bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Guided-mode resonance based humidity sensing using a multilayer dielectric structure
Authors: Gryga Michal , Ciprian Dalibor , Hlubina Petr
Published: August 2020

We report on a highly sensitive measurement of the relative humidity of air, which utilizes a guided-mode resonance (GMR) of a multilayer dielectric structure (MDS) and the spectral interference of s- and p-polarized waves reflected from the MDS. We employ the MDS represented by four bilayers of TiO2/SiO2 with a termination layer of TiO2 and demonstrate that the GMR shows up as a shallow and asymmetric dip. The GMR enables us to measure the relative humidity (RH) of air with sensitivities of 0.031–0.114 nm/%RH. In addition, by employing a birefringent crystal of mica, which modifies the phase difference between the polarized waves, the GMR is transformed into the resonance with a sharp dip, and the measured sensitivity is enhanced to 0.120 nm/%RH at 81 %RH. We also determined the sensitivity to the refractive index and the figure of merit as high as 8000 nm/refractive index unit (RIU) and 702 RIU−1, respectively. The results demonstrate that the GMR based sensor employing the MDS and the spectral interference of polarized waves with their phase difference appropriately adjusted enables a highly sensitive, hysteresis-free humidity measurement, characterized by a high FOM. Humidity sensors employing dielectric multilayers thus represent an effective alternative to available sensors, with advantages such as better mechanical and chemical stability.
Fourier domain quantum optical coherence tomography
Authors: Kolenderska Sylwia M. , Vanholsbeeck Frédérique , Kolenderski Piotr
Published: August 2020

Quantum optical coherence tomography (Q-OCT) is the non-classical counterpart of optical coherence tomography (OCT), a high-resolution 3D imaging technique based on white-light interferometry. Because Q-OCT uses a source of frequency-entangled photon pairs, not only is the axial resolution not affected by dispersion mismatch in the interferometer but is also inherently improved by a factor of two. Unfortunately, practical applications of Q-OCT are hindered by image-scrambling artefacts and slow acquisition times. Here, we present a theoretical analysis of a novel approach that is free of these problems: Fourier domain Q-OCT (Fd-Q-OCT). Based on a photon pair coincidence detection as in the standard Q-OCT configuration, it also discerns each photon pair by their wavelength. We show that all the information about the internal structures of the object is encoded in the joint spectrum and can be easily retrieved through Fourier transformation. No depth scanning is required, making our technique potentially faster than standard Q-OCT. Finally, we show that the data available in the joint spectrum enables artefact removal and discuss prospective algorithms for doing so.
Enhanced terahertz radiation from InAs (100) with an embedded InGaAs hole blocking layer
Authors: Song Changkun , Wang Peng , Qian Yinping , Zhou Guofu , Nötzel Richard
Published: August 2020

We demonstrate enhanced THz radiation from p-InAs (100) by advanced heterostructure design. The THz radiation from InAs (100) under ultra-short pulsed laser excitation is due to the photo-Dember effect. Inserting a thin n-InGaAs layer close to the InAs surface effectively blocks the hole diffusion while the electron diffusion is still efficient due to tunneling. Therefore, enhanced photogenerated electron-hole separation and photo-Dember electric field is achieved to enhance the THz emission. The layer structure and doping profile are confirmed by secondary ion mass spectrometry and X-ray diffraction. The blocking of the hole diffusion is independently verified by the surface photovoltage measured by Kelvin probe force microscopy.
Trimming laser-written waveguides through overwriting
Authors: Will Thomas , Guan Jun , Salter Patrick S. , Booth Martin J.
Published: August 2020

Femtosecond laser direct writing is widely used to create waveguide circuits for optical processing in applications including communications, astrophotonics, simulation and quantum information processing. The properties of these waveguide circuits can be sensitive to the fabrication conditions, meaning that noticeable variability can be present in nominally identical manufactured components. One potential solution to this problem is the use of device trimming, whereby additional laser fabrication is applied to optimise the optical properties of a device based upon measurement feedback. We show how this approach can be used in the manufacture of directional couplers by overwriting the laser-written structure to alter the coupling ratios.
Mode-controllable waveguide fabricated by laser-induced phase transition in KTN
Authors: Wu Pengfei , Jiang Xiaorui , Zhang Bin , He Shan , Yang Quanxin , Li Xiaojin , Ren Yingying , Chen Feng , Liu Hongliang
Published: August 2020

We report the fabrication of a hexagonal cladding waveguide by femtosecond laser direct writing (FLDW) in a potassium tantalate niobate (KTN) crystal with a large electric-optical effect. Confocal micro-Raman results show the laser-induced phase transition occurs in the filament areas during the waveguide fabrication. The small filaments can strongly confine the polar nanoregions especially in its ferroelectric state to enhance the waveguide birefringence, enabling excellent polarization maintaining features for both TE and TM-polarized light propagations. The temperature-dependent phase transition allows for an active control of waveguide polarization modes as well as a switchable polarization-maintaining feature.
TiO2 microring resonators with high Q and compact footprint fabricated by a bottom-up method
Authors: Li Gaoyuan , Fu Meicheng , Zheng Yi , Guan Xiaowei
Published: August 2020

Titanium dioxide (

T
i
O

2

) microring resonators (MRRs) with high quality factors (Qs) are demonstrated by using a new, to the best of our knowledge, bottom-up fabrication method. Pattern platforms with a T-shaped cross section are first defined by etching a thin top layer of silicon nitride and a thick bottom layer of silica and partially undercutting the silica. Then,

T
i
O

2

is deposited on the platforms to form the

T
i
O

2

waveguides and devices.

T
i
O

2

MRRs with different bending radii, waveguide widths, and gaps in the bus waveguide are fabricated and measured. The intrinsic

Q

(

Q

i
n
t

) is achieved to be

∼

1.1

×

10

5

at the telecommunication wavelengths, corresponding to a bend waveguide loss of 3.9 dB/cm while the compact MRR with a radius of 10 µm can still sustain a

Q

i
n
t

of

∼

10

5

. These results not only unfold the feasibilities of the proposed bottom-up method for fabricating

T
i
O

2

waveguides and MRRs with high Qs and compact footprints but also suggest a new approach for fabricating waveguides in other materials, of which direct etching is not easily accessible.
Direct hyperspectral dual-comb gas imaging in the mid-infrared
Authors: Ullah Khan Farid , Guarnizo Guillermo , Martín-Mateos Pedro
Published: August 2020

In this Letter, we present and experimentally validate the first direct hyperspectral dual-comb gas imaging system operating in the mid-infrared region. This method provides an unmatched combination of super-fine spectral characterization and high temporal resolution without the need for thermal contrast between the target molecules and the background. In a proof-of-concept experiment, the system has allowed us to perform precision hyperspectral imaging of butane in the 3.4 µm band with a time resolution of 1 s.
Predictors for Submucosal Fibrosis in Patients With Superficial Squamous Esophageal Neoplasia Undergoing Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection
Authors: Zhuang Xiaoduan , Xu Ming , Chen Zhenyu , Wang Jianqi , Qian Kai , Wang Shihao , Deng Guoming , Bai Yang
Published: August 2020

INTRODUCTION:

Submucosal fibrosis greatly hinders the success of endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD). This study determined ESD outcomes in patients with esophageal submucosal fibrosis and further explored the predictors.

METHODS:

We retrospectively analyzed 163 patients with superficial squamous esophageal neoplasia. The degree of submucosal fibrosis was classified as follows: F0, none; F1, mild; and F2, severe. ESD outcomes as a function of the degree of submucosal fibrosis and biopsy were determined. The potential predictors of submucosal fibrosis were analyzed.

RESULTS:

En bloc resection, R0 resection, and procedure time were significantly different between the F0-F2 groups (P = 0.009, P = 0.002, and P < 0.001, respectively). Perforation and immediate bleeding rates of F2 were significantly higher than the F0/F1 groups (P < 0.001 and P < 0.001, respectively). However, the nonbiopsy group vs the biopsy group and the delayed ESD group (postbiopsy >21 days) vs the early ESD group (postbiopsy ≤21 days) showed no statistical differences regarding the en bloc resection, R0 resection, and ESD complications (all P > 0.05). Further analysis indicated that it was not the biopsy history and delayed ESD (both P > 0.05), rather submucosal invasion vs intramucosal tumor (odds ratio = 4.534, P = 0.003) and current smoker vs nonsmoker (odds ratio = 2.145, P = 0.043) were independent risk factors for endoscopic submucosal fibrosis.

DISCUSSION:

Esophageal submucosal fibrosis was shown to be closely related to unsatisfactory ESD outcomes. Biopsy history and delayed ESD had no adverse effect on submucosal fibrosis and ESD outcomes. Submucosal invasion and current cigarette smoking were predictors of submucosal fibrosis.
Extragastrointestinal Symptoms and Sensory Responses During Breath Tests Distinguish Patients With Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders
Authors: Wilder-Smith Clive H. , Drewes Asbjørn M. , Materna Andrea , Olesen Søren S.
Published: August 2020

INTRODUCTION:

Patients with functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) are classified based on their gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms, without considering their frequent extra-GI symptoms. This study defined subgroups of patients using both GI and extra-GI symptoms and examined underlying mechanisms with fructose and lactose breath tests.

METHODS:

Latent class analysis defined distinct clusters of patients with FGID based on their long-term GI and extra-GI symptoms. Sensory and breath gas responses after fructose and lactose ingestion were compared across symptom clusters to investigate differences in sensory function and fermentation by intestinal microbiota.

RESULTS:

Six symptom clusters were identified in 2,083 patients with FGID. Clusters were characterized mainly by GI fermentation-type (cluster 1), allergy-like (cluster 2), intense pain-accentuated GI symptoms (cluster 3), central nervous system (cluster 4), musculoskeletal (cluster 5), and generalized extra-GI (cluster 6) symptoms. In the 68% of patients with complete breath tests, the areas under the curve of GI and central nervous system symptoms after fructose and lactose ingestion differed across the clusters (P < 0.001). The clusters with extensive long-term extra-GI symptoms had greater symptoms after the sugars and were predominantly women, with family or childhood allergy histories. Importantly, the areas under the curves of hydrogen and methane breath concentrations were similar (P > 0.05) across all symptom clusters. Rome III criteria did not distinguish between the symptom clusters.

DISCUSSION:

Patients with FGID fall into clusters defined extensively by extra-GI symptoms. Greater extra-GI symptoms are associated with evidence of generalized sensory hypersensitivity to sugar ingestion, unrelated to intestinal gas production. Possible underlying mechanisms include metabolites originating from the intestinal microbiota and somatization.
Fecal Microbiota Transplantation for Ulcerative Colitis: The Optimum Timing and Gut Microbiota as Predictors for Long-Term Clinical Outcomes
Authors: Li Qianqian , Ding Xiao , Liu Kangjian , Marcella Cicilia , Liu Xiaolin , Zhang Ting , Liu Yafei , Li Pan , Xiang Liyuan , Cui Bota , Wang Jun , Bai Jianling , Zhang Faming
Published: August 2020

INTRODUCTION:

The previous researches aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) for ulcerative colitis (UC) in a short-term observation. The present study aimed to explore the optimum timing of FMT for maintaining the long-term clinical benefits and to target the gut microbiota that may help to predict the long-term success or failure of FMT in UC.

METHODS:

Two hundred two patients with UC were recruited from November 2012 to September 2018. The primary endpoint of this study was the maintaining time of the first and second courses of FMT. Relapse was defined as partial Mayo score ≥2 after achieving clinical remission and an increase of partial Mayo score ≥1 after achieving clinical response. The stool samples were analyzed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing.

RESULTS:

The median maintaining time of the efficacy was 120 days (IQR, 45–180) and 182.5 days (IQR, 105–311.25) from the first course and second course of FMT, respectively. No FMT-related serious adverse events were observed. The differences of the relative abundance in Eggerthella, Lactobacillus, and Ruminococcus between pre-FMT and 5 days post-FMT were remarkably correlated with the long-term clinical remission (P < 0.05).

DISCUSSION:

This study demonstrated that patients with UC should undergo the second course of FMT within 4 months after the first course of FMT for maintaining the long-term clinical benefits. The short-term alterations of microbiota after FMT may be conducive to predicting the long-term efficacy of FMT in UC (see Visual Abstract, Supplementary Digital Content, http://links.lww.com/CTG/A363).
The relationship between assertiveness and separation-individuation in adolescents
Authors: Parmaksız İzzet , Kılıçarslan Suat
Published: August 2020

This study aims to determine whether assertiveness predicts restriction anxiety, separation anxiety and expectation of rejection, which are the sub-dimensions of Separation-Individuation Test of Adolescence. The study was conducted with high school students in a Central Anatolian city during the second semester of the 2018-2019 academic year. A total of 488 students, 324 girls and 164 boys, participated in the study. Regression, pearson correlation and t test were used in the analysis of the data obtained T-test results indicated that sex significantly differentiated the scores of separation anxiety while it did not differentiate the scores of restriction anxiety and expectation of rejection. Correlation analysis showed that there was a negative relationship between assertiveness level of adolescents and level of separation-individuation (restriction anxiety, separation anxiety and expectation of rejection). Regression analysis revealed that assertiveness was the negative predictor of separation anxiety, expectation of rejection and restriction anxiety. These results indicate that, for a healthy development in adolescence, a critical period in personality development, becoming assertive and escaping passiveness can have a significant contribution to the personality development of the individual. The findings of the research were discussed and interpreted within the framework of the literature and suggestions were made to researchers and practitioners.
Investigating the use of case-oriented station technique in teaching socio-scientific issues: A mixed method study
Authors: Türe Zeliha Gül , Yalçın Paşa , Altun Yalçın Sema
Published: August 2020

This research aims to investigate the effect of teaching the socio-scientific issues, "Global Warming, Sustainable development and Bio-technology" in 8th class, with the case-oriented station technique on the academic achievement of the students and their motivation toward science learning. The study was carried out with 71 students in 8th class in 2 secondary schools of a district with approximately 20.000 population in the Eastern Anatolia Region. The mixed-method, consisting of the data collected as qualitatively and quantitatively, was employed. In the quantitative part of the study, the Socio-scientific issues Achievement Test and the Science Learning Motivation Scale developed by Dede and Yaman (2008) to measure students' motivation to learn were used. Unstructured interview, which is one of the qualitative research methods, was preferred in order to support the study with student opinions and comments. The Socio-scientific Issues Achievement Test and the Science Learning Motivation Scale were applied to the experimental and control groups as pre-test at the beginning and as post-test at the end of the study. Results indicated that teaching the socio-scientific issues with case-oriented station technique positively affected the students' academic achievements and their motivation toward science learning. Besides, the interviews showed that the students found it useful, fun, remarkable and permanent to learn socio-scientific issues using the case-oriented station technique.
Safety in Ice Hockey: 6th Volume
Authors: Smith Terry A. , Ashare Alan B.
Published: August 2020

Description

The sixth volume of this important series presents the latest research on safety for researchers, coaches, players, parents, and anyone with a love and interest in the game.

Nine peer-reviewed papers provide key, timely information on preventing and decreasing the risk of both acute and long-term injury, particularly brain injury. With new technologies that provide further insight into the biomechanics of head impacts, we include research from experts related to other contact sports for a holistic and multi-disciplinary approach.

The research in this book will help provide better understanding of injuries and the mechanisms of those injuries, leading to better solutions and prevention techniques. Discussions include
Gender Differences in Concussion Symptomatology in Young Adult Ice Hockey Players
Authors: Moser Rosemarie Scolaro , Schatz Philip
Published: August 2020

This study examined gender differences in total symptoms and previous concussions for young adult ice hockey players . A sample of 2,472 players, ages 19 to 25, completed preseason baseline ImPACT© (immediate post-concussion assessment and cognitive testing) and were assigned to groups based on self-reported concussion history: none (male N = 595; female N = 136), one previous (male N = 791; female N = 144), two or more previous (male = 655; female = 161). Chi-square analysis determined gender differences in concussion history. Baseline Post-Concussion Symptom Scale (PCSS) total symptom and cluster scores (cognitive, physical, emotional, sleep) were compared across gender and concussion history using analysis of variance (ANOVA). There were significant differences in age (p = 0.002, η2 < 0.01) and gender proportion (p = 0.037, V = 0.04) across concussion groups. Hockey players with two or more concussions reported greater total (p = 0.001, η2 = 0.01), physical (p = 0.001 η2 = 0.01), cognitive (p = 0.001 η2 = 0.01), and sleep (p = 0.002 η2 = 0.01) symptom/cluster scores than those with a history of 0-1 concussion. Male hockey players reported more total (p = 0.002 η2 = 0.01), physical (p = 0.003 η2 = 0.01), and cognitive (p = 0.002 η2 = 0.01) symptom/cluster scores. Similar to previous research, females reported a greater number of concussions than their males, yet likelihood of sustaining at least one concussion was equal. Players sustaining two or more concussions felt more symptomatic than those with 0-1 concussion regardless of gender. Females reported more total, physical, and emotional symptoms, but not more cognitive and sleep symptoms, contrasting previous research showing greater symptoms across all symptom clusters. Sustaining concussions was not related to greater emotional symptoms regardless of gender.
Pressure, Aggression, and Fighting: The Role of Psychosocial Factors in Acute Concussions during Junior A Hockey
Authors: Caputi Michelle H. , Smith Aynsley M. , Erredge Kristen M. , Stuart Michael J.
Published: August 2020

Hockey is known for speed, skill, hard hits, and fighting. The violence and aggression present in professional hockey contrasts greatly with the skill and finesse of international play. Aggressive behavior across all levels of hockey has devastating long-term consequences resulting from the high prevalence of head trauma. Retired National Hockey League (NHL) players attribute their cognitive difficulties to the repetitive concussive events sustained during their careers. Some retired professional players, such as Daniel Carcillo and Nick Boynton, claim they would trade their name on the Stanley Cup to have known about the long-term consequences of repetitive head trauma. Many retired professional players, such as Ken Dryden, believe the aggressive intent to injure in hockey is completely unnecessary. Junior A hockey is consistently accompanied by a high risk of head trauma. For example, a single Tier III Junior A team experienced thirteen concussions to ten players in one season. Of six players who perceived it “definitely true” that their role on the team was to be an aggressive, forceful, and physical player, four were objectively diagnosed with a concussion during the season. Hypothesized was that intrinsic psychological factors, such as perceived aggression and willingness to fight, and extrinsic factors, such as role modeling by NHL players and feeling pressured by others to fight, contribute to sustaining concussions in hockey. For example, players perceiving themselves as aggressive and physical are at greater risk of concussion than those who see themselves as finesse, skilled players.
Fair Play in Minnesota Hockey
Authors: Moris Mae R. , Stuart Michael J. , Krause David A. , Farrell Kyle J. , Caputi Michelle H. , Smith Aynsley M.
Published: August 2020

Fair Play (FP) is a behavioral modification program originally created in Quebec, Canada, by Edmund Vaz when injuries, violence, aggressive infractions, and expense drastically decreased ice hockey registration numbers. He found that emphasizing sportsmanship had the potential to reduce dangerous plays. FP awards teams one additional point in the district standings after each game if the following criteria are met: (a) the team remained below the predetermined penalty minute threshold, (b) a coach was not assessed a game misconduct, and (c) none of the spectators were ejected from the arena. In collaboration with the Mayo Clinic, Minnesota Hockey adopted FP successfully in 2004. However, it was only applied to district games, accounting for just 36% of the games in a team's season. FP is currently a loosely recommended model in tournaments and plays no role in nondistrict games. In a study of two youth hockey tournaments, the tournament governed by intensified FP found significantly fewer head hits than the tournament without FP. Junior gold-level tournaments also experienced fewer injuries and concussions when using FP. Despite its established effectiveness, FP is underutilized by Minnesota Hockey. The Mayo Clinic Ice Hockey Research Team (MCIHRT) has therefore determined that FP requires a complete relaunch. The Minnesota Hockey board members, district leaders, and MCIHRT have agreed that increasing visibility and establishing universal application by Minnesota Hockey leadership are the most urgent needs. The MCIHRT action plan addressing shortcomings includes: (a) making a FP announcement before and after games; (b) publishing shortened, universal booklets solely regarding FP; (c) coordinating a distribution of new booklets to coaches, officials, and players/parents; and (d) creating webpages on all district and association sites including the rules of FP and access to the FP standings. Finally, creative ways to increase FP's power to favorably modify behavior will be solicited.
Developing a Linear Impactor Test Method for Ice Hockey
Authors: Withnall Christopher , Wonnacott Michael , Searle James
Published: August 2020

Ice hockey helmets are certified to standards that include drop tests that limit linear acceleration imparted to a surrogate headform. Historically, this test has been successful as a measure of a helmet's ability to absorb energy and mitigate serious to severe head injury. However, new interest in concussions has demanded new test methods to address these brain injuries. Evolving research shows the importance of rotational kinematics in concussion and hence the desire for a rotational helmet impact test. The standard drop test simulates hard, flat surfaces in hockey such as the ice, boards, and glass. However, open ice collisions involving shoulder and elbow impacts are poorly defined in terms of surface stiffness, impact speed, and responding head kinematics. In this present work, we explore the feasibility of measuring these factors directly in a series of on-ice experiments using a Hybrid III pedestrian crash test dummy setup to resemble a hockey player. The dummy head was instrumented for linear and rotational accelerations. A special test fixture simulated a realistic hockey posture and head elevation. Two experienced adult male hockey players delivered a series of increasingly aggressive shoulder and elbow strikes to the helmeted dummy head at elevated skating speeds. Results showed that elbow strike acceleration and time duration were similar to a standard drop test at a lower drop height. Shoulder impacts were of longer time duration and could be simulated by a padded strike face added to a linear impactor helmet test apparatus. The linear impactor was set up with the same Hybrid III head and helmet from the on-ice experiments. Iterative tests were run to converge on the design of a padded face to match the shoulder response from the on-ice tests. This pilot program was shown to be a feasible approach toward developing a shoulder impact simulator, although limitations are discussed. These on-ice head impact data provide insight into the unique character of shoulder-to-head and elbow-to-head impacts. This new test method may provide a foundation for future ice hockey test standards.
Heads Up, Don't Duck Program for Decreasing the Risk for Cervical Spine Injury
Authors: Ashare Alan B.
Published: August 2020

The incidence of paralyzing cervical spine injuries in ice hockey players can be greatly decreased by teaching players to keep their heads up, especially when they contact the boards. This simple maneuver can be very effective in helping to decrease the risk of catastrophic cervical spine fractures and possible quadriplegia. To address this issue, the Heads Up, Don't Duck (HUDD) Program was launched in December 1995, just six weeks after Travis Roy sustained a paralyzing cervical spine injury while playing in his first college game. The program includes drills that train players to keep their heads up, especially when near the boards, and the placement of “Heads Up, Don't Duck” posters and decals in and around hockey rinks and dressing rooms to reinforce the HUDD message. In addition, HUDD brochures are distributed to parents, players, and coaches, and there is a USA Hockey Heads Up, Don't Duck video that is designed to be viewed by players at the beginning of each season in order to promote safety and prevent injury. At present, there is no protective equipment that can help to decrease the risk for axial compression cervical spine injuries; active prevention is the best approach to decreasing the risk of these injuries. By regularly devoting a few minutes of designated practice time to HUDD drills, players can learn to adopt a head-up posture. This form of active prevention can decrease player exposure to axial compression cervical spine injury and reduce the overall risk of these injuries occurring.
ІМПЕРАТИВИ ТА РИЗИКИ НАКОПИЧЕННЯ ДЕРЖАВНИХ ЗАПОЗИЧЕНЬ
Authors: КУДРЯШОВ Василь
Published: August 2020

Проведено аналіз динаміки показників державного та гарантованого державою боргу в Україні протягом останніх років та визначено імперативи зростання державної заборгованості. Виявлено, що її першочерговими чинниками стали розширення фінансування державного бюджету для бюджетної підтримки державного сектору економіки, банківської системи, а також фінансування бюджетного дефіциту. Зроблено висновки, що вирішення таких завдань здійснювалося в умовах загострення фінансових ризиків: мобілізації доходів, залучення додаткового ресурсу з метою фінансування бюджетного дефіциту та дефіцитно-боргового коригування, недовиконання планів приватизації, допущення високого рівня інфляції, а також зниження курсу національної валюти. Зазначено, що зростання державної заборгованості відбувалося шляхом збільшення державних запозичень, які направлялися на погашення зобов’язань, покриття витрат на проведення активних операцій, перекладання частини запозичень корпорацій і установ на державний бюджет.Проведення активних операцій було спрямоване на надання фінансової підтримки державним банкам та державним установам, ФГВФО, капіталізацію окремих приватних банків. Розкрито зміни обсягу державних запозичень в аспекті співвідношення їх внутрішньої та зовнішньої складових. Визначено причини та наслідки зростання витрат на дефіцитно-боргове коригування (активних операцій у рамках державного бюджету). За умов невиконання планів надходжень від приватизації державного майна така політика призведе до загострення фіскальних ризиків (утримання високих показників державних запозичень, фінансування боргу за рахунок НБУ та державних банків). Політика державних запозичень (в аспекті її внутрішньої та зовнішньої складових) виявилася непослідовною: допускалися різкі зміни в залученні ресурсу від внутрішніх і зовнішніх джерел, а проведення боргової політики відзначалося істотними піковими навантаженнями на державний бюджет, а також їх високою дохідністю як на внутрішньому, так і на зовнішніх ринках. Продовжували зростати обсяги обслуговування позик, що стало фактором збільшення бюджетних видатків. Високих показників досягало фінансування запозичень з використанням ресурсів НБУ і державних банків. Запропоновано напрями фіскальної політики, орієнтованої на стримування і обмеження державної та гарантованої державою заборгованості шляхом внесення змін до фіскальної політики України.
СИНТЕТИЧНА СИСТЕМА РЕГІОНАЛЬНОЇ МІГРАЦІЙНОЇ ПОЛІТИКИ: ТЕОРЕТИЧНІ ЗАСАДИ СТАНОВЛЕННЯ
Authors: СТАКАНОВ Роман
Published: August 2020

Завдання полягало в тому, щоб структурувати існуючі міграційні системи, визначити роль регіонального рівня у сучасній міграційній політиці та встановити, як відбувається становлення синтетичної системи регіональної міграційної політики. Нами було запропоновано поділ імміграційної політики на три типи: міграційну систему попиту, міграційну систему пропозиції та синтетичну міграційну систему.Системи, орієнтовані на попит, можуть проявлятися через тестування ринку праці, попередню сертифікацію роботодавців, а також атестацію. Ключовим пріоритетом міграційних систем пропозиції слугує акцент на національних інтересах країни призначення та максимізації позитивного ефекту від масштабного залучення мігрантів з високими показниками людського капіталу. Головною формою прояву цієї системи є використання міграційної системи балів, за якою оцінюються індивідуальні характеристики потенціального мігранта. Для подолання обмеженості обох підходів ряд країн переходять на використання синтетичної міграційної політики, яка включає в себе елементи обох наведених.Поєднання інструментарію міграційних систем попиту та пропозиції дозволяє як враховувати міграційні інтереси держави (переважно завдяки збереженню або запровадженню міграційної системи балів), так і зважати на інтереси роботодавців (наприклад, передбачивши для робітників із запрошеннями на роботу значну кількість балів). До синтетичної міграційної системи звертаються переважно країни, що мають тривалу історію імміграції та попередньо вже користувалися міграційними системами пропозиції (наприклад, Канада, Австралія). Але і країни міграційної системи попиту (зокрема, США через механізм RAISE-акта) наближаються до неї.У рамках регіональних інтеграційних об’єднань не існує єдиної міграційної політики щодо трудової міграції, проте в окремих регіонах регіональна міграційна політика дістає свій прояв у координації національної міграційної політики на регіональному рівні. Синтетична міграційна політика слугує основою для регіонального регулювання в Океанії, а також має значні шанси для реалізації у регіоні Північної Америки.
СОЦІАЛЬНО ВІДПОВІДАЛЬНЕ ПІДПРИЄМСТВО: ПОНЯТТЯ, ІДЕНТИФІКАЦІЯ, РІВНІ
Authors: КОРОЛЬ Світлана
Published: August 2020

Вихід українських компаній на світові ринки, їх прагнення відповідати міжнародним стандартам бізнесу, підвищити конкурентоспроможність й інвестиційну привабливість зумовило широку варіативність підходів до розуміння соціальної відповідальності підприємств науковцями та практиками.З огляду на це, мета статті – уточнити поняття «соціально відповідальне підприємство» та науково обгрунтувати підходи до їх ідентифікації. Для цього потрібно дослідити зарубіжний досвід, урахувати особливості вітчизняної практики соціальної відповідальності підприємств і вимоги міжнародних нормативних документів.Основою для наведених узагальнень і висновків став виконаний аналіз відкритих даних про діяльність 100 вітчизняних підприємств та нефінансових звітів 100 зарубіжних підприємств, що заявили про свою відданість принципам соціальної відповідальності. Під час дослідження автором застосовано методи теоретичного узагальнення, порівняльного аналізу, індукції та дедукції, що дало змогу визначити сутність досліджуваного поняття, виявити особливості ідентифікації соціально відповідальних підприємств в Україні, визначити підходи до визнання підприємств соціально відповідальними та до їх ранжування.У результаті дослідження вітчизняних підприємств установлено, що в Україні поширюється практика соціальної відповідальності бізнесу. Виявлено варіативність підходів, яка пояснюється рівнем виконання вимог нормативних документів у сфері соціальної відповідальності бізнесу (СВБ). Лише окремі підприємства забезпечують прозорість своєї діяльності та дотримуються принципів СВБ у їх повсякденній практиці. Для ідентифікації соціально відповідальних підприємств запропоновано використовувати 5 рівнів. Рівні соціальної відповідальності підприємств розрізняються за складом першорядних заінтересованих сторін, підходом до впровадження принципів СВБ в господарську діяльність.Підвищення рівня соціальної відповідальності вимагає докорінної зміни стратегії управління підприємством і не залежить від його виду економічної діяльності та розміру.Викладені у статті положення доцільно враховувати при проведенні подальших досліджень з метою вдосконалення управління підприємствами і підвищення їх економічної, екологічної та соціальної ефективності.
COVID-19 and Parent-Child Psychological Well-being
Authors: Gassman-Pines Anna , Ananat Elizabeth Oltmans , Fitz-Henley John
Published: August 2020

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:

The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 has changed American society in ways that are difficult to capture in a timely manner. With this study, we take advantage of daily survey data collected before and after the crisis started to investigate the hypothesis that the crisis has worsened parents’ and children’s psychological well-being. We also examine the extent of crisis-related hardships and evaluate the hypothesis that the accumulation of hardships will be associated with parent and child psychological well-being.

METHODS:

Daily survey data were collected between February 20 and April 27, 2020, from hourly service workers with a young child (aged 2–7) in a large US city (N = 8222 person-days from 645 individuals). A subsample completed a one-time survey about the effects of the crisis fielded between March 23 and April 26 (subsample n = 561).

RESULTS:

Ordered probit models revealed that the frequency of parent-reported daily negative mood increased significantly since the start of the crisis. Many families have experienced hardships during the crisis, including job loss, income loss, caregiving burden, and illness. Both parents’ and children’s well-being in the postcrisis period was strongly associated with the number of crisis-related hardships that the family experienced.

CONCLUSIONS:

Consistent with our hypotheses, in families that have experienced multiple hardships related to the coronavirus disease 2019 crisis, both parents’ and children’s mental health is worse. As the crisis continues to unfold, pediatricians should screen for mental health, with particular attention to children whose families are especially vulnerable to economic and disease aspects of the crisis.
Are Bottom-Up Approaches in Development More Effective than Top-Down Approaches?
Authors: Kaiser Md Shahidulla
Published: August 2020

This article analyzes both the top-down and bottom-up approaches of development interventions in the Global South with reference to historical backgrounds and particular case studies. It is a fact that channeling Western financial aid by using the top-down approach has not been successful when compared to the results of poverty reduction programs in poor Southern countries over the past decades. As a result, bottom-up institutions like NGOs and bottom-up development programs like microfinance emerged in the late 80s and have become popular across developing countries. However, recently, the performance of NGOs has been questioned and it is perceived that they have lost their roots. Moreover, the bottom-up NGOs seem unable to flourish further without financial aids although bottom-up development approaches seem to be more effective than top-down development approaches as they ensure people’s participation and right to choose. Hence, this article argues that no single development approach is more effective than another. In the globalized world, there are no scopes to justify isolation from each other since countries in the Global South still approach South-South Cooperation and also receive financial aid from the Northern donors. Although there are some gross failures of past top-down development approaches, then, not all the bottom-up approaches are fully successful. This article maintains that to ensure cohesive development works, the global world needs both development approaches.
Making Courageous Conversation in Healthcare (Part II)
Authors: Bunniss Suzanne
Published: August 2020

This article is the second in a two-part series describing the evidence base for Values Based Reflective Practice (VBRP®), as it is used within the National Health Service (NHS) in Scotland (Bunniss, 2020). Here, the author discusses the conceptual underpinnings of VBRP®, considering the literature concerned with “soul and role” in professional education, and asks whether health and social care professionals seeking to rediscover the vocational hopefulness behind their working day might find some encouragement through this new reflective practice model. Qualitative evidence is presented from ten semi-structured interviews with a range of healthcare professionals who are using VBRP® in practice.
Weathering the Storm
Authors: McNamara Rita Anne
Published: August 2020

Religious and supernatural beliefs may facilitate social life by promoting and sustaining cooperation, but the specific cooperation problems each society faces may lead to unique belief systems adapted to local socioecological conditions. As societies mix and belief systems spread, local and introduced belief systems may present conflicting solutions to the same social problem. How do we choose among these different solutions? The present study recruits participation from villagers living on Yasawa Island, Fiji (n = 179) who espouse both Christian and Traditional beliefs that promote different expectations about local and distant others. This study focuses on the relationships among existential/resource insecurity and supernatural beliefs across these belief systems using an experimental priming procedure and a dictator game to allocate food resources. Though reminders of insecurity had no impact on allocations, the effects of being reminded of Christian or Traditional belief depended on (was moderated by) how worried participants were about resource availability and beliefs about the Christian God’s tendency toward punishment or forgiveness. Analyses of interview data suggest Christian and Traditional imagery may evoke different conceptions of gods as either supportive (Christian) or authoritarian (Traditional). Results highlight belief content as key for sustaining different social support networks and traditional belief/ knowledge systems as a source of community resilience against threats like natural disasters.
Is Japan Religious?
Authors: Kavanaugh Christopher M. , Jong Jonathan
Published: August 2020

The popular image of Japan and religion presents something of a paradox. On the one hand, large cross-cultural surveys frequently present Japan as a country of non-believers, where only 10–15% of the population selfidentify as religious and the vast majority rank religion as being of little importance to their lives. Yet, any visitor to Japan is likely to be struck by the sheer number of Shinto shrines and Buddhist temples that dot the landscape, and the diverse array of festivals (matsuri) that are performed at these sites. In this article, we argue that the apparent paradox is actually an illusion generated by the unwarranted ethnocentric assumption that religion everywhere must resemble the features of the Abrahamic faiths that are predominant in Western societies. To make our case we first review recurrent theoretical and definitional debates concerning religion and examine how they relate to the Japanese context. Second, we explore patterns in contemporary data from an online survey of N = 1,000 Japanese that asked about religious beliefs and practices. We illustrate through the results obtained that to understand religion in Japan it is necessary to move beyond theocentric approaches and expectations that religious belief must be tied to religious identities or exclusive membership in a given tradition. To conclude, we argue that the patterns observed in Japan demonstrate that scholars who wish to explore religion cross-culturally need to take greater account of orthopraxic cultural contexts and distinguish between ‘theocentric’ doctrinal beliefs and broader supernatural beliefs.
Rotational surfaces with Cheng-Yau operator in Galilean 3-spaces
Authors: KELLECİ AKBAY Alev
Published: August 2020

In this paper, we study three types of rotational surfaces in Galilean 3-spaces. We classify rotational surfaces satisfying $$L_1G=F(G+C)$$ for some constant vector $C\in \mathbb{G}^3$ and smooth function $F$, where $L_1$ denotes the Cheng-Yau operator.
IoT security threats analysis based on components, layers and devices
Authors: Alsmadi Izzat , Mira Fahad
Published: August 2020

Internet of Things (IoTs) continue to grow to cover different types of applications to connect us, our appliances, our gadgets, etc. with the Internet. Information uploaded from those devices or exchanged with them is very vital and can affect us significantly. As a result, security
threats and attacks that can come through those devices impact us seriously. In this systematic literature review paper, we evaluated security threats and attacks on IoTs based on different categories such as: IoT vulnerabilities, threats and attacks based on IoT architecture layers, and IoT
vulnerabilities, threats and attacks based on IoT components. We showed areas of open research based on those categories. Due to the large spectrum of applications for IoTs, we hope that this classification can help researchers in this area focus their research to target one specific domain,
category or threats.
Modeling and Simulation of Data Centers to Predict Behavior
Authors: Levy Moises
Published: August 2020

Data center modeling and simulation help to estimate and predict key parameters under certain a-priori known conditions. Data center systems must adopt end-to-end resource management, covering both cyber and physical components. This paper describes a systematic, easy-to-follow approach
for data center modeling and simulation using a cyber-physical systems lens. The methodology is aimed to facilitate the estimation of quality of service, airflow and power requirements, and key indicators to assess data centers, and to then compare them to one another, or compare different
scenarios under which data centers operate. The results contribute to communicate and better understand data center behavior and areas of improvement.
Developing Picosatellite Flight Software
Authors: Antunes Alex , Powell Randy
Published: August 2020

We present a decision path for creating flight software for linux-based university-class picosatellites. We favor languages and frameworks that support modularity and strong exception handling, and add that languages enabling fewer lines of code are easier to validate. Heritage and
use of existing frameworks are useful but human factors-- that are often team dependent-- are more crucial for undergraduate teams. Additionally, picosatellites can benefit from “pico Agile” development methods so as to maximize time available for testing. We include case studies
including core Flight Software (cFS), our C-based TrapSat sounding rocket payload, and our Python-based Cactus-1 CubeSat.
Meeting the Problems of Traffic Congestion in Beirut Southern Entrance in Lebanon
Authors: Hajjoul Safaa Ahmad , Ghandour Dr. Ali , Hadi Ranime El
Published: August 2020

In this paper, we tried to model the natural behavior of traffic in khalda, which is the most important area in Beirut Southern Entrance (BSE). We used queuing models to model the queuing system and to calculate the average waiting time in queue in addition to computing cost metrics
and this was to quantify traffic congestion.
Scoring Vulnerabilities After Seeing a Chained Vulnerability Demonstration
Authors: Robinson Nikki
Published: August 2020

The general problem was the NIST SP 800-40r3 (Souppaya & Scarfone, 2013) or the CVSS (FIRST, 2018a) did not provide enough information to prioritize vulnerability remediation. The specific problem was CVSS severity rankings were specific to individual vulnerabilities, which limited
organizations to remediate vulnerabilities based on the potential downstream impact to other systems (Franklin, Wergin, & Booth, 2014). The purpose of this quantitative study was to use a pre-test / pro-test experiment to compare how cybersecurity professionals in the USMC rate vulnerabilities
before and after seeing examples of vulnerability chaining using the CVSS calculator. The research question was, what score would cybersecurity professionals in the USMC give individual vulnerabilities before and after seeing vulnerabilities used in combination to create a more severe cyberattack?
The research method used a quasi-experimental method with a pre-test / post-test design to identify how vulnerabilities would be scored before and after seeing a chained vulnerability demonstration. The results of the vulnerability scores were compared between the control and treatment groups,
as well as the CVSS scores provided in versions 2.0 and 3.0 for each vulnerability. Participants from the control group changed two vulnerabilities from a Medium score to a High score; CSRF (from 7.5 to 9.0) and XSS (8.3 to 9.0). The treatment group did not change any vulnerability scores
in a statistically significant manner, but the researcher found this was due to the overall higher scores for each vulnerability.