bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
V. Lambeaux de pelouse et dépôts sablo-limoneux d'altitude sur les hautes surfaces cristallines (« plas ») des Pyrénées orientales
Authors: Soutadé Gérard
Published: April 2014

En milieu supra-forestier, des pelouses compactes apparaissent souvent à l'état résiduel et surmontent presque toujours un matériau très fin. Ce fait a été décrit et expliqué dans de nombreuses publications (C. Troll, 1973). Mais on s'est trop peu intéressé au support minéral de ces pelouses, à son origine, aux conditions de sa mise en place et à son évolution. C'est ce que nous avons essayé de faire dans les Pyrénées orientales, sur les plas cristallins de la zone axiale, au-dessus de 2 000 m.
Communication Architecture for AAL
Authors: Thiele S. , Häber A. , Winter A. , Nitzsche T.
Published: April 2014

Introduction: This article is part of the Focus Theme of Methods of Information in Medicine on “Using Data from Ambient Assisted Living and Smart Homes in Electronic Health Records”.

Background: Concepts of Ambient Assisted Living (AAL) support a long-term health monitoring and further medical and other services for multi-morbid patients with chronic diseases. In Germany many AAL and telemedical applications exist. Synergy effects by common agreements for essential application components and standards are not achieved.

Objectives: It is necessary to define a communication architecture which is based on common definitions of communication scenarios, application components and communication standards.

Methods: The development of a communication architecture requires different steps. To gain a reference model for the problem area different AAL and telemedicine projects were compared and relevant data elements were generalized. The derived reference model defines standardized communication links.

Results: As a result the authors present an approach towards a reference architecture for AAL-communication. The focus of the architecture lays on the communication layer. The necessary application components are identified and a communication based on standards and their extensions is highlighted.

Conclusion: The exchange of patient in -dividual events supported by an event classification model, raw and aggregated data from the personal home area over a tele-medicine center to health care providers is possible.
Aza-Diels–Alder reaction between N-aryl-1-oxo-1H-isoindolium ions and tert-enamides: Steric effects on reaction outcome
Authors: Jha Amitabh , Chou Ting-Yi , ALJaroudi Zainab , Ellis Bobby D , Cameron T Stanley
Published: April 2014

The synthesis of 5-substituted 6,6a-dihydroisoindolo[2,1-a]quinolin-11(5H)-ones via [4 + 2] imino-Diels–Alder cyclization from N-aryl-3-hydroxyisoindolinones and N-vinyl lactams under Lewis acid-catalysed anhydrous conditions is reported. Reactions of N-(2-substituted-aryl)-3-hydroxyisoindolinones with N-vinylpyrrolidone under identical conditions resulted in the formation of 2-(2-substitued-aryl)-3-(2-(2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)vinyl)isoindolin-1-one analogues indicating steric hinderance as the cause of deviation. The probable mechanism of the reaction based on the results from X-ray crystallography and molecular modelling is discussed.
Clinical manifestations and treatment outcomes in HIV-1-infected children receiving antiretroviral therapy in Karachi, Pakistan
Authors: Mir Fatima , Qamar Farah Naz , Baig-Ansari Naila , Abro Azra Ghayas , Abbas Syed Qamar , Kazi Mohammed Ahmed , Rizvi Arjumand , Zaidi Anita Kaniz Mehdi
Published: April 2014

Introduction: The impact of antiretroviral (ARV) therapy on immunological and growth parameters in HIV-positive children in Pakistan has not been reported to date. Methodology: A retrospective chart review of children diagnosed with HIV at the Sindh AIDS Control Proigramme (SACP) and registered at the Aga Khan University, Karachi, between January 2005 and 2013 was conducted, evaluating clinical and laboratory profiles of HIV+ ARV+ children for ARV impact (serial height and weight CD4 and viral counts). Results: Twenty-four children were diagnosed and registered as HIV positive over five years, and 20 were started on ARV. Six were excluded from analysis (ARV duration < 6 months). Nine (64.3%) of 14 fulfilled WHO criteria for treatment failure at a median duration of 25 weeks (IQR 18-32) on ARV and underwent resistance genotyping. All nine had NNRTI resistance, two had high-grade NRTI resistance (≥ 4 thymidine analog mutations). Median age at start of ARV was 71.5 weeks (IQR 37.5-119). Median baseline weight for age (WAZ) and height for age (HAZ) z-scores changed from -1.94 to 1.69 and -1.99 to -1.59, respectively, after six months of therapy. Median CD4 percentage and viral load at baseline changed from 13.8 to 17.8, while viral load changed from 285 × 104 copies to zero at six months. Conclusions: ARV improved absolute CD4 and viral counts. Weight and height did not  improve significantly, highlighting the need for aggressive nutritional rehabilitation. Early development of ARV resistance in these children requires formal assessment.
Genetic diversity of TLR2, TLR4, and VDR loci and pulmonary tuberculosis in Moroccan patients
Authors: Arji Naima , Busson Marc , Iraqi Ghali , Bourkadi Jamal Eddine , Benjouad Abdelaziz , Bouayad Abdellatif , Mariaselvam Christina , Salah Sofiane , Fortier Catherine , Amokrane Kahina , Marzais François , Boukouaci Wahid , Krishnamoorthy Rajagopal , Charron Dominique , El Aouad Rajae , Tamouza Ryad
Published: April 2014

Introduction: Toll-like receptors (TLRs) 2, 4, and the vitamin D receptor (VDR) are central components of the innate and adaptive immunity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). TLR2, TLR4, and VDR polymorphisms were previously associated with tuberculosis (TB) and were here investigated as candidates for pulmonary TB (PTB) susceptibility in a Moroccan population group. Methodology: Genomic DNA from 343 PTB patients and 203 healthy controls were analyzed for 12 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) located in TLR2, TLR4, and VDR genes using polymerase chain reaction-based restriction fragment length polymorphism and TaqMan SNP genotyping assays. Results: The TLR2 +597 CT genotype was associated with protection against PTB (corrected p [pc] = 0.04; odds ratio (OR) = 0.65; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.45 - 0.94), and the TLR4 +7263 C allele was significantly associated with PTB susceptibility (pc = 0.04; OR = 1.63; CI = 1.06 - 2.57). The VDR [f,b,a,T] haplotype was found to confer protection (pc < 0.00001; OR = 0.18; CI = 0.09 - 0.35), while the TLR2 [-16934T,+597C,+1349T] haplotype seemed to be at risk (p = 0.03; OR = 1.52; CI = 1.01 - 2.30), but  statistical significance was not reached. Finally, cross-analysis between polymorphisms of the three studied genes revealed significant interaction between TLR2 +597 and TLR4 +4434 SNPs towards protection against PTB (pc = 0.036), suggesting that the functionally relevant TLR4 +4434 SNP may act synergistically with TLR2 SNPs. Conclusions: TLR2 and TLR4 interaction and a specific VDR haplotype influence protection against PTB in Moroccans patients.
Jerónimo Sánchez Coello: un discípulo de Tiziano en Sevilla
Authors: Malo Lara Lina , Santos Márquez Joaquín
Published: April 2014

Presentamos en este artículo noticias inéditas sobre la vida y la obra del pintor Jerónimo Sánchez Coello, hermano del afamado pintor de cámara del rey Felipe II, Alonso, durante su estancia en Sevilla a finales del siglo XVI, tras su formación en el taller de Tiziano.
La Agencia de preces de Roma entre los Austrias y los Borbones (1678-1730)
Authors: Barrio Gozalo Maximiliano
Published: April 2014

Aunque la Agencia de preces de Roma era el cauce por el que discurrían las expediciones beneficiales, las dispensas matrimoniales y las súplicas que se hacían a la Curia romana, su estudio apenas ha suscitado interés desde que Rafael Olaechea publicó su libro en 1965. Por ello, en estas páginas trato de presentar un cuadro aproximativo de esta institución en los últimos años del siglo XVII y primeros del XVIII, centrándome en la figura del agente general, es decir, su forma de nombramiento, dotación económica, tipo de casa y familia, relaciones con el embajador y negocios que debía atender.
Escrituras contestatarias en contextos dictatoriales. Las Palmas durante el tardofranquismo (1959-1975)
Authors: García Lázaro Néstor
Published: April 2014

El objetivo del presente trabajo es aportar conocimiento sobre las «escrituras criminales» durante la dictadura franquista, eligiendo como marco espacial la provincia de Las Palmas. Para ello hemos consultado la documentación generada por el Servicio de Información de la Guardia Civil, la Dirección General de Seguridad, y el Gobierno Civil de Las Palmas, en donde hemos encontrado la transcripción de las «pintadas» o se han adjuntado las «octavillas» lanzadas por la geografía insular. Utilizando el método proporcionado por la Historia Social de la Cultura Escrita. Hemos prestado atención a dos caras del mismo fenómeno. Primero, el contenido de los textos, quienes los producían y en qué escenarios eran distribuidos. En la segunda parte del trabajo hemos atendido a la represión de este tipo de escrituras por parte del Estado, con una visión general y amplia (desde la cancelación de los textos, multas gubernativas, juicios, el riesgo de ser disparado, para en última instancia intentar calibrar las posibilidades de lectura y movilización de las mismas). Del estudio se desprende la importancia que estos testimonios gráficos tuvieron tanto para la oposición política al franquismo, como para el propio régimen.
Digital Social Media: An Interactive Technology Incorporated as a Competitive Advantage for Business
Authors: Correia Pedro Pereira , Medina Irene García
Published: April 2014

In a more transparent and dynamic world, in which consumers trust other consumers more for advice and recommendations on products and services, the continuity of organizations appears to be associated with socialization, the sharing of interests and the interaction with the audience. This is associated with the incorporation of digital technologies to business, specifically the use of social media.

Consequently, it is timely and interesting to explore the phenomenon of virtual socialization, although it is a little-studied field and what is needed is an innovative and theoretical approach based upon theories of marketing and communication. Expertise in these areas is present in all organizations and their performance is important for appropriate development of them.

This work is a qualitative analysis about the behavior, reactions and attitudes of individuals to organizations, in order to understand the social factors that contribute to sustainable competitive advantages of organizations which can support strategic and future actions.

We conclude that relevant factors associated with the tacit knowledge of the organization, specifically to learning and social interaction of the organization and their knowledge of virtual communities. The higher the coexistence of factors, the more difficult is the replication and greater will be the hypothesis of sustainable competitive advantage.
Incorporating Culture and Competition for Status into Quantitative Financial Epidemiology Models
Authors: Hackney Donald D. , Friesner Daniel L. , McPherson Matthew Q.
Published: April 2014

This chapter extends the financial epidemiology literature as it applies to the acquisition of consumer debt. A recent manuscript provided a very simple model to illustrate how conspicuous consumption within a community (in the vernacular, “keeping up with the Joneses”) can lead to situations where a contagion of financial insolvency may occur (Friesner, McPherson, & Hackney, 2014). However, that model simply illustrates the feasibility of modeling both conspicuous consumption and financial contagions in a single framework. It does not explicitly incorporate most of the epidemiological, socio-cultural, and psychological factors that drive decisions to use debt to finance conspicuous consumption. In this chapter, the authors build a much more detailed model of financial epidemiology that includes (or can be extended to include) most of the salient ecological characteristics advanced by financial economists (neoclassical or heterodox) and epidemiologists. The model can be used to illustrate specific characteristics that promote (or inhibit) consumer behavior that pushes the household into financial exigency. The results can therefore provide a more informative basis for policy makers to reduce the prevalence of bankruptcy or other financial insolvency within a community as a whole.
How Can Success of IT Implementations Be Measured?
Authors: Harison Elad
Published: April 2014

The number of applied Business Intelligence (BI) systems is rapidly increasing worldwide, serving a broad range of sectors and business applications. BI systems serve a broad range of sectors and business applications by performing functions that consist of managing clients, resources, and employees through the collection and analysis of data that assist in describing these business entities and the various attributes of these objectives. Even though BI solutions have been implemented worldwide and the experience gained in implementation projects has largely enriched the academic research in this field, IT literature still lacks a uniform methodology for assessing the effects that BI systems have on business processes and organizations. Additionally, should any part of the BI implementation project fail to satisfy user needs or achieve the benefits expected from them, it is important to identify the failure's extent and sources in order to avoid financial and operational losses in similar projects. This chapter presents an analytical framework to help measure the success of implementations of various types of Business Intelligence systems, including Online Analytical Processing, Knowledge Management, and Decision Supporting tools. The framework and methodology presented here serve as a basis for evaluating the possible effects of technical, organizational, and personal factors on the success, partial success, or failure of BI system implementations. The framework is demonstrated via a case study analysis of a BI system implementation in an energy firm.
Modeling Choice between Competing Technologies
Authors: Aguirre-Urreta Miguel I. , Marakas George M.
Published: April 2014

Even though there is a rich and extensive literature on the individual adoption of technologies, limited attention has been placed on the choice of one among competing alternatives, which the authors posit as an essential antecedent to the individual acceptance decision that has been considered in the past. In this chapter, they compare two levels at which the choice can be made—expectations and intentions—and then review and contrast four different comparison mechanisms that can integrate the evaluations made at each level as predictive of actual choice. These were investigated by asking business professionals to assess and evaluate technologies for potential adoption within their domain of expertise, and then a second study was conducted to further validate the results thus obtained. The authors also extensively discuss the implications of this research for future work on the processes leading to adoption of information technologies.
Description of a new gall-inducing species of Aprostocetus (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) on Melilotus indicus from Southern Italy
Authors: Viggiani G. , Monaco R.
Published: April 2014

Aprostocetus monacoi Viggiani (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae, Tetrastichinae) is described from stem galls in Melilotus indicus (Fabaceae) from Italy. It is the second native European species of Tetrastichinae known as gall inducer.
First record and establishment of Tuberocephalus (Trichosiphoniella) tianmushanensis Zang, (Hemiptera Aphididae) on ornamental cherry trees in Italy
Authors: Pellizzari G. , Frigimelica G.
Published: April 2014

The occurrence of the Asiatic aphid Tuberocephalus (Trichosiphoniella) tianmushanensis Zang, (=Tuberocephalus (Trichosiphoniella) higansakurae hainnevilleae Remaudière and Sorin) (Hemiptera Aphididae) in Italy is reported. The species was first detected inside leaf galls of Prunus subhirtella cv. pendula trees growing outdoors at the University Botanical Garden of Padua (Italy). Further investigations demonstrated that the species is present in plant nurseries in the Veneto region. So far this species was considered eradicated in Europe, after its first incursion in France in 1993.
The phanerozoic geology of southern Ellesmere and North Kent islands, Canadian Arctic Archipelago, (Craig Harbour, Baad Fiord, and eastern part of Cardigan Strait map areas, NTS 49A, 49B, and 59A)
Authors: Mayr U , Packard J J , Goodbody Q H , Okulitch A V , Rice R J , Goodarzi F , Stewart K
R
Published: April 2014

This bulletin is a description and interpretion of the Paleozoic strata and structure of southern Ellesmere Island south of latitude 77°N. The strata form a structurally concordant succession that dips gently to the northwest and north, toward the axis of
the Schei Syncline. The succession is about 10 000 m thick and ranges in age from Early Cambrian to Late Devonian. A major Middle Cambrian disconformity divides the succession into two parts. The lower part comprises six, very thin, Lower and Middle Cambrian formations, which consist of dolostone
and minor sandstone and are present only in the extreme southeast corner of the study area. The upper part, a Middle Cambrian to Upper Devonian succession, comprises 21 formations. All but the upper five are of marine origin and consist mostly of carbonates. Shale and sandstone units are very rare.
The carbonates are of variable origin and were deposited in environments ranging from restricted shallow marine to normal marine, mostly below wave base. Several evaporitic units are also present. The upper five formations are of Middle and Late Devonian age and comprise fluvial sandstone and
siltstone. During the Ellesmerian Orogeny, the succession was folded locally. Faulting, associated with the Eurekan Orogeny, occurs throughout the area.
The effect of cavity disinfectants on the micro-shear bond strength of dentin adhesives
Authors: Elkassas Dina Wafik , Fawzi Elham Mostafa , El Zohairy Ahmed
Published: April 2014

Objectives: This study was carried out to examine the effect of application of four different disinfecting agents on the micro-shear bond strength (μ-SBS) of an etch-and-rinse and self-etch adhesive systems. Materials and Methods: One hundred flat dentin surfaces of human molars were produced by wet grinding the buccal surfaces. Specimens were randomly assigned to five groups according to the disinfectant used: Group I: Control (no disinfectant); Group II: 5.25% sodium hypochlorite based; Group III: 2% chlorhexidine based (Consepsis), Group IV: 0.1% benzalkoniumchloride based (Tubulicid red) and Group V: 3% doxycycline based (Biopure, MTAD). Specimens were bonded using either Adper Single Bond 2 or Clearfil S3 Bond, which were employed according to the manufacturer's instructions. Resin composite microcylinders were bonded using Tygon® tubes for μ-SBS testing. The modes of failure were noted after visual examination using a binocular stereomicroscope at ×25 magnification. Failures were classified as adhesive, or mixed. μ-SBS results were analyzed using two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post-hoc test. Results: Dentin disinfectants tested significantly negated the bonding of Adper Single bond 2 and the groups were ranked; Group I > Group V = Group IV > Group II = Group III, meanwhile they enhanced significantly the μ-SBS values upon using Clearfil S3 Bond and were ranked; Group II > Group III = Group IV = Group V > Group I. Most failures were adhesive with the Adper single bond adhesive system. Mixed modes of failure were evident with Clearfil S3 bond. Conclusions: The disinfectants tested should not be used with Adper Single Bond 2 when applied before the etching step, However they could be used safely prior to bonding with Clearfil S3 Bond.
Comparison of cleaning efficiency and deformation characteristics of Twisted File and ProTaper rotary instruments
Authors: Li Hang , Zhang Chenzheng , Li Qing , Wang Changning , Song Yaling
Published: April 2014

Objective: The objective of the following study is to compare the cleaning efficiency and deformation characteristics of Twisted File (TF) and ProTaper (PT) nickel-titanium rotary instruments in root canal preparation. Materials and Methods: A total of 52 canals from 26 extracted maxillary first molars were randomly assigned into two groups of each including 13 mesiobuccal and 12 distobuccal (DB) canals. Two DB canals were as blank controls. After preparation with TF and PT, we recorded the preparation time and evaluate the amounts of debris and smear layer at apical, middle and coronal canals under scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Three cross-sections of canals at 3 mm, 5 mm and 7 mm from the apex foramens were scanned before and after preparation under micro-computed tomography. Changes of the cross-section area (CSA) at the three levels were calculated with Photoshop CS4. File deformation was also investigated under SEM. Two groups were statistically compared with Mann-Whitney test and independent sample t-test. Results: Less debris and smear layer were found in coronal regions of canals prepared with TF (P = 0.006, P = 0.001, respectively). TF group displayed more CSA change than PT group (P = 0.045) at cross-sections of 5 mm from the apex foramens and took significantly less preparation time than PT group did (P = 9.06 × 10−28). All five TF files without obvious micro-cracks and two out of 25 PT files with many micro-cracks showed visible unwound deformation. Conclusion: Neither TF nor PT achieves complete cleanliness of canal walls. Their deformation features might indicate different fracture resistance. TF single-file technique would substantially shorten the time of root canal preparation.
The influence of air temperature for solvent evaporation on bonding of self-etch adhesives to dentin
Authors: Moura Sandra Kiss , Murad Cintia Gaio , Reis Alessandra , Klein-Júnior Celso Afonso , Grande Rosa Helena Miranda , Loguercio Alessandro Dourado
Published: April 2014

Objective: This study evaluated the effect of air temperature (warm or cold) for solvent evaporation on bonding and nanoleakage of self-etching adhesives to dentin. Materials and Methods: The adhesives Clearfil 3S Bond [S3], OptiBond All-In-One [OB], Adper SE Plus [AD], and Silorane adhesive [SI] were applied on dentin surfaces, and a warm (60 ± 2°C) or cold air (20 ± 1°C) was applied and light-cured. After water storage (24 h), the teeth were sectioned into sticks (0.8 mm2) and tested in tensile. Then, they were immersed in a 50% solution of silver nitrate, photo-developed and the nanoleakage observed in a scanning electron microscope. The bond strength and nanoleakage pattern were analyzed by two-way analysis of variance and post hoc Tukey´s test (α =0.05). Results: Higher bond strength and lower silver nitrate uptake were observed for the adhesives under warm condition (P < 0.05). AD and SI showed better adhesive results than S3 and OB (P < 0.05). Conclusion: The use of a warm air was useful to improve the bonding and diminish the nanoleakage of adhesive systems to dentin.
Management of an intruded primary central incisor with a natural crown under general anesthesia
Authors: Altunsoy Mustafa , Bilgin Mehmet Selim
Published: April 2014

Tooth intrusion is the most common trauma during early infancy. Primary maxillary central incisors are the most affected teeth. There are a few treatment approaches which depend upon the severity of the trauma, and the treatment must be managed professionally. In this case report, a 3-year-old girl with a history of trauma 40 days before referring to our pediatric clinic is presented. Deciduous maxillary right central incisor was intruded through labial and alveolar socket and completely covered with soft tissue. The intruded deciduous incisor tooth was surgically extracted and impression was taken under general anesthesia. The removable partial prosthesis was completed by using the patient's own extracted tooth. Using natural crown on removable prosthesis gives psychological satisfaction to the patient and his/her family, and can be better tolerated since its shape, size, and color are exactly in harmony.
X-ray diffraction analysis of MTA-Plus, MTA-Angelus and DiaRoot BioAggregate
Authors: Guven Yeliz , Tuna Elif Bahar , Dincol Muzaffer Emin , Aktoren Oya
Published: April 2014

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate and compare the crystalline structures of recently released MTA Plus (MTA-P), MTA Angelus (MTA-A), DiaRoot BioAggregate (BA) by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. Materials and Methods: Phase analysis was carried out on powder and set forms of tested materials. The powder specimens placed into sample holders that were packed with a glass slide and the set samples prepared according to the manufacturer's instructions were placed into molds. The samples after being set for three days at 37°C and 100% humidity in an incubator were mounted onto the XRD machine and phase identification was accomplished using a search-match software program. Results: XRD findings indicated that major constituents of MTA-P were bismuth oxide, portlandite, dicalcium silicate and tricalcium silicate. The crystal structure of MTA-A were similar to those of MTA-P except for the absence of portlandite. Additionally, MTA-A had tricalcium aluminate differing from MTA-P. BA mainly differed from MTA-P and MTA-A by the radiopacifier (tantalum oxide-TO) in its composition. Conclusions: The majority of constituents of the tested materials have shown similarity except for the presence of tricalcium aluminate in MTA-A and the inclusion of TO in BA. In addition, set MTA-P showed a strong peak of portlandite.
Combinatorially Factorizable Cryptic Inverse Semigroups
Authors: Petrich Mario
Published: April 2014

An inverse semigroup S is combinatorially factorizable if S = TG where T is a combinatorial (i.e., 𝓗 is the equality relation) inverse subsemigroup of S and G is a subgroup of S. This concept was introduced and studied byMills, especially in the case when S is cryptic (i.e., 𝓗 is a congruence on S). Her approach is mainly analytical considering subsemigroups of a cryptic inverse semigroup.

We start with a combinatorial inverse monoid and a factorizable Clifford monoid and from an action of the former on the latter construct the semigroups in the title. As a special case, we consider semigroups that are direct products of a combinatorial inverse monoid and a group.
Rezensionen
Authors: Schneebeli H. R.
Published: April 2014

Rezension zu:
H. Walser:
DIN A4 in Raum und Zeit. Silbernes Rechteck – Goldenes Trapez – DIN-Quader
. 101 Seiten, 14.50 EUR. Edition am Gutenbergplatz, Leipzig, 2013, EAGLE 069; ISBN 978-3-937219-69-1.
Quantifying amine permeation sources with acid neutralization: calibrations and amines measured in coastal and continental atmospheres
Authors: Freshour N. A. , Carlson K. K. , Melka Y. A. , Hinz S. , Panta B. , Hanson D. R.
Published: April 2014

Abstract. An acid titration method for quantifying amine permeation rates was used to calibrate an Ambient pressure Proton transfer Mass Spectrometer (AmPMS) that monitors ambient amine compounds. The method involves capturing amines entrained in a N2 flow by bubbling it through an acidified solution (~ 10−5 M HCl), and the amines are quantified via changes in solution pH with time. Home-made permeation tubes had permeation rates (typically tens of pmol s−1) that depended on the type of amine and tubing and on temperature. Calibrations of AmPMS yielded sensitivities for ammonia, methyl amine, dimethyl amine, and trimethyl amine that are close to the sensitivity assuming a gas-kinetic, ion-molecule rate coefficient. The permeation tubes were also designed to deliver a reproducible amount of amine to a flow reactor where nucleation with sulfuric acid was studied. The high proton affinity compound dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), linked to oceanic environments, was also studied and AmPMS is highly sensitive to it. AmPMS was deployed recently in two field campaigns and mixing ratios are reported for ammonia, alkyl amines, and DMSO and correlations between these species and with particle formation events are discussed.
Wind patterns associated with the development of daytime thunderstorms over Istria
Authors: Poljak G. , Prtenjak M. T. , Kvakić M. , Strelec Mahović N. , Babić K.
Published: April 2014

Abstract. The northeastern (NE) Adriatic in the northern Mediterranean is the area with (i) the highest frequency of thunderstorms in Croatia, and (ii) frequent appearances of sea breeze (SB) along the coast. This study investigates the impact of the combined large-scale wind (associated with particular synoptic conditions) and the SB on the moist convection development over the NE Adriatic. The four selected cases were (i) chosen on the basis of a daytime moist convection; (ii) supplemented by one of the dominant large-scale winds with seaward (NE, NW) and landward (SW, SE) directions and (iii) simulated by WRF numerical model. The near-surface wind patterns consisted of SBs along the coastline, generated a narrow eastward-moving convergence zone (CZ) along the area if the large-scale wind was less than 9 m s−1 (below 500 hPa). Apart from the low-level CZ, the advection of large-scale wind influenced the lifetime and movement of the initial Cb cells. While the local front collision with the NE wind advection caused the thunderstorm to propagate southward, the CZ and fronts interaction determined the afternoon northwestward storm movement against the NW large-scale wind. Due to particular synoptic background, the thunderstorm event in SE case was the shortest with only a minor impact on the SB. While the origins and locations of storm cells were completely controlled by the low-level CZ and the upward advection of low-level moisture at the SB front, the most typical convective case with SW warm-wet wind only partially supported the SB–Cb interaction.
Surtsey and Mount St. Helens: a comparison of early succession rates
Authors: del Moral R. , Magnússon B.
Published: April 2014

Abstract. Surtsey and Mount St. Helens are celebrated but very different volcanoes. Permanent plots allow for comparisons that reveal mechanisms that control succession and its rate and suggest general principles. We estimated rates from structure development, species composition using detrended correspondence analysis (DCA), changes in Euclidean distance (ED) of DCA vectors, and by principal components analysis (PCA) of DCA. On Surtsey, rates determined from DCA trajectory analyses decreased as follows: gull colony on lava with sand > gull colony on lava, no sand ≫ lava with sand > sand spit > block lava > tephra. On Mount St. Helens, plots on lahar deposits near woodlands were best developed. The succession rates of open meadows declined as follows: Lupinus-dominated pumice > protected ridge with Lupinus > other pumice and blasted sites > isolated lahar meadows > barren plain. Despite the prominent contrasts between the volcanoes, we found several common themes. Isolation restricted the number of colonists on Surtsey and to a lesser degree on Mount St. Helens. Nutrient input from outside the system was crucial. On Surtsey, seabirds fashioned very fertile substrates, while on Mount St. Helens wind brought a sparse nutrient rain, then Lupinus enhanced fertility to promote succession. Environmental stress limits succession in both cases. On Surtsey, bare lava, compacted tephra and infertile sands restrict development. On Mount St. Helens, exposure to wind and infertility slow succession.
Technical Note: On the Matt–Shuttleworth approach to estimate crop water requirements
Authors: Lhomme J. P. , Boudhina N. , Masmoudi M. M.
Published: April 2014

Abstract. The Matt–Shuttleworth method provides a way to make a one-step estimate of crop water requirements with the Penman–Monteith equation by translating the crop coefficients, commonly available in FAO publications, into equivalent surface resistances. The methodology is based upon the theoretical relationship linking crop surface resistance to crop coefficient and involves the simplifying assumption that the reference crop evapotranspiration (ET0) is equal to the Priestley–Taylor estimate with a fixed coefficient of 1.26. This assumption, used to eliminate the dependence of surface resistance on certain weather variables, is questionable: numerical simulations show that it can lead to substantial differences between the true value of surface resistance and its estimate. Consequently, the basic relationship between surface resistance and crop coefficient, without any assumption, appears to be more appropriate for inferring crop surface resistance, despite the interference of weather variables.
Teaching "Digital Earth" technologies in Environmental Sciences
Authors: Griffiths J. A.
Published: April 2014

Abstract. As part of a review process for a module entitled "Digital Earth" which is currently taught as part of a BSc in Environmental Sciences program, research into the current provision of Geographical Information Science and Technology (GIS&T) related modules on UKbased Environmental Science degrees is made. The result of this search is used with DiBiase et al. (2006) "Body of Knowledge of GIS&T" to develop a foundation level module for Environmental Sciences. Reference is also made to the current provision geospatial analysis techniques in secondary and tertiary education in the UK, US and China, and the optimal use of IT and multimedia in geo-education.
Web-based interactive visualization of PS-InSAR point clouds for education and training
Authors: Liang D. , Balz T. , Wang Z. Y. , Wei L. H. , Liao M. S.
Published: April 2014

Abstract. In radar remote sensing education and training, only few people have a good knowledge of radar remote sensing and geology, which would be necessary fully analyse the surface motions estimated by persistent scatterer interferometry. Using scientific visualization, data can be presented in an intuitive way for surface motion analysis of non-radar experts. In this paper, we introduce a web-based interactive visualization of PS-InSAR point clouds for education and training.
The validation service of the hydrological SAF geostationary and polar satellite precipitation products
Authors: Puca S. , Porcu F. , Rinollo A. , Vulpiani G. , Baguis P. , Balabanova S. , Campione E. , Ertürk A. , Gabellani S. , Iwanski R. , Jurašek M. , Kaňák J. , Kerényi J. , Koshinchanov G. , Kozinarova G. , Krahe P. , Lapeta B. , Lábó E. , Milani L. , Okon L'. , Öztopal A. , Pagliara P. , Pignone F. , Rachimow C. , Rebora N. , Roulin E. , Sönmez I. , Toniazzo A. , Biron D. , Casella D. , Cattani E. , Dietrich S. , Di Paola F. , Laviola S. , Levizzani V. , Melfi D. , Mugnai A. , Panegrossi G. , Petracca M. , Sanò P. , Zauli F. , Rosci P. , De Leonibus L. , Agosta E. , Gattari F.
Published: April 2014

Abstract. The development phase (DP) of the EUMETSAT Satellite Application Facility for Support to Operational Hydrology and Water Management (H-SAF) led to the design and implementation of several precipitation products, after 5 yr (2005–2010) of activity. Presently, five precipitation estimation algorithms based on data from passive microwave and infrared sensors, on board geostationary and sun-synchronous platforms, function in operational mode at the H-SAF hosting institute to provide near real-time precipitation products at different spatial and temporal resolutions. In order to evaluate the precipitation product accuracy, a validation activity has been established since the beginning of the project. A Precipitation Product Validation Group (PPVG) works in parallel with the development of the estimation algorithms with two aims: to provide the algorithm developers with indications to refine algorithms and products, and to evaluate the error structure to be associated with the operational products. In this paper, the framework of the PPVG is presented: (a) the characteristics of the ground reference data available to H-SAF (i.e. radar and rain gauge networks), (b) the agreed upon validation strategy settled among the eight European countries participating in the PPVG, and (c) the steps of the validation procedures. The quality of the reference data is discussed, and the efforts for its improvement are outlined, with special emphasis on the definition of a ground radar quality map and on the implementation of a suitable rain gauge interpolation algorithm. The work done during the H-SAF development phase has led the PPVG to converge into a common validation procedure among the members, taking advantage of the experience acquired by each one of them in the validation of H-SAF products. The methodology is presented here, indicating the main steps of the validation procedure (ground data quality control, spatial interpolation, up-scaling of radar data vs. satellite grid, statistical score evaluation, case study analysis). Finally, an overview of the results is presented, focusing on the monthly statistical indicators, referred to the satellite product performances over different seasons and areas.
The role of subpolar deep water formation and Nordic Seas overflows in simulated multidecadal variability of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation
Authors: Lohmann K. , Jungclaus J. H. , Matei D. , Mignot J. , Menary M. , Langehaug H. R. , Ba J. , Gao Y. , Otterå O. H. , Park W. , Lorenz S.
Published: April 2014

Abstract. We investigate the respective role of variations in subpolar deep water formation and Nordic Seas overflows for the decadal to multidecadal variability of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC). This is partly done by analysing long (order of 1000 years) control simulations with five coupled climate models. For all models, the maximum influence of variations in subpolar deep water formation is found at about 45° N, while the maximum influence of variations in Nordic Seas overflows is rather found at 55 to 60° N. Regarding the two overflow branches, the influence of variations in the Denmark Strait overflow is, for all models, substantially larger than that of variations in the overflow across the Iceland–Scotland Ridge. The latter might, however, be underestimated, as the models in general do not realistically simulate the flow path of the Iceland–Scotland overflow water south of the Iceland–Scotland Ridge. The influence of variations in subpolar deep water formation is, on multimodel average, larger than that of variations in the Denmark Strait overflow. This is true both at 45° N, where the maximum standard deviation of decadal to multidecadal AMOC variability is located for all but one model, and at the more classical latitude of 30° N. At 30° N, variations in subpolar deep water formation and Denmark Strait overflow explain, on multimodel average, about half and one-third respectively of the decadal to multidecadal AMOC variance. Apart from analysing multimodel control simulations, we have performed sensitivity experiments with one of the models, in which we suppress the variability of either subpolar deep water formation or Nordic Seas overflows. The sensitivity experiments indicate that variations in subpolar deep water formation and Nordic Seas overflows are not completely independent. We further conclude from these experiments that the decadal to multidecadal AMOC variability north of about 50° N is mainly related to variations in Nordic Seas overflows. At 45° N and south of this latitude, variations in both subpolar deep water formation and Nordic Seas overflows contribute to the AMOC variability, with neither of the processes being very dominant compared to the other.
Soil erosion and organic carbon export by wet snow avalanches
Authors: Korup O. , Rixen C.
Published: April 2014

Abstract. Many mountain belts sustain prolonged snow cover for parts of the year, although enquiries into rates of erosion in these landscapes have focused almost exclusively on the snow-free periods. This raises the question of whether annual snow cover contributes significantly to modulating rates of erosion in high-relief terrain. In this context, the sudden release of snow avalanches is a frequent and potentially relevant process, judging from the physical damage to subalpine forest ecosystems, and the amount of debris contained in avalanche deposits. To quantitatively constrain this visual impression and to expand the sparse literature, we sampled sediment concentrations of n = 28 river-spanning snow-avalanche deposits (snow bridges) in the area around Davos, eastern Swiss Alps, and inferred an orders-of-magnitude variability in specific fine sediment and organic carbon yields (1.8 to 830 t km−2 yr−1, and 0.04 to 131 t C km−2 yr−1, respectively). A Monte Carlo simulation demonstrates that, with a minimum of free parameters, such variability is inherent to the geometric scaling used for computing specific yields. Moreover, the widely applied method of linearly extrapolating plot scale sample data may be prone to substantial under- or overestimates. A comparison of our inferred yields with previously published work demonstrates the relevance of wet snow avalanches as prominent agents of soil erosion and transporters of biogeochemical constituents to mountain rivers. Given that a number of snow bridges persisted below the insulating debris cover well into the summer months, snow-avalanche deposits also contribute to regulating in-channel sediment and organic debris storage on seasonal timescales. Finally, our results underline the potential shortcomings of neglecting erosional processes in the winter and spring months in mountainous terrain subjected to prominent snow cover.
Una mirada a la seguridad internacional a la luz de las estrategias de seguridad nacional
Authors: Dockendorff Andrés , Duval Tomás
Published: April 2014

Este artículo compara las estrategias de seguridad nacional de 9 países: Australia, Brasil, Canadá, Chile; Francia, Estados Unidos, Gran Bretaña, los Países Bajos y España. Se busca establecer principalmente las implicaciones analíticas de los documentos. A través de la teoría de los «Sectores de Seguridad» de Buzan, Wæver y de Wilde, se realiza una aproximación a los conceptos y visiones que conforman la agenda de seguridad en la post Guerra Fría. Al mismo tiempo, se abordan críticamente tres cuestiones relativas a la evolución de la seguridad internacional que plantean Buzan y Hansen: ¿Qué identifican las estrategias como objeto referente? ¿Se incluyen tanto las amenazas externas como las internas? ¿Se concibe en estos documentos una seguridad más allá del uso de la fuerza militar? Se concluye que las políticas revisadas aplican un concepto amplio de seguridad, en apariencia coincidente con quienes abogan por profundizar y ampliar la seguridad. Ello incluye una variada gama de amenazas, principalmente transnacionales. Con todo, lo anterior no cancela la vigencia de la dimensión tradicional de la seguridad, asociada al sector militar. Más bién, parecen coexistir amenazas tradicionales con nuevos problemas de seguridad. Por otra parte, la inclusiòn  de factores económicos, ambientales o sociales puede llevar a una sobre extensión del  concepto.
Northeast Asian Security
Authors: Galsanjamts Sajjad
Published: April 2014

No abstract available DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/mjia.v0i7.136 The Mongolian Journal of International Affairs; Number 7, 2000, Pages 20-25
Human Security Factor in Mongolia’s National Security Concept
Authors: Enkhsaikhan J
Published: April 2014

No abstract available DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/mjia.v0i7.137 The Mongolian Journal of International Affairs; Number 7, 2000, Pages 26-36
Human Economic Security
Authors: Tsagaan P
Published: April 2014

No abstract available DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/mjia.v0i7.138 The Mongolian Journal of International Affairs; Number 7, 2000, Pages 37-42
Mongolia and Asian Security
Authors: Stobdan P
Published: April 2014

No abstract available DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/mjia.v0i7.140 The Mongolian Journal of International Affairs; Number 7, 2000, Pages 51-62
Escola militar do realengo, educação militar e juventude (1913-1922)
Authors: Marcusso Marcus Fernandes , Ferreira Jr. Amarílio
Published: April 2014

O presente artigo pretende estuda a Escola Militar do Realengo (EMR) sob a perspectiva da relao entre juventude e educao militar. A educao militar, em particular a oferecida na EMR, apresentava como seu principal objetivo a formao do oficial do Exrcito e de sua identidade militar. Nesse sentido necessrio considerar as caractersticas dos alunos que ingressavam na EMR, uma vez que a juventude pode ser vista como um leque potencialidades que se atualizam de muitas formas, mas cuja identificao social tem a ver com a existncia de interesses coletivos de sua gerao. Com o intuito de destacar as caractersticas dos jovens alunos no processo de formao de sua identidade militar, abordaremos os primeiros anos de funcionamento da EMR, com destaque para a consolidao de uma estrutura disciplinar e doutrinria entre 1913 e 1922, e sua total subverso quando a EMR adere a revolta de 5 de julho de 1922.
A educação informal e o rap como agente educativo
Authors: Macedo Iolanda , Fiuza Alexandre Felipe
Published: April 2014

Este texto aborda as relaes existentes entre o rap e os processos educativos. Para tanto, ocupa-se da conceituao das modalidades educativas, a saber: a educao formal, no-formal e informal, pautando-se numa bibliografia nacional e estrangeira. Em razo do objeto de estudo, este trabalho se fundamenta em reflexes interdisciplinares na medida em que se constitui a partir de referenciais tericos e metodolgicos dos campos da Educao, Msica, Comunicao e Sociologia da Cultura. Tais aportes tericos contribuem na preciso conceitual e apontam para a observncia das mltiplas dimenses que o hip hop, e mais especificamente o rap, acumula enquanto fenmeno social e cultural. Ao se centrar na particularidade da educao informal, ainda mais prevalente na chamada sociedade do conhecimento ou miditica, este estudo busca contribuir no debate em torno dos processos educativos inerentes indstria cultural e aos meios de comunicao e sua significativa influncia junto ao pblico.
Next‐Generation Sequencing RNA‐Seq Library Construction
Authors: Podnar Jessica , Deiderick Heather , Huerta Gabriella , Hunicke‐Smith Scott
Published: April 2014

This unit presents protocols for construction of next‐generation sequencing (NGS) directional RNA sequencing libraries for the Illumina HiSeq and MiSeq from a wide variety of input RNA sources. The protocols are based on the New England Biolabs (NEB) small RNA library preparation set for Illumina, although similar kits exist from different vendors. The protocol preserves the orientation of the original RNA in the final sequencing library, enabling strand‐specific analysis of the resulting data. These libraries have been used for differential gene expression analysis and small RNA discovery and are currently being tested for de novo transcriptome assembly. The protocol is robust and applicable to a broad range of RNA input types and RNA quality, making it ideal for high‐throughput laboratories. Curr. Protoc. Mol. Biol. 106:4.21.1‐4.21.19. © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.