bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Response of soil phytolith occluded organic carbon accumulation to long‐term vegetation restoration in Southwest China karst
Authors: Wang Ke , Sheng Maoyin , Wang Linjiao , He Yu , Guo Chao
Published: June 2022

Aboveground vegetation can significantly affect soil PhytOC (phytolith occluded organic carbon) accumulation. To clarify the response of soil PhytOC accumulation to long‐term vegetation restoration in Southwest China karst, the four typical vegetation restoration engineering types of tree, shrub, vine forest, and grassland construction including seven species planting measures carried out 28–31 years ago were selected as study objects. And studies on their effects on soil PhytOC content and storage were conducted. Results showed that long‐term vegetation restorations obviously increased soil PhytOC accumulation and changed the proportion of soil PhytOC to total soil organic carbon. Among the different engineering types or species planting measures of vegetation restoration, there were significant or extremely significant differences in effects on soil PhytOC accumulation. Among the four types of restoration engineering, the tree forest construction had the best increase effect on soil PhytOC accumulation. And among the seven kinds of planting measures, the increased effect on soil PhytOC accumulation of Tectona grandis ('teak' an angiosperm tree species) planting was the highest. Vegetation biomass and litters were the key influencing factors on soil PhytOC accumulation. Soil C:P and N:P had significant effects on soil PhytOC accumulation by changing aboveground vegetation biomass and litters. Human activities could significantly change soil PhytOC content and storage, and reducing human activities of tilling and harvesting would be beneficial to soil PhytOC accumulation. The present results not only provided scientific bases for the vegetation rehabilitation of increasing soil PhytOC accumulation in outhwest China karst but also were great of significance in promoting stable soil C sequestration of the global terrestrial ecosystems.
Land use and cover change in Northeast China and its impacts on the Xing'an permafrost in 1980s–2010s
Authors: Wang Hongwei , Jin Huijun , Li Xiaoying , He Ruixia , Șerban Raul‐D. , Jin Xiaoying , Yang Xue , Șerban Mihaela , Yang Suiqiao , Wang Wenhui
Published: June 2022

Boreal forest and wetland have important influences on the development and protection of the ecosystem‐dominated Xing'an permafrost. However, the responses of different ecosystems to climate change and the impacts on the underlying permafrost are still unclear. Here, based on the multi‐period land use/land cover (LULC) data and long‐time series of air temperature, combined with the ordinary least squares (OLS) and ordinary kriging (OK) methods, the effects of land use and cover change (LUCC) on the distribution of mean annual air temperature (MAAT) and permafrost in Northeast China were analyzed. From 1980s to 2010s, MAAT showed an upward trend (0.025°C per yr) and extents of permafrost showed a decreasing trend (−3668 km2yr−1) in Northeast China. Permafrost degradation mainly occurred in forested land and grassland, with areal reductions of 4.0106 × 104and 3.8754 × 104 km2, respectively. The transformation of LULC aggravates the degradation of permafrost. The conversions of forested land and grassland to cultivated land and forested land to grassland resulted in the shrinkage of permafrost extent by 6233 km2from 1980s to 2010s . Our results confirm the significant impacts of LUCC on the Xing'an permafrost resulting in its degradation. Additionally, they can provide a scientific basis for ecological environment protection and restoration and sustainable development of boreal forest and wetland ecosystems in permafrost regions of Northeast China.
Dynamics arising from the impact of large‐scale afforestation on ecosystem services
Authors: Wang Yunchen , Li Boyan
Published: June 2022

Understanding how multiple ecosystem services interact, how trade‐offs emerge, and how interactions among ecosystem services may change after the Grain‐for‐Green‐Program (GFGP) and is critical for managing multiple ecosystem services. Here, we conducted a spatiotemporal approach to quantify the impact of large‐scale afforestation on four key ecosystem services (i.e., crop production, soil conservation, carbon sequestration, and water conservation). We observed that three satellite datasets (i.e., GIMMS‐LAI3g, GIMMS‐NDVI3g, and NDVI‐ESTARFM) time‐series show a slightly improved and significantly improved trends, and crop production, carbon sequestration, soil conservation, and water conservation have improved after the implementation of GFGP. Simultaneously, almost 49% of the low levels and 58% of the high levels for all four of the ecosystem services considered changed after the implementation of GFGP. The results also show that relationships among ecosystem services have shifted from a trade‐off in 1988 and 1999 to an apparent synergistic relationship in 2011.We conclude that GFGP is a successful programme for addressing trade‐offs between services. Our study provides experiential support for large‐scale restoration programme in humid area around the World.
Formation mechanism of plant diversity in mechanical sand‐control technique‐implemented dunes in China
Authors: Yu Ming‐Han , Bao Yan‐feng , Ding Guo‐dong , He Yingying , Wang Chun‐Yuan
Published: June 2022

Although the influence of mechanical sand control techniques on vegetation on degraded sand dunes has received much attention for a long time, our understanding of the underlying processes of plant community formation is not yet strong. Analyses of trends in the turnover and nestedness components of beta diversity can be informative of the process of response to sand dune stabilization. In this study, we applied a field investigation of sand dunes at different stabilization stages in northern China. We then used Baselga's method to calculate total beta diversity and partition it into spatial turnover and nestedness to clarify the underlying community change processes. Our study indicated that the implementation of straw checkerboard techniques significantly increased the beta diversity of the community, leading to species heterogeneity. Species turnover was the main contributor to species beta diversity, and it was caused by high environmental heterogeneity with sand dune stabilization. The contribution of the nestedness component to beta diversity decreased with dune stabilization, indicating that with stabilization, dissimilarity was largely driven by variation in community composition rather than differences in taxonomic richness. This study provides insights into the underlying variation in species composition among sites where mechanical sand fixation engineering has been implemented and important guidelines for combating desertification.
A survey of computable biomedical knowledge repositories
Authors: Platt Jodyn E. , Solomonides Anthony E. , Walker Philip D. , Amara Philip S. , Richardson Joshua E. , Middleton Blackford ,   The Mobilizing Computable Biomedical Knowledge Trust and Policy Work Group
Published: June 2022

Introduction

While data repositories are well‐established in clinical and research enterprises, knowledge repositories with shareable computable biomedical knowledge (CBK) are relatively new entities to the digital health ecosystem. Trustworthy knowledge repositories are necessary for learning health systems, but the policies, standards, and practices to promote trustworthy CBK artifacts and methods to share, and safely and effectively use them are not well studied

Methods

We conducted an online survey of 24 organizations in the United States known to be involved in the development or deployment of CBK. The aim of the survey was to assess the current policies and practices governing these repositories and to identify best practices. Descriptive statistics methods were applied to data from 13 responding organizations, to identify common practices and policies instantiating the TRUST principles of Transparency, Responsibility, User Focus, Sustainability, and Technology

Results

All 13 respondents indicated to different degrees adherence to policies that convey TRUST. Transparency is conveyed by having policies pertaining to provenance, credentialed contributors, and provision of metadata. Repositories provide knowledge in machine‐readable formats, include implementation guidelines, and adhere to standards to convey Responsibility. Repositories report having Technology functions that enable end‐users to verify, search, and filter for knowledge products. Less common TRUST practices are User Focused procedures that enable consumers to know about user licensing requirements or query the use of knowledge artifacts. Related to Sustainability, less than a majority post describe their sustainability plans. Few organizations publicly describe whether patients play any role in their decision‐making.

Conclusion

It is essential that knowledge repositories identify and apply a baseline set of criteria to lay a robust foundation for their trustworthiness leading to optimum uptake, and safe, reliable, and effective use to promote sharing of CBK. Identifying current practices suggests a set of desiderata for the CBK ecosystem in its continued evolution
Microstructured Scales in Porous Piezoresistive Vibration Sensor with Strain‐Rate‐Adaptive Gauge Factor
Authors: Korrapati Mallikarjuna , Chauhan Sunita , Tang Yunlong , Gupta Dipti
Published: June 2022

Flexible vibration sensors extend vibration sensor applications to wearable devices that can detect the body's mechano‐vibration signatures. In addition, the sensors act as a good interface in the curved shapes of machinery for better measurement. Such flexible vibration sensors that comprise ultrahigh displacement sensitivity and good dynamic response can be developed by using highly sensitive mechanisms such as crack‐based sensors (CBS) or hair‐like sensors (HLS). In this work, a porous piezoresistive sensor is fabricated by coating porous poly‐dimethyl siloxane (PDMS) with graphene elastomer ink to create a conductive network in the porous structure. Squamous microstructured scales are observed on the pore walls due to a coating of graphene elastomer ink on the expanded porous structure and contracting back to its original shape. It is assumed that the scales on the pore walls impact electromechanical characterization by imparting strain‐rate adaptability and dynamic resistance. Additionally, the developed sensors display a highly distinct segmented gauge factor in different strain rates in quasi‐static characterization, and the gauge factor increases proportionally to the strain rate. Consequently, the sensor can detect vibrations in a bandwidth of 1–1000 Hz and respond to acceleration from 0.01–1.01 g.
The heart, brain, and body of marketing: Complementary roles of neurophysiological measures in tracking emotions, memory, and ad effectiveness
Authors: Baldo Davide , Viswanathan Vaidyanathan S. , Timpone Richard J. , Venkatraman Vinod
Published: June 2022

While neuromarketing research delineates how specific neurophysiological methods offer predictive power beyond traditional survey methods, few studies explore how these methods can be used concurrently to measure outcomes across marketing contexts. We address this gap by simultaneously eliciting multiple neurophysiological measures: inter‐beat interval from heart rate, skin conductance response, and frontal alpha asymmetry from electroencephalography (EEG) across multiple stimulus categories, and associating them with distinct psychological (emotional valence and arousal) and marketing (ad recognition and ad effectiveness) outcomes. We found that inter‐beat interval was associated with emotional valence while skin conductance response was associated with emotional arousal across all stimulus types. Critically, self‐reported arousal and inter‐beat interval at both the aggregate and frame level were associated with ad recognition, but self‐reported valence was not. Finally, inter‐beat interval and frontal alpha asymmetry played complementary roles in predicting out‐of‐sample ad effectiveness. Specifically, while inter‐beat interval was a significant predictor of out‐of‐sample brand recognition and not purchase intention, frontal alpha asymmetry was associated with purchase intention and not brand recognition components of ad effectiveness. Our results demonstrate distinct and complementary marketing applications for inter‐beat interval, skin conductance response, and frontal alpha asymmetry and provide valuable insights to practitioners seeking to incorporate findings from these neurophysiological methodologies into their marketing decisions.
Therapies, Research Funding, and Racial Diversity in Essential Tremor: A Systematic Review of the Literature
Authors: Zesiewicz Theresa , Vega Joshua , Gooch Clifton , Ghanekar Shaila , Huang Yangxin , Bezchlibnyk Yarema , Staffetti Joseph , Kingsbury Chase
Published: June 2022

Background

Essential tremor (ET) is one of the most common tremor disorders in the world. Despite this, only one medication, propranolol, is approved by the Food and Drug Administration to treat it.

Objectives

We analyzed controlled clinical trials in ET, spanning the last 50 years, to identify potential shortcomings in the therapeutic clinical pipeline.

Methods

Outcomes reviewed included demographics (specifically gender and race), therapeutic modalities, funding information, location of research, and trends over time. Clinical trials published in English were identified in scientific databases (Pubmed, SCOPUS, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, ClinicalTrials.gov, and the World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform from 1970 through December 2021. Included trials were prospective, either single‐ or double‐blinded (including blinded video assessments for surgical trials), with change in limb, head, or voice tremor as the primary outcome measure.

Results

One hundred and eighty‐six controlled clinical trials were accepted for extraction, including 4207 patients. Of the 145 trials that included gender, males comprised 59% of the patient population. Only 6.4% of studies provided racial demographics; in these studies, 70.5% of patients were Caucasian. The most common therapeutic modality over the past 50 years was “pharmaceutical” (56%), and the most common pharmaceutical studied was propranolol (32%). 41% of clinical trials reported no specific funding.

Conclusions

Future efforts should focus on increasing funding for clinical trial research in ET worldwide, and trials should be designed to be more inclusive of disadvantaged minorities.
Progress and perspective on hydrogen sulfide donors and their biomedical applications
Authors: Song Zi‐Long , Zhao Lanning , Ma Tao , Osama Alsiddig , Shen Tong , He Yilin , Fang Jianguo
Published: June 2022

Following the discovery of nitric oxide (NO) and carbon monoxide (CO), hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has been identified as the third gasotransmitter in humans. Increasing evidence have shown that H2S is of preventive or therapeutic effects on diverse pathological complications. As a consequence, it is of great significance to develop suitable approaches of H2S‐based therapeutics for biomedical applications. H2S‐releasing agents (H2S donors) play important roles in exploring and understanding the physiological functions of H2S. More importantly, accumulating studies have validated the theranostic potential of H2S donors in extensive repertoires of in vitro and in vivo disease models. Thus, it is imperative to summarize and update the literatures in this field. In this review, first, the background of H2S on its chemical and biological aspects is concisely introduced. Second, the studies regarding the H2S‐releasing compounds are categorized and described, and accordingly, their H2S‐donating mechanisms, biological applications, and therapeutic values are also comprehensively delineated and discussed. Necessary comparisons between related H2S donors are presented, and the drawbacks of many typical H2S donors are analyzed and revealed. Finally, several critical challenges encountered in the development of multifunctional H2S donors are discussed, and the direction of their future development as well as their biomedical applications is proposed. We expect that this review will reach extensive audiences across multiple disciplines and promote the innovation of H2S biomedicine.
Elliptic‐ and hyperbolic‐function solutions of the nonlocal reverse‐time and reverse‐space‐time nonlinear Schrödinger equations
Authors: Li Bo‐Wen , Xu Tao , Zhang Tian‐Li , An Li‐Cong , Chen Yang
Published: June 2022

In this paper, we obtain the stationary elliptic‐ and hyperbolic‐function solutions of the nonlocal reverse‐time and reverse‐space‐time nonlinear Schrödinger (NLS) equations based on their connection with the standard Weierstrass elliptic equation. The reverse‐time NLS equation possesses the bounded
‐,
‐,
‐,
‐, and
‐function solutions. Of special interest, the
‐function solution can display both the dark‐ and antidark‐soliton profiles. The reverse‐space‐time NLS equation admits the general Jacobian elliptic‐function solutions (which are exponentially growing at one infinity or display the periodical oscillation in
), the bounded
‐ and
‐function solutions, as well as the
‐shifted
‐ and
function solutions. In addition, the hyperbolic‐function solutions may exhibit an exponential growth behavior at one infinity, or show the gray/bright‐soliton profiles.
Some results of Watson and Plancherel‐type integral transforms related to the Hartley, Fourier convolutions and applications
Authors: Tuan Trinh
Published: June 2022

In this article, we study the Watson‐type integral transforms for the convolutions related to the Hartley and Fourier transformations. We establish necessary and sufficient conditions for these operators to be unitary in the space
and get their inverse represented in the conjugate symmetric form. Furthermore, we also formulate the Plancherel‐type theorem for the aforementioned operators, proved a sequence of functions that converge to the original function in the norm of
, and further show the boundedness of these operators. Besides showing the obtained results, we demonstrate how to use it to solve the class of integro‐differential equations Barbashin type, the differential equations, and the system of differential equations. Numerical examples are given for illustrating the obtained results to ensure their validity and applicability.
Global classical solutions of a kind of boundary value problem for quasilinear hyperbolic systems
Authors: Liu Cun‐Ming , Dou Hao‐Nan
Published: June 2022

In this paper, we consider a stability problem of a kind of boundary value problem for quasilinear hyperbolic systems. For small boundary data, we prove that the
solution exists globally in time when the system is weakly linearly degenerate. In the special case of linear degeneracy, the smallness assumption on the boundary data is weakened. The error estimate in
space between two different solutions with different boundary data is also obtained. In our proof, an important estimate which describes the interaction of different waves is established by constructing a continuous Glimm function. This estimate together with uniform a prior estimates with respect to the time leads to the global‐in‐time existence of smooth solutions. Finally, we apply the stability results to the isentropic Euler equations and the system of the motion of an elastic string.
Stable isotope values of carbon and nitrogen in hair compared to bone collagen from individuals with known medical histories (Bohemia, 19th–21st centuries)
Authors: Drtikolová Kaupová Sylva , Velemínský Petr , Grossová Iva , Půtová Lenka , Cvrček Jan
Published: June 2022

This study explores the impact of physiological stress on carbon and nitrogen isotopic values in hair and on the isotopic offsets between hair and bone. Isotopic values were measured in hair from 18 individuals who died between 1884 and 2006; isotopic values of bone collagen in ribs and femurs were measured in a previous study.

The average nitrogen isotopic offset between average hair and rib value (Δ15Nhair‐rib) was −1.2 ± 0.7‰ and Δ13Chair‐rib was −0.7 ± 0.4‰. Individuals with chronic disease showed more variable hair‐rib isotopic offsets, as well as higher isotopic variation within the isotopic profile, than did those who died suddenly. Relatively low nitrogen offsets were observed in three individuals with bone isotopic values suggesting cachexia. Increases in both carbon and nitrogen isotopic values following worsening health were observed in two individuals with detailed medical histories. Both carbon and nitrogen isotopic values in hair differ between particular families and show a significant relationship to year of death.

These results suggest that diet and/or shifts in the isotopic composition of consumed food are the main factors impacting the isotopic values of studied individuals even during the final period of life. On the other hand, evidence of biological stress, which was not observable in bone collagen, was found in the individual hair isotopic records. For hair‐bone isotopic offset, the results suggest the impact of cachexia varying in relation to the timing and progress of the cachectic event.
Nature‐reliant, low‐income households face the highest rates of woody‐plant encroachment in South Africa
Authors: White Joseph D. M. , Stevens Nicola , Fisher Jolene T. , Archibald Sally , Reynolds Chevonne
Published: June 2022

Woody‐plant encroachment is an under‐recognized consequence of land degradation. This phenomenon is common in rangeland ecosystems, where woody plants outcompete grasses, resulting in a shift to more wooded ecosystems. The consequences of this for livelihoods are most often damaging. Case studies at a local scale have shown negative consequences for ecosystem services and livelihoods, though few have considered these impacts over greater scales to find more generalizable patterns that are useful for governance structures at actionable levels.

Here we make use of census data on household income and use of provisioning ecosystem services together with remote‐sensed woody‐plant encroachment data to perform the first country‐wide assessment at the municipal level across South Africa investigating correlations between woody cover change and (1) household income and (2) the use of provisioning ecosystem services use.

We show that woody‐plant encroachment is greatest in municipalities with low income and a higher reliance on provisioning ecosystem services, specifically when woody cover was low. This reinforces a poverty trap by creating a positive‐feedback loop. For example, encroached landscapes with lower grass cover are more prone to overgrazing, decreasing fuel loads and further driving encroachment. This places more pressure on the remaining grass cover and decreases the provisioning of ecosystem services.

Furthermore, our results allow us to rank the most affected municipalities based on income, reliance on provisioning ecosystem services and rates of woody cover change. We identify 16 municipalities requiring much‐needed interventions due to the risk of woody‐plant encroachment to natural resource‐reliant livelihoods.

We suggest that interventions to reduce woody‐plant encroachment be targeted in low‐income communities, providing a win–win scenario for livelihoods and biodiversity. We recommend that woody‐plant encroachment be recognized as major form of land degradation and that restoration of encroached landscapes be prioritized within the UN Decade of Ecological Restoration 2021–2030.

Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.
Use ofPennisetum glaucumstem powder waste as reinforcement in epoxy composites
Authors: S. Senthil , K. Murugananthan
Published: June 2022

The physicochemical, thermal, and tensile characteristics ofPennisetum glaucumstem powder (PGSP) are described in this article. According to chemical analysis, PGSP contains a larger percentage of cellulose (58.43 wt%) and lower percentages of hemicelluloses (12.86 wt%) and lignin (14.34 wt%). PGSP has a crystallinity index of 56.8%, with a crystallite size of 22.37 nm. A scanning electron microscopy and an atomic force microscopy were used to analyze the external morphology of PGSP. The thermogravimetric analysis of the PGSP exhibited a thermal constancy of 230°C and kinetic activation energy of 88.3 kJ/mol, indicating that it might be used as a filler material in thermoplastic resins with processing temperatures up to 230°C. Mechanical testing of PGSP‐reinforced epoxy composites signified that 9 wt% reinforcement is optimal to achieve improved properties. All the above findings of this investigation proved that PGSP can be used as a suitable primary and a secondary filler in polymer matrixes and it can also be used to make fused deposition modeling filaments for 3D printing.
Pin‐bearing connection strength of single‐bolted pultruded glass fiber‐reinforced polymer profiles strengthened by glass fiber sheet
Authors: Nhut Phan Viet , Tran Quang Duc , Matsumoto Yukihiro
Published: June 2022

This study's aim was to research the ultimate loads and failure modes of single‐bolted pultruded glass‐fiber‐reinforced polymer (PGFRP) connections reinforced by glass fiber sheets (GFSs) under pin‐bearing conditions. In total, 144 specimens with various geometric parameters of GFRP bolted connections with different ratio values of the end distance of PGFRP plate to bolt diameter (e/d) and various ratio values of width of PGFRP plate to bolt diameter (w/d) were considered, and their results are here discussed (e/d = 2,3,4 and w/d = 2,3,4,5). Three types of GFSs (0°/90° GFSs, ±45°GFSs, and chopped strand mat GFSs) were molded by the vacuum‐assisted resin transfer molding (VaRTM) method and used to strengthen the connections. The results show that all three types of GFSs had good effects on the increase in the ultimate load of the connections. In addition, the strengthening effects were decreased with the increase in the e/d ratio of the connections for all types of GFSs. Moreover, theoretical equations were suggested to forecast the ultimate loads and failure modes of pin‐bearing single GFS‐strengthened PGFRP connections with high accuracy (less than 12% deviation).
Cationic photopolymerization of cyclic esters at elevated temperatures and their application in hot lithography
Authors: Mete Yazgan , Seidler Konstanze , Gorsche Christian , Koch Thomas , Knaack Patrick , Liska Robert
Published: June 2022

The 3D printing of polyesters is most commonly performed using polylactide filaments for material extrusion (formerly known as fused‐deposition modelling) or by introducing methacrylate end‐groups to polyesters, which can be polymerized by a radical mechanism. However, cyclic esters can also be polymerized via cationic ring‐opening photopolymerization, which opens up the possibility of using high‐resolution stereolithography as the method of choice to form polyester networks in situ during the printing process. Hereby, we present the first approach to 3D print polyesters starting directly from ε‐caprolactone via stereolithography at elevated temperatures, by introducing low amounts of crosslinks into the material to provide stability to the structure but maintain its degradable character and especially semicrystallinity. Photorheology tests showed that high temperatures and the introduction of crosslinkers led to increased reactivity and fast gelation. By performing tensile tests, dynamic mechanical thermal analysis and simultaneous thermal analysis the material properties were evaluated depending on the amount and type of crosslinker. It was shown that decreasing the amount of crosslinker significantly increased the crystallinity and influenced the mechanical properties as well as shape memory properties. Finally, successful 3D printing of a polyester was performed using 10 mol% of a crosslinker with oxetane moieties and 90 mol% ε‐caprolactone at 120 °C. © 2022 The Authors. Polymer International published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Industrial Chemistry.
Sympathy and active defending behaviors among Chinese adolescent bystanders: A moderated mediation model of attitude toward bullying and school connectedness
Authors: Feng Tingting , Wang Xinyi , Chen Qiuxu , Liu Xingchang , Yang Lihong , Liu Simeng , Zhang Yuchi
Published: June 2022

This study tested the mediating role of bullying attitudes and moderating role of school connectedness in the link between sympathy and Chinese adolescents’ active defending behaviors in bullying. Participants were 808 Chinese adolescents (53.3% male,Mage = 12.40, SD = 0.50). The results showed that sympathy was significantly positively correlated with active defending behaviors through bullying attitudes. In addition, school connectedness could moderate the relationship between sympathy and active defending behaviors. Specifically, the positive correlation between sympathy and active defending behaviors was stronger for adolescents with a high level of school connectedness. These findings emphasize the importance of considering complex multiple ecological level factors when examining bullying bystander.
Beyond the “I” framework: Improving emotional expression and increasing social connectedness among college athletes through the psychological displacement paradigm in diary‐writing
Authors: Hsu Yawen , Lin Tesu Yi , Lu Frank J. H.
Published: June 2022

This study explored the effects of a 6‐week psychological displacement paradigm in diary‐writing (PDPD) intervention on alexithymia and social connectedness in Taiwanese college athletes at the individual and interpersonal levels. The sample comprised 87 participants (Mage = 19.80 ± 0.75 years). After a pretest, the individual writing group engaged in individual and interpersonal PDPD twice a week for 6 consecutive weeks. A posttest was conducted after the interventions, and a follow‐up test was conducted 2 months later. Both the individual and interpersonal writing groups scored lower than did the control group on difficulty identifying feelings and difficulty describing feelings in the posttest, and the effects persisted at follow‐up. Moreover, PDPD contributed to an increase in social connectedness. This study provided evidence of the effects of individual and interpersonal PDPD on athletes' emotion control and emotion regulation.
Interaction‐Enhanced Coating of Energetic Material: A Generally Applicable Method for the Desensitization
Authors: Song Yulan , Huang Qi , Zhang Jinhao , Zhang Yujia , Jin Bo , Peng Rufang
Published: June 2022

Inspired by the better desensitizing effect introduced by enhanced interaction, ammonium formate (Am) was utilized to modify graphene oxide (GO) and the functional graphene oxide (Am−GO) was obtained in this work, which was endowed with more amino groups and completely positive charge. Due to the modification and corresponding enhanced interaction, the impact sensitivity and friction sensitivity of HMX/Am−GO can be desensitized to 40 J and 192 N, respectively. To further desensitize the friction sensitivity, graphite (G) was utilized to replace part of Am−GO. And HMX/Am−GO/G was endowed with 40 J and 360 N of impact sensitivity and friction sensitivity respectively, which is the best desensitizing effect of HMX to our best knowledge. Furthermore, CL‐20 and DNTF were coated by the same coating, which also can be desensitized with the best effect. In addition, because the coating process is performed in water at room temperature, this desensitization is environment‐friendly and benefit for the large scale of production. This work demonstrates the improved desensitizing effect with enhanced interaction and provides a potential general applicable method for desensitization.
The evolving landscape of prostate cancer somatic mutations
Authors: Cotter Kellie , Rubin Mark A.
Published: June 2022

Background

The landscape of somatic mutations in prostate cancer (PCa) has quickly evolved over the past years.

Results

This evolution was in part due to the improved quality and lower cost of genomic sequencing platforms available to an ever‐larger group of clinicians and researchers. The result of these efforts is a better understanding of early and late mutations that are enriched or nearly exclusive to treated PCa. There are, however, some important limitations to the current knowledge. The expanding variety of next‐generation sequencing (NGS) assays either capture a wide spectrum of mutations but at low coverage or are focused panels that cover a select number of genes, most often cancer‐related, at a deep coverage. Both of these approaches have their advantages, but ultimately miss low‐frequency mutations or fail to cover the spectrum of potential mutations. Additionally, some alterations, such as the common ETS gene fusions, require a mixture of DNA and RNA analysis to capture the true frequency. Finally, almost all studies rely on bulk PCa tumor samples, which fail to consider tumor heterogeneity. Given all these caveats, the true picture of the somatic landscape of PCa continues to develop.

In this review, the focus will be on how the landscape of mutations evolves during disease progression considering therapy. It will focus on a select group of early and late mutations and utilize SPOP mutations to illustrate recurrent alterations that may have clinical implications.
Future directions for precision oncology in prostate cancer
Authors: Mizuno Kei , Beltran Himisha
Published: June 2022

Clinical genomic testing is becoming routine in prostate cancer, as biomarker‐driven therapies such as poly‐ADP ribose polymerase (PARP) inhibitors and anti‐PD1 immunotherapy are now approved for select men with castration‐resistant prostate cancer harboring alterations in DNA repair genes. Challenges for precision medicine in prostate cancer include an overall low prevalence of actionable genomic alterations and a still limited understanding of the impact of tumor heterogeneity and co‐occurring alterations on treatment response and outcomes across diverse patient populations. Expanded tissue‐based technologies such as whole‐genome sequencing, transcriptome analysis, epigenetic analysis, and single‐cell RNA sequencing have not yet entered the clinical realm and could potentially improve upon our understanding of how molecular features of tumors, intratumoral heterogeneity, and the tumor microenvironment impact therapy response and resistance. Blood‐based technologies including cell‐free DNA, circulating tumor cells (CTCs), and extracellular vesicles (EVs) are less invasive molecular profiling resources that could also help capture intraindividual tumor heterogeneity and track dynamic changes that occur in the context of specific therapies. Furthermore, molecular imaging is an important biomarker tool within the framework of prostate cancer precision medicine with a capability to detect heterogeneity across metastases and potential therapeutic targets less invasively. Here, we review recent technological advances that may help promote the future implementation and value of precision oncology testing for patients with advanced prostate cancer.
Androgen receptor genomic alterations and treatment resistance in metastatic prostate cancer
Authors: Kwan Edmond M. , Wyatt Alexander W.
Published: June 2022

Background

Genomic alterations to the androgen receptor (AR) are common in metastatic castration‐resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC).ARcopy number amplifications, ligand‐binding domain missense mutations, and intronic structural rearrangements can all drive resistance to approved AR pathway inhibitors and their detection via tissue or liquid biopsy is linked to clinical outcomes. With an increasingly crowded treatment landscape, there is hope thatARgenomic alterations can act as prognostic and/or predictive biomarkers to guide patient management.

Methods

In this review, we evaluate the current evidence forARgenomic alterations as clinical biomarkers in mCRPC, focusing on correlative studies that have used plasma circulating tumor DNA to characterizeARgenotype.

Results

We highlight data that demonstrates the complexity ofARgenotype within individual patients, and suggest that future studies should account for cancer clonal heterogeneity and variable tumor content in liquid biopsy samples. Given the potential for cooccurrence of multipleARgenomic alterations in the same or competing subclones of a patient, it is distinctly challenging to attribute blanket clinical significance to any individual alteration. This challenge is further complicated by the varied treatment exposures in contemporary patients, and the fact thatARgenotype continues to evolve in the mCRPC setting across sequential lines of systemic therapy.

Conclusions

As treatment access and liquid biopsy technology continues to improve, we posit that real‐time measures of AR biology are likely to play a key role in emerging precision oncology strategies for metastatic prostate cancer.
Effect of Co‐Doping on the Structural and Dielectric Properties of La0.8K0.2MnO3 Perovskite
Authors: Lassoued Marwa , Baazaoui Mohamed , Alhodaib Aiyeshah , Oumezzine Mohamed , Aouaini Fatma , Alanazi Meznah M.
Published: June 2022

In this work, the effect of cobalt ions on the structural and dielectric properties of La0.8K0.2MnO3 manganite prepared via the simplest sol–gel route is studies. The X‐ray diffractions analyses reveal that our perovskites, with the general formula La0.8K0.2Mn1−xCoxO3 (x = 0, 0.03, 0.06), crystallized by a rhombohedral structure with space group. Rietveld refinement indicates that each octahedron (Mn, Co)O6 has little deformation and that the θ(Mn, Co)–O–(Mn, Co) bond angles decrease with increasing Co content. From the conductance measurements, it is noticed that the substitution into the Mn site of the LaKMnO3 material by cobalt increases its conductivity. However, the electrical conductance of our perovskites is well described by the universal Jonscher's law. It is deduced that the conduction process of the present structures occurs between neighboring sites. In addition, the dielectric constant and loss tangent can be explicated based on Maxwell–Wagner polarization. Finally, the Nyquist diagram is fitted by an adequate equivalents circuit, the obtained results depict a non‐Debye relaxation process in these materials.
Nitrogen Doping of Graphite Oxide with 2,3‐Diaminomaleonitrile: A Study of the Structural, Morphological, and Electrochemical Behavior
Authors: Chavez-Esquivel Gerardo , Cervantes-Cuevas Humberto , de la O Gasca Martha , Acosta Dwight
Published: June 2022

Graphite oxide (GrO) and 2,3‐diaminomaleonitrile‐doped GrO (GrODAMN) materials are synthesized by the modified Hummers method. Oxidation and N‐doping treatments increase the C/O ratio from 2.49 to 2.88 for GrO and GrODAMN materials, respectively. GrODAMN material shows higher thermal resistance from room temperature to 800 °C compared with GrO material. Furthermore, the hydroxyl, epoxy, and carboxyl vibrational bands observed for GrO are masked after N‐doping and the intensity of the D‐band increases with respect to the intensity of the G‐band. These changes in dipole moment and polarizability of the molecules are associated with defects and disorders in the carbon lattice, which modify the microstructure order caused by the creation of carbon–nitrogen functional groups. GrODAMN material shows 6.14 atomic % nitrogen associated with imine, amide, and/or imidazole functional groups formed during N‐doping. High‐resolution transmission electron microscopy micrographs show polycrystalline regions with irregular polygons, where the interaction between layers of both materials is dominated by van der Waals forces and electrostatic interactions, showing interplanar distances of 3.35 and 7.39 Å. Finally, GrODAMN shows a specific pseudocapacitance value 49% higher than for the GrO material, associated with less reversible processes in redox reactions.
Magnetic, Magnetocaloric, and Electric Transport Properties of Sr2FeMoO6–δ Double Perovskites with Different Degrees of Superstructural Ordering
Authors: Kalanda Nikolay , Demyanov Sergey , Krupa Mykola , Konoplyuk Sergiy M.
Published: June 2022

Pressed strontium ferromolybdate (Sr2FeMoO6−δ) pellets with different oxygen indices δ and degrees of superstructural ordering (SO) are synthesized by solid‐phase and citrate‐gel methods to study magnetic and electric transport behaviors of this compound. The crystalline structure of the samples is found to demonstrate ordering of the Fe and Mo cations, which increases with increase in δ. The saturation magnetization and the Curie temperature of the samples correlate with the degree of SO. The Banerjee criterion indicates that the compounds studied undergo a second‐order phase transition. The temperature dependence of the isothermal change of entropy in magnetic field is determined by the Maxwell approach. The additional low‐temperature annealing is found to change the sample conductivity of metallic type for semiconducting one and significantly increases the magnetoresistance due to intergrain electron tunneling.
NiC2O4 ⋅ 2H2O Nanoflakes: A Novel Redox‐mediated Intercalative Pseudocapacitive Electrode for Supercapacitor Applications in Aqueous KOH and Neutral Na2SO4 electrolytes
Authors: Mishra Neeraj Kumar , Singh Abhijeet Kumar , Mondal Rakesh , Singh Preetam
Published: June 2022

Pseudocapacitors with the accessibility of different oxidation states for redox‐mediated charge storage can achieve higher energy density compared to EDLC. NiC2O4 ⋅ 2H2O is envisaged here as a potential pseudocapacitive electrode that works with the accessibility of the Ni2+/3+ redox couple in the flexible structural network due to the presence of planar oxalate anions (C2O42−) supported by the 3‐dimensional hydrogen bonding network of crystal water. The NiC2O4 ⋅ 2H2O electrode showed a superior specific capacitance equivalent to 990 F/g in the potential window of 0 to 0.45 V observed in aqueous KOH electrolyte and 440 F/g in 1 M neutral Na2SO4 electrolyte in the potential window of 0 to 0.85 V. Predominant intercalative mechanism seems to play an important role behind the high charge storage capacity of NiC2O4 ⋅ 2H2O electrode and the interactive contribution was found to be ∼84 % and surface contribution was found to be ∼16 % respectively. Further, in full cell asymmetric supercapacitor (AAS) mode in KOH electrolyte, in which NiC2O4 ⋅ 2H2O is made as the positive electrode and Activated Carbon (AC) is made as the negative electrode, the highest specific energy of 141.5 Wh/kg and specific power of ∼559 W/kg at 0.2 A/g current density was obtained with superior cyclic stability. The detailed electrochemical studies confirm high cyclic stability and stable performance that makes NiC2O4 ⋅ 2H2O a potential pseudocapacitive electrode for large‐scale energy storage applications.
Stable Lithium Plating and Stripping Enabled by a LiPON Nanolayer on PP Separator
Authors: Pang Yuncong , Guan Min , Pan Yilan , Tian Mao , Huang Kai , Jiang Chunzhi , Xiang Andrew , Wang Xinquan , Gong Yongji , Xiang Yong , Zhang Xiaokun
Published: June 2022

The practical application of the Li metal anode (LMA) is hindered by its low coulombic efficiency and dendrite formation. Although solid‐state electrolytes hold promise as ideal partners for LMA, their effectiveness is limited by the poor workability and ionic conductivity. Herein, a modified separator combining the rapid Li+ transport of a liquid electrolyte and the interfacial stability of a solid‐state electrolyte is explored to realize stable cycling of the LMA. A conformal nanolayer of LiPON is coated on a polypropylene separator by a scalable magnetron sputtering method, which is compatible with current Li‐ion battery production lines and promising for the practical applications. The resulting LMA–electrolyte/separator interface is Li+‐conductive, electron‐insulating, mechanically and chemically stable. Consequently, Li|Li cells maintain stable dendrite‐free cycling with overpotentials of 10 and 40 mV over 2000 h at 1 and 5 mA cm‐2, respectively. Additionally, the Li|LiFePO4 full cells achieve a capacity retention of 92% after 550 cycles, confirming its application potential.
Defect‐Engineered Co3O4@Nitrogen‐Deficient Graphitic Carbon Nitride as an Efficient Bifunctional Electrocatalyst for High‐Performance Metal‐Air Batteries
Authors: Tang Wenhao , Teng Kewei , Guo Wengai , Gu Fan , Li Boya , Qi Ruiyu , Liu Ruiping , Lin Yuyin , Wu Miaomiao , Chen Yihuang
Published: June 2022

The ability to craft high‐efficiency and non‐precious bifunctional oxygen catalysts opens an enticing avenue for the real‐world implementation of metal‐air batteries (MABs). Herein, Co3O4 encapsulated within nitrogen defect‐rich g‐C3N4 (denoted Co3O4@ND‐CN) as a bifunctional oxygen catalyst for MABs is prepared by graphitizing the zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF)‐67@ND‐CN. Co3O4@ND‐CN possesses superb bifunctional catalytic performance, which facilitates the construction of high‐performance MABs. Concretely, the rechargeable zinc‐air battery based on Co3O4@ND‐CN shows a superior round‐trip efficiency of ≈60% with long‐term durability (over 340 cycles), exceeding the battery with the state‐of‐the‐art noble metals. The corresponding lithium‐oxygen battery using Co3O4@ND‐CN exhibits an excellent maximum discharge/charge capacity (9838.8/9657.6 mAh g−1), an impressive discharge/charge overpotential (1.14 V/0.18 V), and outstanding cycling stability. Such compelling electrocatalytic processes and device performances of Co3O4@ND‐CN originate from concurrent compositional (i.e., defect‐engineering) and structural (i.e., wrinkled morphology with abundant porosity) elaboration as well as the well‐defined synergy between Co3O4 and ND‐CN, which produce an advantageous surface electronic environment corroborated by theoretical modeling. By extension, a rich diversity of other metal oxides@ND‐CN with adjustable defects, architecture, and enhanced activities may be rationally designed and crafted for both scientific research on catalytic properties and technological development in renewable energy conversion and storage systems.
A Two‐In‐One Nanoprodrug for Photoacoustic Imaging‐Guided Enhanced Sonodynamic Therapy
Authors: Sun Songjia , Wang Dianwei , Yin Renyong , Zhang Peng , Jiang Rihua , Xiao Chunsheng
Published: June 2022

Sonodynamic therapy (SDT) is garnering considerable attention in cancer treatment due to its non‐invasive nature and the potential of spatiotemporal control. However, the high level of glutathione (GSH) in cancer cells can alleviate the SDT‐mediated ROS‐damages, resulting in a reduced SDT effect. Here, a two‐in‐one nano‐prodrug for photoacoustic imaging‐guided enhanced SDT against skin cancers is synthesized. A dual‐prodrug molecule (DOA) of sulfide dioxide (SO2) and 5‐aminolevulinic acid (ALA) is first synthesized and then co‐assembled with methoxyl poly(ethylene glycol)‐b‐poly(l‐lysine) (mPEG‐b‐PLL) to generate the two‐in‐one prodrug nanoparticles (P‐DOA NPs). The P‐DOA NPs simultaneously released ALA and SO2 in response to the overexpressed GSH in tumor cells. The released ALA is metabolically converted into protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) in tumor cells for SDT and photoacoustic imaging. Meanwhile, the released SO2, together with the consumption of GSH based on the reaction of DOA in P‐DOA NPs with intracellular GSH, can significantly increase the intracellular ROS content, leading to enhanced SDT. As a result, the P‐DOA NPs significantly inhibited the growth of melanoma and squamous cell carcinoma xenografts in mouse models under the guidance of real‐time photoacoustic imaging. Therefore, this novel two‐in‐one nano‐prodrug is promising for effective SDT against skin cancers.