bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ni-Ru/CeO2 Catalytic Hydrothermal Upgrading of Water-Insoluble Biocrude from Algae Hydrothermal Liquefaction
Authors: Xu Donghai , Guo Shuwei , Liu Liang , Hua Hui , Guo Yang , Wang Shuzhong , Jing Zefeng
Published: May 2018

Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of algae is a promising crude bio-oil (biocrude) production technology, which can convert wet algae into water-insoluble biocrude and other coproducts. In this work, algae HTL at 350°C and 20 min was conducted to obtain water-insoluble biocrude (B1), which was then hydrothermally upgraded at 450°C, 60 min, or with added H2 and/or homemade catalyst (i.e., Ni-Ru/CeO2 or Ni/CeO2) for the first time. The characteristics (e.g., yield, elemental component, energy recovery, and molecular and functional group compositions) of upgraded water-insoluble biocrude (B2) as well as light biocrude thereof were analyzed comprehensively. The results show that Ni-Ru/CeO2+H2 led to the highest yield and HHV (higher heating value), the best elemental compositions quality of B2, and the largest fraction and the best light of light biocrude in B2. Ni-Ru/CeO2+H2 had good catalytic desulfurization effect and could transform high-molecular-weight compounds into low-molecular-weight compounds in B1 upgrading. At the condition above, 46.2% of chemical energy in the initial algae could be recovered by B2, while average 54.9% of chemical energy in B2 was distributed in its light biocrude (hexane-soluble) portion. On the whole, Ni-Ru/CeO2+H2 can be considered as the optimal additive in all tested cases.
Microbiological Quality ofKachumbari, a Raw Vegetable Salad Popularly Served Alongside Roast Meat in Kenya
Authors: Mbae Kenneth M. , Ndwiga Mercy K. , Kiruki Fredrick G.
Published: May 2018

Raw salads are regularly implicated in food-borne disease outbreaks globally. Consumption ofkachumbari,a raw vegetable salad, alongside roast meat is widespread in Kenya. The aim of this study was to evaluate the bacteriological quality ofkachumbarisamples (n=39) collected from a cross section of roasted meat eateries in Kenya. The United Kingdom’s Health Protection Agency guidelines were used to infer safety of the salads due to lack of local criteria for microbiological safety of ready-to-eat fresh produce placed in the market. Based onEscherichia colicounts, 14 (35.9%) of the samples were of satisfactory microbial quality (<20 CFU/g), 7 (17.9%) in the borderline (20–≤102 CFU/g), and 18 (46.2%) unsatisfactory (>102 CFU/g). All samples examined for staphylococci had counts falling within the borderline range (20–≤104 CFU/g). Collectively, 3 (7.7%) of the sampled salads were classified as potentially harmful to health and/or unfit for human consumption due to the presumptive presence of 2 (5.1%)Campylobacterspp. and 1 (2.6%)E. coliO157.Salmonellawas not detected in any of the samples. The presence of hygiene indicator microorganisms and pathogens demonstrates thatkachumbarisalads present a public health risk.
A Deposition Model: Riemann Problem and Flux-Function Limits of Solutions
Authors: Cheng Hongjun , Li Shiwei
Published: May 2018

The Riemann solutions of a deposition model are shown. A singular flux-function limit of the obtained Riemann solutions is considered. As a result, it is shown that the Riemann solutions of the deposition model just converge to the Riemann solutions of the limit system, the scalar conservation law with a linear flux function involving discontinuous coefficient. Especially, for some initial data, the two-shock Riemann solution of the deposition model tends to the delta-shock Riemann solution of the limit system; by contrast, for some initial data, the two-rarefaction-wave Riemann solution of the deposition model tends to the vacuum Riemann solution of the limit system. Some numerical results exhibiting the formation processes of delta-shocks and vacuum states are presented.
Immobilization of Bifidobacterium infantis Cells in Selected Hydrogels as a Method of Increasing Their Survival in Fermented Milkless Beverages
Authors: Jasińska Urszula T. , Skąpska Sylwia , Owczarek Lubomiła , Dekowska Agnieszka , Lewińska Dorota
Published: May 2018

The aim of the study was to examine whether immobilization of Bifidobacterium infantis inside hydrogels could prolong their survival in fermented milkless beverages. The starter culture Streptococcus thermophilus was used to obtain fermented nonmilk beverages: oat, oat-banana, and oat-peach. The biota of beverages were supplemented with Bifidobacterium infantis cells, free and immobilized, in three types of spherical hydrogel particles: microcapsules with a liquid and gelled core, microbeads of 0.5 mm diameter, and beads of 2.5 mm diameter. As a carrier material, low-methoxylated pectin and alginate were used. Microbeads and microcapsules were obtained using extrusion techniques: vibrating and electrostatic method, and beads were obtained using manual method with a syringe. A significantly lower decrease in the count of cells immobilized in hydrogels compared to free cells was observed during storage of fermented beverages at 4°C. Microcapsules were more effective compared to microbeads in terms of bacterial cells protection. The observed effect was better for higher biopolymer concentration. The highest survival of the strain was noted in cells immobilized in low-methoxylated pectin beads of 2.5 mm diameter. Supplementing the biota of fermented beverages with microencapsulated bacteria did not negatively affect the overall sensory quality of beverages during the entire storage period.
Probiotic Species in the Modulation of Gut Microbiota: An Overview
Authors: Azad Md. Abul Kalam , Sarker Manobendro , Li Tiejun , Yin Jie
Published: May 2018

Probiotics are microbial strains that are beneficial to health, and their potential has recently led to a significant increase in research interest in their use to modulate the gut microbiota. The animal gut is a complex ecosystem of host cells, microbiota, and available nutrients, and the microbiota prevents several degenerative diseases in humans and animals via immunomodulation. The gut microbiota and its influence on human nutrition, metabolism, physiology, and immunity are addressed, and several probiotic species and strains are discussed to improve the understanding of modulation of gut microbiota. This paper provides a broad review of several Lactobacillus spp., Bifidobacterium spp., and other coliform bacteria as the most promising probiotic species and their role in the prevention of degenerative diseases, such as obesity, diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, malignancy, liver disease, and inflammatory bowel disease. This review also discusses a recent study of Saccharomyces spp. in which inflammation was prevented by promotion of proinflammatory immune function via the production of short-chain fatty acids. A summary of gut microbiota alteration with future perspectives is also provided.
Potential Application of Electrical Stimulation in Stem Cell-Based Treatment against Hearing Loss
Authors: Tang Mingliang , Yan Xiaoqian , Tang Qilin , Guo Rongrong , Da Peng , Li Dan
Published: May 2018

Deafness is a common human disease, which is mainly caused by irreversible damage to hair cells and spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs) in the mammalian cochlea. At present, replacement of damaged or missing hair cells and SGNs by stem cell transplantation therapy is an effective treatment. However, the survival rate of stem cell transplantation is low, with uncontrollable differentiation hindering its application. Most researchers have focused on biochemical factors to regulate the growth and differentiation of stem cells, whereas little study has been performed using physical factors. This review intends to illustrate the current problems in stem cell-based treatment against deafness and to introduce electric field stimulation as a physical factor to regulate stem cell behavior and facilitate stem cell therapy to treat hearing loss in the future.
Updates in Refractory Status Epilepticus
Authors: Marawar Rohit , Basha Maysaa , Mahulikar Advait , Desai Aaron , Suchdev Kushak , Shah Aashit
Published: May 2018

Refractory status epilepticus is defined as persistent seizures despite appropriate use of two intravenous medications, one of which is a benzodiazepine. It can be seen in up to 40% of cases of status epilepticus with an acute symptomatic etiology as the most likely cause. New-onset refractory status epilepticus (NORSE) is a recently coined term for refractory status epilepticus where no apparent cause is found after initial testing. A large proportion of NORSE cases are eventually found to have an autoimmune etiology needing immunomodulatory treatment. Management of refractory status epilepticus involves treatment of an underlying etiology in addition to intravenous anesthetics and antiepileptic drugs. Alternative treatment options including diet therapies, electroconvulsive therapy, and surgical resection in case of a focal lesion should be considered. Short-term and long-term outcomes tend to be poor with significant morbidity and mortality with only one-third of patients reaching baseline neurological status.
PTEN Regulates Nonhomologous End Joining By Epigenetic Induction of NHEJ1/XLF
Authors: Sulkowski Parker L. , Scanlon Susan E. , Oeck Sebastian , Glazer Peter M.
Published: May 2018

DNA double-strand breaks (DSB) are the most cytotoxic DNA lesions, and up to 90% of DSBs require repair by nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ). Functional and genomic analyses of patient-derived melanomas revealed that PTEN loss is associated with NHEJ deficiency. In PTEN-null melanomas, PTEN complementation rescued the NHEJ defect; conversely, suppression of PTEN compromised NHEJ. Mechanistic studies revealed that PTEN promotes NHEJ through direct induction of expression of XRCC4-like factor (NHEJ1/XLF), which functions in DNA end bridging and ligation. PTEN was found to occupy the NHEJ1 gene promoter and to recruit the histone acetyltransferases, PCAF and CBP, inducing XLF expression. This recruitment activity was found to be independent of its phosphatase activity, but dependent on K128, a site of regulatory acetylation on PTEN. These findings define a novel function for PTEN in regulating NHEJ DSB repair, and therefore may assist in the design of individualized strategies for cancer therapy.

Implications: PTEN is the second most frequently lost tumor suppressor gene. Here it is demonstrated that PTEN has a direct and novel regulatory role in NHEJ, a key DNA repair pathway in response to radiation and chemotherapy. Mol Cancer Res; 16(8); 1241–54. ©2018 AACR.
Why be jihadist? Public intellectuals’ blind spot for Islamist terrorism
Authors: Demant Peter
Published: May 2018

Intelectuais públicos ocidentais, principalmente os de esquerda, muitas vezes relativizaram o terrorismo, inclusive os ataques jihadistas perpetrados por uma pequena minoria de muçulmanos. Este artigo discute as recentes contribuições intelectuais em termos de análise e estratégias para lidar com o terrorismo. Nós classificamos as posições de intelectuais em duas vertentes, uma, correspondente ao espectro clássico Esquerda-Direita e, a outra, indo do universalismo ao relativismo. Esta abordagem cria quatro quadrantes: duas versões universalistas, a esquerdista (marxista-anarquista) e a libera; e duas alas do relativismo, uma pós-moderna-multiculturalista e a outra culturalista conservadora. Cada quadrante tem uma explicação e resposta especifica ao desafio do terrorismo jihadista, porém, enquanto as duas primeiras estão numa posição defensiva, o segundo grupo está crescendo. Tanto marxistas quanto pós-modernistas tendem a acusar o capitalismo. Mas, enquanto a esquerda universalista co-divide com os democratas liberais a busca por uma mudança estrutural universalmente transformadora, os relativistas clamam por mudanças de atitude, com o multiculturalismo da esquerda acusando o ocidente e chamando para uma tolerância ao islã subalterno (inclusive suas ocasionais expressões violentas), enquanto a direita culturalista culpa o islã e clama por um protecionismo cultural (“islamofôbico”). No entanto, até agora não parece ter surgido nenhuma resposta efetiva ao jihadismo, lacuna que pode ser atribuída a um ponto cego comum à maioria das posições intelectuais: a relutância em lidar com as causas que atraem algumas pessoas ao terrorismo. Este artigo compara algumas tentativas recentes de entender estas causas e conclui que seu denominador comum é uma crise de pertencimento e transcendência do próprio ocidente; lidar e responder a esta crise social e ideológica é tarefa dos intelectuais ocidentais públicos e precondição para efetivamente atacar o problema do terrorismo.
A globalização como meio de ocidentalização do Oriente Médio
Authors: Oliveira Ananda Vilela da Silva
Published: May 2018

A partir do conceito de globalização perversa de Milton Santos, esse artigo analisa a tentativa de ocidentalização do Oriente Médio que utiliza instrumentos econômicos e culturais para expandir as fronteiras do capitalismo. Para isso, serão utilizados dados históricos para uma análise qualitativa das mudanças no Oriente Médio, que podem ser fruto de uma globalização que busca a expansão de mercados, partindo-se da hipótese de que esta serve aos países mais fortes no sistema internacional, passando por cima de culturas milenares e universalizando a visão de uma região atrasada e inane.
Race and Beta‐Blocker Survival Benefit in Patients With Heart Failure: An Investigation of Self‐Reported Race and Proportion of African Genetic Ancestry
Authors: Luzum Jasmine A. , Peterson Edward , Li Jia , She Ruicong , Gui Hongsheng , Liu Bin , Spertus John A. , Pinto Yigal M. , Williams L. Keoki , Sabbah Hani N. , Lanfear David E.
Published: May 2018

Background

It remains unclear whether beta‐blockade is similarly effective in black patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction as in white patients, but self‐reported race is a complex social construct with both biological and environmental components. The objective of this study was to compare the reduction in mortality associated with beta‐blocker exposure in heart failure and reduced ejection fraction patients by both self‐reported race and by proportion African genetic ancestry.

Methods and Results

Insured patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction (n=1122) were included in a prospective registry at Henry Ford Health System. This included 575 self‐reported blacks (129 deaths, 22%) and 547 self‐reported whites (126 deaths, 23%) followed for a median 3.0 years. Beta‐blocker exposure (
BB
exp) was calculated from pharmacy claims, and the proportion of African genetic ancestry was determined from genome‐wide array data. Time‐dependent Cox proportional hazards regression was used to separately test the association of
BB
exp with all‐cause mortality by self‐reported race or by proportion of African genetic ancestry. Both sets of models were evaluated unadjusted and then adjusted for baseline risk factors and beta‐blocker propensity score.
BB
exp effect estimates were protective and of similar magnitude both by self‐reported race and by African genetic ancestry (adjusted hazard ratio=0.56 in blacks and adjusted hazard ratio=0.48 in whites). The tests for interactions with
BB
exp for both self‐reported race and for African genetic ancestry were not statistically significant in any model (
P
>0.1 for all).

Conclusions

Among black and white patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction, reduction in all‐cause mortality associated with
BB
exp was similar, regardless of self‐reported race or proportion African genetic ancestry.
Early Cerebral Vein After Endovascular Ischemic Stroke Treatment Predicts Symptomatic Reperfusion Hemorrhage
Authors: Cartmell Samuel C.D. , Ball Robyn L. , Kaimal Rajani , Telischak Nicholas A. , Marks Michael P. , Do Huy M. , Dodd Robert L. , Albers Gregory W. , Lansberg Maarten G. , Heit Jeremy J.
Published: May 2018

Background and Purpose—

Parenchymal hemorrhage (PH) after endovascular mechanical thrombectomy in acute ischemic stroke leads to worse outcomes. Better clinical and imaging biomarkers of symptomatic reperfusion PH are needed to identify patients at risk. We identified clinical and imaging predictors of reperfusion PH after endovascular mechanical thrombectomy with attention to early cerebral veins (ECVs) on postreperfusion digital subtraction angiography.

Methods—

We performed a retrospective cohort study of consecutive acute ischemic stroke patients undergoing endovascular mechanical thrombectomy at our neurovascular referral center. Clinical and imaging characteristics were collected from patient health records, and random forest variable importance measures were used to identify predictors of symptomatic PH. Predictors of secondary outcomes, including 90-day mortality, functional dependence (modified Rankin Scale score, >2), and National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale shift, were also determined. Diagnostic test characteristics of ECV for symptomatic PH were determined using a receiver operating characteristic analysis. Differences between patients with and without symptomatic PH were assessed with Fisher exact test and the Wilcoxon rank sum (Mann–Whitney
U
test) test at the 0.05 significance level.

Results—

Of 64 patients with anterior circulation large-vessel occlusion identified, 6 (9.4%) developed symptomatic PH. ECV was the strongest predictor of symptomatic PH with more than twice the importance of the next best predictor, male sex. Although ECV was also predictive of 90-day mortality and functional dependence, other characteristics were more important than ECV for these outcomes. The sensitivity and specificity of ECV alone for subsequent hemorrhage were both 0.83, with an area under the curve of 0.83 and 95% confidence interval of 0.66 to 1.00.

Conclusions—

ECV on postendovascular mechanical thrombectomy digital subtraction angiography is highly diagnostic of subsequent symptomatic reperfusion hemorrhage in this data set. This finding has important implications for post-treatment management of blood pressure and anticoagulation.
An updated checklist of groundwater crustaceans of India
Authors: Ranga Reddy Yenumula
Published: May 2018

Only eight groundwater crustacean species were known in India till the end of 20thcentury. Analysis of about 4000 samples collected during 2000-2016 from diverse groundwater habitats, especially in certain pockets of the deltaic belt of the Rivers Krishna and Godavari in the southeastern peninsular India, has so far yielded about 90 new crustacean taxa. Of these, 67 new species have been described formally, which include, respectively, 34, 27, 3, 2 and 1 species each of Copepoda, Bathynellacea, Amphipoda, Isopoda and Ostracoda. The updated checklist presented herein includes a total of 87 species in 45 genera, 22 families and 8 orders. For each species, the reference to its original description, type locality, distribution, and ecological notes, co-occurring fauna, if any, and sampling method(s) are given. Besides map-pointing the type localities of the species, brief notes are given on the biogeography and conservation.
Growth, maturity and mortality of the blue crab Callinectes arcuatus Ordway, 1863 (Decapoda, Portunidae) in a Mexican coastal lagoon
Authors: Rivera-Velázquez Perla J. , Aragón-Noriega E. Alberto , Rodríguez-Domínguez Guillermo , Pérez-González Raúl , Castillo-Vargasmachuca Sergio G.
Published: May 2018

In Mexico, swimming crabs are considered a strategic resource because it supports artisanal fishing when the main fish resource (shrimp) is in closed season. In “Marismas Nacionales” the blue crab fishery is relatively new, and the catches have been maintained due to the national demand and the availability of the resource. Individual growth, sexual maturity, sexual ratio and mortality were estimated for Callinectes arcuatus for providing information about its population dynamics. Samplings were carried out every 10 days from October 2002 to November 2003. A total of 6022 specimens of C. arcuatus were collected (70.05% were males and 29.95% females) with a maximum carapace width (CW) of 138.5 mm in males and 118.7 mm for females. For males, case 5 of the Schnute model was the best model for describing the individual growth ( and ), while case 2 ( and ) was a better fit for females. The size at sexual maturity was 88.9 mm CW in males (CI = 88-90 mm) and 82.2 mm CW in females (CI = 81.7-82.9 mm). The estimated age at sexual maturity was 0.79 and 0.91 years for males and females, respectively. The male/female sex ratio was 1 : 0.43, significantly different (, ) from the theoretical sexual ratio (1 : 1). Mortality rates in males were , and , and in females they were , and . The exploitation rate indicated the resource is below the optimum level of exploitation and the maximum yield per recruit.
Abundance and population structure of the blue crab Callinectes sapidus (Decapoda, Portunidae) in Thermaikos Gulf (Methoni Bay), northern Aegean Sea
Authors: Kevrekidis Kosmas , Antoniadou Chryssanthi
Published: May 2018

The blue crabCallinectes sapidusis an alien decapod established in the Mediterranean Sea. Since 2007, increased abundance has been reported from the northern Aegean Sea sustaining local scale fishery. The present work aims to assess the abundance and population structure ofC. sapidusin Thermaikos Gulf using fyke nets. Population abundance, estimated as CPUE, exhibited strong temporal variability with decreased values in the cold season; this pattern was correlated with seawater temperature. Females exhibited also spatial differences with increased abundance close to the Aliakmon estuary. In total, 543 individuals were measured for carapace width. Males prevailed in the population; however, mean size was similar between sexes. Larger individuals were caught from deeper waters and the estuarine areas, whereas mean size decreased temporally. The fyke nets used proved to be size-selective, thus preventing fisheries mortality for juveniles. However, recurrent monitoring is necessary for a sustainable management of blue crab fisheries in the gulf.
A South African Perspective of Grade 9 Learners’ Experiences of Children’s Rights
Authors: Munongi Lucia , Pillay Jace
Published: May 2018

This study aimed to determine children’s experiences of their rights. The sample consisted of 185 Grade 9 pupils (females = 95; males = 90) randomly sampled from 13 secondary schools from Johannesburg, South Africa, from a previous study. The participants were requested to write their responses to an open-ended question: ‘What do you think of children’s rights in South Africa?’ The data were analysed using content analysis since the data from the open-ended question was qualitative in nature. Results indicated that children were aware that they have rights, and that adults were still violating them. Based on the findings and a human rights-basedframework, several recommendations were made, such as, the need to adopt a more radical approach when dealing with children’s rights and the need to encourage schools and families to develop a culture of respecting children’s rights.
Holm Tetens’s Rational Theology
Authors: Samhammer Michael
Published: May 2018

Holm Tetens attempts to define ‘god’ as part of his rational theology. The term ‘god’ is supposed to be defined as ‘the infinite I-subject’. This should be achieved through the customary definition of a singular term by description. However, definitions of this kind have to meet certain formal requirements, which a Rational Theology should adhere to. This paper aims to show that Tetens’ definition faces problems with these requirements since vital arguments are either missing or incomplete in a substantial way. In the process, possible approaches to remedy the outlined problems are hinted at. Overall, this paper raises the question of an alternative interpretation of his definition of god, which is central to the author’s project.
Introducing a Psycho-Historical Approach to the Study of Emotions in Music: The Case of Monteverdi’s Il Combattimento di Tancredi e Clorinda
Authors: Davidson Jane W. , Kiernan Frederic , Garrido Sandra
Published: May 2018

This essay addresses the challenges of reaching a historically informed understanding of the emotional experience of seventeenth-century musical performance by applying a recent theoretical account of the psychological emotion mechanisms that underpin music perception. A short work by Claudio Monteverdi (1567–1643) is taken as a case study, to investigate the ways that structural elements of the music engage emotion mechanisms. Since modern-day listeners also draw on emotion mechanisms, a modern-day exploration of behavioural responses to the historical work – albeit performed and perceived through different personal experiences and perhaps with different emphases according to the many different social-cultural factors influencing modern perception – enables the identification of which mechanisms are activated in modern perceivers. While the authors acknowledge that emotional responses to music are highly susceptible to a whole range of complex and dynamic socio-cultural experiences and different historical contexts, the research undertaken nonetheless enables the development of some parameters on which to build a modern-day performance that emphasises the mechanisms most likely to arouse affect.
‘A good hater’: Writing about the Emotions with George Eliot and A. S. Byatt
Authors: Trigg Stephanie
Published: May 2018

This essay takes as its starting point a reflection of a character in A. S. Byatt’s Still Life: ‘George Eliot, Stephanie thought, was a good hater’. This comment refers to Eliot’s satirical analysis of middle-class sensibilities and emotional affectations in The Mill on the Floss. This essay explores the emotional resonances of this phrase that links these two very different novels, written in different centuries and structured around very different thematic concerns. Nevertheless, this connection between them, and the way a small modern community of readers responded to this connection on social media, helps us theorise the distinctive contribution literary studies can make to the history of emotions. Literary texts, and perhaps especially the novel, offer complex multiple perspectives on the performance of emotions in social contexts. In such texts, passionate emotional extremes and everyday emotions are treated with equal seriousness and subtlety, while the diachronic histories of literary reception and response offer rich narratives and material for the study of emotional history.
Introduction: Emotions and Change
Authors: Barclay Katie
Published: May 2018

This introduction to the special issue on ‘Emotions and Change’ introduces the main theories of the role of emotion in processes of social and political change, as well as how emotion is theorised to change over time. It introduces the articles within this issue as part of this literature, highlighting how they contribute and extend the field, notably in their discussion of ambivalence and stasis as part of movement.
Emotions and Empowerment in Collective Action: The Experience of a Women’s Collective in Oaxaca, Mexico, 2006–2017
Authors: Poma Alice , Gravante Tommaso
Published: May 2018

In 2006, in the city of Oaxaca in Mexico, the protests of the local section of the teachers’ union (Section XXII-CNTE) turned in a few days to a popular insurrection, which was characterised by the strong participation of women, a group historically excluded and marginalised in Mexican and Oaxaca social and political life. This article analyses the process of empowerment of a group of women who participated in the insurgency and then decided to self-organise as a collective: Mujer Nueva (New Woman). The aim of this article is to contribute to a better understanding of empowerment as a dynamic process and a biographical consequence of protest and activism by analysing the role of different emotions in it.
Shame, Social Orders and the Governing of Women and Girls through Institutions in New South Wales
Authors: Mason Jan , Fattore Tobia
Published: May 2018

The Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse has illuminated, through the testimonies of survivors of abuse, how feelings of shame acted as a powerful barrier to prevent disclosures of abuse by children in these institutions. In this essay, we take this finding as a starting point, and examine the ways in which experiences of shame and institutional shaming practices facilitated the control of women and girls through the policing of female sexuality. We focus our analysis on two periods: the era of early colonial settlement and that of the early and mid-twentieth century. In the first period, women, and in the second period, adolescent girls, were placed in institutions for their moral reconstruction as part of social processes significant to nation-building.. We discuss continuities and changes in the co-construction of shaming over these two periods, as part of institutional reform practices, and identify their implications for the contemporary era.
Additions to the distribution of some Palaeotropic Lejeunea (Marchantiophyta) species, with the description of Lejeunea konratii sp. nov. from Fiji
Authors: LEE GAIK EE , PÓCS TAMÁS
Published: May 2018

Three new additions to the knowledge of Lejeunea species in the Paleotropical bryoflora with their distributional ranges are presented. A new species, Lejeunea konratii G.E.Lee & Pócs, from Fiji (Central Viti Levu) is described and illustrated. It is characterized by the peculiar (1)–2 cells long first tooth of leaf lobules, the robust stem with 16–24 epidermal cells and ventral merophytes 4–8 cells wide, the reniform underleaves, the smooth cuticle, the leaf cells without well-developed trigones and intermediate thickenings, and the 2-winged, auriculate and undulate keels of the perianth. All Asian and Pacific species of Lejeunea with pluricellular lobule teeth are compared and discussed.
The Influence of a Lake-to-Lake Connection from Lake Huron on the Lake-Effect Snowfall in the Vicinity of Lake Ontario
Authors: Lang Carrie E. , McDonald Jessica M. , Gaudet Lauriana , Doeblin Dylan , Jones Erin A. , Laird Neil F.
Published: May 2018

Lake-effect storms (LES) produce substantial snowfall in the vicinity of the downwind shores of the Great Lakes. These storms may take many forms; one type of LES event, lake to lake (L2L), occurs when LES clouds/snowbands develop over an upstream lake (e.g., Lake Huron), extend across an intervening landmass, and continue over a downstream lake (e.g., Lake Ontario). The current study examined LES snowfall in the vicinity of Lake Ontario and the atmospheric conditions during Lake Huron-to-Lake Ontario L2L days as compared with LES days on which an L2L connection was not present [i.e., only Lake Ontario (OLO)] for the cold seasons (October–March) from 2003/04 through 2013/14. Analyses of snowfall demonstrate that, on average, significantly greater LES snowfall totals occur downstream of Lake Ontario on L2L days than on OLO days. The difference in mean snowfall between L2L and OLO days approaches 200% in some areas near the Tug Hill Plateau and central New York State. Analyses of atmospheric conditions found more-favorable LES environments on L2L days relative to OLO days that included greater instability over the upwind lake, more near-surface moisture available, faster wind speeds, and larger surface heat fluxes over the upstream lake. Last, despite significant snowfalls on L2L days, their average contribution to the annual accumulated LES snowfall in the vicinity of Lake Ontario was found to be small (i.e., 25%–30%) because of the relatively infrequent occurrence of L2L days.
Explicit Convection and Scale-Aware Cumulus Parameterizations: High-Resolution Simulations over Areas of Different Topography in Germany
Authors: Wagner Andreas , Heinzeller Dominikus , Wagner Sven , Rummler Thomas , Kunstmann Harald
Published: May 2018

An increase in the spatial resolution of regional climate model simulations improves the representation of land surface characteristics and may allow the explicit calculation of important physical processes such as convection. The present study investigates further potential benefits with respect to precipitation, based on a small ensemble of high-resolution simulations with WRF with grid spacings up to 1 km. The skill of each experiment is evaluated regarding the temporal and spatial performance of the simulation of precipitation of one year over both a mountainous region in southwestern Germany and a mainly flat region in northern Germany. This study allows us to differentiate between the impact of grid spacing, topography, and convection parameterization. Furthermore, the performance of a state-of-the-art convection parameterization scheme in the gray zone of convection is evaluated against an explicit calculation of convection only. Our evaluation demonstrates the following: high-resolution simulations (5 and 1 km) are generally able to represent the diurnal cycle, structure, and intensity distribution of precipitation, when compared to observational datasets such as radar data and interpolated station data. The influence of the improved representation of the topography at higher resolution (1 km) becomes apparent in complex terrain, where the localization of precipitation maxima is more accurate, although these maxima are overestimated. In flat areas, differences in spatial evaluations arise between simulations with parameterized and explicitly calculated convection, whereas smaller grid spacings (1 km vs 5 km) show hardly any impact on precipitation results.
Routinization, free cognitive resources and creativity: The role of individual and contextual contingencies
Authors: Chae Heesun , Choi Jin Nam
Published: May 2018

In job design and creativity literature, challenging and complex jobs drive individual creativity, whereas routinization impedes creative outcomes. This study challenges this prevailing view by exploring the intermediate psychological mechanism and boundary conditions enabling the potential benefits of routinization to foster creativity in organizations. Routinization economizes employees’ use of resources in performing tasks, thereby generating free cognitive resources that can be utilized for creative problem-solving. In addition, the effect of routinization on creativity, as mediated by free cognitive resources, is positively moderated by two boundary conditions: learning goal orientation of employees and supervisor support for creativity. Field data collected from 198 engineers and technicians and 56 supervisors working in manufacturing companies in South Korea confirm the moderated mediation hypotheses. The conditional indirect effects of routinization on creativity through free cognitive resources are significant and positive when the learning goal orientation of employees and supervisor support for creativity are high. These findings highlight the need for a balanced consideration of the ambivalent effects of task complexity and routinization on employee creativity along with further investigations on the contingencies of their effects.
Entitled urbanism: Elite informality and the reimagining of a planned modern city
Authors: Moatasim Faiza
Published: May 2018

This article traces a history of an elite yet informal neighbourhood of Bani Gala in the planned modern city of Islamabad in Pakistan. By focusing on the role of elite homebuilders in the informal development of Bani Gala, this study expands on recent scholarship on urban informality that recognises the participation of the urban elite in informal spatial practices, traditionally associated with the urban poor. This article highlights the contentious nature of elite informal urbanism in Bani Gala as its privileged residents mobilised their networks of personal resources and political connections, developed incongruous alliances, and mimicked bureaucratic devices to ultimately legitimise their illegal building activities through court decisions. An analysis of the changes in the zoning regulations of Islamabad following the court orders on Bani Gala shows how its elite residents were not only able to re-imagine a planned modern space differently from its official conception but were also able to initiate a process that instituted major structural changes to the overall planning framework of the city. The history of Bani Gala as an elite informal neighbourhood, thus, emerges as an important episode in the history of Islamabad as a comprehensively planned city and points to a new form of entitled urbanism rooted in decidedly informal origins.
Informal and ubiquitous: Colonias, premature subdivisions and other unplanned suburbs on America’s urban fringe
Authors: Durst Noah J
Published: May 2018

Along the US border with Mexico there are thousands of communities designated by the federal government as colonias, a name that highlights the large numbers of low-income, Hispanic immigrants that live in these communities. These subdivisions have been studied extensively in recent years, often using insights from the concept of urban informality. This research has highlighted the challenges posed by exploitative land sales practices, poor-quality or non-existent infrastructure and poor-quality housing in these communities. However, similar informal subdivisions exist along the urban fringe elsewhere across the US, though they are not designated as colonias by the federal government and scholars rarely consider their similarities to colonias in the border region. This study uses data on Census Designated Places from the American Community Survey, satellite imagery and county property records to examine the extent and nature of these subdivisions. The results illustrate that informal land development of the sort described here is not restricted only to the border region, to immigrant enclaves or to Hispanic communities. Instead, it is demonstrated that informal subdivisions exist in large numbers across Southern and Western states and, though their numbers are smaller, they are present even in the Midwest and Northeast. Moreover, these subdivisions are home to diverse populations and they provide important benefits such as expanded opportunities of homeownership for minorities and the poor.
Tourist Aviation Emissions: A Problem of Collective Action
Authors: Higham James , Ellis Elisabeth , Maclaurin James
Published: May 2018

While transportation currently accounts for 23% of total global energy-related CO2 emissions, transport emissions are projected to double by 2050, driven significantly by continued high growth in global passenger demand for air travel. Addressing high growth in aviation emissions is critical to climate stabilization. Currently we rely on individual decisions to forego air travel as the means of reducing these high-risk emissions. In this paper we argue that encouraging voluntary responses to such risks cannot succeed because of the nature of human reason and the structure of the problem itself. We use decision-making theory to explore why individuals have been generally unwilling or unable to act upon these risks, and collective action theory to illustrate the futility of relying on uncoordinated actors in such cases. Participation in the high-carbon air travel regime is a social convention, and transition from social conventions requires coordination among players. Our theoretical discussions lead us to conclude that it is our moral duty to promote coordinated collective action, via national or global policy mechanisms, to address tourist aviation emissions. We offer various avenues of future research to advance this moral duty.
Social media and populism: an elective affinity?
Authors: Gerbaudo Paolo
Published: May 2018

Since the election of Donald Trump as president of the United States, an intense debate has developed around the connection between social media and populist movements. In this article, I put forward some theses about the reasons for the apparent ‘elective affinity’ between social media and populism. I argue that the match between social media and populist politics derives from the way in which the mass networking capabilities of social media, at the time of a ‘mass web’ involving billions of people worldwide, provide a suitable channel for the mass politics and the appeals to the people typical of populism. But this affinity also needs to be understood in light of the rebellious narrative that has come to be associated with social media at times in which rapid technological development has coincided with a profound economic crisis, shaking the legitimacy of the neoliberal order. This question is explored by examining the role acquired by social media in populist movements as the people’s voice and the people’s rally, providing, on the one hand, with a means for disaffected individuals to express themselves and, on the other hand, with a space in which disgruntled Internet users could gather and form partisan online crowds.
Stability and the sense of justice
Authors: Grey Colin
Published: May 2018

In A Theory of Justice, John Rawls’s first argument for the inherent stability of a well-ordered society seeks to establish that citizens of such a society would come to share the same or similar senses of justice. In his late work, Rawls significantly revised his second argument for stability, but he repeatedly pronounced himself satisfied with the first. However, the pluralism that so drastically reoriented Rawls’s mature theory also creates destabilizing forces absent in Theory. These destabilizing forces suggest that a shared sense of justice among citizens will be more difficult to achieve. This paper examines Rawl’s late theory in detail to reconstruct how Rawls, despite his stated satisfaction, addressed the destabilizing effects of pluralism through revisions to his first argument for stability. It argues that in his late theory Rawls no longer claims that a well-ordered society could achieve inherent stability. Instead, a more fragile stability is achieved through a disciplined commitment to public reason.
Are coffee’s alleged health protective effects real or artifact? The enduring disjunction between relevant experimental and observational evidence
Authors: James Jack E
Published: May 2018

Background:

There is a large corpus of observational evidence claiming that coffee is health protective and a similarly large corpus of experimental psychopharmacological evidence to suggest that habitual caffeine consumption may be harmful to health.

Aim:

The purpose of this study was to examine the disjunction between observational and experimental findings with specific reference to the implications of coffee/caffeine consumption for elevated blood pressure, cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes and neurodegenerative disease.

Method:

Illustrative recent major reviews alleging health protective effects from coffee consumption were examined in light of findings from relevant experimental studies of caffeine.

Findings:

Decades-long coffee consumption is but one of countless lifestyle variables that may benefit or harm health. Contradictions concerning the implications of coffee/caffeine consumption for health between observational and experimental research are attributable mostly to poor control over potential confounders in observational studies.

Conclusion:

When considered in the context of experimental evidence concerning caffeine’s known pharmacological actions, there is reason to be sceptical about observational findings alleging health-protective effects from coffee consumption. Long-term randomised trials are needed to end the enduring interpretative disjunction between observational and experimental evidence concerning coffee/caffeine consumption and health.
From the Field: Improving Fetal and Infant Growth in Vulnerable Populations
Authors: Adu-Afarwuah Seth
Published: May 2018

Background:

This article summarizes a presentation given at the 2017 Dairy for Global Nutrition Conference in Boise, Idaho.

Objective:

To give an overview of the pattern of early growth faltering in developing countries and examine the implications of the iLiNS-DYAD randomized trial in Ghana.

Methods:

The pattern of growth faltering in developing countries was outlined. In Ghana, 1320 women ≤ 20 weeks of pregnancy were assigned to 20 g/d small-quantity lipid-based nutrient supplement (SQ-LNS; LNS group) or multiple micronutrients (MMNs) containing 22 and 18 vitamins and minerals, respectively, until 6 months postpartum, or iron and folic acid (IFA) until delivery, and thereafter placebo until 6 months postpartum. Infants in the LNS group were assigned to SQ-LNS from 6 to 18 months of age.

Results:

Mean anthropometric z-scores for infants in developing countries start below the World Health Organization standard at 1 month of age, and generally decline until about age of 24 months. In the Ghana trial, mean (SD) birth weight (g) was greater ( P = .044) for the LNS group (3030 [414]) than the IFA group (2945 [442]) but not the MMN group (3005 [435]). Among primiparous mothers, the LNS group had significantly greater mean birth length, weight, and head circumference than the IFA or MMN group. By 18 months of age, the mean length (95% confidence interval) for the LNS group was +0.6 (0.1-1.1) cm greater than for the IFA group and +0.6 (0.1-1.2) cm greater than for the MMN group.

Conclusion:

Pre- and post-natal SQ-LNS consumption may improve fetal and infant growth in similar populations.
Equivalent inclusion approach and approximations for conductivity of isotropic matrix composites with sphere-like, platelet, and fibrous fillers
Authors: Nguyen Trung Kien , Pham Duc Chinh , Do Quoc Hoang
Published: May 2018

The construction starts from certain typical effective medium approximations for conductivity of idealistic isotropic matrix composites with randomly oriented inclusions of perfect spherical, platelet, and circular fiber forms, which obey Hashin–Shtrikman bounds over all the ranges of volume proportions of the component materials. Equivalent inclusion approach is then developed to account for possible diversions, such as non-idealistic geometric forms of the inhomogeneities, imperfect matrix-inclusion contacts, filler dispersions, and when the particular values of the fillers’ properties are unspecified, using available numerical or experimental reference conductivity data for particular composites. Illustrating applications involving experimental data from the literature show the usefulness of the approach.
Are Prepaid Monetary Incentives Sufficient for Reducing Panel Attrition and Optimizing the Response Rate? An Experiment in the Context of a Multi-Wave Panel with a Sequential Mixed-Mode Design
Authors: Becker Rolf , Glauser David
Published: May 2018

In this contribution, we evaluate the short- and long-term effects of a prepaid cash incentive on young people’s cooperation and response rate in the fourth and fifth wave of a panel with sequential mixed-mode design (online questionnaire, CATI). Analyses are based on a survey experiment of students from randomly selected school classes of equal shares, which have participated in the third wave. Findings show that a monetary incentive has a direct and positive effect on the response rate in the fourth but not in the subsequent wave. However, the effect of the incentive is not persistent, since the effect weakens and fades away during the field phase and cannot be directly transferred to the second survey mode. As emphasized in the tailored design method (TDM), a monetary incentive can contribute to a shorter field phase and hence lower costs, but it is an insufficient instrument against panel attrition and the optimization of the retention rate when other strategies are disregarded.