bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The processing, preparation, and cooking practices of small fish among poor Ghanaian households: An exploratory qualitative study
Authors: Agyei-Mensah Yaw Opoku , Annan Theophilus , Overå Ragnhild , Atter Amy , Hatløy Anne , Andersen Peter , Obiri Kojo Odei , Ansong Richard Stephen , Janananda Bhagya , Steiner-Asiedu Matilda , Kjellevold Marian
Published: April 2023

Small fish are an important part of the diet in Ghana, but malnutrition rates remain high. The nutritional quality of fish consumed in Ghana may be affected by food processing and cooking practices, but the extent to which these processes are practiced among poor Ghanaian households along the coastal belt is unknown. This study explored how poor Ghanaian households process, prepare, and cook meals containing small fish. This exploratory qualitative study used Attride-Stirling thematic network analysis. Respondents were purposively sampled from fishing communities in the coastal regions of Ghana. One-on-one interviews were performed by trained field assistants, audio recorded and videotaped, and transcribed for further data analysis. The most common small fish species identified were anchovies and herrings. Anchovies were fried and eaten whole. Herrings were eaten either smoked or fresh; for fresh herring, the head, fins, and viscera were removed before boiling. Herrings were smoked with the head and viscera; however, both the head and viscera were removed before being added to boiling soup and were not consumed. Anchovies were fried for 10 min, and herrings were boiled for 15–30 min. Processing methods and further meal preparation depend on the small fish species. Nutrient composition and contribution of small fish depend on the processing method, preparation method, and what tissues are eaten. Thus, these results will be of importance for sampling schemes for food composition tables and for the calculation of nutrient intake from small fish.
N-type H2-doped amorphous silicon layer for solar-cell application
Authors: Prayogi Soni , Ayunis A. , Cahyono Yoyok , Darminto D.
Published: April 2023

In this work, we report that hydrogen (H2) doped in n-type a-Si:H thin films strongly influences the electronic correlation in increasing the conversion output power of solar cells. Type n a-Si:H thin films were grown using PECVD on ITO substrates with various H2-doping, to obtain various thin films for solar-cell applications. N-type a-Si:H thin films were prepared, and then characterized using ellipsometric spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The addition of doped-H2 to the thin layer shows a decrease in optical conductivity, while the energy gap in the thin layer shows a significant increase in the a-Si:H-type thin layer. Our results show that H2 doping plays a very important role in the electronic structure, which is indicated by the significant energy gap difference. On the other hand, the bond structure of each H2-doped thin film showed a change from amorphous to nanocrystalline structures which were evenly distributed in each H2-doped bonding. Overall, we believe that the addition of doped-H2 to our findings could help increase the power conversion output of the solar cell due to the modification of the electronic structure.
Big data analytics and knowledge discovery for urban computing and intelligence
Authors: Singh Krishna Kant , Rho Seungmin , Singh Akansha , Sergei Chernyi
Published: April 2023

It is anticipated that during the next 3 decades, approximately two-thirds of the world’s population would live in urban regions. This represents a significant movement towards urbanisation on the part of the world’s population. Thus, urban planners need effective methods for regulating both the use of land and the management of infrastructure. The accessibility of data that is accurate, up to date, and insightful is an extremely important factor in the formation of effective methods of urban administration and smart cities. Combining technologies for pervasive sensing, intelligent computing, cooperative communication, and mass data management may enhance urban surroundings, quality of life, and smart city systems. To do this, we need to develop novel strategies for integrating computation and intelligence into urban environments. This field of study focuses on the intersection of computing and intelligence in urban settings.
The Impact of a Behavioral Activation Online Micro Intervention on Mood and Activity Level
Authors: Bunge E. L. , Walker H. , Hunt G. , Leykin Y. , Kim E.
Published: April 2023

Previous studies on Behavioral Activation (BA) Online Micro Interventions (OMIs) reported immediate mood benefits but no lasting effects, while the mechanisms by which these interventions improve mood are unknown. This study aimed to analyze the OMI’s impact on self-reported mood and depressive symptoms. A total of 838 participants (mean age = 35.86) were randomized into either BA condition, BA with reminders (BAR), or Waitlist control (WLC). Participants in the BA and BAR conditions showed a significant and small improvement in mood (t(476) =  − 7.23, p < .001. d = .25) from baseline to immediate post. There were no significant differences by condition in self-reported mood (F(113) = .61, p = .543) and PROMIS scores (F(119) = 1.57, p = .213) from baseline to one week follow-up. Self-reported activity levels significantly increased at the seven-day follow-up for both the BA and BAR conditions (F(58) = 8.28, p = .006). Change in activity level significantly predicted self-reported mood at follow up (F(56) = 5.07, p = .03, r = .29, Adjusted R-squared = .068), but did not significantly predict PROMIS scores at follow up (F(59) = .13 p = .72, r = -.05, adjusted r-squared = -.015). Reminders did not improve completion rates (p = .233). Our results found that the Behavioral Activation OMI had a small but significant immediate effect on self-reported mood for participants in the active conditions. While there were no significant differences in mood and depression across conditions at one week follow-up, there was a significant increase in the number of activities they engaged in at one week follow-up. Overall results of a BA OMI were promising.
The Cataloguing Code of Ethics 2021: conception, community and continuation
Authors: Daniels Jane , Pennington Diane Rasmussen
Published: April 2023

Cataloguing has existed for millennia but until January 2021 there was no formal code of ethics for this branch of the information profession. But what is the Code? Who created it and why? How was it produced? Is the Code immutable and what relevance does it have in day-to-day cataloguing work now? Can institutional experiences of encountering and resolving ethical dilemmas in creating, sharing, enriching and maintaining metadata be shared for mutual benefit? This article, based on a presentation delivered by the authors as part of the ARLIS UK Cataloguing and Classification Ethics series delivered online between April and June 2022,1 provides examples of how the ten ethical statements of principles can be used to inform cataloguing in art libraries.
Challenging legacies at the British Library
Authors: Danskin Alan
Published: April 2023

The British Library established a corporate Anti-Racism Project (2020) designed to encourage participation via six subgroups, with staff recommendations incorporated into “Enacting Change”, the Library's Race Equality Action Plan (2022). The research and recommendations of the Cataloguing and Metadata subgroup fed into a pilot project proposed as a proof of concept to develop end-to-end workflows, focused on the South Asian Collection and the Caribbean Collection. Work has already been done to align ethical approaches to cataloguing with the Library's values. During the pilot project, new training modules for an ethical approach to metadata are being developed. The outcome will be to remove barriers to access and embed sustainable best practices.
Universalism and the Problem of Aesthetic Diversity
Authors: KING ALEX
Published: April 2023

This essay examines a recent line of thought in aesthetics that challenges realist-leaning aesthetic theories. According to this line of thought, aesthetic diversity and disagreement are good, and our aesthetic judgments, responses, and attachments are deeply personal and even identity-constituting. These facts are further used to support anti-realist theories of aesthetic normativity. I aim to achieve two goals: (1) to disentangle arguments concerning diversity, disagreement, and personality; and (2) to offer realist-friendly replies to all three.
Sexualizing the Killing of Women: The Rise of the “Rough Sex” Defence in Anglo-American Jurisdictions
Authors: Edwards Susan S. M.
Published: April 2023

In this article I consider the increasing use of the “rough sex” defence by men who kill women in trials of murder. In demonstrating the prevalence of this defence I examine the defence tactics of pleading accident and traducing the character of the dead by invoking the excuse that the deceased consented to the acts which contributed to her death. I examine the impact of this defence strategy on jury determination and return of convictions for unlawful manslaughter rather than murder. The notion that women in these situations have contributed to their own demise is a redolent oeuvre in pornography but also has roots in psychoanalysis and medicine. Stereotypes of women’s sexuality as defined by men continue to inform contemporary thinking skewing male violence against women as an outcome that women desire. Legal attempts to reform the law are examined and challenges to the representation of women in popular culture are called for.
HAPPINESS AND AGE—RESOLVING THE DEBATE
Authors: Blanchflower David G. , Graham Carol , Piper Alan
Published: April 2023

This article is a response to a piece in this journal, by David Bartram, which questions the validity of a vast literature establishing consistently a U-shaped relationship between age and happiness. There are 618 published studies that find U-shapes in that relationship in 145 countries, and only a handful that do not. Of the 30 countries that Bartram (2023, National Institute Economic Review, 1–15) examines, he finds U-shapes in 18. We show compelling evidence of U-shapes in the remaining dozen countries. Supporting evidence of a U-shape is found in objective measures including deaths of despair, depression, stress and pain that are worst in midlife.
CosmoDRAGoN simulations—I. Dynamics and observable signatures of radio jets in cosmological environments
Authors: Yates-Jones Patrick M. , Shabala Stanislav S. , Power Chris , Krause Martin G. H. , Hardcastle Martin J. , Mohd Noh Velastín Elena A. N. , Stewart Georgia S. C.
Published: April 2023

We present theCosmologicalDoubleRadioActiveGalacticNuclei (CosmoDRAGoN) project: a large suite of simulated AGN jets in cosmological environments. These environments sample the intra-cluster media of galaxy clusters that form in cosmological smooth particle hydrodynamics (SPH) simulations, which we then use as inputs for grid-based hydrodynamic simulations of radio jets. Initially conical jets are injected with a range of jet powers, speeds (both relativistic and non-relativistic), and opening angles; we follow their collimation and propagation on scales of tens to hundreds of kiloparsecs, and calculate spatially resolved synthetic radio spectra in post-processing. In this paper, we present a technical overview of the project, and key early science results from six representative simulations which produce radio sources with both core- (Fanaroff-Riley Type I) and edge-brightened (Fanaroff-Riley Type II) radio morphologies. Our simulations highlight the importance of accurate representation of both jets and environments for radio morphology, radio spectra, and feedback the jets provide to their surroundings.
A monitoring campaign (2013–2020) of ESA’s Mars Express to study interplanetary plasma scintillation
Authors: Kummamuru P. , Molera Calvés G. , Cimò G. , Pogrebenko S. V. , Bocanegra-Bahamón T. M. , Duev D. A. , Md Said M. D. , Edwards J. , Ma M. , Quick J. , Neidhardt A. , de Vicente P. , Haas R. , Kallunki J. , Maccaferri G. , Colucci G. , Yang W. J. , Hao L. F. , Weston S. , Kharinov M. A. , Mikhailov A. G. , Jung T.
Published: April 2023

The radio signal transmitted by the Mars Express (MEX) spacecraft was observed regularly between the years 2013–2020 at X-band (8.42 GHz) using the European Very Long Baseline Interferometry (EVN) network and University of Tasmania’s telescopes. We present a method to describe the solar wind parameters by quantifying the effects of plasma on our radio signal. In doing so, we identify all the uncompensated effects on the radio signal and see which coronal processes drive them. From a technical standpoint, quantifying the effect of the plasma on the radio signal helps phase referencing for precision spacecraft tracking. The phase fluctuation of the signal was determined for Mars’ orbit for solar elongation angles from 0 to 180 deg. The calculated phase residuals allow determination of the phase power spectrum. The total electron content of the solar plasma along the line of sight is calculated by removing effects from mechanical and ionospheric noises. The spectral index was determined as$-2.43 \pm 0.11$which is in agreement with Kolmogorov’s turbulence. The theoretical models are consistent with observations at lower solar elongations however at higher solar elongation ($>$160 deg) we see the observed values to be higher. This can be caused when the uplink and downlink signals are positively correlated as a result of passing through identical plasma sheets.
The DESC stellarator code suite Part 3: Quasi-symmetry optimization
Authors: Dudt D.W. , Conlin R. , Panici D. , Kolemen E.
Published: April 2023

The DESC stellarator optimization code takes advantage of advanced numerical methods to search the full parameter space much faster than conventional tools. Only a single equilibrium solution is needed at each optimization step thanks to automatic differentiation, which efficiently provides exact derivative information. A Gauss–Newton trust-region optimization method uses second-order derivative information to take large steps in parameter space and converges rapidly. With just-in-time compilation and GPU portability, high-dimensional stellarator optimization runs take orders of magnitude less computation time with DESC compared to other approaches. This paper presents the theory of the DESC fixed-boundary local optimization algorithm along with demonstrations of how to easily implement it in the code. Example quasi-symmetry optimizations are shown and compared to results from conventional tools. Three different forms of quasi-symmetry objectives are available in DESC, and their relative advantages are discussed in detail. In the examples presented, the triple product formulation yields the best optimization results in terms of minimized computation time and particle transport. This paper concludes with an explanation of how the modular code suite can be extended to accommodate other types of optimization problems.
Working for Fuyao
Authors: Negro Antonio Luigi
Published: April 2023

In the heart of industrial and post-industrial America, a Chinese billionaire opens a glass factory in an abandoned auto plant, closed in 2008. Hope and jobs are back in 2010 but give way as nonstop productivity goals and automation clash with workers’ unionization and shop floor attitudes.
Optimizing second language pronunciation instruction: Replications of Martin and Sippel (2021), Olson and Offerman (2021), and Thomson (2012)
Authors: Nagle Charlie , Hiver Phil
Published: April 2023

An important shift in language learning research is the understanding that pronunciation instruction is necessary to ensure learners’ balanced development in pronunciation and second language (L2) speech. Research focusing on understanding what types of pronunciation instruction are effective and what makes them most effective has grown dramatically over the past decade. Given the methodological heterogeneity apparent in this body of literature, however, many questions remain to understand the specific effects of pronunciation training paradigms on learners’ L2 development. In this article, we make the case that replication is a productive means of validating findings and assessing the strength of existing evidence in L2 pronunciation research. As prime targets for replication, we review three studies that offer different perspectives on how L2 pronunciation instruction can be optimized. We have chosen each of these studies because they significantly advance the field conceptually, have broken new ground empirically, and point to areas in which replication studies can have a large impact. We describe a series of close and/or approximate replications of each initial study that would add detail to existing knowledge and provide a more comprehensive understanding of how and why L2 pronunciation instruction is effective, for whom, and under what conditions.
Researchers on ice? How the COVID-19 pandemic has impacted Antarctic researchers
Authors: Liggett Daniela , Herbert Andrea , Badhe Renuka , Charnley Gina E.C. , Hudson K.P.C. , Kelman Ilan , Lee Won Sang , Lorenzo Cristian , Marques-Quinteiro Pedro , Nash Meredith , Pickett Jennifer , Yermakova Yelena
Published: April 2023

The COVID-19 pandemic and pandemic-related measures have impacted the lives and work-related activities of Antarctic researchers. To explore these impacts, we designed, piloted and disseminated an online survey in English, Russian, Spanish and Chinese in late 2020 and early 2021. The survey explored how the pandemic affected the productivity of Antarctic researchers, their career prospects and their mental wellbeing. Findings exposed patterns of inequities. For instance, of the 406 unique responses to the survey, women appeared to have been affected more adversely than men, especially in relation to mental health, and early-career researchers were disadvantaged more than their mid- or late-career colleagues. Overall, a third of the research participants reported at least one major negative impact from the pandemic on their mental health. Approximately half of the participants also mentioned that the COVID-19 pandemic had some positive effects, especially in terms of the advantages that working from home brought and opportunities to attend events, network or benefit from training workshops online. We conclude with a series of recommendations for science administrators and policymakers to mitigate the most serious adverse impacts of the pandemic on Antarctic research communities, with implications for other contexts where scientific activities are conducted under extreme circumstances.
Time-dependent modelling of thin poroelastic films drying on deformable plates
Authors: Hennessy Matthew G. , Craster Richard V. , Matar Omar K.
Published: April 2023

Understanding the generation of mechanical stress in drying, particle-laden films is important for a wide range of industrial processes. One way to study these stresses is through the cantilever experiment, whereby a thin film is deposited onto the surface of a thin plate that is clamped at one end to a wall. The stresses that are generated in the film during drying are transmitted to the plate and drive bending. Mathematical modelling enables the film stress to be inferred from measurements of the plate deflection. The aim of this paper is to present simplified models of the cantilever experiment that have been derived from the time-dependent equations of continuum mechanics using asymptotic methods. The film is described using nonlinear poroelasticity and the plate using nonlinear elasticity. In contrast to Stoney-like formulae, the simplified models account for films with non-uniform thickness and stress. The film model reduces to a single differential equation that can be solved independently of the plate equations. The plate model reduces to an extended form of the Föppl-von Kármán (FvK) equations that accounts for gradients in the longitudinal traction acting on the plate surface. Consistent boundary conditions for the FvK equations are derived by resolving the Saint-Venant boundary layers at the free edges of the plate. The asymptotically reduced models are in excellent agreement with finite element solutions of the full governing equations. As the Péclet number increases, the time evolution of the plate deflection changes from
$t$
to
$t^{1/2}$
, in agreement with experiments.
Implementation of the Cardiac Inpatient Neurodevelopmental Care Optimization (CINCO) programme: an interdisciplinary, generalisable approach to inpatient neurodevelopmental care
Authors: Wolfe Kelly R. , Caprarola Sherrill D. , Clark Caelah , Davidson Jesse , Everitt Melanie D. , Faul Laura , Hageman Colton , Kelly Sarah L. , Maloney Emily , Patteson Hilary , Scott Sarah , Talbot Alyse , Tong Suhong , DiMaria Kimberly L.
Published: April 2023

Background:

Children with CHD are at risk for neurodevelopmental delays, and length of hospitalisation is a predictor of poorer long-term outcomes. Multiple aspects of hospitalisation impact neurodevelopment, including sleep interruptions, limited holding, and reduced developmental stimulation. We aimed to address modifiable factors by creating and implementing an interdisciplinary inpatient neurodevelopmental care programme in our Heart Institute.

Methods:

In this quality improvement study, we developed an empirically supported approach to neurodevelopmental care across the continuum of hospitalisation for patients with CHD using three plan-do-study-act cycles. With input from multi-level stakeholders including parents/caregivers, we co-designed interventions that comprised the Cardiac Inpatient Neurodevelopmental Care Optimization (CINCO) programme. These included medical/nursing orders for developmental care practices, developmental kits for patients, bedside developmental plans, caregiver education and support, developmental care rounds, and a specialised volunteer programme. We obtained data from the electronic health record for patients aged 0–2 years admitted for at least 7 days to track implementation.

Results:

There were 619 admissions in 18 months. Utilisation of CINCO interventions increased over time, particularly for the medical/nursing orders and caregiver handouts. The volunteer programme launch was delayed but grew rapidly and within six months, provided over 500 hours of developmental interaction with patients.

Conclusions:

We created and implemented a low-cost programme that systematised and expanded upon existing neurodevelopmental care practices in the cardiac inpatient units. Feasibility was demonstrated through increasing implementation rates over time. Key takeaways include the importance of multi-level stakeholder buy-in and embedding processes in existing clinical workflows.
Acute left heart failure caused by Takayasu arteritis: a case report and literature review
Authors: Quan Enxi , Zhao Yunyue
Published: April 2023

Takayasu arteritis is a rare disease. Coronary involvement may appear in patients with Takayasu arteritis. With delayed diagnosis and the difficulty of treatment, Takayasu arteritis patients complicated with coronary abnormalities usually have poor prognosis. We present a rare case of acute left heart failure caused by total occlusion of the left main coronary artery due to Takayasu arteritis. A 30-year-old Chinese woman presented at our hospital with recurrent chest tightness accompanied by dyspnoea. A series of modern imaging methods were used for diagnosis and evaluation of Takayasu arteritis, including invasive angiography, CT angiography, and vascular ultrasound. The patient received drugs therapy including glucocorticoids, immunosuppressants, and cardiovascular drugs, without a reperfusion therapy. Cardiac events, inflammatory marks, and cardiac function were observed during 2-year follow-up period. In this paper, we briefly disscuss the diagnosis and treatment for young women with cardiac complication caused by Takayasu arteritis.
Successful coil embolisation of tortuous portosystemic venous shunts using a steerable microcatheter in a patient with polysplenia after a Fontan-type operation
Authors: Kawai Yoko , Kita Yusuke , Nishikawa Kosuke
Published: April 2023

Portosystemic venous shunts occur in patients with polysplenia after the Fontan operation. In the long term, these shunts are associated with hyperammonaemia and portal-systemic encephalopathy. Since some shunts are long and tortuous, catheter interventions to close them could be challenging. Instead, a steerable microcatheter could be used for coil embolisation of tortuous portosystemic venous shunts.
Creativity, Performance and Problems of Authorship: Clara Schumann's Cadenzas for Mozart's D minor Concerto, K466
Authors: Leitmeir Christian Thomas
Published: April 2023

In memoriam Manfred Hermann Schmid (1947–2021), Mozartian extraordinaire

The cadenzas to the Piano concerto in D minor, K466 that Clara Schumann published for the Mozart centenary year raise intriguing questions about authorship: Upon correcting the proofs, she identified an uncanny overlap with a cadenza by Brahms. Following an ambivalent response from the latter, she went on publishing the work under her name regardless, and even left a note on her papers claiming that Brahms had made use of a cadenza by her.

Rather than answering the author attribution either way, the article unpicks the conflicting evidence of the sources in light of the broader contexts within which they are situated. It demonstrates that conventional tools of music philology alone are inadequate for solving this issue (as they had been for Schumann in 1891). Notated sources are but one manifestation of a rich and complex creative process that operate within a multi-sensory, multi-modal and co-creative framework. As such, a close reading of the cadenzas to K466 by Schumann and Brahms interrogate false ontologies of the ‘work concept’ that may have mired our understanding of nineteenth-century music in general.
Post-truth politics and neoliberal competition: the social sources of dogmatic cynicism
Authors: Schindler Sebastian
Published: April 2023

From Trump's America to Putin's Russia, from climate change denial to corona denial, so-called post-truth politics are experiencing a global rise. How can we understand and explain this phenomenon? In the attempt to answer this question, this article advances two core claims. First, it suggests that post-truth politics is (despite its name) marked not only by the denial of claims to objective truth, but also by the naturalization of one specific truth claim: namely, the cynical belief that self-interests are behind all public discourse. Second, it locates the social sources of this dogmatic cynicism in the global expansion of neoliberal competition.
World Wars and the Establishment of Welfare Ministries
Authors: Petersen Klaus , Schmitt Carina , Obinger Herbert
Published: April 2023

Welfare ministries are key institutions of modern nation-states. However, we still lack knowledge about when and why national welfare ministries were established. In this paper, we argue that both the First and Second world wars were major driving forces behind the establishment of independent welfare ministries. To test our argument, we introduce a novel dataset on the establishment of welfare-related ministries in 30 countries. Our empirical findings suggest that the establishment of independent welfare ministries was a product of wartime turbulence and the political, economic and social shockwaves set off especially by World War I, which affected many countries at the same time. Considering alternative explanations such as the Spanish Flu, the Bolshevik Revolution or the emergence of new nation-states, we argue that war triggered multiple, interrelated and chronologically staggered transnational events and transformations that had major effects on the social welfare systems of the countries involved. In this light, we conclude that World War I was ultimately the root cause behind the establishment of welfare ministries.
The Associated Factors of Self-Harm and Suicide Ideation Among Chinese Indonesians During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Prawira Benny , Liem Andrian , Yulianto Jony Eko , Han Jin
Published: April 2023

Abstract: Background: This study aimed to identify the associated factors of self-harm and suicide ideation among Chinese Indonesians during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: A nonrandom sampling was performed through a nationwide online survey in Indonesia (May–June 2021). The online survey covered participants’ demographic information, suicide literacy, suicide stigma, loneliness, and self-harm and suicide ideation. A series of t-tests, χ2 tests, and hierarchical logistic regressions with the backward stepwise method were used to identify the factors associated with self-harm and suicide ideation. Responses from a total of 484 Chinese Indonesians were analyzed in this study. Results: The predictive model showed a significant goodness of fit to the observed data [χ2(17) = 174.1, p < .001; R N2 = .41]. Chinese Indonesians with an average monthly income of ≥USD 843 were found to be 0.23 times (95% CI = 0.07–0.99) less likely to experience self-harm and suicide ideation than those who did not have an income. A one-point increase in the intensity of suicide glorification and loneliness were associated with 3.06 and 3.67 increase in the chance of experiencing self-harm and suicide ideation, respectively. Conclusion: One third of Chinese Indonesians self-reported self-harm and suicide ideation during the COVID-19 pandemic. Mental health and suicide prevention intervention programs are recommended to target those with low socioeconomic status, high glorification toward suicide, and high perceived loneliness.
CMIP6 Earth System Models Project Greater Acceleration of Climate Zone Change Due To Stronger Warming Rates
Authors: Bayar Ali Serkan , Yılmaz M. Tuğrul , Yücel İsmail , Dirmeyer Paul
Published: April 2023

Warming climate and precipitation changes induce notable shifts in climate zones. In this study, the latest generation of global climate models from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) and the previous generation CMIP5 under high‐emission scenarios are used together with observations and applied to the Köppen‐Geiger climate classification. The aim is to shed light on how projected warming and changes in precipitation will influence future climate zones and their associated ecosystems while revealing differences between the two model generations. Compared to CMIP5 models, CMIP6 models exhibit slightly improved performance in replicating the observed Köppen‐Geiger map for the historical (1976–2005) period and similar inter‐model agreement for the future. The models show major changes in climate zones with a range of projections depending on which ensemble subset is used: 37.9%–48.1% of the global land area is projected to change climate zone by the end of the century, with the most pronounced changes expected over Europe (71.4%–88.6%) and North America (51.2%–65.8%). CMIP6 models project a higher rate of areal climate zone change (km2/year) throughout the 21st century, which is mainly driven by their greater global land warming rates. Using a likely equilibrium climate sensitivity subset of CMIP6 models that is consistent with the latest evidence constrains the climate zone shifts, and their projections better match the results of CMIP5 simulations. Although the high warming rates of some CMIP6 models are less credible, the risks associated with them are greater, and they heighten the need for urgent action to preserve terrestrial ecosystems.
Fault Roughness Promotes Earthquake‐Like Aftershock Clustering in the Lab
Authors: Goebel Thomas H. W. , Brodsky Emily E. , Dresen Georg
Published: April 2023

Earthquakes rarely occur in isolation but rather as complex sequences of fore, main and aftershocks. Assessing the associated seismic hazard requires a holistic view of event interactions. We conduct frictional sliding experiments on faulted Westerly Granite samples at mid‐crustal stresses to investigate fault damage and roughness effects on aftershock generation. Abrupt laboratory fault slip is followed by periods of extended stress relaxation and aftershocks. Large roughness promotes less co‐seismic slip and high aftershock activity whereas smooth faults promote high co‐seismic slip with few aftershocks. Conditions close to slip instability generate lab‐quake sequences that exhibit similar statistical distributions to natural earthquakes. Aftershock productivity in the lab is linearly related to the residual strain energy on the fault which, in turn, is controlled by the level of surface heterogeneity. We conclude that roughness and damage govern slip stability and seismic energy partitioning between fore, main and aftershocks in lab and nature.
Quantifying Soil Goethite/Hematite Ratios: A New Method Based on Diffuse Reflectance Spectra
Authors: Meng Xianqiang , Li Gen K. , Long Xiaoyong , Li Shilei , Ji Junfeng
Published: April 2023

Goethite/hematite ratios in soils are widely used to reconstruct past climatic changes, but their accurate measurements have remained challenging due to the matrix effect. Here we present a new method for measuring soil goethite/hematite ratios by characterizing the band position of electron pair transition (EPT) based on the diffuse reflectance spectra processed by continuum removal. We introduce a “half‐band‐area wavelength”, λ1/2, to characterize the EPT band position and validate the method using synthetic standards made from mixing pure goethite and hematite and four sets of goethite‐ and hematite‐free matrices derived from arid aeolian deposits and tropical saprolite. A consistent λ1/2‐goethite/hematite relation across four matrices demonstrates that our method eliminates the matrix effect. We further validate our method by applying it to quantify goethite/hematite ratios in 180‐Kyr loess‐paleosol sequences and comparing the results to the reported paleoclimatic records. Our new method is promising for improving the measurement of goethite/hematite ratios in sediments.
The Zenith‐Angle Dependence of the Downward Radiation Dose Rate on the Martian Surface: Modeling Versus MSL/RAD Measurement
Authors: Khaksarighiri Salman , Guo Jingnan , Wimmer‐Schweingruber Robert F. , Löffler Sven , Ehresmann Bent , Matthiä Daniel , Hassler Donald M. , Zeitlin Cary , Berger Thomas
Published: April 2023

The Radiation Assessment Detector (RAD) on board the Mars Science Laboratory's Curiosity rover has been monitoring the surface radiation environment on Mars for just over 10 years. It has been found by Wimmer‐Schweingruber et al. (2015, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015gl066664) that within the narrow view cone of RAD, the directionality of the radiation field is close to but not completely isotropic. In order to better understand the directionality of the surface radiation over a wide range of zenith angles (θ), we perform a three‐dimensional Geant4 Monte Carlo simulation to derive the θ‐dependence of the surface dose rate. The results show that galactic cosmic ray protons, coming in at θ ∼ 74° make the greatest contribution to the surface dose. For helium ions, this angle is at around 46°. This is a consequence of the increasing column depth at larger zenith angles and the complex interplay of the destruction of primary and the creation of secondary particles as the primary cosmic ray interacts with the Martian atmosphere. We also compared the simulated results with the RAD measurements and found a reasonable agreement. Our results are important for future human exploration of Mars, for instance, to estimate the effectiveness of radiation shielding of a given geometry or for optimizing the radiation shielding design of a Martian habitat.
Machine Learning‐Derived Inference of the Meridional Overturning Circulation From Satellite‐Observable Variables in an Ocean State Estimate
Authors: Solodoch Aviv , Stewart Andrew L. , McC. Hogg Andrew , Manucharyan Georgy E.
Published: April 2023

The oceanic Meridional Overturning Circulation (MOC) plays a key role in the climate system, and monitoring its evolution is a scientific priority. Monitoring arrays have been established at several latitudes in the Atlantic Ocean, but other latitudes and oceans remain unmonitored for logistical reasons. This study explores the possibility of inferring the MOC from globally‐available satellite measurements via machine learning (ML) techniques, using the ECCOV4 state estimate as a test bed. The methodological advantages of the present approach include the use purely of available satellite data, its applicability to multiple basins within a single ML framework, and the ML model simplicity (a feed‐forward fully connected neural network (NN) with small number of neurons). The ML model exhibits high skill in MOC reconstruction in the Atlantic, Indo‐Pacific, and Southern Oceans. The approach achieves a higher skill in predicting the model Southern Ocean abyssal MOC than has previously been achieved via a dynamically‐based approach. The skill of the model is quantified as a function of latitude in each ocean basin, and of the time scale of MOC variability. We find that ocean bottom pressure generally has the highest reconstruction skill potential, followed by zonal wind stress. We additionally test which combinations of variables are optimal. Furthermore, ML interpretability techniques are used to show that high reconstruction skill in the Southern Ocean is mainly due to (NN processing of) bottom pressure variability at a few prominent bathymetric ridges. Finally, the potential for reconstructing MOC strength estimates from real satellite measurements is discussed.
Ten Thousand Years of Paleo‐Earthquakes Record of the Magallanes‐Fagnano Plate Boundary Fault in Tierra del Fuego, Argentina
Authors: Roy Sandrine , Vassallo Riccardo , Martinod Joseph , Sue Christian
Published: April 2023

The Magallanes‐Fagnano Fault is an active left‐lateral strike‐slip fault that cuts across Tierra del Fuego, forming the boundary between the South American and the Scotia plates. This fault may trigger strong earthquakes, as documented by the occurrence of two Mw ≥ 7.5 in December 1949. However, this region is characterized by one of the shortest historical archives in the world and by a growing population. The geological record is therefore needed in order to characterize the seismic information over a longer time scale and to improve the seismic hazard assessment. We conducted extensive field work, neotectonic mapping and excavated two paleoseismic trenches across one of the sharpest tectonic scarps in the Eastern onshore portion of the fault. Using scarp‐derived colluvial wedges, cross‐cutting relations, and 28 radiocarbon samples, we document evidences of at least six paleo‐earthquakes during the Holocene. Paleoseismic record is particularly accurate for the last two thousand years, for which period we determine an average recurrence interval of 1080 ± 150 years. For repeated earthquakes of same magnitude as the 1949 event, this recurrence interval is compatible both with the known geodetic and geomorphic slip rates. However, “paired earthquakes” in less than one or two centuries may also occur, suggesting that fault behavior could be characterized by irregular seismic cycles.
Rotational Modulation of the High Frequency Limit of Saturn Kilometric Radiation
Authors: Wu Siyuan , Zarka Philippe , Lamy Laurent , Louis Corentin , Ye Shengyi , Prangé Renée , Cecconi Baptiste , Kurth William S.
Published: April 2023

The high frequency limit (HFL) of the Saturnian Kilometric Radiation (SKR) can probe the deepest SKR sources, closest to Saturn's ionosphere. In this study, we determined and analyzed the SKR HFL throughout the entire Cassini Saturn orbital tour. The maximum frequency of the northern SKR, whose distribution peaks at ∼625 kHz, is shifted by +100 to +200 kHz from the distribution of southern SKR HFL, consistent with the magnetic field offset toward the northern hemisphere at Saturn. The uniformly observed SKR HFL in the vicinity of Saturn suggests a broad extent and beaming of the SKR source. When the observer is confined to certain locations, the rotational modulation of the SKR HFL is clearly observed. This modulation feature of the SKR HFL is statistically established and analyzed in this study. The modulation of HFL is best observed at mid‐latitudes between 10° and 40° and at almost all local times. We perform a simulation that suggests that the modulation of HFL requires the superposition of a “clock” like and a rotating source behavior. By comparing the derived HFL modulation using different longitudes with variable and fixed rotation periods, we can exclude the existence of a magnetic anomaly that was proposed in a previous study based on the Voyager data. The calculation of the least‐square periodogram confirms that the modulation observed in HFL is similar to the ones previously detected at Saturn.
Heat stress and heat strain among outdoor workers in El Salvador and Nicaragua
Authors: Petropoulos Zoe E. , Keogh Sinead A. , Jarquín Emmanuel , López-Pilarte Damaris , Amador Velázquez Juan José , García-Trabanino Ramón , Amador Sánchez Magaly Rosario , Guevara Raúl , Gruener Alexa , Allen Dustin R. , Leibler Jessica H. , Delgado Iris S. , McClean Michael D. , Friedman David J. , Brooks Daniel R. , Scammell Madeleine K.
Published: April 2023

Background

There is growing attention on occupational heat stress in Central America, as workers in this region are affected by a unique form of chronic kidney disease. Previous studies have examined wet bulb globe temperatures and estimated metabolic rates to assess heat stress, but there are limited data characterizing heat strain among these workers.

Objective

The aims were to characterize heat stress and heat strain and examine whether job task, break duration, hydration practices, and kidney function were associated with heat strain.

Methods

We used data from the MesoAmerican Nephropathy Occupational Study, a cohort of 569 outdoor workers in El Salvador and Nicaragua who underwent workplace exposure monitoring, including continuous measurement of core body temperature (Tc), heart rate (HR), physical activity, and wet bulb globe temperature (WBGT), over the course of three days in January 2018 - May 2018. Participants represented five industries: sugarcane, corn, plantain, brickmaking, and construction.

Results

Median WBGTs were relatively high (>27 °C) at most sites, particularly when work shifts spanned the afternoon hours (e.g., 29.2 °C among plantain workers). Sugarcane workers, especially cane cutters in both countries and Nicaraguan agrichemical applicators, had the highest estimated metabolic rates (medians: 299–318 kcal/hr). Most workers spent little time on break (<10% of the shift), as determined by physical activity data. Overall, sugarcane workers—particularly those in Nicaragua—experienced the highest Tc and HR values. However, a few workers in other industries reached high Tc (>39 °C) as well. Impaired kidney function (estimated glomerular filtration rate <90 mL/min/1.73 m2) was associated with higher Tc and HR values, even after adjustment.

Significance

This is the largest study to-date examining heat stress and strain among outdoor workers in Central America. Workers at sugar companies regularly experienced Tc > 38°C (76.9% of monitored person-days at Nicaraguan companies; 46.5% at Salvadoran companies). Workers with impaired kidney function had higher measures of Tc and HR.

Impact statement

This study examined levels of occupational heat stress and heat strain experienced among outdoor workers in five industries in El Salvador and Nicaragua. We characterized heat stress using wet bulb globe temperatures and estimated metabolic rate and heat strain using core body temperature and heart rate. Sugarcane workers, particularly cane cutters and Nicaraguan agrichemical applicators, performed more strenuous work and experienced greater levels of heat strain. Impaired kidney function was associated with higher heart rates and core body temperatures.
Resilience to substance use disorder following childhood maltreatment: association with peripheral biomarkers of endocannabinoid function and neural indices of emotion regulation
Authors: Perini Irene , Mayo Leah M. , Capusan Andrea J. , Paul Elisabeth R. , Yngve Adam , Kampe Robin , Gauffin Emelie , Mazurka Raegan , Ghafouri Bijar , Stensson Niclas , Asratian Anna , Hamilton J. Paul , Kastbom Åsa , Gustafsson Per A. , Heilig Markus
Published: April 2023

Childhood maltreatment (CM) is a risk factor for substance use disorders (SUD) in adulthood. Understanding the mechanisms by which people are susceptible or resilient to developing SUD after exposure to CM is important for improving intervention. This case-control study investigated the impact of prospectively assessed CM on biomarkers of endocannabinoid function and emotion regulation in relation to the susceptibility or resilience to developing SUD. Four groups were defined across the dimensions of CM and lifetime SUD (N = 101 in total). After screening, participants completed two experimental sessions on separate days, aimed at assessing the behavioral, physiological, and neural mechanisms involved in emotion regulation. In the first session, participants engaged in tasks assessing biochemical (i.e., cortisol, endocannabinoids), behavioral, and psychophysiological indices of stress and affective reactivity. During the second session, the behavioral and brain mechanisms associated with emotion regulation and negative affect were investigated using magnetic resonance imaging. CM-exposed adults who did not develop SUD, operationally defined as resilient to developing SUD, had higher peripheral levels of the endocannabinoid anandamide at baseline and during stress exposure, compared to controls. Similarly, this group had increased activity in salience and emotion regulation regions in task-based measures of emotion regulation compared to controls, and CM-exposed adults with lifetime SUD. At rest, the resilient group also showed significantly greater negative connectivity between ventromedial prefrontal cortex and anterior insula compared to controls and CM-exposed adults with lifetime SUD. Collectively, these peripheral and central findings point to mechanisms of potential resilience to developing SUD after documented CM exposure.
Exosomal circSPIRE1 mediates glycosylation of E-cadherin to suppress metastasis of renal cell carcinoma
Authors: Shu Guannan , Lu Xuanxuan , Pan Yihui , Cen Junjie , Huang Kangbo , Zhou Mi , Lu Jun , Dong Jiaqi , Han Hui , Chen Wei , Lin Juan , Luo Junhang , Zhang Jiaxing
Published: April 2023

Metastasis is the main cause of mortality in renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Circular RNAs (circRNAs) involvement in RCC metastasis has been described, although the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. We evaluated recurring lung-metastasis cases using patient-derived xenograft models and isolated a highly metastatic clone. CircSPIRE1 was identified as a metastasis-inhibiting circRNA in clinical cohort and xenograft models. Mechanistically, circSPIRE1 suppressed mesenchymal state through regulating ELAV like RNA binding protein 1-mRNA binding, and upregulating polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 3 (GALNT3) and KH domain RNA binding protein (QKI) expression. GALNT3 promoted glycosylation and cytomembrane localization of E-cadherin. QKI formed a positive feedback loop to enhance circSPIRE1 expression. Meanwhile, exosomal circSPIRE1 suppressed angiogenesis and vessel permeability. Our work reveals a non-canonical route for circRNAs in RCC to suppress metastasis. Furthermore, a nanomedicine consisting of circSPIRE1 plasmid suppressed metastasis formation. In conclusion, circSPIRE1 may be a predictor of metastasis and a potential therapeutic target of metastatic RCC.