bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Adolescent boys’ grooming product use and perceived health risks: An exploration of parental influence
Authors: Yoo Jeong-Ju , Jacob John , Baier Margaret
Published: March 2011

Objective: To investigate parental influence on adolescent boys’ use and risk-perceptions of using appearance-related products.

Design: Using appearance-enhancing products can present a health threat to adolescents, as these products are not only applied to the body, but can also be ingested. Adolescents may look to their parents for information about products, or they may make inferences based on observing their parents’ appearance management behaviours.

Setting: The results of this research suggest future studies to assist in developing intervention strategies to guide parents in promoting healthy appearance management for their sons.

Method: The data were collected from 155 adolescent boys in the United States (US). Their ages ranged from 11-18 years, with an average age of 14.3 years. The frequencies of product use and risk-perceptions were compared using a Chi-square test, based on the sum of the parental influence scales.

Results: Adolescent boys used a variety of appearance-related products, and their risk-perceptions coincided with their frequency of product use. Parental normative influence was significant for acne treatment, diet pills, and fragrance/body-spray products, although parental informative influence was not significantly related to product use. Parental influence was not related to their perceptions of the relative healthfulness of the same products.

Conclusion: Parental influence is either directed toward encouraging or discouraging product use, rather than educating adolescents on the healthfulness of these products.
Determination of the nontraditional lay-up influence and loading configuration on fatigue damage development under bearing/bypass loading conditions using radiography
Authors: Tompson Carl G. , Johnson W. Steven
Published: March 2011

This article presents the effects of several variables on the damage progression within a mechanically fastened graphite/epoxy composite joint. The variables included the composite lay-up, loading configuration (single shear vs. double shear), R-value, stress level, and damage mechanisms observed in each specimen. In situ X-ray of the individual laminates recorded the extent of damage, mostly longitudinal splitting and bearing delamination, as a function of the cycle count. The following lay-ups were investigated: [04/45/03/90/0]s, [45/90/−45/02/45/02/−45/0]s, [±5/65/(±5)2/−65/±5]s, and [±5/65/(±5)2/−65/5/65]s. All of these lay-ups are considered to be ‘hard’ lay-ups, much stiffer in the 0° direction than in the 90° direction. The stress levels at which detectable damage develops was determined. The researchers chose to apply 50,000 cycles at each stress level. Once damage was detected, the stress level was typically raised to 17.25 MPa (2.5 ksi). Another 50,000 cycles was then applied until the bolt hole diameter elongated by 10% of its original length. The damage length vs. stress level is plotted as a way to compare damage onset stresses and growth as a function of lay-up and stress ratio. The new ‘non-traditional’ lay-ups are shown to offer some unique advantages over traditional lay-ups.
Sonic Hedgehog Stimulates Proliferation of Human Periodontal Ligament Stem Cells
Authors: Martínez C. , Smith P.C. , Rodriguez J.P. , Palma V.
Published: March 2011

Regulation of cell renewal in the periodontium is a critical cell function that has not been clarified. Sonic hedgehog (Shh) is a secreted signaling molecule that plays a key role during development and adult tissue homeostasis. In the present study, we have analyzed the role played by Shh in human periodontal ligament stem cell (HPLSC) proliferation. HPLSC were isolated with anti-STRO-1 antibodies. Shh increased the expression of GLI1 and PTC-1 and selectively stimulated cell proliferation in STRO-1(+) derived from adult periodontal ligament. Shh components were localized to primary cilia in STRO-1(+) cells after Shh stimulation. STRO-1(+) also expressed Shh, suggesting an autocrine-regulated phenomenon. Thus, we propose that Shh plays a critical role in the regulation of cell proliferation in STRO-1(+)/HPLSC.
Viruses and Salivary Gland Disease (SGD)
Authors: Jeffers L. , Webster-Cyriaque J.Y.
Published: March 2011

Viral infections are often associated with salivary gland pathology. Here we review the pathogenesis of HIV-associated salivary gland disease (HIV-SGD), a hallmark of diffuse infiltrative lymphocytosis syndrome. We investigate the presence and contributions of viral diseases to the pathogenesis of salivary gland diseases, particularly HIV-SGD. We have detected BK viral shedding in the saliva of HIV-SGD patients consistent with viral infection and replication, suggesting a role for oral transmission. For further investigation of BKV pathogenesis in salivary glands, an in vitro model of BKV infection is described. Submandibular (HSG) and parotid (HSY) gland salivary cell lines were capable of permissive BKV infection, as determined by BKV gene expression and replication. Analysis of these data collectively suggests the potential for a BKV oral route of transmission and salivary gland pathogenesis within HIV-SGD.
Innate Immunity and HIV-1 Infection
Authors: Lehner T. , Wang Y. , Whittall T. , Seidl T.
Published: March 2011

HIV-1 is predominantly transmitted through mucosal tissues, targeting CD4+CCR5+ T cells, 50% of which are destroyed within 2 weeks of infection. Conventional vaccination strategies have so far failed to prevent HIV-1 infection. Neither antibodies nor cytotoxic lymphocytes are capable of mounting a sufficiently rapid immune response to prevent early destruction of these cells. However, innate immunity is an early-response system, largely independent of prior encounter with a pathogen. Innate immunity can be classified into cellular, extracellular, and intracellular components, each of which is exemplified in this review by γδ T cells, CC chemokines, and APOBEC3G, respectively. First, γδ T cells are found predominantly in mucosal tissues and produce cytokines, CC chemokines, and antiviral factors. Second, the CC chemokines CCL-3, CCL-4, and CCL-5 can be upregulated by immunization of macaques with SIVgp120 and gag p27, and these can bind and downmodulate CCR5, thereby inhibiting HIV-1 entry into the host cells. Third, APOBEC3G is generated and maintained following rectal mucosal immunization in rhesus macaques for over 17 weeks, and the innate anti-SIV factor is generated by CD4+CD95+CCR7− effector memory T cells. Thus, innate anti-HIV-1 or SIV immunity can be linked with immune memory, mediated by CD4+ T cells generating APOBEC3G. The multiple innate functions may mount an early anti-HIV-1 response and either prevent viral transmission or contain the virus until an effective adaptive immune response develops.
Therapy for HIV
Authors: Peters B.S. , Conway K.
Published: March 2011

Initial therapies for HIV infection comprised nucleoside analogues, but as single or dual agents, they failed to prevent disease progression. When a new class of drug was introduced, the protease inhibitors, an effective triple therapy became possible—namely, highly active antiretroviral therapy, or HAART. HAART reduced viral replication almost completely and enabled immune system recovery. The probability of classical infections and tumors attributed to HIV were dramatically reduced, and life expectancy correspondingly increased. The initial disadvantages of HAART included the need for strict adherence to prevent drug resistance, the cost that initially precluded their widespread use in the developing world, and the short- and long-term side effects. One of the most disabling long-term complications was HIV lipodystrophy, which in extreme cases lead to severe peripheral fat wasting and central fat gain. In recent years, many of these disadvantages have been addressed: Once-daily drug combinations improve adherence; global access to HAART has been markedly improved; and new drugs enable patients to avoid many of the initial side effects. Future research will determine at what CD4 count HAART should be initiated, and new approaches such as immunotherapeutic HIV vaccines are being tested with the aim to delay or obviate the need for antiretroviral drugs.
Antiviral Activities in Human Saliva
Authors: Malamud D. , Abrams W.R. , Barber C.A. , Weissman D. , Rehtanz M. , Golub E.
Published: March 2011

In this review, the authors survey the large number of antibacterial and antiviral proteins present in human saliva. Of interest, most of these antibacterial proteins display antiviral activity, typically against specific viral pathogens. The review focuses on one protein that interacts with both bacteria and viruses—gp340, originally referred to as salivary agglutinin. In the oral cavity, soluble gp340 binds to and aggregates a variety of bacteria, and this is thought to increase bacterial clearance from the mouth. However, when bound to the tooth surface, gp340 promotes bacterial adherence. In the oral cavity, most gp340 is found soluble in saliva and can function as a specific inhibitor of infectivity of HIV-1 and influenza A. In contrast, in the female reproductive track, most gp340 is bound to the cell surface, where it can promote HIV-1 infection.
Advances of Research on Anti-HIV Agents from Traditional Chinese Herbs
Authors: Chu Y. , Liu H.
Published: March 2011

The current approach for dealing with the global pandemic of AIDS focuses on pharmaceuticals. The classic treatment of AIDS is highly active antiretroviral therapy, but most people living with HIV/AIDS—especially those in developing countries—have little or no access to the treatment because of the high cost of the therapy. Such treatment is associated with toxic side effects and drug resistance. As such, the search for better anti-HIV agents continues, with much attention focused on natural sources—particularly, plant species. Thousands of herbs have been screened for anti-HIV activity, and new compounds have been discovered from the extracts, many of which demonstrate inhibitory activity against HIV. Their mechanisms of action include inhibiting the activities of reverse transcriptase, protease, and integrase; weakening infection at the level of viral entry; and downregulating related gene expression. This provides researchers with new clues to synthesize drugs for the anti-HIV battle. Some synthetic derivatives of the anti-HIV natural products have stronger inhibitory effects in vitro than do their natural counterparts. Various mixed preparations of these anti-HIV herbs are in clinical trials or are applied in the treatment of people living with HIV/AIDS—some of which yield lower plasma viral load, enhance immune function, relieve related symptoms and signs, improve the quality of life, or, in combination with highly active antiretroviral therapy, alleviate the side effects of biomedical drugs. This article reviews current laboratory findings and clinical trials of anti-HIV agents from traditional herbs—particularly, herbs in traditional Chinese medicine. Drug interactions with highly active antiretroviral therapy and criteria for clinical evaluation of traditional Chinese medicine treatment are also discussed.
Human Papillomavirus Infection and Its Association with HIV
Authors: Syrjänen S.
Published: March 2011

Human papillomavirus (HPV) can infect oral mucosa, causing asymptomatic infection or warty lesions. Several case-control studies have confirmed HPV as an independent risk factor for squamous cell carcinoma. HPV-related cancers seem to have better prognoses and different risk factors than do HPV-negative ones. HIV-infected patients are known to be at increased risk for persistent genital and anal high-risk HPV infections and intraepithelial neoplasm. Since the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy, the prevalence and persistence of warty lesions in oral mucosa have increased. Oral squamous cell carcinoma was recently added in the case definitions for common HIV-related oral mucosa lesions. The increased risk of HPV infection in HIV patients has been associated with impaired immune response to HPV, highly active antiretroviral therapy, aging of the HIV-infected patients, and direct interaction between the 2 viruses. HPV32 seems to be much more prevalent in asymptomatic HPV infections and warts among those infected with HIV than among those in the general population. Regarding HIV genes, there is evidence of an interaction between HPV and tat, rev, and vpr. HIV might play a role in HPV-associated pathogenesis by exhorting oncogenic stimuli via tat and rev or visa versa.
Coinfections Associated with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection
Authors: Nair R.G. , Owotade F.J. , Leao J.C. , Hegarty A.M. , Hodgson T.A.
Published: March 2011

The importance of opportunistic pathogens in HIV disease has been demonstrated from the onset of the epidemic. This workshop aimed to review the evidence for the role of oral microorganisms in HIV-related periodontal disease and HIV transmission and the effect of HIV therapy on periodontal disease. Despite being a common copathogen, tuberculosis seems to have limited oral presentation. The oral manifestations seem to have little impact on the individual and, once diagnosed, are responsive to chemotherapy. The participants debated the available evidence on the role of microorganisms and whether further research was warranted and justified. Although the effects of lipodystrophy on facial aesthetics may be profound and may markedly affect quality of life, there is no evidence to suggest a direct effect on the oral cavity. Though of interest to oral health care workers, lipodystrophy and associated metabolic syndromes were thought to be further investigated by other, more appropriate groups.
Innate Immunity Including Epithelial and Nonspecific Host Factors
Authors: Weinberg A. , Naglik J.R. , Kohli A. , Tugizov S.M. , Fidel P.L. , Liu Y. , Herzberg M.
Published: March 2011

The majority of HIV infections are initiated at mucosal sites. The oral mucosal tissue has been shown to be a potential route of entry in humans and primates. Whereas HIV RNA, proviral DNA, and infected cells are detected in the oral mucosa and saliva of infected individuals, it appears that the oral mucosa is not permissive for efficient HIV replication and therefore may differ in susceptibility to infection when compared to other mucosal sites. Since there is no definitive information regarding the fate of the HIV virion in mucosal epithelium, there is a pressing need to understand what occurs when the virus is in contact with this tissue, what mechanisms are in play to determine the outcome, and to what degree the mechanisms and outcomes differ between mucosal sites. Workshop 1B tackled 5 important questions to define current knowledge about epithelial cell-derived innate immune agents, commensal and endogenous pathogens, and epithelial cells and cells of the adaptive immune system and how they contribute to dissemination or resistance to HIV infection. Discovering factors that explain the differential susceptibility and resistance to HIV infection in mucosal sites will allow for the identification and development of novel protective strategies.
Traditional Medicines, HIV, and Related Infections
Authors: Patel M. , Bessong P. , Liu H.
Published: March 2011

Traditional medicines are an integral part of health care worldwide, even though their efficacy has not been scientifically proven. HIV-infected individuals may use them singularly or in combination with conventional medicines. Many in vitro studies have proven the anti-HIV, anti- Candida, and anti–herpes simplex virus potential of traditional plants and identified some of the mechanisms of action. Very few in vivo studies are available that involve a small number of participants and show controversial results. In addition, knowledge is limited of the role of traditional medicines in the enhancement of the immune system. The use of traditional medicines with antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) has created a problem because drug interactions compromise the efficacy of ARVs. Several currently popular plants have been studied in the laboratory for their interaction with ARVs, with disadvantageous results. Unfortunately, no clinical trials are available. The science of traditional medicines is relatively new and is at present being modernized worldwide. However, there are still ethical issues regarding traditional medicines that need to be addressed—for example, regulations regarding quality control and standardization of medicines, regulation and education of healers who deliver these medicines, and unregulated clinical trials. The workshop addressed the following questions about traditional medicine and their use in HIV infection: What are the mechanisms of action of anti-HIV traditional medicines? Should traditional medicines be used in conjunction with ARV? Do traditional medicines enhance the immune system? Should medicinal plants be used for the control of oral infections associated with HIV? What are the ethical issues surrounding the use of traditional medicines for the treatment of HIV and associated infections?
HIV Infection and Specific Mucosal Immunity
Authors: Challacombe S.J. , Fidel P.L. , Tugizov S. , Tao L. , Wahl S.M.
Published: March 2011

Most HIV infections are transmitted across mucosal epithelium. An area of fundamental importance is understanding the role of innate and specific mucosal immunity in susceptibility or protection against HIV infection, as well as the effect of HIV infection on mucosal immunity, which leads to increased susceptibility to bacterial, fungal, and viral infections of oral and other mucosae. This workshop attempted to address 5 basic issues—namely, HIV acquisition across mucosal surfaces, innate and adaptive immunity in HIV resistance, antiviral activity of breast milk as a model mucosal fluid, neutralizing immunoglobulin A antibodies against HIV, and progress toward a mucosal vaccine against HIV. The workshop attendants agreed that progress had been made in each area covered, with much recent information. However, these advances revealed how little work had been performed on stratified squamous epithelium compared with columnar epithelium, and the attendants identified several important biological questions that had not been addressed. It is increasingly clear that innate immunity has an important biological role, although basic understanding of the mechanisms of normal homeostasis is still being investigated. Application of the emerging knowledge was lacking with regard to homeostatic mucosal immunity to HIV and its role in changing this homeostasis. With regard to breast milk, a series of studies have demonstrated the differences between transmitters and nontransmitters, although whether these findings could be generalized to other secretions such as saliva was less clear. Important progress toward an oral mucosal HIV vaccine has been made, demonstrating proof of principle for administering vaccine candidates into oral lymphoid tissues to trigger anti-HIV local and systemic immune responses. Similarly, experimental data emphasized the central role of neutralizing antibodies to prevent HIV infection via mucosal routes.
Synthesising the Gandhi–Ambedkar–Narayanaguru–Marx Visions for Dalit Liberation*
Authors: Krishnan P.S.
Published: March 2011

This article suggests how the Gandhi–Ambedkar–Narayanaguru–Marx visions can be synthesised in support of the movement for the liberation and empowerment of India’s dalits. It brings out the beginnings and evolution of Gandhji’s sensitivity and opposition to ‘untouchability’. His perception of ‘untouchability’ was initially limited to ‘touch-me-not-ism’, but deepened after his contact with Narayanaguru and Narayanaguru-inspired movements and, most crucially, his contact and encounters with Dr Babasaheb Ambedkar. The article traces the Gandhiji–Babasaheb divergences, the Yeravda convergence and their other interesting convergences, and the unfortunate post-Yeravda re-emergence of divergence. These divergences have been effectively resolved in the Constitution adopting the Ambedkarite approach of dalit development and empowerment. The stage has arrived when, instead of dwelling on past antagonisms, it will be productive to synthesise and utilise the visions of these two titans as well as Narayanaguru and Marx in understanding and furthering the supremely important project of liberating and empowering the oppressed masses of Scheduled Castes (SCs), Scheduled Tribes (STs) and Backward Classes (BCs) through specific and comprehensive economic, educational, social and protective programmes; a dalit-centred human rights project; and sensitisation and mobilisation of dalit and non-dalit civil society.
Early Marriage of Girls in Contemporary Bengal
Authors: Ghosh Biswajit
Published: March 2011

The problem of early marriage of girls constitutes a part of India’s social tradition since time immemorial and it continues to prevail due to a combination of traditional and modern factors. In West Bengal too, the complicity to child marriage continues silently even though the issue drew the attention of Bengal social reformers in the 19th Century. Despite legal and administrative interventions, rural stakeholders remain authoritarian and patriarchal in appreciating the desires of adolescent girls. This article, based on field data from the Malda district of North Bengal, tries to analyse the gravity, causes and consequences of child marriage. It also attempts to suggest possible strategies and role model to tackle the social evil.
Popular Hindi Cinema as Gandhi’s Alter Ego
Authors: Rai Dhananjay
Published: March 2011

M.K. Gandhi constitutes an undeniable aspect of Indian landscape. His defence has come from many corners. They could be preachers, defenders and beneficiaries of Gandhian Philosophy. The state has also defended him on many accounts. In this backdrop, it becomes imperative to interrogate those spheres which so far have not been unveiled in terms of explaining Gandhi’s influence. Popular Hindi cinema is one such realm. This article proposes to disentangle the relationship between popular Hindi cinema and Gandhi. For this purpose, it is an attempt to fathom the congruity between philosophy of M.K. Gandhi and popular Hindi cinema so that it can be explored whether latter has become an ‘alter ego’ of former or not.
Social Bonds, Self-Control, and Adult Criminality
Authors: Morris Robert G. , Gerber Jurg , Menard Scott
Published: March 2011

Recent modifications to self-control theory suggest that influential factors (bonds) equate to self-control in the calculation of whether or not to engage in deviant behavior. Hirschi argued that self-control should fare better as a theory when it is operationalized as the number and salience of an individual’s social bonds, rather than as a cognitive scale, or count of previous acts, as suggested by the original theory. This study extends the control theory literature by assessing the impact of redefined self-control, as well as attitudinal self-control, on adult criminal behavior. Data analyzed were from Waves 10 and 11 of the National Youth Survey Family Study. Findings suggest that both forms of self-control (new and old) are equivalently predictive of adult crime, yet it is unlikely that they are capturing the same phenomenon during adulthood. Implications for control theory are discussed.
Reinforcement Effect of Soy Protein/Carbohydrate Ratio in Styrene—Butadiene Polymer
Authors: Jong Lei
Published: March 2011

Soy protein and carbohydrate at different ratios were blended with latex to form composites. The variation of protein-to-carbohydrate ratio has a significant effect on the composite properties, and the results from dynamic mechanical method showed a substantial reinforcement effect. The composites reinforced by the filler with higher protein content had higher moduli than the composites with higher carbohydrate content. Soy carbohydrate also appeared to have ability to immobilize polymer chains compared to soy protein. The fatigue experiments showed that the composites with higher protein content were more elastic than the composites with higher carbohydrate content after repeatedly stressed with dynamic strain cycles. The recovery experiments showed that the moduli of the composites with higher protein content had better long-time recovery after deformation. The analysis of equilibrated residual structure after the stress-softening cycles showed that the composites with higher protein content were resilient without yielding until a larger strain was applied, while the composites with higher carbohydrate content had a continuous yielding in their structures as the magnitude of the strain was increased. Overall, the study shows that soy fillers with higher protein/carbohydrate ratio have potential to be used as rubber reinforcement.
Young, Gay, and Suicidal: Dynamic Nominalism and the Process of Defining a Social Problem with Statistics
Authors: Waidzunas Tom
Published: March 2011

Since 1989, widely circulating statistics on gay teen suicide in the United States have acted as catalysts for institutional reforms, scientific research, and the creation of an identity category “gay youth.” While one figure has been replicated scientifically, these numbers originated not from a scientific research study but as risk estimates developed by a social worker and published in a government document. Many people within the public took up these original numbers, attributing their author the status of scientific researcher. In effect, the numbers became “black boxed,” often traveling without citation. Drawing on Ian Hacking’s “dynamic nominalist” perspective, this article utilizes interviews with the author of these statistics and other key claimants, along with textual analysis, to trace the origins, uptake, and effects of these figures. While making vital policy contributions, the numbers have led to some ironic consequences including the fostering of gay youth identification with suicide as a potential correlate of their identity and the potential antigay redeployment of decontextualized numbers. They have also led to a reaction in the form of “resilience” narratives.
Costing Adaptation: Revealing Tensions in the Normative Basis of Adaptation Policy in Adaptation Cost Estimates
Authors: Moore Frances C.
Published: March 2011

Adaptation to the impacts of climate change is a rapidly emerging, new area of knowledge and policy that is coevolving with political negotiations in the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). As such, it offers the opportunity to study the coproduction of knowledge and social order within the climate change regime. A subset of adaptation knowledge relates to cost estimates of adaptation policy. Here the methodology of the adaptation cost studies are reviewed and compared to economic theory. Although presented as technical and apolitical applications of economic theory, this analysis shows that these studies in fact differ significantly and consistently from theory in that they largely ignore autonomous adaptation and almost universally cost complete adaptation rather than an efficient level of adaptation. It is suggested that these differences are related to the political nature of adaptation cost estimates, which are closely connected with normative claims for both adaptation funding for developing countries and compensation for the unavoidable climate change impacts. As such, adaptation cost estimates are an example of boundary objects, used to manage normative and highly politicized claims for restitution using scientific and therefore apolitical language and framings.
Mexican American Seventh Graders’ Future Work and Family Plans
Authors: Cansler Emily , Updegraff Kimberly A. , Simpkins Sandra D.
Published: March 2011

We describe Mexican American seventh graders’ expectations for future work and family roles and investigate links between patterns of future expectations and adolescents’ cultural experiences and adjustment. Adolescents participated in home interviews and a series of seven nightly phone calls. Five unique patterns of adolescents’ future expectations were identified ( N = 246): Career-Oriented, Independent, Family-Oriented, Early, and Inconsistent. Career-Oriented adolescents had the highest socioeconomic status and contact with the United States (e.g., generation status) whereas Family-Oriented adolescents had the lowest. Cultural orientations, values, and involvement also varied across groups. For example, Career-Oriented adolescents reported significantly higher familism values compared to Inconsistent adolescents. Clusters also differed on adjustment: Career-Oriented and Family-Oriented adolescents reported higher parental warmth and less risky behavior compared to Independent and Inconsistent adolescents. These findings underscore the multifaceted nature of adolescents’ future expectations and the diversity in cultural experiences among Mexican-origin youth.
Representations of Mother-Child Attachment Relationships and Social-Information Processing of Peer Relationships in Early Adolescence
Authors: Granot David , Mayseless Ofra
Published: March 2011

We examined the concurrent associations between early adolescents’ representations of mother-child attachment relationships and how they process social information in their peer relationships. Attachment representations were examined in a normative sample of 97 males and 88 females (mean age = 10.35 years), using an adaptation of the Attachment Doll Story Completion Task. Structural Equation Modeling was used to assess general latent structures of social-information processing (SIP) orientations across the different SIP steps. As expected, secure mother-child attachment representations were positively associated with prosocial SIP orientation and negatively with antisocial SIP orientation. Avoidant attachment was associated negatively with prosocial and distress expression SIP orientations. Ambivalent attachment was positively associated with distress expression SIP orientation. Disorganized attachment was positively associated with SIP distress expression orientation and with antisocial SIP orientation. Results are discussed as reflecting a generalization of social knowledge and regulation strategies from the attachment system to the affiliative system.
Histologic, Immunohistochemical, and Clinical Features of 27 Mammary Tumors in 18 Male Dogs
Authors: Bearss J. J. , Schulman F. Y. , Carter D.
Published: March 2011

Twenty-seven mammary tumors from 18 male (3 intact, 15 neutered) dogs were collected. The average age at diagnosis was 9.2 years (range, 2–14 years). Seven of the dogs were Cocker Spaniels. Five dogs had multiple mammary tumors. All tumors were benign. Twenty-six were simple adenomas with mixed acinar and papillary patterns. The acinar pattern was predominant in 17 cases. One adenoma was complex with a prominent myoepithelial component. The myoepithelial component of 25 of the 25 tumors was immunohistochemically positive for calponin and p63. In the cases for which relevant clinical information was available, there was no reported history of obesity, testicular tumors, or sex hormone therapy. Surgery was the only reported treatment for these tumors. Only 1 dog was reported to have developed an additional mammary tumor. None of the dogs for which case outcome was known died or was euthanatized as a result of mammary tumor. Although uncommon, mammary tumors do occur in male dogs. Although mammary tumors may be quite cellular, the presence of an intact myoepithelium, which can be demonstrated with immunohistochemistry for calponin and p63, indicates benignancy, as the clinical behavior documents.
Stop Talking and Listen: Discourse Ethics and Feminist Care Ethics in International Political Theory
Authors: Robinson Fiona
Published: March 2011

This article seeks to extend feminist critiques of Habermasian discourse ethics in International Relations by engaging with the feminist ethics of care. Using the work of Andrew Linklater as a starting point, it argues that neither the existing critiques nor the responses have adequately addressed the key features of care ethics. The article critiques the idea of ethics as dialogue among ‘human beings as equals’ through an elaboration of several features of the ethics of care: firstly, the importance in care ethics of ‘dependency’ and ‘vulnerability’ not as conditions to be overcome, but rather as ways of being for normal human subjects; secondly, the focus on the responsibilities for listening attentively to the voices of others rather than on rights of individuals to be included in dialogue; thirdly, the need for patience and commitment in the recognition that responsibilities to others are fulfilled over the long, rather than the short, term; and, finally, the idea of care ethics as a substantive, democratic ethic of responsibility. These arguments emerge out of the basic ideas of care ethics — that relations and responsibilities of care are central to human life, and that care is a public value that must be negotiated at a variety of levels, from the household to the international community.
The Big Bangs of IR: The Myths That Your Teachers Still Tell You about 1648 and 1919
Authors: de Carvalho Benjamin , Leira Halvard , Hobson John M.
Published: March 2011

International relations as we know them emerged through the peace of Westphalia, and the discipline of International Relations emerged in 1919 and developed through a First Great Debate between idealists and realists. These are the established myths of 1648 and 1919. In this article we demonstrate how historical and historiographical scholarship has demolished these myths, but that the myths regardless are pervasive in the current textbooks that are used in teaching future IR scholars. Disciplinary dialogue seems to have failed completely. Based on a detailed reading of the myths and their perpetuation, we discuss the consequences of the discipline’s reliance on mythical origins, why there has been so little incorporation of revisionist insight and what possibilities there are for enhancing the dialogue.
Causal Explanation and Moral Judgement: Undividing a Division
Authors: Suganami Hidemi
Published: March 2011

By combining arguments about causal explanation in history found in the writings of Veyne and Dray, this article discusses one plausible line of reasoning which suggests that there is a type of causal explanation which historians offer to which their moral judgements are conceptually integral. It assesses the validity of this line of thinking and suggests that the reason why, in some cases, our moral judgements seep through to our causal explanations is not that certain concepts, such as, in particular, passivity and activity of the key actors’ acts, used in our causal narratives, necessarily involve moral judgements for their application, but rather that any explanation is an answer to a question and some causal questions turn out to be, or may plausibly be construed as, asking for our moral views. The ‘intrusion’ of moral judgement into causal explanation is not logically necessary, but may be contextually appropriate in some cases.
Utmost Listening: Feminist IR as a Foreign Language
Authors: Park-Kang Sungju
Published: March 2011

This article attempts to problematise the conventional notion of dialogue, proposing ‘utmost listening’ as an alternative approach in International Relations (IR) dialogue. More specifically, I argue that we need to regard IR as a foreign language; I particularly explore the proposed approach in terms of feminist IR. Having a dialogue as a ‘non-native’ speaker demands hard work and consistent training. Most of all, a starting point would be to listen carefully to dialogue partners. This is different from the conventional approach in dialogue which presupposes that listening and speaking are situated almost equally in epistemological terms. In this sense, I reflect on myself as a ‘provisional-straight man’ researcher who engages with feminist IR. I also consider other men scholars, such as Robert Keohane. Finally, I introduce Momo — a fictional character in Michael Ende’s novel — as an ‘utmost listener’. What happens if we follow Momo in the IR community?
Synthesis and characterization of polyurethane-block-poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) hydrogels and their surface modification to promote cell affinity
Authors: Patel Alpesh , Mequanint Kibret
Published: March 2011

Physically crosslinked hydrogels based on poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA) and polyurethane macroiniferter (PUMI) were prepared. The synthesis of polyurethane- block-poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PU-b-PHEMA) was verified by spectroscopic analyses. Due to the low fibronectin adsorption from culture media, cell attachment on PU-b-PHEMA surface was poor compared with the PUMI control. To improve the cell affinity of PU-b-PHEMA, fibronectin was conjugated via surface hydroxyl groups. These biomimetic PU-b-PHEMA hydrogel surfaces were tested for tissue engineering applications. A short-term cell culture study revealed that, compared with the unmodified PU-b-PHEMA, fibronectin-conjugated PU-b-PHEMA hydrogel showed more uniform and dense cell attachment and spreading, indicating a potential use for tissue engineering applications.
Rapid anti-tumor effects of gelatin sponge/nano-β-TCP construct on SKOV-3 human ovarian cancer cells in vitro
Authors: Xing Ma  , Wu Xiao-Ming , Duan Hai-Xia , Tao Fu  , Ma Xiang-Dong
Published: March 2011

Nanosized β-tricalcium phosphate (nano-β-TCP) particles were synthesized and characterized by transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. A surface coating was used to fabricate a medical absorbable gelatin sponge (GS) with nano-β-TCP biocomposite (GSN). The nano-β-TCP particles were ~150 nm in diameter and GSN was highly porous with pore diameter of ~200 μm. Modification via nano-β-TCP coating endowed the biocomposite with actual inhibitory effects on human ovarian cancer SKOV-3 cells. The systematic in vitro evaluations including ultrastructural observation, MTT assay, cell cycle analysis, apoptosis detection, and assessment of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) expression data confirm that rapid internalization of nano-β-TCP, cell growth inhibition, G1/S phase cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, and suppression of PCNA expression play important roles in the rapid anti-tumor effects of GNS on SKOV-3 cells. Currently, in vitro and in vivo research work are in progress, including special anti-neoplastic drug delivery and synergistic effects of GSN and chemotherapeutic agents.
hMSC interaction with PCL and PCL/gelatin platforms: A comparative study on films and electrospun membranes
Authors: Guarino Vincenzo , Alvarez-Perez Marco , Cirillo Valentina , Ambrosio Luigi
Published: March 2011

Polycaprolactone (PCL) and PCL/gelatin membranes and films were fabricated by electrospinning and solvent casting. A systematic analysis of the morphology evolution, as degradation occurred, was made to separate the contribution of fiber nanotexture and gelatin biochemical signal on cell adhesion and proliferation. Field emission scanning electron microscope was used to assess the contribution of platform architecture on the gelatin degradation by the morphological changes that occurred at different times. The evaluation of human mesenchymal stem cells’ biocompatibility confirmed the role of architecture and chemical composition on cell response. The nanostructured surfaces positively affected the cell recognition by increasing the surface area. The gelatin embedded in the PCL matrix of the nanofibers improved the cell/material interaction and provided support to the proliferation. The PCL/gelatin electrospun membranes showed an increase in mineralization when conditioned in osteogenic medium; this system has promise for long-term in vitro investigations of bone regeneration.
A 6-month in vivo study of polymer/mesenchymal stem cell constructs for cranial defects
Authors: Aydin Halil Murat , Korkusuz Petek , Vargel İbrahim , Kılıç Emine , Güzel Elif , Çavuşoğlu Tarık , Uçgan Duygu , Pişkin Erhan
Published: March 2011

Two biodegradable polymers, poly(L-lactide) and poly(ε-caprolactone) were blended (50/50) and used to produce polymeric scaffolds by the dual porogen approach using a salt leaching technique to create pores within the matrix, while supercritical-CO 2 treatment was used to enhance the interconnectivity and to remove impurities from synthesis steps. The scaffolds were highly porous (porosity >90%) with interconnected pore morphologies. These biodegradable scaffolds were evaluated in Sprague Dawley rats for osteoconductive properties over a 6-month period. Bone specimens were analyzed after 1, 3, and 6 months, for bone healing and tissue response. The cortical bone remodeling by controlled osteoblastic and osteoclastic activities as well as the bone marrow elements recovery were semi-quantitatively examined for each group. Excellent integration and biocompatibility behavior was observed in all groups. No adverse tissue responses were observed.
Safe Placement of Central Venous Catheters
Authors: McGee William T. , Mailloux Patrick T. , Martin Richard T.
Published: March 2011

Introduction. To develop a simple method for safely placing central venous catheters (CVCs) outside the heart from the subclavian or internal jugular vein in compliance with Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and manufacturer guidelines. Methods. Patients requiring CVCs were enrolled into this prospective trial. Central venous catheters were inserted into the subclavian or internal jugular vein from either the right or left side to a depth of 15 cm. Chest radiographs were obtained immediately after insertion of the catheter to check tip placement and to evaluate for mechanical complications. Results. Operators successfully placed 201 of 210 (96%) CVCs outside the heart. Six of these required repositioning. Nine catheter tips were located in an intracardiac position. No cases of pneumothorax, hemothorax, or pericardial tamponade occurred. One case of delayed hydrothorax due to superior vena cava injury occurred. Conclusions. Using a 15-cm insertion depth via the internal jugular or subclavian vein results in safe catheter tip location in the majority of procedures consistent with FDA and manufacturer guidelines.
Critical Care Issues in Managing Complex Open Abdominal Wound
Authors: Dutton William D. , Diaz Jose J. , Miller Richard S.
Published: March 2011

Over the past 30 years, surgical specialties have introduced and expanded the role of open abdominal management in complicated operative cases, necessitating an intensivist’s understanding of the indications and unique intensive care unit (ICU) issues related to the open abdomen. When presented with the open abdomen, resuscitation to correct shock is of primary concern. This is accomplished by correction of hypothermia, acidosis, and coagulopathy in trauma and adequate resolution of intra-abdominal hypertension or source control in general surgery. These patients typically require deep sedation and often paralysis and benefit from low-volume ventilatory strategies to prevent and treat acute lung injury. Antibiotics must be tailored to the clinical situation, but in most cases, 24 hours of perioperative treatment is all that is required. In cases of gross contamination and peritonitis, a 5- to 7-day course of broad-spectrum antibiotics may be of benefit.Adequate source control has been demonstrated to have the greatest impact on outcome and when the patient’s clinical milieu dictates, bedside washouts. Enteral nutrition should be instituted as early as possible after intestinal continuity has been reestablished. Additional protein is required to account for losses from the open abdomen. Reconstruction may require staging, but in general, should proceed following resolution of shock and control of sepsis. Elevated multiorgan dysfunction score, Acute Physiology And Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II), and a rise in peak inspiratory pressure portend poor source control and could result in failure of fascial closure. If unable to proceed to fascial closure, then considerations should be made for planned ventral hernia and subsequent abdominal wall reconstruction.
Norepinephrine or Dopamine for Septic Shock
Authors: Vasu Tajender S. , Cavallazzi Rodrigo , Hirani Amyn , Kaplan Gary , Leiby Benjamin , Marik Paul E.
Published: March 2011

Received July 30, 2010, and in revised form September 14, 2010. Accepted for publication September 20, 2010. Background: There is debate as to the vasopressor agent of choice in patients with septic shock. According to current guidelines either dopamine or norepinephrine may be considered as the first-line agent for the management of refractory hypotension of septic shock. Objective: The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate randomized clinical trials which compared norepinephrine versus dopamine in critically ill patients with septic shock or in a population of critically ill patients with shock predominantly secondary to sepsis. Data Sources: MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, Cochrane Register of Controlled Trials and citation review of relevant primary and review articles. Study Selection: Randomized clinical trials that compared norepinephrine with dopamine in critically ill adults with sepsis and reported the 28-day or in-hospital mortality. Data Extraction: We abstracted data on study design, study setting, patient population, 28-day mortality or in-hospital mortality, rate of arrhythmias, hospital length of stay, and ICU length of stay. Data Synthesis: Six studies met our inclusion criteria. These studies included a total of 2043 participants, with 995 in the norepinephrine and 1048 in the dopamine groups. There were 479 (48%) deaths in the norepinephrine group and 555 (53%) deaths in the dopamine group. There was statistically significant superiority of norepinephrine over dopamine for the outcome of in-hospital or 28-day mortality: pooled RR: 0.91 (95% CI 0.83 to 0.99; P = .028). We also found a statistically significant decrease in the rate of cardiac arrhythmias in the norepinephine group as compared to the dopamine group: pooled RR: 0.43 (95% CI 0.26 to 0.69; P ≤ .001). A subgroup analysis that pooled studies in which all the randomized patients had septic shock demonstrated that norepinephrine improved in-hospital or 28-day mortality; however, the results were no longer statistically significant. Conclusions: The analysis of the pooled studies that included a critically ill population with shock predominantly secondary to sepsis showed superiority of norepinephrine over dopamine for in-hospital or 28-day mortality.