bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Clinical outcome of infantile‐onset inflammatory bowel disease in 102 patients with interleukin‐10 signalling deficiency
Authors: Ye Ziqing , Qian Lai , Hu Wenhui , Miao Shijian , Wang Yuhuan , Lu Junping , Zhou Ying , Lu Xiaolan , Zhang Ye , Zheng Cuifang , Sun Hua , Tang Wenjuan , Tang Zifei , Sun Song , Dong Kuiran , Qian Xiaowen , Zhai Xiaowen , Huang Ying
Published: February 2022

Background

Infantile‐onset inflammatory bowel disease can be caused by defects in interleukin‐10 signalling. The natural history and clinical outcomes of allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation, medical treatment and surgery have not been thoroughly described.

Aims

This study evaluates disease progression and clinical outcome in patients with interleukin‐10 signalling deficiency.

Methods

One hundred and nine patients with interleukin‐10 signalling deficiency were retrospectively reviewed from a single tertiary centre. The Kaplan‐Meier method was applied to calculate probabilities of survival and interval between transplant and stoma closure.

Results

One hundred and nine patients were reviewed, and 102 patients were included in the survival analysis. One hundred and eight patients were identified with IL10RA mutations, and one patient harboured IL10RB mutation. Seventy‐three patients received haematopoietic stem cell transplantation. The overall survival after transplantation was 64.2% (95% confidence interval, 52.8 to 75.6), and without transplantation, it was 47.5% (95% confidence interval, 14.8 to 80.2, P = 0.47). The median timeframe between transplant and stoma closure was 19.6 months. The probability of survival was significantly lower in patients with perforation (P < 0.001), ileus (P = 0.038) and without thalidomide treatment (P < 0.001) among patients who did not receive haematopoietic stem cell transplantation. The survival probability was not associated with timeframe between transplant and onset, graft source and genotypes.

Conclusions

The survival probability was not significantly different between patients with transplantation and the non‐transplanted patients.
Generalized granuloma annulare resolution following biopsy: a remote reverse Koebner phenomenon
Authors: Anjaneyan Gopikrishnan , Sreenivaasan Nandhetha , Eapen Malini
Published: February 2022

This generalized granuloma annulare case of palisading type, with extensive lesions of 10 months duration resolving 1 week post biopsy without any treatment is the most exceptional depiction of this poorly understood remote reverse Koebner phenomenon.
A robust object detection system with occlusion handling for mobile devices
Authors: Chilukuri Devi M. , Yi Sun , Seong Younho
Published: February 2022

Deep learning techniques help computer vision automatically learn the intrinsic patterns within complex data. This research mainly concentrates on creating a mobile application based on augmented reality for elderly mobile users that helps in identifying the traffic signals and other signboards in real‐time using deep learning techniques. TensorFlow serves as an implementation platform to build the object detection system with deep learning. The single shot multibox detector (SSD) model and the two‐stage faster‐regional convolutional neural network (RCNN) models from TensorFlow's object detection application programming interface (API) are compared in this study. The SSD model with MobileNet as a backbone network serves well for this study as it is faster than the RCNN model with comparable accuracy. However, unconstrained environments like occlusions can be an obstacle to the effective performance of an object detection system. This research provides a solution to handle occlusions by developing a robust object detection system through image segmentation techniques. The model introduced is based on the SSD MobileNet model which enables it to be deployable on mobile devices for real‐time offline detection. The developed model exhibits faster performance than the state‐of‐the‐art instance segmentation model, Mask RCNN with comparable accuracy. Elaborated implementation of this system and results are presented in further sections.
Changes in alcohol use during theCOVID‐19 pandemic in Europe: A meta‐analysis of observational studies
Authors: Kilian Carolin , O'Donnell Amy , Potapova Nina , López‐Pelayo Hugo , Schulte Bernd , Miquel Laia , Paniello Castillo Blanca , Schmidt Christiane Sybille , Gual Antoni , Rehm Jürgen , Manthey Jakob
Published: February 2022

Issues

Numerous studies have examined the impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic on alcohol use changes in Europe, with concerns raised regarding increased use and related harms.

Approach

We synthesised observational studies published between 1 January 2020 and 31 September 2021 on self‐reported changes in alcohol use associated with COVID‐19. Electronic databases were searched for studies evaluating individual data from European general and clinical populations. We identified 646 reports, of which 56 general population studies were suitable for random‐effects meta‐analyses of proportional differences in alcohol use changes. Variations by time, sub‐region and study quality were assessed in subsequent meta‐regressions. Additional 16 reports identified were summarised narratively.

Key Findings

Compiling reports measuring changes in overall alcohol use, slightly more individuals indicated a decrease than an increase in their alcohol use during the pandemic [3.8%, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.00–7.6%]. Decreases were also reported more often than increases in drinking frequency (8.0%, 95% CI 2.7–13.2%), quantity consumed (12.2%, 95% CI 8.3–16.2%) and heavy episodic drinking (17.7%, 95% CI 13.6–21.8%). Among people with pre‐existing high drinking levels/alcohol use disorder, high‐level drinking patterns appear to have solidified or intensified.

Implications

Pandemic‐related changes in alcohol use may be associated with pre‐pandemic drinking levels. Increases among high‐risk alcohol users are concerning, suggesting a need for ongoing monitoring and support from relevant health‐care services.

Conclusion

Our findings suggest that more people reduced their alcohol use in Europe than increased it since the onset of the pandemic. However high‐quality studies examining specific change mechanisms at the population level are lacking.
A nationwide survey of Italian Centers for Cognitive Disorders and Dementia on the provision of care for international migrants
Authors: Canevelli Marco , Cova Ilaria , Remoli Giulia , Bacigalupo Ilaria , Salvi Emanuela , Maestri Giorgia , Nicotra Alessia , Valletta Martina , Ancidoni Antonio , Sciancalepore Francesco , Cascini Silvia , Bargagli Anna Maria , Pomati Simone , Pantoni Leonardo , Vanacore Nicola ,   ImmiDem Study Network,   ImmiDem Study Group
Published: February 2022

Background

More than 500,000 dementia cases can be estimated among migrants living in Europe. There is the need to collect “real world” data on the preparedness of healthcare services to support the inclusion of migrants in the public health response to dementia. The present study aimed (i) to estimate the number of migrants referred to Italian memory clinics (Centers for Cognitive Disorders and Dementia [CCDDs]) and (ii) to identify possible barriers and resources for the provision of diversity‐sensitive care.

Methods

A survey of all Italian CCDDs was conducted between December 2020 and April 2021. An online questionnaire was developed to obtain information on the number of migrants referred to Italian CCDDs in 2019, the challenges encountered in the diagnostic approach, and possible facilitators in the provision of care.

Results

Overall, 343 of the 570 contacted CCDDs completed the survey questionnaire (response rate: 60.2%). Nearly 4527 migrants were referred to these services in 2019. Migrants accounted for a median 1.1% (IQR: 0.9%–2.8%) of overall CCDD referrals. More than one‐third of respondents reported that the number of migrants referred to their facilities had increased in the last 5 years. The overall quality of the migrants' cognitive assessment was deemed to be very poor or insufficient in most cases. A minority of CCDDs had translated information material on dementia and reported the possibility to contact cultural mediators and interpreters.

Conclusions

A relevant number of migrants are being referred to Italian CCDDs that are still not adequately prepared to deliver diversity‐sensitive care and support.
BETWEEN FIGHTING SPIRIT AND DESPAIR: THE GROWING DISTRUST OF LANGUAGE IN ERNST TOLLER'S WORK IN EXILE
Authors: Reimers Kirsten
Published: February 2022

It was only by a lucky coincidence that Ernst Toller escaped arrest in National Socialist Germany. The author understood his own survival as an obligation to stand up for the victims of National Socialism and to fight against fascism. He dedicated his whole life to this task. Until his suicide in May 1939, Toller was mainly acting as a public speaker on the situation in Nazi Germany. Although Toller wrote two plays as late as 1939, he was still struggling with the English language. He wrote in German and depended on the help of others to translate his plays. As he said himself, he felt imprisoned in the German language. In addition, the audience he actually wanted to reach and stir up was the German population. Whereas Toller had experimented with form and expression in his plays of the Weimar era, searching for ever‐new ways to capture political commitment in contemporary literary form, his works written in exile were much more conventional. What influence did the exile experience and the language barrier have on Toller's dramatic writing, and how did this change his self‐image as an author and his conceptions of literary theory? These questions will be addressed in this article.
Rheological study of cowpea puree ‘adowè’ and the influence of saliva on the puree viscosity
Authors: Teko Ekoué , Ako Komla , Yousefi Alireza , Munialo Claire D. , Osseyi Elolo
Published: February 2022

The traditional preparation of adowè is laborious, time, water, and fuel consuming and this has resulted in a decline in its consumption. We investigated the characteristics of adowè where powder‐based products were used to formulate the traditional puree as a means of reducing the cost of the dish. In the absence of additional salt, the cooking of cowpea seeds was characterised by two activation energy domains from the swelling kinetics below and above 60 °C ± 5 °C of ≈15.30 and ≈28.35 kJ mol−1, respectively. Decorticated seeds were completely cooked after ≈60 min at 95 °C and the puree of 31% ± 2% (w/w) exhibited an apparent viscosity of ≈6 kPa s at ≈0.1 s−1 and 23 °C, as determined by the back extrusion method. The purees exhibited a shear‐thinning flow, time decreasing viscosity at constant shear rate, and a partially recoverable capacity. At a shear rate of 50 s−1 and for a shearing time of 80 s, the viscosity increased sharply by a factor 200 as the concentration was increased from 12% to 20% (w/w) by a factor 1.67. In the presence of saliva, the viscosity was shown to remarkably decline with a greater impact for concentrations ≈15% (w/w).
The ‘Monarchy’ of God the Father
Authors: Lombardo Nicholas E.
Published: February 2022

According to the Eleventh Council of Toledo (675), God the Father ‘takes his origin from no one’ and is ‘the font and origin of all divinity’. This article clarifies and defends these declarations about God the Father and the patristic consensus on which they rely. First, it documents the patristic consensus about the Father’s fontal role within the Trinity. Afterwards, it responds to revisionist narratives that deny the universality of certain aspects of this consensus. Then, setting aside historical questions, it argues that Christian confession of the Trinity cannot fail to acknowledge the Father’s status as principle without principle and source of all deity without descending into incoherence. Finally, it takes the results of this study and applies them to the contested category of monarchy and what it means to speak about the ‘monarchy’ of God the Father.
Proposed empiric antibiotic therapy for prosthetic joint infections: an analysis of the Prosthetic Joint Infection in Australia and New Zealand, Observational (PIANO) cohort
Authors: Davis Joshua S. , Metcalf Sarah , Paterson David L. , Robinson James O. , Clarke Benjamin , Manning Laurens
Published: February 2022

Empiric antibiotic therapy in suspected prosthetic joint infection should cover likely pathogens while avoiding overly broad‐spectrum antibiotics. We analysed individual patient data from a large prospective cohort study (Prosthetic Joint Infection in Australia and New Zealand, Observational (PIANO)) and found that causative organisms vary with the presentation type, with early post‐operative infections more likely to be polymicrobial (41%) compared with late acute infections (10%). We thus propose empirical regimens tailored to the presentation type and presence or absence of sepsis.
Hybridizing adaptive large neighborhood search with kernel search: a new solution approach for the nurse routing problem with incompatible services and minimum demand
Authors: Gobbi Alessandro , Manerba Daniele , Mansini Renata , Zanotti Roberto
Published: February 2022

The average age of the population has grown steadily in recent decades along with the number of people suffering from chronic diseases and asking for treatments. Hospital care is expensive and often unsafe, especially for older individuals. This is particularly true during pandemics as the recent SARS‐CoV‐2. Hospitalization at home has become a valuable alternative to face efficiently a huge increase in treatment requests while guaranteeing a high quality of service and lower risk to fragile patients. This new model of care requires the redefinition of health services organization and the optimization of scarce resources (e.g., available nurses). In this paper, we study a Nurse Routing Problem that tries to find a good balance between hospital costs reduction and the well‐being of patients, also considering realistic operational restrictions like maximum working times for the nurses and possible incompatibilities between services jointly provided to the same patient. We first propose a Mixed Integer Linear Programming formulation for the problem and use some valid inequalities to strengthen it. A simple branch‐and‐cut algorithm is proposed and validated to derive ground benchmarks. In addition, to efficiently solve the problem, we develop an Adaptive Large Neighborhood Search hybridized with a Kernel Search and validate its performance over a large set of different realistic working scenarios. Computational tests show how our matheuristic approach manages to find good solutions in a reasonable amount of time even in the most difficult settings. Finally, some interesting managerial insights are discussed through an economic analysis of the operating context.
Durable Cr‐substituted (Ba,Cs)1.33(Cr,Ti)8O16 hollandite waste forms with high Cs loading
Authors: Zhao Mingyang , Birkner Nancy , Schaeperkoetter Joseph , Koch Robert J. , Russell Patrick , Misture Scott T. , Besmann Theodore , Amoroso Jake , Brinkman Kyle S.
Published: February 2022

A series of Cr‐substituted hollandite solid solution BaxCsyCr2x+yTi8−2x−yO16 over a broad range of Cs content (x + y = 1.33, 0 ≤ x and y ≤ 1.33) were systematically investigated. A monoclinic‐to‐tetragonal phase transition was induced by increasing Cs content in the tunnel sites of the hollandite structure, and all members of the series show structure modulations related to the ordering of the Ba/Cs and vacancies along the tunnels. The thermodynamic stability of the Cr‐substituted hollandite samples was measured via high‐temperature oxide melt solution calorimetry, which included making the first measurements of the enthalpies of drop solution for Cs2O and BaO in sodium molybdate solvent at 800°C. Thermodynamic stability increased with increasing Cs content for the series of Cr‐substituted hollandite, which also exhibited a greater thermodynamic stability compared to other substituted hollandite analogs including Zn, Ga, Fe, and Al variants. The leaching performance, also known as aqueous durability, demonstrated that the fractional Cs release in the Cr hollandite samples is much lower than in other hollandite systems. After 7 days of leaching at 90°C, the lowest Cs release was observed in the sample with the highest Cs content, approximately 22 wt.% Cs. The Cs release could be further suppressed, by approximately 3× if the sample was further densified and sintered. The Cs release results correlated inversely to the thermodynamic stability, suggesting that the thermodynamic stability may be used in future materials design for nuclear waste immobilization.
The effect of cigarette smoke condensate (CSC) on Pseudomonas aeruginosa virulence and antibiotic sensitivity
Authors: Abdelmalek Suzanne M. A. , Alhadad Shaheen , Abu-Omar Omar , Afaneh Maram , Abu-Qatouseh Luay , Collier Phillip J.
Published: February 2022

Aims

Despite a decline in tobacco smoking in the developed world, the developing world has witnessed an increase in such activity over recent years. An increase in antibiotic resistance has accompanied this increase in tobacco use, and we suggest that the two may be linked. This study aims to investigate the effect of cigarette smoke exposure on bacterial virulence and susceptibility to antibiotics.

Methods and Results

Pseudomonas aeruginosa passaged in the presence of Cigarette Smoke Condensate (CSC) exhibited reduced susceptibility towards Amikacin (p = 0.02), Tobramycin (p = 0.03) and Aztreonam (p = 0.007) and was accompanied by changes in growth dynamics as exposure to CSC increased. These observed changes persisted after passaging bacteria in CSC-free medium for 10 days. The genotoxicity of CSC on P. aeruginosa was evaluated by the standard Comet assay, which demonstrated DNA damage in the P. aeruginosa genome in Passage 15 compared to the CSC-unexposed cells. Gene expression analysis on selected virulence and quorum sensing genes showed that both flagellar (fliC and fleR) and quorum sensing (lasI/R and rhII) genes were significantly up-regulated in Passage 15.

Conclusions

Results confirm the genotoxic effect of cigarette smoke manifested in an increased antibiotic resistance, coupled with increased bacterial virulence

Significance and Impact of Study

This study is the first to elucidate a clear link between tobacco smoke residues and both increases in antibiotic resistance and the up-regulation of bacterial virulence markers
Registered nurses' perceptions of having a calling to nursing: A mixed‐method study
Authors: Kallio Hanna , Kangasniemi Mari , Hult Marja
Published: February 2022

Aim

To explore how nurses perceived having a calling to nursing.

Design

A mixed‐method study.

Methods

Survey data collected in autumn 2020 and semi‐structured individual interview data collected in spring 2021. The 7925 survey respondents were care professionals and 414 of them were registered nurses. The 23 interview participants were registered nurses who responded to the survey. We examined the survey results using analysis of variance and t‐tests and the interview data with qualitative thematic analysis.

Results

Registered nurses had a lower calling than other care professionals. Based on the interviews, having a calling to nursing produce four key findings. Nurses with a calling experienced their work as meaningful. They also adopted a humane and holistic approach to their work. However, their calling could change during their professional career. Due to its historical roots, having a calling was seen as a risk for the nursing profession, as it meant nurses had an oppressed position in society and nurses associated it with poor working conditions and low pay.

Conclusion

Our study showed that having a calling to nursing had multidimensional benefits for the individual nurse, their patient, colleagues, organization and society, but showed strong association between calling and nurses' poor working conditions and low pay.

Impact

We found that nurses had a lower calling than other care professionals. Calling still exists, but it can produce tension in modern nursing. Organizations and society need to focus on how calling can be seen as a more positive attribute of nursing and improve nurses' working conditions and pay.
In artificial intelligence (AI) we trust: A qualitative investigation of AI technology acceptance
Authors: Hasija Abhinav , Esper Terry L.
Published: February 2022

Artificial intelligence (AI) applications are increasingly used to support supply chain management (SCM) activities. However, industry reports and recent research indicate difficulty in implementing AI solutions. This study explores the role of organizational factors in reconciling the differences between the potential SCM benefits of AI and its actual acceptance and use. We apply thematic analysis techniques to explore the marketing materials used by vendors of AI‐enabled software and interviews with organization leaders that have experience with the deployment of AI‐based technologies. The emergent model from our data analysis highlights organizational tactics often used to emphasize AI trustworthiness. Our findings suggest several tactics that could be used to convey that AI is a trustworthy technology. We build on the thematic model to situate the findings as offering theoretical extensions to the “social influence” aspect of UTAUT; and develop a robust call for research related to the effects of AI trustworthiness on internal, upstream, and downstream activities in the supply chain. The results contribute to academic conversations related to the acceptance and use of technology and the growing digitalization of supply chains. We outline managerial implications regarding the role of AI trustworthiness in AI use for managing SCM.
Learning in nursing home placement: A phenomenological study of student nurses’ lived experience
Authors: Dalsmo Ingrid Espegren , Brodtkorb Kari , Laugaland Kristin Alstveit , Slettebø Åshild , Ekra Else Mari Ruberg
Published: February 2022

Aim

To explore first‐year student nurses’ lived experience of learning in clinical placement in nursing homes.

Background

Nursing homes traditionally represent students’ first clinical placement sites during nurse education, and nursing home residents’ care needs can provide opportunities for student nurses to acquire both fundamental and specialised nursing skills. In clinical placements, students have opportunities to apply and integrate theoretical knowledge, practical skills and ethical competence in a clinical setting.

Design

A qualitative design with a hermeneutic phenomenological approach was employed and reported in accordance with the COREQ guidelines.

Methods

The study was undertaken at three nursing homes affiliated with one Norwegian university. Close observation (173 h) and in‐depth individual interviews (n= 7) with first‐year student nurses were conducted to explore their lived experience of learning. Data analysis was guided by van Manen’s hermeneutic phenomenological approach.

Results

The essential meaning of the phenomenon of learning in clinical placements in a nursing home setting is characterised by four themes: (1) navigating a new and complex learning context, (2) being emotionally affected when facing sickness and frailty, (3) having a vital need for support and guidance and (4) being engaged in learning.

Conclusions

The findings are discussed against the backdrop of educational learning theory. Learning in clinical placements in nursing homes is a multi‐faceted and complex phenomenon related to the students’ lived experience on the contextual, relational and individual levels. Overall, our findings demonstrate that learning in clinical placements is part of the process of professional identity development.

Relevance to clinical practice

The clinical practice arena should emphasise emotional support for student nurses, enhance their self‐directed reflection and explicitly focus on the essence of nursing in nursing homes.
Interbank money market concerns and actors’ strategies—A systematic review of 21st century literature
Authors: Alaeddini Morteza , Madiès Philippe , Reaidy Paul J. , Dugdale Julie
Published: February 2022

As the reallocator of liquidity from banks with excess to banks with a deficit, the interbank money market (IMM) plays a fundamental role in the proper functioning of the banking system and the economy as a whole. The aggregate uncertainty derived from stochasticity of the overall level of the demand for short‐term liquidity and the likelihood of domino failures of tightly connected competitors who lend themselves vast amounts of liquidity explains the complexity of decisions in this environment. To identify the most significant factors influencing actors’ strategies, we first present the five underlying patterns discovered through a bibliometric analysis of 609 scientific documents in this field: contagion and systemic risk, stability, market structure, relationship and trust, and default and failure. Then, our detailed study findings on 160 recent works indicate elements that affect central banks’ strategies in reducing systemic risk and preventing financial contagion, as well as managing the interbank network in a way that makes it more stable and resilient to shocks to conserve market confidence. Furthermore, they address factors that influence banks’ strategies to maintain their lending relationships and mitigate default risk. In addition to summarizing potential research directions, this paper provides market participants with a strategy fact‐sheet.
Pyramidal Ownership and SOE Innovation
Authors: Wang Joyce C. , Yi Jingtao , Zhang Xiuping , Peng Mike W.
Published: February 2022

How can state‐owned enterprises (SOEs) become more innovative in emerging economies where market competition emerges and state socialism remains? Rooted in a state socialism logic that traditionally prioritizes central planning, SOEs are increasingly challenged by a market competition logic espousing efficiency and innovation. We posit that the challenge, stemming from the grip of the state as the ultimate owner, may be mitigated for some SOEs under pyramidal ownership. A pyramid features SOEs being organized into chains of firms, creating indirect ownership and control through pyramidal layers. Such layers insulate state intervention in lower‐tier SOEs, loosening the grip of the state socialism logic and facilitating corresponding SOEs’ acceptance of the market competition logic, as reflected in more innovation. Leveraging a sample of SOEs in China, we find that SOEs innovate more when the number of pyramidal layers between them and the state increases. In addition, the innovation‐facilitating role of pyramidal ownership hinges on industry regulations and institutional development. Overall, this paper integrates research on institutional logics and pyramidal ownership to deepen our understanding of SOE innovation.
A systematic review examining socioeconomic factors in trials of interventions for men that report weight as an outcome
Authors: McDonald Matthew D. , Hunt Kate , Sivaramakrishnan Hamsini , Moullin Joanna , Avenell Alison , Kerr Deborah A. , Birch Jack M. , Ntoumanis Nikos , Quested Eleanor
Published: February 2022

Weight management interventions designed specifically for men have become more common, but the extent to which socioeconomic factors are considered in trials of these interventions is unclear. We synthesized study characteristics, methods, and reporting of interventions with a behavioral component for men that report weight as an outcome, to establish the extent to which socioeconomic factors are considered during intervention design, conduct, and reporting. A comprehensive search was conducted on Medline, Embase, PsycINFO, and CENTRAL for studies published from January 2000 to July 2021. Thirty‐six trials were included. Educational attainment (n = 24) was the most frequently reported socioeconomic characteristic, followed by working status (n = 14) and area level deprivation (n = 12). Seven studies did not report any socioeconomic characteristics. Most studies (n = 20) did not mention the socioeconomic profile of their samples in relation to study strengths or limitations. Few (n = 4) consulted with men from lower socioeconomic groups during intervention design. One study examined potential differential intervention effects across socioeconomic groups, with most not powered to do so. Recent feasibility trials (n = 3) targeting specific socioeconomic groups suggest a potential nascent towards a greater consideration of factors related to equity. To best inform public health policy related to health inequalities, greater consideration of socioeconomic factors is required in trials of men's weight management interventions.
Monetary policy and anxious presidents: The effects of monetary shocks on presidential job approval
Authors: Adra Samer
Published: February 2022

Using high‐frequency identification, I show that the Federal Reserve significantly influences its political environment. A 50‐bp exogenous contractionary monetary shock is associated with a decline in the U.S. president's job approval by up to five percentage points in the subsequent 12 to 24 months. This loss exceeds the victory margin in six out of the eight latest elections. My findings also suggest that presidents who are in the second half of their terms are particularly vulnerable to monetary shocks. Such vulnerability is largely explained by the evolving attitudes toward key macroeconomic factors like unemployment and inflation over the presidential life cycle.

Related Articles

Cho, Sungdai, and Garry Young. 2008. “The Asymmetric Impact of Inflation on Presidential Approval.” Politics & Policy 30(3): 401–30. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2002.tb00128.x

Hazakis, Konstantinos J. 2015. “The Political Economy of Economic Adjustment Programs in the Eurozone: A Detailed Policy Analysis.” Politics & Policy 43(6): 822–54. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12141

Pulatov, Abdullo, and Ahmad Hassan Ahmad. 2021. “Political Business Cycles in Post‐Communist European Countries.” Politics & Policy 49(5): 1248–69. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12427
Modernization, Political Economy, and Limits to Blue Growth: A Cross‐National, Panel Regression Study (1975–2016)*
Authors: Clark Timothy P.
Published: February 2022

Seafood production and trade have expanded dramatically over the last 40 years and comprise one of the fastest growing, and most environmentally impactful, sub‐sectors of the global food system. While richer nations have increased their seafood consumption and displaced their environmental load, the marine environmental impact of fishery production has largely shifted to the waters of less‐affluent nations. To sustain fishing economies and seafood security, in an era of increasing marine ecological precarity constitutes a major challenge for development and human well‐being in the 21st century. Blue growth perspectives emphasize the transformative power of growth‐oriented development. Such perspectives conflict with critical political economic theories of environment and food systems; notably, the treadmill of production and world food system scholarship. Using annual data from the Global Footprint Network, World Bank, UN FAO, and International Monetary Fund, this study applies methods in cross‐national, panel regression analysis in order to ultimately pose some important challenges to modernist blue growth perspectives. The analysis suggests that economic growth and incorporation into the world market economy have led to unsustainable and inequitable outcomes regarding the marine ecological impact of fisheries.
Comparing students’ perceptions of the thinking required in inquiry‐based and traditional laboratories
Authors: Kruse Jerrid , Menke Lucas , Solem Libby
Published: February 2022

Inquiry‐based lab experiences have been shown to be more effective than traditional lab experiences. Students’ perceptions of the types of thinking required in science lab settings have implications for interest and persistence. This study compares students’ perceptions about the thinking required in traditional and inquiry laboratory settings. Findings include that students in the inquiry setting more often viewed their experiences as reflecting more reasonable and literature‐aligned views of creative and critical thinking. Implication for persistence and helping students develop more reasonable views of critical and creative thinking are discussed.
Limited environmental stability of infectious porcine endogenous retrovirus type C; Usage of reverse transcriptase in combination with viral RNA as markers for infectious virus
Authors: Fischer Nicole , Gulich Barbara , Tönjes Ralf R. , Godehardt Antonia W.
Published: February 2022

Introduction

Porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERVs) are an integral part of the pig genome with infectious potential, as shown in vitro.

Hypothesis/gap statement

In view of nonclinical and clinical xenotransplantation, data are essential that give an insight into viral pathogenicity. This includes PERV's environmental stability and environmental risk.

Aim

We analyzed two ecotropic PERV‐C (PERV‐C[1312] and ‐[5683]), monitoring cell‐free culture supernatants of infected ST‐IOWA cells at various time intervals at room temperature (22°C +/−1°C). The virus was stored in the presence or absence of sterile wood litter, as used for large animal husbandry. This approach was set to determine the environmental stability of exogenous PERV‐C at defined conditions for the first time.

Methodology

Reverse transcriptase (RT) activity and viral RNA were monitored for up to 57 days and remaining infectivity of supernatant without wood litter was tested from day 7 onwards on naïve ST‐IOWA cells.

Results

Results show that viral RNA decreases but remains detectable over the whole observation period, whereas RT activity showed 83%–96% reduction from day 7 on. This effect was stronger in the presence of wood litter and fresh harvested virus was more stable than frozen virus stocks. Even under these optimal conditions, no infectivity was shown for viral RNA‐positive and RT‐reduced supernatant harvested at day 7.

Conclusion

The results confirm that PERV‐C is less stable and the reduction of RT activity is accompanied by reduced infectivity, independently of existing viral RNA. The combination of both RT and viral RNA measurement is a suitable method to differentiate infectious PERV‐C.
PRESUMPTIONS ABOUT GOD'S WISDOM IN MUSLIM ARGUMENTS FOR AND AGAINST EVOLUTION
Authors: Jalajel David Solomon
Published: February 2022

Wisdom‐based arguments recognize that God has the power to act or refrain from acting in a certain way, but His wisdom dictates a particular course of action. Such arguments have been applied on both sides of the creation/evolution debate among Muslims. This article analyzes a number of contemporary wisdom‐based arguments for and against evolution in light of how God's wisdom is understood by classical Muslim theologians of the three canonical Sunnī schools of Ashʿarism, Māturīdism, and Atharism/Salafism. It finds that there is a considerable disconnect between these contemporary arguments and how God's wisdom has been traditionally understood. It also examines the high level of subjectivity exhibited by these arguments and the potential negative impact this subjectivity could have on the broader debate.
Theories on Bourdon Tubes
Authors: Jennings F. B.
Published: February 2022

Theories of Walter Wuest; Alfred Wolf; Clark, Gilroy, and Reissner; and the author are compared. Results are presented in curves plotting the same dimensionless ratios in all cases. These curves are useful in designing Bourdon tubes of flat-oval, elliptical, or pointed-arc cross section. Experimental data are compared with a curve based on the author’s simplified theory, and an empirical curve of similar shape is drawn. Results of analyses of tip travel and tip force are given. A start is made on the project of the ASME Research Committee on Mechanical Pressure Elements to change Bourdon-tube designing from an art to a science.
An Extension of the Theory of Water Hammer
Authors: Skalak R.
Published: February 2022

The usual theory of water hammer which is used to compute the magnitude and velocity of pressure waves in a pipe filled with an elastic fluid was given by Joukowsky in 1898. This theory predicts that pressure waves travel without change of shape. In the present paper, water-hammer waves are considered without some of the simplifications made in the Joukowsky theory. The equations of motion for a thin cylindrical tube are used. Only the case where the velocity of sound in the material of the pipe wall is greater than in the fluid will be considered. Much of the analysis would be valid in the opposite case, but the relative speeds of the various waves would differ.
Fundamentals of the Vibratory Rate Gyro
Authors: Chatterton J. B.
Published: February 2022

The important theoretical characteristics of the new vibratory type of rate gyro are discussed. Developed torque, output sensitivity, and frequency response are derived in a simple manner. While no engineering details of a practical device are mentioned, the conclusion is reached that an instrument of this type is basically sound in principle.
Disturbance-Response Feedback—A New Control Concept
Authors: Reswick J. B.
Published: February 2022

A new scheme of automatic control called disturbance-response feedback is presented. A special form of this method utilizing a dynamic model of the plant in a feedback path is called plant-model control. The classically difficult-to-control plant having a transfer operator consisting of pure delay (transportation lag or dead time) is shown to be brought under optimum control in an experimental study. Disturbance-response feedback requires for optimization the specification of only one parameter. Therefore it provides a useful reference basis for evaluating other schemes. This is done for some simple systems of control. The plant-model control technique offers a possible basis for realizing a completely self-adjusting automatic controller.
Evaluation of the Nonlinear Kinetic Behavior of a Nuclear Power Reactor
Authors: Howard R. C.
Published: February 2022

The transient response of a nuclear-reactor system can be extremely difficult to determine by analytical methods. Frequently, recourse must be made to a computational device if a complete description of the system is to be obtained. In this study, an analog computer was employed to investigate the transient behavior of a sodium-cooled, graphite-moderated heterogeneous reactor and its primary-loop heat exchanger. The twofold purpose of the study was to analyze this particular reactor system and to obtain a general evaluation of the errors that result from the simplifying assumptions often made to solve reactor transient problems. The most important result of the study is the demonstration of the inherent short-term stability of this type of reactor and the long-term transient instability that results unless external control is employed.
Fuels for U. S. Navy Gas Turbines
Authors: King H. F. , Nutt H. V.
Published: February 2022

The two principal fuels used by the Navy are Navy special boiler fuel oil and marine diesel fuel oil. These two fuels, one for high-pressure steam plants and one for high-duty diesel engines, supply the energy to propel practically all Navy ships and boats. At maximum efficiency, these plants can recover from 30 to 40 per cent of the energy input as shaft horsepower. Contrasted to this, a gas turbine can only recover up to about 25 per cent of the fuel energy. Therefore why would the Navy have an interest in a power plant which can recover such a small percentage of the Btu input? The answer is given in the paper.
Design Aspects of an Electrostatic Precipitator for the Collection of Small Solids Ahead of the Air Heater
Authors: Klemperer H. , Sayers J. E.
Published: February 2022

The development of a novel electrostatic precipitator is described which operates in the temperature range between 500 and 750 F, at a gas velocity of 40 fps. The precipitator consists of twelve independent sectors, arranged in rotary symmetry. A stream of cleaning gas is continuously moving from one sector to the other to carry the deposited dust into a secondary cyclone-type collector. Each sector is connected to an individual power supply, controlled on the primary side by a system of saturable reactors. Design viewpoints are given that lead to the described system. A commercially sized test plant is described that is operated on a 150,000 lb of steam per hr pulverized-fuel-fired boiler, consisting of a mechanical precollector followed by the precipitator ahead of the regenerative-type air preheater. The efficiency of the electrostatic precipitator alone is of the order of 95 per cent.
The Mechanism of Separation in the Louver-Type Dust Separator
Authors: Smith J. L. , Goglia M. J.
Published: February 2022

The air-flow pattern through the separator was found to be the controlling factor in its performance. The most desirable pattern prevailed when the velocity of the blowdown portion of the inlet air stream was constant from inlet to blowdown. Particle-path studies showed that an effective louver blade shape separates the region of particle impacts with the blades from the region where the air is passing between the blades. An approximate analysis of the particle paths was developed, which is helpful in explaining the trends in the experimental data.
Plastic Working of Metals
Authors: Wagner W. S.
Published: February 2022

The material presented in this paper is in itself a brief review of the art of plastic working of metals which has been compiled in order to stimulate discussion of the subject at the first annual meeting following the establishing of the ASME Research Subcommittee on the Plastic Working of Metals. The thermoplastic and crystoplastic states are presented as two distinct ranges of plastic working dependent on temperature. Basic laws governing these phenomena must be delineated. Work hardening and deformation strength are pointed out with one method of estimating deformation strength from true strain. The effect of aging after plastic working is introduced. The relationship between per cent reduction of area and true strain as measures of the extent of plastic working is presented. Further study of these fields and introduction of new problems along with definition of terms and development of both theory and practice are the responsibilities of the committee.
Performance Characteristics of Francis Type Pump-Turbines
Authors: McCormack W. J.
Published: February 2022

The object of this paper is to bring to the attention of operating companies and consulting engineers some general hydraulic characteristics of developed Francis type pump-turbines in order to assist them in designing and evaluating proposed installations. Complete performance and cavitation characteristics are presented together with an illustrative example showing how to select the optimum unit for a given set of operating conditions.
The Dall Flow Tube
Authors: Miner I. O.
Published: February 2022

A primary flowmetering device which has been in use in England for some time has been thoroughly investigated to determine its characteristics. The results of this investigation are presented herewith. The outstanding characteristic is an amazingly high metering differential in comparison with the head loss engendered.
Design Aspects of High-Temperature Fatigue With Particular Reference to Thermal Stresses
Authors: Coffin L. F.
Published: February 2022

A criterion for fatigue failure has been proposed, based on experiments carried out on test specimens subjected both to constrained thermal cycling and constant-temperature strain cycling. This criterion relates the number of cycles to failure with the plastic strain change per cycle. The application of such a criterion to design, where thermal-stress fatigue is the principal factor, is discussed from fundamental and practical viewpoints. From such a criterion it is possible to predict the life of a certain machine part for a calculated thermal stress, or conversely, the thermal stress permitted for a certain limiting number of cycles of stress.
Radiation Analysis by the Network Method
Authors: Oppenheim A. K.
Published: February 2022

Problems of net radiation transfer in enclosures involve proper accounting of all the interreflections of radiation beams. This is shown to be equivalent to the solution of electrical networks made up of conductances which are fully determined by surface-shape factors, reflectivities, and transmissivities of the system elements. The scope of the analysis is restricted to diffuse radiation within enclosures consisting of gray surfaces and containing gray gases, but the method is applicable to heat transfer as well as to illumination problems, and it can be extended to include other modes of heat transfer and energy transformation.
On the Relations Between Various Laboratory Fracture Tests
Authors: Lape E. M. , Lubahn J. D.
Published: February 2022

A great variety of tests were examined with the objective of finding correlations between different kinds of tests. The tests considered included notched and unnotched tensile tests, notched and unnotched bend tests, notched and unnotched disk-bursting tests, and Charpy impact tests. General correlation was obtained in only one instance, and in a few other test comparisons, correlations could be obtained only for certain metallurgical conditions. A great deal of additional work in this field is required.
Inorganic Grinding Fluids for Titanium Alloys
Authors: Shaw M. C. , Yang C. T.
Published: February 2022

Dilute aqueous solutions of certain inorganic salts are very effective in decreasing the rate of grinding-wheel wear and providing decreased surface roughness in the finishing of titanium-alloy surfaces. A systematic study of a large number of salt solutions has revealed that such solutions act by the formation of adsorbed cationic and anionic layers on the aluminum-oxide and titanium surfaces, respectively. These layers prevent the abrasive and chip surfaces from coming close enough together to form strong bonds, which when broken, remove pieces of abrasive from the system. In the choice of a suitable material, ion size and effective charge are found to be two items of major importance. Barium was found to be the most effective element in the periodic table for adsorption on aluminum oxide, while the phosphate radical was the most effective anion investigated for adsorption on a titanium-alloy surface. Long chains attached to each of these ions should increase the effectiveness of the simpler ions considered here. The relation between corrosion inhibition and the screening of titanium surfaces in grinding is discussed.
Some Cases of Stress Due to Temperature Gradient
Authors: Bergman D. J.
Published: February 2022

In dealing with this problem, the cause of stress must be considered, and whether the stress remains constant, decreases, or increases as yield or creep occurs as a result of high stress. A qualitative analysis of the stress due to a maintained temperature differential in a flat bar is given for both free and restrained bar, and a comparison with the cases of a flat plate and a thick pipe. Practical cases are reviewed, including a pipe heated from the inside, heater tubes with internal pressure and high heat inputs, stresses set up by localized heating when welding a corrosion liner in a vessel, differential expansion due to noncompatible welds, vapor barriers through an insulation wall, and the temperature-transition skirt for hot vessels.