bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
New Developments in Mechanical Enhancement of Colonoscopy: Cuffs, Caps and Rings
Authors: Jain Deepanshu , Sandhu Naemat , Singhal Shashideep
Published: April 2016

Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a common cause of cancer-related deaths. Early detection of precursor lesions in the adenoma-carcinoma sequence via colonoscopy can decrease mortality from CRC. Summary: In this review article, we have summarized retrospective studies, prospective single center, multicenter studies and randomized controlled trials describing the efficacy of endocuff colonoscopy (EC), cap-assisted colonoscopy (CAC) and endorings colonoscopy (ERC). Indications, techniques, outcomes, limitations and complications reported are discussed. Key Message: Use of colonoscope with cap, cuff or rings attached to its distal tip has been shown to increase the polyp detection rate and adenoma detection rate, predominantly for the small polyps (<1 cm) and proximal colon location. Evidence is uniform for EC and ERC but not for CAC. Benefits of shorter cecum intubation time, improved cecum intubation rates and decreased pain scores during colonoscopy done with assistance of cuff or cap has potential to decrease the number of incomplete colonoscopy and increase overall patient satisfaction, thus improving follow-up. In the absence of any additional adverse events, EC, CAC and ERC have potential to enhance the benefits of colonoscopy.
Prospective, Multicenter Study on Tinnitus Changes after Cochlear Implantation
Authors: Kim Dong-Kee , Moon In Seok , Lim Hye Jin , Yoo Shin-young , Heo Kyung Wook , Bae Seong-Cheon , Moon Kyung Ray , Lee Jong Joo , Choung Yun-Hoon , Park Shi-Nae
Published: April 2016

Objective: To investigate the time course of tinnitus changes in patients receiving cochlear implantation (CI) in a prospective, multicenter setting and to determine related factors. Materials and Methods: A total of 79 adult patients who underwent CI were included in this study. We used the same questionnaires sequentially 5 times. The questionnaires included the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) for tinnitus severity, the Tinnitus Handicap Inventory (THI), Beck's Depression Index (BDI), and the Brief Encounter Psychosocial Instrument (BEPSI) for stress assessment. Results: Tinnitus was present in 59 (74.7%) of the 79 study subjects. After CI, tinnitus was eliminated in 10 patients (25%) and improved in 16 patients (40%) of the 40 patients who completed the final questionnaires, and most of the tinnitus reduction occurred in the early period of CI use. In an analysis of psychological functioning with CI, BDI was reduced significantly after CI. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that preoperative auditory steady-state response (ASSR), THI, and final BDI score were significantly associated with the changes in tinnitus after CI. Conclusions: Most of the tinnitus reduction occurred within 1 month after CI use, and the changes were significantly associated with THI, ASSR, and BDI scores 6 months after CI. CI is a valuable therapeutic modality in tinnitus of a deafened ear.
Checkpoint Inhibitors and Their Application in Breast Cancer
Authors: Bedognetti Davide , Maccalli Cristina , Al Bader Salha B.J. , Marincola Francesco M. , Seliger Barbara
Published: April 2016

Immune checkpoints are crucial for the maintenance of self-tolerance and for the modulation of immune responses in order to minimize tissue damage. Tumor cells take advantage of these mechanisms to evade immune recognition. A significant proportion of tumors, including breast cancers, can express co-inhibitory molecules that are important formediating the escape from T cell-mediated immune surveillance. The interaction of inhibitory receptors with their ligands can be blocked by specific molecules. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) directed against the cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA4) and, more recently, against the programmed cell death protein 1 (PD1), have been approved for the therapy of melanoma (anti-CTLA4 and anti-PD1 mAbs) and non-small cell lung cancer (anti-PD1 mAbs). Moreover, inhibition of PD1 signaling has shown extremely promising signs of activity in breast cancer. An increasing number of molecules directed against other immune checkpoints are currently under clinical development. In this review, we summarize the evidence supporting the implementation of checkpoint inhibition in breast cancer by reviewing in detail data on PD-L1 expression and its regulation. In addition, opportunities to boost anti-tumor immunity in breast cancer with checkpoint inhibitor-based immunotherapies alone and in combination with other treatment options will be discussed.
On Retinal Gene Therapy
Authors: Fischer M. Dominik
Published: April 2016

Mutations in a large number of genes cause retinal degeneration and blindness with no cure currently available. Retinal gene therapy has evolved over the last decades to become a promising new treatment paradigm for these rare disorders. This article reflects on the ideas and concepts arising from basic science towards the translation of retinal gene therapy into the clinical realm. It describes the advances and present thinking on the efficacy of current clinical trials and discusses potential roadblocks and solutions for the future of retinal gene therapy.
Obesity and Aging in Humans and Nonhuman Primates: A Mini-Review
Authors: Vaughan Kelli L. , Mattison Julie A.
Published: April 2016

The prevalence of obesity in the US is increasing exponentially across gender, age and ethnic groups. Obesity and a long-term hypercaloric diet result in what appears to be accelerated aging, often leading to a multi-systemic deterioration known as the metabolic syndrome. Due to their physiological similarity to humans as well as comparable rates of spontaneous obesity and diabetes mellitus, nonhuman primates provide a useful translational model for the human condition. They allow for an in vivo study of disease progression, interaction of comorbidities, and novel interventions. However, defining obesity in aged humans and nonhuman primates is difficult as the physiological changes that occur with aging are not accounted for using our current systems (BMI - body mass index and BCS - body condition score). Nonetheless, nonhuman primate studies have greatly contributed to our understanding of obesity and metabolic dysfunction and should continue to play a large role in translational research. Here, methods for defining obesity and metabolic syndrome in humans and nonhuman primates are described along with the prevalence and effects of these conditions.
Reduced Mortality Associated with Acute Kidney Injury Requiring Dialysis in the United States
Authors: Brown Jeremiah R. , Rezaee Michael E. , Hisey William M. , Cox Kevin C. , Matheny Michael E. , Sarnak Mark J.
Published: April 2016

Background: Dialysis-requiring acute kidney injury (AKI-D) is a documented complication of hospitalization and procedures. Temporal incidence of AKI-D and related hospital mortality in the US population has not been recently characterized. We describe the epidemiology of AKI-D as well as associated in-hospital mortality in the US. Methods: Retrospective cohort of a national discharge data (n = 86,949,550) from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project's National Inpatient Sample, 2001-2011 of patients' hospitalization with AKI-D. Primary outcomes were AKI-D and in-hospital mortality. We determined the annual incidence rate of AKI-D in the US from 2001 to 2011. We estimated ORs for AKI-D and in-hospital mortality for each successive year compared to 2001 using multiple logistic regression models, adjusted for patient and hospital characteristics, and stratified the analyses by sex and age. We also calculated population-attributable risk of in-hospital mortality associated with AKI-D. Results: The adjusted odds of AKI-D increased by a factor of 1.03 (95% CI 1.02-1.04) each year. The number of AKI-D-related (19,886-34,195) in-hospital deaths increased almost 2-fold, although in-hospital mortality associated with AKI-D (28.0-19.7%) declined significantly from 2001 to 2011. Over the same period, the adjusted odds of mortality for AKI-D patients were 0.60 (95% CI 0.56-0.67). Population-attributable risk of mortality associated with AKI-D increased (2.1-4.2%) over the study period. Conclusions: The incidence rate of AKI-D has increased considerably in the US since 2001. However, in-hospital mortality associated with AKI-D hospital admissions has decreased significantly.
Targeted Therapy in HER2-Positive Breast Cancer
Authors: Thill Marc , Kraft Clayton , Friedrich Michael
Published: April 2016

Categorization, risk assessment, and treatment of breast cancer have been revolutionized by the original description of the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), first as a prognostic marker and then as a therapeutic target. The HER2-positive subtype of breast cancer represents less than approximately 20% of the incident breast cancers. Nevertheless, many lessons can be learned from the development of anti-HER2 therapies in early-stage disease. This review will comment on the key studies in both the (neo)adjuvant and metastatic settings and discusses some of the controversies that still remain today both in clinical care and as research questions.
GRACILIANO RAMOS E AS APORIAS DO PERDÃO
Authors: Ribeiro Gustavo Silveira
Published: April 2016

O ensaio propõe ler a autobiografia Infância, de Graciliano Ramos, como um espaço de reflexão sobre a experiência paradoxal do perdão. Tomando como base a elaboração teórica desenvolvida por Jacques Derrida sobre o tema, a análise procura privilegiar as passagens em que Graciliano Ramos ao mesmo tempo rememora e desfaz as violências de que foi vítima, procurando reconsidera-las a partir de outros pressupostos éticos.
NARRATIVAS DE REMOÇÃO: A DIÁSPORA NEGRA ENTRE MEMÓRIAS, DESLOCAMENTOS E RESISTÊNCIAS
Authors: Almeida Júlia
Published: April 2016

A partir de leitura comparatista e interdisciplinar, são cotejados os romances Becos da memória, da escritora brasileira Conceição Evaristo (2013), e Texaco, do escritor martinicano Patrick Chamoiseau (1992), como narrativas de processos de remoção urbana que reconstituem as memórias e as experiências da territorialização precária da diáspora negra nas Américas.
Historiography, Philosophy of History and the Historical Turn in Analytic Philosophy
Authors: Beaney Michael
Published: April 2016

This article has three main interconnected aims. First, I illustrate the historiographical conceptions of three early analytic philosophers: Frege, Russell and Wittgenstein. Second, I consider some of the historiographical debates that have been generated by the recent historical turn in analytic philosophy, looking at the work of Scott Soames and Hans-Johann Glock, in particular. Third, I discuss Arthur Danto’s Analytic Philosophy of History, published 50 years ago, and argue for a reinvigorated analytic philosophy of history.
Genetic Epistemology, a Universalist Approach to the History of Science
Authors: Winstanley Mark A.
Published: April 2016

GER Lloyd discerns two conflicting hypotheses concerning human cognition: cross-cultural universality and cultural relativity. The history of science is one discipline among many actively contributing to our understanding of human cognition at present. Not surprisingly, then, the dichotomy is also present in the history of science. In contrast to current approaches to the history of science, which highlight cultural relativity, genetic epistemology, which is conceived by Jean Piaget as a science of the acquisition of knowledge, emphasises cross-cultural universality. Using the multidimensionality of phenomena and different styles of inquiry, I will argue that there is no inherent contradiction in the different approaches to the history of science. However, the amicable co-existence of both approaches has been undermined by Peter Damerow, who criticised the applicability of genetic epistemology to the historical development of knowledge on historical and theoretical grounds. In this paper, I will review Damerow’s theoretical critique, and, in formulating a response, I will argue that genetic epistemology cannot be dismissed as one of many legitimate styles of inquiry into the history of science on the basis of this critique.
Diurnal Climatology of the Boundary Layer in Southern California Using AMDAR Temperature and Wind Profiles
Authors: Rahn David A. , Mitchell Christopher J.
Published: April 2016

Observations from commercial aircraft [e.g., the Aircraft Meteorological Data Relay (AMDAR) automated weather reports] have been increasing dramatically. Two main applications of the aircraft data are use in short-term forecasts and assimilation into numerical weather prediction models. Now that more than 10 years of measurements exist, using this dataset to construct a description of the long-term climatological behavior (a “climatology”) of the lower atmosphere is explored with two main objectives. The first objective is to examine strengths and weaknesses of using the dataset to construct a climatology of the lower atmosphere. Unlike the traditional twice-daily radiosonde launches, the high frequency of observations at major airports allows for an unprecedented set of diurnal information at many locations globally. The second objective is to obtain a climatology of the lower atmosphere of Southern California, specifically at Los Angeles, San Diego, and Ontario, during the spring and summer when the boundary layer is well defined and easily detected. The June 2001–14 climatology reveals that the deepening of the boundary layer overnight is consistent with a cloud-topped boundary layer. Whereas the average boundary layer height decreases right after sunrise at San Diego, at Los Angeles the deeper boundary layer persists about 4 h after sunrise and then decreases rapidly over 2 h as the onshore sea breeze strengthens. Morning intrusions of the marine air inland are easily detected at Ontario in some months but are practically nonexistent during July and August.
Body Pedagogics: Embodiment, Cognition and Cultural Transmission
Authors: Shilling Chris
Published: April 2016

This article contributes to the growing sociological concern with body pedagogics; an embodied approach to the transmission and acquisition of occupational, sporting, religious and other culturally structured practices. Focused upon the relationship between those social, technological and material means through which institutionalized cultures are transmitted, the experiences of those involved in this learning, and the embodied outcomes of this process, existing research highlights the significance of body work, practical techniques and the senses to these pedagogic processes. What has yet to be explicated adequately, however, is the embodied importance of cognition to this incorporation of culture. In what follows, I address this lacuna by building on John Dewey’s writings in proposing an approach to body pedagogics sympathetic to the prioritization of physical experience but that recognizes the distinctive properties and capacities of thought and reflexivity in these processes.
The long shadow of the Iron Curtain for female sex workers in German cities: Border effects and regional differences
Authors: Lindenblatt Andreas , Egger Peter
Published: April 2016

This paper assesses determinants of habits and prices about sexual work in Germany. The paper alludes to a regional pattern, in particular, in pricing. This pattern varies with the size of cities and across as well as along the former East–West German border. In particular, the evidence suggests that there is a long shadow of the former Iron Curtain which leads to higher conditional prices in the former East than in the West, in particular, in larger agglomerations such as Berlin. Moreover, there is evidence of habit formation and spillovers within regions, which leads to regionally clustered prices as well as unsafe sex services being offered by sexworkers.
Coresidential Union Entry and Changes in Commuting Times of Women and Men
Authors: Lersch Philipp M. , Kleiner Sibyl
Published: April 2016

Women, particularly those in coresidential unions, have previously been found to spend less time commuting to work than men. This gender gap among couples’ commuting has been linked to inferior labor market opportunities for women. How gender differences in commuting emerge on entering coresidence is underresearched, however. This study examines changes in commuting times at the transition from singlehood to coresidential unions using the British Household Panel Survey (1992-2008; N = 8,122 individuals). Results from fixed effects regression indicate that men increase their commuting time when entering coresidential unions. For childless women, entering coresidential unions is not associated with changes in commuting time. Mothers reduce their commuting time on entering coresidential unions. Changes in labor income and domestic housework responsibilities, previously suggested as likely explanations, are not found to contribute to observed changes in commuting among those entering coresidential unions in this study.
Behavioural improvement in a minimally conscious state after caloric vestibular stimulation: evidence from two single case studies
Authors: Vanzan Serena , Wilkinson David , Ferguson Heather , Pullicino Patrick , Sakel Mohamed
Published: April 2016

Objective:

To investigate whether caloric vestibular stimulation, a non-invasive form of neuro-modulation, alters the level of awareness in people residing in a minimally conscious state.

Design:

Single-case ( n = 2), prospective, controlled (ABAB) efficacy study.

Setting:

Tertiary, neuro-rehabilitation inpatient ward within a university hospital.

Participants:

Two individuals in a minimally conscious state.

Intervention:

Left ear caloric vestibular stimulation was performed in two four/five-week blocks interleaved with two four/five-week blocks of sham stimulation. Session duration and frequency gradually increased within each block from once per day for 10 minutes (Week 1) to once per day for 20 minutes (Week 2) to 20 minutes twice per day in the remaining weeks.

Measures:

Wessex Head Injury Matrix, JFK Coma Recovery Scale – Revised.

Results:

Both participants’ Wessex Head Injury Matrix scores indicated a transition from involuntary (i.e. mechanical vocalization) to voluntary (i.e. gesture making, selective responses to family members) behaviour that was time-locked to the onset of active stimulation. In one participant, this improvement persisted for at least four weeks after active stimulation, while in the other it diminished two weeks after stimulation. Allied, although less dramatic, changes were seen on the arousal and auditory subscales of the JFK Coma Recovery Scale – Revised.

Conclusion:

The data provide the first evidence that vestibular stimulation may help improve outcome in a low awareness state, although further studies are needed to replicate effect and determine longer-term benefit.
Effects of Remnant Tissue Preservation on the Tendon Graft in Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction
Authors: Takahashi Tsuneari , Kondo Eiji , Yasuda Kazunori , Miyatake Shin , Kawaguchi Yasuyuki , Onodera Jun , Kitamura Nobuto
Published: April 2016

Background:

There is controversy regarding the efficacy of remnant tissue preservation on graft healing in anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction.

Hypothesis:

The preserved remnant tissue will (1) adhere to the graft surface and undergo a remodeling process, (2) accelerate graft revascularization, (3) increase the number of graft mechanoreceptors by 4 weeks, and (4) improve anteroposterior knee laxity and structural properties of the graft by 12 weeks.

Study Design:

Controlled laboratory study.

Methods:

Forty-two sheep were randomly divided into 2 groups of 21 animals. In group I, the ACL was completely removed. In group II, the ACL was transected at the midsubstance but not debrided. ACL reconstruction was performed using a semitendinosus tendon autograft in both groups. Histological changes of the grafted tendon and the remnant tissue were evaluated at 4 and 12 weeks after surgery. Biomechanically, anterior translation and knee joint stiffness under an anterior drawer force and the structural properties of the femur-graft-tibia complex were evaluated.

Results:

The preserved remnant tissue was histologically distinct from the graft at 4 weeks, while the tissue partially adhered to the graft surface at 12 weeks. The ACL remnant tissue significantly accelerated revascularization in the grafted tendon at 4 weeks and significantly increased the number of mechanoreceptors at 4 and 12 weeks. In addition, remnant preservation significantly improved anterior translation (9.3 ± 2.1 mm and 5.4 ± 1.7 mm at 60° of knee flexion in groups I and II, respectively) and knee joint stiffness at 12 weeks. However, there were no significant differences in the structural properties between the 2 groups at 4 and 12 weeks after surgery.

Conclusion:

Preservation of the ACL remnant tissue in ACL reconstruction enhanced cell proliferation, revascularization, and regeneration of proprioceptive organs in the reconstructed ACL and reduced anterior translation. However, remnant preservation did not improve the structural properties of the graft.

Clinical Relevance:

These results imply that preservation of the ACL remnant tissue may improve graft healing after ACL reconstruction.
Additional Layers of Violence: The Intersections of Gender and Disability in the Violence Experiences of Women With Physical Disabilities in South Africa
Authors: van der Heijden Ingrid , Abrahams Naeemah , Harries Jane
Published: April 2016

South Africa has unprecedented levels of violence and many South African women are exposed to violence during their lifetime. This article explores how gender and disability intersect in women’s experiences of violence during their lifetime. Repeat in-depth qualitative interviews with 30 physically disabled women in Cape Town reveal that women with physical disabilities are exposed to various forms of violence, and shows how their impairments shape their violence experiences. The most common forms of violence women with disabilities experience are psychological violence, financial abuse, neglect, and deprivation, with disability stigma playing a central role and contributing to how women with disabilities are exploited and dehumanized. Constructions of women as asexual shape their sexual relationships and experiences of sexual violence. This article identifies that women with disabilities are more at risk and experience additional layers of violence than women without disabilities. These additional risks and layers of violence need to be recognized and inform interventions to prevent and respond to violence against women with disabilities in the country. Prevention of violence against women with physical disabilities in South Africa needs to address the role of disability stigma that shapes the types of violence they experience, change gender norms, and create accessible and safe environments and economic empowerment opportunities.
Melatonin Concentrations and Antioxidative Capacity of Human Breast Milk According to Gestational Age and the Time of Day
Authors: Katzer David , Pauli Lisa , Mueller Andreas , Reutter Heiko , Reinsberg Jochen , Fimmers Rolf , Bartmann Peter , Bagci Soyhan
Published: April 2016

Background:

While changes in the composition of breast milk throughout the lactation period are well known, little is known about the antioxidative capacity of breast milk and its regulation as a function of time of day.

Objective:

The aim of this study was to evaluate the antioxidative capacity in breast milk and its regulation by time of day.

Methods:

Melatonin, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase 3 (Gpx3) concentrations, and the total antioxidative capacity (TAOC) were analyzed in 105 breast milk samples and 12 maternal serum samples from 21 healthy nursing mothers.

Results:

Comparison between daytime breast milk (collected from 1000-2200 h) and nighttime breast milk (collected from 2200-1000 h) revealed significantly higher concentrations of melatonin and Gpx3 in nighttime milk (melatonin: 1.5 pg/mL [1.0-2.1] day vs 7.3 pg/mL [3.8-13.6] night, median [quartiles], with an estimated mean night-to-day ratio of 5.2 [3.9, 7.1], P < .001; Gpx3: 1436 ng/mL [765-2060] day vs 1800 ng/mL [1242-2297] night, night-to-day difference 192.1 [0.6, 383.7], P = .049). Subgroup analysis showed that melatonin had a circadian rhythm in both preterm and term milk, with a significantly higher nighttime concentration ( P < .001), while antioxidant enzymes had a circadian rhythm only in preterm milk, with a significantly higher nighttime concentration for Gpx3 and a significant higher daytime concentration for SOD and TAOC ( P = .041 and P = .049, respectively). We found no significant correlation between the concentration of melatonin and the concentration of SOD, Gpx3, or TAOC. Moreover, there were no significant correlations observed between gestational age and the concentration of melatonin and antioxidant enzymes.

Conclusion:

Because of its higher melatonin and Gpx3 content, future research is needed to determine if preterm nighttime milk ought to be the first choice in the feeding of high-risk preterm infants.
An Introduction to the Special Issue. Politics of Precarity: Migrant Conditions, Struggles and Experiences
Authors: Schierup Carl-Ulrik , Jørgensen Martin Bak
Published: April 2016

The current special issue examines the range and strength of analysing contemporary transformations and struggles through the lens of ‘precarity’. Rather than defining a single precariat, the interest is in exploring ‘varieties of precarity’. These take different forms in different parts of the world, on different scales and in different socio-economic contexts, and yet they share certain characteristics in terms of conditions and capacity for agency. Contributions to this volume testify that precarity may be a political proposition as much as a sociological category that offers an analytical description of current transformations. The selection of articles has the ‘politics of precarity’ as a frame of reference. It describes the political economy of neoliberal globalization producing institutionally embedded precarization of labour, livelihoods and citizenship, but also resistance against the systemic structuration within which it is embedded.
Facial Swelling Associated with Impaction of the Deciduous and Permanent Maxillary Fourth Premolars in a Dog with Patent Ductus Arteriosus
Authors: Mendoza Krista A. , Marretta Sandra Manfra , Behr Melissa J. , Klippert Linda S.
Published: April 2016

A three-year-old Labrador retriever was referred for decreased appetite, a painful swelling in the region of the maxillary right fourth premolar, and a heart murmur indicative of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) diagnosed 1.5-weeks prior to presentation. Oral examination and intraoral dental radiographs showed impaction of the maxillary right fourth premolar surrounded by reactive alveolar bone. Necrotic bone, remnants of the deciduous maxillary right fourth premolar, and the impacted permanent maxillary right fourth premolar were removed following surgical exploration of the area. The PDA was repaired without complication 2-weeks following oral surgery. The extraction site was healing appropriately, and the dog's inappetence and painful facial swelling had resolved.
Recurrent Ossifying Epulis in a Dog
Authors: Woodward Tony M.
Published: April 2016

A seven-year-old neutered/male Siberian Husky-cross dog was referred for evaluation of a gingival mass. Two years previously, the referring veterinarian had resected an ossifying epulis from the same area between the maxillary left first and second premolars. The neoplasm recurred 4-months after the original surgery. En bloc resection provided tumor-free margins. An oral examination 12-months following surgery indicated no gross signs of recurrence.
Lymph Node Staging of Oral and Maxillofacial Neoplasms in 31 Dogs and Cats
Authors: Herring Erin S. , Smith Mark M. , Robertson John L.
Published: April 2016

A retrospective study was performed to report the histologic examination results of regional lymph nodes of dogs and cats with oral or maxillofacial neoplasms. Twenty-eight dogs and 3 cats were evaluated. Histologic examination results of standard and serial tissue sectioning of regional lymph nodes were recorded. When available, other clinical parameters including mandibular lymph node palpation, thoracic radiographs, and pre- and postoperative fine needle aspiration of lymph nodes were compared with the histologic results. Squamous cell carcinoma, fibrosarcoma, and melanoma were the most common neoplasms diagnosed in dogs. Squamous cell carcinoma and fibrosarcoma were diagnosed in cats. Of the palpably enlarged mandibular lymph nodes, 17.0 % had metastatic disease histologically. Radiographically evident thoracic metastatic disease was present in 7.4 % of cases. Preoperative cytologic evaluation of the mandibular lymph node based on fine needle aspiration concurred with the histologic results in 90.5 % of lymph nodes examined. Postoperative cytologic evaluation of fine needle aspirates of regional lymph nodes concurred with the histologic results in 80.6 % of lymph nodes examined. Only 54.5 % of cases with metastatic disease to regional lymph nodes had metastasis that included the mandibular lymph node. Serial lymph node sectioning provided additional information or metastasis detection. Cytologic evaluation of the mandibular lymph node correlates positively with histology, however results may fail to indicate the presence of regional metastasis. Assessment of all regional lymph nodes in dogs and cats with oral or maxillofacial neoplasms will detect more metastatic disease than assessing the mandibular lymph node only.
Maxillary Dentigerous Cyst in a Cat
Authors: Gioso Marco Antônio , Carvalho Vanessa Graciela Gomes
Published: April 2016

A dentigerous cyst was diagnosed in the right rostral maxilla of a 6-month-old Siamese cat affecting the maxillary right canine tooth. The deciduous maxillary right canine tooth was extracted and the dentigerous cyst wall was curetted. The permanent tooth was not removed, however it was mobile following the surgical procedure. Examination 6-months following surgery indicated appropriate development of the tooth with no mobility or periodontal pocket formation. The maxillary right canine tooth had an abnormal shape but was functional with an acceptable appearance.
Structure of Peripheral Cementum of Normal Equine Cheek Teeth
Authors: Mitchell S.R. , Kempson S.A. , Dixon P.M.
Published: April 2016

The structure of peripheral cementum of mandibular and maxillary check teeth was studied In gross observation, light microscopy, and scanning and transmission election microscopy Teeth from four horses aged 4, 8, 17, and 30-years-old were examined. The cementum of the occlusal surface was thicker on the buccal aspect when compared with the lingual aspect of mandibular teeth. The cementum of the occlusal surface was thicker on tin-palatal aspect when compared with the buccal aspect of maxillary teeth. There was no peripheral cementum mi the interdental aspects of either mandibular or maxillary check teeth. In the adult tooth, cementum covered the crown and root surfaces. The peripheral com mum of the gingival region showed a dramatic increase in thickness compared with cementum covering the alveolar portion of the embedded tooth. At a microscopic level, three layers (primary, secondary, and tertiary) were identified within cementum. The increase in cementum in the gingival region was of tertiary cementum. All three layers contained vital cementocytes. There was a well-developed vascular system within the cementum. Nerve bundles were also present. Three cementoblast profiles were identified at the junction of the cementum with the periodontal ligament. The results reported in this paper show that cementum is a dynamic vital tissue. These findings should contribute in ii greater understanding of the etiology and pathogenesis of cemental caries and periodontal disease in the horse.
Acrylic Bite Plane for Treatment of Malocclusion in a Young Horse
Authors: Klugh David O.
Published: April 2016

A 5-month-old quarter horse filly was presented for evaluation of a congenital overbite. The horse was diagnosed with a class 2 malocclusion. A non-removable, acrylic bite plane was constructed to provide a surface for the occlusal forces to be directed in a manner maintaining the normal anatomic position of the premaxilla. The preservation of normal anatomic relationships provided free range of motion of the mandible and maximized its growth potential, limiting the malocclusion. Although normal occlusion was not attained, partial incisor occlusion was present 20-months following initial treatment. Regular occlusal equilibration is mandatory to optimize occlusion and minimize future complications associated with malocclusion.
Fracture, Luxation, and Chronic Septic Arthritis of the Temporomandibular Joint in a Juvenile Horse
Authors: Devine Dustin V. , Moll H. David , Bahr Robert J.
Published: April 2016

This case report describes chronic sepsis of the right temporomandibular joint in a juvenile horse. Diagnostic work-up included physical examination, radiography, and computed tomography. Humane euthanasia was indicated due to the chronicity of the condition, prognosis, and financial constraints.
Management of Generalized Gingival Enlargement in a Dog — Case Report and Literature Review
Authors: Lewis John R. , Reiter Alexander M. , Tzt Dipl
Published: April 2016

The present report describes treatment of a dog with generalized gingival enlargement and serves as a review of etiology and treatment options for this condition. The combined use of scalpel blade, electrosurgical equipment, and a 12-fluted bur on a high-speed handpiece with water irrigation allowed for accurate excision of excess gingival tissue and contouring of remaining gingiva. Surgery coupled with professional dental cleaning periodontal therapy can decrease the recurrence of this condition. In addition, home oral hygiene is an important component of the treatment plan. The history of patients with gingival enlargement should be reviewed carefully, including drug history and previous medical conditions, in an attempt to elucidate a specific cause and thus allow for greater long-term success.
Collagen Fiber Architecture of the Periodontal Ligament in Equine Cheek Teeth
Authors: Staszyk Carsten , Wulff Wiebke , Jacob Hans-Georg , Gasse Hagen
Published: April 2016

The objective of this study was to examine the spatial arrangement of the fiber apparatus of the equine periodontium which is supposed to meet two contrary requirements: (1) to attach the tooth firmly and elastically to the alveolar bone; and, to be appropriately remodeled and reconstructed in order to facilitate the prolonged eruption of the tooth. Specimens of periodontal ligament were obtained from the buccal and lingual/palatal aspects of the first molars from the maxilla and mandible of 12 horses. The animals were assigned to three age groups. Histological sections were prepared from three specific horizontal levels of the periodontal ligament and examined with conventional and polarized-light microscopy. At the gingival level, collagen fascicles (diameter > 200 μm) were densely packed. Their spatial alignment was the same in all age groups. The architecture of the collagen fiber apparatus differed at the middle and apical levels in the three age groups. There was a clear distinction between fibers, bundles, and fascicles. Bundling of collagen fibers, density of the fiber arrangement, and collagen fascicles with an alveolo-cemental orientation increased with age. The collagen fiber apparatus of the equine periodontal ligament is highly adaptive, responding continuously to the dynamic changes in the periodontal environment. Site-specific arrangements and age-dependent structural variations are assumed to maintain tooth support as the reserve crown gradually decreases in length with progressive dental attrition. Most of the age-dependent changes to the periodontal ligament in teeth examined in this study occurred at the apical level. The apical region of young teeth had no periodontal attachment, while the roots of older teeth were firmly attached to the alveolus. When evaluating periodontal ligament development, the individual tooth's ‘dental age’ should be considered rather than the animal's age to account for individual tooth eruption times.
Greater Palatine Island Axial Pattern Flap for Repair of Oronasal Fistula Related to Eosinophilic Granuloma
Authors: Woodward Tony M.
Published: April 2016

A Greyhound presented with eosinophilic granuloma lesions of the soft palate and oronasal fistula. Since other siblings had been known to also have oral eosinophilic granuloma, it was suspected that the dog reported here had a familial predisposition to develop the disease. Preoperative medical management consisting of anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive therapy was required before surgical repair of the oronasal fistula. Multiple surgical techniques, including a greater palatine island axial pattern flap, were used to repair the oronasal fistula.
Reattachment of Tooth Fragment: An in vitro Study
Authors: Corrêa Herbert Lima , Filho Leonardo Eloy Rodrigues , Mello Elaine Souza , Carron Renata Vanzo , Gioso Marco Antonio
Published: April 2016

Canine tooth fracture is common in dogs. Application of an esthetic and durable restoration may be challenging in veterinary dental practice. This study used traditional human dental laboratory methods to evaluate fracture strength of intact dog canine teeth and fractured teeth that had been restored by reattachment of the tooth fragment. The results showed that the teeth restored by reattachment of the tooth fragment supported a test load equal to 45.4 % of the load necessary to fracture intact canine teeth.
Repair of Experimental Plaque-Induced Periodontal Disease in Dogs
Authors: Shoukry M. , Ali L. Ben , Naby M. Abdel , Soliman A.
Published: April 2016

Forty mongrel dogs were used in this study for induction of periodontal disease by placing subgingival silk ligatures affecting maxillary and mandibular premolar teeth during a 12-month period. Experimental premolar teeth received monthly clinical, radiographic, and histometric/pathologic assessments. The results demonstrated significant increases in scores and values of periodontal disease parameters associated with variable degrees of alveolar bone loss. The experimental maxillary premolar teeth exhibited more severe and rapid rates of periodontal disease compared with mandibular premolar teeth. Histometric analysis showed significant reduction in free and attached gingiva of the experimental teeth. Histopathological examination of buccolingual sections from experimental premolar teeth showed the presence of rete pegs within the sulcular epithelium with acanthosis and erosive changes, widening of the periodontal ligament, and alveolar bone resorption. Various methods for periodontal repair were studied in 194 experimental premolar teeth exhibiting different degrees of periodontal disease. The treatment plan comprised non-surgical (teeth scaling, root planing, and oral hygiene) and surgical methods (closed gingival curettage, modified Widman flap, and reconstructive surgery using autogenous bone marrow graft and canine amniotic membrane). The initial non-surgical treatment resulted in a periodontal recovery rate of 37.6 % and was found effective for treatment of early periodontal disease based on resolution of gingivitis and reduction of periodontal probing depths. Surgical treatment by closed gingival curettage to eliminate the diseased pocket lining resulted in a recovery rate of 48.8 % and proved effective in substantially reducing deep periodontal pockets. Open root planing following flap elevation resulted in a recovery rate of 85.4 % and was effective for deep and refractory periodontal pockets. Autogenous bone graft implantation combined with canine amniotic membrane as a biodegradable membrane was used in 18 premolar teeth and failed to improve advanced furcation defects in most teeth.
Effect of Pellet Food Size and Polyphosphates in Preventing Calculus Accumulation in Dogs
Authors: Hennet Ph , Servet E , Soulard Y , Biourge V
Published: April 2016

Forty female Beagle dogs, aged 12 to 24-months were divided into four groups of ten dogs each. Results showed that increasing kibble diameter by 50.0 % was associated with a 42.0 % calculus reduction. Coating the kibbles with sodium tripolyphosphate, an anti-calculus agent, further induced a 55.0 % calculus reduction. Sodium tripolyphosphate was shown to be at least as effective as sodium hexametaphosphate. The calculus reduction effect on teeth differed based on tooth location with the most pronounced effect being observed on caudally-located crushing teeth compared with incisor and canine teeth. The relevance of scoring non-crushing teeth when testing a product with mechanical effect on plaque and calculus needs to be questioned.
Effect of a Mucoadhesive Gel and Dental Scaling on Gingivitis in Dogs
Authors: Bonello D. , Squarzoni P.
Published: April 2016

Twenty client-owned dogs diagnosed with gingivitis were studied over a 45-day period in order to investigate the effect of professional dental prophylaxis combined with the use of a topical mucoadhesive gel containing adelmidrol, an aliamide. A non-intrusive papillary-marginal-gingival index (PMGI) was measured at each assessment, while the gingivitis index (GI) was measured only at the beginning and end of the study. Compared to the control group, the treated dogs had a significant decrease (P < 0.005) in the average GI index during the course of the study. A significant reduction (P < 0.002) in the average PMGI index was observed in both groups 15-days following dental prophylaxis. However at 30 and 45-days following dental prophylaxis, the PMGI index values were significantly different (P < 0.005) from baseline only in treated dogs. These results suggest that the combined use of a mucoadhesive gel with dental scaling was able to improve the regression of gingival inflammation and lengthen the therapeutic benefits of dental scaling and polishing during a limited study period.
Dental Bulge Restoration and Gingival Collar Expansion after Endodontic Treatment of a Complicated Maxillary Fourth Premolar Crown-Root Fracture in a Dog
Authors: Reiter Alexander M. , Lewis John R.
Published: April 2016

This case report describes endodontic, restorative, and periodontal treatment of a complicated crown-root fracture of the right maxillary fourth premolar tooth in a dog. A buccal portion (‘slab’) had separated from the tooth, which extended subgingivally into root structure. Following completion of standard root canal therapy, a periodontal flap was elevated. Alveolectomy and alveoloplasty were performed, and inflamed soft tissues were debrided. The fracture site was prepared, restored, and shaped to receive a dental bulge contour. A gingival collar expansion technique was utilized to allow for apical positioning of gingiva at the distobuccal crown-root segment. Clinical and radiographic examination 15-months following treatment showed no evidence of endodontic failure. The restorations were intact, and periodontal probing depths were slightly increased probably due to gingival enlargement from concurrent cyclosporine therapy. The importance of biologic width maintenance in periodontal surgery and need for owner compliance with home oral hygiene are discussed.
The Editor's Touch: Too Light, Too Heavy, or Just Right?
Authors: Harvey Colin E.
Published: April 2016

Forty-five mixed breed dogs were evaluated for the presence and extent of periodontal disease. Histopathology was performed on samples of lung, myocardium, liver, kidney, tonsil, spleen, submandibular lymph node and tracheobronchial lymph node. Mitral valves were evaluated grossly. Statistical analysis was used to deterimine if there was a relationship between the extent of periodontal disease and histopathologic changes in the tissues examined. In the forty-five dogs studied, an association was found between periodontal disease and histopathologic changes in kidney, myocardium (papillary muscle) and liver.
Dimensions of Diastemata and Associated Periodontal Food Pockets in Donkey Cheek Teeth
Authors: Du Toit N. , Burden F. A. , Baedt L. Gosden , Shaw D.J. , Dixon P.M.
Published: April 2016

Equine cheek teeth (CT) diastemata often cause deep periodontal food pocketing and are therefore regarded as a painful dental disorder of equidae. However, there appears to be no information available on the size or shape of these diastemata. This post mortem study examined 16 donkey skulls (mean age = 32-years) containing 45 CT diastemata to define the anatomical shape and dimensions of these diastemata, and of the associated periodontal food pockets that occur with this disorder. Diastemata were found to more commonly involve mandibular (56.0 %) compared with maxillary CT (44.0 %), and 71.0 % of these diastemata had adjacent intercurrent dental disorders that may have predisposed donkeys to the diastemata. The median widths of all diastemata were 2.0-mm at the occlusal surface and 3.1-mm at the gingival margin, with no differences in widths between the lateral or medial aspects of diastemata. Diastemata were defined as open (60.0 %) or valve (40.0 %) based on their gross appearance. This classification was confirmed to be accurate by measurements that showed valve diastemata to have an occlusal to gingival width ratio of 0.4, in contrast to open diastemata where this ratio was 1.07. Food was impacted in 89.0 % of diastemata, but all diastemata had adjacent periodontal disease. Periodontal food pocketing was present adjacent to 76.0 % of diastemata, more commonly on the lateral aspect (73.0 % prevalence; mean pocket depth = 4.1-mm) than the medial aspect (47.0 % prevalence; mean pocket depth = 2.4-mm). The depth of periodontal pockets of diastemata was not associated with the height of the erupted crowns of adjacent CT.
Oral Examination and Radiographic Evaluation of the Dentition in Wild Cats from Namibia
Authors: Roux P. , Berger M. , Stich H. , Schawalder P.
Published: April 2016

Feline tooth resorption has been widely reported in domestic cats and sporadically described in other felidae. The goal of the present study was to determine the prevalence of tooth resorption and to report other dental problems in a population of wild felidae. Observations of dental disorders and anomalies were made in skulls from 73 wild felidae (cheetahs, leopards, caracals, African wildcats, and lions) originating from Namibia. In addition, radiographs were taken in 43 cases to determine signs of bone and root pathology. Radiographs showed varying stages of tooth resorption in 16.0 % of the specimens. Other dental anomalies found included fused teeth, supernumerary roots, or missing teeth. The prevalence of dental resorption in wild felidae was lower than reported in the domestic cat.
Resection of Mast Cell Tumor of the Lip in a Dog
Authors: Taney Kendall , Smith Mark M.
Published: April 2016

A 10-year-old Boston terrier dog was presented for treatment of a 2-cm mast cell tumor of the left upper lip and nasal planum immediately adjacent to the philtrum and ventral to the nares. CO2 laser was used for resection of the lesion. Wound reconstruction was performed using bilateral labial advancement flaps.
Computed Tomography and Partial Coronoidectomy for Open-Mouth Jaw Locking in Two Cats
Authors: Soukup Jason W. , Snyder Christopher J. , Gengler William R.
Published: April 2016

Open-mouth jaw locking in the cat has traditionally been minimally evaluated with diagnostic imaging. Multiple methods have been described for surgical management of this problem. This report describes the use of computed tomography to diagnose open-mouth jaw locking in 2 cats secondary to ventrolateral displacement of the coronoid process in relation to the zygomatic arch. In these 2 cases, a previously unreported surgical approach whereby the coronoid was not reduced before partial coronoidectomy was used with successful outcomes.