bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Recruitment agencies and unethical client requests: the ‘loyal matchmaker’ dilemma
Authors: Klein Galit , Ben Hador Batia
Published: May 2021

This research focuses on (non-)compliance with unethical requests in the context of external recruitment specialists and their susceptibility to the ‘loyal matchmaker’ dilemma. A total of 176 Israeli recruitment specialists were presented with ethical dilemmas in which a client makes an unethical request. The focal point of ethical obligation was measured based on the Basic Human Values theory. Results indicated direct and indirect connections with the readiness to comply with unethical requests. Conformism with agency rules exhibited a positive connection with compliance. Benevolence and universalism led to decreased readiness to comply with unethical requests, although this behaviour was contingent on the particular situation. Recruitment specialists who are high in self-direction altered their readiness to comply based on the stakeholders. By highlighting the difficulties faced by recruitment specialists vis-à-vis rooting their obligations to clients and job-seeking candidates in ethical standards, the results of this study have important theoretical and practical implications.
Personality traits and select socio-demographic variables as predictors of military morale: longitudinal research in the Estonian defence forces
Authors: Kasemaa Antek , Säälik Ülle
Published: May 2021

Military morale is a concept widely used to describe the motivational element of soldiers’ will to fight or “the energy that drives soldiers to perform qualitatively better in stressful conditions, characterised by enthusiasm and persistence when engaging in collective, i.e. unit-level activities”. This longitudinal study explored the interlink-ages between perceptions of military morale, the Big Five personality traits and select socio-demographic characteristics among the conscripts of the Estonian Defence Forces and predicting directly measurable individual and collective types of military morale. Moreover, the fluctuation of military morale over the training cycle of conscript service (11 months) was tracked. The findings indicate that at the start of military service, individual morale has a low or medium statistically significant correlation with conscripts’ personality traits, with Conscientiousness and Neuroticism demonstrating the strongest relations; however, the correlation with Neuroticism was negative. Additionally, when viewed throughout the course of the entire training cycle, the morale demonstrated a U-shaped progression, i.e. high at the beginning, dropping in the middle and rising back up at the end of military service. At the same time, socio-demographic variables demonstrated little or non-significant role in predicting individual or collective morale. The results indicate that morale fluctuates over time and is affected by personal characteristics. For practitioners, these results could help to reinforce the positive impact of morale on collective and individual performances.
Improvement of the Cargo Fleet Vessels Power Plants Ecological Indexes by Development of the Exhaust Gas Systems
Authors: Kuznetsov Valerii , Dymo Boris , Kuznetsova Svitlana , Bondarenko Mykola , Voloshyn Andrii
Published: May 2021

Modernisation of the power plants of cargo fleet vessels to satisfy the requirements set out by the International Maritime Organisation is an urgent scientific and technical problem. The article presents the results of developing a solution to this problem that focuses on the exhaust gas system. We propose the use of ejection nozzles as part of this system. It was found that when the ejection coefficient in these nozzles is n = 3, it is possible to exclude the use of SCR reactors, thus reducing the operating costs of the marine power plant. Using a mathematical modelling method, the efficiency of operation of six types of nozzle as part of the exhaust gas system was investigated, and a constructive layout was proposed for the gas ducts and inlet louvres for supplying ambient air.

To increase the efficiency of the proposed system, we consider several options for intensifying heat transfer processes through the use of dimple systems in the nozzles and nozzles with swirling flow. We found that these technical solutions would make it possible to further increase the efficiency of the systems by up to 19% abs.
Breast cancer during pregnancy: retrospective institutional case series
Authors: Matos Erika , Ovcaricek Tanja
Published: May 2021

Background

Pregnancy associated breast cancer is a rare disease. It presents a unique entity of breast cancer with aggressive phenotype. The main aim was to evaluate how the international guidelines were followed in daily practice.

Patients and methods

Data concerning patients’ and tumours’ characteristics, management, delivery and maternal outcome were recorded from institutional electronic database. In this paper a case series of pregnant breast cancer patients treated at single tertiary institution between 2007 and 2019 are presented and the key recommendations on managing such patients are summarized.

Results

Fourteen patients met the search criteria. The majority of tumours were high grade, triple negative or HER2 positive, two patients were de novo metastatic. Treatment plan was made for each patient by multidisciplinary team. Eight patients were treated with systemic chemotherapy with no excess toxicity or severe maternal/fetal adverse effects. In all but two patients, delivery was on term and without major complications. Only one event, which was not in whole accordance with international guidelines, was identified. It was the use of blue dye in one patient.

Conclusions

Women with pregnancy associated breast cancer should be managed like non-pregnant breast cancer patients and should expect a similar outcome, without causing harm to the unborn child. To achieve a good outcome in pregnancy associated breast cancer, a multidisciplinary approach is mandatory.
Thematic characteristics of the orientation part of the English version of Hikayat Deli text
Authors: Nurlela Nurlela , Sofyan Rudy , Ganie Rohani
Published: May 2021

As the first part of a narrative text, orientation should be able to attract the readers’ attention; therefore, it must be well organized. From the Systemic Functional Linguistics point of view, a well-organized text can be confirmed through its textual metafunction realized in theme and rheme. In addition to confirming a good organization of the clauses, theme-rheme interactions would make the text interesting. This paper aims at describing the thematic characteristics of the orientation of the English version of Hikayat Deli text (the translated text of Hikayat Deli). This study employed the data derived from the orientation part of the English version of Hikayat Deli text which was analyzed using content analysis. The results of data analysis showed that: (1) unmarked themes dominated the use of theme in the orientation part of the English version of Hikayat Deli text, (2) the story characters (participants) were used most frequently as the clause themes, and (3) conjunctions and conjunctives (textual themes) were the elements of multiple themes most frequently used in the orientation part of the English version of Hikayat Deli text. It is concluded that the choice of theme elements helps in constructing a well-organized orientation and in facilitating the easy understanding to readers of what the rest of the text is about.
Kinship terminology of the Bau-Jagoi Bidayuh in Sarawak, Malaysia
Authors: Campbell Yvonne Michelle
Published: May 2021

This paper explores the kinship terms of the Bidayuh of Sarawak, focusing on the Bau-Jagoi subgroup variation as well as their cultural concept of kinship. The data for this paper was obtained through participant observation and interviews with four informants from two villages in Bau District, Sarawak, Malaysia, which are Kupuo Sarasot, located in the Jagoi area and Kupuo Barieng in the Singai area. The data analysis showed that the Bidayuh held on firmly to the Madih concept¸ in which all members of the village are considered ‘one family’.  The Bidayuh kinship terms do refer to birth order but with emphasis on the older generations. Gender is not emphasized in the Bidayuh kinship terms but refers to a specific gender. Two main adjectives are added after the kinship terms, which are dari’ (male) and dayung (female). The address terms also focus on the older generations while most of the younger generations are addressed by their names. These two areas, even though considered under one subgroup, have their unique practices when it comes to kinship terms.  However, due to modernization and urbanisation, the influence of the Malay and English language could be clearly seen in the Bidayuh address terms, replacing the Bidayuh equivalent.
La sequía de 2019 en localidades cañeras del norte de Oaxaca. Vulnerabilidad, prevención, adaptación y mitigación
Authors: Toscana-Aparicio Alejandra , Günther María Griselda
Published: May 2021

Objetivo: conocer la sequía de 2019 en su contexto social a partir de las condiciones de vulnerabilidad de los cañeros en localidades del norte de Oaxaca, así como las medidas de prevención, adaptación y mitigación. Metodología: se empleó una técnica cuantitativa, con base en datos actuales e históricos de precipitación en la región, se comparó el inicio de la época de lluvias y la precipitación de la temporada de lluvias de 2019 con el promedio anual histórico. Mediante entrevistas grupales e individuales semiestructuradas, se indagó la percepción y opiniones de la sequía de cañeros y funcionarios locales. También se revisaron documentos académicos y oficiales. Resultados: La sequía de 2019 ha sido la más severa de las últimas décadas; así lo muestran los testimonios recabados y el análisis de datos meteorológicos. Limitaciones: las series de datos meteorológicos en muchas estaciones están incompletas, lo que limita los estudios climáticos. La cantidad de entrevistas realizadas no permite que los resultados de la investigación se proyecten a una región más amplia que la zona en estudio. Conclusiones: la información generada muestra la vulnerabilidad de los cañeros al estar en situación de pobreza, marginación, dependencia a gremios e ingenios y a la falta de medidas preventivas, de adaptación y de mitigación. Se concluye que, para las sequías en regiones húmedas, las medidas antedichas son mínimas. Sin embargo, es necesario implementarlas dado que los pronósticos del cambio climático señalan que las sequías serán cada vez más intensas.
Comida chatarra: entre la gobernanza regulatoria y la simulación. Junk
Authors: Barrera-Rojas Miguel Ángel
Published: May 2021

Montes de Oca, Laura Beatriz (2019).Comida chatarra: entre la gobernanza regulatoria y la simulación.México: UNAM. 258 páginas. ISBN 978-607-30-1311-6
Towards a management system standard for innovation
Authors: Hyland Joanne , Karlsson Magnus
Published: May 2021

The purpose of this letter is to provide background and rationale for developing a management system standard to further the profession of innovation management. A systems approach is not new; however, the ISO 56002 Innovation management system - guidance standard is providing a common language and framework for building an innovation capability. The letter describes the innovation management principles and the system elements. We have heard that even having a standard for innovation management is an oxymoron. The publication of ISO 56002 in 2019 has triggered a broader conversation about the merits and drawbacks of a management system standard for innovation work. Some issues have been pointed out by Joe Tidd in his review and critical assessment of the standard (Tidd, 2021). As experts involved in drafting the standard, we can offer informed perspectives of this assessment by focusing on four topics related to context, innovation strategy, adaptable processes and tools, and process versus system approaches. These perspectives are ours alone and do not represent the views of the ISO Working Group. We invite the community to engage in this discussion to evolve our thinking about standardization for innovation management.
Influence of Service Innovations on Profit Growth: a Case of Motor Vehicle Retailers
Authors: Makgopa Sipho , Antonites Alex
Published: May 2021

Organisations implement innovation strategies to remain competitive and achieve improved business performance. Previous studies have focused more on product and technology innovations. The purpose of this article is to determine the influence of service innovations on the financial performance of organisations – specifically profit growth – using the theory of competitive advantage. A quantitative research method was employed to achieve the research objective, with linear regression analysis used to analyse the primary data. Cronbach values were calculated to determine the reliability and validity of the research instrument used to collect the primary data. The findings of the research on which this article is based, confirm the existence of a positive relationship between service innovation practices and profit growth. Recommendations are made to key stakeholders in the motor vehicle industry, and future research directions are outlined.
Entrepreneurial Knowledge on Entrepreneurial Intention: The Mediating of Perceived Desirability and Perceived Feasibility
Authors: Sulistyorini Yekti , Santoso Budi
Published: May 2021

Entrepreneurship plays an important role in the creation and growth of business as well as the growth and prosperity of the region and the country. The importance of entrepreneurship in job creation and economic development is recognized worldwide. This  research  is  motivated  by  the  low  entrepreneurial  intention  of  Vocational  High  School students which is also have an impact on unemployment. This study aims to determine and analyse the mediating effect of perceived desirability and perceived feasibility on the effect of entrepreneurial knowledge on entrepreneurial intention. The method used in study is an explanatory survey research with data collection techniques through a questionnaire and observation. The population of this study were students of PGRI Bandung Vocational High School class XI and XII academic year 2019/2020 as many as 305 students and sample of this research is 176 students. The results show that: 1) entrepreneurial knowledge has a significant effect on entrepreneurial Intention 2) perceived desirability mediates the effect of entrepreneurial knowledge on entrepreneurial intention 3) perceived feasibility mediates the effect of entrepreneurial knowledge on entrepreneurial intention.
The Effect of Enterprise Characteristics and Self Efficacy on Entrepreneurial Decisions
Authors: Purba Rakhmawati , Damanik Sri Winda Hardiyanti
Published: May 2021

Entrepreneurs are people who have a mental attitude and spirit who are always active, creative, innovative, inventive, initiative and trying to increase income by providing added value to society in their business activities. Young people have started to instill an entrepreneurial spirit since attending school by incorporating entrepreneurial lessons and practices in school. It is intended that after completing education in school, every student has the viewpoint of creating jobs that can support their needs and does not always have the view of working as an employee, both civil servants and private employees. The problem we are facing is that the unemployment rate is getting higher every day and generally after completing their education most of the students become unemployed because there are very few jobs and lack of costs to continue their education to a higher level. This study aims to determine the effect of entrepreneurial characteristics and self-efficacy on entrepreneurial decisions among Madrasah Aliyah students. The independent variables of this study are entrepreneurial characteristics and self-efficacy, while the dependent variable is entrepreneurial decisions. This research is a quantitative descriptive study. The population in this study were students of class XII Madrasah Aliyah. The sampling technique used in this study was purposive sampling technique with a total sample of 36 students. The data collection technique used was a questionnaire. The data analysis technique used is multiple linear analysis. The data used are primary data. The results showed that there was a positive and significant influence on entrepreneurial characteristics and self-efficacy on entrepreneurial decisions.
Queilosquise unilateral associada à palatosquise em bezerro no município de Valença/RJ: relato de caso
Authors: Cunha Liene Aparecida Soares , Durço Bruna Boaretto , Brust Luis Armando Calvão , Gatto Samara De Paula Lopes
Published: May 2021

Introdução - As malformações fetais ou também denominadas defeitos congênitos são alterações consideradas anormalidades que ocorrem nas estruturas e/ou nas funções de um tecido, órgão ou sistema ao desenvolvimento embrionário, se manifestando no nascimento do animal. A queilosquise é uma malformação que cursa com desenvolvimento incompleto dos lábios, deixando uma linha vertical aberta no suco nasolabial e que ocorre pela falha na junção do processo maxilar com processo nasal medial, podendo ser uni ou bilateral, e ainda associada à palatosquise, outra malformação que acomete a cavidade oral e caracteriza-se por uma fissura na região dos palatos vulgarmente conhecida como fenda palatina. Objetivo - Relatar a ocorrência de um bezerro com queilosquise unilateral associada à palatosquise bilateral atendido em uma propriedade no município de Valença/RJ. Discussão - Embora a queilosquise possa ser prontamente diagnosticada através das alterações morfológicas logo após o nascimento, suas causas não são facilmente detectáveis. No presente caso, a queilosquise bilateral foi resultado de falhas na fusão do processo maxilar e do processo nasal medial ou suas adjacências.  Conclusão – A incidência de queilosquise e palatosquise causa prejuízos econômicos a pecuária e ao bovino acometido. É necessário identificar a etiologia para evitar novos casos.
Ethnocultural diversity, Indigeneity, and intercultural understanding in the context of planning for reconciliation: Perspectives from the City of Winnipeg, Manitoba
Authors: Nejad Sarem , Viswanathan Leela , Walker Ryan
Published: May 2021

Through a case study of the city of Winnipeg, this paper examines perspectives on Indigeneity and ethnocultural diversity in the context of planning for reconciliation at the scale of a city as inhabited by both Indigenous and racialized communities. The authors reveal a separation between Indigeneity and immigration discourses in academic literature and in planning practice and problematize the processes by which cities plan for diversity. This paper draws from 42 semi-structured interviews conducted with Indigenous and racialized inhabitants, organizational officials, and planners in Winnipeg to reveal that amid the absence of strong municipal planning and programming, intercultural understanding between Indigenous and immigrant inhabitants has developed in the city, and that planners can do more to help to sustain and enhance it. The authors conclude that by increasing the level of literacy and competency in ethnocultural diversity and in Indigeneity, and by focusing on processes of planning, planners and municipal officials can play a more constructive role in enhancing intercultural relations and advancing reconciliation in Winnipeg and other Canadian cities.
The e ‐ Narrated Self
Authors: Song Celine (Ha-Young)
Published: May 2021

A common question asked about the web 2.0 by the offline population is:  "What do people do there?" The paper addresses this question with respect to Paul Ricoeur's narrative theory of the self. According to his essay Life in Quest of Narrative, a person drifts through time experiencing events happening to them, but none of it is actually lived when it is not "recounted" or "storied". In this light, "storytelling may be said to humanise time by transforming it from an impersonal passing of fragmented moments into a patter, a plot ,a mythos". Blogs and sites like Facebook represent the most recent development in the human attempt to weave this "mythos". A profile page and a tweet are first and foremost stories that appear to its critics "truncated or parodied" by design "to the point of being called micro-narratives or post-narratives", and to it s advocates"multi-plotted, multi-vocal and multi-media". The paper introduces notions of e-Self and e-Narrative, examines their dangers and benefits, and concludes that "the advent of cyber-culture should be seen not as a threat to storytelling but as a catalyst for new possibilities of interactive, non-linear narration".
The Synthesis of Pharmaceuticals: The Effective Application of Secondary Boronic Esters in Enantioselective Suzuki ‐ Miyaura Cross ‐ Coupling Reactions
Authors: Moir Jonathon
Published: May 2021

Pharmaceuticals and drugs have become an indispensable part of human life. Presently, a myriad of different drugs are available for a variety of mental and physical health concersn. The synthesis of these drugs, however, remains an elusive and often difficult aspect of the industry. The importance of chirality, or "handedness", in the synthesis of natural products is paramount, as any given pair of enantiomers can have widely differing physiological effects. As such, the ability to control the enantioselectivity of a reaction is of the utmost importance. One example of a facile method used to form carbon-carbon bonds is the Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reaction. Not only is this reaction effective at coupling primary organoboronic esters with organohalides, but recent work in the Crudden group in the Department of Chemistry has revealed an effective method of also cross-couplingchiral secondary organoboronic esters with good retention of stereochemistry. This work, the first of its kind, is crucial in developing single-handed natural products for a wide array of applications, including applications in the pharmaceutical industry. The end result is safer and more effective drugs for distribution to the general public. To expand the scope of this project, new substrates are currently being synthesized for cross-coupling applications. The overall goal is to improve upon current methodologies, while helping to meet the industrial and academic needs of the future.
Species Size and Reproductive Economy in Herbaceous Vegetation
Authors: Tracey Amanda
Published: May 2021

According to traditional theory, larger plants generaly have an advantage with respect to competition, especially for light. It seems a paradox then that most species that coexist within natural vegetation are relatively small; specis size distributions are right-skewed at virtually every scale. The critical question then becomes: if bigger is better in competition for resources, why then are there so many small plants? A potential explanation for this paradox is that smaller species may have greater reproductive economy-i.e. the ability to reproduce despite suppression from intense competition. Selection for greater reproductive economy may be associated with smaller seed sizes, increased rates of self-fertilization and/or clonality, and in the case of this study, smaller size at reproductive maturity. Random plots in an old field at Queen's University Biological Station were sampled and the largest and smallest reproductive individuals of each species were collected, dried and weighed - to test the hypothesis that smaller species can reproduce at a smaller proportion of their maximum potential plant sizes. The results did not support this, but the hypothesis that smaller plants have greater reproductive economy could not be rejected as it was not possible to record data for the largest possible plant size for each species (since even the largest plants were subjected to competition from neighbours). This provides a focus for future research. Understanding the role of plant size in affecting the process of species assembly has important implications for species coexistence and mechanisms of biodiversity preservation, and thus efforts involving conservation and ecosystem management.
Aminergic Regulation of Anoxic Coma in Locusta migratoria
Authors: Hu Tina
Published: May 2021

Cortical spreading depression (CSD), a phenomenon underlying stroke and head trauma, involves the depolarization of neurons in one localized area that rapidly propagates to and depolarizes surrounding cells. CSD is characterized by a sudden increased concentration of extracellular potassium ions (K+), which is also generated by cellular stressors like anoxia. The purpose of this study is to examine the role of biogenic amines in the time to succumb and time to recover from anoxic coma in Locusta migratoria, a locust which is regularly exposed to anoxia in its natural environment and survive by entering a reversible coma (a spreading‐depression like event). Locusts were first immersed in water for 30 minutes and the time to succumb, ventilate, and stand upright were measured. There were 5 treatment groups with each one paired to a control group using saline injections: 1) octopamine (OA) and its antagonist epinastine (EP), 2) dopamine (DA) and its antagonist haloperidol, 3) serotonin (5‐HT) and its antagonist mianserin, 4) tyramine (TA) and its antagonist yohimbine, and 5) histamine (HA) and its antagonist pyrilamine maleate salt. Results indicated that EP‐injected locusts took significantly longer to succumb, ventilate, and stand upright compared to controls. Mianserin‐injected locusts also took significantly longer to succumb, ventilate, and stand upright.
Public Stewards or Hired Guns?: An Inquiry into Engineering Education
Authors: Wiginton Lindsay , Buitenhuis Amy
Published: May 2021

The world is facing converging crises of overpopulation and urbanization, resource depletion and globalwarming, political tension and unrest.  Often, we call upon engineers, as technical experts, to addressthese issues.  Engineers are allotted a large amount of decision‐making influence and power based ontheir assumed knowledge and skill sets. However, there is perhaps a danger in giving influence toindividuals with a limited understanding of social, political and environmental issues.  In the words of Donna Riley, “The profession of engineering…has historically served the status quo, feeding an ever‐expanding materialistic and militaristic culture, remaining relatively unresponsive to public concerns, and without significant pressure for change from within” (Riley, 2008).  This inquiry seeks to ask: “Are engineers truly prepared to tackle today’s contemporary issues?” by exploring the nature of the engineering industry in the 21st century, engineering education broadly, and the Applied Science Curriculum at Queen’s University specifically.  It will draw on both independent research and focus groups with Applied Science  students.  Particular themes which will be explored include the engineering design process, the understanding of power relationships and the need for interdisciplinarity.
Shining a Spotlight on Interprofessional Education & Evaluating an Interprofessional Pediatrics Educational Module Using Simulation
Authors: Krause Ana
Published: May 2021

Interprofessional Education (IPE) occurs when two or more professions learn from, with, and about one another. There is a growing body of research indicating that IPE leads to enhanced professional practice, improved knowledge and skills, more enjoyable learning experiences, and can result in long term cost control from overall improvements in patient safety. Simulation learning, or the reenactment of routine or critical clinical events is now being incorporated into many IPE programs. Program participants work together to perform emergent care skills and scenarios in a controlled environment on high‐fidelity human patient simulators. Interprofessional collaboration and simulation is essential in pediatric care asit contributes to overall patient wellbeing and offers an opportunity to practice the skills used in an acute care incident, events that occur at low frequency in childhood. A research study through the Faculty of Health Sciences, evaluates the introduction of an interprofessional pediatrics educational module amongst nursing and medical students at Queen’s University. This study is part of an innovative pilot project aimed at improving patient welfare and safety through interprofessional health education using patient simulators.
Depletion of Dissolved Oxygen in the Closed, Stratified Estuary of the Russian River, California
Authors: Tamminga Aaron
Published: May 2021

The Russian River Estuary in Sonoma County, California is a threatened ecosystem that provides an important habitat for salmonids (e.g. Coho salmon, Chinook salmon, and Steelhead trout) during several life stages. Periodically, the tidal inlet of the estuary is blocked when wave action overcomes tidal and river flows, creating a sand barrier. The resulting cessation of tidal mixing in the estuary causes persistent water column stratification between saline bottom‐waters and fresh surface waters. The bottom‐waters are then isolated from atmospheric oxygen inputs and dissolved oxygen declines, reducing available habitat for salmonids. To examine this problem, we compared time‐series data of dissolved oxygen levels during past closure events with directly‐measured biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) levels. We found that bottom‐water dissolved oxygen concentrations typically reached hypoxia (<3 mg/L) in lessthan four days. BOD levels in the estuary were highest in bottom‐waters, especially in deep scour‐holes upstream where water is trapped and riverine organic matter accumulates. Water column BOD due to the decomposition of organic matter accounted for a majority of observed oxygen consumption rates. We found little evidence of re‐oxygenation of the bottom‐water while the inlet remained closed (typically periods of less than 10 days). Although further study is required to determine oxygen dynamics throughout a longer closure period, the persistence of bottomwater hypoxia during the events we examined is an important consideration for estuary and watershed management.
Aboriginal Women's Increased Rates of Abuse Compared to Non Aboriginal Women Due to Contributing Factors of Poverty, Isolation and Substance Abuse
Authors: McManus Erin
Published: May 2021

In the past 30 years it has been documented that over 520 aboriginal women have either gone missing or have been murdered in Canada (Native Women’s Association). Although Aboriginal women represent only 3% of the Canadian population (Violence Against Aboriginal Women and Girls), they are over represented as victims of racialized, sexualized violence, and are often targeted because of contributing factors that increase their susceptibility to becoming victims of violence. I will be presenting the results regarding how in Canada, aboriginal women experience higher rates of violence and abuse while living on reserves compared to non‐aboriginal women, specifically in regards to how poverty, substance abuse and isolation contribute to the increased rates of violence. Through interrogating these factors, I will provide a reading as to why aboriginal women are more susceptible to higher rates of abuse, so that strategies can be developed to reduce violence and therefore focus on prevention, support and protection for the victims and their families. By researching the contributing factors that increase the rates of violence towards aboriginal women, the social obstacles can then be challenged and changes can be made to the current configurations, decreasing the rates of violence. There are ways in which these factors can be decreased and improvements can be made that will lessen the rates of abuse. With an increase in awareness about these issues in Canada, these problems can be targeted and in time, become problems of the past. 23
Passing the Buck? Neoliberal Restructuring and the Transformation of the Live‐in Caregivers Program to Keep “Women’s Work” Undervalued and Out of Sight in the Canadian Workforce
Authors: Flynn Katherine (Kate)
Published: May 2021

In recent years, Canadian policies have reflected global trends towards neoliberal restructuring and a determination to participate in globalization processes. The emphasis is now on less government “interference” in order to encourage greater flows of capital, goods, and labour. At the same time, Canada has become increasingly dependent on migrant labour in order to fill “labour shortages;” in particular, the number of temporary Filipina migrant workers in Canada has risen dramatically over the last thirty years. While rhetoric states that government cutbacks in social spending, services, and regulation will benefit us all, questions arise about whose labour and spending will fill in these gaps left by a lack of public services. My research, based on a comprehensive overview of related literature, will demonstrate that in the end, these cutbacks in government spending have far‐reaching and profoundly gendered effects; Canadian women are greatly impacted by these reductions in government involvement. Furthermore, a disturbing trend is arising. Many women are now using the Live‐in Caregivers Program as a means of using their privilege to buy their way out of their gender subordination through the purchase of migrant labour. In the end, I conclude, that this is neither a sustainable nor appropriate means of dealing with Canadian household insecurity. Furthermore, the vulnerability of these workers and the restrictions on their opportunities while within Canadian borders is a true testament to long‐term societal issues in Canada that must be addressed in order to create a more just Canadian society.
Predictors of Antiretroviral Treatment Initiation Among Foreign‐Born HIV Patients in Ontario: Perspectives from the OHTN Cohort Study
Authors: O’Loghlen Sean , Rumman Amir
Published: May 2021

Inequalities in the provision of antiretroviral therapy (ART), used in the treatment of HIV, to infected foreign‐born patients have been documented in the developed world. However, there has been no systematic survey of this phenomenon for Ontario. This study aims to explore whether treatment inequalities exist between Canadian‐born and foreign‐born HIV‐infected persons living in Ontario by assessing immunologic status at initiation of ART. We conducted a retrospective analysis of HIV‐infected patients registered in the Ontario Cohort Study. Patients were stratified according to region of birth. Median CD4 cell count at ART initiation was compared for Canadian‐born and foreign‐born patients. Bivariate analysis of sex, age at diagnosis, age at ART initiation, most recent CD4 cell count, time from diagnosis to ART initiation and proportion of patients initiating ART at CD4 cell count <200 cells/μl was also undertaken. 2717 patients were included in the analysis. 1969 were Canadian‐born and 747 were foreign‐born. Canadian‐born patients also had a greater proportion of males, greater time from diagnosis to ART initiation and earlier age of diagnosis. Foreign‐born patients are more likely to initiate ART at CD4 cell count <200 cells/μl. Immunologic response to ART showed similar increases in CD4 cell count from baseline for all world region of birth groups. The findings indicate shifting trends in the population of persons afflicted by HIV. Differences were noted between the Canadian‐born and foreign‐born demographic with respect to immunologic, demographic and socioeconomic characteristics underscoring the need for new socio‐cultural paradigms in HIV treatment stratagems.
Google Street View: Public Outcry Valid but Misdirected
Authors: Kassam Aliya
Published: May 2021

“...fear founded on mere possibility is less helpful than wariness grounded in understanding.” (Monmonier 2002: 2) Emergent technologies which manifest and are popularized by surveillance practices are often promoted in ways that betray biases, conspiracy, or determinism. These approaches do nothing to further an academic examination of such innovations and as such, only serve to perpetuate fear. There is an undeniable technological trend towards digitization and cartography is no exception: Google Street View illustrates this change. Predicting the success or failure of particular products and trends is irrelevant. However, tracking the sociological progress of these technologies permits an invaluable insight into the workings of our social world. These technologies alter our understanding of maps, changing the conditions of our experience from static knowledge to electronic dynamism. In my examination of the mapping tool, I attempt to deconstruct popular (mis)conceptions/perceptions surrounding the application, arguing that the media habitually approaches the application with a lens that either trivializes or sensationalizes its properties and usages. As a corollary of this, mass media tends to provide blanket coverage on fashionable topics, while simultaneously avoiding the examination of potentially more questionable social and political implications.
“Star Wars, Eh?”: Canadian Aerospace Policy and the Militarization of Outer Space
Authors: MacKinnon, Raymond K.
Published: May 2021

Canadians rightly pride themselves on their technological achievements in outer space. Heralded as a pioneer with several “firsts” in space exploration, public perception is that Canada explores the “final frontier” in the name of peace. This is the myth perpetuated by scientists and politicians alike, distorting clear evidence to the contrary. This study aims to rectify this fallacy by demonstrating that Canadian space initiatives were a product of Cold War relations, a need for domestic and international security against the threat of nuclear war. Contextualized within the paradigm of a bipolar world, an ostensibly civilian space program only thinly veiled military objectives. Consulting military, political and scientific sources from the end of the Second World War to contemporary conflicts, what emerges is a complex relationship between civilian and military initiatives. Balancing demands from the United States for hemispheric security against the increasing threat of the Soviet Union whilst maintaining sovereignty over Canadian territory presented immense challenges to government leaders. Coupled with a shrinking defence budget, space research fulfilled specific niche roles in Canadian‐American relations. Deconstructing the objectives of prominent satellite programs, Canada‐U.S. (CANUS) agreements, and concomitant government sponsored defence research into theoretical space programs reveals policy marked by the vestiges of war. Peaceful orientations toward outer space perpetuated in historical literature sets a dangerous precedent. Future conflicts will not always pit technologically advanced societies against underdeveloped armies, and ignoring the military advantages of outer space could prove a fatal mistake in confrontations that will assuredly come.Defence in
Echoes of Kafka: The “War on Terror”
Authors: Binkley Ryan
Published: May 2021

The issue of international terrorism at the beginning of the 21st century, in the United States in particular, has left populations asking: “who and where is the enemy and how do we bring them to justice?” But a more important question could be “Who is the victim and who is not, and what measures are appropriate while minimising collateral damage?” Peeling away the complex layers in the politics of anti‐terror policy leads to the inevitable conclusion that long gone are the alleged days of “black and white” cases of nation‐wide warfare. Franz Kafka all too often warns of the psychosocial pressure that follows as a result of the hegemonic power dynamic, and though imperialism was no new concept in Kafka’s era, his concerns shine ever brighter in light of the rise of the neo‐colonial anti‐terror initiative. Politics aside, this situation is a powerful echo, prophecy even, of a host of Kafka’s literary works, which warn of a ‘psycho‐dystopian’ world of torture machines on colony‐island penitentiaries, of summary executions and the breaching of basic human rights to achieve a government’s desired end. In this presentation, I will demonstrate how Der Prozeβ (The Trial) – with its parallels to the ethereal nature of law‐ is still relevant to the case of the U.S.‐led “War on Terror” in a world of liberally accessible media and information, spreading discontent and paranoia in the hearts and minds of the very population that the anti‐terror policy is designed to “protect”.
20 Years of (Re)Unification: The Representation of Post 1989 Berlin in the Achtung Berlin! Film Series
Authors: Miller Susanna , Nadolny Tara , Blakeney Trevor , Hirman Jude , Zaka Flavia
Published: May 2021

Twenty years have passed since the political unification of East and West Germany. In 1989, the fall of the Wall had symbolically presaged this ostensive reuniting of two halves of not only a divided city, but a divided nation. Since this new “year zero”, filmmakers have documented the reshaping of Berlin, a metonymy for the Federal Republic. While scholarship on literary works situate this "New Berlin Republic," an equivalent does not exist for film. We aim to explore the new capital by focusing on Achtung Berlin! because of the importance of this festival to the German film landscape as a whole and the metropole in particular. Achtung Berlin!, the self titled “New Berlin Film Awards,” is a unique contributor to the creation of the New Republic. Begun in 2005 in response to a lack of German content in Berlin’s festivals, Achtung Berlin! presents contemporary films whose production have a strong connection to Berlin and the surrounding state of Brandenburg. Analyzing Achtung Berlin! and its films, we address (re)unification by utilizing the notion of “space” in its shifting forms. The interrelated themes of identity, urbanness, and mobility in (trans)national perspectives reveal the contested nature of the aftermath of the Berlin Wall‐ whose fall stands as a concrete "success" story in the amalgamation of "a" people. Our project endeavors to account both for Berlin's unification and the dis/contents that are still issues today.
1. Toxicity of Fresh and Weathered Sunken Heavy Fuel Oil to the Early Life Stages of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in Simulated Spawning Shoal Environments
Authors: Adams Julie
Published: May 2021

Because the density of heavy fuel oil (HFO) is equal to or greater than that of freshwater, it behaves differently than lighter oils that float. Heavy fuel oil can sink to the bottom or be suspended in the water column and affect aquatic organisms that are not typically exposed to floating oils. Most research on oil spill technologies thus far examines the direct exposure of rainbow trout to floating or submerged oil droplets; there is little knowledge of the impacts of non‐floating heavy fuel oil on the water column and benthic organisms exposed to oil that accumulates in sediments. The toxicity of sunken HFO 6303 and Medium South American (MESA; reference) crude oil, as well as the effects of weathering on toxicity to embryos of rainbow trout were assessed using increasing concentrations of oil on gravel substrate in continuous‐flow desorption columns. Toxicity was assessed by measurement of the rates of mortality and growth, and the prevalence of blue sac disease, a hallmark sign of oil toxicity. The lower median lethal concentration for HFO compared to MESA indicated that HFO is more toxic. Interestingly, the LC50 values for fresh and weathered for both oils were similar, indicating little change in toxicity when the oil weathers naturally. Repetition of this experiment and analysis of PAH content in each treatment will provide more insight into the environmental and health risks associated with sunken heavy fuel oil.
Speculative Carcinogenicity Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Found in Some Anti-Diarrheal Herbal Drugs Sold in Ondo State of Nigeria
Authors: Akintelu Sunday Adewale , Folorunso Aderonke Similoluwa , Folorunso Femi Adekunle
Published: May 2021

The conviction that herbal drugs have enormous health benefits has led to increase the rate of their consumption by Nigerians. The aim of this study was to assess the carcinogenic property of some popularly consumed anti-diarrheal herbal drugs via polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) quantification. Three prevalent anti-diarrhea herbal drugs , Odunmo herbal drug (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis and Bacopamonnieri), Orogun herbal mixture (Hibiscus sabdariffaI and Hedera helix), and Alora herbal syrup (Aloe vera and Hibiscus sabdariffaI) were bought for the purpose of this study and they were coded as samples A, B, and C, respectively. The ultrasonic extraction of the herbal drugs was carried out using standard procedures. The crude extracts obtained were purified using a chromatographic method. The concentrations of PAHs were quantified using gas chromatography flame ionization detector (GCFID). The diagnostic indices, group distribution, toxicity equivalence and exposure dosage were estimated. The cancer risk values were theoretically speculated based on concentrations of PAHs in the tested herbal drugs, associated with the published estimates of each concentration to cause cancer and the calculated exposure doses of the anti-diarrhea herbal drug samples were within three age groups (children, Preteen and adult). The highest concentration of total PAHs was observed in sample A (58.2815mg/kg) and the lowest concentration in sample B (44.1898mg/kg), but the concentration of total PAHs in sample C was 47.4169 mg/kg. The highest percentage of carcinogenic PAHs in the anti-diarrheal herbal drugs was found in sample C (48.66%) and the lowest in sample B (38.17%). The diagnostic indices confirmed a pyrogenic source of PAHs. Group distribution of PAHs showed that the herbal drugs are weakly carcinogenic due to high concentrations of low and moderate molecular weight PAHs. The cancer risk estimated for all the age groups where below the limit established by the United State Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) for cancer (1 x 10-6). This ascertained that the use of these herbal drugs cannot cause cancer. However, consumers of these herbal drugs should take necessary precautions as excessive intake can lead to dangerous health implications.
Uji Aktivitas Inhibitor Tirosinase Ekstrak Kulit Buah Cokelat (Theobroma cacao L.) dan Formulasinya dalam Bentuk Sediaan Nanoemulsi
Authors: Priani Sani Ega , Halim Ainul Fatihah , Fitrianingsih Sri Peni , Syafnir Livia
Published: May 2021

Limbah kulit buah cokelat diketahui mengandung berbagai senyawa aktif seperti polifenol dan flavonoid sehingga berpotensi memiliki aktivitas inhibitor tirosinase. Untuk meningkatkan kemampuan penetrasi ekstrak pada penghantaran topikal akan dikembangkan menjadi sediaan nanoemulsi. Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk menguji aktivitas inhibitor tirosinase ekstrak kulit buah cokelat dan memformulasikannya menjadi sediaan nanoemulsi yang memiliki sifat fisik yang baik. Simplisia diekstraksi dengan metode maserasi menggunakan etanol 70% dan selanjutnya diuji aktivitas inhibitor tirosinasenya dengan metode dopakrom berbasis colorimetric enzymatic assay. Sediaan nanoemulsi ekstrak kulit buah cokelat dibuat dengan menggunakan minyak biji anggur, tween 80 sebagai surfaktan, dan gliserin sebagai kosurfaktan untuk selanjutnya dikarakterisasi secara fisik. Hasil uji menunjukkan ekstrak kulit buah cokelat memiliki aktivitas inhibitor tirosinase dengan nilai IC50 199,98 ppm. Sediaan nanoemulsi mengandung ekstrak kulit buah cokelat penampilan fisik yang jernih dan homogen, pH 6,21±0,02, viskositas 1070 ± 24,5 cps, sifat alir Newtonian, dengan ukuran globul 108 ±15 nm. Sediaan nanoemulsi memiliki stabilitas fisik yang baik berdasarkan uji sentrifugasi, heating cooling, dan freeze thaw. Disimpulkan bahwa ekstrak kulit buah cokelat terbukti memiliki aktivits inhibitor tyrosinase dan telah berhasil diformulasikan menjadi sediaan nanoemulsi dengan sifat fisik dan stabilitas yang baik.