bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Aging, Gender and Sexuality in Brazilian Society
Authors: Debert Guita Grin
Published: April 2015

Drawing on the interplay between gender, aging, and sexuality, the aim of this article is twofold: (1) to show how Brazilian gerontologists treat gender differences and sexual activity in old age; (2) to analyze the  ways  discourses regarding the aging body and sexuality are perceived and evaluated by older women and men . I argue that  attempts of gerontologists’ to eroticize old age have to contend with the widespread notion that the desire for sex is inevitably lost with age. Thus, in the retiree associations that were studied, men had a tendency to assume they are not ‘old’ because their erectile function was still in good condition, and divorced or widowed women, in senior citizen associations, tend to regard themselves as happy due to having freed themselves from the sexual obligations imposed by marriage. In both cases, the dominant belief that there is a loss of sexual desire in old age was reproduced.
Wentzell, Emily A. Maturing Masculinities: Aging, Chronic Illness, and Viagra in Mexico
Authors: Lamb Sarah
Published: April 2015

None
Brand Reconciliation? A Case Study of ITV's 2013 Rebrand
Authors: Garner Ross
Published: April 2015

This article extends existing work in Television Studies on branding through a study of rebranding practices. To this end, the discussion takes the mainstream UK commercial broadcaster ITV's 2013 rebranding as a case study and examines both the institutional contexts motivating change and the construction of its altered brand image through publicity materials. Engaging with the latter allows for strategies of what I have called brand reconciliation to be discussed as, despite focusing on the channel's contemporary output, publicity stills demonstrating the channel's new logo attempt to activate popular audience memories of the broadcaster and unite its ‘past’ and ‘present’ incarnations.
Extreme Makeover CSI Edition: Tracing the Forensic Crime Drama's Engagement with Identity Crimes, Plastic Bodies and Self-Transformation Narratives
Authors: Bull Sofia
Published: April 2015

This article examines discourses on identity and bodily plasticity in the forensic crime drama CSI: Crime Scene Investigation (2000–). It argues that CSI engages with the same cultural debates as makeover reality TV, but in ways that articulate a number of oppositional perspectives on self-transformation practices governed by the programme's investment in an essentialist and determinist understanding of genetics. The article traces CSI's reconfiguration of the motif of disguise and inverted use of generic tropes from makeover reality TV, as well as its tendency to worry about the increased possibilities for biomedical alterations of our bodies. It concludes that the programme problematises self-transformation practices as a new type of ‘identity crime’.
A model for electric field enhancement in lightning leader tips to levels allowing X‐ray and γ ray emissions
Authors: Babich L. P. , Bochkov E. I. , Kutsyk I. M. , Neubert T. , Chanrion O.
Published: April 2015

A model is proposed capable of accounting for the local electric field increase in front of the lightning stepped leader up to magnitudes allowing front electrons to overcome the runaway energy threshold and thus to initiate relativistic runaway electron avalanches capable of generating X‐ray and γ ray bursts observed in negative lightning leader. The model is based on an idea that an ionization wave, propagating in a preionized channel, is being focused, such that its front remains narrow and the front electric field is being enhanced. It is proposed that when a space leader segment, formed ahead of a negative lightning leader, connects to the leader, the electric potential of the leader is transferred through the space leader in an ionizing wave that continues into the partly ionized channels of preexisting streamers of the space leader. It is shown with numerical simulations that the ionization channels of streamers limit the lateral expansion of the ionization wave, thereby enhancing the peak electric field to values allowing an acceleration of low‐energy electrons into the runaway regime where electrons efficiently generate bremsstrahlung. The results suggest that the inhomogeneous ionization environment at the new leader tip amplifies the production rate of energetic electrons relative to a homogeneous environment considered in the past studies.
A forward operator and its adjoint for GPS slant total delays
Authors: Zus Florian , Dick Galina , Heise Stefan , Wickert Jens
Published: April 2015

In a recent study we developed a fast and accurate algorithm to compute Global Positioning System (GPS) Slant Total Delay (STDs) utilizing numerical weather model data. Having developed a forward operator we construct in this study the tangent linear (adjoint) operator by application of the chain rule of differential calculus in forward (reverse) mode. Armed with these operators we show in a simulation study the potential benefit of GPS STDs in inverse modeling. We conclude that the developed operators are tailored for three (four)‐dimensional variational data assimilation and/or travel time tomography.
Robust signals of future projections of Indian summer monsoon rainfall by IPCC AR5 climate models: Role of seasonal cycle and interannual variability
Authors: Jayasankar C. B. , Surendran Sajani , Rajendran Kavirajan
Published: April 2015

Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 (Fifth Assessment Report of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) coupled global climate model Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5 simulations are analyzed to derive robust signals of projected changes in Indian summer monsoon rainfall (ISMR) and its variability. Models project clear future temperature increase but diverse changes in ISMR with substantial intermodel spread. Objective measures of interannual variability (IAV) yields nearly equal chance for future increase or decrease. This leads to discrepancy in quantifying changes in ISMR and variability. However, based primarily on the physical association between mean changes in ISMR and its IAV, and objective methods such as k‐means clustering with Dunn's validity index, mean seasonal cycle, and reliability ensemble averaging, projections fall into distinct groups. Physically consistent groups of models with the highest reliability project future reduction in the frequency of light rainfall but increase in high to extreme rainfall and thereby future increase in ISMR by 0.74 ± 0.36 mm d−1, along with increased future IAV. These robust estimates of future changes are important for useful impact assessments.
Physical mechanism of initial breakdown pulses and narrow bipolar events in lightning discharges
Authors: da Silva Caitano L. , Pasko Victor P.
Published: April 2015

To date the true nature of initial breakdown pulses (IBPs) and narrow bipolar events (NBEs) in lightning discharges remains a mystery. Recent experimental evidence has correlated IBPs to the initial development of lightning leaders inside the thundercloud. NBE wideband waveforms resemble classic IBPs in both amplitude and duration. Most NBEs are quite peculiar in the sense that very frequently they occur in isolation from other lightning processes. The remaining fraction, 16% of positive polarity NBEs, according to Wu et al. (2014), happens as the first event in an otherwise regular intracloud lightning discharge. These authors point out that the initiator type of NBEs has no difference with other NBEs that did not start lightning, except for the fact that they occur deeper inside the thunderstorm (i.e., at lower altitudes). In this paper, we propose a new physical mechanism to explain the source of both IBPs and NBEs. We propose that IBPs and NBEs are the electromagnetic transients associated with the sudden (i.e., stepwise) elongation of the initial negative leader extremity in the thunderstorm electric field. To demonstrate our hypothesis a novel computational/numerical model of the bidirectional lightning leader tree is developed, consisting of a generalization of electrostatic and transmission line approximations found in the literature. Finally, we show how the IBP and NBE waveform characteristics directly reflect the properties of the bidirectional lightning leader (such as step length, for example) and amplitude of the thunderstorm electric field.
Love and sex after 50
Authors: Hatfield Elaine , Rapson Richard L.
Published: April 2015

As people in the United States live longer, attitudes toward love, sex, and aging are changing dramatically. This entry discusses how the meaning of love and sexuality changes over the lifespan. Theorists have detailed a variety of common myths about aging, love, and sexuality: older people are not attractive, they do not desire romantic love or sex, and are physically incapable of sexual activity. Studies have shown that with increasing age, many adults—in their 70s and into their 80s—continue to be interested in sex as well as love and intimacy. They are sexually active and are satisfied with their intimate relations. With age come a number of physical changes that require people to be creative in managing their sexual activities, however. Many of those changes and techniques that have been found to be useful in dealing with these changes are described.
Novel Optical and Electrical Transport Properties in Atomically Thin WSe2/MoS2 p–n Heterostructures
Authors: Huo Nengjie , Tongay Sefaattin , Guo Wenli , Li Renxiong , Fan Chao , Lu Fangyuan , Yang Juehan , Li Bo , Li Yongtao , Wei Zhongming
Published: April 2015

Vertically stacked Van der Waals heterojunctions of atomically thin transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) offer new physical properties and new strategies for designing novel device functionalities that are vastly different from homostructured TMDs. The Raman intensity is strongest and frequency difference is largest in monolayer WSe2 compared with that in few‐layers, which is opposite to MoS2 and WS2. In the WSe2/MoS2 bilayer heterostructures, inefficient charge transfer quenches light emission of monolayer WSe2 but strengthens those of MoS2 monolayer. Interestingly, rectification and ambipolar effects emerge due to tunneling‐assisted interlayer recombination and dual conducting channels of p‐WSe2 and n‐MoS2 in the heterojunctions system. Gate‐induced holes tunneling also leads to a novel “anti‐bipolar” behavior with a sharp current peak. Under light illumination, charge transfer competes with the holes tunneling between the WSe2 and MoS2 layers, which can greatly influence the electrical transport leading to the disappeared rectifying and “anti‐bipolar” properties.
Diagnostic algorithm for unilateral sinus disease: a 15‐year retrospective review
Authors: Paz Silva Marianella , Pinto Jayant M. , Corey Jacquelynne P. , Mhoon Ernest E. , Baroody Fuad M. , Naclerio Robert M.
Published: April 2015

Background

Patients presenting with unilateral sinus symptoms or nasal polyps raise concerns about sinister pathology. Yet despite the relatively common occurrence of this presentation, and its potential severity, an organized diagnostic approach to unilateral sinus disease (USD) has never been defined. The purpose of this work was to propose a diagnostic algorithm for managing patients with USD based on prior experience.

Methods

We performed a retrospective review of the medical records of all patients with USD who underwent surgical intervention and had pathological specimens during a 15‐year period at an urban academic center. Nasal endoscopy and computed tomography (CT) scan findings, demographic characteristics, presenting symptoms, medical histories, and previous treatments were analyzed.

Results

A total of 191 patients met the inclusion criteria, 153 of whom were initially diagnosed at our center. Among the latter group, 51 (33%) presented with a nasal mass or polyp observed by endoscopy. Inverted papilloma was present in 16% of those cases, and malignant tumors comprised 14%. In contrast, of patients without an obvious nasal polyp (n = 102), 2% had inverted papilloma and 3% had malignancies. Overall, chronic rhinosinusitis was the most common diagnosis both in patients with polyps (67%) and those without nasal polyps (69%).

Conclusion

Although USD is most likely to represent chronic inflammation, there exists a fair likelihood of finding malignant pathology, particularly in cases where patients have a unilateral polyp. Based on this review, we propose a strategy for the management of new presentations of USD.
Benzannulation of Triynes to Generate Functionalized Arenes by Spontaneous Incorporation of Nucleophiles
Authors: Karmakar Rajdip , Yun Sang Young , Chen Jiajia , Xia Yuanzhi , Lee Daesung
Published: April 2015

The thermal reaction of ester‐tethered 1,3,8‐triynes provides novel benzannulation products with concomitant incorporation of a nucleophile. Evidence suggests that this reaction proceeds via an allene‐enyne intermediate generated by an Alder‐ene reaction in the first step. Depending on the substituent of the alkyne moiety on the allene‐enyne intermediate, the subsequent transformation can take one of two different paths, each leading to discrete aromatization products. The benzannulation of a silane‐substituted 1,3,8‐triynes provides arene products with a nucleophile incorporated onto the newly formed benzene core, whereas an aryl substituent leads to nucleophile trapping at the benzylic carbon atom connected to the aryl substituent. The formation of these two different products results from the involvement of two regioisomeric allene‐enyne intermediates.
Synthesis and characterization of acid–base polyimides bearing pendant sulfoalkoxy groups for direct methanol fuel cell applications
Authors: Qi Zhigang , Gong Chenliang , Liang Yu , Li Hui , Wu Zhongying , Zhang Shujiang , Li Yanfeng
Published: April 2015

A series of acid–base polyimides with sulfonic acid groups in the side chains have been prepared, based on a new synthesized sulfonated diamine monomer containing pyridine functional group. The effect of the introduction of pyridine groups into copolymer backbone on the properties of membrane were evaluated through the investigation of membrane parameters. The copolymers produced flexible, tough, and transparent membranes by solvent casting method. All the prepared membranes displayed high thermal stability, great oxidative stability and good mechanical properties. They exhibited appropriate water uptake (15.8–30.2 wt % at 80°C) and remarkable dimensional stability (2.5–6.9% at 80°C). The proton conductivity of SPI‐80 was 1.01 × 10−2 S cm−1 at room temperature. Moreover, the methanol permeability of SPI‐80 membrane was 1.22 × 10−7 cm2 s−1, which was lower than 23.8 × 10−7 cm2 s−1 of Nafion 117. Therefore, these acid‐base polyimides materials have a promising prospect for direct methanol fuel cell applications. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42238.
Investigations on the surface structure and properties of silica‐polyamine composites on the nanoscales and microscales
Authors: Abbott Geoffrey , Brooks Robert , Rosenberg Edward
Published: April 2015

The structure and properties of silica polyamine composites (SPC) made from microparticles of amorphous silica gel (300–600 microns) and silica nanoparticles (10–20 nm) modified with aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (APTMS), poly(allylamine) (PAA) or poly(ethyleneimine) (PEI) have been studied. The APTMS nano‐hybrids showed batch capacities for copper equal to or better than the corresponding polymer‐based micro‐hybrids. Loading of the PEI on the nanoparticles was independent of molecular weight of the polymer. Dynamic light scattering measurements showed that the SiO2 nanoparticles and the composites made from them aggregate in water and the degree of aggregation is dependent on the surface modification. All of the amine‐modified materials were catalysts for the Knoevenagel reaction but interestingly, the microparticles modified with APTMS were better catalysts than the corresponding nanoparticles or the polyamine modified composites. Solid‐state 19Si NMR has been used to elucidate the surface structure of the various composites. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42271.
ChemInform Abstract: Crystal Structures of Ca(ClO4)2·4H2O and Ca(ClO4)2·6H2O.
Authors: Hennings Erik , Schmidt Horst , Voigt Wolfgang
Published: April 2015

The title tetra‐ (I) and hexahydrates (II) are crystallized at low temperatures from aqueous solutions containing 62.95 and 57.55 wt% Ca(ClO4)2 at 273 and 238 K after 1 d and 1 week, respectively.
ChemInform Abstract: Investigation of Magnetic Properties and Electronic Structure of Layered‐Structure Borides AlT2B2 (T: Fe, Mn, Cr) and AlFe2‐xMnxB2.
Authors: Chai Ping , Stoian Sebastian A. , Tan Xiaoyan , Dube Paul A. , Shatruk Michael
Published: April 2015

The title compounds are characterized by powder XRD, magnetic measurements, Moessbauer spectroscopy, and DFT band structure calculations.
ChemInform Abstract: Molybdenum Nitrides as Oxygen Reduction Reaction Catalysts: Structural and Electrochemical Studies.
Authors: Cao Bingfei , Neuefeind Joerg C. , Adzic Radoslav R. , Khalifah Peter G.
Published: April 2015

The effectiveness of δ‐MoN, Mo5N6, Mo2N, and Co0.6Mo1.4N2 as electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction is investigated and the structures of the binary molybdenum nitrides are redetermined by neutron diffraction.
ChemInform Abstract: Intercalation of Highly Dispersed Metal Nanoclusters into a Layered Metal Oxide for Photocatalytic Overall Water Splitting.
Authors: Oshima Takayoshi , Lu Daling , Ishitani Osamu , Maeda Kazuhiko
Published: April 2015

KCa2Nb3O10 intercalated with Pt nanoclusters with diameters smaller than 1 nm is obtained by addition of an aqueous solution of [Pt(NH3)4]Cl2 to a suspension of KCa2Nb3O10, followed by precipitation with KOH, drying at 343 K overnight, and heating under H2 flow at 473 K.
ChemInform Abstract: Nb2O2F3: A Reduced Niobium (III/IV) Oxyfluoride with a Complex Structural, Magnetic, and Electronic Phase Transition.
Authors: Tran T. Thao , Gooch Melissa , Lorenz Bernd , Litvinchuk Alexander P. , Sorolla Maurice G. II , Brgoch Jakoah , Chu Paul C. W. , Guloy Arnold M.
Published: April 2015

The new title compound is synthesized by reaction of Nb, SnF2, and SnO in Sn flux (4:4:3:8 molar ratio; welded Nb containers, 600 °C, 7 d).
ChemInform Abstract: New Layered Double Hydroxides Prepared by the Intercalation of Gibbsite.
Authors: Rees Jennifer R. , Burden Chloe S. , Fogg Andrew M.
Published: April 2015

New layered hydroxides [MAl4(OH)12]Cl2·1.5H2O (M: Co, Ni) are prepared by reaction of γ‐Al(OH)3 (gibbsite) with MCl2·xH2O using the water of crystallization as the only solvent present (autoclave, 160 °C, 65 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Preparative Resolution of Bromocyclopropylcarboxylic Acids.
Authors: Edwards Andrew , Ryabchuk Pavel , Barkov Alexey , Rubina Marina , Rubin Michael
Published: April 2015

The first crystallization of racemic carboxylic acids (V) with cinchonine followed by an acid‐base extraction of crystalline crop leads to enantiomerically pure acids ((+)‐V), whilst the acid‐base work‐up of the mother liquor affords crude acids ((‐)‐V).
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Direct Vinylogous Michael Additions of Allyl Alkyl Ketones to Maleimides Through Dienamine Catalysis.
Authors: Zhan Gu , He Qing , Yuan Xin , Chen Ying‐Chun
Published: April 2015

The title reaction exhibits exclusive γ‐regioselectivity and excellent enantioselectivity and provides vinylogous adducts in high yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Regio‐ and Stereochemistry of Na‐Mediated Reductive Cleavage of Alkyl Aryl Ethers.
Authors: Azzena Ugo , Carraro Massimo , Meloni Claudia , Murgia Irene , Pisano Luisa , Pittalis Mario , Luisi Renzo , Musio Biagia , Degennaro Leonardo
Published: April 2015

The reductive cleavage of C‐O bond of chiral alkyl aryl ethers (I) and (III) proceeds with a full retention of the configuration leading to alcohols (II) and (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Metal Free Chemoselective Reduction of α‐Keto Amides Using TBAF as Catalyst.
Authors: Mamillapalli N. Chary , Sekar Govindasamy
Published: April 2015

An efficient transition metal‐ and ligand‐free chemoselective or complete reduction of α‐keto amides (I) is developed using appropriate hydrosilanes as reducing agents and Bu4NF as catalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: Intermolecular Radical Carbofluorination of Non‐Activated Alkenes.
Authors: Kindt Stephanie , Heinrich Markus R.
Published: April 2015

The first examples of intermolecular Meerwein carbofluorination reactions of arylhydrazines with non‐activated olefins are demonstrated using Selectfluor as an oxidant and as fluorine source.
ChemInform Abstract: A Convenient Hydroiodination of Alkynes Using I2/PPh3/H2O and Its Application to the One‐Pot Synthesis of Trisubstituted Alkenes via Iodoalkenes Using Pd‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling Reactions.
Authors: Kawaguchi Shin‐ichi , Gonda Yuhei , Masuno Haruna , Vu Hue Thi , Yamaguchi Kotaro , Shinohara Hiroyuki , Sonoda Motohiro , Ogawa Akiya
Published: April 2015

Depending on the substituents of asymmetric alkynes, the hydroiodination may proceed regio‐ or non‐regioselectively while forming either the (E)‐ or the (Z)‐isomer of the product or a mixture of the latter.
ChemInform Abstract: Iron‐Catalyzed C(sp3)—H Functionalization of Methyl Azaarenes: A Green Approach to Azaarene‐Substituted α‐ or β‐Hydroxy Carboxylic Derivatives and 2‐Alkenylazaarenes.
Authors: Pi Danwei , Jiang Kun , Zhou Haifeng , Sui Yuebo , Uozumi Yasuhiro , Zou Kun
Published: April 2015

Bioactive azaarene‐substituted lactic acids, β‐hydroxy esters, hydroxyindolones, and alkenylazaarenes are prepared via C(sp3)—H functionalization of methyl azaarenes with carbonyl compounds in the presence of iron(II) acetate as an inexpensive, nontoxic, and efficient catalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: A General Palladium‐Catalyzed Method for Alkylation of Heteroarenes Using Secondary and Tertiary Alkyl Halides.
Authors: Wu Xiaojin , See Jessica Wei Ting , Xu Kai , Hirao Hajime , Roger Julien , Hierso Jean‐Cyrille , Zhou Jianrong Steve
Published: April 2015

This method is suitable for a broad variety of heteroarenes.
ChemInform Abstract: A New and Concise Way to Enamides by Fluoroalkanosulfonyl Fluoride Mediated Beckmann Rearrangement of α,β‐Unsaturated Ketoximes.
Authors: Yan Zhaohua , Xu Yun , Tian Weisheng
Published: April 2015

This mild and operationally simple method provides enamides in moderate yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemoselective Deprotection of N‐Allylic Amines Using DDQ.
Authors: Kumar Pradeep , Cherian Shijo K. , Jain Ruchi , Show Krishanu
Published: April 2015

The simple and mild method allows the deallylation of a wide variety of tertiary amines.
ChemInform Abstract: A Mild and Efficient Method to Functionalize Azines (Quinoline, Isoquinoline, and Phenanthridine) Using Acetylenic Esters and Heterocyclic NH or 1,3‐Dicarbonyl Compounds.
Authors: Nassiri Mahmoud
Published: April 2015

A one‐pot three‐component reaction of various N‐heterocycles with acetylenic esters and cyclic secondary amines is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Design and Synthesis of Donor—Acceptor Stenhouse Adducts: A Visible Light Photoswitch Derived from Furfural.
Authors: Helmy Sameh , Oh Saemi , Leibfarth Frank A. , Hawker Craig J. , Read de Alaniz Javier
Published: April 2015

The newly synthesized donor—acceptor Stenhouse adducts respond to both visible light and heat and display an unprecedented level of structural modularity and tunabilty.
ChemInform Abstract: New Protocol for One‐Pot Synthesis of Functionalized Symmetrical 1,4‐Dialkyl‐ or 1,4‐Diaryl‐1,3‐diynes.
Authors: Rzonsowska Monika , Dudziec Beata , Kownacki Ireneusz , Marciniec Bogdan
Published: April 2015

The title compounds are obtained by a highly selective catalytic silylative coupling of vinylsilanes and terminal alkynes followed by CuCl catalyzed desilylative homocoupling.
ChemInform Abstract: Using N‐Tosylhydrazone as a Double Nucleophile in the Palladium‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling Reaction to Synthesize Allylic Sulfones.
Authors: Liang Yong‐Min
Published: April 2015

Allylic sulfones are synthesized by palladium‐catalyzed cross‐coupling of aryl iodide with N‐tosylhydrazone.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Three‐Dimensional Fused and Spirocyclic Oxygen‐Containing Cyclobutanone Derivatives.
Authors: Ryabukhin Sergey V. , Fominova Kateryna I. , Sibgatulin Dmitriy A. , Grygorenko Oleksandr O.
Published: April 2015

A simple method for the synthesis of the title species via [2 + 2] cycloaddition of vinyl ethers with in situ generated ketenes is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: A New Pyrrolidine‐Derived Atropisomeric Amino Alcohol as a Highly Efficient Chiral Ligand for the Asymmetric Addition of Diethylzinc to Aldehydes.
Authors: Faigl Ferenc , Erdelyi Zsuzsa , Deak Szilvia , Nyerges Miklos , Matravoelgyi Bela
Published: April 2015

The reaction yield as well as the enantiomeric excess is marginally influenced by the substituents of the benzaldehyde, but by switching from aryl to alkenyl aldehydes, the enantiomeric excess drops significantly.
ChemInform Abstract: Solvent‐Free Mechanochemical Route for Green Synthesis of Pharmaceutically Attractive Phenol‐Hydrazones.
Authors: Oliveira P. F. M. , Baron M. , Chamayou A. , Andre‐Barres C. , Guidetti B. , Baltas M.
Published: April 2015

Various substituted organic hydrazines and phenol aldehydes efficiently react in a vibratory ball‐mill leading to hydrazones with high level of purity and without the use of any environmentally unadvisable reagents, additives or catalysts.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Carbonylative Coupling of (2‐Azaaryl)methyl Anion Equivalents with (Hetero)Aryl Bromides.
Authors: Jusseau Xavier , Yin Hongfei , Lindhardt Anders T. , Skrydstrup Troels
Published: April 2015

Conditions for the palladium‐catalyzed coupling of pyridylacetones with aryl bromides are developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Glycerol Mediated Strecker Reaction: Catalyst‐Free Protocol for the Synthesis of α‐Amino Nitriles.
Authors: Ghogare Ramesh S. , Rajeshwari K. , Narsaiah A. Venkat
Published: April 2015

Glycerol is found to be an efficient and alternative solvent for the environmentally friendly multicomponent‐preparation of α‐amino nitriles (IV) (17 examples).
ChemInform Abstract: Application of Sulfonic Acid Functionalized SBA‐15 as a New Nanoporous Acid Catalyst in the Green One‐Pot Synthesis of Spirooxindole‐4H‐pyrans.
Authors: Lashgari Negar , Mohammadi Ziarani Ghodsi , Badiei Alireza , Zarezadeh‐Mehrizi Mansoureh
Published: April 2015

Sulfonic acid‐functionalized SBA‐15 is shown to be an efficient catalyst for the three‐component synthesis of title compounds of type (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Mediated α‐Trifluoromethylation of N‐Phenylcinnamamides Coupled with Dearomatization: Access to Trifluoromethylated 1‐Azaspiro[4.5]decanes.
Authors: Han Guifang , Wang Qiang , Liu Yuxiu , Wang Qingmin
Published: April 2015

The products are obtained with excellent regio‐ and diastereoselectivity in case of substrates bearing a symmetrically substituted phenol group, or as a mixture of two diastereomers for substrates with an nonsymmetrically substituted phenol group.
ChemInform Abstract: Carbon‐Centered Radical Addition to O=C of Amides or Esters as a Route to C—O Bond Formations.
Authors: Liu Dong , Tang Shan , Yi Hong , Liu Chao , Qi Xiaotian , Lan Yu , Lei Aiwen
Published: April 2015

A novel C‐O bond formation reaction through carbon‐centered radical addition to the carbonyl oxygen of amides or esters is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Catalyzed Intramolecular Carbotrifluoromethylation of Alkynes for the Construction of Trifluoromethylated Heterocycles.
Authors: Wang Yanan , Jiang Min , Liu Jin‐Tao
Published: April 2015

The intramolecular carbotrifluoromethylation of alkynes such as (I) is achieved with Togni reagent II in the presence of Cu(I)‐catalyst to yield 5‐membered benzoannulated hetero‐ and carbocycles.
ChemInform Abstract: Gold Superacid‐Catalyzed Preparation of Benzo[c]thiophenes.
Authors: Debrouwer Wouter , Seigneur Ruben A. J. , Heugebaert Thomas S. A. , Stevens Christian V.
Published: April 2015

A new synthesis of benzothiophenes is presented in which the key transformation is the gold‐catalyzed 5‐exo‐dig migratory cycloisomerization of a diallyl thioacetal.
ChemInform Abstract: Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Redox‐Neutral C—H Activation via N—N Cleavage: Synthesis of N‐Substituted Indoles.
Authors: Zhang Zhenxing , Jiang Hao , Huang Yong
Published: April 2015

It is demonstrated, that pyrazolidin‐3‐one is an internally oxidative directing group that enables C‐H annulation reactions with alkynes.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium Catalyzed Addition of Arylboronic Acid or Indole to Nitriles: Synthesis of Aryl Ketones.
Authors: Das Tuluma , Chakraborty Amarnath , Sarkar Amitabha
Published: April 2015

Pd(OAc)2 in combination with the indolylpyridine ligand (PPY) renders possible the highly efficient coupling of arylboronic acids with a wide variety of nitriles to form aryl ketones.
ChemInform Abstract: Amphiphile Catalyzed Selective Synthesis of 4‐Amino Alkylated‐1H‐pyrazol‐5‐ol via Mannich Aromatization Preferred to the Knoevenagel—Michael Type Reaction in Water.
Authors: Kumar Atul , Maurya Shivam , Gupta Maneesh Kumar , Shukla Ratnakar Dutt
Published: April 2015

Sodium dodecyl sulfate is found to be a very useful amphiphile to catalyze the multicomponent reaction of aromatic aldehydes, 3‐methyl‐1‐phenyl‐5‐pyrazolinone, and secondary amines in aqueous media leading to 4‐amino alkylated‐1H‐pyrazol‐5‐ol dervatives (IV) without the formation of a bis product or any side product.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Sequential C—N/C—O Bond Formations: Synthesis of Oxazole Derivatives from Amides and Ketones.
Authors: Zheng Meifang , Huang Liangbin , Huang Huawen , Li Xianwei , Wu Wanqing , Jiang Huanfeng
Published: April 2015

The procedure for the preparation of various 2,4‐di and 2,4,5‐trisubstituted oxazoles is applicable to the synthesis of thiazoles.
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Pot Synthesis and Evaluation of Novel 3‐Aryl‐6‐ethoxycarbonyl‐4‐hydroxy‐2H‐pyran‐2‐one as a Potent Cytotoxic Agent.
Authors: Dhage Ganesh Raosaheb , Thopate Shankar Ramchandra , Ramteke Shefali Nishikant , Kulkarni Prasad Padmakar
Published: April 2015

Novel open chain analogues of phelligridin J (III) are easily and efficiently obtained by a two‐step, one‐pot method with high regioselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: PdI2‐Catalyzed Regioselective Cyclocarbonylation of 2‐Allyl Phenols to Dihydrocoumarins.
Authors: Amezquita‐Valencia Manuel , Alper Howard
Published: April 2015

Virtually identical reaction yields are achieved using the 6‐tetradecyl analogue of the ligand, 1,3,4,7‐tetramethyl‐6‐phenyl‐2,4,8‐trioxa‐6‐phospaadamantane.
ChemInform Abstract: Structurally Diverse α‐Substituted Benzopyran Synthesis Through a Practical Metal‐Free C(sp3)—H Functionalization.
Authors: Chen Wenfang , Xie Zhiyu , Zheng Hongbo , Lou Hongxiang , Liu Lei
Published: April 2015

A trityl ion‐mediated C‐H functionalization of benzopyrans and related heterocycles with potassium trifluoroborates and various C‐H nucleophiles is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Tungstate Sulfuric Acid Catalyzed One‐Pot Synthesis of a New Class of Aroylamido Coumarins under Solvent‐Free Conditions.
Authors: Khodabakhshi Saeed , Karami Bahador
Published: April 2015

A facile one‐pot sequential reaction of aryl glyoxals with benzamides and 4‐hydroxycoumarin affords aroylamidocoumarins in good yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Synthesis of Tetrahydropyridines via an Organocatalytic One‐Pot Multicomponent Michael/Aza‐Henry/Cyclization Triple Domino Reaction.
Authors: Bluemel Marcus , Chauhan Pankaj , Hahn Robert , Raabe Gerhard , Enders Dieter
Published: April 2015

A squaramide‐catalyzed asymmetric multicomponent Michael/aza‐Henry/cyclization triple domino reaction of 1,3‐dicarbonyl compounds, β‐nitroolefins, and imines to provide potentially bioactive tetrahydropyridines in good yields and excellent enantioselectivities is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Scandium(III) Triflate Mediated Intramolecular Ring Expansion of Aziridines: A Direct Access to 4‐Aryltetrahydroisoquinolines.
Authors: Satyanarayana Tummanapalli , Muthuraman Parthasarathy , Vangapandu Dhanunjaya Naidu , Majumder Supriyo
Published: April 2015

The method is only applicable to 3‐alkoxy‐substituted benzyl aziridines since benzyl aziridines lacking the 3‐alkoxy group yield no tetrahydroquinolines, but amino alcohols instead.
ChemInform Abstract: A Facile One‐Pot Protocol for the Synthesis of Tetrazolyl‐Tetrahydroisoquinolines via Novel Domino Intramolecular Cyclization/Ugi‐Azide Sequence.
Authors: Shinde Anand H. , Archith N. , Malipatel Srilaxmi , Sharada Duddu S.
Published: April 2015

This potentially useful method for biology‐oriented synthesis does not require any catalyst and proceeds fast under mild conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: An Improved Synthesis of Imidazo[4,5‐b]pyridines and Imidazo[4,5‐b]pyrazines by Palladium Catalyzed Amidation Using Xantphos in a 1,4‐Dioxane:tert‐Amyl Alcohol Solvent System.
Authors: Rosenberg Adam J. , Ahmed Ijaz , Wilson Robert J. , Williams Theresa M. , Kaminsky Lauren , Clark Daniel A.
Published: April 2015

The method represents an improved protocol of a previously published procedure which is also suitable for the coupling of substrates with electron‐poor benzylic functionalities as well as an extended scope of amide coupling partners.
ChemInform Abstract: An Efficient Synthesis and Fluorescent Properties of Pyrazole[3,4‐b]thieno[2,3‐e]pyridine Derivatives.
Authors: Yao Chang‐Sheng , Lu Ke , Song Bin , Liu Bin , Li Tuan‐Jie , Yu Chen‐Xia
Published: April 2015

10 Title compounds of type (III) are prepared, and their fluorescence emission wavelength in methanol is measured.
ChemInform Abstract: Gold(I)‐Catalyzed Polycyclization of Linear Dienediynes to Seven‐Membered Ring‐Containing Polycycles via Tandem Cyclopropanation/Cope Rearrangement/C—H Activation.
Authors: Cai Pei‐Jun , Wang Yi , Liu Cheng‐Hang , Yu Zhi‐Xiang
Published: April 2015

The presented step‐economic synthesis of complex molecules proceeds with moderate to excellent diastereoselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Intramolecular [3 + 2]‐Cycloadditions of Azomethine Ylides Derived from Secondary Amines via Redox‐Neutral C—H Functionalization.
Authors: Mantelingu Kempegowda , Lin Yingfu , Seidel Daniel
Published: April 2015

A vast number of secondary amines such as tetrahydroquinoline, tryptoline, pyrrolidine, azepane, morpholine, dihydroindole, and dihydropyrrole derivatives are condensed with azomethine ylides deriving from aldehydes bearing a pendant dipolarophile.
ChemInform Abstract: Microwave‐Induced Domino‐Knoevenagel‐Hetero Diels—Alder Reaction — An Easy Route to Di[1]benzopyrano[2,3‐b:4′,3′‐d]pyridine.
Authors: Biswas Pritam , Ghosh Jaydip , Maiti Sourav , Bandyopadhyay Chandrakanta
Published: April 2015

Microwave irradiation in the absence of solvent induces a domino‐Knoevenagel‐hetero‐Diels‐Alder reaction of the methylalkinyl‐substituted substrates with dimedone [cf.
ChemInform Abstract: Silver‐Mediated Synthesis of Indolizines via Oxidative C—H Functionalization and 5‐endo‐dig Cyclization.
Authors: Pandya Amit N. , Fletcher James T. , Villa Eric M. , Agrawal Devendra K.
Published: April 2015

The silver carbonate is recycled and reused to mediate the reaction with analogous reactivity.
ChemInform Abstract: A Rapid and an Efficient Route to the One‐Pot, Multicomponent Synthesis of 1H‐Pyrazolo[1,2‐b]phthalazine‐5,10‐dione Ring Systems.
Authors: Kidwai Mazaahir , Chauhan Ritika
Published: April 2015

40 Title compounds of type (IV) are prepared.
ChemInform Abstract: Nano‐MoO3 as a Highly Efficient Heterogeneous Catalyst for a One‐Pot Synthesis of Tetrahydropyrimidine Derivatives in Water.
Authors: Zarenezhad Elham , Rad Mohammad Navid Soltani , Mosslemin Mohammad Hossein , Tabatabaee Masoumeh , Behrouz Somayeh
Published: April 2015

The title compounds (IV) are obtained by three‐component reaction of various amines (II) with dialkyl acetylenedicarboxylate (I) and formaldehyde (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Rapid Assembly of Quinazolinone Scaffold via Copper‐Catalyzed Tandem Reaction of 2‐Bromobenzamides with Aldehydes and Aqueous Ammonia: Application to the Synthesis of the Alkaloid Tryptanthrin.
Authors: Guo Shenghai , Li Yan , Tao Li , Zhang Wenwen , Fan Xuesen
Published: April 2015

A convenient and rapid method for the synthesis of 2‐substituted and 2,3‐disubstituted quinazolinones (III)/(V) is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: A Simple and Convenient Synthesis of 5‐Amino‐Substituted Tetrazolo[1,5‐a]‐1,3,5‐triazin‐7‐one Salts.
Authors: Parfenov Victor E. , Bakharev Vladimir V. , Zavodskaya Anna V. , Selezneva Eugenia V. , Gidaspov Alexander A. , Suponitsky Kyrill Yu.
Published: April 2015

Treatment of triazinones (I) with NaN3 provides sodium salts (II) instead of expected azides.
ChemInform Abstract: Ring‐Opening of Enantiomerically Pure Oxa‐Containing Heterocycles with Phosphorus Nucleophiles.
Authors: Fernandez‐Perez Hector , Etayo Pablo , Nunez‐Rico Jose Luis , Balakrishna Bugga , Vidal‐Ferran Anton
Published: April 2015

Enantiopure epoxide‐ and oxetane‐based substrates undergo regio‐ and stereocontrolled ring‐opening with phosphorus nucleophiles furnishing efficiently 1,2‐ and 1,3‐phosphino alcohols as stable borane complexes.
ChemInform Abstract: Saffloflavonesides A (I) and B (II), Two Rearranged Derivatives of Flavonoid C‐Glycosides with a Furan—Tetrahydrofuran Ring from Carthamus tinctorius.
Authors: He Jun , Yang Ya‐Nan , Jiang Jian‐shuang , Feng Zi‐Ming , Zhang Pei‐Cheng
Published: April 2015

Both compounds exhibit significant inhibition against PC12 cell damage induced by rotenone.
ChemInform Abstract: From Solid‐State Metal Alkoxides to Nanostructured Oxides: A Precursor‐Directed Synthetic Route to Functional Inorganic Nanomaterials
Authors: Zhao Jun , Liu Yipu , Fan Meihong , Yuan Long , Zou Xiaoxin
Published: April 2015

Review: 100 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Bulk, Interface and Surface Properties of Zinc Oxide
Authors: Ohashi Naoki
Published: April 2015

Review: 67 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: In‐situ Observations of Catalytic Surface Reactions with Soft X‐Rays under Working Conditions
Authors: Toyoshima Ryo , Kondoh Hiroshi
Published: April 2015

Review: 109 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Opportunities for Enzyme Catalysis in Natural Product Chemistry
Authors: Friedrich Steffen , Hahn Frank
Published: April 2015

Review: [434 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: The Impact of Copper‐Catalyzed Alkyne‐Azide 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition in Fullerene Chemistry
Authors: Nierengarten Iwona , Nierengarten Jean‐Francois
Published: April 2015

Review: [progress on the development of clickable fullerene building blocks and their application to the synthesis of new advanced materials and bioactive compounds; 75 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: π‐Conjugated Aromatics Based on Truxene: Synthesis, Self‐Assembly, and Applications
Authors: Shi Ke , Wang Jie‐Yu , Pei Jian
Published: April 2015

Review: [42 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Shape‐Persistent Arylene Ethynylene Organic Hosts for Fullerenes
Authors: Yu Chao , Jin Yinghua , Zhang Wei
Published: April 2015

Review: studies on the efficient covalent assembly of rigid arylene ethynylene cages through one‐step alkyne metathesis and their fullerene‐binding properties; 60 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Our Expedition in Eight‐Membered Ring Compounds: From Planar Dehydrocyclooctenes to Tub‐Shaped Chiral Tetraphenylenes
Authors: Han Jian‐Wei , Li Xin , Wong Henry N. C.
Published: April 2015

Review: [design, preparation, intrinsic properties and potential applications; 51 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Bis(10‐methylacridinium)s as a Versatile Platform for Redox‐Active Functionalized Dyes and Novel Structures
Authors: Suzuki Takanori , Takeda Takashi , Ohta Eisuke , Wada Kazuhisa , Katoono Ryo , Kawai Hidetoshi , Fujiwara Kenshu
Published: April 2015

Review: [62 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Terpenoid Biosynthesis off the Beaten Track: Unconventional Cyclases and Their Impact on Biomimetic Synthesis
Authors: Baunach Martin , Franke Jakob , Hertweck Christian
Published: April 2015

Review: [89 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Carbo‐Benzene′s Aromaticity, Before and Beyond: A Tribute to Nozoe
Authors: Cocq Kevin , Maraval Valerie , Saffon‐Merceron Nathalie , Chauvin Remi
Published: April 2015

Review: [52 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Experimental Insights into the Structure and Reactivity of Frustrated Lewis Pairs
Authors: Rocchigiani Luca
Published: April 2015

Review: [83 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: The Frondosins: An Unusual Synthetic and Stereochemical Journey
Authors: VanHeyst Michael D. , Wright Dennis L.
Published: April 2015

Review: 58 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalysis by Aluminum(III) Complexes of Non‐innocent Ligands
Authors: Berben Louise A.
Published: April 2015

Review: [39 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: The Utilization of Copper Flow Reactors in Organic Synthesis
Authors: Bao Jennifer , Tranmer Geoffrey K.
Published: April 2015

Review: 31 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Transition‐Metal‐Catalyzed Direct C—H Functionalization under External‐Oxidant‐Free Conditions
Authors: Mo Jiayu , Wang Lianhui , Liu Yunqi , Cui Xiuling
Published: April 2015

Review: [50 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Advances in the Development of Chiral Metal Catalysts for the Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Ketones
Authors: Xie Jian‐Hua , Bao Deng‐Hui , Zhou Qi‐Lin
Published: April 2015

Review: [71 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Lithium Enolates: ′Capricious′ Structures — Reliable Reagents for Synthesis
Authors: Braun Manfred
Published: April 2015

Review: [97 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemical Constituents and Their Bioactivities of Plants of Taccaceae
Authors: Liu Zhen‐Hua , Yan Huan , Liu Hai‐Yang
Published: April 2015

Review: 47 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Ylide Formal [4 + 1] Annulation
Authors: Zhu Chunyin , Ding Ya , Ye Long‐Wu
Published: April 2015

Review: [32 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: An Update on the Stereoselective Synthesis of α‐Aminophosphonic Acids and Derivatives
Authors: Ordonez Mario , Viveros‐Ceballos Jose Luis , Cativiela Carlos , Sayago Francisco J.
Published: April 2015

Review: [139 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Transition Metal‐Catalyzed C—H Functionalization of N‐Oxyenamine Internal Oxidants
Authors: Huang Huawen , Ji Xiaochen , Wu Wanqing , Jiang Huanfeng
Published: April 2015

Review: 66 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Catalysis Activated by Visible Light
Authors: Meggers Eric
Published: April 2015

Review: [39 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Environmentally Benign Synthesis of Five‐Membered 1,3‐N,N‐Heterocycles by Microwave Irradiation
Authors: Kaur Navjeet
Published: April 2015

Review: 121 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Pyrrole: A Resourceful Small Molecule in Key Medicinal Hetero‐Aromatics
Authors: Bhardwaj Varun , Gumber Divya , Abbot Vikrant , Dhiman Saurabh , Sharma Poonam
Published: April 2015

Review: approaches to synthesize pyrrole and pyrrole containing analogues, structure—activity relationship studies and therapeutic applications reported during the last decade; 137 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Pyrido‐ and Pyrimido‐ Fused Heterocycles by Multi‐Component Reactions (Part 3)
Authors: Elwahy Ahmed H. M. , Shaaban Mohamed R.
Published: April 2015

Review: 117 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of β‐Amino‐α‐Ketoamides
Authors: Kher Samir , Jirgensons Aigars
Published: April 2015

Review: 144 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Gold‐Catalyzed Atom‐Economical Cascade Reactions of Alkynes for Ring Formation
Authors: Ohno Hiroaki , Oishi Shinya , Fujii Nobutaka
Published: April 2015

Review: development of gold‐catalyzed cascade reactions for atom‐economical synthesis f fused carbazoles, naphthalenes, dihydropyrazoles/indazoles and indoloquinoline s; 61 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: The Azomethine Ylide Route to Amine C—H Functionalization: Redox‐Versions of Classic Reactions and a Pathway to New Transformations
Authors: Seidel Daniel
Published: April 2015

Review: 59 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Organic Reactions in Water or Biphasic Aqueous Systems under Sonochemical Conditions. A Review on Catalytic Effects
Authors: Cravotto Giancarlo , Borretto Emily , Oliverio Manuela , Procopio Antonio , Penoni Andrea
Published: April 2015

Review: 35 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Molecular Recognition in Chemical and Biological Systems
Authors: Persch Elke , Dumele Oliver , Diederich Francois
Published: April 2015

Review: [208 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalyst Design with Atomic Layer Deposition
Authors: O'Neill Brandon J. , Jackson David H. K. , Lee Jechan , Canlas Christian , Stair Peter C. , Marshall Christopher L. , Elam Jeffrey W. , Kuech Thomas F. , Dumesic James A. , Huber George W.
Published: April 2015

Review: 247 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Biodegradable and Bio‐Based Polymers: Future Prospects of Eco‐Friendly Plastics
Authors: Iwata Tadahisa
Published: April 2015

Review: 22 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: The Yin and Yang in the Development of Catalytic Processes: Catalysis Research and Reaction Engineering
Authors: Prieto Gonzalo , Schueth Ferdi
Published: April 2015

Review: [interplay of catalyst chemistry and reaction engineering for processes such as the sulfuric acid production, ammonia synthesis, methanol synthesis, fluid catalytic cracking, and direct epoxidation of propylene at BASF; 106 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Heterogeneous Catalysis
Authors: Schloegl Robert
Published: April 2015

Review: [132 refs.
2‐Substituted 6‐(Het)aryl‐7‐deazapurine Ribonucleosides: Synthesis, Inhibition of Adenosine Kinases, and Antimycobacterial Activity
Authors: Malnuit Vincent , Slavětínská Lenka Poštová , Nauš Petr , Džubák Petr , Hajdúch Marián , Stolaříková Jiřina , Snášel Jan , Pichová Iva , Hocek Michal
Published: April 2015

A series of 6‐(hetero)aryl‐ or 6‐methyl‐7‐deazapurine ribonucleosides bearing a substituent at position 2 (Cl, F, NH2, or CH3) were prepared by cross‐coupling reactions at position 6 and functional group transformations at position 2. Cytostatic, antiviral, and antimicrobial activity assays were performed. The title compounds were observed to be potent and selective inhibitors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis adenosine kinase (ADK), but not human ADK; moreover, they were found to be non‐cytotoxic. The antimycobacterial activities against M. tuberculosis, however, were only moderate. The reason for this could be due to either poor uptake through the cell wall or to parallel biosynthesis of adenosine monophosphate by the salvage pathway.
Toll‐Like Receptor 7 Inactive Ligands Enhanced Cytokine Induction by Conjugation to Weak Antigens
Authors: Gao Dong , Diao Yuwen , Li Wang , Gao Ningning , Liu Yu , Wang Zhulin , Jiang Wenqi , Jin Guangyi
Published: April 2015

Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) 7/8 are key targets in the design and development of small‐molecule drugs serving as anticancer/antiviral agents and vaccine adjuvants. Clinical trials of imiquimod were discontinued owing to its serious adverse side effects. Herein we report the synthesis and biological evaluation of a series of 8‐hydroxy‐2‐(2‐methoxyethoxy)adenine derivatives that cannot induce cytokine production and that lack activity toward TLR 7/8. Their ability to triggering remarkable levels of cytokine production were revealed upon their conjugation with antigens that have weak immunogenicity. This discovery demonstrated that TLR 7 can be activated by coupling an antigen to the terminal carboxyl group at N9 of the inactive ligand adenine analogues. These inactive analogues may be well suited as new adjuvants with superior activity after conjugation, effectively decreasing the side effects caused by conventional adjuvants.