bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Participation of Cities in the EU Integration Processes
Authors: Dovbysh E.
Published: February 2021

Local authorities have to deal with a large part of practical work in promotion of the European integration project. Today, cities together with other actors are involved in the EU political process. This involvement leads to modification and enrichment of the European political space and increases the viability of supranational institutions. Cities extend the range of available channels for representation of citizens’ interests. Participation of cities in the decision-making improves the quality of these decisions and the legitimacy of supranational institutions, which is especially important in the context of the debate on the democratic deficit in the EU. Cities and other subnational actors can be active at the pan-European level and national levels. They use different "access points" at the European level, such as the Committee of the Regions, the European associations of cities, representations of local authorities in Brussels. The role of cities is especially evident in the Europe 2020, Cohesion Policy and the European Neighborhood Policy. European cities are involved in the elaboration of national reform programs. Cities and their associations can offer their assessments and visions of development to the Commission. Participating in the elaboration of national reform programs cities get a chance to influence the agenda of national development. This can indirectly affect the implementation of the Europe 2020 and dynamics of the European integration process as a whole. The participation of subnational actors – regions and municipalities – is important for realization of the Cohesion Policy objectives. Cities are particularly relevant for this policy, because they can become a ground for social conflicts and unrest. New tools, such as JESSICA and Integrated Territorial Investment, pay significant attention to local level politics in Europe. The European Neighborhood Policy has an important local dimension. There are such city-oriented programs as COMUS, The Covenant of Mayors, CIUDAD and projects of cross-border coordination. Examples show that cooperation between cities is successful, if it is based on the mutual interest in solving common problems. The Treaty of Lisbon has opened new opportunities to cities' participation. European institutions are now obliged to consult with the Committee of Regions on the issues that have a strong effect at the local and regional level. However, the involvement of cities into integration practices of the EU is still limited. This is due to both, the fundamental problem of the EU organizational design, and the lack of effective channels for representing urban interests at the European level.
Inner dan Outer Space dalam Kontroversi “Salib” pada Ornamen 75 Tahun Kemerdekaan
Authors: Yudithadewi Dien , Parikesit Bonifasius
Published: February 2021

This paper focuses on finding out what meaning is reflected in the phenomenon of rejection of ornamental design of the 75th Anniversary of Indonesia's Independence, from the perspective of Yuri Lotman's (Tartu-Moscow-Semiotic School) cultural semiotics. This ornament has become a polemic in society, because a group of people feels that there is a visual cross in it, which is a representation of a certain group. The research finding states that rejection of the ornamental design for the 75th anniversary of the Republic of Indonesia occurred because a group of people felt that the “sign” in the design represented a certain group, outside them. This opinion is described by Yuri Lotman as the concept of "the inner space" (we/us) and "the outer space" (them). According to him, each culture has boundaries for defining itself (Semenenko, 2012). Everything outside "us" is "not our culture" (non-culture) or "foreign" (alien), and is often considered not good because it is not "like us" (Lorusso, 2015).
Adaptasi Sanctification of Marriage Questionnaire: Versi Indonesia untuk Masyarakat Muslim
Authors: Wahyuningsih Hepi , Suci Pertiwi Dyna Rahayu
Published: February 2021

This study aims to adapt the Sanctification of Marriage Questionnaire for Muslims inIndonesia. Adaptation of the Sanctification of Marriage Questionnaire is carried out throughthe stages: translation, providing evidence of construct validity and reliability. Evidence of construct validity was carried out by exploratory factor analysis followed by MGCFA (Multi-Group Confirmatory factor Analysis). In this study, we used a composite reliability. Subjects to reveal the factor structure of sanctification of marriage were 160 married individuals, while the subjects to test the stability of factor structure consisted of 102 husbands and 111 wives. The result of exploratory factor analysis shows that the construct of sanctification of marriage has three factors / dimensions, namely: belief, perceived sacred qualities and manifestation of God. The structure stability of sanctification of marriage was then empirically tested by MGCFA. The results of MGCFA showed that the three factors / dimensions of sanctification of marriage proved stable. The composite reliability coefficient of the Sanctification of Marriage Questionnaire was in a good category. Further research can be carried out to provide evidence of construct validity with predictive validity and concurrent validity of the Sanctification of Marriage Questionnaire. Limitations in this study are discussed further.Keywords: exploratory factor analysis, multi-group confirmatory factor analysis, muslim,sanctification of marriage, scale adaptation
Validitas Konstruk Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Edisi Keempat (PPVT-4) pada Anak dengan Sindrom Down
Authors: Tati Sumiati Neneng , Mangunsong Frieda , Guritnaningsih Guritnaningsih
Published: February 2021

Receptive language is importance to facilitate the acquisition of language skills. Measuring receptive language skills is crucial, especially for children with language limitations, such as children with Down Syndrome (DS). This study aims to examine the construct validity of the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test - Fourth Edition (PPVT-4) in children with DS. The research respondents consisted of 98 children with DS who are members of Persatuan Orang Tua Anak dengan Down Syndrome (POTADS) in the Jakarta, Bandung and Padang. Data were collected individually and administered by a psychologist. Data were analyzed using confimatory factor analysis (CFA). The results show that the one-factor model for set-1 to set-10 fit with the data and all items were valid, except for item 106. The implication is the PPVT-4 can be used to measure receptive language abilities of children with DS and estimate of the age equivalent of receptive language abilities.
An Introduction to the Callithrix Genus and Overview of Recent Advances in Marmoset Research
Authors: Malukiewicz Joanna , Boere Vanner , Borstelmann de Oliveira Maria Adelia , D’Arc Mirela , Viviane Amorim Ferreira Jessica , French Jeffery , Houman Genevieve , Almeida Igayara de Souza Claudia , Jerusalinsky Leandro , Rodrigues de Melo Fabiano , Mafra Valença-Montenegro Mônica , Bahadian Moreira Silvia , de Oliveira e Silva Ita , Santos Pacheco Felipe , Rogers Jeff , Pissinatti Alcides , del Rosario Ricardo , Ross Corinna , R. Ruiz-Miranda Carlos , C.M. Pereira Luiz , Schiel Nicola , de Fátima Rodrigues da Silva Fernanda , Souto Antonio , Šlipogor Vedrana , Tardif Suzette
Published: February 2021

We provide here a current overview of marmoset (Callithrix) evolution, hybridization, species biology, basic/biomedical research, and conservation initiatives. Composed of two subgroups, the aurita group (C. aurita and C. flaviceps) and the jacchus group (C. geoffroyi, C. jacchus, C. kuhlii and C. penicillata), this relatively young primate radiation is endemic to the Brazilian Cerrado, Caatinga, and Atlantic Forest biomes. Significant impacts on Callithrix within these biomes resulting from anthropogenic activity include: (1) population declines, particularly for the aurita group; (2) widespread geographic displacement, biological invasions, and range expansions of C. jacchus and C. penicillata; (3) anthropogenic hybridization; and (4) epizootic Yellow Fever and Zika viral outbreaks. A number of Brazilian legal and conservation initiatives are now in place to protect the threatened aurita group and increase research about them. Due to their small size and rapid life history, marmosets are prized biomedical models. As a result, there are increasingly sophisticated genomic Callithrix resources available and burgeoning marmoset functional, immuno-, and epi- genomic research. In both the laboratory and the wild, marmosets have given us insight into cognition, social group dynamics, human disease, and pregnancy. Callithrix jacchus and C. penicillata are emerging Neotropical primate models for arbovirus disease, including Dengue and Zika. Wild marmoset populations are helping us understand sylvatic transmission and human spillover of Zika and Yellow Fever viruses. All of these factors are positioning marmosets as preeminent models to facilitate understanding of facets of evolution, hybridization, conservation, human disease, and emerging infectious diseases.
An 18.8–33.9-GHz, 2.26-mW Current-Reuse Injection-Locked Frequency Divider for Radar Sensor Applications
Authors: Oh Kwang-Il , Ko Goo-Han , Kim Jeong-Geun , Baek Donghyun
Published: February 2021

An 18.8–33.9-GHz, 2.26-mW current-reuse (CR) injection-locked frequency divider (ILFD) for radar sensor applications is presented in this paper. A fourth-order resonator is designed using a transformer with a distributed inductor for wideband operating of the ILFD. The CR core is employed to reduce the power consumption compared to conventional cross-coupled pair ILFDs. The targeted input center frequency is 24 GHz for radar application. The self-oscillated frequency of the proposed CR-ILFD is 14.08 GHz. The input frequency locking range is from 18.8 to 33.8 GHz (57%) at an injection power of 0 dBm without a capacitor bank or varactors. The proposed CR-ILFD consumes 2.26 mW of power from a 1-V supply voltage. The entire die size is 0.75 mm ´ 0.45 mm. This CR-ILFD is implemented in a 65-nm CMOS technology.
Loneliness and Its Associated Factors Nine Months After the COVID-19 Outbreak: A Cross-National Study
Authors: Bonsaksen Tore , Schoultz Mariyana , Thygesen Hilde , Ruffolo Mary , Price Daicia , Leung Janni , Geirdal Amy Østertun
Published: February 2021

COVID-19 has been a global healthcare concern impacting multiple aspects of individual and community wellness. As one moves forward with different methods to reduce the infection and mortality rates, it is critical to continue to study the impact that national and local ‘social distancing’ policies have on the daily lives of individuals. The aim of this study was to examine loneliness in relation to risk assessment, measures taken against risks, concerns, and social media use, while adjusting for sociodemographic variables. The cross-sectional study collected data from 3469 individuals from USA, UK, Norway, and Australia. Loneliness was measured with the de Jong Gierveld Loneliness Scale. Multiple linear regression was used in the analysis of associations between variables. The results showed that concerns about finances were more strongly associated with social loneliness, while concerns about the future was more strongly associated with emotional loneliness. Longer daily time spent on social media was associated with higher emotional loneliness. In conclusion, pandemic-related concerns seem to affect their perceptions of loneliness. While social media can be used productively to maintain relationships, and thereby prevent loneliness, excessive use may be counterproductive.
A Universe Without Matter: The Processing of Information/Energy through Discontinuous Space Cells in Two Models; a Computer Simulation, or a Self-Replicating Substrate of Space Cells
Authors: Reardon David
Published: February 2021

Whether the universe is a computer simulation, or whether we wish to efficiently model our universe in a computer simulation, there would be benefits to modeling it in a fashion analogous to computer spreadsheet, each lattice cell can be conceived as containing all the mathematical formula necessary to continuously compute its state relative to changes in all its neighboring cells, and by progression, in relation to all the cells of entire space-time lattice. Alternatively, the “real” universe may itself be built on a space cell lattice, an irregular foam of space cells, in which each cell may be conceived as a multidimensional cell of distortable space, the shape of which fully describes (a) the four basic forces (gravity, electromagnetic, strong, weak) observed at that cell of space, and (b) the probability (or weight distribution) of any quantum states overlapping the cell and its neighbors. At an appropriate scale, it would appear that this conceptual model would resolve apparent conflicts between general relativity and quantum physics. It would also provide a new interpretation of Planck’s constant as description of the number of space cell events associated with any set of observable events. If formulae operating at a lattice cell level can be improve our ability to understand and model larger scale phenomena, this would be strong evidence in favor of the theory that mathematics is not just a human invention but rather an inherent feature of space-time itself.
Exopolysaccharide from Porphyridium cruentum (purpureum) is Not Toxic and Stimulates Immune Response against Vibriosis: The Assessment Using Zebrafish and White Shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei
Authors: Risjani Yenny , Mutmainnah Nurul , Manurung Praprianita , Wulan Siti , Yunianta Yunianta
Published: February 2021

Exopolysaccharides or extracellular polysaccharides (EPS, sPS) represent valuable metabolite compound synthesized from red microalgae. It is a non toxic natural agent and can be applied as immunostimulant. Toxicity test of exopolysaccharides from Porphyridium has been done in-vivo using zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryonic model, or the ZET (Zebrafish Embryotoxicity Test). The administration of extracellular polysaccharide or exopolysaccharides (EPS) from microalgae Porphyridium cruentum (synonym: P. purpureum) on shrimps Litopenaeus vannamei was investigated to determine the effect of this immunostimulant on their non specific immune response and to test if this compound can be used as a protective agent for shrimp related to Vibrio infection. For immune response, exopolysaccharides was given to shrimps by immersion method on day 1 and booster on day 8. Shrimp hemocytes were taken on day 1 (EPS administration), day 7 (no treatment), day 8 (EPS booster) and day 9 (Vibrio infection) and tested for their immune response on each treatment. Result shows that the EPS is not toxic as represented by the normal embryonic development and the mortality data. In the Pacific whiteshrimps, it show an increase in values ​​of all immune parameters in line with the increasing EPS concentration, except the Differential Haemocyte Count (DHC). In detail, an increase was noted in total hemocytes (THC) value, Phagocytotic Activity (PA), Respiratory Burst (RB) in line with the EPS concentration increase. These results and other previous studies indicate that EPS from Porphyridium is safe and it enhances immune parameters in shrimp rapidly and has the ability as an immunostimulant or an immunomodulator. It is a good modulator for the non-specific immune cells of Pacific white shrimps, and it can be used as a preventive agent against vibriosis.
The Effect of Teams Games Tournament (TGT) and Team Assisted Individualization (TAI) Learning Models on The Mains of Discussion Reviewed From Student's Learning Creativity
Authors: Kurnianto Iwan , Usodo Budi , Subanti Sri
Published: February 2021

This study aims to determine: which ones provide better Mathematics learning outcomes; which students have better Mathematics learning achievement, students with high, medium or low creativity; for each creativity level that gives better Mathematics learning outcomes; for each mathematics learning model that has better mathematics learning achievement in students of high, medium, or low creativity on Numbers material for learning TGT, TAI. This type of research is a quasi-experimental research with a 3 x 3 factorial design. The population in this study were all students of grade VII SMP in Kudus Regency 2015/2016 academic year. The research sample was taken using stratified cluster random sampling technique. The samples of this study were students of class VII SMP Negeri 1 Mejobo, SMP Negeri 1 Bae, and SMP Negeri 3 Bae. The results obtained, TGT provides better mathematics learning achievement than TAI. students with high and moderate creativity have the same mathematics learning achievement. students with TGT have better mathematics learning achievement than TAI students. students with high and moderate creativity have the same mathematics learning achievement.

 
The Problem of Junior High School Students in Learning Ratio of Two Variables and The Alternative Solving
Authors: Saryanto Teguh
Published: February 2021

Mastering of Competency in Explaining Ratio two variables and problem solving that is related to ratio two variables is very important. This competency is needed to understand Mathematics material/ subject for the next steps, and in real life, many problems that is related to ratio. The purpose of this research is to know the problems that are face by junior high school students in studying ratio in mathematics subject. This research methods uses qualitative case studying to know the student’s problem in ratio in this pandemic situation. There are 90 seventh students of junior high scholl 15 Surakarta as the subjects in this research. This instrument that is used in this research is mathematics test of ratio two variables. The test are developed from essay questions the analyze the students answer. The low capability in answering ratio two variables test is caused by the low of conceptual understanding, unaccuration in procedure and principle. 
Implications of the Constructivism Philosophy Perspective in Mathematics Learning
Authors: Hendrayanto Dhani Nur
Published: February 2021

Implication has the aim of comparing the results of research between the past and those that have just been carried out. Basically, the implication of a theory can be defined as a direct result or a consequence of the findings of a research process. Thus various theories of research results emerged. This Constructivism learning theory has a strong influence in the world of education. As a result, the learning orientation in the classroom has shifted. Learning orientation shifted from teacher-centered teaching to student-centered learning. Students are no longer positioned as empty vessels ready to be filled. With a resigned attitude students are prepared to be filled with information by their teachers. Or students are conditioned in such a way to receive knowledge from their teachers. Now the teacher learning partners are students. Teachers are not the only information center or learning center. Meanwhile other learning sources can be peers, nature, the internet and others.
Mathematic Literation Abilities Based on PISA-Like
Authors: Baroroh Ummu , Tririnika Yuliana , Yuliani Ida
Published: February 2021

Literacy is one of the abilities should be owned by students in prepare competitiveness due to the development of the knowledge and technology in the 21st century. Literacy is a student ability to formulate, application, and interpreted mathematics in various contexts. Mathematics literacy is the one of abilities assessed in the PISA study. The purpose of this research is to determine how the literacy skills of student at SMP 24 Surakarta. The research conducted by descriptive quantitative to seeing the literacy abilities of student. The research was conducted by subtract sample 3 student of IX class and from the result of the test it was found that the literacy skills of student were low. Low literacy skills are due to the inaccuracy of student and a lack of understanding of concept in working on these problems.
The Process of Student's Mathematic Abstract from Spatial Intelligence
Authors: Khasanah Nor , Nurkaidah Nurkaidah , Dewi Rosmala , Prihandika Yusuf Arkham
Published: February 2021

Every student must have mathematical abstraction skills. Research with a qualitative approach aims to identify the mathematical abstraction process of students when working on geometric material problems in terms of spatial intelligence. By using a descriptive design, apart from the researcher as the main instrument, the mathematical abstraction test, the spatial intelligence test, and the interview reference were used as auxiliary instruments. A total of 6 students from class VIII were selected through purposive sampling technique which was taken from each category of spatial ability which had been classified into high, medium and low criteria. Based on data analysis, students' mathematical abstraction can be grouped into 4 levels, namely: recognition, representation, structural abstraction, and structural awareness. The conclusions of this study are: 1) students with a high level of spatial intelligence can achieve all four levels of mathematical abstraction characteristics and activities, namely recognition, representation, structural abstraction, and structural awareness. 2) students with moderate spatial intelligence can only achieve two levels of mathematical characteristics and abstraction activities, namely recognition and representation. 3) students with low-level spatial intelligence are only able to achieve one level of mathematical abstraction characteristics and activity, namely recognition where students are able to remember previous activities and experiences related to the problems at hand. This shows that students with moderate and low-level spatial intelligence do not have adequate abstraction skills in the concept of geometry.
Numerical Simulation of Thermal Stress on Entrapped Pressure of Deepwater and Further Research on Anti-thermal-stress Casing Tools
Authors: Kan Changbin , Yang Jin , Yu Xiaocong , Meng Wei , Hu Nanding , Zhou Bo , Zhang Bailing , Hu Zhiqiang
Published: February 2021

When drilling and completing a deep water well, the cemented top is usually several hundred meters below the mudline because of the multi-layer technical casing technology, so quite a portion of completion fluid would be entrapped in the technical casing annulus between wellhead sealing washer and the top of cement mantle. And when being in production, the temperature field of immediate vicinity of wellbore would be redistributed by thermal fluid. At the same time, the high temperature of trapped completion fluid would trigger high thermal stress, and it is proved to be a great threat to the safety of deepwater wellbore. In this paper, we build a heat transfer model for trapped wellbore under the condition of different production outputs and fluid properties, and it is based on the structural features of high temperature and high pressure well in YQ deepwater oil field of South China Sea. Following this modelling, trapped pressure of casing was predicted and a numerical simulation of temperature field in trapped wellbore was conducted in ANSYS. Based on the results of modelling and numerical simulation, we designed a suit of casing tool which can eliminate the fatal influence caused by thermal stress of trapped pressure accompanying with high temperature. The application of this anti-thermal-stress tools showed that it is effective in protecting casing, and it also reduces the risk of casing deformation accident such as deformation caused by trapped thermal stress and wellhead sealing damages.
A Steady-State Approach for Surge and Swab Pressures Calculation of Herschel-Buckley Fluids in Directional/Horizontal Wells
Authors: Jiang Wenlong , Fan Honghai , Ji Rongyi , Tian Deqiang , Wen Zixiang , Gao Yuan , Dai Rui , Han Fuxin , Sun Yizhen
Published: February 2021

Surge and swab pressures have been known as one of the most important factors for formation fracture, lost circulation and well control problems. Previous surge/swab pressures models are mostly based on Bingham plastic (BP) or Power law (PL) fluids, which cannot adequately describe the flow behavior of drilling fluid. This paper presents a new model for computing surge/swab pressures of Herschel-Buckley (HB) fluids in horizontal/directional wells which involves the effect of eccentric annuli. A axial laminar flow model in eccentric annulus is developed using narrow slot flow model with the H-B rheological model. The drilling fluid velocity model caused by the moving drillstring is developed, through which the flow rate can be calculated. Based on the equal flow rate from the flow model and the drilling fluid velocity model, the pressure gradient equation is obtained. The numerical solution of the pressure gradient is calculated utilizing adaptive Simpson integral method which is of high accuracy. Lastly, a case study is conducted. The model proposed in the current study is meaningful for safety drilling.
Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of Job’s Tears(Coix lacryma-jobi L.) Germplasm Based on ISSR Marker
Authors: Shen Gang , Yang Lingling , Girdthai Teerayoot , Liu Fanzhi , Fu Yuhua , Meng Qingyang
Published: February 2021

Background: Job's tears（Coix lachryma-jobi L.）is a minor cereal and an important food item in some parts of Asia. It has also been used in the traditional Chinese medicine for relieving various ailments, therefore, it plays an important role in our lives. Lack of excellent new varieties hinders the development of coix as a sustainable crop, and it is urgent to provide new cultivars with excellent trait in Chinese Coix industry. Results: ISSR markers were used to assess the genetic diversity and population structure of 8 populations of Job’s tears in China. A genotyping analysis that utilized ten ISSR primer pairs resulted in the production of 116 bands, of which 98 were polymorphic. The Guizhou population (PPB = 81.90%, h = 0.3113, I = 0.4589) was the most genetically diverse, while the lowest was observed in the Hebei population (PPB = 46.55%, h = 0.1842, I = 0.2701). Genetic differentiation analyses including GST and AMOVA illustrated that genetic variation was most prevalent within populations while only minor variations were observed among populations. Genetic distance coefficients ranged from 0.0095 to 0.0948 for the 8 populations; the genetic relationship between the Guizhou and Chongqing populations was the closest, while the most distant genetic relationship occurred between the Hubei and Hunan populations. The results of an UPGMA cluster analysis that investigated genetic diversity among the populations were consistent with the genetic distance results. The results of a STRUCTURE analysis suggested that 94 Job’s tears accessions could be grouped into two subpopulations. Moreover, according to a cluster analysis based on the UPGMA for individuals of Job’s tears, accessions were divided into two major clusters. The results of the Bayesian cluster and UPGMA cluster analyses were largely consistent despite minor differences. There was no significant correlation between genetic distance and geographic distance (r = 0.055, p = 0.782). Conclusions: Our study was undertaken to systematically analyze genetic diversity and population structure in 94 Job’s tears accessions using ISSR markers. And this study provides us with valuable information pertaining to germplasm collection, genetic improvement, and systematic utilization of Job’s tears.
Transmission frequency of COVID-19 through pre-symptomatic and asymptomatic patients in AJK: A report of 201 cases
Authors: Mahmood Majid , Ilyas Noor-ul-ain , Khan Muhammad Faraz , Hasrat Muhammad Naseem
Published: February 2021

Background: Corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, declared as “once-in-a-century” pandemic, has affected about entire human population. Till now, the most promising control strategy is to block the transmission which will never be effective without completely knowing the transmission patterns.Methods: This was a retrospective case to case study aiming to estimate and calculate the transmission rate of COVID-19 through pre-symptomatic and asymptomatic patients. Contact history of included positive cases during the period of 24 hours before appearance of symptoms and infection confirmation for symptomatic and asymptomatic cases respectively was traced for disease transmission. Results: Overall, a total of 201 cases had contacted with 7168 people in last 24 hours with an average of 35.66 contacts per patient ranging from a minimum of 4 to maximum of 87 contacts (Meetings). Out of 7168 meeting persons, the infection was traced in 64 (0.89%) persons. For 155 symptomatic patients, a total of 5611 contacting persons were traced before appearance of symptoms (pre-symptomatic) in last 24 hours with an average of 36.20 meetings per patient. The infection was transmitted in 63 (1.12%) people and remaining 5548 (98.88%) were remained uninfected. Out of the 63 transmissions, 62 (98.4%) were traced within last 6 hours before the onset of symptoms while only 1 was traced from 6-12 hours before symptoms. A total of 1557 persons were traced having meeting/contacts with asymptomatic cases in last 24 hours before their infection confirmation. Out of these 1557 persons, only 1 was found to be infected and the infection rate was calculated to be 0.06%. Conclusion: The study concludes that the risk of pre-symptomatic transmission of infection is low (1.12%) and it becomes very rare in contacts made longer than 6 hours before onset of symptoms. The infection transmission is traced as long as about 9 hours before the appearance of clear symptoms in the patients but the incidence was as low as about 0.02% of the total contacts in that period. Transmission frequency by asymptomatic patients is also rare (0.06%) in the studied population.
Identification of novel potential biomarkers in hepatocarcinoma cancer; a transcriptome analysis
Authors: Kakar Mohib , Mehboob Muhammad , Akram Muhammad , Iqbal Imran , Ijaz Hafza , Aziz Ubair , Lodhi Adil , Rasheed Madiha , Deng Yulin , Dai Rongji
Published: February 2021

The goal of this study was to understand possible core genes associated with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) pathogenesis and prognosis. Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) contains datasets of gene expression, miRNA and methylation patterns of diseased and healthy/control patients. GSE62232 Dataset was selected by employing the server GEO. A total of 91 samples were collected, including 81 HCC samples and 10 healthy samples as control. GSE62232 was analyzed through GEO2R, and functional enrichment analysis was performed to extract rational information from a set of DEGs. The protein-protein relationship networking search method was used for extracting interacting genes. MCC method was used to calculate the top 10 genes according to their importance. Hub genes in the network were analyzed using GEPIA to estimate the effect of their differential expression on cancer progression. We identified the top 10 hub genes through Cytohubba plugin. These genes include cell cycle regulatory cyclins and cyclin-dependent proteins CCNA2, CCNB1 and CDK1. The pathogenesis and prognosis of HCC may be directly linked with the aforementioned genes. In this analysis, we found critical genes for HCC that showed recommendations for more diagnostic and predictive biomarker studies that could promote selective molecular therapy for HCC.
Development and validation of a novel quality control methodology on screening out for human osteosarcoma cell aptamers
Authors: Wang Hua , Liang Ji , Ma Yan , Zhou Lei , Zhang Yufei , Li Mingcheng
Published: February 2021

Objectives

To establish an accurate, time-saving quality-monitoring method in screening for tumour cell aptamers in order to shorten the screening process and ensure the accurate preparation of the aptamer.
Results

During quantitative PCR for U2-OS and HOS template, the results showed that the bands obtained from 14 cycles were bright and no non-specific amplification within the optimal template concentrations between 19.0 and 21.0ng/µl. Each round of forward screening was accompanied by reverse screening to accelerate the elimination of non-specific single-strand DNA (ssDNA). In the meanwhile, the aptamer groups were effectively purified specifically bounding to target cells. Besides, we observed that the fluorescence spectroscopy is more accurate, time-saving, and convenient for quality control compared with flow cytometry.
Conclusion

The method proposed in the study is appropriate for the rapid screening out for human osteosarcoma cell aptamers. The quantitative template concentration, forward screening with back screening, and fluorescence spectroscopy are important methods for accurate preparation and quality control of tumour cell aptamers. It can provide scientific reference data for the amplification of dsDNAs in other sub-libraries.
A single immunization with CAF08 provides newborns with Th1-mediated protection against Respiratory Syncytial Virus infection
Authors: Haren Simon van , Pedersen Gabriel Kristian , Kumar Azad , Ruckwardt Tracy , Moin Syed , Moore Ian , Minai Mahnaz , Liu Mark , Pak Jensen , Borriello Francesco , Ahmed Saima , Helmel Michaela , Andersen Peter , Graham Barney , Steen Hanno , Christensen Dennis , Levy Ofer
Published: February 2021

Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in children, due in part to their distinct immune system, characterized by impaired induction of T-helper 1 (Th1)-immunity. Here we describe cationic adjuvant formulation (CAF)-08, a liposomal vaccine formulation tailored to induce Th1 immunity in early life via synergistic engagement of Toll-like Receptor 7/8 and the C-type lectin receptor Mincle. Quantitative phosphoproteomics applied to human dendritic cells revealed a key role for Protein Kinase C-δ for enhanced Th1 cytokine production in neonatal dendritic cells and identified signaling events resulting in antigen cross-presentation. In vivo, a single immunization at birth with CAF08-adjuvanted RSV pre-fusion antigen protected newborn mice from RSV infection through induction of antigen-specific CD8+ and Th1 cells. Overall, we describe a novel pediatric adjuvant formulation and characterize its mechanism of action providing a promising avenue for development of early life vaccines against RSV and other intracellular pathogens.
Direct chemical inhibition responsible for displacement of a native herbivore by an invasive congener
Authors: Drumheller Danielle K. , Cook Mark I. , Dorn Nathan J.
Published: February 2021

The mechanisms causing native displacement by invasive species are challenging to identify. We used survey data to demonstrate a local extinction of a native gastropod ( Pomacea paludosa ) from a Florida wetland coincident with invasion of a non-native gastropod ( P. maculata ). We then examined the potential for P. maculata to displace P. paludosa . We used two field experiments to examine effects of densities and heterospecific interactions on juvenile growth in situ and we used lab and mesocosm experiments to explore chemically-mediated interactions between the species. Field experiments produced variable results; evidence for reduced P. paludosa growth in the presence of P. maculata was found under higher nutrient conditions with fast snail growth rates, but growth inhibition disappeared under oligotrophic conditions. Resource reduction could not be demonstrated in the field. Juvenile P. paludosa did not avoid mucus of P. maculata and did not reduce feeding in response to cues. Nevertheless, exposure to mucus and waterborne cues of P. maculata reduced P. paludosa growth by 53% relative to conspecific cue exposure. In mesocosms juvenile P. paludosa growth was significantly negatively correlated with adult P. maculata waterborne cues and was particularly affected at exposures ≥60% (~0.6 · m -2 ). Combined mucus and waterborne cues appeared to further reduce growth at low exposure (20%). We documented the first apparent local extinction of P. paludosa by P. maculata. We found no evidence for competition, but the results collectively pointed to direct chemical inhibition of growth that could be important at field scales, even at low densities.
Preparation of GO/MIL-101(Fe,Cu) composite and its adsorption mechanisms for phosphate in aqueous solution
Authors: Wu You , Liu Zuannian , Fahim Bakhtari Mohammad , Luo Junnan
Published: February 2021

In this study, MIL-101(Fe), MIL-101(Fe,Cu), and Graphene Oxide (GO) /MIL-101(Fe,Cu) were synthesized to compose a novel sorbent. The adsorption properties of these three MOFs-based composites were compared toward the removal of phosphate. Furthermore, the influencing factors including reaction time, pH, temperature and initial concentration on the adsorption capacity of phosphate on these materials as well as the reusability of the material were discussed. The structure of fabricated materials and the removal mechanism of phosphate on the composite material were analyzed by Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), nitrogen adsorption-desorption analysis and zeta potential. The results show that the maximum adsorption capacity of phosphate by the composite GO/MIL-101(Fe,Cu)-2% was 204.60 mg·g− 1, which is higher than that of MIL-101(Fe,Cu) and MIL-101(Fe). likewise the specific surface area of GO/MIL-101(Fe,Cu)-2% is 778.11 m2/g is higher than that of MIL-101(Fe,Cu) and MIL-101(Fe),which are 747.75 and 510.66m2/g respectively. The adsorption mechanism of phosphate is electrostatic attraction, form coordination bonds and hydrogen bonds. The fabricated material is a promising adsorbent for the removal of phosphate with good reusability.
Subdivision of de novo metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma based on tumor burden and pretreatment Epstein-Barr virus DNA for therapeutic guidance of primary tumor radiotherapy
Authors: Yang Jin-Hao , Sun Xue-Song , Xiao Bei-Bei , Liu Li-Ting , Guo Shan-Shan , Liang Jia-dong , Jia Guo-Dong , Tang Lin-Quan , Chen Qiu-Yan , Mai Hai-Qiang
Published: February 2021

Purpose: To improve individualized treatment of de novo metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma (dmNPC) patients by investigating prognostic factors and identifying patients who achieved better survival outcomes after locoregional radiotherapy (LRRT).Materials and methods: Our study included a cohort of 498 dmNPC patients. Overall survival (OS) was the primary endpoint. We analyzed the correlation of all potential prognostic factors and survival outcomes by Kaplan-Meier survival curves using log-rank test and Cox proportional hazards regression model.Results: Multivariate analysis identified three independent prognostic factors: Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) DNA, number of metastatic lesions, and number of metastatic organs. Through these factors, we successfully divided all patients into 3 subgroups: low-risk (single metastatic organ, EBV DNA ≤ 25,000 copies/ml, and ≤ 5 metastatic lesions), intermediate-risk (single metastatic organ, EBV DNA > 25,000 copies/ml, and ≤ 5 metastatic lesions), and high-risk (multiple metastatic organs or > 5 metastatic lesions or both). By comparing LRRT and non-RT groups, we found statistical differences in OS in the low-risk and intermediate-risk subgroups (p = 0.039 and p = 0.010, respectively) but no significant difference in OS in the high-risk subgroup (p = 0.076). Further multivariate analysis of different risk stratifications revealed that LRRT was a protective factor only for the low- and intermediate-risk subgroups.Conclusions: The risk stratification of dmNPC may be used as a new prognostic factor to help clinicians organize individualized LRRT treatment to improve the survival outcomes of dmNPC patients.
Bone char from an invasive aquatic species "devilfish" as a sustainable adsorbent for the removal of fluoride in water for human consumption
Authors: Cruz-Briano Sergio Armando , Medellín-Castillo Nahum Andrés , Torres-Dosal Arturo , Leyva-Ramos Roberto , Moreno-Piraján Juan Carlos , Giraldo-Gutiérrez Liliana , Ilizaliturri-Hernández César Arturo , Díaz-Flores Paola Elizabeth , Reyes-López Simón Yobanny , Ocampo-Pérez Raúl , Rodríguez-Estupiñan Jenny Paola , Aldama-Aguilera Cristóbal
Published: February 2021

In this study, bone chars were obtained from an alien acuatic species “devilfish” bones by pyrolysis of 500–800°C. Bone chars were evaluated as a sustainable adsorbent of fluoride, it was found pyrolysed bone char at 500°C adsorbed the most amount of fluoride. The effect of pH indicated that the adsorption capacity increased as the pH decreased. Thermodynamic parameters of fluoride adsorption on devilfish bone chars were estimated as ΔH°= 7.213 kJ mol− 1, ΔG°= 23.61 kJ mol− 1 and ΔS° = 103.4 J mol− 1 K− 1 indicating that adsorption is endothermic, spontaneous and with great affinity of fluoride on bone char from devilfish. The fluoride desorption study showed that fluoride is desorbed from the material of 0.24 to 20.06 %, so the adsorption is considered to be partly reversible. The regeneration of the bone char at 400, 500 and 600°C was studied and it was noted that its adsorption capacity decreases slightly so it could be considered appropriate for the use in water treatment technologies. Adsorption of fluorides from drinking well water of a rural community with dental fluorosis problems and high levels of fluoride in water, revealed that by increasing the amount of the bone char of 0.05 to 0.8 g, the disposal of fluoride increases from 69.1 to 98.7 %. Lastly, it was established that the bone char synthesized from devilfish is a low-cost, viable a sustainable material to remove fluorides from water and represents an environmental management strategy of this alien species.
How Do People With Dementia Make Sense of Their Medications? An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis Study
Authors: Lim Rosemary , Sharmeen Taniya , Donyai Parastou
Published: February 2021

BACKGROUND: Managing medication is complex and multifaceted for people with dementia and their family carers. Despite efforts to support medication management, medication errors and medication-related hospital admissions still occur. This study investigated how people with dementia viewed and talked about their medications and medication-taking. METHODS: An interpretative phenomenological approach (IPA) qualitative research design combining photo elicitation and in-depth interviews was used. People with a diagnosis of mild or moderate dementia confirmed with Montreal Cognitive Assessment, took photographs of anything they viewed to be related to medication, with/out the help of family carers, over any two-day period. The photographs were then used as cues for a subsequent in-depth interview. Interview data were analysed using IPA.RESULTS: Twelve people with dementia were interviewed. In-depth analysis of interviews generated four themes: 1) Medication as a lifeline, 2) Overcoming the uncertainty about the effectiveness of donepezil, 3) Managing medications dominate daily lives and plans and 4) Sense of being and being in control. People with dementia view donepezil as a lifeline but some continually struggle to know whether it helps their condition. Despite this uncertainty, people with dementia continue to take their medications. Managing medications dominates their daily lives and plans and redefines them. CONCLUSIONS: This study provided unique insights into how people with dementia make sense of their medication. Healthcare professionals can use these insights to shape their practice around medication prescribing and advice. The findings are also useful to researchers looking to develop interventions to support medication management within the home setting.
CRISPR/Cas9-mediated Base-editing Enables a Chain Reaction Through Sequential Repair of sgRNA Scaffold Mutations
Authors: Fukushima Tsuyoshi , Tanaka Yosuke , Adachi Keito , Masuyama Nanami , Asada Shuhei , Ishiguro Soh , Mori Hideto , Seki Motoaki , Yachie Nozomu , Goyama Susumu , Kitamura Toshio
Published: February 2021

Cellular behavior is governed by the complex gene regulatory networks. Although studies have revealed diverse roles of individual genes, it has been a challenge to record or control the sequential genetic events in living cells. In this study, we designed two cellular chain reaction systems that enable sequential sgRNA expression in mammalian cells using a nickase Cas9 tethering of a cytosine nucleotide deaminase (nCas9-CDA). In these systems, the thymidine (T)-to-cytosine (C) substitutions in the scaffold region of sgRNA or TATA box containing loxP sequence (TATAloxP) are corrected by the nCas9-CDA, which leads to expression of next sgRNA. These reactions can proceed several times, thus generating cellular chain reactions. As a proof of the concept, we established a chain reaction through the repair of sgRNA scaffold mutations in 293T cells. Importantly, the results obtained in yeast or in vitro were not consistent with those in mammalian cells, suggesting that the in vivo chain reactions need to be optimized in appropriate cellular contexts. Our system may lay the foundation for building cellular chain reaction systems that have a broad utility in the future biomedical research.
Fresh Unstable Trochanteric Fracture in Elderly Patients: Mortality, Readmission and Reoperation After Primary Hemiarthroplasty
Authors: Lin Tzu-Chieh , Wang Pin-Wen , Lin Chun-Teng , Chang Yu-Jun , Lin Ying-Ju , Liang Wen-Miin , Lin Jeff
Published: February 2021

Objectives: Most unstable trochanteric fractures are treated with internal fixation often with high complication rates. Hemiarthroplasty is an alternative treatment to achieve early weight-bearing, early mobilization and acceptable functional outcomes. However, few have investigated the long-term outcomes after hemiarthroplasty for unstable trochanteric fracture. We investigated patients with fresh trochanteric fracture after primary hemiarthroplasty on their long-term outcomes, including mortality, readmission and reoperation.Methods: We studied a total of 2,798 elderly adults who had received hemiarthroplasty for fresh unstable trochanteric fracture from 2000 to 2010, and followed them up until the end of 2012. Survival analysis and Cox model were used to characterize mortality. Competing risk analysis and Fine and Gray model were used to estimate the cumulative incidences of the first readmission and the first reoperation.Results: The follow-up mortality rate for 1-year was 17.94%; 2-year, 29.76%; 5-year, 56.8%; and 10-year, 83.38%. The cumulative incidence of the first readmission was 16.4% for 1-year and 22.44% for 3-year. The cumulative incidence of the first reoperation was 13.87% for 1-year, 18.11% for 2-year, 25.79% for 5-year, and 38.24% for 10-year. Male, older age, larger CCI and lower insured amount were all risk factors for the overall mortality. Older age and larger CCI were risk factors for the first readmission. Older age was a protective factor for reoperation, which is likely due to the competing death.Conclusion: Results are consistent with hemiarthroplasty being a robust alternative treatment for unstable trochanteric fracture among a heterogeneous elderly population.