bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Managing the Menopause British Menopause Society Council Consensus Statement on Hormone Replacement Therapy
Authors: Pitkin Joan , Rees Margaret C P , Gray Sarah , Lumsden Mary Ann , Stevenson John , Williamson Jennifer
Published: July 2017

The British Menopause Society Council aims to aid health professionals to inform and advise women about the menopause. The oestrogen plus progestogen arm of the Women's Health Initiative was stopped in July 2002. This guidance regarding hormone replacement therapy (HRT) use responds to the results and analysis that have been published since then. Because there are few effective alternatives to HRT for vasomotor and urogenital symptoms, oestrogen-based treatments still have a major role. HRT is also most effective for prevention of osteoporosis. Unopposed oestrogens are contraindicated in women with an intact uterus, and hence a range of oestrogen and progestogen combinations, with differing routes of delivery, now exists under the title of “HRT”. Treatment choice should be based on up to date information and targeted to individual women's needs. Hormone replacement still offers the potential for benefit to outweigh harm, providing the appropriate regimen has been instigated in terms of dose, route and combination.
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and the Climacteric: Metabolic Consequences and Management
Authors: Rajkhowa Madhurima , Balen Adam
Published: July 2017

Polycystic ovary syndrome affects 20% of women of reproductive age. The increasing awareness of the metabolic abnormalities associated with the syndrome has lead to concern about the cardiovascular risk and its long-term health implications. Women with polycystic ovary syndrome are characterised by insulin resistance, central obesity and dyslipidemia which places them at a higher risk of developing diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Assessment of lipid profile and glucose tolerance should be considered. Since these women are at increased risk of endometrial carcinoma, assessment should be offered. The standard criteria for the prescription of hormone replacement therapy apply.
Methods for Assessing Climacteric Symptoms
Authors: Greene JG
Published: July 2017

In this paper methods for the assessment of the symptoms and complaints presented by women during the climacteric are reviewed, both from an historical and contemporary stand point. A methodological critique is presented of historical approaches, which tended to be ad hoc and not based on recognised principles of behavioural and psychological measurement. Two alternatives are outlined. First, that of utilising established standardised scales which have been developed on populations other than climacteric women, but which may be appropriate to that group. Secondly, that of developing climacteric specific scales, in the context of which three such scales based on sound psychometric principles and on populations of climacteric women are described and evaluated
A Comparison of a Stereographic 3-D Display versus a 2-D Display Using an Advanced Air-to-Air Format
Authors: Zenyuh John P , Reising John M , WalchliLt Scott , Biers David
Published: July 2017

This study compared the relative abilities of a stereoscopic 3-D display versus a conventional 2-D display to provide spatial location information. The evaluation was conducted as a part mission, full-task simulation in the context of an air-to-air fighter mission. A dual task paradigm was employed requiring the subjects to acquire situation awareness of their immediate air-to-air environment while simultaneously performing a simple flight task. Situation awareness was defined as the ability to visually search a spatial quadrant of the air-to-air situation display relative to the ownship symbol and identify the number of aircraft symbols in a given target group found in that quadrant. The simulated flight task was a two-axis tracking task on a dynamic Head-Up Display format, using a force-stick controller. The subject's response speed and accuracy on the search task and deviations from the given track on the flight task were used as performance measures in this study. The results showed a significant accuracy performance advantage for those formats presented with the stereoscopic 3-D display.
Aircrew Recommendations for Voice Message Functions in Tactical Aircraft
Authors: Folds Dennis J. , Beard Roderick A.
Published: July 2017

Results are presented from a survey of 135 active tactical aircrews regarding use of synthetic voice messages in tactical aircraft. The sample was primarily composed of F-16, F-15, and F-4 pilots. The participants rated 69 existing, proposed, or suggested functions for voice messages in tactical aircraft. Over two-thirds of the participants rated the following functions favorably: Engine Fire, Fuel Low, Oil Pressure, Hydraulic Pressure, Brakes Malfunction, Landing Gear Malfunction, Gear/Flaps Configuration, Low Altitude, Missile Launch, Threat Display, Bingo Fuel, and Joker Fuel. Other functions, applicable to some but not all tactical aircraft, received strong support from the aircrews of the applicable aircraft. The participants' responses to open-ended questions, concerning use of voice messages for checklists and desirable control features for voice message systems, are also summarized.
A Theory of Situation Assessment: Implications for Measuring Situation Awareness
Authors: Fracker Martin L.
Published: July 2017

Measures of pilot situation awareness (SA) are needed in order to know whether new concepts in display design help pilots keep track of rapidly changing tactical situations. In order to measure SA, a theory of situation assessment is needed. In this paper, I summarize such a theory encompassing both a definition of SA and a model of situation assessment. SA is defined as the pilot's knowledge about a zone of interest at a given level of abstraction. Pilots develop this knowledge by sampling data from the environment and matching the sampled data to knowledge structures stored in long-term memory. Matched knowledge structures then provide the pilot's assessment of the situation and serve to guide his attention. A number of cognitive biases that result from the knowledge matching process are discussed, as are implications for partial report measures of situation awareness.
Comparing Oculometer and Head-Fixed Reticle with Voice or Switch for Tactical Display Interaction
Authors: Smyth Christopher C. , Dominessy Mary E.
Published: July 2017

An experiment with 15 U.S. Army enlisted military subjects was conducted to compare the performance of an oculometer, head-fixed reticle, and touch panel for data entry on a generic tactical air combat display. The subjects used voice or switch to designate data items on the display that were selected with the oculometer or fixed reticle. The touch panel was included as a standard data entry device. Statistical analysis showed a significant difference in performance for the five configurations at the .0001 level. The reticle/switch, oculometer/switch, and touch panel are significantly faster than the reticle/voice, which in turn is significantly faster than the oculometer/voice. The reticle methods are faster than the oculometer methods. The switch action is faster than voice entry. The touch panel is twice as accurate as the other methods, all of which have about the same spatial accuracy whether oculometer or reticle, voice or switch. However, the oculometer/voice has nearly twice as many selection errors as the other methods.
Determination of a Gain-Function Relating Control Force to Cursor Velocity
Authors: Rauch Stephen
Published: July 2017

F-14D fighter pilots will have the capability to use cursor control to designate symbols and pushbutton legends on multifunction displays (MFD). Since operators often will be required to slew and designate a target symbol or pushbutton legend in diverse environments, it is important to determine a control system gain, the relationship between response magnitude (in this case, force) and amount of cursor movement or velocity, that will enhance performance during slewing/designate tasks. The purpose of this study was to evaluate six different gain-functions analyzing speed, accuracy, and subjective comments, to determine an optimal gain-function relating control force to cursor velocity. Trend indicated that Gain-function 1, the gain-function with the lowest mean pixel error and fastest mean acquisition time, would be the best gain-function to use in the F-14D aircraft.
Transport Pilot Workload: A Comparison of Two Subjective Techniques
Authors: Battiste Vernoi , Bortolussi Michael
Published: July 2017

Although SWAT and NASA-TLX workload scales have been compared on numerous occasions, they have not been compared in the context of transport operations. Transport pilot workload has traditionally been classified as long periods of low workload with occasional spikes of high workload. Thus, the relative sensitivity of the scales to variations in workload at the low end of the scale were evaluated. This study was a part of a larger study which investigated workload measures for aircraft certification, conducted in a Phase II certified Link/Boeing 727 simulator. No significant main effects were found for any performance- based measures of workload. However both SWAT and NASA-TLX were sensitive to differences between high and low workload flights and to differences among flight segments. NASA-TLX (but not SWAT) was sensitive to the increase in workload during the cruise segment of the high workload flight Between-subject variability was high for SWAT. NASA-TLX was found to be stable when compared in the test/retest paradigm. A test/retest by segment interaction suggested that this was not the case for SWAT ratings.
Techniques of Subjective Assessment: A Comparison of the SWAT and Modified Cooper-Harper Scales
Authors: Kilmer Kevin J. , Bateman Robert , Malzahn Don
Published: July 2017

This study examined two subjective mental workload assessment scales, the Subjective Workload Assessment Technique (SWAT) and the Modified Cooper-Harper (MCH) Scale. The purpose of this study was to make a direct comparison of the two scales in order to determine if both scales were equally sensitive to changes in task difficulty hence, workload. Forty introductory psychology non-aviator students were trained on an aviation like psychomotor dual-task experiment. Task difficulty was manipulated by presenting the subjects with three (low, moderate, high) levels of wind gust disturbance (turbulence) and requiring them to maintain an assigned altitude and airspeed, while responding to a visual choice reaction time secondary task. The data was analyzed using multivariate statistics. The results of the analysis found that both the SWAT and MCH were sensitive to changes in task difficulty. However, the MCH appeared to be less sensitive than the SWAT.
Workload Evaluations of a Stereo 3-D Computer-Generated Pictorial Primary Flight Display
Authors: Nataupsky Mark , Pope Alan T. , McManus Mary L. , Burdette Daniel X.
Published: July 2017

With the advent of digital avionics and cathode ray tube (CRT) displays, the use of computer-generated flight displays has become increasingly prevalent in both commercial and military cockpits. These flight displays, however, typically are renditions of the electromechanical displays that are being replaced. But there is great potential for display enhancement and integration through formats such as pictorial, real-world formats that could enhance situation awareness and reduce crew workload.

This study had as its objective the exploration of workload measures in conjunction with a larger study of a computer-generated, integrated pictorial primary flight display presented in stereo and non-stereo modes. Of interest in the workload aspect of the study was the ability to differentiate workload attendant with use of several versions of the pictorial display having alternate implementations of 3-D symbology cues, presented in stereo and non-stereo modes. Both physiological and subjective measures were used with a pilot-in-the-loop flight simulation task. The physiological measure was visually-evoked brain wave potentials; the subjectve measure was the Subjective Workload Assessment Technique (SWAT) (Reid, Shingledecker, and Eggemeier, 1981a and Reid, Shingledecker, Clark, and Eggemeier, 1981b).

A number of physiological studies have demonstrated the relationship of the P300 component of event-related brain potentials to controlled stimuli (e.g., Zacharias, 1988). Further physiological studies by Kramer, Donchin, and Wickens (In Press) have shown that the amplitude of the P300 can be related to levels of pilot workload. The SWAT is a validated measure of subjective workload. Nataupsky and Abbott (1987) used SWAT to differentiate levels of a pilot's perception of workload in a piloted simulator flight task.

The workload portion of the study was accomplished in the following manner. Pilots were initialized on the nominal flight path (as defined within the pictorial display). After approximately 2 seconds, they were suddenly offset to one of eight positions. The sudden display shift was the stimulus to which pilots had been asked to respond with control inputs and was the trigger for the visually-evoked response. Thus, contrary to previous studies conducted at Langley which used secondary tasks to elicit evoked potentials, this study had the primary task as the trigger for the evoked response. The pilots' task was to make the initial pitch and/or roll input necessary to correct back to the nominal flight path. Data was collected on 216 trials for each of eight Air Force pilots. Analysis of the workload data is in progress.
An Empirically Validated Task Analysis (EVTA) of Low Level Army Helicopter Operations
Authors: Shaffer Margaret T. , Hendy Keith C. , White Lou R.
Published: July 2017

A computer-based Empirically Validated Task Analysis (EVTA) of Canadian Forces light observation helicopter operations was conducted from video records of cockpit activity gathered during flight. The task analysis was performed in order to provide data for function analysis and workload prediction studies in support of the Canadian Forces Light Helicopter replacement project. Observable behaviors were categorized according to the type of activity involved and communications were analysed for content, agencies involved, and relevance to the crew's task. The results of this study indicate that data gathered from a controlled test environment can differ considerably from those obtained in operational settings and that miniature video cameras can be useful in obtaining information from environments which hitherto may have been inaccessible to all but operational personnel.
On Applying the Skills, Rules, Knowledge Framework to Interface Design
Authors: Vicente Kim J. , Rasmussen Jens
Published: July 2017

In this paper, a theoretical framework for interface design for complex systems is proposed. The approach, called Ecological Interface Design (EID), is based on the skills, rules, knowledge framework of levels of cognitive control. The fundamental goal of EID is to develop interfaces that provide the appropriate support for all three levels, but that do not force cognitive control to a higher level than the demands of the task require. The framework, consisting of a set of prescriptive design principles, is discussed, and an example of its application is presented.
Applying Human Factors Principles to Complex Software Systems
Authors: Fissel Jim , Crea Ron
Published: July 2017

Over the past four years, the User Systems Engineering Group and the Industrial Systems Division of Texas Instruments have worked jointly on designing and developing a computer aided software engineering (CASE) tool to enhance the productivity of process and control engineers. This paper discusses the analysis and design procedures employed during this project and how these procedures focused on customer needs. Specifically, the areas addressed are the multidisciplinary design team, the task analysis, minimal-constraint analysis, and prototype design and iteration.
Interface Design for Hyperdata: Models, Maps and Cues
Authors: Nicol Anne
Published: July 2017

Now that large stores of information in a variety of media can truly be at our fingertips, how do we know what we have and how to get at it? Hypermedia databases present new challenges to interface designers whose goals are to make such databases truly accessible and easy to use. In this paper, using HyperCard (1987) as an example, I discuss some of the user interface issues that arose as we observed children and adults interacting with computerized hypermedia environments. And I describe some design principles and examples that have emerged from our work in the Human Interface Group at Apple Computer, Inc.
Update of Dod-Hdbk-761: ‘Human Engineering Guidelines for Management Information Systems’
Authors: Baker Clifford , Eike David R. , Malone Thomas B. , Peterson Larry
Published: July 2017

DoD-HDBK-761 “Human Engineering Guidelines for Management Information Systems” was extensively updated and revised to reflect 1) significant changes in computing technology, including user interface techniques and display technology, and 2) recent user computer interface (UCI) design literature. The document was updated based on literature reviews, mail-out surveys of UCI designers and users, and interactive computer interviews (using question and answer dialog). The updated document contains two main sections. The first presents a general process for conducting UCI analysis, design, development, and evaluation activities. These activities include; conduct of system functions analysis, function allocation, user task analysis, user surveys, use of UCI prototypes, and product testing. The second section contains over 1000 human engineering guideline statements which can be applied to the detailed design of UCIs. The guideline section addresses dialog design, computer control, data entry and display, job performance aiding, expert systems interface design, and data communication and protection. This paper discusses the content and organization of the document.
Consistent Layout of Function Keys and Screen Labels Speeds User Responses
Authors: Bayerl Jeanne P. , Millen David R. , Lewis Steven H.
Published: July 2017

Personal-computer applications-software often requires people to navigate and select options using their keyboard's function keys where context-dependent meanings for these keys are assigned by guides or menus labeled on the screen. The physical layout of function keys on standard PC-compatible keyboards differs from the most common layouts of screen labels. This study examined user performance consequences of this simple, spatial, inconsistency. In a simulated order entry task, 36 participants each completed 240 trials, 40 with each of six different combinations of two keyboards and three screen guides with different spatial arrangements of function keys and screen labeling. One keyboard used the standard 5×2 function key pad and one used a single horizontal row of function keys; the screen guides were either a horizontal row, a vertical list, or a grid consistent with the standard key pad. We collected measures of response time, errors, and user preferences. Analysis of errors showed no reliable results. Analysis of response times showed several significant effects. Responses were faster with the two combinations of key pad and screen-guide layouts that were spatially consistent than with the four inconsistent layouts. Response times were also faster with the keyboard with horizontal function keys than with the standard layout, and slower with the vertical screen guide than with either of the other two guides. Over 80% of the participants thought the task was easiest when the screen guide matched the function key layout.
Current Issues in Software Prototyping for Complex Systems
Authors: Fissel Jim , Cecala Anthony
Published: July 2017

For many years the User Systems Engineering Group at Texas Instruments has been using software user-interface prototypes as a primary tool for the design and development of user interfaces for complex systems. Our model of the prototyping life cycle is introduced and its benefits are discussed. Current issues in prototyping often center around the introduction of new prototyping tools such as HyperCard™ or Prototyper™. Our discussion focuses on how these tools fit within the prototyping life cycle.
On the Theory of Expert and Super-Expert Performance on Computer Program Modification Tasks: An Experimental Study
Authors: Koubek Richard J. , Salvendy Gavriel
Published: July 2017

The present research attempts to identify factors which account for cognitive skill acquisition at the higher end of the cognitive performance curve and understand differences between expert and super-expert skill levels on a cognitive oriented task of computer program modification. Subjects completed two computer program modifications and a battery of five cognitive ability tests. Results indicate that super-experts used a global search strategy to obtain abstract information while experts utilized a minimal “directed” search to obtain task specific information. Results are discussed in relation to knowledge representation and current taxonomies of skill acquisition.
Knowledge Representation in Human Problem Solving: Implications for Expert System Design
Authors: Gibson David C. , Salvendy Gavriel
Published: July 2017

The study focuses on the identification of the underlying representational properties of human problem solving and their application to expert systems. In this study the interaction between problem representation (procedural, conceptual, unstructured) and problem type (transformation, arrangement, inducing structure) was observed. The results of this study indicate partly that quantitative and qualitative differences in problem solving performance can be attributed to the form of knowledge representation employed by the problem solver. It is suggested that expert systems could be implemented with different shells or structures according to problem characteristics.
Intent Inferencing by an Intelligent Operator's Associate: A Validation Study
Authors: Jones Patricia M.
Published: July 2017

In the supervisory control of a complex, dynamic system, one potential form of aiding for the human operator is a computer-based operator's associate. The design philosophy of the operator's associate is that of “amplifying” rather than automating human skills. In particular, the associate possesses understanding and control properties. Understanding allows it to infer operator intentions and thus form the basis for context-dependent advice and reminders; control properties allow the human operator to dynamically delegate individual tasks or subfunctions to the associate. This paper focuses on the design, implementation, and validation of the intent inferencing function. Two validation studies are described which empirically demonstrate the viability of the proposed approach to intent inferencing.
Design for All? The Use of Consumer Products by the Physically Disabled
Authors: Kanis H.
Published: July 2017

Methodological aspects are considered of research into the use of consumer products by the physically disabled, especially into the operation of controls. The identification of impairments that provoke problems has revealed that only handicapped people with disabilities of both upper extremities are facing major problems in operating controls. The method applied is based on observation of users operating their own products at home. Subjects are people suffering from arthritis or a muscular distrophy. Outcomes of the measurement of forces subjects can exert in turning, pinching and pushing, question the relevance of the measurement of the grip force with the widely used dynamometer as a valid indicator of the functional (im)possibilities of the hand. Finally it is shown that the procedure adopted, including the exertion of forces and the handling of controls by the subjects, does not have traceable effects on the performance of the subjects.
Human Factors Considerations in the Design of Automated Systems for Nursing
Authors: Hudgings Carole
Published: July 2017

This paper describes human factors relevant to the design of automated systems for clinical nursing information management, and several studies investigating human factors aspects of new clinical nursing information systems. Functions of systems to assist clinical nurses with information management are described. The importance of human factors in designing these computer systems is discussed by describing three categories of human factors: physical and demographic characteristics of nurses, characteristics of the hospital physical environment, and characteristics of the nursing care environment. Several human factors studies conducted by a multi-hospital corporation and two vendors to understand the nature and impact of human factors on systems design are discussed. Various data collection methodologies are described that investigate two different approaches to the design of hardware solutions for a clinical nursing information system.
Estimating Time Intervals Using a Recycling Camera Flash: User's Sensitivity to Flash Recycle Times
Authors: Aurelio David N.
Published: July 2017

To determine user sensitivity to camera flash recycle times, 84 subjects evaluated a range of flash recycle times. Flash recycle time is the minimum time needed to repower a camera battery between two camera flashes. The recycle time was increased from an “acceptable” recycle time to 30 seconds, or until the subject said he or she would replace the battery. It appeared that the rating and acceptability of a flash recycle time was related to the user's current flash recycle time. Subjects typically estimated that their own camera flash recycled in 2–5 seconds even though the actual range of times for the subjects' cameras was 0.5 to 10 seconds. A similar discrepancy occurred when the subjects were asked when they would replace their camera batteries. Possible explanations for estimation discrepancies and reasons for battery replacement are explored.
Cuing Hazard Information for Consumer Products
Authors: Donner Kimberly A. , Brelsford John W.
Published: July 2017

Rice University undergraduates were given cued and non-cued consumer product questionnaires in order to determine the degree to which product cues would elicit user hazard knowledge, as measured by the number of generated accident scenarios. The difference in the number of scenarios generated by the two groups was not found to be statistically significant. However, there did exist a relatively strong, and significant, relationship between the number of generated accident scenarios and reported hazardousness, degree of precaution that would be taken, and the likelihood of reading the warnings associated with the product. The relationship between the production of known accident information in the form of accident scenarios and these dimensions is thought to have implications for the content of product warnings.
Panel Session on Extracting Testimony from the Human Factors Expert Witness
Authors: Middendorf Lorna
Published: July 2017

The purpose of this panel is to focus on concepts and procedures used by the human factors expert witness in providing evaluative and court-related services in product liability and similar legal actions. The role of the human factors expert witness during trial and specifically during the taking of trial testimony will be presented with analysis and discussion to demonstrate direct examination of qualifications or voir dire, presentation of scientific foundations, opinions and conclusions.

This panel has been planned as part of an annual meeting series to answer expressed member needs for information on legal procedures, the experience and techniques of other experts, training on tactics and strategy for participation in the adversarial legal system, and ethics/standards regarding giving testimony (Forensics Professional Technical Group Survey, 1987).

There will be a legal/human factors approach with a witness-attorney demonstration of direct testimony to promote an understanding of the special role of the human factors expert witness in providing competent, ethical and understandable testimony to assist the trier of fact in litigation. An important goal is to provide participants in the panel session with some basic knowledge for appropriate conduct during the process of trial direct examination.
Factors Influencing the Measurement of Slipperiness
Authors: Redfern Mark S.
Published: July 2017

The evaluation and prevention of slips and falls require methods of quantifying the slipperiness of floors. The concept of coefficient of friction (COF) has been and continues to be commonly used as one such method. The objective of this paper is to present some results from investigations into the effects of vertical force and velocity on COF measures for different types of floors. Tests involving both static COF (SCOF) and dynamic COF (DCOF) measurements were performed under various conditions. It was found that the SCOF changed as a function of the vertical force used. Generally, the SCOF increased as the vertical force was increased. This was not true, however, for tile floors. It was also found that there was a significant first order interaction effect on the SCOF between vertical weight and the condition of the floor (wet or dry). The dynamic tests showed that velocity of the shoe material with respect to the floor had a large effect on the DCOF values obtained. The velocity effect was dependent on the shoe material and the conditions tested. Possible reasons for these findings and ramifications on slip testing are presented.
A Paradigm for the Identification of Independent Cognitive Constructs
Authors: Fowlkes Jennifer E. , Kennedy Robert S. , Dunlap William P. , Harbeson Mary M.
Published: July 2017

A promising approach in recent years has been to develop measures of individual differences based upon componential cognitive theory to supplement or supplant traditional measures. Cognitive tests are developed to measure theoretically based mental operations which can be isolated by the computation of derived measures such as slope and difference scores. Along with others, we believe there are impediments to this approach due to unreliability of derived measures and lack of demonstrated statistical independence of tests of cognitive abilities. This paper describes a methodology for examining measures of individual differences in information processing skills that first follows the tenets of psychometric theory and then addresses cognitive theories. The approach is illustrated by demonstrating its application in tests representing four distinct cognitive paradigms which were administered repeatedly to subjects over three weeks. Recommended direct measures and derived scores for the four paradigms were examined in terms of their stabilities, retest reliabilities, and cross-correlations. Use of these procedures revealed that 1) derived scores had reliabilities near zero, and therefore, their correlations with other variables were equally low, rendering them of little use as individual difference variables, and 2) correlations between basic or nonderived scores were as high as their reliabilities would allow, suggesting that one common factor could account for the majority of the variance. The generality of this repeated measures paradigmatic approach to the identification of individual differences in human ability is illustrated by describing its application to the evaluation of a family of video games, tests of episodic memory, and visual contrast sensitivity at different spatial frequencies.
Capturing Air Traffic Controller Expertise for Incorporation in Automated Air Traffic Control Systems
Authors: Bregman Howard L. , McCabe Warren L. , Sutcliffe William G.
Published: July 2017

Under Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) sponsorship, MITRE's Human Performance Assessment Group is contributing to the design of an expert system to support air traffic control. We are working closely with a team of expert, full-performance-level air traffic controllers to capture the formal and informal rules they use in maintaining flight safety and efficiency. This paper documents our approach to working with these experts, the results of using that approach, and a distillation of lessons learned.
A Human Operator Model Management Environment
Authors: Glenn Floyd
Published: July 2017

Inadequacies of existing simulation and modeling tools in supporting development and evaluation of man-machine systems are considered. A new tool is proposed to support the development and use, by the end user, of a base of fundamental human performance models representing alternative factors and levels of detail. The Human Operator Model Management Environment (HOMME) is designed to aid in the construction and management of human performance models that are used as elements of larger man-machine system performance simulations. HOMME aids the user in constructing performance procedures and in defining the control interrelations between procedures, as well as in storing, retrieving, and editing procedures generated in earlier simulation efforts. It is intended to serve as an adjunct tool to the more general simulation shell known as HOS-IV.
Manpower Constraints Aid (M-CON) and Personnel Constraints Aid (P-CON)
Authors: O'Brien Larry
Published: July 2017

This paper describes the Manpower Constraints Aid (M-CON) and the Personnel Constraints Aid (P-CON). Both aids are being developed under the Army Research Institute's (ARI's) project to develop improved MANPRINT methods. The M-CON Aid and P-CON Aid will assist Army analysts in producing estimates of manpower and personnel constraints during the earliest phases of the acquisition process. These constraints will be incorporated into requirements documents, system specifications, and MANPRINT target audience descriptions.
A Concept Evaluation of an Electronic Delivery of Maintenance Information
Authors: Sams Michelle R. , Fernandez Joel H.
Published: July 2017

This study evaluated the concept of using electronically delivered technical procedures to support maintenance operations in lieu of paper publications. The concept was tested on the basis of effectiveness, feasibility, and human factors issues. The Electronic Maintenance Publication System (EMPS) was tested on the PATRIOT system, an air defense missile system. No significant difference in maintenance time was found between EMPS or paper manuals. Errors committed while performing the tasks were negligible. Human factors issues were considered primarily to evaluate the concept of an electronic delivery and to guide refinement and future development of the system. Based on this study, it was concluded that an electronic delivery of maintenance information (as tested in EMPS) is an effective and feasible alternative to paper publications.
Use of a Crew Display Demonstrator to Evaluate Combat Vehicle Command and Control System Concepts
Authors: Hollingsworth Sam R. , Mikula Mark B.
Published: July 2017

The U.S. Army Tank Automotive Command (TACOM) has developed a Vetronics Crew Display Demonstrator (VCDD) to aid in the design of crew-system interfaces in future land combat vehicles. One major component of such vehicles will be a combat vehicle command and control (CVC2) system, which will include innovative navigation and communication functions. The VCDD has been configured to simulate a range of CVC2 system concepts that vary widely in appearance and method of crew-system interaction. Use of the VCDD has provided TACOM with insights into the potential benefits of alternative CVC2 system concepts, and will support continued development of CVC2 system requirements.
Predictive Workload Models and Multiple-Task Performance
Authors: Sarno Kenneth J. , Wickens Christopher D.
Published: July 2017

The goal of the present study was to evaluate three workload models, VACP (Aldrich, Szabo, and Bierbaum, 1988), TLAP (Parks and Boucek, 1988), and WINDEX (North & Riley, 1988), in terms of how well they account for task performance results gathered from a laboratory experiment. The models are discussed in terms of their treatment of five timesharing issues: 1) the nature of workload components (mutually exclusive or partially overlapping); 2) the utility of distinguishing between cognitive processing codes; 3) classifying voice response (psychomotor function or separate component; 4) qualitative vs. quantitative coding of task demands; and 5) the utility of an overload red-line. A correlational analysis was performed on model predictions versus actual performance for 16 different task loading conditions, to evaluate each of the three workload models. All three models did a good job of predicting performance differences across conditions, accounting for between 61% and 77% of the variance, with the TLAP model providing the best prediction. In addition, a hybrid model was developed (using the “optimal” assumptions concerning the five timesharing issues) which accounted for 85% of the variance. The results are discussed in terms of the viability of the assumptions made by each of the models with respect to the five timesharing issues.
The Utility of a Ghost Horizon and Climb/Dive Ladder Tapering on a Head-Up Display
Authors: Weinstein Lisa F. , Ercoline William R.
Published: July 2017

As part of an Air Force effort to standardize HUD symbology, an unusual attitude recovery task was employed to investigate the utility of a cue, the ghost horizon, that indicates the direction of the actual horizon when the climb/dive ladder horizon line is not within the HUD field of view. Six HUD-experienced and 6 non-HUD-experienced military pilot subjects were used to determine whether there was improvement, with the ghost horizon, in ability to recover from nose-down unusual attitudes in a flight simulator. The ghost horizon was evaluated with 3 different climb/dive ladder line configurations (tapered, non-tapered, reverse tapered). In terms of accuracy of the initial stick input, the ghost-horizon configurations resulted in significantly better performance (about 11% better) than did the non-ghost-horizon configurations. The ghost horizon had no effect on initial stick input reaction time or total recovery time. The climb/dive ladder line taper configuration did not affect accuracy, initial stick input reaction time, or total recovery time. Subjective data indicated that the pilots did not have a strong preference for any of the configurations. These findings suggest that the ghost horizon is a useful aid to unusual attitude recovery performance, and may reduce spatial disorientation.
Topographic Eeg Correlates of the Basic Attributes Test for Air Force Candidate Selection
Authors: Sterman M. B. , Kaiser D. , Mann C. , Francis J.
Published: July 2017

Topographic EEG data were collected from subjects performing on three selected subtests of the Basic Attributes Test. Spectral analysis focused on the 8–12 Hz frequency band showed differences in cognitive demand among subtests, and individual differences in cognitive resource utilization which were related to performance.
Analysis of En Route Air Traffic Controller Team Communication and Controller Resource Management (CRM)
Authors: Seamster Thomas L. , Cannon John R. , Pierce Richard M. , Redding Richard E.
Published: July 2017

This analysis of en route air traffic controller communication was part of a larger Federal Aviation Administration effort to redesign the training program for en route air traffic control. This presentation concentrates on the analysis and results of the team communications as they relate to Controller Resource Management (CRM). The team controller communication takes place between the radar controller and the radar associate controller as they perform their related tasks in the management of the sector air traffic. This study used an inductive approach to look at communication frequencies across different types of controller teams. The controller teams were manipulated by using different combinations of expert, intermediate, and novice controllers, and these teams were compared under moderate and heavier workloads while managing simulated air traffic. The team communications were coded and analyzed at the speech turn level. Observations, situational inquiry, and answers supplying information combined to make up over half of the speech turns used by the controllers in team communication. A more detailed analysis by controller position and performance identified communication frequencies for the better performing sessions. These results are interpreted in relation to a recent mental model of the en route air traffic controller and are further explained based on results of a study of live traffic team communication. The discussion explores the roles of the team members in maintaining effective CRM.
Human Factors Challenges in Aviation Maintenance
Authors: Shepherd William T.
Published: July 2017

The FAA Office of Aviation Medicine has been conducting a research program for the past two years dealing with human factors issues in aircraft maintenance and inspection. As part of this program a series of workshops have been held with participation of a broad spectrum of air carrier industry representatives. These representatives, ranging from hanger floor technicians to vice - presidents, have identified a series of issues or challenges which present their most formidable human factors problems. The FAA research program has been designed to address these challenges. This paper describes five of these challenges and offers guidance on methods for dealing with them.
Sleep and Flight Duration Effects on the Subjective Fatigue of Pilots during Operation Desert Storm
Authors: Neville Kelly J. , French Jonathan , Bisson Roger U. , Boll Patricia A. , Storm William F.
Published: July 2017

Subjective fatigue of 11 C-141 pilots serving in the United States Air Force Military Airlift Command (MAC) during the Desert Storm campaign was assessed in a 30-day field study. Subjective fatigue measures were obtained from pilots at the beginning and end of each duty day using the Profile of Mood States (POMS) fatigue dimension. Also, a 7-point fatigue rating was recorded every 4 hours. The two fatigue measures were each evaluated with respect to (1) 48-hr cumulative flight time, (2) 48-hr cumulative sleep time and (3) 30-day cumulative flight time. The data indicate that at least 15 hours of sleep per 48-hr time period is needed to avoid pilot fatigue. Recent flight time was also found to be related to subjective fatigue, but this relationship seems rooted loss of sleep during long flights. Cumulative 30-day flight time, which is the measure currently used to regulate flight hours, was not related to increases in subjective fatigue.
The Prediction of Cognitive Performance Degradations during Sustained Operations
Authors: Rowe Anna L. , French Jonathan , Neville Kelly J. , Eddy Douglas R.
Published: July 2017

Opportunities for fatigue related accidents are greatest when extended duty cycles must be maintained. A means to plan for the influence of fatigue would be useful to best utilize crew resources. Equations were derived to predict performance degradations associated with fatigued cognitive abilities. During a 30-hour sleep deprivation study, nine male subjects were required to perform a 45-minute cognitive performance battery every 120 minutes. Plasma melatonin levels also were obtained. Cognitive performance measures sensitive to fatigue were determined and used to derive composite response time and accuracy scores. The equations that best described the composite scores included a linear component (hours awake weighting) and a circadian component (melatonin weighting). The respective prediction equations accounted for 33% of the variance in response time performance (p < .0001) and 18% of the variance in accuracy performance (p < .0005). Tests on the beta weights indicated that accuracy predictions were more enhanced by the circadian component than were those for response time. This work represents a mathematical description of fatigued performance that is sensitive to circadian cycles and requires minimal input data. The results might be used to recommend the best crew rest times and when additional crew should be employed as individual performance falls below critical thresholds during sustained operations.
An Examination of the Adult age Differences on the Raven's Advanced Progressive Matrices
Authors: Babcock Renee L.
Published: July 2017

The purpose of the current project was to examine the nature of the age-related differences on the Raven's Advanced Progressive Matrices (APM). Three components were hypothesized to be involved in correctly solving the APM problems. These included a rule-identification component, a rule-application component (involving a one-rule spatial transformation), and a rule-coordination component. The project was designed to examine the influence of each of the hypothesized components on the age-related variance on the APM. Two tests presumed to measure each hypothesized component were presented to 183 adults between the ages of 21 and 83. Hierarchical regression analyses indicated that although all of the hypothesized components accounted for a significant amount of the variance on the APM (approximately 50% each), only performance on the tasks measuring rule application accounted for a unique proportion of the age-related variance on the APM. Implications of the results in regards to following symbolic instructions in assembly of objects and in driving are discussed.
Effects of Aging on Subjective Workload and Performance
Authors: Boyer Douglas L. , Pollack Jay G. , Eggemeier F. Thomas
Published: July 2017

Demographics indicate that the population in the United States and other industrialized nations is growing older, and that the number of older workers and systems users can be expected to increase substantially over the next several decades. In order to assess possible differences between age groups the mental workload experienced by older adults as compared to that experienced by younger adults was investigated. Two tasks were utilized to assess short term memory (continuous recognition) and psychomotor (first-order unstable tracking) performance. The workload of each task was assessed with the Subjective Workload Assessment Technique (SWAT). Memory task performance measures and subjective workload ratings indicated a decrement in performance and an increase in workload for the older group relative to the younger group. Psychomotor task performance measures and subjective workload ratings indicated no difference between the age groups. It is hypothesized that the memory task makes greater demands on central processing resources than the psychomotor task used in this study. In support of this hypothesis, an analysis of the changes in ratings on the individual SWAT dimensions of time, mental effort and psychological stress revealed that an increase occurred only on the mental effort dimension for the memory task. This study implies that designers should 1) reduce or provide design features that lessen memory laden task performance for older workers, and 2) give more weight to the reduction of central processing resource requirements in trade-off studies.