bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development of a New Model for the Varying Dynamics of Flexible Pocket-Structures During Machining
Authors: Meshreki Mouhab , Attia Helmi , Kövecses József
Published: July 2011

Many of the aerospace components are characterized by having pocket-shaped thin-walled structures. During milling, the varying dynamics of the workpiece due to the change of thickness affects the final part quality. Available dynamic models rely on computationally prohibitive techniques that limit their use in the aerospace industry. In this paper, a new dynamic model was developed to predict the vibrations of thin-walled pocket structures during milling while taking into account the continuous change of thickness. The model is based on representing the change of thickness of a pocket-structure with a two-directional multispan plate. For the model formulation, the Rayleigh–Ritz method is used together with multispan beam models for the trial functions in both the x- and y-directions. An extensive finite element (FE) validation of the developed model was performed for different aspect ratios of rectangular and nonrectangular pockets and various change of thickness schemes. It was shown that the proposed model can accurately capture the dynamic effect of the change of thickness with prediction errors of less than 5% and at least 20 times reduction in the computation time. Experimental validation of the models was performed through the machining of thin-walled components. The predictions of the developed models were found to be in excellent agreement with the measured dynamic responses.
An algorithm for the localization of multiple interfering sperm whales using multi-sensor time difference of arrival
Authors: Baggenstoss Paul M.
Published: July 2011

In this paper an algorithm is described for the localization of individual sperm whales in situations where several near-by animals are simultaneously vocalizing. The algorithm operates on time-difference of arrival (TDOA) measurements observed at sensor pairs and assumes no prior knowledge of the TDOA-whale associations. In other words, it solves the problem of associating TDOAs to whales. The algorithm is able to resolve association disputes where a given TDOA measurement may fit to more than one position estimate and can handle spurious TDOAs. The algorithm also provides estimates of Cramer-Rao lower bound for the position estimates. The algorithm was tested with real data using TDOA estimates obtained by cross-correlating click-trains. The click-trains were generated by a separate algorithm that operated independently on each sensor to produce click-trains corresponding to a given whale and to reject click-trains from reflected propagation paths.
PARTON DISCRIMINATION USING JETS WITH ALICE AT THE LHC
Authors:   FOR THE ALICE COLLABORATION, LEÓN VARGAS HERMES
Published: July 2011

A Monte Carlo study of two jet observables that can be used to obtain jet samples enhanced in quark or gluon content is presented. We compare the performance of one of these methods on pure Monte Carlo events with that after the transport of events through the full simulation of the ALICE experiment. It is shown that the performance of the method is not deteriorated by experimental effects like resolution and inefficiency.
Low-Energy-Electron-Diffraction and X-ray-Phototelectron-Spectroscopy Studies of Graphitization of 3C-SiC(111) Thin Film on Si(111) Substrate
Authors: Takahashi Ryota , Handa Hiroyuki , Abe Shunsuke , Imaizumi Kei , Fukidome Hirokazu , Yoshigoe Akitaka , Teraoka Yuden , Suemitsu Maki
Published: July 2011

Epitaxial graphene can be formed on silicon substrates by annealing a 3C-SiC film formed on a silicon substrate in ultrahigh vacuum (G/3C-SiC/Si). In this work, we explore the graphitization process on the 3C-SiC(111)/Si(111) surface by using low-energy electron diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and compare them with that on 6H-SiC(0001). Upon annealing at T≥1150 °C, the 3C-SiC(111)/Si(111) surface follows the sequence of (√3×√3)R30°, (6√3×6√3)R30°, and (1×1)graphene in the surface structures. The C 1s core level according to XPS indicates that a buffer layer, identical with that in G/6H-SiC(0001), exists at the G/3C-SiC(111) buffer. These observations strongly suggest that graphitization on the surface of the 3C-SiC(111) face proceeds in a similar manner to that on the Si-terminated hexagonal bulk SiC crystals.
Density-of-States Limited Contact Resistance in Graphene Field-Effect Transistors
Authors: Nagashio Kosuke , Toriumi Akira
Published: July 2011

Graphene has attracted much attention as one of promising candidates of future high-speed transistor materials because of its high carrier mobility of more than 10,000 cm2 V-1 s-1. Up to this point, we have focused on the contact properties as performance killers, as a very small density of states in graphene might suppress the current injection from metal to graphene. This paper systematically reviews the metal/graphene contact properties and discusses the present status and future requirements of the specific contact resistivity.
High Frequency Performance of Graphene Transistors Grown by Chemical Vapor Deposition for Mixed Signal Applications
Authors: Hsu Allen , Wang Han , Kim Ki Kang , Kong Jing , Palacios Tomás
Published: July 2011

This paper demonstrates high frequency performance of graphene transistors grown by chemical vapor deposition on copper foils. Using Ti/Pd/Au-based ohmic contacts and a hybrid gate dielectric stack of 5 nm SiO2 and 15 nm Al2O3 grown by atomic layer deposition, graphene transistors with an extrinsic current-gain cut-off frequency (f
T) of 2 GHz and power-gain cut-off frequency, f
max, of 5.6 GHz were obtained for a gate length of L
g = 1.6 µm. By applying a bias to the Si substrate the access resistances are reduced, which improved the f
T and f
max in the devices to 3.5 and 6.5 GHz, respectively. Finally we demonstrate these devices in a real-application circuit for binary-phase shift keying.
Surface Potential Measurement of Tris(8-hydroxyquinolinato)aluminum and Bis[N-(1-naphthyl)-N-phenyl]benzidine Thin Films Fabricated on Indium–Tin Oxide by Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy
Authors: Katori Shigetaka , Satoh Nobuo , Yahiro Masayuki , Kobayashi Kei , Yamada Hirofumi , Matsushige Kazumi , Fujita Shizuo
Published: July 2011

To clarify the interfacial properties of an organic light-emitting diode (OLED), we discuss the surface potential of organic semiconductor thin films fabricated on an electrode that was measured by noncontact atomic force microscopy (nc-AFM) and Kelvin probe force microscopy (KFM) utilizing frequency modulation (FM). The organic semiconductor films were deposited on a glass/indium–tin-oxide (ITO) substrate by the vacuum evaporation technique using intersecting metal shadow masks. This deposition technique enables us to fabricate four different areas on the same substrate. The surface potentials of the crossover area of the deposited thin films were investigated by the nc-AFM/KFM technique. The energy band diagram was depicted, and we observed that the charge behavior of the organic semiconductor depended on the material and the structure.
Calamitic Smectic A–Polar Smectic APA Transition Observed in Bent Molecules with Large Bent-Angle Central Core of 4,6-Dichlorobenzene and Alkylthio Terminal Tail
Authors: Nguyen Ha , Kang Sungmin , Tokita Masatoshi , Watanabe Junji
Published: July 2011

New homologs of bent molecules with a large bent-angle central core of 4,6-dichloro benzene and an alkylthio terminal tail have been synthesized. Although the corresponding alkoxy-tail homologs show only the calamitic phases because of its large bent angles around 160°, the new homologs with an alkylthio tail exhibit the antiferroelectric smectic APA (SmAPA) banana phase that is transformed on cooling from the calamitic smectic A (SmA) phase. The biaxial polar packing of bent molecules in the SmAPA phase is considered to arise from the hindered rotation around the molecular long axis due to the expansion of the mesophase temperatures to a lower temperature region. This study indicates that the bent molecules, even with a large bent angle, have the potential to form a switchable banana phase with a remarkable decrease in its phase temperature range to around 60 °C.
Efficient Organic Photovoltaic Cells Using Hole-Transporting MoO3 Buffer Layers Converted from Solution-Processed MoS2 Films
Authors: Kato Shogo , Ishikawa Ryo , Kubo Yosuke , Shirai Hajime , Ueno Keiji
Published: July 2011

We introduce a new method to fabricate a MoO3 hole-transporting layer for organic photovoltaic cells (OPVs). We fabricated a MoS2 film from its solution and converted it to MoO3. MoS2 has a lamellar crystal structure similar to graphite, and it can be exfoliated into monolayer MoS2 dispersible in water. Li atoms were first intercalated into van der Waals gaps of MoS2, and the compound was immersed in water to generate H2 bubbles, which broke the van der Waals bond between adjacent MoS2 layers. The produced solution of MoS2 was spin-casted on an indium tin oxide substrate, and the film was oxidized by ozone. On the converted MoO3 hole-transporting layer, an organic photoconversion layer was fabricated by spin-casting a poly(3-hexylthiophene):[6,6]-phenyl-C61 butyric acid methyl ester (P3HT:PCBM) composite solution. Fabricated OPVs revealed a power conversion efficiency as large as 3.14%, which was superior to that of P3HT/PCBM OPV with a poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) hole-transporting layer.
Measurement of Output Signals from an Avalanche Photodiode by Irradiating with X-rays in the Temperature Range from 150 mK to 4.2 K
Authors: Yasumune Takashi , Masuda Takuro , Oshima Yuki , Maehata Keisuke , Ishibashi Kenji , Umeno Takahiro
Published: July 2011

We measured leakage current and gain characteristics of a reverse-type avalanche photodiode (APD). The leakage current generated below the breakdown voltage was found to be lower than 1 pA at temperatures below 200 K. Avalanche multiplication of the APD was achieved in the temperature range from 150 mK to 300 K. To characterize charge carrier properties of the APD, output signal pulses from the APD were observed by irradiating the APD with X-rays in the temperature range from 150 mK to 4.2 K. The yield of signal charge was found to abruptly change in the temperature range from 1 to 2 K, where the yield of charge at 1 K is about 50% of that at 2 K.
Numerical Analysis for Radiation Resistant InGaP Solar Cell
Authors: Elfiky Dalia , Yamaguchi Masafumi , Sasaki Takuo , Elnawawy Mohamed , Eldesouky Tarek , Ghitas Ahmed
Published: July 2011

Numerical analyses are carried out to optimize radiation resistant of InGaP solar cell under the effect of low energy protons. The radiation degradation parameters of InGaP used to investigate the effect of cell configuration, base thickness, junction depth, base carrier concentration, and AlInP window layer. Numerical analyses for both cells structure n–p and p–n shows that, the n–p structure is more radiation resistant in a solar cell with shallow junction (0.05 µm), thin base thickness (0.4 µm) and low base carrier concentration (1 ×1016 cm-3), while p–n cell structure is relatively radiation resistant in deep junction solar cell (0.1 µm) with thin base thickness and low base carrier concentration. The formation of AlInP window layer increases the radiation resistant of p–n cell structure, while no significant change in the radiation resistant of n–p cell structure was observed due to the formation of AlInP.
Analysis of Polarization-Fluctuation Induced Bias Error in Resonator Fiber Optic Gyro with Twin 90° Polarization-Axis Rotated Splices
Authors: Wang Xijing , He Zuyuan , Hotate Kazuo
Published: July 2011

We numerically analyze the polarization-fluctuation induced bias error in a resonator fiber optic gyro (R-FOG) with twin 90° polarization-axis rotated splices in the polarization maintaining fiber (PMF) resonator, especially when polarization dependent loss (PDL) exists inside the resonator. Simulation results indicate that the twin 90° polarization-axis rotated splicing method can effectively suppress the polarization-fluctuation induced bias error in an R-FOG, when the length difference of the fiber segments between the two splicing points is set around a half of the beat-length of the PMF. It is also shown that such an R-FOG is still tolerant to PDL if the polarization crosstalk in the resonator is low, although PDL degrades the performance of the R-FOG.
High-Resolution Soft X-ray Digital In-Line Holographic Microscopy
Authors: Lim Jun , Shin Hyun Joon , Hong Chung Ki
Published: July 2011

High-spatial-resolution soft X-ray digital in-line holographic microscopy was developed. The scheme uses highly coherent and divergent lights generated by a combination of a Fresnel zone plate (FZP) and a pinhole of 200 nm radius with incidence incoherent lights tightly focused on the pinhole. At a wavelength of 2.38 nm, objects such as a carbon powder particle and a gold pattern were imaged with a spatial resolution of ∼200 nm. It approached the theoretically achievable resolution (i.e., the pinhole's radius) of typical pinhole-based in-line holographic microscopy. It is better than the previously reported best result by a factor of 2.
Reactive Ion Etching of Carbon Nanowalls
Authors: Kondo Shingo , Kondo Hiroki , Miyawaki Yudai , Sasaki Hajime , Kano Hiroyuki , Hiramatsu Mineo , Hori Masaru
Published: July 2011

Two-dimensionally standing graphene sheets, i.e., carbon nanowalls (CNWs), were synthesized on a Si substrate employing a capacitively coupled fluorocarbon plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition system together with H radical injection. To apply CNWs in electronic devices and/or membrane filters, we have demonstrated the reactive ion etching (RIE) of CNWs. RIE employing H2/N2 gases showed that the CNW films were anisotropically etched at a relatively high rate of more than 250 nm/min. However, the 10-nm-thick interface layer between a CNW film and the Si substrate remained and the interface layer was not completely etched. In contrast, RIE employing Ar/H2 gases enabled us to completely remove the interface layer. Ar/H2 RIE was also carried out from the bottom surface of CNW films after exfoliating them from the Si substrate. As a result, a free-standing CNW film of 550 nm thickness without an interface layer as a membrane filter was successfully formed.
Anodic Aluminum Oxide Diodes
Authors: Chang Cheng-Yao , Wang Gou-Jen
Published: July 2011

During anodic oxidation of aluminum, the incorporated anion species from the electrolyte are drawn into the growing barrier layer at the pore base by the high electric field and, afterward, migrate inward. The barrier layer consists of acid anion-contaminated regions adjacent to the oxide/electrolyte interface and relatively pure alumina further away from it. It can be presumed that there is a depletion layer region in between the acid anion-contaminated material and the pure alumina material. This study investigates the diode characteristics of the anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) film based on the depletion layer region presumption. Different electrolyte acids are employed to fabricate AAO diodes which possess different electrical properties. The current–voltage (I–V) characteristic curves indicate that the AAO devices possess the electrical property of a diode, especially the sulfuric acid processed AAO. It was observed that the threshold voltages for the sulfuric acid, oxalic acid, and phosphoric acid are 3.3, 8, and 16 V, respectively. This fits in with the sequential order presumption of the p, n depletion layer thicknesses for these three electrolyte acids.
Tungsten Film Chemical Mechanical Polishing Using MnO2 Slurry
Authors: Kishii Sadahiro , Hatada Akiyoshi , Arimoto Yoshihiro , Kurokawa Syuhei , Doi Toshiro K.
Published: July 2011

It has been demonstrated that MnO2 abrasive can polish tungsten films without using an oxidizer solution. The polishing rate of MnO2 slurry is 1.5 times higher than that of commercially available Al2O3 slurry. A W plug is formed without etching holes (keyholes) during chemical mechanical polishing with MnO2 abrasive slurry. With MnO2 slurry, no key holes were formed even after overpolishing by an additional 0.6 µm. On the other hand, with conventional Al2O3 slurry, keyholes were formed after overlpolishing by an additional 0.4 µm. The residual MnO2 abrasive on the surface after chemical mechanical polishing was completely removed by the cleaning process because MnO2 abrasive easily dissolves in a cleaning solution of HCl, H2O2, and H2O. These results indicate that, since MnO2 is in itself a solid oxidizer, MnO2 abrasive can polish W films without using an oxidizer solution and does not etch the seam.
Software-Controlled Measurement System for Large Vibrational Amplitude Piezoelectric Resonator Using Continuous Driving Method with Numerical Equivalent Model
Authors: Tamura Hideki , Itoh Keita , Doshida Yutaka , Yamayoshi Yasuhiro , Hirose Seiji
Published: July 2011

We developed a measurement system to characterize piezoelectric resonators under high-power condition using the continuous driving method. This method needs resonance frequency tracking over many hours so that the resonant characteristics are measured in a steady state of heat generation of the resonator. Additionally, while measuring the resonant characteristics by sweeping the driving frequency, the vibration displacement amplitude must be constant to avoid a nonlinear effect, especially jump phenomena. This measurement system adopts a motional electric current to control the target instead of direct mechanical vibration to stabilize the measurement over many hours. The motional current is not easily influenced by mechanical disturbance, but is equal to mechanical vibration, and it is operated with a numerical equivalent model in this software-based system instead of the differential circuit of the traditional method. In this study, we attempted expansion of the equivalent model from the conventional C
d-cancel model, and attempted control using the motional electric charge, which is equivalent to mechanical displacement. Additionally, we compared the measurement results of a sample resonator with the simple input current constant method and with the motional charge constant method.
Improved Measurement of Soil Moisture and Groundwater Level Using Ultrasonic Waves
Authors: Hiraoka Nobutaka , Suda Takefumi , Hirai Kazuhiro , Tanaka Katsuhiko , Sako Kazunari , Fukagawa Ryoichi , Shimamura Makoto , Togari Asako
Published: July 2011

Field monitoring of soil moisture and groundwater levels is one of the countermeasures against slope failure caused by heavy rainfall. We developed a new monitoring method for soil moisture and groundwater level using ultrasonic waves. An ultrasonic detector in this measuring method is easily installed underground and at low cost, and therefore, this method is useful for multipoint monitoring in a wide field area. However, since the measurement data are greatly influenced by temperature, this temperature-dependent effect must be corrected. Previously, the dummy pair system using two detectors had solved this problem. In this paper, we propose another improved temperature correction method using one detector and evaluate the usefulness of both methods in detail.
Properties of LiNbO3 Thin Film Deposited by Chemical Vapor Deposition and Frequency Characteristics of Film Bulk Acoustic Wave Resonator
Authors: Kadota Michio , Suzuki Yusuke , Ito Yoshihiro
Published: July 2011

We have realized the fabrication of a film bulk acoustic wave resonator (FBAR) using a thin LiNbO3 film deposited by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) for the first time. As a result, a 2.9 GHz FBAR with an impedance ratio of 40 dB at resonant ( f
r) and antiresonant ( f
a) frequencies was realized. The LiNbO3 film has a mixed polarity. As a result of scanning nonlinear dielectric microscopy (SNDM), -c domains and +c domains occupy 82 and 18% of the LiNbO3 film, respectively. A shear mode was not excited on the fabricated FABR. According to a calculation, it is found that the shear wave mode can be suppressed by selecting the thickness of electrodes without any changes in the main responses of the longitudinal mode wave. It is important to deposit another oriented LiNbO3 film with a larger coupling factor to realize a wider-band device.
Sonolysis of Short-Chain Organic Dicarboxylic Acid Solutions
Authors: Naruke Yukio , Harada Hisashi
Published: July 2011

Sonolyses of C4 (carbon number 4) dicarboxylic acids (succinic acid, maleic acid, and fumaric acid) were performed in aqueous solution. They changed one into the other during sonication, affording carbon-number-conserving transformations. Maleic acid and fumaric acid were produced from saccinic acid by dehydrogenation. Furthermore, malic acid and tartaric acid were obtained by hydroxylation. The sonochemical reaction processes are discussed in terms of the time dependences of products and the addition of radical scavengers. In addition, mutual isomerization of fumaric acid and maleic acid was observed during sonication without the use of mediators.
Sonication Enables Effective Iron Leaching from Green Tuff at Low Temperature
Authors: Nakamura Takashi , Okawa Hirokazu , Kawamura Youhei , Sugawara Katsuyasu
Published: July 2011

Ultrasound irradiation (28 and 200 kHz) was applied to iron leaching from green tuff into a low temperature solution (20 °C) using oxalic acid. Ultrasound irradiation increased the amount of iron leached from the green tuff and was greater than that leached by stirring. It is thought that the jet flow caused by the collapse of cavities during ultrasound irradiation prevents and strips the deposits of iron oxalate from the green tuff particles. The extraction of iron at 28 kHz displayed better performance than that at 200 kHz for three reasons. The first is that the jet flow generated by cavitation bubble collapse at 28 kHz is thought to be stronger than that at 200 kHz. The second is that the crushing action of ultrasound irradiation at 28 kHz is greater than that at 200 kHz. The third is that 200 kHz irradiation generates OH radicals, which prevents the generation of FeH(C2O4)+ and oxidizes FeH(C2O4)+ to Fe(C2O4), creating a cover layer on the surface of the stone. Thus, to leach iron from the ore, it is effective to use ultrasound irradiation at 28 kHz, which prevents the creation of radicals and breaks down the grain size.
Ultrasonic Coagulation of Large Tissue Region by Generating Multiple Cavitation Clouds in Direction Perpendicular to Ultrasound Propagation
Authors: Inaba Yuta , Tatsuya Moriyama , Yoshizawa Shin , Umemura Shin-ichiro
Published: July 2011

High-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) therapy is attracting attention as a minimally invasive therapeutic modality. However, it has a problem of a long treatment time. To improve the efficiency of the treatment, we developed a method of coagulating a large region at one time utilizing multiple clouds of cavitation. It is known that acoustic cavitation generated in the focal region of HIFU enhances tissue heating. In this study, cavitation clouds were generated at three positions in the direction perpendicular to ultrasound propagation using high-intensity ultrasound pulses. The tissue in the vicinity of the cavitation clouds was coagulated simultaneously with nonspherically focused ultrasound waves at a relatively low intensity. A high-speed camera was used to observe such behavior of cavitation clouds in a tissue-mimicking gel and to optimize the sequence, and the coagulation performance of the sequence was confirmed with an experiment using excised tissue. The result suggests that the HIFU treatment time is significantly shortened by employing the proposed method.
Design for Underwater Aplanatic Straubel Acoustic Mirror
Authors: Sato Yuji , Mizutani Koichi , Wakatsuki Naoto , Nakamura Toshiaki
Published: July 2011

An aplanatic Fresnel lens was developed in a previous study to reduce the thickness of underwater acoustic lenses. Showing better convergence properties than aplanatic biconvex and hyperbolic Fresnel lenses, the aplanatic Fresnel lens had limitations in terms of frequency and number of waves owing to its shape. An underwater aplanatic Straubel acoustic mirror, the concept o which is based on a Straubel mirror, was designed to remove the two limitations of aplanatic Fresnel lenses. When the lens is used for underwater imaging sonar, the range resolution deteriorates because of these problems. The shape of the aplanatic Straubel mirror was designed using a numerical optimization method, and its convergence properties were evaluated in simulations. The mirror could correct spherical and coma aberrations in accordance with ray theory. In a comparison of the aplanatic Straubel mirror with an aplanatic Fresnel lens, the mirror had less coma aberration and field curvature than the lens. Additionally, the aplanatic Straubel mirror did not have the two limitations of the lens. Therefore, the aplanatic Straubel mirror showed better convergence than the aplanatic Fresnel lens.
Design and Convergence Performance Analysis of Aspherical Acoustic Lens Applied to Ambient Noise Imaging in Actual Ocean Experiment
Authors: Mori Kazuyoshi , Ogasawara Hanako , Nakamura Toshiaki , Tsuchiya Takenobu , Endoh Nobuyuki
Published: July 2011

In this study, an aspherical lens with the aperture diameter of 1.0 m was designed for utilization in an actual ocean experiment of ambient noise imaging (ANI). It was expected that this ANI system would realize directional resolution, which is a beam width of 1° at the center frequency of 120 kHz. We analyzed the sound pressure distribution focused by the designed lens using the 3D finite difference time domain method. The frequency dependence of a -3 dB area was then compared between 120 kHz and the higher or lower frequency. The analysis results suggested that the designed lens has fine directional resolution over the center frequency of 120 kHz. We had measured the directivity of the designed lens in an actual ocean experiment in Uchiura Bay in November of 2010. It was verified that the ANI system with this lens realizes a beam width of 1° at 120 kHz.
Computer‐Aided Design, Modeling and Simulation of a New Solar Still Design
Authors: Li Jeremy (Zheng)
Published: July 2011

The clean and pure drinking water is important in today′s life but current water sources are usually brackish with bacteria that cannot be used for drinking. About 78% of water available in the sea is salty, 21% of water is brackish, and only 1% of water is fresh. Distillation is one of the feasible processes applied to water purification, and it requires the energy inputs, such as solar radiation. Water is evaporated in this distillation process and water vapor can be separated and condensed to pure water. Now, with the change from conventional fuels to renewable and environment friendly fuels sources, the modern technology allows to use the abundant energy from the sun. It is better to use solar energy to process the water desalination since it is more economical than the use of conventional energies. The main focus of this paper is applying computer‐aided modeling and simulation to design a less complex solar water distillation system. The prototype of this solar still system is also built to verify its feasibility, functionality, and reliability. The computational simulation and prototype testing show the reliability and proper functionality of this solar water distillation system.
“Until This Curse of Polygamy Is Wiped Out”: Black Methodists, White Mormons, and Constructions of Racial Identity in the Late Nineteenth Century
Authors: Bennett James B.
Published: July 2011

During the final quarter of the nineteenth century, black members of the Methodist Episcopal (ME) Church published a steady stream of anti-Mormonism in their weekly newspaper, the widely read and distributedSouthwestern Christian Advocate. This anti-Mormonism functioned as way for black ME Church members to articulate their denomination's distinctive racial ideology. Black ME Church members believed that their racially mixed denomination, imperfect though it was, offered the best model for advancing black citizens toward equality in both the Christian church and the American nation. Mormons, as a religious group who separated themselves in both identity and practice and as a community experiencing persecution, were a useful negative example of the dangers of abandoning the ME quest for inclusion. Black ME Church members emphasized their Christian faithfulness and American patriotism, in contrast to Mormon religious heterodoxy and political insubordination, as arguments for acceptance as equals in both religious and political institutions. At the same time, anti-Mormon rhetoric also proved a useful tool for reflecting on the challenges of African American life, regardless of denominational affiliation. For example, anti-polygamy opened space to comment on the precarious position of black women and families in the post-bellum South. In addition, cataloguing Mormon intellectual, moral, and social deficiencies became a form of instruction in the larger project of black uplift, by which African Americans sought to enter the ranks and privileges of the American middle class. In the end, however, black ME Church members found themselves increasingly segregated within their denomination and in society at large, even as Mormons, once considered both racially and religiously inferior, were welcomed into the nation as citizens and equals.
An “Aristocracy of Virtue”: Cultural Development of the American Catholic Priesthood, 1884–1920s
Authors: Drucker Donna J.
Published: July 2011

This article examines advice literature directed at English-speaking members of the American Catholic priesthood in the Gilded Age and Progressive Era. From the Third Plenary Council of Baltimore in 1884 through the late 1920s, advice literature transformed from emphasizing how the priest should be a man set above the laity into emphasizing how the priest should be part of a broad priestly fraternity, taking on the role of a public citizen speaking out on issues of the day. After the modernist controversies of the first decade of the twentieth century that stifled their intellectual development, American priests’ seminary training particularly emphasized virile masculinity, athletic rigor, and duty and conformity to their superiors. In the late nineteenth century, advice literature encouraged priests to see their lives together in rectories as schools of charity, where all of the priests would, with the assistance of obedient and nonthreatening household staff, encourage each other to be men of prayer and self-sacrifice despite each others’ individual foibles. Every aspect of a priest's life, from the rectory environment to his clothing and bearing, was supposed to mark him as a man set apart. During and after World War I, however, advice literature shifted from addressing the priest's life in his rectory and parish alone to encouraging him to participate in civic duties as an American citizen. Diocesan priests like John A. Ryan took a lead role in advocating for social reforms that married public policy with social and economic justice. While priests’ sacramental duties remained at the center of their lives and ministries, advice literature nonetheless encouraged them to rethink their place in the sociocultural landscape and to become more vocal promoters of Catholic values in the public sphere.
The ‘basis for a just, free, and stable society’
Authors: Peterson David James
Published: July 2011

This study explores institutional homophobia as instantiated by an order of discourse that governs the textualization of homophobic representations. I examine how a U.S.-based, conservative Christian organization deploys an order of discourse that, through a logic of deviancy, enables homophobic formation to unfold. Text-making strategies include hybridizing generic features derived from social science writing generally and deviancy studies particularly, allowing institutional writers to claim scientific legitimacy for their antigay representations. Stylistically, lexical choice promotes an objective tone, while assertion and modalization buttress antigay representations. Discursive strategies include calculated ascriptions and denials of gay/lesbian agency, and the harnessing of hyponymy, synonymy and antonymy to create a taxonomy of deviancies reinforcing antigay evaluations while avoiding overt homophobic references. My findings suggest that the institution’s order of discourse enables homophobic understandings that appear grounded in scientific truth. These institutional practices are motivated by a desire to naturalize governance claims as part of a broader hegemonic struggle over the definition of the good (sexual) citizen and the political direction of the United States.
Language, sexuality and place
Authors: King Brian W.
Published: July 2011

This study attempts to use space/place as a tool in discourse analysis, focusing on the immediate surroundings of interaction. Analysis focuses on data taken from a corpus of computer-mediated chat-room interaction. It investigates the ongoing performance of sexualised place (and place-based sexuality) through the use of language in online chat-rooms. The central questions focus on how the shared imaginary of a room helps to shape the performances of genders and sexualities and how the gendered and sexualised discourses sexualise the room. Guided by the triangle of space model (Gotved, 2002, 2006), attention is paid to the chat rooms’ user interface, the spatial metaphor of the ‘room,’ and to participant interaction as part of the three dimensions of online spatiality. These are queer places for performances (in this case) of non-heterosexual, masculine identities and desires. Gotved’s model of online spatiality enables the investigation.
Gender, power and language standardization of Serbian
Authors: Filipovic Jelena
Published: July 2011

In the present paper, language standardization of Serbian is described as a form of institutionalized, legitimized discourse dominance based on a patriarchal cultural model. A sociolinguistic survey, which was conducted among highly educated women (more than half of them in decision-making positions regarding gender sensitive language policy and planning), indicates that there still exists a strong social and academic influence of predominantly male language planners in Serbia who use their publicly recognizable roles to claim that masculine morphological forms for nouns denoting social positions of power are neutral containers of semantic information which do not correspond with the natural gender of agents in public discourse. In consequence, they argue that there is no sexism in the standard Serbian language, thus maintaining and supporting a very strong traditional gender ideology which makes women less visible and less influential in public life. key words: gender ideology, language ideology, patriarchal cultural model, language standardization, grammatical gender and social gender in Serbian
Effect of Wrightia tinctoria and Parthenocissus quinquefolia on blood glucose and Insulin levels in the Zucker Diabetic Rat Model
Authors: Kumar Sunil , Kunaparaju Naveen , Zito S William , Barletta Michael A
Published: July 2011

The aim of this study is to evaluate the antidiabetic activity of two Indian Ayurvedic herbs using an oral glucose tolerance test and blood insulin levels to understand the mechanism of action using the Zucker diabetic rat model. Herbal extracts of Wrightia tinctoria and Parthenocissus quinquefolia at a dose of (250 mg/kg body weight) were used throughout the study. Following a glucose challenge of 2 gm/kg using oral gavage, a timed glucose tolerance test was used to determine the ability of these extracts to alter glucose levels in diabetic animal model. The glucose lowering activities of these extracts were then compared to the controls.Both tested herbal extracts have shown to exhibit significant (P < 0.05) hypoglycemic activity compared to the control. W. tinctoria and P. quinquefolia have an antidiabetic activity which reduced the blood glucose level in oral glucose tolerance test significantly compared with the control. To further understand their mechanism of action, blood insulin levels were also studied using an insulin Elisa assay. These studies revealed that the herbal extract of P. quinquefolia has direct correlation between glucose and insulin levels. However, W. tinctoria significantly lowered blood glucose levels (P< 0.05), while it did not show any correlation between blood glucose and insulin levels. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that hypoglycemic effects of W. tinctoria are more complicated than P. quinquefolia, and may involve other possible mechanism of action.
L'impact des dispositifs d'emploi sur le devenir des jeunes chômeurs : une évaluation économétrique sur données longitudinales
Authors: Bonnal Liliane , Fougère Denis , Sérandon Anne
Published: July 2011

El impacto de los dispositivos de empleo en el futuro de los jóvenes parados : una evaluación econométrica sobre datos longitudinales,

por Liliale Bonnal, Denis Fougère, Anne Sérandon.

Este artículo se centra en la evaluación de ciertas políticas públicas de empleo, instauradas en Francia durante los años ochenta para reducir el paro y mejorar la empleabilidad de los jóvenes trabajadores no cualificados. La evaluación aquí realizada se limita al impacto de estas medidas sobre el futuro de corto plazo de los beneficiarios. El estudio econométrico se lleva a cabo en datos individuals longitudinales recogidos por el Insee durante el período que va de 1986 a 1988. Está centrado en los efectos de los dispositivos de empleo sobre la probabilidad de encontrar o encontrar nuevamente un empleo, pero también sobre la probabilidad de encontrarse en paro después de haber pasado por la fase empleo.
Efficacité technique et gains potentiels de productivité des exploitations céréalières françaises
Authors: Piot Isabelle , Boussemart Jean Philippe , Dervaux Benoît , Vermersch Dominique
Published: July 2011

Technical Efficiency and Potential Productivity Gains of French Grain Farms,

by Isabelle Piot, Jean-Philippe Boussemart, Benoît Dervaux and Dominique Vermersch.

This study examines the hypothesis that the level of microeconomic efficiency influences the extent to which agricultural market regulation policies are efficient. The case study used is the May 1992 CAP reform, which provides for curbing the rise in grain output. We use a non-parametric approach in an intertemporal framework to estimate technical inefficiencies and inefficiencies of scale for a sample of grain farms. The measured inefficiencies are interpreted as potential productivity gains, given here in the form of the increase in cereal yields per hectare. The total absorption of pure technical inefficiency should therefore result in a 10% to 12% increase in cereal yields.
Magali : un modèle d'offre de l'agriculture française
Authors: Mathieu Marie-Annick , Ramanantsoa José
Published: July 2011

Magali : un modelo de oferta de la agriculture francesa,

por Marie- Annick Mathieu, José Ramanantsoa.

Magali (Modelo agrícola que analiza los enlaces intrasectoriales) es un modelo macroeconómico dinámico de la agricultura francesa. Su objetivo es describir la evolución a mediano plazo del sector tal y como se le présenta en las cuentas nationales y en particular la oferta de productos agrícolas, la formación del valor añadido y del ingreso agrícola. Permite también representar la evolución estructural del sector a través de la inversión, la tierra y el núméro de explotaciones. Establece por lo tante relaciones cuantificadas entre los indicadores esenciales de la agricultura francesa : precio de los outputs, precios de los inputs, superficies, rendimientos, riqueza ganadera, producciones, intraconsumos, ingreso, productividad y estructura. Magali es un modelo esencialmente de oferta, aún si se extiende, para ciertos productos a equilibrios parciales. Este artículo presenta la articulación entre los distintos bloques del modelo, las especificaciones asi como las estimaciones de las principales ecuaciones que lo componen.
Etrusque et ionien archaïques sur un plomb de Pech Maho (Aude)
Authors: Lejeune Michel , Pouilloux Jean , Solier Yves
Published: July 2011

Les auteurs analysent une tablette opisthographe découverte en Languedoc (site de Pech Maho), portant sur une face un texte en caractères étrusques, sur l'autre un texte ionien, légèrement plus récent, attribuable au Ve s. Aucune interprétation claire de la première inscription, fragmentaire, ne peut être donnée, mais son assignation à la langue étrusque ne fait aucun doute. Mieux conservé, le texte ionien rend compte d'une transaction commerciale, réalisée à Emporion; marquée par des versements successifs, elle met en présence deux Ioniens et deux témoins ibères. Remarquable par la précision du vocabulaire et de la langue, ce document enrichit notre connaissance de l'ionien archaïque, apporte les plus anciens témoignages sur l'onomastique ibère et confirme le rôle important joué par Emporion dans l'hellénisation du littoral narbonnais.
Le mausolée de Marcus Rufius Catullus, curateur des Nautes du Rhône, à Gélignieux (Ain) - CIL XIII, 2494
Authors: Buisson André
Published: July 2011

A free-hand drawing from the beginning of the XVIIIth century, a fragment of a latin epitaph associated to a local investigation have let us localize precisely and describe a monumental family roman tomb.

Situated on the bank of the Rhône river above Lyon, the mausoleum was erected in the beginning of the 3rd century AC for a curator nautarum rhodanicorum and his family. The funerary inscription did make a will provision giving it the form of a real cepotaphium.
Nouvelles recherches sur les cryptoportiques d'Arles et la topographie du centre de la colonie
Authors: Heijmans Marc
Published: July 2011

Après un exposé sur l'histoire du dégagement des cryptoportiques et les fouilles anciennes, l'auteur distingue quatre phases principales de construction, d'après des documents inédits et des sondages et observations récents (1990-1991).

1. Epoque préromaine (VIe-Ier s. av. J.-C). Ensemble de rues perpendiculaires, utilisées presque sans interruption ou changement.

2. Epoque augustéenne. Construction des cryptoportiques et le forum, avec au nord une galerie à boutiques, sans liaison directe avec le forum. Devant ces boutiques se trouvait une place plutôt qu'une rue, peut-être le macellum.

La fouille du sol dans les cryptoportiques montre qu'ils étaient très mal entretenus.

3. Fin Ier - début IIe siècle (?). Construction d'un édifice au milieu de la galerie nord, coupant celle-ci en deux. Il n'y a toujours pas de communication entre le forum et la place au nord.

4. Antiquité tardive. Construction d'une galerie à arcades devant les boutiques et agrandissement de l'édifice central vers le nord, avec construction d'une nouvelle façade, faite avec des éléments d'architecture remployés.

A partir du Ve siècle, le dallage du forum est occupé par des habitations parasitaires, et les galeries sont utilisées comme lieu de stockage.
La domus suburbaine de « La Brunette » à Orange
Authors: Mignon Jean-Marc , Doray Isabelle , Faure Vincent , Bouet Alain
Published: July 2011

The dwelling is settled next to the town, in the amphitheatre district. It was built at the beginning of the first century A.D., and was sumptuously fitted out again at the end of the second century. The identification of some outbuildings remains unprecise for buildings of agricultural, industrial or craft use, but also for the dwelling the reception hall of which is overproportioned.
Le sanctuaire antique du Châtelet à Saint-Désirat (Ardèche) : une relecture
Authors: Béal Jean-Claude
Published: July 2011

En 1884-1885, L.-B. Morel fouillait à Saint-Désirat (Ardèche) un sanctuaire où il croyait reconnaître, au centre d'un portique en U, un temple romain qu'il restituait en le comparant à la Maison Carrée de Nîmes. À la suite des sondages que nous avons ouverts en 1994, nous y avons identifié plusieurs états d'un fanum dont la forme, d'abord traditionnelle, évolue ensuite vers un plan de type mixte. Principalement consacré à Apollon, ce sanctuaire à terrasse est un élément important de la géographie politique et religieuse des Allobroges ; il a reçu à ce titre la visite d'un magistrat (triumvir l. p. p.) de la cité de Vienne.
Impact of continental outflow on chemistry of atmospheric aerosols over tropical Bay of Bengal
Authors: Srinivas B. , Kumar A. , Sarin M. M. , Sudheer A. K.
Published: July 2011

Abstract. The continental outflow from Indo-Gangetic Plain and south-east Asia dominates the widespread dispersal of pollutants over tropical Bay of Bengal (BoB) during the late NE-monsoon (January–March). It is thus pertinent to assess the impact on marine atmospheric boundary layer of BoB. The chemical data, based on analyses of size-segregated (PM2.5 and PM10) aerosols, suggest the dominance of nss-SO42− (range: 1.3 to 28 μg m−3) in PM2.5. Almost all SO42− is of anthropogenic origin and accounts for as much as 65 % of the water-soluble inorganic constituents. The impact of anthropogenic sources is further evident from the widespread depletion of chloride (range: 40 to 100 %) compared to sea-salt composition. The carbonaceous species (EC and OC) contribute nearly 25 % to PM2.5; and significant linear relationship with K+ suggests biomass burning as their dominant source (biofuels and agricultural waste). The enhancement in the fractional solubility of aerosol Fe, as assessed in PM2.5, re-emphasizes the impact of combustion sources (biomass and fossil-fuel) and chemical processing (of dust) during the long-range transport. The high enrichment factors of heavy metals (Pb and Cd) further demonstrate the influence of pollution sources on the chemistry of MABL. The downwind transport of pollutants and exchange across air-sea interface can, thus, have profound impact on the ocean surface biogeochemistry.
Process Intensification, 1. Fundamentals and Molecular Level
Authors: Freund Hannsjörg , Sundmacher Kai
Published: July 2011

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

1.1.

Paradigm Shift in Chemical and Process Engineering

1.2.

Definition and Classification of Process Intensification

2.

Process Intensification at the Molecular Level

2.1.

Planning of Reaction Routes

2.1.1.

Selection of the Main Reactant Molecule “A”

2.1.1.1.

Atomicity Efficiency

2.1.1.2.

Transformation Efficiency

2.1.1.3.

Feedstock

2.1.2.

Selection of the Partner Reactant Molecule “B”

2.1.2.1.

Avoid Couple Products

2.1.2.2.

Avoid Side Reactions

2.1.3.

Example: Different Routes for the Production of Cyclohexanol and Adipic Acid

2.1.3.1.

Cyclohexanol Synthesis

2.1.3.2.

Adipic Acid Synthesis

2.2.

Selection of the Catalyst

2.2.1.

Dream Reactions

2.2.1.1.

Methane

2.2.1.2.

Carbon Dioxide

2.2.1.3.

Benzene

2.2.1.4.

Renewables

2.2.2.

Molecular Design of Homogeneous Catalysts

2.2.2.1.

General Aspects

2.2.2.2.

Example: Hydroformylation

2.2.2.3.

Concluding Remarks and Future Perspective

2.2.3.

Molecular Design of Heterogeneous Catalysts

2.2.3.1.

Quantum Chemical Calculations

2.2.3.2.

Atomistic Simulations

2.2.3.3.

Concluding Remarks and Future Perspective