bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
NEW LEFTIST LEADERS AND FOLLOWERS: THE AUTHORITY GAP IN PARTICIPATORY‐DEMOCRATIC GROUPS
Authors: Kowalewski David
Published: February 2008

Previous studies of late adolescent protesters on university campuses have generally focused on the social, psychological, and political differences between protesters and non‐protesters. Yet differences among the protesters themselves have rarely been the topic of intensive inquiry. Caught by surprise at the rapid surge of New Leftist campus protest, social scientists and psychologists hurriedly attempted to explain the phenomenon by discovering the differences between activists and non‐activists. Thus university protesters have generally been conceived as a somewhat homogenous mass set against their less radical fellow students.
TIME AND SOCIALIST CONSTRUCTION
Authors: Rojek Chris
Published: February 2008

Let us submit the following proposition for consideration: the essence of socialist construction lies in the bid to appropriate the future and is therefore expressed politically, in the organised manipulation of time. What we ordinarily take to be the sine qua non of socialist relations, namely central planning, totalitarian rule and the abolition of private property are, in fact, epiphenomena. They exist as real influences on people's lives in the presently existing socialist societies, but they derive in esse, from the basic organising principle of socialist relations which is to restructure the popular experience of time.
CONTEMPORARY CONVERGENCE IN SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES THE RELEVANCE OF THE AFRICAN THOUGHT SYSTEM IN THEORY FORMATION
Authors: Alo Oladimeji I.
Published: February 2008

Of all the challenges facing scholars in the 3rd world today none is as serious as the need to harness their knowledge and skills for the task of nation‐building. There is a demand on the scholars to make their teaching and research activities relevant to the problems of their societies. For the social scientists the pressure is even greater since they claim as their domain the study of man in society. In meeting this challenge, many of these scholars have come up against formidable odds created by the historical background of their discipline; the dominant intellectual orientation that informed their training; and academic colonisalism that urges them to conform to walls of the “ivory towers”. Ironically, this situation is not helped by an awareness among an increasing number that knowledge is socially determined and that in every human community men strive to make sense of their social reality. This awareness only created different camps divided on what form the contribution of the sociologists should take in the development of theories needed in understanding their society. This article attempts to discuss these issues in the context of the debate on universalism and indigenisation in social theory. The debate is on the extent to which theories developed within a particular social context might be expected to hold in all others. This debate is fundamental as it not only touches on the popular identity of sociology as a science it also bears on the role of the non‐Western sociologist in studying his own society. To give focus to the theoretical and methodological issues involved in the debate‐which is discussed in the first part of this article, the second part highlights the developments one major area of sociological interest and shows in concrete terms (1) how the dominant trend has hindered our understanding of social issues and (2) how the sociological enterprise can benefit from an approach which is flexible enough to integrate a people's thought system into an explanation of their social reality.
The Problems of Values and Value‐Judgements in Science and a Positive Solution: Max Weber and Ludwig Wittgenstein Revisited
Authors: Rugina Anghel N.
Published: February 2008

In this monograph the author discusses the problems in constructing a logical and ethical‐empirical foundation so that relevant social values may be studied by the scientific method. Part One is concerned with the difficulties posed by the prevailing methodology. Part Two presents a new research programme based on the simultaneous equilibrium versus disequilibrium approach in conjunction with Wittgenstein's logic and the current research in ethics.
THE MEANING OF SOCIAL POLICY AND SOCIAL STRUCTURE
Authors: Grichting W.L.
Published: February 2008

During the past decade we have witnessed renewed interest in the study and analysis of both social policy and social structure. Journalists, administrators, politicians, welfare personnel and social scientists have extensively been engaged in the interpretation and assessment of the impact of social policy on social structure and vice versa. It would appear that the return of liberal governments in the United States, the United Kingdom and Australia had much to do with this time‐honoured revival. In the United States this activity can be largely attributed to the promise of the “Great Society” ‐ an attempt by the Johnson administration (1963–1968) to eliminate poverty, create employment, improve medical care and education and revitalise cities and rural areas. In the United Kingdom the Labour Governments of Wilson (1964–1970; 1974–1976) and Callaghan (1976–1979) held out similar promises for a more equitable society. Predictably the literature on social policy and social structure increased accordingly.
DEVELOPMENT AND THE FAMILY: THIRD WORLD WOMEN AND INEQUALITY
Authors: Bould Sally
Published: February 2008

The traditional capitalist development model with its emphasis upon economic growth has, in the past decade, been severely criticised with respect to its negative effects upon the poor as well as its negative impact upon women. The first and second development decades not only have failed to achieve “economic take off,” but they also have failed to provide that improvement in the status of women which modernisation is reputed to induce. The push for growth and modernisation in the Third World may have led to a deterioration of the economic position of women as well as a deterioration in the absolute economic situation of at least the poorer third of the population. Furthermore evidence suggests that the poorest of the poor are disproportionately women heads of households and their families. One result of this negative impact of the development process has been a refocus of attention in development policy upon the poor as well as a mandate to integrate women in the development process in the “Percy Amendment” to the Foreign Assistance Act of 1973. Nevertheless this new emphasis upon women‐in‐development suffers from a flaw similar to that of the traditional development model. Each treats the family only in a superficial way: the first because of naive assumptions concerning women in the family, the second by treating women independently of the family constellation.
ON TELLING THE NEWS: GRANDPARENTHOOD AS AN ANNOUNCEABLE EVENT
Authors: Cunningham Sarah
Published: February 2008

Congratulations cards, gifts, and announcements in newspapers are some features of the social rituals surrounding the birth of a child, normally a happy occasion. A subtle mixture of public and private activity intermingle in reactions to this unique yet universal event. In this article I intend to explore the rituals and processes involved in hearing and spreading the news of a birth, with particular reference to grandparents. Such a discussion of the announceable features of becoming a grandparent can form the beginning of an assessment of the meaning and significance of grnadparenthood, something which has received little attention in sociological work. In providing an account of the essential features of ‘telling the news’, I hope to generate an understanding both of the procedures used to ‘make sense’ of grandparenthood, and of the structural assumptions and processes underlying the way in which events are announced.
ILLEGITIMATE BIRTH STATUS AND FATHERLESSNESS
Authors: Filinson Rachel
Published: February 2008

The Principle of Legitimacy as formulated by Malinowski (1930) states that the father is indispensable for the full status of the child and that distinctions are always drawn which stigmatise those who are fatherless in a social sense. The universality of this rule has been a moot point since there is empirical refutation of it in Caribbean societies, which have consistently high illegitimacy rates (Hartley, 1980) and more recently, the concurrent rise of illegitimacy rates in the U.S. (U.S. Bureau of Census, 1982:66) and in many European countries since the 1950s (Eurostat, 1983) suggests that the Principle of Legitimacy is an anachronism. Whether it is limited in its application or obsolete cannot be determined, however, without first considering the validity of illegitimacy rates as a measure of fatherlessness. That is, can high or escalating illegitimacy rates be taken as evidence that the father's role is diminished and the mother‐father‐child triad supplanted? In Scandinavian countries, it is clearly the case that they cannot. Trost (1977; 1978) has pointed out that in Sweden, cohabitation is increasingly regarded as a viable alternative to marriage and that many children born illegitimate are fatherless only according to a strictly legal definition. Similarly, Carter (1977: 131) discussing historical data from Great Britain, has maintained that illegitimacy rates denote official categorisation and do not necessarily reflect the formation of incomplete families. He argues that whereas birth and death are defined biologically, illegitimacy and suicide are social definitions. The same problems hindering the utility of suicide data, he asserts, arise in the construction of illegitimacy rates and ratios and in an equally intractable form.
SOCIAL SECURITY AND EMPLOYMENT: AN INSTRUMENTAL LINK
Authors: Bekemans Léone
Published: February 2008

The present social security system has reached a point where it has outgrown its traditional structures. The system envisaged for the future is one in which the state decides what minimum protection everyone must receive and how much tax this entails, and in which a body representing all workers decides on how much of their income they will pay to insure themselves. Policy recommendations for restructuring social security systems in Europe should take into account the fact that social security benefits enjoy a privileged status within the context of public spending; that every country adopts a minimum level of expenditure in line with its considered minimum standard of social protection; and that greater efficiency of social security budgets should be aimed at, through rationalisation of choices, structures, means and services.
CAN THE DEVELOPMENT OF MATHEMATICS BE UNDERSTOOD AS A PROCESS OF UNFOLDING?
Authors: Startup Richard
Published: February 2008

Mathematics is a hybrid subject with the idea of number tending to unfold while some major geometrical innovations cannot be understood in these terms. The deployment of evolutionary, critical and non‐evolutionary structuralist conceptions in the analysis of mathematical development draws the conclusion that, in order to fully understand this development, it is necessary to consider mathematics' relations with other (artistic and scientific) concerns, the tendencies implicit in its subsystems, and the connections between its various fields, as well as the ability of mathematicians to appraise critically any given formulation and thereby transcend it.
THE WELFARE STATE AS A REPRODUCTION CONDITION OF CAPITALISM: WHAT DOES THIS EXPLANATION TELL US?
Authors: Cowling Mark
Published: February 2008

The reproduction conditions of capitalism are hard to specify, the phrase itself being too abstract to be meaningful. Another way to find the specific distinguishing features of capitalist reproduction conditions is to seek the same conditions in a socialist economy. Socialists will tend to want a more comprehensive welfare state, but the lack of a welfare state will not mean that the economy is not socialist. Reproduction conditions of both types of economy would be very similar, the reproduction of labour power being achieved by a variety of arrangements either more or less harsh, or more or less comprehensive, without damaging the economy. The welfare state is seen as a desirable feature of socialism in its own right, rather than because of its economic contribution.
SOCIAL POLICY AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT: URBAN DEPRIVATION IN STRATHCLYDE REGION
Authors: Dickson A. , Young R.
Published: February 2008

The Strathclyde experience makes it clear that local government should be precise about the objectives it wishes to pursue, the likelihood of achieving these, the methods it must adopt, and the best way of monitoring progress and effectiveness. Strathclyde Region has laid the base for a much more efficient delivery of services and resources relating to its particular needs, this information being derived from local data collection and analysis and providing essential underpinning to policy initiatives on issues (e.g. services to the unemployed, one‐parent families). Regional deprivation strategy has increased political awareness of Regional employees, and the 1983 strategy emphasises community development. Through a greater commitment by Regional staff to act positively in reducing the impact of urban deprivation, the effect of Regional policy on the lives of individuals has been significant.
STUDYING SATISFACTIONS IN HUMAN SERVICE ORGANISATIONS: AN EXPLORATION
Authors: Meller Yossef , Macarov David
Published: February 2008

Responses to open‐ended questions concerning sources of work satisfaction among social workers indicate that instruments and methodology which have been devised in industrial settings may create distortions when applied to human services. The most important sources of satisfaction and dissatisfaction differ from those elicited in industry, a fact which points out the need to begin detailed research in the service sector using workers' own conceptions of their situation rather than preconceptions drawn from other areas of work.
EQUITY AND SOCIAL POLICY: CONCEPTUAL AMBIGUITY IN WELFARE CRITERIA
Authors: Warner Björkman James
Published: February 2008

Efficiency, equity, equality and parity all have shortcomings in both procedural and substantive values. The primary readjustment required is to re‐stress political analysis, even though it may deal with fluid concepts such as power and values. Secondly, there is a need to reverse the apparent tendency among policy analysts to reduce real political and social conflicts to the level of technological problems which only need more resources or technological innovations in order to be “solved”. The fluidity of values such as equity, equality and parity means that they are malleable and can be changed over time via education; social policies can thus be re‐shaped.
TOWARD A TAXONOMY OF SOCIAL SERVICE PROGRAMMES
Authors: Yanay Uri
Published: February 2008

Since the definition of objectives lies at the basis of any programme, an analytical system of classifying service organisation activities is proposed in which the focus is on internal characteristics of the activities, and differentiation among programmes and treatments. This taxonomy may be used by social welfare organisations who wish to know what they do, and to what extent they adhere to what they aim to do, as it makes both a conceptual and empirical contribution, increasing awareness of what the organisation and its professional staff do, and allowing examination of the consistency of any programme.
INDIGENOUS CONCEPTIONS, WORK ATTITUDES AND NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA
Authors: Alo Oladimeji I.
Published: February 2008

Nigeria's national development may be assisted by utilising indigenous conceptions of work in three different ways. The development of a Nigerian work ethic, based on the positive values to be found in the conceptions of work held by different language groups in the country, is one such method, which, by emphasising the similarities in work conceptions held by differing groups, could also aid national integration. Knowledge of work conceptions can be used by management to elicit a generally favourable attitude to work. Basically, this means making the best use of what Nigeria has, i.e. a policy of self‐reliance.
THE THEORY, PRACTICE AND POLITICS OF MANPOWER PLANNING: AN ANALYTICAL CRITIQUE WITH EMPIRICAL ILLUSTRATIONS FROM THE N.H.S.
Authors: Knights David , Moore John
Published: February 2008

Since individual and/or sectional interests are embedded in organisational relations, the meaning and significance of manpower plans will depend very much on the political and career systems of which they are both a condition and a consequence. Manpower planning can never be seen simply as a technical solution to practical problems for insofar as it reflects and reinforces power‐knowledge practices within organisations, it is as much part of the problem as of the solution. The post‐Griffith climate of industrial management in the NHS is leading to the imposition of an artificial consensus through bureaucratic and technicist means, rather than identifying and developing new ways to mobilise the creative collective power of the majority, who at present remain peripheral to, and disinterested in, their organisation.
THE FEELING OF LOW QUALITY OF LIFE AND INDUSTRIAL PROGRESS: ARE THEY LINKED?
Authors: Krau Edgar
Published: February 2008

The feeling of a low quality of life is not an inevitable aftermath of industrial progress, but the two phenomena may become linked in conditions of heavy competitive behaviour stemming from strong achievement orientation. Study of the relationship between quality of life and objective vocational success, and achievement motivation and spiritual values, conducted among new immigrants from the USSR, Romania and South America, shows that quality of life feeling is more determined by the value orientation of the individual's reference group than by personal objective achievements and failures. The general progress of industrial society is feasible without the stimulating effect of competitive achievement motivation, if spiritual community values are fostering hard labour. Industrial progress should be considered not as an end in itself, but as a means to live a life of high quality, both as an objective situation and as a feeling of satisfaction.
CRISIS MANAGEMENT IN AFRICA: A NIGERIAN SOCIAL‐CULTURAL PERSPECTIVE
Authors: Ademisokun‐Turton Dayo
Published: February 2008

Social‐cultural factors can be used to advantage in the Nigerian social system (and most African States) to promote co‐operation between the rich/poor, the rulers/ruled; to mobilise diverse individuals and groups in society; and to discover over‐riding national social values, to bring about national integration and development. This would be an active usage of such factors rather than allowing them to weaken and disrupt the social system as they have during 25 years of political independence. Domination by Western powers, lack of managerial awareness, and conflicts between national objectives of diverse interest groups have been major management constraints militating against effective management of public affairs, with Nigerian leaders often the target of social pressure and (in some cases) becoming victims of their own decisions by succumbing to social pressure in the administration of the state. Future strategy requires effective thinkers and innovative strategy as opposed to inactive or crisis managers presently obtaining in the Nigerian social system.
RULES, ROLES AND COMMUNICATIVE PERFORMANCE IN QUALITATIVE RESEARCH INTERVIEWS
Authors: Cunningham‐Burley Sarah
Published: February 2008

Denzin has noted that the interview is a ‘conversational production, anticipated in the investigator's mind and imagination, but realised only in the world of conversational interaction’ (1970:188). This article aims to examine the processes involved in the production of a sociological interview especially, although not exclusively, at the level of conversational interaction. By focussing attention on to one specific piece of empirical work,(1) I hope to provide a balance to other more general appraisals of the interview method (eg. Richardson, 1965; Denzin, 1970; Brenner, 1978). The article attempts to further our understanding of the contextual production of sociological data.
EDUCATIONAL CREDENTIALS AND THE MENTAL‐MANUAL DIVISION OF LABOUR
Authors: Matthew Snipp C.
Published: February 2008

While the literature available shows that indicators of educational success are the most proximate influences deciding occupational class at the beginning of workers' careers, there are still many unsettled issues as to exactly why education is important for the reproduction of social classes. An unimportant, relatively unexplored facet of this problem is how educational criteria are used by employers, unions, professional associations and licensing boards — the decisions of these groups being essential elements in the process by which individuals are admitted to occupational classes.
SEEING EDUCATION RELATIONALLY: THE “BOTTOM AND THE TOP”
Authors: Weis Lois
Published: February 2008

Education perpetuates inequality directly, in that messages distributed by schools are linked to student social class. A specific focus on the response of white working‐class and minority students' attitudes to school (in the USA) reveals that elites maintain themselves not only through their own education but also through the education of others; and that those at the bottom contribute to the maintenance of class structure through their own creative response to wider ranging inequalities, and the way these inequalities are mediated in schools.
SERVICE SECTOR GROWTH, EDUCATIONAL ELITES, AND INEQUALITY: UNANTICIPATED CONSEQUENCES OF THE POST‐INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY
Authors: Nelson Joel I. , Lorence Jon
Published: February 2008

Educated elites are making their mark on the stratification structure of the metropolitan US. Educated elites are proportionally greater whenever the economy is service dominated, and furthermore, these elites are the key factor in explaining why disparities resulting from high earners are present in service dominated areas. The resulting inequality in earnings is one of the unanticipated consequences of the growth of an educated elite, at least among males. It remains to be seen whether female elites will resemble males in their influence on inequality if sex differences in earnings disappear. The elite is a professional cadre rather than an aristocracy based solely on inherited wealth, placed just beyond an upper middle class. Given their background, education, affluence and numbers, the choices this elite makes on issues will influence the course of society.
DIVERGENT TRENDS IN WHITE RACIAL ATTITUDES TOWARD BLACKS
Authors: Chin Jeffrey C.
Published: February 2008

This article is an investigation of attitudes of White Americans towards Black Americans using General Social Survey data collected by the National Opinion Research Center from 1972 through 1980. Two trends emerge from the data. One trend, predicted by the literature, is one of liberal change among items based on the desirability of racially mixed social contact. A second trend suggests that through the seventies, White Americans become increasingly less willing to condone government spending to alleviate conditions of racial inequality. This inconsistency raises the issue of question validity, which is addressed by an analysis of response patterns of three items in full predictive models. The results suggest that in measuring racial prejudice in a society becoming generally more conservative, questions focussing on public policy should be considered in addition to questions of social contact.
ON THE DYNAMICS OF LINGUISTIC CLEAVAGE IN QUEBEC: A TEST OF ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESES
Authors: Laczko Leslie S.
Published: February 2008

This article presents an empirical test of three hypotheses dealing with the modernisation of polyethnic societies. An hypothesis derived from the functionalist/developmental perspective and two hypotheses derived from the conflict/competition perspective are assessed using survey data on Francophone‐Anglophone relations in contemporary Quebec. The main conclusions are that 1) the cross‐sectional design using survey data allows a clear test of Hechter's (1975) reactive ethnicity hypothesis; 2) the reactive ethnicity hypothesis is supported in the analysis; 3) the resource competition hypothesis (e.g., Nielsen 1980) is also supported; 4) the reactive ethnicity and resource competition hypotheses are not necessarily mutually exclusive, as some recent authors have claimed (Nielsen 1980; Ragin 1979), and can best be seen as two variants of the same communal competition perspective imbedded in the conflict theory tradition.
IDEOLOGY AND RACIAL STRATIFICATION: A THEORETICAL JUXTAPOSITION
Authors: O'Sullivan See Katherine
Published: February 2008

Structural explanations of racial stratification are weakened by a failure to in‐corporate attitudinal and ideological factors into their theories. But attitudinal researchers have tended to focus on racial prejudice and tolerance and neglected non‐racially specific beliefs that support white dominance. This article reviews the limits of each approach, discusses the problem of ideology for race relations theory and explores how, through the analysis of ideology, attitudinal and structural analysis might be synthesised. Findings on the relation between adherence to individualist explanations of poverty, perceptions of racial discrimination in employment and attitudes toward affirmative action programs are used to exemplify the power of class ideologies in shaping beliefs about racial inequality and vice versa. An exploration of ideologies of local autonomy and attitudes toward public housing and residential desegregation might elicit similar findings.
COLLECTIVE REPRESENTATIONS AND JAPANESE VIEWS OF AFRICAN‐DESCENT POPULATIONS
Authors: Thornton Michael Charles
Published: February 2008

In research on non‐Western populations there is a tendency to limit analysis to only gross demographic differences. This has resulted in the serious misconception of an ethnically homogenous population in countries such as Japan and thus masks a critical dimension of the diversity truly extant. This article examines Western research on Japanese views of people of African descent evident prior to 1945. The argument by Western researchers that Japanese are inherently ethnocentric/racist is examined through primary and secondary sources dealing with Japanese contact with Africans. The alternative explanation offered suggests that while the basic structure of ethnocentrism existed before Western contact, there are indications that this structure was given direction and focus (i.e. became racial) with and through that contact. It is suggested that the view acquired by the Japanese of Africans was based in large part on the collective representations presented to them by Euro‐Americans.
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF SOCIAL POLICY: CONCEPTUAL AND METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES
Authors: Lawrence John
Published: February 2008

Three reasons exist for undertaking a comparative study of social policy: there is no other way of evaluating and increasing understanding of social policies; through its study, a wide range of policy options for tackling particular problems become known and understood; policy makers can learn lessons from others' experience with particular policies. Conceptual and methodological issues raised by comparative study are briefly studied. All study is in fact comparative. As a field of study becomes more theoretically explicit and sophisticated it becomes more explicit and self‐conscious about some important comparisons. The development of comparative social policy indicates a growing theoretical awareness of the need for certain types of important comparisons. In time it is expected to disappear as a separately designated aspect of “the study of social policy”. The study of the field of social policy brings the kind of knowledge produced by the so‐called social sciences into sharp relief.
ECONOMIC CLASS, SOCIAL CLASS AND POLITICAL FORCES
Authors: Cottrell Allin , Roslender Robin
Published: February 2008

The class concepts of economic classes, social classes and political forces all have an important role to play in advancing the theoretical understanding necessary for achieving progress in the socialist project. The “new class analysis” is a series of attempts made since the 1960s by a number of Marxist writers to orient the political forces of socialists by providing analyses of the changing class structure of the advanced capitalist formations. Many of these contributions have been flawed. An account of class is made which shows the naivety of these views. It is put forward that it is necessary to make use of the three class concepts and that there is no a priori necessary association between the membership of these variously conceptualised groups — they can cut across one another in various ways. Each of the concepts is outlined. In contrast to stock Marxist conceptions, this approach may be more fruitful.
HOUSEHOLDS, WORK AND POLITICS: SOME IMPLICATIONS OF THE DIVISIONS OF LABOUR IN FORMAL AND INFORMAL PRODUCTION
Authors: Missiakoulis Spyros , Pahl R.E. , Taylor‐Gooby Peter
Published: February 2008

Cross‐class affiliation and unpaid work in and around the home are important in affecting the propensity of an individual to vote Conservative, as are elements of patterns of domestic interaction. Regardless of whether occupational status is a relatively transitory phenomenon in a woman's life it seems to influence her voting behaviour and that of her husband. Political consciousness as evidenced by the propensity to vote Conservative in the 1979 election is explored as to how women's occupational class “makes a difference”. Elements for determining political consciousness include the production relation of both men and women in the household, the relations to the means of consumption of household members and the social interaction of men and women engaged in a variety of other forms of work in and around the house. A very complex set of data is required to study these three spheres. The Sheppey survey explores the relative significance of households' relationships to production and consumption as well as the interactions of men and women inside the dwelling. In 1981 a survey of 526 household couples on the island gave detailed information about their social and economic behaviour inside and outside the house. No previous study of voting behaviour, or the determinants of political consciousness has had access to such material: 403 respondents actually voted — 52 per cent Conservative and 48 per cent for the other parties. Factors associated with voting Conservative are explored. The island was representative of the situation for Great Britain as a whole.
UNEMPLOYMENT AND HEALTH: NOTES TOWARDS A MARXIST CRITIQUE
Authors: Mullen Ken
Published: February 2008

A clear theoretical understanding of the social production of unemployment is needed if the causal links between health and unemployment are to be illuminated. Such an approach is outlined using a theoretical perspective of classical Marxism which views unemployment as centrally linked to the capitalist mode of production. The present extent of unemployment may lead to a general undermining of the health of the population, both unemployed and working, via the overall reduction of the real social wage, unemployment benefits and concomitant lower nutritional levels and the increase of psychological stress. These effects can be mediated by the actions of the state, whose social security, health and welfare systems need to be analysed in conjunction with the underlying economic mode of production. The unemployment category is made up of different sub‐groups, e.g. women, ethnic groups and the disabled. The causal links between unemployment and health in these groups will differ. Interaction effects on the health of the unemployed's family are noted. A more theoretically‐based approach to the question of health and unemployment is needed.
POWER AND COLLABORATION IN HUMAN SERVICE DOMAINS
Authors: McCann Joseph E. , Gray Barbara
Published: February 2008

Resource cutbacks and changing concepts on how best to deliver human services have created a greater need for collaboration among those involved in these systems. Collaboration can threaten the existing distribution of power among the organisations and groups involved in the system. Six propositions are advanced that are derived from field experience in several human service settings. These suggest that stakeholders with power gain legitimacy quickly. Others who are less powerful must build their own capacity and power base to assure themselves access to collaborative efforts. This permits a redistribution of power, thus increasing the diversity of perspectives and preventing unilateral control. Convenors will need to have sufficient power to play their chosen role. Stakeholders must perceive the outcomes of collaboration outweighing its costs. Their participation hinges partly on the power of convenors to create sufficient incentives to induce participation. Stakeholders must act collectively to influence and manage events within the larger contextual environment.
INTRODUCTION: TOWARD A SOCIOLOGY OF WORK AND HEALTH
Authors: Judkins Bennett M.
Published: February 2008

Over the last two decades concern has increased in many countries over health and safety in the workplace. Research into these issues has attracted little attention from the medical profession, unions, government or industry. Sociologists have only recently begun to study the relationship between work and health, but the results so far raise important questions. This special issue reflects the diversity of perspectives and the potential contribution that sociology can make.
HIGH‐RISK WORKERS OR HIGH‐RISK WORK? GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY POLICIES IN THE HAZARDOUS WORKPLACE
Authors: Draper Elaine
Published: February 2008

The problem of workers at risk should be reframed to reflect the impact of social stratification, power relations and divergent interests in occupational health practices. The past two decades have seen rapid developments in technology for detecting genetic traits and abnormalities in individuals that may indicate damage from chemical exposure. Occupational physicians, industrial managers and biomedical scientists increasingly favour this technology. However these methods have only selective appeal and are quite controversial. Their accuracy in identifying high‐risk workers is disputed as well as their value and consequences. Social factors that shape the way workers at risk have been defined are discussed. These social processes help to explain the way issues of risk are framed and industrial practices are conducted. They also explain patterns of support and opposition to genetic technology.
HEALTH AND SAFETY CONCERNS IN JOB CHANGING AMONG U.S. COAL MINERS
Authors: Ames Richard G. , Trent Roger B.
Published: February 2008

Concerns over health and safety are important reasons for leaving the mining industry. Yet pull factors such as better hours and shifts may be even more important. A study of 1,384 US male coal miners from 1977 to 1982 is reported. In 1977, 86 left mining and changed jobs by 1982 to other coal mining jobs or jobs outside the industry. Neither push nor pull factors were more important for within‐industry as compared to inter‐industry job changing. Further work is needed to understand the inter‐relations between health, safety and labour force mobility. More emphasis on health as a predictor of intermediate social outcomes is needed.
POLITICAL DECENTRALISATION AND WORKER SAFETY IN ITALY
Authors: Calavita Kitty
Published: February 2008

The “economic miracle” in postwar Italy was accompanied by a rapid increase in the industrial accident and illness rates. Italian workers demanded occupational safety and health enforcement mechanisms that would be more accessible to grass‐roots workers' groups and unions. In the early 1970s local “Occupational Medicine Services” were voluntarily established in many regions. The entire health care system was decentralised in 1978, giving regions exclusive authority to implement occupational safety and health standards within Local Health Units (USLs). The concrete results of these reforms are investigated and the validity of the assumptions of the calls for decentralisation. The difficulties encountered by leftist‐administered regions in attempting to translate their political commitments into significant health and safety improvements are documented. The track‐record of the USLs is examined. An ironic consequence of decentralisation has been that the concentration of all health care activities in the USL has swallowed up occupational safety and health. As a result it is less politically visible and less responsive to worker input.
SOCIAL PLANNING AS SYMBOLIC PRACTICE: TOWARD A LIBERATING DISCOURSE FOR SOCIETAL SELF DIRECTION
Authors: Harvey Brown Richard
Published: February 2008

What is the place for personal agency and a morally legitimate civic order in a world of technical calculation? The historically recent opposition between systems management and personal agency and dignity is placed in context. “Technicism” is defined as an ideological extension of technical thinking to inappropriate domains and discussed in relation to positivism. The implications for social planning are discussed in detail.
PATHOLOGIES OF GIANT CITIES ‐ LEADING EDGE OF THE PATHOLOGIES OF MODERN CIVILIZATION
Authors: Milbrath Lester W.
Published: February 2008

If cultural evolution is purposive cities should have improved the quality of human life. City life is examined first in relation to the satisfaction of human needs. The inner areas of giant cities are perceived by their inhabitants as undesirable places to live. But the special problems of giant cities when subject to closer analysis are seen to be rooted in the larger pathology of the thrust for growth and power in modern civilisation.
PROBLEMS IN THE GRID‐GROUP ANALYSIS OF THE ENVIRONMENTALIST MOVEMENT
Authors: Wexler Mark N.
Published: February 2008

Grid‐group analysis is grounded in a humanistic conception of social science but, it is argued, it has flaws when applied to the analysis of the environmental movement. Environmentalism is not “border” country particularly as existing only in opposition to a “centre”. Grid‐group analysis loses clarity when forced into a “border versus centre” format. And the grid‐group analysis of sub‐cultures is not sufficiently well developed; the lack of a clear holistic frame plays havoc with efforts to derive solid policy.
POLITICAL CONSCIOUSNESS AND ATTITUDES TO THE STATE SECTOR ‐ RESEARCH NOTE
Authors: Taylor‐Gooby Peter , Bochel Margaret
Published: February 2008

Data drawn from the 1985 British Social Attitudes survey are considered with respect to the implications for ideas about the sphere of government responsibility in relation to economic life. A factor analysis of the pattern of answers is described.
DEPOPULATION AND HOUSEHOLD DYNAMICS IN COLONSAY (INNER HEBRIDES)
Authors: Sheets John W. , Kelly Keith E.
Published: February 2008

This article analyses the household dynamics in Colonsay during the severe depopulation of 1841–1891. The nineteenth century dynamics are then related to the twentieth century community as it now exists. The Colonsay history of crisis is compared to European examples as impetus towards any theory and model of community decline and future.
CURRENT GREEK ATTITUDES TOWARD THE UNITED STATES: AN EXAMINATION AND EXPLANATION
Authors: Dobratz Betty A.
Published: February 2008

This article explores the negative attitudes towards the United States that exist in present day Greek society. The anti‐US attitudes in Greece are greater than in other EEC member countries and exist across various social and economic characteristics of the Greek population. Possible reasons for and sources of these attitudes are explored.
SEX ROLES AND PARTICIPATION IN MILITARY AND DEFENSE: OUTLINING SWISS WOMEN'S ATTITUDES AND VALUES TOWARDS MILITARISM, CONFLICT RESOLUTION AND PEACE
Authors: Wallimann Isidor
Published: February 2008

The author is interested in variations by age in women's attitudes to the military and defence and support for women's participation in the military. Analysis of public opinion data suggests that women in Switzerland have substantial and consistently non‐militaristic leanings which the author seeks to explain.
SOCIALIZATION OF EMPLOYERS' COSTS DURING ECONOMIC RECESSIONS: THE USE OF SHARED WORK UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE TO KEEP SKILLED WORKERS
Authors: Lammers John C.
Published: February 2008

In the late 1970s underemployment as a result of recession began to receive attention with several states in the USA legislating for reduced hours compensation. This article examines California's Shared Work Unemployment Insurance (SWUI) programme and the reaction of firms to it. Under SWUI rules employers voluntarily enrol workers for benefit eligibility; it is not a short‐term worker's right to receive benefit. The labour market context of employers who choose to use SWUI as an alternative to lay‐offs is discussed
JOB DISPLACEMENT AMONG MEN AND WOMEN: THE CRISIS OF UNDER‐EMPLOYMENT:
Authors: Rosen Ellen I.
Published: February 2008

Data from a recent study on unemployed women are compared with data on unemployed men. Differences in men's and women's work and family roles, and in their labour opportunities affect their commitments to family work and paid work. Such differences affect responses to the involuntary loss of jobs. This article first compares the meaning of work in the lives of men and women factory workers, then it focuses on differences in the labour market behaviour of men and women after displacement. Finally it explores re‐employment outcomes and earning losses
A POPULATION ECOLOGY PERSPECTIVE ON UNDEREMPLOYMENT IN ALTERNATIVE ORGANIZATIONS
Authors: Staber Udo , Aldrich Ho‐ward
Published: February 2008

Labor market studies which focus on dichotomous categories such as employed and unemployed miss a variety of marginal employment situations. This article addre‐sses the recent proliferation of jobs created by democratically controlled alternative organizations. We argue, from a population ecology perspective, that the economic potential of small alternative organizations is limited. Although current environmental con‐ditions favor small specialist organizations, the salience of non‐material incentives prevents alternative organizations from fully exploiting emerging opportunities. Alternative employment is best considered an instance of underemployment with strong tendencies toward impoverishment and self‐exploitation.
PEASANT DISPLACEMENT AND LABOR UNDERUTILIZATION IN THIRD WORLD COUNTRIES
Authors: Haghshenas Mehdi
Published: February 2008

This article has two inter‐related themes. First there is the process of displacement of labour from the subsistence or peasant sector through the impact of mechanisation ‐ which creates a “surplus population”. The second theme is that of labour absorption in the subsistence and market sectors and labour underutilisation. The magnitude of the underutilisation problem suggests that growth in the developing countries has followed an uneven profile.
UNDERUTILIZATION IN THE U.S. MANUFACTURING SECTOR, 1960 TO 1970
Authors: Cattan Peter
Published: February 2008

The study reported here sought to provide a type of analysis more detailed than aggregate investigations but more generalisable than case studies. The extent to which upgrading and downgrading characterised US manufacturing industries in the 1960s, and the extent to which downgrading exacerbated underutilisation among production workers are examined. Special attention is then paid to determining whether mechanisation has an effect on the skills requirements of jobs.
UNDERSTANDING UNEMPLOYMENT: THE NEED FOR A SOCIAL PERSPECTIVE
Authors: Blackburn R.M.
Published: February 2008

There is no shortage of arguments about the causes of unemployment and its potential solutions. The attention given to the problem is only matched by the failure to achieve a useful analysis. The article looks at why this should be so, and attempts to indicate the potential of a more social perspective for understanding the nature and causes of unemployment.
KNOWLEDGE PARADIGMS AND CHANGE
Authors: Hannabuss Stuart
Published: February 2008

Knowledge encourages us to be self‐aware. The presence or absence of knowledge in ourselves and other people has a clear effect upon our attitudes and behaviour. The different aspects of knowledge and the process of knowing are discussed, together with the sociological effects.
THE COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF SYSTEMS OF INDUSTRIAL DEMOCRACY IN EUROPE
Authors: Teulings Ad W.M.
Published: February 2008

In this article two international research projects on the subject of industrial democracy are discussed. The research teams are far from equal in numbers,funds available, multinationality or familiarity with the countries studied. The authorbelieves that if systems of industrial democracy are subjected without scruples to standard scientific evaluation procedures one should not hesitate to
TRADE UNIONS AND THE STATE SINCE 1945: CORPORATISM AND HEGEMONY
Authors: Graeme Hyslop A.
Published: February 2008

In the British social formation, especially after 1960, there has been a tendency towards an external mode of control of industrial relations which is based upon the internal regulation of labour collectivities. The article argues that corporatism and hegemony are both inextricably linked facets of the same process — the ideological control of the IR system, embodying both corporate agencies and hegemonic relations, by a state which has various forms.
Quitting Time: The End of Work
Authors: Macarov David
Published: February 2008

The author argues that we must stop and take a look at what our insistence on human labour as the basis of our society is doing to us, and begin to search for possible alternatives. We need the vision and the courage to aim for the highest level of technology attainable for the widest possible use in both industry and services. We need financial arrangements that will encourage people to invent themselves out of work. Our goal, the article argues, must be the reduction of human labour to the greatest extent possible, to free people for more enjoyable, creative, human activities.
CONTROL AND RESPONSIBILITY: SOME IMPLICATIONS OF THE NEW MODELS OF PROBLEM DRINKING
Authors: Mullen Kenneth
Published: February 2008

At the present time there is a general dissatisfaction among both theoreticians and practitioners with the disease model of alcoholism. It is often felt that it has served its usefulness. This can be witnessed in the literature in the increased questioning of the central components of the alcohol addiction model. Such dissatisfaction is not new but the present unease has resulted in the creation of new models of problem drinking. New theories of alcoholism have been expressly fashioned to replace outmoded ideas.
PROLETARIANISATION, THE DIVISION OF LABOUR AND THE LABOUR PROCESS
Authors: Kelly Michael P.
Published: February 2008

The article attempts to advance a definition of proletarianism which will allow the reader to grasp the precise nature of the process with particular reference to the economic and technical aspects. Proletarianisation is identified with a loss of the work of supervision and management, congruents of the work experience of the new middle class. This is followed by a critique of some current notions of proletarianisation as evidenced in the study of clerical labour. Finally, the article discusses proletarianisation in experiential terms.