bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Does soil moisture overrule temperature dependence of soil respiration in Mediterranean riparian forests?
Authors: Chang C. T. , Sabaté S. , Sperlich D. , Poblador S. , Sabater F. , Gracia C.
Published: November 2014

Abstract. Soil respiration (SR) is a major component of ecosystems' carbon cycles and represents the second largest CO2 flux in the terrestrial biosphere. Soil temperature is considered to be the primary abiotic control on SR, whereas soil moisture is the secondary control factor. However, soil moisture can become the dominant control on SR in very wet or dry conditions. Determining the trigger that makes soil moisture as the primary control factor of SR will provide a deeper understanding on how SR changes under the projected future increase in droughts. Specific objectives of this study were (1) to investigate the seasonal variations and the relationship between SR and both soil temperature and moisture in a Mediterranean riparian forest along a groundwater level gradient; (2) to determine soil moisture thresholds at which SR is controlled by soil moisture rather than by temperature; (3) to compare SR responses under different tree species present in a Mediterranean riparian forest (Alnus glutinosa, Populus nigra and Fraxinus excelsior). Results showed that the heterotrophic soil respiration rate, groundwater level and 30 cm integral soil moisture (SM30) decreased significantly from the riverside moving uphill and showed a pronounced seasonality. SR rates showed significant differences between tree species, with higher SR for P. nigra and lower SR for A. glutinosa. The lower threshold of soil moisture was 20 and 17% for heterotrophic and total SR, respectively. Daily mean SR rate was positively correlated with soil temperature when soil moisture exceeded the threshold, with Q10 values ranging from 1.19 to 2.14; nevertheless, SR became decoupled from soil temperature when soil moisture dropped below these thresholds.
Applicability of an integrated plume rise model for the dispersion from wild-land fires
Authors: Kukkonen J. , Nikmo J. , Sofiev M. , Riikonen K. , Petäjä T. , Virkkula A. , Levula J. , Schobesberger S. , Webber D. M.
Published: November 2014

Abstract. We have presented an overview of a mathematical model, BUOYANT, that was originally designed for the evaluation of the dispersion of buoyant plumes originated from major warehouse fires. The model addresses the variations of the cross-plume integrated properties of a buoyant plume in the presence of a vertically varying atmosphere. The model also includes a treatment for a rising buoyant plume interacting with an inversion layer. We have compared the model predictions with the data of two prescribed wild-land fire experiments. For the SCAR-C experiment in Quinault (US) in 1994, the predicted vertical extents of the plume at maximum plume rise were between 500 and 800 m and between 200 and 700 m, using two alternative meteorological data sets. The corresponding observed injection heights of the aerosol particles measured using an airborne lidar (light detection and ranging) ranged from 250 to 600 m. For the prescribed burning experiment in Hyytiälä (Finland) in 2009, the model predictions were compared with plume elevations and diameters, determined based on particulate matter number concentration measurements onboard an aeroplane. However, the agreement between modelled and measured results substantially depends on how the properties of the source term are evaluated, especially regarding the convective heat fluxes from the fire. The results demonstrate that in field experiments on wild-land fires, there are substantial uncertainties in estimating both (i) the source terms for the atmospheric dispersion computations and (ii) the relevant vertical meteorological profiles.
Development and evaluation of the Screening Trajectory Ozone Prediction System (STOPS, version 1.0)
Authors: Czader B. H. , Percell P. , Byun D. , Choi Y.
Published: November 2014

Abstract. A hybrid Lagrangian–Eulerian modeling tool has been developed using the Eulerian framework of the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model. It is a moving nest that utilizes saved original CMAQ simulation results to provide boundary conditions, initial conditions, as well as emissions and meteorological parameters necessary for a simulation. Given that these file are available, this tool can run independently from the CMAQ whole domain simulation and it is designed to simulate source – receptor relationship upon changes in emissions. In this tool, the original CMAQ's horizontal domain is reduced to a small sub-domain that follows a trajectory defined by the mean mixed-layer wind. It has the same vertical structure and physical and chemical interactions as CMAQ except advection calculation. The advantage of this tool compared to other Lagrangian models is its capability of utilizing realistic boundary conditions that change with space and time as well as detailed chemistry treatment. The correctness of the algorithms and the overall performance was evaluated against CMAQ simulation results. Its performance depends on the atmospheric conditions occurring during the simulation period with the comparisons being most similar to CMAQ results under uniform wind conditions. The mean bias varies between −0.03 and −0.78 and the slope is between 0.99 and 1.01 for different analyzed cases. For complicated meteorological condition, such as wind circulation, the simulated mixing ratios deviate from CMAQ values as a result of Lagrangian approach of using mean wind for its movement, but are still close, with the mean varying between 0.07 and −4.29 and slope varying between 0.95 and 1.063 for different analyzed cases. For historical reasons this hybrid Lagrangian – Eulerian tool is named the Screening Trajectory Ozone Prediction System (STOPS) but its use is not limited to ozone prediction as similarly to CMAQ it can simulate concentrations of many species, including particulate matter and some toxic compounds, such as formaldehyde and 1,3-butadiene.
A modular simulation study to improve patient flow to inpatient units in the emergency department
Authors: Norouzzadeh Shaghayegh , Garber Joseph , Longacre Melonie , Akbar Salaahuddin , Riebling Nancy , Clark Robin
Published: November 2014

In this study, a modular discrete event simulation (computer modeling) has been presented to support process improvements in a hospital’s emergency department (ED) to streamline admitted patient flow to inpatient units. Because the ED in this study has less than 10 beds, unnecessary occupation of beds affects the patient wait time dramatically. Additionally, ED overcrowding diminishes the quality of care, increases costs, and decreases employee and patient satisfaction. The modular simulation model evaluated the effectiveness of several recommended workflow improvements, resulting from comprehensive statistical analysis, based on their impact on cycle time and time traps in the process. The results suggested that, to ensure better efficiency and optimal cycle time, all of the suggested workflow improvements should be implemented simultaneously. The model also suggested that achieving customer satisfaction is possible 96.26% of the time with the current resource allocations in the ED.
Developing a Smart Grid that Customers can Afford: The Impact of Deferrable Demand
Authors: Jeon Wooyoung , Mo Jung Youn , Mount Timothy D.
Published: November 2014

With more electricity generated from renewable sources, the importance of effective storage capacity is increasing due to its capability to mitigate the inherent variability of these sources, such as wind and solar power. However, the cost of dedicated storage is high and all customers eventually have to pay. Deferrable demand offers an alternative form of storage that is potentially less expensive because the capital cost is shared between providing an energy service and supporting the grid. This paper presents an empirical analysis to illustrate the beneficial effects of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEV) and thermal storage on the total system cost using data for a hot summer day in New York City. The analysis shows how customers can reduce total system costs and their bills by 1) shifting load from expensive peak periods to less expensive off-peak periods, 2) reducing the amount of installed conventional generating capacity needed to maintain System Adequacy, and 3) providing ramping services to mitigate the variability of generation from renewable sources. Moreover, this paper demonstrates economic benefits of different types of customers with different deferrable demand capabilities under two bill payment policies, flat price payment and optimum price payment, and it finally shows how long it takes for customers to fully pay back their initial capital costs of PHEV or thermal storage under two different policies.
How to use Big Data technologies to optimize operations in Upstream Petroleum Industry
Authors: Baaziz Abdelkader , Quoniam Luc
Published: November 2014

“Big Data is the oil of the new economy” is the most famous citation during the three last years. It has even been adopted by the World Economic Forum in 2011. In fact, Big Data is like crude! It’s valuable, but if unrefined it cannot be used. It must be broken down, analyzed for it to have value. But what about Big Data generated by the Petroleum Industry and particularly its upstream segment? Upstream is no stranger to Big Data. Understanding and leveraging data in the upstream segment enables firms to remain competitive throughout planning, exploration, delineation, and field development.Oil Gas Companies conduct advanced geophysics modeling and simulation to support operations where 2D, 3D 4D Seismic generate significant data during exploration phases. They closely monitor the performance of their operational assets. To do this, they use tens of thousands of data-collecting sensors in subsurface wells and surface facilities to provide continuous and real-time monitoring of assets and environmental conditions. Unfortunately, this information comes in various and increasingly complex forms, making it a challenge to collect, interpret, and leverage the disparate data. As an example, Chevron’s internal IT traffic alone exceeds 1.5 terabytes a day.Big Data technologies integrate common and disparate data sets to deliver the right information at the appropriate time to the correct decision-maker. These capabilities help firms act on large volumes of data, transforming decision-making from reactive to proactive and optimizing all phases of exploration, development and production. Furthermore, Big Data offers multiple opportunities to ensure safer, more responsible operations. Another invaluable effect of that would be shared learning.The aim of this paper is to explain how to use Big Data technologies to optimize operations. How can Big Data help experts to decision-making leading the desired outcomes?Keywords:Big Data; Analytics; Upstream Petroleum Industry;  Knowledge Management; KM; Business Intelligence; BI; Innovation; Decision-making under Uncertainty
Innovating Healthcare Processes for Speed and Effectiveness
Authors: Margueritte Maryline
Published: November 2014

For several years, health networks have developed devices enabling coordinated care of patients in France, regarding both medical plans as well as medico-psycho-social and human care. Some have developed computerized health records for sharing useful information for the coordination and continuity of care. Since the 2009 hospital reform, cooperative operating modes between health system professionals and users are being installed. The implementation of a health information system permits, on one hand, to ensure the transversality of the business process with the patient and, on the other hand, to measure the results of the medical and economic evolution of a complex system of information. The possibilities offered by new technologies of information and communication enable the development of applications supporting increased "on line" participation for citizens. The "ambulatory approach" exports healthcare outside hospital walls. This is an innovative medicine allowing the patient to stay at his home. In France, this re-engineering is based on four areas: a medical record, a collective ownership by the medical and paramedical professions, empowerment of patients and networking in the health sector.Keywords: Health; Networks; Information System; Innovation; Medicine; Patients; Science.
The Community Engineering Corps needs you!
Authors: Roberson J. Alan , Geiger Lindsey
Published: November 2014

Three organizations have teamed up to form the Community Engineering Corps, and its members are spreading the word to their colleagues: You have the expertise to help bring infrastructure solutions to underserved communities.
Water treatment by fabric capillary action: New technique with ancient origins
Authors: Fadel Hatem A.
Published: November 2014

The ancient Egyptian wick filtration method of water treatment has been redeveloped, and a comparative study showed that the redeveloped method of transmitting the water from one channel to another through technical nonwoven fabrics by using fabric capillary action is more cost effective.
Low‐Pressure Events: Variation in State Regulations and Utility Practices
Authors: Erickson John , Roberson J. Alan , Friedman Melinda , Smith Charlotte
Published: November 2014

Distribution system operation and maintenance is an integral component of the multiple‐barrier approach to providing safe drinking water. Low‐pressure events have the potential to affect public health by allowing contaminants to enter the distribution system. Existing waterworks standards, state guidelines, and state regulations describe minimum pressure standards and best practices to reduce contamination risk when low‐pressure events occur, but no federal regulation directly addresses low‐pressure events. A study was conducted to survey state minimum pressure standards as well as utility practices related to low‐pressure events. While most states have a minimum pressure standard of 20 psi, policies for when to report events to state primacy agencies and when to issue boil‐water advisories vary. Federal guidance could potentially make handling of low‐pressure events more consistent, but more research is needed to quantify to what extent more consistent practices could improve public health.
Mixed and mixing layer depths in the ocean surface boundary layer under conditions of diurnal stratification
Authors: Sutherland G. , Reverdin G. , Marié L. , Ward B.
Published: November 2014

A comparison between mixed (MLD) and mixing (XLD) layer depths is presented from the SubTRopical Atlantic Surface Salinity Experiment (STRASSE) cruise in the subtropical Atlantic. This study consists of 400 microstructure profiles during fairly calm and moderate conditions (2 < U10 < 10 m s−1) and strong solar heating O(1000 W m−2). The XLD is determined from a decrease in the turbulent dissipation rate to an assumed background level. Two different thresholds for the background dissipation level are tested, 10−8 and 10−9 m2 s−3, and these are compared with the MLD as calculated using a density threshold. The larger background threshold agrees with the MLD during restratification but only extends to half the MLD during nighttime convection, while the lesser threshold agrees well during convection but is deeper by a factor of 2 during restratification. Observations suggest the use of a larger density threshold to determine the MLD in a buoyancy driven regime.
Turbulent plasma transport across the Earth's low‐latitude boundary layer
Authors: Nakamura T. K. M. , Daughton W.
Published: November 2014

The Kelvin‐Helmholtz instability is a key process for the transport of solar wind plasma into the Earth's magnetosphere when the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) is northward. Previous kinetic simulations for symmetric layers have demonstrated that the flow vortices compress the magnetopause current layer and induce magnetic reconnection, leading to the rapid streaming of solar wind plasma into the vortices along newly reconnected field lines. Using fully kinetic 3‐D simulations, we demonstrate that the inherent density asymmetry across the boundary layer leads to a spectrum of oblique interchange instabilities along the magnetospheric side of the vortices. These secondary instabilities give rise to turbulence, which transports the solar wind plasma originally stored within the flow vortices deep into the magnetosphere. Simple estimates suggest that this turbulent transport may contribute significantly to the formation of the Earth's low‐latitude boundary layer and the cold‐dense plasma sheet during prolonged periods of northward IMF.
Quantifying barotropic and baroclinic eddy feedbacks in the persistence of the Southern Annular Mode
Authors: Nie Yu , Zhang Yang , Chen Gang , Yang Xiu‐Qun , Burrows D. Alex
Published: November 2014

Understanding the persistence of the Southern Annular Mode (SAM) is important for the intraseasonal and decadal predictability of SAM. Using the ERA‐40 and ERA‐Interim reanalysis data, this study introduces a new method to quantify the relative roles of barotropic and baroclinic eddy feedbacks in the SAM persistence. Through a hybrid Eulerian‐Lagrangian Finite Amplitude Wave Activity diagnostic, it is found that (i) transient wave activity is important in driving the SAM, but it provides a negative feedback to the SAM persistence. (ii) Irreversible potential vorticity mixing, through barotropic processes in the upper troposphere, plays an important role in driving and sustaining the SAM variability. Particularly, following the poleward shift of the eddy‐driven jet, the reduction/enhancement in effective diffusivity on the jet's poleward/equatorward flank can be understood by a stronger/weaker zonal jet acting as a robust/leaky mixing barrier. (iii) Baroclinic eddy generation and vertical wave propagation mainly act to sustain the SAM variability.
Event study combining magnetospheric and ionospheric perspectives of the substorm current wedge modeling
Authors: Sergeev V. A. , Nikolaev A. V. , Kubyshkina M. V. , Tsyganenko N. A. , Singer H. J. , Rodriguez J. V. , Angelopoulos V. , Nakamura R. , Milan S. E. , Coxon J. C. , Anderson B. J. , Korth H.
Published: November 2014

Unprecedented spacecraft and instrumental coverage and the isolated nature and distinct step‐like development of a substorm on 17 March 2010 has allowed validation of the two‐loop substorm current wedge model (SCW2L). We find a close spatiotemporal relationship of the SCW with many other essential signatures of substorm activity in the magnetotail and demonstrate its azimuthally localized structure and stepwise expansion in the magnetotail. We confirm that ground SCW diagnostics makes it possible to reconstruct and organize the azimuthal spatiotemporal substorm development pattern with accuracy better than 1 h magnetic local time (MLT) in the case of medium‐scale substorm. The Active Magnetosphere and Planetary Electrodynamics Response Experiment (AMPERE)‐based study of global field‐aligned current distribution indicates that (a) the SCW‐related field‐aligned current system consists of simultaneously activated R1‐ and R2‐type currents, (b) their net currents have a R1‐sense, and (c) locations of net current peaks are consistent with the SCW edge locations inferred from midlatitude variations. Thanks to good azimuthal coverage of four GOES and three Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms spacecraft, we evaluated the intensities of the SCW R1‐ and R2‐like current loops (using the SCW2L model) obtained from combined magnetospheric and ground midlatitude magnetic observations and found the net currents consistent (within a factor of 2) with the AMPERE‐based estimate. We also ran an adaptive magnetospheric model and show that SCW2L model outperforms it in predicting the magnetic configuration changes during substorm dipolarizations.
Die atomare dreidimensionale Struktur von Amyloid‐β‐Fibrillen mit der Osaka‐Mutation
Authors: Schütz Anne K. , Vagt Toni , Huber Matthias , Ovchinnikova Oxana Y. , Cadalbert Riccardo , Wall Joseph , Güntert Peter , Böckmann Anja , Glockshuber Rudi , Meier Beat H.
Published: November 2014

Trotz der zentralen Bedeutung für das Verständnis der molekularen Grundlage der Alzheimer‐Krankheit (AK), gibt es bisher wenig Wissen über die hochaufgelösten Strukturen von Fibrillen des Amyloid‐β(Aβ)‐Peptids. Wir präsentieren hier eine atomar aufgelöste Struktur von Fibrillen des Aβ1‐40‐Peptids mit der Osaka‐Mutation (E22Δ), die mit früh auftretender AK in Zusammenhang steht. Die Struktur, die sich grundlegend von allen bisher vorgestellten Aβ‐Modellen unterscheidet, basiert auf einer großen Anzahl eindeutiger intra‐ und intermolekularer Abstandsbeschränkungen (“distance restraints”).
Biocompatible Infinite‐Coordination‐Polymer Nanoparticle–Nucleic‐Acid Conjugates for Antisense Gene Regulation
Authors: Calabrese Colin M. , Merkel Timothy J. , Briley William E. , Randeria Pratik S. , Narayan Suguna P. , Rouge Jessica L. , Walker David A. , Scott Alexander W. , Mirkin Chad A.
Published: November 2014

Herein, we report the synthesis of DNA‐functionalized infinite‐coordination‐polymer (ICP) nanoparticles as biocompatible gene‐regulation agents. ICP nanoparticles were synthesized from ferric nitrate and a ditopic 3‐hydroxy‐4‐pyridinone (HOPO) ligand bearing a pendant azide. Addition of FeIII to a solution of the ligand produced nanoparticles, which were colloidally unstable in the presence of salts. Conjugation of DNA to the FeIII–HOPO ICP particles by copper‐free click chemistry afforded colloidally stable nucleic‐acid nanoconstructs. The DNA–ICP particles, when cross‐linked through sequence‐specific hybridization, exhibited narrow, highly cooperative melting transitions consistent with dense DNA surface loading. The ability of the DNA–ICP particles to enter cells and alter protein expression was also evaluated. Our results indicate that these novel particles carry nucleic acids into mammalian cells without the need for transfection agents and are capable of efficient gene knockdown.
Atomic‐Resolution Three‐Dimensional Structure of Amyloid β Fibrils Bearing the Osaka Mutation
Authors: Schütz Anne K. , Vagt Toni , Huber Matthias , Ovchinnikova Oxana Y. , Cadalbert Riccardo , Wall Joseph , Güntert Peter , Böckmann Anja , Glockshuber Rudi , Meier Beat H.
Published: November 2014

Despite its central importance for understanding the molecular basis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), high‐resolution structural information on amyloid β‐peptide (Aβ) fibrils, which are intimately linked with AD, is scarce. We report an atomic‐resolution fibril structure of the Aβ1‐40 peptide with the Osaka mutation (E22Δ), associated with early‐onset AD. The structure, which differs substantially from all previously proposed models, is based on a large number of unambiguous intra‐ and intermolecular solid‐state NMR distance restraints.
N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Catalyzed Enantioselective α‐Fluorination of Aliphatic Aldehydes and α‐Chloro Aldehydes: Synthesis of α‐Fluoro Esters, Amides, and Thioesters
Authors: Dong Xiuqin , Yang Wen , Hu Weimin , Sun Jianwei
Published: November 2014

The asymmetric fluorination of azolium enolates that are generated from readily available simple aliphatic aldehydes or α‐chloro aldehydes and N‐heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) is described. The process significantly expands the synthetic utility of NHC‐catalyzed fluorination and provides facile access to a wide range of α‐fluoro esters, amides, and thioesters with excellent enantioselectivity. Pyrazole was identified as an excellent acyl transfer reagent for catalytic amide formation.
Delivering the Aichi target 11: challenges and opportunities for marine areas beyond national jurisdiction
Authors: Rochette Julien , Gjerde Kristina , Druel Elisabeth , Ardron Jeff A. , Craw Alicia , Halpin Patrick , Pendleton Linwood , Teleki Kristian , Cleary Jesse
Published: November 2014

In 2010, Contracting Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity adopted the so‐called ‘Aichi targets’ in order to achieve global biodiversity conservation. Target 11 specifically provides that ‘by 2020 (…) at least 10 per cent of coastal and marine areas (…) are conserved through effectively and equitably managed, ecologically representative and well‐connected systems of protected areas and other effective area‐based conservation measures’. This objective is currently far from being reached since less than 3% of the ocean has been designated as marine protected areas (MPAs).

In areas beyond national jurisdiction (ABNJ) in particular, with less than 0.5% protected, there is no mechanism aimed at creating internationally‐recognized MPAs and the initiatives launched by regional organizations, although promising, have limitations.

ABNJ are nevertheless facing increasing human pressures and it is therefore appropriate and pressing to designate a comprehensive and representative network of MPAs in these areas. This paper analyses the current efforts conducted to better conserve marine biodiversity in ABNJ and identifies enabling conditions for meeting the Aichi Target 11.

Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Migratory marine species: their status, threats and conservation management needs
Authors: Lascelles Ben , Notarbartolo Di Sciara Giuseppe , Agardy Tundi , Cuttelod Annabelle , Eckert Sara , Glowka Lyle , Hoyt Erich , Llewellyn Fiona , Louzao Maite , Ridoux Vincent , Tetley Mike J.
Published: November 2014

Migratory marine species (MMS) include many of the world's most charismatic organisms such as marine mammals, seabirds, turtles, sharks, and tuna. Many are now among the most threatened due to the diverse range of pressures they encounter during their extensive movements. This paper shows that 21% of MMS are classified as threatened (i.e. categorized as Critically Endangered, Endangered or Vulnerable). Sea turtles are the most threatened group (85%), followed by seabirds (27%), cartilaginous fish (26%), marine mammals (15%) and bony fish (11%). Taken together 48% of MMS are threatened, Near Threatened or Data Deficient.

As well as being threatened they share in common being wide‐ranging animals, travelling through the waters of multiple nations as well as in Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction (ABNJ) during different times of the year. This makes their conservation a challenge, requiring coordinated action by many nations, international organizations, Multilateral Environmental Agreements (MEAs) and other stakeholders if their populations are to recover to healthy levels and be safeguarded into the future.

Even though they are wide‐ranging, long‐term studies reveal considerable site fidelity and well‐defined habitats for many species and areas. These sites are prime candidates for enhanced management such as via Marine Protect Area (MPA) designations. However, existing management frameworks do not yet contribute sufficiently to MMS conservation, MPA networks need to be expanded to capture key areas, in many cases through the application of new dynamic management techniques such as time area closures.

Data on the distribution, abundance, behaviours and threats faced by many MMS are now available. These data should be used to inform the design of effective management regimes, such as MPAs, both within and beyond national jurisdictions. MEAs should ensure a full complement of MMS are included within species listings, and encourage further action to safeguard their populations.

Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Developing important marine mammal area criteria: learning from ecologically or biologically significant areas and key biodiversity areas
Authors: Corrigan Colleen M. , Ardron Jeff A. , Comeros‐Raynal Mia T. , Hoyt Erich , Notarbartolo Di Sciara Giuseppe , Carpenter Kent E.
Published: November 2014

This paper explores how criteria to identify important marine mammal areas (IMMAs) could be developed, and nested in existing global criteria. This process would consider 134 species of marine mammals.

Particular attention is given to two suites of global criteria to identify areas important for the persistence of marine biodiversity: Ecologically or Biologically Significant Areas (EBSAs) developed through the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), and Key Biodiversity Areas (KBAs) in revision through the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN). They are seen as mutually complementary in the development of IMMAs.

The specificities necessary for identifying important areas at scales below the global level may vary according to the region, the biophysical requirements of distinct populations, and available data. Refining and testing the applicability of these global criteria on marine mammals at both regional and national scales will be necessary.

Combining area‐based measures with non‐spatial management actions will likely be the optimal approach for ensuring marine mammal persistence given their highly migratory nature and widespread life‐history stages.

Capacity to enact IMMAs is strengthened by the existence of professional marine mammal associations and networks, and the recently formed IUCN Marine Mammal Protected Areas Task Force (MMPATF). The MMPATF is planning further development of IMMA criteria through joint work with the International Committee on Marine Mammal Protected Areas (ICMMPA).

Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Simultaneous Mixed LQR/H∞ Control Approach to the Design of Reliable Active Suspension Controllers
Authors: Wu Jenq‐Lang
Published: November 2014

This paper is concerned with the synthesis of reliable controllers for quarter‐car active suspension systems. By a simultaneous mixed LQR/H∞ control approach, a static output feedback controller is derived for guaranteeing good suspension performance under possible sensor fault or suspension component breakdown. The considered simultaneous mixed LQR/H∞ control problem is a nonconvex optimization problem; therefore, the linear matrix inequality approach is not applicable. Based on the barrier method, we solve an auxiliary minimization problem to get an approximate solution for the simultaneous mixed LQR/H∞ control problem. Necessary conditions for the local optimum of the auxiliary minimization problem are derived. Moreover, a three‐stage solution algorithm is developed for solving the auxiliary minimization problem. The simulation shows that the obtained static output feedback suspension controllers can improve suspension performance in nominal mode and all considered failure modes.
The evolution of eukaryotic cells from the perspective of peroxisomes
Authors: Bolte Kathrin , Rensing Stefan A. , Maier Uwe‐G.
Published: November 2014

Beta‐oxidation of fatty acids and detoxification of reactive oxygen species are generally accepted as being fundamental functions of peroxisomes. Additionally, these pathways might have been the driving force favoring the selection of this compartment during eukaryotic evolution. Here we performed phylogenetic analyses of enzymes involved in beta‐oxidation of fatty acids in Bacteria, Eukaryota, and Archaea. These imply an alpha‐proteobacterial origin for three out of four enzymes. By integrating the enzymes' history into the contrasting models on the origin of eukaryotic cells, we conclude that peroxisomes most likely evolved non‐symbiotically and subsequent to the acquisition of mitochondria in an archaeal host cell.
A decision theoretic approach to optimization of multiple testing procedures
Authors: Lisovskaja Vera , Burman Carl‐Fredrik
Published: November 2014

This paper focuses on the concept of optimizing a multiple testing procedure (MTP) with respect to a predefined utility function. The class of Bonferroni‐based closed testing procedures, which includes, for example, (weighted) Holm, fallback, gatekeeping, and recycling/graphical procedures, is used in this context. Numerical algorithms for calculating expected utility for some MTPs in this class are given. The obtained optimal procedures, as well as the gain resulting from performing an optimization are then examined in a few, but informative, examples.
Conscientiousness is modified by genetic variation in catechol‐O‐methyltransferase to reduce symptom complaints in IBS patients
Authors: Hall Kathryn T. , Tolkin Benjamin R. , Chinn Garrett M. , Kirsch Irving , Kelley John M. , Lembo Anthony J. , Kaptchuk Ted J. , Kokkotou Efi , Davis Roger B. , Conboy Lisa A.
Published: November 2014

Background

Attention to and perception of physical sensations and somatic states can significantly influence reporting of complaints and symptoms in the context of clinical care and randomized trials. Although anxiety and high neuroticism are known to increase the frequency and severity of complaints, it is not known if other personality dimensions or genes associated with cognitive function or sympathetic tone can influence complaints. Genetic variation in catechol‐O‐methyltransferase (COMT) is associated with anxiety, personality, pain, and response to placebo treatment. We hypothesized that the association of complaint reporting with personality might be modified by variation in the COMT val158met genotype.

Methods

We administered a standard 25‐item complaint survey weekly over 3‐weeks to a convenience sample of 187 irritable bowel syndrome patients enrolled in a placebo intervention trial and conducted a repeated measures analysis.

Results

We found that complaint severity rating, our primary outcome, was negatively associated with the personality measures of conscientiousness (β = −0.31 SE 0.11, P = 0.003) and agreeableness (β = −0.38 SE 0.12, P = 0.002) and was positively associated with neuroticism (β = 0.24 SE 0.09, P = 0.005) and anxiety (β = 0.48 SE 0.09, P < 0.0001). We also found a significant interaction effect of COMT met alleles (β = −32.5 SE 14.1, P = 0.021). in patients genotyped for COMT val158met (N  = 87) specifically COMT × conscientiousness (β = 0.73 SE 0.26, P = 0.0042) and COMT × anxiety (β = −0.42 SE 0.16, P = 0.0078) interaction effects.

Conclusion

These findings potentially broaden our understanding of the factors underlying clinical complaints to include the personality dimension of conscientiousness and its modification by COMT.
Purification of equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) using magnetic ion exchange adsorbents in combination with high‐gradient magnetic separation
Authors: Müller Christine , Heidenreich Elena , Franzreb Matthias , Frankenfeld Katrin
Published: November 2014

Current purification of the glycoprotein equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) from horse serum includes consecutive precipitation steps beginning with metaphosphoric acid pH fractionation, two ethanol precipitation steps, and dialysis followed by a numerous of fixed‐bed chromatography steps up to the specific activity required. A promising procedure for a more economic purification procedure represents a simplified precipitation process requiring only onethird of the solvent, followed by the usage of magnetic ion exchange adsorbents employed together with a newly designed ‘rotor‐stator’ type High Gradient Magnetic Fishing (HGMF) system for large‐scale application, currently up to 100 g of magnetic adsorbents. Initially, the separation process design was optimized for binding and elution conditions for the target protein in mL scale. Subsequently, the magnetic filter for particle separation was characterized. Based on these results, a purification process for eCG was designed consisting of (i) pretreatment of the horse serum; (ii) binding of the target protein to magnetic ion exchange adsorbents in a batch reactor; (iii) recovery of loaded functionalized adsorbents from the pretreated solution using HGMF; (iv) washing of loaded adsorbents to remove unbound proteins; (v) elution of the target protein. Finally, the complete HGMF process was automated and conducted with either multiple single‐cycles or multicycle operation of four sequential cycles, using batches of pretreated serum of up to 20 L. eCG purification with yields of approximately 53% from single HGMF cycles and up to 80% from multicycle experiments were reached, with purification and concentration factors of around 2,500 and 6.7, respectively. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 31:78–89, 2015
High Ionic Conductivity in a LiFeO2–LiAlO2 Composite Under H2/Air Fuel Cell Conditions
Authors: Lan Rong , Tao Shanwen
Published: November 2014

New ionic conducting materials for electrolytes for electrochemical devices have been attracting the interest of researchers in energy materials. Here, for the first time, we report a conductive composite with high ionic conductivity derived from an electronic conductor α‐LiFeO2 and an insulator γ‐LiAlO2. High conductivity was observed in the α‐LiFeO2–γ‐LiAlO2 composite when prepared by a solid state reaction method. However, the conductivity enhancement in α‐LiFeO2–γ‐LiAlO2 composite was not observed when the two oxides were mechanically mixed. The α‐LiFeO2–γ‐LiAlO2 composite also exhibits O2− or/and H+ ionic conduction which was confirmed through H2/air fuel cell measurements. An exceptionally high conductivity of 0.50 S cm−1 at 650 °C was observed under H2/air fuel cell conditions. This provides a new approach to discover novel ionic conductors from composite materials derived from electronic conductors.
Strong Emissive Nanofibers of Organogels for the Detection of Volatile Acid Vapors
Authors: Xue Pengchong , Sun Jiabao , Yao Boqi , Gong Peng , Zhang Zhenqi , Qian Chong , Zhang Yuan , Lu Ran
Published: November 2014

Two L‐phenylalanine derivatives with 5,8‐bis(2‐(carbazol‐3‐yl)vinyl)quinoxaline (PCQ) and 5,8‐bis[2‐(carbazol‐3‐yl)]‐2,3‐dimethylquinoxaline (DCQ) as fluorophores were synthesized, and their photophysical properties were measured and compared. The two compounds were found to gelate some organic solvents and self‐assemble into 1D nanofibers in gels. The wet gel of PCQ emitted a weak orange fluorescence, but the DCQ gel had a strong green one. This result can be due to the presence of two methyl groups and the nonplanar conformation of fluorophore in DCQ. The gel film of DCQ also showed significantly stronger fluorescence than that of PCQ. Thus, the wet gel and xerogel film of DCQ were selected to study their sensing properties to acids. The yellow wet gel of DCQ transformed into a brown sol upon the addition of 0.2 equiv trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), accompanied by emission quenching. The xerogel film of DCQ rapidly responded to volatile acids, such as TFA, HCl, and HOAc. The fluorescence of the xerogel film was gradually quenched with increased concentration of volatile acid vapors. The fibrous film exhibited low detection limits for volatile acid. The detection limits of the thin films for TFA, HCl, and HOAc reached 43, 122, and 950 ppb, respectively.
Bioinspired Copper(I) Complexes that Exhibit Monooxygenase and Catechol Dioxygenase Activity
Authors: Arnold Aline , Metzinger Ramona , Limberg Christian
Published: November 2014

New tripodal ligand L2 featuring three different pyridyl/imidazolyl‐based N‐donor units at a bridgehead C atom, from which one of the imidazolyl units is separated by a phenylene linker, was synthesized and investigated with regards to copper(I) complexation. The resulting complex [(L2)Cu]OTf (2OTf), the known complex [(L1)Cu]OTf (1OTf; L1 differs from L2 in that it lacks the phenylene spacer) and [(L3)Cu]OTf (3OTf), prepared from a known chiral, tripodal, N‐donor ligand featuring pyridyl, pyrazolyl, and imidazolyl donors, were tested as catalysts for the oxidation of sodium 2,4‐di‐tert‐butylphenolate (NaDTBP) with O2. Indeed, they mediated NaDTBP oxidation to give mainly the corresponding catecholate and quinone (Q). None of the complexes 1OTf, 2OTf, and 3OTf is superior to the others, as yields were comparable and, if the presence of protons is guaranteed by concomitant addition of the phenol DTBP, the oxidation can also be performed catalytically. For all complexes stoichiometric oxidations under certain conditions (concentrated solutions, high NaDTBP content) were found to also generate products typical for metal‐mediated intradiol cleavage of the catecholate with O2. As shown representatively for 1OTf this dioxygenation sets in at a later stage of the reaction. Initially a copper species responsible for the monooxygenation must form from 1OTf/NaDTBP/O2, and only thereafter is the copper species responsible for dioxygenation formed and consumes Q as substrate. Hence, under these circumstances complexes 1OTf–3OTf show both monooxygenase and catechol dioxygenase activity.
ChemInform Abstract: Crystal Structure, Energy Band and Optical Properties of Dysprosium Monophosphate DyPO4.
Authors: Khadraoui Z. , Bouzidi C. , Horchani‐Naifer K. , Ferid M.
Published: November 2014

Single crystals of DyPO4 are prepared by high temperature solid state reaction of a 1:20 mixture of Dy2O3 and NH4H2PO4 (1273 K, 1 d; controlled cooling).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Photoluminescence Properties of Microcrystalline Sr2ZnWO6:RE3+ (RE: Eu, Dy, Sm and Pr) Phosphors.
Authors: Dabre K. V. , Park K. , Dhoble S. J.
Published: November 2014

Microcrystalline Sr2ZnWO6:Ln3+ (Ln: Eu, Dy, Sm, Pr) phosphors are prepared by solid state reaction of stoichiometric mixtures of SrCO3, ZnO, H2WO4, and Ln2O3 in air (1250 °C, 4 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Reinvestigation of the Cd—Gd Phase Diagram.
Authors: Reichmann Thomas L. , Ipser Herbert
Published: November 2014

The Cd—Gd equilibrium phase diagram is investigated by powder XRD, SEM, and DTA of samples obtained from melts of the elements (Ta tubes in evacuated silica tubes, <767 °C, 1 d).
ChemInform Abstract: Facile Hydrothermal Synthesis of a Highly Efficient Solar Active Pr6O11—ZnO Photocatalyst and Its Multiple Applications.
Authors: Balachandran Subramanian , Thirumalai Kuppulingam , Swaminathan Meenakshisundaram
Published: November 2014

The title photocatalyst is hydrothermally synthesized from an aqueous suspension containing Zn(NO3)2, Pr6O11, and oxalic acid (autoclave, 120 °C, 48 h) followed by calcination at 450 °C for 4 h.
ChemInform Abstract: Controllable Growth of SnS2/SnO2 Heterostructured Nanoplates via a Hydrothermal‐Assisted Self‐Hydrolysis Process and their Visible‐Light‐Driven Photocatalytic Reduction of Cr(VI).
Authors: Mao Liyuan , Li Jingjing , Xie Yunlong , Zhong Yijun , Hu Yong
Published: November 2014

A series of SnS2/SnO2 heterostructured nanoplates with different SnO2 contents are synthesized by self‐hydrolysis of SnS2 nanoplates (obtained from aqueous mixtures of SnCl4 and thiourea, autoclave, 180 °C, 10 h) in the presence of an aqueous citric acid solution (autoclave, 180 °C, 2—24 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Construction of Two‐Dimensional MoS2/CdS p‐n Nanohybrids for Highly Efficient Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution.
Authors: Zhang Jian , Zhu Zhenping , Feng Xinliang
Published: November 2014

Two‐Dimensional MoS2/CdS nanohybrids with a sandwich‐like p‐n junction heterostructure, large specific surface area, and decreased band gap are solvothermally prepared from a DMSO suspension of well‐dispersed MoS2 nanosheets (obtained from a mixture of LiBH4 and bulk MoS2 in the molar ratio of 2.5:1 at 350 °C for 3 d) and Cd(OAc)2 (ultrasound, autoclave, 220 °C, 18 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Bi—Zn Bond Formation in Liquid Ammonia Solution: [Bi—Zn—Bi]4‐, a Linear Polyanion that is Iso(valence)‐electronic to CO2.
Authors: Benda Christian B. , Koechner Tobias , Schaeper Raphaela , Schulz Stephan , Faessler Thomas F.
Published: November 2014

(III) crystallizes as black block‐shaped crystals in the monoclinic space group C2/c with Z = 4 (single crystal XRD) and contains isolated, linear heteroatomic [Bi—Zn—Bi]4‐ anions.
ChemInform Abstract: K3MoPO7: The First Molybdenum Phosphate with Edge‐Sharing MoO6 Octahedra and PO4 Tetrahedra.
Authors: Luo Siyang , Kang Lei , Lin Zheshuai , Chen Chuangtian
Published: November 2014

The new title compound is synthesized by melting a stoichiometric mixture of K2CO3, MoO3, and K2HPO4 followed by slow cooling.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Asymmetric Synthesis of 8‐Oxabicyclooctanes by Intermolecular [5 + 2] Pyrylium Cycloadditions.
Authors: Witten Michael R. , Jacobsen Eric N.
Published: November 2014

Additionally several stereoselective complexity‐generating transformations of the 8‐oxabicyclooctane products are presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Diheteroaromatic Dianionic Oxy‐Cope Rearrangement Route to the Synthesis of Novel Heterocyclic Compounds.
Authors: Huq C. A. M. A. , Sivakumar S.
Published: November 2014

The π bonds of the two heteroaromatic rings act as a 1,5‐hexadiene system necessary for the oxy‐Cope rearrangement.
ChemInform Abstract: Formation of Four Different Aromatic Scaffolds from Nitriles Through Tandem Divergent Catalysis.
Authors: Kim Ju Hyun , Bouffard Jean , Lee Sang‐gi
Published: November 2014

Reaction of an in situ generated Reformatsky reagent with nitriles and terminal alkynes furnishes an intermediary zinc bromide complex which gives rise to formation of different aromatic scaffolds depending on catalyst and conditions used in the final step.
ChemInform Abstract: IBX Works Efficiently under Solvent Free Conditions in Ball Milling.
Authors: Achar Tapas Kumar , Maiti Saikat , Ma Prasenjit
Published: November 2014

This work presents an overview of a highly economical synthetic methodology which overcomes the problems of using IBX.
ChemInform Abstract: A Chemoselective Oxidation of Monosubstituted Ethylene Glycol: Facile Synthesis of Optically Active α‐Hydroxy Acids.
Authors: Chinthapally Kiran , Baskaran Sundarababu
Published: November 2014

Under optimized conditions, chemoselective and racemization‐free oxidation of enantiopure monosubstituted ethylene glycols such as (I) and (IV) is achieved in good yields using the TEMPO‐NaOCl reagent system.
ChemInform Abstract: Simple, Copper(I)‐Catalyzed Oxidation of Benzylic/Allylic Alcohols to Carbonyl Compounds: Synthesis of Functionalized Cinnamates in One Pot.
Authors: Reddy Alavala Gopi Krishna , Mahendar Lodi , Satyanarayana Gedu
Published: November 2014

An environmentally benign copper(I)‐catalyzed oxidation of activated alcohols to corresponding carbonyl compounds is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: A Reagent for Safe and Efficient Diazo‐Transfer to Primary Amines: 2‐Azido‐1,3‐dimethylimidazolinium Hexafluorophosphate.
Authors: Kitamura Mitsuru , Kato So , Yano Masakazu , Tashiro Norifumi , Shiratake Yuichiro , Sando Mitsuyoshi , Okauchi Tatsuo
Published: November 2014

The title compound, a safe, crystalline, and commercially available substance, is found to be an efficient diazo‐transfer reagent for primary amines, even without the aid of a metal salt such as Cu(II).
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling of Vinylsiloxanes with Bromoalkynes: Synthesis of Enynes.
Authors: Cornelissen Loic , Lefrancq Maxime , Riant Olivier
Published: November 2014

A mild copper‐catalyzed cross‐coupling of vinylsiloxanes with bromoalkynes is presented to give the corresponding enynes.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient Synthesis of 3H‐Indoles Enabled by the Lead‐Mediated α‐Arylation of β‐Ketoesters or γ‐Lactams Using Aryl Azides.
Authors: Zhou Fei , Driver Tom G.
Published: November 2014

A simple protocol for the α‐arylation of various β‐ketoesters and lactam (IX) using 2‐azidoaryllead acetates to yield functionalized aryl azides is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Stereoselective Synthesis of Cyclopropylphosphonates Catalyzed by Chiral Ru(II)‐Pheox Complex.
Authors: Chanthamath Soda , Ozaki Seiya , Shibatomi Kazutaka , Iwasa Seiji
Published: November 2014

A highly stereoselective cyclopropanation of alkenes with diethyl diazomethylphosphonate is achieved in the presence of the Ru(II)‐Pheox complex (RPH) as catalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: The Synthesis of Cyclohexenone Using L‐Proline Immobilized on a Silica Gel Catalyst by a Continuous‐Flow Approach.
Authors: Zhi Cong , Wang Jiaqing , Luo Bin , Li Xinming , Cao Xueqin , Pan Yue , Gu Hongwei
Published: November 2014

17 Cyclohexene derivatives of type (III) are prepared by a continuous‐flow approach using L‐proline immobilized on silica gel as catalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Efficient Gold‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Dibenzocycloheptatrienes.
Authors: Pflaesterer Daniel , Rettenmeier Eva , Schneider Severin , de Las Heras Ruiz Edgar , Rudolph Matthias , Hashmi A. Stephen K.
Published: November 2014

Application of this method is demonstrated by the first total synthesis of Reticuol (VIII).