bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Macula Densa Nitric Oxide Synthase 1β Protects against Salt-Sensitive Hypertension
Authors: Lu Yan , Wei Jin , Stec David E. , Roman Richard J. , Ge Ying , Cheng Liang , Liu Eddie Y. , Zhang Jie , Hansen Pernille B. Laerkegaard , Fan Fan , Juncos Luis A. , Wang Lei , Pollock Jennifer , Huang Paul L. , Fu Yiling , Wang Shaohui , Liu Ruisheng
Published: December 2015

Nitric oxide (NO) is an important negative modulator of tubuloglomerular feedback responsiveness. We recently found that macula densa expresses α-, β-, and γ-splice variants of neuronal nitric oxide synthase 1 (NOS1), and NOS1β expression in the macula densa increases on a high-salt diet. This study tested whether upregulation of NOS1β expression in the macula densa affects sodium excretion and salt-sensitive hypertension by decreasing tubuloglomerular feedback responsiveness. Expression levels of NOS1β mRNA and protein were 30- and five-fold higher, respectively, than those of NOS1α in the renal cortex of C57BL/6 mice. Furthermore, macula densa NO production was similar in the isolated perfused juxtaglomerular apparatus of wild-type (WT) and nitric oxide synthase 1α-knockout (NOS1αKO) mice. Compared with control mice, mice with macula densa–specific knockout of all nitric oxide synthase 1 isoforms (MD-NOS1KO) had a significantly enhanced tubuloglomerular feedback response and after acute volume expansion, significantly reduced GFR, urine flow, and sodium excretion. Mean arterial pressure increased significantly in MD-NOS1KO mice (P<0.01) but not NOS1flox/flox mice fed a high-salt diet. After infusion of angiotensin II, mean arterial pressure increased by 61.6 mmHg in MD-NOS1KO mice versus 32.0 mmHg in WT mice (P<0.01) fed a high-salt diet. These results indicate that NOS1β is a primary NOS1 isoform expressed in the macula densa and regulates the tubuloglomerular feedback response, the natriuretic response to acute volume expansion, and the development of salt-sensitive hypertension. These findings show a novel mechanism for salt sensitivity of BP and the significance of tubuloglomerular feedback response in long-term control of sodium excretion and BP.
KAUSALITAS UTANG LUAR NEGERI, TABUNGAN DOMESTIK, DAN PERTUMBUHAN EKONOMI
Authors: Adi Lumadya
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study was to examine the causality relationship between foreign borrowing with domestic savings; causality relationship between foreign borrowing and economic growth for the three ASEAN member countriesare Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand. The analysis tool is used Granger Causality. If there are two variables X and Y then the relationship could happen between them as follows: (1). X cause Y; (2). Y cause X; (3). Both directions Ycause X and X cause Y; and (4). There is no relationship between X and Y. The results of the study as follows: 1. There is no causality between foreign borrowing with domestic savings Indonesian state. 2. There is no causality between foreign borrowing with domestic savings of Malaysia. 3. There is causality in both directions between the foreign borrowingwith domestic savings of Thailand. 4. There is the direction of causality between foreign borrowing to economic growth in Indonesia. 5. There is no causality between foreign borrowing and economic growth of Malaysia. 6. There is no causality between foreign borrowing and economic growth of Thailand. ABSTRAKSIPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji hubungan kausalitas antara utang luar negeri dengan tabungan domestik; hubunganutang luar negeri dengan pertumbuhan ekonomi di tiga negara anggota ASEAN, yaitu Indonesia, Malaysia, dan Thailand.Analisa yang digunakan adalah Kausalitas Granger. Bila terdapat dua variabel X dan Y maka hubungan yang dapat terjadi di antara kedua variabel tersebut adalah sebagai berikut:(1) X berhubungan dengan Y; (2) Y berhubungan dengan X; (3) Keduanya saling berhubungan, yaitu X berhubungan dengan Y dan Y berhubungan dengan X; (4) Tidak ada hubungan di antara keduanya. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa: 1. Tidak ada hubungan antara utang luar negeri dengan tabungan domistik di Indonesia; 2. Tidak ada hubungan antara utang luar negeri dengan tabungan domistik di Malaysia; 3. Terdapat hubungan antara utang luar negeri dengan tabungan domistik  di Thailand; 4. Terdapat hubungan antara utang luar negeri dengan pertumbuhan ekonomi di Indonesia; 5. Tidak terdapat hubungan antara utang luar negeri dengan pertumbuhan ekonomi di Malaysia; 6. Tidak terdapat hubungan antara utang luar negeri dengan pertumbuhan ekonomi di Thailand.
Koroziv Madde İçimi gibi Sebeplerle Mideye Operasyon Yapılarak Alınması Sonrası Oluşan Kaybın İşlev Yitirilmesi veya Sürekli Zayıflaması Yönünden Değerlendirilmesi
Authors: Yılmaz Rıza , Kıyak Samet , Dündar Halit Ziya , Türkeş Bayram
Published: December 2015

Türk Ceza Kanununda (TCK) tanımlanan yaralanma suçlarının Adli Tıp açısından değerlendirilmesinde kullanılan kriterlerden birisi de ”duyu veya organlarının işlevinin sürekli zayıflaması ya da yitirilmesidir”(1).TCK’da tanımlanan yaralanma suçlarının Adli Tıp açısından değerlendirilmesinde duyu veya organların işlevinin sürekli zayıflaması ya da yitirilmesi, organdaki veya ekstremitedeki anatomik kayıp ve/veya fonksiyonel bozukluğun o organ veya ekstremitenin kendi anatomik yapısı ve /veya fonksiyonuna göre %10-50 arasında ise “işlevinin sürekli zayıflaması”, %50’nin üzerinde ise “işlevinin yitirilmesi “olarak değerlendirilmektedir.(1)Ateşli silah yaralanması, delici kesici alet yaralanması, araç içi-dışı trafik kazaları, künt travmalar, yüksekten düşme, koroziv madde içimi gibi durumlarda batın içi organlardan olan mide diğer batın içi organlarla beraber veya nadiren de olsa tek başına yaralanabilmektedir. Bu yaralanmaların sonucunda yapılan operasyonlar total gastrektomi, subtotal gastrektomi, distal subtotal gastrektomi , distal gastrektomi, hemigastrektomi, antrektomi’dir. (2,3)Bu yaralanmaların neticesinde uygulanan cerrahi operasyonlar, sonuç olarak midenin işlevinin sürekli zayıflamasına ya da yitirilmesine neden olmaktadır. TCK’nda tanımlanan yaralama suçlarının Adli Tıp açısından değerlendirme kriterleri arasına midenin de alınmasının uygun olacağı düşüncesindeyiz. Midede meydana gelen anatomik kayıp oranına göre işlev kaybı veya işlevin sürekli zayıflaması mı olduğuna dair önerimiz tablo 1’de gösterdiğimiz şekildedir.
Lira ve Euro Kelimeleri ile Bunlara Ait Simgeler Arasindaki Benzerliğin Adli Belge İncelemesi Açısından Değerlendirilmesi
Authors: Kömür İlhami , Başpınar Bünyamin , Kınoğlu Kubilay , Şahin Esat , Gürler Selçuk , Çakır İrfan , Üner Hüseyin Bülent
Published: December 2015

Objective: The symbol of Turkish Lira “₺” which has been used since 1st of March 2012 resembles to the symbol of the official currency of euro zone “€”. Moreover, easy conversion of  spelling “Lira” to “Euro” and their symbols in the texts are a important problem for the experts of Forensic Document Examination.
Materials and Methods: Department of Forensic Document Examination of The Council of Forensic Medicine is one of the most experienced institution in Turkey in forensic document examination with processing more than 10.000 files per year.  Although Document Examination Branch has not faced such a forgery which mentioned above yet, it is likely  that such a fraud will be realized.  Aim of this study is to draw the attention of forensic scientists  on this potential forgery by presenting the virtual cases.
Results and conclusion: In virtual cases, “Lira” word and “₺” symbol were transformed to “Euro” word  and “€” symbol easily.  Initial states of virtual bills before alteration were revealed under infrared light source using VSC 6000 HS. Consequently, easy convertibility of  “Lira” to “Euro” words and their symbols can increase  probablity of alteration on bill, check etc. documents through only change of currency without change of amount area in documents.
Corporal punishment in schools: Global status and remedial measures
Authors: Gorea R K
Published: December 2015

Corporal punishment in schools is a global problem but with increasing awareness about its harmful effects many
countries have banned the corporal punishment in schools. In India this problem was quite prevalent and accepted
by the society as it was considered beneficial for the good education of children and still many people are in favor
of it. Now with the media coming in and highlighting the serious problems of corporal punishment, demands have
come to ban it totally. But mere banning and making rules and laws does not completely solve the problem. In this
paper this problem of corporal punishment has been defined, its prevalence mapped and ill effects of corporal
punishment highlighted. Current status of laws and regulations and their utility in India and various parts of the
world has been discussed. Measures have been suggested to curb and eradicate the problem of corporal
punishment in educational institutions.
Application of histopathological changes in the lungs and liver of death from Aluminum Phosphide poisoning
Authors: Mohammadi Ali Banagozar , Mohammadian Soraya , Nahandi Maryam Zaare
Published: December 2015

In developing countries Aluminum Phosphide is the third cause of mortality due to contact with pesticides. This substance produces phosphine gas in contact with water or moist air or acid which causes cell death through cellular respiration disorder in various organs of the body (1),(2),(3). In recent decades Aluminum Phosphide tablets are easily available and widely used for suicidal attempts by Iranian population (4),(5),(6),(7),(8),(9),(10),(11),(12). Aluminum phosphide through involvement with almost all vital organs of the body causes different clinical features (1),(10) for example the poisoned patients catch pulmonary symptoms such as tachypnea, cyanosis, pulmonary rales bilaterally, ALIARDS, pulmonary edema, atelectasis, dyspnea, respiratory failure, cough, shortness of breath, tightness in chest (3),(5),(12), pleural effusion (13) and acute respiratory arrest (14).
Secagem solar de coentro: efeito de pré-tratamentos e do processo sobre, os aspectos físicos-químicos
Authors: Silveira N. H. , Silva G. V. A. , Pereira F. K. , Sant'Ana A.
Published: December 2015

Os objetivos deste trabalho foram estudar o processo de secagem solar do coentro, com e sem branqueamento, e avaliar os efeitos destes sobre as características físico-químicas do material desidratado. As amostras de coentro, foram submetidas ao branqueamento por imersão direta em água (BID) e branqueamento por imersão em saco (BIS). As amostras desidratadas, com e sem branqueamento, foram caracterizadas quanto à acidez total titulável e teor de ácido ascórbico. No tocante aos resultados referentes ao processo de secagem, constatou-se que não houve modificação significativa na velocidade de secagem das amostras com e sem branqueamento. Dentre os três modelos matemáticos utilizados para representar o comportamento das curvas de secagem, o modelo Midilli e Kucuk foi o melhor descreveu o comportamento das curvas, com R2 acima de 99% e menor desvio quadrático médio. Com relação ao produto desidratado, verificou-se que as amostras submetidas ao branqueamento BIS, apresentaram menor redução no teor de ácido ascórbico, cerca de 40%, em relação à amostra original. 

Sun drying of coriander: effect of pretreatments and process on physical-chemical aspects

ABSTRACT: The aim of this study were evaluate the sun drying process of coriander leaves, blanchied and unblanched, and assess the effect of pretreatments on physico-chemical aspects of dehydrated material. Coriander leaves were blanched by direct water imersion and blanched by imersion in polyethylene bag. Dehydrated samples, blanched and unblanched, were characterized by means total titratable acidity (TTA) and ascorbic acid content (AA). According to the results of drying process, it was not observed siginifcant changes in the drying rate of blanched and unblanched samples. Among the mathematical models applied to describe the drying process, Midilli and kucuk model, was the best model to describe the drying curves behavior, with R2 above 99% and the lowest mean square deviation. Blanched samples in polyethylene bag, showed TTA and AA values near the fresh samples.

 
Comportamento dos preços de milho e feijão caupi no mercado do estado do Ceará
Authors: Sousa A. M. , Barroso Neto A. M. , Pinheiro J. I. , Silva V. B. , Nogueira D. B.
Published: December 2015

A agricultura de subsistência (geralmente milho e feijão caupi) é a atividade econômica mais importante na Região Nordeste, sendo a baixa disponibilidade de água o principal obstáculo para a produção agrícola. O estudo dos preços dessas culturas torna-se importante ferramenta de tomada de decisão por parte de produtores, sendo a análise de sazonalidade a metodologia mais empregada no âmbito de análise de preços. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo analisar a sazonalidade dos preços do milho e feijão caupi produzidas no Estado do Ceará. Foi analisado o período de janeiro de 2005 à dezembro de 2014. A determinação dos índices estacionais de preços para a realização da análise de sazonalidade foi realizada através do método da média aritmética móvel centrada em 12 meses. O índice foi utilizado com a base em dezembro de 2014. Com a série de preços deflacionados calculou-se a média móvel centrada para cada mês a partir mês de julho de 2005 até o mês de junho de 2014. Com as médias determinadas calculou-se o IEP (índice estacional de preço). As culturas de milho e feijão apresentam padrões distintos de sazonalidade, podendo esta característica servir de base para o planejamento de produtores.

 Behavior of corn prices and bean cowpea marketing of Ceará state

Abstract: The subsistence agriculture (usually corn and cowpea) is the most important economic activity in the Northeast and the availability of water is the main obstacle to agricultural production. The study price of these cultures it is important decision-making tool by producers, and seasonality analysis methodology employed within more price analysis. This study aimed to analyze the seasonality of prices of the maize and cowpea produced in the state of Ceará. Analyzed the period from January 2005 to December 2014. The determination of seasonal price indices for the realization of seasonality analysis was performed using the method of mobile arithmetic mean centered in 12 months. After obtaining the time series of prices proceeded to the deflation of the same, making use of the IGP-DI, supplied by FGV. The index was used with the base in December 2014. With the number of deflated prices calculated the moving average for each month from July 2005 until June 2014. With certain averages calculated the IEP (seasonal price index). The corn and beans have distinct seasonal patterns, this characteristic may be the basis for the planning of producers.
Novas imagens da pombagira na cultura pop: símbolos, mitos e estereótipos em circulação
Authors: Dravet Florence Marie , Oliveira Leandro Bessa
Published: December 2015

Como o arquétipo da mulher selvagem sobrevive e ressurge dentro de construções estereotipadas do feminino na cultura pop contemporânea, especialmente, na música e nos videoclipes? Para tratar desse arquétipo, partimos da figura brasileira da pombagira, símbolo de uma força feminina livre, selvagem, sensual e sexual. De acordo com a teoria de Warburg (2012), símbolos fortes ressurgem na arte devido ao caráter recorrente do pathos, que ele denomina pathosformel. Mostraremos, com o estudo de três figuras do feminino do star system mediático como um feminino livre, embora tenha sido devastado por séculos de falocentrismo, está ressurgindo e se manifestando na cultura pop.
Narkokontrol’ — Drug Control Magazine over 10 Years
Authors:   Editor-in-Chief of Narkokontrol’ — Drug Control Magazine Candidate of Legal Sciences, Professor Honored Lawyer of the Russian Federation (Moscow), Fedorov Alexander V.
Published: December 2015

The article is devoted to the 10th anniversary of Narkokontrol’ — Drug Control Magazine. It provides and analyzes key features of the Journal over 10 years (1995–2015), generalized data on articles published in forty issues of the Journal released within these years, on authors of the Journal and members of its editorial board. It reviews the way scientific researches published in the Journal are recorded in the Russian Science Citation Index’s database.
DESENVOLVIMENTO SUSTENTÁVEL: UMA ANÁLISE CONTEXTUAL DO CASO BRICS
Authors: Morel Aline Pereira Sales , Vaz Janderson Martins , Lopes Patrick Fernandes , Silva Sabrina Soares da
Published: December 2015

Este estudo tem por objetivo fazer uma comparação entre as dimensões econômica, ambiental e social dos membros do BRICS, de forma a oferecer um panorama contextual do desenvolvimento sustentável nesses países. Os dados coletados para realização dessa investigação foram obtidos a partir de indicadores de sustentabilidade mencionados pela literatura consultada e disponibilizados no sítio eletrônico do Banco Mundial, no período compreendido entre 2006 e 2013. Observou-se que, em relação ao desenvolvimento econômico e social, a cooperação entre os países que compõem o BRICS se mostrou eficiente, resultando em avanços nesses aspectos.  Já em relação à sustentabilidade ambiental, observou-se que ela não está sendo devidamente contemplada pelos planos de cooperação dos BRICS.  Assim sendo, constata-se que, apesar de recente, os BRICS apresentam possibilidades de desenvolvimento sustentável. Entretanto, maior cuidado e esforço deve ser empregado na promoção do desenvolvimento ambiental sustentável desses países emergentes, além de medidas para a promover a continuidade dos avanços no desenvolvimento econômico e social.
Comparing process‐based and constraint‐based approaches for modeling macroecological patterns
Authors: Xiao Xiao , O'Dwyer James P. , White Ethan P.
Published: December 2015

Ecological patterns arise from the interplay of many different processes, and yet the emergence of consistent phenomena across a diverse range of ecological systems suggests that many patterns may in part be determined by statistical or numerical constraints. Differentiating the extent to which patterns in a given system are determined statistically, and where it requires explicit ecological processes, has been difficult. We tackled this challenge by directly comparing models from a constraint‐based theory, the Maximum Entropy Theory of Ecology (METE) and models from a process‐based theory, the size‐structured neutral theory (SSNT). Models from both theories were capable of characterizing the distribution of individuals among species and the distribution of body size among individuals across 76 forest communities. However, the SSNT models consistently yielded higher overall likelihood, as well as more realistic characterizations of the relationship between species abundance and average body size of conspecific individuals. This suggests that the details of the biological processes contain additional information for understanding community structure that are not fully captured by the METE constraints in these systems. Our approach provides a first step towards differentiating between process‐ and constraint‐based models of ecological systems and a general methodology for comparing ecological models that make predictions for multiple patterns.
A sum greater than its parts: merging multi‐predator tracking studies to increase ecological understanding
Authors: Lowther A. D. , Lydersen C. , Kovacs K. M.
Published: December 2015

Understanding how animals find prey in heterogeneous environments is a central goal of ecology. Placing this process in an environmental context requires a lot of information regarding the characteristics of both the habitat selected by the animal and its surroundings. In high‐latitude marine systems, information about subsurface habitats of marine predators is often very limited. Animal‐borne oceanographic instruments have added a new modality to improve our understanding of marine predators and their habitats. While these instruments do not collect environmental information beyond that experienced by the animals carrying them, our study makes use of an oceanographic dataset collected by southern elephant seals (Mirounga leonina; N = 15), to provide environmental context for two sympatrically foraging penguin species in the waters close to the subantarctic island of Bouvetøya. The seals collected 154 CTD profiles during the study period, averaging 4.9 (±3.67) profiles per day, documenting the stratification of the upper water layer in terms of both seawater density and temperature. Using these data, we quantitatively describe the relationship between the diving behavior of the penguins (N = 3,745 dives) and the hydrographic properties of the three‐dimensional area in which they were foraging. Both penguin species appeared to favor water characterized by a shallow mixed layer. The chinstrap penguins (Pygoscelis antarctica) dove within a shallow, unstable body of water close to the colony, whereas macaroni penguins (Eudyptes chrysolophus) exploited the bottom of the surface mixed layer further offshore. The hydrographic properties preferred by the penguins match closely those that describe the highest densities of their preferred prey, krill (Euphausia superba), identified during a temporally and spatially concurrent study. We demonstrate how merging multiple telemetric data streams from animals can shed new light on aspects of foraging behavior beyond simply relating movements to two‐dimensional, remotely sensed measurements of the environment.
Blazing The Trail For Astronomy Education Research
Authors: Bailey Janelle M. , Lombardi Doug
Published: December 2015

Education research has long considered student learning of topics in astronomy and the space sciences, but astronomy education research as a sub-field of discipline-based education research is relatively new. Driven by a growing interest among higher education astronomy educators in improving the general education, introductory science survey course for non-science majoring undergraduates (“ASTRO 101”), contemporary astronomy education research is led by scholars with significant expertise in astronomy content. In this review, we outline the recent history of the growing field of discipline-based astronomy education research by analyzing graduate degrees earned, faculty involved, and major milestones, such as the appearance of archival, peer-reviewed professional journals. Astronomy education research as a field of discipline-based education research has made notable strides in the past few decades that distinguish it from the K-12 education research realm, and, in spite of some setbacks, continues to move forward as a growing and vibrant community of scholars.
ANFIS and ANN models for the estimation of wind and wave-induced current velocities at Joeutsu-Ogata coast
Authors: Zanganeh Morteza , Yeganeh-Bakhtiary Abbas , Yamashita Takao
Published: December 2015

In this study, the adaptive network-based fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) and artificial neural network (ANN) were employed to estimate the wind- and wave-induced coastal current velocities. The collected data at the Joeutsu-Ogata coast of the Japan Sea were used to develop the models. In the models, significant wave height, wave period, wind direction, water depth, incident wave angle, and wind speed were considered as the input variables; and longshore and cross-shore current velocities as the output variables. The comparison of the models showed that the ANN model outperforms the ANFIS model. In addition, evaluation of the models versus the multiple linear regression and multiple nonlinear regression with power functions models indicated their acceptable accuracy. A sensitivity test proved the stronger effects of wind speed and wind direction on longshore current velocities. In addition, this test showed great effects of significant wave height on cross-shore currents' velocities. It was concluded that the angle of incident wave, water depth, and significant wave period had weaker influences on the velocity of coastal currents.
Development and evaluation of an extended inverse distance weighting method for streamflow estimation at an ungauged site
Authors: Waseem Muhammad , Ajmal Muhammad , Kim Ungtae , Kim Tae-Woong
Published: December 2015

In spatial interpolation, one of the most widely used deterministic methods is the inverse distance weighting (IDW) technique. The general idea of IDW is primarily based on the hypothesis that the attribute value of an ungauged site is the weighted average of the known attribute values within the neighborhood, and the ‘weights’ are merely associated with the horizontal distances between the gauged and ungauged sites. However, here we propose an extended version of IDW (hereafter, called the EIDW method) to provide ‘alternative weights’ based on the blended geographical and physiographical spaces for estimation of streamflow percentiles at ungauged sites. Based on the leave-one-out cross-validation procedure, the coefficient of determination had a value of 0.77 and 0.82 for the proposed EIDW models, M1 and M2, respectively, with low root mean square errors. Moreover, after investigating the relationship between the prediction efficiency and the distance decay parameter (C), the better performance of the M1 and M2 resulted at C = 2. Furthermore, the results of this study show that the EIDW could be considered as a constructive way forward to provide more accurate and consistent results in comparison to the traditional IDW or the dimension reduction technique-based IDW.
The stormwater ambassador program: A community education partnership between schools and local government
Authors: Mashiah G. , TyasTunggal H.
Published: December 2015

The Stormwater Ambassador program is an environmental education partnership between schools and local government, which supports students selected by their schools as “ambassadors” to promote stormwater and water cycle awareness within the community. Ambassadors learn about the catchment that they live in and related water issues during workshops held each school term, and then develop and implement ideas promoting community awareness. Ambassadors’ activities have included regular newspaper columns and community newsletters, school assembly presentations, drain stenciling, presenting the Runoffski family skit, creating community water awareness murals and totem poles. Ambassador students have also undertaken a variety of special focus campaigns including “Butt Out”, “Say NO to plastic”, “Be calico-fantastic” and “Your dog’s business is your business”. Regular and widespread media coverage of the program also promotes community stormwater awareness.

A compact disc resource containing sample communication material, workshop programs, educational activities, outcomes and evaluations, examples of community awareness activities undertaken by previous ambassador programs and a professionally produced video has been developed to assist implementation of the program. This resource has been developed from six separate ambassador programs involving over fifty schools, and the educational concepts and processes of the program are easily transferable to other environmental issues.
A Modelling Tool for Assessing Flood Risk
Authors: Balmforth D.J. , Dibben P.
Published: December 2015

Managing urban flooding remains one of the key challenges for the operators of sewerage systems in the developed world. In the UK it has been an important area of investment over the last five-year asset management period, and will be even higher on the agenda for the next five. Although modern software tools are extremely sophisticated in estimating the probability of sewer surcharging and surface flooding, the science of assessing individual property flood risk is still in its infancy.

The authors have developed a flood risk tool to identify the consequential effects of sewer system overloading in terms of individual property flood risk. This is post-processing software using the output from conventional modelling software. The tool recognises two separate causes of property flooding: backing up flow through connecting drains when sewers are surcharged, and the conveyance of flood flows over the surface. The severity of each is combined with return period to give a flood risk score for each property within a catchment.

The tool has been trialled by UK water companies as a proactive way of managing flood risk and has been shown to offer significant advantages over traditional methods of urban flood management.
Monitoring of Combined Sewer Overflow Tanks: Results of 500 Years of Measurement Records
Authors: Weiss G. , Brombach H. , Wöhrle Ch.
Published: December 2015

In Germany, today about 24,000 combined sewer overflow tanks (CSO tanks) are in operation. For their dimensioning and design, German standards are available and respected. However, efficiency and performance of these costly structures are usually not known by the operator nor by the local water authority. Thus, a trend towards monitoring the overflow activity is observed. This paper points out the state-of-the-art in CSO overflow monitoring. Basic features of water level measurement as well as some plausibility checks for the data are shown. Evaluation of overflow data is rather difficult. Assessment of the overflow activity versus hydrological data, e.g. by comparison with simulation results, is costly. A much simpler way of evaluation is the ranking and rating of measured overflow activity. On the 8th ICUD 1999, already a paper on this subject was presented. Now, 6 years later, the database of the ranking has grown to more than 500 years of measurement.
Assessment criteria for a sustainable management of the water resources
Authors: Maiolo M. , Martirano G. , Morrone P. , Pantusa D.
Published: December 2015

The present work describes the in-progress activities devoted to the definition of a model of sustainable management of the water resources at local scale, with special reference to an Optimal Territorial Ambit (ATO). These activities partly take as a starting point the EPSILON international research project “Environmental Policy via Sustainability Indicators On a European-wide NUTS-III level”.

The objective of such a model is to overcome the current DPSIR (Driving force-Pressure-State-Impact-Response) approach, allowing to create an ISST (Sustainability Synthetic Territorial Index), which is a composite indicator obtained from elementary indicators of environmental, economic, social and institutional nature, subsequently aggregated in sub-themes, themes and pillars.

The 155 Municipalities constituting the ATO can then be clustered in 5 categories (very low, low, middle, high, very high), according to the value of the corresponding composite sustainability indicator. Thanks to this approach, several classes of users can simulate different sustainability scenarios relevant to different values of the elementary indicators. In particular, the identification of sustainability indicators for the management of water resources allows a quick assessment of the management actions to be activated for the water use and reuse, with reference to the different uses and the different aspects of the Integrated Water System.
Resident Evaluation of a Waterside Environments
Authors: Wada Y. , Michioku K. , Wada N.
Published: December 2015

The advance of urbanization has brought rapid and large-scale changes to the landscape. Development has impacted the river basins and water circulation, thereby there are causing various problems due to changes in the volume of water in rivers and water pollution. In Japan, with the greying of society and the expansion of leisure time, people seek “ease of mind” and they are becoming more and more interested in the natural environments close to home. In this research we investigated extensively resident awareness of the waterside environment in City A and studied factors necessary for and important to future improvement of this environment based on analysis of: frequency of waterside utilization; differences in the impact of the waterside environment between those who are satisfied with the current state of the environment and those who are not; and functions people expect from the waterside. As a result, in order to realize a desirable waterside environment, water quality should be improved and rivers should be made cleaner, while facilities to enable residents to safely enjoy riversides should be constructed. To enhance utilization by residents, it is important to publicize those improvement projects that are implemented to make rivers more attractive.
Monitoring of Petroleum-Related Environmental Contamination Using Fluorescence Fingerprinting
Authors: Literathy P. , Quinn M.
Published: December 2015

Petroleum and its refined products are considered the most complex contaminants frequently impacting the environment in significant quantities. They have heterogeneous chemical composition and alterations occur during environmental weathering. No single analytical method exists to characterize the petroleum-related environmental contamination. For monitoring, the analytical approaches include gravimetric, spectrometric and chromatographic methods having significant differences in their selectivity, sensitivity and cost-effectiveness. Recording fluorescence fingerprints of the cyclohexane extracts of the water, suspended solids, sediment or soil samples and applying appropriate statistical evaluation (e.g. by correlating the concatenated emission spectra of the fingerprints of the samples with arbitrary standards (e.g. petroleum products)), provides a powerful, cost-effective analytical tool for characterization of the type of oil pollution and detecting the most harmful aromatic components of the petroleum contaminated matrix. For monitoring purposes, the level of the contamination can be expressed as the equivalent concentration of an appropriate characteristic standard, based on the fluorescence intensities at the relevant characteristic wavelengths. These procedures are demonstrated in the monitoring of petroleum-related pollution in the water and suspended sediment in the Danube river basin
Immobilization of Pb Contaminated Soil using Modified Clay
Authors: Park J. H. , Shin W. S.
Published: December 2015

Natural clays (i.e., montmorillonite and diatomite) modified by iron and manganese oxide were used as immobilization agents for the remediation of Pb contaminated soil. Batch sorption experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of surface modification on Pb sorption. Pb sorption capacity in modified clays was higher than that in natural clays. Pb sorption capacity in modified and unmodified clays was in the order of Mn-diatomite (1.967 mmol/g) > Mn-montmorillonite (0.718 mmol/g) > Fe-diatomite (0.457 mmol/g) > Fe-montmorillonite (0.330 mmol/g) > montmorillonite (0.233 mmol/g) > diatomite (0.025 mmol/g). Effects of modified clay amendment and ageing (or contact time) on immobilization of Pb were evaluated by a toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) and sequential extraction. An artificially polluted natural soil (APNS) with Pb (59.72 mmol Pb/kg soil) was used in immobilization experiment. Lead immobilization efficiency in APNS with modified clay was in the order of Mn-montmorillonite (93%) > Mn-diatomite (86%) > Fe-montmorillonite (81%) > Fe-diatomite (80%). Among the tested modified clays, Mn-montmorillonite was the most efficient in Pb immobilization. Results of sequential extraction of Pb from APNS after immobilization with modified clays indicate that mobile fraction (i.e., exchangeable and carbonate fraction) decreased as contact time increased, while less mobile (i.e., reducible) fraction increased from 27% to 60% of the total amount extracted. This indicates that addition of modified clay to APNS transforms Pb in mobile fraction into reducible fraction.
Ecosan Can Provide Sustainable Sanitation in Emergency Situations with Benefits for the Millennium Development Goals
Authors: Münch E. v. , Amy G. , Fesselet J. F.
Published: December 2015

This paper describes the potential of ecological sanitation (ecosan) to provide sustainable excreta disposal in emergency situations and in peri-urban areas or slums in developing countries. At the present time, pit latrines are the most common form of excreta disposal both for emergency situations and in low-income peri-urban areas or slums. Although not intended to be a long-term solution, pit latrines provided during emergencies are often used for a long time (more than six months to years). This practice is not sustainable if the area is prone to flooding or there are soil conditions that allow groundwater pollution in areas where groundwater is used for drinking water, to name but two of the main factors. We propose eight criteria for the applicability of ecosan based on analysis of three case studies representing different types of emergency situations. The two most important criteria are awareness and expertise in ecosan within the aid agencies, and availability of standardised, lightweight toilet units that are quick to assemble and easy to transport (e.g. container for faeces, and urine diversion squatting pan made of impact-resistant molded polypropylene). Such toilets could be moved to, or replicated in, other areas in need after the emergency (peri-urban areas or slums). This would provide benefits for Millennium Development Goals achievements (targets on hunger, child mortality, sanitation and slum dwellers) at lower cost than conventional sanitation systems. Costs for sanitation systems should be compared based on the entire system (toilet, transport, treatment, reuse in agriculture), using Net Present Value analysis for capital, and operating and maintenance costs.
Upper Limit of Residual Chlorine in Reclaimed Wastewater
Authors: Ji M. , Zhang N. , Zhang K.A , Zhang H.Sh , Huo Zh.
Published: December 2015

Chlorination as a disinfectant of tertiary treatment is the most common form in municipal wastewater treatment plants in China. Excess residual chlorine in reclaimed wastewater is harmful to growth of lawn grass. However, upper limit of residual chlorine aimed at reclaimed wastewater reuse for urban green land irrigation has not been promulgated. Lab-scale potted experiments of seedling tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.)(TF) and Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.)(KBG) were performed to evaluate the effects of residual chlorine in reclaimed wastewater on these two kinds of lawn grass. The results showed that: relative aboveground biomass, photosynthetic rate and total chlorophll (Tchl) concentration reduced to great extent with increasing of residual chlorine. The activity of catalase (CAT) of TF went up under low concentrations and decreased under higher ones, which was different from the decline trend of the same index of KBG. Considered growth of the two kinds of turf grass and disinfectant of reclaimed water, the upper limits of residual chlorine in reclaimed water for landscape irrigation should be equal to 1.0 mg/L for TF and 0.8 mg/L for KBG.
Comparisons of Packing Materials in On-Site Wastewater Treatment System
Authors: Chabaud Sylvaine , Andres Yves , Lakel Abdel , Le Cloirec Pierre
Published: December 2015

Numerous biological, physical and chemical parameters are involved in retention and removal of chemical pollutant and bacteria in wastewater treatment systems. Biofilm presence was often cited for its influence in these mechanisms. Sandy soil is the most used packing material in wastewater treatment study and little information is available for the other soil. The objectives of this study were to compare purification efficiency of packing materials (soil) and to allow a better understanding in purification mechanisms in one-site wastewater treatment. Our work focused on water pollution removal and biofilm development. For this purpose, four experimental reactors were packed with sand and silt suitable for on-site wastewater treatment plant. They were dosed with septic effluent at loads of 5 and 12 cm/j for sand and 2 and 5 cm/j for silt. The purification performances and biofilm development were monitored on 245 for sand filters and 65 days for silt filters. Dissolve oxygen concentration from the treated effluents showed better values for the low loads and for the silt reactors. Also, organic pollutant remove by oxidation (COD and DOC) were better eliminated in the following reactors: Silt (2 cm/j) > Silt (5 cm/j) > Sand (5 cm/j) > Sand (12 cm/j). Adsorption was the mechanism of ammonium removal in silt although nitrification took part in sand. Biofilm development was observed in the first 2.5 cm and 10 cm in the sand reactors loaded at 5 and 12 cm/j respectively.
A Mechanistic Study on the Electrocoagulation of Silica Nanoparticles from Polishing Wastewater
Authors: Den W. , Huang C. , Ke H.-C.
Published: December 2015

The removal mechanisms involved in the continuous-flow electrocoagulation for the treatment of a polishing wastewater containing negatively charged silica particles are described in the report. The mechanisms are derived from the experimental measurement of pH, zeta-potential and turbidity as a function of reaction time, as well as from the sludge characterization. Two types of distinct mechanisms are proposed, one involving particle destabilization by oppositely charged ferrous ions, the other involving a complexation or physical bridging by iron hydroxides/hydroxyl complexes. The former mechanism is apparently responsible for the formation of “surface sludge”, whereas the latter mechanism is responsible for the sediment sludge. Both mechanisms are important to the silica removal based on the measurement of sludge quantity.
Experiences with the World’s Largest Municipal Waste Water Treatment Plant Using Membrane Technology
Authors: Engelhardt N. , Lindner W.
Published: December 2015

With the commissioning of the waste water treatment plant Nordkanal, which has been dimensioned for a design capacity of 80,000 population equivalents, new worldwide standards for the implementation of large membrane-activated sludge plants have been created both from a technical and from an economic point of view. The hitherto successful operation of this plant has already now contributed towards this technology becoming suitable for use in large waste water treatment plants. The now two years the waste water treatment plant Nordkanal has been in operation have once again demonstrated that even on a large scale, membrane-activated sludge plants are able to reliably produce purified effluent of excellent quality, while simultaneously providing a small-sized design. They prove advantageous everywhere small-sized designs are sought after and the purified effluent has to meet high or special requirements. Wherever purification requirements are intensified in the foreseeable future, whether with regard to the hygienisation of effluent, or in the framework of re-using purified waste water as industrial water or potable water or in order to protect natural drinking water resources from critical anthropogenic impacts, the membrane bioreactor process or membrane filtration is trend setting and will increasingly gain in importance.
Fungal treatment of corn processing wastewater in an attached growth system
Authors: Jasti Nagapadma , Khanal Samir Kumar , Pometto Anthony L. , van Leeuwen J. (Hans)
Published: December 2015

Corn processing wastewater was treated in an attached growth system of Rhizopus oligosporus fungi. The effects of hydraulic retention time (HRT) and plant-based components in the support media were evaluated in 1 L reactors under non-aseptic conditions. Plastic composite support (PCS) tubes, composed of 50% (w/w) polypropylene (PP) and 50% (w/w) agricultural products were used as support media or, as a test, PP only. A maximum chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal of 78% was achieved at a 5 h HRT with a biomass yield of 0.44 gVSS/gCODremoved. The biomass yield increased to 0.48 gVSS/gCODremoved while COD removal reduced to 70% at a 2.5 h HRT. Competitive bacterial growth was reduced at the shorter HRT. A lower HRT of 1.25 h led to biomass wash out from the reactor. Significantly lower COD removal of 28% and biomass yield of 0.19 gVSS/gCODremoved were observed in a biofilm reactor with PP tubes alone, indicating that the agricultural components in PCS media were essential for better biofilm formation and organic removal.
Algae and associated toxins & metabolites: methodology for risk assessment and risk management
Authors: Baudin I. , Cagnard O. , Grandguillaume J.J. , Do-Quang Z.
Published: December 2015

The ability to predict the occurrence and the intensity of an algal bloom in resources is critical for effectiveness of the water treatment process and also for any short term remedial measures needed in the water body itself. The major negative impacts of algae concerning both water quality parameters and operational issues are the following:

- Regarding the water quality algae have strong incidence on pH, dissolved oxygen, level of chlorophyll a, biodegradable dissolved organic carbon, turbidity, increase of disinfectant demand, presence of Cyanotoxins and taste and odour causing compounds (Geosmin, MIB).

- On operational side algae cause disruption in settling (coagulant demand, pH, sludge behaviour), filter clogging, membrane fouling. The objective of this study is to establish an operational strategy to predict, quantify and overcome the problem of algae and metabolites on plants treating surface waters. The expected outcomes of this work are:

- Operational strategy to control and minimize algae growth problem.

- Recommendations to optimize and adapt treatment technologies to remove algae and associated micro-pollutants.

- Improved treatment reliability and guaranty for compliance with current and future targets both on quantity and quality of produced water.

- Improvements in customer satisfaction (taste and odour).
Improving Feed Water Recovery and Reducing Backwash Waste In Membrane Filtration Process
Authors: Cao Z. , Zha F.
Published: December 2015

This paper presents the recent advancements in the pressurized membrane filtration system, which significantly improves the feed water recovery and reduces backwash liquid waste volume. The membrane filtration system presented in this paper can achieve a feed recovery as high as 99.5%. To achieve such a high recovery, two backwash process strategies and controls are implemented in the new system: 1) filtering down to the backwash level to reduce the liquid holding in the membrane vessel before backwash; and 2) air pushed liquid backwash to minimise filtrate usage during backwash. Both pilot experiments and large scale plants demonstrated that the new backwash process achieved high backwash recoveries without compromising backwash performance.
A robust analysis of bromate formation models
Authors: Jarvis P. , Smith R. , Parsons S. A.
Published: December 2015

The formation of bromate is the main barrier in the application of ozone during water treatment for waters containing high concentrations of bromide. A number of empirical multiple linear regression models have been developed to model bromate formation. In this work, four of these models were applied to two water treatment works in the UK to determine the widespread application of these models to waters different from where they were developed. The most accurate models were able to predict the general trend in bromate formation but individual estimates could be very inaccurate (by up to 500 %). The most useful application of this type of model was to show a more qualitative demonstration of how changing process parameters could reduce bromate formation.