bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Iatrogenic Ocular Surface Diseases Occurring during and/or after Different Treatments for Ocular Tumours
Authors: Giannaccare Giuseppe , Bernabei Federico , Angi Martina , Pellegrini Marco , Maestri Antonio , Romano Vito , Scorcia Vincenzo , Rothschild Pierre-Räphael
Published: April 2021

The ocular surface represents a finely regulated system that allows the protection of the eye. It is particularly susceptible to different treatments for intraocular tumours, such as uveal melanoma and conjunctival cancers. Traditionally, the management of ocular tumours depends on the characteristics of the lesion, and is based on a combination of selective surgery, topical chemotherapy, and/or radiotherapy delivered through different mechanisms (e.g., charged-particle radiotherapy or brachytherapy). Possible complications involving the ocular surface range from transient dry eye disease or keratitis up to corneal melting and perforation, which in any case deserve careful evaluation for the risk of permanent sigh-threatening complications. Clinicians involved in the management of these patients must be aware of this risk, in order to reach an early diagnosis and promptly set up an adequate treatment. The present review of the literature will summarize acute and chronic complications affecting the ocular surface following different therapies for the treatment of ocular tumours.
Cannabinoid Receptor Type-2 in B Cells Is Associated with Tumor Immunity in Melanoma
Authors: Gruber Thomas , Robatel Steve , Kremenovic Mirela , Bäriswyl Lukas , Gertsch Jürg , Schenk Mirjam
Published: April 2021

Agents targeting the endocannabinoid system (ECS) have gained attention as potential cancer treatments. Given recent evidence that cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2R) regulates lymphocyte development and inflammation, we performed studies on CB2R in the immune response against melanoma. Analysis of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) data revealed a strong positive correlation between CB2R expression and survival, as well as B cell infiltration in human melanoma. In a murine melanoma model, CB2R expression reduced the growth of melanoma as well as the B cell frequencies in the tumor microenvironment (TME), compared to CB2R-deficient mice. In depth analysis of tumor-infiltrating B cells using single-cell RNA sequencing suggested a less differentiated phenotype in tumors from Cb2r−/− mice. Thus, in this study, we demonstrate for the first time a protective, B cell-mediated role of CB2R in melanoma. This gained insight might assist in the development of novel, CB2R-targeted cancer therapies.
Initiation and Pathogenesis of Severe Asthma with Fungal Sensitization
Authors: Tiwary Meenakshi , Samarasinghe Amali E.
Published: April 2021

Fungi represent one of the most diverse and abundant eukaryotes on earth, and their ubiquity and small proteolytically active products make them pervasive allergens that affect humans and other mammals. The immunologic parameters surrounding fungal allergies are still not fully elucidated despite their importance given that a large proportion of severe asthmatics are sensitized to fungal allergens. Herein, we explore fungal allergic asthma with emphasis on mouse models that recapitulate the characteristics of human disease, and the main leukocyte players in the pathogenesis of fungal allergies. The endogenous mycobiome may also contribute to fungal asthma, a phenomenon that we discuss only superficially, as much remains to be discovered.
Pattern of Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes in Mixed Epithelial and Stromal Tumor of the Kidney: A Review of Five Cases
Authors: Lee Hye Won , Lee Hyunwoo , Park Chanho , Oh Won Joon , Kim Tae Jin , Kwon Ghee Young , Seo Seong Il
Published: April 2021

Mixed epithelial and stromal tumor of the kidney (MESTK), a benign rare tumor with malignant transformation potential, is thought to be derived from fetal or immature cells originating from the mesonephric and Müllerian ducts. However, due to its rarity, little is known about the anti-tumor immune responses in MESTK. Herein, we present five cases of MESTK and evaluate the population of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) using a freshly obtained MESTK sample. Microscopically, TILs were scattered or clustered in large aggregates in the stroma in all five cases; furthermore, three cases exhibited heavy, large lymphocytic aggregates with no well-organized tertiary lymphoid structures with germinal centers. Flow cytometric analysis of TILs in one freshly obtained MESTK sample revealed that >40% of CD3+ T cells were effector memory Fas+CD28− γδ T cells expressing high levels of programmed cell death protein 1 and inducible T-cell co-stimulator, but low levels of CD44 and CD27. Most αß T cells exhibited a naïve phenotype. Additionally, we detected many activated class-switched CD21+CD27+ B cells as well as CD11chighIgMhigh marginal zone B-like and CD27−CD21−CD23− immunoglobulin (Ig)DhighIgMlow age-associated B-like cells. Collectively, for the first time, we report the immune microenvironment pattern of MESTK to oncogenic stress.
Repositioning Trimebutine Maleate as a Cancer Treatment Targeting Ovarian Cancer Stem Cells
Authors: Lee Heejin , Kwon Oh-Bin , Lee Jae-Eon , Jeon Yong-Hyun , Lee Dong-Seok , Min Sang-Hyun , Kim Jun-Woo
Published: April 2021

The overall five-year survival rate for late-stage patients of ovarian cancer is below 29% due to disease recurrence and drug resistance. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are known as a major contributor to drug resistance and recurrence. Accordingly, therapies targeting ovarian CSCs are needed to overcome the limitations of present treatments. This study evaluated the effect of trimebutine maleate (TM) targeting ovarian CSCs, using A2780-SP cells acquired by a sphere culture of A2780 epithelial ovarian cancer cells. TM is indicated as a gastrointestinal motility modulator and is known to as a peripheral opioid receptor agonist and a blocker for various channels. The GI50 of TM was approximately 0.4 µM in A2780-SP cells but over 100 µM in A2780 cells, demonstrating CSCs specific growth inhibition. TM induced G0/G1 arrest and increased the AV+/PI+ dead cell population in the A2780-SP samples. Furthermore, TM treatment significantly reduced tumor growth in A2780-SP xenograft mice. Voltage gated calcium channels (VGCC) and calcium-activated potassium channels (BKCa) were overexpressed on ovarian CSCs and targeted by TM; inhibition of both channels reduced A2780-SP cells viability. TM reduced stemness-related protein expression; this tendency was reproduced by the simultaneous inhibition of VGCC and BKCa compared to single channel inhibition. In addition, TM suppressed the Wnt/β-catenin, Notch, and Hedgehog pathways which contribute to many CSCs characteristics. Specifically, further suppression of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway by simultaneous inhibition of BKCa and VGCC is necessary for the effective and selective action of TM. Taken together, TM is a potential therapeutic drug for preventing ovarian cancer recurrence and drug resistance.
Cardiac cAMP-PKA Signaling Compartmentalization in Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Colombe Anne-Sophie , Pidoux Guillaume
Published: April 2021

Under physiological conditions, cAMP signaling plays a key role in the regulation of cardiac function. Activation of this intracellular signaling pathway mirrors cardiomyocyte adaptation to various extracellular stimuli. Extracellular ligand binding to seven-transmembrane receptors (also known as GPCRs) with G proteins and adenylyl cyclases (ACs) modulate the intracellular cAMP content. Subsequently, this second messenger triggers activation of specific intracellular downstream effectors that ensure a proper cellular response. Therefore, it is essential for the cell to keep the cAMP signaling highly regulated in space and time. The temporal regulation depends on the activity of ACs and phosphodiesterases. By scaffolding key components of the cAMP signaling machinery, A-kinase anchoring proteins (AKAPs) coordinate both the spatial and temporal regulation. Myocardial infarction is one of the major causes of death in industrialized countries and is characterized by a prolonged cardiac ischemia. This leads to irreversible cardiomyocyte death and impairs cardiac function. Regardless of its causes, a chronic activation of cardiac cAMP signaling is established to compensate this loss. While this adaptation is primarily beneficial for contractile function, it turns out, in the long run, to be deleterious. This review compiles current knowledge about cardiac cAMP compartmentalization under physiological conditions and post-myocardial infarction when it appears to be profoundly impaired.
Efficient Oxidase Biosensors Based on Bioelectrocatalytic Surfaces of Electrodeposited Ferrocenyl Polycyclosiloxanes—Pt Nanoparticles
Authors: Boluda Alvaro , Casado Carmen , Alonso Beatriz , García Armada M.
Published: April 2021

The in-situ synthesis of catalytic surfaces with metallic nanoparticles must overcome the issues related to particle aggregation and polydispersity in the particle size. This work achieves it by using two electrodeposited ferrocenyl polycyclosiloxane polymers (MFPP and FPP) as templates for electro-synthesize Pt nanoparticles (PtNPS). In addition, this new electrode surface combines two efficient electrocatalysts: Ferrocene and Pt nanoparticles, with synergistic biocatalytic properties that constitute an electrocatalytic framework for the covalent immobilization of xanthine oxidase. In this work, we present the results of the kinetic, electrochemical and analytical studies of the prepared electrodes. These results showed that the PtNPs/FPP system is the best bioelectrocatalytic surface and improves other more complex xanthine oxidase devices based on the hydrogen peroxide oxidation, allowing the use of lower measuring potential with good sensitivity, wider linear ranges and low detection limits. In addition, this electrode provides the novelty of allowing the measurement of xanthine through the enzymatic consumption of oxygen at potential −0.1 V with a sensitivity of 1.10 A M−1 cm−2, linear ranges of 0.01–0.1 and 0.1–1.4 mM, low detection limit (48 nM) and long-term stability. The new device has been successfully applied to the determination of xanthine in fish meat.
Vapor-Phase Fabrication of a Maleimide-Functionalized Poly-p-xylylene with a Three-Dimensional Structure
Authors: Hu Shu-Man , Lee Chin-Yun , Chang Yu-Ming , Xiao Jia-Qi , Kusanagi Tatsuya , Wu Ting-Ying , Chang Nai-Yun , Christy Jane , Chiu Ya-Ru , Huang Chao-Wei , Yang Yen-Ching , Chiang Yu-Chih , Chen Hsien-Yeh
Published: April 2021

A vapor-phase process, involving the sublimation of an ice substrate/template and the vapor deposition of a maleimide-functionalized poly-p-xylylene, has been reported to synthesize an advanced porous material, with readily clickable chemical interface properties, to perform a Michael-type addition of a maleimide functionality for conjugation with a thiol group. In contrast to the conventional chemical vapor deposition of poly-p-xylylenes on a solid surface that forms thin film coatings, the process reported herein additionally results in deposition on a dynamic and sublimating ice surface (template), rendering the construction of a three-dimensional, porous, maleimide-functionalized poly-p-xylylene. The process seamlessly exploits the refined chemical vapor deposition polymerization from maleimide-substituted [2,2]paracyclophane and ensures the preservation and transformation of the maleimide functionality to the final porous poly-p-xylylene products. The functionalization and production of a porous maleimide-functionalized poly-p-xylylene were completed in a single step, thus avoiding complicated steps or post-functionalization procedures that are commonly seen in conventional approaches to produce functional materials. More importantly, the equipped maleimide functionality provides a rapid and efficient route for click conjugation toward thiol-terminated molecules, and the reaction can be performed under mild conditions at room temperature in a water solution without the need for a catalyst, an initiator, or other energy sources. The introduced vapor-based process enables a straightforward synthesis approach to produce not only a pore-forming structure of a three-dimensional material, but also an in situ-derived maleimide functional group, to conduct a covalent click reaction with thiol-terminal molecules, which are abundant in biological environments. These advanced materials are expected to have a wide variety of new applications.
Observation of Backflow during the Anihilation of Topologocal Defects in Freely Suspended Smectic Films
Authors: Missaoui Amine , Lacaze Emmanuelle , Eremin Alexey , Stannarius Ralf
Published: April 2021

Freely suspended films in the smectic C phase are excellent templates for the study of topological defect dynamics. It is well known that, during the annihilation of a pair of disclinations with strengths +/−1, the +1 defect moves faster because it is carried towards its opponent by backflow, whereas the flow in the vicinity of the −1 defect is negligibly small. This backflow pattern is created by the defect motion itself. An experimental confirmation of this theoretical prediction and its quantitative characterization is achieved here by fluorescence labeling. Film regions near the defect positions are labeled and their displacements are tracked optically.
Extraction–Pyrolytic Method for TiO2 Polymorphs Production
Authors: Serga Vera , Burve Regina , Krumina Aija , Romanova Marina , Kotomin Eugene A. , Popov Anatoli I.
Published: April 2021

The unique properties and numerous applications of nanocrystalline titanium dioxide (TiO2) are stimulating research on improving the existing and developing new titanium dioxide synthesis methods. In this work, we demonstrate for the first time the possibilities of the extraction–pyrolytic method (EPM) for the production of nanocrystalline TiO2 powders. A titanium-containing precursor (extract) was prepared by liquid–liquid extraction using valeric acid C4H9COOH without diluent as an extractant. Simultaneous thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry (TGA–DSC), as well as the Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy were used to determine the temperature conditions to fabricate TiO2 powders free of organic impurities. The produced materials were also characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results showed the possibility of the fabrication of storage-stable liquid titanium (IV)-containing precursor, which provided nanocrystalline TiO2 powders. It was established that the EPM permits the production of both monophase (anatase polymorph or rutile polymorph) and biphase (mixed anatase–rutile polymorphs), impurity-free nanocrystalline TiO2 powders. For comparison, TiO2 powders were also produced by the precipitation method. The results presented in this study could serve as a solid basis for further developing the EPM for the cheap and simple production of nanocrystalline TiO2-based materials in the form of doped nanocrystalline powders, thin films, and composite materials.
Habitat Suitability Assessment of Wintering Herbivorous Anseriformes in Poyang Lake, China
Authors: Debela Megersa Tsegaye , Wu Qingming , Li Zhe , Sun Xueying , Omeno Opelele , Li Yibin
Published: April 2021

To design a good conservation strategy for herbivorous Anseriformes wintering in Poyang Lake, knowledge of habitat suitability is essential. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the habitat suitability of herbivorous Anseriformes of China’s Poyang Lake. Landsat images with a resolution of 30 m downloaded from the United States Geological Survey, and other ancillary data were used. The ENVI 5.3 software and ArcGIS 10.2 software were used for preprocessing, classifying the satellite image, and mapping habitat suitability. The study reveals that land cover types were divided into vegetation, mudflats, water, and sand. Similarly, the study area’s habitats were also divided into unsuitable, fair, good, and best grades. However, the distribution of the habitat suitability for each grade reveals significant spatial variations. For instance, vegetation indicated the areas with the best habitat grade, followed by mudflats, and these areas cover (47.93%, 2015 and 55.78%, 2019) the majority of the study area. The unsuitable grades cover the smallest areas (0.48%) of the lake. Similarly, this study results showed a slight change in habitat suitability areas. Therefore, this study highlighted that Poyang Lake has valuable importance for the conservation of herbivorous Anseriformes. Extending the years of study and including some ecological variables from different stopovers could improve the results.
The Quality of Statistical Reporting and Data Presentation in Predatory Dental Journals Was Lower Than in Non-Predatory Journals
Authors: Nieminen Pentti , Uribe Sergio E.
Published: April 2021

Proper peer review and quality of published articles are often regarded as signs of reliable scientific journals. The aim of this study was to compare whether the quality of statistical reporting and data presentation differs among articles published in ‘predatory dental journals’ and in other dental journals. We evaluated 50 articles published in ‘predatory open access (OA) journals’ and 100 clinical trials published in legitimate dental journals between 2019 and 2020. The quality of statistical reporting and data presentation of each paper was assessed on a scale from 0 (poor) to 10 (high). The mean (SD) quality score of the statistical reporting and data presentation was 2.5 (1.4) for the predatory OA journals, 4.8 (1.8) for the legitimate OA journals, and 5.6 (1.8) for the more visible dental journals. The mean values differed significantly (p < 0.001). The quality of statistical reporting of clinical studies published in predatory journals was found to be lower than in open access and highly cited journals. This difference in quality is a wake-up call to consume study results critically. Poor statistical reporting indicates wider general lower quality in publications where the authors and journals are less likely to be critiqued by peer review.
Estimation of Feeding Composition of Industrial Process Based on Data Reconciliation
Authors: Luan Yusi , Jiang Mengxuan , Feng Zhenxiang , Sun Bei
Published: April 2021

For an industrial process, the estimation of feeding composition is important for analyzing production status and making control decisions. However, random errors or even gross ones inevitably contaminate the actual measurements. Feeding composition is conventionally obtained via discrete and low-rate artificial testing. To address these problems, a feeding composition estimation approach based on data reconciliation procedure is developed. To improve the variable accuracy, a novel robust M-estimator is first proposed. Then, an iterative robust hierarchical data reconciliation and estimation strategy is applied to estimate the feeding composition. The feasibility and effectiveness of the estimation approach are verified on a fluidized bed roaster. The proposed M-estimator showed better overall performance.
Low-Frequency Seismic Noise Properties in the Japanese Islands
Authors: Lyubushin Alexey
Published: April 2021

The records of seismic noise in Japan for the period of 1997–2020, which includes the Tohoku seismic catastrophe on 11 March 2011, are considered. The following properties of noise are analyzed: The wavelet-based Donoho–Johnston index, the singularity spectrum support width, and the entropy of the wavelet coefficients. The question of whether precursors of strong earthquakes can be formulated on their basis is investigated. Attention is paid to the time interval after the Tohoku mega-earthquake to the trends in the mean properties of low-frequency seismic noise, which reflect the constant simplification of the statistical structure of seismic vibrations. Estimates of two-dimensional probability densities of extreme values are presented, which highlight the places in which extreme values of seismic noise properties are most often realized. The estimates of the probability densities of extreme values coincide with each other and have a maximum in the region: 30° N ≤ Lat ≤ 34° N, 136° E ≤ Lon≤ 140° E. The main conclusions of the conducted studies are that the preparation of a strong earthquake is accompanied by a simplification of the structure of seismic noise. It is shown that bursts of coherence between the time series of the day length and the noise properties within annual time window precede bursts of released seismic energy. The value of the lag in the release of seismic energy relative to bursts of coherence is about 1.5 years, which can be used to declare a time interval of high seismic hazard after reaching the peak of coherence.
Study on the Implementation of a Solar Photovoltaic System with Self-Consumption in an Educational Building
Authors: dos Santos Castilho Carolina , N. Torres João Paulo , Ferreira Fernandes Carlos A. , Marques Lameirinhas Ricardo A.
Published: April 2021

In this work, the study of different remuneration schemes for the implementation of a solar energy system on a building was performed. The photovoltaic system was implemented on a public educational building, and four different schemes are compared to understand the economic feasibility of self-consuming solar energy with and without a battery system, versus selling to the electricity grid. The system performance is compared to the building’s needs, and the different consumption and grid-injection shares are analyzed. Three of the schemes are applied according to the conditions and requirements of the Portuguese Law, while the remaining one is not yet allowed, and so the legislation from another chosen country is considered. Lastly, a financial analysis was performed to evaluate and compare the feasibility of each project implementation. The results of this analysis show that both the non-legislated and legislated self-consumption schemes make for an attractive investment, and that savings resulting from the consumption of solar energy are much higher than the revenues from selling to the grid, which presents as the least attractive scheme. Finally, the battery implementation also does not show feasibility because the cost of technology is still too high, despite the reduction witnessed in recent years.
Research on the Influence of Axisymmetric Endwall on EAT Performance
Authors: Teng Han , Wu Wanyang , Zhong Jingjun
Published: April 2021

To improve the performance of electrically assisted turbochargers (EATs), the influences of the hub profile and the casing profile on EAT performance were numerically studied by controlling the upper and lower endwall profiles. An artificial neural network and a genetic algorithm were used to optimize the endwall profile, considering the total pressure ratio and the isentropic efficiency at the peak efficiency point. Different performances of the prototype EAT and the optimized EAT under variable clearance sizes were discussed. The endwall profile affects an EAT by making the main flow structure in the endwall area decelerate and then accelerate due to the expansion and contraction of the meridional surface, which weakens the secondary leakage flow of the prototype EAT and changes the momentum ratio of the clearance leakage flow and the separation flow in the suction surface corner area. Because the tip region flow has a more significant influence on EAT performance, the optimal casing scheme has a better effect than the hub scheme. The optimization design can increase the isentropic efficiency of the maximum efficiency point by 1.5%, the total pressure ratio by 0.67%, the mass flow rate by 1.2%, and the general margin by 6.4%.
Effect of Temperature Conditions on Flame Evolutions of Turbulent Jet Ignition
Authors: Pan Jiaying , He Yu , Li Tao , Wei Haiqiao , Wang Lei , Shu Gequn
Published: April 2021

Turbulent jet ignition technology can significantly improve lean combustion stability and suppress engine knocking. However, the narrow jet channel between the pre-chamber and the main chamber leads to some difficulties in heat exchange, which significantly affects combustion performance and mechanical component lifetime. To clarify the effect of temperature conditions on combustion evolutions of turbulent jet ignition, direct numerical simulations with detailed chemical kinetics were employed under engine-relevant conditions. The flame propagation in the pre-chamber and the early-stage turbulent jet ignition in the main chamber were investigated. The results show that depending on temperature conditions, two types of flame configuration can be identified in the main chamber, i.e., the normal turbulent jet flame propagation and the spherical flame propagation, and the latter is closely associated with pressure wave disturbance. Under low-temperature conditions, the cold jet stoichiometric mixtures and the vortexes induced by the jet flow determine the early-stage flame development in the main chamber. Under intermediate temperature conditions, pre-flame heat release and leading pressure waves are induced in the jet channel, which can be regarded as a transition of different combustion modes. Whereas under high-temperature conditions, irregular auto-ignition events start to occur, and spherical flame fronts are induced in the main chamber, behaving faster flame propagation.
Switched Capacitor DC-DC Converters: A Survey on the Main Topologies, Design Characteristics, and Applications
Authors: de Souza Alencar Franco , Tofoli Fernando Lessa , Ribeiro Enio Roberto
Published: April 2021

This work presents a review of the main topologies of switched capacitors (SCs) used in DC-DC power conversion. Initially, the basic configurations are analyzed, that is, voltage doubler, series-parallel, Dickson, Fibonacci, and ladder. Some aspects regarding the choice of semiconductors and capacitors used in the circuits are addressed, as well their impact on the converter behavior. The operation of the structures in terms of full charge, partial charge, and no charge conditions is investigated. It is worth mentioning that these aspects directly influence the converter design and performance in terms of efficiency. Since voltage regulation is an inherent difficulty with SC converters, some control methods are presented for this purpose. Finally, some practical applications and the possibility of designing DC-DC converters for higher power levels are analyzed.
Effects of Module Spatial Distribution on the Energy Efficiency and Electrical Output of Automotive Thermoelectric Generators
Authors: Cózar Ivan Ruiz , Pujol Toni , Massaguer Eduard , Massaguer Albert , Montoro Lino , González Jose Ramon , Comamala Martí , Ezzitouni Samir
Published: April 2021

Automotive thermoelectric generators (ATEGs) are devices used to harvest waste energy from the exhaust gases of internal combustion engines. An ATEG is essentially formed by three main elements: (1) heat absorber in contact with exhaust gases; (2) thermoelectric modules that directly convert heat into electricity; (3) heat sink to increase the heat transfer through the system. Thermoelectric modules (TEM) are commonly based on small-scale commercial units, with tenths of them needed to assemble a full ATEG device. Thus, several thermal and electrical connections between TEMs can be implemented. Previous studies focused on the implications on the output power. Here, we investigated the effects of using different module connections on the energy efficiency and on the electrical outputs (voltage and current). The study was carried out numerically with ATEGs that used from 4 to 100 individual TEMs. Series, parallel and square connections were investigated under two different engine operating points. The maximum output power was obtained with overall energy conversion efficiencies on the order of 3%. Though the series connection provided the highest output power, the square configuration was the best compromise between output power and electrical characteristics (voltage and current) to successfully integrate the ATEG into the vehicle management system.
What Is the Macroeconomic Impact of Higher Decarbonization Speeds? The Case of Greece
Authors: Koutsandreas Diamantis , Spiliotis Evangelos , Doukas Haris , Psarras John
Published: April 2021

In alignment with the European Union’s legislation, Greece submitted its final 10-year National Energy and Climate Plan (NECP) in December 2019, setting more ambitious energy and climate targets than those originally proposed in the draft version of the document. Apart from higher penetration of renewable energy sources (RES), the final NECP projects also zero carbon use in power generation till 2030. Although decarbonization has long been regarded beneficial for economies that base their energy production on coal, as it is the case with Greece, the macroeconomic and societal ramifications of faster transitions to carbon-free economies remain highly unexplored. Under this context, in this paper, we soft-link energy models, namely Times-Greece and Primes, with a macroeconomic model, namely Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP), to measure the effects of the final and draft NECPs on the Greek economy and evaluate the impact of higher decarbonization speeds. We find that the faster transition scenario displays both economic and societal merits, increasing Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and household income by about 1% and 7%, respectively.
A Novel Optimal Charging Algorithm for Lithium-Ion Batteries Based on Model Predictive Control
Authors: Chen Guan-Jhu , Liu Yi-Hua , Cheng Yu-Shan , Pai Hung-Yu
Published: April 2021

Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries play a substantial role in portable consumer electronics, electric vehicles and large power energy storage systems. For Li-ion batteries, developing an optimal charging algorithm that simultaneously takes rises in charging time and charging temperature into account is essential. In this paper, a model predictive control-based charging algorithm is proposed. This study uses the Thevenin equivalent circuit battery and transforms it into the state-space equation to develop the model predictive controller. The usage of such models in the battery optimal control context has an edge due to its low computational cost, enabling the realization of the proposed technique using a low-cost Digital Signal Processor (DSP). Compared with the widely employed constant current-constant voltage charging method, the proposed charging technique can improve the charging time and the average temperature by 3.25% and 0.76%, respectively.
Multifaceted Analyses of Four Different Prototype Lightweight Photovoltaic Modules of Novel Structure
Authors: Mik Krzysztof , Zawadzki Paweł , Tarłowski Jan , Bugaj Marcin , Grygiel Piotr , Bykuć Sebastian
Published: April 2021

Dynamic growth of photovoltaic capacity in Poland encourages many entities to invest in photovoltaic systems. However, in the case of buildings with low roof-bearing capacity it can be problematic or even impossible to mount conventional PV modules due to their relatively high weight. Hence, the use of lightweight PV modules is a potential solution. In this paper four different prototype silicon lightweight modules of novel structure manufactured by the Xdisc S.A have been investigated in terms of their electrical and thermal features. The measurements showed that all prototypes have efficiency exceeding 19.5% and power in range of 214 to 242 Wp at standard test conditions. Their area density is about 3.5 kg/m2 which is typical for lightweight modules. In turn, the Power-to-Weight Ratio exceeds 40 W/kg threshold and in one case reaches almost 58 W/kg. Thanks to the measurements, the prototypes could be modelled in PVsyst (PVsyst SA, Satigny, Switzerland). The performed simulations of an example PV system revealed that installations based on prototypes have comparable performance to a conventional installation. Nevertheless, at current prices they are less profitable than the standard system and it shows the need for future cost reductions in the manufacturing process. The proposed materials selection may be the starting point for search of inexpensive substitutes of these materials which still conserve modules high performance. A system based on the prototypes can still prove advantageous when simplicity and promptness outweigh higher initial costs.
Use of Ground Penetrating Radar in the Evaluation of Wood Structures: A Review
Authors: Rodrigues Brunela Pollastrelli , Senalik Christopher Adam , Wu Xi , Wacker James
Published: April 2021

This paper is a review of published studies involving the use of ground penetrating radar (GPR) on wood structures. It also contains background information to help the reader understand how GPR functions. The use of GPR on wood structures began to grow in popularity at the turn of the millennium. GPR has many characteristics that make it attractive as an inspection tool for wood: it is faster than many acoustic and stress wave techniques; it does not require the use of a couplant; while it can also detect the presence of moisture. Moisture detection is of prime concern, and several researchers have labored to measure internal moisture using GPR. While there have been several laboratory studies involving the use of GPR on wood, its use as an inspection tool on large wood structures has been limited. This review identified knowledge gaps that need to be addressed to improve the efficacy of GPR as a reliable inspection tool of wood structure. Chief among these gaps, is the ability to distinguish the type of internal feature from the GPR output and the ability to identify internal decay.
Adoption of Agroforestry in Northwest Viet Nam: What Roles Do Social and Cultural Norms Play?
Authors: Nguyen Mai Phuong , Pagella Tim , Catacutan Delia C. , Nguyen Tan Quang , Sinclair Fergus
Published: April 2021

This article presents research about the influences of social and cultural norms on the adoption of agroforestry in the northwest mountainous region of Viet Nam. The farming systems practiced by various ethnic groups in the northwest mainly occur on sloping land, which extends over 70% of the land area in the region. Decades of intensive monoculture of annual crops has resulted in severe soil erosion, contributing to soil degradation and decline in crop yields. Integrating agroforestry practices on sloping land has the potential to halt and reverse soil degradation and improve local livelihoods, but its adoption is conditioned by the diverse social and cultural norms of different ethnic groups. This research applies knowledge-based system methods in order to understand local opportunities, preferences, and constraints influencing the adoption of agroforestry practices, using a purposive, gender-balanced sample of sixty farmers from six villages across three provinces in the northwest region comprising people from Kinh, Thai and H’mong ethnic groups. Our results show that although farmers from all groups are aware of the economic and ecological benefits of trees for soil conservation in general, they have different perceptions about the benefits of particular agroforestry practices. Behavioural norms controlling agroforestry adoption vary amongst ethnic groups, and farmers’ individual social and cultural preferences influence their aspirations and adoption decisions. We conclude that developing appropriate agricultural interventions in a culturally rich environment such as northwest Viet Nam requires understanding of the context-specific needs and interests of socially and culturally disaggregated populations. Policies supporting agroforestry are more likely to contribute to more sustainable livelihoods and ecological benefits where they are tailored to the requirements of different ethnic groups.
Gypsy Moth Management with LdMNPV Baculovirus in Cork Oak Forest
Authors: Ruiu Luca , Mannu Roberto , Olivieri Maurizio , Lentini Andrea
Published: April 2021

(1) Research Highlights: Applications of a species-specific baculovirus is a promising method to control the gypsy moth and regulate its population dynamics in forest ecosystems. (2) Background and Objectives: Cork oak protection against the Lepidopteran defoliator Lymantria dispar requires an appropriate forest ecosystem management program, involving the application of eco-sustainable microbial products during population outbreaks. The species-specific multicapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus (LdMNPV), agent of natural epizootics in gypsy moth populations, represents an option that was investigated in a multi-year field study, involving viral applications either from the ground or by aerial treatment. (3) Materials and Methods: Efficacy trials against L. dispar populations were conducted in 2018 and 2019 in Sardinia, according to a randomized block design. Each year, two trials were conducted, applying a baculovirus commercial formulation with an atomizer from the ground and assessing the effects of different doses and application timing, respectively. An aerial application trial distributing LdMNPV at ultra-low volumes (2 L/ha) was also conducted in 2019 to assess the virus efficacy at a larger field scale. (4) Results: In both years, a significant increase in larval mortality was detected in plots treated with higher viral occlusion body (OB) doses and with an earlier application targeting younger larvae, in comparison with untreated controls. Due to an observed retrogradation phase of the target pest in 2019, no significant differences in larval density between areas treated from a helicopter and control were detected, but in the few weeks following application, a meaningful vitality decrease in larval samples from treated plots was observed. (5) Conclusions: Based on the results of this study, the use of LdMNPV in forest protection programs against gypsy moth can be worth consideration in multi-year integrated program strategies to modulate population dynamics.
Experimental and Numerical Study of Swirling Diffusion Flame Provided by a Coaxial Burner: Effect of Inlet Velocity Ratio
Authors: Chakchak Sawssen , Hidouri Ammar , Zaidaoui Hajar , Chrigui Mouldi , Boushaki Toufik
Published: April 2021

This paper reports an experimental and numerical investigation of a methane-air diffusion flame stabilized over a swirler coaxial burner. The burner configuration consists of two tubes with a swirler placed in the annular part. The passage of the oxidant is ensured by the annular tube; however, the fuel is injected by the central jet through eight holes across the oxidizer flow. The experiments were conducted in a combustion chamber of 25 kW power and 48 × 48 × 100 cm3 dimensions. Numerical flow fields were compared with stereoscopic particle image velocimetry (stereo-PIV) fields for non-reacting and reacting cases. The turbulence was captured using the Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) approach, associated with the eddy dissipation combustion model (EDM) to resolve the turbulence/chemistry interaction. The simulations were performed using the Fluent CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamic) code. Comparison of the computed results and the experimental data showed that the RANS results were capable of predicting the swirling flow. The effect of the inlet velocity ratio on dynamic flow behavior, temperature distribution, species mass fraction and the pollutant emission were numerically studied. The results showed that the radial injection of fuel induces a partial premixing between reactants, which affects the flame behavior, in particular the flame stabilization. The increase in the velocity ratio (Rv) improves the turbulence and subsequently ameliorates the mixing. CO emissions caused by the temperature variation are also decreased due to the improvement of the inlet velocity ratio.
TUBB3 M323V Syndrome Presents with Infantile Nystagmus
Authors: Jin Soohwa , Park Sung-Eun , Won Dongju , Lee Seung-Tae , Han Sueng-Han , Han Jinu
Published: April 2021

Variants in the TUBB3 gene, one of the tubulin-encoding genes, are known to cause congenital fibrosis of the extraocular muscles type 3 and/or malformations of cortical development. Herein, we report a case of a 6-month-old infant with c.967A>G:p.(M323V) variant in the TUBB3 gene, who had only infantile nystagmus without other ophthalmological abnormalities. Subsequent brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed cortical dysplasia. Neurological examinations did not reveal gross or fine motor delay, which are inconsistent with the clinical characteristics of patients with the M323V syndrome reported so far. A protein modeling showed that the M323V mutation in the TUBB3 gene interferes with αβ heterodimer formation with the TUBA1A gene. This report emphasizes the importance of considering TUBB3 and TUBA1A tubulinopathy in infantile nystagmus. A brain MRI should also be considered for these patients, although in the absence of other neurologic signs or symptoms.
Association of Polymorphic and Haplotype Variants of the MSX1 Gene and the Impacted Teeth Phenomenon
Authors: Trybek Grzegorz , Jaroń Aleksandra , Grzywacz Anna
Published: April 2021

It is known that genetic factors determine odontogenesis; furthermore, studies have revealed that various genes in humans can regulate the development of different types and generations of teeth. In this study it has been assumed that tooth impaction—at least to some extent—also depends on the presence of specific genetic markers, especially allelic variants of the MSX1 gene. The primary objective of the study was to evaluate the suitability of selected molecular markers located within the MSX1 gene for the determination of the risk of tooth impaction in particular patients. The study participants were divided into two groups: (1) the study group—at least one secondary tooth was impacted in the jaws; (2) the control group—no impacted tooth in the jaws. Real-Time PCR and TaqMan probes were used to detect selected polymorphisms in the analyzed genes. Two single nucleotide polymorphisms of MSX1 were analyzed. After the two subgroups of patients were distinguished in the study group based on the number of impacted teeth, statistically significant differences in the frequency of genotypes described for rs12532 in the MSX1 gene were found.
Molecular and Genetic Mechanism of Non-Syndromic Congenital Cataracts. Mutation Screening in Spanish Families
Authors: Fernández-Alcalde Celia , Nieves-Moreno María , Noval Susana , Peralta Jesús M. , Montaño Victoria E. F. , del Pozo Ángela , Santos-Simarro Fernando , Vallespín Elena
Published: April 2021

Our purpose was to identify mutations responsible for non-syndromic congenital cataracts through the implementation of next-generation sequencing (NGS) in our center. A sample of peripheral blood was obtained from probands and willing family members and genomic DNA was extracted from leukocytes. DNA was analyzed implementing a panel (OFTv2.1) including 39 known congenital cataracts disease genes. 62 probands from 51 families were recruited. Pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants were identified in 32 patients and 25 families; in 16 families (64%) these were de novo mutations. The mutation detection rate was 49%. Almost all reported mutations were autosomal dominant. Mutations in crystallin genes were found in 30% of the probands. Mutations in membrane proteins were detected in seven families (two in GJA3 and five in GJA8). Mutations in LIM2 and MIP were each found in three families. Other mutations detected affected EPHA2, PAX6, HSF4 and PITX3. Variants classified as of unknown significance were found in 5 families (9.8%), affecting CRYBB3, LIM2, EPHA2, ABCB6 and TDRD7. Mutations lead to different cataract phenotypes within the same family.
Anti-Cancer Treatment Strategies in the Older Population: Time to Test More?
Authors: Tralongo Antonino C. , Fratamico Roberto S. , Russo Chiara , Sbrana Andrea , Antonuzzo Andrea , Danova Marco
Published: April 2021

Aging is a well-recognized risk factor for the development of cancer. The incidence of new cancer diagnoses has increased globally given the rising senior population. Many hypotheses for this increased risk have been postulated over decades, including increased genetic and epigenetic mutations and the concept of immunosenescence. The optimal treatment strategies for this population with cancer are unclear. Older cancer patients are traditionally under-represented in clinical trials developed to set the standard of care, leading to undertreatment or increased toxicity. With this background, it is crucial to investigate new opportunities that belong to the most recent findings of an anti-cancer agent, such as immune-checkpoint inhibitors, to manage these daily clinical issues and eventually combine them with alternative administration strategies of antiblastic drugs such as metronomic chemotherapy.
Low Grip Strength and Muscle Mass Increase the Prevalence of Osteopenia and Osteoporosis in Elderly Women
Authors: Lee Kyujin , Lee Ji Young , Kim Yong Hwan
Published: April 2021

The risk of developing low muscle strength and muscle mass is affected by aging, osteopenia, and osteoporosis and increases with age. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence and cutoff values for osteoporosis and osteopenia according to the level of grip strength and muscle mass associated with sarcopenia. A cross-sectional study was conducted, and data from 734 women aged from 60 to 79 years old who visited the healthcare center from 2016 to 2019 were analyzed. Bone mineral density was measured on the lumbar spine from 1–4 using dual X-ray absorptiometry. Osteopenia and osteoporosis were classified on the basis of a T-score ranging from −1.0 to −2.4 and under −2.5, respectively. The diagnostic criteria for sarcopenia were a grip strength of <18 kg and muscle mass of <5.7 kg/m2 according to the Asian Working Group of Sarcopenia. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine the odds ratio, and the receiver operating characteristic curve was applied for the cutoff values. There were 351 (47.8%) patients with osteopenia and 152 (20.7%) patients with osteoporosis. The prevalence of osteopenia increased 1.593 times in the lowest grip strength group and 1.810 times in the lowest muscle mass group (p < 0.05). For osteoporosis, the lowest grip strength increased 2.512 times and the lowest muscle mass increased 2.875 times, compared to the highest grip strength group. In the sarcopenia group, osteopenia increased 2.451 times and osteoporosis increased 3.137 times, compared to the non-sarcopenia group (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the prevalence of osteoporosis and osteopenia was increased in elderly women with low grip strength and muscle mass.
Health Risks of Structural Firefighters from Exposure to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Hwang Jooyeon , Xu Chao , Agnew Robert J. , Clifton Shari , Malone Tara R.
Published: April 2021

Firefighters have an elevated risk of cancer, which is suspected to be caused by occupational and environmental exposure to fire smoke. Among many substances from fire smoke contaminants, one potential source of toxic exposure is polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). The goal of this paper is to identify the association between PAH exposure levels and contributing risk factors to derive best estimates of the effects of exposure on structural firefighters’ working environment in fire. We surveyed four databases (Embase, Medline, Scopus, and Web of Science) for this systematic literature review. Generic inverse variance method for random effects meta-analysis was applied for two exposure routes—dermal and inhalation. In dermal, the neck showed the highest dermal exposure increased after the fire activity. In inhalation, the meta-regression confirmed statistically significant increases in PAH concentrations for longer durations. We also summarized the scientific knowledge on occupational exposures to PAH in fire suppression activities. More research into uncontrolled emergency fires is needed with regard to newer chemical classes of fire smoke retardant and occupational exposure pathways. Evidence-based PAH exposure assessments are critical for determining exposure–dose relationships in large epidemiological studies of occupational risk factors.