bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Raman spectroscopic diagnosis of breast cancers: evaluation of models
Authors: Kalyan Kumar K. , Chowdary M. V. P. , Mathew Stanley , Rao Lakshmi , Murali Krishna C. , Kurien Jacob
Published: April 2008

Breast cancer is the leading cancer affecting women. Conventional screening and diagnostic methods are shown to suffer from well‐described limitations. The aim of this study was to evaluate Raman spectroscopic models, which were developed earlier, by blinded tissue samples. We have recorded Raman spectra of 69 blinded tissue samples. In each sample, six or more spectra were recorded at different locations. Pretreated spectra were matched against normal, malignant and benign standard sets to obtain a match/mismatch status, which in turn was correlated with histopathology. Among 69 samples analyzed, 61 could be unambiguously diagnosed as 29 normal, 17 malignant and 15 benign, as their spectra matched with only one standard set and mismatched against the others. In the cases of the remaining tissue samples, matching them against pathological sets was the determining criteria. These samples were diagnosed as pathological since at least one of the spectra of these tissues had matched with pathological sets. Thus, we demonstrate a good correlation between histopathology and Raman spectroscopic diagnosis. Therefore, findings of the study further support the efficacy of Raman spectroscopic models that were developed by us. Prospectively, by developing models for as many pathological conditions as possible followed by rigorous validation, objective/unambiguous Raman spectroscopic diagnosis of breast pathologies can be realized. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
All that is iron‐ink is not always iron‐gall!
Authors: Bicchieri Marina , Monti Michela , Piantanida Giovanna , Sodo Armida
Published: April 2008

A number of different inks were used, with the type and precise composition depending on geographical area and historical period. China, iron‐gall and logwood were the most widespread, although a number of other graphic media were also used at particular times and places. Because of a problem encountered while planning the restoration of a manuscript apparently written with different media, we have carried out a systematic characterization of the inks involved. The manuscript (Francesco Maria da Ponticelli, ‘Nova Rhetorica’, 18th century) showed alternately, sometimes in the same page, dark‐black well‐defined inks and reddish‐brown smudged ones. The latter ones were very difficult to be read and historians identified it as an iron‐gall. Our first investigations of the document revealed that the ink had variable composition, but it always showed some typical features of logwood ink. To obtain a better understanding, we prepared, following ancient recipes, logwood inks with the addition of various metallic (Fe, Cr and Cu) salts or amorphous carbon. Iron‐gall ink was also used for comparison and in order to obtain an unambiguous and full characterization of the most widespread inks used in manuscripts. Raman and infrared spectroscopies allowed us to identify the characteristic vibrational features of each prepared medium. These techniques, together with X‐ray fluorescence (XRF) and multispectral investigations of the original document led us to hypothesize that iron salts were periodically added to the original logwood ink. These sequences of ink quality can be ascribed to a shortage of ink during the writing of the manuscript. A small amount of iron salt immediately darkens the logwood extract, allowing its prolonged use. The presence of iron complexes produces a reddish‐brown coloration and causes ink migration in the paper. Combining all the information, we were able to suggest an appropriate restoration treatment and to choose infrared illumination to maximize the readability of the text. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Surgical treatment of invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the penis: Brazilian national cancer institute long‐term experience
Authors: Ornellas Antonio Augusto , Chin Eduardo Wei Kin , Nóbrega Bernardo Lindenberg Braga , Wisnescky Aristóteles , Koifman Nelson , Quirino Raul
Published: April 2008

Background and Objectives

We reviewed our long‐term experience with surgical treatment of patients with penile carcinoma.

Methods

From 1960 to 2006, 688 patients with penile carcinoma underwent surgical treatment at our Institute. Several forms of surgical treatment were compared and follow‐up data analyzed.

Results

Stage stratification demonstrated a better survival rate for patients with stages T1N0 and T1N1,T2N0‐1. Patients with well differentiated carcinoma had a higher survival rate than those with moderately and poorly differentiated carcinoma (P < 0.0001 and P = 0.006). Risk stratification showed a better survival rate for patients in the low‐risk group (T1G1,T1G2) (P = 0.013 and P < 0.00001). Patients in the intermediate group (T2G1,T2G2,T3G1,T3G2) presented a higher survival rate than patients in the high‐risk group (T1‐3G3,T4G1‐3) (P < 0.00001). Patients who underwent immediate lymphadenectomy had a better survival rate than those who underwent delayed lymphadenectomy (P = 0.002).

Conclusions

Stage and tumor grade affected the prognosis of the disease. The presence and the extent of metastasis to the inguinal region were the most important prognostic factors for survival in our patients. Immediate lymphadenectomy is indicated in all patients. Since recurrences were noted within 8, 10, and 25 years after primary treatment, a frequent and lasting follow‐up is essential for all patients. J. Surg. Oncol. 2008;97:487–495. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A comparative study of nanocomposites based on a recycled poly(methyl methacrylate) matrix containing several nanoclays
Authors: Martin L. , Kortaberria G. , Vazquez A. , Fermeglia M. , Martinelli L. , Sinesi S. , Jimeno A. , de la Caba K. , Mondragon I.
Published: April 2008

Nanocomposites of recycled poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and both natural (Nanomer PGV MMT), and organically modified Nanomer I44P, Nanomer I30P and Cloisite 30B montmorillonites (O‐MMT) were prepared by solution dispersion method with the use of two miscible solvents, followed by melt intercalation process in a twin‐screw miniextruder. The final product has been found to show a homogeneous structure with a uniform dispersion/intercalation of the silicate layers. The effect of MMT and O‐MMT layers on the properties of the nanocomposites was investigated and characterized by UV–vis spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, atomic force microscopy, and mechanical testing. Higher contents of nanoclay in nanocomposites exhibited worse light transmittance capacity but higher tensile modulus. Properties of the samples depended not only on the clay contents (up to 10 wt%) but also on the clay type employed. POLYM. COMPOS., 2008. © 2008 Society of Plastics Engineers
Three‐body abrasive wear behavior of E‐glass fabric reinforced/graphite‐filled epoxy composites
Authors: Suresha B. , Chandramohan G. , Siddaramaiah  , Jayaraju T.
Published: April 2008

The present article summarizes an experimental study on three‐body abrasive wear behavior of glass fabric reinforced/graphite particulate‐filled epoxy composites. The wear behavior was assessed by rubber wheel abrasion tests (RWAT). The angular silica sand particle sizes in the range 200–250 μm were used as dry and loose abrasives. The tests were carried out for 270, 540, 810, and 1,080 m abrading distances at 22 and 32 N loads. The worn surfaces were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results showed varied responses under different abrading distance due to the addition of glass fabric/graphite filler into neat epoxy. It was observed that the glass fabric reinforcement to epoxy matrix (G‐E) is not beneficial to abrasive wear resistance. Further, inclusion of graphite filler to glass fabric reinforced epoxy composite performed poorly resulting in significant deterioration in wear performance while the neat epoxy showed better wear performance. Selected mechanical properties such as hardness, ultimate tensile strength, and elongation at fracture were analyzed for investigating wear property correlations. The worn surface features were studied using SEM to give insight into the wear mechanisms. POLYM. COMPOS., 2008. © 2008 Society of Plastics Engineers
Optical resolution of phenylalanine using D‐Phe‐imprinted poly(acrylic acid‐co‐acrylonitrile) membrane—Racemate solution concentration effect
Authors: Ul‐Haq Noaman , Park Joong Kon
Published: April 2008

A novel nanoporous molecularly imprinting copolymer [Poly(acrylic acid‐co‐acrylonitrile)] membrane (DICMI) has been synthesized by the wet phase inversion method, using D‐Phenylalanine as template, for the optical resolution of amino acid. The membrane prepared is intended for the selective separation of phenylalanine. The racemate solutions of different concentrations (10‐ppm, 50‐ppm, 100‐ppm, and 200‐ppm) were filtered through the membrane fixed in an ultrafiltration kit at 98 kPa pressure to investigate the concentration effect on optical resolution of amino acid using DICMI. Adsorption selectivities of 0.37, 0.45, 0.57, and 0.71 were achieved after 25 ml of filtration of 10‐ppm, 50‐ppm, 100‐ppm, and 200‐ppm racemate solutions respectively. Scanning electron microscopy was used to study the morphological structure of membrane. Chemical structure was studied by Fourier transmission infrared spectroscopy. POLYM. COMPOS., 2008. © 2008 Society of Plastics Engineers
A systematic approach to identify STRE‐binding proteins of the gsn glycogen synthase gene promoter in Neurospora crassa
Authors: Freitas Fernanda Zanolli , Chapeaurouge Alex , Perales Jonas , Bertolini Maria Célia
Published: April 2008

The gene encoding glycogen synthase in Neurospora crassa (gsn) is transcriptionally down‐regulated when mycelium is exposed to a heat shock from 30 to 45°C. The gsn promoter has one stress response element (STRE) motif that is specifically bound by heat shock activated nuclear proteins. In this work, we used biochemical approaches together with mass spectrometric analysis to identify the proteins that bind to the STRE motif and could participate in the gsn transcription regulation during heat shock. Crude nuclear extract of heat‐shocked mycelium was prepared and fractionated by affinity chromatography. The fractions exhibiting DNA‐binding activity were identified by electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) using as probe a DNA fragment containing the STRE motif. DNA–protein binding activity was confirmed by Southwestern analysis. The molecular mass (MM) of proteins was estimated by fractionating the crude nuclear extract by SDS‐PAGE followed by EMSA analysis of the proteins corresponding to different MM intervals. Binding activity was detected at the 30–50 MM kDa interval. Fractionation of the crude nuclear proteins by IEF followed by EMSA analysis led to the identification of two active fractions belonging to the pIs intervals 3.54–4.08 and 6.77–7.31. The proteins comprising the MM and pI intervals previously identified were excised from a 2‐DE gel, and subjected to mass spectrometric analysis (MALDI‐TOF/TOF) after tryptic digestion. The proteins were identified by search against the MIPS and MIT N. crassa databases and five promising candidates were identified. Their structural characteristics and putative roles in the gsn transcription regulation are discussed.
Half‐titanocene complexes bearing dianionic 6‐benzimidazolylpyridyl‐2‐carboximidate ligands: Synthesis, characterization, and their ethylene polymerization
Authors: Zuo Weiwei , Zhang Shu , Liu Shaofeng , Liu Xijie , Sun Wen‐Hua
Published: April 2008

6‐Benzimidazolylpyridyl‐2‐carboximidic half‐titanocene complexes, Cp′TiLCl (Cp′ = C5H5, MeC5H4, C5Me5, L = 6‐benzimidazolylpyridine‐2‐carboxylimidic, C1–C13), were synthesized and characterized along with single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. The half‐titanocene chlorides containing substituted cyclopentadienyl groups, especially pentamethylcyclopentadienyl groups were more stable, while those without substituents on the cyclopentadienyl groups were easily transformed into their dimeric oxo‐bridged complexes, (CpTiL)2O (C14 and C15). In the presence of excessive amounts of methylaluminoxane (MAO) or modified methylaluminoxane (MMAO), all half‐titanocene complexes showed high catalytic activities for ethylene polymerization. The substituents on the Cp groups affected the catalytic behaviors of the complexes significantly, with less substituents favoring increased activities and higher molecular weights of the resultant polyethylenes. Effects of reaction conditions on catalytic behaviors were systematically investigated with catalytic systems of mononuclear C1 and dimeric C14. With C1/MAO, large MAO amount significantly increases the catalytic activity, while the temperature only has a slight effect on the productivity. In the case of C14/MAO catalytic system, temperature above 60 °C and Al/Ti value higher than 5000 were necessary to observe good catalytic activities. In both systems, higher reaction temperature and low cocatalyst amount gave the polyethylenes with higher molecular weights. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 46: 3396–3410, 2008
Effect of the variation in the composition on the adsorption and desorption performance for the Zr(Vx Ni1–x)2+α (0 ≤ x ≤ 1; 0 ≤ α ≤ 1) family of alloys
Authors: Huang R. Z. , Wang Y. M.
Published: April 2008

We have performed first‐principles calculations of cubic C15‐type Laves phase Zr(Vx Ni1–x )2+α (0 ≤ x ≤ 1; 0 ≤ α ≤ 1) alloys to understand their hydrogen storage properties. Our calculations have shown that hydrogen atoms tend to occupy 2A2B sites for these alloys. It has been found that hydrogen desorption performance for these alloys can be improved by the partial substitution of Ni for V and the partial substitution of V for Zr, which agrees with experimental results. The effect of the variation in the compositions of these alloys on the hydride formation energy is revealed. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Successful fabrication of white light emitting diodes by using extremely high external quantum efficiency blue chips
Authors: Narukawa Yukio , Sano Masahiko , Sakamoto Takahiko , Yamada Takao , Mukai Takashi
Published: April 2008

We fabricated three types of high luminous efficiency white light emitting diodes (LEDs). The first is the white LED, which had a high luminous efficiency (ηL) of 161 lm/W with the high luminous flux (ϕv) of 9.89 lm at a forwardbias current of 20 mA. The blue LED had a high power (ϕe) of 42.2 mW and high external quantum efficiency (ηex) of 75.5%. The second is the high luminous efficiency white LED with a low voltage (Vf) of 2.80 V, which was almost equal to the theoretical limit. ηL and wall‐plug efficiency (WPE) is 169 lm/W and 50.8%, respectively, at 20 mA. They are approximately twice higher than those of a tri‐phosphor fluorescent lamp (90 lm/W and 25%). The third is the high power white LED fabricated from the high power blue LED with high ϕe of 651 mW at 350 mA. ϕv, ηL and WPE of the high power white LED are 145 lm, 134 lm/W and 39.6% at 350 mA, respectively. Moreover, at 1 A, ϕv and ηL were 361 lm and 97 lm/W, respectively. Thus ϕv is equivalent to that of a 30 W‐class incandescent lamp. And, ηL is slightly higher than that of a tri‐phosphor fluorescent lamp. Moreover, we fabricated the high power near ultra‐violet, bluish‐green and green LEDs, whose ϕe at 350 mA were 675 mA, 325 mW, and 236 mW, respectively. ϕv of the green LED was 128 lm at 350 mA. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
High‐quality nonpolar m ‐plane GaN substrates grown by HVPE
Authors: Fujito Kenji , Kiyomi Kazumasa , Mochizuki Tae , Oota Hirotaka , Namita Hideo , Nagao Satoru , Fujimura Isao
Published: April 2008

Relatively large size (about 10 mm × 10 mm) m ‐plane GaN substrates are grown by hydride vapor phase epitaxy (HVPE). The high crystalline quality of the substrates was observed by X‐ray diffraction analysis. Typical full widths at half maximum values of X‐ray rocking curves measured for the (10$ \bar 1 $0) and (10$ \bar 1 $2) reflections were 25–35 arcsec and 30–40 arcsec, respectively. The defect density distribution was analyzed from the [10$ \bar 1 $0] direction by the cathodeluminescence method. The dark spot density decreased in the growth direction and could be as low as 2.5 × 105 cm–2. No stacking faults could be seen. The surface roughness after the lapping, polishing and cleaning was measured by atomic force microscopy and the RMS roughness was 0.072 nm. All of the phonon modes that the selection rules allow have been observed in polarized Raman measurements. High‐quality large‐size m ‐plane GaN substrates will enable the realization of commercial production of nonpolar devices. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Green ThinGaN power‐LED demonstrates 100 lm
Authors: Peter M. , Laubsch A. , Stauss P. , Walter A. , Baur J. , Hahn B.
Published: April 2008

Recent progress in the epitaxy of InGaN LEDs leads to a significant improvement of output power for green LEDs: 100 lm at 350 mA and 189 lm at 1 A are demonstrated for a 1 mm2 ThinGaN Chip at 531 nm, mounted in an OSRAM Dragon package with spherical silicone lens and OSRAM Argus lens. The chip is especially designed for low current applications like LCD backlighting where high efficiencies are needed. Efficacies of 123 lm/W at 100 mA and 80 lm/W at 350 mA have been achieved with this LED. The Influence of Multi Quantum Well emission on LED brightness was investigated in respect of driving current and temperature. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The reduction of threading dislocations in GaN using a GaN nanocolumn interlayer
Authors: Meshi L. , Cherns D. , Griffiths I. , Khongphetsak S. , Gott A. , Liu C. , Denchitcharoen S. , Shields P. , Wang W. , Campion R. , Novikov S. , Foxon T.
Published: April 2008

Epitaxial lateral overgrowth (ELO) has been used to reduce threading dislocation (TD) densities in GaN. This paper reports transmission and scanning electron microscopy studies of TDs in GaN films grown by ELO on GaN nanocolumns produced either during growth by MBE (method 1), or by self‐organised patterning on a uniform layer grown by MOCVD (method 2). In method 1, isolated nanocolumns grew without TDs, but some TDs formed when nanocolumns coalesced. Although some of these TDs extended through the overlayer, extensive lateral migration of others, depending on the dislocation type, led to dislocation annihilation, lowering the overall TD density. In method 2, a similar process of lateral migration of TDs was observed during ELO, resulting in a continuous GaN overlayer with TD densities less than 108 cm–2. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
InGaN/GaN light emitting diode with R‐plane polygonal facet deflectors
Authors: Kim Hyung Gu , Cuong Tran Viet , Kim Hyun Kyu , Kim Hee Yun , Ryu Jae Hyung , Na Min Gyu , Hong Chang‐Hee
Published: April 2008

Under DOI 10.1002/pssc.200778568 erroneously a duplicate of the paper “InGaN/GaN light emitting diode with R‐plane polygonal facet deflectors” by Hyung Gu Kim, Tran Viet Cuong, Hyun Kyu Kim, Hee Yun Kim, Jae Hyung Ryu, Min Gyu Na, and Chang‐Hee Hong was published. Please find the valid version of the paper with DOI 10.1002/pssc.200778674 in phys. stat. sol. (c) Vol. 5, No. 6, 2267–2269 (2008). (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Effects of patterned ion implanted sapphire substrate for LED
Authors: Jhin Junggeun , Baek Jong Hyeob , Lee Jae Sang
Published: April 2008

Light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) were fabricated on patterned ion implanted sapphire substrates using metal organic chemical vapor deposition. The crystal quality of the u‐GaN and n‐GaN epilayers grown on the patterned N+‐ion implanted sapphire substrate was improved compared to that of the u‐GaN and n‐GaN epilayers grown on a conventional sapphire substrate. The optical properties of the u‐GaN and n‐GaN epilayers grown on the patterned ion implanted sapphire substrate were also improved. The light intensity of the LED at 100mA on the patterned ion implanted sapphire chip was up to 78% higher than that of the conventional LED chip according to the quick test on the wafer. The increase in the light intensity is due to the relaxation of the misfit strain at high temperature and the contribution of the internal free energies to the enhancement of structural and optical prop‐ erties. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Fabrication of GaN‐based Schottky‐type light‐emitting diodes for micropixels in flat‐panel displays
Authors: Honda T. , Kobayashi T. , Komiyama S. , Mashiyama Y. , Arai M. , Yoshioka K.
Published: April 2008

Microsize integrated light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) that operate in the UV spectral region were fabricated using GaN layers grown on sapphire substrates by metal‐organic vapor phase epitaxy (MOVPE). Schottky‐type (ST) and metal‐oxide‐semiconductor (MOS) LEDs were realized. The near‐band‐edge emission of GaN was observed in the electroluminescent spectra with reversed bias under pulsed‐voltage conditions. The insertion of an aluminum oxide layer in the GaN‐based LED led to an increase in electroluminescent intensity. The internal optical absorption in the GaN layer of the GaN‐based ST‐LEDs was also estimated to be 75% of the emission light power. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Time‐resolved electro‐luminescence studies of InGaN blue LEDs with chip size variations
Authors: Feng Shih‐Wei , Tsai Tzong‐Liang , Lan Wen‐How , Huang C. J. , Shih Ming‐Chang
Published: April 2008

In this study, we report carrier dynamics of three InGaN Blue LEDs with three chip sizes by time‐resolved electroluminescence (TREL) measurements. Experiments results show that the sample with the largest chip size has the smallest EL width and longest response time among the three samples. It implies that the current spreading for larger chip size need more time. It is partially attributed to the fact that carrier relaxation into the strongly localized states (high‐indium clusters) need more time. Furthermore, the long decay times are due to the carrier recombination from the deep trapped localization states and/or the high defect density inside the samples. Also, the decay times of the three samples are nearly independent of the chip size and applied voltage. This implies that the sum densities of localization states and defects of the three samples have nearly the same order of magnitude. By reducing the density of the defects, the quantum efficiency of the LEDs can be increased at least by a factor of 10. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Luminescence and vibrational properties of erbium‐implanted nanoporous GaN
Authors: Soh C. B. , Chua S. J. , Sim S. H. , Tripathy S. , Alves E.
Published: April 2008

Implantation of erbium (Er) into GaN is useful in creating selected areas to emit at the green, yellow and infrared wavelengths. Enhanced erbium activation is obtained when erbium is implanted into porous GaN formed by electrochemical etching than into as‐grown GaN. This is due to the increase in surface areas for light extraction and the availability of more free surfaces to accommodate strain when it is annealed. Furnace annealing at 1100 °C for 30 mins in nitrogen gives rise to higher band‐edge photoluminescence intensity. Apart from the host GaN phonon modes, we have also observed disorder‐induced lattice vibrations at 170, 200 and 350‐365 cm–1 from Er‐implanted porous GaN. The E2 (high) mode of GaN also shifts towards higher energy at higher annealing temperatures, indicative of more erbium occupying the VGa site (ionic radii of Er > Ga) and hence increasing the compressive stress in the GaN crystal lattice. The prominent defect‐induced local vibrational modes in Er‐doped nanoporous GaN are also observed in ultraviolet resonant Raman scattering. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Fabrication of a GaN p/n lateral polarity junction by polar doping selectivity
Authors: Collazo Ramón , Mita Seiji , Rice Anthony , Dalmau Rafael , Wellenius Patrick , Muth John , Sitar Zlatko
Published: April 2008

The difference in surface energy between the Ga‐polar orientation and the N‐polar orientation of GaN translates into a completely different behavior for the incorporation of intentional and unintentional impurities. Oxygen is found to be an impurity with higher concentration in N‐polar films than in Ga‐polar films and is the cause for the high carrier concentration observed in N‐polar films. We fabricated a lateral p/n junction in GaN by the simultaneous growth of p‐ and n‐type regions, utilizing the doping selectivity of the two different polar domains, which resulted in an n‐type carrier concentration of 1.7x1019 cm–3 with an electron hall mobility of 99 cm2/Vs in the N‐polar domains, and a p‐type carrier concentration of 1.1x1017 cm–3 with a hole hall mobility of 12 cm2/Vs in the Ga‐polar domains. These junctions showed the characteristics that define a p/n junction: current rectification, electroluminescence, and photo‐effect. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Eu3+ activated GaN thin films grown on sapphire by pulsed laser deposition
Authors: Perea‐Lopez Nestor , Tao Jonathan H. , McKittrick Joanna , Talbot Jan B. , Raukas M. , Laski J. , Mishra K. C. , Hirata Gustavo
Published: April 2008

By means of pulsed laser deposition, polycrystlline thin films of GaN doped with Eu3+ were grown on sapphire. The PLD target was formed in three steps. First, stoichiometric amounts of Ga2O3 and Eu2O3 were dissolved in nitric acid, which produces Ga(1–x)Eux (NO3)3. Next, the nitrates were oxidized in a tubular furnace with O2 flow forming Ga2(1–x)Eu2x O3. Finally, the oxide powder was flushed with anhydrous ammonia to produce the desired nitride product: Ga(1–x)Eux N. Film growth was done in a stainless steel vacuum chamber partially filled with N2 (400 mTorr). For the deposit, the 3rd harmonic of a Nd:YAG laser (λ = 355 nm) was focused on the surface of the target. After deposition, annealing in NH3 was required to produce films with pure GaN hexagonal phase. The luminescence of the film was characterized by photo‐ and cathodoluminescence. In addition, the chemical and structural properties were analyzed by X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Infrared micro optical reflectance spectra of InN
Authors: Kurihara K. , Fukui K. , Yanagawa T. , Yamamoto A.
Published: April 2008

Micro optical reflecance measurements of InN films have been performed at middle and near infrared region. Spectrum line shape fitting calculation based on theoretical formula which takes account of the coupling between LO phonons and plasmons have been also performed. Small area reflectance spectra (50 μm × 50 μm) at every points in the field of microscope vision show both similar and different line shapes by wavenumber location. The different part is mainly responsible for plasmon relaxation time which directly correspond to the carrier mobility. Comparison among contour image map of the fitting parameters and visible image is also presented. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Etching and optical deterioration of nitrogen‐face of wurtzite InN in NH3 ambient
Authors: Yamamoto A. , Sugita K. , Nagai Y. , Hashimoto A.
Published: April 2008

This paper reports the deterioration of nitrogen (N)‐face of wurtzite InN in the NH3 ambient near the growth temperature. Using an atmospheric‐pressure MOVPE system, both In‐polar and N‐polar InN are grown by controlling the nitridation temperature of a sapphire substrate. The N‐face has a much larger etching rate (40 nm/h) compared with that of the In‐face (14 nm/h). From the PL measurement from the front surface and the rear surface through the sapphire substrate, it is shown that the N‐face of both In‐ and N‐polar films shows a marked intensity reduction and a large blue shift of PL spectrum. These facts show that the N‐face of InN is very unstable and deteriorates in the NH3 ambient. The deterioration becomes severer at a temperature higher than 550 °C. Since such a PL shift is due to the Burstein‐Moss effect, the result indicates that the high density of donor‐type defects are preferentially introduced on the N‐face of InN. Further investigations will be needed to clarify whether such instability of N‐face in the NH3 ambient is related to the poorer quality of MOVPE InN. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Optical properties of a ‐plane GaN strained by photo‐chemically grown gallium hydroxide
Authors: Wang S.‐L. , Yeh B.‐C. , Wu H.‐M. , Peng L.‐H. , Lai C.‐M. , Ko T.‐S. , Lu T.‐C. , Wang S.‐C. , Kung A.‐H.
Published: April 2008

We report the observation of green emission centered at 500nm, accompanied with luminescence enhancement and spectral blue shift (∼31meV) in the bandedge emission from a ‐plane grown gallium nitride (GaN) passivated with gallium hydroxide (GaOOH). From study of the photo‐current response and polarization‐resolved low‐temperature micro‐photoluminescence (μ ‐PL) we resolved an evolution of gain competition process between the green and the UV emission bands. By dissolving the oxide we recover the emission characteristics of the as‐grown a ‐GaN. These observations can be ascribed to a formation of compressively‐strained a ‐GaN due to a coherently grown GaOOH atop layer. The latter is responsible for the spectral blue shift and the generation of acceptor like deep‐levels causing the green‐band transition in the emission and photo‐current response. Enhancement of bandedge emission from the oxide covered a ‐GaN is due to the GaOOH surface passivation effect which was prepared by the photo‐enhance wet oxidation method. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Substituent effects on the ring‐chain tautomerism of some 1,3‐oxazolidine derivatives
Authors: Pihlaja Kalevi , Juhász Márta , Kivelä Henri , Fülöp Ferenc
Published: April 2008

The 14 and 70 eV electron ionization mass spectra of five sets (R1 = Me, Et, i‐Pr, t‐Bu and Ph) of seven 2‐aryl‐4‐R1‐substituted (Ar = C6H4X; X = p‐NO2, m‐Br, p‐Cl, H, p‐Me, p‐OMe and p‐NMe2) (1–5) and of seven 2‐aryl‐5‐phenyl‐substituted 1,3‐oxazolidines (6; for Ar, see above) were recorded to study their ring‐chain equilibria in the gas phase. These equilibria were also studied by 1H NMR spectroscopy in CDCl3 for compounds 5 and 6. A few 2,4‐ and 2,5‐dimethyl‐2‐aryl derivatives (7, 8: Ar = C6H4X; X = m‐Br, H and p‐OMe) were studied both in CDCl3 and in the gas phase. The main characteristics of the ring‐chain equilibria expressed by the variable ΣRA% of the ring and of the chain form proved to be a strong dependence on the nature of the substituents on C‐2 and C‐4. The results in the gas phase are compared with those in CDCl3. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The cycle structure of two rows in a random Latin square
Authors: Cavenagh Nicholas J. , Greenhill Catherine , Wanless Ian M.
Published: April 2008

Let L be chosen uniformly at random from among the latin squares of order n ≥ 4 and let r,s be arbitrary distinct rows of L. We study the distribution of σr,s, the permutation of the symbols of L which maps r to s. We show that for any constant c > 0, the following events hold with probability 1 ‐ o(1) as n → ∞: (i) σr,s has more than (log n)1−c cycles, (ii) σr,s has fewer than 9$\sqrt{n}$ cycles, (iii) L has fewer than $ 9\over 2$ n5/2 intercalates (latin subsquares of order 2). We also show that the probability that σr,s is an even permutation lies in an interval $[{1\over 4} - o(1), {3\over 4} + o(1)]$ and the probability that it has a single cycle lies in [2n‐2,2n‐2/3]. Indeed, we show that almost all derangements have similar probability (within a factor of n3/2) of occurring as σr,s as they do if chosen uniformly at random from among all derangements of {1,2,…,n}. We conjecture that σr,s shares the asymptotic distribution of a random derangement. Finally, we give computational data on the cycle structure of latin squares of orders n ≤ 11. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 2008
On variants of the Johnson–Lindenstrauss lemma
Authors: Matoušek Jiří
Published: April 2008

The Johnson–Lindenstrauss lemma asserts that an n‐point set in any Euclidean space can be mapped to a Euclidean space of dimension k = O(ε‐2 log n) so that all distances are preserved up to a multiplicative factor between 1 − ε and 1 + ε. Known proofs obtain such a mapping as a linear map Rn → Rk with a suitable random matrix. We give a simple and self‐contained proof of a version of the Johnson–Lindenstrauss lemma that subsumes a basic versions by Indyk and Motwani and a version more suitable for efficient computations due to Achlioptas. (Another proof of this result, slightly different but in a similar spirit, was given independently by Indyk and Naor.) An even more general result was established by Klartag and Mendelson using considerably heavier machinery.

Recently, Ailon and Chazelle showed, roughly speaking, that a good mapping can also be obtained by composing a suitable Fourier transform with a linear mapping that has a sparse random matrix M; a mapping of this form can be evaluated very fast. In their result, the nonzero entries of M are normally distributed. We show that the nonzero entries can be chosen as random ± 1, which further speeds up the computation. We also discuss the case of embeddings into Rk with the ℓ1 norm. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 2008
The rank of random graphs
Authors: Costello Kevin P. , Vu Van H.
Published: April 2008

We show that almost surely the rank of the adjacency matrix of the Erdős‐Rényi random graph G(n,p) equals the number of nonisolated vertices for any c ln n/n ≤ p ≤ 1/2, where c is an arbitrary positive constant larger than 1/2. In particular, the adjacency matrix of the giant component (a.s.) has full rank in this range. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 2008
Accuracy of classification of breast ultrasound findings based on criteria used for BI‐RADS
Authors: Heinig J. , Witteler R. , Schmitz R. , Kiesel L. , Steinhard J.
Published: April 2008

Objective

To assess the accuracy of categorization of breast ultrasound findings based on scoring for malignancy using the sonographic breast imaging‐reporting and data system (BI‐RADS).

Methods

Breast ultrasound was performed in 2462 patients between 2001 and 2004 at our unit. Sonographic findings were scored using analog criteria as in BI‐RADS for breast ultrasound (mass shape, margin, orientation, posterior acoustic features, lesion boundary, echo pattern). Each lesion was described using these features and classified into categories 1 to 5 according to the BI‐RADS for breast ultrasound. Categorization and biopsy results were compared.

Results

In twenty‐two (0.9%) patients breast ultrasound could not be evaluated because of extreme density of tissue. Normal breast ultrasound belonging to Category 1 was found in 871 (35.4%) patients. Simple cysts classified as Category 2 were observed in 712 (28.9%) women. In 491 (19.9%) patients, apparently benign solid masses (Category 3) were found. Suspicious masses were observed in 225 (9.1%) women and masses highly suggestive of malignancy were found in 141 (5.7%) patients (Categories 4 and 5, respectively). Histological examinations were available from 84 (17.1%) masses that had been classified by BI‐RADS as Category 3, in 97 (43.1%) from Category 4 and 106 (75.2%) from Category 5. Accordingly, the rate of malignant findings was 1.2% (n = 1) in Category 3, 17% (n = 16) in Category 4 and 94% (n = 100) in Category 5.

Conclusion

Scoring breast ultrasound findings for malignancy based on criteria used for BI‐RADS breast ultrasound has a high accuracy, comparable to that obtained by BI‐RADS for mammography. Copyright © 2008 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adrenal Incidentalomas: Experience in a Developing Country
Authors: Bhargav P. R. K. , Mishra Anjali , Agarwal Gaurav , Agarwal Amit , Verma Ashok Kumar , Mishra Saroj Kanta
Published: April 2008

Background

The incidence of adrenal incidentalomas is rising worldwide. There is a concern about malignancy in large incidentalomas. There are few published articles from developing countries on this entity. The aim of this study was to analyze the clinical presentation, functional status, and final diagnosis of adrenal incidentalomas and, in particular, to look into the incidence of adrenal cortical carcinoma (ACC) in large adrenal incidentalomas managed at a tertiary referral hospital in northern India.

Methods

This is a retrospective study (January 1991–December 2005) of 59 patients with adrenal incidentaloma managed at our department. The mean tumor diameter was 7.8 ± 4.0 cm. In all cases, clinical details, radiology findings, laboratory findings, intervention details, histology findings, and follow‐up data were noted. Six patients in which the mass was ultimately found to arise from extra‐adrenal tissue were excluded from final analysis

Results

Mean age of the patients was 46 ± 12 years (M:F = 1:1.1). The incidentaloma measured more than 3 cm in 91% of cases and more than 6 cm in 70% of cases. The clinical scenarios leading to detection of incidentaloma included abdominal (56.6%), genitourinary (24.5%), and systemic complaints (15.1%) and routine medical checkup (3.7%). Most of cases were found by ultrasonography (n = 41), and remaining by CT scan (n = 10), and MRI (n = 2). The incidence of functioning tumors was 41.5% (hypercatecholinism 37.7 % and hypercortisolism 1.9%). Forty‐nine patients were operated on. The important final pathology included ACC (7.5%), pheochromocytoma (PCC) (43%), adrenal cysts (13.2%), myelolipoma (11.3%), and inflammatory lesions (9.4%).

Conclusion

In our experience, the incidence of PCC was high among large adrenal incidentalomas while that of ACC was lower than expected. Inflammatory lesions contribute to a significant number of cases of incidentaloma in developing countries. Adrenalectomy is a justified procedure for large incidentalomas, although the concern may not always be an underlying malignancy.
Key Performance Indicators in British Military Trauma
Authors: Stannard Adam , Tai Nigel R. , Bowley Douglas M. , Midwinter Mark , Hodgetts Tim J.
Published: April 2008

Background

Key performance indicators (KPI) are tools for assessing process and outcome in systems of health care provision and are an essential component in performance improvement. Although KPI have been used in British military trauma for 10 years, they remain poorly defined and are derived from civilian metrics that do not adjust for the realities of field trauma care. Our aim was to modify current trauma KPI to ensure they more faithfully reflect both the military setting and contemporary evidence in order to both aid accurate calibration of the performance of the British Defence Medical Services and act as a driver for performance improvement.

Method

A workshop was convened that was attended by senior, experienced doctors and nurses from all disciplines of trauma care in the British military. “Speciality‐specific” KPI were developed by interest groups using evidence‐based data where available and collective experience where this was lacking. In a final discussion these were streamlined into 60 KPI covering each phase of trauma management.

Conclusion

The introduction of these KPI sets a number of important benchmarks by which British military trauma can be measured. As part of a performance improvement programme, these will allow closer monitoring of our performance and assist efforts to develop, train, and resource British military trauma providers.
Molecular analysis of the GlcNac‐1‐phosphotransferase
Authors: Braulke T. , Pohl S. , Storch S.
Published: April 2008

Modification of the carbohydrate chains of soluble lysosomal enzymes with mannose 6‐phosphate residues is a prerequisite for their mannose 6‐phosphate receptor‐dependent transport to lysosomes. GlcNac‐1‐phosphotransferase localized in the Golgi apparatus represents a hexameric α2β2γ2 subunit complex and plays a key role in the formation of the mannose 6‐phosphate recognition marker. Defects in the GlcNac‐1‐phosphotransferase complex cause two diseases, mucolipidosis type II and III, which are characterized by missorting and cellular loss of lysosomal enzymes, and lysosomal accumulation of storage material. The recent identification of two genes, GNPTAB and GNPTG, encoding the three subunits of GlcNac‐1‐phosphotransferase leads to an improvement of both pre‐ and postnatal diagnosis of affected individuals, and permits the analysis of structural requirements for efficient formation of mannose 6‐phosphate residues on lysosomal enzymes. The α/β subunits precursor matures by proteolytic cleavage and contains the catalytic activity as well as the capability to recognize lysosomal enzymes. The role of the γ‐subunits for activity, stability and oligomerization of the GlcNac‐1‐phosphotransferase subunits is still unclear.
Perceived parenting dimensions and identity styles: Exploring the socialization of adolescents’ processing of identity‐relevant information
Authors: Smits Ilse , Soenens Bart , Luyckx Koen , Duriez Bart , Berzonsky Michael , Goossens Luc
Published: April 2008

This study examined the relationships between crucial dimensions of perceived parenting (support, behavioral control, and psychological control) and the three identity styles defined by Berzonsky [Berzonsky, M. D. (1990). Self‐construction over the life span: A process perspective on identity formation. Advances in Personal Construct Psychology, 1, 155–186.]. Each identity style was hypothesized to relate to a specific pattern of perceived parenting dimensions. Hypotheses were examined in a sample of middle and late adolescents (n=674). An information‐oriented style was positively predicted by parental support. Contrary to expectations, however, an information‐oriented style was also positively predicted by psychological control. A normative identity style was positively predicted by support and behavioral control. In line with expectations, a diffuse‐avoidant identity style was positively predicted by psychological control and negatively by maternal (but not paternal) behavioral control. Findings are discussed in light of the literature on the socialization of identity formation and directions for future research are outlined.
The Oneka intrusive complex: a new structural type of large-scale manifestations of intrusive trap magmatism on the Siberian Platform
Authors: Vasil’ev Yu.R. , Prusskaya S.N. , Mazurov M.P. , Medvedev A.Ya. , Al’mukhamedov A.I. , Gora M.P.
Published: April 2008

The Oneka intrusive complex, recognized on prospecting for hydrocarbons in the western Siberian Platform, in the northern half of the Bakhta megablock (Tunguska syneclise), holds a special position among the known and new large-scale manifestations of intrusive trap magmatism. During the process, original data on the distribution of traps in the 4.2 km thick platform cover were obtained. Diverse in morphology and size, the intrusions are of the same genesis, composition, and character of intrachamber differentiation and form a “framework” igneous complex in the northern half of the Bakhta megablock. This complex occupies an area of about 40,000 km2. It is an intricate tectonomagmatic superstructure, with the volume of magmatic material estimated at 50,000 km3. Results of petrochemical and geochemical studies, multispectra and REE ratios, and isotope ratios 87Sr/86Sr (0.70558–0.70580) suggest that diverse rocks of the Oneka intrusive complex were, most likely, formed from a primary picritoid magma, which underwent deep-level differentiation and was slightly contaminated with rocks of the crust and platform cover. The comprehensive study of the massif and results of numerical modeling show that the formation of such tectonomagmatic structures is closely related to the processes of intraplate magma formation in the craton lithosphere. The large Oneka intrusive complex, like other similar manifestations of Permo-Triassic trap (and alkaline-ultrabasic) magmatism of the Siberian Platform, can be considered projections of hotspots recording the evolution of the Siberian superplume.
Melt inclusions in eclogite garnet: experimental study of natural processes
Authors: Perchuk A.L. , Yapaskurt V.O. , Davydova V.V.
Published: April 2008

Experiment with poikilitic garnet at 3 GPa and 800 °C showed dehydration melting of its mineral inclusions, which is accompanied by the growth of (sub)euhedral garnet crystals inside the inclusion and/or xenomorphic garnets replacing the host mineral. The newly formed and host garnets differ drastically in composition. The inclusion surface is complicated by specific wedge-like protrusions or thin branches composed of melt or its crystallization products. The above features have been discovered in polymineral inclusions in garnet from low-temperature (∼650 °C) eclogite from the Yukon-Tanana terrane, Canada. The inclusions are interpreted as the crystallization products of in situ formed melt.
Detailed analytical investigation of magnetic field line random walk in turbulent plasmas: I. Two-component slab/two-dimensional turbulence
Authors: KOURAKIS I. , SHALCHI A.
Published: April 2008

The random displacement of magnetic field lines in the presence of magnetic turbulence in plasmas is investigated from first principles. A two-component (slab/two-dimensional composite) model for the turbulence spectrum is employed. An analytical investigation of the asymptotic behavior of the field-line mean square displacement (FL-MSD) is carried out. It is shown that the magnetic field lines behave superdiffusively for very large values of the position variablez, since the FL-MSD σ varies as σ ~z4/3. An intermediate diffusive regime may also possibly exist for finite values ofzunder conditions which are explicitly determined in terms of the intrinsic turbulent plasma parameters. The superdiffusive asymptotic result is confirmed numerically via an iterative algorithm. The relevance to previous results is discussed.
A geomechanical approach for the genesis of sediment undulations on the Adriatic shelf
Authors: Sultan Nabil , Cattaneo Antonio , Urgeles Roger , Lee Homa , Locat Jacques , Trincardi Fabio , Berne Serge , Canals Miquel , Lafuerza Sara
Published: April 2008

This study is among the first to examine the genesis of the seafloor and subsurface undulations on the Adriatic continental shelf by integrating stratigraphic information and in situ and laboratory geotechnical measurements. Interpretation of sediment behavior is based on a 32‐m‐long borehole crossing (1) a possible shear plane and (2) a silty clay layer at about 20 m below seafloor (mbsf) on which sediment undulations are rooted and could be interpreted as a potential weak layer succession. Our main results in terms of triggering mechanism for the observed undulations show that under an earthquake, liquefaction and/or failure of the silty‐clay sediments (weak layer) leading to deformation of the upper more cohesive sediments is possible only when such a layer is buried by less than 5 m. For greater burial thicknesses, this silty clay becomes stable under the confining lithostatic pressure exerted by the overlying sediment. This work shows that the seafloor and subsurface undulations observed in the study area are most probably the result of an early deformation process of the seafloor followed by a depositional process.