bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Global analysis of the rat and human platelet proteome – the molecular blueprint for illustrating multi‐functional platelets and cross‐species function evolution
Authors: Yu Yanbao , Leng Taohua , Yun Dong , Liu Na , Yao Jun , Dai Ying , Yang Pengyuan , Chen Xian
Published: May 2010

Emerging evidences indicate that blood platelets function in multiple biological processes including immune response, bone metastasis and liver regeneration in addition to their known roles in hemostasis and thrombosis. Global elucidation of platelet proteome will provide the molecular base of these platelet functions. Here, we set up a high‐throughput platform for maximum exploration of the rat/human platelet proteome using integrated proteomic technologies, and then applied to identify the largest number of the proteins expressed in both rat and human platelets. After stringent statistical filtration, a total of 837 unique proteins matched with at least two unique peptides were precisely identified, making it the first comprehensive protein database so far for rat platelets. Meanwhile, quantitative analyses of the thrombin‐stimulated platelets offered great insights into the biological functions of platelet proteins and therefore confirmed our global profiling data. A comparative proteomic analysis between rat and human platelets was also conducted, which revealed not only a significant similarity, but also an across‐species evolutionary link that the orthologous proteins representing “core proteome”, and the “evolutionary proteome” is actually a relatively static proteome.
Fatigue in prostate cancer survivors treated with definitive radiotherapy and LHRH analogs
Authors: Kyrdalen Anne E. , Dahl Alv A. , Hernes Eivor , Hem Einar , Fosså Sophie D.
Published: May 2010

BACKGROUND

Few studies have dealt with chronic fatigue (CF) in definitive radiotherapy (RAD) patients during and after (neo‐)adjuvant androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) for prostate cancer.

METHODS

CF was the primary outcome in this population‐based cross‐sectional study as evaluated by the Fatigue Questionnaire. We compared the post‐RAD levels of fatigue in two groups of ≥1 year prostate cancer survivors; those with ongoing medical castration (HTcont) and those who had used a luteinizing hormone‐releasing hormone analog (LHRHa), but had discontinued the therapy at the time of the survey (HTdis). The prevalence of CF and the levels of total fatigue were compared to comparable parameters in men with prostatic RAD who never had had ADT (Control group) and to men >60 years old from the general population.

RESULTS

After an observation time of median 18 months since start of radiotherapy about 40% of our ≥1 year prostate cancer survivors from the HTcont group reported CF, as compared to approximately a quarter of men from the HTdis group and, the prevalence of CF in the latter group being similar to that of hormone‐naïve RAD controls and males from the general population. After discontinuation of ADT, age 65 years or below was associated with increased risk of CF.

CONCLUSIONS

Pre‐counseling of prostate cancer patients starting (neo‐)adjuvant LHRHa therapy must include fatigue, mainly physical fatigue, in particular in men aged 65 years or younger. Future studies of testosterone recovery after ADT discontinuation should also include measures of CF. Prostate 70: 1480–1489, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Plateau stress of paper honeycomb as response to various relative humidities
Authors: E Yu‐Ping , Wang Zhi‐Wei
Published: May 2010

A mathematical model was developed to predict the plateau stress of axially loaded paper honeycombs in various humidity environments. It is a simple formula relating the plateau stress to the thickness‐to‐length ratio of a honeycomb cell, the yielding stress of a cell‐wall material tested under a controlled atmosphere [23°C and 50% relative humidity (RH)] and the ambient RH. Paper honeycombs with various thickness‐to‐length ratios were researched under several levels of RH, and the plateau stress of each kind of paper honeycomb was obtained. The created model was then verified by comparing the predictions with observations. A good agreement between them corroborates the feasibility and accuracy of the model. Predictions by the present model and those by empirical relations were compared as well. A better prediction was obtained using the present model for a wide range of thickness‐to‐length ratios, suggesting that the present model can replace empirical formulas to provide more accurate and effective predictions of the plateau stress for paper honeycombs. The proposed method can be used to characterize the energy‐absorption properties of paper honeycombs in an actual logistic environment, and so can be used to optimize the structural design of paper honeycombs. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An evaluation of the ability of RFID tags to withstand distribution of fresh produce in the RPC pooling system
Authors: Singh J. , Singh S. P. , Desautels K. , Saha K. , Olsen E.
Published: May 2010

This study focused on the ability of radio frequency identification (RFID) tags applied on reusable plastic containers (RPCs) to withstand repeated abuse due to physical distribution and storage environment related hazards. It also studied the effect of the chemical cleaning environments that RPCs are commonly exposed to in the pooling/rental systems commonly used to distribute fresh produce. RPCs are being successfully deployed in the US, Europe and Asia to ship fresh produce from growers to retailers. The increasing demand for traceability and tracking of fresh produce from ‘farm to fork’ requires these containers to be monitored and identified in the food supply chain, and RFID technology provides one of the solutions. This study compared eight commercially available RFID tags mounted on RPCs for use in fresh produce distribution and subjected them to repeated physical and climatic cycles representing the distribution and cleaning environments, and their effective ‘read’ capabilities were tested. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effectiveness of barrier film with a cellulose coating that carries nisin blends for the inhibition of listeria monocytogenes
Authors: Matthews Brian , Mangalasary Sunil , Darby Duncan , Cooksey Kay
Published: May 2010

The objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of two nisin blend antimicrobial agents (Guardian NR 250, Novagard CBI) incorporated into a cellulose coating that was applied onto a barrier film against Listeria monocytogenes. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the agents in solution against L. monocytogenes was found to be 2.74 mg/ml for the two nisin blends. The concentrations tested for both nisin blend treatments were 5.49, 10.9, 16.4 and 21.9 mg/ml. Guardian NR 250 resulted in wider zones of inhibition compared to the Novagard CBI at all levels tested. The MIC for Guardian NR 250 in the film was 5.49 mg/ml. Films containing Novagard CBI did not show any antimicrobial activity. A food challenge study was conducted using the film containing Guardian NR 250 at levels of 5.49 and 21.9 mg/ml. Inoculated fresh beef cubes were individually packaged with pre‐made barrier film pouches that had an interior cellulose coating containing the antimicrobial agent and stored at 4°C for 36 days. Bacterial colonies were enumerated every 6 days on modified Oxford agar. There was no significant difference in the L. monocytogenes population between two levels of Guardian NR 250 throughout the study. There was statistically significant inhibition of L. monocytogenes for both levels of Guardian NR 250 during 18–30 days of storage compared to a control film without the antimicrobial agent. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A comparative study of oxygen transmission rates through polymer films based on fluorescence quenching
Authors: Siró I. , Plackett D. , Sommer‐Larsen P.
Published: May 2010

Information on oxygen permeability through polymer films is essential for some applications, especially in food packaging where the control of oxygen levels can be critical in avoiding food spoilage. A permeability testing device using fluorescence‐based optical oxygen sensing was developed as a potential new instrument for measuring the oxygen permeability of packaging films. The fluorescence‐based permeability tester was validated against two existing commercial oxygen permeability measuring devices, the Mocon Ox‐Tran 2/20 and PBI‐Dansensor OPT‐5000. Oxygen transmission rates (OTR) of polylactide (PLA) and nanoclay‐reinforced PLA films, as well as polyethylene/poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PE/PET) and polypropylene/poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PP/PET) laminated films were determined at 23°C and 50% relative humidity using each of these instruments. No significant differences were observed between mean OTR values obtained by the fluorescence method and the corresponding values obtained using the OPT‐5000 but significantly lower values were measured when using the Mocon Ox‐Tran 2/20. In general, oxygen permeability data for the tested films were within the range of values found in the literature; however, in terms of further development, the fluorescence‐based technique gave OTR with relatively high standard deviation compared to the commercial methods and equipment modifications to address this issue are considered desirable. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of product dropping damage based on key component
Authors: Wang Zhi‐Wei , Jiang Jiu‐Hong
Published: May 2010

This paper analyses the packaging system of a product as a two‐degrees‐of‐freedom system, one degree for the key component and the other for the main part of the product. The dropping damage boundary curve was developed based on the key component for linear and non‐linear packaging systems to predict product damage as a result of drop impacts. The dynamic models of two‐degrees‐of‐freedom dropping shock were obtained. For a linear packaging system, the dropping response of the key component was determined by the dimensionless dropping shock velocity, the frequency parameter ratio, the mass ratio and the damping parameters; for a non‐linear system, the system parameter was also used. The frequency parameter ratio of the packaging system and the dimensionless dropping shock velocity were selected as the basic evaluation quantities for the dropping damage of the key component. As an example, the dropping damage boundary curves based on the key component were given for linear and tangent packaging systems. The influence of related parameters such as the mass ratio, the system parameter and the damping parameters on the dropping damage boundary curve was investigated. To verify the theory, experiments were designed and completed. Experiment results for both linear and tangent packaging systems were consistent with the theory suggested in this paper. These results have important value not only for the design of cushioning packaging but also for the improvement of products. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
How to distinguish between feruloyl quinic acids and isoferuloyl quinic acids by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Kuhnert Nikolai , Jaiswal Rakesh , Matei Marius Febi , Sovdat Tina , Deshpande Sagar
Published: May 2010

All four regioisomers of feruloyl quinic acid and isoferuloyl quinic acid were synthesized and a liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) method developed that resolves all eight regioisomers. All eight regioisomers can be readily distinguished by their MS/MS spectra in the negative ion mode, illustrating the power of tandem mass spectrometry to elucidate the structures of regioisomeric compounds. Compound identification is possible, either by direct comparison of spectral fingerprints or by rational probing of diagnostic fragment ions, thus allowing the identification of these important classes of natural products and potential human metabolites. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A tandem mass spectrometric investigation of the low‐energy collision‐activated fragmentation of neo‐clerodane diterpenes
Authors: Ricci Andreina , Piccolella Simona , Fiorentino Antonio , Pepi Federico , D'Abrosca Brigida , Monaco Pietro
Published: May 2010

Mass spectrometric fragmentation data of neo‐clerodane diterpenes are almost inexistent but they can prove helpful for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of these compounds as well as for the identification of unknown compounds belonging to this class of plant secondary metabolites. [M–H]– ions of nine neo‐clerodane diterpenes (1–9), recently isolated from Teucrium chamaedrys, were generated by electrospray ionization and were fragmented in the collision cell of a Triple Quadrupole (TQ) and of a Quadrupole Ion Trap (QIT) mass spectrometer. The deprotonated neo‐clerodane glucosides, chamaedryoside A and B (1, 2), readily lost the sugar residue to give, as their main fragmentation channel, the neo‐clerodane ions, I and II, which were structurally characterized by TQ and QIT MS. The collision‐activated dissociation (CAD) mass spectra of I and II and of deprotonated neo‐clerodanes 3–9 allowed us to reach some general conclusions on the fragmentation pathways of this class of compounds. For example, teuflin and its OH derivatives, teucrin A, teuflidin and 6‐β‐hydroxyteucridin, showed a characteristic fragmentation pattern involving the loss of 94 Da and 124 Da from the lactone moiety, whereas a loss of 44 Da was observed for teucrin E, and of 58 Da for teucrin F and G. In addition, several compound‐specific fragmentations were observed and can be proposed for the identification of individual compounds. The systematic approach allowed us to hypothesize the mechanisms of the most important collision‐activated dissociation/isomerization channels. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of ionization suppression by trace impurities in mobile phase water on the accuracy of quantification by high‐performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry
Authors: Herath H. M. D. R. , Shaw P. N. , Cabot P. , Hewavitharana A. K.
Published: May 2010

The high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) column is capable of enrichment/pre‐concentration of trace impurities in the mobile phase during the column equilibration, prior to sample injection and elution. These impurities elute during gradient elution and result in significant chromatographic peaks. Three types of purified water were tested for their impurity levels, and hence their performances as mobile phase, in HPLC followed by total ion current (TIC) mode of MS. Two types of HPLC‐grade water produced 3–4 significant peaks in solvent blanks while LC/MS‐grade water produced no peaks (although peaks were produced by LC/MS‐grade water also after a few days of standing). None of the three waters produced peaks in HPLC followed by UV‐Vis detection. These peaks, if co‐eluted with analyte, are capable of suppressing or enhancing the analyte signal in a MS detector. As it is not common practice to run solvent blanks in TIC mode, when quantification is commonly carried out using single ion monitoring (SIM) or single or multiple reaction monitoring (SRM or MRM), the effect of co‐eluting impurities on the analyte signal and hence on the accuracy of the results is often unknown to the analyst. Running solvent blanks in TIC mode, regardless of the MS mode used for quantification, is essential in order to detect this problem and to take subsequent precautions. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A sensitive and specific precursor ion scanning approach in liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry to detect methylprednisolone acetate and its metabolites in rat urine
Authors: Panusa Alessia , Aldini Giancarlo , Orioli Marica , Vistoli Giulio , Rossoni Giuseppe , Carini Marina
Published: May 2010

A new, simple, sensitive and specific liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometric (LC/ESI‐MS/MS) method in precursor ion scanning (PIS) mode has been developed for the rapid detection of methylprednisolone acetate (MPA) and its metabolites in rat urine. A suitable product ion specific for methylprednisolone (MP) and MPA was selected after a fragmentation study on 20 (cortico)steroids at different collision energies (5–40 eV). Urine samples were simply treated with acetonitrile then dried in a SpeedVac system. The method was validated and compared with other PIS methods for detecting corticosteroids in human urine. It was more sensitive, with limit of detection (LOD) and lower limit of quantitation (LLOQ), respectively, of 5 and 10 ng mL−1. The method was applied for the analysis of rat urine collected before and after (24, 48, 72 h) intra‐articular (IA) injection of a marketed formulation of MPA (Depo‐Medrol®). MS/MS acquisitions were taken at different collision energies for the precursor ions of interest, detected in PIS mode, to verify the MP‐related structure. Six different metabolites were detected in rat urine, and their chemical structures were assigned with a computational study. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Sanaga discharge at the Edea Catchment outlet (Cameroon): An example of hydrologic responses of a tropical rain‐fed river system to changes in precipitation and groundwater inputs and to flow regulation
Authors: Dzana Jean‐Guy , Ngoupayou Jules Remy Ndam , Tchawa Paul
Published: May 2010

The Sanaga River is one of Sub‐Saharan Africa's largest and greatly regulated rivers. Available flow data for this hydrosystem largely cover the pre‐ and post‐regulation periods. From comparisons between unregulated (hypothetical) and observed scenarios, it has been possible to separate and to quantify hydro‐climatic (groundwater + rainfall) change effects from anthropogenic impacts (especially dam‐related alterations). To appreciate shifts in the river regime, discontinuity detection tests and the IHA model were applied to discharge data series reflecting average and extreme flow conditions, respectively. Results obtained principally from the Hubert segmentation method reveal that a major discontinuity occurred in 1970–1971 separating a surplus phase between 1945–1946 and 1969–1970, and a deficient and much contrasted one, from 1971/1972. This implies that the Sanaga catchment is dominantly affected by hydro‐climatic changes. However, wide land cover/land use changes experienced here since 1988 have resulted in an increase in surface runoff. Additional quickflows linked to these changes may have partly compensated for the substantial decline in the dry season rainfall and groundwater inputs observed from this date. Although at the monthly scale, dam‐related impacts on average flows increase with stage of regulation, the seasonal variability of the river regime remains generally unaffected. A comparison of the IHA statistics, calculated from unregulated and observed streamflow data, show that hydrologic shifts occurring in maximum and minimum discharges are mostly significant from 1971/1972 and are mainly due to the action of dams. Minimum flows appear, however, widely impacted, thus reflecting the prime objective assigned to the existing reservoirs, constructed to supplement flows for hydroelectricity production during the dry season. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A learning progression for scientific argumentation: Understanding student work and designing supportive instructional contexts
Authors: Berland Leema K. , McNeill Katherine L.
Published: May 2010

Argumentation is a central goal of science education because it engages students in a complex scientific practice in which they construct and justify knowledge claims. Although there is a growing body of research around argumentation, there has been little focus on developing a learning progression for this practice. We describe a learning progression to understand both students' work in scientific argumentation and the ways in which the instructional environment can support students in that practice. This learning progression describes three dimensions: (1) instructional context, (2) argumentative product, and (3) argumentative process. In this paper, we compare four examples from elementary, middle, and high school science classrooms to explore the ways in which students' arguments vary in complexity across grade level and instructional contexts. Our comparisons suggest that simplifying the instructional context may facilitate students in engaging in other aspects of argumentation in more complex ways. The instructional context may also be used as a tool to support students in argumentation in new content areas and to increase the complexity of their written arguments, which may be weaker than their oral arguments. Furthermore, classroom norms play an important role in supporting students of all ages, including elementary students, in argumentation. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed 94:765–793, 2010
Architecture and performance evaluation of a hybrid intrusion detection system for IP telephony
Authors: Barry Bazara I. A. , Chan H. A.
Published: May 2010

Convergence in networks and applications enables carrying voice, video, and other data on the same IP‐based infrastructure, and provides various services related to these kinds of data in a unified way. Such a scheme benefits businesses substantially considering the lesser cost of building and managing a single network infrastructure instead of two separate ones. However, the same scheme poses serious threats to security solutions in general, and intrusion detection systems (IDSs) in particular. Inherited flaws and vulnerabilities in TCP/IP protocols at lower layers make voice susceptible to risks it has never been subjected to before in public switched telephone networks (PSTNs). Signaling and data delivery protocols at application layer have their weaknesses too which make breaching of confidentiality and integrity relatively easy. In this paper, we present the design and implementation of a hybrid, host‐based intrusion detection system that is suitable for converged environments. Our design is unique in terms of providing an efficient combination of specification‐based and signature‐based detection techniques. Specification‐based and signature‐based detection modules provide solid awareness of the semantics as well as the syntax of the protocols involved. Our solution goes beyond addressing the issues of application layer protocols to address transport and network layer protocols as well in a unified way. The feasibility of our design is proven through the excellent detection accuracy and reasonable performance evaluation figures we get from our experiment. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Korrosionsschäden an nichtrostenden Stählen unter atmosphärischen Einsatzbedingungen
Authors: Burkert Andreas , Lehmann Jens , Burkert Annette , Mietz Jürgen
Published: May 2010

Neben konstruktiven Anforderungen werden an nichtrostende Stähle im Bauwesen häufig hohe optische Ansprüche gestellt. Unerwartete Beeinträchtigungen des optischen Erscheinungsbildes nichtrostender Stähle unter wenig korrosiven Bedingungen sind in der Zwischenzeit ein weit verbreitetes Problemfeld und Gegenstand zahlreicher Streitfälle. Vielfach wird die Vermutung geäußert, dass eine veränderte Legierungszusammensetzung, veränderte Umweltbedingungen oder auch die unsachgemäße Verarbeitung die Ursache für diese Erscheinungen sind. Durch eine systematische Untersuchung zahlreicher Schadensfälle an Stabmaterial in den vergangenen zwei Jahren im Rahmen eines Forschungsvorhabens konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Ursachen in bekannten Werkstofffehlern zu finden sind. Hierzu gehören chemische Inhomogenitäten, wie zum Beispiel Ausscheidungen und örtliche Aufkohlung, sowie geometrische Fehler, wie zum Beispiel Hinterschnitte, Walzfehler und Schalenbildung. Die Fehler konnten damit eindeutig als Herstellungsfehler der jeweiligen Halbzeuge identifiziert werden.

Corrosion damage of stainless steels under atmospheric exposure conditions. In addition to constructional requirements in civil engineering stainless steels often have to fulfil high visual demands. Unexpected impairments of the visual appearance of stainless steels under corrosive conditions are a widespread problem today. Frequently it is supposed that this is caused by changes in the alloy composition, worse environmental conditions or improper handling. Within a research project the systematic investigation of several cases of damaged stainless steel bars has shown that the reasons are based on well‐known material defects like chemical inhomogeneities (e.g. precipitations or local carburization) or geometrical defects (e.g. undercuts, rolling defects or shell formation). Thus, the failures could be clearly identified as production failures of the respective semi‐finished products.
Hematopoietic Stem Cell Defects in Mice with Deficiency of Fancd2 or Usp1
Authors: Parmar Kalindi , Kim Jungmin , Sykes Stephen M. , Shimamura Akiko , Stuckert Patricia , Zhu Kaya , Hamilton Abigail , Deloach Mary Kathryn , Kutok Jeffery L. , Akashi Koichi , Gilliland D. Gary , D'andrea Alan
Published: May 2010

Fanconi anemia (FA) is a human genetic disease characterized by a DNA repair defect and progressive bone marrow failure. Central events in the FA pathway are the monoubiquitination of the Fancd2 protein and the removal of ubiquitin by the deubiquitinating enzyme, Usp1. Here, we have investigated the role of Fancd2 and Usp1 in the maintenance and function of murine hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). Bone marrow from Fancd2−/− mice and Usp1−/− mice exhibited marked hematopoietic defects. A decreased frequency of the HSC populations including Lin-Sca-1+Kit+ cells and cells enriched for dormant HSCs expressing signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM) markers, was observed in the bone marrow of Fancd2-deficient mice. In addition, bone marrow from Fancd2−/− mice contained significantly reduced frequencies of late-developing cobblestone area-forming cell activity in vitro compared to the bone marrow from wild-type mice. Furthermore, Fancd2-deficient and Usp1-deficient bone marrow had defective long-term in vivo repopulating ability. Collectively, our data reveal novel functions of Fancd2 and Usp1 in maintaining the bone marrow HSC compartment and suggest that FA pathway disruption may account for bone marrow failure in FA patients.
Comparison of likelihood ratios of first‐trimester nuchal translucency measurements: multiples of median, delta or mixture
Authors: Sahota D. S. , Leung T. Y. , Chen M. , Chan L. W. , Fung T. Y. , Lau T. K.
Published: May 2010

Objective

To compare the likelihood ratios (LR) determined for a measured nuchal translucency (NT) using the multiples of the median (MoM), delta‐NT and mixture model approaches.

Methods

This was a retrospective study of singleton pregnancies with known outcome screened at the 12th week of pregnancy between January 2006 and May 2008. NT, crown–rump length (CRL) and LR for trisomy 21 using the delta‐NT approach (LRNT‐delta) were extracted from The Fetal Medicine Foundation trisomy 21 risk‐calculation software database. NT measurements were converted into their equivalent MoM by dividing by the expected CRL‐specific median NT. LR for trisomy 21 based on the MoM (LRNT‐MoM) of each case was then calculated as the ratio of the Gaussian probability density functions using published trisomy 21 risk‐screening parameters. The LR using the mixture model (LRNT‐mixture) was calculated as the ratio of individual composite probability densities reported for trisomy 21 and unaffected pregnancies. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to assess the agreement between the three different approaches while the paired t‐test was used to perform pairwise comparisons.

Results

Of the 5907 pregnancies with known outcome, 14 had trisomy 21. The ICC between the three approaches to determining an LR was 0.947 (95% CI, 0.943–0.951; P < 0.0001). Pairwise comparison indicated that differences between LR were statistically significant (P < 0.0001). Likelihood ratios determined via the delta‐NT model were in general greater than those produced by both the mixture model (z = 5.58, P < 0.0001) and the MoM approaches (z = 32.8, P < 0.0001). For a 5% false‐positive rate the detection rate of trisomy 21 (DR) was 78.6% (95% CI, 57.1–99.9%) The screen positive thresholds to achieve this DR were 1 : 200 for the delta‐NT approach, 1 : 220 for the mixture approach and 1 : 290 for the MoM approach.

Conclusion

No single method of determining NT‐associated LR outperformed the others in its ability to detect a trisomy 21‐affected pregnancy. Copyright © 2010 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Torsional torque suppression of generator based on H∞ control theory in isolated power system
Authors: Yona Atsushi , Omine Eitaro , Goya Tomonori , Senjyu Tomonobu
Published: May 2010

Renewable energy power plants, such as wind turbine generator and photovoltaic system, have been introduced in isolated power system recently. The output power fluctuations of wind turbine generator and load deviations result in frequency deviation and terminal voltage fluctuation. Furthermore, these power fluctuations also affect the turbine shafting of diesel generators and gas‐turbine generators, which are the main components of power generation systems in isolated islands. For stable operation of gas‐turbine generator, the torsional torque suppression as well as power system stabilization should be considered. In this paper, the control strategy that achieves torsional torque suppression and power system stabilization is presented based on H∞ control theory. The effectiveness of the proposed control system is validated by numerical simulation results. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Utilising Metal Melts of Low‐Melting Metals as a Novel Approach for MOF Synthesis: The 3D‐Imidazolate 3∞[Ga2(Im)6ImH] from Gallium and Imidazole
Authors: Zurawski Alexander , Hintze Frauke , Müller‐Buschbaum Klaus
Published: May 2010

Metals with low melting points like gallium (mp. 30 °C) prove a new approach for the synthesis of MOFs. As the melting point of gallium is even lower than of the linker ligand imidazole, formation of the MOF ${}^3_\infty[\textrm{Ga}_2(\textrm{Im})_6\textrm{ImH}]$, Im– = imidazolate anion, ImH = imidazole, can be achieved by reaction of a melt of the referring metal with a melt of the ligand. Gallium is oxidised in the reaction, and hydrogen gas and the imidazolate amide as colourless single crystalline product are formed. At the melting point of imidazole (mp. 88–90 °C) two liquid phases are observed. Phase separation lasts until the reaction, starting at 120 °C, consumes the liquid reagents. We consider this a reaction on the phase border between the liquid phases as no mixing is observed. ${}^3_\infty[\textrm{Ga}_2(\textrm{Im})_6\textrm{ImH}]$ constitutes of a three‐dimensional framework structure with a 3,6 topology that is built of two Kagome nets sharing common connectivity points. Each Ga3+ ion is octahedrally coordinated by six nitrogen atoms of imidazolate and imidazole ligands. The framework exhibits a limited porosity of 8.5 % of accessible space and a diameter of 376–509 pm for the pore windows.
Solid Solutions in the System Fe1–xO/ZnO at Low Oxygen Partial Pressure
Authors: Moll Sebastian , Weber Sven‐Ulf , Becker Klaus‐Dieter , Mader Werner
Published: May 2010

The maximum solubilities of Zn2+ in Fe1–xO and of Fe2+ in ZnO at temperatures from 1173–1473 K in the presence of metallic iron were determined. Mixed crystals Fe1–x–zZnzO with 0.04 ≤ z ≤ 0.19 were prepared at 1273 K. All samples were characterised by X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy. The solubility of Fe2+ in wurtzite ZnO as well as the lattice parameter a of Zn1–yFeyO increases with reaction temperature whereas c remains virtually constant. The solubility of Zn2+ in Fe1–xO increases with temperature. The lattice parameter a of Fe1–x–zZnzO for 0.04 ≤ z ≤ 0.13 increases with zinc content. For0.13 ≤ z ≤ 0.19 a is constant, whereas for higher zinc contents a decreases. Mössbauer spectroscopy of the mixed crystal Fe1–x–0.09Zn0.09O yields a reduced amount of 6 % Fe3+ compared to wüstite Fe1–0.04O with 9 % Fe3+. Such reduction of Fe3+ content was previously observed in the mixed crystal systems Fe1–xO/MgO and Fe1–xO/MnO too. The increase of the lattice parameter a of Fe1–x–zZnzO for low concentrations is explained by removal of Fe3+ ions. At higher zinc contents the occupation with Zn2+ ions – with smaller radius than Fe2+ – balances or exceeds the effect of Fe3+ removal.
A Biomimetic Copper Corrole – Preparation, Characterization, and Reconstitution with Horse Heart Apomyoglobin
Authors: Bröring Martin , Brégier Frédérique , Burghaus Olaf , Kleeberg Christian
Published: May 2010

A copper corrole with biomimetic propionate side chains was prepared as a novel heme analog by metalation of the respective ligand as the dimethylester with copper(II) acetate hydrate and subsequent saponification with LiOH. The metalated dimethylester was characterized by spectroscopic and crystallographic means and shown by comparison to contain a divalent copper ion, antiferromagnetically coupled to the radical‐dianionic organic ligand. The molecular structure of this complex is characterized by a saddled macrocycle conformation. In addition, the methylpropionate side chains are not stretched out but bent to the same side of the mean copper corrole plane. In buffered solution, the saponified propionate complex slowly forms an equilibrium mixture with small, insoluble aggregates. The compound cleanly binds in 1:1 stoichiometry to horse heart apomyoglobin without a support by proximal histidine binding. The binding in the protein pocket is rather weak, and the biohybrid compound tends to decompose under the slightly acidic conditions of mass spectrometry. Reduction of the copper corrole was achieved with sodium dithionite inside the protein pocket and yielded an air‐ and buffer stable, monoanionic, and protein bound copper corrolate complex, which could be identified by its EPR spectrum.
Non‐invasive monitoring of glucocorticoid metabolites in brown hyaena (Hyaena brunnea) feces
Authors: Hulsman A. , Dalerum F. , Ganswindt A. , Muenscher S. , Bertschinger H.J. , Paris M.
Published: May 2010

The brown hyaena (Hyaena brunnea) is the least known of the large predators of southern Africa. The current IUCN status of the brown hyaena is “Near Threatened”, and there are conservation concerns related to a general lack of biological knowledge of the species. For instance, a better knowledge of the responses to environmental and social stressors would improve our abilities to sustainably manage brown hyaena populations in both captive and free‐ranging environments. We conducted adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) challenges in one female and one male adult brown hyaena at Lion Park Zoo, South Africa, to validate measurements of glucocorticoid metabolites (GCM) in brown hyaena feces via an enzyme immunoassay (EIA). We also measured gastrointestinal transit times (GIT times) and the GCM degradation in feces left in ambient temperature for up to 32 hr to more reliably assess the use of this assay as a tool for non‐invasive glucocorticoid measurements. Intramuscular injections of synthetic ACTH yielded GCM levels of 388% (female) and 2,682% (male) above baseline with peak increases occurring 25‐ to 40‐hr after injection. The time delay of fecal GCM excretion approximately corresponded with food transit time in the brown hyaenas. Fecal GCM levels declined significantly over time since defecation. Our results provided a good validation that fecal GCMs accurately reflect circulating glucocorticoid stress hormones in brown hyaenas, but we highlight that samples have to be frozen immediately after defecation to avoid bias in the measurements as a result of bacterial degredation. Zoo Biol 30:451–458, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genes and alcohol
Authors: Ösby U. , Liljenberg J. , Kockum I. , Gunnar A. , Terenius L.
Published: May 2010

The negative effects of excessive alcohol use include dependence, psychiatric co-morbidity and increased risk for suicide. A dominating risk factor is heritage. A large number of studies have addressed the genetic basis, either “candidate genes” in the brain reward system, or searched for unknown genes in family studies by linkage analysis. It is clear that no single gene polymorphism is of use in preventive medicine. A consistent finding, however, is that polymorphism in the alcohol dehydrogenase cluster and other metabolic pathways are of some relevance on a population basis, suggesting a link between alcohol toxicity in general and dependence. An emerging concern is potential gender differences as women, who are generally more sensitive, acquire male drinking habits.
Timing is critical: Gene, environment and timing interactions in genetics of suicide in children and adolescents
Authors: Zalsman G.
Published: May 2010

Suicidal behavior runs in families and is prevalent in adolescence. Case-control and family-based studies in this age group failed to find a genetic association that survived replications. Gene environment approach gave new hope for possible associations especially with the short allele of the serotonin transporter promoter polymorphism (5-HTTLPR). However, a recent meta-analysis raised doubts about the consistency of these findings. Some new structural and functional imaging data may shade light on the age-related and gender-related development of the brain. This review suggests a new approach to gene by environment and timing interaction to understand the interplay that leads to suicidality in adolescents and young adults.
Theory of Laminar Flames
Authors: Buckmaster J. D. , Ludford G. S. S.
Published: May 2010

This monograph deals with the structure, generation and stability of flames from a mathematical point of view. It uses a specific mathematical approach to provide a unified theoretical description of fundamental flame phenomena. Its importance stems from the fact that it provides the first clear evidence that combustion can be legitimately treated as a mathematical science as well as an empirical one. The book will be of interest to researchers in combustion, fluid mechanics and applied mathematics, as well as to graduate students taking advanced courses in these areas.
A Structuralist Theory of Logic
Authors: Koslow Arnold
Published: May 2010

In this 1992 book, Professor Koslow advances an account of the basic concepts of logic. A central feature of the theory is that it does not require the elements of logic to be based on a formal language. Rather, it uses a general notion of implication as a way of organizing the formal results of various systems of logic in a simple, but insightful way. The study has four parts. In the first two parts the various sources of the general concept of an implication structure and its forms are illustrated and explained. Part 3 defines the various logical operations and systematically explores their properties. A generalized account of extensionality and dual implication is given, and the extensionality of each of the operators, as well as the relation of negation and its dual, are given substantial treatment because of the novel results they yield. Part 4 considers modal operators and studies their interaction with logical operators. By obtaining the usual results without the usual assumptions this new approach allows one to give a very simple account of modal logic minus the excess baggage of possible world semantics.
Vision
Authors: Blakemore Colin , Adler K. , Pointon M.
Published: May 2010

Professor Colin Blakemore presents a fascinating insight to all the major topics in visual science research. Experts from around the world show how this vast subject can be unified from the viewpoint that describes the way in which visual systems efficiently encode and represent the outside world. The approach, which is both rigorous and general, was championed by H. B. Barlow in the fifties and has recently acquired a new significance in the light of exciting developments in computer science and artificial intelligence and vision. The book is essential reading for advanced undergraduates, postgraduates and researchers in the field of vision research and neuroscience.
Public Economics and the Household
Authors: Apps Patricia , Rees Ray
Published: May 2010

Economic models in much of the public economics literature have been slow to reflect the significant changes towards double-income households throughout the developed world. This graduate-level text develops a more sophisticated approach to household economics, one that allows for multiple-income earners and shared decision-making. This approach is used to present a fundamentally new view of consumption. It then applies this to an analysis of tax systems, combining theoretical analysis of optimal taxation and tax reform with careful empirical study of the characteristics of income tax systems in four different countries: Australia, Germany, the UK and the USA. The book is particularly concerned with analysing, both theoretically and empirically, the impact of taxation on female labour supply, and identifying its effects on work incentives and fairness of income distribution. All this adds up to a fascinating new approach to the economics of household for researchers in both public and private sectors.
Sustainable Democracy
Authors: Przeworski Adam
Published: May 2010

Sustainable Democracy is a joint report of twenty one social scientists, from eleven countries and four academic disciplines, who collaborated over the period of two years under the name of the Group on East-South Systems Transformations (ESST). Their report identifies the principal political and economic choices confronting new democracies in Southern and Eastern Europe and South America, while evaluating their merits and feasibility in the light of current social science knowledge. The scientists explore the social, political and economic conditions under which democracy is likely to generate desirable and politically desired objectives, as well as, whether it is likely to last. It is argued that the state has an essential role in promoting universal citizenship and in creating conditions for a sustained economic growth. Special emphasis is placed on the interdependence between political and economic reforms.
United States Taxes and Tax Policy
Authors: Davies David G.
Published: May 2010

United States Taxes and Tax Policy supplements and complements the theoretical material on taxes found in public finance texts using a combination of institutional, theoretical and empirical information. By adding flesh to theoretical bones, this textbook provides insight into the behaviour of individuals in both the private and public sectors. Specifically, the economic effects of taxes and tax policy are stressed and, as a result, students will gain an appreciation and understanding of how tax policy actually affects the economy. For example, where many texts typically stop with a rather pristine treatment of the income and substitution effects of a tax, this book goes further by examining econometric studies of the supply of labour, and the relationship of this work to taxes, the Laffer curve, and the role and magnitude of the underground economy. Using this approach, Professor Davies brings life to what can be a dull subject.
Walras's Market Models
Authors: Walker Donald A.
Published: May 2010

Walras's Market Models describes and evaluates Léon Walras's models of competitive markets. Through identification of his career phases and the associated general equilibrium models, which are shown to be very different in character, this book differs from previous examinations of his work. During his mature phase of theoretical activity, Walras was concerned with a competitive economy which passes through a phase of disequilibrium in the production and sales of commodities. While in his last phase of theoretical activity, he developed a model in which there is no production, sales, hiring, consuming or saving until an assumed set of equilibrium prices obtains of the model. The two phases of Walras's theoretical work have not previously been identified, and the models have not been subjected to an accurate analysis and evaluation.
Three-Dimensional Integrated Circuit Layout
Authors: Harter A. C.
Published: May 2010

First published in 1991, this thesis concentrates upon the design of three-dimensional, rather than the traditional two-dimensional, circuits. The theory behind such circuits is presented in detail, together with experimental results. Winner of the Distinguished Dissertation in Computer Science award, this work will prove invaluable to both designers and hardware engineers involved in the development of practical three-dimensional integrated circuits.
Trade Policy Flexibility and Enforcement in the WTO
Authors: Schropp Simon A. B.
Published: May 2010

The World Trade Organization (WTO) is an incomplete contract among sovereign countries. Trade policy flexibility mechanisms are designed to deal with contractual gaps, which are the inevitable consequence of this contractual incompleteness. Trade policy flexibility mechanisms are backed up by enforcement instruments which allow for punishment of illegal extra-contractual conduct. This book offers a legal and economic analysis of contractual escape and punishment in the WTO. It assesses the interrelation between contractual incompleteness, trade policy flexibility mechanisms, contract enforcement, and WTO Members' willingness to co-operate and to commit to trade liberalization. It contributes to the body of WTO scholarship by providing a systematic assessment of the weaknesses of the current regime of escape and punishment in the WTO, and the systemic implications that these weaknesses have for the international trading system, before offering a reform agenda that is concrete, politically realistic, and systemically viable.
Race and Citizen Identity in the Classical Athenian Democracy
Authors: Lape Susan
Published: May 2010

In Race and Citizen Identity in the Classical Athenian Democracy, Susan Lape demonstrates how a race ideology grounded citizen identity. Although this ideology did not manifest itself in a fully developed race myth, its study offers insight into the causes and conditions that can give rise to race and racisms in both modern and pre-modern cultures. In the Athenian context, racial citizenship emerged because it both defined and justified those who were entitled to share in the political, symbolic, and socioeconomic goods of Athenian citizenship. By investigating Athenian law, drama, and citizenship practices, this study shows how citizen identity worked in practice to consolidate national unity and to account for past Athenian achievements. It also considers how Athenian identity narratives fuelled Herodotus' and Thucydides' understanding of history and causation.
The Reformation of the English Parish Church
Authors: Whiting Robert
Published: May 2010

In the sixteenth century, the people of England witnessed the physical transformation of their most valued buildings: their parish churches. This is the first ever full-scale investigation of the dramatic changes experienced by the English parish church during the English Reformation. By drawing on a wealth of documentary evidence, including court records, wills and church wardens' accounts, and by examining the material remains themselves - such as screens, fonts, paintings, monuments, windows and other artefacts - found in churches today, Robert Whiting reveals how, why and by whom these ancient buildings were transformed. He explores the reasons why Catholics revered the artefacts found in churches as well as why these objects became the subject of Protestant suspicion and hatred in subsequent years. This richly illustrated account sheds new light on the acts of destruction as well as the acts of creation that accompanied religious change over the course of the 'long' Reformation.