bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
133 The Effects of Increasing Dietary Standardized Ileal Digestible Lysine Levels on Growth Performance and Carcass Characteristics of 24- to 130-kg Grow-Finish Pigs Sired by PIC 800 Boars
Authors: Kitt Steve J , Cast Wayne R , Hover Mark , Vier Carine M , Sievers Chris , Lu Ning , Navales Ron A , Montoro Jordi Camp , Betlach Alyssa , Hamilton Dan , Kiehne Ross , Zaragoza Luis E , Dritz Steve , Orlando Uislei A
Published: October 2023

Our objective was to determine the effects of increasing overall standardized ileal digestible (SID) lysine (Lys) levels on growth performance and carcass characteristics of grow-finish pigs sired by PIC 800 boars. A total of 1,715 barrows and gilts (PIC800×Camborough, initially 23.7±0.58 kg) were used in a 117-d growth trial with 70 mixed sex pens in two rooms (35 pens per room), 14 pens per treatment, and 23 to 25 pigs per pen. At the beginning of the trial, pens within each room were blocked by body weight and randomly allotted to one of five treatments (overall dietary SID Lys level as 80, 88, 94, 100, or 110% of PIC SID Lys recommendations) in a randomized complete block design. Diets were corn-soybean meal (SBM)-based, and treatments were achieved through the inclusion of SBM with adjustments of corn and choice white grease inclusion rates. Diets were fed in 6 phases (24-47, 47-63, 63-75, 75-95, 95-113, and 113-130 kg) and formulated to be iso-caloric across treatment for each phase. Within each phase, only the diets of the lowest and highest SID Lys levels were manufactured, and the diets of intermediate SID Lys levels were blended by the automatic feeding system in the research facility. Growth performance data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure in SAS (Version 9.4, SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC) and considered pen as the experimental unit. The statistical model considered fixed effects of SID Lys levels and random effects of the block. Mortality and removals were also analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure and specified a binomial distribution. All data are reported as least square means and considered statistically significant at P < 0.05 and marginally significant at P < 0.10. Increasing overall dietary SID Lys levels marginally reduced average daily feed intake (linear, P = 0.108) and increased gain-to-feed ratio (linear, P < 0.001), but there was no evidence for difference among treatments for average daily gain (P >0.10) or removal and mortality rate (Table 1; P > 0.10). There was no evidence for increasing overall dietary SID Lys levels affect hot carcass weight, carcass yield, backfat depth, loin depth, or lean yield. In conclusion, increasing overall dietary SID Lys level over PIC recommendations through increasing SBM levels resulted in improved feed efficiency of 24 to 130 kg pigs sired with PIC 800 boars, but there was no evidence for difference in the carcass characteristics.
131 Effect of Dietary Standardized Ileal Digestible Lysine Concentration Curve on Growth Performance and Carcass Characteristics of Finishing Pigs of DNA Genetics
Authors: Fent Russell W , Cooper Carson V , Hedges Jim D , Peper Kelly M
Published: October 2023

A total of 1,125 pigs (31.4 kg BW) of DNA genetics were used in a 109-d experiment to evaluate the effect of SID Lys feeding curve of pigs from 31.4 to 133.3 kg BW. Forty-five pens of mixed sex pigs were used. Pens were blocked by location within the barn with barrow and gilt numbers in pens kept consistent within block. Pens were allotted to one of five dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design with 9 replicate pens per treatment. Dietary SID lysine concentrations were evaluated on a curve (corresponding to 90, 95, 100, 105, and 110% of the DNA Genetics SID lysine recommendations) using a 6-phase feeding program throughout the experimental period. The 100% curve concentrations used were 1.16% for phase 1 (31.4 – 47.5 kg), 1.02% for phase 2 (47.5 – 64.4 kg), 0.92% for phase 3 (64.4 – 81.8 kg), 0.79% for phase 4 (81.8 – 98.9 kg), 0.72% for phase 5 (98.9 – 117.1 kg), and 0.65% for phase 6 (117.1 – 133.3 kg). Diets were corn-soybean meal-DDGS-based and formulated for equal NE concentrations across treatment within diet phase. Data were analyzed using a general linear model. Orthogonal contrasts with coefficients for equally spaced treatments were used to analyze for linear and quadratic effects. A linear (P < 0.05) increase was observed for BW, average daily gain, and G:F as SID lysine level in the diet increased. There was a linear increase observed (P < 0.05) for lysine intake (g/d and g per lb. gain) as SID lysine level of the diet increased. While no difference (P > 0.10) was observed for NE intake, caloric efficiency improved linearly (P < 0.05) as lysine level in the diet increased. Furthermore, return over feed cost improved linearly (P < 0.05) as dietary SID lysine level increased. There was no effect of SID lysine level fed on mortality and morbidity. A linear response (P < 0.05) for hot carcass weight and loin depth was observed as SID lysine level increased. Additionally, a quadratic response was observed (P < 0.05) for fat depth and percent lean as SID lysine level increased. These data indicate the SID lysine level that optimized growth and carcass measurements for DNA pigs ranging from 31.4 to 133.3 kg to be above the 105% curve, corresponding to 1.22, 1.071, 0.966, 0.83, 0.756, and 0.683 for diet phases 1 through 6, respectively.
140 Effects of Dietary Inclusion of a Medium Chain Fatty Acid Blend and a Phytogenic Feed Additive on Growth Performance, Gut Health, and Mortality of Escherichia Coli-Challenged Pigs
Authors: Vega Caroline Gonzalez , May Sabrina , McGhee Molly L , Paton Neil , Saddoris-Clemons Kari
Published: October 2023

An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that supplementing diets with a blend of medium chain fatty acids (MCFA) and a phytogenic feed additive (Fresta Protect, Delacon, Linz, Austria), together or separately, would improve growth performance and stool quality of nursery pigs challenged with Escherichia coli (ETEC). A total of 200 pigs [5.52 ± 0.17 kg body weight (BW)] were weaned at 17 to 19 days of age, allotted to 40 pens (5 pigs/pen), and allowed to acclimate for 2 days before initiation of dietary treatments. Pens were blocked by BW and randomly assigned to 1 of 5 treatments: negative control (NC), NC + 55 mg/kg carbadox (Positive control; PC), NC + 1.0% MCFA, NC + 0.1% phytogenic, or NC + 1.0% MCFA and 0.1% phytogenic. All pigs were administered an oral gavage of 5 mL ETEC (blend of K88+ and F18+) with a final titer of 1010 CFU/pig on day 5 and 6. Body weights were recorded on days 0, 4, 11, and 18, whereas feed intake was recorded for the overall trial (day 0 - 18). Fecal scores were assessed daily on an ordered likert scale to determine the joint probability of more normal stool quality. Data were analyzed using the lme4 package of R 4.1.2, and the statistical models included the fixed effect of treatment and random effect of BW block. Growth performance data were assumed to be normally distributed, whereas mortality and stool quality were analyzed using generalized linear mixed models specifying binomial and multinomial distributions, respectively. Contrasts were used to test for effects of dietary additive (carbadox, MCFA, phytogenic, or MCFA and phytogenic) compared with NC (Table 1). Results indicated post-challenge BW, post-challenge and overall average daily gain (ADG), and overall gain:feed (G:F) were greater (P < 0.05) for PC than for NC. In the pre-challenge phase, dietary inclusion of MCFA reduced (P < 0.05) final BW and ADG compared with NC, but overall G:F was greater (P < 0.05) than NC when the MCFA blend was fed. Inclusion of the phytogenic increased (P < 0.05) ADG in the post-challenge period and G:F in the overall trial compared with NC. The combination of MCFA blend and phytogenic resulted in increased (P < 0.05) post-challenge final BW, post-challenge ADG, and overall ADG compared with NC. All treatments, except MCFA blend, tended (P < 0.10) to reduce mortality compared with NC. The PC, MCFA blend, and combination treatments resulted in a greater (P < 0.05) probability of normal stool quality than NC. In conclusion, supplementation of the phytogenic and the combination of MCFA with phytogenic improved growth performance and tended to reduce mortality of nursery pigs under ETEC challenge. Furthermore, the combination improved stool quality.
138 Effects of Antibiotics and Low Crude Protein Diets on Growth Performance, Carcass Characteristics, and Disease Incidence of Growing Pigs
Authors: da Gomes Maykelly Silva , Kim Sung Woo , Duarte Marcos Elias , Rocha Gabriel C
Published: October 2023

This study investigated the effect of antibiotics and low crude protein (CP) diets on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and disease incidence of growing pigs. Barrows (n = 180; 59-d-old; 18.5 ± 2.5 kg BW; AGPIC 800 × TN70) were distributed in a randomized complete block design, in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement, nine replicates, and five pigs per pen. The factors were CP (18.5% or 13.0%) and antibiotics (none or 100 mg/kg tiamulin + 506 mg/kg oxytetracycline). Medicated diets were fed for 14 days. After that, all pigs were fed their respective CP diets for an additional 14 days (Post-medication period). Diets were formulated according to the NRC, (2012). Growth performance, backfat thickness, loin muscle area (ultrasound; Aloka SSD 500V), and disease incidence (couch and diarrhea) were evaluated. Data were analyzed using the Mixed procedure in SAS 9.4. For the first 14 days, pigs with antibiotics had improved (P < 0.05) BW, ADG, ADFI, and G:F compared with those without antibiotics. Pigs with 18.5% CP had greater (P < 0.05) BW, ADG, and G:F, whereas decreased (P < 0.05) ADFI compared with those with 13.0% CP. There was no interaction (P > 0.05) between CP and antibiotics for growth performance and carcass variables. Reduced (P < 0.05) cough and diarrhea incidence were observed in pigs fed antibiotics diets compared with those without antibiotics. Pigs fed 13.0% CP diets presented with less (P < 0.05) diarrhea incidence only when fed without antibiotics. During post-medication period, there was no carryover effect (P > 0.05) of antibiotics on growth performance, whereas pigs fed the 18.5% CP diets had greater (P < 0.05) BW, ADG, and G:F than those with 13.0% CP. Overall, G:F was improved (P < 0.05) by the use of antibiotics and the 18.5% CP diets improved (P < 0.05) ADG and G:F compared with 13.0% CP. Antibiotics did not have carryover effects (P > 0.05) on cough and diarrhea incidence whereas, pigs with 13.0% CP diets had less (P < 0.05) diarrhea incidence than those with 18.5% CP. Pigs fed 18.5% CP diets had improved (P < 0.05) loin muscle area compared with the 13% CP, whereas treatments did not influence the backfat thickness (P > 0.05). In conclusion, the reduction of dietary CP from 18.5% to 13.0% reduces the growth performance and loin muscle area of growing pigs, although it was effective to reduced diarrhea incidence. Antibiotics improved growth performance and reduced cough and diarrhea incidence. However, overall, only G:F was improved by the use of antibiotics.
144 Effect of Protein Source on Piglet Performance and Dietary Protein Digestibility in Regular Nursery and Escherichia Coli Challenged Conditions
Authors: Hu Qiong , Hackenhaar Leandro , Paton Neil , de Laat John , Newcomb Mark
Published: October 2023

Compared with conventional soybean meal (SBM), processed soy protein has been demonstrated to have greater nutrient digestibility, leading to better animal growth performance and gut health. The aim of the present study was to test hypothesis that Provisoy, a SBM product produced via hydrothermal mechanical treatment could improve weaning piglet growth performance via greater crude protein (CP) digestibility compared with SBM, and this benefit would be greater in pigs under Escherichia coli (ETEC) challenged conditions. A total of 268 weaned pigs [initial body weight (BW) = 6.82 ± 0.85 kg] were allotted to a split plot design and pigs were housed in either a regular nursery condition (5 pigs/pen, 10-11 pens/treatment) or an ETEC challenged condition (3 pigs/pen, 12 pens/treatment, 1 pig per pen was orally gavaged with 10 mL O149K91K88 on d 5 post-weaning). All pigs were fed one of the following diets: SBM, Provisoy or HP300. A standard wheat-barley-SBM based nursery diet was used and test soy products were added to replace SBM in the treatment diets. All diets were formulated to be isocaloric and had similar standardized ileal digestible lysine level in a three-phase (38 days) nursery program. One pig per pen was euthanized for ileal digesta and fecal samples were collected on post-weaning day 13 and 14. Data were analyzed by general linear model in R. In summary, there was no interaction between challenge condition and dietary protein source on intake and gain throughout all three phases. A significant interaction in G:F between d 0-7 post-weaning (P < 0.05) was observed. As expected, pigs performed better in regular conditions compared with challenged conditions (P < 0.05). Dietary protein source significantly affected ADG (P < 0.05) and BW (P < 0.01) on post-weaning d 7 regardless of challenge condition, with pigs fed Provisoy exhibiting increased ADG and d 7 BW versus the control but not different than HP300. Similar improvements in growth performance were observed during d 7-12 post-weaning. However, the effect of protein source on piglet growth was no longer evident during the last phase of nursery. There was no interaction observed between challenge condition and protein source on CP apparent ileal digestibility (AID) or apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD). Dietary protein source affected CP ATTD (P < 0.01), with Provisoy treatment having the greatest value compared with other treatments. Challenge conditions tended to decrease CP AID (P = 0.109). In conclusion, dietary inclusion of Provisoy could improve piglet growth performance during the early nursery phase regardless of challenge condition and this benefit was likely partially due to better CP digestibility.
243 The Effect of Totally or Partially Replacing Soybean Meal by Alternative Protein Sources on Performance and Carcass Characteristics of Growing Finishing Pigs
Authors: Guan Xiaonan , van Dijk Albert , Molist Francesc
Published: October 2023

In many countries, soybean meal (SBM) is the premier protein source in pig diets because of the optimal amino acid (AA) content. However, due to developments in sustainability and local availability of SBM, it is of great interest for the feed industry to explore the effect on the growth performance and carcass characteristics of replacing SBM inclusion in pig diets by alternative protein sources. The objective of the current study was to explore the effect of partially and/or totally replacement of SBM in the starter, grower and finisher diets formulating based on the same NE, dig AA/NE, and similar AA profile on the growth performance and carcass characteristics of growing-finishing pigs (25 kg to slaughter at ±120 kg). In total, 120 boars and 120 gilts (Top Pi x T20) entered the experiment with an average body weight of 23.4 ± 1.87 kg and age of 61.4 ± 1.43 days. Pigs were blocked and randomly allocated to four dietary treatments depending on the inclusion level of SBM in the starter, grower and finisher phases. In treatment 1, the starter, grower and finisher feeds contained 16.0, 12.0 and 8.0% of SBM, respectively. In treatment 2, the starter, grower and finisher feeds contained 10.8, 8.1 and 0% of SBM, respectively. In treatment 3, the starter, grower and finisher feeds contained 5.3, 0 and 0% of SBM, respectively. In treatment 4, none of the feeds contained SBM. Pigs were housed in pens with 10 pigs per pen. The pens were equipped with individual feeding stations (IVO-G stations), which allowed for the measurement of individual feed intake. Pigs were individually weighed at the start of the experiment and at the diet changes at approximately 50 and 80 kg body weight and slaughter (±120 kg). During the grower phase, pigs fed according to treatment 1 showed reduced ADFI than the other treatment groups (1.91 vs. 2.0, 2.02 and 2.02 kg/d, P = 0.021) and subsequently decreased ADG (882 g/d vs. 927, 924 and 948 g/d, P = 0.005). Similar results were found during the starter + grower phases, where the pigs fed according to treatment 1 showed less ADFI than the other treatment groups pigs (1.63 vs. 1.71, 1.73 and 1.71 kg/d, P = 0.013) and subsequently less ADG (842 vs. 878, 878 and 874 g/d, P = 0.039). No major differences were found regarding the carcass characteristics. In conclusion, feed intake and growth performance were improved and carcass quality was not penalized by totally or partially replacing the SBM by other protein rich feedstuffs including rape seed meal (RSM), sunflower seed meal (SFM) and peas in diets for growing-fishing pigs.
238 Impact of Increasing Standardized Ileal Digestible Tryptophan to Lysine Ratio in Diets Containing 20% Corn Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles fed to Growing-Finishing Pigs
Authors: Xue Pengcheng , McGhee Molly L , Pilcher, Qingyun Chad M , Zhang Zhenbin
Published: October 2023

A study was conducted to investigate the optimal standardized ileal digestible (SID) Trp to Lys ratio in diets containing a moderately high level (20%) of corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) fed to growing-finishing pigs. A total of 2,232 pigs [initial body weight (BW) = 31.41 kg ± 0.53 kg] were allotted to a randomized complete block design with 4 dietary treatments (18 pens/treatment; 31 pigs/pen, mixed gender) and fed experimental diets for 15 wk in a 6-phase feeding program. The level of SID Trp/Lys in each treatment was formulated to 0.15, 0.18, 0.21, and 0.24, respectively, and was manipulated by crystalline Trp inclusion. Within each phase, diets were formulated to be isocaloric and contained equal provisions of SID Lys, sulfur containing amino acids, Thr, and Ile. Diets met or exceeded NRC (2012) estimated nutrient requirements. The levels of SID Thr/Lys (0.65 – 0.70 from grower to finisher) and SID Ile/Lys (0.60 – 0.62 from grower to finisher) were adjusted to a greater level to accommodate the potential negative effects of greater levels of fiber and Leu, respectively, from the inclusion of DDGS. Results were analyzed using the lme4 package of R 4.1.2, and the statistical models included the fixed effect of SID Trp/Lys and the random effect of body weight block. Orthogonal contrasts were used to test linear and quadratic effects of increasing dietary SID Trp/Lys (Table 1). Results indicated that increasing SID Trp/Lys in diets containing 20% corn DDGS improved final body weight (FBW) in a quadratic pattern (128.67, 130.61, 130.83, and 130.37 kg, for diets formulated to SID Trp/Lys at 0.15, 0.18, 0.21, and 0.24, respectively, P < 0.05). Average daily feed intake (ADFI) was quadratically increased with increasing SID Trp/Lys (2.51, 2.57, 2.60, and 2.57 kg/d, respectively, P < 0.05). A linear tendency was observed on average daily gain (ADG) with increasing SID Trp/Lys (0.96, 0.98, 0.98, and 0.98 kg/d, respectively, P < 0.10). In summary, increasing SID Trp/Lys in diets with moderately high levels of corn DDGS improved FBW and ADFI in a quadratic pattern and tended to increase ADG linearly.
150 A new Bacterial Phytase can act as an Overdose Concept, at low Levels, in Improving the Performance and Carcass Characteristics of Nursery and Finishing Pigs
Authors: da Silva Caio A , Hideshima Cristina , Souza Kelly , Callegari Marco A , Dias Cleandro A , Silva Claudia C , Sens Rafael , Fascina Vitor
Published: October 2023

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of doses of a new bacterial phytase (HiPhorius, DSM Nutritional Products) on the performance and carcass characteristics of pigs in the nursery and finishing phases. Barrows and gilts (n = 250, 21 d-old and initial body weight (BW) = 6.07 ± 0.73 kg were randomized in blocks design and submitted to 5 treatments. The pigs were fed five corn-soybean meal-based diets: positive control (PC), supplemented with inorganic phosphorus and calcium; negative control (NC), with 0.18% reduction in available phosphorus and 0.16% in calcium; and three NC diets supplemented with 600, 1,200 and 1,800 phytase units (FYT)/kg in the feed. Daily BW (DWG), daily feed intake (DFI), feed conversion rate (FCR), and BW were measured at the end of each phase: pre-starter I (21-28d), pre-starter II (28-35d), starter I (35-49d), starter II (49-63d), growing I (63-91d), growing II (91-112d), finishing I (112-133d) and finishing II (133-156d) phases. Carcass yield, back fat height, loin depth, and lean meat yield were measured in the 156 d-old. Data were submitted to ANOVA, Tukey test and regression analysis. In the nursery (21-63d) diets with phytase levels were similar to PC for FCR (P >0.05) and better to NC, with a quadratic effect (FCR = 1.671 - 0.0003X + 0.00000010526X2), being the best point 1,320 (FYT). The supplementation with phytase in grow-finishing phases (63 -156 d) were similar to PC (P > 0.05) for DWG, DFI and FCR (P < 0.05) and better than NC, which were identified a regression effect (DWG = 0.8543 + 0.0001X; DFI = 2.1453 + 0.0007X - 0.00000029618X2; FCR = 2.6924 - 0.0004X + 0.00000012768X2), with the best levels of phytase of 1,296 and 1,404 FYT for DFI and FCR, respectively. The supplementation of phytase improved the carcass yield, loin depth, kilogram of lean meat and percentage of lean meat when compared with NC diet. Supplementing levels of HiPhorius to a corn and soybean meal-based diet with inorganic P and Ca reduction improved performance and carcass traits of pigs after weaning until slaughter age.
153 Effect of Exogenous Phytase on the Digestibility of Amino Acids and Phosphorus in Standard and High Phytin Swine Diets
Authors: Wise Tanner , Haetinger Vitor , Alagbe Emmanuel , Sorbara Jose-Otavio , Adeola Olayiwola
Published: October 2023

The objective of the following study was to investigate the effect of exogenous phytase (Hiphorius 40, DSM Nutritional Products) on the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) and the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of P in both standard and high phytin (HP) swine diets. The study consisted of 4 diets arranged in a 2 x 2 factorial of standard or high phytin and exogenous phytase at 0 or 1,000 FYT/kg; and one N-free diet. Ten crossbred male pigs fitted with ileal T-cannulas were allotted to the 5 dietary treatments in duplicate 5 x 4 incomplete Latin-square design. Pigs were fed for a total of four 7-d periods, where digesta was collected on d 6 and 7 of each period. Diet and digesta samples were analyzed for dry matter, N, Ti, AA, and P to determine AA and P digestibility. The SID of AA was determined by correcting the AID of AA for the basal endogenous losses estimated using the N-free diet. Data were subjected to an ANOVA where main effects of the diet type (standard vs. HP) and phytase were evaluated as well as the interaction of diet type and phytase. If the ANOVA was significant the means were separated by Tukey’s method. The basal endogenous AA losses of pigs in this study ranged from 0.115 (Met) to 0.921 (Thr) g/kg DM and 0.308 (Cys) to 9.455 (Pro) g/kg DM for indispensable and dispensable AA, respectively. The HP diets produced less SID of all AA compared with the standard diets (P < 0.001) with an average SID reduction of 6.5% for indispensable AA. Phytase improved (P < 0.05) the SID of Met, Lys, Arg, Cys, Glu and Ser and tended to improve (P < 0.10) Leu, Thr, and Tyr. There were no significant diet type*phytase interactions. The AID of P was less (P < 0.01) for the HP diets relative to the standard (39.12% vs. 45.84%), and phytase produced greater (P < 0.01) AID of P for both diet types (25.62% vs. 59.34%). These data indicate that phytase can improve the digestibility of many AA and P in both standard and HP diets for growing pigs.
222 Effects of Nutritional Strategies of Growth Rate Manipulation During the Gilt Development Phases on Growth and Reproductive Performance
Authors: Leiva Samuel F , Rosero David S , Canavate Sergio , Anderson Brooke , Vier Carine M , Hidalgo Hugo , Diaz Julia A Calderon , Lu Ning , Orlando Uislei A
Published: October 2023

Our objective was to evaluate the effects of nutritional interventions for growth rate manipulation during the gilt development phases on growth and reproductive performance. A total of 810 Camborough L42 gilts from three gilt groups were received between 9 to 11 weeks of age. Gilts were individually weighed, and pens of gilts were allotted to one of two dietary treatments balanced by lot (birth week) and pen weight for a total of 24 pens/treatment. Treatments consisted of two levels of dietary nutrients:1) diets based on corn, soybean meal, and wheat middlings formulated to meet or exceed the PIC standardized ileal digestible (SID) lysine (Lys) recommendations with a total dietary fiber content (TDF) of 10, 10, and 11% (Adeq); and2) slower growing diets based on corn, soybean meal, wheat middlings, and corn germ where SID Lys was reduced by 6, 11, and 11%, dietary metabolizable energy level was reduced by 2.7, 4.6, and 4.7%, and TDF content was increased to 15, 18, and 20% (Low). Diets were fed in three phases as 27.2 to 54.5 kg, 54.5 to 81.8 kg, and 81.8 to 113.6 kg of body weight (BW). At the end of phase 3, gilts were individually weighed and the number of selected gilts per pen was recorded. After selection, gilts were heat checked with the date of heat-no-service (HNS) recorded and then sent to sow farms for breeding in the next recorded heat. Data were analyzed using generalized linear mixed models considering treatment as fixed effect, lot as random effect, and covariates were included if they were statistically significant and improved model fit. Gilts fed the Low diets had less overall average daily gain compared with gilts fed Adeq diets (P < 0.05; Table 1). This response was mainly driven by a marginal significant reduction (P < 0.10) in average daily feed intake for the gilts fed Low diets compared with Adeq, with no evidence for differences (P > 0.10) in overall feed efficiency. As a result of the reduction in growth rate, gilts fed the Low diets were 4.8 kg lighter (P < 0.05) at selection compared with gilts fed Adeq diets. There was no evidence for treatment differences in selection rate, breeding rate, age at first HNS nor age at first breeding (P > 0.10). In summary, results from this study demonstrated that nutritional strategies can be applied to reduce developing gilts growth rate without negatively affecting puberty, selection rate, or age at first breeding.
219 Effects of Precision Feeding and the “Bump Feeding” Strategy in Gestating Sows on Performances and Body Condition in Sows Monitored for the First Two Gestation-Lactation Cycles
Authors: Cloutier Laetitia , Galiot Lucie , Guay Frédéric , Dumas Gabrielle , Gaillard Charlotte , Dourmad Jean-Yves , Simongiovanni Aude , Gagnon Patrick
Published: October 2023

The introduction of precision feeding in sows depends on a precise estimation of its potential benefits. The goal of this study was to evaluate the effects of precision feeding and feed intake during gestation on gilt performances during two gestation cycles. Four isoenergetic treatments were compared: two constant-concentration feeding strategies (0.53% Lys DIS), one with constant feed intake (FF; flat feeding) and the other variable (BF; “bump feeding”, with decreased feed intake before 90 days of gestation, then greater feed intake until parturition), and two precision-feeding strategies based on the InraPorc model, one by parity (APP) and the other considering the body weight of the gilt at breeding (API). A total of 333 gilts were followed from breeding to weaning for two gestation and lactation cycles. Body weight and backfat depth were measured at breeding, 90 days of gestation, parturition, and weaning. Feed consumption was monitored daily. Litter variables were measured as birth and weaning weight, mortality, and overall gain. A mixed model was used to analyze differences between the four treatments using the sow as the experimental unit. Results showed that APP gilts gained more body weight during the gestation than FF gilts (65.1 vs 61.7 kg; P = 0.01) but no difference remained at the end of lactation (P > 0.10). Mobilization of backfat depth was more important during lactation in the APP group compared with FF and BF treatments (3.4 vs 2.9 mm; P = 0.03). BF and APP gilts had greater total birth litter weight than API gilts (400 g and 600 g greater, respectively), with FF gilts being intermediate (P = 0.02). However, the effect faded out with no difference on weaning weight and overall lactation gain weight (P > 0.10). The APP gilts had more weaned piglets than BF or FF gilts (+0.6 piglet, P = 0.01). During the second cycle, API sows gained more body weight during gestation than FF sows (58.8 vs 55.7 kg; P = 0.05). Yet, no significant difference was observed at the end of lactation. For the backfat depth, API sows had greater backfat depth during gestation than FF sows (1.83 vs 1.1 mm; P = 0.05) and a greater mobilization during lactation (2.68 vs 2.0 mm; P = 0.08). No effect was seen on litter mortality. In the same way, no significant effect was observed in the litter performances (P > 0.1). Initial results from this study seem to show a benefit of precision feeding for gilts, but with less effect for their second parity. However, no clear benefit was observed from the bump feeding strategy.
214 Effects of Dietary Standardized Ileal Digestible (SID) Lysine (Lys) Levels and Dietary SID Tryptophan to Lys Ratios on Growth Performance of Late-Nursery Maternal Barrows
Authors: Lu Ning , Vier Carine M , Hewett Ellie , Parr Eric , Van De Stroet Denise , Estrada Jorge , Welsch Michael , Cast Wayne R , Navales Ron A , Montoro Jordi Camp , Zaragoza Luis E , Dritz Steve , Orlando Uislei A
Published: October 2023

The objective was to determine the effects of dietary standardized ileal digestible (SID) lysine (Lys) levels and SID tryptophan (Trp) to Lys ratios on the growth performance of late-nursery maternal barrows. A total of 2,293 barrows (PIC Camborough, initially 11.9 ± 0.35 kg) were used in a 28-day trial with 96 mixed-sex pens in two rooms (48 pens/room), 16 pens/treatment, and 23 to 25 pigs/pen. Pens were blocked by body weight (BW) and randomly allotted to 1 of 6 treatments in a 2×3 factorial arrangement. Treatment factors were: 1) Dietary SID Lys levels: meet PIC SID Lys recommendation at 1.234% (PIC LYS) or below PIC SID Lys recommendation at 0.988% (BELOW LYS); 2) Dietary SID Trp to Lys ratios: 21.0, 18.5, and 16.0. Data were analyzed using a linear mixed model in R Studio (Version 3.5.2, R Core Team; Vienna, Austria). Dietary SID Lys levels, dietary SID Trp to Lys ratios, and their interaction were included as fixed effects, and room and weight block were included as random effects in the model. Pigs fed with PIC LYS diets showed significantly improved average daily gain (ADG; 672 vs. 594 g; P < 0.001), average daily feed intake (ADFI; 1227 vs. 1179 g; P < 0.001), gain-to-feed ratio (G:F; 550 vs. 508 g/kg; P = 0.002), and greater amount of SID Lys intake (22.5 vs. 19.5; P < 0.05) or Trp intake (4.2 vs. 3.6; P < 0.05) per kg of BW gain comparing to BELOW LYS diets. Significant interactive effects were observed between dietary SID Lys levels and dietary SID Trp and Lys ratios on final BW, ADG, ADFI, and G:F (P < 0.05; Table 1). For final BW and ADG, when feeding PIC LYS diets, decreasing dietary SID Trp to Lys ratios increased final BW and ADG (quadratic, P < 0.05); but when feeding BELOW LYS diets the decreasing ratios reduced final BW and ADG (quadratic, P < 0.05). For ADFI, when feeding PIC LYS diets, there was no evidence that decreasing dietary SID Trp to Lys ratios impacted ADFI (P > 0.05); but when feeding BELOW LYS diets the decreasing ratios reduced ADFI (quadratic, P < 0.05). When feeding PIC LYS diets, the decreasing dietary SID Trp to Lys ratios decreased and then increased G:F (quadratic, P < 0.05); but when feeding BELOW LYS diets, the decreasing ratios increased and then decreased G:F (quadratic, P < 0.05). In conclusion, late-nursery maternal barrows fed the PIC LYS diet had improved growth performance compared with those fed BELOW LYS diet; and decreasing dietary SID Trp to Lys ratios from 21.0 to 16.0 had deleterious impacts on growth performance when dietary SID Lys level was below PIC recommendation, but not when dietary SID Lys level met PIC recommendation.
208 Effect of SID LYS Level with Constant Non-Essential Amino Acids
Authors: Faris Richard , Hackenhaar Leandro
Published: October 2023

Many investigations on the effect of low protein diets reduce crude protein (CP) and have a constant standardized ileal digestible (SID) LYS resulting in reductions in ADG, ADFI, and gain:feed is some cases. This experiment was conducted to determine the impact of maintaining constant non-essential amino acids and changing SID LYS and other essential amino acids. For the experiment, 288 pigs (~22 d of age, 6.61 ± 0.95 kg, 8 replicates/treatment, 6 pigs/pen) were stratified by body (BW) and randomly allotted to one of 6 treatments in a randomized complete block design. Non-essential amino acids were fixed in all diets and synthetic amino acids were added to increase SID LYS from 1.15% to 1.4% while maintaining constant ratios of MET+CYS, THR, TRP, VAL, and ILE to LYS. Diets were corn, wheat, barley, and soy based with 1.1% corn starch in the least SID LYS diet. Synthetic amino acids were added to the diet at the expense of corn starch to maintain non-essential amino acid levels. The CP ranged from 17.8% when SID LYS was 1.15% and 18.6% when SID LYS was 1.4%. Experimental diets were fed for 21 d. Body weight, feed disappearance, visual fecal scores, and visual piglet scores were measured. Visual fecal scores (1 = normal to 4 = watery) and visual pig appearance scores (1 = pale and hairy to 4 = normal color and well-rounded muscle) were assessed on ordered likert scales to determine the probabilities of observing a more normal stool quality and a worse visual appearance, respectively. Performance data were analyzed as a general linear model. Stool quality and visual appearance were analyzed as a generalized linear mixed model. Contrasts were used to test linear and quadratic effects of dietary SID LYS. Results of the experiment are presented in Table 1. Increasing SID LYS with constant non-essential amino acids did not affect ADG or BW. The ADFI was linearly decreased (P < 0.1) and gain:feed was linearly increased (P < 0.0001) with increasing SID LYS (Table 1). Stool quality was not affected. Visual appearance of the pigs was quadratically affected (P < 0.05) by changing SID LYS. Pigs that had consumed diets with the lowest or highest SID LYS had the best visual appearance (lowest probability). The results of the current experiment differ suggest SID LYS may regulate feed intake and nutrient efficiency, but BW gain is not affected when non-essential amino acids are held constant. This differs from cases where CP is reduced, which results are decreased growth in many cases.
216 Effect of Dietary Standardized Ileal Digestible Lysine Level on Growth Performance of 12.4 to 31.3 kg Pigs Sired by PIC 800 Boars
Authors: Cooper Carson V , Fent Russell W
Published: October 2023

A total of 1,156 PIC 800-sired pigs (12.4 kg BW) were used in a 27-day experiment to estimate the SID lysine requirement of pigs ranging from 12.4 to 31.3 kg BW. Forty-eight pens of mixed sex pigs were used. Pens were blocked by location within the barn, with barrow and gilt numbers in pens kept consistent within block. Pens were allotted to one of five dietary treatments in a randomized design with 9 to 10 replicate pens (10 pens for treatments 1, 3, 5 and 9 pens for treatments 2, 4) per treatment. Dietary SID lysine concentrations evaluated were 1.12, 1.19, 1.26, 1.33, and 1.40%. Diets were corn-soybean meal-based and formulated to equal NE concentrations across treatment. Data were analyzed using a general linear model. Orthogonal contrasts with coefficients for equally spaced treatments were used to analyze for linear and quadratic effects. For significant quadratic effects, breakpoint analysis was conducted (two slope regression or quadratic broken line analysis) using nonlinear regression analysis to estimate for SID lysine requirement. A linear (P < 0.05) response was observed for BW to increase as SID lysine level in the diet increased. Increasing SID lysine increased average daily gain (ADG) quadratically (P = 0.05) with a plateau observed above 1.357% SID Lys. Additionally, increased SID lysine yielded a quadratic effect on G:F (P < 0.05) with a plateau above 1.327% SID lysine. There was a quadratic response (P < 0.05) observed for cost of gain (COG), with no benefit to COG when feeding above 1.201% SID lysine. However, there was a linear response (P < 0.05) observed for return over feed cost (ROFC) as SID lysine increased due to increased BW. There was no effect of SID lysine level fed on feed intake or mortality and morbidity. These data indicate that the estimated SID lysine requirement for PIC 800-sired pigs ranging from 12.4 to 31.3 kg to be 1.327 and 1.357 for optimal feed efficiency and ADG, respectively.
212 Effect of Low Crude Protein Diets in Young Pigs When Using Crystalline Isoleucine and Leucine
Authors: Faris Richard , Hackenhaar Leandro
Published: October 2023

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the response to low crude protein (CP) while maintaining equal standardized ileal digestible (SID) LYS and equal SID amino acid-to-LYS ratios (including MET+CYS, THR, TRP, VAL, ILE, and LEU) to test whether the addition of LEU and ILE allowed CP to decline below 19.5% without impacting performance when SID LYS was 1.35%. For the experiment, pigs (n = 288; ~22 days of age, 6.29 ± 0.71 kg BW, 8 reps/treatmentt, 6 pigs/pen) were stratified by BW and randomly allotted to one of 6 treatments in a randomized complete block design. Treatments had a fixed SID LYS of 1.35% and CP ranging from 21 to 17.25% in 0.75% increments. Experimental diets were fed for 21 days, and BW and feed disappearance were recorded. Visual fecal scores (1 = normal to 4 = watery) and visual pig appearance scores (1 = pale and hairy to 4 = normal color and well-rounded muscle) were assessed on ordered likert scales to determine the probabilities of observing a more normal stool quality and a worse visual appearance, respectively. Performance data were analyzed as a general linear model. Stool quality and visual appearance were analyzed as a generalized linear mixed model. Contrasts were used to test linear and quadratic effects of dietary CP. Results of the experiment are presented in Table 1. With constant SID Lys of 1.35%, reducing CP from 21.00 to 17.25% resulted in an increase then a decrease (linear, P < 0.005; quadratic, P < 0.005) in BW, ADG, ADFI, and gain:feed. Average daily gain and ADFI began decreasing when CP decreased below 20.25%, whereas body weight and gain:feed began decreasing once CP was below 19.50%. There was a difference detected amongst treatments in stool quality, but this was not due to changes in crude protein levels of the diets. This suggests that protein fermentation was not directly impacting stool quality in these pigs. Decreasing dietary CP also linearly (P < 0.05) and quadratically (P < 0.05) affected the visual appearance of the pigs in a similar manner to performance. At the least levels of crude protein, pigs had a greater probability of having more coarse hair and paler skin suggesting that a nutritional stress response may be occurring. These results indicate that the addition of ILE and LEU to the formula do not allow CP to decrease below 19.5% without affecting performance when SID LYS is 1.35 in young pigs.
236 Effects of Dietary Supplementation of Mixed Ulva Spp. and Solieria Chordalis on Intestinal Health and Growth Performance of Nursery Pigs
Authors: Cheng Yi-Chi , Gallissot Marie , Suarez Maria Garcia , Kim Sung Woo
Published: October 2023

This study was to evaluate the effects of mixed macroalgae on enhancing growth performance and intestinal health of nursery pigs. Nursery pigs (n = 24; 12 barrows and 12 gilts with 6.5 ± 0.2 kg BW) were allotted using a randomized complete block design based on the randomized block design with sex and initial BW as blocks. A basal diet was supplemented with mixed macroalgae (Ulva spp. and Solieria chordalis) at 0.0 and 0.2%. All pigs were fed experimental diets for 3 phases (Phase 1: 7 d, phase 2: 14 d, and phase 3: 14 d). Feed intake and BW were recorded at the end of each phase. All pigs were euthanized on d 35 to collect intestinal samples. Jejunal tissues were collected to evaluate intestinal morphology and crypt cell proliferation. Jejunal mucosa was collected to measure immune response and oxidative stress markers. Data were analyzed using Mixed procedure of SAS. Pigs fed a diet with mixed macroalgae did not affect growth performance, intestinal morphology, and crypt cell proliferation compared with pigs fed with the control diet. Pigs fed a diet with mixed macroalgae had less (P < 0.05) tumor necrosis factor-alpha and protein carbonyl than pigs fed with the control diet. Pigs fed a diet with mixed macroalgae tended to have lless (P = 0.064) interleukin 8 than pigs fed with the control diet. In conclusion, mixed macroalgae could be supplemented in nursery diets to enhance intestinal health by reducing inflammation and oxidative stress markers, whereas growth performance was not affected by mixed macroalgae supplementation.
234 Effects of Feeding a Phytogenic Blend with or without Supplementation of Specialty Fats on Growth Performance of Nursery Pigs
Authors: May Sabrina , Vega Caroline Gonzalez , McGhee Molly L
Published: October 2023

An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that inclusion of a phytogenic feed additive (Fresta Protect, Delacon, Linz, Austria), separately or in conjunction with specialty fats (modified soy oil blend and medium chain fatty acid blend), in diets for nursery pigs would improve growth performance. Weaned pigs [n = 4,400; 5.7 ± 0.1 kg body weight (BW)] were allotted to 50 replicate pens per treatment (20 to 23 pigs per pen) in 5 barns. Pens were blocked by location within barn and randomly allotted to 4 treatments in a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement. Treatment main effects were specialty fats inclusion in phase 1 (0 or 1.3%) and phytogenic inclusion in phase 1 and 2 (0 or 0.1%). Pigs were fed experimental diets during phase 1 and 2 (day 0 – 10 and 10 – 21, respectively), and pig and feed weights were recorded at the beginning and end of each phase. Data were analyzed using the lme4 package of R 4.1.2, and the statistical model included the fixed effects of specialty fats, phytogenic, and their interaction, as well as the random effects of barn and location within barn. In phase 1, an interaction was detected (P < 0.05) for final BW, average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and gain:feed (G:F; Table 1). In general, phase 1 performance was improved by phytogenic inclusion when no specialty fats were present in the diet, but pigs did not benefit from inclusion of the phytogenic when fed in combination with specialty fats. Body weight at the end of phase 2 was reduced (P < 0.05) for pigs fed specialty fats, but inclusion of the phytogenic increased (P < 0.05) phase 2 final BW and ADG regardless of specialty fat inclusion. Supplementation of the phytogenic increased (P < 0.05) phase 2 G:F as well, and the improvement in G:F was more pronounced when fed in conjunction with specialty fats, though this observation may be partially confounded by compensatory gain for the specialty fats and phytogenic combination treatment. The phytogenic also increased (P < 0.05) overall ADG and G:F, whereas the main effect of specialty fats reduced (P < 0.05) overall ADG and G:F. In conclusion, dietary inclusion of a phytogenic feed additive improved growth performance of nursery pigs, whereas specialty fats decreased growth performance, and the best performance was achieved when the phytogenic was fed in the absence of specialty fats.
228 Effect of Benzoic Acid Feeding Strategy on Weanling Pig Growth Performance
Authors: Gaffield Katelyn , Woodworth Jason C , DeRouchey Joel M , Tokach Mike D , Goodband Robert D , Gebhardt Jordan T
Published: October 2023

Weanling barrows (n = 350; Line 200 × 400, DNA, Columbus, NE; initially 5.9 ± 0.04 kg) were used in a 38-day study to evaluate the effects of different benzoic acid feeding strategies on nursery growth performance. Pigs were randomly assigned to pens (5 pigs per pen) and pens were allotted to 1 of 5 dietary treatments with 14 pens per treatment. Dietary treatments were formulated to provide 0, 0.25, or 0.50% benzoic acid (VevoVitall, DSM Nutritional Products, Parsippany, NJ) at the expense of corn. Treatment 1 served as the control without benzoic acid throughout all three dietary phases. Treatment 2 included 0.50% benzoic acid throughout all three phases. Treatment 3 contained 0.50% benzoic acid for phase 1 and phase 2, and 0.25% benzoic acid in phase 3. Treatment 4 contained 0.50% benzoic acid for phase 1 and phase 2, but no benzoic acid in phase 3. Treatment 5 contained 0.50% benzoic acid in phase 1, 0.25% benzoic acid in phase 2, and no benzoic acid in phase 3. From d 0 to 10 (Phase 1), pigs fed 0.50% benzoic acid had increased (P < 0.05) ADG and G:F, and were heavier (P = 0.040) on d 10 than those fed the control diet (Table). From d 10 to 18 (Phase 2), pigs fed 0.50% benzoic acid had increased (P < 0.01) ADG compared with pigs fed either none or 0.25% benzoic acid, while pigs fed 0.25% benzoic acid had poorer (P < 0.001) feed efficiency compared with pigs fed none or 0.50% benzoic acid. From d 18 to 38 (Phase 3), pigs fed 0.50% and 0.25% benzoic acid had increased (P < 0.01) ADG and ADFI compared with pigs fed no benzoic acid. Overall, pigs fed 0.50% in the first two phases and 0.25% benzoic acid in the final phase had a greater (P < 0.05) ADG than pigs fed no benzoic acid through all three phases or pigs fed 0.50% in the first two phases and no benzoic acid in the final phase, with the other treatments intermediate. Additionally, pigs fed 0.50% in the first two phases and 0.25% benzoic acid in the final phase had improved (P < 0.05) G:F compared with pigs fed no benzoic acid throughout all three phases, pigs fed 0.50% in the first two phases and no benzoic acid in the third phase, or pigs fed 0.50%, 0.25%, and no benzoic acid. These data suggest that nursery pigs fed benzoic acid had improved growth performance. However, when the benzoic acid was removed from the diet before the end of the nursery phase, the pigs experienced a reduction in performance resulting in similar overall performance to the control diet without benzoic acid.