bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lumbar spine superior-level facet joint violations: percutaneous versus open pedicle screw insertion using intraoperative 3-dimensional computer-assisted navigation
Authors: Tian Wei , Xu Yunfeng , Liu Bo , Liu Yajun , He Da , Yuan Qiang , Lang Zhao , Lyu Yanwei , Han Xiaoguang , Jin Peihao
Published: January 2024

Background

Percutaneous pedicle screw use has a high rate of cranial facet joint violations (FVs) because of the facet joint being indirectly visualized. Computer-assisted navigation shows the anatomic structures clearly, and may help to lower the rate of FVs during pedicle screw insertion. This study used computed tomography (CT) to evaluate and compare the incidence of FVs between percutaneous and open surgeries employing computer-assisted navigation for the implantation of pedicle screw instrumentation during lumbar fusions.

Methods

A prospective study, including 142 patients having lumbar and lumbosacral fusion, was conducted between January 2013 and April 2014. All patients had bilateral posterior pedicle screw-rod instrumentation (top-loading screws) implanted by the same group of surgeons; intraoperative 3-dimensional computer navigation was used during the procedures. All patients underwent CT examinations within 6 months postoperation. The CT scans were independently reviewed by three reviewers blinded to the technique used.

Results

The cohort comprised 68 percutaneous and 74 open cases (136 and 148 superior-level pedicle screw placements, respectively). Overall, superior-level FVs occurred in 20 patients (20/142, 14.1%), involving 27 top screws (27/284, 9.5%). The percutaneous technique (7.4% of patients, 3.7% of top screws) had a significantly lower violation rate than the open procedure (20.3% of patients, 14.9% of top screws). The open group also had significantly more serious violations than did the percutaneous group. Both groups had a higher violation rate when the cranial fixation involved the L5. A 1-level open procedure had a higher violation rate than did the 2- and 3-level surgeries.

Conclusions

With computer-assisted navigation, the placement of top-loading percutaneous screws carries a lower risk of adjacent-FVs than does the open technique; when FVs occur, they tend to be less serious. Performing a single-level open lumbar fusion, or the fusion of the L5-S1 segment, requires caution to avoid cranial adjacent FVs.
Structural and evolutionary characteristics of pyruvate phosphate dikinase in Giardia lamblia and other amitochondriate protozoa
Authors: Feng Xianmin , Yang Chunlin , Zheng Wenyu , Wen Jianfan
Published: January 2024

Background

Pyruvate phosphate dikinase (PPDK) reversibly catalyzes the interconversion of phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) and pyruvic acid, leading to catabolism and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis or gluconeogenesis and ATP consumption. Molecular modeling of PPDKs from divergent organisms demonstrates that the orientation of the phosphorylatable histidine residue within the central domain of PPDK determines whether this enzyme promotes catabolism or gluconeogenesis. The goal of this study was to determine whether PDDK from Giardia underwent adaptive evolution in order to produce more energy under anaerobic conditions.

Methods

A total of 123 PPDK sequences from protozoans, proteobacteria, plants, and algae were selected, based upon sequence similarities to Giardia lamblia PPDK and Zea mays PPDK. Three-dimensional (3-D) models were generated for PPDKs from divergent organisms and were used to compare the orientation of the phosphorylatable histidine residue within the central domain of PPDKs. These PPDKs were compared using a maximum-likelihood tree.

Results

For PPDK from Giardia, as well as from other anaerobic protozoans, the central domain tilted toward the N-terminal nucleotide-binding domain, indicating that this enzyme catalyzed ATP synthesis. Furthermore, the orientation of this central domain was determined by interactions between the N- and C-terminal domains. Phylogenetic analysis of the N- and C-terminal sequences of PPDKs from different species suggested that PPDK has likely undergone adaptive evolution in response to differences in environmental and metabolic conditions.

Conclusion

These results suggested that PPDK in anaerobic organisms is functionally adapted to generate energy more efficiently in an anaerobic environment.
Lumbar pedicle cortical bone trajectory screw
Authors: Song Tengfei , Hsu Wellington K , Ye Tianwen
Published: January 2024

Objective

The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the lumbar pedicle cortical bone trajectory (CBT) screw fixation technique, a new fixation technique for lumbar surgery.

Data sources

The data analyzed in this review are mainly from articles reported in PubMed published from 1994 to 2014.

Study selection

Original articles and critical reviews relevant to CBT technique and lumbar pedicle fixation were selected.

Results

CBT technique was firstly introduced as a new fixation method for lumbar pedicle surgery in 2009. The concepts, morphometric study, biomechanical characteristics and clinical applications of CBT technique were reviewed. The insertional point of CBT screw is located at the lateral point of the pars interarticularis, and its trajectory follows a caudocephalad path sagittally and a laterally directed path in the transverse plane. CBT technique can be used for posterior fixation during lumbar fusion procedures. This technique is a minimally invasive surgery, which affords better biomechanical stability, fixation strength and surgical safety. Therefore, CBT technique has the greatest benefit in lumbar pedicle surgery for patients with osteoporosis and obesity.

Conclusion

CBT technique is a better alternative option of lumbar pedicle fixation, especially for patients with osteoporosis and obesity.
Ultrasound-guided continuous adductor canal block for analgesia after total knee replacement
Authors: Zhang Wei , Hu Yan , Tao Yan , Liu Xuebing , Wang Geng
Published: January 2024

Background

There are several methods for postoperative analgesia for knee surgery. The commonly utilized method is multimodal analgesia based on continuous femoral nerve block. The aim of this study was to investigate the application of continuous adductor canal block for analgesia after total knee replacement and compare this method with continuous femoral nerve block.

Methods

Sixty patients scheduled for total knee replacement from June 2013 to March 2014 were randomly divided into a femoral group and an adductor group. Catheters were placed under the guidance of nerve stimulation in the femoral group and under the guidance of ultrasound in the adductor group. Operations were performed under combined spinal and epidural anesthesia. After the operations, 0.2% ropivacaine was given at a speed of 5 ml/h through catheters in all patients. Visual analogue scale (VAS) pain scores at rest and while moving were noted at 4, 24, and 48 hours after the operation, and quadriceps strength was also assessed at these time-points. Secondary parameters such as doses of complementary analgesics and side effects were also recorded.

Results

There were no significant differences between the groups in VAS pain scores at rest or while moving, at 4, 24, or 48 hours after the operation (P >0.05). At these time-points, mean quadriceps strengths in the adductor group were 3.0 (2.75-3.0), 3.0 (3.0-4.0), and 4.0 (3.0-4.0), respectively, all of which were significantly stronger than the corresponding means in the femoral group, which were 2.0 (2.0-3.0), 2.0 (2.0-3.0), and 3.0 (2.0-4.0), respectively (P <0.05). There were no significant differences between the groups in doses of complementary analgesics or side effects (P >0.05). X-ray images of some patients showed that local anesthetic administered into the adductor canal could diffuse upward and reach the femoral triangle.

Conclusions

Continuous adductor canal block with 0.2% ropivacaine could be used effectively for analgesia after total knee replacement. Compared with continuous femoral nerve block, this analgesic method has similar analgesic effects and is associated with less weakness of quadriceps muscle.
Serum galectin-3: a risk factor for vascular complications in type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: JIN Qi-hui , LOU Yu-feng , LI Tian-lang , CHEN Huai-hong , LIU Qiang , HE Xiao-jun
Published: January 2024

BackgroundPlasma galectin-3, a mediator of fibrogenesis and inflammation, its potential to associate with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is poorly investigated. Here, we explored its interaction with the serum galectin-3 and vascular complications.

Methods We conducted a population-based cross-sectional survey in Zhejiang, China involving 165 men and 119 women (age range, 43-84 years), investigating the relationship between serum galectin-3 and vascular disease in patients with T2DM.

Results Serum galectin-3 was higher in subjects with T2DM than that in control participants (27.4 vs. 17.6 ng/ml, P <0.001). Compared with subjects with galectin-3 values in the lowest quartile, those with values in the highest quartile had an increased likelihood of vascular complications (4th quartile odds ratio (OR) 2.52, 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.25–4.07). Increased risk of micro- or macrovascular complications corrrelated with serum galectin-3 concentration (ORs 11.4 and 8.5, respectively). An increased number of vascular complications was associated with high serum galectin-3 levels (P <0.05). Patients with serum galectin-3 levels >25 ng/ml had an elevated risk of diabetes relative to patients with levels <10 ng/ml (OR for any vascular complication 2.64, for heart failure 3.97, for nephropathy 4.09, for peripheral arterial disease (PAD) 4.18; all P <0.05). Complication risk was higher in patients with neurogenic, stroke, or retinopathy complications, but this difference was not significant after risk factor adjustment. Serum galectin-3 levels correlated with diabetes duration, C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, and albuminuria.

Conclusion High galectin-3 values were associated with increased odds of developing heart failure, nephropathy, and peripheral arterial disease in patients with T2DM.
Dinlerde Sevgi Anlayışı
Authors: Tezokur Muhammed Hadi
Published: January 2024

-
Implementation Green Human Resource Management in Universities
Authors: Rajab Muhammad , Yusoff Yusliza Mohd
Published: January 2024

The necessity of Green Human Resource Management in Universities cannot be denied, as it combines environmental management with Human Resource Management. Implementation of GHRM practices facilitates the rapid implementation of an EMS system for a University. This paper presents an understanding of the fundamental GHRM practices, as well as the practices that are specific to certain Universities and Higher Education Institutes. It also highlights the significance of implementing them. Proper implementation of a Green Human Resource Management system can raise awareness among staff and management about waste management, resource reduction, and maintaining campus cleanliness. A successful implementation can satisfy stakeholders, including employees, and motivate them to enhance their productivity.
An Updated Mass–Radius Analysis of the 2017–2018 NICER Data Set of PSR J0030+0451
Authors: Vinciguerra Serena , Salmi Tuomo , Watts Anna L. , Choudhury Devarshi , Riley Thomas E. , Ray Paul S. , Bogdanov Slavko , Kini Yves , Guillot Sebastien , Chakrabarty Deepto , Ho Wynn C. G. , Huppenkothen Daniela , Morsink Sharon M. , Wadiasingh Zorawar , Wolff Michael T.
Published: January 2024

In 2019 the NICER collaboration published the first mass and radius inferred for PSR J0030+0451, thanks to NICER observations, and consequent constraints on the equation of state characterizing dense matter. Two independent analyses found a mass of ∼1.3–1.4 M
⊙ and a radius of ∼13 km. They also both found that the hot spots were all located on the same hemisphere, opposite to the observer, and that at least one of them had a significantly elongated shape. Here we reanalyze, in greater detail, the same NICER data set, incorporating the effects of an updated NICER response matrix and using an upgraded analysis framework. We expand the adopted models and also jointly analyze XMM-Newton data, which enables us to better constrain the fraction of observed counts coming from PSR J0030+0451. Adopting the same models used in previous publications, we find consistent results, although with more stringent inference requirements. We also find a multimodal structure in the posterior surface. This becomes crucial when XMM-Newton data is accounted for. Including the corresponding constraints disfavors the main solutions found previously, in favor of the new and more complex models. These have inferred masses and radii of ∼[1.4 M
⊙, 11.5 km] and ∼[1.7 M
⊙, 14.5 km], depending on the assumed model. They display configurations that do not require the two hot spots generating the observed X-rays to be on the same hemisphere, nor to show very elongated features, and point instead to the presence of temperature gradients and the need to account for them.
The California-Kepler Survey. XI. A Survey of Chromospheric Activity through the Lens of Precise Stellar Properties
Authors: Isaacson Howard , Kane Stephen R. , Carter Brad , Howard Andrew W. , Weiss Lauren , Petigura Erik A. , Fulton Benjamin
Published: January 2024

Surveys of exoplanet host stars are valuable tools for assessing population level trends in exoplanets, and their outputs can include stellar ages, activity, and rotation periods. We extracted chromospheric activity measurements from the California-Kepler Survey Gaia survey spectra in order to probe connections between stellar activity and fundamental stellar properties. Building on the California Kepler Survey's legacy of 1189 planet host star stellar properties including temperature, surface gravity metallicity, and isochronal age, we add measurements of the Ca ii H and K lines as a proxy for chromospheric activity for 879 planet hosting stars. We used these chromospheric activity measurements to derive stellar rotation periods. We find a discrepancy between photometrically derived and activity-derived rotation periods for stars on the Rossby Ridge. These results support the theory of weakened magnetic braking. We find no evidence for metallicity-dependent activity relations, within the metallicity range of −0.2 to +0.3 dex. With our single epoch spectra we identify stars that are potentially in Maunder minimum–like state using a combination of log(

R

HK

′

) and position below the main sequence. We do not yet have the multiyear time series needed to verify stars in Maunder minimum–like states. These results can help inform future theoretical studies that explore the relationship between stellar activity, stellar rotation, and magnetic dynamos.
Magnetohydrodynamic Perspective on the Disappearance of Mercury’s Bow Shock by Helios Data Exploration
Authors: Lai S. H. , Yang Y.-H. , Ip W.-H.
Published: January 2024

In the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) perspective, the planet’s bow shock would disappear when the fast-mode Mach number (M
F) of the solar wind is less than one. Compared to Earth, Mercury is subject to a lower M
F solar wind due to its proximity to the Sun, resulting in a higher possibility of the disappearance of its bow shock. To examine the variability of Mercury’s bow shock in response to the solar wind properties, analyses of the observations by the Helios spacecraft at 0.30–0.50 au during 1975–1983, covering solar cycle 21, together with the theoretical solutions and MHD simulations are conducted in this study. Our observational analyses show that more solar wind data with extremely low fast-mode Mach numbers (say, M
F ≤ 1.5) are observed during the rising and maximum phases and are characterized by a significantly low proton number density. It is also found that approximately 35% of the extremely low fast-mode Mach number solar wind events (M
F ≤ 1.5) occur within the main body of interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICMEs), while about 58% of them are unrelated to ICMEs. Three of these events are selected to demonstrate that the occurrences of the solar wind with M
F ≤ 1.5 may not be necessarily affected by ICMEs. Our theoretical and numerical results indicate that when Mercury encounters the solar wind with M
F ≤ 1.5, its bow shock would move farther away, become flattened, and even disappear. Furthermore, our calculations suggest that Mercury’s bow shock would become a slow-mode shock with a concave-upward structure under such extreme solar wind conditions.
Unobscured Central Broad-line Regions in Type-1.9 AGN SDSS J1241+2602
Authors: Zhang XueGuang
Published: January 2024

Strong evidence is reported to support unobscured broad-line regions (BLRs) in Type-1.9 active galactic nucleus (AGN) SDSS J1241+2602 with reliable broad Hα but no broad Hβ. Commonly, the disappearance of broad Hβ can be explained by the AGN unified model, in which heavily obscured BLRs are expected in Type-1.9 AGNs. Here, based on properties of two kinds of BH masses, the virial BH mass and the BH mass obtained through the M
BH–σ relation, an independent method is proposed to test whether there are unobscured central BLRs in a Type-1.9 AGN. By the reliable measurement of stellar velocity dispersion of about 110 ± 12 km s −1 through the host galaxy absorption features in SDSS J1241+2602, the BH mass obtained through the M
BH–σ relation is consistent with the virial BH mass (3.43 ± 1.25) × 107
M
⊙ determined through properties of the observed broad Hα without considering the effects of obscurations in SDSS J1241+2602. Meanwhile, if considering heavily obscured BLRs in SDSS J1241+2602, the reddening-corrected virial BH mass is tens of times larger than the value expected from M
BH–σ, leading SDSS J1241+2602 to be an outlier in the M
BH–σ space with a confidence level higher than 5σ. Therefore, unobscured BLRs are preferred in the Type-1.9 AGN SDSS J1241+2602. The results indicate that it is necessary to check whether unobscured central BLRs are common in Type-1.9 AGNs when testing the unified model of AGNs through properties of Type-1.9 AGNs.
The Diffusion and Scattering of Accelerating Particles in Compressible MHD Turbulence
Authors: Gao Na-Na , Zhang Jian-Fu
Published: January 2024

We numerically study the diffusion and scattering of cosmic rays (CRs) together with their acceleration processes in the framework of the modern understanding of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) turbulence. Based on the properties of compressible MHD turbulence obtained from observations and numerical experiments, we investigate the interaction of CRs with plasma modes. We find that (1) the gyroradius of particles exponentially increases with the acceleration timescale; (2) the momentum diffusion presents the power-law relationship with the gyroradius in the strong turbulence regime, and shows a plateau in the weak turbulence regime implying a stochastic acceleration process; (3) the spatial diffusion is dominated by the parallel diffusion in the sub-Alfvénic regime, while it is dominated by the perpendicular diffusion in the super-Alfvénic one; (4) as for the interaction of CRs with plasma modes, the particle acceleration is dominated by the fast mode in the high β case, while in the low β case, it is dominated by the fast and slow modes; and (5) in the presence of acceleration, magnetosonic modes still play a critical role in the diffusion and scattering processes of CRs, which is in good agreement with earlier theoretical predictions.
Using Potential Field Extrapolations to Explore the Origin of Type II Spicules
Authors: Yurchyshyn Vasyl , Schmidt Anneliese , Wang Jiasheng , Yang Xu , Lim Eun-Kyung , Cao Wenda
Published: January 2024

We used 29 high-resolution line-of-sight magnetograms acquired with the Goode Solar Telescope (GST) in a quiet-Sun area to extrapolate a series of potential field configurations and study their time variations. The study showed that there are regions that consistently exhibit changes in loop connectivity, whereas other vast areas do not show such changes. Analysis of the topological features of the potential fields indicates that the photospheric footprint of the separatrix between open- and closed-loop systems closely matches the roots of rapid blue- and redshifted excursions, which are disk counterparts of type II spicules. There is a tendency for the footpoints of the observed H
α
features to be cospatial with the footpoints of the loops that most frequently change their connectivity, while the area occupied by the open fields that did not show any significant and persistent connectivity changes is void of prominent jet and spicular activity. We also detected and tracked magnetic elements using the Southwest Automatic Magnetic Identification Suite and GST magnetograms, which allowed us to construct artificial magnetograms and calculate the corresponding potential field configurations. Analysis of the artificial data showed tendencies similar to those found for the observed data. The present study suggests that a significant amount of chromospheric activity observed in the far wings of the H
α
spectral line may be generated by reconnecting closed-loop systems and canopy fields consisting of “open” field lines.
Apparent Effect of Dust Extinction on the Observed Outflow Velocity of Ionized Gas in Galaxy Mergers
Authors: Yutani Naomichi , Toba Yoshiki , Wada Keiichi
Published: January 2024

In this study, we examine photoionization outflows during the late stages of galaxy mergers, with a specific focus on the relation between the observed velocity of outflowing gas and the apparent effects of dust extinction. We used the N-body/smoothed particle hydrodynamics code ASURA for galaxy merger simulations. These simulations concentrated on identical galaxy mergers featuring supermassive black holes of 108
M
⊙ and gas fractions of 30% and 10%. From the simulation data, we derived velocity and velocity dispersion diagrams for the active galactic nuclei (AGN)-driven ionized outflowing gas. Our findings show that high-velocity outflows with velocity dispersions of 500 km s−1 or greater can be observed in the late stages of galactic mergers. Particularly, in buried AGNs, both the luminosity-weighted outflow velocity and velocity dispersion increase owing to the apparent effects of dust extinction. Owing to these effects, velocity–velocity dispersion diagrams display a noticeable blue-shifted tilt in models with higher gas fractions. Crucially, this tilt is not influenced by the AGN luminosity but emerges from the observational impacts of dust extinction. Our results imply that the observed high-velocity [O iii] λ5007 outflow exceeding 1000 km s−1 in buried AGNs may be linked to the dust extinction that occurs during the late stages of gas-rich galaxy mergers.
Probing Disk Ice Content and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Emission through Multiband MagAO+Clio Images of HD 141569
Authors: Kueny Jay K. , Weinberger Alycia J. , Males Jared R. , Morzinski Katie M. , Close Laird M. , Follette Katherine B. , Hinz Philip M.
Published: January 2024

We present resolved images of the inner disk component around HD 141569A using the Magellan adaptive optics system with the Clio2 1–5 μm camera, offering a glimpse of a complex system thought to be in a short evolutionary phase between protoplanetary and debris disk stages. We use a reference star along with the Karhunen–Loéve image projection (KLIP) algorithm for point-spread function subtraction to detect the disk inward to about 0.″24 (∼25 au assuming a distance of 111 pc) at high signal-to-noise ratios at

L
′

(3.8 μm), Ls (3.3 μm), and narrowband Ice (3.1 μm). We identify an arc or spiral arm structure at the southeast extremity, consistent with previous studies. We implement forward modeling with a simple disk model within the framework of a Markov Chain Monte Carlo sampler to better constrain the geometrical attributes and photometry using our KLIP-reduced disk images. We then leverage these modeling results to facilitate a comparison of the measured brightness in each passband to find a reduction in scattered light from the disk in the Ice filter, implying significant absorption due to water ice in the dust. Additionally, our best-fit disk models exhibit peak brightness in the southwestern, back-scattering region of the disk, which we suggest to be possible evidence of 3.3 μm polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon emission. However, we point out the need for additional observations with bluer filters and more complex modeling to confirm these hypotheses.
Direct Formation of Massive Black Holes via Dynamical Collapse in Metal-enriched Merging Galaxies at z ∼ 10: Fully Cosmological Simulations
Authors: Mayer Lucio , Capelo Pedro R. , Zwick Lorenz , Di Matteo Tiziana
Published: January 2024

We present the results of the first fully cosmological hydrodynamical simulations studying the merger-driven model for massive black hole (BH) seed formation via direct collapse. Using the zoom-in technique as well as particle splitting, we achieve a final spatial resolution of 2 pc. We show that the major merger of two massive galaxies at redshift z ∼ 8 results in the formation of a nuclear supermassive disk (SMD) of only 4 pc in radius, owing to a prodigious gas inflow sustained at 100–1000 M
⊙ yr−1. The core of the merger remnant is metal-rich, well above solar abundance, and the SMD reaches a gaseous mass of 3 × 108
M
⊙ in less than a million years after the merger, despite a concurrent prominent nuclear starburst. Dynamical heating as gas falls into the deepest part of the potential well, and heating and stirring by supernova blastwaves, generate a turbulent multiphase interstellar medium, with a gas velocity dispersion exceeding 100 km s−1. As a result, only moderate fragmentation occurs in the inner 10–20 pc, despite the temperature falling below 1000 K. The SMD is Jeans-unstable as well as bar-unstable and will collapse further adiabatically, becoming warm and ionized. We show that the SMD, following inevitable contraction, will become general-relativistic-unstable and directly form a supermassive BH of mass in the range 106–108
M
⊙, essentially skipping the stage of BH seed formation. These results confirm that mergers between the most massive galaxies at z ∼ 8–10 can naturally explain the rapid emergence of bright high-redshift quasars.
Observations of Electron Secondary Reconnection in Magnetic Reconnection Front
Authors: Liu C. M. , Cao J. B. , Xing X. N. , Chen Z. Z. , Huang H. T.
Published: January 2024

Magnetic reconnection, a fundamental plasma process transforming magnetic field energy into particle energy, is ubiquitous in space and responsible for many explosive phenomena, such as solar flares and gamma-ray bursts. Recent numerical theories have predicted that reconnection fronts far from the primary reconnection region can host secondary reconnection in three-dimensional scenarios, different from the conventional two-dimensional diagram where only one X-line stands to sustain reconnection. In this study, we provide direct observational evidence for ongoing secondary reconnection in the reconnection front via the unprecedentedly high-cadence data from NASA’s MMS mission. The secondary reconnection is identified by the presence of an X-line, a super-Alfvénic electron jet, and nonideal energy dissipation. Different from the primary ion–electron reconnection, the secondary reconnection is electron-only, with its X-line quasi-perpendicular to the primary X-line. Hence reconnection, when evolving from local to global scales, becomes essentially three-dimensional with different patterns developed. These results provide crucial insights into understanding cross-scale energy transport driven by reconnection in space plasmas.
Assessing the Observability of Deep Meridional Flow Cells in the Solar Interior
Authors: Fuentes J. R. , Hindman Bradley W. , Zhao Junwei , Blume Catherine C. , Camisassa Maria E. , Featherstone Nicholas A. , Hartlep Thomas , Korre Lydia , Matilsky Loren I.
Published: January 2024

Meridional circulation regulates the Sun’s interior dynamics and magnetism. While it is well accepted that meridional flows are poleward at the Sun’s surface, helioseismic observations have yet to provide a definitive answer for the depth at which those flows return to the equator, or the number of circulation cells in depth. Here, we explore the observability of multiple circulation cells stacked in radius. Specifically, we examine the seismic signature of several meridional flow profiles by convolving time–distance averaging kernels with mean flows obtained from a suite of 3D hydrodynamic simulations. At mid and high latitudes, we find that weak flow structures in the deep convection zone can be obscured by signals from the much stronger surface flows. This contamination of 1–2 m s−1 is caused by extended side lobes in the averaging kernels, which produce a spurious equatorward signal with flow speeds that are 1 order of magnitude stronger than the original flow speeds in the simulations. At low latitudes, the flows in the deep layers of the simulations are stronger (>2 m s−1) and multiple cells across the convection zone can produce a sufficiently strong signal to survive the convolution process. Now that meridional flows can be measured over two decades of data, the uncertainties arising from convective noise have fallen to a level where they are comparable in magnitude to the systematic biases caused by nonlocal features in the averaging kernels. Hence, these systematic errors are beginning to influence current helioseismic deductions and need broader consideration.
Les difficultés des fabriques paroissiales rurales dans la première moitié du XIX e siècle en France
Authors: Darchis Alexis
Published: January 2024

Le décret du 30 décembre 1809 établit, dans chaque paroisse française, un conseil de fabrique pour assurer la gestion des recettes et des dépenses du culte catholique. Ce conseil, associant au curé des laïcs, dépend à la fois des autorités ecclésiastiques et des autorités administratives. Les fabriques se heurtent à des difficultés précoces : les recettes sont généralement insuffisantes et dépendent principalement des chaises et des bancs. Les luttes d'influence, au sein des fabriques, contribuent souvent à leur désorganisation et au déclin de l'engagement en faveur de la paroisse. Ces différentes difficultés sont à l'origine, sous la Restauration, d'un projet de réforme de leur comptabilité qui est refusé par les évêques.
Aborder la modernisation des campagnes par le prisme scolaire
Authors: Ferrand Malorie
Published: January 2024

Cet article aborde la « révolution silencieuse », les décennies modernisatrices qui ont transformé les campagnes françaises, par le prisme de la politique scolaire menée par l’État à partir de la fin des années 1950. Avec pour cadre l’académie de Grenoble et au moyen d’une méthodologie accordant une large place à la cartographie, il aborde de manière originale cette période charnière pour le monde rural en mettant en lumière les enjeux croisés entre réforme du système scolaire et politique de modernisation agricole, interrogeant ainsi les représentations et les intentionnalités des technocrates de la V e  République vis-à-vis des espaces ruraux, et en apportant un éclairage sur les sociétés rurales des Trente Glorieuses finissantes et leur rapport au territoire, dans le cadre de l’analyse des parcours et des choix d’orientation effectués par les familles.
Peaux sur peau. Fabrication et usages des vêtements en peaux et cuir dans le monde gréco-romain (VIIIe s. av. n. è.- IVe s. de n. è.)
Authors: Dercy Benoit
Published: January 2024

Cet article présente une synthèse sur la fabrication et les usages des vêtements en peaux, cuir et fourrure pour le monde gréco-romain à partir des sources écrites, iconographiques et archéologiques. Il traite particulièrement des modes d’approvisionnement des peaux dans les campagnes et les sanctuaires, ou dans le cadre d’un commerce de longue distance. Il passe en revue les différents traitements attestés des peaux, des procédés les plus rudimentaires, dans un contexte d’autoproduction rurale de biens, à celui du tannage végétal techniquement maîtrisé, nécessitant des équipements coûteux, qui se serait développé et diffusé au cours du Ier siècle de notre ère — l’exemple de l’évolution de la tannerie I 5 de Pompéi sur cette période est ici convoqué. Il ressort de cela que les peaux et les cuirs obtenus, de qualité très variable, étaient des matériaux très fréquemment utilisés dans le domaine du vêtement.
L’habit fait-il le chanoine ? Les linceuls des XVIe-XVIIe siècles découverts à la cathédrale de Luçon (Vendée)
Authors: Chauveau Caroline
Published: January 2024

La découverte de deux tombes maçonnées dans le transept sud de la cathédrale de Luçon a permis d’étudier un mode d’inhumation extraordinaire, sous la forme de deux cuves maçonnées en moellons de calcaire et chaux pure. Ces caractéristiques ont favorisé la conservation des pièces de lin qui enveloppaient les corps de deux hommes adultes, déposés alors que la matrice interne du tombeau était encore fraîche, souple. Les fragments de tissu peuvent être attribués à des pièces de lin (Linum usitatissimum L.) assemblées et pliées directement au contact des corps. Utilisées comme linceuls, elles composent le dernier habit des défunts et portent la marque de la piété de ces derniers. Plusieurs données, archéologiques et historiques, témoignent du statut particulier de ces défunts (sépultures ad sanctos, tombes maçonnées, mobilier associé), mais suffisent-elles pour déterminer leur appartenance à la communauté de chanoines de Luçon aux XVIe-XVIIe siècles ?
Une nouvelle dimension à l’analyse palynologique. Le potentiel des pollen washes pour une meilleure compréhension de l’utilisation des plantes
Authors: Barbier Delphine , Ejarque Ana , Corbineau Rémi , Mora Santiago Riera , Miras Yannick
Published: January 2024

Alimentation, pharmacopées, rituels funéraires… Les relations interdépendantes développées au fil des millénaires entre les sociétés et les plantes taraudent les spécialistes de l’analyse des grains de pollen et des spores de végétaux depuis les années 1960 (Roux 1967). Délaissant les reconstitutions paléoenvironnementales — souvent l’apanage des investigations en séquences naturelles tourbeuses ou lacustres —, les palynologues ambitionnent ici d’analyser l’utilisation des plantes sauvages et domestiques et ce qu’elle traduit en termes de pratiques des communautés anciennes voire de comportements des hommes du passé. Des palynologues américains s’attaquèrent dès les années 1970 à ce verrou méthodologique et conceptuel en focalisant leur attention non plus uniquement sur l’unité stratigraphique ou la structure archéologique, mais en incorporant à leurs modèles d’étude l’artefact produit par la main même de l’homme (Hill, Hevly 1968). C’est la naissance de la technique dite des « Pollen Washes ».
Les premières lois imprimées
Authors: Prévost Xavier
Published: January 2024

L’affermissement du pouvoir monarchique constitue l’un des principaux facteurs de transformation du droit en France à la Renaissance, notamment à travers la promulgation croissante de lettres patentes, qui commencent à être imprimées à l’unité à la fin du xve siècle. Si l’initiative revient d’abord aux imprimeurs-libraires, les institutions monarchiques s’aperçoivent rapidement des bénéfices d’une telle reproduction et amorcent la régulation de ce marché par l’attribution de privilèges de librairie. La protection ainsi accordée se double du contrôle d’une activité qui touche à une prérogative essentielle du roi : faire loi.Outre ses effets sur le marché du livre juridique, la mise sous presse des lois royales ne reste pas sans incidence sur le processus législatif lui-même, introduisant un certain nombre d’innovations et d’expérimentations. Si le cas des originaux imprimés retient en particulier l’attention, la très grande majorité des pièces imprimées demeure néanmoins constituée de copies privées à destination d’un public de juristes et d’érudits. L’intensification de l’impression des lois à partir du règne de François Ier permet alors le développement d’un mode non institutionnel de diffusion et de conservation grâce à la formation de collections d’actes royaux imprimés, qui constituent encore aujourd’hui une ressource inépuisable pour la connaissance de la législation monarchique.Tout en offrant un panorama des textes législatifs, cette histoire matérielle de la loi à l’aube de l’État moderne dévoile ainsi des aspects méconnus des formes du droit par le recours à l’histoire du livre.Ouvrage couronné par le prix Madeleine-Lenoir 2018, publié avec le soutien de la Société de l’École des chartes.
Les structures maritimes romaines de béton submergées (romacons)
Authors: J. Brandon Christopher
Published: January 2024

Le groupe de recherche ROMACONS (Roman Maritime Concrete Study) a échantillonné des bétons provenant de 12 sites différents de la côte méditerranéenne.Les résultats des analyses, des descriptions des sites ainsi que des propositions sur la formation des structures ont été publiés dans l’ouvrage Building for Eternity (Brandon et al. 2014). Le développement de l’élevage de poissons de mer a résulté aussi en partie de la découverte et de la mise en œuvre de béton marin. Des viviers très élaborés ont alors été construits le long de la côte tyrrhénienne, en lien avec des villas maritimes. Bien que les vestiges archéologiques fournissent des éléments importants pour la compréhension des modes de construction de ces structures, cette technologie extraordinaire entraîne encore de nombreuses questions, notamment sur la façon dont l’opus reticulatum a été mis en œuvre pour parementer les blocs de béton immergés, parfois à grande profondeur.
Construire sans mortier (bateaux remployés, bois et pierre)
Authors: Boetto Giulia , Radić Rossi Irena
Published: January 2024

Les fouilles archéologiques entreprises dans la région méditerranéenne attestent, pour l’Antiquité, l’utilisation systématique de navires ou de parties de navires comme matériaux de construction. En Dalmatie cette pratique est avérée dans la baie de Caska sur l’île de Pag au nord de Zadar et dans la baie de Kaštela entre Split et Trogir. À Caska, les fouilles menées depuis 2009 par une équipe franco-croate ont permis d’étudier les vestiges de quatre embarcations qui ont été volontairement coulées et remplies de pierres pour être ensuite réutilisées comme fondations de jetées portuaires. Ce site a aussi restitué une structure à caissons bien adaptée à la zone tidale et immergée à côté de la mise en œuvre de systèmes simples et efficaces pour l’assainissement et la stabilisation de la frange littorale.Toutes les techniques de construction attestées dans les baies de Caska et de Kaštela font appel au recyclage selon une pratique bien ancrée dans le monde romain. Elles tirent aussi le meilleur parti de la disponibilité locale en bois d’œuvre et en pierres.
Les représentations des ports sur les peintures, mosaïques et quelques autres supports
Authors: Lafon Xavier
Published: January 2024

Dans les représentations de paysages ou d’architecture, les peintures murales constituent un ensemble privilégié par la variété des exemplaires conservés mais elles sont également une source d’inspiration pour d’autres techniques figuratives, à commencer par les mosaïques et les reliefs. Ce répertoire commun est adapté aux contraires techniques des différents supports, y compris les graffitis. Dans le cas des représentations portuaires il faut tenir compte du caractère tardif de ces aménagements, à l’époque impériale, le recours à de simples mouillages étant de loin le plus fréquent. La figuration de ces derniers correspond bien à la représentation de scènes mythologiques sensées se dérouler dans les temps reculés. Le port d’Alexandrie est certainement par sa précocité l’exception qui confirme la règle et il n’est pas étonnant de considérer de façon plus générale encore l’art alexandrin comme l’origine de ces représentations de paysages où la terre rencontre l’élément liquide, en l’occurrence le Nil autant sinon plus que la mer. La ville portuaire est un sujet de prédilection de même que les représentations de demeures construites dans un paysage marqué par la présence de l’élément liquide. Les constituants des ports comme les phares et les quais peuvent être traités de façon autonome, peut-être en lien avec leur utilisation première comme éléments commémoratifs de la réalisation des grands complexes portuaires comme Ostie, voire Pouzzoles. Les va et vient continuels entre les différents supports artistiques contribuent à créer une culture figurative commune mais rendent souvent difficile l’identification de sites précis et l’établissement de la chronologie relative de ces représentations dont certaines sont encore en usage dans l’antiquité tardive.
Nature et rôle des aménagements établis sur la Butte Saint-Antoine dans le dispositif portuaire de Forum Iulii
Authors: Rivet Lucien
Published: January 2024

Sur la Butte Saint-Antoine, les recherches de terrain mettent en évidence une occupation de l’époque tardo-républicaine sous la forme d’habitations et de rues formant l’embryon d’un noyau urbain dans un carroyage orthonormé ; le mobilier permet de le dater de la fin -45/début -44 et de désigner une population dans la mouvance de l’armée. Vers -27/-25, une partie de ce quartier est détruite pour faire place à d’autres constructions, aux caractéristiques modestes et également irriguées par des rues. Depuis l’origine et jusque dans les années -20, seule la Butte Saint-Antoine paraît faire l’objet d’une occupation humaine organisée à l’inverse du reste de l’assiette d’une ville encore en devenir.Une troisième phase est marquée par l’érection d’un vaste bâtiment, d’un seul tenant, couvrant la plus grande partie de la surface du site à la suite de travaux d’envergure consistant à entourer de tous côtés la butte rocheuse d’une enceinte et à transformer le relief en une vaste esplanade par l’apport de volumineux remblais. L’édifice est conçu selon un plan très symétrique où les cours sont surdimensionnées. Compte tenu de l’emplacement privilégié du site qui, entre autres, surplombe le port, le terrain ne peut avoir été investi qu’avec l’aval du pouvoir central, ce que confirme l’existence d’une enceinte qui ne peut découler que d’une décision impériale ; c’est un centre de pouvoir – un prétoire – et sa fonction doit être dédiée à l’administration du port, à sa gestion et à son contrôle. La date de cette construction est précisément appréciée grâce à la collecte et à l’étude d’une importante quantité de mobilier : les travaux débutent vers -15 et le bâtiment pourrait être achevé vers -13 ou -12.
Les hangars du Cavaou
Authors: Carre Marie Brigitte , Baika Kalliopi
Published: January 2024

Cet article réexamine les deux structures submergées à piliers mises en évidence par la photographie aérienne dans les années 1960 au nord de l’anse Saint-Gervais à Fos-sur-Mer. L’identification proposée par les fouilleurs, au moment de la reprise du dossier entre 1989 et 1993, comme des navalia ou hangars à bateau / chantiers de construction navale, ne fait plus l’unanimité aujourd’hui. Au-delà de la documentation partielle obtenue dans un contexte très difficile, de nombreuses questions restent en suspens pour admettre cette hypothèse : absence de comparaison ponctuelle à l’époque romaine à laquelle ces édifices sont attribués, manque d’un certain nombre d’éléments structuraux, incertitude sur la présence d’un plan d’eau adapté. Cette contribution se propose d’évaluer, en se fondant sur un réexamen détaillé de la documentation de fouille inédite, différents édifices dont les vestiges bâtis peuvent être comparés à ceux trouvés à Fos, dans une large perspective géographique et chronologique : navalia (arsenaux militaires), chantiers de construction navale, entrepôts. Au terme de ce travail, on peut constater qu’aucune identification ne peut être actuellement retenue avec certitude. Seule la reprise d’une fouille permettrait d’apporter des éléments nouveaux à l’interprétation de ces grands bâtiments inédits de Fossae Marianae.
Infrastructures portuaires à Portus
Authors: Bukowiecki Evelyne , Mimmo Milena
Published: January 2024

Les travaux menés par l’École française de Rome à Portus depuis 2009 ont permis de renouveler nos connaissances sur les infrastructures de ce complexe portuaire voulu par Claude, complété par Trajan et les autres empereurs antonins, entièrement réorganisé sous la dynastie sévérienne et maintenu en activité bien au-delà de l’époque impériale. Il s’agira dans cet article de présenter l’essentiel des résultats obtenus par l’étude archéologique et architecturale de deux monuments emblématiques de ce système portuaire : les entrepôts dits de Trajan et le môle nord-sud.
Productivity Profiles of Islamic Banks Using Data Envelopment Analysis-Based Malmquist Productivity Indices (MPIs)
Authors: Iddouch Karim , El Badraoui Khalid , Ouenniche Jamal
Published: January 2024

This chapter surveys the literature on the productivity profiles of Islamic Banks (IBs), with a specific emphasis on Malmquist Productivity Indices (MPIs) estimated using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) methodologies. It examines 68 publications from 2006 to 2022, offering a comprehensive categorization of the literature based on four key aspects: (1) the type of DEA analysis, (2) productivity measurement methodologies, (3) variables for DEA model specification and corresponding evaluation approaches, and (4) the drivers of productivity along with their theoretical foundations. This paper also provides a critical analysis of the existing literature, identifying gaps, inconsistencies, and potential sources of discrepancies in the findings, thereby paving the way for future research to address these limitations.
Efficiency Analysis of a Surgery Roadmap Based on Lean Manufacturing Techniques, Simulation, and Data Envelopment Analysis
Authors: Talero-Sarmiento Leonardo H. , Escobar Rodriguez Laura Yeraldin
Published: January 2024

This study advances healthcare process optimization, focusing on surgery roadmaps in the healthcare system, a scenario exemplifying optimization challenges due to limited information. This chapter emphasizes enhancing efficiency and resource utilization by employing lean manufacturing, operational research, simulation, data envelopment analysis, and non-dominance analysis. This study discovers 32 correlated patient pathways, showing shared activities and simultaneous multi-route impact from optimization strategies. Instead of merely analyzing pathway performance, the study applies data envelopment analysis to various investment scenarios, providing insights for healthcare decision-makers on improving patient care quality and efficiency. The juxtaposition of data envelopment analysis with a non-dominance algorithm in this mixed-method approach offers a robust framework for addressing healthcare operational challenges, particularly under information scarcity, and promotes continuous process improvement.
Corruption as an Obstacle to Socio-Economic and Political Justice in Zimbabwe
Authors: Musendekwa Menard
Published: January 2024

In Zimbabwe, it has long been believed that corruption is the main barrier to economic growth. Corruption has frustrated all chances for socio-economic and political justice in Zimbabwe. The democratic space has also been shrunk as evidenced by judicial failure to affect reasonable punishment on perpetrators of corruption. This chapter examines recorded incidents of corruption in Zimbabwe that have not received the proper attention, resulting in the deterioration of socioeconomic and political justice.
Decolonizing the Developmental Agenda
Authors: Zreik Mohamad
Published: January 2024

This chapter examines the colonial legacy, neo-colonial influences, and the fight for democratic government as root reasons of Africa's developmental issues. Institutional responses to these problems are examined, including the African Union (AU), the New Partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD), and the African Peer Review. A decolonized perspective on development and political will are both emphasized. Relying on Walter Rodney's claims, this chapter stresses the significance of accountable governance, human rights, and civic engagement in addressing Africa's self-underdevelopment.