bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
E2F‐like elements in p27Kip1 promoter specifically sense deregulated E2F activity
Authors: Ozono Eiko , Komori Hideyuki , Iwanaga Ritsuko , Ikeda Masa‐Aki , Iseki Sachiko , Ohtani Kiyoshi
Published: December 2008

The transcription factor E2F, the main target of the RB tumor suppressor pathway, plays crucial roles not only in cell proliferation but also in tumor suppression. The cyclin‐dependent kinase inhibitor p27Kip1 gene, an upstream negative regulator of E2F, is induced by ectopically expressed E2F1 but not by normal growth stimulation that physiologically activates endogenous E2F. This suggests that the gene can discriminate between deregulated and physiological E2F activity. To address this issue, we examined regulation of the p27Kip1 gene by E2F. Here we show that p27Kip1 promoter specifically senses deregulated E2F activity through elements similar to typical E2F sites. This E2F‐like elements were activated by deregulated E2F activity induced by forced inactivation of pRb but not by physiological E2F activity induced by serum stimulation, contrary to typical E2F sites activated by both E2F activity. The endogenous p27Kip1 gene responded to deregulated and physiological E2F activity in the same manner to the E2F‐like elements. Moreover, the E2F‐like elements bound ectopically expressed E2F1 but not physiologically activated E2F1 or E2F4 in vivo. These results suggest that the p27Kip1 gene specifically senses deregulated E2F activity through the E2F‐like elements to suppress inappropriate cell cycle progression in response to loss of pRb function.
Consequences of climate variability for the performance of bison in tallgrass prairie
Authors: CRAINE JOSEPH M. , TOWNE E. GENE , JOERN ANTHONY , HAMILTON ROBERT G.
Published: December 2008

Climate variability is a major structuring factor in grassland ecosystems, yet there is great uncertainty in how changes in precipitation affect grazing herbivores. We determined how interannual variation in the timing and magnitude of precipitation affected the weight gain of free‐roaming bison in their first and second year. Bison weights were analyzed for 14 years for Konza Prairie, Kansas, and 12 years for Tallgrass Prairie Preserve, Oklahoma. Greater late‐summer precipitation increased bison weight gain. For every 100 mm precipitation, weight gain increased 6.4–15.3 kg depending on age classes and site. In contrast, greater midsummer precipitation decreased weight gain. For every additional 100 mm precipitation, weight decreased 9.7–17.3 kg depending on age class and site. The decreased weight gain of bison with greater midsummer precipitation was associated with increased grass stem production during the period for each of three dominant grasses at Konza Prairie. Although greater stem production increases the quantity of aboveground biomass, it should decrease the overall nutritional quality of biomass to grazers, which would reduce weight gain. With offsetting effects of mid‐ and late‐summer precipitation on weight gain, these results show that predicting the effects of climate change on grazers must incorporate both the timing and magnitude of changes in precipitation and their effects on both the quantity and quality of biomass.
Community participation of people with an intellectual disability: a review of empirical findings
Authors: Verdonschot M. M. L. , De Witte L. P. , Reichrath E. , Buntinx W. H. E. , Curfs L. M. G.
Published: December 2008

Study design  A systematic review of the literature.

Objectives  To investigate community participation of persons with an intellectual disability (ID) as reported in empirical research studies.

Method  A systematic literature search was conducted for the period of 1996–2006 on PubMed, CINAHL and PSYCINFO. Search terms were derived from the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health. Three investigators assessed the relevance of the initially identified studies using predefined content and methodological selection criteria. Included domains of community participation were: (1) domestic life; (2) interpersonal interactions and relationships; (3) major life areas; and (4) community, civic and social life.

Results  Of 2936 initial hits, 23 quantitative studies eventually met the selection criteria and were included in the study. Only two studies are based on a theoretical framework. Research instruments were various and were most often ad hoc and not validated. The average number of persons in the social network of people with ID appears to be 3.1, one of them usually being a professional service staff member. People with ID are 3–4 times less employed than non‐disabled peers; they are less likely to be employed competitively and are more likely to work in sheltered workshops or in segregated settings than those with other disabilities. People with ID are less likely to be involved in community groups, and leisure activities are mostly solitary and passive in nature. Most of the people with ID had been accompanied in an activity by training/therapeutic staff.

Conclusion  It can be concluded that on the basis of empirical evidence, within the time frame of this literature search, little is known about community participation of people with ID. Many researchers did not clearly define community participation and were concerned with limited areas of community participation; research is seldom based on a theoretical framework. Most studies focus on people with mild ID, and there are few reports of the subjects' sample. However, one conclusion can consistently be drawn from the review: people with ID living in community settings participate more than people living in a segregated setting, but their participation level is still much lower than non‐disabled and other disability groups.
PRECLINICAL STUDY: Conditioned cues and yohimbine induce reinstatement of beer and near‐beer seeking in Long‐Evans rats
Authors: Richards Jemma K. , Simms Jeffrey A. , Bartlett Selena E.
Published: December 2008

Alcohol use disorders (AUDs) impact millions of individuals, yet there are few effective treatments. One major problem in treating AUDs is the high rate of relapse to drinking often induced by stress and/or anxiety states. Although beer accounts for over 81% of all alcohol consumed in hazardous amounts in the United States, the use of beer in pre‐clinical research has been limited. It has been shown that rats will self‐administer beer and near‐beer using a standard operant self‐administration paradigm; however, there have been few studies examining reinstatement of beer and near‐beer seeking. We have determined that reward‐associated cues and/or yohimbine will induce reinstatement of beer and near‐beer seeking in a similar manner to that seen for 10% ethanol and sucrose seeking using standard operant self‐administration and reinstatement paradigms. We show that rats will self‐administer beer, near‐beer and 4.5% ethanol using an operant self‐administration paradigm and both conditioned cues, and yohimbine will induce reinstatement of beer, near‐beer and 4.5% ethanol seeking in previously extinguished animals. This demonstrates that both environmental cues and yohimbine‐stress will reinstate beer and near‐beer seeking, as previously shown for both 10% ethanol and sucrose seeking.
PRECLINICAL STUDY: Effects of concurrent access to multiple ethanol concentrations and repeated deprivations on alcohol intake of high‐alcohol‐drinking (HAD) rats
Authors: Rodd Zachary A. , Bell Richard L. , Kuc Kelly A. , Murphy James M. , Lumeng Lawrence , McBride William J.
Published: December 2008

High‐alcohol‐drinking rats, given access to 10% ethanol, expressed an alcohol deprivation effect (ADE) only after multiple deprivations. In alcohol‐preferring (P) rats, concurrent access to multiple ethanol concentrations combined with repeated cycles of EtOH access and deprivation produced excessive ethanol drinking. The current study was undertaken to examine the effects of repeated alcohol deprivations with concurrent access to multiple concentrations of ethanol on ethanol intake of HAD replicate lines of rats. HAD‐1 and HAD‐2 rats received access to 10, 20 and 30% (v/v) ethanol for 6 weeks. Rats from each replicate line were assigned to: (1) a non‐deprived group; (2) a group initially deprived of ethanol for 2 weeks; or (3) a group initially deprived for 8 weeks. Following the restoration of the ethanol solutions, cycle of 2 weeks of ethanol exposure and 2 weeks of alcohol deprivation was repeated three times for a total of four deprivations. Following the initial ethanol deprivation period, deprived groups significantly increased ethanol intakes during the initial 24‐hour re‐exposure period. Multiple deprivations increased ethanol intakes, shifted preference to higher ethanol concentrations and prolonged the duration of the elevated ethanol intakes for up to 5 days. In addition, repeated deprivations increased ethanol intake in the first 2‐hour re‐exposure period as high as 5–7 g/kg (which are equivalent to amounts consumed in 24 hours by HAD rats), and produced blood ethanol levels in excess of 150 mg%. The results indicate that HAD rats exhibit ‘loss‐of‐control’ of alcohol drinking with repeated deprivations when multiple ethanol concentrations are available.
PRECLINICAL STUDY: Ecstasy‐induced oxidative stress to adolescent rat brain mitochondriain vivo: influence of monoamine oxidase type A
Authors: Alves Ema , Summavielle Teresa , Alves Cecília Juliana , Custódio José Barata Antunes , Fernandes Eduarda , De Lourdes Bastos Maria , Tavares Maria Amélia , Carvalho Félix
Published: December 2008

The administration of a neurotoxic dose of 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; ‘ecstasy’) to the rat results in mitochondrial oxidative damage in the central nervous system, namely lipid and protein oxidation and mitochondrial DNA deletions with subsequent impairment of the correspondent protein expression. Although these toxic effects were shown to be prevented by monoamine oxidase B inhibition, the role of monoamine oxidase A (MAO‐A) in MDMA‐mediated mitochondrial damage remains to be evaluated. Thus, the aim of the present study was to clarify the potential interference of a specific inhibition of MAO‐A by clorgyline, on the deleterious effects produced by a binge administration of a neurotoxic dose of MDMA (10 mg MDMA/kg of body weight, intraperitoneally, every 2 hours in a total of four administrations) to an adolescent rat model. The parameters evaluated were mitochondrial lipid peroxidation, protein carbonylation and expression of the respiratory chain protein subunits II of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dehydrogenase (NDII) and I of cytochrome oxidase (COXI). Considering that hyperthermia has been shown to contribute to the neurotoxic effects of MDMA, another objective of the present study was to evaluate the body temperature changes mediated by MDMA with a MAO‐A selective inhibition by clorgyline. The obtained results demonstrated that the administration of a neurotoxic binge dose of MDMA to an adolescent rat model previously treated with the specific MAO‐A inhibitor, clorgyline, resulted in synergistic effects on serotonin‐ (5‐HT) mediated behaviour and body temperature, provoking high mortality. Inhibition of MAO‐A by clorgyline administration had no protective effect on MDMA‐induced alterations on brain mitochondria (increased lipid peroxidation, protein carbonylation and decrease in the expression of the respiratory chain subunits NDII and COXI), although it aggravated MDMA‐induced decrease in the expression of COXI. These results reinforce the notion that the concomitant use of MAO‐A inhibitors and MDMA is counter indicated because of the resulting severe synergic toxicity.
Mechanical strain increases cytokine and chemokine production in bronchial fibroblasts from asthmatic patients
Authors: Le Bellego F. , Perera H. , Plante S. , Chakir J. , Hamid Q. , Ludwig M. S.
Published: December 2008

Background: Mechanical strain and cytokine stimulation are two important mechanisms leading to airway remodeling in asthma. The effect of mechanical strain on cytokine secretion in airway fibroblasts is not known. The aim of this study was to determine whether bronchial and nasal fibroblasts differentially alter cytokine secretion in response to mechanical strain.

Methods: We measured secretion of the pro‐fibrotic cytokine, interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), and the pro‐inflammatory cytokines, IL‐8 and monocyte chemotactic protein 1, before and after mechanical strain in bronchial fibroblasts obtained from asthmatic patients [asthmatic bronchial fibroblasts (BAF)] and normal volunteers [normal bronchial fibroblasts (BNF)], and in nasal fibroblasts (NF) obtained from nasal polyps. Cells were grown on flexible membranes and a mechanical strain of 30% amplitude, 1 Hz frequency was applied for 3, 6 and 24 h. Control cells were unstrained. IL‐6, IL‐8 and monocyte chemotactic protein 1 was measured after 24 h strain using enzyme‐linked immunoassay; mRNA was measured by real time polymerase chain reaction. We also measured mRNA for versican, a matrix proteoglycan, known to be upregulated in the asthmatic airway wall.

Results: In unstrained conditions, no differences in cytokine secretion were observed. After 24 h strain, BAF secreted more IL‐6 than BNF. Mechanical strain increased IL‐8 mRNA in BAF, BNF and NF; and IL‐6 and versican mRNA, in BAF, only.

Conclusions: Cytokine responses to mechanical strain varied in different airway fibroblast populations, and depended on the site of origin, and the underlying inflammatory state. Strain resulted in IL‐6 upregulation and increased message for extracellular matrix protein in bronchial fibroblasts from asthmatic patients only, and may reflect these patients’ propensity for airway remodeling.
Nerve growth factor localization in the nasal mucosa of patients with persistent allergic rhinitis
Authors: Bresciani M. , Lalibertè F. , Lalibertè M. F. , Gramiccioni C. , Bonini S.
Published: December 2008

Background and objectives:  Nerve growth factor (NGF) and NGF receptors have been shown to be expressed by structural and infiltrating inflammatory cells in the human allergic bronchial mucosa and conjunctiva. In the nose, a positive immunostaining for NGF was recently reported in biopsies of subjects undergoing surgery for refractory nasal obstruction. This study was aimed at studying by immunohistochemistry NGF expression and localization in the nasal mucosa from subjects with moderate/severe persistent allergic rhinitis and natural allergen exposure.

Methods:  Immunostaining for NGF, tryptase and eosinophil cationic protein was performed in human nasal turbinate sections of 25 patients affected by persistent allergic rhinitis and sensitization to Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus.

Results:  NGF was consistently expressed in the epithelium and in the submucosa of allergic rhinitic subjects, preferentially localized in eosinophils and mast cells. A strong NGF immunostaining was found in mucous cells of the epithelial lining and in the submucosal glands.

Conclusions:  As previously shown for allergic asthma and allergic conjunctivitis, NGF is also detectable in the nasal mucosa of patients with persistent allergic rhinitis. The preferential NGF localization in mucous cells of the epithelial lining and in the submucosal glands suggests a possible role for NGF in modulating secretion in allergic rhinitis and possibly other allergic diseases.
Eosinophils in bronchial mucosa of asthmatics after allergen challenge: effect of anti‐IgE treatment
Authors: Van Rensen E. L. J. , Evertse C. E. , Van Schadewijk W. A. A. M. , Van Wijngaarden S. , Ayre G. , Mauad T. , Hiemstra P. S. , Sterk P. J. , Rabe K. F.
Published: December 2008

Background:  Anti‐IgE, omalizumab, inhibits the allergen response in patients with asthma. This has not been directly related to changes in inflammatory conditions. We hypothesized that anti‐IgE exerts its effects by reducing airway inflammation. To that end, the effect of anti‐IgE on allergen‐induced inflammation in bronchial biopsies in 25 patients with asthma was investigated in a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study.

Methods:  Allergen challenge followed by a bronchoscopy at 24 h was performed at baseline and after 12 weeks of treatment with anti‐IgE or placebo. Provocative concentration that causes a 20% fall in forced expiratory volume in 1 s (PC20) methacholine and induced sputum was performed at baseline, 8 and 12 weeks of treatment. Changes in the early and late responses to allergen, PC20, inflammatory cells in biopsies and sputum were assessed.

Results:  Both the early and late asthmatic responses were suppressed to 15.3% and 4.7% following anti‐IgE treatment as compared with placebo (P < 0.002). This was paralleled by a decrease in eosinophil counts in sputum (4–0.5%) and postallergen biopsies (15–2 cells/0.1 mm2) (P < 0.03). Furthermore, biopsy IgE+ cells were significantly reduced between both the groups, whereas high‐affinity IgE receptor and CD4+ cells were decreased within the anti‐IgE group. There were no significant differences for PC20 methacholine.

Conclusion:  The response to inhaled allergen in asthma is diminished by anti‐IgE, which in bronchial mucosa is paralleled by a reduction in eosinophils and a decline in IgE‐bearing cells postallergen without changing PC20 methacholine. This suggests that the benefits of anti‐IgE in asthma may be explained by a decrease in eosinophilic inflammation and IgE‐bearing cells.
Oral candidiasis: a comparison between conventional methods and multiplex polymerase chain reaction for species identification
Authors: Liguori G. , Di Onofrio V. , Lucariello A. , Gallé F. , Signoriello G. , Colella G. , D’Amora M. , Rossano F.
Published: December 2008

Background/aim:  Oral candidiasis is the most common fungal infection in dental practice, and is caused by yeasts that are normally present in the endogenous flora.

Methods:  To evaluate a rapid diagnostic method for identification of Candida oral isolates, a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was carried out on colonies and on oral rinse solutions from 95 subjects with suspected oral candidiasis and results were compared with those from seven commonly used phenotypic identification systems.

Results:  Between four and nine species were characterized in the samples by the phenotypic methods. PCR identified the same species in 60 (74%) samples from both colony and oral rinse solutions. Statistical analysis, carried out only for the three most frequently isolated species (Candida albicans, Candida  glabrata, and Candida tropicalis), showed good concordance in the comparison of multiplex PCR with API 20C AUX and with the Rapid Yeast Identification Panel; conversely, significant differences were registered in the comparison between the molecular method and other phenotypic systems, including four chromogenic media and the automated system Vitek2.

Discussion:  Multiplex PCR was rapid and effective in the identification of Candida species and allowed the detection of more than one species in the same sample.
Distribution, regulation and role of the agmatine deiminase system in mutans streptococci
Authors: Griswold A. R. , Nascimento M. M. , Burne R. A.
Published: December 2008

The agmatine deiminase system (AgDS) was identified in seven strains of mutans streptococci. Genes encoding the AgDS of Streptococcus rattus FA‐1 were sequenced and found to share homology with the agu genes of Streptococcus mutans UA159. With the exception of Streptococcus sobrinus, the AgDS of mutans streptococci appear to be sensitive to carbohydrate catabolite repression. Agmatine inhibited bacterial growth, suggesting that the AgDS degrades a deleterious substance into useful compounds.
Application of stereological principles for quantification of bacteria in intact dental biofilms
Authors: Dige I. , Nyengaard J. R. , Kilian M. , Nyvad B.
Published: December 2008

Introduction:  Quantative confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) in combination with fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) may help to increase our knowledge about biofilm formation. The purpose of this study was to develop and evaluate a stereological method for quantification of bacteria in intact biofilm. The method was applied in a quantitative study of the proportion of streptococci relative to other bacteria in initial in‐situ‐grown dental biofilms as a function of time.

Methods:  Biofilms were collected on standardized glass slabs mounted in intra‐oral appliances and worn by 10 individuals for 6, 12, 24, and 48 h. Biofilms were analysed using CLSM. Quantification of bacteria labelled with 16S ribosomal RNA oligonucleotide probes was performed with stereological tools: the unbiased counting frame and the two‐dimensional fractionator.

Results:  Results showed a notable increase in the total number of bacteria and streptococci over time, with a considerable inter‐individual variation at each time‐point. After 48 h there was a 12.5‐fold difference between individuals in the total number of bacteria and a 12.6‐fold difference in the number of streptococci. The number of streptococci exceeded that of other bacteria and over the examination period there was a relatively constant relationship between the number of streptococci and other bacteria (streptococci vs. non‐streptococci: median 15.2; minimum 1.0; maximum 89.3).

Conclusion:  The study demonstrates that the combined use of FISH and stereology is a relevant and reliable tool for obtaining unbiased information about the numerical contributions of specific bacterial populations during early biofilm formation.
THE NUTRITIVE EFFECT IN MAN OF NON‐ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS INFUSED INTRAVENOUSLY (TOGETHER WITH THE ESSENTIAL ONES)
Authors: Vinnars Erik , Fürst Peter , Hallgren Bo , Hermansson Inga Lill , Josephson Bertil
Published: December 2008

Solutions containing one of the amino acids 1‐alanine, 1‐arginine, glycine, 1‐histidine, 1‐proline or 1‐glutamic acid and a basic mixture of the essential 1‐amino acids and 1‐arginine and 1‐histidine were infused intravenously to healthy volunteers on a nitrogen‐poor diet. The nitrogen balance and die excretion of urea, ammonia, a‐amino nitrogen and creatinine in the urine were determined. Glutamic acid provoked considerable discomfort to the subjects and histidine caused some nausea. In high doses, arginine competed with lysine for renal excretion resulting in a loss of lysine in the urine. Infusion of arginine, proline, alanine and glutamic acid resulted in a nitrogen retention which was higher than that caused by glycine and histidine. It was concluded that the non‐essential amino acids best suited for intravenous nitrogen nutrition are arginine, proline and alanine.

Losungen, die eine der nachstehenden Aminosauren: 1‐Alanin, 1‐Arginin, Glyzin, 1‐Histidin, 1‐Prolin oder 1‐Glutaminsaure bzw. eine Grundmischung der essentiellen 1‐Aminosauren mit 1‐Histidin und 1‐Arginin enthielten, wurden gesunden Freiwilligen, die eine stickstoffarme Diat erhielten, intravenos ver‐abfolgt. Dabei wurden die Stickstoffbilanz und die Ausscheidung von Harn‐stoff, Ammonium, a‐Aminostickstoff und Kreatinin im Harn bestimmt. Glutaminsaure rief ein bedeutendes Gefuhl des Unbehagens hervor imd Histidin verursachte gelegentlich Ubelkeit. In hoheren Dosen war die Nierenausschei‐dung von Arginin und Lysin kompetitiv und resultierten in einen Verlust an Lysin im Harn. Infusionen von Arginin, Prolin, Alanin und Glutaminsaure fiihrten zu einer Stickstoffretention, die hoher war als die durch Glyzin und Histidin verursachte. Daraus wird der Schluss gezogen, dass Arginin, Prolin und Alanin die am besten geeigneten nicht‐essentiellen Aminosauren fur die intravenose StickstofFzufuhr sind.
HEART‐RATE CHANGES AFTER ATROPINE AND NEOSTIGMINE GIVEN FOR THE REVERSION OF MUSCLE PARALYSIS
Authors: Kjellberg M. , Tammisto T.
Published: December 2008

Six modes of administering atropine and neostigmine to reverse the effect of d‐tubocurarine were studied with a view to the effect on die heart rate and rhythm. The steadiest heart rates were obtained when atropine and neostigmine together were injected slowly, or when neostigmine preceded atropine. If atropine was given 2 minutes after neostigmine, arrhythmia occurred more frequendy dian in die other groups. In all groups studied die heart rate fell below die base line within 20 minutes and remained Uiere dirough the entire subsequent observation period. The fall in heart rate was more pronounced in patients with rapid cardiac action.

Sechs Arten der Verabreichung von Atropin und Neostigmin zur Umkehr der d‐Tubocurarin‐Wirkung wurden in Bezug auf ihren Effekt auf Herzfre‐quenz und ‐rhythmus untersucht. Die konstantesten Herzfrequenzen wurden erzielt, wenn Atropin und Neostigmin zusammen langsam injiziert wurden, oder wenn Neostigmin vor Atropin verabreicht wurde. Wenn Atropin zwei Minuten nach Neostigmin gegeben wurde, traten Arrhythmien haufiger auf als in den anderen Gruppen. Bei alien untersuchten Gruppen fiel die Herz‐frequenz innerhalb von zwanzig Minuten unter den Ausgangswert und ver‐blieb dort wahrend der gesamten nachfolgenden Beobachtungsperiode. Der Abfall der Herzfrequenz war bei Patienten mit tachycarder Ausgangslage starker ausgepragt.
VENTILATION/PERFUSION RATI0 DURING INTERMITTENT POSITIVE‐PRESSUREVENTILATION
Authors: LYAGER Søren
Published: December 2008

ZUSAMMENFASSUNG UND SCHLUSSFOLGERUNGEN

Der Ventilations‐Perfusionsquotient wurde bei normalen Hunden wahrend der Beatmung mit verschiedenen Respirationsformen bestimmt.

Dabei fand sich, dass dieser Quotient anstieg, wenn zwischen das Ende der Insufflation und den Beginn der Exspiration ein stromungsfreies Intervall zwischengeschaltet wurde.

Auf der Basis von Berechnungen des physiologischen Totraumes und des venosen Shunts kann angenommen werden, dass die Ursache fur diesen Anstieg eine Neuverteilung sowohl der Ventilation als auch der Perfusion ist. Bei Anwendung eines stromungsfreien Intervalls wird das Verhaltnis zwischen Ventilation und Perfusion gleichmassiger, wenn auch nicht ideal.
THE NUTRITIVE EFFECT IN MAN OF NON‐ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS INFUSED INTRAVENOUSLY (TOGETHER WITH THE ESSENTIAL ONES)
Authors: Vinnars Erik , Fürst Peter
Published: December 2008

The nitrogen balance, the nutritive value and the excretion of urea nitrogen were studied in healthy volunteers to whom I‐amino acid solutions were infused intravenously. The volunteers were on a standard nitrogen‐poor diet with a high caloric value. The infused solutions contained 10 or 14 g of amino acid nitrogen per daily dose. The ratio between essential and non‐essential amino acids was varied. It was found that the results, when 14 g of nitrogen was infused, were not superior to those widi 10 g of nitrogen. The balance was higher when 23 per cent of the amino acid nitrogen was constituted by nitrogen from essential amino acids, on the 10 g of nitrogen level, than when 17 or 35 per cent were provided from the same source, although these differences were not statistically significant. But the percentage of essential nitrogen seemed to be of little influence on the balance.

Die Stickstoffbilanz, der Nahrwert und die Ausscheidung von Harnstoff‐stickstoff wurde bei gesunden Versuchspersonen untersucht, denen 1‐Amino‐saurelosungen intravenos infundiert wurden. Die Freiwilligen erhielten eine stick‐stoffarme Standarddiat von hohem Kalorienwert. Die infundierten Losungen enthielten 10 oder 14 g Aminosaurestickstoff als Tagesdosis. Das Verhaltnis zwischen essentiellen und nicht essentiellen Aminosauren wurde variiert. Es zeigte sich, dass die nach Infusion von 14 g Stickstoff gefundenen Resultate denen nach 10 g Stickstoff nicht iiberlegen waren. Wenn der Anteil an essentiellen Aminosauren vom Gesamt‐Aminosaurestickstoff 23% betrug, waren die Ergebnisse besser als bei 17 bzw. 35% essentiellen Aminsaurestickstoff; aller‐dings waren die Unterschiede statistisch nicht significant.
AN EVALUATION OF THE CYPRANE® TRILENE INHALER
Authors: Jacobsen Erik , Nyrop Morten
Published: December 2008

Seven Cyprane trilene inhalers were studied in an experimental set‐up, and the trilene concentrations delivered were measured by refractometry. A factory‐new inhaler was used as a standard, and the other six inhalers, which had been in clinical use for varying periods of time, were compared with it. Two of the six inhalers delivered concentrations which were about half of that delivered by the standard. As no technical fault could be demonstrated in the inhalers, it must be assumed that the trilene values delivered, also by factory‐new Cyprane inhalers, show considerable variation. It is dierefore necessary to carry out individual adjustment of the inhalers in order to obtain the desired analgesic effect and to avoid overdosage.

Sieben Cypran‐Trilen‐Inhalatoren wurden in einer experimentellen Versuchs‐anordnung uberpriift und die abgegebenen Trilen‐Konzentrationen rcfrakto‐metrisch gemessen. Ein fabriksneuer Inhalator wurde als Standardmodell beniitzt und die anderen sechs Inhalatoren, die verschieden lang in klinischer Verwendung gestanden waren, wurden mit ihm verglichen. Zwei der sechs Inhalatoren lieferten Konzentrationen von ungefahr der Halfte des Standard‐modells. Da in den Inhalatoren kein technischer Fehler nachgewiesen werden konnte, muss angenommen werden, dass die abgegebenen Trilenwerte betracht‐liche Abweichungen zeigen, sogar bei fabriksneuen Cypran‐Inhalatoren. Es ist daher erforderlich, die Eichung der Inhalatoren individuell durchzufiihren, damit die gewiinschte analgetische Wirkung erreicht und Uberdosierung vermieden werden kann.
AGGREGATI0N 0F ERYTHROCYTES WITH ISOTONIC GLUCOSE SOLUTIONS IN ACD‐BLOOD AFTER DILUTION
Authors: COUR DANLA , PALM TORBEN , THOMSEN AKSEL
Published: December 2008

The erythrocytes of stored blood form aggregates after mixing the blood with isotonic glucose solution. These “clumps” may be dangerous if they persist in the circulation after the infusion of the blood/glucose mixture.

The aggregation tendency was examined under different conditions, comprising changes in the time after the mixing, the temperature and the degree of dilution. The formation of aggregates occurred almost instantaneously; it decreased with rise in temperature and was most pronounced at low concentrations of blood.

The aggregates were shaken with human plasma or saline and found to be non‐persistent.

It is concluded that the erythrocyte aggregates formed in blood/glucose mixtures are dispersable.

Die Erydirozyten von Blutkonserven bilden nach Vermengung des Blutes mit einer isotonischen Glucoselosung Aggregate. Diese “Klumpen” konnen gefahrlich werden, wenn sie nach der Infusion des Blut‐Glucose‐Gemisches im Kreislauf bleiben. Die Neigung zur Aggregatbildung wurde unter verschiedenen Bedingungen uberpruft, wie z.B. verschiedene Zeitabstande nach der Mischung, sowie Anderungen der Temperatur und des Grades der Verdunnung. Die Bildung der Aggregate trat beinahe augenblicklich ein, sie nahm mit ansteigen‐der Temperatur ab und war bei niedrigen Blutkonzentrationen am deutlichsten ausgepragt. Beim Ausschiitteln der Aggregate mit Plasma‐ und Salzlosungen wurde festgestellt, dass diese unbestandig sind. Es kann daraus geschlossen werden, dass die in Blut‐Glucose‐Gemischen sich bildenden Erythrocyten‐aggregate auflosbar sind.
SUBARACHNOIDAL INJECTION THERAPY IN CHRONIC CASES OF THE SO‐CALLED WHIPLASH SYNDROME
Authors: Tsumura Yasuo , Hoshiga Takaaki
Published: December 2008

For the treatment of chronic “whiplash” injuries, total spinal blocking was performed by infusing a mixed solution containing mepivacaine with adrenaline (1: 200,000) (Carbocaine®) into the subarachnoidal space. The treatment proved remarkably effective, and the general condition of the patients remained unaffected.

zusammenfassung

Zur Behandlung chronischer Schäden nach s.g. Peitschenschlag‐Phänomen wurde totale Spinalanäthesie erreicht, indem man eine Lösung bestehend aus Mepivacain mit Adrenalin (1: 200.000) (Carbocaine®) in den SubarachnoidalRaum legte. Die Behandlung hatte eine auffallend gute Wirkung. Für das All‐gemeinbefinden der Patienten scheint keine Gefahr vorzuliegen.
CLINICAL TESTING OF A NEW MONITORING SYSTEM
Authors: Nordström Lars
Published: December 2008

The service length of the electrodes, the relation between the primary signal and counting signal of the apparatus, and the saving and the loss of time were studied in the clinical use of patient monitoring equipment. Measurements of heart rate from ECG and respiratory rate from thoracic impedance are satisfactory. Heart‐rate measurements from peripheral pulsations and respiratoryrate measurements from thermistor are useful in special cases, but not for routine use.
EFFECT OF PROPANIDID ON EVOKED CORTICAL AND SUBCORTICAL RESPONSES IN THE CAT
Authors: Kavan Eva M. , Besson J.‐M. , Aleonard P.
Published: December 2008

The effect of an intravenous anaesthetic agent, the eugenol derivative propanidid, on the central nervous system of the cat was investigated with special reference to structures considered to be important for the anaesthetic state. The two structures along the thalamo‐cortical pathway were the sensorimotor cortex and the ventro‐postero‐lateral (relay) nucleus of the thalamus. In the extralemniscal system the structures investigated were the nucleus centrum medianum of the thalamus and the mid‐brain reticular formation. The results of die study indicate that the effect of propanidid is comparable to that of some short‐acting barbiturates. The drug was found to have a very short duration of action.

Die Wirkung eines intravenösen Narkosemittels, nämlich des Eugenolabkömmlings Propanidid, auf das Zentralnervensystem der Katze wurde insbesondere in Hinblick auf jene Strukturen untersucht, die fär den Narkosenzustand von Bedeutung sind. Diese zwei Strukturen im Verlauf der thalamocorticalen Bahnen waren der sensomotorische Cortex und der ventro‐posterolaterale (Relay‐) Kern des Thalamus. Von den ausserlemniskalen Systemen wurde der Nucleus centrum medianum des Thalamus und die retikuläre Formation des Mittelhirns untersucht. Die Resultate dieser Untersuchung deuten darauf hin, dass die Wirkung von Propanidid der einiger kurzwirkender Barbiturate vergleichbar ist. Die Wirkungsdauer des Mittels war äusserst kurz.
MALIGNANT HYPERTHERMIA
Authors: Reske‐Nielsen Edith , Kratholm Svend
Published: December 2008

A case of malignant hyperthermia is reported in which a chronic meningo‐encephalomyeloradiculitis may be suspected as the basis on which the administration of suxamethonium acts as a triggering factor. This case—as well as other reported cases—point towards the existence of two aetiologically separate entities in malignant hyperthermia: a hereditary type, which is identified by positive findings among the members of the patient's family and a symptomatic type widi negative findings in the family and demonstrable abnormal, local or diffuse processes in the central nervous system.

Es wird über einen Fall von maligner Hyperthermic berichtet, bei welchem eine chronische Meningo‐Encephalo‐Myelo‐Radiculitis die mutmassliche Grundlage gewesen sein kännte, wozu dann die Verabreichung von Suxamethonium als auslösender Faktor kam. Dieser Fall, ebenso wie andere Berichtsfälle, deutet auf die Existenz zweier ätiologisch getrennter Formen von maligner Hyperthermic hin: eine hereditäre Form, erkennbar an positiven Befunden bei anderen Mitgliedern der Familie des Patienten, und eine symptomatische Form mit negativen Befunden in der Familie, jedoch mit nachweislichen lokalen oder diffusen pathologischen Prozessen im Zentralnervensystem.
A CLINICAL METHOD FOR THE DIRECT DETERMINATION OF OXYGEN UPTAKE DURING RESPIRATOR VENTILATION IN THE NEWBORN AND SMALL INFANTS
Authors: Okmian Ludving , Wallgren Göran
Published: December 2008

A method for the determination of oxygen consumption during respirator ventilation with the Engström respirator in the newborn and young infants is described. The volumetric principle is based on the assessment and recording of a volume deficit in a closed system supplied with a carbon dioxide absorber. The method has been tested in animal experiments and has proved useful in measuring uptake values of the order of 0.1 ml/min.

Es wird eine Methode zur Bestimmung des Sauerstoffverbrauches bei der Beatmung von Neugeborenen und Kleinkindern mit dem Engström‐Respirator beschrieben. Das volumetrische Prinzip des Messgerätes basiert auf der Registrierung eines Volumendefizits in einem geschlossenen System mit Kohlensäureabsorption. Die Methode wurde im Tierexperiment erprobt und hat eine Messgenauigkeit in der Grössenordnung von 0,1 ml/min Sauerstoffverbrauch gezeitigt.
AN INFRARED THERMOGRAPHY STUDY ON THE DURATION OF INTERCOSTAL NERVE BLOCKS USING BUPIVACAINE WITH AND WITHOUT ADRENALINE
Authors: Telivuo Leo , Svinhufvud Ulla , Nuuttila Kaarlo
Published: December 2008

Because of a fairly wide range of duration of intercostal nerve blocks postoperatively in patients an objective method was used to study this problem. Infrared thermography was applied to study intercostal nerve blocks produced by bupivacaine 0.5% with and without adrenaline. Consistent results were obtained in volunteers when thermography and pin‐prick methods were compared. Added adrenaline does not seem to prolong the intercostal nerve block.

When patients were studied only bupivacaine 0.5% with adrenaline was used. The range of duration was wide (7 to 20 hours), and the variation between pin‐prick and thermography results less consistent.

Wegen der ziemlich weitgestreuten Wirkungsdauer postoperativer Intercostalnervenblockaden wurde eine objektive Mediode zum Studium dieses Problems angewandt. Wir bedienten uns der Infrarot‐Thermographie zur Untersuchung von Intercostalnervenblockaden durch Bupivacain 0,5%, mit und ohne Adrenalin. Beim Vergleich der Thermographic mit der Nadelstich‐Testmediode an freiwilligen Versuchspersonen ergab sich gute Übereinstimmung. Adrenalinzusatz scheint die Nervbloskdauer nicht zu verlängern.

Bei den Untersuchungen an Patienten wurde nur 0,5%iges Bupivacain mit Adrenalin verwendet. Die Wirkungsdauer war weit gestreut (zwischen 7 und 20 Stunden), die Übereinstimmung zwischen Thermographic und Nadel‐stichtest war weniger verlässlich.
Heat Balance in Air‐Conditioned Rooms
Authors: Hansen Erland , Madsen T. Lund
Published: December 2008

In severely ill patients, optimum fluid balance can be obtained only by an improved control of the heat balance.

This paper describes how the heat balance of a patient can be calculated in an air‐conditioned room in which heat loss principally occurs by radiation and convection.

The heat loss occurring from a box with a constant (thermostatically controlled) surface temperature was measured in an air‐conditioned room provided with a temperature‐regulated ceiling at different temperatures of the room air and ceiling. From the measurements made, diagrams were constructed from which the temperature of the surroundings of a patient with known metabolism, surface area and surface temperature can be selected in such a manner that the temperature of the patient does not change as long as his condition remains unchanged.

Bei schwerkranken Patienten kann eine optimale Flüssigkeitsbilanz nur mittels verbesserter Kontrolle der Wärmebilanz erzielt werden.

Diese Arbeit schildert die Berechnung der Wärmebilanz eines Patienten in einem klimatisierten Raum, in welchem der Wärmeverlust hauptsächlich durch Strahlung und Ableitung zustande kommt.

In einem klimatisierten Raum mit temperatur‐geregelter Decke wurde bei verschiedenen Raum‐luft‐ und Deckentemperaturen der Wärmeverlust einer Holzfaser‐Box mit konstanter Oberflächen‐temperatur (thermostatisch kontrolliert) gemessen. Aus den Meäergebnissen wurden Diagramme konstruiert, aus denen die Umgebungstemperatur eines Patienten mit bekanntem Stoffwechsel, Oberfläche und Oberflächentemperatur so ausgewählt werden kann, daß die Körpertemperatur des Patienten so lange unverändert bleibt, so lange sich sein Zustand nicht ändert.
A New Method of Arterial Blood Sampling
Authors: Beck O. , Bech‐Jansen P. , Rosen J.
Published: December 2008

A new method of arterial blood sampling from the radial artery using a 1 ml plastic syringe is reported. The results of Pao2, Paco2 and pH analyses of such samples are compared with those from analyses of conventional samples withdrawn into 10 ml glass syringes. It is concluded that the results of analyses of editorial samples by the new mehtod and fully accaptable for clinical use.

The only complication experienced was the formation of a small haematoma in a few cases.

Es wird über eine neue Methode der Blutabnahme aus der Arteria radialis mit einer 1 ml‐Plastik‐spritze berichtet. Die Ergebnisse der Pao2‐, Paco2‐und pH‐Bestimmungen aus solchen Blutproben wurden mit denen konventioneller Blutproben, die mittels 10 ml Glasspritzen gewonnen worden waren, verglichen. Dabei kamen wir zu dem Schluβ, daβ die Analysenresultate der mit der neuen Methode gewonnenen arteriellen Blutproben für den klinischen Bedarf annehmbar sind.

Die einzige festgestellte Komplikation war die Ausbildung kleiner ämatome in einigen Föllen.
Influence of Heparinization on pH Determinations from Arterial Blood Samples
Authors: Bech‐Jansen P. , Beck O.
Published: December 2008

A new technique of arterial blood sampling from the radial artery with a 1 ml plastic syringe is reviewed, and the effect of heparin on pH measurements on small quantities of blood from 0.1 ml to 1.0 ml was studied. Three heparin concentrations were used, and it is concluded that pH determinations acceptable for clinical use can be performed on a blood sample of between 0.6 ml and 1.0 ml, containing 0.1 ml heparin in a concentration of 1.000 I. U. per ml.

Eine neue Technik der arteriellen Blutentnahme aus der A. radialis mittels einer 1 ml Plastikspritze wird überprüft und dabei die Wirkung von Heparin auf die pH‐Messungen in kleinen Blutmengen zwischen 0,1 und 1,0 ml untersucht. Es wurden drei Heparinkonzentrationen verwendet und der Schluβ gezogen, daβ für klinische Zwecke annehmbare pH‐Bestimmungen aus Blutproben zwischen 0,6 und 1,0 ml durchgeführt werden können, wenn diese 0,1 ml Heparin in einer Konzentration von 1.000 I. E. pro ml enthalten.
Studies on Lung‐Model Ventilation with the Engström Respirator: Effect of Various Airway Resistances and Respirator Settings
Authors: Elfström J. , Hedenstierna G. , ÖQuist L.
Published: December 2008

A lung model was ventilated with the Engström respirator. At different degrees of airway obstruction and at various respirator settings, measurements were obtained of the total and compressed gas ventilations of the respirator, the lung ventilation, and of the maximal insufflation, end‐inspiratory and “lung” pressures.

With moderate obstructions an increased total ventilation involved a substantial rise in lung ventilation, which also rose with increasing respiratory frequency. In contrast, with severe obstructions most of the increased total ventilation was lost as compressed gas ventilation, leading to only slight increases in lung ventilation. With severe obstructions the lung ventilation diminished with increasing respiratory frequency. The maximal lung pressure rose with increase in minute volume and declined with increase in respiratory frequency. The residual lung pressure rose with increase in minute volume and respiratory frequency when the obstruction was severe, indicating impaired emptying of the lung. The maximal insufflation pressure was related to the end‐inspiratory pressure, and thus to the compressed gas ventilation of the Engström respirator.

Ein Lungenmodell wurde mit dem Engström‐Respirator ventiliert. Bei verschiedenen Graden von Atemwegsobstruktionen und bei verschiedenen Einstellungen des Respirators wurden Messungen der gesamten und der komprimierten Gasventilationen des Respirators, der Lungenventilation, sowie der maximalen Insufflation, des end‐exspiratorischen und des «Lungen»‐Druckes vorgenommen.

Bei Obstruktion mäßigen Grades führte eine erhöhte Gesamtventilation zu einem substantiellen Anstieg der Lungenventilation, die auch mit erhöhter Atemfrequenz anstieg. Im Gegensatz dazu ging bei schweren Obstruktionen ein Großteil der erhöhten Gesamtventilation als komprimierte Gasventilation verloren und es kam nur zu einem geringen Anstieg der Lungenventilation. Bei schweren Obstruktionen war überdies die Lungenventilation bei steigender Atemfrequenz reduziert. Der maximale Lungendruck stieg mit dem Minutenvolumen und erhöhte sich bei Anwendung einer niedrigen Atemfrequenz. Andererseits stieg der Lungen‐Residualdruck bei höherer Atemfrequenz unter schweren Obstruktionen, was auf eine gestörte Entleerung der Lungen hinweist. Der maximale Insufflationsdruck stand in Relation zum Endinspirationsdruck und somit zur komprimierten Gas‐Ventilation des Engström‐Respirators.
“H” Reflex During Ketamine Anesthesia
Authors: Bastron R. D. , Gergis S. D. , Hoyt J. L. , Sokoll M. D.
Published: December 2008

Ketamine, 2 mg/kg intravenously, was given to 12 male volunteers. “H” reflex amplitude was increased in every subject with a mean rise of 145 % occurring 5 min after the start of injection. There was a high incidence of hallucinations (100 %) and airway obstruction (50 %).

12 freiwillige männliche Versuchspersonen erhielten 2 mg/kg Ketamin i. v. Bei allen Versuchspersonen war die “H”‐Reflexamplitude vergrößert, mit einem mittleren Anstieg von 145 % 5 Minuten nach dem Beginn der Injektion. Ein hoher Prozentsatz von Halluzinationen (100 %) und von Atemwegsobstruktionen (50 %) wurde beobachtet.
Spirometry Studies in Patients Awaiting Surgery
Authors: Gjessing J. , Tomlin Peter J.
Published: December 2008

Spirometric assesments of lung function were made in more than a thousand patients. The mean age of the patients was over 60 years. The parameters investigated were vital capacity (VC), forced expiratory volume (FEV), maximum ventilation volume (MVV) and maximum expiratory flow rate (MEF). From the data obtained, a series of equations was computed relating lung function to body height, weight, surface area, and age. Age had the most consistent effect, although body height and surface area had the greatest effect on lung function. From the equations a set of nomograms was constructed on which a limit is given indicating when a particular result is more likely to be abnormal.

Spirometrische Bewertungen der Lungenfunktion wurden bei mehr als 1000 Patienten vorgenommen. Die Patienten waren im Durchschnitt älter als 60 Jahre. Die untersuchten Parameter waren: Vital‐kapazität (VC), Atemstoβwert (FEV), maximales Ventilationsvolumen (MVV) und maximaler Exspirationsstrom (MEF). Aus den erhaltenen Werten wurde eine Reihe von Gleichungen zusammengestellt, um die Lungenfunktion in Beziehung zu setzen zur Körpergröβe, zum Gewicht, zur Körperoberfläche und zum Alter. Beim Alter zeigte sich die deutlichste Übereinstimmung, obwohl Körpergröβe und Oberfläche den gröβten Effekt auf die Lungenfunktion hatten. Aus den Gleichungen wurde ein Satz von Nomogrammen konstruiert, auf denen Grenzwerte angegeben wurden, die anzeigen sollen, wann ein festgestellter Wert als wahrscheinlich abnormal zu bezeichnen ist.
Effect of Complete Brain Ischaemia on Pupillary Changes
Authors: Sobotka P. , Gebert E.
Published: December 2008

On preparations of 33 isolated dogs' heads, pupillary changes were studied during and after complete normothermic brain ischaemia lasting 20, 30, 45 or 60 min. Maximum dilatation of the pupil was observed in all experiments 5 min after the start of complete brain ischaemia. Restoration of brain circulation was immediately followed by constriction of the pupil, which, after ischaemia for 60 min, persisted in only partial constriction for more than 25 min. The mechanism of pupillary changes is discussed. It is noted that pupillary changes are a useful indicator of insufficient cerebral oxygen supply.

An 33 isolierten Hundekopfprapäaraten wurden die Pupillenveränderungen vor und nach kompletter normothermer Hirnischamie von 20, 30, 45 und 60 Minuten Dauer untersucht. 5 Minuten nach Beginn der kompletten Hirnischämie wurde in allen Experimenten niaximale Pupillenerweiterung beobachtet. Wiederherstellung der Gehirnzirkulation war von einer sofortigen Puppillenkonstriktion gefolgt; lediglich nach 60‐minütiger Ischamie blieb die Pupille fur mehr als 25 Minuten noch halbweit. Der Mechanismus der Pupillendilatation wird bespro‐ dhen. Es wird bemerkt, daß die Pupillenverinder‐ ungen ein brauchbarer Indikator fur eine insuffizi ente Sauerstoffversorgung des Gehirns sind.