bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cascaded partitioned phase modulation for cross-connection of orbital angular momentum mode and polarization multiplexing channels
Authors: Zeng Qingji , Zhang Bowei , Chen Shu , Wu Haisheng , Wu Zhibin , Ye Huapeng , Zhou Xinxing , Dong Ze , Liu Junmin , Fan Dianyuan , Chen Shuqing
Published: July 2024

Multi-dimensional orbital angular momentum (OAM) mode multiplexing provides a promising route for enlarging communication capacity and establishing comprehensive networks. While multi-dimensional multiplexing has gained advancements, the cross-connection of these multiplexed channels, especially involving modes and polarizations, remains challenging due to the needs for multi-mode interconversion and on-demand polarization control. Herein, we propose an OAM mode-polarization cross-transformation solution via cascaded partitioned phase modulation, which enables the divergently separated OAM modes to be independently phase-imposed within distinct spatial regions, leading to the synergistic conversion operation of mode and polarization channels. In demonstrations, we implemented the cross-connection of three OAM modes and two polarization multiplexed channels, achieving the mode purity that exceeds 0.951 and polarization contrast up to 0.947. The measured mode insertion losses and polarization conversion losses are below 3.42 and 3.54 dB, respectively. Consequently, 1.2 Tbit/s quadrature phase shift keying signals were successfully exchanged, yielding the bit-error-rates close to 10−6. Incorporating with increased partitioned phase treatments, this approach shows promise in accommodating massive mode-polarization multiplexed channels, which hold the potential to augment networking capability of large-scale OAM mode multiplexing communication networks.
Second-harmonic generation of 2D materials excited by the Laguerre–Gaussian beam
Authors: Shan Yuwei , Sun Dong , Luo Cheng Jin
Published: July 2024

We theoretically study the second-harmonic generation (SHG) of two-dimensional (2D) materials excited by a Laguerre–Gaussian (LG) beam at normal incidence and provide a method to distinguish SHG induced by the electric dipole (ED) interaction and SHG induced by the electric quadrupole and magnetic dipole (EQ–MD) interaction by their different dependence on the LG beam parameters, including the effective spot area v02 and the order of orbital angular momentum (OAM) m. In an approximation of neglecting reflection and taking a beam radius to infinity, the intensity of the ED induced SHG is proportional to F
m
/v02 with F
m
 = 2−2|m|(2|m|)!/(π(|m|!)2), while the EQ–MD induced one is proportional to (4|m|+2)F
m
/v04. An in-plane isotropic substrate can strongly affect the signal amplitude but slightly change the v0 and m dependence. Our results provide an all-optical way to detect the OAM by SHG, as well as a theoretical basis for studying the EQ–MD induced SHG by the LG beams.
Deep-learning-assisted sidewall profiling white light interferometry system for accurately measuring 3D profiles and surface roughness on the groove sidewalls of precision components
Authors: Zhao Xiangyu , Zhang Jinsong , Zhu Renlong , Xie Yijun , Dong Zhengqiong , Nie Lei , Liu Shiyuan , Zhu Jinlong
Published: July 2024

The accurate measurement of surface three-dimensional (3D) profile and roughness on the groove sidewalls of components is of great significance to diverse fields such as precision manufacturing, machining processes, energy transportation, medical equipment, and semiconductor industry. However, conventional optical measurement methods struggle to measure surface profiles on the sidewall of a small groove. Here, we present a deep-learning-assisted sidewall profiling white light interferometry system, which consists of a microprism-based interferometer, an optical path compensation device, and a convolutional neural network (CNN), for the accurate measurement of surface 3D profile and roughness on the sidewall of a small groove. We have demonstrated that the sidewall profiling white light interferometry system can achieve a measurement accuracy of 2.64 nm for the 3D profile on a groove sidewall. Moreover, we have demonstrated that the CNN-based single-image super-resolution (SISR) technique could improve the measurement accuracy of surface roughness by over 30%. Our system can be utilized in cases where the width of the groove is only 1 mm and beyond, limited only by the size of the microprism and the working distance of the objective used in our system.
First-principles approach to x-ray active optics: design and verification
Authors: Diao Dezhi , Dong Han , Han Jun , Qin Xiaobo , Yang Fugui , Kang Le , Li Ming , Sheng Weifan , Zhang Xiaowei
Published: July 2024

This paper presents the first-principles design approach for x-ray active optics. The feature of deterministic modulation enables the simulation-modulation cycle in place of the measurement-modulation feedback loops used in traditional active optics. We apply an x-ray mirror with localized thermal elastic deformation to validate the idea. Our experiments have demonstrated that the new active optics have the potential to outperform the accuracy of surface shape metrology instruments.
Super-resolution of ultrafast pulses via spectral inversion
Authors: Lipka Michał , Parniak Michał
Published: July 2024

The resolution limits of classical spectroscopy can be surpassed by
quantum-inspired methods leveraging the information contained in the
phase of the complex electromagnetic field. Their counterpart in
spatial imaging has been widely discussed and demonstrated; however,
the spectral-domain implementations are few and scarce. We
experimentally demonstrate a spectroscopic super-resolution method
aimed at broadband light (tens to hundreds of GHz), and based on the
spectral-domain analog of image inversion interferometry. In a
proof-of-principle experiment, we study the paradigmatic problem of
estimating a small separation between two incoherent spectral features
of equal brightness, with a small number of photons per coherence
time. On the grounds of asymptotic estimation theory, more than a
two-fold improvement over the spectral direct imaging is demonstrated
in terms of required resources (photons) for a given estimator
variance. The setup is based on an actively stabilized
Mach–Zehnder-type interferometer with electro-optic time lenses and
passive spectral dispersers implementing the inversion. As such, the
method promises on-chip integration, good scalability, and further
applications, e.g., for mode sorting.
Controlled light distribution with coupled microresonator chains via Kerr symmetry breaking
Authors: Ghosh Alekhya , Pal Arghadeep , Hill Lewis , Campbell Graeme N. , Bi Toby , Zhang Yaojing , Alabbadi Abdullah , Zhang Shuangyou , Del’Haye Pascal
Published: July 2024

Within optical microresonators, the Kerr interaction of photons can lead to symmetry breaking of optical modes. In a ring resonator, this leads to the interesting effect that light preferably circulates in one direction or in one polarization state. Applications of this effect range from chip-integrated optical diodes to nonlinear polarization controllers and optical gyroscopes. In this work, we study Kerr-nonlinearity-induced symmetry breaking of light states in coupled resonator optical waveguides (CROWs). We discover, to our knowledge, a new type of controllable symmetry breaking that leads to emerging patterns of dark and bright resonators within the chains. Beyond stationary symmetry broken states, we observe Kerr-effect-induced homogeneous periodic oscillations, switching, and chaotic fluctuations of circulating powers in the resonators. Our findings are of interest for controlled multiplexing of light in photonic integrated circuits, neuromorphic computing, topological photonics, and soliton frequency combs in coupled resonators.
Hyphae of the fungus Aspergillus nidulans demonstrate chemotropism to nutrients and pH
Authors: Yamamoto Riho , Miki Hinata , Itani Ayaka , Takeshita Norio
Published: July 2024

The importance of fungi in ecological systems and pathogenicity hinges on their ability to search for nutrients, substrates, and hosts. Despite this, the question of whether fungal hyphae exhibit chemotropism toward them remains largely unresolved and requires close examination at the cellular level. Here, we designed a microfluidic device to assess hyphal chemotropism of Aspergillus nidulans in response to carbon and nitrogen sources, as well as pH. Within this device, hyphae could determine their growth direction in a two-layer flow with distinct compositions that were adjacent but non-mixing. Under conditions with and without a carbon source, hyphae changed growth direction to remain in the presence of a carbon source, but it was still difficult to distinguish between differences in growth and chemotropism. Although nitrogen sources such as ammonia and nitrate are important for growth, the hyphae indicated negative chemotropism to avoid them depending on the specific transporters. This fungus grows equally well at the colony level in the pH range of 4 to 9, but the hyphae exhibited chemotropism to acidic pH. The proton pump PmaA is vital for the chemotropism to acid pH, while the master regulatory for pH adaptation PacC is not involved, suggesting that chemotropism and adaptive growth via gene expression regulation are distinct regulatory mechanisms. Despite various plasma membrane transporters are distributed across membranes except at the hyphal tip, the control of growth direction occurs at the tip. Finally, we explored the mechanisms linking these two phenomena, tip growth and chemotropism.
Evaluating automatic annotation of lexicon-based models for stance detection of M-pox tweets from May 1st to Sep 5th, 2022
Authors: Perikli Nicholas , Bhattacharya Srimoy , Ogbuokiri Blessing , Movahedi Nia Zahra , Lieberman Benjamin , Tripathi Nidhi , Dahbi Salah-Eddine , Stevenson Finn , Bragazzi Nicola , Kong Jude , Mellado Bruce
Published: July 2024

Manually labeling data for supervised learning is time and energy consuming; therefore, lexicon-based models such as VADER and TextBlob are used to automatically label data. However, it is argued that automated labels do not have the accuracy required for training an efficient model. Although automated labeling is frequently used for stance detection, automated stance labels have not been properly evaluated, in the previous works. In this work, to assess the accuracy of VADER and TextBlob automated labels for stance analysis, we first manually label a Twitter, now X, dataset related to M-pox stance detection. We then fine-tune different transformer-based models on the hand-labeled M-pox dataset, and compare their accuracy before and after fine-tuning, with the accuracy of automated labeled data. Our results indicated that the fine-tuned models surpassed the accuracy of VADER and TextBlob automated labels by up to 38% and 72.5%, respectively. Topic modeling further shows that fine-tuning diminished the scope of misclassified tweets to specific sub-topics. We conclude that fine-tuning transformer models on hand-labeled data for stance detection, elevates the accuracy to a superior level that is significantly higher than automated stance detection labels. This study verifies that automated stance detection labels are not reliable for sensitive use-cases such as health-related purposes. Manually labeled data is more convenient for developing Natural Language Processing (NLP) models that study and analyze mass opinions and conversations on social media platforms, during crises such as pandemics and epidemics.
Interdisciplinary perspectives on multimorbidity in Africa: Developing an expanded conceptual model
Authors: Dixon Justin , Morton Ben , Nkhata Misheck J. , Silman Alan , Simiyu Ibrahim G. , Spencer Stephen A. , Van Pinxteren Myrna , Bunn Christopher , Calderwood Claire , Chandler Clare I. R. , Chikumbu Edith , Crampin Amelia C. , Hurst John R. , Jobe Modou , Kengne Andre Pascal , Levitt Naomi S. , Moshabela Mosa , Owolabi Mayowa , Peer Nasheeta , Phiri Nozgechi , Singh Sally J. , Tamuhla Tsaone , Tembo Mandikudza , Tiffin Nicki , Worrall Eve , Yongolo Nateiya M. , Banda Gift T. , Bickton Fanuel , Bilungula Abbi-Monique Mamani , Bosire Edna , Chawani Marlen S. , Chinoko Beatrice , Chisala Mphatso , Chiwanda Jonathan , Drew Sarah , Farrant Lindsay , Ferrand Rashida A. , Gondwe Mtisunge , Gregson Celia L. , Harding Richard , Kajungu Dan , Kasenda Stephen , Katagira Winceslaus , Kwaitana Duncan , Mendenhall Emily , Mensah Adwoa Bemah Boamah , Mnenula Modai , Mupaza Lovemore , Mwakasungula Maud , Nakanga Wisdom , Ndhlovu Chiratidzo , Nkhoma Kennedy , Nkoka Owen , Opare-Lokko Edwina Addo , Phulusa Jacob , Price Alison , Rylance Jamie , Salima Charity , Salimu Sangwani , Sturmberg Joachim , Vale Elizabeth , Limbani Felix
Published: July 2024

Multimorbidity is an emerging challenge for health systems globally. It is commonly defined as the co-occurrence of two or more chronic conditions in one person, but its meaning remains a lively area of academic debate, and the utility of the concept beyond high-income settings is uncertain. This article presents the findings from an interdisciplinary research initiative that drew together 60 academic and applied partners working in 10 African countries to answer the questions: how useful is the concept of multimorbidity within Africa? Can the concept be adapted to context to optimise its transformative potentials? During a three-day concept-building workshop, we investigated how the definition of multimorbidity was understood across diverse disciplinary and regional perspectives, evaluated the utility and limitations of existing concepts and definitions, and considered how to build a more context-sensitive, cross-cutting description of multimorbidity. This iterative process was guided by the principles of grounded theory and involved focus- and whole-group discussions during the workshop, thematic coding of workshop discussions, and further post-workshop development and refinement. Three thematic domains emerged from workshop discussions: the current focus of multimorbidity on constituent diseases; the potential for revised concepts to centre the priorities, needs, and social context of people living with multimorbidity (PLWMM); and the need for revised concepts to respond to varied conceptual priorities amongst stakeholders. These themes fed into the development of an expanded conceptual model that centres the catastrophic impacts multimorbidity can have for PLWMM, families and support structures, service providers, and health systems.
Diagnostic testing preferences can help inform future public health response efforts: Global insights from an international survey
Authors: Salzano Leah , Narayanan Nithya , Tobik Emily R. , Akbarzada Sumaira , Wu Yanjun , Megiel Sarah , Choate Brittany , Wyllie Anne L.
Published: July 2024

Public perception regarding diagnostic sample types as well as personal experiences can influence willingness to test. As such, public preferences for specific sample type(s) should be used to inform diagnostic and surveillance testing programs to improve public health response efforts. To understand where preferences lie, we conducted an international survey regarding the sample types used for SARS-CoV-2 tests. A Qualtrics survey regarding SARS-CoV-2 testing preferences was distributed via social media and email. The survey collected preferences regarding sample methods and key demographic data. Python was used to analyze survey responses. From March 30th to June 15th, 2022, 2,094 responses were collected from 125 countries. Participants were 55% female and predominantly aged 25–34 years (27%). Education and employment were skewed: 51% had graduate degrees, 26% had bachelor’s degrees, 27% were scientists/researchers, and 29% were healthcare workers. By rank sum analysis, the most preferred sample type globally was the oral swab, followed by saliva, with parents/guardians preferring saliva-based testing for children. Respondents indicated a higher degree of trust in PCR testing (84%) vs. rapid antigen testing (36%). Preferences for self- or healthcare worker-collected sampling varied across regions. This international survey identified a preference for oral swabs and saliva when testing for SARS-CoV-2. Notably, respondents indicated that if they could be assured that all sample types performed equally, then saliva was preferred. Overall, survey responses reflected the region-specific testing experiences during the COVID-19. Public preferences should be considered when designing future response efforts to increase utilization, with oral sample types (either swabs or saliva) providing a practical option for large-scale, accessible diagnostic testing.
Using contact network dynamics to implement efficient interventions against pathogen spread in hospital settings: A modelling study
Authors: Leclerc Quentin J. , Duval Audrey , Guillemot Didier , Opatowski Lulla , Temime Laura
Published: July 2024

Background

Long-term care facilities (LTCFs) are hotspots for pathogen transmission. Infection control interventions are essential, but the high density and heterogeneity of interindividual contacts within LTCF may hinder their efficacy. Here, we explore how the patient–staff contact structure may inform effective intervention implementation.

Methods and findings

Using an individual-based model (IBM), we reproduced methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonisation transmission dynamics over a detailed contact network recorded within a French LTCF of 327 patients and 263 staff over 3 months. Simulated baseline cumulative colonisation incidence was 21 patients (prediction interval: 11, 31) and 35 staff (prediction interval: 19, 54). We examined the potential impact of 3 types of interventions against transmission (reallocation reducing the number of unique contacts per staff, reinforced contact precautions, and hypothetical vaccination protecting against acquisition), targeted towards specific populations. All 3 interventions were effective when applied to all nurses or healthcare assistants (median reduction in MRSA colonisation incidence up to 35%), but the benefit did not exceed 8% when targeting any other single staff category.

We identified “supercontactor” individuals with most contacts (“frequency-based,” overrepresented among nurses, porters, and rehabilitation staff) or with the longest cumulative time spent in contact (“duration-based,” overrepresented among healthcare assistants and patients in elderly care or persistent vegetative state (PVS)). Targeting supercontactors enhanced interventions against pathogen spread in the LTCF. With contact precautions, targeting frequency-based staff supercontactors led to the highest incidence reduction (20%, 95% CI: 19, 21). Vaccinating a mix of frequency- and duration-based staff supercontactors led to a higher reduction (23%, 95% CI: 22, 24) than all other approaches. Although based on data from a single LTCF, when varying epidemiological parameters to extend to other pathogens, our results suggest that targeting supercontactors is always the most effective strategy, indicating this approach could be applied to prevent transmission of other nosocomial pathogens.

Conclusions

By characterising the contact structure in hospital settings and identifying the categories of staff and patients more likely to be supercontactors, with either more or longer contacts than others, interventions against nosocomial spread could be more effective. We find that the most efficient implementation strategy depends on the intervention (reallocation, contact precautions, vaccination) and target population (staff, patients, supercontactors). Importantly, both staff and patients may be supercontactors, highlighting the importance of including patients in measures to prevent pathogen transmission in LTCF.
Weaving social networks from cultural similarities on the neolithisation process in the Western Mediterranean: Evolutionary trajectories using projectile tools
Authors: Barrera-Cruz María , García-Puchol Oreto , Jiménez-Puerto Joaquín , Cortell-Nicolau Alfredo , Bernabeu-Aubán Joan
Published: July 2024

In this paper, we concentrate on the neolithisation process in Mediterranean Iberia through a diachronic view (from 8600–6800 cal. BP), focusing on social interaction as a factor in articulating new cultural ties. To do this, we apply techniques centred on similarities in material culture by applying Social Network Analysis (SNA). For the first time, we point to the geometric projectiles, taking into account their recurrence in both Mesolithic and Neolithic groups as part of their characteristic hunting equipment. We hypothesise that patterns of cultural variability would express the changing flow of information between communities according to their mobility strategies (last hunter-gatherer groups), including economic and social behaviour, and that these relationships will be restructured with the arrival of the newcomer farmers and herders and their new spatial and social arrangement. The results obtained allow us to describe a connected and homogeneous Late Mesolithic network dramatically structured by the Neolithic arrival. Since then, a heterogenous pattern emerged, involving connected periods, network ruptures, and small-world phenomena. The emergence of this characteristic could support the flow of information when the network presents a clustered structure, the last probably due to regionalisation events. These diachronic dynamics fit well with demographic and socioecological trends observed from regional literature.
Sexual satisfaction of postmenopausal women: An integrative review
Authors: Shahrahmani Nasim , Babazadeh Raheleh , Ebadi Abbas
Published: July 2024

A prerequisite for interventions for sexual satisfaction in postmenopausal women is a clear, objective measurement of the concept. Despite the large number of studies on the sexual satisfaction of postmenopausal women, there is no clear definition of sexual satisfaction in menopause. This study was conducted to investigate the concept of sexual satisfaction in postmenopausal women. The present study was carried out using an integrated review of data obtained from secondary sources, utilizing Whittemore and Knafl’s method of bibliographic search. A literature search was performed without any data limitations in journals and international databases. The primary inclusion criterion was relevance to sexual satisfaction in postmenopausal women. The full texts of all these articles were evaluated using the checklists of the MMAT and PRISMA. Data were analyzed using MAXQDA 10 software using a constant comparison method. Meaning units were identified and coded. The codes were classified into subgroups and categories according to the characteristics, antecedents, and consequences of sexual satisfaction in postmenopausal women. During the integrative review of the 62 articles and three books, 580 codes about sexual satisfaction in menopause were extracted. The codes were grouped into three main attributes, five main antecedents, and three main consequences of sexual satisfaction in postmenopausal women. Four attributes, symptoms, or components were identified for the concept. These attributes were as follows: Change in sexual objective and subjective dimensions of sexual satisfaction after menopause, conditional sexual consent, change in behavior, and sexual function. These dimensions distinguish sexual satisfaction in menopause from other conditions. The concept of sexual satisfaction in menopause is a subjective (emotional interaction) and objective (physical interaction) experience that is conditioned by the fulfillment of expectations and the reconstruction of sexual relations while also being influenced by the change in sexual capacity during menopause.
Unintended exposure to e-liquids and subsequent health outcomes among US youth and adults
Authors: Lee Juhan , Kong Grace , Krishnan-Sarin Suchitra , Camenga Deepa R.
Published: July 2024

This study aimed to determine the prevalence and predictors of oral, ocular, or dermal e-liquid exposure and subsequent outcomes (becoming sick, going to the hospital) in the US. We examined survey data from the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study Wave 5 (2018–2019). The analytic sample included US youth (aged 12–17 years), young adults (aged 18–24 years), and older adults (aged ≥ 25 years) who reported e-cigarette use in the past 12 months. We first determined the prevalence of self-reported e-liquid exposure (in the mouth, skin, or eyes), subsequently “becoming sick” from the exposure, and “going to the hospital” after the exposure. We also examined associations between these outcomes and the device type used (refillable tank /mod system, replaceable prefilled cartridges, disposable/ other device type). E-liquid exposure was reported by 25% of youth (aged 12–17 years), 25% of young adults (aged 18–24 years), and 19% of older adults (aged≥ 25 years). Among individuals reporting e-liquid exposure, subsequent sickness was reported by 10% of youth11% of young adults, and 14% of older adults, and “going to the hospital” was reported by 3.5% of youth, 2.7% of young adults, and 6.8% of older adults. Among young adults, the use of a refillable tank /mod system was associated with higher odds of e-liquid exposure (aOR = 2.2, 95% CI = 1.2, 4.1) than the use of other device types, including disposables. The findings suggest that, at a minimum, e-cigarettes/e-liquids may need warning labels that state the risks of e-liquid exposure and packaging regulations that promote device and bottle designs that minimize e-liquid spills.
Citrate serves as a signal molecule to modulate carbon metabolism and iron homeostasis in Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Chen Feifei , Zhao Qingmin , Yang Ziqiong , Chen Rongrong , Pan Huiwen , Wang Yanhui , Liu Huan , Cao Qiao , Gan Jianhua , Liu Xia , Zhang Naixia , Yang Cai-Guang , Liang Haihua , Lan Lefu
Published: July 2024

Pathogenic bacteria’s metabolic adaptation for survival and proliferation within hosts is a crucial aspect of bacterial pathogenesis. Here, we demonstrate that citrate, the first intermediate of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, plays a key role as a regulator of gene expression in Staphylococcus aureus. We show that citrate activates the transcriptional regulator CcpE and thus modulates the expression of numerous genes involved in key cellular pathways such as central carbon metabolism, iron uptake and the synthesis and export of virulence factors. Citrate can also suppress the transcriptional regulatory activity of ferric uptake regulator. Moreover, we determined that accumulated intracellular citrate, partly through the activation of CcpE, decreases the pathogenic potential of S. aureus in animal infection models. Therefore, citrate plays a pivotal role in coordinating carbon metabolism, iron homeostasis, and bacterial pathogenicity at the transcriptional level in S. aureus, going beyond its established role as a TCA cycle intermediate.
Glyoxal oxidase-mediated detoxification of reactive carbonyl species contributes to virulence, stress tolerance, and development in a pathogenic fungus
Authors: Liu Xiaoyu , Keyhani Nemat O. , Liu Hong , Zhang Yue , Xia Yuxian , Cao Yueqing
Published: July 2024

Reactive carbonyl and oxygen species (RCS/ROS), often generated as metabolic byproducts, particularly under conditions of pathology, can cause direct damage to proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Glyoxal oxidases (Gloxs) oxidize aldehydes to carboxylic acids, generating hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Although best characterized for their roles in lignin degradation, Glox in plant fungal pathogens are known to contribute to virulence, however, the mechanism underlying such effects are unclear. Here, we show that Glox in the insect pathogenic fungus, Metarhizium acridum, is highly expressed in mycelia and during formation of infection structures (appressoria), with the enzyme localizing to the cell membrane. MaGlox targeted gene disruption mutants showed RCS and ROS accumulation, resulting in cell toxicity, induction of apoptosis and increased autophagy, inhibiting normal fungal growth and development. The ability of the MaGlox mutant to scavenge RCS was significantly reduced, and the mutant exhibited increased susceptibility to aldehydes, oxidative and cell wall perturbing agents but not toward osmotic stress, with altered cell wall contents. The ΔMaGlox mutant was impaired in its ability to penetrate the host cuticle and evade host immune defense resulting in attenuated pathogenicity. Overexpression of MaGlox promoted fungal growth and conidial germination, increased tolerance to H2O2, but had little to other phenotypic effects. Transcriptomic analyses revealed downregulation of genes related to cell wall synthesis, conidiation, stress tolerance, and host cuticle penetration in the ΔMaGlox mutant. These findings demonstrate that MaGlox-mediated scavenging of RCS is required for virulence, and contributes to normal fungal growth and development, stress resistance.
Reflexions on Urban Parish Communities in Medieval Europe and its Relevance to Current Historiography
Authors: Campos Maria Amélia
Published: July 2024

Regarding the smallest and closest ecclesiastical jurisdi­ction to the population, the parish constitutes a privileged unit of study for comprehending social, spiritual, and even behavioural aspects. Within the medieval city, its approach allows us to detect terri­tories with differentiated populations that were also defined by the bond and relationship established with the parish church. This article serves as an introduction to the volume of studies on urban parish commu­nities, spanning a chronology widely established between the eleventh and sixteenth centuries, and a geography that extends from the Iberian Peninsula to Transylvania.
A Church under Influence: The Cistercian Convent o...
Authors: Farelo Mário , Rêpas Luís Miguel
Published: July 2024

As part of his strategy for the alienation of property under royal patronage in the city and diocese of Lisbon at the end of the thirteenth century, in 1295, King Dinis donated the collegiate church of São Julião in the town of Santarém to the Cistercian nunnery of Odivelas. The transfer of this royal asset to the nuns marked the beginning of a new stage in the lives of both the church and its newfound patrons. Due to the documentary limitations and lacunae characteristic of the archival reserves of both patron and dependent institutions, it is not always easy to detail the jurisdictional, sociolo­gical, economic, and fiscal nuances entailed in the arrangement. Nevertheless, the survival in the Odivelas archive of a hitherto completely overlooked and unstudied set of fourteenth­‑century documents concerning the church of São Julião reveals some of the aspects involved, especially in terms of the nomination, remuneration, and activities of the clergy serving in São Julião.
Inclusion and Exclusion between Church and Community: The Case of the “Lombard” Financiers (Thirteenth–Seventeenth centuries)
Authors: Pia Ezio Claudio
Published: July 2024

The lombardi represent a category of economic operators originating from northern Italy and active throughout Europe between the thirteenth and seventeenth centuries. They were businessmen from inland towns, served by communication routes and located in areas of high agricultural productivity, which provided the surplus needed to carry out financial initiatives. Active in lending and com­mercial transactions and from the fourteenth century part of an international financial lobby, they were identified by their contempo­raries as foreigners devoted to a disreputable profession – at risk of usury – and relegated to a “weak” citizenship. A constant oscillation between exclusion and inclusion characterises the vicissitudes of the subalpine operators. Encoded through canonical languages, this uncertain membership is reflected in the variability of the Lombards’ relations with ecclesiastical institutions both in their places of activity and at home. In this context, the parish is the node of aggregation of different dynamics: ecclesiastical regulatory intervention, in fact, marks the intersection between the concrete needs of the market, the community’s roots and the Church’s regulation of social and financial relations. The parish is the place of exclusion but at the same time the space for negotiating reintegration and the institution that mediates the conflicting drives that run through the credit market.
¿Salir (a la calle) solo para entrar (al parque infantil)? La problemática del espacio público para niños y niñas en Pinto-Madrid
Authors: Vera Cubas Javier
Published: July 2024

El artículo narra mi devenir, de arquitecto-urbanista diseñador y planificador de espacios públicos con enfoque de infancia en los barrios populares de Lima (Perú), a cuidador, como papá de una niña de 2-3 años en Pinto-Madrid (España). Nos aproxima a la percepción y vivencia del espacio público desde la perspectiva de mi hija, para comprender si Pinto es, tal como se anuncia oficialmente, una ciudad ideal para los niños, analizar el impacto del parque infantil ubicado frente a nuestra casa en nuestra vida cotidiana y la de nuestra comunidad. Durante un año de trabajo etnográfico, mi hija y yo compartimos el día a día con otros niños y adultos en el parque, jugando, conversando, mirando y escuchando –observación participante–. Al mismo tiempo, registré el parque desde mi ventana –observación no participante–, entrevisté a usuarios diversos, revisé documentos del ayuntamiento y literatura especializada. A partir de ello, se discute la distinción entre “lugares para los niños” creados por adultos y “lugares de los niños” apropiados por ellos y las diferencias entre calle y espacio público. Se argumenta que la retórica del Ayuntamiento oculta un discurso adultocentrista que establece para los niños y niñas tiempos y espacios acotados y exclusivos: meterlos en los parques infantiles equivaldría a sacarlos de la calle, y salir a la calle solo para entrar a un parque infantil convierte a la calle, el espacio más rico e importante para su socialización y aprendizaje, en un lugar de paso transitable pero deshabitado, y en consecuencia, inseguro. A más parques infantiles, menos participación en la producción de la ciudad: las niñas y los niños como meros usuarios-consumidores. Frente a ello se propone recuperar el valor positivo de la utopía produciendo una ciudad lúdica: la “ciudad de los niños” como una “utopía concreta” en la que puedan salir a la calle sin otro destino que la calle misma.
El proceso participativo para la transformación del espacio exterior del CEIP Son Basca: la arquitectura como oportunidad para la infancia
Authors: Genis Vinyals Mariona , Planelles Salvans Jordi , Batle Siquier Margalida , Cuenca Cerdà Laura , Pons Beltrán Catalina
Published: July 2024

La Convención sobre los Derechos del Niño establece la participación infantil como un derecho fundamental. Esto significa que se debe permitir a los niños expresar sus puntos de vista, ser escuchados y que sus intereses sean considerados en las decisiones que tienen un impacto directo en ellos. Este principio es clave en el ámbito de los derechos del niño y la protección de la infancia. La presente investigación se centra en la integración de la infancia en los procesos de análisis y transformación arquitectónica de los espacios que ocupan. En particular, se analiza la transformación del espacio exterior del CEIP Son Basca en Sa Pobla, Mallorca, con el objetivo de fomentar un juego más diversificado, el aprendizaje, la inclusión, la coeducación, el confort ambiental y la naturalización. El estudio propone una metodología que implica la participación de toda la comunidad educativa, incluyendo a los niños, para garantizar una participación real y efectiva en la transformación final del patio. La experiencia se justifica por la necesidad de revisar la configuración tradicional de los patios escolares y por la aparición de nuevas metodologías para el diseño de estos espacios. Estas metodologías reconocen la importancia de la arquitectura en la creación de ambientes integrados, menos fragmentados y propicios para el aprendizaje significativo, e incorporan la participación de la infancia. Además de su objetivo principal de implementar la transformación de manera participativa, el estudio destaca el potencial del proceso de diseño colaborativo del patio para generar aprendizajes en varios niveles educativos del centro. Este enfoque participativo no solo mejora el entorno físico, sino que también contribuye al desarrollo educativo y s ocial de los alumnos.
Diseño gráfico del museo como estímulo creativo en educación patrimonial
Authors: Huerta Ricard
Published: July 2024

El diseño gráfico es un elemento importante que cada museo incorpora a sus instalaciones, un contexto visual que define también su promoción y publicidad. Tanto las salas de la colección permanente como las exposiciones temporales nos permiten indagar en la imagen que ofrece cada institución. El presente estudio analiza, desde la cultura visual, los diseños gráficos que definen varios entornos, centrándonos en siete museos de la ciudad de Valencia. Se incide en el análisis de aspectos puntuales, elaborando un conjunto de categorías. El criterio de selección prioriza las entidades públicas. Abordamos aspectos concretos, como el diseño de elementos gráficos en exteriores e interiores arquitectónicos. El interés se extiende al impacto que tienen las decisiones al optar por un tipo de diseño u otro, ya que la imagen del museo está fuertemente vinculada al grafismo aplicado. Los públicos que visitan el museo reciben un impacto determinado a través de los diseños, gracias al mensaje gráfico. La visita se convierte así en un proceso de conocimiento sobre las posibilidades comunicativas del espacio. El museo educa la mirada de los públicos, al generar estímulos constantemente. Entre los resultados de la investigación, destacar el impacto que tiene el diseño en sus visitantes, así como el valor implícito de las políticas comunicativas de cada institución para favorecer la educación patrimonial.
Aprendizaje sobre el espacio en un centro de educación secundaria: uso de los sentidos en las actividades
Authors: Marzo de la Cal Ana
Published: July 2024

El objetivo de este artículo es revisar los primeros pasos que se pueden dar en un instituto de secundaria para que el espacio escolar pueda ser utilizado como un recurso educativo. En España existen numerosos edificios escolares construidos a partir de la Ley 14/1970, que supuso una reforma educativa. Sin embargo, los centros educativos seguían teniendo aulas compartimentadas a ambos lados de pasillos. En la actualidad, nuevas metodologías de aprendizaje son habituales en los colegios e institutos, pero sigue existiendo una desconexión entre las aulas como espacio físico y el proceso de aprendizaje. Esto hace que los adolescentes no se identifiquen con el entorno escolar. Si conseguimos incorporar la arquitectura del entorno en nuestras sesiones de clase, los alumnos valorarán lo que les rodea, lo harán suyo y lo respetarán. Formaremos personas con un sentido crítico hacia lo edificado y tendremos ciudadanos que podrán colaborar en la construcción de un mundo mejor para todos. Como un primer paso de análisis del edificio educativo, se han llevado a cabo a lo largo de quince meses, distintas actividades usando los sentidos, con alumnos de educación secundaria, con la intención de darles a conocer ese espacio en el que conviven entre semana. El dibujo de un plano de la planta del edificio en distintos momentos del curso ha servido como indicador para identificar aquellas actividades más apropiadas para conocer su entorno, resultando ser aquellas en las que tenía lugar una mayor interacción física entre los alumnos y el espacio, las elegidas.
Cuídate
Authors: Raedó Álvarez Jorge
Published: July 2024

Los grandes cambios climáticos o la escasez de recursos ante la enorme demanda mundial son retos que la especie humana tiene ante sí desde hace décadas. Como hemos hecho poco o nada para solventarlos, ahora estamos obligados a adaptarnos al nuevo ambiente que se avecina. Tenemos que educar a la infancia para que sepa entenderlo y vivir en él. Una canción parece hablar a esa infancia.
Reseña del libro: Ignacio González-Varas (2023), El culto a la memoria. Ética y estética
Authors: Martínez-Medina Andrés
Published: July 2024

Reseña de libro: Ignacio González-Varas, El culto a la memoria. Ética y estética. Madrid. Ediciones Cátedra, 2023, 334 pp. ISBN: 978-84-376-4669-5.
Enhancing the nutritional quality and digestibility of citronella waste (Cymbopogon nardus) for ruminant feed through ammoniation and fermentation techniques
Authors: Pamungkas Dicky , Hernaman Iman , Istianto Mizu , Ayuningsih Budi , Ginting Simon Petrus , Solehudin Solehudin , Paat Paulus Cornelius , Mariyono Mariyono , Tresia Gresy Eva , Ariyanti Rina , Fitriawaty Fitriawaty , Yusriani Yenni
Published: July 2024

Background and Aim: Citronella grass (Cymbopogon nardus) waste, produced by distilling citronella to produce essential oil, has a high potential for use as animal feed. However, the presence of high lignin content could limit its digestibility, prompting the need for treatment to improve its quality. This study aimed to improve the nutritional value and in vitro digestibility of ammoniated and fermented citronella waste (CW).

Materials and Methods: The treatments of CW included CW without treatment as a control (T0), ammoniation of CW with urea (T1), fermentation of CW with Trichoderma harzianum (T2), and a combination of ammoniation and fermentation (amofer) of CW (T3). This study employed a randomized block design with five replicates for each of the four treatments. If there was a significant effect (p < 0.05), a post hoc Duncan’s multiple range test was performed to analyze the variance of the data.

Results: The process of ammoniation and fermentation led to a notable increase in crude protein (2%–6%) while decreasing crude fiber (2%–6%), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) (5%–14%), acid detergent fiber (ADF) (5%–9%), lignin (4%–9%), and cellulose (2%–10%). The treatments enhanced the digestibility of dry matter, organic matter (OM), NH3, and total volatile fatty acid by 4%–12%, 6%–19%, 0.9–10 mM, and 35–142 mM, respectively. The decrease in NDF, ADF, acid detergent lignin (ADL), and cellulose fractions was accompanied by an improvement in dry matter and OM digestibility in CW. Ammoniated-fermented (amofer) CW, followed by fermentation with T. harzianum and ammoniated urea treatment, significantly enhanced the nutritional content and in vitro digestibility. The decrease in NDF, ADF, ADL, and cellulose fractions led to an improvement in dry matter and OM digestibility in CW.

Conclusion: The application of amofer treatment with T. harzianum maximizes CW’s nutritional value and digestibility, making it the most efficient preservation method. Research is needed to explore the potential use of Aspergillus spp. and Pleurotus spp. for fermenting CW as ruminant fodder.

Keywords: ammoniation, Cymbopogon nardus, digestibility, fermentation, Trichoderma harzianum.
Woke Sausages at the Cracker Barrel: Gastronativism and the Synecdochic Politics of Plant-Based Meat
Authors: Rooney David , Muller S. Marek
Published: July 2024

In August 2022, the U.S. restaurant chain Cracker Barrel introduced a meatless sausage patty—the “Impossible Sausage”—to its breakfast menu. A viral social media backlash against the restaurant ensued. Using Fabio Parasecoli's theory of gastronativism as a theoretical lens, we perform a critical rhetorical analysis of online commentaries regarding Cracker Barrel's Impossible Sausage with an eye toward synecdochic representation. We contend that the online “culture war” that ensued within and beyond Cracker Barrel's social media pages is representative of plant-based meat alternatives’ gastropolitical resonance in U.S. American identity construction. Two synecdoches emerge through our analysis, the Cracker Barrel restaurant as right-wing sacred space embedded in “tradition” and the Impossible Sausage as a leftist, progressive, contagious intrusion into this space. Discourses of faux-Southern identity, right-wing appeals to traditional ways of life, and white masculine victimhood are entrenched in these synecdochic tropes. Understanding the Cracker Barrel's meatless menu debacle as a manifestation of gastronativist synecdoche demonstrates the ideological significance of meat and plant-based meat in contemporary U.S. political imaginaries. Given plant-based foods’ increasing popularity among health- and environmentally conscious consumers, rhetoricians concerned with the intersections of food, power, and identity should take note of how flesh (non)consumption symbolically (re)constructs U.S. American gastropolitical identities.
Mapping Winter Wheat Using Ensemble‐Based Positive Unlabeled Learning Approach
Authors: Wang Hanxiang , Yu Fan , Xie Junwei , Wan Huawei , Zheng Haotian
Published: July 2024

High‐resolution remote sensing images can support machine learning methods to achieve remarkable results in agricultural monitoring. However, traditional supervised learning methods require pre-labeled training data and are unsuitable for non-fully labeled areas. Positive and
Unlabeled Learning (PUL), can deal with unlabeled data. A loss function PU-Loss was proposed in this study to directly optimize the PUL evaluation metric and to address the data imbalance problem caused by unlabeled positive samples. Moreover, a hybrid normalization module Batch Instance-Layer
Normalization was proposed to perform multiple normalization methods based on the resolution size and to improve the model performance further. A real‐world positive and unlabeled winter wheat data set was used to evaluate the proposed method, which outperformed widely used models such
as U‐Net, DeepLabv3+, and DA‐Net. The results demonstrated the potential of PUL for winter wheat identification in remote sensing images.
Wissenschaftskommunikation und Wissenschaftsdidaktik
Authors: Reinmann Gabi
Published: July 2024

Wissenschaftsdidaktik und Wissenschaftskommunikation weisen Gemeinsamkeiten und Berührungspunkte auf, können sich gegenseitig befruchten und voneinander lernen. Gleichzeitig haben Wissenschaftsdidaktik und Wissenschaftskommunikation ihren je eigenen Sinn und unterscheiden sich in wichtigen Punkten. Der Text beleuchtet verschiedene Abgrenzungen und Überlappungen in Form einer subjektiven Zusammenschau der Beiträge in Band IV der Reihe Wissenschaftsdidaktik. Diese Zusammenschau mündet nicht in einen umfassenden Überblick über die Inhalte, sondern beschreibt das Ergebnis eines persönlichen Lernprozesses aus der Arbeit an diesem Band aus einer primär didaktischen Perspektive.
Hip-Hop and Music Education
Authors: Kattenbeck Chris , Kautny Oliver
Published: July 2024

Educational institutions such as schools and universities began engaging with Hip-Hop as early as the 1980s. This led to the development of educational practices relat- ing to Hip-Hop by the 1990s. Today, these practices are often collectively called "Hip-Hop education." While some pedagogical areas, such as teaching literature, have seen consid- erable progress in the institutionalization of Hip-Hop, music education has only recently started engaging more intensively with the genre in both research and practice. In this chapter, we will trace this evolution, explaining why it started late and is still unfolding slowly. We will also discuss the resulting tasks for music educators in research and prac- tice, asking in particular whether an institutionalization of Hip-Hop can succeed that is sustainable, self-reflective, and ethically responsible, and what role dialogue and collab- oration between artists and educators can play in this.