bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A COMPARISON OF THE CONCENTRATION OF C14IN THE TISSUES OF PREGNANT AND NONPREGNANT FEMALE RATS FOLLOWING THE INTRAVENOUS ADMINISTRATION OF VITAMIN K1-C14AND VITAMIN K3-C14
Authors: Taylor J. D. , Millar G. J. , Wood R. J.
Published: October 2017

The C14content was determined of the livers, spleens, skeletal muscle, blood, feces, and urine of both pregnant and nonpregnant female rats and of the placentas, fetal livers, fetuses, and amnionic fluids of pregnant rats following the intravenous administration of 5 mg./kg. of either vitamin K1-C14or vitamin K3-C14. The C14concentrations of the livers of the rats given vitamin Ktwere about 24 times larger than those of animals that had received vitamin K3-C14. A fivefold difference in the same direction exists between the concentrations in the spleens of the two groups. The C14levels for skeletal muscle, blood, placenta, fetal liver, and fetal tissue were of similar magnitude regardless of whether vitamin Ktor vitamin K3was administered. Isotope dilution tests revealed that following intravenous administration of vitamin K1-C14the amount of radioactivity present as unchanged vitamin Kt-C14was 12% for fetal tissue, 59% for placenta, and 120% for the maternal liver. The dry weights of the livers of pregnant rats were larger than those of nonpregnant rats and the increase was proportional to the live weight of the pregnant rat. No significant difference could be demonstrated in the percentage of the injected dose of vitamin K1deposited in the livers of pregnant or nonpregnant rats. The same was true for vitamin K3-C14. The results of this experiment indicate that vitamin K3-C14is not concentrated in the liver of the rat whereas vitamin K1-C14is. Furthermore, it would appear that both vitamin K1and vitamin K3can pass the placental barrier of the rat.
A ROUTINE PROCEDURE FOR THE DETERMINATION OF CATECHOLAMINES IN URINE AND TISSUES
Authors: Sourkes Theodore L. , Drujan Boris D.
Published: October 2017

A simplified procedure for the determination of catecholamines, suitable for routine laboratory use, has been developed. The whole of the adsorption–elution process, by which the catecholamines are concentrated and purified, is performed in one flask. The potentiometric titration required at this stage in the adsorption of the catecholamines on alumina is avoided by the use of phenol-phthalein as an internal indicator. The fluorimetric estimation in the second stage of the procedure is based upon lutin formation, a reaction nearly specific for adrenaline and noradrenaline. The small error resulting from the presence of hydroxytyramine in the urine is discussed. The method provides for the determination of losses encountered in the extraction process, so that each run includes an internal correction rather than an assumed average factor. Examples of the utility of the method are given. These include the determination of the rate of excretion of catecholamines in the urine, the effect of insulin on this rate, and the estimation of the catecholamine content of rat organs.
THROMBIN PROPERTIES
Authors: Ronwin Edward
Published: October 2017

The enzymatic properties of thrombin have been examined and compared with those of two related enzymes, plasmin and trypsin. The effects of factors such as pH, substrate specificity, ionic strength, cations, anions, and organic reagents on the enzymatic activity of thrombin have been studied. While the three enzymes discussed possess differences, such similarities as were observed are quite striking and permit their classification into one group as tryptic enzymes.
SYNTHESIS OF 2-PYRROLECARBOXYLIC (C14O2H) ACID AND STUDY OF ITS METABOLISM IN THE INTACT RAT
Authors: Letellier G. , Bouthillier L. P.
Published: October 2017

A method is described for the synthesis of 2-pyrrolecarboxylic (C14O2H) acid (PCA), in 50% over-all yield, by carbonation in a closed system of pyrrylmagnesium bromide, using a small amount of radioactive carbon dioxide. Doses of the labelled substance were administered by intraperitoneal injection to young rats. A small fraction of the injected radioactive PCA was catabolized in the rat tissues in such a manner that only 5 to 6% of the isotope appeared in expired carbon dioxide within 24 hours. From 70 to 80% of the injected radioactivity was excreted in the urine collected for 24 hours. Unchanged PCA, pyrroylglycine, and a glucuronide of PCA were the three major radioactive products demonstrated in the urine.
THE BIOLOGICAL ASSAY OF CHORIONIC GONADOTROPHIN AND OF THE GONADOTROPHIN OF PREGNANT MARE'S SERUM USING DIETARY ANOESTROUS ADULT RATS
Authors: Pugsley L. I.
Published: October 2017

A satisfactory and convenient method for the biological assay of pharmaceutical preparations of chorionic and pregnant mare's serum gonadotrophin using adult dietary anoestrous rats has been described, and data are presented showing the variations in slope and RD50 during a number of years of experience in the use of the method employing the International Standards of these hormones. The findings of Heard and Winton have been fully confirmed as to the reliability and precision of the method. The suggestion made by Collip, in his early studies, that a satisfactory solution to the biological assay of anterior-pituitary-like hormones may be arrived at by the use of special diets to render the test animal acyclic has been accomplished.
THE EFFECT OF COLD ACCLIMATION ON THE SIZE OF ORGANS AND TISSUES OF THE RAT, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO MODES OF EXPRESSION OF RESULTS
Authors: Heroux O. , Gridgeman N. T.
Published: October 2017

In experiments in which two groups of animals of different mean body weight are compared, individual organ weights of the animals can be expressed as absolute weights, as fractional weights, or as absolute weights statistically regressed onto constant body weights. The second, and commonest, mode of expression involves the assumption that the part is directly proportional to the whole, and this is shown to be unlikely for all organs except the muscle mass. Practical as well as theoretical justifications for the use of regressed weights (which utilize the actual slope of the line relating the organ weight to the whole) are given.The experimental data are from white rats kept for 4 weeks in a warm (30 °C.) or a cold (6 °C.) environment. It is shown that cold adaptation had no effect on brain, genitals, and lung weights, but that it reduced the growth of muscle, pelt, fat, skeleton, spleen, and thymus, and that it hypertrophied the liver, intestine, kidney, heart, and adrenals. Apparently cold acclimated rats are smaller than the controls mainly because they have a smaller muscle mass.
MELANIN PIGMENTATION IN BOVINE PINEAL GLAND AND ITS POSSIBLE CORRELATION WITH GONADAL FUNCTION
Authors: Santamarina Enrique
Published: October 2017

The incidence of melanin in the bovine pineal gland was studied in 880 glands. Spectrophotometric analysis and chemical and cytochemical methods identified the black pigment present in the bovine pineal gland as melanin. No melanin was found in bulls 4 and 5 years of age nor in heifers of about 18 months. In pregnant cows over 5 years of age melanin was found in 5.4% of the pineal glands. Non-pregnant cows of the same age exhibited melanin in 8.5% of the pineal glands. Castrated male cattle between 18 and 24 months of age showed 49.6% of the pineal glands with macroscopical signs of melanization. As much as 67% of the pineal glands of steers from some herds contained melanin. In intact cattle melanin in the pineal appears to be mainly an aging phenomenon. The fact that castration in male cattle causes hypertrophy of the pineal gland followed by a degenerative process in which melanin is involved seems to give strong evidence of a pineal gonadal interrelationship. The possible role of the hormones in the phenomenon of melanin formation is discussed.
SOME CONSTITUENTS OF THE URINE OF NORMAL AND SCHIZOPHRENIC INDIVIDUALS
Authors: Acheson R. M. , Paul Rachel M. , Tomlinson R. V.
Published: October 2017

The compounds present in urine pools from schizophrenic and normal male individuals and which give colors with diazotized sulphanilic acid, and which can be extracted with ethyl acetate or eluted with aqueous phenol from charcoal adsorbates, have been compared and a number identified. Of the over 80 compounds detected only three, which do not contribute markedly to the over-all coloring pattern, have appeared uniquely in the three urine preparations from schizophrenics. Urocanic, 2-acetamidobenzoic, and imidazole-4-acetic acid have been chromatographically detected in human urine.
THE PHASE TEST INTERMEDIATE AND THE ALLOMERIZATION OF CHLOROPHYLL a
Authors: Holt A. S.
Published: October 2017

The phase test intermediate of methyl chlorophyllide a is generated in organic solvents by alkoxyl and hydroxyl ions. The intermediate is oxidized by oxygen and such oxidants as iodine, p-benzoquinone, and potassium permanganate. Different products are obtained depending on the solvent, the base used to generate the intermediate, and the oxidant. Three fractions are obtained from methanol containing oxygen and traces of magnesium methoxide. These are (1) Mg-purpurin 7-trimethyl ester, (2) Mg-purpurin 7-lactone-methyl ether-dimethyl ester, and (3) Mg-10-oxy-methyl pheophorbide a. The first and third fractions each make up 10–15% of the total oxidized pigment. Mg-"unstable" chlorin diester is obtained by oxidation with potassium permanganate of the phase test intermediate generated in pyridine by aqueous potassium hydroxide. Mg-10-methoxy-methyl pheophorbide a is obtained by oxidation with iodine of the phase test intermediate generated in methanol by magnesium methoxide (ca. 7%, w/v). It is concluded that allomerization of chlorophyll in alcoholic solution is due to oxidation by oxygen of traces of phase test intermediate.The visible and infrared absorption spectra of the allomerized derivatives are presented and discussed.
FURTHER STUDIES ON THE OPTIMUM RATIO OF SATURATED TO MONO-UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS IN RAT DIETS
Authors: Murray T. K. , Beare J. L. , Campbell J. A. , Hopkins C. Y.
Published: October 2017

Fat mixtures containing 10, 30, 60, and 70% saturated fatty acids as glycerides were fed to male rats at a level of 17% by weight of a chow diet. The saturated acids were mainly palmitic rather than lauric and myristic as previously used. In confirmation of earlier results the fat mixture containing 30% saturated fatty acids produced the greatest weight gains and the highest food efficiency. The same trend was noted when similar fat mixtures were added to a purified diet but differences in weight gain and food efficiency were not significant. The source of fatty acids had no effect on weight gains. The excretion of total lipids was not influenced by the degree of saturation of the fats within the limits studied. Shortening, however, caused increased excretion of total lipid. There were no significant differences in liver and adrenal weights produced by these diets.
ON THE MECHANISM OF GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE OXIDATION IN CELL-FREE EXTRACTS OF XANTHOMONAS PHASEOLI (XP8)
Authors: Hochster R. M. , Katznelson H.
Published: October 2017

Extracts of the plant pathogenic organism Xanthomonas phaseoli contain both TPN- and DPN-linked glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenases as well as a DPN-specific glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase. DPNH oxidase is very active and sensitive to high concentrations of cyanide. No evidence could be found for the presence of pyridine nucleotide transhydrogenase.Ribose-5-phosphate is metabolized via the pentose cycle; sedoheptulose phosphate is an intermediate and other criteria of the functioning of the pentose cycle are met when ribose-5-phosphate is the substrate. The same system also functions with 6-phosphogluconate as substrate but at a level which suggests that this pathway is not of great significance.The Entner–Doudoroff 6-phosphogluconate-splitting pathway is the major avenue of hexosephosphate utilization in cell-free extracts. Pyruvate formation and utilization are discussed in relation to function and cofactor requirements.While phosphoglucose isomerase, aldolase, triosephosphate isomerase, and the enzymes converting phosphoglyceraldehyde to pyruvate are present and enzymatically active, phosphofructokinase appears to be the "bottleneck" to glycolysis. On the other hand fructose-1,6-diphosphate is oxidized by both DPN- and TPN-linked pathways, the latter through the efficient functioning of a specific phosphatase which forms fructose-6-phosphate readily. Glycolysis is considered to play only a very minor role in these extracts.A new "hexose cycle" for the metabolism of hexosephosphate is proposed. It consists of oxidation through "Zwischenferment", followed by the Entner–Doudoroff splitting system and resynthesis of hexosemonophosphate through reversal of the aldolase reaction followed by specific carbon-1 phosphate hydrolysis of fructose-1,6-diphosphate. The cycle is shown to be metabolically feasible and thermodynamically likely. It is considered to be the pathway by which cells which tend not to utilize the pentose cycle or classical glycolysis, but have an active 6-phosphogluconate-splitting system, metabolize hexosephosphate. Pyruvate produced as a result of the operation of this system is then oxidized via the tricarboxylic acid cycle in glucose-grown cells.
THE ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF THE SMOOTH MUSCLE CELL MEMBRANE
Authors: Daniel E. E. , Singh H.
Published: October 2017

In myometrium from pregnant cat, repetitive action potentials have been recorded during contraction. Using intracellular electrodes the depolarizations averaged 35 mv. Maximum rate of depolarization was 1–2 v/sec and the action potential duration varied from 250 milliseconds to much longer periods. Membrane reversal of up to 10 mv sometimes occurred. Total resistance decreased during depolarization and recovered during repolarization. Typical biphasic potentials were also recorded with extracellular electrodes. Their amplitude (peak to peak) varied from 0.3 to several millivolts and their duration (peak to peak) from 10–40 milliseconds. Reduction of external sodium concentration to as little as one-ninth normal (choline chloride or sucrose replacement) did not reduce the amplitudes of the resting or action potentials measured intracellularly or extracellularly, but decreased the action potential frequency. Membrane reversal still occurred with intracellular electrodes and the maximum rate of depolarization was unchanged. The rate of repolarization was increased so that the total duration of the action potential was 150 to 200 milliseconds. With extracellular electrodes, the peak to peak amplitudes were increased and the durations were unchanged. Further reduction of external sodium concentration to less than 15–20 meq/liter caused a contraction without further change in action potential configuration. Gradual relaxation and slowing of the repetition rate of action potentials occurred and resulted eventually in complete mechanical and electrical inactivity.Rabbit taenia coli were also studied and their electrical properties contrasted to those of cat myometrium. The conclusions were reached that: (1) the available evidence opposes the hypotheses that an inward sodium current accounts for depolarization in smooth muscle and (2) smooth muscles differed in their electrical properties and mechanisms of ion distribution not only from striate muscles but also from one another.
PAROTID SECRETION OF PROTEIN IN MAN
Authors: Ferguson Marion H. , Krahn H. P. , Hildes J. A.
Published: October 2017

In unstimulated saliva, total protein concentration averaged 186 mg per 100 ml and amylase activity 146 units per 100 ml. The protein concentration was lower in the early morning than at midday. After dilute acetic acid stimulation, both total protein concentration and amylase activity were increased but the concentrations were not affected by rates of secretion above 0.1 ml per minute. Unlike protein, the potassium concentration fell with stimulation.Using zone electrophoresis on filter paper, as many as nine protein components were found, none of which corresponded to the serum proteins. The amylase activity was restricted to a component of low mobility which moved to the anode. There were two or three bands containing glycoproteins; all moved towards the cathode. There were qualitative and quantitative differences between stimulated and unstimulated secretions. Saliva collected 2 or 24 hours after a tracer dose of I131showed less than 1% residual radioactivity after dialysis or treatment with an anion exchange resin, indicating that little if any of the salivary iodide is organically bound.
THE INFLUENCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY ON SHOCK PRODUCED BY A CLAMPING PROCEDURE
Authors: Haist R. E. , Moscarello Rebeka , Friedlich T. L. , Hamilton J. R.
Published: October 2017

The influence of environmental temperature on the development of shock produced by a clamping technique in rats was studied. In experiments in which the animals were subjected to different environmental temperatures during the period of limb ischemia, the best survival was obtained with an air temperature of 15 °C. At 9.5 °C and 40 °C the rats did not survive the 10-hour clamping period. When the clamping was carried out at a standard temperature (27 °C) and the rats were then transferred to a room at different temperatures just prior to clamp release, the best survival was obtained at or near a temperature of 24 °C. The temperature in the colon of the shocked rats fell quickly in a cooler environment and rose in a warmer one. When chlorpromazine (0.35 mg/100 g rat) was given at the time of clamp removal to rats kept thereafter at 9.4 °C, 20–21 °C, 24 °C, and 30 °C, survival was significantly prolonged at air temperatures of 20–21 °C, but not at 9.4 °C, 24 °C, or 30 °C. Changes in humidity had no significant influence on survival. The experiments show that the optimum temperature during the period of ischemia is different from that for hindering the development of shock following a period of ischemia.
THE EFFECT OF PREVIOUS EXPOSURE TO COLD ON SHOCK SECONDARY TO LIMB ISCHAEMIA
Authors: Schachter H. , Sidlofsky S. , Baker D. G. , Hamilton J. R. , Haist R. E.
Published: October 2017

Previous exposure to a cold environment for a period of 12 weeks increased the incidence of survival and prolonged the survival time of heavy rats shocked by a clamping technique. The oxygen consumption at 27 °C in rats previously exposed to cold for 12 weeks was elevated. During the clamping period the oxygen consumption became more nearly the same in the cold-acclimatized and control rats. After release of the clamps there was a slower fall in oxygen consumption in the previously cold-acclimatized rats than in the control animals. The body temperature, measured in the colon, fell more slowly in the previously cold-exposed rats than in the control rats. This slower fall in colonic temperature was found also in rats previously exposed to cold for shorter periods and was not necessarily associated with changes in survival time. Rats exposed to cold for 6 weeks were "acclimatized" in the sense that they withstood exposure to cold after removal of their fur, but they failed to show significantly lengthened survival times when shocked by this clamping procedure. The administration of thyroxine shortened survival times in the shocked rats but reduced the rate of fall of colonic temperature. The administration of cortisone, thyroxine, and cortisone plus thyroxine shortened survival times in the shocked rats.
THE EFFECT OF UNSATURATION OF DIETARY FAT AND OF ANTIOXIDANTS ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF LIVER DAMAGE
Authors: Valberg L. S. , Young Rose A. , Beveridge J. M. R.
Published: October 2017

The addition of unsaturated fatty acids, even in small amounts, to diets low in vitamin E, selenium, and the sulphur-containing amino acids greatly accelerated the development of acute liver necrosis in rats. The production of this lesion was shown also to be affected in a similar manner by the nature of the dietary fat in the ration consumed immediately prior to the removal of protective substances such as the sulphur-containing amino acids; unsaturated fatty acids or lipid again acted as predisposing factors.Gamma-tocopherol incorporated in the diet at a level of 0.02% and injected at a level of 1.5 mg/rat/day was equally as effective as alpha-tocopherol in preventing liver necrosis. The protective effect of gamma-tocopherol against the development of liver necrosis lends support to the thesis that alpha-tocopherol protects against liver damage by virtue of its antioxidant activity.
METABOLISM OF PHENYLPROPANOID COMPOUNDS IN SALVIA: I. BIOSYNTHESIS OF PHENYLALANINE AND TYROSINE
Authors: McCalla D. R. , Neish A. C.
Published: October 2017

C14-Labelled shikimic acid, L-phenylalanine, D-phenylalanine, L-tyrosine, and cinnamic acid were fed separately to leafy cuttings of salvia. After a metabolic period of 24 hours the free and bound phenylalanine, tyrosine, and glutamic acid were isolated from the stems, and their specific activities measured. Shikimic acid was found to be a good precursor of both phenylalanine and tyrosine. There was little interconversion of phenylalanine and tyrosine, and hardly any oxidative breakdown of these compounds to glutamic acid precursors. D-Phenylalanine was metabolized more slowly than L-phenylalanine but it was superior to cinnamic acid as a precursor of bound phenylalanine and tyrosine.
NOTE ON A POSSIBLE SOURCE OF ERROR IN COUNTING RADIOACTIVE SAMPLES
Authors: Saucier G. , Dugal L. P.
Published: October 2017

Null
THE REDUCTION OF ADRENOCHROME WITH THIOLS
Authors: Heacock R. A. , Scott Barbara D.
Published: October 2017

Null
MACROMOLECULAR PROPERTIES OF VITELLENIN FROM EGG YOLK AND ITS PARENT COMPLEX WITH LIPIDS
Authors: Martin W. G. , Turner K. J. , Cook W. H.
Published: October 2017

The floating fraction of egg yolk (90% lipid, density 0.98) appears to be heterogeneous but no significant fractionation took place during centrifugation in several solvents of density 0.98 or higher. This fraction had a particle size several times that of the lipoprotein (50% lipid) remaining after ether extraction. Most of the so-called "free" lipid extracted by ether is apparently part of, or associated with, the lipoprotein.The lipid-free vitellenin was not soluble in mild aqueous solvents and most of the physical measurements were made in 88% formic acid solutions. Molecular weights ranged from 3.0 to 9.0 × 104. The higher value, considered most reliable, was only half the estimated size of the protein part of the lipid-containing materials. Evidently the protein portion of the lipoprotein has two or more polypeptide chains that may be combined directly or through lipid by forces weaker than the peptide linkage.
COMPARISON BETWEEN SEASONAL AND THERMAL ACCLIMATION IN WHITE RATS: IV. MORPHOLOGICAL AND PATHOLOGICAL CHANGES
Authors: Héroux O. , Campbell J. S.
Published: October 2017

White rats have been shown to develop a similar degree of resistance to cold whether exposed individually to a continuous cold temperature or exposed in groups of 10 to the fluctuating environmental conditions prevailing outdoors during the winter.Under these two different types of cold exposure, the rats were observed to have a reduced muscle growth. However the enlargement of the adrenals, thyroids, pituitary, heart, and digestive tract and the reduction of the mesenteric and subcutaneous fat and of the pelt weight, which have repeatedly been found in the indoor cold-acclimated rats, did not take place in the "outdoor winter" rats. Therefore it is clear that increased resistance to cold can be brought about without some of the anatomical changes characteristically associated with acclimation to continuous cold exposure.Cold stimulation outdoors was not sufficiently severe or of sufficient duration to produce renal lesions, hypertension, or cardiac lesions of any importance, although the animals were exposed to an average temperature of −10 °C which would certainly produce these lesions in indoor individually exposed rats.
EFFECTS OF GROWTH HORMONE ON METABOLIC AND ENDOCRINE FACTORS IN HYPOPHYSECTOMIZED DOGS
Authors: Campbell James , Chaikof Leo , Wrenshall Gerald A. , Zemel Reuben
Published: October 2017

Hypophysectomy in dogs caused reductions in: the level of sugar in the blood; the volume % of packed red blood corpuscles; the rate of clearance of bromsulphthalein; the weight of the pancreas; the amount of insulin extractable from the pancreas; and the weights of the kidneys, heart, and adrenal glands. The glucose tolerance of hypophysectomized dogs was significantly less than that of normal dogs.The administration of growth hormone during 5 days to hypophysectomized dogs caused: increase of blood sugar but not to diabetic levels; elevation and prolongation of the glucose tolerance curve; increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate; reduced volume % of red blood corpuscles; restoration of bromsulphthalein clearance to normal; reduction of the insulin extractable from the pancreas to 60% of the pretreatment level; increases in the weight, total lipid, dry fat-free residue, and water of the liver; and restoration of the kidney weight and lipid content to normal. Little or no glycosuria or ketonuria and no anorexia occurred under these conditions.The same treatment of normal dogs with growth hormone caused: increase of blood sugar to diabetic levels; elevation and prolongation of the glucose tolerance curve; increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate; decreased volume % of packed red blood corpuscles, glycosuria, ketonuria, albuminuria, and anorexia; great decrease in the amount of insulin extractable from the pancreas to 6% normal; increase in the total lipid, dry fat-free residue, and water of the liver, increase in the weight and lipid of the kidney; and increase in the weight of the ventricles of the heart. The bromsulphthalein clearance was not altered. The physiological significance of these findings is discussed, particularly the production by growth hormone of more pronounced diabetes and greater reduction of insulin extractable from the pancreas in normal than in hypophysectomized dogs.
THE SELECTIVE PROTEOLYTIC ENZYME INHIBITORY ACTION OF BENZETHONIUM CHLORIDE
Authors: Beck Ivan T. , Pinter E. , McKenna R. D. , Griff H.
Published: October 2017

Acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis in humans is thought to be perpetuated by the autolytic processes catalyzed by trypsin and lipase. This study is an integral part of our search for trypsin and lipase inhibitors to be used in the treatment of this disease.Benzethonium chloride was found to inhibit tryptic activity in vitro. The proteolytic activity of rabbit's serum was inhibited, and the inhibition was most pronounced 6 to 12 hours after the subcutaneous injection of the compound. Fibrinolysin was also inhibited in vitro but benzethonium chloride had no inhibitory action on chymotrypsin, pepsin, or lipase.Serum proteins in vitro were precipitated only with very high concentrations of the compound. No significant protein changes were observed in sera of rabbits after the subcutaneous injection of the compound.
THE EFFECT OF INGESTION OF DISODIUM ETHYLENEDIAMINETETRAACETATE ON THE ABSORPTION AND METABOLISM OF RADIOACTIVE IRON BY THE RAT
Authors: Larsen B. A. , Bidwell R. G. S. , Hawkins W. W.
Published: October 2017

Disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA) was fed to young adult rats at a level of 0.1% of the diet. The effect on absorption, metabolism, and excretion of dietary iron was studied after administration of radioactive ferric chloride by stomach tube. The presence of EDTA decreased the absorption of iron and increased the excretion in urine. When EDTA was not fed until after the Fe59had been absorbed, the iron appeared to be increased in the blood and the spleen, and to be removed from the liver.
SOMATIC EFFECTS OF IONIZING RADIATION
Authors: Sellers E. A.
Published: October 2017

Radiation is similar to other environmental changes in that the response or injury produced bears a relationship to the degree of stimulus. A time–dose relationship also exists. It differs from other environmental changes in that many more cells of the body remote from the skin surface are affected. The effects depend on absorbed tissue dose and on dose rate. These dosage factors, the varying sensitivity of the tissues, and differing rates of repair account for the phasic pattern of symptoms and tissue damage which follow radiation. Compared with other stressors (especially chemical) the dose–response curve after radiation is steep. The somatic effects of radiation are the sequelae of the specific molecular injury produced by ionization rather than the primary lesions themselves.
STUDIES OF HYDRANGENOL IN HYDRANGEA MACROPHYLLA SER.: I. ISOLATION, IDENTIFICATION, AND BIOSYNTHESIS FROM C14-LABELLED COMPOUNDS
Authors: Ibrahim Ragai K. , Towers G. H. N.
Published: October 2017

Hydrangenol glucoside was isolated and identified from the flowers of Hydrangea macrophylla Ser. The free isoconmarin, hydrangenol, was isolated and identified from acid hydrolyzates of flower, leaf, and root extracts of the same species. Roots contained the largest amounts.Cinnamic acid-2-C14and phenylalanine-U-C14were relatively good precursors of hydrangenol-C14, whereas tyrosine-U-C14was not. Similarly, hydrangenol-C14was readily synthesized by roots from acetate-1-C14and acetate-2-C14. This preliminary study suggests that both acetate and phenylpropanoid compounds may be involved in hydrangenol synthesis.
EFFECT OF LIPOTROPIC AGENTS UPON THE NET SYNTHESIS OF CHOLESTEROL IN THE RAT
Authors: Mookerjea Sailen , Lucas C. C.
Published: October 2017

The content of cholesterol in the bodies of young male rats fed a basal hypolipotropic diet has been compared with that of other rats pair-fed on similar diets supplemented with choline chloride, methionine, or vitamin B12, respectively. Increased efficiency of utilization of the food and variable lipotropic effects were observed, but no significant difference was found in the total amounts of cholesterol at the end of the 3-week test periods. The lipotropic agents do not influence to any significant degree the net biosynthesis of cholesterol in rats fed this type of diet but they do affect the distribution, tending to keep the liver lipids, including cholesterol, in the normal range.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ELECTRICAL AND MECHANICAL ACTIVITY OF THE SMALL INTESTINE OF DOG AND MAN
Authors: Daniel E. E. , Wachter B. T. , Honour A. J. , Bogoch A.
Published: October 2017

Electrical activity of the small intestine of man and of dogs has been studied using monopolar recording techniques and spread of electrical activity in the small intestine of the dog using a bipolar recording technique. Motility was studied simultaneously. Electrical activity consisted of slow waves and action potentials which occurred when contractions were present. Action potentials were not conducted but slow waves sometimes spread aborally for short distances. Particular attention was paid to the relation of slow waves to action potentials and to motility. No consistent alteration in the frequency or configuration of slow waves was found associated with the occurrence of action potentials and motility, although serotonin or epinephrine altered slow wave frequency slightly. Slow waves usually were increased in amplitude during periods when motility and action potentials were occurring (during eating or balloon propulsion; after the administration of serotonin, neostigmine, physostigmine, or morphine). Slow wave amplitudes usually were diminished when motility was inhibited (by balloon distention; after administration of epinephrine, etc.). Action potentials tended to occur in phase with the slow waves, when the muscle electrode was positive relative to the indifferent electrode, but this was not always so during nonpropulsive contractions. There was also a correlation between the occurrence of distal spread of slow waves over the duodenum and upper jejunum and the ability of the intestine in this region to respond to balloon distention by propulsion.In the dog, body temperature consistently affected slow waves. A decrease of 10 °C diminished their frequencies to less than one-half and diminished their amplitude. Slow waves occurred at similar frequencies and with regular conduction after large doses of nicotine or atropine. Dibenzyline, dichloroisopropyl-norepinephrine, and vagotomy did not markedly alter slow wave frequencies. These findings and those in our studies with microelectrodes indicate that the slow waves are myogenic in origin, and represent electrical currents in the extracellular fluid initiated by periodic depolarizations of muscle cells of the small intestine.
HYPOGLYCEMIC DRUGS AND THE DEXTRAN 'ANAPHYLACTOID' INFLAMMATION
Authors: Adamkiewicz V. W. , Fitko R. J. , Fortier A. A.
Published: October 2017

Tolbutamide (Orinase) (260 mg/kg s.c), a hypoglycemic drug of the sulphonylurea class, sensitizes the normal rat (135–185 g) towards the 'anaphylactoid' inflammation induced by the administration of dextran (1 ml 6% w/v solution in saline s.c. per rat). However, the drug does not sensitize the alloxan diabetic rat towards this inflammation, nor does it alleviate the classical signs of alloxan diabetes. It is suggested that the sensitization of normal rats towards dextran by tolbutamide is mediated through insulin.
USE OF GLUTAMIC ACID-U-C14TO DETERMINE NUTRITIONALLY ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS FOR LARVAE OF THE BLOW FLY, PHORMIA REGINA
Authors: Kasting R. , McGinnis A. J.
Published: October 2017

The production of C14O2by third-instar larvae of the blow fly, Phormia regina Meig., after it was injected with glutamic acid-U-C14, indicates that this substrate was metabolized under these conditions. However, the nutritionally essential amino acids lysine, phenylalanine, valine, isoleucine, leucine, and threonine, isolated from the injected larvae, contained little radioactivity. A low level of radioactivity in arginine, histidine, and methionine suggests that they were slowly synthesized. The nutritionally non-essential amino acids alanine, serine, aspartic acid, and proline contained large quantities of radioactivity; tyrosine and glycine were exceptions. These results, in agreement with earlier work that used glucose-U-C14, show that radioactivity data are useful for determining certain of the nutritionally essential amino acids.
AMINO ACID ACCUMULATION IN EHRLICH ASCITES CARCINOMA CELLS
Authors: Tenenhouse A. , Quastel J. H.
Published: October 2017

Measurements of the transport of amino acids into Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells have shown that the following relationship exists between the intracellular steady-state concentration of the amino acid (Cx) and the extracellular concentration (C0):[Formula: see text]where Cmis the maximum intracellular concentration (formed when C0is large) and Emis a constant. It is shown that Emis identical with Km, the Michaelis constant, if a carrier enzyme is involved in the process of active transport and is, therefore, a measure of the affinity of the amino acid for the effective agent involved in the transport phenomenon.The ratio of the steady-state intracellular and extracellular concentrations of amino acids exceeds unity with all amino acids examined. The responses of L-S-ethylcysteine transport to changes of potassium ion concentration and to changes of temperature differ from those of glycine transport and indicate that different carriers are involved in the active transport of these amino acids into Ehrlich ascites cells. This conclusion is supported by the fact that, whereas glycine and L-serine compete with each other for concentrative uptake, such mutual competition does not occur between S-ethylcysteine and glycine or L-serine or L-leucine.Effects of the metabolic inhibitors, 2,4-dinitrophenol, iodoacetate, and stilbestrol show that these substances exercise inhibitory effects on active transport of amino acids by suppression of respiratory or glycolytic energy. Stilbestrol, which is a particularly potent inhibitor, is more effective under aerobic conditions (in the absence of glucose) than under anaerobic conditions (in the presence of glucose). It is reasonable to account for these results on the hypothesis that the carrier responsible for amino acid transport is ATP dependent and that the carrier breaks down, and is no longer available for amino acid transfer, if the ATP content of the cell is depleted.
ACETYLCHOLINE IN PERIPLANETA AMERICANA L.: IV. THE SIGNIFICANCE OF ESTERASE INHIBITION IN INTOXICATION, ACETYLCHOLINE LEVELS, AND NERVOUS CONDUCTION
Authors: Colhoun E. H.
Published: October 2017

Inhibition of ali-esterase (ALiE) of roaches by injections of tri-ortho-cresyl phosphate (TOCP) did not result in organophosphorus intoxication. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) was not inhibited. Topical application of either tetraethylpyrophosphate (TEPP) or O,O-diethyl O-p-nitrophenyl phosphorothioate (parathion) to roaches treated with TOCP resulted in poisoning, inhibition of AChE, increases in the amount of acetylcholine (ACh), and disturbances in electrical nervous activity. Similar results were found for roaches treated only with either TEPP or parathion, but prostration was achieved more quickly in roaches first treated with TOCP, suggesting that TOCP treatment potentiated TEPP and parathion poisoning. Studies of electrical nervous activity in roaches showed that nervous conduction was not interfered with by ALiE inhibition. Synaptic nervous transmission was disrupted by inhibition of AChE with TEPP. Axonic nervous transmission was unimpaired although AChE was found to be inhibited.
LES NEURONES DE LA FORMATION RÉTICULAIRE PONTO-BULBAIRE ET LA STIMULATION TRIGÉMINALE
Authors: Lamarche Guy , Langlois J.-M.
Published: October 2017

A microphysiological study of 209 neurons of the bulbopontine reticular formation was carried out in 80 "encéphales isolés" cats. After physiological stimulations of the trigeminal nerve the following conclusions were arrived at: (1) A functional arrangement exists in the lower recticular formation. Clear differences were found between the medulla and pons. (2) The pontine reticular neurons receive mostly tactile impulses from very large receptive fields. (3) The bulbar neurons receive all modalities of the trigeminal nerve from usually limited and bilateral fields (except proprioception). Pain projects mainly in this part of the reticular core. A central zone of the medulla has all physiological types of cells and is coincidental with Magoun and Rhine's inhibitory zone. (4) There was no neuronal response typical of any sensation. (5) An increase in frequency of a response was obtained in various ways: by changing the origin of the stimulus, by-increasing the intensity of the stimulus or the area of stimulation, or by applying a painful stimulus when the cell also responded to touch. (6) It is suggested that the sensory afferents lose their specificity when they reach the reticular formation but that via this formation they serve to increase awareness and perception of sensation at higher level.
BIOSYNTHESIS OF THE COUMARINS: III. THE ROLE OF GLYCOSIDES IN THE FORMATION OF COUMARIN BY HIEROCHLOE ODORATA
Authors: Brown Stewart A.
Published: October 2017

Coumarinic acid β-glucoside has been identified in Hierochloe odorata. Carbon dioxide-C14was administered to this species, and the plants were allowed to metabolize for periods up to 31 days. "Free" coumarin was recovered by simple extraction, and additional coumarin and o-coumaric acid were recovered after hydrolysis of the corresponding glucosides with emulsin. The total C14in o-coumaric acid reached a maximum in about 4 days and then declined, but the peak in the total C14of coumarin was not reached until 8 to 17 days after activation. o-Coumaryl glucoside and coumarin are thus both metabolic intermediates rather than end products, and the glucoside is formed first. This supports the orthohydroxylation theory of coumarin biosynthesis. The specific activity of coumarin liberated by emulsin hydrolysis from the glucoside was consistently lower than that of "free" coumarin. This is irreconcilable with the proposed formation of free coumarin from coumarinic acid glucoside as a major pathway in vivo unless separate pools of the glucoside exist in the plant. Indirect evidence is presented that free coumarin can exist in Hierochloe.
THE UNCOUPLING OF OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION BY IONIZING RADIATION
Authors: Scaife J. F. , Hill B.
Published: October 2017

Whole body irradiation of rabbits or rats with X-rays or Co60γ-rays causes uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation in thymus mitochondria, which is not prevented by the prior administration of AET. Whole body irradiation was not found to affect oxidative phosphorylation in liver or mouse ascites cell mitochondria. The radiation lesion can be repaired in vitro by the addition of cytochrome c, bovine serum albumin, or vitamin K1to mitochondria. Vitamin E and coenzyme Q10 were without effect. Both phosphorylating steps in the electron transport chain associated with succinate oxidation are affected by irradiation. The diphosphopyridine nucleotide dependent steps in the oxidation of α-ketoglutarate by thymus mitochondria are damaged by in vivo irradiation. Diphosphopyridine nucleotide levels of thymus and spleen but not liver or ascites cells are reduced by in vivo irradiation. No effect of in vitro irradiation on oxidative phosphorylation could be found for thymocyte cell suspensions, isolated thymus or liver mitochondria, or ascites or HeLa cell suspensions. Respiration of ascites or thymocyte cells was unaffected by in vitro irradiation.
PATHWAYS OF CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM IN LOBSTER HEPATOPANCREAS
Authors: Hochachka P. W. , Teal J. M. , Telford M.
Published: October 2017

Oxygen uptake by homogenates of lobster hepatopancreas was stimulated by the addition of Embden–Meyerhof, pentose cycle, and citric acid cycle intermediates as well as xylose. Acetate-1-C14oxidation was blocked by fluoracetate and glucose-1-C14oxidation fell by 80% with iodoacetate treatment. TPN and DPN increased glucose-1-C14oxidation by 140% and 20% and acetate-1-C14oxidation by 50% and 100% respectively. Large amounts of C14enter polysaccharide following treatment with glucose-1-C14or acetate-1-C14but very little enters after treatment with the same amount of gluconate-1-C14. Gluconate and xylose oxidation occurs in mitochondria-free preparations. In short-term tests with acetate-1-C14as substrate, most of the label in glycogen is on carbons 3 and 4 and the amount in the other positions can be explained on the basis of a 5–10% participation of the pentose cycle.
STUDIES ON THE MECHANISMS BY WHICH ERUCIC ACID AFFECTS CHOLESTEROL METABOLISM: DISTRIBUTION OF ERUCIC ACID IN ADRENAL AND PLASMA LIPIDS
Authors: Carroll K. K.
Published: October 2017

The effect of dietary erucic acid on the fatty acid composition of cholesterol ester, triglyceride and phospholipid fractions of rat adrenal, and plasma has been determined. Lipid classes were separated by chromatography on Florisil and their component fatty acids were determined by gas–liquid chromatography. Erucic acid was found in large amounts in adrenal cholesterol esters and in moderate amounts in adrenal and plasma triglycerides. Only small amounts were found in plasma cholesterol esters or the phospholipids of either adrenals or plasma. Eicosenoic acid was observed in some cases and the level of oleic acid was increased in most lipid classes of both tissues. This indicated partial stepwise oxidation of erucic acid. The increase in adrenal cholesterol caused by feeding erucic acid appears to be due primarily to accumulation of cholesterol erucate.
A METABOLISM CAGE DESIGNED FOR USE WITH MINK
Authors: Sinclair D. G. , Evans E. V.
Published: October 2017

A metabolism cage suited to the size and habits of the mink was designed and constructed. This cage has proved satisfactory for studies of feed consumption and for the separate collection of faeces and urine uncontaminated with particles of spilled feed.
MOLYBDENOSIS INDUCED IN LABORATORY RABBITS
Authors: McCarter Anne , Riddell Patricia E. , Robinson G. A.
Published: October 2017

Molybdenosis was induced in 52 laboratory rabbits by feeding an oats–alfalfa diet containing 2.0 or 2.35 g Na2MoO4.2H2O/kg. Thirty-seven control rabbits received an equivalent amount of sodium as NaCl in place of the molybdate. Epiphyseal line fractures, demonstrated by radiographs, occurred in the long bones of some molybdate-fed animals after as few as 12 days. Body weight increased for approximately 7 days, then decreased until death of the animal or until termination of the experiment. Of the 34 deaths that occurred by the fifth week, 33 animals had lost 4 to 41% of their body weight; one animal which died on the sixth day had gained 8%. Haemoglobin, haematocrit, and serum sulphate concentration decreased to approximately 65, 60, and 75% respectively, of control values. One-fifth millicurie of Mo99 was injected intravenously into 16 control and 28 test animals. Gamma emission over the thorax was measured at intervals for 72 hours. Typical diphasic isotope curves were obtained for control animals; curves for the nine surviving molybdate-fed animals appeared to have no first component. Biological half-lives were calculated from exponential lines of best fit for the period from 12 to 72 hours. The mean biological half-life for the nine test animals was 19.4 ± 0.82 (S.E.M.) hours and for the control animals, 19.4 ± 0.46 hours.
EFFECTS OF SECTION OF THE CORPUS CALLOSUM ON DECOMPRESSION HYPOXIA AND ON PENTYLENETETRAZOL (METRAZOL) CONVULSIONS
Authors: Manax S. J. , Stavraky G. W.
Published: October 2017

Electroencephalographic studies were carried out in white rats with chronically implanted electrodes located on the skull over the frontal areas of the brain, with the animals suspended in a sling in a decompression chamber. Exposed to simulated elevated altitude at weekly intervals 4 to 6 months after section of the corpus callosum 26 animals revealed a greater sensitivity to hypoxia than 22 controls. This was shown by a lower threshold of convulsibility and by a longer duration of the convulsions. Under the experimental conditions employed the electrocortical activity in control animals consisted of 1.5–3 c/s and 4–6 c/s waves of up to 40-μv amplitude with 11–14 c/s waves superimposed. In the corpus-callotomized rats the activity was somewhat slower and of a higher amplitude, this being more apparent [Formula: see text] months after the operation than at the time of the decompression experiments. Decompression of both groups of animals resulted in characteristic EEG changes culminating in the appearance of hypoxic preconvulsive potentials of high voltage (60–180 μv) and slow frequency (1.5–3 c/s) which were first grouped in paroxysms of about 3 to 5 seconds' duration, later becoming continuous. When decompression was continued, this activity was followed by convulsive discharges, all of the manifestations being more pronounced and recurring at lower altitudes in the corpus-callotomized animals than in the controls. An analysis of the wave patterns in 28 sacrifice experiments with transection of the spinal cord and curarization of the animals showed that the observed EEG activity did not depend on motor components.The EEG patterns during the excitatory stages of hypoxia or asphyxia resembled closely certain phases of pentylenetetrazol-induced activity; however, at the height of the convulsive EEG pattern induced by pentylenetetrazol, periods of asphyxia disorganized the spike activity caused by this agent and markedly depressed the EEG.