bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Emotional dysfunction in schizophrenia spectrum psychosis: the role of illness perceptions
Authors: WATSON P. W. B. , GARETY P. A. , WEINMAN J. , DUNN G. , BEBBINGTON P. E. , FOWLER D. , FREEMAN D. , KUIPERS E.
Published: March 2006

Background. Assessing illness perceptions has been useful in a range of medical disorders. This study of people with a recent relapse of their psychosis examines the relationship between illness perception, their emotional responses and their attitudes to medication.

Method. One hundred patients diagnosed with a non-affective psychotic disorder were assessed within 3 months of relapse. Measures included insight, self-reported illness perceptions, medication adherence, depression, self-esteem and anxiety.

Results. Illness perceptions about psychosis explained 46, 36 and 34% of the variance in depression, anxiety and self-esteem respectively. However, self-reported medication adherence was more strongly associated with a measure of insight.

Conclusions. Negative illness perceptions in psychosis are clearly related to depression, anxiety and self-esteem. These in turn have been linked to symptom maintenance and recurrence. Clinical interventions that foster appraisals of recovery rather than of chronicity and severity may therefore improve emotional well-being in people with psychosis. It might be better to address adherence to medication through direct attempts at helping them understand their need for treatment.
The Credibility and Acceptability of Befriending as a Control Therapy in a Randomized Controlled Trial of Cognitive Behaviour Therapy for Acute First Episode Psychosis
Authors: Bendall Sarah , Jackson Henry J. , Killackey Eoin , Allott Kelly , Johnson Tracy , Harrigan Susan , Gleeson John , McGorry Patrick D.
Published: March 2006

There is increasing evidence that cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is efficacious in treating psychosis. However, very little attention has been paid to the nature of the control treatments used in studies of this. Befriending has been used as a control treatment in several randomized control trials (RCTs) of CBT for psychosis as it is simple to learn and administer. The aim of the present study was to examine whether Befriending controlled for important non-specific aspects of therapy when compared to CBT in a RCT for acute first episode psychosis (FEP). These non-specific factors included time in, expectancy created by, and acceptability of therapy. Expectations and enjoyment of therapy were measured by questionnaire. Time in therapy and the number of drop-outs were also recorded. Results showed that Befriending was comparable to CBT on measures of expectancy, enjoyment of therapy and drop-out rate, but significantly different with regard to time in therapy. This suggests that Befriending is a credible and acceptable control therapy for FEP with modification to increase time in therapy sessions. Methodological issues are raised, and suggestions for future research are made regarding control treatments.
Thinker-tinkers, race and the archaeological critique of modernity
Authors: Lee Dawdy Shannon
Published: March 2006

A new sub-field in the archaeology of race has been emerging among historical archaeologists based in the US and South Africa. A review of this literature, put into play with some thoughts from Ralph Ellison and Franz Fanon, provides several ‘object lessons’ about the state of archaeological theory and practice, and the difficulties inherent in framing a material study of race. The literature exemplifies how archaeology is fast becoming an anachronistic critique of modernity that may hinder our ability to see difference in the past. At the same time, a brave new project of comparison might position us to contribute a unique perspective on the spiral of history.
Biofouling: an historic and contemporary review of its causes, consequences and control in drinking water distribution systems
Authors: Bachmann R. T. , Edyvean R. G. J.
Published: March 2006

Biofouling in water distribution systems has, arguably, affected our lives for more than 3500 years. It may be defined as the undesirable accumulation of biotic matter on a surface, which can cause odour and taste problems, the deterioration of pipe materials and fittings and result in the discoloration of water. Early efforts to combat these problems included the use of sedimentation tanks, disinfection by silver ionization and cleaning of the distribution network. At the turn of the nineteenth century, rapid sand filtration and water disinfection became widely used and helped to reduce the organic and bacterial load in drinking water. A better understanding of the role and causes of biofouling in water distribution systems resulted in various legislations, which in turn have been a driving factor for improving or developing new water treatment methods, pipe materials, analytical techniques, etc. However, increasing requirements on water quality in the late twentieth century made water treatment and specific anti-corrosion and/or microbial control regimens insufficient as a means of solving the transportation problem owing to the heterogeneity of pipe materials and contamination from outside the distribution system. Furthermore, as drinking water passes through the mains it undergoes a series of quality changes owing to interactions with the pipe walls, bacteria and the sediment phase.

This review emphasizes the extent to which biofouling depends on interactions between microorganisms and (1) nutrients, (2) environmental conditions (temperature), (3) physicochemical processes (sedimentation, corrosion, disinfection) and (4) pipe material. A good knowledge of these complex interactions is necessary for implementing a successful biofouling control strategy.
Successful or Friendly? Inferring Achievement and Relational Competence from Individualist and Collectivist Attitudes
Authors: Green Eva G. T.
Published: March 2006

Two experiments investigated to what extent different types of individualist and collectivist attitudes are perceived as leading to achievement and relational competence. In Study 1, the degree of unique (horizontal individualism) and competitive (vertical individualism) attitudes of a fictitious target person were manipulated, whereas in Study 2 interdependent (horizontal collectivism) and group-dependent (vertical collectivism) attitudes were varied. The results showed that both horizontal individualism and collectivism were perceived as leading to achievement and relational competence. In turn, vertical individualism led to achievement, whereas vertical collectivism was perceived as inducing only modest relational competence and achievement. Overall, the findings demonstrate that horizontal attitudes were considered functional for a wider range of social outcomes than vertical attitudes.
Smokers’ (Dis)satisfaction, Persuasive Constraint, and Influence of Expert and Non-Expert Sources
Authors: Falomir-Pichastor Juan M. , Mugny Gabriel , Invernizzi Federica
Published: March 2006

The present research tested the hypothesis that an internal motivation to change is elaborated as an external constraint and is less predictive of change when the source is expert than when it is non-expert. In two studies, smokers were categorized as either dissatisfied or moderately satisfied according to their degree of dissatisfaction with their image as smokers (i.e., internal motivation to change). They were then exposed to an antismoking argument attributed either to an expert or to a non-expert source. Compared to moderately satisfied smokers, dissatisfied smokers perceived the source as making less effort to convince them (Study 1, N = 43), and as being less disrespectful (Study 2, N = 81), but this pattern was significant only for the non-expert source. Study 2 also showed that experts had more influence on intention to quit smoking among moderately satisfied smokers, whereas non-experts had more influence among dissatisfied smokers.
Influence of a dam on fine‐sediment storage in a canyon river
Authors: Hazel Joseph E. , Topping David J. , Schmidt John C. , Kaplinski Matt
Published: March 2006

Glen Canyon Dam has caused a fundamental change in the distribution of fine sediment storage in the 99‐km reach of the Colorado River in Marble Canyon, Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona. The two major storage sites for fine sediment (i.e., sand and finer material) in this canyon river are lateral recirculation eddies and the main‐channel bed. We use a combination of methods, including direct measurement of sediment storage change, measurements of sediment flux, and comparison of the grain size of sediment found in different storage sites relative to the supply and that in transport, in order to evaluate the change in both the volume and location of sediment storage. The analysis shows that the bed of the main channel was an important storage environment for fine sediment in the predam era. In years of large seasonal accumulation, approximately 50% of the fine sediment supplied to the reach from upstream sources was stored on the main‐channel bed. In contrast, sediment budgets constructed for two short‐duration, high experimental releases from Glen Canyon Dam indicate that approximately 90% of the sediment discharge from the reach during each release was derived from eddy storage, rather than from sandy deposits on the main‐channel bed. These results indicate that the majority of the fine sediment in Marble Canyon is now stored in eddies, even though they occupy a small percentage (∼17%) of the total river area. Because of a 95% reduction in the supply of fine sediment to Marble Canyon, future high releases without significant input of tributary sediment will potentially erode sediment from long‐term eddy storage, resulting in continued degradation in Marble Canyon.
Mo–total organic carbon covariation in modern anoxic marine environments: Implications for analysis of paleoredox and paleohydrographic conditions
Authors: Algeo Thomas J. , Lyons Timothy W.
Published: March 2006

Sedimentary molybdenum, [Mo]s, has been widely used as a proxy for benthic redox potential owing to its generally strong enrichment in organic‐rich marine facies deposited under oxygen‐depleted conditions. A detailed analysis of [Mo]s–total organic carbon (TOC) covariation in modern anoxic marine environments and its relationship to ambient water chemistry suggests that (1) [Mo]s, while useful in distinguishing oxic from anoxic facies, is not related in a simple manner to dissolved sulfide concentrations within euxinic environments and (2) patterns of [Mo]s‐TOC covariation can provide information about paleohydrographic conditions, especially the degree of restriction of the subchemoclinal water mass and temporal changes thereof related to deepwater renewal. These inferences are based on data from four anoxic silled basins (the Black Sea, Framvaren Fjord, Cariaco Basin, and Saanich Inlet) and one upwelling zone (the Namibian Shelf), representing a spectrum of aqueous chemical conditions related to water mass restriction. In the silled‐basin environments, increasing restriction is correlated with a systematic decrease in [Mo]s/TOC ratios, from ∼45 ± 5 for Saanich Inlet to ∼4.5 ± 1 for the Black Sea. This variation reflects control of [Mo]s by [Mo]aq, which becomes depleted in stagnant basins through removal to the sediment without adequate resupply by deepwater renewal (the “basin reservoir effect”). The temporal dynamics of this process are revealed by high‐resolution chemostratigraphic data from Framvaren Fjord and Cariaco Basin sediment cores, which exhibit long‐term trends toward lower [Mo]s/TOC ratios following development of water column stratification and deepwater anoxia. Mo burial fluxes peak in weakly sulfidic environments such as Saanich Inlet (owing to a combination of greater [Mo]aq availability and enhanced Mo transport to the sediment‐water interface via Fe‐Mn redox cycling) and are lower in strongly sulfidic environments such as the Black Sea and Framvaren Fjord. These observations demonstrate that, at timescales associated with deepwater renewal in anoxic silled basins, decreased sedimentary Mo concentrations and burial fluxes are associated with lower benthic redox potentials (i.e., more sulfidic conditions). These conclusions apply only to anoxic marine environments exhibiting some degree of water mass restriction (e.g., silled basins) and are not valid for low‐oxygen facies in open marine settings such as continent‐margin upwelling systems.
Spatial and temporal distribution of a C‐like asthenospheric component in the Rano Rahi Seamount Field, East Pacific Rise, 15°–19°S
Authors: Hall L. S. , Mahoney J. J. , Sinton J. M. , Duncan R. A.
Published: March 2006

Lavas of the Rano Rahi seamount field define a Nd‐Pb‐Sr isotopic array that connects, and substantially overlaps, the arrays of the nearby East Pacific Rise axis and 5.6–28 Ma lavas of the Pukapuka ridge system, situated between the seamount field and French Polynesia. Dating of Rano Rahi samples by 40Ar‐39Ar incremental heating methods yields ages between 0.23 and 4.67 Ma. Most of the dated lavas were erupted within 60 km of the axis, and no systematic isotopic variation with age is observed. The isotopic and incompatible element data indicate a persistent two‐component mantle source comprising variable proportions of normal Pacific ocean‐ridge‐type mantle and a “C”‐like Pukapuka end‐member with lower ɛNd, higher 87Sr/86Sr and 206Pb/204Pb, and relative enrichment in the highly incompatible elements. The Rano Rahi data reveal peaks of low ɛNd, high 87Sr/86Sr, and high 206Pb/204Pb at about 16°–17°S and 18.5°–19°S that appear to correspond to two concentrations of C‐rich mantle, probably streaming eastward from French Polynesia. The northern stream may have reached the axis more recently and/or be less continuous than the southern stream.
Long‐term volumetric eruption rates and magma budgets
Authors: White Scott M. , Crisp Joy A. , Spera Frank J.
Published: March 2006

A global compilation of 170 time‐averaged volumetric volcanic output rates (Qe) is evaluated in terms of composition and petrotectonic setting to advance the understanding of long‐term rates of magma generation and eruption on Earth. Repose periods between successive eruptions at a given site and intrusive:extrusive ratios were compiled for selected volcanic centers where long‐term (>104 years) data were available. More silicic compositions, rhyolites and andesites, have a more limited range of eruption rates than basalts. Even when high Qe values contributed by flood basalts (9 ± 2 × 10−1 km3/yr) are removed, there is a trend in decreasing average Qe with lava composition from basaltic eruptions (2.6 ± 1.0 × 10−2 km3/yr) to andesites (2.3 ± 0.8 × 10−3 km3/yr) and rhyolites (4.0 ± 1.4 × 10−3 km3/yr). This trend is also seen in the difference between oceanic and continental settings, as eruptions on oceanic crust tend to be predominately basaltic. All of the volcanoes occurring in oceanic settings fail to have statistically different mean Qe and have an overall average of 2.8 ± 0.4 × 10−2 km3/yr, excluding flood basalts. Likewise, all of the volcanoes on continental crust also fail to have statistically different mean Qe and have an overall average of 4.4 ± 0.8 × 10−3 km3/yr. Flood basalts also form a distinctive class with an average Qe nearly two orders of magnitude higher than any other class. However, we have found no systematic evidence linking increased intrusive:extrusive ratios with lower volcanic rates. A simple heat balance analysis suggests that the preponderance of volcanic systems must be open magmatic systems with respect to heat and matter transport in order to maintain eruptible magma at shallow depth throughout the observed lifetime of the volcano. The empirical upper limit of ∼10−2 km3/yr for magma eruption rate in systems with relatively high intrusive:extrusive ratios may be a consequence of the fundamental parameters governing rates of melt generation (e.g., subsolidus isentropic decompression, hydration due to slab dehydration and heat transfer between underplated magma and the overlying crust) in the Earth.
Postglacial climate reconstruction based on compound‐specific D/H ratios of fatty acids from Blood Pond, New England
Authors: Hou Juzhi , Huang Yongsong , Wang Yi , Shuman Bryan , Oswald W. Wyatt , Faison Edward , Foster David R.
Published: March 2006

We determined hydrogen isotope ratios of individual fatty acids in a sediment core from Blood Pond, Massachusetts, USA, in order to reconstruct climate changes during the past 15 kyr. In addition to palmitic acid (C16n‐acid), which has been shown to record lake water D/H ratios, our surface sediments and down core data indicate that behenic acid (C22n‐acid), produced mainly by aquatic macrophytes, is also effective for capturing past environmental change. Calibration using surface sediments from two transects across eastern North America indicates that behenic acid records δD variation of lake water. Down core variations in δD values of behenic acid and pollen taxa are consistent with the known climate change history of New England. By evaluating the hypothesis that D/H fractionations of long chain even numbered fatty acids (C24‐C32n‐acids) relative to lake water provide independent estimates of relative humidity during the growing season, we find that differences between lake‐level records and isotopically inferred humidity estimates may provide useful insight into seasonal aspects of the hydrologic cycle. Combined analyses of D/H of short and long chain fatty acids from lake sediment cores thus allow reconstructions of both past temperature and growing season relative humidity. Comparison of δD records from two lakes in New England provides critical information on regional climate variation and abrupt climate change, such as the 8.2 ka event.
Trends and rhythms in global seafloor generation rate
Authors: Cogné Jean‐Pascal , Humler Eric
Published: March 2006

The primary purpose of this paper is to investigate the spreading and production rates of oceanic ridges for the last 180 Myr, based on the detailed analysis of eight oceanic units (North, Central, and South Atlantic basins, Southwest, Central, and Southeast Indian Ridge systems, Somalia basin, and the Pacific plate) and using the most recent timescale for oceanic isochrons. The global study of oceanic ridges presented here shows that (1) the average rate of spreading, which we computed by weighting the rates obtained at each basin by the relevant ridge lengths, is constant since ∼125 Ma at 53.4 ± 5.9 mm yr−1 (full rate), (2) the average surface production rate is 2.7 ± 0.2 km2 yr−1, and (3) the minimum oceanic crust production in volume, or flux, is 18.7 ± 2.9 km3 yr−1. These estimations are in close agreement (within ±10%) with other studies. However, the new results emerging from this analysis are the following: (1) The Cretaceous flux rates (in volume) might be only 10% higher than today over a short period of time (125–100 Myr). (2) The “pulse” of ocean crustal production (120–80 Ma) in the world total is predominantly the result of contributions from mantle temperature and oceanic plateaus but is not linked to the global spreading rate of oceanic ridges, as generally accepted. (3) The rates presented here differ from previously published models for the Cenozoic and show a general increasing trend in the last 50 Myr. (4) We finally suggest a possible ∼25 Myr pseudo‐periodicity of the oceanic production rate (in surface and in volume) at least during the last 75–80 Myr. These data could have a profound impact on a vast number of models including sea‐level changes and more generally on the chemical mass balance between ocean and continent, which is known to be a key parameter in the history of the Earth's climate and ocean chemistry.
3‐D modelling the electric field due to ocean tidal flow and comparison with observations
Authors: Kuvshinov Alexei , Junge Andreas , Utada Hisashi
Published: March 2006

The tidal motion of the ocean water through the ambient magnetic field, generates secondary electric field. This motionally induced electric field can be detected in the sea or inland and has a potential for electrical soundings of the Earth. A first goal of the paper is to gain an understanding of the global distribution of the electric signal due to tidal ocean flow. We simulate the electric signals for two tidal constituents ‐ lunar semidiurnal (M2) and diurnal (O1) tides. We assume a realistic Earth's conductivity model with a surface thin shell and 1‐D mantle underneath. Simulations demonstrate that in some coastal regions the amplitudes of the electric field can reach 100 mV/km and 10 mV/km for M2 and O1 tides respectively. The changes of lithosphere resistance produce detectable changes in the tidal electric signals. We show that our predictions are in a good agreement with observations.
An improved algorithm for atmospheric wind retrievals from satellite soundings over the polar regions
Authors: Zheng Weizhong , Zou Cheng‐Zhi
Published: March 2006

In this study, an improved algorithm to retrieve atmospheric winds from satellite temperature soundings over the polar region is developed. The algorithm utilizes a thermal wind relationship plus a planetary boundary layer parameterization to represent the basic atmospheric dynamics over the polar regions. With given temperature profiles, a first‐guess wind profile is derived from the basic dynamics. Lagrange multipliers in a variational formalism are then used to force the first‐guess wind to conserve mass. To estimate the algorithm accuracy, wind retrievals based on temperature profiles from the Global Data Assimilation System (GDAS) are compared with the wind observations from 13 radiosonde stations around the Antarctic coast. The results demonstrate that the wind retrievals exhibit mean absolute errors about 1 m sec−1 for the 13 stations in the troposphere and the root‐mean‐square errors are greater than the GDAS assimilated winds by about 0.5 m sec−1.
Atlantic meridional overturning and climate response to Arctic Ocean freshening
Authors: Peltier W. R. , Vettoretti G. , Stastna M.
Published: March 2006

The global deglaciation event that followed Last Glacial Maximum was punctuated by a sequence of rapid climate changes. This began with the Laurentide Ice Sheet derived calving event called Heinrich Event 1, continued with the Bølling‐Allerød warming that occurred synchronously with meltwater pulse 1a, and was in turn followed by the Younger‐Dryas abrupt return to cold conditions. Although it has long been believed that these events are consequences of the response of Atlantic meridional overturning circulation to freshwater inputs, it has always been assumed that these inputs were applied directly to the Atlantic Ocean itself. We address the question of how the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation would have responded to the recently hypothesized addition of freshwater into the Arctic Ocean at the time of onset of the Younger‐Dryas, and thereby demonstrate that this response is essentially identical to the response to North Atlantic freshening.
Inferred bimodality in the distribution of soil moisture at Big Meadows, Shenandoah National Park, Virginia
Authors: Lee Temple R. , Hornberger George M.
Published: March 2006

Recent work has shown that distinct steady‐state modes of soil moisture frequency can occur resulting in soils being preferentially in either dry states or wet states. Bimodal distributions of summer soil moisture can be due to precipitation feedback, to variations in climate from early summer to late summer, or to interannual rainfall variability. We examined the frequency distribution in the Palmer Drought Severity Index at Big Meadows, which is a relatively flat, open area in the Blue Ridge Mountains of Virginia. We found that a pronounced bimodality exists not only during the summer months, but also during the remainder of the year. Furthermore, our analyses show that the bimodality in the distribution exists for the month of August alone, suggesting that there are intrinsically dry states and wet states and that the bimodality is not merely a result of climate differences from early to late summer.
Influence of seabed slope and Coriolis effects on the development of sandbanks near headlands
Authors: Jones O. P. , Simons R. R. , Jones E. J. W. , Harris J. M.
Published: March 2006

The mechanism responsible for asymmetric sediment accretion around an idealized, symmetrical headland is clearly the Coriolis force. What is not evident, however, is how the Coriolis force manifests itself in the headland dynamics to promote asymmetric depositional patterns. In this study, patterns of scour and accretion, topographic and advective vorticity, bed load, and suspended load transport pathways around a theoretical coastal headland are examined. Previous studies have emphasized the contribution of the Coriolis force to a secondary flow mechanism, “tidal stirring.” This investigation provides evidence to suggest that secondary flow dynamics are not significant in sandbank generation associated with headlands. It further demonstrates the direct contribution of the Coriolis force in reinforcing inertial terms, near‐headland scour, and asymmetric accretion. Examination of the vorticity balance throughout the simulations reveals that high levels of slope‐induced topographic vorticity act in direct opposition to advective vorticity near a headland tip. It is also demonstrated that the Coriolis force manifests itself in the production of vorticity. This has been used in the investigation as a means of detecting the sensitivity of the flow to the Coriolis force. In regimes where advective and topographic vorticity production is very similar (flat bed cases), it is found that bed evolution is more sensitive to the Coriolis force. In regimes where topographic vorticity clearly dominates the vorticity balance (in seabed slope case), the influence of the Coriolis force becomes less important.
A simplified energy and mixing budget for a small river plume discharge
Authors: Pritchard Mark , Huntley David A.
Published: March 2006

The formation and evolution of a tidally modulated river plume that spreads and mixes into English Channel waters is investigated by combining results from two observational studies. Remote sensing imagery showed a near‐semicircular plume expansion as its diameter increased linearly during the ebb tide. Subsequent ship surveys made repeated transects across the plume front and showed that regions of mixing and instability (Froude numbers > 1) were confined to horizontal length scales <10 m in the region of the bounding plume front. These observations were used to compute the rate of frontal mixing energy, and results were compared to the rate of buoyancy energy input and the mixing rate over the plume area due to wind and tidal flows. Analysis showed mixing at the front, although spatially confined and subject to considerable variability, was the dominant dispersion process. On the basis of these results, a simple continuity model was developed where the ratio of frontal mixing rate to buoyancy input rate, fb, was estimated for the early stages of plume formation only on the basis of given values of freshwater input and the estuarine tidal prism. During the field experiments, fb ≈ 0.44 and suggested that the initial frontal mixing rate was much smaller than the buoyancy input rate, consistent with the formation of a well‐defined plume. However, on the basis of river flow statistics, for 65% of the time during spring tidal conditions, the run‐off rates are small enough for fb > 1, suggesting that a plume cannot form.
Involvement of Rho kinase and protein kinase C in carbachol‐induced calcium sensitization in β‐escin skinned rat and guinea‐pig bladders
Authors: Durlu‐Kandilci N Tugba , Brading Alison F
Published: March 2006

The signal transduction pathways involved in carbachol (CCh)‐induced calcium sensitization in β‐escin permeabilized rat and guinea‐pig bladder smooth muscles were investigated and the results were compared with guinea‐pig taenia caecum.

Calcium contractions elicited cumulatively (pCa 7.5–5) in the presence of calmodulin were significantly increased in all three tissues when CCh (50 μM) was added to the medium.

Under constant [Ca2+]i conditions (pCa 6), calmodulin (1 μM) and then GTP (100 μM) initiated significant contractions. CCh (50 μM) added to the bath caused a further contraction in all three tissues – calcium sensitization. This sensitization was significantly inhibited by atropine (50 μM).

The incubation of the tissues with the IP3‐receptor blocker 2‐APB (30 μM) reduced the subsequent development of calcium sensitization by CCh in rat bladder but did not affect it in guinea‐pig bladder and taenia ceacum.

The Rho kinase (ROK) inhibitor Y‐27632 (5 μM) added in the presence of CCh reversed the calcium sensitization in rat bladder, whereas a transient contraction followed by a relaxation to a level not significantly different from the CCh contraction was seen in both guinea‐pig bladder and taenia caecum. Y‐27632 (1 μM) continuously present significantly inhibited the CCh‐induced Ca2+ sensitization in rat bladder but not in guinea‐pig bladder or taenia caecum.

In the presence of cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) (1 μM) and calmodulin (1 μM), Y‐27632 (5 μM) did not change the calcium response curve (3 × 10−7–10−5 M) in rat bladder but increased the contractile responses significantly in both guinea‐pig bladder and taenia caecum.

The protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor GF 109203X (5 μM) added in the presence of CCh inhibited the calcium sensitization induced by this muscarinic agonist in all three tissues in different ratios.

In conclusion, muscarinic receptor activation induces calcium sensitization in rat and guinea‐pig detrusor smooth muscles but there are differences in their pathways.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2006) 148, 376–384. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706723
S‐nitrosylation of cysteine 289 of the AT1receptor decreases its binding affinity for angiotensin II
Authors: Leclerc Patrice C , Lanctot Pascal M , Auger‐Messier Mannix , Escher Emanuel , Leduc Richard , Guillemette Gaetan
Published: March 2006

Nitric oxide (NO) is known to affect the properties of various proteinsviatheS‐nitrosylation of cysteine residues. This study evaluated the direct effects of the NO donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP) on the pharmacological properties of the AT1receptor for angiotensin II expressed in HEK‐293 cells.

SNP dose‐dependently decreased the binding affinity of the AT1receptor without affecting its total binding capacity. This modulatory effect was reversed within 5 min of removing SNP.

The effect of SNP was not modified in the presence of the G protein uncoupling agent GTPγS or the soluble guanylyl cyclase inhibitor 1H‐[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3‐a]quinoxalin‐1‐one.

The binding properties of a mutant AT1receptor in which all five cysteine residues within the transmembrane domains had been replaced by serine was not affected by SNP. Systematic analysis of mutant AT1receptors revealed that cysteine 289 conferred the sensitivity to SNP.

These results suggest that NO decreased the binding affinity of the AT1receptor byS‐nitrosylation of cysteine 289. This modulatory mechanism may be particularly relevant in pathophysiological situations where the beneficial effects of NO oppose the deleterious effects of angiotensin II.

British Journal of Pharmacology(2006)148, 306–313. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706725
Efficiency and transit time studies performed with the electron cyclotron resonance ion source dedicated to the radioactive ion beam production at ISAC/TRIUMF
Authors: Jayamanna K. , Yuan D. , Ames F. , Bricault P. , Baartman R. , Hanemaayer V. , Laforge C. , Mitra A. , McDonald M. , McKinnon J. , Olivo M. , Schmor P.
Published: March 2006

An electron cyclotron resonance ion source was developed and installed for radioactive ion beam production from gaseous elements at ISAC/TRIUMF. A single mode resonator was used as the microwave cavity and a small quartz tube (70 times smaller than the cavity itself) was placed in it to define the plasma boundaries. The main design considerations were given to the transit time, reliability, and efficiency as well as radiation hardness to a dose rate of about 105Gy∕h. The transit time and the efficiency of the source for inert gases ranging from helium to xenon are presented. The technical and fundamental aspects of the source as well as the unique features due to the design constrains at the ISAC online terminal are also briefly discussed in this article.
Grain and grain-boundary critical currents in coated conductors with noncorrelating YBa2Cu3O7 and substrate grain-boundary networks
Authors: Palau A. , Puig T. , Obradors X. , Feenstra R. , Gapud A. A. , Specht E. D. , Feldmann D. M. , Holesinger T. G.
Published: March 2006

The superconducting grain-boundary (GB) network of coated conductors (CCs) is usually assumed to be a replica of the substrate network. In this letter, we analyze IBAD and RABITS CCs, where such replica either do or do not exist. We have analyzed the effect of GB overgrowth on the critical currents by quantifying the average superconducting grain size and determining the intragrain and grain-boundary critical current densities, JcG and JcGB. We have employed a recently developed inductive methodology enabling the simultaneous determination of these three parameters. We show that the percolative JcGB may be reduced by 50% if the GB networks do not correlate, while JcG and the grain pinning properties appear unaffected.
Radio frequency injection system for electron-cyclotron-resonance ion source in a hostile environment
Authors: Huet-Equilbec C. , Jardin P. , Saint Laurent M. G. , Barué C. , Canet C. , Cornell J. C. , Dubois M. , Dupuis M. , Eléon C. , Flambard J.-L. , Gaubert G. , Lecacheux P. , Lecesne N. , Lehérissier P. , Lemagnen F. , Leroy R. , Pacquet J. Y. , Penescu L.
Published: March 2006

In the framework of the Système de Production d’Ions Radioactifs Accéléres en Ligne Phase II (SPIRAL II) project, one of the ion sources which produce 1+ ions is an electron-cyclotron-resonance ion source (ECRIS). The source is installed in a region where the dose rate is such that the radiation hardness is very important for the materials used. Moreover, the proximity of the UCx target leads to additional constraints as potential surface pollution. A radiation-hard ECRIS has been designed, and the rf injection is under study. The results of rf injection with a wave guide and with an antenna will be presented. The performance obtained with both injection systems combined with the environmental constraints have led us to inject the rf using an antenna. The last point consists in designing a wave guide able to transport the rf through the shielding of the SPIRAL II plug. Design constraints, tests, and the current state of the project will be presented.
Generalized quantum Gaudin spin chains, involutive automorphisms and “twisted” classical r-matrices
Authors: Skrypnyk T.
Published: March 2006

Using automorphisms σ of finite-dimensional Lie algebras and classical skew-symmetric r-matrices we construct “twisted” nonskew symmetric r-matrices with the spectral parameters. Using them and results of our previous papers we construct new quantum spin chains that generalize famous Gaudin spin chains. We consider several examples of the twisted nonskew symmetric r-matrices and the corresponding Gaudin-type systems.
Dynamics of D2 released from the dissociation of D2O on a zirconium surface
Authors: Bussière G. , Musa M. , Norton P. R. , Griffiths K. , Brolo A. G. , Hepburn J. W.
Published: March 2006

Hydrogen is efficiently released during water dissociation on zirconium (Zr), while even very rapid temperature programed heating of a hydrogen covered Zr surface predominantly leads to dissolution (∼99% dissolution). To help resolve these apparently contradictory observations, we have studied the dynamics of water (D2O) dissociation on a crystalline Zr surface by probing the rotational and vibrational energy distributions of the D2 produced using resonant enhanced multiphoton ionization spectroscopy. The internal-state energy distribution of the D2 product was found to be rotationally cold and vibrationally hot with respect to the temperature of the surface. The rotational distribution shows slight deviations from Boltzmann’s law, with a mean rotational temperature of 426K while the surface is at 800K. The population of the ν″=1 vibration is at least four times higher than a 800K temperature would allow, this corresponding to a vibrational temperature of 1100K. Information on the translational energy of the D2 product have also been obtained by time-of-flight spectroscopy and it is found to be nearly thermally equilibrated with the surface temperature. Similar results were obtained from studies of D2 scattered from a clean Zr surface, and of D2 released by a slow thermal desorption process which involves dissolved hydrogen as the source. The reconciliation of the present results with those for thermal desorption of preadsorbed hydrogen implies a role for both surface and subsurface adsorption sites on the Zr surface and clearly demonstrates that at high temperatures, the release of D2 arises from the recombinative desorption of adsorbed hydrogen formed by the complete dissociation of D2O.
Counterdiabatic suppression of background state population in resonance leaking by controlling intermediate branching
Authors: Etinski Mihajlo , Uiberacker Christoph , Jakubetz Werner
Published: March 2006

The counterdiabatic principle [M. Demirplak and S. A. Rice, J. Phys. Chem. A 107, 9937 (2003)] is used in a pragmatic way to formulate a practical control strategy for perturbed population transfer. Interpreting the appearance of population in undesirable intruder or background states as phenomenological consequences of diabatic perturbations, such branching is suppressed as soon as it arises. By invoking a penalty term that is sensitive to any transitional population in undesirable levels, a correction field is created which effectively prevents diabatic behavior. This strategy is applied to the control of background state population in multiphoton excitations. For a model five-level system we show that leaking of a resonant three-photon transition to a background state can readily be suppressed by simple correction fields obtained from our intermediate-branching driven implementation of counterdiabatic control.
Symmetries on the discrete Heisenberg group C*-algebra
Authors: Sudo Takahiro
Published: March 2006

We consider symmetries on the C*-algebra of the discrete Heisenberg group and their generalization to the generalized discrete Heisenberg groups, and study the structure of the crossed products by the symmetries and their fixed point algebras, and also compute the stable rank of the crossed products and their fixed point algebras.
α
and β relaxation dynamics of a fragile plastic crystal
Authors: Pardo L. C. , Lunkenheimer P. , Loidl A.
Published: March 2006

We present a thorough dielectric investigation of the relaxation dynamics of plastic crystalline Freon112, which exhibits freezing of the orientational degrees of freedom into a glassy crystal below 90K. Among other plastic crystals, Freon112 stands out by being relatively fragile within Angell’s [Relaxations in Complex Systems, edited by K. L. Ngai and G. B. Wright (NRL, Washington, DC, 1985), p. 3] classification scheme and by showing an unusually strong β relaxation. Comparing the results to those on Freon112a, having only a single molecular conformation, points to the importance of the presence of two molecular conformations in Freon112 for the explanation of its unusual properties.
The ground state energy levels and molecular structure of jet-cooled HGeCl and DGeCl from single vibronic level emission spectroscopy
Authors: Tackett Brandon S. , Clouthier Dennis J. , Pacheco Kezia L. , Schick G. Alan
Published: March 2006

Single vibronic level dispersed fluorescence spectra of jet-cooled HGeCl and DGeCl have been recorded by laser excitation of selected bands of the ÃA″1–X̃A′1 electronic transition. Twenty-six ground state vibrational levels of HGeCl and 42 of DGeCl were measured, assigned, and fitted to standard anharmonicity expressions, which allowed all the harmonic frequencies to be determined for both isotopomers. A normal coordinate least squares analysis obtained by fitting the harmonic frequencies yielded reliable values for five of the six force constants. The ground state effective rotational constants and force field data were combined to calculate average (rz) and approximate equilibrium (rez) structures, with rez(GeH)=1.586(1)Å, rez(GeCl)=2.171(2)Å, and the bond angle fixed at our CCSD(T)/aug-cc-pVTZ ab initio value of 93.9°. Comparisons show that the derived bond lengths are consistent with those of the appropriate diatomic molecules in their ground electronic states and the bond angle is similar to that of germylene (GeH2). A Franck-Condon simulation of the vibrational intensities in the 000 band emission spectrum of HGeCl using ab initio force field data shows good agreement with experiment, lending credence to the vibrational analysis of the observed spectra.
Controlling field-effect mobility in pentacene-based transistors by supersonic molecular-beam deposition
Authors: Toccoli T. , Pallaoro A. , Coppedè N. , Iannotta S. , De Angelis F. , Mariucci L. , Fortunato G.
Published: March 2006

We show that pentacene field-effect transistors, fabricated by supersonic molecular beams, have a performance strongly depending on the precursor’s kinetic energy (KE). The major role played by KE is in achieving highly ordered and flat films. In the range KE≈3.5–6.5eV, the organic field effect transistor linear mobility increases of a factor ∼5. The highest value (1.0cm2V−1s−1) corresponds to very uniform and flat films (layer-by-layer type growth). The temperature dependence of mobility for films grown at KE>6eV recalls that of single crystals (bandlike) and shows an opposite trend for films grown at KE⩽5.5eV.
Implementation of submicrometric periodic surface structures toward improvement of organic-solar-cell performances
Authors: Cocoyer C. , Rocha L. , Sicot L. , Geffroy B. , de Bettignies R. , Sentein C. , Fiorini-Debuisschert C. , Raimond P.
Published: March 2006

Submicrometric periodic patterning of an organic solar cell surface is investigated in order to optimize the photovoltaic conversion efficiency of the device. Patterning is achieved using a single-step all-optical technique based on photoinduced mass transport in azopolymer films. The polymer film with a structured surface is used as a substrate for an organic solar cell based on a copper phthalocyanine/C60 heterojunction. The effect of periodic patterning is investigated through the solar-cell optical-absorption properties and external quantum efficiency measurements. The possibility to increase the short circuit current density and the corresponding photovoltaic conversion efficiency is evidenced with one-dimensional periodic structures.
A precise method for rotating single cells
Authors: Kobayashi Hiroaki , Ishimaru Ichirou , Hyodo Ryoji , Yasokawa Toshiki , Ishizaki Katsumi , Kuriyama Shigeki , Masaki Tsutomu , Nakai Seiji , Takegawa Kaoru , Tanaka Naotaka
Published: March 2006

A precise method to rotate single cells is reported. In this method, the light pressure in the optical axis direction is harnessed as a rotating torque. Two proximal points in each cell are illuminated from different directions using two beams, and a light pressure is created that acts as a rotating torque. Using this proposed method, we could control the rotational direction of a microsphere regardless of the refractive index distribution in a noncontact operation. The microsphere could be rotated using proximal two-beam optical tweezers, and the rotational velocity could be controlled by changing the light intensity.
Ultralow noise optical pulse generation in an actively mode-locked quantum-dot semiconductor laser
Authors: Choi Myoung-Taek , Kim Ji-Myung , Lee Wangkuen , Delfyett Peter J.
Published: March 2006

We report excellent noise performance of an external-cavity actively mode-locked laser based on quantum-dot gain medium. Optical pulse trains with less than 7.5fs residual timing jitter (1Hzto10MHz) for a 12.8GHz harmonically mode-locked ring laser were obtained. This result represents, to our knowledge, the lowest residual jitter reported from actively mode-locked semiconductor lasers, and shows that quantum-dot mode-locked lasers are promising as sources of ultralow noise optical pulse trains.
Thermally stimulated current studies on neutron irradiation induced defects in GaN
Authors: Kuriyama K. , Ooi M. , Onoue A. , Kushida K. , Okada M. , Xu Q.
Published: March 2006

The evaluation of the neutron irradiation induced defects in GaN is studied using a thermally stimulated current (TSC) method with excitation above (below) the energy band gap using ultraviolet (blue, green, red, and infrared) emitting diodes. Annealing at 1000°C, a broad TSC spectrum for excitation by the ultraviolet light is resolved by five traps, P1 (ionization energy is 200meV), P2 (270meV), P3 (380meV), P4 (490meV), and P5 (595meV). Infrared illumination shows a remarkable reduction in TSC for the P2 and P3 traps, indicating the photoquenching behavior. The possible origins of the observed five traps are discussed.
Room-temperature ferromagnetism in Mn and Fe codoped In2O3
Authors: Peleckis G. , Wang X. L. , Dou S. X.
Published: March 2006

The synthesis and characterization of polycrystalline room-temperature ferromagnetic semiconductor (In0.9Fe0.1−xMnx)2O3 (x=0–0.1) oxide are reported. All of the samples with intermediate x values are ferromagnetic at room temperature. The highest saturation magnetization moment at 300K per total amount of magnetic ion is reached in the (In0.9Fe0.04Mn0.06)2O3 sample. The lattice constant a increases linearly with increasing Mn content. Fe-only doped samples were paramagnetic, while a Mn-only doped sample was found to be ferromagnetic below TC=46K.
Are Short Daily Trips Compensated by Higher Leisure Mobility?
Authors: Næss Petter
Published: March 2006

Studies in several cities have shown that inner-city residents travel shorter distances and use cars less for local transport than suburbanites do. However, according to some authors, a low daily amount of travel is likely to be compensated through more extensive leisure mobility at weekends and on holidays. On the basis of a study of residential location and travel in the Copenhagen metropolitan area, this paper addresses the phenomenon of compensatory travel. For travel within ‘weekend trip distance’ from the residence, inner-city living appears to have a certain compensatory effect in the form of a higher frequency of medium-distance leisure trips. Probably, this reflects a shortage of nature in the immediate surroundings of the dwelling as well as less leisure time tied to gardening and house maintenance. These compensatory trips imply a slight reduction of the transport-reducing effect of inner-city living, but are far from sufficient to change the overall tendency towards less travel and reduced car dependency among inner-city residents. The frequency of flights is somewhat higher among respondents living in dense inner-city areas, but this relationship is hardly causal, as the correlations of flights with daily travel time or distance, access to local green areas, housing costs or car ownership that might be expected if the hypothesis of compensatory air travel were true, are not present.