bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Zum methodischen Vorgehen bei der weiteren Entwicklung und Vereinfachung des EC 6 mit seinen Nationalen Anhängen
Authors: Jäger Wolfram
Published: April 2012

Das Jahr 2012 markiert eine wichtige Station in der Geschichte der Eurocodes für Deutschland: Für den 01. 07. 2012 ist die bauaufsichtliche Einführung des ersten Paketes der Eurocodes zusammen mit den entsprechenden Nationalen Anhängen und somit der Beginn der praktischen Anwendung der Eurocodes geplant. Die weiteren, nicht in diesem ersten Paket enthaltenen Eurocodes – wozu auch der Mauerwerksbau gehört – werden wenig später folgen. Bereits vor der offiziellen Einführung gibt es den allgemeinen Ruf nach Vereinfachung sowie Einkürzung der neuen Normen. Obwohl andere Eurocodes zum Teil viel umfangreicher und komplizierter sind, steht auch vor dem EC 6 die Frage der Überprüfung und Weiterentwicklung; schließlich hat er den Stand von ca. 2002. Die Überarbeitung soll 2013 beginnen und wird erfahrungsgemäß einen gewissen Zeitraum in Anspruch nehmen. Es ergibt sich dabei die Chance, neue Erkenntnisse – wie sie etwa von deutscher Seite in den Nationalen Anhang aufgenommen worden sind – einzubringen und das Gesamtpaket einschließlich national festzulegender Parameter und zusätzlicher Ergänzungen zu reduzieren.

Im Beitrag werden Aufgabenkategorien, die im Mauerwerksbau für die Phase der Überarbeitung anstehen, beleuchtet sowie methodische Lösungs‐ und Bearbeitungswege aufgezeigt.

Methodology for the further development and simplification of the EC 6 with its National Annex. The year 2012 is an important point for Germany in the history of Eurocodes. On July 1 2012 the building authority plans the introduction of the most important Eurocodes together with the German annex as mandatory design standards for construction. The remaining Eurocodes – among them the masonry code EC 6 – will follow as soon as possible. Already before the officially introduction the general call for simplification and reduction of extend of the current codes exists. Other Eurocodes than EC 6 are more complex and have a bigger extend. But also the EC 6 will be confronted with the revision and further development, because it has mostly the stage of the year 2002. The start of the revision is foreseen for the year 2013 and will last a specified time according to previous experience. With this revision exists the chance to introduce latest findings like in the German annex as well as to reduce the National Determined Parameters and the additional information.

Task categories for the revision will be shown in the paper as well as ways for solutions and working steps.
The influences of perinatal challenge persist into the adolescent period in socially housed bonnet macaques (Macaca radiata)
Authors: Laudenslager Mark L. , Natvig Crystal , Corcoran Christopher A. , Blevins Maria W. , Pierre Peter J. , Bennett Allyson J.
Published: April 2012

Social challenges during the perinatal period influence the mother–infant relationship in nonhuman primates and may affect the offspring's response to later social challenge(s). Relocation of a breeding colony of monkeys (Macaca radiata) created two groups of infants: one group experienced social group relocation to a new housing facility during the perinatal period (ATYPICAL) and the second group developed within a constant environment (TYPICAL). At a mean age of 25 months, all animals were removed from their natal group and placed in same sex adolescent social groups. Behavioral observations were collected after group formation or introduction to a new group. ATYPICAL subjects showed increased aggression and reduced affiliation compared to TYPICAL subjects. Hair cortisol in male subjects collected 6 months after introduction was elevated in the ATYPICAL subjects compared to TYPICAL subjects. These findings demonstrate that early life challenges affect behavior as well as stress hormone responses to social challenge in adolescence. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 55: 316–322, 2013
Buchwald–Hartwig Coupling/Michael Addition Reactions: One‐Pot Synthesis of 1,2‐Disubstituted 4‐Quinolones from Chalcones and Primary Amines
Authors: Fei Xiang‐Dong , Zhou Zhou , Li Wen , Zhu Yong‐Ming , Shen Jing‐Kang
Published: April 2012

The Buchwald–Hartwig coupling/Michael addition sequence has been successfully applied to the synthesis of functionalized 1,2‐disubstituted 4‐quinolones using Pd(OAc)2 as a catalyst and PPh3 as a ligand. Under these conditions, the intermediate products first formed from chalcones and primary amines underwent catalytic dehydrogenation to yield the 1,2‐disubstituted 4‐quinolones.
Capacitive Chemical Sensor for Thiopental Assay Based on Electropolymerized Molecularly Imprinted Polymer
Authors: Najafi Mostafa , Baghbanan Amin Azam
Published: April 2012

A novel capacitive sensor based on electropolymerized molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) for thiopental detection is described. The molecularly imprinted film as a recognition element was prepared by electropolymerization of phenol on a gold electrode in the presence of thiopental (template). Cyclic voltammetry and capacitive measurements were used for characterization and evaluation of the polymeric film. The template molecules were removed from the modified electrode surface by washing with an ethanol:water solution. The sensor’s linear response range was between 3 and 20 µM, with a detection limit of 0.6 µM. The proposed sensor exhibited good selectivity, reproducibility. Satisfactory results were obtained in the direct detection of real samples.
Thermodynamic and kinetic considerations for biodiesel production by reactive distillation
Authors: Eleftheriades Nicolas Mimi , von Blottnitz Harro
Published: April 2012

Reactive distillation (RD) methods have only lately been introduced into biodiesel (BD) production. They offer several advantages that could benefit the efficiency and drop production costs. A bench‐scale RD unit was built, and results obtained are interpreted from kinetic and thermodynamic perspectives. Analysis of samples taken from the prereactor and the reboiler product was achieved by a conversion‐viscosity chart developed that returned BD conversion from the measured viscosity. It was found that 50–60% conversion was possible at ambient temperatures, with stoichiometric feed ratio and a stirrer. Thermodynamically, Raoult's law was used to predict the vapor and liquid composition in the reboiler. Three different scenarios were set up with different feed molar ratios. It was found that despite the large difference in boiling point temperatures, separation of methanol from the reactant and products mix was limited. Under all modeled scenarios reported, an appreciable amount of methanol would be lost to the product stream. The affinity of the methanol to remain in solution was greater than expected, based on the boiling points, and only when appreciable amounts of methanol were in solution could larger amounts of methanol be removed. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 32: 373‐376, 2013
Fabrication and Characterization of Anode‐Supported Low‐Temperature SOFC Based on Gd‐Doped Ceria Electrolyte
Authors: Fu C. , Ge X. , Chan S. H. , Liu Q.
Published: April 2012

Large‐size, 9.5 cm × 9.5 cm, Ni‐Gd0.1Ce0.9O1.95 (Ni‐GDC) anode‐supported solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) has been successfully fabricated with NiO‐GDC anode substrate prepared by tape casting method and thin‐film GDC electrolyte fabricated by screen‐printing method. Influence of the sintering shrinkage behavior of NiO‐GDC anode substrate on the densification of thin GDC electrolyte film and on the flatness of the co‐sintered electrolyte/anode bi‐layer was studied. The increase in the pore‐former content in the anode substrate improved the densification of GDC electrolyte film. Pre‐sintering temperature of the anode substrate was optimized to obtain a homogeneous electrolyte film, significantly reducing the mismatch between the electrolyte and anode substrate and improving the electrolyte quality. Dense GDC electrolyte film and flat electrolyte/anode bi‐layer can be fabricated by adding 10 wt.% of pore‐former into the composite anode and pre‐sintering it at 1,100 °C for 2 h. Composite cathode, La0.6Sr0.4Fe0.8Co0.2O3, and GDC (LSCF‐GDC), was screen‐printed on the as‐prepared electrolyte surface and sintered to form a complete single cell. The maximum power density of the single cell reached 497 mW cm–2 at 600 °C and 953 mW cm–2 at 650 °C with hydrogen as fuel and air as oxidant.
Malignant melanoma of the head and neck: A multi‐institutional retrospective analysis of cases in Northern Japan
Authors: Shiga Kiyoto , Ogawa Takenori , Kobayashi Toshimitsu , Ueda Seigo , Kondo Atsushi , Nanba Atsushi , Kuwashima Shigeru , Asada Yukinori , Suzuki Seigo , Nagahashi Tatsumi , Takahashi Masafumi , Suzuki Masahiro , Ishida Akihiro , Watanabe Kenichi , Harabuchi Yasuaki , Himi Tetsuo , Sinkawa Hideichi , Sato Hiroaki , Saijo Shigeru , Fukuda Satoshi , Tanaka Katsuhiko , Ishikawa Kazuo , Omori Koichi , Aoyagi Masaru , Hashimoto Sho
Published: April 2012

Background

Mucosal melanoma of the head and neck is rare and is associated with a poor prognoses because of locoregional failure and distant metastasis. The aim of our study was to review the characteristics of these patients in northern Japan and to analyze their outcomes.

Methods

The medical records of 94 patients who had been provided initial treatment in 12 institutes from 1998 to 2007 were reviewed.

Results

When the 5‐year overall survival rates of patients were evaluated, we found that the survival rates of patients treated by chemotherapy were significantly lower than those of patients treated by surgery or radiation. The survival rates of the single‐treatment modality, 2‐modality, and ≥3‐modality groups were 23.4%, 38.0%, and 33.6%, respectively.

Conclusion

Our results suggest that patients who underwent combined treatment had better prognoses. However, we found that chemotherapy had no additional survival benefits. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2012
A Qualitative Design Approach for Exploring the Use of Medication and Health Care Devices among Elderly Persons
Authors: Liang Sheau‐Farn Max , Rau Pei‐Luen Patrick , Zhou Jia , Huang Eva
Published: April 2012

An academia–industry collaborative research project regarding design for elderly persons was initiated to investigate their living needs and potential design opportunities for new technologies and products. In the first year, a qualitative design approach for exploring their use of medication and health care devices was proposed. First, a user study was conducted using self‐reporting, observation, and interview methods. Four personas representing different lifestyle patterns of elderly persons were then derived from the user study data. Finally, four designers were invited to present and synthesize their design ideas for those personas. Results showed that the user study could reveal considerable information and that the persona method was effective for designers to communicate their ideas and concentrate on user requirements. The study findings suggested that, for design for elderly persons, social and affective factors can be considered with decline in age‐related abilities. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
An Integrated Model for Customer Relationship Management: An Analysis and Empirical Study
Authors: Cheng Lai‐Yu , Yang Ching‐Chow , Teng Hui‐Ming
Published: April 2012

Ensuring customer satisfaction and maintaining long‐term relationships with customers have become essential for survival among competitive service industries. The present study addresses this need by proposing a conceptually integrated four‐phase model that incorporates elements of customer relationship management (CRM) and customer satisfaction (represented by the extended American Customer Satisfaction Index model). Then, this study formulates structural equation modeling to test various research hypotheses related to the effect of the CRM initiative. An empirical study of 143 leading Taiwanese service firms distributed among seven service industries was conducted. The implementation levels of various constructs, input (customer knowledge), service provision (customer interactions), output quality, perceived quality, perceived value, perception of customer satisfaction, customer loyalty, purchasing intention, and profits of CRM are assessed in a range of service industries by means of a questionnaire survey and in‐depth interviews. The results of the empirical study reveal statistically significant influences among various constructs of the CRM integrated model. These results also represent a useful reference for managers of service organizations that could be used to improve the profitability and implementation level of CRM. The present study represents an important investigation in the development of an integrated CRM implementation system for service industries. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
EVALUATION OF FERTIGATION IN DIFFERENT SOILS AND FURROW IRRIGATION REGIMES
Authors: Abbasi Fariborz , Rezaee Heidar Taifeh , Jolaini Mohammad , Alizadeh Hamzeh Ali
Published: April 2012

The application of plant nutrients with irrigation water (fertigation) is a cost‐effective and efficient method for fertilizer application to enhance crop production and reduce potential environmental problems in comparison to conventional methods. In this study, the distribution uniformity of fertigation and fertilizer losses through runoff and deep percolation were evaluated at field scale in different furrow irrigation regimes and soils. A numerical fertigation model was calibrated and validated. Experiments were carried out in three soil textures and potassium nitrate was injected during the first half of the irrigation (FH), in the second half (SH) and during the entire irrigation event (T). These options were conducted under free‐draining and blocked‐end conditions with a cutback method. The distribution uniformities of low half (DULH) and low quarter (DULQ) of water and fertilizer were calculated to evaluate different fertigation scenarios. There were no significant differences among distribution uniformities in the three fertilizer application treatments (FH, SH, T). However, injection in the first half and during the entire irrigation event was better in terms of distribution uniformity and infiltrated fertilizer. The best case in blocked‐end conditions was injection in the second half of the irrigation event, preferably starting before completion of the advanced phase. In this case, fertilizer losses due to runoff from the outlet were zero and distribution uniformity was somewhat higher, whereas in free‐drainage conditions, fertilizer application during the first half of the irrigation provided acceptable fertilizer uniformity and lower fertilizer losses due to runoff. No significant difference was observed between the distribution uniformity of free‐drainage and blocked‐end experiments. A fertigation model was applied to the experimental data and the results showed good agreement with the field data. Measurements also showed that water and fertilizer losses due to deep percolation in fertigation was not a concern when proper irrigation parameters were selected, such as inflow rate. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Association Activities: The Branches in Highlight: The Northern Indiana Branch
Authors: McDANIELS CARL
Published: April 2012

For a number of years we have carried a section entitled “Notes from Our Branches.” This section relied on the information sent to the Headquarters Office from the various branches. However, not only was coverage spotty but, in many cases, due to advanced publication schedules, it was several months after meetings were held before such news appeared in the Journal. With this and a number of succeeding issues we intend to try instead relatively ambitious write‐ups of the activities of individual branches. It is hoped that this series will stimulate thinking about new activities branches can develop.—Ed.
WASHINGTON FLASHES
Authors: Baer Max F.
Published: April 2012

Some history: Number of women employed by federal government rose sharply during World War I, but postwar retrenchment showed that women's permanent gains were largely in clerical occupations. World War II opened doors to virtually all professional fields as well. Women are now found in four‐fifths of all occupations in federal government, including such fields as lighthouse keepers, park archeologists, draftsmen, medical officers, and rural mail carriers. There are now about 576,000 women employed by Uncle Sam. In classified service, there are 25,500 at grade GS‐9 and above.

Occupational distribution: Women predominate today in several occupations and in some bureaus of federal agencies. They outnumber men in three broad occupational groups: personnel administration, mathematics and statistics, and library and archives. Counting classified positions only, they outnumber men in two additional groups: accounting and budget, and general administrative, clerical, and office services. There are more women than men as nurses, dietitians, librarians, social workers, stenographers, typists, and telephone operators. Many women workers are concentrated in Children's Bureau of Department of Labor and in Human Nutrition Research and Household Economics Research Divisions of Department of Agriculture. Women in federal white‐collar jobs have increased by more than 20,000 since 1954, mainly in fields of accounting and budget, business and industry, biological and physical sciences, education, law, and mathematics and statistics.
Psychological Effectiveness and Imposed Social Position: A DESCRIPTIVE FRAMEWORK
Authors: LEVINE LOUIS S. , KANTOR ROBERT E.
Published: April 2012

This paper deals with a descriptive frame‐ work for categorizing individuals with respect to many behaviors and qualities included in the various statements of positive mental health. The concepts of psychological effectiveness and imposed social position are introduced as consistent with the requirements of the descriptive framework.
THE REFERRAL TASK IN COUNSELING
Authors: RAMSEY GLENN V.
Published: April 2012

Every professional worker whose role is to help other people frequently encounters cases which, for one reason or another, involve the referral aspect of counseling. This is true regardless of the amount of training or experience of the counselor. This referral task often presents many complex issues and problems which are not easily resolved. The challenge of this responsibility is felt by ministers, lawyers, social workers, mental health specialists, psychologists, and other professionals who are in a service or helping relationship with persons. There are no easy rules to follow or prescribed ways of handling this important aspect of the counseling relationship, but some contribution may be made by considering some of the issues and problems which are involved in the referral process.

Referral is an old, recognized, and frequently used aspect of counseling, but a survey of the literature shows that it is a much neglected topic. It is only meagerly treated in training textbooks and professional journals and almost totally neglected as an area of research. The field of social work has given the most extensive treatment to the subject.
WASHINGTON FLASHES
Authors: Baer Max F.
Published: April 2012

As now you can compare them: U. S. Civil Service Commission has list showing Federal Classification Act salary ranges for positions covered in Bureau of Labor Statistics' National Survey of Professional, Administrative, Technical, and Clerical Pay: Winter 1960–61. List is related to recent BLS report of its findings of national salary averages for these positions in private business and includes these national averages. Exact comparability is not evident since data for private industry are in terms of national average rate while data for government are in terms of minima and maxima. Nevertheless, it is apparent that, in general, pay scales in private industry top those of Uncle Sam.
Marriage and Adjustment: In College and Out
Authors: MEDALIA NAHUM Z.
Published: April 2012

To guidance specialists on the campus, the current trend toward college student marriage poses many intriguing questions. For example: does this trend appear uniformly among all types of undergraduates? Are undergraduate marriages less durable than those which have not had to undergo the strain of college years? Does undergraduate marriage interfere with scholastic achievement? Does it tend to limit career choice after college, producing frustration and dissatisfaction with work?
REHABILITATION COUNSELING: With Cardiac Children
Authors: KIR‐STIMON WILLIAM
Published: April 2012

The Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, the Chicago public schools, and the Chicago Heart Association recently concluded a five‐year pilot study designed to serve children with rheumatic or congenital heart disease. Entitled the Vocational Guidance and Counseling Project, the program has been an attempt to assist the individual schools in their handling of cardiac cases and effort to provide for the disabled youngster in grades 7 to 12 the coordinated services of a “rehabilitation team.”

Ten years ago a cardiologist and later on a teacher‐nurse were assigned to the Bureau of Health Services. Since that time, cardiac case‐finding and reviews of cardiac children have continued to be a part of the program, with initial contacts now made by over one hundred teacher‐nurses in the school system. Provision was originally made for cardiac children in the special schools, but the project was then extended to children with heart disease in the regular schools. Because of increased value placed upon the service by high school personnel the program was expanded from the 10th to include the 11th and 12th grade students, with fewer being referred from the lower grades. The Heart Association for a while employed a social worker to coordinate activities and do follow‐up, including such field work as was necessary. In the last half of the program, follow‐up was done by the individual schools concerned and only occasionally by the Institute [1, 3, 4]
THE ADVANCED PLACEMENT PROGRAM IN THE CINCINNATI PUBLIC SCHOOLS
Authors: RALSTON NANCY C.
Published: April 2012

The Advanced Placement Program, now sponsored by the College Entrance Examination Board, provides the opportunity for able and ambitious students to take college level courses in the secondary schools. The Cincinnati Public Schools have been involved with the Advanced Placement Program since its inception in 1955 and have, therefore, faced the responsibility of selecting capable candidates for participation for several years.

This study involved, primarily, a look at the procedures for selection which have been used since the first participants were chosen in the Cincinnati schools in an attempt to discover those characteristics which most accurately identify the students who benefit from advanced placement experience.
A Vocational Development Program for Welfare Recipients
Authors: WOLCOTT HOWARD
Published: April 2012

What can be done to help welfare recipients gain independence from the relief rolls? Every county in the United States faces this question. In northern California the San Mateo County Department of Health and Welfare is finding an answer for those who are receiving welfare assistance under the Aid to Dependent Children legislation. A mother whose situation makes working advisable registers with the U. S. Employment Service. For those clients seeking work, the Social Service Division has its Vocational Development Program.

The Vocational Development Unit is composed of a supervisor of social workers, a vocational consultant, a training officer, an occupational therapist, and an employment officer. The goal of the unit is to formulate for each client a plan of action which will lead to her full‐time employment.
Persuasion = Stating and Arguing Claims Well
Authors: Lapp Diane , Fisher Douglas
Published: April 2012

Inside a ninth‐grade classroom, we witness one teacher's very intentional instructional attempts that resulted in her students being able to convey well‐crafted reasoning and text‐supported evidence to mount persuasive arguments. Through personal examples and Internet resources, the teacher concretized pathos, logos, and ethos. The teacher and students together analyzed various documents, including literary and political speeches, for persuasive techniques that manipulated their thinking. As a result, students understood the pitfalls of manipulation while becoming quite sophisticated at mounting evidence‐supported claims and counterclaims to present their arguments. Through their writing of ads, students demonstrated their grasp of logical argumentation and also the power of anticipating the knowledge, questions, and concerns of an intended audience as a way to impress a position.
Adhesion formation to hemostatic agents and its reduction with a sodium hyaluronate/carboxymethylcellulose adhesion barrier
Authors: Greenawalt Keith E. , Corazzini Rubina L. , Colt M. Jude , Holmdahl Lena
Published: April 2012

The impact of hemostatic agents on postoperative adhesion formation has not been well studied. We hypothesized that hemostatic agents would be a significant nidus for adhesion formation and that a resorbable barrier would effectively reduce adhesions to hemostatic agents. Four commercial hemostatic agents, each composed of a different biomaterial matrix, were implanted in female Sprague–Dawley rats, and adhesion formation was examined 7 days after surgery. In separate studies, the effects of serosal trauma (via cecal abrasion), added blood, and the presence of chemically modified sodium hyaluronate/carboxymethylcellulose (HA/CMC) barrier on adhesion formation to hemostatic agents were studied. Significant adhesions formed to hemostatic agents even in the absence of traumatized tissue. When applied after cecal abrasion, the incidence of adhesions to the hemostatic agents increased. Addition of blood to this model increased adhesion formation even further, causing adhesions in every animal in the study. An HA/CMC adhesion barrier reduced adhesions to hemostatic agents in the presence of serosal trauma and maintained effectiveness even in the presence of blood. In conclusion, hemostatic agents potentiated adhesion formation at the site of application in a model without trauma. In more challenging models, their adhesiogenic contribution was overwhelmed by trauma and blood. HA/CMC adhesion barrier applied over hemostatic agents at the time of surgery provided significant protection against postoperative adhesions in these preclinical models. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A, 2012.
Simulation of multiphase systems utilizing independent force fields to control intraphase and interphase behavior
Authors: Biswas Pradip K. , Vellore Nadeem A. , Yancey Jeremy A. , Kucukkal Tugba G. , Collier Galen , Brooks Bernard R. , Stuart Steven J. , Latour Robert A.
Published: April 2012

Fixed‐charge empirical force fields have been developed and widely used over the past three decades for all‐atom molecular simulations. Most simulation programs providing these methods enable only one set of force field parameters to be used for the entire system. Whereas this is generally suitable for single‐phase systems, the molecular environment at the interface between two phases may be sufficiently different from the individual phases to require a different set of parameters to be used to accurately represent the system. Recently published simulations of peptide adsorption to material surfaces using the CHARMM force field have clearly demonstrated this issue by revealing that calculated values of adsorption free energy substantially differ from experimental results. Whereas nonbonded parameters could be adjusted to correct this problem, this cannot be done without also altering the conformational behavior of the peptide in solution, for which CHARMM has been carefully tuned. We have developed a dual‐force‐field approach (Dual‐FF) to address this problem and implemented it in the CHARMM simulation package. This Dual‐FF method provides the capability to use two separate sets of nonbonded force field parameters within the same simulation: one set to represent intraphase interactions and a separate set to represent interphase interactions. Using this approach, we show that interfacial parameters can be adjusted to correct errors in peptide adsorption free energy without altering peptide conformational behavior in solution. This program thus provides the capability to enable both intraphase and interphase molecular behavior to be accurately and efficiently modeled in the same simulation. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Five key steps to successful design of experiments
Authors: Johnson Louis A. , Steele J. Cody
Published: April 2012

Getting management to agree to tackle process problems with Design of Experiments (DOE) methods can be a tough sell. Many of the underlying concepts seem counterintuitive when first explained, and the analysis methods have a reputation for complexity. Taking the time to efficiently study the various factors involved in a troublesome process, however, will generate practical solutions that can help an organization save resources and retain customers. Five essential steps contribute to a successful DOE application: proper problem selection, early employee involvement, maintaining perspective, effective design and analysis, and visual communication of results. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Two by‐products of the olive oil extraction industry as oleic acid supplement source for Iberian pigs: effect on the meat's chemical composition and induced lipoperoxidation
Authors: González Elena , Hernández‐Matamoros Alejandro , Tejeda Juan F
Published: April 2012

BACKGROUND: The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of two by‐products of the olive oil extraction industry—olive soapstocks and olive‐pomace oil—as added fat sources into feed concentrates, in two different rearing systems (free‐range complemented with concentrates and intensive rearing with concentrates) on the chemical composition and oxidative stability of Iberian pig meat.

RESULTS: No differences in the chemical composition, colour and fatty acid composition of gluteobiceps m. were found due to added fat source. However, the feeding system had a significant effect on protein (P < 0.05), γ‐tocopherol (P < 0.05), colour (P < 0.01) and fatty acid composition of gluteobiceps m. Neither added fat source nor the feeding system had an effect on the malondialdehyde content.

CONCLUSION: The addition of olive soapstock or olive‐pomace oil as fat sources into concentrates did not influence meat composition or fatty acid profile. However, there are differences in the fatty acid composition of meat from Iberian pigs as a result of the production system used. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Comprehensive review of the diagnosis and treatment of biliary tract cancer 2012. PART II: Multidisciplinary management
Authors: Marsh Robert de W , Alonzo Marc , Bajaj Shailesh , Baker Marshall , Elton Eric , Farrell Thomas A , Gore Richard M , Hall Curtis , Nowak Jan , Roy Hemant , Shaikh Arif , Talamonti Mark S.
Published: April 2012

Biliary tract cancers (gallbladder cancer, intra‐ and extra‐hepatic cholangiocarcinoma and selected periampullary cancers) accounted for 12,760 new cases of cancer in the USA in 2010. These tumors have a dismal prognosis with most patients presenting with advanced disease. Early, accurate diagnosis is essential, both for potential cure where possible and for optimal palliative therapy in all others. This review examines the currently available and emerging technologies for diagnosis and treatment of this group of diseases. J. Surg. Oncol. 2012; 106:339–345. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The thrombophilic state in cancer part II: Cancer outcomes, occult malignancy, and cancer suppression
Authors: DiPasco Peter J. , Misra Subhasis , Koniaris Leonidas G. , Moffat Frederick L.
Published: April 2012

The association between malignancy and thrombosis has long been appreciated but remains incompletely understood. This is the second of a two‐part review of the complex, integral relationship between these two entities, and addresses the specifics of cancer outcomes, occult malignancy in the presence of thrombosis, and the possibilities of cancer suppression by modulating thrombogenesis. J. Surg. Oncol. 2012; 106:517–523. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Prognosis and treatment of micrometastatic breast cancer sentinel lymph node: A population‐based study
Authors: Cortesi Laura , Proietto Manuela , Cirilli Claudia , Tazzioli Giovanni , Andreotti Alessia , Federico Massimo
Published: April 2012

Background and Objectives

Major concern of sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy (SLNB) regards the prognosis of micrometastasis (Nmic) in SLN. The purpose of this study is to determine the adequate surgical treatment and prognosis of Nmic in a population‐based series of breast cancer patients.

Methods

All non‐metastatic breast cancer patients registered by the Modena Cancer Registry (MCR), from January 2000 to December 2008, were evaluated for SLNB. Information on patients' characteristics, treatment and follow‐up was collected.

Results

Among 2,078 patients treated with SLNB, 28.5% (590) showed a positive SLN, subdivided in N0i+ 6.3% (31), Nmic 28.8% (176), N1 64.1% (378), and N2 0.8% (5). Of 176 Nmic, 80% (142) received an axillary lymph node dissection (ALND). Only three patients had ≥4 SLN involved. No axillary recurrence occurred in Nmic patients. The overall and disease‐free survival rates were N0 99.2% and 97.7%, N0i+ 100% and 100%, Nmic 96% and 93.2%, N+ (N1 + N2) 96.1% and 92.4%, respectively (N0 vs. Nmic P < 0.001).

Conclusions

This study suggests that patients with Nmic have a similar prognosis to N+ (N1 + N2) patients, and a low risk of local recurrence, questioning the necessity of ALND for Nmic SLN. J. Surg. Oncol. 2012; 106:399–405. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Responding to secondary traumatic stress: A pilot study of torture treatment programs in the United States
Authors: Akinsulure‐Smith Adeyinka M. , Keatley Eva , Rasmussen Andrew
Published: April 2012

Providers who care for torture survivors may be at risk for secondary traumatic stress, yet there has been little documentation of the effects of repeated exposure to traumatic issues on their emotional health or exploration of the support systems and resources available to address their emotional needs. This study assessed the secondary stress experiences of service providers (N = 43) within the National Consortium of Torture Treatment Programs in the United States and examined the supports offered by their organizations. The study found a significant correlation between rates of anxiety and depression among providers, r(34) = .49, p = .003. Although these participants reported that their work with survivors of torture was stressful, 91% indicated that their organizations offered a variety of stress‐reduction activities. Overall, participants reported that their own personal activities were the most‐effective stress reducers. The results are discussed in light of challenges that professionals who work with this population face and the effectiveness of support systems available to support their work.
Analytical and Numerical Methods for Capturing the Thermal Fluctuations of Semiflexible Polymers
Authors: Poelert Sander L. , Zadpoor Amir A.
Published: April 2012

Semiflexible polymers that are submerged in a viscous fluid of finite temperature continuously fluctuate. An accurate description of such thermal fluctuations of single semiflexible polymers forms the corner stone of research on both synthetic and biological polymers in a wide variety of research fields, such as material science, mechanobiology, biophysics and bioengineering. The current study presents an overview of both analytical and numerical coarse‐grained models that capture the Brownian dynamics of single semiflexible polymers. These models include the worm‐like chain model, bead–rod, bead–spring and finite element models. The limitations of the discussed methods are addressed and suggestions are made for further research.

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Multiple solutions of a quasilinear elliptic problem involving nonlinear boundary condition on exterior domain
Authors: Chen Caisheng , Zhang Qi
Published: April 2012

In this paper, we study the multiplicity of non‐negative solutions for the quasilinear p‐Laplacian equation with the nonlinear boundary condition

math image
where Δp denotes the p‐Laplacian operator, defined by △ pu = div( | ∇ u | p − 2 ∇ u),1 < p < N, Ω is a smooth exterior domain in . is the outward normal derivative, . The parameters p,q,r are either
or
. The weight functions a(x),h(x),g(x) satisfy some suitable conditions. Using the decomposition of the Nehari manifold and the variational methods, we prove that problem (1) has at least two positive solutions provided 0 < | λ | < λ1 for some λ1. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analytische Chemie 2010/2011
Authors: Mizaikoff Boris
Published: April 2012

Mit Nanoporen detektieren elektrochemische Biosensoren einzelne Moleküle, Nanopartikel aus molekular geprägten Polymeren erkennen Proteine und Nukleinsäuren, und Nanostrukturen verstärken die Signale in der Ramanspektroskopie. Kleiner wurden auch die Säulenmaterialien für die Flüssigkeits‐ chromatographie: Partikeldurchmesser liegen unterhalb von 3 µm, Porendurchmesser im 10‐nm‐ Bereich. Nano ist aber nur ein Thema der Forschung in der analytischen Chemie. Der Trendbericht stellt in diesem Jahr auch Rastersondenmethoden und ihre Kombinationen vor, leistungsstarke Lichtquellen und neue Methoden in der Schwingungsspektroskopie, Alternativen zum induktiv gekoppelten Plasma und Atomabsorptionsspektroskopie in der Routineanalytik sowie Anwendungen in der Chemometrik.
Die Trittbrettfahrer des Graphens
Authors: Bensch Wolfgang
Published: April 2012

Übergangsmetallschichtchalkogenide sind Graphenanaloga. Ihre elektronischen Eigenschaften lassen sie als Material für Elektroden und Transistoren geeignet erscheinen.
Von Wasserstoff bis Radon: alles aus der Haribo‐Tüte
Authors: Schlicht Harald
Published: April 2012

Chemische Vorführungen, um Menschen zu unterhalten oder um Schülern etwas beizubringen, gelingen auch ohne Gestank und Explosion. Die grundsätzliche Struktur des Periodensystems der Elemente zeigt ein Modell aus Naschereien.
Stickstoffkreislauf: zu viel des Guten?
Authors: Groß Michael
Published: April 2012

In weniger als einem Jahrhundert haben Menschen die natürliche Produktion von Stickstoffverbindungen überflügelt. Kann deren biologischer Abbau mit diesem Zuwachs Schritt halten?
Intelligentes IT‐Management verbessert Geschäftsergebnisse
Authors: Farhat Omar N. , Gawert Christoph
Published: April 2012

Wie ein Berater effiziente Strukturen der Informationstechnik in dezentralen Konzernstrukturen der Chemieindustrie errichtet, zeigt ein Beispiel aus der Spezialchemie.
Deals: Zeit des Durchatmens
Authors: Schneider Bernd
Published: April 2012

Die Übernahmen in der Chemiewirtschaft waren im Jahr 2011 geringer als im Jahr zuvor. Dies gilt auch für das vierte Quartal 2011 gegenüber dem dritten Quartal. Während europäische Unternehmen hauptsächlich außereuropäische kauften, übernahmen chinesische Unternehmen vor allem chinesische.
Chemiewelt im Wandel
Authors: Belderok Alexander , Keller Alexander , Kühner Sebastian
Published: April 2012

Das Volumen der Chemiemärkte wird sich in den kommenden 20 Jahren weltweit verdoppeln. Dabei werden die Wachstumsraten sinken. Die Entwicklungsperspektiven reichen von einer regionalisierten Welt mit regulierten Märkten und Protektionismus bis zu globaler Prosperität, bei der sich Unternehmen durch Innovationen im weltweiten Wettbewerb behaupten.
Bequests to health‐related charitable organisations: a structural model
Authors: Sikkel Dirk , Schoenmakers Eric
Published: April 2012

Charitable organisations, which support research on serious diseases such as cancer, heart diseases or rheumatism, are to a considerable extent dependent on bequests. Because in the Netherlands, in the next decade, the number of deaths per year is expected to increase at a faster rate than the population growth, it is likely that in the future bequests, there will be an even larger source of income. This paper examines the psychological motives that determine the propensity to include a health‐related charitable organisation in the will. Qualitative research by Schervish and Havens (2003) suggested that empathy for the suffering of others is the most important explanatory variable for leaving a bequest to charity. This result is examined and confirmed in a quantitative study by estimating a structural model that shows how other explanatory variables are mediated by empathy. Empathy is positively influenced by appeal of the charitable organisation, lack of family need, altruism and gratitude. Independent from empathy, generativity and personal experience with disease contribute to donations by bequests.

Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Halogen Bonding versus Hydrogen Bonding: A Molecular Orbital Perspective
Authors: Wolters Lando P. , Bickelhaupt F. Matthias
Published: April 2012

We have carried out extensive computational analyses of the structure and bonding mechanism in trihalides DX⋅⋅⋅A− and the analogous hydrogen‐bonded complexes DH⋅⋅⋅A− (D, X, A=F, Cl, Br, I) using relativistic density functional theory (DFT) at zeroth‐order regular approximation ZORA‐BP86/TZ2P. One purpose was to obtain a set of consistent data from which reliable trends in structure and stability can be inferred over a large range of systems. The main objective was to achieve a detailed understanding of the nature of halogen bonds, how they resemble, and also how they differ from, the better understood hydrogen bonds. Thus, we present an accurate physical model of the halogen bond based on quantitative Kohn–Sham molecular orbital (MO) theory, energy decomposition analyses (EDA) and Voronoi deformation density (VDD) analyses of the charge distribution. It appears that the halogen bond in DX⋅⋅⋅A− arises not only from classical electrostatic attraction but also receives substantial stabilization from HOMO–LUMO interactions between the lone pair of A− and the σ* orbital of D–X.
Clinical and functional significance of loss of caveolin‐1 expression in breast cancer‐associated fibroblasts
Authors: Simpkins Samantha A , Hanby Andrew M , Holliday Deborah L , Speirs Valerie
Published: April 2012

Loss of caveolin‐1 (Cav‐1) expression in breast cancer‐associated fibroblasts (CAFs) is predictive of poor prognosis in breast cancer, but its function has not been established. Our study tested the hypotheses that loss of Cav‐1 expression in breast fibroblasts was associated with poor prognosis in breast cancer, through promotion of breast cancer cell invasion. Cav‐1 stromal expression was immunohistochemically assessed in 358 breast cancers. Cav‐1 expression in primary breast fibroblasts was analysed by western blot. Modified Boyden chamber assays determined fibroblast ability to promote invasion of breast cancer cells. The impact of siRNA silencing of Cav‐1 in fibroblasts was evaluated using invasion assays and 3D co‐culture assays. Loss of Cav‐1 expression in breast stroma was significantly associated with decreased breast cancer‐specific and disease‐free survival (p = 0.01). Mean survival was 72 months (Cav‐1+ group) versus 29.5 months (Cav‐1− group). This was confirmed in multivariate analysis. Cav‐1 expression was significantly decreased in CAFs compared to normal fibroblasts (p = 0.01) and was associated with increased invasion‐promoting capacity. Cav‐1 siRNA‐treated fibroblasts promoted significantly increased invasion of MDA‐MB‐468 and T47D breast cancer cells from 27% (control) to 67% (p = 0.006) and from 37% to 56%, respectively (p = 0.01). 3D co‐cultures of MDA‐MB‐468 cells with myoepithelial cells led to the formation of organized cohesive structures when cultured with conditioned media from fibroblasts but resulted in a disorganized appearance in the presence of conditioned media from Cav‐1 siRNA‐treated fibroblasts, accompanied by loss of E‐cadherin expression in tumour cells. Our data confirm that loss of stromal Cav‐1 in breast cancer predicts poor outcome. At a functional level, Cav‐1‐deficient CAFs are capable of significantly increasing the invasive capacity of breast cancer cells. Copyright © 2012 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mechanical and electrical multifunctional poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate‐co‐3‐hydroxyvalerate)—multiwall carbon nanotube nanocomposites
Authors: Vidhate Shailesh , Innocentini‐Mei Lucia , D'Souza Nandika Anne
Published: April 2012

In this work, nanocomposites of poly(hydroxybutyrate‐co‐hydroxyvalerate) PHBV and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNT) were prepared by melt blending. Mechanical, thermal, morphological, and electrical properties of the prepared PHBV/MWNT nanocomposites were investigated. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) results showed MWNT effectively enhanced the crystallization and nucleation of PHBV. Dynamic thermo‐mechanical and static uniaxial mechanical tensile and compressive properties were increased by the addition of MWNT. MWNT observed in the nanocomposites using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed dimensions similar to separated nanotubes inferring a good dispersion. The presence of nanotubes in close vicinity with each other formed an interconnecting network that led to the formation of electrically conductive nanocomposites. The electrical resistance of the nanocomposites was reduced with the addition of MWNT. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2012. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers
Toward forced assembly of in situ low‐density polyethylene composites reinforced with low‐Tg phosphate glass fibers: Effects of matrix crystallization and shear deformation
Authors: Lanneluc Romain , Bounor‐Legaré Véronique , Fulchiron René , Katena Jin , Otaigbe Joshua U.
Published: April 2012

This study is aimed at investigating the feasibility of using facile forced assembly methods (temperature and shear strain‐induced orientation of the dispersed phase) to create novel “in situ” low‐density polyethylene (LDPE) composites containing fibrillar inorganic phosphate glass (P‐glass) reinforcing phase during the composite fabrication. Clearly, the experimental results show that unique thermo‐rheological conditions exist under which the “in situ” LDPE composites containing fibrillar P‐glass with potential enhanced benefits can be prepared. DSC results showed that the P‐glass has a moderate nucleating effect on the LDPE crystallization that restricts in situ deformation of the P‐glass during the composite fabrication. Rheo‐optical data showed that a 5% P‐glass/95% LDPE hybrid composition, subjected to a shear rate of 20 s−1 in the parallel plate configuration and 130°C gave “in situ” LDPE composite samples with the largest amount of P‐glass fibers in the limited range of experimental conditions used. This study may spur interests in a better understanding of the potential for the “in situ” reinforcement of engineering plastics with inorganic P‐glasses, at the molecular level, to produce novel “in situ” polymer composites with very high aspect ratios of the reinforcing inorganic phase. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2012. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers