bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Structure of Biological Science
Authors: Rosenberg Alexander
Published: June 2012

This book provides a comprehensive guide to the conceptual methodological, and epistemological problems of biology, and treats in depth the major developments in molecular biology and evolutionary theory that have transformed both biology and its philosophy in recent decades. At the same time the work is a sustained argument for a particular philosophy of biology that unifies disparate issues and offers a framework for expectations about the future directions of the life sciences. The argument explores differences between autonomist and anti-autonomist views of biology. The result is a vindication of reductionism, but one that is unexpectedly hollow. For it leaves the exponents of the autonomy of biology from physical science with as much as their view of biology really requires - and rather more than the reductionist might comfortably concede. Professor Rosenberg shows how the problems of the philosophy of biology are interconnected and how their solutions are interdependent, However, this book focuses more on the direct concerns of biologists, rather than the traditional agenda of philosophers' problems about biology. This departure from earlier books on the subject results both in greater understanding and relevance of the philosophy of science to biology as a whole.
A Practical Introduction to Denotational Semantics
Authors: Allison L.
Published: June 2012

This textbook is an introduction to denotational semantics and its applications to programming languages. Dr Allison emphasizes a practical approach and the student is encouraged to write and test denotational definitions. The first section is devoted to the mathematical foundations of the subject and sufficient detail is given to illustrate the fundamental problems. The remainder of the book covers the use of denotational semantics to describe sequential programming languages such as Algol, Pascal and C. Throughout, numerous exercises, usually in Pascal, will help the student practise writing definitions and carry out simple applications. The book culminates in discussing an executable semantics of the logic-programming language Prolog. Being an introduction, advanced undergraduates in computer science and graduates new to the subject will find this a readily accessible account of one of the central topics of computer science.
Discrete Mathematics
Authors: Piff Mike
Published: June 2012

Computing developed as a branch of mathematics, only to drift away from this home as computer science diverged towards more general topics such as the theory of how a computer works. Recently the emphasis has become more mathematical and the new disciplines of software engineering and information technology have emerged. This book is designed to form the basis of a one year course in discrete mathematics for first year computer scientists or software engineers. The material presented covers much of undergraduate algebra with a particular bias towards the computing applications. Topics covered include mathematical logic, set theory, finite and infinite relations and mappings, graphs, graphical algorithms and axiom systems. It concludes with implementations of many of the algorithms in Modula-2 to illustrate how the mathematics may be turned into concrete calculations. Numerous examples and exercises are included with selected solutions to the problems appearing in the appendix. Discrete mathematics is the basic language which every student of computing should take pride in mastering and this book should prove an essential tool in this aim.
Liberal Purposes
Authors: Galston William A.
Published: June 2012

This book is a major contribution to the current theory of liberalism by an eminent political theorist. It challenges the views of such theorists as Rawls, Dworkin, and Ackerman who believe that the essence of liberalism is that it should remain neutral concerning different ways of life and individual conceptions of what is good or valuable. Professor Galston argues that the modern liberal state is committed to a distinctive conception of the human good, and to that end has developed characteristic institutions and practices - representative governments, diverse societies, market economies, and zones of private action - in the pursuit of specific public purposes that give unity to the liberal state. These purposes guide liberal public policy, shape liberal justice, require the practice of liberal virtues, and rest on a liberal public culture. Consequently the diversity characteristic of liberal societies is limited by their institutional, personal, and cultural preconditions.
Curves and Singularities
Authors: Bruce J. W. , Giblin P. J.
Published: June 2012

The differential geometry of curves and surfaces in Euclidean space has fascinated mathematicians since the time of Newton. Here the authors cast the theory into a new light, that of singularity theory. This second edition has been thoroughly revised throughout and includes a multitude of new exercises and examples. A new final chapter has been added which covers recently developed techniques in the classification of functions of several variables, a subject central to many applications of singularity theory. Also in this second edition are new sections on the Morse lemma and the classification of plane curve singularities. The only prerequisites for students to follow this textbook are a familiarity with linear algebra and advanced calculus. Thus it will be invaluable for anyone who would like an introduction to modern singularity theory.
A Practical Introduction to Electronic Circuits
Authors: Jones Martin Hartley
Published: June 2012

This book provides a practically based explanation of electronics which can be understood by any reader who has some knowledge of electrical circuits. Martin Hartley Jones presents a full account of the subject, starting with basic concepts such as amplification, and progressing to analogue and digital IC chip applications, including a lucid account of microcomputers. All the topics are effectively illustrated with stimulating experiments, and the mathematics is not permitted to obscure the electronic concepts, so the book remains very readable. This book is an ideal first text for degree and vocational course students in electronics. It will also be of use to those in other disciplines where electronics is a subsidiary subject. This highly successful text is now in its third edition, and builds on its predecessors by maintaining the style and logical development of the subject.
Lectures on Lie Groups and Lie Algebras
Authors: Carter Roger W. , MacDonald Ian G. , Segal Graeme B. , Taylor M.
Published: June 2012

In this excellent introduction to the theory of Lie groups and Lie algebras, three of the leading figures in this area have written up their lectures from an LMS/SERC sponsored short course in 1993. Together these lectures provide an elementary account of the theory that is unsurpassed. In the first part Roger Carter concentrates on Lie algebras and root systems. In the second Graeme Segal discusses Lie groups. And in the final part, Ian Macdonald gives an introduction to special linear groups. Anybody requiring an introduction to the theory of Lie groups and their applications should look no further than this book.
Natural Law and Moral Philosophy
Authors: Haakonssen Knud
Published: June 2012

This major contribution to the history of philosophy provides the most comprehensive guide to modern natural law theory available, sets out the full background to liberal ideas of rights and contractarianism, and offers an extensive study of the Scottish Enlightenment. The time span covered is considerable: from the natural law theories of Grotius and Suarez in the early seventeenth century to the American Revolution and the beginnings of utilitarianism. After a detailed survey of modern natural law theory, the book focuses on the Scottish Enlightenment and its European and American connections. Knud Haakonssen explains the relationship between natural law and civic humanist republicanism, and he shows the relevance of these ideas for the understanding of David Hume and Adam Smith. The result is a completely revised background to modern ideas of liberalism and communitarianism.
The Functional Approach to Programming
Authors: Cousineau Guy , Mauny Michel
Published: June 2012

A programming course should concentrate as much as possible on a program's logical structure and design rather than simply show how to write code. The Functional Approach to Programming achieves this aim because logical concepts are evident and programs are transparent so can be written quickly and cleanly. In this book the authors emphasise the notions of function and function application which relate programming to familiar concepts from mathematics and logic. They introduce functional programming via examples but also explain what programs compute and how to reason about them. They show how the ideas can be implemented in the Caml language, a dialect of the ML family, and give examples of how complex programs from a variety of areas (such as arithmetic, tree algorithms, graph algorithms, text parsing and geometry) can be developed in close agreement with their specifications. Many exercises and examples are included throughout the book; solutions are also available.
Evolutionary Games and Population Dynamics
Authors: Hofbauer Josef , Sigmund Karl
Published: June 2012

Every form of behaviour is shaped by trial and error. Such stepwise adaptation can occur through individual learning or through natural selection, the basis of evolution. Since the work of Maynard Smith and others, it has been realised how game theory can model this process. Evolutionary game theory replaces the static solutions of classical game theory by a dynamical approach centred not on the concept of rational players but on the population dynamics of behavioural programmes. In this book the authors investigate the nonlinear dynamics of the self-regulation of social and economic behaviour, and of the closely related interactions between species in ecological communities. Replicator equations describe how successful strategies spread and thereby create new conditions which can alter the basis of their success, i.e. to enable us to understand the strategic and genetic foundations of the endless chronicle of invasions and extinctions which punctuate evolution. In short, evolutionary game theory describes when to escalate a conflict, how to elicit cooperation, why to expect a balance of the sexes, and how to understand natural selection in mathematical terms.
Rethinking the Foundations of Statistics
Authors: Kadane Joseph B. , Schervish Mark J. , Seidenfeld Teddy
Published: June 2012

This important collection of essays is a synthesis of foundational studies in Bayesian decision theory and statistics. An overarching topic of the collection is understanding how the norms for Bayesian decision making should apply in settings with more than one rational decision maker and then tracing out some of the consequences of this turn for Bayesian statistics. There are four principal themes to the collection: cooperative, non-sequential decisions; the representation and measurement of 'partially ordered' preferences; non-cooperative, sequential decisions; and pooling rules and Bayesian dynamics for sets of probabilities. The volume will be particularly valuable to philosophers concerned with decision theory, probability, and statistics, statisticians, mathematicians, and economists.
Kant's Ethical Thought
Authors: Wood Allen W.
Published: June 2012

This is a major new study of Kant's ethics that will transform the way students and scholars approach the subject in future. Allen Wood argues that Kant's ethical vision is grounded in the idea of the dignity of the rational nature of every human being. Undergoing both natural competitiveness and social antagonism the human species, according to Kant, develops the rational capacity to struggle against its impulses towards a human community in which the ends of all are to harmonize and coincide. The distinctive features of the book are twofold. First, it focuses for the first time on the central role played in Kant's ethical theory by the value of rational nature as an end itself. Second, it shows the importance of Kant's systematic theory of human nature and history, and its implications for the structure, formulation, and application of Kant's moral principles. This comprehensive study will be of critical importance to students of moral philosophy, the history of ideas, political theory, and religious studies.
Alchemies of the Mind
Authors: Elster Jon
Published: June 2012

Jon Elster has written a comprehensive, wide-ranging book on the emotions in which he considers the full range of theoretical approaches. Drawing on history, literature, philosophy and psychology, Elster presents a complete account of the role of the emotions in human behaviour. While acknowledging the importance of neurophysiology and laboratory experiment for the study of emotions, Elster argues that the serious student of the emotions can learn more from the great thinkers and writers of the past, from Aristotle to Jane Austen. He attaches particular importance to the work of the French moralists, notably La Rochefoucauld, who demonstrated the way esteem and self-esteem shape human motivation. The book also maintains a running dialogue with economists and rational-choice theorists. Combining methodological and theoretical arguments with empirical case-studies and written with Elster's customary verve and economy, this book has great cross-disciplinary appeal.
Hegel's Philosophy of Reality, Freedom, and God
Authors: Wallace Robert M.
Published: June 2012

This 2005 book shows that the repeated announcements of the death of Hegel's philosophical system have been premature. Hegel's Philosophy of Freedom, Reality, and God brings to light accomplishments for which Hegel is seldom given credit: unique arguments for the reality of freedom, for the reality of knowledge, for the irrationality of egoism, and for the compatibility of key insights from traditional theism and naturalistic atheism. The book responds in a systematic manner to many of the major criticisms leveled at Hegel's system, from Feuerbach and Kierkegaard to Heidegger and Charles Taylor. It provides detailed interpretations of Hegel's Philosophy of Spirit, large parts of his indispensable Science of Logic, and important parts of his Philosophy of Nature and Philosophy of Right. Unlike many academic books on Hegel, this one treats him very much as a 'live' thinker, whom we can learn from today.
Thinking with Concepts
Authors: Wilson John
Published: June 2012

In his preface Mr Wilson writes 'I feel that a great many adults … would do better to spend less time in simply accepting the concepts of others uncritically, and more time in learning how to analyse concepts in general'. Mr Wilson starts by describing the techniques of conceptual analysis. He then gives examples of them in action by composing answers to specific questions and by criticism of quoted passages of argument. Chapter 3 sums up the importance of this kind of mental activity. Chapter 4 presents selections for the reader to analyse, followed by questions of university entrance/scholarship type. This is a book to be worked through, in a sense a text-book.
Natural Resource Economics
Authors: Conrad Jon M. , Clark Colin Whitcomb
Published: June 2012

In this book, Jon Conrad and Colin Clark develop the theory of resource economics. To begin, they provide an introduction to the required techniques of dynamic optimization. Throughout the book they build the reader's understanding with many fully-worked problems and numerical examples. The authors have written this text in the belief that the theory and concepts of resource are more quickly learned, more effectively made operational, and more truly understood if the reader is exposed to carefully explained numerical examples. By working through the problems at the end of each chapter, students will learn the techniques to be used in empirical studies of natural resource systems. The first chapter provides an introduction to optimization, including constrained optimization, dynamic allocation problems, dynamic programming, continuous time problems, and the maximum principle, and a discussion of various numerical and graphical techniques. The remaining chapters deal in depth with the economics of renewable resources, nonrenewable resources, with environmental management and with stochastic resource models.
Physics and Chemistry of Earth Materials
Authors: Navrotsky Alexandra
Published: June 2012

With an approach that stresses the fundamental solid state behaviour of minerals, and with emphasis on both theory and experiment, this 1995 text surveys the physics and chemistry of earth materials. It starts with a systematic tour of crystal chemistry of both simple and complex structures (with completely new structural drawings) and discusses how structural and thermodynamic information is obtained experimentally. The quantitative concepts of chemical bonding - band theory, molecular orbit and ionic models - are reviewed. The book goes on to discuss physical properties and to relate microscopic features to macroscopic thermodynamic behaviour. The book then discusses high pressure phase transitions, amorphous materials and solid state reactions, and concludes with a look at the interface between mineral physics and materials science. Highly illustrated throughout, this book fills the gap between undergraduate texts and specialised review volumes, for students in earth sciences and materials science.
Sensations
Authors: Hill Christopher S.
Published: June 2012

This is a book about sensory states and their apparent characteristics. It confronts a whole series of metaphysical and epistemological questions and presents an argument for type materialism: the view that sensory states are identical with the neural states with which they are correlated. According to type materialism, sensations are only possessed by human beings and members of related biological species; silicon-based androids cannot have sensations. The author rebuts several other rival theories (dualism, double aspect theory, eliminative materialism, functionalism), and explores a number of important issues: the forms and limits of introspective awareness of sensations, the semantic properties of sensory concepts, knowledge of other minds, and unity of consciousness. The book is a significant contribution to the philosophy of mind, and has much to say to psychologists and cognitive scientists.
The Adaptive Decision Maker
Authors: Payne John W. , Bettman James R. , Johnson Eric J.
Published: June 2012

The Adaptive Decision Maker argues that people use a variety of strategies to make judgments and choices. The authors introduce a model that shows how decision makers balance effort and accuracy considerations and predicts which strategy a person will use in a given situation. A series of experiments testing the model are presented, and the authors analyse how the model can lead to improved decisions and opportunities for further research.
Numerical Mathematics
Authors: Breuer S. , Zwas G.
Published: June 2012

Numerical Mathematics is a unique textbook which presents rudimentary numerical mathematics in conjunction with computational laboratory assignments. No previous knowledge of calculus or linear algebra is presupposed, and thus the book is tailor-made for undergraduate students, as well as prospective mathematics teachers. The material in the book emphasises algorithmic aspects of mathematics, which are made viable through numerical assignments, in which the traditional 'chalk-and-talk' lecturer turns, in part, into a laboratory instructor. The book is not a numerical methods book, containing ready-made computational recipes. Rather, it guides the student to create the algorithm required for any given assignment - expressed in whichever programming language is used - on the basis of the underlying mathematics. The computational assignments cover iterative processes, area approximations, solution of linear systems, acceleration of series summation, interpolative approximations, and construction of computer-library functions. Throughout the book, strong emphasis is being put upon vital concepts such as error bounds, precision control, numerical efficiency, computational complexity, as well as round off errors and numerical stability. It is the authors' belief that the material presented in this book is part and parcel of the mathematical foundations that should be acquired by a student in the microcomputer era.
Comparing Policy Networks
Authors: Knoke David , Pappi Franz Urban , Broadbent Jeffrey , Tsujinaka Yutaka
Published: June 2012

The United States, Germany, and Japan - the world's three most powerful and successful free market societies - differ strikingly in how their governments relate to their economies. Comparing Policy Networks reports the results of collaborative research by three teams investigating the social organization and policymaking processes of national labor policy domains in the United States, Germany, and Japan during the 1980s. The researchers gathered information about policy goals, communication patterns, and political support connections from 350 key national organizations, including labor unions, business associations, public interest groups, government agencies, and political parties. These networks reveal similar conflict divisions between business and labor interests, but also distinctive patterns within each nation. Unique combinations of informal policy-making networks and the national political institutions may in part explain the differences in power structures and legislative decisions.
Life in the Gang
Authors: Decker Scott H. , Winkle Barrik van
Published: June 2012

This study is based on three years of field work with 99 active gang members and 24 family members. The book describes the attractiveness of gangs, the process of joining, their chaotic and loose organisation, and their members' predominant activities - mostly hanging out, drinking, and using drugs. The authors also discuss gang members' rather slapdash involvement in major property crime and their disorganised participation in drug traffic, as well as the often fatal consequences of their violent life-style. Although the book focuses on the individual, organisational, and institutional aspects of gang membership, it also explores gang members' involvement with other school and neighborhood structures. Extensive interviews with family members provide groundbreaking insights into the gang members' lives. As much as possible, however, the story is told in the gang members' own words.
Citizenship and Civil Society
Authors: Janoski Thomas
Published: June 2012

Rights and obligations are confusing. When people really want or need something they call it a right. Can they simply attach this word to anything they want? Can people disregard obligations with impunity? This book argues that they cannot. One must understand those relationships in specific ways to really know what can or can not be done with rights and obligations in public discourse and politics. They must create a web of interaction between citizens so that more long-term social investments may be made. Professor Janoski shows that individual rights protecting privacy, free speech, and legal access are more highly developed in social democratic countries than in liberal countries. On the other hand, obligations in those same social democratic countries are higher. On the whole, rights and obligations are in balance; or, you get what rights you pay for in terms of fulfilling obligations to the state and society.
Elliptic Curves
Authors: McKean Henry , Moll Victor
Published: June 2012

The subject of elliptic curves is one of the jewels of nineteenth-century mathematics, originated by Abel, Gauss, Jacobi, and Legendre. This 1997 book presents an introductory account of the subject in the style of the original discoverers, with references to and comments about more recent and modern developments. It combines three of the fundamental themes of mathematics: complex function theory, geometry, and arithmetic. After an informal preparatory chapter, the book follows an historical path, beginning with the work of Abel and Gauss on elliptic integrals and elliptic functions. This is followed by chapters on theta functions, modular groups and modular functions, the quintic, the imaginary quadratic field, and on elliptic curves. Requiring only a first acquaintance with complex function theory, this book is an ideal introduction to the subject for graduate students and researchers in mathematics and physics, with many exercises with hints scattered throughout the text.
Utilitarianism, Hedonism, and Desert
Authors: Feldman Fred
Published: June 2012

Fred Feldman is an important philosopher, who has made a substantial contribution to utilitarian moral philosophy. This collection of ten previously published essays plus a new introductory essay reveal the striking originality and unity of his views. Feldman's version of utilitarianism differs from traditional forms in that it evaluates behaviour by appeal to the values of accessible worlds. These worlds are in turn evaluated in terms of the amounts of pleasure they contain, but the conception of pleasure involved is a novel one and the formulation of hedonism improved. In Feldman's view pleasure is not a feeling but a propositional attitude. He also deals with problems of justice that affect standard forms of utilitarianism. The collection is ideally suited for courses on contemporary utilitarian theory.
Fundamentals of Engineering Programming with C and Fortran
Authors: Myler Harley R.
Published: June 2012

Fundamentals of Engineering Programming with C and Fortran, first published in 1998, is a beginner's guide to problem solving with computers which shows how to quickly prototype a program for a particular engineering application. The book's side by side coverage of C and Fortran, the predominant computer languages in engineering, is unique. It emphasizes the importance of developing programming skills in C while carefully presenting the importance of maintaining a good reading knowledge of Fortran. Beginning with a brief description of computer architecture, the book then covers the fundamentals of computer programming for problem solving. It devotes separate chapters to data types and operators, control flow, type conversion, arrays, and file operations. The final chapter contains case studies that illustrate particular elements of modeling and visualization. Also included are a number of appendices covering C and Fortran language summaries and other useful topics. This concise and accessible book can be used as a text for introductory-level undergraduate courses on engineering programming or as a self-study guide for practising engineers.
President Obama and Gay Rights: The 2008 and 2012 Presidential Elections
Authors: McThomas Mary , Buchanan Robert J.
Published: June 2012

We examine the role and potential impact of gay, lesbian, and bisexual (GLB) voters in the 2008 and 2012 presidential elections. We look at trend data from 1990 to 2010 to assess the fluctuations in support for the Democratic Party by GLB voters, specifically a substantial decrease in support during the 2010 midterm elections. We use data from the 2008 election to assess the estimated contribution the GLB vote made toward President Obama's margin of victory in key battleground states. Looking at the Obama administration's record on gay rights, specifically the failure to pass the Employment Non-Discrimination Act (ENDA), we argue that the Democratic Party could be held accountable in the 2012 election for their failure to provide protection from employment discrimination based on sexual orientation. Potentially the 2012 election will be closer than the 2008 race, highlighting the importance of the GLB vote to President Obama's reelection in key states. We argue that if President Obama incorporates strong support for ENDA into his reelection platform, the Democratic Party has the chance to recapture the GLB votes it lost in 2010 and maintain enough of the 2008 electoral votes that led to President Obama's victory.
Growing Social Inequalities in Youth Civic Engagement? Evidence from the National Election Study
Authors: Wray-Lake Laura , Hart Daniel
Published: June 2012

Social class differences in civic engagement persist for both youth and adults. Although empirical evidence is mixed, several recent social changes pertaining to youth suggest that social inequalities in civic engagement may be growing over time for young people. Using data from the National Election Study, we compared trends for youth and older adults of varying education levels and tested the hypothesis of an increasing educational disparity in youth political participation. Results for voting supported our expectations: declines over time were found for less-educated youth only. Unexpectedly, participation in other political activities for more-educated youth declined more over time compared to other groups. Our findings highlight the need to create equal opportunities for youth civic engagement across social groups.
Don't Know Much about Democracy: Reporting Survey Data with Nonsubstantive Responses
Authors: Reilly Jonathan , Zigerell L. J
Published: June 2012

Large majorities in nearly every country support democracy, according to studies of cross-national surveys. But many of these reports have treated as missing data persons who did not provide a substantive response when asked to offer an opinion about the suitability of democracy as a regime type for their country, which has led to substantial overestimates of expressed support for democracy in some countries. This article discusses the consequences of excluding such nonsubstantive responses and offers suggestions to improve the study of popular support for democracy.
Predicting Rank Attainment in Political Science: What Else Besides Publications Affects Promotion?
Authors: Hesli Vicki L. , Lee Jae Mook , Mitchell Sara McLaughlin
Published: June 2012

We report the results of hypotheses tests about the effects of several measures of research, teaching, and service on the likelihood of achieving the ranks of associate and full professor. In conducting these tests, we control for institutional and individual background characteristics. We focus our tests on the link between productivity and academic rank and explore whether this relationship reveals a gender dimension. The analyses are based on an APSA-sponsored survey of all faculty members in departments of political science (government, public affairs, and international relations) in the United States.
Simulating City Councils: Increasing Student Awareness and Involvement
Authors: Rinfret Sara R.
Published: June 2012

As state capitals and city halls influence our daily lives, how can students become active participants in the affairs of their communities (Saffell and Basehart 2009)? For students to explore this question and local policy making in general, I developed a city council simulation for a state and local government course. This article describes the details of this city council simulation so that it can be easily replicated. Moreover, the goal is for students to move beyond classroom lectures and become more informed participants of local policy making.
Political Civility
Authors: Strachan J. Cherie , Wolf Michael R.
Published: June 2012

The articles in this symposium are peppered with numerous recent incidents of political incivility ranging from physical scuffles at town hall meetings to the now-infamous accusation shouted at president Barack Obama during a nationally televised address before a joint session of Congress. Name calling and ad hominem attacks that were once associated with talk radio and cable television pundits have made their way into the halls of governing institutions, which no longer serve as sacred spaces one-step removed from bare-knuckled politics. Indeed, divisive views have even made inroads into “safe” topics for discussion—the weather and sports. Forget the intensity of debate over climate change. Democrats were actually 10% more likely to claim that the 2012 winter season was warmer than were their Republicans counterparts (Newport 2012). Sports no longer offers a neutral conversation starter, as 27% of Republicans view Tim Tebow as their favorite quarterback compared to only 9% of Democrats (Public Policy Polling 2011). Vitriol, combined with legislative gridlock and the uproar of protestors—not only in Washington, DC, but also in state capitals and prominent cities across the country—has shifted our discipline's attention to the role of political civility in sustaining a healthy democracy.
The News Media and the Rise of Negativity in Presidential Campaigns
Authors: Geer John G.
Published: June 2012

Negative ads have become increasingly common in presidential campaigns. Figure 1 well illustrates this point (see also West 2009). The upcoming 2012 elections will almost surely augment this upward trend of more and more negativity. In fact, with the emergence of Super Pacs, the share of attack ads in 2012 will likely be significantly higher than in 2008, which in and of itself was the high-water mark for attack ads in the modern era. The harsh tone of the battle for the 2012 Republican presidential nomination certainly points toward an exceptionally nasty fall campaign.
“Representation and Renewal” at the 2012 Annual Meeting
Authors: Pewett Melissa
Published: June 2012

Join your colleagues in the political science community at APSA's 2012 Annual Meeting. With nearly 900 panels and roundtables, attendees can explore an array of research topics, including this year's theme “Representation and Renewal.” Along with access to timely scholarly research, attendees will benefit from a variety of social events and special programs to encourage networking and professional development. APSA invites you to take advantage of all the exciting features offered at the annual meeting.
Perspectives on Politics: A Political Science Public Sphere
Authors: Isaac Jeffrey C. , Moskowitz James
Published: June 2012

I am happy to report that Perspectives on Politics continues to thrive. In the roughly two and a half years since we assumed editorial control of the journal, in June 2009, I believe that we have succeeded in strengthening journal operations and procedures and in projecting a new excitement about Perspectives and the role it can play in contributing to the invigoration of the discipline. At the heart of this has been the quality of the scholarship we have published and the way we have worked to present this scholarship in each issue.
Enhancing civilian protection from use of explosive weapons in populated areas: building a policy and research agenda
Authors: Borrie John , Brehm Maya
Published: June 2012

Every day, and in a range of contexts, the use of explosive weapons in populated areas harms civilians. Evidence is growing that elevated levels of civilian harm fit a recurrent pattern, suggesting that more coherent and effective humanitarian responses are needed to enhance civilian protection, especially changes in behaviour of users of explosive weapons. This article describes the effects of explosive violence, critically examines how the existing humanitarian law regime tends to address this issue and explores some current developments in building a research and policy agenda to try to reduce civilian harm from the use of explosive weapons.
Between insurgents and government: the International Committee of the Red Cross's action in the Algerian War (1954–1962)
Authors: Perret Françoise , Bugnion François
Published: June 2012

The French government and an armed insurrectionary movement – the National Liberation Front (FLN) – confronted each other for over seven years in the Algerian War, which would become the archetype of wars of national liberation. It brought the new conditions of struggle in revolutionary warfare to a convulsive climax characterized by terrorist attacks, underground warfare, and repression. On the humanitarian front, the challenge of ensuring respect for humanitarian rules in asymmetric warfare was posed more bluntly than in any previous conflict. The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) faced the triple challenge of offering its services to a government facing an armed insurgency that it claimed to be able to bring under control through police action alone, of entering into contact with a liberation movement, and of conducting a humanitarian action in the context of an insurrectionary war.
Landschaft der Herzen
Authors: Becker-Glauch Wulf
Published: June 2012

Zusammenfassung. Reinhard Becker-Glauch wurde in einer glücklichen Kindheit und Jugend geprägt durch die Familie, Eltern und Geschwister (Reihenfolge: Woldemar, Reinhard, Elisabeth, Günther, Wulf), die er selber alle in seinem heiteren und gelassenen Wesen bereicherte. Die beiden Ältesten, nur ein Jahr auseinander, waren künstlerisch begabt (Woldemar: Literatur und Musik, Reinhard: Bildende Kunst und Poesie). Oberstes liebevolles Sagen hatten Mutter und Vater, Arzt von Beruf. Die Familie hielt den ganzen Krieg zusammen und schloß die Gefallenen mit ein.

Nach dem Abitur 1935 war Reinhard in den ihm bleibenden 10 Jahren 2½ Jahre im Frieden und 5 im Krieg Soldat (seit 1943 als Stabsgefreiter) und dazwischen 2½ Jahre Student der Kunstgeschichte in Breslau und Wien. Der innere Student half dem Soldaten und umgekehrt. Seit 1937 wurde er begleitet von der Musikwissenschaftlerin Irmgard Klein, die er Januar 1944 heiratete als Krönung der gegenseitigen Bemühungen, mit dem Krieg fertigzuwerden. Er schrieb und schrieb mit Briefen und Gedichten dagegen an. Vom Krieg war kaum die Rede, sondern von den Werten, die ihn überstehen lassen: Familie, Liebe, Kameradschaft (auch zum „Iwan”) und die den Frieden anstrebende Kunst, Religion und Wissenschaft. Das kleine Werk von Reinhard gibt eine weitere Auskunft über den letzten Krieg, der – zumindest als abschreckendes Beispiel – zum Frieden in Europa beigetragen hat, den wir den letzten drei Generationen verdanken.
Satellite‐based estimates of reduced CO and CO2 emissions due to traffic restrictions during the 2008 Beijing Olympics
Authors: Worden Helen M. , Cheng Yafang , Pfister Gabriele , Carmichael Gregory R. , Zhang Qiang , Streets David G. , Deeter Merritt , Edwards David P. , Gille John C. , Worden John R.
Published: June 2012

During the 2008 Olympics, the Chinese government made a significant effort to improve air quality in Beijing, including restrictions on traffic. Here we estimate the reductions in carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions resulting from the control measures on Beijing transportation. Using MOPITT (Measurements Of Pollution In The Troposphere) multispectral satellite observations of near‐surface CO along with WRF‐Chem (Weather Research and Forecasting model with Chemistry) simulations for Beijing during August, 2007 and 2008, we estimate changes in CO due to meteorology and transportation sector emissions. Applying a reported CO/CO2 emission ratio for fossil fuels, we find the corresponding reduction in CO2, 60 ± 36 Gg[CO2]/day. As compared to emission scenarios being considered for the IPCC AR5 (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 5th Assessment Report), this result suggests that urban traffic controls on the Beijing Olympics scale could play a significant role in meeting target reductions for global CO2 emissions.
Quasilinear theory of anisotropy‐beta relations for proton cyclotron and parallel firehose instabilities
Authors: Seough Jungjoon , Yoon Peter H.
Published: June 2012

The solar wind and the Earth's magnetosheath frequently possess proton temperature anisotropies that violate the predictions of adiabatic fluid theory. In the literature, various threshold conditions expressed as inverse correlations between the proton anisotropy, T⊥/T∥, and parallel beta, β∥, have been constructed on the basis of linear stability analysis for anisotropy‐driven instabilities, hybrid simulations, or by simply fitting the observations. ForT⊥/T∥ > 1, proton cyclotron and mirror instabilities are operative, while for T∥ > T⊥, parallel and oblique firehose instabilities can be taken into account in the construction of the inverse correlation. In the present paper, quasilinear kinetic theory of parallel proton cyclotron and firehose instabilities are employed to self‐consistently construct theT⊥/T∥ vs β∥threshold conditions. In principle, such an approach eliminates the necessity for empirical models of inverse correlations, since inverse correlations should naturally emerge as the time‐asymptotic states of quasilinear processes. It is found that the self‐consistent threshold conditions constructed on the basis of quasilinear formalism compare reasonably well with available models, thus confirming that quasilinear method is a reasonable approach.
Global in‐cloud production of secondary organic aerosols: Implementation of a detailed chemical mechanism in the GFDL atmospheric model AM3
Authors: Liu Junfeng , Horowitz Larry W. , Fan Songmiao , Carlton Annmarie G. , Levy Hiram
Published: June 2012

Secondary organic aerosols (SOA) constitute a significant fraction of ambient aerosols, but their global source is only beginning to be understood. Substantial evidence has shown that oxidation of water‐soluble organic species in the liquid cloud leads to the formation of SOA. To evaluate this global source and explore its sensitivity to various assumptions concerning cloud properties, we simulate in‐cloud SOA (IC‐SOA) formation based on detailed multiphase chemistry incorporated into the newly developed Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) coupled chemistry‐climate model AM3. We find global IC‐SOA production is around 20–30 Tg·yr−1between 1999 and 2001. Depending on season and location, oxalic acid accounts for 40–90% of the total IC‐SOA source (particularly between 800 hPa–400 hPa), and glyoxylic acid and oligomers (formed by glyoxal and methylglyoxal in evaporating clouds) each contribute an additional 10–20%. Besides glyoxal and methylglyoxal (extensively studied by previous research), glycolaldehyde and acetic acid are among the most important precursors leading to the formation of IC‐SOA, particularly oxalic acid. Different implementations of cloud fraction or cloud lifetime in global climate models could potentially modify estimates of IC‐SOA mass production by 20–30%. Dense IC‐SOA production occurs in the tropical and midlatitude regions of the lower troposphere (surface to 500 hPa). In DJF, IC‐SOA production is concentrated over the western Amazon and southern Africa. In JJA, substantial IC‐SOA production occurs over southern China and boreal forest regions. This study confirms a significant in‐cloud source of SOA, which will directly and indirectly influence global radiation balance and regional climate.
Response to “Comment on ‘Solitary waves and double layers in an ultra-relativistic degenerate dusty electron-positron-ion plasma’ ” [Phys. Plasmas 19, 064703 (2012)]
Authors: Roy N.
Published: June 2012

The investigation of the occurrence of nonlinear electrostatic waves (viz., solitary waves and double layers) in degenerate plasmas was the main concern of the article presented by Roy et al. [Phys. Plasmas 19, 033705 (2012)]. The equations of state used in the article were the limits explained by Chandrasekhar [Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 170, 405 (1935)]. It was designated as “misleading” by some authors, which is opposed in this reply with explanation.
Pulsed rotating supersonic source for merged molecular beams
Authors: Sheffield L. , Hickey M. S. , Krasovitskiy V. , Rathnayaka K. D. D. , Lyuksyutov I. F. , Herschbach D. R.
Published: June 2012

We describe a pulsed rotating supersonic beam source, evolved from an ancestral device [M. Gupta and D. Herschbach, J. Phys. Chem. A 105, 1626 (2001)]. The beam emerges from a nozzle near the tip of a hollow rotor which can be spun at high-speed to shift the molecular velocity distribution downward or upward over a wide range. Here we consider mostly the slowing mode. Introducing a pulsed gas inlet system, cryocooling, and a shutter gate eliminated the main handicap of the original device in which continuous gas flow imposed high background pressure. The new version provides intense pulses, of duration 0.1–0.6 ms (depending on rotor speed) and containing ∼1012 molecules at lab speeds as low as 35 m/s and ∼1015 molecules at 400 m/s. Beams of any molecule available as a gas can be slowed (or speeded); e.g., we have produced slow and fast beams of rare gases, O2, Cl2, NO2, NH3, and SF6. For collision experiments, the ability to scan the beam speed by merely adjusting the rotor is especially advantageous when using two merged beams. By closely matching the beam speeds, very low relative collision energies can be attained without making either beam very slow.
Confinement and viscoelastic effects on chain closure dynamics
Authors: Bhattacharyya Pinaki , Sharma Rati , Cherayil Binny J.
Published: June 2012

Chemical reactions inside cells are typically subject to the effects both of the cell's confining surfaces and of the viscoelastic behavior of its contents. In this paper, we show how the outcome of one particular reaction of relevance to cellular biochemistry – the diffusion-limited cyclization of long chain polymers – is influenced by such confinement and crowding effects. More specifically, starting from the Rouse model of polymer dynamics, and invoking the Wilemski-Fixman approximation, we determine the scaling relationship between the mean closure time tc of a flexible chain (no excluded volume or hydrodynamic interactions) and the length N of its contour under the following separate conditions: (a) confinement of the chain to a sphere of radius d and (b) modulation of its dynamics by colored Gaussian noise. Among other results, we find that in case (a) when d is much smaller than the size of the chain, tc ∼ Nd2, and that in case (b), tc ∼ N2/(2 − 2H), H being a number between 1/2 and 1 that characterizes the decay of the noise correlations. H is not known a priori, but values of about 0.7 have been used in the successful characterization of protein conformational dynamics. At this value of H (selected for purposes of illustration), tc ∼ N3.4, the high scaling exponent reflecting the slow relaxation of the chain in a viscoelastic medium.
Threshold switching via electric field induced crystallization in phase-change memory devices
Authors: Vázquez Diosdado Jorge A. , Ashwin Peter , Kohary Krisztian I. , Wright C. David
Published: June 2012

Phase-change devices exhibit characteristic threshold switching from the reset (off) to the set (on) state. Mainstream understanding of this electrical switching phenomenon is that it is initiated electronically via the influence of high electric fields on inter-band trap states in the amorphous phase. However, recent work has suggested that field induced (crystal) nucleation could instead be responsible. We compare and contrast these alternative switching “theories” via realistic simulations of device switching both with and without electric field dependent contributions to the system free energy. Results show that although threshold switching can indeed be obtained purely by electric field induced nucleation, the fields required are significantly larger than experimentally measured values.