bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dinorditerpene, Diterpenes, Alkaloids, and Coumarins from Clausena dunniana
Authors: He Hong‐Ping , Shen Yue‐Mao , Zuo Guo‐Ying , Yang Xiao‐Sheng , Hao Xiao‐Jiang
Published: September 2003

The new dinorditerpene 14,15‐dinorclerod‐3‐ene‐2,13‐dione (2), the eight new clerodane diterpenes 4, 5, 7–10, 13, and 14, and the new furoquinoline alkaloid 15, besides thirty known compounds, were isolated from the aerial part of Clausena dunniana collected in Xishuangbanna, the south of China. The structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis including 1D‐ and 2D‐NMR.
Possible antecedents and developmental implications of shame in young girls
Authors: Mills Rosemary S. L.
Published: September 2003

The objectives of this study were to assess the effects of parenting style and child emotionality on the development of proneness to shame in young girls, and the mediating effect of shame on the development of adjustment problems. Eighty‐eight girls were assessed twice, at 3 and 5 years of age, along with their mothers and fathers. Shame was assessed by observations (reactions to failure and criticism); parenting style and child emotions (fearfulness, sadness, anger) were measured using parent reports; and adjustment problems were assessed by parent and teacher reports. Girls were more likely to show shame at age 5 when both their mothers and fathers had been relatively authoritarian at age 3; their emotional dispositions did not have any direct longitudinal effects on shame. Authoritarian parenting predicted subsequent internalizing problems as assessed by teachers, but there was no evidence for a mediational effect of shame. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The use of caddisfly fauna (Insecta: Trichoptera) to characterise the Late‐glacial River Trent, England
Authors: Greenwood M. T. , Agnew M. D. , Wood P. J.
Published: September 2003

Trichoptera have been utilised infrequently in palaeoecological studies despite their value as environmental indicators of freshwater habitat structure and quality, via their aquatic larvae, and catchment macroclimate conditions, via the aerial adults. Two sites, dated ca. 11 600 14C yr BP, in the middle reaches of the River Trent (England) supported caddisfly (Trichoptera) assemblages indicative of a dynamic braided river with extensive floodplain development. At the first, Barrow‐upon‐Trent, the caddisfly assemblage was dominated by taxa indicative of a medium to large gravel‐bed river (Lepidostoma hirtum, Micrasema setiferum and taxa from the family Hydropsychidae). At the second site, Hemington, the caddisfly fauna was dominated by taxa from the families Limnephilidae and Phryganeidae. These usually occur in slow flowing and standing waters and are indicative of cut‐off channels on the floodplain. Micrasema setiferum does not occur in the contemporary UK fauna and has a modern distribution across central Europe and Fennoscandia. A gridded climatology extracted for those geographical areas where M. setiferum occurs today indicated a greater degree of continentality than currently prevailing in the Trent catchment. The value of Trichoptera in palaeoecological studies is explored and a model of channel evolution for the River Trent is presented based on caddisfly data. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lake stratigraphy implies an 80 000 yr delayed melting of buried dead ice in northern Russia
Authors: Henriksen Mona , Mangerud Jan , Matiouchkov Alexei , Paus Aage , Svendsen John Inge
Published: September 2003

Sediment cores from lakes Kormovoye and Oshkoty in the glaciated region of the Pechora Lowland, northern Russia, reveal sediment gravity flow deposits overlain by lacustrine mud and gyttja. The sediments were deposited mainly during melting of buried glacier ice beneath the lakes. In Lake Kormovoye, differential melting of dead ice caused the lake bottom to subside at different places at different times, resulting in sedimentation and erosion occurring only some few metres apart and at shifting locations, as further melting caused inversion of the lake bottom. Basal radiocarbon dates from the two lakes, ranging between 13 and 9 ka, match with basal dates from other lakes in the Pechora Lowland as well as melting of ice‐wedges. This indicates that buried glacier ice has survived for ca. 80 000 years from the last glaciation of this area at 90 ka until about 13 ka when a warmer climate caused melting of permafrost and buried glacier ice, forming numerous lakes and a fresh‐looking glacial landscape. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Variability in temperature and geometry of the Norwegian Current over the past 600 yr; stable isotope and grain size evidence from the Norwegian margin
Authors: Berstad Ida Malene , Sejrup Hans Petter , Klitgaard‐Kristensen Dorthe , Haflidason Haflidi
Published: September 2003

Core P1‐003MC was retrieved from 851 m water depth on the southern Norwegian continental margin, close to the boundary between the Norwegian Current (NC) and the underlying cold Norwegian Sea Deep Water. The core chronology was established by using 210Pb measurements and 14C dates, suggesting a sampling resolution of between 2 and 9 yr. Sea‐surface temperature (SST) variations in the NC are reconstructed from stable oxygen isotope measurements in two planktonic Foraminifera species, Neogloboquadrina pachyderma (d.) and Globigerina bulloides. The high temporal resolution of the SST proxy records allows direct comparison with instrumental ocean temperature measurements from Ocean Weather Ship (OWS) Mike in the Norwegian Sea and an air temperature record from the coastal island Ona, western Norway. The comparison of the instrumental and the proxy SST data suggests that N. pachyderma (d.) calcify during summer, whereas G. bulloides calcify during spring. The δ18O records of both species suggest that the past 70 yr have been the warmest throughout the past 600 yr. The spring and summer proxy temperature data suggest differences in the duration of the cold period of the Little Ice Age. The spring temperature was 1–3°C colder throughout most of the period between ca. AD 1400 and 1700, and the summer temperature was 1–2°C colder throughout most of the period between ca. AD 1400 and 1920. Fluctuations in the depth of the lower boundary of the NC have been investigated by examining grain size data and benthic foraminiferal assemblages. The data show that the transition depth of the lower boundary of the NC was deeper between ca. AD 1400 and 1650 than after ca. AD 1750 until present. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identification of children presenting with fever in chemotherapy‐induced neutropenia at low risk for severe bacterial infection
Authors: Ammann Roland A. , Hirt Andreas , Lüthy Annette Ridolfi , Aebi Christoph
Published: September 2003

Background

Febrile neutropenia (FN) remains a frequent complication in pediatric onco;logy, requiring emergency hospitalization and empirical broad spectrum antibiotics. The distinction of patients at high versus low risk for severe bacterial infection (SBI) is not fully established. The purpose of this study was to define a rule predicting the risk to develop SBI in children and adolescents with FN, based on information accessible at presentation.

Procedure

Information accessible within 2 hr from presentation was collected retrospectively on all pediatric cancer patients presenting with FN from 1993 to 2001 in a single institution. Patients with established SBI at presentation were excluded. After univariate analyses, two multivariate models predicting the risk of SBI were constructed and their performance evaluated using crossvalidation.

Results

An SBI developed in 106 (37%) of 285 episodes of 111 children. The logistic regression model outperformed the decision tree model in predicting SBI. It was based on seven variables: bone marrow involvement, no clinical signs of viral infection, high level of C‐reactive protein, high hemoglobin, low leukocyte count, presence of central venous catheter, and diagnosis of pre‐B‐cell leukemia. At 96% sensitivity, the crossvalidated specificity was 26%, and the negative predictive value 91%.

Conclusions

Combining selected information accessible at presentation, SBI in FN can be predicted with clinically useful specificity maintaining very high sensitivity. Induction therapy and absence of clinical signs of viral infection were identified as new predictors of SBI. The results of this study need confirmation and refinement in prospective studies, aiming at more selective management of FN in pediatric oncology. Med Pediatr Oncol 2003;41:436–443. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nitrobenzene toxicity: QSAR correlations and mechanistic interpretations
Authors: Katritzky Alan R. , Oliferenko Polina , Oliferenko Alexander , Lomaka Andre , Karelson Mati
Published: September 2003

The overall five‐parameter QSAR correlation [$R^2=0.723, R_{\rm cv}^2=0.676, s=0.42$ in terms of log(IGC50−1)] based on CODESSA‐PRO methodology for the aquatic toxicity of 97 substituted nitrobenzenes to the ciliate Tetrahymena pyriformis supports previous conclusions that hydrophobicity and electrophilic reactivity control nitrobenzene toxicity. Correcting for the ionization of acidic species (picric and nitrobenzoic acids) improves the results: $R^2=0.813, R_{\rm cv}^2=0.787, s=0.346$. Consideration of the total set of 97 compounds suggests two mechanisms of toxic action. A subset containing 43 compounds favorably disposed to reversible reduction of nitro group with respect to the single occupied molecular orbital energy, ESOMO correlated well with just four theoretically derived descriptors: $R^2=0.915, R_{\rm cv}^2=0.890, s=0.276$. Another set of 49 substances predisposed to aromatic nucleophilic substitution modeled well ($R^2=0.915, R_{\rm cv}^2=0.888, s=0.232$) with five descriptors. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Novel cadmium–organic frameworks with nitrilotriacetate
Authors: Almeida Paz Filipe A. , Klinowski Jacek
Published: September 2003

Novel cadmium–organic frameworks incorporating nitrilotriacetate (NTA3−) and BPY (4,4′‐bipyridine) were synthesized under hydrothermal conditions and structurally characterized by single‐crystal x‐ray crystallography and other techniques. The crystal structure of CUmof‐7, [Cd4(BPY)5(NTA)2(H2O)4]ċ(NO3)2ċ(H2O)x, consists of infinite 2D cationic bilayers stacked along the c direction, and perforated by wide tubular channels filled with nitrate ions and highly disordered water molecules. CUmof‐8, [Cd4(BPY)4(NTA)2(H2O)10]ċ(BPY)ċ(NO3)2ċ (H2O)8, is a 1D metal–organic polymer produced by the self‐assembly of a bimetallic secondary building unit into a cationic chain, $[{\rm Cd}_2({\rm BPY})_2 ({\rm NTA})({\rm H}_{2} {\rm O})_5]_n^{n+}$. NTA3− appears in both crystal structures as an effective polydentate ligand which traps the Cd2+ metal ions inside three chelate five‐membered rings, eliminating available coordination sites and favouring the formation of 1D polymers (for CUmof‐8). Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Non‐additivity of the static correlation energy of π‐electrons in planar molecules as a manifestation of anti/aromaticity
Authors: Barić Danijela , Maksić Zvonimir B.
Published: September 2003

The non‐dynamic or static correlation energy of π‐electrons, E(ND)π, was studied in a number of cyclic organic molecules, including various heteroatomic systems, employing CASSCFπ formalism. It is shown that E(ND)π is highly additive in linear polyenes. However, interesting non‐additivities are found in anti/aromatic molecules. They are seemingly counterintuitive since E(ND)π is smaller in aromatic compounds than in the corresponding open‐chain polyenes. The opposite takes place in antiaromatic systems. However, they are easily understood if it is taken into account that the HF HOMO–LUMO gaps are higher in aromatic and lower in antiaromatic molecules compared with reference zig‐zag polyenes. The results of the present analysis confirm that anti/aromaticity is an excess or depletion feature, meaning that deviations of E(ND)π from additivity are a direct consequence and clear manifestation of anti/aromaticity. It is argued that anti/aromaticity is necessarily a multifaceted phenomenon, since each molecular property probes different portions of the electron density distribution and/or a ladder of the molecular orbital energy levels, thus leading to distinct scales of anti/aromaticity. Each of these scales is useful in its own right. However, the most important scale is based on homodesmotic reactions, since they are directly related to thermodynamic in/stability and consequently to the omnipresent chemical reactivity. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ab initio study of tautomerism and of basicity center preference in histamine, from gas phase to solution—comparison with experimental data (gas phase, solution, solid state)
Authors: Raczyńska Ewa D. , Darowska Małgorzata , Cyrański Michał K. , Makowski Mariusz , Rudka Tomasz , Gal Jean‐François , Maria Pierre‐Charles
Published: September 2003

Tautomeric and basicity center preferences for isolated neutral and monoprotonated histamine were studied by means of ab initio calculations (HF, MP2 and DFT). The polarizable continuum model (PCM) was applied to the study of the variations of the tautomeric and basicity center preferences in histamine on going from the gas phase to aqueous solution. Twelve solvents of different polarities (from n‐heptane to water) were chosen and calculations were performed for geometries optimized at the HF/6–31G* level. In low‐polarity solvents and in the gas phase the protonation site is identical. A change of the preferred site of protonation takes place in solvents containing heteroatoms (except tetrachloromethane). Under the same conditions, a variation of the tautomeric preference in the monocation occurs. The ring N2‐protonated form (ImH+)—favored in gas phase—is also preferred in non‐polar solvents (n‐heptane, benzene, tetrachloromethane). The ImH+ form becomes less important in more polar solvents. In such a case, the chain N3‐protonated form (AmH+‐T1) predominates. For the neutral histamine, solvation has a relatively small influence on the relative energies (variations are less than 1 kcal mol−1), and does not change the tautomeric preference (HA‐T2). Calculated basicity parameters were compared with those obtained experimentally in the gas phase and in aqueous solution. In the gas phase, the experimental (‘macroscopic’) basicity parameter (PA) is close to the ‘microscopic’ PA calculated for the gauche conformation. In aqueous solution, the microscopic pKa order is similar to that of the Eprot calculated for the trans conformation. In the solid state, both forms of histamine (neutral and monoprotonated) prefer the trans conformation. Some exceptions occur for complexes with metals. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Re‐evaluation of treatment approach for a site contaminated with Freon‐113 and 1,1,1‐trichloroethane
Authors: Kota Sreenivas , Trione Charles W. , Goldstein Kenneth J. , Wang James Y.
Published: September 2003

This study demonstrates a remedial approach for completing the remediation of an aquifer contaminated with
1,1,2‐trichlorotrifluoroethane (Freon‐113) and 1,1,1‐trichloroethane
(TCA). In 1987, approximately 13,000 pounds of Freon‐113 were spilled from a tank at an
industrial facility located in the state of New York. The groundwater remediation program consisted of an
extraction system coupled with airstripping followed by natural attenuation of residual contaminants. In the
first phase, five recovery wells and an airstripping tower were operational from April 1993 to August 1999.
During this time period over 10,000 pounds of CFC‐13 and 200 pounds of TCA were removed from the
groundwater and the contaminant concentrations decreased by several orders of magnitude. However, the efficiency
of the remediation system to recover residual Freon and/or TCA reduced significantly. This was evidenced by:
(1) low levels (< 10 ppb) of Freon and TCA captured in the extraction wells and
(2) a slight increase of Freon and/or TCA in off‐site monitoring wells. A detailed study
was conducted to evaluate the alternative for the second‐phase remediation. Results of a two‐year
groundwater monitoring program indicated the contaminant plume to be stable with no significant increase or
decrease in contaminant concentrations. Monitored geochemical parameters suggest that biodegradation does not
influence the fate and transport of these contaminants, but other mechanisms of natural attenuation
(primarily sorption and dilution) appear to control the fate and transport of these contaminants. The
contaminants appear to be bound to the soil matrix (silty and clay units) with limited desorption as
indicated by the solid phase analyses of contaminant concentrations. Results of fate and transport modeling
indicated that contaminant concentrations would not exceed the action levels in the wells that showed a slight
increase in contaminant concentrations and in the downgradient wells (sentinel) during the modeled
timeframe of 30 years. This feasibility study for natural attenuation led to the termination of the extraction
system and a transaction of the property, resulting in a significant financial benefit for the original site
owner. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Complex co‐substrate addition increases initial petroleum degradation rates during land treatment by altering bacterial community physiology
Authors: Kaplan Christopher W. , Clement Brian G. , Hamrick Alice , Pease Robert W. , Flint Carl , Cano Raul J. , Kitts Christopher L.
Published: September 2003

A pilot‐scale land treatment unit (LTU) was constructed at the former Guadalupe oil production
field with the purpose of investigating the effect of co‐substrate addition on the bacterial community and
the resulting rate and extent of total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) degradation. The TPH was a weathered
mid‐cut distillate (C10‐C32) excavated from the subsurface and stockpiled before
treatment. A control cell (Cell 1) in the LTU was amended with nitrogen and phosphorus while the
experimental cell (Cell 2) was amended with additional complex co‐substrate—corn steep
liquor. During the pilot LTU operation, measurements were taken of TPH, nutrients, moisture, aerobic heterotrophic
bacteria (AHB), and diesel oxidizing bacteria (DOB). The bacterial community was also assayed
using community‐level physiology profiles (CLPP) and 16S rDNA terminal restriction fragment
(TRF) analysis. TPH degradation in both cells was characterized by a rapid phase of degradation that
lasted for the first three weeks, followed by a slower degradation phase that continued through the remainder of
the project. The initial rate of TPH‐degradation in Cell 1 (−0.021 day−1)
was slower than in Cell 2 (−0.035 day−1). During the slower phase, degradation
rates in both cells were similar (−0.0026 and −0.0024 respectively). AHB and DOB counts were
similar in both cells during the fast degradation phase. A second addition of co‐substrate to Cell 2 at the
beginning of the slow degradation phase resulted in an increased AHB population that lasted for the remainder of
the project but did not affect TPH degradation rates. CLPP data showed that co‐substrate addition altered
the functional capacity of the bacterial community during both phases of the project. However, TRF data indicated
that the phylogenetic composition of the community was not different in the two cells during the fast degradation
phase. The bacterial phylogenetic structure in Cell 2 differed from Cell 1 after the second application of
co‐substrate, during the slow degradation phase. Thus, co‐substrate addition appeared to enhance the
functional capacity of the bacterial community during the fast degradation phase when the majority of TPH was
bioavailable, resulting in increased degradation rates, but did not affect rates during the slow degradation phase
when the remaining TPH may not have been bioavailable. These data show that co‐substrate addition might
prove most useful for applications such as land farming where TPH is regularly applied to the same soil and
initial degradation rates are more important to the project goals. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effects of fenfluramine and antidepressants on protein kinase C activity in rat cortical synaptoneurosomes
Authors: Giambalvo Cecilia T. , Price Lawrence H.
Published: September 2003

Fenfluramine releases serotonin (5‐HT) via the 5‐HT transporter (SERT). Previous work has shown that amphetamine increases particulate protein kinase C (PKC) activity in striatal synaptoneurosomes. The increased PKC activity is linked to the outward transport of dopamine, and when release is diminished, the inward transport of amphetamine inhibits PKC instead. Since there is homology among monoamine transporters, this study was undertaken to determine if D‐fenfluramine has similar effects on PKC. The role of 5‐HT receptors and endogenous 5‐HT were also examined. Naive rats and rats pretreated with p‐chlorophenylalanine (PCPA), a 5‐HT synthesis inhibitor, were sacrificed. Cortical synaptoneurosomes were prepared and incubated with fenfluramine. PKC activity was determined by thiophosphorylation of endogenous substrates. It was found that 5‐HT, D/L‐fenfluramine, and D‐fenfluramine increased PKC activity in a time‐ and dose‐dependent manner. The 5‐HT‐mediated increase in PKC activity was attenuated by pretreatment with the 5‐HT2 antagonist ketanserin, but not with the SERT inhibitor fluoxetine. The D‐fenfluramine‐induced increase in PKC activity was completely prevented, however, by pretreatment with SERT inhibitors and partially with ketanserin. It was also attenuated by pretreatment with PCPA, resulting in a dose‐dependent inhibition of PKC instead. Thus, when 5‐HT release was diminished the uptake of D‐fenfluramine inhibited PKC. Similar effects have been observed with amphetamine. Unlike D‐fenfluramine, the D/L‐fenfluramine‐induced increase in PKC activity was partially resistant to PCPA pretreatment but was attenuated with bupropion, a dopamine transporter (DAT) inhibitor. SERT inhibitors (sertraline, paroxetine, citalopram, and fluoxetine) also increased PKC activity. Nefazodone and bupropion increased PKC activity, but mirtazapine was relatively inactive. The SERT inhibitor‐induced increase in PKC was unaffected by pretreatment with PCPA but was inhibited by calcium. Similar effects on PKC activity have been observed with DAT inhibitors. These results, showing that D‐fenfluramine altered PKC activity similar to D‐amphetamine, suggest that the topographic homology between DAT and SERT may extend to their effects on PKC activity. Synapse 50:212–222, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
High‐dose fenfluramine administration decreases serotonin transporter binding, but not serotonin transporter protein levels, in rat forebrain
Authors: Rothman Richard B. , Jayanthi Subramaniam , Wang Xiaoying , Dersch Christina M. , Cadet Jean L. , Prisinzano Thomas , Rice Kenner C. , Baumann Michael H.
Published: September 2003

Administration of D‐fenfluramine (D‐FEN) or parachloroamphetamine (PCA) can produce long‐lasting decreases in serotonin transporter (SERT) binding and tissue levels of serotonin (5‐HT) in rat forebrain. These changes have been viewed as evidence for 5‐HT neurotoxicity, but no studies have measured SERT protein levels. In the present study, we determined the effect of high‐dose D‐FEN or PCA, administered according to a “neurotoxic” dosing regimen, on the density of SERT sites using ligand binding methods and on SERT protein levels using Western blots. Rats were sacrificed 2 days and 2 weeks after administration of drug or saline. The density of SERT was determined in homogenates of caudate and whole brain minus caudate. D‐FEN and PCA decreased SERT binding by 30–60% in both tissues and at both time points. Similarly, D‐FEN and PCA administration profoundly decreased tissue 5‐HT and 5‐HIAA in frontal cortex. Despite the large decreases in SERT binding and depletion of tissue 5‐HT that occurred with D‐FEN administration, SERT protein expression, as determined by Western blot analysis, did not change in either tissue or time point. PCA administration decreased SERT protein by about 20% only at the 2‐day point in the caudate. Drug treatments did not change expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), a hallmark indicator of neuronal damage, in whole brain minus caudate in the 2‐week group. These results support the hypothesis that decreases in tissue 5‐HT and SERT binding sites induced by D‐FEN and PCA reflect neuroadapative changes, rather than neurotoxic effects. Synapse 50:233–239, 2003. Published 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Language in the modular mind? It’s a no-brainer!
Authors: Bickerton Derek
Published: September 2003

Although Carruthers’ proposals avoid some of the more obvious pitfalls that face analysts of the language-cognition relationship, they are needlessly complex and vitiated by his uncritical acceptance of a highly modular variety of evolutionary psychology. He pays insufficient attention both to the neural substrate of the processes he hypothesizes and to the evolutionary developments that gave rise to both language and human cognition.
Catatonia: A window into the cerebral underpinnings of will
Authors: de Oliveira-Souza Ricardo , Moll Jorge , Azevedo Ignácio Fátima , Eslingerc Paul J.
Published: September 2003

The will is one of the three pillars of the trilogy of mind that has pervaded Western thought for millennia, the other two being affectivity and cognition (Hilgard 1980). In the past century, the concept of will was imperceptibly replaced by the cognitive-oriented behavioral qualifiers “voluntary,” “goal-directed,” “purposive,” and “executive” (Tranel et al. 1994), and has lost much of its heuristic merits, which are related to the notion of “human autonomy” (Lhermitte 1986). We view catatonia as the clinical expression of impairment of the brain mechanisms that promote human will. Catatonia is to the brain systems engaged in will, as coma is to the reticular ascending systems that promote sleep and wakefulness (Plum 1991).
Why not LF for false belief reasoning?
Authors: de Villiers Jill G. , de Villiers Peter A.
Published: September 2003

We argue that natural language has the right degree of representational richness for false belief reasoning, especially the complements under verbs of communication and belief. Language may indeed be necessary synchronically for cross-modular reasoning, but certain achievements in language seem necessary at least diachronically for explicit reasoning about false beliefs.
Coconstructed functionality instead of functional normality
Authors: Li Shu-Chen , Lindenberger Ulman
Published: September 2003

We agree with the critique of the Residual Normality assumption. Moreover, we challenge monolithic views of functional normality. Throughout life, development and adaptation require variations in cortical functional circuitry within and across individuals. We propose the principle of “coconstructed functionality” which maintains that brain-behavior functional correspondences are dynamically coproduced by neurobiological, experiential, and contextual processes.
Inner speech and the meeting of the minds
Authors: Frawley William
Published: September 2003

Four extensions of Carruthers’ arguments are given. (1) Specifics of the Vygotskyan tradition can enhance his claims. (2) Linguistic relativity might be seen as variation in how logical form (LF) and phonetic form (PF)serve working memory. (3) Language aids intermodular thinking because it makes representations maximally visible. (4) Language for intermodular thinking is not hardwired but opportunistic.
Information, representation, and the dynamic systems approach to language
Authors: Symons John
Published: September 2003

Shanker & King (S&K) provide a criticism of information-theoretic approaches to language, but the real obstacle to their dynamicist approach is the argument that representations are an indispensable part of any cognitive theory. Since the dynamicist approach has a prima facie anti-representationalist bent, the authors must show why dynamicist views can provide adequate explanations of intelligent behavior.
Internalizing communication
Authors: O'Brien Gerard , Opie Jon
Published: September 2003

Carruthers presents evidence concerning the cross-modular integration of information in human subjects which appears to support the “cognitive conception of language.” According to this conception, language is not just a means of communication, but also a representational medium of thought. However, Carruthers overlooks the possibility that language, in both its communicative and cognitive roles, is a nonrepresentational system of conventional signals – that words are not a medium we think in, but a tool we think with. The evidence he cites is equivocal when it comes to choosing between the cognitive conception and this radical communicative conception of language.
The emergence of a new paradigm in ape language research: Beyond interactionism
Authors: Shanker Stuart G. , King Barbara J.
Published: September 2003

We group the issues raised in the commentaries into five major sections. In the first, section R1, we consider some of the antecedents to dynamic systems (DS) in psychology, biology, anthropology, and primatology and note the key changes that have occurred in DS over the past ten years. Next, in section R2, we explain the ways in which co-regulation differs markedly from interactional synchrony, focusing in particular on the creation of meaning inherent in co-regulated communication. The following section (R3) clarifies the challenge that DS poses to Cartesian assumptions about the nature of communication and contrasts this position with behaviorism. In the next section (R4) we reject the notion that IP and DS may be, in fact, compatible paradigms. Finally, we explain the exciting future we envision for using DS to facilitate consideration of evolutionary questions, particularly those concerning the comparative evolutionary development of socio-emotional dynamics between partners (section R5).
Conjoining information from different modules: A comparative perspective
Authors: Vallortigara Giorgio , Sovrano Valeria Anna
Published: September 2003

The hypothesis that nonhuman species, lacking verbal language, do not really integrate information from different modules, but use instead information sequentially, appears difficult to put under empirical scrutiny. Evidence is discussed showing that in nonhuman species storing of geometric information occurs spontaneously even when landmark information suffices for spatial reorientation, suggesting simultaneous encoding, if not use, of information from different modules.
Current status of plasma emission electronics: II. Hardware
Authors: BUGAEV A.S. , VIZIR A.V. , GUSHENETS V.I. , NIKOLAEV A.G. , OKS E.M. , YUSHKOV G.Yu. , BURACHEVSKY Yu.A. , BURDOVITSIN V.A. , OSIPOV I.V. , REMPE N.G.
Published: September 2003

This paper is devoted to the engineering embodiment of the
modern methods for producing charged ion and electron beams
by extracting them from the plasma of a discharge. Electron
beams use to execute electron-beam welding, annealing, and surface
heating of materials and to realize plasmochemical reactions
stimulated by fast electrons. Ion beams allow realization of
technologies of ion implantation or ion-assisted deposition
of coatings thereby opening new prospects for the creation of
compounds and alloys by the method that makes it possible to
obtain desired parameters and functional properties of the surface.
A detailed description is given to the performance and design
of devices producing beams of this type: the ion and electron
sources being developed at the laboratory of plasma sources
of the Institute of High-Current Electronics of the Russian
Academy of Sciences and the laboratory of plasma electronics
of Tomsk State University of Control Systems and Radioelectronics.
Production and application of low-energy, high-current electron
beams
Authors: OZUR G.E. , PROSKUROVSKY D.I. , ROTSHTEIN V.P. , MARKOV A.B.
Published: September 2003

This article reviews experiments on the production of low-energy,
high-current electron beams (LEHCEB) and their use for surface
modification of materials. It is shown that electron guns with
a plasma anode and an explosive emission cathode are most promising
for the production of this type of beams. The problems related
to the initiation of explosive emission and the production and
transportation of LEHCEBs in plasma-filled diodes are considered.
It has been shown that if the rise time of the accelerating
voltage is comparable to or shorter than the time it takes for
an ion to fly through the space charge layer, the electric field
strength at the cathode and the electron current density in
the layer are increased. Experimentally, it has been established
that the current of the beam transported in the plasma channel
is 1–2 orders of magnitude greater than the critical Pierce
current and several times greater than the chaotic current of
the anode plasma electrons. Methods for improving the uniformity
of the energy density distribution over the beam cross section
are described. The nonstationary temperature and stress fields
formed in metal targets have been calculated. The features of
the structure-phase transformations in the surface layers of
materials irradiated with LEHCEBs have been considered. It has
been demonstrated that in the surface layers quenched from the
liquid state, nonequilibrium structure-phase states are formed.
Linear transformer accelerator for the excimer laser
Authors: KOVALCHUK B.M. , ABDULLIN E.N. , GRISHIN D.M. , GUBANOV V.P. , ZORIN V.B. , KIM A.A. , KUMPJAK E.V. , MOROZOV A.V. , SKAKUN V.S. , STEPTCHENKO A.S. , TARASENKO V.F. , TOLKACHEV V.S. , SCHANIN P.M. , TSOU N.V.
Published: September 2003

A high-current accelerator for pumping of the 200-L excimer
laser is developed, providing electron energy of 550 keV, a
diode current of 320 kA, and an e-beam current of 250 kA. The
high-voltage part of the accelerator consists of two linear
transformers with a stored energy of 98 kJ. To reduce the influence
of the self-magnetic field on e-beam formation, the vacuum diode
is divided into six separate magnetically isolated diodes.
Efficient e-beam and discharge initiated nonchain HF(DF) lasers
Authors: PANCHENKO A.N. , ORLOVSKII V.M. , TARASENKO V.F.
Published: September 2003

The spectral and amplitude-temporal parameters of HF (DF) lasers
pumped by nonchain chemical reactions initiated by radially
convergent or planar e-beams and self-sustained discharge were
studied. Intrinsic efficiency of the HF lasers up to ∼10%
was obtained for both excitation methods. It was shown that
the high efficiency of an e-beam-initiated HF laser may be attained
as a result of the simultaneous formation of atomic and molecular
fluorine and of the participation of F2 in population
inversion. A laser pulse has a complex profile caused by the
successive generation of P-lines and the overlap during the
radiation pulse of both the rotational lines of the same vibration
band and of individual vibration bands. Experimental conditions
providing high intrinsic efficiency of a discharge nonchain
HF (DF) laser are determined. Intrinsic efficiency of HF and
DF lasers up to ηin ∼ 10% and 7%,
respectively, is obtained using excitation by inductive and LC
generators in the SF6-H2 (D2)
mixtures. High discharge uniformity obtained with the use of
special shaped electrodes along with uniform UV preionization
is a key parameter for improving the intrinsic efficiency of
discharge HF (DF) lasers. It was found that in this excitation
condition, output spectra of the HF laser significantly widen and
cascade laser action on some rotational lines of the vibrational
transitions of HF molecules ν(3–2) → ν(2–1)
→ ν(1–0) is observed. This can explain the high intrinsic
efficiency obtained. Specific output of the discharge HF laser
over 8 J/L (140 J/L×atm) and total laser efficiency
ηt ∼ 4.5% were achieved. For the
discharge DF laser, specific output and total efficiency were as
high as 6.5 J/L and 3.2%, respectively.
Generation and propagation of high-current low-energy electron
beams
Authors: DEVYATKOV V.N. , KOVAL N.N. , SCHANIN P.M. , GRIGORYEV V.P. , KOVAL T.V.
Published: September 2003

High-current electron beams with a current density of up to
100 A/cm2 generated by a plasma-cathode gas-filled
diode at low accelerating voltages are studied. Two types of gas
discharges are used to produce plasma in the cathode. With glow
and arc discharges, beam currents of up to 150 A and 400 A, respectively,
have been obtained at an accelerating voltage of 16 kV and at a
pressure of 1–3·10−2 Pa in the acceleration
gap. The ions resulting from ionization of gas molecules by electrons
of the beam neutralize the beam charge. The charge-neutralized electron
beam almost without losses is transported over a distance of 30 cm in a
drift channel which is in the axial magnetic field induced by Helmholtz
coils. The results of calculations for the motion of electrons of the
charge-neutralized beam with and without axial external field
are presented and compared with those of experiments.
Ion beam treatment of glass surfaces as a method for increased
metal film adhesion
Authors: LADYZHENSKY O.B. , ZASLAVSKY V.M. , KOVSHAROV N.F. , RASPUTIN R.M. , SOCHUGOV N.S.
Published: September 2003

Good adhesion of thin films to the substrate is obviously
necessary for any practical applications. Ion beam and plasma
treatment are used to establish enhanced adhesion of thin films
at dielectric substrates. It was supposed that both these processes
could lead either to removal of contaminant layers as a result
of surface heating and desorption or to production of stable
chemical bonding within the metal–substrate interface.
The article shows that the second process is the dominant factor.
Primary energy storages based on linear transformer stages
Authors: BASTRIKOV A.N. , VIZIR V.A. , VOLKOV S.N. , DURAKOV V.G. , EFREMOV A.M. , ZORIN V.B. , KIM A.A. , KOVALCHUK B.M. , KUMPJAK E.V. , LOGINOV S.V. , SINEBRYUHOV V.A. , TSOU N.V. , CERVJAKOV V.V. , YAKOVLEV V.P. , MESYATS G.A.
Published: September 2003

Primary storages based on a linear transformer scheme were
developed long ago. In this scheme, the secondary turn only
has to be insulated from the high output voltage. Seven years
ago at the High Current Electronics Institute (HCEI) a primary
storage based on a linear transformer scheme and called the
Linear Transformer Driver (LTD) stage was designed. In LTD stages,
the primary turn, the storage capacitors with the switches,
the core, and the outer conductor of the secondary turn are
integrated into the stage cavity representing one separate building
block of the primary storage. The body of the LTD cavity keeps
ground potential during the shot allowing us to assemble them
in series or in parallel depending on load requirements. Such
flexibility of the storage structure and high output power of
the LTD stages allows us to replace for some applications the
traditional water line technology with LTD-based primary storages
that are connected directly to the load (Direct Drive
Scheme—DDS). In this article, we present the design of
several LTD stages developed at HCEI and give examples of
high-power energy storages produced by using the LTD technology.
ARTICULATORY TIMING IN A SECOND LANGUAGE
Authors: Zsiga Elizabeth C.
Published: September 2003

This study compares patterns of consonant-to-consonant timing at word boundaries in English and Russian and investigates the roles of transfer and the emergence of linguistic universals in second language (L2) articulation. Native Russian speakers learning English and native English speakers learning Russian produced phrases in English and Russian contrasting VC#CV, VC#V, and V#CV sequences. The duration of all stop closures was measured as well as the percentage of consonant sequences in which the first consonant was audibly released. In their native language (L1), Russian speakers had a higher percentage of released final consonants than did English speakers in their L1 as well as a higher ratio of sequence-to-singleton duration. Examination of the timing patterns across different clusters revealed different articulatory strategies for the two languages. The native Russian pattern transferred to L2 English, but the native English pattern did not transfer to L2 Russian. Evidence was found for both articulatory transfer and the emergence of a default pattern of articulation, characteristic of neither L1 nor L2.
Exploring Violence Exposure, Stress, Protective Factors and Behavioral Problems Among Inner‐City Youth
Authors: Youngstrom Eric , Weist Mark D. , Albus Kathleen E.
Published: September 2003

This study examined relationships between violence exposure, other stressors, family support, and self‐concept on self‐reported behavioral problems among 320 urban adolescents (aged 11–18) referred for mental health treatment. Overall, participants reported high levels of violence exposure, with a median of six past encounters with violence as a witness, victim, or through the experiences of associates. All forms of violence exposure (witnessing, being a victim, knowing of victims) were correlated with internalizing and externalizing behavioral problems for males and females. Total violence exposure predicted behavioral problems among participants, even after controlling for the effects of other risk, demographic and protective factors. Family support and self‐concept moderated the influence of life stress and cumulative risk on problem behavior outcomes, but these protective variables did not significantly moderate violence exposure.
Systemically‐Based Psychotherapeutic Techniques in Genetic Counseling
Authors: Eunpu Deborah L.
Published: September 2003

The uses of systemically‐based psychotherapeutic methods in genetic counseling are discussed in the context of the origin of genetic counseling, the definition of genetic counseling, and the adjustments that one must make in order to implement these methods. Selected systemic methods which can be readily incorporated into genetic counseling are presented: use of genograms to explore family attitudes and beliefs about genetic risk, communications skills, and applications of family of origin work in genetic counseling. The need for research regarding the methodology and process of genetic counseling is presented with discussion of the need for theories of practice for genetic counseling.
The Commercialization of Clinical Genetics: An Analysis of Interrelations Between Academic Centers and For‐Profit Clinical Genetics Diagnostics Companies
Authors: Natowicz Marvin R. , Ard Catherine
Published: September 2003

The field of clinical genetics has undergone substantial commercialization, including the development of genetics diagnostics companies. Numerous for‐profit corporations now offer genetic diagnostic services; until recently, these clinical services were provided almost exclusively through academic, not‐for‐profit medical centers. Some of these for‐profit corporations have business and/or research relationships with academia. An evaluation of the interconnections between academia and the clinical genetics industry is an important first step in analyzing the risks and benefits of commercialization. We analyzed the personnel and business affiliations of 19 major U.S. for‐profit clinical genetics diagnostics companies with universities, academic medical centers, and the scientific and medical genetics communities in a 2‐year period, 1991–1992. We noted extensive connections between the for‐profit sector and academia. At least 17% of high‐ranking personnel and 85% of consultants for the companies had one or more academic ties. At least 68% of the companies had one or more business agreements with at least one university or academic medical center. These results raise many issues regarding the delivery of genetic medicine and the structure and function of academic medical genetics centers.
Unemployment, Underemployment, and Mental Health: Conceptualizing Employment Status as a Continuum
Authors: Dooley David
Published: September 2003

The economy is one of the most important social environments that affect well‐being, and community psychologists have long studied the social costs of one key economic stressor—job loss. But economically inadequate employment has received much less research attention than unemployment in regard to mental health effects. This paper contrasts these two literatures and considers factors that might account for their differential growth including actual rates of unemployment and underemployment. Recent panel studies offer no support for another possible basis for this differential growth—the assumption that inadequate employment is more like adequate employment than unemployment. Implications of a paradigm shift from a dichotomous perspective (employment vs. unemployment) to a continuum perspective with variations of both unemployment and employment are discussed for research and prevention. Another implication is the need to expand standard labor force statistics to reflect better the degree of underemployment.
Underemployment: Consequences for the Health and Well‐Being of Workers
Authors: Friedland Daniel S. , Price Richard H.
Published: September 2003

This paper addresses the question of how the adequacy of a person's employment status influences their health. We draw on and extend the Labor Utilization Framework to distinguish between different forms of underemployment (hours, income, skills, and status) and test their relative effects on a range of physical health and psychological well‐being outcomes. Using data drawn from a nationally representative sample (N=1,429) of adults of working age, we assess the concurrent effects of underemployment through a longitudinal design that controls for prior levels of health and well‐being. The results indicate that underemployed workers do report lower levels of health and well‐being than adequately employed workers. However, the relationship varies by both types of underemployment and indicator of health and well‐being. We conclude by discussing future research to explore the relationship between underemployment and health and well‐being.
Human Costs of Organizational Downsizing: Comparing Health Trends Between Leavers and Stayers
Authors: Kivimäki Mika , Vahtera Jussi , Elovainio Marko , Pentti Jaana , Virtanen Marianna
Published: September 2003

We studied health‐related selection and consequences of an organizational downsizing among 886 municipal employees. Measurements of health indicators were conducted before any rumor of the downsizing and immediately after the downsizing 3 years later. Results of predownsizing health showed that those who did not find employment after the staff reductions were older employees with high preexisting morbidity. Those getting a new job elsewhere were younger and had better health already before the downsizing than the stayers. After the downsizing, deterioration of health was most likely in the stayers working in groups of major staff reductions and among the nonemployed leavers. In the reemployed leavers, the risk of increased health problems was lower than in others including employees working in no or minor downsizing groups.
Psychological Aspects of Genetic Counseling. X. Advanced Counseling Techniques
Authors: Kessler Seymour
Published: September 2003

Four procedures commonly used by experienced counselors are described: simple interview formulations, helping clients think through their problems, reframing, and role playing. Each procedure is illustrated by examples. Among other things, the goal of these procedures is to promote the autonomy and self‐directedness of clients and thus are particularly valuable in circumstances requiring a nondirective stance. The need is underscored for a more active counseling stance appropriate to the psychological and problem‐solving needs of genetic counselees.
Update and Review: Maternal Serum Screening
Authors: Ormond Kelly E.
Published: September 2003

Maternal serum levels of alpha fetoprotein (AFP), human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), and unconjugated estriol (uE3) can be used to screen pregnancies for neural tube defects, Down syndrome, Trisomy 18, and pregnancy complications. This article summarizes the most recent information regarding maternal serum screening, including genetic counseling issues.