Mapping routine measles vaccination in low- and middle-income countries
Authors:   Local Burden of Disease Vaccine Coverage Collaborators, Sbarra Alyssa N. , Rolfe Sam , Nguyen Jason Q. , Earl Lucas , Galles Natalie C. , Marks Ashley , Abbas Kaja M. , Abbasi-Kangevari Mohsen , Abbastabar Hedayat , Abd-Allah Foad , Abdelalim Ahmed , Abdollahi Mohammad , Abegaz Kedir Hussein , Abiy Hailemariam Abiy Alemu , Abolhassani Hassan , Abreu Lucas Guimarães , Abrigo Michael R. M. , Abushouk Abdelrahman I. , Accrombessi Manfred Mario Kokou , Adabi Maryam , Adebayo Oladimeji M. , Adekanmbi Victor , Adetokunboh Olatunji O. , Adham Davoud , Afarideh Mohsen , Aghaali Mohammad , Ahmad Tauseef , Ahmadi Raman , Ahmadi Keivan , Ahmed Muktar Beshir , Alanezi Fahad Mashhour , Alanzi Turki M. , Alcalde-Rabanal Jacqueline Elizabeth , Alemnew Birhan Tamene , Ali Beriwan Abdulqadir , Ali Muhammad , Alijanzadeh Mehran , Alinia Cyrus , Alipoor Reza , Alipour Vahid , Alizade Hesam , Aljunid Syed Mohamed , Almasi Ali , Almasi-Hashiani Amir , Al-Mekhlafi Hesham M. , Altirkawi Khalid A. , Amare Bekalu , Amini Saeed , Amini-Rarani Mostafa , Amiri Fatemeh , Amit Arianna Maever L. , Amugsi Dickson A. , Ancuceanu Robert , Andrei Catalina Liliana , Anjomshoa Mina , Ansari Fereshteh , Ansari-Moghaddam Alireza , Ansha Mustafa Geleto , Antonio Carl Abelardo T. , Antriyandarti Ernoiz , Anvari Davood , Arabloo Jalal , Arab-Zozani Morteza , Aremu Olatunde , Armoon Bahram , Aryal Krishna K. , Arzani Afsaneh , Asadi-Aliabadi Mehran , Asgari Samaneh , Atafar Zahra , Ausloos Marcel , Awoke Nefsu , Quintanilla Beatriz Paulina Ayala , Ayanore Martin Amogre , Aynalem Yared Asmare , Azadmehr Abbas , Azari Samad , Babaee Ebrahim , Badawi Alaa , Badiye Ashish D. , Bahrami Mohammad Amin , Baig Atif Amin , Bakhtiari Ahad , Balakrishnan Senthilkumar , Banach Maciej , Banik Palash Chandra , Barac Aleksandra , Baradaran-Seyed Zahra , Baraki Adhanom Gebreegziabher , Basu Sanjay , Bayati Mohsen , Bayou Yibeltal Tebekaw , Bedi Neeraj , Behzadifar Masoud , Bell Michelle L. , Berbada Dessalegn Ajema , Berhe Kidanemaryam , Bhattarai Suraj , Bhutta Zulfiqar A. , Bijani Ali , Birhanu Minyichil , Bisanzio Donal , Biswas Atanu , Bohlouli Somayeh , Bolla Srinivasa Rao , Borzouei Shiva , Brady Oliver J. , Bragazzi Nicola Luigi , Briko Andrey Nikolaevich , Briko Nikolay Ivanovich , Nagaraja Sharath Burugina , Butt Zahid A. , Cámera Luis Alberto , Campos-Nonato Ismael R. , Car Josip , Cárdenas Rosario , Carvalho Felix , Castaldelli-Maia João Maurício , Castro Franz , Chattu Vijay Kumar , Chehrazi Mohammad , Chin Ken Lee , Chu Dinh-Toi , Cook Aubrey J. , Cormier Natalie Maria , Cunningham Brandon , Dahlawi Saad M. A. , Damiani Giovanni , Dandona Rakhi , Dandona Lalit , Danovaro M. Carolina , Dansereau Emily , Daoud Farah , Darwesh Aso Mohammad , Darwish Amira Hamed , Das Jai K. , Weaver Nicole Davis , De Neve Jan-Walter , Demeke Feleke Mekonnen , Demis Asmamaw Bizuneh , Denova-Gutiérrez Edgar , Desalew Assefa , Deshpande Aniruddha , Desta Desilu Mahari , Dharmaratne Samath Dhamminda , Dhungana Govinda Prasad , Dianatinasab Mostafa , Diaz Daniel , Dipeolu Isaac Oluwafemi , Djalalinia Shirin , Do Hoa Thi , Dorostkar Fariba , Doshmangir Leila , Doyle Kerrie E. , Dunachie Susanna J. , Duraes Andre Rodrigues , Kalan Mohammad Ebrahimi , Leylabadlo Hamed Ebrahimzadeh , Edinur Hisham Atan , Effiong Andem , Eftekhari Aziz , El Sayed Iman , El Sayed Zaki Maysaa , Elema Teshome Bekele , Elhabashy Hala Rashad , El-Jaafary Shaimaa I. , Elsharkawy Aisha , Emamian Mohammad Hassan , Enany Shymaa , Eshrati Babak , Eskandari Khalil , Eskandarieh Sharareh , Esmaeilnejad Saman , Esmaeilzadeh Firooz , Esteghamati Alireza , Etisso Atkilt Esaiyas , Farahmand Mohammad , Faraon Emerito Jose A. , Fareed Mohammad , Faridnia Roghiyeh , Farioli Andrea , Farzadfar Farshad , Fattahi Nazir , Fazlzadeh Mehdi , Fereshtehnejad Seyed-Mohammad , Fernandes Eduarda , Filip Irina , Fischer Florian , Foigt Nataliya A. , Folayan Morenike Oluwatoyin , Foroutan Masoud , Fukumoto Takeshi , Fullman Nancy , Gad Mohamed M. , Geberemariyam Biniyam Sahiledengle , Gebrehiwot Tsegaye Tewelde , Gebrehiwot Abiyu Mekonnen , Gebremariam Kidane Tadesse , Gebremedhin Ketema Bizuwork , Gebremeskel Gebreamlak Gebremedhn , Gebreslassie Assefa Ayalew , Gedefaw Getnet Azeze , Gezae Kebede Embaye , Ghadiri Keyghobad , Ghaffari Reza , Ghaffarifar Fatemeh , Ghajarzadeh Mahsa , Gheshlagh Reza Ghanei , Ghashghaee Ahmad , Ghiasvand Hesam , Gholamian Asadollah , Gilani Syed Amir , Gill Paramjit Singh , Girmay Alem , Gomes Nelson G. M. , Gopalani Sameer Vali , Goulart Bárbara Niegia Garcia , Grada Ayman , Guimarães Rafael Alves , Guo Yuming , Gupta Rahul , Hafezi-Nejad Nima , Haj-Mirzaian Arvin , Haj-Mirzaian Arya , Handiso Demelash Woldeyohannes , Hanif Asif , Haririan Hamidreza , Hasaballah Ahmed I. , Hasan Md Mehedi , Hasanpoor Edris , Hasanzadeh Amir , Hassanipour Soheil , Hassankhani Hadi , Heidari-Soureshjani Reza , Henry Nathaniel J. , Herteliu Claudiu , Heydarpour Fatemeh , Hollerich Gillian I. , Rad Enayatollah Homaie , Hoogar Praveen , Hossain Naznin , Hosseini Mostafa , Hosseinzadeh Mehdi , Househ Mowafa , Hu Guoqing , Huda Tanvir M. , Humayun Ayesha , Ibitoye Segun Emmanuel , Ikilezi Gloria , Ilesanmi Olayinka Stephen , Ilic Irena M. , Ilic Milena D. , Imani-Nasab Mohammad Hasan , Inbaraj Leeberk Raja , Iqbal Usman , Irvani Seyed Sina Naghibi , Islam Sheikh Mohammed Shariful , Islam M. Mofizul , Iwu Chinwe Juliana , Iwu Chidozie C. D. , Jadidi-Niaragh Farhad , Jafarinia Morteza , Jahanmehr Nader , Jakovljevic Mihajlo , Jalali Amir , Jalilian Farzad , Javidnia Javad , Jenabi Ensiyeh , Jha Vivekanand , Ji John S. , John Oommen , Johnson Kimberly B. , Joukar Farahnaz , Jozwiak Jacek Jerzy , Kabir Zubair , Kabir Ali , Kalani Hamed , Kalankesh Leila R. , Kalhor Rohollah , Kamal Zul , Kanchan Tanuj , Kapoor Neeti , Karami Manoochehr , Matin Behzad Karami , Karch André , Karimi Salah Eddin , Kayode Gbenga A. , Karyani Ali Kazemi , Keiyoro Peter Njenga , Khader Yousef Saleh , Khafaie Morteza Abdullatif , Khammarnia Mohammad , Khan Muhammad Shahzeb , Khan Ejaz Ahmad , Khan Junaid , Khan Md Nuruzzaman , Khatab Khaled , Khater Mona M. , Khatib Mahalaqua Nazli , Khayamzadeh Maryam , Khazaei Mojtaba , Khazaei Salman , Khosravi Ardeshir , Khubchandani Jagdish , Kianipour Neda , Kim Yun Jin , Kimokoti Ruth W. , Kinyoki Damaris K. , Kisa Adnan , Kisa Sezer , Kolola Tufa , Komaki Hamidreza , Kosen Soewarta , Koul Parvaiz A. , Koyanagi Ai , Kraemer Moritz U. G. , Krishan Kewal , Kuate Defo Barthelemy , Kumar Manasi , Kumar Pushpendra , Kumar G. Anil , Kusuma Dian , La Vecchia Carlo , Lacey Ben , Lad Sheetal D. , Lal Dharmesh Kumar , Lam Felix , Lami Faris Hasan , Lansingh Van Charles , Larson Heidi Jane , Lasrado Savita , Lee Shaun Wen Huey , Lee Paul H. , LeGrand Kate E. , Lenjebo Tsegaye Lolaso , Li Shanshan , Liang Xiaofeng , Liu Patrick Y. , Lopukhov Platon D. , Machado Daiane Borges , Mahasha Phetole Walter , Mahdavi Mokhtar Mahdavi , Maheri Mina , Mahotra Narayan B. , Maled Venkatesh , Maleki Shokofeh , Malik Manzoor Ahmad , Malta Deborah Carvalho , Mansour-Ghanaei Fariborz , Mansouri Borhan , Mansourian Morteza , Mansournia Mohammad Ali , Martins-Melo Francisco Rogerlândio , Masaka Anthony , Mayala Benjamin K. , Mehndiratta Man Mohan , Mehri Fereshteh , Mehta Kala M. , Memiah Peter T. N. , Mendoza Walter , Menezes Ritesh G. , Mengesha Meresa Berwo , Mengesha Endalkachew Worku , Mestrovic Tomislav , Mihretie Kebadnew Mulatu , Miller-Petrie Molly K. , Mills Edward J. , Milne George J. , Mirabi Parvaneh , Mirrakhimov Erkin M. , Mirzaei Roya , Mirzaei Maryam , Mirzaei Hamid Reza , Mirzaei Hamed , Mirzaei-Alavijeh Mehdi , Moazen Babak , Moghadaszadeh Masoud , Mohamadi Efat , Mohammad Dara K. , Mohammad Yousef , Mohammad Karzan Abdulmuhsin , Mohammad Gholi Mezerji Naser , Mohammadbeigi Abolfazl , Mohammadian-Hafshejani Abdollah , Mohammadpourhodki Reza , Mohammed Shafiu , Mohammed Ammas Siraj , Mohammed Hussen , Mohebi Farnam , Mokdad Ali H. , Monasta Lorenzo , Moosavi Mohammad Amin , Moosazadeh Mahmood , Moradi Ghobad , Moradi Masoud , Moradi-Joo Mohammad , Moradi-Lakeh Maziar , Moradzadeh Rahmatollah , Moraga Paula , Mosapour Abbas , Mouodi Simin , Mousavi Seyyed Meysam , Khaneghah Amin Mousavi , Mueller Ulrich Otto , Muluneh Atalay Goshu , Munro Sandra B. , Murray Christopher J. L. , Murthy G. V. S. , Muthupandian Saravanan , Naderi Mehdi , Nagarajan Ahamarshan Jayaraman , Naghavi Mohsen , Nangia Vinay , Nansseu Jobert Richie , Nayak Vinod C. , Nazari Javad , Ndwandwe Duduzile Edith , Negoi Ionut , Ngunjiri Josephine W. , Nguyen Huong Lan Thi , Nguyen Chuc T. K. , Nguyen Trang Huyen , Nigatu Yeshambel T. , Nikbakhsh Rajan , Nikfar Shekoufeh , Nikpoor Amin Reza , Ningrum Dina Nur Anggraini , Nnaji Chukwudi A. , Oh In-Hwan , Oladnabi Morteza , Olagunju Andrew T. , Olusanya Jacob Olusegun , Olusanya Bolajoko Olubukunola , Bali Ahmed Omar , Omer Muktar Omer , Onwujekwe Obinna E. , Osgood-Zimmerman Aaron E. , Owolabi Mayowa O. , P A Mahesh , Padubidri Jagadish Rao , Pakshir Keyvan , Pana Adrian , Pandey Anamika , Pando-Robles Victoria , Pashaei Tahereh , Pasupula Deepak Kumar , Paternina-Caicedo Angel J. , Patton George C. , Pazoki Toroudi Hamidreza , Pepito Veincent Christian Filipino , Pescarini Julia Moreira , Pigott David M. , Pilgrim Thomas , Pirsaheb Meghdad , Poljak Mario , Postma Maarten J. , Pourjafar Hadi , Pourmalek Farshad , Pourmirza Kalhori Reza , Prada Sergio I. , Prakash Sanjay , Quazi Syed Zahiruddin , Quintana Hedley , Rabiee Navid , Rabiee Mohammad , Radfar Amir , Rafiei Alireza , Rahim Fakher , Rajati Fatemeh , Rameto Muhammed Ahmed , Ramezanzadeh Kiana , Ranabhat Chhabi Lal , Rao Sowmya J. , Rasella Davide , Rastogi Prateek , Rathi Priya , Rawaf Salman , Rawaf David Laith , Rawal Lal , Rawassizadeh Reza , Rawat Ramu , Renjith Vishnu , Renzaho Andre M. N. , Reshmi Bhageerathy , Reta Melese Abate , Rezaei Nima , Rezai Mohammad Sadegh , Rezapour Aziz , Riahi Seyed Mohammad , Ribeiro Ana Isabel , Rickard Jennifer , Rios-Blancas Maria , Rios-González Carlos Miguel , Roever Leonardo , Rostamian Morteza , Rubino Salvatore , Rwegerera Godfrey M. , Saad Anas M. , Saadatagah Seyedmohammad , Sabour Siamak , Sadeghi Ehsan , Moghaddam Sahar Saeedi , Saeidi Shahram , Sagar Rajesh , Sahebkar Amirhossein , Sahraian Mohammad Ali , Sajadi S. Mohammad , Salahshoor Mohammad Reza , Salam Nasir , Salem Hosni , Salem Marwa Rashad , Salomon Joshua A. , Kafil Hossein Samadi , Sambala Evanson Zondani , Samy Abdallah M. , Saraswathy Sivan Yegnanarayana Iyer , Sarmiento-Suárez Rodrigo , Saroshe Satish , Sartorius Benn , Sarveazad Arash , Sathian Brijesh , Sathish Thirunavukkarasu , Schaeffer Lauren E. , Schwebel David C. , Senthilkumaran Subramanian , Shabaninejad Hosein , Shahabi Saeed , Shaheen Amira A. , Shaikh Masood Ali , Shalash Ali S. , Shams-Beyranvand Mehran , Shamsi MohammadBagher , Shamsizadeh Morteza , Sharafi Kiomars , Sharifi Hamid , Sheikh Aziz , Sheikhtaheri Abbas , Shetty Ranjitha S. , Shiferaw Wondimeneh Shibabaw , Shigematsu Mika , Shin Jae Il , Shirkoohi Reza , Siabani Soraya , Siddiqi Tariq Jamal , Silverberg Jonathan I. S. , Simonetti Biagio , Singh Jasvinder A. , Sinha Dhirendra Narain , Sinke Abiy H. , Soheili Amin , Sokhan Anton , Soltani Shahin , Soofi Moslem , Sorrie Muluken Bekele , Soyiri Ireneous N. , Spotin Adel , Spurlock Emma Elizabeth , Sreeramareddy Chandrashekhar T. , Sudaryanto Agus , Sufiyan Mu’awiyyah Babale , Suleria Hafiz Ansar Rasul , Abdulkader Rizwan Suliankatchi , Taherkhani Amir , Tapak Leili , Taveira Nuno , Taymoori Parvaneh , Tefera Yonatal Mesfin , Tehrani-Banihashemi Arash , Teklehaimanot Berhane Fseha , Tekulu Gebretsadkan Hintsa , Tesfay Berhe Etsay , Tessema Zemenu Tadesse , Tessema Belay , Thankappan Kavumpurathu Raman , Tohidinik Hamid Reza , Topor-Madry Roman , Tovani-Palone Marcos Roberto , Tran Bach Xuan , Uddin Riaz , Ullah Irfan , Umeokonkwo Chukwuma David , Unnikrishnan Bhaskaran , Upadhyay Era , Usman Muhammad Shariq , Vaezi Maryam , Valadan Tahbaz Sahel , Valdez Pascual R. , Vasseghian Yasser , Veisani Yousef , Violante Francesco S. , Vollmer Sebastian , Waheed Yasir , Wakefield Jon , Wang Yafeng , Wang Yuan-Pang , Weldesamuel Girmay Teklay , Werdecker Andrea , Westerman Ronny , Wiangkham Taweewat , Wiens Kirsten E. , Wiysonge Charles Shey , Woldu Gebremariam , Wondafrash Dawit Zewdu , Wonde Tewodros Eshete , Wu Ai-Min , Yadollahpour Ali , Jabbari Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh , Yamada Tomohide , Yaya Sanni , Yazdi-Feyzabadi Vahid , Yeheyis Tomas Y. , Yeshaw Yigizie , Yilgwan Christopher Sabo , Yip Paul , Yonemoto Naohiro , Younis Mustafa Z. , Yousefi Zabihollah , Yousefifard Mahmoud , Yousefinezhadi Taraneh , Yu Chuanhua , Yusefzadeh Hasan , Zadey Siddhesh , Zahirian Moghadam Telma , Zaki Leila , Zaman Sojib Bin , Zamani Mohammad , Zamanian Maryam , Zandian Hamed , Zangeneh Alireza , Zarei Fatemeh , Zerfu Taddese Alemu , Zhang Yunquan , Zhang Zhi-Jiang , Zhao Xiu-Ju George , Zhou Maigeng , Ziapour Arash , Hay Simon I. , Lim Stephen S. , Mosser Jonathan F. 
Published: December 2020

The safe, highly effective measles vaccine has been recommended globally since 1974, yet in 2017 there were more than 17 million cases of measles and 83,400 deaths in children under 5 years old, and more than 99% of both occurred in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs)1–4. Globally comparable, annual, local estimates of routine first-dose measles-containing vaccine (MCV1) coverage are critical for understanding geographically precise immunity patterns, progress towards the targets of the Global Vaccine Action Plan (GVAP), and high-risk areas amid disruptions to vaccination programmes caused by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)5–8. Here we generated annual estimates of routine childhood MCV1 coverage at 5 × 5-km2 pixel and second administrative levels from 2000 to 2019 in 101 LMICs, quantified geographical inequality and assessed vaccination status by geographical remoteness. After widespread MCV1 gains from 2000 to 2010, coverage regressed in more than half of the districts between 2010 and 2019, leaving many LMICs far from the GVAP goal of 80% coverage in all districts by 2019. MCV1 coverage was lower in rural than in urban locations, although a larger proportion of unvaccinated children overall lived in urban locations; strategies to provide essential vaccination services should address both geographical contexts. These results provide a tool for decision-makers to strengthen routine MCV1 immunization programmes and provide equitable disease protection for all children.