bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The impact of overshooting deep convection on local transport and mixing in the tropical upper troposphere/lower stratosphere (UTLS)
Authors: Frey W. , Schofield R. , Hoor P. , Kunkel D. , Ravegnani F. , Ulanovsky A. , Viciani S. , D'Amato F. , Lane T. P.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. In this study we examine the simulated downward transport and mixing of stratospheric air into the upper tropical troposphere as observed on a research flight during the SCOUT-O3 campaign in connection with a deep convective system. We use the Advanced Research Weather and Research Forecasting (WRF-ARW) model with a horizontal resolution of 333 m to examine this downward transport. The simulation reproduces the deep convective system, its timing and overshooting altitudes reasonably well compared to radar and aircraft observations. Passive tracers initialised at pre-storm times indicate the downward transport of air from the stratosphere to the upper troposphere as well as upward transport from the boundary layer into the cloud anvils and overshooting tops. For example, a passive ozone tracer (i.e. a tracer not undergoing chemical processing) shows an enhancement in the upper troposphere of up to about 30 ppbv locally in the cloud, while the in situ measurements show an increase of 50 ppbv. However, the passive carbon monoxide tracer exhibits an increase, while the observations show a decrease of about 10 ppbv, indicative of an erroneous model representation of the transport processes in the tropical tropopause layer. Furthermore, it could point to insufficient entrainment and detrainment in the model. The simulation shows a general moistening of air in the lower stratosphere, but it also exhibits local dehydration features. Here we use the model to explain the processes causing the transport and also expose areas of inconsistencies between the model and observations.
On a neck, on a spit: controls on the shape of free spits
Authors: Ashton A. D. , Nienhuis J. , Ells K.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. We investigate the controls upon the shape of freely extending spits using a one-contour-line model of shoreline evolution. In contrast to existing frameworks that suggest that spits are oriented in the direction of alongshore sediment transport and that wave refraction around the spit end is the primary cause of recurving, our results suggest that spit shoreline shapes are perhaps best understood as graded features arising from a complex interplay between distinct morphodynamic elements: the headland updrift of the spit, the erosive "neck" (which may be overwashing), and the depositional "hook." Between the neck and the hook lies a downdrift-migrating "fulcrum point" whose trajectory is set by the angle of maximum alongshore sediment transport. Model results demonstrate that wave climate characteristics affect spit growth; however, we find that the rate of headland retreat exerts a dominant control on spit shape, orientation, and progradation rate. Interestingly, as a spit forms off of a headland, the rate of sediment input to the spit itself emerges through feedbacks with the downdrift spit end, and in many cases faster spit progradation may coincide with reduced sediment input to the spit itself. Furthermore, as the depositional hook rests entirely beyond the maximum in alongshore sediment transport, this shoreline reach is susceptible to high-angle wave instability throughout and, as a result, spit depositional signals may be highly autogenic.
Joint inference of groundwater-recharge and hydraulic-conductivity fields from head data using the Ensemble-Kalman filter
Authors: Erdal D. , Cirpka O. A.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. Regional groundwater flow strongly depends on groundwater recharge and hydraulic conductivity. Both are spatially variable fields, and their estimation is an ongoing topic in groundwater research and practice. In this study, we use the Ensemble Kalman filter as an inversion method to jointly estimate spatially variable recharge and conductivity fields from head observations. The success of the approach strongly depends on the assumed prior knowledge. If the structural assumptions underlying the initial ensemble of the parameter fields are correct, both estimated fields resemble the true ones. However, erroneous prior knowledge may not be corrected by the data. In the worst case, the estimated recharge field resembles the true conductivity field, resulting in a model that meets the observations but has very poor predictive power. The study exemplifies the importance of prior knowledge in the joint estimation of parameters from ambiguous measurements.
Dry season drinking from terrestrial man-made watering holes in arboreal wild Temminck's red colobus, The Gambia
Authors: Hillyer A. P. , Armstrong R. , Korstjens A. H.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. Like most arboreal primates, red colobus monkeys obtain most water from plants in their diet, licking their body or drinking occasionally from standing water in tree holes. Terrestrial drinking is not normally reported for arboreal primates. Here we report observations of terrestrial drinking from man-made watering holes by Temminck's red colobus (Piliocolobus badius temminckii) in Abuko Nature Reserve and Bijilo Forest Park, The Gambia. Colobus drinking behaviour in Abuko has been reported previously by Starin (1991, 2002), mostly involving juveniles or lactating females; water was most commonly obtained by licking water from the body and leaves or obtained from tree holes. Some juveniles were seen drinking from swampy ground and puddles in the dry season, but otherwise the only terrestrial water body available to colobus during the study by Starin contained crocodiles, a known predator of red colobus at the site. Our observations show that shallow man-made watering holes that have since been created and do not harbour predators were used by different age classes. We discuss some of the implications of this behaviour for this endangered subspecies and report on the trend of increasing temperatures in The Gambia.
Scenario forecasting changes in the water balance components of the Olenek and Iindigirka river basins due to possible climate change
Authors: Gusev Ye. M. , Nasonova O. N. , Dzhogan L. Ya. , Kovalev E. E.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. Scenario projections of the dynamics of meteorological characteristics for the basins of the Olenek and Indigirka rivers (the Republic of Sakha) in the XXI century have been obtained for four IPCC global climate change scenarios of SRES family which correspond to specified scenarios of economic, technological, political, and demographic development of human civilization. The projections have been used to calculate scenarios of possible changes in water balance components for the basins under consideration up to the year of 2063. The calculation procedure involves a physically-based model for heat and mass exchange between the land surface and the atmosphere SWAP and climate scenario generator MAGICC/SCENGEN.
Land cover and climate change effects on streamflow and sediment yield: a case study of Tapacurá River basin, Brazil
Authors: Santos J. Y. G. , Silva R. M. , Carvalho Neto J. G. , Montenegro S. M. G. L. , Santos C. A. G. , Silva A. M.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. This study assesses the impact of the land use and climate changes between 1967–2008 on the streamflow and sediment yield in Tapacurá River basin (Brazil) using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model. The model was calibrated and validated by comparing simulated mean monthly streamflow with observed long-term mean monthly streamflow. The obtained R2 and Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency values to streamflow data were respectively 0.82 and 0.71 for 1967–1974, and 0.84 and 0.82 for 1995–2008. The results show that the land cover and climate change affected the basin hydrology, decreasing the streamflow and sediment yield (227.39 mm and 18.21 t ha−1 yr−1 for 1967–1974 and 182.86 mm and 7.67 t ha−1 yr−1 for 1995–2008). The process changes are arising mainly due to the land cover/use variability, but, mainly due to the decreasing in the rainfall rates during 1995–2008 when compared with the first period analysed, which in turn decreased the streamflow and sediments during the wet seasons and reduced the base flow during the dry seasons.
Scientific and practical tools for dealing with water resource estimations for the future
Authors: Hughes D. A.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. Future flow regimes will be different to today and imperfect knowledge of present and future climate variations, rainfall–runoff processes and anthropogenic impacts make them highly uncertain. Future water resources decisions will rely on practical and appropriate simulation tools that are sensitive to changes, can assimilate different types of change information and flexible enough to accommodate improvements in understanding of change. They need to include representations of uncertainty and generate information appropriate for uncertain decision-making. This paper presents some examples of the tools that have been developed to address these issues in the southern Africa region. The examples include uncertainty in present day simulations due to lack of understanding and data, using climate change projection data from multiple climate models and future catchment responses due to both climate and development effects. The conclusions are that the tools and models are largely available and what we need is more reliable forcing and model evlaution information as well as methods of making decisions with such inevitably uncertain information.
Ability of a land surface model to predict climate induced changes in northern Russian river runoff during the 21st century
Authors: Nasonova O. N. , Gusev Y. M. , Volodin E. M. , Kovalev E. E.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. The objective of the present study is application of the land surface model SWAP to project climate change impact on northern Russian river runoff up to 2100 using meteorological projections from the atmosphere–ocean global climate model INMCM4.0. The study was performed for the Northern Dvina River and the Kolyma River characterized by different climatic conditions. The ability of both models to reproduce the observed river runoff was investigated. To apply SWAP for hydrological projections, the robustness of the model was evaluated. The river runoff projections up to 2100 were calculated for two greenhouse gas emission scenarios: RCP8.5 and RCP4.5 prepared for the phase five of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5). For each scenario, several runoff projections were obtained using different models (INMCM4.0 and SWAP) and different post-processing techniques for correcting biases in meteorological forcing data. Differences among the runoff projections obtained for the same emission scenario and the same period illustrate uncertainties resulted from application of different models and bias-correcting techniques.
Non-stationarity driven by long-term change in catchment storage: possibilities and implications
Authors: Hughes J. D. , Vaze J.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. "Non-stationarity" with reference to hydrology is a term applied to many situations (Milly et al., 2008). While climate change non-stationarity is often examined, these effects can provide a test for assumptions of runoff generation process impliedin rainfall–runoff (RR) models. Observations from South-western Australia (SWA) over the past 40 years show a decline in rainfall and reductions in runoff. Runoff and rainfall relationships in SWA show a significant shift over the past 40 years suggesting a change in runoff generation and catchment state. This has challenged the nature of assumed runoff generation process in SWA as well as the veracity of conceptual RR model structure. We expand on some of the lessons learned from SWA and discuss the climatic and geomorphic conditions that may make reasonable predictions of runoff very difficult with RR models calibrated in traditional ways. Catchment storage has a significant interaction with runoff generation and we examine the situations where these may change in the longer term. We suggest some strategies in terms of model structure and calibration that may improve predictive performance in such situations.
Wind effects on leaf transpiration challenge the concept of "potential evaporation"
Authors: Schymanski S. J. , Or D.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. Transpiration is commonly conceptualised as a fraction of some potential rate, driven by so-called "atmospheric evaporative demand". Therefore, atmospheric evaporative demand or "potential evaporation" is generally used alongside with precipitation and soil moisture to characterise the environmental conditions that affect plant water use. Consequently, an increase in potential evaporation (e.g. due to climate change) is believed to cause increased transpiration and/or vegetation water stress. In the present study, we investigated the question whether potential evaporation constitutes a meaningful reference for transpiration and compared sensitivity of potential evaporation and leaf transpiration to atmospheric forcing. A physically-based leaf energy balance model was used, considering the dependence of feedbacks between leaf temperature and exchange rates of radiative, sensible and latent heat on stomatal resistance. Based on modelling results and supporting experimental evidence, we conclude that stomatal resistance cannot be parameterised as a factor relating transpiration to potential evaporation, as the ratio between transpiration and potential evaporation not only varies with stomatal resistance, but also with wind speed, air temperature, irradiance and relative humidity. Furthermore, the effect of wind speed in particular implies increase in potential evaporation, which is commonly interpreted as increased "water stress", but at the same time can reduce leaf transpiration, implying a decrease in water demand at leaf scale.
Deconstructive Misalignment: Archives, Events, and Humanities Approaches in Academic Development
Authors: Holmes Trevor M , Sutherland Kathryn A.
Published: June 2015

Using poetry, role play, readers’ theatre, and creative manipulations of space through yarn and paper weaving, a workshop in 2008 challenged one of educational development’s more pervasive and least questioned notions (“constructive alignment” associated most often with the work of John Biggs). This paper describes the reasoning behind using humanities approaches specifically in this case and more generally in the Challenging Academic Development Collective’s work, as well as problematising the notions of “experiment” and “results” by unarchiving and re-archiving such a nonce-event. The critical stakes in using an anti-empirical method are broached, and readers are encouraged to experience their own version of the emergent truths of such approaches by drawing their own conclusions.
En 2008, par le biais de la poésie, du jeu de rôles, du théâtre lu et de manipulations créatrices de l’espace avec de la laine et des tissages en papier, un atelier a mis au défi une des notions les plus généralisées et les moins remises en question du développement éducatif, l’alignement constructif, le plus souvent associé aux travaux de John Biggs. Cet article décrit le raisonnement qui se cache sous l’utilisation des approches des humanités tout spécialement dans ce cas et de manière plus générale dans les travaux du Collectif sur le développement académique stimulant. L’article traite également de la problématique sur les notions d’« expérience » et de « résultats » en désarchivant et en réarchivant une telle circonstance. Les enjeux principaux de l’utilisation de cette méthode anti-empirique sont abordés et les lecteurs sont encouragés à faire l’expérience de leur propre version des vérités qui émergent de telles approches en tirant leurs propres conclusions.
Accessibility in Teaching Assistant Training: A Critical Review of Programming from Ontario’s Teaching and Learning Centres
Authors: Vander Kloet Marie
Published: June 2015

It is increasingly understood that university education must be accessible to persons with disabilities. The responsibility to make the university accessible is arguably shared by all of us and yet, the extent to which it has become fully accessible is certainly suspect. By undertaking qualitative, discursive analysis of websites, online texts and other materials provided by Ontario’s teaching and learning centres, this paper seeks to do two things. First, it provides a critical overview of the types of training currently available at Ontario universities for teaching assistants on accessibility and teaching. This review will outline initiatives directed towards compliance with Accessibility for Ontarians with Disabilities Act (AODA) requirements, those focused on education and advocacy (as well as areas of overlap) and broader equity training which encompasses accessibility. Second, this paper, considering the content of the reviewed material and informed by critical disability studies, offers up an articulation of future directions for research, writing, advocacy, and training on teaching assistant development on accessible teaching.
Il est de plus en plus accepté que l’éducation universitaire doit être accessible aux personnes handicapées. Certes, la responsabilité de rendre l’université accessible est partagée par tous et pourtant, la mesure dans laquelle celle-ci est devenue totalement accessible est sans nul doute suspecte. Après avoir entrepris des analyses qualitatives et discursives de sites web, de textes en ligne et d’autres documents fournis par des centres d’enseignement et d’apprentissage de l’Ontario, on cherche dans cet article à accomplir deux choses. Tout d’abord, l’article présente un aperçu critique des types de formation disponibles à l’heure actuelle dans les universités de l’Ontario à l’intention des enseignants auxiliaires sur l’accessibilité et l’enseignement. Cet examen va décrire les initiatives mises en place en vue de répondre aux exigences de la Loi sur l’accessibilité pour les Ontariens handicapés, ainsi que celles qui se concentrent sur l’éducation et la promotion des intérêts (et sur des domaines qui se chevauchent) et celles qui se rapportent à une formation plus vaste sur l’équité qui englobe l’accessibilité. Ensuite, prenant en considération le contenu des documents examinés et des études critiques sur la situation des personnes handicapées, l’article offre des propositions de directions futures pour la recherche, la rédaction, la promotion des intérêts et la formation en vue du développement professionnel des enseignants auxiliaires en matière d’enseignement accessible.
Food and Nutrition Promotion: Feasibility of the Zimbabwe Agenda for Sustainable Socio-Economic Transformation
Authors: Zvavahera Promise , Chigora Farai
Published: June 2015

Zimbabwe has faced persistent droughts from around year 1990 to date posing a structural food security challenge to the populace. Recently, the government of Zimbabwe introduced a blue print to spearhead and map sustainable balance in tapping value from the available natural and man-made resources in the country. This is known as the Zimbabwe Agenda for Sustainable Socio-economic Transformation Programme (Zim Asset). Amongst its prospects, agriculture and nutrition has been reckoned as a sustainable cluster for economic development. This study was undertaken one and half years after the implementation of Zim Asset as an evaluation mechanism on the successes and challenges faced in transforming the Zimbabwean economy with specific reference to the Food and Nutrition Cluster. The study employed both post positivism and interpretivism philosophies applying quantitative and qualitative approaches in gathering research data. The research instruments included documentary evidence, face to face in-depth interviews and focus groups. The in-depth interviews explored issues to do with resources allocation in line with the Zim Asset agriculture sustenance objectives. Focus was therefore, on the four Ministries supporting the Food and Nutrition Cluster. Eighty percent of the respondents reported that the economic blue print has not made any significant strides in improving the country’s agricultural performance and food security since the inception of Zim Asset in October 2013. It was noted that the country continued to import maize from Zambia and other countries in the region. The major reason for its lack of success was due to the unavailability of resources to support the programme and the fact that land was allocated to unproductive and cell phone farmers. There was consensus that land audit and recapitalisation of the agriculture sector were critical in achieving the desired outcomes. The study recommends that the programme be adequately funded, so that the country can become self-sufficient.
Beauvoir and Rand
Authors: Champagne Marc , Gladstein Mimi Reisel
Published: June 2015

In an attempt to start rectifying a lamentable disparity in scholarship, we evince fruitful points of similarity and difference in the ideas of Simone de Beauvoir and Ayn Rand, paying particular attention to their views on long-term projects. Endorsing what might be called an “Ethic of Resolve,” Rand praises those who undertake sustained goal-directed actions such as careers. Beauvoir, however, endorses an “Ethic of Ambiguity” that makes her more skeptical about the prospects of carrying out lifelong projects without deluding oneself. Our study teases apart the strengths and drawbacks of these views.
Liberating Capitalism?
Authors: Chartier Gary
Published: June 2015

Jason Brennan's book Why Not Capitalism? offers a distinctive and engaging defense of the positive moral value of markets and property rights. Directly confronting influential socialist philosopher G. A. Cohen's argument for the moral superiority of socialism, Brennan shows that a market society embodies distinctive moral excellences that we have good reason to embrace.
The Casuistry of International Criminal Law: Exploring A New Field of Research
Authors: Cupido Marjolein
Published: June 2015

The Casuistry of International Criminal Law: Exploring A New Field of Research

International criminal courts have made an important contribution to the development of international criminal law. Through case law, the courts have fine-tuned and modernized outdated concepts of international crimes and liability theories. In studying this practice, scholars have so far focused on the judicial interpretation of statutory and customary rules, thereby paying little attention to the rules’ application in individual cases. In this article, I reveal the limitations of this approach and illustrate how insights from casuistry can advance international criminal law discourse. In particular, I use the example of genocide to show that casuistic case law analyses can help scholars clarify the meaning of the law and appraise the application of substantive legal concepts in individual cases. Based on these observations, I argue that scholars should complement their current research with studies into the casuistry of international criminal law.
Drones, Targeted Killings and the Politics of Law
Authors: Werner Wouter G.
Published: June 2015

Drones, Targeted Killings and the Politics of Law

In this article I discuss one of the latest reports on the practice of drone warfare, the UN SRCT Drone Inquiry. I use the report to illustrate some of the specific forms of legal politics that surround drone warfare today. In the first place, I focus on the tension between the capacity of drones to target more precisely and the never-ending critique that drone warfare victimizes civilian populations. Secondly, I focus on the call for more objective legal rules that can be found in many debates on drone warfare.
Benoemingenbeleid en benoemingspraktijk bij markttoezichthouders: op naar meer onafhankelijkheid en diversiteit
Authors: van Veen Adriejan
Published: June 2015

Benoemingenbeleid en benoemingspraktijk bij markttoezichthouders: op naar meer onafhankelijkheid en diversiteit

In de NZa-affaire stond het gebrek aan onafhankelijkheid van de toezichthouder van zowel het ministerie als het zorgveld centraal. Ook bij de AFM stonden nevenfuncties van de raad van toezicht onlangs in de schijnwerpers. Na een kritisch rapport hierover stapten verschillende leden op, het ministerie van Financiën beschuldigend van een machtsovername. Deze problematiek bewijst dat de dubbele onafhankelijkheid van markttoezichthouders en hun bestuurders voortdurend omstreden is. Dit artikel betoogt daarom dat de politiek het benoemingenbeleid bij markttoezichthouders zodanig moet aanpassen, dat er meer ruimte is voor onafhankelijkheid en diversiteit in de besturen.
De faal- en slaagfactoren voor leiderschap binnen toezichthouders
Authors: Stoker Janka , Rink Floor
Published: June 2015

De faal- en slaagfactoren voor leiderschap binnen toezichthouders

Dit artikel beschrijft kenmerken van effectief leiderschapsgedrag en koppelt deze aan de specifieke context van een toezichthouder. Een toezichthouder is te typeren als een professionele organisatie, waarin hoogopgeleide medewerkers enerzijds consciëntieus en prudent moeten zijn, maar anderzijds ook flexibiliteit moeten kunnen tonen als de situatie daarom vraagt. Deze context stelt extra eisen aan leidinggevenden binnen toezichthouders. Een aantal belangrijke faalfactoren voor leiderschap worden beschreven: een overdaad aan laissez-faire en een tekort aan relatiegericht en verandergericht leiderschap, gecombineerd met te weinig kennis van de inhoud en te weinig ruimte voor tegenspraak. Dit leidt tot een aantal specifieke leiderschapslessen voor toezichthouders.
Archaeal TFEα/β is a hybrid of TFIIE and the RNA polymerase III subcomplex hRPC62/39
Authors: Blombach Fabian , Salvadori Enrico , Fouqueau Thomas , Yan Jun , Reimann Julia , Sheppard Carol , Smollett Katherine L , Albers Sonja V , Kay Christopher WM , Thalassinos Konstantinos , Werner Finn
Published: June 2015

Transcription initiation of archaeal RNA polymerase (RNAP) and eukaryotic RNAPII is assisted by conserved basal transcription factors. The eukaryotic transcription factor TFIIE consists of α and β subunits. Here we have identified and characterised the function of the TFIIEβ homologue in archaea that on the primary sequence level is related to the RNAPIII subunit hRPC39. Both archaeal TFEβ and hRPC39 harbour a cubane 4Fe-4S cluster, which is crucial for heterodimerization of TFEα/β and its engagement with the RNAP clamp. TFEα/β stabilises the preinitiation complex, enhances DNA melting, and stimulates abortive and productive transcription. These activities are strictly dependent on the β subunit and the promoter sequence. Our results suggest that archaeal TFEα/β is likely to represent the evolutionary ancestor of TFIIE-like factors in extant eukaryotes.
Data‐driven spatial b value estimation with applications to California seismicity: To b or not to b
Authors: Kamer Yavor , Hiemer Stefan
Published: June 2015

In this paper we present a penalized likelihood‐based method for spatial estimation of Gutenberg‐Richter's b value. Our method incorporates a nonarbitrary partitioning scheme based on Voronoi tessellation, which allows for the optimal partitioning of space using a minimum number of free parameters. By random placement of an increasing number of Voronoi nodes, we are able to explore the whole solution space in terms of model complexity. We obtain an overall likelihood for each model by estimating the b values in all Voronoi regions and calculating its joint likelihood using Aki's formula. Accounting for the number of free parameters, we then calculate the Bayesian Information Criterion for all random realizations. We investigate the ensemble of the best performing models and demonstrate the robustness and validity of our method through extensive synthetic tests. We apply our method to the seismicity of California using two different time spans of the Advanced National Seismic System catalog (1984–2014 and 2004–2014). The results show that for the last decade, the b value variation in the well‐instrumented parts of mainland California is limited to the range of (0.94 ± 0.04–1.15 ± 0.06). Apart from the Geysers region, the observed variation can be explained by network‐related discrepancies in the magnitude estimations. Our results suggest that previously reported spatial b value variations obtained using classical fixed radius or nearest neighbor methods are likely to have been overestimated, mainly due to subjective parameter choices. We envision that the likelihood‐based model selection criteria used in this study can be a useful tool for generating improved earthquake forecasting models.
Uncertainty of Arctic summer ice drift assessed by high‐resolution SAR data
Authors: Sumata Hiroshi , Kwok Ronald , Gerdes Rüdiger , Kauker Frank , Karcher Michael
Published: June 2015

Time‐space varying uncertainty maps of monthly mean Arctic summer ice drift are presented. To assess the error statistics of two low‐resolution Eulerian ice drift products, we use high‐resolution Lagrangian ice motion derived from synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery. The Lagrangian trajectories from the SAR data are converted to an Eulerian format to serve as reference for the error assessment of the Eulerian products. The statistical error associated with the conversion is suppressed to an acceptable level by applying a threshold for averaging. By using the SAR ice drift as a reference, we formulate the uncertainty of monthly mean ice drift as an empirical function of drift speed and ice concentration. The empirical functions are applied to derive uncertainty maps of Arctic ice drift fields. The estimated uncertainty maps reasonably capture an increase of uncertainty with the progress of summer melting season. The uncertainties range from 1.0 to 2.0 cm s−1, which indicates that the low‐resolution Eulerian products for summer seasons are of practical use for climate studies, model validation, and data assimilation, if their uncertainties are appropriately taken into account.
Pherai in Thessaly
Authors: Georganas Ioannis
Published: June 2015

Pherai was a city located in southwestern Thessaly in the district of Pelasgiotis. It played a major role in the political life of Thessaly in the first half of the fourth century BCE, when it was under the rule of the tyrants Lycophron, Jason, and Alexander.
Mancinus, C. Hostilius
Authors: Rosenstein Nathan
Published: June 2015

Consul in 137 BCE, Mancinus was defeated in Spain and forced to conclude and swear to a treaty with the Numantines, which the Roman Senate rejected. Mancinus was handed over to the Numantines to obviate the religious danger to Rome of the violation of his oath. The Numantines refused to accept him, and Mancinus returned to Rome.
Geiseric
Authors: Merrills A. H.
Published: June 2015

Geiseric was king of the Vandals ca. 425–77
ce
, and the founding figure of the Hasding dynasty in North Africa. Following the capture of Carthage in 439, he exerted considerable political and economic influence throughout the Mediterranean. Best known for the sack of Rome in 455, and the successful defense of Africa from a number of imperial campaigns, he also proved an adept politician and laid the foundations for a century of Vandal dominance in the region.
Alba Longa
Authors: Neel Jaclyn
Published: June 2015

Alba Longa is the legendary metropolis of Rome founded by Ascanius, the son of Aeneas. Romulus and Remus originate from the city, which is also known for its destruction: a lengthy saga featuring the duel of the Horatii and Curiatii and the traitor Mettius Fufetius. Alba Longa is also associated with the
Feriae Latinae
.
Asconius Pedianus
Authors: van der Blom Henriette
Published: June 2015

Quintus Asconius Pedianus (9
bce
–76
ce
) wrote a set of commentaries on Cicero's speeches
In Pisonem
,
Pro Scauro
,
Pro Milone
,
Pro Cornelio
, and
In Toga Candida
. Although of equestrian birth, Asconius was highly educated and moved in elite circles. His commentaries show detailed knowledge of the history, politics, topography, and prosopography of the Late Roman Republic, sourced from a wide range of written texts. His work offers invaluable insights into Cicero's speeches and the historical and oratorical context of late republican political life.
Hebat
Authors: de Martino Stefano
Published: June 2015

Hebat was a Syro‐Anatolian celestial goddess worshipped from the middle of the third millennium until the end of the second millennium
bce
. This divine name occurs as a theophoric element in many personal names documented in Anatolian and Syrian texts.
Sinope
Authors: Tezgör Dominique Kassab
Published: June 2015

Sinope has an exceptional position on the southern coast of the Pontos Euxinos, offering the only safe harbor in the Black Sea. In addition, the lands it controlled were fertile. The older settlements in the area can be dated to at least the fourth millennium
bce
. As a Greek colony it was founded in 631/630
bce
by the Milesians. The city did not suffer from the period of Persian domination, remaining autonomous. Although captured by Pharnakes I of Pontos in 183
bce
, it did not lose its prosperity and instead became the capital of the Pontic Kingdom. After the conquest by Lucullus in 70
bce
, Sinope became the Roman
Colonia Julia Felix
in 47
bce
and benefited from the Roman peace. The Hellenistic period was the city's heyday and the thousands of amphoras discovered all over the Black Sea, as well as in the Aegean and Mediterranean world, attest to its active trade.
Pax Julia (Beja)
Authors: Beckmann Sarah
Published: June 2015

Pax Julia was a Roman colony in southern Lusitania and the capital of the Conventus Pacensis under Vespasian.
Ambitus
Authors: Rosillo‐López Cristina
Published: June 2015

Ambitus
refers to electoral misconduct, rampant during the late Roman Republic although punishable by law.
Ishhara
Authors: Prechel Doris
Published: June 2015

The origin of Ishhara was in the North Syrian area, where she served as a tutelary goddess. From the twenty‐third century BCE, she is attested in Mesopotamian epigraphic sources as a fertility goddess, an aspect to which her symbol, the scorpion (also as an astrological constellation), may refer. The cult of Ishhara spread over the entire ancient Near East and is attested into the Hellenistic period.
Numeracy, Greek and Roman
Authors: Bailey Melissa
Published: June 2015

Numeracy, or the ability to work with numbers, took many different forms in the Greco‐Roman world. Writing systems noted amounts and results of calculations, but actual work with numbers involved abaci, tokens, pebbles, coins, and fingers. Some kinds of calculation were widespread, even ubiquitous, but vast differences in levels of numeracy also existed, with methodologies for the most complex problems requiring considerable education.
Notaries, Greco‐Roman Egypt
Authors: Tost Sven
Published: June 2015

In Greco‐Roman Egypt, the involvement of notaries (i.e., professional and officially authorized scribes) in drawing up documents recording private business matters and the assignment of rights and duties is characterized by a long‐term development that entailed several modifications. Initially, notarial activity confined itself to the registration of contracts and other legal titles at public archives before gradually assuming additional functions that finally resulted in the composition of the documents themselves. Whereas under the Ptolemies, as well as during the first three centuries of Roman rule, notaries acted in the capacity of public officials, their tasks were later on delegated to private notaries who pursued their profession under state supervision and continued conducting their business even until the first decades of the early Islamic period.
Polygamy
Authors: Laes Christian
Published: June 2015

In the ancient Mediterranean context, the Greek and Roman emphasis on monogamy is a peculiar case. Greco‐Roman views on monogamy made it into Christianity, which at the same time was strongly opposed to polygynous relationships. It is thus safe to assume that monogamy is one of the most prominent elements of the Greco‐Roman heritage in western civilization.
Poisoning
Authors: Jones‐Lewis Molly Ayn
Published: June 2015

Poisoning, accidental and deliberate, was a constant feature of life in the ancient world. Pharmacists and physicians routinely dealt with potentially toxic substances; practitioners of magic often were called on both to administer and protect against poison; and those in power paid handsomely for the means to avoid being poisoned. There were many substances used in ancient pharmacy that could double as poisons, and many of these poisons were effective weapons that were nearly impossible to detect. This made poisoning an ideal method for striking out against those more powerful than the poisoner, but also meant that many poisonings were accidental side effects of medical treatment. The lore of poisons and poisonous animals made up a subgenre of medical literature, and elites spent a great deal of money on antidotes.
Tartessos
Authors: López‐Ruiz Carolina
Published: June 2015

Tartessos appears in the classical sources as an area in southern Iberia, with the Guadalquivir River (Roman Baetis) as its main axis, roughly comprising Huelva, Cádiz, Seville, and Córdoba in southern Spain and part of the Portuguese Algarve. In modern scholarship, the term is applied to the protohistorical culture that flourished between the eighth to sixth centuries BCE, predating the later Turdetanians. This culture is manifest through archaeological and literary (Greek and Roman) sources and marked by the complex interaction between indigenous groups and Phoenician settlers along the Mediterranean and Atlantic coasts of the Iberian Peninsula. Tartessos is the first widely known urban and literate culture from the far western Mediterranean.
Satyros of Kallatis
Authors: Schorn Stefan
Published: June 2015

Satyrus of Callatis was a Peripatetic philosopher and biographer of the late third–early second centuries BCE. He wrote lives of philosophers, kings, politicians, and poets, apparently as a means of philosophical instruction. Part of his
Life of Euripides
has been preserved on
P.Oxy
1176.
Akestorides (

FGrH

28)
Authors: Goldberg Charles
Published: June 2015

Akestorides was a paradoxographer and author of a work entitled
On myths according to city
, from which nothing survives. His work is praised by the ninth‐century‐
ce
Patriarch of Constantinople, Photios. The date of his life is unknown.
Theory of Hydrogen Migration in Organic–Inorganic Halide Perovskites
Authors: Egger David A. , Kronik Leeor , Rappe Andrew M.
Published: June 2015

Solar cells based on organic–inorganic halide perovskites have recently been proven to be remarkably efficient. However, they exhibit hysteresis in their current–voltage curves, and their stability in the presence of water is problematic. Both issues are possibly related to a diffusion of defects in the perovskite material. By using first‐principles calculations based on density functional theory, we study the properties of an important defect in hybrid perovskites—interstitial hydrogen. We show that differently charged defects occupy different crystal sites, which may allow for ionization‐enhanced defect migration following the Bourgoin–Corbett mechanism. Our analysis highlights the structural flexibility of organic–inorganic perovskites: successive iodide displacements, combined with hydrogen bonding, enable proton diffusion with low migration barriers. These findings indicate that hydrogen defects can be mobile and thus highly relevant for the performance of perovskite solar cells.
Ein Redoxhydrogel schützt die O2‐empfindliche [FeFe]‐Hydrogenase aus Chlamydomonas reinhardtii vor oxidativer Zerstörung
Authors: Oughli Alaa Alsheikh , Conzuelo Felipe , Winkler Martin , Happe Thomas , Lubitz Wolfgang , Schuhmann Wolfgang , Rüdiger Olaf , Plumeré Nicolas
Published: June 2015

Die Integration empfindlicher Katalysatoren in Redoxpolymere ist eine Möglichkeit, diese vor desaktivierenden Molekülen wie O2 zu schützen. [FeFe]‐Hydrogenasen sind Enzyme, die die Oxidation sowie Produktion von H2 katalysieren. Da sie aber durch O2 irreversibel desaktiviert werden, war die Verwendung dieser Enzyme unter aeroben Bedingungen bisher unmöglich. Die Integration solcher Hydrogenasen in mit Viologenderivaten modifizierten Hydrogelfilmen ermöglicht auch in Gegenwart von O2 katalytische Ströme für die H2‐Oxidation und demonstriert damit einen Schutzmechanismus unabhängig von Reaktivierungsprozessen. Im Hydrogel werden die Elektronen aus der durch die Hydrogenase katalysierten H2‐Oxidation zur Hydrogel‐Elektrolyt‐Grenzfläche transportiert, um dort die schädlichen O2‐Moleküle abzufangen, bevor sie die Hydrogenase desaktivieren können. Wir illustrieren mögliche Anwendungen dieses Schutzmechanismus für eine Biobrennstoffzelle bei gemischter H2/O2‐Zufuhr.
A Redox Hydrogel Protects the O2‐Sensitive [FeFe]‐Hydrogenase from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii from Oxidative Damage
Authors: Oughli Alaa Alsheikh , Conzuelo Felipe , Winkler Martin , Happe Thomas , Lubitz Wolfgang , Schuhmann Wolfgang , Rüdiger Olaf , Plumeré Nicolas
Published: June 2015

The integration of sensitive catalysts in redox matrices opens up the possibility for their protection from deactivating molecules such as O2. [FeFe]‐hydrogenases are enzymes catalyzing H2 oxidation/production which are irreversibly deactivated by O2. Therefore, their use under aerobic conditions has never been achieved. Integration of such hydrogenases in viologen‐modified hydrogel films allows the enzyme to maintain catalytic current for H2 oxidation in the presence of O2, demonstrating a protection mechanism independent of reactivation processes. Within the hydrogel, electrons from the hydrogenase‐catalyzed H2 oxidation are shuttled to the hydrogel–solution interface for O2 reduction. Hence, the harmful O2 molecules do not reach the hydrogenase. We illustrate the potential applications of this protection concept with a biofuel cell under H2/O2 mixed feed.
A Strongly Spin‐Frustrated FeIII7 Complex with a Canted Intermediate Spin Ground State of S=7/2 or 9/2
Authors: Mondal Kartik Chandra , Mereacre Valeriu , Kostakis George E. , Lan Yanhua , Anson Christopher E. , Prisecaru Ion , Waldmann Oliver , Powell Annie K.
Published: June 2015

A disk‐shaped [FeIII7(Cl)(MeOH)6(μ3‐O)3(μ‐OMe)6 (PhCO2)6]Cl2 complex with C3 symmetry has been synthesised and characterised. The central tetrahedral FeIII is 0.733 Å above the almost co‐planar FeIII6 wheel, to which it is connected through three μ3‐oxide bridges. For this iron‐oxo core, the magnetic susceptibility analysis proposed a Heisenberg–Dirac–van Vleck (HDvV) mechanism that leads to an intermediate spin ground state of S=7/2 or 9/2. Within either of these ground state manifolds it is reasonable to expect spin frustration effects. The 57Fe Mössbauer (MS) analysis verifies that the central FeIII ion easily aligns its magnetic moment antiparallel to the externally applied field direction, whereas the other six peripheral FeIII ions keep their moments almost perpendicular to the field at stronger fields. This unusual canted spin structure reflects spin frustration. The small linewidths in the magnetic Mössbauer spectra of polycrystalline samples clearly suggest an isotropic exchange mechanism for realisation of this peculiar spin topology.
Probing the Diastereoselectivity of Staudinger Reactions Catalyzed by N‐Heterocyclic Carbenes
Authors: Hans Morgan , Wouters Johan , Demonceau Albert , Delaude Lionel
Published: June 2015

The reaction of ethylphenylketene with 1,3‐dimesitylimidazol‐2‐ylidene (IMes) or 1,3‐dimesitylimidazolin‐2‐ylidene (SIMes) afforded the corresponding azolium enolates in high yields. The two zwitterions were fully characterized by various analytical techniques. Their thermal stabilities were monitored by thermogravimetric analysis and the molecular structure of SIMes⋅EtPhCCO was determined by means of X‐ray crystallography. A mechanism was proposed to account for the trans‐diastereoselectivity observed in the [2+2] cycloaddition of ketenes and N‐protected imines catalyzed by N‐heterocyclic carbenes and an extensive catalytic screening was performed to test its validity. The steric bulk of the NHC catalyst markedly affected the cis/trans ratio of the model β‐lactam product. The nature of the solvent used to carry out the Staudinger reaction also significantly influenced its diastereoselectivity. Conversely, the nature of the substituent on the N‐sulfonated imine reagent and the reaction temperature were less critical parameters.
Controllable Preparation of Polyaniline–Graphene Nanocomposites using Functionalized Graphene for Supercapacitor Electrodes
Authors: Liu Xianbin , Zheng Yuying , Wang Xiaoli
Published: June 2015

In order to explore the effect of graphene surface chemistry on electrochemical performance based on polyaniline–graphene hybrid material electrodes, four different polyaniline–graphene nanocomposites were fabricated with graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide, aminated graphene and sulfonated graphene as carriers, respectively. The nanocomposites feature various structures and morphologies, which could be used to more deeply understand the morphology and structure effects caused by surface chemistry on electrochemical performance. The experimental results reveal that functionalized electronegative graphene was conducive to the vertical and neat growth of polyaniline (PANI) nanorods. The array architecture endowed the PANI–GS nanocomposite with a large ion‐accessible surface area and high‐efficiency electron‐ and ion‐transport pathways. Meanwhile, the introduction of sulfonic acid functional groups accelerated the redox reaction with doping and dedoping of the PANI. Thereby, the PANI–GS nanocomposite exhibited a high specific capacitance of 863.2 F g−1 at a current density of 0.2 A g−1 and the excellent rate capability of 67.4 % (581.6 F g−1 at 5 A g−1), which were much better than the other three nanocomposites produced.
Comparing Cyclophellitol N‐Alkyl and N‐Acyl Cyclophellitol Aziridines as Activity‐Based Glycosidase Probes
Authors: Jiang Jianbing , Beenakker Thomas J. M. , Kallemeijn Wouter W. , van der Marel Gijsbert A. , van den Elst Hans , Codée Jeroen D. C. , Aerts Johannes M. F. G. , Overkleeft Herman S.
Published: June 2015

The synthesis and evaluation as activity‐based probes (ABPs) of three configurationally distinct, fluorescent N‐alkyl cyclophellitol aziridine isosteres for profiling GH1 β‐glucosidase (GBA), GH27 α‐galactosidase (GLA) and GH29 α‐fucosidase (FUCA) is described. In comparison with the corresponding acyl aziridine ABPs reported previously, the alkyl aziridine ABPs are synthesized easily and are more stable in mild acidic and basic media, and are thus easier to handle. The β‐glucose‐configured alkyl aziridine ABP proves equally effective in labeling GBA as its N‐acyl counterpart, whereas the N‐acyl aziridines targeting GLA and FUCA outperform their N‐alkyl counterparts. Alkyl aziridines can therefore be an attractive alternative in retaining glycosidase ABP design, but in targeting a new retaining glycosidase both N‐alkyl and N‐acyl aziridines are best considered at the onset of a new study.