bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Davis Christina L.
Published: November 2017

This book examines why democratic institutions for accountability encourage use of adjudication to resolve trade disputes. It argues that governments file a formal legal complaint for World Trade Organization (WTO) adjudication as a costly signal to domestic and foreign audiences of the government's support for exporter interests that have been harmed by foreign protectionism. On the defendant side too, allowing oneself to be dragged into court signals support for importer interests that benefit from the trade barrier. The book develops a theory about domestic constraints to explain why democratic states are more likely to file legal complaints against trade barriers and select their cases based on the political influence of the affected industry. It explores the conditions under which states choose legal venues for dispute settlement, and how the legal context changes the outcome. This introductory chapter provides an overview of international trade law enforcement.
Domestic Constraints and Active Enforcement
Authors: Davis Christina L.
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines the role of courts in the ability of democratic politicians to support international commitments. Taking a closer look at the domestic political origins of trade disputes is necessary to understand the demand for adjudication. The logic of tied hands and two-level games in bargaining has influenced a large research agenda that brings together analysis of domestic politics and international relations. In particular, existing scholarship highlights the role for domestic politics in the area of trade. The chapter develops hypotheses about how variation in domestic politics affects the demand for use of adjudication in dispute settlement. It also explains how political pressures that shape conditions for liberalization of trade policy also affect trade law enforcement.
The Litigious State: U.S. Trade Policy
Authors: Davis Christina L.
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines the role of domestic political interests in the selection of U.S. cases for World Trade Organization (WTO) adjudication. It first considers how the United States has taken a lead role in the area of trade law enforcement before discussing how legislative constraints and interest group pressure operate in U.S. trade policy. The Kodak–Fuji WTO dispute between the United States and Japan is used to illustrate an example of politicized selection of a case for adjudication. The chapter also analyzes U.S. complaints about market access barriers by leading trade partners. By identifying potential trade disputes, it shows why some cases go forward to adjudication. It also explains how the WTO disputes served an important role in the executive strategy to manage domestic pressure from Congress for a more aggressive policy against China.
Level Playing Field? Adjudication by Developing Countries
Authors: Davis Christina L.
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines the effectiveness of adjudication as a tool for developing countries by comparing dispute settlement with alternative strategies in the context of asymmetrical bargaining between a small state and a larger trading partner. Two case studies involving Peru and Vietnam, which challenged labeling policies that hindered their fish exports to major trade partners, provide evidence that adjudication can also be effective for small states. Although less attention is given to domestic politics of the complainant state in this chapter, the cases show how adjudication adds leverage to overcome domestic resistance against removal of a protection barrier in the defendant state.
Conclusion
Authors: Davis Christina L.
Published: November 2017

This book has investigated why states use adjudication for trade disputes, showing that domestic political pressure influences trade law enforcement through legal strategies. It has also examined the effectiveness of adjudication as a dispute settlement mechanism. This concluding chapter reviews the theory about the political role of adjudication. It considers the tension in how adjudication represents both conflict and cooperation between states as they escalate a trade dispute but do so within agreed upon rules. The tendency to sue friends reflects this dynamic—within a broadly cooperative relationship, trade adjudication can be part of business as usual. The chapter ends by extending the implications of the argument for a broader theory of legalization in international relations.
The Rise of a New Norm
Authors: Kelley Judith G.
Published: November 2017

This chapter talks about a combination of several factors that led to the rapid rise of monitoring. First, proponents were able to frame monitoring as a mechanism for upholding evolving political and civil rights at the same time as historical changes made relatively strong intrusions into domestic affairs more acceptable. Second, the end of the Cold War shifted the focus from security to democracy promotion and the domestic turmoil in many transition states created a demand for monitoring. Finally, donors and international organizations increased their use of political conditionality and this led even more governments to invite monitors. Nowadays, monitoring is widespread and involves many different types of organizations, ranging from global and regional intergovernmental organizations to NGOs. These organizations take on a range of activities and vary greatly in their resources.
What Influences Monitors’ Assessments?
Authors: Kelley Judith G.
Published: November 2017

This chapter analyzes some of the factors that may influence how organizations assess elections. Identifying such possible biases is necessary to assess the legitimacy of the monitoring process itself and identify when assessments may be questionable. It also advances the general study of transnational actors, who are playing increasingly consequential roles in global governance. Scholars have long contended that transnational actors are both normative and strategic, but only more recently have they begun to study how their politics and preferences influence their behavior. Uncovering what influences the assessments of monitoring organizations therefore contributes to a richer understanding of the behavior of international NGOs and intergovernmental organizations (IGOs). To consider the quality of monitoring information and the legitimacy of monitoring more generally, the chapter analyzes the determinants of monitors' assessments.
Are Monitored Elections Better?
Authors: Kelley Judith G.
Published: November 2017

This chapter discusses the influence of international monitors on the quality of individual elections. Using quantitative data to examine the quality of elections provides a far greater breadth of analysis than case studies alone can accomplish. Whether an election is monitored depends both on the organizations' interest in observing an election and on domestic willingness to host observers. This is the classic problem with analyzing data on any form of nonrandom intervention. If the anticipated quality of an election influences whether monitors are present, then monitors may not influence quality at all, but merely respond to it. That is, monitors may simply go to elections that are more likely to improve. Conversely, if elections do not improve, it may be because monitors go to particularly difficult countries that are less likely to improve.
Long-Term Effects
Authors: Kelley Judith G.
Published: November 2017

This chapter compares how several countries respond to recommendations by monitors in the long run, and whether the overall quality of elections improves throughout multiple monitored elections. Most monitoring efforts aim not simply to deter overt cheating in a single round of elections, but to bring changes in the long run. This is one reason many organizations invest considerable time on the ground. More than half of monitored elections have at least one pre-election visit by an organizational delegation, and in about 40 percent of elections at least one organization arrived a month or more in advance. Most importantly, international election monitors usually include many recommendations in their reports. These recommendations call attention to current problems in the legal and administrative framework for elections and often make concrete suggestions about how to address them.
Sacrificing for
Authors: Halbertal Moshe
Published: November 2017

This chapter analyzes how the movement of the self to self-transcendence has been articulated in different ways in the history of philosophy. In his phenomenology of the sacrificial aspect of political violence, Paul Kahn observes that the double aspect of sacrifice—self and other—continues to this day. The chapter considers the potential relationship between self-sacrifice and violence in war by briefly analyzing the laws of war. In addition, it studies how origin narratives of states and political or religious communities sometimes refer to heroic sacrifices performed by the founding generation. A past sacrifice can become a binding political constraint on present-day politicians. With the burden of an earlier sacrifice, the issue is not about withdrawing from a losing situation and maximizing utility but is instead a concern about retroactive desecration.
The Civil War and Reconstruction
Authors: Crowe Justin
Published: November 2017

This chapter focuses on the empowerment of the federal judiciary from the Compromise of 1850 (admitting California into the Union as a free state and unofficially signifying the beginning of the political crisis leading to the Civil War) to the Compromise of 1877 (settling the disputed 1876 presidential election between Samuel J. Tilden and Rutherford B. Hayes and representing the formal end of Reconstruction). The chapter asks why judicial institution building was pursued, how it was accomplished, and what it achieved within the context of mid-nineteenth century American politics. It examines the role of Republicans in Civil War and Reconstruction era institution building and how it resulted in a significant expansion of federal judicial power. It also considers the four stages in which the substantial empowerment of the judiciary occurred during the period, including the consolidation of a Republican-friendly Supreme Court through ameliorative reforms aimed at specific problems of judicial performance.
The Gilded Age and the Progressive Era
Authors: Crowe Justin
Published: November 2017

This chapter considers the restructuring of the federal judiciary during the period of Republican dominance from the inauguration of Rutherford B. Hayes in 1877 to the inauguration of Woodrow Wilson in 1913. It shows that Gilded Age and Progressive Era politicians pursued judicial reform that focused less on the extent of judicial power and more on the structural logic and internal consistency of the institutional judiciary more generally. The chapter discusses the two stages in which judicial institution building occurred during the period: first, the Gilded Age attempt to unburden the Supreme Court by appointing a new slate of judges to staff circuit courts (1877–1891); and second, the Progressive Era unification and synchronization of all laws concerning the judiciary in one statute (1892–1914). The role played by Republicans and Democrats in judicial institution building in the Gilded Age and Progressive Era is also examined.
The Interwar and New Deal Years
Authors: Crowe Justin
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines the bureaucratization of the federal judiciary during the quarter century between the dawn of World War I in 1914 and the dawn of World War II in 1939. It shows how reformers during the interwar and New Deal periods insulated the judiciary from potentially dangerous (and increasingly unnecessary) relationships with the other branches of government and signaled the arrival of a more autonomous and self-governing branch. The chapter discusses the three stages in which judicial institution building occurred during the period in conjunction with the vast expansion of regulatory government. It also considers the role played by the political entrepreneurship of William Howard Taft and Homer Cummings in judicial institution building in the interwar and New Deal years.
Judicial Power in a Political World
Authors: Crowe Justin
Published: November 2017

This concluding chapter synthesizes the book's main findings about the architectonic politics of judicial institution building and contextualizes them within contemporary debates. It also reflects upon the lessons of the more than 200-year historical lineage of the institutional judiciary for our understanding of judicial power in America. More specifically, it considers the place of the federal judiciary in America's past and future in empirical and normative terms, respectively. It argues that both political rhetoric and academic exegesis about the Supreme Court embody a fundamentally incorrect presumption about the judiciary being external to politics, and that such presumption leads to a series of misconceptions about the relationship between judicial power and democratic politics. The chapter offers a conception that not only locates the judicial branch squarely within the political arena but also places substantially greater emphasis on its cooperation rather than conflict with other actors and institutions in that arena.
Introduction
Authors: Hansen Thomas Blom
Published: November 2017

This introductory chapter looks at how every South African had to learn to live according to a complex cultural economy that was structured by several forms of (imputed) gaze. This is because life during apartheid became so rigidly divided along race lines, and yet remained intimate and close in workplaces and homes. Racialized identities and anxieties were played out at every level of social and intimate life. The result was a set of complex, performative anxieties that are by no means unique to South Africa but became more developed there than in most other societies. The chapter suggests that the legacy of colonial and apartheid regulation and cultural policy has made the embodied imagination of a range of imputed gazes extraordinarily compelling and complex in everyday life.
Charous and Ravans
Authors: Hansen Thomas Blom
Published: November 2017

This chapter studies the theme of racism and fear of Africans among people of Indian origin. The relationship between indentured Indians and Zulu speakers in the province of Natal was tense and contentious throughout the twentieth century. The large riots in 1949 in Durban when Indian homes were attacked by African workers, as well as subsequent conflicts in 1985 and after apartheid, left a legacy of apprehension between the two communities that periodically erupt in racist allegations from both sides. The chapter also explores the tension between the so-called “racism's two bodies”—notions of surface and substance—in racial practices among Indians. It argues that the influx of large numbers of Africans in Chatsworth has transformed the idea of the area as a knowable site of cultural intimacy.
Autonomy, Freedom, and Political Speech
Authors: Hansen Thomas Blom
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines the development of political institutions of autonomy that were designed for Indians during the apartheid years. It unravels the pervasive sense of unreality and absurdity that accompanied the heavily circumscribed functions of these bodies and how this consolidated an already pervasive disengagement from the world of politics in the township. From the 1980s, representative politics became subsumed under a larger imperative of enjoyment and self-deprecating humor. Political figures and their speech are still not read literally but are transposed into a form of entertainment and performance that is enjoyed at a distance. This apprehension regarding the world of politics is clearly more pronounced among non-African communities in South Africa but still defines an important and ill-understood dimension of the postapartheid unhappy consciousness.
The Unwieldy Fetish
Authors: Hansen Thomas Blom
Published: November 2017

This chapter looks at the new economy of diasporic imagination that hit South Africa after 1994. It begins by examining a range of narratives of roots tourism whereby thousands of South African Indians each year travel to India in search of the village of their ancestors and for shopping and/or spiritual purification. These journeys are often complex discoveries of both the real and the imaginary India, and are almost invariably linked to desires for purification and “proper” Indianness and “culture,” which, in their turn, are spawned by social mobility and ambition. The other side of this new fascination with India's past and its emerging power as a nation is an intense interest in Bollywood films and their songs, stars, and aesthetics.
The Saved and the Backsliders
Authors: Hansen Thomas Blom
Published: November 2017

This chapter explores how the process of reevaluating one's past and reaching for a future beyond a clear ethnoracial definition is played out among the thousands of ordinary working-class Indians in Chatsworth and elsewhere who convert to Pentecostal Christianity. These conversions, which have gathered significant force since 1994, reflect a desire for respectability and purity, but even more so a powerful attempt to find a religious identity that seems both intelligible and in tune with the culture of the larger South Africa society. The chapter considers how these church communities, among many other things, negotiate new forms of inclusion and embody a promise of being both included in the new nation and global yet decidedly and conspicuously nonpolitical.
Philippikos “The Gentle”
Authors: Herrin Judith
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines how the term “praos,” associated with Christ in the Gospels, was applied to the eighth-century Byzantine emperor Philippikos, whose successful usurpation was accompanied by a determination to return the Byzantine church to the observance of Monotheletism. Philippikos reigned for less than two years from June 711 to May 713, but in that short time he became closely associated with the text known as Parastaseis syntomoi chronikai. A passage in Parastaseis Chapter 82 described Philippikos as “gentle.” The fact that “gentle and humble of heart” was so widely quoted in Byzantium points up the contrast between its use in Parastaseis and later accounts of Philippikos. So when the compilers of Parastaseis combine a Christ-like quality of gentleness with Eastern traditions about the emperor's learning and culture, they present him in a very favorable light.
The Historical Context of Iconoclast Reform
Authors: Herrin Judith
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines the historical context of iconoclast reform under the Byzantine Empire. In the early eighth century, the Byzantine Empire teetered on the edge of total collapse. From 695 to 717 internal conflicts threatened to divide the empire, while Muslim forces seemed poised ready to capture Constantinople itself. This troubled period is therefore crucial to an analysis of Byzantium during the first outbreak of iconoclasm. The first reign of Justinian II, the last ruling member of the Heraclian dynasty, ended in a palace coup of 695, which established a usurper, Leontios, as emperor. This event was the first of many similar upheavals that followed with all too regular repetition, making nonsense of the tradition of a Byzantine imperial family. The chapter discusses the efforts of Leo III and his son Constantine to end a political crisis that nearly brought down the Byzantine Empire.
“Come out of such a land, you Irishmen”
Authors: Nelson Bruce
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines Irish nationalism in the context of the debate over slavery and abolition. It focuses on the figure of Daniel O'Connell. O'Connell was by reputation Ireland's liberator; he certainly was the most authoritative and charismatic voice of the emerging Irish Catholic nation of the early and mid-nineteenth century. He was also an outspoken opponent of slavery—in fact, one of the most powerful antislavery voices in all of Europe. Seeing the White Republic, and Irish Americans, through O'Connell's eyes requires us to explore the complex circumstances that confronted Irish immigrants in the United States and to understand why they would not—and to some degree could not—embrace his antislavery views. What is perhaps most remarkable about O'Connell, though, is not his success or failure in this regard but his attempt to construct an Irish identity that required opposition to slavery and other forms of oppression as one of its essential components.
“The Black O’Connell of the United States”
Authors: Nelson Bruce
Published: November 2017

This chapter focuses on Frederick Douglass, one of the great antislavery voices of the nineteenth century. Douglass was born a slave, and he came to Ireland as a fugitive from American slave catchers. Ironically, he arrived on the eve of the Great Famine and was deeply disturbed by the poverty and suffering he encountered there, even before famine-related starvation and mortality became apparent. But for the most part Douglass experienced Ireland as a place where his spirit soared, where his sense of dignity was markedly enhanced, where he could be free. The chapter examines Ireland through Douglass's eyes in an attempt to understand why and how he failed to come to terms with some of the fundamental realities of Irish society. Douglass was unable to combine a strong sense of nationality with opposition to slavery and other forms of oppression.
Formal Theory
Authors: Fefferman Charles , Graham C. Robin
Published: November 2017

This chapter presents proof of Theorem 2.9 for n > 2. It further notes that similar arguments using the form of the perturbation formulae (3.32) for the Ricci curvature show that the metrics constructed in Theorems 3.7, 3.9 and 3.10 are the only formal expansions of metrics for ρ‎ > 0 or ρ‎ < 0 involving positive powers of ¦ ρ‎ r ρ‎ and log ¦ ρ‎ r ρ‎, which are homogeneous of degree 2, Ricci-flat to infinite order, and in normal form. Convergence of formal series determined by Fuchsian problems such as these in the case of real-analytic data has been considered by several authors. In particular, results of [BaoG] can be applied to establish the convergence of the series occurring in Theorems 3.7 and 3.9 (and also in Theorem 3.10 if the obstruction tensor vanishes) if g and h are real-analytic. Convergence results including also the case when log terms occur in Theorem 3.10 are contained in [K].
Scalar Invariants
Authors: Fefferman Charles , Graham C. Robin
Published: November 2017

This chapter shows how to derive a characterization of scalar invariants of conformal structures by reduction to the relevant results of [BEGr]. In [FG], the authors conjectured that when n is odd, all scalar conformal invariants arise as Weyl invariants constructed from the ambient metric. The second main goal of this book is to prove this together with an analogous result when n is even. These results are contained in Theorems 9.2, 9.3, and 9.4. The parabolic invariant theory needed to prove these results was developed in [BEGr], including the observation of the existence of exceptional invariants. But substantial work is required to reduce the theorems in the chapter to the results of [BEGr]. To understand this, it briefly reviews how Weyl's characterization of scalar Riemannian invariants is proved.
Women and the Faith in Icons in Early Christianity
Authors: Herrin Judith
Published: November 2017

This chapter discusses the place of icons in worship, their character, and the way they came to symbolize the holy and mediate between earth and heaven. In particular, as icons became a vivid focus of devotion, they began to embody human relations with God the Creator and Ruler of the entire Christian world. It is argued that women played a notable part in this developing cult of icons. The chapter concentrates on some features of Late Antique Mediterranean culture, shared by Jews and Gentiles, pagan and Christian alike. These provided a common social experience within which the artistic evolution of the Christian church took place. In particular, the first part of this chapter is devoted to a discussion of funerary art, for this represents one of the most striking ways whereby Christians transmitted pagan rituals and artistic forms to their new faith. The second part examines some of the reasons for the preservation of these forms, once assimilated to a Christian mode, when they came under attack in the East. It asks how much that response informs us about the role of women in the cult of icons.
Public and Private Forms of Religious Commitment among Byzantine Women
Authors: Herrin Judith
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines the development of the different forms of religious commitment expressed by women who lived in the Byzantine Empire between the sixth and eleventh centuries AD—a development predicated on their gradual exclusion from displays of public religiosity. Over this long period, as the church consolidated its organization through an administration grafted on to Roman imperial government, the ecclesiastical hierarchy of male bishops effectively excluded women from prominent public positions. This development can be traced through canonical rulings laid down at ecumenical and local church councils, which defined the Christian practice appropriate for women. It is also documented by women's participation in religious activities as recorded in a variety of sources, especially the lives of female saints.
Down with Authenticity
Authors: Hall John A.
Published: November 2017

This chapter focuses on the dangers of authenticity. There are a number of reasons why authenticity should be kept out of politics, why politics should not be personalized. It has been suggested that theories with the best intentions end up with authoritarian conclusions when trying to create political order based on respect for authenticity. The practical precedents are, of course, much worse: the most famous example of a politician basing his legitimacy on a claim of personal authenticity is that of Adolf Hitler. Unrestricted openness and authenticity would lead to confusion, distrust, and, perhaps, the creation of ground rules of even more questionable character. The chapter then explains why the politics of authenticity are bound to become authoritarian. Any political theory that seeks to anchor human personality at one particular point and prevents people, for example, from making mistakes, and hopefully learning from them, is bound to end up coercing people into one particular mold.
Imperialism, the Perversion of Nationalism
Authors: Hall John A.
Published: November 2017

This chapter explores the toxic relations between empires, nations, and states in the period between 1875 and 1945 that brought disaster to the modern world. One cause of international tensions at the end of the nineteenth century lay in international trade rivalries resulting from dumping practices—themselves the result of every state determining to be autonomous in the production of steel, the base for military independence. However, the picture as a whole is best characterized as the marriage of nationalism and imperialism. Two basic factors tend to explain escalation to the extremes in a system of states. The first is that of heterogeneity in the system as a whole, the presence of different values making mutual understanding difficult. The second is that of the character of the states involved, that is, establishing whether they had the capacity—so often presumed by realism to exist—to calculate rationally.
Overview
Authors: Katz Nicholas M.
Published: November 2017

This chapter provides an overview of the present analysis, which grew out of two questions, raised by Ron Evans and Zeev Rudnick respectively, in May and June of 2003. Evans and Rudnick performed numerical experiments on the sums as χ‎ varies over all multiplicative characters of k, and as χ‎ varies over all nontrivial multiplicative characters of a finite field k of odd characteristic, respectively. Both equidistribution results of Evans and Rudnick are proven.
The Situation over a Finite Field
Authors: Katz Nicholas M.
Published: November 2017

This chapter deals with the case of a finite field k, and a group scheme 𝓖/k. which is a form of 𝔾ₘ.
Group-Theoretic Facts about Ggeom and Garith
Authors: Katz Nicholas M.
Published: November 2017

This chapter presents proofs of following theorems. Theorem 6.1: Suppose N in Garith is geometrically semisimple. Then Ggeom,N is a normal subgroup of Garith,N. Theorem 6.2: Suppose that N in Garith is arithmetically semisimple and pure of weight zero. If Garith,N is finite, then N is punctual. Indeed, if every Frobenius conjugacy class FrobE,X in Garith,N is quasiunipotent, then N is punctual. Theorem 6.4: Suppose that N in Garith is arithmetically semisimple and pure of weight zero. If Ggeom is finite, then N is punctual. Theorem 6.5: Suppose that N in Garith is arithmetically semisimple and pure of weight zero. Then the group Ggeom,N/G⁰geom,N of connected components of Ggeom,N is cyclic of some prime to p order n.
Autodualities and Signs
Authors: Katz Nicholas M.
Published: November 2017

This chapter takes up the proofs of Theorems 9.1 and 9.2. Theorem 9.1: Suppose that N in Garith is geometrically irreducible, ι‎-pure of weight zero, and arithmetically self-dual. Denote by ɛ the sign of its autoduality. For variable finite extension fields E/k, we have the estimate for ɛ. Theorem 9.2: Suppose that that N in Garith is geometrically irreducible (so a fortiori arithmetically irreducible) and ι‎-pure of weight zero.
Orthogonal Examples, Especially SO(n) Examples
Authors: Katz Nicholas M.
Published: November 2017

The orthogonal case is more diffcult than the symplectic one because of the need to distinguish between SO(n) and O(n), which we do not in general know how to do. This chapter works on either the split or the nonsplit form. It begins with a lisse sheaf Ƒ on a dense open set j : U ⊂ G which is geometrically irreducible, pure of weight zero, and not geometrically isomorphic to (the restriction to U of) any Kummer sheaf Lᵪ. It denotes by G := j
*Ƒ its middle extension to G. Then the object N := G(1/2)[1] ɛ Garith is pure of weight zero and geometrically irreducible. The result is the orthogonal version of Theorem 18.1.
SL(n) Examples, for n an Odd Prime
Authors: Katz Nicholas M.
Published: November 2017

This chapter constructs, for every n ≤ 3, n-dimensional objects with G
geom ⊂ G
arith ⊂ SL(n), but only when n is prime will we be able to prove that G
geom = G
arith = SL(n).
SL(n) Examples with Slightly Composite n
Authors: Katz Nicholas M.
Published: November 2017

This chapter continues to study the object N of Theorem 21.1. Thus, k is a finite field of characteristic p, ψ‎ a nontrivial additive character of k, f(x) = f(x)=∑i=−baAixi∈k[x,1/x]Aᵢxⁱ ɛ k[x, 1/x] is a Laurent polynomial of “bidegree” (a, b), with a; b both ≤ 1 and both prime to p. It is assumed that f(x) is Artin–Schreier reduced. It takes for N the object N:ℒψ(f(x))(1/2)[1]∈ρarith.
Other SL(n) Examples
Authors: Katz Nicholas M.
Published: November 2017

This chapter fixes an integer n ≤ 3 which is not a power of the characteristic p, and a monic polynomial f(x) ɛ k[x] of degree n, f(x)=∑i=0nAixi, An=1.
An O(2n) Example
Authors: Katz Nicholas M.
Published: November 2017

This chapter works over a finite field k of odd characteristic. Fix an even integer 2n ≤ 4 and a monic polynomial f(x) ɛ k[x] of degree 2n, f(x)=∑i=02nAixi, A2n=1. The following three assumptions are made about f: (1) f has 2n distinct roots in k¯, and A₀ = −1; gcd{i¦Aᵢ ≠ = 0} = 1; and (3) f is antipalindromic, i.e., for f
pal(x) := x²ⁿf(1/x), we have f
pal(x) = −f(x).
G2 Examples: the Overall Strategy
Authors: Katz Nicholas M.
Published: November 2017

This fixes, for each prime p, a prime 𝓁 ≠ p and a choice of nontrivial ℚ¯ℓX-valued additive character ψ‎ of the prime field 𝔽ₚ. Given a finite extension field k/𝔽ₚ, it takes as nontrivial additive character of k the composition k := ψ‎ ○ Trk/𝔽p, whenever a nontrivial additive character of k is (implicitly or explicitly) called for (for instance in the definition of a Kloosterman sheaf, or of a hypergeometric sheaf, on 𝔾ₘ/k).
G2 Examples: Construction in Odd Characteristic
Authors: Katz Nicholas M.
Published: November 2017

This chapter treats the case of the odd characteristic. The situation in odd characteristic is complicated by the quadratic character χ‎₂: the ! hypergeometric sheaf of type (7, 1), though lisse on 𝔾ₘ is not pure of weight zero, nor is its G
geom the group G₂.
Appendix: Deligne’s Fibre Functor
Authors: Katz Nicholas M.
Published: November 2017

This chapter takes up the proof of Theorem 3.1. It shows that N ↦ ω‎(N) := H⁰(𝔸¹/k¯, j
0!
N) is a fiber functor on the Tannakian category Ƿsubscript geom of those perverse sheaves on 𝔾ₘ/k¯ satisfying Ƿ, under middle convolution.
The Transformation of Ottoman Policies toward the Ottoman Greeks during the First World War
Authors: Akçam Taner
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines how the policy followed against the Ottoman Greeks underwent an important change in November 1914, when the use of widespread violence against the Greeks and their forcible expulsion to Greece were halted. Policies concerning the Greeks during the war years were restricted henceforth to sending some of those living in coastal areas to interior provinces for military reasons. This procedure, connected with Russian military victories at the end of 1916 and throughout 1917, was carried out in a systematic manner, particularly in the Black Sea region. In some areas, massacres of Greeks were observed, but in general the Greek population remained exempt from the policy of deportation and annihilation applied to the Armenians.
Final Steps in the Decision-Making Process
Authors: Akçam Taner
Published: November 2017

This chapter argues that the fear that the English were going to land somewhere in the Iskenderun region, and following this, the commencement of a great naval movement in order to seize Istanbul, led the Unionists to believe that the end of the empire was certainly at hand. The first deportation decision was made under these circumstances. The evacuation of Armenians from certain regions due to military and political reasons presaged another important turning point. The fact that the European states were at war played an important role in these deportations, which were carried out first in Dortyol and then in Zeytun, both in the region of Cilicia. The chapter shows how the Unionists believed that the war created favorable conditions for them, but the proper time had not yet arrived.
Interior Ministry Documents and the Intent to Annihilate
Authors: Akçam Taner
Published: November 2017

This chapter talks about how, despite all attempts to sanitize the archival record, the surviving documents in the Interior Ministry section of the Prime Ministerial Ottoman Archive are sufficient to show the distinctive character of Ottoman wartime measures against the Armenians: having been uprooted and deported from Anatolia, they were to be denied even rudimentary living conditions. The orders to annihilate the Armenian population did not reach the regional and district officials through the usual governmental channels but instead were hand-delivered by selected Unionist operatives. Although, for this reason, the original orders are unlikely to be found in official correspondence, the mobilization of several branches and agencies of government to implement the policy against the Armenians inevitably left a paper trail within the Ottoman state archive.
Assimilation: The Conversion and Forced Marriage of Christian Children
Authors: Akçam Taner
Published: November 2017

This chapter contends that there are two reasons why the concept of assimilation was detached from the study of genocide. First, Armenian Genocide studies have suffered from the general weaknesses of the emerging field. Occupying the central place in these debates as a sine qua non, the Holocaust became the yardstick against which an event might or might not measure up as a genocide. As with other instances of mass violence, the fear that the events of 1915 would not be considered genocide if they did not resemble the Holocaust precluded serious analysis along the lines of dynamic social processes. Second, the understanding of assimilation as a process of the Armenian Genocide has been hampered by the character of available sources, mainly German and American consular reports, as well as missionary and survivor accounts.
The Question of Confiscated Armenian Property
Authors: Akçam Taner
Published: November 2017

This chapter illustrates how the deportations left an enormous amount of abandoned Armenian property and possessions in their wake. This posed the question of what policy the government and local officials should take in regard to its preservation or liquidation. The answer of the Unionist government is highly instructive regarding the ultimate aims of their Armenian policy. On the basis of existing Interior Ministry Papers from the period, it can be asserted that the goal of the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) was not the resettlement of Anatolia's Armenian population and their just compensation for the property and possessions that they were forced to leave behind. Rather, the confiscation and subsequent use of Armenian property clearly demonstrated that Unionist government policy was intended to completely deprive the Armenians of all possibility of continued existence.
Some Official Denialist Arguments of the Turkish State and Documents from the Ottoman Interior Ministry
Authors: Akçam Taner
Published: November 2017

This chapter explains that there are certain theses in the discussions about the Armenian Genocide which linger in the people's memory. These include the now-classic arguments that Armenian Catholics and Protestants, and the Armenians of Istanbul and Izmir, were not deported. Families of soldiers were not touched, and despite it being wartime, the government opened investigations against state officials who acted badly toward the Armenians during the deportations. Another important argument added in recent years is that the organization known as the Special Organization, which in fact enjoyed an official status through its association with the War Ministry, had no connection whatsoever with the annihilation of the Armenians.
The Cultural Evolution of Storytelling and Fairy Tales: Human Communication and Memetics
Authors: Zipes Jack
Published: November 2017

This chapter expands on the author's most recent books, Why Fairy Tales Stick and Relentless Progress, and includes new research by scholars interested in interdisciplinary approaches to cultural evolution. It clarifies why and how tales were created and told, and formed the basis of culture. It suggests that oral tales were imitated and replicated as memes in antiquity to form the fiber of culture and tradition. Taxonomies in the nineteenth century were established in response to recognizable features of tales as well as to organize and order types of stories. “Modern” genres originated during the Enlightenment and are basically social institutions that have defined cultural artifacts and patterns, divided them rationally into disciplines, and established rules and regulations for their study. In many ways, the fairy tale defies such definition and categorization.
The Meaning of Fairy Tale within the Evolution of Culture
Authors: Zipes Jack
Published: November 2017

This chapter focuses on the significance of Madame Catherine-Anne d'Aulnoy and the French writers of fairy tales in the 1690s. d'Aulnoy coined the term “fairy tale” in 1697, when she published her first collection of tales. But it was not until 1750 that the term “fairy tale” came into common English usage. The chapter explores the historical importance of the term “fairy tale” in greater depth by discussing the role of the fairies in d'Aulnoy's works. It also looks at how fairies were part of a long oral and literary tradition in French culture, and how d'Aulnoy's employment of fairies in her tales owes a debt to Greek and Roman myths, the opera, theatrical spectacles, debates about the role of women in French society, and French folklore.
Remaking “Bluebeard,” or Good-bye to Perrault
Authors: Zipes Jack
Published: November 2017

This chapter analyzes Catherine Breillat's film Bluebeard. It argues that Breillat's filmic appropriation of Charles Perrault's “Bluebeard” is part of a memetic process that entails imitation, innovation, and transformation. Her interpretation of Perrault's tale is a contestation, and while she seeks to replace Perrault's version with a double rendition of his tale, she also emphasizes the significance of Perrault's tale and demonstrates how all Bluebeard tales are part of a singular discursive process within the larger genre of the fairy tale. Interestingly, both Perrault and Breillat become merely markers in the evolutionary history of a tale type about mass murders that continues to breathe and demand our attention through supernormal stimuli.
Diplomacy
Authors: James Harold
Published: November 2017

This chapter discusses the next era in the Krupp corporate history, detailing the company's various innovations and setbacks during this period, as well as the Krupp family's latest representative—Gustav Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach. It first details the contentions over the next heir to the Krupp business, a question finally resolved when heiress Bertha Krupp married the diplomat Gustav von Bohlen und Halbach. Gustav was initially treated with some reserve by the directors of the company, and was moreover increasingly at odds with the nationalist management of the company. Complicating matters further was the outbreak of the First World War.
Power and Deglobalization
Authors: James Harold
Published: November 2017

This chapter debunks the myth that Krupp had been a driving force behind the high-level making of Nazi policy, rather than a participant in a massive web of ideologically driven immorality. It examines the Nuremberg trial of the Krupp directors, considering the issue of the extent to which businessmen had choices or a freedom to maneuver in the Nazi era. Furthermore, though the prospect of rearmament was an issue within the company, the chapter argues that the rise and fall of profitability did not correspond directly to the political stance of the company, its owners, and its management. Financial incentives alone did not determine the political orientation of the Krupp business, particularly as the company soon found itself embroiled in the Nazis' politics and the Second World War loomed over the horizon.
Reglobalization
Authors: James Harold
Published: November 2017

This chapter studies Krupp in the postwar world, particularly in the company's attempts at reinventing itself in the modern age. It first discusses the extent of the postwar German industrial recovery, as German business began the new era with very limited financial resources, and considers the new management approaches undertaken by the company following the war. The chapter also examines the company's weathering through yet another financial crisis as the German steel industry fell in decline. Yet throughout all this the chapter shows how the company has attempted to recover and reinvent itself, becoming more globalized in the process and yet somehow returning to the roots of German industrial culture.
Introduction
Authors: Haddad Wassim M. , Nersesov Sergey G.
Published: November 2017

This book develops a general stability analysis and control design framework for nonlinear large-scale interconnected dynamical systems, with an emphasis on vector Lyapunov function methods and vector dissipativity theory. It examines large-scale continuous-time interconnected dynamical systems and describes thermodynamic modeling of large-scale interconnected systems, along with the use of vector Lyapunov functions to control large-scale dynamical systems. It also discusses finite-time stabilization of large-scale systems via control vector Lyapunov functions, coordination control for multiagent interconnected systems, large-scale impulsive dynamical systems, finite-time stabilization of large-scale impulsive dynamical systems, and hybrid decentralized maximum entropy control for large-scale systems. This chapter provides a brief introduction to large-scale interconnected dynamical systems as well as an overview of the book's structure.
Stability Theory via Vector Lyapunov Functions
Authors: Haddad Wassim M. , Nersesov Sergey G.
Published: November 2017

This chapter describes a fundamental stability theory for nonlinear dynamical systems using vector Lyapunov functions. It first introduces the notation and definitions before developing stability theorems via vector Lyapunov functions for continuous-time and discrete-time nonlinear dynamical systems. It then extends the theory of vector Lyapunov functions by constructing a generalized comparison system whose vector field can be a function of the comparison system states as well as the nonlinear dynamical system states. It also presents a generalized convergence result which, in the case of a scalar comparison system, specializes to the classical Krasovskii–LaSalle theorem. In the analysis of large-scale nonlinear interconnected dynamical systems, several Lyapunov functions arise naturally from the stability properties of each individual subsystem.
Coordination Control for Multiagent Interconnected Systems
Authors: Haddad Wassim M. , Nersesov Sergey G.
Published: November 2017

This chapter describes a stability and control design framework for time-varying and time-invariant sets of nonlinear dynamical systems. The framework is applied to the problem of coordination control for multiagent interconnected systems predicated on vector Lyapunov functions. In multiagent systems, several Lyapunov functions arise naturally where each agent can be associated with a generalized energy function corresponding to a component of a vector Lyapunov function. The chapter characterizes a moving formation of vehicles as a time-varying set in the state space to develop a distributed control design framework for multivehicle coordinated motion control by designing stabilizing controllers for time-varying sets of nonlinear dynamical systems. The proposed cooperative control algorithms are shown to globally exponentially stabilize both moving and static formations.
Thermodynamic Modeling for Discrete-Time Large-Scale Dynamical Systems
Authors: Haddad Wassim M. , Nersesov Sergey G.
Published: November 2017

This chapter describes the thermodynamic modeling of discrete-time large-scale dynamical systems. In particular, it develops nonlinear discrete-time compartmental models that are consistent with thermodynamic principles. Since thermodynamic models are concerned with energy flow among subsystems, the chapter constructs a nonlinear compartmental dynamical system model characterized by conservation of energy and the first law of thermodynamics. It then provides a deterministic definition of entropy for a large-scale dynamical system that is consistent with the classical thermodynamic definition of entropy and shows that it satisfies a Clausius-type inequality leading to the law of entropy nonconservation. The chapter also considers nonconservation of entropy and the second law of thermodynamics, nonconservation of ectropy, semistability of discrete-time thermodynamic models, entropy increase and the second law of thermodynamics, and thermodynamic models with linear energy exchange.