bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Academic Freedom and Tenure in the United States
Authors: Spoehr Luther
Published: September 2016

Academic freedom is a German import. Throughout the 19th century, more and more American scholars undertook advanced study in Germany and returned to the United States committed to wissenschaft (systematic research), a commitment that in their view required lehrfreiheit (faculty’s freedom to teach) and lernfreiheit (students’ freedom to learn). Institutional resistance to these ideas resulted in highly publicized instances of faculty being fired, but although academic freedom did not acquire force of law, competition for notable scholars, the need for expertise in an increasingly complex society, and other factors helped to get faculty demands incorporated into university governance. The landmark event in academic freedom’s early years was the founding of the American Association of University Professors (AAUP) in 1915. Their “Declaration of Principles on Academic Freedom and Academic Tenure” insisted that university faculty are “appointees,” like judges, with “professional functions to perform in which the appointing authorities have neither competency nor moral right to intervene.” Since then, the definition of academic freedom has evolved to include specific protection of research, teaching, and, most controversial and problematic, extramural speech. It has also expanded to include more and more institutions, with backing from prominent professional organizations—the 1940 “Statement of Principles” (which updated the 1915 “Declaration”) along with the 1970 “Interpretive Comments” has been endorsed by literally hundreds of academic groups. These supportive developments periodically met resistance from business, government, and populist elements, which argued that academic freedom shielded economic inefficiency or political radicalism. The First Red Scare (during and after World War I) and the Second Red Scare, featuring McCarthyism (after World War II), are just two eras during which academic freedom was under serious attack. Today, postmodern theory calls “objective truth” into question, leading some academics themselves to doubt the usefulness or even the possibility of academic freedom. This bibliography is an introductory guide to past and present arguments for and conflicts about academic freedom. Many works mentioned here define “academic freedom” broadly and include free speech and other rights often linked to the narrower definition of academic freedom that pertains to faculty research, teaching, and extramural speech. Entries indicate which aspects of academic freedom are dealt with in each work. This bibliography builds on the work of previous bibliographers and includes the most important items they mention, but most references here have been published (either in print or online) since the earlier bibliographies appeared.
Stable Isotopes
Authors: Bartelink Eric
Published: September 2016

Stable isotope analysis refers broadly to a series of chemical methods used to study phenomena such as earth systems, the hydrological cycle, and ecology. The use of stable isotopes in anthropology traces its beginnings to the late 1970s. Originally focused on geological, hydrological, and ecological problems, stable isotope analysis now is a major component of the anthropologist’s toolkit. Current applications within anthropology draw from the core scientific disciplines but adapt these methods for specific research questions within archaeology, bioarchaeology, paleoanthropology, and forensic anthropology. One major area of study is dietary reconstruction, which focuses on isotope analysis of human skeletons to examine temporal and regional dietary patterns, as well as variation associated with sex, age, mortuary patterns, and social status. More specialized approaches examine weaning and childhood diet patterns using serial sections of tooth enamel and dentin. Another major area of isotope research in anthropology is the study of past residence patterns (e.g., migration and mobility). Some stable isotopes record information about the local water and geology, and thus provide information regarding the place of origin or travel history of an individual. By examining multiple isotopes in different tissues, anthropologists can reconstruct changes in residence patterns. For example, isotopes in enamel bioapatite (mineral fraction) do not change throughout life, so teeth provide a record of where a person lived when a particular tooth formed. Bone collagen (organic fraction) and bioapatite (mineral fraction), in contrast, are constantly replaced through remodeling; thus, if a person moved to a new geographic region, the isotope values in their bones will shift toward the new location over time. By comparing the isotopes in teeth versus bones, anthropologists can detect whether a person was local or nonlocal to the area where they died. In instances where hair or nails are preserved (e.g., mummies, modern forensic cases), serial sections of these tissues can be used to provide a detailed record of diet or travel history in the months prior to death. More recently, forensic anthropologists have begun to examine stable isotopes in modern human remains to aid with medicolegal identification. These methods are especially useful when a decedent is nonlocal to the area where they died (for example, a recent traveler or foreign-born individual).
Coastal Dune Habitats
Authors: Miller Thomas E. , Lauck Marina
Published: September 2016

Coastal dunes occur along the majority of coastlines worldwide, often as parts of barrier islands, and are one of the most dynamic areas on earth. Sufficient supply of sand and strong onshore winds create a dynamic topography of building dunes near the shoreline and often a system of older dunes and troughs further inland. Coastal dunes have significant economic value for, among other things, tourism and fishing, as they protect inland areas from storms and high-water events. They also have critical ecological value, as they provide habitat for many animals, especially nesting seabirds, and shelter- sensitive oyster and seagrass beds in bays, as well as wetlands, and marshes from intense storms. Some of the earliest studies of plant succession, such as Cowles work in 1899, “The ecological relations of the vegetation on the sand dunes of Lake Michigan,” were conducted on coastal dunes and remain prominent for environmental research—especially as sea levels rise and human-related disturbances increase.
History of GIS
Authors: Chrisman Nicholas R.
Published: September 2016

The term “Geographic Information System” (GIS) emerged in the 1960s and quickly became a rallying emblem in a complex terrain of interdisciplinary developments. In the early period, the focus was on technological developments and proof of concept. History was in the making, not a primary focus of scholarship. GIS and its related technologies created disruptions in the routine procedures of collecting and disseminating geographic information. Some material has been lost in the chaos of technical change, but significant archives exist for the earliest periods. The history of these transformations has been treated in a number of ways by a growing number of authors with more or less training in historical method. Much of the history has been recorded by persons with a first-hand stake in the particular institution or project. There has been less emphasis (as yet) on the broad view of interactions between groups. There is a risk in first-person accounts due to conscious or unconscious bias. The disruptions continue as computing moved from expensive (but quite limited) mainframes and professional workstations to consumer products and massive storage. Ironically, there may be less historical material from the early-21st-century era (post-paper). Histories of GIS range from first-hand accounts (written often long after the fact) with little theoretical engagement to critical analysis closely tied to recent debates on critical theory.
Polarimetric properties of the Reiner Gamma swirl
Authors: Jeong Minsup , Kim Sungsoo S. , Choi Young-Jun , Garrick-Bethell Ian
Published: September 2016

In order to understand the regolith characteristics of the Reiner Gamma swirl, one of the most prominent lunar swirls, we analyze the correlation between the linear polarization flux Q and the intensity I of the swirl. We present comparisons between the phase function (the intensity variation with the phase angle) of the swirl and the phase functions of its neighbors using polarimetric data. We find that the swirl has unusually large Q values for given I values. We also show that the phase function of the swirl is relatively shallow compared to its neighbors. We suggest that the microstructure of the regolith on the Reiner Gamma swirl has been disrupted.
Design, Implementation, and Evaluation of a Simulation-Based Clinical Correlation Curriculum as an Adjunctive Pedagogy in an Anatomy Course
Authors: Coombs Carmen M. , Shields Ryan Y. , Hunt Elizabeth A. , Lum Ying Wei , Sosnay Patrick R. , Perretta Julianne S. , Lieberman Rhett H. , Shilkofski Nicole A.
Published: September 2016

Problem

Because reported use of simulation in preclinical basic science courses is limited, the authors describe the design, implementation, and preliminary evaluation of a simulation-based clinical correlation curriculum in an anatomy course for first-year medical students at Perdana University Graduate School of Medicine (in collaboration with Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine).

Approach

The simulation curriculum, with five weekly modules, was a component of a noncadaveric human anatomy course for three classes (n = 81 students) from September 2011 to November 2013. The modules were designed around major anatomical regions (thorax; abdomen and pelvis; lower extremities and back; upper extremities; and head and neck) and used various types of simulation (standardized patients, high-fidelity simulators, and task trainers). Several methods were used to evaluate the curriculum’s efficacy, including comparing pre- versus posttest scores and comparing posttest scores against the score on 15 clinical correlation final exam questions.

Outcomes

A total of 81 students (response rate: 100%) completed all pre- and posttests and consented to participate. Posttest scores suggest significant knowledge acquisition and better consistency of performance after participation in the curriculum. The comparison of performance on the posttests and final exam suggests that using simulation as an adjunctive pedagogy can lead to excellent short-term knowledge retention.

Next Steps

Simulation-based medical education may prove useful in preclinical basic science curricula. Next steps should be to validate the use of this approach, demonstrate cost-efficacy or the “return on investment” for educational and institutional leadership, and examine longer-term knowledge retention.
What Would Women Choose When Given a Choice in Breast Reconstruction?
Authors: Lam Thomas C. , Winch Caleb J.
Published: September 2016

Background:

Reconstruction after mastectomy is an important milestone for many women treated for breast cancer. However, because many surgeons only offer their preferred method of reconstruction, it is not clear which approach women would choose if offered a genuine choice.

Methods:

Between 1998 and 2010, the breast reconstruction service at a major Australian teaching hospital was staffed by a single plastic surgeon trained in both prosthetic and autologous breast reconstruction techniques. The choices of all 837 women who underwent reconstruction were compared across time for publicly and privately funded patients using binary logistic regression.

Results:

Overall, women chose prosthetic over autologous reconstruction at a ratio of 4.7:1. This ratio increasingly favored prosthetic reconstruction over time, though less strongly for private patients who did not face a 3-year waiting list for autologous reconstruction.

Conclusions:

Financial constraints affected these women’s reconstruction choices. Nevertheless, and in contrast to the situation in the United States, these women clearly favored prosthetic over autologous reconstruction.
Sonographic Examination of The Fetus Vis-à-Vis Shoulder Dystocia: A Vexing Promise
Authors: DOTY MORGEN S. , AL-HAFEZ LEEN , CHAUHAN SUNEET P.
Published: September 2016

Since antepartum and intrapartum risk factors are poor at identifying women whose labor is complicated by shoulder dystocia, sonographic examination of the fetus holds promise. Though there are several measurements of biometric parameters to identify the parturient who will have shoulder dystocia, none are currently clinically useful. Three national guidelines confirm that sonographic measurements do not serve as appropriate diagnostic tests to identify women who will have shoulder dystocia with or without concurrent injury. In summary, biometric measurements of the fetus should not be used to alter clinical management with the aim of averting shoulder dystocia.
MULTIFOCAL CHOROIDAL MELANOMA IN A PATIENT WITH GERM LINE BRCA-ASSOCIATED PROTEIN 1 MUTATION
Authors: Rao Raksha , Pointdujour-Lim Renelle , Ganguly Arupa , Shields Carol L.
Published: October 2016

Purpose:

To report a case of unilateral multifocal melanoma in a patient with germ line BRCA-associated protein 1 mutation.

Methods:

Case report.

Results:

A 67-year-old white woman with a family history of lung and liver cancers developed blurred visual acuity of 20/30 in the left eye. She was discovered to have two independent pigmented choroidal melanomas in the macula and superotemporally, both demonstrating overlying subretinal fluid and orange pigment. Both melanomas were treated with a single custom-designed Iodine 125 brachytherapy device. Upon systemic evaluation, asymptomatic renal cell carcinoma was found, and blood lymphocyte testing for germ line BRCA-associated protein 1 mutation was positive.

Conclusion:

Multifocal choroidal melanoma is exceedingly rare. Patients with uveal melanoma, especially if multifocal, and those with other systemic malignancy or family history of cancers should be tested for germ line BRCA-associated protein 1 mutation. Lifelong monitoring for other systemic malignancies is advised.
COMPLICATED CONGENITAL RETINOSCHISIS
Authors: Savoie Brian T. , Ferrone Philip J.
Published: September 2016

Purpose:

To describe the treatment and natural history of a patient with complicated congenital retinoschisis.

Methods:

A retrospective case report. A 10-month-old boy with congenital retinoschisis presented with tractional retinal detachments and foveal schisis in both eyes.

Results:

On presentation, vision was decreased in both eyes with presumed amblyopia of the left eye. Funduscopic examination revealed bilateral foveal schisis and tractional retinal detachment involving the macula. Follow-up examination revealed superior retinal dragging and peripheral ischemia on fluorescein angiogram in both eyes. Nine months after presentation, combined rhegmatogenous and tractional retinal detachment developed in the right eye and was treated by scleral buckle. After vitrectomy for nonclearing vitreous hemorrhage in the left eye, a combined rhegmatogenous and tractional retinal detachment developed. Vitrectomy and lensectomy with silicone oil was performed. At 6 years of follow-up, both retinas were attached and foveal schisis had resolved.

Conclusion:

Sight threatening complications of congenital retinoschisis include retinal detachment and vitreous hemorrhage. Vitrectomy and/or scleral buckling may prevent progression of vision loss and promote resolution of schisis.
Herbs, Spices, and Flavoring Agents
Authors: Grivetti Louis E.
Published: September 2016

Each plant has a story, one that reflects the distance traveled from its ancient geographical origins, from wild to domesticated forms, and ultimately to culinary, cultural, medical, and social uses in the 21st century. Herbs and spices have taken these winding historical paths, and the journeys reflect a myriad of uses by widely different cultures as they ultimately reach our kitchens, serving plates, and palates.
Low-Income Shoppers and Fruit and Vegetables
Authors: Huang Yancui , Edirisinghe Indika , Burton-Freeman Britt M.
Published: September 2016

We surveyed 510 low-income shoppers to learn about their attitudes about organic and conventional fruits and vegetables (FV) and what would happen if we provided them with information about organic and conventional growing practices from a variety of sources. In general, participants preferred organic FV; however, cost was a significant barrier to purchase them. Informational statements about organic and conventional FV did not increase participants' likelihood to purchase more FV. In contrast, messages naming specific FV with pesticides shifted participants toward “less likely” to purchase any type of FV regardless whether organically or conventionally grown. The results provide insight about how low-income people view FV and how communications may influence their purchase intention.
Assessment of National CLAS Standards in Rural and Urban Local Health Departments in Kentucky
Authors: Gómez María L. , Charnigo Richard , Harris Torrie T. , Williams John C. , Pfeifle William
Published: September 2016

Context:

Findings from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention suggest that addressing persistent health disparities based on race and ethnicity must become a national priority. The field of cultural and linguistic competency has gained national attention by improving access to and quality of health care, patient-provider communication, health outcomes, and health equity for minority groups and other vulnerable or special needs populations.

Objectives:

(1) To measure how local health departments (LHDs) in Kentucky comply with the National Standards for Culturally and Linguistically Appropriate Services (CLAS); and (2) to provide policy recommendation based on the findings. This study is the first to assess a statewide public health system under the lens of CLAS.

Design:

Analysis of cross-sectional survey.

Setting:

Electronic surveys administered to LHD administrators in Kentucky.

Participants:

Public health directors, nurse leaders, and program managers.

Main Outcome Measure:

Levels of compliance with various CLAS standards were examined for rural and urban counties using a novel scoring method.

Results:

A total of 159 LHD administrators received the survey. Response rate was 67% (106 participants). Rural and urban LHDs achieved moderate compliance on domains of plans and policies, quality monitoring and improvement for needs assessment, management information systems for clients, and staff training and development. Both geographic groups exhibited lesser compliance on domains of organizational governance, culturally inclusive health care environment for educational materials, and diversity of personnel recruitment.

Conclusion:

County and district LHDs in Kentucky have implemented activities and policies that comply with CLAS standards at levels that vary by domain. Areas requiring particular attention include organizational governance, culturally inclusive health care environment for educational materials, and diversity of personnel. Improvements in these areas may help LHDs better meet the needs of vulnerable populations, racial and ethnic minorities, and special needs groups. CLAS practices may allow organizations to adhere to national public health accreditation standards.
Multivariate classification of pain-evoked brain activity in temporomandibular disorder
Authors: Harper Daniel E. , Shah Yash , Ichesco Eric , Gerstner Geoffrey E. , Peltier Scott J.
Published: September 2016

Introduction: Central nervous system factors are now understood to be important in the etiology of temporomandibular disorders (TMD), but knowledge concerning objective markers of central pathophysiology in TMD is lacking. Multivariate analysis techniques like support vector machines (SVMs) could generate important discoveries regarding the expression of pain centralization in TMD. Support vector machines can recognize patterns in “training” data and subsequently classify or predict new “test” data.

Objectives: We set out to detect the presence and location of experimental pressure pain and determine clinical status by applying SVMs to pain-evoked brain activity.

Methods: Functional magnetic resonance imaging was used to record brain activity evoked by subjectively equated noxious temporalis pressures in patients with TMD and controls. First, we trained an SVM to recognize when the evoked pain stimulus was on or off based on each individual's pain-evoked blood–oxygen–level–dependent (BOLD) signals. Next, an SVM was trained to distinguish between the BOLD response to temporalis-evoked pain vs thumb-evoked pain. Finally, an SVM attempted to determine clinical status based on temporalis-evoked BOLD.

Results: The on-versus-off accuracy in controls and patients was 83.3% and 85.1%, respectively, both significantly better than chance (ie, 50%). Accurate determination of experimental pain location was possible in patients with TMD (75%), but not in healthy subjects (55%). The determination of clinical status with temporalis-evoked BOLD (60%) failed to reach statistical significance.

Conclusion: The SVM accurately detected the presence of noxious temporalis pressure in patients with TMD despite the stimulus being colocalized with their ongoing clinical pain. The SVM's ability to determine the location of noxious pressure only in patients with TMD reveals somatotopic-dependent differences in central pain processing that could reflect regional variations in pain valuation.
Microsurgery Workout: A Novel Simulation Training Curriculum Based on Nonliving Models
Authors: Rodriguez Jose R. , Yañez Ricardo , Cifuentes Ignacio , Varas Julian , Dagnino Bruno
Published: September 2016

Background:

Currently, there are no valid training programs based solely on nonliving models. The authors aimed to develop and validate a microsurgery training program based on nonliving models and assess the transfer of skills to a live rat model.

Methods:

Postgraduate year–3 general surgery residents were assessed in a 17-session program, performing arterial and venous end-to-end anastomosis on ex vivo chicken models. Procedures were recorded and rated by two blinded experts using validated global and specific scales (objective structured assessment of technical skills) and a validated checklist. Operating times and patency rates were assessed. Hand-motion analysis was used to measure economy of movements. After training, residents performed an arterial and venous end-to-end anastomosis on live rats. Results were compared to six experienced surgeons in the same models. Values of p < 0.05 were considered statistically significant.

Results:

Learning curves were achieved. Ten residents improved their median global and specific objective structured assessment of technical skills scores for artery [10 (range, 8 to 10) versus 28 (range, 27 to 29), p < 0.05; and 8 (range, 7 to 9) versus 28 (range, 27 to 28), p < 0.05] and vein [8 (range, 8 to 11) versus 28 (range, 27 to 28), p < 0.05; and 8 (range, 7 to 9) versus 28 (range, 27 to 29), p < 0.05]. Checklist scores also improved for both procedures (p < 0.05). Trainees were slower and less efficient than experienced surgeons (p < 0.05). In the living rat, patency rates at 30 minutes were 100 percent and 50 percent for artery and vein, respectively.

Conclusions:

Significant acquisition of microsurgical skills was achieved by trainees to a level similar to that of experienced surgeons. Acquired skills were transferred to a more complex live model.
Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Adults: The Role of Upper Airway and Facial Skeletal Surgery
Authors: Garg Ravi K. , Afifi Ahmed M. , Sanchez Ruston , King Timothy W.
Published: September 2016

Obstructive sleep apnea represents a large burden of disease to the general population and may compromise patient quality of life; workplace and automotive safety; and metabolic, cardiovascular, and neurocognitive health. The disease is characterized by repetitive cycles of upper airway collapse resulting from a lack of pharyngeal airway structural support and loss of muscle tone among upper airway dilators. Polysomnography serves as the gold standard for diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea and the apnea-hypopnea index is the most commonly used metric for quantifying disease severity. Conservative treatments include lifestyle modification, continuous positive airway pressure treatment, and dental appliance therapy. Surgical treatment options include pharyngeal and facial skeletal surgery. Maxillomandibular advancement has been shown to be the most effective surgical approach for multilevel expansion of the upper airway and may significantly reduce an obstructive sleep apnea patient’s apnea-hypopnea index. Patient age, obesity, and the degree of maxillary advancement may be key factors contributing to treatment success.
Reducing Decisional Conflict and Enhancing Satisfaction with Information among Women Considering Breast Reconstruction following Mastectomy: Results from the BRECONDA Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Sherman Kerry A. , Shaw Laura-Kate E. , Winch Caleb J. , Harcourt Diana , Boyages John , Cameron Linda D. , Brown Paul , Lam Thomas , Elder Elisabeth , French James , Spillane Andrew
Published: September 2016

Background:

Deciding whether or not to have breast reconstruction following breast cancer diagnosis is a complex decision process. This randomized controlled trial assessed the impact of an online decision aid [Breast RECONstruction Decision Aid (BRECONDA)] on breast reconstruction decision-making.

Methods:

Women (n= 222) diagnosed with breast cancer or ductal carcinoma in situ, and eligible for reconstruction following mastectomy, completed an online baseline questionnaire. They were then assigned randomly to receive either standard online information about breast reconstruction (control) or standard information plus access to BRECONDA (intervention). Participants then completed questionnaires at 1 and 6 months after randomization. The primary outcome was participants’ decisional conflict 1 month after exposure to the intervention. Secondary outcomes included decisional conflict at 6 months, satisfaction with information at 1 and 6 months, and 6-month decisional regret.

Results:

Linear mixed-model analyses revealed that 1-month decisional conflict was significantly lower in the intervention group (27.18) compared with the control group (35.5). This difference was also sustained at the 6-month follow-up. Intervention participants reported greater satisfaction with information at 1- and 6-month follow-up, and there was a nonsignificant trend for lower decisional regret in the intervention group at 6-month follow-up. Intervention participants’ ratings for BRECONDA demonstrated high user acceptability and overall satisfaction.

Conclusions:

Women who accessed BRECONDA benefited by experiencing significantly less decisional conflict and being more satisfied with information regarding the reconstruction decisional process than women receiving standard care alone. These findings support the efficacy of BRECONDA in helping women to arrive at their breast reconstruction decision.
Primary Total Laparoscopic Sigmoid Vaginoplasty in Transgender Women with Penoscrotal Hypoplasia: A Prospective Cohort Study of Surgical Outcomes and Follow-Up of 42 Patients
Authors: Bouman Mark-Bram , van der Sluis Wouter B. , Buncamper Marlon E. , Özer Müjde , Mullender Margriet G. , Meijerink Wilhelmus J. H. J.
Published: September 2016

Background:

In young transgender women previously treated with puberty-suppressing hormones, penoscrotal hypoplasia can make penoscrotal inversion vaginoplasty unfeasible. The aim of this study was to prospectively assess surgical outcomes and follow-up of total laparoscopic sigmoid vaginoplasty as primary reconstruction in a cohort of transgender women with penoscrotal hypoplasia.

Methods:

Baseline demographics, surgical characteristics, and intraoperative and postoperative complications of all performed total laparoscopic sigmoid vaginoplasty procedures were prospectively recorded.

Results:

From November of 2007 to July of 2015, 42 transgender women underwent total laparoscopic sigmoid vaginoplasty as primary vaginal reconstruction. The mean age at the time of surgery was 21.1 ± 4.7 years. Mean follow-up time was 3.2 ± 2.1 years. The mean operative duration was 210 ± 44 minutes. There were no conversions to laparotomy. One rectal perforation was recognized during surgery and immediately oversewn without long-term consequences. The mean length of hospitalization was 5.7 ± 1.1 days. One patient died as a result of an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase–positive necrotizing fasciitis leading to septic shock, with multiorgan failure. Direct postoperative complications that needed laparoscopic reoperation occurred in three cases (7.1 percent). In seven cases (17.1 percent), long-term complications needed a secondary correction. After 1 year, all patients had a functional neovagina with a mean depth of 16.3 ± 1.5 cm.

Conclusions:

Total laparoscopic sigmoid vaginoplasty seems to have a similar complication rate as other types of elective laparoscopic colorectal surgery. Primary total laparoscopic sigmoid vaginoplasty is a feasible gender-confirming surgical technique with good functional outcomes for transgender women with penoscrotal hypoplasia.

CLINICAL QUESTIO/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:

Therapeutic, IV.
Advancements and Refinement in Facial Neuromodulators
Authors: Kordestani Reza , Small Kevin H. , Rohrich Rod J.
Published: September 2016

The use of neuromodulators has increased by approximately 748 percent from 2000 to 2014 and has become an integral adjunct for facial rejuvenation. Knowledge of facial anatomy, accurate facial analysis, and familiarity with neurotoxin characteristics will minimize complications and optimize results. Current U.S. Food and Drug Administration–approved neurotoxins in the United States include onabotulinumtoxin A (Botox), abobotulinumtoxin A (Dysport), and incobotulinumtoxin A (Xeomin). The dosage and effect of these products are not interchangeable, so practitioners should master the utility and response of one product before trying the other products. All products have equivalent success in appropriately trained hands; the senior author (R.J.R.) favors no particular neurotoxin. This article provides a stepwise approach to treat dynamic facial rhytides with neuromodulators, including indications, facial analysis, preparation and injection technique, post-procedure care, and complications.
Climate change is projected to outpace rates of niche change in grasses
Authors: Cang F. Alice , Wilson Ashley A. , Wiens John J.
Published: September 2016

Climate change may soon threaten much of global biodiversity, especially if species cannot adapt to changing climatic conditions quickly enough. A critical question is how quickly climatic niches change, and if this speed is sufficient to prevent extinction as climates warm. Here, we address this question in the grass family (Poaceae). Grasses are fundamental to one of Earth's most widespread biomes (grasslands), and provide roughly half of all calories consumed by humans (including wheat, rice, corn and sorghum). We estimate rates of climatic niche change in 236 species and compare these with rates of projected climate change by 2070. Our results show that projected climate change is consistently faster than rates of niche change in grasses, typically by more than 5000-fold for temperature-related variables. Although these results do not show directly what will happen under global warming, they have troubling implications for a major biome and for human food resources.
Hidden diversity of Acoelomorpha revealed through metabarcoding
Authors: Arroyo Alicia S. , López-Escardó David , de Vargas Colomban , Ruiz-Trillo Iñaki
Published: September 2016

Animals with bilateral symmetry comprise the majority of the described species within Metazoa. However, the nature of the first bilaterian animal remains unknown. As most recent molecular phylogenies point to Xenacoelomorpha as the sister group to the rest of Bilateria, understanding their biology, ecology and diversity is key to reconstructing the nature of the last common bilaterian ancestor (Urbilateria). To date, sampling efforts have focused mainly on coastal areas, leaving potential gaps in our understanding of the full diversity of xenacoelomorphs. We therefore analysed 18S rDNA metabarcoding data from three marine projects covering benthic and pelagic habitats worldwide. Our results show that acoels have a greater richness in planktonic environments than previously described. Interestingly, we also identified a putative novel clade of acoels in the deep benthos that branches as sister group to the rest of Acoela, thus representing the earliest-branching acoel clade. Our data highlight deep-sea environments as an ideal habitat to sample acoels with key phylogenetic positions, which might be useful for reconstructing the early evolution of Bilateria.
Active inference and robot control: a case study
Authors: Pio-Lopez Léo , Nizard Ange , Friston Karl , Pezzulo Giovanni
Published: September 2016

Active inference is a general framework for perception and action that is gaining prominence in computational and systems neuroscience but is less known outside these fields. Here, we discuss a proof-of-principle implementation of the active inference scheme for the control or the 7-DoF arm of a (simulated) PR2 robot. By manipulating visual and proprioceptive noise levels, we show under which conditions robot control under the active inference scheme is accurate. Besides accurate control, our analysis of the internal system dynamics (e.g. the dynamics of the hidden states that are inferred during the inference) sheds light on key aspects of the framework such as the quintessentially multimodal nature of control and the differential roles of proprioception and vision. In the discussion, we consider the potential importance of being able to implement active inference in robots. In particular, we briefly review the opportunities for modelling psychophysiological phenomena such as sensory attenuation and related failures of gain control, of the sort seen in Parkinson's disease. We also consider the fundamental difference between active inference and optimal control formulations, showing that in the former the heavy lifting shifts from solving a dynamical inverse problem to creating deep forward or generative models with dynamics, whose attracting sets prescribe desired behaviours.
Exploration of pathomechanisms triggered by a single-nucleotide polymorphism in titin's I-band: the cardiomyopathy-linked mutation T2580I
Authors: Bogomolovas Julius , Fleming Jennifer R. , Anderson Brian R. , Williams Rhys , Lange Stephan , Simon Bernd , Khan Muzamil M. , Rudolf Rüdiger , Franke Barbara , Bullard Belinda , Rigden Daniel J. , Granzier Henk , Labeit Siegfried , Mayans Olga
Published: September 2016

Missense single-nucleotide polymorphisms (mSNPs) in titin are emerging as a main causative factor of heart failure. However, distinguishing between benign and disease-causing mSNPs is a substantial challenge. Here, we research the question of whether a single mSNP in a generic domain of titin can affect heart function as a whole and, if so, how. For this, we studied the mSNP T2850I, seemingly linked to arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC). We used structural biology, computational simulations and transgenic musclein vivomethods to track the effect of the mutation from the molecular to the organismal level. The data show that the T2850I exchange is compatible with the domain three-dimensional fold, but that it strongly destabilizes it. Further, it induces a change in the conformational dynamics of the titin chain that alters its reactivity, causing the formation of aberrant interactions in the sarcomere. Echocardiography of knock-in mice indicated a mild diastolic dysfunction arising from increased myocardial stiffness. In conclusion, our data provide evidence that single mSNPs in titin's I-band can alter overall muscle behaviour. Our suggested mechanisms of disease are the development of non-native sarcomeric interactions and titin instability leading to a reduced I-band compliance. However, understanding the T2850I-induced ARVC pathology mechanistically remains a complex problem and will require a deeper understanding of the sarcomeric context of the titin region affected.
Fossil clam shells reveal unintended carbon cycling consequences of Colorado River management
Authors: Smith Jansen A. , Auerbach Daniel A. , Flessa Karl W. , Flecker Alexander S. , Dietl Gregory P.
Published: September 2016

Water management that alters riverine ecosystem processes has strongly influenced deltas and the people who depend on them, but a full accounting of the trade-offs is still emerging. Using palaeoecological data, we document a surprising biogeochemical consequence of water management in the Colorado River basin. Complete allocation and consumptive use of the river's flow has altered the downstream estuarine ecosystem, including the abundance and composition of the mollusc community, an important component in estuarine carbon cycling. In particular, population declines in the endemic Colorado delta clam,
Mulinia coloradoensis
, from 50--125 individuals m
−2
in the pre-dam era to three individuals m
−2
today, have likely resulted in a reduction, on the order of 5900–15 000 t C yr
−1
(4.1–10.6 mol C m
−2
 yr
−1
), in the net carbon emissions associated with molluscs. Although this reduction is large within the estuarine system, it is small in comparison with annual global carbon emissions. Nonetheless, this finding highlights the need for further research into the effects of dams, diversions and reservoirs on the biogeochemistry of deltas and estuaries worldwide, underscoring a present need for integrated water and carbon planning.
The secret life of ground squirrels: accelerometry reveals sex-dependent plasticity in above-ground activity
Authors: Williams Cory T. , Wilsterman Kathryn , Zhang Victor , Moore Jeanette , Barnes Brian M. , Buck C. Loren
Published: September 2016

The sexes differ in how and when they allocate energy towards reproduction, but how this influences phenotypic plasticity in daily activity patterns is unclear. Here, we use collar-mounted light loggers and triaxial accelerometers to examine factors that affect time spent above ground and overall dynamic body acceleration (ODBA), an index of activity-specific energy expenditure, across the active season of free-living, semi-fossorial arctic ground squirrels (
Urocitellus parryii
). We found high day-to-day variability in time spent above ground and ODBA with most of the variance explained by environmental conditions known to affect thermal exchange. In both years, females spent more time below ground compared with males during parturition and early lactation; however, this difference was fourfold larger in the second year, possibly, because females were in better body condition. Daily ODBA positively correlated with time spent above ground in both sexes, but females were more active per unit time above ground. Consequently, daily ODBA did not differ between the sexes when females were early in lactation, even though females were above ground three to six fewer hours each day. Further, on top of having the additional burden of milk production, ODBA data indicate females also had fragmented rest patterns and were more active during late lactation. Our results indicate that sex differences in reproductive requirements can have a substantial influence on activity patterns, but the size of this effect may be dependent on capital resources accrued during gestation.
A touch of sleep: biophysical model of contact-mediated dormancy of archaea by viruses
Authors: Gulbudak Hayriye , Weitz Joshua S.
Published: September 2016

The canonical view of the interactions between viruses and their microbial hosts presumes that changes in host and virus fate requires the initiation of infection of a host by a virus. Infection may lead to the death of the host cell and release of viruses, to the elimination of the viral genome through cellular defence mechanisms or the integration of the viral genome with the host as a chromosomal or extrachromosomal element. Here, we revisit this canonical view, inspired by recent experimental findings in which the majority of target host cells can be induced into a dormant state when exposed to either active or deactivated viruses, even when viruses are present at low relative titre. We propose that both the qualitative phenomena and the quantitative timescales of dormancy induction are consistent with the hypothesis that cellular physiology can be altered bycontacton the surface of host cells rather than strictly byinfection. In order to test this hypothesis, we develop and study a biophysical model of contact-mediated dynamics involving virus particles and target cells. We show how virus particles can catalyse cellular transformations among many cells, even if they ultimately infect only one (or none). We also find that population-scale dormancy is robust to variation in the representation of model dynamics, including cell growth, death and recovery.
Hybridization as a facilitator of species range expansion
Authors: Pfennig Karin S. , Kelly Audrey L. , Pierce Amanda A.
Published: September 2016

Explaining the evolution of species geographical ranges is fundamental to understanding how biodiversity is distributed and maintained. The solution to this classic problem in ecology and evolution remains elusive: we still do not fully know how species geographical ranges evolve and what factors fuel range expansions. Resolving this problem is now more crucial than ever with increasing biodiversity loss, global change and movement of species by humans. Here, we describe and evaluate the hypothesis that hybridization between species can contribute to species range expansion. We discuss how such a process can occur and the empirical data that are needed to test this hypothesis. We also examine how species can expand into new environments via hybridization with a resident species, and yet remain distinct species. Generally, hybridization may play an underappreciated role in influencing the evolution of species ranges. Whether—and to what extent—hybridization has such an effect requires further study across more diverse taxa.
Human Endometrial Stromal Cells Are Highly Permissive To Productive Infection by Zika Virus
Authors: Pagani Isabel , Ghezzi Silvia , Ulisse Adele , Rubio Alicia , Turrini Filippo , Garavaglia Elisabetta , Candiani Massimo , Castilletti Concetta , Ippolito Giuseppe , Poli Guido , Broccoli Vania , Panina-Bordignon Paola , Vicenzi Elisa
Published: September 2016

Zika virus (ZIKV) is a recently re-emerged flavivirus transmitted to humans by mosquito bites but also from mother to fetus and by sexual intercourse. We here show for the first time that primary human endometrial stromal cells (HESC) are highly permissive to ZIKV infection and support itsin vitroreplication. ZIKV envelope expression was detected in the endoplasmic reticulum whereas double-stranded viral RNA colocalized with vimentin filaments to the perinuclear region. ZIKV productive infection also occurred in the human T-HESC cell line with the induction of interferon-β (IFN-β) and of IFN-stimulated genes. Notably,in vitrodecidualization of T-HESC with cyclic AMP and progesterone upregulated the cell surface expression of the ZIKV entry co-receptor AXL and boosted ZIKV replication byca.100-fold. Thus, endometrial stromal cells, particularly if decidualized, likely represent a crucial cell target of sexual virus transmission and a relevant source of ZIKV spreading to placental trophoblasts during pregnancy.

AUTHOR SUMMARY

Infection by Zika virus (ZIKV), a flavivirus transmitted to humans by mosquito bites, has recently emerged as an important cause of neurological lesions in the fetal brain as women who become infected by ZIKV during pregnancy can transmit the virus to their fetus. In addition, routes of ZIKV transmission independent of mosquito bites have been also identified and include sexual transmission from both infected men and women to their partners, an aspect bearing great societal implications for ZIKV spread. These observations highlight the importance of the female reproductive tract in the establishment and/or spreading of the infection. In this regard, the endometrium is a highly dynamic tissue undergoing major histological changes during the menstrual cycle under the coordinated action of sexual hormones. In particular, progesterone drives the differentiation of human endometrial stromal cells towards decidualization, a process that is critical for fetal trophoblast invasion and placenta formation. We here report for the first time that both primary and immortalized human endometrial stromal cells are highly permissive to ZIKV infection and replication, particularly whenin vitrodecidualized by progesterone, suggesting that these cells could significantly contribute to vertical ZIKV transmission in utero during pregnancy but also to horizontal transmission by the sexual route.
Nanopore DNA Sequencing and Genome Assembly on the International Space Station
Authors: Castro-Wallace Sarah L. , Chiu Charles Y. , John Kristen K. , Stahl Sarah E. , Rubins Kathleen H. , McIntyre Alexa B. R. , Dworkin Jason P. , Lupisella Mark L. , Smith David J , Botkin Douglas J. , Stephenson Timothy A. , Juul Sissel , Turner Daniel J. , Izquierdo Fernando , Federman Scot , Stryke Doug , Somasekar Sneha , Alexander Noah , Yu Guixia , Mason Christopher E. , Burton Aaron S
Published: September 2016

The emergence of nanopore-based sequencers greatly expands the reach of sequencing into low-resource field environments, enablingin situmolecular analysis. In this work, we evaluated the performance of the MinION DNA sequencer (Oxford Nanopore Technologies) in-flight on the International Space Station (ISS), and benchmarked its performance off-Earth against the MinION, Illumina MiSeq, and PacBio RS II sequencing platforms in terrestrial laboratories. Samples contained mixtures of genomic DNA extracted from lambda bacteriophage,Escherichia coli(strain K12) andMus musculus(BALB/c). The in-flight sequencing experiments generated more than 80,000 total reads with mean 2D accuracies of 85 – 90%, mean 1D accuracies of 75 – 80%, and median read lengths of approximately 6,000 bases. We were able to construct directed assemblies of the ~4.7 MbE. coligenome, ~48.5 kb lambda genome, and a representativeM. musculussequence (the ~16.3 kb mitochondrial genome), at 100%, 100%, and 96.7% pairwise identity, respectively, andde novoassemblies of the lambda andE. coligenomes generated solely from nanopore reads yielded 100% and 99.8% genome coverage, respectively, at 100% and 98.5% pairwise identity. Across all surveyed metrics (base quality, throughput, stays/base, skips/base), no observable decrease in MinION performance was observed while sequencing DNA in space. Simulated runs of in-flight nanopore data using an automated bioinformatic pipeline and cloud or laptop based genomic assembly demonstrated the feasibility of real-time sequencing analysis and direct microbial identification in space. Applications of sequencing for space exploration include infectious disease diagnosis, environmental monitoring, evaluating biological responses to spaceflight, and even potentially the detection of extraterrestrial life on other planetary bodies.