bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of Package Visual Cues of Sweeteners on the Sensory‐Emotional Profiles of Their Products
Authors: Wardy Wisdom , Chonpracha Pitchayapat , Chokumnoyporn Napapan , Sriwattana Sujinda , Prinyawiwatkul Witoon , Jirangrat Wannita
Published: January 2017

Substantial evidence suggests influence of color, physical state, and other extrinsic features on consumer perception and acceptability of food products. In this study, 560 subjects evaluated liking and emotional responses associated with 5 sweeteners (sucralose, stevia, saccharin, aspartame, and sucrose) under 2 eliciting conditions: control (brand name only) and informed (brand name/packet image), to assess impact of the packet color. For a given condition, 5 identical tea samples each labeled with a sweetener type were rated for sweetness and overall liking (9‐point) and emotions (5‐point). Nonsignificant interactions between eliciting condition and sweetener type were found for liking attributes and emotions (except peaceful), indicating their independent effects. However, overall differences existed among sweetener types and eliciting conditions based on both hedonic and emotional responses (MANOVA, P < 0.05), suggesting modulating effects of packet color on sweetener type in the sensory‐emotion space. The sensory‐emotion profile for sucrose was separate from that of nonnutritive sweeteners, with statistically significant Mahalanobis distances among sample centroids. Increases in positive emotion intensities contrasted with a decrease in negative emotion intensities were observed for some sweeteners moving from the control to informed condition. Sweetness liking was strongly correlated with the emotion satisfied (sucralose, saccharin) only in the control condition, whereas it was strongly correlated with the emotions pleased and satisfied (stevia), disgusted (aspartame), and satisfied (sucrose) only in the informed condition. Overall, results suggested that sensory liking and emotions during the consumption experience are related not entirely to the type of sweetener, but also the color of the packet.
The Watershed Flow and Allocation Model: An NHDPlus‐Based Watershed Modeling Approach for Multiple Scales and Conditions
Authors: Eddy Michele C. , Moreda Fekadu G. , Dykes Robert M. , Bergenroth Brandon , Parks Aaron , Rineer James
Published: January 2017

The Watershed Flow and Allocation model (WaterFALL®) provides segment‐specific, daily streamflow at both gaged and ungaged locations to generate the hydrologic foundation for a variety of water resources management applications. The model is designed to apply across the spatially explicit and enhanced National Hydrography Dataset (NHDPlus) stream and catchment network. To facilitate modeling at the NHDPlus catchment scale, we use an intermediate‐level rainfall‐runoff model rather than a complex process‐based model. The hydrologic model within WaterFALL simulates rainfall‐runoff processes for each catchment within a watershed and routes streamflow between catchments, while accounting for withdrawals, discharges, and onstream reservoirs within the network. The model is therefore distributed among each NHDPlus catchment within the larger selected watershed. Input parameters including climate, land use, soils, and water withdrawals and discharges are georeferenced to each catchment. The WaterFALL system includes a centralized database and server‐based environment for storing all model code, input parameters, and results in a single instance for all simulations allowing for rapid comparison between multiple scenarios. We demonstrate and validate WaterFALL within North Carolina at a variety of scales using observed streamflows to inform quantitative and qualitative measures, including hydrologic flow metrics relevant to the study of ecological flow management decisions.
Evaluating Flow Metric‐Based Stream Classification Systems to Support the Determination of Ecological Flows in North Carolina
Authors: Eddy Michele C. , Phelan Jennifer , Patterson Lauren , Allen Jessie , Pearsall Sam
Published: January 2017

Hydroecological classification systems are typically based on an assemblage of streamflow metrics and seek to divide streams into ecologically relevant classes. Assignment of streams to classes is suggested as an initial step in the process of establishing ecological flow standards. We used two distinct hydroecological river classification systems available within North Carolina to evaluate the ability of a hydrologic model to assign the same classes as those determined by observed streamflows and to assess the transferability of such systems to ungaged streams. Class assignments were examined by rate of overall matches, rate of class matches, spatial variability in matches, and time period used in class assignment. The findings of this study indicate assignments of stream class: (1) are inconsistent among different classification systems; (2) differ between observed and modeled data; and (3) are sensitive to the period of record within observed data. One clear source of inconsistency/sensitivity in class assignments lies with the use of threshold values for metrics that distinguish stream classes, such that even small changes in metric values can result in different class assignments. Because these two hydroecological classification systems are representative of other classification systems that rely on quantitative decision thresholds, it can be surmised that the use of such systems based on stream flow metrics is not a reliable approach for guiding ecological flow determinations.
A national survey of neurological monitoring practice after obstetric regional anaesthesia in the UK
Authors: Roderick E. , Hoyle J. , Yentis S. M.
Published: January 2017

Neuraxial anaesthesia is widely used in obstetrics and neurological complications are rare. However, when they occur, subsequent investigation and management are time‐critical and correlate with the extent of neurological recovery. The Third National Audit Project recommended the implementation of guidelines in obstetric epidural management, including advice on monitoring for early signs of problems and acting upon concerns. However, no national guideline exists for postoperative management in the obstetric population. We conducted a national survey of monitoring after obstetric neuraxial blockade and the management of an abnormally prolonged block. We received responses from 112/189 (59.3%) obstetric anaesthetic leads invited to participate. We determined that post‐neuraxial blockade monitoring in the UK is highly variable: only 63/112 (56.3%) respondents’ units had a monitoring policy in place, although most of these did not undertake formal neurological monitoring, and a range of different monitoring methods and schedules were employed. In 12/63 (19%) local policies, the first review of neurology was performed at the standard postoperative visit the following day, and 66/112 (58.9%) units had no protocol in place to address emergency management of abnormally prolonged neuraxial blockade. Where a policy was in place, the initial recommended action and the type of imaging used were variable.
Revisiting Eight Decades of Social Work Education in India
Authors: Dash Bishnu Mohan
Published: January 2017

Social work education commenced in India in 1936 with the establishment of the Tata Institute of Social Sciences. This paper examines the historical evolution of professional social work education in India. It also critically examines the growth of social work education, fieldwork practice, and social work as a profession in India to discern its limitations. Various alarming situations have hampered the growth of social work in India and as such the profession suffers a credibility problem. We offer recommendations for the growth and success of social work education in India.
Pharmacokinetics of obinutuzumab in Chinese patients with B‐cell lymphomas
Authors: Zhai John , Qin Yan , Zhu Jun , Song Yuqin , Shen Zhixiang , Du Xin , Jamois Candice , Brewster Michael , Shi Yuankai , Shi Jun
Published: January 2017

Aim

The Phase Ib GERSHWIN study (NCT01680991) assessed the pharmacokinetic (PK) profile of obinutuzumab following multiple intravenous (i.v.) doses to Chinese patients with B‐cell lymphomas, and compared findings with previous obinutuzumab PK studies in mainly Caucasian (non‐Chinese) patients.

Methods

GERSHWIN was an open‐label, single‐arm intervention study. Patients aged >18 years with CD20+ relapsed/refractory chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL), diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL) or follicular lymphoma (FL) were enrolled from four centres in China. The treatment period was 24 weeks; patients received obinutuzumab 1000 mg i.v. on Days (D)1, 8 and 15 of Cycle (C)1 (CLL patients: first infusion split over 2 days) and on D1 of C2–8 (all cycles: 21 days). PK parameters were estimated using non‐compartmental analysis (NCA), and a population PK analysis was used to determine whether observed GERSHWIN PK data were in accordance with previous obinutuzumab PK studies in non‐Chinese patients.

Results

The PK analysis population included 48 patients: 28 patients completed all treatment cycles. NCA showed a similar PK profile in Chinese patients with FL, DLBCL and CLL. Steady‐state concentrations of obinutuzumab appeared to be reached at the start of C2 irrespective of histology. There was no apparent relationship between body weight and systemic exposure. Most PK profiles observed in GERSHWIN lay within the 90% prediction interval of simulated profiles.

Conclusions

Obinutuzumab exposure was comparable in CLL, DLBCL and FL patients. NCA and population PK analysis indicate that PK characteristics of Chinese patients with B‐cell lymphomas are similar to those in non‐Chinese patients.
Safety profile of the direct oral anticoagulants: an analysis of the WHO database of adverse drug reactions
Authors: Monaco Luca , Biagi Chiara , Conti Valentino , Melis Mauro , Donati Monia , Venegoni Mauro , Vaccheri Alberto , Motola Domenico
Published: January 2017

Aim

Direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) have shown noninferiority to warfarin for stroke prevention in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (AF) and a more promising safety profile. Unanswered safety aspects remain to be addressed and available evidence on the risk associated with these drugs are conflicting. In order to contribute to the debate on their safety profile, we conducted a comparative analysis of the reports of suspected adverse drug reactions (ADRs) associated with DOACs in VigiBase.

Methods

Study based on reports of suspected ADRs held in VigiBase as at December 2014, in which a DOAC or warfarin were administered in patients with nonvalvular AF and listed as suspected/interacting drugs. Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities was used to classify ADRs. Reporting odds ratio (ROR) with 95% confidence interval were calculated. Results with P ≤ 0.05 were statistically significant.

Results

We retrieved 32 972 reports. We identified 204 ADRs with a ROR >1 (P ≤ 0.05) and we focused on 105 reactions. Positive ROR emerged for DOACs and gastrointestinal haemorrhage compared with warfarin [(1.6 (1.47–1.75)], but no disproportionality with cerebral haemorrhage was found [0.31 (0.28–0.34)]. We identified other potential signals that have not been associated with DOACs previously.

Conclusions

As well as premarketing authorization clinical trial studies, we found a reduced risk of intracranial haemorrhage, but an increased risk of gastrointestinal haemorrhage in patients treated with DOACs compared to warfarin. We provide new data and we highlight several differences between the three novel oral anticoagulants, in the rate and type of ADRs occurred
Aspirin‐triggered lipoxin A4 inhibits atherosclerosis progression in apolipoprotein E−/− mice
Authors: Petri Marcelo H , Laguna‐Fernandez Andrés , Arnardottir Hildur , Wheelock Craig E , Perretti Mauro , Hansson Göran K , Bäck Magnus
Published: January 2017

Background and Purpose

Atherosclerosis is characterized by a chronic non‐resolving inflammation in the arterial wall. Aspirin‐triggered lipoxin A4 (ATL) is a potent anti‐inflammatory mediator, involved in the resolution of inflammation. However, the therapeutic potential of immune targeting by means of ATL in atherosclerosis has not previously been explored. The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of ATL and its receptor Fpr2 on atherosclerosis development and progression in apolipoprotein E deficient (ApoE−/−) mice.

Experimental Approach

ApoE−/− × Fpr2+/+ and ApoE−/− × Fpr2−/− mice were generated. Four‐week‐old mice fed a high‐fat diet for 4 weeks and 16‐week‐old mice fed chow diet received osmotic pumps containing either vehicle or ATL for 4 weeks. Atherosclerotic lesion size and cellular composition were measured in the aortic root and thoracic aorta. Lipid levels and leukocyte counts were measured in blood and mRNA was isolated from abdominal aorta and spleen.

Key Results

ATL blocked atherosclerosis progression in the aortic root and thoracic aorta of ApoE−/− mice. In addition, ATL reduced macrophage infiltration and apoptotic cells in atherosclerotic lesions. The mRNA levels of several cytokines and chemokines in the spleen and aorta were reduced by ATL, whereas circulating leukocyte levels were unchanged. The ATL‐induced athero‐protection was absent in ApoE−/− mice lacking the Fpr2 receptor.

Conclusion and Implications

ATL blocked atherosclerosis progression by means of an Fpr2‐mediated reduced local and systemic inflammation. These results suggest this anti‐inflammatory and pro‐resolving agent has therapeutic potential for the treatment of atherosclerosis.

Linked Articles

This article is part of a themed section on Targeting Inflammation to Reduce Cardiovascular Disease Risk. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v174.22/issuetoc and http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bcp.v82.4/issuetoc
Bioactive polyphenols and cardiovascular disease: chemical antagonists, pharmacological agents or xenobiotics that drive an adaptive response?
Authors: Goszcz Katarzyna , Duthie Garry G , Stewart Derek , Leslie Stephen J , Megson Ian L
Published: January 2017

Polyphenols are widely regarded to have a wide range of health‐promoting qualities, including beneficial effects on cardiovascular disease. Historically, the benefits have been linked to their well‐recognized powerful antioxidant activity. However, the concept that the beneficial effects are attributable to direct antioxidant activity in vivo does not pay sufficient heed to the fact that polyphenols degrade rapidly, are poorly absorbed and rapidly metabolized, resulting in very low bioavailability. This review explores alternative mechanisms by which polyphenols, or their metabolites, exert biological activity via mechanisms that can be activated by physiologically relevant concentrations. Evidence is presented to support the action of phenolic derivatives on receptors and signalling pathways to induce adaptive responses that drive changes in endogenous antioxidant, antiplatelet, vasodilatory and anti‐inflammatory effects. The implications are that in vitro antioxidant measures as predictors of polyphenol protective activity in vivo hold little relevance and that closer attention needs to be paid to bioavailable metabolites to understand the mode of action of these diet‐derived components.

Linked Articles

This article is part of a themed section on Principles of Pharmacological Research of Nutraceuticals. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v174.11/issuetoc
Functional and cardioprotective effects of simultaneous and individual activation of protein kinase A and Epac
Authors: Khaliulin Igor , Bond Mark , James Andrew F , Dyar Zara , Amini Raheleh , Johnson Jason L , Suleiman M‐Saadeh
Published: January 2017

Background and Purpose

Myocardial cAMP elevation confers cardioprotection against ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. cAMP activates two independent signalling pathways, PKA and Epac. This study investigated the cardiac effects of activating PKA and/or Epac and their involvement in cardioprotection against I/R.

Experimental Approach

Hearts from male rats were used either for determination of PKA and PKC activation or perfused in the Langendorff mode for either cardiomyocyte isolation or used to monitor functional activity at basal levels and after 30 min global ischaemia and 2 h reperfusion. Functional recovery and myocardial injury during reperfusion (LDH release and infarct size) were evaluated. Activation of PKA and/or Epac in perfused hearts was induced using cell permeable cAMP analogues in the presence or absence of inhibitors of PKA, Epac and PKC. H9C2 cells and cardiomyocytes were used to assess activation of Epac and effect on Ca2+ transients.

Key Results

Selective activation of either PKA or Epac was found to trigger a positive inotropic effect, which was considerably enhanced when both pathways were simultaneously activated. Only combined activation of PKA and Epac induced marked cardioprotection against I/R injury. This was accompanied by PKCε activation and repressed by inhibitors of PKA, Epac or PKC.

Conclusion and Implications

Simultaneous activation of both PKA and Epac induces an additive inotropic effect and confers optimal and marked cardioprotection against I/R injury. The latter effect is mediated by PKCε activation. This work has introduced a new therapeutic approach and targets to protect the heart against cardiac insults.
Cognitive Stress Reduces the Effect of Levodopa on Parkinson's Resting Tremor
Authors: Zach Heidemarie , Dirkx Michiel F. , Pasman Jaco W. , Bloem Bastiaan R. , Helmich Rick C.
Published: January 2017

Aims

Resting tremor in Parkinson′s disease (PD) increases markedly during cognitive stress. Dopamine depletion in the basal ganglia is involved in the pathophysiology of resting tremor, but it is unclear whether this contribution is altered under cognitive stress. We test the hypothesis that cognitive stress modulates the levodopa effect on resting tremor.

Methods

Tremulous PD patients (n = 69) were measured in two treatment conditions (OFF vs. ON levodopa) and in two behavioral contexts (rest vs. cognitive co‐activation). Using accelerometry, we tested the effect of both interventions on tremor intensity and tremor variability.

Results

Levodopa significantly reduced tremor intensity (across behavioral contexts), while cognitive co‐activation increased it (across treatment conditions). Crucially, the levodopa effect was significantly smaller during cognitive co‐activation than during rest. Resting tremor variability increased after levodopa and decreased during cognitive co‐activation.

Conclusion

Cognitive stress reduces the levodopa effect on Parkinson's tremor. This effect may be explained by a stress‐related depletion of dopamine in the basal ganglia motor circuit, by stress‐related involvement of nondopaminergic mechanisms in tremor (e.g., noradrenaline), or both. Targeting these mechanisms may open new windows for treatment. Clinical tremor assessments under evoked cognitive stress (e.g., counting tasks) may avoid overestimation of treatment effects in real life.
Addressing heterogeneous needs using cerebral palsy registers
Authors: Zwicker Jennifer , Oskoui Maryam
Published: January 2017

This commentary is on the original article by Meehan et al. on pages
512–519 of this issue.
Land use controls stream ecosystem metabolism by shifting dissolved organic matter and nutrient regimes
Authors: Fuß Thomas , Behounek Barbara , Ulseth Amber J. , Singer Gabriel A.
Published: January 2017

Stream ecosystem metabolism integrates production and respiration of organic matter and plays a fundamental role in the global carbon (C) cycle. Several studies have identified distal and proximal physical controls, for example, land use and transient storage, or the effects of water chemistry, that is, organic matter and nutrient availability, on stream metabolism. In parallel, research on organic matter quality has identified conspicuous gradients of chemical composition, yet mostly without demonstrating any functional implications.

We hypothesise that organic matter holds a key position in a more comprehensive causal framework of stream ecosystem metabolism, and that a concurrent study can improve mechanistic understanding. Specifically, we here postulate that dissolved organic matter (DOM) quality, that is, its chemical composition, acts as a control of ecosystem respiration (ER) as much as it is a result of gross primary production (GPP). As such, DOM quality likely forms a central link between land use and stream metabolism, besides known physical controls including transient storage and light availability.

To examine these hypotheses, we studied 33 streams in north‐eastern Austria, a region with diverse land use ranging from semi‐natural, forested areas to agricultural areas and settlements. We analysed DOM composition by absorbance and fluorescence spectroscopy, including modelling excitation–emission matrices with parallel factor analysis. We then opposed these data to GPP and ER estimated by fitting a metabolism model to single‐station diurnal oxygen records.

Structural equation modelling revealed land use as a control on light conditions, DOM composition and concentration and nutrient concentrations, which together ultimately shaped GPP and ER. In particular, humified, coloured and aromatic DOM of predominantly terrestrial origin was prevalent in coniferous forest catchments and increased stream ER. Agricultural and urban areas enriched streams with phosphorous and nitrogen, which increased ER and GPP. Besides nutrients, GPP seemed to be weakly correlated with light availability and – in contrast to our hypothesis – left only a weak imprint on DOM composition.

Land‐use change is rated as the most pervasive human influence on natural ecosystems and our results highlight its impact on aquatic GPP and ER in streams. To understand the role of inland waters in the global C cycle will require mechanistic understanding of ecosystem metabolism, which notably includes organic matter quality as a hitherto underappreciated key player.
Diversity and assemblage structure of bark‐dwelling spiders in tropical rainforest and plantations under different management intensities in Xishuangbanna, China
Authors: Zheng Guo , Li Shuqiang , Wu Pengfeng , Liu Shengjie , Kitching Roger L. , Yang Xiaodong
Published: January 2017

In tropical Southeast Asia, large‐scale establishment of forest plantations has reduced forest diversity and altered arthropod assemblages by changing plant communities and ecological properties. Few studies address the impacts of forest change on important predatory groups on tree trunks.

We compared spider assemblages on tree trunks in natural forests and three forest plantation types in the Xishuangbanna area of southwestern China, to determine how tropical forest management influences bark‐dwelling spider composition. Spiders were sampled using trunk traps in tropical seasonal rain forests (TSRF), rubber plantations (RP), rubber‐tea mixtures (RTM) and Aporosa yunnanensis plantations (AYP).

Spider species composition differed between TSRF and forest plantations. Canopy cover in both seasons and grass cover and shrub cover in the dry season well explained species assemblages. Spider diversity between TSRF and forest plantations differed more distinctly in the rainy season. AYP had an intermediate level of disturbance, which was associated with highest species richness, whereas TSRF had the highest beta diversity. The mean number of individuals was the highest in RP, but species richness and beta diversity were the lowest.

An intermediate level of disturbance increased alpha diversity of bark‐dwelling spiders, whereas intensive management that altered vegetation structure had adverse effects on these spiders. Preservation or enhancement of surface vegetation in RP may maintain or increase species richness of bark‐dwelling spiders. The highest beta diversity of the TSRF indicated that undisturbed natural forests better conserved regional spider diversity than plantations.
Se in Se‐enriched peanut, and losses during peanut protein preparation
Authors: Gao Lin , Luo Dongsheng , Hu Xiaosong , Wu Jihong
Published: January 2017

This study determined the Se species in Se‐enriched peanut, and Se losses during peanut protein processing by enzymatic extraction, high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) separation and inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry determination. The study revealed that mixed enzymes (protease and lipase, 2:1 w/w) in Na2S2O3, assisted by 1 h ultrasonic processing, could effectively extract Se speciation from defatted peanut powder. Separation of organic Se by HPLC was optimised using pentafluoropropionic anhydride at a concentration of 0.1% in 2% methanol as mobile phase. Selenomethionine is the dominant Se species in peanut, accounting for 65% of the total Se. During the peanut protein preparation, nearly 37% of Se losses were due to the complexity of the multistage process. The loss can be ascribed to volatilisation, dissolution, degradation or other physical modes of transfer or loss.
Optimisation of minimal processing variables to preserve the functional quality and colour of carrot juice by means of the response surface methodology
Authors: Ferrario Mariana , Guerrero Sandra , Char Cielo
Published: January 2017

Combined processes based on acidification (pH: 4.5, 5.0, 5.5) and mild thermal treatments (T: 56, 58, 60°C) at different exposure times (t: 2, 4, 6 min) were optimised using the response surface methodology to improve the functional quality of carrot juice. The effects on α‐ and β‐carotenes, total antioxidant activity (TAA) and colour parameters were assessed. All combinations exhibited higher α‐ and β‐carotenes than untreated juice due to an increase on the extractability during processing. T was the most influential factor increasing carotenes as T increased. Conversely, TAA was more affected by pH. The maximum TAA was observed at pH 4.5 at 56°C. Moreover, samples with the lowest pH were the most luminous with highest a* and b*. The combination of pH 4.5 at 60°C, 4 min simultaneously showed high carotenes and TAA, resulting a good alternative to improve the functional quality and colour of carrot juice.
Multialloying effect on thermophysical properties of Cr7C3‐type carbides
Authors: Chong XiaoYu , Jiang YeHua , Zhou Rong , Feng Jing
Published: January 2017

The alloying element effect on the thermophysical properties of Cr7C3‐type ceramics is essential for the applications. The thermal expansion for these compounds is calculated using quasi‐harmonic approximation combined with density functional theory. The linear expansion coefficient along [100] direction is larger than that along [010] and [001] direction. The B‐ and Mo‐codoped Fe4Cr3C3 has the smallest thermal expansion coefficient. We obtained the temperature dependence of bulk modulus, pressure derivative modulus, and the Grüneisen constants. Furthermore, we propose a new method to calculate the anisotropy of minimum thermal conductivity which is suitable to the large complex unit cells. The three‐dimensional (3D) expression of anisotropy of minimum thermal conductivity are presented companied with planar projections on (100), (010), (001), and (110) crystal planes. The minimum thermal conductivity of Fe3Cr3WC2B is lower than other multicomponent compounds. The charge density differences and chemical bonding between Mo/W and B are found to be the key factor on the thermophysical properties of these compounds.
Burnout mediates the association between depression and patient safety perceptions: a cross‐sectional study in hospital nurses
Authors: Johnson Judith , Louch Gemma , Dunning Alice , Johnson Olivia , Grange Angela , Reynolds Caroline , Hall Louise , O'Hara Jane
Published: January 2017

Aims

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationships between depressive symptoms, burnout and perceptions of patient safety. A mediation model was proposed whereby the association between symptoms of depression and patient safety perceptions was mediated by burnout.

Background

There is growing interest in the relationships between depressive symptoms and burnout in healthcare staff and the safety of patient care. Depressive symptoms are higher in healthcare staff than the general population and overlap conceptually with burnout. However, minimal research has investigated these variables in nurses. Given the conceptual overlap between depressive symptoms and burnout, there is also a need for an explanatory model outlining the relative contributions of these factors to patient safety.

Design

A cross‐sectional questionnaire was distributed at three acute NHS Trusts.

Method

Three‐hundred and twenty‐three hospital nursing staff completed measures of depressive symptoms, burnout and patient safety perceptions (including measures at the level of the individual and the work area/unit) between December 2015 ‐ February 2016.

Results

When tested in separate analyses, depressive symptoms and burnout facets were each associated with both patient safety measures. Furthermore, the proposed mediation model was supported, with associations between depressive symptoms and patient safety perceptions fully mediated by burnout.

Conclusion

These results suggest that symptoms of depression and burnout in hospital nurses may have implications for patient safety. However, interventions to improve patient safety may be best targeted at improving burnout in particular, with burnout interventions known to be most effective when focused at both the individual and the organisational level.
Environmental Impacts of Capital Formation
Authors: Södersten Carl‐Johan , Wood Richard , Hertwich Edgar G.
Published: January 2017

The investment in capital goods is a well‐known driver of economic activity, associated resource use, and environmental impact. In national accounting, gross fixed capital formation (GFCF) constitutes a substantial share of the total final demand of goods and services, both in terms of monetary turnover and embodied resources. In this article, we study the structure of GFCF and the environmental impacts associated with it on a global scale, and link it to measures of development. We find that the share of GFCF as part of the total carbon footprint (CF) varies more across countries than GFCF as a share of gross domestic product (GDP). Countries in early phases of development generally tend to invest in resource‐intensive assets, primarily infrastructure and machinery, whereas wealthier countries invest in less resource‐intensive assets, such as computers, software, and services. By performing a structural decomposition analysis, we assess the relative importance of investment structure and input‐output multipliers for the difference in carbon intensity of capital assets, and find that the structure of investments plays a larger role for less‐developed countries than for developed countries. We find a relative decoupling of the CF of GFCF from GDP, but we can neither confirm nor rule out the possibility of an absolute decoupling.
Closing Global Material Loops: Initial Insights into Firm‐Level Challenges
Authors: Prosman Ernst J. , Wæhrens Brian V. , Liotta Giacomo
Published: January 2017

Sharing and exchanging waste materials between industrial actors, a practice known as industrial symbiosis (IS), has been identified as a key strategy for closing material loops. This article adopts a critical view on geographical proximity and external coordinators—two key enablers of IS. By “uncovering” a case where both enablers are absent, this study seeks to explore firm‐level challenges of IS. We adopt an exploratory case‐study approach at a cement manufacturer who engages in cross‐border IS without the support of external coordinators. Our research presents insights into two key areas of IS: (1) setting up the initial IS exchange and (2) improving the performance of existing IS exchanges. Moreover, our research provides initial insights into the underlying nature of the related firm‐level challenges and explores how internal coordination between manufacturing and purchasing may or may not act as a substitute for geographical proximity and external coordinators. In doing so, our insights into firm‐level challenges of long‐distance IS exchanges contribute to closing global material loops by increasing the number of potential circular pathways.
Diversity in the organization of elastin bundles and intramembranous muscles in bat wings
Authors: Cheney Jorn A. , Allen Justine J. , Swartz Sharon M.
Published: January 2017

Unlike birds and insects, bats fly with wings composed of thin skin that envelops the bones of the forelimb and spans the area between the limbs, digits, and sometimes the tail. This skin is complex and unusual; it is thinner than typical mammalian skin and contains organized bundles of elastin and embedded skeletal muscles. These elements are likely responsible for controlling the shape of the wing during flight and contributing to the aerodynamic capabilities of bats. We examined the arrangement of two macroscopic architectural elements in bat wings, elastin bundles and wing membrane muscles, to assess the diversity in bat wing skin morphology. We characterized the plagiopatagium and dactylopatagium of 130 species from 17 families of bats using cross‐polarized light imaging. This method revealed structures with distinctive relative birefringence, heterogeneity of birefringence, variation in size, and degree of branching. We used previously published anatomical studies and tissue histology to identify birefringent structures, and we analyzed their architecture across taxa. Elastin bundles, muscles, neurovasculature, and collagenous fibers are present in all species. Elastin bundles are oriented in a predominantly spanwise or proximodistal direction, and there are five characteristic muscle arrays that occur within the plagiopatagium, far more muscle than typically recognized. These results inform recent functional studies of wing membrane architecture, support the functional hypothesis that elastin bundles aid wing folding and unfolding, and further suggest that all bats may use these architectural elements for flight. All species also possess numerous muscles within the wing membrane, but the architecture of muscle arrays within the plagiopatagium varies among families. To facilitate present and future discussion of these muscle arrays, we refine wing membrane muscle nomenclature in a manner that reflects this morphological diversity. The architecture of the constituents of the skin of the wing likely plays a key role in shaping wings during flight.
Exploration of the psychosocial issues associated with gastroparesis: a qualitative investigation
Authors: Woodhouse Sally , Hebbard Geoff , Knowles Simon R
Published: January 2017

Aims and objectives

To build on the understanding of how individuals experience gastroparesis, how gastroparesis impacts on their lives and how they adapt to living with gastroparesis.

Background

Gastroparesis is a neurogastroenterological disorder associated with increased psychological distress and reduced quality of life. Research shows that gastroparesis poses a significant burden across many facets of life; however, less is known about how individuals cope and adapt to living with the condition.

Design

The study employed an interpretive phenomenological approach with semistructured interviews and thematic analysis.

Methods

Ten gastroparesis patients were interviewed over the telephone (n = 8), Skype (n = 1) or face‐to‐face (n = 1). All interviews were audio‐recorded and transcribed.

Results

Key themes identified: (1) frustration, (2) identity and (3) coping and adaptation. Gastroparesis patients experience significant frustration around their diagnostic journey, being misunderstood and the burden of living with the illness. Patients differed in how they identified with the illness, and this appeared to be associated with adaptation and whether they remained socially engaged.

Conclusions

Gastroparesis is associated with significant frustration and burden; however, some patients adapt to living with the condition more effectively than others. Identity appears to play an important role in this relationship. Support aimed at fostering a health‐focused and resilient identity may assist gastroparesis patients in adaptation.

Relevance to clinical practice

The findings of this study can help nurses and other healthcare professionals better understand the experience of living with gastroparesis and the factors that help patients best adapt to living with the condition. Nurses can help promote resilience in patients by discussing the importance of being health‐focused rather than illness‐focused. Nurses can also support patients by helping them problem‐solve issues that may arise around social eating and remaining socially engaged.
Accessing new understandings of trauma‐informed care with queer birthing women in a rural context
Authors: Searle Jennifer , Goldberg Lisa , Aston Megan , Burrow Sylvia
Published: January 2017

Aims and objectives

Participant narratives from a feminist and queer phenomenological study aim to broaden current understandings of trauma. Examining structural marginalisation within perinatal care relationships provides insights into the impact of dominant models of care on queer birthing women. More specifically, validation of queer experience as a key finding from the study offers trauma‐informed strategies that reconstruct formerly disempowering perinatal relationships.

Background

Heteronormativity governs birthing spaces and presents considerable challenges for queer birthing women who may also have an increased risk of trauma due to structurally marginalising processes that create and maintain socially constructed differences.

Design

Analysis of the qualitative data was guided by feminist and queer phenomenology. This was well suited to understanding queer women's storied narratives of trauma, including disempowering processes of structural marginalisation.

Methods

Semistructured and conversational interviews were conducted with a purposeful sample of thirteen queer‐identified women who had experiences of birthing in rural Nova Scotia, Canada.

Results

Validation was identified as meaningful for queer women in the context of perinatal care in rural Nova Scotia. Offering new perspectives on traditional models of assessment provide strategies to create a context of care that reconstructs the birthing space insofar as women at risk do not have to come out as queer in opposition to the expectation of heterosexuality.

Conclusions

Normative practices were found to further the effects of structural marginalisation suggesting that perinatal care providers, including nurses, can challenge dominant models of care and reconstruct the relationality between queer women and formerly disempowering expectations of heteronormativity that govern birthing spaces.

Relevance to clinical practice

New trauma‐informed assessment strategies reconstruct the relationality within historically disempowering perinatal relationships through potentiating difference which avoids retraumatising women with re‐experiencing the process of coming out as queer in opposition to the expectation of heterosexuality.
Sole Physical Custody and Mother's Repartnering After Divorce
Authors: Schnor Christine , Pasteels Inge , Van Bavel Jan
Published: January 2017

Research consistently finds that divorced mothers with full‐time residential children exhibit lower repartnering rates than mothers whose children also stay with their ex‐partners. Yet the selectivity of mothers who take up sole physical custody could have biased the estimations. Using data from the Divorce‐in‐Flanders study (N = 959), the authors model mothers' heterogeneity in the uptaking of sole physical custody as a factor influencing repartnering. They find that failure to account for the endogeneity of sole physical custody leads to a large underestimation of its effect on repartnering. Accounting for its endogeneity, sole physical custody reduced the mother's repartnering rate by 63%, whereas this was just 33% according to the naïve estimate. The results suggest that mothers with full‐time residential children are disproportionally selected among those who have better chances of repartnering but that sole physical custody itself acts as an important impediment to stepfamily formation following divorce.
Should we recommend exercise to adolescents with depressive symptoms? A meta‐analysis
Authors: Radovic Sara , Gordon Michael S , Melvin Glenn A
Published: January 2017

There is growing interest in the potential role of exercise in the reduction of depressive symptoms. The aim of this meta‐analysis was to examine whether exercise reduces depressive symptoms amongst depressed adolescents. The following databases were searched on 30 January 2015: MEDLINE, PsychINFO, SPORTDiscuss and PUBMED. Studies were included if they examined exercise interventions amongst adolescents with clinical levels of depressive symptoms, were published in peer‐reviewed journals in the English language and contained a control/comparison group. Of 6631 retrieved studies, eight studies were included in the meta‐analysis. Meta‐analysis was conducted using a random effects model due to the high level of heterogeneity identified amongst studies (
I

2 = 65.1, P < .005). The analysis revealed a moderate reduction in depressive symptoms post‐intervention (Hedge's g = −0.61, P = .007). This analysis provides preliminary evidence that exercise is effective in reducing symptoms of depression among adolescents with clinical levels of depressive symptoms. The present meta‐analysis, however, is limited by the generally low quality of included studies, high level of between‐study heterogeneity and restriction of inclusion criteria to published studies. Further high‐quality trials with depressed adolescents are needed to determine the efficacy of exercise in the reduction of depressive symptoms and the exercise parameters associated with the antidepressant effects of exercise.
Low sugar nutrition policies and dental caries: A study of primary schools in South Auckland
Authors: Thornley Simon , Marshall Roger , Reynolds Gary , Koopu Pauline , Sundborn Gerhard , Schofield Grant
Published: January 2017

Aim

The study assessed whether a healthy food policy implemented in one school, Yendarra Primary, situated in a socio‐economically deprived area of South Auckland, had improved student oral health by comparing dental caries levels with students of similar schools in the same region with no such policy.

Methods

Records of caries of the primary and adult teeth were obtained between 2007 and 2014 for children attending Yendarra, and were compared to those of eight other public schools in the area, with a similar demographic profile. Children were selected between the ages of 8 and 11 years. Linear regression models were used to estimate the strength of association between attending Yendarra school and dental caries.

Results

During the study period, 3813 records were obtained of children who attended dental examinations and the schools of interest. In a linear model, mean number of carious primary and adult teeth were 0.37 lower (95% confidence interval: 0.09–0.65) in Yendarra school children, compared to those in other schools, after adjustment for confounders. Pacific students had higher numbers of carious teeth (adjusted β coefficient: 0.25; 95% confidence interval: 0.03–0.46) than Māori.

Conclusion

This nutrition policy, implemented in a school in the poorest region of South Auckland, which restricted sugary food and drink availability, was associated with a marked positive effect on the oral health of students, compared to students in surrounding schools. We recommend that such policies are a useful means of improving child oral health.
Dentists' perspective about dental amalgam: current use and future direction
Authors: Bakhurji Eman , Scott Thayer , Mangione Thomas , Sohn Woosung
Published: January 2017

Objectives

In 2013, the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) reached a binding agreement – a.k.a. the Minamata treaty – to decrease dental amalgam use. This study aims to investigate US dentists' current practice and opinions about amalgam use, and to determine factors affecting their amalgam use and opinions.

Methods

A total of 45,557 general dentists and 5,101 pediatric dentists were invited to participate in a pre‐tested electronic survey. The survey consisted of 12 close‐ended questions using a 5‐point Likert Scale. The Qualtrics™ software was used to distribute the survey, followed by three reminders.

Results

Response rate was 5.2 percent for general dentists, and 17.6 percent for pediatric dentists. Sixty‐two percent of general dentists and 56 percent of pediatric dentists reported using amalgam. Most dentists disagreed with banning amalgam, while agreeing with installing amalgam separators. Environmentally conscious dentists were more likely to agree with banning amalgam and installing amalgam separators.

Conclusion

Responding dentists favor the continued use of dental amalgam. Their perspectives vary by several factors including dentists' environmental consciousness. Policies toward minimizing amalgam's environmental impact need to be implemented.
Growth Improvement of Shell Length in the Orange Strain of Manila Clam, Ruditapes philippinarum
Authors: Huo Zhongming , Li Ying , Zhang Xuekai , Yan Xiwu , Yang Feng
Published: January 2017

Mass selection for shell length was conducted in the orange strain of the Manila clam, Ruditapes philippinarum, in this study. Based on the size‐frequency distribution, the clams constituting the largest 10% of the distribution were selected as parents for the selected line. An equal number of clams of the orange strain were randomly chosen as parents for the control line prior to the size selection. The responses to selection and realized heritability were 2.37 and 0.61, respectively. In addition, 97.3% of the progenies inherited the orange shell color. Our results suggest that mass selection for fast growth of shell length in this orange strain of the Manila clam is effective.
Hematological Parameters and Blood Cell Morphology of Male and FemaleSchizothorax (Racoma) davidi(Sauvage)
Authors: Zhu Panpan , Tang Yin , Fan Junde , Fang Jing , Peng Xi , Cui Hengmin
Published: January 2017

The aim of this study was to obtain a basic knowledge of the hematology ofSchizothorax (Racoma) davidi(Sauvage). The results showed that red blood cell and white blood cell counts as well as mean cellular hemoglobin concentration were significantly higher in females than in males, while mean cell volumes were significantly lower in females than in males. No significant differences were seen in other hematological parameters in relation with gender. Under light microscope, erythrocytes (mature and immature), leukocytes (neutrophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes), and thrombocytes were distinguished. Mature erythrocytes were ellipsoidal cells with oval, central nucleus. Neutrophils contained banded or segmented nuclei. Small lymphocytes had a very thin rim of basophilic cytoplasm. Monocytes often possessed vacuoles in their cytoplasm. Thrombocytes existed in several forms with relatively large nucleus surrounded by a pink‐stained or hyaline cytoplasm. The percentage of the different leukocytes revealed predominance of neutrophils and small lymphocytes, followed by monocytes and large lymphocytes. The neutrophil percentages of each stage showed that metamyelocyte accounted for the most, followed by banded neutrophils. This investigation could be used for evaluation of the health status of cultured male and femaleS. davidiand will provide early detection of clinical pathology.