bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
POLARIZATION REMOTE SENSING PHYSICAL MECHANISM, KEY METHODS
AND APPLICATION
Authors: Yang B. , Wu T. , Chen W. , Li Y. , Knjazihhin J. , Asundi A. , Yan L.
Published: September 2017

Abstract. China's long-term planning major projects "high-resolution earth observation system" has been invested nearly 100 billion and the satellites will reach 100 to 2020. As to 2/3 of China's area covered by mountains，it has a higher demand for remote sensing. In addition to light intensity, frequency, phase, polarization is also the main physical characteristics of remote sensing electromagnetic waves. Polarization is an important component of the reflected information from the surface and the atmospheric information, and the polarization effect of the ground object reflection is the basis of the observation of polarization remote sensing. Therefore, the effect of eliminating the polarization effect is very important for remote sensing applications. The main innovations of this paper is as follows: (1) Remote sensing observation method. It is theoretically deduced and verified that the polarization can weaken the light in the strong light region, and then provide the polarization effective information. In turn, the polarization in the low light region can strengthen the weak light, the same can be obtained polarization effective information. (2) Polarization effect of vegetation. By analyzing the structure characteristics of vegetation, polarization information is obtained, then the vegetation structure information directly affects the absorption of biochemical components of leaves. (3) Atmospheric polarization neutral point observation method. It is proved to be effective to achieve the ground-gas separation, which can achieve the effect of eliminating the atmospheric polarization effect and enhancing the polarization effect of the object.
A QUADTREE ORGANIZATION CONSTRUCTION AND SCHEDULING METHOD FOR URBAN 3D MODEL BASED ON WEIGHT
Authors: Yao C. , Peng G. , Song Y. , Duan M.
Published: September 2017

Abstract. The increasement of Urban 3D model precision and data quantity puts forward higher requirements for real-time rendering of digital city model. Improving the organization, management and scheduling of 3D model data in 3D digital city can improve the rendering effect and efficiency. This paper takes the complexity of urban models into account, proposes a Quadtree construction and scheduling rendering method for Urban 3D model based on weight. Divide Urban 3D model into different rendering weights according to certain rules, perform Quadtree construction and schedule rendering according to different rendering weights. Also proposed an algorithm for extracting bounding box extraction based on model drawing primitives to generate LOD model automatically. Using the algorithm proposed in this paper, developed a 3D urban planning&management software, the practice has showed the algorithm is efficient and feasible, the render frame rate of big scene and small scene are both stable at around 25 frames.
SENSING URBAN LAND-USE PATTERNS BY INTEGRATING GOOGLE TENSORFLOW AND SCENE-CLASSIFICATION MODELS
Authors: Yao Y. , Liang H. , Li X. , Zhang J. , He J.
Published: September 2017

Abstract. With the rapid progress of China’s urbanization, research on the automatic detection of land-use patterns in Chinese cities is of substantial importance. Deep learning is an effective method to extract image features. To take advantage of the deep-learning method in detecting urban land-use patterns, we applied a transfer-learning-based remote-sensing image approach to extract and classify features. Using the Google Tensorflow framework, a powerful convolution neural network (CNN) library was created. First, the transferred model was previously trained on ImageNet, one of the largest object-image data sets, to fully develop the model’s ability to generate feature vectors of standard remote-sensing land-cover data sets (UC Merced and WHU-SIRI). Then, a random-forest-based classifier was constructed and trained on these generated vectors to classify the actual urban land-use pattern on the scale of traffic analysis zones (TAZs). To avoid the multi-scale effect of remote-sensing imagery, a large random patch (LRP) method was used. The proposed method could efficiently obtain acceptable accuracy (OA = 0.794, Kappa = 0.737) for the study area. In addition, the results show that the proposed method can effectively overcome the multi-scale effect that occurs in urban land-use classification at the irregular land-parcel level. The proposed method can help planners monitor dynamic urban land use and evaluate the impact of urban-planning schemes.
Same-sex love in Muslim cultures through the lens of Hindustani Cinema
Authors: Arfeen Ayesha
Published: September 2017

This paper tries to explore same-sex love in Muslim cultures in India as represented in Hindustani cinema. My focus will be on Muslim female same-sex love which is generally not touched upon. Female same-sex love and male same-sex love is widely discussed and debated upon. The recent film Dedh Ishqiya (Bhardwaj, 2014) is taken as a case study to examine female same-sex love in a Muslim context. Other films will be dealt in periphery. The influence of language, place and peer group is to be checked. Amradparashti or male same-sex love is discussed in comparison to female same-sex love for which no particular term in North India is used that frequently.
Kingdom of Heaven and its ideological message
Authors: Liu Yiou
Published: September 2017

As a Crusades epic, the film Kingdom of Heaven revives the 12th century history in the critical city of Jerusalem. The story surrounds a French blacksmith Balian who defends Jerusalem and contends with the Islamic leader Saladin who attempts to seize back the holy city from the Christians. Through the special themes in region, religion and war, Kingdom of Heaven seems to indicate the conflicts between the East and the West. Furthermore, the outbreaks of 9/11 and the Iraq War definitely make this film’s release more controversial. Kingdom of Heaven, being a film, an essential medium of mass communication, the style in which it expresses its story and ideology is worth considering in depth. By exploring this Hollywood film which lacks of the typical Hollywood style, this paper discusses the significance in making Kingdom of Heaven in the wake of 9/11 and how the critical debate surrounding the film is a reflection of contemporary ideologies.
Books received
Authors: Akser Murat
Published: September 2017

In 2016 we have received a variety of books on cinema and media from these publishers: Bloomsbury Academic, Brill, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, Edinburgh University Press, Manchester University Press, Peter Lang, Policy Press, Routledge, University of California Press, University of Illinois Press, Wayne State University Press.
Editorial
Authors: Bayrak Bengisu
Published: September 2017

This issue of CINEJ focuses on a variety of topics: Animated documentary, political cinema, female sexuality, religion, mythology and culture, orientalism, globalization and action movies, Halit Refiğ and Turkish cinema.
Women in Leadership Positions, Road to Success, A Case Study, Bahrain
Authors: Al-Barghouthi Samar Jawdat
Published: September 2017

Bahrain is a Muslim Arab tribal society, where women play a significant role in the countries’ development, and the number of female business leaders is increasing rapidly. Understanding the circumstances that brought these women to the forefront of business in their country will lead to constructing a better business environment for women in the future. The aim of this study is to explore these women in terms of: the secret behind their successes, their beliefs, and motivation towards leadership. The study tries to identify the “gap” in the scholarly literature on Bahraini women in business, and to provide in-depth data on female leaders in the region.The study employs the inductive approach, using an in-depth qualitative open-ended interview, developed and based on the contingency leadership theory. And the Weber framework of authority.The results indicate that the main factors contributing to the success of women leaders are social status, cultural, gender, struggle, and difficulties from women leaders’ point of view. This is a pilot study for further in-depth quantitative research in Bahrain and the GCC countries. This study is made up of eight samples. It is anticipated that future comparative research will be extended to a further quantitative study to cover a wider sample of Bahrain and GCC countries.The paper is considered as one of the first to discuss the factors affecting the success of businesswomen in Bahrain, rather than the factors that empower them.
Car Leasing in Lebanon from the Perspective of the Lessor
Authors: Azar Samih Antoine , Obeid Rana
Published: September 2017

This is a theoretical case study on car leasing in Lebanon from the perspective of the lessor. Although the methodology can be applied elsewhere we chose to take into consideration local domestic features. The procedure adopted is to start from a base model and then change the parameters of the model with the use of the command Data Table in Excel. We are able to conclude that car leasing can be a very profitable business even with modest input characteristics. The two factors that are highly relevant are the credit or financing limit, and the market salvage value, that both are critical to the lessor. We therefore recommend that car leasing firms pay particular attention on the natural depreciation of the car, choose, if possible, the customers with a good driving record, and equip the car with enhanced security measures. Alternatively the lessor can buy “full-risk” insurance against all damages to the car. This will help in mitigating the agency costs and the concomitant moral hazard that arise from the separation of ownership and control. Additionally the car leasing firm should aim to raise as much as possible its own borrowing capacity by appealing to its relative advantage from the pooling effect of holding a fleet of cars. Other factors, like, lending, or leasing rates, and borrowing rates, taxes, the recovery amount of the car, the car purchase price, and the assumed ROE have little effects.
Training U.S. Managers for Distant Shores
Authors: Godiwalla Yezdi H.
Published: September 2017

Proper pre-departure training and post-arrival mentoring of US managers who are assigned for distant and culturally and operationally different countries are vital for their success in their foreign assignment. Training them for foreign assignments is vital because they will be overwhelmed by an onslaught of diverse challenges of their tasks and unfamiliar operating and cultural situations, all of which will confound even the most capable domestic manager. Supervisory and decision making situations will be different from the home country situations with which they are so used to working before they left for the foreign shores. Specifically, they must cope and better manage their personally challenging issues, which are their own personal anxiety and stress arising out of unfamiliar situations that defy the cause-effect logic they were used to in their home countries, the foreign country’s unfamiliar environment causing perceived environmental uncertainty, their own personal flexibility and adaptation, communicating and leading with empathy in host country cultures, and self-efficacy and their own sustained drive for continuously working long hours to accomplish their own personal career goals and the foreign subsidiary’s objectives.
Brexit’s Protectionist Policy and Implications for the British Pound
Authors: Dixon Lara Joy , Jo Hoje
Published: September 2017

In this paper, we examine the association among the macroeconomic variables - interest rate, inflation rate, unemployment, and the expected spot rate of the British pound with respect to the Euro around the announcement of “Brexit”, June 2016, using the two international parity relationships, Purchase Power Parity (PPP) and International Fisher effect (IFE). We use the two international parity relationships to examine the significance of change in daily interest rates and monthly inflation rates on the change in actual daily spot rates. In addition, we postulate that the protectionist nature of Brexit policy has contributed to lowering U.K. unemployment and prompted wage growth, resulting in higher inflation rates. Our analysis, examining both the magnitude and directional deviation of the actual spot rate compared to the spot rate using the two parity relations, indicate that spot rates predicted based on the PPP and the IFE relations suggest the weakening of the British pound after the Brexit announcement. Furthermore, we find that U.K. unemployment has reduced due to the expanded monetary policy, consistent with the prediction of the Phillip’s curve.
From the Teachers Perspective: Exploring Ways to Navigate Transformative Dialogues about Microaggressions in Social Work Higher Education
Authors: Lipscomb Allen , Ashley Wendy , Mountz Sarah
Published: September 2017

Graduate social work education is a fertile context for microaggression encounters. Because a core concept of the discipline is social justice advocacy, social work pedagogy is steeped with instruction, reading materials, activities and dialogue regarding diversity, intersectionality, oppression, power, and privilege. Students enter graduate school from a plethora of backgrounds, maturity levels, and exposure to justice informed critical thinking. As a result, learning opportunities take place not only in classrooms and field placements, but also in social, interpersonal exchanges. Therefore, it is imperative that social work educators teach academic concepts while modeling and managing the process in which microaggressions proliferate. Drawing from auto-ethnographic data obtained through instructors’ observations of microaggressions occurring in social work classrooms, the authors posit that uncontained microaggressions can have a deleterious impact on students, faculty and the larger social work climate outside of higher education. Pedagogical tactics and strategies to navigate the nuances of micro, mezzo and macro microaggressions within the constructs of social work higher education are provided.
Timeliness and Relevance of Financial Reporting in Nigerian Quoted Firms
Authors: Ohaka John , Akani Fyneface N.
Published: September 2017

Financial accounting standards emphasize timeliness as one of the key components of decision-driven informationalrelevance. Accordingly, if information is not available as and when due but rather made available so late that it bears novalue for future action, then it is operationally irrelevant. To fulfil their primary objective and be useful, therefore,financial reports are expected to be characterized by relevance, reliability, completeness, and timeliness. Against thisbackground, this study examined the relationship of firm size and board independence respectively to the timeliness offinancial reporting in companies quoted on the Nigerian Stock Exchange (NSE). Secondary data pertaining to the firmswere derived from their annual reports and the NSE Fact Book for 12 years (2000-2011). Analysis of the research datainvolved test of multicollinearity, heteroskedasticity, and autocorrelation; while the multiple regression techniquefacilitated the test of research hypotheses. The results established a significant relationship between firm size andtimeliness of financial reporting; while in the case of board independence, the relationship was not significant.Consequently, it is recommended that regulatory bodies should ensure better of enforcement of standards relating totimeliness so that financial reports of the firms will be of higher value to key stakeholders.
A contemporary population-based study of testicular sex cord stromal tumours: Presentation, treatment patterns, and predictors of outcome
Authors: Yuh Lindsay M. , Lara Jr Primo N. , Wagenaar Rebecca M. , Evans Christopher P. , Dall'era Marc A. , Cress Rosemary , Yap Stanley A.
Published: September 2017

Introduction: We aimed to characterize demographic distribution, patient outcomes, and prognostic features of testicular sex cord stromal tumours (SCST) using a large statewide database.Methods: Adult male patients diagnosed with SCST between 1988 and 2010 were identified within the California Cancer Registry (CCR). Baseline demographic variables and disease characteristics were reported. Primary outcome measures were cancer-specific survival (CSS) and overall survival (OS). Bivariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards models were employed to identify predictors of survival.Results: A total of 67 patients with SCST were identified, of which 45 (67%) had Leydig cell and 19 (28%) had Sertoli cell tumours. Median age was 40 years and the majority of patients (84%) presentedwith localized disease. Following orchiectomy, nine patients (15%) underwent retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (RPLND), whereas 54 patients (80%) had no further treatment. With a median followup of 75 months, two-year OS and CSS was 91% and 95%, respectively, for those presenting with stage I disease. For those presenting with stage II disease, two-year OS and CSS was 30%. Predictors of worse OS included age >60 (hazard ratio [HR] 5.64; p<0.01) and metastatic disease (HR 8.56; p<0.01). Presentation with metastatic disease was the only variable associated with worse CSS (HR 13.36; p<0.01). Histology was not found to be a significant predictor of either CSS or OS.Conclusions: We present the largest reported series to date for this rare tumour and provide contemporary epidemiological and treatment data. The primary driver of prognosis in patients with SCSTis disease stage, emphasizing the importance of early detection and intervention.
Management of iatrogenic urorectal fistulae in men with pelvic cancer
Authors: Martins Francisco E. , Martins Natália M. , Pinheiro Luís Campos , Ferraz Luís , Xambre Luís , Lopes Tomé M.
Published: September 2017

Introduction: Urorectal fistula (URF) is a devastating complication of pelvic cancer treatments and a surgical challenge for the reconstructive surgeon. We report a series of male patients with URF resulting from pelvic cancer treatments, specifically prostate (PCa), bladder (BCa), and rectal cancer (RCa), and explore the differences and impact on outcomes between purely surgical and non-surgical treatment modalities.Methods: Between October 2008 and June 2015, 15 male patients, aged 59‒78 years (mean 67), with URF induced by pelvic cancer treatments were identified in our institutions. Patients with a history of diverticulitis, inflammatory bowel disease, or other benign conditions were excluded. We reviewed the patients’ medical records for symptoms, diagnostic tests performed, type and etiology of the fistula, type of surgical reconstruction, followup, and outcomes.Results: Fourteen patients underwent surgical reconstruction. One patient developed metastatic disease before URF repair and, therefore, was excluded from this study. Mean followup (FU) was 32.7 months (14‒79). All patients received diverting colostomy and temporary urinary diversion. An exclusively transperineal approach was used in nine (64.3%) patients and a combined abdominoperineal in five (35.7%). Overall successful URF closure was achieved in 12 (85.7%) patients, nine (64.3%) of whom at the first reconstructive attempt, two (14.3%) after two attempts (in our institution), and one (7.1%) after three attempts (two of which elsewhere). An interposition flap was used in seven (50%) patients. Surgical reconstruction failed ultimately in two (14.3%) patients who still have a colostomy and do not wish any further reconstruction.Conclusions: Our study has several limitations, including its retrospective nature and the heterogeneity of our small patient cohort. Nonetheless, although surgical reconstruction of URF may be extremely difficult and complex in the non-surgical/energy ablation patients, its successful reconstruction is possible in most through a transperineal, or a more aggressive abdominoperineal, approach with tissue interposition in selected patients.
Information Provided by Nurses to Clients during Family Planning Counselling Sessions and Knowledge of Clients on Chosen Method
Authors: Hofnie-//Hoëbes Kathe , Nelumbu Petrina N. , Amakali Kristofina
Published: September 2017

BACKGROUND: The fundamental problem which prompted this research study lies in the observation that family planning clients do not receive the required information for decision making on the methods that meet their reproductive needs.OBJECTIVES: To determine family planning information provided to the clients by nurses during family planning counselling sessions in the Khomas region to describe the knowledge of the clients on the specific chosen methodMETHODS: A quantitative research design recruited 184 family planning clients and 65 nurses. Closed ended questionnaire was used for data collection.RESULTS: Majority (89%) of nurses indicated that they always explained the advantages of the method selected to the clients, contrary to the majority (77%) of the clients reported advantages never been explained to them. Ninety five percent of the nurses indicated that they always explained to clients how to use the method they had selected, while the majority (72%) of the clients were in disagreement. The majority of the nurses (78%) indicated that they always explained the possible side effects of the method to their clients while, 63% of the clients indicated that the side effects were not explained to them. Only 22% of the injectable contraceptive users indicated changes in menstrual bleeding as a common side effect, while the majority (66 %) indicated that they did not know.CONCLUSION: According to clients’, information provided to them was inadequate. Equally, the majority of clients had not demonstrated sound knowledge about their method of choice.
De jurisdictie van het Hof van Justitie op het terrein van het gemeenschappelijk buitenlands en veiligheidsbeleid
Authors: van der Mei A.P.
Published: September 2017

De jurisdictie van het Hof van Justitie op het terrein van het gemeenschappelijk buitenlands en veiligheidsbeleid

In de zaken H en Rosneft werd het Hof van Justitie in de gelegenheid gesteld de eigen rechtsmacht op het terrein van het gemeenschappelijk buitenlands en veiligheidsbeleid (GBVB) te verduidelijken. Meer specifiek, het Hof van Justitie werd gevraagd vast te stellen (1) of het bepaalde ‘niet-politieke’ GBVB-besluiten ongeldig kan verklaren (art. 263 VWEU) en (2) of het zich ook in prejudiciële procedures (art. 267 VWEU) kan uitspreken over de geldigheid van GBVB-besluiten die strekken tot het opleggen van sancties aan natuurlijke of rechtspersonen. De arresten maken duidelijk dat de rechtsmacht van het Hof van Justitie ruimer is dan de tekst van de relevante Verdragsbepalingen suggereert.

HvJ 19 juli 2016, zaak C-455/14 P, H/Raad van de Europese Unie, Europese Commissie en Politiemissie van de Europese Unie (EUPM) in Bosnië-Herzegovina, ECLI:EU:C:2016:569 en HvJ 28 maart 2017, zaak C-72/15, PJSC Rosneft Oil Company, voorheen Rosneft Oil Company OJSC/Her Majesty’s Treasury, Secretary of State for Business, Innovation and Skills, The Financial Conduct Authority, ECLI:EU:C:2017:236
A potent human neutralizing antibody Fc-dependently reduces established HBV infections
Authors: Li Dan , He Wenhui , Liu Ximing , Zheng Sanduo , Qi Yonghe , Li Huiyu , Mao Fengfeng , Liu Juan , Sun Yinyan , Pan Lijing , Du Kaixin , Ye Keqiong , Li Wenhui , Sui Jianhua
Published: September 2017

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major global health problem. Currently-available therapies are ineffective in curing chronic HBV infection. HBV and its satellite hepatitis D virus (HDV) infect hepatocytes via binding of the preS1 domain of its large envelope protein to sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP). Here, we developed novel human monoclonal antibodies that block the engagement of preS1 with NTCP and neutralize HBV and HDV with high potency. One antibody, 2H5-A14, functions at picomolar level and exhibited neutralization-activity-mediated prophylactic effects. It also acts therapeutically by eliciting antibody-Fc-dependent immunological effector functions that impose durable suppression of viral infection in HBV-infected mice, resulting in reductions in the levels of the small envelope antigen and viral DNA, with no emergence of escape mutants. Our results illustrate a novel antibody-Fc-dependent approach for HBV treatment and suggest 2H5-A14 as a novel clinical candidate for HBV prevention and treatment of chronic HBV infection.
Kinetochore inactivation by expression of a repressive mRNA
Authors: Chen Jingxun , Tresenrider Amy , Chia Minghao , McSwiggen David T , Spedale Gianpiero , Jorgensen Victoria , Liao Hanna , van Werven Folkert Jacobus , Ünal Elçin
Published: September 2017

Differentiation programs such as meiosis depend on extensive gene regulation to mediate cellular morphogenesis. Meiosis requires transient removal of the outer kinetochore, the complex that connects microtubules to chromosomes. How the meiotic gene expression program temporally restricts kinetochore function is unknown. We discovered that in budding yeast, kinetochore inactivation occurs by reducing the abundance of a limiting subunit, Ndc80. Furthermore, we uncovered an integrated mechanism that acts at the transcriptional and translational level to repress NDC80 expression. Central to this mechanism is the developmentally controlled transcription of an alternate NDC80 mRNA isoform, which itself cannot produce protein due to regulatory upstream ORFs in its extended 5’ leader. Instead, transcription of this isoform represses the canonical NDC80 mRNA expression in cis, thereby inhibiting Ndc80 protein synthesis. This model of gene regulation raises the intriguing notion that transcription of an mRNA, despite carrying a canonical coding sequence, can directly cause gene repression.
The AAA protein Msp1 mediates clearance of excess tail-anchored proteins from the peroxisomal membrane
Authors: Weir Nicholas R , Kamber Roarke A , Martenson James S , Denic Vladimir
Published: September 2017

Msp1 is a conserved AAA ATPase in budding yeast localized to mitochondria where it prevents accumulation of mistargeted tail-anchored (TA) proteins, including the peroxisomal TA protein Pex15. Msp1 also resides on peroxisomes but it remains unknown how native TA proteins on mitochondria and peroxisomes evade Msp1 surveillance. We used live-cell quantitative cell microscopy tools and drug-inducible gene expression to dissect Msp1 function. We found that a small fraction of peroxisomal Pex15, exaggerated by overexpression, is turned over by Msp1. Kinetic measurements guided by theoretical modeling revealed that Pex15 molecules at mitochondria display age-independent Msp1 sensitivity. By contrast, Pex15 molecules at peroxisomes are rapidly converted from an initial Msp1-sensitive to an Msp1-resistant state. Lastly, we show that Pex15 interacts with the peroxisomal membrane protein Pex3, which shields Pex15 from Msp1-dependent turnover. In sum, our work argues that Msp1 selects its substrates on the basis of their solitary membrane existence.
Centriole triplet microtubules are required for stable centriole formation and inheritance in human cells
Authors: Wang Jennifer T , Kong Dong , Hoerner Christian R , Loncarek Jadranka , Stearns Tim
Published: September 2017

Centrioles are composed of long-lived microtubules arranged in nine triplets. However, the contribution of triplet microtubules to mammalian centriole formation and stability is unknown. Little is known of the mechanism of triplet microtubule formation, but experiments in unicellular eukaryotes indicate that delta-tubulin and epsilon-tubulin, two less-studied tubulin family members, are required. Here, we report that centrioles in delta-tubulin and epsilon-tubulin null mutant human cells lack triplet microtubules and fail to undergo centriole maturation. These aberrant centrioles are formed de novo each cell cycle, but are unstable and do not persist to the next cell cycle, leading to a futile cycle of centriole formation and disintegration. Disintegration can be suppressed by paclitaxel treatment. Delta-tubulin and epsilon-tubulin physically interact, indicating that these tubulins act together to maintain triplet microtubules and that these are necessary for inheritance of centrioles from one cell cycle to the next.
Rift Valley fever phlebovirus NSs protein core domain structure suggests molecular basis for nuclear filaments
Authors: Barski Michal , Brennan Benjamin , Miller Ona K , Potter Jane A , Vijayakrishnan Swetha , Bhella David , Naismith James H , Elliott Richard M , Schwarz-Linek Ulrich
Published: September 2017

Rift Valley fever phlebovirus (RVFV) is a clinically and economically important pathogen increasingly likely to cause widespread epidemics. RVFV virulence depends on the interferon antagonist non-structural protein (NSs), which remains poorly characterized. We identified a stable core domain of RVFV NSs (residues 83–248), and solved its crystal structure, a novel all-helical fold organized into highly ordered fibrils. A hallmark of RVFV pathology is NSs filament formation in infected cell nuclei. Recombinant virus encoding the NSs core domain induced intranuclear filaments, suggesting it contains all essential determinants for nuclear translocation and filament formation. Mutations of key crystal fibril interface residues in viruses encoding full-length NSs completely abrogated intranuclear filament formation in infected cells. We propose the fibrillar arrangement of the NSs core domain in crystals reveals the molecular basis of assembly of this key virulence factor in cell nuclei. Our findings have important implications for fundamental understanding of RVFV virulence.
Enzymatic insights into an inherited genetic disorder
Authors: Zhang Liping , Ten Hagen Kelly G
Published: September 2017

Mutations in an enzyme involved in protein degradation affect a signaling pathway that stimulates the development of the digestive tract.
The postcranial skeleton ofBoreogomphodon(Cynodontia: Traversodontidae) from the Upper Triassic of North Carolina, USA and the comparison with other traversodontids
Authors: Liu Jun , Schneider Vincent P. , Olsen Paul E.
Published: September 2017

Postcranial remains ofBoreogomphodonfrom the Upper Triassic of North Carolina are described and compared to those of other known traversodontid cynodonts. The postcranial skeleton ofBoreogomphodonis characterized by four sacral ribs, simple ribs lacking costal plates, the extension of the scapular neck below the acromion process, a short scapular facet on the procoracoid, a concave anterior margin of the procoracoid, humerus entepicondyle with smooth corner, and the presence of a fifth distal carpal. Four types of ribs are identified among traversodontids: ‘normal’ form, tubercular rib, costal plate, and Y-shaped rib. Fossorial behavior is suggested for traversodontids with elaborate costal plates. Within Traversodontidae, the procoracoid is relatively small; the anterior process of the iliac blade extends anteroventrally to different degrees in different taxa, which facilitates retraction of the femur; and the limb bones show allometric growth in terms of length and width.
Ozone Design Values in Southern California's Air Basins: Temporal Evolution and U.S. Background Contribution
Authors: Parrish David D. , Young Lindsay M. , Newman Mia H. , Aikin Kenneth C. , Ryerson Thomas B.
Published: September 2017

California's ambient ozone concentrations have two principal contributions: U.S. background ozone and enhancements produced from anthropogenic precursor emissions; only the latter effectively respond to California emission controls. From 1980 to 2015 ozone has been monitored in eight air basins in Southern California. The temporal evolution of the largest measured concentrations, i.e., those that define the ozone design value (ODV) upon which the National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) is based, is described very well by an exponential decrease on top of a positive offset. We identify this offset as the ODV due to the U.S. background ozone (i.e., the concentration that would be present if U.S. anthropogenic precursor emissions were reduced to zero) and is estimated to be 62.0 ± 1.9 ppb in six of the basins. California's emission control efforts have reduced the anthropogenic ozone enhancements by a factor of ~5 since 1980. However, assuming that the current rate of exponential decrease is maintained and that U.S. background ODV remains constant, projections of the past decrease suggest that ~35 years of additional emission control efforts will be required to reach the new NAAQS of 70 ppb in the Los Angeles area. The growing predominance of U.S. background ozone contributions has shifted the maximum ozone concentrations in all air basins from later to earlier in the summer. Comparisons indicate that currently accepted model estimates of U.S. background ozone concentrations in Southern California are somewhat underestimated; thus, reducing ozone in this region to the 2015 NAAQS may be more difficult than currently expected.
Preparing for the Future Nankai Trough Tsunami: A Data Assimilation and Inversion Analysis From Various Observational Systems
Authors: Mulia Iyan E. , Inazu Daisuke , Waseda Takuji , Gusman Aditya Riadi
Published: September 2017

The future Nankai Trough tsunami is one of the imminent threats to the Japanese coastal communities that could potentially cause a catastrophic event. As a part of the countermeasure efforts for such an occurrence, this study analyzes the efficacy of combining tsunami data assimilation (DA) and waveform inversion (WI). The DA is used to continuously refine a wavefield model whereas the WI is used to estimate the tsunami source. We consider a future scenario of the Nankai Trough tsunami recorded at various observational systems, including ocean bottom pressure (OBP) gauges, global positioning system (GPS) buoys, and ship height positioning data. Since most of the OBP gauges are located inside the source region, the recorded tsunami signals exhibit significant offsets from surface measurements due to coseismic seafloor deformation effects. Such biased data are not applicable to the standard DA, but can be taken into account in the WI. On the other hand, the use of WI for the ship data may not be practical because a considerably large precomputed tsunami database is needed to cope with the spontaneous ship locations. The DA is more suitable for such an observational system as it can be executed sequentially in time and does not require precomputed scenarios. Therefore, the combined approach of DA and WI allows us to concurrently make use of all observational resources. Additionally, we introduce a bias correction scheme for the OBP data to improve the accuracy, and an adaptive thinning of observations to determine the efficient number of observations.
Unexpected Covariant Behavior of the Aegean and Ionian Seas in the Period 1987–2008 by Means of a Nondimensional Sea Surface Height Index
Authors: Reale M. , Salon S. , Crise A. , Farneti R. , Mosetti R. , Sannino G.
Published: September 2017

In this work, we use a set of recent multiyear simulations to develop a simplified sea surface height index (SSH). The index characterizes the dynamics of Ionian upper layer circulation and its links with sea surface height and salinity in the Southern Adriatic and Aegean Seas during the period 1987–2008. The analysis highlights a covariant behavior between Ionian Sea and Aegean Sea associated with a mutual zonal exchange of water masses with different salinity characteristics. Our analysis confirms that the variability observed in the period 1987–2008 in the upper layer circulation of the Ionian was driven by the salinity variability in the Southern Adriatic and Aegean Sea. This study supports and reinforces the hypothesis that two observed BiOS‐like reversals reflect the existence of multiple equilibrium states in the Mediterranean Thermohaline circulation in the Eastern Mediterranean and that a complete characterization of observed variability needs to take into account a fully coupled Adriatic‐Ionian‐Aegean System.
Refined Use of Satellite Aerosol Optical Depth Snapshots to Constrain Biomass Burning Emissions in the GOCART Model
Authors: Petrenko Mariya , Kahn Ralph , Chin Mian , Limbacher James
Published: September 2017

Simulations of biomass burning (BB) emissions in global chemistry and aerosol transport models depend on external inventories, which provide location and strength for BB aerosol sources. Our previous work shows that to first order, satellite snapshots of aerosol optical depth (AOD) near the emitted smoke plume can be used to constrain model‐simulated AOD, and effectively, the smoke source strength. We now refine the satellite‐snapshot method and investigate where applying simple multiplicative emission adjustment factors alone to the widely used Global Fire Emission Database version 3 emission inventory can achieve regional‐scale consistency between Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) AOD snapshots and the Goddard Chemistry Aerosol Radiation and Transport model. The model and satellite AOD are compared globally, over a set of BB cases observed by the MODIS instrument during the 2004, and 2006–2008 biomass burning seasons. Regional discrepancies between the model and satellite are diverse around the globe yet quite consistent within most ecosystems. We refine our approach to address physically based limitations of our earlier work (1) by expanding the number of fire cases from 124 to almost 900, (2) by using scaled reanalysis‐model simulations to fill missing AOD retrievals in the MODIS observations, (3) by distinguishing the BB components of the total aerosol load from background aerosol in the near‐source regions, and (4) by including emissions from fires too small to be identified explicitly in the satellite observations. The small‐fire emission adjustment shows the complimentary nature of correcting for source strength and adding geographically distinct missing sources. Our analysis indicates that the method works best for fire cases where the BB fraction of total AOD is high, primarily evergreen or deciduous forests. In heavily polluted or agricultural burning regions, where smoke and background AOD values tend to be comparable, this approach encounters large uncertainties, and in some regions, other model‐ or measurement‐related factors might contribute significantly to model‐satellite discrepancies. This work sets the stage for a larger study within the Aerosol Comparison between Observations and Models (AeroCOM) multimodel biomass burning experiment. By comparing multiple model results using the refined technique presented here, we aim to separate BB inventory from model‐specific contributions to the remaining discrepancies.
Meteoric Smoke Deposition in the Polar Regions: A Comparison of Measurements With Global Atmospheric Models
Authors: Brooke James S. A. , Feng Wuhu , Carrillo‐Sánchez Juan Diego , Mann Graham W. , James Alexander D. , Bardeen Charles G. , Marshall Lauren , Dhomse Sandip S. , Plane John M. C.
Published: September 2017

The accumulation rate of meteoric smoke particles (MSPs) in ice cores—determined from the trace elements Ir and Pt, and superparamagnetic Fe particles—is significantly higher than expected from the measured vertical fluxes of Na and Fe atoms in the upper mesosphere and the surface deposition of cosmic spherules. The Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model with the Community Aerosol and Radiation Model for Atmospheres has been used to simulate MSP production, transport, and deposition, using a global MSP input of 7.9 t d−1 based on these other measurements. The modeled MSP deposition rates are smaller than the measurements by factors of ~32 in Greenland and ~12 in Antarctica, even after reanalysis of the Ir/Pt ice core data with inclusion of a volcanic source. Variations of the model deposition scheme and use of the United Kingdom Chemistry and Aerosols model do not improve the agreement. Direct removal of MSP‐nucleated polar stratospheric cloud particles to the surface gives much better agreement, but would result in an unfeasibly high rate of nitrate deposition. The unablated fraction of cosmic dust (~35 t d−1) would provide sufficient Ir and Pt to account for the Antarctic measurements, but the relatively small flux of these large (>3 μm) particles would lead to greater variability in the ice core measurements than is observed, although this would be partly offset if significant fragmentation of cosmic dust particles occurred during atmospheric entry. Future directions to resolve these discrepancies between models and measurements are also discussed.
M
ormonism
Authors: Cragun Ryan T.
Published: September 2017

Mormonism, broadly understood, refers to the religions that trace their origins back to the religion founded in 1830 in upstate New York by Joseph Smith Jr. (1805–1844). A number of these religions are still in existence, but the most prominent and largest is The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter‐day Saints (LDS Church), headquartered in Salt Lake City, UT. Sociological research has largely focused on the LDS Church, its relevance to sociological theory, and the unique characteristics of its members. Members of the LDS Church tend to have larger families and tend to be socially conservative. Other areas of research include the growth of the religion and changes in the religion over time, such as the discontinuation of polygamy (1890) and allowing blacks to hold the priesthood (1978).
Gerontology Key Thinkers: Donald P. Kent (1916–1972)
Authors: Hendricks Jon
Published: September 2017

Donald P. Kent, a key figure in social gerontology, was both sociologist and government official who helped ensure passage of the Older Americans Act and was instrumental in establishing the Administration on Aging.
Idiographic/Nomothetic
Authors: Porpora Douglas
Published: September 2017

The terms “idiographic” and “nomothetic” mark a distinction that continues to underlie the major explanatory divide that differentiates qualitative and quantitative methods in sociology. The distinction has to do with how human action is better explained: by reference to the sociohistorical particularities motivating actors in a specific situation (i.e., idiographically) or by general laws that hold for all actors similarly situated (i.e., nomothetically).
Anti‐Americanism
Authors: Beyer Heiko
Published: September 2017

Although anti‐Americanism has a long tradition, particularly in Europe, the topic has only recently become a major issue for the social sciences. “Anti‐Americanism” denotes essentialistic devaluations of entities perceived to be “typically American” and is made up of attitudinal, behavioral, and discursive dimensions. Despite the intuitive nature of the problem, anti‐Americanism cannot be fully explained as a rational reaction to America's hegemony but refers to systematic misconceptions which are constituted by specific social and psychological functions of the resentment.
Cool Capitalism
Authors: McGuigan Jim
Published: September 2017

This entry summarizes the cool capitalism thesis. The historical passage of “cool,” the expression of dignified embattlement and symbolic resistance to oppression, can be traced from West Africa to the Americas through the slave trade. Disaffection was famously articulated in the post‐ World War II bebop jazz scene. There was also a white take‐up of “cool” argot, style, and demeanor from that period onward, initially associated with the original “hipster” mode and the “beatnik” subculture. Since then, “cool” and its sensibility have been neutralized by excessive use in the mainstream and its meaning turned around so that, in effect, it now signifies apolitical conformism with a superficially rebellious pose. This entry defines cool capitalism as the incorporation of signs and symbols of disaffection into capitalism itself, and suggests that this mass popular culture represents the front region of neoliberalism worldwide.
Conversation of Gestures
Authors: Hałas Elżbieta
Published: September 2017

The conversation of gestures formed the basis of George Herbert Mead's social behaviorism, a variant of pragmatism. Mead distinguished between nonsignificant conversation of gestures, conversation of significant gestures, and conversation of significant symbols. They corresponded to the successive stages of the evolution of language and mind. A gesture gains significance when it elicits a response in an individual that resembles the response elicited by this individual's gesture in another individual. The mind emerges in language communication and is social in character, since thinking consists in the internalization of external conversations. The self forms through the internalization of interpersonal conversation. Like the conversation of significant gestures and symbols, the self is reflexive.
Leapfrogging
Authors: Schwinn Thomas
Published: September 2017

Many theories assume more or less fixed sequences of development for organizations, companies, institutions, and societies. Such evolutionistic model assumptions have flowed into most sociological theories. However, the economic literature emphasized that a company or a country can leapfrog over certain economic stages of development. This basic idea can be developed into a general model of modernization and social development in the process of globalization. The process of modernization and globalization is seen not as taking place according to a systems construction plan, but as involving the role of actors. This point of view helps to explicate creative, unexpected processes and social innovations. Alternative forms of modernity are the result of the potentials of actors in the context of structural challenges. The process of leapfrogging is outlined using the example of economic, political, and legal processes
Dysfunctions
Authors: Agassi Joseph
Published: September 2017

Functionalism is the methodological theory that the institutional structure of a society is explained by showing that its diverse institutions function well together: They avoid conflicts (such as civil wars). Greek tragedy describes conflicts as unavoidable (e.g.,
Antigone
). Functionalists deem all stable societies functional. An institution or a behavior pattern is dysfunctional if it undermines stability. The failure to import institutions comprises a significant paradigm case. Functionalists view social systems as all or nothing, denying that real dysfunctional institutions exist; against this, Merton claimed that racism is inherently dysfunctional. This leads to the expectation of dysfunctions everywhere. Functionalism as a method of explanation thus collapses. The alternative mode of explanation is older: It is that the dysfunctional is an unintended consequence of the functional. This renders social evils the outcome of ignorance rather than of ill will. Merton thus destroyed functionalism from within.
Sociology of Innovation
Authors: Hage Jerald
Published: September 2017

In the last several decades the sociology of innovation has been a critical perspective for explaining social change, and it lies at the heart of a number of major theoretical problems. The most important of these are the character of postindustrial society and the “new economy”; the multiple impacts of technology on differentiation and dedifferentiation; and the social evolution of society. Two equations explain how innovation is produced and what its feedbacks are. The equivalency of innovation with new knowledge and adaptiveness connects important theoretical problems. The construct of knowledge involves four components: skills, hardware, software, and ideas. Over time the measurement of innovation has become more precise and has moved to new venues. The explanation of the determinants has moved from organizations to networks and now to institutional arrangements. All three levels are necessary in order to understand the feedback of innovation on society.