bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Coconut Water on Pre-Sowing Treatments Additive on Seed Germination and Initial Seedlings Growth Performance of Kamagong (Diospyros discolor)
Authors: Origenes Marne G. , Lapitan Renato L.
Published: December 2020

Mabolo (Diospyros discolor), which is an indigenous species locally known as Kamagong, is popularly called “iron-wood”. With over-exploitation, these species are now threatened and are becoming extinct. Hence, it is the only way to conserved and save this economically valuable species by using nursery techniques with appropriate pre-sowing treatments. Therefore, the present study was attempted to evaluate the effect of coconut water on pre-sowing treatments additive on seed germination and initial growth performance of Kamagong (D. discolor). The seeds were extracted and subjected to the following treatments for 12 hours: Soaking in 100% water which is the control (T1), soaking with 50% of coconut water and 50% water (T2), and soaking in 100% coconut water (T3). The results showed that T3 had the highest germination mean value (78.33%), mean seedling height (11.80 cm) and mean number of leaves (2.04). By contrast, T2 (50% coconut water + 50% water) obtained the least germination mean value (76.67%), mean seedling height (11.63 cm) and mean number of leaves (2.00). However, there were no significant differences in the germination percentage, seedling height and number of leaves among all treatments at (p ≤ 0.05). The seeds subjected to T2 and T3 were significantly (p ≤ 0.05) better than seeds subjected to T1, having a mean root collar diameter (RCD) value of 3.98 mm, 3.75 mm and 3.48 mm, respectively. In terms of leaf measurements, the seedlings subjected to T2 and T3 had the highest leaf width value of 5.18 cm and 4.97 cm, respectively, whereas the seedlings subjected to T1 had the significantly lowest leaf width of 4.88 cm. Moreover, there was no significant effect among all treatments in terms of leaf and root length. Furthermore, it was observed in the study that fungal pathogens should also be taken into account as the pathogens are associated with the reduction of the germination percentage of the D. discolor seeds. Also, the study found out that seeds treated with 50% and 100% coconut water positively influenced the germination and initial seedling growth performance of D. discolor.
Effect of Age of Seedling and Level of Nitrogen on the Growth and Yield of Transplant Aman Rice CV. Binadhan-15
Authors: Sultana Nargis , Hossain Md. Delwar , Salam Md. Abdus , Rasul Shishir
Published: December 2020

A field experiment was conducted at the Agronomy Field Laboratory, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh from July 2016 to December 2016 to find out the effect of seedlings age and different nitrogen (N) levels on the yield performance of transplant Aman rice (cv. Binadhan-15). The experiment comprised four ages of seedlings  viz., 15 , 20 , 25, 30 day old and four levels of nitrogen viz., 0 ,55 , 75 and 95 kg N ha–1 following randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The effect of age of seedling, nitrogen levels and their interactions were significant on growth, yield and yield contributing characters of transplant Aman rice. The highest plant height at harvest (92.67 cm), number of effective tillers plant–1 (8.70), grain (4.55 t ha–1) and straw yields (5.49 t ha–1) were obtained from 75 kg N ha–1. By using optimum seedling age at 15 DAT the highest plant height (102.7cm at harvest), number of effective tillers plant–1 (8.29), grain (4.01 t ha–1) and straw (5.06 t ha–1) yields. In interaction, 75 kg N and 15 days old seedling produced highest plant height (106.3 cm at harvest), number of effective tillers plant–1 (9.42), grain (5.0 t ha–1) and straw yields (6.10 t ha–1). From the above results of the present study, it may be stated that Binadhan-15 is grown successfully for obtaining maximum yield with 75 kg N ha-1 and 15-day old seedling age individually or in combination.
Factors Influencing People’s International Migration in Conflict-Affected Regions: A Case Analysis of Rakhine State, Myanmar
Authors: Oo Htet Paing
Published: December 2020

This study aimed to fill a methodological gap between different research projects focusing on migration patterns and give a theoretical account of how economic and non-economic factors have influenced diverse communities’ international migration from various regions of Rakhine State. The data analysis was made based on 840 survey respondents and 500 key informants across Rakhine State. The findings suggest that economic migration is the most salient type of migration. Poverty, usually directly stemming from a vicious circle of underproductivity in the farms, higher labour wages on the side of employers and lower labour wages on the side of employees in the agricultural sector, an absence of alternative income sources, and higher unemployment rate, has compelled different community members to decide to pursue international migration. Socio-political migration is the second most salient type of migration; with a fairly large number of respondents reporting a common experience of intercommunal discrimination. A number of respondents also reported their common experience of discrimination by the government’s ministerial departments during the private key informant interviews, although they were reluctant to give the same responses through surveys. Conflict-induced migration is the third most salient type of migration. A prolonged presence of communities’ security concerns stemming from the communal violence and lingering tensions since 2012, and escalating regional armed conflicts between state and non-state security forces since 2016, also has an impact on migration patterns in Rakhine State. The environmental fallout has imposed an indirect impact on migration through some economic factors such as temporary or long-term unemployment, business suspension, or indebtedness. Social networks also make a significant contribution to the continuation of people’s international migration from Rakhine State. However, legal migration institutions are rather weak, while illegal ones are desperately powerful in the State.
Selecting Bacillus spp. Antagonist of Fungal Phytopathogen Phytophthora infestans Causing Tomato Late Blight
Authors: Khanh Trang Le Vu , Tan Le Nguyen , Thi Mai Le , Thi My Pham , Hai Trieu Ly
Published: December 2020

The late blight caused by phytopathogen Phytophthora infestans has been one of the serious disease-causing yields and quality losses of tomato production in Vietnam. To control the fungal disease, chemical fungicides have been overused causing concerns about the ecological risks and human health, especially fungal resistance. Therefore, using natural products from beneficial microorganisms as a safer strategy is getting attention. The present study focused on the isolation of indigenous Bacillus sp. with potential antifungal activity against Phytophthora infestans with the aim to contribute to the diversification and improving the quality of biological control products Bacillus spp. in Vietnam. From 21 strains Bacillus spp. (marked BV1 - BV21) being isolated from different tomato farms in Danang City, Vietnam, Bacillus velezensis BV 16 was selected based on the most potential antagonistic strain in controlling fungal plant pathogen Phytophthora infestans attacking the tomato tree. The strongest inhibition of mycelial growth on P. infestans of Bacillus velezensis BV16 was recorded with 88.89% of growth inhibition percentage. The results also showed that strong activity of chitinase, protease and cellulase in the BV16 strain are consistent with the novel growth control of Phytophthora infestans.
Pedogenic and Contemporary Issues of Fluvisol Characterization and Utilisation in the Wetlands of Bamenda Municipality, Cameroon
Authors: Asongwe Godswill Azinwie , Yerima Bernard P. K. , Tening Aaron Suh , Bame Irene Bongsiysi
Published: December 2020

Fluvisols in urban wetlands in Bamenda Municipality Cameroon play a vital role in vegetable production but they are under immense pressure. Seven representative soil profiles and 21 surface soil samples were morphologically and/or physico-chemically characterized to classify the soils, evaluate their agro-utilization constraints, and to provide adequate data for planning sustainable land management. The soil samples were analyzed using standard procedures. Critical levels established for tropical crops and vegetables were used to declare deficiency of soil nutrients. The coefficient of variation were used as an index of soil variability, while sources of soil variation and subsequent grouping into management units were identified using principal component analysis. The soils, classified as Humi-umbric fluvisols are developed from young alluvio-colluvial material of granitic origin. Like other physico-chemical properties, organic matter varied irregularly down the profile. Except of pH which was slightly (CV<15%) variable, most soil properties were moderately (CV=15-35%) to highly (CV>35%) variable. Some correlation coefficients between the soil parameters were highly significant (p<0.01) ranging - 0.95 to 0.99, but most of them have correlation values less than 0.5. Six principal components (PCs) grouping soils in management units explained 96.2% of the variations observed in the soil properties. The PCs were: base status, organic matter, weathering and moisture retention, acidity, dispersal and N-mineralization, and mineral neo-synthesis factors. We recommend that a detailed mapping of soil properties be carried out for the establishment of a soil fertility map; and individual soil management practices defined for identified units instead of a common management for all units in the municipality.
Effect of Processing and Fermentation on Functional Properties and on Anti-nutritional Factors in Horse Gram (Macrotyloma uniflorum)
Authors: Sarvani B. H. , Suvarna V. C. , Kumar K. Harish , Ranadev P. , Girisha H. C.
Published: December 2020

Aim: The study was conducted to understand the Effect of processing and fermentation on functional properties and on anti-nutritional factors in Horse Gram (Macrotyloma uniflorum).

Place and Duration of Work: The study was carried out in Department of Agricultural Microbiology, GKVK, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore during 2019-20.

Methodology: Horse gram seeds were procured from National seed project, thoroughly cleaned and were subjected to different processing methods (soaking, roasting, cooking and germination) and ground into flour. Then, the processed flours were analyzed for altered functional properties like bulk density, water and oil absorption capacity, foaming capacity and stability etc. The raw seeds were directly milled into flour without any processing and used as control. Further, all processed flours were subjected to fermentation and compared with non fermented flours for reduction of antinutritional factors (tannins and phytates).

Results: The functional properties of unprocessed (raw) horse gram flour was recorded with values of 0.95 g / g (Bulk density), 1.87 g / mL(water absorption capacity),1.45 g / mL(oil absorption capacity), 7.56% (foaming capacity) and 70.78% for foaming stability. Whereas, the processing significantly altered the functional properties. When it comes to antinutritional factors, unprocessed flour recorded with 7.9 mg / g of tannins and 0.96 mg / g of phytates. The processing in combination with fermentation facilitate further reduction of antinutrients compared to processing alone (without fermentation). Among them, fermented germinated flour and fermented cooked flour proven their efficiency in reduction of tannins (61.3 and 62.5%) and phytates (54.1 and 46.8%) compared to other processed flours.

Conclusion: Based on results, it is evidenced that processing altered functional properties of horse gram effectively. However, processing combined with fermentation yielded higher reduction in  antinutritional factors compared to processing alone. Further, germinated flour and cooked flour on fermentation were found to yield significantly higher reduction in antinutritional factors thereby enhancing its utilization in functional foods as main / partial ingredient.
Effect of Calcium Carbide Treatment on Ripening Time and Physicochemical Properties of Mango (Mangifera indica L.) Variety “Kent”, Côte d’Ivoire
Authors: Cissé Mohamed , Silue Yardjouma , Cissé Moctar , Kouadio Akoua Dorine Sabrina , Nindjin Charlemagne
Published: December 2020

Aims: this study aims to find out appropriate method of application and the optimum dose of calcium carbide required to initiate ripening of mango var. “Kent”.

Study Design: The experimental set-up was of a completely randomized design.

Place and Duration of Study: This study was performed in the Department of Genetic and Biochemistry, at the Laboratory of Food Biochemistry of University Peleforo Gon Coulibaly, Korhogo, Côte d’Ivoire, May 1, 2020.

Methodology: Seventy uniform, mature green and healthy mangoes were bought from a local company and divided into five groups. The groups were divided into different calcium carbide levels as follows: 0 (control), 1 g/kg and 3 g/kg, CaC2 per fruit; 1 g/L and 3 g/L, CaC2 in distilled water to induce ripening at room temperature. The physicochemical analysis was carried out on both the unripe and ripened fruits.

Results: The results obtained revealed that calcium carbide reduce significantly fruit ripening time from 6 days (naturally ripened fruit) to 3 days (3 g/kg) and 4 days (1 g/kg). The present study showed also that calcium carbide by spraying is not effective on mango ripening time. The physicochemical analysis indicated that CaC2 may induce negative changes on some quality parameters like firmness, pH, acidity, total soluble solids (3 g/kg, CaC2 per fruit) and vitamin C. However, the fruits subjected to 1 and 3 g/kg, exhibited an increase of skin brightness and yellowness whereas 1 g/kg increase slightly in TSS when compared to the control.  Moreover, the study established that the ripening time and changes in quality parameters are dose and method dependent.

Conclusion: The present investigation showed that the artificial ripening using calcium carbide could not keep quality physicochemical characteristics intact.
Study of Genetic Variability and Diversity in Maize (Zea mays L.) Inbred Lines
Authors: Bhadru D. , Swarnalatha V. , Mallaiah B. , Sreelatha D. , Kumar M. V. Nagesh , Reddy M. Lavakumar
Published: December 2020

The present investigation was aimed to generate adequate knowledge and understanding of the genetic parameters and genetic diversity among the eighteen maize inbred lines which are important for assessing breeding strategies and predicting hybrid performance. A wide range of variability was noticed among the inbred lines under study. Traits like plant height, ear height, grain yield per cob, cob length and number of kernels per row recorded medium to high range of PCV and GCV estimates, heritability and genetic advance as percent of mean. Hence, these traits are important for selection of genotypes to improve maize yield. The cluster II recorded maximum intra cluster distance (60.49) followed by cluster I (43.81). The clusters III, IV, V and IV are solitary clusters. The highest inter cluster distance of 386.89 was observed between the clusters IV and V, followed by cluster I and IV (326.90), clusters I and VI (309.98), cluster II and V (297.76), cluster III and V (239.32) and Cluster I and III (252.68). To develop high heterotic hybrids in maize select of inbreds as lines from cluster I and testers from Cluster III, IV and VI and also from cluster II and clusters III and V will be rewarding.
Effect of Vacuum Packaging on Quality of Pomegranate Arils during Storage
Authors: Sujeetha Alice P. , Meenatchi R. , Patricia Paulin , Negi Aditi
Published: December 2020

Development of advanced lifestyle increased consumer preference towards preservative free, nutrient rich and ready to eat fresh fruits. Vacuum packaging increases shelf life of fresh produce, reduces quality deterioration by preventing from aerobic spoilage. Safety and quality assurance of packaged fruits/fruit products has concerns world-wide due to quality deterioration and increase in endogenous enzymatic reaction during storage. Minimally processed, ready to eat pomegranate arils are in great demand that satisfy the consumer requirements such as convenient, freshly available, healthy food, and saves time and labor. This study aims to extend the shelf life of pomegranate arils (Punica granatum L.) by vacuum packaging. Two different packaging materials such as LDPE and HDPE were used and the vacuum packed arils were stored under ambient and refrigerated conditions. The quality changes & physicochemical properties such as colour, physical weight loss, firmness, pH, titratable acidity, total soluble solids, total anthocyanin content and microbial load were analyzed. Results indicated that the shelf life of normally packed pomegranate arils were up to 8 days whereas vacuum packed arils were extended to 22 days under refrigerated condition. HDPE has minimal effect on physicochemical properties of arils as compared to LDPE.
The Role of Colostomy in Management of Fournier’s Gangrene
Authors: Brahmi Yasser El , Fahssi Mohammed El , Elhjouji Abderrahman , Ehirchiou Abdelkader , Ali Abdelmounaim Ait , Zentar Aziz
Published: December 2020

Study Objective: The colostomy is not used systematically for the treatment of Fournier’s gangrene. Through our study, we compared two groups of patients who had faecal diversion and those how did not .we tried to get the advantages of this method and his impact on wound healing and duration of hospitalization

Patients and Methods: This is a 14-years retrospective study from 1st January 2005 to 31st December 2018. We collected 86 cases of Fournier's gangrenes, of which 30 patients benefited from a derivative colostomy, done by the same surgical team. We divided the two groups by aetiology and morbidly-mortality.

Results: In the group with colostomy, prevalent disease was perianal suppurations with the presence of risk factors in75% of cases such as diabetes, immunosuppressive therapy or patients age over 70 years old .While these factors are found only in 52% of the other group. The average days of hospital stay in the group with colostomy was 25 days and 32 in the other group, 67% of patients had a colostomy with hyperbaric oxygen therapy against 70% in the other group. Mortality was 30% in first group with colostomy, an 12.5% in the second one, the overall mortality was19% globally in the two groups.

Conclusions: In our series only 35% benefited from a colostomy: Patient with major deterioration and the presence of others diseases. But overall mortality in our series is comparable to that of teams practicing colostomy systematically.
Acceptability and Perceptions of Generic Drugs among Patients, Pharmacists, and Physicians
Authors: Patel Krupali , Yasobant Sandul , Charan Jaykaran , Chaudhari Mayur , Gaidhane Abhay , Saxena Deepak
Published: December 2020

Background: Generic drugs are the painstaking solution to deal with out of pocket expenditure however, the impact has not yet been seen in India. Thus, to understand the facilitators and barriers, this study aimed to gather evidence on the perception of the acceptability of generic drugs among patients, pharmacists, and physicians.

Methods: The key informant interviews (KII) were conducted during 2017-2018 in Gujarat, India. A total of 25 (9 patients, 8 pharmacists, 8 physicians) KIIs were included in the thematic analysis.

Results: Most of the patients knew about cheaper drugs are available in the market, but they perceived that those meant for poor people. Pharmacists talked about the profit from branded drugs are higher than generics. Pharmacist and doctors expressed concern for the efficacy of generic drugs, as it requires more visits to hospitals. Patients usually report more side effects if using generic drugs, apart from that poor packaging and lack of trust on generic also remained an issue in terms of satisfaction. Pharmacist and patients are both expressed their reliance on doctors suggestion and prescription; however, doctors are really not in favour to prescribe generics. The ethical dilemma remained with the pharmacists in not suggesting generics as an alternative to the branded drugs.

Conclusion: The study concludes that cost is the main perception of patients, pharmacists, and physicians, however; the decision power lies with the pharmacist and doctors, which is mainly not in favour to use or promote the generic drugs even if the cost is low because of efficacy and satisfaction issues.
Bovine Based Collagen Dressings in Wound Care Management
Authors: Santhanam Rameshkumar , Rameli Mohd Adha P. , Jeffri Azleena Al , Ismail Wan Iryani Wan
Published: December 2020

Collagen plays a significant role in treating acute and chronic wounds such as cuts, burns, ulcers associated with other illness via enhancing the debridement of infected tissues, angiogenesis and promoting natural growth. There are several types of collagen, which can be obtained from various animal sources such as chicken, bovine, porcine, fish etc. Among that bovine based collagen contributed many shares towards biomedical application. Nowadays using bovine based collagen biomaterials for wound care is in trend to minimize the negative impacts such as infection, pain and other side effects. However, its applicable and effectiveness are not fully revealed. At the same time, clinicians and researchers are exploring and implementing advanced techniques and treatment procedures to reduce the wound healing burden effectively. In this review, we aimed to focus on the fundamental information about types of wound dressings, collagen dressings and the clinical utility of bovine based collagen dressings in providing essential knowledge in advanced wound care management.
The Importance of Isolated and Purified Bacillus species as a Source of a Variety of Antimicrobial Substances
Authors: Alamoudi Soha
Published: December 2020

The rapid onset of resistance reduces the efficacy of most conventional antimicrobial drugs and is a general cause of concern for human well-being. Thus, there is a great demand for a continuous supply of novel antibiotics to combat this problem. Bacteria-derived antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have long been used as food preservatives. Thus, antimicrobial agents are predominantly significant in limiting infectious diseases. Meanwhile, the development and dissemination of drug-resistant strains in pathogenic bacteria have begun to be a significant general health threat. Therefore, the lowest effectiveness of the present antibiotics in the direction of the administration was becoming prominent to the consequence of the discussion of new antibiotics. These considerations, Bacillus sp completely famous for making different metabolites of the possibility their utilization, thus, it is completed a search to isolate Bacillus sp for the action making of anti-microorganisms compounds. The Biosynthesis of Bacillus AMPs, extract, purifies, and identifies a bioactive compound by Bacillus sp.

Furthermore, Bacillus-derived AMPs can be synthesized both ribosomal and non-ribosomal and can be classified according to peptide biosynthesis, structure, and molecular weight. The precise mechanism of action of these AMPs is not yet clear; however, the one proposed mechanism is that these AMPs kill bacteria by forming channels in and (or) disrupting the bacterial cell wall. Bacillus-derived AMPs have potential in the pharmaceutical industry, as well as the food and agricultural sectors. Here, we focus on Bacillus-derived AMPs as a novel alternative approach to antibacterial drug development.
Comparision of Postoperative Complications Associated with Closed Lateral Sphincterotomy and Fissurectomy with Dorsal Sphincterotomy in Chronic Anal Fissure
Authors: Bhatti Zulfiqar , Sohu Khush Muhammad , Bhellar Zahoor Hussain , Bozdar Ali Gohar , Naqvi Syed Sohail Abbas , Shar Zulfqar Ali
Published: December 2020

Background: Chronic anal fissure is clinical entity associated with significant pain and discomfort with bleeding. Different surgical options are being used nowadays to treat the ailment. Closed lateral sphincterotomy is being considered as gold standard treatment however, dorsal sphincterotomy with removal of chronic fissure is also used as treatment.

Objectives: To compare effectiveness and patient satisfactions after both surgical procedures. To identify the common complications associated both surgical procedures.

Methodology: The cross sectional conducted at Ghulam Muhammad Maher Medical College Sukkur from January 2016 to December 2019. Total 300 male patients with history of Chronic Anal Fissure for more than 6 months were included in the study. The patients were divided into two groups Group-A (150 patients) underwent lateral sphinterotomy whereas in Group-B (150 Patients) dorsal sphincterotomy with fissurectomy was performed. Randomization for grouping was performed by single blind sealed envelope technique. Patients with additional anorectal disease, haemorrhoids, HIV, HBV, HCV, and female patients were excluded from study. After performing surgery in both the groups follow-up was performed for 2 years and data was analyzed.

Results: Mean age was 30.5 4±12.3 years, most common site of fissure among our study population was 6 O’ Clock (p-value=0.003), pain was seemed to be significant post-operative completion in both the groups however, both the treatment strategies appeared to be equally effective though patients in group B were more satisfied than group A.  

Conclusion: Both methods of surgeries seemed to be equally effective in treating the ailment. Recurrence after both surgeries was uncommon though pain was common postoperative complication.
Expression of Epsilon Toxin from Clostridium perfringens Type D in E. coli Rosetta (DE3): Study on a New Vaccine Production
Authors: Adibi Maryam , Langroudi Reza Pilehchian , Khiav Lida Abdolmohammadi
Published: December 2020

Clostridium perfringens is a Gram-positive anaerobic bacterium which is divided based on major toxins into five types (A-E). C. perfringens type D causes fatal enterotoxaemia (pulpy kidney) in sheep and goats that causes heavy economic losses in domestic animals. However current enterotoxaemia vaccine has been effective in controlling of disease; Strategies for the development of effective vaccine can be achieved by the production of new generation experimental vaccines. The aim of this study was cloning and expression of epsilon toxin of C. perfringens type D in E. coli Rosetta (DE3) to improve of the immunity. Epsilon toxin gene was cloned into pJET1.2/blunt vector and pET22b (+) expression vector and finally transformed into E. coli Rosetta competent cells (DE3). The result showed that the epsilon gene of C. perfringens type D can be cloned and expressed in E. coli RosettaTM (DE3) successfully. E. coli was suitable host for the expression of C. perfringens epsilon toxin. Clearly, future research is open for further refinement of the study.
The Role of E-marketing and Finding Job Opportunities for Young People on Social Media; An Empirical Sociological Study in Al-Diwaniyah City
Authors: Abdullah Dr. Hussain Alawe
Published: December 2020

The world is currently experiencing a technological revolution in various sectors of life. Information and communications have become among the most important environments for business today. Among the aspects of this progress is the tremendous revolution that occurred through the emergence of Internet technology in the field of marketing. The present study revolves around the role played by the new economy in opening new fields to work with less effort and less cost to improve the lives of individuals. It highlights the reasons why young people are interested in it. The importance of the present study is due to tackling electronic marketing that has spread and increased positive and negative points in its use in the field of marketing, which increased. The importance of studies. The major objective of the present study is to identify the role of e-marketing in opening a new market for work in social networking sites. The results of the present study indicate that females are more interested in buying through social media. The majority of respondents know that they have been shopping on social media and that they have become more popular than before. There is an increasing demand of young people to sell through social media, which represents an opportunity for them to work from home. The results of the present study indicate that commodity trading through social media has contributed to finding job opportunities for young people and provided an opportunity to increase income and improve the standard of living.
A Study of the Health and Nutritional Status of Slums in the City of Baghdad Case Study in a Random Area
Authors: Shahwani Hamdiya Muhammad , Hussein Wissal Abdullah , Al-Heali Alaa Nabeel
Published: December 2020

In this research we shed light on the nature of the relationship between the random housing areas and the health and nutritional reality of the residents of those areas, taking one of the random areas in the outskirts of Baghdad city as a field of research, specifically in the Al-Rashid area / as random housing (outside the law) was established behind each of the Al-Rashid clinic Model and High School Protectors. The research team prepared a questionnaire that included a set of questions, which were sent to a random sample of residents of that region, to seek their views on the health and nutritional conditions in which they live, as this research is concerned with the health and nutritional aspects of the residents of slums. Simple statistical programs were used to calculate percentages and prepare graphs. The research reached a set of conclusions, the most important of which is that the phenomenon of slums has started in Iraq several decades ago, in a limited manner, but it rose after 2003 as a result of high population growth rates in general, and its rise in urban areas in particular, as well as multiple causes, including economic, cultural and religious And security instability, contributed to the polarization of the population towards specific cities, and the city of Baghdad is the highest in terms of the presence of random areas, as it reached about 1022 gatherings, which accounted for 27.7% of the total total of random settlements in Iraq, with a number of housing units of 136689. This research reached a set of recommendations that would address this phenomenon.
The Effects of Mindfulness Intervention on the Social Skills of Students with Specific Learning Disability
Authors: Esmmaeelbeygi Haniye Mohammad , Alamdarloo Ghorban Hemati , Seif Diba , Jabbari Fatemeh Soosan
Published: December 2020

The aim of the present study was to determining the effect of mindfulness intervention on social skills of the students with specific learning disability (SLD). For this purpose, in a single- subject multiple baseline across subjects, three students with SLD in the third grade of primary school were selected as participants. The instrument for assessment of social skills was social skills rating system (SSRS) by Gresham, & Elliott, in a checklist format that was completed by parents. Mindfulness intervention was conducted in eight 45-minutes’ sessions individually, in a single subject multiple baseline across subjects. The checklist of social skills were completed by the parents during the base line, intervention, and follow-up procedures. Comparing the participants’ performance in the base line, intervention and follow-up procedures demonstrated that the mindfulness intervention had positive effects on the social skills of all the three participants. This study demonstrated that mindfulness intervention improves social skills in children with SLD.
Estiagens, secas e os processos de arenização na Bacia Hidrográfica do Arroio Miracatu, sudoeste do estado do Rio Grande do Sul
Authors: Binda Andrey Luis , Verdum Roberto
Published: December 2020

Os processos de arenização no sudoeste do Rio Grande do Sul são altamente dinâmicos, ora por meio da água, ora por ação dos ventos que remobilizam as exposições arenosas nos períodos com ausência de chuva. Assim, tanto o excesso como a escassez pluviométrica são fundamentais para a compreensão desses processos. Partindo desse pressuposto, o presente trabalho visa a analisar a ocorrência de estiagens e secas considerando uma série de dados pluviométricos (1970-2015) coletados na Bacia Hidrográfica do Arroio Miracatu, local este onde se encontra a maior extensão de áreas em processo de arenização. Considerando a metodologia empregada para a determinação de episódios de estiagem (períodos com mais de 15 dias sem chuva), constatou-se que houve registros em praticamente todos os anos estudados (exceto um). Mensalmente, a distribuição piramidal dos episódios coloca o trimestre maio-julho como o mais propício, embora possam ocorrer em qualquer época do ano. Contudo, a maior frequência de estiagens na década de 1970 é reflexo de um grande período seco, cuja determinação foi possível a partir do Índice Padronizado de Seca Pluviométrica.

Abstract

DRY PERIODS, DROUGHTS AND THE SANDIZATION PROCESSES IN MIRACATU CREEK WATERSHED, SOUTHWEST OF RIO GRANDE DO SUL STATE, BRAZIL

The sandization processes in the southwest of Rio Grande do Sul State are highly dynamic, sometimes through water action, sometimes due to winds action that remobilize sandy deposits in dry periods with no rain. Thus, both the excess and the absence of rain are fundamental for understanding this process. Based on this assumption, the present work aims to analyze the occurrence of droughts and dry periods considering a rainfall data series (1970-2015) collected in the Miracatu Creek Watershed, site where there is the largest extension of areas in the sandization process. Considering the methodology used to determine drought episodes (periods with more than 15 consecutives dry days), it was found that there were records in practically every year studied (except one). Monthly, the pyramidal distribution of episodes puts the May July quarter as the most favorable, although they can occur at any time of the year. However, the greater frequency of droughts in the 1970s reflects a long dry period, whose determination was possible based on the Standardized Precipitation Index.
Construction of a Novel In Vitro Atherosclerotic Model from Geometry‐Tunable Artery Equivalents Engineered via In‐Bath Coaxial Cell Printing
Authors: Gao Ge , Park Wonbin , Kim Byoung Soo , Ahn Minjun , Chae Suhun , Cho Won‐Woo , Kim Jisoo , Lee Jae Yeon , Jang Jinah , Cho Dong‐Woo
Published: December 2020

As the main precursor of cardiovascular diseases, atherosclerosis is a complex inflammatory disorder that preferentially occurs in stenotic, curved, and branched arterial regions. Although various in vitro models are established to understand its pathology, reconstructing the native atherosclerotic environment that involves both co‐cultured cells and local turbulent flow singling remains challenging. This study develops an arterial construct via in‐bath coaxial cell printing that not only facilitates the direct fabrication of three‐layered conduits with tunable geometry and dimensions but also maintains structural stability. Functional vascular tissues, which respond to various stimulations that induce endothelial dysfunction, are rapidly generated in the constructed models. The presence of multiple vascular tissues under stenotic and tortuous turbulent flows allows the recapitulation of hallmark events in early atherosclerosis under physiological conditions. Furthermore, the fabricated models are utilized to investigate the individual and synergistic functions of cell co‐culture and local turbulent flows in regulating atherosclerotic initiation, as well as the dose‐dependent therapeutic effect of atorvastatin. These outcomes suggest that the constructed atherosclerotic model via a novel fabrication strategy is a promising platform to elucidate the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis and seek effective drugs and therapies.
Aggregation‐Enhanced Photoluminescence and Photoacoustics of Atomically Precise Gold Nanoclusters in Lipid Nanodiscs (NANO2)
Authors: Tahmasbi Rad Armin , Bao Yue , Jang Hyun‐Sook , Xia Yan , Sharma Hari , Dormidontova Elena E. , Zhao Jing , Arora Jaspreet , John Vijay T. , Tang Ben Zhong , Dainese Tiziano , Hariri Ali , Jokerst Jesse V. , Maran Flavio , Nieh Mu‐Ping
Published: December 2020

The authors designed a structurally stable nano‐in‐nano (NANO2) system highly capable of bioimaging via an aggregation‐enhanced NIR excited emission and photoacoustic response achieved based on atomically precise gold nanoclusters protected by linear thiolated ligands [Au25(SCnH2n+1)18, n = 4–16] encapsulated in discoidal phospholipid bicelles through a one‐pot synthesis. The detailed morphological characterization of NANO2 is conducted using cryogenic transmission electron microscopy, small/wide angle X‐ray scattering with the support of molecular dynamics simulations, providing information on the location of Au nanoclusters in NANO2. The photoluminescence observed for NANO2 is 20–60 times more intense than that of the free Au nanoclusters, with both excitation and emission wavelengths in the near‐infrared range, and the photoacoustic signal is more than tripled. The authors attribute this newly discovered aggregation‐enhanced photoluminescence and photoacoustic signals to the restriction of intramolecular motion of the clusters’ ligands. With the advantages of biocompatibility and high cellular uptake, NANO2 is potentially applicable for both in vitro and in vivo imaging, as the authors demonstrate with NIR excited emission from in vitro A549 human lung and the KB human cervical cancer cells.
Composite Lithium Metal Anodes with Lithiophilic and Low‐Tortuosity Scaffold Enabling Ultrahigh Currents and Capacities in Carbonate Electrolytes
Authors: Wu Jingyi , Rao Zhixiang , Liu Xueting , Shen Yue , Yuan Lixia , Li Zhen , Xie Xiaolin , Huang Yunhui
Published: December 2020

The practical application of lithium metal anode has been hindered by safety and cyclability issues due to the uncontrollable dendrite growth, especially during fast cycling and deep plating/stripping process. Here, a composite Li metal anode supported by periodic, perpendicular, and lithiophilic TiO2/poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) nanofibers via a facial rolling process is reported. TiO2/PVP nanofibers with good Li affinity provide low‐tortuosity and directly inward Li+ transport paths to facilitate Li nucleation and deposition under high areal capacities and current densities. The micrometer‐scale interspaces between TiO2/PVP walls offer enough space to circumvent the huge volume variation and avoid structure collapsing during the repeated deep Li plating/stripping. The unique structure enables stable cycling under ultrahigh currents (12 mA cm−2), and ultra‐deep plating/stripping up to 60 mAh cm−2 with a long cycle life in commercial carbonate electrolytes. The gassing behavior in operating pouch cells is observed using ultrasonic transmission mapping. When paired with LiFePO4 (5 mAh cm−2), sulfur (3 mAh cm−2), and high‐voltage LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 cathodes, the composite Li anodes deliver remarkably improved rate performance and cycling stability, demonstrating that it could be a promising strategy for balancing high‐energy density and high‐power density in Li metal batteries.
Polymeric Nitric Oxide Delivery Nanoplatforms for Treating Cancer, Cardiovascular Diseases, and Infection
Authors: Jin Guorui , Gao Zhiyuan , Liu Yangjing , Zhao Jing , Ou Hanlin , Xu Feng , Ding Dan
Published: December 2020

The shortened Abstract is as follows: Therapeutic gas nitric oxide (NO) has demonstrated the unique advances in biomedical applications due to its prominent role in regulating physiological/pathophysiological activities in terms of vasodilation, angiogenesis, chemosensitizing effect, and bactericidal effect. However, it is challenging to deliver NO, due to its short half‐life (<5 s) and short diffusion distances (20–160 µm). To address these, various polymeric NO delivery nanoplatforms (PNODNPs) have been developed for cancer therapy, antimicrobial and cardiovascular therapeutics, because of the important advantages of polymeric delivery nanoplatforms in terms of controlled release of therapeutics and the extremely versatile nature. This reviews highlights the recent significant advances made in PNODNPs for NO storing and targeting delivery. The ideal and unique criteria that are required for PNODNPs for treating cancer, cardiovascular diseases and infection, respectively, are summarized. Hopefully, effective storage and targeted delivery of NO in a controlled manner using PNODNPs could pave the way for NO‐sensitized synergistic therapy in clinical practice for treating the leading death‐causing diseases.
Recent Progress in Solution‐Based Metal Oxide Resistive Switching Devices
Authors: Carlos Emanuel , Branquinho Rita , Martins Rodrigo , Kiazadeh Asal , Fortunato Elvira
Published: December 2020

Metal oxide resistive switching memories have been a crucial component for the requirements of the Internet of Things, which demands ultra‐low power and high‐density devices with new computing principles, exploiting low cost green products and technologies. Most of the reported resistive switching devices use conventional methods (physical and chemical vapor deposition), which are quite expensive due to their up‐scale production. Solution‐processing methods have been improved, being now a reliable technology that offers many advantages for resistive random‐access memory (RRAM) such as high versatility, large area uniformity, transparency, low‐cost and a simple fabrication of two‐terminal structures. Solution‐based metal oxide RRAM devices are emergent and promising non‐volatile memories for future electronics. In this review, a brief history of non‐volatile memories is highlighted as well as the present status of solution‐based metal oxide resistive random‐access memory (S‐RRAM). Then, a focus on describing the solution synthesis parameters of S‐RRAMs which induce a massive influence in the overall performance of these devices is discussed. Next, a precise analysis is performed on the metal oxide thin film and electrode interface and the recent advances on S‐RRAM that will allow their large‐area manufacturing. Finally, the figures of merit and the main challenges in S‐RRAMs are discussed and future trends are proposed.
A Dendrite‐Free Lithium/Carbon Nanotube Hybrid for Lithium‐Metal Batteries
Authors: Wang Zhi Yong , Lu Zhong Xu , Guo Wei , Luo Qin , Yin Yan Hong , Liu Xian Bin , Li Ye Sheng , Xia Bao Yu , Wu Zi Ping
Published: December 2020

Lithium (Li) metal is promising in the next‐generation energy storage systems. However, its practical application is still hindered by the poor cycling performance and serious safety issues for the consequence of dendritic Li. Herein, a dendrite‐free Li/carbon nanotube (CNT) hybrid is proposed, which is fabricated by direct coating molten Li on CNTs, for Li‐metal batteries. The favorable thermodynamic and kinetic conditions are the powerful force to drive the rapid lift upwards and infusion of molten Li into CNTs network, which is the key to form a uniform metallic layer in Li/CNTs hybrid. The obtained hybrid indicates super‐stable functions even at an ultrahigh current density of 40 mA cm−2 for 2000 cycles with a stripping/plating capacity of 2 mAh cm−2 in symmetric cells. Subsequently, this hybrid also demonstrates a significantly decreased resistance, excellent cycling stability at high current density and flexibility in the full Li‐S battery. This work provides valuable concepts in fabricating Li anodes toward Li‐metal batteries and beyond for their high‐level services.
Non‐Toxic Virucidal Macromolecules Show High Efficacy Against Influenza Virus Ex Vivo and In Vivo
Authors: Kocabiyik Ozgun , Cagno Valeria , Silva Paulo Jacob , Zhu Yong , Sedano Laura , Bhide Yoshita , Mettier Joelle , Medaglia Chiara , Da Costa Bruno , Constant Samuel , Huang Song , Kaiser Laurent , Hinrichs Wouter L. J. , Huckriede Anke , Le Goffic Ronan , Tapparel Caroline , Stellacci Francesco
Published: December 2020

Influenza is one of the most widespread viral infections worldwide and represents a major public health problem. The risk that one of the next pandemics is caused by an influenza strain is high. It is important to develop broad‐spectrum influenza antivirals to be ready for any possible vaccine shortcomings. Anti‐influenza drugs are available but they are far from ideal. Arguably, an ideal antiviral should target conserved viral domains and be virucidal, that is, irreversibly inhibit viral infectivity. Here, a new class of broad‐spectrum anti‐influenza macromolecules is described that meets these criteria and display exceedingly low toxicity. These compounds are based on a cyclodextrin core modified on its primary face with long hydrophobic linkers terminated either in 6'sialyl‐N‐acetyllactosamine (6’SLN) or in 3’SLN. SLN enables nanomolar inhibition of the viruses while the hydrophobic linkers confer irreversibility to the inhibition. The combination of these two properties allows for efficacy in vitro against several human or avian influenza strains, as well as against a 2009 pandemic influenza strain ex vivo. Importantly, it is shown that, in mice, one of the compounds provides therapeutic efficacy when administered 24 h post‐infection allowing 90% survival as opposed to no survival for the placebo and oseltamivir.
Operando EDXRD Study of All‐Solid‐State Lithium Batteries Coupling Thioantimonate Superionic Conductors with Metal Sulfide
Authors: Sun Xiao , Stavola Alyssa M. , Cao Daxian , Bruck Andrea M. , Wang Ying , Zhang Yunlu , Luan Pengcheng , Gallaway Joshua W. , Zhu Hongli
Published: December 2020

Sulfide solid‐state electrolytes have remarkable ionic conductivity and low mechanical stiffness but suffer from relatively narrow electrochemical and chemical stability with electrodes. Therefore, pairing sulfide electrolytes with the proper cathode is crucial in developing stable all‐solid‐state Li batteries (ASLBs). Herein, one type of thioantimonate ion conductor, Li6+xGexSb1−xS5I, with different compositions is systematically synthesized and studied, among these compositions, an outstanding ionic conductivity of 1.6 mS cm−1 is achieved with Li6.6Ge0.6Sb0.4S5I. To improve the energy density and advance the interface compatibility, a metal sulfide FeS2 cathode with a high theoretical capacity (894 mAh g−1) and excellent compatibility with sulfide electrolytes is coupled with Li6.6Ge0.6Sb0.4S5I in ASLBs without additional interface engineering. The structural stabilities of Li6.6Ge0.6Sb0.4S5I and FeS2 during cycling are characterized by operando energy dispersive X‐ray diffraction, which allows rapid collection of structural data without redesigning or disassembling the sealed cells and risking contamination by air. The electrochemical stability is assessed, and a safe operating voltage window ranging from 0.7≈2.4 V (vs. In–Li) is confirmed. Due to the solid confinement in the ASLBs, the Fe0 aggregation and polysulfides shuttle effects are well addressed. The ASLBs exhibit an outstanding initial capacity of 715 mAh g−1 at C/10 and are stable for 220 cycles with a high capacity retention of 84.5% at room temperature.