bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Questioning the Effort Hypothesis That Depressed Patients Perform Disproportionately Worse on Effortful Cognitive Tasks
Authors: Hammers Dustin B. , Weisenbach Sara
Published: January 2020

The debate over Hasher and Zacks’ effort hypothesis—that performance on effortful tasks by patients with depression will be disproportionately worse than their performance on automatic tasks—shows a need for additional research to settle whether or not this notion is “clinical lore.” In this study, we categorized 285 outpatient recipients of neuropsychological evaluations into three groups—No Depression, Mild-to-Moderate Depression, and Severe Depression—based on their Beck Depression Inventory-2 self-reports. We then compared these groups’ performances on both “automatic” and “effortful” versions of the Ruff 2 & 7 Selective Attention Test Total Speed and Total Accuracy Indices, the Digit Span subtest from the Wechsler Adult Intellectual Scale—Fourth Edition, and Trail Making Test Parts A and B, using a two-way (3 × 2) mixed multivariate analysis of variance. Patients with Mild-to-Moderate Depression or Severe Depression performed disproportionately worse than patients with No Depression in our sample on more effortful versions of only one of the four attention or executive functioning measures (Trail Making Test). Thus, these data failed to fully support a hypothesis of disproportionately worse performance on more effortful tasks. While this study failed to negate the effort hypothesis in some specific instances, particularly for use in the Trail Making Test, there is cause for caution in routinely applying the effort hypothesis when interpreting test findings in most clinical settings and for most measures.
Parent and Child Experiences of Parental Work–Family Conflict and Satisfaction with Work and Family
Authors: Morr Loftus Mary Claire , Droser Veronica A.
Published: January 2020

This study examined the relationship between parent and young adult child perceptions of parental work–family conflict and work and family satisfaction. Data were collected from 112 parent–child dyads, and children perceived parents to experience significantly more strain-based work–family conflict than parents reported. Parent and child did not differ in ratings of five other dimensions of parent’s work–family and family–work conflict. Parent and child ratings of the parent’s experience of all three dimensions of work–family conflict and one of three dimensions of family–work conflict were positively correlated. Four actor–partner interdependence models using multilevel modeling tested dyadic effects of work–family or family–work conflict on work or family satisfaction. Negative actor effects were found for behavior-based work–family and family–work conflict and for strain-based family–work conflict on family satisfaction. Negative actor effects existed for behavior-based work–family and family–work conflict on work satisfaction, and behavior-based work–family conflict also had a negative partner effect on work satisfaction.
Building Trustworthy Relationships with Smallholder(Small-scale) Agro-commodity Suppliers: Insights from the Ghana Cocoa Industry
Authors: Glavee-Geo Richard , Burki Umar , Buvik Arnt
Published: January 2020

The purpose of the study is to investigate which factors lead firms should consider in their quest to build trustworthy supply relationships with agro-commodity suppliers. We developed a model of opportunism-trust relationships, which we analyzed in the context of a smallholder agro-commodity supply market (SHACSM). The data source is a survey of 444 buyer-supplier relationships from the cocoa industry of Ghana. The analysis shows that relational satisfaction, cooperation and information exchange reduce perceptions of opportunism consistent with the literature. However, multigroup analysis suggests differences in perception between men and women farm owners/managers. While men perceived the important role of information exchange in reducing perceptions of opportunism, women farm owners/managers were more concerned about the negative consequence of opportunism on trust. We discuss implications for theory, public policy, and macromarketing practice, and suggest options for future research.
Virtual and augmented reality: potential applications in radiology
Authors: Elsayed Mohammad , Kadom Nadja , Ghobadi Comeron , Strauss Benjamin , Al Dandan Omran , Aggarwal Abhimanyu , Anzai Yoshimi , Griffith Brent , Lazarow Frances , Straus Christopher M , Safdar Nabile M
Published: January 2020

The modern-day radiologist must be adept at image interpretation, and the one who most successfully leverages new technologies may provide the highest value to patients, clinicians, and trainees. Applications of virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) have the potential to revolutionize how imaging information is applied in clinical practice and how radiologists practice. This review provides an overview of VR and AR, highlights current applications, future developments, and limitations hindering adoption.
Bilateral Hip Arthroscopy in High-Level Athletes: Results of a Shorter Interval Between Staged Bilateral Hip Arthroscopies
Authors: Hassebrock Jeffrey D. , Chhabra Anikar , Makovicka Justin L. , Economopoulos Kostas J.
Published: January 2020

Background:

Hip arthroscopy is a safe and effective mechanism for treating femoroacetabular impingement symptoms in high level athletes. Bilateral symptoms occur in a subset of this population.

Purpose:

To discuss outcomes of bilateral hip arthroscopy in high-level athletes and compare a standard staged timeline for bilateral hip arthroscopic surgery versus an accelerated timeline.

Study Design:

Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3.

Methods:

A retrospective review of all staged bilateral hip arthroscopies was performed on high-level athletes over a 3-year period. Patients were categorized into cohorts based upon when the second procedure was performed (4-6 weeks after the index procedure or >6 weeks after the index procedure). Exclusion criteria included any prior hip surgery, advanced arthritis, previous pelvic or femoral fracture, or inflammatory arthropathy. Demographics, radiographic measurements, operative reports of procedures performed, and patient-reported outcomes (Hip Outcome Score–Activities of Daily Living, Hip Outcome Score–Sport Specific Subscale, modified Harris Hip Score, return to sports, return to same level of play) were compared between groups at 6-month, 1-year, and 2-year intervals, with the Student t test used for continuous data and a chi-square test used for categorical data.

Results:

50 patients were identified: 22 in the accelerated surgery (AS) group and 28 in the standard surgery (SS) group. Age and number of collegiate participants were greater in the AS group, whereas the number of high school participants and the time away from sports were higher in the SS group. Preoperative alpha angles were significantly larger among the AS group, but no differences were found in postoperative alpha angles, center edge angles, or Tönnis grades. No significant difference was seen in patient-reported outcomes between the 2 groups at 6-month, 1-year, and 2-year follow-up.

Conclusion:

Bilateral hip arthroscopy performed 4 to 6 weeks apart is a safe and effective treatment option for athletes with bilateral femoroacetabular impingement and labral tears; the procedures entail a high rate of return to sports, return to the same level of sports, and decreased time lost from sports. This information could be useful for an athlete deciding on whether to proceed with bilateral hip arthroscopy and deciding on the timing for the procedures.
Evaluation of Gingivitis in Pregnant Beagle Dogs
Authors: Basuki Williana , Rawlinson Jennifer , Lothamer Chad , Wheeler Richard , Prytherch Ben
Published: January 2020

Periodontal disease (PD) in pregnant women has been correlated with negative impacts on pregnancy outcomes including low birth weight, preterm labor, and increased neonatal mortality. This study aimed to explore similar associations in dogs. Medical, dental, and reproductive records of healthy female beagles producing one or more litters within a research breeding facility were evaluated over a 1.5-year period. Dental scoring (1-6) was based on a facility-developed, subjective assessment of gingivitis and calculus deposition following parturition. Assessment of periodontitis was not performed. Statistical analyses were performed to find correlations between the dam’s dental score and pregnancy outcomes (length of gestation, litter size, stillborn, and failure to thrive puppies). Dam age, litter size, and perinatal mortalities were controlled in the statistical models. Data were collected from 808 dams, 1344 litters, and 7197 puppies; 75.3% of the 1344 dam scores were categorized as dental score 3 or less with a mean of 2.7. None of the evaluated pregnancy outcomes had any significant correlations with the severity of dental scores. The lack of a significant relationship between dental score and pregnancy outcomes may be the result of the low number of dogs with severe gingivitis and calculus deposition, the variability of dental score timing postparturition, and/or the subjective facility-generated dental scoring method that did not include universally accepted methods for gingivitis and periodontitis assessment. Studies involving more animals with severe PD utilizing objective, universally accepted methods for gingivitis and periodontitis assessment are warranted to say with confidence no association exists.
Transformational leadership practice in the world’s leading academic libraries
Authors: Lo Patrick , Allard Bradley , Anghelescu Hermina G.B. , Xin Yawei , Chiu Dickson K.W. , Stark Andrew J.
Published: January 2020

This article analyzes 12 semi-structured interviews within the framework of transformational leadership, using a set of open-ended questions addressed to 12 directors (six men and six women) of academic libraries in high-ranking universities in four different countries (Australia, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States of America). It also investigates the interviewees’ approach to managing and leading their library organizations within the context of the opportunities and challenges facing their organizations as well as their parent institutions. The interpretation of the participants’ responses is based on the four ‘I’s, the four dimensions of the concept of transformational leadership: (1) Idealized influence, (2) Inspirational motivation, (3) Intellectual stimulation, and (4) Individualized consideration. The findings indicated that academic library directors who chose to implement transformational leadership noted its significance as a major contributing factor to the enhancement of inner communication and building mutual trust, and respect within the library organization. This, in turn, has fostered a motivated and creative work environment that has ensured personal and collective success and institutional advancement. Transformational leadership contributes to promoting sustained organizational performance based on adaptability to the rapidly changing environment of academic libraries worldwide.
Fatal bleeding caused by a ruptured varicose vein
Authors: Serinelli Serenella , Bonaccorso Luigi , Gitto Lorenzo
Published: January 2020

Chronic venous insufficiency is generally not lethal, but massive bleeding from ruptured varicose veins can be fatal. A 79-year-old woman was found dead in her apartment in Rome. Pools of blood and contact pattern bloodstains were observed around the body. She lived alone and suffered from vascular dementia. On the medial aspect of the right leg, a circular ulcer communicating with the lumen of a varicose vein was noted. Death was attributed to hypovolemic shock caused by bleeding from the rupture of the varicose vein. Our case confirms that varicose veins rupture is a potentially fatal medical emergency. Conditions such as dementia may lead to failure to understand the gravity of the bleeding and to seek help. Recognition of this issue is important especially when the care of people suffering from mental illness is involved.
Headscarves return to the CJEU: Unfinished business
Authors: Howard Erica
Published: January 2020

In 2017, the CJEU brought out its judgments in two cases concerning bans on the wearing of Islamic headscarves at work as possible discrimination on the grounds of religion or belief under Directive 2000/78/EC. These judgments led to heavy criticism, mainly because the CJEU did not do a rigorous proportionality test and left a number of questions open. Two recent preliminary references from courts in Germany present the CJEU with an opportunity to expand on the earlier judgments and to answer the questions they left open. It is submitted that the CJEU should deal with this unfinished business in a way which respects Europe’s religious diversity and ensures that the ground of religion and belief does not become the poor relation of EU anti-discrimination law.
Nonlinear dynamics of earthquake-resistant structures using shape memory alloy composites
Authors: Vignoli Lucas L , Savi Marcelo A , El-Borgi Sami
Published: January 2020

Earthquake-resistant structures have been widely investigated in order to produce safe buildings designed to resist seismic activities. The remarkable properties of shape memory alloys, especially pseudoelastic effect, can be exploited in order to promote the essential energy dissipation necessary for earthquake-resistant structures. In this regard, shape memory alloy composite is an idea that can make this application feasible, using shape memory alloy fibers embedded in a matrix. This article investigates the use of shape memory alloy composites in a one-story frame structure subjected to earthquakes. Different kinds of composites are analyzed, comparing the influence of matrix type. Both linear elastic matrix and elastoplastic matrix with isotropic and kinematic hardening are investigated. Results indicate the great energy dissipation capability of shape memory alloy composites. A parametric analysis allows one to conclude that the maximum shape memory alloy volume fraction is not the optimum design condition for none of the cases studied, highlighting the necessity of a proper composite design. Despite the elastoplastic behavior of matrix also dissipates a considerable amount of energy, the associated residual strains are not desirable, showing the advantage of the use of shape memory alloys.
Alternative DSM-5 Model for Personality Disorders Through the Lens of an Empirical Network Model
Authors: Díaz-Batanero Carmen , Aluja Antón , Sayans-Jiménez Pablo , Baillés Eva , Fernández-Calderón Fermín , Peri Josep M. , Vall Gemma , Lozano Óscar M. , Gutiérrez Fernando
Published: January 2020

The Alternative Model for Personality Disorders defined in Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders–Fifth edition ( DSM-5) has recently attracted considerable interest in empirical research, with different hypotheses being proposed to explain the discordant results shown in previous research. Empirical network analysis has begun to be applied for complementing the study of psychopathological phenomena according to a new perspective. This article applies this analysis to personality facets measured in a sample of 626 patients with mental disorders and a 1,034 normative sample, using the Personality Inventory for DSM-5. The results reveal five substructures partially equivalent to domains defined in the DSM-5. Discordant facets (suspiciousness, hostility, rigid perfectionism, attention seeking, and restricted affectivity) play the role of connectors between substructures. Invariance between clinical and community networks was found except for the connection between unusual beliefs and perceptual dysregulation (stronger in the clinical sample). Considering the strength centrality index, anxiousness, emotional lability, and depressivity can be highlighted for their relative importance within both clinical and normative networks.
Confabulations in Alcoholic Korsakoff’s Syndrome: A Factor Analysis of the Nijmegen–Venray Confabulation List
Authors: Rensen Yvonne C.M. , Oudman Erik , Oosterman Joukje M. , Kessels Roy P. C.
Published: January 2020

Confabulations generally refer to the emergence of memories of experiences and events that, in reality, never took place, and which are unintentionally produced. They are frequently observed in alcoholic Korsakoff’s syndrome. The aim of the current study was to validate the Nijmegen–Venray Confabulation List (NVCL), an observation scale for quantifying both spontaneous and provoked confabulations. The NVCL was completed for 252 patients with alcoholic Korsakoff’s syndrome. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were conducted to test three- and four-factor models of the NVCL structure. A four-factor model (provoked confabulations, spontaneous confabulations, severity of spontaneous confabulations, and distorted sense of reality) fitted the data better than the initially proposed three-factor model (provoked confabulations, spontaneous confabulations, memory, and orientation). The new instrument is therefore referred to as the NVCL-R. We encourage clinicians to include the assessment of confabulations in the neuropsychological examination, and to do so with validated instruments such as the NVCL-R.
Extra-insensitive shaper with distributed delays: Design and vibration suppress analysis
Authors: Huang Yuqi , Li Hongguang , Zhou Jiwen , Meng Lili
Published: January 2020

Distributed delays have proved beneficial in eliminating vibrations in higher frequency ranges compared to the modeled frequency, but not in improving the robustness against the modeled frequency to modeling errors. In this paper, the extra-insensitive shaper with distributed delays is proposed to improve robustness and efficiency for systems with a large variation of modal frequencies. The extra-insensitive shaper with distributed delays is derived by distributing two zeros in the radial direction of the designed zero of the distributed zero-vibration shaper. Two methods of distributing zeros are provided to parameterize the extra-insensitive shaper with distributed delays. Asymmetric extra-insensitive shaper with distributed delays and symmetric extra-insensitive shaper with distributed delays are two types of the extra-insensitive shaper with distributed delays parameterized by the asymmetric distribution method and the symmetric distribution method. Properties of the Asymmetric extra-insensitive shaper with distributed delays and the symmetric extra-insensitive shaper with distributed delays in spectral, sensitivity and step response are analyzed and compared with those of the classical extra-insensitive shaper and distributed zero-vibration-derivative shaper. The results present larger robustness in variations of modeled and higher frequencies, suppressing the vibration of the modeled mode and unmodeled higher multiple modes to a tolerable level. The implement in the time-varying double-pendulum crane verifies the effectivity for vibration suppress of multi-mode systems.
Iteratively solving sparse linear system based on PaRSEC task scheduling
Authors: Mo Tieqiang , Li Renfa
Published: January 2020

With the new architecture and new programming paradigms such as task-based scheduling emerging in the parallel high performance computing area, it is of great importance to utilize these features to tune the monolithic computing codes. In this article, the classical conjugate gradient algorithms targeting at sparse linear system Ax = b in Krylov subspace are pipelining to execute interdependent tasks on Parallel Runtime Scheduling and Execution Controller (PaRSEC) runtime. Firstly, the sparse matrix A is split in rows to unfold more coarse-grained parallelism. Secondly, the partitioned sub-vectors are not assembled into one full vector in RAM to run sparse matrix–vector product (SpMV) operations for eliminating the communication overhead. Moreover, in the SpMV computation, if all elements of one column in the split sub-matrix are zeros, the corresponding product operations of these elements may be removed by reorganizing sub-vectors. Finally, the latency of migrating sub-vector is partially overlapped by the duration of performing SpMV operations through the further splitting in columns of sparse matrix on GPUs. In experiments, a series of tests demonstrate that optimal speedup and higher pipelining efficiency has been achieved for the pipelined task scheduling on PaRSEC runtime. Fusing SpMV concurrency and dot product pipelining can achieve higher speedup and efficiency.
Impact of Abattoir Wastes on Trace Metal Accumulation, Speciation, and Human Health–Related Problems in Soils Within Southern Nigeria
Authors: Ebong Godwin Asukwo , Ettesam Ekomobong Samuel , Dan Emmanuel Udo
Published: January 2020

The slaughtering of animals and processing of meats for human consumption generates enormous wastes which are not properly managed in most developing nations including Nigeria. Majority of people in Akwa Ibom state in southern Nigeria depend on meat as their major source of protein, and abattoir wastes are applied in farms as organic manure by some farmers. This study examined the role of abattoir-related waste products in the physicochemical properties, total metal, and metal speciation of the soil. The data obtained were also subjected to some treatments using some environmental models to establish the degree of contamination by the parameters determined, studied locations, and the associated human health problems. Samples were collected from 5 designated abattoirs in Akwa Ibom state. Thirty composite samples were used for the research. Results obtained showed higher levels of pH, electrical conductivity, organic matter, and cation exchange capacity in the abattoir waste–impacted soils than in the control plot. Levels of pseudo total heavy metals were also higher in the studied soils than in the control plot. The mean values of the metals are below 400, 85, 140, 36, 100, and 35 mg/kg of recommended limits for Fe, Pb, Zn, Cu, Cr, and Ni, respectively by the Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA) in Nigerian soil. The results also revealed that Fe and Cr existed mainly in residual fraction. However, Zn, Cu, and Ni existed principally in the form bound to organic matter/sulfide. In addition, we detected that Pb existed mainly in the reducible fraction. Disparities were also observed in the speciation results of the metals between the studied soils and the control plot. Principal component analysis (PCA) indentified that both the geogenic and anthropogenic factors contributed to the accumulation of metals determined in the studied soils. Variable relationships were also observed for the heavy metals determined in the studied soils. Fe showed a high-risk potential, and children were more vulnerable due to its toxicity. We conclude this study was able to expose the consequences of indiscriminate dumping of abattoir wastes on the quality of soil and the associated human health problems.
Structural behaviour of inner set bolted joints in steel tubes under tension
Authors: Xing Li , Cao Qingshuai , Zhang Ru
Published: January 2020

In this article, the structural behaviour of a new continuous joint of steel tube under tension is systematically studied. Structural analyses of six typical joints under tension are carried out. The experimental set-up and details of the specimens are introduced, followed by descriptions of the results and experimental observations. Based on the experimental results, the main behavioural patterns are discussed and the salient response characteristics related to stress concentration and capacity are examined. An ideal elastoplastic stress–strain relationship, Mises yield criterion and geometric nonlinear finite element analysis model are established, and a detailed description of the modelling assumptions is presented. A large number of finite element parameters are further analysed. The experimental and numerical findings presented in this article offer direct information on the influence of key bearing capacity properties, such as the plugged length of the cross-gusset, the area of the cross-gusset and the area of the cushion-plate, on the main response characteristics. The results also provide essential data for future analytical and design-oriented studies.
Child Maltreatment Fatality Review: Purposes, Processes, Outcomes, and Challenges
Authors: McCarroll James E. , Fisher Joscelyn E. , Cozza Stephen J. , Whalen Ronald J.
Published: January 2020

Better understanding of the causes and circumstances of maltreatment deaths of children is needed to prevent tragedy. The purpose of this article is to facilitate understanding of child maltreatment fatality review processes and their outcomes. A literature review was conducted through searches of the databases PubMed, PsycINFO, and EMBASE and through citations in publications. Over 165 publications were reviewed and 55 were selected for inclusion. Papers were from the United States, England, Ireland, Northern Ireland, Netherlands, France, Canada, Australia, South Africa, Switzerland, Saudi Arabia, Japan, and China. These were included if they described fatality review goals, authority, procedures, and outcomes. Although we searched databases on a continual basis during the preparation of this review, we could have missed publications, particularly those in newspapers and journals that are not included in large-scale databases or cited in other articles. Improvement of fatality review requires diligence by individuals and organizations that provide information to the reviewers. Among challenges to the review process are varying criteria for review, misclassifications of the manner of death, inadequate or incomplete forensic and medical investigations, lack of information about the perpetrator, diversity of the community, concealment of the cause of death by parents or other caregivers, and disagreement among reviewers about the results of their inquiries. Institutional challenges are also present, which include the need for funding, privacy issues on obtaining information, updating reviewer training, lack of follow-up by institutional authorities on the recommendations of the reviews, and research facilitating the review of maltreatment fatalities.
The University of Illinois Band Clinics 1930–1954
Authors: Meyers Brian D.
Published: January 2020

The purpose of this study was to trace the development and growth of the University of Illinois Band Clinics during their twenty-five-year history (1930–1954). Founded by A. Austin Harding, Director of Bands at the University of Illinois, the Band Clinics served as an important forum for the reading and performance of contest pieces and new band music during an important period in the development of the school band movement. The clinics also served as the National Band Clinics, sponsored by the National School Band Association, from 1932 until 1937. Throughout its history, the clinics expanded in scope and size to provide directors of all levels and notoriety the opportunity to gather on an annual basis to discuss current trends and teaching techniques that were important to the growth of the school band movement. Due to their success and popularity, the clinics served as an important event for the development of other band-specific conferences throughout the United States.
Endovascular Treatment of Persistent Sciatic Artery Aneurysms With Primary Stenting: A Systematic Review of the Literature
Authors: Charisis Nektarios , Giannopoulos Stefanos , Tzavellas George , Tassiopoulos Apostolos , Koullias George
Published: January 2020

Persistent sciatic artery (PSA) is an embryologic remnant of the internal iliac artery, and when is present, it undergoes aneurysmal degeneration in up to 60% of the cases. Endovascular repair is an increasingly utilized treatment strategy for PSA aneurysms (PSAAs). The objective was to demonstrate the safety and efficacy of the endovascular repair in patients with PSAA and to identify potential risk factors for loss of patency or limb loss. This systematic review was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines, and eligible studies were identified through search of the PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane Central databases. Fifteen case reports, comprising 15 patients overall, were included. The median age of the patients was 68 years old (mean age 66 ± 13.4 years) with half of the reported patients being women. Most patients presented with progressive limb claudication, complaining about an enlarging palpable pulsatile buttock mass. The onset of symptoms was sudden in 78% of the reported cases. Additionally, the distal pulses on PSAA side were diminished or absent in 91% of the patients. Acute limb ischemia was the primary diagnosis in 75% of the cases. All patients underwent endovascular repair of the PSAA with a covered stent. Procedural outcomes were favorable in all patients demonstrating no symptoms recurrence, aneurysmal regression, or total obliteration evaluated by angiographic studies (computed tomography angiography [CTA] and angiogram). Periprocedural imaging evaluation was determined either with CTA or duplex ultrasound (DUS). Periprocedural complications included only 1 endoleak with distal dissection. This endoleak was identified after stent deployment and dissection distal to the aneurysm. Mean follow-up (with CTA and/or DUS) was 22 months, with all patients being asymptomatic with no recurrence of symptom. The endovascular treatment of PSAA with covered stent is safe and effective. Persistent sciatic artery aneurysms is associated with high procedural success, low periprocedural compilations, and favorable mid-term follow-up.
A systematic review of volleyball spike kinematics: Implications for practice and research
Authors: Oliveira Leonardo dos Santos , Moura Túlio Bernardo Macedo Alfano , Rodacki André Luiz Félix , Tilp Markus , Okazaki Victor Hugo Alves
Published: January 2020

The volleyball spike represents one of the more sophisticated attack actions, and the study of its kinematics has been the aim of several studies. This systematic review summarized and critically appraised the literature on the volleyball spike kinematics. Studies that analysed the 3D kinematics of the volleyball player during spike movements were searched in the PubMed, SCOPUS, Web of Science and SPORTDiscus databases. Eighteen studies met the eligibility criteria and were assessed as high ( n = 7), good ( n = 6) and limited quality ( n = 5). There are strong indications that the spike jump height depends on the velocities of the centre of mass and that the ball speed seems to be related to velocity variables of the spike arm and the trunk of the volleyball player. Cross-court spike performance from position 4 seems to be associated with the trunk rotation of the volleyball player. In addition to the kinematic differences between the sexes, studies analysed the relationship between spike technique performance and injuries. However, further studies are required before a clear relationship can be established. These results may support sports coaches in optimizing athletic performance with adequate technique training and using kinematic cues from the opposing volleyball players to anticipate spike direction.
Can prescribed medical cannabis use reduce the use of other more harmful drugs?
Authors: Gittins Rosalind , Sessa Ben
Published: January 2020

There is growing recognition of the potential utility of medical cannabis as a harm reduction intervention. Although used for this indication in other countries, there is an absence of UK clinical guidelines that supports such an approach. We administered a short survey to gain a better understanding of the potential role of medical cannabis by 39 people who were currently using illicit cannabis and accessing a specialist substance misuse treatment service. It was identified that 36 (92.3%) respondents found that cannabis positively impacted upon their physical and/or mental wellbeing and 56.4% reported that they used less of other substances which are known to be more harmful as a result. Therefore, while we acknowledge the small sample size, given the notable potential positive impact that medical cannabis could have as a harm reduction intervention, we propose that the use should be trialled within a specialist drug treatment setting.
Bedrock or social construction? What Anthropocene science means for political theory
Authors: Arias-Maldonado Manuel
Published: January 2020

How should political thinkers deal with environmental science? The question has acquired a new urgency with the rise of the Anthropocene, a scientific concept rapidly assimilated by the social sciences and the humanities. In that respect, some critics have levelled against it the well-known objections that environmental political thinkers and philosophers have directed towards science at large in the past. Anthropocene science might lead towards planetary governmentality, imposing a reductive way of understanding both the planet and sustainability. This article will claim that a clear demarcation between scientific and sociopolitical enquiries is needed. Political thinkers should take the findings provided by natural scientists as the basis for normative exploration and the quest for meaning. Arendt’s reflections on truth and factfulness will help to make this point.
Patient–Provider Relationships Among Vulnerable Patients: The Association With Health Literacy, Continuity of Care, and Self-Rated Health
Authors: Kamimura Akiko , Higham Rebecca , Rathi Naveen , Panahi Samin , Lee Edward , Ashby Jeanie
Published: January 2020

While the patient–provider relationship is one factor that can improve access to primary care for underserved populations, vulnerable patients often experience challenges to have a good relationship with providers. The purpose of this study is to examine factors that affect patient–provider relationship among vulnerable patients; in particular, among uninsured primary care patients. This study focused on health literacy, continuity of care, and self-rated health as predictors of patient–provider relationship. A self-administered survey was collected from uninsured primary care patients utilizing a free clinic in the metropolitan area in the Rocky Mountain Region in the United States from May to July in 2018. Higher levels of health literacy and continuity of care are associated with a better patient–provider relationship. Better self-rated health is associated with better patient–provider relationship. Health literacy may improve by the communication and connection with a specific provider because patients better understand the care and/or medications that are being prescribed. Seeing the same provider helps patients develop a better relationship and make clinical decisions in a way that they prefer. Improving the patient–provider relationship can potentially change health outcomes positively for vulnerable patients. Informing patients that they can request a specific medical provider may allow them to increase continuity of care, and improve communication, partnering, connection, and patient centeredness, leading to an increase in health literacy and better self-rated health.
Urinary antigen testing for pneumococcal pneumonia: is there evidence to make its use uncommon in clinical practice?
Authors: Hyams Catherine , Williams O. Martin , Williams Philip
Published: January 2020

Microbiological confirmation of pneumonia caused byStreptococcus pneumoniaeremains challenging as culture from blood or pleural fluid is positive in only 15–30% cases. It was hoped that a commercially available urine antigen test would improve diagnosis and consequently patient care, with improved antimicrobial stewardship. Urine antigen testing for pneumococcal pneumonia is recommended in current British Thoracic Society guidelines, whilst the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence and The American Thoracic Society and the Infectious Diseases Society of America guidelines consider its usage. Urine antigen testing is therefore widely used in hospital medicine. The assay is noninvasive, simple and culture-independent, producing a result within 15 min. Whilst initial evidence suggested urine antigen testing had a high sensitivity, recently data have suggested the actual sensitivity is lower than expected, at approximately 60–65%. Evidence has also emerged indicating that clinicians infrequently rationalise antibiotics following positive urine antigen testing, with multiple publications evaluating the role of urine antigen testing in clinical care. Furthermore, urine antigen testing does not appear to lead to any cost saving or reduction in length of hospital stay. We therefore conclude that the pneumococcal urinary antigen test does not alter patient management and leads to no cost saving, and has a lower than expected accuracy. Therefore, it may be time to make its use uncommon in clinical practice.
Activity of two key toxin groups in Australian elapid venoms show a strong correlation to phylogeny but not to diet
Authors: Tasoulis Theo , Lee Michael S. Y. , Ziajko Manon , Dunstan Nathan , Sumner Joanna , Isbister Geoffrey K.
Published: January 2020

Background

The relative influence of diet and phylogeny on snake venom activity is a poorly understood aspect of snake venom evolution. We measured the activity of two enzyme toxin groups – phospholipase A2(PLA2), and L-amino acid oxidase (LAAO) – in the venom of 39 species of Australian elapids (40% of terrestrial species diversity) and used linear parsimony and BayesTraits to investigate any correlation between enzyme activity and phylogeny or diet.

Results

PLA2activity ranged from 0 to 481 nmol/min/mg of venom, and LAAO activity ranged from 0 to 351 nmol/min/mg. Phylogenetic comparative methods, implemented in BayesTraits showed that enzyme activity was strongly correlated with phylogeny, more so for LAAO activity. For example, LAAO activity was absent in both theVermicellaandPseudonaja/Oxyuranusclade, supporting previously proposed relationships among these disparate taxa. There was no association between broad dietary categories and either enzyme activity. There was strong evidence for faster initial rates of change over evolutionary time for LAAO (delta parameter mean 0.2), but no such pattern in PLA2(delta parameter mean 0.64). There were some exceptions to the phylogenetic patterns of enzyme activity: different PLA2activity in the ecologically similar sister-speciesDenisonia devisiandD. maculata; large inter-specific differences in PLA2activity inHoplocephalusandAustrelaps.

Conclusions

We have shown that phylogeny is a stronger influence on venom enzyme activity than diet for two of the four major enzyme families present in snake venoms. PLA2and LAAO activities had contrasting evolutionary dynamics with the higher delta value for PLA2Some species/individuals lacked activity in one protein family suggesting that the loss of single protein family may not incur a significant fitness cost.
First identification and genotyping of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in humans in Myanmar
Authors: Shen Yujuan , Gong Baiyan , Liu Xiaohua , Wu Yanchen , Yang Fengkun , Xu Jie , Zhang Xiaofan , Cao Jianping , Liu Aiqin
Published: January 2020

Background

Intestinal pathogen infections are widespread among impoverished populations. Enterocytozoon bieneusi is the most common pathogen of intestinal microsporidian species in humans worldwide. However, no epidemiological information is available on E. bieneusi infection in humans in Myanmar. The present study comprised the first identification and genotyping of E. bieneusi in humans conducted in Myanmar.

Results

A total of 172 fecal specimens were collected from the Wa people (one each) in four villages of Pangsang Township of the Matman District of Shan State, Myanmar, and each participant completed a questionnaire. E. bieneusi was identified and genotyped using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene. The average prevalence of E. bieneusi was 8.72% (15/172), ranging from 3.85 to 13.89% by village. E. bieneusi infection was not related to any of the risk factors studied. Six genotypes were identified, comprising two known genotypes Peru6 (n = 10) and D (n = 1) and four novel genotypes (MMR23, MMR25, MMR86, and MMR87) (one each), and two people infected with genotype Peru6 were from the same family. A phylogenetic analysis based on a neighbor-joining tree of the ITS sequences of E. bieneusi indicated that all the six genotypes were clustered into group 1.

Conclusions

This is the first identification and genotyping of E. bieneusi in humans in Myanmar. The observations that the two people infected with genotype Peru6 were from the same family, and that all six genotypes obtained in the present study fell into zoonotic group 1, showed the potential for anthropogenic and zoonotic transmissions. The present data argue for the importance of epidemiological control and prevention from medical sectors.
Development and characterization of an EMS-mutagenized wheat population and identification of salt-tolerant wheat lines
Authors: Lethin Johanna , Shakil Shahriar S. M. , Hassan Sameer , Sirijovski Nick , Töpel Mats , Olsson Olof , Aronsson Henrik
Published: January 2020

Background

Triticum aestivum (wheat) is one of the world’s oldest crops and has been used for >8000 years as a food crop in North Africa, West Asia and Europe. Today, wheat is one of the most important sources of grain for humans, and is cultivated on greater areas of land than any other crop. As the human population increases and soil salinity becomes more prevalent, there is increased pressure on wheat breeders to develop salt-tolerant varieties in order to meet growing demands for yield and grain quality. Here we developed a mutant wheat population using the moderately salt-tolerant Bangladeshi variety BARI Gom-25, with the primary goal of further increasing salt tolerance.

Results

After titrating the optimal ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) concentration, ca 30,000 seeds were treated with 1% EMS, and 1676 lines, all originating from single seeds, survived through the first four generations. Most mutagenized lines showed a similar phenotype to BARI Gom-25, although visual differences such as dwarfing, giant plants, early and late flowering and altered leaf morphology were seen in some lines. By developing an assay for salt tolerance, and by screening the mutagenized population, we identified 70 lines exhibiting increased salt tolerance. The selected lines typically showed a 70% germination rate on filter paper soaked in 200 mM NaCl, compared to 0–30% for BARI Gom-25. From two of the salt-tolerant OlsAro lines (OA42 and OA70), genomic DNA was sequenced to 15x times coverage. A comparative analysis against the BARI Gom-25 genomic sequence identified a total of 683,201 (OA42), and 768,954 (OA70) SNPs distributed throughout the three sub-genomes (A, B and D). The mutation frequency was determined to be approximately one per 20,000 bp. All the 70 selected salt-tolerant lines were tested for root growth in the laboratory, and under saline field conditions in Bangladesh. The results showed that all the lines selected for tolerance showed a better salt tolerance phenotype than both BARI Gom-25 and other local wheat varieties tested.

Conclusion

The mutant wheat population developed here will be a valuable resource in the development of novel salt-tolerant varieties for the benefit of saline farming.
Proteasome inhibition rapidly exacerbates photoinhibition and impedes recovery during high light stress in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
Authors: Mendoza Felipe , Berry Carson , Prestigiacomo Laura , Van Hoewyk Doug
Published: January 2020

Background

Proteasomes remove regulatory proteins in eukaryotic cells, and control a variety of plant processes. Proteasomes are localized to the cytosol and nuclear, but their role in plant biology has recently been extended to chloroplasts, where it regulates TOC complex. This is turn controls the import of nuclear-encoded chloroplastic proteins, which remodels the chloroplast proteome and facilitates proper developmental transitions. Proteasomal regulation of the TOC complex also alleviates stressors that generate reactive oxygen species. These recent advances motivated us to determine if proteasome inhibition rapidly alters photosynthetic processes stemming from photoinhibition induced by high light.

Results

The short-term effects of proteasome inhibition on photosystem II during light stress was measured in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, which allowed the dual monitoring of both chlorophyll fluorescence and cell viability. After 48 h at low light, proteasome inhibition did not affect viability or photochemistiry, but decreased cell concentration and increased cell volume. Two hours of high light stress impaired the efficiency of photosystem II in proteasome-inhibited cells, as determined by a decrease in Fv/Fm and the electron transport rate. Elevated photoinhibition in proteasome inhibited cells was not caused by a decrease in cell viability or chlorophyll content. Recovery from photoinhibition was attenuated in MG132-treated cells, and suppressed growth of a reestablished culture. Proteasome inhibition decreased de novo protein synthesis, which possibly constrained the ability to remodel the plastid proteome, and thus hampering the ability to adjust to high light stress.

Conclusion

The proteasome is implicated in protecting photosystem II from photoinhibition. In addition to high light stress, other stressors- including metals, drought, and salt- are also known to generate reactive oxygen species localized to the chloroplast. Therefore, proteasome maintenance in plants may help protect photosynthesis during abiotic stress, which could increase crop yield during adverse conditions.
Complications of enterostomy and related risk factor analysis of very early onset inflammatory bowel disease with interleukin-10 signalling deficiency: a single-centre retrospective analysis
Authors: Tang Zifei , Huang Zhiheng , Yan Weili , Zhang Yi , Shi Peng , Dong Kuiran , Gong Ying , Ji Min , Wang Yuhuan , Yu Zhuowe , Huang Ying
Published: January 2020

Background

Interleukin-10 (IL10) signalling pathway deficiency results in severe very early onset inflammatory bowel disease (VEOIBD), and enterostomy is often inevitable. However, studies in these surgical populations are lacking. This study aims to determine the enterostomy characteristics, postoperative complications and related risk factors in enterostomy patients.

Methods

From March 1, 2015, to December 31, 2018, patients with IL10R-mutation who underwent enterostomy were recruited for analysis. We collected data on the patients’ clinical characteristics, enterostomy characteristics, postoperative complications and related risk factors.

Results

Twelve patients required emergency enterostomy, and 10 patients underwent elective enterostomy. Twelve patients experienced postoperative complications, including wound infection (27.3%), wound dehiscence (18.2%), reoperation (18.2%), etc. Compared with the pre-enterostomy values, there was a decrease in C-reactive protein (CRP) (P = 0.001), an increase in albumin (P = 0.001) and an improvement in the weight-for-age (P = 0.029) and body mass index (BMI) Z-scores (P = 0.004) after enterostomy. There was a significant difference between the pre-operation and postoperation medicine expenses (P = 0.002). Univariate binary logistic regression analysis revealed a statistically significant influence of CRP (OR: 1.43, 95% CI: 1.07–1.91, P = 0.016) and a tendency towards a significant influence of intestinal perforation, albumin level, BMI Z-score and weighted paediatric Crohn’s disease activity index (wPCDAI). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that CRP (OR: 1.40), wPCDAI (OR: 2.88) and perforation (OR: 1.72) showed a tendency to behave as independent risk factors for postoperative complications, but the results were not significant (all P > 0.05).

Conclusions

Surgery and enterostomy showed benefits for VEOIBD with IL-10 signalling deficiency. The timing of intervention, potential postoperative complications, economic burden and other related problems should be considered.