bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Federal Constitution
Authors: Wood Gordon S.
Published: July 2021

This chapter describes the Convention that met in Philadelphia from the end of May to mid-September 1787 to draft the new federal Constitution. The Virginia plan, created largely by James Madison, was the working model for the Constitution. It proposed a strong national government with an executive, a bicameral legislature, and a Supreme Court. The main controversy had to do with whether both houses of the legislature would be based on proportional representation as the Virginia plan proposed. The small states objected, and after much debate the Convention agreed to equal representation with two senators from each state. To elect the president, the Convention created an alternative Congress, which became the electoral college. In the state-ratifying conventions the opponents of the Constitution raised the fears of consolidation and aristocracy.
The Emergence of the Judiciary
Authors: Wood Gordon S.
Published: July 2021

In the massive rethinking that took place in the 1780s and 1790s nearly all parts of America’s governments were reformed and reconstituted, but the institution that was most transformed was the judiciary. In the colonial period judges had been largely seen as the much scorned and insignificant appendage of crown authority. In the several decades following the Declaration of Independence they had become an equal and independent part of the modern tripartite federal and state governments with the authority to declare void acts of the legislatures that violated the constitutions. This power, later called judicial review, developed slowly and haltingly, for it seemed to many to violate the legislative authority of the people. But changing ideas of representation helped to make sense of the transformation.
Soviet Art House
Authors: Kelly Catriona
Published: July 2021

This book examines cinema in the Brezhnev era from the perspective of one of the USSR’s largest studios, Lenfilm. Producing around thirty feature films per year, the studio had over three thousand employees working in every area of film production. The discussion covers the period from 1961 to the collapse of centralized state facilities in 1986. The book focuses particularly on the younger directors at Lenfilm, those who joined the studio in the recruiting drive that followed Khrushchev’s decision to expand film production. Drawing on documents from archives, the analysis portrays film production “in the round” and shows that the term “censorship” is less appropriate than the description preferred in the Soviet film industry itself, “control,” which referred to a no less exigent but far more complex and sophisticated process. The book opens with four framing chapters that examine the overall context in which films were produced: the various crises that beset film production between 1961 and 1969 (chapter 1) and 1970 and 1985 (chapter 2), the working life of the studio, and particularly the technical aspects of production (chapter 3), and the studio aesthetic (chapter 4). The second part of the book comprises close analyses of fifteen films that are typical of the studio’s production. The book concludes with a brief survey of Lenfilm’s history after the Fifth Congress of the Filmmakers’ Union in 1986, which swept away the old management structures and, in due course, the entire system of filmmaking in the USSR.
The Cinema Centaur
Authors: Kelly Catriona
Published: July 2021

The 1960s witnessed the transformation of “film factories” from metaphor to lived reality. Lenfilm’s output rose once more to the levels its predecessor studios had reached in the 1920s, but the conditions of production were now far more complex and demanding, with staffs more than ten times the size. And while the 1960s was an era of optimistic emphasis on the Soviet film industry’s capacity to equal and surpass the world in technological terms, during the 1970s, the conviction took hold that the technological superiority of Western films was of direct relevance to audience share. Increasingly, ambitious filmmakers petitioned Goskino for permission to shoot on Kodak and to use Arriflex cameras; criticism of inferior Soviet film stock and GDR-produced film editing tables mounted, both across the USSR and at Lenfilm itself. Yet investment in studio infrastructure and technology remained at best haphazard, particularly at Lenfilm, which enjoyed less generous support from the center than Mosfilm, but also more limited resourcing than film studios in the capitals of Soviet republics. At the same time, Lenfilm had an unusually diverse, energetic, inventive, and loyal workforce, with corporate values that inspired manual workers and porters as well as “creative” personnel. Hierarchical at some levels, the work culture was egalitarian at others, and the frenetic process of scrambling to finish films in trying circumstances created strong bonds. The chapter explores the various conflicts and contradictions, but also rewards, that this situation generated.
Pleasure and Danger
Authors: Kelly Catriona
Published: July 2021

Yuly Fait’s A Boy and a Girl (1966) created great controversy while it was being made and in the months leading up to its premiere in Moscow (immediately before which, the movie was pulled from the screen). The chapter contends that the reason for the uproar lay less in the sexual relationship between two teenagers at the heart of the film (which was present in the original script by prominent writer Vera Panova, and had not caused trouble during discussions) than in the alteration of nuance and tone that occurred during the filming, and especially the way in which Fait placed questions of pleasure and sensual gratification at the heart of the narrative.
Personal Happiness
Authors: Kelly Catriona
Published: July 2021

Vitaly Melnikov is best known for his film comedies, beginning with the children’s movie, Gruff Visits Bobby (1964), the merry tale of the havoc created when a street dog decides to visit the home of his pampered canine friend. Mother’s Got Married (1969), which portrayed a late teenager trying to adjust to his mother’s recent and unexpected marriage, had a less easily defined emotional register. The film chimed with new views of the status of happiness that had emerged during the Thaw, yet there were also complaints that its central characters were “nothing like the real working class.” This chapter traces the movie’s difficult progress to the screen, and in particular the challenges posed by scriptwriter Yury Klepikov and Vitaly Melnikov’s decision to explore the uncommunicative emotional life of people often ignored in the Soviet cinema.
Fervor and Tenderness
Authors: Kelly Catriona
Published: July 2021

The production of “major films” was an insistent preoccupation of Soviet cinema’s regulatory bodies both at government and at Party levels. A director regarded as particularly successful in this respect was Gleb Panfilov. His 1975 film, May I Speak?, addressed issues of personal responsibility. The balance of public and family duties, which were of enormous importance in political debates at the time the screenplay was written, and its sympathetic portrait of a leading official were reassuring to commentators at Goskino and in Party offices at various levels. Panfilov was, unlike most younger artists at Lenfilm, a member of the Party and valued his parents’ Communist principles. The argument of some post-Soviet commentators—that May I Speak? represents a veiled attack upon its protagonist, Elizaveta Uvarova—is difficult to sustain. Yet Uvarova remains an ambiguous figure, and the treatment of her is enigmatic, not least in terms of gender identities, as the discussion here shows.
Cast a Cold Eye
Authors: Kelly Catriona
Published: July 2021

Boris Frumin was perhaps Lenfilm’s most obstinate younger director when it came to the editorial and vetting process, and in the case of The Errors of Youth (1978), the result was a major conflict both with the studio and with Goskino. What appeared to be a harmless script by Eduard Topol turned into a film that resembles a Soviet version of Lindsay Anderson’s O Lucky Man! Frumin’s movie provoked outrage, during vetting, with a whole range of bureaucracies, including the army, the Party, and Goskino. After the tragic death of Stanislav Zhdanko, the film’s lead actor, and the emigration from the USSR of Topol, and then Frumin himself, the movie was abandoned before completion and shelved. It was later to become a hit of the perestroika era. This chapter examines the vicissitudes that beset Frumin’s project, many of them related to the insolently detached demeanor of the movie’s hero.
Socialist Embarrassment
Authors: Kelly Catriona
Published: July 2021

Viktor Tregubovich’s first movie, A Hot July, nearly wrecked his career at the outset, because it was a de-Stalinizing project begun mere months before the deposition of Khrushchev. Released after extensive production delays, the film had been reduced to mere tatters of the original endeavor. But Tregubovich rehabilitated himself with his gentle and offbeat movie about a tank battalion in combat, War Is War, and a series of remarkably diverse projects followed. Go If You’re Going provoked surprise at Lenfilm because it was a film comedy, and thus, his colleagues believed, a departure from Tregubovich’s established style. The laughter it provoked was decidedly uncomfortable, a point remarked (without enthusiasm) in studio discussions. Released after a significant delay, it became the subject of critical comment in a 1979 article by the deputy chairman of Goskino, Boris Pavlenok. Go If You’re Going is perhaps the nearest Lenfilm movie to the socialist “new wave” traditions of directors such as Jan Němec, a tribute to a filmmaking style that had resurfaced after nearly a decade in the cold.
The Power of Irony
Authors: Kelly Catriona
Published: July 2021

The 1970s saw a mass exodus of younger, artistically ambitious directors from moviemaking for the big screen into TV. Among the beneficiaries of the new medium was Igor Maslennikov, who had struggled to establish himself as more than “promising.” Maslennikov’s TV adaptations of Sherlock Holmes rapidly made him one of the most famous filmmakers in the USSR. The main subject of this chapter, however, is an adaptation for “quality TV” of a different kind, The Queen of Spades, by Russia’s most famous writer, Alexander Pushkin. Where Maslennikov’s Conan Doyle adaptations were studiedly casual (The Hound of the Baskervilles is an exercise in playful eccentricity rather than a plunge into Victorian Gothic), his reworking of Pushkin went precisely in the other direction. This “hyperauthentic” interpretation of the Russian author sought to retain “every last comma” in the original, right down to scene-setting commentaries presented by an on-screen narrator. As this chapter argues, had it not been for the exceptionally vexed history of attempts to film The Queen of Spades (Maslennikov was the fourth director selected to make the movie), his “hyperauthentic” approach might have proved more controversial. Whichever way, the adaptation more closely resembles late modernist films of the era such as Eric Rohmer’s The Marquise of O than the conventional literary adaptations of the later Soviet era, which came from a tradition where reconstructing the source text was the accepted norm.
Further Means of Phrase Expansion
Authors: Mirka Danuta
Published: July 2021

This chapter addresses further means of phrase expansion, not recognized by eighteenth-century authors. They include “overridden caesuras,” “twisted caesuras,” “loops,” “stretches,” and “written-out rallentando.” Their discussion refers to the concept of schemata introduced by Robert O. Gjerdingen (2007). Although he finds the origins of contrapuntal-harmonic schemata in the Italian partimento tradition, Gjerdingen’s account of cadential schemata takes for its point of departure the concept of clausulae in German music theory. The types of clausulae distinguished by Gjerdingen are compared to those mentioned by eighteenth-century authors and related to different types of caesuras in the theory of melody, discussed in chapter 2.
Thinking about America’s War in Afghanistan
Authors: Malkasian Carter
Published: July 2021

Chapter One, entitled “Thinking about America’s War in Afghanistan,” introduces the main questions and arguments of The American War in Afghanistan.
The Karzai Regime
Authors: Malkasian Carter
Published: July 2021

Chapter Five, “The Karzai Regime,” discusses the strategy of the Bush administration and the formation of the new Afghan government from 2002 to 2005, including the constitutional process and development of an Afghan army.
The Surge in Helmand
Authors: Malkasian Carter
Published: July 2021

Chapter 12, “The Surge in Helmand,” depicts the battles of the US Marines, Afghan leaders, and the British army in Helmand against the Taliban, focusing on the implementation of counterinsurgency, the battle for Marjah, poppy, and mobilization of Afghan tribes.
End of the Surge
Authors: Malkasian Carter
Published: July 2021

Chapter Fourteen, “End of the Surge,” describes how the United States decided to end the surge, covering the death of Osama bin Laden, debates in Washington, and relations with Pakistan. It also describes the peace negotiations of 2010–2013.
Intervention and Identity
Authors: Malkasian Carter
Published: July 2021

Chapter Sixteen, “Intervention and Identity,” looks at the Afghan army and police after the surge, sources of Taliban motivation, insider attacks, women’s rights, and the bilateral security agreement.
The Taliban Offensives of 2015 and 201620152016
Authors: Malkasian Carter
Published: July 2021

Chapter Eighteen, “The Taliban Offensives of 2015 and 2016,” examines the Taliban attacks on Kunduz and Helmand in 2015 and 2016 and the difficulties encountered by the Afghan army and police. The government faced some of the biggest Taliban offensives of the war largely on their own. The result brought about a verdict on the whole US war effort.
Inventing the Recording
Authors: Moreda Rodríguez Eva
Published: July 2021

Inventing the Recording: The Phonograph and National Culture in Spain, 1877–1914 focuses on the decades in which the recording went from technological possibility to commercial and cultural artifact, and it does so through the analysis of a specific and unique national context: Spain. It tells the stories of institutions and individuals in the country, discusses the development of discourses and ideas in close connection with national concerns and debates, and pays close attention to original recordings from this era. The book starts with the arrival in Spain of notices about Edison’s invention of the phonograph in 1877, followed by the first demonstrations (1878–1882) at the hands of scientists and showmen. These demonstrations greatly stimulated the imagination of scientists, journalists, and playwrights, who spent the rest of the 1880s speculating about the phonograph and its potential to revolutionize society once it was properly developed and marketed. The book then moves on to analyze the “traveling phonographs” and salones fonográficos of the 1890s and early 1900s, with phonographs being paraded around Spain and exhibited in group listening sessions in theaters, private homes, and social spaces pertaining to different social classes. It finally covers the development of an indigenous recording industry dominated by the so-called gabinetes fonográficos: small businesses that sold imported phonographs, produced their own recordings, and shaped early discourses about commercial phonography and the record as a commodity between 1896 and 1905.
Traveling phonographs, 1888–1900
Authors: Moreda Rodríguez Eva
Published: July 2021

This chapter discusses the arrival of Edison’s Perfected Phonograph (introduced in 1888) in Spain. Thanks to the improvements in the technology, numerous Spanish funfair impresarios and entertainers acquired devices that they exhibited and demonstrated in front of audiences. The chapter discusses three main issues: firstly, the travels of phonograph demonstrators throughout Spain and how these were informed by and in turn informed discourses about technology, mobility, and modernization; second, the types of sociability spaces in which phonographs were exhibited and how these reveal the different ways in which different social classes engaged with science; and finally, the formats that phonograph demonstrations adopted, which emphasized the phonograph’s capabilities of reproducing sounds familiar to the audience.
Gabinetes fonográficos in Valencia, 1899–1901Valencia, 1899
Authors: Moreda Rodríguez Eva
Published: July 2021

This chapter focuses on the gabinetes fonográficos active between 1899 and 1901 in Valencia—which can be rightly considered as the second main pole of the Spanish recording industry at the time. It discusses the rivalries that Valencia gabinetes maintained with their Madrid counterparts, and analyses how the compactness and connectedness of the city gave rise to a vibrant, yet ephemeral, recording culture. The chapter also discusses briefly the gabinetes located in cities other than Madrid, Valencia, and Barcelona, of which few traces have survived.
Consuming and collecting records in Spain, 1896–1905
Authors: Moreda Rodríguez Eva
Published: July 2021

This chapter draws upon the five major surviving collections of Spanish early recordings in order to attempt to reconstruct who bought wax cylinders in Spain around 1900, what their motivations were and what their listening and collecting practices looked like. It discusses how record buyers were still a small, privileged minority in Spain at the time, and examines how collecting might have helped developed ways of listening focused on music appreciation rather than on purely replicating a collector’s live music experience. It also analyzes home recording practices, which were a significant part of phonograph marketing strategies at this time.
Conclusion: From national to global
Authors: Moreda Rodríguez Eva
Published: July 2021

The conclusion sums up how the cultural history of the phonograph in Spain can prompt a re-examination of the global history of early recording technologies, and lists four areas in which this re-examination might be particularly necessary. Firstly, the role of Edison, his companies, and other recording multinationals in crafting and spreading the idea of the recording as a concept and setting the foundations of the recording industry might need to be further re-evaluated and contextualized. Secondly, increased attention needs to be paid to the national and local characteristics that impinged discourses around modernity in the period at hand. Thirdly, the early history of recording technologies needs to be read as a history of possibilities, shaped by national, regional, and local cultural specificities. Fourthly, greater awareness should develop of how indigenous repertoires contributed to shaping recording practices and ontologies of recording technologies in particular ways, rather than recording technologies being used to passively record what was already there.
Problems in Cognitive Media Ethics
Authors: Moss-Wellington Wyatt
Published: July 2021

This chapter surveys key problems emerging at the intersection of cognitive science and media ethics, and further refines a hermeneutic approach that will account for each dilemma. Problems discussed include the moral policing of fictive thought experiments rather than actions taken in the world, the confounding heteronomies of cultural and personality variation, issues of selfhood and determinism, and confusions between the ethical and the political. This chapter explains how each problem will be navigated over ensuing chapters, presenting a union of theories in autobiographical memory, social cognition, and textual hermeneutics as a model for unearthing the lived impact—and therefore the ethics—of narrative media and storytelling.
Moral and Cognitive Dissonance in Cinema
Authors: Moss-Wellington Wyatt
Published: July 2021

Cognitive dissonance provides a model for understanding how we experience film texts as profound. This chapter looks at the ways in which filmmakers might motivate or exploit the pleasure of resolving familiar narrative dissonance to inspire emotions associated with profundity, sublimity, or transcendence. David Lynch scholarship is presented as a primary case study in the conflation of cognitive dissonance and transcendence; however, it is contended that moral obligations to rape and trauma victims are sublimated in the process. Alternative moral dissonances across a range of cinematic modes are subsequently addressed. Comparative analysis of vigilantism in American revenge and “social cleansing” films, Ken Loach’s social realism, and John Sayles’s Lone Star (1996) permits an exploration of variability in filmic dissonance and narrative comprehension, as well as alternative approaches to filmmaking ethics and responsibility. The chapter concludes with suggestions for an applied ethics extended from theories of cognitive dissonance.
The Emotional Politics of Limerence in Romantic Comedy Films
Authors: Moss-Wellington Wyatt
Published: July 2021

“Limerence” describes the intensity of emotions often felt during the pair-forming stage of a romantic relationship, a period that is also the primary focus of many romantic comedy films. This chapter asks how filmmakers have used depictions of limerence to highlight spaces in which its potential for both disruption and loving care could be brought to political spheres. I look at a series of millennial romantic comedies that express emotional upheaval, vulnerability, and openness to change as qualities of relevance to both a romantic and a political selfhood. These “political romcoms” reveal a range of dynamic relations between notions of character competence, moral fiber, personality, and deservedness, and invite investigation of complex emotions that modify a more generalized positive affect associated with romantic comedy cinema: humiliation as a comic device and the existential fear of rejection.
Enthymemes Online
Authors: Moss-Wellington Wyatt
Published: July 2021

The final chapter addresses current issues in news and social media, as well as the tandem problems of public trust in journalism, democratic institutions, and everyday personal communications inaugurated by digital media’s proliferating resources for fabrication and obfuscation. After introducing a cognitive-rhetorical model for identifying promotional enthymemes online, this chapter carefully considers the ways in which media criticism is taught in higher education; it questions traditional methods of interrogation and deconstruction that individualize the ethics of media engagement and have the potential to breed further mistrust within already trust-poor cultures. Alternative modes of analysis are considered for their pedagogical merits, including the uses of postcritique and surface readings of media texts. Ultimately, I make the case that there is an imperative to guide a hopeful, forward-looking, normative search for solutions in our classrooms, in addition to describing the political problems we currently confront. The alternative is to prescribe a disempowering culture of suspicion for the next generation, who will be the inheritors of a fraught media ecology that scholars continue to document as it unfolds.
Classification of PSIs and Their Lexical Categories
Authors: Alqassas Ahmad
Published: July 2021

In chapter 2, the author lays out a classification of polarity-sensitive items (PSIs) and their lexical categories. PSIs include negative polarity items (NPIs), free-choice items (FCIs), positive polarity items (PPIs), and negative concord items (NCIs). General indefinites display different distributions than do NPIs. Indefinite nouns like ħada and iši function as NPIs, and they are distinct from indefinite nouns (general indefinites) that occur in the context of negation. This chapter discusses the distinctive features of NPIs and PPIs, such as scope widening. Two different types of PSIs interact with negation in interesting ways: NPIs and NCIs. One key difference between the two is that NPIs cannot function as fragment answers without negation and can occur in nonnegative contexts, such as interrogative and conditional contexts. NCIs display the opposite behavior. This chapter describes the distribution of the disjunctive particles walla/willa/ʔam ‘or’ and the negative counterpart wala ‘nor’ in polarity contexts and their status as structures for coordinate complexes in Arabic.
Introduction
Authors: Stockdale Katie
Published: July 2021

This chapter introduces the motivation for the book, the methodology, and the arguments of Hope Under Oppression. It offers an overview of the emerging interest in the nature and value of hope in philosophy, and it also explains how the author came to the subject of hope from feminist approaches to moral, social, and political thought. Feminist philosophy helps to reveal the nature and scope of complex and overlapping systems of privilege and oppression, and in doing so, it can give rise to questions about hope. A feminist approach to moral psychology enables reflection on how hope is experienced and valued by people who live under oppression, offering new conceptual resources for understanding the nature, value, and risks of hope in human life.
Perception, Knowledge, and Understanding in Aristotle’s Epistemology
Authors: Gasser-Wingate Marc
Published: July 2021

In this chapter I consider how we should approach questions about the relationship between perception and the more advanced cognitive states Aristotle thinks derive from it. I argue that it’s reasonable to talk of perceptual knowledge, and explain how I will be using various knowledge terms to capture the different cognitive states that feature in Aristotle’s epistemology. I then offer an account of scientific understanding (Aristotle’s epistemic ideal) as a form of theoretical expertise requiring a synoptic, reflective appreciation of the explanatory structure of some domain. I argue we should resist views that would make scientific understanding the sole locus of justification, and on which perception would therefore never play any significant epistemic role. I also raise some concerns about invoking talk of justification in this context, and suggest an alternative conception of epistemic value which I think better fits Aristotle’s descriptions of our learning.
Understanding by Induction
Authors: Gasser-Wingate Marc
Published: July 2021

I offer an interpretation of Aristotle’s account of our cognitive development, as he presents it in Posterior Analytics II.19 and Metaphysics A1. I defend an expansive reading of inductive learning as a form of cognitive progress from a range of particular truths to some universal explanation why all these truths hold. I argue that, if inductive learning is understood this way, Aristotle’s claim that we learn first principles by induction is not an implausible one—and I present some examples where Aristotle seems to be displaying just this sort of inductive progress in his own scientific works. I end by examining the notion of particularity and universality at play in his descriptions of various cognitive states, and considering what his views on induction tell us about the role perception plays as a starting point for our learning.
Image in the Making
Authors: Thomson-Jones Katherine
Published: July 2021

Human beings have always made images, and to do so they have developed and refined an enormous range of artistic tools and materials. With the development of digital technology, the ways of making images—whether they are still or moving, 2D or 3D—have evolved at an unprecedented rate. At every stage of image making, artists now face a choice between using analog and using digital tools. Yet a digital image need not look digital; and likewise, a handmade image or traditional photograph need not look analog. If we do not see the artist’s choice between the analog and the digital, what difference can this choice make for our appreciation of images in the digital age? Image in the Making answers this question by accounting for the fundamental distinction between the analog and the digital; by explicating the technological realization of this distinction in image-making practice; and by exploring the creative possibilities that are distinctive of the digital. The case is made for a new kind of appreciation in the digital age. In appreciating the images involved in every digital art form—from digital video installation to net art to digital cinema—there is a basic truth that we cannot ignore: the nature and technology of the digital expands both what an image can be as an image and what an image can be for us.
The Origins of Uncontested Adjudication
Authors: Pfander James E.
Published: July 2021

This brief chapter explores the origins of non-contentious or voluntary jurisdiction, tracing its appearance in Roman law and its incorporation into the practice of civil law systems of Europe. After examining uncontested adjudication in England, this chapter tracks its arrival in British North America. Building on English forms that were themselves rooted in civil law, colonial courts in North America used uncontested process to handle such familiar matters as the probate of decedents’ estates and the exercise of equity and admiralty jurisdiction.
The Nineteenth-Century Perspective on Federal Judicial Power
Authors: Pfander James E.
Published: July 2021

This chapter examines the way nineteenth-century jurists defined the words “cases” and “controversies” in Article III of the U.S. Constitution. It shows that federal courts agreed to hear uncontested applications to claim rights under federal law as “cases” under Article III. But the same courts refused to hear matters governed by state law unless they arose between opposing parties as “controversies” within Article III. This distinction between cases and controversies meant that a claim of right by a petitioner, such as that in a naturalization petition, would qualify as a case, even though the plaintiff did not join an adverse party from whom the plaintiff sought redress.
The New Adverse-Party Rule Confronts Judicial Practice
Authors: Pfander James E.
Published: July 2021

This chapter describes the conflicts that arose as the new case-or-controversy requirement came to be seen as in conflict with the broad range of uncontested proceedings that had formed a traditional part of nineteenth-century federal practice. Courts, scholars, and litigants have questioned the power of federal courts to hear bankruptcy proceedings, petitions for naturalized citizenship, applications to approve testimonial immunity, warrant proceedings, petitions for habeas corpus relief, and a range of other matters. So far, at least, the U.S. Supreme Court has been reluctant to deploy its case-or-controversy rule to upset established forms of proceeding.
Toward a Constructive Constitutional History
Authors: Pfander James E.
Published: July 2021

This chapter explores the lessons for the theory of constitutional adjudication that emerge from this book’s account of the meaning of cases and controversies in Article III. Proposing a constructive or synthetic approach to constitutional interpretation, the chapter urges the U.S. Supreme Court to substitute a litigable interest standard for the modern case-or-controversy rule. Such an approach would enable the Court to uphold the right of individuals to pursue uncontested claims as authorized by Congress and to continue to insist on adversary presentations in the disputes that parties present to federal court for resolution. The constructive approach advocated here differs from the position sometimes advanced by originalists in that it seeks to accommodate the lessons of the eighteenth, nineteenth, and twentieth centuries in formulating a measure of the limits of judicial power.
Disconnection and Reconnection as Resistance to Geosurveillance
Authors: Swanlund David
Published: July 2021

Digital media has spawned entire industries centered on geosurveillance, resulting in complex flows of sensitive data. Practices surrounding the collection, use, and sale of this data are commonly concealed behind lengthy privacy policies riddled with legal jargon and devoid of technical specificity. Simultaneously, new methods of analysis tease out information from even “anonymized” data. As a result, it increasingly seems that the only reliable shelter from geosurveillance is to disconnect, but how difficult is this in practice, is it worth pursuing, and how might we do so? This chapter examines these questions. It first outlines several conceptualizations of privacy and establishes what is at stake every time privacy is eroded. It then overviews the many mechanisms that can produce geospatial data, illustrating the ubiquity of geosurveillance and difficulty of disconnection. Finally, and despite this difficulty, it discusses tactics for resistance, demonstrating that modern privacy requires not just disconnection, but reconnection.
Networked Intimacies
Authors: Sundén Jenny
Published: July 2021

This chapter zooms in on transformations of intimacy and relational spaces in a time of a viral, global crisis. Set against the backdrop of “social distancing” practices, the chapter opens with a discussion of digital intimacy, focusing on the layering of anxiety and anticipation within networked connectivity. Secondly, it moves on to discuss how such anticipatory anxiety may become punctuated by pleasure and joy. Considering the dynamics between physical disconnection and digital intensity within pandemic hookup practices, it explores in particular instances of quarantine humor in queer hookup cultures. This humor stems from impossibly contradictory spaces of self-isolation, desire, and longing, in relation to which the swiftness of the swipe is transformed into a disconnect in the shape of a delay. The chapter ends with an example of Swedish, queer quarantine humor and a discussion of partial disconnections, or selective connectivity in difficult times in the interest of self-care.
Introduction
Authors: Reader Ian , Shultz John
Published: July 2021

An itinerant Shikoku pilgrim who said that he would continue doing the Shikoku pilgrimage ‘until I die’ and examples of pilgrims who do hundreds of circuits, often by cars adapted so they can sleep in them, serve to show that repetition and unending practice are common aspects of the Shikoku pilgrimage. The Introduction examines theoretical studies of pilgrimage to show that such issues have barely been examined in the field. Arguing that attention needs to be paid to the idea of pilgrimage as recurrent and permanent rather than temporary and transient, it posits a rethinking of studies of pilgrimage, using the Shikoku pilgrimage as its prime mode of analysis. It also shows how ideas of ‘addiction’ and Shikokubyō, ‘Shikoku illness’, are warmly embraced by pilgrims in Shikoku, thereby enhancing their readiness to become unending pilgrims.
The Shikoku pilgrimage
Authors: Reader Ian , Shultz John
Published: July 2021

This chapter describes the Shikoku pilgrimage and shows how itinerant ascetics and legends helped shape its development. It shows that the idea of unending itinerancy was embedded in the pilgrimage from the outset, articulated in foundation legends and the asceticism of early pilgrims, and facilitated by the circuit-like structure of the route, in which pilgrims on completing the route return to their point of departure and thus simultaneously are at the end and start of the pilgrimage. It provides case studies of famed historical pilgrims who walked multiple times and shows how faith in the holy Buddhist figure Kōbō Daishi, depicted as a perennially wandering pilgrim in Shikoku, played a part in encouraging repetition. It further indicates how local customs, including almsgiving and themes of competition among pilgrims, have further encouraged the culture of multiple performance in Shikoku.
Living on the pilgrimage
Authors: Reader Ian , Shultz John
Published: July 2021

There are some pilgrims who live permanently as homeless itinerants on the route. They are often viewed negatively as beggars who are only doing the pilgrimage to solicit alms and avoid work. However, this chapter presents a more nuanced picture, showing that while some itinerant pilgrims beg and succumb to drink and theft, others lead disciplined ascetic lives. It presents case studies of homeless itinerants who have lived for many years on the pilgrimage, from one who turned to drinking and theft, to an ascetic Buddhist practitioner who eschewed alcohol, to a famous fugitive from the law who had a devoted group of supporters and a colourful history of crime, and whose dualistic nature as a revered pilgrim and infamous felon encapsulates the contradictory dimensions of itinerant pilgrims in Shikoku.
Pilgrims and their cars
Authors: Reader Ian , Shultz John
Published: July 2021

This chapter focuses on the most common way to do multiple pilgrimages: by vehicle. It also examines the social dimensions of such performance, initially by examining pilgrimage confraternities, usually centred around a leader revered as a spiritual authority, and how they create a culture of encouraging repeat pilgrimages. The chapter then looks at the most common social grouping doing multiple Shikoku pilgrimages by vehicle: husband and wife couples. These examples also draw attention to enjoyment as a prominent factor in pilgrimage. The chapter then looks at individuals who drive multiple times around the pilgrimage, particularly those who sleep in their cars to do speedier and more frequent pilgrimages. The chapter outlines the motivations and practices of such pilgrims and indicates that hybrid pilgrimage performance—trying out various ways of doing it—also plays a part in the culture of repetition.
Frances Elizabeth Caroline Willard
Authors: Giver-Johnston Donna
Published: July 2021

Chapter 4 narrates the life and public reform of Frances Willard. A female public speaker and writer, Willard took on the cult of domesticity and the strict gender roles enforced in the American Industrial Age. Facing gender inequality, Willard fought for women’s rights and social reform, serving as the president of the Women’s Christian Temperance Union. In addition to describing Willard’s life, this chapter examines the use of her public platform and the authority of her public rhetoric to influence the lives of women seeking equal opportunities. Analyzing her narrative of cultural reform in her two books, How to Win: A Book for Girls and Woman in the Pulpit, this chapter explores the rhetorical tactics Willard used to effectively argue for equality and egalitarianism for women in church and society.
Outro
Authors: Boffone Trevor
Published: July 2021

The Outro explores how the Renegades throughout this book used their social media platforms and clout to further social justice messages during the height of the renewed Black Lives Matter movement following the murder of George Floyd in summer 2020. Renegade Zoomers played a significant role in celebrating Blackness and made many of these “moves” on social media. Whether it was through attending marches, creating viral dance challenges, or producing new music, Renegades positioned their creativity, joy, and labor as central to the movement for Black lives. Their work forced onlookers, moreover, to recognize the labor of Black girls in our social movements. Renegades reveal, ultimately, that the revolution will be digital.
Horace and the Slip to Solitude
Authors: Kachuck Aaron J.
Published: July 2021

This chapter argues that Horace made the solitary sphere into a way of life. Against models of Horace’s persona and work that emphasize the contrast between public bard and coterie poet, it shows how the slip to solitude represented a pervasive gesture across his corpus. Proceeding chronologically, close reading of satires, Odes, and the relationship between the tale of the ostensibly mad man at Argos in the Epistle to Florus and the conclusion of the Ars poetica shows how the poet construed the solitary sphere in different ways in various genres, and how its representations formed an interconnected, self-encircling corpus. Throughout, review of the history of scholarship, including Richard Heinze’s theory of Horatian lyric, shows how Horatian poems have been re-socialized, how self-address works in a variety of Horatian genres, and how recovering Horace’s solitary sphere suggests a poet who had more in common with a Romantic than with a neoclassical spirit.
The Social Origins of Views on Privacy
Authors: Gandy Jr. Oscar H.
Published: July 2021

Understanding the nature of public opinion about privacy and the collection and use of information by corporate and government agencies was dependent primarily upon the secondary analysis of a large number of surveys made public by the Harris Data Center. An additional and somewhat different perspective on related concerns was developed through the analysis of data from an original large telephone survey administered through an AT&T contractor, Maritz Marketing. A number of key questions were asked in both sets of surveys, but comparisons between 1978 and 1990 surveys allowed for the comparisons of the ways in which key responses changed over time. Among the more interesting were the changes in the levels of trustworthiness associated with particular actors at the time. The Census Bureau became more trustworthy, while telephone companies became considerably less so. Another comparison assessed the extent to which respondents were seeking to have a regulatory response applied to a particular area of activity. The secondary analysis of Harris data from 1978 made it possible to explore the social characteristics that were predictive of respondents’ orientations toward particular aspects of the panoptic sort. The variations of trust toward different institutional actors as a function of respondent age were quite substantial, and often curvilinear, with younger and older respondents often agreeing more with each other. Secondary analysis of data from 1989 surveys examined the relations between trust, and age, social class, and a variety of differences in experience. While those socioeconomic factors had considerable explanatory power, it was also clear that mass media exposure was playing an important role in shaping those opinions.
Afterword
Authors: Gandy Jr. Oscar H.
Published: July 2021

The afterword provides a detailed description of developments in the area of privacy and surveillance after the turn of the century and of the rapid developments in information technology and the monopoly firms like Google, Facebook, Apple, and Amazon, which have come to dominate the flow of information and the appropriation of consumer surplus. Its focus on technological systems includes the expanded internet, with special emphasis on the Internet of Things and the impact of the connections between humans, sensors, and machines. Special attention is paid to transformations in the nature of capitalism, reflected in assessments made by Shoshana Zuboff with regard to its focus on surveillance, and David Lyon and Bernard Harcourt with regard to the role of social media and the exhibitionist culture that it helped to develop. The risks to democratic systems associated with developments in computation and analysis, accelerated through advances in artificial intelligence and machine learning, are described in the context of transformations in governance likely to accompany the emergence of an algorithmic Leviathan. At this point, an assessment of Jacques Ellul’s predictions about the future of our democratic systems is provided once again.
Consolidating Bolshevik Power
Authors: Breslauer George W.
Published: July 2021

After the Bolsheviks came to power in November 1917, a combination of internal and external military forces launched a civil war to overthrow the Bolshevik regime. The Bolsheviks prevailed after almost four years of violence that killed many more Russians than had died in World War I. The civil war shaped Bolshevik conceptions of the need to monopolize power, to eliminate the social classes that had been pillars of the old regime, and to use virtuous “revolutionary violence” toward these ends.
Building Socialism
Authors: Breslauer George W.
Published: July 2021

After Stalin won the power struggle, he adopted a strategy for building socialism that entailed a frenzied pace of industrialization, city-building, collectivization of agriculture, state-building, and social transformation, accompanied by the vast use of revolutionary violence against the peasantry in particular, causing the deaths of over six million people. The rhetorical basis for both the scope and the pace of change was the claim that the national security of the Soviet state required the earliest possible construction of a communist state with the capacity to mobilize its population for war and defend itself militarily.
Was Stalinism a Logical Continuation of Marxism, Leninism, or Neither?
Authors: Breslauer George W.
Published: July 2021

For political activists as well as scholars, the relationship between Stalinism and the Marxist-Leninist (or Bolshevik) heritage is a fraught one. If Stalinism grew organically out of the Marxist apocalyptic vision or the Leninist commitment to revolutionary violence, then the discrediting of Stalinism would call into question the entire intellectual and organizational heritage of Bolshevik rule. This chapter presents the arguments for and against continuity and concludes that the Leninist heritage facilitated, but did not determine, the Stalinist Revolution from Above or the Great Terror.
The Creation of East European Communist States
Authors: Breslauer George W.
Published: July 2021

Soviet occupation of much of Eastern Europe at the conclusion of World War II facilitated Moscow’s imposition of communist regimes in five countries. In Yugoslavia and Albania, by contrast, communist regimes came to power largely on their own, and remained autonomous of Red Army control. In Czechoslovakia, an urban coup brought the communist party to power largely indigenously, but in the shadow of Soviet power. And in Austria and Greece, communist parties did not succeed in coming to power, and Stalin largely conceded that they would not.
Origins and Entrenchment of the Cold War, 1945–1953
Authors: Breslauer George W.
Published: July 2021

Several theories are considered to explain the determinants of Cold War between the United States and the USSR, countries that had been allies until 1945. If Stalin, not FDR, had died in 1945, there might have been a greater prospect of continued cooperation between the two great powers.
World War II and the Creation of Asian Communist States
Authors: Breslauer George W.
Published: July 2021

Mao’s formula for coming to power differed from the Bolshevik pathway. It entailed a peasant-based guerrilla war that helped to defeat Japanese occupation and that went on to defeat the Nationalist forces, led by Chiang Kai-shek, in conventional warfare after World War II was over. There were many differences between the Maoist and Soviet models of revolution, but there were also many similarities in the willingness to attempt a “socialist” revolution in a peasant society, in the glorification of revolutionary violence, in the determination to ensure that the communist party monopolizes power and politics after winning the civil war, in the determination to build socialism thereafter, and in the commitment to anti-imperialist struggle within a world communist movement led by Moscow.
Cuba’s Indigenous Revolution, 1959–1970
Authors: Breslauer George W.
Published: July 2021

Fidel Castro, his brother Raul, and Che Guevara prosecuted a guerrilla war that brought them to power in January 1959. They were socialist in orientation, but not yet faithful to a communist party. US hostility to the new regime’s policies of nationalization of industries controlled by US companies led to intensification of political controls and the seeking of external protection and assistance from Moscow. The Cuban Missile Crisis brought to a head the issue of US determination to overthrow the Castro regime, but also led the superpowers to the brink of war.