bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Applying species distribution modelling to a data poor, pelagic fish complex: the ocean sunfishes
Authors: Phillips Natasha D. , Reid Neil , Thys Tierney , Harrod Chris , Payne Nicholas L. , Morgan Cheryl A. , White Hannah J. , Porter Siobhán , Houghton Jonathan D.R.
Published: June 2017

Aim

Conservation management of vulnerable species requires detailed knowledge of their spatial and temporal distribution patterns. Within this context, species distribution modelling (SDM) can provide insights into the spatial ecology of rarely encountered species and is used here to explore the distribution pattern of ocean sunfishes (Mola molaandM. ramsayi). Both species are prone to high levels of bycatch and are classified respectively as Globally Vulnerable and Not Assessed by theIUCN; although their overall range and drivers of distribution remain poorly defined. Here, we constructed suitable habitat models forMolaspp. on a global scale and considered how these change seasonally to provide a much needed baseline for future management.

Location

Global.

Methods

Sighting records collected between 2000 and 2015 were used to buildSDMs and provided the first global overview of sunfish seasonal distribution. Post hoc analyses provided a quantitative assessment of seasonal changes in total range extent and latitudinal shifts in suitable habitat.

Results

Molais a widely distributed genus; however, sightings exhibited significant spatial clustering most notably in coastal regions.SDMs suggested thatMolapresence was strongly dependent on sea surface temperatures with highest probability of presence between 16 and 23°C. The models identified significant variation in seasonal range extent with latitudinal shifts throughout the year; although large areas of suitable year‐round habitat exist globally.

Main conclusions

We provided the first assessment ofMoladistribution on a global scale, with evidence of a wide latitudinal range and significant clustering in localized “hotspots” (notably between 40–50°N). By assessing the results ofSDMs alongside evidence from published satellite tagging studies, we suggest that the species within the genusMolaare highly mobile, acting as facultative seasonal migrants. By identifying key suitable habitat alongside potential movement paths, this study provides a baseline that can be used in active conservation management of the genus.
Fire and cattle disturbance affects vegetation structure and rain forest expansion into savanna in the Australian monsoon tropics
Authors: Ondei Stefania , Prior Lynda D. , Vigilante Tom , Bowman David M.J.S.
Published: June 2017

Aims

To detect changes in area and vegetation dynamics of monsoon rain forests in relation to disturbance and an observed wetting trend.

Location

The Mitchell Plateau and the Bougainville Peninsula (north Kimberley, Australia).

Methods

Geo‐rectified aerial photographs acquired in 1949 and 1969 and a pre‐existing map from 2005 were used to detect changes in rain forest boundaries. To ground‐truth rain forest expansion, we established 20 transects running across rain forest‐savanna boundaries and recorded plant species, stand basal area, grass and rock cover, cattle impact, and canopy cover. Generalised linear models and Akaike's information criterion were used to detect differences in these variables between locations.

Results

On the Bougainville Peninsula average fire frequency was low (0.11 per year) and cattle entirely absent, while on the Mitchell Plateau average fire frequency was high (0.58 per year), and cattle were common and associated with lower seedling density in savannas. Rain forests expanded more on the Bougainville Peninsula (69%), where patches were bigger and more convoluted, than on the Mitchell Plateau (9%). Rain forest expansion was positively associated with rainfall and topographic complexity, and on level terrain it occurred only on the Bougainville Peninsula. Rain forests were floristically and structurally similar in the two locations, while savannas on the Bougainville Peninsula had denser vegetation and more abundant rain forest elements. The frequency distribution of canopy cover was bimodal on the Mitchell Plateau, signalling the presence of two distinct vegetation states, and unimodal on the Bougainville Peninsula, consistent with the blending of the two states.

Main conclusions

Wetting trends are likely strong drivers of rain forest expansion, but at a landscape scale their effect is probably modulated by fire activity and the presence of mega‐herbivores, which may also be pivotal in maintaining sharp floristic and structural distinctions between rain forests and savannas.
Polygenic scores for schizophrenia and educational attainment are associated with behavioural problems in early childhood in the general population
Authors: Jansen Philip R. , Polderman Tinca J.C. , Bolhuis Koen , van der Ende Jan , Jaddoe Vincent W.V. , Verhulst Frank C. , White Tonya , Posthuma Danielle , Tiemeier Henning
Published: June 2017

Background

Genome‐wide association studies in adults have identified numerous genetic variants related to psychiatric disorders and related traits, such as schizophrenia and educational attainment. However, the effects of these genetic variants on behaviour in the general population remain to be fully understood, particularly in younger populations. We investigated whether polygenic scores of five psychiatric disorders and educational attainment are related to emotional and behaviour problems during early childhood.

Methods

From the Generation R Study, we included participants with available genotype data and behavioural problems measured with the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) at the age of 3 (n = 1,902), 6 (n = 2,202) and 10 years old (n = 1,843). Polygenic scores were calculated for five psychiatric disorders and educational attainment. These polygenic scores were tested for an association with the broadband internalizing and externalizing problem scales and the specific CBCL syndrome scale scores.

Results

Analysis of the CBCL broadband scales showed that the schizophrenia polygenic score was associated with significantly higher internalizing scores at 3, 6 and 10 years and higher externalizing scores at age 3 and 6. The educational attainment polygenic score was associated with lower externalizing scores at all time points and lower internalizing scores at age 3. No associations were observed for the polygenic scores of bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder and autism spectrum disorder. Secondary analyses of specific syndrome scores showed that the schizophrenia polygenic score was strongly related to the Thought Problems scores. A negative association was observed between the educational attainment polygenic score and Attention Problems scores across all age groups.

Conclusions

Polygenic scores for adult psychiatric disorders and educational attainment are associated with variation in emotional and behavioural problems already at a very early age.
Translation and validation of the Insulin Treatment Appraisal Scale in Hong Kong primary care patients
Authors: Lee Kam Pui
Published: June 2017

Aims/Introduction

Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus often delay the initiation or titration of insulin treatment due to psychological factors. This phenomenon is referred to as psychological insulin resistance (PIR). The Insulin Treatment Appraisal Scale (ITAS) is a 20‐item instrument for assessing PIR. A previous Chinese version of the ITAS (C‐ITAS) was found to be subject to problems arising from its translation. The present study aimed to translate and validate this instrument, which will facilitate research and aid in counseling in a clinical setting.

Materials and Methods

The C‐ITAS was modified to develop the Hong Kong version of the C‐ITAS (C‐ITAS‐HK) according to published guidelines for the translation of transcultural research. A total of 328 diabetes mellitus patients who were followed‐up in 10 different publically funded primary care outpatient clinics were recruited for self‐administration of the C‐ITAS‐HK. Demographic data were recorded, and clinical data (e.g., presence of diabetes mellitus complications) were obtained from case records. The C‐ITAS‐HK results were subjected to psychometric analysis, including the assessment of Cronbach's alpha, factor analysis and test–retest reliability.

Results

Factor analysis supported a two‐factor structure with good internal consistency (whole scale 0.846, negative subscale 0.882, positive subscale 0.619). The test–retest reliability correlation coefficients for all items were positive, at 0.871, 0.782, and 0.692 for the whole scale, negative subscale and positive subscale, respectively. The ITAS scores differed significantly between participants with PIR and those without in the expected direction, suggesting good discriminant validity.

Conclusions

The C‐ITAS‐HK is a valid tool for measuring and assessing PIR in the Hong Kong primary care diabetes mellitus population.
Diphenylcyclopropenone for the treatment of cutaneous in‐transit melanoma metastases – results of a prospective, non‐randomized, single‐centre study
Authors: Read T. , Webber S. , Tan J. , Wagels M. , Schaider H. , Soyer H.P. , Smithers B.M.
Published: June 2017

Background

Current treatments for in‐transit melanoma (ITM) metastases are frequently invasive and do not improve overall survival. Recently, there has been increasing investigation into the use of topical agents. Diphenylcyclopropenone or diphencyprone (DPCP) is a novel, topical therapy that has been reported to have immune‐sensitizing properties useful in the treatment of ITM.

Objective

To assess the clinical outcomes of patients treated within a prospective, non‐randomized, non‐comparative study using DPCP for cutaneous ITM metastases.

Methods

A review was conducted assessing the outcomes of 58 patients prospectively treated using DPCP. Patients had satellite or in‐transit disease (stage IIIB+), with all lesion morphology types included. The patients were treated through a single, specialized clinic with regular outpatient follow‐up. DPCP was topically applied as an aqueous cream in 0.005–1% concentrations once to twice per week for up to 24–48 h of duration. To assess variables associated with response, a per‐protocol statistical analysis was performed.

Results

Fifty‐four patients were treated who satisfied eligibility criteria for analysis. The overall response rates were as follows: complete response 22%, partial response 39%, stable disease 24% and progressive disease 15%. The mean time to complete response was 10.5 months, mean duration (disease‐free interval) 12.3 months and recurrence rate in complete responders 41%. Lesion morphology was predictive of clinical benefit with a higher response in epidermotropic disease (P < 0.05).

Conclusions

DPCP provided a well‐tolerated, convenient and efficacious treatment for cutaneous ITM metastases. Identifying patterns of response may assist treatment selection and improve patient‐rated outcomes.
Molecular mechanisms of experience‐dependent maturation in cortical GABAergic inhibition
Authors: Begum M. Ridzwana , Sng Judy C. G.
Published: June 2017

Critical periods (CP) in early post‐natal life are periods of plasticity during which the neuronal circuitry is most receptive to environmental stimuli. These early experiences translate to a more permanent and sophisticated neuronal connection in the adult brain systems. Multiple studies have pointed to the development of inhibitory circuitry as one of the central factors for the onset of critical periods. We discuss several molecular mechanisms regulating inhibitory circuit maturation and CP, from gene transcription level to protein signaling level. Also, beyond the level of gene sequences, we briefly consider recent information on dynamic epigenetic regulation of gene expression through histone methylation and acetylation and their implication on timed development of the inhibitory circuitry for the onset of CP.

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Changes in kynurenine pathway metabolism in Parkinson patients with L‐DOPA‐induced dyskinesia
Authors: Havelund Jesper F. , Andersen Andreas D. , Binzer Michael , Blaabjerg Morten , Heegaard Niels H.H. , Stenager Egon , Færgeman Nils J. , Gramsbergen Jan Bert
Published: June 2017

L‐3,4‐Dihydroxyphenylalanine (L‐DOPA) is the most effective drug in the symptomatic treatment of Parkinson's disease, but chronic use is associated with L‐DOPA‐induced dyskinesia in more than half the patients after 10 years of treatment. L‐DOPA treatment may affect tryptophan metabolism via the kynurenine pathway. Altered levels of kynurenine metabolites can affect glutamatergic transmission and may play a role in the development of L‐DOPA‐induced dyskinesia. In this study, we assessed kynurenine metabolites in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid of Parkinson's disease patients and controls. Parkinson patients (n = 26) were clinically assessed for severity of motor symptoms (UPDRS) and L‐DOPA‐induced dyskinesia (UDysRS). Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid samples were collected after overnight fasting and 1–2 h after intake of L‐DOPA or other anti‐Parkinson medication. Metabolites were analyzed in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid of controls (n = 14), Parkinson patients receiving no L‐DOPA (n = 8), patients treated with L‐DOPA without dyskinesia (n = 8), and patients with L‐DOPA‐induced dyskinesia (n = 10) using liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry. We observed approximately fourfold increase in the 3‐hydroxykynurenine/kynurenic acid ratio in plasma of Parkinson's patients with L‐DOPA‐induced dyskinesia. Anthranilic acid levels were decreased in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid of this patient group. 5‐Hydroxytryptophan levels were twofold increased in all L‐DOPA‐treated Parkinson's patients. We conclude that a higher 3‐hydroxykynurenine/kynurenic acid ratio in plasma may serve as a biomarker for L‐DOPA‐induced dyskinesia. Longitudinal studies including larger patients cohorts are needed to verify whether the changes observed here may serve as a prognostic marker for L‐DOPA‐induced dyskinesia.

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Vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) over‐expression induces major modifications of striatal cholinergic interneuron morphology and function
Authors: Janickova Helena , Prado Vania F. , Prado Marco A. M. , El Mestikawy Salah , Bernard Véronique
Published: June 2017

Striatal cholinergic interneurons (CIN) are pivotal for the regulation of the striatal network. Acetylcholine (ACh) released by CIN is centrally involved in reward behavior as well as locomotor or cognitive functions. Recently, BAC transgenic mice expressing channelrhodopsin‐2 (ChR2) protein under the control of the choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) promoter (ChAT–ChR2) and displaying almost 50 extra copies of the VAChT gene were used to dissect cholinergic circuit connectivity and function using optogenetic approaches. These mice display over‐expression of the vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) and increased cholinergic tone. Consequently, ChAT–ChR2 mice are a valuable model to investigate hypercholinergic phenotypes. Previous experiments established that ChAT–ChR2 mice display an increased sensitivity to amphetamine induced‐locomotor activity and stereotypes. In the present report, we analyzed the impact of VAChT over‐expression in the striatum of ChAT‐ChR2 mice. ChAT‐ChR2 mice displayed increased locomotor sensitization in response to low dose of cocaine. In addition, we observed a dramatic remodeling of the morphology of CIN in ChAT‐ChR2 transgenic mice. VAChT immunolabeling was markedly enhanced in the soma and terminal of CIN from ChAT‐ChR2 mice as previously shown (Crittenden et al. 2014). Interestingly, the number of cholinergic varicosities was markedly reduced (−87%) whereas their size was significantly increased (+177%). Moreover, VAChT over‐expression dramatically modified its trafficking along the somatodendritic and axonal arbor. These findings demonstrate that ChAT–ChR2 mice present major alterations of CIN neuronal morphology and increased behavioral sensitization to cocaine, supporting the notion that the increased levels of VAChT observed in these mice make them fundamentally different from wild‐type mice.

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Different patterns of expression of cell cycle control and local invasion‐related proteins in oral squamous cell carcinoma affecting young patients
Authors: Miranda Galvis Marisol , Santos‐Silva Alan Roger , Freitas Jardim Juscelino , Paiva Fonseca Felipe , Lopes Marcio A. , de Almeida Oslei Paes , Lópes Pinto Clóvis A. , Kaminagakura Estela , Sawazaki‐Calone Iris , Speight Paul M. , Kowalski Luiz Paulo
Published: June 2017

Objectives

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) predominantly affects males in the fifth decade of life; nevertheless, an increased incidence in young patients has been reported worldwide, and the clinical and behavioral characteristics of tumors in this group are controversial, and the literature shows divergent results.

Purpose

To investigate the clinicopathological features and prognostic significance of the immunoexpression of cell cycle and local invasion proteins in OSCC affecting young patients (≤40 years old).

Methods

A tissue microarray was performed with 132 OSCC samples (61 cases of young patients vs 71 cases of elderly patients) and submitted to immunohistochemical reactions with Ki67, p53, p16, Bcl‐2, Cyclin D1, C‐ErbB2, p21, Myc, EGFR, MMP‐9, SMA, Cathepsin K and FGF‐2 antibodies.

Results

Clinicopathological features and survival rates were similar in both groups. Although overexpression of EGFR (P=.042) and MMP‐9 (P=.001) was more frequent in young patients, only C‐ErbB‐2 (P=.048) and SMA (P=.048) expression correlated with lower disease‐free survival (DFS) in this group of patients.

Conclusion

Clinicopathological features and survival rates are similar between younger and older patients with OSCC. The different patterns of C‐ErbB2, EGFR, MMP‐9, and SMA expression between the groups merits further investigation to understand their role in the early tumor onset in young patients.
Attentional Bias for Academic Stressors and Classroom Climate Predict Adolescents’ Grades and Socioemotional Functioning
Authors: Scrimin Sara , Moscardino Ughetta , Altoè Gianmarco , Mason Lucia
Published: June 2017

Using a dot‐probe detection task, this longitudinal study investigated whether adolescents show an attentional bias for academic stressors at the beginning of the school year (T1), and if such allocation of attention interacts with classroom climate (CC) to predict grades and socioemotional functioning at the end of the term (T2). Among 133 eighth‐graders, the majority showed a perceptual bias toward academic threats. Regression analyses indicated that a greater bias at T1 predicted lower grades and more socioemotional problems at T2, and that CC moderated these relationships. Students perceiving low CC and displaying greater attentional bias reported lower grades and more socioemotional problems. Teachers may promote a positive CC to prevent the negative effects of a biased attention on youths’ school adjustment.
The Moderating Role of Centrality on the Association Between Internalized Intimate Partner Violence‐Related Stigma and Concealment of Physical IPV
Authors: Overstreet Nicole M. , Gaskins Jennifer L. , Quinn Diane M. , Williams Michelle K.
Published: June 2017

The Intimate Partner Violence Stigmatization Model posits that internalized stigma and centrality of experiences of intimate partner violence (IPV) to one's self‐concept are two intrapersonal factors that influence concealment of IPV. However, research has yet to empirically examine these relationships. The current study examines whether internalized stigma, centrality, and their interaction are related to how out people are about IPV to others. Participants were 57 men and women who were recruited from a predominately urban Northeast community and indicated that they were concealing experiences of physical IPV from others. Results of a hierarchical multiple regression analysis revealed a significant internalized stigma x centrality interaction on general outness about one's experiences of IPV. Centrality was associated with more outness about experiences of IPV when internalized stigma was low, but had no association with general outness when internalized stigma was high. In other words, people low in internalized stigma were more out to others when IPV centrality was high and less out to others when IPV centrality was low. However, people high in internalized stigma were less out to others about their IPV victimization regardless of the centrality of IPV. We did not find evidence that internalized stigma and centrality predict disclosure to specific close others such as one's parents or siblings. Women were more likely than men to be out about experiences of IPV to their mother and closest friend. Findings have implications for understanding when and why people victimized by IPV reveal or conceal their experiences to others.
Influence of intrinsic and extrinsic factors on consumer liking and wellbeing perception of two regular and probiotic milk products
Authors: Oliveira Denize , Ares Gastón , Deliza Rosires
Published: June 2017

The aim of the study was to evaluate the influence of intrinsic and extrinsic characteristics of the regular and probiotic version of two milk products on consumer overall liking and perceived wellbeing. In Study 1, consumers evaluated milk samples with different label design. In Study 2, consumers evaluated samples of chocolate flavored milk differing in sugar content and nutrition information. In both studies, consumers rated their overall liking and completed a check‐all‐that‐apply question composed of expressions related to different dimensions of wellbeing. Overall liking scores were significantly affected by the sensory characteristics of samples but not by the characteristics of the labels. In Study 2, the highest average overall liking scores were found for samples with high sugar content (6.2 vs. 6.0). The frequency with which consumers used some of the wellbeing terms was influenced by both intrinsic and extrinsic variables. In Study 1, the term “It is nutritious” was significantly more used to described probiotic milk compared to regular milk. In Study 2, sugar content and the information included on the labels influenced the frequency of use of terms related to physical and psychological wellbeing, such as “It is good for wellbeing” and “It makes me feel guilty.”

Practical applications

Although hedonic aspects of food consumption are major determinants of consumer food choices, results from the present work showed that consumer perceived wellbeing enabled the discrimination of samples that did not significantly differ in their overall liking scores. This suggests that wellbeing measurements can provide complementary information about consumer perception of food products to overall liking scores.
Assessment of genetic diversity of coffee leaf rust pathogen Hemileia vastatrix using SRAP markers
Authors: Kosaraju Bharathi , Sannasi Soundararajan , Mishra Manoj Kumar , Subramani Daivasikamani , Bychappa Muniswamy
Published: June 2017

Coffee leaf rust caused by the fungus Hemileia vastatrix (Berk and Br.) is a major disease occurring in coffee plantations. Although the rust fungus exists in different physiological races, the genetic difference between them is meagrely understood. In this study, genetic diversity of 14 identified and two unidentified leaf rust races was determined by sequence‐related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) markers. Of 48 SRAP primer pairs tested, 35 primers are polymorphic and generated 347 distinct scorable fragments. The number of fragments ranged from 4 to 18 with a mean of 9.97 fragments per primer combination. Of the total 347 amplified fragments, 185 fragments (53.31%) are polymorphic with an average of 5.41 fragments per primer combination. The average resolving power (Rp) and the average polymorphism information content (PIC) of the 35 SRAP primer combinations were 13.60 and 0.356, respectively. Of 35 SRAP primer pairs, 15 primer pairs were more informative and generated 25 unique fragments, which are useful for race discrimination. The study demonstrated the existence of genetic variability among various leaf rust races and this information will be helpful in coffee breeding programmes.
Potato bacterial wilt suppression and plant health improvement after application of different antioxidants
Authors: Farag Shahenda M. A. , Elhalag Kamel M.A. , Hagag Mohamed H. , Khairy Abdel Salam M. , Ibrahim Heba M. , Saker Moheb T. , Messiha Nevein A. S.
Published: June 2017

Bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum is a devastating disease that often threatens potato production and exportation. The potential of four antioxidants (seaweed extract (SWE), yeast, chitosan and ascorbic acid (ASA)) in controlling the disease was evaluated in vitro, under glasshouse and field conditions. The field experiment was conducted in two naturally infested locations: Wardan, Giza (sandy soil), and Talia, Minufiya (silty clay soil). Only chitosan showed antibacterial properties against the pathogen in vitro. SWE, yeast and chitosan showed disease suppression under both glasshouse and field conditions. The disease suppression was accompanied by an increase in the ratio of soil copiotrophic to oligotrophic bacteria. The three antioxidants increased plant nitrogen content, decreased soil OM content and decreased C/N ratio. Disease suppression after chitosan application was clearly observed only in Wardan area, which was characterized by a higher soil alkalinity. A high percentage of antagonistic fluorescent strains similar to Pseudomonas putida group were detected for chitosan‐treated plants in Wardan area (sandy soil). ASA drastically decreased the count of the pathogen in soil, but was conducive to the pathogen in plant tissues. A remarkable increase in microbial (bacterial and fungal) soil and rhizosphere diversity as indicated by PCR‐DGGE analysis for bacterial 16S rRNA and fungal 18S rRNA was recorded. In Talia area (silty clay soil), the soil microbial community was more stable and was in general resistant to the disease where the soils were characterized by high electrical conductivity. SWE, yeast and ASA significantly increased crop production in Talia area only.
Vessel occlusion in three cultivars of Olea europaea naturally exposed to Xylella fastidiosa in open field
Authors: De Benedictis Maria , De Caroli Monica , Baccelli Ivan , Marchi Guido , Bleve Gianluca , Gallo Antonia , Ranaldi Francesco , Falco Vittorio , Pasquali Vittorio , Piro Gabriella , Mita Giovanni , Di Sansebastiano Gian Pietro
Published: June 2017

Xylella fastidiosa is a Gram‐negative, xylem‐limited, bacterium which is responsible, in Italy, for the olive quick decline syndrome (OQDS). The disease is caused by the subspecies pauca and emerged a few years ago in the Apulia province of Lecce, in the Salento peninsula, on Olea europaea plants. X. fastidiosa can infect different plant species and is well known in California as the causal agent of Pierce's disease on grape. Infections of susceptible hosts with X. fastidiosa are known to result in xylem vessel occlusions, water movement impairment, and accordingly to induce the typical desiccation symptoms. In this study, we investigated xylem vessel occlusions in healthy and naturally infected O. europaea plants grown in open field by analysing three olive cultivars widespread in the region that show different degree of susceptibility to the disease: the susceptible cultivars “Ogliarola salentina” and “Cellina di Nardò,” and the tolerant cultivar “Leccino.” Our results show that occlusions were caused by tyloses and gums/pectin gels, and not by bacterial cell aggregates. Our data also indicate that occlusions are not responsible for the symptomatology of the OQDS and, as observed in Leccino plants, they are not a marker of tolerance/resistance to the disease.
Identifying New Product Ideas: Waiting for the Wisdom of the Crowd or Screening Ideas in Real Time
Authors: Hoornaert Steven , Ballings Michel , Malthouse Edward C. , Van den Poel Dirk
Published: June 2017

Crowdsourcing ideas from consumers can enrich idea input in new product development. After a decade of initiatives (e.g., Starbucks’ MyStarbucksIdea, Dell's IdeaStorm), the implications of crowdsourcing for idea generation are well understood, but challenges remain in dealing with the large volume of rapidly generated ideas produced in crowdsourcing communities. This study proposes a model that can assist managers in efficiently processing crowdsourced ideas by identifying the aspects of ideas that are most predictive of future implementation and identifies three sources of information available for an idea: its content, the contributor proposing it, and the crowd's feedback on the idea (the “3Cs”). These information sources differ in their time of availability (content/contributor information is available immediately; crowd feedback accumulates over time) and in the extent to which they comprise structured or unstructured data. This study draws from prior research to operationalize variables corresponding to the 3Cs and develops a new measure to quantify an idea's distinctiveness. Applying automated information retrieval methods (latent semantic indexing) and testing several linear methods (linear discriminant analysis, regularized logistic regression) and nonlinear machine‐learning algorithms (stochastic adaptive boosting, random forests), this article identifies the variables that are most useful towards predicting idea implementation in a crowdsourcing community for an IT product (Mendeley). Our results indicate that consideration of content and contributor information improves ranking performance between 22.6 and 26.0% over random idea selection, and that adding crowd‐related information further improves performance by up to 48.1%. Crowd feedback is the best predictor of idea implementation, followed by idea content and distinctiveness, and the contributor's past idea‐generation experience. Firms are advised to implement two idea selection support systems: one to rank new ideas in real time based on content and contributor experience, and another that integrates the crowd's idea evaluation after it has had sufficient time to provide feedback.
Effects of a carbohydrase complex added in different inclusion rates in feeds for broilers on growth performance, digesta viscosity and foot pad health
Authors: Kölln M. , Weiß H. , Hankel J. , Kamphues J.
Published: June 2017

Foot pad dermatitis (FPD) is a widespread disease in poultry and important for economic and animal welfare reasons. It is well recognized that using non‐starch polysaccharide (NSP)‐degrading enzymes can affect excreta/litter quality (not only in terms of moisture content but also regarding water evaporation) at high stocking densities and might help to prevent FPD and further negative effects of NSP. This study aimed to evaluate effects of a carbohydrase complex (CC) in different dietary inclusion rates on performance, digesta viscosity and foot pad health in broilers from 9 to 37 days of life. In total, 240 broilers were divided into 12 floor pens of 20 birds and received one of four different experimental diets. The four wheat‐ and soyabean meal‐based diets only differed in the inclusion rate of CC: 0%, 50%, 100% and 500% of the recommended dose of CC (Endo‐1,4‐ß–xylanase and Endo–1,3(4)‐ß–glucanase; 50 g/t). The addition of CC led to a significant decrease of digesta viscosity in the proximal small intestine, a tendency of improved feed conversion ratio, and significantly favoured FPD‐scores (Treatment 2). At the higher tested inclusion rate of CC (500% of recommended dose), the FPD score was worser than in the treatments with 50% and 100% of the recommended enzyme dosage. No improvements among treatments were observed in terms of body weight and dry matter content of excreta and litter at the end of trial. The low positive effects on foot pad health in this study were presumably associated with the low NSP content in the experimental diets (soluble arabinoxylans: 7.38 g/kg as fed). In conclusion, the addition of the evaluated CC reduced digesta viscosity. An improvement of foot pad health could only be seen in the treatment with 50% of the recommended enzyme dosage in the diet.
Effects of isoenergetic quantities of a low‐starch muesli feed high in fat and fibre vs. oat grains on the glycemic and insulinemic responses and feed intake patterns in sport ponies
Authors: Bochnia M. , Schürer C. , Gottschalk J. , Einspanier A. , Hillegeist D. , Wensch‐Dorendorf M. , Greef J. M. , Glatter M. , Zeyner A.
Published: June 2017

Aim of this study was to compare glycemic and insulinemic responses and feed intake patterns in sport ponies after feeding isoenergetic quantities of low‐starch muesli feed high in fat and fibre (FF) or oat grains (OG). Six sport ponies were randomly assigned to one of these two treatment groups for 2 × 3 weeks according to a crossover‐design. Ponies received two equal meals/day of either semi‐crushed OG (1 g starch/kg bwt*meal−1) or an isoenergetic quantity of FF. Hay was also given in two equal meals/day and provided the remaining metabolisable energy up to 1.3‐fold maintenance level. On day 21, blood was sampled 1 h after each pony received 0.5 kg hay (0 min). Then, the concentrate was provided and blood sampled 30, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240 and 300 min thereafter. Plasma glucose and serum insulin were analysed, and the areas under the curve (AUC) was calculated 120 and 300 min postprandial (PP). Feed intake patterns were measured in 4 ponies/group via a modified halter. OG was ingested faster than FF (feed intake time; FITDM in min/kg DM: 8.8 ± 1.6 vs. 15.9 ± 1.62, p < 0.05) combined with a higher chewing frequency (p < 0.05). The AUCsgluc120/300, ins120/300 were statistically higher with OG than FF (mmol/L*min−1: AUCgluc120: 776 ± 128 vs. 676 ± 80.4; AUCgluc300: 1811 ± 295.3 vs. 1569 ± 126.3; nmol/L*min−1: AUCins120: 38 ± 18 vs. 22 ± 8.1; AUCins300: 83 ± 39 vs. 35 ± 12; p < 0.05). Plasma glucose tended to decline following the intake of FF, which might be beneficial for equines with reduced glucose tolerance. This, however, requires further investigation. In this study, the ponies consumed OG unexpectedly rapidly. The rate of feed intake was similar to the results previously reported in the literature for warmblood horses.
Pharmacokinetics and Relative Bioavailability of Orally Administered Innovator‐Formulated Itraconazole Capsules and Solution in Healthy Dogs
Authors: Hasbach A.E. , Langlois D.K. , Rosser E.J. , Papich M.G.
Published: June 2017

Background

Itraconazole is commonly used for treatment of systemic and cutaneous mycoses in veterinary medicine. Two formulations, capsule and solution, are used interchangeably in dogs. However, marked differences in bioavailability have been reported in other species. Similar investigations have not been performed in dogs.

Objective

To determine and compare pharmacokinetics of itraconazole in dogs after oral administration of commercially available capsule and solution formulations intended for use in humans.

Animals

Eight healthy, adult, purpose‐bred dogs.

Methods

Dogs received approximately 10 mg/kg of innovator‐formulated itraconazole solution and capsulePOin randomized, crossover design with a 10‐day washout period. To ensure maximal absorption, solution was administered to fasted dogs, whereas capsules were co‐administered with food. Blood samples were collected at predetermined time points, and plasma drug concentrations were measured using high‐pressure liquid chromatography. Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined with compartmental analysis.

Results

The mean relative bioavailability of the capsule was 85% that of the solution, but drug absorption was variable, and overall drug concentrations were similar between formulations. Mean elimination half‐lives of both formulations were nearly identical at approximately 33 hours. Regardless of formulation, simulations suggest that a loading dose of 20 mg/kg, followed by 10 mg/kg once every 24 hours, will result in plasma concentrations considered to be adequate in most dogs.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Contrary to findings reported in other species, overall drug exposures after capsule and solution administration are not substantially different in dogs. Despite some pharmacokinetic differences between itraconazole capsule and solution, formulation‐specific dosages do not appear to be necessary.
Assessment of Various Anesthetic Agents on Octopus vulgaris Paralarvae
Authors: Escánez Alejandro , Rubio Jesús , Riera Rodrigo , Almansa Eduardo
Published: June 2017

European Directive 2010/63 addresses the welfare of cephalopod species used in scientific projects under European jurisdiction and covers experimental procedures likely to cause pain, suffering, distress, or lasting harm. These procedures require authorization from the National Competent Authorities. In aquaculture research, some procedures require the temporary immobilization of individuals to allow for measuring body parameters (i.e., weight, sex, gonad condition, and others), avoiding any damage. This study compares three anesthetics used on common octopus, Octopus vulgaris, paralarvae to reach a state of sedation. The anesthetics were tested for their effects at different concentrations: magnesium chloride (6.8, 13.6, 20.4, and 27.4 g/L), ethanol (8, 10, and 12 mL/L), and clove oil (0.2, 0.3, and 0.4 g/L). Three variables were monitored: induction, recovery, and stressful behavior of paralarvae during treatments. Significant differences were found between anesthetics, both in the induction and recovery time, and between concentrations of the same anesthetic. The shortest times of induction and recovery corresponded to ethanol at low concentrations, 10 mL/L (20 ± 1 sec) and 8 mL/L (19 ± 2 sec), respectively. Clove oil at 0.2 g/L was the slowest to reach sedation (340 ± 7 sec). Magnesium chloride at 20.4 g/L showed longer recovery times (554 ± 201 sec) with increasing concentrations. Octopus paralarvae showed adverse behavior only under clove oil treatments, whose use is therefore considered inadmissible. This study shows that ethanol at 10 mL/L may be suitable as a reliable anesthetic for octopus paralarvae, diminishing the induction and recovery time without showing any stressful behavior.
Intra‐activity of humans and nonhumans inWriters' Studio: (re)imagining and (re)defining ‘social’
Authors: Kuby Candace R. , Crawford Shonna
Published: June 2017

Posthumanism, or the material turn, refuses to take the distinction between human and nonhuman for granted. Currently discourses in literacy education focus on the ways of incorporating new tools and technologies (products) but within a design perspective, which does not get at the social and participatory ways (processes) of students creating new relationships and realities with materials. A posthuman stance focuses on the processes of literacy artefacts coming into being and what is being produced in the process(es). The social is (re)imagined and (re)defined in processes that encompass social entanglements of humans/nonhuman materials creating newness, new realities. We put to work posthumanist concepts with data that we call the ‘solar system mural assemblage’ from a 7‐ to 8‐year‐old Writers' Studio in order to (re)imagine and (re)define social. We question what counts as ‘social’ when working from a posthumanist stance. Why does a ‘posthumanist social’ matter for literacy educators? How does this perspective not only change our research practices but also pedagogies? We wonder how literacies are produced – how realities come into being – in assemblages of human and nonhuman materials in Writers' Studio. We discusshowandwhyit matters that we (re)conceptualise the notion of social in literacy education by drawing on posthumanist views.
Consumption of obesogenic foods in non‐Hispanic black mother–infant dyads
Authors: Kay Melissa C. , Wasser Heather , Adair Linda S. , Thompson Amanda L. , Siega‐Riz Anna Maria , Suchindran Chirayath M. , Bentley Margaret E.
Published: June 2017

Obesity continues to be a problem in the United States. Of particular concern is the epidemic of early childhood obesity. A significant predictor of child diet is maternal diet, but little is known about this relationship during infancy. This study examined the association between maternal and infant consumption of key food groups from 6 to 18 months using data from the Infant Care, Feeding, and Risk of Obesity Study, a prospective cohort of 217 non‐Hispanic black, low‐income, first‐time mothers. Using data from 24‐hr dietary recalls collected during in‐home visits at 6, 9, 12, and 18 months, we assessed longitudinal associations between mother and child intake of both energy‐dense, nutrient‐poor (obesogenic) food groups and fibre‐, nutrient‐rich food groups using random intercept logistic regression. Both mothers and their infants had high intake of sugar‐sweetened beverages, desserts, and sweets and low intake of vegetables and whole grains. Infant consumption of key food groups was strongly associated with maternal consumption, suggesting the need for focused interventions to target maternal diet as a pathway to decreasing risk for the establishment of poor dietary patterns early in life.
Genome architecture enables local adaptation of Atlantic cod despite high connectivity
Authors: Barth Julia M. I. , Berg Paul R. , Jonsson Per R. , Bonanomi Sara , Corell Hanna , Hemmer‐Hansen Jakob , Jakobsen Kjetill S. , Johannesson Kerstin , Jorde Per Erik , Knutsen Halvor , Moksnes Per‐Olav , Star Bastiaan , Stenseth Nils Chr. , Svedäng Henrik , Jentoft Sissel , André Carl
Published: June 2017

Adaptation to local conditions is a fundamental process in evolution; however, mechanisms maintaining local adaptation despite high gene flow are still poorly understood. Marine ecosystems provide a wide array of diverse habitats that frequently promote ecological adaptation even in species characterized by strong levels of gene flow. As one example, populations of the marine fish Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) are highly connected due to immense dispersal capabilities but nevertheless show local adaptation in several key traits. By combining population genomic analyses based on 12K single nucleotide polymorphisms with larval dispersal patterns inferred using a biophysical ocean model, we show that Atlantic cod individuals residing in sheltered estuarine habitats of Scandinavian fjords mainly belong to offshore oceanic populations with considerable connectivity between these diverse ecosystems. Nevertheless, we also find evidence for discrete fjord populations that are genetically differentiated from offshore populations, indicative of local adaptation, the degree of which appears to be influenced by connectivity. Analyses of the genomic architecture reveal a significant overrepresentation of a large ~5 Mb chromosomal rearrangement in fjord cod, previously proposed to comprise genes critical for the survival at low salinities. This suggests that despite considerable connectivity with offshore populations, local adaptation to fjord environments may be enabled by suppression of recombination in the rearranged region. Our study provides new insights into the potential of local adaptation in high gene flow species within fine geographical scales and highlights the importance of genome architecture in analyses of ecological adaptation.
Role of parasite transmission in promoting inbreeding: I. Infection intensities drive individual parasite selfing rates
Authors: Detwiler Jillian T. , Caballero Isabel C. , Criscione Charles D.
Published: June 2017

Among parasitic organisms, inbreeding has been implicated as a potential driver of host–parasite co‐evolution, drug‐resistance evolution and parasite diversification. Yet, fundamental topics about how parasite life histories impact inbreeding remain to be addressed. In particular, there are no direct selfing‐rate estimates for hermaphroditic parasites in nature. Our objectives were to elucidate the mating system of a parasitic flatworm in nature and to understand how aspects of parasite transmission could influence the selfing rates of individual parasites. If there is random mating within hosts, the selfing rates of individual parasites would be an inverse power function of their infection intensities. We tested whether selfing rates deviated from within‐host random mating expectations with the tapeworm Oochoristica javaensis. In doing so, we generated, for the first time in nature, individual selfing‐rate estimates of a hermaphroditic flatworm parasite. There was a mixed‐mating system where tapeworms self‐mated more than expected with random mating. Nevertheless, individual selfing rates still had a significant inverse power relationship to infection intensities. The significance of this finding is that the distribution of parasite infection intensities among hosts, an emergent property of the transmission process, can be a key driver in shaping the primary mating system, and hence the level of inbreeding in the parasite population. Moreover, we demonstrated how potential population selfing rates can be estimated using the predicted relationship of individual selfing rates to intensities and showed how the distribution of parasites among hosts can indirectly influence the primary mating system when there is density‐dependent fecundity.
Do changes in gene expression contribute to sexual isolation and reinforcement in the house mouse?
Authors: Loire Etienne , Tusso Sergio , Caminade Pierre , Severac Dany , Boursot Pierre , Ganem Guila , Smadja Carole M.
Published: June 2017

Expression divergence, rather than sequence divergence, has been shown to be important in speciation, particularly in the early stages of divergence of traits involved in reproductive isolation. In the two European subspecies of house mice, Mus musculus musculus and Mus musculus domesticus, earlier studies have demonstrated olfactory‐based assortative mate preference in populations close to their hybrid zone. It has been suggested that this behaviour evolved following the recent secondary contact between the two taxa (~3,000 years ago) in response to selection against hybridization. To test for a role of changes in gene expression in the observed behavioural shift, we conducted a RNA sequencing experiment on mouse vomeronasal organs. Key candidate genes for pheromone‐based subspecies recognition, the vomeronasal receptors, are expressed in these organs. Overall patterns of gene expression varied significantly between samples from the two subspecies, with a large number of differentially expressed genes between the two taxa. In contrast, only ~200 genes were found repeatedly differentially expressed between populations within M. m. musculus that did or did not display assortative mate preferences (close to or more distant from the hybrid zone, respectively), with an overrepresentation of genes belonging to vomeronasal receptor family 2. These receptors are known to play a key role in recognition of chemical cues that handle information about genetic identity. Interestingly, four of five of these differentially expressed receptors belong to the same phylogenetic cluster, suggesting specialization of a group of closely related receptors in the recognition of odorant signals that may allow subspecies recognition and assortative mating.