bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Formal models and quantitative measures of multisensory integration: a selective overview
Authors: Colonius Hans , Diederich Adele
Published: December 2017

Multisensory integration (MI) is defined as the neural process by which unisensory signals are combined to form a new product that is significantly different from the responses evoked by the modality‐specific component stimuli. In recent years, MI research has seen exponential growth in the number of empirical and theoretical studies. This study presents a selective overview of formal modeling approaches to MI. Emphasis is on models and measures for behavioral paradigms, such as localization, judgment of temporal order or simultaneity, and reaction times, but some concepts for the modeling of single‐cell spike rates are treated as well. We identify a number of essential concepts underlying most model classes, such as Bayesian causal inference, probability summation, coactivation, and time window of integration. Quantitative indexes for measuring and comparing the strength of MI across different paradigms are also discussed. Whereas progress over the last years is remarkable, we point out some strengths and weaknesses of the modeling approaches and discuss some obstacles toward a unified theory of MI.
Altered motor plasticity in an acute relapse of multiple sclerosis
Authors: Wirsching Isabelle , Buttmann Mathias , Odorfer Thorsten , Volkmann Jens , Classen Joseph , Zeller Daniel
Published: December 2017

In relapsing‐remitting MS (RRMS), the symptoms of a clinical relapse subside over time. Neuroplasticity is believed to play an important compensatory role. In this study, we assessed excitability‐decreasing plasticity during an acute relapse of MS and 12 weeks afterwards. Motor plasticity was examined in 19 patients with clinically isolated syndrome or RRMS during a steroid‐treated relapse (t1) and 12 weeks afterwards (t2) using paired‐associative stimulation (PAS10). This method combines repetitive electric nerve stimulation with transcranial magnetic stimulation of the contralateral motor cortex to model long‐term synaptic depression in the human cortex. Additionally, 19 age‐matched healthy controls were assessed. Motor‐evoked potentials of the abductor pollicis brevis muscle were recorded before and after intervention. Clinical disability was assessed by the multiple sclerosis functional composite and the subscore of the nine‐hole peg test taken as a measure of hand function. The effect of PAS10 was significantly different between controls and patients; at t1, but not at t2, baseline‐normalized postinterventional amplitudes were significantly higher in patients (106 [IQR 98–137] % post10–15 and 111 [IQR 88–133] % post20–25) compared to controls (92 [IQR 85–111] % and 90 [IQR 75–102] %). Additional exploratory analysis indicated a potentially excitability‐enhancing effect of PAS10 in patients as opposed to controls. Significant clinical improvement between t1 and t2 was not correlated with PAS10 effects. Our results indicate an alteration of PAS10‐induced synaptic plasticity during relapse, presumably reflecting a polarity shift due to metaplastic processes within the motor cortex. Further studies will need to elucidate the functional significance of such changes for the clinical course of MS.
Severe 5,10‐methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase deficiency: a rare, treatable cause of complicated hereditary spastic paraplegia
Authors: Perna A. , Masciullo M. , Modoni A. , Cellini E. , Parrini E. , Ricci E. , Donati A. M. , Silvestri G.
Published: December 2017

Background and purpose

Juvenile‐ or adult‐onset forms of severe 5,10‐methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) deficiency manifesting as complicated hereditary spastic paraplegia have rarely been described.

Methods

Two siblings with mental retardation developed a progressive spastic paraparesis in their late teens. Their diagnostic assessment included extensive neurophysiologic, neuroimaging and metabolic studies.

Results

Brain magnetic resonance imaging showed occipital white matter alterations, and electromyography documented a mixed polyneuropathy. Severe hyperhomocisteinemia (>150 μmol/L) associated with the characteristic amino acid profile suggested a diagnosis of severe MTHFR deficiency, confirmed by MTHFR direct sequencing. Treatment with betaine and vitamins benefitted patients' symptoms and diagnostic features.

Conclusions

Severe MTHFR deficiency can be a rare, treatable cause of autosomal recessive complicated hereditary spastic paraplegia. Its screening should be part of the diagnostic flowchart for these disorders.
Experimental and numerical investigation of the creep behaviour of Ni‐based superalloy GH4169 under varying loading
Authors: Wei D.S. , Wang J.L. , Wang Y.R. , Zhong B.
Published: December 2017

The high‐temperature creep experiment of Ni‐based superalloy GH4169 under the constant loading and varying loading conditions was conducted by using the round bar specimens. The creep time‐strain curves under different loading conditions were obtained to study the high‐temperature creep behaviour of GH4169 superalloy. At the same time, the longitudinal and lateral sections near the fracture of creep specimens were observed by the optical microscope, and the specimens with smaller grain corresponded to the larger creep strain rate. In view of the dispersion of the creep curves, the corresponding data processing method was put forward, and on this basis, a model that can describe the 3 stages of creep with certain physical meaning was established. The simulation results are in good agreement with the experimental results, especially the creep deformation under the varying loading condition. The predicted results of the relative time hardening model are closer to the experiment compared with time hardening and strain hardening model. The creep model is realized by the user's material subroutine code in a commercial FEM software package, which can be used as the basis of creep analysis for engineering structures.
Fatigue assessment of refill friction stir spot weld in AA 2024‐T3 similar joints
Authors: Brzostek R.C. , Suhuddin U. , dos Santos J.F.
Published: December 2017

Refill friction stir spot welding is a solid‐state process technology that is suitable for welding lightweight materials in similar or dissimilar overlapped configuration. In this study, the fatigue behaviour of single overlapped spot joints of AA2024‐T3 was studied. To statistically analyse the fatigue data, a 2‐parameter Weibull distribution was deployed, considering several reliabilities (Re = 0.99,  Re = 0.90,  Re = 0.5,  Re = 0.10). To obtain an optimized weld parameter according to the fatigue behaviour, 2 different weld conditions were studied, taking into account the effect of the hook formation. The microstructure analyses and microhardness profiles showed great similarity in both weld conditions. However, these conditions presented distinct interfacial hook profiles, in which the interfacial hook downward represented better fatigue life and infinite fatigue life at 15% of the maximum strength load. The fracture surfaces obtained from 3 different fracture modes were investigated by using scanning electron microscopy; the crack was tracked and described according to its fracture mechanisms from its initiation until the final failures. It was observed that the crack is initiated at hook profile.
Chronosequence predictions are robust in a Neotropical secondary forest, but plots miss the mark
Authors: Becknell Justin M. , Porder Stephen , Hancock Steven , Chazdon Robin L. , Hofton Michelle A. , Blair James B. , Kellner James R.
Published: December 2017

Tropical secondary forests (TSF) are a global carbon sink of 1.6 Pg C/year. However, TSF carbon uptake is estimated using chronosequence studies that assume differently aged forests can be used to predict change in aboveground biomass density (AGBD) over time. We tested this assumption using two airborne lidar datasets separated by 11.5 years over a Neotropical landscape. Using data from 1998, we predicted canopy height and AGBD within 1.1 and 10.3% of observations in 2009, with higher accuracy for forest height than AGBD and for older TSFs in comparison to younger ones. This result indicates that the space‐for‐time assumption is robust at the landscape‐scale. However, since lidar measurements of secondary tropical forest are rare, we used the 1998 lidar dataset to test how well plot‐based studies quantify the mean TSF height and biomass in a landscape. We found that the sample area required to produce estimates of height or AGBD close to the landscape mean is larger than the typical area sampled in secondary forest chronosequence studies. For example, estimating AGBD within 10% of the landscape mean requires more than thirty 0.1 ha plots per age class, and more total area for larger plots. We conclude that under‐sampling in ground‐based studies may introduce error into estimations of the TSF carbon sink, and that this error can be reduced by more extensive use of lidar measurements.
An accurate account of mass loss during cheese ripening described using the reaction engineering approach (REA)‐based model
Authors: Putranto Aditya , Woo MengWai , Selomulya Cordelia , Chen Xiao Dong
Published: December 2017

Cheese ripening is an important step in cheese making for modifying surface and curd properties. Due to physical, chemical and biological changes, mass loss usually occurs during the process. Although these changes are essential for developing the texture and flavour of cheese, mass loss decreases product yields. A reliable mathematical model is used to quantify mass loss during cheese ripening so that the processing conditions can be fine‐tuned to achieve the desirable throughput. In this study, for the first time, the reaction engineering approach (REA)‐based model is applied to model the cheese ripening. The study shows that the REA‐based model is accurate to model cheese ripening of Camembert and French smear cheese. In addition, the REA is able to model the cheese ripening under time‐varying environmental conditions. For this purpose, the equilibrium activation energy is evaluated according to the corresponding humidity and temperature in each period, while the same relative activation energy for ripening under constant environmental conditions is implemented. The REA is a simple yet effective approach to model the simultaneous heat and mass transfer process accompanied by chemical and biological reactions. Considering its effectiveness, the REA can be applied in industrial settings for predicting mass loss during cheese ripening.
Fraud: auditors' responsibility or organisational culture
Authors: Jizi Mohammad , Nehme Rabih , ELHout Rofayda
Published: December 2017

Because of the recent collapse of several major companies, investors' confidence in audited financial statements has decreased significantly. Fraud has been a major topic among many scholars and stakeholders due to its importance and impact on financial statements and economies at large. This study examines auditors' responsibility in fraud detection.

The results of such an examination highlight the differences between the perception of fraud by audit trainees and by experienced auditors. Gender differences are also highlighted in relation to fraud procedures and perception of fraud. External auditors in the Middle East are aware, to a certain extent, of their responsibilities regarding fraud detection and prevention. Audit work is conducted in relative compliance with established auditing standards. Additional testing that is over and above their responsibilities is being done in some cases due to auditors' concerns for their reputation.

This paper fulfils a resource need for academics and practitioners. It indicates that the existence of fraud in the Middle East is not linked to auditors' misunderstanding of their responsibilities, but might be attributed to the corporate culture and environment.
Mixed evidence for early bursts of morphological evolution in extant clades
Authors: Puttick M. N.
Published: December 2017

Macroevolutionary theory predicts high rates of evolution should occur early in a clade's history as species exploit ecological opportunity. Evidence from the fossil record has shown a high prevalence of early bursts in morphological evolution, but recent work has provided little evidence for early high rates in the evolution of extant clades. Here, I test the prevalence of early bursts in extant data using phylogenetic comparative methods. Existing models are extended to allow a shift from a background Brownian motion (BM) process to an early burst process within subclades of phylogenies, rather than an early burst being applied to an entire phylogenetic tree. This nested early burst model is compared to other modes of evolution that can occur within subclades, such as evolution with a constraint (Ornstein‐Uhlenbeck model) and nestedBMrate shift models. These relaxed models are validated using simulations and then are applied to body size evolution of three major clades of amniotes (mammals, squamates and aves) at different levels of taxonomic organization (order, family). Applying these unconstrained models greatly increases the support for early bursts within nested subclades, and so early bursts are the most common model of evolution when only one shift is analysed. However, the relative fit of early burst models is worse than models that allow for multiple shifts of theBMorOUprocess. No single‐shift or homogenous model is superior to models of multiple shifts inBMorOUevolution, but the patterns shown by these multirate models are generally congruent with patterns expected from early bursts.
Drug eluting stents are superior to bare metal stents to reduce clinical outcome and stent‐related complications in CKD patients, a systematic review, meta‐analysis and network meta‐analysis
Authors: Crimi Gabriele , Gritti Valeria , Galiffa Vincenzo Alessandro , Scotti Valeria , Leonardi Sergio , Ferrario Maurizio , Ferlini Marco , De Ferrari Gaetano Maria , Oltrona Visconti Luigi , Klersy Catherine
Published: December 2017

Aims

To compare clinical outcome in Chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients receiving coronary stents according to stent type BMS versus DES and 1st generation versus 2nd generation DES.

Methods and Results

PubMed, Cinhal, Cochrane, Embase, and Web of Science were searched for studies including CKD patients. CKD was defined as eGFR < 60 mL/min. We selected n = 35 articles leading to 376 169 patients, of which 76 557 CKD patients receiving BMS n = 35,807, 1st generation DES n = 37,650, or 2nd generation DES n = 3100. Patient receiving DES, compared to BMS, had a 18% lower all‐cause mortality (RR 0.82, 95%CI 0.71‐0.94). The composite of death or myocardial infarction (MI) was lower in DES patients (RR 0.78, 95%CI 0.67‐0.91), as was stent thrombosis (ST) (RR 0.57, 95%CI 0.34‐0.95), target vessel/lesion revascularization (TVR/TLR) (RR 0.69, 95%CI 0.57‐0.84) and death for cardiovascular cause (RR 0.43, 95%CI 0.25‐0.74). We also found a gradient between 1st and 2nd generation DES, through BMS. Second, compared to 1st generation DES, were associated with further relative risk (RR) reduction of −18% in of all‐cause death, and lower incidence of stent‐related clinical events: −39% RR of ST risk; −27 RR of TVR/TLR risk.

Conclusions

DES in CKD patients undergoing PCI were superior to BMS in reducing major adverse clinical events. This was possibly explained, by a lower risk of stent‐related events as ST and TVR or TLR. Second, compared to 1st generation DES may furtherly reduce clinical events.
Balloon aortic valvuloplasty to improve candidacy of patients evaluated for transcatheter aortic valve replacement
Authors: Arsalan Mani , Khan Samir , Golman Jake , Szerlip Molly , Mahoney Cecile , Herbert Morley , Brown David , Mack Michael , Holper Elizabeth M.
Published: December 2017

Objectives

Evaluate the role of balloon aortic valvuloplasty (BAV) in improving candidacy of patients for transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR).

Background

Patients who are not candidates for TAVR may undergo BAV to improve functional and clinical status.

Methods

117 inoperable or high‐risk patients with critical aortic stenosis underwent BAV as a bridge‐to‐decision for TAVR. Frailty measures including gait speed, serum albumin, hand grip, activities of daily living (ADL); and NYHA functional class before and after BAV were compared.

Results

Mean age was 81.6 ± 8.5 years and the mean Society of Thoracic Surgeons predicted risk of mortality was 9.57 ± 5.51, with 19/117 (16.2%) patients non‐ambulatory. There was no significant change in mean GS post‐BAV, but all non‐ambulatory patients completed GS testing at follow‐up. Albumin and hand grip did not change after BAV, but there was a significant improvement in mean ADL score (4.85 ± 1.41 baseline to 5.20 ± 1.17, P = 0.021). The number of patients with Class IV congestive heart failure (CHF) was significantly lower post BAV (71/117 [60.7%] baseline versus 18/117 [15.4%], P = 0.008). 78/117 (66.7%) of patients were referred to definitive valve therapy after BAV.

Conclusions

When evaluating frailty measures post BAV, we saw no significant improvement in mean GS, however, we observed a significant improvement in non‐ambulatory patients and ADL scores. We also describe improved Class IV CHF symptoms. With this improved health status, the majority of patients underwent subsequent valve therapy, demonstrating that BAV may improve candidacy of patients for TAVR.
Biological effects of melatonin on osteoblast/osteoclast cocultures, bone, and quality of life: Implications of a role for MT2 melatonin receptors, MEK1/2, and MEK5 in melatonin‐mediated osteoblastogenesis
Authors: Maria Sifat , Samsonraj Rebekah M. , Munmun Fahima , Glas Jessica , Silvestros Maria , Kotlarczyk Mary P. , Rylands Ryan , Dudakovic Amel , van Wijnen Andre J. , Enderby Larry T. , Lassila Holly , Dodda Bala , Davis Vicki L. , Balk Judy , Burow Matt , Bunnell Bruce A. , Witt‐Enderby Paula A.
Published: December 2017

The Melatonin Osteoporosis Prevention Study (MOPS) demonstrated that nightly melatonin resulted in a time‐dependent decrease in equilibrium ratios of serum osteoclasts and osteoblasts in perimenopausal women. This study examines mechanisms related to the ratios of osteoblasts and osteoclasts using coculture models (transwell or layered) of human mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) and human peripheral blood monocytes (PBMCs). Human MSC/PBMC cocultures exposed to melatonin in osteogenic (OS+) medium for 21 days induced osteoblast differentiation and mineralization; however, only in layered cocultures did melatonin inhibit osteoclastogenesis. Melatonin effects were mediated through MT2 melatonin receptors, MEK1/2, and MEK5. In layered but not transwell cocultures, melatonin increased OPG:RANKL ratios by inhibiting RANKL, suggesting that contact with osteoclasts during osteoblastogenesis inhibits RANKL secretion. Melatonin modulated expression of ERK1/2, ERK5, β1 integrin, GLUT4, and IRβ that was dependent upon the type of coculture; however, in both cultures, melatonin increased RUNX2 and decreased PPARγ expression, indicating a role for metabolic processes that control osteogenic vs adipogenic cell fates of MSCs. Furthermore, melatonin also has osteoblast‐inducing effects on human adipose‐derived MSCs. In vivo, one‐year nightly melatonin (15 mg/L) given to neu female mice in their drinking water increased pErk1/2, pErk5, Runx2, and Opg and Rankl levels in bone consistent with melatonin's already reported bone‐enhancing effects. Finally, analysis of daily logs from the MOPS demonstrated a significant improvement in mood and perhaps sleep quality in women receiving melatonin vs placebo. The osteoblast‐inducing, bone‐enhancing effects of melatonin and improvement in quality of life suggest that melatonin is a safe and effective bone loss therapy.
Testing Normality of Functional Time Series
Authors: Górecki Tomasz , Hörmann Siegfried , Horváth Lajos , Kokoszka Piotr
Published: December 2017

We develop tests of normality for time series of functions. The tests are related to the commonly used Jarque–Bera test. The assumption of normality has played an important role in many methodological and theoretical developments in the field of functional data analysis. Yet, no inferential procedures to verify it have been proposed so far, even for i.i.d. functions. We propose several approaches which handle two paramount challenges: (i) the unknown temporal dependence structure and (ii) the estimation of the optimal finite‐dimensional projection space. We evaluate the tests via simulations and establish their large sample validity under general conditions. We obtain useful insights by applying them to pollution and intraday price curves. While the pollution curves can be treated as normal, the normality of high‐frequency price curves is rejected.
Effect of Intravenous Administration of Cobalt Chloride to Horses on Clinical and Hemodynamic Variables
Authors: Burns T.A. , Dembek K.A. , Kamr A. , Dooley S.B. , Dunbar L.K. , Aarnes T.K. , Bednarski L.S. , O'Brien C. , Lakritz J. , Byrum B. , Wade A. , Farmer R. , Tan S. , Toribio R.E.
Published: December 2017

Background

Cobalt chloride (CoCl2) is administered to racehorses to enhance performance. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical, cardiovascular, and endocrine effects of parenterally administered CoCl2.

Objectives

To describe the effects of weekly intravenous doses of CoCl2 on Standardbred horses.

Animals

Five, healthy Standardbred mares.

Methods

Prospective, randomized, experimental dose‐escalation pilot. Five Standardbred mares were assigned to receive 1 of 5 doses of CoCl2 (4, 2, 1, 0.5, or 0.25 mg/kg) weekly IV for 5 weeks. Physical examination, blood pressure, cardiac output, and electrocardiography (ECG) were evaluated for 4 hours after administration of the first and fifth doses. Blood and urine samples were collected for evaluation of cobalt concentration, CBC and clinical chemistry, and hormone concentrations.

Results

All mares displayed pawing, nostril flaring, muscle tremors, and straining after CoCl2 infusion. Mares receiving 4, 2, or 1 mg/kg doses developed tachycardia after dosing (HR 60–126 bpm). Ventricular tachycardia was noted for 10 minutes after administration of the 4 mg/kg dose. Increases in systolic arterial pressure (SAP), diastolic arterial pressure (DAP), and mean arterial pressure (MAP) occurred after administration of all doses (4, 2, 1, 0.5, and 0.25 mg/kg). Profound hypertension was observed after the 4 mg/kg dose (SAP/DAP, MAP [mmHg] = 291–300/163–213, 218–279). Hemodynamics normalized by 1–2 hours after administration. ACTH and cortisol concentrations increased within 30 minutes of administration of all CoCl2 doses, and cardiac troponin I concentration increased after administration of the 4 and 2 mg/kg doses.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

The degree of hypertension and arrhythmia observed after IV CoCl2 administration raises animal welfare and human safety concerns.
A Computer‐Aided Model for the Simulation of Railway Ballast by Random Sequential Adsorption Process
Authors: Benedetto Andrea , Bianchini Ciampoli Luca , Brancadoro Maria Giulia , Alani Amir M. , Tosti Fabio
Published: December 2017

This article presents a computer‐aided multistage methodology for the simulation of railway ballasts using the Random Sequential Adsorption (RSA – 2D domain) paradigm. The primary stage in this endeavor is the numerical generation of a synthetic sample by a “particle sizing and positioning” process followed by a “compaction” process. The synthetic samples of ballast are then visualized in the Computer‐Aided Design (CAD) environment. The outcomes of the simulation are analyzed by comparison with the results of an experimental investigation carried out using a methacrylate container in which real samples of railway ballast are formed. A test of model reliability is carried out between the aggregates number and the grading curves of the synthetic sample and the real one. A validation is therefore performed using the ground‐penetrating radar (GPR) nondestructive testing (NDT) method and the finite‐difference time‐domain (FDTD) simulation developed in a computer‐aided environment. The results prove the viability and the applicability of the proposed modeling for the assessment of railway ballast conditions.
Antidiarrheal effect of sodium hydrosulfide in diabetic rats: In vitro and in vivo studies
Authors: Saghazadeh‐Dezfuli M. , Fanaei H. , Gharib‐Naseri M. K. , Nasri S. , Mard S. A.
Published: December 2017

Background

The inhibitory effects of H2S on spontaneous contractions of smooth muscles of small, and large intestines well‐established but its role in the pathophysiology of diarrhea has not been identified. Therefore, this study evaluated the role of exogenous H2S (NaHS) on diabetic‐induced diarrhea and determined mRNA expression of cystathionine β‐lyase (CSE) and cystathionine γ‐synthase (CBS) in diabetic rats.

Methods

In order to evaluate antidiarrheal effect of H2S, normal and diabetic rats received NaHS and L‐Cysteine and the total number of fecal pellets (FP) determined. The effect of NaHS on intestinal transit ratio (ITR) was also evaluated in diabetic rats. The level of mRNA expressions of CBS and CSE determined in smooth muscles of jejunum, ileum, and colon in normal, and diabetic rats. The effect of NaHS on frequency and tension of spontaneous contractions of smooth muscle strips of colon, ileum, and jejunum were investigated.

Key Results

NaHS decreased ITR, total number of FP, frequency and tension of spontaneous contractions of colon, ileum, and jejunum muscle strips in diabetic rats. The level of mRNA expression of CSE and CBS in diabetic rats were lower than in normal rats. NaHS, and L‐Cysteine decreased the number of FP in normal rats.

Conclusions & Inferences

These findings showed NaHS effectively controlled diarrhea in diabetic rats through decreasing the frequency, and tension of spontaneous contraction of smooth muscles of large, and small intestines. The increased frequency and tension of spontaneous contractions of smooth muscles in diabetic rats may be due to down‐regulation of H2S biosynthesis enzymes.
Betel and tobacco chewing habit and its relation to risk factors for periodontal disease
Authors: Giovannoni ML , Valdivia‐Gandur I , Lozano de Luaces V , Varela Véliz H , Balasubbaiah Y , Chimenos‐Küstner E
Published: December 2017

Objectives

To comparatively assess periodontal status in patients who chew different products and patients who do not have this habit and to assess how this practice interacts with predisposing factors and risk indicators of disease.

Methods

Patients included in the dental care carried out in a rural community in India were considered for a cross‐sectional study. The simplified oral hygiene index and the community periodontal index (CPI) were assessed. Furthermore, a validated survey with items concerning chewing habits was administered. Statistical analysis of the effects of age range, gender, chewing products and hygiene status on CPI was performed.

Results

In total, 1,023 patients met the inclusion criteria. The chewer patients (430) exhibited a significantly higher CPI than the non‐chewers (593). The chewing habit increased the likelihood of a higher CPI by 6.76‐fold, while excellent‐good oral hygiene status decreased the probability of a higher CPI by approximately 45%. CPI did not differ significantly among chewers of different products.

Conclusion

In the population studied, a chewing habit was associated with a worse periodontal status, and this association was not modified by gender and age as predisposing factors. Oral hygiene could decrease the effect of chewing habit on periodontal health.
Chronic Calf Pain Caused by Fibroma‐Induced Chronic Inflammation Around the Tibial and Peroneal Nerves that Was Misdiagnosed as Centralized Neuropathic Pain: A Case Report
Authors: Park Jiyoung , Ok Seong‐Ho , Han Jeong Yeol , Park Miyeong , Seo Eun Hui , Kim Yeon A
Published: December 2017

Introduction

The etiology of calf pain varies widely; therefore, it is difficult to diagnose and requires careful history taking and physical examination by primary care unit physicians. Because ultrasonography is easy to perform, cheap, and readily available to physicians during a routine consultation, it is the first choice of modality for the evaluation of calf pain. However, simple inflammation around the nerve should also be considered as a possible etiology. Here we describe a 35‐year‐old man with chronic pain in the right calf that was actually caused by fibroma‐induced chronic inflammation around the tibial and peroneal nerves but misdiagnosed as centralized neuropathic pain.

Case Report

The patient presented with chronic pain and a tingling sensation in the right calf. He had a slowly growing tibial nerve neurilemmoma that was excised at 28 years of age; however, the pain and tingling sensation persisted. He visited several hospitals for 7 years and was misdiagnosed with peripheral nerve injury–induced neuropathic pain. At 35 years of age, he visited our hospital for further evaluation. Ultrasonography revealed a mass in the popliteal region, which was excised and confirmed to be a fibroma via histopathological analysis. Severe inflammation was observed in the operative field. His symptoms finally ameliorated after this surgery.

Conclusion

The findings from this case suggest that ultrasonography should be used as the primary modality for the evaluation of calf pain. Although the features of unresolved calf pain are similar to those of neuropathic pain, more curable etiologies should be considered.
Melasma, a photoaging disorder
Authors: Passeron Thierry , Picardo Mauro
Published: December 2017

Melasma is a common hyperpigmentary disorder. The impact on the quality of life of affected individuals is well demonstrated, demanding new therapeutic strategies. However, the treatment of melasma remains highly challenging. Melasma is often considered as the main consequence of female hormone stimulation on a predisposed genetic background. Although these two factors do contribute to this acquired pigmentary disorder, the last decade has revealed several other key players and brought new pieces to the complex puzzle of the pathophysiology of melasma. Here, we summarize the latest evidence on the pathophysiology of melasma, and we suggest that melasma might be a photoaging skin disorder affecting genetically predisposed individuals. Such data must be taken into consideration by clinicians as they could have a profound impact on the treatment and the prevention of melasma.
Translation and validation of the Canadian diabetes risk assessment questionnaire in China
Authors: Guo Jia , Shi Zhengkun , Chen Jyu‐Lin , Dixon Jane K. , Wiley James , Parry Monica
Published: December 2017

Objectives

To adapt the Canadian Diabetes Risk Assessment Questionnaire for the Chinese population and to evaluate its psychometric properties.

Design and Sample

A cross‐sectional study was conducted with a convenience sample of 194 individuals aged 35–74 years from October 2014 to April 2015.

Methods

The Canadian Diabetes Risk Assessment Questionnaire was adapted and translated for the Chinese population. Test–retest reliability was conducted to measure stability. Criterion and convergent validity of the adapted questionnaire were assessed using 2‐hr 75 g oral glucose tolerance tests and the Finnish Diabetes Risk Scores, respectively. Sensitivity and specificity were evaluated to establish its predictive validity.

Results

The test–retest reliability was 0.988. Adequate validity of the adapted questionnaire was demonstrated by positive correlations found between the scores and 2‐hr 75 g oral glucose tolerance tests (r = .343, p < .001) and with the Finnish Diabetes Risk Scores (r = .738, p < .001). The area under receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.705 (95% CI .632, .778), demonstrating moderate diagnostic value at a cutoff score of 30. The sensitivity was 73%, with a positive predictive value of 57% and negative predictive value of 78%.

Conclusions

Our results provided evidence supporting the translation consistency, content validity, convergent validity, criterion validity, sensitivity, and specificity of the translated Canadian Diabetes Risk Assessment Questionnaire with minor modifications. This paper provides clinical, practical, and methodological information on how to adapt a diabetes risk calculator between cultures for public health nurses.
Associations between health literacy, HIV‐related knowledge, and information behavior among persons living with HIV in the Dominican Republic
Authors: Stonbraker Samantha , Smaldone Arlene , Luft Heidi , Cushman Linda F. , Lerebours Nadal Leonel , Halpern Mina , Larson Elaine
Published: December 2017

Objectives

To determine the health literacy levels of persons living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (PLWH) at a health clinic in the Dominican Republic (DR) and assess associations between health literacy, HIV‐related knowledge, and health information behavior (how patients need, seek, receive, and use information).

Design and Sample

Cross‐sectional, descriptive. Participants were 107 PLWH attending the Clinic.

Measures

A theoretically based, 64‐item survey assessing information behavior and HIV‐related knowledge was administered in Spanish through individual interviews. Health literacy was assessed using the Short Assessment of Health Literacy—Spanish and English.

Results

On average, participants were 40.8 years old and had lived with HIV for 7.7 years. The majority (69.2%) had low health literacy. HIV‐related knowledge and information behavior varied by health literacy level and uncertainty regarding a main indicator of disease progression, viral load, was demonstrated regardless of health literacy level. Participants with low health literacy were less likely to answer questions or answer questions correctly and many participants (39.2%) indicated viral transmission can occur through supernatural means.

Conclusions

Findings demonstrate unmet information need and that information received may not always be understood. Methods to improve health education are needed to ensure patients receive health information in an understandable way.
Direct analysis by time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry reveals action of bacterial laccase‐mediator systems on both hardwood and softwood samples
Authors: Goacher Robyn E. , Braham Erick J. , Michienzi Courtney L. , Flick Robert M. , Yakunin Alexander F. , Master Emma R.
Published: December 2017

The modification and degradation of lignin play a vital role in carbon cycling as well as production of biofuels and bioproducts. The possibility of using bacterial laccases for the oxidation of lignin offers a route to utilize existing industrial protein expression techniques. However, bacterial laccases are most frequently studied on small model compounds that do not capture the complexity of lignocellulosic materials. This work studied the action of laccases from Bacillus subtilis and Salmonella typhimurium (EC 1.10.3.2) on ground wood samples from yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis) and red spruce (Picea rubens). The ability of bacterial laccases to modify wood can be facilitated by small molecule mediators. Herein, 2,2'‐azino‐bis(3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulphonic acid) (ABTS), gallic acid and sinapic acid mediators were tested. Direct analysis of the wood samples was achieved by time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF‐SIMS), a surface sensitive mass spectrometry technique that has characteristic peaks for H, G and S lignin. The action of the bacterial laccases on both wood samples was demonstrated and revealed a strong mediator influence. The ABTS mediator led to delignification, evident in an overall increase of polysaccharide peaks in the residual solid, along with equal loss of G and S‐lignin peaks. The gallic acid mediator demonstrated minimal laccase activity. Meanwhile, the sinapic acid mediator altered the S/G peak ratio consistent with mediator attaching to the wood solids. The current investigation demonstrates the action of bacterial laccase‐mediator systems directly on woody materials, and the potential of using ToF‐SIMS to uncover the fundamental and applied role of bacterial enzymes in lignocellulose conversion.
The SMS, Phone, and medical Examination sports injury surveillance system is a feasible and valid approach to measuring handball exposure, injury occurrence, and consequences in elite youth sport
Authors: Møller M. , Wedderkopp N. , Myklebust G. , Lind M. , Sørensen H. , Hebert J. J. , Attermann J.
Published: December 2017

Current methods of sports injury surveillance are limited by lack of medical validation of self‐reported injuries and/or incomplete information about injury consequences beyond time loss from sport. The aims of this study were to (a) evaluate the feasibility of the SMS, Phone, and medical Examination injury surveillance (SPEx) system (b) to evaluate the proportion of injuries and injury consequences reported by SPEx when compared to outcomes from a modified version of the Oslo Sports Trauma Research Centre (OSTRC) Overuse Injury Questionnaire. We followed 679 elite adolescent handball players over 31 weeks using the SPEx system. During the last 7 weeks, we also implemented a modified OSTRC questionnaire in a subgroup of 271 players via telephone interviews. The weekly response proportions to the primary SPEx questions ranged from 85% to 96% (mean 92%). SMS responses were received from 79% of the participants within 1 day. 95% of reported injuries were classified through the telephone interview within a week, and 67% were diagnosed by medical personnel. Comparisons between reported injuries from SPEx and OSTRC demonstrated fair (κ = 39.5% [25.1%‐54.0%]) to substantial prevalence‐adjusted bias‐adjusted kappa (PABAK = 66.8% [95% CI 58.0%‐75.6%]) agreement. The average injury severity score difference between SPEx and the OSTRC approach was −0.2 (95% CI −3.69‐3.29) of possible 100 with 95% limits of agreement from(−14.81‐14.41).

These results support the feasibility and validity of the SPEx injury surveillance system in elite youth sport. Future studies should evaluate the external validity of SPEx system in different cohorts of athletes.
Archaean crustal growth through successive partial melting events in an oceanic plateau‐like setting in the Tanzania Craton
Authors: Sanislav Ioan V. , Blenkinsop Thomas G. , Dirks Paul H. G. M.
Published: December 2017

The detrital zircon population in quartzitic conglomerates from the northern Tanzania Craton yield ages between 2640 Ma and 2790 Ma which includes most of the igneous history from this part of the craton. The igneous evolution is characterised by mafic volcanism with an oceanic plateau‐like geochemical signature at ~2800 Ma followed by diorite and tonalite–trondhjemite–granodiorite dominated magmatism between 2790 and 2700 Ma, which transitioned into more evolved high‐K magmatism between 2700 and 2620 Ma. The εHf values of the detrital zircons range from +2.4 to −1.4 and change with time from radiogenic Hf pre‐2700 Ma (98% positive εHf) to unradiogenic Hf post‐2700 Ma (41% positive εHf). The petrological progression from mafic to felsic crust is reflected in the detrital age distribution and Hf isotopes and is consistent with juvenile mafic crust slowly maturing into more evolved felsic crust through a series of successive partial melting events in an oceanic‐plateau‐like environment.
Timing of collision initiation and location of the Scandian orogenic suture in the Scandinavian Caledonides
Authors: Slagstad Trond , Kirkland Christopher L.
Published: December 2017

The Scandinavian Caledonides represent a classical example of a deeply eroded Himalayan‐style orogen formed during Baltica–Laurentia continent collision. We propose that initial contact along continental‐margin promontories led to a drop in convergence rate, resulting in increased slab rollback along parts of the margin still undergoing oceanic subduction. Slab rollback caused extension of the overlying lithosphere with orogen‐wide emplacement of mafic layered intrusions, ophiolite formation and bimodal magmatism at 438–434 Ma, in what immediately thereafter became the upper plate (Laurentia) in the Scandian continent–continent collision. A compilation of magmatic ages provides evidence of long‐lived, Ordovician arc magmatism in units above the suture, which is essentially absent below the suture. This model provides a tight constraint on the timing of collision initiation, and provides a framework by which tectonic units comprising the Scandinavian Caledonides can be assigned a Baltican or more exotic heritage.
External adjustment in oil exporters: The role of fiscal policy and the exchange rate
Authors: Behar Alberto , Fouejieu Armand
Published: December 2017

After the decline in oil prices, many oil exporters face the need to improve their external balances. Special characteristics of oil exporters make the exchange rate an ineffective instrument for this purpose and give fiscal policy a sizeable role. These conclusions are supported by regression analysis of the determinants of the current account balance and of the trade balance. The results show little or no relationship with the exchange rate and, especially for the less diversified oil exporters, a strong relationship with the fiscal balance or government spending.
What drives the capital flows into BRICS economies?
Authors: Swamy Vighneswara , Narayanamurthy Vijayakumar
Published: December 2017

Understanding what drives the capital flows has important policy implications for countries in managing the direction and magnitude of such flows. This paper empirically investigates the main drivers of capital flows into the fast‐growing BRICS countries, in the backdrop of their growing inward capital flows. Employing a fully balanced panel for the period 1995–2015, we focus on, among others, the hitherto commonly untested variables: sovereign credit ratings, economic freedom and ease of doing business ranking of these countries. In searching for the relevant interaction and causality among the drivers of capital flows, we employ the panel Granger causality test to arrive at the policy implications. The results suggest that market size is a significant driver of capital flows. In addition to infrastructure, economic freedom in the host countries, ease of doing business ranking and sovereign credit ratings are the main drivers in the long‐run growth of capital flows.
Atomic layer deposition frequency-multiplied Fresnel zone plates for hard x-rays focusing
Authors: Moldovan Nicolaie , Divan Ralu , Zeng Hongjun , Ocola Leonidas E. , De Andrade Vincent , Wojcik Michael
Published: December 2017

The design and fabrication of Fresnel zone plates for hard x-ray focusing up to 25 keV photon energies with better than 50 nm imaging half-pitch resolution is reported as performed by forming an ultrananocrystalline diamond (UNCD) scaffold, subsequently coating it with atomic layer deposition (ALD) with an absorber/phase shifting material, followed by back side etching of Si to form a diamond membrane device. The scaffold is formed by chemical vapor-deposited UNCD, electron beam lithography, and deep-reactive ion etching of diamond to desired specifications. The benefits of using diamond are as follows: improved mechanical robustness to prevent collapse of high-aspect-ratio ring structures, a known high-aspect-ratio etch method, excellent radiation hardness, extremely low x-ray absorption, and significantly improved thermal/dimensional stability as compared to alternative materials. Central to the technology is the high-resolution patterning of diamond membranes at wafer scale, which was pushed to 60 nm lines and spaces etched 2.2-μm-deep, to an aspect ratio of 36:1. The absorber growth was achieved by ALD of Ir, Pt, or W, while wafer-level processing allowed to obtain up to 121 device chips per 4 in. wafer with yields better than 60%. X-ray tests with such zone plates allowed resolving 50 nm lines and spaces, at the limit of the available resolution test structures.
Atomically dispersed vanadium oxides on multiwalled carbon nanotubes via atomic layer deposition: A multiparameter optimization
Authors: Düngen Pascal , Greiner Mark , Böhm Karl-Heinz , Spanos Ioannis , Huang Xing , Auer Alexander A. , Schlögl Robert , Heumann Saskia
Published: December 2017

The focus of the present work is to investigate the bonding characteristics of vanadium oxide species to different oxygen functional groups on multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT). Atomic layer deposition (ALD) was used to deposit atomically dispersed vanadium oxide species on MWCNT. To generate atomically dispersed vanadium, only one ALD cycle was applied for the deposition of vanadium. The MWCNT functional groups that are involved in the deposition process were identified by thermal analysis and grafting experiments. A variety of ALD process parameters were tested, and revealed that purging times between dosing of vanadium precursor and dosing of water as coreactant had a strong influence on the ratio of vanadium species that are physisorbed or chemisorbed to the MWCNT. The ALD process parameters were optimized to focus on the immobilization of the vanadium due to a chemical bond between vanadium species and MWCNT. Because of the direct correlation between catalytic stability and immobility of the vanadium species, the importance of knowledge about the influence of the ALD parameter onto the bond formation is essential. Raman spectroscopy and high resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy images were used to prove the single site structure of the vanadium oxide.
Analysis of the Genes Involved in Thiocyanate Oxidation during Growth in Continuous Culture of the Haloalkaliphilic Sulfur-Oxidizing Bacterium Thioalkalivibrio thiocyanoxidans ARh 2TUsing Transcriptomics
Authors: Berben Tom , Balkema Cherel , Sorokin Dimitry Y. , Muyzer Gerard
Published: December 2017

Thiocyanate is a moderately toxic and chemically stable sulfur compound that is produced by both natural and industrial processes. Despite its significance as a pollutant, knowledge of the microbial degradation of thiocyanate is very limited. Therefore, investigation of thiocyanate oxidation in haloalkaliphiles such as the genusThioalkalivibriomay lead to improved biotechnological applications in wastewater remediation.