bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Urban aerosol chemistry at a land–water transition site during summer – Part 1: Impact of agricultural and industrial ammonia emissions
Authors: Balasus Nicholas , Battaglia Jr. Michael A. , Ball Katherine , Caicedo Vanessa , Delgado Ruben , Carlton Annmarie G. , Hennigan Christopher J.
Published: September 2021

Abstract. This study characterizes the impact of the Chesapeake Bay and associated meteorological phenomena on aerosol chemistry during the second Ozone Water-Land Environmental Transition Study (OWLETS-2) field campaign, which took place from 4 June to 5 July 2018. Measurements of inorganic PM2.5 composition, gas-phase ammonia (NH3), and an array of meteorological parameters were undertaken at Hart-Miller Island (HMI), a land–water transition site just east of downtown Baltimore on the Chesapeake Bay. The observations at HMI were characterized by abnormally high NH3 concentrations (maximum of 19.3 µg m−3, average of 3.83 µg m−3), which were more than a factor of 3 higher than NH3 levels measured at the closest atmospheric Ammonia Monitoring Network (AMoN) site (approximately 45 km away). While sulfate concentrations at HMI agreed quite well with those measured at a regulatory monitoring station 45 km away, aerosol ammonium and nitrate concentrations were significantly higher, due to the ammonia-rich conditions that resulted from the elevated NH3. The high NH3 concentrations were largely due to regional agricultural emissions, including dairy farms in southeastern Pennsylvania and poultry operations in the Delmarva Peninsula (Delaware–Maryland–Virginia). Reduced NH3 deposition during transport over the Chesapeake Bay likely contributed to enhanced concentrations at HMI compared to the more inland AMoN site. Several peak NH3 events were recorded, including the maximum NH3 observed during OWLETS-2, that appear to originate from a cluster of industrial sources near downtown Baltimore. Such events were all associated with nighttime emissions and advection to HMI under low wind speeds (< 1 m s−1) and stable atmospheric conditions. Our results demonstrate the importance of industrial sources, including several that are not represented in the emissions inventory, on urban air quality. Together with our companion paper, which examines aerosol liquid water and pH during OWLETS-2, we highlight unique processes affecting urban air quality of coastal cities that are distinct from continental locations.
Evaluating the use of Aeolus satellite observations in the regional numerical weather prediction (NWP) model Harmonie–Arome
Authors: Hagelin Susanna , Azad Roohollah , Lindskog Magnus , Schyberg Harald , Körnich Heiner
Published: September 2021

Abstract. The impact of using wind observations from the Aeolus satellite in a limited-area numerical weather prediction (NWP) system is being investigated using the limited-area NWP model Harmonie–Arome over the Nordic region. We assimilate the horizontal line-of-sight (HLOS) winds observed by Aeolus using 3D-Var data assimilation for two different periods, one in September–October 2018 when the satellite was recently launched and a later period in April–May 2020 to investigate the updated data processing of the HLOS winds. We find that the quality of the Aeolus observations has degraded between the first and second experiment period over our domain. However, observations from Aeolus, in particular the Mie winds, have a clear impact on the analysis of the NWP model for both periods, whereas the forecast impact is neutral when compared against radiosondes. Results from evaluation of observation minus background and observation minus analysis departures based on Desroziers diagnostics show that the observation error should be increased for Aeolus data in our experiments, but the impact of doing so is small. We also see that there is potential improvement in using 4D-Var data assimilation, which generates flow-dependent analysis increments, with the Aeolus data.
The Grell–Freitas (GF) convection parameterization: recent developments, extensions, and applications
Authors: Freitas Saulo R. , Grell Georg A. , Li Haiqin
Published: September 2021

Abstract. Recent developments and options in the GF (Grell and
Freitas, 2014; Freitas et al., 2018) convection parameterization are
presented. The parameterization has been expanded to a trimodal spectral
size to simulate three convection modes: shallow, congestus, and deep. In
contrast to usual entrainment and detrainment assumptions, we assume that beta
functions (BFs), commonly applied to represent probability density functions
(PDFs), can be used to characterize the vertical mass flux profiles for the
three modes and use the BFs to derive entrainment and detrainment rates. We
also added a new closure for nonequilibrium convection that improved the
simulation of the diurnal cycle of convection, with a better representation
of the transition from shallow to deep convection regimes over land. The
transport of chemical constituents (including wet deposition) can be treated
inside the GF scheme. The tracer transport is handled in flux form and is
mass-conserving. Finally, the cloud microphysics have been extended to
include the ice phase to simulate the conversion from liquid water to ice in
updrafts with resulting additional heat release and the melting from snow to
rain.
Vertical grid refinement for stratocumulus clouds in the radiation scheme of the global climate model ECHAM6.3-HAM2.3-P3
Authors: Pelucchi Paolo , Neubauer David , Lohmann Ulrike
Published: September 2021

Abstract. In this study, we implement a vertical grid refinement scheme in the radiation
routine of the global aerosol–climate model ECHAM-HAM, aiming to improve the
representation of stratocumulus clouds and address the underestimation of
their cloud cover. The scheme is based on a reconstruction of the temperature
inversion as a physical constraint for the cloud top. On the refined grid, the
boundary layer and the free troposphere are separated and the cloud's layer is
made thinner. The cloud cover is recalculated either by conserving the cloud
volume (SC-VOLUME) or by using the Sundqvist cloud cover routine on the new grid representation (SC-SUND). In global climate simulations, we find that the
SC-VOLUME approach is inadequate, as there is a mismatch, in most cases, between
the layer of the inversion and the layer of the stratocumulus cloud, which prevents its
application and is itself likely caused by an overly low vertical
resolution. Additionally, we find that the occurrence frequency of
stratocumulus clouds is underestimated in ECHAM-HAM, limiting a priori the
potential benefits of a scheme like SC-VOLUME targeting only cloud amount when
present. With the SC-SUND approach, the possibility for new clouds to be
formed on the refined grid results in a large increase in mean total cloud
cover in stratocumulus regions. In both cases, however, the changes exerted in
the radiation routine are too weak to produce a significant improvement in the
simulated stratocumulus cloud cover. We investigate and discuss the reasons
behind this. The grid refinement scheme could be used more effectively for
this purpose if implemented directly in the model's cloud microphysics and
cloud cover routines, but other possible ways forward are also discussed.
Tree Hydrodynamic Modelling of Soil Plant Atmosphere Continuum (SPAC-3Hpy)
Authors: Silva Marcela , Matheny Ashley M. , Pauwels Valentijn R. N. , Triadis Dimetre , Missik Justine E. , Bohrer Gil , Daly Edoardo
Published: September 2021

Abstract. Modelling the water transport along the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum is fundamental to estimating and predicting transpiration fluxes. A tree-hydrodynamic model (SPAC-3Hpy) for the water fluxes across the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum is presented here. The model combines the water transport pathways to one vertical dimension, and assumes that the water flow through the soil, roots, and above-ground xylem can be approximated as a flow in porous media. This results in a system of three partial differential equations resembling the Richardson-Richards equation describing the transport of water through the plant system and with additional terms representing sinks and sources for the transfer of water from to the soil to the roots and from the leaves to the atmosphere. The numerical scheme, developed in Python 3, was tested against exact analytical solutions for steady state and transient conditions using simplified but realistic model parametrizations. The model was also used to simulate a previously published case study where observed transpiration rates were available in order to evaluate model performance. With the same model setup as the published case study, SPAC-3Hpy results were in agreement with observations. Through a rigorous coupling of soil, roots, and hydroactive xylem, SPAC-3Hpy can account for variable capacitance while conserving mass and the continuity of the water potential between these three layers. SPAC-3Hpy provides a ready-to-use open access numerical model for the simulation of water fluxes across the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum.
Contribution of moisture sources to precipitation changes in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region
Authors: Li Ying , Wang Chenghao , Peng Hui , Xiao Shangbin , Yan Denghua
Published: September 2021

Abstract. Precipitation changes in the Three Gorges Reservoir
Region (TGRR) play a critical role in the operation and regulation of the
Three Gorges Dam (TGD) and the protection of residents and properties. The
potential impacts of the TGD on local and regional circulation patterns,
especially the precipitation patterns, have received considerable attention
since its construction. However, how the moisture transport affects
precipitation changes in the TGRR spatially and temporally remains obscure.
In this study, we investigate the long-term moisture sources of
precipitation and their contributions to precipitation changes over
the TGRR using an atmospheric moisture tracking model. Results suggest that
although there is seasonal variation, the moisture contributing to the TGRR
precipitation primarily originates from the areas southwest of the TGRR
dominated by the Indian summer monsoon. In particular, the sources with the
highest annual moisture contribution are the southwestern part of the
Yangtze River basin and the southeastern tip of the Tibetan Plateau (TP). On average, 41 %, 56 %, and 3 % of the TGRR precipitation originates from ocean, land, and local recycling, respectively. In addition, the decreased precipitation over the TGRR during 1979–2015 is mainly attributed to the significantly decreased moisture contribution from the source regions southwest of the TGRR (especially around the southeastern tip of the TP). Compared to dry years, the higher precipitation in the TGRR during wet years is contributed by the extra moisture from the southwestern source regions that is delivered by the intensified southwesterly monsoon winds.
Applicability of Landsat 8 thermal infrared sensor for identifying submarine groundwater discharge springs in the Mediterranean Sea basin
Authors: Jou-Claus Sònia , Folch Albert , Garcia-Orellana Jordi
Published: September 2021

Abstract. Submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) has received increasing attention over the past 2 decades as a source of nutrients, trace elements and ocean pollutants that may alter coastal biogeochemical cycles. Assessing SGD flows and their impact on coastal marine environments is a difficult task, since it is not easy to identify and measure these water flows discharging into the sea. The aim of this study is to demonstrate the significant usefulness of the freely available thermal infrared (TIR) imagery of the Landsat 8 thermal infrared sensor (TIRS) as an exploratory tool for identifying SGD springs worldwide, from local to regional scales, for long-term analysis. The use of satellite thermal data as a technique for identifying SGD springs in seawater is based on the identification of thermally anomalous plumes obtained from the thermal contrasts between groundwater and sea surface water. In this study, we use the TIR remote sensing (TIR-RS) imagery provided by Landsat 8 at a regional scale and discuss the principle limiting factors of using this technique in SGD studies. The study was developed in karstic coastal aquifers in the Mediterranean Sea basin during different seasons and under diverse
meteorological conditions. Although this study demonstrates that freely available satellite TIR remote sensing is a useful method for identifying coastal springs in karst aquifers both locally and regionally, the limiting factors include technical limitations, geological and hydrogeological
characteristics, environmental and marine conditions and coastal geomorphology.
Characteristics of Heatwaves in Africa: Morocco 2000 and South Africa 2015/16
Authors: Brimicombe Chloe , Di Napoli Claudia , Cornforth Rosalind , Pappenberger Florian , Petty Celia , Cloke Hannah L.
Published: September 2021

Abstract. Heatwaves pose an ever increasing risk to African communities as exposure to heat extremes can have a drastic effect on individuals and in some cases can even result in death. This study presents new information about the characteristics of historical African heatwaves including a comprehensive synopsis of documented heatwave events from 1980 until 2020.Detailed research on heatwave case studies helps to inform the development of early warning systems and forecasting, which is an urgent priority. Here, the focus is on two reported heatwaves, Morocco 2000 and South Africa 2015/16. Both heatwaves feature in the Emergency Events Disaster database (EM-DAT) and include reported impacts, with the Morocco heat being the only hazard to be associated with an economic cost. In addition, these heatwaves reveal how the mechanisms behind them are closely influenced by synoptic systems and geography of their regions. Further, It is demonstrated there is some reporting by African Nations for heatwaves but that this needs significant improvement.
Insights from the topographic characteristics of a large global catalog of rainfall-induced landslide event inventories
Authors: Emberson Robert , Kirschbaum Dalia , Amatya Pukar , Tanyas Hakan , Marc Odin
Published: September 2021

Abstract. Landslides are a key hazard in high-relief areas around the world and pose a risk to population and infrastructure. It is important to understand where landslides are likely to occur in the landscape to inform local analyses of exposure and potential impacts. Large triggering events such as earthquakes or major rain storms often cause hundreds or thousands of landslides, and mapping the landslide populations generated by these events can provide extensive datasets of landslide locations. Previous work has explored the characteristic locations of landslides triggered by seismic shaking, but rainfall induced landslides are likely to occur in different parts of a given landscape when compared to seismically induced failures. Here we show measurements of a range of topographic parameters associated with rainfall-induced landslides inventories, including a number of previously unpublished inventories which we also present here. We find that average upstream angle and compound topographic index are strong predictors of landslide headscarp location, while local relief and topographic position index provide a stronger sense of where landslide material may end up (and thus where hazard may be highest). By providing a large compilation of inventory data for open use by the landslide community, we suggest that this work could be useful for other regional and global landslide modelling studies and local calibration of landslide susceptibility assessment, as well as hazard mitigation studies.
Effect of individual blade pitch angle misalignment on the remaining useful life of wind turbines
Authors: Saathoff Matthias , Rosemeier Malo , Kleinselbeck Thorsten , Rathmann Bente
Published: September 2021

Abstract. An empirical data set of laser-optical pitch angle misalignment measurements on wind turbines was analyzed, and showed that 38 % of the turbines have been operating outside the accepted aerodynamic imbalance range. This imbalance results from deviations between the working pitch angle and the design angle set point. Several studies have focused on the consequences of this imbalance for the annual energy production (AEP) loss and mention a possible decrease in fatigue budget, i.e., remaining useful life (RUL). This research, however, quantifies the effect of the individual blade pitch angle misalignment and the resulting aerodynamic imbalance on the RUL of a wind turbine. To this end, several imbalance scenarios were derived from the empirical data representing various individual pitch misalignment configurations of the three blades. As the use case, a commercial 1.5 MW turbine was investigated, which provided a good representation of the sites and the turbine types in the empirical data set. Aeroelastic load simulations were conducted to determine the RUL of the turbine components. It was found that the RUL decreased in most scenarios, while the non-rotating wind turbine components were affected most by an aerodynamic imbalance.
The Role Of Strategic Clarity In Entrepreneurial Organizations - an Exploratory Study Of The Opinions Of A Sample Of Faculty Members In The College Of Administration And Economics/ Qadisiyah University
Authors: Chermik Hamadh Gijier
Published: September 2021

The purpose of the current research is to know the relationship of strategic clarity represented in (clarity of activities and procedures, clarity of goals, clarity of resource use, clarity role of employees, clarity of the organizational structure, clarity of leadership roles) that the studied sample possesses in the pilot organizations represented in (independence) , inventive, proactive, and risk-taking), The research relied on the questionnaire as a main tool to collect the necessary and necessary data to achieve its goal. As (67) forms were distributed to determine the level of availability of strategic clarity and leadership organizations, and accordingly (55) forms were used, which are valid for analysis. In addition, a set of statistical methods was used, represented by weighted mean, standard deviation, simple correlation coefficient Pearson, and simple regression coefficient. The results of the research showed a positive correlation and impact between strategic clarity and the pilot organizations of the studied sample. Which motivated the study to come up with a set of important results, perhaps the most prominent of which is the interest of the studied sample in encouraging its employees to develop their capabilities and enhance them in order to create good results that return to the studied study in a positive way reflected in achieving high-level profits.
Analyzing the reality of foreign direct investment and measuring its impact on economic growth for the period (2000-2017)Algeria as a model
Authors: Jasoum Bakir Hameed , Younus Noaman Mundher , Hussein Fouad Farhan
Published: September 2021

Foreign direct investment is of paramount importance at the international level, especially in developing countries, as many studies have shown its effective impact and its essential role in the medium and long term in advancing economic growth by stimulating GDP rates, providing employment opportunities, providing expertise and advanced technology. What prompted most Arab countries, including Algeria, to exert efforts in order to provide an appropriate investment environment to attract direct investment through a set of economic reforms, guarantees and facilities, and their conclusion of multiple bilateral agreements to encourage and protect the foreign investor.The research aims to know the extent of the impact of foreign direct investment on economic growth in Algeria for the period (2000-2017) by using standard analysis tools to identify the nature of the relationship between foreign direct investment and economic growth.The research also found that the gross domestic product has a positive relationship with foreign direct investment, that is, when foreign direct investment increases by one unit, this will inevitably lead to an increase in economic growth by (6.43). The research also recommends the necessity of adopting economic structural reform policies in line with the reality The Algerian economy, and working to develop and develop the financial markets through their size and tools, with an emphasis on the issue of legislation and laws that guarantee the regulation of capital investment flows.
The role of quality cost measurement in improving product quality
Authors: Soror Manal , Hazem Noor
Published: September 2021

The research aims to demonstrate the knowledge pillars of quality costs and the role of measuring the elements of quality costs. This is excluding the elements of failure costs and identifying and improving the level of product quality. Any economic unit seeking to compete in the local and global markets must achieve better product specifications, i.e. higher quality. This cannot be done, but through the use of many techniques, methods and special skills. Quality costs act as a measure or indicator of the performance of the economic unit and the extent of improvement in it. This also contributes to the process of evaluating its strategic performance, for example, to what extent does the increase in spending on research and development costs contribute to reducing other costs? Thus, the economic unit should direct its attention towards the costs of preventing the activities that host value in a way that helps reduce the costs of evaluation and failure of both types (non-value-adding activities). Therefore, if the economic unit is able to produce high-quality products, this enables it to adopt a price policy in the markets and to enable it to achieve a competitive advantage , The most prominent results of the research are that the classification of quality costs is one of the main tasks for determining, calculating and analyzing quality costs. The economic unit that has decided to manage quality costs should select the appropriate quality cost model that includes the categories and elements of quality costs. The most important recommendations are to increase spending on activities, prevention (value-adding activities) in order to reduce evaluation costs and failure in quality and focus on the reduction in evaluation costs and failure of both types should be greater than the increase in the costs of the assessment.
"Cambia todo cambia" (El proyecto ¿utópico? de transformar las subjetividades juveniles)
Authors: Rito Germán López,
Published: September 2021

El presente trabajo se articula en torno a una categoría clave, como lo es la “subjetividad”, que considero fundamental para poder comprender nuestra realidad social actual. La subjetividad es ese lugar de indeterminación relativa, que permite construir nuevas formas de relacionarse con la realidad. La subjetividad nunca es solipsista siempre es intersubjetiva, se conforma invariablemente en relación con otros. Esta categoría reviste la mayor importancia porque en ella se encuentra implícita la autonomía del sujeto. Desde mi perspectiva creo que el capitalismo como modo de producción, y el neoliberalismo como su etapa más avanzada, tienen la facultad de producir subjetividad como en ningún otro periodo histórico. Dicho de otra manera, el sistema capitalista tiene la capacidad de direccionar la percepción de la realidad, de tal manera, que se naturalicen las desigualdades y contradicciones que dicho sistema genera. La pregunta es, si ante esta realidad aplastante, existe algún lugar de indeterminación o autonomía en el sujeto, desde el cual se pueda construir una alternativa a este modo de vida. Considero que el hombre no es un mero producto de las circunstancias, es un ser que puede colocarse frente a las circunstancias y desde allí reapropiarse de toda la experiencia histórica. Al no encontrase determinado absolutamente por las circunstancias y no ser una mera expresión de éstas, puede desde ese punto de indeterminación ejercer la acción de determinar; desde su propia creatividad. Desde esta perspectiva la “Asociación Mutual de Arte Popular Macondo” como unidad de análisis, y el teatro comunitario como practica cultural, se conforma como un enclave de resistencia cultural, a los modos de ser y estar en el mundo actual. Por esta misma razón trabajan y proponen proyectos éticos, culturales, sociales y pedagógicos alternativos que se van gestando y construyendo cotidianamente.
LEADERSHIP THEORIES AND POST SOVIET AUTHORITARIAN LEADERS
Authors: Gelashvili Heleen , Tukvadze Avtandil , Abzianidze Akaki
Published: September 2021

Based on the theories (of personality traits’, situational, followers’, psychological) related to the emergence of political leadership, on the basis of comparative and qualitative methods, the characteristics of political leadership have been studied in the post-Soviet era. A leader uses the situation, relies upon the followers, and, in most cases, the great leaders awarded with charisma are characterized by a whole range of psychological features, but in all cases the determining role is played by the qualities of a leader, the majority of which are inherited. In our opinion, the argument provided by researchers that regular mortals may be gifted with the traits of a leader, is not convincing in disproving “the theory of traits ” due to two reasons: first, a leader is a human being, a social creature (human is a political being and separately, as a self-sufficient entity, it is either a beast or a god – Aristotle) and naturally they possess human features; second, a leader has to be characterized by a high degree (dosage) of distinguishing attributes and, most importantly, they are the main force in the process of striving towards the governance and all the other actions subordinate to them. This judgement is concerning the great leaders distinguished in the history of humankind, the actions of whom have changed the vector of the history development, and there are no leaders with such skills and capacity on the post-Soviet political stage yet. The hypothesis of the topic to be researched is as follows: the traits of leadership in the political arena of post-Soviet countries are determined by the dominance of the subject political culture, heavy social-economic background, the specifics of a national-psychological and mental development of a given nation, foreign policy orientations. Each of the above-mentioned variables influence the process of selecting leaders in different degrees (for example: in the reality of Georgia the foreign policy orientation is a significant condition to the position of a leader in the government, because the key of country’s independence lies outside the country and the inclination towards “looking up to the foreign/a foreigner” is relevant to Georgian mentality and the mindset of electorate, while in Russia a leader is mainly characterized and inspired by the Russian geo-political interests, orthodox-messiah ideas and mainly has to support the national idea consolidating the “Great Russian chauvinism” and Russian “Sovereign Democracy”, but in all settings the determining factor is the excessiveness of the subordinate political orientations (except for the Baltic countries) in the presence of which, according to Almond and Verba’s concept of political culture, the majority of citizens expect the desirable actions from the leader – the savior of the country and the state; all of this, in the environment of poor economic development and weak institutions, consequently leads to excessive number of populist, authoritative leaders in national governments.
EFFECT OF GENDER AND EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION ON ADMINISTRATIVE EFFECTIVENESS OF LIBRARIANS IN FEDERAL UNIVERSITIES IN SOUTH-SOUTH NIGERIA
Authors: Offem C. O. , Otun M. O.
Published: September 2021

The study was carried out to determine the effect of gender and educational qualification on the administrative effectiveness of librarians in federal universities in South-South Nigeria. The study adopted the non-probability sampling technique together with the ex-post facto research design which implemented the purposive and accidental sampling technique in choosing the population. A total of two hundred and thirty-one (231) respondents were chosen from six federal university libraries which comprised one hundred and seven professional (107) librarians and one hundred and twenty-four (124) Para-professionals. Data were elicited through a questionnaire. Data were analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics (independent t-test, one-way analysis of variance and multiple regression analysis. The research questions were answered and the hypotheses were tested at 0.05 levels of significance. Results show that there is a positive correlation between educational qualification and administrative effectiveness of librarians in the South-South universities of Nigeria. Secondly, a significant result was obtained for gender as a predictor of administrative effectiveness of librarians. The study, therefore, recommends that employers of librarians should allow them to improve themselves via acquiring postgraduate qualifications such as a master’s degree and PhD as this will go a long way to add value to them and improved their skills.
Penerapan Value Engineering Pada Mesin Molen Cor Kapasitas 50 Kg
Authors: Achmad Hisyam Hafis , Supriyanto Hari
Published: September 2021

Pada mesin molen cor kapasitas 50 kg, banyak ditemukan beberapa komponen yang mengalami trouble. Perancangan mesin molen diawali dengan tahap informasi dimana pada tahap ini diketahui komponen kritisnya adalah tabung solar, roda pemindah, sirip pengaduk, knalpot, pulley, kerangka bawah. Kemudian masuk kedalam tahap analisa dilakukan secara analisa teknik dengan membuat diagram FAST (Function Analysis System Technique) dan analisa biaya yang dihasilkan bahwa biaya kerugian kerusakan sebesar Rp. 54.700.000. Kemudian pada tahap kreatif dimunculkan berbagai konsep perbaikan untuk tiap komponen yang kritis yang kemudian pada tahap evaluasi dilakukan perhitungan value untuk memilih konsep mana yang terbaik. Hasil yang diperoleh adalah komponen tabung solar diperbaiki dengan diganti dengan bahan plastik, kerangka bawa diberi penguat pada siku-sikunya, sirip pengaduk diberi penguat dengan besi betoneser, knalpot dipendekkan dan dihadapkan kebawah, Pulley dan roda pemindah ditambah masing-masing satu unit. Kemudian hasil Analisa biaya setelah dilakukannya perbaikan adalah sebesar Rp. 3.190.000.
ADSORPTION OF REACTIVE BLACK 5 FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTION BY ZEOLITE FROM COAL FLY ASH: EQUILIBRIUM AND KINETIC STUDIES
Authors: CUNICO Patricia , FUNGARO Denise Alves , MAGDALENA Carina Pitwak
Published: September 2021

Zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash (ZC) and coal fly ashes (CC) were used as adsorbents to remove Reactive Black 5 (RP5) dye from aqueous solutions. The equilibrium time was reached after 420 min. The kinetics studies indicated that the adsorption followed the pseudo-second order kinetic and that surface adsorption and intraparticle diffusion were involved in the adsorption mechanism. The isotherm adsorption data fit accordingly to the Langmuir model for both adsorbents. The maximum adsorption capacities were 0.685 mg g-1 for RP5/ZC system and 0.577 mg g-1 for RP5/CC system. The efficiencies of adsorption were found to be between 47.7-88.1% for ZC and 65.4-99.6% for CC. The results indicate that zeolitic material is suitable as adsorbent for adsorption of reactive azodye from aqueous solutions.
PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS ANAlYSIS AND CURRENT GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF SOUTH AMERICAN CHARACIDAE (TELEOSTEI: CHARACIFORMES)
Authors: STUFF Travis , SILVA Lucas Gonçalves
Published: September 2021

The fish family Characidae is one of the most diverse in number of species and poorly described from a phylogenetic standpoint. By analyzing RAG2 gene sequences of all representatives genera occurring in South America and query the databases of brazilian ichthyological collections, it was obtained a phylogeny of the genus and the patterns analysis of the geogrphical distribution of species in the major South America basins. The new phylogeny resolves groups which showed some uncertain phylogenetic relationships and, additionally, for the first time an analysis of geographical distribution of South American genera of Characidae is illustrated.
IMPORTANCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION IN THE SCHOOL CONTEXT
Authors: SILVA André Leandro , BARBOSA Roberta Chaiene Almeida , FILHO Paulo Anastácio Lira , MEDEIROS Joyce Emanuele , LIRA Roberta Trindade Martins
Published: September 2021

Environmental Education is a pedagogical proposal directed to the individuals’ formation able to understand the environment which they live in, managing it consciously. This study aimed to evaluate the applicability of the Environmental Education in Arruda Câmara School in Pombal City - PB, looking on the principal means used and the frequency which the environmental issue is addressed in the classroom, besides teachers training and the students' level of knowledge on the topic. The population was composed of 20% of students and 20% of teachers from the school, which corresponds to 200 students and 10 teachers. The results have showed that 82% of students recognize that environmental theme has been studied in classes of Science/Biology and Geography showing that environmental education is not treated in an interdisciplinary way for all subjects. Another point is related to the fact that only 30% of teachers have some sort of training on environmental education. Regarding the inclusion of environmental education in school curriculum, 93% of students and 90% of teachers agree about the creation of the new subject, even though this is in disagreement with the National Curriculum Parameters and other official documents, which deal with Environmental Education as a cross theme.
Реестровые ошибки и порядок их исправления (на примере муниципального образования «город Краснодар»)
Authors: Понамарев Виталий Евгеньевич , Юрченко Ксения Александровна
Published: September 2021

Любая деятельность человека, в том числе кадастровая, связана с возникновением ошибок, последствия котрых несут прямой ущерб собственникам объектов недвижимости, временные и денежные затраты, ограничивают, а в некоторых случаях и лишают возможности пользоваться или распоряжаться своим имуществом. Несмотря на многочисленность публикаций по этой проблематике, недостаточно изучены направления по исправлению ошибок в реестре. Целью исследования является установление реестровых ошибок в сведениях ЕГРН по муниципальному образованию город Краснодар и предложение направлений по их исправлению. В результате исследования на основании данных публичной кадастровой карты приведены примеры выявленных пересечений и наложений границ земельных участков в муниципальном образовании город Краснодар. Установлены причины возникновения реестровых ошибок, изучен порядок их устранения, предложены профилактические мероприятия, необходимые для исключения возможности повторения таких ошибок в будущем. Отражено, что работы по исправлению ошибки по стоимости соизмеримы, а зачастую даже превышают стоимость работ, в результате которых эта ошибка была допущена. Перечислены случаи решения реестровой ошибки в досудебном и судебном порядках. На примере двух земельных участков приведены варианты исправления реестровой ошибки местоположения границ в досудебном и судебном порядках. Результаты исследования позволили сделать вывод о том, что внесудебный и судебный порядок исправления реестровой ошибки неравнозначны с точки зрения затрат времени и денежных средств, даже самый маленький судебный спор несет большие затраты для собственника.
غیر مسلموں کے حقوق شریعت اور قانون کی روشنی میں اور پاکستان کا اس میں عصری اطلاق
Authors: خاکوانی قدسیہ , بی بی خدیجہ
Published: September 2021

Islam seeks to establish such a society where all citizens of the state enjoyequal rights and religion should not become the basis for any discrimination. Sharialaws hold both Muslims and non-Muslims equal and no superiority or privilege isgiven to the Muslims on any ground in Islamic state. Islamic state is responsible forthe protection and security of minorities. If it has entered into an agreement withanother nation. The protection and security of the latter also falls under its domain ofresponsibility. The Islamic state is responsible for the protection of lives, honor andproperty of the minorities. On the map of world, Pakistan was established in August1947 as a homeland for the Muslims. It is a predominately Muslim Country but thereare several religious groups within Pakistan; the Hindus and the Christian’s being thebiggest religious minorities. The Constitution 1973 describes Pakistan as an “Islamicrepublic State”. It is a predominately Muslim State but there are several nonMuslims groups living here as citizens. Pakistan’s Constitution stands for equality ofall citizens irrespective of religion, caste, region, language and gender. Islam thestate of Pakistan stands for respect, peace and toleration for all non-Muslims citizens.This paper examines the population and constitutional position of minorities inPakistan and sharia laws. It also provides a general picture of major religiouscommunities: the Hindus, the Christians and the Sikhs etc, who are living inPakistan. Pakistan’s religious minorities have freedom to practice their religion and Pursue their cultural heritage.
جدید سماجی نظام میں جہیز کا تصور اور تعلیمات نبی صلی اللہ علیہ وسلم کی روشنی میں
Authors: شعبانہ رضیہ , فاروق فیاض احمد
Published: September 2021

Traditions in every nation's individual and collective life are very importantculture, character, habits, mental attitudes and way of life has a profound effect onsocial life. The effects of development of a nation, to prosper and destroy traditionscan be seen on any society. To adopt new templates customs reform is evitable. Fornational development and the welfare of society, it is mandatory according to thechanging conditions of the times and customs would be changed, and leaving evilcustoms and rituals, only good customs are adopted. The nations which do not followthis rule, their ignorance, conservatism and narrow-mindedness, act upon the evilrituals blindly, and stopped her development by implementing hurdles on the way ofsociety to make future black picks.We see that we have promoted many traditions in our life, Regard less of religion,culture or any system of life, but life's evolution and development is considered mostimportant for the society and social life occupies an important place in the social lifeof customs the influence is even more recognized. Thus in our society there are manytraditions in the modern era, we have adopted ritual of marriage, which is recognizedas significant is the dowry ceremony. In this article, I have tried to explain the concept of dowry tradition in any society,what are Islamic teachings? The practice has a negative impact on society and howwe can optimize it
Bait-ul-Hikmat: An Institution of Literary Development Under Abbasids (751-1258AD)
Authors: Wyne Mehmooda Irfan
Published: September 2021

A recorded review subsequently gathers encounters of the past and passes them onto decide the course of our future activity. The instruction arrangement of the Muslims,throughout the hundreds of years delivered those thinkers, researchers, legal scholars, themen of letters and specialists in each field of information, who had made inconceivablecommitments to workmanship, writing, verse, logic, medication, space science, geology,material science, speculative chemistry, mineralogy, legislative issues, and so on. These richMuslims have commitments which made in the different branches of science filled in as areason for the improvement of the present day science. None of these accomplishmentswould have been conceivable however for that dedication to learning and instruction whichhas described those individuals all through the history. The proposed research through thedeductive approach is an attempt to investigate the training arrangement of the Muslims, itsideological bases esteems and qualities which affects the knowledge of the world positively.At the House of Wisdom, Important ideas from around the world came together and wouldbe discussed threadbare. The period of Abbasid caliphs was the age of the highest evolutionand greatest development of the Islamic society, knowledge and culture. It was the phase ofmodernization and scientific development in the history of Muslim world.
منہجِ تفسیر ’’دروس القرآن الحکیم‘‘از مولانا سید شمس الحق افغانی ؒ
Authors: Bano Shazia , Hafiz Muhammad Aslam
Published: September 2021

The cognizance of religion and the intellect of the Qur’an rests on the epexegesis of the Holy Qur’an. A large number of the people of Muslims Ummah have been absorbed in the epexegesis of the Holy Qur’an and they have left indelible marks in the history of the Holy Quran explanation. The Tafsir ‘‘Duroos ul Qur’an Al Hakeem’’ written by Syed Shams-ul-Haqq Afghani occupies an illustrious place in the epexegesis of the Holy Qur’an. Molana Afghani wrote the book "Uloom ul Qur’an" on the topic of Usool e Tafseer in a unique style.

In his tafsir, Molana Afghani had made the explanation of qur’anic verses according to principles of his book "Uloom ul Quran"

He endeavor to make the message of the Qur’an in scientific and modern way before the reciter of the Holy Qur’an by using different examples .He had keenly observed the bad conditions of the Muslims in his era and give the  enticement the new generation to reform their problems in the light of Holy Qur’an.
Human Rights Violation and Persecution of Rohingya Muslims in Myanmar
Authors: Alia Safdar , Ali Fatima , Atif Muhammad
Published: September 2021

The Rohingya Muslims are living as the minority in Myanmar from a long time. Yet, they always faced discriminatory behaviour of Buddhist majority community and the government. The violation activities against minorities at sectarian basis continued from a long time but currently increased a lot. As a result, thousands of Rohingya refugees migrated towards other areas to protect their lives especially in Bangladesh. The proposed research is an attempt to investigate the real causes and consequences about Rohingya crises in Myanmar. The Rohingya ethnic cleansing mission started after the attack of the Arakan Rohingya Salvation Army (ARSA) on the military of Myanmar. For the analysis of Human rights violation has been used deductive and qualitative research method through which find out the role of internal power of Myanmar and the international leaders and institutions to stop violence against Rohingya Muslims and the their ethnic cleansing
Diwan Sawan Mal’s Administrative System in Multan Province 1821-1844
Authors: Gilani Aftab Hussain , Ali Ahmad , Khalid Samia , Afzal Muhammad
Published: September 2021

Under the Sikh period, several reforms were introduced in Multan to collect revenue for the Sikh State and Military. They improved land revenue, built many wells and perpetual canals under the governorship of Sawan Mal and his son Mulraj. This study focuses on Land Revenue, irrigation, and agrarian system that was prevailing in Multan during the period of Sawan Mal (1821-44). The reason behind the selection of this era and area is that the revenue system adopted by him has unique significance because he not only provided the right direction for future policies but also gave peace and calm to the native people. At that time, Multan was an important unit of Punjab where policies were formulated at a higher level and translated into action throughout Punjab. It has been tried to break new ground, challenging the viewpoint of previous writers about the local history in the first half of the nineteenth century.
A Sociological Study of Transgression of Basic Guarded Rights of Transgenders & Hurdles in Finding their Gender Identity in Socio-Cultural Context ( A Case Study of Segregated Localities of Multan)
Authors: Aslam Hina
Published: September 2021

This article deals with the study of the problems faced by transgenders, in regards of their guarded rights being transgressed,both from the familial and socio-cultural context. This study is amid, to explore socio-cultural behavior of individuals who surround a trans either from his/her family or society. Questions have already emerged about sociological problems and cultural adjustment as a human being and its related casual factor related to a transgender. It is one of the emerging issues of our society that directly influences the identity of those people who are facing gender disapproval from their surroundings. This research work tried to discover the factors that influence the discrimination faced generally and particularly by trans. The article reveals the social and cultural norms that stigmatize socio-cultural exclusion of trans human beings from the society and how continuous banishment from society makes their life more tough after being rejected from their home/family. The present study analyzed the continuous deprivation of trans people rights from family to community having no secure rights of education, health and professional life conducting interviews from a group of trans residing in segregated areas of Multan, Pakistan. The findings also revealed the consequences of banishment, throws their life away from mainstream of a life a normal human being must have.  The data in this paper has been collected by using qualitative research technique with participant observation and in-depth interviews.
An Introduction to the Problematic of Security: Theory- Building in International Relations
Authors: Akbar Asma , Alqama Khawaja
Published: September 2021

The paper discusses the problematic of security studies in relation to theory building in international relations.It aims to highlight apertures in the dominant explanations of security studies, and further provides an indication about mending these lacunas. To this end, dominant theories of international relations: Realism, Liberalism, and their progenies have been critically analyzed, and their problematics have been discussed in detail. Through critical analysis of dominant explanations in international relations theory, this paper helps to identify the gaps in the conceptual, methodological, and practical domains of security studies.
Fatima Jinnah & Benazir Bhutto: Initial Saga of Painful Birth of Pakistan’s Feminine Politics
Authors: Ushna Tariq  , Rajia Tariq
Published: September 2021

Women’s political participation is a fundamental prerequisite for the assurance of Gender Equality and Genuine goodwill of Democracy. No nation can rise to the height of glory without the participation of their women into legal, political, socio-economic and decision making process of household to public life. Gender-sensitive Governance has been achieved all over the Globe to some extent but struggle is still on its way and it needs much encroachment. Previously, women who partook in electoral campaigns or political uplifting of other women were docketed as deteriorated women by misogynist portions. This article is based on the struggle of two most Empowered Ladies of Pakistan, Miss Fatima Jinnah and Benazir Bhutto for the refurbishment of democracy, women emancipation and equitable and inclusive governance of women. Though, they both faced a lot of backlash, but still they marked a difference among those people for the sake of their women.