bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the possible locus of the liquid–liquid critical point in real water from studies of supercooled water using the TIP4P/Ice model
Authors: Espinosa Jorge R. , Abascal Jose Luis F. , Sedano Lucia F. , Sanz Eduardo , Vega Carlos
Published: May 2023

One of the most accepted hypothesis to explain the anomalous behavior of water is the presence of a critical point between two liquids, the liquid–liquid critical point (LLCP), buried within the deep supercooled regime. Unfortunately, such hypothesis is hard to be experimentally confirmed due to fast freezing. Here, we show that the TIP4P/Ice water potential shifted by 400 bar can reproduce with unprecedented accuracy the experimental isothermal compressibility of water and its liquid equation of state for a wide pressure and temperature range. We find, both by extrapolation of response function maxima and by a Maxwell construction, that the location of the model LLCP is consistent with previous calculations. According to the pressure shift needed to recover the experimental behavior of supercooled water, we estimate the experimental LLCP to be located around 1250 bar and 195 K. We use the model to estimate the ice nucleation rate (J) in the vicinity of the hypothesized LLCP experimental location and obtain J = 1024 m−3 s−1. Thereby, experiments where the ratio between the cooling rate and the sample volume is equal or larger than the estimated nucleation rate could probe liquid–liquid equilibrium before freezing. Such conditions are not accessible in common experiments with microdroplets cooled at a few kelvin per second, but they could be, for instance, using nanodroplets of around 50 nm radius observed in a millisecond timescale.
Millimeter-wave low-loss on-chip metamaterial for 5G communication based on non-periodic composite right-/left-handed transmission line
Authors: Shen Guangxu , Zhang Chenyang , Feng Wenjie , Che Wenquan
Published: May 2023

This Letter reports a millimeter-wave low-loss on-chip metamaterial based on a concept of a non-periodic composite right-/left-handed (CRLH) transmission line (TL). Compared with a classic periodic unit cell, a non-periodic CRLH TL is proposed to obtain higher transmittance and better reflectivity. First, based on the CRLH TL theory, the LC values of the periodic transmission line were calculated. Second, Ti factors were derived using Chebyshev low-pass filter prototypes and the bandpass transformation theory. Third, these values were then used to calculate the factors of the non-periodic structure, which was eventually implemented using lumped elements. By analyzing the dispersion property, the proposed non-periodic CRLH metamaterial features both right-handed (forward wave) and left-handed (backward wave) propagating modes, which accounts for its wide bandwidth. For demonstration, a gallium arsenide-based integrated passive device process is adopted. As its main advantages, the fabricated metamaterial shows a high and flat transmission with minimum insertion loss of 0.68 dB at 30.2 GHz, and a low reflectivity better than −10 dB from 14 to 51 GHz of which the fraction bandwidth is over 120%.
Classification of nonlocal symmetries and exact solutions for 3 × 3 Chaplygin gas equation with conservation laws
Authors: Shagolshem Sumanta , Bira B.
Published: May 2023

In this paper, we study the one-dimensional isentropic compressible Euler system for the Chaplygin gas through Lie symmetry analysis. The one-dimensional optimal subalgebras are classified using the adjoint transformation and the invariant functions. We derived several new exact solutions from the optimal subalgebras and investigated the physical behavior of some solutions graphically. Next, a tree of nonlocally related partial differential equations (PDEs) is presented and we classify the nonlocal symmetry of the given system. Futher, some nontrivial exact solutions for the given model are constructed using nonlocal symmetries. Furthermore, using the traveling wave transformation, which is invariant under the symmetry group, we obtain solutions of the nature of peakon-type and kink-type solitons. Then, conservation laws are constructed through the direct multipliers method. Finally, the evolutionary behavior of a C1-wave is investigated using one of the developed solutions.
A new proof of Atiyah’s conjecture on configurations of four points
Authors: Malkoun Joseph
Published: May 2023

In the article entitled Atiyah, “The geometry of classical particles,” Surv. Differ. Geom. 7, 1–15 (2000) and in the article entitled Atiyah, “Configurations of points,” Philos. Trans. R. Soc., A 359, 1375–1387 (2001), Sir Michael Atiyah introduced what is known as the Atiyah problem on configurations of points, which can be briefly described as the conjecture that the n polynomials (each defined up to a phase factor) associated geometrically to a configuration of n distinct points in R3 are always linearly independent. The first “hard” case is for n = 4 points, for which the linear independence conjecture was proved by Eastwood and Norbury- in the article entitled “A proof of Atiyah’s conjecture on configurations of four points in Euclidean three-space,” Geom. Topol. 5(2), 885–893 (2001). We present a new proof of Atiyah’s linear independence conjecture on configurations of four points, i.e., of Eastwood and Norbury’s theorem. Our proof consists in showing that the Gram matrix of the four polynomials associated with a configuration of four points in Euclidean 3-space is always positive definite. It makes use of 2-spinor calculus and the theory of Hermitian positive semidefinite matrices.
Low-frequency noise in β-(AlxGa1−x)2O3 Schottky barrier diodes
Authors: Ghosh Subhajit , Mudiyanselage Dinusha Herath , Rumyantsev Sergey , Zhao Yuji , Fu Houqiang , Goodnick Stephen , Nemanich Robert , Balandin Alexander A.
Published: May 2023

We report on the low-frequency electronic noise in β-(AlxGa1−x)2O3 Schottky barrier diodes. The noise spectral density reveals 1/f dependence, characteristic of the flicker noise, with superimposed Lorentzian bulges at the intermediate current levels (f is the frequency). The normalized noise spectral density in such diodes was determined to be on the order of 10−12 cm2/Hz (f = 10 Hz) at 1 A/cm2 current density. At the intermediate current regime, we observed the random telegraph signal noise, correlated with the appearance of Lorentzian bulges in the noise spectrum. The random telegraph signal noise was attributed to the defects near the Schottky barrier. The defects can affect the local electric field and the potential barrier and, correspondingly, impact the electric current. The obtained results help in understanding the noise in Schottky barrier diodes made of ultra-wide bandgap semiconductors and can be used for the material and device quality assessment.
Enhancing optical contrast of sub-wavelength optical image using graphene oxide coated probe in scanning thermal microscopy
Authors: Nam Kiin , Kim Hyuntae , Im Jaeseung , Ahn Jae Sung , Choi Soobong
Published: May 2023

Scanning thermal microscopy (SThM) is a powerful technique for obtaining local thermal information on a sample surface using a nano-fabricated thermometer probe. One important application of SThM is sub-wavelength optical imaging, which captures the photothermal response of the probe to light. In this nano-scale imaging technique, optical contrast and spatial resolution are critical performance indicators. The size and material of the thermometer probe play a significant role in determining image quality, as a smaller radius can improve spatial resolution but reduce optical contrast and sensitivity due to decreased light absorption. To address this challenge, we have developed an approach to improve the photothermal energy conversion efficiency by coating the probe with atomically thin graphene oxide (GO). Our results demonstrate that this GO coating can enhance optical sensitivity by more than 1.5 times with linear optical power dependency. Importantly, the coating significantly improves the root mean square contrast of the image by 2.56 times without compromising spatial resolution. Our study highlights the potential of GO-coated probes to improve the sensitivity and quality of SThM-based sub-wavelength optical imaging.
Social networking and cultural identity among language minority learners of Portuguese during study abroad
Authors: Han Lili , Lin Manlin , Wen Zhisheng (Edward)
Published: May 2023

Research in intercultural communication studies has demonstrated that social networking (SN) can affect language minority learners’ cultural adaptation/identity process. Furthermore, internet usage preferences play an important role in the cultural adaptation of mobility groups. Drawing on these two lines of development, the current paper aims to further examine the role of SN in the home and host cultural adaptation/identity process of Chinese language-minority learners in Portugal. Through collecting and analyzing questionnaires focusing on three cultural identity dimensions, participants’ use of SN for academic purposes, and their cultural adaptation and language minority learning, we found that the affordances provided by SN contribute positively to enhancing both the host and the home cultural identity. Furthermore, the academic purpose of language use on SN indicated a positive relationship between the use of SN and cultural identity. The findings shed new light on factors that influence participants’ Portuguese language learning during study abroad.
Perceptual effects on the interpretation of English stops by Taiwan Mandarin speakers
Authors: Lü Mingchang
Published: May 2023

Given relevant experimental evidence and language universals, this paper investigates the adaptation patterns of English stops in Taiwan Mandarin and argues in favor of the substantial existence of the perceptual phase in loanword adaptation, counter toParadis & Tremblay’s (2009)phonological view on a similar issue. The statistically based results from a corpus of established loanwords support the view that interpretation of foreign stops is largely conditioned by a handful of perceptual factors, i.e., syllable position, aspiration and voicing, sonority, and the masking effect of [s]. These effects serve as part of the perceptual cues and function with the structural constraints at the level of perception, which generates an underlying representation that awaits evaluation at the level of production.
Exploring the effects of audiovisual material and age in pragmatic learning
Authors: Barón Júlia , Muñoz Carmen
Published: May 2023

The present study aims at analyzing the effects of pragmatic instruction through captioned audiovisual input on
pragmatic performance by learners of different ages. The participants were 40 intermediate English as a Foreign Language (EFL)
learners, 20 children and 20 adults, who were distributed into intervention and control groups. All participants received
pragmatic-focused instruction (on greetings and requests), and were engaged in class discussions to raise pragmatic awareness. In
the intervention group, pragmatic instruction was supported by captioned audiovisual material, whereas in the control group no
audiovisual material was used to support pragmatic instruction. To examine pragmatic performance, an Oral Discourse Completion
Test (ODCT) was administered at the beginning and at the end of the treatment period. Moreover, classroom observations were
carried out during class discussions. The findings suggest a benefit of captioned audiovisual input on pragmatic performance when
teaching pragmatics in the EFL classroom as well as differences in terms of pragmatic performance between child and adult
learners.
Riding up the escaLEC-TOR for valvular health
Authors: Arany Zolt
Published: May 2023

Endothelial-lined valves assure unidirectional flow in the lymphatic system. In this issue, Saygili Demir et al. (2023. J. Cell Biol.https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.202207049) demonstrate how continuous repair of these valves occur, beginning with mTOR-activated cell replication in valve sinuses, and followed by cell migration to cover the valve surface.
Prediction of brown tide algae using improved Gramian angular field and deep learning based on laser-induced fluorescence spectrum
Authors: Si Yu , Zhu Dandan , Chen Ying , Liu Junfei , Chen Ting , Dong Zhiyang
Published: May 2023

The frequent occurrence of algal blooms has seriously affected the marine environment and human production activities. Therefore, it is crucial to monitor the phytoplankton concentration in water bodies. In this study, a prediction method for brown tide algae using improved Gramian angular field (IGAF) and deep learning based on the laser-induced fluorescence spectrum was proposed. The method combined one-dimensional (1D) fluorescence spectrum with IGAF for image coding. The internal normalizing approach of the original Gramian angle field algorithm was upgraded from local to global, which can increase the difference between samples with various concentrations. Then, we established a novel technique that fully takes into account the Gramian angular difference field and Gramian angular summation field features, allowing it to control the main and sub-diagonal features and successfully convert 1D sequences into images by adding various weight factors. Using depthwise separable convolutional neural network to extract image features helps reduce model training parameters, paired with long short-term memory network to rapidly predict the concentration of brown tide. To confirm the actual performance of the given approach, ablation and contrast experiments were carried out, and the results showed that the method’s regression accuracy, R
2 was 97.8%, with the lowest mean square error and mean absolute error. This study investigated the transformation of 1D spectra into images using IGAF, which not only explored the application of the fluorescence spectrum image coding method for algal regression but also enabled the introduction of the potent benefits of deep learning image processing into the field of spectral analysis.
GEANT4-DNA simulation of temperature-dependent and pH-dependent yields of chemical radiolytic species
Authors: Bian Jingyi , Duran Juan , Shin Wook-Geun , Ramos-Méndez Jose , Sankey Jack C , Childress Lilian , Seuntjens Jan , Enger Shirin A
Published: May 2023

Objective. GEANT4-DNA can simulate radiation chemical yield (G-value) for radiolytic species such as the hydrated electron (

e

aq

−

) with the independent reaction times (IRT) method, however, only at room temperature and neutral pH. This work aims to modify the GEANT4-DNA source code to enable the calculation of G-values for radiolytic species at different temperatures and pH values. Approach. In the GEANT4-DNA source code, values of chemical parameters such as reaction rate constant, diffusion coefficient, Onsager radius, and water density were replaced by corresponding temperature-dependent polynomials. The initial concentration of hydrogen ion (H+)/hydronium ion (H3O+) was scaled for a desired pH using the relationship pH = –log10 [H+]. To validate our modifications, two sets of simulations were performed. (A) A water cube with 1.0 km sides and a pH of 7 was irradiated with an isotropic electron source of 1 MeV. The end time was 1 μs. The temperatures varied from 25 °C to 150 °C. (B) The same setup as (A) was used, however, the temperature was set to 25 °C while the pH varied from 5 to 9. The results were compared with published experimental and simulated work. Main results. The IRT method in GEANT4-DNA was successfully modified to simulate G-values for radiolytic species at different temperatures and pH values. Our temperature-dependent results agreed with experimental data within 0.64%–9.79%, and with simulated data within 3.52%–12.47%. The pH-dependent results agreed well with experimental data within 0.52% to 3.19% except at a pH of 5 (15.99%) and with simulated data within 4.40%–5.53%. The uncertainties were below ±0.20%. Overall our results agreed better with experimental than simulation data. Significance. Modifications in the GEANT4-DNA code enabled the calculation of G-values for radiolytic species at different temperatures and pH values.
Ionization of sputtered material in high power impulse magnetron sputtering plasmas—comparison of titanium, chromium and aluminum
Authors: Held J , Schulz-von der Gathen V , von Keudell A
Published: May 2023

The ionization of sputtered species in high power impulse magnetron sputtering of titanium, chromium, and aluminum targets is analyzed using Abel-inverted spectroscopic imaging to locate the position of ionization. From the spatial emission of neutrals, it is deduced that most of the sputtered titanium particles become ionized within 0.5 mm distance from the target, whereas sputtered aluminum or chromium can travel much further through the discharge before ionization occurs. Probe measurements reveal the reason for this difference to be the unusually high electron temperature of around 4.5 eV for titanium compared to 2.6 eV and 1.5 eV for aluminum and chromium as the target material, respectively. These probe measurements are then compared to a global model derived from the ionization region model. Excellent agreement between model and measurements can be reached, but only if the transport physics for the confinement of the species is adjusted. Using the model, the difference between the three discharges can be traced back to be mostly caused by the sputter yield. Thus, we propose that ionization in discharges with low-yield materials should generally be expected to occur closer to the target surface, leading the ions to be affected more strongly by the electric field across the magnetic trap region, resulting in a more severe deposition rate loss compared to high-yield materials.
Non-minimal coupling inflation and dark matter under the ℤ3 symmetry
Authors: Cheng Wei , Liu Xuewen , Zhou Ruiyu
Published: May 2023

We study the cosmological inflation and dark matter (DM) in a unified way within a ℤ3 complex scalar model. The real and imaginary parts of the complex scalar act as the inflaton and DM respectively. The slow-rolling inflation with non-minimal coupling in both the metric and Palatini formalisms can be realized.
We examine the whole parameters space by fully considering the theoretical and experimental constraints.
We find that in the low-energy scale,
the DM relic density and the DM-nucleon direct scattering experiments favor the mixing angle |θ| ≲ 0.25, the DM mass mχ
≳ 80 GeV, and the mass of Higgs-like scalar mh

2 ≳ 300 GeV.
In the high-energy scale, after further considering the cosmological constraints of the scalar spectral index and the tensor-to-scalar ratio for the two forms of inflation,
the scalar spectral indices are both ∼ 0.965, the non-minimum coupling coefficients are ∼ 104 and ∼ 109, and the tensor-to-scalar ratios are ∼ 10-3 and ≲ 10-11 respectively, which suggests that the inflation under the two formalisms can be distinguished by measuring the tensor-to-scalar ratio with higher precision.
Improved RF power performance of InAlN/GaN HEMT by optimizing rapid thermal annealing process for high-performance low-voltage terminal applications
Authors: Zhou 周 Yuwei 雨威 , Mi 宓 Minhan 珉瀚 , Wang 王 Pengfei 鹏飞 , Gong 龚 Can 灿 , Chen 陈 Yilin 怡霖 , Chen 陈 Zhihong 治宏 , Liu 刘 Jielong 捷龙 , Yang 杨 Mei 眉 , Zhang 张 Meng 濛 , Zhu 朱 Qing 青 , Ma 马 Xiaohua 晓华 , Hao 郝 Yue 跃
Published: May 2023

Improved radio-frequency (RF) power performance of InAlN/GaN high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) is achieved by optimizing the rapid thermal annealing (RTA) process for high-performance low-voltage terminal applications. By optimizing the RTA temperature and time, the optimal annealing condition is found to enable low parasitic resistance and thus a high-performance device. Besides, compared with the non-optimized RTA HEMT, the optimized one demonstrates smoother ohmic metal surface morphology and better heterojunction quality including the less degraded heterojunction sheet resistance and clearer heterojunction interfaces as well as negligible material out-diffusion from the barrier to the channel and buffer. Benefiting from the lowered parasitic resistance, improved maximum output current density of 2279 mA⋅mm−1 and higher peak extrinsic transconductance of 526 mS⋅mm−1 are obtained for the optimized RTA HEMT. In addition, due to the superior heterojunction quality, the optimized HEMT shows reduced off-state leakage current of 7 × 10−3 mA⋅mm−1 and suppressed current collapse of only 4%, compared with those of 1 × 10−1 mA⋅mm−1 and 15% for the non-optimized one. At 8 GHz and V
DS of 6 V, a significantly improved power-added efficiency of 62% and output power density of 0.71 W⋅mm−1 are achieved for the optimized HEMT, as the result of the improvement in output current, knee voltage, off-state leakage current, and current collapse, which reveals the tremendous advantage of the optimized RTA HEMT in high-performance low-voltage terminal applications.
Broadband multi-channel quantum noise suppression and phase-sensitive modulation based on entangled beam
Authors: Di 邸 Ke 克 , Tan 谈 Shuai 帅 , Cheng 程 Anyu 安宇 , Liu 刘 Yu 宇 , Du 杜 Jiajia 佳佳
Published: May 2023

We present a theoretical scheme for broadband multi-channel quantum noise suppression and phase-sensitive modulation of continuous variables in a coupled resonant system with quantum entanglement properties. The effects of different coupling strengths, pumping power in suppressing quantum noise and controlling the width of quantum interference channels are analyzed carefully. Furthermore, quantum noise suppression at quadrature amplitude is obtained with phase-sensitive modulation. It shows that the entanglement strength of the output field and the quantum noise suppression effect can be enhanced significantly by a strong pumping filed due to interaction of pumping light with the nonlinear crystal. The full width at half maxima (FWHM) of the noise curve at the resonant peak (Δ = 0 MHz) is broadened up to 2.17 times compared to the single cavity. In the strong coupling resonant system, the FWHM at Δ = 0 MHz (Δ = ±3.1 MHz) is also broadened up to 1.27 (3.53) times compared to the weak coupling resonant system case. The multi-channel quantum interference creates an electromagnetically induced transparent-like line shape, which can be used to improve the transmission efficiency and stability of wave packets in quantum information processing and quantum memory.
Approximate error correction scheme for three-dimensional surface codes based reinforcement learning
Authors: Qu 曲 Ying-Jie 英杰 , Chen 陈 Zhao 钊 , Wang 王 Wei-Jie 伟杰 , Ma 马 Hong-Yang 鸿洋
Published: May 2023

Quantum error correction technology is an important method to eliminate errors during the operation of quantum computers. In order to solve the problem of influence of errors on physical qubits, we propose an approximate error correction scheme that performs dimension mapping operations on surface codes. This error correction scheme utilizes the topological properties of error correction codes to map the surface code dimension to three dimensions. Compared to previous error correction schemes, the present three-dimensional surface code exhibits good scalability due to its higher redundancy and more efficient error correction capabilities. By reducing the number of ancilla qubits required for error correction, this approach achieves savings in measurement space and reduces resource consumption costs. In order to improve the decoding efficiency and solve the problem of the correlation between the surface code stabilizer and the 3D space after dimension mapping, we employ a reinforcement learning (RL) decoder based on deep Q-learning, which enables faster identification of the optimal syndrome and achieves better thresholds through conditional optimization. Compared to the minimum weight perfect matching decoding, the threshold of the RL trained model reaches 0.78%, which is 56% higher and enables large-scale fault-tolerant quantum computation.
Investigation of magnetization reversal and domain structures in perpendicular synthetic antiferromagnets by first-order reversal curves and magneto-optical Kerr effect
Authors: Wang 王 Xiang-Qian 向谦 , Li 李 Jia-Nan 佳楠 , He 何 Kai-Zhou 开宙 , Xie 谢 Ming-Ling 明玲 , Zhu 朱 Xu-Peng 旭鹏
Published: May 2023

Perpendicular synthetic-antiferromagnet (p-SAF) has broad applications in spin-transfer-torque magnetic random access memory and magnetic sensors. In this study, the p-SAF films consisting of (Co/Ni)3]/Ir(t
Ir)/[(Ni/Co)3 are fabricated by magnetron sputtering technology. We study the domain structure and switching field distribution in p-SAF by changing the thickness of the infrared space layer. The strongest exchange coupling field (H
ex) is observed when the thickness of Ir layer (t
Ir) is 0.7 nm and becoming weak according to the Ruderman–Kittel–Kasuya–Yosida-type coupling at 1.05 nm, 2.1 nm, 4.55 nm, and 4.9 nm in sequence. Furthermore, the domain switching process between the upper Co/Ni stack and the bottom Co/Ni stack is different because of the antiferromagnet coupling. Compared with ferromagnet coupling films, the antiferromagnet samples possess three irreversible reversal regions in the first-order reversal curve distribution. With t
Ir increasing, these irreversible reversal regions become denser and smaller. The results from this study will help us understand the details of the magnetization reversal process in the p-SAF.
Increasing linear flux range of SQUID amplifier using self-feedback effect
Authors: Chen 陈 Ying-Yu 滢宇 , Wang 王 Chao-Qun 超群 , Xu 徐 Yuan-Xing 元星 , Zhao 赵 Yue 越 , Ying 应 Li-Liang 利良 , Xie 谢 Hang-Xing 颃星 , Gao 高 Bo 波 , Wang 王 Zhen 镇
Published: May 2023

Superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs) are low-noise amplifiers that are essential for the readouts of translation edge sensors (TESs). The linear flux range is an important parameter for SQUID amplifiers, especially those controlled by high-bandwidth digital flux-locked-loop circuits. A large linear flux range conduces to accurately measuring the input signal and also increasing the multiplexing factor in the time-division multiplexed (TDM) readout scheme of the TES array. In this work, we report that the linear flux range of an SQUID can be improved by using self-feedback effect. When the SQUID loop is designed to be asymmetric, a voltage-biased SQUID shows an asymmetric current–flux (I–Φ) response curve. The linear flux range is improved along the I–Φ curve with a shallow slope. The experimental results accord well with the numerical simulations. The asymmetric SQUID will be able to serve as a building block in the development of the TDM readout systems for large TES arrays.
Distinct behavior of electronic structure under uniaxial strain in BaFe2As2
Authors: Li 李 Jiajun 佳俊 , Phan Giao Ngoc , Wang 王 Xingyu 兴玉 , Yang 杨 Fazhi 发枝 , Hu 胡 Quanxin 全欣 , Jia 贾 Ke 可 , Zhao 赵 Jin 金 , Liu 刘 Wenyao 文尧 , Zhang 张 Renjie 任杰 , Shi 石 Youguo 友国 , Li 李 Shiliang 世亮 , Qian 钱 Tian 天 , Ding 丁 Hong 洪
Published: May 2023

We report a study of the electronic structure of BaFe2As2 under uniaxial strains using angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy and transport measurements. Two electron bands at the MY
point, with an energy splitting of 50 meV in the strain-free sample, shift downward and merge into each other under a large uniaxial strain, while three hole bands at the Γ point shift downward together. However, we also observed an enhancement of the resistance anisotropy under uniaxial strains by electrical transport measurements, implying that the applied strains strengthen the electronic nematic order in BaFe2As2. These observations suggest that the splitting of these two electron bands at the MY
point is not caused by the nematic order in BaFe2As2.
Digital holographic imaging via direct quantum wavefunction reconstruction
Authors: Hu 胡 Meng-Jun 孟军 , Zhang 张 Yong-Sheng 永生
Published: May 2023

Wavefunction is a fundamental concept of quantum theory. Recent studies have shown surprisingly that wavefunction can be directly reconstructed via the measurement of weak value. The weak value based direct wavefunction reconstruction not only gives the operational meaning of wavefunction, but also provides the possibility of realizing holographic imaging with a totally new quantum approach. Here, we review the basic background knowledge of weak value based direct wavefunction reconstruction combined with recent experimental demonstrations. The main purpose of this work focuses on the idea of holographic imaging via direct wavefunction reconstruction. Since research on this topic is still in its early stage, we hope that this work can attract interest in the field of traditional holographic imaging. In addition, the wavefunction holographic imaging may find important applications in quantum information science.
Matching problems in biodiversity offset markets: a case study of the New South Wales biodiversity offsets scheme
Authors: Plott Charles , Stoneham Gary , Burfurd Ingrid , Perez Rogelio Canizales , Kovac Mladen
Published: May 2023

Biodiversity offset credits in New South Wales are transacted within a regulatory environment defined by detailed trading rules and many different types of biodiversity credits that can lead to thin markets and high transaction costs. This paper describes a market designed to facilitate efficient and effective transactions. The market includes a search algorithm to identify who can exchange with whom, according to the regulatory constraints, and an online exchange tool to facilitate efficient price discovery and allocation of offset contracts.
A probabilistic framework for forecasting maize yield response to agricultural inputs with sub-seasonal climate predictions
Authors: Lacasa Josefina , Messina Carlos D , Ciampitti Ignacio A
Published: May 2023

Crop yield results from the complex interaction between genotype, management, and environment. While farmers have control over what genotype to plant and how to manage it, their decisions are often sub-optimal due to climate variability. Sub-seasonal climate predictions embrace the great potential to improve risk analysis and decision-making. However, adequate frameworks integrating future weather uncertainty to predict crop outcomes are lacking. Maize (Zea mays L.) yields are highly sensitive to weather anomalies, and very responsive to plant density (plants m−2). Thus, economic optimal plat density is conditional to the seasonal weather conditions and can be anticipated with seasonal prospects. The aims of this study were to (i) design a model that describes the yield-to-plant density relationship (herein termed as yield–density) as a function of weather variables, and provides probabilistic forecasts for the economic optimum plant density (EOPD), and (ii) analyze the model predictive performance and sources of uncertainty. We present a novel approach to enable decision-making in agriculture using sub-seasonal climate predictions and Bayesian modeling. This model may inform crop management recommendations and accounts for various sources of uncertainty. A Bayesian hierarchical shrinkage model was fitted to the response of maize yield–density trials performed during the 2010–2019 period across seven states in the United States, identifying the relative importance of key weather, crop, and soil variables. Tercile forecasts of precipitation and temperature from the International Research Institute were used to forecast EOPD before the start of the season. The variables with the greatest influence on the yield–density relationship were weather anomalies, especially those variables indicating months with above-normal temperatures. Improvements on climate forecasting may also improve forecasts on yield responses to management, as we found reduced bias and error (by a factor >10), and greater precision (e.g. R2 increased from 0.26 to 0.32) for cases where weather forecasts matched observations. This study may contribute to the development of decision-support tools that can trigger discussions between farmers and consultants about management strategies and their associated risks.
Exploring the emergence and changing dynamics of a new integrated rice-crawfish farming system in China
Authors: Wei Yanbing , Müller Daniel , Sun Zhanli , Lu Miao , Tang Huajun , Wu Wenbin
Published: May 2023

Crop-aquaculture systems are widely adopted around the world as they can provide high protein and energy outputs per unit of land and raise farm incomes, particularly for smallholder farmers. Recently, a new crop-aquaculture system, which combines rice production with crawfish breeding (integrated rice-crawfish farming), has emerged and rapidly expanded in China. However, the spatial extent and temporal dynamics of this integrated farming system largely remain unclear, which prohibits rigorous impact assessments to support its sustainable development. Here we use time series of Landsat satellite data, for the first time, to explore the emergence and the changing dynamics of this rice-crawfish farming system for the period of 2013–2021 in five provinces (805 600 km2) of China, where 90% of the global crawfish are produced. Our analysis reveals that the total area of rice-crawfish farming in these five provinces increased steadily from 0.11 Mha in 2013 to 0.70 Mha in 2019, then sharply contracted by a third in 2020 and rebounded in 2021. Spatially, rice-crawfish system is located primarily in low-elevation plain areas with abundant water resources, where paddy rice cultivation has traditionally dominated agriculture. More concentrated rice-crawfish distribution is observed in Jianghan Plain, and regions around Dongting Lake and Poyang Lake. The spatial distribution of rice-crawfish cultivation experienced considerable expansion towards the east and north from 2013 to 2021, with the largest expansion found in Jiangsu and Anhui after 2018. At the county level, over 6% of counties experienced notable area increases of more than 60 km2 from 2017 and 2019, but 20% of counties have decreased from 2019 to 2021. Among the converted land use types, irrigated cropland is the largest contributor to rice-crawfish expansion with a contribution of 56%, followed by water bodies (25%) and rainfed cropland (13%). The spatial and temporal information provided in this study helps to understand the evolution of rice-crawfish cultivation in China and facilitates more efficient management of land resources under the rapid development of this farming system.
Fairness and feasibility in deep mitigation pathways with novel carbon dioxide removal considering institutional capacity to mitigate
Authors: Gidden Matthew J , Brutschin Elina , Ganti Gaurav , Unlu Gamze , Zakeri Behnam , Fricko Oliver , Mitterrutzner Benjamin , Lovat Francesco , Riahi Keywan
Published: May 2023

Questions around the technical and political feasibility of deep mitigation scenarios assessed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change have increasingly been raised as have calls for more directly analyzing and incorporating aspects of justice and fairness. Simultaneously, models are increasing the technical representation of novel carbon-dioxide removal (CDR) approaches to provide policy-relevant analyses of mitigation portfolios in the context of the rising number of net-zero CO2 and GHG targets made by parties to the Paris Agreement. Still, in most cost-effective mitigation scenarios developed by integrated assessment models, a significant portion of mitigation is assumed to take place in developing regions. We address these intersecting questions through analyzing scenarios that include direct air capture of CO2 with storage (DACCS), a novel CDR technology that is not dependent on land potential and can be deployed widely, as well as regional variations in institutional capacity for mitigation based on country-level governance indicators. We find that including novel CDR and representations of institutional capacity can enhance both the feasibility and fairness of 2 °C and 1.5 °C high-overshoot scenarios, especially in the near term, with institutional capacity playing a stronger role than the presence of additional carbon removal methods. However, our results indicate that new CDR methods being studied by models are not likely to change regional mitigation outcomes of scenarios which achieve the 1.5 °C goal of the Paris Agreement. Thus, while engineered carbon removals like DACCS may play a significant role by midcentury, gross emissions reductions in mitigation pathways arriving at net-zero CO2 emissions in line with 1.5 °C do not substantially change. Our results highlight that further investment and development of novel CDR is critical for post-net-zero CO2 mitigation, but that equitable achievement of this milestone will need to arrive through technical and financial transfers, rather than by substantial carbon removals in developed countries before mid-century.
Impacts of hot-dry conditions on hydropower production in Switzerland
Authors: Otero Noelia , Horton Pascal , Martius Olivia , Allen Sam , Zappa Massimiliano , Wechsler Tobias , Schaefli Bettina
Published: May 2023

Hydropower plays a significant role in the transition towards a low-carbon power system, being a renewable energy source that can complement solar and wind power, which are highly intermittent. However, hydropower is itself dependent on local weather conditions and climate variability. Moreover, extreme climate conditions, such as hot-dry compound events, can have a major impact on hydropower production (HP). Here, we examine the impacts of hot-dry conditions on HP under current and future climate scenarios in Switzerland, a country where hydropower provides the biggest share (60%) of the total electricity production. Overall, our results point out that the impacts of hot-dry conditions on HP are case-specific. We found that hot-dry compound conditions during the warmer months negatively impact HP in power plants with little or no water storage capacity (run-of-river schemes). On the contrary, schemes with large, seasonal accumulation lakes and significant glacier resources will continue to be able to produce high amounts of HP during hot-dry conditions in summer, which is an important result for Alpine hydropower.
Madura Tribe Community Biopharmaca Development Strategy In Indonesia
Authors: Fatmawati Ika , Syabana Rizal Andi , Wati Henny Diana , Hariyati Yuli
Published: May 2023

The purpose of this study to formulated a strategy for the development of biopharma for the Madurese tribe to meet traditional medicinal raw materials. Research location in Sumenep Regency on the island of Madura East Java. The sampling method used was key informant. The key informants are biopharmaceutical plant farmers, the agriculture service, community leaders, traditional healers, and herbal medicine traders. The research was conducted using quantitative analysis and SWOT (Strength, Weakness, Opportunity, and Threat) analysis, through an External Factor Analysis Strategic (EFAS) and the Internal Factor Analysis Strategic (IFAS). Analytical results from this research conclude that Madura Tribe Community Biopharmaca Development Strategy is government support with the Mou, geographical patents of biopharmaca plants, and utilizing human resources by being a member of farmer group to contibute more
The role of women in sustainable agriculture practices: evidence from east java Indonesia
Authors: Muhaimin Abdul Wahib , Retnoningsih Dwi , Pariasa Imaniar Ilmi
Published: May 2023

This study investigates the role of women in sustainable agriculture practices adoption. This study employed correctional data from 150 farmers in East Java Indonesia, and it was analysed by an ordered probit model. The farmers have used five sustainable practices, including organic fertilizer, bio-pesticide, crop rotation, and agroforestry adoption. The main finding indicated that woman’s participation in agricultural practices significantly improved both organic fertilizer and bio-pesticide adoption, however, it does not significantly affect agroforestry adoption. this is confirmed that women are more likely to be aware of agricultural sustainability. On the other hand, we also find that the farmer’s cultivated are, land status and participation in farmer group significantly affected farmers’ decision to adopt sustainable agriculture practices. Therefore, we suggested that the role of women in agricultural activity should be improved. The government can improve woman’s intention to participate in agricultural sectors.
Partition of Carbon Losses on CO2 Emission and Peat Subsidence in an Open-Drained Tropical Peatlands: A Consideration for Agroforestry Practices
Authors: Astiani D , Widiastuti T , Ekamawanti H A , Ekyastuti W , Roslinda E , Jamiat
Published: May 2023

Open-abandoned peatland commonly were not hydrologically well-managed in West Kalimantan causing continuous degradation of peat ecosystems, due to peat drying. This condition damage the carbon balance and function of tropical peatlands, result in significant greenhouse gas emissions. Tropical peat in the Kubu Raya District of West Kalimantan, which has a relatively large area of peat, has been degraded due to uncontrolled drainage and land fires caused by lack of management post the landcover changes. This study aims to clarify the partition of carbon loss in open peatlands due to the heterotrophic respiration (CO2 emission) process, which is part of the declining peat layer due to subsidence. The CO2 emission and subsidence assessments were accomplished for two years. The results show an increase in peat CO2 emissions to ~300% when groundwater level (GWL) lowered from ~0-5cm to >80cm. The trend is similar to the subsidence process due to changes in GWL. Carbon dioxide emissions range from 55,8 to 58,9% of peat layer losses, dependent on GWL. In undrained peatland, the CO2 emission was the lowest among others yet mainly loss in CO2 emission. The results of this study can provide considerations on small-holder agroforestry or other agricultural practices which wide-spread developed recently in this area. It is explaining the part of the subsidence that impacts the sources of CO2 emissions and practices to manage GWL to mitigate CO2 emission from open-drained peatlands.
Analysis of water physical, chemical and biological properties in different peat swamp forests converted to rice fields
Authors: Erniaty E , Gumiri S , Ardianor A , Haryono A , Yulintine Y , Masliani M
Published: May 2023

The Indonesian government plans to turn Central Kalimantan into a national food barn by planting rice in several places, including in shallow peatlands. Tropical peatlands actually have limited potential for agricultural use because the growing medium in some cases is not conducive to root development, waterlogged soils that poison plants. The physical, chemical, and biological properties of water can be used as indicators to determine if a land is suitable for growing crops. The objective of this study is to analyze the physical, chemical, and biological properties of water in different aquatic ecosystems in peat swamp forest. This study was conducted in the Peat Techno Park (PTP) of the College of Palangka Raya, Central Kalimantan. Samples were collected from 9 observation stations with different forms of land use for agricultural activities, namely unplowed rice fields, plowed fields, swamps, connecting ditches, beje, natural peat swamp forests, ponds and irrigation ponds. Data collection was taken over a 6-month period and coincided with the peak of the dry season and the rainy season. Water properties were then analyzed by observing the parameters measured directly at the station, namely pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO) and depth. The results showed that there were 4 (four) sites that had suitable water properties for agricultural uses, namely unplowed fields, plowed fields, swamps and ponds. There are only 2 (two) macrozoobenthos groups on PTP peat bogs, namely Annelida and insects. In addition, the most dominant group in insect belongs to the ordo Diptera, and family Chironomidae with the most common genus Chironomus. Conversion of peat swamp forest to rice fields and fish ponds promotes greater diversity and abundance of macroinvertebrate communities, with the depth significantly affecting them.
Challenges and alternative solutions in developing sorghum to support food diversification in Indonesia
Authors: Ariningsih E , Saliem H P , Nurhasanah A , Gunawan E , Agustian A , Saptana
Published: May 2023

Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) has the potential to be developed as an alternative food to substitute wheat and rice in supporting food diversification programs. However, the development of sorghum in Indonesia is progressing very slowly. The Russia-Ukraine conflict, which caused the price of wheat to rise and the threat of a food crisis, became the right momentum to accelerate sorghum development in Indonesia. This study aims to examine the challenges in developing sorghum in Indonesia. Primary and secondary data were collected from discussions in “WhaApps Group As.Agri.Sorghum Indo/MASI”, which involves various parties related to sorghum, as well as webinars related to sorghum and literature review. The method employed was descriptive qualitative analysis. The study results show that sorghum development in Indonesia faces problems and constraints from cultivation (on-farm), harvesting, postharvest, processing, and marketing to utilization/consumption of sorghum (table) that make it progress very slowly. To accelerate the role of sorghum in the food diversification program, efforts to solve problems and constraints in the development of sorghum in Indonesia need to be integrated from upstream to downstream and involve all relevant stakeholders.
Community Empowerment as an Effort for Handling Food Consumption Patterns in Malang Raya
Authors: Sugiyanto  , Pintakami L B , Nurhadi I , Fibrianingtyas A
Published: May 2023

Food security depends on nutritional status. The consumption pattern in the Malang Raya Region is still dominated by high consumption of carbohydrate food sources, especially rice. This study aims to analyze factors affecting consumption of farmers’ household consumption in Empowerment and Handling of Community Food Consumption Patterns in the Malang Raya Region, determining respondents using the Simple Random Sampling technique. Primary data was collected through questionnaires and interviews, while secondary data was sourced from BPS data and related agencies. The results show that food security in Malang Raya can be optimized by taking into account several factors that need further evaluation so that food security can take place and survive consistently. In general, the aim of PPH is to produce a standard composition of food to meet the nutritional needs of the population, while taking into account the nutritional balance. Therefore, it is necessary to change the pattern of food consumption by increasing education, knowledge of nutrition, and public welfare, so that their nutritional status is fulfilled. Improving the quality of food security and independence of the people of Malang Raya through empowerment and management of community food consumption patterns is a priority at this time.