bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THRESHOLD RESUMMING WITH TIME-LIKE PRESCRIPTION
Authors: RICCIARDI GIULIA
Published: August 2005

As it is well known, large threshold logarithmic contributions can be resummed in the form factors within a fixed order approximation. Such form factors, however, are divergent at large x, as a consequence of the QCD coupling hitting the Landau pole in the resumming procedure. A possible solution is presented here, and it requires using an effective coupling which takes into account additional –usually neglected– absorptive physical effects; as a consequence, the theory becomes completely predictive with regular form factors at large x. These results are pertinent to a wide class of phenomenological applications, and in particular are of interest for processes at the B meson mass scale.
PROBING THE PHASES OF QCD IN ULTRA-RELATIVISTIC NUCLEAR COLLISIONS
Authors: VITEV IVAN
Published: August 2005

The status of RHIC theory and phenomenology is reviewed with an emphasis on the indications for the creation of a new deconfined state of matter. The critical role of high energy nuclear physics in the development of theoretical tools that address various aspects of the QCD many body dynamics is highlighted. The perspectives for studying nuclear matter under even more extreme conditions at the LHC and the overlap with high energy physics is discussed.
π± Spectra in Au+Au Collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}=62.4\ {\rm GeV}$
Authors:   for the STAR Collaboration., Xu Zhangbu
Published: August 2005

The combination of the ionization energy loss (dE/dx) from Time Projection Chamber (TPC) at ≃ 8% resolution and multi-gap resistive plate chamber time-of-flight (TOF) at 85ps provides powerful particle identification. We present spectra of identified charged pions from transverse momentum pT≃0.2 GeV/c to 7-8 GeV/c in Au + Au collisions at [Formula: see text]. Physics implications will be discussed.
The DØ Run II Trigger System
Authors:   On behalf of the DØ collaboration., Schwienhorst Reinhard
Published: August 2005

The DØ trigger system has been upgraded for Run II at the Tevatron. I present the current status of the DØ trigger.
Radiation-Hard ASICs for Optical Data Transmission in the ATLAS Pixel Detector
Authors: Arms K. E. , Gan K. K. , Johnson M. , Kagan H. , Kass R. , Rahimi A. , Rush C. , Smith S. , Ter-Antonian R. , Zoeller M. M. , Ciliox A. , Holder M. , Nderitu S. , Ziolkowski M.
Published: August 2005

We have developed two radiation-hard ASICs for optical data transmission in the ATLAS pixel detector at the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC): a driver chip for a Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser (VCSEL) diode for 80 Mbit/s data transmission from the detector, and a Bi -Phase Mark decoder chip to recover the control data and 40 MHz clock which is received optically by a PIN diode on the detector side. We present comprehensive results from the final design and from irradiation studies of both circuits with 24 GeV protons up to a total dose of 62 Mrad.
Radiation-Hard Optical Hybrid Board for the ATLAS Pixel Detector
Authors: Rahimi A. , Arms K. E. , Gan K. K. , Johnson M. , Kagan H. , Rush C. , Smith S. , Ter-Antonian R. , Zoeller M. M. , Ciliox A. , Holder M. , Nderitu S. , Ziolkowski M.
Published: August 2005

We have designed a hybrid board for optical data transmission in the ATLAS pixel detector. This opto-board features two kinds of ASICs, VDC and DORIC. The former drives a Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser (VCSEL) for data transmission from the pixel detector and the latter recovers Bi -Phase Mark (BPM) encoded command signals received optically by a PIN diode. The opto-board is fabricated with a beryllium-oxide (BeO) substrate for heat management. We present the status of opto-board production and performance.
A Digital Hadron Calorimeter with Resistive Plate Chambers for the Linear Collider
Authors: Drake G. , Repond J. , Underwood D. , Wicklund A. B. , Xia L.
Published: August 2005

We report on the development of a digital hadron calorimeter for the future International Linear Collider. Te calorimeter is of the sandwich type with iron absorber plates and resistive plate chamber as active medium. The readout pads are very finely segmented, with an area of 1 cm2, and are being read out digitally. We present the design, construction and testing of various prototype chambers as well as the development of a readout system capable of handling a large number of channels. We plan to construct a 1 m3 prototype section of the calorimeter containing approximately 400,000 channels. The section will undergo testing in various particle beams.
MICE: The International Muon Ionisation Cooling Experiment
Authors:   for the MICE Collaboration., Ellis Malcolm
Published: August 2005

Muon storage rings have been proposed for use as sources of intense high-energy neutrino beams and as the basis for multi-TeV lepton-antilepton colliding beam facilities. To optimise the performance of such facilities is likely to require the phase-space compression (cooling) of the muon beam prior to acceleration and storage. The short muon-lifetime makes it impossible to employ traditional techniques to cool the beam while maintaining the muon-beam intensity. Ionisation cooling, a process in which the muon beam is passed through a series of liquid hydrogen absorbers followed by accelerating RF-cavities, is the technique proposed to cool the muon beam. The international Muon Ionisation Cooling Experiment (MICE) collaboration has been formed to carry out a muon-cooling demonstration experiment, and its proposal to Rutherford Appleton Laboratory has been approved. The MICE cooling channel, the instrumentation and the implementation at the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory is described together with the predicted performance of the channel and the measurements that will be made.
MUON ACCELERATION USING FIXED FIELD, ALTERNATING GRADIENT (FFAG) RINGS
Authors: SUMMERS D. J.
Published: August 2005

Given their 2.2 μs lifetime, muons must be accelerated fairly rapidly for a neutrino factory or muon collider. Muon bunches tend to be large. Progress in fixed field, alternating gradient (FFAG) lattices to meet these challenges are reviewed. FFAG magnets are naturally wide; low momentum muons move from the low field side of a gradient magnet to the high field side as they gain energy. This can be exploited to do double duty and allow a large beam admittance without unduly increasing the magnetic field volume. If the amount of RF must be reduced to optimize cost, an FFAG ring can accommodate extra orbits. I describe scaling FFAGs in which the bends in each magnet are energy independent and non-scaling FFAGs in which the bends in each magnet do vary with muon energy. In all FFAG designs the sum of the bends in groups of magnets are constant; otherwise orbits would not close. Ways of keeping the accelerating beam in phase with the RF are described. Finally, a 1 MeV proof of principle scaling FFAG has been built at KEK and began accelerating protons in June 2000 with a 1 kHz repetition rate.
The New EventStore Data Management System For The CLEO-c Experiment
Authors: Jones Chris , Kuznetsov Valentin , Riley Dan , Sharp Gregory
Published: August 2005

We discuss the new CLEO-c EventStore: a pluggable system that scales from personal needs up to collaboration-wide managed data. Its indexing and versioning features allow physicists to quickly access raw, reconstructed and MC data. It does simple bookkeeping of desired datasets and guarantees the reproducibility of various details of physics analysis. A wide range of physics queries and a variety of file formats are supported.
NOVEL STRING BANANA TEMPLATE METHOD OF TRACK RECONSTRUCTION FOR HIGH MULTIPLICITY EVENTS WITH SIGNIFICANT MULTIPLE SCATTERING
Authors: KULINICH P.
Published: August 2005

Novel String Banana Template Method (SBTM) for track reconstruction in high multiplicity events in non-uniform magnetic field spectrometer with emphasis on the lowest momenta tracks with significant Multiple Scattering (MS) is described. Two steps model of track with additional parameter/s which takes into account MS for this particular track is introduced. SBTM is time efficient and demonstrates better resolutions than another method equivalent to the Least Squares method (LSM).
EFFECT OF THE VAN DER WAALS INTERACTION ON ANALYSIS OF DOUBLE-WALLED CARBON NANOTUBES
Authors: WANG Q.
Published: August 2005

This paper presents the research on the analysis of the van der Waals (vdW) interaction on double-walled carbon nanotubes (DWNTs) via an elastic beam model. The parametric studies on the size of DWNTs are conducted to show the effect of vdW interaction on the analysis of both a cantilever DWNT subjected to force at the free tip and a DWNT subjected to pure bending. In addition, the kink instability for the cantilever DWNT is analyzed based on the proposed beam model. It is hoped that the research will provide mechanical models for the analysis of both single-walled nanotubes (SWNTs) and multi-walled nanotubes (MWNTs), as well as for kink instability analysis of carbon nanotubes (CNTs).
A STUDY ON FAILURE OF CROSS ARMS IN TRANSMISSION LINE TOWERS DURING PROTOTYPE TESTING
Authors: RAO N. PRASADA , MOHAN S. J. , LAKSHMANAN N.
Published: August 2005

In this paper, the need for testing of transmission line towers is emphasized. The failure of cross arms that constitute a part of the tower body is analyzed by the nonlinear finite element method. The finite element analysis results are compared with the test results and the reasons for failure are discussed in detail. The cross arm is modeled using beam and plate elements. Four different types of towers with cross arms are considered. The effect of inner triangulation formed by the redundant patterns on the cross arm performance is studied. The effect of staggering secondary bracings in elevation and plan of the cross arm and detailing of cross arm tips (loading points) are also studied.
“Sundowning” and Other Temporally Associated Agitation States in Dementia Patients
Authors: Bachman David , Rabins Peter
Published: August 2005

The behavioral and neuropsychiatric symptoms of dementia and Alzheimer's disease have become an increasingly important focus of clinical research. These symptoms also pose a tremendous challenge to families and caregivers. The late afternoon/evening exacerbation of behavioral symptoms in dementia has been recognized by clinicians for >60 years. Researchers have utilized a variety of increasingly sophisticated tools to examine the circadian, hormonal, physiological, and epidemiological correlations with sundowning behavior. Although treatment remains largely empirical, an improved understanding of the complex relationships that drive sundowning behavior should lead to more effective therapies in the future.
ROLE OF FXYD PROTEINS IN ION TRANSPORT
Authors: Garty Haim , Karlish Steven J.D.
Published: August 2005

▪ Abstract  The FXYD proteins are a family of seven homologous single transmembrane segment proteins (FXYD1–7), expressed in a tissue-specific fashion. The FXYD proteins modulate the function of Na,K-ATPase, thus adapting kinetic properties of active Na+ and K+ transport to the specific needs of different cells. Six FXYD proteins ( 1 – 5 , 7 ) are known to interact with Na,K-ATPase and affect its kinetic properties in specific ways. Although effects of FXYD proteins on parameters such as K1/2Na+, K1/2K+, KmATP, and Vmax are modest, usually twofold, these effects may have important long-term consequences for homeostasis of cation balance. In this review we summarize basic features of FXYD proteins and present recent evidence for functional effects, structure-function relations and structural interactions with Na,K-ATPase. We then discuss possible physiological roles, based on in vitro observations and newly available knockout mice models. Finally, we also consider evidence that FXYD proteins affect functioning of other ion transport systems.
Apolipoprotein A-IV attenuates oxidant-induced apoptosis in mitotic competent, undifferentiated cells by modulating intracellular glutathione redox balance
Authors: Spaulding Heather L. , Saijo Fumito , Turnage Richard H. , Alexander J. Steven , Aw Tak Yee , Kalogeris Theodore J.
Published: August 2005

Oxidant-mediated modulation of the intracellular redox state affects the apoptotic cascade by altering the balance between cellular signals for survival and suicide. Apolipoprotein A-IV (Apo A-IV) is known to possess antioxidant-like activity. In the present study, we tested 1) whether Apo A-IV could influence redox-dependent apoptosis and, if so, 2) whether such an effect could be mediated by modulation of intracellular redox balance. Mitotic competent, undifferentiated PC-12 cells were incubated with either tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBH) or diamide with or without preincubation with human Apo A-IV. Apo A-IV significantly decreased apoptosis produced by both TBH and diamide, and washout of A-IV before incubation with TBH and diamide did not eliminate its protective effect. Apo A-I had no such protective effect. The Apo A-IV effect was not blocked by d,l-buthionine-[ S, R]-sulfoximine, but it was reversed by both dehydroisoandrosterone and transfection with an antisense oligodeoxynucleotide to glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD). Apo A-IV abolished the transient, oxidant-induced rise in glutathione disulfide (GSSG) and cellular redox imbalance previously shown to initiate the apoptotic cascade. Apo A-IV had no effect on GSSG reductase activity, but it stimulated G6PD activity 10-fold. These results suggest a novel role for Apo A-IV in the regulation of intracellular glutathione redox balance and the modulation of redox-dependent apoptosis via stimulation of G6PD activity.
Selectivity of Inferior Temporal Neurons for Realistic Pictures Predicted by Algorithms for Image Database Navigation
Authors: Allred Sarah , Liu Yan , Jagadeesh Bharathi
Published: August 2005

Primates have a remarkable ability to perceive, recognize, and discriminate among the plethora of people, places, and things that they see, and neural selectivity in the primate inferotemporal (IT) cortex is thought to underlie this ability. Here we investigated the relationship between neural response and perception by recording from IT neurons in monkeys while they viewed realistic images. We then compared the similarity of neural responses elicited by images to the quantitative similarity of the images. Image similarity was approximated using several algorithms, two of which were designed to search image databases for perceptually similar images. Some algorithms for image similarity correlated well with human perception, and these algorithms explained part of the stimulus selectivity of IT neurons. Images that elicited similar neural responses were ranked as more similar by these algorithms than images that elicited different neural responses, and images ranked as similar by the algorithms elicited similar responses from neurons. Neural selectivity was predicted more accurately when the reference images for algorithm similarity elicited either very strong or very weak responses from the neuron. The degree to which algorithms for image similarity were correlated with human perception was related to the degree to which algorithms explained the selectivity of IT neurons, providing support for the proposal that the selectivity of IT neurons is related to perceptual similarity of images.
Fluorescence‐Activated Cell Sorting of EGFP‐Labeled Neural Crest Cells From Murine Embryonic Craniofacial Tissue
Authors: Singh Saurabh , Bhattacherjee Vasker , Mukhopadhyay Partha , Worth Christopher A. , Wellhausen Samuel R. , Warner Courtney P. , Greene Robert M. , Pisano M. Michele
Published: August 2005

During the early stages of embryogenesis, pluripotent neural crest cells (NCC) are known to migrate from the neural folds to populate multiple target sites in the embryo where they differentiate into various derivatives, including cartilage, bone, connective tissue, melanocytes, glia, and neurons of the peripheral nervous system. The ability to obtain pure NCC populations is essential to enable molecular analyses of neural crest induction, migration, and/or differentiation. Crossing Wnt1‐Cre and Z/EG transgenic mouse lines resulted in offspring in which the Wnt1‐Cre transgene activated permanent EGFP expression only in NCC. The present report demonstrates a flow cytometric method to sort and isolate populations of EGFP‐labeled NCC. The identity of the sorted neural crest cells was confirmed by assaying expression of known marker genes by TaqMan Quantitative Real‐Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (QRT‐PCR). The molecular strategy described in this report provides a means to extract intact RNA from a pure population of NCC thus enabling analysis of gene expression in a defined population of embryonic precursor cells critical to development.
Increasing Ciprofloxacin Resistance Among Prevalent Urinary Tract Bacterial Isolates in Gaza Strip, Palestine
Authors: El Astal Zakaria
Published: August 2005

This article presents the incidence of ciprofloxacin resistance among 480 clinical isolates obtained from patients with urinary tract infection (UTI) during January to June 2004 in Gaza Strip, Palestine. The resistance rates observed were 15.0% to ciprofloxacin, 82.5% to amoxycillin, 64.4% to cotrimoxazole, 63.1% to doxycycline, 32.5% to cephalexin, 31.9% to nalidixic acid, and 10.0% to amikacin. High resistance to ciprofloxacin was detected among Acinetobacter haemolyticus (28.6%), Staphylococcus saprophyticus (25.0%),Pseudomonas aeruginosa (20.0%), Klebsiella pneumonia (17.6%), and Escherichia coli (12.0%). Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of ciprofloxacin evenly ranged from 4 to 32 μg/mL with a mean of 25.0 μg/mL. This study indicates emerging ciprofloxacin resistance among urinary tract infection isolates. Increasing resistance against ciprofloxacin demands coordinated monitoring of its activity and rational use of the antibiotics.
Multi‐criteria Analysis for Technique Assessment:Case Study from Industrial Coating
Authors: Geldermann Jutta , Rentz Otto
Published: August 2005

Environmental policy is oriented toward integrated pollution prevention, taking into consideration all environmental media (air, water, land) and energy consumption. Therefore, methods for assessing environmentally relevant installations are needed which take economic, technical, and especially ecological criteria into account simultaneously. Mass and energy flow models are used for the representation of production processes and form the basis for the inventory phase in life‐cycle assessment (LCA). For the interpretation of LCA results and the weighting of the aggregated impact assessment indicators, approaches of multicriterion analysis (MCA) have been proposed. These can analyze ecological aspects as well as economic and technical criteria. Recent developments in LCA focus on decision support for policy makers or decision boards. Appropriate support for investment decisions on environmentally relevant installations, however, is rare.

Based on a case study of the sector called surface coating, an MCA of environmentally relevant installations is described. With the help of a mass and energy flow management system, alternative scenarios, depicting the use of solvent‐reduced materials and environmentally friendly techniques, are modeled for the job coater processes in case studies of coating of mobile phones and coating of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) parts destined for the automobile industry. The modeled scenarios are further analyzed by using a multicriterion decision support module. The application of the outranking approach PROMETHEE is illustrated. A further investigation of the derived ranking can be obtained through sensitivity analyses. Moreover, the results derived by PROMETHEE are compared with the outcomes of the multicriterion approaches multiattribute utility theory and analytical hierarchy process.
Calculus as a Catalyst
Authors: Werkema Rachel Deyette , Case Robert
Published: August 2005

Disparities in curricular offerings between poor, inner-city schools and their more affluent counterparts leave urban students at a disadvantage in terms of preparation for higher education and future job opportunities. Introducing more rigorous academic coursework into traditionally low-performing schools is one way to close this gap; however, the addition of advanced classes is only part of moving a school to a higher level of academic performance. Using a framework developed by Oakes, we investigate the technical, normative, and political dimensions of the turnaround of an inner-city high school through a case study of the introduction of advanced placement calculus. The authors find that the calculus course is not an isolated effort but part of a package of increased academic expectations of students and staff and an influx of financial and personnel resources stemming from the school's position of political priority.
In Search of Cultural Themes and Their Expressions in the Dynamics of Classroom Life
Authors: Boykin A. Wade , Tyler Kenneth M. , Miller Oronde
Published: August 2005

This qualitative study investigates the existence of cultural themes in classrooms serving low-income African American students. A classification scheme categorizing classroom dynamics that evidenced cultural themes is developed and used to record teachers and students'behaviors. Four hundred sixty classroom observations are specified to either a mainstream or Afrocultural ethos. Results support the home-school cultural misalignment argument. There are more observations of mainstream classroom behaviors than Afrocultural ones. Mainstream cultural themes emerge from teacher-initiated behaviors, whereas Afrocultural themes are most often recorded as student-initiated behaviors. Instrumentation limitations and implications of the observed cultural dissonance between teachers and students’ behaviors are discussed.
Procedures for the Analysis of Differential Item Functioning (DIF) for Small Sample Sizes
Authors: Lai Jin-Shei , Teresi Jeanne , Gershon Richard
Published: August 2005

An item with differential item functioning (DIF) displays different statistical properties, conditional on a matching variable. The presence of DIF in measures can invalidate the conclusions of medical outcome studies. Numerous approaches have been developed to examine DIF in many areas, including education and health-related quality of life. There is little consensus in the research community regarding selection of one best method, and most methods require large sample sizes. This article describes some approaches to examine DIF with small samples (e.g., less than 200).
Application of Structural Equation Modeling to Health Outcomes Research
Authors: Hays Ron D. , Revicki Dennis , Coyne Karin S.
Published: August 2005

This article provides an overview of the basic underlying principles of structural equation modeling (SEM). SEM models have two basic elements: a measurement model and a structural model. The measurement model describes the associations between the indicators (observed measures) of the latent variables, whereas the structural model delineates the direct and indirect substantive effects among latent variables and between measured and latent variables. The application of SEM to health outcomes research is illustrated using two examples: (a) assessing the equivalence of the SF-36 and patient evaluations of care for English- and Spanish-language respondents and (b)evaluating a theoretical model of health in myocardial infarction patients. The results of SEM studies can contribute to better understanding of the validity of health outcome measures and of relationships between physiologic, clinical, and health outcome variables.
Isomeric Biphenyl Polyimides. (I) Chemical Structure-property Relationships
Authors: Chen Chunhai , Yokota Rikio , Hasegawa Masatoshi , Kochi Masakatsu , Horie Kazuyuki , Hergenrother Paul
Published: August 2005

A series of polyimides (PIs) were prepared from three biphenyltetracarboxylic dianhydrides (BPDA) isomers, i.e., 3,3′,4,4′-BPDA (s-BPDA), 2,3,3′,4′-BPDA (a-BPDA), and 2,2′',3,3′'-BPDA (iBPDA) with various diamines through the conventional two step process. Polymerization reactivity, solubility, and dynamic mechanical properties (T g, softening behavior, and storage modulus at glassy state) were compared between PIs derived from these BPDA isomers and para/meta diamine isomers. The solubility in NMP increased as follows: i-BPDA-PI > a-BPDA-PI > s-BPDA-PI. The order is attributed to semi-crystalline and fully amorphous morphologies of s-BPDA-PI and other isomeric BPDA-PIs, respectively. The use of meta-diamines lowered the T g whereas the use of bent/distorted BPDA isomers enhanced the T g (s-BPDA-PI < a-BPDA-PI < i-BPDA-PI). The BPDA isomer effect on T g is based on the difficulty of obtaining internal rotation around the biphenyl linkages. The width of the DMA rubbery plateau region decreased in the order of i-BPDA < a-BPDA-PI < s-BPDA-PI, depending on the crystallinity and the extent of chain entanglement. In a-BPDA and i-BPDA-PI systems, PIs from metadiamines led to higher modulus than the corresponding PIs from para-diamines.
Amorphous Copolyesters Containing Monomers Derived from Bisphenols
Authors: Turner S. Richard , King Brian , Ponasik James , Adams Valerie , Connell Gary
Published: August 2005

Amorphous copolyesters based on combinations of ethylene glycol (EG) and 1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol (CHDM) as diols with terephthalic acid have excellent properties, such as toughness, clarity, and chemical resistance and are well known commercial polymers. Several different hydoxyethoxylated bisphenols were copolymerized into the backbone of these amorphous copolyesters in order to raise the glass transition temperature (Tg). The incorporation of bis[4-(2-hydroxyethoxy)phenyl]sulfone (SEO-2) into the amorphous copolyester backbone led to significant Tg increase and improvement in resistance to lipids. Melt viscosity and other mechanical and physical properties were unchanged by the addition of SEO-2.
Radiofrequency (27.12 MHz) Processing of Thermosetting DGEBA Epoxy Resins
Authors: Gourdenne Albert J.
Published: August 2005

Radiofrequencies (27.12 MHz) or RF are used to activate the curing reaction of a DGEBA epoxy resin in presence of 4,41 -diaminodiphenylmethane as cross-linking agent. The article is divided into four parts. The introduction is devoted to the presentation of the principle of the RF activation of the processing of the epoxy prepolymers. Afterwards, in the experimental part, the applied electromagnetic technology is described, and the polymerization experiments are carefully detailed. The samples to be irradiated are placed inside an applicator of condenser type, which consists in two parallel steel plates used as electrodes. When the plates are put at an alternating electrical potential of frequency of 27.12 MHz, the phenomenon of dipolar relaxation inside the chemical mixture is activated. Thus, a part of the initial electrical energy is converted into mechanical energy, which is itself converted into heat because of internal friction. Consequently, the temperature of the samples grows and, as soon as their thermal level is sufficiently high, the reaction of curing works. An extended parametrical study of this reaction, carried out at given electrical voltage or dielectric loss, is described. The determination of the glassy transition temperature of all final products shows that no structural difference is detectable between the epoxy networks issued from the activation processes using radiofrequencies or classical heating inside an oven, that is to say there is no specific effect of the electromagnetic field on the structure of the crosslinked epoxy materials.
A Homogenized Energy Model for Hysteresis in Ferroelectric Materials: General Density Formulation
Authors: Smith Ralph C. , Hatch Andrew G. , Mukherjee Binu , Liu Shifang
Published: August 2005

In this article, we construct a framework for modeling hysteresis and constitutive nonlinearities in ferroelectric compounds based on energy analysis at mesoscopic scales in combination with stochastic homogenization techniques to construct macroscopic models. In the first step of the development, previous analysis is used to construct Helmholtz and Gibbs energy relations at the lattice level. This provides local polarization relations that can be extrapolated to provide constitutive models for certain homogeneous, single crystal compounds. To incorporate material and field nonhomogeneities, as well as the effects of polycrystallinity, certain parameters in the local models are assumed to be manifestations of underlying distributions having densities which must be identified for a given compound. Two techniques for estimating the unknown densities are presented, and the accuracy of the resulting model is illustrated for both symmetric major loops and biased minor loops through fits and predictions with experimental PZT4 and PZT5H data.
Effectiveness of Variable Stiffness Systems in Base-isolated Bridges Subjected to Near-fault Earthquakes: An Experimental and Analytical Study
Authors: Sahasrabudhe Sanjay , Nagarajaiah Satish
Published: August 2005

This article presents a novel semiactive independently variable stiffness (SAIVS) device, proposed for seismic response control of sliding base-isolated bridges. As a first step, force–displacement characteristics of the new SAIVS device are analytically and experimentally studied. It is demonstrated that the SAIVS device is capable of varying the stiffness, continuously and smoothly between minimum and maximum stiffnesses. This device is then incorporated into the sliding isolation system. In bridges, sliding isolation systems reduce pier drifts, but with increased bearing displacements. Such increased bearing displacements can be problematic under near-fault, large-velocity pulse-type earthquakes. To reduce bearing displacements, passive dampers are often incorporated into the isolation system. However, passive systems may result in increased pier drifts and isolation level forces. Semiactive variable stiffness systems, which can vary the period of the sliding isolated bridge in real-time, may reduce the bearing displacements and isolation level forces further than the passive systems; and hence, deserve investigation. In this study, the performance of a 1: 20-scaled sliding base-isolated bridge model equipped with the new SAIVS device is analytically and experimentally studied under several near-fault earthquakes. A new control algorithm for the control of the SAIVS device is developed and implemented in shake table tests. It is shown that the semiactive SAIVS device reduces bearing displacements further than the passive cases, while maintaining isolation level forces at the same level as in the minimum stiffness case.
Extended Frequency Bandwidth and Electrical Resonance Tuning in Hybrid Terfenol-D/PMN-PT Transducers in Mechanical Series Configuration
Authors: Downey Patrick R. , Dapino Marcelo J.
Published: August 2005

This article addresses the modeling and characterization of hybrid transducers incorporating both ferroelectric and ferromagnetic elements. The complementary electrical and mechanical properties of the two classes of materials can yield transducers with higher performance or enhanced functionality relative to single-element devices. As a template for studying the properties of hybrid architectures, a transducer is considered which consists of a mechanical series arrangement of a PMN-PT stack and a Terfenol-D rod. This configuration exhibits a double resonant frequency response that can be tuned for a variety of applications. We are specifically interested in the development of models and design criteria for achieving broadband electromechanical transduction over the range from 500 Hz to over 6 kHz. To that end, a model is presented which is constructed from three classical, widely available theories: (i) linear mechanical vibrations, (ii) classical electroacoustics, and (iii) linear piezoelectricity and piezomagnetism. Despite the general limitations of linear models when applied to nonlinear materials, the linear formulation is justified in this article by the consideration of biased, low signal regimes in which transducer behavior is quasilinear. The model is applicable to the design and control of high-performance devices, while being mathematically tractable and accurate over the regimes considered. The model also provides a framework which permits extraction of material property information from dynamic impedance measurements – as opposed to quasistatic measurements – that is under conditions similar to those found in transducer operation. The study also shows that it is possible to tune the electrical resonance frequency without fundamentally altering the transducer bandwidth. This result has practical implications in that it allows matching of the transducer response to individual drivers. This could allow for retrofit of an existing hybrid device with a newer, more advanced ferroelectric stack without compromising the device bandwidth.
The Woodcock Reading Mastery Test
Authors: Pae Hye Kyeong , Wise Justin C. , Cirino Paul T. , Sevcik Rose A. , Lovett Maureen W. , Wolf Maryanne , Morris Robin D.
Published: August 2005

This study examined the magnitude of differences in standard scores, convergent validity, and concurrent validity when an individual’s performance was gauged using the revised and the normative update (Woodcock, 1998) editions of the Woodcock Reading Mastery Test in which the actual test items remained identical but norms have been updated. From three metropolitan areas, 899 first to third grade students referred by their teachers for a reading intervention program participated. Results showed the inverse Flynn effect, indicating systematic inflation averaging 5 to 9 standard score points, regardless of gender, IQ, city site, or ethnicity, when calculated using the updated norms. Inflation was greater at lower raw score levels. Implications for using the updated norms for identifying children with reading disabilities and changing norms during an ongoing study are discussed.
Self-Report Problem Scales and Subscales and Behavioral Ratings Provided by Peers
Authors: Wrobel Nancy Howells , Lachar David , Wrobel Thomas A.
Published: August 2005

The relationship between children’s self-reported problems on the Personality Inventory for Youth (PIY) and peer descriptors derived from the Pupil Evaluation Inventory was examined in a regular education sample of 156 children in fourth through eighth grade. The relative contributions of the PIY scales and subscales to the prediction of peer ratings were compared. Peer ratings of withdrawn, disruptive, and prosocial behaviors were substantially correlated to self-report problem scales made up of logically related content. The addition of more content-specific PIY subscales contributed to the prediction made by PIY scales of peer-reported disruptive behaviors and withdrawal.
The discursive construction of gender in physical education in Sweden, 1945-2003: is meeting the learner's needs tantamount to meeting the market's needs?
Authors: Olofsson Eva
Published: August 2005

This study focuses on the subject of PE in state texts and how the PE teacher and gender are constructed. The study is based on discourse analysis of state reports and curricula. Three teacher positions are identified: the body, the character and the lifestyle constructor. At the beginning of the studied period the state explicitly designed the PE teacher as the constructor of girls and boys as separate species. Today the teacher should construct gender neutral subjects. In the 1990s the 'meeting the needs of the learner' discourse came to the forefront, meaning that the teachers should base their work on the students' needs and interests. Does this mean that teaching will become market-led and, if so, does it mean that teaching will reproduce rather than challenge media gender stereotypes?
Physical education, youth sport and lifelong participation: the importance of early learning experiences
Authors: Kirk David
Published: August 2005

The PESSCLS strategy for physical education and youth sport in England has received an unprecedented level of funding from the Blair government during its term in office. In this article, it is proposed that there are structural problems with the delivery of physical education and school sport in England that the PESSCLS strategy and associated policies such as Game Plan may not have accounted for. It is argued these problems become evident through a review of research on the importance of early learning experiences for lifelong participation in physical activity. In addition, the impact of perceptions of competency on young people's motivation to participate is discussed, prior to exploring the influence of gender, socio-economic status and sociodemographic factors on participation. Further evidence is reviewed that suggests secondary school physical education programmes have in their traditional form been ineffective in promoting lifelong physical activities. The article concludes with the identification of some alternatives to the traditional approach to PE and youth sport that could enrich some of the PESSCLS initiatives.
When first-person inquiry is not enough
Authors:   The European-American Collaborative Challenging Whiteness
Published: August 2005

We explore the ways second-person inquiry supports, deepens, and enhances first-person inquiry when an emotionally laden identity issue is at stake. The identity issue from which we draw our argument is the impact of one's own white supremacist consciousness on oneself and others. Using detailed accounts of three individual inquirers' experience, we examine how secondperson inquiry provides support for the first-person inquirer's capacity for critical humility as well as the inquirers' abilities to: live in the inquiry, practice new behaviors and unlearn old ones, reflect-in-action, conceptualize new learning and stay open to a range of emotional responses.
About feelings in action research
Authors: Heen Hanne
Published: August 2005

The article argues the importance of taking feelings into account in action research generally and in first-person action research especially. The article also aims at being an example of firstperson action research, as it describes and discusses some of the feelings and thoughts I got while writing the article. The point of departure is reflections about an encounter with an organization where personal feelings became prominent and difficult to handle, but where the encounter itself, including the feelings, also seemed to be an example of important organizational mechanisms. This is used to discuss the role of feelings in action research and why feelings have received so little attention. The discussion draws upon literature about learning and thinking, including feminist writings, as well as Goffman's concept of back-stage and Douglas's concept of feelings as 'matter out of place'. The article also contrasts inquiries with spontaneous living and discusses the limits of inquiries.
Narrating development
Authors: Ramsey Caroline
Published: August 2005

The narrative learning cycle outlined in this article was developed to address three perceived weaknesses in experiential learning cycles and involved three shifts: a shift from one concrete experience to multiple stories; a shift from individual action to social performance; and a shift from an emphasis on cognitive learning to a development of practice. This article recounts the use of such a narrative learning cycle in the development of new practices in the design and practice of an undergraduate management course. Its concluding comments appraise the potential of a narrative learning cycle to enable a professional practitioner to take heed of voices other than their own, appreciate the unavoidably social nature of action and plan their contribution to jointly negotiated practice.
Optimizing Process Aid Performance by Controlling Fluoropolymer Particle Size
Authors: Oriani S. R.
Published: August 2005

Fluoropolymer process aids (PPAs) are commonly used to eliminate melt fracture during the extrusion of polyolefins, and their performance may be quantified directly by measuring the fluoropolymer deposition rate on internal die surfaces, or indirectly by measuring the time needed for the PPA to eliminate melt fracture under a particular set of conditions. Historically, the performance of PPA has been considered optimal when the fluoropolymer enters the die in the form of small discrete particles, less than about 1 mm in diameter. Using both direct and indirect measurements, the present study shows that the reverse is true – performance improves when the PPA is more coarsely dispersed, so that fluoropolymer particles larger than about 2 mm in diameter enter the extrusion die. Based on these observations, a quantitative model of the fluoropolymer coating process is developed. The model fits the experimental data on fluoropolymer coating thickness as a function of fluoropolymer particle size and extrusion shear rate, and also provides insight on other aspects of the PPA coating process. These findings culminated in the development of the Z TechnologyTM PPAs, which use interfacial agents and a fluoroelastomer having a distinctly different rheology from the traditional fluoroelastomers in PPAs to deliver the large fluoropolymer particles needed to provide reliable, quick elimination of polyolefin melt fracture at low PPA usage levels.
Relationship between Draw Ratio and Strain-Induced Crystallinity in Uniaxially Hot-Drawn PET MXD6 Films
Authors: Doudou Bessem Ben , Dargent Eric , Grenet Jean
Published: August 2005

The evolutions of the strain-induced crystalline phase of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), poly(m-xylene adipamide) (MXD6), and PET–MXD6–ionomer blend films are investigated by differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction, and birefringence measurements. Initially wholly amorphous, the films are uniaxially hot-drawn above the glass transition temperature Tg. During drawing and depending on the draw ratio, an induced crystalline phase appears in the three materials. The comparison of the degree of crystallinity shows that the maximum degree of crystallinity is close to 40% for the three materials and the DSC analysis shows a similar thermal behavior between PET, MXD6, and blend samples. The critical draw ratios for the crystalline phase appearance are equal to 2, 3, and 3 for PET, MXD6, and blend, respectively.
Sophie Calle’s art of following and seduction
Authors: Hand Janet
Published: August 2005

This paper considers a number of artworks by contemporary French artist Sophie Calle. The focus is on a number of these that have a ‘public’ aspect. Through Calle’s work, idioms of following, documenting, seduction and love are discussed, and artistic and representational dichotomies: documentation and action are critiqued. The essay contextualizes Calle’s art through its dynamic relationships with conceptual art generally and particularly work that involves following as a performance strategy. The possibility of love’s fabrication as a dramatic means of critical art practice and analytical writing are foregrounded through encounters with Jean Baudrillard’s writings on seduction and on Calle.
Conditional inactivation of Fgfr1 in mouse defines its role in limb bud establishment, outgrowth and digit patterning
Authors: Verheyden Jamie M. , Lewandoski Mark , Deng Chuxia , Harfe Brian D. , Sun Xink
Published: August 2005

Previous studies have implicated fibroblast growth factor receptor 1(FGFR1) in limb development. However, the precise nature and complexity of its role have not been defined. Here, we dissect Fgfr1 function in mouse limb by conditional inactivation of Fgfr1 using two different Cre recombinase-expressing lines. Use of the T (brachyury)-cre line led to Fgfr1 inactivation in all limb bud mesenchyme (LBM) cells during limb initiation. This mutant reveals FGFR1 function in two phases of limb development. In a nascent limb bud, FGFR1 promotes the length of the proximodistal (PD) axis while restricting the dimensions of the other two axes. It also serves an unexpected role in limiting LBM cell number in this early phase. Later on during limb outgrowth, FGFR1 is essential for the expansion of skeletal precursor population by maintaining cell survival. Use of mice carrying the sonic hedgehogcre(Shhcre) allele led to Fgfr1 inactivation in posterior LBM cells. This mutant allows us to test the role of Fgfr1in gene expression regulation without disturbing limb bud growth. Our data show that during autopod patterning, FGFR1 influences digit number and identity, probably through cell-autonomous regulation of Shhexpression. Our study of these two Fgfr1 conditional mutants has elucidated the multiple roles of FGFR1 in limb bud establishment, growth and patterning.
CO2 laser cutting: Kerf width variation during cutting
Authors: Uslan I
Published: August 2005

The kerf width size variation along a laser-cut section lowers the end product quality significantly. In the present study, CO2 laser cutting of mild steel is considered and the influence of laser power and cutting speed variations on the kerf width size is examined. A lump parameter analysis is introduced when predicting the kerf width size and an experiment is conducted to measure the kerf size and its variation during the cutting process. It is found that the power intensity at the workpiece surface influences significantly the kerf width size. The variation in the power intensity results in considerable variation in the kerf size during the cutting, which is more pronounced at lower intensities.
Friction tests in tube hydroforming
Authors: Hwang Yeong-Maw , Huang Li-Shan
Published: August 2005

The objective of this paper is to propose a friction test method to evaluate the performance of different kinds of lubricants and determine their coefficients of friction in tube hydroforming processes. A self-designed apparatus is used to conduct the experiments of friction tests. The coefficient of friction between the tube and the die at the guiding zone is determined. The effects of the internal pressure and the axial feeding velocity on the friction forces and coefficients of friction for various lubricants are discussed. From the experimental results, it is known that MoS2 corresponding to a coefficient of friction of 0.018 is the best lubricant among the evaluated lubricants during tube hydroforming processes.
Dynamic simulation of error attenuation in a smart tool post
Authors: Rashid M K , Al-Yahmadi A S
Published: August 2005

Elimination of tool vibration error from old turning machines can reduce industrial waste, save money, and improve design. A disc-stack smart material actuator is used in counteracting the radial disturbing cutting force. Solution of this problem using the finite element method proved to be of broader use compared with the previously investigated lumped-mass modelling in reaching justifiable conclusions for the dynamic response of the tool post. Magnitudes of structural stiffness ratios and their significance in designing an intelligent tool post for position error elimination are also evaluated. The time-dependent dynamic response of the tool post is investigated using pulse width modulation (PWM) as voltage excitation for smart material. Results indicated the importance of controlling the number of PWM cycles in each force period to have a favourable transient response. Solution outcome proved the importance of limiting the time delay between the actuation force and the applied voltage to have better control in position error elimination. Even though increasing the tool-post damping within a reasonable range can reduce tool-post error, the major improvement is noticed by modifying the PWM voltage and its time duration. The estimated static voltage in error elimination does not necessarily have to be identical with the dynamic applied voltage as obtained from the finite element method model.