bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Nominal Clause and the Noun Phrases: A Comparative Study of Albanian and English
Authors: Millaku Shkelqim , Millaku Xhevahire , Kafexholli Teuta
Published: March 2022

The nominal clause and noun phrases in Albanian and English are in an oppositional relationship. This study makes descriptions of syntactic structure using constituent analysis between the two languages. The question that now emerges is what kind of language is implied by this type of description. Tufte (1971, p.41) rightly noted that “Noun phrases are any and all structures headed by a noun, or by a pronoun, or any other word or structure that stands in for a noun. Thus, even an entire clause may function as a noun phrase”. Furthermore, the fact that phraseological categories coexist  or are "projections" of specific word-level categories demonstrates that categories are complex entities. This was originally emphasized in Harris (1951) and was expanded upon by Muysken (1985) and Chomsky (1970).
Implementasi Model ATIK untuk Meningkatkan Kecakapan Bicara Anak dengan Kegiatan Menyusun Puzzle Gambar Seri di TK Dharma Wanita Persatuan
Authors: Adawiyah Rabiatul , Watini Sri
Published: March 2022

Pendidikan Taman Kanak Kanak merupakan salah satu bentuk pendidikan anak usia dini yang memiliki peranan sangat penting untuk mengembangkan kepribadian anak serta mempersiapkan mereka untuk memasuki jenjang pendidikan selanjutnya.  Salah satu potensi yang harus dikembangkan sejak dini adalah keterampilan berkecakapan bicara, baca, tulis. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengembangakan model ATIK dalam meningkatkan kecakapan berbicara anak dengan kegiatan menyusun puzzle gambar seri. Metode yang digunakan dalam  penelitian  ini adalah  metode  Penelitian  Tindakan  Kelas  (PTK) Guru TK Dharma Wanita Persatuan Kec. Sangkapura Kab. Gresik dengan menggunakan Model Kemmis dan Mc.Taggart. berdasarkan Hasil penelitian  dan  pengembangan  maka model ATIK sangat efektif Untuk Meningkatkan Kecakapan bicara Anak Dengan  Kegiatan  Menyusun Puzzle Gambar Seri.
Plant water status, canopy temperature and chlorophyll fluorescence in relation to yield improvement in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) under soil moisture stress environments
Authors: SUMMY  , K.D. SHARMA  , K.S. BOORA  , NEERAJ KUMAR
Published: March 2022

The chickpea genotypes alongwith F4 progeny lines differing in their behavior towards drought stress were evaluated for seed yield, yield attributes and physiological traits related to drought tolerance. Parental genotypes, HC 1 and ICC 4958 were grown under both irrigated and drought conditions and progenies were grown under drought conditions only. Plant water status, relative stress injury (RSI), canopy temperature depression (CTD) and chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm) were measured at 50% flowering stage under drought conditions. Drought stress decreased the leaf water potential (LWP), leaf osmotic potential (LOP) and relative water content (RWC) in the plants. The water potential, osmotic potential, relative water content and relative stress injury in HC 1 were -1.20 MPa, -1.31 MPa, 59.2% and 31.28% respectively and in ICC 4958 were -1.00 MPa, -1.74 MPa, 66.58% and 20.93% respectively, under drought condition. Increase in CTD was 0.9 0C in ICC 4958 as compared to 2.06 0C in HC 1. The ICC 4958 maintained higher Fv/Fm ratio than HC 1 in both irrigated and drought conditions. There is a significant positive correlation between water potential, osmotic potential and RWC with seed yield, whereas, RSI and seed yield were negatively correlated. CTD has a significant negative correlation with WP, OP, RWC and seed yield. The seed yield of HC 1 and ICC 4958 were decreased under drought condition but decrease in yield of genotype ICC 4958 (24.96%) was less than genotype HC 1 (37.32%).
Green house gas fluxes from rainfed sorghum (Sorghum bicolour) and pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) – Interactive effects of rainfall and temperature
Authors: J.V.N.S. PRASAD  , CH. SRINIVASA RAO  , K. RAVICHANDRA  , CH. NAGA JYOTHI  , M.B.B. PRASAD BABU  , V. RAVINDRA BABU  , B.M.K. RAJU  , B. BAPUJI RAO  , V.U.M. RAO1  , B. VENKATESWARLU  , DEVASREE NAIK  , V.P. SINGH
Published: March 2022

Carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) are important biogenic green house gases (GHGSs) from agricultural sector contributing to global warming. Temperature and rainfall play an important role in GHGS fluxes and information on their role in rainfed crops and systems is very scanty. Field studies were conducted at Hyderabad, India during 2012 rainy season to quantify GHGSs fluxes from two important food crops grown widely in rainfed regions viz. sorghum and pigeonpea. Quantum of fluxes ranged from 26 - 85 mg CO2 - C m-2 h-1 in case of CO2 and 18 – 68 μg N2O-N m-2 h-1 in case of N2O at different stages of crop growth. Cumulative seasonal fluxes are 1.18 and 1.24 Mg CO2-C ha-1 and 0.78 and 0.94 kg N2O-N ha-1, in sorghum and pigeonpea, respectively. Ambient temperature and rainfall significantly influenced CO2 fluxes. CO2 fluxes increased with increase in temperature from 25.9 °C to 31 °C and fluxes were highest at 28.4 °C in pigeonpea and at 27.7 °C in sorghum. Quantum of CO2 fluxes were highest at grain filling stage in sorghum and grand growth period in pigeonpea. N2O fluxes increased with increase in temperature and moisture availability. These results provide evidence that rainfed crops in semi-arid regions contribute significant CO2 and N2O fluxes which are influenced by temperature and rainfall, thus warrant further studies.
Development and food consumption of some lepidopteran pests under increased temperature conditions
Authors: SHALINI PANDEY  , SMRITI SHARMA*  , S. S. SANDHU  , RAMESH ARORA
Published: March 2022

Climate change has direct influence on the development and survival of herbivores in addition to indirect effects through trophic interactions. The present studies were carried out to observe the effect of increase in minimum temperature on development and food consumption of Helicoverpa armigera Hubner, Pieris brassicae Linnaeus and Spodoptera litura Fabricius. The mean food consumptionincreased by 12.78 and 32.64 per cent with increase in minimum temperature of 30C and 60C, respectively accompanied by decrease in larval duration by 10.37 and 27.97 per cent. Similarly, observations on P. brassicae larvae at four temperature ranges indicated that the mean food consumption increased by 4.87 with rise in minimum temperature by 30C accompanied by faster development. Likewise, effect of temperature ranges viz. 21°C: 7°C and 21°C: 10°C for 16: 8 hrs on biology of S. litura was estimated. The observations revealed faster growth when the mean minimum temperature was raised from 7 to 10°C. The rise in minimum temperature by 3°C resulted in decrease in larval and pupal duration by 5.36 and 10.43 per cent, respectively. The survival per cent was also increased by 1.44 per cent when rise in minimum temperature by 3°C.
Dependence of the weather on outbreak of cucumber downy mildew (Pseudoperonospora cubensis) in eastern India
Authors: DIPTANJAN GHOSH  , INDRABRATA BHATTACHARYA  , SUBRATA DUTTA  , ABHIJIT SAHA  , DEBASIS MAZUMDAR
Published: March 2022

The present study critically examined the influence of weather parameters on the initiation and spread of the cucumber (Cucumis sativus) downy mildew disease and developed a suitable weather based disease forewarning models. The field experiment was laid out in the farm of Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Kalyani, West Bengal during 2008-2011. Cucumber crops were sown during 33times throughout the entire span of four years covering all the growing seasons of the years. High humidity (RH>94%) and average temperature (24-300C) along with leaf wetness not less than 8 hrs was found to trigger the initiation of downy mildew disease of cucumber. A model was produced using logistic regression analysis and cumulative value of night leaf wetness duration, average night temperature, night relative humidity (RH) and number of night hours having RH>95% from sowing time were a significant disease predictor. Among the weather parameters daily mean temperature during growth period had maximum degree of association (r = -0.50) with percent disease intensity (PDI). Disease progress curves were presented using logistic and Gompertz model. Weather based prediction model has been developed with different weather indices and disease severity using weekly average value and cumulative value from date of sowing. Cumulative values of weather variables could explain 95% variance of disease intensity, whereas average values of weather variable could explain only 33 % variance of disease intensity. These results will improve the timing and application of the fungicide spray for the control of cucurbit downy mildew.
Validation of InfoCrop model for rice cultivar under eastern plain zone of Uttar Pradesh
Authors: ARVIND KUMAR  , P. TRIPATHI  , S. B. YADAV  , K. K. SINGH  , S. R. MISHRA
Published: March 2022

The InfoCrop v 1.1 model was calibrated and validated with experimental data of 3 cultivars of rice (NDR-97, NDR-359 and Swarna Sub-1) conducted during 2002-2012 at Kumarganj, Faizabad (U.P.). The model performance was evaluated using MAE, MBE, RMSE and it was observed that InfoCrop model was able to predict the growth parameters like days taken to anthesis, maximum leaf area index, biomassand yield with reasonably good accuracy (error % less than 10).
Evaluation of adaptation strategies under A2 climate change scenario using InfoCrop model for kharif maize in middle Gujarat region
Authors: DIVESH CHOUDHARY  , H.R. PATEL  , V. PANDEY
Published: March 2022

Thirty years (2071-2100) projected climatic data under A2 scenario along with thirty years (1961-1990) actual observed data suitably adjusted to the baseline period were used for climate change impact study on maize cultivars (GM-3 and GS-2) in Dahod district of middle Gujarat. For purpose of evaluating different adaptation options, different realistic hypothetical set of crop management data such as additional irrigation, fertilizer and organic manure were used using InfoCrop model. It was found that two supplementary irrigations given at tasseling and silking stages increased 18 per cent yield over rainfed maize when it was sown during first July for cv. GS-2. The application of additional dose of chemical fertilizer (50 per cent extra) and organic manure + chemical fertilizer (50 per cent) at knee height and tesseling stages gave 10 and 8 per cent higher yield, respectively.
Irrigation water requirements of different crops in Limbasi branch canal command area of Gujarat
Authors: S.S. KHANDELWAL  , S.D. DHIMAN
Published: March 2022

In this paper, the net irrigation water requirement estimation is carried out for different crops in Limbasi branch canal command area of Mahi Right Bank Canal (MRBC) project located in Gujarat, India. The Hargreaves – Samani approach for reference crop evapotranspiration (ETo) estimation is used for thirteen years of available data and the mean monthly ETo values were computed which were analyzed statistically. The potential crop evapotranspiration (ETc) and net irrigation requirement (NIR) of different crops in kharif, rabi and summer season were estimated. Results show that the NIR values (mm) for kharif crop paddy was 166.8; rabi crops jowar, tobacco & wheat were 404.3, 504.2 & 564.7 and summer crops paddy & bajri were 851.1 & 619mm respectively.
Trends and variability in evapotranspiration at Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh
Authors: REENA CHAKRAVARTY  , MANISH BHAN  , A.V.R. KESAVA RAO  , M.K. AWASTHI
Published: March 2022

Evapotranspiration demands and trends were analysed for Jabalpur region in eastern Madhya Pradesh by assessing reference evapotranspiration (ETo), energy balance and aerodynamic components for 31 years (1983-2013). Analysis indicated multiple trends in annual ETo and annual aerodynamic component of ETo. In the first half of the study period, a clear decreasing trend was seen with 1994 and 1999 years having low ETo values. Later, the ETo started increasing and a high ETo of 1425 mm was observed in the years 2009 and 2010. Energy balance component has shown a negative trendwith the reduction in temperature and sunshine hours.Trends in five-year average ETo values indicated a reduction in kharif season whilethe EToincreased in rabi season. Present study highlights the necessity to understand ETo of the region before planning and management.
Comparison of methods for estimating reference evapotranspiration (ETo) for Rahuri region
Authors: P. B. JADHAV  , S. A. KADAM  , S. D. GORANTIWAR
Published: March 2022

Penman Monteith (FAO56-PMM), Modified Penman FAO-24 (MPM), Hargreaves-Samani (HSM), FAO-24 Pan Evaporation (FPEM), Blaney-Criddle (BCM) and FAO Radiation (FRM) methods were used for estimation of ETo for Rahuri region. The Penman Monteith method was considered as the standard of comparison for evaluating the other five methods. The ETo values estimated by PMM were correlated with ETo values estimated by other five methods. The good correlation was found between the ET o values estimated by MPM, HSM and FRM. The coefficient of determination was high for MPM (R 2=0.99), HSM (R2=0.97) and FRM (R2=0.93) and therefore found to be more suitable in the absence of adequate climate data for the use of PMM for this climatic region.
Determination of nitrogen and water stress with hyper spectral reflectance on maize using classification tree (CT) analysis
Authors: K. RAMACHANDIRAN  , S. PAZHANIVELAN
Published: March 2022

Field experiments were conducted at the Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India during rabi (winter) season of 2013-14 with maize crop (TNAU maize hybrid Co 6). To ensure the stressed environment, the crop was subjected to two irrigation levels (IW/CPE: 0.80 and 0.50) and five staggered nitrogen levels (0, 50, 75, 100 and 125 % of recommended dose of nitrogen (RDN).The experiment was laid out in factorial randomized blocks design RBD (Factorial) with three replications. Hyper spectral observations were made with spectroradiometer GER 1500 at 60 and 90 days after sowing (DAS). Measured spectral reflectance curve of maize exhibited a broad low intensity peak centered in the green region at 550 nm and a sharp rise starting at about 675 nm to a plateau in the vicinity of 762 nm under unstressed environment created with irrigation at 0.80 IW/CPE ratio and fertilizer application at 100 % RDN. Significant differences in reflectance were established for nitrogen and water stress at green and NIR region. The results of Classification tree analysis revealed that nitrogen and water stress can be assessed and differentiated using reflectance data when transformed into spectral vegetation indices viz., NDVI, GNDVI, RVI, LCI, IR-RED and SR. Further the Classification tree algorithm coulddetermine that NDVI was the most effective index to assess the combined effect of nitrogen and water stress in maize crop.
Development of agro-climatic wheat yield model for Surat district, India using dimensional analysis
Authors: NITIN BHARADIYA  , VIVEK MANEKAR
Published: March 2022

In this study attempt is made to develop agro-climatic wheat yield model using dimensional analysis approach in which it is tried to include most significant parameters from the climate, soil and agricultural domain. Developed agro-climatic wheat yield model is different from the existing models due to consideration of above predominant parameters collectively which made it more sensitive towards climate change. Estimated wheat yield using developed model is compared with the actual yield for its validation which shows adequate conformity. Also the statistical performance of the model confirms its fitness, as discrepancy ratio is 1.095 and mean percentage error is 7.30E-05. Developed model while compared with the established models demonstrate better performance with ease in handling and hence recommended for wheat yield predictions.
Response of wheat and chickpea cultivars to reduced levels of solar irradiance
Authors: U. MINA  , S.D. SINGH  , BHUPINDER SINGH  , MUNMI KHAUND
Published: March 2022

The study was carried out at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute, experimental fields (28° N, 77° E) during 2008-2009 and 2009-2010 rabi season to observe response of wheat and chickpea cultivars to reduced levels of solar irradiance. In the present study two wheat ( Triticum aestivum; HD 2643 and PBW 343) and two chickpea (Cicer arienitum L. ; BG 1105 and BGD 72) cultivars were subjectedto 20 per cent and 35 per cent less levels of solar irradiance than the control that received 100 per cent natural sunlight during entire crop growth period. The results show that the height and leaf area index (LAI) of both the crops cultivars under reduced solar irradiance were more than natural light. Under reduced solar irradiance, height of wheat cultivar HD 2643 was more than PBW 343 and that of chickpea cultivar BG 1105 was more than BGD 72. Reduction in solar irradiance affected the photosynthesis and stomatal conductance process in both the crops. About 4-29 per cent reduction in rate of photosynthesis in wheat and chickpea varieties was observed under reduced levels of solar irradiance. Reduction in stomatal conductance under reduced levels of solar irradiance in wheat varieties was 6-28 per cent and in chickpea varieties it was 1-14 per cent. Biological yield of wheat and chickpea varieties was decreased by about 37-45 per cent and 13-53 per cent respectively, under reduced levels of solar irradiance. Observations show that among wheat cultivars PBW 343 was less affected by reduced levels of solar irradiance than HD 2643. Among chickpea cultivars BGD 72 was less affected by reduced levels of solar irradiance than BG 1105. The PBW 343 and BGD 72 cultivars of wheat and chickpea may be used by breeders to develop new varieties to increase agricultural production in climatic condition subjected to low irradiance.
Mn-SOD and Cu,Zn-SOD mRNA expression in relation to physiological indices of Sahiwal and Karan-Fries Heifers under different temperature humidity indices
Authors: P. MAYENGBAM  , T.C. TOLENKHOMBA  , R.C. UPADHYAY
Published: March 2022

The present study was carried out during October 2007 to July 2008 in five different combinations of maximum temperature (Tmax) / minimum temperature (Tmin) viz. P1: <20oC/<10oC; P2: >20oC/<10oC, P3: >30oC/<15oC; P4: >35oC/<20oC and P5: >35oC/>20oC. The study aimed to investigate the expression pattern of superoxide dismutase enzymes viz. Mn-SOD mRNA and Cu,Zn-SOD mRNA in relation to physiological responses of Sahiwal and Karan-Fries cattle. Physiological indices revealed no significant breed differences indicating similar levels of heat adaptability. During P1, expression of Mn-SOD was higher in KF than in Sahiwal while during P5, expression of Cu,Zn-SOD was higher in KF than in Sahiwal (p<0.05). Mn-SOD expression in Sahiwal increased with cold stress while Cu,Zn-SOD expression in KF increased with hot stress (p<0.05).
DETERMINANTS OF CO2 EMISSION IN MERCOSUR: THE RULE OF INVESTMENT IN EDUCATION
Authors: Silva Daiana Cardoso , Martins Noriller Rafael , Arakaki Katia Katsumi , Silva Josimar Pires da
Published: March 2022

The aim of this research was to assess the impact of the governmental expenses with Education on CO2 emission in countries from Mercosur and other associate ones. It included annual data related from 1990 to 2014, obtained from World Bank (world development Indicators), through an online database (http://data.worldbank.org). As proxy for pollutant emissions, we used the variable CO2, which represents the emission of carbon dioxide in metric tons per capita. Final sample comprised eight countries, four from Mercosur itself (Argentina, Brazil Paraguay and Uruguay) and four associate countries (Chile, Peru, Colombia and Ecuador) in a 25-years consecutive period. According to data, it wasn't possible to infer that government's outlays on Education does not impact on CO2 emission neither in Mercosur nor in associate countries, what also does not support our first hypothesis. On the other hand, segregation on Education outlays showed there is a negative and significant relation between governmental expenses in Education per student (from secondary and tertiary teaching) and the CO2 emission in the previously mentioned countries, supporting both second and third hypotheses of this research.
ISLAM SEBAGAI AGAMA DAN ISLAM SEBAGAI BUDAYA DALAM MASYARAKAT BANJAR
Authors: Wahab Syakhrani Abdul , Nafis Muhammad
Published: March 2022

Islam and Banjar culture are two things that cannot be separated in the life of their religious community, such as Hari al-Shura (10 Muharram) and Al-Syura porridge, maulidan, baayun maulid, batampung Tawar, bapalas midwife, baarwahan and bahaulan. The above tradition that is increasingly rarely encountered is the midwife's bapalas. This tradition should be reintroduced to the people of South Kalimantan, especially the Banjar tribal community, whether it is carried out by the government or community leaders so that the tradition is maintained.
PENGARUH MOTIVASI KERJA DAN HUBUNGAN KERJA TERHADAP KINERJA KARYAWAN SAAT PANDEMI COVID 19 (STUDI PADA TELKOMSEL BANDAR LAMPUNG)
Authors: Roberto Parinussa Kevin , Dunan Hendri
Published: March 2022

Eksekusi pekerja PT. Telkomsel Bandar Lampung menurut kelas menunjukkan bahwa terjadi penurunan jumlah tenaga kerja yang mendominasi diikuti dengan peningkatan jumlah perwakilan yang kurang melaksanakan. Penurunan eksekusi pekerja ditunjukkan dengan penurunan jumlah kesepakatan juga ketidak sesuai pada tujuan yang diharapkan suatu organisasi. Penurunan eksekusi mempengaruhi gaji organisasi yang berkurang. Alasan penelitian ini ialah guna mengetahui pengaruh inspirasi kerja juga hubungan kerja pada presentasi perwakilan PT. Telkomsel Bandar Lampung di tengah pandemi Covid-19. Penelitian ini menggunakan teknik pemeriksaan kuantitatif, jumlah penduduk dan contoh 70 individu. Pemeriksaan informasi menggunakan investigasi Regresi Linier Berganda. Berdasarkan hasiI pemeriksaan dan percakapan, diduga bahwa inspirasi kerja berpengaruh positif terhadap pameran perwakilan PT. Telkomsel Bandar Lampung dan hubungan kerja terpengaruh positif pada presentasi perwakilan PT. Telkomsel Bandar Lampung.
Patient’s Satisfaction and Barrier to Seek Services From the Nurses in a Tertiary Level Hospital
Authors: Das Shurjomukhi , Bagchi Noni
Published: March 2022

This Quantitative study was conducted among the patients of BIRDEM, Dhaka. The study's goal was to determine user expectations, client satisfaction levels, and the quality of health care supplied in a tertiary level hospital in Bangladesh. A total of 100 respondents were chosen by systematic random sampling and interviewed. The study's findings suggest that client happiness is influenced by providers' behavior, particularly respect and politeness. A reduction in waiting time (on average to 30 min) was more important to clients than a prolongation of the quite short consultation time (on average 2 min, 22 sec), with 75% of clients being satisfied. patients spend 10 minutes or less than that for checkup. Delays in service may be acceptable due to the high volume of patients, existing facilities, and the large number of service providers. Overpopulation at the healthcare facility was named as the cause by 29.8% of respondents, while lack of trained manpower and doctors were named as the causes by 22.5 percent and 19.7 percent, respectively. Finally, the study suggests that boosting resources, as well as effective supervision and monitoring, could help enhance the hospital's service quality.
Cikádafibulás szarmata sír Rákóczifalváról
Authors: Masek Zsófia
Published: March 2022

Rákóczifalva község határában a 2006-2007-ben feltárt szarmata temetőben egy rabolatlan, közepesen gazdag női temetkezés is előkerült. A sír jelentőségét a Barbaricumban és a provinciális területen is egyedinek és ritkának számító bronzfibulák adják, melyeket barbaricumi ezüstékszerekkel - hajkarikapár, tordírozott torques, spirálkarú lunula - együtt találtak. A lemezrátétes cikádafibula gyártástechnikája a tárgytípusra nem jellemző, római eredete, keltezése a technológiai részletek segítségével tisztázható. Az üvegbetétes, lemezrátétes korongfibula a germaniai-raetiai limes közeléből ismert ritka fibulatípushoz tartozik. Az elhunyt viseletét gyöngynyaklánc, bronz és gyöngykarperecek egészítették ki. Ruházatát vaskarikával ellátott textilöv zárta, a ruhaaljat vagy lábbelijét színes üveggyöngyökkel varrták ki. Lábához mellékletként kisméretű poharat helyeztek. A sír a 3. század közepére - középső harmadára keltezhető.
Lithic implements at Ariuşd (Erősd). A preliminary report
Authors: Sztáncsuj Sándor József , Biró Katalin , Kasztovszky Zsolt , Józsa Sándor , Maróti Boglárka
Published: March 2022

Ariuşd (Erősd) is the eponym site of the Copper Age Ariuşd group. The systematic investigation of the site has begun over a hundred years ago. Recent archaeological studies could clarify the layer sequence and the artefacts of the site, especially the pottery finds. Our current paper is aiming at presenting the chipped lithic industry, the largest of its kind within the Ariuşd group. Though this study is a work in progress with several open questions, we hope to contribute to a more profound knowledge on the material culture of the Ariuşd group.
Kiss Attila emlékezete
Authors: Gáll Erwin , Szenthe Gergely , Tóth Endre
Published: March 2022

Kiss Attila 2014. november 30-án lett volna 75 éves. A 20. század azon magyar régész kutatói közé tartozott, akik egy-egy szűkebb időszak iránt tanúsított előszeretetük mellett is képesek voltak arra, hogy egyszerre több korszakban is otthonosan mozogjanak, sőt, maradandót alkossanak. Korai halála megakadályozta, hogy születésnapjáról a szakma „Festschrift” formájában emlékezzen meg: ha élne, Kiss Attila szakmai jelentősége, tevékenységének színvonala alapján mindenképpen nemzetközi szerzőgárdát összefogó, komoly tanulmánykötetre számíthatna. Jelen, rövid megemlékezés csak főhajtás egy olyan régész emléke előtt, aki az európai korai középkor kutatásban az egyik legtöbbet hivatkozott magyar kutató, illetve akinek munkái máig aktuálisak, régészeti elemzéseket tekintve sem elavultak.
The Central-European “spiral arm-guard”. Notes on the Bronze Age assymetrical arm- and anklets
Authors: Tarbay János Gábor
Published: March 2022

The aim of this study is to evaluate seven, unpublished Late Bronze Age (Br D–Ha A1) “spiral arm-guards” (Germ. Handschutzspiralen) from the Delhaes collection (Hungarian National Museum, Budapest). Despite the fact that their exact finding place and circumstances of discovery are unknown, it was possible to locate their presumable place of origin by the aid of the typo-chronological method. Moreover, with the help of macroscopic observations, we could provide new data and questions on the possible manufacturing techniques and usage of this important jewelry group. In relation to the above, it was necessary to offer a new overview on the typo-chronological aspects and functional questions of the earlier published artefacts from the Br A2 to the Ha B1.
Modernization of the 1952 Rome Convention and Protocol
Authors: Caplan Harold
Published: March 2022

These notes are offered to ICAO Council, Legal Committee and Special Group as an aid to re-examination of some basic policy issues. The proposal to prepare two unlinked Conventions is welcome in principle. In particular, a Convention dealing solely with surface damage or injuries caused by aircraft accidents has the best potential to satisfy the mandate for a modern version of the 1952 Rome Convention PROVIDED THAT it can be applied to all civil aircraft in a contracting State, and does not contain concepts derived from the passenger liability provisions of the 1999 Montreal Convention. However, the proposal for a separate Convention imposing liability on aircraft operators for the consequences of terrorism is unjust, deeply flawed and inconsistent with the well-established policy of a large number of States who already accept a duty to ensure that human victims are fairly compensated if criminal terrorists do not pay. In addition, leading developed nations with experience of terrorism have devised a variety of forms of public/private partnership – all of which include some kind of State support for the property insurance of terrorism risks. Hence, although there may be a case for international agreement on compensation for the consequences of terrorism generally, there is no justification for one restricted to aviation: it is simply not needed. Moreover, there are no precedents which might support proposals for collective States’ responsibility for the consequences of terrorism in any one State.
The Non–Appropriation Principle as a Structural Norm of International Law: A New Way of Interpreting Article II of the Outer Space Treaty
Authors: Tronchetti Fabio
Published: March 2022

The non–appropriation principle represents the fundamental rule of the space law system. Since the beginning of the space era, it has allowed for the safe and orderly development of space activities. Nowadays, however, the principle is under attack. Some proposals, arguing the need for abolishing it in order to promote commercial use of outer space are undermining its relevance and threatening its role as a guiding principle for present and future space activities. This paper aims at safeguarding the non–appropriative nature of outer space by suggesting a new interpretation of the non–appropriation principle that is based on the view that this principle should be regarded as a customary rule of international law of a special character, namely ‘a structural norm’ of international law.
A Critical Look at ICAO Policies on Charges Levied for Airports and Air Navigation Services
Authors: Abeyratne Ruwantissa
Published: March 2022

The vexed issue of the need to reach consensus on a just and equitable basis for the imposition of charges levied on airlines by airports for services rendered has been the subject of discussion at many International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) conferences. Part of the problem has been that airports have, over the years, been privatized and commercialized, necessitating them to be operated in a businesslike manner. However, some core issues have remained unchanged, the first being that after everything is said and done, there is only one product in the air transport business and that is air transport, which is provided by the airlines. The second is that it is an immutable principle that the State is ultimately responsible for meeting the needs of the people of the world for safe, regular, economic, and efficient air transport services, working through ICAO, as per the Convention on International Civil Aviation. The blurring of concepts that has arisen in meshing these fundamental principles brings to bear a need to critically appraise one area that exemplifies the confusion – airport charges for services provided to airlines. This article critically appraises the issue and identifies certain anomalies that exist.
Watchlists in United States and Canada: An Intricate Web
Authors: Luongo Norberto E.
Published: March 2022

After the failed attempt to blow up the Northwest Airlines Flight 253 that departed from Amsterdam on Christmas Eve of 2009, one question arose time after time: how did the alleged bomber manage to board the plane? An extraordinary simple and straight answer is that the suspect was actually included in one of the several currently existing terrorism databases but not particularly in the so-called American ‘No-Fly List’. Indeed, several records are simultaneously kept by the American Government, and although sometimes their contents overlap, sometimes they do not. To achieve a clear outlook of what these lists are and how they work, those databases – along with the one currently in effect in Canada – are revised in this article.
The ICAO Assembly Resolutions on International Aviation and Climate Change: An Historic Agreement, a Breakthrough Deal and the Cancun Effect
Authors: Truxal Steven
Published: March 2022

In what the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) heralds as a 'historic agreement' and the European Union (EU) calls a 'breakthrough deal', the recent ICAO Assembly Resolutions A37-18 and 19 mark the end of the Assembly Resolution A36-22 'mutual agreement' stalemate on emissions trading, which represents a significant achievement with respect to aviation and climate change. Although Assembly Resolutions A37-18 and 19 are non-binding, the as yet 'aspirational' goals that they set out demonstrate the collective will of the civil aviation industry and ICAO Member States to work together towards the common objective of limiting and reducing the global impact of aviation noise and emissions.

The texts of Assembly Resolutions A37-18 and 19 prompt closer analysis vis-à-vis questions of whether ICAO is (still) the appropriate forum for addressing international aviation emissions and on the legitimacy of its manifesto for continuous leadership. ICAO's general approval for use of market-based mechanisms to establish a viable global framework mechanism for aviation emissions is also noteworthy, particularly in the context of the EU's Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS), the position of the Convention on International Civil Aviation (the Chicago Convention), and recent legal challenge against inclusion of aviation in the scheme.

This article suggests that on emergence from the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)'s 16th Conference of the Parties (COP-16) in Cancun in December 2010, the ICAO Member States and the aviation sector should feel proud that the spirit of cooperation and sense of success they promoted in the wake of the recent ICAO Assembly Resolutions may have contributed to the most recent progress in the global campaign against climate change: the Cancun Agreements. Thus, this article argues it is foreseeable that the latest progress under the UNFCCC process will have a reverse demonstrative effect on future ICAO dialogue and resolution.
The Triumph of Politics: Reflections on the Judgment of the Court of Justice of the European Union Validating the Inclusion of Non-EU Airlines in the Emissions Trading Scheme
Authors: Mulligan John Q. , Havel Brian F.
Published: March 2022

The planned extension of the European Union emissions trading scheme to non-EU carriers has provoked vociferous opposition and prompted debate among scholars and practitioners of international and environmental law. US airlines challenged the relevant EU directive in the English High Court, arguing that it is incompatible with international law. The High Court made a preliminary reference to the Court of Justice of the European Union. Advocate General Juliane Kokott provided an advisory opinion in October 2011 that upheld the validity of the directive. On 21 December 2011, the Court issued a judgment that largely adopts the Advocate General's reasoning. The article contends that the Advocate General and the Court, in their juristic pronouncements regarding the novel legal issues in this case, exalt political concerns over adherence to traditional understandings of fundamental principles of international aviation law, notably sovereignty, extraterritoriality, and the applicability of the Chicago Convention. The authors conclude that the integrity of the international aviation system depends on levels of international cooperation that are inconsistent with the unilateralist, interest-driven readings of legal principle evident in both the opinion and the judgment.
The Notion of Flight under Regulation (EC) No. 261/2004
Authors: Chatzipanagiotis Michael
Published: March 2022

Regulation (EC) No. 261/2G04 lays down the rights of passengers, if a 'flight' is cancelled or  departs with a long delay or if they a re denied boarding to the 'flight' they have booked. In general, a flight is a transport by aircraft, which may have the form of a round trip, be interrupted by scheduled or unscheduled landings or consist of more legs/segments. This article attempts to define the term 'flight' under the Regulation in various cases, in order to reach a uniform definition.
Air Cargo Security: The Need for Sustainability and Innovation
Authors: Abeyratne Ruwantissa
Published: March 2022

The air cargo industry is a USD 60 billion business, and passenger-accompanied air cargo is a major profit maker accounting for approximately 15% of the industry's overall revenue. At a high level aviation security conference held by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) in September 2012, ICAO advised that civil aviation was estimated to grow by 6% in 2013; 6.4% in 2014; and 4.9% on an annual basis until 2020, such growth being encouraging to the air transport industry from an economic perspective. At the same time, ICAO cautioned that this growth may not necessarily halt the persisting threat of unlawful interference with civil aviation and that the threat will evolve into a complex web of activity as new innovative methods of attack are conceived. This brought to bear the compelling need to address the growing vulnerabilities of the air transport system and the sustainability of aviation security.

In this context, the conference noted that air cargo security, its sustainability and the need for innovative approaches to risk management were considered paramount. This article addresses these issues against the backdrop of the conference and discusses the manner in which sustainability and innovation could be used for the benefit of air cargo security.
Aviation Product Liability: Could Air Carriers Face their Life and Limb being Placed in Peril for the Exclusivity of the Montreal Convention?
Authors: Košenina Alexander Uroš
Published: March 2022

Over the past five decades, product liability law in the US and EU has evolved into a sustainable system of recoveries for injured claimants, mainly for its incorporated strict liability concept, providing for the consumer benefits. This article discusses product liability regimes in the US and EU, where the two main aircraft manufacturers are based.

In light of the development of product liability law in aviation, the author analyses the relation between the two sets of law i.e. the product liability regimes of the jurisdictions mentioned and the Montreal Convention, as the exclusivity principle laid down in this Convention sheds a different light on this relationship. In examining the above subject, one can see that aviation product liability regimes may also concern the position of air carriers under the Montreal Convention, 1999. Damages which are recoverable from airlines under the Montreal Convention may be different from, and may be legally differentiated from those which are available under product liability regimes. Hence, this article signals a tendency in EU States, including but not limited to civil law jurisdictions, pursuant to which claimants try to rely on the latter regime notwithstanding the exclusivity principle laid down in the Montreal Convention.
How the Progressive Development of Outer Space Law Affects the Formulation of National Space Legislation: The Experience of Indonesia
Authors: Supancana Ida Bagus Rahmadi
Published: March 2022

As a country with specific geographical situation (equatorial, archipelagic and disaster-prone country), it is the interest of Indonesia to mastering space science and technology and its application. To accommodate the national interest and support the space policy framework, Indonesia in 2013 enacted a comprehensive law for outer space activities, namely Law No. 21 of 2013.

This article provides some highlights on the process how the progressive development of international outer space law affects such national space legislation through the adoption of its core principles and norms, both based on hard law, soft law, as well as international standards, common practices and best practices.
Roadable Aircraft: An Analysis of the Current Legal Environment
Authors: Scott Benjamyn I.
Published: March 2022

The scope of aviation activities has been expanding into new and fascinating areas and a potentially significant development, one which has been flying mostly under the radar until recently, is roadable aircraft. A roadable aircraft is a vehicle that is capable of being both flown in the airspace and driven on public roads. The industry is coming into full commercial fruition and the regulators are becoming more involved. For example, the United States Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) is actively engaging with roadable aircraft and in Europe the European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) has recently participated in a round table with the industry. Due to the recent revitalization of this topic and because it is relatively unexplored from a legal perspective, this article will critically examine the current laws that are in place that would allow a member of the public to operate a roadable aircraft. This will require certification, licensing and insurance to be examined, and this will be done within the context of three of the most prominent companies; Terrafugia, PAL-V and AeroMobil. The article will focus primarily on European Union air law; however, due to the nature of the roadable aircraft, reference will also be made the United States and road law. This will allow for the current legal situation to be highlighted and for any legal issues to be exposed.
Refining Aviation Sanctions from an Air Law Perspective
Authors: Kang Myongil
Published: March 2022

Aviation sanctions exist at the intersection between the UN Charter and the Chicago Convention, in that the former enables the Security Council to interrupt air communication and the latter forces International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) to render assistance to the UN with regard to air matters when world security is concerned. This article examines how air law, which aims to promote the development of air transport and the universal application of air rules, came to accommodate the UN sanctions regime, an exclusive mechanism designed to prevent targeted States from utilizing international air transport. As UN sanctions evolved from being blunt instruments to smart ones, taking into account human rights and humanitarian concerns, aviation sanctions have evolved in tandem from the comprehensive air bans of yesteryear to more complex mechanisms that incorporate an array of supplementary tools that facilitate other sanctions measures. Nevertheless, there remains ample room to refine aviation sanctions with the aid of an air law perspective and the active involvement of ICAO. Aviation safety, the cornerstone of air law, deserves due regard when the UN and ICAO design and implement aviation sanctions, and a two-way dialogue between the UN Charter and the Chicago Convention will confer more legitimacy on aviation sanctions.
Relaunching the Moon Agreement
Authors: Lefeber René
Published: March 2022

Recent developments in space exploration indicate that the exploitation of the natural resources of celestial bodies is about to become feasible. The Moon Agreement provides the best available option for mankind, states and industry to develop space mineral resources in a harmonious way. To rekindle interest in the Moon Agreement, parties have issued a joint statement on the benefits of adherence to it and are elaborating a joint declaration on the exploitation of space mineral resources.
International Aviation Emissions Under International Civil Aviation Organizations Global Market Based Measure: Ready for Offsetting?
Authors: Erling Uwe M.
Published: March 2022

In a landmark decision on 7 October 2016, the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) General Assembly adopted a resolution for the establishment of a Global Market Based Measure (Global MBM) to offset CO2 emissions from international aviation. After the Paris Agreement, this is not only the first ever global solution to curb emissions of a whole industry sector, but it is also a fundamental step as ICAO has been wrestling to come up with an international solution to address the issue of climate change of aviation over the last years. The Global MBM delivers the basis for the future climate regime in international aviation. This article outlines the key features of the new Global MBM and provides a first evaluation of the adopted approach and its implications with the EU Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS).
Space Data in the Fight against Pandemics: Privacy Concerns and Sharing of Benefits from the Use of Space Technology for Decision-Making
Authors: Stefoudi Dimitra
Published: March 2022

The fast and continuous collection and distribution of information are essential for decisionmaking in the first-response phase, as well as in the constant monitoring during and after the peaks of the Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) outbreak. Particularly in times of emergency that require immediate reaction on behalf of local and global authorities, it is important that their reaction is based on reliable information. The unique features of satellite technology, which enable the steady flow of accurate near real-time data, have granted it a vital role in the fight against the COVID-19 pandemic. This article will address the uses of space data for public health and their legal implications, particularly in terms of privacy and access to data.

remote sensing, geolocation, tracing applications, privacy, data access
Jurisdiction of Courts and Applicable Law in Aircrew Employment Disputes: Special Reference to Ryanair Employment Disputes
Authors: Jiniuzashvili Natia
Published: March 2022

Aviation regulations within the EU with the EEA relevance have been harmonized and liberalized by virtue of three sets of regulations that were later replaced by EU Regulation 1008/2008. Low-cost air carriers such as EasyJet, Ryanair, and Wizz Air have been formed since this liberalization, and have been operating from various bases. This trend has increased cabin crew demand and facilitated employee allocation in many areas. On the other hand, it has created confusion with regard to applicability of the law and jurisdiction over labour disputes. In this respect the preliminary decision from the Court of Justice of the European Union in the Sandra Nogueira and others v. Crewlink and Ryanair shall provide the typically weaker party – the employee – with legal clarity and defence.

employment disputes, aircrew, jurisdiction, applicable law, liberalization
Forum Shopping in Air Law: Analysis of the Situation in France from a Defence Lawyer’s Perspective
Authors: Derache Caroline
Published: March 2022

Forum shopping is permeating litigation in nearly all fields, but nowhere as much, and as freely, as in air law. The complexity and international elements inherent to most air litigation cases have made air law the optimal arena for the practice of forum shopping. It is fostered by legal instruments, with international conventions widely applicable and domestic rules offering multiple jurisdictional options. The use of forum shopping by plaintiffs is understandable: different fora offer different incentives that might be sought after in litigation.

However, this nearly unrestrained autonomy has proven to be problematic. The multiplication of jurisdictional issues, the inflow of claims before a handful of ‘attractive’ fora, the elongation of court procedures, are just a few of the difficulties that jurisdictions face with the popularization of forum shopping. Judges are not without means to manage this phenomenon. Common law systems may resort to the forum non conveniens, while civil law systems may utilize a certain latitude in interpreting the legal texts in order to decline jurisdiction when the use of forum shopping becomes unreasonable.

Nonetheless, as the phenomenon catches on increasingly in France, more drastic measures might have to be considered in the future.

Forum shopping, France, Jurisdiction, Exclusivity, Abuse