bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Improving Quality of Stego Images through Dithering Techniques for Pixel Pair Matching Steganographic Schemes
Authors:   Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, MEPCO Schlenk Engineering College, Sivakasi, Tamilnadu, India., Arivazhagan S. , Jebarani W. Sylvia Lilly ,   Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, MEPCO Schlenk Engineering College, Sivakasi - 626005, Tamilnadu, India., Roy S. Ananthi ,   Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, MEPCO Schlenk Engineering College, Sivakasi, Tamilnadu, India., Amrutha E. ,   Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, MEPCO Schlenk Engineering College, Sivakasi, Tamilnadu, India.
Published: September 2019

Steganography plays a vital role in sending any covert data via public media without hiding the covert channel. Due to visually imperceptible embedding process of secret, it is able to escape visual attacks. But when it is suspected, steganography can be detected by any efficient steganalysis techniques. It is an important aspect to improve the security of stego image if the information hidden is highly confidential, by improving the stego image quality. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of deploying dithering (diffusion) techniques for enhancing the quality of stego images created by various Pixel Pair matching (PPM) steganographic algorithms. The dithering process attempts to keep the difference between original cover image and secret embedded stego image to a very minimum value. The quality of stego images is evaluated on parameters such as Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR), Structural SIMilarity index (SSIM), Net Pixel Change Rate (NPCR) and Unified Averaged Changed Intensity (UACI). Experimental results show that, depending on the type of steganographic algorithm used, the behaviour of dithering techniques differ and the choice of dithering must be made considering computational complexity of dithering process also.
Effect of Addition of Rice Husk Charcoal on Concrete Compressive Strength
Authors:   Civil Engineering, Universitas Muhammadiyah Kalimantan Timur, Samarinda, Indonesia., Subandi*  , Nasrulah Taupik ,   Civil Engineering, Universitas Muhammadiyah Kalimantan Timur, Samarinda, Indonesia., Arha Anang Akbar ,   Civil Engineering, Universitas Muhammadiyah Kalimantan Timur, Samarinda, Indonesia., Zulkarnain Isnaini ,   Department of Civil Engineering, Universitas Muhammadiyah Kalimantan Timur (UMKT), Asnan Muhammad Noor ,   Department of Civil Engineering, Universitas Muhammadiyah Kalimantan Timur, Samarinda, Indonesia.
Published: September 2019

Along with the advancement of time, technology in the field of building construction, especially concrete manufacturing, is also experiencing very rapid development, almost every aspect of human life is always associated with concrete. The use of added materials has been done in the process of concrete admixture. Based on this, this study aimed to determine the increase in optimal compressive strength of concrete with additional material of husk charcoal and compressive strength of the plan at 28 days is 20 MPa. In this study using the percentage variation of husk charcoal 0 %, 2 %, 4 %, and 6 % by weight of cement. The analytical review of this research is the compressive strength, with concrete cylindrical specimens having a diameter of 15 cm and a height of 30 cm. The concrete mix planning method uses the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) method. The material for this experiment is rice husk which is made into charcoal by manual process. After testing and research, the results show that the use of rice husk charcoal results in reduced workability because the absorption capacity of rice husk is quite high, and the strength of concrete with the addition of husk charcoal by 2 %, 4 %, and 6 % concrete increases its strength from compressive strength concrete plans of 20 MPa. Concrete compressive strength with a mixture of 2% husk charcoal produces compressive strength of 24, 3 MPa, there is an increase of 4, 3 MPa with the addition of husk charcoal by 2 %.
Social Networking Data Research Using Frequent Pattern Mining and Machine Learning Data
Authors:   Research Scholar, CSE, KCG College of Technology, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India., N* Lakshmi , M Krishnamurthy ,   Professor, CSE, KCG College of Technology, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India.
Published: September 2019

The data are generated by the sources are very large in number with variety of form. These data are organized in to specific format in order to handle properly. Data mining methods are addressed various problem during data extraction process to analytical process. The relevant data are extracted by applying pattern over the huge databases. Association rule mining introduces the method to extracts the related data from the datasets using the performance metrics like support and confidence. Traditional algorithm uses this metrics which is restricted to common attribute format. This problem is addressed by using generic attribute format with frequent pattern mining. The main objective of the paper is to analyze the algorithm and performance metrics related to the frequent patter mining or relevant data. Association rule mining has analyzed with various parameters in single connectivity and multi connectivity rules. Social networking suffers various problem because of uncertain data arrived for processing which is analyzed with various efficiency related elements. The analysis and prediction are also compared with the machine algorithms like classification and clustering and so on. Various frequent pattern mining algorithm is analyzed and review has been carried out based on the performance level.
Smart Dustbin
Authors:   Associate Professor, Department of Electronics and Instrumentation, Sri Sairam Engineering College, Sai Leo Nagar, West Tambaram, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India., Rajapandian* B. , Madhanamohan K. ,   Associate Professor, Department of Electronics and Instrumentation, Sri Sairam Engineering College, Sai Leo Nagar, West Tambaram, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India., Tamilselvi T. ,   Associate Professor, Department of Electronics and Instrumentation, Sri Sairam Engineering College, Sai Leo Nagar, West Tambaram, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India., Prithiga R. ,   UG Scholar, Department of Electronics and Instrumentation, Sri Sairam Engineering College, Sai Leo Nagar, West Tambaram, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India.
Published: September 2019

An exponential increase in Human population possess a huge challenge to garbage management system and hence in sustaining a clean Environment. Many Cities around the World are endangered due to poor garbage management..Our project aims to find a solution by using a Smart Dustbin which is GSM and GPS enabled .It employs an ‘Ultrasonic Sensor’ to prevent overflow of garbage from the dustbin and a ‘Gas sensor’ to sense the presence of bad odour and ensures timely disposal of the unhygienic contents of the Dustbin.Thus our project aims at prevention of overflowing garbage from the dustbin and also ceasing unhygienic condition from prevailing near it.Thus our project aims to have an effective and efficient garbage disposal system.
Apresentação
Authors: Editorial Comissão
Published: September 2019

Temos a grata satisfação de comunicar que está disponível o novo número da Revista do Instituto de Políticas Públicas de Marília - RIPPMar. Nele há artigos importantes sobre temáticas afeitas às grandes áreas de Humanas e Ciências Sociais Aplicadas, às quais são decorrentes de investigações desenvolvidas junto aos grupos de pesquisas de instituições e programas de pós-graduações qualificados. Neste número foi possível contarmos com 10 colaborações. A todos e todas, nossos desejos de uma ótima leitura!
REVOLUÇÃO E AUTOCRACIA BURGUESA NO BRASIL
Authors: Pereira George Amaral
Published: September 2019

Este artigo, de caráter teórico bibliográfico, se propõe a realizar um debate sobre a relação entre o processo de histórico institucionalização da autocracia burguesa de Estado e as reformas educativas implantadas no Brasil no pós-golpe de 1964. O contexto do capitalismo periférico brasileiro, que pressupomos estar em consonância com as políticas de ajustamento do Estado às concepções de produção e reprodução da hegemonia de classe burguesa. Nos anos seguintes após o golpe militar, apoiado por setores da sociedade civil e do empresariado, um conjunto de políticas educacionais destinadas a educação escolar foram implementadas. Optamos, nesse sentido, pela metodologia marxista onto-histórica por considerar como pressuposto que o nosso objeto compõe o quadro da totalidade do ser social e seu contexto precisa ser desvelado para não ficarmos apenas nas expressões fenomênicas do objeto em estudo. Com esse método, acreditamos aclarar a aparência mistificadora posta pelo processo de alienação marcado pela sociedade de classes em seu estágio imperialista. Nesse estágio, o capital busca imprimir na educação seu viés econômico voltado a acumulação lucrativa, ao mesmo tempo, em que pese a alienação em favor da dominação de classe.
RANCANG BANGUN SISTEM INFORMASI RUMAH KOST DAN KONTRAKAN TELUK KUANTAN
Authors: Syam Elgamar
Published: September 2019

Pemanfaatan Teknologi dan Informasi dalam pengembangan suatu bisnis sangat diperlukan pada zaman milenial sekarang ini, dengan adanya sentuhan teknologi maka bisnis atau usaha dapat bertahan dan berkembang menjadi lebih baik. Sementara mereka yang tetap bertahan menggunakan cara tradisional, maka akan tergerus oleh kemajuan teknologi itu sendiri. Salah satu contoh pengembangan bisnis digital adalah pemanfaatan sistem informasi digital dalam promosi rumah kost dan kontrakan yang ada di wilayah Kabupaten Kuantan Singingi (Teluk Kuantan) Riau. Sehingga dengan adanya sistem ini para pemilik rumah kost dan kontrakan dapat mempromosikan huniannya melalui sistem informasi yang dibangun. Sistem ini menawarkan kemudahan bagi sipencari rumah kost dan kontrakan untuk melakukan penyewaan. Begitu juga dengan pemilik kost, maka dengan mudah menawarkan rumah kost dan kontrakan yang dimiliki agar dapat disewa dan dihuni oleh sipencari rumah kost, tentunya pembuat sistem juga akan mendapatkan keuntungan dari setiap transaksi yang dilakukan. Sistem informasi ini, memberikan gambaran jelas kepada si pencari rumah kost dan kontrakan dalam memilih hunian yang mereka lihat di halaman sistem informasi ini sesuai dengan selera dan kebutuhan mereka masing-masing.
Serpentinization at the Rainbow and Saldanha sites, Mid-Atlantic Ridge: Mineralogical, geochemical, and isotopic features
Authors: Ribeiro da Costa Isabel , Wicks Frederick Joseph , Barriga Fernando J.A.S.
Published: September 2019

The Rainbow hydrothermal field (36°14′N) and the Saldanha seamount (36°34′N), in the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR), are tectonic exposures of serpentinized upper mantle peridotites, both associated with significant hydrothermal activity.

On the basis of detailed mineralogical and geochemical characterization of serpentinites from both sites, several serpentinization-related issues are discussed in the present work. As expected in oceanic environments, most of the sampled rocks are lizardite-chrysotile serpentinites exhibiting a variety of pseudomorphic through non-pseudomorphic textures, such textural evolution probably being related to changing water/rock ratios during this retrograde process. Oxygen isotope temperatures indicate that the serpentinization took place at 300–200 °C; on the other hand, isotopic data suggest that replacement of early pseudomorphic lizardite by lizardite ± chrysotile non-pseudomorphic textures requires that temperatures and/or water/rock ratios are high enough to promote the necessary dissolution–recrystallization processes. Mass-balance calculations for olivine-serpentine and orthopyroxene-serpentine pairs provided a basis for establishing serpentinization reactions likely to have produced the present rocks. Moreover, these calculations also showed that, notwithstanding some noticeable loss of MgO from olivine and of SiO2 from orthopyroxene, serpentinization of both minerals implies volume increases on the order of 26–27%, therefore potentially promoting the overall expansion of the rock. The geochemical and isotopic features of the studied rocks indicate that unmodified seawater was responsible for the serpentinization of the MAR peridotites. However, the mineralogy and REE patterns of some of these serpentinites indicate occasional subsequent interaction of the serpentinized rocks with seawater at much lower temperatures (seafloor alteration, characterized by carbonate deposition and negative Ce anomalies), or with high-temperature ore-forming hydrothermal fluids (ore-forming alteration, characterized by sulfide precipitation and steep positive Eu anomalies).
FORMATION OF ORGANIZATIONAL SUPPORT FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF THE ECONOMIC SECURITY OF ENGINEERING ENTERPRISES: METHODICAL AND PRACTICAL ASPECTS
Authors: Khalina Olena , Bazyliuk Volodymyr , Chornenka Olena , Krasilych Iryna , Korzh Maryna
Published: September 2019

Difficult conditions of functioning and the severity of forecasting possible changes in the conduct of business stimulate a search for new ways to improve economic security management for engineering enterprises. The purpose of our article is to develop a methodological framework for the formation of organizational support for the management of economic security of an engineering enterprise with subsequent practical application. The subjects of the study are the activities of the top engineering enterprises in Ukraine for the period 2010–2017. Based on the analysis of engineering enterprises of Ukraine, we are in the results of the study allow us to estimate the potential losses from the realization of certain threats, as well as directly assess their impact on the activities of the enterprise. Developed methodological bases for the formation of organizational support for managing the process of ensuring the economic security of the engineering enterprise, providing for assessing the level of influence of threats, determining the optimal set of measures to improve organizational support in accordance with the results of calculating the integral level of threats, which allows planning possible costs for organizational support of protective actions as a whole at the enterprise, and in the context of the main structural units their subsequent optimization.
PERFORMANCE AUDIT: A CROSS-COUNTRY COMPARISON OF PRACTICES OF SELECTED SUPREME AUDIT INSTITUTIONS
Authors: Vasiliauskienė Monika , Daujotaitė Dalia
Published: September 2019

This study aims to present the conceptual framework of performance audits impact that support our investigation of the process of selection performance audit topics at Supreme audit institutions (SAIs) level. The results of the study include the technique for choosing performance audit topics used by the Lithuanian SAI and the SAI of the Netherlands. The data were gathered using case studies and semi-structured in-depth interviews with the field experts. The results of the study demonstrated a range and the complexity of the arguments underlying the selection of the topic for performance audits: there are no mandatory requirements or standards governing the process; therefore, every SAI chooses its own path. Each SAI applies specific performance audit topics selection methods determined by their original long-term practical experience. Selecting right topics for performance audit is a task of crucial importance for each SAI. Gathering information about all areas and making a decision where to perform an audit is an important part of strategic research efforts. Data collection is a lengthy process that takes place throughout the year. Each SAI has a framework for strategic and annual planning that has clearly set deadlines, uses a transparent qualified and/or quantified approach to ranking risks/audit proposals, and is based on the criteria relating to materiality, topicality, feasibility and added value.
EFFECT OF COAL MINING ON SOIL NITROGEN DISTRIBUTION IN SEMI-ARID MINING AREA OF WESTERN CHINA
Authors: Yang Dejun , Zhang Yajun , Chen Xiuqin
Published: September 2019

Soil nitrogen is a key indicator of soil quality and plays a significant role for plant growth. Therefore, it is very important to study soil nitrogen distribution, especially in semi-arid area of western China. Fewer scholars paid attention to the effect on soil nitrogen due to coal mining in semi-arid mining areas of western China. In this paper, soil samples of different locations were tested in both the loess region and the aeolian sand region in the Daliuta mining area in Shaanxi Province. The impacts of mining subsidence on soil nitrogen were investigated. The soil nitrogen distributions between the loess region and the aeolian sand region were compared, and used the principal component analysis method to evaluate soil quality in semi-arid mining area. The results showed that the comprehensive score of soil quality in the loess region was as follows: the internal pulling stress zone (NLS) > the external pulling stress zone (WLS) > the compressive stress zone (YS) > the neutral zone (ZX). The content of soil total nitrogen in YS-zone was the lowest in the loess region. The loss of nitrogen increased with time in the mining area, in which the total nitrogen loss at the depth of 0−15 cm was 0.27 g/kg, and the alkaline nitrogen loss at the depth of 0−15 cm was 1.08 mg/kg. In the aeolian sand region, the comprehensive score of soil quality was as follows: WLS > FC (the non-mining zone) > ZX > NLS > YS. The amount of soil nitrogen content in the loess region was larger than that in the aeolian sand region. It was found that for the loess region, the relationship between total nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen showed a significant positive correlation. It was also a significant positive correlation between ammonium nitrogen and alkaline nitrogen. In the aeolian sand region, there was a significant positive correlation between total nitrogen and alkaline nitrogen. There was no significant correlation among other nitrogen forms.
The EDGE-CALIFA Survey: Evidence for Pervasive Extraplanar Diffuse Ionized Gas in Nearby Edge-on Galaxies
Authors: Levy Rebecca C. , Bolatto Alberto D. , Sánchez Sebastián F. , Blitz Leo , Colombo Dario , Kalinova Veselina , López-Cobá Carlos , Ostriker Eve C. , Teuben Peter , Utomo Dyas , Vogel Stuart N. , Wong Tony
Published: September 2019

We investigate the prevalence, properties, and kinematics of extraplanar diffuse ionized gas (eDIG) in a sample of 25 edge-on galaxies selected from the CALIFA survey. We measure ionized gas scale heights from Hα and find that 90% have measurable scale heights with a median of

kpc. From the Hα kinematics, we find that 60% of galaxies show a decrease in the rotation velocity as a function of height above the midplane. This lag is characteristic of eDIG, and we measure a median lag of 21 km s−1 kpc−1, which is comparable to lags measured in the literature. We also investigate variations in the lag with radius. H i lags have been reported to systematically decrease with galactocentric radius. We find both increasing and decreasing ionized gas lags with radius, as well as a large number of galaxies consistent with no radial lag variation, and investigate these results in the context of internal and external origins for the lagging ionized gas. We confirm that the [S ii]/Hα and [N ii]/Hα line ratios increase with height above the midplane as is characteristic of eDIG. The ionization of the eDIG is dominated by star-forming complexes (leaky H ii regions). We conclude that the lagging ionized gas is turbulent ejected gas likely resulting from star formation activity in the disk as opposed to gas in the stellar thick disk or bulge. This is further evidence for the eDIG being a product of stellar feedback and for the pervasiveness of this WIM-like phase in many local star-forming galaxies.
Merging Cluster Collaboration: A Panchromatic Atlas of Radio Relic Mergers
Authors: Golovich N. , Dawson W. A. , Wittman D. M. , Weeren R. J. van , Andrade-Santos F. , Jee M. J. , Benson B. , Gasperin F. de , Venturi T. , Bonafede A. , Sobral D. , Ogrean G. A. , Lemaux B. C. , Bradač M. , Brüggen M. , Peter A.
Published: September 2019

Golovich et al. present an optical imaging and spectroscopic survey of 29 radio relic merging galaxy clusters. In this paper, we study this survey to identify substructure and quantify the dynamics of the mergers. Using a combined photometric and spectroscopic approach, we identify the minimum number of substructures in each system to describe the galaxy populations and estimate the line-of-sight velocity difference between likely merging subclusters. We find that the line-of-sight velocity components of the mergers are typically small compared with the maximum 3D relative velocity (usually <1000 km s−1 and often consistent with zero). We also compare our systems to n-body simulation analogs and estimate the viewing angle of the clean mergers in our ensemble. We find that the median system’s separation vector lies within 40° (17°) at a 90% (50%) confidence level. This suggests that the merger axes of these systems are generally in or near the plane of the sky, matching findings in magnetohydrodynamical simulations. In 28 of the 29 systems we identify substructures in the galaxy population aligned with the radio relic(s) and presumed associated merger-induced shock. From this ensemble, we identify eight systems to include in a “gold” sample that is prime for further observation, modeling, and simulation study. Additional papers will present weak-lensing mass maps and dynamical modeling for each merging system, ultimately leading to new insight into a wide range of astrophysical phenomena at some of the largest scales in the universe.
La valorisation socio-économique des innovations médicales : l’émergence d’une convention de déstigmatisation ?
Authors: Livi Christian
Published: September 2019

Partant du postulat que les modèles territoriaux d’innovation nécessitent aujourd’hui de considérer les nouvelles dynamiques territoriales et socio-économiques de l’innovation, cet article tente de donner un éclairage particulier, à travers une recherche qualitative, sur le développement des innovations dans le domaine des technologies médicales en Suisse occidentale et sur la valorisation des dispositifs médicaux par les producteurs. D’une part, il met en évidence que les dynamiques territoriales de la production et de la consommation des dispositifs médicaux incarnent des relations multi-locales s’organisant à des différentes échelles, tant institutionnelles que sociales. D’autre part, il propose une clé de lecture de la communauté de production-consommation des dispositifs médicaux – à travers la convention de déstigmatisation – selon laquelle la relation producteur-consommateur se base sur des discours appliqués aux dispositifs par les producteurs selon le public cible de l’application et qui dépassent les valeurs techniques lorsque ces dernières sont destinées aux patients. Codes JEL : O31, O35, L26
Behaviour of Dense Assemblies of Disks and Ellipses - Study of Particle Shape Effect
Authors: Ouadfel Hamza , Redouane Kouddane
Published: September 2019

In this article, the effect of particle shape is examined from the comparison of results of numerically simulated constant volume compression tests carried out on planes assemblies of disks and ellipses with equal porosity and similar gradation and test conditions. The results show that particle shape is a decisive fabric component that contributes directly and indirectly to the strength of assemblies of particles to resist shearing deformation. The results confirm previously established facts that elongated particle shapes favour particle interlocking and create, more easily than ideal spheres, stable clusters of particles through which external loads can be transferred hence resisting higher shearing stresses.
Contribution to the Study of the Energy Needs for a Building in the City of Errachidia Influence of Orientation and Local Materials
Authors: Lairgi Lamya , Daya Abdelmajid , Elotmani Rabie , Touzani Mohammed
Published: September 2019

Given the share of buildings in energy demand, improving the energy efficiency of buildings in Morocco is an important source of energy savings. In order to finally get surplus energy balance buildings to maintain a stable indoor temperature, this work investigated the influence of orientation and local building materials with and without insulation on energy needs of a building in the city of Errachidia using theECOTECT ANALYSIS 2011software dedicated to the Thermal Simulation of Buildings.
Uncovering Structural and Molecular Dynamics of ESAT-6:β2M Interaction: Asp53 of Human β2-Microglobulin Is Critical for the ESAT-6:β2M Complexation
Authors: Jha Vishwanath , Rameshwaram Nagender Rao , Janardhan Sridhara , Raman Rajeev , Sastry G. Narahari , Sharma Vartika , Subba Rao Jasti , Kumar Dhiraj , Mukhopadhyay Sangita
Published: September 2019

ESAT-6 is a small secreted protein of Mycobacterium tuberculosis involved in the ESAT-6 secretion system (ESX-1)–mediated virulence and pathogenesis. The protein interacts with β2M, causing downregulation of MHC class I Ag presentation, which could be one of the mechanisms by which it favors increased survival of the bacilli inside the host. In an earlier study, we have shown that the C-terminal region of ESAT-6 is crucial for its interaction with β2M. However, the interface of β2M involved in interaction with ESAT-6 and detailed physicochemical changes associated with ESAT-6:β2M complexation are not fully defined. In this study, using computational and site-directed mutagenesis studies, we demonstrate the presence of strong noncovalent hydrophobic interactions between ESAT-6 and β2M in addition to the vital hydrogen bonding between the aspartate residue (Asp53) of β2M and methionine (Met93) of ESAT-6. Docking-based high-throughput virtual screening followed by 16-point screening on microscale thermophoresis resulted in the identification of two potent inhibitors (SM09 and SM15) that mask the critical Met93 residue of ESAT-6 that is required for ESAT-6:β2M interaction and could rescue cell surface expression of β2M and HLA in human macrophages as well as MHC class I Ag presentation suppressed by ESAT-6 in peritoneal macrophages isolated from C57BL/6 mice. Both SM09 and SM15 significantly inhibited intracellular survival of M. tuberculosis in human macrophages. Further, we characterized the physicochemical properties involved in the ESAT-6:β2M complexation, which may help in understanding host–pathogen interactions.
Knowledge and utilisation of National Health Insurance Scheme among adult patients attending a tertiary health facility in Lagos State, South-Western Nigeria
Authors: Abiola Abdulhakeem O. , Ladi-Akinyemi Temitope W. , Oyeleye Oluwagbemiga A. , Oyeleke Ganiyat K. , Olowoselu Olufunke I. , Abdulkareem Aisha T.
Published: September 2019

Background: Despite the creation of the National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS) by the Nigerian government, most Nigerians are not covered by the scheme.Aim: The aim of this study was to assess the knowledge and utilisation of NHIS among adult patients who attended a tertiary health facility in Lagos state, South-Western Nigeria.Setting: Outpatient clinic, Lagos State University Teaching Hospital, Ikeja, Lagos.Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study of 487 respondents recruited using a multi- stage sampling method. Data were collected using pretested semi-structured self-administered questionnaires, and analysis was done using Microsoft Excel 2007 and EPI Info 7 statistical software. Level of significance was set at p 0.05. Ethical approval was obtained from the Health Research Ethics Committee Lagos State university teaching Hospital.Results: A total of 487 of the 500 self-administered questionnaires were retrieved and analysed, giving a response rate of 97.4%. The study showed that 80.7% of the respondents had poor knowledge of NHIS, only12.3% of the respondents had registered with the NHIS, and 43.8% of respondents who had not registered with NHIS claimed they do not know where to register. There was a statistically significant association between age and utilisation (p = 0.0007), marital status and utilisation of NHIS (p = 0.016), employment status and utilisation of NHIS (p = 0.001).Most (96%) of those who have utilised NHIS were satisfied with NHIS services.Conclusion: Majority of the respondents had poor knowledge of NHIS and also majority of those who had registered were satisfied with the scheme. There should be increased awareness campaigns so that all Nigerians can benefit from the scheme.
Factors associated with physical function capacity in an urban cohort of people living with the human immunodeficiency virus in South Africa
Authors: Roos Ronel , Myezwa Hellen , Van Aswegen Heleen
Published: September 2019

Background: Effective disease management for people living with human immunodeficiency virus (PLWH) includes the encouragement of physical activity. Physical function capacity in PLWH may be influenced by a variety of factors.Objectives: This study describes the physical function capacity as assessed with the 6-minute walk test (6MWT) of an urban cohort of PLWH and determined whether a history of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB), anthropometric measures, age and gender predicted distance walked.Method: Secondary data collected from 84 PLWH on antiretroviral therapy were analysed. Information included 6MWT distance, anthropometric measurements and demographic profiles. Descriptive and inferential statistics were undertaken on the data. A regression analysis determined predictive factors for 6MWT distance achieved. Significance was set at a p-value of ≤ 0.05.Results: The study consisted of 66 (78.6%) women and 18 (21.4%) men with a mean age of 39.1 (± 9.2) years. The 6MWT distance of the cohort was 544.3 (± 64.4) m with men walking further (602.8 [± 58.6] m) than women (528.3 [± 56.4] m); however, women experienced greater effort. The majority of the sample did not report a history of PTB (n = 67; 79.8%). Age, gender and anthropometric measures were associated with 6MWT distance, but of low to moderate strength. The regression equation generated included age and gender. This model was statistically significant (p 0.00) and accounted for 34% of the total variance observed.Conclusion: Age and gender were predictive factors of physical function capacity and women experienced greater effort.Clinical implications: This study provides information on the physical function capacity of PLWH and a suggested 6MWT reference equation for PLWH in South Africa.
Cost-saving medication therapy management for outpatients
Authors: Priya K , Sreshta Mary , Philip Sonin
Published: September 2019

Objective:

Medication costs comprise the majority of health system budgets and continue to increase faster than other health-care expenditures. The objective of this study is to evaluate the causes and monetary value of cost-saving prescription interventions made by clinical pharmacists in outpatient pharmacy.

Materials and Methods:

Outpatient prescriptions were randomly audited for a period of 11 months (August 2017–June 2018) using a customized outpatient prescription audit tool integrated with computerized physician order entry. Drug-related problems were communicated to respective prescribers, and their response to each intervention was documented in accordance with PCNE classification. Both unit dose cost and anticipated dose cost savings were calculated to evaluate the monetary benefit for patients.

Results:

Unit dose cost of INR 4875.73 and anticipated dose cost of INR 26890.8 were saved from outpatients. Majority of the prescribing errors were associated with therapeutic duplication (43.4%) and drug interaction (25.7%) that account for anticipated dose cost savings of INR 17812.65 for patients. Major contributory drug classes that reduced the cost of therapy were antibiotics (24.23%), proton-pump inhibitors (13.27%), and analgesics (12.34%). Prescribers' response to pharmacist intervention varied, 53% responded to stop the drug, 21% responded to change the brand, and 20% changed the frequency of administration. Necessary instructions were verbally given to patients without making any modification in the prescription for 3.2% (n = 10) of cost-saving interventions.

Discussion and Conclusion:

As clinical pharmacist has the expertise to detect, resolve, and prevent medication errors, the development of clinical pharmacy practice in a hospital outpatient pharmacy will have a significant impact on reducing prescription errors and health-care cost also.
A Cost-Effective Novel Innovative Box (C-Box) to Prevent Cockroach Infestation of Continuous Positive Airway Pressure Equipment: A Unique Problem in Northern Tropical Australia
Authors: Heraganahally Subash S. , White Scott
Published: September 2019

Cockroaches and other pests infestation of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) equipment has been rarely reported in the medical literature. In this report, we describe a box (C-Box) designed to prevent pest infestation of the CPAP equipment. Over experience, using this C-Box has demonstrated that it can prevent pest infestation and reduce the cost of replacing pest-infested CPAP machines.
First Detection of Madariaga virus in Mosquitoes Collected in a Wild Environment of Northeastern Argentina
Authors: Stechina Ornela Sofia , Oria Griselda Inés , Torres Carolina , Diaz Luis Adrián , Contigiani Marta , Stein Marina
Published: September 2019

Madariaga virus (MADV), previously known as South American eastern equine encephalitis virus (SA EEEV; family Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus), is a mosquito-borne virus associated mainly with equine disease. In 2010, the first human outbreak by MADV was reported in Central America, but the mosquito vectors and vertebrate hosts involved in the outbreak were not identified. In Argentina, the first epizootic of MADV was in 1930, and since then, several epizootics by MADV have been reported. However, the potential vectors and hosts involved in the transmission cycle remain unknown. In the present study, MADV was detected in Culex (Culex) spp. mosquitoes and the phylogenetic analysis showed that the MADV fragment amplified grouped with the lineage/subtype III of the SA EEEV complex. Our results provide information about the natural infection with MADV in mosquitoes collected in a wild environment of Argentina and its genetic relatedness.
Measurement of Passenger Compartment Refrigerant Concentrations Under System Refrigerant Leakage Conditions
Authors:   Interior Climate Control Vehicle OEM Committee
Published: September 2019

This Standard is restricted to refrigeration circuits that provide air-conditioning for the passenger compartments of passenger and commercial vehicles.

This Standard includes analytical and physical test procedures to evaluate refrigerant concentration inside the passenger compartment. In the early phases of vehicle evaluation, usage of the analytical approach may be sufficient without performing physical tests.

The physical test procedure involves releasing refrigerant from an external source to a location adjacent to the evaporator core (inside the HVAC module). An apparatus is used to provide a repeatable, calibrated leak rate. If the system has multiple evaporators, leakage could be simulated at any of the evaporator locations.

This standard gives detail information on the techniques for measuring R-744 (CO2) and R-1234yf (HFO-1234yf), but the general techniques described here can be used for other refrigerants as well.
See No Evil, Hear No Evil, Stop No Evil: Institutional-Level Tracking to Combat Mistreatment of Residents and Fellows
Authors: Mustapha Taj , Ho Yedam , Andrews John S. , Cullen Michael J.
Published: September 2019

Background

Mistreatment of trainees, including discrimination and harassment, is a problem in graduate medical education. Current tools to assess the prevalence of mistreatment often are not administered institutionally and may not account for multiple sources of mistreatment, limiting an institution's ability to respond and intervene.

Objective

We describe the utility of a brief questionnaire, embedded within longer institutional program evaluations, measuring the prevalence of different types of trainee mistreatment from multiple sources, including supervisors, team members, colleagues, and patients.

Methods

In 2018, we administered a modified version of the mistreatment questions in the Association of American Medical Colleges Graduation Questionnaire to investigate the prevalence and sources of mistreatment in graduating residents and fellows. We conducted analyses to determine the prevalence, types, and sources of mistreatment of trainees at the institutional level across graduate medical education programs.

Results

A total of 234 graduating trainees (77%) from the University of Minnesota—Twin Cities completed the questions. Patients were cited as the primary source of mistreatment in 5 of 6 categories, including both direct and indirect offensive remarks, microaggressions, sexual harassment, and physical threats (paired t test comparisons from t = 3.92 to t = 9.71, all P < .001). The only category of mistreatment in which patients were not the most significant source was humiliation and shaming.

Conclusions

Six questions concerning types and sources of trainee mistreatment, embedded within an institutional survey, generated new information for institutional-, departmental- and program-based future interventions. Patients were the greatest source for all types of mistreatment except humiliation and shaming.
O gênero como o denominador comum nas diferentes perspectivas penais da disposição e exposição não autorizadas da intimidade feminina
Authors: E Silva Artenira da Silva , Pinheiro Rossana Barros
Published: September 2019

A exposição não autorizada da intimidade feminina tem se apresentado como prática criminosa de larga incidência na Modernidade, período em que o patriarcado e a violência contra as mulheres são instrumentalizados através dos dispositivos tecnológicos, demonstrando assim que virtual e presencial não são processos de socialização apartadas, mas se sobrepõem a fim de reafirmar os binarismos de gênero. A exposição da sexualidade feminina pode estar associada a variadas motivações como vingança ante traições ou términos afetivos, sextorsão (extorsões e ou estupros) constrangimento ilegal e ameaças, condutas que podem ferir bens jurídicos penais diferentes, como por exemplo, a integridade física e psicológica, o patrimônio e a liberdade, exigindo dessa forma tipificações penais específicas. Apesar dessas variações quanto às condutas e motivações vislumbradas nos referidos crimes, o gênero apresenta-se como denominador comum em todas as perspectivas de exposição da intimidade feminina, haja vista a imposição de constrangimento às vítimas e naturalização da conduta delituosa do agressor. v
Novas morfologias de trabalho: proteção legal e desafios pós-contemporâneos
Authors: Almeida Saulo Nunes de Carvalho , Mendonça Maria Lírida Calou de Araújo e
Published: September 2019

O presente estudo tem por escopo investigar a atual crise experimentada pelo direito do trabalho contemporâneo. Um direito que teve seu design normativo construído para regulamentar relações de trabalho em um sistema de organização empresarial do início do século XX, e que se encontra em cheque em virtude da proliferação de novas morfologias de trabalho que ocorrem a sua margem. Justifica esse breve ensaio a escassez de estudos direcionados ao enfrentamento da desproteção normativa experimentada por tantos trabalhadores. Restou evidenciado um cenário em que a capacidade do juslaboralismo contemporâneo, de atuar com instrumento de compensação jurídica das desigualdades fáticas, bem como assegurar o equilíbrio entre interesses econômicos e justiça social, tornou-se um privilégio experimentado tão somente por alguns poucos tipos de trabalhadores. Nesse contexto, o presente estudo emprega uma metodologia de análise jurídico-dogmática como ferramenta de desenvolvimento de seu objetivo central, questionar as possíveis transmutações pelas quais o direito do trabalho positivo deverá se sujeitar. Como conclusão, apresentou-se a imperativa necessidade de uma reformulação expansionista do direito laboral brasileiro, assegurando uma universalização dos direitos trabalhistas, a ser realizada mediante a identificação e compreensão da aplicabilidade de cada direito conforme as singularidades presentes em cada atividade laboral.
Chemical and optical properties of carbonaceous aerosols in Nanjing, eastern China: regionally transported biomass burning contribution
Authors: Liu Xiaoyan , Zhang Yan-Lin , Peng Yiran , Xu Lulu , Zhu Chunmao , Cao Fang , Zhai Xiaoyao , Haque M. Mozammel , Yang Chi , Chang Yunhua , Huang Tong , Xu Zufei , Bao Mengying , Zhang Wenqi , Fan Meiyi , Lee Xuhui
Published: September 2019

Abstract. Biomass burning can significantly impact the chemical and
optical properties of carbonaceous aerosols. Here, the biomass burning
impacts were studied during wintertime in a megacity of Nanjing, eastern China.
The high abundance of biomass burning tracers such as levoglucosan (lev),
mannosan (man), galactosan (gal) and non-sea-salt potassium (nss-K+)
was found during the studied period with the concentration ranges of
22.4–1476 ng m−3, 2.1–56.2 ng m−3, 1.4–32.2 ng m−3 and
0.2–3.8 µg m−3, respectively. The significant contribution of
biomass burning to water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC; 22.3±9.9 %) and organic carbon (OC; 20.9±9.3 %) was observed in this
study. Backward air mass origin analysis, potential emission sensitivity of
elemental carbon (EC) and MODIS fire spot information indicated that the
elevations of the carbonaceous aerosols were due to the transported
biomass-burning aerosols from southeastern China. The characteristic mass
ratio maps of lev∕man and lev∕nss-K+ suggested that the biomass fuels
were mainly crop residuals. Furthermore, the strong correlation (p < 0.01) between biomass burning tracers (such as lev) and light absorption
coefficient (babs) for water-soluble brown carbon (BrC) revealed that
biomass burning emissions played a significant role in the light-absorption
properties of carbonaceous aerosols. The solar energy absorption due to
water-soluble brown carbon and EC was estimated by a calculation based on
measured light-absorbing parameters and a simulation based on a radiative
transfer model (RRTMG_SW). The solar energy absorption of
water-soluble BrC in short wavelengths (300–400 nm) was 0.8±0.4
(0.2–2.3) W m−2 (figures in parentheses represent the variation range of each parameter) from the calculation and 1.2±0.5 (0.3–1.9) W m−2 from the RRTMG_SW model. The absorption capacity of
water-soluble BrC accounted for about 20 %–30 % of the total absorption of
EC aerosols. The solar energy absorption of water-soluble BrC due to biomass
burning was estimated as 0.2±0.1 (0.0–0.9) W m−2, considering
the biomass burning contribution to carbonaceous aerosols. Potential source
contribution function model simulations showed that the solar energy
absorption induced by water-soluble BrC and EC aerosols was mostly due to
the regionally transported carbonaceous aerosols from source regions such
as southeastern China. Our results illustrate the importance of the
absorbing water-soluble brown carbon aerosols in trapping additional solar
energy in the low-level atmosphere, heating the surface and inhibiting the
energy from escaping the atmosphere.
A robust clustering algorithm for analysis of composition‐dependent organic aerosol thermal desorption measurements
Authors: Li Ziyue , D'Ambro Emma L. , Schobesberger Siegfried , Gaston Cassandra J. , Lopez-Hilfiker Felipe D. , Liu Jiumeng , Shilling John E. , Thornton Joel A. , Cappa Christopher D.
Published: September 2019

Abstract. One of the challenges of understanding atmospheric organic aerosol (OA) stems from its complex composition. Mass spectrometry is commonly used to characterize the compositional variability of OA. Clustering of a mass spectral data set helps identify components that exhibit similar behavior or have similar properties, facilitating understanding of sources and processes that govern compositional variability. Here, we developed a novel clustering algorithm, Noise-Sorted Scanning Clustering (NSSC), and apply it to thermal desorption measurements from the Filter Inlet for Gases and AEROsols coupled to a chemical ionization mass spectrometer (FIGAERO CIMS). NSSC provides a robust, reproducible analysis of the FIGAERO temperature-dependent mass spectral data. The NSSC allows for determination of thermal profiles for compositionally distinct clusters, increasing the accessibility and enhancing the interpretation of FIGAERO data. Applications of NSSC to several laboratory biogenic secondary organic aerosol (BSOA) systems demonstrate the ability of NSSC to distinguish different types of thermal behaviors for the components comprising the particles along with the relative mass contributions and chemical properties (e.g. average molecular formula) of each cluster. For each of the systems examined, more than 80 % of the total mass is clustered into 9–13 clusters. Comparison of the average thermograms of the clusters between systems indicate some commonalty in terms of the thermal properties of different BSOA, although with some system-specific behavior. Application of NSSC to sets of experiments in which one experimental parameter, such as the concentration of NO, is varied demonstrates the potential for clustering to elucidate the chemical factors that drive changes in the thermal properties of OA. Further quantitative interpretation of the clustered thermograms followed by clustering will allow for more comprehensive understanding of the thermochemical properties of OA.
Terpenes and their oxidation products in the French Landes forest: insight from Vocus PTR-TOF measurements
Authors: Li Haiyan , Riva Matthieu , Rantala Pekka , Heikkinen Liine , Daellenbach Kaspar , Krechmer Jordan E. , Flaud Pierre-Marie , Worsnop Douglas , Kulmala Markku , Villenave Eric , Perraudin Emilie , Ehn Mikael , Bianchi Federico
Published: September 2019

Abstract. The capabilities of the recently developed Vocus proton-transfer-reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometer (PTR-TOF) are reported for the first time based on ambient measurements. With the deployment of the Vocus PTR-TOF, we present an overview of the observed gas-phase (oxygenated) molecules in the French Landes forest during summertime 2018 and gain insights into the atmospheric oxidation of terpenes, which are emitted in large quantities in the atmosphere and play important roles in secondary organic aerosol production. Due to the greatly improved detection efficiency compared to traditional PTR instruments, the Vocus PTR-TOF identifies a large amount of gas-phase signals with elemental composition categories including CH, CHO, CHN, CHS, CHON, CHOS, and others. Multiple hydrocarbons are detected, with carbon numbers up to 20. Particularly, we report the first direct observations of low-volatility diterpenes in the ambient air. The diurnal cycle of diterpenes is similar to that of monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes, but contrary to that of isoprene. Various types of terpene reaction products and intermediates are also characterized. Generally, the more oxidized products from terpene oxidations show a broad peak in the day due to the strong photochemical effects, while the less oxygenated products peak in the early morning and/or in the evening. To evaluate the importance of different formation pathways in terpene chemistry, the reaction rates of terpenes with main oxidants (i.e., hydroxyl radical, OH; ozone, O3; and nitrate radical, NO3) are calculated. For the less oxidized non-nitrate monoterpene oxidation products, their morning peaks likely have contributions from both O3- and OH-initiated monoterpene oxidation. Due to the decreased OH concentration at night, monoterpene ozonolysis becomes more important in the evening. For the monoterpene-derived organic nitrates, oxidations by O3, OH, and NO3 radicals all contribute to their formation, with their relative roles varying considerably over the course of the day. Through a detailed analysis of terpene chemistry, this study demonstrates the capability of the Vocus PTR-TOF in the detection of a wide range of oxidized reaction products in ambient and remote conditions, which highlights its importance in investigating atmospheric oxidation processes.