bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quantitative analysis of dose‐averaged linear energy transfer (LETd) robustness in pencil beam scanning proton lung plans
Authors: Rana Suresh , Traneus Erik , Jackson Michael , Tran Linh , Rosenfeld Anatoly B
Published: February 2022

Purpose

The primary objective of our study was to perform a quantitative robustness analysis of the dose‐averaged linear energy transfer (LETd) and related RBE‐weighted dose in robustly optimized (in terms of the range and set up uncertainties) pencil beam scanning (PBS) proton lung cancer plans.

Methods

In this study, we utilized the 4DCT dataset of six anonymized lung patients. PBS lung plans were generated using a robust optimization technique (range uncertainty: ±3.5% and setup errors: ±5 mm) on the CTV for a total dose of 5000 cGy (RBE) in five fractions using the RBE of 1.1. For each patient, the LETd distributions were calculated for the nominal plan and three groups. Group 1: two plan robustness scenarios for range uncertainties of ±3.5%; Group 2: twelve plan robustness scenarios (range uncertainty (±3.5%) in conjunction with setup errors (±5 mm)); and Group 3: ten different breathing phases of the 4DCT dataset. The RBE‐weighted dose to the OARs was evaluated for all robustness scenarios and breathing phases. The variation (∆) in the mean LETd and mean RBE‐weighted dose from each group was recorded.

Results

The mean LETd in the CTV of nominal PBS lung plans among six patients ranged from 2.2 to 2.6 keV/µm. On average, for the combined range and setup uncertainties, the ∆ in the mean LETd among 12 scenarios of all six patients was 0.6 keV/µm, which is slightly higher than when only the range uncertainties were considered (0.4 keV/µm). The ∆ in the mean LETd in a patient was ≤1.7 keV/µm in the heart and ≤1.2 keV/µm in the esophagus and total lung. The ∆ in the mean RBE‐weighted dose in a patient was up to 79 cGy for the total lung, 165 cGy for the heart, and 258 cGy for the esophagus. For ten breathing phases, the ∆ in the mean LETd in a patient was ≤0.3 keV/µm in the CTV, ≤0.5 keV/µm in the heart, ≤0.4 keV/µm in the esophagus, and ≤0.7 keV/µm in the total lung.

Conclusion

The addition of setup errors to the range uncertainties resulted in slightly less homogeneous LETd distributions. The variations in the mean LETd among the ten breathing phases were slightly larger in the total lung than in the heart and esophagus. The combination of setup and range uncertainties had a greater impact than the effect of breathing phases on the variations in the mean RBE‐weighted dose to the OARs. Overall, the LETd distributions in the CTV were less sensitive than those in the OARs to setup errors, range uncertainties, and breathing phases for robustly optimized (in terms of range and setup uncertainities) PBS proton lung cancer plans.
Autoantibody profile in myasthenia gravis patients with a refractory phase
Authors: Veltsista Dimitra , Kefalopoulou Zinovia , Tzartos John , Chroni Elisabeth
Published: February 2022

Introduction/Aims

A subgroup of myasthenia gravis (MG) patients fail to respond adequately to recommended treatments, a condition referred to as refractory MG. During the refractory phase, patients experience persistent debilitating symptoms with potential life‐threatening events or inability to reduce immunosuppressant dosages and minimize long‐term toxicities.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective, single‐center study of 113 MG patients to investigate the autoantibody profile and clinical characteristics of refractory MG patients, compared with nonrefractory patients, based on predefined criteria.

Results

Fifteen patients (13.3%) were classified as refractory. Double‐seronegative MG (DSNMG), without detectable nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (AChR) or muscle‐specific tyrosine kinase (MuSK) antibodies, was identified in six refractory patients, significantly higher than those with nonrefractory MG (40% vs 16.3%; P = .031). None of the refractory patients had MuSK antibodies. Patients in the refractory group more frequently had an earlier disease onset, thymic pathology, and thymectomy (P ≤. 03 for all).

Discussion

In this study, patients with refractory MG were more likely than those with nonrefractory MG to be DSN; and refractory DSNMG patients had worse MGFA classes in their recent visit compared with anti‐AChR positive refractory patients. Refractory DSNMG patients may represent a distinct group that requires more individualized and targeted treatment approaches.
Multistage mixed precision iterative refinement
Authors: Oktay Eda , Carson Erin
Published: February 2022

Low precision arithmetic, in particular half precision (16‐bit) floating point arithmetic, is now available in commercial hardware. Using lower precision can offer significant savings in computation and communication costs with proportional savings in energy. Motivated by this, there has been a renewed interest in mixed precision iterative refinement schemes for solving linear systems , and new variants of GMRES‐based iterative refinement have been developed. Each particular variant with a given combination of precisions leads to different condition number‐based constraints for convergence of the backward and forward errors, and each has different performance costs. The constraints for convergence given in the literature are, as an artifact of the analyses, often overly strict in practice, and thus could lead a user to select a more expensive variant when a less expensive one would have sufficed. In this work, we develop a multistage mixed precision iterative refinement solver which aims to combine existing mixed precision approaches to balance performance and accuracy and improve usability. For a user‐specified initial combination of precisions, the algorithm begins with the least expensive approach and convergence is monitored via inexpensive computations with quantities produced during the iteration. If slow convergence or divergence is detected using particular stopping criteria, the algorithm switches to use a more expensive, but more reliable variant. A novel aspect of our approach is that, unlike existing implementations, our algorithm first attempts to use “stronger” GMRES‐based solvers for the solution update before resorting to increasing the precision(s). In some scenarios, this can avoid the need to refactorize the matrix in higher precision. We perform extensive numerical experiments on a variety of random dense problems and problems from real applications which confirm the benefits of the multistage approach.
The benefit of telemedicine in obesity care
Authors: Kahan Scott , Look Michelle , Fitch Angela
Published: February 2022

It has been estimated that, by 2030, nearly 80% of adults in the United States will have pre‐obesity or obesity. Despite the continued rise in obesity prevalence and the difficulty for many affected patients to lose weight and maintain lost weight, the use of guideline‐supported treatments, including pharmacotherapy, intensive behavioral counseling, and bariatric surgery, remains low. There are many potential barriers to effective use of antiobesity treatments, including limited access to guideline‐supported obesity care (often driven by practical challenges, geographic barriers, limited insurance coverage, and high cost of care) and a dearth of specialists and comprehensive treatment teams. Driven in part by the COVID‐19 pandemic, the recent expansion of telemedicine offers unique opportunities to mitigate these factors. This review discusses the use of telemedicine to facilitate obesity treatment. Continued growth and utility of telemedicine for obesity care require further formative and experimental research to determine best practices, assess challenges for implementation, and evaluate long‐term outcomes, as well as proactive policy changes to promote ongoing use of telemedicine beyond the COVID‐19 pandemic.

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A comparison of mechanical properties of recycled high‐density polyethylene/waste carbon fiber via injection molding and 3D printing
Authors: Borkar Ameya , Hendlmeier Andreas , Simon Zan , Randall James D. , Stojcevski Filip , Henderson Luke C.
Published: February 2022

Recycled high‐density polyethylene (r‐HDPE) was combined with waste carbon fiber by loading 6 k, 12 k, and 24 k tows through an extruder to create thermoplastic/carbon pellets with fiber volume fractions of 11.2%, 18.9%, and 29.5%, respectively. Tensile and flexural coupons were subsequently produced via injection molding and novel 3D printing. The addition of carbon into r‐HDPE in all cases showed increased mechanical properties. Maximum increases were observed through the inclusion of 29.5% fiber volume fraction. Increases in tensile and flexural modulus of up to 2.9 GPa (+505.9%) and 5.8 GPa (+711.0%) respectively were observed for r‐HDPE/carbon fiber (CF) samples. Increases in tensile and flexural strengths of up to 57.9 MPa (+311.8%) and 47.7 MPa (+188.0%) respectively were observed for 29.5% r‐HDPE/CF samples. Some variance in mechanical performance between injection molded and 3D printed samples was observed indicating production methodology might influence final material performance.
Sex differences in the utilization of drugs for COVID‐19 treatment among elderly residents in a sample of Italian nursing homes
Authors: Spini Andrea , Crescioli Giada , Donnini Sandra , Ziche Marina , Collini Francesca , Gemmi Fabrizio , Virgili Gianni , Vannacci Alfredo , Lucenteforte Ersilia , Gini Rosa , Lombardi Niccolò , Roberto Giuseppe
Published: February 2022

Purpose

To describe the use of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), azithromycin (AZI) and low‐molecular‐weight‐heparins (LMWH) by sex among elderly residents in nursing homes (NHs) of Tuscany region (Italy) during the first pandemic peak.

Methods

A population‐based drug utilization study was performed linking the Tuscany Administrative Databases (TAD) to the regional COVID‐19 registry. Among elderly patients (≥ 65 years old) registered in TAD on 1st December 2019, new users of HCQ, AZI and LMWH that started the treatment during NHs stay (i.e., no dispensing of the same drug during the previous 6 months) were respectively identified in each month of observation period (December 2019–May 2020). The percentage of subjects diagnosed with COVID‐19 (COVID‐19+) on, or before, the date of first dispensing of the drug of interest was described. Results were stratified by sex (male = M; female = F).

Results

New users of HCQ, AZI and LMWH were 62, 300, and 1215, respectively. About 95% of HCQ new users received the drug in April (M = 20; F = 40) of which 11 of men (55%) and 25 of women (62%) were COVID‐19+; AZI new users in April (M = 32; F = 83) were two‐fold compared to February, of which 10 of men (31%) and 30 of women (36%) were COVID‐19+; LMWH new users showed a peak in April (M = 74; F = 142), when 31% of men and 34% of women were COVID‐19 + .

Conclusions

New users showed a peak during the first pandemic wave and females were over two‐fold compared to men. HCQ was often prescribed in absence of COVID‐19 diagnosis. During future global emergencies drug prescriptions should better be monitored in frail populations, especially in case of drugs with uncertain efficacy and safety.
Discerning critical stressors and resources in the lives of cancer patients: A multivariate analysis of targets of intervention for enhancing cancer care and quality of life
Authors: Merluzzi Thomas V. , Zhang Guangjian , Philip Errol J. , Lee Dayoung , Salamanca‐Balen Natalia
Published: February 2022

Objective

This study examined the relationship between a broad variety of stressors, resources, and outcomes to identify targets of intervention to enhance the quality of life of cancer patients and contribute to a comprehensive model of cancer care.

Methods

Five hundred and sixty persons with a diagnosis of cancer completed measures of stressors (past negative life events, current problems, current symptoms, comorbidities), resources (coping self‐efficacy, social support, satisfaction with care) and outcomes (emotional and functional well‐being).

Results

Multivariate canonical correlations between pairs of canonical variates (stressors‐outcomes, Rc = 0.56; stressors‐resources, Rc = 0.42, resources‐outcomes Rc = 0.66) were significant (all ps < 0.0001), which confirmed the relationship between those components and supported proceeding to more granular levels of analysis. More refined analyses revealed that the most critical variables in relation to outcomes (i.e., emotional and functional well‐being), were current problems and symptoms among the stressors and coping self‐efficacy, social support and patient satisfaction among the resources.

Conclusions

This study provided an approach to the discernment of the most critical aspects of interventions that may improve supportive care and quality of life outcomes. Thus, efforts to address current problems (e.g., financial, home life, work), as well as effective management of symptoms (e.g., pain, fatigue, sleep), using the coordinated integration of medical care, support services and psycho‐social interventions would provide the greatest impact on quality‐of‐life outcomes. Interventions that focus on problem solving and reinforce patient agency and activation may be most effective in sustaining quality of life outcomes into survivorship.
Coronaphobia: A barrier to ongoing cancer treatment?
Authors: Sönmez Özlem , Tezcanli Evrim , Taşçı Elif Şenocak , Kazancı Hande Büşra , Altınok Ayşe , Toklucu Elvan , Taşçı Yusuf , Aydoğdu Çise , Aydın Ayşegül Bakır , Yüce Sabiha , Oyan Başak
Published: February 2022

Introduction

Increased stress levels caused by the pandemic might cause delays in cancer treatment. We conducted a survey among cancer patients undergoing treatment to evaluate their psychological wellbeing and treatment adherence during Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID‐19) pandemic.

Material and Methods

Patients receiving active chemotherapy at a private oncology center between January and May 2021 were included. Healthy volunteers were employees of a district health directorate with no history of cancer or chronic disease. Treatment adherence was described as compliant if the prescribed treatment was received within a week and the information was gained from patient charts. Hospital anxiety and depression scale (HADS) and COVID‐19 phobia scale (CP19‐S) were administered to participants.

Results

402 participants were included; 193 (48%) were cancer patients. The mean age of the participants was 44 years old and 68% of the participants were female. All participants' CP19‐S mean score was 47.9. Patient group had significantly lower CP19‐S (p = 0.006). Chronic disease and history of a shocking event were the factors associated with CP19‐S. All participants reporting hospital anxiety were found to have significantly higher COVID‐19 phobia levels (p < 0.05). Patients' mean HADS‐anxiety score was significantly higher (7.3 vs. 6.5, p = 0.027). COVID‐19 phobia was an independent factor increasing the level of anxiety and depression in both groups. Adherence to treatment was 100%.

Conclusion

The pandemic increased levels of anxiety, however, cancer treatment continued to be a priority in patients' lives. Strategies should be developed to support oncology patients cope with the pandemic and increase their courage to avoid treatment delays.
Is the proteomic composition of the salivary pellicle dependent on the substrate material?
Authors: Trautmann Simone , Künzel Nicolas , Fecher‐Trost Claudia , Barghash Ahmad , Dudek Johanna , Flockerzi Veit , Helms Volkhard , Hannig Matthias
Published: February 2022

Purpose

The use of dental restorative materials is a routine task in clinical dentistry. Upon exposure to the oral cavity, continuous adsorption of salivary proteins and other macromolecules to all surfaces occurs, representing the first step in dental biofilm formation. Different physico‐chemical properties of substrate materials potentially influence the composition of the initial biofilm, termed pellicle. This study aimed at characterizing and comparing the individual proteomic composition of the 3‐min pellicle formed on bovine enamel and six restorative materials.

Experimental Design

After chemical elution, pellicle proteins were identified by nano‐LC‐HR‐MS/MS. Proteomic profiles were analyzed in terms of molecular weights, isoelectric points, molecular functions and compared to saliva to reveal substrate material‐specific adsorption patterns.

Results

A total of 1348 different pellicle proteins were identified, with 187–686 proteins in individual 3‐min pellicles. Unexpectedly, this yielded quite similar distribution patterns independent of the substrate materials. Furthermore, overall similar fold changes were obtained for the major part of commonly enriched or depleted proteins in the pellicles.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance

The current results point to a minor role of the substrate material on the proteomic composition of the 3‐min pellicle and represent core data for understanding the complex surface interactions in the oral cavity.
Second primary malignancies in oral tongue cancer: A Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Result–based analysis evaluating the basic characteristics, survival outcomes, and predictive factors
Authors: Xu Zicheng , Wang Jianxing , Cai Hongzhou , Qi Feng , Zou Qing
Published: February 2022

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the risk of developing a second primary malignancy (SPM) in oral tongue cancer (OTC) patients, and identify the characteristics and survival outcomes of OTC patients with an SPM. Patients with first primary OTC were identified from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Result (SEER) database, and were further divided into the only one primary malignancy (OOPM) group and SPM group. Baseline characteristics and survival outcomes between patients in two groups were compared. Furthermore, a Fine and Gray subdistribution hazard model was utilized to investigate the cumulative risk of developing an SPM in OTC patients. Then, a multivariate competing‐risk model was performed to explore risk predictors. Patients in the SPM group had older age and lower tumor stage than those in the OOPM group. Moreover, the proportion of receiving surgery in the SPM group was significantly higher than that in the OOPM group. Lung was the most common site of SPMs in whole patients. In male patients, the second common site of SPMs was prostate, while in female patients, it was female breast. OTC patients with an SPM of lung and bronchus had the worst overall survival. Finally, older age, male sex, primary site of ventral surface and anterior 2/3 of tongue, localized diseases, and the administration of surgery were considered as risk predictors of developing an SPM in OTC patients. OTC survivors had high risk of developing an SPM, and subsequent malignancy was an important COD. Careful monitoring is warranted in OTC survivors due to the high SPM‐specific mortality.
The structure of the Clostridium thermocellum RsgI9 ectodomain provides insight into the mechanism of biomass sensing
Authors: Mahoney Brendan J. , Takayesu Allen , Zhou Anqi , Cascio Duilio , Clubb Robert T.
Published: February 2022

Clostridium thermocellum is actively being developed as a microbial platform to produce biofuels and chemicals from renewable plant biomass. An attractive feature of this bacterium is its ability to efficiently degrade lignocellulose using surface‐displayed cellulosomes, large multi‐protein complexes that house different types of cellulase enzymes. Clostridium thermocellum tailors the enzyme composition of its cellulosome using nine membrane‐embedded anti‐σ factors (RsgI1‐9), which are thought to sense different types of extracellular carbohydrates and then elicit distinct gene expression programs via cytoplasmic σ factors. Here we show that the RsgI9 anti‐σ factor interacts with cellulose via a C‐terminal bi‐domain unit. A 2.0 Å crystal structure reveals that the unit is constructed from S1C peptidase and NTF2‐like protein domains that contain a potential binding site for cellulose. Small‐angle X‐ray scattering experiments of the intact ectodomain indicate that it adopts a bi‐lobed, elongated conformation. In the structure, a conserved RsgI extracellular (CRE) domain is connected to the bi‐domain via a proline‐rich linker, which is expected to project the carbohydrate‐binding unit ~160 Å from the cell surface. The CRE and proline‐rich elements are conserved in several other C. thermocellum anti‐σ factors, suggesting that they will also form extended structures that sense carbohydrates.
Heterologous overexpression of Sup35 in Escherichia coli leads to both monomer and complex states
Authors: Wang Mingyang , Wang Xiao , Cheng Zhenyun
Published: February 2022

The heterologous overexpression states of prion proteins play a critical role in understanding the mechanisms of prion‐related diseases. We report herein the identification of soluble monomer and complex states for a bakers' yeast prion, Sup35, when expressed in Escherichia coli. Two peaks are apparent with the elution of His‐tagged Sup35 by imidazole from a Ni2+ affinity column. Peak I contains Sup35 in both monomer and aggregated states. Sup35 aggregate is abbreviated as C‐aggregate and includes a non‐fibril complex comprising Sup35 aggregate‐HSP90‐Dna K, ATP synthase β unit (chain D), 30S ribosome subunit, and Omp F. The purified monomer and C‐aggregate can remain stable for an extended period of time. Peak II contains Sup35 also in both monomer and aggregated (abbreviated as S‐aggregate) states, but the aggregated states are caused by the formation of inter‐Sup35 disulfide bonds. This study demonstrates that further assembly of Sup35 non‐fibril C‐aggregate can be interrupted by the chaperone repertoire system in E. coli.
Distinct atrial remodeling in patients with subclinical atrial fibrillation: Lessons from computed tomographic images
Authors: Huang Sung‐Hao , Liao Chao‐Feng , Chen Zu‐Yin , Chao Tze‐Fan , Chen Shih‐Ann , Tsao Hsuan‐Ming
Published: February 2022

Aims

Cardiac implanted electronic devices (CIEDs) can detect atrial high‐rate episodes (AHREs) and challenge current management of subclinical atrial fibrillation (AF).

Methods

To characterize the anatomic and functional remodeling of cardiac structures between patients with subclinical AF (SCAF) and clinical AF. The predictors for AHREs ≥6 min were also investigated.

Results

We compared the atrial volume, dynamic function, and peri‐atrial fat between 104 CIEDs (AHREs = 0, n = 12; SCAF, n = 66; CIEDs with AF, n = 26) and 40 paroxysmal AF patients who were planning for catheter ablation (AF for ablation) using 256‐slice multidetector computed tomography for the duration of the AHREs. The maximal volume of the left atrium (LA) and LA appendage (LAA) were significantly smaller; the total emptying fraction (EF) and active EF of the LA and LAA were significantly better in the patients with SCAF than in those with clinical AF. Less peri‐atrial fat (p < 0.001) and a greater LAA/ascending aorta (AA) Hounsfield unit (HU) ratio (p < 0.05) were noted in the patients with SCAF. Significantly increased volume reduced the total EF of LA and LAA and a reduced LAA/AA HU ratio (0.91 ± 0.18 vs 0.98 ± 0.03 vs 0.97 ± 0.05, p < 0.05) were demonstrated in patients with AHREs ≥6 min compared to those with AHREs <6 min and without AHRE. Multivariate analysis showed the reduced LAA/AA HU ratio is an independent predictor for the development of AHREs ≥6 min.

Conclusion

As compared to clinical AF, patients with SCAF show a more favorable LA remodeling process. Among the patients with device‐detected AHREs, worse LA remodeling and a reduced LAA/AA HU ratio were associated with the occurrence of AHREs ≥6 min. These findings may provide an incremental value for understanding SCAF.
Effects of pharmacological inhibition of the sodium‐dependent phosphate cotransporter 2b (NPT2b) on intestinal phosphate absorption in mouse and rat models
Authors: Wang Xiaojun , Xu Yanping , Yu Xiaohong , Dey Asim , Zhang Hong Y. , Zink Charity M. , Wodka Derek , Porter Gina , Matter William F. , Porras Leah , Reidy Charles A. , Peterson Jeffrey A. , Mattioni Brian E. , Haas Joseph V. , Kowala Mark C. , Wetterau John R.
Published: February 2022

An excess phosphate burden in renal disease has pathological consequences for bone, kidney, and heart. Therapies to decrease intestinal phosphate absorption have been used to address the problem, but with limited success. Here, we describe the in vivo effects of a novel potent inhibitor of the intestinal sodium‐dependent phosphate cotransporter NPT2b, LY3358966. Following treatment with LY3358966, phosphate uptake into plasma 15 min following an oral dose of radiolabeled phosphate was decreased 74% and 22% in mice and rats, respectively, indicating NPT2b plays a much more dominant role in mice than rats. Following the treatment with LY3358966 and radiolabeled phosphate, mouse feces were collected for 48 h to determine the ability of LY3358966 to inhibit phosphate absorption. Compared to vehicle‐treated animals, there was a significant increase in radiolabeled phosphate recovered in feces (8.6% of the dose, p < .0001). Similar studies performed in rats also increased phosphate recovered in feces (5.3% of the dose, p < .05). When used in combination with the phosphate binder sevelamer in rats, there was a further small, but not significant, increase in fecal phosphate. In conclusion, LY3358966 revealed a more prominent role for NPT2b on acute intestinal phosphate uptake into plasma in mice than rats. However, the modest effects on total intestinal phosphate absorption observed in mice and rats with LY3359866 when used alone or in combination with sevelamer highlights the challenge to identify new more effective therapeutic targets and/or drug combinations to treat the phosphate burden in patients with renal disease.
A Bayesian hierarchical model for individual participant data meta‐analysis of demand curves
Authors: Zhang Shengwei , Chu Haitao , Bickel Warren K. , Le Chap T. , Smith Tracy T. , Thomas Janet L. , Donny Eric C. , Hatsukami Dorothy K. , Luo Xianghua
Published: February 2022

Individual participant data meta‐analysis is a frequently used method to combine and contrast data from multiple independent studies. Bayesian hierarchical models are increasingly used to appropriately take into account potential heterogeneity between studies. In this paper, we propose a Bayesian hierarchical model for individual participant data generated from the Cigarette Purchase Task (CPT). Data from the CPT details how demand for cigarettes varies as a function of price, which is usually described as an exponential demand curve. As opposed to the conventional random‐effects meta‐analysis methods, Bayesian hierarchical models are able to estimate both the study‐specific and population‐level parameters simultaneously without relying on the normality assumptions. We applied the proposed model to a meta‐analysis with baseline CPT data from six studies and compared the results from the proposed model and a two‐step conventional random‐effects meta‐analysis approach. We conducted extensive simulation studies to investigate the performance of the proposed approach and discussed the benefits of using the Bayesian hierarchical model for individual participant data meta‐analysis of demand curves.
Synthesis, Structure and Topology of Copper(I) Tetrazolate Framework: Facile Approach to Design Multiple Dye Adsorbent with Carbon Composites
Authors: Rom Tanmay , Kumar Nikhil , Maji Pradip K. , Paul Avijit Kumar
Published: February 2022

The development of porous tetrazolate metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) and their carbon composites for the efficient adsorption of organic dyes is a highly exciting field for material developments as well as waste water treatment. Herein, we have introduced a copper tetrazole‐based metal organic framework, {(Cu(C2N4H3); CUT1}, synthesized via in‐situ ligand synthesis followed by [2+3] cycloaddition strategy. A set of activated carbon (AC) composites namely as CUT1@1 %AC‐Black and CUT1@5 %AC‐Black have also been prepared by loading of different proportions of activated carbon (AC) in CUT1 via sonication process. Single‐crystal X‐ray data and topological analysis results have been shown that the parent MOF (CUT1) exhibits a three‐dimensional extended structure and formed 43.62.8 ptr net topology. The phase purity and surface area of as‐synthesized MOF and AC composite have been examined through various techniques. The dye adsorption properties have been investigated for present materials by using three anionic dyes and three cationic dyes at room temperature. The results of adsorption studies demonstrated that 5 wt.% AC carbon composite is adequate for promising adsorption activity against all selected organic dyes compared to parent MOF (CUT1). A minor enhancement of surface area in the composite material exhibits the adsorption of both the cationic and anionic dyes rendering the structure and morphology remains unchanged.
Amperometric Detection of Mercury Ions Using Piperazine‐Functionalized Reduced Graphene Oxide as an Efficient Sensing Platform
Authors: Mahendran G. Balu , Ramalingam S. Jothi , Rayappan John Bosco Balaguru , Gumpu Manju Bhargavi , Kumar Rajendran Ganesh , Lakshmanakumar Muthaiyan , Nesakumar Noel
Published: February 2022

In this work, employing the Hibiscus rosa sinensis (HRS) flower extract as a green reducer for graphene oxide (GO) reduction and functionalization of rGO using piperazine is proposed. A chemically modified screen‐printed carbon electrode (SPCE) was prepared using piperazine functionalized reduced graphene oxide (P‐rGO). Electroanalytical techniques such as amperometry and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) were used to investigate the sensing capability of P‐rGO modified SPCE towards the detection of Hg2+ ions. The oxidation peak observed in the cyclic voltammetry was due to the interaction between piperazine (amine) and mercury ions. Piperazine plays a major role in improving the sensitivity of the developed sensor towards mercury cation detection, while the P‐rGO is used as a platform for the incorporation of Hg2+.The developed sensor exhibits a high sensitivity of 0.00327 μA/pM over a wide linear range of 0.2 pM to 2 pM, with a detection limit of 0.0557 pM.
High Efficiency Quasi‐2D/3D Pb–Ba Perovskite Solar Cells via Phenethylammonium Chloride Addition
Authors: Chan Shun-Hsiang , Chang Yin-Hsuan , Jao Meng-Huan , Hsiao Kai-Chi , Lee Kun-Mu , Lai Chao-Sung , Wu Ming-Chung
Published: February 2022

The existence of toxic Pb in perovskite solar cells may hinder the pace of commercialization. Based on the previous work, Ba2+ is most suitable for partially replacing Pb2+ among alkaline‐earth metal cations. However, a high substitution ratio may lead to poor film coverage. A detailed study of the effects on film formation with phenethylammonium chloride (PEACl) additive for large n (n > 40) quasi‐2D/3D mixed‐cation Pb–Ba perovskite (i.e. PEAxMA0.4−xFA0.6Pb0.9Ba0.1IyCl3−y) is presented. The perovskite layer with defects passivation exhibits efficient charge‐carrier transport, suppression of trap‐assisted recombination, and improved electron extraction capability. The mapping distribution of surface potentials is quantified by photo‐assisted Kelvin probe force microscopy to verify the carrier generation. Consequently, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the PEAxMA0.4−xFA0.6Pb0.9Ba0.1IyCl3−y perovskite solar cell is enhanced significantly from an averaged PCE of 15.0% of the pristine active layer to 18.1% and the champion PCE can achieve 19.1%. The corresponding device shows outstanding long‐term stability in air, retaining 90% of its initial PCE for more than 700 h. Herein, a promising strategy to passivate defects and improve the perovskite film quality for superior optoelectronic properties is provided.
Conductive 2D Conjugated Metal–Organic Framework Thin Films: Synthesis and Functions for (Opto‐)electronics
Authors: Liu Jinxin , Chen Yunxu , Feng Xinliang , Dong Renhao
Published: February 2022

Two‐dimensional conjugated metal–organic frameworks (2D c‐MOFs), possessing extended π–d conjugated planar structure, are emerging as a unique class of electronic materials due to their intrinsic electrical conductivities. Taking advantage of the large‐area flat surface, 2D c‐MOF thin films allow facile device integration with sufficient electrode contact, high device stability, and high charge transport, thereby emerging as appealing active layers for a broad range of electronic applications. Synthesis and device investigation of thin films are of great importance for their further development, which are systematically summarized in the current review. Here, the authors firstly introduce the molecular structures of representative 2D c‐MOFs and present the fundamental understanding on structure–property relationships. After that, the state‐of‐art synthetic methodologies toward high‐quality 2D c‐MOF thin films are summarized, including exfoliation and reassembly (ERA), liquid‐interface‐assisted synthesis (LIAS), and chemical vapor deposition (CVD). By considering the advantages of 2D c‐MOF films in device integration, remarkable progress in (opto‐)electronic device applications are discussed, such as field‐effect transistors (FETs), chemiresistive sensors, photodetectors, superconductors, and thermoelectrics. In the end, the remained challenges about the development of 2D c‐MOF films for (opto‐)electronics are highlighted and possible future directions are proposed to address these challenges.
Bioinformatics pipeline to guide late‐onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) post‐GWAS studies: Prioritizing transcription regulatory variants within LOAD‐associated regions
Authors: Lutz Michael W. , Chiba‐Falek Ornit
Published: February 2022

Introduction

As new late‐onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) genetic risk loci are identified and brain cell–type specific omics data becomes available, there is an unmet need for a bioinformatics framework to prioritize genes and variants for testing in single‐cell molecular profiling experiments and validation using disease models and gene editing technologies. Prior work has characterized and prioritized active enhancers located in LOAD‐genome‐wide association study (GWAS) regions and their potential interactions with candidate genes. The current study extends this work by focusing on single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within these LOAD enhancers and their impact on altering transcription factor (TF) binding. The proposed bioinformatics pipeline progresses from SNPs located in LOAD‐GWAS regions to a filtered set of candidate regulatory SNPs that have a predicted strong effect on TF binding.

Methods

Active enhancers within LOAD‐associated regions were identified and SNPs located in the enhancers were catalogued. SNPs that disrupt TF binding sites were prioritized and the respective TFs were filtered to include only those that were expressed in brain tissues relevant to LOAD. The TFs binding to the corresponding sequence was further confirmed by ChIP‐seq signals. Finally, the high‐priority candidate SNPs were evaluated as expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) in disease‐relevant tissues.

Results

We catalogued 61 strong enhancers in LOAD‐GWAS regions encompassing 326 SNPs and 104 TF binding sites. Seventy‐seven and 78 of the TFs were expressed in brain and monocytes, respectively, out of which 19 TF‐binding sites showed ChIP‐seq signals. Eleven SNPs were found to interrupt with TF binding out of which three SNPs were also significant eQTL.

Discussion

This study provides a framework to catalogue noncoding variations in enhancers located in LOAD‐GWAS loci and characterize their likelihood to perturb TF binding. The approach integrates multiple data types to characterize and prioritize SNPs for putative regulatory function using single‐cell multi‐omics assays and gene editing.
The impact of hearing impairment and hearing aid use on progression to mild cognitive impairment in cognitively healthy adults: An observational cohort study
Authors: Bucholc Magda , Bauermeister Sarah , Kaur Daman , McClean Paula L. , Todd Stephen
Published: February 2022

Introduction

We assessed the association of self‐reported hearing impairment and hearing aid use with cognitive decline and progression to mild cognitive impairment (MCI).

Methods

We used a large referral‐based cohort of 4358 participants obtained from the National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center. The standard covariate‐adjusted Cox proportional hazards model, the marginal structural Cox model with inverse probability weighting, standardized Kaplan‐Meier curves, and linear mixed‐effects models were applied to test the hypotheses.

Results

Hearing impairment was associated with increased risk of MCI (standardized hazard ratio [HR] 2.58, 95% confidence interval [CI: 1.73 to 3.84], P = .004) and an accelerated rate of cognitive decline (P < .001). Hearing aid users were less likely to develop MCI than hearing‐impaired individuals who did not use a hearing aid (HR 0.47, 95% CI [0.29 to 0.74], P = .001). No difference in risk of MCI was observed between individuals with normal hearing and hearing‐impaired adults using hearing aids (HR 0.86, 95% CI [0.56 to 1.34], P = .51).

Discussion

Use of hearing aids may help mitigate cognitive decline associated with hearing loss.
Machine learning‐based statistical downscaling of wind resource maps using multi‐resolution topographical data
Authors: Oh Myeongchan , Lee Jehyun , Kim Jin‐Young , Kim Hyun‐Goo
Published: February 2022

The need for high‐resolution wind resource maps is increasing with the increase in the supply and development of wind power. Many physical downscaling models have been developed and applied to make these maps. However, as the existing models require extensive computations and time, statistical models with higher efficiency are being studied. Statistical models such as regression and machine learning models can quickly calculate wind resource maps, but they have a problem of low accuracy. This study proposes a machine learning model with new topography‐derived variables to interpret the physical characteristics of the wind. As the shape of topography, which was unable to be interpreted in previous studies, can be considered with new derived variables, a significant performance improvement was identified. The analysis was conducted using 1 km Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) results and ERA5 reanalysis data from South Korea. Two Weibull distribution parameter maps were calculated and used as input and output data. Three collections of derived variables were devised and compared. Therefore, the multi‐resolution topography data showed the highest improvements with approximately 15% reduction in root mean square error (RMSE) for both the linear regression and machine learning models. In particular, the land area showed a decrease of 20%. The best proposed models showed an RMSE of 7% and 8% for two Weibull parameters. The results are expected to serve as a reference for continuing research and utilization of statistical models.
Natural selection rules: new positivity bounds for massive spinning particles
Authors: Davighi Joe , Melville Scott , You Tevong
Published: February 2022

Abstract

We derive new effective field theory (EFT) positivity bounds on the elastic 2 → 2 scattering amplitudes of massive spinning particles from the standard UV properties of unitarity, causality, locality and Lorentz invariance. By bounding the t derivatives of the amplitude (which can be represented as angular momentum matrix elements) in terms of the total ingoing helicity, we derive stronger unitarity bounds on the s- and u-channel branch cuts which determine the dispersion relation. In contrast to previous positivity bounds, which relate the t-derivative to the forward-limit EFT amplitude with no t derivatives, our bounds establish that the t-derivative alone must be strictly positive for sufficiently large helicities. Consequently, they can provide stronger constraints beyond the forward limit which can be used to constrain dimension-6 interactions with a milder assumption about the high-energy growth of the UV amplitude.
Edge modes as reference frames and boundary actions from post-selection
Authors: Carrozza Sylvain , Höhn Philipp A.
Published: February 2022

Abstract

We introduce a general framework realizing edge modes in (classical) gauge field theory as dynamical reference frames, an often suggested interpretation that we make entirely explicit. We focus on a bounded region M with a co-dimension one time-like boundary Γ, which we embed in a global spacetime. Taking as input a variational principle at the global level, we develop a systematic formalism inducing consistent variational principles (and in particular, boundary actions) for the subregion M. This relies on a post-selection procedure on Γ, which isolates the subsector of the global theory compatible with a general choice of gauge-invariant boundary conditions for the dynamics in M. Crucially, the latter relate the configuration fields on Γ to a dynamical frame field carrying information about the spacetime complement of M; as such, they may be equivalently interpreted as frame-dressed or relational observables. Generically, the external frame field keeps an imprint on the ensuing dynamics for subregion M, where it materializes itself as a local field on the time-like boundary Γ; in other words, an edge mode. We identify boundary symmetries as frame reorientations and show that they divide into three types, depending on the boundary conditions, that affect the physical status of the edge modes. Our construction relies on the covariant phase space formalism, and is in principle applicable to any gauge (field) theory. We illustrate it on three standard examples: Maxwell, Abelian Chern-Simons and non-Abelian Yang-Mills theories. In complement, we also analyze a mechanical toy-model to connect our work with recent efforts on (quantum) reference frames.
Medial talar resection: how much remains stable?
Authors: Hagen Jennifer E. , Sands Andrew K. , Swords Michael , Rammelt Stefan , Schmitz Nina , Richards Geoff , Gueorguiev Boyko , Souleiman Firas
Published: February 2022

Purpose

Pathologies of the medial talus (e.g., fractures, tarsal coalitions) can lead to symptomatic problems such as pain and nonunion. Bony resection may be a good solution for both. It is unclear how much of the medial talus can be taken before the subtalar joint becomes unstable. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect a limited resection of the medial talar facet and the anteromedial portion of the posterior talar facet has on subtalar stability.

Methods

Eight fresh-frozen human cadaveric lower limbs were mounted in a frame for simulated weight-bearing. Computed tomography scans were obtained under 700 N single-legged stance loading, with the foot in neutral, 15° inversion, and 15° eversion positions. A sequential resection of 10, 20, and 30% of the medial facet and the anteromedial portion of the posterior talar facet to the calcaneus, based on the intact talus width, was performed. Measurements of subtalar vertical angulation, talar subluxation, coronal posterior facet angle and talocalcaneal (Kite) angle in the anteroposterior and lateral view were performed.

Results

Gross clinical instability was not observed in any of the specimens. No significant differences were detected in the measurements between the resected and intact states (P ≥ 0.10) as well as among the resected states (P ≥ 0.11).

Conclusion

In a biomechanical setting, resecting up to 30% of the medial facet and anteromedial portion of the posterior facet based on the intact talus width—does not result in any measurable instability of the subtalar joint in presence of intact ligamentous structures.

Level of evidence

V.
A Novel Technique Combining Human Acellular Dermal Matrix (HADM) and Enriched Platelet Therapy (EPT) for the Treatment of Vaginal Laxity: A Single-Arm, Observational Study
Authors: Yang Fang , Liu Yin , Xiao Hong , Ma Jiaying , Cun Huanying , Wu Chengdao
Published: February 2022

Background

There is a paucity of knowledge about cosmetic vaginal tightening procedures; therefore, the present study aimed to describe the clinical effects of a novel combination technique of human acellular dermal matrix (HADM) and enriched platelet therapy (EPT) for the treatment of vaginal laxity.

Methods

This single-arm, observational study was conducted on 52 patients with grade II to III vaginal relaxation. HADM biological band (U-shaped) was implanted in these patients by submucosal puncture in vagina under anesthesia. This was followed by thrice administration of EPT injection, once at the time surgery followed by each dose at a time interval of one month. Patients were followed up for a period of 6 months based on Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) and Vaginal Health Index (VHI) scores. Patient satisfaction was measured using Visual Analogue Score (VAS).

Results

About 52 women with median age of 39 years were included in the study. The average time reported to complete HADM surgery was reported as 27 minutes. Following implantation, it was found that labia minora was significantly closed and perineal length was increased from 1.5 to 2.2 cm. Moreover, there was improvement in elasticity, contractility and lubricity of vaginal mucosa. The sexual function scores from pre- to post-surgery were significantly increased (7.95 vs. 30.09; p value: <0.001). The mean VHI score also increased significantly after 6 months of treatment (mean ± S.D. before vs after treatment: 11.2 ± 3.3 vs. 19.6 ± 4.1, P < 0.0001). The mean VAS after surgery was 1.61 ± 0.31. About 96% of the patients did not feel any pain after treatment at 6-month follow-up. No adverse effects were reported in this study.

Conclusions

These findings supported that combination treatment with HADM and EPT was safe and associated with both improved vaginal laxity and sexual function. These results may provide a novel surgical technique for this prevalent and undertreated condition.

Level of Evidence IV

: Therapeutic Study This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266.
Removal of Thyroglossal Duct Cyst by a Submental Approach
Authors: Roh Jong‐Lyel
Published: February 2022

Background

Thyroglossal duct cyst (TGDC) is the most common congenital cyst in the neck and is removed by the Sistrunk procedure. This surgery involves a horizontal skin incision over the cyst that may leave a noticeable scar on the front of the neck. Therefore, this study examined the clinical outcomes and cosmetic benefits of the Sistrunk procedure by an incision in the submental area that is not easily visible from the front.

Materials and methods

This observational study was performed on 152 patients who underwent the Sistrunk procedure by a submental approach to remove TGDC at a university medical center. Intraoperative findings, postoperative complications, subjective pain levels, and satisfaction with incision scars and neck and facial deformities, and recurrence were prospectively evaluated.

Results

The length of the submental incision was about 3 cm and the median total operation time was 36 min. Postoperative complications were minimal. Hematoma occurred in two cases (1.3%), surgical site infection in 1 case (0.7%), and dysphagia for more than 1 week occurred in 1 case (0.7%). On a 0–10 visual analogue scale, the pain had a median value of 2 on the first day after surgery, and satisfaction with incision scars and neck and facial deformities showed median values of 8 and 10 at 6 months after surgery, respectively. Recurrence occurred in one patient (0.7%) during the median follow‐up period of 68 months.

Conclusions

The submental approach for TGDC excision may be a reliable new surgical method that is safe and has cosmetic advantages.

Condensed abstract

This observational study evaluated the clinical outcomes and cosmetic benefits of the Sistrunk procedure by a submental incision for thyroglossal duct cyst in 152 patients. The surgical procedure showed no increased operation time, no need for wide flap elevation, easy suprahyoid dissection, and an invisible scar in a natural position of the neck.