bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Understanding health behaviours in a cohort of pregnant women at risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: an observational study
Authors: Harrison CL , Lombard CB , Teede HJ
Published: March 2012

Please cite this paper as: Harrison C, Lombard C, Teede H. Understanding health behaviours in a cohort of pregnant women at risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: an observational study. BJOG 2012;119:731–738.

Objective  To assess health behaviours, physical activity levels, weight gain and development of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in high‐risk women.

Design  An observational sub‐study of a larger randomised controlled trial.

Setting  A large tertiary hospital in Australia.

Population  Ninety‐seven women (mean age 31.7 ± 4.5 years; body mass index 30.3 ± 5.9 kg/m2) at risk of developing GDM.

Methods  Women were identified as at risk of GDM based on a validated screening tool. Baseline measures were completed at 12–15 weeks of gestation and repeated at 26–28 weeks of gestation.

Main outcome measures  Anthropometric (weight and height) and physical activity assessment (Yamax pedometer and International physical activity questionnaire), questionnaires (self‐efficacy) and GDM screening.

Results  By 28 weeks of gestation, there was a high GDM prevalence of 26% using the recent International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Group criteria. Weight gain in overweight (body mass index 25–29.9 kg/m2) and obese (body mass index >30.0 kg/m2) women exceeded minimum total weight gain recommendations set by the Institute of Medicine (P < 0.01). Physical activity levels were low and declined during pregnancy (5437 ± 2951 steps/day to 4096 ± 2438 steps/day, respectively, P < 0.001). Despite reduced activity levels, increased weight gain and high GDM incidence many women did not accurately perceive GDM risk and were confident in their ability to control weight. A significant association with physical activity, weight and GDM outcome was not observed.

Conclusions  Overweight and obese pregnant women at risk for developing GDM demonstrate excessive weight gain and a reduced level of physical activity observed from early pregnancy to 28 weeks of gestation. Results highlight the need for targeted intervention in women at risk for developing GDM. Australian New Zealand Clinical Trial Registry Number: ACTRN12608000233325.
Ethanol triggers sphingosine 1‐phosphate elevation along with neuroapoptosis in the developing mouse brain
Authors: Chakraborty Goutam , Saito Mitsuo , Shah Relish , Mao Rui‐Fen , Vadasz Csaba , Saito Mariko
Published: March 2012

J. Neurochem. (2012) 121, 806–817.

Our previous studies have indicated that de novo ceramide synthesis plays a critical role in ethanol‐induced apoptotic neurodegeneration in the 7‐day‐old mouse brain. In this study, we examined whether the formation of sphingosine 1‐phosphate (S1P), a ceramide metabolite, is associated with this apoptotic pathway. Analyses of basal levels of S1P‐related compounds indicated that S1P, sphingosine, sphingosine kinase 2, and S1P receptor 1 increased significantly during postnatal brain development. In the 7‐day‐old mouse brain, sphingosine kinase 2 was localized mainly in neurons. Subcellular fractionation studies of the brain homogenates showed that sphingosine kinase 2 was enriched in the plasma membrane and the synaptic membrane/synaptic vesicle fractions, but not in the nuclear and mitochondrial/lysosomal fractions. Ethanol exposure in 7‐day‐old mice induced sphingosine kinase 2 activation and increased the brain level of S1P transiently 2–4 h after exposure, followed by caspase 3 activation that peaked around 8 h after exposure. Treatment with dimethylsphingosine, an inhibitor of sphingosine kinases, attenuated the ethanol‐induced caspase 3 activation and the subsequent neurodegeneration. These results indicate that ethanol activates sphingosine kinase 2, leading to a transient increase in S1P, which may be involved in neuroapoptotic action of ethanol in the developing brain.
To provide care and be cared for in a multiple‐bed hospital room
Authors: Persson Eva , Määttä Sylvia
Published: March 2012

Aims:  To illuminate patients’ experiences of being cared for and nurses’ experiences of caring for patients in a multiple‐bed hospital room.

Background:  Many patients and healthcare personnel seem to prefer single‐bed hospital rooms. However, certain advantages of multiple‐bed hospital rooms (MBRs) have also been described.

Method:  Eight men and eight women being cared for in a multiple‐bedroom were interviewed, and two focus‐group interviews (FGI) with 12 nurses were performed. A qualitative content analysis was used.

Results:  One theme –Creating a sphere of privacy– and three categories were identified based on the patient interviews. The categories were: Being considerate, Having company and The patients’ area. In the FGI, one theme – Integrating individual care with care for all – and two categories emerged: Experiencing a friendly atmosphere and Providing exigent care. Both patients and nurses described the advantages and disadvantages of multiple‐bed rooms. The patient culture of taking care of one another and enjoying the company of room‐mates were considered positive and gave a sense of security of both patients and nurses. The advantages were slight and could easily become disadvantages if, for example, room‐mates were very ill or confused. The patients tried to maintain their privacy and dignity and claimed that there were small problems with room‐mates listening to conversations. In contrast, the nurses stressed patient integrity as a main disadvantage and worked to protect the integrity of individual patients. Providing care for all patients simultaneously had the advantage of saving time.

Conclusions:  The insights gained in the present study could assist nurses in reducing the disadvantages and taking advantage of the positive elements of providing care in MBRs. Health professionals need to be aware of how attitudes towards male and female patients, respectively, could affect care provision.
CYP3A‐dependent drug metabolism is reduced in bacterial inflammation in mice
Authors: Gandhi AS , Guo T , Shah P , Moorthy B , Chow DS‐L , Hu M , Ghose R
Published: March 2012

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Gene expression of Cyp3a11 is reduced by activation of Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) by Gram‐negative or Gram‐positive bacterial components, LPS or lipoteichoic acid (LTA) respectively. The primary adaptor protein in the TLR signalling pathway, TIRAP, plays differential roles in LPS‐ and LTA‐mediated down‐regulations of Cyp3a11 mRNA. Here, we have determined the functional relevance of these findings by pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) analysis of the Cyp3a substrate midazolam in mice. Midazolam is also metabolized by Cyp2c in mice.

EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Adult male C57BL/6, TIRAP+/+ and TIRAP−/− mice were pretreated with saline, LPS (2 mg·kg−1) or LTA (6 mg·kg−1). Cyp3a11 protein expression, activity and PK/PD studies using midazolam were performed.

KEY RESULTS Cyp3a11 protein expression in LPS‐ or LTA‐treated mice was reduced by 95% and 60% compared with saline‐treated mice. Cyp3a11 activity was reduced by 70% in LPS‐ or LTA‐treated mice. Plasma AUC of midazolam was increased two‐ to threefold in LPS‐ and LTA‐treated mice. Plasma levels of 1′‐OHMDZ decreased significantly only in LTA‐treated mice. Both LPS and LTA decreased AUC of 1′‐OHMDZ‐glucuronide. In the PD study, sleep time was increased by ∼2‐fold in LPS‐ and LTA‐treated mice. LTA‐mediated decrease in Cyp3a11 protein expression and activity was dependent on TIRAP. In PK/PD correlation, AUC of midazolam was increased only in LPS‐treated mice compared with saline‐treated mice.

CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS LPS or LTA altered PK/PD of midazolam . This is the first study to demonstrate mechanistic differences in regulation of metabolite formation of a clinically relevant drug by Gram‐negative or Gram‐positive bacterial endotoxins.
Adrenergic stimulation‐released 5‐HT stored in adrenergic nerves inhibits CGRPergic nerve‐mediated vasodilatation in rat mesenteric resistance arteries
Authors: Fujii Hirohito , Takatori Shingo , Zamami Yoshito , Hashikawa‐Hobara Narumi , Miyake Natsuki , Tangsucharit Panot , Mio Mitsunobu , Kawasaki Hiromu
Published: March 2012

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

5‐HT is taken up by and stored in adrenergic nerves and periarterial nerve stimulation (PNS) releases 5‐HT to cause vasoconstriction in rat mesenteric arteries. The present study investigated whether PNS‐released 5‐HT stored in adrenergic nerves affects the function of perivascular calcitonin gene‐related peptide‐containing (CGRPergic) nerves.

EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH

Rat mesenteric vascular beds without endothelium and with active tone were perfused with Krebs solution. Changes in perfusion pressure in response to PNS and CGRP injection were measured before (control) and after perfusion of Krebs solution containing 5‐HT (10 µM) for 20 min. Distributions of 5‐HT‐ and TH‐immunopositive fibres in mesenteric arteries were studied using immunohistochemical methods.

KEY RESULTS

PNS (1–4 Hz) frequency dependently caused adrenergic nerve‐mediated vasoconstriction followed by CGRPergic nerve‐mediated vasodilatation. 5‐HT treatment inhibited PNS‐induced vasodilatation without affecting exogenous CGRP‐induced vasodilatation, while it augmented PNS‐induced vasoconstriction. Guanethidine (adrenergic neuron blocker), methysergide (non‐selective 5‐HT receptor antagonist) and BRL15572 (selective 5‐HT1D receptor antagonist) abolished inhibition of PNS‐induced vasodilatation in 5‐HT‐treated preparations. Combined treatment with 5‐HT and desipramine (catecholamine transporter inhibitor), but not fluoxetine (selective 5‐HT reuptake inhibitor), did not inhibit PNS‐induced vasodilatation. Exogenous 5‐HT inhibited PNS‐induced vasodilatation, which was antagonized by methysergide. In immunohistochemical experiments, 5‐HT‐immunopositive nerves, colocalized with adrenergic TH‐immunopositive nerves, were observed only in 5‐HT‐treated mesenteric arteries, but not in control preparations or arteries co‐treated with desipramine.

CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS

These results suggest that 5‐HT can be taken up by and released from adrenergic nerves in vitro by PNS to inhibit CGRPergic nerve transmission in rat mesenteric arteries.
Study on analytical methods for quantifying the non‐adsorbed reactive dye forms in an exhausted dyebath
Authors: Chemchame Younes , Popikov Igor V , Soufiaoui Mohammed
Published: March 2012

Reported herein are the results of an analysis of the compatibility of three methods for quantifying the non‐adsorbed forms of reactive dyes, in an exhausted dyebath, of the type monochlorotriazine/β‐sulphatoethylsulphone used in dyeing cellulosic fibres (cotton). The first method is based on spectrophotometric analysis and involves measuring the absorbance of the residual dyebath (after the dyeing process), the second is based on colorimetric analysis and involves measuring the reflectance of the dyed fabric and the third is based on high‐performance liquid chromatography. The purpose of the latter is to identify and quantify the non‐adsorbed dye forms in the residual dyebath. The calculated exhaustion values unequivocally prove the reliability and compatibility of these methods.
KOBAYASIELLA BEBOURENSIS, A NEW FRESHWATER DIATOM SPECIES FROM REUNION ISLAND AND FURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON K. MICROPUNCTATA AND K. JAAGII1
Authors: Le Cohu René , Gassiole Gilles , Coste Michel
Published: March 2012

The genus Kobayasiella includes species difficult or even impossible to identify in LM. Only EM allows observation of the ultrastructural features helping in diagnostic species circumscription. Recent surveys of the epilithic diatoms in the running waters of Reunion Island led to the discovery of a new species, K. bebourensis. This species differs from all previously described ones by the uniseriate striae composed of areolae occluded by a cribrum. Besides, two other species, the so rarely recorded K. jaagii (F. Meister) Lange‐Bert. and K. micropunctata (H. Germ.) Lange‐Bert., were collected in two alpine lakes of the French Pyrenees. K. jaagii lacks an umbilicus in the raphe, which is considered one of the most important diagnostic criterions of the genus. However, this species shows a combination of characteristics including it within the genus Kobayasiella. K. micropunctata is a typical representative of the genus Kobayasiella matching all the ultrastructural features of the genus. K. bebourensis and K. micropunctata have a cingulum composed of at least three connecting bands.
A COMPARISON OF DRAGON KELP, EUALARIA FISTULOSA, (PHAEOPHYCEAE) FECUNDITY IN URCHIN BARRENS AND NEARBY KELP BEDS THROUGHOUT THE ALEUTIAN ARCHIPELAGO1
Authors: Edwards Matthew S. , Konar Brenda
Published: March 2012

The Aleutian Archipelago coastal ecosystem has undergone a dramatic change in community composition during the past two decades. Following the removal of ∼99% of the sea otters, Enhydra lutris, from the ecosystem, changes to the benthic communities resulted in widespread losses to most of the region’s kelp beds and corresponding increases in the prevalence of urchin barrens. Within the urchin barrens, the few kelps that have remained are exposed to elevated light, nutrients and currents, all of which may enhance their physiological condition and thus result in greater fecundity. To explore this further, we examined patterns of sporophyte fecundity in the dominant canopy‐forming kelp, Eualaria fistulosa, in both urchin barrens and in nearby kelp beds at seven Aleutian Islands spanning a range of 800 km. We found that the average weight of E. fistulosa sporophyll bundles was significantly greater on sporophytes occurring in the urchin barrens than in the nearby kelp beds. Furthermore, the average number of zoospores released per cm2 of sporophyll area was also significantly greater in individuals from the urchin barrens than the nearby kelp beds. When these two metrics were combined, our results suggest that individual E. fistulosa sporophytes occurring in the urchin barrens may produce as many as three times more zoospores than individual E. fistulosa sporophytes occurring in the nearby kelp beds, and thus they may contribute disproportionately to the following year’s sporophyte recruitment in both urchin barrens and the adjacent kelp beds.
Just World Beliefs, Expert Psychological Testimony, and Verdicts: A Mediational Model
Authors: Dover Tessa L. , Matthews Miriam , Krauss Daniel A. , Levin Shana
Published: March 2012

This study assessed the role of expert testimony and just world beliefs (JWB) in decisions made in a sexually violent predator (SVP) trial. Three participant samples (student, juror, and community; total N = 534) completed items measuring JWB and watched a 1‐hour videotaped trial simulation that featured a psychologist offering different types of expert testimony in a SVP hearing. After the opening statements and at the end of the trial presentation, participants made commitment decisions and rated their confidence in their decision. They also rated the expert testimony on influence, credibility, scientificness, and confidence. Results indicated that favorable attitudes toward the expert mediated the relationship between JWB and commitment decisions. This relationship did not differ depending on type of expert testimony (clinical vs. actuarial) proffered. The legal and policy implications of the findings are discussed.
Scenario Analysis of Sulfur Dioxide Emissions Reduction Potential in China's Iron and Steel Industry
Authors: Ma Shuhua , Wen Zongguo , Chen Jining
Published: March 2012

Acid rain remains an important environmental problem. The Chinese steel industry is becoming a key domestic emitter of sulfur dioxide (SO2), the central molecular component of acid rain. In this study SO2 emission potential is assessed by developing a material flow analysis (MFA) model and generating four different SO2 industry emission scenarios from 2006 to 2030, with each scenario representing a possible development path for the industry. When SO2 emission factors in every unit of steel production are presumed to remain constant through 2030, scenario analysis results show that under a business‐as‐usual (BAU) scenario SO2 emissions will experience sustained growth to a peak value of 1.73 million metric tons (megatons, Mt) through 2020, approximately 52% higher than that in 2006, and that this trend is unlikely to be reversed. The high scenario and medium scenario demonstrate that it is difficult to control SO2 emissions to an acceptable level by only upgrading technology and making industrial structural adjustments. Yet through the incorporation of sintering gas desulfurization, the low scenario can smoothly bridge the gap between the simulative SO2 emissions and the envisioned value, since sintering is the biggest emitter in this industry. Once the desulfurization rate of sintering gas reaches 60%, SO2 emissions will be less than the level of 0.60 Mt in 2030 and will also meet the reduction goals. Moreover, scenario analysis suggests that single terminal control cannot solve the problem of high SO2 emissions. Therefore, in order to control the total SO2 emissions of the steel industry it is imperative that two or more measures be combined.
Material Flows and Material Productivity in China, Australia, and Japan
Authors: Schandl Heinz , West James
Published: March 2012

This article presents material flows and material productivity data and indicators for Australia, China, and Japan for the period 1970 to 2005. The main data used come from a new material flows database for the Asia‐Pacific region that was assembled using up‐to‐date standardized methodologies of material flow accounting and significantly extends the knowledge base available for studies on resource use dynamics in the region. We show that the three nations studied here have diverging patterns of resource use, and that these patterns can be linked to interdependencies between them and the very different roles each nation plays within a globalized system of natural resource exploitation. We also conduct a brief analysis of the most important drivers of changes in their resource use over the period, using an IPAT framework (Impact = Population × Affluence × Technology). The fundamentally different economic structures and trading roles of each country, that is, primary resource provider (Australia), mature and advanced manufacturer (Japan), and rapidly industrializing developing country (China), lead to starkly different contexts in which appropriate policies to encourage sustainable resource use must be formulated.
Construction Matters: Comparing Environmental Impacts of Building Modular and Conventional Homes in the United States
Authors: Quale John , Eckelman Matthew J. , Williams Kyle W. , Sloditskie Greg , Zimmerman Julie B.
Published: March 2012

Modular construction practices are used in many countries as an alternative to conventional on‐site construction for residential homes. While modular home construction has certain advantages in terms of material and time efficiency, it requires a different infrastructure than conventional home construction, and the overall environmental trade‐offs between the two methods have been unclear. This study uses life cycle assessment to quantify the environmental impacts of constructing a typical residential home using the two methods, based on data from several modular construction companies and conventional homebuilders. The study includes impacts from material production and transport, off‐site and on‐site energy use, worker transport, and waste management. For all categories considered, the average impacts of building the home are less for modular construction than for conventional construction, although these averages obscure significant variation among the individual projects and companies.
Origins of Effortful Control: Infant and Parent Contributions
Authors: Gartstein Maria A. , Bridgett David J. , Young Brandi N. , Panksepp Jaak , Power Thomas
Published: March 2012

Effortful control (EC) refers to the ability to inhibit a dominant response to perform a subdominant one and has been shown as protective against a myriad of difficulties. Research examining precursors of EC has been limited to date, and in this study, infancy contributors to toddler EC were examined. Specifically, parent/family background variables (e.g., education, income), maternal temperament, perceived stress, and internalizing symptoms were addressed, along with infant temperament: positive affectivity/surgency (PAS), negative emotionality (NE), and regulatory capacity/orienting (RCO); and laboratory observation‐based indicators of attention. Infant attention indexed by the latency to look away after initially orienting to the presented stimuli emerged as an important predictor of later EC, after accounting for other child and parent/family attributes, with shorter latencies predicting higher levels of EC. Mothers’ extraversion and parenting stress were the only parent/family attributes to significantly contribute to the prediction of toddler EC, with the former promoting and the latter undermining the development of EC. Infant temperament factors were also examined as a moderator of parent/family influences, with results indicating a significant interaction between mothers’ EC and infant RCO, so that children with greater RCO and mothers high in EC exhibited the highest EC scores in toddlerhood.
Arthroscopic Findings in 32 Joints Affected by Severe Elbow Incongruity with Concomitant Fragmented Medial Coronoid Process
Authors: Samoy Yves , Van Vynckt Delphine , Gielen Ingrid , van Bree Henri , Duchateau Luc , Van Ryssen Bernadette
Published: March 2012

Objective

To report arthroscopic findings in dogs with severe elbow incongruity combined with fragmented medial coronoid process (FCP) and compare these findings in normal joints and congruent joints affected byFCP.

Study design

Clinical study.

Animals

Dogs with elbow lameness (n = 40) and purpose bred dogs (5; controls).

Materials and Methods

Arthroscopic features of 32 severely incongruent joints with concomitantFCPwere compared with 32 congruent elbow joints affected withFCPand 10 normal joints. A radioulnar step of ≥3 mm on radiographs and computed tomography (CT) scans was the selection criterion for a severely incongruent joint. Intraarticular structures were visually assessed at various sites within the joint. Regions of interest were: the radioulnar transition, humeroradial and humeroulnar joint space, trochlear notch, primary and secondary lesions of the medial coronoid process, and radial head.

Results

Incongruent joints had a radioulnar step and changes at the cartilage in the center of the trochlear notch, an irregular radioulnar transition, and an abnormal surface of the radial head. Coronoid pathology was present in every pathologic joint.

Conclusion

Arthroscopy allowed detection of several features that were signs or consequences of severe elbow incongruity or accompanying inflammation. After a prominent radioulnar step, cartilage changes involving the radial head and trochlear notch were most frequently seen.
Tailoring the Magnetic and Optical Characteristics of Nanocrystalline BiFeO3 by Ce Doping
Authors: Bhushan Bhavya , Wang Zhenxing , van Tol Johan , S. Dalal Naresh , Basumallick Amitava , Vasanthacharya Nagasampagi Y. , Kumar Sanjay , Das Dipankar
Published: March 2012

The Ce‐doped BiFeO3 (BFO) nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized using a facile sol–gel route with varying Ce concentrations in the range of 1–5 mol%. Ferroelectric transition temperature was found to shift from 723°C ± 5°C for pristine BFO NPs to 534°C ± 3°C for 5 mol% Ce‐doped BFO NPs. UV–Vis absorption spectra of BFO NPs showed a significant blue shift of ~100 nm on Ce doping. The Fourier transformed infrared (FTIR) spectrum centered ~ 550 cm−1 becomes considerably broadened on Ce doping which is due to additional closely spaced vibrational peaks as revealed by the second derivative FTIR analysis. High‐frequency EPR measurements indicated that clustering occurs at high dopant levels, and that Fe is present as Fe3+, corroborating Mössbauer measurements. The values of saturation and remanent magnetization for 3% Ce‐doped BFO NPs are 3.03 and 0.49 emu/g, respectively, which are quite significant at room temperature, making it more suitable for technological applications.
Testing the Effectiveness of Two Cranial Base Foramina for Metric Sex Assessment of Fragmentary Remains
Authors: Macaluso P. James
Published: March 2012

Abstract:  Sex differences in linear and area dimensions of the foramen ovale and external opening of the carotid canal were analyzed in a documented French sample (35 men and 32 women). The results demonstrated that a low level of sexual dimorphism is present in the cranial base foramina of this sample, with only two‐thirds of the examined variables exhibiting statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) between the sexes. The cross‐validated sex classification accuracy rates obtained for univariate and multivariate discriminant functions ranged from only 54.7 to 72.1%. In addition, measurements of the cranial base foramina were found to be difficult to record with precision, with intra‐observer error percentages ranging from 2.35 to 4.23%. Error rates of this magnitude may result in the misallocation of specimens. Therefore, osteometric analysis of the foramen ovale and carotid canal external opening cannot be recommended as a useful method for cranial sex assessment in this population group.
The Use of Crossover Immunoelectrophoresis to Detect Human Blood Protein in Soil from an Ambush Scene in Kosovo*,†
Authors: Tuller Hugh , Saunders Rebecca
Published: March 2012

Abstract:  This study examines the survivability of human blood proteins in soils from a year and a half old ambush scene in Kosovo. A total of 72 soil samples were collected, a number of which were directly associated with bone fragments or bullet projectiles. The samples were examined using crossover immunoelectrophoresis (CIEP) to determine the presence of blood protein and species affiliation. Human blood proteins were identified in 44 of the 72 samples (61%) with the majority of the positive observations (29 of 44) found 0.0–4.5 cm below ground surface (65%). Chi‐squared and two‐sample difference of proportions tests confirmed significant differences between samples with and without associated physical evidence and the presence and depth of human blood proteins. While DNA has largely replaced immunological analysis in forensic analyses, our results suggest that in particular situations, CIEP may still be a valuable tool in criminology.
Confocal Microscopy Analysis of Breech Face Marks on Fired Cartridge Cases from 10 Consecutively Manufactured Pistol Slides*
Authors: Weller Todd J. , Zheng Alan , Thompson Robert , Tulleners Fred
Published: March 2012

Abstract:  Recent publications from the National Academy of Sciences have called for additional foundational research in the field of firearm and toolmark analysis. We examined test fires from 10 pistol slides with consecutively manufactured breech faces. A total of nine test fires from each pistol slide, for a total of 90 test fired cartridge cases, were compared using confocal microscopy combined with three‐dimensional cross‐correlation analysis algorithms. A total of 8010 comparisons were performed (720 matches and 7290 nonmatches). The average score for matches was 0.82 with a standard deviation of 0.06. The average score for nonmatches was 0.20 with a standard deviation of 0.03. Additionally, subclass toolmarks were observed on the breech faces, but the presence of subclass was not detected in the correlation analysis. There was no overlap of scores between matching and nonmatching test fires. This provides objective data that support the AFTE (Association of Firearms and Tool Mark Examiners) theory of identification.
AutoMate Express™ Forensic DNA Extraction System for the Extraction of Genomic DNA from Biological Samples*
Authors: Liu Jason Y. , Zhong Chang , Holt Allison , Lagace Robert , Harrold Michael , Dixon Alan B. , Brevnov Maxim G. , Shewale Jaiprakash G. , Hennessy Lori K.
Published: March 2012

Abstract:  The AutoMate Express™ Forensic DNA Extraction System was developed for automatic isolation of DNA from a variety of forensic biological samples. The performance of the system was investigated using a wide range of biological samples. Depending on the sample type, either PrepFiler™ lysis buffer or PrepFiler BTA™ lysis buffer was used to lyse the samples. After lysis and removal of the substrate using LySep™ column, the lysate in the sample tubes were loaded onto AutoMate Express™ instrument and DNA was extracted using one of the two instrument extraction protocols. Our study showed that DNA was recovered from as little as 0.025 μL of blood. DNA extracted from casework‐type samples was free of detectable PCR inhibitors and the short tandem repeat profiles were complete, conclusive, and devoid of any PCR artifacts. The system also showed consistent performance from day‐to‐day operation.
Discrimination of Transparent Polyethylene Films Based on Identification of Inorganic Antiblocking Agents
Authors: Hashimoto Takashi , Mizuhata Minoru
Published: March 2012

Abstract:  Several nondestructive and semidestructive analyses were used to discriminate colorless transparent polyethylene bags. Transparent plastic bags made from low‐density and linear low‐density polyethylene usually contain antiblocking agents to prevent sticking of the film, which makes it difficult to open the mouths of plastic bags. Inorganic antiblocking agents are uniformly dispersed in polyethylene films, so they are easily observed using optical microscopy. The particle size distributions of the antiblocking agents were compared by statistical tests. Particle composition was examined by elemental analysis using energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectrometry with a scanning electron microscope and by molecular vibration analysis using a sensitive microscopic Raman spectrometer. The compositions could be determined nondestructively on the basis of the results. These data reinforce the morphological discrimination. Morphological discrimination of the dispersed antiblocking agent powders, statistical comparison of particle size distributions, and compositional analysis of the antiblocking agents strengthen the ability to discriminate polyethylene films.
Characterization and Dating of Blue Ballpoint Pen Inks Using Principal Component Analysis of UV–Vis Absorption Spectra, IR Spectroscopy, and HPTLC
Authors: Senior Samir , Hamed Ezzat , Masoud Mamdouh , Shehata Eman
Published: March 2012

Abstract:  The ink of pens and ink extracted from lines on white photocopier paper of 10 blue ballpoint pens were subjected to ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy, infrared (IR), and high‐performance thin‐layer liquid chromatography (HPTLC). The Rf values and color tones of the bands separated by thin‐layer chromatography (TLC) analysis used to classify the writing inks into three groups. The principal component analysis (PCA) investigates the pen responsible for a piece of writing, and how time affects spectroscopy of written ink. PCA can differentiate between pen ink and ink line indicates the influence of solvent extraction process on the results. The PCA loadings are useful in individualization of a questioned ink from a database. The PCA of ink lines extracted at different times can be used to estimate the time at which a questioned document was written. The results proved that the UV–Vis spectra are effective tool to separate blue ballpoint pen ink in most cases rather than IR and HPTLC.
Applicability of DNA Analysis on Adhesive Tape in Forensic Casework
Authors: Zech Wolf‐Dieter , Malik Naseem , Thali Michael
Published: March 2012

Abstract: Adhesive tape is commonly used in crimes and is often the subject of forensic evaluation. DNA analysis of adhesive tape can provide DNA profiles of suspects. The object of this study was to evaluate the applicability of DNA analysis on adhesive tape samples in forensic casework. We retrospectively reviewed all cases involving adhesive tape or similar items received by our institute for DNA analysis during the past 11 years. From 100 forensic cases reviewed, 150 adhesive tape samples were examined. A total of 98 DNA profiles were obtained from these samples. Sixty‐two of the profiles provided feasible case‐relevant information. In conclusion, DNA profiling of adhesive tape samples can be useful in a variety of forensic cases.
Evaluation of 96 SNPs in 14 Populations for Worldwide Individual Identification*
Authors: Zeng Zhaoshu , Wang Li , Feng Qingchuan , Zhang Lirong , Lee Li , Wang Lei , Yue Yangli , Fang Yu , Yang Weihong , Qiu Hanmei , Dong Ziming
Published: March 2012

Abstract:  Great advances have been made recently in searching for individual identification single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (IISNPs or IDSNPs). Such SNPs as suggested by SNPforID scientists and by Pakstis et al., are promising, although they were selected from older or smaller databases rather than the most recent database. Here, we describe a new computational strategy for developing IDSNPs based on HapMap. We searched through HapMap r27 for SNPs having minor allele frequencies ≥0.30 in all its 11 populations and found more than 1881 qualified SNPs. We examined 96 of them with 183 DNA samples from three Chinese populations using Illumina arrays. The average allele frequency for these 96 SNPs among the three populations was 0.495/0.505, the average number of identical SNP genotypes shared by two individuals among the 14 populations (three Chinese and 11 HapMap) was 37.9, and the random matching probability for two unrelated Hans to match in all 96 genotypes was 9.793 × 10−39. Thus, most of these 96 SNPs are universally applicable.
Orthopantomographic Evaluation of Canine and First Premolar Using Demirjian’s Stages in Central India: New Approach to Forensic Age Estimation
Authors: Pathak Hrishikesh V. , Dixit Pradeep , Shrigiriwar Manish , Bardale Rajesh
Published: March 2012

Abstract:  Teeth development is widely used for age estimation in forensic science. The aims of this study were as follows: first, to establish Indian data on canine and first premolar development for age estimation and second, to investigate population differences in teeth development. Orthopantomograms of 340 Indian children aged between 5 and 14 years were analyzed. Demirjian’s stages were recorded for the developmental evaluation of canine and first premolar and for further descriptive statistical analysis. A two‐way ANOVA was performed to test the significance of difference in teeth development by sex and stage. A one‐way ANOVA was performed to investigate population differences in teeth development. Results showed statistically significant differences in teeth development by sex and stage. Accordingly, teeth development was earlier in girls. No statistically significant differences were observed in timings of Demirjian’s stages among different populations. In conclusion, the findings of this study could be used for age estimation of Indian children.
Expression of T‐cell receptor‐γδ in normal human skin, inflammatory dermatoses and mycosis fungoides
Authors: Hocker Thomas L. , Wada David A. , el‐Azhary Rokea , Gibson Lawrence E.
Published: March 2012

Background: T cells expressing the γδ T‐cell receptor (TCR) (γδ T cells) are found in normal epithelial tissues such as the skin. However, the proportions of γδ T cells that may be observed in commonly encountered cutaneous diseases with a prominent lymphocytic infiltrate have not been elucidated.

Methods: Our pathology database was searched for cases of mycosis fungoides, erythema multiforme, graft‐versus‐host disease, lichen planus, lupus panniculitis and spongiotic dermatitis. Immunostaining for CD3, βF1 and the TCR γ chain was performed on formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded specimens retrieved from these cases to determine the normal range of γδ T cells in these diseases.

Results: In 100 of the 101 cases studied (99.0%), γδ T cells accounted for less than 10% of the T‐cell infiltrate. Furthermore, γδ T cells were essentially absent in 74 cases (73.3%).

Conclusions: These results suggest that γδ T cells very rarely account for more than 10% of the lymphocytic infiltrate in common inflammatory or infiltrative processes of the skin. Any case of suspected mycosis fungoides or interface dermatitis that possesses more than 10% γδ T cells should raise consideration for further investigation.

Hocker TL, Wada DA, el‐Azhary R, Gibson LE. Expression of T‐cell receptor‐γδ in normal human skin, dermatitis and mycosis fungoides.
Tamoxifen‐induced eccrine squamous syringometaplasia
Authors: Teoh David C‐W. , Aw Derrick C‐W. , Jaffar Huma , Ling Winnie , Yong Wei‐Peng , Lee Yoke‐Sun , Choo Shoa‐Nian , Tan Kong‐Bing
Published: March 2012

A 74‐year‐old woman had carcinoma of her right breast for which surgery was performed. Four weeks following the start of tamoxifen therapy, she developed papules and plaques over her face, trunk and limbs. A skin biopsy showed perivascular and periadnexal mixed inflammatory cellular infiltrate with fibroplasia. Notably, the dermis also showed squamous epithelial islands, which in foci were noted to be closely associated with eccrine epithelium. This was confirmed with double peroxidase – alkaline phosphatase immunohistochemistry – the eccrine lumina highlighted with carcinoembryonic antigen (polyclonal) and the squamous metaplasia positive for cytokeratin 5/6. Eccrine squamous syringometaplasia was diagnosed. With close clinicopathological correlation, the cutaneous eruption was attributed to tamoxifen. Following discontinuation of the drug, the eruption resolved. Eccrine squamous syringometaplasia has been reported to occur in association with diverse conditions, including skin ulcers, burns and as a cutaneous adverse drug reaction, most commonly to chemotherapeutic drugs. This is believed to be the first report involving tamoxifen.

Teoh DC‐W, Aw DC‐W, Jaffar H, Ling W, Yong W‐P, Lee Y‐S, Choo S‐N, Tan K‐B. Tamoxifen‐induced eccrine squamous syringometaplasia.
siRNA‐mediated knock‐down of COX‐2 in melanocytes suppresses melanogenesis
Authors: Kim Ji Y. , Shin Jae Y. , Kim Miri R. , Hann Seung‐Kyung , Oh Sang H.
Published: March 2012

Abstract:  Cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) is an enzyme induced in response to multiple mitogenic and inflammatory stimuli, including UV light. UV‐induced COX‐2 expression induces production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in keratinocytes, which mediates inflammation and cell proliferation. Until recently, studies regarding COX‐2 and PGE2 in the skin have focused on keratinocytes and skin cancer and the effect of PGs produced by keratinocytes on melanocytes. However, the effects of COX‐2 itself or COX‐2 inhibitors on melanogenesis are not well known. Therefore, to establish the role of COX‐2 in melanogenesis, we investigated the effects of knock‐down of COX‐2 in melanocytes on melanin production and the expression of melanogenic molecules through silencing of COX‐2 expression with COX‐2 short interfering RNA (siRNA). COX‐2 knock‐down in melanocytes decreased the expressions of tyrosinase, TRP‐1, TRP‐2, gp100 and MITF and also reduced tyrosinase enzyme activity. Furthermore, COX‐2 siRNA‐transfected melanocytes showed markedly reduced alpha‐melanocyte stimulating hormone (α‐MSH)‐induced melanin production. In addition, α‐MSH‐induced COX‐2 expression in both scrambled siRNA‐transfected and COX‐2 siRNA‐transfected melanocytes was greater than α‐MSH‐untreated cells. Our results suggest that COX‐2 might be a candidate target for the development of anti‐melanogenic agents and α‐MSH‐induced pigmentation could be closely associated with COX‐2 expression. COX‐2 inhibitors might therefore be of particular use in whitening cosmetics for hyperpigmentation disorders such as melasma, postinflammatory hyperpigmentation and solar lentigo.
A false positive for clozapine using high-pressure liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection
Authors: Lertxundi Unax , Manrique Margarita H. , Echaburu Saioa D. , Martinez Manuel
Published: March 2012

Background:We report a case of a false positive for clozapine, when analysing serum levels using a high-pressure liquid chromatography with ultraviolet (HPLC-UV) detection method.

Methods:A patient not taking clozapine tested positive for clozapine three times in two different samples. This false positive was discovered by chance, because of an administrative error made in the first analytic test request.

Results:The analysis of the first sample with a more specific method [HPLC-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)] showed that no clozapine was present.

Conclusions:It is important to acknowledge that depending on the method employed, a false positive should not be ruled out as a possibility. Moreover, and even more worryingly, it should also be taken into account that clozapine serum levels could be tested erroneously high if the unknown interference is present and the HPLC-UV method is used. Although the interfering compound could not be identified, the possibility of a cross-reaction when analysing serum clozapine levels with the HPLC-UV method warrants urgent attention.
Oral health care and aspiration pneumonia in frail older people: a systematic literature review
Authors: van der Maarel‐Wierink Claar D. , Vanobbergen Jackie N.O. , Bronkhorst Ewald M. , Schols Jos M. G. A. , de Baat Cees
Published: March 2012

Objective:  To systematically review the literature on oral health care interventions in frail older people and the effect on the incidence of aspiration pneumonia.

Background:  Oral health care seems to play an important role in the prevention of aspiration pneumonia in frail older people.

Methods:  Pubmed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, EMBASE and CINAHL were searched for eligible intervention studies. Only publications with regard to hospitalized or institutionalized older people, who were not dependent on mechanical ventilation were eligible. Two authors independently assessed the publications for their methodological quality.

Results:  Five publications were included and reviewed. Two studies showed that improvement of oral health care diminished the risk of developing aspiration pneumonia and the risk of dying from aspiration pneumonia directly. The three studies remaining showed that adequate oral health care decreased the amount of potential respiratory pathogens and suggested a reduction in the risk of aspiration pneumonia by improving the swallowing reflex and cough reflex sensitivity.

Conclusions:  According to the results of the current systematic literature review oral health care, consisting of tooth brushing after each meal, cleaning dentures once a day, and professional oral health care once a week, seems the best intervention to reduce the incidence of aspiration pneumonia.
Intermittent Flushing with Heparin Versus Saline for Maintenance of Peripheral Intravenous Catheters in a Medical Department: A Pragmatic Cluster‐Randomized Controlled Study
Authors: Bertolino Giampiera , Pitassi Antonietta , Tinelli Carmine , Staniscia Andrea , Guglielmana Barbara , Scudeller Luigia , Luigi Balduini Carlo
Published: March 2012

Background: Three meta‐analyses conducted in the 1990s concluded that the effect of intermittent flushing with heparin at low concentration (10 U/mL) was equivalent to that of 0.9% sodium chloride flushes in preventing occlusion or superficial phlebitis. No firm conclusion was reached on the safety and efficacy of heparin concentrations of 100 U/mL used as an intermittent flush.

Purpose: To determine whether flushing peripheral intravenous catheters with 3 mL of a 100 U heparin/mL solution instead of saline improves the outcome of infusion devices.

Methods: Cluster‐randomized, controlled, two‐arm, open trial, conducted in a research and teaching hospital in Northern Italy, involving 214 medical patients without contraindications to heparin: 107 randomly allocated to heparin and 107 to saline flushes (control group). Main outcome measure was catheter occlusion and catheter‐related phlebitis.

Results: Patients with either phlebitis or occlusion were 45 (42.1%) in the heparin group and 68 (63.6%) in the saline group (OR 0.41; 95% CI 0.24–0.72; p= 0.002); patients with occlusion alone were 23 (21.5%) and 47 (43.9%), respectively (p= 0.03); patients with phlebitis alone were 28 (26.2%) and 56 (52.6%) respectively (p= <0.001). Similar results were obtained when the analysis was based on catheters. No heparin severe side effects were identified.

Limitations: Lack of blinding, patient selection, cluster randomization of periods of treatment.

Conclusions: Heparin 100 U/mL in the maintenance of peripheral venous catheters was more effective than saline solution, in that it reduced the number of catheter‐related phlebitis/occlusions and the number of catheters per patient, with potential advantages to both patients and the health system. It also appeared safe. However, subjects with platelet or coagulation defects were excluded, and, therefore, caution should be used when prescribing this type of catheter maintenance to patients at risk of bleeding.
The structure of Ca2+‐loaded S100A2 at 1.3‐Å resolution
Authors: Koch Michael , Fritz Günter
Published: March 2012

S100A2 is an EF‐hand calcium ion (Ca2+)‐binding protein that activates the tumour suppressor p53. In order to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying the Ca2+‐induced activation of S100A2, the structure of Ca2+‐bound S100A2 was determined at 1.3 Å resolution by X‐ray crystallography. The structure was compared with Ca2+‐free S100A2 and with other S100 proteins. Binding of Ca2+ to S100A2 induces small structural changes in the N‐terminal EF‐hand, but a large conformational change in the C‐terminal EF‐hand, reorienting helix III by approximately 90°. This movement is accompanied by the exposure of a hydrophobic cavity between helix III and helix IV that represents the target protein interaction site. This molecular reorganization is associated with the breaking and new formation of intramolecular hydrophobic contacts. The target binding site exhibits unique features; in particular, the hydrophobic cavity is larger than in other Ca2+‐loaded S100 proteins. The structural data underline that the shape and size of the hydrophobic cavity are major determinants for target specificity of S100 proteins and suggest that the binding mode for S100A2 is different from that of other p53‐interacting S100 proteins.

Database
 Structural data are available in the Protein Data Bank database under the accession number 4DUQ

Structured digital abstract

 S100A2 and S100A2 bind by x‐ray crystallography (View interaction)