bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Notes on a Heraldic Button, a Pirlie Pig, and a Beggar's Badge from St Andrews
Authors: Fleming D Hay
Published: December 2022

The button is made of iron and ivory which has been engraved and inlaid with gold wire. It has a central circle with a five cusped opening into which a cinque-foil has been inserted. It may have belonged to Archbishop Hamilton, who rebuilt St Andrews Castle, and was hanged at Stirling on the 7th of April 1571. A broken and incomplete pirlie pig (or money box) dates to the reign of James VI. A second example contained eight gold and one hundred and fifty silver coins. An oval beggar's badge of 1801 bears the figure of St Andrew holding his cross out in front of him. Possession of such a badge ensured that the beggar would be given alms.
Notice of a Collection of Flint Arrowheads and Implements found on the Farm of Overhowden, in the Parish of Channelkirk, Berwickshire, exhibited to the Society
Authors: Sharp James
Published: December 2022

The collection consists of 17 lop-sided arrowheads of black flint; 16 worked triangular flakes which may be intended for arrowheads; a large triangular spearhead; 4 arrowheads with barbs and stem; 3 leaf-shaped arrowheads; 14 scrapers; 2 large side-scrapers; 3 whorls; 1 polished hammer, broken across at the middle; 1 globular hammer-stone, and a number of flakes of flint of no definite character.\r\nThey were entirely found on the farm of Overhowden, with the exception of one small leaf-shaped arrowhead, which was found near Heriot, and an arrowhead of American origin.
Notes from the Old Churchyards of Logie, Lecropt, Dunblane, and Moy, with a Note on an Impression of Human Feet cut in Stone
Authors: Wallace Thomas
Published: December 2022

The churchyard at Logie has many gravestones dating to the seventeenth century with an unusual number and variety of symbols. One stone of 1748 mentions the purchase of the plot in 1498. Slightly later stone with lengthier inscriptions survive at Lecropt. An impression of two feet in shoes was found in an old dyke near Amulree. Similar impressions are quite common in Scotland and Ireland where it was customary for the new chief to plant his foot in impressions such as these, indicating that he was prepared to walk in the footsteps of his predecessor and to rule with justice and equity.
Notice of some rudely chipped Implements of Indurated Sandstone from South Africa, presented to the Museum
Authors: Laider Percy W
Published: December 2022

A brief account of a variety of implements recovered from South Africa includes chisels, hatchets and scrapers.
Report on the Excavations at the Roman Fort of Cappuck, Roxburghshire
Authors: Stevenson G H , Miller S N
Published: December 2022

The fort is located on the line of Dere Street. The internal measurement from north to south was 80 yards, and from east to west 70 yards. This gives an area of about one and a quarter acres, while an almost equal space is covered by the defences. Cappuck is thus considerably smaller than most of the Roman forts hitherto excavated in Britain. A great deal of plough damage has occurred. The whole fort had been surrounded by a clay rampart, resting in part on a layer of cobble-stones, although the defences on the east side seem to have been more complex. Cappuck is distinguished from the other Roman forts in Scotland by the possession of only one gate. The buildings of the interior are described and a detailed report on the artefacts is presented. The datable objects found on the site show that the fort was Agricolan in origin.
Cross-Slabs recently discovered in the Isle of Man
Authors: Kermode P M C
Published: December 2022

A description of seventeen newly discovered cross-slabs is provided. There are seven with incised linear crosses and seven with incised outline crosses. A broken slab from the parish of Bride, has on one face a carefully chiselled Celtic cross, the limbs connected by a circular ring, and the whole contained within a rectangular panel. It is inscribed by what look like Latinised forms of Celtic men's names. A single piece is of much later date and Scandinavian in character, and dating probably from the twelfth century.
Meeting notes
Authors: - -
Published: December 2022

Meeting notes for 8 January 1912.
Notice of Plans, and a Bird's-Eye Perspective, believed to be the Oldest Authentic View of Edinburgh Castle, now in the King's Library, British Museum
Authors: Anderson R Rowand
Published: December 2022

The oldest accurate plan is a drawing attributed to a J Slezer and thought to have been produced during a visit in 1675. The second drawing is a large pen and ink drawing, which is a bird's-eye view from the south of the Castle and its surroundings, probably produced after 1689 and before 1707. The third very detailed drawing is dated 1746 and signed W. Adam's. This must be William Adam of Maryburgh in Fife, who held the appointment for a time as King's Master Mason. A further two plans belong to the Office of Works and are dated 1725 and 1735.
Note of a Cist and Urn of Drinking-Cup Type found at Broomdykes, Edrom, Berwickshire
Authors: Craw James Hewat
Published: December 2022

A stone-built short cist contained a burial urn and very degraded fragments of bone.
Meeting notes
Authors: - -
Published: December 2022

Meeting notes for 10 February 1913.
The Circular Forts of North Perthshire
Authors: Watson W J
Published: December 2022

The group comprises a minimum of twenty five forts in an area measuring forty by fourteen miles. An illustrated gazetteer is presented. The structures resemble the brochs in respect of thickness of wall, and in possessing only one entrance. They differ from the brochs in possessing a much larger diameter. Whether they contained chambers is a point that can be settled only by excavation. Every single fort, or combination of forts, is placed with reference to a pass. The forts were meant to\r\nguard the passes.
Notes on the Runic Roods of Ruthwell and Bewcastle
Authors: Hewison James King
Published: December 2022

The Ruthwell Cross was broken after the Reformation and the fragments were reconstructed at the beginning of the nineteenth century when it was returned to the church. An account is given of the attempts to decipher the inscriptions on the Bewcastle obelisk or cross. Consideration is also given to the likely dates of both monuments.
A Thirteenth-Century Papal Charter granted to the Abbey of Kinloss
Authors: Bernard J H
Published: December 2022

The document is a Privilegium or Charter of Confirmation of its privileges granted in the year 1219 by Pope Honorius III to the Cistercian Abbey of Kinloss, in Morayshire. A large part of the charter recites the privileges usually accorded to foundations of the Cistercian order. A transcript of the charter in Latin is included.
Note of an Incised Cross Stone near the Burying Ground, Isle Martin, one of the Summer Isles, West Ross-shire
Authors: Cairns James D
Published: December 2022

The burying-ground is quite near the shore of a little bay, at the south-east corner of the island. The ancient stone, standing about four feet in height, with the cross carved on it, adjoins the burying-ground. The local tradition is that a priest lived a part of his life on Isle Martin, and died there, and his grave is marked by the stone in question.
Randolph's Capture of Edinburgh Castle - Where did he climb the Rock?
Authors: Stair-Kerr Eric
Published: December 2022

It is traditionally held that Edinburgh Castle was captured from the English in the year before the battle of Bannockburn but it is unclear whether the attack came from the northern or the southern side. Sir Walter Scott believed the ascent was made on the southern side. The author favours the northern side.
A Gold Armlet of the Viking Time discovered in Shetland
Authors: Goudie Gilbert
Published: December 2022

The armlet was discovered some years ago in the small isle of Oxna, adjacent to the Burra Isles, on the west side of the southern promontory of the Shetland mainland. The armlet of solid gold, is composed of four strands of the metal, finely polished, and interpleated into a continuous circular chain, broadest at the back opposite where the ends meet, and gradually diminishing in girth towards the points, which are joined together by a flattened and elongated lozenge-shaped formation which welds\r\nthem together and makes the circle complete. Comparisons can be drawn with items from Skaill although these are in silver.
Preliminaries
Authors: - -
Published: December 2022

Front matter for Volume 47

Table of contents

List of illustrations

Office-bearers 1912-3

Laws of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland

List of the Fellows November 1913

List of Corresponding members 1913

List of Honorary members November 1913

List of the Lady Associates November 1913

Societies, Institutions, &c., Exchanging publications
Notice of the Excavation of a Cairn at Inverlael, Inverbroom, Ross-shire
Authors: Cree James E
Published: December 2022

The cairn had been disturbed prior to excavation. Some of the stones had been removed for road building and both cists had been opened. The smaller secondary cist contained cremated bone, a flint arrowhead, two flint scrapers, a mussel shell and several small white quartz pebbles. The arrowhead and scrapers had been burnt which is rare in Scotland. All that remained in the large central cist were a few fragments of unburnt bone and two sherds of pottery. Two concentric settings of large rounded stones completely encircled the cists.
Account of some Slight Excavations at the Mote of Hawick
Authors: Curle Alexander O
Published: December 2022

The mote, in the usual form of a truncated cone, rises steeply from ground level to a height of just over 28 feet and appears to be entirely artificial in its formation. Excavation revealed a ditch around the mote. The ditch appeared to be flat-bottomed, and from the difference in depth on the higher and lower sides it is evident that the mote had been constructed on a level platform cut out of the sloping ground. Numerous fragments of wheel-made pottery were recovered along with some glazed earthenware. A silver short cross penny of the first issue of Henry II of England (1154-1189) was found at the base of the ditch. It is argued that the evidence indicates Anglo-Norman occupation of a mote hill.
Meeting notes
Authors: - -
Published: December 2022

Meeting notes for 9 March 1914.
Note upon Carn nan Bharraich, or Cairn of the Men of Barra, a Burial Mound of the Viking Time on the Island of Oronsay, Argyllshire, with an outline of the Political History of the Western Isles during the latter half of the Ninth Century
Authors: Grieve Symington
Published: December 2022

The mound was excavated in 1891 and artefacts included an oblong bronze brooch, a portion of a bronze penannular brooch of Celtic form, a portion of a small oval bronze ring, a bead of serpentine, a bead of amber, an iron knife-blade, six fragments of sheet bronze, a quantity of iron rivets or clinker nails and a stone sinker. Two extended skeletons, an adult male and female, were revealed. Further excavation revealed a pair of iron shears. The burial of persons wearing pagan ornaments, on Oronsay, which had for at least between one and two centuries prior to this time been a sanctuary of the early Celtic Church, is worthy of notice. The mound is situated some distance from the Christian Cemetery, but is within the sanctuary. An account of the historical background provides a context for the burials.
Meeting notes
Authors: - -
Published: December 2022

Meeting notes for 13 April 1914.
Notes on a Further Excavation of Ancient Dwellings at Skara, in the Parish of Sandwick, Orkney, made during August 1913
Authors: Stewart W Balfour , Dawkins W Boyd
Published: December 2022

Excavation revealed a complex of stone built chambers linked by passageways, one of which was roofed. A number of hearths were identified. Finds included pottery, limpet shells, red deer, ox and whale bone, an incised stone ball and stone mace-heads. The presence of a twig rune on a loose stone is evidence of later activity.
An Edinburgh Trade Dispute during the Commonwealth
Authors: Creswell Clarendon Hyde
Published: December 2022

In 1636 the Superiorities of the Canongate fell into the hands of the city of Edinburgh. This meant that the barbers of the Canongate who had been free traders up until then came under the jurisdiction of the Surgeons and Barbers of the city of Edinburgh. The dispute concerned Robert Preist of Canongate who started operating as a barber within the city walls without permission. He was finally forced to move back to the Canongate in 1654 by order of George Monck who was a lieutenant of Oliver Cromwell.
Meeting notes
Authors: - -
Published: December 2022

Meeting notes for 11 May 1914.
Account of the Excavation of two Hut-Circles of the Bronze Age, in the Parish of Muirkirk, Ayrshire
Authors: Baird J G A , Curle Alexander O
Published: December 2022

The first hut-circle was situated on a gentle slope. Removal of turf and heather exposed a rough pavement of water-worn stones of all shapes and a considerable boulder at the entrance. There was also removed a large quantity of small stones, and debris, which presumably filled the spaces between the uneven stones and made a more or less level floor. A hearth was located in the interior with sherds of pottery nearby. The less well preserved second hut-circle lay on fairly flat ground. The circle seems to have been divided into quadrants three of which had probable hearths. A pit in the centre of the circle contained fragments of an urn. A third excavated structure was rectangular with a hearth in its north-west corner. Both glazed and unglazed pottery were found.
Notes on Three Hoards of Coins recently discovered in the South of Scotland
Authors: MacDonald George
Published: December 2022

A hoard of late Romano-British coins was found at Balgreggan Quarry in Wigtownshire. A total of 125 coins had been concealed in an earthenware jug. Both the coins and the jug were in poor condition. The hoard is thought to have been deposited after AD 354. A fourteenth-century hoard from Kirkcudbrightshire comprised 2222 coins. They included Scottish single long-cross pennies of Alexander III, John Balliol and Robert Bruce along with more than one thousand pennies of Edward I, II and III. They are thought to have been deposited after 1330. A collection of 692 coins of sixteenth century date were found in the recess of a wall during demolition of an old building in Ayr.
An Inventory of the Ancient Monuments remaining in the Island of Iona
Authors: MacAlister R A S
Published: December 2022

The inventory comprises the following: carved slabs with crosses, crosses with Irish inscriptions, crosses and foliageous ornament, stones with floral scrolls, slabs with swords, slabs with galleys, slabs with ecclesiastical effigies, slabs with military effigies, free standing crosses and a miscellaneous category.
Notice of a Bronze Cup and other Objects found apparently in a Sepulchral Deposit near Tarland, Aberdeenshire
Authors: Callander J Graham
Published: December 2022

A hoard consisting of a small penannular brooch of silver, two discs of transparent\r\nblue glass, two discs of variegated vitreous paste of turquoise blue, dull red, and yellow colours, and seven flat, rounded pebbles of reddish-brown quartzite and a baluster-shaped object of clear glass was apparently associated with a group of four undressed stones and "two or three pieces of steel or wrought iron, apparently the remains of some weapons, as well as a number of small bones". A bronze cup and a glass disc or gaming counter are also thought to have been part of the group. A human tooth was found inside the glass cup.
Some Recent Discoveries in St Andrews
Authors: Fleming D Hay
Published: December 2022

The article presents new information on the architectural development of St Andrew's Cathedral. Discoveries including an early English decorated capital, an effigy of a stonemason and fragments of a Celtic cross-slab are described. Newly discovered features of St Andrew's Castle are also considered.
Cave Excavations in East Fife
Authors: Wace A J B , Jehu Professor , Ewart Professor J C , Ritchie James
Published: December 2022

The Kinkell Cave near St Andrew's was occupied during the Roman and early Christian periods. Artefacts included boar tusks, many shells, pottery and a slab incised with a human figure and a number of crosses. Constantine's Cave near Fife Ness was occupied at the same time with a comparable range of artefacts, although the whole front of the cave was walled. Crosses and animal figures were incised on the cave wall.
The Most Ancient Bridges in Britain
Authors: Inglis Harry R G
Published: December 2022

The article considers early stone bridges from the Roman period, mediaeval wooden bridges, ancient Scottish and Irish bridges, gateways to bridges and the information which can be derived from old illustrations and representations on seals.
Meeting notes
Authors: - -
Published: December 2022

Meeting notes for 12 April 1915.
Description of a Simple Inscribed Cross observed in the Churchyard of Tarbat and now Destroyed
Authors: Ritchie James
Published: December 2022

A dressed slab of sandstone, on one face of which was inscribed a simple cross, the arms of the cross standing between a series of symmetrically arranged circles was discovered during grave digging. It is a type which is very rare in Scotland.
Notes on Some Aberdeenshire Sculptured Stones and Crosses
Authors: Ritchie James
Published: December 2022

The article describes a number of sculptured stones and crosses with a range of early Christian symbols including a double-disc or spectacle ornament with the Z-shaped line crossing it, a fish symbol with a triangle surrounding a central dot and an unusual triangle with a crescent across it. A standing stone at Nether Corskie has a mirror and comb alongside a mirror-case. The crosses are generally weathered with simple incised crosses and have almost all been re-used as building material.
Notes on the Remains of a Crannog in Loch Vennachar
Authors: Fleming J S
Published: December 2022

An artificial islet was revealed during a very dry summer. Waterlogged planks included two with mortice holes and the possible base of a canoe.
Report on the Partial Excavation of Dun Breac, Skipness
Authors: Graham Angus
Published: December 2022

The dun or fort is a mound with a flat top and sides covered by tumbled stones. It is a rough circle with a maximum diameter of 56 feet. The work done on the fort has consisted of clearing the tumbled stones away from what remains of the walls, and of excavating part of the interior. Very little evidence of the wall construction survives although a thickness of 10 feet is estimated. Two possible floor levels were identified in the interior along with a possible internal wall division. Charcoal, bone, burnt stone and a piece of iron slag were recovered along with two possible strike-a-lights.
Meeting notes
Authors: - -
Published: December 2022

Meeting notes for 11 January 1915.
Note on a 'Dag' or Pistol with Snaphaunce Lock and Pear-shaped Butt
Authors: Whitelaw Charles E
Published: December 2022

The lock is on the snaphaunce principle, that is, the nose of the sear projects through the lock plate and catches over a spur on the back of the doghead; the friction plate and pan-cover are independent pieces, the latter being slid off on the fall of the doghead by the thrust of an arm connected to the tumbler. There is no arrangement for half-cock. The lock plate is of brass incised with foliaceous scrolls and interlaced work, and bears the initials of the maker R.M. This is a fine specimen of this type of the earliest form of Scottish firearm. Dag-makers are to be found on the Hammermen Craft books during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, and their work is to be found not only in this country but abroad, the earliest dated example known being a pair in' the Museum at Dresden bearing the date 1598.
Mediaeval Stained Glass recently recovered from the Ruins of Holyrood Abbey Church
Authors: Eeles Francis C
Published: December 2022

The fragments of mediaeval stained glass were found on the top of the vaulting of the south aisle of the nave of Holyrood Abbey Church during repairs to the roof in 1909. They are extremely significant as very little stained glass has survived from mediaeval Scotland. A very brief account of the history and development of mediaeval stained glass is presented and this is followed by a summary of the surviving material in Scotland. At Holyrood there are fragments of glass of two or more of the small lancet windows which at one time existed in the clerestorey on the south side of the nave. One of these windows seems to have belonged to the end of the thirteenth\r\ncentury, another to the beginning of the fourteenth. It is likely that the glass was made in York.
Some Recent Discoveries on the Line of the Antonine Wall
Authors: MacDonald George
Published: December 2022

It has been possible to map out the actual line of the Roman frontier for many miles with very substantial accuracy. While the dimensions of the stone foundation are fairly constant, the ditch varied somewhat in breadth, as also, and to a much greater extent, did its distance from the northern face of the wall. The results of new excavation aimed at targeting gaps in existing knowledge are presented in three sections: Old Kilpatrick to Duntocher, Bamuildy to Cadder and Falkirk to Inveravon. Particular attention is paid to the discovery of a kiln at Mumrills.
Structure/function studies on cytoskeletal proteins in Dictyostelium amoebae as a paradigm
Authors: Schleicher Michael , André Bernadette , Andréoli Christophe , Eichinger Ludwig , Haugwitz Michael , Hofmann Andreas , Karakesisoglou Jacques , Stöckelhuber Mechthild , Noegel Angelika A.
Published: July 2002

The actin cytoskeleton in motile non‐muscle cells is being regulated by a large number of actin‐binding proteins. A deeper insight into the complex nature of the dynamic rearrangements of the microfilament system during cell movement requires an experimental system that allows the combined application of biochemical, biophysical, cell biological and molecular methods. Dictyostelium amoebae are well suited especially for a genetic approach because they are amenable to gene disruption, antisense and gene tagging techniques. The actin‐binding proteins profilin, hisactophilin and protovillin are being described in this context as typical examples that either bind to G‐actin, or anchor the actin cytoskeleton to the plasma membrane, or are structurally similar to vertebrate proteins but distinct in their functions.
Invasive tumors induce c‐ets1 transcription factor expression in adjacent stroma
Authors: Calmels Thierry PG , Mattot Virginie , Wernert Nicolas , Vandenbunder Bernard , Stéhelin Dominique
Published: July 2002

Summry— The stroma reaction plays a central role in tumor growth, invasion and metastasis. Tumor growth is dependent on angiogenesis and requires the vascular supply provided by new capillary blood vessels of the stroma. The expression of the gene encoding the transcription factor c‐ets1 is localized within fibroblasts and endothelial cells of the stromal compartment. This expression correlates with the accumulation of transcripts for potential target genes such as collagenase I and stromelysin I in stromal fibroblasts surrounding malignant cells in invasive tumors. We suggest that c‐Ets1 protein might regulate the transcription of the genes coding for matrix‐degrading proteases necessary for both angiogenesis and tumor invasion.
Identification of a novel protein complex containing annexin VI, Fyn, Pyk2, and the p120GAP C2 domain
Authors: Chow Andrew , Davis Alison J , Gawler Debra J
Published: July 2002

p120GAP (RasGAP) has been proposed to function as both an inhibitor and effector of Ras. Previously we have shown that RasGAP contains a C2 domain which mediates both Ca2+‐dependent membrane association and protein–protein interactions. Specifically, three proteins have been isolated in a complex with the C2 domain of RasGAP; these are the Ca2+‐dependent lipid binding protein annexin VI (p70) and two previously unidentified proteins, p55 and p120. Here we provide evidence that p55 is the Src family kinase Fyn and p120 is the focal adhesion kinase family member Pyk2. In addition, in vitro binding assays indicate that Fyn, but not Pyk2 binds directly to annexin VI. Finally, co‐immunoprecipitation studies in Rat‐1 fibroblasts confirm that Fyn, Pyk2, annexin VI and RasGAP can form a protein complex in mammalian cells.
Bacterial toxin RelE induces apoptosis in human cells
Authors: Yamamoto T.-A.M , Gerdes K , Tunnacliffe A
Published: July 2002

The bacterial protein RelE severely restricts prokaryotic cell growth, probably by acting as a global inhibitor of translation. It is ubiquitous in prokaryotes as part of the RelE–RelB toxin–antitoxin system, and may be activated by nutritional stress. When the relE gene from Escherichia coli was expressed inducibly in a human osteosarcoma cell line, it was shown to retard growth and to lead to cell death by apoptosis. RelE is therefore unusual among bacterial toxins in possessing broad activity against both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, perhaps by acting on evolutionarily conserved components of the translation machinery.
Assessment of the Performance of a Fed‐Batch Cultivation from the Preculture Quality Using an Electronic Nose
Authors: Cimander Christian , Bachinger Thomas , Mandenius Carl‐Fredrik
Published: July 2002

An electronic nose, a gas‐phase multisensor system, was used to monitor precultivations of a recombinant tryptophan‐producing Escherichia coli strain. The electronic nose signals showed a high correlation toward the main stages of the precultivations, namely, exponential growth, oxygen‐limited growth, and glucose depletion. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the electronic nose signals was performed and shown to be useful for monitoring preculture progression. More importantly, PCA also allowed a qualitative assessment of the preculture performance during subsequent fed‐batch cultivations. The electronic nose signals from the precultures showed, furthermore, a high correlation to the time of phosphate limitation and the tryptophan yield coefficient of the subsequent fed‐batch cultivations, which allowed an accurate prediction of these process variables using partial least squares (PLS). The results demonstrate on data from 12 cultivations how the electronic nose can be a useful tool for the assessment of inoculum quality, thereby providing means of reducing batch‐to‐batch variation and increasing the productivity of bioprocesses.
How can thermal processing modify the antigenicity of proteins?
Authors: Davis P. J. , Smales C. M. , James D. C.
Published: July 2002

This paper is a brief review of thermally induced covalent modifications to proteins in foods, focussing mainly on the advanced glycation end‐products (AGE) of the Maillard reaction. Most foods are subjected to thermal processing, either in the home or during their production/manufacture. Thermal processing provides many beneficial effects, but also brings about major changes in allergenicity. Far from being a general way to decrease allergenic risk, thermal processing is as likely to increase allergenicity as to reduce it, through the introduction of neoantigens. These changes are highly complex and not easily predictable, but there are a number of major chemical pathways that lead to distinct patterns of modification. Perhaps the most important of these is through the reaction of protein amino groups with sugars, leading to an impressive cocktail of AGE‐modified protein derivatives. These are antigenic and many of the important neoantigens found in cooked or stored foods are probably such Maillard reaction products. A deeper understanding of thermally induced chemical changes is essential for more advanced risk assessments, more effective QC protocols, production of more relevant diagnostic allergen extracts and the development of novel protein engineering and therapeutic approaches to minimise allergenic risk.
Specific detection of the endogenous transient receptor potential (TRP)-1 protein in liver and airway smooth muscle cells using immunoprecipitation and Western-blot analysis
Authors: ONG Hwei Ling , CHEN Jinglong , CHATAWAY Tim , BRERETON Helen , ZHANG Lei , DOWNS Tamyra , TSIOKAS Leonidas , BARRITT Greg
Published: July 2002

Although there are numerous reports of the presence of mRNA encoding the transient receptor potential (TRP)-1 protein in animal cells and of the detection of the heterologously expressed TRP-1 protein by Western-blot analysis, it has proved difficult to unequivocally detect endogenous TRP-1 proteins. A combination of immunoprecipitation and Western-blot techniques, employing a polyclonal antibody and a monoclonal antibody respectively, was developed. Using this technique, a band of approx. 80kDa was detected in extracts of H4-IIE rat liver hepatoma cell line and guinea-pig airway smooth muscle (ASM) cells transfected with human TRPC-1 cDNA. In extracts of untransfected H4-IIE cells, ASM cells, rat brain and guinea-pig brain, a band of approx. 92kDa was detected. Reverse transcriptase PCR experiments detected cDNA encoding both the α- and β-isoforms of TRP-1 in H4-IIE cells. Treatment of protein extracts with peptide N-glycosidase F indicated that the 92kDa band represents an N-glycosylated protein. Western blots conducted with a commercial polyclonal anti-(TRP-1) antibody (Alm) detected a band of 120kDa in extracts of H4-IIE cells and guinea-pig ASM cells. A combination of immunoprecipitation and Western-blotting techniques with the Alm antibody did not detect any bands at 92kDa or 120kDa in extracts of H4-IIE and ASM cells. It is concluded that (a) the 92-kDa band detected in untransfected H4-IIE and ASM cells corresponds to the N-glycosylated β-isoform of endogenous TRP-1, (b) the combined immunoprecipitation and Western-blot approach, employing two different antibodies, provides a reliable and specific procedure for detecting endogenous TRP-1 proteins, and (c) that caution is required in developing and utilizing anti-(TRP-1) antibodies.
Technetium‐99m‐sestamethoxyisobutylisonitrile scan as a predictor of chemotherapy response in malignant lymphomas compared with P‐glycoprotein expression, multidrug resistance‐related protein expression and other prognosis factors
Authors: Kao Chia‐Hung , Tsai Shih‐Chuan , Wang Jhi‐Joung , Ho Yung‐Jen , Ho Shung‐Tai , Changlai Sheng‐Ping
Published: July 2002

The purpose of the present study was to predict the response of malignant lymphomas (MLs) to chemotherapy using technetium‐99m methoxyisobutylisonitrile (Tc‐MIBI) scan and to compare it with the predictive ability of P‐glycoprotein (P‐gp) expression, multidrug resistance‐related protein (MRP) expression and other prognosis factors. Twenty‐five ML patients were enrolled in this study prior to initiation of chemotherapy. Images were obtained 10 min after intravenous injection of Tc‐MIBI, interpreted visually and the tumour‐to‐background (T/B) ratios calculated. Immunohistochemical analyses were performed on sections of the biopsy specimens to determine P‐gp and MRP expression. Chemotherapy response was evaluated in the first 1–2 years after completion of chemotherapy. The mean T/B ratio of the 15 patients with a good response (3·3 ± 0·6) was significantly higher than that of the 10 patients with a poor response (1·2 ± 0·1). All 15 patients with a good chemotherapy response had positive Tc‐MIBI scan results and negative P‐gp and MRP expression. All 10 patients with a poor response had negative Tc‐MIBI scan results and either positive P‐gp or MRP expression. Other prognosis factors showed no significant difference in the incidence of good and poor responses. Tc‐MIBI scan results represent P‐gp or MRP expression more accurately than other prognosis factors and predict the chemotherapy response in ML patients.
Mitochondrial DNA A3243G mutation in patients with early‐ or late‐onset type 2 diabetes mellitus in Hong Kong Chinese
Authors: Ng M. C. Y. , Yeung V. T. F. , Chow C. C. , Li J. K. Y. , Smith P. R. , Mijovic C. H. , Critchley J. A. J. H. , Barnett A. H. , Cockram C. S. , Chan J. C. N.
Published: July 2002

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES

The mitochondrial DNA A to G mutation at nucleotide 3243 (mt3243) is associated with a subtype of diabetes characterized by maternal transmission and deafness. We have previously reported a 2.7% prevalence of this mutation in a cohort of young patients with either type 1 or type 2 diabetes. In this study, we aimed to confirm this finding by examining for the prevalence of this mutation in a large‐scale study.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS

Nine hundred and six unrelated Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes and 213 nondiabetic controls were studied. The presence of mt3243 mutation was determined by polymerase chain reaction amplification and ApaI digestion.

RESULTS

This mutation was found in four of 133 (3.0%) patients with early onset (≤ 40 years) diabetes who also had a positive maternal family history, and in one of 348 (0.3%) patients with late‐onset (> 40 years) diabetes and no family history. Basal pancreatic β‐cell function, as assessed by fasting plasma C‐peptide, was variable amongst mutation carriers, and did not correlate with the level of heteroplasmy of mutation.

CONCLUSIONS

In agreement with most studies, our results suggest that despite the high prevalence of positive maternal family history of diabetes amongst our type 2 diabetic patients, mt3243 mutation was not a major cause of diabetes in either early‐ or late‐onset diabetic patients in Hong Kong. The role of other genetic, environmental and intrauterine factors needs further investigation.
Ectopic pheochromocytoma arising in the spermatic cord 5 years after removal of bilateral carotid body tumors and adrenal pheochromocytomas
Authors: ABE TAKASHIGE , MATSUDA HIROYUKI , SHINDO JUNRI , NONOMURA KATSUYA , KOYANAGI TOMOHIKO
Published: July 2002

A patient with ectopic pheochromocytoma that developed in the spermatic cord about 5 years after successive resections of bilateral carotid body tumors and bilateral adrenal pheochromocytomas is reported. This is thought to be the first case of pheochromocytoma of the spermatic cord in a setting of multiplicity.
Pathological observations of sinusoid lining endothelial cells and the basement membrane in human hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Jie Ma , Xiaojun Zhou , Taihe Zhang , Guiqin Sun , Kui Meng
Published: July 2002

OBJECTIVE: To observe changes in sinusoid lining endothelial cells (SEC), type IV collagen (CoIV) and laminin (LM) in chronic liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). To assess the clinicopathological significance of these changes in HCC.

METHODS: Thirty specimens were taken from 30 cases of HCC (together with corresponding non‐cancerous tissues), 10 cases of liver cirrhosis, five cases of mild chronic hepatitis and and four cases of normal liver tissues. The specimens were tested for CD34, CoIV and LM by using immunohistochemical methods. CD34, CoIV and LM were semiquantitatively analyzed and assessed in the context of the clinical and pathological features of HCC.

RESULTS: CD34 and LM were not present along the sinusoidal walls in normal human liver, however, CoIV was weakly and discontinuously distributed along the sinusoidal walls. In cirrhosis, positive expression of CoIV increased significantly in the sinusoidal walls and became continuous and homogeneous. CD34 and LM were weakly present in the perinodules in a few cases of cirrhosis with obvious inflammatory infiltration. Hepatocellular carcinoma showed a diffuse capillarization, with overexpression of CD34, CoIV and LM. CoIV and LM expression were reduced in poorly differentiated HCC and HCC with portal vein thrombosis. This was frequently accompanied by breaks and losses in the basement membrane. The expression of CD34 in tumors of < 2 cm in diameter was significantly lower than that in tumors of > 5 cm in diameter. The expression of CD34 and LM was markedly increased in HCC compared with non‐cancerous liver tissues.

CONCLUSIONS: Diffuse capillarization with overexpression of CD34, CoIV and LM are features of HCC. Frequent breaks in, loss of and decrease of the basement membrane in poorly differentiated tumors and tumors with portal vein infiltration suggests potential metastasis of tumor cells and may play a major role in the metastasis of HCC. CD34 is a useful marker for distinguishing HCC from non‐cancerous liver tissues.
The evaluation of metabolic function and fat redistribution in clinical trials
Authors:   Oversight Committee for the Evaluation of the Metabolic Complications of HAART
Published: July 2002

Changes in lipid and carbohydrate metabolism and in body composition associated with the most potent and effective therapies available are being reported with increasing frequency. These changes could potentially lead to increased risks of cardiovascular disease. Clinical trials set up to investigate new antiretroviral therapies need to explore the therapies' impact on these potentially serious adverse outcomes, at least in a subset of patients.

The measurements that are feasible to include for all patients clearly differ from those required by a metabolic substudy. We propose the following: firstly, a minimal set of parameters that should be included in all trials; secondly, a desirable set of parameters that should be included whenever possible; and thirdly, a list of exploratory measures that should be considered. These exploratory measures are classified by the different mechanisms for changes in body composition or weight: endocrinal, cardiovascular, sterol and chemokine/cytokine pathways. Standardized instruments for evaluating patients' reports of body changes and potential methods for assessing the risk of cardiovascular disease are described. Minimum and desirable standards for methods of measurement are also proposed. The choice of parameters is based on expert clinical opinion. The experts consulted include investigators from four large ongoing clinical trials with substudies specifically designed to investigate lipid and carbohydrate metabolism and changes in body composition, together with standard parameters for measurement within individual mechanistic pathways. The parameters proposed should be kept under review as the body of knowledge about metabolic function and fat redistribution in HIV infection increases.
Conservation Biology Trailblazers: George Wright, Ben Thompson, and Joseph Dixon
Authors: Shafer Craig L.
Published: July 2002

Abstract: Modern conservation biologists may reap great insight from neglected documents prepared by field biologists of the past. Three U.S. National Park Service field biologists of the 1920s and 1930s, George Wright, Ben Thompson, and Joseph Dixon, collaborated on the first field faunal survey of U.S. national parks. The results, Fauna 1 and Fauna 2, were published in 1933 and 1935, respectively. In addition to information about the status of park vertebrates, these monographs produced the first comprehensive list of ecologically based policies for the U.S. National Park System. They also contained precursors of many of the ideas now considered basic to conservation biology. Today's conservation biologists seem unaware of the work of these three researchers. Contemporary biologists tend to think of the key concepts in conservation biology as having developed after the 1970s, but Wright, Thompson, and Dixon expressed in rough form many of these concepts half a century before. They combined their ideas with those of their predecessors and mentors to produce an unprecedented, easy‐to‐understand guide on managing the biotic resources of the national parks. Despite the efforts of these pioneers, their guidance did not contribute to a significant reshaping of park management practice for at least three decades.
An Ecosystem Management Program and Assessment Process for Ontario National Parks
Authors: Zorn Paul , Stephenson William , Grigoriev Paul
Published: July 2002

Abstract: An ecosystem management program and assessment process was developed to standardize an ecosystem‐based approach to protecting the ecological integrity of Ontario's national parks. The elements of the ecosystem management program collectively represent the dominant planning and technical aspects of ecosystem management. Within the program, 11 specific products—ecosystem conservation plan, greater park ecosystem inventory and analysis, greater park ecosystem scope, area of cooperation, stakeholder analysis, partnership group management guidelines, scientific research program, ecological indicators, ecological integrity monitoring program, information network, and communication strategy—are considered requisite tools to improve the scientific understanding required for park management within the context of greater park ecosystems and to increase communication and coordination among governments and citizens to improve decision making. The formal process uses evaluation criteria associated with the 11 products to assess progress in developing an ecosystem management program and the content of the related products. The assessment process, which provides comprehensive identification of a park's specific ecosystem management needs, has been applied to all national parks in Ontario in the past year, which has had the immediate effect of refining their ecosystem management programs.
Estimation of Pump Flow Rate and Abnormal Condition of Implantable Rotary Blood Pumps During Long‐Term In Vivo Study
Authors: Nakata K. , Yoshikawa M. , Takano T. , Sankai Y. , Ohtsuka G. , Glueck J. , Fujisawa A. , Makinouchi K. , Yokokawa M. , Nosé Y.
Published: July 2002

Abstract: The control system for an implantable rotary blood pump is not clearly defined. A detection system is considered to be necessary for pump flow monitoring and abnormal conditions such as back flow or a sucking phenomenon where the septum or left ventricle wall is sucked into the cannula, etc. The ultrasound flowmeter is durable and reliable but the control system should not be totally dependent on the flowmeter. If the flowmeter breaks, the rotary blood pumps have no control mechanism. Therefore, the authors suggest controlling the pumps by an intrinsic parameter. One left ventricular assist device (LVAD) calf model was studied where the flow rate and waveform of the pump flow proved to identify the sucking phenomenon. Thus, the pump flow rate was calculated from the required power, motor speed, and heart rate. The value of the coefficient of determination (R2) between the measured and estimated pump flow rate was 0.796. To estimate this abnormal phenomenon, 2 methods were evaluated. One method was the total pressure head in which the pump flow rate and motor speed were estimated. During normal conditions the total pressure head is 79.5 ± 7.0 mm Hg whereas in the abnormal condition, it is 180.0 ± 2.8 mm Hg. There was a statistical difference (p < 0.01). Another method is using a current waveform. There is an association between the current and pump flow waves. The current was differentiated and squared to calculate the power of the differentiated current. The normal range of this value was 0.025 ± 0.029; the abnormal condition was 11.25 ± 15.13.There was a statistical difference (p < 0.01). The predicted flow estimation method and a sucking detection method were available from intrinsic parameters of the pump and need no sensors. These 2 methods are simple, yet effective and reliable control methods for a rotary blood pump.
Influence of Lower Extremity Strength of Healthy Older Adults on the Outcome of an Induced Trip
Authors: Pavol Michael J. , Owings Tammy M. , Foley Kevin T. , Grabiner Mark D.
Published: July 2002

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether decreased lower extremity strength contributes to trip‐related falls in older adults.

DESIGN: A cross‐sectional sample of older adults were safety‐harnessed and tripped while walking using a concealed, mechanical obstacle. Lower extremity strength was compared between trip outcome groups.

SETTING: A biomechanics research laboratory.

PARTICIPANTS: Seventy‐nine healthy, community‐dwelling adults aged 65 and older (50 women).

MEASUREMENTS: Ankle, knee, and hip flexion and extension strength were measured isometrically and isokinetically. Measured strengths were subjected to a factor analysis. Strength factor scores were compared between those who recovered from the trip and those who fell by three previously identified mechanisms: during‐step, after‐step, and elevating‐response falls.

RESULTS: Seven common factors, one associated with each direction of exertion at each joint and one with the time rate of moment increase, explained 88% of the variance in measured strength. The during‐step (n = 5) fallers were significantly stronger in the ankle extension (plantarflexion), knee flexion, overall extension, and total strength factors than those who successfully recovered using a similar, lowering strategy (n = 26). The elevating‐response faller (n = 1) was stronger in the plantarflexion and overall extension factors than most of those who recovered using a similar, elevating strategy (n = 11). Two of three after‐step fallers were among the weakest subjects tested.

CONCLUSION: Weak older adults and the strongest older adults may be at greater risk of falling from a trip, although by different mechanisms. High strength may increase the likelihood of a during‐step or elevating‐response fall; decreased strength may increase the likelihood of an after‐step fall.
High-purity GaAs layers grown by low-pressure metalorganic chemical vapor deposition
Authors: Razeghi M. , Omnes F. , Nagle J. , Defour M. , Acher O. , Bove P.
Published: July 2002

We report electrical and optical properties of very high purity GaAs epilayers grown by low-pressure metalorganic chemical vapor deposition using AsH3 and triethylgallium as As and Ga sources. An electron mobility of 335 000 cm2/V s at 38 K has been measured for a 12-μ-thick layer.
Ferroelectric (Pb,Ba)Nb2O6 near the morphotropic phase boundary
Authors: Burns G. , Dacol F. H. , Guo R. , Bhalla A. S.
Published: July 2002

Measurements of the optic index of refraction, along the c axis, are presented for three representative single crystals in the (PbxBa1−x) Nb2O6 ferroelectric system. In particular, we show that as the temperature is lowered, crystals at the morphotropic phase boundary (x=0.63±0.03) first develop a polarization along the c axis and then, at lower temperature, the polarization rotates to the ab plane.
Ultracompact, low-loss directional couplers on InP based on self-imaging by multimode interference
Authors: Pennings E. C. M. , Deri R. J. , Scherer A. , Bhat R. , Hayes T. R. , Andreadakis N. C. , Smit M. K. , Soldano L. B. , Hawkins R. J.
Published: July 2002

We report extremely compact (494-μm-long 3 dB splitters, including input/output bends), polarization-insensitive, zero-gap directional couplers on InP with a highly multimode interference region that are based on the self-imaging effect. We measured cross-state extinctions better than 28 dB and on-chip insertion losses of 0.5 dB/coupler plus 1 dB/cm guide propagation loss at 1523 nm wavelength.
Broadband thermal optical limiter
Authors: Justus B. L. , Huston A. L. , Campillo A. J.
Published: July 2002

The limiting behavior of nigrosin dye dissolved in carbon disulfide was investigated in an f/5 defocusing geometry using 6 ns duration 532 nm laser excitation. Nigrosin dye is a broadband visible light absorber that is used here in conjunction with the large thermal nonlinearity of carbon disulfide solvent to defocus intense incident visible light. A limiting threshold energy of 40 nJ, corresponding to a fluence of only 100 mJ/cm2 in the solution, was observed with device absorption adjusted to 53%.