bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Power lines: Derrida, discursive psychology and the management of accusations of teacher bullying
Authors: Hepburn Alexa
Published: February 2003

This study connects broad issues of classroom control and the disciplining of pupils by teachers with a detailed examination of the way teachers deal with an implied accusation that they have been bullying. The analysis of interviews develops with reference to discursive psychology and Derrida's development of deconstruction. Billig's (1992) insights into ways that participants accounts can neutralize threats to established social arrangements are employed in relating detailed analytic points to the broader power relations between teacher and pupil. Interviews were conducted with Scottish secondary school teachers, and subjected to close textual analysis. This resulted in the development of three themes: (1) Subjectivity Construction, in which the functional role of the construction of mental entities is examined; (2) Normalizing Techniques, identifying strategies whereby intimidation can be constructed as normal; and (3) Figuration, examining the utility of figurative language ‐ metaphors, maxims, and so on. These themes display the subtlety and complexity of teachers' strategies for distancing themselves from being held accountable for reported intimidation. To conclude, three broader features of the study are discussed: the contribution to discursive psychology that Derrida's deconstructive philosophy can make; the respecification of psychology and subjectivity as participants' resources for action; and the contribution that this type of detailed study can make to issues of power and social critique.
A 100 years of certitude? Social psychology, the experimental method and the management of scientific uncertainty
Authors: Haslam S. Alexander , McGarty Craig
Published: February 2003

For at least 100 years the experimental method has been used to add scientific rigour to the process of conducting social psychological research. More specifically, experiments have been used to reduce methodological uncertainty surrounding the causal relationships between variables. In this way the method has proved particularly useful in demonstrating the impact of social contextual variables over‐and‐above individual differences. However, problems with the method have arisen because over time experimentalists have tended (1) to define uncertainty too narrowly, (2) to emphasize uncertainty reduction, but (3) to neglect the equally important process of uncertainty creation. This has contributed to the normalization of social psychology as a science but also made the discipline more conservative and circumscribed. It is argued that experimentalists need to address broader metatheoretical and political uncertainties in order to rediscover the experiment's potency as a tool of revolutionary and progressive science.
Two forms of intergroup discrimination with positive and negative outcomes: Explaining the positive‐negative asymmetry effect
Authors: Gardham Karen , Brown Rupert
Published: February 2003

The minimal group paradigm is widely used for the study of intergroup discrimination. Reliably, group members show in‐group favouritism in the allocation of positive outcomes but not in the allocation of negative outcomes. Less frequently investigated has been the withdrawal of positive and negative outcomes in the minimal paradigm. In this minimal group experiment the method of discrimination (allocation vs. withdrawal) and valence of outcomes (positive vs. negative) were combined in a 2×2 design (N=57). Participants showed significant in‐group favouritism only in the allocate (+) condition, less in withdrawal (‐), and none at all in the remaining two cells (where parity predominated). Measures of subgroup and superordinate category identification paralleled these findings, and their inclusion as covariates in the analyses of favouritism and parity measures eliminated the previously significant interactions, thus implicating recategorization as the process mediating positive‐negative asymmetry effects in intergroup discrimination.
‘This very difficult debate about Wik’: Stake, voice and the management of category memberships in race politics
Authors: LeCouteur Amanda , Rapley Mark , Augoustinos Martha
Published: February 2003

The issue of ‘race’ has assumed an extraordinarily salient position in Australian politics since the election of the conservative Howard government in 1996. Central to debate in the Australian polity has been the nature of the relationship between indigenous, or Aboriginal, Australians and the rest of the population, in particular over the issue of the land rights of indigenous people. Land rights, or ‘native title’, assumed a pre‐eminent position in national political life in 1996/97 with the handing down by the High Court of the so‐called ‘Wik judgment’. The discursive management of the ensuing debate by Australia's political leaders is illuminative of key sites of interest in the analysis of political rhetoric and the construction of ‘racially sensitive’ issues. Taking the texts of ‘addresses to the nation’ on Wik by the leaders of the two major political parties as analytic materials, we examine two features of the talk. First, examine how the speakers manage their stake in the position they advance, with an extension of previous work on reported speech into the area of set‐piece political rhetoric. Second, in contrast to approaches which treat social categories as routine, mundane and unproblematic objects, we demonstrate the local construction of category memberships and their predicates as strategic moves in political talk. Specifically, we demonstrate how the categories of ‘Aborigines’ and ‘farmers’, groups central to the dispute, are strategically constructed to normatively bind certain entitlements to activity to category membership. Furthermore, inasmuch as such categories do not, in use, reflect readily perceived ‘objective’ group entities in the ‘real’ world, so too ‘standard’ discursive devices and rhetorical structures are themselves shown to be contingently shaped and strategically deployed for contrasting local, ideological and rhetorical ends.
Social identification and gender‐related ideology in women and men
Authors: Cameron James E. , Lalonde Richard N.
Published: February 2003

The nature of women's and men's gender‐derived social identification was examined with a focus on the relationships between aspects of identity and gender‐related ideology. Measures of social identification, sex‐role ideology, and the perception of women's collective disadvantage were completed by 171 women and 91 men who categorized themselves as either traditional, non‐traditional or feminist. Factor analysis provided support for a multidimensional conception of gender‐derived social identification, with viable subscales reflecting in‐group ties, cognitive centrality, and in‐group affect. For self‐identified non‐traditional and feminist women, the cognitive centrality of gender was greater, and more consistently related to gender‐related ideology, than for traditional women. Traditional men reported stronger in‐group ties and more positive gender‐linked affect than did non‐traditional men, but men's levels of identification were generally weakly related to gender‐related ideology. The utility of considering both multiple dimensions and ideological correlates of group identification is discussed with reference to social identity theory
The role of desires and anticipated emotions in goal‐directed behaviours: Broadening and deepening the theory of planned behaviour
Authors: Perugini Marco , Bagozzi Richard P.
Published: February 2003

Building on the theory of planned behaviour (TPB), we develop a new model of purposive behaviour which suggests that desires are the proximal causes of intentions, and the traditional antecedents in the TPB work through desires. In addition, perceived consequences of goal achievement and goal failure are modelled as anticipated emotions, which also function as determinants of desires. The new model is tested in two studies: an investigation of bodyweight regulation by 108 Italians at the University of Rome and an investigation of effort expended in studying by 122 students at the University of Rome. Frequency and recency of past behaviour are controlled for in tests of hypotheses. The findings show that desires fully mediated the effects of attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioural control and anticipated emotions on intentions. Significantly greater amounts of variance are explained in intentions and behaviour by the new model in comparison to the TPB and variants of the TPB that include either anticipated emotions and/or past behaviour.
Constraints on equifinality: Goals are good explanations only for controllable outcomes
Authors: McClure John , Densley Lisa , Liu James H. , Allen Michael
Published: February 2003

What makes a goal or a precondition a better explanation of an action or outcome? Recent research shows that whereas goals are preferred for common actions, preconditions are preferred for actions that require substantial resources, particularly when those actions are obstructed. Two studies examined whether judgments of goals and preconditions reflect the controllability of the events, and whether previous findings apply to events generated by participants. Participants judged goals and preconditions as explanations for desirable extreme and moderate events and assessed the controllability and probability of the events. For common events, goals were better explanations than preconditions, whereas for the extreme scenarios, preconditions were judged equal or better explanations. The extreme events were seen as less controllable than the moderate events, and the controllability of the events predicted judgments of goals as explanations. The results suggest that participants see goals as better explanations only for events that the person can control, and they judge preconditions to be good explanations for events where the person has little control. These findings suggest that equifinality may apply only to those actions and outcomes where the preconditions are readily obtainable.
The perception of group variability in a non‐minority and a minority context: When adaptation leads to out‐group differentiation
Authors: Guinote Ana
Published: February 2003

Minority and non‐minority participants (Portuguese living in Germany vs. living in Portugal) completed open‐ended measures of in‐group and out‐group perception. Participants' generated attributes were analysed to assess perceived group variability, complexity of group knowledge, language abstractness, first‐ or second‐hand experience and participants' elaboration. Non‐minority members perceived more out‐group than in‐group homogeneity (the ‘outgroup homogeneity effect’), whereas minority members perceived more in‐group than out‐group homogeneity. This reversed pattern was owing to an increase in out‐group differentiation by minority members and not to differences in in‐group perception. Moreover, compared to majority members, minority members showed a greater elaboration and based their in‐group and out‐group knowledge more on personal beliefs derived from first‐hand experience. These results are in accord with findings in migration research showing that in order to adapt, migrants develop a differentiated perception of the host culture. Conditions that lead group members to differentiate the out‐group are discussed.
Integrating social value orientation and the consideration of future consequences within the extended norm activation model of proenvironmental behaviour
Authors: Joireman Jeffrey A. , Lasane Terell P. , Bennett Jennifer , Richards Diana , Solaimani Salma
Published: February 2003

This study integrates social value orientation (Messick & McClintock, 1968) and the consideration of future consequences (CFC; Strathman, Gleicher, Boninger, & Edwards, 1994) within the extended norm activation model of proenvironmental behaviour (Stern, Dietz, & Kalof, 1993). A survey of college students (N=161) revealed some preliminary support for the proposed model, using past and intended involvement in proenvironmental political behaviour as the primary outcome variables. Relative to proselfs, prosocials expressed stronger proenvironmental intentions and a stronger belief in the social consequences of environmental conditions. Relative to low CFCs, high CFCs expressed stronger proenvironmental intentions, greater involvement in proenvironmental behaviour, and a stronger belief in the personal, social and biospheric consequences of environmental conditions. Perceived consequences mediated the relationship between CFC and proenvironmental intentions and behaviour, and high CFCs evidence a stronger positive relationship between perceived social consequences and proenvironmental intentions.
Nationalism and patriotism: National identification and out‐group rejection
Authors: Mummendey Amélie , Klink Andreas , Brown Rupert
Published: February 2003

It is argued that the differentiation between nationalism and patriotism proposed in the literature can be seen as analogous to judgments based on different types of comparisons: intergroup comparisons with other nations are associated with intergroup behaviour that corresponds to nationalism, whereas temporal or standard comparisons are linked with behaviour that corresponds to patriotism. Four studies (N = 103, 107, 96 and 105) conducted in Germany and Britain examined the hypothesis that national identification and in‐group evaluation only show a reliable relationship with out‐group rejection under an intergroup comparison orientation. Participants were primed with either an intergroup comparison, a temporal comparison or no explicit comparison orientation. A subsequent questionnaire assessed in‐group (own country) identification, in‐group evaluation (i.e. national pride) and rejection of national out‐groups. Across all four studies, both in‐group identification and in‐group evaluation show a stronger correlation with out‐group derogation if participants were primed with an intergroup comparison orientation compared to temporal and control conditions. Results are discussed with regard to nationalism and patriotism as well as Hinkle and Brown's (1990) model on relational vs. autonomous orientations.
The strategic confirmation of meta‐stereotypes: How group members attempt to tailor an out‐group's representation of themselves
Authors: Klein Olivier , Azzi Assaad E.
Published: February 2003

This article is concerned with the influence of the group membership of an audience on the description of the in‐group. Negative meta‐sterotypes (stereotype of the in‐group believed to be held by members of a relevant out‐group) have aversive consequences on the self (Vorauer, Main, & O'Connell, 1998). Group members may therefore try to modify the meta‐sterotype to their advantage by confirming positive traits and disconfirming negative ones. Such a strategy is not relevant when one addresses in‐group members because one does not expect them to adhere to the content of the meta‐stereotype. The study varied the salience of the meta‐stereotype orthogonally to the group membership of the audience (out‐group vs. in‐group). Participants (N = 75) were asked to pick traits that applied to their group. As predicted, participants selected more positive traits belonging to the meta‐stereotype and fewer negative ones when addressing out‐group members than in‐group members, but this occurred only when the meta‐stereotype was salient. Both low and high identifiers displayed this tendency. These results suggest that stereotypes can be used as political weapons.
The effects of reasons given for ineligibility on perceived gender discrimination and feelings of injustice
Authors: Kappen Diane M. , Branscombe Nyla R.
Published: February 2003

We examine whether the reason given for a negative outcome influences the likelihood of making gender discrimination attributions. Men and women were given one of four reasons for their ineligibility to attend an event: an explicit gender reason, a reason based on an attribute correlated with gender, that same gender‐related reason with explanatory information attached, or they were given no reason. Providing participants with a reason based on a gender‐related attribute deflected them from making attributions to gender discrimination, indicating that discrimination attributions can easily be averted. Adding explanatory information to the gender‐related reason decreased feelings of injustice, illegitimacy and anger while increasing acceptance of the outcome.
Predicting gender from electronic discourse
Authors: Thomson Rob , Murachver Tamar
Published: February 2003

There is substantial evidence of gender differences in face‐to‐face communication, and we suspect that similar differences are present in electronic communication. We designed three studies to examine gender‐preferential language style in electronic discourse. In Expt 1, participants sent electronic messages to a designated ‘netpal’. A discriminant analysis showed that it was possible to successfully classify the participants by gender with 91.4% accuracy. In Expts 2 and 3, we wanted to determine whether readers of e‐mails could accurately identify author gender. We gave participants a selection of messages from Expt 1 and asked them to predict the author's gender. It was found that for 14 of the 16 messages used, the gender of author was correctly predicted. In the third experiment, six messages about gender‐neutral topics were composed. Using a subset of the variables identified in Expt 1, female and male versions of each message were created. When participants were asked to rate whether a female or a male wrote these messages, their ratings differed as a function of the message version. These findings establish that people use gender‐preferential language in informal electronic discourse. Furthermore, readers of these messages can use these gender‐linked language differences to identify the author's gender.
Meaning‐seeking in the illusory correlation paradigm: The active role of participants in the categorization process
Authors: Berndsen Mariëtte , McGarty Craig , Van der Pligt Joop , Spears Russell
Published: February 2003

The present research examines the role of categorical perception (McGarty, Haslam, Turner, & Oakes, 1993) in the illusory correlation paradigm. This approach assumes that the search for meaningful differences between two stimulus groups can lead to the illusory correlation effect. This explanation is investigated in Study 1 by presenting participants with constrained stimulus information and examining whether accentuating evaluative differences between stimuli could provide a basis for illusory correlation. Results of this study (N = 64) revealed illusory correlation effects that were related to evaluative reinterpretations of the stimuli. Study 2 (N = 19) focused on the causal relation between illusory correlation and accentuation effects, using the thinking‐aloud technique. Detailed analyses of each participants' behaviour indicated that illusory correlation can arise from actively seeking intergroup differences and that reinterpretations of stimuli and the perception of illusory correlation were mutually reinforcing. Implications of these results for stereotyping processes are discussed.
Counterfactuals and motivation: Mood as input to affective enjoyment and preparation
Authors: Sanna Lawrence J. , Meier Susanne , Wegner Eric A.
Published: February 2003

Two studies demonstrated that moods, in interaction with motivational goals, can influence counterfactual thinking (mental simulations of ‘what might have been’). This was shown for performances on laboratory tasks (Study 1) and for real‐life course exams (Study 2). In Study 1, with enjoyment goals, participants in good moods generated the greatest number of downward (worse than actuality) counterfactuals; with performance goals, participants in bad moods generated the greatest number of upward (better than actuality) counterfactuals. Downward counterfactuals in good moods with enjoyment goals was reflected in concern with affective motives, positive moods and low preparation. Upward counterfactuals in bad moods with performance goals was reflected in concern with preparative motives, negative moods and high preparation. In Study 2, affective and preparative goals were manipulated directly, mirroring Study 1. After success, participants with affective goals generated the greatest number of downward counterfactuals, which was reflected in high enjoyment, positive moods and low preparation. After failure, participants with preparative goals generated the greatest number of upward counterfactuals, which was reflected in concern with performance, negative moods and high preparation. Discussion centres on implications for counterfactuals, self‐motives and mood‐as‐input research.
‘Abnormalization’ of ethnic minorities in conversation
Authors: Verkuyten Maykel
Published: February 2003

Social psychologists studying intergroup relations have shown a renewed interest in social norms. In doing so, norms are treated typically as a non‐problematic given and independent of the actual practices people are involved in. This study examines the discursive construction and representation of abnormality by analysing discussions held by some ethnically Dutch inhabitants of old inner‐city quarters in Rotterdam. It is shown how these people in focus‐group type talk construct the behaviour of ethnic minority residents as ‘abnormal’ in a recognizable number of ways. They set the ethnic minority residents in contrast with ‘obviously normal’ practices; they use extreme case formulations in describing their behaviour; and they draw upon ‘unarguable’ human values in explaining their judgments. Further, specific versions of reality were constructed in providing a justificatory account of their assessment, and undermining cultural interpretations were managed by criticizing ethnic minority culture, questioning particular behaviour as an instance of culture, and arguing for the need for adaptation.
A social categorization approach to distributive justice: Social identity as the link between relevance of inputs and need for justice
Authors: Wenzel Michael
Published: February 2003

What are relevant inputs or criteria for judging entitlements in a given situation? As will be argued, an answer to this central problem of distributive justice must consider the perceiver's self‐definition and structuring of the social context, in terms of social categorizations. The construal of the primary category of potential recipients is particularly important as its prototypical dimensions are likely criteria for entitlement judgments. Its representation depends on the perceiver's salient identity.

Two studies yielded support for this perspective. In Study 1, students regarded their psychology department's distinctive quality as more important for psychologists than an out‐group's quality. When highly identified, they perceived a psychologist who outperformed another on the in‐group quality to have a higher entitlement to a job. In Study 2, German participants regarded the European Union's (EU) denial of EU membership to Turkey as more just the more prototypically European they thought Germany was, in contrast to Turkey; and, in turn, they did so the more strongly they identified as Germans. The findings suggest that relevance of inputs and, thus, the justice motive are based on identity concerns.
The affective and memorial components of distinctiveness‐based illusory correlations
Authors: Johnson Craig , Mullen Brian , Carlson Don , Southwick Sarah
Published: February 2003

Two studies were conducted to test a model of the distinctiveness‐based illusory correlation (IC) phenomenon that suggests there are two components operating with ICs: cognitive memorial, and affective. In Expt 1 (N = 118), two stimulus arrays were developed that were equivalent in regards to valence (good or bad extremity) but differed in regards to the affect dimension (high or low emotional intensity). Consistent with predictions drawn from the proposed model, the magnitude of the IC effect was higher in the high emotional intensity than in the low emotional intensity condition, but only significantly so on the measures (estimation and general evaluation) that have been hypothesized to be most sensitive to the affective component. In Expt 2 (N = 52), the affective qualities were matched and the valence properties varied in two stimulus arrays. As predicted, the IC effect differed significantly between conditions only on the measure (assignment) thought to be most sensitive to the memorial component. The results are discussed in terms of the implications of the findings for the proposed mechanisms of illusory correlation.
‘Hooligans’ abroad? Inter‐group dynamics, social identity and participation in collective ‘disorder’ at the 1998 World Cup Finals
Authors: Stott Clifford , Hutchison Paul , Drury John
Published: February 2003

During the 1998 Football World Cup Finals in France, English supporters were, once again, involved in major incidents of collective ‘disorder’. Explanations for these incidents concentrated on the conflictual norms held by ‘hooligans’. In contrast, Scottish supporters attending the tournament displayed norms of non‐violence, explained by the popular press in terms of the absence of ‘hooligans’. This study challenges this tendency to explain the presence or absence of ‘disorder’ in the context of football solely in terms of the presence or absence of ‘hooligan’ fans. Using data obtained from an ethnographic study of both Scottish and English supporters attending the tournament (N = 121), we examine the processes through which ordinarily ‘peaceful’ supporters would or would not become involved in collective conflict. In line with the Elaborated Social Identity Model (ESIM) of crowd behaviour, the analysis highlights the role of the intergroup context. Where out‐group activity was understood as illegitimate in in‐group terms, in‐group members redefined their identity such that violent action toward out‐group members came to be understood as legitimate. By contrast, where there was no out‐group hostility, in‐group members defined themselves through an explicit contrast with the ‘hooligan’ supporters of rival teams. This analysis represents an advance on previous studies of crowd behaviour by demonstrating how the ESIM can account for not only the presence, but also the absence, of collective ‘disorder’.
Cultural variation in hemifacial asymmetry of emotion expressions
Authors: Mandal Manas K. , Harizuka Susumu , Bhushan Braj , Mishra R.C.
Published: February 2003

Photographs of hemifacial composites (left‐left, right‐right and normal presentation, right‐left) of three cultures (Japanese, Oriental Indian and North American) displaying six emotions (happy, sad, fear, anger, surprise, disgust) and a neutral state were administered successively (one by one) as well as simultaneously (three hemifacial photographs of an expression at a time) to observers for judgment on a 5‐point scale in terms of distinctiveness of expression. Observers' judgments were treated with a culture of expressor × sex of expressor × facial presentation × emotion category mixed factorial ANOVA. Cultures did not vary for their distinctiveness of facial expressions, suggesting universality in this respect. Culture‐specificity was, however, observed with respect to hemifacial asymmetry and valence of emotion expressions: (1) Japanese showed a right hemifacial bias for positive and left hemifacial bias for negative emotions; Indians and North Americans showed left hemifacial bias for all emotions, and (2) negative emotion expressions were least distinctly identifiable in Japanese faces followed by Indian and North American faces.
Identifiability and self‐presentation: Computer‐mediated communication and intergroup interaction
Authors: Douglas Karen M. , McGarty Craig
Published: February 2003

This research investigated the intergroup properties of hostile ‘flaming’ behaviour in computer‐mediated communication and how flaming language is affected by Internet identifiability, or identifiability by name and e‐mail address/geographical location as is common to Internet communication. According to the Social Identity Model of Deindividuation Effects (SIDE; e.g. Reicher, Spears, & Postmes, 1995) there may be strategic reasons for identifiable groups members to act in a more group‐normative manner in the presence of an audience, to gain acceptance from the in‐group, to avoid punishment from the out‐group, or to assert their identity to the out‐group. For these reasons, it was predicted that communicators would produce more stereotype‐consistent (group‐normative) descriptions of out‐group members' behaviours when their descriptions were identifiable to an audience. In one archival and three experimental studies, it was found that identifiability to an in‐group audience was associated with higher levels of stereotype‐consistent language when communicators described anonymous out‐group targets. These results extend SIDE and suggest the importance of an in‐group audience for the expression of stereotypical views.
Broadcasting the royal role: Constructing culturally situated identities in the Princess Diana Panorama interview
Authors: Abell Jackie , Stokoe Elizabeth H.
Published: February 2003

We examine critically the two traditions of work that have informed discursive approaches to identity: social constructionism and conversation analysis. Within both strands, identity is theorized as a flexible phenomenon that is situated in conversations. But although constructionists locate identity within the social, such work remains at a theoretical and rather abstract level and often fails to interrogate the discursive practices through which identity is constituted. Conversely, this attention to the occasioning of identity in everyday talk is precisely the focus of the second, conversation analytic strand of work. Whereas constructionists attend to the wider cultural positioning of identities, conversation analysts resist commenting upon the social significance of what is constructed in interaction. Conversation analysis is therefore limited by its restricted notion of culture in the study of the situated social self. Despite the apparent conflict between these approaches, we suggest that a synthesis of the two provides a comprehensive framework for analysing identity. Drawing upon the BBC Panorama interview between Martin Bashir and Princess Diana, we explore how culturally situated identities are located in this conversational context. We conclude that analysts must not only attend to the micro‐level organization of identities but also engage in a wider understanding of the cultural framework within which they are located.
An existentialist view on mortality salience effects: Personal hardiness, death‐thought accessibility, and cultural worldview defence
Authors: Florian Victor , Mikulincer Mario , Hirschberger Gilad
Published: February 2003

Two studies examined the possible moderating role of hardiness on reactions to mortality salience inductions. A sample of 240 Israeli undergraduate students completed a hardiness scale, were exposed to a mortality salience or control induction, and then either rated the severity and punishment of 10 social transgressions (Study 1, N = 120) or performed a word‐stem completion task, which tapped the accessibility of death‐related thoughts (Study 2, N = 120). Results indicated that a mortality salience induction led to more severe judgments of social transgressions as well as to more severe punishments than a control induction only among participants scoring low in the hardiness scale. However, a mortality salience induction led to a higher cognitive accessibility of death‐related thoughts than a control condition regardless of participants' hardiness scores. The discussion emphasizes the importance of considering inner resources when examining reactions to mortality reminders.
Group variability judgments: Investigating the context‐dependence of stereotypicality and dispersal judgments
Authors: Hopkins Nick , Cable Isobelle
Published: February 2003

This study explores the context‐dependent nature of perceptions of group variability by examining how ingroup and outgroup ratings are affected by asking participants (N = 237) to rate these groups either on their own or together. In key respects, it replicates the design utilized by Haslam, Oakes, Turner, and McGarty (1995). However, several features of the present study's design were distinctive and intended to address methodological issues raised in the original. First, an alternative to the Katz‐Braly procedure was adopted such that the measure of ‘stereotypicality’ referred to the applicability of both stereotypic and counter‐stereotypic attributes. Second, a measure of ‘dispersion’ was also employed. The data show that ingroup stereotypicality was, as predicted, affected by a manipulation of context, while outgroup stereotypicality was not. No effects of context on the dispersion measures were obtained for either the ratings of the ingroup or the outgroup. The relationship between stereotypicality and dispersal measures of variability is discussed.
Efficacy of the Theory of Planned Behaviour: A meta‐analytic review
Authors: Armitage Christopher J. , Conner Mark
Published: February 2003

The Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) has received considerable attention in the literature. The present study is a quantitative integration and review of that research. From a database of 185 independent studies published up to the end of 1997, the TPB accounted for 27% and 39% of the variance in behaviour and intention, respectively. The perceived behavioural control (PBC) construct accounted for significant amounts of variance in intention and behaviour, independent of theory of reasoned action variables. When behaviour measures were self‐reports, the TPB accounted for 11% more of the variance in behaviour than when behaviour measures were objective or observed (R2s = .31 and .21, respectively). Attitude, subjective norm and PBC account for significantly more of the variance in individuals' desires than intentions or self‐predictions, but intentions and self‐predictions were better predictors of behaviour. The subjective norm construct is generally found to be a weak predictor of intentions. This is partly attributable to a combination of poor measurement and the need for expansion of the normative component. The discussion focuses on ways in which current TPB research can be taken forward in the light of the present review.
Multiple identities in Northern Ireland: Hierarchical ordering in the representation of group membership
Authors: Crisp Richard J. , Hewstone Miles , Cairns Ed
Published: February 2003

A study was conducted to explore whether participants in Northern Ireland attend to, and process information about, different group members as a function of a single dimension of category membership (religion) or as a function of additional and/or alternative bases for group membership. Utilizing a bogus ‘newspaper story’ paradigm, we explored whether participants would differentially recall target attributes as a function of two dimensions of category membership. Findings from this recall measure suggested that information concerning ingroup and outgroup members was processed as an interactive function of both religion and gender intergroup dimensions. Religion was only used to guide processing of more specific information if the story character was also an outgroup member on the gender dimension. These findings suggest a complex pattern of intergroup representation in the processing of group‐relevant information in the Northern Irish context.
Writing about rape: Use of the passive voice and other distancing text features as an expression of perceived responsibility of the victim
Authors: Bohner Gerd
Published: February 2003

The hypothesis that the passive voice is used to put the actor in the background and the acted‐upon person in the focus of discourse is tested in the realm of sexual violence. German university students (N = 67) watched a silent video segment depicting a rape whose circumstances, depending on condition, could or could not be easily interpreted in terms of rape myths. Then they wrote down what they had seen, judged the responsibility of assailant and victim, and completed a rape‐myth acceptance scale. Participants used the passive voice more frequently to describe the rape itself vs. other actions they had watched. When circumstances of the rape were easily interpretable in terms of rape myths, use of the passive voice correlated positively with rape‐myth acceptance and perceived responsibility of the victim, and negatively with perceived responsibility of the assailant. The language of headlines that participants generated for their reports also reflected judgments of assailant and victim responsibility. Implications for the non‐reactive assessment of responsibility attributions and directions for future research are discussed.
No benefit of the doubt: Intergroup bias in understanding causal explanation
Authors: Beal Daniel J. , Ruscher Janet B. , Schnake Sherry B.
Published: February 2003

Conversational conventions predict that receivers weigh later information more heavily than earlier information because they presume that communicators add later information only when it is particularly relevant and important. Drawing on Pettigrew's observation of the ultimate attribution error, the present research predicted that intergroup bias could override this conversational convention when individuals received multiple explanations (one beneficial, one condemning) for acts committed by out‐group members vs. in‐group members. Specifically, subsequently presented mitigating explanations for negative acts should not temper impressions of out‐group members, and subsequently presented crediting explanations for positive acts should not enhance impressions of out‐group members. Results supported this pattern, and the discussion considers these findings in light of communication rules, and in‐group/out‐group definition.
A socially organized basis for displays of cognition: Procedural orientation to evidential turns in psychic‐sitter interaction
Authors: Wooffitt Robin
Published: February 2003

Discursive psychology has been concerned with investigating how aspects of mind—cognitions, personality, identity, memory, attitudes, attributions, etc.—are warrantably invoked and indexed in the particulars of language use in a variety of discursive contexts. By drawing upon the method and findings of conversation analysis (CA), researchers have been able to show how displays of mind may be achieved with respect to the speakers' production of discursive activities, such as warranting versions of events. One of the key features of CA is the identification of sequences of conversational actions and their oriented‐to‐properties. This study argues that a focus on sequential activity can be harnessed to discursive psychological investigations to reveal how the relevance of displays of mind is embedded in the structure of verbal activities. To illustrate this methodological recommendation, the study describes a recurrent interactional episode in consultations between psychics and their clients, or sitters, in which participants realize collaboratively the demonstration of (albeit parapsychological) cognition.
Perceived superiority of one's own relationship and perceived prevalence of happy and unhappy relationships
Authors: Buunk Bram P.
Published: February 2003

In a study among 141 Dutch undergraduate students, the participants perceived their relationship on average as better than the relationships of most others, and assumed that a majority was happy and that only a minority was unhappy with their relationship. The higher the relationship satisfaction, the more one considered one's relationship as superior, the higher one estimated the percentage of individuals happy with their relationship, and the lower one estimated the percentage of individuals unhappy with their relationship. Overall, these three perceptions were independently related to relationship satisfaction. However, men's satisfaction was particularly related to the perception that one's own relationship was superior as well as to the assumption that few others were unhappy with their relationship, whereas women's satisfaction was particularly related to the assumption that most others were happy with their relationship.
Effects of aggressive behaviour and group size on collective escape in an emergency: A test between a social identity model and deindividuation theory
Authors: Kugihara Naoki
Published: February 2003

This study models escape behaviour in emergency situations and compares the ability of deindividuation and social identity‐based explanations in particular to account for responses. According to deindividuation theory, the larger the group, the higher the degree of anonymity and the stronger antisocial responses such as competitiveness will be. Moreover, the competition for escape should be more severe, and the escape rate lowered, in a large group, regardless of whether participants have an aggressive option. A social identity model predicts that when group members have an option of aggressive behaviour, the salience of the aggressive norm in a larger group will be stronger than that in a smaller group. In contrast, when participants only have a concessive option, the salience of the non‐aggressive norm in a large group is expected to be stronger than that in a small group. The results of Study 1 supported the social identity model. Study 2 tested how participants responded to their norm. The social identity model suggests a more conscious and socially regulated process whereas deindividuation theory implies an unconscious or unregulated process. The results showed that what directly affects norm formation is the density of stimulus, that is, the amount of aggression received from others and of others' escape activity divided by group size. The results suggest the conscious process of the norm formation and support the social identity model.
A facet approach to extending the normative component of the theory of reasoned action
Authors: Donald Ian , Cooper Simon R.
Published: February 2003

Using facet theory, this study addresses the weak explanatory power of normative influence in theories of reasoned action or planned behaviour. A broad normative construct is hypothesized as being characterized by two facets ‐ social unit and behavioural modality ‐ each of which is examined in relation to recreational drug use. A questionnaire was developed from the facets and administered to undergraduate students. Data (N = 181) were analysed using Smallest Space Analysis (SSA). The results suggest that the facets provide an adequate description of the normative construct and that personal and social normative beliefs, behavioural norms and behavioural intentions can be distinguished empirically. The results also lend partial support to Ajzen's (1988; Ajzen & Fishbein, 1977) principle of compatibility. Implications for how social influence is operationalized and conceptualized are also discussed.
A genealogy of the social identity tradition: Deleuze and Guattari and social psychology
Authors: Brown Steven D. , Lunt Peter
Published: February 2003

This paper explores how social psychology has theorized the relationship between the individual and society. This is done through a genealogical analysis of the Social Identity Tradition (SIT). It is argued that the current state of SIT is profoundly shaped by a range of intellectual and moral strategies derived from the work of Henri Tajfel. This ‘Tajfel effect’ manifests itself as a way of settling theoretical, practical and moral disputes through the invocation of Tajfel as a founding figure. However, this strategy also ties SIT into a model of the subject and an understanding of society that is increasingly seen as problematic. The paper then goes on to show how a range of core concepts at the heart of SIT may be usefully reformulated by drawing on the work of Deleuze and Guattari. Their work offers SIT a way of thinking about individuals and groups as sites for connection and differentiation. This is illustrated using the example of Nazi social relations that was originally deployed by Tajfel. Potential issues and direction for SIT as reinvigorated by the encounter with Deleuze and Guattari are then sketched out.
Effects of stereotypes on attitude inference: Outgroups are black and white, ingroups are shaded
Authors: Vonk Roos
Published: February 2003

This study examines whether stereotypic expectancies about the attitudes of group members (teachers vs. students) affect the attitude inferred from a series of statements. Stereotypes can produce either assimilation, contrast or no effects. Because ingroups are seen as more variable than outgroups, it is possible that assimilation is easily accomplished in ingroup members because of high category width, whereas contrast is more likely for outgroups who are seen as homogenous. Alternatively, because people are motivated to allocate cognitive resources when processing information about ingroup members, it is also possible that contrast occurs more frequently for ingroups, or that no stereotype effects emerge because the members are not stereotyped. The results indicate that both contrast and assimilation effects are stronger for outgroup than for ingroup members. It is concluded that outgroup members are categorized as either typical or atypical of their group, whereas ingroup members can also occupy intermediate positions.
Psychological need‐satisfaction and subjective well‐being within social groups
Authors: Sheldon Kennon M. , Bettencourt B. Ann
Published: February 2003

Five candidate measures of psychological need‐satisfaction were evaluated as predictors of high positive and low negative mood within the group, intrinsic motivation for group activities, and high commitment to the group. Consistent with self‐determination theory (Deci & Ryan, 1991), personal autonomy and interpersonal relatedness both predicted positive outcomes. Consistent with optimal distinctiveness theory (Brewer, 1991), feeling included within the group, feeling personally distinctive within the group, and feeling that the group is distinctive compared to other groups, also predicted positive outcomes. Simultaneous regression analyses indicated that the five needs were differentially related to the different well‐being indicators, and also suggested that group inclusion may be the most important need to satisfy within group contexts. Supplementary analyses showed that members of formal groups felt less personal autonomy, but more group distinctiveness, compared to informal group members.
The relation between perceived inequity, marital satisfaction and emotions among couples facing cancer
Authors: Kuijer Roeline G. , Buunk Bram P. , Ybema Jan F. , Wobbes Theo
Published: February 2003

The central aim of the present study was to examine if equity theory still applies to intimate relationships when couples are confronted with a serious illness. Equity concerns were examined among 68 cancer patients and their partners. Contrary to our expectations, only male patients on average felt overbenefited in their relationship, whereas female patients on average felt equitably treated. Moreover, it was found that the partners of these patients did not, as was expected, feel underbenefited in their relationship. The main focus of the present study was on the association between perceived equity on the one hand and relationship satisfaction and emotions on the other. It was found that in general patients seemed most sensitive to underbenefit (i.e. they felt least satisfied), and experienced on average least positive and most negative affect when they felt underbenefited. Particularly, patients who were physically impaired felt dissatisfied and angry when underbenefited. The partners of these patients were in general equally sensitive to inequity in both directions, regardless of their ill partner's physical condition.