bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Satellite sleuthing: does remotely sensed land‐cover change signal ecological degradation in a protected area?
Authors: Waite T. A. , Corey S. J. , Campbell L. G. , Chhangani A. K. , Rice J. , Robbins P.
Published: February 2009

Aim  We evaluate whether remotely sensed land‐cover change within a newly protected area signalled human‐driven ecological degradation. Vegetation density changed in a quarter of pixels during the first 13 years (1986–1999) following the sanctuary's formal enclosure, with many patches showing a decrease in density. We use on‐the‐ground data collected in 2006 in 132 random plots to explore whether these changes in vegetation density reliably signalled latent shifts in local diversity of woody plants and whether they could be attributed to illicit activities including fuel wood collection and livestock grazing.

Location  Kumbhalgarh Wildlife Sanctuary, Rajasthan, India.

Results  Species richness, species sharing, species assemblages, and incidence of invasive and useful species were statistically similar among plots in which vegetation density had decreased, increased or remained similar. Likewise, intensity of disturbance associated with human activities was similar across these plot types.

Main conclusions  Our data provide no clear evidence that local changes in vegetation density signalled latent shifts in local diversity of woody plants. They also fail to reveal any clear association between local changes in vegetation density and human‐related activities. Finding no evidence that land‐cover change led to biotic erosion, we reflect on the utility of resource‐use bans in protected areas, particularly those embedded within historically coupled human‐nature systems.
A framework of personal and environmental learning‐based strategies to foster therapist expertise
Authors: King Gillian
Published: February 2009

This article presents a framework of strategies by which to foster the expertise of therapists who work in community‐based clinical service organizations. The framework is based on theories of competence development and learning, and amalgamates strategies identified in a review of the expertise literature in the fields of physical therapy, occupational therapy, medicine, nursing, education, and counselling and psychotherapy. The framework outlines three main types of strategies: (i) personal experience to develop skills and knowledge (personal level strategies), (ii) the provision of supports and resources (person–environment ‘fit’ strategies), and (iii) work‐place opportunities (environmental strategies). Together, these strategy groups provide a comprehensive understanding of ways to facilitate experiential, instructional and observational learning for practicing therapists. Implications for managers and therapists are discussed, including the importance of acquiring ‘soft’ competencies, ensuring various forms of feedback, and establishing supportive, learning‐oriented work environments.
Concept and effects of a multi‐purpose grassed waterway
Authors: Fiener P. , Auerswald K.
Published: February 2009

Abstract.The concept and the effects of a multi‐purpose grassed waterway (GWW) were investigated over an eight year period. A GWW, half of it seeded, the remainder left to natural succession, and an intensive soil consevation system in the fields nearby were established in an agricultural watershed (13.7 ha). This combination minimized the maintenance in the GWW without sward damaging sedimentation. In consequence the GWW, as well as providing safe drainage for surface runoff, also served additional ecological roles. During the experiment it reduced runoff and sediment delivery from the watershed by 39% and 82%, respectively. Moreover it improved biodiversity on the research farm and acted as a refuge for beneficial organisms. Soil mineral nitrogen content decreased by 84% after the installation of the GWW, indicating that although infiltration into the GWW was rapid, the risk of groundwater contamination from leached nitrate was diminished. The agricultural assets and drawbacks of establishing GWWs were also studied. We showed that the economic returns were more likely to be improved than reduced. Creating the GWW by natural succession had some advantages compared to seeding with grass.
Myths of slash and burn on physical degradation of savannah soils: impacts on Vertisols in north Cameroon
Authors: Obale‐Ebanga F. , Sevink J. , de Groot W. , Nolte C.
Published: February 2009

Abstract. A study was conducted to assess the impact of agricultural land use history on macro‐aggregate (4.0–4.8 mm) stability in the 0–5 cm layers of Chromic and ‘Hydromorphic’ Vertisols in north Cameroon. Macroaggregate stability to water drop impact was determined and the ASI50 index calculated. Macroaggregates from fallow and zero‐tilled cropped soils disaggregated in a stepwise manner. Macroaggregates from ploughed cropped soils collapsed in one step into semi‐liquefied microaggregates and primary particles. On both soil types, the ASI50 index of samples from ploughed land was 10.0 mJ, compared to 16.4– 21.9 mJ from zero‐tilled slash and burn land use. The stepwise disintegration of macroaggregates indicated the existence of a hierarchy of aggregation within the size range 2–5 mm. Slash and burn land use on zero‐tilled Vertisols significantly increased sand‐sized organic carbon content and the stability of macroaggregates to water impact.
Finding common ground: relational concepts of land tenure and economy in the oil palm frontier of Papua New Guinea
Authors: CURRY GEORGE N , KOCZBERSKI GINA
Published: February 2009

In the oil palm frontier regions of West New Britain and Oro provinces, Papua New Guinea, customary land tenure arrangements are changing in response to the growing demand for land for agricultural development. This paper examines one aspect of these changes, namely the gifting and selling of customary land for oil palm development to people who have no customary birthrights to the land. By analysing how access rights are maintained over the relatively long cultivation cycle of oil palm (approximately 25 years), and in the context of the rapidly changing socio‐economic and demographic environments of the oil palm frontiers, the paper demonstrates that while land transactions seemingly entail the commodification of land, land rights and security of land tenure remain embedded in social relationships. For customary landowners, the moral basis of land rights is contingent on ‘outsiders’ maintaining particular kinds of social and economic relationships with their customary landowning ‘hosts’. In exploring how these social relationships are constituted through the performance of particular kinds of exchange relationships, the paper provides insights into relational concepts of land rights and how these are able to persist in Papua New Guinea's oil palm frontier regions where resource struggles are often intense and where large migrant populations are seeking land for agricultural development.
Corporate Investments: Learning from Restatements
Authors: DURNEV ART , MANGEN CLAUDINE
Published: February 2009

This study analyzes the information conveyed by the restatements of financial reports. We argue that restatements contain news about the investment projects of the restating firms' competitors. This news causes competitors to revise their beliefs about the projects' value, and to modify their subsequent investment decisions. Accordingly, we hypothesize that changes in competitors' investments after restatement announcements are related to news in the restatements. Consistent with our prediction, we find that changes in competitors' investments following restatement announcements are significantly related to various proxies for news in the restatements, such as competitors' and restating firms' abnormal returns at the restatement announcements. We conclude that restatements convey information about the investment projects of restating firms' competitors.
Do gene polymorphisms alone or in combination affect the function of human β3‐adrenoceptors?
Authors: Vrydag Wim , Alewijnse Astrid E. , Michel Martin C.
Published: February 2009

Background and purpose: β3‐Adrenoceptors mediate many important physiological functions, for example, in the urinary bladder. The corresponding gene is polymorphic, and the W64R (Trp64Arg) single nucleotide polymorphism has been associated with disease states such as obesity, type 2 diabetes and bladder dysfunction. While these clinical data suggest that the 64R variant is hypofunctional, previousin vitrostudies in which this variant was generated by site‐directed mutagenesis and subsequent transfection have not consistently confirmed this.

Experimental approach: We transfected the wild‐type human β3‐adrenoceptor and the 64R variant and also the more recently discovered 265M and 306F variants as well as 64R/265M and 64R/306F double mutants into human embryonic kidney cells and selected clones expressing the receptors at a density of about 100 fmol mg protein−1. Receptor activation was measured by cAMP accumulation and ligand affinity by radioligand binding. Desensitisation was assessed as alterations of cAMP responses after prolonged agonist treatment.

Key results: Neither mutated receptor exhibited alterations in efficacy or potency for cAMP accumulation for any of five agonists (isoprenaline, noradrenaline, YM 178, FK 4664, CGP 12 177). In competition binding studies, the mutations did not affect the ability of any agonist to bind to the receptor. Wild‐type receptors and the 64R variant exhibited similar isoprenaline‐induced functional desensitization during a 24 h treatment.

Conclusions and implications: None of the polymorphisms tested here significantly altered the interaction of isoprenaline, noradrenaline, YM 178, FK 4664 or CGP 12 177 with the human β3‐adrenoceptor when expressed at near physiological levels in a human cell line.
Acute hypertension reveals depressor and vasodilator effects of cannabinoids in conscious rats
Authors: Ho W‐S Vanessa , Gardiner Sheila M
Published: February 2009

Background and purpose: The cardiovascular effects of cannabinoids can be influenced by anaesthesia and can differ in chronic hypertension, but the extent to which they are influenced by acute hypertension in conscious animals has not been determined.

Experimental approach: We examined cardiovascular responses to intravenous administration of anandamide and the synthetic cannabinoid, (R)‐(+)‐[2,3‐dihydro‐5‐methyl‐3‐(4‐morpholinylmethyl)pyrrolo[1,2,3‐de]‐1,4‐benzoxazin‐6‐yl]‐1‐naphthalenylmethanone (WIN55212‐2), in conscious male Wistar rats made acutely hypertensive by infusion of angiotensin II (AII) and arginine vasopressin (AVP). Rats were chronically instrumented for measurement of arterial blood pressure and vascular conductances in the renal, mesenteric and hindquarters beds.

Key results: Anandamide dose‐dependently decreased the mean arterial blood pressure of rats made hypertensive by AII‐AVP infusion, but not normotensive rats. Interestingly, acute hypertension also revealed a hypotensive response to WIN55212‐2, which caused hypertension in normotensive animals. The enhanced depressor effects of the cannabinoids in acute hypertension were associated with increased vasodilatation in hindquarters, renal and mesenteric vascular beds. Treatment with URB597, which inhibits anandamide degradation by fatty acid amide hydrolase, potentiated the depressor and mesenteric vasodilator responses to anandamide. Furthermore, haemodynamic responses to WIN55212‐2, but not to anandamide, were attenuated by the CB1receptor antagonist, AM251 [N‐(piperidin‐1‐yl)‐5‐(4‐iodophenyl)‐1‐(2,4‐dichlorophen yl)‐4‐methyl‐1H‐pyrazole‐3‐carboxamide].

Conclusions and implications: These results broadly support the literature showing that the cardiovascular effects of cannabinoids can be exaggerated in hypertension, but highlight the involvement of non‐CB1receptor‐mediated mechanisms in the actions of anandamide.
The vascular effects of different arginase inhibitors in rat isolated aorta and mesenteric arteries
Authors: Huynh NN , Harris EE , Chin‐Dusting JFP , Andrews KL
Published: February 2009

Background and purpose:  Arginase and nitric oxide (NO) synthase share the common substrate L‐arginine, and arginase inhibition is proposed to increase NO production by increasing intracellular levels of L‐arginine. Many different inhibitors are used, and here we have examined the effects of these inhibitors on vascular tissue.

Experimental approach:  Each arginase inhibitor was assessed by its effects on isolated rings of aorta and mesenteric arteries from rats by: (i) their ability to preserve the tolerance to repeated applications of the endothelium‐dependent agonist acetylcholine (ACh); and (ii) their direct vasorelaxant effect.

Key results:  In both vessel types, tolerance (defined as a reduced response upon second application) to ACh was reversed with addition of L‐arginine, (S)‐(2‐boronethyl)‐L‐cysteine HCl (BEC) or NG‐Hydroxy‐L‐arginine (L‐NOHA). On the other hand, Nω‐hydroxy‐nor‐L‐arginine (nor‐NOHA) significantly augmented the response to ACh, an effect that was partially reversed with L‐arginine. No effect on tolerance to ACh was observed with L‐valine, nor‐valine or D,L, α‐difluoromethylornithine (DFMO). BEC, L‐NOHA and nor‐NOHA elicited endothelium‐independent vasorelaxation in both endothelium intact and denuded aorta while L‐valine, DFMO and nor‐valine did not.

Conclusions and implications:  BEC and L‐NOHA, but not nor‐NOHA, L‐valine, DFMO or nor‐valine, significantly reversed tolerance to ACh possibly conserving L‐arginine levels and therefore increasing NO bioavailability. However, both BEC and L‐NOHA caused endothelium‐independent vasorelaxation in rat aorta, suggesting that these inhibitors have a role beyond arginase inhibition alone. Our data thus questions the interpretation of many studies using these antagonists as specific arginase inhibitors in the vasculature, without verification with other methods.
A standardized extract of Ginkgo biloba suppresses doxorubicin‐induced oxidative stress and p53‐mediated mitochondrial apoptosis in rat testes
Authors: Yeh Y‐C , Liu T‐J , Wang L‐C , Lee H‐W , Ting C‐T , Lee W‐L , Hung C‐J , Wang K‐Y , Lai H‐C , Lai H‐C
Published: February 2009

Background and purpose:  Doxorubicin evokes oxidative stress and precipitates cell apoptosis in testicular tissues. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the Ginkgo biloba extract 761 (EGb), a widely used herbal medicine with potent anti‐oxidant and anti‐apoptotic properties, could protect testes from such doxorubicin injury.

Experimental approach:  Sprague‐Dawley male rats (8 weeks old) were given vehicle, doxorubicin alone (3 mg kg−1 every 2 days for three doses), EGb alone (5 mg kg−1 every 2 days for three doses), or EGb followed by doxorubicin (each dose administered 1 day after EGb). At 7 days after the first drug treatment oxidative and apoptotic testicular toxicity was evaluated by biochemical, histological and flow cytometric analyses.

Key results:  Compared with controls, testes from doxorubicin‐treated rats displayed impaired spermatogenesis, depleted haploid germ cell subpopulations, increased lipid peroxidation products (malondialdehyde), depressed antioxidant enzyme activities (superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione), reduced antioxidant enzyme expression (superoxide dismutase) and elevated apoptotic indexes (pro‐apoptotic modulation of Bcl‐2 family proteins, intensification of p53 and Apaf‐1, release of mitochondrial cytochrome c, activation of caspase‐3 and increase of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase nick‐end labelling/sub‐haploid cells), while EGb pretreatment effectively alleviated all of these doxorubicin‐induced abnormalities in testes.

Conclusions and implications:  These results demonstrate that EGb protected against the oxidative and apoptotic actions of doxorubicin on testes. EGb may be a promising adjuvant therapy medicine, potentially ameliorating testicular toxicity of this anti‐neoplastic agent in clinical practice.
Allopurinol for pain relief: more than just crystal clearance?
Authors: Connor Mark
Published: February 2009

Gout and pain are synonymous, and a study in this issue of the BJP reports a novel anti‐nociceptive effect of allopurinol, the drug most commonly used to treat gout. Allopurinol works by inhibiting xanthine oxidase (XO), the enzyme responsible for converting hypoxanthine to uric acid which is deposited as crystals in the joints of gout sufferers. Hypoxanthine is a metabolite of, and a possible precursor to, adenosine. Schmidt et al., find that acute inhibition of XO with allopurinol produces a modest adenosine A1 receptor‐mediated anti‐nociceptive effect in common tests of chemical and thermal nociception in mice. A concomitant increase in cerebrospinal fluid levels of adenosine supports their hypothesis that inhibiting XO increases adenosine levels via salvage from hypoxanthine. Elevating endogenous adenosine levels by inhibiting metabolism is a well‐established strategy for producing anti‐nociception in many preclinical models, but inhibiting XO is likely to be particularly beneficial in some chronic pain states because of the pro‐nociceptive reactive oxygen species that are produced by XO activity. Thus, allopurinol may have unexpected benefits in pain associated with chronic inflammation, diabetes and vascular dysfunction.
Prograde P–T path of medium‐pressure granulite facies calc‐silicate rocks, Higo metamorphic terrane, central Kyushu, Japan
Authors: MAKI K. , FUKUNAGA Y. , NISHIYAMA T. , MORI Y.
Published: February 2009

This paper reports an occurrence of medium‐pressure granulite facies calc‐silicate rocks intercalated with pelitic gneisses in the Higo metamorphic terrane, central Kyushu, Japan, which is classified as a low‐P/high‐T (andalusite‐sillimanite type) metamorphic belt. Three equilibrium stages are recognized in the calc‐silicate rock based on reaction textures: M1 stage characterized by an assemblage of porphyroblastic garnet + coarse‐grained clinopyroxene + plagioclase included in the clinopyroxene; M2 stage by two kinds of breakdown products of garnet, one is plagioclase + coronitic clinopyroxene within garnet and the other is plagioclase + vermicular clinopyroxene surrounding garnet; and M3 stage by amphibole replacing clinopyroxene. The key assemblage in the calc‐silicate rock common to M1 and M2 stages is Grt + Cpx + Pl ± Qtz, which constrains the pressure and temperature (P–T) conditions for these stages by Fe–Mg exchange reaction and the two univariant net‐transfer reactions: 2Grs + Alm + 3Qtz = 3Hd + 3An or 2Grs + Prp + 3Qtz = 3Di + 3An. The P–T conditions for M1 and M2 stages were estimated to be about 8.4 ± 1.9 kbar and 680 ± 122 °C, and 6.7 ± 1.9 to 8.9 ± 2.2 kbar and 700 ± 130 to 820 ± 160 °C, respectively. Estimates are consistent with an isobaric heating P–T path. The high peak temperature conditions at normal crustal depths and the prograde isobaric heating path probably require heat advection due to melt migration during the high‐T metamorphism.
Geochronological and petrological constraints on Palaeoproterozoic granulite facies metamorphism in southeastern margin of the North China Craton
Authors: LIU Y.‐C. , WANG A.‐D. , ROLFO F. , GROPPO C. , GU X.‐F. , SONG B.
Published: February 2009

In the southeastern margin of the North China Craton, high‐pressure (HP) granulite facies meta‐basic rocks exposed as bands or lenses in the Precambrian metamorphic basement (e.g. Bengbu) and as xenoliths in Mesozoic intrusions (e.g. Jiagou) are characterized by the assemblage garnet + clinopyroxene + plagioclase + quartz + rutile ± Ti‐rich hornblende. Cathodoluminescence imaging and mineral inclusions reveal that most zircon from the three dated samples displays distinct core‐mantle‐rim structures. The cores show typical igneous zircon characteristics and give ages of 2.5–2.4 Ga, thus dating the protolith of the metabasites. The mantles formed at granulite facies conditions as evidenced by inclusions of the HP granulite mineral assemblage garnet + clinopyroxene + rutile + plagioclase + quartz ± hornblende and Ti‐rich biotite and yield ages of 1839 ± 31, 1811 ± 19 and 1800 ± 15 Ma. An inclusion‐free rim yields an age of 176 ± 2 Ma with the lower Th/U ratio of 0.02. The geochronological and preliminary petrological data of this study suggest that the lower crust beneath the southeastern margin of the North China Craton formed at 2.5–2.4 Ga and underwent HP granulite facies metamorphism at c. 1.8 Ga. This HT‐HP metamorphic event may be ascribed to large‐scale crustal heating and thickening related to mantle‐derived magma underplating at the base of the lower crust, as evidenced by widespread extension, rifting and related mafic magma emplacement in the North China Craton during this period. The age of 176 ± 2 Ma most likely records the late amphibolite facies retrogression occurring during exhumation.
Talampanel suppresses the acute and chronic effects of seizures in a rodent neonatal seizure model
Authors: Aujla Paven K. , Fetell Michael R. , Jensen Frances E.
Published: February 2009

Purpose:  To test the efficacy of the novel candidate anticonvulsant talampanel (GYKI 53773) in a rodent model of hypoxic neonatal seizures. Talampanel is a noncompetitive antagonist of the alpha‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methyl‐4‐isoxazole‐propionic acid subtype of the glutamate receptor (AMPAR). We have previously shown that AMPARs play a critical role in the generation of acute seizures and later‐life seizure susceptibility in this model of neonatal seizures.

Methods:  Seizures were induced in postnatal day (P) 10 Long‐Evans rat pups by a 15 min exposure to global hypoxia. Acute seizure activity at P10 and subsequent susceptibility to seizure‐induced neuronal injury with a “second‐hit” kainate‐induced seizure at P30–31 were compared between animals receiving talampanel (1, 5, 7.5, or 10 mg/kg) intraperitoneally (i.p.) versus saline vehicle treatment.

Results:  Talampanel treatment suppressed seizures in a dose‐dependent manner, with maximal effect at 7.5 and 10 mg/kg. In addition, talampanel treatment 30 min before hypoxia prevented later‐life increases in seizure‐induced neuronal injury as assessed by in situ DNA nick end‐labeling (ISEL).

Discussion:  We have previously demonstrated efficacy of other AMPAR antagonists such as NBQX and topiramate in this model. The present finding shows that the novel agent talampanel, under evaluation as an antiepileptic drug in children and adults, may have clinical potential in the treatment of neonatal seizures, particularly those occurring in the context of hypoxic encephalopathy.
Upregulated TWIK‐related acid‐sensitive K+channel‐2 in neurons and perivascular astrocytes in the hippocampus of experimental temporal lobe epilepsy
Authors: Kim Ji‐Eun , Kwak Sung‐Eun , Kang Tae‐Cheon
Published: February 2009

Purpose: To identify the modulation of Tandem of P‐domains in a weak inwardly rectifying K+channel (TWIK)–related acid‐sensitive K+(TASK)‐2 channel expressions in epilepsy, we conducted a comparative analysis of TASK‐2 channel immunoreactivity in the hippocampus of a pilocarpine‐induced rat epilepsy model.

Methods: We performed and immunohistochemical study for TASK‐2 and double immunofluorescent staining for TASK‐2 and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in the rat hippocampus of pilocarpine‐induced epilepsy models.

Results: In control animals, TASK‐2 immunoreactivity was strongly detected in CA1–3 pyramidal layers and dentate granule cell layer. After status epilepticus (SE), TASK‐2 immunoreactivity was increased in dentate granule cell layer and CA3 pyramidal cell layer, whereas its immunoreactivity was reduced in CA1 pyramidal cell layer. In addition, TASK‐2 immunoreactivity is gradually increased in perivascular regions following SE. Double immunofluorescent study revealed that the enhancement of TASK‐2 immunoreactivity in perivascular regions is caused by increase in the number of TASK‐2 immunoreactive endfeet of perivascular astrocytes.

Discussion: Our findings suggest that elevated TASK‐2 immunoreactivity in neurons may contribute to rapid adaptive responses (presumably for extracellular alkalinization), which result in hyperpolarization and regulate seizure activity. In contrast, upregulated TASK‐2 immunoreactivity in perivascular regions may be involved in abnormalities of blood flow regulation or brain‐blood barrier impairment. These changes may contribute to acquisition of the properties of the epileptic hippocampus.
Self‐Reported Sleep and Nap Habits and Risk of Mortality in a Large Cohort of Older Women
Authors: Stone Katie L. , Ewing Susan K. , Ancoli‐Israel Sonia , Ensrud Kristine E. , Redline Susan , Bauer Douglas C. , Cauley Jane A. , Hillier Teresa A. , Cummings Steven R.
Published: February 2009

OBJECTIVES: To determine the association between self‐reported sleep and nap habits and mortality in a large cohort of older women.

DESIGN: Study of Osteoporotic Fractures prospective cohort study.

SETTING: Four communities within the United States.

PARTICIPANTS: Eight thousand one hundred one Caucasian women aged 69 and older (mean age 77.0).

MEASUREMENTS: Sleep and nap habits were assessed using a questionnaire at the fourth clinic visit (1993/94). Deaths during 7 years of follow‐up were confirmed with death certificates. Underlying cause of death was assigned according to the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification.

RESULTS: In multivariate models, women who reported napping daily were 44% more likely to die from any cause (95% confidence interval (CI)=1.23–1.67), 58% more likely to die from cardiovascular causes (95% CI=1.25–2.00), and 59% more likely to die from noncardiovascular noncancer causes (95% CI=1.24–2.03) than women who did not nap daily. This relationship remained significant in relatively healthy women (those who reported no comorbidities). Women who slept 9 to 10 hours per 24 hours were at greater risk of death from cardiovascular and other (noncardiovascular, noncancer) causes than those who reported sleeping 8 to 9 hours.

CONCLUSION: Older women who reported napping daily or sleeping at least 9 hours per 24 hours are at greater risk of death from all causes except cancer. Future research could determine whether specific sleep disorders contribute to these relationships.
Improving the Diagnostic Accuracy of Depression in Older Persons: The Depression in the Aged Female National Evaluation Cluster Randomized Trial
Authors: Lattanzio Fabrizia , Di Bari Mauro , Sgadari Antonio , Baccini Michela , Ercolani Sara , Rengo Franco , Senin Umberto , Bernabei Roberto , Marchionni Niccolò , Cherubini Antonio ,   for the Depression in the Aged Female National Evaluation Study Group
Published: February 2009

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate whether a training intervention can improve the ability of geriatricians to recognize depression in older persons.

DESIGN: Multicenter, cluster randomized clinical trial.

SETTING: Fourteen geriatric outpatient clinics in Italy, each representing the unit of randomization.

PARTICIPANTS: After training, a total of 1,914 outpatients aged 65 years and older in both arms, not on antidepressant at entry, were blindly evaluated by the clinic geriatrician, in charge of routine clinical management, and by a field researcher, who formally diagnosed depression by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM‐IV), taken as the criterion standard.

INTERVENTION: After randomization, geriatricians belonging to the intervention arm were assigned to receive a residential 3‐day educational program on depression. Those in the control arm received a generic course on disease management in elderly people.

MEASUREMENTS: Sensitivity and specificity of the diagnosis of depression made by geriatricians, compared with the DSM‐IV diagnosis.

RESULTS: Sensitivity and specificity were significantly higher in trained than in untrained geriatricians (49 vs 35% and 91 vs 88%, respectively; P=.002 in marginal regression models). Effectiveness of training was confirmed, adjusting for age, sex, and cognitive performance (P=.02).

CONCLUSION: The ability of geriatricians to diagnose depression in older outpatients can be improved with a specific training intervention. Improvement of diagnostic performance might translate into more‐appropriate clinical management.
Diagnostic Imaging of Canine Elbow Dysplasia: A Review
Authors: COOK CRISTI R. , COOK JAMES L.
Published: February 2009

Canine elbow dysplasia (CED) is a common developmental disorder of the cubital joint of dogs. CED is comprised of fragmented medial coronoid process (FMCP), ununited anconeal process (UAP), osteochondrosis (OC), and elbow incongruity. Multiple imaging modalities have been used to assess this complex of disorders and the severity of the pathologic changes. Radiography has been used as a surveying tool for assessment of CED for many years. Recently, alternate techniques and modalities have expanded our knowledge of CED and our clinical approach to this disorder. Nuclear medicine has been used to aid in localizing lameness to the elbow joint. Ultrasonography has proven helpful for imaging the soft tissue structures adjacent to the joint as well as superficial bone abnormalities, including visualization of FMCP. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging are advanced imaging modalities that allow visualization of the elbow in multiple planes and into three‐dimensional reconstructions, thus allowing lesions to be more accurately and comprehensively visualized. Assessment of elbow incongruity in particular has been benefitted by these advanced imaging techniques because of the importance of sagittal and dorsal plane imaging and reconstructions for accurately determining the relationships between radial and ulnar articular surfaces. Comparative studies using multiple techniques and imaging modalities with correlation to reference standards and patient outcomes will be vital to continued progress in this area.
Visual Estimation of Radioulnar Incongruence in Dogs Using Three‐Dimensional Image Rendering: An In Vitro Study Based on Computed Tomographic Imaging
Authors: BÖTTCHER PETER , WERNER HINNERK , LUDEWIG EBERHARD , GREVEL VERA , OECHTERING GERHARD
Published: February 2009

Objective— To determine the sensitivity and specificity of visual estimation of radioulnar incongruence (RUI) in the canine elbow by use of 3‐dimensional (3D) image rendering.

Study Design— Experimentally induced negative and positive RUI.

Sample Population— Canine (>20 kg) cadaveric right thoracic limbs (n=8).

Methods— Radial shortening and lengthening of 1 and 2 mm were performed extending an established surgical in vitro model of RUI. Based on transverse computed tomographic (CT) scans of each radioulnar conformation, the subchondral radioulnar joint surface was reconstructed and visualized. A total of 64 3D models of RUI were blindly evaluated in a random manner by 3 independent observers. RUI was estimated subjectively at 1 mm precisely (−2, −1, 0, +1, +2) by visual inspection of the 3D models.

Results— Median sensitivity for identifying an incongruent joint was 0.86. Median specificity for identification of a congruent joint was 0.77. Analyzing the data only in respect to a congruent joint versus one with a shortened radius (positive RUI) resulted in a median sensitivity of 0.82, and a median specificity of 1.00. Interobserver agreement was 0.87. Repeatability was 0.96.

Conclusion— Estimation of positive and negative RUI based on 3D surface models of the radioulnar articulation mimics gross inspection in a noninvasive manner, the latter being the ultimate gold standard for definitive diagnosis of any radioulnar step. The proposed technique is precise, reliable, and repeatable in vitro.

Clinical Relevance— Preoperative estimation of the type and degree of RUI is the basis for deciding which type of corrective or modifying osteotomy might be best suited to restore normal joint loads in vivo.
Radiographic and Arthroscopic Findings in the Elbow Joints of 263 Dogs with Medial Coronoid Disease
Authors: FITZPATRICK NOEL , SMITH THOMAS J. , EVANS RICHARD B. , YEADON RUSSELL
Published: February 2009

Objective—To report clinical, radiographic, and arthroscopic findings in dogs with thoracic limb lameness attributed solely to disease of the medial aspect of the coronoid process (MCP).

Study Design—Case series.

Animals—Dogs (n=263) with MCP disease (MCD; 437 elbows).

Methods—Clinical records (January 2000–July 2006) and radiographs were reviewed and pertinent data recorded. Radiographic interpretation included measures of periarticular osteophytosis, gross assessment of MCP integrity, and measurement of ulnar subtrochlear sclerosis (STS). Statistical analysis was performed to evaluate associations between data; confidence interval was set at 95%.

Results—Labrador Retrievers were 50.2% of all dogs with MCD. Mean age at diagnosis was 32 months and duration of lameness was 14.5 weeks. Thirteen elbows (3%) were considered radiographically normal. Osteophytosis was identified on the anconeal process (70.2%), radial head (37.3%), and lateral epicondyle (56.5%), and STS was identified in 86.7% of elbows. Median osteophytosis score was 1; mean absolute osteophytosis score was 1.7. Arthroscopic findings included: fissuring (18.3%) and fragmentation (64.1%) of the MCP and kissing lesions (49.0%) of elbows. Median‐modified Outerbridge score of the MCP was 2 and the humeral condyle, 0. Weak or moderate correlations were found between osteophytosis and modified Outerbridge scores and weak correlation between modified Outerbridge scores of the MCP and medial humeral condyle.

Conclusions—Wide ranges in clinical, radiographic, and arthroscopic findings are recognized in dogs with MCD but correlations between such factors are generally weak. Radiographic and arthroscopic findings do not correlate with owner‐reported duration of lameness.

Clinical Relevance—Radiographic measures of osteophytosis are poor predictors of severity of arthroscopic pathology for MCD.
Bilateral Shoulder and Elbow Arthroscopy in Dogs with Forelimb Lameness: Diagnostic Findings and Treatment Outcomes
Authors: COOK JAMES L. , COOK CRISTI R.
Published: February 2009

Objective— Characterize clinical findings and outcomes in dogs with forelimb lameness.

Study Design— Prospective case series.

Animals— Dogs (n=19) with forelimb lameness.

Methods— Dogs were included when lameness was attributed to shoulder and/or elbow pathology with informed consent for bilateral shoulder and elbow arthroscopy. Historical, clinical examination and diagnostic imaging findings were recorded. Localization of lameness was determined and subjective arthroscopic assessment of shoulders and elbows performed. Outcomes were subjectively assessed by owner survey.

Results— Dogs were lame in 1 (n=8) or both (11) forelimbs on admission. Lameness was localized to shoulders (8), elbows (6), or both (5). Preoperative localization was correct in 15 of 19 dogs (78.9%). Arthroscopic pathology was noted in 17 shoulders and 23 elbows. Orthopedic examination, spinatus muscle atrophy, abduction angles, elbow joint effusion, and radiographic assessment were clinically useful for preoperatively determining pathology. Eleven shoulders and 20 elbows were surgically treated. Dogs were significantly (P<.001) less lame at follow‐up (mean±SD lameness score, 1.1±1.1) 6–24 months postoperatively compared with admission (4.2±2.8). Dogs with shoulder involvement only were significantly (P=.038) less lame than dogs with shoulder and elbow involvement after treatment. Most dogs (15) had mild to moderate lameness after treatment.

Conclusion— Forelimb lameness in dogs may be associated with shoulder or elbow pathology or both. Preoperative localization and diagnosis based on examination, palpation, and radiography will be “correct”∼80% of the time.

Clinical Relevance— We recommend comprehensive assessment using history, orthopedic examination, joint‐specific palpation, radiography, and arthroscopy, and following outcomes to determine cause of lameness, indications for treatment, optimal treatment, and accurate client communication for forelimb lameness in dogs.
Current Understandings on Complex Regional Pain Syndrome
Authors: De Mos Marissa , Sturkenboom Miriam C. J. M. , Huygen Frank J. P. M.
Published: February 2009

The mechanisms underlying complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) have been increasingly studied over the past decade. Classically, this painful and disabling disorder was considered to emerge from pathology of the central nervous system. However, the involvement of additional peripheral disease mechanisms is likely, and recently these mechanisms have also attracted scientific attention. The present article provides an overview of the current understandings regarding pathology of the autonomic and somatic nervous system in CRPS, as well as the roles of neurogenic inflammation, hypoxia, and the contribution of psychological factors. Potential connections between the separate disease mechanisms will be discussed. Additionally, currently known risk factors for CRPS will be addressed. Insight into risk factors is of relevance as it facilitates early diagnosis and tailored treatment. Moreover, it may provide clues for further unraveling of the pathogenesis and etiology of CRPS.
Investigation of whether the acute hemolysis associated with Rho(D) immune globulin intravenous (human) administration for treatment of immune thrombocytopenic purpura is consistent with the acute hemolytic transfusion reaction model
Authors: Gaines Ann Reed , Lee‐Stroka Hallie , Byrne Karen , Scott Dorothy E. , Uhl Lynne , Lazarus Ellen , Stroncek David F.
Published: February 2009

BACKGROUND: Immune thrombocytopenic purpura and secondary thrombocytopenia patients treated with Rho(D) immune globulin intravenous (human; anti‐D IGIV) have experienced acute hemolysis, which is inconsistent with the typical presentation of extravascular hemolysis—the presumed mechanism of action of anti‐D IGIV. Although the mechanism of anti‐D‐IGIV–associated acute hemolysis has not been established, the onset, signs/symptoms, and complications appear consistent with the intravascular hemolysis of acute hemolytic transfusion reactions (AHTRs). In transfusion medicine, the red blood cell (RBC) antigen‐antibody incompatibility(‐ies) that precipitate AHTRs can be detected in vitro with compatibility testing. Under the premise that anti‐D‐IGIV–associated acute hemolysis results from RBC antigen‐antibody–mediated complement activation, this study evaluated whether the incompatibility(‐ies) could be detected in vitro with a hemolysin assay, which would support the AHTR model as the hemolytic mechanism.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Seven anti‐D IGIV lots were tested to determine the RBC antibody identities in those lots, including four lots that had been implicated in acute hemolytic episodes. Hemolysin assays were performed that tested each of 73 RBC specimens against each lot, including the RBCs of one patient who had experienced acute hemolysis after anti‐D IGIV administration.

RESULTS: Only two anti‐D IGIV lots contained RBC antibodies beyond those expected. No hemolysis endpoint was observed in any of the hemolysin assays.

CONCLUSION: Although the findings did not support the AHTR model, the results are reported to contribute knowledge about the mechanism of anti‐D‐IGIV–associated acute hemolysis and to prompt continued investigation into cause(s), prediction, and prevention of this potentially serious adverse event.
Platelet function assessed by shear‐induced deposition of split triple‐dose apheresis concentrates treated with pathogen reduction technologies
Authors: Picker Susanne M. , Schneider Volker , Gathof Birgit S.
Published: February 2009

BACKGROUND: Pathogen inactivation/reduction technology (PRT) may alter quality of stored platelet (PLT) concentrates (PCs). Therefore, PLT adhesion and aggregation should be studied before transfusion of PRT‐treated PLTs.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: A three‐arm in vitro study on triple‐dose apheresis PCs (n = 9) was conducted. Split single units were designated to PRT treatment with either a riboflavin (M)‐ or a psoralen (I)‐based technique and compared to untreated controls (C). Samples were taken on Days 0, 1, 5, 7, and 8 to assess PLT function via a cone and plate(let) analyzer, flow cytometric P‐selectin expression, and turbidometric aggregation response to thrombin receptor–activating peptide 6 (TRAP‐6).

RESULTS: P‐selectin expression increased and TRAP‐6–inducible expression decreased steadily in all units until reaching a plateau on Day 5 of storage. PRT‐treated units demonstrated significant (p ≤ 0.008) differences to C units due to a more pronounced upregulation in P‐selectin expression after PRT treatment. The same was true for TRAP‐6 after Day 5 of storage. C units were significantly superior over PRT‐treated units (p ≤ 0.002), among which M yielded higher values than I (p ≤ 0.008). Although M demonstrated increased shear‐induced PLT deposition that remained stable during storage (p = 0.082), surface coverage significantly declined in C (p = 0.047) and especially in I (p = 0.003), but differences between M, C, and I did not reach significance. All units exhibited a slight increase in aggregate size that remained comparable throughout storage (p ≥ 0.141).

CONCLUSIONS: Irrespective of storage‐related changes in PLT activation and turbidometric aggregation response, riboflavin‐based PRT seemed to benefit shear‐induced PLT adhesion. The impact of this finding for PLT function and thrombogenesis in vivo must await clinical evaluation.
Red blood cell volume can be independently determined in vitro using sheep and human red blood cells labeled at different densities of biotin
Authors: Mock Donald M. , Matthews Nell I. , Strauss Ronald G. , Burmeister Leon F. , Schmidt Robert , Widness John A.
Published: February 2009

BACKGROUND:The development of valid methods for repeatedly measuring red blood cell (RBC) volume (RCV) in the same individual would be useful in furthering understanding of the physiology and pathophysiology of the pregnant woman, fetus, and infant under a variety of conditions.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS:Small volumes (5 to 100 mL) of either sheep or human blood were used to test the hypothesis that there is no significant difference in RCV and blood volume determined in vitro using as many as five populations of RBCs labeled at distinct biotin densities. By varying the mass of biotinylating reagent, the density of biotin on the surface of RBCs was incrementally increased to produce discrete populations as assessed by flow cytometric enumeration. Calculation of RCV for each biotin‐labeled RBC population was based on the dilution principle.

RESULTS:All biotin densities, except the most densely labeled, where variance was the greatest, accurately quantitated the in vitro blood volume to within 10 percent of the correct value. There was no bias of either overestimation or underestimation in the determination of the blood volume using either sheep or human RBCs.

CONCLUSION:These in vitro results provide evidence that the multidensity biotin labeling method is sufficiently accurate to utilize in vivo for repeated determination of circulating RCV and blood volume.
Co‐Constructing Representations of Culture in ESL and EFL Classrooms: Discursive Faultlines in Chile and California
Authors: MENARD–WARWICK JULIA
Published: February 2009

Based on qualitative research conducted in 3 university English as a foreign language classrooms in Chile and 3 community college English as a second language classrooms in California, this article examines the approaches used in teaching culture in these classrooms, the differences in how particular cultures (usually national cultures) were represented depending on teaching context, the processes by which these representations of culture were co‐constructed by teachers and students, and the extent to which the observed cultural pedagogies seemed to cultivate interculturality. In particular, this article focuses on discursive faultlines (Kramsch, 1993), areas of cultural difference or misunderstanding that became manifest in classroom talk. Although teaching culture was not the primary goal in any of these classes, the teachers generally provided space for students to problematize cultural issues; however, this problematization did not necessarily lead to interculturality. The article concludes with implications for cultural pedagogies based on the observed interactions.
Using a Corpus‐Based Lexicogrammatical Approach to Grammar Instruction in EFL and ESL Contexts
Authors: LIU DILIN , JIANG PING
Published: February 2009

This article reports on a study that examined the effects of integrating corpus and contextualized lexicogrammar in foreign and second language teaching. The study was conducted in English as a foreign language (EFL) and English as a second language (ESL) courses at 1 Chinese university and 2 U.S. universities, involving 244 participants (236 EFL/ESL students and 8 instructors). A variety of data was collected, including students' corpus search projects and reflection papers, teachers' lesson plans and teaching journals, and a poststudy assessment survey. A close analysis of the data reveals several positive effects of the approach, such as improved command of lexicogrammar, increased critical understanding of grammar, and enhanced discovery learning skills. It also reveals some challenges of corpus‐based lexicogrammar learning, including the daunting difficulty many students feel in corpus analysis. The study also identifies some variables influencing learners' experience in using the approach, such as course content, student learning styles, and learning settings. Implications for pedagogy and further research are also discussed.
Qualitative Research in Language Teaching and Learning Journals, 1997–2006
Authors: BENSON PHIL , CHIK ALICE , GAO XUESONG , HUANG JING , WANG WENFENG
Published: February 2009

In the light of widespread discussion of qualitative approaches to language teaching and learning research in recent years, this article reports on a survey of qualitative data‐based articles published in 10 major journals between 1997 and 2006. The survey revealed that 477 qualitative articles (22% of the total number published) had appeared in the 10 journals over this period, that the year‐by‐year totals were relatively stable over the 10‐year period of the survey, and that there was considerable variation among the journals. An analysis of the articles in terms of approaches to qualitative research showed that methodological eclecticism, rather than adherence to established traditions, is now the dominant characteristic of published qualitative work in our field.
Second Language Learners' Beliefs About Grammar Instruction and Error Correction
Authors: LOEWEN SHAWN , LI SHAOFENG , FEI FEI , THOMPSON AMY , NAKATSUKASA KIMI , AHN SEONGMEE , CHEN XIAOQING
Published: February 2009

Learner beliefs are an important individual difference in second language (L2) learning. Furthermore, an ongoing debate surrounds the role of grammar instruction and error correction in the L2 classroom. Therefore, this study investigated the beliefs of L2 learners regarding the controversial role of grammar instruction and error correction. A total of 754 L2 students at an American university completed a questionnaire consisting of 37 Likert‐scale items and 4 open‐ended prompts. The quantitative items were submitted to a factor analysis, which identified 6 underlying factors (efficacy of grammar, negative attitude toward error correction, priority of communication, importance of grammar, importance of grammatical accuracy, and negative attitude toward grammar instruction). These factors were then used to investigate differences in beliefs among learners studying different target languages. In addition, themes emerging from the qualitative data were identified. The results indicate that among learners studying English as a second language and those studying a foreign language, there were varied beliefs about grammar instruction and error correction.