bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characters Named Charles or Charley in Novels by Charles Dickens
Authors: Barry Herbert
Published: September 2010

12 fictional characters named Charles or Charley are contained in eight of the 14 completed novels by Charles Dickens. Most of the author's namesakes have humorous attributes, an unusually close relationship with one or more other characters, and a happy subsequent life. Three stages of the author's adult life are youthful, mature, and after separation from his wife. The fictional namesakes are most humorous in the author's youthful stage and least humorous after separation from his wife. The 12 fictional namesakes of Charles Dickens are compared with the two fictional namesakes of Jane Austen.
Modification and Psychometric Evaluation of the Peterson War Scale
Authors: Jones-Wiley D. Gabrielle , Restori Alberto F. , Lee Howard B.
Published: September 2010

A measure on attitudes toward war was administered to 125 student participants at a California university to assess psychometric properties for this scale for possible use in current research. A 5-point scale was substituted for the 2-point one originally. Item analysis indicated 23 of 32 items were viable. Using Cronbach reliability coefficient α and factor analysis, the shortened measure had an internal consistency reliability of .85. Factor analysis yielded a 4-factor structure: (1) War is Bad, (2) War is Necessary, (3) Positive Aspects of War, and (4) No Justification. These results indicate this seemingly outdated measure of war attitudes remains useful for current research purposes involving measuring attitudes toward war. However, longitudinal research is necessary.
Relations of Participation Motives with Number of Golf Rounds Played and Will to Continue Playing Golf
Authors: Nishida Tamotsu
Published: September 2010

In a sample of 256 golfers, ages 24 to 76 years, the relations of participation motives with number of golf rounds played and will to continue playing golf were examined. Multiple regression analysis clarified that lifelong sport was an influential motive.
General Pretrial Publicity in Sexual Assault Trials
Authors: Woody William Douglas , Viney Wayne
Published: September 2010

An experiment was designed to explore effects of general pretrial publicity in sexual assault trials. Four pretrial publicity conditions (no publicity, neutral news media, prodefendant, and antidefendant) in the form of simulated newspaper articles were presented to 356 participants. Participants subsequently read a mock rape trial summary and reported verdicts. In the absence of pretrial publicity related to sexual assault, women were more likely than men to convict the defendant, but the presence of sexual assault pretrial publicity in any form eliminated sex differences in conviction rates.
Cross-Cultural Comparison of Explanatory Models of Illness in Schizophrenic Patients in Jordan and Germany
Authors: Conrad Rupert , Geiser Franziska , Schilling Guntram , Sharif Mahmoud , Najjar Daniah , Liedtke Reinhard
Published: September 2010

This study investigated illness concepts of schizophrenic patients in an Arab-Islamic and a western European cultural background. 24 Jordanian and 23 German inpatients were interviewed using an illness concept scale and a causal belief questionnaire. Jordanian patients tend to believe more in esoteric factors underlying their illness, and they perceive the illness to be more threatening. There were no differences regarding biological explanations of illness and trust in medication; however, Jordanian patients reported more trust in the treating physician. Nearly all patients mentioned psychosocial stress as an important factor underlying their illness. Concerning treatment, only Jordanian patients believed religion to be an important factor and mentioned distance from the family as beneficial. The study highlights that culturally specific factors influence illness concepts of schizophrenic patients from an Arab-Islamic and a western European cultural background. Knowledge of these illness concepts is important to establish a helpful relationship between physician and patient.
Preschool Children's Social Understanding: A Pilot Study of Goals and Strategies during Conflict Situations
Authors: Kazura Kerry , Flanders Rachel
Published: September 2010

This pilot study tested a new enactive measure of social information-processing skills and investigated whether preschool children's goals were related to their strategies during hypothetical conflict situations. Children (13 boys, 12 girls) ages 3 to 6 years (three 3-yr.-olds, three 4-yr.-olds, 11 5-yr.-olds, and eight 6-yr.-olds) engaged in a puppet interview of six hypothetical situations. Significant correlations were found between goals and strategies of the adapted version of Chung and Asher's Children's Conflict Resolution Measure, suggesting that preschool children who endorsed friendship goals tended to select more prosocial strategies (.41). Children who endorsed more retaliation goals tended to select more hostile strategies (.67) but fewer prosocial strategies (−.4.1), and children who endorsed more avoidance goals tended to select more adult-seeking strategies (.45).
An Exploratory Study of the Facets of Type a Personality and Scores on the Machiavellian Behavior (Mach-B) Scale
Authors: Aziz Abdul , Vallejo Daniel
Published: September 2010

The relationship of two facets of Type A personality, Achievement Striving and Impatience-Irritability, with Mach-B scores was investigated. Mach-B scores were not correlated with Achievement Striving and were positively correlated ( r = .37; p<.01) with Impatience-Irritability in a sample of 51 hospital employees including physicians ( n=12), nurses ( n = 12), administrative staff ( n = 13), and custodial services employees ( n = 14).
Suicide Intervention Trainees' Knowledge of Myths about Suicide
Authors: Macdonald Michael G.
Published: September 2010

The responses of 70 trainees in suicide intervention to 10 Suicide Opinion Questionnaire items were evaluated for accuracy of their knowledge about suicide myths. Participants were Canadian adults (62 women, 8 men, Mage = 35 yr.) representing a wide variety of occupations and educational backgrounds. Analysis indicated knowledge for most items was high but less accurate for items concerning the most common method of suicide and suicide risk across the lifespan. Those trained in suicide intervention were more knowledgeable on four items than those awaiting training; they more frequently knew that most suicides are not triggered by an argument with a spouse, people who are depressed are more likely to commit suicide, a person whose parent has committed suicide is at greater risk for suicide, and that shooting is the most common method of suicide in Canada.
Cross-Cultural Comparison of Motivation to Learn in Physical Education: Japanese vs Swedish Schoolchildren
Authors: Nishida Tamotsu , Isogai Hirohia , Åström Peter , Karp Staffan , Johansson Martin
Published: September 2010

The present study compared differences between Japanese and Swedish schoolchildren in learning motivation-related variables in physical education. The subjects were 1,562 Japanese fifth and sixth graders (776 boys and 786 girls) ranging in age from 10 to 12 years and 573 Swedish fifth graders (306 boys and 267 girls) from 10 to 13 years ( M = 11.4, SD = 0.5). They completed three questionnaires to evaluate the children's learning motivation, factors supporting motivation to learn, and preferences of learning behavior. The questionnaires were taken from Nishida's Diagnosis of Learning Motivation in Physical Education Test, a multidimensional and comprehensive test that measures learning motivation. A 2 times 2 (country by sex) multivariate analysis of variance indicated both Swedish boys and girls scored significantly higher than the Japanese children on most subscales. Results were discussed in relation to differences in the sports environment and culture of the two countries.
Social Dominance Orientation and Prejudice in an Italian Sample
Authors: Villano Paola , Zani Bruna
Published: September 2010

Social dominance orientation has been proposed as an important variable in the explanation of prejudice. For an Italian sample of 355, correlations with measures of blatant and subtle prejudice against migrant people showed social dominance orientation was positively related to blatant prejudice. Persons with less education scored higher on social dominance orientation.
Dimensional Analyses of Taxonic Data
Authors: Grove William M.
Published: September 2010

Principal component analysis (PCA) and common factor analysis are often used to model latent data structures. Typically, such analyses assume a single population whose correlation or covariance matrix is modelled. However, data may sometimes be unwittingly sampled from mixed populations containing a taxon (nonarbitrary subpopulation) and its complement class. One derives relations between values of PCA parameters within subpopulations and their values in the mixed population. These results are then extended to factor analysis in mixed populations. As relationships between subpopulation and mixed-population principal components and factors sensitively depend on within-subpopulation structures and between-subpopulation differences, naive interpretation of PCA or factor analytic findings can potentially mislead. Several analyses, better suited to the dimensional analysis of admixture data structures, are presented and compared.
Sources of Work Motivation of Business Leaders in the USA and South Africa: A Cross-Cultural Comparison Using the Motivational Sources Inventory
Authors: Barbuto John E. , Gifford Gregory T.
Published: September 2010

Motivational differences in response to the Motivation Sources Inventory were tested between U.S. ( n=138) and South-African ( n = 114) work samples. Analysis indicated that American managers scored significantly higher on intrinsic process (fun), while South-African managers scored significantly higher on self-concept external and goal internalization when measured using ratio analysis. Replication and extension with large groups representative of populations of interest in conjunction with Hofstede's cultural dimensions could allow generalization.
Comment on Bridges and Kunselman (2005)
Authors: Zekeri Andrew A.
Published: September 2010

A case is made that a clear understanding of premature mortality of Status Indians due to suicide, homicide, and motor vehicle accidents must begin with a clear idea of what the indicator, potential years of life lost before age 75 (PYLL), is, and how it was measured or calculated.
The Exact Variance of Weighted Kappa with Multiple Raters
Authors: Mielke Paul W. , Berry Kenneth J. , Johnston Janis E.
Published: September 2010

Weighted kappa described by Cohen in 1968 is widely used in psychological research to measure agreement between two independent raters. Everitt then provided the exact variance for weighted kappa for two raters. In this paper, Everitt's exact variance is extended to three or more raters.
Decreasing Scoring Errors on Wechsler Scale Vocabulary, Comprehension, and Similarities Subtests: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Linger Michele L. , Ray Glen E. , Zachar Peter , Underhill Andrea T. , Lobello Steven G.
Published: September 2010

Studies of graduate students learning to administer the Wechsler scales have generally shown that training is not associated with the development of scoring proficiency. Many studies report on the reduction of aggregated administration and scoring errors, a strategy that does not highlight the reduction of errors on subtests identified as most prone to error. This study evaluated the development of scoring proficiency specifically on the Wechsler (WISC–IV and WAIS–III) Vocabulary, Comprehension, and Similarities subtests during training by comparing a set of ‘early test administrations’ to ‘later test administrations.’ Twelve graduate students enrolled in an intelligence-testing course participated in the study. Scoring errors (e.g., incorrect point assignment) were evaluated on the students' actual practice administration test protocols. Errors on all three subtests declined significantly when scoring errors on ‘early’ sets of Wechsler scales were compared to those made on ‘later’ sets. However, correcting these subtest scoring errors did not cause significant changes in subtest scaled scores. Implications for clinical instruction and future research are discussed.
A Practical use for the KR-21 Reliability Coefficient
Authors: Charter Richard A.
Published: September 2010

KR–21 provides a lower limit for the computed value of KR–20. KR–20 is equivalent to coefficient alpha when a test is composed of dichotomous items scored 0 or 1. Therefore, KR–21 coefficients, computed from simple summary statistics, can be used in cases in which journal authors do not provide the test score reliability. Use of KR–21 in these cases will provide the reader with a lower limit for the value of KR–20.
Comparative Seriousness of Abuse of Children and Companion Animals
Authors: Dukes Richard L.
Published: September 2010

59 undergraduates were assigned randomly to react to a vignette that depicted abuse of a small child or a puppy left in a hot car. While participants considered treatment of both the child and the puppy to be abusive, they rated treatment of the child as more abusive. A pro-animal orientation of participants was more important in perception of abusiveness than was the variable of child versus puppy. Perceptions of greater abusiveness resulted in harsher recommended punishment for the abuser. Results are interpreted within the context of social roles and human and animal rights.
Sources of Happiness and Stress for College Students: A Replication and Comparison over 20 Years
Authors: Staats Sara , Cosmar David , Kaffenberger Joshua
Published: September 2010

The advancement of positive psychology is dependent upon measures of happiness, both globally and in specific contexts. Data are presented on two measures of sources of college students' happiness from two samples. Testing of the two cohorts ( Ns = 258, 68) was separated by 20 years. Measures for both samples had acceptable psychometric properties. There was an increase in college students' self-reported happiness across the 20-year period in the rankings of different sources of college happiness and general happiness. In a second study, a different group of students ( N=176) were given a list and asked to select the most important uplifts and hassles in their lives. In general, mean scores on affect measures were relatively stable across time, but transportation hassles were reported as a new source of negative affect in the present study.
The Social Phobia and Anxiety Inventory: Problem of Underlying Medical Conditions
Authors: Klieger Douglas M. , Johnson Heather K.
Published: September 2010

The study investigated the possibility of score inflation in the Social Phobia and Anxiety Inventory due to underlying medical conditions in respondents. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders provides an exclusionary rule disallowing a diagnosis of social phobia when the fear is based on the presence of a medical condition. A computer-administered procedure, designed to simulate visually this paper-and-pencil inventory was created and compared to the original in a pilot study with r of .94 between the two procedures. Analysis indicates such medically based responding is common among college men and women ( N = 127, M age = 19.0). Specifically, 50% of respondents reported 0 or 1 medical condition(s), while those in the fourth quartile averaged 43 medical bases for their responses. The most frequent self-reports of medical conditions were stuttering (2.8%), acne (2.4%), dry mouth (2.1%), obesity (.9%), and scars (.9%). Several possible solutions were discussed in view of the overall conclusion of a substantive basis for medical responding on this inventory.
Function of Text Structure in Jurors' Comprehension and Decision Making
Authors: McCullough Gary W.
Published: September 2010

The Story Model of Juror Decision Making proposes that jurors develop a story of the case, match the story to verdict templates, and then select the best match between the story and the verdict. The present research investigated the effect different text structures in opening statements and closing arguments had on jurors' recognition for trial information and decision-making, It was hypothesized: (1) narrative opening statements would enhance story construction and (2) comparison-expository closing arguments would enhance story classification. 80 introductory psychology students read a medical malpractice mock lawsuit, rendered a verdict, were tested for recognition of trial facts, and gave an estimate of the surgeon's negligence. The defense's opening statements and closing arguments were written either in narrative or comparison-expository text format. Although weak support for the first hypothesis was found, evidence supporting the effect of comparison-expository text in closing arguments on juror decisions was stronger.
Internal Consistency, Factor Structure, and Concurrent Validity of the Treatment Evaluation Inventory
Authors: Newton J. T. , Nabeyama R. , Sturmey P.
Published: September 2010

The Treatment Evaluation Inventory (TEI) is a commonly used 19-item measure of treatment acceptability. It yields a total score and Patient Progress and Acceptability subscales. The internal consistency and factor structure of the TEI were assessed in two samples, 218 members of the general public and 131 dental students. The total and both subscales had very high internal consistency (alpha for total scale =.96 and .94 in the two samples; alphas for Patient Progress .95 and .92; alphas for Acceptability .90 and .86). Factor analysis yielded a two-factor solution that accounted for 64.4% and 54.0% of the variance, but which did not correspond to the two existing subscales. A second analysis examined the distribution of TEI scores and correlations with two other measures of treatment acceptability (a thermometer rating scale and a 5-point Likert-type scale) in a sample of 222 undergraduate students. All measures were negatively skewed. There were large, significant correlations between the full scale TEI and the other measures, so the full TEI has concurrent validity. However, the TEI did not meet Anastasi's (1976) criterion for independent and useful subscales, therefore only the full scale score should be used.
Seasonal Changes in Mood and Creative Activity among Eminent Italian Writers
Authors: Barbato Giuseppe , Piemontese Simona , Pastorello Greta
Published: September 2010

A sample of 33 eminent Italian writers was studied. They were nominees of three of the most important literary Italian awards (Strega, Campiello, and Viareggio). The Seasonal Pattern Assessment Questionnaire was mailed to 105 writers during the period October 2003 and January 2004, of whom 39 replied. 33 ( M age = 54.5 yr., SD=12.5; 8 women and 25 men) completed the questionnaire. Among respondents, spring and summer months showed highest ratings of “feel best.” During the summer a decline in creativity was not significant; respondents also reported sleeping least. Scores on the Global Seasonality Score suggested writers appeared to show higher seasonal sensitivity than the general population. Seasonal changes were considered as a problem by a majority of them. Although writers showed high seasonal sensitivity, no significant relationship was found between the seasonal pattern of mood and self-reported creativity.
Motives for Suicide in Adolescents: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Hokans Kathleen D. , Lester David
Published: September 2010

In a sample of suicide notes from 34 adolescents ages 14 to 18 years, younger adolescents reported more social isolation from their families than older adolescents.
Visiting Santa: An Additional Look
Authors: Trinkaus John
Published: September 2010

Two informal enquiries of the emotions of 600 children queued up to meet Santa Claus in shopping malls during the 2003 and 2004 Yuletide seasons suggested that about 80% appeared to be indifferent to seeing Santa. Emotions were estimated using a standard scale of facial expressions. A replication of these studies in 2005 observing another 200 children indicated that this rate declined (to about 60%) the closer was Christmas day. To investigate in more detail the feelings of the guardians accompanying indifferent children, this study was conducted in 2006. Of the total of 300 guardians (who were accompanying 300 children) 87% appeared to be happy. They were escorting 91% of the 200 children who seemed to be indifferent.
Thirty Years of Research: Interpretations of the Equal Sign in China and the USA
Authors: Capraro Robert M. , Capraro Mary Margaret , Ding Meixia , Li Xiaobao
Published: September 2010

This study examined students' conceptions about the equal sign in light of historical findings with an international comparison group. Textbooks for preparation of students as mathematics teachers were examined. Participants were sixth-grade students from the USA ( n = 105) and China ( n = 145). About 98% of the Chinese children correctly answered all items by providing conceptually accurate explanations, but only 28% of the U.S. sample did. Textbooks for education majors who would teach in the USA rarely discussed the equal sign as equivalence while the Chinese texts introduced the “equal sign” in a context of relationships and discussed it as “balance,” “sameness,” or “equivalence.”
Processing Bias for Terror-Related Stimuli and September 11Th-Related Distress in College Students
Authors: Waters Andrew J. , Parrott W. Gerrod , Mogg Karin , Bradley Brendan P. , Fuller Mary C. , Wertz Joan M.
Published: September 2010

The psychological sequelae of the September 11th terrorist attacks were examined in 249 college students at three sites in the USA and one site in the UK in the year following the attacks. Participants completed questionnaires tapping 9/11-related exposure and distress, and completed a modified Stroop task assessing time to color-name cards containing terror-related and neutral words. Geographical location and amount of exposure to the attacks were significant predictors of self-reported 9/11-related distress, but were not associated with processing bias for terror-related stimuli. Self-reported 9/11-related distress was significantly associated with processing bias, but only in the group ( n = 124) which performed the neutral card first. Processing biases for terror-related stimuli are dependent on method of assessment and appear to be more closely tied to self-reported distress than to amount of objective exposure to the attacks.
Recognition and its Impairment regarding Autobiographical Memories in a Patient with Hippocampal Amnesia
Authors: Hirano Mikio , Kikuchi Toshihiko , Goukon Ayumu , Noguchi Kazuhito , Hosokawa Toru
Published: September 2010

Autobiographical memories of one case (Y.K.) were assessed before and after onset of hippocampal amnesia. He was a 56-yr.-old male patient who used to work in an office. The findings can be described as follows. First, Y.K.‘s recognition performance regarding his premorbid and postmorbid personal semantics along with premorbid autobiographical incidents was significantly greater than chance, and recognition of premorbid autobiographical incidents was within chance. Given information before onset, a relationship was suspected between frontal lobe dysfunction and Y.K.‘s autobiographical problem. The possibility that an amnesic patient could acquire semantic information after onset is discussed.
Collective Preferences in Strategic Decisions
Authors: Rose Jo , Colman Andrew M.
Published: September 2010

In the theories of team reasoning of Sugden and Bacharach, players are assumed to be motivated in some circumstances to maximize collective rather than individual utilities. An experiment was performed to assess whether preferences underlying such collective payoff maximization occur. An opportunistic sample of 50 undergraduate and graduate students, 7 men and 43 women ages 19 to 42 years ( M= 23.0, SD = 5.4), expressed preferences among the outcomes of strategic decisions presented in vignettes designed to engage social value orientations of individualism, altruism, competitiveness, equality seeking, or collective preferences. In the vignettes designed to engage collective preferences, and significantly less frequently in the other vignettes, preferences were biased toward outcomes maximizing collective payoffs, and respondents invariably gave team-reasoning explanations for their preferences. These results provide evidence for collective preferences according to theories of team reasoning and empirical support for one of the essential assumptions of these theories.
Australian and Korean Adolescents' Perceived Health Risk
Authors: Kim Youngho
Published: September 2010

The current study identified the differences in health-risk perceptions between a random sample of 701 Australian and 874 Korean adolescents in Grades 8 to 12 who were asked to participate in a survey designed to assess their perceptions of health risk. To measure the health risks, an English version of the Self-Other Risk Judgments Profile was translated into Korean, and then the English and Korean versions were separately given the two groups. Analysis identified significant mean differences between the two groups in ratings both of risks they had and ratings of risks for others. Korean adolescents perceived their likelihood of a variety of self-health risks as substantially lower than the Australian group. Also, they rated the chances of most health risks happening to them as significantly lower than those of others in the same age compared with Australian peers.
Problem-Solving Style and Motivational Attributions
Authors: Houtz John C. , Matos Haifa , Park Min-Kyung S. , Scheinholtz Jennifer , Selby Edwin
Published: September 2010

52 Master's-level female graduate students completed VIEW: An Assessment of Problem Solving Style and provided attributions for their successes and failures according to several categories of reasons. Attributions were in the form of percentages to the categories of skill or ability, effort devoted to the task, task difficulty, chance, or other factors, after Weiner's theory of motivation. Women scoring as more Developer than Explorer on VIEW attributed a greater percentage of their failures to uncontrollable factors (chance and task difficulty). These results are consistent with the theory that individuals with a Developer style are more organized, deliberate, “planful,” and precise in their work efforts. Thus, such individuals would more likely attribute failure to factors they had not foreseen.
Suicide among Animals: A Review of Evidence
Authors: Preti Antonio
Published: September 2010

Naturalists have not identified suicide in nonhuman species in field situations, despite intensive study of thousands of animal species. In this review, evidence on suicidal behavior among animals is analyzed to discover analogies with human suicidal behavior. Literature was retrieved by exploring Medline/PubMed and PsychINFO databases (1967–2007) and through manual literature searches. Keyword terms were “suicide or suicidal behavior” and “animal or animal behavior.” Few empirical investigations have been carried out on this topic. Nevertheless, sparse evidence supports some resemblance between the self-endangering behavior observed in the animal kingdom, particularly in animals held in captivity or put under pressure by environmental challenges, and suicidal behavior among humans. Animal models have contributed to the study of both normal and pathological human behaviors: discovering some correlates of suicide among animals could be a valid contribution to the field.
Perceived Minority Status and Diversity Attitudes: An Exploratory Study
Authors: Strauss Judy P.
Published: September 2010

The relationship between perceived minority status (in race and gender) and attitudes toward diversity was investigated with 308 graduate and undergraduate students from the southwestern U.S. (54.5% women, 67.5% nonWhite, whose mean age was 26.7, SD=6.2). Analysis suggested perceived minority status in gender correlates significantly and positively with attitudes toward diversity. Specifically, women who perceived themselves to be of a minority gender were more likely to have positive attitudes toward other cultural groups than women who did not perceive themselves as of a minority. Furthermore, perceived minority status in gender mediated the relationship between sex and attitudes toward diversity. Perceived minority status in race was not correlated with attitudes toward diversity.
Identifying Social Drinkers Likely to Consume Alcohol during Pregnancy: Findings from a Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Bobo Janet Kay , Klepinger Daniel H. , Dong Frederick B.
Published: September 2010

To prevent fetal alcohol syndrome, some social drinkers who may become pregnant need more than a brief caution, but they can be difficult to detect in clinical settings. National Longitudinal Survey of Youth data from 754 women who completed up to four alcohol history interviews during their college-age years (18-21), and semiparametric group-based models were used to identify groups more likely to drink during a future pregnancy. Two drinking trajectories were observed. About 87% of the women were occasional or nondrinkers during their college-age years; 13% were frequent drinkers. Among first-births to women 22 yr. and older, the adjusted odds ratio for alcohol use during that pregnancy for frequent drinkers versus occasional and nondrinkers was 2.29 (95% confidence interval: 1.25—4.17). This finding suggests women who report frequent drinking during their college-age years may require additional assistance to reduce their risk of drinking during subsequent pregnancies.
Further Tests of Validity for the One-Dimensional Hong's Psychological Reactance Scale
Authors: Jonason Peter K.
Published: September 2010

Prior work using Hong's Psychological Reactance Scale has shown that there were main effects for participants' sex, race, and age. No consistent significant relationships with these demographic factors were obtained with scores on Hong's Psychological Reactance Scale. The one-dimensional nature of the scale was supported. Further analyses yielded no significant results with sexual orientation, socioeconomic classifications, and education. If the scale is to be a useful measure of Psychological Reactance, much more work is needed. The findings from prior work and this one may be affected by measurement error in the construct and the small magnitude of the relationships.
Patterns of Cohesion in the Families of Offspring of Addicted Parents: Examining a Nonclinical Sample of College Students
Authors: Lorber William , Morgan Danielle Y. , Eisen Mitchell L. , Barak Taly , Perez Cynthia , Crosbie-Burnett Margaret
Published: September 2010

This study was designed to examine patterns of family functioning among college students who are offspring of addicted parents. 218 undergraduate psychology students were administered a series of measures assessing family functioning, dissociation, parental addiction, and a history of child abuse. As predicted, offspring of addicted parents reported significantly lower Cohesion in their families of origin ( F1,161 = 10.16, p = .002), and described significantly greater dissatisfaction with the cohesion they experienced in their families of origin, when compared to their college peers ( F1,135= 10.24, p = .002). However, these groups reported comparable Adaptability in their families of origin (F1,161 = 1.74, ns). These data show that, although offspring of addicted parents college students appear to share commonalities with their student peers in terms of the adaptability in their families of origin, they still share some key characteristics with clinical populations of offspring of addicted parents, which distinguish them as a group.
Predicting Self-Construal from Authoritarianism: A Pilot Study of Perceived Threat
Authors: Shaffer Barbara A. , Hollen Ryan D. , Hastings Brad M.
Published: September 2010

This pilot study investigated the association of perceived threat and scores on a measure of Authoritarianism. Undergraduate students (29 women, 8 men; ages 18–32, M = 21, SD = 3.1), completed the Right-wing Authoritarianism scale and then the Self-construal scale after reading a nonthreatening or threatening news article. In the threatening condition, Authoritarian scores accounted for a significant amount of variance ( R2 = .26) in Interdependent Self-construal scores, but not for Independent Self-construal scores. No significant associations were found in the nonthreatening condition.
Years of Training and Hamstring-Quadriceps Ratio of Soccer Players
Authors: Voutselas V. , Papanikolaou Z. , Soulas D. , Famisis K.
Published: September 2010

To investigate the effect of the years of training on the hamstring-quadriceps isokinetic strength and establish normative data for the cardiorespiratory fitness of first and second division Greek male professional soccer players ( M = 25.1, SD = 5.1 yr.) a representative sample of 72 soccer players was chosen randomly from six teams of these divisions. Hamstring-quadriceps ratios of the preferred and nonpreferred leg correlated with years of training weekly ( r = .51) in the preferred leg. In conclusion, data indicated that the training background of the players (years of training) might have a small effect on the strength balance of quadriceps and hamstrings of the preferred leg.
Affective Orientation and Eating Behavior: Two Studies of Emotional, Restrained, and External Eating Decisions
Authors: Goodboy Alan K. , Booth-Butterfield Melanie
Published: September 2010

Recent work on how emotions guide decisions stimulated two studies on relationships among emotional, restrained, and external antecedents of eating behavior and Affective Orientation. In Study 1 were 195 undergraduate students who completed the Affective Orientation–15 scale (Booth-Butterfield & Booth-Butterfield, 1996) and the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire. Higher scores of trait Affective Orientation were associated with more emotional and restrained eating. Women scored higher on Affective Orientation than men and were more likely to engage in emotional and restrained eating. Study 2 replicated the research with 79 employed adults ( M age = 38 yr.). Results were similar in that Affective Orientation scores were related positively to similar eating patterns, and women scored higher than men on the psychosocial variables.
Relations of Body Concerns and Exercise Behavior: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Reel Justine J. , Greenleaf Christy , Baker Wanda K. , Aragon Stephen , Bishop Dana , Cachaper Cecile , Handwerk Philip , Locicero Jack , Rathburn Lynnann , Reid Winnie K. , Hattie John
Published: September 2010

Numerous studies have examined the relations between body concerns and exercise. This meta-analysis is based on 35 studies with exercise programs influencing body concerns. There was an overall effect of .45, suggesting that exercise positively affects body concerns. Moderator variables, such as sex, type of exercise, and length of intervention were examined and discussed. Generally, there were no sex differences in effects of exercise on body concerns, but anaerobic exercise such as weight training generated a stronger effect ( d=.64) than aerobic-type exercises such as jogging ( d=.40).
Test-Retest Reliability of the Dispositional Resilience Scale-15, a Brief Hardiness Scale
Authors: Bartone Paul T.
Published: September 2010

Test-retest correlations provide the most appropriate estimate of reliability when short scales are used to measure complex constructs. A brief, 15-item hardiness scale was developed from a longer version known as the Dispositional Resilience Scale (DRS), which first appeared in 1989. This short hardiness scale (DRS–15) has the advantages of brevity, good internal consistency, and validity (Barone, 1995, 1999); however, test-retest reliability has not yet been estimated. The present study addresses this issue, using a sample of 104 military academy cadets. The 3-wk. test-retest reliability coefficient was .78.
Stakeholders' Influence on the Importance of Users' and Clients' Information and Constraints during Website Design
Authors: Chevalier Aline
Published: September 2010

The present study aims at determining the role of the stakeholder (via a user vs a client spokesperson) on the importance allocated to information and constraints considered by novice and professional web designers. Analysis showed all designers focused mainly on clients' constraints and information even when they dealt with a user spokesperson: they considered clients' constraints as more important than users' constraints. These results are new with regard to those previously obtained in web design, which showed designers considered prescribed constraints (regardless of the stakeholder to which they are related) as unavaoidable, and the vast majority of others as avoidable if required. Research is required to help web designers to ponder users' and clients' constraints and to assess whether the same patterns of results occur in other design domains.
The Patient Health Questionnaire, Japanese Version: Validity According to the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview–Plus
Authors: Muramatsu Kumiko , Kamijima Kunitoshi , Yoshida Masahito , Otsubo Tempei , Miyaoka Hitoshi , Muramatsu Yoshiyuki , Gejyo Fumitake
Published: September 2010

To validate the Japanese version of the Patient Health Questionnaire against the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview-Plus in Japan 131 patients in 4 primary care settings and 2 general hospital settings participated. These patients completed the Patient Health Questionnaire and returned it to their physician within 48 hr. Subsequently, the subjects underwent a diagnostic evaluation interview based on the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview-Plus by an interviewer blind to the results of the Patient Health Questionnaire screening. The Patient Health Questionnaire diagnosis was characterized using kappa values between 0.70 and 1.0 for Somatoform Disorder, Major Depressive Disorder, Panic Disorder, Bulimia Nervosa, Alcohol Abuse/Dependence, and Premenstrual Disorder. Sensitivities, specificities, and negative predictive values were very good (between 0.84 and 1.0) for the first 4 diagnoses but not Alcohol Abuse/Dependence or Premenstrual Disorder, as were the Positive predictive values (between 0.78 and 1.0). Findings show very good concordance of the Japanese version of the Patient Health Questionnaire with the Japanese version of the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview–Plus.
Catatonia in High-Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorders: Case Report and Review of Literature
Authors: Takaoka Ken , Takata Tomoji
Published: September 2010

Although catatonia has been identified in individuals with autism spectrum disorders, little is known about this relationship. Studies on previous case reports dealing with the relationship between catatonia and autism spectrum disorders are reviewed, then the case of a 28-yr.-old Japanese woman with high-functioning autism spectrum disorder who exhibited mood disorder and catatonia is described. Her mood disorder was apparently induced by a crisis of her “inner world,” constituted as a way of coping with a sense of alienation, related to her impaired development in reciprocal social interaction. Environmental change, a precipitating factor, induced alternation between catatonia and depression. Fluvoxamine ameliorated both features. The catatonia identified in this patient is considered to be symptom derived from depression. Given the limitation of this single case, such a conclusion is necessarily tentative. Closer investigation into cases in which patients with high-functioning autism spectrum disorders describe their own psychological experiences should be pursued.
Relationship between the MBTI and FIRO—B in a Large British Sample
Authors: Furnham Adrian , Crump John
Published: September 2010

Over 4,000 British adults completed two widely used personality-type tests at an Assessment Centre, the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator and the Fundamental Interpersonal Relations Orientation-Behavior. Both correlational and regressional analyses showed modest overlap. Inclusion was related to Introversion–Extraversion and Control to the Thinking-Feeling Dimension. The Sensing–Intuition and Judging–Perceiving dimensions of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator had only weak correlations with the Fundamental Interpersonal Relations Orientation–Behavior scores (all values below .08). The difference scores between Wanted and Expressed on the Fundamental Interpersonal Relations Orientation–Behavior indicated that the Thinking, Perceiving, Extraverts had the highest differences between Perceived and Wanted scores.
Beliefs in Genetic Determinism and Attitudes towards Psychiatric Genetic Research: Psychometric Scale Properties, Construct Associations, Demographic Correlates, and Cross-Cultural Comparisons
Authors: Voracek Martin , Loibl Lisa Mariella , Swami Viren , Furnham Adrian
Published: September 2010

Using two new scales, this study examined beliefs in genetic determinism and attitudes towards psychiatric genetic research in student samples from Austria, Malaysia, Romania, and the United Kingdom. For both constructs, effects of culture were detectable, whereas those related to key demographics were either small and inconsistent across samples (political orientation and religiosity) or zero (sex and age). Judged from factorial dimensionality and internal consistency, the psychometric properties of both scales were satisfactory. Belief in genetic determinism had lower prevalence and corresponded only modestly to positive attitudes towards psychiatric genetic research which had higher prevalence. The correlations of both constructs with a preference of inequality among social groups (social dominance orientation) were modest and inconsistent across samples. Both scales appear appropriate for cross-cultural applications, in particular for research into lay theories and public perceptions regarding genetic vs environmental effects on human behavior, mental disorders, and behavioral and psychiatric genetic research related to these.
Knowledge-Based Choice
Authors: Brandstätter Eduard , Gussmack Manuela
Published: September 2010

This study tested the distinction between knowledge-based choices and gambling decisions. Gambling decisions contain stated probabilities, and success depends on chance only. In knowledge-based decisions, in contrast, the probabilities are usually unknown and the outcomes of a choice depend on a person's ability or knowledge. Three different theoretical accounts were used to predict knowledge-based choices: prospect theory, the competence hypothesis, and probability-focused reasoning. Students (64 women, 93 men, M = 22.4 yr.) chose between a knowledge bet and a sure gain of equal expected value. Analysis showed people prefer a knowledge bet over the sure gain, if the probability of winning is high—in contrast to prospect theory, which predicts the opposite. Both the competence hypothesis and probability focused reasoning can explain these differences, but prospect theory does not. It appears knowledge-based choices and gambling decisions capture different facets of decision-making.
Unwanted Early Sexual Experiences among Belgian and South African University Women Students
Authors: Revell Arlynn T. , Vansteenwegen A. , Nicholas L. J.
Published: September 2010

This study examined the unwanted early sexual experiences of 736 South African and 1,587 Belgian women students. The Early Sexual Experiences Checklist was administered to all consenting women students attending orientation programmes at a Belgian and a South African university. Respondents were Belgians ( M age=18.2 yr., SD =1.0) and South Africans ( M age=19.6 yr., SD = 4.1). Such experiences were found for 31.3% (231) of South African respondents and 14.2% (226) of Belgian respondents. 64% of South African women indicated that such an experience occurred only once, and 65% of Belgian women reported this also. 34% of Belgian and 32% of South African respondents reported not being bothered at all by the unwanted experience at the time the event took place; 23% of Belgian and 36% of South African respondents were extremely bothered by the experience.
The Celebrity Appeal Questionnaire: Sex, Entertainment, or Leadership
Authors: Stever Gayle S.
Published: September 2010

The Celebrity Appeal Questionnaire was constructed to operationalize constructs related to why fans are attracted to their favorite celebrities and was developed for use with fan bases for specific celebrities. This revised version asked fans of a specific celebrity to rank order three roles they might see the target celebrity playing in society with an option to not rank them at all. Of 409 respondents attending Josh Groban fan club meetings, 75% said Groban's most important role in society was as a leader and role model in trying to make the world a better place. A factor analysis of correlations of Likert-type scale ratings and an analysis relating those factors back to the rank orderings support the internal reliability and validity of the questionnaire.
Adult Attachment and Forgiveness in Taiwanese College Students
Authors: Wang Ta-Wei
Published: September 2010

The purpose of this study was to assess the associations between measures of adult attachment and forgiveness in college students in Taiwan. Participants (203 women and 82 men; M age = 19.6 yr., SD =1.2) completed measures of adult attachment dimensions (Adult Attachment Scale), State Forgiveness (Forgiveness Scale), and Trait Forgiveness (Forgiveness Likelihood Scale). Pearson correlations and regression results indicated ratings on three dimensions of adult attachment, Dependence, Anxiety, and Closeness, were significantly related to State Forgiveness, and all but scores on Dependence were significantly related to scores on Trait Forgiveness. Only ratings of Anxiety and Closeness significantly predicted those on State and Trait Forgiveness. The findings provided partial support for using attachment theory to understand the construct of forgiveness.
Personality Factors Related to Quantitative Estimation Skill: Confirmation and Extension
Authors: Hogan Thomas P. , Parlapiano Christina A.
Published: September 2010

The relationships of two measures of quantitative estimation skill, computational estimation and numerosity estimation, were examined with the 16 PF Global Factors corresponding to the Big Five personality dimensions in a sample of 80 college students. Correlations of Computational Estimation with the 16 PF scores confirmed findings from a previous study which used the NEO-Five Factor Inventory as a measure of the Big Five, specifically showing that Computational Estimation correlated significantly with the 16 PF's Independence factor. Numerosity Estimation did not correlate significantly with any of the 16 PF Global Factors or with any of the ability measures (Computational Estimation, SAT Verbal, SAT Mathematics, and self-rated mathematics ability) used in the study.
Development and Empirical Validation of Symmetric Component Measures of Multidimensional Constructs: Customer and Competitor Orientation
Authors: Sørensen Hans Eibe , Slater Stanley F.
Published: September 2010

Atheoretical measure purification may lead to construct deficient measures. The purpose of this paper is to provide a theoretically driven procedure for the development and empirical validation of symmetric component measures of multidimensional constructs. Particular emphasis is placed on establishing a formalized three-step procedure for achieving a posteriori content validity. Then the procedure is applied to development and empirical validation of two symmetrical component measures of market orientation, customer orientation and competitor orientation. Analysis suggests that average variance extracted is particularly critical to reliability in the re-specification of multi-indicator measures. In relation to this, the results also identify possible deficiencies in using Cronbach alpha for establishing reliable and valid measures.