bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Removal of Ear Trophies Associated with Scalpings in Prehistoric North Alabama
Authors: De Vore W. E. , Jacobi K. P.
Published: April 2014

The act of scalping has long been associated with Native American conflict‐related human body part trophy taking. Reasons for their removal were varied and often included communal and personal factors. Previous research has identified several different types of scalp removals based on the amount of soft tissue affected during the process of scalping. One of these types can involve the removal of the ears. Through reanalysis of known scalping victims within the middle Tennessee Valley of North Alabama, we have identified five cases where victims were both scalped and had their ears removed. These cases provide a unique understanding of the practice of human body part trophy taking. They support ethnographic accounts that indicate ear removal has great time depth and was geographically widespread. Although the five cases presented here are similar to total compound scalpings, they actually represent total simple scalpings. Unlike total compound scalpings, where the ears are removed attached to the skin of the scalp, these cases show evidence of secondary removal of the ears after the scalp was already detached. This secondary removal of the ears after the act of scalping supports the interpretation that the aggressors intended different purposes for each trophy. It is likely that the scalp and ears each had their own meaning. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Mid Upper Palaeolithic Child Burial from Borsuka Cave (Southern Poland)
Authors: Wilczyński J. , Szczepanek A. , Wojtal P. , Diakowski M. , Wojenka M. , Sobieraj D.
Published: April 2014

During the excavation in the Borsuka Cave site (southern Poland), extraordinary materials were obtained for the study of the Mid Upper Palaeolithic (MUP) settlement in the region. In layer VI, six deciduous teeth of a modern Homo sapiens infant were discovered together with 112 pendants made from the teeth of European elk and steppe wisent or aurochs. The teeth appear to belong to a 12‐ to 18‐month‐old child. The sex of the child cannot be determined. Diagnostic features of the teeth and the fact that they all represent the same developmental phase suggest that they belong to a single individual. In this paper, we put forward a number of alternative explanations for why only a child's teeth and numerous pendants were deposited in the late Pleistocene sediments of Borsuka Cave, for example, natural factors (carnivore activity), human habitation, existence of a pendant workshop in the vicinity of the cave and intentional burial. Although no traces of a burial pit were encountered, intentional burial, the oldest known from Poland, is indicated by the presence of human remains together with numerous ornaments and absence of ‘domestic’ finds, such as lithic cores, debitage and tools. An unusual presence of a larger number of pierced teeth of large herbivores in a child burial is noticeable among assorted mortuary practices recorded in MUP Central Europe. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Building Blocks for the Construction of Bioorthogonally Reactive Peptides via Solid‐Phase Peptide Synthesis
Authors: Zeglis Brian M. , Emmetiere Fabien , Pillarsetty Nagavarakishore , Weissleder Ralph , Lewis Jason S. , Reiner Thomas
Published: April 2014

The need for post‐synthetic modifications and reactive prosthetic groups has long been a limiting factor in the synthesis and study of peptidic and peptidomimetic imaging agents. In this regard, the application of biologically and chemically orthogonal reactions to the design and development of novel radiotracers has the potential to have far‐reaching implications in both the laboratory and the clinic. Herein, we report the synthesis and development of a series of modular and versatile building blocks for inverse electron‐demand Diels–Alder copper‐free click chemistry: tetrazine‐functionalized artificial amino acids. Following the development of a novel peptide coupling protocol for peptide synthesis in the presence of tetrazines, we successfully demonstrated its effectiveness and applicability. This versatile methodology has the potential to have a transformational impact, opening the door for the rapid, facile, and modular synthesis of bioorthogonally reactive peptide probes.
Toward a ‘harmonious society’ through corporate social responsibility
Authors: Lam Maria Lai‐Ling
Published: April 2014

The objective of this paper is to examine how corporate social responsibility (CSR) practices of foreign multinational enterprises in China contribute to China's national priorities, by discussing the relationships between CSR and the building of a ‘harmonious society’ in China. This paper is based on personal reflections, extensive literature review, and 8 years of experiential field work in China by the author. Many CSR programs are found to superficially complement China's harmonious society policy. Only four exemplars out of 20 multinational enterprises surveyed are committed to fostering green growth, improving livelihood, developing outwardly into the west, and promoting a general integration of Chinese business into global markets through social innovations and collaborative projects. The paper posits that it is possible to use CSR as a change agent in China when enlightened public concerns are brought back to business operations through the involvement of non‐government organizations, local government, and local citizens and a greater degree of transparency of information. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and characterization of poly(3‐hexylthiophene)–poly(3‐hexyloxythiophene) random copolymers with tunable band gap via Grignard metathesis polymerization
Authors: Yang Yi‐Lung , Lee Yi‐Huan , Lee Yu‐Ping , Chiang Chi‐Ju , Shen Ching , Wu Chun‐Ching , Ohta Yoshihiro , Yokozawa Tsutomu , Dai Chi‐An
Published: April 2014

A series of 3‐substituted polythiophene copolymers having different side chain arrangements of hexyl and hexyloxy groups has been synthesized via the Grignard metathesis (GRIM) method and systematically studied. Despite differences in monomer reactivity ratios for the nickel‐catalyzed chain transfer polymerization, random sequences of hexyl‐ and hexyloxy‐substituted polythiophenes with different monomer compositions and adjustable band‐gap energies can be synthesized according to their respective comonomer feed ratio, as evidenced from NMR, UV, electrochemical measurements, and computational calculations. Structural characterization from X‐ray diffraction measurements reveals that the flexible hexyloxy side chains of the monomer significantly affect the crystallinity and molecular packing of the random copolymers. This study shows potential for synthesizing random copolymers with different monomer reactivities via the GRIM method for future optoelectronic applications. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Replacing the Equations of Fano and Fisher for Cased Charge Blast Impulse – III – Yield Stress Method
Authors: Hutchinson Michael D.
Published: April 2014

Previous papers by the author [1–3] pointed to a discovery by Fisher [4] that an equation by Fano [5], when used to predict blast impulse from cased munitions, did not fit the available data. These previous papers showed that an alternative equation for casing‐modified blast impulse could be derived directly from an equation by Gurney [6] for the kinetic energy balance between the mass of casing metal and the mass of explosive gases. However, this equation was derived for very ductile casings that are accelerated to their ideal Gurney velocity before they fracture. A previous paper [3] showed how the finite fracture strain of real casing metal can be taken into account in determining the relative blast impulse from a cased charge. This paper shows how, based on previous work by Taylor [7], the equation in [2] can instead be modified to allow for the yield stress of the casing metal and provides validation for this further equation from available experimental data.
The Role of Fuel Particle Size on Flame Propagation Velocity in Thermites with a Nanoscale Oxidizer
Authors: Sullivan Kyle T. , Kuntz Joshua D. , Gash Alexander E.
Published: April 2014

The effect of aluminum size on confined flame propagation velocities in thermite composites was investigated between 108 μm and 80 nm, and in all cases using nanometric copper oxide as the oxidizer. It was found that the velocity exhibited two distinct regimes; between 108 and 3.5 μm the velocity scaled as the particle diameter to the − 0.56 power, and becomes invariant of size below this. One explanation for the invariance is that the pressure‐driven flow reaches some peak velocity, controlled by the pressure gradient, pore size, and fluid viscosity. Another explanation is that the system becomes limited by the internal gas heating rate, defined by the intrinsic kinetic time scale, and which can significantly impact the effective particle heating time. The particle heating time was calculated as a function of particle size, and as a function of gas heating rates ranging from 105 K s−1 to infinity. It was found that at any finite gas heating rate, there exists a critical particle diameter below which all sizes take the same amount of time to heat. This is a direct artifact of the characteristic thermal relaxation time scale; if the heating rate is not sufficiently fast, then the particle will rapidly equilibrate with the gas at each time step. The inverse of thermal relaxation time was used to calculate a critical heating rate defining a transition point, and which exhibits a dp2 scaling. This scaling sets a constraint on the kinetics, which must at least scale with dp2 to remain in the size‐dependent regime.
Crystal structure of the histone lysine specific demethylase LSD1 complexed with tetrahydrofolate
Authors: Luka Zigmund , Pakhomova Svetlana , Loukachevitch Lioudmila V. , Calcutt M. Wade , Newcomer Marcia E. , Wagner Conrad
Published: April 2014

An important epigenetic modification is the methylation/demethylation of histone lysine residues. The first histone demethylase to be discovered was a lysine‐specific demethylase 1, LSD1, a flavin containing enzyme which carries out the demethylation of di‐ and monomethyllysine 4 in histone H3. The removed methyl groups are oxidized to formaldehyde. This reaction is similar to those performed by dimethylglycine dehydrogenase and sarcosine dehydrogenase, in which protein‐bound tetrahydrofolate (THF) was proposed to serve as an acceptor of the generated formaldehyde. We showed earlier that LSD1 binds THF with high affinity which suggests its possible participation in the histone demethylation reaction. In the cell, LSD1 interacts with co‐repressor for repressor element 1 silencing transcription factor (CoREST). In order to elucidate the role of folate in the demethylating reaction we solved the crystal structure of the LSD1–CoREST–THF complex. In the complex, the folate‐binding site is located in the active center in close proximity to flavin adenine dinucleotide. This position of the folate suggests that the bound THF accepts the formaldehyde generated in the course of histone demethylation to form 5,10‐methylene‐THF. We also show the formation of 5,10‐methylene‐THF during the course of the enzymatic reaction in the presence of THF by mass spectrometry. Production of this form of folate could act to prevent accumulation of potentially toxic formaldehyde in the cell. These studies suggest that folate may play a role in the epigenetic control of gene expression in addition to its traditional role in the transfer of one‐carbon units in metabolism.
Thermopower enhancement in modulated cross‐section nanowires due to energy minibands structure
Authors: Zianni Xanthippi
Published: April 2014

Calculations on the energy subband structure and the thermopower of modulated nanowires with variable cross‐section are reported. It is assumed elastic scattering by point neutral scatterers. Thermopower enhancement has been previously predicted for nanowires due to 1D energy subband structure. Here, it is found an even more significant thermopower enhancement due to the energy minibands structure of the nanowires with a dot‐like modulation of their cross‐section. The energy dispersion spectrum of periodically modulated nanowires has been found drastically modified compared to that of straight nanowires. It is composed out of a rich structure of characteristic energy minibands. At low T, the thermopower has been found significantly enhanced and shows a dot‐like behavior. The wire‐like behavior is restored at higher T where the minibands structure is screened by thermal broadening. The obtained results provide insight to mechanisms present in non‐uniform nanowires that have been proposed for enhancement of the thermoelectric efficiency at the nanoscale.
Thermoelectric properties of Mg2Si coatings deposited by pack cementation assisted process on heavily doped Si substrates
Authors: Stathokostopoulos D. , Stefanaki E. C. , Ioannou M. , Polymeris G. S. , Chaliampalias D. , Pavlidou E. , Kyratsi Th. , Paraskevopoulos K. M. , Vourlias G. , Hatzikraniotis E.
Published: April 2014

This work presents a study of structural and thermoelectric properties of Mg2Si coatings deposited on heavily doped p‐ and n‐type Si substrates, at 650 °C. The as‐grown layers were smooth and uniform in thickness without any texture, voids, or large density of cracks. The sign of Seebeck coefficient in deposited layers follows the one of the corresponding substrate, indicating effective doping of the grown layers with the dopant already present in Si substrate (B for p‐type and As for n‐type). Doping levels of ∼9 × 1018 cm−3 for p‐type and ∼5 × 1018 cm−3 for n‐type, were obtained. IR reflectivity analysis revealed a strong mode at 272 cm−1 and a shoulder at 316 cm−1. Thermoelectric properties were successfully modeled by a multiple‐band model, with optical phonon scattering.

Temperature dependence of electrical conductivity for the deposition layers. The lines represent the theoretical fitting.
Magnetization reversal process and peculiarities of giant magneto‐impedance effect in amorphous ferromagnetic microwire with helical anisotropy
Authors: Usov Nikolai A. , Gudoshnikov Sergey A.
Published: April 2014

The micromagnetic simulation of the magnetization reversal process in a Co‐rich microwire with a weak helical anisotropy under the influence of applied magnetic field and dc bias current has been carried out. It is shown that due to the influence of the magneto–elastic interaction in a wire with helical anisotropy, the change of the sign of the longitudinal magnetization component under the influence of the axial magnetic field leads to a subsequent jump of the circular magnetization component at some critical value of the applied magnetic field. This leads to a non‐trivial behavior of the off‐diagonal giant magneto‐impedance (GMI) component of the wire as a function of applied magnetic field. The effect is confirmed experimentally for two Co‐rich microwires, having significantly different amplitudes of the residual quenching stress.
A randomized phase I Bayesian dose escalation design for the combination of anti‐cancer drugs
Authors: Dejardin David , Lesaffre Emmanuel , Hamberg Paul , Verweij Jaap
Published: April 2014

Nowadays, treatment regimens for cancer often involve a combination of drugs. The determination of the doses of each of the combined drugs in phase I dose escalation studies poses methodological challenges. The most common phase I design, the classic ‘3+3' design, has been criticized for poorly estimating the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and for treating too many subjects at doses below the MTD. In addition, the classic ‘3+3' is not able to address the challenges posed by combinations of drugs. Here, we assume that a control drug (commonly used and well‐studied) is administered at a fixed dose in combination with a new agent (the experimental drug) of which the appropriate dose has to be determined. We propose a randomized design in which subjects are assigned to the control or to the combination of the control and experimental. The MTD is determined using a model‐based Bayesian technique based on the difference of probability of dose limiting toxicities (DLT) between the control and the combination arm. We show, through a simulation study, that this approach provides better and more accurate estimates of the MTD. We argue that this approach may differentiate between an extreme high probability of DLT observed from the control and a high probability of DLT of the combination. We also report on a fictive (simulation) analysis based on published data of a phase I trial of ifosfamide combined with sunitinib.Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Polar vortices on Earth and Mars: A comparative study of the climatology and variability from reanalyses
Authors: Mitchell D. M. , Montabone L. , Thomson S. , Read P. L.
Published: April 2014

Polar vortices on Mars provide case‐studies to aid understanding of geophysical vortex dynamics and may help to resolve long‐standing issues regarding polar vortices on Earth. Due to the recent development of the first publicly available Martian reanalysis dataset (MACDA), for the first time we are able to characterise thoroughly the structure and evolution of the Martian polar vortices, and hence perform a systematic comparison with the polar vortices on Earth. The winter atmospheric circulations of the two planets are compared, with a specific focus on the structure and evolution of the polar vortices. The Martian residual meridional overturning circulation is found to be very similar to the stratospheric residual circulation on Earth during winter. While on Earth this residual circulation is very different from the Eulerian circulation, on Mars it is found to be very similar. Unlike on Earth, it is found that the Martian polar vortices are annular, and that the Northern Hemisphere vortex is far stronger than its southern counterpart. While winter hemisphere differences in vortex strength are also reported on Earth, the contrast is not as large. Distinctions between the two planets are also apparent in terms of the climatological vertical structure of the vortices, in that the Martian polar vortices are observed to decrease in size at higher altitudes, whereas on Earth the opposite is observed. Finally, it is found that the Martian vortices are less variable through the winter than on Earth, especially in terms of the vortex geometry. During one particular major regional dust storm on Mars (Martian year 26), an equatorward displacement of the vortex is observed, sharing some qualitative characteristics of sudden stratospheric warmings on Earth.
H ∞  filtering for impulsive networked control systems with random packet dropouts and randomly occurring nonlinearities
Authors: Kalidass Mathiyalagan , Su Hongye , Wu Yuan‐Qing , Rathinasamy Sakthivel
Published: April 2014

In this paper, the problem of H ∞  filtering for impulsive networked control systems with random packet dropouts and randomly occurring nonlinearities is investigated. By utilizing an impulsive model, the network‐induced imperfections including packet dropout and delay are described by the Bernoulli distributed sequence. The delay in the model is assumed to be time varying. Moreover, nonlinearity in the model is assumed to satisfy sector‐like nonlinearities. The H ∞  filter is designed by using the linear matrix inequality (LMI) approach and convex optimization technique. The filter gain matrices for the nonlinear networked control systems can be achieved by solving LMIs, which can be easily facilitated by using some standard numerical packages. Finally, a numerical example is presented to demonstrate the effectiveness and applicability of the proposed results. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fourier‐based Registration for Robust Forward‐looking Sonar Mosaicing in Low‐visibility Underwater Environments
Authors: Hurtós Natàlia , Ribas David , Cufí Xavier , Petillot Yvan , Salvi Joaquim
Published: April 2014

Vehicle operations in underwater environments are often compromised by poor visibility conditions. For instance, the perception range of optical devices is heavily constrained in turbid waters, thus complicating navigation and mapping tasks in environments such as harbors, bays, or rivers. A new generation of high‐definition forward‐looking sonars providing acoustic imagery at high frame rates has recently emerged as a promising alternative for working under these challenging conditions. However, the characteristics of the sonar data introduce difficulties in image registration, a key step in mosaicing and motion estimation applications. In this work, we propose the use of a Fourier‐based registration technique capable of handling the low resolution, noise, and artifacts associated with sonar image formation. When compared to a state‐of‐the art region‐based technique, our approach shows superior performance in the alignment of both consecutive and nonconsecutive views as well as higher robustness in featureless environments. The method is used to compute pose constraints between sonar frames that, integrated inside a global alignment framework, enable the rendering of consistent acoustic mosaics with high detail and increased resolution. An extensive experimental section is reported showing results in relevant field applications, such as ship hull inspection and harbor mapping.
I used to work at Goldman Sachs! How firms benefit from organizational status in the market for human capital
Authors: Bidwell Matthew , Won Shinjae , Barbulescu Roxana , Mollick Ethan
Published: April 2014

How does employer status benefit firms in the market for general human capital? On the one hand, high status employers are better able to attract workers, who value the signal of ability that employment at those firms provides. On the other hand, that same signal can help workers bid up wages and capture the value of employers' status. Exploring this tension, we argue that high status firms are able to hire higher ability workers than other firms, and do not need to pay them the full value of their ability early in the career, but must raise wages more rapidly than other firms as those workers accrue experience. We test our arguments using unique survey data on careers in investment banking. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Competition between Auger Recombination and Hot‐Carrier Trapping in PL Intensity Fluctuations of Type II Nanocrystals
Authors: Mangum Benjamin D. , Wang Feng , Dennis Allison M. , Gao Yongqian , Ma Xuedan , Hollingsworth Jennifer A. , Htoon Han
Published: April 2014

Performing time‐tagged, time‐correlated, single‐photon‐counting studies on individual colloidal nanocrystal quantum dots (NQDs), the evolution of photoluminescence (PL) intensity‐fluctuation behaviors in near‐infrared (NIR) emitting type II, InP/CdS core‐shell NQDs is investigated as a function of shell thickness. It is observed that Auger recombination and hot‐carrier trapping compete in defining the PL intensity‐fluctuation behavior for NQDs with thin shells, whereas the role of hot‐carrier trapping dominates for NQDs with thick shells. These studies further reveal the distinct ramifications of altering either the excitation fluence or repetition rate. Specifically, an increase in laser pump fluence results in the creation of additional hot‐carrier traps. Alternately, higher repetition rates cause a saturation in hot‐carrier traps, thus activating Auger‐related PL fluctuations. Furthermore, it is shown that Auger recombination of negatively charged excitons is suppressed more strongly than that of positively charged excitons because of the asymmetry in the electron‐hole confinement in type II NQDs. Thus, this study provides new understanding of how both NQD structure (shell thickness and carrier‐separation characteristics) and excitation conditions can be used to tune the PL stability, with important implications for room‐temperature single‐photon generation. Specifically, the first non‐blinking NQD capable of single‐photon emission in the near‐infrared spectral regime is described.
Nanoparticle‐Enabled, Image‐Guided Treatment Planning of Target Specific RNAi Therapeutics in an Orthotopic Prostate Cancer Model
Authors: Lin Qiaoya , Jin Cheng S. , Huang Huang , Ding Lili , Zhang Zhihong , Chen Juan , Zheng Gang
Published: April 2014

The abilities to deliver siRNA to its intended action site and assess the delivery efficiency are challenges for current RNAi therapy, where effective siRNA delivery will join force with patient genetic profiling to achieve optimal treatment outcome. Imaging could become a critical enabler to maximize RNAi efficacy in the context of tracking siRNA delivery, rational dosimetry and treatment planning. Several imaging modalities have been used to visualize nanoparticle‐based siRNA delivery but rarely did they guide treatment planning. We report a multimodal theranostic lipid‐nanoparticle, HPPS(NIR)‐chol‐siRNA, which has a near‐infrared (NIR) fluorescent core, enveloped by phospholipid monolayer, intercalated with siRNA payloads, and constrained by apoA‐I mimetic peptides to give ultra‐small particle size (<30 nm). Using fluorescence imaging, we demonstrated its cytosolic delivery capability for both NIR‐core and dye‐labeled siRNAs and its structural integrity in mice through intravenous administration, validating the usefulness of NIR‐core as imaging surrogate for non‐labeled therapeutic siRNAs. Next, we validated the targeting specificity of HPPS(NIR)‐chol‐siRNA to orthotopic tumor using sequential four‐steps (in vivo, in situ, ex vivo and frozen‐tissue) fluorescence imaging. The image co‐registration of computed tomography and fluorescence molecular tomography enabled non‐invasive assessment and treatment planning of siRNA delivery into the orthotopic tumor, achieving efficacious RNAi therapy.
Recommendations based on Social Relationships in Mobile Services
Authors: Qi Jiayin , Zhu Chao , Yang Yanwu
Published: April 2014

The scarcity problem in user–product matrix has become severe, which is affecting the recommendation system efficiency in mobile services; it is also related to social networks and Internet of Things, where huge amount of data and complex relationships exist. This paper proposes a novel recommendation approach based on social relationships between users to handle the scarcity problem and facilitate recommendations in mobile services. We define a model of social relationships based on a set of call detail record factors of telecom users and design a vacancy‐filling method to reduce the scarcity of the user–product matrix. An integrated similarity measure is provided to improve the filtering rules of neighbours of the target user. Then, we build a new recommendation system based on social relationships, with mobile services in the telecom industry as the application. Furthermore, we conductexperiments with the real‐world data of voice calls, and experimental results show that the filling method proposed can effectively reduce the scarcity of the user–product matrix and our social relationships approach outperforms the collaborative filtering in terms of the call, precision and mean absolute error indicators. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Model Reduction for Cold Rolling Processes
Authors: Seidel Jens , Ernst Oliver G.
Published: April 2014

The numerical simulation of rolling processes and its acceleration by model reduction techniques is considered. The physical model is based on minimizing the deformation power by using a flow formulation and the equivalent stress and strain. The reduction uses proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) for linear terms together with the discrete empirical interpolation method (DEIM) for nonlinear terms. In particular, the hardening can be accelerated considerably. The solution can be represented by substantially fewer degrees of freedom while maintaining acceptable accuracy.
Microstructure and Properties of Nanoduplex Bainite–Austenite Steel for Ultra‐High‐Strength Plates
Authors: Garbarz Bogdan , Burian Wojciech
Published: April 2014

Basing on experimentally determined continuous cooling transformation (CCT) and time–temperature–transformation (TTT) diagrams, examination of microstructure by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) techniques and measurements of mechanical properties an optimized chemical composition of a nanostructured bainite–austenite steel intended for production of plates is proposed. The optimized composition enables to manufacture ultra‐high‐strength plates up to 15 mm in thickness at relatively low cost of alloying elements and with characteristics facilitating industrial production. Experimental flat bars manufactured in semi‐industrial conditions of the developed steel containing 0.56% C, 2.00% Mn, 1.76% Si, 1.29% Cr, and 0.76% Mo after transformation at 225°C for 60–72 h show good combination of mechanical properties: ultimate tensile strength over 1.9 GPa, yield strength in the range of 1.3–1.4 GPa, total elongation about 15% and hardness at the level of 600 HV.
River classification: theory, practice, politics
Authors: Tadaki Marc , Brierley Gary , Cullum Carola
Published: April 2014

The classification of river forms and processes has emerged as a major site for interdisciplinary cooperation and application of environmental science. Geomorphologists, ecologists, planners, and others have made concerted efforts to develop theoretical and empirical frameworks with which to classify rivers and their component parts for multiple, diverse applications. As the breadth and depth of classification logics continue to swell, this article takes stock of recent developments through three analytical lenses. First, the theoretical underpinnings of river classification are explored and summarized to provide a framework within which to situate and compare different classification approaches. Second, four emerging frameworks for river classification are described and compared to assess their epistemological, institutional, and governance implications. Different epistemic communities produce different kinds of classifications, which reveal different ‘realities’ of rivers to be acted upon by human agents. Third, by emphasizing how river classification practices are productive of environmental governance regimes and rationalities, the roles, responsibilities, and possibilities for environmental science are clarified and expanded. Rather than thinking about classification purely as a realist scientific project, attention needs to be paid to the ways in which ‘classifying mindsets’ relate to the production of social and environmental outcomes. WIREs Water 2014, 1:349–367. doi: 10.1002/wat2.1026

This article is categorized under:

Water and Life > Nature of Freshwater Ecosystems
On the history of elastohydrodynamics: The dramatic destiny of Alexander Mohrenstein‐Ertel and his contribution to the theory and practice of lubrication
Authors: Popova E. , Popov V.L.
Published: April 2014

The paper is devoted to the life and work of Alexander Mikhailovich Ertel, the founder of elastohydrodynamics. He was the first to solve problems of hydrodynamic lubrication accounting for effects of elastic deformation of the bodies in contact as well as for the dependence of the viscosity of the lubricant on pressure and temperature, thereby opening a new branch of tribology – elastohydrodynamics. However, due to complicated historical entanglements, the real authorship remained unknown over many years. On occasion of the 100th anniversary of Alexander Mohrenstein‐Ertel, we investigate the circumstances of the creation of elastohydrodynamics and provide a short sketch of the main ideas of the early works of Mohrenstein‐Ertel. The biography of Mohrenstein‐Ertel is like a criminal novel: the 20th century history is reflected in the hard fate of this scientist and Russian history up to the time of Pushkin can be traced in his genealogy.
Ethical Issues Regarding Related and Nonrelated Living Organ Donors
Authors: Testa Giuliano
Published: April 2014

The ethics of the clinical practice of transplanting human organs for end‐stage organ disease is a fascinating topic. Who is the “owner” of the transplantable organs of a deceased, brain‐dead patient? Who should have a right to receive these organs? Who set the boundaries between a living donor’s autonomy and a “paternalistic” doctor? What constitutes a proper consent? These questions are only some of the ethical issues that have been discussed in the last 60 years. All of these ethical issues are intensified by the fact that supply of human organs does not match demand, and that, as a consequence, living‐donor organ transplantation is widely utilized. The aim of this article is not to be exhaustive but to present the general ethical principles of beneficence, nonmaleficence, and justice as applied to organ transplantation. Moreover, the topic of reimbursement for organ donation is also discussed.
A service development study of the assessment and management of fracture risk in Parkinson’s disease
Authors: Shribman Samuel , Torsney Kelli M. , Noyce Alastair J. , Giovannoni Gavin , Fearnley Julian , Dobson Ruth
Published: April 2014

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is associated with an increased risk of fragility fracture. FRAX and Qfracture are risk calculators that estimate the 10-year risk of hip and major fractures and guide definitive investigation for osteoporosis using dual X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) imaging. It is unclear which PD patients should be considered for fracture risk assessment and whether FRAX or Qfracture should be used. Seventy-seven patients with PD were recruited in the movement disorders clinic. Data were collected on PD-related characteristics and fracture risk scores were calculated. Patients with previous osteoporotic fractures had a higher incidence of falls (p = 0.0026) and use of bilateral walking aids (p = 0.0187) in addition to longer disease duration (p = 0.0037). Selecting patients with falls in combination with either disease duration >5 years, bilateral walking aids, or previous osteoporotic fracture distinguished patients with and without previous osteoporotic fracture with specificity 67.7 % (95 % CI 55.0–78.8) and sensitivity 100.0 % (95 % CI 73.5–100.0). Qfracture calculated significantly higher fracture risk scores than FRAX for hip (p < 0.0001) and major (p = 0.0008) fracture in PD patients. Receiver operating characteristic curves demonstrated that FRAX outperformed Qfracture with an area under the curve of 0.84 (95 % CI 0.70–0.97, p = 0.0004) for FRAX and 0.68 (95 % CI 52–86, p = 0.0476) for Qfracture major fracture risk calculators. We suggest that falls in combination with either a disease duration longer than 5 years or bilateral walking aids or previous osteoporotic fracture should be used as red flags in PD patients to prompt clinicians to perform a FRAX fracture risk assessment in the neurology clinic.
Fate of Triton X‐100 Applications on Water and Soil Environments: A Review
Authors: Abu‐Ghunmi Lina , Badawi Munawar , Fayyad Manar
Published: April 2014

Triton X‐100 applications as surfactant raises concern on water and soil environment due to its non‐biodegradability and inhibition effect. This paper aims at reviewing Triton X‐100 biodegradability and inhibition literature. It shows Triton X‐100 is biodegradable by aerobic and anaerobic municipal wastewater sludge and Vibrio cyclitrophicus‐sp‐Nov organism. Adsorption and biodegradation are mechanisms of Triton removal. Triton inhibits anaerobic sludge organisms and some single aerobic organisms. Inhibition mechanisms are substrate shortage, physiological membrane‐damaging and/or alteration in organism cell membrane. Thus Triton X‐100 fate in the environment and its sustainable application can be controlled via proper selection of organism type, Triton concentration, and substrate.
Is the activity based costing system a viable instrument for small and medium enterprises? The case of Mexico
Authors: Ríos Manríquez Martha , Muñoz Colomina Clara , Rodríguez Vilariño Lourdes
Published: April 2014

Small and medium-sized firms (SMEs) face serious challenges in order to be competitive, and they needto develop strategies enabling them to control their costs. This work aims to analyze and evaluate theimpact, penetration and characteristics of Activity-Based Costs (ABC). This research is of a quantitativetype descriptive design, with a sample of 180 SMEs. The results show low penetration of the ABC in SMEsusing traditional systems, due to the lack of knowledge, and that there are enterprises that do not use anycosting system at all. Finally the Mexican SMEs recognize the compatibility and usefulness of ABC, andthat the most important fact is to understand the possible application of different costing methodologiesfor different purposes.
Evidence of a conserved intrinsically disordered region in the C‐terminus of the stringent response protein Rel from mycobacteria
Authors: Ekal Lakhan , Ganesh Bylapudi , Joshi Himanshu , Lama Dilraj , Jain Vikas
Published: April 2014

The RelA/SpoT enzyme produces (p)ppGpp that helps the bacterium survive during stress. The domains present in it are interspersed with connecting linkers whose functions have been poorly elucidated. We rationally analyzed the sequence and structural property of the regulatory C‐terminal region in the Rel family of proteins and report the presence of an intrinsically disordered region between two successive domains in this region that are separated by a defined amino acid sequence length. We show that the length and secondary structure of this linker are conserved in Rel proteins, further signifying its importance in rendering flexibility for domain movement and domain–domain interaction.
Riata lead failure presenting as a life‐threatening electrical storm: A novel manifestation of electrical lead failure
Authors: Shenthar Jayaprakash , Ghanta Somasekhar , Rai Maneesh K. , Walia Rohit
Published: April 2014

The Riata and Riata ST family of implantable cardioverter‐defibrillator leads are prone to a unique type of structural failure involving exteriorization of the conductor cables, which may present as electrical failure. We report a mode of lead failure that occurred in a patient with a Riata 1570 series dual coil 8F lead. In this case, the first appropriate shock for ventricular fibrillation resulted in noise, that in turn led to recurrent inappropriate shocks and proarrhythmia, that clinically mimicked a life‐threatening electrical storm.
A Better Intellectual Community Is Possible: Dialogues with Ali A. Mazrui
Authors: Mittelman James H.
Published: April 2014

To probe the changing roles and responsibilities of intellectuals, this article explores the world of Ali Mazrui, one of Africa’s best-known scholars. Mazrui’s lifelong work spans the entire postcolonial period, and offers a prism for viewing African studies. Methodologically, this intellectual ethnography stages dialogues between Mazrui and other leading thinkers who have examined the nexus of knowledge and power. More specifically, Mazrui engages in controversies on complex issues such as Afrocentrism, religiosity, gender, and youth. Debates with his critics address fundamental questions facing Africa: grappling with social transformation, expanding policy space, and building ladders of development.
The Spread of Economic Doctrines and Policymaking in Postcolonial Africa
Authors: Mkandawire Thandika
Published: April 2014

Editors’ note:

An earlier version of this article was presented as the inauguralAfrican Studies ReviewDistinguished Lecture at the 54th Annual Meeting of the African Studies Association in Washington, D.C.
“Hybrid Governance,” Legitimacy, and (Il)legality in the Informal Cross-Border Trade in Panyimur, Northwest Uganda
Authors: Titeca Kristof , Flynn Rachel
Published: April 2014

By looking at a number of different commodities and how they are traded, this article shows how informal cross-border trade in West Nile and Panyimur, Uganda, is governed by a locally negotiated system of hybrid governance, in which neither state nor nonstate actors have a regulatory monopoly. Notions such as legality and illegality are secondary to the functioning of these hybrid institutions, which instead are the outcome of perceptions of the legitimacy of regulatory actions and trading practices and the power configurations of the actors involved. There are different “registers” at play about what constitutes legitimate economic action among different moral communities, but the actual impact of this system depends on the power of the strategic groups involved.
The Politics of Land Reform in Kenya 2012
Authors: Manji Ambreena
Published: April 2014

This article provides a critique of the final stages of Kenya’s land law reform process, which has resulted in the approval of the 2012 Land Act, Land Registration Act, and National Land Commission Act. It argues that in spite of the constitutional and political importance of the new legislation, the process was marked by haste, lack of engagement by legislators, and little participation by citizens. The new laws can be viewed as a deeply disappointing outcome of a decade’s struggle over land policy. The article explores the effects of the constitutional deadlines for new legislation; the contradictory role of civil society in relation to the new laws and the bureaucratic structures they create; and the redistributive intentions and potential of the new land legislation.
Rebuilding Emergency Care After Hurricane Sandy
Authors: Lee David C. , Smith Silas W. , McStay Christopher M. , Portelli Ian , Goldfrank Lewis R. , Husk Gregg , Shah Nirav R.
Published: April 2014

A freestanding, 911-receiving emergency department was implemented at Bellevue Hospital Center during the recovery efforts after Hurricane Sandy to compensate for the increased volume experienced at nearby hospitals. Because inpatient services at several hospitals remained closed for months, emergency volume increased significantly. Thus, in collaboration with the New York State Department of Health and other partners, the Health and Hospitals Corporation and Bellevue Hospital Center opened a freestanding emergency department without on-site inpatient care. The successful operation of this facility hinged on key partnerships with emergency medical services and nearby hospitals. Also essential was the establishment of an emergency critical care ward and a system to monitor emergency department utilization at affected hospitals. The results of this experience, we believe, can provide a model for future efforts to rebuild emergency care capacity after a natural disaster such as Hurricane Sandy. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2014;0:1-4)
Impaired recognition of happy facial expressions in bipolar disorder
Authors: Lawlor-Savage Linette , Sponheim Scott R. , Goghari Vina M.
Published: April 2014

Background

The ability to accurately judge facial expressions is important in social interactions. Individuals with bipolar disorder have been found to be impaired in emotion recognition; however, the specifics of the impairment are unclear. This study investigated whether facial emotion recognition difficulties in bipolar disorder reflect general cognitive, or emotion-specific, impairments. Impairment in the recognition of particular emotions and the role of processing speed in facial emotion recognition were also investigated.

Methods

Clinically stable bipolar patients (n = 17) and healthy controls (n = 50) judged five facial expressions in two presentation types, time-limited and self-paced. An age recognition condition was used as an experimental control.

Results

Bipolar patients’ overall facial recognition ability was unimpaired. However, patients’ specific ability to judge happy expressions under time constraints was impaired.

Conclusions

Findings suggest a deficit in happy emotion recognition impacted by processing speed. Given the limited sample size, further investigation with a larger patient sample is warranted.
WHO OWNS THE DIAMONDS? THE OCCULT ECO-NOMY OF DIAMOND MINING IN SIERRA LEONE
Authors: D'Angelo Lorenzo
Published: April 2014

Much of the literature on Sierra Leonean diamonds focuses on the role that this mineral resource played in the recent civil conflict (1991–2002). However, the political-economic perspective that is common to these analyses has lost sight of the main actors in this social reality. What do miners think of diamonds? Like their Malagasy colleagues engaged in the search for sapphires, the Sierra Leonean diamond miners often maintain that they do not know what diamonds could possibly be used for. What is specific to the diamond mining areas in this West African country is that suspicions and fantasies about the uses of diamonds go hand in hand with the idea that these precious stones belong to invisible spiritual entities known locally as djinns ordεbul dεn. Although this article aims to analyse the occult imaginary of diamond miners, it takes a different stand from the occult economies approach. By combining a historical-imaginative perspective with a historical and ecological one, this article intends to highlight the indissoluble interweaving of material and imaginative processes of artisanal diamond production in the context of Sierra Leone's mines.
ON REPRESENTATION AND POWER: PORTRAIT OF A VODUN LEADER IN PRESENT-DAY BENIN
Authors: Tall Emmanuelle Kadya
Published: April 2014

In this paper, the author discusses the power of vodun leaders in present-day Benin, and more specifically anti-witchcraft cults born from the encounter with world religions. Offering an analysis inspired by Louis Marin's theory on power in its representation, the author illustrates her analysis through the portrait of a vodun leader with a view to escape from a functionalist analysis of occult power or syncretism. With the baroque mirror metaphor conceived as a device, which underscores what it is that connects heterogeneous practices, Tall describes what is shown in the rituals and practices of a vodun leader and emphasizes the centrality of the transubstantiation phenomenon in the production of a community of believers.
AN INTRODUCTION TO THE LETTERS OF ISAIAH MOTEKA: THE CORRESPONDENCE OF A TWENTIETH-CENTURY SOUTH AFRICAN ZIONIST MINISTER
Authors: Cabrita Joel
Published: April 2014

South African Zionism, one of the most popular Christian movements in modern South Africa, has frequently been interpreted in narrowly indigenous terms, as a local, black appropriation of Christianity, heavily invested in orality and ritual performance. The correspondence of the twentieth-century Zionist minister Isaiah Moteka tells a different story. Moteka honed the craft of letter-writing in order to build and sustain his relationship with Zion, Illinois, the headquarters of the worldwide Zionist church. Through the exchange of letters across the Atlantic, Moteka affirmed his own and his congregants’ place within a multiracial Zion diaspora. And through their complex invocation of overlapping local and global affiliations, Moteka's writings proclaimed his standing both as a regional clergyman and as a cosmopolitan internationalist. In particular, these ambiguous missives became the platform for Moteka's engagement with apartheid-era state officials. Seeking to persuade state officials that his organization fell under ‘white’ supervision, Moteka's letters proclaimed his accreditation by Zion, Illinois, thereby casting himself as a deputy of the worldwide movement. But these documents’ citation of transatlantic loyalties also suggests Moteka's own conflicted loyalties. His letters asserted loyalty to the nation state while they simultaneously subordinated earthly power to the Kingdom of God.