bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
RESPONSE OF `ROSEUM ELEGANS' RHODODENDRON TO ROOT MEDIUM AMENDMENTS OF PINEWOOD PEELINGS AND COAL ASH.
Authors: Bearce Bradford
Published: February 2019

Rooted cuttings of Rhododedron catawbiense `Roseum Elegans' were potted on February 27, 1992, in 1 liter pots containing sphagnum peat moss:composted pine bark:sand:pinewood peelings:coal bottom ash mixed at ratios of 15:70:15:0:0, 15:70:0:0:15, 15:35:15:35:0, 15:35:0:35:15, 15:0:15:70:0 or 15:0:0:70:15 percent volume. Irrigation and fertilization frequencies were recorded from March 18-September 18, 1992. Moisture retention data showed that the high pinewood peeling mixes retained less moisture but that coal bottom ash improved moisture retention when substituted for sand in all mixes. The highest pinewood peeling:ash medium required less irrigation than the other mixes but a higher frequency of acid fertilization. The highest pine bark:sand medium required more. neutral fertilization than the other mixes. Numbers of new shoots per plant in the 15:35:15:35:0, 15:0:15:70:0 and 15:0:0:70:15 media were lower than those in the high pine bark:ash mix. Plant heights were lower in the 15:0:15:70:0 mix. Flower buds per plant were higher in the 15:35:15:35:0 medium than in the 15:70:15:0:0, 15:0:15:70:0 or the 15:0:0:70:15 plants. Leaf tissue analysis showed K and Cu to be at deficiency levels in all plants. Boron was higher in all plants grown in ash containing media. Zinc was low in plants grown in high pinewood peelings media.
MANAGEMENT OF COVER CROPS FOR WEED CONTROL BETWEEN PLASTIC MULCH IN PEPPERS (CAPSICUM ANNUUM)
Authors: Mangan Francis X. , Else Mary Jane , Herbert Stephen J.
Published: February 2019

Field research was conducted in Deerfield, Mass. to study the effects of different cover crop species seeded between plastic mulch on weed pressure and pepper yield. A complete fertilizer was applied before plastic was laid on Sept. 13, 1991. Two cover crop treatments were seeded Sept. 13, 1991: white clover (Trifolium repens) alone and hairy vetch (Vicia villosa) in combination with winter rye (Secale cereale). On May 27, 1992 the vetch and rye were mow-killed with the biomass left on the soil surface. Annual rye (Lolium multiflorum) was then seeded on the same day as the third cover crop treatment. The remaining two treatments were a weedy check and a hand-weeded check. Peppers were transplanted into the plastic on May 31. Both the annual rye and clover were mowed three times over the course of the experiment with the biomass left between the plastic mulch. The white clover and annual rye were much more competitive with weed species than the dead mulch of vetch and rye. The three cover crop treatments had pepper yields that were severely depressed compared to the hand-weeded treatment. Among the three cover crop treatments, only the annual rye yielded more peppers than the weedy check.
INFLUENCE OF L- OR D-PHENYLALANINE AND SUBLETHAL COLD STRESS ON RHODODENDRON LEAF DISK HARDINESS
Authors: Ostolski P. Lyn , Chalker-Scott Linda , Scott James D.
Published: February 2019

Leaf disks of Rhododendron cv. `English Roseum' were vacuum infiltrated with buffered solutions of L- or D-phenylalanine. Controls were infiltrated with buffer. Following a 24 hour period under lights (23°C, 16 hr light: 8 hr dark), the disks were cold shocked at 0°C for one hour, then held under the same light regime for three days. Disks were then subjected to a series of cold treatments, thawed, and analyzed for damage visually and by phenolic leakage. Disks infiltrated with D-phenylalanine consistently showed greater damage at warmer temperatures than did disks infiltrated with the L isomer. We believe the inhibitory action of D-phenylalanine upon phenylalanine ammonia-lyase is responsible for this decrease in cold hardiness.
IMPACT OF PRE-HARVEST GROWTH CONDITIONS ON YIELD AND QUALITY OF GREENHOUSEROSES
Authors: Menard Claudine , Dansereau Blanche , Desiardins Yves
Published: February 2019

The general objective of this project is to study the impact of pre-harvest growth conditions (supplementary lighting; HPS, MH: fertilization on the biochemistry and post-harvest quality of greenhouse roses. On January 25, 1991, 288 plants (Rosa × hybrida: `Royalty', `After Glow' and `Obsession') 3X caliber were planted in pots. A split-split plot experimental design made up of four blocks was used. Light treatments (3) were in main plot while fertilization (2) and cultivars (3 cultivars; 4 plants per cultivar) were in sub-plots and sub-sub-plots respectively. The two fertilization regimes used had respectively a nitrogen potassium ratio of 150N:300K ppm (F1) and 300N:300K ppm (F2). Three light treatments (ambient light conditions (control), and ambient light conditions + PPF of 100 μmolm-2 s-1 supplied by 400 W HPS and MH lamps) were compared. Since the beginning of this experiment 14 431 flowering stems have been harvested. Only the results obtained with `Royalty' and `After Glow' will be presented for the following harvest periods; (1) October 6 to December 6, 1991; (2) January 30 to April 22, 1992. Yields were significantly affected by light and/or fertilization regardless of cultivar. Preliminary results indicate that stems harvested from HPS and MH light treatments combined to fertilization regime F1 had a longer vase life than those grown with F2. Preliminary results indicate that HPS lamps significantly increased vase life compared to MH. The level of ABA was higher under MH then under HPS lamps at to and this was similar for all cultivars. Furthermore, when supplemental light was combined to the F1 fertilization a lower level of ABA was obtained. Low levels of ABA are correlated to longer vase life expectancy.
ANALYSIS OF THE ESSENTIAL OIL OF THE LEAVES OF Fragaria ananassa DUCH
Authors: Khanizadeh Shahrokh , Bédanger Andre
Published: February 2019

Leaves of three strawberry cultivars (Bounty', `Honeoye', and `Kent') were collected at random from plants growing in an experimental trial at the Agriculture Canada, Research Station farm at Lavaltrie, Quebec. Steam-distillation was carried out on 300g of leaves in 3L of distilled water in a 5L flask. The essential oils were analyscd with a Varian 6000 gas chromatogmph. Thirty-seven compounds were detected of which sixteen were identified. The major components were linalool and nonanal. Many of the other constituents were aliphatic in nature. Differences in oil composition among the three cultivars were observed. Essential oil composition might therefore be used as a selection criteria for insect or disease resistance. Their effect upon mites will be assayed in future studies by testing them as sex, food, or oviposition lures.
AN OVERVIEW OF THE NORTHEAST REGION SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE RESEARCH AND EDUCATION PROGRAM
Authors: Holtzman Beth
Published: February 2019

The challenges facing horticultural production in the Northeast are many: Pests that are increasingly resistant to conventional controls; eroding profitability; increasing consumer concern about residues in food and water supplies.

The Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education Program is working to find solutions to these problems. SARE-supported research is developing practices that will help reduce producers reliance on pesticides and other purchased inputs while maintaining farm profitability.

In the Northeast, SARE has provided about $5 million in grants since 1983 to about 50 projects. Many focus on horticultural crops, such as apples, small fruit, sod and ornamental plants. Some strategies developed through SARE projects are already being adopted at the farm level.

Last year, the program allocated $1.461 million to 16 projects. This year, the Northeast Region expects to distribute a similar or slightly lower amount of grant funding. In addition, the region established a new $100,000 farmer mini-grant program to promote adoption of sustainable practices and in novations on the farm.
HERBICIDES FOR USE IN SWEET POTATO PLANT BEDS
Authors: Porter Wayne C.
Published: February 2019

Selected herbicides, alone or in combination with polyethylene bed covers, were evaluated for preemergence weed control in sweet potato plant beds. No injury to sweet potato transplants was found when the herbicide was applied to the soil surface of freshly bedded sweet potato roots before application of the polyethylene or was applied to newly emerged transplants immediately after the bed cover was removed. Some foliar chlorosis was observed in transplants from beds treated with clomazone, but after the first transplant pulling, no reappearance occurred. Clomazone, chloramben, and napropamide provided excellent control of all annual grasses. Herbicides, regardless of timing of application, did not adversely affect number or weight of sweet potato transplants. Beds covered with polyethylene film produced more transplants at the early and total harvests than the uncovered beds.
SCREENING FOR STREPTOMYCES SOIL ROT RESISTANCE IN SWEETPOTATO
Authors: Wolters Petra J. , Collins Wanda W.
Published: February 2019

Streptomyces soil rot or pox, caused by the actinomycete Streptomyces ipomoea, is a destructive root disease of sweetpotato. Evaluation for resistance to S. ipomoea in naturally infested fields, requires much space and results may vary from year to year. In this study a greenhouse method for evaluating the response of sweetpotato clones to infection with S. ipomoea was developed. The greenhouse method used fibrous roots, developed on terminal vine cuttings. Experiments showed no time by clone interaction, indicating that this method gave consistent results when repeated. A study to determine corrrelation between field resistance of clones and resistance as found by the greenhouse method was done. Thirty-nine clones were screened for resistance using the greenhouse method and were also planted in a field naturally infested with S. ipomoea. Severity of disease on fibrous roots (greenhouse method) and on storage roots (field method) was evaluated visually using a scale of 0 to 5 (0: no symptoms. 5: severe symptoms). Although correlations between data from the greenhouse and field methods were low lo moderate (r=0.17 to 0.49). extremely susceptible or resistant clones were identified as such by both methods. These results suggest that it is possible to select clones with high resistance to S. ipomoea using the greenhouse method, which provides a better controlled environment, and requires less space than field evaluations.
AN EFFICIENT IN VITRO REGENERATION METHOD TO PRODUCE ADVENTITIOUS PLANTS IN SWEETPOTATO
Authors: Prakash C. S. , Gosukonda R. , Dessai A. Porobo , Blay E. , Dumenvo K.
Published: February 2019

Lack of suitable methods to develop adventitious plantlets in vitro is a limiting factor in producing transgenic sweetpotato plants through gene transfer. Studies were conducted to develop an in vitro high frequency regeneration protocol for sweetpotato that is rapid and consistent. When 27 genotypes of sweetpotato were screened, five were identified as highly regenerative (318846-3, PI 531143, Hi Dry, Rojoblanco and Beauregard). High frequency regeneration of shoots (in 60 to 80% explants) was observed within 30 days when leaf explants with intact petioles from the apical portions of the in vitro shoots were cultured on a MS medium with 2,4-D (0.2 mg/l) for three days and then transferred to a medium with zeatin riboside (ZR) (0.2 mg/l). However, thidiazuron (0.2 mg/l) had to be substituted for ZR to achieve regeneration of shoots from petiole (0.5 to 1 cm) explants (the most responsive organ for transformation by Agrobacterium). Petiole explants developed shoots efficiently (80-90%) and rapidly (10 to 21 d), but were specific to the genotype 318846-3. The resulting plantlets were vigorous and normal, and were transferred to the green house with little or no mortality.
ROOT CONTROL OF URBAN TREES
Authors: Knight Patricia R. , Eakes D. Joseph , Gilliam Charles H.
Published: February 2019

Two inch caliper Acer rubrum, Quercus phellos, and Platanus occidentalis were planted March 26, 1990, into 8' × 8' planting holes that were lined with either Typar Biobarrier, Dewitt Pro-5 Weed Barrier or left unlined as a control. There has been little or no root penetration beyond the Biobarrier for the 3 tree species during the first 3 years of this study. At the end of 1990, the control and the Dewitt Pro-5 had similar root penetration numbers. By the end of 1991, the Dewitt Pro-5 had greater root penetration than did the control for A. rubrun. Root penetration of Dewitt Pro-5 and the control treatment was similar for Q. phellos and P. occidentalis. There were no differences in root penetration for Dewitt Pro-5 and the control in 1992 for any species. There were no differences in height for any tree species following the 1990 or 1991 growing seasons and no difference following the 1992 growing season for A. rubrum and Q. phellos. The control treatment had the grearest height for P. occidentalis in 1992. There were no differences in caliper due to root control treatment for the 3 species during the first 3 years of this study.
THE EFFECT OF THIDIAZURON CONCENTRATION AND 2,4-D EXPOSURE ON SHOOT ORGANOGENESIS IN BIRCH
Authors: Chanon Ann M. , Lineberger R. Daniel
Published: February 2019

The genus Betula contains many important forest and ornamental species and a method of rapid clonal propagation of superior genotypes is needed. Thidiazuron (TDZ) is a potent synthetic plant growth regulator with cytokinin-like activity. TDZ was used to differentiate shoots after long term exposure to dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2.4-D) as part of a larger study on clonal fidelity. Birch calli were cultured on Woody Plant Medium supplemented with 10-5 M 2,4-D for up to 30 weeks. The calli were transferred to media containing TDZ at concentrations of 10-6 to 10-9M. Most of the tissue which had not been exposed to 2.4-D differentiated shoots five weeks after being exposed to 10-6M TDZ. Increasing the of time exposure to 2.4-D or decreasing the concentration of TDZ delayed differentiation. Calli exposed to 2.4-D for more than 18 weeks rarely differentiated shoots regardless of the concentration of TDZ used.
GERMINATION OF EASTERN REDBUD IN RELATION TO TESTA ANATOMY
Authors: Jones Rodney , Geneve Robert
Published: February 2019

Redbud (Cercis canadensis) is a small woody ornamental legume that has a hard seed coat, which imposes physical dormancy, typical of many legumes. Redbud also possesses an internal embryo dormancy that must be overcome by stratification. In order to observe the relationship between anatomy and germination, seeds were embedded in JB-4 resin during various developmental and germination stages. The seeds were cut longitudinally with a glass bladed microtome, to observe the radicle, vascular traces and testa. It appears that the vascular traces left from the funiculus serve as a weak point in non-dormant seeds that allows the radicle to rupture the testa during germination.
APPLE TREE GROWTH DURING TWO SEASONS FOLLOWING SOIL PREPLANT TREATMENTS
Authors: Kupperman Ken , Rom Curt R.
Published: February 2019

The effect of soil preplant strategies winter solarization and methyl bromide fumigation were compared to a non-treated control on apple tree growth. Treatments were applied in the fall after removal of an existing orchard with spring planting of 'Jonee' and 'Smoothee Golden Delicious' on M.26 EMLA rootstock. Soil fumigation significantly increased shoot length in first year, trunk cross-sectional area increase during two seasons, and bloom and set in second year. The control and winter solarization treatments were similar in all responses. Foliar Mn concentrations were significantly lower with fumigated trees in second years compared to other two treatments, which were similar.
GROWTH OF SWEETPOTATO IN HYDROPONIC SYSTEMS USING SPLIT-ROOT CHANNELS
Authors: Sherif M.A. , Loretan P.A. , Trotman A.A. , Lu J.Y. , Garner L.C.
Published: February 2019

Nutrient technique (NFT) and deep water culture (DWC) hydroponic systems were used to grow sweetpotao to study the effect of four nutrient solution treatments on: translocation of nutrients and plant and microbial population growth in split-root channels. 'TU-155'cuttings (15 cm) were prerooted for 30 days in sand in 4 cm CPVC pipes 46 cm in length. A modified half Hoagland (MHH) solution was supplied ad libidum. After 30 days, plants were removed and the roots of each plant were cleaned and split evenly between two channels (15 cm deep by 15 cm wide by 1.2 m long). four plants per channel. Nutrient solution treatments (replicated) were: MHH-MHH: MHH-Air, MHH-deionized water (DIW); and monovalent (Mono) - divalent (Dival) anions and cations. Solution samples were continuously collected at 7-day intervals for microbial population profiling. Plants were harvested after growing for 120 days in a greenhouse. Storage roots, when produced, were similar in nutritive components. However, no storage roots were produced in Air or Mono channels and only a few in DIW. Fresh and dry weights for storage roots and foliage were highest in MHH-MHH in both NFT and DWC in repeated experiments. Population counts indicated that nutrient solution composition influenced the size of the microbial population in NFT. Population counts were highest in Dival channels. The microbial population counts (4.20-7.49 cfu/mL) were. relatively high in both NFT and DWC systems.
SPINACH MANAGEMENT INFLUENCES WHITE RUST, CHLOROSIS, ROOT GROWTH AND YIELD
Authors: Leskovar Daniel I. , Black Mark C.
Published: February 2019

Effects of spinach crop management strategies on white rust (Albugo occidentalis), leaf chlorosis, root growth and yield were evaluated in winter 1991/92. Irrigation main plots were low (I-low), medium (I-med) and high (I-high). Fungicide split-plots were none (F0), metalaxyl at planting (F1), and metalaxyl at planting plus experimental CGA 2014 foliar (F2). Genotype split-split-plots were ACX 5044 and ARK 88-354. The Gompertz model best described the white rust disease progress. At all irrigation levels, ACX 5044 had the higher rate of disease increase (rG) and earlier disease onset than ARK 88-354. Metalaxyl delayed disease onset and rG in ACX 5044 only at I-low and I-med, but not at I-high. ARK 88-354 was the least sensitive to fungicides. Yellowness and chlorosis, estimated by spectrophotometric measurements, were higher at I-med and I-high, and with F0, while ARK 88-354 had less chlorosis than ACX 5044. Root diameter was increased with F1 compared to F0. Lateral and tap root fresh and dry weights were higher for ARK 88-354. Yields for ARK 88-354 were significantly higher than ACX 5044. No treatments influenced the number of live or aphids parasitized by Pandora neoaphidis.
NITROGEN SOURCE AND TIMING EFFECTS ON YIELD AND QUALITY OF WATERMELON
Authors: Garrett J.T.
Published: February 2019

Nitrogen from five different sources applied preplant and sidedress to field grown watermelon (Citrullus lanatus Thunb. cv. Prince Charles) did not affect total yield but more melons were harvested earlier when potassium nitrate or calcium nitrate was applied frequently in small amounts. Conversely, two sidedressings of ammonium nitrate or soda/potash applied at 30-day intervals outperformed other application frequencies for these sources. Timing of application had little effect on earliness when sodium nitrate was the source. Improvement in percent stand was documented where total nitrogen fertilizer was applied frequently in small amounts versus infrequent larger amounts. Stand count improvements approached 30 percent for ammonium nitrate and potassium nitrate when amounts were split over five applications versus the single application. Soluble solids and flesh color were not affected by treatments used in this study.
ENHANCING HOT PEPPER PRODUCTION AND UTILIZATION IN MISSISSIPPI.
Authors: Igbokwe Patrick , Tartt June , Leard Robert
Published: February 2019

Two field experiments were used to determine the yield potential of 'Long Pod' cayenne hot peppers due to foliar application of 528 ppm each of chlormequat chloride. ethephon, and ancymidol. Applications were either made at bud formation, fruit development or fruit ripening periods. At last harvest, samples of marketable red-ripe fruits from the border rows of both 'Long Pod' cayenne and “Oriental-l” hot pepper plots were used for hot pepper sauce formulations. Two sets of 32 panelists each, were used to evaluate both the newly formulated experimental (ICES-1 and EHS-2) and commercial (CHS-1 and CHS-2) hot peppers sauces for quality. In 1990, marketable yield was highest due to chlormequat chloride. and for application made at fruit ripening. In 1991, marketable yield was highest due to ancymidol application, and for application made at fruit ripening. Mean sensory scores for hot sauce appearance, flavor and texture were generally highest for experimental hot sauces, whereas pungency scores were highest due to “CHS-1” commercial hot sauce.
INFLUENCE OF CROP COVERS ON YIELD OF *FRITO-LAY 795' AND 'ATLANTIC' POTATOES IN MISSOURI
Authors: Wilson Hack A. , Khan Victor A. , Stevens Clauzell
Published: February 2019

A field study was conducted on two cultivars of potatoes ('Atlantic' and 'Frito-Lay 795') on four row covers (clear and white slitted, VisPore and spunbonded polyester) at Charleston, Missouri.. There were significant interactions in the sub-plot (row covers × varieties) and sub-subplot (varieties × flower treatments) for grade A numbers of potatoes. Total numbers of potatoes for 'Atlantic' and 'Frito-Lay 795' cultivars as influenced by flower removal and row cover treatments showed significant interactions of row covers × varieties and varieties × flower treatmants. Yield of cwt/acre of grade A potatoes for both cultivars as influenced by flower removal and row cover treatments showed a significant interaction between row covers × varieties. There are genetic differences among potato cultivars in response to flower removal. Cultivar response to row covers were also different based on genetic makeup. Clear and spunbonded polyester were superior to other types of row covers for grade A numbers and yield of potatoes.
SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS FROM LEAF OF WITLOOF CHICORY (Cichorium intybus L.)
Authors: Mohamed-Yasseen Y. , Davenport T. L. , Splittstoesser W. E. , Skirvin R. M.
Published: February 2019

A method for regeneration of somatic embryogenesis from witloof chicory is described. Explants were taken from leaf veins of stored witloof chicory. Internal bacterial infection was found in 100% of the leaf bases but decreased gradually toward the leaf tips. Bacterial free explants were taken from the distal third and cultured on Murashige and Skoog medium (MS) containing 1.3 uM 2,4-D, 1.3 uM kinetin, and 100 mg/L casein hydrolysate. A pale yellowish, nodular callus formed after 4 weeks and were maintained in the same medium for 8-12 months with one change to a fresh medium every 4 weeks. Callus were suspended in the same medium without agar for 4-6 weeks with one change to a fresh medium every 2 weeks. Embryo-like structure appeared upon transfer to MS liquid medium containing 1.8 uM benzyladenine. Embryo germination was accomplished in 1/4 strength of MS medium with 01 without 1 g/L activated charcoal.
USE OF OF BLACK PLASTIC MULCH AND ROW COVERS AS A METHOD OF INDUCING RESISTANCE OF LEAF SPOT DISEASES OF VEGETABLES
Authors: Stevens C. , Khan V.A. , Wilson M.A. , Ploper D. , Backman P. , Brown J.E. , Kabana R. Rodriguez
Published: February 2019

The application of plastic mulches, row cover or a combination of the two were evaluated from 1987 to 1991 for reducing early blight of tomatoes and Alternaria leaf spot of okra. Early blight on early season tomatoes (TU-80-130, New Yorker and Floradade) was significantly reduced by the application of black plastic mulch (BM) or BM plus spunbonded polyester row cover (RC) compared to bare soil. Early blight evaluation of late season tomato (Better Boy) showed that BM significantly reduced the incidence and number of lesions per leaf on the fruit clusters compared to bare soil, but the spunbonded polyester RC treatment didn't improve disease reduction of the BM. Alternaria 14 spot of Clemson Spineless okra in 1989 was severe on plant grown in bare soil compared to those grown on BM, BM plus VisPore row cover, clear plastic mulch (CM) and CM plus VisPore RC treatments. These soldier indicted that the application of agriplastic techniques could be used as a new crop management option in an IPM program to reduce the application of foliar fungicides or application of biological control agents.
INFLUENCE OF SPRING POTTING DATE AND CONTROLLED RELEASE FERTILIZER ON CONTAINER PRODUCTION OF WOODY ORNAMENTALS
Authors: Eakes D. Joseph , Olive John W.
Published: February 2019

Two 8- to 9- month [Nutricote 20-7-10 (Type 270) and Osmocote 18-6-121 and two 12- to 14- month [Nutricote 20-7-10 (Type 360) and Osmocote 17-7-121 controlled release fertilizers were preplant incorporated into a 3:1 pine bark:peat moss medium during two potting dates (April 12 and June 6, 1991) at the rate of 1.5 kg N/m. Plant growth of two woody ornamentals, 'Green Luster' Japanese holly and 'Fashion' azalea, and monthly medium solution electrical conductivity (EC) were determined. Growth index [GI = (height + width at widest point + width perpendicular to widest point)/3] response to fertilizer treatment was species specific. Nutricote 20-7-10 (type 360) produced the largest GIs for holly, while GIs for azalea were not affected 420 days after initiation (DAI) of the test. Plants potted in April had greater GIs than those potted in June for the two plant species 420 DAI, regardless of fertilizer type. Osmocote 18-6-12 and 17-7-12 controlled release fertilizers had the greatest medium solution ECs from 90 to 180 DAI.
CONTROL OF BLACKSPOT ON ROSE WITH CYPROCONAZOLE
Authors: Roberson W. E. , Pemberton H. B. , Philley G. L.
Published: February 2019

Plants of Rosa `Mr. Lincoln' and `Peace' were established in March 1992. Using a RCB design, fungicide treatments were initiated on 15 May and terminated on 22 Oct. 1992. Foliar applications were made with a Birchmeier® Closed System Unit equipped with a ConeJet® #5500 adjustable spray tip at 50-65 psi. Treatments were cyproconazole at 0.1, 0.2, and 0.4 kg·ha-1 applied at either 14 or 28 day intervals, mancozeb at 2.250 g·1-1 applied every 7 days, and an untreated control. Cyproconazole treatments were applied in 946 1·ha-1 water and mancozeb was sprayed to runoff. Disease pressure and plant defoliation ratings were taken on 29 June and 26 August. The disease rating was based on a scale of 1-10, where 1 = no infection and 10 = severe infection and defoliation. The defoliation rating was based on a scale of 1=10, where 1=0-10% and 10=91-100% defoliation of canopy. A full season control rating was determined on 17 Nov. 1992, based on a scale of 1-3, where 1=excellent, 2=acceptable, and 3=unacceptable control of blackspot. Blackspot control with mancozeb was unacceptable on either cultivar. Cyproconazole at 0.1 kg·ha-1 every 28 days did not control blackspot by mid-November with `Peace' and was marginally acceptable on `Mr. Lincoln'. Season long disease control was near excellent for both cultivars with 0.2 kg·ha-1 cyproconazole every 28 days. All other cyproconazole treatments proved to be excellent.
ROW COVERS, WATERMELON, AND HAIL DAMAGE
Authors: Roberts Warren , Whitworth Julia
Published: February 2019

A factorial experiment with four mulch treatments (clear, black, or IRT plastic, and a non-mulched control), two planting types (seed vs. transplants), and two row cover treatments (with and without) was initiated to determine the harvest date of watermelon with these treatments. Experiments were planted in the field April 7. Row covers (Kimberly Farms, spunbonded polypropylene, 20 g·m-2) were suspended on wire hoops above selected plots. Soil temperatures at 5 cm, measured at noon, were lower in plots with row covers. On May 13, the row covers were in the process of being removed when a thunderstorm developed. One guard row remained covered during the storm. Hail ranging from 1.3 to 2.5 cm in diameter fell for 30 minutes, with a final accumulation of 5 cm of hail and 10 cm of rain. There was no noticeable difference between transplants and direct seeded plants, or among the different types of mulch, on resistance to hail damage. All plots that were not covered with row covers were totally destroyed. However, the area on which row covers had not been removed received only minor damage.
EFFECTS OF MODIFIED ATMOSPHERE STORAGE ON THE LONGEVITY OF PHALAENOPSIS
Authors: Verpano Peter J. , Pertuit Alton J.
Published: February 2019

The packaging of flowering Phalaenopsis sp. plants in sealed plastic film offers advantages in protecting them from the hazards of retail distribution. Following treatments, two-year old plants, each with three to nine open florets, ware stored at 21°C for 76 days under natural light and natural day lengths. Plants were sealed individually in bags of air, bags of 15% O2, 22.5% CO2, 62.5% N2, and bags of 20% O2, 30% CO2, 50%2 N2. Control plants were left in open air and only they were watered twice weekly. Others were not watered. O2, CO2, and N2 levels in the sealed bags were monitored twice weekly using a syringe and a gas partitioner. Mean inflorescence life values were 40, 43, 43, and 38 days, respectively. The various atmospheres had no effect on floret life. Two distinct patterns of O2 and CO2 variation with time were observed, but inflorescence half-life values were not related to these patterns. Florets on plants in bags had a greater incidence of discoloration.
PRODUCING SWEET CORN TRANSPLANTS IN A FLOAT SYSTEM GREENHOUSE
Authors: Dunwell Winston , Wolfe Dwight , Maksymowicz William , Slone Darrell
Published: February 2019

Alternative use for float system greenhouse space is being studied in Kentucky. High sugar sweet corn (Zea mays L.) cultivars direct seeded into cool soils germinate poorly. A float transplant production system was used to produce high sugar sweet corn transplants that could be planted into cool soils. 100 seeds of sugar enhanced (se) 'How Sweet It Is' and super sweet (sh2) 'Early Xtra Sweet' sweet corn cultivars wars seeded into trays with a cell size of either 19 or 49 ml/cell. The trays were floated on heated or unheated water in the greenhouse. Percent germination was significantly influencedby cultivar. A greater percent germination was observed for 'How Sweet It Is' compared to 'Early Xtra Sweet' and for seeds sown in the 49 ml/cell trays compared to the 19 ml/cell trays. No significant differences resulted from varying the water temperature. Transplants were planted into cool soils with direct seeded sweet corn on April 21, 1992. The use of transplants resulted in a significantly greater plant stand and a two week earlier harvest than the use of the direct seeding.
INTERIORSCAPE PLANTS-THE EFFECT OF FERTILITY SOURCE AND HYDROPHYLIC POLYMER ON EXTENDING WATERING TIME
Authors: Conner Melinda S. , Klingaman Gerald
Published: February 2019

Interiorscape conditions were used to compare plant growth and water use between a commercially produced medium with hydrophilic polymer and a traditional peat-lite medium. 15 cm pots of parlor palm and pothos were grown in either the medium with polymer or a peat-lite medium. Fertilizer treatments applied to both media included: 1.2 kg N/m3 Osmocote 14N-6.1P-11.6K and 500 ppm (mg/kg) N of Peter's 20N-8.7P-16.5K. Plant height, width, top fresh and dry weight, quality and foliage color were determined for parlor palm and top fresh and dry weight and quality were determined for pothos. Plants grown in the peat-lite medium receiving either liquid fertilizer or slow-release fertilizer were significantly greater in all parameters measured than those growing in the medium with polymer that received liquid fertilizer. Plants grown in the medium with polymer had greater growth and quality with the slow-release fertilizer than liquid fertilizer treatments. The number of days until watering was not extended in the medium with hydrophilic polymer.
Inducing the syrB Gene in Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae in Twig Extracts from Cherry Genotypes
Authors: Krzesinska Elzbieta Z. , Azarenko Anita N. , Gross Dennis C.
Published: February 2019

The syrB gene required by Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae van Hall to produce the phytotoxin syringomycin is activated by plant signal molecules. Extracts from twigs of 12 cherry (Prunus) genotypes were tested for their ability to induce syrB::lacZ fusion in P. syringae pv. syringae strain B3AR132 to determine whether signal activity is correlated with susceptibility to bacterial canker. One-year-old twigs of `Napoleon', `Corum', and 12 cherry rootstocks (F12/1, `Colt', M×M2, M×M39, M×M60, Gi 148-1, Gi 148-9, Gi 154-2, Gi 154-5, Gi 169-15, Gi 172-9, and Gi 173-9) were tested at concentrations of 0.2, 1.0, and 2.0 mg twig dry weight/ml solution for their ability to induce syrB::lacZ fusion, as measured by β -galactosidase activity. Extracts from all cherry genotypes induced syrB::lacZ fusion, but to varying degrees. The highest β -galactosidase activity was observed in `Napoleon' and `Corum'-the most susceptible genotypes; activities were two to four times higher than that of F12/1, a disease-resistant genotype. Activities higher than that of F12/1 were induced at the lowest extract concentration by rootstocks M×M60, Gi 148-1, Gi 148-9, and Gi 154-5, whereas rootstocks M×M2, M×M39, Gi 154-2, Gi 172-9, Gi 173-9, and `Colt' were not significantly different from F12/1. At the two highest extract concentrations tested, only `Napoleon' and `Corum' consistently had higher induct&m activity than F12/1. At high extract concentrations, interfering substances seemed to suppress or antagonize the induction of syrB::lacZ fusion. These results suggest that susceptible genotypes contain higher signal activities than resistant genotypes.
Application Method Affects Water Application Efficiency of Spray Stake-irrigated Containers
Authors: Lamack William F. , Niemiera Alex X.
Published: February 2019

Studies were conducted to evaluate the effect of water application medium moisture deficit, water application rate, and intermittent application on water application efficiency {[(amount applied - amount leached)/amount applied] x 100} of spray stake-irrigated, container-grown plants. Pine bark-filled containers were irrigated to replace moisture deficits of 600, 1200, or 1800 ml; deficits were returned in single, continuous applications of 148, 220, or 270 ml·min-l. Efficiency was unaffected by application rate but decreased with increased medium moisture deficit. In the second experiment, container medium at a 600-ml deficit was irrigated with 400 or 600 ml (6570 and 100% water replacement, respectively); deficits were returned in a single, continuous application or in intermittent 100-ml applications with 30-min intervals between irrigations. Application efficiency was greater with intermittent irrigation (95% and 84% for 400- and 600-ml replacement, respectively) than with continuous irrigation (84% and 67% for 400- and 600-ml replacement, respectively). In the third experiment, pine bark was irrigated with 600 ml water (100% replacement) in 50-, 100-, or 150-ml aliquots with 20, 40, or 60 min between applications in a factorial design. Efficiency increased with decreasing application volume and increasing time between applications. Highest efficiency (86%) was achieved with an irrigation regimen of 50-ml applications with at least 40 min between applications, compared to 62% for the control treatment (a single, continuous application of 600 ml). Our results suggest that growers using spray stakes would waste less water by applying water intermittently rather than continuously.
City Water Can Contaminate Tissue Culture Stock Plants
Authors: Seabrook Janet E.A. , Farrell Gerald
Published: February 2019

Stock plants of `Shepody' and `Yukon Gold' potato (Solarium tuberosum L.) were grown in a greenhouse and irrigated with city water. Contamination rate of stem explant tissue cultures excised from these stock plants was 50% to 100%. A comparison of the microorganisms isolated from the contaminated cultures and from 0.22-μm filter disks through which 20 liters of city water had passed revealed the presence of similar bacterial floras. Five genera of bacteria (Listerium spp., Corynebacterium spp., Enterobacter spp., Pasteurella spp., and Actinobacillus spp.) were isolated from contaminated cultures and cultured filter disks. Watering greenhouse-grown stock plants with filtered city water decreased contamination of stem explant cultures 30% to 50%. Installing an ultraviolet light water-sterilizing unit at the greenhouse inlet point effectively reduced contamination.
Assessment of Freeze Injury in `Boskoop Giant' Black Currant Buds
Authors: Takeda Fumiomi , Arora Rajeev , Wisniewski Michael E. , Davis Glen A. , Warmund Michele R.
Published: February 2019

A seasonal study was conducted to assess the freezing injury of `Boskoop Giant' black currant (Ribes nigrum L.) samples from Oct. 1991 through Mar. 1992. Buds were subjected to either differential thermal analysis (DTA) or one of a series of temperatures (0 to -36C). Freeze injury was then assessed either visually or with TTC. Results indicated that black currant floral buds have multiple low-temperature exotherms (LTE). Freeze injury in intact buds could not be visually quantified because of the lack of visible browning, nor assayed with TTC reduction. Excised floral primordia incubated in TTC, however, developed colored formazan following exposure to nonfreezing and sublethal freezing temperatures, but remained colorless when exposed to lethal temperatures. The percentage of floral primordia that were colored and colorless were tabulated and a modified Spearman-Karber equation was used to calculate the temperature at which 50% of floral primordia were killed (T50 The T50 temperature was correlated with the temperature at which the lowest LTE was detected (R2 = 0.62). TTC reduction assay using excised floral bud primordia was a good indicator of viability in frozen blackcurrant buds. Chemical name used: 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC).
Utility of in Vitro Propagation for Field-grown Broccoli: Effect of Genotype and Growing Season
Authors: Farnham M.W. , Nelson B.V.
Published: February 2019

We examined an in vitro culture method for propagating unconditioned, field-grown broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. Botrytis group) from peduncle explants by testing 20 cultivars in fall and spring. Propagation was affected significantly by genotype (cultivar) and season. The percentage of explants regenerating shoots was significantly higher for cultivars grown in spring (17% to 100%) than in fall (0% to 66%). Shoot regeneration from explants of plants within a cultivar also varied significantly (0% to 100%). Additionally, the number of propagules produced per explant was influenced by cultivar and was highly correlated with the percentage of explants regenerating shoots. This method for propagating field-grown broccoli lines is useful, but its applicability can be limited by genetic and environmental factors.
Inheritance of Esterase, Diaphorase, and Glucose-6-phosphate Isomerase in Lisianthus
Authors: Rubino David B.
Published: February 2019

Segregating lisianthus [Eustoma grandiflorum (Griseb.) Shinn.] progeny were evaluated to determine the inheritance of esterase (EST), diaphorase (DIA), and glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (GPI) isozymes. Phenotypic data supported the hypotheses that EST is monomeric and controlled by one locus (Est1) with at least three alleles, DIA is tetrameric and controlled by one locus (Dia2) with at least two alleles, and GPI is controlled by one locus (Gpil) with at least two alleles. The structure of the GPI isozyme could not be inferred from banding patterns. Joint segregation analyses indicated that the three loci segregate independently. These three isozymes are the first simply inherited, unlinked biochemical markers identified in lisianthus. These marker loci will be useful for genetic studies, breeding, and germplasm characterization.
Rapidly Diagnosing Grapevine Corky-bark by in Vitro Micrografting
Authors: Tanne Edna , Shlamovitz N. , Spiegel-Roy P.
Published: February 2019

Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) explant shoots indexed forcorky-bark and rootstocks from healthy LN33 indicator plants were sterilized and maintained in vitro. When infected shoot tips were micrografted onto LN33 shoots, typical corky-bark symptoms appeared in 8 to 12 weeks. We suggest developing this method further to replace the regular, 2-year indexing procedure.
Regenerating Lettuce from Suspension Culture in a 2-Liter Bioreactor
Authors: Teng Whei-Lan , Lin Chiao-Po , Liu Yann-Jiun
Published: February 2019

A scale-up process of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) suspension culture in a 2-liter bioreactor was investigated. Factors that influenced cell growth and differentiation, including foaming, the wall effect (inoculum adhering onto the vessel wall above the medium level), aeration, and dissolved oxygen (DO), were tested. The wall effect resulted in severe inoculum loss (10%) in 24 hours. Inoculum loss significantly decreased shoot regeneration. The wall effect was caused by two factors: 1) foaming caused by the interaction between air bubbles and inoculum, and 2) the bubbles produced by aeration. Foaming could be prevented by sieving the inoculum through a 400-pm screen filter and then rinsing the inoculum thoroughly with distilled water to remove single cells, cell debris, and the contents of broken cells. The wall effect caused by air bubbles could be prevented by putting a 150-μm screen column in the center of the bioreactor to isolate the aeration area from the inoculum. After the wall effect was removed, shoot regeneration in the bioreactor increased significantly to a level similar to that in 125-ml flasks at an aeration rate of 1 to 2 vvm (liters air/liters medium per rein). DO for this shoot regeneration level was ≈ 70% to 80%of saturation at the end of bioreactor culture.
Improving Papaya Seedling Emergence by Matriconditioning and Gibberellin Treatment
Authors: Andreoli Claudinei , Khan Anwar A.
Published: February 2019

Papaya (Carica papaya L.) seeds germinated poorly at 25C in the presence of gibberellin (GA4+7) or following matriconditioning at 25C for 4 days. However, a combined treatment of matriconditioning and GA4+7 for 4 days synergistically promoted germination and seedling emergence. Drying the seeds after conditioning reduced the percentage of seedling emergence in the combined treatment involving 400 μm GA4+7 only. Combining matriconditioning with 100 or 200 μm GA4+7could effectively reduce germination time and improve seedling emergence and is recommended as a standard procedure for testing papaya seed germination.
Comparing Neem Seed Oil with Calcium Chloride and Fungicides for Controlling Postharvest Apple Decay
Authors: Moline Harold E. , Locke James C.
Published: February 2019

The antifungal properties of a hydrophobic neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss.) seed extract (clarified neem oil) were tested against three postharvest apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) pathogens—Botrytis cinerea (pers.) ex Fr. (gray mold), Penicillium expansum Thom. (blue mold rot), and Glomerella cingulata (Ston.) Spauld. & Schrenk. (bitter rot). The antifungal activity of neem seed oil also was compared to that of CaCl2. A 2% aqueous emulsion of the clarified neem seed oil was moderately fungicidal to B. cinerea and G. cingulata in inoculated fruit, but bad little activity against P. expansum. Ethylene production was reduced 80% in fruit dipped in 2% neem seed oil compared to wounded, inoculated controls. Neem seed oil was as effective an antifungal agent as CaCl2, but the effects of the two combined were not additive.
Fruit Count, Fruit Weight, and Yield Relationships in `Delicious' Apple Trees on Nine Rootstock
Authors: Elfving D.C. , Schechter I.
Published: February 2019

Annual yields per tree for `Starkspur Supreme Delicious' apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) trees on nine size-controlling rootstock were related linearly to number of fruit per tree at harvest each year, independent of rootstock. Mean fruit weight was inversely and less closely related to number of fruit per tree when adjusted for tree size (fruit load). Annual yield-fruit count data for 9 years analyzed together showed that the number of fruit per tree was the principal factor determining yield, regardless of rootstock or tree age. A curvilinear relationship between yield and fruit count per tree during 9 years suggests that the sink strength of an apple crop is nearly, but not precisely, proportional to the number of fruit per tree.
Nutrient Composition of Sweetpotato Storage Roots Altered by Frequency of Nutrient Solution Change
Authors: Grant P.J. , Lu J.Y. , Mortley D.G. , Loretan P.A. , Bonsi C.K. , Hill W.A.
Published: February 2019

The sweetpotato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam] breeding clone TU-82-155 was grown during Spring 1990 and Summer 1991 in standard Tuskegee Univ. (Alabama) growth channels (0.15 × 0.15 × 1.2 m) for 120 days in a greenhouse using a hydroponic (nutrient film) system with a modified half-strength Hoagland nutrient solution. The nutrient solution was changed every 2, 14, or 28 days. Total N, oil, ash, amino acid, vitamin, and mineral concentrations in storage roots generally were higher and dry weight and starch concentration were lower with 2-day solution changes than with those less frequent.
Plant Size Influences Bell Pepper Seed Quality and Yield
Authors: Sanchez Victor M. , Sundstrom F.J. , Lang N. Suzanne
Published: February 2019

This study investigated the influence of plant size, as determined by plant density, and fruit load variation on the production and quality of bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) seeds. Six-week-old `Resistant Giant no. 4' bell pepper seedlings were transplanted 15, 30, 45, and 60 cm apart. Plants spaced 45 cm apart were not thinned or were thinned to one or three fruit per plant. Pepper plants grown at low plant densities produced larger fruit and seeds that germinated faster and at higher percentages than plants grown at higher densities. Assimilate export rate (AER) increased linearly with plant spacing. At harvest, C exchange rate (CER) and AER of plants with nonthinned fruit loads were ≈ 300% and 500% higher, respectively, than those of plants with one or three fruit. Fruit thinning decreased CER and AER; however, seeds produced by plants with one or three fruit had significantly higher germination percentages than plants with full fruit loads. These observations suggest that the high CERS of smaller plants with nonthinned fruit loads may have been insufficient to compensate completely for the higher sink demands. Therefore, crop cultural practices that increase the ratio of pepper plant size to total fruit count may increase the quality of seeds produced by those plants.
Optimal Spatial and Temporal Measurement Repetition for Selection in Japanese Persimmon Breeding
Authors: Yamada M. , Yamane H. , Yoshinaga K. , Ukai Y.
Published: February 2019

Genetic and environmental variances for fruit ripening time (FRT), fruit weight, and soluble solids concentration (SSC) in Japanese persimmon (Diospyros kaki Thunb.) were estimated. The variance among fruit within a tree was the largest among environmental variances. Therefore, using a large sample size per tree and per year effectively increased heritability, but the effect was minimal when more than five fruit were sampled. The variance among years was largest for SSC and smallest for FRT. Generally, the variance associated with the genotype × year interaction was as large as the tree × year interaction. The variance among trees within a genotype was negligible for all traits. Repeating measurements yearly was more efficient than replicating trees.