bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Treatment Settings for Substance Use Problems
Authors: Daley Dennis C. , Douaihy Antoine
Published: August 2019

The American Society of Addiction Medicine (ASAM) outlines levels of care for alcohol or other drug problems in a stepped care approach. The ASAM levels, from least to most restrictive, are Level 1: outpatient treatment; Level 2: intensive outpatient treatment and partial hospitalization; Level 3: medically monitored intensive inpatient treatment (residential); and Level 4: medically managed intensive inpatient treatment (hospital). Clients should use the least restrictive level of professional treatment possible unless they have serious medical complications, such as liver disease or gastritis, or serious psychiatric complications, such as feeling suicidal, persistently depressed, or paranoid. The goals of this chapter are to learn about the different types of professional treatments for substance use problems and for clients to work closely with their therapist or counselor to figure out their specific goals and what steps they can take to reach them.
Measuring Your Progress
Authors: Daley Dennis C. , Douaihy Antoine
Published: August 2019

Clients can measure their progress by comparing their current status to the goals they set at the beginning of their change program. These goals may relate to their substance use; to other areas of their lives such as physical, mental, or spiritual well-being, or relationships with family or friends; or to any other problem or issue that clients are working on changing. Progress is improvement or positive movement toward identified goals. Sometimes progress is significant and happens quickly. Other times progress is less significant and happens slowly. The goals of this chapter are to learn to define and measure the progress the client has made this far and to recognize that progress shows in many aspects of one’s life, just not substance use.
Final Session
Authors: Rothbaum Barbara Olasov , Foa Edna B. , Hembree Elizabeth A. , Rauch Sheila A. M.
Published: August 2019

In this final session, the patient reviews the skills learned in the treatment program and looks at his or her overall progress. The patient is encouraged to very deliberately keep practicing the skills learned in therapy over the next several months (or as long as necessary), and, if they run into problems, they are advised to call the therapist for a booster session. There may be times in the future when it feels as though the posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms are coming back or seem to be worsening. This might happen at times of stress or maybe during times of change. Moving, getting a new job, getting married, having babies, children moving out, and children getting married are all generally happy times, but they can be stressful. The patient’s body has learned to react to extreme stress with PTSD symptoms, and he or she may notice some of these symptoms in the future. It does not mean that they are relapsing, but does mean that they need to pay attention.
Prolonged Exposure Therapy for PTSD
Authors: Foa Edna , Hembree Elizabeth A. , Rothbaum Barbara Olasov , Rauch Sheila
Published: August 2019

This therapist guide of prolonged exposure (PE) treatment is accompanied by the patient workbook, Reclaiming Your Life from a Traumatic Experience. The treatment and manuals are designed for use by a therapist who is familiar with cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and who has undergone an intensive training workshop for prolonged exposure by experts in this therapy. The therapist guide instructs therapists to implement this brief CBT program that targets individuals who are diagnosed with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) or who manifest PTSD symptoms that cause distress and/or dysfunction following various types of trauma. The overall aim of the treatment is to help trauma survivors emotionally process their traumatic experiences to diminish or eliminate PTSD and other trauma-related symptoms. The term prolonged exposure (PE) reflects the fact that the treatment program emerged from the long tradition of exposure therapy for anxiety disorders in which patients are helped to confront safe but anxiety-evoking situations to overcome their unrealistic, excessive fear and anxiety. At the same time, PE has emerged from the adaption and extension of Emotional Processing Theory (EPT) to PTSD, which emphasizes the central role of successfully processing the traumatic memory in the amelioration of PTSD symptoms. Throughout this guide, the authors highlight that emotional processing is the mechanism underlying successful reduction of PTSD symptoms.
Session 1
Authors: Foa Edna B. , Hembree Elizabeth A. , Rothbaum Barbara Olasov , Rauch Sheila A. M.
Published: August 2019

In the beginning of this first PE session, the therapist presents the patient with an overall rationale for PE and describes the main tools of the therapy: imaginal exposure and in vivo exposure. The therapist uses the Trauma Interview to collect general information about the immediate presenting problems, the patient’s functioning, the traumatic experience(s), physical and mental health since the trauma, social support, and use of alcohol and drugs. The Trauma Interview is also designed to aid in the identification of the target trauma. This is the traumatic memory that will be the focus of treatment. Identifying the target trauma is a critical element of effective PE. The patient is also taught breathing retraining in this session.
Session 3
Authors: Foa Edna B. , Hembree Elizabeth A. , Rothbaum Barbara Olasov , Rauch Sheila A. M.
Published: August 2019

This session presents imaginal exposure, or revisiting the trauma memory in imagery, a procedure in which the patient is asked to visualize and emotionally connect with the traumatic memory while recounting the experience aloud, in the present tense. The standard procedure is designed to (1) enhance the patient’s ability to access the salient aspects of the trauma memory, (2) promote emotional engagement with the trauma memory, and (3) invite narration of the memory in the patient’s own words. After the imaginal revisiting, the therapist processes the experience with the patient. Processing involves encouraging the patient to talk about reactions to revisiting the trauma memory and to discuss feelings and thoughts about the trauma or its meaning in her life. Imaginal recounting of the trauma memory creates powerful opportunities for learning. It is common for patients to emerge from imaginal (and in vivo) exposure with new awareness or insights.
The Hubble Sequence at z ∼ 0 in the IllustrisTNG simulation with deep learning
Authors: Huertas-Company Marc , Rodriguez-Gomez Vicente , Nelson Dylan , Pillepich Annalisa , Bottrell Connor , Bernardi Mariangela , Domínguez-Sánchez Helena , Genel Shy , Pakmor Ruediger , Snyder Gregory F , Vogelsberger Mark
Published: August 2019

We analyse the optical morphologies of galaxies in the IllustrisTNG simulation at z ∼ 0 with a convolutional neural network trained on visual morphologies in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. We generate mock SDSS images of a mass complete sample of $\sim 12\, 000$ galaxies in the simulation using the radiative transfer code SKIRT and include PSF and noise to match the SDSS r-band properties. The images are then processed through the exact same neural network used to estimate SDSS morphologies to classify simulated galaxies in four morphological classes (E, S0/a, Sab, Scd). The CNN model classifies simulated galaxies in one of the four main classes with the same uncertainty as for observed galaxies. The mass–size relations of the simulated galaxies divided by morphological type also reproduce well the slope and the normalization of observed relations which confirms a reasonable diversity of optical morphologies in the TNG suite. However we find a weak correlation between optical morphology and Sersic index in the TNG suite as opposed to SDSS which might require further investigation. The stellar mass functions (SMFs) decomposed into different morphologies still show some discrepancies with observations especially at the high-mass end. We find an overabundance of late-type galaxies ($\sim 50{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ versus $\sim 20{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$) at the high-mass end [log(M*/M⊙) > 11] of the SMF as compared to observations according to the CNN classifications and a lack of S0 galaxies ($\sim 20{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ versus $\sim 40{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$) at intermediate masses. This work highlights the importance of detailed comparisons between observations and simulations in comparable conditions.
What determines the sizes of bars in spiral galaxies?
Authors: Erwin Peter
Published: August 2019

I use volume- and mass-limited subsamples and recently published data from the Spitzer Survey of Stellar Structure in Galaxies (S4G) to investigate how the size of bars depends on galaxy properties. The known correlation between bar semimajor axis a and galaxy stellar mass (or luminosity) is actually bimodal: for $\log \, (M_{\star }/\mathrm{M}_{\odot })\lesssim 10.1$, bar size is almost independent of stellar mass ($a \propto M_{\star }^{0.1}$), while it is a strong function for higher masses ($a \propto M_{\star }^{0.6}$). Bar size is a slightly stronger function of galaxy half-light radius Re and (especially) exponential disc scale length h (a ∝ h0.8). Correlations between stellar mass and galaxy size can explain the bar-size–M⋆ correlation – but only for galaxies with $\log \, (M_{\star }/\mathrm{M}_{\odot })\lesssim 10.1$; at higher masses, there is an extra dependence of bar size on M⋆ itself. Despite theoretical arguments that the presence of gas can affect bar growth, there is no evidence for any residual dependence of bar size on (present-day) gas mass fraction. The traditional dependence of bar size on Hubble type (longer bars in early-type discs) can be explained as a side effect of stellar mass–Hubble-type correlations. Finally, I show that galaxy size (Re or h) can be modelled as a function of stellar mass and both bar presence and bar size: barred galaxies tend to be more extended than unbarred galaxies of the same mass, with larger bars correlated with larger sizes.
The AGN fuelling/feedback cycle in nearby radio galaxies – II. Kinematics of the molecular gas
Authors: Ruffa Ilaria , Davis Timothy A , Prandoni Isabella , Laing Robert A , Paladino Rosita , Parma Paola , de Ruiter Hans , Casasola Viviana , Bureau Martin , Warren Joshua
Published: August 2019

This is the second paper of a series exploring the multicomponent (stars, warm and cold gas, and radio jets) properties of a sample of 11 nearby low-excitation radio galaxies, with the aim of better understanding the active galactic nuclei (AGN) fuelling/feedback cycle in these objects. Here, we present a study of the molecular gas kinematics of six sample galaxies detected in 12CO(2-1) with the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA). In all cases, our modelling suggests that the bulk of the gas in the observed (sub-)kpc CO discs is in ordered rotation. Nevertheless, low-level distortions are ubiquitous, indicating that the molecular gas is not fully relaxed into the host galaxy potential. The majority of the discs, however, are only marginally resolved, preventing us from drawing strong conclusions. NGC 3557 and NGC 3100 are special cases. The features observed in the CO velocity curve of NGC 3557 allow us to estimate a supermassive black hole (SMBH) mass of (7.10 ± 0.02) × 108 M⊙, in agreement with expectations from the MSMBH–σ* relation. The rotation pattern of NGC 3100 shows distortions that appear to be consistent with the presence of both a position angle and an inclination warp. Non-negligible radial motions are also found in the plane of the CO disc, likely consistent with streaming motions associated with the spiral pattern found in the inner regions of the disc. The dominant radial motions are likely to be inflows, supporting a scenario in which the cold gas is contributing to the fuelling of the AGN.
Error formulae for the energy-dependent cross-spectrum
Authors: Ingram Adam
Published: August 2019

I present analytic error formulae for the energy-dependent cross-spectrum and rms spectrum, which are Fourier statistics widely used to probe the rapid X-ray variability observed from accreting compact objects. The new formulae cover the modulus, phase, real and imaginary parts of the cross-spectrum, and are valid for any value of intrinsic coherence between variability in different energy bands. I show that existing error formulae (including that for the phase lag), which are valid for a single cross-spectrum or power spectrum, lead to over-fitting when applied to the energy-dependent cross-spectrum - which consists of cross-spectra between individual energy channels and a common reference band. I also introduce an optimal, unbiased way to define the reference band and an accurate way to calculate the intrinsic coherence between energy bands. I find that the traditional use of the old formulae has likely had a rather benign impact on the literature, but recommend the use of the new formulae in future wherever appropriate, since they are more accurate and are no harder to implement than existing error estimates. A code to implement the new error formulae on observational data is available online.
Polymorphism Data Assist Estimation of the Nonsynonymous over Synonymous Fixation Rate Ratio ω for Closely Related Species
Authors: Mugal Carina F , Kutschera Verena E , Botero-Castro Fidel , Wolf Jochen B W , Kaj Ingemar
Published: August 2019

The ratio of nonsynonymous over synonymous sequence divergence, dN/dS, is a widely used estimate of the nonsynonymous over synonymous fixation rate ratio ω, which measures the extent to which natural selection modulates protein sequence evolution. Its computation is based on a phylogenetic approach and computes sequence divergence of protein-coding DNA between species, traditionally using a single representative DNA sequence per species. This approach ignores the presence of polymorphisms and relies on the indirect assumption that new mutations fix instantaneously, an assumption which is generally violated and reasonable only for distantly related species. The violation of the underlying assumption leads to a time-dependence of sequence divergence, and biased estimates of ω in particular for closely related species, where the contribution of ancestral and lineage-specific polymorphisms to sequence divergence is substantial. We here use a time-dependent Poisson random field model to derive an analytical expression of dN/dS as a function of divergence time and sample size. We then extend our framework to the estimation of the proportion of adaptive protein evolution α. This mathematical treatment enables us to show that the joint usage of polymorphism and divergence data can assist the inference of selection for closely related species. Moreover, our analytical results provide the basis for a protocol for the estimation of ω and α for closely related species. We illustrate the performance of this protocol by studying a population data set of four corvid species, which involves the estimation of ω and α at different time-scales and for several choices of sample sizes.
On Rimsky-Korsakov’s False (Hexatonic) Progressions Outside the Limits of a Tonality
Authors: Ewell Philip
Published: August 2019

It is well known that Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov used various types of octatonicism in his music, and that he likely passed on this eight-note device to his students, including, most famously, Igor Stravinsky. However, little work has been done with respect to Rimsky-Korsakov’s use of hexatonicism, despite its frequent appearance in his music. Octatonic and hexatonic structures arise naturally in Rimsky’s concept of “false progressions” along the cycle of minor and major thirds, respectively, a concept that he included at the end of his influential harmony textbook from 1885. In this article I examine his use of hexatonicism and demonstrate how it was a significant part of both his pedagogy and his compositions. In music examples selected from his operas, I identify three types of hexatonic structures and suggest specific dramatic and expressive functions for why he may have used them. I then discuss Rimsky’s own beliefs, expressed in his writings, about the hexatonic collection, which he called “wild” and “luring.” Ultimately, I aim to enrich the discourse on Rimsky-Korsakov the teacher, writer, and composer, beyond the typical Western narrative of Rimsky-Korsakov as, primarily, the teacher of Igor Stravinsky.
Novel bioinformatics quality control metric for next-generation sequencing experiments in the clinical context
Authors: Ivanov Maxim , Ivanov Mikhail , Kasianov Artem , Rozhavskaya Ekaterina , Musienko Sergey , Baranova Ancha , Mileyko Vladislav
Published: August 2019

As the use of next-generation sequencing (NGS) for the Mendelian diseases diagnosis is expanding, the performance of this method has to be improved in order to achieve higher quality. Typically, performance measures are considered to be designed in the context of each application and, therefore, account for a spectrum of clinically relevant variants. We present EphaGen, a new computational methodology for bioinformatics quality control (QC). Given a single NGS dataset in BAM format and a pre-compiled VCF-file of targeted clinically relevant variants it associates this dataset with a single arbiter parameter. Intrinsically, EphaGen estimates the probability to miss any variant from the defined spectrum within a particular NGS dataset. Such performance measure virtually resembles the diagnostic sensitivity of given NGS dataset. Here we present case studies of the use of EphaGen in context of BRCA1/2 and CFTR sequencing in a series of 14 runs across 43 blood samples and 504 publically available NGS datasets. EphaGen is superior to conventional bioinformatics metrics such as coverage depth and coverage uniformity. We recommend using this software as a QC step in NGS studies in the clinical context. Availability: https://github.com/m4merg/EphaGen or https://hub.docker.com/r/m4merg/ephagen.
Comparison of the removal of uraemic toxins with medium cut-off and high-flux dialysers: a randomized clinical trial
Authors: Belmouaz Mohamed , Bauwens Marc , Hauet Thierry , Bossard Valentin , Jamet Pierre , Joly Florent , Chikhi Elise , Joffrion Sandrine , Gand Elise , Bridoux Frank
Published: August 2019

Background

Accumulation of middle-weight uraemic toxins in haemodialysis (HD) patients results in increased morbidity and mortality. Whether medium cut-off HD (MCO-HD) improves removal of middle-weight uraemic toxins remains to be demonstrated.

Methods

This cross-over prospective study included 40 patients randomly assigned to receive either 3 months of MCO-HD followed by 3 months of high-flux HD (HF-HD), or vice versa. The primary endpoint was myoglobin reduction ratio (RR) after 3 months of MCO-HD. Secondary endpoints were the effect of MCO-HD on other middle-weight toxins and protein-bound toxins, and on parameters of nutrition, inflammation, anaemia and oxidative stress.

Results

Compared with HF-HD, MCO-HD provided higher mean RR of myoglobin (36 ± 8 versus 57 ± 13%, P < 0.0001), beta2-microglobulin (68 ± 6 versus 73 ± 15%, P = 0.04), prolactin (32 ± 13 versus 59 ± 11%, P < 0.0001), fibroblast growth factor 23 (20 ± 21 versus 41 ± 22%, P = 0.0002), homocysteine (43 ± 7 versus 46 ± 9%, P = 0.03) and higher median RR of kappa [54 (48–58) versus 70 (63–74)%, P < 0.0001] and lambda free light chain (FLC) [15 (9–22) versus 44 (38–49)%, P < 0.0001]. Mean ± SD pre-dialysis levels of beta2-microglobulin (28.4 ± 5.6 versus 26.9 ± 5.1 mg/L, P = 0.01) and oxidized low-density lipoprote (6.9 ± 4.4 versus 5.5 ± 2.5 pg/mL, P = 0.04), and median (interquartile range) kappa FLC [145 (104–203) versus 129 (109–190) mg/L, P < 0.03] and lambda FLC [106 (77–132) versus 89 (62–125) mg/L, P = 0.002] were significantly lower. Mean albumin levels decreased significantly (38.2 ± 4.1 versus 36.9 ± 4.3 g/L, P = 0.004), without an effect on nutritional status as suggested by unchanged normalized protein catabolic rate and transthyretin level.

Conclusions

Compared with HF-HD, MCO-HD provides higher myoglobin and other middle molecules RR and is associated with moderate hypoalbuminemia. The potential benefits of this strategy on long-term clinical outcomes deserve further evaluation.
Effects of Very Low Nicotine Content Cigarettes on Smoking Behavior and Biomarkers of Exposure in Menthol and Non-menthol Smokers
Authors: Denlinger-Apte Rachel L , Kotlyar Michael , Koopmeiners Joseph S , Tidey Jennifer W , Luo Xianghua , Benowitz Neal L , Jensen Joni A , Ikuemonisan Joshua O , Pacek Lauren R , Smith Tracy T , Vandrey Ryan , Donny Eric C , Hatsukami Dorothy K
Published: August 2019

Introduction

Because 30% of cigarettes sold in the United States are characterized as menthol cigarettes, it is important to understand how menthol preference may affect the impact of a nicotine reduction policy.

Methods

In a recent trial, non-treatment-seeking smokers were randomly assigned to receive very low nicotine cigarettes (VLNC; 0.4 mg nicotine/g tobacco) or normal nicotine cigarettes (NNC; 15.5 mg/g) for 20 weeks. On the basis of preference, participants received menthol or non-menthol cigarettes. We conducted multivariable regression analyses to examine whether menthol preference moderated the effects of nicotine content on cigarettes per day (CPD), breath carbon monoxide (CO), urinary total nicotine equivalents (TNE), urinary 2-cyanoethylmercapturic acid (CEMA), and abstinence.

Results

At baseline, menthol smokers (n = 346) reported smoking fewer CPD (14.9 vs. 19.2) and had lower TNE (52.8 vs. 71.6 nmol/mg) and CO (17.7 vs. 20.5 ppm) levels than non-menthol smokers (n = 406; ps < .05). At week 20, significant interactions indicated that menthol smokers had smaller treatment effects than non-menthol smokers for CPD (–6.4 vs. –9.3), TNE (ratio of geometric means, 0.22 vs. 0.10) and CEMA (ratio, 0.56 vs. 0.37; ps < .05), and trended toward a smaller treatment effect for CO (–4.5 vs. –7.3 ppm; p = .06). Odds ratios for abstinence at week 20 were 1.88 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.8 to 4.4) for menthol and 9.11 (95% CI = 3.3 to 25.2) for non-menthol VLNC smokers (p = .02) relative to the NNC condition.

Conclusions

Although menthol smokers experienced reductions in smoking, toxicant exposure, and increases in quitting when using VLNC cigarettes, the magnitude of change was smaller than that observed for non-menthol smokers.

Implications

Results of this analysis suggest that smokers of menthol cigarettes may respond to a nicotine reduction policy with smaller reductions in smoking rates and toxicant exposure than would smokers of non-menthol cigarettes.
Intradural Extramedullary Surgical Lysis of an Arachnoid Web of the Spine: 2-Dimensional Operative Video
Authors: Hussain Ibrahim , Nisson Peyton L , Kim Samuel , Baaj Ali A
Published: August 2019

Arachnoid web of the spine (AWS) is a rare and subtle lesion that can have severe neurological consequences. Patients typically present with progressive myelopathic symptoms and have no more than a slight indentation of spinal cord on imaging, commonly referred to as the “scalpel sign.” A unique feature associated with this lesion is the extent of (and sometimes the rapidity of) the recovery that occurs following treatment. In this operative video, we highlight the treatment of a 32-yr-old male with a history of lumbar spondylosis, who, over a 2 wk period, developed progressive spasticity and weakness of the entire left lower extremity and left foot numbness. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a T4-T5 “scalpel sign” and spinal cord compression on computed topography myelogram, which was subsequently taken to the operating theater. The major steps in this video include the following: A) a summary of the patient's presentation and preoperative imaging, B) the technical steps in the surgical lysis of the AWS, and C) his postoperative course. The patient tolerated the procedure well, demonstrating a rapid improvement in symptoms postoperative day 1. At the time of most recent follow-up (4 mo), the patient remains neurologically intact with a full return to his neurologic baseline. Surgical lysis of AWS demonstrated to be a curative procedure with rapid neurological recovery, showing no signs of recurrence or regression. Consent was given by the patient for the use of deidentified images and the intraoperative video for educational purposes at the time consent was obtained for the surgical procedure, in accordance with our institution's policy.
Combination Therapy With Hyperbaric Oxygen and Erythropoietin Inhibits Neuronal Apoptosis and Improves Recovery in Rats With Spinal Cord Injury
Authors: Zhou Yue , Su Peng , Pan Zhenzhen , Liu Dong , Niu Yanping , Zhu Weiqing , Yao Pengfei , Song Yue , Sun Yongming
Published: August 2019

Background

Apoptosis plays an important role in various diseases, including spinal cord injury (SCI). Hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) and erythropoietin (EPO) promote the recovery from SCI, but the relationship between apoptosis and the combination therapeutic effect is not completely clear.

Objective

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of HBO and EPO on SCI and the mechanisms that underlie their therapeutic benefits.

Design

The study was designed to explore the effects of HBO and EPO on SCI through a randomized controlled trial.

Methods

Sixty young developing female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into groups of 12 rats receiving sham, SCI, HBO, EPO, or HBO plus EPO. The SCI model was modified with the Allen method to better control consistency. HBO was performed for 1 hour per day for a total of 21 days, and EPO was given once per week for a total of 3 weeks. Both methods were performed 2 hours after SCI. Locomotor function was evaluated with the 21-point Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan Locomotor Rating Scale, an inclined-plane test, and a footprint analysis. All genes were detected by Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. The level of cell apoptosis was determined by Hoechst staining.

Results

The results showed that HBO and EPO promoted the recovery of locomotor function in the hind limbs of rats by inhibiting the apoptosis of neurons. During this period, the expression of B-cell lymphoma/leukemia 2 protein (Bcl-2) increased significantly, whereas the expression of Bcl-2–associated X protein (Bax) and cleaved caspase 3 decreased significantly, indicating the inhibition of apoptosis. Meanwhile, the expression of G protein–coupled receptor 17 decreased, and that of myelin basic protein increased, suggesting that there may be a potential connection between demyelination and neuronal apoptosis.

Limitations

The limitations of the study include deviations in the preparation of SCI models; lack of reverse validation of molecular mechanisms; absence of in vitro cell experiments; and only one time point after SCI was studied.

Conclusions

HBO and EPO treatments are beneficial for SCI, especially when the 2 therapies are combined.
Physical Therapist Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Individuals With Heart Failure
Authors: Shoemaker Michael J , Dias Konrad J , Lefebvre Kristin M , Heick John D , Collins Sean M
Published: August 2019

The American Physical Therapy Association (APTA), in conjunction with the Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Section of APTA, have commissioned the development of this clinical practice guideline to assist physical therapists in their clinical decision making when managing patients with heart failure. Physical therapists treat patients with varying degrees of impairments and limitations in activity and participation associated with heart failure pathology across the continuum of care. This document will guide physical therapist practice in the examination and treatment of patients with a known diagnosis of heart failure. The development of this clinical practice guideline followed a structured process and resulted in 9 key action statements to guide physical therapist practice. The level and quality of available evidence were graded based on specific criteria to determine the strength of each action statement. Clinical algorithms were developed to guide the physical therapist in appropriate clinical decision making. Physical therapists are encouraged to work collaboratively with other members of the health care team in implementing these action statements to improve the activity, participation, and quality of life in individuals with heart failure and reduce the incidence of heart failure-related re-admissions.
LOW FREQUENCY MAGNETIC FIELDS INSIDE CARS
Authors: Pääkkönen R , Korpinen L
Published: August 2019

Magnetic fields were compared inside passenger seats of electric, petrol and hybrid cars. While driving about 5 km in an urban environment, values were recorded and compared between car types. The magnetic flux densities of the cars were less than 2.6 μT. The magnitudes of the magnetic fields of petrol cars and hybrid cars were about the same and slightly lower for electric cars. Based on our measurements, values were less than 3% of the guidelines given for the general population or people using pacemakers.
THE IMPACT ON THE EYE LENS OF RADIATION EMITTED BY NATURAL RADIONUCLIDES (LEAD-210) PRESENT IN RADIATION PROTECTION GLASSES
Authors: Osanai Minoru , Kudo Kohsei , Hosoda Masahiro , Tazoe Hirofumi , Akata Naofumi , Kitajima Maiko , Tsushima Megumi , Komiya Nobuhiro , Kudo Masaya , Tsujiguchi Takakiyo , Takagi Masafumi , Hosokawa Yoichiro , Saito Yoko
Published: August 2019

Most radiation protection items made from modern lead contain 210Pb. This study estimated the impact on eye lens of radiation derived from the 210Pb in three types of radiation protection glasses. The counts from the glasses were measured using a Geiger–Müeller survey meter. The net count rate was 92 ± 1 cpm at a distance of 0.5 cm for one type of glasses. Additionally, we conducted a qualitative γ-ray spectrum analysis using a high-purity germanium semiconductor detector. The absorbed dose in the eye lens was related to 210Pb and its daughter radionuclide, 210Bi; this dose was calculated by applying dose conversion coefficients provided by the International Commission on Radiological Protection. The absorbed dose rate in eye lens was conservatively calculated to be on the order of 10 nGy/h for the type of glasses containing the most 210Pb. The dose from β-rays accounted for >99%. In addition, we investigated the dose-reduction effect using a thin acrylic plate. The count rate approximately decreased to background level by inserting a plate with a thickness of 1 mm. We conclude that the impact of 210Pb contained in radiation protection glasses is negligibly small, particularly considering the usefulness of the significant external exposure reduction.
RADON, THORON AND THEIR PROGENY DISTRIBUTION AND ESTIMATION OF ANNUAL EFFECTIVE DOSE AND EXCESS LIFETIME CANCER RISK IN PANATHADY, KASARAGOD DISTRICT, KERALA
Authors: Mahamood K Nadira , Prakash V
Published: August 2019

Radon and thoron are natural radioactive gases that tend to accumulate in the indoor environment and one of their major health implications is the ability to cause lung cancer. Present study comprises the quantification of radon and thoron activity concentrations and measurement of gamma exposure rates in different types of dwellings from the endosulfan-affected area, Panathady, Kasaragod district, Kerala. It is observed that, residents of this area were more prone to various diseases and health problems including cancer. The LR-115 type II solid state nuclear track detectors with single entry pin-hole based dosemeters have been used for the measurement of 222Radon and 220Rn activity concentrations. The assessment of radiological parameters such as annual effective doses and excess lifetime cancer risk has also been done in order to understand the dose level and the associated risk. The estimated values have been compared with the limit recommended by the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR) and International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP). The average indoor radon and thoron activity concentrations observed in these dwellings were 134 ± 30 and 111 ± 28 Bq m−3, respectively. The estimated activity concentrations, effective doses, etc. are found to be within the recommended level by the UNSCEAR or ICRP.
NMDAR activation regulates the daily rhythms of sleep and mood
Authors: Burgdorf Jeffrey S , Vitaterna Martha H , Olker Christopher J , Song Eun Joo , Christian Edward P , Sørensen Laurits , Turek Fred W , Madsen Torsten M , Khan M Amin , Kroes Roger A , Moskal Joseph R
Published: August 2019

Study Objectives

The present studies examine the effects of NMDAR activation by NYX-2925 diurnal rhythmicity of both sleep and wake as well as emotion.

Methods

Twenty-four-hour sleep EEG recordings were obtained in sleep-deprived and non-sleep-deprived rats. In addition, the day–night cycle of both activity and mood was measured using home cage ultrasonic-vocalization recordings.

Results

NYX-2925 significantly facilitated non-REM (NREM) sleep during the lights-on (sleep) period, and this effect persisted for 3 days following a single dose in sleep-deprived rats. Sleep-bout duration and REM latencies were increased without affecting total REM sleep, suggesting better sleep quality. In addition, delta power during wake was decreased, suggesting less drowsiness. NYX-2925 also rescued learning and memory deficits induced by sleep deprivation, measured using an NMDAR-dependent learning task. Additionally, NYX-2925 increased positive affect and decreased negative affect, primarily by facilitating the transitions from sleep to rough-and-tumble play and back to sleep. In contrast to NYX-2925, the NMDAR antagonist ketamine acutely (1–4 hours post-dosing) suppressed REM and non-REM sleep, increased delta power during wake, and blunted the amplitude of the sleep-wake activity rhythm.

Discussion

These data suggest that NYX-2925 could enhance behavioral plasticity via improved sleep quality as well as vigilance during wake. As such, the facilitation of sleep by NYX-2925 has the potential to both reduce symptom burden on neurological and psychiatric disorders as well as serve as a biomarker for drug effects through restoration of sleep architecture.
Mechanisms of Chronic Fialuridine Hepatotoxicity as Revealed in Primary Human Hepatocyte Spheroids
Authors: Hendriks Delilah F G , Hurrell Tracey , Riede Julia , van der Horst Muriëlle , Tuovinen Sarianna , Ingelman-Sundberg Magnus
Published: August 2019

Drug hepatotoxicity is often delayed in onset. An exemplar case is the chronic nature of fialuridine hepatotoxicity, which resulted in the deaths of several patients in clinical trials as preclinical studies failed to identify this human-specific hepatotoxicity. Conventional preclinical in vitro models are mainly designed to evaluate the risk of acute drug toxicity. Here, we evaluated the utility of 3D spheroid cultures of primary human hepatocytes (PHHs) to assess chronic drug hepatotoxicity events using fialuridine as an example. Fialuridine toxicity was only detectable after 7 days of repeated exposure. Clinical manifestations, including reactive oxygen species formation, lipid accumulation, and induction of apoptosis, were readily identified. Silencing the expression or activity of the human equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (ENT1), implicated in the mitochondrial transport of fialuridine, modestly protected PHH spheroids from fialuridine toxicity. Interference with the phosphorylation of fialuridine into the active triphosphate metabolites by silencing of thymidine kinase 2 (TK2) provided substantial protection, whereas simultaneous silencing of ENT1 and TK2 provided near-complete protection. Fialuridine-induced mitochondrial dysfunction was suggested by a decrease in the expression of mtDNA-encoded genes, which correlated with the onset of toxicity and was prevented under the simultaneous silencing of ENT1 and TK2. Furthermore, interference with the expression or activity of ribonucleotide reductase (RNR), which is critical to deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate (dNTP) pool homeostasis, resulted in selective potentiation of fialuridine toxicity. Our findings demonstrate the translational applicability of the PHH 3D spheroid model for assessing drug hepatotoxicity events which manifest only under chronic exposure conditions.
An Improved Method for the Identification of Soybean Resistance to Phytophthora sojae Applied to Germplasm Resources from the Huanghuaihai and Dongbei Regions of China
Authors: Yang Jin , Ye Wenwu , Wang Xiaomen , Ren Linrong , Yao Yan , Wang Xiaoli , Wang Yan , Dong Suomeng , Zheng Xiaobo , Wang Yuanchao
Published: August 2019

Phytophthora root and stem rot (PRR) caused by Phytophthora sojae is a destructive disease afflicting soybean. The use of resistant cultivars is the most effective method to combat PRR. PRR resistance was assessed in 223 soybean cultivars from Huanghuaihai and Dongbei, major soybean-producing regions in east central and northeastern China. To evaluate levels of soybean resistance to P. sojae, we used eight representative P. sojae isolates and a modified etiolated hypocotyl-slit inoculation method. The cultivars Wandou21020, Xu9302-A, Kedou10, and Lidi055 showed resistance to all eight isolates; 14 cultivars showed intermediate resistance to all eight P. sojae isolates, and 53 cultivars were resistant to seven isolates. Thirty-three cultivars (15%) were susceptible only to the highly virulent PsJS2 isolate, which is consistent with the reactions of the Chapman differential line that carries Rps3a. The diverse reaction patterns seen in germplasm from different regions (provinces/cities) in this study reflect the variety of PRR-resistant soybean sources in China. Our research indicates that sources of P. sojae resistance are present in the major soybean production areas of China. This study provides useful information for soybean breeding programs.
Limonene, a Chemical Compound Related to the Resistance ofEucalyptusSpecies toAustropuccinia psidii
Authors: Silva Renata R. , da Silva André C. , Rodella Roberto A. , Marques Márcia O. M. , Zanuncio Antônio J. V. , Soares Marcus A. , Serrão José E. , Zanuncio José C. , Furtado Edson L.
Published: August 2019

The fungus Austropuccinia psidii is a major pathogen of Eucalyptus spp. that damages mainly early-stage leaves. Resistant clones are the most widely used control measure for the rust disease caused by A. psidii. Essential oils produced in the plant-host cells are associated with resistance. However, the chemical characteristics of Eucalyptus leaves at different stages of maturity, associated with resistance or susceptibility to A. psidii, need to be determined. The aims of this study were to characterize the chemical composition of essential oils in Eucalyptus leaves at three developmental stages of clones of three E. urophylla × E. grandis hybrids that exhibit different resistance levels to rust and to identify probable resistance-related compounds from them. The rust severity following inoculation and the quantity and quality of the essential oil extracted by hydrodistillation were determined at the first, third, and fifth leaf stages of the three clones. Identification of the compounds present in the essential oil was determined by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. No rust was observed on the three leaf stages of the resistant clone or on the fifth leaf stage of the susceptible clones. Limonene was found at high percentages in essential oils from the three leaf stages of the resistant clone and at low percentages in the susceptible clones. In vitro and in vivo tests indicated that low limonene percentages stimulated A. psidii urediniospore germination and were not fungitoxic, whereas high percentages caused complete inhibition of germination and degenerative changes in fungal reproductive structures. The limonene present in Eucalyptus leaves can be considered a chemical compound related to the rust resistance of Eucalyptus spp.
Genome Resource for Barley Leaf Stripe Pathogen Pyrenophora graminea
Authors: Si Erjing , Meng Yaxiong , Ma Xiaole , Li Baochun , Wang Juncheng , Yao Lirong , Yang Ke , Zhang Yu , Shang Xunwu , Wang Huajun
Published: August 2019

Pyrenophora graminea is the causative agent of barley leaf stripe disease. In this study, the strong pathogenic isolate QWC was used to generate DNA for Illumina sequencing. After assembly, its genome size was 42.5 Mb, consisting of 264 scaffolds, and a total of 10,376 genes was predicted. This is the first genome resource available for P. graminea. The genome sequences of P. graminea will accelerate the understanding interaction of P. graminea and barley.
Interactive alkaptonuria database: investigating clinical data to improve patient care in a rare disease
Authors: Cicaloni Vittoria , Spiga Ottavia , Dimitri Giovanna Maria , Maiocchi Rebecca , Millucci Lia , Giustarini Daniela , Bernardini Giulia , Bernini Andrea , Marzocchi Barbara , Braconi Daniela , Santucci Annalisa
Published: August 2019

Alkaptonuria (AKU) is an ultrarare autosomal recessive disorder (MIM 203500) that is caused byby a complex set of mutations in homogentisate 1,2‐dioxygenasegene and consequent accumulation of homogentisic acid (HGA), causing a significant protein oxidation. A secondary form of amyloidosis was identified in AKU and related to high circulating serum amyloid A (SAA) levels, which are linked with inflammation and oxidative stress and might contribute to disease progression and patients' poor quality of life. Recently, we reported that inflammatory markers (SAA and chitotriosidase) and oxidative stress markers (protein thiolation index) might be disease activity markers in AKU. Thanks to an international network, we collected genotypic, phenotypic, and clinical data from more than 200 patients with AKU. These data are currently stored in our AKU database, named ApreciseKUre. In this work, we developed an algorithm able to make predictions about the oxidative status trend of each patient with AKU based on 55 predictors, namely circulating HGA, body mass index, total cholesterol, SAA, and chitotriosidase. Our general aim is to integrate the data of apparently heterogeneous patients with AKUAKU by using specific bioinformatics tools, in order to identify pivotal mechanisms involved in AKU for a preventive, predictive, and personalized medicine approach to AKU.—Cicaloni, V., Spiga, O., Dimitri, G. M., Maiocchi, R., Millucci, L., Giustarini, D., Bernardini, G., Bernini, A., Marzocchi, B., Braconi, D., Santucci, A. Interactive alkaptonuria database: investigating clinical data to improve patient care in a rare disease. FASEB J. 33, 12696–12703 (2019). www.fasebj.org
Benefits and harms of increased inspiratory oxygen concentrations
Authors: Schwarte Lothar A. , Schober Patrick , Loer Stephan A.
Published: August 2019

Purpose of review

The topic of perioperative hyperoxia remains controversial, with valid arguments on both the ‘pro’ and ‘con’ side. On the ‘pro’ side, the prevention of surgical site infections was a strong argument, leading to the recommendation of the use of hyperoxia in the guidelines of the Center for Disease Control and the WHO. On the ‘con’ side, the pathophysiology of hyperoxia has increasingly been acknowledged, in particular the pulmonary side effects and aggravation of ischaemia/reperfusion injuries.

Recent findings

Some ‘pro’ articles leading to the Center for Disease Control and WHO guidelines advocating perioperative hyperoxia have been retracted, and the recommendations were downgraded from ‘strong’ to ‘conditional’. At the same time, evidence that supports a tailored, more restrictive use of oxygen, for example, in patients with myocardial infarction or following cardiac arrest, is accumulating.

The change in recommendation exemplifies that despite much work performed on the field of hyperoxia recently, evidence on either side of the argument remains weak. Outcome-based research is needed for reaching a definite recommendation.
Femoral Neck Shortening After Hip Fracture Fixation Is Associated With Inferior Hip Function: Results From the FAITH Trial
Authors: Felton Jessica , Slobogean Gerard P. , Jackson Sarah S. , Della Rocca Gregory J. , Liew Susan , Haverlag Robert , Jeray Kyle J. , Sprague Sheila A. , O'Hara Nathan N. , Swiontkowski Marc , Bhandari Mohit ,   on behalf of the FAITH Investigators
Published: August 2019

Objective:

To describe the distribution of femoral neck shortening after internal fixation and to determine whether shortening is associated with inferior hip function at 24 months after a hip fracture in patients 50 years of age or older.

Design:

Retrospective cohort study.

Setting:

A secondary analysis of data from 81 clinical centers included in the Fixation using Alternative Implants for the Treatment of Hip Fractures (FAITH) trial.

Participants:

Three hundred fifty patients, 50 years of age or older, who had an isolated femoral neck fracture and underwent timely operative fixation of the fracture.

Intervention:

Femoral neck shortening was measured as a categorical variable and classified into one of the following groups, as determined by the Central Adjudication Committee: no shortening, mild shortening (≤5 mm), moderate shortening (6–10 mm), or severe shortening (>10 mm).

Main Outcome Measurement:

The primary outcome for the current analysis was hip function, as measured by the Western Ontario & McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index questionnaire, at 24 months after injury.

Results:

Two-thirds of patients had no or mild shortening (≤5 mm), whereas one-third of patients had moderate or severe shortening (>5 mm). After adjusting for surgical treatment, a greater amount of femoral neck shortening was found to be associated with poorer hip function (P < 0.01).

Conclusions:

We found that increasing femoral neck shortening was associated with inferior hip function. Although internal fixation often results in successful union, patients who heal in a shortened position report poorer functional outcomes.

Level of Evidence:

Prognostic Level II. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Effect of age on radiographic outcomes of patients aged 6–24 months with developmental dysplasia of the hip treated by closed reduction
Authors: Li YiQiang , Lin XueMei , Liu YanHan , Li JingChun , Liu YuanZhong , Pereira Bruno , Canavese Federico , Xu HongWen
Published: August 2019

This study aimed to investigate the effect of age on the rates of redislocation, avascular necrosis (AVN) of the femoral head, and final radiographic outcomes in patients with developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) treated with closed reduction. A total of 308 hips (276 patients) with DDH treated with closed reduction were included and divided into three groups according to age (<12, 12–18, 18–24 months). Tönnis grade, rate of redislocation and AVN, Severin radiographic grade, and risk of surgery were evaluated on radiographs. Tönnis grade significantly increased with age (P < 0.001). Redislocation occurred in 17 (5.5%) and AVN occurred in 36 (11.7%) hips. The rate of redislocation and AVN was similar among the three age groups in all Tönnis grades. However, redislocation rate significantly increased with Tönnis grade (P = 0.027). Overall, 246 hips (79.9%) had satisfactory final outcomes, and 62 hips (20.1%) had unsatisfactory outcome; no difference was observed among three age groups. A total of 103 hips (33.4%) were found to be at risk for secondary surgery. The surgical risk (25%) in patients younger than 12 months was lower than that of older patients (12–18 months: 34.4%; 18–24 months: 37.9%). Logistic regression analysis also confirmed that age was not a risk factor for redislocation, AVN, or poor radiographic outcome. In conclusion, age has no significant impact on redislocation and AVN in patients aged 6–24 months with DDH treated by closed reduction. Although older patients have a higher risk developing residual acetabular dysplasia, secondary pelvic surgery provides favorable outcomes in most patients.