bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Exact Periodic Solitary Wave and Double Periodic Wave Solutions for the (2+1)-Dimensional Korteweg-de Vries Equation
Authors: Liu Changfu , Dai Zhengde
Published: February 2015

A new technique, the extended ansatz function method, is proposed to seek periodic solitary wave solutions of integrable systems. Exact periodic solitary wave solutions for the (2+1)-dimensional Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) equation are obtained by using this technique. By using the trial function method, Jacobi elliptic function double periodic solutions are also constructed for this equation. This result shows that there exist periodic solitary waves in the different directions for the (2+1)- dimensional KdV equation
The Relationship Between the Newcomb-Benford Law and the Distribution of Rational Numbers
Authors: Ryder Peter
Published: February 2015

The Newcomb-Benford law, also known as Benford’s law or the first-digit law, applies to many tabulated sets of real-world data. It states that the probability that the first significant digit is n, (n ∈ {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9}) is given by log(1+ 1/n). The law has been verified empirically with widely differing data sets. In the present paper it is shown that it does not necessarily follow from the requirement of scale invariance alone, as has been claimed. This condition is necessary, but not sufficient. In addition, it is necessary to consider the properties of certain finite subsets of the set of rational numbers.
Polaron Effects on the Third-Order Susceptibility of a CdSe/ZnS Quantum Dot Quantum Well
Authors: Zhang Xi , Xiong Guiguang , Feng Xiaobo
Published: February 2015

Theoretical investigation of the polaron effects on the third-order susceptibility associated with the intersubband transition in the conduction band in a CdSe/ZnS quantum dot quantum well is presented. Contributions from the confined longitudinal optical (LO) and surface optical phonon modes are considered and the wave function is derived under the frame work of the perturbation theory. We carried a detailed calculation of third-harmonic generation (THG), Quadratic electro-optic effects (QEOE), and electro-absorption (EA) process on such a quantum dot as a function of pump photon energy with different incident photon energy and under different sizes. The results reveal that the polaron effects are quite important especially around the peak value of the third-order susceptibility. By increasing the size of the quantum dots, the peaks of χ(3)
THG, χ(3)
QEOE, and χ(3)
EA will shift to the lower energy, and the intensities of the peaks will increase.
Photovoltaic Effect in Single Layer 1H-Pyrazolo[3,4-b]quinoline and 1H-Pyrazolo[3,4-b]quioxaline/Poly(3-Decylthiophene) Polymer Cells
Authors: Gondek Ewa , Kityk Ivan V. , Danel Andrzej
Published: February 2015

We have explored photovoltaic (PV) reponse for the pyrazoloquinoline and pyrazoloquinoxaline dyes incorporated into the poly(3-decylthiophene) (PDT) polymer matrices. The photovoltaic response correlates generally with the enhancement of the state dipole moments. Generally we have shown that enhanced state dipole moments lead to an increase of the open circuit voltage. The surrounded polymer matrix of the polythiophene enhances the ground state dipole moments and its relative changes are decreased with the increase of the particular state dipole moments. An appearance of the three-phenyl backside groups substantially diminishes the effect.
Quasi-Periodic, Periodic Waves, and Soliton Solutions for the Combined KdV-mKdV Equation
Authors: Abdel-Salam Emad A.-B.
Published: February 2015

By introducing the generalized Jacobi elliptic function, a new improved Jacobi elliptic function method is used to construct the exact travelling wave solutions of the nonlinear partial differential equations in a unified way. With the help of the improved Jacobi elliptic function method and symbolic computation, some new exact solutions of the combined Korteweg-de Vries-modified Korteweg-de Vries (KdV-mKdV) equation are obtained. Based on the derived solution, we investigate the evolution of doubly periodic and solitons in the background waves. Also, their structures are further discussed graphically.
Analytical Investigations of Spin-Spin, Spin-Other-Orbit and Combined Mechanisms of Zero-Field Splitting for 3d3 Ions at Trigonal Symmetry
Authors: Wei Qun
Published: February 2015

A new method of obtaining approximate analytical expressions of zero-field splitting (ZFS) has been proposed. By analyzing the magnetic interaction mechanisms which affect the properties of ZFS of ground 4
A
2 state for 3d3 ions at trigonal symmetry, and comparing with the calculated results of complete diagonalization method, the approximate analytical expressions of the contribution to zero-field splitting of 4
A
2 state from spin-spin (SS), spin-other-orbit (SOO), and combined mechanisms have been obtained. Also the applicability of these approximate analytical expressions has been analyzed. It is shown that the approximate analytical expressions are suitable in a wide crystal field parameters range.
Electron and Hole Trap Signal with Similar Defect Parameters in Chalcopyrite Based Solar Cells
Authors: Mertens Verena , Reineke-Koch Rolf , Parisi Jürgen
Published: February 2015

Copper chalcopyrite based solar cells with different molar gallium to gallium plus indium ratio (GGI) are looked at, using deep level transient spectroscopy (DLTS) and admittance spectroscopy (AS). Depending on the respective measurement parameters, like reverse bias level, height and length of the voltage pulse applied, either a minority carrier or/and a majority carrier deep level signal is/are detected in the temperature range below 200 K. The AS investigations reveal only one trap signal. After a detailed description of the defect properties taking advantage of the two diode model, we discuss the origin of these trap signals in view of our experimental findings
Long Wavelength Flow Analysis in a Curved Channel
Authors: Ali Nasir , Sajid Muhammad , Hayat Tasawar
Published: February 2015

This study is concerned with the peristaltic flow of a viscous fluid in a curved channel. Mathematically the problem is governed by two partial differential equations. Closed form solutions of the stream function, axial velocity, and pressure gradient are developed under long wavelength and low Reynolds number assumptions. The influence of curvature is analyzed on various flow quantities of interest.
New Exact Travelling Wave Solutions of Nonlinear Coagulation Problem with Mass Loss
Authors: El-Wakil El-Said A. , Abulwafa Essam M. , Abdou Mohammed A.
Published: February 2015

This paper suggests a generalized F-expansion method for constructing new exact travelling wave solutions of a nonlinear coagulation problem with mass loss. This method can be used as an alternative to obtain analytical and approximate solutions of different types of kernel which are applied in physics. The nonlinear kinetic equation, which is an integro differential equation, is transformed into a differential equation using Laplace’s transformation. The inverse Laplace transformation of the solution gives the size distribution function of the system.

As a result, many exact travelling wave solutions are obtained which include new periodic wave solutions, trigonometric function solutions, and rational solutions. The method is straightforward and concise,and it can also be applied to other nonlinear evolution equations arising in mathematical physics.
Dielectric Properties of Strongly Polar Nematogens
Authors: Czub Joanna , Dąbrowski Roman , Urban Stanisław , Ziobro Dorota
Published: February 2015

Results of the static and dynamic dielectric investigations of four liquid crystalline compounds consisting of two or three phenyl rings with n-alkoxy and cyano terminals, carboxylic bridging groups, and fluoro lateral substituents in pure state and in the solution of low polar liquid crystalline medium, are presented. These compounds form the nematic phase being a monotropic one in the case of two ring compounds. The dielectric parameters are analyzed in relation to the dipolar structures of the molecules. The dielectric properties of pure substances are strongly influenced by conductivity and dimerization effects, while extracted from the data for solutions are consisted well with the structures. In the nematic phase the compounds exhibit a crossover of the principal permittivity components among the kilo and megahertz frequency range
Theoretical Investigation of the g Factors for Copper (II) Ion in an Orthorhombic Crystal and its Application to (CuCl4)2– Cluster
Authors: Feng Wen-Lin
Published: February 2015

On the basis of the crystal- and ligand-field theory, the high-order perturbation formulas of the g factors (gx, gy, gz) are established for Cu2+ ions in an orthorhombic tetrahedral field with D2 symmetry, including the central cationic and ligand anionic spin-orbital coupling interactions. By using these formulas, the anisotropic g factors of Cu2+ ion in (CuCl4)2− cluster are calculated. The results are consistent with the experimental values. The calculations show that the contribution from covalency of the central ion and the 3p orbital ligand can not be neglected
Modified Variational Iteration Method for Integro-Differential Equations and Coupled Systems
Authors: Mohyud-Din Syed Tauseef
Published: February 2015

In this paper, we apply the modified variational iteration method (mVIM) for solving integrodifferential equations and coupled systems of integro-differential equations. The proposed modification is made by the elegant coupling of He’s polynomials and the correction functional of variational iteration method. The proposed mVIM is applied without any discretization, transformation or restrictive assumptions and is free from round off errors and calculation of the so-called Adomian’s polynomials.
Higher-Order Nonlinear Effects on Wave Structures in a Multispecies Plasma with Nonisothermal Electrons
Authors: Gill Tarsem Singh , Bala Parveen , Kaur Harvinder
Published: February 2015

In the present investigation, we have studied ion-acoustic solitary waves in a plasma consisting of warm positive and negative ions and nonisothermal electron distribution. We have used reductive perturbation theory (RPT) and derived a dispersion relation which supports only two ion-acoustic modes, viz. slow and fast. The expression for phase velocities of these modes is observed to be a function of parameters like nonisothermality, charge and mass ratio, and relative temperature of ions. A modified Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) equation with a (1+1/2) nonlinearity, also known as Schamel-mKdV model, is derived. RPT is further extended to include the contribution of higher-order terms. The results of numerical computation for such contributions are shown in the form of graphs in different parameter regimes for both, slow and fast ion-acoustic solitary waves having several interesting features. For the departure from the isothermally distributed electrons, a generalized KdV equation is derived and solved. It is observed that both rarefactive and compressive solitons exist for the isothermal case. However, nonisothermality supports only the compressive type of solitons in the given parameter regime.
Interesting Band Properties of One-Dimensional Photonic Crystals Containing Epsilon-Negative Layers
Authors: Xu Fei , Chen Yulin
Published: February 2015

The transmission properties of one-dimensional photonic crystals constituted by a periodic repetition of positive-index layers and epsilon-negative layers are studied theoretically. This structure shows some interesting properties including a wide gap in the low frequency range for small period number and a comb-like transmission band in the gap. The properties of the comb-like transmission band are sensitive to the period number of the structure. In contrast to the zero-ngap and the zero- φeff gap, the transmission properties are dependent on the structure parameters. A general method to decide the position of gap and transmission band in this kind of structure is also presented.
Determination of Texture Orientation Related Magnetic Properties of Nickel-Cobalt Films
Authors: Bayirli Mehmet , Kockar Hakan , Alper Mursel , Cokturen Emrah
Published: February 2015

The determination of texture effects in nickel-cobalt (Ni-Co) films with different thickness, which were obtained by electrodeposition, has been investigated by the measurement of hysteresis loops at different angles. Easy-axis distribution measurements were performed as a function of the squareness Mp(β ) and the correlations were established among the different thicknesses. The composition of Ni- Co films was determined by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The structural analysis made by X-ray diffraction revealed that all films have a polycrystalline face-centered cubic structure but their texture degrees vary depending on the film thickness. The determination of the easy-axis orientation in 2-D films from the M
p(β ) obtained by the hystersis loops was studied using Fourier series analyses. The coefficient A
0 have a value of less then unity while A
2 is inversely proportional to the width of the distribution function which may cause the change in the texture preferential orientations. Therefore, the differences observed in the magnetic easy-axis distributions were attributed to the changes in texture orientations caused by the compositional differences at different thicknesses of the polycrystalline films.
EPR Study of VO2+ Doped Diammonium Tricadmium Tetrakis (Sulfate) Pentahydrate [(NH4)2Cd3(SO4)4 ∙ 5H2O] Single Crystals
Authors: Kartal Ibrahim , Karabulut Bünyamin , Bozkurt Esat
Published: February 2015

Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) studies are carried out on vanadyl (VO2+) ions in diammonium tricadmium tetrakis (sulfate) pentahydrate single crystals at room temperature. The EPR spectra of a single crystal exhibit resonance signals characteristic to VO2+ ions. The analysis of EPR spectra indicates that the VO2+ ions in single crystals show two magnetically inequivalent VO2+ sites in distinct orientations occupying substitutional positions in the lattice and showing very high angular dependence. They form in octahedral coordination with tetragonal compression with C
4v
symmetry. The spin Hamiltonian parameters are determined, and these parameters have been used to estimate the bonding coefficients of the VO2+ ion in a diammonium tricadmium tetrakis (sulfate) pentahydrate lattice. The parallel and perpendicular components of axially symmetric g and hyperfine (A) tensors are evaluated and the results are discussed and compared with previous reports.
Resonances of a Nonlinear Single-Degree-of-Freedom System with Time Delay in Linear Feedback Control
Authors: El-Bassiouny Atef F. , El-Kholy Salah
Published: February 2015

The primary and subharmonic resonances of a nonlinear single-degree-of-freedom system under feedback control with a time delay are studied by means of an asymptotic perturbation technique. Both external (forcing) and parametric excitations are included. By means of the averaging method and multiple scales method, two slow-flow equations for the amplitude and phase of the primary and subharmonic resonances and all other parameters are obtained. The steady state (fixed points) corresponding to a periodic motion of the starting system is investigated and frequency-response curves are shown. The stability of the fixed points is examined using the variational method. The effect of the feedback gains, the time-delay, the coefficient of cubic term, and the coefficients of external and parametric excitations on the steady-state responses are investigated and the results are presented as plots of the steady-state response amplitude versus the detuning parameter. The results obtained by two methods are in excellent agreement
Numerical Solutions of Peristaltic Flow of a Newtonian Fluid under the Effects of Magnetic Field and Heat Transfer in a Porous Concentric Tubes
Authors: Nadeem Sohail , Sher Akbar Noreen , Malik Muhammad Yousaf
Published: February 2015

In the present article, we have studied the effects of heat transfer on a peristaltic flow of a magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) Newtonian fluid in a porous concentric horizontal tube (an application of an endoscope). The problem under consideration is formulated under the assumptions of long wavelength and neglecting the wave number. A closed form of Adomian solutions and numerical solutions are presented which show a complete agreement with each other. The influence of pertinent parameters is analyzed through graphs
Blow Up of Solutions for a Viscoelastic System with Damping and Source Terms in IRn
Authors: Liu Wenjun
Published: February 2015

This paper deals with a Cauchy problem for the coupled system of nonlinear viscoelastic equations with damping and source terms. We prove a new finite time blow-up result for compactly supported initial data with non-positive initial energy as well as positive initial energy by using the modified energy method and the compact support technique.
Path Integral Treatment of a Dirac Particle in a Weak Gravitational Plane Wave
Authors: Zabat Sana , Chetouani Lyazid
Published: February 2015

The Green functions for Klein-Gordon and Dirac particles in a weak gravitational field are determined exactly by the path integral formalism. By using simple changes, it is shown that the classical trajectories play an important role in determining these Green functions
Lithium Isotope Effect Accompanying Electrochemical Insertion of Lithium into Liquid Gallium
Authors: Zenzai Keita , Yasui Ayaka , Yanase Satoshi , Oi Takao
Published: February 2015

Lithium was electrochemically inserted from a 1 : 2 (v/v) mixed solution of ethylene carbonate (EC) and methylethyl carbonate (MEC) containing 1M LiClO4 into liquid gallium to observe lithium isotope effects accompanying the insertion. It was observed that the lighter isotope 6Li was preferentially fractionated into liquid gallium with the single-stage lithium isotope separation factors S, ranging from 1.005 to 1.031 at 50 °C and 1.003 to 1.024 at 25 °C. The lithium isotope effects estimated by molecular orbital calculations at the B3LYP/6-311G(d) level of theory agreed qualitatively with those of the experiments, but the quantitative agreement of the two was not satisfactory
Kekulé Structures in Fluoranthenes
Authors: Gutman Ivan
Published: February 2015

Fluoranthenes are polycyclic conjugated molecules consisting of two benzenoid fragments, connected by two carbon-carbon bonds so as to form a five-membered ring. Fluoranthenes possessing Kekul´e structures are classified into three types, depending on the nature of the two carbon-carbon bonds connecting the two benzenoid fragments. Either both these bonds are essentially single (i. e., single in all Kekul´e structures), or both are essentially double (i. e., double in all Kekul´e structures), or one is essentially single and the other is essentially double. All Kekul´ean fluoranthenes have equal number of bonding and antibonding molecular orbitals (MO), and no non-bonding MO.
The Variational Iteration Method and the Variational Homotopy Perturbation Method for Solving the KdV-Burgers Equation and the Sharma-Tasso-Olver Equation
Authors: Zayed Elsayed M. E. , Rahman Hanan M. Abdel
Published: February 2015

In this article, two powerful analytical methods called the variational iteration method (VIM) and the variational homotopy perturbation method (VHPM) are introduced to obtain the exact and the numerical solutions of the (2+1)-dimensional Korteweg-de Vries-Burgers (KdVB) equation and the (1+1)-dimensional Sharma-Tasso-Olver equation. The main objective of the present article is to propose alternative methods of solutions, which avoid linearization and physical unrealistic assumptions. The results show that these methods are very efficient, convenient and can be applied to a large class of nonlinear problems.
Two Universal Equations of State for Solids
Authors: Sun Jiu-Xun , Wu Qiang , Guo Yang , Cai Ling-Cang
Published: February 2015

In this paper, two equations of state (EOSs) (Sun Jiu-Xun-Morse with parameters n = 3 and 4, designated by SMS3 and SMS4) with two parameters are proposed to satisfy four merits proposed previously and give improved results for the cohesive energy. By applying ten typical EOSs to fit experimental compression data of 50 materials, it is shown that the SMS4 EOS gives the best results; the Baonza and Morse EOSs give the second best results; the SMS3 and modified generalized Lennard-Jones (mGLJ) EOSs give the third best results. However, the Baonza and mGLJ EOSs cannot give physically reasonable values of cohesive energy and P-V curves in the expansion region; the SMS3 and SMS4 EOS give fairly good results, and have some advantages over the Baonza and mGLJ EOSs in practical applications.
The Bright Soliton Solutions of Two Variable-Coefficient Coupled Nonlinear Schr¨odinger Equations in Optical Fibers
Authors: Wang Deng-Shan , Liu Yifang
Published: February 2015

In this paper, with the aid of symbolic computation the bright soliton solutions of two variablecoefficient coupled nonlinear Schr¨odinger equations are obtained by Hirota’s method. Some figures are plotted to illustrate the properties of the obtained solutions. The properties are meaningful for the investigation on the stability of soliton propagation in the optical soliton communications.
Exp-Function Method for Generalized Travelling Solutions of Calogero-Degasperis-Fokas Equation
Authors: Mohyud-Din Syed Tauseef , Noor Muhammad Aslam , Waheed Asif
Published: February 2015

In this paper, we apply a relatively new technique which is called the exp-function method to construct generalized solitary and periodic solutions of Calogero-Degasperis-Fokas (CDF) equation which plays a very important role in mathematical physics, applied and engineering sciences. The suggested algorithm is quite efficient and is practically well suited for use in these problems. Numerical results clearly indicate the reliability and efficiency of the proposed method.
Stirring Effect on the Belousov-Zhabotinsky Oscillating Chemical Reactions in a Batch. Experimental and Modelling
Authors: Kalishyn Yevhen Yu. , Rachwalska Małgorzata , Strizhak Peter E.
Published: February 2015

We have studied the stirring effect on the time-delayed bifurcations of transient oscillations in the Belousov-Zhabotinsky (BZ) oscillating chemical reaction in a closed system. Experiments show that oscillations disappear through the time-delayed Hopf bifurcations, whose parameters depend on the stirring rate. The explanation of the stirring effect is based on the theories of diffusion-controlled reactions and hydrodynamic turbulence. We show that an increase of the stirring rate leads to an increase of the rate constant for the diffusion-controlled reaction. We propose a kinetic scheme that describes the effect observed in the experiments. A good agreement between the experimental data and the simulations is obtained.
Odd-Soliton-Like Solutions for the Variable-Coefficient Variant Boussinesq Model in the Long Gravity Waves
Authors: Wang Lei , Gao Yi-Tian , Gai Xiao-Ling
Published: February 2015

Under investigation in this paper, with symbolic computation, is a variable-coefficient variant Boussinesq (vcvB) model for the nonlinear and dispersive long gravity waves travelling in two horizontal directions with varying depth. Connection between the vcvB model and a variable-coefficient Broer-Kaup (vcBK) system is revealed under certain constraints. By means of the N-fold Darboux transformation for the vcBK system, odd-soliton-like solutions in terms of the Vandermonde-like determinant for the vcvB model are derived. Dynamics of those solutions is analyzed graphically, on the three-parallel solitonic waves, head-on collisions, double structures, and inelastic interactions. It is reported that the shapes of the soliton-like waves and separation distance between them depend on the spectrum parameters and the variable coefficients affect the velocities of the waves. Our results could be helpful in interpreting certain nonlinear wave phenomena in fluid dynamics.
A Computational NMR Study of Boron Phosphide Nanotubes
Authors: Mirzaei Mahmoud
Published: February 2015

Structural properties of two representative (4,4) armchair and (6,0) zigzag boron phosphide nanotubes (BP-NTs) are studied by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. To this aim, both structures and also the equivalent layer-like structures are individually optimized; afterwards, the boron-11 and phosphorous-31 chemical shielding (CS) tensors are calculated in the optimized structures. The calculated energies indicate that tubular structures are stabilized and the CS tensors are divided into some layers based on equality of electronic properties in the structures. All computations are performed by Gaussian 98 program package.
Phase Diagram and Electrical Conductivity of the PrBr3-CsBr Binary System
Authors: Rycerz Leszek , Ingier-Stocka Ewa , Berkani Madjid , Gaune-Escard Marcelle
Published: February 2015

Phase equilibrium in the PrBr3-CsBr binary system was established from Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). This system has two compounds, Cs3PrBr6 and CsPr2Br7, and three eutectics located at molar fraction of PrBr3 (x = 0.108; 850 K), (x = 0.453; 767 K), and (x = 0.757, 870 K), respectively. Cs3PrBr6 undergoes a solid-solid phase transition at 726 K and melts congruently at 1051 K. CsPr2Br7 undergoes a solid-solid phase transition at 835 K, and melts congruently at 896 K. The electrical conductivity of PrBr3-CsBr liquid mixtures was measured down to temperatures below solidification over the whole composition range. Results obtained are discussed in term of possible complex formation.
Kirchhoff Index of Cyclopolyacenes
Authors: Wang Yan , Zhang Wenwen
Published: February 2015

The resistance distance between two vertices of a connected graph G is computed as the effective resistance between them in the corresponding network constructed from G by replacing each edge with a unit resistor. The Kirchhoff index of G is the sum of resistance distances between all pairs of vertices. In this paper, following the method of Y. J. Yang and H. P. Zhang in the proof of the Kirchhoff index of the linear hexagonal chain, we obtain the Kirchhoff index of cyclopolyacenes, denoted by HRn
, in terms of its Laplacian spectrum. We show that the Kirchhoff index of HRn
is approximately one third of its Wiener index.
A Study of Spin-Hamiltonian Parameters and Defect Structure for Co2+ Ion in the Tetragonal Zn2+ Site of Ba2ZnF6 Crystal
Authors: Lia Bang-Xing , Zheng Wen-Chen , Yang Wei-Qing
Published: February 2015

The spin-Hamiltonian (SH) parameters (g factors g∥ , g⊥ and hyperfine structure constants A∥, A⊥) for the Co2+ ion in the tetragonal Zn2+ site of a Ba2ZnF6 crystal are calculated from the secondorder perturbation formulas based on the cluster approach for the SH parameters of 3d7 ions in tetragonal symmetry with the effective spin S = 1/2. In the calculations, a reduction factor due to the dynamical Jahn-Teller effect is used. The calculated results are in reasonable agreement with the experimental values, suggesting that the dynamical Jahn-Teller effect should be considered here. The defect structure of the Co2+ center in Ba2ZnF6:Co2+ is also obtained from the calculations. The results are discussed.
Key words: Nonlinear Differential-Difference Equations; Exp-Function Method; N-Soliton Solutions
Authors: Dehghan Mehdi , Manafian Jalil , Saadatmandi Abbas
Published: February 2015

In this paper, the homotopy analysis method is applied to solve linear fractional problems. Based on this method, a scheme is developed to obtain approximation solution of fractional wave, Burgers, Korteweg-de Vries (KdV), KdV-Burgers, and Klein-Gordon equations with initial conditions, which are introduced by replacing some integer-order time derivatives by fractional derivatives. The fractional derivatives are described in the Caputo sense. So the homotopy analysis method for partial differential equations of integer order is directly extended to derive explicit and numerical solutions of the fractional partial differential equations. The solutions are calculated in the form of convergent series with easily computable components. The results of applying this procedure to the studied cases show the high accuracy and efficiency of the new technique.
Ab Initio Estimation of NbF−
6 , NbClF2−
6 , and NbF2−
7 Complexes Stability in Alkali Chloride Melts
Authors: Kremenetsky Vyacheslav G. , Kuznetsov Sergey A. , Kremenetskaya Olga V. , Soloviev Veniamin V. , Chernenko Lyudmila A. , Fofanov Anatoliy D.
Published: February 2015

Quantum-chemical calculations of the parameters of the nM+
・NbClF2−

6 type particles have been performed, where M stands for Na, K, Cs and n = 0 - 6. Under certain conditions such particles may exist in melts of alkali metal chlorides.Within the framework of this approximation, compositions for themost stable particles in molten salts were obtained. Relative stability of the particles containing the NbF
−

6 , NbClF2−

6 , and NbF2−

7 complexes has been calculated. Energies and some other characteristics of the electron structure and the particle geometry structure were determined depending on the n and M values. For estimation of the third sphere’s influence, the systems (M2NbF7 +8MCl) and (M2NbF7 +15MCl) are surveyed. The chlorine anion enters the first coordination sphere in the Nasystem only, i. e. in this system the true complex NbClF3−

7 is formed.
An Alternative Approach to Differential-Difference Equations Using the Variational Iteration Method
Authors: Faraz Naeem , Khan Yasir , Austin Francis
Published: February 2015

Although a variational iteration algorithm was proposed by Yildirim (Math. Prob. Eng. 2008 (2008), Article ID 869614) that successfully solves differential-difference equations, the method involves some repeated and unnecessary iterations in each step. An alternative iteration algorithm (variational iteration algorithm-II) is constructed in this paper that overcomes this shortcoming and promises to provide a universal mathematical tool for many differential-difference equations.
Extension of the Homotopy Perturbation Method for Solving Nonlinear Differential-Difference Equations
Authors: Mousa Mohamed Medhat , Kaltayev Aidarkan , Bulut Hasan
Published: February 2015

In this paper, we have extended the homotopy perturbation method (HPM) to find approximate analytical solutions for some nonlinear differential-difference equations (NDDEs). The discretized modified Korteweg-de Vries (mKdV) lattice equation and the discretized nonlinear Schr¨odinger equation are taken as examples to demonstrate the validity and the great potential of the HPM in solving such NDDEs. Comparisons are made between the results of the presented method and exact solutions. The obtained results reveal that the HPM is a very effective and convenient tool for solving such kind of equations.
Generalized Couette Flow of a Third-Grade Fluid with Slip: The Exact Solutions
Authors: Ellahi Rahmat , Hayat Tasawar , Mahomed Fazal Mahmood
Published: February 2015

The present note investigates the influence of slip on the generalized Couette flows of a third-grade fluid. Two flow problems are considered. The resulting equations and the boundary conditions are nonlinear. Analytical solutions of the governing nonlinear problems are found in closed form.
Analytic Treatment for (2+1)-Dimensional Kortweg-de Vries-Like and Kadomtsev-Petviashvili-Like Equations
Authors: Wazwaz Abdul-Majid
Published: February 2015

In this work we present a reliable treatment for two (2+1)-dimensional Korteweg-de Vries-like and Kadomtsev-Petviashvili-like equations. The Hirota bilinear method will be used to show that these two equations are not completely integrable equations. Unlike the completely integrable Korteweg-de Vries and Kadomtsev-Petviashvili equations, where multiple soliton solutions exist, only one-soliton and two-soliton solutions can be derived for each of the Korteweg-de Vries-like and Kadomtsev- Petviashvili-like equations.
Non-Perturbative Solution of the Magnetohydrodynamic Flow over a Nonlinear Stretching Sheet by Homotopy Perturbation Method-Padé Technique
Authors: Yıldırım Ahmet , Sezer Sefa Anıl
Published: February 2015

In this study, we investigate the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) boundary layer flow by employing the homotopy perturbation method (HPM) and Pad´e approximation. The series solution of the governing nonlinear problem is developed. Generally, the truncated series solution is adequate only in a small region when the exact solution is not reached. We overcame this limitation by using the Pad´e techniques, which have the advantage in turning the polynomials approximation into a rational function, and applied it to the series solution to improve the accuracy and enlarge the convergence domain. A comparison of the present solution with the existing solution is made and excellent agreement is noted.
Slip and Heat Transfer Effects on Peristaltic Motion of a Carreau Fluid in an Asymmetric Channel
Authors: Hayat Tasawar , Saleem Najma , Hendi Awatif A.
Published: February 2015

An analysis has been carried out for peristaltic flow and heat transfer of a Carreau fluid in an asymmetric channel with slip effect. The governing problem is solved under long wavelength approximation. The variations of pertinent dimensionless parameters on temperature are discussed. Pumping and trapping phenomena are studied.
Size Effects on the Scattering of Electron and Spherical Dust Grain in Dusty Plasmas
Authors: Ki Dae-Han , Jung Young-Dae
Published: February 2015

The finite size effects of the charged dust grain on the electron-dust grain collisions are investigated in complex dusty plasmas. The stationary phase analysis and the effective potential due to the renormalized dust charge are employed to obtain the phase shift for the scattering of the electron and the spherically charged dust grain as a function of the impact parameter, collision energy, Debye length, and dust radius. It is found that the size effect of the dust grain enhances the electron-dust grain scattering cross section in dusty plasmas. It is also found that the size effect on the scattering cross section increases with increasing plasma density. In addition, it is found that the size effect on the electron-dust scattering cross section decreases with an increase of the plasma temperature.
Study of Self Assembly Systems Formed by Malic Acid and Alkyloxy Benzoic Acids
Authors: Vijayakumar Vellalapalayam Nallagounder , Madhu Mohan Mathukumalli Lakshmi Narayana
Published: February 2015

Self assembly systems formed by malic acid and alkyloxy benzoic acids are characterized. The ferroelectric ingredient malic acid formed double hydrogen bond with p-n-alkyloxy benzoic acids. Various hydrogen bonded complexes have been synthesized with malic acid and pentyl to dodecyloxy benzoic acid, respectively. Fourier transformation infrared (FTIR) studies confirm the hydrogen bond formation. Polarizing optical microscopic (POM) studies revealed the textural information while the transition and enthalpy values are calculated from differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) studies. A phase diagram has been constructed from the POMand DSC studies. A new smectic ordering, smectic X*, has been identified which exhibits a finger print type texture. This phase has been characterized by POM, DSC, helix, and tilt angle studies. The transition from traditional cholesteric to smectic X* phase is observed to be first order. The tilt angle data in this phase has been fitted to a power law and the temperature variation of the tilt angle follows mean field theory predictions. The results of FTIR, POM, DSC, tilt angle, and helicoidal studies are discussed.
The Filtering Function of a Completely Open Resonance Cavity Including Left-Handed Materials
Authors: Yu Guanxia
Published: February 2015

A numerical simulation is performed to study a completely open cavity based on left-handed materials. This cavity can restrict electromagnetic waves with no surrounding reflective wall. A closed path with zero optical paths is formed. Due to the effect of resonance, this cavity can be used as a filter.
Stagnation Flow of a Jeffrey Fluid over a Shrinking Sheet
Authors: Nadeem Sohail , Hussain Anwar , K Majid
Published: February 2015

January 22, 2009 The present paper describes the analytical solutions for the steady boundary layer flow of a Jeffrey fluid over a shrinking sheet. The governing equations of motions are reduced into a set of nonlinear ordinary differential equations by using similarity transformations. Two types of problems, namely, (1) two-dimensional stagnation flow towards a shrinking sheet and (2) axisymmetric stagnation flow towards an axisymmetric shrinking sheet, have been discussed. The series solutions of the problems are obtained by using the homotopy analysis method (HAM). The convergence of the obtained series solutions are analyzed and discussed in detail through graphs for various parameters of interest.
Thermodynamic Quantities of Square-Well Gases at Isobaric Process
Authors: Matsumoto Akira
Published: February 2015

The thermodynamic functions for square-well gases evaluated till the third virial coefficient are investigated at an isobaric process. Some thermodynamic functions are analytically expressed as functions of intensive variables, temperature, and pressure. Some thermodynamic quantities for H2O are calculated numerically and drawn graphically. In critical states, the heat capacity, thermal expansivity, and isothermal compressibility diverge to infinity at the critical point while the Gibbs free energy, volume, enthalpy, and entropy are continuous at the critical point. In the coexistence of two phases, the boiling temperatures and the enthalpy changes of vaporization are obtained by numerical calculations for 16 substances. The Gibbs free energy indicates a polygonal line; entropy, volume, and enthalpy jump from the liquid to the gaseous phase at the boiling point. The heat capacity does not diverge to infinity but shows a finite discrepancy at boiling point. This suggests that a first-order phase transition at the boiling point and a second-order phase transition at the critical point may occur.
Energy Exchange During Grazing Collision of Two Chain Molecules
Authors: Popova Anna M. , Komarov Viacheslav V. , Jungclas Hartmut , Schmidt Lothar , Zulauf Alexander
Published: February 2015

A theoretical model is presented, which describes the collision of two polyatomic organic molecules grazing each other at relative velocities below Bohr velocity. If the interacting molecules contain chains of diatomic dipoles, each of these chains can acquire and accumulate IR energy quanta by transition into collective excited vibrational states (excimols) during the contact period (~10−12 s). The excimol energy transport from one of the chains to close trap-bonds (energy acceptors) of the molecule as well as the energy exchange processes between the two molecules can lead to their fragmentation or electronic excitation. The probability functions of all mentioned processes were derived and presented in analytical form.
Investigations on the Spin Hamiltonian Parameters and the Local Structures for Various Rh2+ Centers in NaCl
Authors: Zhang Hua-Ming , Wu Shao-Yi , Xu Pei , Li Li-Li
Published: February 2015

The spin Hamiltonian parameters (the g factors, the hyperfine structure constants, and the superhyperfine parameters) and the local structures for various Rh2+ centers OI, OII, and RTAX in NaCl are theoretically investigated from the perturbation formulas of these parameters for a 4d7 ion in tetragonally and orthorhombically elongated octahedra. The related molecular orbital coefficients and the ligand unpaired spin densities are determined quantitatively from the cluster approach in a uniform way. The centers OI, OII (orthorhombic) or RTAX (tetragonal) are attributed to the substitutional Rh2+ on Na+ site, associated with two, one or none next nearest neighbour cation vacancies VNa along [100] (or [010]) axis, respectively. The ligand octahedra in the orthorhombic centers OI and OII are found to suffer the relative elongations ΔZ ≈0.071 and 0.068 °A along the [001] axis due to the Jahn-Teller effect, and the intervening ligand(s) in the VNa and the Rh2+ may undergo the inward displacements ΔX ≈ 0.001 and 0.011 A° towards Rh2+, respectively. As for the tetragonal center RTAX, the uncompensated [RhCl6]4− cluster is found to experience the relative elongation ΔZ ≈ 0.067 °A along the [001] axis of the Jahn-Teller nature. The calculated spin Hamiltonian parameters based on the above local structures show good agreement with the observed values for all the centers.
Effect of an Induced Magnetic Field on the Peristaltic Motion of Phan-Thien-Tanner (PTT) Fluid
Authors: Hayat Tasawar , Noreen Saima , Ali Nasir
Published: February 2015

This article looks at the influence of an induced magnetic field on peristaltic motion of an incompressible fluid in a planar channel with non-conductive walls. Peristaltic flow is generated by a sinusoidal wave travelling down its walls. The problem formulation in a wave frame of reference moving with velocity of wave is established. Mathematical relations for the stream function, pressure gradient, magnetic force function, and axial induced magnetic field are constructed. The pressure rise and frictional force are discussed by performing numerical integration. Effects of many sundry parameters entering into the governing problem are examined by plotting graphs
The Effects of the Layer-Dependent Interaction Parameters on the Phase Diagrams and Polarizations of the Ferroelectric Thin Film
Authors: Zhang Xianjun , Teng Baohua , Wang Chundong , Lu Zhaoxin , Lu Xiaohua
Published: February 2015

While the exchange interaction and the transverse field parameters are changed with the layers of the ferroelectric thin film, the properties of phase transition of the transverse field Ising model have been studied within the framework of the mean field approximation. The phase diagrams and polarizations of the ferroelectric thin film have been calculated numerically in the different situations of the interaction parameters changed with the layers. The results show that various layer-dependent parameters changed gradually layer by layer have sensitive effects on the phase diagrams and the polarizations of the n-layer ferroelectric thin film
Raman Spectroscopic Study of a New Type of Room Temperature ZnCl2-DMSO2 Molten Salts
Authors: Yanga Chao-Chen , Hsu Hsin-Yi
Published: February 2015

In this study, Raman spectra of binary zinc chloride-dimethylsulfone (ZnCl2-DMSO2) melts have been measured. The intra-molecular vibrations of group and ionic species have been confirmed and discussed. From the Raman spectrum analysis and discussions, the equilibrium reaction equation about the complex ions forming in the ZnCl2-DMSO2 melt is submitted, such as

n ZnCl2+n(n−2)(CH3)2SO2 ⇔ 2ZnCln
2−n +(n−2) Zn[(CH3)2SO2]n
2+, (n ≧ 3).

However, the Raman spectra reveal that the ZnCl4
2− (375 cm−1) and ZnCl3 − (290 cm−1) complexes are the major ions for the 40 - 90 mol%ZnCl2 melts; furthermore, as the DMSO2 content is increased, the binary melt advantage the forming of Zn[(CH3)2SO2]n
2+ complex ion and promote its transport characteristic
Volumetric, Viscometric, and Ultrasonic Properties of Liquid Mixtures of Cyclohexane with Alkanols at Different Temperatures
Authors: Ali Anwar , Tasneem Shadma , Nabi Firdosa
Published: February 2015

The densities (ρ), viscosities (η), and ultrasonic speeds (u) of pure cyclohexane, 1-butanol, 2- butanol, and those of their binary mixtures, with cyclohexane as common component, covering the whole composition range have been measured at 293.15, 298.15, 303.15, 308.15, 313.15, and 318.15 K. From the experimental data the excess molar volume (VE), deviations in isentropic compressibility (Δks), deviations in viscosity (Δη), deviations in ultrasonic speed (Δu), deviations in acoustic impedance (ΔZ), deviations in internal pressure (ΔPi), excess Gibbs free energy of activation (ΔG*E), entropies (ΔS*), and enthalpies (ΔH*) of activation of viscous flow have been determined. The sign and magnitude of these parameters were found to be sensitive towards interactions prevailing in the studied systems. Partial molar volumes (V0
φ,2) and partial molar compressibilities (K0
φ,2) of 1-butanol and 2-butanol in cyclohexane have also been evaluated. Moreover, VE values were theoretically predicted by using Flory’s statistical theory. The variations of derived parameters mentioned above with composition offer a convenient method to study the nature and extent of interactions between the component molecules of the liquid mixtures, not easily obtained by other means
Conservation Laws Related to the Kac-Moody-Virasoro Structure of the Potential Nizhnik-Novikov-Veselov Equation
Authors: Liu Xi-Zhong
Published: February 2015

We derive the symmetry group by the standard Lie symmetry method and prove it constitutes to the Kac-Moody-Virasoro algebra. Then we construct the conservation laws corresponding to the Kac- Moody-Virasoro symmetry algebra up to second-order group invariants
Symmetry Breaking by Electric Discharges in Water and Formation of Light Magnetic Monopoles in an Extended Standard Model (Part II)
Authors: Stumpf Harald
Published: February 2015

By Lochak (theory) and Urutskoev (experiment) the hypothesis has been suggested that during electric discharges in water (fluids) light magnetic monopoles can be created which according to Lochak should be considered as a kind of excited neutrinos. Based on a quantum field theoretic development of de Broglie’s and Heisenberg’s fusion ideas and the results of preceding papers a transparent proof is given that such magnetic monopoles can occur during discharges. In the theoretical description these circumstances are formulated within the scope of an extended (effective) Standard Model and the monopoles with vanishing electric charge arise from neutrinos whose states are modified by the symmetry breaking caused by the discharge. In the introduction some technical implications are referred to. The article is divided into two parts.
Interaction of Some Amino Acids with Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate in Aqueous Solution at Different Temperatures
Authors: Ali Anwar , Itoo Firdoos Ahmad , Ansari Nizamul Haque
Published: February 2015

The density ρ, and viscosity η of 0.00, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, and 0.20 mol kg−1 glycine (Gly), dlalanine (Ala), dl-serine (Ser), and dl-valine (Val) have been measured in 0.002 mol kg−1 aqueous sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) at 298.15, 303.15, 308.15, and 313.15 K. These data have been used to calculate the apparent molar volume φv, infinite dilution apparent molar volume φv°, and the standard partial molar volumes of transfer φv° (tr), of the amino acids from water to the aqueous SDS solutions. Falkenhagen coefficient A, Jones-Dole coefficient B, free energies of activation per mole of solvent (aqueous SDS) Δμ1°*, and per mole solute (amino acids) Δμ2°*, also enthalpy ΔH* and entropy ΔS* of activation of viscous flow were evaluated using viscosity data. The molar refraction RD was calculated by using experimental values of the refractive index nD of the systems. The results have been interpreted in terms of ion-ion, ion-polar and hydrophobic-hydrophobic group interactions. The volume of the transfer data suggest that ion-ion intertactions are predominant.
Synchronizing the Noise-Perturbed Rössler Hyperchaotic System via Sliding Mode Control
Authors: Feng Jianwen , Yam Phillip , Austin Francis , Xu Chen
Published: February 2015

This paper investigates the synchronization problem between two unidirectionally-coupled Rössler hyperchaotic systems in the presence of noise perturbations. Sufficient conditions are obtained for synchronization by using a particularly simple linear sliding mode surface that is based on the sliding mode control concept. Only one controller function is needed to achieve synchronization in our present approach which makes it much easier to implement in contrast to many other synchronization schemes that require two or more controllers. Numerical simulation results are also included to illustrate the superior features of this new scheme.