MEMAHAMI CITRA KOTA BERDASARKAN KOGNISI SPASIAL PENGAMAT (Studi Kasus: Pusat Kota Semarang)
Authors: Purwanto Edi , Darmawan Edy 
Published: March 2016

<span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">Understanding</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">image of</span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU"> the center </span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">Semarang</span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU"> city </span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">can be done</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">by knowing the</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">spatial cognition</span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU"> of </span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">observers. Spatial cognition</span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU"> of </span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">observer</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">describes how</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">observers</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">obtain</span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">, </span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">organize</span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">, </span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">store</span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">, </span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">and recall</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">information</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">about</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">the location</span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">, </span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">distance</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">and</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">arrangement</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">within</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">the</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">city</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">environment</span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">. Spatial cognition of observers have the basic concepts Imageability and legibility. </span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">This research used a</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">descriptive</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">approach</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">is</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">to describe</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">and</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">interpret</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">the object of observation</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">in accordance</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">with what it is. </span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">The objective </span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">of this research</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">was to determine</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">the level of</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">spatial cognition</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">ability of</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">observers</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">in understanding image of the city. The results of</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">the research</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">suggests that the</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">image of</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">the center of Semarang city</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">can be understood</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">if</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">the</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">city</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">has the clear character</span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">, clear </span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">shape</span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">, clear </span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">pattern</span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">, clear </span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">structure</span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">, </span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">and elements of</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">clear signs</span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">, because it is necessary to provide an understanding of the oriented and identification for the observer.</span>