bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Improving the Efficiency and Effectiveness of Risk‐Based Internal Audit Engagements
Authors: Coetzee Philna , Lubbe Dave
Published: October 2013

The role of internal auditing in assisting with the mitigation of key risks threatening organisations has increased, not least, for example, in ensuring that engagements are performed more effectively and efficiently, and that all the key risks of organisations are addressed, but also to ensure that scarce internal audit resources are used optimally. This article describes the development of a model that can be used by internal auditors to perform this task. The model was developed from a study of the academic literature, current business practice norms, and other documentation whereafter it was tested in a practical scenario, and input from heads of internal audit departments in prominent South African organisations was obtained. The findings of the study, inter alia, support the use of the model. However, a concern is that the risk management strategy currently implemented by organisations is not mature enough for internal auditing to rely on the outcome of the risk management process, a prerequisite for the model to function optimally. A second concern is that internal auditing is reluctant to use a pure risk‐based approach when performing audit engagements and still prefers to use a control‐based approach with more emphasis placed on high risk areas.
Probing the Discriminatory Power of Characteristics of Internal Audit Functions: Sorting the Wheat from the Chaff
Authors: Lenz Rainer , Sarens Gerrit , D'Silva Kenneth
Published: October 2013

The purpose of this paper is to identify, examine and evaluate characteristics of an internal audit function (IAF) that help to distinguish between two groups of IAFs with sharply contrasting levels of perceived effectiveness. Based on survey data from 46 heads of internal audit (chief audit executives, CAEs) in private organizations in Germany, we differentiate IAFs that indicate varying and contrasting levels of internal auditing (IA) effectiveness. In doing so, this study plants the seeds for a potential general theory of IA effectiveness – a theory that may also have relevance in other countries. Extant theory highlights the multi‐faceted aspects of IA effectiveness and these are considered in the study to sort its ‘wheat from the chaff’. We suggest four key dimensions or categorical blocks: organization, IA resources, IA processes and IA relationships. Within these dimensions, statistically valid discriminatory characteristics and features identified in the study include: the existence of an IA charter that is agreed by the board/audit committee (AC); possible career progression after a tenure in IA; some degree of co‐sourcing and outsourcing of IA services; the level of training and professional qualification of IA staff and CAEs; the use of IA technology and risk‐based IA; whether IA makes recommendations for improving the governance process and rates individual findings and grades the overall report; whether the CAE has appropriate access to the board/AC; whether the CAE benefits from senior management's (SM) and the board/AC's input to the IA plan; and the CAE's informal contact with SM. Appropriately employed, a mix of these characteristics contribute to a theoretical grounding that may help explain IA effectiveness.
Involving consumers in the work of a data linkage research unit
Authors: Jones Kerina H. , McNerney Cynthia L. , Ford David V.
Published: October 2013

We describe and reflect on the work of a Consumer Panel for a data linkage research unit in Wales, and show how the members are inputting into plans for the future. Our work is centred on conducting health‐related data linkage research using anonymously linked, routinely collected data from across Wales via the Secure Anonymous Information Linkage system. In recognition of the importance of including patients and the public in health‐related research, we have established a Consumer Panel to strengthen this voice in our work, and there are currently 10 members (4 men and 6 women) from across Wales, with a range of health‐related areas of interest. A review of Panel activities was carried out after the first year, and all members were invited to provide their views via a questionnaire survey using structured and free‐text responses. Initial feedback, obtained after the first meeting, was tentatively positive, and the questionnaire survey identified practical measures for improvement and future work. We have found the Consumer Panel to be a valuable addition to our work in the rapidly growing area of data linkage research. The views of Panel members provide a positive outlook and a fresh, and sometimes unexpected, perspective on various issues. The lessons we have learned, and our experience of involving the Panel in various aspects of our work, may be of value to others seeking to work with consumers in data linkage research, to researchers in general and to consumers themselves.
Advances in consumer education: European initiatives
Authors: Goldsmith Elizabeth B. , Piscopo Suzanne
Published: October 2013

The purpose of this article is to inform the reader of developments in consumer education in the European Union and to present future directions for policy and research. The article responds to a call for more consumer education and the promotion of sustainable consumption. It makes a case for the benefits of studying the dynamic multi‐country process of developing coordinated consumer education curriculum and resources involving academics, government officials and non‐governmental organizations, ultimately affecting millions of students. The review of select initiatives, questions posed and subsequent recommendations highlights the complexity of the issues surrounding economic viability and the pedagogical and social value of transnational consumer education initiatives.
Japanese cuisine in Poland: attitudes and behaviour among Polish consumers
Authors: Czarniecka‐Skubina Ewa , Nowak Dorota
Published: October 2013

In Poland, in recent years, the number of Japanese cuisine restaurants is still increasing. The aim of this article was to estimate the popularity of Japanese cuisine in Poland and to examine attitudes of Polish consumers towards it. The reasons why this cuisine is chosen by consumers are also studied. The scope of this work includes two anonymous questionnaires. The first study was conducted in Warsaw among 527 random respondents to estimate the level of familiarity with Japanese dishes. The second one was conducted among 115 consumers of a particular Japanese restaurant in Warsaw. Research of the target group was aimed at the characteristics of Japanese dishes consumers. On the basis of the results, it was found that random respondents have relatively little knowledge of Japanese dishes. However, a large percentage of them declared interest in Japanese culture and traditions and was inclined to taste the dishes of this region. Japanese restaurants are mainly popular among young people who follow current culinary trends and fashions and also care about their diet. High prices limit the customer group to well‐off people. Polish consumers visiting Japanese restaurants are usually persons between 31 and 40 years old, with higher education, live in the big cities, as well as with very good or good financial situation. Regular restaurant goers eat out quite often: once a week (38%) or at least once a month (27%). The restaurant studied is mainly visited by people familiar with Japanese cuisine. Sushi is the most popular of the dishes offered.
Optimisation of the peracetic acid washing disinfection of fresh‐cut strawberries based on microbial load reduction and bioactive compounds retention
Authors: Van de Velde Franco , Güemes Daniel R. , Pirovani María E.
Published: October 2013

Total microbial count reduction (TMR), total anthocyanins (TAR), and ascorbic acid retention (AAR) after the operation at different PAA concentrations (0–100 mg L−1), contact times (10–120 s), and temperatures (4–40°C) were used for multiple optimisation using Derringer′s desirability function. Two optimization scenarios (OP 1 and OP 2) were studied. OP 1 was proposed with the goal to maximize TMR with 90% TAR and AAR; and OP 2 maximizing TAR and AAR with TMR of 2 log UFC g−1. The optimized variable levels obtained were the following: 100 mg L−1 PAA, 24 °C and 50 s for OP 1 and 20 mg L−1 PAA, 18 °C and 52 s for OP 2. Additional validation experiments showed agreement between predicted and experimental results. OP 2 conditions are recommended to fresh‐cut strawberries washing disinfection because of an acceptable TMR, higher TAR and AAR, better sensory attributes, and the economic convenience of lesser PAA consumption.
Development of an improved extraction and HPLC method for the measurement of ascorbic acid in cows' milk from processing plants and retail outlets
Authors: Chotyakul Nattaporn , Pateiro‐Moure Miriam , Martínez‐Carballo Elena , Saraiva Jorge Alexandre , Torres José Antonio , Pérez‐Lamela Concepción
Published: October 2013

An improved extraction (2.5% HPO3, 5 mm dithiothreitol) and HPLC quantification methodology using a C–18 column at 35 °C and 0.1 m acetic acid (98%) and acetonitrile (2%) mobile phase was developed to quantify total ascorbic acid (AA) in commercial whole/semi‐skim/skim raw/pasteurised/UHT milk packaged in opaque bags, transparent plastic, cardboard and Tetra Brik™. AA content ranged from 0.21 to 10 and from 3.4 to 16 mg L−1 in milk from retail outlets and processing plants, respectively, and was higher in organic milk. For same processor/lot samples, pasteurised milk showed higher AA content than UHT milk. This was not true for retail outlets samples. AA content was similar for whole/semi‐skim and semi‐skim/skim milk, but not for whole/skim comparisons. Among UHT samples, the AA content trend was whole<semi‐skim<skim and lower for UHT milk in opaque plastic and Tetra Brik™ container. After 14 days at 4 °C in the dark, AA losses ranged 35–83% depending on milk type and preservation method with a higher AA retention in unopened containers.
Inactivation of microorganisms naturally present in raw bovine milk by high‐pressure carbon dioxide
Authors: Hongmei Liao , Zhong Kui , Liao Xiaojun , Hu Xiaosong
Published: October 2013

This study assessed the inactivation of microorganisms naturally present in raw bovine milk by high‐pressure carbon dioxide (HPCD) at 10–30 MPa and 20–50 °C for 20–70 min. The log reduction of microorganisms increased as raw bovine milk was exposed to higher pressures and temperatures and longer treatment times. The maximum reduction of aerobic bacteria (AB) was 4.96‐log at 25 MPa and 50 °C for 70 min. At lower temperatures and treatment times, a complete inactivation of yeasts and moulds (Y&M) and coliform bacteria (CB) was obtained at 25 MPa. Changes in microorganisms naturally present in raw bovine milk during storage were also assessed. There were 1.83‐log survival of AB, 0.65‐log survival of Y&M and a complete inactivation of CB in raw bovine milk when subjected to HPCD at 25 MPa and 40 °C for 50 min. Moreover, the AB, Y&M and the CB in raw bovine milk exhibited insignificant alterations during storage at 4 °C for 15 days, indicating a potential capability of HPCD to extend the shelf life of milk.
The effects of middle infrared radiation intensity on the quality of dried tomato products
Authors: Kocabiyik Habib , Yilmaz Nese , Tuncel N. Baris , Sumer Sarp K. , Burak Buyukcan M.
Published: October 2013

The effects of air temperature (T) (unheated and 35 °C), infrared radiation intensity (IP) (894, 1004, 1190, 1314 and 1410 Wm−2) and air velocity (Av) (1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 ms−1) on drying characteristics of tomatoes, drying time (DT), specific energy consumption (SEC) and quality parameters were investigated. DT and SEC varied between 114 and 249 min, 10.04 and 18.22 MJ kg−1 water, respectively, and were significantly affected by process variables. Shrinkage ratio (S) and rehydration ratio (Rr) were varied between 0.129 and 0.214, 2.11 and 2.86 for all the drying conditions, respectively. Total colour change (ΔE) varied from 5.30 to 13.19. Vitamin C content decreased, while lycopene content increased with infrared drying. For optimum points, desirability of functions of all targets had satisfactory, very good and excellent desirability values and ranged between 0.54 and 0.99.
Optimisation of the pulsed vacuum osmotic dehydration of cladodes of fodder palm
Authors: Viana Arianne D. , Corrêa Jefferson L.G. , Justus Ariana
Published: October 2013

Fodder palm, a great source of nutrients for human and animals, grows even in arid climates. Pulsed vacuum osmotic dehydration is an efficient process for obtaining semidehydrated food. It was used to slice cladodes of fodder palm. The independent variables used were temperature (30–50 °C), pulsed vacuum pressure (50–150 mbar) and NaCl concentration (5–15 g per 100 g solution). The response variables were water activity (aw), moisture content (X), colour parameters, water loss (WL), solid gain (SG) and weight reduction (WR). The pulsed vacuum osmotic dehydration process was optimised for minimum values of aw, X and SG, and maximum values of chroma. The experimental data obtained with the optimum condition (100 mbar; 10 gNaCl per 100 g solution, 44 °C) were near the estimated ones. For example, WL, aw and ∆E, and their error were 8.15 g per 100 g, 11%; 0.985, 0.3% and 6.15, 15.2%, respectively.
Decreased fat accumulation in 3T3‐L1 pre‐adipocytes treated with extracts of heat‐processed soy flour and breads
Authors: Shin Doo‐Jee , Choi Induck , Yokoyama Wallace H. , Kim Mi‐Ja , Kim Yookyung
Published: October 2013

The potential anti‐adipogenic effects of gluten‐free soy breads made from germinated soybean (GS), steamed soybean (SS) or roasted soybean (RS) were evaluated in an in vitro adipocyte cell model. GS and RS increased the total phenolic (TP) and total flavonoid (TF) contents of flours compared with the raw soybean (NS) flour. RS and GS had the highest TP (1.04 GAE mg g−1) and TF (0.92 CAE mg g−1) contents. Baking increased the TP content of breads, 0.09–0.26 GAE mg g−1, compared with the flours. Fermentation during breadmaking increased the DPPH scavenging activities compared with the flours. The ABTS scavenging exhibited similar patterns to those of DPPH. Lipid accumulation in 3T3‐L1 cells shows that the alcoholic extracts (100 μg mL−1) of SS flour and bread decreased adipocyte differentiation by 1.6‐ and 2.1‐fold, respectively, compared with control. SS bread extract substantially downregulated the adipogenesis‐related genes such as acetyl‐CoA carboxylase and glycerol‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase.
Cultivable bacterial diversity and amylase production in three typical Daqus of Chinese spirits
Authors: Li Zuming , Bai Zhihui , Wang Deliang , Zhang Wujiu , Zhang Michael , Lin Francis , Gao Liping , Hui Bodi , Zhang Hongxun
Published: October 2013

Both culture‐dependent method and molecular technique were firstly used to simultaneously investigate the cultivable bacterial diversity and amylase production in three typical Daqus of Chinese spirits. The results showed that both cultivable bacterial diversity and amylase production were obviously different. The species of nine bacteria from Deshan, nine from Baisha and six from Wuling Daqus were identified. The total bacterial strains of 17, 15 and 14, and 9, 16 and 10 could produce α‐amylase and glucoamylase, respectively, from the Daqus, and the enzyme yields were different. Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens not only were dominant bacteria in the Daqus, but also possessed high activities of α‐amylase and glucoamylase. By comparison, Bacillus cereus and Bacillus oleronius were found to be another predominant bacterial species and good producers of α‐amylase and glucoamylase in Deshan and Wuling Daqus, respectively.
3‐Hydroxypyridinone‐l‐phenylalanine conjugates with antimicrobial and tyrosinase inhibitory activities as potential shrimp preservatives
Authors: Xu Li‐Li , Hu Pan‐Pan , Kong Xiao‐Le , Hider Robert C. , Zhou Tao , Dai Zhi‐Yuan
Published: October 2013

To explore the potential of novel tyrosinase inhibitors, 3‐hydroxypyridinone‐l‐phenylalanine conjugates, as shrimp preservatives, compounds 1 and 2 were evaluated for the antimicrobial activity, and compound 2 was investigated for the shrimp preservative efficacy. It was found that they both possess a stronger antibacterial effect than kojic acid against two Gram‐positive bacteria and three Gram‐negative bacteria. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of compound 2 against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcous aureus, Salmonella gallinarum, Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Bacillus subtilis were determined as 18.5, 37, 148, 37 and 295 μg mL−1, respectively, whereas MICs of kojic acid against the same 5 bacterial strains were determined to be 355, 178, 1420, 1420 and 355 μg mL−1, respectively. It has also been demonstrated that treatment with compound 2 improves the sensory properties, retards the growth of spoilage bacteria, decreases the total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB‐N) and increases the pH of Penaeus vannamei Boone, thereby extending the shelf life to 10 days. In contrast, the shelf life of shrimp treated with kojic acid and the control group was 7 and 6 days, respectively. Clearly, 3‐hydroxypyridinone‐l‐phenylalanine conjugates could find application as shrimp preservatives by inhibiting melanosis and by preventing the growth of bacteria during the storage.
Correlation between the TISS‐28 and NEMS indicators in an intensive care unit
Authors: de Souza Urbanetto Janete , Travi Canabarro Simone , Prado Lima Figueiredo Ana Elizabeth , Weber Giovani , Pereira dos Santos Raul , Stein Kátia , Rodrigues Natalia , Ramos Garcia Pedro Celiny
Published: October 2013

Cross‐sectional study aimed at to analyse and compare the correlation between the Therapeutic Intervention Scoring System (TISS)‐28 and Nine Equivalents of Nursing Manpower Use (NEMS) indicators with a sample of 725 patients, for which data was collected from the computerized system of a university hospital. The findings of the present study well demonstrated a strong correlation between the TISS‐28 and NEMS, both at the time of patient admission and discharge (0.888 and 0.885; P < 0.001), although there is a dispersion of 21% in the data and established cut‐off points to discriminate with greater power the death and no death scenarios. Further research is still necessary to confirm the possibility of replacing the TISS‐28 scoring instrument with NEMS.
Moral sensitivity and critical thinking disposition of nursing students in Korea
Authors: Ahn Sung‐Hee , Yeom Hye‐A
Published: October 2013

This study aimed to examine the level of moral sensitivity and critical thinking disposition among baccalaureate nursing students in Korea. A convenience sample of 142 undergraduate nursing students was surveyed on moral sensitivity using the Korean version of the Moral Sensitivity Questionnaire (K‐MSQ) and on critical thinking disposition using the Critical Thinking Disposition Questionnaire (CTDQ). Data were collected from June 2009 to July 2010. Mean score was 2.83 out of 7 on the K‐MSQ (relatively low) and 3.70 out of 5 on the CTDQ (relatively high), indicating the need for nursing educators to continue to develop and incorporate strategies that enhance moral sensitivity into ethics courses in undergraduate nursing programs in Korea. Nursing students who regarded nursing as a lifelong career exhibited stronger critical thinking disposition than did students who considered nursing to be a temporary or premarital job. Moral sensitivity should be further emphasized in nursing ethics courses in undergraduate nursing programs in Korea.
Health‐promoting lifestyle behaviours in pregnant women in Turkey
Authors: Gokyildiz Sule , Alan Sultan , Elmas Elif , Bostanci Aysegul , Kucuk Emine
Published: October 2013

This study aims to describe the health‐promoting lifestyle behaviours of pregnant women. The study was carried out with pregnant women who applied to the polyclinics in different maternity and children hospitals located in Adana, Turkey, between 1 March and 30 May 2009. The data collection tools used in the study were (i) a questionnaire that was used to collect sociodemographic data from the participants and (ii) the Health Promoting Lifestyle Profile II (HPLP II). The results obtained from the study showed that total HPLP II scores were moderate; the highest scores were obtained on the spiritual growth dimension and the lowest scores on the physical activity dimension. Pregnant women with older age, those with a higher educational level, those with a better socioeconomic status and those living in a nuclear family were found to be more likely to have health‐promoting lifestyles. Health promotion and healthy lifestyle need to be an integral part of health services provided for pregnant women. Midwives and nurses have prominent roles in encouraging pregnant women to engage in health‐promoting behaviours.
Physical activity levels and torso orientations of hospitalized patients at risk of developing a pressure injury: An observational study
Authors: Chaboyer Wendy , Mills Peter M , Roberts Shelley , Latimer Sharon
Published: October 2013

Pressure injury guidelines recommend regular repositioning yet patients' mobility and repositioning patterns are unknown. An observational study using activity monitors was undertaken to describe the 24 h activity patterns of 84 hospitalized patients at risk of developing a pressure injury. The vast majority of participants' time was spent in the sedentary activity range (94% ± 3%) followed by the light range (5% ± 4 %). Patients changed their posture a median of 94 (interquartile range 48) time in the 24‐h period (range 11–154), or ≈ 3.8 times per hour. Although a main focus for pressure injury prevention has been on repositioning, this study shows that patients with restricted mobility are actually moving quite often. Therefore, it might be appropriate to focus more attention on other pressure injury prevention strategies such as adequate nutrition, appropriate support surfaces and good skin care.
Evaluation of falls by inpatients in an acute care hospital in Korea using the Morse Fall Scale
Authors: Sung Yung Hee , Cho Myung Sook , Kwon In Gak , Jung Yoen Yi , Song Mi Ra , Kim Kyunghee , Won Sungho
Published: October 2013

The purpose of this study was to determine the cut‐off values of the Korean version of the Morse Fall Scale (MFS‐K) that would be most useful in identifying hospitalized patients at risk of falls in an acute‐care setting in Korea. This study was conducted using the medical records of 66 patients who fell and 100 patients who did not fall (no‐fall patients) sampled from inpatients hospitalized at a tertiary acute‐care hospital in Seoul during the period from 1 January to 30 November 2009. The optimal cut‐off point for the MFS‐K was found to be 45 points, which produced an acceptable sensitivity and a fairly good specificity, negative predictive value and accuracy. The highest peak on the receiver operating characteristic curve was a cut‐off score of 45 points in the MFS‐K. Further research needs to be performed to determine the optimal cut‐off score according to subjects' conditions through daily measurement with the MFS in medical or surgical patients who are relatively homogeneous in terms of individual and disease‐related factors.
Possible selves and identity in relation to career development: evidence fromChilean male middle‐aged managers' career narratives
Authors: Nazar Gabriela , Van der Heijden Beatrice I. J. M.
Published: October 2013

Social and economic conditions, as well as the dynamism of theChilean labour market, place new demands on middle‐aged workers who have to explore both internal and external opportunities to develop successful careers. We assumed that possible self and identity in future states are core organizing aspects in this process. Identities, being core components of the self‐concept, comprise self‐representations that are contextually based and rooted in a social structure. Given the fact that there is a serious lack of empirical research in this domain, this study was aimed to help close an important gap in the literature. More specifically, it was intended to better understand the role played by possible selves and identity – that is, knowledge about what the self might eventually achieve or become – in career development. Based on an in‐depth qualitative study among 25 male middle‐agedChilean managers, we found that the possible selves reported: (1) are evolving processes that vary in terms of content, stability and elaboration; (2) are related to career variety; (3) help in both career transitions and the adjustment process in novel situations; and (4) act as an incentive in career development. It is important to stress that in cases of challenging work contexts, employees are urged to create and recreate new selves and identities at work in order to increase their adaptability to ever‐increasing working life demands and enhance their employability.
Idiopathic intracranial hypertension: A possible complication in the natural history of advanced prostate cancer
Authors: Valcamonico Francesca , Arcangeli Giuseppina , Consoli Francesca , Nonnis Daniela , Grisanti Salvatore , Gatti Enza , Berruti Alfredo , Ferrari Vittorio
Published: October 2013

Idiopathic intracranial hypertension is a variety of intracranial hypertension that is extremely rare in men. Obesity and hypogonadism are the most important predictive factors. Etiological hypotheses include increased central venous pressure, and various hormonal and metabolic changes commonly found in obese patients. We described the case of an obese man with prostate cancer who showed a consistent bodyweight increase during treatment with taxanes and prednisone. He was hospitalized because of a severe loss of vision as a consequence of idiopathic intracranial hypertension. A complete symptom remission was obtained after 3 weeks of anti‐edema therapies (steroids, acetazolamide). Castration‐resistant prostate cancer is a risk factor for idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Long‐term androgen deprivation therapy, bodyweight increase, and fluid retention during chronic steroid administration and taxane chemotherapy might favor the disease onset. This severe complication has a good outcome, and should be suspected in the presence of symptoms and signs of intracranial hypertension.
Renal function after radical nephrectomy: Development and validation of predictive models in Japanese patients
Authors: Yokoyama Minato , Fujii Yasuhisa , Takeshita Hideki , Kawamura Naoko , Nakayama Takayuki , Iimura Yasumasa , Sakura Mizuaki , Ishioka Junichiro , Saito Kazutaka , Koga Fumitaka , Masuda Hitoshi , Noro Akira , Arisawa Chizuru , Kitahara Satoshi , Kihara Kazunori
Published: October 2013

Objectives

To develop and validate predictive models for postoperative estimated glomerular filtration rate and risk of chronic kidney disease after radical nephrectomy in Japanese patients.

Methods

The present retrospective study included a development cohort of 209 patients without preoperative chronic kidney disease who underwent radical nephrectomy between 1994 and 2008, and were followed up for longer than 3 years, and a validation cohort of 144 similar such patients. Univariate and multivariate linear regression or logistic regression analyses were carried out to identify the independent predictors of estimated glomerular filtration rate or chronic kidney disease 3 years after radical nephrectomy. Incorporating all independent predictors, predictive models for postoperative renal function were developed and externally validated.

Results

Age, the presence of diabetes mellitus, and preoperative estimated glomerular filtration rate were independent predictors of both postoperative estimated glomerular filtration rate and chronic kidney disease. A formula for predicting the postoperative estimated glomerular filtration rate and a nomogram for predicting the risk of postoperative chronic kidney disease were developed. The adjusted R2 of the formula and area under the receiver operating characteristic curves of the nomogram were 0.446 and 0.865 in the development cohort, and 0.396 and 0.787 in the validation cohort, respectively.

Conclusions

We developed and validated novel predictive models for the postoperative renal function 3 years after radical nephrectomy in Japanese patients.
Proteomic analysis of a rare urinary stone composed of calcium carbonate and calcium oxalate dihydrate: A case report
Authors: Kaneko Kiyoko , Matsuta Yosuke , Moriyama Manabu , Yasuda Makoto , Chishima Noriharu , Yamaoka Noriko , Fukuuchi Tomoko , Miyazawa Katsuhito , Suzuki Koji
Published: October 2013

The objective of the present study was to investigate the matrix protein of a rare urinary stone that contained calcium carbonate. A urinary stone was extracted from a 34‐year‐old male patient with metabolic alkalosis. After X‐ray diffractometry and infrared analysis of the stone, proteomic analysis was carried out. The resulting mass spectra were evaluated with protein search software, and matrix proteins were identified. X‐ray diffraction and infrared analysis confirmed that the stone contained calcium carbonate and calcium oxalate dihydrate. Of the identified 53 proteins, 24 have not been previously reported from calcium oxalate‐ or calcium phosphate‐containing stones. The protease inhibitors and several proteins related to cell adhesion or the cytoskeleton were identified for the first time. We analyzed in detail a rare urinary stone composed of calcium carbonate and calcium oxalate dihydrate. Considering the formation of a calcium carbonate stone, the new identified proteins should play an important role on the urolithiasis process in alkaline condition.
Oncological impact of endoscopic bladder cuff management during nephroureterectomy varies according to upper urinary tract tumor location
Authors: Luo Hao Lun , Kang Chih Hsiung , Chen Yen Ta , Chuang Yao Chi , Cheng Yuan Tso , Lee Wei Ching , Chiang Po Hui
Published: October 2013

Objectives

To compare the oncological outcome between extravesical excision and transurethral excision for bladder cuff management in patients undergoing nephroureterectomy with upper urinary tract urothelial cancer.

Methods

From January 2005 to December 2010, 396 patients were enrolled in the present retrospective study. Nephroureterectomy was carried out either by endoscopic or extravesical bladder cuff excision. The oncological outcome between these two procedures was analyzed in patients with different tumor locations.

Results

The average age of the patients was 66.41 ± 10.52 years, and the median follow‐up duration was 40.65 ± 23.84 months. For upper urinary tract urothelial cancer management, extravesical bladder cuff excision was carried out in 240 patients, whereas the endoscopic method was carried out in 156 patients. Previous bladder cancer is still the most independent predictor for bladder recurrence (P < 0.001). In addition, endoscopic bladder cuff management for low ureteral tumor was also independently associated with more bladder tumor recurrence (P = 0.017). Non‐organ confined pathological stage still independently predicted metastasis (P < 0.001) and cancer‐specific death (P < 0.001).

Conclusions

There are similar oncological outcomes after nephroureterectomy combined with extravesical or endoscopic bladder cuff management for patients with upper urinary tract urothelial cancer above the low ureter. However, there is a higher incidence of bladder tumor recurrence for the low ureteral tumor after nephroureterectomy with endoscopic bladder cuff excision.
Is overactive bladder a brain disease? The pathophysiological role of cerebral white matter in the elderly
Authors: Sakakibara Ryuji , Panicker Jalesh , Fowler Clare J , Tateno Fuyuki , Kishi Masahiko , Tsuyusaki Yohei , Yamanishi Tomonori , Uchiyama Tomoyuki , Yamamoto Tatsuya , Yano Masashi
Published: October 2013

Small‐vessel disease of the brain affecting the deep white matter characteristically manifests with neurological syndromes, such as vascular dementia and vascular parkinsonism. There is, however, compelling evidence to suggest that white matter disease can cause overactive bladder and incontinence, and in some patients these might be the initial manifestation. As white matter disease increases significantly with age, and preferentially affects the prefrontal deep white matter, white matter disease becomes an anatomical substrate in the brain etiology of overactive bladder. Treatment entails the management of small‐vessel disease risk factors and anticholinergic drugs that do not easily penetrate the blood–brain barrier, to improve bladder control. In short, when caring for elderly overactive‐bladder patients, we should look at both the brain and the bladder.
Intra‐diaspora Knowledge Transfer and ‘New’ Italian Migration
Authors: Baldassar Loretta , Pyke Joanne
Published: October 2013

The Italian Australia diaspora is a heterogeneous mix of regional, class and generational identities. This article identifies and considers the influence of four recent Italian‐Australian cohorts on the processes of Italian‐Australian cultural formation. Of particular interest is the most recent wave of migrants (post‐2000), whose arrival is prompted by the European economic crisis and facilitated by Australia's skilled migration programme. We argue that this cohort is a new form of “elite” skilled migration comprised of people who are independent of, yet reliant on, the community infrastructure and social standing that previous waves of Italian migrants have established. We consider the relationship between these cohorts as a process of “intra‐diaspora” knowledge transfer and show how diasporas play a fundamental role in the skilled migration project. These dynamics challenge assumptions that skilled migrant integration is “frictionless”. Rather, their arrival simultaneously generates diaspora renewal as well as tensions around identity and community resources.
Epidemiology of biopsy‐proven giant cell arteritis in South Australia
Authors: Dunstan E. , Lester S. L. , Rischmueller M. , Dodd T. , Black R. , Ahern M. , Cleland L. G. , Roberts‐Thomson P. , Hill C. L.
Published: October 2013

Background/Aim

To determine the epidemiology and clinical features of biopsy‐proven giant cell arteritis (GCA) in South Australia (SA).

Methods

Patients with biopsy‐proven GCA were identified from pathology reports of temporal artery biopsies at SA Pathology laboratories, from 1 January 1992, to 31 July 2011. Epidemiological data were collected through patient questionnaires and standardised case note reviews. Incidence was estimated using Australian Bureau of Statistics population data for SA. Seasonality was analysed by Cosinor analysis, and time‐to‐ event analysis was performed for the duration of steroid use.

Results

There were 314 cases of biopsy‐proven GCA (72% female). The mean age at diagnosis of GCA was 78 years (interquartile range 72–82). The estimated population incidence for people over 50 was 3.2 per 100 000 person years. The female : male incidence ratio was 2.3 (P < 0.001), and incidence increased with each age decade. There was evidence of seasonal variation (P = 0.015), with higher rates observed in the summer months.

Clinical data were available for 163 patients (68% female, median age 78 years). The most common presenting clinical features were temporal headache (74%), visual disturbance (68.4%), jaw claudication (59.3%) and symptoms of polymyalgia rheumatica (56%). The median initial steroid dose was 60 mg, with median duration of steroid use 4.5 years. Corticosteroid side‐effects were common, affecting 89%, with 34% reporting five or more.

Conclusions

This is the first epidemiological study of Australian biopsy‐proven GCA patients. Age at onset and gender associations were similar to other Western populations. There was a high burden of steroid use in these patients.
Endothelial expression of CXCR7 and the regulation of systemic CXCL12 levels
Authors: Berahovich Robert D. , Zabel Brian A. , Lewén Susanna , Walters Matthew J. , Ebsworth Karen , Wang Yu , Jaen Juan C. , Schall Thomas J.
Published: October 2013

The concentration of CXCL12/SDF‐1 in the bloodstream is tightly regulated, given its central role in leucocyte and stem/progenitor cell egress from bone marrow and recruitment to sites of inflammation or injury. The mechanism responsible for this regulation is unknown. Here we show that both genetic deletion and pharmacological inhibition of CXCR7, a high‐affinity CXCL12 receptor, caused pronounced increases in plasma CXCL12 levels. The rise in plasma CXCL12 levels was associated with an impairment in the ability of leucocytes to migrate to a local source of CXCL12. Using a set of complementary and highly sensitive techniques, we found that CXCR7 protein is expressed at low levels in multiple organs in both humans and mice. In humans, CXCR7 was detected primarily on venule endothelium and arteriole smooth muscle cells. CXCR7 expression on venule endothelium was also documented in immunodeficient mice and CXCR7+/lacZ mice. The vascular expression of CXCR7 therefore gives it immediate access to circulating CXCL12. These studies suggest that endothelial CXCR7 regulates circulating CXCL12 levels and that CXCR7 inhibitors might be used to block CXCL12‐mediated cell migration for therapeutic purposes.
Can we switch microglia's phenotype to foster neuroprotection? Focus on multiple sclerosis
Authors: Giunti Debora , Parodi Benedetta , Cordano Christian , Uccelli Antonio , Kerlero de Rosbo Nicole
Published: October 2013

Microglia cells, the resident innate immune cells in the brain, are highly active, extending and retracting highly motile processes through which they continuously survey their microenvironment for ‘danger signals’ and interact dynamically with surrounding cells. Upon sensing changes in their central nervous system microenvironment, microglia become activated, undergoing morphological and functional changes. Microglia activation is not an ‘all‐or‐none’ process, but rather a continuum depending on encountered stimuli, which is expressed through a spectrum of molecular and functional phenotypes ranging from so‐called ‘classically activated’, with a highly pro‐inflammatory profile, to ‘alternatively activated’ associated with a beneficial, less inflammatory, neuroprotective profile. Microglia activation has been demonstrated in most neurological diseases of diverse aetiology and has been implicated as a contributor to neurodegeneration. The possibility to promote microglia’s neuroprotective phenotype has therefore become a therapeutic goal. We have focused our discussion on the role of microglia in multiple sclerosis, a prototype of inflammatory, demyelinating, neurodegenerative disease, and on the effect of currently approved or on‐trial anti‐inflammatory therapeutic strategies that might mediate neuroprotection at least in part through their effect on microglia by modifying their behaviour via a switch of their functional phenotype from a detrimental to a protective one. In addition to pharmaceutical approaches, such as treatment with glatiramer acetate, interferon‐β, fingolimod or dimethyl fumarate, we address the alternative therapeutic approach of treatment with mesenchymal stem cells and their potential role in neuroprotection through their ‘calming’ effect on microglia.
Perceptions of caring in China: patient and nurse questionnaire survey
Authors: He T. , Du Y. , Wang L. , Zhong Z.F. , Ye X.C. , Liu X.H.
Published: October 2013

Background

The concept of caring is important to both patients and nurses. If patients and nurses perceive caring behaviours differently, patients may not have their needs met or will be dissatisfied with the nursing.

Aim

This study conducted in mainland China compared the perceptions of nurses and patients concerning nurses' caring behaviours.

Methods

From November 2011 to June 2012, 680 patients and 540 of their nurses in five hospitals in southern, central and eastern China were invited to complete a descriptive comparative survey with four subcategories, the Caring Behaviors Inventory‐24. Respondents scored each of the 24 items on the survey from 1 (low) to 6 (high). Of those invited, 595 patients (87.50%) and 445 (82.41%) nurses completed the survey.

Results

The mean item score on the Caring Behaviors Inventory‐24 was 4.32 and 4.96 for patients and nurses, respectively. The subcategory with the highest mean score for both groups was knowledge and skills (4.73, 5.25), and the lowest for both groups was positive connectedness (3.98, 4.51). Nurses' scores were significantly higher than those of patients for all four subcategories (P < 0.001).

Conclusions

The gap between the two groups indicates that nurses need to improve their understanding and response to patients' actual and perceived needs and expectations. In China, patients require more support from nurses of their psychological needs.

Study Limitations

Participants came from a limited number of hospitals in three cities. A larger sample from different hospitals in mainland China could have increased the power of the study.
Influenza A virus survival in water is influenced by the origin species of the host cell
Authors: Shigematsu Sayuri , Dublineau Amélie , Sawoo Olivier , Batéjat Christophe , Matsuyama Toshifumi , Leclercq India , Manuguerra Jean‐Claude
Published: October 2013

Background

Influenza A viruses have an envelope made of a lipid bilayer and two surface glycoproteins, the hemagglutinin and the neuraminidase. The structure of the virus is directly dependent on the genetic makeup of the viral genome except the glycosylation moieties and the composition of the lipid bilayer. They both depend on the host cell and are in direct contact with the environment, such as air or water. Virus survival is important for virus transmission from contaminated waters in the case of wild aquatic birds or from contaminated surface or air for humans.

Objective

The objective of this study was to check whether the origin species of the host cell has an influence on influenza A virus survival.

Method

The persistence in water at 35°C of viruses grown on either mammalian cells or avian cells and belonging to two different subtypes H1N1 and H5N1 was compared.

Results

Both H5N1 and H1N1 viruses remained infectious for periods of time as long as 19–25 days, respectively. However, within the same subtype, viruses grown on mammalian cells were more stable in water at 35°C than their counterparts grown on avian cells, even for viruses sharing the same genetic background.

Conclusions

This difference in virus stability outside the host is probably connected to the nature of the lipid bilayer taken from the cell or to the carbohydrate side chains of the virus surface glycoproteins. Moreover, the long‐lasting survival time might have a critical role in the ecology of influenza viruses, especially for avian viruses.
Angiosome‐targeted revascularisation in diabetic foot ulcers
Authors: Serra Raffaele , Grande Raffaele , Scarcello Edoardo , Buffone Gianluca , de Franciscis Stefano
Published: October 2013

Peripheral vascular disease is a common complication of type 2 diabetes and is often more severe and diffuse than in non‐diabetic individuals with a higher risk of major amputations in the lower limbs. Diabetic foot revascularisation using both traditional bypass surgery and endovascular therapy are often burdened by the failure and the inevitable subsequent massive amputation. In this study, we examined the clinical response of diabetic patients with critical limb ischaemia and extended ischaemic wounds, treated with a new angiosome‐based revascularisation technique. In a 3‐year period, nine diabetic patients with imminent amputation threatening and foot ulcers with no feasible arterial revascularisation options were treated by the angiosome‐based surgical technique by means of deep vein arterialisation. The postoperative tcPO2 evaluation showed a mean increase in the cutaneous oxygen tension in all patients treated. The overall survival rates were 88·88%, 88·88% and 77·77% at 12, 24 and 36 months, respectively. Limb salvage was 100% at 1 year and steady at 88·88% thereafter. Surgical deep venous arterialisation might be considered as an extreme alternative to attempt tissue preservation in limbs unfit for conventional arterial revascularisations. This technique would give advantages to the patients in terms of better compliance to the minor amputations and thus avoiding major limb amputations.
Clinical evaluation of improvised gauze‐based negative pressure wound therapy in military wounds
Authors: Mansoor Junaid , Ellahi Irfan , Junaid Zartash , Habib Adeel , Ilyas Uzair
Published: October 2013

The use of negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) in civilian and military wounds is found effective in promoting granulation tissue, decreasing exudate and improving patient comfort. The Use of gauze‐based NPWT is increasing in civilian trauma cases with availability of proprietary systems using gauze as filler material rather than the traditionally used reticulated open‐cell foam. Military trauma wounds differ from civilian trauma wounds in energy of impact, degree and nature of contamination as well as the hostile environments. The Use of gauze as filler material for NPWT in military trauma wounds is less well studied. This study is a retrospective analysis of use of improvised gauze‐based NPWT in military trauma wounds. The whole assembly was constructed from commonly available operation theatre supplies and no proprietary system was used. Results were very encouraging and the use of this improvised method can be useful and cheap alternative to costly proprietary systems.
Risk and the Role of Collateral in Debt Renegotiation
Authors: Neus Werner , Stadler Manfred
Published: October 2013

In his basic model of debt renegotiation, Bester () argues that collateral is more effective if high‐risk projects are financed. This result, however, depends crucially on the definition of risk. Using the second‐order stochastic dominance criterion, introduced by Rothschild and Stiglitz (), we show that a project's high risk, induced by a high probability of default, does not improve the effectiveness of collateral. Instead it turns out that, given the expected return, the probability of default has no impact on the collateral's effectiveness. Moreover, a higher risk of the project caused by a higher loss given default makes the use of collateral even less effective.
Risk Management Challenges after the Financial Crisis
Authors: Mertzanis Charilaos
Published: October 2013

The recent financial crisis highlighted the need for risk measures that deal adequately with extreme events. In the modern complex financial world, risk measures can only be effective if they take into consideration the endogeneity of risk. Endogenous risk is an inherent characteristic of the modern financial system. The crisis has also highlighted the considerable changes in investors' attitude towards risk under changing market conditions. These developments have cast doubt on the role of traditional elements of risk management theory: prices, probabilities and preferences. The paper presents a non‐technical summary of the main challenges for effective risk management in the modern complex financial world.