bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Perceptions of Intercollegiate Athletic Goals and Processes: The Influence of Personal Values
Authors: Trail Galen , Chelladurai Packianathan
Published: August 2016

This research assessed the direct and indirect influences of personal values on the importance attached to intercollegiate athletic goals, and approval of various processes in intercollegiate athletics. Students and faculty of a large Midwestern university responded to a questionnaire consisting of Schwartz's Value Scale (SVS), and Trail and Chelladurai's Scale of Athletic Department Goals (SADG) and Scale of Athletic Department Processes (SADP). Structural Equation Modeling procedures showed that the model of goals fully mediating the relationship between personal values and processes was more tenable than alternate models. Further, the Power values were positively associated with importance ratings of athletic performance goals such as Winning, Financial Security, Visibility/Prestige, and Entertainment. Universalism values were positively associated with student developmental goals such as Health/Fitness, Academic Achievement and Careers. Managers of intercollegiate athletics would do well to link their emphases on specific processes and decisions to the relevant values held by critical stakeholders to engender support of the program.
Are Sport Management Doctoral Programs Meeting the Needs of the Faculty Job Market? Observations for Today and the Future
Authors: Mahony Daniel F. , Mondello Michael , Hums Mary A. , Judd Michael R.
Published: August 2016

Weese (2002) recently expressed concerns about the faculty job market in sport management. The purpose of the current article is to examine and discuss both the number of doctoral students being produced and the adequacy of their preparation for faculty positions. The authors surveyed doctoral-program faculty and reviewed advertised open positions to provide the basis for observations regarding current and future issues relative to this job market. Whereas the authors found that approximately 70 jobs are advertised each year in sport management, doctoral programs produce only about 15 graduates annually, suggesting that the numbers produced are clearly insufficient. When examining the adequacy of the students’ preparation, the authors found research preparation is considered to be most important. Doctoral programs in sport management, however, also place high emphasis on teaching preparation. It is unclear whether these efforts are adequate to meet the needs of the students or the job market.
An Exploration of Counter-Intuitive Conceptual Structures in Organizational Stories
Authors: Smith Aaron
Published: August 2016

Although it is well accepted that organizational stories communicate cultural meaning, little is known about their optimal composition for memorability and subsequent transmission. This interpretive study sought to explore the features of organizational stories which contribute to their cognitive optimality. Boyer’s (1994, 2001) cognitive optimality hypothesis was employed, which predicts the presence of minimally counter- intuitive (MCI) concepts in culturally recurrent stories. Employing a sample of nine Australian sport organizations, 27 in-depth interviews were conducted. The organizational stories collected in this research, when defined by Gabriel’s (2000) criteria, contained MCI concepts. The data analysis revealed three emergent codes that reflect the cognitive structure of MCI concept organizational stories: Agency, Membership Markers, and Ritual. This article extends cognitive optimality theory by demonstrating how it can be employed to understand the mechanisms underpinning the cultural transmission of concepts. It adds to theoretical explanations seeking to explain the construction and composition of sport organizational culture by predicting a heavier density of counterintuitive content in stories and other cultural content.
Role Ambiguity in Voluntary Sport Organizations
Authors: Sakires Jesse , Doherty Alison , Misener Katie
Published: August 2016

This study examined perceptions and correlates of role ambiguity among sport administrators in voluntary sport organizations. Building on the seminal work of Kahn, Wolfe, Quinn, Snoek, and Rosenthal (1964), a multidimensional measure of role ambiguity in the organizational setting was developed for this purpose. The sample consisted of 79 paid staff and 143 volunteer board members from provincial voluntary sport organizations. Respondents completed an online questionnaire that included items pertaining to role ambiguity, job satisfaction, organizational commitment, effort, and demographic variables including age, gender, position, organization tenure, and position tenure. Preliminary support was found for a three-dimensional model of role ambiguity consisting of scope of responsibilities ambiguity, mean-sends knowledge ambiguity, and performance outcomes ambiguity. Role ambiguity was negatively associated with age, job tenure, and organization tenure, with more years of experience reflecting greater role clarity. Greater role ambiguity was also associated with lower levels of satisfaction, organizational commitment, and effort. In addition, ambiguity pertaining to scope of responsibilities was the primary predictor of both satisfaction and organizational commitment, while performance outcomes ambiguity and means-ends knowledge ambiguity significantly predicted effort. Implications for the management of role ambiguity in voluntary sport organizations, and the merits of a multidimensional approach to understanding this phenomenon, are discussed.
The Impact of Case Law on Liability Waivers
Authors: Brown Susan C.
Published: August 2016

The value of a liability waiver in a court of law is commonly questioned. This manuscript examines case law and how the courts have dealt with injury suits when a liability waiver or similar form is involved. This examination is followed by a brief summary of the findings that discusses the commonalities among valid waivers. Also included is a brief overview of ’ the terms waiver, disclaimer, release, exculpatory agreement, assumption of risk, and agreement to participate, which are often used interchangeably and sometimes incorrectly.
Perceived Importance of Selected Job Responsibilities of Sport and Recreation Managers: An Australian Perspective
Authors: Cuskelly Graham , Auld Christopher J.
Published: August 2016

This investigation examined the perceived importance of a range of occupational responsibilities of sport and recreation managers and whether there were differences according to the organizational setting. A self-administered mail questionnaire was sent to 196 sport and recreation managers in Queensland, Australia; there was an effective response rate of 124 (69%). The results indicated that the job responsibilities perceived as most important were public relations, financial management, program planning and management, and interpersonal communication. Significant differences were found between managers in different work settings. It was also evident that there were commonalities in the perceived importance of job competencies between the United States and Australia. The study concluded that there have been generally consistent findings about the perceived importance of job competencies, and that different sectors of the sport industry require different emphases in curricula development and professional development programs.
A Study of Curricular Preparation Needs for Sport Club Managers
Authors: Lambrecht Keith W.
Published: August 2016

The focus of this study was to identify the curricular preparation needs for sport club managers and to determine if there are differences in the curricular preparation needs for sport club managers in regard to organizational size. A questionnaire comprised of 30 curricular need statements was mailed to 500 randomly selected sport club managers; 264 responded. There were 83 in Group I, 95 in Group II, and 86 in Group III. A one-way analysis of variance test was employed for hypothesis testing. Tukey’s ω method was utilized for group comparison of rejected hypotheses, and factor analysis was employed for clustering of the curricular preparation needs. Marketing was the top rated curricular need. Two curricular need statements rejected were “program planning for youths” and “research interpretation and utilization,” and five clusters were extracted from factor analysis. Based on the findings of this study, curricular preparation needs for sport club managers have been identified; however, there seems to be little difference in curricular preparation needs in regard to organizational size.
Athlete/National Sport Organization Agreements in Canada
Authors: MacMillan Susen M.
Published: August 2016

In Canada, amateur athletes who receive government funding in support of their training are required to sign an agreement with the respective sport organization in order to qualify for the assistance. This illustrates how legal practices are increasingly being used in sport. It is important for participants in sport to understand what the legal elements of such practices are in order to identify those situations in which they have been applied properly, inaccurately , or inappropriately. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the content of the agreements signed by Canadian athletes and the procedures by which they are implemented. The result of this analysis is a list of issues that athletes and administrators may wish to address or improve in order to provide a more fair agreement between the parties.
Rethinking the Sport–City Relationship: In Search of Partnership
Authors: Johnson Arthur T.
Published: August 2016

Changes in the political and economic environment of sports organizations are taking place, especially at the levels of state and local government. These changes will impact negatively the nature of the sport-community relationship. The manner in which sports administrators respond to these changes may ultimately determine the viability of many sports organizations. This article suggests that sports administrators must be sensitive to these changes and must adjust their views of the sport-community relationship and their negotiating strategies accordingly. This especially will be important for sports administrators representing organizations that do not have major league status and, therefore, lack power at the negotiating table.
Applicability of Job Diagnostic Survey to Administrative Positions in University Physical Education and Sport
Authors: Cleave Shirley
Published: August 2016

Although administrators of physical education and sport programs have been the focus of considerable research, one area that has been neglected is the design of administrative positions and its influence on the levels of satisfaction and motivation experienced by administrators. This study was undertaken to address this deficiency. The relationship between job design and worker attitudes and behaviors has been examined in business and industry for many years and a number of models have been developed. The Job Characteristics Model of job design developed by Hackman and Oldham (1976, 1980) provided the theoretical framework for the study. The sample for the study consisted of administrators in physical education, intercollegiate athletics, and recreation/intramural programs in selected Canadian and American universities. The analyses showed significant differences between this sample and the general working population with respect to perceptions of job design and levels of satisfaction and motivation. Gender and nationality had minimal effect on the administrators' perceptions.
Economics and the Pricing of Sport and Leisure
Authors: Berrett Tim , Slack Trevor , Whitson Dave
Published: August 2016

Although considerable weight has been placed on the economist's advice in many areas of public policy, it is suggested that this has not been the case in the pricing of sport and leisure facilities and services. This paper provides an overview of the extent to which economic analysis can be used in the pricing of publicly funded sport and leisure facilities and services. It is reasoned that such facilities and services display both public-good attributes and positive externalities. As such, market pricing is an inappropriate allocation mechanism. Some problems associated with the practical application of economic models to determine user fees in publicly owned sport and leisure facilities are highlighted. An overview of some of the current issues in public facility management and allocation is offered, along with suggestions for further research.
Factors Influencing the Competitive Performance Expectancies of Young Female Athletes
Authors: Scanlan Tara K. , Passer Michael W.
Published: August 2016

Identification of factors influencing expectancies of successful performance in competitive youth sports is important to understanding the way in which children perceive and respond to this evaluative achievement situation. Therefore, in this field study involving 10- to 12-year-old female soccer players, intrapersonal factors affecting players' pregame personal performance expectancies were first identified. Soccer ability and self-esteem were found to be related to personal performance expectancies, but competitive trait anxiety was not Second, the impact of game outcome, the previously mentioned intrapersonal variables, and the interaction of game outcome and intrapersonal variables was examined by determining players' postgame team expectancies in a hypothetical rematch with the same opponent. The postgame findings showed that winning players evidenced higher team expectancies than tying and losing players. Moreover, the expectancies of tying players were low and, in fact, similar to those of losers. The results of this study successfully replicated and extended previous findings with young male athletes.
Play: A Definition and Implied Interrelationships with Culture and Sport
Authors: Harris Janet C.
Published: August 2016

Play is discussed as information-seeking behavior which is accompanied by a subjective, cognitive perspective involving relatively weak commitment to the ‘attainment of goals. Individuals may shift back and forth along a continuum between relatively weak and relatively strong commitment to goal-attainment during almost any activity. The high level of freedom or behavioral flexibility which seems to occur during play is discussed with regard to its importance for cultural and individual change processes, with particular emphasis on an hypothesized dialectical relationship between play and the rest of culture. Too much play may lead to cultural instability, and too little play may lead to cultural stagnation. This relationship provides a useful framework for the consideration of play which occurs in sport situations. Playful behavior may be important for the development of new sports as well as for the development of new techniques and skills in existing sports. Removal of play from sport settings might result in rigid, stereotyped activities which would undergo little future change. Techniques which involve assessment of subjective aspects of individuals are suggested for the study of play in sport situations.
The Future of Applied Sport Psychology
Authors: Nideffer Robert M. , DuFresne Peter , Nesvig David , Selder Dennis
Published: August 2016

Applied sport psychology is a field that is still in search of a definition. This article examines some of the ethical issues involved in the provision of psychological services to athletes and coaches. Observations are made regarding the types of services that sport psychologists are offering. The need for the development of applied internship experiences is emphasized.
Self-confidence and Motor Performance of Preadolescent Boys and Girls Studied in Different Feedback Situations
Authors: Corbin Charles B. , Stewart Michael J. , Blair William O.
Published: August 2016

Lenney (1977) suggests that three situational factors are likely to affect the self-confidence of females in achievement situations. These factors are the sex orientation of the task, social comparison, and the need for performance feedback. In this study, 40 children, 20 of each sex, were studied to determine if the self-confidence of young females in their motor performance abilities was affected by Lenney's third situational variable, performance feedback. Presumably, females need feedback about their performance if they are to attain and/or maintain adequate self-confidence levels. The experiment was designed to control the first two factors: sex orientation of the task and social comparison. Results indicated that when performing a task perceived to be “neutral” in sex orientation in a noncompetitive, noncomparative environment, the self-confidence of young girls did not differ from young boys. In the absence of Lenney's (1977) first two factors, girls did not seem to lack self-confidence nor did they seem to be more dependent on performance feedback than boys.
The Dynamics of Group Cohesion in Sport
Authors: Carron Albert V. , Chelladurai P.
Published: August 2016

This study attempted to identify the factors correlated with the athlete's perception of cohesiveness in individual and team sports. The five measures of cohesion used were factor analyzed and two factors were identified: individual-to-group-cohesion (composed of sense of belonging, value of membership, and enjoyment) and group-as-a-unit cohesion (composed of teamwork and closeness). These represented the dependent variables in the multiple regression design. Because cohesion is a group construct, the independent variables were chosen to reflect this aspect. They included measures of compatibility between the coach and athlete and the team and athlete as well as measures of the discrepancy in participation orientation between the coach and athlete and the team and athlete. The results supported a conclusion that cohesiveness in sport is a multidimensional construct. Further, the perception of cohesiveness is moderated by the nature of the sport task. Finally, the most important factors contributing to the perception of cohesiveness in sport teams are the discrepancies between the athlete and coach and between the athlete and team in task motivation.
Cue Processing as a Function of Breadth of Attention
Authors: Reis JoAnn , Bird Anne Marie
Published: August 2016

This two part investigation tested whether or not a self-report measure of broad or narrow attentional style (i.e., the BET and RED subscales of the Test of Attentional and Interpersonal Style-TAIS) could predict cue-processing ability on a task that required processing of peripheral cues. In Experiment 1, it was hypothesized that broad attenders would be superior to narrow attenders. Two separate probe techniques were used to measure peripheral cue processing. Results indicated marginal support for the prediction on the first probe and strong support on the second probe. In Experiment 2, subjects received either positive or negative false feedback in an attempt to manipulate level of anxiety and to observe the subsequent effects on the cue-processing ability of broad and narrow attenders. Broad attenders who received positive feedback processed peripheral cues faster than all other subjects. Findings were discussed within the framework of Kahneman's capacity theory of attention and the desirability of employing a precise operational definition of attention within individual difference research.
Immediate Effects of Win-Loss on Perceptions of Cohesion in Intramural and Intercollegiate Volleyball Teams
Authors: Ruder M. Karen , Gill Diane L.
Published: August 2016

In two separate studies, members of 16 women's intramural volleyball teams (n = 94) and six women's intercollegiate volleyball teams (n = 68) completed pre-and postmatch questionnaires to determine the immediate effects of success-failure on perceptions of cohesion. A 2 × 2 (win-loss × pre-post) MANOVA on seven cohesion items yielded significant win-loss and pre-post main effects, and a significant win-loss by pre-post interaction for intramural teams. Univariate analyses indicated that winners increased and losers decreased in cohesion ratings from pre- to postmatch on three variables: level of teamwork, cohesion, and sense of belonging. Multivariate analyses yielded no significant effects for intercollegiate teams, although a univariate interaction similar to that in intramural teams was found for the cohesion variable. The results suggest that perceptions of cohesion are influenced by the immediate effects of win-loss.
Role of Cognitive Style Constructs Field Dependence-Independence and Reflection-Impulsivity in Skill Acquisition
Authors: Swinnen Stephan , Vandenberghe Joost , Van Assche Erik
Published: August 2016

This study sought to determine the relationships between the cognitive styles field dependence-independence and reflection-impulsivity and the acquisition of a gross motor skill in an unstructured learning environment. In reference to the first cognitive style construct, it was hypothesized that field-independent subjects perform better than field-dependent subjects because they provide organization when the material to be learned lacks structure, leading them to rely on their analyzing and restructuring ability. The second construct refers to cognitive inhibition required for response uncertainty tasks as well as motor impulse inhibition. Subjects (57 boys, 65 girls) were 13-year-old junior high school students. Several visual perceptual tests were administered and gymnastic performance scores were measured at pretest, during the learning session, and posttest. The hypothesis that field-independent subjects are more successful in an unstructured learning environment than field-dependent subjects was confirmed for boys only. The correlations between the reflection-impulsivity variables and gymnastic performance were generally low, and no support could be found for the hypothesis that reflective subjects are more successful in learning the skill than impulsive subjects.
Continuous Compression as an Effective Therapeutic Intervention in Treating Eccentric-Exercise-Induced Muscle Soreness
Authors: Kraemer William J. , Bush Jill A. , Wickham Robbin B. , Denegar Craig R. , Gomez Ana L. , Gotshalk Lincoln A. , Duncan Noel D. , Volek Jeff S. , Newton Robert U. , Putukian Margot , Sebastianelli Wayne J.
Published: August 2016

Context:

Prior investigations using ice, massage, or exercise have not shown efficacy in relieving delayed-onset muscle soreness.

Objectives:

To determine whether a compression sleeve worn immediately after maximal eccentric exercise enhances recovery.

Design:

Randomized, controlled clinical study.

Setting:

University sports medicine laboratory.

Participants:

Fifteen healthy, non-strength-trained men, matched for physical criteria, randomly placed in a control group or a continuous compression-sleeve group (CS).

Methods and Measures:

Subjects performed 2 sets of 50 arm curls. 1RM elbow flexion at 60°/s, upper-arm circumference, resting-elbow angle, serum creatine kinase (CK), and perception-of-soreness data were collected before exercise and for 3 days.

Results:

CK was significantly (P < .05) elevated from the baseline value in both groups, although the elevation in the CS group was less. CS prevented loss of elbow extension, decreased subjects’ perception of soreness, reduced swelling, and promoted recovery of force production.

Conclusions:

Compression is important in soft-tissue-injury management.
Time Course of Habituation After Repeated Ice-Bath Immersion of the Ankle
Authors: Rubley Mack D. , Holcomb William R. , Guadagnoli Mark A.
Published: August 2016

Context:

Cryotherapy is initially uncomfortable, but habituation is thought to occur during treatment.

Objective:

To examine pain habituation to ice-bath immersion over 5 consecutive days.

Design:

Mean Borg ratings were analyzed by ANOVA.

Setting:

Athletic training laboratory.

Intervention:

Ankle immersion in a 1 °C ice bath for 20 min.

Participants:

28 healthy individuals.

Main Outcome Measure:

Level of discomfort was rated at immersion; during treatment at 1, 3, 5, 8, 11, 14, 17, and 20 min; and 1 min posttreatment.

Results:

Analysis revealed significant main effects for day and time and a Day × Time interaction. Day 1 had higher pain ratings than days 4 and 5. From min 1 to 11 there was a progressive decline in pain rating; after that there was no significant decline.

Conclusions:

Discomfort was greatest during the first 5 min, and perception of discomfort at initial immersion was consistent across 5 days. In addition, after 3 days of treatments habituation occurred. Taken together, this suggests that treatment habituation is not the result of change in receptor sensitivity.
Intersession Reliability of the Omnikinetic Closed-Chain Dynamometer
Authors: Hopkins J. Ty , Adolph Jason
Published: August 2016

Context:

The Omnikinetic closed-chain dynamometer calculates bilateral ankle, knee, and hip moments during a semirecumbent stepping motion against a predetermined load.

Objective:

To establish intersession reliability of several kinetic variables during different load and speed conditions over a 4-wk period.

Subjects:

19 healthy, physically active adults (age 21 ± 2 y, height 174.7 ± 10.5 cm, mass 74.0 ± 17.2 kg).

Measurement:

Peak measurements were recorded from the dominant leg for joint torque, power, root-mean-square (RMS) power, and knee shear.

Results:

Intersession reliability ranges across conditions were ankle torque .422−.947, ankle power .336−.877, ankle RMS .671−.893, knee torque .816−.918, knee power .823−.927, knee RMS .855−.943, knee shear .832−.936, hip torque .436−.752, hip power .691−.918, and hip RMS .448−.895.

Conclusions:

Moderate to strong reliability was observed in most measurements of the ankle and knee, whereas the hip showed increased variability.
Fracture of the Superomedial Weight-Bearing Surface of the Acetabulum in a Division I Field-Hockey Player: A Case Study
Authors: VanOpdorp Heather , Van Lunen Bonnie , Swanson James
Published: August 2016

Context:

Hip and pelvic injuries are often associated with direct trauma, but spe-cific fractures to the acetabulum are rare. The signs and symptoms of an acetabular fracture can mimic those of conditions that are more common at the hip area, and therefore the specificity of the diagnostic testing is crucial.

Objective:

To present the case of a female Division I college field-hockey player who developed a superomedial acetabular fracture.

Background:

The athlete’s initial complaint of intolerable hip pain decreased after a 3-week rest period but persisted with passive internal and external hip rotation. Additional diagnostic testing was needed to differentiate the various pathologies that were associated with her symptoms.

Conclusions:

Clinicians should be aware of the potential differential diagnoses of the hip and should investigate all potential possibilities even though they might not coincide with the initial injury.
Effects of Abdominal Postures on Lower Extremity Energetics during Single-Leg Landings
Authors: Kulas Anthony S. , Windley Thomas C. , Schmitz Randy J.
Published: August 2016

Context:

Functional implications of clinically relevant abdominal postures have been sparsely examined.

Objectives:

To evaluate the reliability of sustaining abdominal postures during single-leg landings and the effects of abdominal postures on lower extremity kinetics and energetics.

Design:

One-way ANOVA tested effects of leg-spring stiffness and lower extremity energetics across groups (control, abdominal hollowing [AH], and pelvic tilting [PT]).

Participants:

12 male (24.0 ± 3.4 years) and 12 female (21.9 ± 2.3 years) healthy, recreationally active subjects.

Main Outcome Measures:

Leg-spring stiffness and relative joint-energy absorption from control, AH, and PT groups.

Results:

AH and PT ICCs2,k and standard error of measurements (AH = 0.53 ± 0.4 cm, PT = 0.9° ± 0.8°) were moderate to high. Relative knee-energy-absorption effect sizes comparing the control and treatment groups revealed moderate treatment effects (AH = 0.66%, PT = 0.41%).

Conclusions:

Abdominal postures can be reliably performed during a single-leg-landing task. Energy-absorption effect sizes suggest a link between the trunk and lower extremity.
Thermal Effects on Bovine-Tendon Elasticity: Implications for Provocative Elongation Techniques
Authors: Winters Eric , Doty Steven , Newell Sean
Published: August 2016

Objective:

To explore changes in bovine Achilles-tendon elasticity relative to 3 thermal conditions.

Design and Setting:

Posttest-only design with assignment by convenience. Manufactured-apparatus-clamped excised tendon, delivered tensile stress, and provided strain measures. Stress was increased at 1-minute intervals. Strain was observed for each level of stress. Before testing, cold-group tendons were submerged in cold water for 20 minutes. Heat-group tendons were tested in the presence of an ultraviolet lamp. A third group of tendons was tested at room temperature.

Subjects:

Frozen bovine Achilles tendons provided by a meat-rendering factory and segmented into 3 longitudinal strips.

Measurements:

Stress and strain were sequentially measured. Elastic region was identified, elastic-region Young's modulus determined, and elastic limit calculated.

Results:

Young's modulus for cold was 0.956 gigapascal (GPa; ± 0.0621); room temperature, 0.753 GPa (± 0.0624); and heat group, 0.487 GPa (± 0.0407). Significant differences were identified between each of the 3 conditions.

Conclusions:

A direct relationship was observed between imposed thermal energy and tendon elasticity. Thermal energy does not affect the elastic limit.
Alterations in Upper Extremity Motion after Scapular-Muscle Fatigue
Authors: Suzuki Hidetomo , Swanik Kathleen A. , Huxel Kellie C. , Kelly John D. , Swanik C. Buz
Published: August 2016

Objective:

To determine the effect of scapular fatigue on shoulder and elbow kinematics and accuracy.

Design:

Pretest–posttest.

Setting:

Laboratory.

Participants:

30 healthy men.

Interventions:

Subjects performed seated overhead throws into a target before and after a standardized scapular-muscle-fatigue protocol.

Main Outcome Measurements:

Shoulder and elbow kinematic data were analyzed during throwing. Scapular upward rotation was measured (0°, 45°, and 90° humeral elevation in scaption) with an inclinometer. Throwing accuracy was measured as mean error distance from the target (cm).

Results:

After fatigue, there was a significant increase in total elbow motion (12 % more in cocking phase,P< .05) and elbow velocity in the follow-through phase (average and maximum into flexion,P< .05). Throwing accuracy decreased 26% after fatigue (P< .05).

Conclusions:

Scapular-muscle fatigue results in compensatory motions at the elbow that might affect performance and contribute to elbow pathologies.
Development of Information Regarding Susceptibility to Heat Illness Using the Cooperative Extension Agency Model in Kentucky
Authors: Mattacola Carl G. , Rice Lori L.
Published: August 2016

Context:

Dissemination of information regarding the latest research findings in rehabilitative health care is often limited to professional journals.

Objective:

The purpose of the paper is to describe opportunities to better distribute scientific information to wider swaths than normally contained within a readership of a journal, to describe a process to deliver important information via the Cooperative Extension Service, and provide an example of such an informational brochure.

Design:

An interdisciplinary approach was developed to provide access to a larger cohort of individuals the latest research findings regarding heat and hydration.

Data Extraction:

CINAHL, Medline, and Sport Discus were reviewed from 1966 to 2006 using the terms Heat, Hydration, Rhabdomyolysis, Rehabilitation, Heat Exhaustion, Heat Stroke, and Dehydration.

Data Synthesis:

We found substantial information describing recommendations for preventing, recognizing, and treating illness due to variance in heat and hydration. The information was succinctly summarized, converted to a 7th grade reading level, and shared with a larger audience via a unique model available through Cooperative Extension Agencies.

Conclusion:

Providing scientific information via a Cooperative Extension Model enables sharing of information from experts to communities. This methodology increases the distribution of the latest scientific knowledge to broader audiences.
Superficial Moist Heat’s Lack of Influence on Soleus Function
Authors: Long Blaine C. , Hopkins J. Ty
Published: August 2016

Context:

It is reported that thermotherapy decreases motoneuron-pool recruitment. Any decrease in recruitment might have a significant impact on an athlete’s ability to return to competition.

Objective:

To determine whether moist heat application influences involuntary motoneuron-pool recruitment or voluntary plantar-flexion peak torque of the soleus muscle immediately or 30 min after application.

Design:

A 3 × 3 crossover design.

Setting:

Biomechanics laboratory.

Participants:

Eighteen healthy subjects with no history of lower extremity surgery or injury 12 months before the study volunteered.

Intervention:

A series of short-duration, high-intensity stimuli was delivered to the tibial nerve to find the Hmax and Mmax measures. Immediately after the Hmax and Mmax measures, subjects were positioned on an isokinetic dynamometer where they performed 5 submaximal warm-up repetitions. Immediately after the warm-up, 5 maximum-intensity peak plantar-flexion torque repetitions were performed. After the dynamometer measures, subjects returned to the table, where a moist heat pack, no heat pack, or a dry nonheated heat pack was applied.

Main Outcome Measures:

Hmax, Mmax, peak plantar-flexion torque, surface temperature (°C), and ambient temperature (°C).

Results:

Moist heat did not influence the H:Mmax ratio or peak plantar-flexion torque. Temperature increased with moist heat pack. Ambient temperature remained constant.

Conclusions:

Moist heat did not influence involuntary motoneuron-pool recruitment or voluntary peak plantar-flexion torque of the soleus muscle immediately or 30 min after application.
Injured Athletes’ Perceptions About Social Support
Authors: Clement Damien , Shannon Vanessa R.
Published: August 2016

Context:

According to the buffering hypothesis, social support moderates the harmful effects of stress and, in turn, indirectly affects injured athletes’ health and well-being. Previous research suggests that perceptions of social support influence athletes’ psychological reactions, as well as their rehabilitation adherence, but additional research in this area is warranted.

Objective:

To examine injured athletes’ perceptions regarding satisfaction, availability, and contribution for each of the 8 types of social support.

Design:

Descriptive.

Setting:

Mid-Atlantic Division II and III institutions.

Participants:

49 injured athletes.

Main Outcome Measures:

Social support was assessed using a modified version of the Social Support Survey.

Results:

Injured athletes were significantly more satisfied with social support provided by athletic trainers (ATCs) than that provided by coaches and teammates. In addition, injured athletes reported that social support provided by ATCs contributed significantly more to their overall well-being. Athletes reported several significant differences regarding satisfaction and contribution to well-being among the 8 different types of social support.

Conclusions:

Injury, an unavoidable part of sport, is often accompanied by negative psychological reactions. This reaction may have a negative influence on an athlete’s experience of injury and rehabilitation. Findings suggest that perceptions of social support provided by ATCs have the greatest influence on injured athletes’ rehabilitation and well-being.
Salter-Harris Type III Fracture of the Medial Femoral Condyle in an Adolescent Football Player
Authors: Kaminski Thomas W. , Schildwachter Thomas L.
Published: August 2016

Epiphyseal injuries present a special challenge to the sports medicine professional Salter-Harris Type III fractures involving the physis, epiphysis, and articular surface are uncommon (1). Because of the proximity of this fracture site to the knee joint, it is especially important that the clinician be aware of this type of injury when working with the adolescent athlete. This case adds to others previously reported in the English literature.
An In-Depth Sports Medicine Profile of Women College Tennis Players
Authors: Kraemer William J. , Triplett N. Travis , Fry Andrew C. , koziris L. Perry , Bauer Jeffrey E. , Lynch James M. , McConnell Tim , Newton Robert U. , Gordon Scott E. , Nelson Richard C. , Knuttgen Howard G.
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this study was to provide an in-depth sports medicine profile of women college tennis players and determine the relationships among an array of performance and clinical variables. Thirty-eight non-resistance-trained women from NCAA Divisions I and III collegiate tennis teams participated. A comprehensive battery of performance tests was conducted on each subject, including measurements of dynamic, isometric, and isokinetic strength; joint laxity and flexibility; speed; agility; power and power endurance; peak oxygen consumption; body composition; and ball velocities of the serve, forehand, and backhand. It was found that no single variable strongly explains tennis performance. The low amount of shared variance of strength measures with ball velocities suggests that tennis skills play a large role in producing peak ball velocities in this group. Due to the large range observed in profiled variables, individual evaluation is needed for clinical and conditioning recommendations.
Differential Psychological Treatment of Injured Athletes Based on Length of Rehabilitation
Authors: Striegel David A. , Hedgpeth Elizabeth G. , Sowa Claudia J.
Published: August 2016

This paper describes the psychological processes of injured athletes and corresponding treatments along a continuum based on time away from sport. The first level involves injuries requiring rehabilitation of 0 to 2 weeks. Athletes' reactions focus on resiliency and coping with the stress associated with injury, and treatment emphasizes stress management and development of coping strategies. The second level involves injuries requiring rehabilitation of more than 2 weeks; in this level, motivation and compliance with rehabilitation protocols are dealt with, and treatment focuses on goal setting and injury support groups. The third level pertains to injuries resulting in the termination of an athlete's sport participation. This level involves the potential loss of identity in sport and transitions to a new lifestyle, with treatment strategies focusing on grief responses and career counseling. By viewing the psychology of athletic injury rehabilitation from a perspective that is sensitive to the severity of the injury as well as longevity of rehabilitation, sport psychologists can provide treatment better suited to the individual athlete.
Elementary and Secondary Physical Education Teachers’ Perceptions of Their Goals, Expertise, Curriculum, and Students’ Achievement
Authors: Lambdin Dolly D. , Steinhardt Mary A.
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this study was to investigate physical education curriculum from the teachers’ perspective. Elementary and secondary physical education teachers (N=60) completed a questionnaire that assessed their level of agreement on each of four statements associated with 12 commonly held goals for physical education. For each goal, teachers assessed the following areas using a 5-point Likert scale: their personal commitment to the goal, their expertise in content related to the goal, whether they taught to the goal in their present curriculum, and student achievement in the area. Chi-square analyses indicated that, in general, goal and expertise statements were directly related, but what was actually taught was rated 1 point lower than goal statements. Student learning statements were related to teachers’ goals but were rated even lower. Our study suggests that teachers’ goals and expertise may not be the determining factors in the taught curriculum and student achievement. Future research needs to focus on identifying barriers that prevent teachers from teaching what they would like, and feel prepared, to teach.
Analysis of Task Systems in Elementary Physical Education Classes
Authors: Jones Diana L.
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this study was to describe and analyze task systems in elementary physical education classes. Two elementary physical education specialists were observed during 34 classes. Systematic observation strategies were used to describe and analyze classroom events. Data supported the existence of managerial and instructional task systems along with an informal social task system. Students complied with managerial tasks; modifications were not evident. Students’ responses to instruction were either (a) on the stated task with success or little or no success, (b) upward or downward task modifications, or (c) off-task. Primarily, students stayed on-task whether they were successful or not. Relationships among tasks within lessons indicated that the teachers used a pattern of informing, extending, and applying tasks. A less formal accountability system was evident as children were not involved in the formal exchange of performance for grades. Managerial, instructional, and social task systems did not operate exclusively but interacted with one another.
The Implications of Field Systems for Teacher Education
Authors: Sharpe Tom , Hawkins Andrew
Published: August 2016

In order that an important invention may be successful, two conditions must be favorable. First: It must be possible, that is, the scientific principle on which it is to be founded must be known. Second: The invention must be wanted. (Henry, 1886)
Young Children’s Divergent Movement Ability: Study II
Authors: Cleland Frances E.
Published: August 2016

Young children’s (N = 50) divergent movement ability (DMA), which is one aspect of critical thinking in physical education, was examined in this study. Treatment Group A received 20 physical education lessons based on skill themes using indirect teaching styles (n = 16). Twenty lessons based on low-organized games content using direct teaching styles were provided to Treatment Group B (n = 17). No treatment was provided to the control subjects in Group C (n = 17). No significant DMA pretest differences were determined, and the independent variables (i.e., gender, intelligence, creativity, and background of movement experience) examined were not significantly related to subjects’ pretest DMA. A two-way ANOVA and post hoc Scheffe test revealed that Group A’s posttest DMA scores were significantly higher than those for either Group B or Group C, F(2, 47) = 11.7, p < .0001. Young children’s ability to generate different movement patterns (i.e., DMA), therefore, was significantly improved in response to employing critical thinking strategies in physical education.
First-Year Physical Education Teachers’ Perceptions of Their Workplace
Authors: Smyth Donna M.
Published: August 2016

This study provides a description of how 12 first-year physical education teachers perceived their workplace, how it affected their first year of work, and how their workplace shaped their induction into the context of the school. Interviews were conducted at the end of each participant’s first year of teaching. All participants reported that the following workplace factors shaped their first year of teaching: the facilities, the presence or absence of teaching colleagues, the scheduling of classes, the community environment, and the students. In addition several “unarticulated” (Schein, 1988) factors were identified that represent additional themes of influence: the status of physical education in the schools, the teachers’ sense of efficacy, the testing of values, and the realities of the school as a social institution. The results of this study, together with information from the literature, suggest that despite modest efforts, many schools provide inadequate support for beginning teachers.
Gender Differences in Physical Activity during Fifth-Grade Physical Education and Recess Periods
Authors: Sarkin Julie A. , McKenzie Thomas L. , Sallis James F.
Published: August 2016

Boys are typically more physically active than girls, but schools have the potential to promote health-related physical activity for all children. This study investigated gender differences in children’s physical activity levels during physical education (PE) classes and unstructured recess periods. The activity levels of 91 fifth-grade children were assessed by accelerometer (Caltrac) on 3 days. Results indicated that children’s activity levels were low to moderately stable from day to day in both environments. Boys and girls had similar activity levels during PE, t(89) = 1.49, p = .140, but boys were significantly more active than girls during recess, t(89) = 3.27, p = .002. Girls were significantly more active during PE than they were at recess, t(51) = 2.08, p = .043. The results suggest that structured PE classes may provide similar amounts of physical activity for both genders.
Retrieval and Review
Authors: Locke Lawrence F.
Published: August 2016

The primary purpose of this section is to bring materials to the attention of JTPE readers that they would have missed if this were the only journal they read. A second purpose is to introduce a variety of retrieval sources for locating research reports, research reviews, and research-based articles. Items are included that relate to teaching, teachers, and teacher development in physical education. Please send e-mail comments concerning Retrieval and Review to larrylo@delphi.com.
Exploring the Relevance of the Personal and Social Responsibility Model in Adapted Physical Activity: A Collective Case Study
Authors: Wright Paul M. , White Katherine , Gaebler-Spira Deborah
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this study was to examine the application of the Personal and Social Responsibility Model (PSRM) in an adapted physical activity program. Although the PSRM was developed for use with underserved youth, scholars in the field of adapted physical activity have noted its potential relevance for children with disabilities. Using a collective case study, we explored the relevance and perceived benefits of the PSRM in an adapted martial arts program. Participants were five male children with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy. Data sources included observational field notes, medical records, and interviews with participants’ physicians, therapists, and parents. The following themes were generated from the data: increased sense of ability, positive feelings about the program, positive social interactions, and therapeutic relevance. These results indicate that the PSRM can be made relevant to children with disabilities, especially when coupled with appealing and therapeutically relevant content.
RESEARCH NOTE: Physical Activity Levels in Elementary-School Physical Education: A Comparison of Swimming and Nonswimming Classes
Authors: Cardon Greet , Verstraete Stefanie , De Clercq Dirk , De Bourdeaudhuij Ilse
Published: August 2016

The main goal of the current study was to compare physical activity levels during swimming and nonswimming elementary physical education classes. We conducted a preliminary study and found that the System for Observing Fitness Instruction Time (SOFIT) could be used to register physical activity engagement levels in swimming classes. Thirty-nine classes, involving 8- to 12-year olds, participated in one swimming and one nonswimming physical education class. Classes were videotaped and physical activity levels for 234 students were quantified using SOFIT. Students engaged in more moderate-to-vigorous physical activity during swimming classes than during nonswimming classes. As a consequence, we advocate the inclusion of swimming lessons in physical education. Because the average engagement in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity was lower than the recommended 50% in 41% of swimming classes and in 77% of the nonswimming classes, however, comprehensive efforts are needed to increase physical activity levels during both types of elementary physical education classes.