bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Why Targets Matter: Toward a More Inclusive Model of Collective Violence
Authors: Martin Andrew W. , McCarthy John D. , McPhail Clark
Published: January 2010

Efforts to develop a unified model of collective violence have been limited by the diverse array of events analyzed, from terrorist attacks to riots. This article seeks to develop a more inclusive theoretical and analytic framework by exploring the targets of violence, something that has received little disaggregated attention. We argue that consideration of who or what is targeted during the course of an event, together with collectivity size and the conditional role it may play, offers new theoretical insight into collective violence dynamics. Our analysis draws from newspaper records on a diverse range of collectivities, from parties to rallies to riots. We find that in many contexts, collectivity size increases the likelihood of violence against some targets, notably state actors, while reducing attacks on others. These findings provide the basis for a broader discussion of why unpacking targets is so critical to understanding the dynamics of collective violence.
The Impact or Right Ventricular Involvement on the Postdischarge Long-Term Mortality in Patients With Acute Inferior ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Foussas Stefanos G. , Zairis Michael N. , Tsiaousis George Z. , Theodossis-Georgilas Anastassios , Prekates Athanasios A. , Kontos Constantinos F. , Makrygiannis Stamatis S. , Batika Pelagia C. , Mytas Demetrios Z. , Adamopoulou Evdokia N. , Fakiolas Constantine N. , Argyrakis Spyros K.
Published: January 2010

Objectives: To investigate the long-term impact of right ventricular myocardial involvement (RVI) after acute inferior ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Methods: A total of 1208 consecutive patients, who survived to discharge after hospitalization for acute inferior STEMI, were studied. Patients were divided into those with (n = 459) or without (n = 749) of RVI involvement, defined as ST-segment elevation ≥1 mm in V4R. Cardiac death by 3 years was the primary study end point. Results: By the end of follow-up, 207 (17.1%) patients had died. Patients with RVI were at similar risk for death at 3 years than those without (17.6% vs 16.8%, hazard ratio 1.1, 95% confidence interval 0.8-1.4, P = .79). By multivariate Cox analysis, several variables, but not RVI, were associated with the incidence of 3 years cardiac death. Conclusions: Right ventricular myocardial involvement does not portend any increased risk for long-term mortality, in patients who survived to discharge after hospitalization for acute inferior STEMI.
The Impact of Drug Treatment on Recidivism
Authors: Rengifo Andres F. , Stemen Don
Published: January 2010

This study compares the recidivism of eligible drug possessors sentenced under Kansas’s mandatory drug treatment policy (SB 123) to those of similar offenders receiving other sentences. Using multinomial logistic regression, the authors found that participation in SB 123 was generally associated with a decrease in the likelihood of recidivism. However, models relying on matched samples of offenders generated via propensity scores showed that SB 123 did not have a significant impact on recidivism rates relative to community corrections and actually increased recidivism rates relative to court services. The authors argue that the limited effect of SB 123 on recidivism stems from the net-widening effects often encountered with mandatory sentencing policies rather than inherent problems with the delivery of treatment.
The Aftermath of Criminal Victimization
Authors: DeLisi Matt , Jones-Johnson Gloria , Johnson W. Roy , Hochstetler Andy
Published: January 2010

Criminal victimization is associated with a cascade of negative effects on social development, but research has primarily focused on children and adolescents. Less is known about the effects of criminal victimization on psychosocial functioning of Americans age 50 and older. Relying on individual-level data from Waves 1 and 2 of a longitudinal panel study of older adults—the Americans’ Changing Lives study—the current study explored the effects of criminal victimization on self-esteem and self-efficacy separately for Whites and African Americans. Net of the effects of employment, income, depression, age, sex, self-esteem, and self-efficacy, criminal victimization reduced self-esteem and self-efficacy among African Americans but not Whites. However, Whites who had greater difficulty dealing with their victimization evinced lower subsequent self-esteem. Greater difficulty with their victimization was also modestly associated with subsequent self-efficacy for Whites and African Americans. Implications and directions for future research are provided.
A Monte Carlo Study of Eight Confidence Interval Methods for Coefficient Alpha
Authors: Romano Jeanine L. , Kromrey Jeffrey D. , Hibbard Susan T.
Published: January 2010

The purpose of this research is to examine eight of the different methods for computing confidence intervals around alpha that have been proposed to determine which of these, if any, is the most accurate and precise. Monte Carlo methods were used to simulate samples under known and controlled population conditions. In general, the differences in the accuracy and precision of the eight methods examined were negligible in many conditions. For the breadth of conditions examined in this simulation study, the methods that proved to be the most accurate were those proposed by Bonett and Fisher. Larger samples sizes and larger coefficient alphas also resulted in better interval coverage, whereas smaller numbers of items resulted in poorer interval coverage.
Investigating an Invariant Item Ordering for Polytomously Scored Items
Authors: Ligtvoet Rudy , van der Ark L.Andries , te Marvelde Janneke M. , Sijtsma Klaas
Published: January 2010

This article discusses the concept of an invariant item ordering (IIO) for polytomously scored items and proposes methods for investigating an IIO in real test data. Method manifest IIO is proposed for assessing whether item response functions intersect. Coefficient HT is defined for polytomously scored items. Given that an IIO holds, coefficient HT expresses the accuracy of the item ordering. Method manifest IIO and coefficient HT are used together to analyze a real data set. Topics for future research are discussed.
The Motivation at Work Scale: Validation Evidence in Two Languages
Authors: Gagné Marylène , Forest Jacques , Gilbert Marie-Hélène , Aubé Caroline , Morin Estelle , Malorni Angela
Published: January 2010

The Motivation at Work Scale (MAWS) was developed in accordance with the multidimensional conceptualization of motivation postulated in self-determination theory. The authors examined the structure of the MAWS in a group of 1,644 workers in two different languages, English and French. Results obtained from these samples suggested that the structure of motivation at work across languages is consistently organized into four different types: intrinsic motivation, identified regulation, introjected regulation, and external regulation. The MAWS subscales were predictably associated with organizational behavior constructs. The importance of this new multidimensional scale to the development of new work motivation research is discussed.
Discriminant Validity of Self-Reported Emotional Intelligence: A Multitrait-Multisource Study
Authors: Joseph Dana L. , Newman Daniel A.
Published: January 2010

A major stumbling block for emotional intelligence (EI) research has been the lack of adequate evidence for discriminant validity. In a sample of 280 dyads, self- and peer-reports of EI and Big Five personality traits were used to confirm an a priori four-factor model for the Wong and Law Emotional Intelligence Scale (WLEIS) and a five-factor model for Goldberg’s International Personality Item Pool (IPIP). After demonstrating measurement equivalence between self-report and peer-report for both scales, the authors show discriminant validity between the four EI subfacets and Big Five personality traits. This is accomplished through a series of structural equation models fit to the mutitrait-multimethod matrix. Despite their conclusion of discriminant validity, the authors note strong latent correlations between Others’ Emotion Appraisal and trait Agreeableness (φ = .87), between Use of Emotion and trait Conscientiousness (φ = .73), between Regulation of Emotion and trait Neuroticism (φ = −.66), and between Self Emotion Appraisal and trait Neuroticism (φ = −.66). There is also post hoc evidence of potential leniency in self-reported emotion regulation. Results point to the utility of peer-report methods as well as the relative construct validity of various subfacets of self-reported emotional competence.
A Spanish-Language Version of the Herth Hope Scale: Development and Psychometric Evaluation in a Peruvian Sample
Authors: Arnau Randolph C. , Martinez Patricia , Niño de Guzmán Isabel , Herth Kaye , Yoshiyuki Konishi Carlos
Published: January 2010

Hope is a motivational/cognitive attribute that is theoretically necessary to initiate and sustain action toward goal attainment. The Herth Hope Scale (HHS) not only appears to tap into some of the same Agency and Pathways content of the commonly used Adult Hope Scale developed by Snyder et al. but also contains some more spiritual and social support-oriented content as well as more optimism content. The purpose of the current study was the development and initial psychometric evaluation of a Spanish-language version of the HHS, using a Latino sample. The study participants were 315 college students from a private university in Lima, Peru. Both first-order and a hierarchical, second-order factor analyses were conducted, yielding evidence of a theoretically salient four-factor structure similar to that found with the English version. Internal consistency of scores on the total and factor-analytically derived subscales were found to be satisfactory. It was concluded that the Spanish-language translation of the HHS appears to yield psychometrically sound scores and should have utility for studies of hope in Spanish-speaking samples.
miR-146a Induces Differentiation of Periodontal Ligament Cells
Authors: Hung P.-S. , Chen F.-C. , Kuang S.-H. , Kao S.-Y. , Lin S.-C. , Chang K.-W.
Published: January 2010

Differentiation of periodontal ligament (PDL) cells occurs under specific induction; furthermore, NF-κB signaling is important for regulation of bone differentiation. MicroRNAs are small non-coding RNAs that repress the translation of target genes and modulate cellular processes. miR-146a has been reported to modulate NF-κB signaling. This study hypothesized that miR-146a has a regulatory role in PDL differentiation by affecting NF-κB signaling. Immortalized PDL (I-PDL) cell lines were established by exogenous telomerase expression. The genesis of alkaline phosphatase and the up-regulation of miR-146a were induced by ascorbic acid in the I-PDL cells and primary PDL cells. I-PDL cells with exogenous miR-146a expression showed attenuation of NF-κB activity and exhibited higher differentiation relative to the controls. Exogenous NF-κB expression decreased the expression of differentiation markers, while the inactivation of endogenous NF-κB increased alkaline phosphatase in I-PDL cells. This study concludes that miR-146a promotes the differentiation in PDL cells through the down-regulation of NF-κB signaling.
Age at First Birth and Alcohol Use
Authors: Wolfe Joseph D.
Published: January 2010

Two theoretical perspectives, role incompatibility and stress proliferation, suggest that age at first birth is associated with alcohol use, but each theory offers distinct predictions about the effect of relatively early parenthood on alcohol use. This study examines the applicability of these perspectives using data spanning over twenty years (1982 to 2002) from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY). Results from fixed effects and multilevel models indicate that people decrease binge drinking surrounding the transition into parenthood regardless of age at first birth. However, relatively young parents increase binge drinking as they age from early to later adulthood, while others decrease drinking. Findings support an integration of the two theoretical perspectives. Role incompatibility best describes the initial effect of parenthood, but predictions drawn from stress proliferation more accurately describe the association between early parenthood and binge drinking into later adulthood.
Standard Test Methods Adapted to Better Simulate Fabrics in Use
Authors: Laing Raechel M. , Gore Shani E. , Wilson Cheryl A. , Carr D.J. , Niven Brian E.
Published: January 2010

The objective was to adapt Standard test methods for determining properties of apparel fabrics so these properties are a better reflection of fabrics when used in end-products, while retaining a controlled environment and thus allowing fabric comparisons2. Test methods in which properties are compared when fabrics are dry and damp, and/ or in which they are in multiple-layered assemblies have been developed and applied to a range of fabrics.
Visual Quality Recognition of Nonwovens using Wavelet Texture Analysis and Robust Bayesian Neural Network
Authors: Jianli Liu  , Baoqi Zuo  , Vroman Philippe , Rabenasolo Besoa , Xianyi Zeng  , Lun Bai
Published: January 2010

An approach to recognize the visual quality of nonwovens by combining wavelet texture analysis, Bayesian neural network and outlier detection is proposed in this paper. Nonwoven images (625) of five different grades, 125 of each grade, are decomposed at four levels with wavelet base sym6 and two energy-based features, norm-1 L1 and norm-2 L2, are calculated from wavelet coefficients of each high frequency subband to train and test Bayesian neural network. To detect the outlier in the training set, scaled outlier probability of training set and outlier probability of each sample are introduced. When the nonwoven images are decomposed at level 3, with 500 samples to train the Bayesian neural network, the average recognition accuracy of test set is 98.4%. Experimental results on the 625 nonwoven images indicate that the energy-based features are expressive and powerful in characterizing texture of nonwoven images and the robust Bayesian neural network has excellent recognition performance.
Foundational Paradigms of Social Sciences
Authors: Shiping Tang
Published: January 2010

When stripped to the bare bone, there are only 11 foundational paradigms in social sciences. These foundational paradigms are like flashlights that can be utilized to shed light on different aspects of human society, but each of them can only shed light on a limited area of human society. Different schools in social science result from different but often incomplete combinations of these foundational paradigms. To adequately understand human society and its history, we need to deploy all 11 foundational paradigms, although more limited combinations of them may be adequate for understanding more specific social facts.
PhRMA Survey on the Conduct of First‐in‐Human Clinical Trials Under Exploratory Investigational New Drug Applications
Authors: Karara Adel H. , Edeki Timi , McLeod James , Tonelli Alfred P. , Wagner John A.
Published: January 2010

The FDA guidance on exploratory IND studies is intended to enable sponsors to move ahead more efficiently with the development of promising candidates. A survey of PhRMA member companies was conducted in 2007 to obtain a cross‐sectional industry perspective on the current and future utility of exploratory IND studies. About 56% of survey responders (9 companies of 16 survey responders) conducted or were planning to conduct clinical studies under exploratory INDs. The majority of microdosing studies are performed to characterize human pharmacokinetics or to examine target organ pharmacokinetics using PET imaging techniques. On the other hand, the majority of pharmacological end point studies conducted under exploratory IND are performed to determine whether the compound modulated its pharmacological target or to evaluate the degree of saturation of a target receptor. The present survey suggests that although the merits of exploratory INDs are still being debated, the diversity in the applications cited, the potential for early clinical guidance in decision making and the increasing pressure on containing drug development costs, suggest that the exploratory IND/CTA will be a valuable option with evolving and possibly more specific applications for the future.
The Undergraduate Capstone Course in the Social Sciences
Authors: Hauhart Robert C. , Grahe Jon E.
Published: January 2010

Among the common requirements for receipt of a degree in the social sciences is the completion of a senior seminar in which a senior thesis or capstone project is produced. A number of educational goals have been proposed for this requirement: integrating the knowledge base supplied by the regular curriculum, contributing to students’ future roles as informed citizens, and preparing for study in graduate programs, among others. However, few studies have empirically explored the substance of the senior seminars and capstones offered across a discipline or studied their organization, requirements, and pedagogy. In the present article, the authors describe the results of a survey of sociology and psychology departments in the western United States regarding their senior seminar and capstone courses.
Interteaching
Authors: Tsui Ming
Published: January 2010

On the basis of the presumption that the best way to learn something is to teach it, the author describes the use of interteaching in introductory-level sociology courses. This approach incorporates the strong points of several cooperative learning methods, with additional features that help ensure the quality of discussion questions and encourage students to read course materials more carefully, prior to class. The author has found interteaching to be an effective organizational and instructional approach for introductory-level sociology courses. The method produces more focused class discussions as well as more focused lectures. Moreover, it is an effective way to engage students in sociological theory and research.
“A Meeting of Minds”
Authors: Mollborn Stefanie , Hoekstra Angel
Published: January 2010

Because lecture-based teaching limits student learning, many instructors are interested in pedagogical strategies that support critical thinking, student participation, and group discussion in large classrooms. Audience response systems, or “clickers,” are an emerging tool for addressing this problem, but predominant pedagogical models for clicker use developed in the natural sciences often do not encourage the “inquiry-guided learning” that is useful in sociology. This article introduces readers to clicker technology and outlines a new pedagogical model for clicker use designed to address sociological learning goals, including critical thinking, applications of concepts to real-life experiences, and critiques of sociological methods. The authors discuss the effects of clickers for classroom interaction and students’ experiences in three undergraduate sociology courses, using quantitative and qualitative data about students’ perceptions of the effects of this pedagogical model on learning. The results suggest that the model positively affects participation, critical thinking, and classroom interaction dynamics. The authors conclude with practical suggestions for instructors considering implementing clickers in sociology courses.
Evolution, Biology, and Society
Authors: Machalek Richard , Martin Michael W.
Published: January 2010

Recently, a growing contingent of “evolutionary sociologists” has begun to integrate theoretical ideas and empirical findings derived from evolutionary biology, especially sociobiology, into a variety of sociological inquiries. Without capitulating to a naive version of either biological reductionism or genetic determinism, these researchers and theorists have begun to synthesize sociological thought with research produced in various branches of the evolutionary life sciences. These recent developments provide sociology instructors with new opportunities to reconsider how they address the topic of biology’s relevance to sociology. In this article, the authors review key issues pertaining to evolutionary explanations of social behavior, offer clarifications and explanations of several issues that are sometimes misrepresented and misunderstood, and provide specific suggestions for instructors who are interested in updating and improving the quality of instruction on this important topic.
Gap Junction Dysfunction Reduces Acetaminophen Hepatotoxicity with Impact on Apoptotic Signaling and Connexin 43 Protein Induction in Rat
Authors: Naiki-Ito Aya , Asamoto Makoto , Naiki Taku , Ogawa Kumiko , Takahashi Satoru , Sato Shinya , Shirai Tomoyuki
Published: January 2010

Acetaminophen (APAP) is a widely used antipyretic and analgesic agent. However, overdosing and sometimes even a recommended dose can lead to serious and conceivably fatal liver toxicity. Therefore, it is important to clarify understand mechanisms of hepatotoxicity induced by APAP. Gap junctions, formed by connexin, have important roles in maintenance of tissue homeostasis and control of cell growth and differentiation. In the liver, Cx32 is a major gap junction protein whose expression is known to gradually decrease with chronic liver disease progression. In the present study, acute hepatotoxic effects of APAP were found to be reduced in Cx32 dominant negative transgenic rats lacking normal gap junctional intercellular communication in the liver. In littermate wild-type rats, the injured centrilobular hepatocytes were positive for TUNEL staining and featured elevated expre ssion of cleaved caspase-3 and Cx43, which is not expressed in normal hepatocytes. These results suggest that APAP hepatotoxicity involves apoptosis, and induction of Cx43 expression may play an important role in the apoptotic signaling. Moreover, gap junctional functions of Cx32 can play important roles in removing damaged hepatocytes by apoptosis for liver tissue homeostasis.
Professional decision making and women offenders: Containing the chaos?
Authors: Barry Monica , McIvor Gill
Published: January 2010

This article draws on the findings from research undertaken in south-east Scotland in 2008 which sought to identify the characteristics of female offenders and to document the views of policy makers and practitioners regarding the experiences of women involved in the Scottish criminal justice system. Despite Scotland having retained a stronger ‘welfare’ focus than elsewhere in the UK (e.g. McAra, 2008), this is not reflected in the treatment of women who offend, with the rate of female imprisonment having almost doubled in the last ten years and community-based disposals falling short of a welfare-oriented system. This article explores why the treatment that women offenders receive in the criminal justice system may be harsh and disproportionate both in relation to their offending and in relation to the treatment of men. It is argued that interventions with women need to be initiated earlier in their cycle of offending and at an earlier stage in the criminal justice process but also that the wide-ranging health, welfare, financial and behavioural needs of women who offend cannot be met solely within an increasingly risk-averse and punitive criminal justice environment.
Protecting the human rights of vulnerable women: A spotlight on deaths of women in prison
Authors: Coles Deborah
Published: January 2010

In this comment piece the author examines trends in self-inflicted deaths of women in custody and argues that not only is prison an inappropriate response to the problems faced by these women but that current polices are failing to protect their basic human rights.
Sensitivity to change of two depression rating scales for stroke patients
Authors: Benaim Charles , Decavel Pierre , Bentabet Marc , Froger Jérome , Pélissier Jacques , Pérennou Dominic
Published: January 2010

Objective: To assess the sensitivity to change of two depression scales for stroke patients: the Aphasic Depression Rating Scale (ADRS), which is a 9-item external assessment, and the Visual Analog Mood Scale (VAMS), which is a visual self-assessment scale.

Patients: Forty-nine stroke patients admitted to two rehabilitation units.

Methods: Symptoms of depression were assessed twice at a one-month interval (D0—D30) using the ADRS, the VAMS, and by a trained psychologist (PSY). Sensitivity to change was assessed by effect size and standardized response mean. A one-way ANOVA on ranks was performed to determine if the scales distinguished between deteriorated, stable and improved patient status. Spearman’s correlation coefficient (r) was used to assess the relationship between changes in PSY and changes in the ADRS and the VAMS between D0 and D30.

Results: Mean depression scores at D0 and D30 were 2.6 ± 1.8 and 2.4 ± 1.7 (ADRS/10), 3.1 ± 2.9 and 3.0 ± 3.2 (VAMS/10), 2.9 ± 2.3 and 2.4 ± 2.4 (PSY/10). Percentages of deteriorated, stable and improved patient status were 22%, 45% and 33% (ADRS); 41%, 22% and 37% (VAMS); and 20%, 41% and 39% (PSY). Changes in PSY correlated with the ADRS (r = 0.72, P<10 —6) and the VAMS (r = 0.41, P<10— 2). The ADRS was better than the VAMS in terms of effect size, standardized response mean and ability to discriminate between deteriorated, stable and improved patient status. This result was partly due to the difficulty encountered by nine (19%) patients in understanding directions to complete the VAMS.

Conclusions: The ADRS is more sensitive than the VAMS for detecting changes in post-stroke depression. The VAMS is less appropriate in very cognitively impaired stroke patients.
Histological, Immunohistological, and Ultrastructural Description of Vasculogenic Mimicry in Canine Mammary Cancer
Authors: Clemente M. , Pérez-Alenza M. D. , Illera J. C. , Peña L.
Published: January 2010

Canine inflammatory mammary cancer (IMC) and human inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) are the most aggressive and lethal type of mammary cancer in female dogs and in women. The generation of microvascular channels by malignant tumor cells (endothelial-like cells [ELCs]) without endothelial cell participation (vasculogenic mimicry) has been reported in human breast cancer, including IBC, and is considered a new type of tumor angiogenesis. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of ELCs in highly malignant canine mammary tumors (IMC and non-IMC) by histology, inmunohistochemistry (pancytokeratin, cytokeratin 14, vimentin, actin, desmin, vWF, CD31, and CD34), and electron microscopy. This retrospective study included 21 female dogs with diagnoses of IMC and 20 animals with metastatic grade III noninflammatory malignant mammary tumors (MMT). IMC tumors (33.33%) and MMT (5%) showed ELCs forming structures similar to small capillaries. The histological, immunohistochemical (positive to AE1/AE3 and cytokeratin 14, mostly negative to endothelial markers), and ultrastructural characteristics of these cells indicated vasculogenic mimicry. The higher frequency of this phenomenon in inflammatory versus noninflammatory canine mammary cancer is in agreement with previous studies in experimental and spontaneous human IBC, and it could be in relation with the extremely high lymphangiogenic capacity and metastatic lymphangiotropism characteristics of inflammatory breast cancer.
Cardiac Myxosarcoma With Adrenal Adenoma and Pituitary Hyperplasia Resembling Carney Complex in a Dog
Authors: Adissu H. A. , Hayes G. , Wood G. A. , Caswell J. L.
Published: January 2010

A 9-year-old female Golden Retriever was presented with an acute onset of progressive respiratory distress. Echocardiography revealed a left atrial mass that limited blood flow from the pulmonary veins. The pathological evaluation revealed a left atrial ossifying myxosarcoma, bilateral adrenocortical adenomas, multifocal pituitary hyperplasia with expression of adrenocorticotrophic hormone, and multiple pituitary Rathke's cleft cysts. These pathologic findings are similar to those described in Carney complex, a familial human syndrome characterized by cardiac myxoma and extracardiac tumors associated with mutations in the protein kinase A regulator gene PRKAR1A. Mutations were not detected in PRKAR1A exons in the present case.
Prevalence and Classification of Spontaneous Mammary Intraepithelial Lesions in Dogs Without Clinical Mammary Disease
Authors: Mouser P. , Miller M. A. , Antuofermo E. , Badve S. S. , Mohammed S. I.
Published: January 2010

Mammary intraepithelial lesions (IELs) are noninvasive epithelial proliferations that include ductal hyperplasia (DH), atypical DH (ADH), and ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). In women, IELs are associated with increased risk of invasive breast cancer and form a basis for therapeutic decisions. Similarly, in female dogs, IELs are common in tumor-bearing glands and in non-tumor-bearing glands. To determine the prevalence and types of spontaneous IELs, mammary glands from 108 female dogs without clinical mammary disease were evaluated histologically and immunohistochemically. Within this population, 56 dogs (52%) had at least one type of spontaneous IEL, including DH (49 dogs), ADH (14 dogs), low-grade DCIS (19 dogs), intermediate-grade DCIS (12 dogs), and high-grade DCIS (1 dog). Twenty-one dogs had two or more different IEL types. In 23 of 24 dogs with atypical IELs (ADH or DCIS), immunohistochemical expression was determined for estrogen receptor α (ER-α), progesterone receptor (PR), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER-2/neu), and Ki-67. For all markers examined, low-grade DCIS had significantly lower scores than did adjacent nonlesional gland; PR expression was significantly decreased in low-grade DCIS compared to other atypical lesions. Sixty-one lesions were ER-α negative (12 ADH, 36 low-grade DCIS, 13 intermediate-grade DCIS), and no lesions overexpressed HER-2/neu. Based on the dog’s prevalence of spontaneous mammary IELs that precede clinical mammary disease, the remarkable histologic similarity between canine and human IELs, and the loss of ER expression in certain IELs in both species, the dog shows promise as a model for human breast preneoplasia.
Papillomavirus-Associated Cutaneous Neoplasia in Mammals
Authors: Munday J. S. , Kiupel M.
Published: January 2010

For humans, strong evidence indicates that some mucosal papillomavirus (PV) types cause genital and oral neoplasia, and weaker evidence suggests that some cutaneous PVs may cause cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas (SCC). For nonhuman species, strong evidence supports a causal role of PVs in the development of feline and equine sarcoids. Likewise, PVs are believed to cause cutaneous SCCs in rabbits, western barred bandicoots, and some rodents. Furthermore, some evidence suggests that PVs may influence the development of both feline and canine cutaneous SCCs. This review discusses the evidence that PVs cause human cutaneous SCCs and the proposed mechanisms for this action. It then reviews preneoplastic and neoplastic skin diseases that are associated with PV infection in nonhuman mammals.
Pathologic Findings and Liver Elements in Hibernating Bats With White-Nose Syndrome
Authors: Courtin F. , Stone W. B. , Risatti G. , Gilbert K. , Van Kruiningen H. J.
Published: January 2010

Two groups of vespertilionid bats were collected from affected hibernacula. In group 1 (n, 14; pathology and microbiology), the average body weights of all species were at the lower limit of published ranges. Twelve bats (86%) had mycotic growth in the epidermis, hair follicles, and sebaceous glands. Geomyces destructans, with its characteristic curved conidia, was observed microscopically, cultured, and confirmed by polymerase chain reaction. Dermatitis and mural folliculitis was nil to mild. When focally coinfected with Gram-negative bacteria, there was necrosis and pustules. Fat stores were little to abundant in 12 bats (86%) and nil in 2. Thirteen bats (93%) had pulmonary congestion and 7 (50%) had bone marrow granulocytosis. In group 2 (n, 24; liver elements), 3 bats (13%) had potentially toxic lead levels and 1 (4%), potentially toxic arsenic level. There was no evidence of major organ failure or consistent element toxicity.
Bronchogenic and Esophageal Cyst With Laryngeal Malformations in a Thoroughbred Foal
Authors: Matsuda K. , Qiu Y. , Furuse T. , Kawamura Y. , Yokoyama D. , Kato A. , Taniyama H.
Published: January 2010

This report documents an unusual case of congenital foregut cyst with dysphagia and stridor in a Thoroughbred foal. Histologically, the bilocular cyst, near the junction of larynx and trachea, had an epithelial lining of bronchogenic and esophageal origin. Concomitant malformation of the laryngeal muscles and cartilage resulted in a combination of anomalies that have not been reported in the human or veterinary literature.
Feline Melanoma: A Comparative Study of Ocular, Oral, and Dermal Neoplasms
Authors: Patnaik A. K. , Mooney S.
Published: January 2010

Melanomas diagnosed in 29 cats over an 11 year period included 19 ocular (16 intraocular, three palpebral), five oral, and five dermal melanomas. Intraocular melanomas involved the ciliary body and iris in 12; the whole eye was involved in four. The average age of cats with intraocular melanomas was 11 years; the female:male ratio was 9:7. Histologically, eight intraocular tumors were mixed, six were epithelioid, and two were spindle cell. Ten of 16 cats (62.5%) with intraocular melanomas were killed because of the tumor at a mean of 156 days; four arc living with no evidence of disease (average, 255 days). The mean time of death in cats with palpebral melanoma was 409 days. Metastasis occurred in 63% of cats with intraocular melanoma and all cats with palpebral melanoma. Four cats with oral melanoma were killed at a mean of 61 days; all had metastasis. Of five cats with cutaneous melanoma, one was killed with metastasis at 90 days; three cats were alive without evidence of recurrence or metastasis >365 days after surgery. Results of this study indicate that in the cat, ocular melanomas are more common than oral and dermal melanomas, and ocular and oral melanomas arc more malignant than dermal melanomas, with higher rates of mortality and metastasis.
High Mortality with Severe Dystrophic Cardiac Calcinosis in C3H/OUJ Mice Fed High Fat Purified Diets
Authors: Everitt J. I. , Olson L. M. , Mangum J. B. , Visek W. J.
Published: January 2010

Severe degenerative myocardial disease occurred in female C3H/OUJ mice fed purified diets for 36 weeks; the diet contained 5% or 20% fat as non-hydrogenated soybean oil. Deaths of lactating females of this group (17/35 high fat diet and 7/35 low fat diet animals) were due to sudden cardiovascular collapse. Cardiomegaly with marked atrial and ventricular myocardial mineralization was seen at necropsy. Histologically. the random, myopathic foci were characterized by severe myocardial degeneration, mineralization, and fibrosis. Mural thrombosis, pulmonary arteriosclerosis, and mild myocardial inflammatory cell infiltrates were also present. Pathological changes were similar to those of dystrophic cardiac calcinosis, an incidental necropsy finding in certain mouse strains.
Pathogenesis ofBrucella abortusin Chicken Embryos
Authors: Detilleux P. G. , Cheville N. F. , Deyoe B. L.
Published: January 2010

Chicken embryos inoculated with Brucella abortus at 6, 10, and 12 days of incubation were examined by light and electron microscopy. B. abortus was identified by avidin-biolin immunoperoxidase and immunogold techniques. Death occurred from 2 to 5 days post-inoculation, depending on age of the embryo and route of inoculation. B. abortus was recovered from all infected eggs. Brucellae had spread throughout all tissues and localized preferentially within cells of mesodermal derivation. Organ distribution and degree of bacterial replication varied with age of the embryo at lime of inoculation. In 6-day-old embryos, B. abortus localized preferentially in endoderm and mesoderm of yolk sac wall, extra- and intraembryonic serosal epithelia, and glomeruli of the mesonephros. In 10- and 12-day-old embryos. B. abortus spread to all tissues; renal glomeruli, liver, spleen, and heart were most severely infected. Intracellular B. abortus was within the rough endoplasmic reticulum of mesenchymal, mesothelial, yolk endodermal, and hepatic cells. In mononuclear phagocytes, endothelial cells, and granulocytes, bacteria were within membrane-bound vacuoles. Intracellular replication of B. abortus in embryonic tissues, especially yolk endoderm, closely resembled that in experimental infections of trophoblasts.
Fetal and Placental Lesions in Bovine Abortion Due toTritrichomonas foetus
Authors: Rhyan J. C. , Stackhouse L. L. , Quinn W. J.
Published: January 2010

Laboratory records and histologic material from 13 cases of naturally occurring, early- to late-term bovine abortion clue to Tritrichomonas foetus were examined. Placentitis was present in all placentas. Pyogranulomatous bronchopneumonia was in six of the 11 lungs which were examined. Trichomonad organisms were demonstrated within the placental stroma in all cases and free or phagocytized in pulmonary airways in seven cases.
Histologic and Ultrastructural Alterations in Lungs of Rats Exposed to Sub-lethal Concentrations of Hydrogen Sulfide
Authors: Lopez A. , Prior M. , Lilue L. E. , Gulayets C. , Atwal O. S.
Published: January 2010

Fischer-344 rats were killed 1, 18, and 42 hr after a single 4-hr exposure to an atmosphere of 0, 116, or 615 mg m-3of hydrogen sulfide (H2S). Lungs, fixed by the intratracheal route, were examined by light and electron microscopy. Histologic changes were transient and mainly present in rats exposed to 615 mg m-3H2S. Lesions included severe but transitory pulmonary edema and fibrinocellular alveolitis which was restricted to the proximal alveolar region of the lung. Electron microscopically, ciliated bronchiolar cells were the only cells that developed necrosis; they were rapidly replaced by mitosis. Alveolar endothelium had cytoplasmic blebs, but alveolar epithelium had minor changes. No mast cell degranulation was detected in lungs with edema. A 4-hr exposure to 615 mg m-3is markedly edematogenic for the lung but only moderately cytotoxic for pulmonary cells.
Morphologic Changes in the Mammary Gland of Megestrol Acetate-treated and Untreated Cats: A Retrospective Study
Authors: Hayden D. W. , Barnes D. M. , Johnson K. H.
Published: January 2010

Abnormal mammary gland growth is a side effect of progestin therapy in some cats. In this retrospective study, the nature and significance of morphologic changes in the mammary gland of 17 megestrol acetate (MA)-treated cats were compared to mammary lesions in 97 untreated cats. Fourteen out of 17 MA-treated cats had non-neoplastic mammary lesions including fibroepithelial hyperplasia (nine cats), lobular hyperplasia (three cat), and duct ectasia (two cats); whereas three MA-treated cats had mammary neoplasms including one adenoma and two carcinomas. Although MA has been causally linked to mammary cancer in cats, only mammary fibroepithelial hyperplasia was clearly associated with MA therapy in this study. Fibroepithelial hyperplasia occurred in older (average age 8.1 years) neutered male and female cats in the MA-treated group and in younger (average age 2.1 years) female cats in the untreated group. Morphologically, both intraductal and solid fibroepithelial growth patterns were seen. Intraductal fibroepithelial hyperplasia was further subdivided into papillary and circumferential types. An apparent greater association between MA therapy and the intraductal types of fibroepithelial hyperplasia was noted. Furthermore, it appears likely that mammary lobular byperplasia also is linked to MA therapy. Possible mammatrophic effects of MA and other growth-promoting agents in the cat are discussed.
Renal Medullary Amyloidosis in Dorcas Gazelles
Authors: Rideout B. A. , Montali R. J. , Wallace R. S. , Bush M. , Phillips L. G. , Antonovych T. T. , Sabnis S. G.
Published: January 2010

Between January 1976 and September 1987 renal medullary amyloidosis (RMA) was diagnosed in 17 Dorcas gazelles; the necropsy prevalence rate was 17/32 (53%). The most severe amyloid deposits were in the renal medulla; glomeruli were spared. Renal cortical lesions of interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy and dilatation significantly correlated with RMA ( P < 0.01) and were considered to be secondary changes. There were varying degrees of lymphoplasmacytic inflammation and tubular cast formation which did not significantly correlate with RMA. Amyloid was confirmed histochemically and by electron microscopy and was identified as AA type by the permanganate method. Progressive renal failure was the cause of death or necessitated euthanasia in 7/17 (41%) gazelles. RMA in Dorcas gazelles does not appear to be familial. A high prevalence of chronic or recurring Actinomyces (Corynebacterium) pyogenes infections may be an important factor.
Evaluation of Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid, Tetrasodium Salt Dihydrate (EDTA)-Tween 20 Treatment versus Protease Digestion of Formalin-fixed Tissue Sections for Detection of Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus Antigen in Infected Ovine Lung
Authors: Meehan J. T. , Cutlip R. C. , Lehmkuhl H. D.
Published: January 2010

The efficacy of protease and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, tetrasodium salt dihydrate (EDTA)-Tween 20 in unmasking bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) antigens in formalin-fixed lung tissue was compared using avidin-biotin immunoperoxidase procedure. Tissues were taken from experimentally infected lambs. BRSV antigen stained in both techniques. Treatment with EDTA-Tween 20 resulted in more intense staining of BRSV infected cells, more uniform cytoplasmic staining, less non-specific background, and superior cellular detail in comparison to protease digestion.
Morphogenesis of Enteric Lesions Induced by Group D Rotavirus in Ringneck Pheasant Chicks (Phasianus colchicus)
Authors: Haynes J. S. , Reynolds D. L. , Fagerland J. A. , Fix A. S.
Published: January 2010

Eight day-old male and female ringneck pheasants ( Phasianus colchicus) were inoculated with group D rotavirus and necropsied at 4, 7, and 11 days post-inoculation. The intestinal tracts were examined by light and electron microscopic and immunohisiochemical methods. By 4 days post-inoculation, 2/3 (66%) inoculated birds were stunted and had diarrhea and dilated intestines. Intestinal villi were shortened, and many villous enterocytes were partially detached from the lamina propria. Crypts were hyperplastic, and the lamina propria contained a diffuse infiltrate of lymphocytes, plasma cells, and macrophages. Immunoreactivity to rotaviral antigen was localized to enterocytes on the tips of villi in the duodenum, jejunum, and proximal ileum. By 7 days post-inoculation, 3/3 (100%) inoculated birds had clinical signs and gross and microscopic changes similar to those at 4 days post-inoculation but more severe. Immunoreactivity was localized in enterocytes scattered along the sides of villi, in occasional crypt enterocytes, and within macrophages in the villous lamina propria. Ultrastructurally, infected enterocytes contained cytoplasmic aggregates of viroplasm with multiple viral core particles. Numerous mature virions (60–75 nm in diameter) were present within dilated components of the cytocavitary network. Macrophages within the lamina propria contained phagocytosed remnants of necrotic virus-infected cells. By 11 days post-inoculation, birds did not have gross lesions, but 1/2 (50%) had mild crypt hyperplasia and an infiltrate of leukocytes in the lamina propria. Occasional enterocytes along the sides of villi and macrophages in the lamina propria were immunoreactive for viral antigen. Group D rotavirus is an enteropathogen in pheasants and causes intestinal lesions similar to those caused by enteric rotaviral infections in other species.
Avian Tibial Dyschondroplasia: A Morphological and Biochemical Review of the Growth Plate Lesion and Its Causes
Authors: Orth M. W. , Cook M. E.
Published: January 2010

Avian tibial dyschondroplasia is a disease found in fast growing strains of chickens, ducks, and turkeys worldwide in which growth plate cartilage accumulates in the metaphyseal region of the tibiotarsus; it is similar to mammalian osteochondrosis. Several biochemical and pathologic studies have shown that the growth plate chondrocytes do not reach their expected size in the hypertrophic zone and necrose prematurely. The chondrocytes also produce decreased amounts of extracellular proteins, such as collagen X and fibroblast growth factor-β, that are necessary for cartilage maturation. This immature cartilage becomes highly cross-linked in the collagen molecules and apparently resistant to resorption and vascularization by the metaphyseal vessels. The dyschondroplastic cartilage remains in the metaphysis for several weeks. Not until the growth rate of the birds slows down is the cartilage able to be resorbed and replaced by trabecular bone. Many conditions have been found to induce tibial dyschondroplasia, including copper deficiency; fusarochromanone, thiram, and antabuse intoxication; excessive dietary levels of cysteine and homocysteine; metabolic acidosis; and bird rearing environment. However, the mechanism(s) by which these various methods induce tibial dyschondroplasia is presently not known. Current research is focusing on understanding the development of the disease and whether or not all these methods work by the same physiological chain of events. Recent biochemical evidence suggests that a copper deficiency might be caused by a different mechanism than genetically and thiram-induced tibial dyschondroplasia.
Specific in situ Hybridization of the Intracellular Organism of Porcine Proliferative Enteropathy
Authors: Gebhart C. J. , McOrist S. , Lawson G. H. K. , Collins J. E. , Ward G. E.
Published: January 2010

The identity of the intracellular bacteria found in the enterocytes of pigs with proliferative enteropathy was investigated using specific DNA probes to various Campylobacter species and to a novel organism, ileal symbiont intracellularis. The ilea from pigs (Nos. 1–7) that were diagnosed by routine histopathology as having proliferative enteropathy were used. Diagnosis was made on the basis of proliferation of the enterocytes on hematoxylin and cosin-stained sections and the presence of large numbers of intracellular curved organisms on Warthin-Starry silver-stained sections. Four of these pigs (Nos. 1–4) had the chronic form of the disease, porcine intestinal adenomatosis, and three (Nos. 5–7) had the acute form, proliferative hemorrhagic enteropathy. An additional three normal pigs (Nos. 8–10) were obtained from three separate farms with no history of proliferative enteropathy. Frozen ileal sections were examined by in situ hybridization with DNA probes specific for ileal symbiont intracellularis and the three porcine intestinal Campylobacter species, C. coli, C. hyointestinalis, and C. mucosalis. In all seven pigs with either the intestinal adenomatosis or hemorrhagic enteropathy form of the disease, a DNA probe specific for ileal symbiont intracellularis hybridized to localized foci in the apical cytoplasm of ileal enterocytes. These hybridization sites corresponded to the location of intracellular bacteria in silver-stained sections of adjacent tissue. Sections from the three normal pigs tested with this probe and from all pigs tested with the Campylobacter species-specific DNA probes showed no specific hybridization reactions. The identity of the intracellular organism in these diseased pigs is ileal symbiont intracellularis.