bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Theory of Love and Sexual Desire
Authors: GILES JAMES
Published: July 2007

The experience of being in love involves a longing for union with the other, where an important part of this longing is sexual desire. But what is the relation between being in love and sexual desire? To answer this it must first be seen that the expression ‘in love’ normally refers to a personal relationship. This is because to be ‘in love’ is to want to be loved back. This much would be predicted by equity and social exchange theories of interpersonal attraction. Findings suggest however that love differs fundamentally from liking and, consequently, distinct approaches to the theory of love have been developed. A phenomenological theory is then put forward which suggests that the experience of being in love involves a complex of desires for reciprocal vulnerability in order to care and be cared for. Sexual desire is then seen to involve the physical expression of these desires in the form of desires for mutual baring in order to caress and be caressed. Unlike love, however, sexual desire need not refer to the other person's desires. This is supported by the existence of sexual desires like fetishism. It is concluded that other desires which often appear in instances of being in love are not basic to the experience of being in love.
The Concept of Consciousness4 The Reflective Meaning
Authors: NATSOULAS THOMAS
Published: July 2007

In this article, which is fourth in a series of six articles, I address the fourth concept of consciousness that the Oxford English Dictionary (“the OED”) defines in its six main entries under the word consciousness. I first introduce this fourth concept, the concept of consciousness4. by (a) identifying the previous three OED concepts of consciousness, which I have already discussed in this series of articles, and (b) by indicating how that to which we make reference, respectively, by means of those three concepts is related to the referents of the concept of consciousness4. I then address the latter concept more directly by pursuing for the remainder of the article where the OED's fourm entry leads. Among other things, I am led to consider two competing accounts of consciousness4 that figure prominently in the OED entry, namely the intrinsic, self‐intimational account of William Hamilton and the inner‐eye, perceptionlike account of John Locke. Both kinds of account are very much with us today.
The Concept of Consciousness5: The Unitive Meaning
Authors: NATSOULAS THOMAS
Published: July 2007

This is the fifth of a series of six articles examining respectively the six concepts of consciousness identified in the main entries of theOxford English Dictionaryunder the word. I call the concept of consciousness5the unitive meaning because it is said to refer to the totality of mental‐occurrence instances that constitute a person's conscious being. The present article consists mainly of an effort to answer the question of which totality of mental‐occurrence instances it is to which the fifth concept refers. Four possible answers are considered, and the fourth, derived form Locke, is found to capture best the dictionary's meaning. Accordingly, consciousness5 is a certain subjectively determined unity of mental‐occurrence instances mat is further specified, of course, in the article. However, I also consider, finally, that the compilers of the dictionary may have had something more objective in mind as well, another meaning toward which the word is tending if it has not already arrived mere. This further sense may amount to an identification of consciousness with those components of James's stream that he described as “the very core and nucleus of our self as we know it, the very sanctuary of our life.”
Social Representations and Individual Actions: Misunderstandings, Omissions and Different Premises
Authors: CRANACH MARIO VON
Published: July 2007

Wolfgang Wagner (1994) has submitted a logically ordered and well phrased chain of arguments. But his paper contains, at least in concern of our research which he uses for illustration (Thommen et al, 1988, 1992), a number of misinterpretations. Furthermore, and what is more important, it ignores relevant scientific developments and tries to monopolize the field of social representations for one single, namely Wagner's own, viewpoint and level of analysis.1 For these reasons, I can not accept some of his statements.
Nothing is Concealed: De‐centring Tacit Knowledge and Rules from Social Theory
Authors: PLEASANTS NIGEL
Published: July 2007

The concept of “tacit knowledge” as the means by which individuals interpret the “rules” of social interaction occupies a central role in all the major contemporary theories of action and social structure. The major reference point for social theorists is Wittgenstein's celebrated discussion of rule‐following in the Philosophical Investigations. Focusing on Giddens' incorporation of tacit knowledge and rules into his “theory of structuration”, I argue that Wittgenstein's later work is steadfastly set against the “latent cognitivism” inherent in the idea of tacit knowledge and tacit rules. I also argue that the idea of tacit knowledge and tacit rules is either incoherent or explanatorily vacuous.
Conflicting Varieties of Realism: Causal Powers and the Problems of Social Structure
Authors: VARELA CHARLES R. , HARRÉ ROM
Published: July 2007

Proponents of the view that social structures are ontologically distinct from the people in whose actions they are immanent have assumed that structures can stand in causal relations to individual practices. Were causality to be no more than Humean concomitance correlations between structure and practices would be unproblematic. But two prominent advocates of the ontological account of structures, Bhaskar and Giddens, have also espoused a powers theory of causality. According to that theory causation is brought about by the activity of particulars, in the social psychological case, individuals of some sort. Consistence would demand that structure be those individuals. But neither Giddens nor Bhaskar wish to reify structure to the extent that would fit it for a role as a powerful particular. If only human beings can be powerful particulars in these contexts, the only way that structures can be real must be as properties of conversational (symbolic) interactions. Human action is social just in so far as people direct themselves to engage well in joint activities with others.
Field calibration of an impedance soil water probe for the shallow seedbed across field topography
Authors: Bullied W. J. , Van Acker R. C. , Bullock P. R.
Published: July 2007

Impedance soil water probes enable frequent and non‐destructive determination of soil water status in situations where gravimetric soil sampling is too demanding of time and sampling space. The ThetaProbe is an impedance soil water probe requiring calibration for local soil conditions, because measurement accuracy can be affected by properties of the soil. Often, only a single calibration is performed for an experimental site. An experiment investigating the seedbed to 75‐mm depth across a field topography with variable soil properties was examined to determine which soil properties affected the calibration of the ThetaProbe, and if soil‐specific calibration was required to derive suitable estimates of the water status in the experiment. Experimental factors examined included hillslope aspect, hillslope position, crop residue and soil depth. Soil properties, other than volumetric water content, significantly affecting the probe measurements were bulk density, electrical conductivity and temperature. The probe underestimated soil water at very low water contents, and overestimated soil water at contents greater than 11 m3 m−3, compared with gravimetric measurements. A single calibration, not corrected for hillslope position at a water content of 20 m3 m−3, overestimated water content by 0.02 m3 m−3 in the summit hillslope position and underestimated water content by 0.04 m3 m−3 in the toeslope position. A single calibration, not corrected for soil depth at a water content of 20 m3 m−3, overestimated water content by 0.02 m3 m−3 in the 0‐ to 25‐mm soil layer and underestimated water content by 0.03 m3 m−3 in the 50‐ to 75‐mm layer. The complexity of microsites in a shallow seedbed requires soil‐specific calibration in field experiments containing heterogeneous soil properties.
Hemolysis of Canine Fresh and Stored Blood Associated With Peristaltic Pump Infusion
Authors: Stiles J. , Raffe M.R.
Published: July 2007

Hemolysis produced by peristaltic pump infusion of canine whole blood was studied in fresh (3‐hours‐old) and stored (21‐day‐old) blood units. Blood was pumped at infusion rates of 50, 100, and 200 ml/hr and compared to gravity flow blood at the same rates. IVAC 530 and 560 (peristaltic) and the Animed Flowset 100 (rotaty) pumps were evaluated.

In the fresh blood group, the IVAC 530 did not produce significant hemolysis at any rate compared togravity infusion. Blood pumped through the IVAC 560 and the Animed Flowset 100 was significantly hemolyzed when compared to blood administered by gravity flow.

Free plasma hemoglobin was higher in stored blood than in fresh blood for all groups. The Animed Flowset 100 demonstrated significant hemolysis at 50 and 100 ml/hr flow rates compared to free‐dripped blood, the IVAC 530, and the IVAC 560. All pumps hemolyzed blood more at 100 and 200 ml/hr than at 50 ml/hr.

When fresh blood is transfused, it can be pumped through an IVAC 530 at 50, 100, or 200 ml/hr without significant hemolysis. The IVAC 560 produces an intermediate level of hemolysis. The Animed Flowset 100 is not recommended for pumping whole blood. Blood that has been stored for 21 days appears to have a much higher level of hemolysis than fresh blood at all infusion rates.
A Comparison of Arterial and Lingual Venous Blood Gases in Anethetized Dogs
Authors: Wanger A.E. , Muir W.W. , Bednaraki R.M.
Published: July 2007

The purpose of this study was to determine whether lingual vanous blood gas samples reflect arterial acid‐base gas status in anethetized dogs. Heparinized blood samples were drawn simultaneously from the lingual vein and a peripheral artery in 50 anestheized dogs that were clinical surgical patients, as well as from four experimental dogs in which hemorrahaic shock was being studied. Blood pH, oxygen tension (PO2), and bicarbonate (HCO3‐)) from the two sources in clinical patients showed significant liner correlation, although arterial PO2)(PaO2)) tended to be approximately 110mm Hg higher than lingual venous PO2). During hemorrahgic shock, however, PaO2) and PaCO2) were significantly different from lingual venous PO2) and PCO2), Lingula venous blood gas analysis may be useful in assessing acid‐base and blood gas status in routline cases, but should not be relied upon in dogs with low cardiac output or poor perfusion.
Clinical Tolerance and Bronchoscopic Changes Associated With Transtracheal High‐Frequency jet Ventilation in Dogs and Cats
Authors: Haskins Steve C. , Orima H. , Yamamoto Y. , Patz John D.
Published: July 2007

Eleven awake dogs and two cats received high‐frequency jet ventilation (HFJV) via a transtracheal catheter for 6 hours to evaluate their clinical tolerance to the technique. A bronchoscopic examination was performed in all animals prior to and the morning of the day after the procedure to determine the gross effects of the technique on the tracheal epithelium.

All animals tolerated the technique well, exhibiting no discomfort and only a minimal amount of coughing. Only one dog exhibited coughing on the day following the procedure. No bronchoscopic changes were noted after HFJV in one dog. In one dog and one cat, the only observed change was an increase in the prominence of the vascularity compared to that observed prior to HFJV. The remaining animals exhibited more severe tracheal changes that included: an accumulation of mucus (seven dogs, one cat), focal spots of hemorrhage (two dogs), linear stretches of epithelial denuding (two dogs), and diffuse reddening and epithelial denuding (four dogs).

High‐frequency jet ventilation by a transtracheal intravenous catheter is well tolerated for short‐term ventilatory support in dogs and cats, but the magnitude of the tracheal damage observed in the present report may preclude long‐term ventilatory support by this tecnique.
Evaluation of Pulse Oximetry as a Continuous Monitoring Technique in Critically Ill Dogs in the Small Animal Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Fairman Nancy B.
Published: July 2007

To assess the clinical applicability of pulse oximetry in the intensive care setting, a comparison was made of arterial hemoglobin saturation values determined by in vitro oximetry (SaO2) and pulse oximetry (SpO2) in 21 critically ill dogs. Single SaO2 measurements were compared to simultaneously obtained SpO2 readings. The correlation between these two methods was statistically significant (r = 0.8944, p = 0.0001). In addition, heart rates read by the pulse oximeter were compared to simultaneously obtained electrocardiograms (ECG). The correlation between these two methods was statistically significant (r = 0.9966, p = 0.0001). The pulse oximeter was easy to use, and recorded trends in oxygenation virtually instantaneously. Pulse oximetry appears to be an accurate and practical technique for the continuous non‐invasive monitoring of oxygenation in critically ill dogs in the intensive care unit.
Hypoxemia in the Acutely Traumatized Canine Patient
Authors: Buttrick Martha L. , Riedesel Dean H. , Selcer Barbara A. , Barstad Robert D.
Published: July 2007

One hundred acutely traumatized dogs were evaluated for the presence of cardiopulmonary abnormalities with thoracic radiographs, electrocardiography and arterial blood gas analysis. Fifty‐seven dogs were found to have concurrent appendicular fracture(s) and thoracic injury as defined by an abnormality in one or more of the variables evaluated. Thoracic radiographs were abnormal in 44 dogs. Ventricular arrhythmias were identified in 17 dogs. Hypoxemia (PaO2 < 80 mmHg) was detected in 25 dogs. Hypoxemia was noted with increased frequency in dogs with abnormal thoracic radiographs. Ventricular arrhythmias occurred more frequently in the hypoxemic group of dogs.

Although a relationship was noted between the presence of hypoxemia, radiographic changes of the thorax and ECG abnormalities, all three examinations provided important information for assessing the cardiopulmonary status of each patient.
Influence of Fasting on Canine Arterial and Venous Blood Gas and Acid‐Base Measurements
Authors: Lawler D. F. , Kealy R. D. , Ballam J. M. , Monti K. L.
Published: July 2007

Arterial and venous blood gas profiles were obtained from 33 clinically normal adult dogs of two breeds (German Shepherd Dog and English Pointer) 4 and 24 hours after eating. Fresh drinking water was available. All dogs were fed a nutritionally complete and balanced dry diet. Blood gas parameters measured included pH, pCO2, pO2, bicarbonate, base excess, total carbon dioxide, oxygen content, and oxygen saturation.

Statistically significant differences (P < 0.01) were found between sampling intervals (4 and 24 hours postprandial) for pCO2, bicarbonate, total carbon dioxide, and base excess, for arterial and venous blood samples.

Statistically significant differences (P < 0.01) were found between arterial and venous blood for all parameters, at both sampling intervals.

No statistically significant interactions (P > 0.05) were found between sample type (arterial or venous) and sampling interval.

Correlations between arterial and venous samples were generally (but not exclusively) higher than correlations between sampling intervals. Breed differences were also noted.
Ventricular Arrhythmias in Dogs With Splenic Masses
Authors: Keyes Minta L. , Rush John E. , de Morais Helio S. Autran , Couto C. Guillermo
Published: July 2007

The records of 73 dogs with splenic masses were evaluated retrospectively to determine whether ventricular arrhythmias, in the absence of clinically apparent underlying heart disease, were a common clinical finding. Associated clinical, laboratory, and pathologic findings were evaluated to search for clinical predictors of ventricular arrhythmias. Age, breed, weight, sex, coagulation abnormalities, electrolyte abnormalities, and hemoabdomen were unrelated to the development of arrhythmias (p > 0.05). Anemia was associated with the presence of arrhythmias (p = 0.005). Myocardial necrosis (10/18) and metastatic hemangiosarcoma (3/18) were common myocardial histopathologic findings. Proposed causes for arrhythmias in dogs with splenic masses include myocardial metastases, tissue hypoxia secondary to anemia or hypovolemia, and local or systemic catecholamine release.
Colloid Oncotic Pressure and the Clinical Use of Colloidal Solutions
Authors: Concannon Kevin T.
Published: July 2007

The synthetic colloids, dextran and hydroxyethyl starch, have only recently enjoyed widespread use in critically ill veterinary patients. Plasma proteins normally provide colloid oncotic pressure and, thereby, are the primary force responsible for retaining fluid within the vasculature. Abnormally low plasma protein concentrations, common in the critically ill patient, are associated with excessive fluid loss from capillaries and development of peripheral or pulmonary edema. Infusion of colloid solutions decreases the potential for and severity of edema in hypooncotic states. Dextran and hydroxyethyl starch solutions also provide other positive hemodynamic benefits and are a preferable alternative to crystalloid usage in the resuscitation of selected patients from hypotensive and hypovolemic states. Potential side effects of synthetic colloid infusion include anaphylactoid reactions, increased risk of bleeding, interference with cross matching, and acute renal failure. Knowledge of the mechanisms responsible for these adverse effects minimizes their occurrence.
Magnesium in the 1990's: Implications for Veterinary Critical Care
Authors: Martin Linda G. , Wingfield Wayne E. , Van Pelt Deborah R. , Hackett Timothy B.
Published: July 2007

Magnesium is the second most abundant intracelular cation, exceeded only by potassium. The majority of magnesium is found in bone and muscle. This cation is required for many metabolic functions, most notably as a coenzyme for the sodium‐potassium ATPase pump. Magnesium functions to maintain the electrolyte gradient across all membranes. Interference with this gradient may result in changes in the resting membrane potential and disturbances in repolarization, resulting in cardiovascular and neuromuscular abnormalities.

Hypomagnesemia may be the most underdiagnosed electrolyte disorder. Incidence rates greater than 50 percent have been reported in critically ill human patients. Currently there is little or no information available regarding the incidence and significance of hypomagnesemia in hospitalized animals. Causes of magnesium deficiency can be divided into four general categories: gastrointestinal, renal, endocrine and miscellaneous. The diagnosis of magnesium depletion can be difficult since less than one percent of total body magnesium is located in serum. Alternative methods of evaluating magnesium status include determining ultrafilterable magnesium levels, mononuclear blood cell magnesium levels or by quantifying magnesium retention of an administered loading dose.
Abnormalities of Serum Magnesium in Critically III Dogs: Incidence and Implications
Authors: Martin Linda G. , Matteson Vicki L. , Wingfield Wayne E. , Van Pelt Deborah R. , Hackett Timothy B.
Published: July 2007

Serum magnesium (Mg) is an infrequnetly measured electrolyte in small animal patients. Currently, little is known about the prevalence and significance of abnormalities in serum Mg in animals. Therefore, a prospective study was performed to examine the incidence and clinical implications of abnormalities in serum Mg levels in critically ill dogs.

Serum Mg and other electrolytes were measured in 93 normal dogs housed at the Purina Pet Care Center and in 48 ill dogs admitted to a small animal critical care unit. The normal reference range for canine serum Mg was determined to be 1.89 – 2.51 mg/dl. Based on this range, 54% of the critically ill dogs were hypomagnesemic (< 1.89 mg/dl) and 13% were hypermagnesemic (> 2.51 mg/dl). Of the electrolytes measured in these patients, serum Mg had the highest prevalence of abnormal values. Hypomagnesemic patients had a significantly higher incidence of concurrent hypokalemia and hyponatremia (p < 0.05), as well as a longer length of hospitalization (p < 0.05) than their normomagnesemic counterparts. Hypermagnesemic patients were 2.6 times more likely not to survive their illness when compared to patients with normal serum Mg levels.

Abnormalities in serum Mg appear to be common in critically ill dogs. These patients commonly have other concurrent electrolyte abnormalities. Since serum Mg is not routinely measured, the presence of hypokalemia or hyponatremia should alert the clinician to the possibility of coexisting hypomagnesemia. The clinical implications of hypomagnesemia and hypermagnesemia in ill dogs appear to involve prolonged hospitalization and increased mortality, respectively: however, the exact etiology remains undetermined.
PRACTICALITY, USEFULNESS, AND LIMITS OF END‐TIDAL CARBON DIOXIDE MONITORING IN CRITICAL SMALL ANIMAL PATIENTS
Authors: Hendricks Joan C. , King Lesley G.
Published: July 2007

End‐tidal monitors for measuring carbon dioxide (CO2) have become widely available for clinical use in the last two decades. This non‐invasive technology has been previously evaluated in anesthetized veterinary patients, but its accuracy has not been assessed in critical patients. We investigated the usefulness and limits of end‐tidal CO2monitoring in two populations of critical small animal patients: spontaneously breathing dogs and mechanically ventilated patients with healthy and damaged lungs. In analyzing samples from 43 spontaneously breathing dogs and 34 ventilated patients (28 dogs and six cats), the end‐tidal CO2was generally lower than pCO2. The predictive value for hypoventilation was excellent in both populations (100%). The linear correlation of the end‐tidal CO2and arterial pCO2in non‐panting dogs with healthy lungs was 0.84 (p<0.0001), and the 95% confidence interval (CI) of the difference was ± 3.2 mm Hg. However, the measures were uncorrelated in panting dogs (r=0.37, p=0.27), and the 95% CI was ± 13.37 mm Hg. Furthermore, where multiple samples could be obtained in individual patients, the r values and differences of end‐tidal compared to arterial pCO2varied unpredictably. These variations did not appear to be predicted by patient factors such as lung disease. We conclude that the end‐tidal CO2monitor is clinically useful for detecting hypoventilation and monitoring apnea, but it should be supplemented with arterial pCO2determinations if it is important to obtain accurate pCO2measures.
Development Of A Scoring System For The Veterinary Trauma Patient
Authors: Rockar Richard A. , Drobatz Kenneth S. , Shofer Frances S.
Published: July 2007

An animal trauma triage (ATT) scoring system was devised to provide stratification of veterinary trauma patient populations based upon severity of injury. A retrospective population of 101 trauma patients and a prospective population of 88 patients were used to evaluate the predictive power of the ATT scoring system for survival seven days after initial presentation of the emergency service. In Both groups, the mean ATT score for survivors was significantly lower than the mean ATT score for non‐survivors. In a logistic regression mode, the ATT score was found to be a significant predictor of the likelihood of survival seven days after initial presentation for both populartions. Each point increase in the ATT score resulted in a 2.3–2.6 times decreased likelihood of survival. The ATT scoring system is a useful objective classification scheme for predicting the likelihood to survive a traumatic incident and can serve as prototype for severity of injuroy scoring systems for the veterinary trauma patient.
Approach To Complications Of Anti‐Cancer Therapy In Emergency Practice
Authors: Wohl James S. , Cotter Susan M.
Published: July 2007

Greater awareness of the benefit of medical management of neoplasia has resulted in greater client demand for therapy and increased use of chemotherapy by practitioners. Complications of anticancer therapy, therefore, can be expected to an increasing complaint of clients contacting emergency and critical Care facilities. The efficacy of chemotherapy consists of a does dependent cytotoxic effect on rapidly dividing neoplastic cells. As these drugs charcteristically have a narrow therapeutic to toxic ratio, damage to normal host tissues is the major risk with aggressive protocolos. The most common adverse effects are myelosuppression with fever and spesis secondary to neutropenia and gastrointestinal toxicity with vomiting or diarrhea. With awareness of the toxicity of specific anticancer durgs, the practicing emergency clinician can rationally intervene to overcome what is often short term, but life‐threatening crisis.
Evaluation of Transmittance and Reflectance Pulse Oximetry in a Canine Model of Hypotension and Desaturation
Authors: Barton Linda J. , Devey Jennifer J. , Gorski Steven , Mainiero Louis , DeBehnke Daniel
Published: July 2007

Ten, anesthetized dogs were instrumented with three pulse oximeter probes; two lingual transmittance probes and one rectal reflective probe. Arterial oxygen desaturation was produced by decreasing the inspired oxygen concentration. Hypotension was produced with an infusion of nitroprusside. Simultaneous pulse oximeter readings (SpO2) were compared to co‐oximeter measured arterial saturation (SaO2) collected over a range of SaO2(50–100%) and mean arterial pressures (40–100mmHg). Each of the monitors and means of evaluating SpO2studied provided accurate SpO2measurements over a range of mean arterial pressure from 40–100mmHg. All of the monitors tested tended to overestimate the SaO2when the arterial saturation was less than 70%.
A Prospective Study Of Intravenous Catheter Contamination
Authors: Mathews Karol A. , Brooks Melanie J. , Valliant Anne E.
Published: July 2007

A one year prospective study was conducted to determine the association between intravenous catheter contamination and increased dwell time, and to identify any related risk factors. Intravenous catheters obtained from 23 cats and 98 dogs in the Intensive Care Unit at the Ontario Veterinary College with dwell times > 72 hours for the test group (n=58) and < 72 hours for a corresponding control group (n=63) were cultured between April 1991 and March 1992. One hundred and twenty one catheters were cultured, 16 jugular, 99 cephalic, and 6 saphenous. The overall contamination rate was 13 out of 121 catheters cultured (10.7%); 9/63 (14.3%) control and 4/58 (6.9%) test catheters. The bacteria isolated were E.aerogenes, S.aureus (3), P.aeruginosa, P.multocida, and Bacillus sp (7). The Bacillus sp positive catheters (5 control and 2 test) were placed during a five day period, and contaminated gauze squares were identified as the source of infection in these catheters. After these were removed from the study, the group infection rate was 6.9% control and 3.6% test. There was no significant difference between groups and no associated risk factors were identified. We conclude that intravenous dwell time need not be restricted to <72 hours.
Acetaminophen Toxicosis In 17 Cats
Authors: Aronson Lillian R. , Drobatz Kenneth
Published: July 2007

Seventeen cases of acetamninophen intoxication in cats were identified over a 12‐year period. Information obtained from the medical records included the signalment, amount acetaminophen ingested, time from ingestion until treatment was initiated, clinical signs, physical examination, clinical pathology, treatment and outcome. The most common cause intoxication was owner administration. In cats that died or were euthanized the dose administered ranged from 10mg/kg to 17Omg/kg, while in cats that survived the dosage ranged from 10mg/kg to 400mg/kg. The most common clinical signs were depression, increased respiratory rate, respiratory distress, pale/muddy mucous membranes, and hypothermia. Twelve cats survived. Ten of these cats had treatment initiated within 14 hours after ingestion. One cat that survived had treatment initiated 24 hours after ingestion, and a second cat that survived had treatment initiated 48 hours after ingestion. Time between ingestion and initiation treatment may be as important if not more important than the actual dosage acetaminophen administered.
Energy Expenditure in 104 Postoperative and Traumatically Injured Dogs with Indirect Calorimetry
Authors: Walton Ronald S. , Wingfield Wayne E. , Ogilvie Gregory K. , Fettman Martin J. , Matteson Vicki L.
Published: July 2007

Apparent restihg energy expenditure (AREE) and respiratory quotient (RQ) were determined by open flow indirect calorimetry in a group of 104 apparently resting, critically ill, postoperative and severely traumatized dogs. The evaluations were conducted in a calm, temperature‐controlled environment after at least a 12‐hour fast. Subjects were allowed to acclimilate to the monitoring equipment prior to beginning the study. The clinical patients were compared to a group of 20 clinically normal, apparently resting, client owned dogs (NC). The data was also compared to published normals (NP) for energy expenditure of apparently resting dogs. Measurements were indexed to actual body weight in kilograms (BW) as well as to metabolic body size(BW0.75). Measurements of VO2(VO2/kg and VO2/kg0.75) and VCO2(VCO2/kg and VCO2/kg0.75) were used to calculate the RQ and the AREE. Critically ill, postperative and severely lower RQ values AREE/kg or AREE/kg0.75(p=0.39). The PO&T dogs did exhibit significantly lower RQ values (p<0.0001) than either the (NC) or (NP) groups. Measured AREE of the PO&T dogs was significantly less than a calcualted value using the illness/injury/infection energy requirement (IER), (p<0.0001). Energy expenditure in typical trauma and postoperative patients may commonly be overstimated by the IER method. Conclusion: The AREE of critically ill, postoperative and severly trumatized dogs was not higher than healthy dogs as has been previously suggested in the literature.
Clinical Experience With Jejunostomy Feeding Tubes In 47 Small Animal Patients
Authors: Crowe Dennis T. , Devey Jennifer J.
Published: July 2007

The medical records of 39 dogs and 8 cats which had jejunostomy feeding tubes placed using modifications of a previously described surgical technique were retrospectively reviewed. Modifications included the addition of a suture to anchor the feeding tube to the jejunum, the use of a continuous circumferential suture to pexy the jejunum to the abdominal wall, and the placement of a skin suture that penetrated deep into the abdominal wall fascia. All tubes were placed during surgical treatment of a primary intraabdominal disease. Tubes were used for feeding from 1 to 41 days (average 9.7 days). Sixteen patients (34%) developed mild to moderate complications such as chewing at the tube, inadvertent tube removal, tube obstruction, and cellulitis around the ostomy site. Three patients (6%) developed severe complications associated with breakdown of the surgical site. The modified jejunostomy technique was effective for placement of jejunostomy tubes as a complementary procedure to exploratory celiotomy.
Evalution of an Epidural Intracranial Pressure Monitoring System in Cats
Authors: Dewey Curtis W. , Bailey Cleta S. , Haskins Steven C. , Kass Philip H. , Crowe Dennis T.
Published: July 2007

The accuracy of an inexpensive, easily implantable, epidural intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring system was assessed in six normal cats by comparing measurements from this system to those obtained with a fiberoptic intraparenchymal monitoring system. The epidural monitoring system consisted of a three‐way stopcock and saline‐filled extension tubing, connected to a standard blood pressure transducer. Each cat was placed under halothane anesthesia and mechanically ventilated. Both an epidural and a fiberoptic intraparenchymal monitoring device were placed in the left cranium of each cat; correct placement was verified by computed tomography. Mean ICP values were simultaneously recorded from both monitoring devices. After obtaining baseline ICP measurements, the ICP was manipulated via ventilation, jugular compression, and pharmacologic agents. Arterial blood pressure levels, arterial blood gas values, end‐tidal carbon dioxide levels, and end‐tidal halothane levels were recorded throughout the study. Cerebral perfusion pressure was calculated for each level of ICP. Repeated measures analysis of variance method was used to compare mean ICP values between the two monitoring systems. No significant differences in ICP values obtained from the two systems were found (p>0.05) at any level of ICP. The results of this study show that the epidural monitoring system is a reliable alternative to the fiberoptic intraparenchymal ICP monitoring system in normal cats. The accuracy of the epidural monitoring system in pathologic states needs to be investigated.
Absorbance Spectra of Inter‐Species Hemoglobins in the Visible and Near Infrared Regions
Authors: Grosenbaugh Deborah A. , Alben James O. , Muir William W.
Published: July 2007

This study was initiated to determine if the absorbance spectra of hemoglobins from nonhuman species were sufficiently different from those of human hemoglobin to affect the applicability of pulse oximetry to common domestic species. Hemoglobin was isolated from the blood of humans, dogs, cats, horses, cows, and pigs. The millimolar extinction coefficients for oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin samples were determined over the wavelength range of 600 to 1000 nm. Minor differences in the absorbance of both oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin were found between human hemoglobin and that of the dog, cat, horse, cow, and pig. However, correction for the presence of methemoglobin, the effects of light scattering by impurities in the solution, and technical error rendered these differences statistically insignificant. The results of this study suggest that the spectral properties of canine, feline, equine, bovine, and porcine hemoglobin do not differ significantly from that of human hemoglobin and should not be a limiting factor in the application of pulse oximeters that are based on human algorithms to animal species.
Performance Evaluation of the ADS 1000 Ventilator Using a Lung Model
Authors: Faudskar L.S. , Raffe M. R. , Randall D. A. , Bing D. R.
Published: July 2007

A laboratory evaluation was performed to evaluate the performance characteristics of a new veterinary ventilator. The ventilator studied was configured according to manufacturer's directions and attached to a test lung via a pneumotachograph and differential pressure transducer interfaced to a pulmonary mechanics analyzer system. Constant resistance (R=10 cm H2O/L/sec) and compliance (C=3 ml/cm H2O) factors were maintained for all trials. The ventilator operated at the manufacturer's preprogrammed parameters. In the first trial, body weight was the only variable. In the second trial, an endotracheal tube was placed in series between the ventilator's breathing circuit and the pneumotachograph. Body weights from 1–20 kgs were evaluated. Mean values for respiratory rate (RR), minute ventilation (VE), inspiratory time (Ti), peak inspiratory pressure (PIP), and peak inspiratory flow (Fpki) displayed on the ventilator control panel; tidal volume (VT), calculated from the displayed minute volume, and identical parameters measured by the pulmonary mechanics system at each body weight, were compared using a two factor analysis of variance. Significant differences (P< 0.05) were found between mean displayed and measured values for RR, PIP, and Fpki.
Oral Lesions Associated with Orotracheal Administered Mechanical Ventilation in Critically III Dogs
Authors: Fudge Mack , Anderson Jamie G. , Aldrich Janet , Haskins Steve C.
Published: July 2007

The incidence and clinical progression of oral lesions in a cohort of critically ill patients administered mechanical ventilation via orotracheal intubation were observed prospectively in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) of the University of California, Davis Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital. Oral cavities of these patients were examined within 24 hours of being placed on the ventilator and at least daily thereafter during ventilator therapy. As part of the study protocol, any lesion noted was treated. Twenty‐one critically ill canine patients (median age of 7 yrs; range <1 to 19 yrs) were observed from 1 January 1995 through 31 August 1995. Over ninety percent (90.5%) of the observed patients developed oral lesions subsequent to being mechanically ventilated. Erosive and ulcerative mucosal lesions were the most frequently observed (15/43) with the tongue being the most frequently involved oral structure. Most of the observed soft tissue oral lesions appeared secondary to persistently applied pressure from teeth, mouth gags, endotracheal tubes, and other monitoring devices. Efforts taken to prevent persistently applied trauma, such as periodic positional changes of equipment and padding of susceptible structures, apeared effective in preventing oral lesions. There were indications of gastric reflux in 6 patients (28.6%), as evidenced by secretions in the oral cavity with a pH of <6 and containing digested blood. Ulcerative lesions in the subset of patients with gastric reflux seemed to worsen in severity with exposure to the low pH secretions. Over the course of the study, the ICU nursing staff developed an effective protocol for the care of the oral cavity: treating mucosal erosions and ulcers topically8 with a dilute chlorhexidine solution (0.05%), removing oral secretions via suction as needed, and padding persistently traumatized tissues with glycerin moistened gauze. Oral lesions in orotrachealy intubated and mechanically ventilated patients are predictable, preventable, and treatable. Most lesions are pressure induced, associated with monitoring/therapeutic equipment, and appear to be preventable with appropriate nursing protocls. Most observed oral lesions clinically improved with routine, periodic dilute chlorhexidine rinses and relief of applied pressure.
Diphenhydramine Intoxication in a Dog1
Authors: Lagutchik Michael S. , Hackett Timothy B. , Carter Leslie J. , Wagner Ann E. , Wingfield Wayne E.
Published: July 2007

We report a case of diphenhydramine intoxication in a dog. A five month old intact male Labrador Retriever was presented after ingesting approximately 36 diphenhydramine tablets (50 mg/tablet; approximate ingested dose of 1800 mg or 67 mg/kg). Physical examination findings included severe ataxia, profound disorientation, severe continuous spastic muscle tremors, hyperthermia, tachycardia, tachypnea, and hyperesthesia. The dog was unresponsive to intravenous diazepam and phenobarbital, but rapidly responded to an intravenous bolus and subsequent continuous infusion of guaifenesin and supportive fluid therapy. The serum diphenhydramine level on admission was 537 ng/ml. The toxic level is not reported for dogs, but is considered>60 ng/ml in people. The dog was discharged 24 hours after admission with no apparent residual effects.
Suspected Spinal Epidural Empyema and Associated Vertebral Osteomyelitis (Physitis)in a Dog
Authors: Jerram Richard M. , Dewey Curtis W.
Published: July 2007

A 1 year old female Aurstralian Heeler dog was presented for fever and paraplegia of recent onset. Radiography and myelography revealed osteolysis of the first lumber (L1) vertebra and extensive epidural spinal cord compression from the level of the thirteenth thoracic (T13) to the fourth lumbar (L4) vertebra. A decompressive hemilaminectomy was performed; purulent‐appearing fluid and inflamed epidural fat were present in the vertebral canal. The neurologic recovery of the dog was satisfactory 6 months following surgery.
Effect of Synthetic Colloids on Refractometric Readings of Total Solids
Authors: Bumpus Sarah E. , Haskins Steve C. , Kass Philip H.
Published: July 2007

Veterinary patients are treated with colloid solutions for plasma volume expansion and maintenance of plasma colloid oncotic pressure (COP). In practice COP is usually extrapolated from measurement of albumin, total protein, or refractometric total solids (TS) as an estimate of total protein. The objective of this study was to determine if refractometer readings accurately reflect levels of synthetic colloid in the blood. Serial dilutions of synthetic colloids Dextran 70 and hetastarch into 2.5% and 5% human serum albumin (HSA) were prepared, and COP and TS measurements were performed. Synthetic colloids were found to produce a significant increase in measured COP, without a significant change in refractometric TS readings. Measured COP correlated well with concentration of synthetic colloid. In clinical patients, treatment of decreased COP with synthetic colloids should be monitored by direct measurement of COP or by observing resolution of clinical signs of hypovolemia or edema. (Vet Emerg & Crit Care, 1998; 8: 21–26)
Nitric Oxide Response in Critically III Dogs
Authors: Jones Jana L. , Jr. D.J. Krahwinkel , Rorhbach B.W.
Published: July 2007

Alterations in nitric oxide (NO)production may play a role in critical illness. Total serum nitrate/nitrite concentrations [SNN (uM/L)], the stable metabolites of NO, have been used as an indirect measure of NO in people, with increased concentrations reported in cases of critical illness. The relationship of nitric oxide (NO) to criticalillness in dgos is unknown. We tested the hypothesis that critically ill intensive care unit (ICU) canine illness in dogs is unknown. We tested the hypothesis that critically ill intesive care unit (ICU) canine patients would have increased SNN as compared to healthy dogs and non‐critically ill dogs. An organ failure index score (OFI) was assigned to dogs admitted to the ICU to evaluate trends between disease severtiy and SNN. Critically ill dogs had significantly (p < 0.05) higher SNN (median 10.53) as compared to non‐critically ill dogs (median 2.3) and healthy dogs (median 1.92). Critically ill dogs with the most severe disease (as based on OFI) had higher SNN concentrations. Survival of critically ill dogs with SNN of > 15 upon ICU admission (12% survival) was significantly less than survival of critically ill dogs with SNN ≤ 15 (91%) survival).l (Vet. Emerg. & Crit. Care, 9: 195–202, 1999)
Massive envenomation by Vespulaspp.in two dogs.
Authors: Waddell Lori S. , Drobatz Kenneth J.
Published: July 2007

Two dogs, a 5 year old golden retriever and a 5 year old yellow Labrador, were stung by numerous yellow jackets (Vespula sup.). Both dogs exhibited signs consistent with direct toxic effect of the wasp venom. The laborador was more severely affected, and was euthanized less than 24 hours after after admission. On postmorten, changes were seen that were consistent with anaphylaxis and disseminated intravascular coagulation. The golden retriever, although exhibiting respiratory distress, prolongation of coagualtion, and increased liver enzymes, eventually made a full recovery.
Thrombotest (PIVKA) Test Results in 25 Dogs with Acquired and Hereditary Caogulopathies
Authors: Rozanski Elizabeth A. , Drobatz Kenneth J. , Hugher Dez , Scotti Marry , Giger Urs
Published: July 2007

In the veterinary literature, it has been suggested that a prolongation in the thrombotest (PIVKA test) is a sensitive and diagnostic indicator of anticoagulant rodenticide intoxication. We evaluated prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromoplastin time (aPTT), and PIVKA indicator in 25 bleeding dogs: 7 with inherited coagulopathies. All dos with acquired coagulopathies had prolonged PIVKA values when compared to the normal controls. Factor VII deficient dogs had a prolonged PIVKA and PT test result, whereas dogs with intrinsic coagulopathies only had an aPTT prolongation. A three‐fold increase of the PIVKA or PT values was highly suggestive of an anticoagulant rodenticide poisoning compared to other acquired coagulopathies. Prolonged PIVKA resuls were not specific for anticoagulant rodenticide intoxication in our group of bleeding dogs.
Pressor Therapy in Critically III Patients
Authors: Wohl James S. , Clark Terrence P.
Published: July 2007

Vasopressors are agents that increase systemic vascular resistance by increasing vasoconstriction. Therapy with intravenous vasopressors may be required in critically ill patients when efforts to optimize cardiac output and blood pressure with intravascular fluid therapy fail. Increasing systemic vascular resistance can promote a favorable perfusion pressure gradient to vital organs in critically ill patients with severe, unresponsive vasodilation. Improperly administered, vasopressors may impede cardiac output and reduce oxygen transport to vital tissue sites. The understanding of systemic and regional effects of vasopressors is currently evolving. Recent literature of the commonly used agents is reviewed. Individual drugs, drug combinations, and potential new therapies are discussed. (Vet. Emerg. & Crit. Care, 10:19–33, 2000)
Successful Management of Traumatic Right Atrial Rupture
Authors: Witt Angela L. , Mathews Karol A. , Holmberg David L.
Published: July 2007

A 2 year old male mixed breed dog presented with clinical signs of acute cardiac tamponade after being hit by a car. Echocardiography confirmed the presence of pericardial effusion. Pericardiocentesis revealed venous blood that clotted normally, suggestive of an acute lesion involving the right side of the heart. An emergency thoracotomy was performed, and a laceration of the right atrium was identified and repaired. Postoperatively, the dog developed traumatic myocarditis that improved with time and medical management. Six months after surgery, the dog was healthy with no adverse effects of the trauma. The importance of early recognition and the necessity for expeditious surgical management of traumatic right atrial rupture in the dog is illustrated in this report.
Permethrin Spot‐On Toxicoses in Cats
Authors: Richardson Jill A.
Published: July 2007

Spot‐on insecticides are becoming a popular type of flea control for pets. Spot‐on products available include those containing fipronil, imidicloprid, methoprene, and permethrin. Currently, over 15 brands of permethrin spot‐on products are labeled for “use in dogs only.” These products contain high concentrations (45–65%) of permethrin insecticide and are becoming a very popular choice for flea and tick control for dogs. Cats are highly sensitive to permethrin and inappropriate or accidental application of these products would be fatal. Though they have a wise margin of safety when used appropriately on dogs, even small amount of permethrin spot‐on products can cause severe clinical signs in cats. Indications of this species sensitivity have been documented by the National Animal Poison Control Center (NAPCC). In most cases, the owner applied the concentrated permethrin‐containing poduct to cats accidentally or intentionally. In some situations, the exposure seems to have resulted when the product was used on the dog and cats were playing with dog. (ASPCA, NAPCC, Unpublished data, 1995–1997).
Anaphylaxis to Ophthalmic Medication in a Cat
Authors: Plunkett Signe J.
Published: July 2007

There is an increasing incidence of anaphylactic reactions in cats due to the administration of ophthalmic bacitracin, neomycin, polymyxin medications. Most of the reported cases have been fatal. This is the report of a cat that survived the initial episode only to develop renal failure and cardiomyopathy. This lead to euthanasia seven days later. Dr. Kathryn Meyer of the U.S. Pharmacopeia and Dr. Signe Plunkett of the Emergency Animal Clinic in Phoenix are conducting an ongoing study, and they are interested in the reports of any additional cases.