bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bilateral ECT induces bilateral increases in regional cortical thickness
Authors: van Eijndhoven P , Mulders P , Kwekkeboom L , van Oostrom I , van Beek M , Janzing J , Schene A , Tendolkar I
Published: August 2016

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is the most effective treatment for patients suffering from severe or treatment-resistant major depressive disorder (MDD). Unfortunately its underlying neurobiological mechanisms are still unclear. One line of evidence indicates that the seizures produced by ECT induce or stimulate neuroplasticity effects. Although these seizures also affect the cortex, the effect of ECT on cortical thickness is not investigated until now. We acquired structural magnetic resonance imaging data in 19 treatment-resistant MDD patients before and after a bilateral ECT course, and 16 healthy controls at 2 time points, and compared changes in cortical thickness between the groups. Our results reveal that ECT induces significant, bilateral increases in cortical thickness, including the temporal pole, inferior and middle temporal cortex and the insula. The pattern of increased cortical thickness was predominant in regions that are associated with seizure onset in ECT. Post hoc analyses showed that the increase in thickness of the insular cortex was larger in responders than in non-responders, which may point to a specific relationship of this region with treatment effects of ECT.
Organic nanostructures of thermally activated delayed fluorescent emitters with enhanced intersystem crossing as novel metal-free photosensitizers
Authors: Zhang Jinfeng , Chen Wencheng , Chen Rui , Liu Xiao-Ke , Xiong Yuan , Kershaw Stephen V. , Rogach Andrey L. , Adachi Chihaya , Zhang Xiaohong , Lee Chun-Sing
Published: August 2016

We applied organic nanostructures based on TADF emitters for singlet oxygen generation.
Enhanced photoelectric conversion efficiency of dye sensitized solar cells via the incorporation of one dimensional luminescent BaWO4:Eu3+nanowires
Authors: Wang Yuping , Qu Yang , Pan Kai , Wang Guofeng , Li Yadong
Published: August 2016

One dimensional hierarchical BaWO4:Eu3+nanowires have been preparedviaa hydrothermal method for the first time.
Large enhancement in photocurrent by Mn doping in CdSe/ZTO quantum dot sensitized solar cells
Authors: Pimachev Artem , Poudyal Uma , Proshchenko Vitaly , Wang Wenyong , Dahnovsky Yuri
Published: August 2016

In the presence of Mn impurities in relatively small concentrations (2.3%) the photoelectric current of CdSe QDSCCs increases by up to 190%. We propose an electron tunneling mechanism from the quantum dot LUMO state to the Zn2SnO4 semiconductor photoanode.
Tuning anisotropic electronic transport properties of phosphorene via substitutional doping
Authors: Guo Caixia , Xia Congxin , Fang Lizhen , Wang Tianxing , Liu Yufang
Published: August 2016

Using first-principles calculations, we studied the anisotropic electronic transport properties of pristine and X-doped phosphorene (X = B, Al, Ga, C, Si, Ge, N, As, O, S, and Se atoms).
HONH3Cl optimized CH3NH3PbI3 films for improving performance of planar heterojunction perovskite solar cells via a one-step route
Authors: Dong Guo-hua , Ye Teng-ling , Pang Bo-yu , Yang Yu-lin , Sheng Li , Shi Yan , Fan Rui-qing , Wei Li-guo , Su Ting
Published: August 2016

Utilizing HONH3Cl as an additive in the perovskite precursor solution can lead to optimized perovskite films for enhancing the performance of planar heterojunction perovskite solar cells via a one-step route.
Correction: Chiral sensing of amino acids and proteins chelating with EuIII complexes by Raman optical activity spectroscopy
Authors: Wu Tao , Kessler Jiří , Bouř Petr
Published: August 2016

Correction for ‘Chiral sensing of amino acids and proteins chelating with EuIII complexes by Raman optical activity spectroscopy’ by Tao Wu et al., Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2016, DOI: 10.1039/c6cp03968e.
Solution or solid – it doesn't matter: visible light-induced CO release reactivity of zinc flavonolato complexes
Authors: Anderson Stacey N. , Larson Michael T. , Berreau Lisa M.
Published: August 2016

Two types of zinc flavonolato complexes exhibit similar visible light-induced CO release reactivity in the solution and solid state.
Controllable synthesis of graphitic C3N4/ultrathin MoS2 nanosheet hybrid nanostructures with enhanced photocatalytic performance
Authors: Lu Xuejun , Jin Youlai , Zhang Xinyi , Xu Guangqing , Wang Dongmei , Lv Jun , Zheng Zhixiang , Wu Yucheng
Published: August 2016

Graphitic C3N4/ultrathin MoS2 (MoS2/g-C3N4) hybrids were synthesized via a facile bathing and ultrasound method.
Visible-light induced oxidative Csp3–H activation of methyl aromatics to methyl esters
Authors: Zhang Lingling , Yi Hong , Wang Jue , Lei Aiwen
Published: August 2016

A mild and catalytic oxidative Csp3–H activation of methyl aromatics using O2via photocatalysis has been achieved. A lot of methyl aromatics can be tolerated, providing a route for aromatic methyl carboxylates. In addition, this protocol can be performed on a gram scale.
Catalytic degradation of polyurea: synthesis of N-substituted carbamates with CuO–ZnO as the catalyst
Authors: Li Qinghe , Wang Peixue , Liu Shimin , Fei Yuqing , Deng Youquan
Published: August 2016

N-Substituted carbamates were successfully synthesized in two consecutive steps with the generation of H2O as the only side product over CuO–ZnO, i.e. synthesis of PUs by fixation of CO2 with aliphatic and aromatic diamines and the degradation of PUs subsequently.
Manganese-catalysed hydroperoxidation of carbon–carbon double bonds using molecular oxygen present in air and hydroxylamine under ambient conditions
Authors: Yamamoto Daisuke , Soga Masayuki , Ansai Hiromasa , Makino Kazuishi
Published: August 2016

A highly efficient manganese-catalysed hydroperoxidation of carbon–carbon double bonds of enynes as well as styrene derivatives using N-hydroxyphthalimide, N-hydroxybenzotriazole or N-hydroxysuccinimide was developed.
A highly efficient one-pot trifluoromethylation/cyclization reaction of electron-deficient 1,3-conjugated enynes: modular access to trifluoromethylated furans and 2,3-dihydrofurans
Authors: Zhou Wei , Yue Zhenting , Zhang Junliang
Published: August 2016

A highly efficient one-pot trifluoromethylation/cyclization reaction of conjugated enyne aldehydes and ketones was developed, which provides modular access to highly substituted trifluoromethylated furans and 2,3-dihydrofurans.
Sulfonyl radical-enabled 6-endo-trig cyclization for regiospecific synthesis of unsymmetrical diaryl sulfones
Authors: Fu Rong , Hao Wen-Juan , Wu Ya-Nan , Wang Nan-Nan , Tu Shu-Jiang , Li Guigen , Jiang Bo
Published: August 2016

A new sulfonyl radical-triggered 6-endo-trig cyclization of unactivated 1,5-enynes under catalytic oxidation conditions for flexible synthesis of unprecedented unsymmetrical diaryl sulfones was established.
All-optical study of tunable ultrafast spin dynamics in [Co/Pd]/NiFe systems: the role of spin-twist structure on Gilbert damping
Authors: Banerjee Chandrima , Pal Semanti , Ahlberg Martina , Nguyen T. N. Anh , Åkerman Johan , Barman Anjan
Published: August 2016

The competing magnetic anisotropies and the interfacial properties are found to control the static spin configuration and ultrafast demagnetization, magnetization precession and damping in [Co/Pd]/NiFe(t) exchange spring samples.
Nanostructured BiOI–GO composite: facile room temperature synthesis with enhanced multifunctionality in field emission and photocatalytic activity
Authors: Bankar Prashant K. , Warule Sambhaji S. , Jadkar Sandesh R. , Chaudhari Nilima S. , More Mahendra A.
Published: August 2016

Coupling of layered semiconductors with graphene-based materials could enable enhanced performance as compared to the pristine counterparts.
Stimulus-responsive hydrogels reinforced by cellulose nanowhisker for controlled drug release
Authors: Chen Y. , Liu W. Y. , Zeng G. S.
Published: August 2016

Hybrid hydrogels (W–C gels), composed of PDMAEMA, cellulose nanowhisker (CNW) and carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS), were prepared for developing a stimuli-responsive drug-release system.
Fluorine and nitrogen co-doped ordered mesoporous carbon as a metal-free electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction reaction
Authors: Wang Haiwen , Ding Junjie , Zhang Jiao , Wang Chenfei , Yang Wenlong , Ren Hongxin , Kong Aiguo
Published: August 2016

FN-OMC with high surface area, ordered mesoporous channels and appropriate graphitization degree of pore walls is successfully synthesized.
Graphite–silicon alloy composite anodes employing cross-linked poly(vinyl alcohol) binders for high-energy density lithium-ion batteries
Authors: Yook Seung-Hyun , Kim Sang-Hyung , Park Cheol-Ho , Kim Dong-Won
Published: August 2016

Graphite–silicon alloy composite anodes employing cross-linked poly(vinyl alcohol) binders exhibited high discharge capacities and good cycling stabilities.
Phenanthroindolizidine alkaloids from Tylophora atrofolliculata with hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) inhibitory activity
Authors: Chen Cheng-Yu , Zhu Guo-Yuan , Wang Jing-Rong , Jiang Zhi-Hong
Published: August 2016

Phenanthroindolizidine alkaloids from T. atrofolliculata with potent HIF-1 inhibitory effects.
Study on the adsorption of Hg(ii) by one-pot synthesis of amino-functionalized graphene oxide decorated with a Fe3O4microsphere nanocomposite
Authors: Liu Mingqiang , Tao Zhongan , Wang Huicai , Zhao Fei , Sun Qiang
Published: August 2016

An easy one-pot solvothermal strategy approach has been reported on the preparation of ethylenediamine (EDA) decorated with magnetite/graphene oxide (EDA–Fe3O4/GO) nanocomposites and employed as a recyclable adsorbent for Hg(ii) in aqueous solution.
A benzoperylene probe self-assembled on polyethyleneimine/manganese doped ZnS quantum dots: a new nanocomposite for bright and tunable white light emission
Authors: Sang Lijia , Yang Meiding , Zhou Huipeng , Huang Xinan , Yu Cong
Published: August 2016

A white light emitting benzoperylene probe-polyethyleneimine capped quantum dots nanocomposite has been synthesized for the first time.
Parallel bulk heterojunction photovoltaics based on all-conjugated block copolymer additives
Authors: Mok Jorge W. , Kipp Dylan , Hasbun Luis R. , Dolocan Andrei , Strzalka Joseph , Ganesan Venkat , Verduzco Rafael
Published: August 2016

All-conjugated block copolymer additives enhance open circuit voltage through formation of parallel-type bulk heterojunction photovoltaics.
Identification of DNAJA1 as a novel interacting partner and a substrate of human transglutaminase 2
Authors: Ergülen Elvan , Bécsi Bálint , Csomós István , Fésüs László , Kanchan Kajal
Published: August 2016

Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) is a ubiquitously expressed multifunctional member of the transglutaminase enzyme family. It has been implicated to have roles in many physiological and pathological processes such as differentiation, apoptosis, signal transduction, adhesion and migration, wound healing and inflammation. Previous studies revealed that TG2 has various intra- and extra-cellular interacting partners, which contribute to these processes. In the present study, we identified a molecular co-chaperone, DNAJA1, as a novel interacting partner of human TG2 using a GST pull-down assay and subsequent mass spectrometry analysis, and further confirmed this interaction via ELISA and surface plasmon resonance measurements. Interaction studies were also performed with domain variants of TG2 and results suggest that the catalytic core domain of TG2 is essential for the TG2–DNAJA1 interaction. Cross-linking activity was not essential for the interaction since DNAJA1 was also found to interact with the catalytically inactive form of TG2. Furthermore, we have showed that DNAJA1 interacts with the open form of TG2 and regulates its transamidation activity under both in vitro and in situ conditions. We also found that DNAJA1 is a glutamine donor substrate of TG2. Since DNAJA1 and TG2 are reported to regulate common pathological conditions such as neurodegenerative disorders and cancer, the findings in the present paper open up possibilities to explore molecular mechanisms behind TG2-regulated functions.
Language Sampling for Preschoolers With Severe Speech Impairments
Authors: Binger Cathy , Ragsdale Jamie , Bustos Aimee
Published: August 2016

Purpose

The purposes of this investigation were to determine if measures such as mean length of utterance (MLU) and percentage of comprehensible words can be derived reliably from language samples of children with severe speech impairments and if such measures correlate with tools that measure constructs assumed to be related.

Method

Language samples of 15 preschoolers with severe speech impairments (but receptive language within normal limits) were transcribed independently by 2 transcribers. Nonparametric statistics were used to determine which measures, if any, could be transcribed reliably and to determine if correlations existed between language sample measures and standardized measures of speech, language, and cognition.

Results

Reliable measures were extracted from the majority of the language samples, including MLU in words, mean number of syllables per utterance, and percentage of comprehensible words. Language sample comprehensibility measures were correlated with a single word comprehensibility task. Also, language sample MLUs and mean length of the participants' 3 longest sentences from the MacArthur–Bates Communicative Development Inventory (Fenson et al., 2006) were correlated.

Conclusion

Language sampling, given certain modifications, may be used for some 3-to 5-year-old children with normal receptive language who have severe speech impairments to provide reliable expressive language and comprehensibility information.
Extending design space of continuous inverse class‐FJ mode PAs
Authors: Gao Yong , Li En , Guo Gaofeng
Published: August 2016

The impedance space of inverse class‐FJ mode power amplifiers (PAs) is extended by introducing a resistive part into the voltage waveform. Unlike traditional inverse class‐FJ mode, the new continuous inverse class‐FJ possesses a complex fundamental and third‐harmonic terminals. For validating the theory, a broadband PA working across 1.6–2.7 GHz is designed. The experimental results show a drain efficiency of 69–84.9% in the whole working band. The measured output power of the fabricated PA is 40.1–42.5 dBm with a gain of 10.6–12.5 dB across 1.6–2.7 GHz.
Simple and accurate inductance model of 3D inductor based on TSV
Authors: Wang Fengjuan , Yu Ningmei
Published: August 2016

The implementation of on‐chip inductors in integrated circuit application remains a challenge to satisfy the requirements of high Q‐factor, small area consumption, limited parasitic coupling, ease of layout, and manufacture. Fortunately, the emerging technology of through‐silicon via (TSV) offers a possible solution to this issue by developing 3D inductor with solenoid architecture. A simple and accurate inductance model of 3D inductor based on TSV is exploited by analytical method. The inductance results obtained from the proposed model and finite element method exhibit good agreement with various design parameter ranges, and the errors between the results of the proposed analytical model and measurement are <7.5%, which verifies the accuracy of the model.
Hole injection and electroluminescence enhancement by Ag periodic nanorods array on indium tin oxide electrode in OLED
Authors: Khadir S. , Zeng L. , Chakaroun M. , Fischer A.P.A. , Lamrous O. , Boudrioua A.
Published: August 2016

Periodic silver nanorods array have been used to improve the hole injection and the electroluminescence of organic LEDs (OLED). The nanorods have been fabricated on the indium tin oxide anode by electron beam lithography technique with a precise control of the nanoparticles parameters. The μ‐OLEDs fabricated on top of the nanorods show higher‐current density and lower turn‐on voltages in comparison with the reference device. Moreover, the results emphasise the existence of the localised surface plasmon resonance enhancement effect as well as an important improvement of the hole injection from the anode.
Locality constrained dictionary learning for non‐linear dimensionality reduction and classification
Authors: Liu Lina , Ma Shiwei , Rui Ling , Lu Jian
Published: August 2016

In view of the incremental dimensionality reduction problem of existing non‐linear dimensionality reduction methods, a novel algorithm, based on locality constrained dictionary learning (LCDL), is proposed in this study. During the dictionary learning process, the neighbourhood size of some potential landmarks on a non‐linear manifold is constrained to maintain the intrinsic local geometric feature of the datasets. Meanwhile, to improve the dictionary's discrimination ability, a structured dictionary is learnt by LCDL, whose sub‐dictionaries are class‐specific. Then sparse coding and its reconstruction errors are used for classification. The experimental results of dimensionality reduction prove that, compared with the existing methods, the proposed method can solve the out of sample extension and large‐scale datasets problems efficiently. In addition, the experimental results of face, gender, and object category classification demonstrate that the authors’ algorithm outperforms some competing dictionary learning methods.
Performance comparison of inkjet and thermal transfer printed passive ultra‐high‐frequency radio‐frequency identification tags
Authors: Kgwadi Monageng , Rizwan Muhammad , Adhur Kutty Ajith , Virkki Johanna , Ukkonen Leena , Drysdale Timothy D.
Published: August 2016

The authors compare the maximum read range of passive ultra‐high‐frequency radio‐frequency identification tags that have been produced using different metal printing techniques, specifically inkjet printing and thermal transfer printing (TTP). They used the same substrate (THERMLfilm), antenna designs and electronic circuitry in their comparison so as to isolate the effect of the metal printing. Owing to the high metal conductivity, the thermal transfer printed tags printed with copper (Cu) film performed as well or better than the inkjet printed tags printed with silver ink, even when they changed the inkjet printed tags to a Kapton substrate that is better suited to inkjet printing. The aluminium (Al) thermal transfer printed tags had up to 33% less read range than Cu thermal transfer printed tags. TTP needs no sintering, and provides an attractive alternative low‐cost fabrication method. Characterisation of the printed traces by both methods reveals that the printing techniques achieve similar surface roughness. The achieved conductivities for TTP on THERMLfilm were better than for inkjet. The best measured read range for TTP was 10.6 m. Across the different tag designs, the measured read ranges were 15–60% (1–10%) better for thermal printing, compared with inkjet printing on THERMLfilm (Kapton).
Field programmable gate array‐based control method for a pulse density modulated microinverter operating in island mode
Authors: Korošec Lucijan , Konjedic Tine , Truntič Mitja , Rodič Miran , Milanovič Miro
Published: August 2016

This study proposes a new control method for a pulse‐density modulated microinverter and its implementation within a field programmable gate array circuit. The structure and operating principle of the studied microinverter demand implementation of a pulse‐density modulation‐based control method with two independent control loops. The first one ensures a constant input current from the source while the second one provides a sinusoidal voltage at the converter's output. At the same time the implemented control method ensures zero‐current switching of the utilised power transistors in decoupling and output stages which allows operation at high switching frequency. The performance of the proposed control method for a microinverter operating in island mode was experimentally verified in steady‐state operation, as well as during load transients.
Single‐core soft‐switching high step‐up three‐level boost converter with active clamp
Authors: Poorali Behzad , Moradmand Jazi Hamed , Adib Ehsan
Published: August 2016

In this study, a new three‐level boost converter is introduced which has high voltage gains suitable for photovoltaic applications. Three‐level structure has the advantage of low voltage stresses of the switches and diodes. In the proposed converter, semiconductor devices operate under soft‐switching conditions which results in low switching losses. It utilises an active clamp circuit with one auxiliary switch to absorb the leakage energy. Therefore, elimination of the voltage spikes across the switches as well as efficiency improvement is achieved. On the other hand, the proposed converter has one magnetic core, and consequently, reduced size. Operating principles of the proposed converter along with its theoretical analysis are presented. Experimental results of a 200 W laboratory prototype for voltage conversion of 40 V/400 V are provided in order to verify the proposed converter performance.
OCTSF for torque ripple minimisation in SRMs
Authors: Sun Qingguo , Wu Jianhua , Gan Chun , Hu Yihua , Si Jikai
Published: August 2016

In this study, a new online compensation of torque sharing function (OCTSF) method is proposed to minimise the torque ripple in switched reluctance motors (SRMs). For SRMs, the torque ripple is a serious issue which is mainly produced by the overlapped conduction phases in the commutation region. In conventional TSF‐based direct instantaneous torque control system, the incoming phase torque cannot achieve its reference torque perfectly and the outgoing phase torque also cannot drop down to its torque reference quickly in the commutation region. Hence, in order to minimise the torque ripple, the TSF of the outgoing phase is proposed to realise the positive compensation at the start of the commutation and the TSF of the incoming phase is used to achieve the negative compensation at the end of the commutation. Moreover, compared with the hard‐chopping mode in conventional TSF strategies, the hard‐chopping and soft‐chopping modes are both employed in the proposed scheme to reduce the switching actions and switching loss. The simulation and experiments based on a 750 W three‐phase 12/8 SRM are carried out to verify the effectiveness of the proposed OCTSF method.
Comparative analysis of symmetric and asymmetric reduced switch MLI topologies using unipolar pulse width modulation strategies
Authors: Prabaharan Natarajan , Palanisamy Kaliannan
Published: August 2016

Multilevel inverters (MLIs) are gaining familiarity in industries for high‐voltage applications. This study is a comparison of symmetric and asymmetric reduced switch MLI topologies which require a lesser number of switches for generating the desired number of voltage levels. In both symmetric and asymmetric conditions, output voltage levels are generated using the same number of switches with different DC source magnitudes. Unipolar pulse width modulation strategy is adapted in these topologies to generate the switching pulses. Three different unipolar references (sine, trapezoidal, 60°) and three different carrier arrangements (phase disposition, alternative phase opposition and disposition and variable frequency) are taken and each reference is compared with three different carrier signals. The performance parameters such as total harmonic distortion (THD), crest factor and distortion factor are evaluated for different modulation indices and compared with both conditions. The proposed topology in symmetric and asymmetric conditions can generate 9‐level and 31‐level output voltages, respectively, which are simulated using MATLAB/Simulink and verified with the experimental setup. The calculation of %THD using analytical asymptotic formula is also carried out. The theoretical value of %THD is verified to match closely with the simulation and experimental results.
Gaussian process surrogate model for the design of circular, planar coils used in inductive power transfer for electric vehicles
Authors: Knaisch Katharina , Gratzfeld Peter
Published: August 2016

In recent years, there has been an increased interest in inductive charging systems for electric vehicles. Since the efficiency of the charging system is highly dependent on the couplers used, the design of the coil system is a key issue for inductive power transfer (IPT). As the coil system has numerous variables, a full factorial analysis of the system is not possible due to the long computation time of the numerical simulation model. Therefore, a surrogate model is developed, which approximates and interpolates the complex and expensive simulation code. With this ‘model of the model’, a reliable and efficient dimensioning and optimisation of the coil system within seconds is possible. It identifies the main important factors and their influence on the IPT system. Based on this surrogate model, important factor relations can be determined, which allow a significant improvement of the behaviour of the IPT system. All simulations conducted in this study are validated and verified.
Physics‐based spice model on the dynamic characteristics of silicon carbide Schottky barrier diode
Authors: Zhou Xintian , Wang Yan , Yue Ruifeng , Dai Gang , Li Juntao
Published: August 2016

Silicon carbide Schottky barrier diodes (SiC SBDs) are poised to replace silicon PIN diodes as a new choice for the high power and high frequency applications. However, SiC SBDs suffer from ringing which may induce additional power losses when applied in chopper circuit, regarded as the interaction among the depletion capacitance, depletion resistance, parasitic stray inductance and series resistance. The existing SiC SBD models generally treat the resistances as constants and ignore the influence of the MOS, which deviate the switching commutation process significantly on the ringing frequency and amplitude. In this study, a more accurate Spice model of SiC SBD has been developed in which voltage dependent non‐linear depletion capacitance and resistances are all considered in the transient analysis based on semiconductor physics, while the Miller capacitance of the MOS performing as a switch in the circuit is also taken into account. The improved model and analysis are validated by the better agreement with the experiments compared with the existing models on the dynamic characteristics.
A Modified Technique for Placing Prebent Plates during a Le Fort I Osteotomy: A Technical Note
Authors: Ragaey Marwa , Van Sickels Joseph
Published: August 2016

Prebent plates have gained popularity in recent years as a fixation appliance for large maxillary advancements. They are larger than standard plates used for maxillary procedures and appear to give greater stability. Due to their size and configuration, they have the potential to be more palpable than standard plates, possibly causing discomfort following placement. With a simple “box” osteotomy of the maxilla at the site of placement and a minor modification of the plate, the plate is less palpable and better tolerated by the patient.
Angestellte Ärzte in der ambulanten Versorgung – Trends, Status quo und Auswirkungen
Authors: Hahn Ursula , Müller T. , Awe B. , Koch J.
Published: August 2016

Zielsetzung Der aktuelle und perspektivische Versorgungsbeitrag angestellter Ärzte in der vertragsärztlichen Versorgung soll insgesamt, für einzelne Betriebsformen sowie für die Fachgruppen quantifiziert werden. Quantitative wie qualitative Konsequenzen für die Versorgung werden diskutiert.

Methode Die Analyse nutzt die „Statistischen Informationen aus dem Bundesarztregister Bundesgebiet insgesamt per 31.12.2015“ der Kassenärztlichen Bundesvereinigung und berücksichtigt Personenzahlen und Bedarfsplanungsgewichte (BPG) (als Maß der geleisteten Arbeitszeit) angestellter und selbstständiger Ärzte in den Betriebsformen Einzelpraxen (EP), Berufsausübungsgemeinschaften (BAG) und Medizinische Versorgungszentren (MVZ) sowie in den Fachgruppen.

Ergebnisse Von den per 31.12.2015 insgesamt tätigen 135 365 Ärzten entfielen auf angestellte Ärzte 19 % (nach Personen) bzw. 14 % (nach BPG). In 2015 kamen insgesamt 7537 Ärzte neu hinzu, davon 65 % (Personen) bzw. 54 % (BPG) angestellt. In EPs waren 7336 (11 %) der 69 860 dort tätigen Ärzte, in BAG 6325 (12 %) der 51 679 Ärzte, in MVZ 12 430 (90 %) der 13 826 Ärzte als Angestellte tätig. Der Anteil angestellter Ärzte in der Urologie (13 %) und in der hausärztlichen Versorgung (14 %) war am geringsten, der in der Humangenetik (69 %) und Labormedizin (81 %) am höchsten.

Diskussion und Schlussfolgerung Innerhalb weniger Jahre hat sich ein massiver Wandel in den Teilnahmeformen von Ärzten in der vertragsärztlichen Versorgung vollzogen. Angestellte Ärzte sind ubiquitär im Einsatz, sie sind auch in den traditionellen Betriebsformen EP und BAG und in der hausärztlichen Versorgung tätig. Allerdings variiert ihre Versorgungsrelevanz nach Betriebsformen und Fächern z. T. erheblich. Der Anteil wird übergreifend perspektivisch deutlich weiter steigen.

Angestellte Ärzte arbeiten sehr viel häufiger in Teilzeit als selbstständige Ärzte, die Arztzahl (Personen) muss zur Aufrechterhaltung des Versorgungs-Status-quo steigen. Es fehlen Studien zu möglichen qualitativen Versorgungskonsequenzen z. B. aus der Ausdifferenzierung der ärztlichen Rollen von „Kollegen“ in „Chefs“ und „Angestellte“. Diskutiert wird, dass die Versorgung in der Fläche möglicherweise besser mit angestellten Ärzten sichergestellt werden kann.
Fluence-compensated down-scattered neutron imaging using the neutron imaging system at the National Ignition Facility
Authors: Casey D. T. , Volegov P. L. , Merrill F. E. , Munro D. H. , Grim G. P. , Landen O. L. , Spears B. K. , Fittinghoff D. N. , Field J. E. , Smalyuk V. A.
Published: August 2016

The Neutron Imaging System at the National Ignition Facility is used to observe the primary ∼14 MeV neutrons from the hotspot and down-scattered neutrons (6-12 MeV) from the assembled shell. Due to the strong spatial dependence of the primary neutron fluence through the dense shell, the down-scattered image is convolved with the primary-neutron fluence much like a backlighter profile. Using a characteristic scattering angle assumption, we estimate the primary neutron fluence and compensate the down-scattered image, which reveals information about asymmetry that is otherwise difficult to extract without invoking complicated models.
Upgrading a high-throughput spectrometer for high-frequency (<400 kHz) measurements
Authors: Nishizawa T. , Nornberg M. D. , Den Hartog D. J. , Craig D.
Published: August 2016

The upgraded spectrometer used for charge exchange recombination spectroscopy on the Madison Symmetric Torus resolves emission fluctuations up to 400 kHz. The transimpedance amplifier’s cutoff frequency was increased based upon simulations comparing the change in the measured photon counts for time-dynamic signals. We modeled each signal-processing stage of the diagnostic and scanned the filtering frequency to quantify the uncertainty in the photon counting rate. This modeling showed that uncertainties can be calculated based on assuming each amplification stage is a Poisson process and by calibrating the photon counting rate with a DC light source to address additional variation.
Characterization of zero-bias microwave diode power detectors at cryogenic temperature
Authors: Giordano Vincent , Fluhr Christophe , Dubois Benoît , Rubiola Enrico
Published: August 2016

We present the characterization of commercial tunnel diode low-level microwave power detectors at room and cryogenic temperatures. The sensitivity as well as the output voltage noise of the tunnel diodes is measured as functions of the applied microwave power. We highlight strong variations of the diode characteristics when the applied microwave power is higher than a few microwatts. For a diode operating at 4 K, the differential gain increases from 1000 V/W to about 4500 V/W when the power passes from −30 dBm to −20 dBm. The diode white noise floor is equivalent to a Noise Equivalent Power of 0.8 pW/Hz and 8 pW/Hz at 4 K and 300 K, respectively. Its flicker noise is equivalent to a relative amplitude noise power spectral density Sα(1 Hz) = − 120 dB/Hz at 4 K. Flicker noise is 10 dB higher at room temperature.
X-ray analysis of electron Bernstein wave heating in MST
Authors: Seltzman A. H. , Anderson J. K. , DuBois A. M. , Almagri A. , Forest C. B.
Published: August 2016

A pulse height analyzing x-ray tomography system has been developed to detect x-rays from electron Bernstein wave heated electrons in the Madison symmetric torus reversed field pinch (RFP). Cadmium zinc telluride detectors are arranged in a parallel beam array with two orthogonal multi-chord detectors that may be used for tomography. In addition a repositionable 16 channel fan beam camera with a 55° field of view is used to augment data collected with the Hard X-ray array. The chord integrated signals identify target emission from RF heated electrons striking a limiter located 12° toroidally away from the RF injection port. This provides information on heated electron spectrum, transport, and diffusion. RF induced x-ray emission from absorption on harmonic electron cyclotron resonances in low current (<250 kA) RFP discharges has been observed.
Soft mobile robots driven by foldable dielectric elastomer actuators
Authors: Sun Wenjie , Liu Fan , Ma Ziqi , Li Chenghai , Zhou Jinxiong
Published: August 2016

A cantilever beam with elastic hinge pulled antagonistically by two dielectric elastomer (DE) membranes in tension forms a foldable actuator if one DE membrane is subject to a voltage and releases part of tension. Simply placing parallel rigid bars on the prestressed DE membranes results in enhanced actuators working in a pure shear state. We report design, analysis, fabrication, and experiment of soft mobile robots that are moved by such foldable DE actuators. We describe systematic measurement of the foldable actuators and perform theoretical analysis of such actuators based on minimization of total energy, and a good agreement is achieved between model prediction and measurement. We develop two versions of prototypes of soft mobile robots driven either by two sets of DE membranes or one DE membrane and elastic springs. We demonstrate locomotion of these soft mobile robots and highlight several key design parameters that influence locomotion of the robots. A 45 g soft robot driven by a cyclic triangle voltage with amplitude 7.4 kV demonstrates maximal stroke 160 mm or maximal rolling velocity 42 mm/s. The underlying mechanics and physics of foldable DE actuators can be leveraged to develop other soft machines for various applications.
Spatially resolved dielectric constant of confined water and its connection to the non-local nature of bulk water
Authors: Schaaf Christian , Gekle Stephan
Published: August 2016

We use molecular dynamics simulations to compute the spatially resolved static dielectric constant of water in cylindrical and spherical nanopores as occurring, e.g., in protein water pockets or carbon nanotubes. For this, we derive a linear-response formalism which correctly takes into account the dielectric boundary conditions in the considered geometries. We find that in cylindrical confinement, the axial component behaves similar as the local density akin to what is known near planar interfaces. The radial dielectric constant shows some oscillatory features when approaching the surface if their radius is larger than about 2 nm. Most importantly, however, the radial component exhibits pronounced oscillations at the center of the cavity. These surprising features are traced back quantitatively to the non-local dielectric nature of bulk water.
Experimental validation of wireless communication with chaos
Authors: Ren Hai-Peng , Bai Chao , Liu Jian , Baptista Murilo S. , Grebogi Celso
Published: August 2016

The constraints of a wireless physical media, such as multi-path propagation and complex ambient noises, prevent information from being communicated at low bit error rate. Surprisingly, it has only recently been shown that, from a theoretical perspective, chaotic signals are optimal for communication. It maximises the receiver signal-to-noise performance, consequently minimizing the bit error rate. This work demonstrates numerically and experimentally that chaotic systems can in fact be used to create a reliable and efficient wireless communication system. Toward this goal, we propose an impulsive control method to generate chaotic wave signals that encode arbitrary binary information signals and an integration logic together with the match filter capable of decreasing the noise effect over a wireless channel. The experimental validation is conducted by inputting the signals generated by an electronic transmitting circuit to an electronic circuit that emulates a wireless channel, where the signals travel along three different paths. The output signal is decoded by an electronic receiver, after passing through a match filter.
Electromagnetic tweezers with independent force and torque control
Authors: Jiang Chang , Lionberger Troy A. , Wiener Diane M. , Meyhofer Edgar
Published: August 2016

Magnetic tweezers are powerful tools to manipulate and study the mechanical properties of biological molecules and living cells. In this paper we present a novel, bona fide electromagnetic tweezer (EMT) setup that allows independent control of the force and torque applied via micrometer-sized magnetic beads to a molecule under study. We implemented this EMT by combining a single solenoid that generates force (f-EMT) with a set of four solenoids arranged into a symmetric quadrupole to generate torque (τ-EMT). To demonstrate the capability of the tweezers, we attached optically asymmetric Janus beads to single, tethered DNA molecules. We show that tension in the piconewton force range can be applied to single DNA molecules and the molecule can simultaneously be twisted with torques in the piconewton-nanometer range. Furthermore, the EMT allows the two components to be independently controlled. At various force levels applied to the Janus bead, the trap torsional stiffness can be continuously changed simply by varying the current magnitude applied to the τ-EMT. The flexible and independent control of force and torque by the EMT makes it an ideal tool for a range of measurements where tensional and torsional properties need to be studied simultaneously on a molecular or cellular level.
Single-pulse x-ray diffraction using polycapillary optics for in situ dynamic diffraction
Authors: Maddox B. R. , Akin M. C. , Teruya A. , Hunt D. , Hahn D. , Cradick J. , Morgan D. V.
Published: August 2016

Diagnostic use of single-pulse x-ray diffraction (XRD) at pulsed power facilities can be challenging due to factors such as the high flux and brightness requirements for diffraction and the geometric constraints of experimental platforms. By necessity, the x-ray source is usually positioned very close, within a few inches of the sample. On dynamic compression platforms, this puts the x-ray source in the debris field. We coupled x-ray polycapillary optics to a single-shot needle-and-washer x-ray diode source using a laser-based alignment scheme to obtain high-quality x-ray diffraction using a single 16 ns x-ray pulse with the source >1 m from the sample. The system was tested on a Mo sample in reflection geometry using 17 keV x-rays from a Mo anode. We also identified an anode conditioning effect that increased the x-ray intensity by 180%. Quantitative measurements of the x-ray focal spot produced by the polycapillary yielded a total x-ray flux on the sample of 3.3 ± 0.5 × 107 molybdenum Kα photons.
Three-dimensional patterns in dielectric barrier discharge with “H” shaped gas gap
Authors: Gao Xing , Dong Lifang , Wang Hao , Zhang Hao , Liu Ying , Liu Weibo , Fan Weili , Pan Yuyang
Published: August 2016

Three-dimensional (3D) patterns are obtained for the first time in dielectric barrier discharge by a special designed device with “H” shaped gas gap which consists of a single gas layer gap and two double gas layer gaps. Three dimensional spatiotemporal characteristics of discharge are investigated by photomultiplier and intensified charge-coupled device camera. Results show that the discharge first generates in the single gas layer gap and the coupled filaments in the double gas layer gap present the simultaneity characteristics. The formation of 3D patterns is determined by the distribution of the effective field of the applied field and the wall charge field.
Liquid film flow along a substrate with an asymmetric topography sustained by the thermocapillary effect
Authors: Frumkin Valeri , Oron Alexander
Published: August 2016

We investigate flow in a thin liquid film over a “thick” asymmetric corrugated surface in a gas-liquid bi-layer system. Using long-wave approximation, we derive a nonlinear evolution equation for the spatiotemporal dynamics of the liquid-gas interface over the corrugated topography. A closed-form expression indicating a non-zero value for a liquid flow rate is derived in a steady state of the system. Through numerical investigations we study the nonlinear dynamics of the liquid-gas interface with respect to topographical variations of the solid surface, different thermal properties of the liquid and the solid, and different values of the Marangoni number. We find the existence of a critical value for the Marangoni number Mc, so that for M > Mc, the liquid film ruptures, whereas for M < Mc, the interface will remain continuous. In a broad variety of parameters, the interface attains a deformed steady state with a nonzero average flow rate through the system, thus the described mechanism may be used as a means of transport in microfluidic devices. We carry out the Floquet stability analysis of periodic steady states with respect to spatial replication and show that in the framework of the time-independent evolution equation, the system is unstable to long wave perturbations. We demonstrate that in a finite periodic setting, the system may evolve within a certain parameter range into a metastable state which may be manipulated by varying the Marangoni number M in time in order to increase, control, and sustain the average flow rate through the system. We also show that in the case of a solid substrate with the thermal conductivity lower than that of the liquid, the flow rate through the system may be significantly increased with respect to the opposite case.
The effect of distribution of second phase on dynamic damage
Authors: Fensin S. J. , Jones D. R. , Walker E. K. , Farrow A. , Imhoff S. D. , Clarke K. , Trujillo C. P. , Martinez D. T. , Gray G. T. , Cerreta E. K.
Published: August 2016

For ductile metals, dynamic fracture occurs principally through void nucleation, growth, and coalescence at heterogeneities in the microstructure. Previous experimental research on high purity metals has shown that microstructural features, such as grain boundaries, inclusions, vacancies, and heterogeneities, can act as initial void nucleation sites. In addition, other research on two-phase materials has also highlighted the importance of the properties of a second phase itself in determining the dynamic response of the overall material. However, previous research has not investigated the effects of the distribution of a second phase on damage nucleation and evolution. To approach this problem in a systematic manner, two copper alloys with 1% lead materials, with the same Pb concentration but different Pb distributions, have been investigated. A new CuPb alloy was cast with a more homogeneous distribution of Pb as compared to a CuPb where the Pb congregated in large “stringer” type configurations. These materials were shock loaded at ∼1.2 GPa and soft recovered. In-situ free surface velocity information, and post mortem metallography, reveals that even though the spall strength of both the materials were similar, the total extent and details of damage in the materials varied by 15%. This suggests that altering the distribution of Pb in the Cu matrix leads to the creation of more void nucleation sites and also changed the rate of void growth.
Theory of photovoltaic characteristics of semiconductor quantum dot solar cells
Authors: Wu Yuchang , Asryan Levon V.
Published: August 2016

We develop a comprehensive rate equations model for semiconductor quantum dot solar cells (QDSCs). The model is based on the continuity equations with a proper account for quantum dots (QDs). A general analytical expression for the total current density is obtained, and the current-voltage characteristic is studied for several specific situations. The degradation in the open circuit voltage of the QDSC is shown to be due to strong spontaneous radiative recombination in QDs. Due to small absorption coefficient of the QD ensemble, the improvement in the short circuit current density is negligible if only one QD layer is used. If spontaneous radiative recombination would be suppressed in QDs, a QDSC with multiple QD layers would have significantly higher short circuit current density and power conversion efficiency than its conventional counterpart. The effects of photoexcitation of carriers from discrete-energy states in QDs to continuum-energy states are discussed. An extended model, which includes excited states in QDs, is also introduced.
Performance of the prototype LaBr3 spectrometer developed for the JET gamma-ray camera upgrade
Authors: Rigamonti D. , Muraro A. , Nocente M. , Perseo V. , Boltruczyk G. , Fernandes A. , Figueiredo J. , Giacomelli L. , Gorini G. , Gosk M. , Kiptily V. , Korolczuk S. , Mianowski S. , Murari A. , Pereira R. C. , Cippo E. P. , Zychor I. , Tardocchi M. ,   JET Contributors
Published: August 2016

In this work, we describe the solution developed by the gamma ray camera upgrade enhancement project to improve the spectroscopic properties of the existing JET γ-ray camera. Aim of the project is to enable gamma-ray spectroscopy in JET deuterium-tritium plasmas. A dedicated pilot spectrometer based on a LaBr3 crystal coupled to a silicon photo-multiplier has been developed. A proper pole zero cancellation network able to shorten the output signal to a length of 120 ns has been implemented allowing for spectroscopy at MHz count rates. The system has been characterized in the laboratory and shows an energy resolution of 5.5% at Eγ = 0.662 MeV, which extrapolates favorably in the energy range of interest for gamma-ray emission from fast ions in fusion plasmas.
A high-resolving-power x-ray spectrometer for the OMEGA EP Laser (invited)
Authors: Nilson P. M. , Ehrne F. , Mileham C. , Mastrosimone D. , Jungquist R. K. , Taylor C. , Stillman C. R. , Ivancic S. T. , Boni R. , Hassett J. , Lonobile D. J. , Kidder R. W. , Shoup M. J. , Solodov A. A. , Stoeckl C. , Theobald W. , Froula D. H. , Hill K. W. , Gao L. , Bitter M. , Efthimion P. , Meyerhofer D. D.
Published: August 2016

A high-resolving-power x-ray spectrometer has been developed for the OMEGA EP Laser System based on a spherically bent Si [220] crystal with a radius of curvature of 330 mm and a Spectral Instruments (SI) 800 Series charge-coupled device. The instrument measures time-integrated x-ray emission spectra in the 7.97- to 8.11-keV range, centered on the Cu Kα1 line. To demonstrate the performance of the spectrometer under high-power conditions, Kα1,2 emission spectra were measured from Cu foils irradiated by the OMEGA EP laser with 100-J, 1-ps pulses at focused intensities above 1018 W/cm2. The ultimate goal is to couple the spectrometer to a picosecond x-ray streak camera and measure temperature-equilibration dynamics inside rapidly heated materials. The plan for these ultrafast streaked x-ray spectroscopy studies is discussed.