bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ownership Change and Reshaping of Employment Relations in China: A Study of Two Manufacturing Companies
Authors: Cooke Fang Lee
Published: March 2003

The need for China to survive and to compete in the rapidly globalising world economy has never been so compelling as in the past decade. Reforming state-owned enterprises (SOEs) has thus been at the top of the Chinese government’s agenda since the mid-1990s. This has led to the emergence of new patterns of enterprise ownership and consequently new employment relations which are distinctively different from those in the traditional SOEs. This paper explores the ways key elements of employment relations may have changed as a result of ownership change; why the trade unions have failed to perform adequately, and what the impact has been on workers of the new form of employment relations. In this paper, the term employment relations is used to include a broad range of issues which fall within the scope of analysis of both traditional fields of industrial relations and human resource management. In particular, aspects of employment relations such as recruitment, pay, training, work reorganisation and the role of the trade unions are explored.
The Labour Process and Union Commitment within a Banking Services Call Centre
Authors: Rose Ed
Published: March 2003

The advent of the call centre workplace phenomenon has re-kindled debate within labour process theory, particularly in relation to control issues concerning service sector work and routinisation of clerical and white-collar labour. There has been rather more limited discussion of employment relations matters emanating from the call centre labour process. This paper considers issues such as absenteeism and labour turnover, management control, work intensification, union and organisational commitment within a banking services call centre based in Liverpool, UK. The main findings of the research indicate that employees or ‘agents’ were frustrated and bored with repetitive and standardised work operations; that there were high levels of managerial control and surveillance and that there was little opportunity for exercising creativity and autonomy in the work situation. The commitment of agents to their organisation was, not surprisingly in the light of these findings, correspondingly low. Agents, who were unionised, were moderately committed to their trade union despite some disappointment concerning the apparent inability of local union representatives to pursue and process grievances effectively. The paper concludes that the ‘sweatshop’ image of call centres is to some extent at least, confirmed within the research context.
Match or mismatch? Learning styles and teaching styles in EFL
Authors: Peacock Matthew
Published: March 2003

Learning styles are a student's “natural, habitual and preferred ways” of absorbing and processing a second language. This study investigated Reid's (1987) hypothesis that a mismatch between teaching and learning styles causes learning failure, frustration and demotivation. Data were collected through Reid's questionnaire, interviews and tests using 206 EFL students and 46 EFL teachers at a Hong Kong university. It was found that learners favoured Kinesthetic and Auditory and disfavoured Individual and Group styles,while teachers favoured Kinesthetic, Group and Auditory styles and disfavoured Tactile and Individual styles; Western teachers also disfavoured Auditory styles. There was therefore a mismatch regarding Group and Auditory styles. Interviews revealed that 72% of the students were frustrated by a mismatch between teaching and learning styles; 76% said it affected their learning, often seriously; and 81% of the teachers agreed with Reid's hypothesis. The correlations between learning style, proficiency and discipline were also checked. Learners who favoured Group styles were significantly less proficient. Conclusions are that EFL teachers should teach in a balanced style in order to accommodate different learning styles.
A discourse‐analytic approach to the use of English in Cypriot Greek conversations
Authors: Goutsos Dionysis
Published: March 2003

The use of English in Cypriot Greek has been a highly contested issue, involving much speculation and prescription but, as yet, little analysis of actual data. This study is a preliminary exploration of the issue, focusing on extensive data from informal conversations between members of a Limassol family. The analysis suggests that instances of language alternation can be accounted for in terms of discourse analytic categories such as the distinction between local and global phenomena and the tri‐partite scheme of ideational, interpersonal and sequential functions. The presence of English in Cypriot Greek conversations covers a wide range, from local borrowing to stereotypical sequential or more complex interpersonal and sequential phenomena, and cannot be effectively separated from the role that language alternation plays in speci ?c textual and contextual settings. The discussion suggests that a discourse analytic approach is an indispensable means of studying language alternation phenomena.
Assessing Profitability Factors in the Greek Banking System: A Multicriteria Methodology
Authors: Spathis Ch. , Kosmidou K. , Doumpos M.
Published: March 2003

The increasing competition in the national and international banking markets, the changeover towards monetary union and the new technological innovations herald major changes in the banking environment, and challenge all banks to make timely preparations in order to enter into the new competitive monetary and financial environment. Therefore, it is interesting to investigate the effectiveness of Greek banks, as it is valued by the financial markets, i.e. the greater the efficacy the higher the competitiveness and vice versa. Taking into consideration the bank assets, we distinguish banks into small and large ones. Finding factors that make the differences in such effectiveness may explain the effective advantage of these two types of financial institutions and help us understand the ‘financial intermediation’ industry in Greece better. Based on their size, a classification of Greek banks, in a multivariate environment, according to the return and operation factors for the years 1990–1999 takes place. In order to investigate the differences of profitability and efficiency between small and large Greek banks, as well as the factors of profitability and operation related with the size of banks, a multicriteria methodology has been used. The results of this paper may help us determine the key success (or failure) factors of these two categories of Greek banks as well as the responsible banking decision–makers for future readjustments.
A hybrid search combining interior point methods and metaheuristics for 0–1 programming
Authors: Plateau Agnès , Tachat Dominique , Tolla Pierre
Published: March 2003

Our search deals with methods hybridizing interior point processes and metaheuristics for solving 0–1 linear programs. This paper shows how metaheuristics can take advantage of a sequence of interior points generated by an interior point method. After introducing our work field, we present our hybrid search which generates a diversified population. Next, we explain the whole method combining the solutions encountered in the previous phase through a path relinking template. Computational experiments are reported on 0–1 multiconstraint knapsack problems.
An Index of Economic Well–Being for Selected OECD Countries
Authors: Osberg Lars , Sharpe Andrew
Published: March 2003

Per capita gross domestic product (GDP) is a poor indicator of economic well–being. It measures effective consumption poorly (ignoring the value of leisure and of longer life spans) and it also ignores the value of accumulation for the benefit of future generations. Since incomes are uncertain and unequally distributed, the average also does not indicate the likelihood that any particular individual will share in prosperity or the degree of anxiety and insecurity with which individuals contemplate their futures. We argue that a better index of economic well–being should consider: current effective per capita consumption flows; net societal accumulation of stocks of productive resources; income distribution; and economic security. The paper develops such an index of economic well–being for the U.S., U.K., Canada, Australia, Norway and Sweden for the period 1980 to 1999. It compares trends in economic well–being to trends in GDP per person. In every case, growth in economic well–being was less than growth in GDP per capita, although to different degrees in different countries.
Geographic aspects of genocide: a comparison of Bosnia and Rwanda
Authors: Wood William B.
Published: March 2003

The study of genocide requires a geographic approach that looks at how genocidal actions are purposefully planned to target specific groups and areas, methodically implemented through expulsions and murder, and politically intertwined with popular aspirations of territorial nationalism. A geographic focus is used here to discuss the concept of genocide, its recurrence in the twentieth century, its formulation under international law, and its eruption in Bosnia and Rwanda. In this comparative approach, geography‐linked concepts such as Lebensraum, territorial nationalism, forced migration, and ethnic cleansing are used to explain the production of genocide and its consequences.
Constructive comments on D Massey ‘Space‐time, “science” and the relationship between physical geography and human geography:rsquo;
Authors: Lane Stuart N.
Published: March 2003

This paper provides a discussion of Massey's (1999) account of the role of space‐time in human and physical geography. Recognizing the relative (but not absolute) paucity of comment from physical geographers on questions of approach and method, the paper seeks to demonstrate three things. First, it casts a history of a narrow part of geomorphology in a similar vein to a part of human geography to demonstrate that it is possible to find strong shared characteristics in the ways in which the two subjects are being approached. This emphasizes the importance of analyses that recognize both space and time in seeking explanation in physical geography and which has important implications for: (i) the nature of laws and processes in geomorphology; and hence (ii) the interpretation of specific landforms and their histories. Second, the paper argues that much of what Massey addresses relates to the closure required to make things amenable to study, something that is characteristic of almost every type of research. This has long been acknowledged in science in general and in physical geography in particular, but is often forgotten. Third, the paper uses this consideration of closure to address the issue of the relational nature of different sorts of space‐time models. Following Massey’s argument that the sort of space‐time model that we adopt needs to be informed by the entities that we study, the paper concludes that some of the space‐time models that Massey critiques (e.g. classical Newtonian mechanics) may still be fundamental to what we do, and in no sense necessarily ahistorical.
On reductionism and emergence in geomorphology
Authors: Harrison Stephan
Published: March 2003

Much geomorphological enquiry has been devoted to the understanding of landscapes via the construction of models based on the relationships between process and form. This paper examines the philosophical, theoretical and practical problems involved in bridging the gap between studies of geomorphological processes and explanations of landscape development. It argues that process geomorphology is essentially reductionist and discusses the practical and logical limitations of such an approach to science. It suggests that landscapes are emergent phenomena and, by drawing from the philosophical and practical lessons derived from the physics of non‐linear systems, demonstrates that they are not amenable to reductionist explanations.
Transnational environmental obligations: locating new spaces of accountability in a post‐Westphalian global order
Authors: Mason Michael
Published: March 2003

The growth of transnational environmental harm is not only leading to new obligations between states, it is also recasting democratic accountability for the crossboundary environmental performance of public and private actors. Informed by pragmatist ideas on public discourse, I propose a conceptual schema for understanding the moral geography of these new transnational environmental obligations: they mark out non‐territorial spaces of public communication delimited according to moral precepts of harm prevention, inclusiveness and impartiality. I outline how the recognition of transnational affected publics is reconstituting and rescaling environmental accountability within international regimes of harm prevention and liability. The critical geopolitical challenge in institutionalizing non‐territorial domains of environmental accountability will be the mapping and empowerment of transnational affected publics.
Governing climate change: the politics of risk society?
Authors: Bulkeley Harriet
Published: March 2003

This paper examines how the politics of climate change have taken shape within Australia through the construction and contestation of concepts of obligation and responsibility. Beck’s risk society thesis offers a conceptual starting point from which to address questions concerning the nature of contemporary risk politics, and the paper examines its relevance and applicability in this case. While Beck’s theory provides insight into the nature of risk and directs attention to the ways in which notions of obligation and responsibility structure risk politics, it fails to engage with why, and how, particular definitions of risk and responsibility come to dominate the political arena. It is argued that in Australia the novel challenges climate change poses to the institutions of modernity have been negated through ensuing policy responses which have reinforced links between industry and government, and have defined climate responsibilities within existing relations of production and the spatio‐temporal frameworks of modernity.
Global finance and the German model: German corporations, market incentives, and the management of employer‐sponsored pension institutions
Authors: Clark Gordon L , Mansfield Daniel , Tickell Adam
Published: March 2003

Where there was a settled political geography of state power and responsibilities, the remarkable growth of global finance has put enormous pressure on national economic, political and social institutions. Furthermore, the looming crisis facing many continental European social security systems has raised many doubts about the long‐term viability of the German model compared to its Anglo‐American rivals. In this context, large German corporations have sought ways of sustaining their global competitiveness by, in part, restructuring their national and regional commitments. To illustrate, in this paper we concentrate on the nature and organization of German employer‐sponsored pension institutions in relation to Anglo‐American management practice. Two issues drive the analysis. One has to do with an emerging coalition between corporate management and shareholders with respect to the market value of the firm. The second issue has to do with the allocation of risk and uncertainty between the social partners when negotiating the financing and final value of promised retirement income. The institutional framework of collective decision‐making common to many of Germany’s largest firms is under pressure; three models of investment decision making relevant to pension assets and liabilities are used to illustrate this point. In doing so, we suggest that the German model is more fragile than commonly realized. We also suggest that Anglo‐American management practices have penetrated and affected German corporate (national and regional) institutions and regulations. The social market lauded by advocates of stakeholder capitalism is changing rapidly, at least in the sphere of large firms and global finance.
The production, symbolization and socialization of gentrification: impressions from two Berkshire villages
Authors: Phillips Martin
Published: March 2003

Gentrification has long been the subject of considerable interest and debate amongst geographers. A range of differing ontological and epistemological conceptions of gentrification have been advanced, with attempts often being made to legislate between them to establish some definitive categorizations of gentrification. The majority of gentrification studies are also highly urbanized: gentrification is seen explicitly or implicitly as a phenomenon that occurs in urban space. This paper questions both the legislative and urban foci of gentrification studies, by outlining an interpretative study of material, social and symbolic dimensions of gentrification within two villages in rural Berkshire.
The field, the museum and the lecture hall: the spaces of natural history in Victorian Cornwall
Authors: Naylor Simon
Published: March 2003

This paper contributes to our understandings of the geographies of science through an analysis of nineteenth–century natural history and, in particular, of the provincial natural history society. Focusing on nineteenth–century Cornwall and one of the main natural history societies operating in the county at that time – the Penzance Natural History and Antiquarian Society – it is argued that a set of key spaces were integral to the operations and outputs of such societies. The paper details the significance of the Penzance Society’s museum, field sites and lecture hall as sites for communal work of local natural historians. They were also important, it is argued, in their construction of West Cornwall as a site of national natural scientific importance. Lastly, these spaces defined an agenda for regional scientific study. In particular, they promoted a taxonomic method that would transform local people into rigorous scientists and the local region into a ‘book of nature’.
Balancing Performance Measures
Authors: Datar Srikant , Kulp Susan Cohen , Lambert Richard A.
Published: March 2003

This paper uses an agency theory model in which the agent's actions are multi‐dimensional to analyze the optimal weights to apply to performance measures in a compensation contract. We show how the optimal contract trades off the congruity of the overall performance measure with the desire to minimize the risk imposed upon the agent. In contrast to the single action case, we find that an increase in the sensitivity of a performance measure to an agent's action does not necessarily increase the weight placed on that performance measure, even if that measure is perfectly congruent with the firm's outcome.
Toward an Implied Cost of Capital
Authors: Gebhardt William R. , Lee Charles M. C. , Swaminathan Bhaskaran
Published: March 2003

In this study, we propose an alternative technique for estimating the cost of equity capital. Specifically, we use a discounted residual income model to generate a market implied cost‐of‐capital. We then examine firm characteristics that are systematically related to this estimate of cost‐of‐capital. We show that a firm's implied cost‐of‐capital is a function of its industry membership, B/M ratio, forecasted long‐term growth rate, and the dispersion in analyst earnings forecasts. Together, these variables explain around 60% of the cross‐sectional variation in future (two‐year‐ahead) implied costs‐of‐capital. The stability of these long‐term relations suggests they can be exploited to estimate future costs‐of‐capital. We discuss the implications of these findings for capital budgeting, investment decisions, and valuation research.
Using Forecasts of Earnings to Simultaneously Estimate Growth and the Rate of Return on Equity Investment
Authors: Easton Peter , Taylor Gary , Shroff Pervin , Sougiannis Theodore
Published: March 2003

We develop a method for simultaneously estimating the cost of equity capital and the growth in residual earnings that are implied by current stock prices, current book value of equity, and short‐term forecasts of accounting earnings. We demonstrate the use of our method by calculating the expected equity risk premium. Our estimate is higher than estimates in extant studies that are based on the same earnings forecast data. The main difference between our study and these papers is that while they provide arguments supporting an assumed rate of growth beyond the forecast horizon, we estimate this rate.
Can Stock Recommendations Predict Earnings Management and Analysts’ Earnings Forecast Errors?
Authors: Abarbanell Jeffery , Lehavy Reuven
Published: March 2003

In this article we present evidence that a firm's stock price sensitivity to earnings news, as measured by outstanding stock recommendation, affects its incentives to manage earnings and, in turn, affects analysts’ex post forecast errors. In particular, we find a tendency for firms rated a Sell (Buy) to engage more (less) frequently in extreme, income–decreasing earnings management, indicating that they have relatively stronger (weaker) incentives to create accounting reserves especially in the form of earnings baths than other firms. In contrast, firms rated a Buy (Sell) are more (less) likely to engage in earnings management that leaves reported earnings equal to or slightly higher than analysts’ forecasts. Our empirical results provide direct evidence of purported, but heretofore, weakly documented equity market incentives for firms to manage earnings. They are also consistent with a growing body of literature that finds analysts either cannot anticipate or are not motivated to anticipate completely in their forecasts firms’ efforts to manage earnings.
The Information in Management’s Expected Earnings Report Date: A Day Late, a Penny Short
Authors: Bagnoli Mark , Kross William , Watts Susan G.
Published: March 2003

Since 1995, managers of thousands of firms have voluntarily disclosed the expected date of their firm’s next quarterly earnings announcement to Thomson Financial Services Inc. These disclosures are approximately 500% more accurate than the simple time–series expected report dates used in prior accounting research. These disclosures are also informative. On average, managers who miss their own expected date eventually report earnings that fall about one penny per share below consensus forecasts for each day of delay. Investors respond by sending the price of late–announcing stocks down at the missed expected report date and continue to send them down as the reporting delay lengthens, consistent with our “day late, penny short” result. Despite this, we find that the market response at the time earnings are announced still depends on whether the announcement is early, on time, or late relative to the firm’s own expected report date.
Intra‐Industry Reactions to Stock Split Announcements
Authors: Tawatnuntachai Oranee , D'Mello Ranjan
Published: March 2003

We examine whether favorable information conveyed by stock split announcements transfers to nonsplitting firms within the same industry. On average, nonsplitting firms' shareholders experience positive and significant abnormal returns at the stock split announcements of their industry counterparts. In addition, industrywide and firm‐specific characteristics are important determinants in explaining nonsplitting firms' stock returns. These firms' earnings increase significantly, and the earnings changes are positively related to the stock price reactions. Finally, we find no evidence that investors revise the value of nonsplitting firms because they anticipate a decline in earnings volatility.
Commonality in Liquidity: Evidence from an Order‐Driven Market Structure
Authors: Brockman Paul , Chung Dennis Y.
Published: March 2003

Events such as the 1997 East Asian financial crisis indicate that individual firm liquidity is strongly influenced by marketwide factors. Previous market microstructure research, however, focuses almost exclusively on the firm‐specific attributes of liquidity. Our study follows the recent shift in emphasis toward commonality by examining systematic liquidity in an order‐driven market structure. Using data from the Stock Exchange of Hong Kong, we show that commonality in liquidity includes both market and industry components, and is pervasive across size‐sorted portfolios. We also find a significant market and industry component in individual firms' order flow. In contrast to quote‐driven results, we do not find a positive relation between firm size and sensitivity to changes in marketwide bid‐ask spreads.
Psychological well‐being and day‐to‐day social interaction among older adults
Authors: Nezlek John B. , Richardson Deborah S. , Green Laura R. , Schatten‐Jones Elizabeth C.
Published: March 2003

A sample of 113 healthy older adults used a variant of the Rochester Interaction Record to describe the social interactions they had each day for two weeks. They also completed various measures of psychological well‐being including life satisfaction and loneliness. A series of multilevel random coefficient analyses found that life satisfaction scores were positively related to how enjoyable interactions were, how self‐assured people felt when interacting, how much control they felt they had over interactions, how responsive others were to their needs, and how socially active they were. Analyses that took participants’ marital status into account suggested, however, that interaction outcomes and life satisfaction were related only for married participants, and that these relationships were primarily due to interaction outcomes with spouses.
Emphatic inaccuracy in husband to wife aggression: The overattribution bias
Authors: Schweinle William E. , Ickes William , Bernstein Ira H.
Published: March 2003

Is husbands’ wife‐directed aggression related to unusual accuracy (hypersensitivity) or to bias (being likely to inappropriately infer criticism or rejection) when they infer women’s critical/rejecting thoughts and feelings? Results of a study using the empathic accuracy paradigm and signal detection analyses revealed that the greater the husbands’ bias to overattribute criticism and rejection to the thoughts and feelings of women they had never met, the more the husbands reported behaving in a verbally aggressive way toward their own wives. This finding discourages the conclusion that maritally aggressive men are uniquely provoked by their own female partners, and instead suggests that they are biased to overattribute criticism and rejection to women in general. The strength of this overattribution bias correlated negatively with the men’s accuracy in inferring the actual content of the women’s thoughts and feelings. On the other hand, the husbands’ thematic accuracy (their ability to accurately specify which of the stimulus women’s thoughts and feelings really were critical or rejecting) was associated with their self‐reported marital satisfaction.
Working models of attachment and person perception processes
Authors: Zhang Fang , Hazan Cindy
Published: March 2003

This study investigated the effects of attachment working models on social perception processes. Participants estimated the number of behavioral instances they would require to confirm and disconfirm hypothetical others’ possession of various traits. The attachment dimension of avoidance was associated with a defensively conservative style of social perception. High scorers on avoidance required more evidence to make a positive judgment and also more evidence to reject a negative judgment. In contrast, the attachment dimension of anxiety was associated with a relatively impulsive and labile perceptional style. High scorers on anxiety tended to require less evidence to make both positive and negative judgments of others. Results are discussed in terms of their concordance with previous findings and their implications for research on attachment and social perception.
Antecedents and Consequences of Adult Play in Romantic Relationships
Authors: Aune Krystyna S. , Wong Norman C. H.
Published: March 2003

This study introduces and reports an initial test of a theoretical model of play in romantic relationships. It was hypothesized that self–esteem and humor orientation would be positively associated with playfulness in romantic relationships. Playfulness in romantic relationships was predicted to be positively associated with the experience of positive emotion. Positive emotion, in turn, was predicted to be associated with relationship satisfaction. A self–report instrument was administered to students and community members via snowball sampling. Path analysis revealed that the data were consistent with the proposed model.
Childbearing depressive symptomatology in high–risk pregnancies: The roles of working models and social support
Authors: Besser Avi , Priel Beatriz , Wiznitzer Arnon
Published: March 2003

Guided by both attachment and social support theories, the authors conducted a longitudinal investigation exploring the concomitant effects of perceptions of spouse support (anticipated and received spouse support) and internal working models of attachment (positive–self and positive–other), on childbearing depressive symptomatology. Distinct main and interaction effects for attachment dimensions and perceived support variables were hypothesized for high– and low–risk pregnancies. Participants in the final sample were 200 pregnant women who completed the self–report between the 25th and the 29th weeks of pregnancy, and 8 weeks after childbirth. Controlling for initial levels of depressive symptoms and health conditions, results demonstrated the protective role of high levels of received support and of positive–other models on childbirth depressive symptoms. Moreover, received support and models of positive–other were found to interact with health conditions, producing distinct moderation effects: Received support was found to be a significantly stronger protective factor for childbearing depression among women with low–risk pregnancies; positive–other models were found to be a significantly stronger protective factor among women with high–risk pregnancies. The implications of these findings for the understanding of intrapersonal and interpersonal factors in successful coping with a health risk situation are discussed.
The experience and effects of emotional support: What the study of cultural and gender differences can tell us about close relationships, emotion, and interpersonal communication
Authors: Burleson Brant R.
Published: March 2003

Theorists claim that emotional support is one of the most significant provisions of close relationships, and studies suggest that the receipt of sensitive emotional support is associated with diverse indices of well–being. Research highlighting the beneficial outcomes of emotional support raises several important questions: Does emotional support play a similar role in the personal relationships of both men and women and those representing different ethnicities and nationalities? Is what counts as effective, sensitive, emotional support the same for everyone? And when seeking to provide emotional support, do members of distinct social groups pursue similar or different goals? This article reviews and synthesizes empirical research assessing gender, ethnic, and cultural differences in emotional support in the effort to ascertain the extent and import of these differences. Particular attention is given to demographic differences in (a) the value placed on the emotional support skills of relationship partners, (b) the intentions or goals viewed as especially relevant in emotional support situations, and (c) the evaluation of distinct approaches to providing emotional support. Theoretical, methodological, and practical implications of the findings are explored.
Self‐Defined Retirement Status and Engagement in Paid Work among Older Working‐Age Women: Comparison between Childless Women and Mothers
Authors: Choi Namkee G.
Published: March 2003

Utilizing data from the 1992–1994 Health and Retirement Study (HRS), this paper examines the question of whether three groups of older working‐age women—childless women, mothers with at least one child at home or temporarily away at school, and mothers with all their children living away from home—were different or similar in their likelihood of retirement and their actual work status. The results show that the childless group and the child‐not‐at‐home group were more likely than the child‐at‐home group to define themselves as retired, although the three groups were equally likely to engage in paid work activities. Both early childbearing history and ongoing parental financial obligations appear to influence women’s willingness to assume a retiree versus a nonretiree status. The findings may reflect an emerging trend of retirement being a status symbol rather than a marker of complete cessation from the world of work.
The Impact of Childhood Sexual Abuse on Later Sexual Victimization among Runaway Youth
Authors: Tyler Kimberly A. , Hoyt Dan R. , Whitbeck Les B. , Cauce Ana Mari
Published: March 2003

Path analysis was used to investigate the impact of childhood sexual abuse on later sexual victimization among 372 homeless and runaway youth in Seattle. Young people were interviewed directly on the streets and in shelters by outreach workers in youth service agencies. High rates of both childhood sexual abuse and street sexual victimization were reported, with females experiencing much greater rates compared with their male counterparts. Early sexual abuse in the home increased the likelihood of later sexual victimization on the streets indirectly by increasing the amount of time at risk, deviant peer affiliations, participating in deviant subsistence strategies, and engaging in survival sex. These findings suggest that exposure to dysfunctional and disorganized homes place youth on trajectories for early independence. Subsequently, street life and participation in high‐risk behaviors increases their probability of sexual victimization.
African American Adolescent Girls in Impoverished Communities: Parenting Style and Adolescent Outcomes
Authors: Pittman Laura D. , Chase‐Lansdale P. Lindsay
Published: March 2003

The relationship between parenting style and adolescent functioning was examined in a sample of 302 African American adolescent girls and their mothers who lived in impoverished neighborhoods. Although previous research has found that authoritative parenting, as compared with authoritarian, permissive, and disengaged parenting, is associated with positive adolescent outcomes in both European American, middle‐class and large multiethnic school‐based samples, these parenting categories have not been fully explored in African American families living at or near poverty level. Data were collected from adolescent girls and their self‐identified mothers or mother figures using in‐home interviews and self‐administered questionnaires. Parenting style was found to be significantly related to adolescent outcome in multiple domains including externalizing and internalizing behaviors, academic achievement, work orientation, sexual experience, and pregnancy history. Specifically, teens whose mothers were disengaged (low on both parental warmth and supervision/monitoring) were found to have the most negative outcomes.
Childhood Developmental Risk for Teen Childbearing in Britain
Authors: Russell Stephen T.
Published: March 2003

Adolescence is often assumed to be the most important period of life for understanding teen childbearing risk. Developmental perspectives challenge that assumption, offering the possibility that early childhood characteristics may have unique and lasting effects on the risk for teen childbearing. This study examined family life risk factors (socioeconomic status, family stress, and parental involvement in education) and how their effects on teen childbearing risk varied, depending on the childhood age at which they were experienced. Prospective life history data from the National Child Development Study of Great Britain were used to study a birth cohort of 4,928 British women, 15.3% of who became pregnant as teens. This study demonstrated that data from early childhood significantly contribute to the understanding of teen childbearing risk.
QALYs Versus WTP
Authors: Hammitt James K.
Published: March 2003

Quality adjusted life years (QALYs) and willingness to pay (WTP) are alternative measures of the value of reductions in health risk that are often used in evaluating environmental, health, and safety practices. Although both methods are based on individual preferences, the underlying assumptions differ. The different bases yield systematically different conclusions about the relative value of reducing health and mortality risks to individuals that differ in age, preexisting health conditions, income, and other factors. The choice of which method to use depends on judgments about what constraints should be placed on individual preferences and what factors should be considered in aggregating preferences across people.
Integrating Risk Assessment and Life Cycle Assessment: A Case Study of Insulation
Authors: Nishioka Yurika , Levy Jonathan I. , Norris Gregory A. , Wilson Andrew , Hofstetter Patrick , Spengler John D.
Published: March 2003

Increasing residential insulation can decrease energy consumption and provide public health benefits, given changes in emissions from fuel combustion, but also has cost implications and ancillary risks and benefits. Risk assessment or life cycle assessment can be used to calculate the net impacts and determine whether more stringent energy codes or other conservation policies would be warranted, but few analyses have combined the critical elements of both methodologies. In this article, we present the first portion of a combined analysis, with the goal of estimating the net public health impacts of increasing residential insulation for new housing from current practice to the latest International Energy Conservation Code (IECC 2000). We model state‐by‐state residential energy savings and evaluate particulate matter less than 2.5 μm in diameter (PM2.5, NOx, and SO2 emission reductions. We use past dispersion modeling results to estimate reductions in exposure, and we apply concentration‐response functions for premature mortality and selected morbidity outcomes using current epidemiological knowledge of effects of PM2.5 (primary and secondary). We find that an insulation policy shift would save 3 × 1014 British thermal units or BTU (3 × 1017 J) over a 10‐year period, resulting in reduced emissions of 1,000 tons of PM2.5, 30,000 tons of NOx, and 40,000 tons of SO2. These emission reductions yield an estimated 60 fewer fatalities during this period, with the geographic distribution of health benefits differing from the distribution of energy savings because of differences in energy sources, population patterns, and meteorology. We discuss the methodology to be used to integrate life cycle calculations, which can ultimately yield estimates that can be compared with costs to determine the influence of external costs on benefit‐cost calculations.
The Cost of Pension Insurance
Authors: Boyce Steven , Ippolito Richard A.
Published: March 2003

This article estimates the cost of the federal pension insurance program. Pension insurance claims have an important market‐risk component, which means that the cost of the exposure cannot be estimated by discounting future claims by the risk‐free rate. Moreover, owing to the complexity of the insurance contract, its price cannot be estimated with known options formulas without introducing an error of nonquantifiable magnitude. To circumvent these problems, we model the insurance program in its full complexity and use a Monte Carlo method. By hedging the exposure with a dynamic premium policy that offloads the market risk to the insureds, one can calculate the risk‐free, or actuarial, cost of that policy. One can also characterize the nature of the subsidy and its structure across insured plans. Finally, we provide an estimate of the implicit cost of the hedge function that taxpayers currently are providing for zero remuneration. The model shows that simple contingent claims models of pension insurance result in a price that is about triple the true market cost of the insurance, and that pension insurance models that ignore market risk understate the cost by half. The solution demonstrates the broad characteristics that might characterize a credible private‐sector version of pension insurance.
Negotiating Violence Prevention
Authors: Daiute Colette , Stern Rebecca , Lelutiu‐Weinberger Corina
Published: March 2003

Evaluation research typically treats standards of violence prevention programs, like other curricula, as unquestioned values of a good society, while identifying youth as the problem to be solved. This article explains how the evaluative gaze can, in contrast, be critically fixed on the interpretations of various stake holders in the violence prevention enterprise, including curriculum authors, teachers, and youth, whose social values are often under‐represented. In the context of a year‐long literacy‐based violence prevention curriculum focusing on racial and ethnic discrimination in 3rdand 5thgrade urban classrooms, 5 teachers, their classes, and 36 individual students from these classes expressed contradictory and conforming values, suggesting to us the need to invite negotiation of social values as part of democratic education.
E‐Research: Ethics, Security, Design, and Control in Psychological Research on the Internet
Authors: Nosek Brian A. , Banaji Mahzarin R. , Greenwald Anthony G.
Published: March 2003

Differences between traditional laboratory research and Internet‐based research require a review of basic issues of research methodology. These differences have implications for research ethics (e.g., absence of researcher, potential exposure of confidential data and/or identity to a third party, guaranteed debriefing) and security (e.g., confidentiality and anonymity, security of data transmission, security of data storage, and tracking participants over time). We also review basic design issues a researcher should consider before implementing an Internet study, including the problem of participant self‐selection and loss of experimental control on the Internet laboratory. An additional challenge for Internet‐based research is the increased opportunity for participant misbehavior, intentional or otherwise. We discuss methods to detect and minimize these threats to the validity of Internet‐based research.
Understanding the Harm of Hate Crime
Authors: Boeckmann Robert J. , Turpin‐Petrosino Carolyn
Published: March 2003

This article provides an overview of the context and content of this issue devoted to hate crime. Working definitions of hate crime and hate speech are situated within the broader context of intergroup relations, prejudice, aggression, and law and social policy. Theory and research from social psychology, criminology, and legal studies are utilized to describe this context. We present summaries of the multidisciplinary contributions to this issue and note how these articles emphasize the origins of hate crime, the harm that it creates, and victims’ and society’s response to hate crime. They also highlight tensions between the First and Fourteenth Amendments of the U.S. Constitution. Finally, we note the interrelationships among these contributions and discuss the policy implications that arise from their analyses.
Hate Speech and Constitutional Protection: Priming Values of Equality and Freedom
Authors: Cowan Gloria , Resendez Miriam , Marshall Elizabeth , Quist Ryan
Published: March 2003

Freedom of speech and equality are two basic values in American culture that cause a value conflict with regard to hate speech. This study examined the effects of priming of values of freedom of speech and equal protection (equality) on perceptions of and attitudes toward hate speech and value prioritization. Data were collected from 159 college students. Priming of freedom of speech directed participants’ attitudes and values toward advocating freedom of speech, whereas priming for equal protection directed attitudes and values toward the harm of hate speech. Participants primed for free speech viewed hate speech (introduced via scenarios) as less harmful and the speaker as less accountable than those primed for the harm of hate speech and a control group.
Victim Experiences in Hate Crimes Based on Sexual Orientation
Authors: Herek Gregory M. , Cogan Jeanine C. , Gillis J. Roy
Published: March 2003

Using interview data from a convenience sample of 450 lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults, the varieties of victim experiences in hate crimes based on sexual orientation are described. Most crimes were perpetrated in public settings by one or more strangers, but victimization also occurred in other locales, and perpetrators included neighbors, coworkers, and relatives. In deciding whether a crime was based on their sexual orientation, victims tended to rely primarily on contextual cues and perpetrators’ explicit statements. Victims’ concerns about police bias and public disclosure of their sexual orientation were important factors in deciding whether to report antigay crimes, as were beliefs about the crime’s severity and the likelihood that perpetrators would be punished.
Successful Aging in the Australian Longitudinal Study of Aging: Applying the MacArthur Model Cross–Nationally
Authors: Andrews Gary , Clark Michael , Luszcz Mary
Published: March 2003

Wide variation in the experience of aging is increasingly recognized and models for identifying groups based on how “successfully” individuals are aging have taken many forms. This study used the criteria developed in the MacArthur studies on successful aging to identify subgroups with higher, intermediate, or lower levels of function, and to compare them across a range of other domains. Data were drawn from the Australian Longitudinal Study of Aging (ALSA) in Adelaide, Australia, which is a population–based, bio–psycho–social study of a cohort of 1947 adults aged 70 years or more. Six waves have been conducted, between 1992 and 2000. At waves 1 and 3, an extensive personal interview and self–complete questionnaires were administered and objective physical and psychological functioning assessed. Eight–year mortality was also examined. Results showed risk and protective effects of successful aging for physical functioning and performance, lifestyle, cognition, affect, and personality. The findings confirm that people age with differing degrees of success and those aging most successfully not only live longer, but also experience a better quality of life. The MacArthur model proved useful for this cross–national comparison of determinants and outcomes of “successful” aging.
Conceptual and Methodological Linkages in Cross–Cultural Groups and Cross–National Aging Research
Authors: Jackson James S.
Published: March 2003

The international growth and the expected size of older populations require effective research strategies in life–course development and aging research across the globe. New conceptual frameworks and empirical research approaches are needed that are sensitive to similarities and differences in aging related processes across national, ethnic, and cultural group boundaries. These models and research approaches should contribute to distinguishing “aging–in–place–of–origin” from “aging–out–of–place–of–origin,” and the influences of such factors as nationality, culturally affected behaviors, acculturation and intra–familial processes, on intra– and cross–country comparisons of aging related phenomena. Brief examples of how these new frameworks can be applied in addressing both theoretical and practical service issues are drawn from the aging research foci of the articles in this issue.