bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Introduction A Brief March through the Thickets of Economic Theory
Authors: Egnal Marc
Published: November 2023

Cadwallader Colden, the lieutenant governor of New York, was right. Economic growth was unmistakable in colonial North America. “The manner ofliving among all ranks of people,” Colden remarked in 1764, “is now at a much higher rate than forme rly.”1 By the mid-eighteenth century settlers in the Thirteen Colonies and Canada had more possessions and more disposable income than was the case even a few decades earlier. Homes-such as those in Anne Arundel County, Maryland (fig. 1.1)-were now more likely to have knives, forks, and plates on the table; sugar or molasses in the cupboard; and imported cloth on their shelves. To be sure, the rate of growth was uneven, the distribution of wealth hardly uniform, and the pace of development far slower than in the nineteenth century. But for most white colonists there were tangible gains.
Upper South
Authors: Egnal Marc
Published: November 2023

The two cycles that characterized growth in the North and in the Thirteen Colonies as a whole were barely visible in the Upper South. The Chesapeake economy marched to a different drummer. Its rhythms were those of the tobacco trade and the markets of continental Europe. To be sure, the sale of grain and the influx of British funds helped shape the course of development.
Investigating Health Effects and Hazards in the Community
Authors: Kafadar Karen , Andrews John S
Published: November 2023

Members of a community often do not think about public health functions until an adverse health effect or hazard is suspected. When an outbreak arises due to a communicable disease; a technological or manmade disaster; an environmental toxin; or contaminated food, water, or air, a community can quickly mobilize itself for action. Frequently, the local public health authority is responsible for taking such action. However, if the problem continues or has been inadequately addressed, a community may solicit help from state and federal agencies. The local health authority must address these concerns quickly, forthrightly, and completely to maintain its credibility. The first priority of public health personnel is to reduce mortality and morbidity. Adverse health effects must be treated, and continued exposure to the hazardous substance or new illness must be prevented. Therefore, the first activities to occur after identifying an adverse health effect or hazard in the community are to provide medical treatment to ill persons and to interrupt ongoing exposure (e.g., providing emergency medical treatment for injured persons, evacuating persons from their homes or businesses, or having the gas and electric utility companies temporarily discontinue services).
Implementing and Managing Programs
Authors: Simoes Eduardo J , Brownson Ross C
Published: November 2023

Managers in public health settings are increasingly called upon to develop, implement, and evaluate programs, with the goal of demonstrating and replicating those that are effective. A public health program can be defined as a structured intervention or policy change aimed to improve the health of the total population or a subpopulation at particularly high risk. Public health programs depend on a variety of inputs and outputs and often have short-term, intermediate, and long-term objectives. For example, programs such as the American Stop Smoking Study for Cancer Prevention (ASSIST) or Initiatives to Mobilize for the Prevention and Control of Tobacco Use (IMPACT) are designed to mobilize coalitions to enhance tobacco control policies at the city, county, and state levels (Siegfried, 1991; CDC, 1996). A short-term objective of these programs is to develop viable coalitions; an intermediate objective is to enact effective policies; and a longerterm objective is to decrease tobacco use and thus decrease death and disability caused by tobacco use.
Talk Is Cheap
Authors: Haiman John
Published: November 2023

Putting aside questions of truth and falsehood, the old ‘talk is cheap’ maxim carries as much weight as ever. Indeed, perhaps more. For one need not be an expert in irony or sarcasm to realize that people don’t necessarily mean what they say. Phrases such as ‘Yeah, right’ and ‘I could care less’ are so much a part of the way we speak - and the way we live - that we are more likely to notice when they are absent (for example, Forrest Gump). From our everyday dialogues and conversations (‘Thanks a lot!’) to the screenplays of our popular films (Pulp Fiction), what is said is frequently very different from what is meant. Talk is Cheap begins with this telling observation and proceeds to argue that such ‘unplain speaking’ is fundamentally embedded in the way we now talk. Author John Haiman traces this sea-change in our use of language to the emergence of a postmodern ‘divided self’ who is hyper-conscious that what he or she is saying has been said before; ‘cheap talk’ thus allows us to distance ourselves from a social role with which we are uncomfortable. Haiman goes on to examine the full range of these pervasive distancing mechanisms, from clichés and quotation marks to camp and parody. Also, and importantly, Haiman highlights several ways in which language is evolving (and has evolved) from non-linguistic behaviour. In other words, this study shows us how what we are saying is continually separating itself from how we say it. As provocative as it is timely, the book will be fascinating reading for students of linguistics, literature, communication, anthropology, philosophy, and popular culture.
Sarcasm and the Postmodern Sensibility
Authors: Haiman John
Published: November 2023

“Is the pundit you looking for, not so?” The taxi driver said, “Nah. We come all the way from Port of Spain just for the scenery.” (Naipaul 1959:8) Whatever our social or psychological purposes in being sarcastic, from a purely linguistic or grammatical point of view, we are doing two things at once: we are communicating an ostensible message to our listeners but at the same time we are framing this message with a commentary or metamessage that says something like “I don’t mean this: in fact, I mean the exact opposite.” This metamessage makes sarcasm seem like a very abstract and quintessentially “linguistic” activity, for when we engage in it, we are using language to talk not about the world but about itself. Moreover, as there are many other devices available for performing the act of denial or committing verbal aggression, it seems like a needlessly roundabout way of performing this task.
Sarcasm and Its Neighbors
Authors: Haiman John
Published: November 2023

Sarcasm is not a totally isolated speech act. Among its conceptual neighbors are put-ons, irony, and outright lies. In somewhat pedantically distinguishing sarcasm from these, I will also demonstrate its kinship with parody and caricature, affectionate insults, and at least one other as-yet unnamed speech act type which I will call the guiltive modality.
The Metamessage “I Don’t Mean This”
Authors: Haiman John
Published: November 2023

Everyone who reads Deighton’s novel Funeral in Berlin can supply the “roughly tongued inverted commas” which mark the speaker’s decent German as sarcastic or fictional. We can also readily do the same with the examples given in figures 3.1 and 3.2. This chapter will deal with how the listener in English, and perhaps all languages, can both recognize and produce those inverted commas, not only in the spoken language but also in a variety of other media.
Un-Plain Speaking
Authors: Haiman John
Published: November 2023

Switching gears now to a very different set of structures, we will find that different manners of speaking also allow one to express the difference be-tween a behaving and a scrutinizing self. It’s intuitively plausible that a one-ness of personality is expressed in sincere language, whereas a two-ness is expressed not only in sarcasm but in every other manner of speaking which advertises the speaker to be in some way and to some extent a role player of some kind. In this chapter I will enumerate with a few examples some other genres of what I have decided to label un-plain speaking. Most of these are familiar, even if they have not been extensively described by linguists, and my survey will do little more than acknowledge their existence and suggest their kinship.
The Thing in Itself
Authors: Haiman John
Published: November 2023

A traditional metaphor which goes back in our tradition to Aristotle holds that style is a kind of afterthought or nonessential wrapping around a core of honest content. Many of us have a puritanical suspicion of the insincerity of “pure style” (cf. Sontag 1966b: 16), a skepticism which is reflected in the folk etymologizing that we engage in when contrasting pairs of words like the following: form style affect religion art method legal formalism stylization affectation religiosity artifice, artiness methodology legalistic The words in the second column consist of a root (the word in the first column) plus some derivational suffix. In one case (methodology), the seven-dollar word is absolutely synonymous with the root, and the suffix adds absolutely nothing but pomp. In each of the others, the seven-dollar word has an additional pejorative meaning, one that is contributed by the suffix alone.
Ritualization in Language
Authors: Haiman John
Published: November 2023

So common indeed was [the word “fuck”] in its adjectival form that after a short time the ear refused to acknowledge it and took in only the noun to which it was attached Far from being an intensive to express strong emotion, it became merely a conventional excrescence. By addinging andingwell, an adjective and an adverb were formed and thrown into every sentence. It became so common that an effective way for the soldier to express emotion was to omit this word.
Exploring Innateness through Cultural and Linguistic Variation
Authors: Crago Martha B , Allen Shanley E M , Hough-Eyamie Wendy P
Published: November 2023

This chapter reports on three separate but interwoven studies that documented varying aspects of language acquisition as it occurs in the Inuit population of two communities in northern Quebec, whose inhabitants speak Inuktitut on a routine basis. Issues concerning the innate and variable properties of language will be addressed with culturally based ethnographic language socialization data, linguistically based acquisition data and elements from a case study of an Inuk child with language impairment.
Epidemiology of Specific Language Impairment
Authors: Tomblin J Bruce
Published: November 2023

This chapter will be concerned with a form of developmental language disorder termed specific language impairment (SLI) which has challenged speech-language pathologists for decades and in recent years has become the subject of study by those interested the potential this condition provides for insight into the nature of language and language acquisition. Specifically, this paper will focus on what we can learn about this language-learning problem through the use of epidemiological methods, including genetic epidemiology. The basic issue to be considered pertains to the cause of SLI and in particular the evidence for a biological basis for this problem of language acquisition.
Evolutionary Biology and the Evolution of Language
Authors: Pinker Steven
Published: November 2023

The elephant’s trunk is six feet long and one foot thick and contains 60,000 muscles. Elephants can use their trunks to uproot trees, stack timber or carefully place huge logs into position when recruited to build bridges. They can curl their trunk around a pencil and draw characters on letter-size paper. With the two muscular extensions at the tip, they can remove a thorn, pick up a pin or a dime, uncork a bottle, slide the bolt off a cage door and hide it on a ledge, or grip a cup, without breaking it, so firmly that only another elephant can pull it away. The tip is sensitive enough for a blindfolded elephant to ascertain the shape and texture of objects. In the wild, elephants use their trunks to pull up clumps of grass and tap them against their knees to knock off the dirt, to shake coconuts out of palm trees and to powder their bodies with dust. They use their trunks to probe the ground as they walk, avoiding pit-traps, and to dig wells and siphon water from them. Elephants can walk underwater on the beds of deep rivers, or swim like submarines for miles, using their trunks as snorkels. They communicate through their trunks by trumpeting, humming, roaring, piping, purring, rumbling and making a crumpling-metal sound by rapping the trunk against the ground. The trunk is lined with chemoreceptors that allow the elephant to smell a python hidden in the grass or food a mile away (Williams 1989; Carrington 1958).
Singers and the Song II
Authors: Lees Gene
Published: November 2023

Gene Lees is probably the best jazz essayist in America today, and the book that consolidated his reputation was Singers and the Song, which appeared in 1987. Now this classic volume is being rereleased in an expanded edition. The new edition retains a number of famous pieces from the original volume, some in expanded form, such as Lees's classic profile of Frank Sinatra. Lees has also retained his marvelous essay on lyric writing, his piece on the art of Edith Piaf, and his admiring look at the genius of songwriter Johnny Mercer. The expanded edition offers seven new essays that are no less accomplished. Here readers will find a wonderful tribute to "the sweetest voice in the world," Ella Fitzgerald; a moving interview with Jackie and Roy Kral; Lees's account of his involvement with Bossa Nova music and his collaboration with Antonio Carlos Jobim. We also read about Julius La Rosa, the lyrics of Yip Harburg, Harry Warren's unforgettable compositions, and the elegant Arthur Schwartz, writer of "Dancing in the Dark" and many other memorable songs. Here then is an engaging volume that weaves together colourful portraits of major performers and insightful glimpses into the art of singing and songwriting.
William and Harold and How to Write Lyrics
Authors: Lees Gene
Published: November 2023

In the autumn of 911, the Frankish king Charles III, known as Charles the Simple, unable to halt the bloody Viking incursions on his north-western coast-indeed, the longships had gone up the Seine as far as Paris-made the best of a bad situation by coming to an agreement with the marauders. This was the so-called treaty of St. Clair-sur-Epte. Charles allowed them to settle permanently in an area to which in due course they lent their name. They were_, in their own language, nortmann northmen. Nearly a thousand years later some of their far-distant descendants would come from places as yet not dreamed of, such as Quebec and Winnipeg, Wichita and Chicago, Rimouski and Hoboken and San Diego, to land once more on these shores, young men bearing names derived from the nortmanni, such as Beaudry and Dupuis, Plumber and Draper, and Fitzgerald. They called the beaches here by new and alien names-Utah and Omaha, Sword and Gold-and many of them would die in the surf or flinging their grappling hooks up the cliffs or climbing the ropes with rifles on their backs, die in their struggle to come home to their ancestral Normandy.
Roses in the Morning
Authors: Mercer Johnny
Published: November 2023

It is often difficult to recall where and when you met someone, but in Johnny Mercer’s case I remember exactly. He was iri my opinion the finest lyricist in the English language, an exquisite craftsman and the one with the most personal voice. I had arrived in Los Angeles from New York and called a friend to ask if we might have dinner that evening. She said she had to attend a birthday party for John Williams, then asked, “Would you like to go?”
In from the Cold
Authors: Lee Peggy
Published: November 2023

The roads of North Dakota, like those of the other prairie states and the Canadian provinces of Saskatchewan and Manitoba that lie just across its northern border, run in straight lines, north to south, east to west. Even in the western part of the state, where the Missouri River, long ago the highway of discovery of the Lewis and Clark expedition, is in the early stage of its journey to the Mississippi, the roads just cross it in those never-ending straight lines. Their occasional jogs are arbitrary, made by man, who wrote all these straight lines on the map. There is nothing to impede the roads or the wind. It comes whistling out of the west, never slowing even at Chicago to the east. And, much of the time in winter, it comes out of the north, whipping the dead grasses that protrude from the frozen earth and its bleak skin of old snow and slashing whatever flesh is in its way like a stream of razor blades. The last winter before Norma Deloris Egstrom left North Dakota, the temperature went down to 63 below zero Fahrenheit; the followingJuly it rose to 120. Once, when she was a little girl, she froze both her hands.
Phrasing
Authors: Rosa Julius La
Published: November 2023

Years ago I wrote a magazine column examining the influence of Frank Sinatra on other singers, among themJackJones, Tony Bennett, Vic Damone, Steve Lawrence, Matt Monro, andjulius La Rosa. Probably the record.that jolted me into awareness of the quality of La Rosa’s work dated from a period when he recorded for MGM, with charts by the wonderfully fertile and inexhaustibly musical Don Costa. Further, I suspect it was Spring Can Really Hang l’ou Up the Most. It is a song I had admired for its craftsmanship but never really cared for. It had been recorded for the most part by relentlessly “hip” girl singers indulging in its 1950s affectations of language. Indeed, the only record of it I had ever liked was Jackie Cain’s, for its inevitable musicality. La Rosa’s approach to it is dramatic, as if it were a costume drama. The song is of its time and place, and so is the “character” he becomes in singing it. In La Rosa’s reading, it takes on a different coloration and genuine beauty, the natural expr.ession of someone living•in that time, and as such it is surprisingly poignant rather than cute.
A Family Affair
Authors: Roy Jackie
Published: November 2023

Roy Kral was one of two children in his family, Irene the other. He was born Roy Joseph Kral on October 10, 1921, in Cicero. Cicero is a city unto itself, but it abuts Chicago to the east-it is twelve or so miles from the lakefront. Cicero had a reputation for being the headquarters during the 1920s of the Capone mob, and the Capones indeed held sway there. Ralph Capone, Al’s brother, gave Roy his first break in show business. Roy’s background is Czech. He spoke the language a little until he was three, but his parents gave up speaking it at home. I think I detect an influence of the language on his speach even to this day. There are no definite and indefinite articles in the Slavic languages. Roy in his speech not infrequently omits the articles. He has a beautiful speaking voice, which is one reason that he for a time did a lot of voice-over work in television commercials.
The Role of Vitamin D
Authors: Lane Nancy E
Published: November 2023

There are many theories about the effect of vitamins on bone. The one vitamin that is most closely connected with bone is vitamin D. Vitamin D’s target tissue is bone. A childhood disease resulting from vitamin D deficiency is rickets; in adults, the resulting disease is called osteomalacia. With vitamin D deficiency, bone tissue fails to mineralize or become hard and stiff. In children with rickets, growth areas of the bone do not mineralize. Luckily, unless there is a genetic syndrome that prevents vitamin D from working, both rickets and osteomalacia are readily cured by vitamin D replacement. Vitamin D is probably the best studied of all the naturally occurring vitamins. Yet, despite decades of research, many questions about its role in bone metabolism remain, and we are not certain about how it acts directly on bones.
Prevention and Treatment of Secondary Osteoporosis
Authors: Lane Nancy E
Published: November 2023

In Chapter 2 we discussed the secondary causes of osteoporosis. Some of them-age, sex, and race; genetic and reproductive factors; and body type, specifically low body mass index-are beyond the person’s control. Others-smoking, alcohol use, calcium and vitamin D intake, diet, and drug use-are to some extent individual choices. Let’s revisit the conditions in the second category to see what can be done to prevent or treat the bone loss resulting from their incorrect use.
Introduction
Authors: Summit Jeffrey A
Published: November 2023

After being appointed head of the Talmudic academy in Israel, the great Babylonian teacher Hillel was asked, “Master, we are obligated to bring an animal as a sacrifice for Passover. But what if Passover falls on the eve of the Sabbath? We know it is forbidden to do any work on the Sabbath, even to carry the slaughtering knife. If one forgot to bring the knife beforehand, how does one transport it to the Temple in order to fulfill the obligation to do the sacrifice?” As hard as he tried, Hillel could not remember the answer to their question. He finally said, “Let us see what the people do; if they are not prophets, they surely are the children of prophets!” On the next day, Hillel watched as people brought the animals they were about to sacrifice to the Temple. If it was a sheep, they stuck the knife in the sheep’s wool. If it was a goat, they affixed the knife between the goat’s horns. Thus the animals did the work of carrying and no prohibition was transgressed.
Meaning and Melody Choice in Jewish Worship
Authors: Summit Jeffrey A
Published: November 2023

In one of the talmudic stories explaining how the Jews became the chosen people, God asks those assembled at Mount Sinai, “Will you accept my Torah and live by its teachings?” Just as the question is posed, God holds the entire mountain over the heads of the Jews and adds, “It’s your choice whether to accept the Torah or not, but if you don’t, I will drop this mountain on you and it will mark your graves!” (text after a passage in the Babylonian Talmud, Shabbat 88a). Many Jews have felt ambivalent about choice ever since.
The Sun
Authors: Ladders Katharina , Fegley Bruce
Published: November 2023

The variations in temperature, density, pressure, and other physical properties with depth inside the sun are calculated from standard solar models, which are computed using standard physics and the best available input data.
Pluto and Charon
Authors: Ladders Katharina , Fegley Bruce
Published: November 2023

Subsequent to Neptune’s discovery in 1846, several astronomers, notably Percival Lowell, calculated that the remaining discrepancies between observed and predicted motions of Uranus and Neptune were due to the presence of a trans-Neptunian planet. Various searches were made for the predicted planet without success, until 18 February 1930 when Pluto was discovered by Clyde Tombaugh. After the discovery of Pluto, closer examination of photographic plates taken by Humason at Mount Wilson in 1919, during an unsuccessful search for the trans-Neptunian planet, also revealed the presence of Pluto (Tombaugh, 1961).
The Asteroids
Authors: Ladders Katharina , Fegley Bruce
Published: November 2023

In 1801, G. Piazzi discovered Ceres, the largest body in the asteroid belt located between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter. Since then, over 10 thousand asteroids (also called minor planets) have been detected. Ceres is about 914 km in diameter; only about 140 other asteroids known have diameters larger than 100 km. Ceres, with a mass of 1.2×1021 kg, contributes about a quarter of all the mass in the asteroid belt. Vesta (2.4×1020 kg) and Pallas (2.2×1020 kg) are the next two most massive asteroids.
Comets
Authors: Ladders Katharina , Fegley Bruce
Published: November 2023

Comets (from the Greek aster kometes, which means long-haired star) are members of the population of small bodies in the outskirts of our solar system. During their motion around the sun and movement through the in-ner solar system, comets often yield spectacular celestial displays that have attracted human attention since ancient times.
The Gospel of St. Republican
Authors: Edwards Rebecca
Published: November 2023

In September 1888, Republican newspapers printed a statement from J. Ellen Foster, president of the new National Women’s Republican Association. “I am a Republican by hereditary influence, past environments and present conviction,” Foster declared.

Because—First—The Republican Party in the past has stood for all that is liberal and progressive in legislation. Second—The Republican Party freed the slave. Third—The pronounced and emphatic legislation on moral questions has come most largely from republican legislators. Fourth—The Republican Party has always been the champion of protection—protection of the citizen, protection of the negro, protection of the ballot-box, protection to the wage earner, protection to the wage payer, and now, right in the line with its past professions and performances, it declares protection to the home.
Cellular Metabolism, Regulation, and Homeostasis
Authors: Hochachka Peter W , Somero George N
Published: November 2023

One of the great insights arising from biochemical research, starting in the 1930s and extending to present times, is that almost all cell work functions—biosynthetic work, ion pumping work, mechanical work—are coupled to the hydrolysis of adenosine triphosphate or ATP (Atkinson, 1977). When coupled with the requirement that at steady state cells, tissues, organs, and organisms must be in energy balance, this means that at steady state ATP demand pathways must be balanced with ATP supply pathways both at low and at high work rates. The energetic hub of living cells thus can be described as an ATP cycle with steady-state requirements for ﬂux through the ATP demand pathways of the cycle to be balanced by ﬂux through the ATP supply pathways. Before proceeding to the issue of how this regulation is achieved, we need to digress and describe the pathways cells use to regenerate ATP.

The simplest mechanism for generating ATP is phosphagen mobilization.
Riots Hatching Resistance: Against Abolitionists and in Aid of Fugitive Slaves
Authors: Grimsted David
Published: November 2023

Thome answered by saying what abolition was: “I blazed and threw sky-rockets, talked of human rights, touched upon the American revolution and threw heaven and earth together.” His successive opponents, equally disinclined to deny human rights, “emulated the first dog, in barking at the man of straw and trading bear skins.” After three hours of debate, the audience of sixty or seventy people decided to continue the next evening, Tuesday. By Wednesday evening the straw man had lost much of his stuffing, and the members of the Akron Lyceum called for the question. They repudiated their own champions and voted 12 to 9 in favor of abolition; the audience voted 40 to 22 in its support. And James Thome reported the formation of an Anti-Slavery Society of fifteen members.
White Fears: Silencing.Questions
Authors: Grimsted David
Published: November 2023

After 1835 Southern ideology put one category of person, abolitionists, farther beyond the human pale than even their ambiguous chattel. No one, at least publicly, demurred from the bloody-bones rhetoric that passed for description, as in this typical enough letter in the New Orleans Bee: “The murderous designs of these fiendlike fanatics would not only place the firebrand in our dwellings, but prepare their knives for the cutting of our throats.’’ The self-contradictory elements that followed in this description of the “hydra monster” suggested how abolition became a pastiche of villainy that blotted out any need to think about the real motives of any person questioning slavery and that even obviated rational structuring of the stereotype. They were “sickly sentimentalists” and “wretches, who delight in confusion and disorder, merely with a view to plunder.” Their bloodthirstiness led to “untiring exertions to accomplish the extermination of the white population of the South,” but expectation of making money was “the true secret of the humbug.” They were “bloodless hypocrits” but were driven by uncontrolled lust for blacks and “unnatural tastes” that were “peculiarly disgusting” in women. The abolitionist became not only Evil and the Enemy, but a mirror deflecting northward the darker aspects of Southern realities, precisely when the South first came to insist, with at least outward unanimity, that slavery was no evil at all.
Times That Tried Men’s Bodies: The Manly Sport of American Politics
Authors: Grimsted David
Published: November 2023

Henry B. Miller was in St. Louis when he participated in his first elections. The initial one, for city officers in the spring of 1838, was a memorable induction for the young man into the sport of American politics, even though “it went off middling quiet, as far as regards fighting.” The second, in August of the same year for state and national positions, was a notable brawl which “learnt me,” Miller wrote, “that there was as many rowdies amongst the Whigs as amongst the Democrats.” Miller’s first voting experiences included many common aspects of belligerent antebellum democracy and suggest how much intimidation, bruising, and violence the American system incorporated into its democratic virility.
Trying to Forget Slavery: Nativism and New Riots
Authors: Grimsted David
Published: November 2023

After the Dorr debacle of 1842, Whig and Democratic rivalries stayed rough but nonriotous. This owed something to the withering away of issues of a deeply divisive sort. After 1840, the major problems of earlier debate, the tariff and the bank, faded. James K. Polk put to sleep the tariff issue after the long quiet ushered in by Henry Clay’s compromise of 1833, and the national bank died as surely as the president from William Henry Harrison’s sudden postinaugural illness. The last legislative legacy of the 1835 anti-abolition eruption, the gag rule, disappeared as even the most belligerent Southerners tired of giving John Quincy Adams another chance to bait them. The clearest ideological difference between the parties-the Jacksonian stress on government inactivity and the Whig insistence that government had some responsibility for promoting the general welfare-developed no policy correlatives at the national level, nor did the different rhetorical emphases on legalism, racism, and proslavery. Only when relative political outsiders brought into politics volatile issues with profounder social roots did political violence return. Religion and immigration gave the best-known incentive to new parties tied to violence, but such tumult became worst and most dangerous when integrated with the explosive question of slavery.
Bleeding Majoritarianism: The Sectional Mob Systems Meet, Mingle, and Mangle
Authors: Grimsted David
Published: November 2023

While slavery lurked in Know-Nothingism despite the party’s desire to duck the issue, it loomed fore and center in “bleeding Kansas,” where the two systems of sectional violence met and merged under the uneasy supervision of the federal government. And of all the deaths in this Kansas conflict, by far the most important was that of the principle that Representative Sebastian and most Northerners saw as the union’s last best hope, the majoritarianism embedded in popular sovereignty. This principle was lynched when it failed to deliver Kansas to slavery as expected, though the Douglas Democrats quite reasonably clung to its mangled corpse as preferable to the alternative deadly courses being pursued.
General Thermodynamic Considerations
Authors: Lahav Noam
Published: November 2023

The only definitive statement that thermodynamics makes about evolution is that ultimately it will result largely in CO2’ H20, and N2• Fortunately, the sun allows us to live in a world that is kinetically controlled due to an input of energy. Nevertheless, since many equilibria are reached rapidly compared with the age of the earth, thermodynamic principles can be used to predict what reactions are possible in this transistory world.
Planet Earth
Authors: Lahav Noam
Published: November 2023

Except for major short-term perturbations in surface environments caused by a declining flux of impactors, equable conditions for prebiotic evolution could have existed as early as 4.4 GA. The earth is about 4.6 Ga old. At that remote time, known as the Hadean era (fig. 13.1), its surface was very hot as a result of the accretion process, which, according to recent hypotheses, took about a hundred million years: Its temperature, according to recent models, was about 1,500°K. Thus, the surface was molten. The iron-group elements (Fe, Ni, and Co) melted and passed through the lighter silicate molten rocks down beneath the crust in a process known as the iron catastrophe (R. F. Fox, 1988). Gradually the surface, rich in silicates, cooled down as the accretion energy input decreased. Solid rocks started to emerge, forming a thin scum, and a steam atmosphere began to condense and rain down to form the primordial oceans. Surface temperatures at or below l00°C could have developed as many as 4.4 Ga ago (Chang, 1993, 1994).are 3.8-3.9 billion years old, and there is no geological evidence of prebiotic organic chemical processes taking place on the earth’s surface prior to this time. Most of the very old rocks on Earth were transformed geologically by plate tectonics. Moreover, the early craters formed by impactors disappeared through erosion processes. Fortunately, despite the destruction of much of the geological record of primordial Earth, some of this evidence has been preserved and shown to be relevant to the study of the origin of life.
Top-down Reconstruction of Processes and Early Evolutionary Stages without Specific Geochemical Considerations
Authors: Lahav Noam
Published: November 2023

The vocabulary of origin-of-life researchers has been enriched recently by concepts and propositions such as “minimal cell, “chemoton,” and various “worlds.” The best known of the worlds is the “RNA-world.” Not less important is the “ancient genetic code.” One common denominator between these scientific propositions, which are rather different from one another, is that they represent early evolutionary stages in the origin-of-life processes, all of which preceede the progenote. A second common denominator between these propositions is that they are the results of back-extrapolations from extant biology to much earlier stages in the evolution of living entities, essentially without specific geochemical considerations. The distinction between topdown and bottom-up approaches is convenient but not always clear-cut; thus it is arbitrary to some extent.
Artificial Life and Computer Modeling of Biogeochemical Scenarios
Authors: Lahav Noam
Published: November 2023

Artificial life is the philosophical heir of artificial intelligence, which preceded it by several decades. Whereas artificial-intelligence researchers seek to understand the mind by mimicking it on a computer, proponents of artificial life hope to gain insights into a broad range of biological phenomena.
Cigarette Wars
Authors: Tate Cassandra
Published: November 2023

This is a meticulously researched, engagingly written history of the first anti-cigarette movement, dating from the Victorian Age to the Great Depression, when cigarettes were both legally restricted and socially stigmatized in America. Progressive reformers and religious fundamentalists came together to curb smoking, but their efforts collapsed during the First World War, when millions of soldiers took up the habit and cigarettes began to be associated with freedom and modernity. Cassandra Tate compellingly shows how supporters of the early anti-cigarette movement articulated virtually every issue that is still being debated about smoking today; theirs was not a failure of determination, she argues in these pages, but of timing.
The Fine Structure and Properties of the sediment surface
Authors: Paterson David M
Published: November 2023

The surface layers of natural sediments are heterogeneous systems in which living organisms, decaying organic matter, organic secretions, biogenic structures, mineral particles, and void spaces are associated in a 3D matrix of exquisite complexity (Paterson, 1995). Gradients in chemical properties are pronounced around the interface between the sediment bed and the overlying air or water (Revsbech, 1994), and it is at the interface that microbial activity and biomass usually reaches its peak. This is often expressed in the formation of transient or semipermanent biofilms and microbial mats (Neu, 1994). The properties of the surface sediment layer plays a critical role in controlling the flux of materials across the interface, not only as the conduit between source and sink but also as a region of intense production and consumption. Detailed description of the microfabric and the fine-scale properties of the sediment bed lags behind the information available on the biogeochemistry of the sediment surface that has arisen in the last few decades due to rapid technological developments (e.g., Revsbech and Jorgensen, 1986; De Beer et al., 1997). In this chapter, emphasis is placed on examining the microstructure at the surface sediment beds and the microbial contribution to the properties of the surficial layers. Where possible, examples of data at an appropriate scale to the measurement of biogeochemical gradients are presented.
In Situ Sampling in the Benthic Boundary Layer
Authors: Reimers Clare E , Jahnke Richard A , Thomsen Laurenz
Published: November 2023

The objective of most in situ benthic boundary layer (BBL) measurements is to quantify the transport of mass, either across or along the sediment-water interface, while also gaining knowledge of the roles played by specific processes in determining transfer rates. Studies can be separated into sediment transport investigations that focus on suspended sediment dynamics, and solute transport studies that focus on the workings of early diagenesis. A third and related category of study concerns the vertical structure of velocity in the boundary layer. Inasmuch as critical length and time scales, mechanisms of transport, and biological components vary greatly among different benthic environments, instrument packages and deployment vehicles of varying designs and degrees of complexity have been developed to make bottom boundary layer measurements. This chapter aims to (1) describe the general principles of several of the most common methodologies that are applied in situ to measure BBL mass transport and examples of instruments that implement these methodologies, (2) discuss a few specific limitations of these techniques and circumstances when these limits matter and when they do not, and (3) raise some unanswered questions concerning shallow and deep-sea BBLs that are revealed by new data sets collected with emerging in situ approaches.
Kerner Lieder, Opus 35
Authors: Miller Richard
Published: November 2023

In spite of the variety of dramatic situations within op. 35, there is a unity among the Kerner songs (Zwolf Gedichte van Justinus Kerner) that suggests the group could well be programmed in its entirety (or at least ten of the songs, omitting the last two). The opus contains some of the most successful Lieder written by Schumann.
Reinick Lieder, Opus 36
Authors: Miller Richard
Published: November 2023

Opus 36, settings of poems by Robert Reinick, begins with Sonntags am Rhein, which the Peters edition places among the Siimtliche Lieder in Volume I. For Friedlander, Sonntags am Rhein was significant enough to lodge among popular Lieder. Sams (p. 149) makes a different assessment: “[Schumann’s] superiority over this fourth-rate poem does not amount to more than second-hand music.” Sams expands his comments by mentioning that the second half of the melody sounds like a discarded sketch for Im wunderschonen Monat Mai. The relationship between Sonntags am Rhein and Im wunderschonen Monat Mai is no greater than that found among many Schumann Lieder, a number of which use common melodic formulas. It is equally hard to find elements of Susser Freund, du blickest mich verwundert an (as Sams does) in this straightforward Lied. Regarding the linking of Sonntags am Rhein to Der Page, an occasional similar melodic snippet may be discovered, but there is no integral relationship. It is wisest not to examine Sonntags am Rhein for ties to distant relatives but to look at it for its own value.
Dichterliebe (Heine), Opus 48
Authors: Miller Richard
Published: November 2023

Female singers probably give more performances of Frauenliebe unclleben than of all other Schumann Lieder. There is an enduring appeal about the progression from bride to mother to widow, because it speaks directly to the joys and sorrows of several aspects of womanhood. Schumann omitted (for which we are grateful) the final Chamisso poem, wherein the now-grandmotherly protagonist confides the joys and sorrows of her life to her betrothed granddaughter. The suggestion that the lengthy postlude was Schumann’s way of substituting music for the ninth poem is far-fetched; the postlude is there for musical and narrative summation.
Opus 53
Authors: Miller Richard
Published: November 2023

Opus 53 comprises five Lieder. There is little logic for linking the first two songs with the three brief songs that make up the Der arme Peter cycle. The first song of op. 53, Blondels Lied, is a setting of J. G. Seidl’s poetic version of how Richard the Lionhearted’s place of imprisonment was discovered by his minstrel Blondel. Schumann creates a medieval flavor without attempting historical authenticity; there is an archaic, chorale-like quality about Blondels Lied. (A number of Baroque chorales have their melodic sources in the Minnelieder and Meisterlieder literatures.) The strophic structure of Blondels Lied depends on an echoing dialogue between the king and his minstrel. (Schumann omits Seidl’s third strophe.) Proper delineation of the protagonists and penetration of the inherent drama bring charm to this neglected Lied. Blondels Lied calls for straightforward pianism and vocalism, delivered with dignity and reserve. However, it seems orphaned in op. 53; it might prove more interesting when placed among a group of ballads.
Opus 51
Authors: Miller Richard
Published: November 2023

Opus 51, pubhshed in 1850, includes Sehnsucht,Volksliedchen, Ich wandre nicht, Auf dem Rhein, and Liebeslied. The first three songs were composed in 1840. It is not possible to definitively date the composition of Auf dem Rhein, but Liebeslied first appeared in 1850.
Liederalbum fur die Jugend, Opus 79
Authors: Miller Richard
Published: November 2023

Opus 77 contains songs written in the years 1840 and 1850. Der frohe Wandersmann, #1, comes from the Spring of 1840. It was originally intended as the first song of the Eichendorff Liederkreis, op. 39, but was wisely removed by Schumann from the 1850 edition. It is hard to understand how Schumann could have initially considered Der frohe Wandersmann appropriate to Liederkreis. The setting matches Eichendorff’s boisterous expression but comes close to the banal. It goes beyond the confines of a folk song and should be sung and played in exuberant fashion.
Opus 83 and Opus 87
Authors: Miller Richard
Published: November 2023

That most of the Lieder of 1850 no longer sound like those of 1840 is indisputable. There is considerable controversy as to what this change may mean. Traditional criticism, passed from one pen to another, long maintained that Schumann’s mental and physical condition was responsible for changes in his compositional mode. For that reason, in-depth consideration of the inherent value of the late Lieder has been neglected. For example, for performing musicians intrigued by Resignation, #1 of op. 83, the following pejorative evaluation (Sams, p. 232) is upsetting: “Here is the new and disturbing voice of the 1850 Schumann; the bland vagueness of its harmonic language is only too fitting a match for the sickly drivel of the verse.”
Opus 89 (von der Neun) and Opus 90 (Lenau)
Authors: Miller Richard
Published: November 2023

In May 1850 Robert Schumann turned to six poems by Neun, whose real name was Friedrich Wilhelm Traugott Schopf. (The pseudonym refers to the nine Muses.) Schumann met with the poet to discuss plans for setting the texts. There is nothing in these Lieder to suggest, as has been alleged, that Schumann’s mental faculties had deteriorated so that he no longer was able to distinguish between good and bad poetry. He was looking for a genre of poem through which to realize his changing attitudes toward Lied composition. Sams (p. 236), in line with prevailing criticism, believes otherwise: “By May 18,50 Sclmmann’s mind and music are in perceptible decline. Both return to a weak and sickly subjectivism. lie believes the turgid claptrap of ‘Wielfried [sic] von cler Neun’ to be ‘very musical poetry’; his own music for them is mainly stereotype from earlier and better songs.” By contrast, Fischer-Dieskau (p. 174) finds that “settings of poems by Wilfried von der Neun are distinctive, not merely reversions to an earlier style.”
Lieder und Gesange aus Wilhelm Meister (Goethe), Opus 98a
Authors: Miller Richard
Published: November 2023

The Meister Lieder were written in 1849. As was remarked earlier, Mignon (Kermst du das Land) was originally published as the concluding song of die Jugend, op. 27, #28, then judiciously relocated to become #1 of op. 98a, with songs based on poetry from Goethe’s monumental novel. The degree of maturity given Mignon in the disparate conceptions in which she is portrayed by Schubert, Schumann, and Wolf makes an interesting study in itself. For Schubert, Mignon is still Goethe’s young maiden. With Schumann and the listener is encountering not the dreams of youth but those of a mature woman. Mignon assumes opera-diva dimensions, her songs lending themselves to full orchestration. Schumann’s Mignon lodges between the Schubertian and Wolfian protagonists. Although Schumann originally included the song in his instructional book for the young, he remarked that he saw Mignon “on the threshold of adult life.”
Solos and Duets from the Ensemble Collections: Opuses 29, 34, 37, 43, 74, 78, 79, 101, 103, 112, and 138
Authors: Miller Richard
Published: November 2023

The duet literature is scattered among various opuses. The Friedlander edition of the Schumann duets makes accessible under one mantle thirty-four duets. Duet opuses should be programmed in their entirety, when possible. Ideally, this is true of all the ensemble opuses, but it would be a pity to maintain a purist attitude that forbade selections being excerpted from any or all of them.
The Human Use Of Animals
Authors: Orlans F Barbara , Beauchamp Tom L , Dresser Rebecca , Morton David B , Gluck John P
Published: November 2023

This is the first book of case studies on animal ethics. It deals with important social controversies involving the human use of animals and analyses the moral issues involved. An excellent introduction to ethical theory provides a framework to the 16 original case studies, which include the use of animals in research, testing, and education, as food, as companion animals, and in religious rites.
Introduction: The Importance of Injuries
Authors: Barss Peter , Smith Gordon S , Baker Susan P , Mohan Dinesh
Published: November 2023

In many parts of the world, injuries are the leading cause of death for young adults, adolescents, and children. Injury death rates among the elderly, while overshadowed by deaths from degenerative diseases, are even higher than among the young. The importance of injuries has increased in developing countries and indigenous communities, and will continue to do so as infectious and degenerative diseases are better controlled. Improved living conditions and urbanization bring about decreases in the rates of certain injuries, including falls from trees, burns from open fires, drownings in rivers, and, perhaps, suicides. However, positive changes can be offset by the uncontrolled introduction of new, high-energy technology such as motor vehicles and machinery, and by greater use of alcohol and other substances that impair brain function. In some populations, rates of death from injuries may even increase as rates of death from other leading causes fall.