bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
L51630 In-Line Detection and Sizing of Stress Corrosion Cracks Using EMAT Ultrasonics
Authors: Unknown Author
Published: August 2023

The development of stress corrosion cracks (SCC) in buried gas pipelineshas posed a serious threat to pipeline integrity for many years. It can be reliably detected by magnetic particle techniques in the field or by laboratory studies using low frequency eddy currents. It is also possible to find and measure the depths of the cracks from the ID by careful scanning with an ultra-sonic angle beam probe but the transducer must be manipulated by a skilled operator. All of these approaches are not very satisfactory for in-line inspections because they are not suitable for covering the total area of a pipeline and they are too labor intensive to be automated. In order to address this problem with new technology, the PRCI requested proposals for any technique that seemed to be practical and the Electromagnetic Acoustic Transducer (EMAT) was suggested as very promising because it has already demonstrated operation in the environment of the inside of a gas pipeline. Magnasonics, Inc., of Albuquerque, New Mexico, was chosen from many respondents to conduct an in-vestigation of the use of EMATs for overcoming the problems expected to arise from in-line operation and to incorporate the latest developments in ultrasonic inspection with EMATs. The objective of the program described in this report was twofold. First, to apply the most recent developments in EMAT technology to the problem of detecting and sizing stress corrosion cracks (SCC) in operating gas pipelines and second to exploit the ability of EMATs to generate and detect a wide variety of ultrasonic waves in the walls of a pipeline under operating conditions.
PR-218-063511-R01 Inventory of Types of Mechanical Damage Experienced by Gas and Oil Pipelines
Authors: Semiga
Published: August 2023

The project focused on compiling an inventory of mechanical damage experienced by gas and oil pipelines to ensure that the capability or applicability of models being developed or used to predict pipe behavior in the presence of mechanical damage are representative of actual experience.� The inventory was developed through the use of a survey sent to a variety of pipeline operators requesting information regarding mechanical damage incidents reported through both in-line inspection operations and field dig reports.� The information provided included the type of mechanical damage experienced, the possible source of the damage, the significance of the defects in terms of whether or not they resulted in leaks or ruptures, and how frequently they occur on pipelines of various sizes and grades.� The result of this work has at least two important uses.� In the short-term, the results can be used on a related project, MD-2B, which is intended to develop a model for ranking severity of ILI indications associated with mechanical damage and dents from the standpoint of response times for remediation.� In the longer term, the results can be of use to model developers who are trying to develop or improve mechanics-based models for predicting the failure pressure levels of mechanically damaged pipe segments.
L51748 Detection of Stress Corrosion Induced Toe Cracks-Advancement of the Developed Technique
Authors: Ginzel
Published: August 2023

In the past few years an ongoing problem has existed with stress corrosion cracking (SCC) in pipelines around the world. Several member companies of the Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. have experienced multiple incidents as a result of ERW defects and SCC. TCPL is running a series of hydrostatic tests and trial digs to identify the most severely affected areas. These excavations and failure studies have ascertained that most of the SCC causing failure has been on the outside diameter of long seam welded pipe at the edge of the weld. Defects at that location are known as "Toe-Cracks"

Ginzel has developed an ultrasonic inspection technique that will detect both SCC colonies and toe cracks in long seam pipe. The main design objective for this research project was the selection and placement of ultrasonic transducers to combine weld, plate thickness and lamination inspection, along with SCC detection and sizing. Examination of sample pipe sections to demonstrate its success is reported.

The primary stages for this research project are:

�Assemble test equipment
Establish test procedure
System trials and data collection
Evaluation of system performance and collected data
Correlation of test data - Results
L51827 Multiple In-Line Inspection Technologies
Authors: Bubenik  , Nestleroth
Published: August 2023

Combinations of technologies were evaluated by collecting and comparing information on the capabilities of different technologies and by evaluating the operational requirements of each. Results include; definition of important defect characteristics, determination of system constraints, evaluation of inspection technologies and determination of inspection technology capabilities and limitations, survey results of pipeline and in-line inspection companies, evaluation of inertial mapping and caliper capabilities and finally an evaluation of technology combinations. Based on the results, several examples of combinations of technologies were identified that may be sucessfully used to detect, locate the position of, and characterize different types of defects. The results of this study also identified what in-line inspection technology is best for particular circumstances and the conditions under which the technology would provide optimal results.
L51394 Investigative Techniques to Determine the True Pipe-to-Soil Potential of a Buried Pipeline
Authors: Barlo  , Fessler
Published: August 2023

The purpose of this research project was to develop measurement techniques that would allow true pipe-to-soil potential of a buried pipeline to be determined. Several measurement techniques were developed and evaluated in the field. This report details those field evaluations. The main objective of this research was to develop a method or methods for eliminating the IR component of the measured pipe-to-soil potential. A minor objective was to investigate the feasibility of using coupons or other appropriate means for measurement techniques requiring a knowledge of current density. These techniques were developed as a compliment, not a replacement, to present methods of measuring the pipe-to-soil potential.
L52304 Development of Criteria-Guidelines for Welding Onto In-Service Chemical Pipelines
Authors: Bruce  , Berg  , Agrawald
Published: August 2023

Welding onto in-service pipelines and piping systems allows cost-effective installation of branchconnections (hot taps) and repair sleeves. Beyond the normal in-service welding concerns ofburnthrough and hydrogen cracking, there are often additional concerns when welding ontopipelines and piping systems in chemical service. For example, some products can undergochemical changes when exposed to the heat from an in-service weld. In spite of these concerns,some companies routinely weld on lines in chemical and other potentially hazardous service,although limitations and special precautions are often specified. Examples include wallthickness limitations below which in-service welding is not permitted and the use of weldingprocedures that limit heat input. The objective of this project was to review the concerns forwelding on in-service pipelines in chemical service, the techniques that have been used in thepast to address these concerns, and to develop criteria that will allow this type of welding to becarried out safely.

Criteria for in-service welding were developed for a wide range of chemicals that were identified as being of interest. The format for these criteria is similar to material safety data sheets (MSDSs). Many of the potential concerns that were identified can be controlled by limiting the inside surface temperature. Factors that affect inside surface temperature include: (1) pipe wall thickness, (2) the introduction of heat into the pipe wall by the welding process, and (3) the removal of heat by the contents. For many of the concerns that were identified, if protection from burnthrough using the inside surface temperature approach is practiced, protection from these other concerns is also accomplished. The ability to accurately control heat input levels is an important aspect of being able to weld safely onto in-service pipelines, particularly when inside surface temperature needs to be limited. Methods for controlling heat input levels in the field were reviewed and detailed guidance was developed. The benefits of using small-diameter electrodes (lower current levels), which allows the attachment of a hot tap fittings at relatively low heat input levels, were identified. Techniques to address other concerns that are not inside surface temperature related were also identified.
L51573b Pipe Connection Methods and Effects on Deepwater Construction B
Authors: Litzelfelner
Published: August 2023

A study to review and evaluate the various mechanical pipeline connectors currently available for J-curve pipelay methods offshore. The connectors were compared by listing the advantages and disadvantages of each. A test program to evaluate connectors was developed.
L52310 Criteria for Evaluating Failure Susceptibility Due to Crack Defects Phase II
Authors: Chell G. Graham
Published: August 2023

Seam cracks can pose a serious threat to the integrity of electric resistance welded (ERW) liquid and gas pipelines. Of concern to the industry is not just the assessment of cracks under service conditions, but also ways that may be used to establish the remaining lives of pipelines based on the results of a hydrostatic pressure test. An accurate crack assessment procedure is required. The main objective of Phase II is to validate the J-based crack assessment method developed in Phase I by using it to predict the results of full-scale burst tests on seam-welded pressurized pipes containing axial surface flaws. The comparisons between measured and predicted burst test conditions demonstrated that the Level 3C (J-based) assessment resulted in conservatively calculated critical burst conditions when fracture toughness values measured using highly constrained bend specimens were used in the analysis. This initial validation exercise highlighted some of the difficulties that may be encountered when attempting to validate the accuracy of advanced flaw assessment methodologies using vintage thin-walled pipe sections containing axial cracks. A second set of validation calculations were performed using modified material properties chosen to compensate for the effects of (a) extraneous plastic strains on stress-strain curves measured on flattened tensile specimens and (b) plastic constraint effects, and the J-based Level 3C assessment methodology developed in Phase I predicted accurate critical flaw sizes and critical pressures for the burst test pipe samples.
PR-360-08207-R01 Cylinder Level Sensing and Control on Typical Pipeline Engines
Authors: Beshouri  , Huschenbett  , Bothwell
Published: August 2023

Further reductions in NOx emissions while maintaining optimum engine performance can only be obtained by improving engine combustion control at the cylinder level. This requires cylinder level sensors capable of continuously monitoring combustion performance in both the main combustion chamber (MCC) and the pre-combustion chamber (PCC) and electronically actuated valves that can respond to those measurements. Until recently, in-PCC combustion measurements on spark ignited engines were only possible in the laboratory using very expensive pressure sensors with extremely short lives. Ion Sense offers a non-intrusive, robust and cost effective method to monitor in-PCC combustion in the field on a continuous basis. Derived from automotive technology, ion sense utilizes post ignition ionization measurements from a standard spark plug. When measured from a spark plug mounted in a PCC Ion Sense provides a wealth of previously unavailable information on misfire, instability, flame initiation, early flame propagation, in PCC air/fuel ratio, etc. This work investigated the use of ion sense data collected in the PCC to monitor and control in PCC air/fuel ratio, main chamber air/fuel ratio and the timing of combustion events in both. This paper reports on the results of this testing as well as describing the optimization strategy developed which is applicable to the full range of pipeline engines.
PR-466-143602-R01 The Impact of Fluctuations in AC Interference on the Corrosion Risk for Buried Pipelines
Authors: Nielsen Lars
Published: August 2023

The objective of paper is to study the effect of fluctuating AC interference phenomenon (AC interference time duration and level of AC interferences) on the corrosion risk of pipelines. This fluctuation typically represents the actual condition experienced by the pipeline but is not entirely captured or discussed in current guidelines or standards (e.g., the EN 15280:2013) which operates only with average values over a representative period of time. This study involves systematic laboratory investigations of fluctuating AC voltage levels (0, 6, 25, and 40 V) for various time durations and the comparison of the resulting corrosion rates. The DC ON-potential has been kept constant at four different levels (-1100, -1250, -1500, and -1750 mV CSE). The corrosion rates have been measured on weight loss coupons as well as ER probes in circular and rectangular shapes. Conditions and resulting corrosion rates for fluctuating AC conditions have been compared with conditions and corrosion rates obtained in reference experiments with constant AC. Potential mapping of the experimental setup has been made to verify the setup, which was found to be satisfactory. It also underlines the importance of a proper experimental design for laboratory scale AC corrosion investigations.
PR-322-073207-E01 Retrofit of Pump for Performance Testing and Evaluation
Authors: Hessman
Published: August 2023

Evaluation of predicted vs. measured performance of centrifugal pumps operating with a 2-phase fluid. Predicted performance includes CFD analysis.
PR-218-063510-R01 Literature Review on Mechanical Damage
Authors: Francini Robert
Published: August 2023

The development of an engineering model and acceptance criteria for the evaluation of dent and gouge damage will provide a significantly improved technical basis to evaluate the threat of delayed failure and develop general guidance for the industry to enable safe working pressures for operation before and during excavation and repair. When combined with the results from parallel PRCI projects, this effort will form the basis for delivering a new suite of engineering tools and guidance to the industry on how to evaluate the integrity of pipe containing mechanical damage. This study provides input on the fracture mechanics model for mechanical damage as developed by Andrew Francis and Associates.
PR-186-04305-R01 Liquid Petroleum - Internal Corrosion Direct Assessment
Authors: Moghissi
Published: August 2023

LP-ICDA is intended to serve as an integrity verification tool, playing the same role within pipeline integrity management as in-line inspection (ILI) and hydrotesting (either as a replacement or as a complement). The method relies on:

Identifying a mechanism for corrosion susceptibility;
Detecting a property associated with this mechanism through an indirect measurement;
Performing a direct observation of the pipe (e.g., by excavation); and
Correcting for any discrepancies between the predictions and observations.
PR-370-08211-R01 Gas Turbine Component Research Prioritization - Solar Turbines
Authors: Bush
Published: August 2023

An assessment of operational issues currently impacting gas turbines used in natural gas transportation.
PR-325-07205-R01 Development of a Turbocharger Monitoring System
Authors: Dufur  , Chapman
Published: August 2023

Turbocharger performance, especially on SIP-call engines, remains essentially unmeasured even though tracking information over time would provide critical information to help field engineers lower their engine emissions as well as the cost of operations. In 2006, with the assistance of funding from the Pipeline Research Council International Inc., ScavengeTech LLC developed and field tested a turbocharger monitoring system that consisted of a set of analog sensors to measure key turbocharger performance parameters and hardware to interface the sensor outputs to a computer. The collected data was then analyzed via a series of spreadsheets that normalized the data and trended it over time. While successfully demonstrated in the field, the hardware system was large and expensive. The anticipated sales price of $25,000 was outside the price point for widespread adoption by the industry. The objective of this project was to modify the turbocharger monitoring system to: 1) incorporate digital sensors, 2) decrease the footprint of the system, and 3) integrate the collected data and identified algorithms into one software package.
PR-015-11206-R01 Waste Heat Recovery Phase II
Authors: Wilcox  , Poerner  , Ridens  , Coogan
Published: August 2023

At a pipeline station with a gas turbine or internal combustion engine , there is waste heat which is currently being vented to the atmosphere. Capturing and using this waste heat could potentially increase the overall thermal efficiency of the station, reduce emissions at the station, and reduce operational costs. In the past, the focus of waste heat recovery systems has been on large scale systems. Little attention has been given to small-scale options which would be suitable for use at a pipeline compressor station. This project evaluted options for using waste heat recovery for internal facility uses such as gas compressor aftercooling.

Readers are cautioned that the economimics/feasibility analysis reflect some some assumptions that are not commonly applicable for most compressor facilities and therefore any conclusions based on economics should not be considered to be widely applicable.
PR-351-083602-R01 Field Demonstration of Reliability Based Guidelines for Pipeline Integrity
Authors: Desjardins  , Sahney
Published: August 2023

An in-depth review of the reliability framework developed by C-FER for PRCI (PR-244-05302 Guidelines for Reliability Based Pipeline Integrity Methods) was undertaken in Phase I of this project. In Phase II of this project, the guidelines were applied to a second set of inline inspection data � along with more specifically defined input parameters. Specifically, two scenarios were assessed for the corrosion data set: one scenario consisted of corrosion growth rate applied on a defect-specific basis whereas the second scenario consisted for corrosion growth rate applied on a segment-specific basis. The analysis was intended to test the method for repeatability of results as well as the sensitivity to one of the critical assumptions associated with corrosion growth rate. The results are presented in this report.
PR-312-12208-R01 Plume Volume Molar Ratio Method Assumptions and Conservative Model Over-Predictions
Authors: Panek
Published: August 2023

With the introduction of the more stringent short-term 1-hour air quality NO2 standard, the use of redundant, overly conservative assumptions (e.g. use of permit allowable emissions � hourly rate based on maximum annual tons per year) is no longer appropriate and potentially misinforms and obfuscates modeling compliance demonstrations. One of the challenges of modeling oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emissions is determining the amount of total NOx that will exist in the form of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) at a receptor. Combustion source emissions usually contain mostly nitric oxide (NO), which is not a regulated criteria pollutant. The Plume Volume Molar Ratio Method (PVMRM) is a higher fidelity �Tier 3� model option contained within the USEPA AERMOD dispersion model for the purpose of reducing the inherent conservatism associated with predicting the NO2 fraction within a plume. Tier 3 approaches must be approved on a case-by-case basis by the regulatory agency prior to approval. The American Petroleum Association (API), Council of Industrial Boiler Owners (CIBO), Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), AF and PA (American Forest and Paper Association) and other trade associations and stakeholders have undertaken initial investigatory efforts into the Plume Volume Molar Ratio Method (PVMRM) algorithm and model chemistry formulation. The initial results of this work were presented at the EPA 10th Modeling Conference on March 13th through 15th, 2012. Section 320 of the Clean Air Act (CAA) requires a conference to be held every 3 years. The purpose of the conference is to provide an overview of the latest features of the agency�s preferred air quality models and to provide a forum for public review and comment on how the agency determines and applies air quality models in the future. This report provides a technical description of the current state of the Plume Volume Molar Ratio Method (PVMRM) currently used by EPA in the AERMOD model and the Air Quality Modeling Guidance contained in Appendix W. This paper examines the conservative assumptions used by EPA that lead to conservative model over-predictions, work that was recently presented at the 10th Modeling Conference on PVMRM, and gaps and shortcomings for existing reciprocating compressors. This report also summarizes the initial findings from these efforts and identifies potential gaps (e.g. shorter stacks and lower in-stack NO/NO2 ratios) in the analysis as it may relate to existing reciprocating engine drivers.
PR-164-114512-R01 CRA Weld Overlay Pipes for Subsea Application
Authors: Nageswaran Channa
Published: August 2023

A literature search was executed to find recorded applications of welding process weld overlay manufacture. Based on the literature review TIG welding was selected for the fabrication of weld overlay in this project. TIG welding with both hotwire and cold wire addition was investigated and a procedure has be developed for producing 4mm thick cladding with �Fe� content less than 5% on the surface. Capability of currently available NDT techniques for the inspection of flaws in TIG welded overlays has been investigated. Plate samples were manufactured and inspected with the developed procedures. Small scale and full scale fatigue testing was carried out to understand the effect of weld over cladding on fatigue performance. This document reports details and results.
PR-015-14600-R01 New Generation USM in Compact Installations Without Flow Conditioners
Authors: Witte  , Grant
Published: August 2023

Certain new ultrasonic meter designs in were evaluated in compact installations. The natural gas industry is interested in realizing possible capital cost savings that would be achieved if ultrasonic meters could be installed in a configuration using meter tube lengths that are shorter than those commonly used today. As a starting point for this study, the short- and close-coupled installation details described in American Gas Association Report 7, �Measurement of Gas by Turbine Meters,� were accepted as reasonable short dimension installations to be studied. This document reports on the test results for three different new ultrasonic meter designs that were evaluated in the short-coupled and close-coupled installations Recommendations are made for industry�s application of these technologies. This study was developed in two parts, Phase I and Phase II. Phase I was focused on ultrasonic meter performance with ideal inlet flow conditions to the meter tube assembly. Phase II examined the response of the meters when the compact meter assembly was subjected to perturbed inlet flow conditions.
PR-446-133604-R01 Alternative Method for Potential Measurement on Buried or Submerged Pipeline
Authors: Maddela  , Claypool  , Fang
Published: August 2023

Missouri S and T investigated alternative new methods to the existing practice of measuring the structure-to-electrolyte potential to assess the level of cathodic protection (CP) of a buried pipeline. The measurement of a negative 850 mV DC pipeline to soil potential relative to a copper/copper sulfate reference electrode has been used for decades as a threshold value for sufficient CP to reduce external corrosion to an acceptable rate ( less than 0.001� per year). However, there is a need for an alternative method that more accurately depicts the corrosion rates of buried pipeline.
PR-396-143702-R01 Feasibility of a Petroleum Leak Detection Cable Utilizing Polymer Absorption Sensor
Authors: Tzonev
Published: August 2023

Several high-profile new pipeline projects in Canada and the USA have triggered investigation of auxiliary leak detection systems outside of the pipeline. Although external leak detection technologies have existed for decades, a comprehensive solution that is widely applicable for both new and existing pipeline deployment still does not exist. The goal of PRCI project PL-1H was to evaluate the feasibility of interconnecting multiple underground Polymer Absorption (PA) hydrocarbon sensor nodes through a single cable that provides both power and data communication inductively to each node. Installing the cable alongside a pipeline would create a continuous underground sensor network that could detect the migrating hydrocarbons from the leak and therefore would have excellent sensitivity for underground hydrocarbon releases. PL-1H developed a comprehensive theoretical model of the cable, created a system topology, established manufacturability, and constructed a proof of concept that was tested under a variety of conditions. The results indicate that the cable concept is technologically feasible and could be practical. It was concluded that if commercialized, the solution could help prepare the industry for the future by delivering a new leak detection tool with small leak detection capabilities.
PR-364-11706-R01 Testing In-Situ Coriolis Meter Verification Technology Detecting Corrosion and Erosion
Authors: Harman
Published: August 2023

Coriolis flow meter diagnostics have made numerous advances in the past five years. Manufactures claim that they can detect corrosion build-up and coriolis tube erosion with their diagnostic software. This manufacturer-blinded study provides diagnostic results from a coriolis meter flow tested in water and in air at three different test pressures. Using wax, the meter was fouled to three different thicknesses, and eroded using sand-laden air. Wax-fouled and eroded flow performance and diagnostic results are compared to baseline data to substantiate and refute manufacturers� claims.
PR-015-15610-R02 Effect of Upstream Piping Configurations on Ultrasonic Meter Bias - Unblinded
Authors: Hawley Adam , Grant Christopher
Published: August 2023

This project investigated the performance of four different brands of commercially available ultrasonic meters installed in an AGA-9 default configuration in two different header designs. The diagnostics from the flow meters were analyzed to determine if they could be used as an indication of bias in the flow measurement. The results from this project were also compared to previous PRCI projects where similar headers were experimentally tested and modeled using CFD.
PR-015-15603-R01 Effect of Upstream Piping Components on Ultrasonic Flow Meter Accuracy - Unblinded
Authors: Hawley  , Thorson
Published: August 2023

This project investigated the velocity profile downstream from three commercially available dry gas filters and the effect of this profile on an ultrasonic meter installed in an AGA 9 default configuration. The inlet profile and condition of the filter element were varied to determine the sensitivity on the profile exiting the filter.
L52134 Development of Methods For Assessing Corrosion Metal Loss Defects In Casing Strings
Authors: Chauhan
Published: August 2023

An industry survey, dominated by PRCI member companies, was undertaken to gather key information regarding the design, operation and inspection of well bore casing strings. The aim of the survey was to gather information regarding the design standards, fields, gas composition, completion configuration, operational details, inspection methods and type of damage found.

Survey results representing 67 storage facilities with a total of 4724 wells were received. This represents approximately 16% of US gas storage facilities. Facilities with initial completion dates between 1920 and 1990 were represented within the survey. The date of conversion from production to gas storage of the responding facilities ranged from the 1920�s to 2000. Non-linear finite element analysis has been used to determine the significance of an isolated pit corrosion metal loss defect in tubing/casing strings subject to the bounding load cases. Pit defects of depths up to 80% of the wall thickness (t) and diameter 2t were investigated to determine the failure behavior under the nineteen bounding load cases. Nine full-scale burst tests were undertaken in order to determine whether existing assessment methods could be used to predict failure of casing and tubing. Failure loci of 2t diameter and 80% deep defects have been derived for casing subject to combined loading. Full scale testing has only been undertaken with internal pressure loading to validate the approach taken to predict failure.
WVJB8LP Smart Gas - Using Chemicals to Improve Gas Deliverability
Authors: Weiss  , Xie
Published: August 2023

Each year, more than 17,000 gas storage wells in the United States lose from 3�5% of their storage capacity and deliverability. In addition, the gas storage industry spends $80�100 million annually to revitalize existing wells; thus, there is an economic incentive to develop new stimulation methods. Limited laboratory information suggests that using surfactants to alter the wettability of the reservoir rock could increase deliverability of gas storage wells. The objective of this project was to develop new technology to improve deliverability from gas storage wells. Two cost-effective surfactants were selected from 11 candidates through preliminary screening tests for additional reservoir core tests. Reservoir cores from three gas storage facilities including sandstone and dolomite reservoirs were used to evaluate surfactant-gas-core systems. The imbibition and core flood tests showed that gas deliverability and storage capacity were improved in surfactant-treated sandstone cores. However, the surfactants had a very limited effect on dolomite cores. An engineering analysis was conducted to develop an analytical method to evaluate future field tests of the new technology. The aquifer storage facilities are candidates for field testing.
GRl-96-0407 Guidelines for Implementation and Risk Assessment of Inert Base Gas Projects
Authors: Ellis  , Harrison  , Weiss
Published: August 2023

GRI funded two prograrns to develop a field implementation plan for inert base gas projects and one to develop risk assessment procedures for the project outlined by that plan-that were combined into a guidelines document. The field implementation plan describes a strategy for identification of the proper storage site and for placement of the optimum volume of inert gas into the selected field. The four basic steps discussed in the field implementation plan are site selection, data collection, engineering analysis, and final implementation planning. Considerable attention is given to the detailed risk assessment, because risk assessment techniques may be new to those involved with underground storage projects. The detailed risk assessment includes cost/benefit analyses and examining insurance needs. A case study of field implementation plan and risk assessment methods applied to the Shirley gas storage field in West Virginia is also presented.

PRCI cofunded this research.
L51390 Emissions Data for Stationary Engines by AGA Member Companies
Authors: Urban
Published: August 2023

This project represents a follow-up to PR-15-61 (Catalog # L22274), where NOx, hydrocarbon, and carbon dioxide emission rates were measured on 59 reciprocating engines and 9 gas turbines. AGA Project PR-15-92 conducted additional measurements on 55 reciprocating engines and 11 gas turbines. The purpose of this document is to compile all of the available pertinent emissions data into one source. All of the emissions data presented in this report have been obtained from projects conducted or funded by AGA or AGA member companies. This report also provides recommendations on test procedures and on descriptive, operational, and emissions data which should be recorded for any additional emissions tests conducted.
PR-186-083600-R01 Unpiggable Pipelines Literature Review and Definition (Phase 1)
Authors: Shie
Published: August 2023

The work described in this document addresses the first phase of a two-phase project to develop a Base Resource Document (BRD) exploring existing methodologies to monitor and assess the status of unpiggable pipelines, with emphasis on internal corrosion. In Phase 1 of the project, a search of published standards and general literature is performed to find existing information on what is considered unpiggable. Based on this search, a definition was developed on what the term unpiggable means for both onshore and offshore applications.
NR199306 Microbial Effects on SCC of Line-pipe Steels in Low-pH Environments
Authors: Davis  , Eiber  , Parkins
Published: August 2023

Many sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) exist in low-pH soils and they are known to produce hydrogen sulfide as a natural product of their life cycle. It is believed that hydrogen sulfide promotes the entry of atomic hydrogen into adjacent steel surfaces as a result if corrosion processes. Thus, tests are needed to determine the microbial effects on stress corrosion cracking of line-pipe steels in low-pH environments. The objective of this work was to determine the effects of sulfate reducing bacteria in producing an environment that promotes stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) in a typical line pipe steel under low pH conditions.
PR-273-063514-R01 Assessment of Corrosion Damage in Pipelines Subjected to Cyclic Pressure Loading
Authors: Swankie
Published: August 2023

A range of methods exist for assessing the remaining strength of a corroded pipeline under static pressure loading and these have now matured to the extent that they are incorporated in regulations and standards. However, there is currently no guidance for assessing the performance of a corroded pipeline under cyclic pressure loading. This is of potential concern to operators where there are significant pressure variations, for example where there is a demand for linepack storage and in liquid pipelines. It is possible that a corrosion defect could be assessed as acceptable for the maximum operating pressure of a pipeline, but fail by fatigue due to internal pressure fluctuations. This project develops an assessment method for pipelines containing corrosion defects which are subject to fluctuating pressure loadings.

The method involves estimating the stress raising effect of the corrosion defect to determine the enhanced cyclic stress range associated with the feature. This stress range is then used with a stress � life (S-N) curve to derive the fatigue life of the corrosion defect. This life can then be used to determine if the defect is acceptable, or the time until a repair is required.
PR-015-073501-R01 Practical Guidelines for Internal Corrosion Threat in Dry Gas Pipelines
Authors: Song
Published: August 2023

Internal corrosion threat in dry gas pipelines is low due to a very low water content controlled under a tariff limit. However, the threat may exist when liquid water is brought into the pipe by condensation, intrusion from laterals or hydrotest. The threat can be confirmed through methods including in-line inspection, pressure testing or direct assessment; whereas each method has its limitations and is costly. It is important that methods be developed to identify and prioritize the likely locations of internal corrosion threat. Equally important are methods that can be developed to determine locations where an internal corrosion threat is extremely unlikely and thus inspections could otherwise be exempted or the reassessment interval extended.

The goal of this work is to develop practical tools to determine the likelihood of internal corrosion threat for given operating conditions. With these tools an operator would be able to evaluate whether the current operation of its pipeline has an internal corrosion threat that is extremely unlikely or how to adjust its operation to control the internal corrosion threat to become extremely unlikely. By having a quantitative understanding of the level of internal corrosion threat, the operator may be able to present a convincing case to regulators that allows for extending the reassessment interval of in-line inspection, pressure testing or direct assessment.
PR-015-08210-R01 Alternatives to Gas Expander Starters for Gas Turbines
Authors: Allison Tim
Published: August 2023

The objective of the project is to identify starter concepts for starting pipeline gas turbines, classify them according to their readiness for use with a pipeline gas turbine, and evaluate the suitability of each concept for use in pipeline applications.
PR-003-103706-R02 Battelle's Commentary on ERW Seam Failures and NTSB Reporting
Authors: Leis Brian , Zhu Xian-Kui , Nestleroth Bruce , Clark Edward B.
Published: August 2023

This report provides a gap analysis of The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) Acci-dent Report NTSB PAR-09-01 titled "Rupture of Hazardous Liquid Pipeline with Release and Ignition of Propane Carmichael, Mississippi November 1, 2007" regarding the Dixie Pipeline Company failure. This report also provides peer review of the NTSB results and establishes the research needs to address longitudinal seam weld integrity for Electric Resistance Welded (ERW) pipe.
L52228 Mechanical Properties of 5LX-80 Pipeline Girth Welds
Authors: Johnson  , Fiore  , Ramirez
Published: August 2023

The primary objectives of this program were to establish baseline weld metal mechanical property measurements for welding X-80 pipelines and tie-ins using commercially available cellulosic SMAW, basic SMAW, FCAW-S, and mechanized GMAW consumables. Additional objectives addressed in this project include:

- Examination of the effect of welding position on toughness in welds produced using manual and semi-automatic processes.

- Evaluation of the effect of repairing FCAW-S weldments with non-FCAW-S consumables and to provide repair recommendations.

- Evaluation of the reported variations in weld metal toughness produced using several heats of GMAW consumables and standard internal/external narrow-groove GMAW procedures.
PR-224-05302-R02 Guidelines for Reliability Based Pipeline Integrity Methods
Authors: Stephens  , Nessim
Published: August 2023

Describes a methodology for reliability-based corrosion integrity management that can be used by pipeline engineers to prioritize and schedule inspection, remediation, and maintenance activities based on information obtained from in-line inspection and direct assessment. Report includes several worksheets.
PR-350-134503-Z01 Overview of MATH-1 Final Reports
Authors: Wang Yong-Yi , Dekhane Aditya
Published: August 2023

The PRCI project MATH-1 was launched in response to PHMSA�s research and de-velopment solicitation in 2007. The principal objectives of this project were to advance weld design, establish weld testing procedures, improve assessment methodologies, and develop optimized welding solutions for joining high strength steel pipes. The project had two focus areas: (1) Update of Weld Design, Testing, and Assessment Procedures for High Strength Pipelines and (2) Development of Optimized Welding Solutions for X100 Line pipe Steel. Twenty two (22) final reports were produced at the end of the project. Each report covered different areas of the project. Given the large number of reports and the vast amount of information generated in MATH-1, this report is generated to provide a high-level overview of the project and the 22 reports. For those individuals who were not previously associated with MATH-1 or have limited knowledge of the project, this report serves as the starting point to access the individual reports and to understand the outcomes and their potential applications. This report provides historical rationales and drivers for the MATH-1 work. The key outputs are summarized along with the discussion on ways to apply those outputs when appropri-ate. To brief readers about the content of each of the 22 final reports, an executive sum-mary for each report is presented.
PR-186-123715-R02 State of the Art for Subsea Pipeline and Equipment Life Extension
Authors: Heggen
Published: August 2023

The objective of this study was to document the status of regulations, industry standards, best practices, and experiences relevant for life extension of subsea pipeline systems. The report covers the following main topics: � Literature review � Industry survey � Analysis and critical review � Recommendations to further work
PR-244-9827-R02 Preliminary Analysis and Full-scale Tests of Collapse of Corroded Pipes
Authors: Chen
Published: August 2023

This work describes the development of finite element models for corroded pipes as a preliminary analysis to assess its affect on full-scale collapse.
PR-260-9726-R01 Carbon Pollutant Emissions and Performance Trade-Offs vs NOx for RICE
Authors: Corporation Advanced Engine Technologies
Published: August 2023

This work evaluates the effect of emission and performance trade-offs of reduction technologies for reciprocating engine-compressors. Of specific interest are the trade-offs
between emissions of NOx versus CO, THCs and in particular HAPS.

This work includes accumulated engine performance and emissions data from eight industry and client funded projects encompassing 24 engines of 18 different models
typifying two (2SC) and four stroke cycle (4SC) open (OCC) and pre-combustion chamber (PCC) engines in gas transmission service.
PR-258-9619-R01 Inlet Air Humidity Effects on a Large-Bore Two Stroke Natural as Fired Engine
Authors: Willson
Published: August 2023

An evaluation of the amount of water vapor in the inlet combustion air and its effects on emissions and other engine operating conditions (bulk cylinder temperature, fuel consumption, etc.)
GRI-04-0066 Functional Specifications - Advanced Controls for Two-Stroke Cycle Stationary Engines
Authors: Howland
Published: August 2023

A functional specification was developed for new digital control algorithms to replace methods traditionally controlled by pneumatic controllers. The specification includes input/output requirements and details on control methods.
NR198002 Evaluation of Chelating Agents for Controlling Stress-Corrosion Cracking
Authors: Brooman  , Berry  , Lineman
Published: August 2023

Studies to develop methods for preventing stress-corrosion cracking have been concentrated in three general areas: (1) modifying the steel from which pipes are made, (2) modifying the operating practices involving stress, temperature and cathodic protection, and (3) modifying the environment. In the latter category, various approaches have been considered, and experiments have been performed or are currently underway. One approach is to modify the soil chemistry at the soil/pipe interface by using interrupted cathodic protection. Another approach is the use of inhibitors to modify the environment known to promote stress-corrosion cracking. Yet another approach under the category of modifying the environment is the possibility of using chelating agents to affect the film-forming properties of line-pipe steel. In this final report, the rationale behind this approach is described. The chelating agents chosen are identified and the methods for their evaluation delineated.

In this study, the use of chelating agents to modify the film-forming properties of line-pipe steel is discussed as one means of changing the pipe/coating/soil environment. The rationale behind this approach was that if chelating agents could tie up iron cations as they dissolved in the liquid environment in contact with a bare pipe surface (e.g., at a holiday or under a disbond) then films would not form. Film cracking and repair then would not be possible, hence this proposed mechanism for SCC could not occur and the pipe would be protected from this phenomenon. Filming experiments, potential shift measurements, corrosion experiments, and crevice cell tests were conducted with seven selected chelating agents and compared with the corresponding behavior of line-pipe steel in control experiments. In preliminary filming and general corrosion attack experiments only triethanolamine (TEA) was found to have any desirable characteristics at the 10 weight percent addition level. Some chelating agents promoted excessive general corrosion attack. TEA, therefore, was selected for the potential shift measurement and crevice cell tests. The results of these experiments were not as encouraging, although it is possible that TEA could act as a weak inhibitor for SCC.
L52125 Physical Performance and Inspection Objectives to Inspect Currently Non Piggable Pipelines
Authors: Haines  , Rosenfeld
Published: August 2023

A significant portion of the pipeline infrastructure cannot be assessed for integrity using in-line inspection. There may also be reasons why some segments cannot be readily assessed by hydrostatic testing or by direct assessment. New standards and regulations for integrity management provide for using other technology that can be demonstrated to be as effective in assessing for the presence of integrity threats as the standard techniques. The first part of the report discusses a survey of PRCI member pipeline operating companies investigating the reasons why their systems are not piggable. The results are intended to be an aid to determining the direction of future PRCI research and development efforts. The results revealed that 62% of the pipe surveyed is presently piggable, and those members answering the survey plan to make another 21% of the system piggable. The survey further indicated that members plan to use direct assessment as the primary choice for inspecting nonpiggable segments. Consequently, the survey suggests that the primary goal of the Committee in addressing nonpiggable lines should be to validate direct assessment, followed by developing new above ground direct assessment and metal loss detection tools. The second part of the report discusses an analysis to establish suitable detection criteria for alternative assessment methods. Criteria for metal loss due to corrosion were established for 2 NPS to 24 NPS pipe of Grades B, X42, and X52 in all standard class locations so as to assure the same margin of safety afforded by the minimum hydrostatic test required per class. Criteria were also proposed for stress-corrosion cracking, selective corrosion in ERW seams, and mechanical damage.
L52030 In-Situ Pipeline Mechanical Property Characterization
Authors: Clark  , Hart  , Beavers
Published: August 2023

The objective of this program is to identify reliable, field applicable nondestructive test methods that can be used for estimating the yield strength, tensile strength, and fracture toughness of line pipe steels. This will include the proper procedures and limitations for the equipment identified. Since a majority of the pipe that may not be properly documented is from older lines, this program is focused on Grade X60 or lower material.