bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Why Randomized Placebo Control Groups Are Necessary In CAM Research
Authors: Bausell R Barker
Published: November 2023

Employing a placebo control group does not prevent the placebo effect from occurring. The only way to do that is to convince people that the experimental intervention that they are about to receive will not help them or that there is nothing special about it. Using a placebo group doesn’t even tell us how large the placebo effect is in a particular experiment because so many other inferential impediments are operating at the same time. The only way to ascertain the actual size of a placebo effect is to employ a no-treatment control group and to compare its results with those obtained for the placebo group.
What High-Quality Systematic Reviews Reveal About Cam
Authors: Bausell R Barker
Published: November 2023

I’ve already mentioned the fact that there are thousands of research journals and archives containing the results of hundreds of thousands of research trials. In the past few decades an exceedingly creative tool has evolved to help us make sense of this embarrassment of riches. In 1976, a research methodologist named Gene V. Glass published a paper unremarkably titled ‘‘Primary, Secondary, and Meta-analysis of Research,’’ in which he proposed a new approach for dealing with the results of multiple trials designed to evaluate the same interventions.
Sacrificing Patient Benefit to Protect Patient Rights
Authors: Veatch Robert M
Published: November 2023

The insurmountable difficulties that physicians face in predicting what will benefit their patients are only the first challenge to the Hippocratic ethic that will lead to its abandonment as the new medicine becomes more and more dominant. Two other problems are even more serious. The first is deciding whether a physician who somehow knows what will maximize benefit to his or her patient should be permitted—legally or ethically—to pursue that benefit even when it violates a patient’s rights. That will be our topic in this chapter. The other problem is whether a physician should pursue a patient’s benefit when doing so conflicts with benefit to others. That will be the topic of the following chapter.
Randomized Human Experimentation: A Proposal for the New Medicine
Authors: Veatch Robert M
Published: November 2023

Given the unexpectedly bleak turn in the recent history of the concept of indifference (or equipoise) as the justification for randomization, what should be done to salvage these crucially important trials? Both individual clinicians and the clinical community will typically drift out of equipoise long before an adequate level of certainty has been reached to conclude that we know one treatment is better than another. Reasonable patients will have a real interest in betting on the apparently winning treatment. Reasonable clinicians bound to promote their patients’ interest will be obliged to tell them which treatment has the better odds. As long as benefit is conceived of as a matter of objective medical fact that can be known by competent clinicians informed by the latest research findings, no study of moment will ever be completed.
Conflicts of Interest and Conflicts of Commitment
Authors: Jones James W , McCullough Laurence B , Richman Bruce W
Published: November 2023

Medical practice abounds with conflicts of interest and conflicts of commitment. Conflicts of interest occur when there are conflicts between the physician’s obligations to the patient and the physician’s self-interest. Conflicts of interest arise because surgeons have multiple self-interests that they cannot or will not abandon in their role as physicians. Conflicts of commitment exist when the surgeon’s obligations to the patient collide with responsibilities to people other than the patient or himself. Conflicts of commitment often arise when the physician simply cannot excuse himself or herself from these obligations, many of which are not related to his professional persona.
Nuclear Chemistry: Lewis, Urey, and Seaborg
Authors: Coffey Patrick
Published: November 2023

Dr. Gilbert Newton Lewis of the University of California, and Dr. Harold Clayton Urey, former student at the university, were mentioned today in Stockholm dispatches as likely recipients of this year’s Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Dr. Urey, now professor of chemistry at Columbia University, attracted wide attention by his discovery of “heavy water,” and Dr. Lewis has developed notable methods of concentrating this water. Dr. Urey was a student under Dr. Lewis while attending the university at Berkeley. Dr. Lewis, one of the world’s outstanding chemists, has been mentioned for the Nobel Prize before. His scientific works have been widely acclaimed.
Like Nobody Else 1956–7
Authors: Cook Richard
Published: November 2023

As important as the quintet was, there were few attempts at recording it on the hoof: frustratingly little exists of the group away from its studio sessions for Prestige and Columbia. One early fragment which has survived is its appearance on the Steve Allen TV show for NBC (17 November 1955), although it exists in audio only (Rare Unissued Broadcasts [1]). The group play fairly brief versions of’Max Is Making Wax’, a bop tune dating back to Charlie Parker days, and ‘It Never Entered My Mind’. Allen tries to engage Davis in a little repartee, but is shocked by the sound of his voice: ‘Got a cold?’. ‘No,’ responds Miles, ‘I had an operation on my throat.’ A month earlier, Davis had indeed undergone surgery, to remove polyps on his larynx. He had never had an elegant speaking voice – it already sounds throaty on the Prestige session where he castigates Monk – and the operation had been meant to alleviate some of the problem. But he had been required not to speak beyond the bare minimum for a period after the operation, and had, at some point, raised his voice in some measure of anger: it may have been at a rehearsal, or in some heated conversation with some industry figure, nobody seems quite sure.
Normativity and Epistemic Intuitions
Authors: Weinberg Jonathan M , Nichols Shaun , Stich Stephen P
Published: November 2023

In this essay we propose to argue for two claims. The first is that a sizable group of epistemological projects—a group which includes much of what has been done in epistemology in the analytic tradition—would be seriously undermined if one or more of a cluster of empirical hypotheses about epistemic intuitions turns out to be true. The basis for this claim will be set out in section 2. The second claim is that, while the jury is still out, there is now a substantial body of evidence suggesting that some of those empirical hypotheses are true. Much of this evidence derives from an ongoing series of experimental studies of epistemic intuitions that we have been conducting. A preliminary report on these studies will be presented in section 3. In light of these studies, we think it is incumbent on those who pursue the epistemological projects in question to either explain why the truth of the hypotheses does not undermine their projects, or to say why, in light of the evidence we will present, they nonetheless assume that the hypotheses are false. In section 4, which is devoted to Objections and Replies, we’ll consider some of the ways in which defenders of the projects we are criticizing might reply to our challenge. Our goal is not to offer a conclusive argument demonstrating that the epistemological projects we will be criticizing are untenable. Rather, our aim is to shift the burden of argument. For far too long, epistemologists who rely heavily on epistemic intuitions have proceeded as though they could simply ignore the empirical hypotheses we will set out. We will be well satisfied if we succeed in making a plausible case for the claim that this approach is no longer acceptable.
Abstract + Concrete = Paradox
Authors: Sinnott-Armstrong Walter
Published: November 2023

Every area of philosophy is beset, bemused, and beguiled by paradoxes, which are riddles with good reasons for contrary answers and no expert or rational consensus on which answer is best (Sorensen 2003). Some paradoxes depend on curious examples, such as in the liar paradox. Others arise out of ordinary life. The former bother only philosophers, but the latter bother both philosophers and common folk. The latter, ordinary kind of paradox will be my topic here.
Fast and Frugal Heuristics
Authors: Gigerenzer Gerd
Published: November 2023

If you open a book on judgment and decision making, chances are that you will stumble over the following moral: Good reasoning must adhere to the laws of logic, the calculus of probability, or the maximization of expected utility; if not, there must be a cognitive or motivational flaw. Don’t be taken in by this fable. Logic and probability are mathematically beautiful and elegant systems. But they do not always describe how actual people—including the authors of books on decision making—solve problems, as the subsequent story highlights.
Out of the Frying Pan into the Fire
Authors: Gigerenzer Gerd
Published: November 2023

The 9/11 Commission’s report unfolded the chronology of the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, which cost the lives of some three thousand people and billions of dollars in property damage (National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the United States, 2004). It focused on how al-Qaeda terrorism evolved, the possible failures of intelligence agencies to detect and avoid the attack, and potential diplomatic, legal, and technological measures to prevent future attacks. The report concerned the origins and prevention of what I refer to as direct damage, that is, the immediate consequences of terrorist action.
The Moral Assessment of Violence and Terrorism
Authors: Held Virginia
Published: November 2023

The moral problems of violence or terrorism arise in actual contexts. Addressing them may be thought to be a task for applied ethics. However, only if we had adequate normative theories suitable for the diverse contexts of human experience would we be in a position to make valid applications of ethical theory. Along with many others, I doubt that the theories we now have are adequate, but I believe that the moral views and judgments we can come to in exploring actual problems can help us to improve our moral theories and to test them in experience.
Is Innateness a Confused Concept?
Authors: Samuels Richard
Published: November 2023

Innateness hypotheses have played a central role in the development of cognitive science and have been invoked to explain a broad array of psychological phenomena, including theory of mind, arithmetic, folk physics, and language acquisition. Despite the prominence of such hypotheses, however, it would be misleading to suggest that nativists have had things all their way. On the contrary, their views have been subjected to sustained criticism and, indeed, roundly rejected in many quarters of the cognitive science community.
Where Integers Come From
Authors: et.al., Alan M Leslie
Published: November 2023

If the primitive preverbal symbols for numbers are noisy mental magnitudes, what is the preverbal foundation for our concept of an integer? We argue that the essential problem is to answer the question where our notion of exact equality or perfect substitutability comes from. In practice, real valued variables are never exactly equal; nor is it easy to specify an algorithm for establishing exact equality (in the limit) between two random Gaussian variables. Furthermore, because number concepts must support arithmetic inference, a necessary part of the psychological foundations is the integer concept ONE. ONE is required because it is the multiplicative identity element for which no other value, approximate or exact, can be substituted. Moreover, ONE is required by the successor function, which generates all the other positive integers. We further argue that an essential constraint on any proposal for discrete (integer-valued rather than real-valued) mental symbols is computational compatibility with the real- (or rational-) valued mental magnitudes that represent continuous quantity. These constraints rule out most current proposals that postulate systems of discrete numerons or other symbols representing only very small numbers. We consider alternative proposals.
Rational Statistical Inference and Cognitive Development
Authors: Xu Fei
Published: November 2023

All students of cognitive development agree that the central questions in development are (1) specifying the initial state of a human infant, (2) specifying the final state of development for a human adult, and (3) specifying how to get from the initial state to the final state. Then academic disputes ensue.
“In the Cypher”: B-Boy Spaces
Authors: Schloss Joseph G
Published: November 2023

The phenomenon that Forman criticizes—the presentation of hip-hop arts as the mechanical result of a particular set of social or material circumstances and the resulting characterization of hip-hop’s pioneers as, at best, creative reactionaries—is sadly typical of academic hip-hop scholarship. I have discussed this issue in regards to music elsewhere (Schloss 2004:25–30). What I would like to do here is exactly what Forman suggests: to interrogate the “discursively pro-duced value systems” of b-boying by investigating the theoretical approaches that b-boys and b-girls themselves have articulated to address their relationships to the spaces within which they operate.
Syncope
Authors: Dimario Francis J
Published: November 2023

Generalized convulsions are recognizable by a sudden loss of consciousness, collapse, rhythmic motor behaviors, and gradual recovery. This sequence of clinical events may be mistakenly concluded if the additional precise details of the initiating triggers, prodromal symptoms, more gradual development of lost consciousness, and prompt recovery are not specifically sought after in order to identify syncope. The ease at which these distinct clinical entities, syncope, and epileptic seizure are inadvertently confused can be easily understood but with careful attention to the clinical history may as easily be distinguished.
Would You Marry An Atheist?
Authors: Sinnott-Armstrong Walter
Published: November 2023

The answer is obvious for many people: No way! Many theists would never consider marrying any atheist—no matter how beautiful, intelligent, charming, fun, funny, courageous, compassionate, and kind.

One of the main reasons is that they don’t trust atheists. They think, “If God is dead, everything is permitted; so adultery and spouse abuse are permitted, according to atheists.” Who would want to marry anyone who sees nothing wrong with spouse abuse? Or who has no morals whatsoever? Such partners would cause trouble and then get into trouble. They would infect children with depravity and could not be counted on to help with the dishes.
What’s Wrong With Atheists?
Authors: Sinnott-Armstrong Walter
Published: November 2023

Atheists are sinners—no doubt about it. They deny the existence of God as well as the Holy Spirit. That denial is blasphemy, so it is enough to make all atheists sinners. Indeed, this sin is unforgivable forever:

every sin and blasphemy will be forgiven men, but the blasphemy against the Spirit will not be forgiven. Anyone who speaks a word against the Son of Man will be forgiven, but anyone who speaks against the Holy Spirit will not be forgiven, either in this age or in the age to come. (Matthew 12:31; compare Mark 3:28– 29, Luke 12:10, Hebrews 10: 26–27, 2 Thessalonians 1:8–9)
Why Be Moral?
Authors: Sinnott-Armstrong Walter
Published: November 2023

Ouch! Burning sulfur! That sounds horrible, and it lasts forever, reportedly. All who are faced with a threat like that have very strong reasons to be moral—or, at least, to do as they are told. What reason to be moral could a secular morality possibly propose that could be as strong as a threat of eternal torment? And if a moral theory cannot provide an adequate reason to be moral, isn’t that a serious deficiency?

Even without Hell, secular moralists can still give a variety of reasons to be moral.
Melancholy: History of a Concept
Authors: Radden Jennifer
Published: November 2023

Melancholy, Melancholia, and Depression as Affective States and Kraepelinian Diseases Whatever their other association, melancholy and depression are today viewed as states suffered, not sought—conditions beyond voluntary control. The contrast between active and passive states, however, reflects a relatively recent emphasis.

Our mental categories are the product of faculty psychology. (In faculty psychology separable mental functions such as thinking, imagining, feeling, and willing were thought to be usefully conceptualized, if not explained, by positing mental faculties corresponding to each.) These faculty psychological divisions only solidified in psychology and philosophy since the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Other cultures and traditions and our own culture at earlier times can be shown to have employed different ways of dividing the person. It thus behooves us to examine premodern writing about melancholy attentive to the “modernist” framing by which depression is today a mood or feeling and beyond the power of the will. By comparing earlier with later writing we may identify the influence of these ways of constructing and dividing mental states and abilities.
The Psychiatry of Cross-Cultural Suffering
Authors: Radden Jennifer
Published: November 2023

Jennifer Hansen’s subtle interpretation of Kleinman’s writing provides me a welcome opportunity to clarify my own interest in Kleinman’s wonderfully rich and provocative claims. As Hansen interprets Kleinman, all human beings are capable of falling into “illness of distress,” which have a common source although they exhibit culturally varied (sign and) symptom expression.
Melancholy, Mood, and Landscape
Authors: Radden Jennifer
Published: November 2023

A wintry, northern landscape stretches before us in monochromatic tones, with few or no signs of habitation, and overcast skies. Such a scene is gloomy, and mournful, we say, or melancholy. My question is why we say “melancholy”; my challenge is to identify and explain the way in which the bleak landscape is related to the state or condition of melancholy.
The Evolution of Women’s Permanent Ornaments
Authors: Thornhill Randy , Gangestad Steven W
Published: November 2023

Particular female features arouse the sexual attraction of men. Wherever around the globe researchers have looked, men are attracted to hyperfeminine facial features and dimensions. Men are sexually attracted to young women’s breasts. In most geographic locations, they prefer women who possess a small waist relative to hips. Smooth feminine skin in general can attract men, as can feminine voice qualities. (See reviews in Feinberg, Jones, B. C., DeBruine et al., 2005; Fink, Grammer, & Thornhill, 2001; Grammer, Fink, Juette, Ronzal, & Thornhill, 2002; Schaefer et al., 2006; Scheyd, Garver- Apgar, & Gangestad, 2007; Singh, 2002b; Symons, 1995; Thornhill & Gangestad, 1999a; Thornhill & Grammer, 1999.)
Good Genes and Mate Choice
Authors: Thornhill Randy , Gangestad Steven W
Published: November 2023

In several chapters to this point, we have referred to “good genes” and “genetic quality.” These topics play more important roles in chapters to come. This chapter explains the nature of good genes, considers the evolutionary processes that give rise to and maintain variation in genetic quality in natural populations, and discusses literature on potential markers of quality. In chapter 6, we argued that women’s ornaments have evolved, through sexual selection, as signals of superior quality and condition, which, in part, may reflect genetic quality. We elaborate that argument here. We also discuss potential signals of genetic quality that men possess by virtue of evolution via sexual selection.
Women’s Estrus
Authors: Thornhill Randy , Gangestad Steven W
Published: November 2023

As we noted in our introductory chapter, over four decades ago researchers offered a de0nitive conclusion about women’s sexuality: Over the course of the last several mil- lion years, women had lost estrous sexuality. Modern women possess no distinct fertile sexuality within their cycles. The theoretical perspective we presented in chapter 8 casts serious doubt on this conclusion. Nearly all vertebrates, we suggest, possess estrous sexuality. Many researchers, however, have misunderstood estrus. Estrous sexuality does not function to obtain sperm or ensure fertilization; these effects are by-products of estrus’s function. Female reproduction is only very rarely limited by the availability of male sperm; typically, the abundant male willingness and ability to deliver sperm that sexual selection yields ensures that females have no trouble obtaining sperm. Rather, estrus functions to lead females to target as sires males who offer genetic benefits for offspring, relative to other males. Females in estrus should not be indiscriminate in their mate choices. Indeed, they may be even choosier during estrus than outside of it. In species with extended sexuality, what should distinguish estrous sexuality from extended sexuality are mate preferences: the features that females 0nd most sexually attractive.
Reactions of Alkanes with the Hydroxyl Radical (OH)
Authors: Calvert Jack G , Derwent Richard G , Orlando John J , Tyndall Geoffrey S , Wallington Timothy J
Published: November 2023

This chapter contains a review of the kinetics and mechanisms of the reactions of alkanes with the hydroxyl radical. Reaction with OH is the major atmospheric fate of all alkanes. Since the alkanes are fully saturated, the reaction invariably involves abstraction of a hydrogen atom to form an alkyl radical, which adds molecular oxygen to form an alkyl peroxy radical.
Hans von Bülow
Authors: Walker Alan
Published: November 2023

Hans von Bülow is a key figure in 19th century music whose career path was as broad as it was successful. Music history's first virtuoso orchestral conductor, Bülow created the model for the profession-both in musical brilliance and in domineering personality-which still holds forth today. He was an eminent and renowned concert pianist, a respected (and often feared) teacher and music critic, an influential editor of works by Bach, Mendelssohn, Chopin, and Beethoven, and a composer in a variety of musical genres. As a student and son-in-law of Franz Liszt, and estranged friend of Richard Wagner (for whom his wife Cosima famously left him), Bülow is intricately connected with the canonical greats of the period. Yet despite his critical and lasting importance for orchestral music, Bülow's life and significant achievements have yet to be heralded in biographical form. In Hans von Bülow: A Life and Times, Alan Walker, the acclaimed author of numerous award-winning books on the era's iconic composers, provides the first full-length English biography of this remarkable musical figure. Walker traces Bülow's life in illuminating and engaging detail, from the first piano lessons of his boyhood days, to his first American tour, to his last days as conductor of the Berlin Philharmonic. Unearthing Bülow's extensive and previously unavailable correspondence and writings, Walker conveys amusing and informative anecdotes about this unique musical legend- from his sardonic and clever personality to his meticulous devotion to his work-and reveals enlightening insights on the still-contested sensibilities of musical-compositional style and "idea" at play in the vibrant musical world of which Bülow was a part.
Bülow’s Family Background
Authors: Walker Alan
Published: November 2023

On the morning of August 17, 1812, Napoleon’s Grande Armée paused on its long march towards Moscow, and began a terrifying barrage o artillery against the Russians defending the old city of Smolensk. The battle continued all day, and part of the next, and involved more than 110,000 soldiers. By nightfall the ‘holy city’, with its historic spires and golden domes, was on fire. Napoleon roused his exhausted equerry General Caulaincourt from his slumbers in order to admire the spectacle through his spy-glass. ‘It’s an eruption of Vesuvius!’, exclaimed Napoleon. ‘Is it not a fine sight?’ ‘It is horrible, sire’, replied the general.
With Liszt in Weimar
Authors: Walker Alan
Published: November 2023

In the spring of 1850 Franziska and Isidora departed from Berlin and re- turned to Dresden, leaving Bülow to continue his law studies in the Prus- sian capital. He applied himself diligently to jurisprudence, but the topic brought him little pleasure. It was music, and the memory of his recent encounter with Liszt in Weimar, that held him in thrall. In August 1850, Bülow persuaded his mother to meet him in Weimar in order to attend the Herder Festival. There he witnessed Liszt conducting the world pre- mier of Wagner’s Lohengrin, a major turning point for him. He knew that he must abandon law in favour of music. Since he lacked the means to support himself, his first priority was to come to an understanding with his father. He travelled down to Ötlishausen on September 10 in order to begin the difficult process of converting Eduard to his point of view. His sister Isidora happened to be there on a family visit, and he shared his hopes and aspirations with her as well. He also spent time in the company of his new stepmother, Louise, who later recalled these days of agitation. ‘We often went for walks in the beautiful neighborhood’, she reminisced, ‘but the pleasant time in Ötlishausen did not last long. One morning Hans had vanished. He was absent from breakfast, dinner, and supper. All in- quiries were unsuccessful’.
First Tours of Britain—and Beyond, 1873–1875
Authors: Walker Alan
Published: November 2023

When Bülow first crossed Albion’s shores, in April 1873, the country was still widely regarded as ‘Das Land ohne Musik’. The profession itself was generally held in low esteem, particularly by the upper classes which had never regarded music as a fitting occupation for an English gentleman. During one of Liszt’s appearances in London, in 1840, Lady Blessington had inspected him through her lorgnette and had famously exclaimed, ‘What a pity to put such a man to the piano!’Amateurism was rife. The country had not produced a composer of major importance since Purcell. Despite the presence of the Royal Academy of Music, which had opened its doors in 1822, English musicians who wished to succeed usually went to the Continent to be ‘finished’, two of the favoured destinations being Paris or Leipzig, and when they returned home they often adopted for- eign names in order to enjoy a better career. The Industrial Revolution had created great wealth among the middle classes, however, and foreign musicians flocked to Britain because that is where the money was to be made; they ensured that the standard of orchestral music making, espe- cially in London, was relatively high. England’s great choral tradition was different. The rest of Europe had nothing to compare with it. The orato- rios of Handel and Mendelssohn, to say nothing of lesser composers, did not receive finer performances anywhere, even in Germany.
At Hanover, 1877–1879
Authors: Walker Alan
Published: November 2023

Bülow had never sought an appointment in Hanover, but in the summer of 1877 the musical establishment there had been visited by a double misfortune. On May 20 the assistant conductor Jean-Joseph Bott had fallen from the podium in a state of intoxication and had crashed onto the front row of the stalls during the middle of a performance of Liszt’s oratorio Saint Elisabeth. The work was stopped in its tracks and the in- sensible Bott was carried into the wings, with an injured right leg. Liszt himself was in the audience, quickly mounted the platform, and directed the rest of the performance.Bott was forced to resign, his reputation tar- nished, and not long afterwards he sank into obscurity as the director of a local music conservatory in Magdeburg. A few weeks later, fate struck the small opera house again. On August 15, the principal conductor Karl Fischer, who had been the Court Kapellmeister since 1852, was felled by a massive heart attack as he was dining at the Union Hotel, and the opera house was left in disarray. Within hours of hearing of Fischer’s death, Bronsart wrote to Bülow offering him the conductorship. ‘Would you be willing, hand in hand with me, to lead the opera here to a higher level of artistic significance?’As we have seen, Bülow was in Baden-Baden at that moment, taking a water cure, and it was from this unlikely location that he had given his cautious assent.
Britannia Scorned, 1878–1879: Encounters and Skirmishes in ‘The Land without Music’
Authors: Walker Alan
Published: November 2023

When Bülow left Britain, in January 1878, in order to resume his duties in Hanover, his reputation throughout the country stood at its zenith. Had he never gone back, he would have continued to carry the admira- tion of the nation with him. He did go back, however, and built up re- sentment among the English because of his sharp tongue and abrasive comments. Undoubtedly his nerves were fretted by the ongoing tensions in the Hanover theatre; and his tribulations could hardly have been eased by the arrival of a dismal English winter, making travel through the prov- inces, much of it at night, a difficult business. For whatever reason, the moment he set foot in Britain again, in November 1878, he began to hold forth in a series of musical ‘Travelogues’ for publication in the Leipzig Sig- nale, which were critical of musical life in this country. They appeared under the general title of ‘Autocritical Notes of a Journey in a Fog’, and were translated into English and reprinted in British journals.
The Berlin Philharmonic, 1887–1892 I: The Eagle’s Wings
Authors: Walker Alan
Published: November 2023

When Hermann Wolff took over the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra, it consisted of little more than fifty disillusioned players who had recently broken away from the popular Benjamin Bilse Orchestra and were strug- gling to arrange concerts on their own. Bilse had been the conductor, manager, and owner of the orchestra since its inception in 1868, and he was now putting on three or four popular concerts a week in the old Berlin Concerthaus on Leipzigerstrasse. Some of the concerts were de- voted to classical music, others to light entertainment. At Bilse’s concerts one sat at tables and drank beer with one’s friends while listening to whatever the orchestra was playing that evening. Once a week the Bilse Orchestra even played dance music, the Berlin Concerthaus having been turned into a dance hall for the occasion.
The Berlin Philharmonic, 1887–1892 II: ‘Glory, Honour, and Good Fortune’
Authors: Walker Alan
Published: November 2023

Much of what Bülow was doing after his return from America was men- aced by the uncertain state of his health. Sometimes his neuralgic pains caused him little more than a minor inconvenience; but at others his symptoms broke out with ferocity and his headaches and sinus pains (‘like gout in the head’) forced him to seek urgent treatments at various spas, where he consulted a multitude of doctors and subjected himself to a variety of water cures, massages, and mineral baths. He also underwent ‘galvanic’ therapy—the application of mild electric shocks to stimulate the muscles and the nervous system. In July 1890, for instance, he trav- elled to Heidelberg for a course of galvanic treatment administered by Professor Wilhelm Erb, the celebrated neurologist and professor of inter- nal medicine at Heidelberg University.
Building blocks and glue
Authors: Cordes Eugene H
Published: November 2023

In the previous chapter we established that the molecule methane is assembled from one carbon atom and four hydrogen atoms, arranged in a specific, precise way in space. The idea here is quite general: choose a collection of atoms of various types, connect them in a unique way and you have a new molecule. That is one of the things that chemists do, generally, in a search for molecules having useful properties, a novel drug for an important medical need for example. What follows in this chapter will establish some principles based on molecules containing only a single carbon atom that, like methane, have important meaning for us moving forward.
Now for the rest of the elements in vitamin pills
Authors: Cordes Eugene H
Published: November 2023

Of the 92 elements that occur in nature, 28 are found in living organisms. Most of these are trace elements: that is, they occur in small or very small amounts. The major elements in living organisms are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur. One criterion for the existence of life as we know it is a source of these elements. These derive ultimately from nuclear reactions in stars. Together, these six elements account for about 92% of the dry weight of living organisms: of these six, we have so far discussed carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen. We begin this chapter by examining some of the roles of phosphorus (P) and sulfur (S) in living organisms. Having disposed of six elements, that leaves 22 to go: of these, four seem not to be essential for human life—aluminum, arsenic, boron, and bromine—and I will have nothing more to say about them except to note that boron is essential for some plants and that arsenic is essential for some animals and possibly for humans. Bromine occurs in a number of marine natural products. That leaves us with 18 more trace elements to worry about: sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, fluorine, chlorine, iodine, silicon, selenium, molybdenum, manganese, iron, chromium, cobalt, nickel, copper, vanadium, and zinc. I will have something to say about some of these.
Carbohydrates Sweetness and life
Authors: Cordes Eugene H
Published: November 2023

For most people, the mention of carbohydrates, more commonly known simply as “carbs,” rightly brings to mind bread, pasta, potatoes, rice, and suchlike—all carbohydrate-rich foods, as are fruits and fruit juices. Proponents of certain diets, most notably the Atkins diet, have vilified carbohydrates: eat the hamburger but throw away the bun. Throughout 2003 and much of 2004, supermarket shelves were loaded with a host of new products touting their low-carbohydrate content. Seemingly, everyone was eager to cash in on the faddish popularity of the Atkins diet. It went so far as to include low-carb beers, as if “lite” beers were not enough insult to the taste buds of aficionados of this blue-collar staple. Happily, the Atkins diet fad has run its course as all fad diets do, sooner or later. The simple, compelling fact is that carbohydrates are essential in the diet of healthy human beings.
Meninges And Ventricular System
Authors: Fisch Adam
Published: November 2023

The Ventricular System runs through the center of the nervous system and the choroid plexus that lines it produces cerebrospinal fluid, which suspends and nourishes the brain and spinal cord.The meninges cover the nervous system and are layered in the following manner: the pia mater is the innermost layer; the arachnoid mater overlies it; and the dura mater is the thick outer-covering of the nervous system. Fluid enters the subarachnoid space and then is reabsorbed into the venous sinuses within the dura mater.
Nerve Roots And Rami
Authors: Fisch Adam
Published: November 2023

The Anatomy Of The Nerve roots and rami appears deceptively simple, and you may be tempted to skip this chapter. Resist this urge. Certain of its details directly affect our evaluation of neuromuscular disorders and are important to our interpretation of neurophysiologic studies (nerve conduction studies and electromyography).
Median Nerve
Authors: Fisch Adam
Published: November 2023

The Lateral And Medial CORDS of the brachial plexus form the median nerve and the C6 to T1 nerve roots supply it. The lateral cord C6 and C7 fibers are primarily sensory and the medial cord C8 and T1 fibers are mostly motor. Briefly, the median nerve provides pronation of the forearm, radius (lateral)-deviated wrist flexion, and thumb abduction out of the plane of the palm, and it is the primary flexor and extensor of digits two and three. The median nerve also provides sensory coverage to the thenar eminence (ball of the thumb) and the entire palmar surface and dorsal tips of the lateral three and a half digits. In anatomical position, the arm is in supination so “the lateral three and a half digits” refer to the thumb, index finger, middle finger, and lateral half of the ring finger.
Lumbosacral Plexus
Authors: Fisch Adam
Published: November 2023

The Ventral Rami of the L1–S4 spinal nerves form the lumbosacral plexus; nine spinal nerves contribute, which makes it a challenge to untangle. Fortunately, though, there are fewer anastomoses in the lumbosacral plexus than in the brachial plexus, so it is easier to understand. Whereas in the brachial plexus there are roots, trunks, divisions, cords, and nerve segments, in the lumbosacral plexus we are limited to roots and nerve segments.
Peripheral Autonomic Nervous System
Authors: Fisch Adam
Published: November 2023

The Peripheral Autonomic Nervous system comprises the craniosacral parasympathetic, thoracolumbar sympathetic, and enteric nervous systems. In this chapter, we will focus on the parasympathetic and sympathetic systems and we will briefly discuss the enteric nervous system at the end.
Spinal Cord
Authors: Fisch Adam
Published: November 2023

Draw A Cross-Section through the spinal cord; it is ovoid and has a thin fissure on its anterior side. The internal gray matter resembles a butterfly (or a bikini-top). Label the top of the diagram as “posterior” and the bottom as “anterior.” The ratio of gray matter to white matter varies throughout the rostro–caudal length of the spinal cord. In the lumbosacral spinal cord, the gray matter outsizes the white matter, whereas in the thoracic spinal cord, the white matter outsizes the gray matter. Why is this? At the bottom of the spinal cord, the ascending white matter tracts are narrow (they are just beginning to coalesce) and the descending white matter motor fibers have, for the most part, already terminated within the spinal cord gray matter, so they are also narrow. Conversely, in the thoracic cord, a high density of white matter lumbosacral afferent sensory fibers have accumulated and the white matter motor efferent bundles destined for the lumbosacral cord are still dense with fibers. Additionally, there are gray matter enlargements in both the lumbosacral and cervical spinal cord regions because of the high density of sensory and motor neurons required to innervate the distal extremities, which helps enlarge the relative size of the gray matter at those levels. But in the thoracic spinal cord, the gray matter size is small. Thoracic-innervated abdominal musculature requires less eloquent wiring than the lumbosacral-innervated footwork requisite for dancing or the cervical-innervated finger coordination required to play the piano. Thus, in the lumbosacral cord, the gray matter clearly outsizes the white matter and in the thoracic spinal cord, the white matter outsizes the gray matter. In the cervical spinal cord, both the gray and white matter are plump for reasons you can infer from the prior discussion.
Vestibular System
Authors: Fisch Adam
Published: November 2023

In This Chapter, we will draw the peripheral vestibulocochlear system and central vestibular system. The peripheral vestibulocochlear region comprises the outer ear; the external ear canal, which extends through the mastoid process; the middle ear, which encompasses the ossicles in the mastoid process; and the inner ear, which is the bony labyrinth in the temporal bone. The auditory component functions in sound perception and the vestibular component keeps us balanced despite constant motion and also helps us fixate our vision. Move your head about while reading this text. If your vestibular system is intact, you won’t become nauseated or have much drop in visual accuity—just a one line drop on a Snellen visual chart (e.g., from 20/20 to 20/25). When the vestibular system is damaged, on the other hand, even slight movements are dizzying.
Surfaces of the Brain
Authors: Fisch Adam
Published: November 2023

In This Chapter, we will draw the lateral, medial, and under surfaces of the brain,as well as the Sylvian fissure, and insular cortex. In addition, we will draw highlights of the Brodmann functional maps and Penfield’s somatotopic homunculus. On each cerebral surface, we will divide the brain into its lobes and then divide the lobes into their gyri and sulci. Close your fist, now, to represent the topography of the brain. The fingers represent the gyri and the grooves between them are the sulci. What advantage is there to this contour? It increases the brain surface’s area: approximately two-thirds of the brain’s surface lies within these sulcal valleys. The cerebellum, which was drawn in the preceding chapter, is a good example of how important tissue folding can be; it is condensed into a space much smaller than the remainder of the brain but its convolutions give it a larger surface area.
Efficient Testing, Including Brain Imaging
Authors: Ahlskog J Eric
Published: November 2023

Patients presenting with typical symptoms and signs of Parkinson’s disease (PD), and no medical or neurologic red flags, often require no testing. A careful history (including review of the medication list) and full neurologic examination should suffice, provided criteria listed in table 7.1 are met.
Etiology and Epidemiology of Parkinson’s Disease
Authors: Ahlskog J Eric
Published: November 2023

When initially counseling your Parkinson’s disease (PD) patient, questions undoubtedly will arise: “What could have caused this?” ... “Is it something I did?” ... “Is this inherited?”. Also, anticipate the inevitable, “How close are we to a cure?”. Literally thousands of published papers bear on these questions and we need to synthesize and condense the facts to allow thoughtful counseling of our PD patients.
Overview: Available Drugs for Motor Problems of Parkinson’s Disease
Authors: Ahlskog J Eric
Published: November 2023

Optimal medical treatment of Parkinson’s disease (PD) symptoms requires knowledge of relevant drug pharmacology and brain function. Most of the PD drugs enhance brain dopamine neurotransmission in one way or another and all of the most efficacious PD drugs are such dopaminergic agents.
Urinary Symptoms
Authors: Ahlskog J Eric
Published: November 2023

Parkinson’s disease (PD) dysautonomia often results in symptoms of neurogenic bladder, with urinary hesitancy, urgency, and incontinence, as well as urinary tract infections. However, bladder symptoms are common in seniors and may also have other origins, such as anatomic abnormalities in women, prostatism in men, as well as neoplasms in both genders.
Sexual Dysfunction, Estrogen, and Menstrual Cycles
Authors: Ahlskog J Eric
Published: November 2023

Male libido and potency decline with normal aging, whereas Parkinson’s disease (PD) dysautonomia may compromise this further. Thus, complaints of erectile dysfunction (ED) are common in PD clinics. TV-advertised medications for ED are well known, but before prescribing, it is wise to consider other possible contributory factors: Also note that selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) medications may reduce libido, although their antidepressant benefits may offset this.
Long-Term Disease-Modifying Therapies
Authors: Birnbaum Gary
Published: November 2023

The introduction in the early 1990s of medications that clearly modified the course of MS revolutionized treatment of the disease. Prior to that time the approach of many neurologists was to intervene at the time of acute relapses and to treat symptoms as they arose, but otherwise it was “diagnose and adios.” One of the initial pivotal observations on disease-modifying therapies in MS was made in 1981 by Dr. Lawrence Jacobs, who noted that intrathecal interferon-beta reduced MS relapses.1 Twelve years later the first large, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of interferon-beta was published, and the era of modern therapy for MS began. As of this writing six drugs approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of MS are available in the United States. All of them are anti-inflammatories, but they have a variety of mechanisms of action. Most are approved only for persons with relapsing-remitting MS, with one drug, mitoxantrone, approved for persons with rapidly progressive secondaryprogressive MS. Unfortunately, there are no approved drugs available at this time for persons with primary-progressive MS or the more usual gradually progressive secondary-progressive MS.
Stephen Jay Gould What Does It Mean to Be a Radical?
Authors: Lewontin Richard C , Levins Richard
Published: November 2023

The public intellectual and political life of Steve Gould was extraordinary, if not unique. First, he was an evolutionary biologist and historian of science whose intellectual work had a major impact on our views of the process of evolution. Second, he was, by far, the most widely known and influential expositor of science who has ever written for a lay public. Third, he was a consistent political activist in support of socialism and in opposition to all forms of colonialism and oppression. The figure he most closely resembled in these respects was the British biologist of the 1930s, J. B. S. Haldane, a founder of the modern genetical theory of evolution, a wonderful essayist on science for the general public, and an idiosyncratic Marxist and columnist for the Daily Worker who finally split with the Communist Party over its demand that scientific claims follow Party doctrine.
Smells Like Teen Spirit, 1991–2008
Authors: Smith Chris
Published: November 2023

It was 1991, and nobody cared. In May, Douglas Coupland’s book Generation X opened its first chapter with the ominous words, ‘‘The Sun is Your Enemy,’’ capturing the overwhelming weight of powerlessness felt by a stifled wave of young adults. In July, an unnamed character in Richard Linklater’s film Slacker asked the immortal question, ‘‘Who’s ever written a great work about the immense effort required in order not to create?’’ capturing the cynical response of these young adults to their suffocating cultural quagmire. When the levee broke, however, a cathartic growl erupted from the Pacific Northwest as albums like Pearl Jam’s Ten, Nirvana’s Never mind (1991), Soundgarden’s Bad motor finger, and Alice in Chains’ Dirt railed against ubiquitous commodification at a level of controlled chaos that allowed listeners to release their pent-up frustrations without actually having to do anything about them. Punk was back, and it was pissed.
Education And Professional Endeavors
Authors: Laureno Robert
Published: November 2023

Raymond D. Adams descended from soldiers of the Indian and Civil Wars and from pioneers who crossed the Great Divide. His father had built the home, where Ray was born in 1911. There he lived his early years without gaslight or electricity. Hard work and self-reliance came naturally to Ray Adams. These inborn traits were reinforced by his parents’ example and expectations.
Investigation And Ideas
Authors: Laureno Robert
Published: November 2023

Kinnier Wilson’s neurology text of 1940, a three-volume work, was the great synthesis of clinical neurology for the first half of the twentieth century. It had an extensive section on “special forms of toxicosis of the nervous system,” but there was no section on the metabolic encephalopathies of organ failure. Aside from Wilson’s discussion of deficiency and toxic states, his only other mention of acquired metabolic disease was in the discussion of progressive lenticular degeneration (hepato-lenticular degeneration or Wilson Disease).