bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Pitfall with PIT Tags: Reduced Detection Efficiency of Half-Duplex Passive Integrated Transponders in Groups of Marked Fish
Authors: Schmidt Thomas , Löb Christian , Schreiber Benjamin , Schulz Ralf
Published: July 2016

We quantified the loss of detection efficiency of passive integrated transponders as a function of group size in groups of marked fish and dummies for two different single half-duplex (HDX) antenna systems in the lab and in the field. Video cameras were used to determine group size, and detection efficiencies were calculated from the number of tags successfully detected. We used Cyprinidae species tagged with 12-mm tags in the lab and dummies containing 12- and 23-mm tags (separately and combined) in the field. Detection efficiencies decreased sharply with increasing group size, independently of experimental conditions. With three tags passing as a group, estimated detection efficiencies were as much as 85%. For groups of 15 tags, the detection efficiency was as low as 16%. Using different sized tags together revealed that the presence of larger tags can reduce the detection efficiency for smaller tags to values close to zero (3%). We conclude that the detection efficiency of HDX antennas are reduced when two or more tags appear simultaneously. This potential reduction of detection efficiency has to be considered carefully in experimental design.

Received January 14, 2016; accepted March 29, 2016 Published online July 20, 2016
Where do dialectal effects on speech processing come from? Evidence from a cross-dialect investigation
Authors: Larraza Saioa , Samuel Arthur G. , Oñederra Miren Lourdes
Published: July 2016

Accented speech has been seen as an additional impediment for speech processing; it usually adds linguistic and cognitive load to the listener's task. In the current study we analyse where the processing costs of regional dialects come from, a question that has not been answered yet. We quantify the proficiency of Basque–Spanish bilinguals who have different native dialects of Basque on many dimensions and test for costs at each of three levels of processing–phonemic discrimination, word recognition, and semantic processing. The ability to discriminate a dialect-specific contrast is affected by a bilingual's linguistic background less than lexical access is, and an individual's difficulty in lexical access is correlated with basic discrimination problems. Once lexical access is achieved, dialectal variation has little impact on semantic processing. The results are discussed in terms of the presence or absence of correlations between different processing levels. The implications of the results are considered for how models of spoken word recognition handle dialectal variation.
Epistemological lacunae in conceptualising political structure: a solution from field theory
Authors: Singh Sourabh
Published: July 2016

Three schools of thought – focusing on the party system, political elite networks, and political institutions, respectively – have dominated previous discussions of political structure. In this article, I show that these perspectives share the common weakness of failing to take into account political actors’ points of view on the meaning of politics, making them incapable of explaining the reproduction or the transformation of political structures. The main epistemological insight of Bourdieu’s field theory is that the notion of social structure must be developed by taking into account the viewpoint of field actors competing with each other to define the true meaning of membership in their field. I argue that adopting this insight in the study of politics makes it possible to simultaneously account for both the everyday reproduction of political structure and the potential for its radical transformation.
Empowered individualism in world culture: Agency and equality in Canadian textbooks, 1871–2006
Authors: Bromley Patricia
Published: July 2016

The sacred status of individuals is a central pillar of world culture in research on education and beyond. The intended socialisation of students is increasingly to become empowered individuals who respect human equality and diversity in a globally interconnected world. At the same time we have little understanding of what exactly the concept of individual empowerment means or how to capture it empirically. This study builds on prior observations about the growing status of individuals by delineating the rise of two separate but related dimensions of empowerment – agency and equality – and outlining the rise of these dimensions in the Canadian educational context. To this end, it draws on a unique dataset consisting of a systematically designed coding of 80 history, civics, and social studies textbooks used in Canada from 1871 to 2006. Refining the concept of individual empowerment reveals that its manifestations are shaped by the local context, in addition to the influences that come from world culture. Overall, increasingly empowered individuals and the structures they create (often organisations and associations of various types) become key actors in national and international society. Looking to the future, if taken to an extreme, expansions in individual empowerment may lead to instances of ‘hyper-empowerment’, where depictions and enactments of individual choice, control, and equality far outpace reasonable expectations.
Ω-results for the hyperbolic lattice point problem
Authors: Chatzakos Dimitrios
Published: July 2016

ForΓ\Gammaa cocompact or cofinite Fuchsian group, we study the lattice point problem on the Riemann surfaceΓ∖H\Gamma \backslash \mathbb {H}. The main asymptotic for the counting of the orbitΓz\Gamma zinside a circle of radiusrrcentered atzzgrows likecerc e^r. Phillips and Rudnick studiedΩ\Omega-results for the error term and mean results inrrfor the normalized error term. We investigate the normalized error term in the natural parameterX=2cosh⁡rX=2 \cosh rand proveΩ±\Omega _{\pm }-results for the orbitΓw\Gamma wand circle centered atzz, even forz≠wz \neq w.
Hochschild homology and trivial extension algebras
Authors: Bergh Petter , Madsen Dag
Published: July 2016

We prove that if an algebra is either selfinjective, local or graded, then the Hochschild homology dimension of its trivial extension is infinite.
Ergodic measures on compact metric spaces for isometric actions by inductively compact groups
Authors: Qiu Yanqi
Published: July 2016

We obtain a partial converse of Vershik’s description of ergodic probability measures on a compact metric space with respect to an isometric action by an inductively compact group. This allows us to identify, in this setting, the set of ergodic probability measures with the set of weak limit points of orbital measures. We also show that for a general action of an inductively compact group, the weak limit of orbital measures can fail to be ergodic.
PReFerSim: fast simulation of demography and selection under the Poisson Random Field model
Authors: Ortega-Del Vecchyo Diego , Marsden Clare D. , Lohmueller Kirk E.
Published: July 2016

Summary: The Poisson Random Field (PRF) model has become an important tool in population genetics to study weakly deleterious genetic variation under complicated demographic scenarios. Currently, there are no freely available software applications that allow simulation of genetic variation data under this model. Here we present PReFerSim, an ANSI C program that performs forward simulations under the PRF model. PReFerSim models changes in population size, arbitrary amounts of inbreeding, dominance and distributions of selective effects. Users can track summaries of genetic variation over time and output trajectories of selected alleles.

Availability and Implementation: PReFerSim is freely available at: https://github.com/LohmuellerLab/PReFerSim

Contact:  klohmueller@ucla.edu

Supplementary information:  Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
The unseen planets of double belt debris disc systems
Authors: Shannon Andrew , Bonsor Amy , Kral Quentin , Matthews Elisabeth
Published: July 2016

The gap between two component debris discs is often taken to be carved by intervening planets scattering away the remnant planetesimals. We employ N-body simulations to determine how the time needed to clear the gap depends on the location of the gap and the mass of the planets. We invert this relation, and provide an equation for the minimum planet mass, and another for the expected number of such planets, that must be present to produce an observed gap for a star of a given age. We show how this can be combined with upper limits on the planetary system from direct imaging non-detections (such as with GPI or SPHERE) to produce approximate knowledge of the planetary system.
The Short-term Impact of Unconditional Cash Transfers to the Poor: Experimental
Evidence from Kenya*
Authors: Haushofer Johannes , Shapiro Jeremy
Published: July 2016

We use a randomized controlled trial to study the response of poor households in rural Kenya to unconditional cash transfers from the NGO GiveDirectly. The transfers differ from other programs in that they are explicitly unconditional, large, and concentrated in time. We randomized at both the village and household levels; furthermore, within the treatment group, we randomized recipient gender (wife versus husband), transfer timing (lump-sum transfer versus monthly installments), and transfer magnitude (US$404 PPP versus US$1,525 PPP). We find a strong consumption response to transfers, with an increase in household monthly consumption from $158 PPP to $193 PPP nine months after the transfer began. Transfer recipients experience large increases in psychological well-being. We find no overall effect on levels of the stress hormone cortisol, although there are differences across some subgroups. Monthly transfers are more likely than lump-sum transfers to improve food security, whereas lump-sum transfers are more likely to be spent on durables, suggesting that households face savings and credit constraints. Together, these results suggest that unconditional cash transfers have significant impacts on economic outcomes and psychological well-being.
Stereotypes*
Authors: Bordalo Pedro , Coffman Katherine , Gennaioli Nicola , Shleifer Andrei
Published: July 2016

We present a model of stereotypes based on Kahneman and Tversky’s representativeness heuristic. A decision maker assesses a target group by overweighting its representative types, defined as the types that occur more frequently in that group than in a baseline reference group. Stereotypes formed this way contain a “kernel of truth”: they are rooted in true differences between groups. Because stereotypes focus on differences, they cause belief distortions, particularly when groups are similar. Stereotypes are also context dependent: beliefs about a group depend on the characteristics of the reference group. In line with our predictions, beliefs in the lab about abstract groups and beliefs in the field about political groups are context dependent and distorted in the direction of representative types.
Waging a war on warts
Authors: Pullen Richard L. , Pinter Kim
Published: July 2016

Usually considered a benign skin disease, warts can be painful and unsightly, affecting your patients' comfort and body image.
Pediatric Orthopaedic Trauma and Associated Injuries of Snowmobile, ATV, and Dirtbike Accidents: A 19-Year Experience at a Level 1 Pediatric Trauma Center
Authors: Shannon Steven F. , Hernandez Nicholas M. , Sems Stephen A. , Larson Annalise N. , Milbrandt Todd A.
Published: July 2016

Objectives:

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the type and severity of orthopaedic and associated injuries for snowmobile, All-terrain vehicles (ATV) and motorized dirtbike accidents in a pediatric patient population.

Methods:

A total of 758 patients who presented following either snowmobile (n=87), ATV-related (n=308) or dirtbike (n=363)-related trauma at our institution between 1996 and 2015 were retrospectively reviewed.

Results:

A total of 441 axial and appendicular fractures occurred requiring 533 procedures. Snowmobile and dirtbike accidents were associated with a higher rate of fractures (63%, 64%) than the ATV group (50%) (P=0.0008). Snowmobile injuries had the highest rate of spinal (23%) and lower extremity fractures (53%) (P=0.0004). Snowmobile and dirtbike cohorts had higher rate of femur fractures (22%, 17%, P=0.001) whereas the ATV cohort had higher rates of upper extremity (18%), hand (11%), scapula (4.6%), and open fractures (28.6%) (P<0.01). Head trauma was the most commonly associated injury in 275 patients with the highest rate in the ATV group (44%) who also had the highest rate of no helmet use (76%). Snowmobile and ATV patients had higher Injury Severity Score (11.3, 9.6) than dirtbike patients (7.8) (P=0.001). ATV patients were found to be younger (11.8 y) compared with snowmobile (13.2 y) and dirtbike (13.5 y) (P<0.01).

Conclusions:

Pediatric snowmobile, ATV and dirtbike accidents result in severe orthopaedic and associated injuries with each vehicle demonstrating significantly different injury patterns. Injury prevention should focus on improved safety mechanisms, protective gear, safe areas for off-road vehicle use and strict laws with minimum age requirements

Level of Evidence:

Level IV.
Amino Acid–based Formula in Cow's Milk Allergy
Authors: Canani Roberto Berni , Nocerino Rita , Frediani Tullio , Lucarelli Sandra , Di Scala Carmen , Varin Elena , Leone Ludovica , Muraro Antonella , Agostoni Carlo
Published: July 2016

Objectives:

The long‐term effects of amino acid–based formula (AAF) in the treatment of cow's milk allergy (CMA) are largely unexplored. The present study comparatively evaluates body growth and protein metabolism in CMA children treated with AAF or with extensively hydrolyzed whey formula (eHWF), and healthy controls.

Methods:

A 12‐month multicenter randomized control trial was conducted in outpatients with CMA (age 5–12 m) randomized in 2 groups, treated with AAF (group 1) and eHWF (group 2), and compared with healthy controls (group 3) fed with follow‐on (if age <12 months) or growing‐up formula (if age >12 months). At enrolment (T0), after 3 (T3), 6 (T6), and 12 months (T12) a clinical evaluation was performed. At T0 and T3, in subjects with CMA serum levels of albumin, urea, total protein, retinol‐binding protein, and insulin‐like growth factor 1 were measured.

Results:

Twenty‐one subjects in group 1 (61.9% boys, age 6.5 ± 1.5 months), 19 in group 2 (57.9% boys, age 7 ± 1.7 months) and 25 subjects in group 3 (48% boys, age 5.5 ± 0.5 months) completed the study. At T0, the weight z score was similar in group 1 (−0.74) and 2 (−0.76), with differences compared to group 3 (−0.17, P < 0.05). At T12, the weight z score value was similar between the 3 groups without significant differences. There were no significant changes in protein metabolism in children in groups 1 and 2.

Conclusion:

Long‐term treatment with AAF is safe and allows adequate body growth in children with CMA.
First-in-Human Trial of MIV-150 and Zinc Acetate Coformulated in a Carrageenan Gel: Safety, Pharmacokinetics, Acceptability, Adherence, and Pharmacodynamics
Authors: Friedland Barbara A. , Hoesley Craig J. , Plagianos Marlena , Hoskin Elena , Zhang Shimin , Teleshova Natalia , Alami Mohcine , Novak Lea , Kleinbeck Kyle R. , Katzen Lauren L. , Zydowsky Thomas M. , Fernández-Romero José A. , Creasy George W.
Published: July 2016

Objective:

To evaluate the safety and pharmacokinetics of MIV-150 and zinc acetate in a carrageenan gel (PC-1005). Acceptability, adherence, and pharmacodynamics were also explored.

Design:

A 3-day open-label safety run-in (n = 5) preceded a placebo-controlled, double-blind trial in healthy, HIV-negative, abstinent women randomized (4:1) to vaginally apply 4 mL of PC-1005 or placebo once daily for 14 days.

Methods:

Assessments included physical examinations, safety labs, colposcopy, biopsies, cervicovaginal lavages (CVLs), and behavioral questionnaires. MIV-150 (plasma, CVL, tissue), zinc (plasma, CVL), and carrageenan (CVL) concentrations were determined with LC-MS/MS, ICP-MS, and ELISA, respectively. CVL antiviral activity was measured using cell-based assays. Safety, acceptability, and adherence were analyzed descriptively. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using noncompartmental techniques and actual sampling times. CVL antiviral EC50 values were calculated using a dose–response inhibition analysis.

Results:

Participants (n = 20) ranged from 19–44 years old; 52% were black or African American. Among those completing the trial (13/17, PC-1005; 3/3, placebo), 11/17 reported liking the gel overall; 7 recommended reducing the volume. Adverse events, which were primarily mild and/or unrelated, were comparable between groups. Low systemic MIV-150 levels were observed, without accumulation. Plasma zinc levels were unchanged from baseline. Seven of seven CVLs collected 4-hour postdose demonstrated antiviral (HIV, human papillomavirus) activity. High baseline CVL anti–herpes-simplex virus type-2 (HSV-2) activity precluded assessment of postdose activity.

Conclusions:

PC-1005 used vaginally for 14 days was well tolerated. Low systemic levels of MIV-150 were observed. Plasma zinc levels were unchanged. Postdose CVLs had anti-HIV and anti–human papillomavirus activity. These data warrant further development of PC-1005 for HIV and sexually transmitted infection prevention.
Platelet-Rich Plasma Increases Pigmentation
Authors: Uysal Cagri A. , Ertas Nilgun Markal
Published: July 2016

Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is an autologous solution of plasma containing 4 to 7 times the baseline concentration of human platelets. Platelet-rich plasma has been widely popular in facial rejuvenation to attenuate wrinkles and has been practically used. The authors have been encountering various patients of increased hiperpigmentation following PRP applications that were performed to attenuate the postinflammatory hiperpigmentation especially after laser treatment. The authors have been using PRP for facial rejuvenation in selected patients and in 1 patient the authors have encountered increased pigmentation over the pigmented skin lesions that were present before the application. The authors recommend that the PRP might increase pigmentation especially in the face region and precautions might be taken before and after the application. Platelet-rich plasma should not be used for the treatment of post inflammatory hiperpigmentation.
Comparison of Selegiline and Rasagiline Therapies in Parkinson Disease: A Real-life Study
Authors: Peretz Chava , Segev Hagar , Rozani Violet , Gurevich Tanya , El-Ad Baruch , Tsamir Judith , Giladi Nir
Published: July 2016

Background

We aimed to compare indicators of Parkinson disease (PD) progression between patients first prescribed either selegiline or rasagiline as their antiparkinsonian drugs (APDs) on the basis of real-life data.

Methods

Pharmacy data on members of a large Israeli health maintenance organization, treated as patients with PD during 2001–2012 and prescribed selegiline or rasagiline as their first APD, were analyzed. The first APD was selegiline for 349 patients (2001–2006) and rasagiline for 485 patients (2007–2012). Time from monoamine oxidase type B inhibitor prescription until initiating treatment with dopamine agonists (DAs) or levodopa was compared between the groups using Cox regression adjusted to sex and age at initiation of APD.

Results

The selegiline group was significantly older at first monoamine oxidase type B inhibitor purchase. In a similar follow-up time (3.0 [1.7] year for selegiline group, 3.1 y [1.4] for rasagiline group), the time to initiation of levodopa treatment did not differ between the 2 groups (adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 1.06; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.86–1.31). The time to initiation of DA treatment was longer in the selegiline group (adjusted HR, 1.93; 95% CI, 1.49–2.53). For those who were treated with DA before levodopa (n = 276), the time to initiation of levodopa treatment was longer in the rasagiline group (adjusted HR, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.56–1.07).

Conclusions

The similarity in time to levodopa in both groups suggests no differences between selegiline and rasagiline in their effect on the natural history of PD. A possible interaction effect between rasagiline and DA might exist. A better symptomatic profile of selegiline more than that of rasagiline in the earlier stages of PD may explain the difference between the 2 groups in time to DA initiation.
Control theory meets synthetic biology
Authors: Del Vecchio Domitilla , Dy Aaron J. , Qian Yili
Published: July 2016

The past several years have witnessed an increased presence of control theoretic concepts in synthetic biology. This review presents an organized summary of how these control design concepts have been applied to tackle a variety of problems faced when building synthetic biomolecular circuits in living cells. In particular, we describe success stories that demonstrate how simple or more elaborate control design methods can be used to make the behaviour of synthetic genetic circuits within a single cell or across a cell population more reliable, predictable and robust to perturbations. The description especially highlights technical challenges that uniquely arise from the need to implement control designs within a new hardware setting, along with implemented or proposed solutions. Some engineering solutions employing complex feedback control schemes are also described, which, however, still require a deeper theoretical analysis of stability, performance and robustness properties. Overall, this paper should help synthetic biologists become familiar with feedback control concepts as they can be used in their application area. At the same time, it should provide some domain knowledge to control theorists who wish to enter the rising and exciting field of synthetic biology.
H
2
production by the photocatalytic reforming of cellulose and raw biomass using Ni, Pd, Pt and Au on titania
Authors: Caravaca A. , Jones W. , Hardacre C. , Bowker M.
Published: July 2016

Here, we report a method for sustainable hydrogen production using sunlight and biomass. It is shown that cellulose can be photoreformed to produce hydrogen, even in solid form, by use of metal-loaded titania photocatalysts. The experiments performed verified that the process is enabled by initial hydrolysis via glucose, which itself is shown to be efficiently converted to produce hydrogen by photocatalysis. Importantly, it is shown that not only precious metals such as Pt, Pd and Au can be used as the metal component, but also much more economic and less environmentally damaging Ni is effective. Even more importantly, we show for the first time, to the best our knowledge, that fescue grass as raw biomass can be effective for hydrogen production without significant pre-treatment. This provides additional benefits for the efficiency of biomass hydrogen production, because fewer processing steps for the raw material are required than in the production of purer forms of cellulose, for example.
Stability of a flexible structure with destabilizing boundary conditions
Authors: Shubov M. , Shubov V.
Published: July 2016

The Euler–Bernoulli beam model with non-dissipative boundary conditions of feedback control type is investigated. Components of the two-dimensional input vector are shear and moment at the right end, and components of the observation vector are time derivatives of displacement and slope at the right end. The codiagonal matrix depending on two control parameters relates input and observation. The paper contains five results. First, asymptotic approximation for eigenmodes is derived. Second, ‘the main identity’ is established. It provides a relation between mode shapes of two systems: one with non-zero control parameters and the other one with zero control parameters. Third, when one control parameter is positive and the other one is zero, ‘the main identity’ yields stability of all eigenmodes (though the system is non-dissipative). Fourth, the stability of eigenmodes is extended to the case when one control parameter is positive, and the other one is sufficiently small. Finally, existence and properties of ‘deadbeat’ modes are investigated.
Loose powder detection and surface characterization in selective laser sintering via optical coherence tomography
Authors: Guan Guangying , Hirsch Matthias , Syam Wahyudin P. , Leach Richard K. , Huang Zhihong , Clare Adam T.
Published: July 2016

Defects produced during selective laser sintering (SLS) are difficult to non-destructively detect after build completion without the use of X-ray-based methods. Overcoming this issue by assessing integrity on a layer-by-layer basis has become an area of significant interest for users of SLS apparatus. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is used in this study to detect surface texture and sub-surface powder, which is un-melted/insufficiently sintered, is known to be a common cause of poor part integrity and would prevent the use of SLS where applications dictate assurance of defect-free parts. To demonstrate the capability of the instrument and associated data-processing algorithms, samples were built with graduated porosities which were embedded in fully dense regions in order to simulate defective regions. Simulated
in situ
measurements were then correlated with the process parameters used to generate variable density regions. Using this method, it is possible to detect loose powder and differentiate between densities of ±5% at a sub-surface depth of approximately 300 μm. In order to demonstrate the value of OCT as a surface-profiling technique, surface texture datasets are compared with focus variation microscopy. Comparable results are achieved after a spatial bandwidth- matching procedure.
Point vortex interactions on a toroidal surface
Authors: Sakajo Takashi , Shimizu Yuuki
Published: July 2016

Owing to non-constant curvature and a handle structure, it is not easy to imagine intuitively how flows with vortex structures evolve on a toroidal surface compared with those in a plane, on a sphere and a flat torus. In order to cultivate an insight into vortex interactions on this manifold, we derive the evolution equation for
N
-point vortices from Green's function associated with the Laplace–Beltrami operator there, and we then formulate it as a Hamiltonian dynamical system with the help of the symplectic geometry and the uniformization theorem. Based on this Hamiltonian formulation, we show that the 2-vortex problem is integrable. We also investigate the point vortex equilibria and the motion of two-point vortices with the strengths of the same magnitude as one of the fundamental vortex interactions. As a result, we find some characteristic interactions between point vortices on the torus. In particular, two identical point vortices can be locally repulsive under a certain circumstance.
A non-classical Mindlin plate model incorporating microstructure, surface energy and foundation effects
Authors: Gao X.-L. , Zhang G. Y.
Published: July 2016

A non-classical model for a Mindlin plate resting on an elastic foundation is developed in a general form using a modified couple stress theory, a surface elasticity theory and a two-parameter Winkler–Pasternak foundation model. It includes all five kinematic variables possible for a Mindlin plate. The equations of motion and the complete boundary conditions are obtained simultaneously through a variational formulation based on Hamilton's principle, and the microstructure, surface energy and foundation effects are treated in a unified manner. The newly developed model contains one material length-scale parameter to describe the microstructure effect, three surface elastic constants to account for the surface energy effect, and two foundation parameters to capture the foundation effect. The current non-classical plate model reduces to its classical elasticity-based counterpart when the microstructure, surface energy and foundation effects are all suppressed. In addition, the new model includes the Mindlin plate models considering the microstructure dependence or the surface energy effect or the foundation influence alone as special cases, recovers the Kirchhoff plate model incorporating the microstructure, surface energy and foundation effects, and degenerates to the Timoshenko beam model including the microstructure effect. To illustrate the new Mindlin plate model, the static bending and free vibration problems of a simply supported rectangular plate are analytically solved by directly applying the general formulae derived.
Detecting black bear source–sink dynamics using individual-based genetic graphs
Authors: Draheim Hope M. , Moore Jennifer A. , Etter Dwayne , Winterstein Scott R. , Scribner Kim T.
Published: July 2016

Source–sink dynamics affects population connectivity, spatial genetic structure and population viability for many species. We introduce a novel approach that uses individual-based genetic graphs to identify source–sink areas within a continuously distributed population of black bears (Ursus americanus) in the northern lower peninsula (NLP) of Michigan, USA. Black bear harvest samples (n= 569, from 2002, 2006 and 2010) were genotyped at 12 microsatellite loci and locations were compared across years to identify areas of consistent occupancy over time. We compared graph metrics estimated for a genetic model with metrics from 10 ecological models to identify ecological factors that were associated with sources and sinks. We identified 62 source nodes, 16 of which represent important source areas (net flux > 0.7) and 79 sink nodes. Source strength was significantly correlated with bear local harvest density (a proxy for bear density) and habitat suitability. Additionally, resampling simulations showed our approach is robust to potential sampling bias from uneven sample dispersion. Findings demonstrate black bears in the NLP exhibit asymmetric gene flow, and individual-based genetic graphs can characterize source–sink dynamics in continuously distributed species in the absence of discrete habitat patches. Our findings warrant consideration of undetected source–sink dynamics and their implications on harvest management of game species.
CLIMB (the Cloud Infrastructure for Microbial Bioinformatics): an online resource for the medical microbiology community
Authors: Connor Thomas R. , Loman Nicholas J. , Thompson Simon , Smith Andy , Southgate Joel , Poplawski Radoslaw , Bull Matthew J. , Richardson Emily , Ismail Matthew , Elwood-Thompson Simon , Kitchen Christine , Guest Martyn , Bakke Marius , Sheppard Sam K. , Pallen Mark J.
Published: July 2016

The increasing availability and decreasing cost of high-throughput sequencing has transformed academic medical microbiology, delivering an explosion in available genomes while also driving advances in bioinformatics. However, many microbiologists are unable to exploit the resulting large genomics datasets because they do not have access to relevant computational resources and to an appropriate bioinformatics infrastructure. Here, we present the Cloud Infrastructure for Microbial Bioinformatics (CLIMB) facility, a shared computing infrastructure that has been designed from the ground up to provide an environment where microbiologists can share and reuse methods and data.

DATA SUMMARY

The paper describes a new, freely available public resource and therefore no data has been generated. The resource can be accessed athttp://www.climb.ac.uk. Source code for software developed for the project can be found athttp://github.com/MRC-CLIMB/

I/We confirm all supporting data, code and protocols have been provided within the article or through supplementary data files.

IMPACT STATEMENT

Technological advances mean that genome sequencing is now relatively simple, quick, and affordable. However, handling large genome datasets remains a significant challenge for many microbiologists, with substantial requirements for computational resources and expertise in data storage and analysis. This has led to fragmentary approaches to software development and data sharing that reduce the reproducibility of research and limits opportunities for bioinformatics training. Here, we describe a nationwide electronic infrastructure that has been designed to support the UK microbiology community, providing simple mechanisms for accessing large, shared, computational resources designed to meet the bioinformatic needs of microbiologists.
Towards robust evolutionary inference with integral projection models
Authors: Janeiro Maria João , Coltman David W. , Festa-Bianchet Marco , Pelletier Fanie , Morrissey Michael B.
Published: July 2016

Integral projection models (IPMs) are extremely flexible tools for ecological and evolutionary inference. IPMs track the distribution of phenotype in populations through time, using functions describing phenotype-dependent development, inheritance, survival and fecundity. For evolutionary inference, two important features of any model are the ability to (i) characterize relationships among traits (including values of the same traits across ages) within individuals, and (ii) characterize similarity between individuals and their descendants. In IPM analyses, the former depends on regressions of observed trait values at each age on values at the previous age (development functions), and the latter on regressions of offspring values at birth on parent values as adults (inheritance functions). We show analytically that development functions, characterized this way, will typically underestimate covariances of trait values across ages, due to compounding of regression to the mean across projection steps. Similarly, we show that inheritance, characterized this way, is inconsistent with a modern understanding of inheritance, and underestimates the degree to which relatives are phenotypically similar. Additionally, we show that the use of a constant biometric inheritance function, particularly with a constant intercept, is incompatible with evolution. Consequently, current implementations of IPMs will predict little or no phenotypic evolution, purely as artifacts of their construction. We present alternative approaches to constructing development and inheritance functions, based on a quantitative genetic approach, and show analytically and through an empirical example on a population of bighorn sheep how they can potentially recover patterns that are critical to evolutionary inference.
The population tracking model: A simple, scalable statistical model for neural population data
Authors: O’Donnell Cian , Gonçalves J. Tiago , Whiteley Nick , Portera-Cailliau Carlos , Sejnowski Terrence J.
Published: July 2016

Our understanding of neural population coding has been limited by a lack of analysis methods to characterize spiking data from large populations. The biggest challenge comes from the fact that the number of possible network activity patterns scales exponentially with the number of neurons recorded (∼ 2Neurons). Here we introduce a new statistical method for characterizing neural population activity that requires semi-independent fitting of only as many parameters as the square of the number of neurons, so requiring drastically smaller data sets and minimal computation time. The model works by matching the population rate (the number of neurons synchronously active) and the probability that each individual neuron fires given the population rate. We found that this model can accurately fit synthetic data from up to 1000 neurons. We also found that the model could rapidly decode visual stimuli from neural population data from macaque primary visual cortex, ∼ 65 ms after stimulus onset. Finally, we used the model to estimate the entropy of neural population activity in developing mouse somatosensory cortex and surprisingly found that it first increases, then decreases during development. This statistical model opens new options for interrogating neural population data, and can bolster the use of modern large-scale in vivo Ca2+and voltage imaging tools.
A causal role for right frontopolar cortex in directed, but not random, exploration
Authors: Zajkowski Wojciech , Kossut Malgorzata , Wilson Robert C.
Published: July 2016

The explore-exploit dilemma occurs anytime we must choose between exploring unknown options for information and exploiting known resources for reward. Previous work suggests that people use two different strategies to solve the explore-exploit dilemma: directed exploration driven by information seeking and random exploration driven by decision noise. Here, we show that these two strategies rely on different neural systems. Using transcranial magnetic stimulation to selectively inhibit right frontopolar cortex, we were able to selectively inhibit directed exploration while leaving random exploration intact, suggesting a causal role for right frontopolar cortex in directed, but not random, exploration.
Growth and annealing kinetics of α-sexithiophene and fullerene C60mixed films
Authors: Lorch Christopher , Broch Katharina , Belova Valentina , Duva Giuliano , Hinderhofer Alexander , Gerlach Alexander , Jankowski Maciej , Schreiber Frank
Published: July 2016

Thin films of α-sexithiophene (6T) and C60mixtures deposited on nSiO substrates at 303 and 373 K were investigated in real time andin situduring the film growth using X-ray diffraction. The mixtures are observed to contain the well known 6T low-temperature crystal phase and the β phase, which usually coexist in pure 6T films. The addition of C60modifies the structure to almost purely β-phase-dominated films if the substrate is at 303 K. In contrast, at 373 K the low-temperature crystal phase of 6T dominates the film growth of the mixtures. Post-growth annealing experiments up to 373 K on equimolar mixtures and pure 6T films were also performed and followed in real time with X-ray diffraction. Annealing of pure 6T films results in a strong increase of film ordering, whereas annealing of equimolar 6T:C60mixed films does not induce any significant changes in the film structure. These results lend further support to theories about the important influence of C60on the growth behaviour and structure formation process of 6T in mixtures of the two materials.
A computationally efficient method to solve the Takagi–Taupin equations for a large deformed crystal
Authors: Honkanen Ari-Pekka , Monaco Giulio , Huotari Simo
Published: July 2016

A treatise is presented on solving the Takagi–Taupin equations in the case of a strain field with an additional, spatially slowly varying component (owing to, for example, heat expansion or angular compression). It is shown that such a component typically has a negligible effect on the shape of the reflectivity curve when considering the reflectivity of a microscopic surface area of the crystal. However, it makes the centroid of that curve shift in terms of the wavelength (or the incidence angle) as a function of the position of the mentioned area, which alters the shape of the overall reflectivity curve integrated over the crystal's macroscopic surface. The validity of the method is demonstrated by comparing computed reflectivity curves with experimental ones for bent silicon wafers. A good agreement is observed.
Representing women? Leadership roles and women in Canadian broadcast news
Authors: Cukier Wendy , Jackson Samantha , Elmi Mohamed A. , Roach Erin , Cyr Darren
Published: July 2016

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to examine the representation of women in Canadian broadcast news coverage, exploring the notion of substantive representation as it relates to gender, leadership and framing.

Design/methodology/approach

Using computer-aided text analysis software, the authors analyzed the frequency of women appearing in on-air roles, the way in which they are framed, as well as technical and expressive details, such as how they are featured. In total, the authors analyzed representation of 2,031 individuals in the four suppertime local news broadcasts from 6 p.m. to 7 p.m. Framed in an ecological model of complex social change, this paper focuses on understanding how women are presented in Canadian broadcast media.

Findings

This study finds that women are under-represented in Canadian broadcast media. Furthermore, it finds that women are less likely to be framed as leaders or experts and are less likely to hold news host or anchor positions. For all major news broadcasters analyzed, women are less likely to be portrayed positively or in leadership/expert positions and are more often represented as victims. They are less likely to appear on screen and are more likely to be referred to off-screen, paraphrased and cited rather than speaking for themselves.

Research limitations/implications

By framing this study in an (critical) ecological, this study moved beyond required descriptive benchmarking to examine the degree of substantive representation of women. However, the sample of the study is only a snapshot of Canada’s largest city, and, therefore, more research involving further a comparative analysis of cities, a variety of print sources and online media outlets is needed. Future research might include more qualitative analysis of the representation, the type of representation and the factors affecting levels of representation. For example, such research might explore the practices in broadcast organizations, the way in which stories are framed and how guests selected. Also of interest is the relationship between women’s representation at the decision-making table, as an input, and the representation of women in on-air roles, as an outcome.

Practical implications

The implications of this article are important for understanding the complex factors affecting female leadership across sectors, particularly, the Canadian broadcast industry, the barriers they face and the strategies that may lead to their advancement.

Originality/value

This study moved beyond descriptive benchmarking to examine the degree of substantive representation of women by coding the frames, roles and means of quotation experienced by women on broadcast news.
Women managers, leaders and the media gaze
Authors: Mavin Sharon Anne , Elliott Carole , Stead Valerie , Williams Jannine
Published: July 2016

Purpose

The purpose of this special issue is to extend the Economic and Social Sciences Research Council (ESRC)-funded UK seminar series–Challenging Gendered Media (Mis)Representations of Women Professionals and Leaders; and to highlight research into the gendered media constructions of women managers and leaders and outline effective methods and methodologies into diverse media.

Design/methodology/approach

Gendered analysis of television, autobiographies (of Sheryl Sandberg, Karren Brady, Hillary Clinton and Julia Gillard), broadcast news media and media press through critical discourse analysis, thematic analysis, metaphor and computer-aided text analysis software following the format of the Gender Media Monitoring Project (2015) and [critical] ecological framework for advancing social change.

Findings

The papers surface the gendered nature of media constructions of women managers and leaders and offer methods and methodologies for others to follow to interrogate gendered media. Further, the papers discuss – how women’s leadership is glamourized, fetishized and sexualized; the embodiment of leadership for women; how popular culture can subvert the dominant gaze; how women use agency and how powerful gendered norms shape perceptions, discourses and norms and how these are resisted, repudiated and represented.

Practical implications

The papers focus upon how the media constructs women managers and leaders and offer implications of how media influences and is influenced by practice. There are recommendations provided as to how the media could itself be organized differently to reflect diverse audiences, and what can be done to challenge gendered media.

Social implications

Challenging gendered media representations of women managers and leaders is critical to social justice and equality for women in management and leadership.

Originality/value

This is an invited Special Issue comprising inaugural collection of research through which we get to “see” women and leaders and the gendered media gaze and to learn from research into popular culture through analysis of television, autobiographies and media press.
Gender, authentic leadership and identity: analysis of women leaders’ autobiographies
Authors: Kapasi Isla , Sang Katherine J.C. , Sitko Rafal
Published: July 2016

Purpose

Leadership theories have moved from viewing leadership as an innate trait, towards models that recognise leadership as a social construction. Alongside this theorisation, gender and leadership remain of considerable interest, particularly given the under-representation of women in leadership positions. Methodological approaches to understanding leadership have begun to embrace innovative methods, such as historical analyses. This paper aims to understand how high profile women leaders construct a gendered leadership identity, with particular reference to authentic leadership.

Design/methodology/approach

Thematic analysis of autobiographies, a form of identity work, of four women leaders from business and politics: Sheryl Sandberg, Karren Brady, Hillary Clinton and Julia Gillard.

Findings

Analyses reveal that these women construct gender and leadership along familiar normative lines; for example, the emphasis on personal and familial values. However, their stories differ in that the normative extends to include close examination of the body and a sense of responsibility to other women. Overall, media representations of these “authentic” leaders conform to social constructions of gender. Thus, in the case of authentic leadership, a theory presented as gender neutral, the authenticity of leadership has to some extent been crafted by the media rather than the leader.

Originality/value

The study reveals that despite attempts to “craft” and control the image of the authentic self for consumption by followers, gendered media representations of individuals and leadership remain. Thus, alternative approaches to crafting an authentic leadership self which extend beyond (mainstream) media is suggested.
Limits of Devolution: Localism, Economics and Post‐democracy
Authors: Tomaney John
Published: July 2016

This article challenges the narrowly founded but untroubled consensus about the alleged benefits of the Conservative government's devolution programme. It suggests that too much attention has been paid to purported benefits and too little regard to the potential risks, and draws attention to international evidence that suggests that the distribution of the benefits of devolution is crucially dependent on its design. It critically examines the case for the currently offered model of devolution and finds the underpinning economic model and limited forms of democratic accountability are likely to produce regressive social outcomes and the reinforcement of existing local elites. It calls for a wider public debate and fuller democratic scrutiny of the model of devolution on offer.