bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Les apports de l’économie rurale des 20 dernières années à travers le Tome 2 du Handbook of Agricultural Economics
Authors: Mahé Louis-Pascal
Published: March 2022

Volume 2 of the Handbook of Agricultural Economics covers three large fields : environment, macroeconomics, and agricultural and food policy. Some chapters aim at exposing the matter and others are excessively technical regarding the story told, some are just a recollection, but others find a very good balance. The amount of works of the profession is impressive, and the sense of progress is real, even if limits are identified. Information and institutions have gained attention compared to quantitative methods which are no longer covered as such : may be a sign of professional maturity. There is no unique message in the Handbook, there are even contradictions and lively debates : this is a sign of good health. Even if faith in markets prevails, almost as a doctrine in some chapters, focus is also made on some limits of private property and free markets. The approach is pragmatic and stresses empirical relevance. The reading is a must for advanced students and for all academics who whish to avoid staying narrow on their own topic.
Analyse exploratoire de quelques stratégies de fourniture ‘non publique’ des biens ‘publics’
Authors: Déprés Christophe , Grolleau Gilles , Mzoughi Naoufel
Published: March 2022

The ‘ non-public’ provision of ‘ public’ goods : an exploratory analysis

The ‘ public’ or ‘ collective’ nature of some goods and services has often legitimated the intervention of the ‘ visible hand’ of the state. The new institutional economics, initiated by Coase, raises objections against this rationale. First, several heterodox authors question the nature of goods and they show that the ‘ public or private nature’ is socially constructed at several stages, i. e. financing, production and access. Consequently, economics implications resulting from this distinction are seriously contested. Second, Coase and his followers challenge the public goods rationale for government production based on economic efficiency grounds. The new institutional economics proposes to identify, in a comparative way, the real institutional arrangements likely to minimize the whole production and transaction costs. Coasean economics does not mean the absence of state intervention, but rather redefines the modalities of this intervention, to enable the achievement of benefits proper to private arrangements. Government intervention does not necessarily imply that public authorities will deal with all the aspects that can be distinguished in the provision of ‘ public’ goods. Transaction costs economics show the diversity of arrangements that may emerge on a continuum ranging from the ‘ all-state’ to the ‘ all-market’ approach. We study three institutional arrangements likely to lead to non-public provision of public goods : the association of private benefits, collective organization and contractualisation. We analyze the modalities of public intervention and stress the degree of mixing in institutional arrangements. Some examples are presented, mainly in the agricultural sector, where the ‘ collective’ nature of some environmental productions has considerably justified the ‘ heavy’ intervention of the state.
Les formes d’intervention des pouvoirs publics dans l’approvisionnement en bestiaux de Paris : la Caisse de Poissy de l’Ancien Régime au Second Empire
Authors: Leteux Sylvain
Published: March 2022

Héritière d’une longue tradition d’intervention des autorités publiques pour la régulation des marchés d’approvisionnement en bestiaux de Paris, la Caisse de Poissy connaît de nombreuses vicissitudes sous l’Ancien Régime, au gré des priorités du pouvoir monarchique et/ ou municipal et des pressions exercées tantôt par les bouchers, tantôt par les herbagers. Créée avant tout pour garantir le paiement entre les bouchers et les marchands de bestiaux, la Caisse est aussi une source de revenus non négligeable pour la Ville de Paris. Pendant toute son existence, la Caisse est l’objet d’un vif débat entre les partisans de la liberté des échanges et ceux qui réclament le maintien d’un système, censé garantir un approvisionnement régulier de la capitale. C’est l’évolution des termes de ce débat sur le long terme, depuis l’Ancien Régime jusqu’au Second Empire, qui est intéressante à suivre, notamment aux périodes où le système est provisoirement suspendu (1776, 1791, 1825).
Exploring disparities and similarities in European food consumption patterns
Authors: Petrovici Dan A. , Ritson Christopher , Ness Mitchell
Published: March 2022

This paper investigates the heterogeneity of food consumption patterns in Europe. The analysis relies on a wide set of indicators, namely the structure of calorie, protein and fat consumption as well as the consumption of main foodstuffs. Clusters based on estimated income elasticity of calorie and protein demand are also reported. Income elasticities of animal products tend to exceed those corresponding to the total calorie demand. The same pattern holds true for the elasticity of demand for proteins. Main dimensions of consumption are identified based on factor analysis and used subsequently for the purpose of clustering countries. The hard core clusters are those that remain stable regardless of the algorithm used in classification or the indicators as a proxy of food consumption patterns. A limited number of hard core clusters of countries emerged. The paper concludes with a discussion of clusters with homogeneous patterns of consumption.
Évolution des modèles professionnels en agriculture : scènes de débat, questions d’écologie et catégories de connaissances
Authors: Candau Jacqueline , Ruault Claire
Published: March 2022

Dans le secteur agricole, à l’heure où plusieurs crises alimentaires récentes ont porté les modes d’élevage industriel à la connaissance des consommateurs, on assiste à un processus de valorisation de l’élevage en prairies en tant que «nouveau » modèle professionnel. L’analyse s’attache à identifier, dans le cas des marais charentais, la façon dont s’installe et opère ce processus de (re) définition des «bons » agriculteurs : par quels jeux d’acteurs, au travers de quels débats et sur quelles scènes de discussion ? L’évolution des systèmes de normes qui fondent l’exercice d’une activité est analysée dans ses interactions avec les configurations socioprofessionnelles propres au monde agricole et les relations avec d’autres acteurs. La situation étudiée illustre de façon exemplaire le fait qu’aujourd’hui la définition des critères de qualification professionnelle n’est plus seulement interne au milieu professionnel agricole. Elle renvoie aussi à un processus de discussion avec de «nouveaux » acteurs qui interviennent autour de et sur l’agriculture.
La fermeture des paysages dans le Massif central : regards d’habitants sur une question d’experts
Authors: Deuffic Philippe
Published: March 2022

Suite au repli de l’agriculture sur les zones les plus productives, de nombreuses terres agricoles se sont boisées naturellement au cours des trois dernières décennies. Les paysages ruraux des zones de moyenne montagne ont changé à tel point que certains acteurs du monde rural parlent de «fermeture du paysage » . Après une évocation rapide de l’émergence de cette thématique sur la scène institutionnelle nationale et locale, nous verrons comment les habitants du causse de Sauveterre (Lozère) perçoivent au quotidien ces dynamiques paysagères. En effet, si les institutions agricoles et environnementales font de la question de la fermeture des paysages un enjeu en termes de biodiversité notamment, les habitants traduisent cette problématique en d’autres termes. Pour eux, l’embroussaillement des anciennes terres de parcours reflètent avant tout une recomposition profonde des liens sociaux. Ils sont aussi très attentifs aux défrichements qui ne signifient pas seulement une «réouverture des paysages » , mais s’avèrent être aussi une occasion de redéfinir les droits des différents usagers de l’espace.
Histoire de la dynamique territoriale de l’industrie. Le rôle de la demande de travail
Authors: Aubert Francis , Gaigné Carl
Published: March 2022

Cet article analyse l’évolution historique du rôle de la demande de travail dans la dynamique spatiale de l’industrie. Après avoir explicité les liens à l’espace des différentes composantes de la demande de travail, nous proposons une périodisation de l’évolution spatiale de l’industrie. Le début de l’industrie se manifeste par des formes de dispersion à la campagne où les ateliers profitent des avantages de coût et de flexibilité de la main-d’oeuvre. Dans une deuxième période, l’industrie crée le regroupement en dehors des villes historiques, comme points de fixation de la main-d’oeuvre ; puis elle réintègre la ville, afin de bénéficier des avantages d’un marché du travail dense et diversifié. Au cours de la troisième période, l’industrie s’établit à la périphérie des grandes villes, périphérie de plus en plus lointaine : des banlieues proches aux aires rurales les plus reculées où elle retrouve des formes de travail relativement détachées des marchés urbains.
Les lois économiques doivent-elles s’appliquer aux biens de subsistance ?
Authors: Clément Alain
Published: March 2022

S’il existe de nombreuses lois très générales en économie (loi de Malthus, loi de l’offre et de la demande, loi d’Engel, …) qui témoignent du caractère scientifique de la discipline, «les vivres » constituent un champ spécifique, reconnu comme tel, qui débouche sur la formation d’un savoir et de lois particulières, non applicables, non transposables à d’autres champs de l’économie (loi de King-Davenant, par exemple). Dans le passé, un certain nombre d’économistes ont même proposé que «les vivres » sortent du champ de l’économie, en raison de cette spécificité, et rejoignent un autre champ disciplinaire, moral et politique, plus conforme à l’idée que nous nous faisons du rôle des subsistances dans l’histoire de l’humanité. Ils ont ainsi ouvert la voie et la justification à d’autres types de lois (normatives) à des règles et des normes édictées par les hommes. On comprend mieux pourquoi, aujourd’hui encore, on parle «d’exception agricole » dans les débats économiques.
Évaluation de l’insécurité alimentaire dans le Comté de Sacramento
Authors: Bellin-Lestienne Constance , Darmon Nicole
Published: March 2022

A report on food security in Sacramento County

In 2001, about 56,000 adults were estimated to be food insecure in Sacramento County. This number tends to keep rising eventhough several federal food assistance programs are available to the low-income population. The objectives of our study were to describe the population using emergency food assistance programs and to evaluate the federal food programs available to low-income people. Two different methods were used. Personal interviews of key informants in charge of the federal programs were made and a self-administered questionnaire was delivered in emergency food agencies. A total of 338 food aid recipients answered the questionnaire. Among individuals receiving emergency food assistance, 80% lived below the poverty level and 62% had a member in their household who experienced hunger in the past year. More than 27% of the households had an income related to work. Among them 73 % lived below the poverty level and more than 82 % were food insecure. The study showed that eligible residents often did not access federal food programs either because they do not know about them or because there are too many barriers to their utilization such as : the lack of information regarding the programs, the language barrier, especially for immigrants, the difficult access to the program sites and the administrative burden of most programs. People using emergency food programs also declared that food stamps were insufficient to feed the household during a month, which explained why they seek assistance from emergency agencies. In order to decrease the number of people using emergency food programs it is necessary to improve the outreach efforts of the federal food programs towards the low-income community.
The contribution of rural community businesses to integrated rural development: « Local services for local people »
Authors: Gore Tony , Wells Peter , Powell Ryan
Published: March 2022

La contribution des coopératives rurales au développement rural intégré : de véritables services d’approvisionnement pour la population locale

Les problèmes actuels des espaces ruraux européens impliquent moins des mesures sectorielles agricoles que des stratégies en faveur d’un «développement rural intégré » . Ainsi, la modernisation et la diversification des exploitations agricoles sont-elles souvent liées au développement d’une base économique plus hétérogène, comportant une part importante d’activités destinées à satisfaire les demandes résidentielles et récréatives. Cette stratégie suppose un haut niveau de coordination entre les différents agents économiques et, plus largement, avec tous les acteurs de la société locale. Cet article analyse la contribution des coopératives rurales d’approvisionnement au développement rural. Malgré des effets économiques directs et induits relativement limités, leur impact local est important en raison de l’activation des réseaux sociaux et institutionnels. Elles offrent effectivement des possibilités adaptées au service d’un développement rural intégré. Il ne s’agit cependant que d’un levier parmi une palette beaucoup plus large d’actions économiques, sociales et environnementales.
Politiques agricoles et enjeux paysagers. Analyse sur deux territoires rhône-alpins
Authors: Vollet Dominique , Arlot Marie-Pierre
Published: March 2022

Landscapes are gradually integrated as potential resources for economic development. This integration takes place in a combined movement of sectoral policies, including agricultural ones, for areas presenting differentiated strategies of development. Is the local level able to give certain coherence to this heterogeneous group of policies, particularly in the means of considering the landscape ? To answer these questions, an exhaustive analysis of the agricultural policies was carried out on two territories of the Rhone-Alps presenting a differentiated development, Trièves and Bauges. The analysis started from a specific grid of analysis over two periods (1994-1995 ; 2001-2002). Over these periods, the area of the Bauges, which presents a less marked identity than Trièves, is more massively confronted to the arrival of commuters. It is also setting its development on the installation of a Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) cheese. The agricultural policies in favour of the landscape are characterized by a strong degree of planning (creation and promotion). Trièves development lies on " soft" tourism and on direct sale of organic products. These results seem to consolidate and clarify the assumption of the diversity of the bases for local management of local public good as the landscape is.
«Se marier pour aller jusqu'au bout ensemble ? » Ruptures conjugales et transmission des exploitations agricoles dans la lignée
Authors: Bessière Céline
Published: March 2022

" Married once and for ail ?" The breakup of conjugal unions and the transmission of family farms in the lineage.

Farmers who live in a couple tend to be married more often and to divorce less than members of other social groups. Based on statistical data from the survey Etude de l'histoire familiale (INSEE/INED 1999) as well as on long term ethnographic fieldwork carried out among wine-growing families in the area of Cognac, the author shows however that farmers and their female partners experiment the same transformations of conjugal relationships as do other social groups. Marriage is not systematic any more, the number of divorces bas risen and more generally farmers and their partners have to live with the always present possibility of breakup. The article analyses how the breakup of conjugal unions in farmers' families implies specific consequences, because of the presence of family businesses and the transmission of the farm in the lineage.
Impact of private label development across retail formats: Evidences from the Italian dairy market
Authors: Sckokai Paolo , Soregaroli Claudio
Published: March 2022

In the European food sector private labels represent a relevant and increasing share of total sales. Focusing on price strategies, recent theoretical papers conclude that private label development should cause a decrease in the price of national brands, while some empirical studies do not support this prediction. The aim of this study is to explore this empirical relationship for the Italian dairy sector. Using retail sales data, we study how prices of national brands react to private label growth. We find that the impact of private label development on national brand prices is product specific : a negative impact is registered by industrial products such as butter and mascarpone and by highly differentiated products such as yogurt. Positive effect is found in the case of traditional cheeses produced by strong national brands.
Adaptation à court et à long terme de l'agriculture au risque de sécheresse : une approche par couplages de modèles biophysiques et économiques
Authors: Reynaud Arnaud
Published: March 2022

Short and long run adaptation of agriculture, to drought risk : Assessment through coupling of economic and biophysical models.

In this article, we analyse the impact of drought risk on agriculture. We use a biophysical crop growth model (STICS) in order to simulate crop yield under various climatic scenarios. A micro-economic model which optimises, under climate uncertainty, land allocation across crops and irrigation is developed to reflect farmer's behaviour. This framework is used to assess the impact of drought risk on a representative French farmer located in the Midi- ? y rénées region (South-West of France). We first show that, on the short run, the private cost of a drought can be high. On the long run, farmers can however significantly reduce this cost by modifying their cropping systems. We finally demonstrate that French farmers may benefit from the implementation of early drought alert mechanisms.
Mesure des changements de consommation suite à une segmentation de l'offre : l'exemple de la tomate fraîche
Authors: Hassan Daniel , Monier-Dilhan Sylvette
Published: March 2022

Cet article explore certaines limites de l'innovation comme outil de stimulation de la consommation de fruits et légumes frais. En nous appuyant sur l'exemple de la tomate fraîche, nous mesurons l'impact de nouveaux produits (tomate-grappe et tomate-cerise) sur la consommation totale de tomate. Après avoir vérifié que tous les biens s'inscrivent dans le même marché, nous montrons que si ces nouveaux produits ont bien suscité une demande, celle-ci n'a pas dynamisé la consommation. Ce résultat est un exemple de «cannibalisation» des produits où, en raison d'une différenciation insuffisante des nouveaux produits par rapport aux produits traditionnels, les consommateurs se limitent à substituer les premiers aux seconds sans étendre le marché.
Concilier logiques d'éleveurs, entretien du territoire et viabilité des pratiques agricoles : l'exemple d'une filière viande régionale en Valais (Suisse)
Authors: Miéville-Ott Valérie , Hermier Rémi , Roque Olivier
Published: March 2022

Reconciling breeders' logic, landscape maintenance and viability of the agricultural practices : The example of a regional meat chain in Valais (Switzerland).

The multifunctionality of Swiss agriculture is well recognized and is written into the Federal Constitution. Rural landscape maintenance is one of these public functions but it is challenged by high forest expansion. Within this context, the interdisciplinary PASTO project tested new beef production practices that should both help maintain the landscape and create added value for the local economy. A typology of the Hérens cattle breeders of the Valais was established. The landscape maintenance and marketing practices of the different breeder groups are very different. The public policy instruments are translated by the social representations and motivations of the breeders and result in heterogenous spatial impacts. The question is if the establishment of a regional meat chain with landscape objective can represent a harmonization tool that may give a shared meaning and objectives to the existing heterogenous practices and a more coherent spatial and territorial impact.
Un corps évolutif : les inspecteurs de la santé publique vétérinaire
Authors: Fritsch Philippe
Published: March 2022

A transforming corps : The veterinary public health inspectors.

The veterinary public health inspectors (VPHI) form a body, a corps properly speaking, organically and symbolically, but a body that is transforming. Some of its modifications depend on public health political ups and downs and of their translation in the field of authority where the VPHI must face other rivals, in a position of «dominating / dominated». But the main changes are of a different kind. They result from the bipolarisation of a body split between, on the one hand, the most ancient (the oldest, the highest graded, the most experienced but without specific training, often people who have been driven by social promotion, their own promotion and that of their ascendants), who also are most likely to play in the field of local powers ; and on the other hand, the youngest in age and seniority (more likely women and lower graded) and who seem more willing to practice their job in a procedural way.
Taxe ambiante : un outil adapté à la lutte contre les coulées de boue ? Une étude expérimentale
Authors: Cochard François , Rozan Anne
Published: March 2022

Recent surveys report the increasing number of muddy flows and point out the fact that agricultural practices (among others ) play an important role in their occurrence. We propose to use an ambient taxi subsidy instrument to induce farmers to adopt better practices. The advantage of this type of instrument is that it allows the regulator to introduce the correct incentives without needing the observation of the agents' individual efforts, but only of the collective result of efforts. Our first objective is to test the efficiency of the instrument in the specific context of muddy floods. Our second objective is to investigate the acceptability of this scheme. We run our experiment with six real farmers and carry out a socio-economic debriefing after the experiment. We observe that the instrument is relatively efficient at least in the first part of the experiment. However, the debriefing reveals subjects' scepticism about the usefulness of the experimentation for investigating their real behaviour and that they are against this type of instrument.
John Bull's Beef : Meat hygiene and veterinary public health in England in the twentieth century
Authors: Hardy Anne
Published: March 2022

Britain played a pioneering role in the introduction of public health practices in the nineteenth century, yet veterinary public health was never a component of that project. The British have for the most part been indifferent to the risks of disease transmitted through meat and milk. This paper explores the reasons for this indifference , which include the nature of Britain's livestock disease regime ; the country's prosperity before 1 940 ; the fact that the public health organisation was run by medical men and administered by local authorities ; the relatively small and politically weak character of the veterinary profession ; the vested interests of administrators, farmers and the meat trades, and economic imperatives. Despite persistent veterinary pressure, it was not until the very end of the twentieth century that European Economic Community regulations and the BSE crisis finally operated to confer supervisory powers over meat production on the veterinary profession.
Decoupling and prices: determinant of dairy farmers’ choices?
Authors: Lelyon Baptiste , Chatellier Vincent , Daniel Karine
Published: March 2022

Découplage et prix : les déterminants du choix des éleveurs ?

Dans cet article, nous discutons des effets croisés de la mise en oeuvre du découplage et de la variation des prix sur les stratégies productives des exploitations laitières françaises. Un modèle basé sur la programmation mathématique a été construit afin de déterminer comment les producteurs de lait ré-évaluent leurs systèmes afin d’identifier le plan de production optimal. Ce modèle est appliqué à quatre types d''exploitations laitières afin de déterminer les impacts de la réforme sur différents systèmes techniques. Les simulations montrent que le découplage encourage les agriculteurs à modifier leurs assolements au profit d’une part croissante de prairies. Toutefois, l’augmentation du prix des céréales va dans le sens d’une intensification de la production fourragère permettant de libérer des surfaces pour les grandes cultures. Enfin, quatre années après l’application du découplage, cette étude permet de discuter de l’écart entre les effets théoriques attendus du découplage et les choix réellement opérés par les agriculteurs. Cet article identifie six facteurs pouvant expliquer ces différences : les caractéristiques d’une production agricole de long terme, les critères d’éligibilité au paiement direct, la psychologie/ sociologie de l’agriculteur (aversion au risque), l’anticipation d’une nouvelle réforme, les organisations de commercialisation et la valeur des facteurs de production.
Dynamics of European agricultural productivity: An analysis of regional convergence
Authors: Cuerva Maria C.
Published: March 2022

Dynamique de la productivité agricole européenne : une analyse de convergence régionale

L’objectif de cet article est d’analyser l’évolution de la distribution de la productivité agricole européenne sous l’hypothèse de la persistance des différences entre les niveaux de productivité sur le long terme. Nos données proviennent de la base de données du Cambridge Econometrics. Nous avons travaillé sur un échantilon de 125 régions de l’UE-15, de 1985 à 2004. Nous avons combiné les fonctions de densité, les matrices de transition et l’analyse stochastique pour étudier la dynamique de la distribution de la productivité. Les résultats indiquent qu’il n’existe pas de processus de convergence rapide. Les disparités entre les agricultures européennes sont importantes et persistantes. La plus grande persistance est observée aux deux extrémités de la distribution. De plus, nous présentons une typologie régionale basée sur différents modèles structurels : la dimension économique et territoriale des exploitations, les caractéristiques de la main-d’oeuvre et la spécialisation productive. Les résultats mettent en évidence que la diversité de modèles conditionne la productivité et complique la convergence sectorielle. La divergence de la productivité agricole européenne se poursuivra si les différences de modèles structurels persistent dans l’avenir.
The tourist recreational demand for coastal forests: Do forests really matter?
Authors: Rulleau Bénédicte , Dehez Jeoffrey , Point Patrick
Published: March 2022

This paper explores the possible impact of the combination of forest and non-forest settings on recreation values. We extend the traditional contingent valuation method by introducing seven dichotomous choice occasions. To answer each valuation question, each respondent is asked to choose between a policy scheme and the status quo. Each scheme is composed of various programmes while each programme is linked to the recreational quality of one natural area. An extra distance is used as a proxy of the bid. The results show that respondents distinguish between schemes according to the number of programmes included. Nevertheless, a “ substitution effect” occurs when all programmes are supposed to be implemented. Individual WTP ranges from € 6.51 for the forest alone (e. g. 55.35 extra kilometres per group-vehicle) to € 18.11 (e. g. 153.9 extra kilometres per group-vehicle) for the complete scheme. Our results stress the fact that recreation in forests must not be isolated from other natural areas. From a more general point of view, valuation based on multi-attribute approaches must be favoured on “ multi-environment” sites.
Methodological basis for research on the relationship between environmental initiatives and business competitiveness
Authors: Fura Barbara
Published: March 2022

This article presents a methodological basis of the project “Environmental Initiatives and Factors of Competitiveness in Companies” with reg. no. 2016/23/D/HS4/03007. The project is funded by the National Science Centre as a part of the SONATA 12 Contest. The aim of the project is to determine the relationship between environmental initiatives and the competitiveness of companies. Bothprimary and secondary statistical data was used for the project. This article describes the main project assumptions, research thesis, manner of acquiring the empirical data and statistical analysis of such data. The attention was also paid on diffi culties and limitations which occurred when conducting the research.
THE DEGREE OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT PRINCIPLES IMPLEMENTATION IN TRANSPORTATION BASED ON AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF RAIL BUSES' LIFE CYCLE
Authors: Dziaduch Izabela
Published: March 2022

The article presents an economic analysis of the life cycle of rail buses. As this analysis part, the costs incurred by the user in the exploitation phase of a rail bus were assessed. The cost estimate was based on the author’s own method of forecasting the exploitation costs of a technical object (e.g. means of transport, equipment, machinery), which takes into account the variability of the costs incurred over time. The article also provides the implementation of the aforementioned method, verifying its practical application when estimating the exploitation costs of technical objects. Experimental verification aimed at assessing the usability of the cost forecasting method is the purpose of this article. The verification was carried out for eight single mode X type rail buses produced by the same manufacturer. The experimental verification of the method used to estimate exploitation costs in the life cycle of objects consisted in: 1. Conducting reliability analysis of the exploitation objects in order to obtain data of technical and economic nature; 2. Entering data into the method and calculating cost forecasts; 3. Assessing correctness of the results. The degree of accuracy of the exploitation cost forecast was measured using ex post relative forecast error. The compatibility analysis of the forecast cost values with the actual ones showed their high compatibility, as evidenced by the level of the estimated relative errors (the average error was 4.9%). Therefore, it can be concluded that the prognostic value of the method is relatively high.
ANALYTICAL VIEW ON PERCEPTIONS OF SELECTED ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS IN EASTERN SLOVAKIA: A GENERATIONAL PERSPECTIVE
Authors: Novotny Roman , Rovňák Martin , Stofejova Lenka , Adamisin Peter , Bakoň Matus
Published: March 2022

The aim of the paper was to evaluate and compare the views of respondents from eastern Slovakia on selected environmental issues from a generational perspective. The study used an online questionnaire survey to collect the data. Based on the results, it is clear that the severity of environmental problems is perceived differently by each generation and in general, Generation Y gave them the highest priority and generation of Boomers the lowest priority. Based on the performed statistical testing, we can confirm a statistically significant difference between individual generations of respondents in the question of the positive impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on the environment, but no statistically significant difference between individual generations of respondents and their attitude to whether they think that waste sorting and recycling reduces the amount of waste deposited in landfills or whether they think that waste sorting reduces the amount of waste deposited in landfills.
MUNICIPAL WASTE AS A COMMON GOOD IN NATIONAL MUNICIPAL WASTE MANAGEMENT
Authors: Ciechelska Agnieszka
Published: March 2022

Today, waste is a source of raw material and energy that can be recovered. Economic value of waste results in the formation of informal groups of pickers appropriating material waste in developing countries. These types of situations are analysing in the literature. Using Ostrom's SES analytical framework, the authors show that municipal waste in developing countries can be treated as a common good (CPR). The aim of this paper is to answer the question: whether municipal waste in developed countries, can be treated this way, although here the activities of informal collectors are marginal. The analysis also uses the analytical scheme of Ostrom’s SES. However, due to the different organization of the waste management system in developed countries, the individual elements of the scheme were defined differently than in the literature. This resulted in a different schema of municipal waste as a common good. This approach allows the schema to be applied both locally and more broadly and to all types of municipal waste, not just material waste.
THE LEVEL OF REVERSE LOGISTICS IMPLEMENTATION IN TERMS OF WASTE MANAGEMENT IN POLISH VOIVODSHIPS ACCORDING TO A MULTIVARIATE COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS
Authors: Zielińska Anetta
Published: March 2022

In practice, reverse logistics in Poland refers to a narrow approach within the framework of the waste management problem. The voivodships have been obliged to implement reverse logistics processes more effectively through waste management. The article aims to diagnose the implementation level of waste management processes (part of reverse logistics) in Polish voivodships. The research used a multivariate comparative analysis that ranks voivodships according to waste management indicators. The research will result in preparing the ranking of voivodships listing the leaders and those unsuccessful in the implementation of waste management. Based on the research, Śląskie and Podlaskie voivodships were selected as the ones presenting the highest level of waste management implementation, whereas the lowest level was recorded for Lubuskie voivodship.
Phagocytic Activity of Neutrophils and Monocytes in Patients with Various Forms of Erysipelas
Authors: Василевская Л.А. , Шаповал С.Д. , Воронцова Л.Л.
Published: March 2022

Цель. Изучение особенностей изменений факторов врожденного иммунитета у пациентов с различными формами и течением рожистого воспаления.Материалы и методы. Обследовано 144 пациента с различными формами первичного и рецидивирующего рожистого воспаления; исследования осуществлялись согласно этическим и морально-правовым требованиям, предопределенным приказом МЗ Украины № 281 от 1.11.2020 г.Для исследования клеточных факторов врожденной резистентности определяли фагоцитарную активность нейтрофилов и моноцитов в крови, кислородзависимый метаболизм нейтрофилов, активность миелопироксидазы и содержание катионных белков в нейтрофилах.Результаты. У пациентов с первичным и рецидивирующим рожистым воспалением выявили незавершенный фагоцитоз нейтрофильного и моноцитарного звеньев, отягощенный дефицитом функционально-метаболического резерва при рецидивах. Степень иммунных расстройств изменялaсь в зависимости от тяжести течения заболевания – от І до ІІ степени иммунных расстройств.Выводы. Наиболее иммунологически скомпрометированными (вследствие несостоятельности фагоцитарной системы) являются пациенты с первичным рожистым воспалением, осложненным сепсисом, а также пациенты с рецидивирующим течением заболевания.

Purpose. Study of the peculiarities of changes in the factors of innate immunity in patients with various forms and course of erysipelas.Materials and methods. 144 patients with various forms of primary and recurrent erysipelas were examined; the study was carried out in accordance with the ethical, moral, and legal requirements of the Order of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine № 281 dated November 1, 2020.Tostudythecellularfactorsofinnateresistance, thephagocyticactivityofneutrophilsandmonocytes in the blood, the oxygen-dependent metabolism of neutrophils, the activity of myelopyroxidase, and the content of cationic proteins in neutrophils were determined.Results. In patients with primary and recurrent erysipelas, there was revealed the imperfect phagocytosis of neutrophilic and monocytic links, aggravated by the deficit of functional metabolic reserve in relapses. The degree of immune disorders varied depending on the severity of the course of the disease – from I to II degrees of immune disorders.Conclusions. The most immunologically compromised (failure of the phagocytic system) patients are the ones with primary erysipelas complicated by sepsis, as well as patients with the recurrent course of the disease.
Etiology of Bacterial Neuroinfection in Children Less than 1 Year Old in Minsk and Streptococcus Group B Antibiotic Susceptibility
Authors: Ластовка А.А.
Published: March 2022

Цель. Проанализировать этиологическую структуру бактериальных нейроинфекций у детей в возрасте до 1 года и оценить чувствительность стрептококка группы В к антибактериальным лекарственным средствам.Материалы и методы. В ходе работы было проанализировано 303 случая нейроинфекций у детей в возрасте до 1 года с 2000 по 2019 г. в г. Минске. Этиология заболевания подтверждалась результатами бактериологического исследования крови и ликвора. В 98 случаях возбудитель нейроинфекции не был выявлен. Чувствительность 75 штаммов стрептококка группы В к антибактериальным лекарственным средствам была оценена с помощью диско-диффузионного метода и автоматического определения чувствительности с помощью тестовых систем для VITEK®2 Compact (BIOMÉRIEUX, Франция).Результаты. В половине случаев бактериальных нейроинфекций у детей первых трех месяцев жизни заболевание вызывает стрептококк группы В. Во втором полугодии жизни основным возбудителем является менингококк (61,1% случаев), реже пневмококк (13,8% случаев) и гемофильная палочка (11,1% случаев). Медиана возраста для бактериальных нейроинфекций, вызванных стрептококком группы В, составила 25 (Q25–Q75 – 14–30) дней, в случае менингококковой этиологии – 180 (Q25–Q75 – 120–270) дней, пневмококковой – 120 (Q25–Q75 – 90–180) дней,гемофильной – 150 (Q25–Q75 – 120–195) дней.В последние 10 лет наблюдается рост случаев бактериальных нейроинфекций, вызванныхстрептококком группы В, у детей в возрасте до 1 года. Большинство штаммов стрептококка группы В в г. Минске сохраняют высокую чувствительность к бета-лактамам.

The purpose. To analyze etiological structure of bacterial neuroinfection in children less than 1 year old; to elucidate antibiotic susceptibility of revealed Streptococcus group В strains.Materials and methods. There were 303 cases of neuroinfection in children less than 1 year old from 2000 to 2019 year. The etiology of infection was unknown in 98 of them. The antibiotic susceptibility of revealed Streptococcus group B strains was elucidated by using disk diffusion test. Results. Streptococcus group B was revealed in half of all cases among children less than 3 month of age. Meningococcus was the main cause of neuroinfection for children from 6 to 12 month old (61,1% of cases), followed by Pneumococcus (13,8%) and Haemophilus influenzae (11,1%).Median of ages in case of Streptococcus group B neuroinfection is 25 (Q25–Q75 – 14–30) days, in case of meningococcal etiology – 180 (Q25–Q75 – 120–270) days, for pneumococcal etiology – 120 (Q25–Q75 – 90–180) days and for Haemophilus influenzae – 150 (Q25–Q75 – 120–195) days.The number of cases Streptococcus group B neuroinfection in children less than 1 year old is growing in the last 10 years. The majority of streptococcus group B strains in Minsk still have high susceptibility to beta-lactams.
Neurologic Manifestations in Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019
Authors: Голубовская О.А. , Заплотная А.А. , Гайнутдинова Т.И. , Минова Л.В. , Куценко А.В. , Покрышень С.В. , Сукач М.Н.
Published: March 2022

Коронавирусная болезнь COVID-19 – системное заболевание с вариабельным и непредсказуемым течением. Среди нереспираторных проявлений COVID-19 неврологические симптомы наблюдаются достаточно часто, особенно среди лиц пожилого возраста и среди пациентов отделений интенсивной терапии. Приведенные клинические случаи иллюстрируют особенности повреждения ЦНС у пациентов с COVID-19. К сожалению, опыт комплексного лечения таких пациентов, в составе которого применялись солу-медрол, антикоагулянты, внутривенные иммуноглобулины, антибиотики и другие средства патогенетической терапии, оказался пессимистичным. Накапливаемый опыт, пусть даже отрицательный, является необходимым в понимании патогенеза, диагностики и тактики ведения таких больных.

Coronavirus disease 2019 is a systemic disease with a variable and unpredictable clinical course. Among the non-respiratory manifestations of COVID-19, neurological symptoms are observed quite often, especially among the elderly people and patients hospitalized in intensive care units. This case series illustrates the features of CNS damage in patients with COVID-19. Unfortunately, the experience of complex treatment of such patients, which included the use of solu-medrol, anticoagulants, intravenous immunoglobulins, antibiotics and other means of pathogenetic therapy, turned out to be pessimistic. The accumulated experience, even if negative, is necessary in understanding the pathogenesis, diagnosis and management of such patients.
Implementation of Folate Complexes in Planning and Managing Pregnancy: Advisability and Evidence Base
Authors: Бурьяк Д.В.
Published: March 2022

Согласно определению Всемирной организации здравоохранения, состояние здоровья человека определяется 4 группами факторов: генетическими, средовыми, поведенческими, а также доступностью надлежащей медико-профилактической помощи. Сказанное в полной мере относится к состоянию здоровья беременной женщины, плода, новорожденного и, следовательно, к перинатальному исходу. Состояние здоровья беременной, плода, новорожденного, а также перинатальные исходы во многом зависят от характера питания и адекватного потребления беременной ключевых нутриентов. Более того, в настоящее время вполне сформировалась концепция фетального (или внутриутробного) программирования, в соответствии с которой характер питания беременной является определяющим фактором, влияющим на будущее психофизическое развитие, показатели здоровья и заболеваемости новорожденного ребенка в течение многих последующих лет и даже десятилетий. Это позволяет говорить о том, что оптимальный подход к питанию беременных и грамотное консультирование по данному вопросу со стороны врача – акушера-гинеколога играют важную роль не только для улучшения показателей материнского здоровья, но и для формирования здоровой нации.

According to the definition of the World Health Organization, the state of human health is determined by 4 groups of factors: genetic, environmental, behavioral, as well as the availability of appropriate medical and preventive care. The foregoing fully applies to the state of health of a pregnant women, fetus, newborn and, therefore, to the perinatal outcome. The health status of a pregnant woman, fetus, newborn, as well as perinatal outcomes largely depends on the nature of the diet and adequate consumption of key nutrients by the pregnant woman [1]. Moreover, at present, the concept of fetal (or intrauterine) programming has fully formed, according to which the nature of a pregnant woman’s diet is a determining factor affecting the future psychophysical development, health indicators and morbidity of the newborn for many subsequent years and even decades [2]. This allows us to say that the optimal approach to the nutrition of pregnant women and competent counseling on this issue from the obstetrician-gynecologist play an important role not only for improving maternal health indicators, but also for the formation of a healthy nation.
Modern Aspects of Treatment of Acute Respiratory Infections of the Upper Respiratory Tract during the Period of COVID-19
Authors: Саливончик Е.И. , Саливончик Д.П.
Published: March 2022

Патогенез острой респираторной инфекции (ОРИ) представляет собой последовательную цепь различных стадий развития: адгезию и внедрение возбудителя в клетки эпителия верхних дыхательных путей, его репродукцию, формирование интоксикационного синдрома и токсико-аллергических реакций, развитие воспалительного процесса в дыхательной системе, обратное развитие инфекционного процесса и формирование иммунитета. Вирус SARS-CoV-2 внес свои коррективы в развитие новой коронавирусной инфекции COVID-19, которая начинается как ОРИ, поражающая верхние и нижние дыхательные пути, а затем может проявляться поражением почек, головного мозга, желудочно-кишечного тракта, сердца и др. В амбулаторной практике при ОРИ, в том числе и при COVID-19, наиболее предпочтительным является назначение лекарственных средств с учетом этиологии заболевания, обладающих достаточной широтой терапевтического действия, а также купирующих основные симптомы заболевания, перекрывающих патогенетически значимые пути его развития и позволяющих свести к минимуму количество приемов лекарственных препаратов, сократить сроки временной нетрудоспособности.

The pathogenesis of acute respiratory infection (ARI) is a sequential chain of different stages of development: the adhesion and introduction of the pathogen into the epithelial cells of the upper respiratory tract, its reproduction, formation of intoxication syndrome and toxic-allergic reactions, development of the inflammatory process in the respiratory system, reverse development of the infectious process, and formation of immunity. The SARS-CoV-2 virus has made its own adjustments to the development of the new coronavirus infection COVID-19, which begins as an ARI that affects the upper and lower respiratory tract, and then it can manifest itself as damage to the kidneys brain, gastrointestinal tract, heart, etc. In outpatient practice with ARI, including COVID-19, it is most preferable to prescribe medicines (taking into account the etiology of the disease) that have a sufficient therapeutic action, as well as to stop the main symptoms of the disease, block pathogenetically significant pathways of its development, and allow minimizing the number of drug prescriptions, reducing the duration of temporary disability.
Corrosion Behavior of Structural Dental Alloys and Dental Implants in a Solution of Artificial Saliva of Various Acidity
Authors: Фролова О.С. , Касач А.А. , Осипенко М.А. , Головко А.И. , Сердечнова М.В. , Курило И.И. , Поспелов А.В.
Published: March 2022

Цель исследования. Количественная оценка коррозионной стойкости конструкционных сплавов в растворе искусственной слюны различной кислотности при протезировании на имплантатах.Объекты и методы. В качестве исследуемых образцов использовались 4 конструкционных сплава на основе кобальта, никеля и два сплава титана. Использовали метод линейной вольтамперометрии и метод электрохимической импедансной спектроскопии.Результаты. В слабокислом (pH 3) растворе слюны наблюдается скорость коррозии в следующем порядке Ni-Cr, Сo-Cr, Ti6Al4V при использовании дентального имплантата.Заключение. Увеличение pH искусственной слюны от 3 до 11 приводит к уменьшению токов коррозии в 4,28–5,25 раза и увеличению сопротивления поверхности в 2,9–8,5 раза соответственно. С точки зрения коррозионной устойчивости для изготовления коронок сплавы Сo-Cr и Ti6Al4V более предпочтительны, чем сплав Ni-Cr в сочетании с дентальными имплантатами.

The purpose of the study. Quantitative assessment of the corrosion resistance of structural alloys in a solution of artificial saliva of various acidity during prosthetics on implants.Objects and methods. 4 structural alloys based on cobalt, nickel and two titanium alloys were used as the test samples. The method of linear voltammetry and the method of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy were used.Results. In a slightly acidic (pH 3) saliva solution, the corrosion rate is observed in the following order Ni-Cr, Co-Cr, Ti6Al4V when using a dental implant.Conclusion. An increase in the pH of artificial saliva from 3 to 11 leads to a decrease in corrosion currents by a factor of 4.28–5.25 and an increase in surface resistance by a factor of 2.9–8.5, respectively. From the point of view of corrosion resistance, for the manufacture of crowns, Co-Cr and Ti6Al4V alloys are more preferable than Ni-Cr alloy in combination with dental implants.