bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Photoluminescence Detection of Biomolecules by Antibody‐Functionalized Diatom Biosilica
Authors: Gale Debra K. , Gutu Timothy , Jiao Jun , Chang Chih‐Hung , Rorrer Gregory L.
Published: February 2009

Diatoms are single‐celled algae that make microscale silica shells called “frustules”, which possess intricate nanoscale features imbedded within periodic two‐dimensional pore arrays. In this study, antibody‐functionalized diatom biosilica frustules serve as a microscale biosensor platform for selective and label‐free photoluminescence (PL)‐based detection of immunocomplex formation. The model antibody rabbit immunoglobulin G (IgG) is covalently attached to the frustule biosilica of the disk‐shaped, 10‐µm diatom Cyclotella sp. by silanol amination and crosslinking steps to a surface site density of 3948 ± 499 IgG molecules µm−2. Functionalization of the diatom biosilica with the nucleophilic IgG antibody amplifies the intrinsic blue PL of diatom biosilica by a factor of six. Furthermore, immunocomplex formation with the complimentary antigen anti‐rabbit IgG further increases the peak PL intensity by at least a factor of three, whereas a non‐complimentary antigen (goat anti‐human IgG) does not. The nucleophilic immunocomplex increases the PL intensity by donating electrons to non‐radiative defect sites on the photoluminescent diatom biosilica, thereby decreasing non‐radiative electron decay and increasing radiative emission. This unique enhancement in PL emission is correlated to the antigen (goat anti‐rabbit IgG) concentration, where immunocomplex binding follows a Langmuir isotherm with binding constant of 2.8 ± 0.7 × 10−7 M.
Highly Regioselective and Rapid Hydroformylation of Alkyl Acrylates Catalyzed by a Rhodium Complex with a Tetraphosphorus Ligand
Authors: Yu Shichao , Chie Yu‐ming , Zhang Xumu
Published: February 2009

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Alkyl acrylates have been hydroformylated to the linear aldehydes with high regioselectivity (linear/branch>99/1) and extraordinarily high average turnover frequencies (up to 5400 h−1) by using a rhodium complex with a tetraphosphorus ligand. This protocol is in sharp contrast to the most of other processes that favor production of the branched aldehyde (typically>95% branched for most Rh‐catalyzed reaction systems). The high turnover number achieved by this new catalytic system is also remarkable considering the less reactive character of alkyl acrylates to the hydroformylation reaction conditions.
‘Click’ Dendritic Phosphines: Design, Synthesis, Application in Suzuki Coupling, and Recycling by Nanofiltration
Authors: Janssen Michèle , Müller Christian , Vogt Dieter
Published: February 2009

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A new synthetic route towards stable molecular‐weight enlarged monodentate phosphine ligands via ‘click’ chemistry was developed. These ligands were applied in the Pd‐catalyzed Suzuki–Miyaura coupling of aryl halides and phenyl boronic acid. The supported systems show very similar activities compared to the unsupported analogues. Moreover, recycling experiments by means of nanofiltration using ceramic nanofiltration membranes demonstrate that these systems can be recovered and reused efficiently.
Prevalence of ROPS‐equipped tractors on minority operated farms in the US
Authors: Myers John R.
Published: February 2009

Background

Tractor overturns kill an average of 100 farmers and farm workers per year. Roll‐over protective structures (ROPS) are a proven intervention, but are not on a sufficient number of tractors in the US to reduce these deaths. Little has been reported on ROPS use by racial minority farm operators.

Methods

Data from the NIOSH OISPA survey were used to assess ROPS prevalence rates from a random sample of racial minority farm operators for the year 2003, and ROPS prevalence rates from a random sample of all US farms for the year 2004.

Results

ROPS prevalence rates on minority farming operations follow similar patterns to ROPS prevalence rates on all US farms. A low prevalence of ROPS on farms was associated with operators over the age of 65 years, farms with small acreages, and farms operated on a part‐time basis. The race of the operator had little impact on ROPS prevalence rates.

Conclusions

Factors such as acreage, farm operator age, region of the US, and full‐ or part‐time farming status influence ROPS prevalence rates on farms more than the race of the operator. Understanding how ROPS prevalence differs across these farm and farm operator characteristics has the potential to efficiently target areas for ROPS promotion programs across the US. Am. J. Ind. Med. 52:408–418, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Stolt‐Nielsen's comfort for the ‘average arbitrator’: An analysis of the post‐Hall Street ‘manifest disregard’ award review standard
Authors: Walsh Christopher
Published: February 2009

Christopher Walsh, of Newark, N.J., looks at the current state of the longstanding use of manifest disregard as an addition to Federal Arbitration Act standards for challenging awards. He focuses on the recent Second Circuit case of Stolt‐Nielsen v. Animalfeeds.
The Role of Free N‐Heterocyclic Carbene (NHC) in the Catalytic Dehydrogenation of Ammonia–Borane in the Nickel NHC System
Authors: Zimmerman Paul M. , Paul Ankan , Zhang Zhiyong , Musgrave Charles B.
Published: February 2009

Enders' N‐heterocyclisches Carben (NHC) dehydriert den Ammoniak‐Boran‐Komplex mit einer vergleichsweise niedrigen Aktivierungsbarriere zu NH2BH2 und NHC‐(H)2. Ein Nickel‐NHC‐Katalysator im Reaktionsmedium zersetzt das gebildete NHC‐(H)2 in H2 und freies NHC, das wiederum Ammoniak‐Boran‐Komplex dehydrieren kann.

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Hexa‐ and Octagold Chains from Flexible Tetragold Molecular Units Supported by Linear Tetraphosphine Ligands
Authors: Takemura Yukie , Takenaka Hiroe , Nakajima Takayuki , Tanase Tomoaki
Published: February 2009

Flexibler Baustein: Flexible kettenförmige Tetragold(I)‐Komplexe wurden mithilfe eines neuen Tetraphosphanliganden mit Methylenbrücken hergestellt und durch Umsetzung mit KI oder NaAuCl4 in den längeren linearen Octagold(I)‐Komplex {Au8} bzw. die cyclische Hexagold(I)‐Struktur {Au6} überführt (siehe Bild; Au magenta, Cl dunkelgrün, PF6 hellgrün, I rosa). Die Tetragoldkomplexe lumineszieren überdies bei Raumtemperatur.

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Intermolecular Double Prins‐Type Cyclization: A Facile and Efficient Synthesis of 1,6‐Dioxecanes
Authors: Ullapu Punna Reddy , Min Sun‐Joon , Chavre Satish N. , Choo Hyunah , Lee Jae Kyun , Pae Ae Nim , Kim Youseung , Chang Moon Ho , Cho Yong Seo
Published: February 2009

Double or nothing: The title reaction converts a range of aromatic aldehydes and allenylmethyl/allyl silanes into 1,6‐dioxecane derivatives in good to excellent yields (see scheme; Ar=aryl, Tf=triflate, THF=tetrahydrofuran, TMS=trimethylsilyl). In addition, the bisdiene product has been transformed into the corresponding tricyclic compound through a Diels–Alder reaction.

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A Stable Homodinuclear Biscobalt(III)–Schiff Base Complex for Catalytic Asymmetric 1,4‐Addition Reactions of β‐Keto Esters to Alkynones
Authors: Chen Zhihua , Furutachi Makoto , Kato Yuko , Matsunaga Shigeki , Shibasaki Masakatsu
Published: February 2009

Two metal cooperation: A homodinuclear Co2–Schiff base complex Co2(OAc)2–1 promoted the asymmetric 1,4‐addition of β‐keto esters to alkynones under solvent‐free conditions in air (see scheme). The reactions proceeded without air or moisture sensitivity in high yields and with high enantioselectivities (99–91 % ee) at room temperature under highly concentrated conditions (neat–20 M) with 0.1–2.5 mol % catalyst loading.

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Hexa‐ and Octagold Chains from Flexible Tetragold Molecular Units Supported by Linear Tetraphosphine Ligands
Authors: Takemura Yukie , Takenaka Hiroe , Nakajima Takayuki , Tanase Tomoaki
Published: February 2009

A flexible building block: Flexible tetragold(I) chain complexes supported by a new single methylene‐bridged tetraphosphine ligand were synthesized and further transformed into discrete linear octagold(I) {Au8} and cyclic hexagold(I) {Au6} structures by reaction with KI and NaAuCl4, respectively (see picture, Au purple, Cl dark green, PF6 light green, I pink). The tetragold complexes are also luminescent at room temperature.

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Degradation behavior of hydrogels from poly(vinyl alcohol)‐graft‐[poly(rac‐lactide)/poly(rac‐lactide‐co‐glycolide)]: Influence of the structure and composition on the material's stability
Authors: Vidović Elvira , Klee Doris , Höcker Hartwig
Published: February 2009

The swellability and mass loss of poly(vinyl alcohol)‐graft‐[poly(rac‐lactide)/poly(rac‐lactide‐co‐glycolide)] hydrogels upon hydrolysis are strongly affected by the composition of the hydrogels. Hydrophobic hydrogels remain at a relatively constant mass for a couple of weeks, and the mass decreases dramatically thereafter, whereas more hydrophilic hydrogels lose mass right from the beginning. All hydrogels display water uptake values between 90 and 280% within 8 weeks. For longer periods of degradation, the water uptake increases up to a maximum of about 900%. Studies of the thermal properties of samples upon degradation and their IR measurements have shown that the degradation rate is related to the physical and chemical structure of the hydrogels and hence to the hydrophobic/hydrophilic balance; that is, the degradation increases with the increasing hydrophilicity of the material. As a result, degradation can be engineered through the variation of the composition and structure of the material. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
PET/EVA/PP ternary blends: An investigation of extended morphological properties
Authors: Abolhasani Mohamad Mahdi , Azar Ahmad Aref , Shokoohi Shirin
Published: February 2009

In this study, the effects of different parameters on the morphological properties of ternary blends were investigated. Therefore two systems (PET/H‐EVA/PP and PET/L‐EVA/PP, H‐EVA and L‐EVA are high and low viscosity, respectively) were prepared by melt mixing process. In all of the blends, poly (ethylene terephthalate) (PET) as the major phase‐ with poly propylene (PP) and two grades of poly (ethyl‐stat‐vinylacetate) (EVA) with different viscosities and subsequently different interfacial interactions was blended. Theoretical models predicted positive spreading coefficient for two grades of EVA and lower free energy for the samples consisting of EVA and PP as the shell and the core phases respectively. With changing core shell ratio, droplet size of samples containing L‐EVA and H‐EVA increased and decreased, respectively. Subinclusion of shell into the core was observed in some blended samples. In systems containing H‐EVA, by thickening the shell phase; multi core morphology was observed which would be related to the coalescence phenomenon inter the droplets. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Effect of antistatic additives on mechanical and electrical properties of polyethylene foams
Authors: Costa J. C. , Oliveira M. , Machado A. V. , Lanceros‐Méndez S. , Botelho G.
Published: February 2009

Polyethylene foams with different antistatic additives (Atmer 7325, Atmer 7105, and Atmer 190) were prepared by extrusion and stored during 6 months of time span in a real life environment. The antistatic performance was evaluated by measuring the surface resistivity and throughout decay‐time experiments. Mechanical properties and migration tests were also performed. It was found that the migration of antistatic agents is in general low enough, which allows to maintain the antistatic performance for periods of time larger than 6 months. The tests revealed that the desired low surface resistance and required low static decay time could be achieved with all the antistatic agents under test. Moreover, the additives with amina (Atmer 7105 and 7325) as an active agent showed slightly better antistatic performance than the one with the ionic agent (Atmer 190). The addition of an antistatic agent does not significantly affect the mechanical behavior of the foam indicating a desired feature concerning industrial applications. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Facile polymer coating of papers with polymer latices containing a hydrolysable emulsifier
Authors: Itoh Y. , Akasaka Ryo , Sahara F.
Published: February 2009

Adsorption of polystyrene latices containing an alkali‐hydrolysable cationic emulsifier on filter papers pretreated with sodium carbonate was examined. Hydrolysis of the emulsifiers synchronized with adsorption of the latices on the paper could fix, or coat, polystyrene on the paper surface rapidly and efficiently at room temperature, and little amounts of polymers were desorbed by rinsing. In contrast, a smaller amount of the latices were adsorbed on the surface of the nonpretreated paper and most of them were desorbed from the surface by rinsing. The polymer‐coated paper surface gained both water resistance and “quick drying.” © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Micromechanical processes and failure phenomena in reactively compatibilized blends of polyamide 6 and styrenic polymers. I. Polyamide 6/acrylonitrile– butadiene–styrene copolymer blends
Authors: Handge U. A. , Sailer C. , Steininger H. , Weber M. , Scholtyssek S. , Seydewitz V. , Michler G. H.
Published: February 2009

In this work, in situ investigations of the micromechanical properties of reactively compatibilized blends of polyamide 6 (PA6) and an acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene copolymer (ABS) were performed with transmission electron microscopy. Three PA6/ABS blends were prepared with a disperse morphology (inclusions of PA6 or ABS) and with a cocontinuous structure. The objective of this work was to study the deformation of the inclusions and the interface between the PA6 phase and the ABS phase. Our transmission electron microscopy investigations revealed that the morphology of the blends was strongly influenced by the asymmetric nature of the interface between PA6 and ABS. In the blends with a PA6 matrix, the interface between PA6 and the ABS inclusions was deformed in tensile deformation under uniaxial loading. A strong influence of the PA6 water content on the (micro)mechanical behavior was observed. Although the “dry” blends behaved in a brittle fashion, the “wet” blends behaved in a ductile fashion with the formation of deformation bands in the matrix (PA6 or ABS), which were initiated by stress concentration at the particles (ABS or PA6, respectively). © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Hydroxyalkylation of barbituric acid. III. Product analysis and reaction pathway
Authors: Ślączka Anna , Lubczak Jacek
Published: February 2009

Polyetherols containing a thermally stable pyrimidine ring were obtained upon the reaction of hydroxymethyl derivatives of barbituric acid with an excess of ethylene or propylene oxide. The reaction was monitored by 1H‐NMR and IR spectroscopy for the systems with variable starting molar ratios of reagents. We found that formaldehyde rearranged from N‐hydroxymethyl and oxymethylene bridges into the end of the polyetherol chain during the reaction. Simultaneously, the O‐hydroxymethyl groups underwent blocking by oxirane. The structures of the polyetherols was deduced on the basis of the course of the reaction and the analytical data. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Preheating of a poly(ethylene terephthalate) preform for stretch blow molding using microwaves
Authors: Erbulut D. U. , H. Masood S. , Senko H. , Davies K.
Published: February 2009

In this work, a new microwave resonant cavity was developed to completely preheat a poly(ethylene terephthalate) preform efficiently for a stretch blow molding process. Microwave power simulation software was used to design the microwave resonant cavity. An investigation of the inside and outside surface temperature profile along the preform and free inflation experimentation indicated that a cylindrical resonant cavity could efficiently preheat a poly(ethylene terephthalate) preform with the advantages of reduced time and increased energy savings versus a conventional infrared heating system. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Thermal, dielectric, and mechanical properties of SiC particles filled linear low‐density polyethylene composites
Authors: Zhou Wenying , Yu Demei , Min Chao , Fu Yinping , Guo Xiusheng
Published: February 2009

A thermally conductive linear low‐density polyethylene (LLDPE) composite with silicon carbide (SiC) as filler was prepared in a heat press molding. The SiC particles distributions were found to be rather uniform in matrix at both low and high filler content due to a powder mixing process employed. Differential scanning calorimeter results indicated that the SiC filler decreases the degree of crystallinity of LLDPE, and has no obvious influence on the melting temperature of LLDPE. Experimental results demonstrated that the LLDPE composites displays a high thermal conductivity of 1.48 Wm−1 K−1 and improved thermal stability at 55 wt % SiC content as compared to pure LLDPE. The surface treatment of SiC particles has a beneficial effect on improving the thermal conductivity. The dielectric constant and loss increased with SiC content, however, they still remained at relatively low levels (<102 Hz); whereas, the composites showed poorer mechanical properties as compared to pure LLDPE. In addition, combined use of small amount of alumina short fiber and SiC gave rise to improved overall properties of LLDPE composites. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Synthesis and characterization of some polyacrylate/montmorillonite nanocomposites by in situ emulsion polymerization using redox initiation system
Authors: Effenberger F. , Schweizer M. , Mohamed W. S.
Published: February 2009

Intercalated modification of Montmorillonite clay (MMT) with three different amino acids—Alanine, Leucine, and Phenylalanine—in the presence of hydrochloric acid followed by surface modification by methyl triethoxy silane coupling agent to produce double modified Montmorillonite clay which is characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The data shows an increase in d‐spacing of modified clay as a result of cationic exchange. Double modified MMT clay was used in the preparation of Polyacrylate/clay nanocomposites by using an in situ redox emulsion polymerization of polyglycidylmethacrylate (PGMA) and polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA). The structure and properties of the prepared nanocomposites were achieved by XRD, TGA, and SEM. The results show that all weight loses temperatures for the nanocomposite samples are higher than that of pure polymer in both PGMA and PMMA. It is also obvious that the increasing in the clay content plays an effective role in the increasing of thermal stability of these materials. SEM shows that the clay is more homogenously dispersed in PMMA than in PGMA matrix. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
The effect of polymer surface modification via interfacial polymerization on polymer–protein interaction
Authors: Liu Sean X. , Kim Jun‐Tae , Kim Sanghoon , Singh Mukti
Published: February 2009

Membrane separation is an important processing technology used for separating food ingredients and fractionating value‐added components from food processing byproducts. Long‐term performance of polymeric membranes in food protein processing is impeded by the formation of fouled layers on the membrane surface as a result of protein adsorption onto the membrane surface. Surface modification of synthetic membranes, i.e., changing surface characteristics to reduce protein adsorption permanently, is one of the innovative ways of reducing the fouling of membrane surfaces. In this study, surface modification of flat‐sheet ultrafiltration membrane, polyethersulfone (PES), was investigated in improving the hydrophilicity of PES surfaces, thereby reducing adsorption of the protein caused by hydrophobic–hydrophobic interaction between the protein and the membrane. Hydrophilic polymer grafting through thin‐film composite using interfacial polymerization was employed to improve the hydrophilicity of the commercial PES membranes. Poly(vinyl alcohol), poly(ethylene glycol), and chitosan were chosen as hydrophilic polymers to graft on PES membrane because of their excellent hydrophilic property. Modified PES membranes were characterized by contact angle, FTIR, XPS, and AFM. Contact angles of modified PES membranes were reduced by 25 to 40% of that of the virgin PES membrane. XPS spectrum supported that the PES membranes were successfully modified by interfacial polymerization. Tapping‐mode AFM was used to examine the changes in surface topography of modified PES membranes. The PES membranes modified by interfacial polymerization showed lower roughness (from 1.2 to 2.0 nm) than that of virgin PES membrane (2.1 nm). The results of these instrumental analyses indicated that the PES membranes were successfully enhanced hydrophilically through interfacial polymerization. The protein adsorption on the modified membranes was reduced by 30 to 35% as a result of surface modification of the PES membranes using interfacial polymerization technique. Published 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Regulation of targeted gene repair by intrinsic cellular processes
Authors: Engstrom Julia U. , Suzuki Takayuki , Kmiec Eric B.
Published: February 2009

Targeted gene alteration (TGA) is a strategy for correcting single base mutations in the DNA of human cells that cause inherited disorders. TGA aims to reverse a phenotype by repairing the mutant base within the chromosome itself, avoiding the introduction of exogenous genes. The process of how to accurately repair a genetic mutation is elucidated through the use of single‐stranded DNA oligonucleotides (ODNs) that can enter the cell and migrate to the nucleus. These specifically designed ODNs hybridize to the target sequence and act as a beacon for nucleotide exchange. The key to this reaction is the frequency with which the base is corrected; this will determine whether the approach becomes clinically relevant or not. Over the course of the last five years, workers have been uncovering the role played by the cells in regulating the gene repair process. In this essay, we discuss how the impact of the cell on TGA has evolved through the years and illustrate ways that inherent cellular pathways could be used to enhance TGA activity. We also describe the cost to cell metabolism and survival when certain processes are altered to achieve a higher frequency of repair.
Commitment to meiosis: what determines the mode of division in budding yeast?
Authors: Simchen Giora
Published: February 2009

In budding yeast, commitment to meiosis is attained when meiotic cells cannot return to the mitotic cell cycle even if the triggering cue (nutrients deprivation) is withdrawn. Commitment is arrived at gradually, and different aspects of meiosis may be committed at different times. Cells become fully committed to meiosis at the end of Prophase I, long after DNA replication and just before the first meiotic division (MI). Whole‐genome gene expression analysis has shown that committed cells have a distinct and rapid response to nutrients, and are not simply insulated from environmental signals. Thus becoming committed to meiosis is an active process. The cellular event most likely to be associated with commitment to meiosis is the separation of the duplicated spindle‐pole bodies (SPBs) and the formation of the spindle. Commitment to the mitotic cell cycle is also associated with the separation of SPBs, although it occurs in G1, before DNA replication.
Dehalogenation of gaseous 1‐chlorobutane by dehydrated whole cells: Influence of the microenvironment of the halidohydrolase on the stability of the biocatalyst
Authors: Marchand P. , Lamare S. , Legoy M.‐D. , Goubet I.
Published: February 2009

It was observed that a biocatalyst prepared from dehydrated whole cells of a recombinant Escherichia coli (initially suspended in borate buffer) was able to hydrolyze gaseous 1‐chlorobutane in a solid/gas reactor. Nevertheless, at 40°C and for a 0.7 water activity, it rapidly lost its activity. The explanation of this phenomenon was first investigated by observing the biocatalyst structure at the microscopic level and by studying the localization of the dehalogenase involved in catalysis (intracellular/ extracellular). The behavior of this biocatalyst was then compared with that of a preparation made from cells extracts. The reasons of the inactivation are discussed in terms of thermal denaturation and protective effect of buffer salts. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2009;103: 687–695. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cloning, expression and characterization of endo‐β‐1,4‐mannanase from Aspergillus fumigatus in Aspergillus sojae and Pichia pastoris
Authors: Duruksu Gökhan , Ozturk Bengu , Biely Peter , Bakir Ufuk , Ogel Zumrut B.
Published: February 2009

To be utilized in biomass conversion, including ethanol production and galactosylated oligosaccharide synthesis, namely prebiotics, the gene of extracellular endo‐β‐1,4‐mannanase (EC 3.2.1.78) of Aspergillus fumigatus IMI 385708 (formerly known as Thermomyces lanuginosus IMI 158749) was expressed first in Aspergillus sojae and then in Pichia pastoris under the control of the glyceraldehyde triphosphate dehydrogenase (gpdA) and the alcohol oxidase (AOX1) promoters, respectively. The highest production of mannanase (352 U mL−1) in A. sojae was observed after 6 days of cultivation. In P. pastoris, the highest mannanase production was observed 10 h after induction with methanol (61 U mL−1). The fold increase in mannanase production was estimated as ∼12‐fold and ∼2‐fold in A. sojae and P. pastoris, respectively, when compared with A. fumigatus. Both recombinant enzymes showed molecular mass of about 60 kDa and similar specific activities (∼350 U mg−1 protein). Temperature optima were at 60°C and 45°C, and maximum activity was at pH 4.5 and 5.2 for A. sojae and P. pastoris, respectively. The enzyme from P. pastoris was more stable retaining most of the activity up to 50°C, whereas the enzyme from A. sojae rapidly lost activity above 40°C. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2009
Actinomycetes scale‐up for the production of the antibacterial, nocathiacin
Authors: Junker Beth , Walker Andre , Hesse Michelle , Lester Mike , Christensen Jens , Connors Neal
Published: February 2009

An Amycolatopsis fastidiosa culture, which produces the nocathiacin class of antibacterial compounds, was scaled up to the 15,000 L working volume. Lower volume pilot fermentations (600, 900, and 1,500 L scale) were conducted to determine process feasibility at the 15,000 L scale. The effects of inoculum volume, impeller tip speed, volumetric gas flow rate, superficial gas velocity, backpressure, and sterilization heat stress were examined to determine optimal scale‐up operating conditions. Inoculum volume (6 vs. 2 vol %) and medium sterilization (Ro of 68 vs. 92 min−1) had no effect on productivity or titer, and higher impeller tip speeds (2.1 vs. 2.9 m/s) had a slight effect (20% decrease). In contrast, higher backpressure, incorporating increased head pressure at the 15,000 L scale (1.2 vs. 0.7 kg/cm2) and low gas flow rates (0.25 vs. 0.8 vvm), appeared to be problematic (40–50% decrease). High off‐gas CO2 levels were likely reasons for observed lower productivity. Consequently, air flow rate for this 25‐fold scale‐up (600–15,000 L) was controlled to match off‐gas CO2 profiles of acceptable smaller scale batches to maintain levels below 0.5%. The 15,000 L‐scale fermentation achieved an expected nocathiacin I titer of 310 mg/L after 7 days. Other on‐line data (i.e., pH, oxygen uptake rate, and CO2 evolution rate) and off‐line data (i.e., analog production, glucose utilization, ammonium production, and dry cell weight) at the 15,000 L scale also tracked similarly to the smaller scale, demonstrating successful fermentation scale‐up. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2009
A methodology to learn designing optimal mechanisms for path generation
Authors: Galan‐Marin Gloria , Alonso‐Sanchez F. Javier , Del Castillo‐Granados Jose M.
Published: February 2009

The study of four‐bar linkages to trace a desired path is an important part of teaching in mechanical design. When the number of precision points exceeds a certain number, most recent approaches utilize intelligent optimization methods based on too complex computer science theories to be implemented by an engineering student. In this article we develop and implement new mechanism design results, reducing simultaneously the design space to facilitate finding the optimal mechanism. Finally, we apply global optimization methods that do not require analytical expression of the objective function and are freely available for educational use with Matlab. The proposed computerized methodology focuses student motivation on the mechanical aspects of the problem. Design examples presented illustrate the effectiveness of the approach that provides a solution quality comparable to that of the recently proposed intelligent optimization methods with simplicity of implementation and fast convergence. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 18: 87–92, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com); DOI 10.1002/cae.20181
A tool for the educational study of manufacturing systems
Authors: Martínez María A. , Cañadas Mario
Published: February 2009

In this article, a new application for teaching manufacturing systems is presented. A manufacturing system can be considered as a discrete‐event system constructed from devices that have a finite speed of operation. This application automatically simulates the manufacturing systems modelled by timed and stochastic Petri nets (PNs) with additional extensions that easily make possible to get specific information. The graphical model generated provides the necessary data to execute an event‐driven language programme that simulates the model and provides results. From the student's point of view, the problem is only to draw the PN accordingly with the characteristics of the system to be modelled and to get the information without noticing the underlying event‐driven language programme. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 18: 130–143, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com); DOI 10.1002/cae.20189
Leptin transport in the central nervous system
Authors: Ziylan Yusuf Ziya , Baltaci Abdulkerim Kasim , Mogulkoc Rasim
Published: February 2009

Synthesized and released by the adipose tissue, leptin is the widely studied 167‐amino acid hormonal protein product of the obesity gene. Originally leptin was defined in association with satiety and energy balance and claimed to be an anti‐obesity factor that functioned via a feedback effect from adipocytes to hypothalamus. There is a growing body of evidence that emphasizes the importance of leptin in the regulation of food intake and body weight in animals and humans, alike. Other research findings point out that it plays a role in the regulation of the metabolism, sexual development, reproduction, hematopoiesis, immunity, gastrointestinal functions, sympathetic activation, and angiogenesis. The aim of this review is to evaluate the relation between leptin and the central nervous system (CNS). Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Re‐access complication with a starclose device
Authors: Varghese Rekhi , Chess David , Lasorda David
Published: February 2009

Diagnostic cardiac catheterizations are predominantly performed using access through the femoral artery. To improve patient comfort and early mobilization, a number of percutaneous closure devices have been developed. One such device using the nitinol clip was developed by Abbott Vascular Devices and was approved for use on the basis of the results of the Clip Closure In Percutaneous Procedures (CLIP) study. The safety of repuncture through a previously deployed device has not been established in humans. We present the case of a patient who had an arterial line placed for post‐operative monitoring after cardiac surgery at the site of a previous arteriotomy closed with the Starclose device. The catheter traversed through the central portion, tethered to the periphery of the ninitol clip, and required surgery for extraction. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Automated contrast injectors for angiography: Devices, methodology, and safety
Authors: Kaluski Edo , Moussa Issam D. , Heuser Richard R. , Kern Morton J. , Weisz Giora , Klapholz Marc , Gerula Christine
Published: February 2009

Automated contrast injectors (ACIs) are widely employed in interventional cardiology, radiology and neurology. Information regarding the specifications of advanced ACIs and the appropriate injection settings of these devices is limited in the medical literature. This review describes the specifications of the most widely used ACIs and provides appropriate recommendations for injection settings for the various angiographic studies. These recommendations are based on expert consensus and commercial experience regarding characteristics of devices, catheters and contrast. The suggested settings were not subject to rigorous comparative clinical assessment. This review should increase the familiarity, comfort and appreciation of safety among ACI users. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Total Synthesis of Rapamycin
Authors: Ley Steven V. , Tackett Miles N. , Maddess Matthew L. , Anderson James C. , Brennan Paul E. , Cappi Michael W. , Heer Jag P. , Helgen Céline , Kori Masakuni , Kouklovsky Cyrille , Marsden Stephen P. , Norman Joanne , Osborn David P. , Palomero María Á. , Pavey John B. J. , Pinel Catherine , Robinson Lesley A. , Schnaubelt Jürgen , Scott James S. , Spilling Christopher D. , Watanabe Hidenori , Wesson Kieron E. , Willis Michael C.
Published: February 2009

Rapamycin (1) is a macrocyclic natural product, established as a potent immunosuppressant and currently of interest to the scientific community as the framework for a series of novel anticancer drugs. Extensive studies have culminated in a new convergent total synthesis of 1, which features a number of group‐derived methodologies and an unusual catechol‐templating strategy for the construction of the challenging macrocyclic core.

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For over 30 years, rapamycin has generated a sustained and intense interest from the scientific community as a result of its exceptional pharmacological properties and challenging structural features. In addition to its well known therapeutic value as a potent immunosuppressive agent, rapamycin and its derivatives have recently gained prominence for the treatment of a wide variety of other human malignancies. Herein we disclose full details of our extensive investigation into the synthesis of rapamycin that culminated in a new and convergent preparation featuring a macro‐etherification/catechol‐templating strategy for construction of the macrocyclic core of this natural product.
The Extra‐Framework Sub‐Lattice of the Metal–Organic Framework MIL‐110: A Solid‐State NMR Investigation
Authors: Haouas Mohamed , Volkringer Christophe , Loiseau Thierry , Férey Gérard , Taulelle Francis
Published: February 2009

A changeable character: Differences in the dynamics of occluded moieties within the large pores (see graphic) of aluminium 1,3,5‐benzene tricarboxylate framework solid MIL‐110 are a function of the synthesis pH. Host–guest proton‐transfer processes lead to a reversible change in the character of the framework from cationic to neutral, depending on the nature of the extra‐framework moieties.

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The aluminium 1,3,5‐benzene tricarboxylate framework solid MIL‐110, which crystallises either at pH≈0 or at pH≈4, has been investigated by solid‐state NMR spectroscopy. At pH≈0 the solid (MIL‐110{pH0}) is the unique stable thermodynamic product, whereas at pH≈4 MIL‐110{pH4} is observed as a kinetic product in competition with the MIL‐96 phase. Diffraction studies and 27Al NMR spectroscopy prove that the framework is identical in both cases. The nature and dynamics of occluded moieties within the large pores look quite different for the two compounds. MIL‐110{pH4} and MIL‐110{pH0} both show the presence of occluded 1,3,5‐benzene tricarboxylate (btc), with additional nitrates and water molecules. However, the proportions of btc, nitrates and water are functions of the pH, leading to an identical framework and a quite different extra‐framework. With the extra‐framework moieties, the framework undergoes a proton transfer which is a function of the synthesis pH. Washing the MIL‐110{pH0} phase with water produces a different extra‐framework structure, richer in water and poorer in btc and nitrates. The hydroxyl groups of the inorganic aluminium cluster of the framework are involved in a proton transfer, which leads for all cases to a cationic framework and an anionic extra‐framework. 1H–1H DQ 2D NMR spectra (DQ=double quantum) give evidence for the interaction of extra‐framework btc with the terminal water carried by Al(2,3) and shows their proximity to the closest hydroxyl groups. A structure for the non‐diffracting extra‐framework is proposed as the most plausible topology. It provides an efficient picture for the creation of many substituted MIL‐110 compounds that would have a large number of applications.
ChemInform Abstract: An ab initio Study of Possible Pathways in the Thermal Decomposition of NaAlH4
Authors: Ojwang J. G. O. , van Santen Rutger , Kramer Gert Jan , Ke Xuezhi
Published: February 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Crystal Chemistry and Thermal Behavior of Anhydrous Phosphates. Part 42. The First Iridiumphosphates.
Authors: Panagiotidis K. , Glaum R. , Hoffbauer W. , Weber J. , Schmedt auf der Guenne J.
Published: February 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: High‐Pressure Single‐Crystal X‐Ray Diffraction of Tl2SeO4.
Authors: Grzechnik Andrzej , Breczewski Tomasz , Friese Karen
Published: February 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Crystal Chemistry of Anhydrous Li Uranyl Phosphates and Arsenates. Part 1. Polymorphism and Structure Topology: Synthesis and Crystal Structures of α‐Li[(UO2)(PO4)], α‐Li[(UO2)(AsO4)], β‐Li[(UO2)(AsO4)] and Li2 [(UO2)3(P2O7)2].
Authors: Alekseev Evgeny V. , Krivovichev Sergey V. , Malcherek Thomas , Depmeier Wulf
Published: February 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: A New Lithium Manganese Phosphate with an Original Tunnel Structure in the A2MP2O7 Family.
Authors: Adam Laure , Guesdon Anne , Raveau Bernard
Published: February 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Structure and Luminescence Properties of Silver‐Doped NaY(PO3)4 Crystal.
Authors: El Masloumi M. , Jubera V. , Pechev S. , Chaminade J. P. , Videau J. J. , Mesnaoui M. , Maazaz M. , Moine B.
Published: February 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of a New Member in Iron‐Based Layered Superconductor: Nd0.8Th0.2OFeAs with Tc = 38 K.
Authors: Xu Min , Chen Fei , He Cheng , Ou Hong‐Wei , Zhao Jia‐Feng , Feng Dong‐Lai
Published: February 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: On the System Cerium—Platinum—Silicon.
Authors: Gribanov Alexander , Grytsiv Andriy , Royanian Esmaeil , Rogl Peter , Bauer Ernst , Giester Gerald , Seropegin Yurii
Published: February 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: A Novel Efficient Oxide Electrode for Electrocatalytic Oxygen Reduction at 400—600 °C.
Authors: Zhou Wei , Shao Zongping , Ran Ran , Jin Wanqin , Xu Nanping
Published: February 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Porous Framework of T2[Fe(CN)6]×xH2O with T: Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, and H2 Storage.
Authors: Avila M. , Reguera L. , Rodriguez‐Hernandez J. , Balmaseda J. , Reguera E.
Published: February 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Ionothermal Synthesis of Magnesium‐Containing Aluminophosphate Molecular Sieves and Their Catalytic Performance.
Authors: Wang Lei , Xu Yun‐Peng , Wang Bing‐Chun , Wang Shao‐Jun , Yu Jia‐You , Tian Zhi‐Jian , Lin Li‐Wu
Published: February 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Chimie Douce Route to Sodium Hydroxo Titanate Nanowires with Modulated Structure and Conversion to Highly Photoactive Titanium Dioxides.
Authors: Peng Chih‐Wei , Richard‐Plouet Mireille , Ke Tsung‐Yin , Lee Chi‐Young , Chiu Hsin‐Tien , Marhic Christiane , Puzenat Eric , Lemoigno Frederic , Brohan Luc
Published: February 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Crystal Structure of RbKLiAlF6 — The First Al‐Elpasolite with Three Different Alkali Metals.
Authors: Ahrens Mike , Scholz Gudrun , Kemnitz Erhard
Published: February 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Controlled Preparation of In2O3, InOOH and In(OH)3 via a One‐Pot Aqueous Solvothermal Route.
Authors: Yan Tingjiang , Wang Xuxu , Long Jinlin , Lin Huaxiang , Yuan Rusheng , Dai Wenxin , Li Zhaohui , Fu Xianzhi
Published: February 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: New Phosphides La5Zn2‐xP6 and Ce5Zn2‐xP6 — The n = 4 Members of the REZn2P2×n(REP) Series.
Authors: Lincke Hannes , Nilges Tom , Poettgen Rainer
Published: February 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: An Unusual Hybrid Fluoride Featuring a [V7F27]6‐ Chain Motif Based on a Pyrochlore‐Like Building Unit.
Authors: Aldous David W. , Slawin Alexandra M. Z. , Lightfoot Philip
Published: February 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: The First Di‐Cadmium‐Substituted Vanadoarsenate Derived from α‐{As8V14O42} Shell.
Authors: Zhao Dan , Zheng Shou‐Tian , Yang Guo Yu
Published: February 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Ce2/3Cr1/3O2+y: A New Oxygen Storage Material Based on the Fluorite Structure.
Authors: Singh Preetam , Hegde M. S. , Gopalakrishnan J.
Published: February 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Solvothermal Synthesis and Structure of a Novel 3D Zincophosphite [Co(en)3] [Zn4(HPO3)5(H2PO3)] Containing Helical Chains.
Authors: Qiao Jian , Zhang Lirong , Liu Li , Yu Yang , Bi Minghui , Huo Qisheng , Liu Yunling
Published: February 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemical Bonding Analysis and Properties of La7Os4C9 — A New Structure Type Containing C‐ and C2‐Units as Os‐Coordinating Ligands.
Authors: Dashjav Enkhtsetseg , Prots Yurii , Kreiner Guido , Schnelle Walter , Wagner Frank R. , Kniep Ruediger
Published: February 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.