bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Postmodernism and Evangelicals: A Unique Missiological Challenge at the Beginning of the Twenty-First Century
Authors: Van Gelder Craig
Published: July 2017

The challenge of postmodernism is significantly shifting the discussion about “what is truth” within the evangelical world. A wide range of critiques of and possible approaches toward the postmodern movement are becoming evident. This article explores these developments within the context of the rise of postmodernism, and offers some suggestions for a more biblically sound and culturally relevant interaction of the evangelical movement with this new context in which the church in the West now finds itself.
New England Puritans: The Grandparents of Modern Protestant Missions
Authors: Carpenter John B.
Published: July 2017

New England Puritanism was decisive in preparing for the “Great Century of Missions.” Reaching the Native Americans was a leading rationale for the Puritans crossing the Atlantic in the first place. John Eliot established precedents that were looked to as models of missionary practice. David Brainerd joined Eliot as a model missionary, mostly through the writings of Jonathan Edwards, the last great Puritan. To that, Edwards added his emphasis on prayer and his theological struggles for an evangelistically minded Calvinism. His writings were key in teaching English Particular Baptists, among others, that God used means “for the conversion of the heathen.”
Etiology of Adult Missionary Kid (AMK) Life-Struggles
Authors: Priest Robert J.
Published: July 2017

Research suggests that many adult children of missionaries have ongoing life-struggles. Explanations for the etiology of AMK struggles provide underpinnings for interventions by a growing professional community of those ministering to missionary kids (MKs). A survey questionnaire was administered to 101 Wycliffe AMKs, testing hypotheses associated with two models: (1) a psychological model hypothesizing that high levels of AMK life-problems result from high levels of childhood trauma, and (2) an anthropological model hypothesizing that high levels of AMK life-problems result from a lack of relevant cultural competencies as MKs enter their parents' home country. It was found that while childhood trauma was predictive of life-struggle, trauma items distinctive of MK experience (such as frequent separations) were not predictive of adult-problems, while other forms of trauma (abuse) which are predictive of life-struggle apparently do not occur at higher rates for MKs than for others. Research results did provide support for the hypothesis that a lack of relevant cultural competencies in U.S. culture at the time of entry to the U.S. was predictive of life-problems. Practical and research implications of these findings are discussed.
Reconstructing Christian Culture toward the Globalization of Gospel Vision: Identity, Empowerment, and Transformation in an African Context
Authors: Grenham Thomas G.
Published: July 2017

This essay explores the cultural phenomenon of globalization ushered in through worldwide economic market expansions, international travel, technological advances, and rapid Internet communications. These transformations are influencing and changing not only cultures and individual nation-states; they are also impacting religious meaning and faith everywhere. By examining the case study of the Sakalava people of Madagascar, who practice an indigenous religion known as tromba spirit possession, we can learn how this specific cultural and religious context copes with external economic, political, cultural, and religious forces. The research also explains how Christianity needs to interact with the Sakalava religion in reconstructing the Sakalava culture and discovering gospel values already present and active. This has worldwide implications for a Christian mission of evangelization. The article concludes by outlining some consequences for Christian evangelization that attend to the local and the universal impact of the gospel vision.
“Go, Tell it in the … Cemetery?” Protestant Funerals in Victorian Spain
Authors: Eaton Kent
Published: July 2017

A clash of cultures arose in the late nineteenth century as Spanish government and Roman Catholic officials encountered marginalized Protestant missionaries on politically shifting turf—the cemetery plot. Legislation had so limited open Protestant manifestations of faith that the burial service became the only event that allowed the minority to venture into public view. As a result, the funeral service took on characteristics of a mass evangelistic crusade. Rather than meeting the needs of the dying and their families, funerals became a venue to preach the Protestant message to a Catholic audience. The majority viewed these evangelistic funerals as subversive because they jeopardized the notion of Spanish religious unity.
The Power of Collaboration
Authors: O'Brien William R.
Published: July 2017

Jesus announced the coming of the kingdom. The kingdom is present already, but not yet fully. Jesus created the church as both sign and agent of the kingdom. The church is a servant-steward of the mission of God. This presentation (1) reviews the creation of the ecclesia, its empowerment during the apostolic era, and the diaspora; (2) assesses how the community was accepted in the post-Constantinian era, then reflects how stewardship of the mission of God was perverted; and (3) seeks for a collaborative way for the covenant community to function more effectively as stewards of the mission — locally and globally.
The Power of Listening
Authors: Bush Luis
Published: July 2017

Listening is indispensable for collaboration in mission because it unveils the ways and means of God's working on earth. After illustrating the power of listening, the author tells the story of his personal journey in the listening mode while undergoing a world inquiry in pursuit of the mission of God. Some precedents describe intentional efforts to listen that demonstrate the inherent power of the listening process. The purpose and the people listened to are discussed in relation to the World Inquiry. Mission as transformation emerges through the listening process associated with the World Inquiry.
A New Way of Facilitating Leadership: Lessons from African Women Theologians
Authors: Njoroge Nyambura J.
Published: July 2017

This article is about the historical events and the strong and collaborative leadership of Mercy Amba Oduyoye of Ghana that led to the launching and creation of the Circle of Concerned African Women Theologians in 1989. The Circle, as it is commonly referred to in Africa, is an interfaith association that aims at producing theological literature by encouraging and mentoring women to research, write, and publish in the wide scope of religion and culture. The paper highlights some key areas of concern: theological education for women, gender and theology, biblical and cultural hermeneutics, imperialism and globalization, gender-based violence, theology of lamentation, and theology on the HIV & AIDS pandemic.
A New Way of Sending Missionaries: Lessons from Brazil
Authors: Prado Oswaldo
Published: July 2017

In spite of Brazil's internal struggles with injustice, inequality, and violence, this Latin American country has grown into a missions force, dispatching missionaries to nearly all parts of the world. This article explores the growth of Brazilian Protestantism from the Reformation Movement of the 16th Century and tracks the growth of its missions movement via a number of sending organizations, including Horizon Mission, Antioch Mission, and Presbyterian Association of Transcultural Mission.
Engaging Culture: Lessons from the Underside of History
Authors: Maggay Melba Padilla
Published: July 2017

This article explores the meaning of the Philippines' “people power” revolution from a missiological perspective, examining it from within the indigenous culture and as an example of what it means to engage a society collaboratively. It is a narrative about being part of a wide coalition of co-belligerents against an authoritarian regime and lessons learned in the process. It sets forth the need to understand such political events from within the analytical categories of the indigenous culture, and to see it as possibly one of those rare historical moments when the kingdom manifests itself.
Women Doing Mission Theology
Authors: Adeney Frances S.
Published: July 2017

Traditionally doing theology has been the domain of men. Yet, throughout Christian history, there have always been a few women that have defied this pattern. As Christian women, they took on mission tasks. They developed mission theologies.

This paper contrasts the traditional method of doing top down theology in the Imperial Mood to a method that women use to develop theologies — the Contextual Mood. Although this process of experience/action/reflection has been used by women for centuries, post-colonial critiques of Christian mission brings this methodology into prominence as a most suitable method of doing mission theology in the postmodern era. Moving this methodology from the pre-theoretical, intuitive domain into conscious understanding and articulation can turn the contextual method into a strong tool for developing women mission theologies.
Why Muslim Women Come to Jesus
Authors: Adeney Miriam
Published: July 2017

Many Muslim women care about their communities. This has propelled some of them to faith in Jesus. In him they have seen a righteous citizen, a just man. Since Muslim women are diverse, others have come to faith in other ways: through reading Scripture, through dreams, visions, exorcisms, or healings, through Christian friends, through awareness of Jesus' affirmation of women, through an assurance of heaven, through emotional healing from dysfunctional relationships or through a joint family decision.
What Happened to the Christian Home? The Missing Component of Mission Theory
Authors: Robert Dana L.
Published: July 2017

One of the most important mission theories for the past two centuries has been the idea of the “Christian home.” Historical research, interviews with current missionaries, and studies of Christianity in the non-western world all show that the Christian home remains a central metaphor for how women conceptualize what it means to be a witness for Christ. In this paper, I will discuss why the Christian home remains important for mission practice, examine reasons for its omission from academic discussions of mission theory, look briefly at its history and changing definition, and conclude by urging that the Christian home be a renewed priority in discussions of missionary contextualization for the twenty-first century.
The Effects of Using Local and Non-Local Terms in Mother-Tongue Scripture
Authors: Hill Harriet
Published: July 2017

Choosing terms for biblical concepts is a challenge for Bible translation because there are no one-to-one equivalents. Some advise translators to use non-local terms for biblical concept whenever the available local terms do not have a high degree of correspondence to the biblical concept to avoid communicating wrong meaning. Others advise translators to use local terms as much as possible, trusting that the biblical context will reshape the conceptual category. Field research on terms used in the Adioukrou Scriptures (Côte d'Ivoire) shows the effect of both these strategies on local theology.
Mission across the Curriculum: Historical Theology
Authors: Schumacher William W.
Published: July 2017

The challenge of integrating mission across the theological curriculum is faced by seminaries and other institutions. At one large Lutheran seminary, the discipline of historical theology provides one important avenue for missional education and reflection. By moving beyond a narrow focus on “history of missions” to develop a “missional hermeneutic of history,” the inherently cross-cultural dimension of historical study can significantly reshape the curriculum by drawing increased attention to the non-western world.
Some Problems of Culture Contact
Authors: Brown G. Gordon
Published: July 2017

By drawing on data from East Africa and Samoa, Dr. Brown stresses the point that culture change, even the economic penetration of the West, may he resisted by a strong and elaborate social organization. Or, if not completely resisted, the innovation may be altered. He makes an analysis of the missionary role in the changes which have taken place in the two areas.
Africa in Transition — I before European Colonization
Authors: Busia K. A.
Published: July 2017

In this issue and the two following, we present a series of articles by a leading African sociologist on three important phases of changing Africa. In this first part the author discusses some of the fundamental characteristics of African point of view. The description is of the spiritual world of African people before they were influenced by European civilization and Christianity, but much of it is by no means lost today, as the author often personally testifies. The parts which follow are “Africa under European Colonialism” and “Africa and Technical Civilization.”
Ritual Value-Washing among the Weinerkreiser
Authors: Morgan Douglas N.
Published: July 2017

In this tongue-in-cheek article, Dr. Morgan describes and criticizes that highly sophisticated “tribe” of people with the philosophical point of view called logical positivism. But even if the average reader of Practical Anthropology has no particular abiding interest in logical positivists, he may well be struck by Dr. Morgan's discussion of human values, and of the fact that we cannot extricate ourselves from them. Not only can we not escape them, but neither can we escape responsibility for them.
Mission and Anthropology in the Solomons
Authors: Easterfield T. E.
Published: July 2017

When several parties have to work together, it is possible for them to differ, or to be at cross purposes, because they differ fundamentally in aim; but it is very likely that their differences arise because, although their aims have much in common, they differ on means of attaining them, which indeed they may elevate to the status of ends in themselves. Both situations can easily arise when a colonial government, a Christian mission, and an indigenous people are in contact. An extremely interesting case of such differences, both on ends and on means, is described in a recent paper, “Natural Disaster and Political Crisis in a Polynesian Society,” by James Spillius.1 What gives especial interest to this case is that a further party was present, Spillius being an outsider who, by force of circumstances, was drawn into helping both the colonial government and the Polynesians, and who, in addition, was by training and temperament disposed to look at the whole pattern of relations between all parties. Moreover, the natural disaster that caused him to be involved in the affairs of the people he was studying was such that the possibilities of famine, disorder, discord, misunderstanding, and intrigue that had been latent in the society were starkly revealed.
The Ugly Missionary
Authors: Nida Eugene A.
Published: July 2017

Much to the embarrassment of the State Department of the United States, The Ugly American by William J. Lederer and Eugene Burdick was among the ten best-selling books in the United States for a number of months. And even though there is no integrated plot it is a well-written book with a somewhat terrifying theme, the incredible cleverness of Communist agents in contrast with the bungling stupidity of American diplomatic personnel. For missionaries the reading of this book can be a highly instructive experience, for from the very first page missionaries can also see their own problems in jarring perspective. In this article Tida draws some of the parallels
Technological Development for the Pakistani Village
Authors: Hedrick William S.
Published: July 2017

How can the American living abroad help to alleviate the grinding poverty he sees in a way that will inject new ideas, workable ideas, into the local culture? So often our efforts are aimed either at temporary relief or are expended on institutional solutions, artificial agricultural settlements, artificial communities, solutions which are not open and available to all or most of the population. They are too foreign, too disrupting, too expensive. In this article Hedrick describes a few experiments which he led in Pakistan over a period of three years (which included some time for language study, survey, etc.). He worked on the assumption that ideas for technological development would be of no value unless the products could be made in a village with minimal dependence on non-indigenous materials, and no dependence on non-indigenous skills and tools. The cost would have to be within the reach of the villager. In a second article to follow, Hedrick will deal with the missionary implications of technological development.
Word from an Anthropologist
Authors: Whiting Alfred F.
Published: July 2017

We have long wanted Practical Anthropology to be a conversation. Although the bi-monthly publication schedule does not allow for a rapid exchange of ideas, it should be more than a monologue. For this reason we are happy to publish the article below. Many readers will feel that Whiting's understanding of Christianity is superficial. Can anyone tell him how this is so — with as much sympathy as he has shown, and in terms that he will understand?1 At the same time he does emphasize principles which many missionaries have long taken to heart, and problems with which they have wrestled, but which are altogether too easy to overlook, and which some have never seen.
Contradictions and Challenges: Some Reflections on the Church's Service Ministry
Authors: Monticello Robert V.
Published: July 2017

Charity from the haves to the have-nots, as the only model for the Church's service ministry, is as dated as political colonialism. At the annual meeting of the American Society of Missiology last June in Dubuque, Iowa, Father Monticello reflected on this ministry of the Church today from the perspective of his tradition. Drawing both on current official documents and on the writings of other Catholic scholars, he took a fresh look at the setting and thrust of Jesus' ministry and applied this to his analysis of the contemporary scene —with particular attention to the implications for American Christians. This paper and the responses which follow it contribute to the missiological dimension of today's ongoing salvation/liberation debate.
The Asian-American Alternative to Feminism: A Yinist Paradigm
Authors: Hertig Young Lee
Published: July 2017

This paper seeks to overcome the socially constructed, dichotomous margin-center paradigm which the feminist movement sought to overcome, but which it works within. In reaction to male patriarchy, the feminist movement has not reconciled the intersecting relationships of gender; class, and race. This paper seeks to resolve the problem through an Asian women's feminism, called yinist, which is holistic, dynamic, synthesizing, and complementary with yang, the male energy. Yinist feminism diffuses false sets of dichotomy deriving from the dualistic paradigm: male against female, human being against nature, God apart from human being, this world apart from the other world.
The Multi-ethnic Journeys of Jesus in Matthew: Margin-Center Dynamics
Authors: Hertig Paul
Published: July 2017

Matthew paints geographical portraits of marginality through the continuous journeys of Jesus, the migrant God. Galilee of the Gentiles, a crossroads of cultures and empires, served as the appropriate mission base for Jesus' center-margin journeys. Matthew paints social portraits of marginality through Jesus' encounters with individuals such as the centurion, the Canaanite woman, and the Galilean women who follow Jesus to the cross and the tomb. This study redefines marginality as a continuous journey to and from margins and centers, thus departing from the traditional definition of static in-betweenness. The church today is neither a fixed center nor a margin, but discovers its identity through its journeys on the way to and from multiple margins and centers.
A Study of Missionary Marginalization: The Oblates and the Dene Nation of Western and Northern Canada since 1847
Authors: Holst Wayne A.
Published: July 2017

Marginalized people tend to be self-assertive, spiritually strong, and endowed with the potential for new visions and creative energies. This Canadian case study of dual marginalization traces the Oblate missionary first evangelization of the Dene Nation of western and northern Canada from 1847 to the present and provides a three-stage model for a re-envisioned second evangelization. This paper traces the stages from triumphalist missionary operation through a contemporary period of chastened mutual accompaniment to a shared future mission opportunity, proposing that the missiological gift from those on the margins can be a universal, transformational message of liberation, healing, and reconciliation.
What Makes Development Christian? Recovering from the Impact of Modernity
Authors: Myers Bryant L.
Published: July 2017

This article explores the impact of a modern worldview on the thinking and practice of development done by Christians. Separating evangelism and development is a reflection of a worldview that understands the spiritual and the physical realms of life as being separate and distinct. This dichotomy shapes how Christians understand development and leads to a practice of development that is more modern than Christian. A series of suggestions is made that hold promise for developing a more biblical and holistic practice of development that is more truly Christian.
Why Do We Argue over How to Help the Poor?
Authors: Lingenfelter Judith
Published: July 2017

This study examines the notion of how culture influences our understandings of economic issues, specifically as they relate to the poor. It uses a model developed by Mary Douglas and expanded by Michael Thompson, Richard Ellis, and Aaron Wildavsky, which focuses on the notions of grid and group to develop five prototype social games whose predictive dimensions help understand why people have contradictory understandings of the causes of and the solutions to poverty. The goals are to help Christians understand how significantly their cultural biases influence their thinking about the poor and to propose some guidelines for working together.
Tasks in the Inculturation of Theology: The Filipino Catholic Situation
Authors: De Mesa José M.
Published: July 2017

Inculturation in the Philippines, where a Western expression of the Christian faith predominates, is the conscious appropriation and articulation of the Christian faith by using indigenous cultural resources. This concern and process implies undertaking three tasks. First, there is the necessity of relativizing the Euro-American (Graeco-Roman) embodiment of the Christian faith by seeing how it is related to and limited by that Western culture. Second, the critical significance of de-stigmatizing and re-valuing the indigenous culture that had been demeaned by colonial experiences under Spain and the United States must be attended to. Third, for the inculturation of theology to become a reality, reinterpretation of the Christian faith with indigenous categories is a must.
Music of Missions: Themes of Cross-Cultural Outreach in the Psalms
Authors: Marlowe W. Creighton
Published: July 2017

Missiologists have talked about God's missionary heart as concerns Israel versus the missionary mandate given only to the church. This paper suggests how one can hermeneutically perceive “missionary” themes in the Old Testament; but mainly, working on this assumption, it presents explicit expressions of such cross-cultural outreach terminology and texts in the Book of Psalms—which may applicationally (if not interpretationally) be related to the motivations behind New Testament missions. Since the Psalter was the sacred songbook of Israel, to the extent it is applicable to international outreach with divine revelation, it is the music of missions.
On the Missiological Creation of the World: Some Personal Observations on Missiological Tools and Toolmakers Made in the Course of Preparing a Selective Bibliography of 200 Years of Missiological Reference
Authors: Bonk Jonathan J.
Published: July 2017

Maps not only represent but also create their own reality. Maps are “drawn” from a variety of vantage points, locating and identifying all important features of a particular cartographer's world, whilst ignoring, downplaying, or distorting the rest. This article was prepared as the presidential address for the 19–21 June 1998 Annual Meeting of the American Society of Missiology (ASM). It looks at ways in which missiological reference tools of the past two centuries likewise bear the unmistakable imprimatur of their times. Each reveals as much about the cognitive terra firma of the mapmaker himself or herself as about the geographical, political, demographic, and religious topography and boundaries of the day.
Operation World—A Tool for Missions
Authors: Johnstone Patrick
Published: July 2017

The world prayer manual Operation World has become a global tool for world evangelization. This paper describes its origin, development, and the philosophy underlying its creation. The book's value, impact, and future development for mission are also outlined. Although designed as an aid for intercession, it has become a significant research instrument as well.
Bibliographia Missionaria: Thermometer of Missiology
Authors: Winter Harry E.
Published: July 2017

Can German Catholic missionary bibliographers find happiness in a French Catholic missionary order, and then adapt to working with conciliar and evangelical Protestant bibliographers?

Bibliographia Missionaria's change from Italian to English also raises the problem of American cultural imperialism if all our reference tools are in English. Bibliographia Missionaria reflects the strengths and weaknesses of the modern missionary movement, especially cross-cultural development.
Biographical Dictionary of Christian Missions
Authors: Anderson Gerald H.
Published: July 2017

The Biographical Dictionary of Christian Missions was published in November 1997 by Macmillan Reference, New York City. Such a reference tool had never before been created. It includes articles on 2,400 outstanding persons in the history of missions, representing Roman Catholic, Orthodox, Anglican, Protestant, Pentecostal, independent, and indigenous churches. The articles were written by 349 authors in 45 countries. In addition to bibliographies with each article, there is an extensive index of almost 5,000 items and an elaborate system of appendixes covering 45 pages. The appendixes provide lists of biographies according to categories of interest: time period; women; martyrs; region of service; selected major agencies, orders, religious traditions; non-Western persons; and type of work.
The Billy Graham Center and the Directory of Schools and Professors of Mission and Evangelism in the USA and Canada
Authors: Gill Kenneth D.
Published: July 2017

The Billy Graham Center Catalog of the Archives and Library and its web site are research tools currently available for public use. A new resource to be produced by the Center in 1999 is the third edition of Directory of Schools and Professors of Mission and Evangelism in the USA and Canada. The Directory is the primary source of information about mission and evangelism education in North America. The American Society of Missiology (ASM), the Association of Professors of Mission (APM), the Evangelical Missiological Society (EMS), and the Academy for Evangelism in Theological Education (AETE) serve as sponsoring associations for the project.
The 20:21 Library of Mission-Related CDs: A Report on the Development of Electronic Reference Tools
Authors: Nussbaum Stan
Published: July 2017

With five years of investment in the development of mission reference tools on CD-ROM, Global Mapping International (GMI) has begun to recognize the potential and the hazards of this kind of information access. CDs have some obvious advantages over printed reference works, library databases, and the Internet, though CDs are not a substitute for any of them. Four quite diverse CDs have been produced by GMI with assistance from a wide range of mission organizations and training institutions. GMI welcomes ideas for collaborative projects to make quality mission information available on CD.
The Information Superhighway as a Missiological Tool of the Trade
Authors: Roxborogh John
Published: July 2017

The Internet has facilitated Christian mission by providing fast, cheap, secure global communication and information access. Missiological research is now incomplete unless it has checked the resources available on the World Wide Web. Theological education and mission training are facing the implications of the Internet for the delivery and assessment of courses. New communities of learning are being created. The culture of the Internet is itself a field for missiological inquiry. The challenge of information technology for the missiological community is to be a critic of its social and religious effects and at the same time be stewards of the power it provides and contributors to the futures it creates.
Efficiency of Modified Phthalocyanine Compounds as Antioxidants and UV Stabilizers for SBR Vulcanizates
Authors: Botros S. H. , El-Ghaffar M. A. Abd
Published: July 2017

Modified phthalocyanine compounds were prepared from the condensation of 3, 4, 9, 10 perylene tetracarboxylic acid dianhydride, phthalic anhydride and urea with and without chloride salts of Fe II, Co II, and Ni II, under phthalocyanine preparation conditions by the urea fusion technique.

The highly coloured metal free-, Fe-, Co-, and Ni-modified phthalocyanine compounds were incorporated into styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) mixes. The rheometric characteristics of the rubber mixes were determined. The physico-mechanical properties of SBR vulcanizates were evaluated with and without exposure to thermal ageing. The obtained results revealed that Ni-modified phthalocyanine has superior efficiency as an antioxidant for SBR vulcanizates, and 1 phr of that compound is the optimum concentration.

UV exposed SBR vulcanizates showed that nickel-modified phthalocyanine is a good UV stabilizer and 2 phr is the optimum concentration that can be significantly used in SBR. All samples subjected to UV radiation showed no significant change of colour up to 300 hrs of exposure.
Effect of Mixing Time on Filler-Matrix Interactions in Polyacrylic Acid, Epoxidised Natural Rubber and Carbon Black Composites
Authors: Mallick A. , Gupta B. R.
Published: July 2017

It is known that increased mixing times help carbon black disperse better in a polymer matrix. An experimental study was conducted to investigate the effect of mixing time on self-crosslinkable polyacrylic acid (PAA) and epoxidised natural rubber (ENR) blend, filled with HAF carbon black. The constituents were mixed at 180°C in a Brabender Plasticorder. Preliminary investigations show that there exists a critical mixing time, which varies with the filler loading as well as mixer rotor speed. The best dynamic mechanical and physical properties of the composites were obtained at the critical mixing time. These have been explained on the basis of maximum interaction between the filler particles and the rubber matrix at the critical mixing time due to: (1) increase in surface area of filler with increase in dispersion and (2) enhancement of carbon black promoted chemical interaction between PAA and ENR. Further mixing beyond the critical mixing time results in poorer properties of the composites, possibly because of mechanochemical degradation of ENR chains.
The Geopolitics of Energy
Authors: Eilts Hermann Frederick
Published: July 2017

The sources of world energy are largely in the underdeveloped, Third World Countries. Political stability is a critical factor in the geopolitics of energy and especially in under-developed countries. Energy consumers, like the US, the Europeans and the Japanese, whatever indigenous or nearby sources of energy may exist, remain heavily dependent on external oil and natural gas supplies. This situation will continue into the next century. Inevitably, therefore, they will be caught up in internal political and societal problems integral to the producing states. Similarly, issues affecting fossil fuel transportation to refineries and consuming facilities all over the world will affect energy costs and availability. Consumers are at the mercy of indigenous problems in producing states over which they have little or no control. As new production areas are sought throughout the world, intra-regional disputes over ownership of oil or natural gas will undoubtedly arise as efforts are made to find mutually agreeable solutions that assure consumers reasonably guaranteed supplies.
Outlook for North American Natural Gas Supplies
Authors: Kuuskraa Vello A.
Published: July 2017

The underlying resource base for North American natural gas is large, sufficient for nearly 100 years of current consumption. As such, the issues are not the size of the resource, but how to convert this resource into economically competitive supply. The key questions are:

* Will the cost (price) of natural gas remain competitive? * What is the status of near-term deliverability? * Will there be enough supply to meet growing demand?

These economic and market issues frame the outlook for gas supplies in North America. Most importantly, they will determine how natural gas emerges from its competition for markets with other fuels and electricity. The paper addresses these questions by examining: (1) the underlying nature of the natural gas resource base; (2) the current status and trends in deliverability: and, (3) the potential of new technologies for producing gas more cost-effectively.
North American Oil Demand Outlook
Authors: Stewart Marion B.
Published: July 2017

An understanding of the relationship of economic growth and potential petroleum product demand is needed to forecast the potential for North American oil demand growth as well as knowledge of world supply and price. The bullish expectations for economic growth in the US and Canada auger well for North American refiners and marketeers. The growth in world economic output forecast, however, means a larger oil demand and an increase in OPEC's pricing power. Such price increases could depress North American oil demand growth.
Impact of Excess Auditor Remuneration on the Cost of Equity Capital around the World
Authors: Hope Ole-Kristian , Kang Tony , Thomas Wayne B. , Yoo Yong Keun
Published: July 2017

This study examines the relation between excess auditor remuneration and the implied required rate of return (IRR hereafter) on equity capital in global markets. We conjecture that when auditor remuneration is excessively large, investors may perceive the auditor to be economically bonded to the client, leading to a lack of independence. This perceived lack of independence increases the information risk associated with the credibility of financial statements, thereby increasing IRR. Consistent with this notion, we find that IRR is increasing in excess auditor remuneration, but only in countries with stronger investor protection. Finding evidence of a relation only in stronger investor protection countries is consistent with the more prominent role of audited financial statements for investors' decisions in these countries. In settings in which investors are less likely to rely on audited financial statements and instead rely on alternative sources of information (i.e., in countries with weaker investor protection), the impact of client-auditor bonding should have less of an effect on investors' decisions.
Are Earnings Surprises Interpreted More Optimistically on Very Sunny Days? Behavioral Bias in Interpreting Accounting Information
Authors: Shon John J. , Zhou Ping
Published: July 2017

Using bootstrap randomization procedures, we find that market reactions to earnings surprises are higher when earnings are announced on very sunny days in New York City, The effect exists for firms traded in New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) and American Stock Exchange (AMEX) (i.e., New York-based exchanges), but does not exist for firms traded on NASDAQ (National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotation). Moreover, this sunshine effect is most (least) prominent for firms that are more likely to be followed by naive (sophisticated) investors. The sunshine effect is most prevalent on unambiguously sunny days, however, and is weaker on moderately sunny days. Average bid-ask spreads are lower on sunny days relative to cloudy days, suggesting that market-makers may contribute to the effect. Lastly, we find evidence of a short-term reversal of the sunshine-induced overreaction and underreaction.
International Diversification, Ownership Structure, Legal Origin, and Earnings Management: Evidence from Taiwan
Authors: Chin Chen-Lung , Chen Yu-Ju , Hsieh Tsun-Jui
Published: July 2017

The primary objective of this study is to investigate the impact of corporate internationalization on earnings management. We also explore the mitigating roles of corporate ownership structure, as measured by divergence of controlling owner's control and cash rights, and the proportion of firms that operate in common law countries on earnings management. Using a sample drawn from Taiwan, we find that greater corporate internationalization is associated with a higher level of earnings management, as proxied by discretionary accruals and the likelihood of exactly meeting or just beating analyst forecast. Corporate internationalization is measured by the ratio of foreign assets to total assets, foreign operational country scope, and the number of foreign investees, respectively. In addition, we find that companies can reduce the negative effects of internationalization on earnings management by improving their corporate ownership structures or investing in a higher proportion of common law countries where there is a better investor legal protection environment and higher information transparency.
Carbon Business Accounting: The Impact of Global Warming on the Cost and Management Accounting Profession
Authors: Ratnatunga Janek T. D. , Balachandran Kashi R.
Published: July 2017

The concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere have risen dramatically, leading to the possibility of costly disruption from rapid climate change. This calls for greater attention and precautionary measures to be put in place, both globally and locally. Governments, business entities and consumers would be affected by the extent to which such precautionary measures are incorporated in their decision-making process.

Business entities need to consider such issues as trading in carbon allowances (or permits), investing in low-carbon dioxide (CO2) emission technologies, counting the costs of carbon regularity compliance, and passing on the increased cost of carbon regulation to consumers through higher prices. Such considerations require information for informed decision making. This paper reports on a qualitative research study undertaken to consider the impact of the Kyoto Protocol mechanisms on the changing information paradigms of cost and managerial accounting.

It is demonstrated that the information from strategic cost management systems will be particularly useful in this new carbon economy, especially in evaluating the “whole-of-life” costs of products and services in terms of carbon emissions. Similarly, the study discusses how strategic management accounting information would facilitate decisions on business policy, human resource management, marketing, supply chain management, and finance strategies and the resultant evaluation of performance.
Concentration dependence of intracrystalline self-diffusion in zeolites
Authors: Pfeifer H. , KÄRger J. , Germanus A. , Schirmer W. , BÜLow M. , Caro J.
Published: July 2017

The nmr pulsed field gradient technique is applied to study molecular self-diffusion in zeolitic adsorbate—adsorbent systems. Depending on the zeolite type and on the nature of the adsorbate—adsorbent interaction, the concentration dependence of the self-diffusion coefficients reveals considerable differences. Furthermore, intracrystalline molecular transport may be significantly influenced by the co-adsorption of a second molecular species. Supported by additional nuclear magnetic relaxation and sorption rate measurements microdynamic models for the observed diffusion behaviour are established.
Physical adsorption of CO2 on graphite: monolayer and multilayer regions
Authors: Bottani E. J. , Torre L. E. Cascarini De
Published: July 2017

Different models which describe CO2 physisorption on a graphitized carbon black are analysed in the range 194·7 to 273·2 K. They are related to the thermodynamic functions and to adsorption energy distribution functions, which are obtained starting from experimental adsorption isotherms. This calculation, previously presented, is based on an extension of the Ross and Olivier method.
Sorption of Benzene by Y Zeolites Exchanged with Chromic Ions and Protons
Authors: Chevreau T. , Cornet D. , Léglise J. , Roudias K.
Published: July 2017

The sorption of benzene over a series of CrNaHY zeolites has been measured at 370–530 K. Although neither series of isotherms entirely satisfies the Langmuir or Dubinin model, both formulae give identical values for the saturation limit. The free volumes were found to decrease with increasing H+ or Crn+ ion concentration, and have been related to extra-framework phases. The initial heats of sorption indicate that the affinity of benzene for the different sorption sites varies in the order Na+ > Crn+ ≃ H+. For the sodium-rich zeolites, it was found that the sorption heats increase at temperatures above 430 K.
Virial Analysis of the Adsorption of Trifluorochloromethane and Methane by Microporous Carbons and Zeolites
Authors: Carrott P.J.M. , Sing K.S.W.
Published: July 2017

Adsorption isotherms of trifluorochloromethane (CF3Cl) and methane have been determined on a number of microporous carbons and zeolites over a range of temperatures. Analysis of the data by means of the virial equation leads, in most cases, to limiting isosteric heats of adsorption in good agreement with gas chromatographic measurements. A discrepancy found in the case of zeolite 13X is interpreted in terms of specific adsorbate–adsorbent interactions. It is also shown that the shape of the virial plots can provide useful information about the nature of the adsorbent pore structure and the mechanism of pore filling.
Adsorption of Sulfur Compounds by Hydrodesulfurization Catalysts
Authors: Osei-Owusu Akyempen , Aharoni Chaim
Published: July 2017

The adsorption of benzene and dibenzothiophene by hydrodesulfurization catalysts in oxidic and sulfided states has been measured. The equilibrium isotherms were Langmurian, with the adsorption capacity depending on the size of the adsorbate molecule and determined by the area of the adsorbing surface. Sulfidation created an increase in the adsorbing area and in the adsorption capacity. It also caused a strengthening of the adsorption bond involving the heteroatom and inhibition of bonds involving the benzene ring. The kinetics were in agreement with a model based on activated surface diffusion in the pores. The energy of activation for diffusion was related to the strength of the adsorption bond when the adsorbate was taken up from the gaseous phase. The adsorption of dibenzothiophene from the liquid phase was too slow to be measurable when the catalyst was in an oxidic state but proceeded at a measurable rate on the sulfided catalyst.
Inverse Gas Chromatography in the Examination of Modified Highly Dispersed Silicas
Authors: Voelkel A. , Krysztafkiewicz A. , Grześkowiak T.
Published: July 2017

Silicas having a highly extended outer surface, i.e. silicas precipitated from sodium metasilicate solutions, were used as the raw materials in the present study. Highly dispersed silicas were modified with silane coupling agents to decrease their surface hydrophilicity. The modification procedure was optimized, e.g. by the change of the modifier amounts added.

Modified silicas were characterized by means of inverse gas chromatography at infinite dilution through the estimation of their dispersive and acid–base characteristics. The dispersive component of the surface free energy γds, the specific increment of the free energy of adsorption ΔGS, and the parameters KD and KA characterizing the ability of the surface to act as an electron donor and an electron acceptor, respectively, as well as SC = KD/KA, were used in this study. The physicochemical status of the modifier monolayer was described by a solubility parameter and its components.

The influence of the surface character of the raw material, the modifier structure and its amount on the surface properties of the modified material is presented and discussed.
Adsorption of n-Aliphatic Alcohols in the Determination of Surface Areas of Metal-Doped Alumina Samples
Authors: Khattak A.K. , Afzal M. , Saleem M. , Yasmeen G. , Afzal J.
Published: July 2017

A series of metal-impregnated alumina samples were prepared by the incipient wetness impregnation technique. The surface areas of the powdered samples (AL and ABET) were determined by the two most common methods, i.e. the Langmuir method and the BET method. The adsorbates used were methanol, ethanol, l-propanol and n-butanol (n-aliphatic alcohols) which were designated C1, C2, C3 and C4, respectively. It was observed that AL and ABET of the adsorbent occupied by the adsorbate molecules decreased from C1 to C4. It was also noted that the variation of AL and ABET with temperature followed exactly the same trend.
Adsorptive and Membrane-Type Separations: A Bibliographical Update (1998)
Authors: Ray Martyn S.
Published: July 2017

This paper continues a series of annual bibliographic updates of the published literature (since 1985) on adsorptive and membrane-type separations (see Ray 1990–1998). This paper provides a useful and quick reference source to the 1998 journal literature (from the 50 most important chemical engineering journals) for researchers in this area. The papers included here have been divided into the following subject groups: theory; design data; adsorbents; PSA and cyclic systems, and applications; liquid-phase adsorption; ion exchange, chromatography and related separations; membranes; and membrane-type separations.

A new edited book (Dabrowski 1999) concerned with adsorption and related separations also contains extensive bibliographies prepared by this author. A complete bibliographic listing of the chemical engineering journal literature from 1959 to 1998 (with subsequent six-monthly updates) is available on a CD-ROM database and full details can be obtained from the author.
Sorption of Toxic Compounds from Aqueous Solution by Carbon and Carbon Composites
Authors: Shvets D.I.
Published: July 2017

Investigations regarding the possible use of carbon and carbon composites for environmental decontamination, with particular reference to reservoirs, have demonstrated that the variety of structural forms of carbon materials are the principal cause for their synergism and high selectivity in adsorption processes. The mechanisms of such processes need more detailed study in order to develop practical recommendations for their large-scale application.
Drug Testing in the Public Sector: A Legal Analysis
Authors: Riccucci Norma M.
Published: July 2017

A priority in American domestic policy over the past few years has been to win the battle against drug use in our society. The frenzy surrounding this country's war on drugs, however, inevitably begs the question, Is the government, either as an employer or regulator of private sector employment, within legal and constitutional bounds when it requires employees to undergo drug testing? This question is examined through an analysis of the case law to date. The article closes with forecasted legal trends in drug testing and the implications for public as well as private sector employers.