bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assessing UN Peacekeeping Missions in Central African Republic (CAR) through the Lens of Returning Pakistani Peacekeeping Troops: Perceptions and Challenges
Authors: Ishfaq Ayesha
Published: February 2020

The research surrounding the effectiveness of UN Peacekeeping Operations (UNPKOs) has been an on-going process ever since the inception of these operations. The available literature discusses the successes and failures of the missions depending on variables such as the host country‘s dynamics, mission mandate, and end result etc. However, the experience of the peacekeepers is rarely, if ever, a consideration in understanding the success/failure. Pakistan is one of the largest troops contributing countries to UNPKOs; therefore, it has a huge reservoir of returning and actively serving peacekeepers. The field area challenges and host country‘s environment experienced by the troops play a significant role in discerning the outcome of a UN mission. This research focuses on assessing the challenges and perceptions of Pakistani-UN Peacekeeping Troops in achieving the underlying objectives of United Nations Peacekeeping Mission in Central African Republic (MINUSCA). The assessment is based on the primary data collected through interviews from Pakistani UN peacekeepers discussing their in-field challenges, motivations, perceptions, experiences and training. The study endeavours to highlight the contribution of Pakistani Troops to achieve global peace in today‘s complex peacekeeping environment.
Understanding Evolution of China’s Peacekeeping Policy in the 21st Century
Authors: Nabeel Fahad
Published: February 2020

In recent years, China has enhanced its personnel and financial contributions to United Nations Peacekeeping Operations (UNPKOs). According to UN statistics, China is the largest personnel contributor among the five permanent members (P5) of the UN Security Council (UNSC) and 11th largest contributor among UN member states. In terms of financial contribution, China is the 2nd largest contributor, next to the USA, to the UNPKOs in 2018 (Gebrehiwot & Demissie, 2018).
Using Rasch Analysis to Create and Evaluate a Measurement Instrument for Foreign Language Classroom Speaking Anxiety
Authors: Apple Matthew
Published: February 2020

Despite the existence of skill-specific anxiety instruments measuring reading anxiety, writing anxiety, and listening anxiety, there is still no single measurement instrument specifically designed to measure levels of speaking anxiety. This research had two purposes. The first was to provide for classroom-based foreign language teachers and researchers an example of the advantages of Rasch model analysis, the use of which is increasing in first-language educational contexts for measurement instrument creation and validation. The second purpose was to create and evaluate an instrument for measuring foreign language speaking anxiety within the classroom in an EFL learning context, in which few native speakers of the language are available for interaction. Using data from a sample of Japanese university students (N = 172), the Rasch model identified misfitting items and examined the construct validity of a 20-item questionnaire to measure levels of Foreign Language Classroom Speaking Anxiety (FLCSA).

リーディング、ライティング、リスニングといった特定のスキルに関する不安を測定する手段はあるが、スピーキング不安のレベルを測定する手段は現在のところ存在しない。本研究の目的は二つある。一つ目は、教室で教える外国語教師や研究者にラッシュモデル分析の利点の例を示すことである。ラッシュモデルによる分析は、第一言語の教育環境において、測定手段の作成やその妥当性を高める目的でますます使用されるようになっている。本研究の二つ目の目的は、母語話者とのやりとりの機会がほとんどない「外国語としての英語」を学ぶ教室において、外国語スピーキング不安を測る手段を作成し、評価することである。日本の大学生（N=172）のデータを使用し、外国語スピーキング不安（FLCSA）の度合いを測定する20項目からなる質問紙からラッシュモデルにより不適当な項目を割り出し、構成概念妥当性を検証した。
EFL Teachers’ Learning: Transitional Experiences from an Overseas Teacher Education Program to Japanese School Settings
Authors: Kurihara Yuka
Published: February 2020

Drawing on Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory of mind as a conceptual framework, I discuss the nature of L2 teachers’ learning to teach. In particular, I examine how EFL teachers who participated in overseas teacher education programs for professional development and returned to their native countries appropriated the pedagogical resources (hereinafter tools) presented in the programs into their own classroom instruction. EFL teachers’ experiences are complex because their learning involves not only transferring the tools but also negotiating cultural boundaries between the two key contexts. Three secondary school English teachers from Japan, four U.S. program instructors, and two school administrators in Japan participated in this qualitative case study. The cases illustrated that an individual teacher’s process of learning and the social world were intricately interwoven and influenced one another. The teachers also attempted to (re)construct new knowledge about ELT by negotiating cross-cultural challenges. Implications for L2 teacher education programs are discussed.

本研究はヴィゴツキーの社会文化理論を枠組みに、英語教員の学びの本質を探る。英語を外国語として教えているＥＦＬ教員の中でも、特に海外で教員研修プログラムを経験し現在自国で教える日本人教員が、研修で学んだツール（知識やスキル）を日本の現場でどのように自分のものとして使用しているかについて調査した。教員は異なる環境へのツールの移行や、互いの文化的側面を乗り越え折り合いをつけようとする、複雑な学びを経験する。この質的研究には、中等教育の日本人英語教員３名、米国の教員研修プログラム関係者４名、そして日本の学校管理職２名が参加した。結果、教員の学びとは、個々の学びの過程とその社会環境が密接に関係し互いに影響をもたらしながら起こっていることが明らかになった。また、教員は文化的差異から生じる問題を解決する際、新たな英語教授アプローチを見出そうしていることも分かった。最後に教員研修への応用を述べる。
Development of the L2 Motivational Self System: English at a University in Japan
Authors: Aubrey Scott
Published: February 2020

This paper reports on a study investigating changes in L2 motivation for Japanese learners of English as they completed their first communicative English language course at university. I aim to describe the strength and structure of students’ motivation and the degree to which these changed over one semester. A 36-item questionnaire was used to measure components of the L2 Motivational Self System and International Posture. The questionnaire was administered twice to 202 second-year university students in Japan: during the first week of the semester and 11 weeks later. Structural equation models were created to describe the causal relationships between motivational variables for the two time periods. Paired t tests revealed that both motivated learning behavior and ought-to L2 self significantly increased over the semester. A comparison of the two models indicated that there was a change in the motivational structure from Week 1 to Week 12.

本研究は、英語学習者の動機づけの強さと構造、及びその変化に焦点をあて、日本人大学生の外国語（L2）に対する動機づけの変化を調査した。大学で最初に履修するコミュニケーション英語の授業を対象に、第2言語習得を動機づける自己システム（L2 Motivational Self System）と国際志向性の2側面を測定する36項目からなる質問紙を作成し、2年生202名に対して授業第1週目とその11週間後に調査を実施した。分析は、まず構造方程式モデリングで2回の調査間の動機づけの変化を分析し、それに基づき対応のあるt検定を実施した。分析の結果、動機づけの高い学習行動と義務自己ought-to selfに関する数値が1学期を通して向上したことが明らかになった。
Attribution Theory: Measurement Foundations for an Emerging Research Area Within Applied Linguistics
Authors: Tournat Todd
Published: February 2020

This measurement study is a report on the adaptation of a measure for attribution theory, the Causal Dimension II Scale (CDS II), into the Japanese SLA context. The contribution of this study is three-fold. First, it partially addresses deployment of the instrument in the SLA domain for the first time without attention having been paid to evidence for its capacity to generate unidimensional scores in this domain. Second, it makes an initial contribution to putting use of the instrument in the Japanese context for both research and practice on an evidence-based footing. Third, it assists with resetting the initial research interest in attribution-theory constructs within SLA from their potential influence on learning in the classroom to the necessary and prior issue of their adequate measurement. Results from this study were interpreted as indicating that model fit for scores on the adapted instrument was satisfactory rather than meritorious, but not negative.

本研究は、帰属理論の心理測定用具Causal Dimension Scale II（CDS II）を日本の第二言語習得（SLA）環境に適合させる試みについて報告する。この研究では以下の3点の成果が得られた。第1に、この領域における一次元のスコアを生成するための能力に対する証拠に注意を払うことなく、本研究が日本において初めて SLA におけるこの測定用具を使用したことを指摘した。第2に、本研究が、証拠に基づく展開の基礎とすべく、この測定用具を研究及び実践の両方において日本の文脈で用いた初の貢献となることを述べた。第3に、本研究が、SLA における帰属理論研究において、教室内学習への影響の可能性から適切な測定ということまで、必要かつ重要な問題へのリセットにつながることを指摘した。本研究から、CDS IIが日本のSLA環境に十分適合することを示した。
Research Forum: “I Didn’t Know Who Is Canadian”: The Shift in Student Expectations During the Initial Stages of a Study Abroad Program
Authors: Kato Rebecca , Reeder Kenneth
Published: February 2020

An interview-based case study was used to identify the shift in expectations for 5 Japanese undergraduate students studying abroad at a Canadian university. Using a modified expectancy violation framework, this study examined the initial stage of an 8-month study abroad program, using semi-structured interviews supported by observational data gained in classroom observation. An inductive, qualitative analysis of the interviews revealed that expectation of interaction was the most commonly violated expectation for the participants. Most participants struggled with assuming the identity of a less competent language user but nonetheless sought out opportunities to become competent in their study abroad context, in some cases creating and shaping their own contexts for language use and growth. Further, participants faced the challenge of addressing the native speaker/nonnative speaker dichotomy in a multicultural study abroad environment, particularly outside the classroom. The paper concludes with curricular, policy, and research implications.

本研究は、カナダの大学に留学中の日本人学生5人を対象に、留学先の学校や現地の人々、自身への期待の変化をケース・スタディの手法を用いて調べたものである。8か月間の留学期間の初期段階に授業観察及び半構造的面接を行い、データを修正版期待違反理論の枠組みで分析した。質的帰納的な分析の結果、現地人との交流に対する期待が最も満たされなかったことが判明した。本研究が対象とした留学生は、英語力が劣る話者というアイデンティティーの葛藤を抱えながらも、英語上達の機会を積極的に見出し、英語を使う機会も創出した。さらに、現地の多民族社会の中で、特に教室外で英語のネイティブ・非ネイティブという従来の二項対立の意味を再検討するという課題に直面した。本稿はカリキュラム、政策、本研究の意義についても言及する。
Measuring Carefully: Validating the International Posture-Child Instrument
Authors: Elwood James , Monoi Naoko
Published: February 2020

With the onset of English education in elementary schools in Japan mandated at an earlier age than in the past, the need to understand the extent to which children obtain international posture (Yashima, 2002) has become increasingly crucial. Toward that end, in the current study a validation of the International Posture-Child instrument (Monoi-Yamaga, 2010 ; Yamaga, 2007) precedes an investigation of the configuration and level of International Posture that 5th- and 6th-grade students at 5 Japanese public elementary school students possessed. Results indicated that configurations of children differed from that of adults, with 5th graders exhibiting a 2-factor configuration and 6th graders either an identical 2-factor configuration or a more complex 3-factor structure. Using the 2-factor configuration, levels of International Posture of the 5th and 6th graders were found to be statistically indiscernible. Implications and suggestions for further research are discussed.

日本の公立小学校における英語教育（外国語活動）が必修化されたことに伴い、児童が国際的志向性（Yashima, 2002）を有する程度を把握する必要性がますます高まっている。そのため、本研究では児童用国際的志向性測定尺度（Monoi-Yamaga, 2010 ; Yamaga, 2007）の妥当性を確認し、その後、5つの公立小学校に在籍する5，6年生の国際的志向性の構造及びその値を調査した。その結果、児童のもつ国際的志向性の構造は大人のそれとは異なること、具体的には、5年生が2因子の下位構造、6年生は2因子ないしはより複雑な3因子の下位構造であることが明らかになった。5，6年生の有する国際的志向性がともに2因子構造であるとして比較分析を行った結果、その数値に統計的な有意差は見られず、学年によって数値に差がみられないことが確認された。この結果を踏まえ、今後の研究への示唆について議論する。
Scene memory and spatial inhibition in visual search
Authors: Grieben Raul , Tekülve Jan , Zibner Stephan K. U. , Lins Jonas , Schneegans Sebastian , Schöner Gregor
Published: February 2020

Any object-oriented action requires that the object be first brought into the attentional foreground, often through visual search. Outside the laboratory, this would always take place in the presence of a scene representation acquired from ongoing visual exploration. The interaction of scene memory with visual search is still not completely understood. Feature integration theory (FIT) has shaped both research on visual search, emphasizing the scaling of search times with set size when searches entail feature conjunctions, and research on visual working memory through the change detection paradigm. Despite its neural motivation, there is no consistently neural process account of FIT in both its dimensions. We propose such an account that integrates (1) visual exploration and the building of scene memory, (2) the attentional detection of visual transients and the extraction of search cues, and (3) visual search itself. The model uses dynamic field theory in which networks of neural dynamic populations supporting stable activation states are coupled to generate sequences of processing steps. The neural architecture accounts for basic findings in visual search and proposes a concrete mechanism for the integration of working memory into the search process. In a behavioral experiment, we address the long-standing question of whether both the overall speed and the efficiency of visual search can be improved by scene memory. We find both effects and provide model fits of the behavioral results. In a second experiment, we show that the increase in efficiency is fragile, and trace that fragility to the resetting of spatial working memory.
Superflares on Solar-type Stars from the First Year Observation of TESS
Authors: Tu Zuo-Lin , Yang Ming , Zhang Z. J. , Wang F. Y.
Published: February 2020

Superflares, which are strong explosions on stars, have been well studied with the progress of spacetime-domain astronomy. In this work, we present the study of superflares on solar-type stars using Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) data. Thirteen sectors of observations during the first year of the TESS mission covered the southern hemisphere of the sky, containing 25,734 solar-type stars. We verified 1216 superflares on 400 solar-type stars through automatic search and visual inspection with 2 minute cadence data. Our result suggests a higher superflare frequency distribution than the result from Kepler. This may be because the majority of TESS solar-type stars in our data set are rapidly rotating stars. The power-law index γ of the superflare frequency distribution (

) is constrained to be γ = 2.16 ± 0.10, which is a little larger than that of solar flares but consistent with the results from Kepler. Because only seven superflares of Sun-like stars are detected, we cannot give a robust superflare occurrence frequency. Four stars were accompanied by unconfirmed hot planet candidates. Therefore, superflares may possibly be caused by stellar magnetic activities instead of planet–star interactions. We also find an extraordinary star, TIC43472154, which exhibits about 200 superflares per year. In addition, the correlation between the energy and duration of superflares (

) is analyzed. We derive the power-law index to be β = 0.42 ± 0.01, which is a little larger than β = 1/3 from the prediction according to magnetic reconnection theory.
Reevaluation of C4H Abundance Based on the Revised Dipole Moment
Authors: Oyama Takahiro , Ozaki Hironori , Sumiyoshi Yoshihiro , Araki Mitsunori , Takano Shuro , Kuze Nobuhiko , Tsukiyama Koichi
Published: February 2020

Abnormally large column densities of the carbon-chain molecule, C4H, have been reported in various sources. The main reason for this was supposed to be an underestimated value of the permanent dipole moment of C4H. C4H has a low-lying electronic excited state of 2Π with a large dipole moment in the previous quantum chemical calculations. However, the mixing of the excited state with the ground state 2Σ+ has not been taken into consideration. In the present study, we evaluated this mixing by introducing a multireference configuration interaction. The effective dipole moment of C4H in the ground state was calculated to be 2.10 D, which is about 2.4 times larger than the values used so far. Revised column densities of C4H in dark clouds, low-mass star-forming regions, and the circumstellar envelope IRC+10216 based upon the new value are about a factor of 6 smaller than the previous values. With the revised column densities, exponential smooth decreases are found for the abundances of the C2n
H (n = 1–4) molecules with carbon-chain length in these sources, suggesting high similarities among individual formation mechanisms of the C2n
H molecules.
La Malchimie de Gisèle Bienne : récit d'une mort injuste
Authors: Camelin Colette
Published: February 2020

Sylvain, le frère de la narratrice, ouvrier agricole, est hospitalisé pour une leucémie. Il a été empoisonné en « traitant » les champs de son patron. La Malchimie de Gisèle Bienne ouvre la porte des chambres où souffrent les malades des pesticides, enquête sur les produits utilisés et sur l'histoire de ces firmes. Face à la « malchimie » mortifère, cependant, l'alchimie de l'artiste donne vie aux êtres, à son frère aimé, à leur enfance dans les champs et les prés « avant les pesticides ». Le récit rend présentes la souffrance de Sylvain, semblable à celle des grands blessés de guerre, et l'angoisse de sa sœur. Le lecteur, devant un bidon de glyphosate, en percevra les effets sur des corps vulnérables. La Malchimie résiste par sa force poétique à l'emprise du malheur - pour Sylvain et pour les « âmes errantes » victimes de cette insidieuse violence.
La notion de vulnérabilité, approche juridique d'un concept polymorphe
Authors: Roux-Demare François-Xavier
Published: February 2020

Si la notion de « vulnérabilité » peut se définir, simplement, par le renvoi à la personne qui peut être blessé, la simplicité de cette définition masque sa réelle complexité en droit. Définie précisément par le droit pénal, elle trouve pourtant une application privilégiée en droit des personnes, qui n'y fait référence qu'implicitement. Les applications de cette notion sont néanmoins diverses et transcendent les différentes branches du droit. Il convient alors de déterminer son domaine d'application, dont le champ semble devoir poursuivre son évolution.
Réflexions sur le rapport de la Cour de cassation relatif aux « personnes vulnérables » (2010)
Authors: Gillet Jean-Louis
Published: February 2020

Dans ses rapports avec le droit le concept de vulnérabilité, appliqué à ce qui donne prise à une atteinte préjudiciable, ne peut s'envisager qu'au pluriel. Les vulnérabilités des personnes se prêtent à une véritable recherche, qui appelle une prévention et un traitement, par protection ou fortification des personnes concernées. La jurisprudence convie sur ce point à un vaste et rigoureux voyage, dans un contexte de réalisme excluant l'inspiration paradisiaque.
Réflexions sur le renforcement de l'indépendance de la magistrature en Asie centrale
Authors: Sayapin Sergey
Published: February 2020

Dans son récent classement relatif à l'indépendance des magistrats, le World Economic Forum a positionné en deuxième moitié de liste certains États d'Asie centrale, bien que leurs Constitutions et lois pertinentes prévoient des garanties d'indépendance des magistrats. Le présent article examine certains obstacles pratiques à l'exercice de l'indépendance des magistrats dans cette région et suggère des moyens possibles pour les surmonter. Il souligne également que la qualité de l'administration de la justice est importante non seulement pour le règlement de litiges spécifiques entre personnes physiques et morales mais, plus généralement, pour l'amélioration du bien-être social et pour le développement social et économique.
Penser la vulnérabilité. Les apports de Robert Castel
Authors: Martin Claude
Published: February 2020

L'article s'emploie à examiner comment le concept de vulnérabilité s'est constitué en sciences sociales, et comment il s'est cristallisé dans le travail théorique de Robert Castel. Celui-ci propose une interprétation dynamique des situations de difficultés sociales propres à la société salariale telle qu'elle s'est constituée au 20 e siècle, dans lequel le concept de vulnérabilité peut prendre place, à condition de se distinguer des lectures proposées dans le champ de l'environnement ou de la gériatrie.
Marchés immobiliers et pôles d’échanges
Authors: Schmitt Guillaume
Published: February 2020

Cet article porte sur la façon dont les pôles d’échanges sont mobilisés sur les marchés fonciers et immobiliers de la métropole lilloise. Dans la première partie, l’évolution contemporaine des outils d’urbanisme de la métropole lilloise est présentée. Leur objectif est de contenir l’étalement urbain à proximité des pôles d’échanges. Les méthodes employées font l’objet de la deuxième partie. Elles couplent l’analyse d’annonces immobilières et d’entretiens auprès d’intermédiaires des marchés fonciers et immobiliers. Elles pourraient être utilisées dans des secteurs où des projets d’aménagement de l’espace en lien avec les transports collectifs sont programmés. Les résultats sont ensuite exposés dans une dernière partie. Les pôles d’échanges sont dissimulés par le vocabulaire de la centralité. Ils sont utilisés pour entretenir une argumentation relative à la dualité entre automobile et transport collectif. Ils peuvent ainsi concourir à la ville diffuse.
Proximité organisée « subie » et effets négatifs des proximités
Authors: Gallaud Delphine
Published: February 2020

En 1993, six chercheurs fondent le groupe de recherche « Dynamiques de proximités » afin de pouvoir dépasser la prise en compte de l’espace en économie comme simple variable explicative résiduelle. Si la définition des formes non géographiques de la proximité donne également lieu à un vif débat, les proximités restent pensées comme ce qui rapproche les acteurs. La prise en compte de leurs effets négatifs est alors difficile. L’objectif de cette note est de faire le point sur l’intérêt de reprendre la réflexion sur la conceptualisation de la proximité organisée et surtout sur ses effets négatifs potentiels, ce qui conduirait à définir une proximité organisée subie, pendant de la proximité géographique subie. Une piste de recherche ultérieure consisterait à introduire la proximité organisée subie dans les modèles de dynamique, qui constituent actuellement une des pistes de recherche futures du groupe « Dynamiques de proximités » (Torre et Talbot, 2018).
L’aide au développement à l’épreuve des stratégies absurdes
Authors: Doligez François
Published: February 2020

Le propos de cet article est de retracer les évolutions dans la gestion des politiques d’aide à partir du New Public Management (NPM). Le cadre d’analyse est organisé en utilisant les travaux sur l’application de cette approche dans les entreprises, et les « stratégies absurdes » qu’il induit. Les résultats ouvrent également sur ce que ce mode de gestion produit au niveau des logiques d’acteurs impliqués dans la gestion de l’aide ainsi qu’au niveau du pilotage des actions de développement.
Énoncer la qualité dans les ONG
Authors: Núñez Regueiro Santiago
Published: February 2020

Les principales organisations non gouvernementales de solidarité internationale ont connu, ces dix dernières années, la montée en puissance des « démarches Qualité », dont nous proposons une étude empirique. À travers l’analyse des outils qui instrumentent ces démarches dans les organisations, nous montrons les ambiguïtés d’énonciation de la qualité dans les ONG, définie aussi bien comme la conformité aux procédures, l’expertise technique ou la capacité à mener à bien une mission solidaire. Les caractéristiques des outils, ainsi que les débats et compromis accompagnant leur adoption, permettent d’interroger les enjeux des démarches Qualité : sont-elles une opportunité pour les ONG de réaffirmer leur rôle socio-politique ou traduisent-elles, avant tout, le prolongement d’un processus prescrit de bureaucratisation du secteur de l’aide internationale ?
Teaching Pharmacology to Graduate Nursing Students: Evaluation and Comparison of Web-Based and Face-to-Face Methods
Authors: Bata-Jones Bonnie , Avery Melissa D.
Published: February 2020

As nursing schools develop Web-based courses to increase access to programs, evaluation of all aspects of these courses, from student learning to effectiveness of the course and instructor, becomes important. This article describes the evaluation of a 3-credit, semester-based, online graduate pharmacology course, and compares these student outcomes with those in the face-to-face course taught simultaneously. Eighteen students chose to participate in the Web-based course, and 52 chose to participate in the face-to-face course. The same instructor taught both courses, and the same examinations were administered.

Students in the two courses were not different in age or in number of years of nursing practice prior to taking the course. There was no association between the course chosen and the type of basic nursing preparation or if the student had taken a pharmacology course in their basic nursing program. There were no significant differences between the mean examination scores of students enrolled in the two courses. Overall, students in the online course were positive about their experience. Student comments highlight the need to be aware of effectiveness of communication among faculty and students, the clarity of instructions, and the amount of information provided on course Web sites.
Students Struggling in Clinical? A New Role for the Patient Simulator
Authors: Haskvitz Leah M. , Koop Elizabeth C.
Published: February 2020

Our students trust that we will provide them with information and opportunities to practice what they have learned in the classroom. When students are not meeting established objectives in the clinical environment, the possibility for error increases, frustration and the students’ stress levels escalate, and patient safety is jeopardized. Traditional remediation methods may reduce students’ already low levels of confidence, putting more stress on the students and creating an environment prone to errors.

We devised a remediation plan using the human patient simulator to meet the needs of such students and their clinical preceptors, while preserving patient safety. The simulation laboratory is a safe place to practice skills until a specified level of proficiency is reached. In this environment, students gain back confidence in their abilities. By using the simulator in this novel way, student learning is enhanced, while patient care and safety is optimized.
Native American Learning: An Integrative Model
Authors: Bindler Ruth , Allen Carol , Paul Robbie
Published: February 2020

Cultural variations influence health care needs of individuals in various cultural groups. Oral tradition, dreams, and spirituality are important in the lives of many Native Americans. There are few Native American nurses, so health care is often provided to members of this group by nurses who have different cultural backgrounds and who may not understand pertinent history and cultural practices. This article describes the planning for and teaching of a class for undergraduate and graduate health care students to increase understanding of the unique health care needs of Native Americans.

The structure of the class included both classroom and clinical hours. Essential components involved study and analysis of the historical events, cultural issues, and current health care needs and services of Native Americans. Approaches that can be applied to plan courses to explore health care needs of various cultures are presented.
Valuing Differences Among Nursing Students
Authors: Bohne JoAnne M.
Published: February 2020

Across the United States, discussions and decisions are occurring in schools of nursing as nurse educators attempt to comply with the Americans with Disabilities Act. This article examines the ethos behind these decisions and the Act. The old paradigm of tolerating differences among people and students with disabilities is contrasted with the emerging paradigm of valuing these differences. The author supports the viewpoint that people with disabilities should be welcomed, even recruited, into nursing.
Inclusion of People with Physical Disabilities in Nursing Education
Authors: Carroll Stacey M.
Published: February 2020

This article proposes that qualified individuals with physical disabilities can and should be included in nursing education. When nursing is viewed as a humanistic profession, involving caring relationships grounded in nursing knowledge, it is clear that people with disabilities are capable of fulfilling the goals of the nursing profession. Reasonable accommodation and creative access are discussed as means to facilitate inclusion. Potential concerns of nurse educators are addressed, with emphasis on the erroneous assumption that people with disabilities will be unable to provide safe care. The many benefits of including people with physical disabilities into the nursing profession are highlighted, and the importance of nurse educators in facilitating this process is explored.
Promoting Integration of Genetics Core Competencies into Entry-Level Nursing Curricula
Authors: Read Catherine Y. , Dylis Ann M. , Mott Sandra R. , Fairchild Nancy J.
Published: February 2020

Nurse educators must respond to the growing need to teach genetics content in undergraduate nursing curricula. Recently developed genetics core competencies can be used to guide curriculum assessment and planning. This article describes a 5-year effort to integrate genetics education into a baccalaureate nursing curriculum and provides the results of a curriculum survey based on published genetics core competencies.
Applying New Science Leadership Theory in Planning an International Nursing Student Practice Experience in Nepal
Authors: Doyle Rose Marie
Published: February 2020

Planning an international practice experience for nursing students is a challenging, but rewarding, opportunity. Kwantlen University College faculty members’ experience of planning for 8 Bachelor of Science in Nursing students to study abroad was no exception. Faculty members’ and students’ interest prompted a request for a placement in Nepal. The faculty members involved in the planning were dedicated to using a process that would enable them to remain true to the program philosophy and theoretical underpinnings throughout the entire experience, from the planning phase to the follow-up presentation. Using Wheatley’s theory, the students and faculty members reexamined their personal leadership styles to ensure they remained relationship focused, rather than task focused. Wheatley maintained that because the potentiality lies in building strong relationships, it is important to support the creative power that lies in those involved in a project.

This article describes new science leadership and relates it to the planning phase for the practice experience in Nepal. Then, reflections on how the philosophy of the program may have influenced the experience are shared. Finally, critical reflection on using this theory in nursing education is presented.
Les expériences contemporaines de co-habitat en Région de Bruxelles-Capitale
Authors: Lenel Emmanuelle , Demonty François , Schaut Christine
Published: February 2020

Depuis quelques années, les projets de co-habitat fleurissent à Bruxelles, en particulier dans les quartiers centraux populaires, avec le soutien du milieu associatif et de certains acteurs politiques. Cet article interroge tout d’abord les raisons de leur succès. S’appuyant ensuite sur une enquête de terrain de deux ans auprès de 9 projets de co-habitat, il analyse également d’une part, les typologies architecturales qui leur sont attachées et les principes idéologiques qui les sous-tendent, et d’autre part, les usages qui en sont faits par les habitants. L’article met notamment en lumière les décalages qui peuvent exister entre les espoirs fondés dans un vocabulaire spatial supposé favoriser la création d’une vie communautaire et les usages et attentes des publics précaires particulièrement ciblés.
Blockchain Technology and Its Uses in the Tourism Industry
Authors: Topsakal Yunus
Published: February 2020

The public and private sectors will undergo a significant transformation with the use of blockchain technology, and this potential of blockchain technology will be influential in all areas of life. In addition, blockchain technology can help ease the integration of the Internet of Things, augmented reality, and artificial intelligence applications. The question of how such a technology that is in the process of development will be applied in areas such as taxation, notary operations, and banking, arises simultaneously. Studies related to blockchain technology have mainly been carried out in the fields of finance, logistics, banking, and education. However, there is a paucity of studies on blockchain technology in the tourism industry which has an important role in the global economy. Therefore, the potential of using blockchain technology in the tourism industry is evaluated in this chapter. For this purpose, the features, advantages, and disadvantages of blockchain technology are explained. The potential uses of blockchain technology in the tourism industry are then discussed.
Expansion of Technology Utilization Through Tourism 4.0 in Slovenia
Authors: Urbančič Jurij , Kuralt Vesna , Ratkajec Hrvoje , Straus Matevž , Vavroš Alenka , Mokorel Simon , Peceny Urška Starc , Ilijaš Tomi
Published: February 2020

With more and more people traveling worldwide (the number doubling in the last 20 years), tourist destinations are now more than ever trying to maintain and enhance their competitiveness in the global market. In this regard, novel business models combined with state-of-the-art technology can play a crucial role in not only satisfying the increasing tourism demand but also ensuring a sustainable growth to avoid the deteriorating effects on both the social and natural habitat. For these reasons, the Slovenian government included tourism as one of the priority areas for investment. Hence, the Tourism 4.0 initiative was launched to unite tourism stakeholders with high-tech companies and unify their scattered ideas, experiences, knowledge, and expertise. The ambition is to position Slovenia as a top destination for sustainable tourism with high economic value. This chapter introduces the basic concepts behind Tourism 4.0 and how it relates to technologies for an enhanced tourism experience.
Toward Smart Heritage
Authors: Brusaporci Stefano
Published: February 2020

The concept of cultural heritage has evolved over time. In relation to a context where digital technologies and ICT are changing our everyday lives and the way to visualize, experience, and think, the growth of digital heritage poses new issues in the conceptual and operative relationship with real contents. The chapter reflects on the concept of tangible heritage, presents issues in heritage digitalization, and highlights the new relationships that the real dimension and the digital sphere of heritage establish, according to advanced frontiers of mixed heritage. Pressing topics are the matters of interpretation and presentation of heritage, the transparency of digital communication, and the participation of people in cultural content through digital content production, sharing, re-elaboration.
Norethisterone Enanthate Increases Mouse Susceptibility to Genital Infection with Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 and HIV Type 1
Authors: Quispe Calla Nirk E , Vicetti Miguel Rodolfo D , Torres Angelo R , Trout Wayne , Gabriel Janelle M , Hatfield Alissa M , Aceves Kristen M , Kwiek Jesse J , Kaur Balveen , Cherpes Thomas L
Published: February 2020

Norethisterone enanthate (NET-EN) and depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) are two forms of injectable progestin used for contraception. Whereas clinical research indicates that women using DMPA are more susceptible to HIV and other genital pathogens, causal relationships have not been determined. Providing an underlying mechanism for this connection, however, is recent work that showed DMPA weakens genital mucosal barrier function in mice and humans and respectively promotes susceptibility of wild-type and humanized mice to genital infection with HSV type 2 and HIV type 1. However, analogous effects of NET-EN treatment on antivirus immunity and host susceptibility to genital infection are much less explored. In this study, we show that compared with mice in estrus, treatment of mice with DMPA or NET-EN significantly decreased genital levels of the cell–cell adhesion molecule desmoglein-1 and increased genital mucosal permeability. These effects, however, were more pronounced in DMPA- versus NET-EN–treated mice. Likewise, we detected comparable mortality rates in DMPA- and NET-EN–treated wild-type and humanized mice after intravaginal infection with HSV type 2 or cell-associated HIV type 1, respectively, but NET-EN treatment was associated with slower onset of HSV-induced genital pathology and lower burden of systemic HIV disease. These findings reveal DMPA and NET-EN treatment of mice significantly reduces genital desmoglein-1 levels and increases genital mucosal permeability and susceptibility to genital pathogens while also implying that NET-EN generates less compromise of genital mucosal barrier function than DMPA.
تحديد درجة حرارة المتصل لثنائي الانبعاث الضوئي عالي الاستطاعة
Authors: رضوان شيخ شرف رضوان شيخ شرف
Published: February 2020

تم في هذا البحث إيجاد العلاقة التي تربط درجة حرارة المتصل مع جهد الانحياز الأمامي لثنائي الانبعاث الضوئي عالي الاستطاعةHigh Power LED من خلال رسم المميزات الكهربائية (I-V) للثنائي HP-LED عند ست درجات حرارة مختلفة. تمت نمذجة هذه المميزات ضمن مكتبة مطابقة المنحنى Curve Fitting في البيئة البرمجية Matlab للحصول على الشكل الرياضي الموافق لنموذج شوكلي للثنائي HP-LED، والتي من خلالها تم رسم العلاقة بين درجة حرارة المتصل مع جهد الانحياز الأمامي 0 عند مستويات تيار ثابتة، وبإيجاد النموذج الرياضي الخطي من الدرجة الأولى نحصل على العلاقة . بنيت الواجهات المرئية باستخدام البرنامج LabVIEW15 التي تسمح للمستخدم بإظهار هذه العلاقات والمميزات. كما تم إيجـاد نموذج حراري لدراسة السلوك الحراري الديناميكي لثنائي الانبعاث الضوئي LED-HP، وذلك لتحديد درجة حـرارة المتـــصل. أظهرت نتائج المحاكاة أن درجة الحرارة الأعظمية للمتصل هي 123.72°C وفق الشروط الحدية التالية: درجة حرارة المحيط 25°C وشروط الحمل الطبيعي h=10 W/ m2k واستطاعة المنبع الحراري 1W.
تأثير المعالجات الحرارية وإضافة النيكل على الخواص الميكانيكية لسبائك الألومنيوم عالية المقاومة
Authors: فؤاد ضحية فؤاد ضحية
Published: February 2020

تنتج سبائك السلسة 7xxx من سبائك الألومنيوم بإضافة الزنك Zn بشكل أساسي، والمغنسيوم، Mg والنحاس، Cu للألومنيوم، وتتمتع بخواص ميكانيكية عالية تميزها عن باقي سبائك الألومنيوم. تمت في هذا البحث دراسة تأثير إضافة نسب مختلفة من النيكل [0.1, 0.5, 1] %Wt، والمعالجات الحرارية المختلفة، وهي معالجة التعتيق الاصطناعي T6، ومعالجة الإرجاع، وإعادة التعتيق RRA، على خواص الشد وقساوة فيكرز والبنية المجهرية للسبيكة الألومنيوم 7075. وقد تبين أن معالجة الإرجاع وإعادة التعتيق RRA تعطي نتائج أفضل مما تعطيه معالجة التعتيق الاصطناعي T6، كما أن إضافة النيكل بشكل عام قد أدت للحصول على بنية بلورية أنعم للسبيكة المدروسة ولارتفاع قيم خواص الشد وقساوة فيكرز للسبيكة.
Hydrolysis of Palm Tree Midribs with Hydrochloric Acid for Furfural
Formation
Authors: Hisham S. Bamufleh Hisham S. Bamufleh
Published: February 2020

Waste material samples as pentosan source of midribs from the Sukkaria date palm tree
were collected from different Saudi Arabian agricultural areas, and hydrolyzed using hydrochloric
acid (HCl) to produce furfural at different temperatures, liquid to solid ratios (LSR) and acid
concentrations. A maximum furfural production with a concentration of 755 gm/m3
(72% furfural
yield) was achieved, which was close to the theoretical yield at 15 wt% HCl and 100 ml/g LSR at
120°C. The kinetic model for the pentosan fractional hydrolysis towards the production of
furfural was previously proposed and developed. Regression analysis of the experimental data
was successfully performed using Ploymath software with acceptable predictions precision and
regression coefficients of R2
≥0.96. Furthermore, regressed rate constants of each reaction step in
the proposed kinetic model were developed using modified Arrhenius model with an acceptable
accuracy of R2
≥0.96. Experimental data showed that hydrolysis using hydrochloric acid could
achieve higher furfural yields with lower reaction times in comparison with sulfuric acid
hydrolysis, due to lower activation energy of the involved steps.
The Creation of a Champagne Brand
Authors: Baldin Enrico
Published: February 2020

The history of Champagne Encry is marked by the courage and the strong desire to embark on a journey that makes us unique in the world of Champagne. The art of making Champagne has grown together with the value of our wines and merged wisely with the emotion and passion to create the finest champagne Encry.
Chinese Outbound Shopping Tourism: A Market-Driven Approach for the Luxury and Fashion Industry
Authors: Rovai Serena
Published: February 2020

The relations between tourism and luxury and fashion industry are subject to significant changes because of the quantitative and qualitative discontinuity introduced by the growth of the outbound flows of Chinese tourists and the importance of shopping in their travel experience. The most important implications concern the emergence of a new global market space (the “Sixth Continent”) and of new patterns of integration between the two industries.
Online Communication and Italian Tourism
Authors: Mosca Fabrizio , Ben Youssef Kamel , Majd Thomas
Published: February 2020

Tourism destinations seek to attract tourists in innovative and enticing ways by using web-based communication media. Since tourists have the choice between many destinations of the same target category, destinations are required to provide something special in order to stand out from other destinations. Recently, a lot of attention has been paid to the idea of creating promotional ecosystems able to represent territorial specificities while, at the same time, taking advantage of the global attractiveness of the country brand. However, less is known about how integrated bottom-up approaches. Since congruence between destination image and destination identity was already found to be highly important for successful destination branding, integrated bottom-up communication could provide a reliable basis for developing effective destination branding campaigns.
Soil responses to manipulated precipitation changes: A synthesis of meta-analyses
Authors: Abbasi Akane O. , Salazar Alejandro , Oh Youmi , Reinsch Sabine , Uribe Maria del Rosario , Li Jianghanyang , Rashid Irfan , Dukes Jeffrey S.
Published: February 2020

Abstract. In the face of ongoing and projected precipitation changes, precipitation manipulation experiments (PMEs) have produced a wealth of data about the effects of precipitation changes on soils. In response, researchers have undertaken a number of synthetic efforts. Several meta-analyses have been conducted, each revealing new aspects of soil responses to precipitation changes. We synthesize the findings of 16 meta-analyses focused on the effects of decreased and increased precipitation on 42 soil response variables, covering a wide range of soil processes and examining responses of individual variables as well as more integrative responses of carbon and nitrogen cycles. We found a strong agreement among meta-analyses that decreased and increased precipitation inhibits and promotes belowground carbon and nitrogen cycling, respectively, while microbial communities are relatively resistant to precipitation changes. Much attention has been paid to fluxes and pools in carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus cycles, such as gas emissions, soil carbon, soil phosphorus, extractable nitrogen ions, and biomass, but the rates of processes underlying these variables are less frequently covered in meta-analytic studies (e.g., rates of mineralization, fixation, and de/nitrification). Shifting scientific attention to these “processes” would, therefore, deepen the current understanding of the effects of precipitation changes on soil and provide new insights. By comparing meta-analyses focused on different variables, we provide here a quantitative and holistic view of soil responses to changes in precipitation.
Elevated Potassium Enhances Leaf Productivity and Suppresses Foliar Diseases of Mulberry Plant
Authors: Ahmed F. , Sultana R. , Alam M. J. , Ahmed O. , Iqbal M. T.
Published: February 2020

Potassium (K) may enhance productivity and suppresses foliar diseases of mulberry plant. Existing optimum dose of K for mulberry cultivation need to be updated for suppress foliar disease and improve mulberry plant productivity. This study was conducted to renew the optimum dose of K for mulberry cultivation with respect to the ages of mulberry plant. Therefore, a field study was conducted in split plot design with three replications at Bangladesh Sericulture Research and Training Institute (BSTRI), Rajshahi, Bangladesh to find out the effect of elevated K and ages of plant on growth, leaf yield, leaf quality, nutrient uptake and infestation of foliar diseases of mulberry plant. Six levels of K (0, 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 kg/ha/yr) along with BSRTI recommended basal doses of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) were applied on two age group of plant viz: (0-5) years and (6-10) years. Result showed that the highest leaf yield 47.10 mt ha -1 year -1 for 6-10 year’s plant at the treatment of T5 (N300P150K150 kg ha -1 year -1). This indicatedleaf yield 175.44% greater over the control but 22.69% higher than the 0-5 year’s plant. Similarly, the maximum leaf quality viz: moisture, reducing sugar, total mineral, total sugar, soluble carbohydrate and crude protein were obtained in (6-10) year’s plant for the same treatments which were 13.82%, 23.47%, 29.96%, 20.57%, 39.58% and 30.69% respectively greater over the control. Furthermore, the average incidence percentages of foliar diseases like leaf spot, tukra and powdery mildew were reduced by 42.34%, 58.02% and 82.96% respectively in (6-10) years plant due to the elevated doses of K like as 150 kg, 90 kg and 60 kg/ha/yr respectively with BSRTI recommended doses of N and P over the control. This findings indicated that the use of 150 kg potassium ha -1 year -1 had better performance on the leaf yield and quality of mulberry plant. Therefore, the application of 150 kg potassium ha -1 year -1 with BSRTI recommended dose of N and P both for (0-5) and (6-10) year’s ages of mulberry plant cultivation is the best options for higher leaf yield and quality whereas 150 kg, 90 kg and 60 kg potassium ha -1 year -1 respectively are better for controlling of leaf spot, tukra and powdery mildew diseases.
The Short History of Rhetorical Theory
Authors: Simonson Peter
Published: February 2020

This essay throws genealogical light upon contemporary theoretical practice by charting the relatively short history of rhetorical theory as a consequential sign in Anglophone discourse. It advances a historical sociology of knowledge inflected by feminist and postcolonial studies to trace the invention, institutionalization, and changing meanings of rhetorical theory from the late nineteenth century to the present. In the process, it illuminates three structuring patterns: (1) the valorization of European civilization that accompanied U.S. settler colonialism and its manifestation in universities where rhetorical theory materially grounded itself; (2) the gendered production of knowledge within academic institutions, particularly through the masculinization of the postwar university and its shaping of communities of inquiry invested in rhetorical theory; and (3) the power of relevance as a metonym for intellectual, political, and educational initiatives that, beginning in the late 1960s, enlarged rhetorical theory's community of inquiry and range of meanings.
LA CUESTIÓN DE LA PERSONALIDAD LEGAL MÁS ALLÁ DE LA ESPECIE HUMANA
Authors: Horta Oscar
Published: February 2020

Se sostiene de manera habitual que los animales (no humanos) no pueden ser considerados personas, razón por la cual no es posible efectuar una demanda en su nombre. Este artículo examina tal idea. En él se analizan en primer lugar los distintos sentidos que el término "persona" tiene en el ámbito coloquial, metafísico, moral y jurídico, y se muestra que no hay una conexión necesaria entre estos. Asimismo, se desgranan y evalúan los distintos argumentos a favor del antropocentrismo moral, concluyéndose que ninguno de ellos tiene éxito. Finalmente, se argumenta que si se continúa manteniendo la centralidad en el plano jurídico de la categoría de la personalidad, pero se excluye del alcance de esta a los animales de especies distintas a la nuestra, se incurrirá en una posición que carecerá de justificación moral.