bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Drag enhancement of aqueous electrolyte solutions in turbulent pipe flow
Authors: Benard E. , Chen J. J. J. , Doherty A. P. , Spedding P. L.
Published: July 2007

Experimental measurements have indicated that drag enhancement occurs when aqueous electrolyte solutions are flowing in the turbulent regime. The primary electroviscous effect due to the distortion by the shear field of the electrical double layer surrounding the ions in solution is invoked to explain the drag enhancement. Calculations using the Booth model for symmetrical one‐to‐one electrolytes enabled the increased viscosity in the turbulent regime to be calculated. Copyright © 2007 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Opioid and melanocortin receptors: Do they have overlapping pharmacophores?
Authors: Lee Yeon Sun , Agnes Richard S. , Cain James P. , Kulkarni Vinod , Cai Minying , Salibay Christine , Ciano Kathy , Petrov Ravil , Mayorov Alexander , Vagner Josef , Trivedi Dev , Davis Peg , Ma Shou‐wu , Lai Josephine , Porreca Frank , Vardanyan Ruben , Hruby Victor J.
Published: July 2007

We have identified compound 1 as a novel ligand for opioid and melanocortin (MC) receptors, which is derived from the overlapping of a well known structure for the δ opioid receptor, 2,6‐dimethyltyrosine (Dmt)‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydroisoquinoline‐3‐carboxylic acid (Tic), and a small molecule for the MC receptor, Tic‐DPhe(p‐Cl)‐piperidin‐4‐yl‐N‐phenyl‐propionamide. Ligand 1 showed that there is an overlapping pharmacophore between opioid and MC receptors through the Tic residue. The ligand displayed high biological activities at the δ opioid receptor (Ki = 0.38 nM in binding assay, EC50 = 0.48 nM in GTP‐γ‐S binding assay, IC50 = 74 nM in MVD) as an agonist instead of an antagonist and showed selective binding affinity (IC50 = 2.3 μM) at the MC‐3 receptor rather than at the MC‐5 receptor. A study of the structure‐activity relationships demonstrated that the residues in positions 2, 3, and the C‐terminus act as a pharmacophore for the MC receptors, and the residues in positions 1 and 2 act as a pharmacophore for the opioid receptors. Thus, this structural construct can be used to prepare chimeric structures with adjacent or overlapping pharmacophores for opioid and MC receptors. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 90: 433–438, 2008.

This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Asymmetric alkene reduction by yeast old yellow enzymes and by a novel Zymomonas mobilis reductase
Authors: Müller André , Hauer Bernhard , Rosche Bettina
Published: July 2007

The genes encoding yeast old yellow enzymes (OYE 1, 2, and 3) and NAD(P)H‐dependent 2‐cyclohexen‐1‐one reductase from Zymomonas mobilis (NCR) were expressed separately in Escherichia coli. All four recombinant strains reduced the carbon double bond in α,β‐unsaturated alkenals and alkenones, however rates and enantio‐specificities differed. Which of the two possible enantiomers was predominantly formed, was not only dependent on the choice of enzyme but also on the substrate: In addition to a dependency on methylation in α‐ or β‐position, the data of this study illustrate that firstly the E‐ or Z‐configuration (cis‐ or trans‐) of the carbon double‐bond and secondly the remainder of the substrate molecule play roles in determining enantio‐specificity. Based on the currently accepted mechanism of flavin mediated anti‐hydrogenation of the carbon double bond, the data in this study may be explained by a flipped orientation of some of the substrates in the active center of OYE. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2007; 98: 22–29. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Prevalence and sociodemographic correlates of beliefs regarding cancer risks
Authors: Stein Kevin , Zhao Luhua , Crammer Corinne , Gansler Ted
Published: July 2007

BACKGROUND.

Inaccurate beliefs about cancer risk may contribute to unhealthy lifestyle behaviors and poor adherence to recommended screening and prevention guidelines. To address this issue the current study assessed the prevalence and sociodemographic correlates of scientifically unsubstantiated beliefs about cancer risk in a representative sample of the US population.

METHODS.

Nine hundred fifty‐seven US adults with no history of cancer were surveyed by telephone. The survey included 12 statements about cancer risk, risk factors, and prevention that were framed to be contrary to the consensus of current scientific evidence.

RESULTS.

Participants were inconsistent in their ability to identify the statements as false, and appraisal accuracy was associated with several sociodemographic characteristics. Five of the 12 misconceptions were endorsed as true by at least a quarter of the respondents, and uncertainty was higher than 15% for 7 statements. At the same time, more than two‐thirds of the participants were able to identify 7 statements as false and, on average, respondents endorsed fewer than 3 statements as true. Respondents who were male, older, non‐White, less educated, and of lower income were most likely to hold inaccurate beliefs.

CONCLUSIONS.

A notable percentage of the participants in this study hold beliefs about cancer risk at odds with the prevailing scientific evidence. Because the population segments with the least accurate knowledge also bear the greatest burden of cancer, areas for public education and intervention efforts are identified. Cancer 2007. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
Corporate social responsiveness in the Korean electronics industry
Authors: Lee Ki‐Hoon
Published: July 2007

The purpose of this study is to improve our understanding of corporate social responsiveness by examining the relationship between corporate responsiveness strategy and stakeholders. Employing a case study method, an empirical analysis is carried out in 15 Korean electronics companies. Depending on top managers' understanding and commitment to stakeholders, four corporate social responsibility (CSR) responsive strategies are outlined and discussed. The study contributes to managerial decision making by identifying responsiveness strategies to counter corporate competitiveness threats and loss of stakeholder trust. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Enantioselective CE method for pharmacokinetic studies on ibuprofen and its chiral metabolites with reference to genetic polymorphism
Authors: Główka Franciszek , Karaźniewicz Marta
Published: July 2007

A stereospecific CE method was elaborated for the quantification of ibuprofen enantiomers and their major phase I metabolites: 2′‐hydroxy‐ibuprofen and 2′‐carboxy‐ibuprofen in plasma and urine. Optimal temperature and pH of BGE were established to obtain complete separation of eight ibuprofen chiral compounds and (+)‐S indobufen, applied as an internal standard, during one analytical run. After isolation from biological matrices using SPE on an octadecyl stationary phase, the analytes were separated and resolved up to 10 min in a silica capillary filled with BGE, consisting of heptakis 2,3,6‐tri‐O‐methyl‐β‐CD in triethanolamine–phosphate buffer, pH 5.0. Complete enantioseparation of the all analytes confirmed specificity of the method. The calibration curves were linear in the range of 0.1–25.0 mg/L for IBP enantiomers and their chiral metabolites in 0.5 mL of plasma and 1.0–200.0 mg/L in 0.05 mL of urine. Following SPE procedure, recovery of the chiral analytes from the two media was in the ranges of 82–87%, 90–95% and 70–76% for ibuprofen, 2′‐hydroxy‐ibuprofen and 2′‐carboxy‐ibuprofen enantiomers, respectively. The validated method was successfully applied in pharmacokinetic investigations of IBP enantiomers as well as free chiral metabolites in reference to the genetic polymorphism of CYP450 2C isoenzymes.
On‐column labeling technique and chiral CE of amino acids with mixed chiral selectors and UV detection
Authors: Han Yanli , Chen Yi
Published: July 2007

A novel method has been developed for the on‐column labeling of amino acid enantiomers with 9‐fluoroenylmethyl chloroformate (FMOC), followed by chiral CE with a binary chiral selector system and UV detection. Efficient labeling was achieved by sequential injection of amino acids, borate buffer, and FMOC labeling solution at 0.2 psi for 6 s. After injection, the sandwich sections were electrically mixed at 250 V/cm for 6 s and allowed to react (electric field‐free) at room temperature for 2 min. With this procedure, successful online‐labeling and chiral CE separation of 19 pairs of amino acids (AA) have been conducted, giving 17 pairs fully enantioresolved (Rs = 1.73–5.79) and two pairs partially resolved (Ala, Rs = 0.39 and Arg, Rs = 1.15) using a running buffer of 150 mM borate containing 30 mM β‐CD, 30 mM sodium taurodeoxycholate (STDC), and 15% isopropanol (IPA) at pH 9.0. Chiral CE of some mixed pairs was also demonstrated, much the same as using precolumn labeling. Surprisingly, Met, Asp, Asn, Gln, and His gained even higher enantioresolution (up to 2.5%) compared with the case of precolumn labeling. As validated by both artificially prepared solutions and serum samples, the method was applicable to the quantitative determination of AA, with LODs down to 4.0 μM. The method allowed the determination of D‐AA at the ratio of 1:100 (D:L).
The patient's account of relapse and recovery in anorexia nervosa: a qualitative study
Authors: Federici Anita , Kaplan Allan S.
Published: July 2007

Objective

The purpose of this study was to explore the subjective accounts of weight‐recovered female patients, who met DSMIV criteria for anorexia nervosa (AN), regarding their views of their illness following weight restoration.

Method

Qualitative semi‐structured interviews were administered to 15 participants to ascertain their perspective of the factors that either contributed to their maintaining a healthy weight, or the factors involved in their having relapsed over the follow‐up period.

Results

Qualitative analyses revealed six core categories: internal motivation to change, recovery as a work in progress, the perceived value of the treatment experience, developing supportive relationships, awareness and tolerance of negative emotion and self‐validation.

Discussion

This study provides valuable information about the way in which AN patients experience their illness and highlight the factors that help or hinder recovery. These findings may help enhance relapse prevention programs and potentially enhance our ability to identify and target those individuals at the greatest risk of relapsing. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
The predictive value of prostate cancer biomarkers depends on age and time to diagnosis: Towards a biologically‐based screening strategy
Authors: Vickers Andrew J. , Ulmert David , Serio Angel M. , Björk Thomas , Scardino Peter T. , Eastham James A. , Berglund Göran , Lilja Hans
Published: July 2007

Both benign and malignant prostate diseases elevate total prostate‐specific antigen (tPSA), and the incidence of benign disease increases markedly with age. There is evidence, however, that free‐to‐total PSA ratio (%fPSA) and human kallikrein 2 (hK2) more closely reflect the malignant process. We tested the hypothesis that tPSA levels are more strongly predictive of cancer in younger when compared to older men, whereas %fPSA and hK2 are more strongly predictive in men tested closer to diagnosis. The study included 13,676 men age ≥ 44 in Sweden, where PSA screening was uncommon during the study period. fPSA, tPSA and hK2 were measured in archived plasma collected during 1974–1986 in 501 men subsequently diagnosed with prostate cancer up to 1999 and in 1,292 matched controls. The predictive value of tPSA was lower in older men (p = 0.003) but was not strongly affected by time to diagnosis (p = 0.3); the predictive value of hK2 was higher closer to diagnosis (p < 0.0005) but was not modified by age (p = 0.7). A model including tPSA, fPSA and hK2 was superior (p = 0.02) to tPSA alone in older (AUC 0.819 vs. 0.794), but not in younger men (0.758 vs. 0.759). Total PSA can be used as a single marker at early middle age to predict long‐term risk of prostate cancer and thus to determine intensity of subsequent screening. In contrast, %fPSA and hK2 add important predictive value in older men and much closer to diagnosis. Strategies for prostate cancer screening should be based on thorough understanding of the interaction of kallikrein‐related biomarkers with prostate pathobiology. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Interaction between macrophages, TGF‐β1, and the COX‐2 pathway during the inflammatory phase of skeletal muscle healing after injury
Authors: Shen Wei , Li Yong , Zhu Jinhong , Schwendener Reto , Huard Johnny
Published: July 2007

Inflammation, an important phase of skeletal muscle healing, largely involves macrophages, TGF‐β1, and the COX‐2 pathway. To improve our understanding of how these molecules interact during all phases of muscle healing, we examined their roles in muscle cells in vitro and in vivo. Initially, we found that depletion of macrophages in muscle tissue led to reduced muscle regeneration. Macrophages may influence healing by inducing the production of TGF‐β1 and PGE2 in different muscle cell types. We then found that the addition of TGF‐β1 induced PGE2 production in muscle cells, an effect probably mediated by COX‐2 enzyme. It was also found that TGF‐β1 enhanced macrophage infiltration in wild‐type mice after muscle injury. However, this effect was not observed in COX‐2−/− mice, suggesting that the effect of TGF‐β1 on macrophage infiltration is mediated by the COX‐2 pathway. Furthermore, we found that PGE2 can inhibit the expression of TGF‐β1. PGE2 and TGF‐β1 may be involved in a negative feedback loop balancing the level of fibrosis formation during skeletal muscle healing. In conclusion, our results suggest a complex regulatory mechanism of skeletal muscle healing. Macrophages, TGF‐β1, and the COX‐2 pathway products may regulate one another's levels and have profound influence on the whole muscle healing process. J. Cell. Physiol. 214: 405–412, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Past, present and future of mass spectrometry in the analysis of residues of banned substances in meat‐producing animals
Authors: De Brabander H. F. , Le Bizec B. , Pinel G. , Antignac J.‐P. , Verheyden K. , Mortier V. , Courtheyn D. , Noppe H.
Published: July 2007

A residue is a trace (µg kg−1, ng kg−1) of a substance, present in a matrix. Banned substances, such as growth promoters, which are abused in animal fattening and where this article is focused on, may be divided into four major groups: thyreostats, anabolics or anabolic steroids, corticosteroids and beta‐agonists or repartitioning agents. The combination of chromatographic techniques with mass spectrometry (GC‐MSn, LC‐MSn, etc.) plays a key role in the production of specific results in residue analysis. In this review, the past, present and future of mass spectrometry in this area are discussed in the light of the impact of these substances on human health and the reliable production of analytical results, ready for challenge in a court. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
STM Vizualization of Thiol‐Containing Peptide Dendrimers on Au(111)
Authors: Delort Estelle , Szöcs Edit , Widmer Roland , Siegenthaler Hans , Reymond Jean‐Louis
Published: July 2007

Peptide dendrimers assembled by solid‐phase peptide synthesis using a branching diamino acid at every 2nd or 3rd position provide readily accessible synthetic model systems for proteins and enzymes. They adopt a globular shape by topology rather than by folding. Peptide dendrimers of 2nd and 3rd generation functionalized with a cysteine or cystine residue in the core were adsorbed on Au(111) surface and imaged by STM at air, under UHV, or in solution. The dendrimers appear as globular features with dimensions suggesting an extended flattened conformation, forming both single globules and ordered arrays on the surface. These images represent the first direct visualization of peptide dendrimer enzyme models.

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EPR Study of the Interactions between Dendrimers and Peptides Involved in Alzheimer's and Prion Diseases
Authors: Klajnert Barbara , Cangiotti Michela , Calici Sara , Majoral Jean Pierre , Caminade Anne Marie , Cladera Josep , Bryszewska Maria , Ottaviani Maria Francesca
Published: July 2007

Spin‐probe and spin‐label techniques were used to study the interactions of the Aβ 1–28 peptide involved in Alzheimer disease and the PrP 106–126 peptide suspected to be preferentially involved in spongiform encephalopathies with three different types of dendrimers. A computer‐aided EPR analysis of a positively charged and a neutral spin probe was performed by comparing the pure dendrimer and peptide systems with the dendrimer‐peptide ones. Also spin‐labeled PAMAM dendrimers were used to test the interactions. The results show the interactions between dendrimer and peptide monomer to be stronger for Aβ 1–28 than for PrP 106–126. PAMAM dendrimers perturb the aggregation of the peptides more than PPI dendrimers do.

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On the Cauchy completeness of the constructive Cauchy reals
Authors: Lubarsky Robert S.
Published: July 2007

It is consistent with constructive set theory (without Countable Choice, clearly) that the Cauchy reals (equivalence classes of Cauchy sequences of rationals) are not Cauchy complete. Related results are also shown, such as that a Cauchy sequence of rationals may not have a modulus of convergence, and that a Cauchy sequence of Cauchy sequences may not converge to a Cauchy sequence, among others. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Admissible representations for probability measures
Authors: Schröder Matthias
Published: July 2007

In a recent paper, probabilistic processes are used to generate Borel probability measures on topological spacesXthat are equipped with a representation in the sense of type‐2 theory of effectivity. This gives rise to a natural representation of the set of Borel probability measures onX. We compare this representation to a canonically constructed representation which encodes a Borel probability measure as a lower semicontinuous function from the open sets to the unit interval. We show that this canonical representation is admissible with respect to the weak topology on Borel probability measures. Moreover, we prove that for countably‐based topological spaces the representation via probabilistic processes is equivalent to the canonical representation and thus admissible with respect to the weak topology. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Almost everywhere domination and superhighness
Authors: Simpson Stephen G.
Published: July 2007

Letωbe the set of natural numbers. For functionsf,g:ω→ω, we sayf is dominated by giff(n) <g(n) for all but finitely manyn∈ω. We consider the standard “fair coin” probability measure on the space 2ωof in‐finite sequences of 0's and 1's. A Turing oracleBis said to be almost everywhere dominating if, for measure 1 manyX∈ 2ω, each function which is Turing computable fromXis dominated by some function which is Turing computable fromB. Dobrinen and Simpson have shown that the almost everywhere domination property and some of its variant properties are closely related to the reverse mathematics of measure theory. In this paper we exposit some recent results of Kjos‐Hanssen, Kjos‐Hanssen/Miller/Solomon, and others concerning LR‐reducibility and almost everywhere domination. We also prove the following new result: IfBis almost everywhere dominating, thenBis superhigh, i. e., 0″ is truth‐table computable fromB′, the Turing jump ofB. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Computable analysis of the abstract Cauchy problem in a Banach space and its applications I
Authors: Weihrauch Klaus , Zhong Ning
Published: July 2007

We study computability of the abstract linear Cauchy problem

equation image

where A is a linear operator, possibly unbounded, on a Banach space X. We give necessary and sufficient conditions for A such that the solution operator K: x ↦ u of the problem (1) is computable. For studying computability we use the representation approach to computable analysis developed by Weihrauch and others. This approach is consistent with the model used by Pour‐El/Richards. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Study on Influence of Gelatin‐Alginate Matrixes on the Coagulation System and Morphotic Blood Elements
Authors: Szymonowicz Maria , Pielka Stanisław , Owczarek Artur , Haznar Dorota , Pluta Janusz
Published: July 2007

Summary: The paper presents evaluation hemolytic and hemostatic activity of gelatin‐alginate matrixes in contact with human blood in vitro studies. The percentage of hemolysis and free hemoglobin concentration were normal. The blood recalcyfication time (CT) was shortened and activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) was prolonged. That sugested that coagulation processes were activated. Discrabed changes were depended an component composition of sponge.
Synthesis of Calcium Phosphate Nanoparticles in Collagen Medium
Authors: Bertran Celso A. , Allegretti Lauter J. M. , Bertazzo Sérgio
Published: July 2007

Summary: Mineralization of the proteic matrix composed mostly of collagen type I is controlled by specific interactions of ions Ca2+ and PO, present in the biological fluid, with the matrix, and by the diffusion of these ions. The specific interactions and the diffusion of ions combined; result in the nucleation and formation of calcium phosphate particles. Moreover, they control the morphology, size, crystallinity and composition of the particles. In this work, precipitation of calcium phosphate particles in a collagen matrix type I was carried out through impregnation of the matrix with a Ca2+ and PO solution, with Ca/P ratio 1.67 and pH 2.5. Precipitation of particles associated with matrix structuring was carried out by adsorption of gaseous ammonia.
The Influence of Crosslinking Amylose‐Methacrylic Acid Graft Copolymers on the Release of BSA
Authors: Silva Itziar , Gurruchaga Mariló , Goñi Isabel
Published: July 2007

Summary: One of the biggest challenges in the drug delivery field is to obtain oral systems for the release of peptides and proteins, enabling their use as therapeutic agents for clinical applications. The aim of this work is to obtain biodegradable copolymers suitable for the development of matrices which offer controlled release of proteins to be administered orally.Graft copolymers of amylose‐methacrylic acid were synthesized using different amounts of the crosslinker N, N′‐methylenediacrylamide. The influence on the release profiles of bovine serum albumin (BSA) was researched.
Flexural Properties of Glass Fibre Reinforced Composite with Partially Biodegradable Polymer Matrix
Authors: Väkiparta Marju , Vallittu Pekka K.
Published: July 2007

Summary: The aim of this study was to evaluate flexural properties of a partially biodegradable glass fibre reinforced composite after water immersion and dehydration. In addition water sorption and solubility was determined. E‐glass fibres were preimpregnated with a biodegradable biopolymer of poly(hydroxyproline) amide (PA). The preimpregnated fibres were then further‐impregnated with Bis‐GMA–TEGDMA‐resin and light polymerized (n = 6). There was also specimen made of plain polymer and FRC without PA. After water immersion and/or dehydration, the specimens were tested by the three‐point bending test. The flexural strength and Young's modulus was increased in most cases after water immersion and dehydration except for PA containing specimens. The water sorption was <50 µg/mm3 for all studied specimens and solubility was 20 µg/mm3 for specimens without PA and 35 µg/mm3 for specimens with PA.
New Bioactive Ceramics Obtained by Heat Treatment of Modified Polymeric Precursors
Authors: Gumula T. , Podporska J. , Paluszkiewicz C. , Blazewicz M.
Published: July 2007

Summary: The aim of this work was to obtain pseudowollastonite‐based ceramics and to determine its bioactive features. The materials were obtained by new method, namely thermal treatment of ceramic active fillers‐containing polysiloxane polymeric precursor. As active fillers, commercially available Ca(OH)2 and silica nanopowders (SiO2) were used. The phase composition of ceramic products were analysed by the means of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X‐ray diffraction analysis (XRD). The microstructure of ceramic products were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with EDS point analysis. The bioactivity was determined in “in vitro” conditions, by immersing of ceramic samples in simulated body fluid (SBF). The results presented in this work indicate that heat treatment of active fillers‐containing polysiloxane precursor is an alternative method for receiving of pseudowollastonite‐containing materials. Such obtained samples demonstrate bioactivity in “in vitro” conditions.
Patient priorities of care in rheumatology outpatient clinics: a qualitative study
Authors: Ward Vicky , Hill Jackie , Hale Claire , Bird Howard , Quinn Helen , Thorpe Ruth
Published: July 2007

Objective: To provide more understanding of what rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients want and need from an outpatient visit.

Methods: 25 patients who experienced care in a nurse practitioner clinic (n = 10), junior doctor clinic (n = 9) or consultant clinic (n = 6) in a large teaching hospital in West Yorkshire were interviewed about their perceptions and experiences of care. Interviews were approximately 11/2 hours in duration and were carried out in a neutral environment by a research nurse. Interview data were subjected to atheoretical content analysis, which resulted in the identification of emergent themes.

Results: Five main themes emerged from the analysis of interview data: 1) patients want to be communicated to clearly and effectively and value positive relationships with practitioners. These help to give patients confidence in the care they are receiving; 2) patients want to feel in control of their condition and tend to refuse interventions as a way of gaining control; 3) patients want to be given clear explanations during consultations, and want information in oral and written forms; 4) patients want to be able to access practitioners between scheduled appointments as a way of gaining reassurance; and 5) patients want to feel valued by society through having their difficulties appreciated and understood by others.

Conclusion: This research adds to the body of evidence on what patients want from their rheumatology care, and each theme has clear implications for future practice. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Clinical and immunological spectrum of the Miller Fisher syndrome
Authors: Lo Y. L.
Published: July 2007

The Miller Fisher syndrome (MFS), characterized by ataxia, areflexia, and ophthalmoplegia, was first recognized as a distinct clinical entity in 1956. MFS is mostly an acute, self‐limiting condition, but there is anecdotal evidence of benefit with immunotherapy. Pathological data remain scarce. MFS can be associated with infectious, autoimmune, and neoplastic disorders. Radiological findings have suggested both central and peripheral involvement. The anti‐GQ1b IgG antibody titer is most commonly elevated in MFS, but may also be increased in Guillain–Barré syndrome (GBS) and Bickerstaff's brainstem encephalitis (BBE). Molecular mimicry, particularly in relation to antecedent Campylobacter jejuni and Hemophilus influenzae infections, is likely the predominant pathogenic mechanism, but the roles of other biological factors remain to be established. Recent studies have demonstrated the presence of neuromuscular transmission defects in association with anti‐GQ1b IgG antibody, both in vitro and in vivo. Collective findings from clinical, radiological, immunological, and electrophysiological techniques have helped to define MFS, GBS, and BBE as major disorders within the proposed spectrum of anti‐GQ1b IgG antibody syndrome. Muscle Nerve, 2007
Ubiquitin‐ligase and deubiquitinating gene expression in stretched rat skeletal muscle
Authors: Soares Antonio Garcia , Aoki Marcelo Saldanha , Miyabara Elen Haruka , DeLuca Camila Valentim , Ono Hélcio Yogi , Gomes Marcelo Damário , Moriscot Anselmo Sigari
Published: July 2007

In order to gain insight into intracellular mechanisms involved in longitudinal growth of skeletal muscle, we determined gene expression of ubiquitin‐ligases (MAFbx/atrogin‐1, E3 alpha, and MuRF‐1) and deubiquitinating enzymes (UBP45, UBP69, and USP28) at different time‐points (24, 48, and 96 h) of continuous stretch of the soleus and tibialis anterior (TA) muscles. In the soleus, real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) showed that MAFbx/atrogin‐1, E3 alpha, and MuRF‐1 gene expression was downregulated, peaking at 24–48 h. Gene expression of all deubiquitinating enzymes increased with continuous stretch of soleus. In the TA, gene expression of the ubiquitin‐ligases MAFbx/atrogin‐1 and MuRF‐1 was elevated, whereas expression of UBP45 and UBP69 was downregulated. Western blot analysis showed that the overall ubiquitination level decreased in the soleus and increased in the TA during stretch. These results suggest that ubiquitin‐ligases and deubiquitinating enzymes are involved in longitudinal growth induced by continuous muscle stretch. Muscle Nerve, 2007
Prioritized e‐mail servicing to reduce non‐spam delay and loss: A performance analysis
Authors: Marsono Muhammad N. , El‐Kharashi M. Watheq , Gebali Fayez
Published: July 2007

This paper proposes a prioritized e‐mail servicing on e‐mail servers to reduce the delay and loss of non‐spam e‐mails due to queuing. Using a prioritized two‐queue scheme, non‐spam e‐mails are queued in a fast queue and given higher service priority than spam e‐mails that are queued in a slow queue. Four prioritized e‐mail service strategies for the two‐queue scheme are proposed and analyzed. We modeled these four strategies using discrete‐time Markov chain analysis under different e‐mail traffic loads and service capacities. Non‐spam e‐mails can be delivered within a small delay, even under heavy e‐mail loadings and high spam‐to‐non‐spam a priori. Results from our analysis of the two‐queue scheme show that it gives non‐spam delay and loss probability two orders of magnitude smaller than the typical single‐queue approach during heavy spam traffic. Moreover, prioritized e‐mail servicing protects e‐mail servers from spam attacks. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prediction of transition metal‐binding sites from apo protein structures
Authors: Babor Mariana , Gerzon Sergey , Raveh Barak , Sobolev Vladimir , Edelman Marvin
Published: July 2007

Metal ions are crucial for protein function. They participate in enzyme catalysis, play regulatory roles, and help maintain protein structure. Current tools for predicting metal–protein interactions are based on proteins crystallized with their metal ions present (holo forms). However, a majority of resolved structures are free of metal ions (apo forms). Moreover, metal binding is a dynamic process, often involving conformational rearrangement of the binding pocket. Thus, effective predictions need to be based on the structure of the apo state. Here, we report an approach that identifies transition metal‐binding sites in apo forms with a resulting selectivity >95%. Applying the approach to apo forms in the Protein Data Bank and structural genomics initiative identifies a large number of previously unknown, putative metal‐binding sites, and their amino acid residues, in some cases providing a first clue to the function of the protein. Proteins 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Franck–Condon factors for molecules observed in comets
Authors: Palma A. , Sandoval L. , Churyumov K. , Chavushyan V. , Berezhnoy A.
Published: July 2007

Franck‐Condon Factors are calculated for the C and CO molecules and are used to identify these species in the optical spectra of comet C/2000WM1(LINEAR) and C/2000 C1 (Ikeya–Zhang). The present results compare well with those obtained by other methods. The optical spectra were recorded by means of the 2.12‐m telescope at the Guillermo Haro observatory in Cananea, Sonora, México.© 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2007
Seeing through dust and water vapor: Millimeter wave radar sensors for mining applications
Authors: Brooker Graham , Hennessey Ross , Lobsey Craig , Bishop Mark , Widzyk‐Capehart Eleonora
Published: July 2007

This paper defines the issues required for the development of successful visualization sensors for use in open cut and underground mines. It examines the mine environment and considers both the reflectivity of the rock and attenuation effects of dust and water droplets. Millimeter wave technology, as an alternative to the more commonly used laser and sonar implementations, is selected due to its superior penetration through adverse atmospheric conditions. Of the available radar techniques, frequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW) is selected as being the most robust. The theoretical performance of a number of 77 and 94 GHz FMCW millimeter wave radar systems is determined and these confirm the capability of these sensors in the mining environment. Implementations of FMCW radar sensors for simple ranging and three‐dimensional surface profiling are discussed before data obtained during field trials in mines is presented to justify the selection of this technology. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The OmniTread OT‐4 serpentine robot—design and performance
Authors: Borenstein Johann , Hansen Malik , Borrell Adam
Published: July 2007

Serpentine robots are slender, multi‐segmented vehicles designed to provide greater mobility than conventional mobile robots. Serpentine robots are ideally suited for urban search and rescue, military intelligence gathering, and inspection tasks in hazardous or inaccessible environments. One such serpentine robot, developed at the University of Michigan, is the “OmniTread OT‐4.” The OT‐4 comprises seven segments, which are linked to each other by six joints. The OT‐4 can climb over obstacles that are much higher than the robot itself, propel itself inside pipes of different diameters, and traverse difficult terrain, such as rocks or the rubble of a collapsed structure. The foremost and unique design characteristic of the OT‐4 is the use of pneumatic bellows to actuate the joints. The pneumatic bellows allow the simultaneous control of position and stiffness for each joint. Controllable stiffness is important in serpentine robots, which require stiff joints to cross gaps and compliant joints to conform to rough terrain for effective propulsion. Another unique feature of the OmniTread design is the coverage of all four sides of each segment with drive tracks. This design makes the robot indifferent to rollovers, which are bound to happen when the slender bodies of serpentine robots travel over rugged terrain. This paper describes the OmniTread concept and some of its technical features in some detail. In the Experiment Results Section, photographs of successful obstacle traverses illustrate the abilities of the OT‐4. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Decisional autonomy of planetary rovers
Authors: Ingrand Félix , Lacroix Simon , Lemai‐Chenevier Solange , Py Frederic
Published: July 2007

To achieve the ever increasing demand for science return, planetary exploration rovers require more autonomy to successfully perform their missions. Indeed, the communication delays are such that teleoperation is unrealistic. Although the current rovers (such as MER) demonstrate a limited navigation autonomy, and mostly rely on ground mission planning, the next generation (e.g., NASA Mars Science Laboratory and ESA Exomars) will have to regularly achieve long range autonomous navigation tasks. However, fully autonomous long range navigation in partially known planetary‐like terrains is still an open challenge for robotics. Navigating hundreds of meters without any human intervention requires the robot to be able to build adequate representations of its environment, to plan and execute trajectories according to the kind of terrain traversed, to control its motions, and to localize itself as it moves. All these activities have to be planned, scheduled, and performed according to the rover context, and controlled so that the mission is correctly fulfilled. To achieve these objectives, we have developed a temporal planner and an execution controller, which exhibit plan repair and replanning capabilities. The planner is in charge of producing plans composed of actions for navigation, science activities (moving and operating instruments), communication with Earth and with an orbiter or a lander, while managing resources (power, memory, etc.) and respecting temporal constraints (communication visibility windows, rendezvous, etc.). High level actions also need to be refined and their execution temporally and logically controlled. Finally, in such critical applications, we believe it is important to deploy a component that protects the system against dangerous or even fatal situations resulting from unexpected interactions between subsystems (e.g., move the robot while the robot arm is unstowed) and/or software components (e.g., take and store a picture in a buffer while the previous one is still being processed). In this article we review the aforementioned capabilities, which have been developed, tested, and evaluated on board our rovers (Lama and Dala). After an overview of the architecture design principle adopted, we summarize the perception, localization, and motion generation functions required by autonomous navigation, and their integration and concurrent operation in a global architecture. We then detail the decisional components: a high level temporal planner that produces the robot activity plan on board, and temporal and procedural execution controllers. We show how some failures or execution delays are being taken care of with online local repair, or replanning. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Metal Nitride Cluster Fullerenes: Their Current State and Future Prospects
Authors: Dunsch Lothar , Yang Shangfeng
Published: July 2007

The world of endohedral fullerenes was significantly enlarged over the past seven years by the cluster fullerenes, which contain structures such as the M2C2 carbides and the M3N nitrides. While the carbide clusters are generated under the standard arc‐burning conditions according to stabilization conditions, the nitride cluster fullerenes (NCFs) are formed by varying the composition of the cooling gas atmosphere in the arc‐burning process. The special conditions for NCF synthesis is described in detail and the optimum conditions for the production of NCFs as the main product in fullerene syntheses are given. A general review of all NCFs reported to date consists of the structures, properties, and stability of the NCFs as well as the abundance of the NCFs in the fullerene soot. It is shown that all cages with even carbon atoms from C68 to C98 are available as endohedral nitride cluster structures (with the exception of C72, C74, and C76). Specifically, the NCFs form the largest number of structures that violate the isolated pentagon rule (IPR). Finally some practical applications of these cluster fullerenes are illustrated and an outlook is given, taking the superior stability of these endohedral fullerenes into account.
Detecting, categorizing and forecasting large ramps in wind farm power output using meteorological observations and WPPT
Authors: Cutler Nicholas , Kay Merlinde , Jacka Kieran , Nielsen Torben Skov
Published: July 2007

The Wind Power Prediction Tool (WPPT) has been installed in Australia for the first time, to forecast the power output from the 65MW Roaring 40s Renewable Energy P/L Woolnorth Bluff Point wind farm. This article analyses the general performance of WPPT as well as its performance during large ramps (swings) in power output. In addition to this, detected large ramps are studied in detail and categorized. WPPT combines wind speed and direction forecasts from the Australian Bureau of Meteorology regional numerical weather prediction model, MesoLAPS, with real‐time wind power observations to make hourly forecasts of the wind farm power output. The general performances of MesoLAPS and WPPT are evaluated over 1 year using the root mean square error (RMSE). The errors are significantly lower than for basic benchmark forecasts but higher than for many other WPPT installations, where the site conditions are not as complicated as Woolnorth Bluff Point. Large ramps are considered critical events for a wind power forecast for energy trading as well as managing power system security. A methodology is developed to detect large ramp events in the wind farm power data. Forty‐one large ramp events are detected over 1 year and these are categorized according to their predictability by MesoLAPS, the mechanical behaviour of the wind turbine, the power change observed on the grid and the source weather event. During these events, MesoLAPS and WPPT are found to give an RMSE only roughly equivalent to just predicting the mean (climatology forecast). Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Anomalous viscosity behavior of fatty acid esters in solution
Authors: Ibemesi J. A. , Igwe I. O.
Published: July 2007

Solution viscosity of oils of melonseed(Colocynthis vulgaris Schrad.), soyabean [Glycine max (L). Merr], and rubberseed [Hevea brasiliensis (Kunth) Muell.] were determined in different solvents at various concentrations. Reduced viscosity(ηred) vs concentration (C) plots showed three types of behavior:ηred increased linearly with C (2–30 g/dl);ηred levelled off with C (2–1.2 g/dl); andηred rose steeply with decrease in C (below 1.2 g/dl), the latter behavior is anomalous. Similar viscosity behavior was observed for the methyl ester of melonseed oil, methyl palmitate and n‐butyl acetate. Molecular cluster formation was believed to cause the observed anomalous viscosity behavior, the extent of which varied, depending on the nature of the fatty acid ester and the solvent.
Chemical and physical properties of the high melting glyceride fractions of commercial margarines
Authors: D’Souza V. , deMan L. , de Man J. M.
Published: July 2007

The fat obtained from nine commercial mar‐garines purchased from Canada and the U.S.A. were crystallized from acetone at 15, 10, 5 and 0°C. The high melting triglyceride (HMG) fractions at 15°C contained high levels of palmitic and stearic acids. The 18:1 levels increased as fractionation temperature decreased. Triglyceride analysis re‐vealed that the 11MG fractions contained high 1ev‐els of carbon 54 and 52. The levels of trans iso‐mers increased, whereas the trans levels in the 18:1 decreased with fractionation temperature. Mar‐games made from canola oil exhibited β charac‐teristics whereas canola‐paim, soybean and corn margarines showed β1 crystals. The fractions as crystallized from acetone, showed numerous X‐ray short spacings, characteristic of β1, β and in‐termediate forms. Upon heating and cooling, the 15°C fraction showed β1 or a and β1 characteris‐tics regardless of the polymorphic form present in the original margarines. The differential scan‐ning calorimetry (DSC) melting points of these fractions varied from 53 to 50° C. The difference between the β and β1 margarines could be related to the 16:0 and carbon 54 content of the 15°C frac‐tion. In the β tending margarines the 16:0 content was below 11%, in the β1 tending margarines above 17%. The carbon 54 content in the 15°C fraction of the β tending margarines was close to 70% and that of the β1 tending margarines around 50%. The triglyceride C54 in the 15°C fraction is β tending and therefore should be kept as low as possible. In canola margarines this can be achieved by in‐corporation of palm oil, preferably in a slightly hydrogenated form.
Meadowfoam fatty amides: Preparation, purification, and use in enrichment of 5,13‐docosadienoic acid and 5‐eicosenoic acid
Authors: Burg D. A. , Kleiman R.
Published: July 2007

Recrystallization from hexane of amides prepared from meadowfoam fatty acids provides crystals of the monoenoic fatty amides. Hydrolysis of the crystals, or the mother liquor, provides meadowfoam fatty acids that are enriched in 5‐eicosenoic acid and 5,13‐docosadienoic acid, respectively. The meadowfoam fatty amides may be useful as slip and antiblock agents in polyolefin film.
Organoleptic and nutritional effects of phenolic compounds on oilseed protein products: A review
Authors: Sosulski F.
Published: July 2007

In many new oilseed protein sources, phenolic compounds are as important as unsaturated lipids, carbonyl compounds, and nonenzymatic browning in the development of adverse flavors and colors in food products. The free phenolic acids are of particular concern because of enzymatic oxidation too‐quinones and subsequent binding to lysine and methionine in the proteins. Numerous free phenolic acids have been identified in all oilseed flours with syringic, ferulic and vanillic being the major components in cottonseed, peanut and soybean flours. Gossypol in cottonseed, chlorogenic acid in sunflower, and sinapine in rapeseed are microconstituent phenolics which cause unique problems in the utilization of these defatted flours and their protein isolates in food applications. The roles of bound phenolics and tannins in the binding of essential nutrients or altering chemical and functional properties require further investigation.
Response of jojoba seedlings to different photoperiods
Authors: Yermanos D. M. , Banigan T. F. , Verbiscar A. J.
Published: July 2007

Lengthening the photoperiod under which jojoba seedlings are grown from 12 hours to continuous light increases the average number and length of stems, the number of leaves and the length of internodes and the dry weight of leaves, stems, and roots per plant. The simmondsin content of leaves increases but not that of roots.
Lipids in the germ, endosperm and pericarp of the developing maize kernel
Authors: Tan S. L. , Morrison W. R.
Published: July 2007

Acyl lipids were quantified in the germ, endosperm and pericarp of LG‐11 maize kernels at eight stages of development from 9 to 87 days after pollination (DAP). Changes in the lipids are discussed in relation to morphological events in the developing kernel. Storage lipids (triglyceride, steryl ester) and membrane lipids (diacylphospholipids) accumulated in germ until 52–76 DAP, then decreased slightly without formation of lipid degradation products, lated in endosperm until 36–42 DAP and then decreased. Maximum values for galactosyldiglycerides and diacylphospholipids (nonstarch lipids) were reached at 16–23 DAP, and all decreased to very low values at maturity. Loss of these functional (membrane) lipids during the period of endosperm cell filling is unexpected. Starch contained 82% of the lysophospholipids and 64% of the free fatty acids in endosperm at 76 DAP. Endosperm lysophospholipids increased until 76 DAP and then decreased slightly, while free fatty acids increased continuously mostly inside starch granules at all stages of development, and any possible decrease after 76 DAP was masked by acids formed by hydrolysis of aleurone and endosperm nonstarch lipids from 52 DAP. In DAP, and phospholipids decreased after 42 DAP. Loss of these lipids is associated with senescence of most pericarp tissue. Triglycerides and steryl esters accumulated steadily to maturity, while the main accumulation of unsaponifiables occurred after 52 DAP about the time of suberin formation.
Extreme—Pressure lubricant tests on jojoba and sperm whale oils
Authors: Miwa T. K. , Rothfus J. A. , Dimitroff E.
Published: July 2007

Laboratory and simulated in‐use lubricant tests were performed on sulfurized jojoba oil and on reference sulfurized sperm whale oil. Data from these comprehensive tests indicated sulfurized jojoba oil prepared from heat‐treated filtered oil to be comparable or superior to sulfurized sperm whale oil as an extreme‐pressure additive for motor oils, gear lubricants, and automotive transmission fluids.