bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Strong Polar Optical Phonon Screening and Softening Enhance the Thermoelectric Performance of Zintl Compounds
Authors: Guo Muchun , Liu Ming , Yuan Donglin , Chen Hong , Sun Chenyue , Zhang Qinyong , Zhu Yuke , Guo Fengkai , Yu Yuan , Sui Jiehe
Published: January 2025

Ternary CaAl2Si2‐structure‐type Zintl compounds are promising p‐type counterparts to n‐type Mg3(Sb, Bi)2 for thermoelectric energy conversion. However, many of these p‐type Zintl compounds suffer from low carrier concentration and mobility, resulting in poor thermoelectric performance. Here, it is revealed that their ultralow mobility stems from strong polar optical phonon scattering, and demonstrate that their electrical transport properties can be dramatically boosted by employing a screening effect. By employing isovalent alloying with Cd and Yb, along with Li aliovalent acceptor doping in CaMg2Sb2 to increase carrier concentration and induce a strong screening effect, a significant improvement in carrier mobility and, consequently, the power factor is achieved. Moreover, isovalent alloying weakens chemical bonding, causing the softening and deceleration of both acoustic and optical phonons and, thus, a reduction in lattice thermal conductivity. As a result, a ZT of 1.1 is achieved in the Ca0.69Yb0.3Li0.01Mg1.5Cd0.5Sb2 sample at 773 K, representing a 30‐fold increase compared to the pristine CaMg2Sb2. It is also proposed that the polar coupling constant can serve as a criterion for identifying materials with low intrinsic carrier concentration and mobility but with potential for thermoelectric applications facilitating the development of other thermoelectric materials beyond CaAl2Si2‐structure‐type Zintl compounds.
Diverse Clinical Presentation of RAC1‐Related Intellectual Developmental Disorder
Authors: Upadia Jariya , Liu Jiao , Bier Caide , Chenevert Madeline , Li Yuwen
Published: January 2025

RAC1 encodes the protein RAS‐related C3 Botulinum Toxin Substrate 1 (RAC1), which plays a pivotal role in various cellular functions. Pathogenic variants in RAC1 are linked to the rare intellectual developmental disorder, autosomal‐dominant 48 (MRD48). We present one case with typical phenotype and two cases with a mild phenotype. This report expands the phenotypic spectrum of MRD48.
Lubricant property evaluation of electrical conductive rice bran oil‐based lubricant with dioctyl ammonium oleate ionic liquid as an additive
Authors: Ajmal N. , Mohanan Visakh , Pavithran Rani , Rani S. , Thampi Ananthan D. , Sneha E.
Published: January 2025

The growing environmental consciousness and research into green lubricant technology in various industries has drawn a lot of attention to vegetable oils. The major negative aspect of vegetable oil is its poor oxidation stability. Recent research in ionic liquids (ILs) showed its potential as a base fluid and additive for lubricant applications. These are organic salts that dissolve at temperatures below 100°C. Among the potential characteristics of ILs are their non‐volatility, high oxidation stability, non‐flammability, and high conductivity to heat and electricity. The present study synthesized a protic ionic liquid named dioctyl ammonium oleate (DAO). The optimum DAO percentage in rice bran oil (RBO) was then optimized based on the tribological properties. The electrical conductivity and basic lubricant properties, such as physicochemical, oxidation stability, corrosion stability, thermal properties, and extreme pressure capability of the optimized RBO‐DAO blend were evaluated and compared with RBO. The developed RBO‐DAO blend shows the potential to be used as a base fluid for electrical conductive lubricants due to its significantly enhanced electrical conductivity, better oxidation stability, and superior tribological properties. The optimum DAO weight percentage in RBO is 2 wt%. The results show the potential of electrical conductive lubricant developed to enhance the performance of electrical equipment, reduce static electricity in industrial machinery, and prevent lubricant degradation in the presence of electric current. The components of electric vehicles, such as bearings, pads, seals, and gear, also require electrical conductive lubricants to avoid premature failure and electromagnetic interference problems. The developed lubricant can be considered a potential alternative in various industries such as automotive, renewable systems, medical devices, robotics, high‐speed machining, and so forth.
Development of UV‐Protective Hemp‐Based Eco‐Friendly Textiles
Authors: Duru Sena Cimilli , Candan Cevza , Nergis Banu
Published: January 2025

When exposed to UV rays, one of the rays emitted from the sun, for a certain period of time, it can harm the human body. Therefore, people should be protected from these harmful rays, especially children who are more sensitive need extra care as they often spend time outside. This study aimed to design an environmentally friendly seasonal outerwear fabric with high UV protection. To do so, the protection level of rib, half‐Milan, and full‐Milan fabrics manufactured from the yarns made of viscose, cotton, hemp and/or Refibra fiber mixtures is investigated. Additionally, a hybrid yarn feeding scheme is adopted, namely, feeding 4 ends of Ne 30/1 yarn and 2 ends of Ne 30/2 yarn, during knitting process in an attempt to have the benefit of various types of fibers and yarns involved. In the light of the results, an alternative rib‐based structure namely pique rib is developed by employing comparatively more miss stitches in the structure. Generally speaking, the UPF performance of the structures under discussion worsen as the percentage of cotton and/or viscose and Refibra fibers in the yarns increases. Furthermore, it is observed that the amount of the hemp fiber in the fabric is not influential on the UV‐blocking behavior of the fabrics. Finally, the structures knitted using the yarn feeding scheme composed of 4 ends of Ne 30/1 yarn have higher UPF performance than the others, and among all the structures the pique one exhibits the best performance so far as UV protection is concerned.
Environmental Friendly Polymer Based Recycled Nitrile Gloves Incorporated With Poly(Lactic Acid)/Graphene Nanoplatelets Binary Blends
Authors: Bijarimi Mohd , Jaro Vera Saban , Mulkiyan La Ode Muhammad Zuhdi , Mat Desa M. S. Z. , Normaya Erna , Ahmad Mohammad Norazmi
Published: January 2025

The waste issue from the widespread use of nitrile gloves emphasize the environmental and health risks associated with improper disposal. This study introduces an innovative approach by incorporating recycled nitrile gloves made from acrylonitrile butadiene (rNBR) into a composite with poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) (1, 2, and 3 phr). The results showed a maximum improvement in mechanical properties at a PLA/rNBR blend ratio of 60:40 wt%, demonstrating a balance between stiffness and toughness compared to other binary blend ratios. The incorporation of GNP enhanced the values of Young's modulus, tensile strength, and elongation, respectively. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) recorded that the thermal stability of PLA/rNBR tends to increase with the loaded GNP. The morphological properties observed through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that the PLA/rNBR surface exhibited a nonhomogeneous distribution, leading to the formation of numerous voids and low adhesion. However, the good distribution of GNP within the matrix contributed to greater homogeneity, thereby reducing defects caused by rubber crumbs and voids in the PLA/rNBR fracture. Based on this research, this strategy offers a promising solution to address the environmental challenges posed by personal protective equipment waste.
Bioactivity and Mechanical Performance of Centrifugally Spun Poly(D,L‐Lactide)/Poly(3‐Hydroxybutyrate) Submicrometric Fibers Containing Zinc Oxide and Hydroxyapatite Nanostructures
Authors: Padilla‐Gainza Victoria , Rodríguez‐Tobías Heriberto , Lozano Karen , Rodríguez Cristóbal , Gilkerson Robert , Ledezma‐Pérez Antonio S. , Anaya‐Barbosa Narcedalia , Morales Graciela
Published: January 2025

This study investigates the morphological, thermal, mechanical, and bioactive properties of centrifugally spun fibrous composites made from poly(D,L‐lactide)/poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate) (PLA/PHB) blends with zinc oxide (ZnO) and hydroxyapatite (Hap) nanoparticles. A 75/25 PLA/PHB weight ratio was chosen to balance mechanical and thermal properties. The precursor solution viscosities ranged from 0.25 to 0.50 Pa s, increasing with nanoparticle incorporation probably due to polymer‐nanoparticle interactions. SEM revealed a uniform fibrous morphology, with diameters of 1.21 for PLA/PHB, 2.65 for PLA/ZnO/Hap, and 1.80 μm for PLA/PHB/ZnO/Hap. TGA showed two‐step degradation for PLA/PHB fibers, while PLA/PHB/ZnO/Hap degraded in a single step at 249°C, leaving a residue of 9.95%. DSC indicated partial miscibility, with cold crystallization at 85°C (enthalpy: 7.72 J/g), slightly modified by nanoparticle addition. PLA/PHB fibers achieved a Young's modulus of 24.96 ± 3.91 MPa, three times that of pure PLA, but adding ZnO and Hap reduced modulus and tensile strength to 6.03 and 0.29 MPa, retaining suitability for biomedical applications. PLA/PHB/ZnO/Hap fibers exhibited 90% Escherichia coli growth inhibition and enhanced MC3T3‐E1 cell viability by 120% on day 7. These results highlight their potential for antimicrobial, biocompatible medical devices.
Stability analysis of switched Markov jump linear systems with hybrid switchings
Authors: Yu Qiang , Li Junzhou
Published: January 2025

This paper investigates the exponentially almost sure (EAS) stability of switched Markov jump linear systems (SMJLSs), which is subjected to deterministic switching and stochastic Markov jump switching. Using the ergodic law of large numbers, stability criteria for the SMJLS with all EAS stable or partially unstable sub‐Markov jump linear systems are established, where the deterministic switching is governed by a
‐dependent average dwell time approach. Some stability conditions under the average dwell time and mode‐dependent average dwell time (MDADT) deterministic switching are established as corollaries. Especially, the results of MDADT for SMJLS are given for the first time. Finally, three numerical examples are provided to illustrate the efficiency of the proposed results.
Dynamic G‐Quadruplexes in the Rous Sarcoma Virus Genome: Scaffolds for Protein Interaction and Potential Anti‐Viral Targets
Authors: Bose Debopriya , Panda Suman , Banerjee Nilanjan , Chatterjee Subhrangsu
Published: January 2025

The Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) is an onco‐retrovirus that infects avian species such as the chicken (Gallus gallus). RSV is the first oncovirus to be described, and the oncogenic activity of this virus is related to the expression of a tyrosine kinase that induces carcinogenic transformation. Interestingly, we have noted that the RSV genome contains various potential G4‐forming sequences. Among these, two sequences in the GAG and POL genes show high G4‐forming potential. Additionally, the SRC oncogene also harbours a putative G4 forming sequence. In this study, we have characterised the G4 formation and topology in these three loci in the RSV‐DNA. We have found that these sequences form dynamic G4 structures in physiological conditions, and such dynamicity may be associated with their cellular functions. Further, we have also established that these G4s are recognised by G4 interacting small‐molecule ligands and the G4‐stabilising protein nucleolin. The binding of these ligands induces structural shifts in the G4s, leading to changes in structure and stability. Thus, the RSV‐DNA G4s may be further studied as targets to control its infection and oncogenic effects.
Drug‐Coated Balloon‐Based Treatment of Left Main True Bifurcation Lesion
Authors: Her Ae‐Young , Kim Tae Hyun , Shin Eun‐Seok , Kim Sunwon , Kim Bitna , Kim Yong Hoon , Choi Ki Hong , Cho Yun‐Kyeong , Lee Hyun‐Jong , Song Young Bin , Nam Chang‐Wook , Gwon Hyeon‐Cheol
Published: January 2025

Background

There is a paucity of data regarding drug‐coated balloon (DCB) treatment in the context of left main (LM) true bifurcation lesions.

Aims

The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of DCB‐based treatment for unprotected LM true bifurcation lesions.

Methods

A total of 39 patients with LM true bifurcation lesion (Medina: 1,1,1/0,1,1/1,0,1) who were successfully treated with DCB alone or in combination with drug‐eluting stent (DES) were retrospectively enrolled into the DCB‐based group. They were compared with 39 propensity‐matched patients who were treated with second‐generation DES from the COBIS III registry (n = 2648). Major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) were defined as cardiac death, myocardial infarction, stent or target lesion thrombosis, and target lesion revascularization at the 2‐year follow‐up.

Results

Baseline clinical characteristics were similar between the groups, except for the prevalence of in‐stent restenosis (ISR) lesions (41.0% in DCB‐based group vs. 17.9% in DES‐only group, p = 0.047). In the DCB‐based group, 59.0% of the patients (n = 23) underwent DCB‐only treatment. There were no cases of abrupt vessel closure requiring treatment following DCB application. The MACE were comparable between both groups (12.8% in DCB‐based group vs. 17.9% in DES‐only group, p = 0.861) after 2 years.

Conclusions

In patients with unprotected LM true bifurcation lesions, DCB‐based treatment demonstrated comparable clinical outcomes at the 2‐year follow‐up when compared to DES‐only treatment. DCB‐based treatment could be considered a safe and effective alternative to DES for carefully selected patients who have achieved satisfactory predilation results (Impact of DCB Treatment in De Novo Coronary Lesion; NCT04619277).
In Situ Electrochemically Deposited Mg Seeds Stabilizing the Lithium Metal Anode
Authors: Nan Wenzheng , Yan Shaojiu , Chen Xiang , Dai Sheng Long
Published: January 2025

Lithium metal, recognized for its extremely low reaction potential and ultrahigh theoretical specific capacity, is regarded as the “Holy Grail” of anode materials. However, the formation of lithium dendrites result in rapid cell capacity degradation and considerable safety issues, hindering its further advancement. In this study, in situ Mg seeds are generated on the lithium metal surface during cycling by incorporating MgCl2 into the electrolyte. These Mg seeds function as thiophilic sites, which lower the Li nucleation barrier and promote uniform Li nucleation and growth. Consequently, symmetric cells constructed with the carbonate electrolyte can cycle stably for over 400 h at a current density of 1 mA cm−2 and a capacity of 1 mAh cm−2. Notably, full cells using Li4Ti5O12 as the cathode can maintain stable cycling for 300 cycles, achieving a capacity retention rate of 71.9 %. This method has demonstrated its effectiveness in mitigating lithium dendrites formation and enhancing the performance of lithium metal batteries.
Fabrication of Carbon‐containing Nanoparticles in Chemistry Class
Authors: Bogdan Edwin , Waitz Thomas
Published: January 2025

Kohlenstoffhaltige Nanopartikel werden seit einigen Jahren intensiv als neuartige Funktionsmaterialien erforscht. Sie können aus kleineren Molekülen als Ausgangsstoffe, auch Präkursoren genannt, durch Pyrolyseprozesse hergestellt werden (Bottom Up). In folgendem Beitrag wird ein einfaches, direkt im Chemieunterricht einsetzbares Experiment zur Herstellung kohlenstoffhaltiger Nanopartikel vorgestellt, das als Präkursor den Naturstoff Saccharose nutzt. Es wird ein in der Fachliteratur formuliertes Reaktionsschema gezeigt und das Vorhandensein von Nanopartikeln durch Fluoreszenz bei Anregung mit UV‐Licht nachgewiesen. Das faszinierende Phänomen kann das Interesse von Schülerinnen und Schülern für die Thematik wecken und bietet curriculare Anschlussmöglichkeiten an die Chemie des Kohlenstoffs und die Nanochemie.
Phase 1 Mass Balance Study of Pizuglanstat: An Investigational Hematopoietic Prostaglandin D Synthase Inhibitor
Authors: Hanada Ryuzo , Takenaka Toru
Published: January 2025

Pizuglanstat is a novel hematopoietic prostaglandin D synthase inhibitor and investigational treatment for Duchenne muscular dystrophy. This Phase 1 mass balance study aimed to characterize the absorption, metabolism, and excretion of carbon‐14 (14C)‐labeled pizuglanstat in healthy adults (ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04825431). After administering a single oral dose of [14C]pizuglanstat solution containing 400 mg of pizuglanstat and 1 megabecquerel of radioactivity to 6 healthy men (median age, 26 years), pizuglanstat in plasma reached a maximal concentration after a median of 0.5 hour and declined with a geometric mean half‐life of 7.7 hours. Pizuglanstat and its metabolites were primarily excreted via the fecal route; on average, 66.1% of administered radioactivity was excreted in feces after 168 hours, compared with 32.2% excreted in urine. Pizuglanstat was mostly present as the unchanged parent molecule in plasma, urine, and feces, while the sulfate conjugate of hydroxyl pizuglanstat was the major metabolite in each sample type. Two adverse drug reactions of urticaria were reported in 2 participants (33.3%); both events were nonsevere and manageable with treatment, and no other clinically significant safety events were observed. Overall, this study provides important pharmacokinetic, mass balance, and safety data to support the development of pizuglanstat as a new treatment for Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
Board Characteristics and Stakeholder Engagement and ESG Performance: The Relevance of European Gender Parity
Authors: Grau‐Grau Alfredo , Branco Manuel , Bel‐Oms Inmaculada
Published: January 2025

The main goal of this study is to explore the effect of country‐level gender parity with a board characteristics and stakeholder engagement on ESG performance in sustainable companies. The sample comprises 940 sustainable international sustainable firm‐year observations from the following 13 countries: Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, and United Kingdom for the period 2013–2022. The results provide evidence that country‐level gender parity moderate negatively the effect of board gender diversity and busy directors on boards and ESG performance. Furthermore, the findings also show that country‐level gender parity moderate positively the effect of stakeholder engagement and ESG performance. When the ESG performance is separate in the three pillars, the results find that country‐level gender parity moderate negatively the effect of board gender diversity and busy directors on boards and governance performance while this effect is positively in the association between stakeholder engagement and governance performance. These results suggest that the governance pillar influence notably in the ESG performance. This study contributes to the scant research exploring the variation in the relationships between boards of directors' characteristics and ESG performance by focusing on one seldom explored of such sources, gender parity.
Exploring Ion Dynamics in Laser‐Produced Plasmas
Authors: Andrei Irimiciuc Stefan , Chertopalov Sergii , Novotny Michal , Craciun Valentin , Lancok Jan
Published: January 2025

Charged particle dynamics during transient plasma expansion have traditionally been studied within a consistent framework, supporting the advancement of applications like thin film deposition through pulsed laser ablation. However, reported plasma parameters often show inconsistencies, particularly in the relationship between ion mass and oscillation frequencies. Recent insights into charge current temporal traces have highlighted challenges in interpreting modulated probe currents. In this study, we present data on laser‐produced plasma (LPP) from Co targets and explore additional phenomena that more accurately describe the behavior of highly energetic, rapidly diffusing LPP.
Exploring the Prevalence of Renewable Energy Practices and Awareness Levels in Palestine
Authors: Abuhelwa Mai , Elnaggar Mohamed , Salah Wael A. , Nassar Yasser F. , Bashir Mohammed J. K.
Published: January 2025

The growing demand for energy in developing societies, coupled with dwindling conventional resources, necessitates the adoption of renewable energy (RE) sources. A comprehensive understanding of these sources and their optimal utilization is crucial. The awareness of the users plays a very important role in the effective utilization of different energy sources. Hence, this study examines the level of RE awareness in Palestine, identifying factors influencing public perception and exploring potential strategies for promoting RE adoption. This awareness depends on different factors related to the users' education level, community type, and type of building. Different factors that affect the willingness and attitude to gain knowledge about RE are presented. In addition, various practices highlighting the increasing level of awareness regarding the adoption of RE sources are investigated. In addition, the status of RE education and its potential impact on engineers have also been discussed. Various individual and institutional efforts are highlighted in the study as strategies to bridge the gap and overcome obstacles to adopting RE sources. Suggestions for better use of these resources have been highlighted. Thereafter, recommendations for effective RE implementation in Palestine are analyzed and conclusions are drawn. The main challenges in integrating RE into Palestine's existing energy grid and system include infrastructure limitations, resources and financial constraints, and political issues. Still, there are possibilities in the form of international collaboration and investment. A flexible and modular RE grid could also address some of these challenges by integrating small‐scale systems that can be scaled up as needed.
Transoral Robotic Surgery in Chronic Lingual Tonsillitis: An Observational Cohort Study
Authors: Toppenberg Alexandra G. L. , Plaat Robert E. , Schwandt Leonora Q.
Published: January 2025

Background

Chronic lingual tonsillitis (CLT) entails persistent inflammation of the lingual tonsils (LT), presenting in recurrent infections, throat discomfort, dyspnea, dysphagia, and LT hypertrophy.

Methods

A retrospective observational study at a nonacademic general hospital described outcomes of CLT patients undergoing base of tongue (BOT) reduction via transoral robotic surgery (TORS). Primary outcomes were changes in patient‐reported quality of swallowing and life and were assessed at baseline, 3, 6, and 12 months post‐TORS. Secondary outcomes were tonsillitis complaints, LT Friedman grade, and postoperative complications.

Results

Thirty‐three patients were included, 5 patients were lost to follow‐up at 6 and 12 months. Improved swallowing experience and enhanced quality of life were observed. Tonsillitis scores decreased significantly (mean 7.8 to 1.65 p < 0.001). LT Friedman grade reduced, with 69.7% achieving grade 0 at 12‐months follow‐up. Two patients experienced postoperative bleeding.

Conclusions

TORS appears effective and safe for treating CLT improving swallowing, and overall quality of life for patients and reducing tonsillitis complaints.
Molecular cytogenetic study of the fetal genome in idiopathic recurrent pregnancy loss
Authors: Sadyrbekova Aigerim , Svyatova Gulnara , Berezina Galina , Suleimenova Roza , Murtazaliyeva Alexandra
Published: January 2025

Objective

Despite numerous studies on the causes of recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL), nearly half of cases remain unidentified, which determines the research relevance. This study aims to investigate microchromosomal variations in the fetal genome associated with the development of idiopathic RPL.

Methods

The research was supported by the Centre for Molecular Medicine and the Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology and conducted over a period of 2 years. The study employed the Prepito automatic analyzer from PerkinElmer and the ChemagicPrepito nucleic acid extraction system, to isolate 100 DNA samples from conception products of women with idiopathic RPL, and, subsequently, to analyze for the presence of full‐genome chromosomal abnormalities by array comparative genomic hybridisation (aCGH) using CGX‐HD microarrays (8x60K), Format 1: CGX (80x60K), a ScanRI microarray scanner (PerkinElmer, Finland), and Genoglyphix, Cytogenomix software.

Results

The study determined that 83% of the materials studied had a normal molecular karyotype, while unbalanced chromosomal abnormalities were detected in 17% of cases, of which 35.3% of abortions had aneuploidies and 64.7% had various structural abnormalities. Among the aneuploidies, 66.7% were trisomies and 33.3% were monosomies. In the group of structural disorders, 81.8% were microdeletions, while microduplications accounted for 18.2%. The data obtained on the frequency and structure of chromosomal abnormalities detected in abortions in the sample surveyed showed that idiopathic RPL is not caused by chromosomal abnormalities of embryos and, unlike all other forms of RPL, has a different cause not related to chromosomal abnormalities.

Conclusion

This study conducted molecular cytogenetic analysis of the fetal genome related to RPL. Its findings can help optimize the process of counseling patients with idiopathic RPL.
The undertold story: A leadership program to expand recognition of the importance of early childhood experiences
Authors: Hinshaw Sarah , Finelli Julianna , Usry Lindsay , Knable Camille , Nagle Geoffrey , Zeanah Charles H.
Published: January 2025

There are considerable data documenting the importance of early experiences for healthy human development. Though widely accepted amongst mental health clinicians, developmental researchers and early childhood policymakers, this information is not well known by much of the public. We describe a specialized program designed for established and emerging leaders in Louisiana, United States of America, to help them become better informed to take action to support young children and their families and to facilitate connections across sectors for greater impact. Conducted annually for 6 years, the program drew leaders from a variety of professional sectors working in every region of the state. To evaluate the effectiveness of the program, we conducted semi‐structured interviews of program graduates and tabulated responses by thematic analysis. We conclude that translation efforts delivered in this kind of format can lead to gains in knowledge among leaders and action to support early childhood development and well‐being.
Adolescents Constructing Their Imagined Futures Through Dialogues With and/or About Nonfamilial Adults
Authors: Marshall Sheila K. , Young Richard A. , Charles Grant , Gotell Melanie , Ji Daniel , Wood Lydia
Published: January 2025

Introduction

Adolescents actively explore future imaginings as they prepare for major educational, work, and personal transitions. Although family members may support exploration of imagined futures, adults outside adolescents' kin network provide access to resources not supplied within the family. The purpose of this study was to understand how adolescents actively draw on social resources of nonfamilial adults relative to their imagined futures.

Methods

Adolescents attending two schools in British Columbia, Canada participated in a year‐long study involving at least three face to face sessions and biweekly telephone calls. Participants (N = 13; eight identified as boys, four as girls, one as nonbinary; mean age = 14.92, SD = 1.60) were asked to invite nonfamilial adults from their social network to conversations about the future.

Results

Two youth invited an adult to the research while the majority of participants (n = 11) explicitly changed the protocol by engaging with the researchers rather than bringing nonfamilial adults to the research. The change in the protocol was incorporated into analysis to try to understand participants' engagement in the research. Analysis revealed participants' overall intentions were to engage with adults, using the connections to test and refine imagined futures. Imagined future projects aligned with three clusters: practicing claims, navigating the line in the sand (difficulties crossing into adult realms), and resisting incongruent views of themselves.

Conclusion

Findings illustrate adolescents' intention to alter the study protocol rather than dropping out and how adolescents' engagement with nonfamilial adults supported opportunities to test and refine imagined futures in the service of constructing identities.
Standard Errors for Difference‐in‐Difference Regression
Authors: Hansen Bruce E.
Published: January 2025

This paper makes a case for the use of jackknife methods for standard error, value, and confidence interval construction for difference‐in‐difference (DiD) regression. We review cluster‐robust, bootstrap, and jackknife standard error methods and show that standard methods can substantially underperform in conventional settings. In contrast, our proposed jackknife inference methods work well in broad contexts. We illustrate the relevance by replicating several influential DiD applications and showing how inferential results can change if jackknife standard error and inference methods are used.
A Clinical Drug as the Three‐Photon Fluorescence Probe for In Vivo Microscopic Imaging of Mouse Kidney
Authors: Geng Weihang , Xia Qiming , He Mubin , Wang Yi , Zheng Zheng , Qin Haiyan , Wang Yalun , Feng Jian , Qian Jun
Published: January 2025

Three‐photon fluorescence (3PF) microscopy encounters significant challenges in biological research and clinical applications, primarily due to the limited availability of high‐performance probes. We took a shortcut by exploring the excellent 3PF property of berberine hydrochloride (BH), a clinically utilized drug derived from the traditional Chinese medicine, Coptis. Capitalizing on its renal metabolism characteristics, we employed BH for in vivo 3PF microscopic imaging of the mouse kidney. This approach enabled high‐resolution structural observation of renal tubules and facilitated the diagnosis of drug‐induced acute kidney injury (AKI) based on renal tubule morphology. The analytical capabilities of 3PF microscopy for renal physiology and pathological diagnosis suggest its potential for future clinical applications.
MINFLUX Nanoscopy: A “Brilliant” Technique Promising Major Breakthrough
Authors: Salerno Marco , Bazzurro Virginia , Angeli Elena , Bianchini Paolo , Roushenas Mohammadmehdi , Pakravanan Kimiya , Diaspro Alberto
Published: January 2025

MINFLUX nanoscopy relies on the localization of single fluorophores with expected ~ 2 nm precision in 3D mapping, roughly one order of magnitude better than standard stimulated emission depletion microscopy or stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy. This “brilliant” technique takes advantage of specialized localization principles and algorithms that require only dim fluorescence signals with a minimum flux of photons; hence the name follows. With this level of performance, MINFLUX imaging and tracking should allow for the routine study of biological processes down to the molecular scale, revealing previously unresolved details in cell structures, such as the organization of calcium channels in muscle cells or the clustering of receptors in synapses. Whereas the high localization precision is definitely a strength of the MINFLUX technique, limitations and challenges also exist, especially in the labeling procedures aiming at appropriate density and on/off switching kinetics. This primer presents some significant results achieved with MINFLUX so far and highlights specific operational procedures crucial for this technique.
Diagnostic Performance of Different Examination Types and Learning Curves of Radiologists for 5G‐Based Robot‐Assisted Tele‐Ultrasonography
Authors: He Tian , Yang Kai‐Feng , Song Guo‐Chao , Liu Hui , Xu Guang , Wan Jing , Zhao Hui , Wang Qiao , Liu Chang , Chong‐Ke Zhao  , Zhang Yi‐Feng , Guo Le‐Hang , Sun Li‐Ping , Xu Hui‐Xiong
Published: January 2025

Objective

To investigate the feasibility of remotely providing routine ultrasound (US) examinations to patients using a fifth‐generation‐based robot‐assisted tele‐ultrasonography (RATU) system in a real‐world setting.

Methods

Between September 2020 and May 2021, we conducted a prospective and large‐scale study using the RATU system to provide US examinations for patients on a limited‐source island locate. An on‐site radiologist on the island performed US examinations, which served as the reference diagnosis. Five tele‐radiologists then remotely conducted RATU examinations from Central Shanghai. We compared the diagnostic performance of the RATU examinations to that of the on‐site US examinations. Additionally, we assessed the learning curves of the various tele‐radiologists. We also distributed 2 questionnaires to evaluate the usefulness of the clinical application.

Results

In total, 770 patients were enrolled in the study with a mean age of 55.46 ± 15.02 years (ranging from 19 to 80 years). Out of the total, 501 patients were men, and 269 were women. Across all examination types, the diagnosis in 84.3% (649/770) of RATU examinations was consistent with the on‐site US examination. The learning curve was not significantly different between tele‐radiologists of different seniority. Furthermore, 86.6% (667/770) of participants accepted the RATU examination, and 97.5% (751/770) of patients were willing to pay a fair price.

Conclusion

RATU's diagnostic performance is still helpful for patients in remote areas, even though it may be slightly inferior to on‐site US examination.
CP/HA/HGF Conductive Composite Scaffolds with Synergistic Electrical Stimulation for Nerve Regeneration
Authors: Ma Yahao , Wang Cong , Li Jun , Xie Pengfei , Xiao Longyou , Ramakrishna Seeram , Chen Nuan , Wang Xiaoying , He Liumin
Published: January 2025

The challenge of nerve regeneration stems from the diminished vitality of mature neurons post‐injury. The construction of a suitable microenvironment at the injury site to facilitate axonal regeneration is a crucial aspect of nerve injury repair. In this work, a conductive and biocompatible composite material, CP/HA/HGF, is designed by grafting polypyrrole onto chitosan and compounding it with hyaluronic acid and functional short peptides for neural regeneration. Comprehensive material characterizations shows that CP/HA/HGF holds the potential as a scaffold material based on its good overall performance. In vitro experiments revealed that the combination of conductive composite scaffolds and electrical stimulation facilitated axonal growth and myelin formation in the dorsal root ganglion, while also promoting the migration of Schwann cells. Therefore, the conductive composite scaffold studied in this paper presents a promising strategy for enhancing neural regeneration.
Sulfated Glycosaminoglycans as Inhibitors for Chlamydia Infections: Molecular Weight and Sulfation Dependence
Authors: Wintgens Sebastian , Müller Janita , Drees Felicitas , Spona Dominik , Bonda Lorand , Hartmann Laura , Hegemann Johannes H. , Schmidt Stephan
Published: January 2025

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) play a pivotal role in pathogen attachment and entry into host cells, where the interaction with GAGs is critical for a diverse range of bacteria and viruses. This study focuses on elucidating the specific interactions between sulfated GAGs and the adhesin OmcB (Outer membrane complex protein B) of Chlamydia species, examining how structural characteristics of GAGs, such as sulfation degree and molecular weight, influence their binding affinity and thereby affect bacterial infectivity. A surface‐based binding assay is established to determine the binding constants of OmcB with various GAGs. It is shown that increased sulfation and higher molecular weight enhance GAG binding to OmcB. These findings are further validated using cell assays, which shows that the addition of sulfated GAGs reduces OmcB‐cell binding and inhibits the attachment of C. pneumoniae elementary bodies (EBs), underscoring the pivotal role of specific GAGs in chlamydial infections. Notably, heparin exhibites a stronger inhibitory effect on OmcB compare to GAGs with similar sulfation degrees and molecular weights, suggesting that particular molecular architectures may optimize binding interactions.
Polymeric Nanoarchitectures: Advanced Cargo Systems for Biological Applications
Authors: Luo Yingtong , Li Yudong , Abdelmohsen Loai K. E. A. , Shao Jingxin , van Hest Jan C. M.
Published: January 2025

Polymeric nanoarchitectures are crafted from amphiphilic block copolymers through a meticulous self‐assembly process. The composition of these block copolymers is finely adjustable, bestowing precise control over the characteristics and properties of the resultant polymeric assemblies. These nanoparticles have garnered significant attention, particularly in the realm of biological sciences, owing to their biocompatibility, favorable pharmacokinetics, and facile chemically modifiable nature. Among the myriad of polymeric nanoarchitectures, micelles and polymersomes stand out as frontrunners, exhibiting much potential as cargo carrier systems for diverse bio‐applications. This review elucidates the design strategies employed for amphiphilic block copolymers and their resultant assemblies, specifically focusing on micelles and polymersomes. Subsequently, it discusses their wide‐ranging bio‐applications, spanning from drug delivery and diagnostics to bioimaging and artificial cell applications. Finally, a reflective analysis will be provided, highlighting the current landscape of polymeric cargo carriers, and discussing the opportunities and challenges that lie ahead. With this review, it is aimed to summarize the recent advances in polymeric assemblies and their applications in the biomedical field.
Designing Short Cardin‐Motif Peptide and Biopolymer‐Based Multicomponent Hydrogels for Developing Advanced Composite Scaffolds for Improving Cellular Behavior
Authors: Sen Sourav , Kumar Rakesh , Tomar Rahul Singh , Roy Sangita
Published: January 2025

Multicomponent self‐assembly represents a cutting‐edge strategy in peptide nanotechnology, enabling the creation of nanomaterials with enhanced physical and biological characteristics. This approach draws inspiration from the highly complex nature of the native extracellular matrix (ECM) constituting multicomponent biomolecular entities. In recent years, the combination of bioactive peptide with polymer has gained significant attention for the fabrication of novel biomaterials due to their inherent specificity, tunable physiochemical properties, biocompatibility, and biodegradability. This advanced strategy can address the limitation of the lower mechanical strength of the individual peptide hydrogel by incorporating the biopolymer, resulting in the formation of a composite scaffold. In this direction, this advanced strategy is explored using noncovalent interactions between cellulose nano‐fiber (CNF) and cationic Cardin‐motif peptide to develop advanced composite scaffolds. The bioactive cationic peptide otherwise failed to form hydrogel at physiological conditions. Interestingly, the differential mixing ratio of CNF and peptide modulated the surface charge, functionality, and mechanical properties of the composite scaffolds, resulting in diverse cellular responses. 10:1 (w/w) ratio of CNF and peptide‐based composite scaffold demonstrates improved cellular survival and proliferation in 2D culture conditions. Notably, in 3D cultures, cell proliferation on the 10:1 matrix is comparable to Matrigel, highlighting its potential for advanced tissue engineering applications.
Synthesis and Properties of Biodegradable Copolyester with Phenyl Side Groups
Authors: Ge Tiejun , Zhao Dalong , Liu Xiaofeng , Yu Yang , He Xiaofeng , Yue Qi , Liu Wanrong , Sun Qunhe
Published: January 2025

Poly(butylene adipate terephthalate) (PBAT) is a biodegradable copolyester that has garnered significant attention in recent years. However, its application is limited by low tensile strength and elastic modulus. Current research focuses on copolymerization modifications aimed at enhancing PBAT's performance. In this study, a novel copolyester with phenyl side groups, poly(butylene‐co‐3‐phenoxy‐1,2‐propylene adipate‐co‐terephthalate) (PBPAT), is synthesized via melt polycondensation. The impact of varying amounts of the fourth monomer, 3‐phenoxy‐1,2‐propylene glycol (PPDO), on the copolyester's properties is investigated. FTIR and NMR spectroscopy confirm the structure and composition of PBPAT. The molecular weight, thermal properties, mechanical properties, processing characteristics, and hydrophilicity of the copolymers are comprehensively evaluated. The results indicate that PPDO does not affect the crystal structure of PBAT. However, the performance of PBPAT is significantly influenced by the PPDO content, which the optimal mechanical properties are achieved with 12.5% PPDO, demonstrating a tensile strength of 26.1 MPa and an elastic modulus of 220.6 MPa. Furthermore, PBPAT copolyesters exhibit high crystallinity, heat resistance, good hydrophilicity, and superior processability. The novel PBPAT copolyester offers enhanced performance characteristics and holds potential for replace commercial PBAT, thereby expanding the application scope of biodegradable materials.
In Situ Gels for Nasal Delivery: Formulation, Characterization and Applications
Authors: Qian Li , Cook Michael T. , Dreiss Cécile A.
Published: January 2025

The nasal route offers many advantages for drug delivery: quick onset of action, better patient compliance, avoidance of first‐pass metabolism and bypassing the blood‐brain barrier. Despite the potential of this route, several challenges exist, such as the short drug retention time caused by mucociliary clearance (MCC). In situ forming gels, which undergo a sol‐to‐gel transition with specific triggers at the site of action, present real opportunities in this field. They combine the intrinsic characteristics of hydrogels (elasticity and water‐holding capacity) with responsiveness, allowing easy application of drugs (spraying or extruding through a nozzle), as well as prolonged retention in the nasal cavity. The incorporation of mucoadhesive polymers, additives and nanocarriers can further tune the properties of in situ gels as nasal delivery platforms. This review summarizes advances in in situ gels for nasal drug delivery. We first describe challenges of the nasal route, target properties of in situ nasal gels, and then present both “classic” gelling polymers (poloxamers and polysaccharides) – which form the bulk of reported studies on nasal gels – as well as novel bespoke materials; we review characterization methods, highlighting the lack of standardization and accepted target values, then discuss applications by spraying, and conclude with future prospects.
Lignin Molar Mass Estimation by Dispersion Analysis
Authors: Simonsen Tor I. , Djajadi Demi T. , Ponzecchi Andrea , Crestini Claudia , Gigli Matteo , Sgarzi Massimo , Thomsen Sune T.
Published: January 2025

Lignin's complex and heterogeneous molecular structure poses significant challenges for accurate molar mass determination, which is important for its utilization in industrial applications, such as biochemicals, nanoparticles, biobased binders, and biofuels. This study evaluates the potential of Taylor Dispersion Analysis (TDA) for measuring lignin size and compares it with size‐exclusion chromatography (SEC) and diffusion‐ordered spectroscopy (DOSY) NMR. Using dual Gaussian fitting, flow‐induced dispersion analysis (FIDA), a TDA‐based method, successfully determined the average hydrodynamic radii of multiple species in solvent‐fractionated soda grass lignin samples, producing results consistent with DOSY. Molar mass calibration enabled comparisons between FIDA and SEC, revealing similar relative differences across lignin fractions. FIDA offers advantages such as rapid analysis and absence of stationary phase interactions, however its accuracy is limited by the variability of lignin fluorescence. Addressing these limitations will be critical for advancing FIDA as a method for lignin size estimation.
Recyclable Nano Zero‐Valent Iron (nZVI)‐Catalyst‐Mediated Sustainable Photopolymerization of Glycidyl Methacrylate in Ionic Liquid and Functional Copolymers Thereof
Authors: Jain Amul , Sahu Bhanendra , Singh Nishikanta , Banerjee Sanjib
Published: January 2025

Utilization of reusable catalysts and reaction media has recently been an area of interest to devise a sustainable approach. Interestingly, photoinduced reversible deactivation radical polymerization (photoRDRP) of glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) is achieved with reusable and magnetically separable nano zero‐valent Iron (nZVI). This resulted in well‐defined poly(glycidyl methacrylate) (PGMA) (upto 22700 g mol−1) with a low dispersity (Đ ≤ 1.20). Using an ionic liquid and a straightforward low‐cost technique, three different copolymers: poly(glycidyl methacrylate‐random‐dimethyl amino ethyl methacrylate) poly(GMA‐r‐DMAEMA), poly(glycidyl methacrylate‐random‐methyl methacrylate) poly(GMA‐r‐MMA) and poly(glycidyl methacrylate‐random‐styrene) poly(GMA‐r‐St) are produced, all without the need for traditional photoinitiators. The response of the poly(GMA‐r‐DMAEMA) to pH variations is evaluated.
Halogen‐Bearing Peptide Liquid Crystals to Elicit Molecular Alignments for Residual Dipolar Coupling Measurement
Authors: Chen Yu , He Jin‐Hao , Luo Tian‐Zi , Qin Si‐Yong , Lei Xinxiang
Published: January 2025

Residual dipolar coupling (RDC) not only contributes to the dynamic analysis of proteins but also provides a robust route for the structure determination of small organic compounds. An essential prerequisite for this methodology is the availability of alignment media. Herein, a series of novel peptide‐based alignment media are generated by introducing D‐type or halogen‐bearing amino acids for RDC measurements. Compared with a self‐assembled peptide liquid crystal (LC) medium containing D‐amino acid, the incorporation of halogen elements improved the electronegativity of peptide LCs, resulting in enhanced alignment strength toward analytes. Meanwhile, halogen‐bearing peptide LCs can provide different orientations relative to non‐halogenated peptide media, allowing the acquirement of independent sets of RDCs. The presented peptide LCs not only enrich the existing alignment media but also ignite a way of creating multiple alignment media for independent, non‐linearly related sets of RDC measurement.
Rational Design of Quinoidal Conjugated Polymers for Photothermal Antibacterial Therapy
Authors: Hao Zhide , Zhou Hailin , Gao Dong , Qiu Liang , Xing Chengfen
Published: January 2025

The increasing prevalence of antibiotic resistance, driven by the overuse and misuse of conventional antibiotics, has become a critical public health concern. Photothermal antibacterial therapy (PTAT) utilizes heat generated by photothermal agents under light exposure to inhibit bacterial growth without inducing resistance, attracting more and more attention. Quinoid conjugated polymers, especially para‐azaquinodimethane (AQM) polymer, are a class of organic semiconductors known for efficient π‐electron delocalization, near‐infrared absorption, and narrow bandgap, showing great potential in the application of photothermal reagents. However, current AQM polymers face challenges related to their solubility, photostability, and biocompability. In this study, tetraglycol is introduced onto the AQM core for improving the drawbacks of the resulting polymers. Two AQM polymers with different electron donor (thiophene and 2,2'‐bithiophene) are synthesized and evaluated for their various properties. PAQMT exhibited superior performance, including higher extinction coefficients, improved light absorption, and greater stability under repeated NIR irradiation. PAQMT is further developed into nanoparticles via encapsulation, resulting in excellent colloidal stability, effective bacterial inhibition under 808 nm NIR light. This work provides new strategy in improving the solubility, photostability, and photothermal properties of AQM polymers, offers opportunities for promoting the application of quinoidal conjugated polymers in PTAT.