bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Poly(methylene oxide)
Authors: Hay Allan S , Ding Yong
Published: November 2023

Major Applications Poly (methylene oxide) resin has been widely used in mechanical, automotive, plumbing, appliance, industrial, and electrical conponents along with its copolymer resins. It is continuing to replace die-cast zinc, brass, aluminum, steel, and other,metals in the various end-use industries.
Poly(methylsilmethylene)
Authors: Shen Q H , Interrante L V
Published: November 2023

Preparative Techniques The polycarbosilane- employed to make commercial Nicalon SiC ceramic fiber is prepared via thermally induced rearrangement reaction of poly(dimethylsilane) or dodecamethylcyclohexasilane.
Poly(p-phenylene oxide)
Authors: Hay Allan S , Ding Yong
Published: November 2023

Properties Of Special Interest Highly crystalline polymer, excellent chemical and solvent resistance. Not commercially available.
Poly(vinyl chloride), head-to-head
Authors: Qin Meifang , Li Ying
Published: November 2023

Major Application H-H PVC is mostly studied in academic field to understand its structure/property relationship, thermal degradation behavior, and mechanism. Its properties are compared to those of commercial head-to-tail PVC. Pure H-H PVC has no significant industrial applications. H-H PVCs containing 40–65 wt% of Cl, also called chlorinated polybutadiene rubber-resins, are used for coating, paint-based applications and the preparation of threads, tires, tubings, and films, etc.
Starch
Authors: Zhao W Brooke , Gao Zongming
Published: November 2023

Starch is the cheapest and most abundant food biopolymer worldwide. It is a complex carbohydrate which is insoluble in water; it is used by plants as a way to store excess glucose. Starch is often found in the fruit, seeds, rhizomes or tubers of plants. The four major resources for starch production and consumption in the USA are corn, potatoes, rice, and wheat. Pasta is an important dietary source of starch which is commonly prepared from wheat, rice or beans. Bread is another important source of starch and is commonly prepared from wheat.
Matrix Of Dreams
Authors: McGinn Colin
Published: November 2023

The Matrix naturally adopts the perspective of the humans: they are the victims, the slaves, cruelly exploited by the machines. But there is another perspective, that of the machines themselves. So let’s look at it from the point of view of the machines. As Morpheus explains to Neo, there was a catastrophic war between the humans and the machines, after the humans had produced AI, a sentient robot that spawned a race of its own. It isn’t known now who started the war, but it did follow a long period of machine exploitation by humans. What is known is that it was the humans who “scorched the sky,” blocking out the sun’s rays, in an attempt at machine genocide-since the machines needed solar power to survive. In response and retaliation, the machines subdued the humans and made them into sources of energy-batteries, in effect. Each human now floats in her own personal vat, a warm and womblike environment, while the machines feed in essential nutrients, in exchange for the energy they need. But this is no wretched slave camp, a grotesque gulag of torment and suffering; it is idyllic, in its way. The humans are given exactly the lives they had before. Things are no different for them, subjectively speaking. Indeed, at an earlier stage the Matrix offered them a vastly improved life, but the humans rejected this in favor of a familiar life of moderate woe-the kind of life they had always had and to which they seemed addicted. But if it had been left up to the machines, the Matrix would have been a virtual paradise for humans-and all for a little bit of battery power. This, after an attempt to wipe the machines out for good, starving them of the food they need: the sun, the life-giving sun.
Conclusion: A Call for Action
Authors: Gur Raque E , Johnson Ann Braden
Published: November 2023

In 1979 the National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI) was founded by parents of children with serious mental illnesses, including schizophrenia. The founding members were brought together by a shared need for emotional support and for information about coping strategies and resources that they could draw on to confront the devastating impact of severe mental illness on their families. Out of their early meetings, however, came the realization that there is power in numbers, and the members of NAMI figured out that collectively they were in a good position to exert political pressure on their state governments to develop adequate services for the mentally ill. Today, NAMI is a nonprofit, grassroots, self-help, support and advocacy organization of patients (consumers), families, and friends of people with severe mental illnesses who work, according to NAMI’s website, NAMI is now an enormous national organization that lobbies on behalf of its members, and any parent of a child with a serious mental illness such as schizophrenia should join it, whether for support, to become active, or both.
Introduction: Rationality in an Uncertain Practice
Authors: Montgomery Kathryn
Published: November 2023

This book is about clinical judgment: why it is essential to medical practice even in a highly scientific, technologized era, how it works in that practice, some of the odd ways it is taught, and the consequences of ignoring it in favor of the assumption that medicine is itself a science. There is no question that medicine is scientific or that the benefits of biomedicine are enormous. Once doomed lives are now routinely saved, and the sense of human possibility has been profoundly altered. Yet medicine is not itself a science. Despite its reliance on a well-stocked fund of scientific knowledge and its use of technology, it is still a practice: the care of sick people and the prevention of disease. The recent emphasis on evidence-based medicine grounds that practice more firmly in clinical research and aims to refine and extend clinical judgment, but it will not alter the character of medicine or its rationality. Physicians draw on their diagnostic skills and clinical experience as well as scientific information and clinical research when they exercise clinical judgment. Bodies are regarded as rule-governed entities and diseases as invading forces or guerrillas biding their time.
Clinical Judgment and the Problem of Particularizing
Authors: Montgomery Kathryn
Published: November 2023

If medicine were practiced as if it were a science, even a probabilistic science, my daughter’s breast cancer might never have been diagnosed in time. At 28, she was quite literally off the charts, far too young, an unlikely patient who might have eluded the attention of anyone reasoning “scientifically” from general principles to her improbable case. Luckily, medicine is a practice that ignores the requirements of science in favor of patient care. Deduction is the label Sherlock Holmes uses for his rational skill, and physicians, who find medicine’s investigative procedures mirrored in his practice, have adopted the term to describe their thinking. Certainly some of what they do is deduction, but syllogistic reasoning from general rule to particular case is not the particularizing skill that gives them their characteristic strength as clinical thinkers. Anyone in possession of those general rules can apply them to a given case, excluding and confirming the possibilities listed in the differential diagnosis. The construction of that list, however, requires a clinician. Someone well informed, well trained, and experienced is needed to describe the case and decide which rules may apply; only physicians, in other words, can construct the syllogism that the rest of us could work through so easily.
The Selfin Medicine: The Use and Misuse ofthe Science Claim
Authors: Montgomery Kathryn
Published: November 2023

The question haunts younger people going straight from college to medical school, and it’s a serious question no matter who asks. Here was a chance to talk about what I was learning about the oddities ofclinical judgment in a field dominated by science, including the fact, startling to a teacher, that character is both crucially important and given no overt attention. Instead, still a little disoriented (and disappointed, I confess), I blurted out the obvious answer.
Contesting Categories in Culture Debates about Art
Authors: Koller Bálint , Endrődi Noémi , Komlósi Sarolta , Tóth Rita , Kövecses Zoltán
Published: November 2023

If prototypes are not mental representations that are fixed once and for all but can vary from group to group and even individual to individual, we can expect people to spend a great deal of time questioning, debating, challenging, modifying, and even negating one another’s conceptual categories. We can refer to all of these activities with the general term contestation. Contesting one another’s concepts is a prime cultural activity that people are likely to pursue in some form in every culture. Many of the concepts used in political discourse are especially clear cases of such “contested categories.” Discussions and arguments concerning democracy, freedom, immigration, liberalism, nation, ethnicity, gender, sexuality, and many others often provoke heated debate in several contemporary Western societies, and, indeed, the positions and outcomes of these debates turn on what people mean by the concepts themselves.
Goofs
Authors: Crow Bill
Published: November 2023

Jazz musicians are adept at turning their musical mistakes into new ideas, but their nonmusical mistakes, usually called “goofs,” are embarrassing for the perpetrators and a source of good stories for everyone else. Count Basie told this one on himself: Whenever it was that I moved down to 138th Street, I’m pretty sure I was already living there when the second Joe Louis–Max Schmeling fight took place, because I distinctly remember stopping by the Woodside to join the celebration on the way home from Yankee Stadium. Here’s my little story on that famous fight: John Hammond took me along as his guest, and he had ringside tickets. So what happens? We’re getting settled in our seats just as the fight is about to begin, and I dropped my goddamn straw hat. It’s rolling around down by my feet and I’m trying to pick it up. I’m bending down there looking for my hat so I can settle back in my seat and watch Joe take that cat apart, and everybody started jumping to their feet, hollering, and I looked up and the goddamn fight was all over.
Nicknames
Authors: Crow Bill
Published: November 2023

The private names that jazz musicians give each other sometimes become well known to their public, but the logic behind a name is not al-Julian Adderley’s friends in Florida nicknamed him “Cannibal” when he was a teen-ager, because of his appetite. The name was eventually slurred into “Cannonball,” an even more apt description. Elmer Alexander was known as “Mousie” since childhood. Al Cohn was proud of the new name he invented for him: Mou Sie Tongue. Kenny Davern dubbed record producer Gus Statiris “Yellowfeather.” Asked to explain, Kenny said: You know the cat in the cartoon that chases the canary? And when you ask the cat, “Did you eat the canary?” the cat looks innocent and says “Oh, Nooo!” But if you look close at the corner of the cat’s mouth, you see a little yellow feather. = Jimmy Rowles gave George Mraz his nickname. George, a remarkably talented bass player, was born in Czechoslovakia. Jimmy said his bass playing was “baaad! “ (meaning good, in the vernacular). So he named George “Bounce,” because that’s what a bad check does, “and George is a baad Czech!”
Louis Armstrong
Authors: Crow Bill
Published: November 2023

Louis Armstrong transformed jazz. He played with a strength and inventiveness that illuminated every jazz musician that heard his music. Louis was able to do things on the trumpet that had previously been considered impossible. His tone and range and phrasing became criteria by which other jazz musicians measured themselves. He established the basic vocabulary of jazz phrases, and his work became the foundation of every jazz musician who followed him. An incident on Armstrong’s first trip on a Mississippi riverboat with Fate Marable’s band brought him to an important decision: David Jones starved himself the whole summer we worked on the St. Paul. He saved every nickel and sent all his money to a farm down South where employees and relatives were raising cotton for him and getting away with as much of his money as they could, since he was not there to look after his own interests. Every day he would eat an apple instead of a good hot meal. What was the result? The boll weevils ate all of his cotton before the season was over. He did not even have a chance to go down and look his farm over before a telegram came saying everything had been shot to hell.
Lionel Hampton
Authors: Crow Bill
Published: November 2023

Lionel Hampton’s band provided exposure for scores of talented young musicians. Hamp always paid low salaries, so his turnover was high, but with one of the few bands to survive the demise of the Big Band Era, Hampton was a magnet for young jazz musicians all over the country. They would usually put in enough time to establish professional credentials and would then jump to the next opportunity that presented itself. A showman himself, Hamp always encouraged showmanship in his musicians. When Quincy Jones joined his trumpet section in 1950, he said, “I soon saw which way the wind was blowing. The first solo he gave me, I played the best jazz chorus I could play. He didn’t point to me again for quite a while, and in the meantime I saw that everybody who got solos was juggling and dancing. The next solo he gave me, I shucked a little, and after that I got more solos.”
Zoot Sims and Al Cohn
Authors: Crow Bill
Published: November 2023

Like most saxophone players of his generation, Zoot Sims was influenced by Lester Young’s playing, but he didn’t imitate him. He developed his own style, with equal parts of lyricism and swing. He loved to play and was always ready for the next jam session. When he first came to New York, Zoot went to sessions at a place on 48th Street called the Red Door. One night, a little loaded on wine, he became so disgusted with the way he was playing that he slammed his horn into its case, dropped it on the floor, and kicked it all the way down the stairs to the street. Then he fell down the same flight of stairs after his horn. Word traveled fast on the jazz scene. When Zoot showed up at the Onyx Club the next evening and asked Brew Moore if he could borrow his horn and sit in, Brew was reluctant. Zoot assured Brew he’d be careful with his horn, and Brew finally handed it over. Zoot climbed onto the bandstand and had only played a few notes when he lost his balance and fell right into the party of four sitting at the front table. As he fell, he held Brew’s tenor high over his head, saving it from any damage. He got up, handed the horn back to Brew, and slunk out the door.
Jokes
Authors: Crow Bill
Published: November 2023

When musicians run out of stories about each other to tell at band room rap sessions, a favorite pastime is telling jokes. This is a collection of the more printable ones. Bobby Hackett enjoyed telling this story: A violinist noticed that his playing had a hypnotic effect on his audiences. They sat motionless, as though they were in a trance. He found he had the same effect on his friends’ pets. Dogs and cats would sit spellbound while he played. Wondering if he could cast the same spell over wild beasts, he went to a jungle clearing in Africa, took out his violin and began to play. A lion, an elephant, and a gorilla charged into the clearing, stopped to listen, and sat mesmerized by the music. Soon the clearing was filled with every kind of ferocious animal, each one listening intently.
Epigenomics and Human Disease
Authors: Lewis Santiago Uribe , Everett, Christopher , Festenstein Richard
Published: November 2023

The different cellular phenotypes that compose multicellular organisms are generated by the expression of housekeeping and cell-type-specific genes and by the repression of inappropriate ones. The pattern of gene expression that defines a cell type is termed the ‘‘epigenotype,’’ which is established and maintained by ‘‘epigenetic’’ mechanisms that are able to govern gene expression regardless of the underlying genetic code (Holliday, 2005). Genomic imprinting, where genes are expressed from only one of the inherited parental alleles, represents a classical example of epigenetic gene regulation; memory of the expression state, presumably established during gametic meiosis, is thus transmitted to the zygote, maintained throughout embryonic and postembryonic development, and reestablished during gametogenesis of the newly formed organism in a sex-specific manner (Reik and Walter, 2001). It follows that epigenetic ‘‘plasticity’’ would enable pluripotent stem cells to give rise to a variety of epigenotypes. In contrast, lineage commitment of cells toward postmitotic differentiated epigenotypes requires a more stable epigenetic memory that confers their phenotypic identity.
Genomic Technologies
Authors: Frayling Ian M
Published: November 2023

Understanding the structure of the genome is an essential step in relating this to its function, both in health and disease. Advances in methods for studying the structure of the genome have gone hand-in-hand with developments in the technology of the platforms to carry them out, with concomitant reductions in time and expense. This was a major factor in the sequencing of the majority of the human genome, ahead of schedule.
Applications in Critical Care Medicine
Authors: Garrard Christopher S , Hinds Charles , Knight Julian
Published: November 2023

The development of intensive care units (ICUs) has arisen from the need to support and effectively treat the most severely ill patients within the hospital population, in particular those with impairment or failure of vital organs and systems. In some respects, such supportive care follows the ancient dictum ‘‘The physician should not treat the disease but the patient who is suffering from it’’ (Moses Maimonides, 1135–1204). It is also humbling to acknowledge that there are precious few specific and effective therapies for such patients, and that recovery depends primarily on supporting vital organ systems until physiological and biochemical equilibrium are restored. As Samuel Pepys (1666) observed, ‘‘Ye function of ye physician is to entertain ye patient until nature takes its course or ye patient dies.’’ There is little doubt that our skills in supporting failing organ systems have advanced significantly over the past two or three decades. The ability to safely apply positive pressure ventilation for prolonged period of time, to perform renal replacement therapy and support the circulation with combinations of pharmacological agents and mechanical devices should theoretically ensure that no patient should die. It has been a source of considerable frustration for the clinician that this is not, of course, the case and that mortality rates, particularly from severe life-threatening infection, remain stubbornly high, ranging from 15% to more than 75% depending on the severity of the physiological insult and the number of organs that have failed.
Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Authors: Pathan Saad , Jewell Derek
Published: November 2023

Ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease (CD) are chronic inflammatory diseases of the intestine that can begin at any age, even in children. Both diseases are commonly known as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). They represent a major challenge, because their causation is unclear, medical treatment is far from satisfactory, and many patients require major surgery. Over the last 10 years, the application of genome-wide markers has reduced the components of familial aggregation to novel locations within the human genome. Subsequently, a variety of genetic mutations have been discovered in some of the novel loci that could render individuals susceptible to these diseases and might also influence the behavior of the disease once it has occurred. More recently, a new quantum wave of genome-wide case-control revaluation has followed the advent of a higher density of markers and high-resolution linkage disequilibrium (LD) maps. These investigations have rapidly implicated novel disease influencing genes and regions as well as replicated previously associated regions. The narrowing of the loci will require complementary investigations in gene function and epidemiology. Nevertheless, there is accumulating evidence that an unregulated triggering of the mucosal immune system toward normal intestinal flora influences the development of chronic inflammatory disease. Furthermore, inflammatory processes are also likely to be provoked by genetic variants that adversely affect innate immunity including mucosal barrier integrity and autophagy. The combination of genetics and functional characterization should provide a framework to dissect the molecular mechanisms of disease.
Applications in Clinical Pediatrics
Authors: Konikoff Michael R , Bates Michael D
Published: November 2023

Recent advances in human genetics and genomics, such as the Human Genome Project, characterization of human genomic variations [e.g., single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the HapMap Project], comparative genomics, and others are providing new insights and suggesting new approaches to the application of genomics to human health and disease. However, special consideration needs to be given to the application of these advances in the care of children. In this chapter, we will describe the origins of using rudimentary genetic information in early diagnosis and preventative intervention in the care of children (through neonatal screening programs), and then discuss how this model informs the application of human genomic approaches to the care of children in the postgenome era.
Osteoporosis and Related Disorders
Authors: Yamada Yoshiji
Published: November 2023

Osteoporosis is a major health problem of the elderly, which is evenly distributed across the world. It is characterized by a reduction in bone mineral density (BMD) and deterioration in the microarchitecture of bone, both of which result in predisposition to fractures (Kanis et al., 1994). The clinical importance of osteoporosis lies in its association with fractures (Ralston, 2001). Osteoporotic fractures are common, expensive to treat, and a substantial cause of morbidity and mortality in most developed countries. The most common sites for osteoporotic fractures are the hip, spine, and distal forearm. The incidence of such fractures increases with age, and is greater for women than for men as a result of the increase in the rate of bone loss after menopause (Melton, 1995). BMD is one of the most important determinants of the risk for osteoporotic fracture (Cummings et al., 1993). Other factors include susceptibility to falling (Dargent-Molina et al., 1996), bone quality, and skeletal geometry (Faulkner et al., 1993).
Renal medicine
Authors: Choi Michael J
Published: November 2023

typically presents with one or more of a short list of clinical syndromes—listed below. One underlying pathology may have a variety of clinical presentations.
Neurology
Authors: Greenberg Benjamin
Published: November 2023

Diagnosing patients with neurologic conditions begins with localization. Individual symptoms can be caused by dysfunction in a variety of structures. For example, a patient complaining of weakness might have a cerebral, cerebellar, myelopathic, neuropathic, neuromuscular junction, or myopathic pathology. Identifying the location of dysfunction within the central or peripheral nervous system is critical for developing an appropriate differential. The diseases that affect the brain are quite different than the diseases that affect the spinal cord which are distinctly different from peripheral nervous system pathologies.
Rheumatology and musculoskeletal conditions
Authors: Flynn John A
Published: November 2023

Extent of joint involvement (include spine), symmetry, disruption of joint involvement, limitation of movement, effusions and periarticular involvement. Associated features: Dysuria or genital ulcers, skin or eye involvement, lungs, kidneys, heart, GI (eg mouth ulcers, bloody diarrhea), and CNS.
Practical procedures
Authors: Stewart Rosalyn W , Stewart C Mathew
Published: November 2023

There is no substitute for learning by experience. It is better to wait for someone to come and assist you with a non-urgent procedure when you are not fully confident in your skills, than to try on your own.
Qualitative Research Methodology in Music Education
Authors: Bresler Liora , Stake Robert E
Published: November 2023

A freckled third grader approaches the music teacher in the corridor and hands her a stack of 3 X 5 cards. “Thirty-six,” he announces proudly. Back in her office Rebecca Grant puts the cards in an envelope on which she neatly writes, “Daniel Wang, 36,” and posts it on the wall near three other envelopes. This latest is Daniel’s entry in the Composer’s Facts competition, this week featuring Aaron Copland. Were curious eyes to pry, they would find information about Copland’s birthdate, milestones, compositions, and books. Winners will get musical handbags, musical rulers, musical paraphernalia which Rebecca orders (and pays for with her own money) from a mail-order firm specializing in music items.1
Anatomical and Physiological Perspectives
Authors: Cohen M Michael
Published: November 2023

The skull (Fig. 4-1) is composed of bones, teeth, and craniofacial articulationsa (Table 4-1). The 8 cranialb and 14 facial bones of the adult skull are flattened or irregular and immovably joined together, except for the mandible. The ossicular bones, 6 in number, are also movable. During late intrauterine life, the cranial sutures are patent and movable, which molds the skull, permitting the head to pass through the birth canal.c The articulation of the mandible is unique because of its ginglymo-arthrodial joint capable of both translational and rotational movement (41, 74, 82).
History of Opioids and Opiophobia
Authors: Kirsh Kenneth L , Kerith Vice Anya , Passik Steven D
Published: November 2023

Among the remedies which it has pleased Almighty God to give to man to relieve his sufferings, none is so universal and so efficacious as opium. The field of pain management has arrived at a crossroads in history with regard to the topic of opioid analgesics. Over the past several years, one of the most widely used opioid pharmaceuticals, OxyContin, had become a popular alternative to street drugs such as heroin. Called ‘‘Hillbilly Heroin’’ because of its popularity in Appalachia and other rural areas, it is available as an oral preparation, although illicit users tend to crush the tablet to circumvent the sustained release delivery system and then snort it or dissolve it in water to inject the drug (Hancock, 2002). Although the abuse or diversion of this drug was originally thought to have begun in Kentucky and other Appalachian areas, it has spread through other states. It has been most popular east of the Mississippi with the following states having the most prescriptions of OxyContin per capita in the year 2000: West Virginia, Alaska, Delaware, New Hampshire, Florida, Kentucky, Pennsylvania, Maine, Rhode Island, and Connecticut (Workplace Substance Abuse Advisor, 2002). As a result of this problem, we have begun to see pullback from this treatment modality and an increase in regulatory pressure and law enforcement scrutiny. We must view this current trend toward demonizing opioid medications from a historical perspective. Although it is easy to imagine a new, growing pandemic because of these medications, concern over opioid use has been in an ever-changing cycle for quite some time, with marked periods of widespread use followed by rigid control and near-elimination of the drug class by naysayers.
Natural and Synthetic Ibogamines A Novel Approach to Treating Opioid Dependency
Authors: Glick Stanley D , Maisonneuve Isabelle M
Published: November 2023

Of several alkaloids found in the root bark of the African shrub Tabernanthe iboga, ibogaine has certainly attracted the most interest. Although it has a long history of use in Africa, in initiation rites and religious rituals of Bwiti and Mbiri cults, ibogaine became newsworthy in the United States only after it was claimed to be an effective treatment for addiction to a variety of other drugs. Five United States patents (numbers 4,499,096; 4,587,243; 4,857,523; 5,026,697; 5,124,994) issued between 1985 and 1992 claimed that ibogaine could be used to successfully treat opioid (heroin) addiction, stimulant (cocaine and amphetamine) abuse, alcohol dependence, cigarette smoking (nicotine dependence), and polydrug abuse. Ibogaine was said to interfere with the ‘‘physiological and psychological aspects’’ of addiction, abolishing the craving for drugs, and, at least in the case of opioids, abolishing withdrawal symptoms as well.
Treating Cocaine Dependence
Authors: Steen Tracy A , Dackis Charles A
Published: November 2023

Cocaine dependence is a complex disorder with powerful psychological, behavioral, and biological underpinnings. Often viewed as more of a choice than an illness, cocaine dependence is not treated or insured on parity with more traditional medical disorders, despite compelling scientific evidence supporting a disease concept based on brain involvement, genetic vulnerability, and a progressive clinical course (Dackis and O’Brien 2005a). Arguably the most addictive of all substances, cocaine is self-administered until death by laboratory animals and produces intense euphoria in humans. The pleasure-reinforced compulsion to use cocaine progresses into addiction with astounding rapidity, leading to alterations in neurochemistry (Dackis and O’Brien, 2005b), plasticity (Thomas, Beurrier, et al. 2001), gene expression (Nestler, 2004), and even brain cell morphology (Robinson and Kolb 2004) in pleasure centers that have evolved to ensure survival by dominating our thoughts, behaviors, and priorities (Dackis and O’Brien, 2001).
Management of Persistent Pain in the Opioid-Treated Patient
Authors: Simopoulos Thomas
Published: November 2023

The opioid-dependent patient (ODP) not uncommonly presents a significant treatment challenge to physicians. Opioids are increasingly being used for managing both malignant and nonmalignant pain. Opioids are a cost-effective, straightforward therapy for some people with persistent pain, and this property fits well into current pain management practice in many settings. However, because long-term opioid therapy may have declining or adverse effects in some patients, alternative modalities are some-times sought. There exist limitations of long-term opioid therapy alone in some patients, and adopting a multimodal approach to long-term pain management may better address long-term outcomes. This chapter will focus on the use of adjunctive and alternative modalities in the management of chronic nonmalignant pain of patients on chronic opioid therapy with suboptimal out-comes. Of course, many of the management strategies discussed may be employed as well in patients with malignant pain.
Aberrant Drug Taking Empirical Studies and Clinical Application
Authors: Kirsh Kenneth L , Passik Steven D
Published: November 2023

What exactly do we mean by the term aberrant drug taking? Is this a worthwhile term that can aid in the understanding of a complex series of behaviors surrounding medication compliance, or does it simply muddy the waters of already complex terminology around addiction and abuse? Do we even need this additional terminology? These are fundamental questions that must be answered if we are to push the science and understanding of the interface of pain and chemical dependency forward. The purpose of this chapter is to provide an overview of aberrant drug taking and how it can apply to the redefinition of pain patient behaviors. In addition, we discuss the new horizon of attempts to assess and codify the meaning behind these behaviors.
Aberrant Behavior and Drug Abuse Treatment in Pain Patients
Authors: Compton Peggy
Published: November 2023

Although the safety and efficacy of daily opioid therapy for the treatment of chronic nonmalignant pain (CNMP) is increasingly demonstrated in large clinical trials and across multiple indicators (Finnerup et al., 2005; Kalso et al., 2004; Maier et al., 2002), concerns persist about the provision of this class of drugs with high abuse potential to individuals on a long-term basis (Ballentyne & Mao, 2003; Foley, 2003; McQuay, 2001; Von Korff & Deyo, 2004). Both retrospective reports from known addicts and clinician experience with patients requiring pain medication suggest that addiction is a potential outcome of opioid analgesic therapy and a source of drug-seeking behaviors. The potential for developing opioid tolerance or hyperalgesia (Chu et al., 2004) notwithstanding, concerns about causing or supporting addiction via the provision of chronic ongoing opioids for the treatment of pain are reflected at clinical, legal, and political levels (Gilson & Joranson, 2002; Morgan, 1985–1986).
Integrating Innate Immunity into a Global “Systems” Context: The Complement Paradigm Shift
Authors: Mastellos Dimitrios , Lambris John D
Published: November 2023

The Human Genome Project has pioneered scientific discovery by eloquently demonstrating that the basic constituents of a biological system (namely, the genome, transcriptome, and proteome) can be precisely defined, measured, and quantified at predetermined stages or time intervals [1]. The genome carries the entire digital (DNA) and inheritable code of life which remains largely unaffected by external stimuli, while the transcriptome and proteome reflect the dynamic and complex nature of biological information, as they are subject to fine regulatory control (e.g., transcriptome) and chemical modifications (e.g., proteome) that together dictate the actual behavior of cells and organisms. The deciphering of the entire human genomic sequence has provided the essential driver for developing high-throughput screening strategies and methodologies for the measurement of the entire RNA and protein output of a cell or organism [2]. This breakthrough has led to the development of proteomics and the unraveling of the dynamic protein profile of different tissues and organisms as it constantly adapts to discreet environmental perturbations. It should be noted that the genome analysis of various organisms (e.g., yeast, insects, mammals) has revealed that what actually defines the differences between species, and favors natural selection across the evolutionary ladder, is not the gene content per se, but the fine interplay of signaling pathways and inducible gene regulatory networks that are activated in response to various molecular signals and environmental stimuli [1]. In this respect, systems biology has emerged as the field that studies these regulatory networks in an integrated and comprehensive manner.
Gene Finding
Authors: Besemer John , Borodovsky Mark
Published: November 2023

Recent advances in sequencing technology have created an unprecedented opportunity to obtain the complete genomic sequence of any biological species in a short time and at a reasonable cost. Computational gene-finding approaches allow researchers to quickly transform these texts, strings of millions of nucleotides with little obvious meaning, into priceless annotated books of life. Immediately, researchers can start extracting pieces of fundamental knowledge about the species at hand: translated protein products can be characterized and added to protein families; predicted gene sequences can be used in phylogenetic studies; the order of predicted prokaryotic genes can be compared to other genomes to elucidate operon structures; and so on. While software programs for gene finding have reached a high level of accuracy, especially for prokaryotic genomes, they are not designed to replace human experts in the genome annotation process. The programs are extremely useful tools that greatly reduce the time required for sequence annotation, and the overall quality of annotations is improving as the programs become better. This acceleration is becoming a critical issue, as a recent attempt to sequence microbial populations ln masse, rather than individual genomes, produced DNA sequences from over 1800 species including 148 novel phylotypes [1].
Preparing for Success
Authors: Wittry Diane
Published: November 2023

So you have decided that you want to be a conductor. You have probably been in- volved with music for the majority of your life. Most people who study conduct-ing are very well trained in the musical components of the job. It is common to attend college as a music major focusing on a specific instrument, and then to study conducting in a master’s degree program. Even with this extensive prepa-ration, there will still be gaps in your overall knowledge. As you make decisions about your future, understand that the choices you make early on will greatly affect your career path. Here are some of the steps you might consider as you begin your career as a conductor.
Your First Job
Authors: Wittry Diane
Published: November 2023

Once you have finished your formal training in conducting, in order to be a con-ductor, you have to first get a job. As I mentioned at the beginning of the book, “How can you get a job if they require experience?” and “How do you get expe-rience without having a job?” Somehow, you have to figure out how to get your first step on the ladder.

If you have been out there working for a few years, you may want to move into a better position. This also requires applying for jobs. Most people assume that the longer they are in the field, the more experience they will have, and the easier it will be to get the next job.
Utilitarianism, Deontology, and the Priority of Right
Authors: Freeman Samuel
Published: November 2023

This chapter ultimately aims to elucidate the role of an important distinction in moral and political philosophy, that between deontology and teleology. The real issue between teleological and deontological views, I argue, is the appropriateness of the idea of a single rational good in practical deliberation and in the formulation of moral and political principles. Teleologists see one rational good as essential to practical reasoning; without it, moral and political reasoning are often indeterminate and provide no guidance as to what we ought to do. Abandoning a completely rational morality, if we must, is for deontologists an acceptable price to pay to avoid the morally counterintuitive results of teleology; moreover, for Kantians such as Rawls, it is necessary and even desirable in order to provide a secure position for a plurality of intrinsic goods and for political freedom, equality, and individual autonomy.

I. The Issue

It is perhaps a moral truism to say that people ought to do what they can to make the world as good a place as possible. But construed in a certain way this becomes a highly controversial thesis about morality: the right act in any circumstance is one most conducive to the best overall outcome (as ascertained, say, from an impersonal point of view that gives equal weight to the good of everyone). This is consequentialism.1 More simply, it holds that right conduct maximizes the good.
Rawls and Luck Egalitarianism
Authors: Freeman Samuel
Published: November 2023

The position that has come to be called “luck egalitarianism” is endorsed in some fashion by many of the most important contemporary theorists of distributive justice—Ronald Dworkin, G. A. Cohen, John Roemer, Phillippe van Parijs, and Richard Arneson, among others. It often is said that John Rawls commits himself to luck egalitarianism, but that he is inconsistent in its application. In this paper, I examine these claims and criticisms in hopes of showing them to be based in a misunderstanding of Rawls’s account of distributive justice. I proceed from Susan Hurley’s discussion of luck egalitarianism and some remarks she makes regarding Rawls.

The rough idea underlying luck egalitarianism is that in matters of distributive justice, society should try to equalize the effects of brute luck and misfortune in the distribution of the goods that a society effectively controls. Just as a person’s prospects should not be determined by the social class she is born into, so too should a person’s prospects not be determined by the natural talents (or lack thereof) that she has. Instead, the effects of these and other accidents of fortune should be equalized, or at least neutralized, in the distribution of benefits and burdens, for no one is responsible for, and no one deserves, the natural capacities (or handicaps) she is born with. In this regard, luck egalitarianism seems to generalize on the idea of equality of opportunity that is central to liberal and democratic thought. It suggests that if we are to take the idea of equality of opportunity seriously, we need to neutralize as best we can not only the effects of social class but also the effects of the distribution of natural talents and (dis)abilities and other accidents of fortune.
Creating Human-Nonhuman Chimeras in Stem Cell Research
Authors: Cohen Cynthia B
Published: November 2023

Another significant debate about the ethics of stem cell research, besides that swirling around the moral significance of early human embryos, centers on whether human stem cells or their derivatives should be used to create chimeras—in this case, organ- isms that combine human and nonhuman cells. Stem cell investigators have been inserting human embryonic stem cells and specialized human stem cells into animals during the prenatal and postnatal stages of their development to learn how and why human stem cells function in a developing organism. Ultimately, they hope to discern how they might be used therapeutically in humans. Some of this research has met with resistance from some other scientists, ethicists, religious figures, and members of the public who are concerned that novel half-human, half- animal beings might emerge from such research.
Basic Science of Sleep
Authors: Lee-Chiong Teofilo
Published: November 2023

Sleep is a complex rapidly reversible neurologic state that is actively generated by different neuronal systems using several neurotransmitters; it is regulated by homeostatic, circadian, and ultradian influences.

Human existence could be divided, based on behavioral and physiologic criteria, into three distinct states: namely wakefulness, non–rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep.

Wakefulness is a state in which the person is aware of and responds to sensory input from the environment. Sleep can be defined as a state of behavioral quiescence accompanied by an elevated arousal threshold and a species-specific sleep posture. Behavior characteristic of human sleep includes a typical recumbent sleep posture, closed eyes, and decrease in or absence of movements (Box 1–1).

A comprehensive theory explaining the function of sleep remains elusive. Sleep is believed to be important for facilitation of anabolic processes (restorative theory), regulation of body temperature, immune defense, energy conservation, survival adaptation (protective behavior), removal of “toxins” generated during wakefulness, and promotion of neuronal synaptic plasticity and integrity (eg, brain development, restoration, learning, and memory), and facilitation of overall neuronal function.
Sleep-Related Breathing Disorders
Authors: Lee-Chiong Teofilo
Published: November 2023

Apnea in an adult is defined as the absence of nasal and oral airflow for at least 10 seconds in duration. It is classified as central if respiratory efforts are absent, obstructive if cessation of airflow is noted despite the persistence of respiratory effort, or mixed apnea if it consists of an initial central apnea followed by an ineffectual respiratory effort consistent with obstructive apnea. The definition of hypopnea is less established; a reduction of airflow or amplitude of thoracoabdominal movement by at least 30% from baseline and accompanied by oxyhemoglobin desaturation of 4% or more for at least 10 seconds in duration is commonly used. Apneas and hypopneas share similar mechanisms and adverse physiologic effects, and they are generally considered together when determining disease severity. Definitions of terms used in the discussion of apneas and hypopneas are given in Table 5–1.
Miscellaneous Sleep Disorders
Authors: Lee-Chiong Teofilo
Published: November 2023

This disorder is characterized by recurrent, massive myoclonic jerks involving large muscle groups (ie, entire body, trunk, or extremities) that occur only during sleep (predominantly during quiet sleep) among infants during the first year of life, usually from birth to 6 months of age. The muscle jerks are not associated with arousals or awakenings.

Prevalence is unknown but is believed to be rare. There is no difference between genders. It has a self-limited course, with resolution by 6 months of age in most infants. No specific therapy is necessary. Pathogenesis has been postulated to involve a possible developmental abnormality of the reticular activating system.

Video-electroencephalography (EEG) and electromyography (EMG) monitoring during polysomnography demonstrate muscle activity with a frequency of four to five jerks per second, occurring in clusters lasting 3 to 15 minutes. It is generally observed during non–rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep but can sometimes occur during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. No seizure activity is present on EEG tracings.
Some Useful Books for the Forensic Linguist’s Library
Authors: Shuy Roger W
Published: November 2023

Forensic linguistics is still a relatively new field, and therefore, it is still reasonably easy to absorb the majority of its literature. The following categorizes the major, relatively recent books available at the time of this writing. Forensic linguists should probably own these books and use them as handy references in their personal libraries. This list does not include the valuable and relevant journal articles or chapters in collected works in the field of linguistics, psychology, sociology, or other disciplines. For such, refer to the comprehensive (but now a bit outdated) bibliography by Judith Levi. Other important, available resources include the forensic linguistics e-mail discussion list, forensiclinguistics@jiscmail.ac.uk, and the indispensable International Journal of Speech, Language and the Law, the publication of the International Association of Forensic Linguistics.
Principles of Differentiation and Morphogenesis
Authors: Gilbert Scott F
Published: November 2023

Developmental biology is the science connecting genetics with anatomy, and it makes sense out of both. Thus, it is the sciencethat connects the inherited genotype with the observable phenotype and that addresses the mechanisms by which the genome speci7es the characteristics of the individual human body. To study human genetics without developmental biology is like studying a culture only by reading its books, and to study anatomy without developmental biology is like visiting a foreign land without knowing its language or history. During the past decade, the basic principles of developmental biology have become known. They cover the following: With few exceptions (e.g., lymphocytes and blood cells) every cell nucleus in the body contains the complete genome established in the fertilized egg. In molecular terms, the DNAs of all differentiated cells within an organism are identical. This was vividly demonstrated when entire mammalian organisms were generated from the nuclei of adult cells transplanted into enucleated oocytes (Wilmut et al., 1997; Kato et al., 1998; Wakayama et al., 1998). Thus, the unused genes in differentiated cells are neither destroyed nor mutated, and they retain the potential for being expressed. Only a small percentage of the genome is expressed in each cell, and a portion of the RNA synthesized in the cell is speci7c for that cell type.