bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modernist Nationalism: Statism and National Identity in Turkey
Authors: Akman Ayhan
Published: May 2004

A few years ago, the New York Times featured an article on the ancient city of Antioch and its modern-day inhabitants. Having lost its ancient grandeur a long time ago, Antioch (Antakya) is described as today a place that “even most Turks consider … [to be] remote and undistinguished.” The article features interviews with two members of the same family: the 110-year-old Ali Baklaci and his 20-year-old grandson Hasan Negruz. An old-timer who lived through the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire, subsequent French mandate and eventual incorporation into Turkey in 1939, Ali Baklaci is unequivocal regarding his identity. In a matter-of-fact manner, he declares, “We cannot forget our origins. We are Arab people.” The grandson, Hasan Negruz, however, has a different view. While Negruz is “one of many local youths who have taken advantage of Syria's offer of free education,” the article informs us, “the experience did not turn him into a pan-Arabist.” Instead, Negruz formulates his identity in a way that is remarkably different from his grandfather's: “I am an Arab who is also a citizen of Turkey, and that's fine.I like being Turkish because this country is more modern than the Arab countries.”
A New Kazakstan: Four Books Reconceptualize the History of the Kazak Steppe
Authors: Rouland Michael
Published: May 2004

Following the collapse of the Soviet Union, scholars developed an interest in Central Asia unmatched since the days of the “Great Game.” Scholarship initially focused on contemporary issues rather than historical analyses, since Central Asia was composed of obscure, newly independent, and strategically important states. With the opening of archives in the 1990s, however, historians began to pursue research on the identity and ideology of modern Central Asia, the legacy of the Soviet Union and Muslim modernism, and the challenges to nationalism and Islam. Drawing from postcolonial studies, these works have filled important voids and expanded our ability to analyze the multitude of factors that function in the conceptualization of the nation and the adoption of national ideas by the Central Asians themselves.
In Search of Counter-Examples: Deductive Rationality in Human Reasoning
Authors: Schroyens Walter , Schaeken Walter , Handley Simon
Published: May 2004

Dual-process theories come in many forms. They draw on the distinction between associative, heuristic, tacit, intuitive, or implicit processes (System 1) and rule-based, analytic, explicit processes (System 2). We present the results of contextual manipulations that have a bearing on the supposed primacy of System 1 (Stanovich & West, 2000). Experiment 1 showed that people who evaluated logically valid or invalid conditional inferences under a timing constraint ( N=56), showed a smaller effect of logical validity than did people who were not placed under a timing constraint ( N= 44). Experiment 2 similarly showed that stressing the logical constraint that only inferences that follow necessarily are to be endorsed ( N= 36) increased the size of the validity effect, as compared to that of participants ( N=33) given the standard instruction to make “logical” inferences. These findings concur with the thesis in dual-processing frameworks that “Rationality-2 processes” (Evans & Over, 1996), “test procedures” (Chater & Oaksford, 1999), or “conclusion validation processes” (Johnson-Laird & Byrne, 1991; Schroyens, Schaeken, & d'Ydewalle, 2001) serve to override the results of System 1 processes.
When context hinders! Learn–test compatibility in face recognition
Authors: Leder Helmut , Carbon Claus-Christian
Published: May 2004

Some theories of holistic face processing propose that parts in faces (eyes, nose, mouth, etc.) are not explicitly represented. So far, the empirical evidence has shown that whole-to-part superiority is found when wholes are learned. We substantiated this using photographic faces. More importantly, we investigated whether learning parts also reveals holistic effects. This has not been attempted before. Four experiments showed that after learning facial parts, recognition of these parts was disrupted when the part was shown in the full face. This distraction effect was strongest when perceivers were not directed to focus on a particular facial feature. Thus, it is very difficult to ignore irrelevant parts in faces. In fact, this might be the essence of holistic face processing.
The Effect of Feedback on Timing in Children and Adults: The Temporal Generalization Task
Authors: Droit-Volet Sylvie , Izaute Marie
Published: May 2004

Children aged 5 and 8 years and adults were tested on a temporal generalization task with a standard duration of 600 ms in a condition with or without corrective feedback. In all conditions, the participants produced orderly temporal generalization gradients, although these were flatter in the younger children, especially in the no-feedback condition. Nevertheless, the results show that the feedback increased the steepness of the generalization gradient in all age groups and in a greater extent in the younger children. Our clock-based model suggested that feedback reduces the variability of the memory representation of the standard duration but also the probability of random responses in the 5-year-olds.
The Cell Surface Receptor SLAM Controls T Cell and Macrophage Functions
Authors: Wang Ninghai , Satoskar Abhay , Faubion William , Howie Duncan , Okamoto Susumu , Feske Stefan , Gullo Charles , Clarke Kareem , Sosa Miriam Rodriguez , Sharpe Arlene H. , Terhorst Cox
Published: May 2004

Signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM), a glycoprotein expressed on activated lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells, has been shown to be a coregulator of antigen-driven T cell responses and is one of the two receptors for measles virus. Here we show that T cell receptor–induced interleukin (IL)-4 secretion by SLAM−/− CD4+ cells is down-regulated, whereas interferon γ production by CD4+ T cells is only slightly up-regulated. Although SLAM controls production of IL-12, tumor necrosis factor, and nitric oxide in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) by macrophages, SLAM does not regulate phagocytosis and responses to peptidoglycan or CpG. Thus, SLAM acts as a coreceptor that regulates signals transduced by the major LPS receptor Toll-like receptor 4 on the surface of mouse macrophages. A defective macrophage function resulted in an inability of SLAM−/− C57Bl/6 mice to remove the parasite Leishmania major. We conclude that the coreceptor SLAM plays a central role at the interface of acquired and innate immune responses.
Plasmodium falciparum Associated with Severe Childhood Malaria Preferentially Expresses PfEMP1 Encoded by Group A var Genes
Authors: Jensen Anja T.R. , Magistrado Pamela , Sharp Sarah , Joergensen Louise , Lavstsen Thomas , Chiucchiuini Antonella , Salanti Ali , Vestergaard Lasse S. , Lusingu John P. , Hermsen Rob , Sauerwein Robert , Christensen Jesper , Nielsen Morten A. , Hviid Lars , Sutherland Colin , Staalsoe Trine , Theander Thor G.
Published: May 2004

Parasite-encoded variant surface antigens (VSAs) like the var gene–encoded Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1 (PfEMP1) family are responsible for antigenic variation and infected red blood cell (RBC) cytoadhesion in P. falciparum malaria. Parasites causing severe malaria in nonimmune patients tend to express a restricted subset of VSA (VSASM) that differs from VSA associated with uncomplicated malaria and asymptomatic infection (VSAUM). We compared var gene transcription in unselected P. falciparum clone 3D7 expressing VSAUM to in vitro–selected sublines expressing VSASM to identify PfEMP1 responsible for the VSASM phenotype. Expression of VSASM was accompanied by up-regulation of Group A var genes. The most prominently up-regulated Group A gene (PFD1235w/MAL7P1.1) was translated into a protein expressed on the infected RBC surface. The proteins encoded by Group A var genes, such as PFD1235w/MAL7P1.1, appear to be involved in the pathogenesis of severe disease and are thus attractive candidates for a vaccine against life-threatening P. falciparum malaria.
Simultaneous Stretching and Contraction of Stress Fibers In Vivo
Authors: Peterson Lynda J. , Rajfur Zenon , Maddox Amy S. , Freel Christopher D. , Chen Yun , Edlund Magnus , Otey Carol , Burridge Keith
Published: May 2004

To study the dynamics of stress fiber components in cultured fibroblasts, we expressed α-actinin and the myosin II regulatory myosin light chain (MLC) as fusion proteins with green fluorescent protein. Myosin activation was stimulated by treatment with calyculin A, a serine/threonine phosphatase inhibitor that elevates MLC phosphorylation, or with LPA, another agent that ultimately stimulates phosphorylation of MLC via a RhoA-mediated pathway. The resulting contraction caused stress fiber shortening and allowed observation of changes in the spacing of stress fiber components. We have observed that stress fibers, unlike muscle myofibrils, do not contract uniformly along their lengths. Although peripheral regions shortened, more central regions stretched. We detected higher levels of MLC and phosphorylated MLC in the peripheral region of stress fibers. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching revealed more rapid exchange of myosin and α-actinin in the middle of stress fibers, compared with the periphery. Surprisingly, the widths of the myosin and α-actinin bands in stress fibers also varied in different regions. In the periphery, the banding patterns for both proteins were shorter, whereas in central regions, where stretching occurred, the bands were wider.
A statistical framework for genomic data fusion
Authors: Lanckriet Gert R. G. , De Bie Tijl , Cristianini Nello , Jordan Michael I. , Noble William Stafford
Published: May 2004

Motivation: During the past decade, the new focus on genomics has highlighted a particular challenge: to integrate the different views of the genome that are provided by various types of experimental data.

Results: This paper describes a computational framework for integrating and drawing inferences from a collection of genome-wide measurements. Each dataset is represented via a kernel function, which defines generalized similarity relationships between pairs of entities, such as genes or proteins. The kernel representation is both flexible and efficient, and can be applied to many different types of data. Furthermore, kernel functions derived from different types of data can be combined in a straightforward fashion. Recent advances in the theory of kernel methods have provided efficient algorithms to perform such combinations in a way that minimizes a statistical loss function. These methods exploit semidefinite programming techniques to reduce the problem of finding optimizing kernel combinations to a convex optimization problem. Computational experiments performed using yeast genome-wide datasets, including amino acid sequences, hydropathy profiles, gene expression data and known protein–protein interactions, demonstrate the utility of this approach. A statistical learning algorithm trained from all of these data to recognize particular classes of proteins—membrane proteins and ribosomal proteins—performs significantly better than the same algorithm trained on any single type of data.

Availability: Supplementary data at http://noble.gs.washington.edu/proj/sdp-svm
ASIAN: a website for network inference
Authors: Aburatani Sachiyo , Goto Kousuke , Saito Shigeru , Fumoto Masaki , Imaizumi Akira , Sugaya Nobuyoshi , Murakami Hiroo , Sato Makihiko , Toh Hiroyuki , Horimoto Katsuhisa
Published: May 2004

Summary: We constructed a website for inferring a network by applying the graphical Gaussian model, from a large amount of data, including redundant information. The available tools on the website are based on a system, named ASIAN (Automatic System for Inferring A Network), in combination with the two methods in our previous papers, which were designed to analyze gene expression profiles on a genomic scale. One of the remarkable features of the website is its ability to infer a network, concomitant with hierarchical clustering and the following estimation of cluster boundaries.

Availability:  http://eureka.ims.u-tokyo.ac.jp/asian
Carbon monoxide improves cardiac energetics and safeguards the heart during reperfusion after cardiopulmonary bypass in pigs
Authors: Lavitrano Marialuisa , Smolenski Ryszard T. , Musumeci Antonino , Maccherini Massimo , Slominska Ewa , di Florio Ernesto , Bracco Adele , Mancini Antonio , Stassi Giorgio , Patti Mariella , Giovannoni Roberto , Froio Alberto , Simeone Felicetta , Forni Monica , Bacci Maria Laura , D'Alise Giuseppe , Cozzi Emanuele , Otterbein Leo E. , Yacoub Magdi H. , Bach Fritz H. , Calise Fulvio
Published: May 2004

Ischemia‐reperfusion injury, a clinical problem during cardiac surgery, involves worsened adenosine trisphosphate (ATP) generation and damage to the heart. We studied carbon monoxide (CO) pretreatment, proven valuable in rodents but not previously tested in large animals, for its effects on pig hearts subjected to cardiopulmonary bypass with cardioplegic arrest. Hearts of CO‐treated pigs showed significantly higher ATP and phosphocreatine levels, less interstitial edema, and apoptosis of cardiomyocytes and required fewer defibrillations after bypass. We conclude that treatment with CO improves the energy status, prevents edema formation and apoptosis, and facilitates recovery in a clinically relevant model of cardiopulmonary bypass surgery.
Cardiac myocyte‐specific HIF‐1α deletion alters vascularization, energy availability, calcium flux, and contractility in the normoxic heart
Authors: Huang Yan , Hickey Reed P. , Yeh Jennifer L. , Liu Dinggang , Dadak Agnes , Young Lawrence H. , Johnson Randall S. , Giordano Frank J.
Published: May 2004

At a resting pulse rate the heart consumes almost twice‐as much oxygen per gram tissue as the brain and more than 43 times more than resting skeletal muscle (1). Unlike skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle cannot sustain anaerobic metabolism. Balancing oxygen demand with availability is crucial to cardiac function and survival, and regulated gene expression is a critical element of maintaining this balance. We investigated the role of the hypoxia‐inducible transcription factor HIF‐1α in maintaining this balance under normoxic conditions. Cardiac myocyte‐specific HIF‐ 1α gene deletion in the hearts of genetically engineered mice caused reductions in contractility, vascularization, high‐energy phosphate content, and lactate production. This was accompanied by altered calcium flux and altered expression of genes involved in calcium handling, angiogenesis, and glucose metabolism. These findings support a central role for HIF‐1α in coordinating energy availability and utilization in the heart and have implications for disease states in which cardiac oxygen delivery is impaired.

Heart muscle requires a constant supply of oxygen. When oxygen supply does not match myocardial demand cardiac contractile dysfunction occurs, and prolongation of this mismatch leads to apoptosis and necrosis. Coordination of oxygen supply and myocardial demand involves immediate adaptations, such as coronary vasodilatation, and longer‐term adaptations that include altered patterns of gene expression (2–4). How the expression of multiple genes is coordinated with oxygen availability in the heart and the impact of oxygen‐dependent gene expression on cardiac function are insufficiently understood. Further elucidating these relationships may help clarify the molecular pathology of various cardiovascular disease states, including ischemic cardiomyopathy and myocardial hibernation (5, 6).
A critical role for thrombin in vertebrate lens regeneration
Authors: Imokawa Yutaka , Simon András , Brockes Jeremy P.
Published: May 2004

Lens regeneration in urodele amphibians such as the newt proceeds from the dorsal margin of the iris where pigment epithelial cells (PEC) re–enter the cell cycle and transdifferentiate into lens. A general problem in regeneration research is to understand how the events of tissue injury or removal are coupled to the activation of plasticity in residual differentiated cells or stem cells. Thrombin, a pivotal regulator of the injury response, has been implicated as a regulator of cell cycle re–entry in newt myotubes, and also in newt iris PEC. After removal of the lens, thrombin was activated on the dorsal margin for 5–7 days. Inactivation of thrombin by either of two different inhibitors essentially blocked S–phase re–entry by PEC at this location. The axolotl, a related species which can regenerate its limb but not its lens, can activate thrombin after amputation but not after lens removal. These data support the hypothesis that thrombin is a critical signal linking injury to regeneration, and offer a new perspective on the evolutionary and phylogenetic questions about regeneration.
Exploring the mechanisms regulating regeneration of deer antlers
Authors: Price J. , Allen S.
Published: May 2004

Deer antlers are the only mammalian appendages capable of repeated rounds of regeneration; every year they are shed and regrow from a blastema into large branched structures of cartilage and bone that are used for fighting and display. Longitudinal growth is by a process of modified endochondral ossification and in some species this can exceed 2 cm per day, representing the fastest rate of organ growth in the animal kingdom. However, despite their value as a unique model of mammalian regeneration the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. We review what is currently known about the local and systemic regulation of antler regeneration and some of the many unsolved questions of antler physiology are discussed. Molecules that we have identified as having potentially important local roles in antlers include parathyroid hormone–related peptide and retinoic acid (RA). Both are present in the blastema and in the rapidly growing antler where they regulate the differentiation of chondrocytes, osteoblasts and osteoclastsin vitro. Recent studies have shown that blockade of RA signalling can alter cellular differentiation in the blastemain vivo. The trigger that regulates the expression of these local signals is likely to be changing levels of sex steroids because the process of antler regeneration is linked to the reproductive cycle. The natural assumption has been that the most important hormone is testosterone, however, at a cellular level oestrogen may be a more significant regulator. Our data suggest that exogenous oestrogen acts as a ‘brake’, inhibiting the proliferation of progenitor cells in the antler tip while stimulating their differentiation, thus inhibiting continued growth. Deciphering the mechanism(s) by which sex steroids regulate cell–cycle progression and cellular differentiation in antlers may help to address why regeneration is limited in other mammalian tissues.
Stem cell biology and neurodegenerative disease
Authors: McKay R. D.
Published: May 2004

The fundamental basis of our work is that organs are generated by multipotent stem cells, whose properties we must understand to control tissue assembly or repair. Central nervous system (CNS) stem cells are now recognized as a well–defined population of precursors that differentiate into cells that are indisputably neurons and glial cells. Work from our group played an important role in defining stem cells of the CNS. Embryonic stem (ES) cells also differentiate to specific neuron and glial types through defined intermediates that are similar to the cellular precursors that normally occur in brain development. There is convincing evidence that the differentiated progeny of ES cells and CNS stem cells show expected functions of neurons and glia. Recent progress has been made on three fundamental developmental processes: (i) cell cycle control; (ii) the control of cell fate; and (iii) early steps in neural differentiation. In addition, our work on CNS stem cells has developed to a stage where there are clinical implications for Parkinson's and other degenerative disorders. These advances establish that stem cell biology contributes to our understanding of brain development and has great clinical promise.
The action of ARGONAUTE1 in the miRNA pathway and its regulation by the miRNA pathway are crucial for plant development
Authors: Vaucheret Hervé , Vazquez Franck , Crété Patrice , Bartel David P.
Published: May 2004

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous 21–24-nt RNAs that can down-regulate gene expression by pairing to the messages of protein-coding genes to specify mRNA cleavage or repression of productive translation. They act within the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), which in animals contains a member of the Argonaute family of proteins. In the present study, we show that Arabidopsis ago1 mutants have increased accumulation of mRNAs known to be targeted for cleavage by miRNAs. In hypomorphic ago1 alleles, this compromised miRNA function occurs without a substantial change in miRNA accumulation, whereas in null alleles it is accompanied by a drop in some of the miRNAs. Therefore, AGO1 acts within the Arabidopsis miRNA pathway, probably within the miRNA-programmed RISC, such that the absence of AGO1 destabilizes some of the miRNAs. We also show that targeting of AGO1 mRNA by miR168 is needed for proper plant development, illustrating the importance of feedback control by this miRNA. Transgenic plants expressing a mutant AGO1 mRNA with decreased complementarity to miR168 overaccumulate AGO1 mRNA and exhibit developmental defects partially overlapping with those of dcl1, hen1, and hyl1 mutants showing a decrease in miRNA accumulation. miRNA targets overaccumulate in miR168-resistant plants, suggesting that a large excess of AGO1 protein interferes with the function of RISC or sequesters miRNAs or other RISC components. Developmental defects induced by a miR168-resistant AGO1 mRNA can be rescued by a compensatory miRNA that is complementary to the mutant AGO1 mRNA, proving the regulatory relationship between miR168 and its target and opening the way for engineering artificial miRNAs in plants.
Holoenzyme proteins required for the physiological assembly and activity of telomerase
Authors: Witkin Keren L. , Collins Kathleen
Published: May 2004

Many proteins have been implicated in the physiological function of telomerase, but specific roles of telomerase-associated proteins other than telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) remain ambiguous. To gain a more comprehensive understanding of catalytically active enzyme composition, we performed affinity purification of epitope-tagged, endogenously assembled Tetrahymena telomerase. We identified and cloned genes encoding four telomerase proteins in addition to TERT. We demonstrate that both of the two new proteins characterized in detail, p65 and p45, have essential roles in the maintenance of telomere length as part of a ciliate telomerase holoenzyme. The p65 subunit contains an La motif characteristic of a family of direct RNA-binding proteins. We find that p65 in cell extract is associated specifically with telomerase RNA, and that genetic depletion of p65 reduces telomerase RNA accumulation in vivo. These findings demonstrate that telomerase holoenzyme proteins other than TERT play critical roles in RNP biogenesis and function.
The Ensembl Core Software Libraries: Figure 1
Authors: Stabenau Arne , McVicker Graham , Melsopp Craig , Proctor Glenn , Clamp Michele , Birney Ewan
Published: May 2004

Systems for managing genomic data must store a vast quantity of information. Ensembl stores these data in several MySQL databases. The core software libraries provide a practical and effective means for programmers to access these data. By encapsulating the underlying database structure, the libraries present end users with a simple, abstract interface to a complex data model. Programs that use the libraries rather than SQL to access the data are unaffected by most schema changes. The architecture of the core software libraries, the schema, and the factors influencing their design are described. All code and data are freely available.
The Otter Annotation System
Authors: Searle Stephen M.J. , Gilbert James , Iyer Vivek , Clamp Michele
Published: May 2004

With the completion of the human genome sequence and genome sequence available for other vertebrate genomes, the task of manual annotation at the large genome scale has become a priority. Possibly even more important, is the requirement to curate and improve this annotation in the light of future data. For this to be possible, there is a need for tools to access and manage the annotation. Ensembl provides an excellent means for storing gene structures, genome features, and sequence, but it does not support the extra textual data necessary for manual annotation. We have extended Ensembl to create the Otter manual annotation system. This comprises a relational database schema for storing the manual annotation data, an application-programming interface (API) to access it, an extensible markup language (XML) format to allow transfer of the data, and a server to allow multiuser/multimachine access to the data. We have also written a data-adaptor plugin for the Apollo Browser/Editor to enable it to utilize an Otter server. The otter database is currently used by the Vertebrate Genome Annotation (VEGA) site (http://vega.sanger.ac.uk), which provides access to manually curated human chromosomes. Support is also being developed for using the AceDB annotation editor, FMap, via a perl wrapper called Lace. The Human and Vertebrate Annotation (HAVANA) group annotators at the Sanger center are using this to annotate human chromosomes 1 and 20.
Two Methods of Whole-Genome Amplification Enable Accurate Genotyping Across a 2320-SNP Linkage Panel
Authors: Barker David L. , Hansen Mark S.T. , Faruqi A. Fawad , Giannola Diane , Irsula Orlando R. , Lasken Roger S. , Latterich Martin , Makarov Vladimir , Oliphant Arnold , Pinter Jonathon H. , Shen Richard , Sleptsova Irina , Ziehler William , Lai Eric
Published: May 2004

Comprehensive genome scans involving many thousands of SNP assays will require significant amounts of genomic DNA from each sample. We report two successful methods for amplifying whole-genomic DNA prior to SNP analysis, multiple displacement amplification, and OmniPlex technology. We determined the coverage of amplification by analyzing a SNP linkage marker set that contained 2320 SNP markers spread across the genome at an average distance of 2.5 cM. We observed a concordance of >99.8% in genotyping results from genomic DNA and amplified DNA, strongly indicating the ability of both methods used to amplify genomic DNA in a highly representative manner. Furthermore, we were able to achieve a SNP call rate of >98% in both genomic and amplified DNA. The combination of whole-genome amplification and comprehensive SNP linkage analysis offers new opportunities for genetic analysis in clinical trials, disease association studies, and archiving of DNA samples.
A Global View of the Selection Forces in the Evolution of Yeast Cis-Regulation
Authors: Tanay Amos , Gat-Viks Irit , Shamir Ron
Published: May 2004

The interaction between transcription factors and their DNA binding sites is key to understanding gene regulation. By performing a genome-wide study of the evolutionary dynamics in yeast promoters, we provide a first global view of the network of selection forces in the evolution of transcription factor binding sites. This analysis gives rise to new models for binding site activity, identifies families of related binding sites, and characterizes the functional similarities among them. We discovered rich and highly optimized selective pressures operating inside and around these families. In several cases, this organization reveals that a single transcription factor has multiple functional modes. We demonstrate how such functional heterogeneity is related to the binding site's affinity and how it is exploited in transcription programs.
Influences on the consumer decision‐making process towards fresh meat – Insights from Belgium and implications
Authors: Verbeke Wim
Published: May 2004

The paper reports findings and recommendations from doctoral research in Belgium. The objective is to present insights related to the consumer decision‐making process towards fresh meat. A four‐component conceptual framework is proposed. Information required to investigate links and associations between different elements of the framework is collected through exploratory and conclusive research procedures, with data originating from consumer surveys and household panels. Major attention is paid to the impact of communication and information from mass media, as well as to the impact of socio‐demographic characteristics such as age and presence of young children in the household. Recommendations extend to livestock farming, the meat industry, government, mass media and future research. Key attention points include increased orientation towards satisfying consumer needs and re‐establishment of trust through the production of intrinsically safe products and reliable and effective communication.
Isolation of Food Spoilage Yeasts from Salads Purchased from
Delicatessens
Authors: Hunter Paul R. , Hornby Helen , Campbell Colin K. , Browne Katherine F.
Published: May 2004

Reports on a study of the bacteriological and mycological quality of 87
prepared salads purchased from delicatessens. Bacterial counts were
generally low. Of the 87 salads, only 19 per cent had plate counts
greater than 104 organisms/g. Coliforms were isolated from three
samples, E. coli from one and Listeria monocytogenes from one. By
contrast yeasts were isolated from 76 per cent of the salads and at
counts greater than 104 organisms/g in 31 per cent. Twenty‐one different
yeast species were isolated, of which the commonest were Saccharomyces
dairensis and Saccharomyces exiguus. Few of the yeasts have any
significant role in human disease. The commonest yeasts isolated,
however, are associated with spoilage of mayonnaise‐based salads. Their
isolation from these foods suggests inadequate temperature control.
Coaching and coach training in the workplace
Authors: Wilson Carol
Published: May 2004

Focuses on coaching, the latest “fix” in corporate life, and how the workplace is changing from authoritarian bosses and jobs for life towards self directed learning and portfolio careers. Outlines how the Virgin Empire was built using a coaching culture and provides case histories of the implementation of coaching and coach training in the workplace. Provides some facts and figures about Return On Investment, and why companies introduce coaching. Concludes with a look into the future.
Searching for entrepreneurship
Authors: Deamer Ian , Earle Louise
Published: May 2004

This paper describes the origins and research that have culminated in a new psychometric tool (EMAQ) that is used to consider an individuals' leanings towards entrepreneurship. The research undertaken in developing the tools is described. It is set in the context of the development activities that led to the consideration of the question “What makes an Entrepreneur?” and some of the current theories of entrepreneurship. The paper suggests that looking only for entrepreneurial traits is doomed to fail yet cannot be entirely discounted. Latest research suggests that entrepreneurs are very self‐aware and actively use this information whereas others, perhaps with the same level of self awareness, do nothing with it. This may be a crucial factor. The authors argue that entrepreneurship is a multidimensional construct and that EMAQ can give insight into whether a person might succeed as an entrepreneur.
Influencing, negotiating skills and conflict‐handling: some additional research and reflections
Authors: Manning Tony , Robertson Bob
Published: May 2004

This paper examines the connection between influencing, negotiation and conflict‐handling. Using newly gathered data, it develops earlier articles on the relationships between negotiation and influencing by linking them to the associated area of conflict‐handling. The new data confirm the authors' view that negotiation is best seen as an aspect of influencing and that, although both are associated with conflict‐handling, they go beyond this. The new findings reinforce concerns about the role of negotiation and suggest some situations in which negotiation may be appropriate and some where it may not be suitable. As earlier, these findings have implications for the way training in these areas is carried out and how managers can make effective use of influencing, negotiation and conflict‐handling.
How can “role transition management” transform your company?
Authors: Yapp Maria
Published: May 2004

Recent research at Harvard University has shown that the adjustment period required for new or redeployed managers can be as long as 15‐18 months. Businesses can significantly reduce this time by taking steps to help the transition of its new managers using “xcelerate” – a highly specialised approach to role transition management. This can also help to prevent potentially disastrous and costly failures. The advanced coaching and role transition management techniques in xcelerate have helped businesses to: benefit from managers' role placements at a much earlier stage than would normally be expected; retain high levels of performance when roles or the business structure change; achieve speed to market in competitive scenarios; drive through the succession plan and accelerate the progress of “high potentials”; manage the risk involved in assigning people to mission‐critical activities; avoid potentially disastrous or costly failures downstream; substantially increase managers' confidence and performance levels; and develop managers to take a more strategic approach.
Helping high flyers fly high: their motives and developmental preferences
Authors: Galpin Martin , Skinner James
Published: May 2004

This paper presents the key‐results from a two‐year research project which focused on the motivation and developmental preferences of high flyers. High flyers were found to have a particularly strong desire to be in a position of authority and control, but their concerns were mainly about working to the best of their ability and making efforts to master new skills. They were found to be more motivated by competition with themselves than by competition with others. Surprisingly, they were no more motivated by the desire for material and financial rewards than the general population. The research also asked which development tools high flyers had found most useful. Mentoring was considered the most valuable, with job rotation and 360° feedback also rated very high. Commonly used development processes, such as career development resources and technical training, were viewed unfavourably by a significant proportion of the respondents.
Making workplace fun more functional
Authors: Ford Robert C. , Newstrom John W. , McLaughlin Frank S.
Published: May 2004

Recently, many practitioners, books, articles, and consultants have claimed that a fun work environment is a good thing for organizations to have. These sources assert fun will lead to increased productivity, higher morale, and fewer human resource problems. This paper draws the results of a large e‐mail survey of managers conducted by the authors. The results indicate that there is overwhelming support for having fun in the workplace. These respondents report that having a fun work environment will increase the levels of enthusiasm, satisfaction, creativity, communications among employees and enhanced feelings of group cohesiveness. The respondents reported few significant downside risks. The survey also asked for suggestions as to how to make the work environment more fun. Many responses were received. They were analyzed, cataloged, and evaluated by the authors and discussed in this paper.
Presentation skills
Authors: Harper Jacqui
Published: May 2004

Presentations for a client or fellow colleagues can be nerve‐racking at the best of times. Even veterans of public speaking need to be trained to ensure that their message, whatever it is, can be delivered with the right implications and points shining through. However, we as individuals conduct our own presentations on a day‐to‐day basis, sometimes unaware of our actions. Whether being introduced to a new colleague or meeting with the bank manager, we are constantly on display and conveying messages which we may or may not intend to do. Presentation skills therefore, are vital to achieving success in all aspects of daily life. Without realising, there is a lot more to do with conducting effective presentations than is initially understood.
Social inclusion and the information poor
Authors: Hendry J.D.
Published: May 2004

The evidence for and nature of world poverty are examined, and their incidence in the UK and more specifically Glasgow demonstrated. This is then developed into a discussion of the meaning of and implications for information deprivation within the context of the developing information society and knowledge economy. UK Government initiatives to eliminate social exclusion are examined and the pivotal role of libraries and of the library and information profession in co‐operation are discussed. Some specific initiatives for virtual universities and libraries are put forward.
Determining the quality of publications and research for tenure or promotion decisions
Authors: Nazim Ali S. , Young Harold C. , Ali Nasser M.
Published: May 2004

Develops a series of factors to be considered when developing criteria for determining the quality of a research article, as well as the quality of a publication (journal) for tenure or promotion decisions. Discusses ways to measure the quality of a particular publication and the research article using a checklist format. Raises commentaries on each perception and variable to enlighten the novice regarding philosophical and ethical issues. The process described is not prescriptive but explorative, allowing the institutional evaluators to compare their individual evaluations using a standardized format and rating scale. The values assigning to each exclusive factor can be varied according to the institutional objectives.
Birth‐centenary literature on Ranganathan 1991‐1994: a review
Authors: Satija M.P.
Published: May 2004

Gives a comprehensive revue of the literature which marked the birth centenary of Dr S.R. Ranganathan, a prolific writer on librarianship and library science.
Managerial Problem Solving
Authors: Brooks Ian
Published: May 2004

Illustrates how organizational culture can stifle effective problem
solving and decision making. In the organization in question this had
critical implications for quality, staff retention and organizational
change. The myopic, non‐innovative generation of apparent solutions to
major organizational problems made the organization a victim, not a
master, of change. Precedent determined action so that “more of the
same” becomes the forte of the organization. Investigates the nature of
the organizational culture and the mechanisms of influence it exerted
over the problem‐solving process. The research utilized a qualitative
methodology well suited to investigating organizational culture and was
based in a civil service agency. Suggests an alternative, or model,
culture, the adoption of which would enable the organization to cope
with environmental and organizational change. Offers recommendations
which derive from the research.
Localized marketing strategies and the Bible of international business
Authors: Walle A.H.
Published: May 2004

Notes that the New Testament provides a classic case of international marketing strategies in conflict, as well as clues to modern international management. Looks at the development of the organization left behind by Jesus Christ in terms of characters such as Peter and Saul and factors such as ethnic niching and the rise of the organization as a multinational. Considers historical events from the New Testament in terms of modern management thinking and concludes that the analogy is helpful in determining modern international management strategy.
Afri‐Cola GmbH, Macedonia ‐ distribution infrastructure
Authors: Dana Léo‐Paul
Published: May 2004

Reports that during the mid‐1990s, Afri‐Cola GmbH was a relatively small business in Cologne, Germany. Traces its successful launch of Afri‐Cola, an Afri‐Cola light beverage, in the newly independent republic of Macedonia, and its subsequent decision to evaluate its marketing strategy. Notes that opportunities were arising in nearby Albania; however, consensus was lacking as to what should be done next.
Capital investment analysis for managers
Authors: Byers Steven S. , Groth John C. , Malcolm Richards R. , Wiley Marilyn K.
Published: May 2004

Briefly describes the nature and importance of capital investments and why managers of all functional areas should understand the basics of analysis. Reviews conceptual issues. Develops important perspectives for corporate leaders, managers and analysts. Provides practical guidelines for analysis. Furnishes a useful format for analysis easily adaptable to spreadsheet analysis. Illustrates techniques of analysis using a sample capital project. Interprets the results in a common‐sense manner and in terms of the contribution of the project to shareholder value. Addresses issues at a level appropriate for each professional manager regardless of their area of expertise and functional assignment.
A computation strategy based on neural network for stiffness determination of deep‐groove ball bearings
Authors: Kang Yuan , Shen Ping‐Chen , Chen Cheng‐Hsien , Huang Chih‐Ching , Yang Lin‐Kan
Published: May 2004

All deep‐groove ball bearings have similar features in geometry, mechanism, and structure. Stiffness of this type of bearings is related to geometry, dimensions, and operating conditions by a very complex, high‐order and coupled‐variable function. This paper has verified that the stiffness function for all deep‐groove ball bearings can be replaced by a back‐propagation neural network (BPNN) which is trained by using some (not all) samples.
Evaluation of additive's layer formation in engine crankcase oil using two different types of tribological test rigs
Authors: Kaleli Hakan
Published: May 2004

The role that lubricating oils play is, first of all, to reduce energy loss and keep the wear and seizure to a minimum, or, in a broader sense, to improve the friction characteristics. Resistance to deterioration and prevention of rust development on metals are demanded as secondary functions. The time during which lubricating oil retains its ability to prevent any possible damage to a body in motion should be considered as its lifetime. Many functions that are provided by base oil alone are insufficient; therefore, special additives are dissolved in them. The additives for lubricating oils are of many types, and their functions are diverse and many. Those additives that are used with the purpose of improving friction characteristics are generally called oiliness improvers or friction modifiers. In this study, the protective additive's layers formed on rubbed surfaces of pins, plates and discs were investigated using pin‐on‐disc and reciprocating pin‐on‐plate test rigs. Wear tracks were examined using optical and electron microscopy with X‐ray diffraction analysis.
Micellization and adsorption of anionic/nonionic polymeric surfactants for metal work fluid at different interfaces
Authors: Omar A.M.A.
Published: May 2004

The metal working fluid industry accounts for approximately 5 per cent of the total world market for lubricant. Cutting fluids are formulated to fulfil one or more different functions. It is becoming increasingly apparent that to provide additions friendly for environment and low costs. This paper studies high performance mixture of anionic/nonionic polymeric surfactants as an additive for metal working fluid, thus the mixture has poly functions such as anticorrosion and emulsifier. The surface tensions of aqueous solutions of anionic/nonionic mixtures were measured as a function of nonionic concentration at 40°C with constant anionic concentration. The surface excesses concentrations, mole fractions, and interaction parameters of binary polymeric mixtures were calculated. Moreover, the critical micelle concentration and adsorption of ANO/ETH mixture on solutions and steel surface were determined. These parameters confirm the synergistic action of ANO/ETH polymeric surfactants for micellization and adsorption at different interfaces.
Longitudinally rough slider bearings with squeeze film formed by a magnetic fluid
Authors: Deheri G.M. , Andharia P.I. , Patel R.M.
Published: May 2004

The effect of longitudinal surface roughness on the behaviour of slider bearing with squeeze film formed by a magnetic fluid has been analysed. The roughness of the bearing surface is modelled by stochastic random variable with non‐zero mean, variance and skewness. The concerned Reynolds' equation is stochastically averaged with respect to the random roughness parameter. Results for bearing performance characteristics such as load carrying capacity of the bearing, centre of pressure, frictional force and coefficient of friction for different values of α (mean), σ (standard deviation) and ε (measure of symmetry) are numerically computed. In order to investigate the quantitative effect of roughness on the performance characteristics, four shapes namely; plane slider, exponential slider, hyperbolic slider and secant slider for the lubricant film are considered. The results are presented in tabular form as well as graphically. It is observed that the bearing performance is significantly affected by all the three parameters characterizing the surface roughness.
Determination of synthesis conditions of alkali calcium sulfonate
Authors: Besergil Bilsen , Celik Ali
Published: May 2004

In this study, alkali calcium sulfonate which is added to engine oils as a detergent‐dispersant was obtained. A definite amount of Ca(OH)2 and water was added to the mixture of neutral calcium sulfonate (NCS) and spindle‐oil (SO), and the mixture was taken into an appropriate reactor. CO2‐air mixture was passed through the mixture for definite periods at 85°C and the appropriate parameters affecting the qualities and efficiency of the product were determined. Thus, after the mixture of CO2+air (having the ratio of 1/8.5) was passed through the mixture of 180 g NCS+600 g SO+60 g Ca(OH)2+90 g water with the velocity of 108 L/h for 200 min, transparent alkali calcium sulfonate with a total base number value of 28.6 mg KOH/g was obtained.
Roller chain lubrication
Authors: Wilson Bill
Published: May 2004

Offers advice on lubricating roller chains which are widely used in mechanical handling and transmission systems. Despite their importance they are often a neglected component. Gives details of the most appropriate oils or other lubricants to use at varying temperatures and in different operating conditions.
Pumps: mechanical seal or magnetic drive?
Authors: Peel Ian
Published: May 2004

Reviews recent advances in shaft sealing technology, aimed at reducing maintenance cost by improving reliability. Looks in detail at the evolution of the conical seal housing and the magnetic drive. Reports on a research programme initiated three years ago involving user representatives, mechanical seal manufacturers, pump manufacturers and the British Hydrodynamics Research Group. As a result, five different seal designs were tested. Concludes that magnetic drive pumps are very reliable and that ultimately the use of a mechanical seal or a magnetic drive rests with the user in discussion with the pump manufacturer.
Toyota UK Ltd
Authors: Winfield Ian
Published: May 2004

Examines how Toyota′s worldwide HRM practice has been developed to
sustain the Toyota Production System. Explains how, in setting up the
European assembly plant in the UK, Toyota has been faced with both
strong forces for international consistency in HRM practices and strong
local cultural forces calling for differentiation. Analyses this
dialectic of forces by critically examining Toyota′s emergent HRM
practices at its UK plant. These HRM practices are intended by the
company to promote the four goals of employee integration with the
organization; employee commitment; workforce flexibility and
adaptability; and, finally, an emphasis on quality. Evaluates the
evidence.