bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Alterations of the Intestinal Barrier in Patients With Autism Spectrum Disorders and in Their First‐degree Relatives
Authors: de Magistris Laura , Familiari Valeria , Pascotto Antonio , Sapone Anna , Frolli Alessandro , Iardino Patrizia , Carteni Maria , De Rosa Mario , Francavilla Ruggiero , Riegler Gabriele , Militerni Roberto , Bravaccio Carmela
Published: July 2010

Objectives:

Intestinal permeability (IPT) was investigated in patients with autism as well as in their first‐degree relatives to investigate leaky gut hypothesis. Faecal calprotectin (FC) was also measured in patients with autism, either with or without gastrointestinal symptoms, and in their first‐degree relatives.

Patients and Methods:

IPT results, assessed by means of the lactulose/mannitol test, were compared with adult and child controls and with FC values.

Results:

A high percentage of abnormal IPT values were found among patients with autism (36.7%) and their relatives (21.2%) compared with normal subjects (4.8%). Patients with autism on a reported gluten‐casein–free diet had significantly lower IPT values compared with those who were on an unrestricted diet and controls. Gastrointestinal symptoms were present in 46.7% of children with autism: constipation (45.5%), diarrhoea (34.1%), and others (alternating diarrhoea/constipation, abdominal pain, etc: 15.9%). FC was elevated in 24.4% of patients with autism and in 11.6% of their relatives; it was not, however, correlated with abnormal IPT values.

Conclusions:

The results obtained support the leaky gut hypothesis and indicate that measuring IPT could help to identify a subgroup of patients with autism who could benefit from a gluten‐free diet. The IPT alterations found in first‐degree relatives suggest the presence of an intestinal (tight‐junction linked) hereditary factor in the families of subjects with autism.
Follow‐up in Children With Progressive Familial Intrahepatic Cholestasis After Partial External Biliary Diversion
Authors: Arnell Henrik , Papadogiannakis Nikos , Zemack Helen , Knisely Alex S , Németh Antal , Fischler Björn
Published: July 2010

Objectives:

The aim of this study was to examine whether reversion of histological fibrosis followed partial external biliary diversion (PEBD) in patients with progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis (PFIC); whether the duration of cholestatic episodes after PEBD influenced the evolution of fibrosis; and whether genotyping was helpful in predicting outcome of PEBD.

Patients and Methods:

Children with PFIC who underwent PEBD were investigated with genetic, biochemical, and anthropometric standard methods. Serial liver specimens were assessed histologically without knowledge of genotype and outcome. Findings were evaluated in the contexts of the total duration of cholestasis and the clinical outcome after PEBD.

Results:

From a total of 18 children with PFIC, 13 underwent PEBD, and 12 of these (among them 10 with identified ABCB11 mutations) were amenable for clinical and histological follow‐up. When compared with baseline at PEBD, statistically significant reductions were found in histological cholestasis 1 and 3 years after PEBD, and in fibrosis 5 and >10 years after PEBD. The relative duration of cholestatic episodes after PEBD was positively correlated with the severity of fibrosis. Children homozygous for the missense mutation c.890A>G in ABCB11 responded well to PEBD.

Conclusions:

Biliary diversion should be regarded as the first choice of surgical treatment in noncirrhotic patients with severe ABCB11 disease and may also be efficacious in other forms of PFIC.
William Higgins at the Dublin Society, 1810–20: the loss of a professorship and a claim to the atomic theory
Authors: Grossman Mark I.
Published: July 2010

William Higgins is primarily remembered for his claims to have developed the principles of the atomic theory before John Dalton. Why did Higgins, who did not issue a single word in print on the atomic theory for 25 years after his 1789 book
A Comparative View
, suddenly claim priority in 1814, and then continue to pursue his assertions against Dalton and his supporters with such vitriol? This paper argues that Higgins's delay in sending a sample of the Mooresfort meteorite to the naturalist and illustrator James Sowerby contributed to the Dublin Society's decision to split Higgins's dual professorship of chemistry and mineralogy, which led to the hiring of mineralogist Charles Giesecke. Higgins's subsequent frustrations, including an ongoing competition with Giesecke, indicate that his claims to the atomic theory were attempts to rebuild his diminished status.
Fossil evidence on evolution of inner ear cochlea in Jurassic mammals
Authors: Luo Zhe-Xi , Ruf Irina , Schultz Julia A. , Martin Thomas
Published: July 2010

The coiled cochlea is a key evolutionary innovation of modern therian mammals. We report that the Late Jurassic mammal
Dryolestes
, a relative to modern therians, has derived bony characteristics of therian-like innervation, but its uncoiled cochlear canal is less derived than the coiled cochlea of modern therians. This suggests a therian-like innervation evolved before the fully coiled cochlea in phylogeny. The embryogenesis of the cochlear nerve and ganglion in the inner ear of mice is now known to be patterned by neurogenic genes, which we hypothesize to have influenced the formation of the auditory nerve and its ganglion in Jurassic therian evolution, as shown by their osteological correlates in
Dryolestes
, and by the similar base-to-apex progression in morphogenesis of the ganglion in mice, and in transformation of its canal in phylogeny. The cochlear innervation in
Dryolestes
is the precursory condition in the curve-to-coil transformation of the cochlea in mammalian phylogeny. This provides the timing of the evolution, and where along the phylogeny the morphogenetic genes were co-opted into patterning the cochlear innervation, and the full coiling of the cochlea in modern therians.
Synergistic effect of coumarin (1,2 benzopyrone) and endotoxin in the induction of human interleukin-1
Authors: STUHLMEIER K , THEYER G , BAUMGARTNER G , ZLABINGER G J
Published: July 2010

Coumarin as well as its derivatives 7-OH coumarin and 4-OH coumarin were found to stimulate interleukin-lβ (IL-1β) release from freshly isolated human mononuclear cells (MNC) if the culture medium contained fetal calf serum. Under serum-free conditions, almost no induction of IL-lβ release was observed and the former effect could be completely eliminated by polymyxin B. Therefore, the combined action of endotoxin and coumarin was tested on MNC IL-1β production. The coumarins were able to potentiate human MNC 1L-Iβ production by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in a dose-dependent manner. That the effect was due to the presence of coumarins and not endotoxin contamination was shown by negative Limulus amebocyte lysate tests and pre-incubation of the coumarins with polymyxin B-agarose. The latter procedure was able to block endotoxin induced IL-lβ production but the synergism between coumarin and endotoxin was not influenced by preincubating the coumarins with polymyxin B-agarose. Cycloheximide as well as actinomycin D eliminated the induction of IL-I release by coumarin and LPS demonstrating that the cylokine was newly synthesized after MNC stimulation. In addition, both the total amount of MNC IL-lβ (cell-assoctuled + extracellular) and the extracellular portion of the cytokine were synergistically decreased if coumarin or its derivatives were added to endotoxin-stimulated cultures. Synergism of coumarin and endotoxin in the induction of interleukin-6 or tumour necrosis factor-alpha could be observed in a smaller percentage of donors. These findings demonstrate an immunomodulatory effect of coumarin on cytokine production by monocytes in vitro which might help to explain some of the biological activities attributed to the drug upon its application in tumour patients.
Differences in cytokine secretion by intestinal mononuclear cells, peripheral blood monocytes and alveolar macrophages from HIV-infected patients
Authors: STEFFEN M , REINECKER H C , PETERSEN J , DOEHN C , PFLÜGER I , VOSS A , RAEDLER A
Published: July 2010

Mononuclear cells of the lamina propria (LpMNC), isolated from endoscopically taken biopsies of the large bowel from AIDS patients, were analysed for their ability to secrete tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), IL-lβ and IL-6. Stimulation of LpMNC from normal controls with pokeweed mitogen (PWM) led to a time- and dose-dependent enhancement of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 secretion. In contrast, PWM stimulation of LpMNC from AIDS patients resulted in only a small increase in TNF-a release. Constitutive secretion of IL-1β and IL-6 in these patients was already increased to the concentration range of stimulated cells from normal controls and could not be further increased, probably due to maximal in vivo stimulation. Secretion of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 by peripheral blood monocytes (PBM) and alveolar macrophages from AIDS patients was elevated with or without stimulation compared with normal controls. Obviously, the regulation of TNF-α secretion is dependent on the microenvironment. Since it is known that interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) may induce the production of TNF-α, the secretion of this cytokine was examined. Release of IFN-γ was constitutively and under stimulation lowered in LpMNC from AIDS patients compared with normal controls. Addition of IFN-γ to LpMNC did not result in enhanced TNF-α secretion. Our data indicate a defective function of intestinal mononuclear cells in AIDS patients as shown by the diminished TNF-α secretion.
Combinations of low concentrations of cytokines and acute agonists synergize in increasing the permeability of endothelial monolayers
Authors: BEYNON H L C , HASKARD D O , DAVIES K A , HAROUTUNIAN R , WALPORT M J
Published: July 2010

The deposition of circulating immune reactants in blood vessels, an important event in the pathogenesis of certain types of vasculitis, requires an increase in permeability in the endothelial monolayer. An in vitro model to examine the integrity of endothelial cell monolayers and their response to inflammatory mediators has been developed. Human umbiiieal vein endothelial cells were grown to confluence on an FITC-labellcd matrix and monolayer integrity was assessed by the exclusion of a 125I-anti-FITC antibody. Alteration in endothelial monolayer penneability was associated with an increase in uptake of 125I-anti-FTTC antibody, expressed as a percentage of the maximal uptake of antibody on to FITC-matdx frotn which endothelial cells had been stripped. We determined the effects on endothelial monolayer permeability of acute agonists (thrombin and histamine). cytokines (tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), IL-1 and IL-4) and combinations of acute agonists and cytokines. Addition of thrombin in concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 15 U/ml led to an increased uptake of 125I-anti-FITC antibody from 2% to 15% relative to unstimulated endothelium. For other agonists and cyiokines the increases in permeability were: (i) histamine (50–400 pmol/ml) increased uptake 5–22%: (ii) TNF (125–100 ng/ml) increased uptake 2–12%: (iii) IFN-γ (125–250 U/ml) inereased uptake I5–3%. IL-lβ(50–100 U/ml) and IL-4 (50–100 U/ml) had no effect. Synergistic interactions on endothelial monolayer permeability were seen with the following combinations: (i) IL-4 (100 U/ml) and TNF (12·5 ng/ml) uptake 11%; (ii) IL-4 (100 U/ml) and IFN-γ (125 U/ml) uptake 6·5%; (iii) TNF (12·5 ng/ml) and IFN-γ (125 ng/ml) uptake 7%; (iv) thrombin (0·5 U/ml) and histamine (50 pmol/ml) uptake 13·5%; and (v) TNF (12·5 ng/ml) and thrombin (0·5 U/ml) uptake 8·5%. These observations suggest that interactions between cytokines and acute inflammatory mediators such as thrombin and histamine may be important in determining whether immune complexes are deposited in vessel walls. This model system may now be useful for the further investigation in vitro of the mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of immune complex-mediated vascular damage.
Evaluation of Antioxidant Effects and Sensory Attributes of Chinese 5‐Spice Ingredients in Cooked Ground Beef
Authors: Dwivedi Saumya , Vasavada Mihir N. , Cornforth Daren
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACT This study determined antioxidant and sensory characteristics of cinnamon, cloves, fennel, pepper, and star anise (Chinese 5‐spice ingredients) in cooked ground beef. Total aerobic plate counts were also measured. Mean thiobarbituric acid (TBA) values were high (3.4 ppm) for control cooked ground beef samples. With 1% use level, all spice treatments had lower pooled mean TBA values than controls. At the lowest use level of 0.1% of meat weight, all spices except pepper had lower TBA values than controls. Treatments with 0.1% cloves had lower (P < 0.05) TBA values than 0.1% levels of other individual spices. Star anise, fennel, pepper, and cinnamon samples at 0.5% use level had lower mean TBA values than controls, but not different from 1.0% levels, respectively. Thus, the lowest effective spice level for cloves was 0.1% and 0.5% for the other spices. There was a high correlation (P < 0.01) between TBA values and panel scores for rancid odor and flavor (0.83 and 0.78, respectively). Spice flavor was inversely correlated (P < 0.01) with rancid odor and flavor (‐0.57 and ‐0.61, respectively). The 5‐spice blends did not affect microbial load of cooked samples compared with controls. In conclusion, all spices and blends had a dual effect, reducing rancid odor/flavor and imparting a distinctive flavor to cooked ground beef.
Effects of Polymerized Whey Proteins on Consistency and Water‐holding Properties of Goat's Milk Yogurt
Authors: And Jiancai Li , Guo Mingruo
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACT The effects of polymerized whey proteins (PWP) on functional properties of goat's milk yogurt were investigated. PWP were prepared by heating whey protein isolate (WPI) dispersion (8.0% protein, pH 7.0) at 90 °C for 30 min. Three reconstituted goat milk (RGM) (12% total solids [TS] as control; RGM with 2.4% unheated WPI; and RGM with 2.4% PWP) and 1 RGM with 16.7% TS were prepared and inoculated with 0.04% yogurt starter culture. Inoculated milk was incubated at 43 °C for 5 h, cooled to 4 °C in an ice‐water bath, and then placed at refrigerator (4 °C) overnight before testing. Incorporation of PWP significantly (P < 0.001) increased the viscosity (by 80%) and decreased the syneresis (by 25%) of the yogurt samples, whereas addition of unheated WPI did not significantly affect the viscosity and syneresis compared with the control. There were no changes in pH, TS, ash, fat, protein, and lactose contents among yogurt samples except the solids fortified control. Yogurt with 16.7% TS had the lowest syneresis but did not improve in viscosity. Transmission electron microscopy micrographs demonstrated that the microstructure of the goat's milk yogurt gel with PWP was denser than the control. Results of this study indicate that polymerized whey proteins may be a novel protein‐based thickening agent for improving the functional properties of goat's milk yogurt and other similar products.
Rapid Near Infrared Spectroscopic Method for the Detection of Spoilage in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Fillet
Authors: Lin Mengshi , Mousavi Mojgan , Al‐Holy Murad , Cavinato Anna G. , Rasco Barbara A.
Published: July 2010

The possibility of using visible and short‐wavelength near‐infrared (SW‐NIR: 600 to 1100 nm) spectroscopy to detect the onset of spoilage and to quantify microbial loads in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) was investigated. Spectra were acquired on the skin and flesh side of intact trout fillet portions and on minced trout muscle samples stored at 4 °C for up to 8 d or at room temperature (21 °C) for 24 h. Principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares (PLS) chemometric models were developed to predict the onset and degree of spoilage. PCA results showed clear segregation between the control (day 1) and the samples held 4 d or longer at 4 °C. Clear segregation was observed for samples stored 10 h or longer at 21 °C compared with the control (0 h), indicating that onset of spoilage could be detected with this method. Quantitative PLS prediction models for microbial loads were established. For trout fillets, 4 °C: R= 0.97, standard error of prediction (SEP) = 0.38 log colony‐forming units (CFU)/g (flesh side); R= 0.94, SEP = 0.53 log CFU/g (skin side); R= 0.82, SEP = 0.82 log CFU/g for minced fish held at 21 °C. These results indicate that SW‐NIR in combination with multivariate statistical methods can be used to detect and monitor the spoilage process in rainbow trout and quantify microbial loads rapidly and accurately.
Absence of Effect after Introducing Bacillus thuringiensis Gene on Nutritional Composition in Cottonseed
Authors: Tang Maozhi , Huang Kunlun , Ke Zhou Xin Li , He Xiaoyun , Luo Yunbo
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACT To assess the effect of nutritional composition of cottonseed after introducing Bacillus thuringiensis gene, compositional analyses of Bollgard II cotton event 15985, DPH37B, and 5415 were carried out. Cotton DPH37B contains cry1Ac gene, and Bollgard II 15985 contains cry2Ab and cry1Ac genes. Cotton 5415 was a control. Crude protein, crude fiber, fat, moisture, ash, amino acids level, and selected minerals were measured by chemical analysis. Anti‐nutrients including free gossypol, total gossypol, and tannin were also measured. The results showed that the compositional components of the transgenic cottonseed were comparable to those of the nontransgenic cottonseed. The results of numerous qualitative and quantitative analyses revealed that the transgenic cottonseed was compositionally equivalent to the conventional counterpart.
Rose Petal Tea as an Antioxidant‐rich Beverage: Cultivar Effects
Authors: Vinokur Yakov , Rodov Victor , Reznick Natalie , Goldman Genady , Horev Batia , Umiel Nakdimon , Friedman Haya
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACT Twelve rose cultivars were selected by field tasting as potential sources of edible flowers. Hot water infusions (teas) of air‐dried petals of these cultivars were assayed for antioxidant activity, total phenols, and total anthocyanins contents. Their composition was analyzed by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Green tea was tested in parallel as a reference antioxidant‐rich beverage. Rose petal teas from different cultivars exhibited scavenging capacity toward 2,2′‐azino‐bis‐(3‐ethylbenzothiazoline)‐6‐sulfonate cation radical (ABTS+) ranging between 712.7 and 1770.7 μM Trolox equivalents (TE) per gram of dry petals, as compared with 1227.6 μM TE/g dry weight in the green tea. The range of total phenols content in rose teas was 50.7 to 119.5 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE) per gram of dry matter, as compared with 62.1 mg GAE/g dry weight in the green tea. The rose teas were rich in free gallic acid. The highest values of antioxidant activity, total phenols, and gallic acid contents were found in the cultivars San Francisco, Katharina Zeimet, and Mercedes and in the essential‐oil‐bearing rose Rosa damascena. The correlation coefficients between antioxidant activity, on the 1 hand, and the contents of total phenols and of gallic acid in various rose cultivars, on the other hand, were 0.79 and 0.81, respectively. No clear relationship between anthocyanin level and radical‐scavenging activity was revealed. Teas from different rose cultivars significantly differed in their sensory properties. It was concluded that dried rose petals may be used for preparing antioxidant‐rich caffeine‐free beverages, either separately or in combination with other herbal materials.
Effects of Rosemary Extract and Sodium Lactate on Quality of Vacuum‐packaged Ground Ostrich Meat
Authors: Seydim Atif C. , Guzel‐Seydim Zeynep B. , Acton Jim C. , Dawson Paul L.
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACT Vacuum‐packaged ground ostrich meat patties containing 2% sodium lactate (SL), 0.2% rosemary extract as oleoresin (RE), or their mixture (MIX) were evaluated and compared with control for their storage stability at 3 ± 1 °C in the dark by measuring pH, 2‐thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substance (TBARS) values, sample color (CIE L*, a*, b*, Hue and Chroma), and microbiological content. The pH values of ostrich patties, ranging from 6.03 to 6.13, were not affected by treatment (P < 0.05). At 9 d of storage, TBARS concentration for control samples containing no additives was 1.64 mg malonaldehyde/kg meat. Addition of RE to the ground ostrich meat inhibited lipid oxidation during storage at 3 ± 1 °C (P < 0.05). TBARS values of SL‐added samples were lower than control samples (P < 0.05); addition of SL also delayed the oxidation. It was found that RE had a protective effect on color, whereas addition of SL decreased CIE a* values (P < 0.05). SL, either alone or with RE, was effective in inhibiting total aerobic bacteria (TAB), coliforms, lactic acid bacteria (LAB), and Brochothrix thermosphacta in ostrich patties (P < 0.05) and provided a 2‐log reduction in microbial population during storage. In addition, RE did not have a significant effect on microbial growth at the concentration used in this study.
The roles for coronary surgery and angioplasty in the management of patients with stable angina: evidence and decision making
Authors: Zambanini Andrew , French John K. , Webster Mark W. I. , White Harvey D.
Published: July 2010

Evidence from the randomized studies of coronary surgery suggests that patients who benefit from surgery in terms of improved survival are those with left main stem stenosis, triple vessel coronary artery disease, impaired left ventricular function or higher angina class. Patients currently undergoing surgery are in general older, with more severe angina, more comorbidity and more extensive coronary disease as compared with the population randomized in the earlier studies. Angioplasty has been shown to improve symptoms and to reduce the need for surgery in certain patients. Recent changes in procedural techniques and adjunctive therapies have reduced the number of acute complications and the rate of restenosis. However, recent evidence suggests that some patients with mild angina (< class 2) or good exercise tolerance may not benefit as much from angioplasty as other patients with more severe angina.
The setting up and implementation of a venous thromboembolism prophylaxis policy in clinical hospital practice
Authors: McCarthy  , Byrne  , Silverman
Published: July 2010

Clinical management policies are meant to lead to the delivery of better health care. However, as we demonstrate in this review, having an oral or written venous thromboembolism prophylaxis policy does not necessarily lead to the majority of general surgical inpatients receiving the appropriate prophylaxis. We discovered, through prospective clinical audit, that for a clinical policy to be effective in delivering the appropriate health care, it must be repeatedly scrutinized and implemented in the correct manner. Only after several rounds of the audit cycle were we able to achieve the deliverance of venous thromboembolism prophylaxis to the majority of general surgical patients on our unit. This has wider implications, not just for the implementation of a venous thromboembolism prophylaxis policy, but also for all clinical management policies, and illustrates the importance of clinical audit in clinical practice.
Problems associated with randomized controlled clinical trials in breast cancer
Authors: Johnson Ann E.
Published: July 2010

The domination of the randomized controlled clinical trial in clinical research in breast cancer is questioned in the context of adjuvant therapy. The criteria for selection of cases by TNM classification are shown to be poorly related to tumour behaviour. The factors that determine outcome — the presence or absence of metastases, their size at the time of presentation of the primary cancer and their growth rate — are not measured. Metastases cannot be detected at sizes below about 10 mm in diameter. This represents about 30 doublings of volume or three‐quarters of the life span of the tumour. There is no identifiable starting point for a trial. It is possible to estimate growth rates from the rates of shrinkage in response to primary medical treatment. Modelling of the times at which metastases may appear in the clinic from different possible starting sizes reveals that the usual end points of time from primary diagnosis to metastasis or death have an enormous intrinsic variability. Treatment is merely another confounding variable. The randomized controlled clinical trial is shown to be a poor tool for the investigation of adjuvant treatments. An alternative approach, based upon observation of individual tumour response to primary medical treatment, is commended.
Community‐acquired septic shock: early management and outcome in a nationwide study in Finland
Authors: Varpula M. , Karlsson S. , Parviainen I. , Ruokonen E. , Pettilä V. ,   Finnsepsis Study Group
Published: July 2010

Aim:  To determine how the early treatment guidelines were adopted, and what was the impact of early treatment on mortality in septic shock in Finland.

Methods:  This study was a sub‐analysis of a prospective observational investigation of severe sepsis and septic shock in Finland (Finnsepsis). All patients with severe sepsis over 4 months in 24 intensive care units were included in the Finnsepsis study. Patients with community‐acquired septic shock, admitted directly from the emergency department to the intensive care unit, were included in the sub‐study. The following treatment targets were evaluated: measurement of lactate during the first 6 h; analysis of blood culture before antibiotics; commencement of antibiotics within 3 h; attainment of a mean arterial pressure of ≥65 mmHg, central venous pressure of ≥8 mmHg and central venous oxygen saturation of ≥70% or mixed venous oxygen saturation of ≥65% during the first 6 h.

Results:  Of the 92 patients who fulfilled the inclusion criteria, six reached all treatment targets and 33 reached four or more targets (group ≥4). The hospital mortality of group ≥4 was 24% (8/33), compared with 42% (25/59) for those who reached three or fewer targets (group ≤3) (P= 0.08). The 1‐year mortality rates of group ≥4 and group ≤3 were 36% and 59% (P= 0.04), respectively. In logistic regression analysis, a delayed initiation of antimicrobials was associated with an unfavourable outcome (P= 0.04).

Conclusions:  Compliance with international guidelines for the early treatment of septic shock was poor in Finnish hospitals. A failure to diagnose early and to start appropriate treatment was reflected in the high mortality. The delayed start of antibiotics was the most important individual variable leading to a high mortality in this nationwide study.
Personnel breathing zone sevoflurane concentration adherence to occupational exposure limits in conjunction with filling of vaporisers
Authors: HEIJBEL H. , BJURSTÖM R. , JAKOBSSON J. G.
Published: July 2010

Background: Work place pollution during filling of anaesthetic vaporisers has been a matter of concern. We studied personnel breathing zone ambient air sevoflurane concentrations during filling of sevoflurane with three different filling systems: Quik‐Fil™ for Abbott and Dräger Fill™ resp. Easy‐Fil™ adapters for Baxter sevoflurane bottles, referred to as ‘Abbott and Baxter filling systems’.

Method: Sequential filling of three vaporisers was performed for a 15‐min period, once with each of Abbott and Baxter filling systems, by four nurses. Ambient‐air sevoflurane p.p.m. concentration in the breathing zone was continuously measured using a Miran 1a device during filling, and the mean 15 min sevoflurane concentration was calculated.

Results: All eight measured (4 × 2 sequences) 15‐min mean breathing zone sevoflurane concentrations covering filling of three vaporisers were well below the recommended short‐term value (STV) provided by the Swedish Work Environment Authority (STV 20 p.p.m.).

Conclusion: The breathing zone sevoflurane concentration during filling of sevoflurane with Baxter or Abbott filling systems, in an ordinary operating theatre, was found to be reassuringly below the Swedish recommended STV (20 p.p.m. average for a 15‐min period).
Beobachtungen über die Koloniengründung von Lasius umbratus umbratus Nyl
Authors: Hölldobler Karl
Published: July 2010

1. Lasius umbratus zeigte nach dem Hochzeitsflug den gleichen atavistischen Mordinstinkt wie Lasius mixtus. Im Experiment töteten umbratus‐Weibchen, die noch keine Lasius niger‐Arbeiterinnen erlegt hatten, auch junge niger‐Weibchen, die viel größer waren als sie selbst, und zerstückelten sie. Nachdem sie den Mordtrieb abreagiert hatten, schlossen sie sich jungen niger‐Weibchen an. Umbratus‐Weibchen, die schon eine niger‐Arbeiterin erlegt hatten, schlossen sich gleich an. In einem Versuch ist der Mordinstinkt durch einen erfolglosen Kampf mit einem niger‐Weibchen abreagiert worden. Es kam zum Anschluß an das erst bekämpfte niger‐Weibchen.

2. Einzelne umbratus‐Weibchen lassen sich auch mit mehreren niger‐Weibchen alliieren. Mit anderen umbratus‐Weibchen vertragen sie sich nicht.

3. Wenn man den alliierten Weibchen von umbratus und niger Kokons gibt, werden vom niger‐Weibchen daraus niger‐Arbeiterinnen erzogen, welche die niger‐Königin nach einiger Zeit töten. Es wird aber beobachtet, daß sich auch das umbratus‐Weibchen an dieser Beseitigung der niger‐Königin beteiligen kann.

4. Wenn in einer gemischten Kolonie umbratus‐niger die umbratus die Überhand haben, werden die niger‐Arbeiterinnen ziemlich rasch beseitigt und den Larven gefüttert. Dadurch entsteht in sehr kurzer Zeit eine reine umbratus‐Kolonie aus der ursprünglich gemischten Kolonie.

5. Es wird eine Koloniegründung von umbratus beschrieben, bei welcher das Weibchen vor allem durch seinen Pflegereiz die Aufnahme erreicht.

6. Zwei umbratus‐Weibchen legten in den Versuchen noch im Jahre des Hochzeitsfluges starke Gelege.

7. Die umbratus‐Weibchen zeigten Teilaktivierung des Brutpflegetriebes.

8. Es wird über eine künstlich gemischte Kolonie eines niger‐Weibchens mit flavus‐Arbeiterinnen berichtet, die nach Überhandnahme der niger‐ Arbeiterinnen sehr schnell eine artreine niger‐Kolonie wurde.
Betrachtungen über den Einfluß der Blutlauszehrwespe Aphelinus mali (Hald.) auf den Massenwechsel ihres Wirtes, der Apfelblutlaus Eriosoma lanigerum (Hausm.), in den Niederlanden
Authors: Evenhuis H. H.
Published: July 2010

Überlegungen über den Einfluß des Blutlausparasiten Aphelinus mali ♂ Hald. (♀) (Chalcid. Hym.) auf seinen Wirt, die Apfelblutlaus, Eriosoma lanigerum (Hausm.) (Eriosomat. Homopt.), werden angestellt. Obwohl die Vermehrungsfähigkeit des ersteren viel geringer als die des letzteren ist, wird nachgewiesen, daß dies nicht notwendigerweise bedeutet, daß der Parasit nicht in der Lage wäre, seinen Wirt unter Kontrolle zu halten. Allerdings muß die Bevölkerungsdichte des Parasiten, verglichen mit der des Wirtes, genügend hoch sein. Nach einem normalen Winter in Holland wird diese Bedingung erfüllt. Dennoch kann die Zehrwespe im Frühling und Frühsommer die Blutlaus nicht völlig ausschalten, da Wirtstiere nicht in ausreichender Anzahl aufgefunden werden. Während dieser Zeit nimmt deshalb die Parasitierung ab.

Ende Juli/Anfang August steigt die Parasitierung wieder an, da die Vermehrungsfähigkeit der Blutlaus infolge der ungünstiger gewordenen Bedin‐gungen auf der Nährpflanze fast zum Stillstand kommt. Wenn im Herbst die Ernährungsverhältnisse für die Laus wieder günstig werden, erfolgt ein neuer Anstieg der Blutlauspopulation. Aphelinus mali geht zu dieser Zeit in Diapause. Die Parasitierung sinkt daher im Herbst soweit, bis sie zu Beginn des Frühjahrs nahezu gleich Null ist.

Reflections are given on the influence of the woolly aphid parasite, Aphelinus mali (Hald.), on its host, the woolly apple aphid, Eriosoma lanigerum (Hausm.). Although the reproductive capacity of the former is much smaller than that of the latter, it is shown that this does not necessarily mean that the parasite is not able to control its host; however, the population density of the parasite has to be sufficiently high then as compared to that of its host. After a normal Dutch winter this condition is fulfilled. Nevertheless the parasite is not able to control its host in spring and in early summer, because it is unable to find sufficient hosts. So the parasitization is decreasing during this period.

At the end of July or the beginning of August the parasitization percentage increases owing to the fact that the reproduction of the woolly aphid is slowing down even to almost nought as a result of a less suitable condition of the food plant.

In autumn the food plant becomes suitable again, giving rise to a new increase of the population of the woolly aphid. Aphelinus mali then is going into diapause; the parasitization percentage drops in autumn until it is nought in early spring.
Ergebnisse von Bodentieruntersuchungen im Reinhardswald
Authors: HAMMAD S. M.
Published: July 2010

The soil fauna of the Sababurg Nature Reserve in Reinhardswald and the adjoining commercial woodlands was studied from December 1957 to August 1958 using the Tullgren method as modified by Schimitschek. The physical characteristics of the soil were also studied.

Mites formed the greater part of the fauna, followed by Collembola and then Diptera. The majority of the mites were Oribatids and their highest percentage was 83.613 % in April in a commercial spruce wood. Trombidiforms reached their greatest density (35.644%) during July in oak leaf mould. The highest percentage of Acaridiae (23.954°/o) and Mesostigmata (19.152%) also occurred in July, in beech leaf mould and grass under ferns respectively. All other groups of animals except mites, Collembola and Uiptera decreased in numbers. True earthworms (Lumbricidae) occurred only in beech leaf mould, whilst Enchytraeids could be found in all the other soils studied. Myriapods were present throughout in small numbers but formed a relatively larger part of the fauna of beech and oak leaf moulds.

The density of mites and Collembola was dependent on the physical characteristics of the soil in both the developed and the undeveloped parts of the Sababurg Forest, particularly on the air capacity and the amount of organic matter. The effect of soil pH and human activities on the mite and Collembolan populations could not be established here; there was a high population density of microarthropods in soils with an air capacity of more than 15 % and an organic matter content greater than 25%.
Erster Nachweis einer Eidiapause bei den Jassiden Euscelis plebejus Fall. und lineolatus Brullé (Homoptera Auchenorrhyncha)1
Authors: MÜLLER H. J.
Published: July 2010

Bei den Jassiden Euscelis plebejus Fall. und Euscelis lineolatus Brullé werden im Herbst in zunehmendem Maße ausschließlich (plebejus) oder bis zu einem gewissen Prozentsatz Eier abgelegt, die eine Diapause durchmachen. In beiden Fällen bilden diese aber nur eine Nebenform der überwinterung, da bei plebejus die Mehrzahl der früher (bis Ende September) abgelegten Eier im Freien noch schlüpft und die entstehenden Larven auf mittleren Stadien in Quieszenz überwintern, während Herbst‐Weibchen von lineolatus vorwiegend Subitaneier erzeugen, die ebenfalls in Quieszenz den Winter überdauern. Die ökologische und phaenologische Bedeutung dieser doppelgleisigen überwinterung für die Generationenfolge und das photoperiodisch bedingte Erscheinungsbild der saisondimorphen Euscelis‐Arten wird dargestellt.

In autumn the females of the leafhoppers Euscelis plebejus Fall. and E. lineolatus Brullé produce an increasing proportion (plebejus finally 100%) of eggs, which enter diapause and do not hatch before the next spring. In both species this egg diapause nevertheless performs an only additional mode of hibernation. The majority of the E. plebejus eggs laid until the midst of September still hatch in autumn and the resulting larvae are able to overwinter by quiescence on middle stages. The lineolatus females in contrast produce ‐ also later in the season ‐ a higher percentage of nondiapausing eggs passing the winter in quiescence too. The ecological and phenological consequences of these dual hibernation lines are discussed specially in view both of the generation cycles of Euscelis species in Europe and of the different appearance of their saisonal forms induced by daylength during larval development.
Über das Auftreten von einigen Forstschädlingen in der Türkei
Authors: Acatay Abdulgafur
Published: July 2010

Es werden eine Reihe von Beobachtungen über Auftreten und Bedeutung einiger Forstschädlinge in der Türkei mitgeteilt. Die bisher unbekannte Lebensweise von Leptura ciliciensis Dan. wird beschrieben. Pseudopachymerina lallemantii Marseul vernichtete 90% Samen von Acacia odorata. Es wurde festgestellt, daß Lithocolletis platani Stgr. als Raupe in den Minen der abgefallenen Platanenblätter überwintert.

A series of observations has been made on the incidence and importance of some forest insect pests of Turkey. The life history of Leptura ciliciensis Dan. – hitherto unknown – is described. Pseudopachymerina lallemantii Marseul destroyed 90% of the seeds of Acacia odorata. It has been found that Lithocolletis platani Stgr. overwinters as a larva in the mines of leaves of Platanus fallen to the ground.
Neuere Kenntnisse aus der Bionomie der Raupenparasiten von Choristoneura murinana Hb. und Epinotia nigricana H. S. (Lep., Tortricidae)
Authors: ČApek Miroslav
Published: July 2010

1. Cephaloglypta murinanae Bauer oviposits in L1–2 of Choristoneura murinana Hb. and prefers to attack larvae within their hibernacula over mobile larvae. Average longevity of males is 2 weeks, that of females 4 weeks. The natural food consists probably of honeydew.

2. Lissonota buolianae Htg. oviposits in L1–2 of Epinotia nigricana H. S. or L2–3 of Zeiraphera rufimitrana H. S. and it may be accordingly monovoltine or bivoltine. Average longevity is more than two months when feeding, but the adults can starve up to 3 weeks. The natural food consists also of honeydew. The production of eggs amounts to about 70 eggs.

3. Ephialtes buolianae Htg. was ascertained as one of the most important parasites of Choristoneura murinana Hb. in two localities. It is a gregarious parasite of the host larvae.
Beiträge zur Biologie und Ökologie der Schlupfwespen (Ichneumonidae)
Authors: Györfi J.
Published: July 2010

Es wird darauf hingewiesen, daß die Unhölzer und Bodenpflanzen der Wälder und waldnahen Gebiete für die Schlupfwespen wichtige Glieder der Biocönose darstellen. Daß gleichaltrige Reinbestände häufiger von Insektenschäden heimgesucht werden als Mischwälder, liegt nicht zuletzt im Mangel an Nährpflanzen für die Wechselwirte der Nützlinge.

Die Schlupfwespen der Wälder suchen zur Nahrungsaufnahme die Blütenpflanzen der Waldwiesen, Lichtungen und Waldränder auf. Die von ihnen bevorzugten Blütenpflanzen werden aufgezählt.

In einer Liste werden 48 in den letzten zwei Jahrzehnten gezüchtete Schlupfwespen und ihre Wirte aufgeführt.

Forests weeds and other undergrowth in or near forests represent an important element for the comunity of parasitic wasps. The fact that even‐aged monocultures of conifers are more often damaged by insect pests than are mixed woods can partly be explained by the lack in monocultures of food‐plants for alternate hosts of these useful parasites.

The Ichneumonids of forests feed on flowers at forest meadows, clear‐cuttings, and edges of forests. The preferred food plants are enumerated.

A further list contains 48 host records obtained from rearings during the last two decades.
Zum Massenwechsel der Insekten
Authors: Heidenreich E.
Published: July 2010

Im Massenwechsel der Insekten können ebenso wie die Wirtspflanzen auch physiologische Eigenschaften der Insekten bei schwankender Potenz unter dem selektionierenden Einfluß abiotischer und biotischer Faktoren von Bedeutung sein und cine eingehendere Beobachtung dieser Faktoren in der Latenz nahelegen.

The paper stresses the importance in population dynamics of studying also the physiological conditions of the insect population, particularly during periods of endemic densities.
Beobachtungen zur Verbreitung der Kleinen Fichtenblattwespe Pristiphora abietina Christ, in Österreich im Zeitraum 1945—1962 und zur Auswirkung verschiedener Bekämpfungsmethoden
Authors: Jahn Else , Sinreich Anna
Published: July 2010

The paper reviews the post‐war mass outbreaks of the small spruce sawfly in Austria. The incidence of this pest was most pronounced in lowland areas in which the original deciduous woods hat been replaced by monocultures of Norway spruce.

In chemical control, BCH, parathion and malathion gave good results. Excellent success was also obtained with “Sevin” and “Kerfex”, the latter product having proved to be particularly easy to handle.
Zum Überwinterungsverhalten der Tannenläuse der Gattung Dreyfusia (Hemipt., Adelgidae)1
Authors: Eichhorn O.
Published: July 2010

Investigations during the years 1953–1962 in the Black Forest and in Switzerland proved, that the different species of the wooly aphid genus Dreyfusia show a different way of hibernation. D. piceae hibernates nearly exclusively as L1 (first instar larva) and thus holds a special position amongst the four species investigated. Of D. nüsslini, f. typica und f. schneideri more than 75 per cent hibernate as L2 and less than 10 per cent as L1. On Abies nordmanniana D. nüsslini, f. typica hibernates nearly exclusively as L3. D. merkeri taking the average of all samples hibernates with more than one third of the individuals as L1 and with about 45 per cent as L2. The rate of third instars varies between 1–37 per cent. D. prelli is the only species which developes during normal winters and partly commences egg laying already in January. Exceptions from this overwintering behaviour and their possible reasons are discussed.
Über die Nahrungswahl bei Dactynotus Raf.(Aphididae) I. Die Wirtsspektren der Gruppe D. jaceae (L.) s. lat. und D. cichorii (Koch) s. lat.
Authors: Mosbacher Georg Christian
Published: July 2010

Mit Hilfe des Wirtswahlversuchs (Mehrpflanzenangebot) und des Fecundity‐Testes (Übertragung auf einzelne Pflanzen) werden die Wirtsspektren der zur Jaceae‐Gruppe zählenden, mono‐ und oligophagen Aphidenarten Dactynotus jaceae s. lat., D. montanivorus, D. minor und D. aeneus und der Wirtskreis von D. cichorii s. lat. festgestellt.

Als Maß für die Wirtseignung einer Pflanze dient ihre “Suszeptibilität” im Fecundity‐Test, die sich aus der Lebensdauer der übertragenen apteren Virgines, aus deren Fertilität und aus der Mortalität der Junglarven errechnen läßt. Die Testpflanzen lassen sich nach ihrer relativen Qualität zum spezifischen Hauptwirt der untersuchten Blattlaus in drei Klassen einteilen. Einzelne von ihnen, wie Centaurea phrygia bei der Jaceae‐Gruppe und Leontodon autumnalis bei D. cichorii s. lat. stellen als “neutrale” Pflanzen erstklassige Substrate für mehrere Aphidenformen dar. Zweitklassige Wirte können zumindest temporär als Notsubstrat fungieren; ihre Zahl bringt die noch vorhandene Pluripotenz in der Wirtswahl einer Blattlaus zum Ausdruck. Pflanzen der 3. Qualitätsklasse sind praktisch völlig resistent.

Die Ablehnung einer nichtspezifischen Pflanze beruht in erster Linie auf Präferenzresistenz, also auf einer Minderung in der Saugbereitschaft der Tiere. Mit der abnehmenden Quantität an aufgenommener Nahrung sinkt die Fertilität und erhöht sich die Mortalität von Virgines und Larven.

Geringere Wirtseignung bedeutet Verzögerung der Larvalentwicklung. Die Größe der Tochterimagines scheint dagegen nicht allein von der Akzeptabilität der Pflanze abhängig, sondern wenigstens zum Teil substratspezifisch zu sein. Ein Einfluß der Wirtsqualität der Unterlage auf die Morphendetermination konnte nicht festgestellt werden.

Aus der relativen Stellung der einzelnen Pflanzen in den Wirtskreisen derverschiedenen Aphidenformen ergeben sich gewisse Konvergenzen zu ihrer botanischen Verwandtschaft.

Das Prinzip der Nahrungsspezifität und die Bedeutung dieser Spezialisation für die taxonomische Aufgliederung der beiden morphologisch sehr einheitlichen Blattlausformenkomplexe werden diskutiert.
Zur Frage der Überwinterung der Gräser‐Thysanopteren
Authors: Wetzel Theo
Published: July 2010

1. Im Rahmen der Winterlageruntersuchungen von Gräser‐Thysanopteren in Plaußig (Kr. Leipzig) konnten insgesamt 5286 Individuen erbeutet werden, die 17 verschiedenen Arten angehören.

2. Die Überwinterung erfolgt vornehmlich im Grasgenist und in der Laubstreu mäßig feuchter bis trockener Biotope, wie z. B. an Waldrändern, unter Hecken, auf Feld‐ und Wegrainen und Dämmen. Grassamenschläge dienen einigen Blasenfußarten erst dann als Winterquartiere, wenn eine Verwachsung der Zwischenreihen erfolgt und eine dichte Bodenbedeckung durch abgestorbene Pflanzenteile gegeben ist.

3. Als Überwinterungsstadien kommen hauptsächlich weibliche Volltiere in Frage; überwinternde Entwicklungsstadien wurden nur bei den Arten Aeolothrips albicinctus Hal. und Aptinothrips rufus (Gmel.) Hal. nachgewiesen.

4. Der Zeitpunkt und der Verlauf der Abwanderung aus den Winterlagern wird im Frühjahr in erster Linie durch die herrschenden Temperaturverhältnisse bestimmt. Während Aptinothrips rufus (Gmel.) Hal. und Limothrips denticornis Hal. bereits bei vorübergehendem Anstieg der Lufttemperatur auf 15°C. ihre Winterquartiere räumen, vollzieht sich die Abwanderung bei Aeolothrips albicinctus Hal. und Chirothrips manicatus Hal. erst im Laufe einer anhaltenden Schönwetterperiode mit Temperaturen von über 20°C.

A total of 5286 individuals belonging to 17 species was obtained during investigations into the overwintering sites of grass Thysanoptera at Plaußig (Kr. Leipzig).

Overwintering takes place mainly in grass debris and in leaf litter in moderately damp to dry biotopes such as the edges of woods, under hedges, at the sides of fields and roads, and ditches. Seed grass fields serve as overwintering sites for some species only when the spaces between the rows have become overgrown and there is a close ground layer of dead plant material.

The insects usually overwinter as adult females; overwintering by nymphal stages was found only in Aeolothrips albicinctus Hal. and Aptinothrips rufus (Gmel.) Hal.

The time the overwintering sites are left in the Spring depends mainly on temperature. Whilst Aptinothrips rufus (Gmel.) Hal. comes out of hibernation if the temperature reaches 15°C for a short time, Aeolothrips albicinctus Hal. and Chirothrips manicatus Hal. do not move until there is a lengthy period of fine weather with temperatures above 20°C.
Nahrungsfindung und Chemotaxien bei holzbewohnenden Käfern
Authors: Becker Günther
Published: July 2010

There is very little data on taste orientation in wood feeding insects.

A comparison of the even fewer known examples of scent orientation and the role of scent materials in food finding by wood dwelling beetles shows a wide range of chemical possibilities. These vary between an adaptation to a few, strictly definable, mutually very similar compounds and a reaction to different and varied mixtures of substances. It must be ascertained whether, in the latter case, certain common groups of substances are decisive or whether the reaction capabilities of certain fresh wood insects is actually very wide chemically.