bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ELECTRON STRUCTURE OF RADICALS OF SULFOXYLIC ACID ESTERS
Authors: Rusakova Natalia P. , Kotomin Alexei V. , Orlov Yuri D. , Turovtsev Vladimir V.
Published: November 2019

The density functional theory B3LYP/6-311++G(3df,3pd) has been used to optimize the geometry of homologues of a series of sulfoxylic acid ester radicals and to obtain the electron density distributions of the first nine compounds. The hydrogen bond presented in the initial molecules of the unbranched esters of sulfoxylic acid between the hydrogen of the second carbon atom of the alkyl chain (from the ester bond) and the oxygen of the hydroxyl group of the sulfur-containing fragment (-C(Н)H-CH2-O-S-ОН) and the corresponding cycle are not observed in the radicals. The fragmentation of the structures into topological groups of CH3, CH2, and (-O-S-O)● has been proposed and their electron integral characteristics are presented including charges, unpaired electron density, energy, and volume. The steric effect of the fragment (-O-S-O)● has been established and its inductive effect has been considered based on the groups charge parameters changes triggered by an increase in the hydrocarbon chain. The scale of group electronegativities of the studied homologues has been constructed by comparing the charges of topological groups. The fact that the radical center corresponds to the fragment (-O-S-O)● has been demonstrated by the spin density delocalization results (having the largest fraction on the sulfur atom (0.57), slightly less fraction on the oxygen atom with a free valence (0.32) and an insignificant fraction on oxygen atom using the ether bond (0.10)). The increment value of the total energy contributed by the CH2 group of each subsequent homologue of the series under the study has been estimated. It is 103260 kJ/mol. The evaluation of the “standard” value of the groups’ total electron energy and the use of their relative energy (ΔE(R)) for comparing with ΔE(R) of molecules and radicals of other homologous series have been described. A decrease in the volumes of the two closest to the sulfur-containing fragment CH2 groups caused by an outflow of electron density from them toward the fragment (-O-S-O)● has been noted.
KINETIC AND STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ULTRAFILTRATIONAL MEMBRANES AT SEPARATION OF SOLUTIONS CONTAINING SODIUM LAURYLSULPHATE
Authors: Lazarev Sergey I. , Golovin Yuri V. , Khorokhorina Irina V. , Kovalev Sergey V. , Levin Alexandr A.
Published: November 2019

In work the generalized analysis of literary data on a research of relative permeability ratio of various types of porous organic and inorganic membranes was submitted. Application of a method of X-ray analysis of samples of the semipermeable ultrafiltrational membranes on a diffractometer of DRON-3 and a specific output flow on a flat-chamber ultrafiltration unit is shown. In materials of work the pilot and theoretical studies on isokinetic zones and structural characteristics of polymeric semipermeable membranes in the course of ultrafiltrational separation of the technological solutions containing the anionic and fissile surface substances are conducted. It is experimentally confirmed that kinetic curves on a specific output flow have two isokinetic zones. The first zone, the stage of the ultrafiltration process, proceeds quickly, lasts only a few minutes - 7.8 min and 13.05 min, the second zone is slower with duration of about 30 min and 60 min for ultrafiltration cellulose acetate membranes of the UAM-100 and UAM-50 series, respectively. The revealed isokinetic zones differ in characteristic times, which differ by orders of magnitude, and, as a result, the final kinetic dependence has an exponential form. The comparative analysis of roentgenograms allows to note coincidence of angles of diffraction, but significant redistribution of intensity of reflexes in air-dried and working sapless in the range of scattering angles 2θ from 8°-35°. The obtained experimental data and their comparison with literary, indicate the same set of the diffraction reflexes at corners 2θ = 17°; 22°; 25° for both samples of membranes that corresponds to the crystal reflexes of membranes created from polyamide fibers (nylon).
EFFECT OF HYBRID CARBON BLACK/CARBON NANOTUBES FILLER ON VULCANIZATES RELAXATION BEHAVIOR
Authors: Mansurova Irina A. , Burkov Andrey A. , Shilov Ivan B. , Belozerov Vladislav S. , Dolgiy Edgar O. , Khusainov Alfred D.
Published: November 2019

The glass transition in hybrid carbon black/carbon nano-tube (CB/CNT) filled elastomer composites has been studied through dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The storage modulus E' and loss tangent (TanD) are recorded from -100 to 100 ° C and a frequency of 10 Hz. The thermal analysis was carried out at 2° C/min temperature increment. The vulcanizates were made as per conventional technology. The CNT were introduced into rubber compounds as CB/CNT masterbatches resulting from joint ultrasound processing. The CNT content in the rubber compounds varied from 0.1 to 0.5 phr. The DMA data proved that introduction of CB/CNT hybrid particles resulted in the spread of TanD temperature peaks for all the samples towards lower temperatures and the subsequent shift of the maximum TanD position by 4.0 to 15.6 degrees. The DSC data demonstrated the existence of additional low-temperature α-relaxation transitions in the modified vulcanizates (-123…-118 °C). The observed relaxation behavior could be explained by the increase in vacant volume in the vulcanizates along with the rise in segmental mobility of some macromolecules when compared against the reference sample. The highest hybrid filler content vulcanizate demonstrated certain TanD drop in the glass-to-rubber transition zone and the TanD rise in the high-elasticity state, which fact indicated formation of additional filler-filler interactions. Thus, the CNT treatment with carbon black resulted in a synergy effect upon the rubbers' dynamic characteristics; hence, it can be applied to the task of raising the material frost resistance point.
SORPTION EXTRACTION OF PLATINUM METALS FROM CHLORIDE – SULFATE AND SULFATE ACIDIC SOLUTIONS BY POLYACRYLONITRILE FIBERS FIBAN
Authors: Drogobuzhskaya Svetlana V. , Shirokaya Anna A. , Solov’ev Sergey A.
Published: November 2019

The sorption of platinum group metals by fibers FIBAN AK-22 and A-5 from acidic chloride-sulfate and sulfate solutions was studied under static conditions. FIBAN contains primary, secondary and tertiary amino groups. The degree of extraction of platinum metals is calculated. The optimal conditions of sorption from the model solutions are determined. The influence of the temperature regime on the sorption process is established. It is shown, that all platinum group metals are quantitatively extracted from acidic chloride-sulfate solutions by fiber FIBAN AK-22 regardless of the concentration of chloride ions, H2SO4 and temperature absorption. Extraction exceeds 96% at a concentration of sulfuric acid up to 3 mol/dm3 and chloride ion up to 1 mol/dm3. Extraction of osmium is maximum at a concentration of sulfuric acid and chloride ion 3 mol/dm3. The degree of extraction of platinum group metals on FIBAN A-5 is from 50 to 85% and is maximum at elevated temperature and concentrations of H2SO4 and chloride ion 1 mol/dm3 and decreases with increasing concentration of sulfuric acid. Electronic spectra of platinum metal solutions were obtained and the state of platinum metals in chloride and chloride-sulfate solutions was estimated. After the introduction of sulfuric acid into the system, changes in the electronic spectra of platinum (IV), ruthenium and osmium solutions were noted. The spectra of palladium, rhodium and iridium solutions have not changed. When extracting platinum metals from production sulfate solutions of complex composition with a high content of macro components (Ni, Cu, Fe, Te and Se), the efficiency of fiber AK-22 is shown. The advantages of fiber FIBAN AK-22 over FIBAN A-5 are noted.
HEAT CAPACITY PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS BUFFER SOLUTIONS OF L-HISTIDINE IN A WIDE TEMPERATURE RANGE
Authors: Tyunina Elena Yu. , Kuritsyna Anna A.
Published: November 2019

The influence of temperature and concentration of L-histidine on the heat capacity properties of its aqueous buffer solutions was studied by differential scanning calorimetry. The investigations were carried out in aqueous buffer solutions (pH 7.4) containing monobasic sodium phosphate and dibasic sodium phosphate, which brings the environment closer to the conditions of real biological systems. The pH values of the solutions were fixed with a digital pH meter Mettler Toledo, model Five-Easy (Switzerland). The differential scanning microcalorimeter SCAL-1 (Biopribor, Pushchino, Russia) was used for measure the specific heat capacity of the system under study. It was equipped with Peltier thermoelectric elements, two measuring glass cells with an internal volume of 0.377 cm3, as well as a computer terminal and software for calculating heat capacity. The standard error of measurement of the specific heat for the studied solutions was within ±7·10-3 J·K-1·g-1. The experimental values of the specific heat of solutions of the amino acid in a phosphate buffer solvent in the temperature range (283.15 – 343.15) K were obtained. The concentration of histidine was varied from (0.00215 to 0.03648) mol·kg-1. All the studied solutions were prepared by the gravimetric method using Sartorius-ME215S scales (with a weighing accuracy of 1·10-5 g). The apparent molar heat capacities of L-histidine in the buffer solution, as well as its partial molar heat capacities at infinite dilution, were determined. The calculated molar parameters increase with an increase in both temperature and amino acid concentration. It was shown that the partial molar heat capacities transfers of L-histidine from water to the buffer solution have positive values in the temperature range studied. The results are discussed on base of the Gurney model.
Sequencing and analyses on chloroplast genomes of Tetrataenium candicans and two allies give new insights on structural variants, DNA barcoding and phylogeny in Apiaceae subfamily Apioideae
Authors: Kang Lu , Xie Dengfeng , Xiao Qunying , Peng Chang , Yu Yan , He Xingjin
Published: November 2019

Background

Tetrataenium candicans is a traditional Chinese folk herbal medicine used in the treatment of asthma and rheumatic arthritis. Alongside several Tordyliinae species with fleshy roots, it is also regarded as a substitute for a Chinese material medicine called ‘Danggui’. However, a lack of sufficient sampling and genomic information has impeded species identification and the protection of wild resources.

Methods

The complete chloroplast genomes of T. candicans from two populations, Tetrataenium yunnanense and Semenovia transilliensis, were assembled from two pipelines using data generated from next generation sequencing (NGS). Pseudogenes, inverted repeats (IRs) and hyper-variable regions were located by Geneious 11.1.5. Repeat motifs were searched using MISA and REPuter. DNA polymorphism and segment screening were processed by DNAsp5, and PCR product was sequenced with Sanger’s sequencing method. Phylogeny was inferred by MEGA 7.0 and PhyML 3.0.

Results

The complete chloroplast genomes of T. candicans from two populations, T. yunnanense and S. transilliensis, were 142,261 bp, 141,985 bp, 142,714 bp and 142,145 bp in length, respectively, indicating conservative genome structures and gene categories. We observed duplications of trnH and psbA caused by exceptional contractions and expansions of the IR regions when comparing the four chloroplast genomes with previously published data. Analyses on DNA polymorphism located 29 candidate cp DNA barcodes for the authentication of ‘Danggui’ counterfeits. Meanwhile, 34 hyper-variable markers were also located by the five Tordyliinae chloroplast genomes, and 11 of them were screened for population genetics of T. candicans based on plastome information from two individuals. The screening results indicated that populations of T.candicans may have expanded. Phylogeny inference on Apiaceae species by CDS sequences showed most lineages were well clustered, but the five Tordyliinae species failed to recover as a monophyletic group, and the phylogenetic relationship between tribe Coriandreae, tribe Selineae, subtribe Tordyliinae and Sinodielsia clade remains unclear.

Discussion

The four chloroplast genomes offer valuable information for further research on species identification, cp genome structure, population demography and phylogeny in Apiaceae subfamily Apioideae.
Experimental evidence of chemical attraction in the mutualistic zebra mussel-killer shrimp system
Authors: Rolla Matteo , Consuegra Sofia , Carrington Eleanor , Hall David J. , Garcia de Leaniz Carlos
Published: November 2019

Invasion facilitation, whereby one species has a positive effect on the establishment of another species, could help explain the rapid colonisation shown by some freshwater invasive species, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. We employed two-choice test arenas to test whether the presence of zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) could facilitate the establishment of the killer shrimp (Dikerogammarus villosus). Killer shrimp preferred to settle on mats of zebra mussel, but this was unrelated to mat size, and was not different from attraction shown to artificial grass, suggesting that zebra mussel primarily provides substrate and refuge to the killer shrimp. Killer shrimp were strongly attracted to water scented by zebra mussel, but not to water scented by fish. Chemical attraction to the zebra mussel’s scent did not differ between sympatric and allopatric populations of killer shrimp, suggesting that chemical attraction is not an acquired or learned trait. Our study shows, for the first time, chemical attraction between two highly invasive freshwater species, thereby providing a plausible mechanism for invasion facilitation. This has implications for managing the spread of killer shrimp, and perhaps other freshwater invasive species, because chemical attraction could significantly increase establishment success in mutualistic systems. Failure to consider invasion facilitation may underestimate the risk of establishment, and likely also the impact of some aquatic invaders.
Microbial Assessment of In-door Air and Equipment Used in Banks within Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria
Authors: Olowomofe T. O. , Babalola T. F. , Oluyide O. O. , Adedayo O.
Published: November 2019

Banking activities which involve the use of counting machines, Automated teller machines, and exchange of naira notes play potential roles in the spread of infectious microorganisms. This study aimed at determining the microbial status of banks within Ekiti State University campus. A total of 96 samples were collected from six different banks’ in–door air, ATM, counting tables and Money counting machines in Ekiti State University campus. The samples were collected both in the morning and afternoon. Bacteria and fungi were isolated from the samples using serial dilution and pour plating methods. The isolates were identified based on morphological and biochemical characterization. Susceptibility pattern of the isolates to different classes of antibiotics (Penicillins, Quinolones, Macrolides, Aminoglycosides, Fluoroquinolones and Sulfonamides) were determined using agar disc diffusion method. There was significant difference (p<0.05) in bacteria counts on all the equipment analyzed in all the banks except Heritage bank. Analysis of variance also revealed significant difference in the bacteria counts from the banks in the morning and in the afternoon (p<0.05). Bacteria and fungi isolated from the samples belonged to the genera Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Enterobacter, Klebsiella, Escherichia Serratia, Pseudomonas, Proteus Bacilllus, Aspergillus, Alternaria, Mucor and Fusarium where bacteria group dominated with 65% while their fungal counterparts were 35% of the total isolates. Escherichia coli had the highest percentage occurrence of 18.6%, followed by Staphylococcus aureus (15.2%) while Proteus sp. had the lowest occurrence (1%). The isolates exhibited resistance to Augmentin (100%), Erythromycin (100%), Amoxycillin (96%), Cotrimoxazole (96%), Chloramphenicol (86%), Streptomycin (72%) and Gentamycin (58%) while their growths were inhibited by Ciprofloxacin, Ofloxacin, Prefloxacin and Septrin. Plasmid analysis of the resistant strains showed that the isolates lack plasmids. The presence of potential pathogens in the banks and multiple antibiotic resistance displayed by the isolates constitutes risk to the public health. Hence, measures such as thorough hand washing with soap and hand sanitization after using the bank and its facilities should be emphasized.
PSICANÁLISE E POLÍTICA: DA MAIS-VALIA AO MAIS-DE-GOZAR
Authors: Elia Luciano
Published: November 2019

Neste artigo, o autor visa estabelecer as bases para uma articulação entre Psicanálise e Política que tenha a possibilidade de ser rigorosa. Para isso, faz um percurso preliminar por vários elementos constitutivos do que se pode chamar, com Lacan de discurso psicanalítico, expressão que conjuga as dimensões teórico-conceitual e a ético-clínica e metodológica em um só termo, partindo da condição extraterritorial da psicanálise em relação a outros saberes mas também à própria ordem social e cultural, discutindo as relações da psicanálise com a ciência para, no final, propor, a partir dos avanços lacanianos sobre o gozo, feitos após a virada do seminário XVII, particularmente do conceito de mais-de-gozar, plasmado sobre o conceito marxiano de mais-valia, estabelecer uma distinção entre essas duas categorias, propondo assim um tratamento possível do capitalismo pela psicanálise.
DITADURA CIVIL- MILITAR E PROCESSOS DE NOMEAÇÃO DA DOR: QUANDO A ARTE PRODUZ SUTURAS NO REAL
Authors: Corrêa Borela Estefânia , De Medeiros Marcos Pippi
Published: November 2019

A finalidade do trabalho é de construir ligações entre a psicanálise e a arte, produzida no período da ditadura civil-militar brasileira. Trata-se, por conseguinte, de uma pesquisa que utiliza a metodologia psicanalítica para a sua constituição. Assim, o texto traz no seu corpo reflexões sobre a gestação e a implantação do momento ditatorial, enlaçando com os movimentos advindos recentemente para pensar as semelhanças detectadas e, sobretudo, passando pela função da arte e do artista nessas ocasiões, pela resistência nascida das palavras e pelo trauma e seu laço com a literatura. Por fim, a proposição de se investigar acerca das temáticas mencionadas nos levou à compreensão da arte como dispositivo de nomeação das feridas impostas nesse tempo histórico.
Association between anthropometric indices of obesity and risk of cardiovascular disease in Japanese men
Authors: Xiang Mi , Hu Huanhuan , Imai Teppei , Nishihara Akiko , Sasaki Naoko , Ogasawara Takayuki , Hori Ai , Nakagawa Tohru , Yamamoto Shuichiro , Honda Toru , Okazaki Hiroko , Uehara Akihiko , Yamamoto Makoto , Miyamoto Toshiaki , Kochi Takeshi , Eguchi Masafumi , Murakami Taizo , Shimizu Makiko , Tomita Kentaro , Nagahama Satsue , Nanri Akiko , Konishi Maki , Akter Shamima , Kuwahara Keisuke , Kashino Ikuko , Yamaguchi Miwa , Kabe Isamu , Mizoue Tetsuya , Kunugita Naoki , Dohi Seitaro ,   Japan Epidemiology Collaboration on Occupational Health Study Group, Inoue Y , Fukunaga A , Islam Z , Kurotani K , Watanabe Y , Ogasawara T , Hasegawa M , Shirozu M , Shimizu C , Gonmori N , Ogasawara A , Kato N , Tomizawa A , Sone T , Fukasawa K , Nishiura C , Kinugawa C , Kuroda R , Yamamoto K , Ohtsu M , Sakamoto N , Osaki Y , Totsuzaki T , Endo M , Itoh T , Kawashima M , Masuda M , Kitahara K , Yokoya T , Fukai K , Odagami K , Kobayashi Y
Published: November 2019

Objectives

We aimed to compare the association of body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) with risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) among middle-aged working Japanese men.

Methods

A nested case-control study was performed among middle-aged male employees who underwent periodic health checkup. A total of 241 CVD cases were identified and matched individually on age, gender, and worksite with 1205 controls. Data on BMI, WC, WHtR, smoking, hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia collected at 4 years before the event/index date were retrieved. Associations between BMI, WC, WHtR, and CVD risk were assessed by using conditional logistic regression models.

Results

The strength of the association of BMI, WC, and WHtR with CVD risk was similar. The smoking-adjusted odds ratio (95% confidence interval) for CVD was 1.60 (1.38-1.85), 1.53 (1.33-1.78), and 1.56 (1.35-1.81) for a 1 SD unit increase in BMI, WC, and WHtR respectively. After further adjustment for hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia, these associations were attenuated but remained statistically significant.

Conclusions

Measures of general (BMI) and abdominal (WC and WHtR) obesity were similarly associated with CVD in middle-aged Japanese men.
Antenatal Screening for Down Syndrome: The Impact ofNIPT
Authors: Bryant Louise D
Published: November 2019

Noninvasive prenatal testing (NIPT) is one of the most significant recent technological developments in prenatal testing for Down syndrome. It offers pregnant women an early, safe, highly accurate screening test for Down syndrome. To support informed choice, clinicians must be clear about the limitations of NIPT and that it may not always be the best test for all women in all circumstances. The implementation of NIPT has sparked a debate around the routinisation of a near‐diagnostic test and its potential negative impact on people with Down syndrome and their families. Information that gives a balanced and accurate picture of lives of people with Down syndrome and their families is essential to support decision‐making, as are well‐informed health professionals. The degree to which NIPT will reduce the population of people with Down syndrome and impact on their quality of life is not yet known but must be monitored.

Key Concepts

Noninvasive prenatal testing (NIPT) for Down syndrome (trisomy 21) using cell‐free DNA from the placenta in maternal blood has rapidly become available in many parts of the world.

NIPT can be carried out reliably from around 9 weeks gestation, carries no risk of miscarriage, has a higher detection rate and lower false positive and negatives rates than existing screening tests but is not yet diagnostic.

NIPT can be used as a first‐stage screening test to all pregnant women or as a second‐stage test for women identified as already having a higher chance of an affected pregnancy via other screening tests or maternal age. NIPT is more accurate for women already identified as having a higher chance of an affected pregnancy.

Research with pregnant women shows that NIPT is generally viewed positively as an advancement in prenatal care, particularly if offered as a first‐stage screening test.

The limitations of the new screening test are less well understood than the benefits, which may impact on the ability of women to make informed choices. Some research suggests that women and health professionals may not consider the decision‐making process for NIPT as important as for tests associated with miscarriage.

There are fears, highlighted by campaign groups that the widespread introduction of NIPT will lead to increased terminations and the significant reduction in the number of people with Down syndrome in society.

Early evidence suggests that NIPT may not have as great an impact as anticipated on termination rates for Down syndrome as some anticipated in the United Kingdom and the United States, but in some other countries numbers of terminations for Down syndrome have significantly increased. It is as yet too early to ascertain what the impact of NIPT will be in this respect.

Efforts to improve informed choice for prenatal screening via information and training for health professionals may be undermined by the lack of high‐quality services for children and adults with Down syndrome, as some women perceive that continuing an affected pregnancy is not a viable option.
Cell Wall Responses to Biotrophic Fungal Pathogen Invasion
Authors: Chowdhury Jamil , Coad Bryan R. , Little Alan
Published: November 2019

To a plant the surrounding environment is filled with microbial organisms looking to take advantage of the bountiful resources held within. In order for a pathogen to access the internal nutrients it must gain entry through the plant cell outer layers that consist of the cuticular wax and the plant cell wall. This barrier is a complex structure composed of diverse waxes, lipids, polysaccharides, proteins, lignin, and antimicrobial compounds and plays many crucial roles during plant defence, growth, and development. We now have more evidence than ever about the dynamic nature of the cell wall providing various interaction‐dependent passive and active defence responses, hence justifying a necessity of evolving such a complex structure. Here we summarise the current understanding of this multi‐layered defence system, using the biotrophic interaction between barley and the causal agent of powdery mildew,Blumeria graminisf. sp.hordei(Bgh).
High‐frequency oscillations mirror severity of human temporal lobe seizures
Authors: Schönberger Jan , Birk Nadja , Lachner‐Piza Daniel , Dümpelmann Matthias , Schulze‐Bonhage Andreas , Jacobs Julia
Published: November 2019

Objective

Many patients with epilepsy have both focal and bilateral tonic‐clonic seizures (BTCSs), but it is largely unclear why ictal activity spreads only sometimes. Previous work indicates that interictal high‐frequency oscillations (HFOs), traditionally subdivided into ripples (80–250 Hz) and fast ripples (250–500 Hz), are a promising biomarker of epileptogenicity. We aimed to investigate whether HFOs correlate with the emergence of seizure activity and whether they differ between focal seizures (FSs) with impaired awareness and BTCSs.

Methods

We retrospectively analyzed 15 FSs and 13 BTCSs from seven patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy, each of them with at least one BTCS and at least one FS. Representative intervals of intracranial electroencephalography from the seizure onset zone (SOZ) and remote non‐SOZ areas were selected to compare pre‐ictal, complex focal, tonic‐clonic, and postictal periods. Ripples and fast ripples were visually identified and their density, that is, percentage of time occupied by the respective events, computed.

Results

Ripple and fast ripple densities increased inside the SOZ after seizure onset (P < 0.01) and in remote areas after progression to BTCSs (P < 0.01). Postictal SOZ ripple density dropped below pre‐ictal levels (P < 0.001). Prior to onset of bilateral tonic‐clonic movements, ripple density inside the SOZ is higher in BTCSs than in FSs (P < 0.05).

Interpretation

Ripples and fast ripples correlate with onset and spread of ictal activity. Abundant ripples inside the SOZ may reflect the activation of specific neuronal networks related to imminent spread of seizure activity.
Skeletal muscle mass in female athletes: The average and the extremes
Authors: Abe Takashi , Wong Vickie , Dankel Scott J. , Bell Zachary W. , Spitz Robert W. , Viana Ricardo B. , Loenneke Jeremy P.
Published: November 2019

Objectives

To examine the absolute and relative skeletal muscle mass (SM) in female athletes and to discuss the potential upper limit of whole‐body muscle mass between large sized female and male athletes.

Methods

Forty‐five female athletes and forty‐five recreationally active females (control) had muscle thickness measured by ultrasound at nine sites on the anterior and posterior aspects of the body. SM was estimated from an ultrasound‐derived prediction equation. Body fat percentage and fat‐free mass (FFM) were calculated from ultrasound measured subcutaneous fat thickness. To eliminate fat‐free component of adipose tissue (FFAT), we calculated FFM minus FFAT (FFM‐FFAT).

Results

FFM, FFM‐FFAT, and muscle mass were markedly higher in athletes. Fat Mass was similar (Athlete: 14.9 kg vs Control: 12.9 kg [median value]). The large‐sized female athletes had approximately 9 to 11 kg FFAT which corresponds to about 10% to 15% of FFM. Seven of the female athletes had more than 60 kg of FFM‐FFAT, the largest of whom had 77.0 kg of FFM‐FFAT. SM increased in a parabolic fashion reaching a value of 35 kg SM beyond 100 kg body mass. Only one of the athletes had a SM index of more than 13 kg/m2.

Conclusions

Female athletes had much greater muscle mass than controls. In large‐sized female athletes, the influence of FFAT needs to be considered when interpreting their FFM. In addition, the largest SM index in female athletes was 13.2 kg/m2, which was approximately 77% of that observed with the largest male athlete ever recorded. This difference appears similar to that observed in nonathletes.
Revision surgery rates in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps: meta‐analysis of risk factors
Authors: Loftus Catherine A. , Soler Zachary M. , Koochakzadeh Sina , Desiato Vincent M. , Yoo Frederick , Nguyen Shaun A. , Schlosser Rodney J.
Published: November 2019

Background

Wide variations in revision endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) rates for chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis (CRSwNP) have been reported. It is important to understand expected revision rates and factors that impact the need for revision.

Methods

A literature search was conducted on PubMed, Scopus, and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. Following PRISMA guidelines, a systematic review and meta‐analysis was performed on studies that reported revision surgery data for CRSwNP patients.

Results

Forty‐five studies with 34,220 subjects were meta‐analyzed, with an overall revision rate of 18.6% (95% confidence interval, 14.1%‐23.6%). Studies with extractable follow‐up data reported a mean revision rate of 16.2% over a weighted mean follow‐up of 89.6 months. Factors associated with increased revision rates included allergic fungal rhinosinusitis (28.7%), aspirin‐exacerbated respiratory disease (27.2%), asthma (22.6%), prior polypectomy (26.0%), and publication prior to 2008 (22.7%) (p < 0.05 for all).

Conclusion

Although polyps can recur after ESS, reported long‐term ESS revision rates are approximately 14% to 24%. Identifying risk factors for revision surgery can help manage patient expectations and determine optimal personalized treatments.
Evolution of anosognosia in alzheimer's disease and its relationship to amyloid
Authors: Hanseeuw Bernard J. , Scott Matthew R. , Sikkes Sietske A. M. , Properzi Michael , Gatchel Jennifer R. , Salmon Eric , Marshall Gad A. , Vannini Patrizia ,   Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative
Published: November 2019

Objective

Unawareness, or anosognosia, of memory deficits is a challenging manifestation of Alzheimer's disease (AD) that adversely affects a patient's safety and decision‐making. However, there is a lack of consensus regarding the presence, as well as the evolution, of altered awareness of memory function across the preclinical and prodromal stages of AD. Here, we aimed to characterize change in awareness of memory abilities and its relationship to beta‐amyloid (Aβ) burden in a large cohort (N = 1,070) of individuals across the disease spectrum.

Methods

Memory awareness was longitudinally assessed (average number of visits = 4.3) and operationalized using the discrepancy between mean participant and partner report on the Everyday Cognition scale (memory domain). Aβ deposition was measured at baseline using [18F]florbetapir positron emission tomographic imaging.

Results

Aβ predicted longitudinal changes in memory awareness, such that awareness decreased faster in participants with increased Aβ burden. Aβ and clinical group interacted to predict change in memory awareness, demonstrating the strongest effect in dementia participants, but could also be found in the cognitively normal (CN) participants. In a subset of CN participants who progressed to mild cognitive impairment (MCI), heightened memory awareness was observed up to 1.6 years before MCI diagnosis, with memory awareness declining until the time of progression to MCI (−0.08 discrepant‐points/yr). In a subset of MCI participants who progressed to dementia, awareness was low initially and continued to decline (−0.23 discrepant‐points/yr), reaching anosognosia 3.2 years before dementia onset.

Interpretation

Aβ burden is associated with a progressive decrease in self‐awareness of memory deficits, reaching anosognosia approximately 3 years before dementia diagnosis. ANN NEUROL 2020;87:267–280
A Stable Cyclic (R2SnAu)3 Anion Having In‐Plane σ‐Möbius Aromaticity
Authors: Wang Liliang , Xu Jian , Kira Mitsuo , Yan Liping , Xiao Xu‐Qiong , Li Zhifang
Published: November 2019

A cyclic (R2SnAu)3 anion (3−, R2Sn=2,2,5,5‐tetrakis(trimethylsilyl)‐1‐stannacyclopentane‐1,1‐diyl) has been synthesized as a stable blue salt with K+(THF)6 through the reaction of stable dialkylstannylene 1 with R′3PAuCl (R′=Et, Ph) followed by the reduction with KC8. Crystallographic and NMR analysis shows that the six‐membered (SnAu)3 ring of 3− is planar and highly symmetric with an equal distance of six Au−Sn bonds. A UV/Vis spectrum of 3− in hexane reveals an intense absorption maximum at 598 nm. While cyclic Au3− with four valence electrons is known as unstable anti‐aromatic anion, 3− with three divalent tin ligands is stable σ aromatic anion with an unprecedented Möbius orbital array as predicted by the perturbation MO and CCSD analysis of 3−.
Yttrium‐86 Is a Positron Emitting Surrogate of Gadolinium for Noninvasive Quantification of Whole‐Body Distribution of Gadolinium‐Based Contrast Agents
Authors: Le Fur Mariane , Rotile Nicholas J. , Correcher Carlos , Clavijo Jordan Veronica , Ross Alana W. , Catana Ciprian , Caravan Peter
Published: November 2019

Gadolinium‐based contrast agents (GBCAs) are used to provide diagnostic information in clinical magnetic resonance (MR) examinations. Gadolinium (Gd) has been detected in the brain, bone and skin of patients, months and years following GBCA administration, raising concerns about long term toxicity. Despite increased scrutiny, the concentration, chemical form and fate of the retained gadolinium species remain unknown. Importantly, the whole body biodistribution and organ clearance of GBCAs is poorly understood in humans. Gadolinium lacks suitable isotopes for nuclear imaging. We demonstrate that the yttrium‐86 isotope can be used as a gadolinium surrogate. We show that Gd and their analogous Y complexes have similar properties both in solution and in vivo, and that yttrium‐86 PET can be used to track the biodistribution of GBCAs over a two‐day period.
Modulating the Biofunctionality of Metal–Organic‐Framework‐Encapsulated Enzymes through Controllable Embedding Patterns
Authors: Chen Guosheng , Kou Xiaoxue , Huang Siming , Tong Linjing , Shen Yujian , Zhu Wangshu , Zhu Fang , Ouyang Gangfeng
Published: November 2019

Embedding an enzyme within a MOF as exoskeleton (enzyme@MOF) offers new opportunities to improve the inherent fragile nature of the enzyme, but also to impart novel biofunctionality to the MOF. Despite the remarkable stability achieved for MOF‐embedded enzymes, embedding patterns and conversion of the enzymatic biofunctionality after entrapment by a MOF have only received limited attention. Herein, we reveal how embedding patterns affect the bioactivity of an enzyme encapsulated in ZIF‐8. The enzyme@MOF can maintain high activity when the encapsulation process is driven by rapid enzyme‐triggered nucleation of ZIF‐8. When the encapsulation is driven by slow coprecipitation and the enzymes are not involved in the nucleation of ZIF‐8, enzyme@MOF tends to be inactive owing to unfolding and competing coordination caused by the ligand, 2‐methyl imidazole. These two embedding patterns can easily be controlled by chemical modification of the amino acids of the enzymes, modulating their biofunctionality.
Self‐Immolative Activation of β‐Galactosidase‐Responsive Probes for In Vivo MR Imaging in Mouse Models
Authors: Lilley Laura M. , Kamper Sarah , Caldwell Michael , Chia Zer Keen , Ballweg David , Vistain Luke , Krimmel Jeffrey , Mills Teresa Anne , MacRenaris Keith , Lee Paul , Waters Emily Alexandria , Meade Thomas J.
Published: November 2019

Our lab has developed a new series of self‐immolative MR agents for the rapid detection of enzyme activity in mouse models expressing β‐galactosidase (β‐gal). We investigated two molecular architectures to create agents that detect β‐gal activity by modulating the coordination of water to GdIII. The first is an intermolecular approach, wherein we designed several structural isomers to maximize coordination of endogenous carbonate ions. The second involves an intramolecular mechanism for q modulation. We incorporated a pendant coordinating carboxylate ligand with a 2, 4, 6, or 8 carbon linker to saturate ligand coordination to the GdIII ion. This renders the agent ineffective. We show that one agent in particular (6‐C pendant carboxylate) is an extremely effective MR reporter for the detection of enzyme activity in a mouse model expressing β‐gal.
The Bis(ferrocenyl)phosphenium Ion Revisited
Authors: Olaru Marian , Mischin Alexandra , Malaspina Lorraine A. , Mebs Stefan , Beckmann Jens
Published: November 2019

The bis(ferrocenyl)phosphenium ion, [Fc2P]+, reported by Cowley et al. (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1981, 103, 714–715), was the only claimed donor‐free divalent phosphenium ion. Our examination of the molecular and electronic structure reveals that [Fc2P]+ possesses significant intramolecular Fe⋅⋅⋅P contacts, which are predominantly electrostatic and moderate the Lewis acidity. Nonetheless, [Fc2P]+ undergoes complex formation with the Lewis bases PPh3 and IPr to give the donor–acceptor complexes [Fc2P(PPh3)]+ and [Fc2P(IPr)]+ (IPr=1,3‐bis(2,6‐diisopropylphenyl)imidazole‐2‐ylidene).
Practical one‐pot synthesis of 5‐alkynyl‐1,2,3‐triazoles via heterogeneous copper(I)‐catalyzed tandem three‐component click/alkynylation reaction
Authors: Zhao Ruonan , Liao Yang , Yan Tao , Cai Mingzhong
Published: November 2019

An efficient and practical route to 5‐alkynyl‐1,2,3‐triazoles has been developed via heterogeneous tandem CuAAC/alkynylation reaction of organic azides, alkynes and 1‐bromoalkynes by using an L‐proline‐functionalized MCM‐41‐anchored copper(I) complex [L‐Proline‐MCM‐41‐CuCl] as catalyst under mild conditions. The reaction produces a wide variety of 5‐alkynyl‐1,2,3‐triazoles in mostly good to excellent yields. The new immobilized copper(I) complex can be readily prepared from commercially available and inexpensive reagents and displays the same catalytic activity as CuCl. The L‐Proline‐MCM‐41‐CuCl catalyst is also easy to recover via a simple filtration process and can be reused at least seven times without apparent loss of activity.
Thermal and flammability properties influenced by Zn/Al, Co/Al, and Ni/Al layered double hydroxide in low‐density polyethylene nanocomposites
Authors: Jaerger Silvia , Wypych Fernando
Published: November 2019

Layered double hydroxide (LDH) containing different metal constituents (Zn, Co, and Ni) was intercalated with different organic anions and has been used as fillers in low‐density polyethylene (LDPE), and its thermal and flammability behavior was evaluated. The best thermal stability (∆T0.5 = 21 °C) was obtained with the LDPE‐Ni/Al‐dodecyl sulfate (4 wt %) nanocomposite. Addition of hydrophobic LDHs systematically decreases the enthalpy of melting and crystallization compared to the neat polymer. In LDPE‐Co/Al‐dodecyl sulfate (2 wt %) nanocomposite, the melting and crystallization enthalpies declined by about 45 J/g, indicating a good interaction of the filler with the polymer matrix. A reduction of 20% of the flammability for the LDPE‐Ni/Al‐stearate (4 wt %) nanocomposite was obtained. On the other hand, Zn–Co LDH as filler in LDPE nanocomposite did not affect effectively the same property. In an innovative study, results indicate that different metal constituents and interlayer anion of LDH as filler can change thermal and flammability properties of the polymer nanocomposite. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020, 137, 48737.
Osteohistology and Life History of the Basal Pygostylian, Confuciusornis sanctus
Authors: Chinsamy Anusuya , Marugán‐Lobón Jesús , Serrano Francisco J. , Chiappe Luis
Published: November 2019

More than a thousand specimens of Confuciusornis sanctus have been recovered from the Early Cretaceous Jehol Group of Northeastern China. Here, we investigate the bone microstructure of 33 long bones sampled from 14 C. sanctus specimens in an attempt to assess the life history patterns of this basal pygostylian bird. Analysis of the histology of various skeletal elements (femur, humerus, tibia, radius, and ulna) revealed differences in the histology of their bone walls. Based on the osteohistology, we coded the examined specimens into five histology age classes. We found that histological age was not strictly correlated with body size. The variability in the histology of multiple bones from single skeletons suggests differences in the growth rate of the skeleton in response to allometry, functional demands, and pathology. We show that although fibrolamellar bone is widespread across birds, the extent and duration of this rapid phase of bone deposition is highly variable. Comparisons among Mesozoic birds confirm that early ontogenetic growth was rapid, but that later post‐hatching growth was strongly influenced by the ontogenetic age of the individual, body size, and local environment, as well as taxonomy. Our findings indicate that C. sanctus experienced rapid growth from early ontogeny until almost fully grown, and thereafter transitioned to slow, episodic growth (for at least 3–4 years) to reach skeletal maturity. Anat Rec, 303:949–962, 2020. © 2019 American Association for Anatomy
Web searching and navigation: Age, intelligence, and familiarity
Authors: Nori Raffaella , Palmiero Massimiliano , Giusberti Fiorella , Gambetti Elisa , Piccardi Laura
Published: November 2019

In using the Internet to solve everyday problems, older adults tend to find fewer correct answers compared to younger adults. Some authors have argued that these differences could be explained by age‐related decline. The present study aimed to analyze the relationship between web‐searching navigation and usersʼ age, considering the Intelligence Quotient (IQ) and frequency of Internet and personal computer use. The intent was to identify differences due to age and not to other variables (that is, cognitive decline, expertise with the tool). Eighteen students (18–30 years) and 18 older adults (60–75 years) took part in the experiment. Inclusion criteria were the frequent use of computers and a web‐searching activity; the older adults performed the Mini‐Mental State Examination to exclude cognitive impairment. Participants were requested to perform the Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test 2nd ed. to measure their IQ level, and nine everyday web‐searching tasks of differing complexity. The results showed that older participants spent more time on solving tasks than younger participants, but with the same accuracy as young people. Furthermore, nonverbal IQ improved performance in terms of time among the older participants. Age did not influence web‐searching behavior in users with normal expertise and intelligence.
Bio‐based succinic acid: an overview of strain development, substrate utilization, and downstream purification
Authors: Dai Zhongxue , Guo Feng , Zhang Shangjie , Zhang Wenming , Yang Qiao , Dong Weiliang , Jiang Min , Ma Jiangfeng , Xin Fengxue
Published: November 2019

Succinic acid is an industrially important platform chemical that could be used as precursor for the establishment of a sustainable chemical industry. Due to the depletion of crude oil and the need for sustainable development, the biological production of succinic acid from renewable resources has attracted wide attention. To establish an economical bio‐based succinic acid production process, various metabolic engineering strategies have been developed and applied to improve the strain performance, including efficient CO2 fixation, by‐product elimination, use of metabolic modeling approaches, engineering of transcriptional regulations and optimization of reducing power balance. The utilization of renewable waste resources and the optimization of purification process have also been investigated to decrease the cost. This review will provide insights for current advances in succinic acid production and perspectives on further research to make bio‐based succinic acid production more efficient and economical. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Sequential Tests of Hypotheses in Consecutive Trials
Authors: Bauer P.
Published: November 2019

Methods of testing the global null hypothesis in planned consecutive trials are proposed. One decision rule based on the inverse sampling principle stops further experimentation with the rejection of the global null hypothesis, if in already k of the m planned experiments the individual null hypotheses have been rejected at a certain level. This method for k ≥ 1 also allows early stopping with the “acceptance” of the global null hypothesis, if already m − k + 1 of the individual null hypotheses could not be rejected in their respective experiments. The second stopping rule is a repeated‐significance‐test‐version of Fisher's method for combining test results from different experiments.
Health risk assessment of neonicotinoid insecticide residues in pistachio using a QuEChERS‐based method in combination with HPLC‐UV
Authors: Mahdavi Vahideh , Garshasbi Zohreh , Farimani Mahdi Moridi , Farhadpour Mohsen , Aboul‐Enein Hassan Y.
Published: November 2019

There is an increasing need to address the potential risks arising from combined exposures to multiple residues from pesticides in the diet. Pesticide residue‐related pollution is a problem that arises because of the increased use of pesticides in agriculture to meet the growing demands of food production. In this study, pesticide residue data were obtained based on an optimized extraction method. For this purpose, we established a method based on quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) extraction for simultaneous determination of imidacloprid (IMI) and acetamiprid (ACT) in pistachio nuts. The parameters influencing the QuEChERS method were the sample‐to‐water ratio and adsorbent amounts. As a result, both were optimized to improve the recovery of the analytes as well as the clean‐up efficiency of the pistachio matrix. Our results indicated that a freeze‐out step and use of primary and secondary amines as an adsorbent led to much cleaner chromatograms with lower baseline drift, without using graphitized carbon black and C18‐based adsorbent, which reduced both cost and time of analysis. Following extraction, the pesticide residues were separated and quantified by reverse‐phase HPLC. For validation purposes, recovery studies were carried out using a concentration range from 20 to 2500 μg/L at nine levels. The suitable linearity, precision, and accuracy were obtained with HPLC–UV with recoveries of 70.37%–89.80% for IMI and 81.05%–113.57% for ACT, with relative standard deviations <12%. The validated method was successfully applied to the analysis of pistachio samples collected from a field trial to estimate maximum residue limits. There was no significant health risk for consumers via pistachio consumption.