bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Foundations of Controlled Inclusion
Authors: Gueorguiev Dimitar D.
Published: March 2022

Chapter 2 provides a historical overview of controlled inclusion in modern China. It covers both traditional roots of consultative administration in Chinese history and the potential influence of democratic institutions for open governance and transparency. More importantly, the chapter explains why the primary foundations for inclusive control were most likely imported from revolutionary Russia and reinterpreted during China’s interwar period. The blending of Leninist thought with Maoist mobilizational philosophy contributed to informal institutions for bringing public input into bureaucratic oversight and planning. While this approach to administration has at times been on the brink of collapse, the chapter also illustrates how modern technology has helped to revive bottom-up governance while enhancing top-down control.
Processing Public Inputs
Authors: Gueorguiev Dimitar D.
Published: March 2022

What does an authoritarian control regime do with several million comments, petitions, and proposals? Chapter 5 deals with what happens after bottom-up information is acquired. Specifically, it explores how the distribution of preferences in bottom-up information can be used as a heuristic (rule-of-thumb) to screen out low-value information (noise) from high-priority inputs (signal). In the case of grievances, petitions arriving from disparate segments of society help distinguish serious problems from minor ones. In policy consultation, polarized public opinion helps leaders adopt moderating positions. When it comes to legislative representation, the diversity of sponsorship coalitions helps leaders discriminate encompassing from parochial demands because authoritarian controls make coordination costly. Legislative data from Shenzhen’s Municipal People’s Congress confirms that the geographic diversity of cosponsorship coalitions helps to isolate high-value legislative input, thus giving leaders a short-cut for identifying policy priorities.
Thunder and Lament
Authors: Joseph Timothy A.
Published: March 2022

Lucan’s epic poem Pharsalia tells the story of the cataclysmic “end of Rome” through the victory of Julius Caesar and Caesarism in the civil wars of 49–48 BCE. This book argues that Lucan’s poetic agenda moves in lockstep with his narrative arc, as he fashions the Pharsalia to mark the momentous end of the epic genre. In order to accomplish the closure of the genre, Lucan engages pervasively and polemically with the very first works of Greek and Roman epic—inverting, collapsing, undoing, and completing tropes and themes introduced in Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey and in the foundational Latin epic poems by Livius Andronicus, Naevius, and most of all Ennius. By focusing on Lucan’s effort to “surpass the poets of old”—a phrase Statius would use of his achievement—this study deepens our appreciation of Lucan’s poetic accomplishment and of the tensions between beginning and ending that lie at the heart of the epic genre. Statius also read Lucan as a poet who both thunders and laments, and this book argues that Lucan closes off epic’s beginnings through gestures of thundering poetic violence and also through a transformation and completion of the traditional epic mode of lament. Equipped with these two registers of closure, each engaging and taking aim at epic’s primal texts, Lucan positions the Pharsalia as epic’s final song.
Toppling Topoi: Epic’s Violence Directed against Itself
Authors: Joseph Timothy A.
Published: March 2022

This chapter considers the Pharsalia’s inclusion of conventional episodes of violence that go back to epic’s foundational texts, and Lucan’s redirection of the violence in those episodes toward self-destruction. Each of these episodes (the mutilation of Marius Gratidianus at 2.173–93; Caesar’s deforestation of a grove at 3.394–452; and the defiant battlefield stand of Scaeva at 6.140–262) contains anchoring allusions to early epic texts; in each passage Lucan develops, at the lexical and thematic levels, his conception of the genre coming to an end by mutilating, crashing upon, and slaughtering itself. As in the passages considered in Chapter 1, here Ennius and Homer frequently emerge as joint models of epic primacy and joint foils for Lucan’s agenda of epic closure.
The Pharsalia and the End of the Ennian Story
Authors: Joseph Timothy A.
Published: March 2022

This chapter builds upon the anchoring allusions to Ennius discussed in Chapters 1–2 to consider the poem’s narrative closure of Ennius’s epic on a broader thematic scale, with the argument that Lucan aims to end the Ennian project and close the book on the Roman story narrated in the Annales. In a broad polemic against the Ennian master trope of Roman spatial and temporal expansion, the Pharsalia forcefully and emphatically closes this narrative—figuring Roman movement inward, into and against itself, with Pharsalia as a space and time of collapse and self-destruction for Rome. This chapter focuses on crucial passages on the end of Rome/the Roman story in Pharsalia 7, read alongside fragments from the Annales, while also proposing that Lucan’s structuring of the Pharsalia takes on the Annales as code model and structural foil. The collapse at the end of Book 10 of the poem’s essentially annalistic framework mirrors and underscores the poem’s attention to the collapse of the Ennian master trope of Roman dominance in time and space.
Epic’s Last Lament
Authors: Joseph Timothy A.
Published: March 2022

This chapter argues that Lucan follows Homer in his use of the common stylistic and thematic components of speeches of lament (gooi) and in his incorporation of an antiphony of commiserating voices; but that he also exercises aemulatio by forcefully moving the voice of lament from epic’s margins to its center, creating an antiphony that includes not only communal voices in the poem, but also the voice of the narrator himself, and even the inclusive “we” of the poem’s readers living under the reign of the Caesars. The sweeping nature of Lucan’s use of the master trope of lament leads to a reading of the poem itself as a grand lament and thus a completion of Homeric epic. The chapter concludes by focusing on the way lament in the Pharsalia communicates greatness, and thus has the capacity to sound—and celebrate—the end of epic’s song of sorrow.
Taking Your Data with You
Authors: Yeong Zee Kin , Hardoon David Roi
Published: March 2022

Chapter 6, “Taking Your Data with You: Singapore’s Approach to Data Portability,” authored by Zee Kin Yeong, Deputy Commissioner of Singapore’s Personal Data Protection Commission, and David Roi Hardoon, Senior Advisor of the Union Bank of the Philippines, provides an overview of Singapore’s recently announced regulatory regime on data portability. Many authorities view open banking as a means to increase competition among and with banks and to decrease stickiness of bank deposits. However, bank deposits will remain sticky if customers cannot easily port their personal account information to other sectors beyond financial institutions. Yeong and Hardoon expound on the challenges and opportunities offered by data portability and offer lessons learned to date.
United Kingdom: The Butterfly Effect
Authors: Littlejohn Gavin , Boskovich Ghela , Prior Richard
Published: March 2022

In Chapter 9, “United Kingdom: The Butterfly Effect,” Gavin Littlejohn, Ghela Boskovich, and Richard Prior of the Financial Data and Technology Association chart the origins of the United Kingdom’s Open Banking regime beginning with the European Union’s plans to revise its Payment Services Directive almost a decade ago. The United Kingdom’s Competition and Markets Authority seized the opportunity to enhance the EU approach, and the UK approach has since served as an example for a number of other countries. The authors tell a detailed story of the UK Open Banking journey, including the establishment of the Open Banking Implementation Entity, which is responsible for coordinating the delivery of Open Banking in the UK market. The United Kingdom developed its own standards-based approach, rather than follow the European Union’s specification-oriented approach. The authors describe these divergent paths and detail how the market has been developing since the United Kingdom’s implementation, sharing lessons learned and examining expected future trends.
Structural Violence and Structural Awareness
Authors: Lee Bandy X.
Published: March 2022

This chapter explores how the arrangements of societal institutions do very real damage to millions of citizens.
A Tale of Two Pandemics
Authors: Mascarenhas Michael
Published: March 2022

This chapter explores the connection between the pandemic and notions of freedoms.
We Can See Clearly Now
Authors: Yates Michael D.
Published: March 2022

This chapter explores the connection between the pandemic and notions of freedom.
Identity, Meritocracy, and the Unique Challenges of Human Freedom
Authors: Callero Peter
Published: March 2022

This chapter explores the intricate relationships between identity, meritocracy, and freedom.
White Privileges and Black Burdens
Authors: Feagin Joe R. , Ducey Kimberley
Published: March 2022

This chapter explores the structural manner in which different racial groups are afforded privileges and disadvantages in the U.S.
Let Me Fight Your Battle
Authors: Burton Morgan Hilarie
Published: March 2022

This chapter explores Burton-Morgan’s perspective on MeToo.
Women in the Man-Made City
Authors: Corroto Carla
Published: March 2022

This chapter explores how urban planning has gendered components.
Grinding the Gears of Ideology
Authors: Ferretter Luke
Published: March 2022

This chapter explores how gender is constructed symbolically in culture.
Truth and Freedom
Authors: Nowrasteh Alex , Forrester Andrew C. , Landgrave Michelangelo
Published: March 2022

This chapter explores American misunderstandings about immigrants and crime and why this matters.
Social Media and the Collapse of American Public Life
Authors: Simkin Yevgeny
Published: March 2022

This chapter explores social media’s role in post-truth and reductions in freedom.
The Obsolescence of Freedom?
Authors: Schubert Dan , Lewis Elizabeth C.
Published: March 2022

This chapter explores how elements of culture perpetuate inequality.
Environmental Justice
Authors: Cavazos Robert
Published: March 2022

This chapter explores why environmental justice issues should be seen as issues of freedom.
On Government, Agency, and the Violence of Inaction
Authors: Eppard Lawrence M. , Chomsky Noam
Published: March 2022

This chapter wraps up the book, discusses how government expands freedom, and introduces the useful “gauntlet metaphor.”
Harmony through Diversity in the Huainanzi
Authors: Perkins Franklin
Published: March 2022

Like many early Chinese philosophies, the Huainanzi takes harmony as a central value, but it is distinctive in using harmony to argue for decentralization, local autonomy, and the diversification of practices, rituals, and philosophies. This political and ethical vision is grounded in a metaphysics that posits harmonization and diversification as fundamental characteristics of being. While harmony in the Huainanzi is an ontological and political value, the ability to bring about harmony involves two kinds of virtue. The first is unbiased attentiveness to the uniqueness of any given situation. The second is a willingness to trust others to know what is best for themselves, to not insist on our way as the correct way for everyone, and to tolerate differences in customs and practices. This chapter explains the Huainanzi’s philosophy of diversity and harmony.
Harmony as a Collective Virtue in Ashokan Inscriptions
Authors: Bhargava Rajeev
Published: March 2022

Scholars working on the Indian emperor-thinker, Ashoka have recently suggested that Dhamma be conceived as civic religion, more to do with the cultivation of virtues and character than with obedience to law. This paper continues this line of thinking. Central to the Ashokan civic ethic are key virtues: qualities, dispositions, or excellences that lead humans to lead a good, fulfilling life. Yet, these virtues, this paper argues, must not be viewed as states of being or actions that embody qualities of individuals conceived separately from one another. Dhamma also involves qualities that individuals acquire as group members: virtues like restraint on speech and open-mindedness, and still others which develop when they interact as group members. These latter qualities, such as the virtues of concordance or harmony, are collective in that they are jointly produced and collectively experienced by every participating member of the community.
Harmony as Virtue in Judaism
Authors: Niehoff Maren R.
Published: March 2022

This paper introduces a Jewish perspective on harmony, represented here by Philo of Alexandria (1st century ce), who is known for his creative use of the Biblical heritage and Greek philosophy. The article traces his changing notions of harmony, from his early career, when he was concerned with music and the individual soul, to his mature years, when he thought about the relationship between thoughts and deeds as well as between philosophical principles and Jewish law.
Freedom and Harmony
Authors: Pettit Philip
Published: March 2022

It is tempting to think that the ideals of freedom and harmony—the ideals of a free society on the one side, a harmonious society on the other—are in conflict. But the appearance of conflict disappears once they are each properly understood. People live in freedom only if they securely avoid interference; people live in harmony only if they securely avoid having to live in resentment at the power of others. And the security implied in each ideal requires broadly the same institutions and practices; their demands are more or less convergent.
Some History and a Personal Journey
Authors: Berger Joseph
Published: March 2022

In this chapter, the author describes how his intellectual history, as one of the founders of the expectation states program, led to the formalization of a theory within the program. The discussion includes the author’s Marxist background, the influence of Sorokin on his thinking, and his choice of work in the field of sociology as a calling. The author describes his early research, covering his thesis, the standardized experimental situation, and the power and prestige theory. Finally, the author discusses the formalization of the status characteristics theory, specifically, the nature of its assumptions, and puts forth the following questions that remain: Are there different types of theoretical research programs? If so, how do they grow, also how do they decline and disappear?
Expectation States Theories and Organizations
Authors: Bianchi Alison J.
Published: March 2022

The group-level status dynamics described by expectation states theories happen within organizational environs. And yet, with a few important exceptions, expectation states theorists do not consider organizational-level phenomena when conceptualizing and operationalizing status processes. To encourage new research that includes organizational forces, this chapter presents an integration of one research orientation from organization studies, the new institutional logics perspective, with the expectation states research agenda. The author begins by demonstrating how the concepts of status beliefs and institutional logics have intersecting properties that allow researchers from both fields to incorporate their studies into each other’s theoretical frameworks. The institutional logics perspective is then used to reinterpret past studies of expectation states theories as also contributing to this research agenda from the organizations discipline. Finally, the author imparts new theoretical devices and recent methodological innovations that will help scholars incorporate the new institutional logics perspective into expectation states research.
Introduction: Morality
Authors: Kumar Victor , Campbell Richmond
Published: March 2022

Darwin’s understanding of evolution by natural selection changes our view of nature and our place in it. It allows us for the first time to see clearly who we are and why. In particular, Darwinian evolution explains why we are moral creatures. Arising through gene-culture co-evolution, the moral mind is anchored in moral capacities for emotion, norms, and reasoning that together make possible successful interdependent living. In modern humans, the pluralistic moral mind is shaped by social institutions like family, politics, and religion. This account is distinct from “just-so stories” that lack adequate empirical evidence and from Social Darwinism that mistakenly deduces moral truths from descriptions of evolutionary processes. But evolution can inform a theory of rational moral progress and resistance to moral regress. Empirically demonstrated feedback loops among the moral mind, complex social structure, and knowledge gained in interactive reasoning advance moral inclusivity and equality.
Emotions
Authors: Kumar Victor , Campbell Richmond
Published: March 2022

Chapter 2 describes the human evolution of the collaborative moral emotions of trust and respect and the reactive moral emotions of guilt and resentment, among other emotions, that together facilitate forms of cooperation that were not possible earlier. Prisoner’s dilemmas, in particular, cannot be resolved without the trust and respect, reinforced by reactive emotions and the deep empathy that is embodied in those emotions. Empirical studies of chimpanzees and young human children show these emotions are innate but also flexible. Though degrees of moral exclusivity between groups and gender inequality were likely present throughout human evolution, the emotions driving them were, nevertheless, adaptively plastic, depending on the physical/social environment. The expressive nature of emotions was an adaptation for learning how to coordinate moral responses in light of the motivations of others.
Norms
Authors: Kumar Victor , Campbell Richmond
Published: March 2022

Chapter 3 is about how norms evolved through gene-culture co-evolution leading up to the speciation of Sapiens. Cultural evolution is a form of natural selection relying on variation, inheritance, and differential fitness. What is differentially inherited is not genes but information transmitted horizontally within the same generation, and also vertically from parents to children, through mechanisms of social learning, such as imitation. The spread of information, such as how to make fire, effected biological changes, such as in the human digestive system, and an autocatalytic process that enhanced both norm culture and human genetic capacities for culture. Though moral norms are more flexible, more precise, and less variable than moral emotions, to be effective there must be reliable punishment of violators. The latter evolved through cultural group selection and resulted in a bio-cultural norm psychology, as reflected in studies of early child behavior and adult choices in the ultimatum game.
Pluralism
Authors: Kumar Victor , Campbell Richmond
Published: March 2022

Chapter 4 describes the early evolution of moral pluralism among humans in which emotions and norms tend to reinforce each other and neither one functions entirely independently of the other. Their interdependence runs contrary to dominant views in the history of moral philosophy. The five core clusters of moral norms are: harm, kinship, reciprocity, autonomy, and fairness. Norms of purity and authority evolved much later. No core norm is more basic than the others, though some are emphasized more than others in some cultures. The five core moral norm clusters, though not innate, are universal. They are distinct from conventional norms since they are motivated by moral emotions, take priority in cases of conflict, and are treated as objective. Since moral intuitions are joint products of moral emotions and moral norms, the familiar opposition between reason and emotion is a false dichotomy; moreover, contrary to a common view, moral intuitions are not inflexible.
Reasoning
Authors: Kumar Victor , Campbell Richmond
Published: March 2022

Chapter 5 describes how knowledge evolved through socially interactive reasoning that would not have been possible without morality. To overcome confirmation bias and other impediments to knowledge, it is necessary to reason with those with different perspectives who do not share the same biases. Such social reasoning must be guided by mutual respect and trust as well as honesty and fairness if it is to achieve mutual knowledge. Moral reasoning is shown to be no exception. It must appeal to facts already known to apply moral norms. On the other hand, while appeal to moral norms can be self-serving, moral consistency reasoning provides a significant constraint. It proceeds by comparing examples that are not different in relevant respects where the application of the norms is inconsistent. Consistency reasoning can be used to criticize cases where individuals are excluded from moral consideration when they are not relevantly different.
Tribes
Authors: Kumar Victor , Campbell Richmond
Published: March 2022

Chapter 6 describes the cultural evolution of behavioral modernity that began about 100,000 years ago with hunter-gatherer bands gradually expanding into tribes. Tribes made possible the social institutions and institutional morality described in Chapter 7. Given moral exclusivity among bands, it is puzzling what would have allowed the bands to expand into tribes. A plausible hypothesis is religious morality. That would have provided a suitable social identity and sense of security permitting inclusivity. Social adaptations, such as religion, social division of labor, apprenticed learning, when combined with new cognitive adaptations, such as more complex language and moral consistency reasoning, created a positive feedback loop between the cognitive and the social, resulting in autocatalytic cultural evolution. A key rival explanation of behavioral modernity posits a neural mutation that allows symbolic thought. However, this narrative rests on a false conception of human intelligence and contradicts the available archaeological and genetic evidence.
Institutions
Authors: Kumar Victor , Campbell Richmond
Published: March 2022

Chapter 7 describes the evolution of institutional morality within family, religion, military, economic, and political institutions. Moral norms of authority evolved within these institutions and were key to the social division of labor that can benefit everyone but often resulted in personal privilege. Norms of purity arose from the need to fight disease but often became in religious and other institutions a means for men to control women. Religious institutions function to reinforce moral norms and create a sense of community but also exclude others from moral consideration. The core moral norms, including those of autonomy, play a role in the functioning of military, economic, and political institutions because individuals at any given level of the hierarchy must rely on each other for the division of labor to function well. These same institutions drive moral diversity across cultures, for example, in individual freedom and respect for honor.
Inclusivity
Authors: Kumar Victor , Campbell Richmond
Published: March 2022

Some examples of moral exclusivity are: (1) chattel slavery in the British Empire and the United States, (2) anti-Black racism in the United States since the Civil War, (3) homophobia before its decline during the past few decades in North America and Europe, (4) transphobia in these same places, and (5) speciesism in factory farming worldwide. Moral progress was eventually achieved in the first case, slow progress in the second, sudden progress recently in the third, at best moral stasis in the fourth, and moral regress in the fifth. What best explains progress or its absence is a feedback loop between (a) morality, (b) social structure, and (c) knowledge. It best explains the gains and losses in inclusivity where the relevant knowledge is of facts needed to apply moral norms consistently. Progress when possible is at best incremental. The final section addresses the objection that rational moral change so conceived is morally conservative.
Conclusion: Survival
Authors: Kumar Victor , Campbell Richmond
Published: March 2022

Morality evolved in our lineage over four stages. First, in apes and their ancestors, natural selection favored moral emotions that underpin psychological altruism. Second, within the Homo genus, gene-culture co-evolution produced norms, norm learning, and moral reasoning. Third, as humans became modern, social institutions such as religion modified the moral mind, adding new norms, expanding moral circles, and creating new social hierarchies. Fourth and finally, over the last few hundred years, morality has evolved in progressive and regressive ways, as humans either solved or exacerbated problems of exclusion and inequality. One major problem threatens collective survival: humans must evolve morally to avoid the disastrous effects of climate change.
A Quick Roadmap to the Lawmaking Process
Authors: Libby Pat
Published: March 2022

This chapter provides a 30,000-ft. overview of the legislative process, which helps the reader understand how a bill moves from thought to reality at any level of government – local, city, county and state. The description demystifies the legislative process so that it’s easy to comprehend. The chapter describes and provides an example of the difference between lobbying and advocacy – two terms that are often used interchangeably but mean very different things. Other frequently used terms such as legislator, house, chamber, author, bill, hearing, ordinance, statute etc. are also defined, which helps the reader understand some commonly-used but perhaps unclear words.
Introducing the 10 Steps
Authors: Libby Pat
Published: March 2022

The 10 Steps provide a framework for understanding how to conduct a lobbying campaign from start to finish and form the basis of the book. This chapter provides a short explanation of each of the steps which are described in greater detail in the chapters that follow (and also illustrated by a real-life example of a legislative campaign conducted by novice citizen lobbyist). The steps are: identify an issue, research the issue, create a fact sheet, “brand” the issue, map out possible supporters and detractors, form a coalition, develop educational materials, launch a media campaign, approach elected officials, monitor progress on the issue.
Step 2: Research the Issue
Authors: Libby Pat
Published: March 2022

In order to make a strong case for your idea, your team will need to find research, do research, and otherwise demonstrate to legislators that something needs to be done about the issue you are championing. The chapter describes how to find research and people who can help you do research (such as community surveys). It walks the reader through a process of finding similar legislation that has passed in other places and how to use that information within your campaign to build your case. It goes into some detail about how to think about a cost-benefit analysis and how a staff person at a nonprofit organization can to lobbying that organization to take up your cause. Annamarie and Travis go on to explain how they researched their issue.
Chapter 5 Addendum
Authors: Libby Pat
Published: March 2022

DXM: 18 and Over-The-Counter Coalition

Stop Sales of Cough and Cold Medicines containing Dextromethorphan (DXM) to Minors

DXM: 18 and Over-The-Counter Key Contacts:

Travis Degheri - (XXX) XXX-XXXX

Annamarie Maricle - (XXX) XXX-XXXX

Frances Meda - (XXX) XXX-XXXX

Twitter: @DXM18andOver

http://www.facebook.com/pages/18-and-Over-the-Counter/160938723950766

18andoverthecounter.blogspot.com

18andOvertheCounter@gmail.com

Dextromethorphan (DXM) is a safe and effective cough suppressant, and accounts for 85–90% of all OTC medicines containing a cough suppressant sold in grocery stores, pharmacies, mass merchandisers, and other retail outlets. When taken as recommended, products containing DXM are safe and effective in suppressing cough symptoms. However, approximately 5% of American teens (an estimated 400,000 in California) report they have used OTC cough and cold medicine “to get high” in the past year....
Step 5: Map Out Possible Supporters and Detractors
Authors: Libby Pat
Published: March 2022

Before a campaign can assemble a full coalition of supporters, it needs to map out the universe of individuals and organizations—along with their arguments—who will join or try to thwart the campaign. This information is vital to advancing a cause because it relates to both effective messaging and outreach. This chapter describes a simple process for doing that, and it details how understanding those arguments can better prepare you and strengthen your position. It also tells the reader how to map out the legislators who will be lobbied on the issue. Annamarie and Travis summarize their own mapping process.
Step 8: Launch a Media Campaign
Authors: Libby Pat
Published: March 2022

Promoting and controlling the message are key elements of your campaign. You need to get the word out to your networks in a way that is consistent for your supporters. This begins with a solid website and extends from there into a variety of mainstream media and social media strategies. This chapter describes multiple strategies for approaching print media with a consistent and truthful message. It also describes why each of these media mechanisms is important to raising the visibility of your cause to both the general public and legislators. Annamarie and Travis discuss their use of social media and their website.
Scenarios for Defend Forward
Authors: Corn Gary P. , Renals Peter
Published: March 2022

The technical details of US Cyber Command’s operations are understandably not available. By all accounts and indications, they involved some level of out-of-network operations below the level of a use-of-force to degrade or disrupt Russia’s malicious cyber operational capabilities. Beyond this surface level reporting and understanding, the extent to which US Cyber Command is actively conducting defend-forward operations remains unclear. Given the imperative for operational security in the domain, it is unlikely that details will be available in the near term, and thus true context for evaluating the legal and policy issues surrounding these operations is thin. What follows is a series of illustrative, hypothetical cyber operations that reflect a sampling of the types of activities that might be conducted under the umbrella of Defend Forward. They are offered solely as a backdrop to aid in contextualizing the legal and policy discussion in the ensuing chapters.
Cyberattacks and Constitutional Powers
Authors: Waxman Matthew C.
Published: March 2022

The United States has one of the world’s strongest and most sophisticated capabilities to launch cyberattacks against adversaries. How does the US Constitution allocate power to use that capability? And what does that allocation tell us about appropriate executive-legislative branch arrangements for setting and implementing cyber strategy? This chapter offers a way to think about the constitutional distribution of powers between the president and Congress governing the use of US cyberattack capabilities. It argues that as a conceptual and doctrinal matter, cyberattacks alone are rarely exercises of war powers—and they might never be. They are often instead best understood as exercises of other, non-war military powers, foreign affairs powers, intelligence powers, and foreign commerce powers, among other constitutional powers not yet articulated. Additionally, it argues that a rush to treat cyberattacks as implicating war powers misguides criticisms about the role Congress is or is not playing in regulating cyberattacks.
Persistent Aggrandizement and Israel’s Cyber Defense Architecture
Authors: Chachko Elena
Published: March 2022

Since 2011, the Israeli government has worked to centralize and streamline cyber defense authorities and responsibilities. This chapter compares the Israeli cyber defense architecture and recent reforms with key concepts in current US strategy: Defend Forward and Persistent Engagement. It finds that the Israeli equivalent to Defend Forward is far less regulated than its US parallel, and that the Israeli version of Persistent Engagement at home allows domestic action and harnesses the private sector in ways that the US approach does not contemplate. The chapter also briefly evaluates the Israeli reforms. It argues that the reforms are best described as persistent government aggrandizement, at the expense of the private sector and civil liberties.
Adapting to the Cyber Domain: Comparing US and UK Institutional, Legal, and Policy Innovations
Authors: Chesney Robert M.
Published: March 2022

In 2020, Prime Minister Boris Johnson announced that the United Kingdom (UK) had created a National Cyber Force that was already operating against hostile actors. This was not great surprise, but it was a significant moment in the ongoing process of tailoring UK institutions, policies, and legal frameworks to suit the evolving nature and scale of cyber domain threats and opportunities. A similar process has been unfolding in the United States, and it is instructive to compare and contrast the two. This chapter considers the relevant institutional, policy, and legal developments in the two countries through a functional lens. It assesses how the two countries have approached both defense and offense in cyberspace and uses the comparison to reflect on the strengths and weaknesses of their respective intuitional design and legal architecture.
Knowing Illusion: Bringing a Tibetan Debate into Contemporary Discourse
Authors: Yakherds The
Published: March 2022

The two volumes of this study examine fundamental issues in Buddhist thought and practice, particularly the implications of the two truths (relative and ultimate). If, as Buddhist sources claim, all perceptions are overlaid with error, is it possible to have confidence in our knowledge of the world? If buddhas only perceive reality as it is, does this entail that they are incapable of relating to ordinary beings, who view their environment through a lens of false imaginings?
Freedom from Extremes Accomplished through Comprehensive Knowledge of Philosophy, Chapter 5
Authors: Yakherds The
Published: March 2022

This chapter contains a translation of chapter 5 (“Madhyamaka”) of Taktsang Lotsawa Sherab Rinchen’s doxographic work Freedom from Extremes Accomplished through Comprehensive Knowledge of Philosophy. It begins with a short biography, followed by an introduction to the philosophical issues at stake that situates the debate within the Buddhist history of ideas. It charts the fault lines in the debate and what is at stake for Buddhist thought and practice, particularly the problems raised by global error theory for any attempt to develop a coherent theory of knowledge. We discuss the Indian antecedents of the controversy, examining how disputes regarding the proper interpretation of Nāgārjuna and Candrakīrti unfolded in India and then were transmitted and expanded in Tibet. Most of this chapter comprises the translation of Comprehensive Knowledge of Philosophy.
An Excerpt from One Hundred Thousand Discussions of Mahāmudrā and an Excerpt from Chariot of the Dakpo Kagyü Adepts
Authors: Yakherds The
Published: March 2022

This chapter contains translations of portions of two texts by the eighth Karmapa, Mikyö Dorjé, One Hundred Thousand Discussions of Mahāmudrā and Chariot of the Dakpo Kagyü Adepts. He invokes Taktsang and claims to be expanding on key points from Comprehensive Knowledge of Philosophy. After sorting out a number of distinct erroneous views identified by Taktsang, Mikyö Dorjé takes Tsongkhapa as his own principal target. He argues that Tsongkhapa’s program fails because of its insistence on the merely conventional reality of relative phenomena despite their ultimate emptiness. That is incoherent, he argues, because it draws an artificial distinction between apparent phenomena and their true nature, thus undermining the identity of the two truths and entailing that no understanding of phenomena could lead to an understanding of emptiness. This chapter begins with a short biography of Mikyö Dorjé and the historical context in which he wrote, followed by a discussion of the main philosophical points he makes in describing how Madhyamaka should be properly understood and prosecuted.
The Lion’s Roar of Scripture and Reasoning
Authors: Yakherds The
Published: March 2022

This chapter examines the first major Gelukpa response to Taktsang, Panchen Losang Chöki Gyaltsen’s Lion’s Roar of Scripture and Reasoning. We begin with a biographical sketch of his life and times and then discuss the main philosophical issues he raises. He adopts a debate-style format, critiquing Taktsang’s accusations of “sixteen great contradictions” point by point, and he accuses his opponent of being guilty of the same contradictions he attributes to Tsongkhapa, along with other errors that stem from his inability to grasp the Madhyamaka view properly. The Panchen Lama employs an aggressive, attacking style in his rebuttal, but often mischaracterizes Taktsang’s actual positions, and he sometimes accuses him of adopting stances that he either does not endorse or explicitly rejects. Nonetheless, Lion’s Roar is a nuanced and trenchant philosophical work that explores fundamental issues in Buddhist epistemology and soteriology, and it set up the main lines of attack for later Gelukpas.
Les Noces
Authors: Garafola Lynn
Published: March 2022

In 1922 Diaghilev reaches an agreement with the Société des Bains de Mer for the Ballets Russes to become Monte Carlo’s resident ballet company, although initially this is complicated by the presence of a Franco-Italian troupe directed by Georges Belloni. In Paris, Diaghilev sees Alexander Tairov’s Kamerny Theater, his first glimpse of Soviet avant-garde stagecraft, which is received ecstatically by critics. In response he decides to produce Stravinsky’s Les Noces in the spare, Constructivist style advocated by Nijinska. The ballet is a triumph both for Nijinska and for the company’s dancers, who work relentlessly to master the challenging choreography and score. Hailed by French critics as a masterpiece, Les Noces is condemned by André Levinson, the politically conservative émigré dance critic, who attacks Nijinska personally and condemns the ballet’s Constructivist aesthetic as “Soviet,” the start of a vendetta that lasts for nearly a decade.
Les Biches
Authors: Garafola Lynn
Published: March 2022

Despite the enormous success of the 1923 season, Diaghilev reorients the Ballets Russes toward the aesthetics of Jean Cocteau and the French composers known as “Les Six.” In Monte Carlo he organizes a season of “Ballets Classiques,” with an abbreviated version of Swan Lake as a highlight, and a month-long “Festival Français,” which offers a cycle of French operas and ballets invoking the Grand Siècle but viewed through a modern sensibility. With Belloni off the scene, Nijinska is responsible for choreographing all the new ballets, refreshing old ones, and creating dances for all the operas. She choreographs a second master work, Les Biches, to the music of Francis Poulenc, that reveals her continued fascination with gender ambiguity, her lack of interest in narrative, and her effort to forge a contemporary ballet language. In addition to teaching company class, she works privately with Anton Dolin, whom Diaghilev is grooming as a company star.
Les Ballets Russes de Bronislava Nijinska
Authors: Garafola Lynn
Published: March 2022

In 1932, after Colonel Wassily de Basil turns the Opéra Russe ballet ensemble over to Nijinska’s former adversary, Boris Kochno, and the choreographer George Balanchine, Nijinska decides to form her own Ballets Russes company, which debuts at the Opéra-Comique in Paris with a Russian opera troupe led by Chaliapin. Nijinska, on her own after so many years, creates several new ballets, including Variations (to Beethoven), Les Comédiens Jaloux (to Casella), and a semi-abstract Hamlet to Liszt’s tone poem in which she plays the Danish prince. To support the company she returns to Buenos Aires for another extended engagement, then, with her own company, heads to Monte Carlo to fulfill de Basil’s contract there. In Paris her season is hamstrung by defections; when it is over, her scenery and costumes are impounded to pay her Russian impresario’s debts. Her company collapses, a victim of the era’s economic precarity, mounting French nationalism, and anti-Russian quotas in the performing arts. Once again she is left with thousands of francs in unpaid bills.
The Dharma in DNA
Authors: Denver Dee
Published: March 2022

The Dharma in DNA has three objectives: (1) to share the rich but underappreciated history of biology–Buddhism intersections and surprising harmonies between the two traditions, (2) to evaluate Buddhist teachings from a scientific perspective using DNA as the focus of study, and (3) to propose a new approach to science, Bodhi science, as an ethical and operational framework for conducting Buddhist wisdom–guided science and preventing pseudoscience. An interwoven side project examines the life journey of the author, a professor of genetics and father in a transracial adoptive family, who questions the apparent paradox of his fascination with DNA in the lab but disinterest in passing on his own DNA. Early book chapters present the core teachings and diversifications of Buddhism over the last twenty-five centuries. Subsequent chapters share stories of biology–Buddhism interactions, situated in the colonial contexts; examples derive from early twentieth-century Sri Lanka and Japan, and contemporary activities of the Dalai Lama and Western biological scholars. The hypothesis-guided analysis of Buddhist principles and DNA then begins, touring through classical genetic research alongside modern postgenomic insights. The investigation reveals strong support for three core Buddhist concepts—anitya (impermanence), anatman (non-self), and pratitysamutpada (mutual cause and effect)—as applied to DNA. Bodhi science is proposed as a new mode of scientific inquiry rooted in Buddhist teachings. The approach is based on four qualities: selflessness, detachment, awareness, and compassion. Bodhi science provides a path to strong science rooted in logic-based Buddhist ethics, and it helps scientists avoid the deceptive and damaging waters of pseudoscience.
Water
Authors: Denver Dee
Published: March 2022

The first chapter shares the author’s experience as an ego-driven twenty-something evolutionary biologist who listens to the Dalai Lama and finds resonance and fascination with the Buddhist ideas presented in the famous Tibetan monk’s talk. The paradox of the geneticist-author’s desire to form a family through adoption instead of biological reproduction is introduced. The first chapter concludes with a presentation of the three main objectives for the book: (1) to share the historical intersections of biology and Buddhism intersections and the underappreciated affinities between the two traditions, (2) to evaluate Buddhist teachings using a hypothesis-guided scientific approach and DNA as the focus of study, and (3) to propose Bodhi science as a wise new way of doing science that also helps prevent pseudoscience.
Trees
Authors: Denver Dee
Published: March 2022

The second chapter provides an overview of the life, teachings, and enlightenment of Siddhartha Gautama, the historical Buddha. The Four Noble Truths and Eightfold Noble Path, core Buddhist doctrines, are explained along with the Buddha’s Three Marks of Existence: duhkha (suffering, unsatisfactoriness, the lived experience), anitya (impermanence, change), and anatman (non-self). Buddhism’s mutual cause-and-effect framework, pratityasamutpada, is introduced and explained from the perspectives of multiple Buddhist traditions. Multiple primary teachings of the Buddha written in the Pali Canon are quoted, along with references to more contemporary Buddhist authors, to help explain fundamental Buddhist teachings. The chapter concludes with a personal story of the author’s experiences traveling to Ethiopia to adopt two infant children.
Truths
Authors: Denver Dee
Published: March 2022

The third chapter shares the paths of diversification and splintering as the Buddha’s teachings spread across Asia in the centuries following his death. The rise of Mahayana, central to modern Zen and Tibetan forms of Buddhism, is detailed along with the concept of bodhicitta (universal compassion) and the bodhisattva path motivated by it. The contributions of Nagarjuna, a second-century monk from India, to the Madhyamaka (Middle Way) Buddhist philosophy are highlighted, along with the Heart Sutra and the broader Perfection of Wisdom Sutras that underpin Mahayana thought. The Madhyamaka principle of sunyata (emptiness) is explained along with the Two Truths framework: conventional truth and ultimate truth. The chapter concludes with a personal narrative about the author’s family visit to his in-laws’ house in Colorado and an unexpected lesson about the Buddha’s teachings in aspen trees.
Molecules
Authors: Denver Dee
Published: March 2022

The seventh chapter launches into the evaluation of the three Buddhist hypotheses developed in the previous chapter, focusing on the biochemical and functional features of the DNA molecule as the investigative avenue. Basic well-known structural features of DNA, such as its double-strandedness and chemical composition, are interrogated along with its role in coding for other biomolecules such as RNA and proteins. The nature of the spontaneous mutation process and DNA’s susceptibility to epigenetic changes are also investigated, making connections to the Dalai Lama’s perspective on genetic change. The three Buddhist hypotheses remain supported after the initial analyses presented in this chapter are completed.
Identities
Authors: Denver Dee
Published: March 2022

The eighth chapter continues the investigation of the three Buddhist hypotheses as applied to DNA knowledge, with focus turning toward DNA’s role in heredity and identity. Mendelian inheritance and variations on it are explored, including examples where RNA rather than DNA serves as the molecule of heredity. Epigenetic inheritance is evaluated along with horizontal genetic inheritance. Patterns of somatic mutation and bidirectional DNA inheritance are explored as mechanisms by which different cells in the body can have different DNA compositions. Discussion surrounding the role of genetics in determining biological sex and race categories in humans connects the conversation to social concerns, such as the eugenics movement of the early twentieth century and the contemporary rise of intersex activism. The chapter wraps up with a retrospective analysis seeking evidence of pseudoscience in the Buddhist hypothesis analysis, which comes up empty, and a final conclusion where the three Buddhist hypotheses remain supported.
The Relation between Biological and Political Sexual Differences
Authors: Deslauriers Marguerite
Published: March 2022

Chapter Four, “The Relation between Biological and Political Sexual Differences” considers the relation between sexual difference as it manifests in male and female bodies and in the deliberative capacities of men and women. It explores two paths to establish a causal connection between the physiology of the sexes and their psychology, in particular their different moral and deliberative capacities. The first moves from the colder temperature of the female body, to compromised sensory capacities, to a defective deliberative capacity. The second moves from the colder temperature of the female to a lower degree of thumos (“spirit”), to an incapacity for rule. In this chapter I argue that the second path is better, for two reasons: first, it explains the particular defect that Aristotle attributes to women, and second, it allows us to distinguish the imperfection of women from the imperfection of natural slaves.