bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quantum Dots for Targeted Tumor Imaging
Authors: Jang Eue‐Soon , Chen Xiaoyuan
Published: February 2011

Molecular imaging is a key component of twenty‐first century cancer management. In particular, quantum dot (QD) technology plays a key role in molecular imaging. Over the past decade, various QDs with core–shell and core–shell–shell structures with fluorescence emission from the UV to near‐infrared region have been investigated by pioneering studies in chemical synthesis. Moreover, numerous studies on QDs forin vitroandin vivomolecular imaging led to the advancement of QD surface modification, coating, biocompatibility, sensitivity, multiplexing, targeting specificity, as well as important findings regarding their toxicity and clinical applicability. In this chapter, the goal is to provide the basics of QDs and their applications for diagnostic cancer imaging, as well as details of QD design and bioconjugation chemistries to target cancers. In addition, the recent literature on QD technology will be highlighted, and the benefits, challenges, limitations, and future scopes of QD technology, in bothin vitroandin vivotumor imaging applications, described.
Medical Diagnostics of Quantum Dot‐Based Protein Micro‐ and Nanoarrays
Authors: Gokarna Anisha , Cho Yong‐Hoon
Published: February 2011

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Invention of Protein Microarrays

Optical Readout of Protein Arrays: Traditional versus New Labels

Protein Arrays

The Various Types of Protein Array

Methods of Optical Detection in Protein Arrays Using Labeled Probes

From Microarrays to Nanoarrays: Why Nanoarrays?

Functionalization ofQDsfor Attachment to Proteins or Other Biomolecules

Fabrication of Protein Biochips

Printing ofQDs‐Conjugated Protein Microarray Biochips

Nanoarray Protein Chips UsingQDs

QDsProbes in Clinical Applications

Detection of Disease (Cancer) Biomarkers UsingQDLabels

Certain Limitations inQDsLabeled Microarrays: Nonspecific Binding Effects

QDsversus Organic Dyes in Protein Microarrays

Multiplexing in Protein Microarrays UsingQDs

QDs‐Labeled Protein Nanoarrays

Summary and Future Perspectives

Acknowledgments
Type‐
I
and Type‐
II
Core–Shell Quantum Dots: Synthesis and Characterization
Authors: Dorfs Dirk , Hickey Stephen , Eychmüller Alexander
Published: February 2011

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Core–Shell
UV
‐Vis Nanoparticulate Materials

Type‐
I
Core–Shell Structures

Type‐
II
Core–Shell Structures

Multiple Shell Structures

Nonspherical Nanoheterostructures

Characterization of Nanoheterostructures

Core‐Shell Infrared Nanoparticulate Materials

Type
I
Core–Shell Infrared Structures

Type
II
Core–Shell Infrared Structures

Summary and Conclusions
Nanowire Quantum Dots
Authors: Aichele Thomas , Tribu Adrien , Sallen Gregory , Bougerol Catherine , André Régis , Poizat Jean‐Philippe , Kheng Kuntheak , Tatarenko Serge
Published: February 2011

In this chapter, current trends in the development and application of quantum dots (QDs) inserted in semiconductor nanowires are reviewed. The epitaxial growth of nanowires is explained, based on the example of CdSe QDs included into defect‐free ZnSe nanowires. Finally, an overview is provided of the diverse applications in the life sciences, nanoelectronics and quantum optics, especially on their use as sources for single photons at high temperature.
Toxicology and Biosafety Evaluations of Quantum Dots
Authors: Lin Pinpin , Yang Raymond H.S. , Yang Chung‐Shi , Lin Chia‐Hua , Chang Louis W.
Published: February 2011

The sections in this article are

Introduction

The Physico‐Chemical Properties of Quantum Dots

Surface Chemistry and Coatings

Charge and Size of
QDs
in Relationship to Potential Toxicity

Core Metals and Biodegradation of
QDs

Toxicity and Role of Oxidative Stress

ADME
and Biosafety Evaluation

The Mitochondrion as a Prime Target for
QD
Toxicity

Environmental and Ecological Concerns

Concluding Comments and Future Perspectives
Thin‐Film Electrodes: Microscopic and Nanoscopic Three‐Phase‐Boundaries of Platinum Thin Film Electrodes on YSZ Electrolyte (Adv. Funct. Mater. 3/2011)
Authors: Ryll Thomas , Galinski Henning , Schlagenhauf Lukas , Elser Pierre , Rupp Jennifer L. M. , Bieberle‐Hutter Anja , Gauckler Ludwig J.
Published: February 2011

Agglomerated Pt thin films have been proposed as electrodes for electrochemical devices like micro‐solid oxide fuel cells (μ‐SOFCs) operating at low temperatures. However, comprehensive studies elucidating the interplay between agglomeration state and electrochemical properties are lacking. In this contribution the electrochemical performance of agglomerated and “dense” Pt thin film electrodes on yttria‐stabilized‐zirconia (YSZ) is correlated with their microstructural characteristics. Besides the microscopically measurable triple‐phase‐boundary (tpb) where Pt, YSZ and air are in contact, a considerable contribution of “nanoscopic” tpbs to the electrode conductivity resulting from oxygen permeable grain boundaries is identified. It is demonstrated that “dense” Pt thin films are excellent electrodes provided their grain size and thickness are in the nanometer range. The results disprove the prevailing idea that the performance of Pt thin film electrodes results from microscopic and geometrically measurable tpbs only.
Enantioselective Organocatalytic Synthesis of Oxazolidine Derivatives through a One‐Pot Cascade Reaction
Authors: Jin Zhichao , Huang Huicai , Li Wenjun , Luo Xiaoyan , Liang Xinmiao , Ye Jinxing
Published: February 2011

An asymmetric organocatalytic cascade reaction which can afford a series of oxazolidine derivatives has been developed. The one‐pot reaction reported here can produce an oxazolidine derivative in a highly enantioselective manner and good yield with good to excellent diastereomeric ratio.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Synthesis of 2‐Fluoroalkyl‐3‐methylene‐3H‐indoles Through a Domino Carbopalladation/CH Activation Process
Authors: Chen Zixian , Zhu Jiangtao , Xie Haibo , Li Shan , Wu Yongming , Gong Yuefa
Published: February 2011

A novel palladium‐catalyzed synthesis of substituted 3‐methylene‐3H‐indoles from readily accessible alkynylimines has been developed. A wide variety of 2‐fluoroalkyl‐3‐methylene‐3H‐indoles were synthesized in moderate to good yields through this cascade carbopalladation/CH activation process. This reaction can also be expanded to non‐fluorinated substrates.
Analysis of cerebrospinal fluid from chronic fatigue syndrome patients for multiple human ubiquitous viruses and xenotropic murine leukemia‐related virus
Authors: Schutzer Steven E. , Rounds Megan A. , Natelson Benjamin H. , Ecker David J. , Eshoo Mark W.
Published: February 2011

Recent reports showed many patients with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) harbor a retrovirus, xenotropic murine leukemia‐related virus (XMRV), in blood; other studies could not replicate this finding. A useful next step would be to examine cerebrospinal fluid, because in some patients CFS is thought to be a brain disorder. Finding a microbe in the central nervous system would have greater significance than in blood because of the integrity of the blood–brain barrier. We examined cerebrospinal fluid from 43 CFS patients using polymerase chain reaction techniques, but did not find XMRV or multiple other common viruses, suggesting that exploration of other causes or pathogenetic mechanisms is warranted. Ann Neurol 2011;
Airborne lidar intensity and geoarchaeological prospection in river valley floors
Authors: Challis Keith , Carey Chris , Kincey Mark , Howard Andy J.
Published: February 2011

Archaeological applications of airborne lidar topographic data are now well known and documented in the academic literature. Rather less well explored by archaeologists are the potential of lidar intensity data. In this paper we explore the application of lidar intensity for geoarchaeological prospection in river valley floors. After briefly considering the context of archaeological remote sensing in river valleys, we examine some factors influencing the lidar intensity record and explore processing steps that may be required to effectively utilize intensity data, before reviewing the utility of intensity data for the geoarchaeological assessment of test sites in the Trent Valley of the English Midlands (UK). Results suggest that intensity imagery may assist greatly in the interpretation of airborne lidar topographic data and that its analysis contributes to a qualitative understanding of land cover and the burial environment of archaeological remains, either cultural or environmental; furthermore in some circumstances it is possible to identify anthropogenic archaeological cropmarks in intensity imagery. It is concluded that the standard methodology employed in using airborne lidar for archaeological survey should as a matter of course include the collection and analysis of intensity data. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A review of the use of geophysical archaeological prospection in Sweden
Authors: Viberg Andreas , Trinks Immo , Lidén Kerstin
Published: February 2011

While geophysical prospection for iron ores has a long history in Sweden the use of geophysical archaeological prospection has been limited compared to other countries. In this paper we discuss the likely reasons for this situation and present a brief history of geophysical prospection and in particular geophysical archaeological prospection in Sweden. The first use of different prospection methods, such as metal detection, earth resistance, magnetic, ground‐penetrating radar, seismic and electro‐magnetic prospection in Swedish archaeology are presented. The archaeological Iron Age sites of Uppåkra and Birka have been subject to relatively intensive prospection activity and are therefore mentioned separately. An overview of the current situation of geophysical archaeological prospection and related issues is given, and pitfalls and possibilities are discussed. The paper finishes with an outlook on possible future developments. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Legacy of Fossil Fuels
Authors: Armaroli Nicola , Balzani Vincenzo
Published: February 2011

Currently, over 80 % of the energy used by mankind comes from fossil fuels. Harnessing coal, oil and gas, the energy resources contained in the store of our spaceship, Earth, has prompted a dramatic expansion in energy use and a substantial improvement in the quality of life of billions of individuals in some regions of the world. Powering our civilization with fossil fuels has been very convenient, but now we know that it entails severe consequences. We treat fossil fuels as a resource that anyone anywhere can extract and use in any fashion, and Earth’s atmosphere, soil and oceans as a dump for their waste products, including more than 30 Gt/y of carbon dioxide. At present, environmental legacy rather than consistence of exploitable reserves, is the most dramatic problem posed by the relentless increase of fossil fuel global demand. Harmful effects on the environment and human health, usually not incorporated into the pricing of fossil fuels, include immediate and short‐term impacts related to their discovery, extraction, transportation, distribution, and burning as well as climate change that are spread over time to future generations or over space to the entire planet. In this essay, several aspects of the fossil fuel legacy are discussed, such as alteration of the carbon cycle, carbon dioxide rise and its measurement, greenhouse effect, anthropogenic climate change, air pollution and human health, geoengineering proposals, land and water degradation, economic problems, indirect effects on the society, and the urgent need of regulatory efforts and related actions to promote a gradual transition out of the fossil fuel era. While manufacturing sustainable solar fuels appears to be a longer‐time perspective, alternatives energy sources already exist that have the potential to replace fossil fuels as feedstocks for electricity production.
Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis over Molecular Sieve Supported Catalysts
Authors: Sun Bo , Qiao Minghua , Fan Kangnian , Ulrich Jeffrey , Tao Franklin (Feng)
Published: February 2011

For sustainable fuel production from alternative energy sources, it is important to design and develop Fischer–Tropsch synthesis (FTS) catalysts for hydrocarbons that deviate from the Anderson‐Schulz–Flory distribution. The introduction of a molecular sieve to a conventional FTS catalyst system offers the opportunity to confine spatially the chain length of the hydrocarbons, and to convert long‐chain hydrocarbons to molecules more suitable as transportation fuels. The incorporation of metal nanoparticles in a variety of molecular sieves with different methods allows a versatile means to modulate the distribution of the FTS hydrocarbons for different purposes.
ChemInform Abstract: Luminescent Properties of Mn2+ Co‐Doped Ca8Mg(SiO4)4Cl2:Eu2+ Phosphor and Its Application in White LEDs.
Authors: Park Seung Hyok , Park Joung Kyu , Kim Chang Hae , Jang Ho Gyeom
Published: February 2011

The yellow phosphor Ca8Mg (SiO4)4Cl2:Eu2+,Mn2+ is synthesized by solid state reaction of CaO, CaCl2, MgO, SiO2, Eu2O3, and MnO (25% H2/75% N2, 900—1200 °C, 3 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Crystal Growth of Uranium‐Containing Complex Oxides: Ba2Na0.83U1.17O6, BaK4U3O12 and Na3Ca1.5UO6.
Authors: Roof Irina P. , Smith Mark D. , zur Loye H.‐C.
Published: February 2011

Single crystals of the title compounds are grown by reaction of U3O8 in reactive melts of the corresponding alkali and alkaline earth metal carbonates (1050 °C, alumina crucible, 24 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Uranium Substitution for Tungsten in the Bi2WO6—Bi2UO6 System: Formation of a Broad High‐Temperature Solid Solution.
Authors: Charkin Dmitri O. , Lebedev Dmitri N. , Stefanovich Sergey Yu. , Kazakov Sergey M.
Published: February 2011

A broad Bi2W1‐xUxO6 solid solution with the Aurivillius‐type structure exists in the title system.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Heterocycles via Pd‐Ligand Controlled Cyclization of 2‐Chloro‐N‐(2‐vinyl)aniline: Preparation of Carbazoles, Indoles, Dibenzazepines, and Acridines.
Authors: Tsvelikhovsky Dmitry , Buchwald Stephen L.
Published: February 2011

The palladium‐catalyzed condensation of 2‐bromostyrene and 2‐chloroaniline derivatives provides stable diphenylamine intermediates (VI), which are selectively converted to the entitled five‐, six‐, or seven‐membered heteroaromatics.
ChemInform Abstract: Ring Opening of Pymisyl‐Protected Aziridines with Organocuprates.
Authors: Bornholdt Jan , Felding Jakob , Clausen Rasmus P. , Kristensen Jesper L.
Published: February 2011

The pyrimidine‐2‐sulfonyl (pymisyl) group is presented as a novel N‐protecting group which enables the ring opening of aziridines with organocuprates [cf.
ChemInform Abstract: Aqueous‐Phase Aerobic Oxidation of Alcohols by Ru/C in the Presence of Cyclodextrin: One‐Pot Biomimetic Approach to Quinoxaline Synthesis.
Authors: Akkilagunta Vijay Kumar , Reddy Vutukuri Prakash , Kakulapati Rama Rao
Published: February 2011

A novel and benign protocol for the aerobic oxidation of alcohols in water at neutral pH is developed and successfully applied to the one‐pot synthesis of quinoxalines directly from benzoins and o‐phenylenediamines.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient and Chemoselective Alkylation of Amines/Amino Acids Using Alcohols as Alkylating Reagents under Mild Conditions.
Authors: Xu Chu‐Pei , Xiao Zhen‐Hua , Zhuo Bi‐Qin , Wang Yu‐Huang , Huang Pei‐Qiang
Published: February 2011

Secondary amines, but also amino acids and amino alcohols can be N‐alkylated selectively using alcohols as alkylating agents to afford tertiary amines in good yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Convenient Procedure for the Indium‐Mediated Hydroxymethylation of Active Bromo Compounds: Transformation of Ketones into α‐Hydroxymethyl Nitroalkanes.
Authors: Soengas Raquel G. , Estevez Amalia M.
Published: February 2011

Bromoesters, bromolactones and bromonitroalkanes are hydroxymethylated in a simple and safe procedure using paraformaldehyde.
ChemInform Abstract: A Simple and Efficient One‐Pot Synthesis of Substituted Benzo[b]furans by Sonogashira Coupling—5‐endo‐dig Cyclization Catalyzed by Palladium Nanoparticles in Water under Ligand‐ and Copper‐Free Aerobic Conditions.
Authors: Saha Debasree , Dey Raju , Ranu Brindaban C.
Published: February 2011

The simple, eco‐friendly reaction conditions, high yields, reusability of the catalyst, and no requirement for a ligand, co‐catalyst or special device are advantages of this procedure.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Acylation of Amines with Aldehydes or Aldoximes.
Authors: Allen C. Liana , Davulcu Simge , Williams Jonathan M. J.
Published: February 2011

The Ni‐catalyzed coupling of aldoximes, used as substrates or generated in situ, with primary and secondary amines offers a novel synthesis of amides.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Quaternary Carbon Stereogenic Centers Through Enantioselective Cu‐Catalyzed Allylic Substitutions with Vinylaluminum Reagents.
Authors: Gao Fang , McGrath Kevin P. , Lee Yunmi , Hoveyda Amir H.
Published: February 2011

Catalytic enantioselective allylic substitution reactions using alkyl‐ and aryl‐substituted vinylaluminum reagents afford 1,4‐dienes containing a quaternary carbon stereogenic center at C‐3, also by addition of a vinyl unit.
ChemInform Abstract: Nucleophilic (Phenylsulfonyl)difluoromethylation of Alkyl Halides Using PhSO2CF2SiMe3: Preparation of gem‐Difluoroalkenes and Trifluoromethyl Compounds.
Authors: Zhu Lingui , Li Ya , Zhao Yanchuan , Hu Jinbo
Published: February 2011

Nucleophilic substitution followed by base‐mediated 1,2‐elimination allows an improved synthesis of gem‐difluoroalkenes if the substrate bears an aryl substituent.
ChemInform Abstract: Allyl Transfer to Aldehydes and Ketones by Broensted Acid Activation of Allyl and Crotyl 1,3,2‐Dioxazaborolidines.
Authors: Reilly Maureen K. , Rychnovsky Scott D.
Published: February 2011

The title compound (I) and its substituted analogues (XIII) and (XVII) prove to be air‐stable, crystalline allyl transfer reagents for aldehydes and ketones.
ChemInform Abstract: Selective One‐Pot Access to Symmetrical or Unsymmetrical Diaryl Ethers by Copper‐Catalyzed Double Arylation of a Simple Oxygen Source.
Authors: Tlili Anis , Monnier Florian , Taillefer Marc
Published: February 2011

An efficient one‐pot synthesis of symmetrical [cf.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Nitroaldol Reaction of α‐Keto Esters Catalyzed by a Copper(II)—Bisoxazolidine Complex.
Authors: Xu Hanhui , Wolf Christian
Published: February 2011

Optimized reaction conditions are developed for the title reaction where the use of NMM instead of triethylamine significantly increases the enantioselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Reduction of Sulfoxides Catalyzed by Oxo‐Complexes.
Authors: Cabrita Ivania , Sousa Sara C. A. , Fernandes Ana C.
Published: February 2011

Among different oxo complexes tested, HReO4 is found to be the most effective agent.
ChemInform Abstract: Microwave Assisted Improved Synthesis of 6‐Carbethoxy‐5‐aryl‐3‐(2‐thienyl)‐2‐cyclohexenones Using Inorganic Solid Support and Their Antibacterial Activities.
Authors: Dulawat Shiv S. , Chundawat Jagveer S. , Roy Ravindra S. , Chundawat Sumer S. , Verma B. L.
Published: February 2011

An efficient and eco‐friendly one‐pot synthesis of the potentially bioactive compounds (III) is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Horner—Wadsworth—Emmons Reagents as Azomethine Ylide Analogues: Pyrrole Synthesis via [3 + 2] Cycloaddition.
Authors: Morin Marie S. T. , St‐Cyr Daniel J. , Arndtsen Bruce A.
Published: February 2011

The three‐component Arbuzov reaction of imines, acid chlorides and phosphites creates a phosphonate precursor which acts as 1,3‐dipole.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Cyclization of N‐Alkynyl Aminomalonates.
Authors: Hess Wilfried , Burton Jonathan W.
Published: February 2011

A novel access towards pyrrolidines, e.g. (III), and piperidines (V) is presented, involving the Pd‐catalyzed tandem cyclization—coupling reaction of N‐alkynyl aminomalonates with aryl and alkenyl iodides.
ChemInform Abstract: A Practical and Efficient Vilsmeier Synthesis of 3‐Chloroindole‐2‐carboxaldehydes.
Authors: Li Z. H. , Hu Z. R. , Chen R. E. , Su W. K.
Published: February 2011

The synthesis is carried out in an eco‐friendly, recoverable solvent.
ChemInform Abstract: Facile Synthesis of Tetrahydro‐1H‐isoindolones via a Sequential Three‐Component Copper‐Catalyzed Coupling/Propargyl‐Allenyl Isomerization/[4 + 2] Cyclization Reaction.
Authors: Cao Jian , Huang Xian
Published: February 2011

A variety of highly substituted bi‐, tri‐ and pentacyclic target compounds is prepared.
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Step Synthesis of Carbon—Sulfur Heterocyclic Ring by Electrochemical Reduction of Carbon Disulfide at Platinum Electrode.
Authors: Srivastav Manish K. , Saraswat Apoorv , Sharma Laxmi Kant , Singh R. K. P.
Published: February 2011

A simple and eco‐friendly synthesis is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Characterization and Catalytic Application of MoO3/CeO2‐ZrO2 Solid Heterogeneous Catalyst for the Synthesis of Benzimidazole Derivatives.
Authors: Rathod Sandip B. , Lande Machhindra K. , Arbad Balasaheb R.
Published: February 2011

MoO3/CeO2‐ZrO2 is shown to be an efficient catalyst for the preparation of benzimidazoles from o‐phenylenediamine (I) and aromatic aldehydes (II) under microwave irradiation.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Some p‐Toluenesulfonyl‐hydrazinothiazoles and Hydrazino‐bis‐thiazoles and Their Anticancer Activity.
Authors: Zaharia Valentin , Ignat Adriana , Palibroda Nicolae , Ngameni Bathelemy , Kuete Victor , Fokunang Charles N. , Moungang Marlyse L. , Ngadjui Bonaventure T.
Published: February 2011

Title compounds are synthesized starting by condensation reactions of thiosemicarbazides (I) or (VI), resp.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Cytotoxicity Evaluation of Novel 1,4‐Disubstituted 1,2,3‐Triazoles via CuI Catalyzed 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition.
Authors: Vantikommu Jyothi , Palle Sadanandam , Reddy Punganuru Surendra , Ramanatham Vinodkumar , Khagga Mukkanti , Pallapothula Venkateswaran Rao
Published: February 2011

An efficient approach for the one‐pot synthesis of β‐keto triazoles (III) (16 examples) via Cu‐catalyzed three‐component reaction of α‐bromoketones (I) with alkynes and NaN3 is given.
ChemInform Abstract: “One‐Pot” Access to 4H‐Chromenes with Formation of a Chiral Quaternary Stereogenic Center by a Highly Enantioselective Iminium‐Allenamine Involved Oxa‐Michael—Aldol Cascade.
Authors: Liu Chunliang , Zhang Xinshuai , Wang Rui , Wang Wei
Published: February 2011

Even alkyl alkynals (IV) are converted with excellent enantioselectivities using higher catalyst loading and a longer reaction time.
ChemInform Abstract: InCl3‐Catalyzed Allylic Friedel—Crafts Reactions Toward the Stereocontrolled Synthesis of 1,2,3,4‐Tetrahydroquinolines.
Authors: Giera David S. , Schneider Christoph
Published: February 2011

The method allows the access to various highly substituted derivatives of the title skeleton, which is of interest in natural product and pharmaceutical chemistry.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Quinazoline Derivatives via Ullmann‐Type Coupling and Aerobic Oxidation.
Authors: Wang Chen , Li Shangfu , Liu Hongxia , Jiang Yuyang , Fu Hua
Published: February 2011

The procedure provides a simple and efficient method to prepare biologically important quinazoline derivatives.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Some 2,4‐Diamino‐furo[2,3‐d]pyrimidine Derivatives.
Authors: Hu Yang‐Gen , Wang Yan , Du Shi‐Ming , Chen Xiao‐Bao , Ding Ming‐Wu
Published: February 2011

A variety of previously unreported diaminofuropyrimidine derivatives (V) (10 examples) is synthesized starting from carbodiimides (I) and evaluated for antitumor activity.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Structural Characterization and Microbiological Assays of Some New 2‐Methoxy‐O‐acyl‐oximino‐dibenz[b,e]oxepins.
Authors: Limban Carmen , Missir Alexandru‐Vasile , Chirita Ileana Cornelia , Guta Rodica , Nanau‐Andreescu Doina , Nitulescu George Mihai , Draghici Constantin , Caproiu Miron T. , Delcaru Cristina , Chifiriuc Mariana Carmen
Published: February 2011

A variety of new oximinodibenzoxepins (VII) (8 examples) are synthesized involving Friedel—Crafts cyclization of acid chloride derived from (III) as key step.
ChemInform Abstract: Ethanolysis of Steroidal Epoxides Catalyzed by Tetracyanoethylene.
Authors: Uyanik Cavit , Koca Olcay
Published: February 2011

The process involves trans‐diaxial opening of the oxirane ring.
ChemInform Abstract: Total Chemical Synthesis of Human Proinsulin.
Authors: Luisier Samuel , Avital‐Shmilovici Michal , Weiss Michael A. , Kent Stephen B. H.
Published: February 2011

An efficient convergent synthesis of human proinsulin by chemical ligation of three synthetic peptide segments is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Antibacterials from the Sea
Authors: Hughes Chambers C. , Fenical William
Published: February 2011

Review: 195 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Proximity‐Assisted Cycloaddition Reactions of ω‐Azido Cyanohydrin Ethers: Synthesis of Diversely Functionalized Bicyclic Tetrazoles
Authors: Hanessian Stephen , Deschenes‐Simard Benoit , Simard Daniel , Chenel Caroline , Haak Edgar , Bulat Vlad
Published: February 2011

Review: 48 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Current Biological and Synthetic Profile of Triazoles
Authors: Gadhave Priyanka P. , Dighe Nachiket S. , Pattan Shashikant R. , Deotarse Pravin , Musmade Deepak S. , Shete R. V.
Published: February 2011

Review: 16 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Biotransformations of Drugs Belonging to Nitrogen Heterocycles
Authors: Granik V. G.
Published: February 2011

Review: metabolism of azaheterocycles; 77 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Naturally Occurring Circular Proteins: Distribution, Biosynthesis and Evolution
Authors: Cascales Laura , Craik David J.
Published: February 2011

Review: 165 refs.
Pressure Dependency of Mass Flow Rate of Polypropylene Melts through Micro Nozzles Smaller than 500 μm
Authors: Gepp Sebastian , Ottnad Thomas , Kessling Oliver , Irlinger Franz , Lüth Tim C.
Published: February 2011

Der Massenstrom von Polypropylenschmelzen durch Mikrodüsen mit Durchmessern kleiner 500 μm wurde in Abhängigkeit des Drucks untersucht. Messungen zeigen einen exponentiellen Einfluss des Drucks und des Düsendurchmessers. Die Messung korreliert nicht mit dem gewählten Ansatz, daher ist das Power‐Law‐Modell nicht auf Mikrodüsen anwendbar. Der höher gemessene Massenstrom gegenüber der Simulation ist auf das Wandgleiten bei den hohen auftretenden Scherraten zurückzuführen.
Modelling and Experimental Investigation of the Gas‐Induced Breakup of Liquid Threads Stretched by Gravity
Authors: Gramlich Simon , Mescher Axel , Piesche Manfred , Walzel Peter
Published: February 2011

Zur Herstellung eines Sprays mit enger Tropfengrößenverteilung haben sich Zerstäubungsverfahren basierend auf dem Prinzip des Zertropfens gedehnter Flüssigkeitsstrahlen bewährt. Die Vorhersage der zu erwartenden Tropfengröße in Abhängigkeit der Betriebsparameter ist zur Auslegung solcher Verfahren von besonderem Interesse. Vorgestellt wird ein Modell zur Beschreibung des Zerfalls laminar strömender, gedehnter Flüssigkeitsstrahlen unter Einwirkung des Erdschwerefelds und Berücksichtigung einer induzierten Gasströmung. Ziel der Arbeit ist die Vorhersage der Tropfengröße und die Validierung durch das Experiment.
Cellulose and Heterogeous Catalysis – A Combination for Future
Authors: Palkovits Regina
Published: February 2011

Die effiziente Nutzung nachwachsender Ressourcen gewinnt zunehmend an Bedeutung. Cellulose und Lignin stehen nicht in Konkurrenz zur Nahrungsmittelkette und bieten aufgrund ihrer hohen Funktionalisierungsdichte viele Möglichkeiten für gezielte Umwandlungen zu neuen Zielprodukten. Gleichzeitig stellt diese Überfunktionalisierung auch eine der Herausforderungen dar. Während die heutige Raffinerie von unpolaren Molekülen in Gasphasenprozessen bei vergleichsweise hohen Temperaturen geprägt ist, erfordert eine Bioraffinerie auf der Basis von Lignocellulose vorwiegend Flüssigphasenprozesse bei relativ niedrigen Temperaturen in polaren Lösungsmitteln. Damit ergeben sich Herausforderungen im Bereich der Prozess‐ und Trenntechnik sowie bei der Katalysatorentwicklung, um den Anforderungen dieser polaren Rohstoffe gerecht zu werden.
Model‐Based Reactor Design Based on the Optimal Reaction Route
Authors: Freund Hannsjörg , Peschel Andreas , Sundmacher Kai , Sundmacher Kai
Published: February 2011

Eine neuartige Methodik für den modellgestützten Entwurf chemischer Reaktoren wird vorgestellt, die sich mit der Ermittlung und technischen Umsetzung der optimalen Reaktionsführung befasst. Ein wichtiges Merkmal dieses neuen Ansatzes ist, dass zunächst auf abstrakter Ebene ein Fluidelement betrachtet wird und dessen Zustand zu jedem Zeitpunkt optimal eingestellt wird. Diese Betrachtungsweise hat den Vorteil, dass keine frühzeitige Beschränkung des Lösungsraums durch vorgegebene apparatespezifische Limitierungen erfolgt und somit das maximale Potenzial des Reaktionssystems ermittelt werden kann.
Bioavailability and Interaction of Si and P in a Coastal Saline Soil Amended with Pig Slurry
Authors: Song Zhaoliang , Shan Shengdao , Song Zheyue
Published: February 2011

The effects of widely applied organic waste amendment on soil Si and P bioavailability and their interaction have rarely been investigated. The study examined bioavailability and interaction of Si and P in response to pig slurry (PS) amendment in a coastal saline (CS) soil. The final purposes of the study are to assess fertilizer Si and P needs and to ensure environmental quality. The results show that PS amendment can cause accumulation of bioavailable Si in surface soil (0–20 cm), and significantly improve both soil bioavailable P content and soil P lability through PS‐Si and P input, and by the input of PS‐organic matter (OM) and enhancing the complexation of OM with soil Si and P. As a result of the Si‐P competitive sorption, Si shows a more rapid increase in bioavailability than P at the preliminary stage of PS amendment. However, under the weakly alkaline conditions as a result of relatively long term PS amendment, the fixation capacity of Si by soil solid components increases causing a rapider decline of Si bioavailability than that of P.
Equilibrium Uptake and Bioaccumulation of Basic Violet 14 Using Submerged Macrophyte Hydrilla verticillata
Authors: Saranya Gopalakrishnan , Saravanan Panneerselvam , Dharmendira Kumar Mahendradas , Renganathan Sahadevan
Published: February 2011

The percentage removal and uptake capacity of Basic Violet 14 using Hydrilla verticillata with living biomass was studied under batch conditions. The survival of H. verticillata was studied using the chlorophyll content in the living biomass. Bioaccumulation of Basic Violet 14 using H. verticillata was tested by varying the wet sorbent dosage (0.5–2.5 g), initial pH (3–8), and initial dye concentrations (5–25 mg L−1). The results show that the plant was effectively accumulating the Basic Violet 14 dye. The uptake capacity of Basic Violet 14 dye was observed as 5.9 and 21.3 mg g−1 at the initial dye concentration of 5 and 25 mg L−1, respectively, for a biomass of 5 g L−1 (wet weight) at pH 7.0 for 144 h. In general, the plant growth was found to be normal at lower concentrations and showed higher removal efficiency. It was also observed that removal efficiency of H. verticillata was found to decrease with increase in initial dye concentration. The biomass sample surface was analyzed using SEM imaging and functional groups present in the biomass were analyzed using FTIR. The equilibrium uptake capacity was analyzed by Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. The equilibrium data was found to be fit well to both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models with higher coefficient of determination.
A LC‐MS analysis of acamprosate from human plasma: pharmacokinetic application
Authors: Ghosh Chinmoy , Jha Vijay , Shinde Chandrakant P. , Chakraborty Bhaswat S.
Published: February 2011

A rapid and highly sensitive method for the determination of acamprosate (ACM), in human plasma using ESI‐LC‐MS/MS (electrospray ionization liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry) in negative ionization polarity in multiple reactions monitoring (MRM) mode was developed and validated. The procedure involves a simple protein precipitation step. Chromatographic separation was carried out on a Hypersil BDS C18 column (150 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 µm) with an isocratic mobile phase and a total run time of 2.5 min. The standard calibration curves were linear within the range of 7.04–702.20 ng/mL for ACM (r ≥ 0.990). This study briefly describes the role of ion source design on matrix effects. ACM shows matrix effects in z‐spray ionization source design, whereas it has no matrix effects in orthogonal spray ion source design. This method was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study after oral administration of acamprosate 333 mg tablet in Indian healthy male volunteers. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Terpyridine Oxovanadium(IV) Complexes of Phenanthroline Bases for Cellular Imaging and Photocytotoxicity in HeLa Cells
Authors: Banik Bhabatosh , Sasmal Pijus K. , Roy Sovan , Majumdar Ritankar , Dighe Rajan R. , Chakravarty Akhil R.
Published: February 2011

Oxovanadium(IV) complexes [VO(N‐N‐N)(N‐N)](NO3)2 (1–4) of (4′‐phenyl)‐2,2′:6′,2″‐terpyridine (ph‐tpy in 1 and 2) or (4′‐pyrenyl)‐2,2′:6′,2″‐terpyridine (py‐tpy in 3 and 4) having N‐N as 1,10‐phenanthroline (phen in 1 and 3) or dipyrido[3,2‐a:2′,3′‐c]phenazine (dppz in 2 and 4) are prepared and characterized. The crystal structure of 1 has VO2+ group in VN5O coordination geometry. The terpyridine ligand coordinates in a meridional binding mode. The phen ligand displays a chelating mode of binding with an N‐donor site trans to the vanadyl oxo group. The complexes show a d‐d band in the range of 710–770 nm in aqueous DMF (4:1 v/v). The complexes exhibit an irreversible VIV/VIII redox response near –1.0 V vs. SCE in aqueous DMF/0.1 M KCl. The complexes bind to CT DNA giving Kb values within 3.5 × 105 to 1.2 × 106 M–1. The complexes show poor chemical nuclease activity in dark. Complexes 2–4 show photonuclease activity in UV‐A light of 365 nm forming 1O2 and ·OH. Complex 4 shows DNA photocleavage activity at near‐IR light of 785 nm forming ·OH radicals. Complexes 2 and 4 show significant photocytotoxicity in HeLa cancer cells. Uptake of the complexes in HeLa cells, studied by fluorescence imaging, show predominantly cytosolic localization inside the cells.
Sulfoxygenation of Active Site Models of [NiFe] and [FeFe] Hydrogenases – A Commentary on Possible Chemical Models of Hydrogenase Enzyme Oxygen Sensitivity
Authors: Darensbourg Marcetta Y. , Weigand Wolfgang
Published: February 2011

The organometallic active sites in [NiFe]‐ and [FeFe]H2ases are sensitive to oxygen in varying degrees. The microorganisms that utilize these enzymes for their hydrogen metabolism, and the enzymes themselves, have evolved from a reducing to an oxidizing environment in ways to avoid competition with oxygen, primarily by burying the active site machinery deeply within the protein matrix. In the case of [NiFe]H2ase, biological studies indicate that repair mechanisms exist for reversible O2‐inhibition processes. This Microreview explores the possibility that S‐oxygenation may represent reparable O‐damaged enzyme active sites. Such S‐oxygenation has precedent in chemical models for the terminal thiolate sulfur atoms of the nickel site in [NiFe]H2ase as well as the bridging thiolate sulfur in the [FeFe]H2ase active site. A discussion of the processes of O2 damage leading to both reversible and irreversible enzyme inhibition, and reclamation of activity in the H2ases, as explored by various biochemical assays and spectroscopic methods, is also presented.
Green Wet Chemical Route for the Synthesis of Silver and Palladium Dendrites
Authors: Keita Bineta , Brudna Holzle L. R. , Ngo Biboum Rosa , Nadjo Louis , Mbomekalle Israel M. , Franger Sylvain , Berthet Patrick , Brisset François , Miserque Frederic , Ekedi Georges A.
Published: February 2011

A novel and very effective wet chemical route for the preparation of metal dendritic nanostructures was developed by starting from VOSO4 and Ag2SO4 (or K2PdCl4) in aqueous solution at room temperature. No template or surfactant was used. VOSO4 serves as the reducing agent for the silver salt, and the resulting silver nanoparticles and nanocrystallites are then arranged into dendritic structures. The morphologies of the dendrites are found to be heavily influenced both by the molar ratio and the concentrations of the reactants. Observation of symmetric and asymmetric dendrites with variations of these parameters supports the proposal that diffusion and oriented attachment of silver nanoparticles or crystallites might compete, to various extents, and dictate the final morphologies of dendritic nanostructures. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first example of a surfactant‐free, template‐free, fully inorganic wet chemical route to metal dendritic structures. The method was also successful in the preparation of palladium nanodendrites.
Synthesis of 6‐Nitro‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydroquinoline: An Experimental and Theoretical Study of Regioselective Nitration
Authors: Cordeiro Alessandra , Shaw Julian , O'Brien John , Blanco Fernando , Rozas Isabel
Published: February 2011

A revision of the literature on the nitration of tetrahydroquinolines yielded a number of inconsistencies. Thus, we have carried out a thorough study on the nitration of tetrahydroquinoline and several of its N‐protected derivatives both experimentally and at theoretical level. Usually, nitration is carried out in acidic conditions and, thus, tetrahydroquinoline would be N‐protonated; however, if the amino group is protected, the neutral system will be the one undergoing nitration. Different protecting groups have been explored varying, not only electronic and steric effects, but also deprotection conditions. Additionally, different reagents and reaction conditions have been investigated. From this study we have been able to achieve total regioselectivity for nitration at the 6‐position. A very detailed NMR study has been carried out to unequivocally characterise the four nitro isomers. In parallel, a computational study has been performed that is in agreement with the experimental results obtained. With this purpose, all the σ complexes of the four nitro isomers neutral and N‐protonated have been optimized both in gas and water condensed phases by using the B3LYP/6‐31++G** level of computation.
Rhodium‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Conjugate Addition of Sodium Tetraarylborates to 2,3‐Dihydro‐4‐pyridones and 4‐Quinolones by Using (R,R)‐1,2‐Bis(tert‐butylsulfinyl)benzene as a Ligand
Authors: Zhang Xiangyang , Chen Jun , Han Fuzhong , Cun Linfeng , Liao Jian
Published: February 2011

(R,R)‐1,2‐Bis(tert‐butylsulfinyl)benzene as an efficient and simple ligand can be applied in the rhodium‐catalyzed asymmetric 1,4‐addition of sodium tetraarylborate reagents to N‐substituted 2,3‐dihydro‐4‐pyridones and 4‐quinolones. The reactions proceeded smoothly to provide the corresponding adducts in good yields (up to 92 %) and excellent enantioselectivities (up to 99 % ee) under mild conditions.
Saline Intermolecular Pauson–Khand Reactions of Propargyl Amine
Authors: Ji Yining , Riera Antoni , Verdaguer Xavier
Published: February 2011

Dicobalthexacarbonyl complexes of propargylammonium salts with non‐nucleophilic counterions BF4– and TfO– were successfully prepared in excellent yields. The X‐ray structure of complex 7a with a [CoCl4]2– counterion is reported. In contrast to the corresponding free base, the salt complexes readily underwent stoichiometric and catalytic cyclization with norbornadiene, providing, in some cases, enhanced reaction rates.
New evidence on the age of some Lower Palaeozoic rocks near Llanafan‐fawr
Authors: Lockley M. G.
Published: February 2011

The discovery of a fauna of Lower Llandovery age in a conglomeratic deposit previously considered to be of “Bala” age has shown that there has been misunderstanding of the stratigraphical succession and structure of the rocks of the Towy anticline near Llanafan‐fawr. The stratigraphy of this Silurian succession is outlined; the fauna listed and pre‐existing palaeogeographical interpretations reconsidered.
Demand, selection and patient outcomes in German acute care hospitals
Authors: Schwierz Christoph , Augurzky Boris , Focke Axel , Wasem Jürgen
Published: February 2011

This paper examines the effects of variation in unexpected demand on patient outcomes in acute care German hospitals. Naturally, an unexpected surge in demand may negatively affect the quality of care and thus patient outcomes, such as in‐hospital mortality. We estimate models explaining patient outcomes depending on demand, unobservable patient selection and seasonal factors, as well as patient‐specific risk factors and unobservable hospital and department fixed‐effects. The main message of this analysis is that hospitals are well prepared to deal with this unexpected volatility in demand, as by and large it does not negatively affect patient outcomes. Hospitals seem to deal with high unexpected workload by steering the patients' length of stay relating to their severity of illness. Elective patients are discharged earlier, while discharges of high‐risk emergency patients are postponed. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
What is driving the black–white difference in low birthweight in the US?
Authors: Lhila Aparna , Long Sharon
Published: February 2011

This is a first effort to quantify the contribution of different factors in explaining racial difference in low birthweight rate (LBW). Mother's health, child characteristics, prenatal care, socioeconomic status (SES), and the socioeconomic and healthcare environment of mother's community are important inputs into the birthweight production function, and a vast literature has delved into obtaining causal estimates of their effect on infant health. What is unknown is how much of the racial gap in LBW is explained by all these inputs together. We apply a nonlinear extension of the Oaxaca–Blinder method proposed by Fairlie to decompose this gap into the portion explained by differences in observed characteristics and the portion that remains unexplained. Data are obtained from several sources in order to capture as many observables as possible, although the primary data source is the Natality Detail Files. Results show that of the 6.8 percentage point racial gap in LBW, only 0.9–1.9 points are explained by white–black differences in endowments across those measures, and of those endowments, most of the gap in LBW is explained by the differences in SES. The unexplained difference is attributed to racial differences in the returns to or the marginal product of investments in infant health. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Über Pterinchemie: 24. Mitteilung: Charakterisierung des 5,6,7,8‐Tetrahydropterin‐(THP)‐Radikals in saurer Lösung
Authors: Bobst A.
Published: February 2011

One‐electron oxidation of 5, 6, 7, 8‐tetrahydropterine (THP) in acidic media has produced EPR signals with hyperfine structure. Deuterium exchange and perturbation of the THP molecule by methyl groups in different positions allow the interpretation of the observed splitting. It is shown that the free spin of the cationic THP radical is strongly localized in position N(5), which is in agreement with previous theoretical calculations.

Der Autor dankt Herrn Prof. M. Viscontini für sein stetes Interessc an den vorliegenden Untersuchungen und Herrn Prof. R. T. Myers für eine Kopie des fortran‐Programms zur Simulie‐rung von ESR.‐Spektren. Der Aufenthalt in Berkeley wurde ermöglicht durch ein Stipendium des Schweizerischen Nationalfonds, wofür bestens gedankt sei. Für seine Gastfreundschaft und viele nutzbringende Anregungen gebührt Herrn Prof. M. Calvin besonderer Dank. Die Arbeit wurde teilweise von der U. S. Atomic Energy Commission unterstützt.
Die Autoxydation des Apomorphins
Authors: Linde Horst A. , Ragab Mohamed S.
Published: February 2011

Die Struktur des Autoxydationsproduktes VII des Apomorphins wird ermittelt.
Beiträge zur Chemie der Si‐N‐Bindung, XIII: Die Thermolyse von Trisanilino‐silanen
Authors: Fink Walter
Published: February 2011

Bei der Thermolyse von Trisanilino‐silanen bei 400 bis 430° werden vor allem 4‐gliedrige Si‐N‐Ringe gebildet.
Cross‐border assistance in insolvency under Jersey law
Authors: Omar Paul
Published: February 2011

As an off‐shore financial centre, Jersey has not been immune from the global recession, which has brought consideration of cross‐border insolvencies and whether the right tools exist in domestic law to manage proceedings of this nature. It is the purpose of this article to outline the Jersey law relating to cross‐border assistance in insolvency. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Overexpression of the dynein light chain km23‐1 in human ovarian carcinoma cells inhibits tumor formation in vivo and causes mitotic delay at prometaphase/metaphase
Authors: Pulipati Nageswara R. , Jin Qunyan , Liu Xin , Sun Baodong , Zhao Yan , Pandey Manoj K. , Huber Jonathan P. , Ding Wei , Mulder Kathleen M.
Published: February 2011

km23‐1 is a dynein light chain that was identified as a TGFβ receptor‐interacting protein. To investigate whether km23‐1 controls human ovarian carcinoma cell (HOCC) growth, we established a tet‐off inducible expression system in SKOV‐3 cells in which the expression of km23‐1 is induced upon doxycycline removal. We found that forced expression of km23‐1 inhibited both anchorage‐dependent and anchorage‐independent growth of SKOV‐3 cells. More importantly, induction of km23‐1 expression substantially reduced the tumorigenicity of SKOV‐3 cells in a xenograft model in vivo. Fluorescence‐activated cell sorting analysis of SKOV‐3 and IGROV‐1 HOCCs demonstrated that the cells were accumulating at G2/M. Phospho‐MEK, phospho‐ERK and cyclin B1 were elevated, as was the mitotic index, suggesting that km23‐1 suppresses HOCCs growth by inducing a mitotic delay. Immunofluorescence analyses demonstrated that the cells were accumulating at prometaphase/metaphase with increases in multipolar and multinucleated cells. Further, although the mitotic spindle assembly checkpoint protein BubR1 was present at the prometaphase kinetochore in Dox+/− cells, it was inappropriately retained at the metaphase kinetochore in Dox− cells. Thus, the mechanism by which high levels of km23‐1 suppress ovarian carcinoma growth in vitro and inhibit ovary tumor formation in vivo appears to involve a BubR1‐related mitotic delay.
Prostate cancer in systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Bernatsky S. , Ramsey‐Goldman R. , Gordon C. , Clarke A.E.
Published: February 2011

Our research objective was to estimate prostate cancer risk in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), relative to the age‐matched general population. A progressive literature review was performed to identify SLE cohort studies with cancer registry linkage for cancer ascertainment. Data were pooled from four studies of large SLE cohorts who met these criteria. The total number of prostate cancers observed was derived by pooling the incident cases across all studies. The total expected number of prostate, derived from applying appropriate general population cancer incidence data to the observed number of patient‐years of follow‐up for each study, was similarly determined. The parameter of interest was the standardized incidence ratio (SIR), the ratio of observed to expected malignancies. The four studies together provided a pool of 6,068 male SLE patients observed for a total of 38,186 patient‐years (mean 6.3 years). Within these subjects, 80 prostate cancers were observed. In each contributing study, the number of cancers expected far exceeded that observed. The pooled SIR estimate for prostate cancer risk in males with SLE, compared to the general population, was 0.72 (95% CI 0.57, 0.89). These data suggest a decreased risk of prostate cancer in SLE; more definite conclusions require additional data. As alterations in androgen pathways can potentially alter prostate risk, a lower risk of prostate cancer in SLE could possibly be due to low hypoadrenergic states which some believe may occur in men with SLE; underlying genetic factors could also be at play. Further study of these issues in large cohorts is needed.