bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Wind power assessment
Authors: Snow J. W. , Garstang M.
Published: October 2011

A wind energy study of the East and Gulf coastal regions of the United States is being carried out at the University of Virginia under the direction of Michael Garstang and Roger A. Pielke. The Chesapeake Bay area, because of its complex coastline configuration, is one of three East and Gulf coastal areas which have been chosen for intensive study. A three‐dimensional computer model and a field observational program have been executed for the Chesapeake Bay area.

Baroclinic factors, the result of land‐sea temperature differences and changes in aerodynamic roughness between land and sea, are known to generate local wind circulations over and near coastlines. The complexities of coastline configuration of the Chesapeake Bay and offshore islands result in an interaction between the large‐scale wind fields and the locally induced circulations. These interactions produce regions of persistently high and low wind speeds near the surface, and these wind speeds can be reproduced numerically (see cover, EOS, December 11, 1979). A conspicuous and persistent feature of wintertime model predictions of the wind power distribution in the Chesapeake Bay area is the landward minimum‐seaward maximum shown in Figure 1.
New oceanography award
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The Bedford Institute of Oceanography in Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada, has established the A. G. Huntsman Award for Excellence in Marine Science in order to honor men and women of any nationality who have had a significant influence on the course of marine scientific thought.

The award is given in honor of Archibald Gowanlock Huntsman (1883–1972), a noted Canadian oceanographer. Recipients will receive a silver medal and participate in a lecture series. Each year, the award will be given, on a rotating basis, in one of three categories: biological oceanography, physical/chemical oceanography, and marine geoscience. Because this is the first year of the award, presentations have been made in all three categories.
Research proposals sought for global weather experiment
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The field program of the Global Weather Experiment ended in 1979, but it is being followed by a long‐term research and analysis program that will continue through the 1980's, according to Earl Droessler, head of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Office of University Affairs. NOAA and the National Science Foundation are accepting proposals for research projects. Contact Rex J. Fleming, director of the U.S. Global Weather Experiment, NOAA, RD‐G, 6010 Executive Boulevard, Rockville, Maryland 20852, or Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Global Atmospheric Research Project, Washington, D.C. 20550.
University to supervise ship construction
Authors: Greathouse Lee
Published: October 2011

Under the management of the University of Miami's Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, two 41‐m research ships will be built for the National Science Foundation. The ‘multi discipline’ vessels are designed to accommodate equipment for a wide range of oceanographic research, including geophysical investigations and studies of fisheries, food resources, and pollution.

The ships will cost a total of $5.9 million, but each is expected to cost about 25% less per year to operate than a 51.7‐m vessel that is currently used by Miami. The smaller size of the new ships will produce the savings through reduced fuel costs, according to a Miami ship operations staff member.
Bering Sea geophysical data
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

NOAA's National Geophysical and Solar‐Terrestrial Data Center has announced the availability of two sets of data taken from waters off the southwest coast of Alaska.

One set consists of geophysical data associated with the areas selected for the outer continental shelf oil and gas lease sale number 70, scheduled for December 1982. The information consists of about 5939 km of nonproprietary high‐resolution seismic reflection data from the St. George Basin in the Bering Sea. Data set reference number is 1980 (SE‐0).
Geophysicists
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The following AGU members have been elected to the National Academy of Sciences (NAS): Kinsey A. Anderson, professor of physics, University of California, Berkeley; Robert G. Coleman, research geologist and branch chief, geochemistry and petroleum, U.S. Geological Survey, Menlo Park, California; Edward D. Goldberg, professor of chemistry, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, California; Eugene M. Shoemaker, professor of geology, California Institute of Technology; and as a foreign associate, Jacques‐Emile Blamont, director, Service d'Aeronomie, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Verriere s‐le‐Buisson, France.
X‐Rays detected from Jupiter
Authors: Bell Peter M.
Published: October 2011

Investigators, studying data from NASA's second High Energy Astronomy Observatory, have confirmed the emission of X rays from Jupiter. The giant planet thus joins earth as the only planets known to produce X rays. The X ray emission was confirmed by a team led by Albert Metzger of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. The group's findings were reported by Metzger last week at a meeting of the American Astronomical Society, at the University of Maryland, College Park.
Hawaiian weather scanned
Authors: Bell Peter M.
Published: October 2011

Observers with NOAA and the University of Hawaii are studying the Big Island, noted for its benevolent climate, with the end of improving predictions of less pleasant weather, tornados, hail, and flash floods. Using an advanced research aircraft (a WP‐3D Orion), instrumented vans operated by the University, ground stations, and balloons, they are examining clouds, air flow, precipitation, and airborne particles around the Big Island. The 2‐week study began June 12.

The main goal of the study, the Hawaii Mesoscale Energy and Climate (Hamec) project, is to improve understanding of local‐scale weather, not only for better warnings of hazardous weather but for more efficient use of renewable and nonrenewable energy resources. Researchers at the NOAA Boulder laboratory have been devising numerical models of mesoscale
Changes in tide survey system
Authors: Greathouse Lee
Published: October 2011

In a move to modernize and bring consistency to certain series of tide measurements, the National Ocean Survey (NOS), a subdivision of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, will make three major changes in its tidal datum system, according to Steacy D. Hicks, a NOS physical oceanographer.

Essentially a surveying system that establishes base elevations, the tidal datum system includes determinations of average high and low tides.
Illinois State Geological Survey celebrates diamond anniversary
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

To commemorate its 75th anniversary this year, the Illinois State Geological Survey has scheduled an open house and symposium on ‘Perspectives in Geology,’ to be held in Urbana, III., October 9–10. Former members of the Survey will present talks on subjects ranging from ‘Geology and Technology’ to geochemistry of sediments, engineering geology, and geology and society.

On November 18 the Survey will hold a reunion of Illinois State Geological Survey staff and alumni at the meeting of the Geological Society of America in Atlanta, Georgia.
Status of Voyager spacecraft: Update
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Voyager 1 Voyager 2 Spacecraft distance from Earth (km) 1,403,792,373 1,196,379,829 Spacecraft distance to Saturn (km) 132,531,596 365,583,009 Spacecraft distance traveled since launch (km) 1,994,859,408 1,745,872,032 Spacecraft velocity relative to Earth (km/s) 49.8 46.6 Spacecraft velocity relative to sun (km/s) 20.5 17.2 Date of Saturn encounter (closest approach) Nov. 12,1980 Aug. 27, 1981
Volcanic dust particle reveals growth pattern under microscope
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The photograph shows a sample particle of volcanic ‘dust,’ enlarged 533 times, which was collected recently at the site of the Mount St. Helen's eruption. The chemically zoned structure—resembling the ‘growth‐ring’ pattern of a tree — indicates that during crystal growth the particle was probably subjected to varying pressures and temperatures as it was formed in the magma inside the volcano. Microscopists A. S. Holik and D. G. Fink at the General Electric Research and Development Center prepared a polished thin slice of the particle and photographed it through a microscope which used transmitted polarized light.
NASA's budget still tight
Authors: Greathouse Lee
Published: October 2011

The Solar Electric Propulsion System (Seps) may make it back into NASA's 1981 budget, but if it does, something else will probably have to come out.

Seps, the ion‐propulsion system that is cheaper to operate and more fuel efficient than conventional propulsion systems, is needed for comet, asteroid, and extended planetary missions. It was omitted from the President's original 1981 budget request, however, which set off waves of disappointment and protest among space scientists.
New civil satellite system by late 1980's
Authors: Bell Peter M.
Published: October 2011

A new satellite system that would provide valuable information to the users and managers of the nation's natural resources could be fully operational by the end of the decade, according to Richard A. Frank, administrator of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).

The system would be an outgrowth of the experimental Landsat‐D system that is scheduled for completion in 1982, Frank testified to subcommittees of the House Science and Technology Committee.
Geophysical events
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Mount St. Helens Volcano, Cascade Range, Southern Washington, U.S.A. (46.20°N, 122.18°W). All times are local (GMT − 7 h). Richard Janda of the U.S. Geological Survey calculated that about 2 km3 of debris was emplaced in the north fork of the Toutle River and Spirit Lake by the May 18 eruption. Richard Waitt, also of the USGS, estimated the total May 18 airfall component as 1.1 km3 of unconsolidated material, having a mean bulk density of 0.5 g/cm3. Poor weather has prevented the aerial photography necessary for the production of a topographic map of the post‐May 18 volcano. After a map is produced, the amount of material removed from the edifice on May 18 can be accurately determined.
Voyager I approaches Saturn
Authors: Bell Peter M.
Published: October 2011

After its long and arduous passage, Voyager 1 will, like its predecessor Pioneer 11, begin observations of Saturn. The ‘encounter’ is actually a series of operational phases that begin almost 5 million miles away, culminating in a ‘close approach’ at a distance of about 200,000 miles which will occur on November 12,1980. Voyager 2, 9 months behind, will arrive August 26, 1981. Its trajectory will then take it on to an encounter with Uranus in January 1986. Voyager 1 instruments will be focused not only on Saturn itself but also its satellites, especially Titan (the others are Reha, Dione, Minas, and lapetus) and, of course, the rings. The magnetosphere is also a subject of the spacecraft's research.
Space transportation briefings
Authors: Bell Peter M.
Published: October 2011

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) began a comprehensive series of media briefings on the development and utilization of the nation's space transportation system September 10 at NASA headquarters in Washington, D.C. The series will continue throughout the initial flight testing of Columbia, the first space shuttle in the United States fleet of new Earth‐orbiting vehicles.

During the first briefing on ‘Technological Innovation in the Design and Development of the Space Shuttle,’ NASA Administrator Robert Frosch presented an overview of the technological innovation required to design the country's first generation of reusable space vehicles. He identified and described the major advances required by the transition from the country's expendable Saturn launch vehicle capability, developed for the Apollo program, to the first generation of reusable space shuttle vehicles. He also reviewed how NASA and its contractors organized and conducted the various activities associated with those efforts.
Future space missions
Authors: Bell Peter M.
Published: October 2011

An orbiting space factory, a self‐directed deep‐space exploration robot, a fully automated earth resources and environment monitor, and a lunar base that could grow through the self‐replication of many of its elements were examined in a space technology assessment workshop which looked at the next 25 years. The joint NASA/American Society of Engineering Education workshop, held this summer at the University of Santa Clara in California, selected and defined challenging space missions that would identify critical technology needs for future research and development. The workshop offered possible representative future missions rather than specific proposals.

A highly versatile ‘intelligent’ satellite information system for most types of earth survey was suggested. Previous systems have produced huge masses of data because they record everything they see. The proposed information system would select and interpret data coming from its sensors to provide results tailored to specific needs.
Busy year for expendable launch vehicles
Authors: Bell Peter M.
Published: October 2011

There will be 18 space missions using expendable vehicles through the end of September 1981, according to Joseph B. Mahon, director of the Expendable Launch Vehicles Program for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. The busy schedule involves launching a variety of scientific, weather, communications, and Department of Defense satellites from launch sites located at the Eastern Space and Missile Center, Vandenberg Air Force Base, California; and the Italian‐operated San Marco launch platform in the Indian Ocean off the coast of Kenya. Seven of the 18 missions will be flown on Delta launch vehicles, seven on the Atlas Centaur, three will use the solid fuel Scout, and one, the Atlas‐F.
New editors of JGR Green
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Ralph J. Cicerone and A. D. Kirwan, Jr., began 4‐year terms as co‐editors of t he green‐covered section of the Journal of Geophysical Research (Oceans and Atmospheres) on January 1, 1980, succeeding G. T. Csanady. Cicerone, until recently a research chemist at t he Scripps Institution of Oceanography, has just been appointed director of the Atmospheric Chemistry and Aeronomy Division of t he National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) in Boulder, Colorado. Kirwan is an ocean physics research scientist with Science Applications, Inc., in Bryan, Texas.

The July 1980 issue of J GR Green inaugurated an 18‐month experiment in which issues on oceanography and boundary layer meteorology topics (which was the July issue) will alternate with issues on aeronomy and atmospheric chemistry. Papers on atmospheric chemistry, atmospheric optics, atmospheric electricity, and climatology should be sent to Cicerone, who is handling the aeronomy and atmospheric chemistry issues. His address is NCAR, P.O. Box 3000, Boulder, Colorado 80307. Papers on physical, optical, and chemical oceanography, boundary‐layer meteorology, and large‐scale air‐sea interactions should be sent to Kirwan, who is handling the oceanography and boundary layer meteorology issues. His address is Science Applications, Inc., Suite 101, 4348 Carter Creek Parkway, Bryan, Texas 77803. Either editor may receive papers on planetary surface properties, dynamical meteorology, cryospheric processes, and any other relevant topics.
New Earth sciences program
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

An interdisciplinary graduate program entitled Earth Sciences and Resources has been established at the University of California at Davis. Designed for students with undergraduate training in the physical sciences, engineering, or mathematics, the program will be administered by 45 faculty drawn from the departments of geology, chemistry, physics, geography, civil engineering, mechanical engineering, engineering applied science, environmental studies, and land, air, and water resources.

M.S. and Ph.D. degrees will be awarded in fields such as solid‐earth geophysics, geophysical fluid dynamics, climate dynamics, geological materials science, nonrenewable resources, and environmental geophysics. A core curriculum of earth sciences courses will permit students with strong interest but little previous background in earth sciences to enter the program. The core curriculum includes courses in physical geology, ocean and atmosphere dynamics, geophysics, and geochemistry.
Geophysical events
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Mount St. Helens Volcano, Cascade Range, southern Washington, U.S.A. (46.20°N, 122.18°W). All times are local (GMT − 7 h). After the devastating eruption of May 18, smaller but significant explosions occurred on May 25, June 12, July 22, and August 7. A series of similar explosions October 16–18 deposited ash as far away as north central Oregon and destroyed the lava dome extruded after the August 7 eruption.

Minor activity—early October. Activity from late August through early October was limited to slow outward movement of the northern crater rampart, minor seismicity, and weak vapor emission. A gradual increase in activity began October 7 with barely detectable harmonic tremor that started a few minutes after midnight and lasted less than an hour. During the day on the 7th, a few plumes, containing no appreciable ash, rose to about 3‐km altitude before drifting to the northeast. No harmonic tremor was recorded October 8, but shallow earthquakes of magnitudes 1.6 and 1.8 occurred at 1535 and 1537. Some October 8 plumes contained smaller amounts of ash. Several minor gas clouds, containing a little fine ash, were emitted October 10 between 0915 and 1100, accompanied by intermittent low‐level harmonic tremor. The initial column on the 10th reached 4.5–6‐km altitude and drifted to the north northeast. Two more gas plumes were emitted during the afternoon, again accompanied by minor seismicity. Gas emissions decreased in frequency and intensity October 11–13. Seismic records during poor weather on the 14th indicated that occasional minor gas emission continued. On October 15, some cracks that had not been present the preceding week were visible on the crater floor. Three small volcanic earthquakes were recorded, but no harmonic tremor was detected.
Hydrology Section Committees, 1980–1982
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Executive Committee. James R. Wallis (Chairman), R. L. Beard, S. J. Burges, V. T. Chow, Jared Cohon, Peter Eagleson, A. I. Johnson, M. A. Kohler, W. B. Langbein, N. C. Matalas, Helen J. Peters, R. M. Ragan, John C. Schaake, Waldo E. Smith, and Juan B. Valdes.

Committee on Water Resources and Environmental Management. Yacov Y. Haimes (chairman), Jonathan Bulkley, Jared Cohon, Norbert Dee, Bob Friedman, Jack Frost, Helen Ingram, and William Yeh.
Comet Halley Flyby Mission
Authors: Bell Peter M.
Published: October 2011

Any mission to Halley should be designed to maximize the science in terms of the objectives of the comet exploration program set down by the NASA Comet Science Working Group and the Space Science Board (Report of the Comet Science Working Group, NASA TM 80543,1979; Strategy for the Exploration of Primitive Solar System Bodies—Asteroids, Comets, and Meteoroids: 1980–1990, Committee on Planetary and Lunar Exploration, Space Science Board, Washington, DC, 1980). In order of priority, these objectives are: (1) to determine the chemical nature and physical structure of comet nuclei and to characterize the changes that occur as functions of time and orbital position;
STREX: Winter storm study in Gulf of Alaska
Authors: Bell Peter M.
Published: October 2011

U.S. and Canadian investigators are probing the initial stages of the large storms that dominate North American winter weather. In a study called STREX (Storm Transfer and Response Experiment), researchers aboard ships and aircraft are examining how energy and water vapor feed from ocean to atmosphere. This action fuels the large storms that rage across the Gulf of Alaska. The low‐pressure systems drift ashore in western Canada and the Pacific Northwest, break up over the Rockies, and then reform into major systems that control winter weather from Canada to Texas.
Are translations useful?
Authors: Molnar Peter
Published: October 2011

The Translations Board is charged with evaluating AGU's program of translating Soviet and Chinese geophysical literature. To effectively complete this assignment, we need the help of AGU members who are familiar with current work in the USSR.

The general questions that we are addressing are the following: 1. Are translations an important part of AGU's overall publications program? 2. Are AGU translations used? 3. Are AGU members missing important results because they are not using AGU translations? 4. Are AGU translations covering the most relevant material?
R & D funding in 1981
Authors: Bell Peter M.
Published: October 2011

Although it is widely accepted that federal budgets will be cut during the next year, it is apparent now that R & D support will remain strong for FY 1981. The National Science Foundation's overall budget has been increased by 8% for FY 1981. NASA R & D has gained 7% on its budget. The Department of Commerce R & D budget has been increased by 6%. The huge increases are among the military and defense agencies, some amounting to as much as 37% (Air Force), with an average DOD R & D increase of 19%. The table lists the increases by agency.
Thermosphere circulation modeled
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

When solar storms force the earth's auroras to lower latitudes, winds in the thermosphere reverse direction and are whipped up to velocities of 2250 km/h. A computer model has now been developed that will describe the circulation of the thermosphere—a 400‐km blanket enveloping the earth, with its bottom boundary at an altitude of 80 km—and its interaction with the auroras.

Raymond G. Roble, of the National Center for Atmospheric Research, explained at the AGU Fall Meeting that the thermospheric model might be useful to predict variations in storm time and atmospheric drag on some earth satellites. If the thermosphere's dynamics are better understood, he reasoned, more accurate predictions of a satellite's orbital decay can be made. The model may also help to predict the effects of communications equipment and magnetic forces on power grids.
New map data catalog
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Map byproducts, including aerial photographs, color separations, map data in computer form, and other materials used in or produced during mapmaking, are described in a new catalog published by the U.S. Geological Survey.

The 48‐page hardcover catalog is the first listing of the unpublished USGS civilian cartographic holdings. It covers such items as mapping photographs, computer‐enhanced LANDSAT pictures of Earth, cartographic data in computer form, microfilm and microfiche records, and a variety of features, including color separations, made in compiling and printing maps. The catalog also describes out‐of‐print maps available from USGS, along with land‐use and land‐cover maps, and other unusual items, such as slope maps and orthophotoquads. The catalog explains how to order advance copies of maps before they are published.
Circulation in the Coastal Ocean, Part 2
Authors: Csanady G. T.
Published: October 2011

Some flow phenomena observed in the coastal ocean are clearly unrelated to the wind. One of the most spectacular is the apparently spontaneous reversal of a well‐established coastal current set up previously by wind. Such reversals have been documented in detail in Lake Ontario, but they have also been noted in other locations. Current reversals, and other less drastic changes in the flow, are often found to propagate alongshore in one specific direction only, leaving the coast to the right. Thus in the Great Lakes, such ‘signals’ propagate cyclonically, or counterclockwise, around a basin, along the east coast of North America south westward, along the west coast northward. For brevity, this direction will be called ‘cyclonic’ in all applications.
Mt. St. Helens' eruption potential lower
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The potential for a large explosive eruption of Mount St. Helens fell below potential in December, according to measurements made in mid‐January by scientists at the U.S. Geological Survey and the University of Washington. Increased seismic activity beneath the volcano at the end of December had prompted the issuance of an advisory on December 27. In addition, the following day a new lava dome was first sited.

Prior to Christmas Day, two small earthquakes (less than 3 on the Richter scale) were recorded daily. Late Christmas Day, these events increased, reaching a maximum rate of four events per hour 2 days later.
Modern Geodetic Earth Reference Models
Authors: Chovitz Bernard H.
Published: October 2011

A geodetic earth reference model is defined as a self‐gravitating body of given mass and rotational rate whose surface is an equipotential ellipsoid of revolution of specified dimensions. Over the course of this century, the International Association of Geodesy has sanctioned three such models as recommended standards for both scientific and practical applications. The most recent model was approved in December 1979, replacing one chosen in 1967, which in turn supplanted another originally adopted four decades earlier.

One of the chief scientific aims of geodesy is the determination of the size and shape of the earth. Therefore, much of the energy expended by geodesists has focused on finding a model (defined by both geometrical and physical parameters) that can serve as a suitable reference surface for further geodetic and geophysical investigations. ‘Suitable’ is a flexible term. In the 19th century, it may have inferred accuracy to one part in 104 . Nowadays, it signifies better than one part in 106.
Southern California uplift—Is it or isn't it?*
Authors: Rundle John B. , McNutt Marcia
Published: October 2011

The Southern California session of the fall 1980 John Muir Geophysical Society meeting was an attempt to answer the question of whether the Southern California Uplift was real tectonic deformation or merely an artifact of systematic survey errors. The three principal speakers were D. D. Jackson (UCLA), W. E. Strange (National Geodetic Survey), and R. Stein (Lamont‐Doherty—formerly with the U.S. Geological Survey). Jackson and Strange were arguing the negative side, i.e., that the uplift did not exist, while Stein argued that the uplift was real.

In leveling, observations are made so as to determine the height of permanent benchmarks, typically a kilometer or so apart relative to each other. Attempts are made to locate the marks on competent rock, although it is sometimes the case that marks are in fact placed in unconsolidated alluvium or in other soft ground, leading to unwanted instability. Additionally, real displacements are sometimes seen in alluvia that derive from nontectonic causes, such as water withdrawal.
OSTP gets acting director
Authors: Richman Barbara T.
Published: October 2011

Amid rumors that the Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) will be abolished, President Reagan appointed Benjamin Huberman as acting director, effective March 5.

Although the size and shape of the science policy office and the influence it will have under the Reagan administration are undetermined, rumors that the office will be abolished should be discounted, an OSTP official said. The search for a full‐time, permanent director is underway, according to a White House official. He added that the new administration seems to be looking for someone from industry.
Geophysicists
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

John S. Dickey, Jr., has been appointed chairman of the geology department and Jessie Page Heroy Professor of Geology at Syracuse University. He will leave his post as director of the petrology/geochemistry program in the Division of Earth Sciences at the National Science Foundation to begin his duties at the university on July 1.
The enigma of lunar magnetism
Authors: Hood Lonnie L.
Published: October 2011

The results of the Apollo program have given us an intriguing but very inadequate glimpse of the pervasive magnetization that characterizes the lunar crust. Returned sample studies, surface magnetic field investigations, and analyses of orbital measurements have provided useful constraints on the nature of the magnetization, but in retrospect, more questions have been raised than have been answered.

Perhaps the single most important of these questions concerns the origin of the magnetizing field. A simple possibility suggested from the outset is that the moon once possessed an intrinsic global magnetic field which originated in a small, formerly molten iron core. The existence of such a field, if verified, would have extreme implications for our understanding of lunar, and hence planetary, thermal evolution. However, clear evidence for more than a superficially magnetized crust has not emerged from the data analysis. Thermoremanent magnetization itself has been difficult to identify unambiguously in samples of the lunar regolith, partly because of their complicated impact histories. Surface and orbital measurements show magnetic anomaly signatures apparently associated with surficial material, such as basin ejecta, and not with deep‐seated structures as expected from slow cooling in the presence of a steady magnetic field. Alternative suggestions for the origin of the magnetizing field have primarily involved local generation mechanisms. Of these, those that employ impact processes to briefly but strongly amplify the weak interplanetary magnetic field seem most reasonable in view of (1) the obvious bombardment history of the moon and (2) the association of some mapped anomalies with basin ejecta. In particular, impacts of cometary bodies, which normally possess large partially ionized atmospheres capable of strongly compressing a weak ambient magnetic field, have been mentioned most in this context.
Geophysicists
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The following AGU members are recently deceased: Joseph M. Caldwell, 69, on December 21, 1980. Joined in 1942.

William M. Chappie, 46, on February 18, 1981. Joined in 1964.
Atmospheric oscillations after the May 18, 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens
Authors: Bolt Bruce A. , Tanimoto Toshiro
Published: October 2011

Air waves corresponding both to direct (A1) and antipodean (A2) travel paths were clearly recorded on a sensitive microbarograph at Berkeley after the violent eruption of Mount St. Helens on May 18, 1980 (see Figure 1). These unusual complementary recordings throw light on the acoustic energy released as compared with Krakatoa [Strachey, 1888], atmospheric oscillations and their attenuation, and the directive properties of the phreatic blast. The principal explosive eruptions followed closely on an earthquake, Richter magnitude 4.9, origin time 1532 GMT, centered near the volcano. Atmospheric waves and associated magnetic perturbations [Fougere and Tsacoyeanes, 1980] from these eruptions were recorded by microbarographs, seismographs, and magnetometers around the world. In particular, Ritsema [1980] has published records of the A1 atmospheric wave train and the A2 wave (called B1 by him) recorded at De Bilt, Holland. The A2 waves at De Bilt, however, are barely visible on the paper record.
Crustal Deformation Observatory
Authors: Wyatt Frank
Published: October 2011

Under the joint direction of the University of California at Los Angeles and San Diego, the Crustal Deformation Observatory project at Pinyon Flat, California, has completed its first year. The overall aim of this project, sponsored by the U.S. Geological Survey, is to evaluate and improve instrumentation for measuring long‐period (days to years) crustal deformation in a technically active area. This research is being conducted at Piñon Flat Observatory by operating an array of differing instruments, each capable of resolving the signals generated by stresses associated with the San Jacinto and San Andreas fault zones. At this time there are 11 institutions involved, some on an informal basis, utilizing techniques ranging from NASA's project ARIES to Carnegie Institute's deep borehole strainmeters. Particular emphasis has been placed on establishing the coherence between different methods of long‐baselength (500 m) tilt measurements.
USNC/IUGG
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The United States National Committee for the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics has a close relationship with the AGU. They were born together in 1919 when the AGU was founded as a vehicle for U.S. participation in the IUGG. They separated in 1972 when the AGU became an individual corporate entity; the U.S. National Committee appropriately remained a part of the National Academy of Sciences.

The USNC/IUGG actively represents U.S. interests in the Union and assures U.S. participation in Union activities. It formulates and advances U.S. positions on a variety of administrative matters that require attention if the Union is to serve geophysics well. The dispute over how China was to be represented in the Union and whether Taiwan could be separately represented is a recent example of a question on which the committee took strong action. The committee also considers areas such as financing, voting, and distribution of publications. All member countries have one vote in the Union, except on financial matters, for which voting strength is roughly a log function of the dues one pays. On financial questions the U.S. has 10 votes, and the next highest countries have eight. At $24,000 per year the U.S. pays 50% more dues than the next highest countries, $16,000 for Great Britain, West Germany, and France; Russia and Japan pay $12,000 each and have seven votes.
The commission for the geological map of the world and its future projects
Authors: Delany F.
Published: October 2011

From a small group of European geologists that was officially constituted during the 1881 International Geological Congress in Bologna to propose a standard legend and draft a Geological Map of Europe, the Commission for the Geological Map of the World (CGMW) has evolved into a worldwide network of cooperating geological surveys. It has contributed to progress in the earth sciences by preparing and printing maps, recognizing that these maps provide the geometric constraints for data syntheses and can, through imaginative and novel legends, demonstrate the relationship between heterogeneous parameters.

The original Bologna group was enlarged to comprise representatives of all the geological surveys of Europe, thus forming the Commission for the Geological Map of Europe, which still retains a certain autonomy within the framework of CGMW. In 1910, at the eleventh session of the International Geological Congress, when the first edition of the Geological Map of Europe was nearly ready for printing, a 1:1,000,000 geological map of the world was proposed. In view of the size of such a task, and the lack of a base map, it was decided that a world map be drafted to a ‘suitable scale’ according to the legend used for the Geological Map of Europe. Representatives of all countries were invited to collaborate, and thus the Commission for the Geological Map of the World came into being.
An open letter to the members:
Authors: Smith Waldo E.
Published: October 2011

Back in the 30s and 40s when we old timers were interested in geophysics, it was especially for our particular field (geodesy, seismology, geomagnetism, meteorology, oceanography, etc.), which the NAS‐NRC had grouped together for the U.S. participation in the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics. Through the meetings and publications of the AGU and through the work of the more forward‐looking members, the interrelationships of these individual disciplines began to develop. Geophysics took on a broader meaning. In the early 1950s when plans were initiated for the Third International Polar Year, the title became the International Geophysical Year. The efforts were to involve intensive studies of the environment of the earth in space, of the ocean floor, and, especially, in the Antarctic. The term ‘geophysics’ came into broad common usage. The modern‐day profession of geophysicist had been born, and a member became proud to be called a geophysicist.
Meteorological records set in winter of '80
Authors: Bell Peter M.
Published: October 2011

The winter of 1980–1981 produced monthly and seasonal records and near records for the country and nearly half the states.

Nationwide, NOAA said January 1981 was the driest since 1895 and the fourth driest month during the 87 years national averages have been kept. A 48‐state total average precipitation for the month was 0.92 inches, compared with the 87‐year average of 2.21.
Reclaiming a name
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The Bureau of Reclamation, which became the Water and Power Resources Service in November 1979, will regain its original name, Department of Interior Secretary James Watt announced recently.

‘The name Bureau of Reclamation is one of historical significance as well as a symbol of excellence,’ Watt said. ‘Changing the name to Water and Power Resources Service was a mistake. The public we serve did not like it, nor did the employees who loyally worked for it. The name proved to be awkward, difficult to use in speech and writing, and lacked a logical and convincing short form as a ready reference.’
The sixth presentation of the Maurice Ewing Medal by the American Geophysical Union and the United States Navy to Manik Talwani for leadership in marine geophysics
Authors: Uyeda Seiya , Talwani Manik
Published: October 2011

Manik Talwani's impact on the geosciences clearly places him among those who deserve to be honored as a Ewing medalist. He has contributed major advances to our understanding of Earth's fundamental characteristics and has provided direction that will help guide geological/geophysical research long into the future.

Born in Patiala, India, in 1933, Manik earned bachelor's and master's degrees at Delhi University. In the mid‐1950s he moved to the United States and enrolled in Columbia University for his Ph.D. studies. It was the beginning of a long association between Manik and Columbia. When he earned his Ph.D. in 1959, it was already apparent that he was destined to make a significant impact on the geosciences. He has been the recipient of several important awards for his contributions and leadership. These include the first Krishnan Medal in 1965, from his home country, and the Macelwane Award from the American Geophysical Union, in 1967, for his pioneering achievements in the application of marine gravimetry to studies of Earth's crust and upper mantle. Since 1970, Manik has been a professor of geology at Columbia, and for 8 years he served as director of Lamont‐Doherty Geological Observatory. This evening, for his continued contributions and leadership, Manik is being awarded the Maurice Ewing Medal. He is truly qualified for this distinction, based on his many important original contributions to marine geophysics, ocean technology and instrumentation, and also for his outstanding service to marine science.
Hydrologic effects of Mount St. Helens' 1980 eruptions
Authors: Meier M. F. , Carpenter P. J. , Janda R. J.
Published: October 2011

The May 18, 1980, eruption of Mount St. Helens caused an immediate destruction of life and property and profoundly changed the local environment. Hydrologic effects of the event persist to this day and may have additional drastic impacts on property and, perhaps, life in the years ahead. The most serious and potentially persistent hydrologic problem is the sedimentation in the Toutle and Cowlitz river systems initiated by volcanically generated mudflows and aggravated by massive erosion in the devastated area. This sedimentation has drastically reduced the carrying capacity of these streams. Flood flows this winter and spring, whether caused by rainfall, snowmelt, outbreaks from debris‐dammed lakes, or by volcanically induced snowmelt, may not be contained within river channels. Ash deposits and developing drainage systems provide a continuing source of sediment flow. Destruction of forests and burial of the forest litter under ash has changed the infiltration characteristics of drainage basins near the mountain.
AGU selects Science Fellow
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

George H. Shaw, an associate professor in the geology and geophysics department at the University of Minnesota, is the 1981–1982 AGU Congressional Science Fellow. The fifth person to be selected for the program, he recently began his 1‐year term on Capitol Hill.

Rock and mineral physics (including physical properties of minerals under high pressure, phase relations, and polymorphism) are Shaw's main research interests. His most recent research includes studies on the elastic properties of polymorphic materials under high pressure and moderate temperature, elastic behavior in solid‐solid equilibrium systems, extrapolation of elastic properties of mixtures at high pressure, the equation of state of alkali metal liquids, and calculations on the energy of planetary core formations. He is also interested in the hydrology of karst terrains and the impact of human activity on groundwater quality in such areas.
Oceanic eddy variability measured by GEOS 3 altimeter crossover differences
Authors: Cheney Robert E. , Marsh James G.
Published: October 2011

The last decade in oceanography has seen rapid advances in both in situ and remote instrumentation which have provided new insight into the physics of the sea. Satelliteborne instruments have been especially valuable in revealing complexities of the surface layer through infrared and multispectral imagery, precise global tracking of surface drifter fields, altimetric measurements of sea surface height, and radar observations of wind and wave patterns. This flood of information has opened new avenues of research and, in so doing, has significantly altered some of our conceptions of the general oceanic circulation.

With improved observational techniques has come an appreciation of the highly variable nature of oceanic phenomena. This variability occurs on a wide range of scales, from microstructure to basinwide events, but particular attention has been directed toward the mesoscale. Current meanders, ring vortices, and midocean eddies comprise the ocean mesoscale variability, collectively known as the eddy field. The existence of oceanic eddies is not surprising, considering their well‐documented counterparts, the storms and weather patterns of the atmosphere. Yet their role in the maintenance of the general circulation is far from clear, and numerous expeditions have been dedicated to their exploration. Because these eddying motions often contain energy significantly greater than the mean flow itself, determination of eddy intensity and distribution is a necessary key to understanding global ocean dynamics.
Deep space antennas
Authors: Bell Peter M.
Published: October 2011

Three 26‐m tracking antennas operated by the NASA Deep Space Network at Goldstone, Calif.; Madrid, Spain; and near Canberra, Australia, will cease operations on Dec. 1, 1981. The stations will continue to operate 64‐m and 34‐m deep space tracking antennas. Ending operation of the 26‐m antennas will cause a reduction of about 30%; of the Deep Space Network tracking and data acquisition capability. This means less support for NASA planetary spacecraft. Currently, the Deep Space Network is supporting Voyagers 1 and 2, Helios 1, the Mars Viking 1 Lander and Pioneers 6 through 12.
The challenge of climate to man
Authors: Hecht Alan D.
Published: October 2011

Around 900 A.D. a group of small villages was established in northwest Iowa by Indians of what we now call the Mill Creek culture. Around 1400 A.D., after many prosperous years, the villages were abandoned. In the summer of 1963, archeological and geological excavations of several sites of the Mill Creek culture began. While three major sites were excavated, one known as Phipps site provided the clearest historical record of civilization in the area. To reconstruct both the habits of the Mill Creek people and the environment in which they lived, scientists have studied a wide assortment of remains preserved in the strata of northwestern Iowa. Unnoticed without the aid of a microscope are the remains of pollen grains blown into the area from surrounding trees. The pollen preserved in the strata can be read as an historic log of changes in the vegetation and climate surrounding the Mill Creek area. The village was occupied about 900 A.D. on the flood plain of Mill Creek. The pollen evidence shows that during the 10th and 11th centuries, the Indians lived in a region with tall‐grass prairie on the uplands and woods on the valley terraces and valley floors. This vegetation is not very different from today's if one substitutes ‘cornfield’ for ‘prairie.’ From evidence given by fossil bones found in the strata, it seems that deer and elk were abundant and were hunted by these Indians. The Indian meat diet appears to have been dominated by these animals, supplemented only occasionally by bison. Maize was the main agricultural product.
Committee on comparative planetology
Authors: Grieve Richard A. F.
Published: October 2011

The International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS) has formed an Advisory Committee on Comparative Planetology. The committee advises the IUGS on research initiatives in planetary studies and provides IUGS representation to other scientific organizations with interests in planetary geoscience. Major goals are to stimulate research in comparative planetology and promote communication of these research results to the general geoscience community. Particular emphasis is being placed on the application of planetary studies to problems in terrestrial geology.
Crustal Research Drilling Project
Authors: Hall James M.
Published: October 2011

The drilling component of the Cyprus Crustal Study Project will begin with site preparation in February 1982. Rig assembly will be completed by the end of February, and drilling will start during the first week of March 1982. The first drill hole (CY‐1) will penetrate a 2‐km vertical section of pillow lavas extending from the base of the overlying Cretaceous sediments to the upper part of the sheeted dike complex. This hole will be located at the mouth of the Akaki River Canyon, about 1.5 km northwest of the village of Malounda. Drilling of this hole will be completed about June 1, 1982.
1983 Federal Funding
Authors: Richman Barbara T.
Published: October 2011

Presidential science advisor George A. Keyworth, II, promised scientists that the general health of basic scientific research would not be imperiled in President Reagan's fiscal 1983 budget proposal, due out next week.

‘I assure you that although the Administration is aggressively seeking solutions to our nation's economic and industrial malaise we intend in no way to compromise our future health by jeopardizing the basic research that serves as the foundation for our science and technology,’ he said in the January 3 keynote address to the annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.