bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Essay: Leef je in! - Van L-woord naar M-woord en terug
Authors: Andeweg Agnes
Published: May 2014

In this essay I address the popular notion that reading literature is a way to gain empathy through identification. Using the relatively new phenomenon of the lesbian mother as an example, I ask through which cultural repertoires lesbian mothers are made visible, which subject positions are available for them, and which identificatory positions are made available to readers. I explore a number of representations of lesbian mothers from comics, TV-series, films and Dutch children’s books. Depending on whether the lesbian mother is initially presented as a lesbian or as a mother, and depending on the context, a different coming out process is at stake: either she has to come out as a(n aspiring) mother; or she has to come out as a lesbian.
Essay - De verdwenen macht van Maria’s moedermelk
Authors: Jansen Willy
Published: May 2014

In this short analysis of Catholic representations of St. Mary throughout the centuries as a breastfeeding mother, we see that this very popular image in early Christianity and the Middle Ages is banned after 1593 and replaced by a childlike virgin. Thereby the power attributed to Mary’s milk, as the embodied transmission of the Holy Word in early Christianity, slowly dissipates. What once was holy is now abject, and this is linked to the more general sexualisation of the female body, and the ambivalence about feeding breasts in wider society.
Essay - Het persoonlijke is geopolitiek
Authors: Wesseling Lies
Published: May 2014

This column argues that the slogan ‘the personal is political’ – when slightly rephrased – is now even more to the point than ever before. The personal has become ‘geopolitical’ due to the emergence of the socalled ‘global care chain’. Nowadays, families at both the higher and lower strata of society are organizing themselves on a transnational scale in a multitude of ways: as migrant care workers in the first world remitting their wages to their families in developing countries; as ‘dual career’ couples pursuing careers with globally operating companies and organizations; as transnational adoptive families; or as gay parents who have children with (foreign) surrogate mothers. These developments call into question the institute of the nuclear family that is securely embedded within one nation-state. Feminists would do well to take the lead in formulating new normative concepts and images of what families could and should be like.
Secondary organic aerosol formation exceeds primary particulate matter emissions for light-duty gasoline vehicles
Authors: Gordon T. D. , Presto A. A. , May A. A. , Nguyen N. T. , Lipsky E. M. , Donahue N. M. , Gutierrez A. , Zhang M. , Maddox C. , Rieger P. , Chattopadhyay S. , Maldonado H. , Maricq M. M. , Robinson A. L.
Published: May 2014

Abstract. The effects of photochemical aging on emissions from 15 light-duty gasoline vehicles were investigated using a smog chamber to probe the critical link between the tailpipe and ambient atmosphere. The vehicles were recruited from the California in-use fleet; they represent a wide range of model years (1987 to 2011), vehicle types and emission control technologies. Each vehicle was tested on a chassis dynamometer using the unified cycle. Dilute emissions were sampled into a portable smog chamber and then photochemically aged under urban-like conditions. For every vehicle, substantial secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation occurred during cold-start tests, with the emissions from some vehicles generating as much as 6 times the amount of SOA as primary particulate matter (PM) after 3 h of oxidation inside the chamber at typical atmospheric oxidant levels (and 5 times the amount of SOA as primary PM after 5 × 106 molecules cm−3 h of OH exposure). Therefore, the contribution of light-duty gasoline vehicle exhaust to ambient PM levels is likely dominated by secondary PM production (SOA and nitrate). Emissions from hot-start tests formed about a factor of 3–7 less SOA than cold-start tests. Therefore, catalyst warm-up appears to be an important factor in controlling SOA precursor emissions. The mass of SOA generated by photooxidizing exhaust from newer (LEV2) vehicles was a factor of 3 lower than that formed from exhaust emitted by older (pre-LEV) vehicles, despite much larger reductions (a factor of 11–15) in nonmethane organic gas emissions. These data suggest that a complex and nonlinear relationship exists between organic gas emissions and SOA formation, which is not surprising since SOA precursors are only one component of the exhaust. Except for the oldest (pre-LEV) vehicles, the SOA production could not be fully explained by the measured oxidation of speciated (traditional) SOA precursors. Over the timescale of these experiments, the mixture of organic vapors emitted by newer vehicles appears to be more efficient (higher yielding) in producing SOA than the emissions from older vehicles. About 30% of the nonmethane organic gas emissions from the newer (LEV1 and LEV2) vehicles could not be speciated, and the majority of the SOA formed from these vehicles appears to be associated with these unspeciated organics. By comparing this study with a companion study of diesel trucks, we conclude that both primary PM emissions and SOA production for light-duty gasoline vehicles are much greater than for late-model (2007 and later) on-road heavy-duty diesel trucks.
Missing peroxy radical sources within a summertime ponderosa pine forest
Authors: Wolfe G. M. , Cantrell C. , Kim S. , Mauldin III R. L. , Karl T. , Harley P. , Turnipseed A. , Zheng W. , Flocke F. , Apel E. C. , Hornbrook R. S. , Hall S. R. , Ullmann K. , Henry S. B. , DiGangi J. P. , Boyle E. S. , Kaser L. , Schnitzhofer R. , Hansel A. , Graus M. , Nakashima Y. , Kajii Y. , Guenther A. , Keutsch F. N.
Published: May 2014

Abstract. Organic peroxy (RO2) and hydroperoxy (HO2) radicals are key intermediates in the photochemical processes that generate ozone, secondary organic aerosol and reactive nitrogen reservoirs throughout the troposphere. In regions with ample biogenic hydrocarbons, the richness and complexity of peroxy radical chemistry presents a significant challenge to current-generation models, especially given the scarcity of measurements in such environments. We present peroxy radical observations acquired within a ponderosa pine forest during the summer 2010 Bio-hydro-atmosphere interactions of Energy, Aerosols, Carbon, H2O, Organics and Nitrogen – Rocky Mountain Organic Carbon Study (BEACHON-ROCS). Total peroxy radical mixing ratios reach as high as 180 pptv (parts per trillion by volume) and are among the highest yet recorded. Using the comprehensive measurement suite to constrain a near-explicit 0-D box model, we investigate the sources, sinks and distribution of peroxy radicals below the forest canopy. The base chemical mechanism underestimates total peroxy radicals by as much as a factor of 3. Since primary reaction partners for peroxy radicals are either measured (NO) or underpredicted (HO2 and RO2, i.e., self-reaction), missing sources are the most likely explanation for this result. A close comparison of model output with observations reveals at least two distinct source signatures. The first missing source, characterized by a sharp midday maximum and a strong dependence on solar radiation, is consistent with photolytic production of HO2. The diel profile of the second missing source peaks in the afternoon and suggests a process that generates RO2 independently of sun-driven photochemistry, such as ozonolysis of reactive hydrocarbons. The maximum magnitudes of these missing sources (~120 and 50 pptv min−1, respectively) are consistent with previous observations alluding to unexpectedly intense oxidation within forests. We conclude that a similar mechanism may underlie many such observations.
Impacts of increasing the aerosol complexity in the Met Office global numerical weather prediction model
Authors: Mulcahy J. P. , Walters D. N. , Bellouin N. , Milton S. F.
Published: May 2014

Abstract. The inclusion of the direct and indirect radiative effects of aerosols in high-resolution global numerical weather prediction (NWP) models is being increasingly recognised as important for the improved accuracy of short-range weather forecasts. In this study the impacts of increasing the aerosol complexity in the global NWP configuration of the Met Office Unified Model (MetUM) are investigated. A hierarchy of aerosol representations are evaluated including three-dimensional monthly mean speciated aerosol climatologies, fully prognostic aerosols modelled using the CLASSIC aerosol scheme and finally, initialised aerosols using assimilated aerosol fields from the GEMS project. The prognostic aerosol schemes are better able to predict the temporal and spatial variation of atmospheric aerosol optical depth, which is particularly important in cases of large sporadic aerosol events such as large dust storms or forest fires. Including the direct effect of aerosols improves model biases in outgoing long-wave radiation over West Africa due to a better representation of dust. However, uncertainties in dust optical properties propagate to its direct effect and the subsequent model response. Inclusion of the indirect aerosol effects improves surface radiation biases at the North Slope of Alaska ARM site due to lower cloud amounts in high-latitude clean-air regions. This leads to improved temperature and height forecasts in this region. Impacts on the global mean model precipitation and large-scale circulation fields were found to be generally small in the short-range forecasts. However, the indirect aerosol effect leads to a strengthening of the low-level monsoon flow over the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal and an increase in precipitation over Southeast Asia. Regional impacts on the African Easterly Jet (AEJ) are also presented with the large dust loading in the aerosol climatology enhancing of the heat low over West Africa and weakening the AEJ. This study highlights the importance of including a more realistic treatment of aerosol–cloud interactions in global NWP models and the potential for improved global environmental prediction systems through the incorporation of more complex aerosol schemes.
Observations of the scale-dependent turbulence and evaluation of the flux-gradient relationship for sensible heat for a closed Douglas-Fir canopy in very weak wind conditions
Authors: Vickers D. , Thomas C.
Published: May 2014

Abstract. Observations of the scale-dependent turbulent fluxes and variances above, within and beneath a tall closed Douglas-Fir canopy in very weak winds are examined. The daytime subcanopy vertical velocity spectra exhibit a double-peak structure with peaks at time scales of 0.8 s and 51.2 s. A double-peak structure is also observed in the daytime subcanopy heat flux cospectra. The daytime momentum flux cospectra inside the canopy and in the subcanopy are characterized by a relatively large cross-wind component, likely due to the extremely light and variable winds, such that the definition of a mean wind direction, and subsequent partitioning of the momentum flux into along- and cross-wind components, has little physical meaning. Positive values of both momentum flux components in the subcanopy contribute to upward transfer of momentum, consistent with the observed mean wind speed profile. In the canopy at night at the smallest resolved scales, we find relatively large momentum fluxes (compared to at larger scales), and increasing vertical velocity variance with decreasing time scale, consistent with very small eddies likely generated by wake shedding from the canopy elements that transport momentum but not heat. We find unusually large values of the velocity aspect ratio within the canopy, consistent with enhanced suppression of the horizontal wind components compared to the vertical by the canopy. The flux-gradient approach for sensible heat flux is found to be valid for the subcanopy and above-canopy layers when considered separately; however, single source approaches that ignore the canopy fail because they make the heat flux appear to be counter-gradient when in fact it is aligned with the local temperature gradient in both the subcanopy and above-canopy layers. Modeled sensible heat fluxes above dark warm closed canopies are likely underestimated using typical values of the Stanton number.
Microphysical properties of synoptic scale polar stratospheric clouds: in situ measurements of unexpectedly large HNO3 containing particles in the Arctic vortex
Authors: Molleker S. , Borrmann S. , Schlager H. , Luo B. , Frey W. , Klingebiel M. , Weigel R. , Ebert M. , Mitev V. , Matthey R. , Woiwode W. , Oelhaf H. , Dörnbrack A. , Stratmann G. , Grooß J.-U. , Günther G. , Vogel B. , Müller R. , Krämer M. , Meyer J. , Cairo F.
Published: May 2014

Abstract. In January 2010 and December 2011 synoptic scale PSC fields were probed during seven flights of the high altitude research aircraft M-55 Geophysica within the RECONCILE (Reconciliation of essential process parameters for an enhanced predictability of Arctic stratospheric ozone loss and its climate interaction.) and the ESSenCe (ESSenCe: ESA Sounder Campaign) projects. Particle size distributions in a diameter range between 0.46 μm and 40 μm were recorded simultaneously by up to four different optical in situ instruments. Three of these particle instruments are based on the detection of forward scattered light by single particles. The fourth instrument is a grey scale optical array imaging probe. Optical particle diameters of up to 35 μm were detected with particle number densities and total particle volumes exceeding previous Arctic measurements. Also, gas phase and particle bound NOy were measured, as well as water vapor concentrations, and other variables. Two remote sensing particle instruments, the Miniature Aerosol Lidar (MAL) and the backscatter sonde (MAS, Multiwavelenght Aerosol Scatterometer) showed the synoptic scale of the encountered PSCs. The particle mode below 2 μm in size diameter has been identified as supercooled ternary solution droplets (STS). The PSC particles in the size range above 2 μm in diameter are considered to consist of nitric acid hydrates or ice, and the particles' high HNO3 content was confirmed by the NOy instrument. Assuming a particle composition of nitric acid trihydrate (NAT), the optically measured size distributions result in particle-phase HNO3 mixing ratios exceeding available stratospheric values. In particular, with respect to the denitrification by sedimentation of large HNO3-contaning particles, generally considered as NAT, our new measurements raise questions concerning composition, shape and nucleation pathways. Measurement uncertainties are discussed concerning probable overestimations of measured particle sizes and volumes. We hypothesize that either a strong asphericity or the particle composition (e.g. water-ice coated with NAT) could explain our observations.
Kinetics of the reactions of isoprene-derived hydroxynitrates: gas phase epoxide formation and solution phase hydrolysis
Authors: Jacobs M. I. , Burke W. J. , Elrod M. J.
Published: May 2014

Abstract. Isoprene, the most abundant non-methane volatile organic compound (VOC) emitted into the atmosphere, is known to undergo gas phase oxidation to form eight different hydroxynitrate isomers in "high NOx" environments. These hydroxynitrates are known to affect the global and regional formation of ozone and secondary organic aerosol (SOA), as well as affect the distribution of nitrogen. In the present study, we have synthesized three of the eight possible hydroxynitrates: 4-hydroxy-3-nitroxy isoprene (4,3-HNI) and E/Z-1-hydroxy-4-nitroxy isoprene (1,4-HNI). Oxidation of the 4,3-HNI isomer by the OH radical was monitored using a flow tube chemical ionization mass spectrometer (FT-CIMS), and its OH rate constant was determined to be (3.64 ± 0.41) × 10−11 cm3 molecule−1 s−1. The products of 4,3-HNI oxidation were monitored, and a mechanism to explain the products was developed. An isoprene epoxide (IEPOX) – a species important in SOA chemistry and thought to originate only from "low NOx" isoprene oxidation – was found as a minor, but significant product. Additionally, hydrolysis kinetics of the three synthesized isomers were monitored with NMR. The bulk, neutral solution hydrolysis rate constants for 4,3-HNI and the 1,4-HNI isomers were (1.59±0.03 × 10−5 s−1 and (6.76 ± 0.09) × 10−3 s−1, respectively. The hydrolysis reactions of each isomer were found to be general acid-catalyzed. The reaction pathways, product yields and atmospheric implications for both the gas phase and aerosol-phase reactions are discussed.
Cold-water coral growth under extreme environmental conditions, the Cape Lookout area, NW Atlantic
Authors: Mienis F. , Duineveld G. C. A. , Davies A. J. , Lavaleye M. M. S. , Ross S. W. , Seim H. , Bane J. , van Haren H. , Bergman M. J. N. , de Haas H. , Brooke S. , van Weering T. C. E.
Published: May 2014

Abstract. The Cape Lookout cold-water coral area off the coast of North Carolina forms the shallowest and northernmost cold-water coral mound area on the Blake Plateau in the NW Atlantic. Cold-water coral habitats near Cape Lookout are occasionally bathed in the Gulf Stream, which is characterised by oligotrophic warm water and strong surface currents. Here, we present the first insights into the mound distribution and morphology, sedimentary environment and coral cover and near-bed environmental conditions as recorded by bottom landers from this coral area. The mounds occur between 320 and 550 m water depth and are characterised by high acoustic backscatter indicating the presence of hard structure. Three distinct mound morphologies were observed: (1) a mound with a flattened top at 320 m, (2) multi-summited mounds with a teardrop shape in the middle part of the area and (3) a single mound at 540 m water depth. Echosounder profiles show the presence of a strong reflector underneath all mound structures that forms the base of the mounds. This reflector cropped out at the downstream side of the single mound and consists of carbonate slabs. Video analysis revealed that all mounds are covered by Lophelia pertusa and that living colonies only occur close to the summits of the SSW side of the mounds, which is the side that faces the strongest currents. Off-mound areas were characterised by low backscatter and sediment ripples, indicating the presence of relatively strong bottom currents. Two bottom landers were deployed amidst the coral mounds between December 2009 and May 2010. Both landers recorded prominent events, characterised by large fluctuations in environmental conditions near the seabed as well as in the overlying water column. The period between December and April was characterised by several events of increasing temperature and salinity, coinciding with increased flow and near-bed acoustic backscatter. During these events temperature fluctuated by up to 9 °C within a day, which is the largest temperature variability as measured so far in a cold-water coral habitat. Warm events, related to Gulf Stream meanders, had the duration of roughly 1 week and the current during these events was directed to the NNE. The consequences of such events must be significant given the strong effects of temperature on the metabolism of cold-water corals. Furthermore, elevated acoustic backscatter values and high mass fluxes were also recorded during these events, indicating a second stressor that may affect the corals. The abrasive nature of sand in combination with strong currents might sand blast the corals. We conclude that cold-water corals near Cape Lookout live under extreme conditions that limit mound growth at present.
The rheological behavior of fracture-filling cherts: example of Barite Valley dikes, Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa
Authors: Ledevin M. , Arndt N. , Simionovici A.
Published: May 2014

Abstract. A 100 m-thick complex of near-vertical carbonaceous chert dikes marks the transition from the Mendon to Mapepe Formations (3260 Ma) in the Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa. Fracturing was intense in this area, as shown by the profusion and width of the dikes (ca. 1 m on average) and by the abundance of completely shattered rocks. The dike-and-sill organization of the fracture network and the upward narrowing of some of the large veins indicate that at least part of the fluid originated at depth and migrated upward in this hydrothermal plumbing system. Abundant angular fragments of silicified country rock are suspended and uniformly distributed within the larger dikes. Jigsaw-fit structures and confined bursting textures indicate that hydraulic fracturing was at the origin of the veins. The confinement of the dike system beneath an impact spherule bed suggests that the hydrothermal circulations were triggered by the impact and located at the external margin of a large crater. From the geometry of the dikes and the petrography of the cherts, we infer that the fluid that invaded the fractures was thixotropic. On one hand, the injection of black chert into extremely fine fractures is evidence for low viscosity at the time of injection; on the other hand, the lack of closure of larger veins and the suspension of large fragments in a chert matrix provide evidence of high viscosity soon thereafter. The inference is that the viscosity of the injected fluid increased from low to high as the fluid velocity decreased. Such rheological behavior is characteristic of media composed of solid and colloidal particles suspended in a liquid. The presence of abundant clay-sized, rounded particles of silica, carbonaceous matter and clay minerals, the high proportion of siliceous matrix and the capacity of colloidal silica to form cohesive 3-D networks through gelation, account for the viscosity increase and thixotropic behavior of the fluid that filled the veins. Stirring and shearing of the siliceous mush as it was injected imparted a low viscosity by decreasing internal particle interactions; then, as the flow rate declined, the fluid became highly viscous as the inter-particulate bonds (siloxane bonds, Si-O-Si) were reconstituted. The gelation of the chert was rapid and the structure persisted at low temperature (T < 200 °C) before fractures were sealed and chert indurated.
Healing of snow surface-to-surface contacts by isothermal sintering
Authors: Podolskiy E. A. , Barbero M. , Barpi F. , Chambon G. , Borri-Brunetto M. , Pallara O. , Frigo B. , Chiaia B. , Naaim M.
Published: May 2014

Abstract. Natural sintering in ice is a fundamental process determining mechanical properties of various ice forms. According to the literature, limited data are available about the complex subjects of snow sintering and bond formation. Here, through cold laboratory mechanical tests with a new shear apparatus we demonstrate time-dependent effects of isothermal sintering on interface strengthening at various normal pressures. Measurements showed that interfacial strength evolved rapidly, conforming to a power law (mean exponent ≈0.21); higher pressure corresponded to higher initial strength and sintering rates. Our findings are consistent with observations on homogeneous snow, provide unique records essential for slope stability models and indicate the significant importance of normal load on data interpretation.
Quantification of Essential Fatty Acids and Assessment of the Nutritional Quality Indexes of Lipids in Tilapia Alevins and Juvenile Tilapia Fish (Oreochromis niloticus)
Authors: Tonial Ivane Benedetti , Oliveira Debora Francielly , Coelho Alexandre Rodrigo , Matsushita Makoto , Coró Fabio Augusto Garcia , De Souza Nilson Evelazio , Visentainer Jesui Vergilio
Published: May 2014

To determine the nutritional quality of the lipid segment in tilapia (Orechromis niloticus) during different periods of development (alevins and juveniles), the total lipids (TL), linolenic (LNA), eicosapentaenoic (EPA), docosapentaenoic (DHA), linoleic (LA) and arachidonic (AA) acids were quantified , and the lipid nutritional quality indexes were calculated for the tilapia. The lipid profile showed that the species present high indexes of monounsaturated (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in both development phases. The indexes of nutritional quality of lipids, atherogenic index (AI) and thrombogenic index (TI) present low values and represent beneficial health effects, both in the alevin and juvenile fish. The quantifications of LNA, EPA, DHA, LA and AA show the greatest values (mg/g of total lipids) for the juveniles. However, regardless of the development phase in which the tilapia is, the fish may be considered a source of essential fatty acids a kind of potential and nutritional food, reflecting beneficial effects for consumer’s health.
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Comunicação, arte e cultura: a mediação midiática nos modos de ver e produzir saberes artísticos culturais na cidade Curitiba
Authors: Gonçalves Adalgisa A. de Oliveira
Published: May 2014

Este artigo visa comunicar o resultado de uma pesquisa sobre a influência da mídia nos modos de ver e produzir saberes artísticos culturais em Curitiba, no Paraná. Parte-se da análise do Jornal Gazeta do Povo como mídia preferencial para a pesquisa e fonte de abordagem com os informantes e interlocutores desta pesquisa. Os conceitos de comunicação, arte e cultura são trabalhados na perspectiva de compreender o entrelaçamento que se dá por meio da mediação midiática, assim como compreender os processos de significação, de apropriação e assimilação dos saberes culturais. O instrumento de análise de dados que foi aplicado é a análise de conteúdo preconizada por Bardin (2004). Na análise de conteúdo, não é só o conteúdo em si das comunicações que interessa, mas procura-se atingir, por meio da mensagem aparente, o que esta tem a nos dizer sobre os significados de natureza sociológica, psicológica, histórica e cultural que envolvem o discurso.
O princípio ético-crítico freireano
Authors: Borges Valdir
Published: May 2014

O princípio ético-crítico freireano é uma expressão cunhada e definida pelo filósofo Enrique D. Dussel na construção de sua Ética da libertação. Ele revela que Paulo Freire, mais que um pedagogo é um educador da consciência ético-crítica das vítimas em uma sociedade oprimida na periferia do capitalismo mundial, a América Latina das décadas de 1960 e 1970. Este modo de educar fez história, pois implica uma atitude ética no ato de educar, uma opção transformadora capaz de conduzir o educando a sujeito histórico do referido ato. Aqui se encontra a radicalidade e a originalidade da ética proposta pelo educador Paulo Freire, a partir da razão dos oprimidos.
Avaliação de livros na área de Educação
Authors: Prado de Sousa Clarilza , Obino Corrêa Werle Flávia
Published: May 2014

Este texto descreve processo de classificação de livros da Área de Educação. Relata os esforços desenvolvidos no sentido de garantir que o livro, veículo que expressa grande parte da produção da Área de Educação, seja valorizado, tenha uma avaliação rigorosa, adequada e fiel a seus propósitos. Identifica inicialmente o contexto em que a avaliação é realizada e a seguir os procedimentos empregados. Demonstra que o processo realizado tem muito a ser aperfeiçoado, mas o que já foi desenvolvido significou um avanço considerável, na medida em que conferiu confiabilidade à avaliação da produção intelectual dos Programas de Pós-Graduação.
Estudos de revisão: implicações conceituais e metodológicas
Authors: Sant’Anna Ramos Vosgerau Dilmeire , Paulin Romanowski Joana
Published: May 2014

Este artigo tem por finalidade analisar as diferentes denominações e encaminhamentos utilizados para os estudos que mapeiam campos de estudo, bem como avaliam e sintetizam resultados pesquisas apontando alguns indicativos metodológicos. Os estudos utilizados esta análise foram selecionados a partir da base de periódicos da Capes. Foram considerados na análise artigos oriundos prioritariamente do campo educacional, contudo buscou-se alguns artigos no campo de saúde visto que a origem destes tipo de estudo se deu inicialmente neste campo, portanto, muitos estudos apresentam um detalhamento e uma especificação metodológica mais clara que nos permitiu melhor caracterizar cada uma das denominações. Este trabalho permitiu com que observássemos a existência de diversas nomenclaturas para o mesmo tipo de estudo, algumas vezes em uma mesma área; também pudemos constatar que diversos softwares são utilizados para instrumentar o pesquisador na realização deste tipo de investigação, contudo o valor e a credibilidade do estudo depende fundamentalmente da transparência e do rigor metodológico empreendido pelo pesquisador.
A subjetividade e a objetividade em Michel Foucault e Karl Marx: Algumas considerações
Authors: Rossi Ramos Douglas , Rebello Cardoso Júnior Hélio
Published: May 2014

A questão a respeito da relação entre sujeito e objeto tem sido debatida e explorada nas mais diversas tendências teórico-metodológicas, apresentando ressonâncias e discordâncias referentes às possibilidades de desenvolvimento de uma ciência ou de um sistema filosófico que permitam a construção de um conhecimento sobre o mundo. Dentre tais tendências, as de dois autores, em específico, se diferenciam, respectivamente, em sua complexidade taxionômica e ontológica: Michel Foucault e Karl Marx. O objetivo deste texto é discutir aspectos da díade objetividade/subjetividade nos trabalhos desses dois pensadores, apontando algumas correlações entre elas. Para tanto, foi realizada uma discussão a respeito da concepção de conhecimento adotada pelo filósofo francês Michel Foucault e da dificuldade encontrada por seus estudiosos e pensadores em classificar sua obra dentro de alguma tendência ou sistema teórico moderno, além de se discutir a respeito da diferença marcada pelo arcabouço teórico de Marx em relação a outros programas de pesquisa em ciências humanas modernas por não apresentar o indivíduo como entidade ontológica fundamental. A obra de Foucault traz algumas contribuições que, de certa maneira, influenciaram correntes neomarxistas em seu trabalho de reconstituição teórica e de resgate do marxismo.
Afeto e cidade: Reflexões dos jovens sobre o viver em Sobral (CE)
Authors: Rocha Nara Maria Forte Diogo , Nascimento Verônica Salgueiro do , Sousa Silva Alexsandra Maria
Published: May 2014

Os jovens são cada vez mais chamados a discutir sobre suas vidas nos territórios em que habitam. Esta pesquisa visou investigar as representações afetivas de jovens sobre a cidade onde vivem. Participaram desse estudo 34 sujeitos beneficiados pelo programa federal ProJovem Urbano na cidade de Sobral, Ceará, Brasil. O estudo foi realizado durante o segundo semestre de 2010, por iniciativa do Observatório da Infância e Juventude de Sobral, extensão do Curso de Psicologia da Universidade Federal do Ceará. Foram construídos mapas afetivos com os jovens, por meio dos quais se buscou a compreensão psicossocial e sociocultural na relação entre subjetividade e espaço construído, enfatizando o afeto como grande agregador da percepção e do conhecimento sobre a cidade. As imagens apresentadas pelos participantes, em sua maioria, revelam o sentimento de agradabilidade pela cidade, indicando satisfação em viver na cidade. Outro sentimento revelado pelos mapas indica a presença de contrastes, ou seja, o jovem afirma gostar de sua cidade, mas também apresenta preocupações com a degradação ambiental, a ausência de paz e o aumento do vandalismo. Entendemos que os jovens podem assumir papel de protagonistas de ações inclusivas e solidárias; para tanto, faz-se necessária a inclusão desses atores na reflexão e na construção de referenciais para intervenções públicas e privadas interessadas no aumento da qualidade de vida nas regiões urbanas.
Habilidades sociais e uso de álcool, tabaco e drogas ilícitas em adolescentes
Authors: Donola Donola Luciana Roberta , Malbergier André
Published: May 2014

Objetivou-se avaliar a associação entre deficit de habilidades sociais e o consumo de álcool, tabaco e drogas ilícitas em 965 adolescentes. O uso dessas substâncias foi associado à dificuldade em defender suas opiniões, ser facilmente influenciado por outros, dificuldade em dizer não e em pedir ajuda e medo de lutar por seus direitos. Os adolescentes que usaram apenas álcool e apenas tabaco apresentaram menor deficit de habilidades sociais do que aqueles que usaram álcool e tabaco, que, por sua vez, apresentaram menor deficit em comparação àqueles que usaram drogas ilícitas. Esses resultados mostram a importância de se avaliar o consumo de substâncias separadamente, já que quanto maior for o deficit de habilidades, maior o risco de os adolescentes usarem drogas lícitas e ilícitas.
Prayer and health research: proxies, missed targets, and opportunities
Authors: Ladd Kevin L. , Spilka Bernard
Published: May 2014

The purpose of this article is to present a quick overview of the psychology of prayer and health research in the context of the United States and Europe. Its range is limited to primarily English literature. The conclusion is that the findings are thoroughly ambiguous. It is argued that this conclusion is fundamentally inevitable because, in most instances, the variable deemed prayer is actually a proxy for a wide constellation of beliefs and behavior. Suggestions are made for re-focusing the field on scientifically feasible, theologically sensitive studies of prayer.
Vitamin D insufficiency and subclinical atherosclerosis in non‐diabetic males living with HIV
Authors: Portilla Joaquín , Moreno‐Pérez Óscar , Serna‐Candel Carmen , Escoín Corina , Alfayate Rocio , Reus Sergio , Merino Esperanza , Boix Vicente , Giner Livia , Sánchez‐Payá José , Picó Antonio
Published: May 2014

Introduction

Vitamin D insufficiency (VDI) has been associated with increased cardiovascular risk in the non‐HIV population. This study evaluates the relationship among serum 25‐hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels, cardiovascular risk factors, adipokines, antiviral therapy (ART) and subclinical atherosclerosis in HIV‐infected males.

Methods

A cross‐sectional study in ambulatory care was made in non‐diabetic patients living with HIV. VDI was defined as 25(OH)D serum levels <75 nmol/L. Fasting lipids, glucose, inflammatory markers (tumour necrosis factor‐α, interleukin‐6, high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein) and endothelial markers (plasminogen activator inhibitor‐1, or PAI‐I) were measured. The common carotid artery intima‐media thickness (C‐IMT) was determined. A multivariate logistic regression analysis was made to identify factors associated with the presence of VDI, while multivariate linear regression analysis was used to identify factors associated with common C‐IMT.

Results

Eighty‐nine patients were included (age 42±8 years), 18.9% were in CDC (US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) stage C and 75 were on ART. VDI was associated with ART exposure, sedentary lifestyle, higher triglycerides levels and PAI‐I. In univariate analysis, VDI was associated with greater common C‐IMT. The multivariate linear regression model, adjusted by confounding factors, revealed an independent association between common C‐IMT and patient age, time of exposure to protease inhibitors (PIs) and impaired fasting glucose (IFG). In contrast, there were no independent associations between common C‐IMT and VDI or inflammatory and endothelial markers.

Conclusions

VDI was not independently associated with subclinical atherosclerosis in non‐diabetic males living with HIV. Older age, a longer exposure to PIs, and IFG were independent factors associated with common C‐IMT in this population.
Frequency of Abnormal Fecal Biomarkers in Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Authors: Goepp Julius , Fowler Elizabeth , Mcbride Teresa , Landis Darryl
Published: May 2014

Primary Study Objective:

Determine the frequency of abnormal fecal biomarker test results in patients with 13 irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)—related ICD-9 (International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems) codes.

Study Design:

Quantitative review of de-identified records from patients in whom IBS was a possible diagnosis.

Methods:

Records were selected for analysis if they included any of 13 IBS-related diagnostic codes and laboratory test results of fecal testing for all biomarkers of interest. Data collection was restricted to one 12-month period. Frequency distributions were calculated to identify rates of abnormal results for each biomarker within the total number of tests conducted in the eligible population.

Results:

Two thousand, two hundred fifty-six records were included in the study, of which 1867 (82.8%) included at least one abnormal value. Quantitative stool culture for beneficial bacteria (Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium) indicated low growth suggestive of intestinal dysbiosis in 73.1% of records, followed by abnormally elevated eosinophil protein X (suggestive of food allergy) in 14.3%, elevated calprotectin (suggestive of inflammation) in 12.1%, detection of parasites in 7.5%, and low pancreatic elastase (suggestive of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency) in 7.1%.

Conclusions:

Abnormal fecal biomarkers are prevalent in patients with diagnoses suggestive of IBS. Abnormal fecal biomarker testing, if confirmed in additional independent clinical trials, could substantially reduce the economic costs associated with diagnosis and management of IBS.
Novel Testing Enhances Irritable Bowel Syndrome Medical Management: The Imminent Study
Authors: Parsons Kelly , Goepp Julius , Dechairo Bryan , Fowler Elizabeth , Markward Nathan , Hanaway Patrick , Mcbride Teresa , Landis Darryl
Published: May 2014

Primary Study Objective:

To evaluate the economic utility of a fecal biomarker panel structured to suggest alternative, treatable diagnoses in patients with symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) by quantifying, comparing, and contrasting health service costs between tested and non-tested patients.

Study Design:

Retrospective, matched cohort study comparing direct medical costs for IBS patients undergoing fecal biomarker testing with those of matched control subjects.

Methods:

We examined de-identified medical and pharmacy claims of a large American pharmacy benefit manager to identify plan members who underwent panel testing, were eligible for covered benefits for at least 180 days prior to the test date, and had data available for 30, 90, and 365 days after that date. We used propensity score matching to develop population-based control cohorts for each tested cohort, comprised of records with IBS-related diagnoses but for which panel testing was not performed. Primary outcome measures were diagnostic and medical services costs as determined from claims data.

Results:

Two hundred nine records from tested subjects met inclusion criteria. The only significant baseline differences between groups were laboratory costs, which were significantly higher in each tested cohort. At each follow-up time point, total medical and gastrointestinal procedural costs were significantly higher in non-tested cohorts. Within tested cohorts, costs declined significantly from baseline, while costs rose significantly in non-tested control cohorts; these differences were also significant between groups at each time point.

Conclusions:

Structured fecal biomarker panel testing was associated with significantly lower medical and gastrointestinal procedural costs in this study of patients with IBS symptoms.
Elevated Deoxycholic Acid and Idiopathic Recurrent Acute Pancreatitis: A Case Report with 48 Months of Follow-up
Authors: Plotnikoff Gregory A.
Published: May 2014

Recurrent pancreatitis is a potentially life-threatening condition with a well-established differential diagnosis. In a significant number of cases, no explanation exists. This case report documents one patient with a clear pattern of recurrent acute pancreatitis and no identifiable cause despite great effort. After 7 years of recurrent symptoms, she was found to have marked elevation of fecal deoxycholic acid (DCA), a secondary bile acid used to precipitate pancreatitis in animal models. This report documents cessation of symptoms/hospitalizations with normalization of her fecal DCA levels. This secondary bile acid is easily measured in stool. Needed now is an observational study of fecal DCA levels in patients with recurrent acute pancreatitis.
The Unexpected Uses of Urso- and Tauroursodeoxycholic Acid in the Treatment of Non-liver Diseases
Authors: Vang Sheila , Longley Katie , Steer Clifford J. , Low Walter C.
Published: May 2014

Tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) is the taurine conjugate of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), a US Food and Drug Administration—approved hydrophilic bile acid for the treatment of certain cholestatic liver diseases. There is a growing body of research on the mechanism(s) of TUDCA and its potential therapeutic effect on a wide variety of non-liver diseases. Both UDCA and TUDCA are potent inhibitors of apoptosis, in part by interfering with the upstream mitochondrial pathway of cell death, inhibiting oxygen-radical production, reducing endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and stabilizing the unfolded protein response (UPR). Several studies have demonstrated that TUDCA serves as an anti-apoptotic agent for a number of neurodegenerative diseases, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease. In addition, TUDCA plays an important role in protecting against cell death in certain retinal disorders, such as retinitis pigmentosa. It has been shown to reduce ER stress associated with elevated glucose levels in diabetes by inhibiting caspase activation, up-regulating the UPR, and inhibiting reactive oxygen species. Obesity, stroke, acute myocardial infarction, spinal cord injury, and a long list of acute and chronic non-liver diseases associated with apoptosis are all potential therapeutic targets for T/UDCA. A growing number of pre-clinical and clinical studies underscore the potential benefit of this simple, naturally occurring bile acid, which has been used in Chinese medicine for more than 3000 years.
Three Measurable and Modifiable Enteric Microbial Biotransformations Relevant to Cancer Prevention and Treatment
Authors: Plotnikoff Gregory A.
Published: May 2014

Interdisciplinary scientific evaluation of the human microbiota has identified three enteric microbial biotransformations of particular relevance for human health and well-being, especially cancer. Two biotransformations are counterproductive; one is productive. First, selective bacteria can reverse beneficial hepatic hydroxylation to produce toxic secondary bile acids, especially deoxycholic acid. Second, numerous bacterial species can reverse hepatic detoxification—in a sense, retoxify hormones and xeonobiotics—by deglucuronidation. Third, numerous enteric bacteria can effect a very positive biotransformation through the production of butyrate, a small chain fatty acid with anti-cancer activity. Each biotransformation is addressed in sequence for its relevance in representative gastrointestinal and extra-intestinal cancers. This is not a complete review of their connection with every type of cancer. The intent is to introduce the reader to clinically relevant microbial biochemistry plus the emerging evidence that links these to both carcinogenesis and treatment. Included is the evidence base to guide counseling for potentially helpful dietary adjustments.
In-vitro developmental studies of Cheilanthes farinosa (Forssk.) Kaulf. (Pteridaceae)
Authors: Srivastava Ruchi , Uniyal Prem Lal
Published: May 2014

Developmental pattern of spore germination, gametophyte growth, differentiation, sex ontogeny and development of

sporophytes of Cheilanthes farinosa were studied in in-vitro conditions. The spore germination and prothallial development are found to be of Vittaria type and Ceratopteris type, respectively. The species seems be a good colonizer in nature. A considerable numbers of sporophytes were produced through intra- and intergametophytic selfing in culture. Sporophyte

production efficiency was observed to be 8% in isolate population and 12% in composite gametophyte population.

Genetic barriers and over-exploitation for ornamental purposes causes the reduction in the population size. Protection of this taxon in the natural habitat is urgently required as it grows well in barren and disturbed habitats and help in the establishment of colonies of other plants.
Feeding the “aneurysm”: Orogen‐parallel mass transport into Nanga Parbat and the western Himalayan syntaxis
Authors: Whipp David M. , Beaumont Christopher , Braun Jean
Published: May 2014

The Nanga Parbat‐Haramosh massif (NPHM; western Himalayan syntaxis) requires an influx of mass exceeding that in the adjacent Himalayan arc to sustain high topography and rapid erosional exhumation rates. What supplies this mass flux and feeds this “tectonic aneurysm?” We show, using a simple 3‐D model of oblique orogen convergence, that velocity/strain partitioning results in horizontal orogen‐parallel (OP) crustal transport, and the same behavior is inferred for the Himalaya, with OP transport diverting converging crust toward the syntaxis. Model results also show that the OP flow rate decreases in the syntaxis, thereby thickening the crust and forming a structure like the NPHM. The additional crustal thickening, over and above that elsewhere in the Himalayan arc, sustains the rapid exhumation of this “aneurysm.” Normally, velocity/strain partitioning would be minimal for the Himalayan arc where the convergence obliquity is no greater than ~40°. However, we show analytically that the Himalayan system can act both as a critical wedge and exhibit strain partitioning if both the detachment beneath the wedge and the bounding rear shear zone, which accommodates OP transport, are very weak. Corresponding numerical results confirm this requirement and demonstrate that a Nanga Parbat‐type shortening structure can develop spontaneously if the orogenic wedge and bounding rear shear zone can strain rate soften while active. These results lead us to question whether the position of NPHM aneurysm is localized by river incision, as previously suggested, or by a priori focused tectonic shortening of the crust in the syntaxis region as demonstrated by our models.
Climate Impacts Already Affect Every Region of the United States, Report Warns
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: May 2014

“Climate change, once considered an issue for a distant future, has moved firmly into the present,” according to the third iteration of the U.S. National Climate Assessment (NCA), issued by the White House on 6 May. “The observed warming and other climatic changes are triggering wide‐ranging impacts in every region of our country and throughout our economy,” states the report, titled Climate Change Impacts in the United States, issued through the federal interagency U.S. Global Change Research Program.
Understanding Atmospheric Water and Climate
Authors: Stevens Bjorn , Emanuel Kerry , Rothman Dan
Published: May 2014

Understanding climate and climate change is, and always will be, rooted in an understanding of water. In the atmosphere, water mediates the main modes of energy transfer, through both radiative and convective processes, often in uncanny ways. For instance, the slow and large‐scale coupling of clouds to radiation has a strong, but still poorly understood, influence on the amplitude and pattern of atmospheric circulation—and hence regional climate. But untangling these influences often depends on understanding convective processes that happen more quickly and on much finer scales. From the point of view of better understanding the atmospheric general circulation and climate change more broadly, no barrier to progress looms as large as an inadequate understanding of the coupling between water and circulation.