bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
La relación entre los creativos independientes de la televisión pública y la audiencia infantil
Authors: Gutiérrez-González Carlos
Published: May 2020

Este artículo explica cómo se presenta la relación entre los directores, guionistas, productores, realizadores e investigadores independientes de la televisión pública de Chile, Colombia y México, y la audiencia infantil; además, establece los criterios para definir un público objetivo. Para este estudio de corte cualitativo, se aplicaron 21 cuestionarios a los realizadores de programas emitidos a través de los canales de televisión pública como TVN y Novasur de Chile, el canal Once y Canal 22 de México y Señal Colombia, los cuales recibieron nominaciones o premios nacionales e internacionales desde su emisión. Los resultados evidencian que la relación se presenta por iniciativa propia y no por los canales. Además, esta se produce tanto en la fase creativa del proyecto —para testear su viabilidad— como en la etapa de producción de los contenidos durante las grabaciones. Sin embargo, se identifica que no hay un seguimiento de la aceptación y apropiación de los mensajes producidos y emitidos por los canales de televisión, especialmente en aquellos que producen propuestas culturales y de eduentretenimiento —uno de los objetivos de la televisión pública—. Finalmente, los creativos de la televisión brindan una serie de recomendaciones importantes para diseñar proyectos audiovisuales infantiles, que tienen en cuenta aspectos como la investigación, contenidos, producción y participación de la audiencia
Fragmentos de identidad local en el cine de ficción rodado en la región del Bío Bío Chile
Authors: Fuente-Alba Cariola Fernando , Basulto Gallegos Oscar , Moraga Díaz Shirley
Published: May 2020

Esta investigación tiene por objetivo general conocer fragmentos identitarios de la región del Bío-Bío en Chile, que están presentes en el cine de ficción rodado en la zona entre 2010 y 2017. A nivel específico, se busca indagar sobre la contribución del cine en la construcción de identidad local, así como jerarquizar los rasgos identitarios detectados en la muestra fílmica. La metodología empleada identificó la producción cinematográfica de la región, para luego indagar sobre posibles rasgos que de algún modo pudieran caracterizar a la comunidad local en el periodo de tiempo señalado. Para ello se tuvo en consideración el contenido de las películas analizadas; y se realizaron una entrevista grupal y entrevistas individuales con fuentes expertas e informantes clave, respectivamente, cuyos hallazgos se contrastaron con un estudio documental que brinda una contextualización en el ámbito local. Asimismo, se utilizó teoría sobre identidad para dar sustento epistémico al desafío planteado en los objetivos. Finalmente, se analizó la presencia o ausencia de rasgos identitarios en la muestra fílmica mediante la observación directa y el análisis de personajes y ambientes: es destacable en este sentido, el hecho de que los rasgos identitarios más recurrentes en el cine analizado son catástrofes naturales, seguidos de los rasgos indígena y campesino. Por otro lado, se determinó que la mayoría de los filmes sí poseen muchos de los posibles rasgos identificados y co-construidos en la zona. Por lo tanto, se concluye que el cine de la región estudiada contribuye en el período analizado a la construcción de una identidad local, a través de la inclusión de fragmentos identitarios específicos que se explicitan en las películas.
La iluminación en Alta Definición de la séptima temporada de la telenovela de Televisión Española "Amar en tiempos revueltos"
Authors: Cerdá Juan Gaspar
Published: May 2020

En el presente artículo se analiza la forma en que los profesionales de la iluminación articulan las posibilidades expresivas de la luz para apoyar la producción española de la ficción televisiva seriada en alta definición; cómo distribuyen la luz para adecuarla a las necesidades narrativas de la escena y las exigencias técnicas de las cámaras de televisión. El caso de estudio escogido es la séptima temporada de Amar en tiempos revueltos, producida por Diagonal TV para Televisión Española, ya que es una de las series más laureadas de Televisión Española, y supera en número de capítulos al resto de telenovelas de emisión nacional. El déficit de fundamentación teórica llevó a realizar entrevistas en profundidad con los directores de fotografía e iluminadores en estas producciones televisivas. Para el tratamiento de los datos obtenidos mediante la técnica dialógica y el visionado directo de los episodios de la ficción, se empleó la metodología cualitativa del análisis de contenido. Este enfoque concede carácter central al texto, en este caso audiovisual, y se usa para medir la frecuencia y significación de los elementos seleccionados. Entre las conclusiones más significativas de la investigación se puede destacar que la iluminación en alta definición de la séptima temporada de Amar en tiempos revueltos diferencia los distintos ambientes de la diégesis, a pesar de llevar un ritmo de producción que supera el capítulo diario. Además, la metodología propuesta es susceptible de ser marco de referencia para investigaciones futuras y posibles revisiones y discusiones de orden académico.
Experiencia de colaboración entre Comunicación Social e Ingeniería Informática para la realización de videos educativos
Authors: Tavera Romero Carlos Andrés , Cruz Perez Yenny Viviana , Ramírez Arcila Paola Andrea
Published: May 2020

El estudio que propició este proyecto consistió en un análisis comparativo entre lenguajes visuales y lenguajes textuales. En este caso específico se emplearon el cálculo textual PiCO (creado el 1996 por el grupo Avispa de las universidades del Valle y Javeriana) y el cálculo visual GraPiCO (desarrollado también por Avispa en el 2000). Sus objetivos fueron, establecer de manera básica qué percepción tiene un usuario frente a estos dos tipos de lenguajes; y tratar de encontrar bajo qué circunstancias se considera que un tipo de lenguaje se comporta mejor que el otro. Recuérdese al respecto el refrán popular “una imagen vale más que mil palabras”, pero también puede ser cierto aquel que dice “una palabra dice más que mil imágenes”. Para dar respuesta a estos interrogantes, se diseñó un experimento compuesto por varias sesiones en las que se visitaron las principales universidades de Santiago de Cali (Colombia) y se realizaron jornadas pedagógicas, evaluaciones y encuestas. Así, se midieron los niveles de asimilación, aprehensión y aceptación de estos dos lenguajes de programación por parte de una población escogida bajo ciertos parámetros específicos. Para realizar el material audiovisual empleado en las reuniones didácticas fue necesaria la creación y adopción de una metodología que garantizara su eficacia comunicativa, principal aporte del estudio que aquí se presenta paso a paso. Se concluye que la metodología usada condujo a la elaboración de materiales audiovisuales efectivos y contundentes.
La Función mediadora de la programación radiofónica universitaria de la ciudad de Monterrey Nuevo León
Authors: Villanueva Valadez Carlos
Published: May 2020

Este artículo hace referencia a la investigación sobre la función social de la radio universitaria en México, el cual se inscribe en el contexto de investigaciones en medios de comunicación universitarios. Retoma el planteamiento teórico de Manuel Martín Serrano y el modelo de comunicación masiva del profesor Carlos Lozano. El objetivo general de investigación radicó en analizar la mediación comunicativa asociada a la programación radiofónica de tres estaciones de radio universitarias (Radio UANL 89.7, Frecuencia TEC 94.9 y Radio UDEM 90.5) desde la perspectiva comunicativa del mensaje y el impacto de elementos que intervienen en la construcción de productos radiofónicos, los cuales se presentan en forma inmediata bajo la clasificación de formativos, informativos y de entretenimiento. Para la indagación del tema se implementó una metodología cuantitativa, y se eligió “tiempo de duración” como variable de impacto para medir el tiempo de programación diaria, así como el cotejo de las temáticas y los productos comunicativos que proyectan las radiodifusoras. Los resultados obtenidos indicaron que la temática musical ocupa entre 60 % y 67 % de la programación. La generalidad que exponen los programas radiofónicos universitarios es una homogeneidad en la barra matutina, debido que los contenidos informativos acaparan la mayoría de los espacios en las tres emisoras, con lo que se proporciona una opción más en el cuadrante que beneficie a la función social. Las conclusiones obtenidas indican una apuesta a la diversificación de la programación y una práctica comunicativa basada en el ofrecimiento de entretenimiento culto, que evidencia un espacio nuevo de interrelación así como su comprensión del desarrollo identitario de la universidad.
PRODUÇÃO DO ESPAÇO, AUTOGESTÃO, COMUNIDADE E ESTADO: PROVOCAÇÕES A PARTIR DE KARL MARX
Authors: Ferreira Álvaro
Published: May 2020

Resumo: O objetivo deste artigo é analisar, a partir de certas obras de Karl Marx, a construção de possibilidades para além do que se tem apresentado sobre a produção do espaço, com o fim de que esta se dê com mais justiça social. Discorre-se assim sobre ferramentas políticas e de gestão existentes, mas também, e principalmente, de outras possibilidades que remetem a “um impossível possível”, nos termos de Henri Lefebvre. Para tanto, são trazidas para o debate as noções de comunidade, verdadeira democracia, autodeterminação, autogoverno, autoemancipação e autogestão, tal como veiculadas na obra de Karl Marx.Palavras-chave: Produção do espaço. Estado. Comunidade. Autogestão. Karl Marx. GPRODUCTION OF SPACE, SELF-MANAGEMENT, COMMUNITY AND STATE: PROVOCATIONS FROM THE KARL MARX WORKAbstract: From certain works of Karl Marx, the article deals with an analysis of the construction of possibilities beyond what exists, for the purpose that the production of space brings social justice. We will discuss existing policies and management tools, but also and especially the other possibilities, referring to an “impossible possible”, in Henri Lefebvre’s terms. Therefore, we will bring to the debate the notions of community, true democracy, self-determination, self-government, self-emancipation and self-management based on Karl Marx´s theory.Keywords: Production of space. State. Community. Self-management. Karl Marx. PRODUCCIÓN DEL ESPACIO, AUTOGESTIÓN, COMUNIDAD Y ESTADO: PROVOCACIONES A PARTIR DE KARL MARXRsumen: El objetivo de este artículo es analizar, a partir de ciertos trabajos de Karl Marx, la construcción de posibilidades más allá de lo que existe, con el fin de que la producción del espacio se dé con más justicia social. Por lo tanto, hablamos de las herramientas políticas y de gestión existentes, pero también, y principalmente, de otras posibilidades que se refieren a “un imposible posible”, según Henri Lefebvre. Para ello, traemos para el debate las nociones de comunidad, verdadera democracia, autodeterminación, autogobierno, autoejecutación y autogestión basadas en el trabajo de Karl Marx.Palabras clave: Producción del espacio, Estado. Comunidad. Autogestión. Karl Marx.
O FUNDO PARA A CONVERGÊNCIA ESTRUTURAL DO MERCOSUL (FOCEM): UM DEBATE SOBRE ASSIMETRIAS E INTEGRAÇÃO REGIONAL
Authors: Oliveira Cruz Dayana Aparecida Marques de
Published: May 2020

Resumo: As assimetrias e descompassos econômicos do Mercado Comum do Sul (MERCOSUL) trouxeram à tona a necessidade de compensar os ganhos econômicos para os membros menores do bloco e impulsionar o incremento técnico nas redes de infraestruturas (transportes e energia). Como resultado das discussões sobre o tema, foi criado o Fundo para a Convergência Estrutural do MERCOSUL (FOCEM), a fim de garantir o aprofundamento da integração regional no bloco. Após quinze anos de sua criação, alguns aspectos necessitam ser debatidos, sobretudo em relação aos critérios territoriais para o financiamento dos projetos e sua complexidade regional. Palavras-chave: Integração regional; Assimetrias; MERCOSUL; FOCEM; Projetos.  MERCOSUR STRUCTURAL CONVERGENCE FUND (FOCEM): A DEBATE ON ASYMMETRIES AND REGIONAL INTEGRATIONAbstract: The economic asymmetries and  mismatches of the Southern Common Market (MERCOSUR) has brought the need to compensate the economic gains for the smaller members of the bloc and boost the technical increase in infrastructure networks (transport and energy). As a result of the discussions on the subject, the MERCOSUR Structural Convergence Fund (FOCEM) was created to ensure a deepening of regional integration in the bloc. Fifteen years after its creation, some aspects need to be debated, especially in relation to the territorial criteria for the financing of the projects and their regional complexity.Keywords: Regional integration; Asymmetries; MERCOSUR; FOCEM; Projects.  FUNDO DE CONVERGÊNCIA ESTRUTURAL DO MERCOSUL (FOCEM): UM DEBATE SOBRE ASSIMETRIAS E INTEGRAÇÃO REGIONALResumen: Las asimetrías y los desajustes económicos del Mercado Común del Sur (MERCOSUR) pusieron de manifiesto la necesidad de compensar las ganancias económicas para los miembros más pequeños del bloque e impulsar el aumento técnico de las redes de infraestructura (transporte y energía). Como resultado de las discusiones sobre el tema, se creó el Fondo para la Convergencia Estructural del MERCOSUR (FOCEM) para garantizar la profundización de la integración regional en el bloque. Quince años después de su creación, es necesario debatir algunos aspectos, especialmente en relación con los criterios territoriales para financiar los proyectos y su complejidad regional.Palabras-clave: Integración regional; Asimetrías; MERCOSUR; FOCEM; Proyectos.
In-country DFIs: Profitability under state ownership
Authors: Mbo Mbako
Published: May 2020

The credit landscape in commercial private finance is fast evolving as available funds continue to chase for enhanced returns, for optimised risk acceptance. On the other hand, developing countries, and economies in transition continue to grapple with factors such as public debt, widening fiscal gaps often exacerbated by persistent budget deficits. As a result, governments prioritise provisioning of critical public goods, which then leaves a gap in the financing of less urgent, yet developmentally important investments. This gap is often left to state-owned Development Finance Institutions, or DFIs to fill (UNCTAD, 2019), yet success for these institutions has been generally dismissed (Xu, Ren, & Wu, 2019). This paper appraises the continuing importance of DFIs and analyses factors that drive their sustainability, with the state ownership dynamic in mind. A secondary research approach is taken, predominantly applying the document analysis method, i.e., extant literature from reputable sources on the subjects of state-owned enterprises, development finance, profitability of financial institutions, and firm financial structure. The paper concludes that DFIs are still relevant, and that the type and cost of carefully blended capital available to them is a fundamental determinant of effectiveness in the context of the two-pronged objectives SOEs are known to have. A practical framework by which this can be achieved is proposed.
Religion, Expression, and Patriotism in Russia: Essays on Post-Soviet Society and the State
Authors: Yurchuk Yuliya
Published: May 2020

Abstract: Religion, Expression, and Patriotism in Russia: Essays on Post-Soviet Society and the StateYuliya Yurchuk (postdoctoral researcher, Historical and Contemporary Studies, Södertörn University) reviews Religion, Expression, and Patriotism in Russia: Essays on Post-Soviet Society and the State, edited by Sanna Turoma, Kaarina Aitamurto and Slobodanka Vladiv-Glover.
Towards the Public: A contribution of Public Archaeology at Serra do Carvalho, Póvoa do Lanhoso (North of Portugal)
Authors: Pereira Gabriel , Correia Mauro , Santos Gustavo , Fernandes Orlando
Published: May 2020

The following article aims to present the results of the valorization of two under tumuli monuments that are part of the Serra do Carvalho necropolis in Póvoa do Lanhoso. The work involved about a dozen volunteers, mainly inhabitants from the Póvoa do Lanhoso municipality, and consisted in the removal of the vegetation mantle, cutting trees rooted on top of the mounds and graphical recording of the archaeological structures. In addition to a detailed characterization of the tumuli, this project allowed the creation of a dynamic of heritage education and social awareness that fostered a better understanding and preservation of this type of monuments, often easily subject to destructive actions. Finally, all of this is taken as an opportunity to extend the discussion to another topic - the involvement between the Public and Archaeology.
Overview
Authors: Estlund David
Published: May 2020

This chapter provides a substantive overview of many of the main issues and lines of argument in the book. In doing so, the chapter considers the “Utopia as Dystopia” notion in terms of what would be truly and fully just, given that a fully just society could be a fine place to live. This form of utopian thinking is also analyzed under the principles of full social justice. It defends the simple claim that it is no defect in a theory or conception of social justice if it sets such a high standard that there is little or no chance of its being met, by any society, ever. Such a theory could nevertheless be true. Following this is a discussion about unrealistically high standards or principles of full social justice.
Justice Unbent
Authors: Estlund David
Published: May 2020

This chapter argues for and explores the thesis that individual motives are not collectively mitigating (justifying or excusing) unless they are individually mitigating. If the individual members are not justified or excused by certain motives then a society is neither exonerated from the charge of injustice, nor is it thereby rendered less blameworthy (more excused). It is important to be clear about the relations between excuse and justification on the individual level on one hand and on the social level on the other. Social justice is a moral standard for societies and, strictly speaking, not for individuals. An individual cannot be characterized by any distribution of social goods or any institutional arrangement, and these are among the sorts of things that are assessed by standards of social justice. Requirements of social justice morally require things of societies as such. Still, whether a society meets standards of justice will depend at least partly on how the society's members act.
Beyond Practicalism
Authors: Estlund David
Published: May 2020

This chapter argues against “practicalism.” It shows that it is very plausible that some things must be of intrinsic value, that is, apart from what they can be used to produce. A narrower practicalism might hold that intellectual work in particular is never of intrinsic value, and so is worthless unless it is of practical value. The chapter contends that this flies in the face of some robust views about the value of some intellectual work in science and mathematics. This leaves two problems of special interest here: first, so far, even if that point makes general intellectual practicalism appear implausible, it has no tendency to show that nonpractical philosophy, or in particular political philosophy, might be of intrinsic value. They might lack whatever it is about nonpractical yet important math and science that makes them important. This leads to the second problem, which is that even if those examples tend to refute practicalism, they do not yet provide any account of what is valuable about them.
The Puritans
Authors: Hall David D.
Published: May 2020

This book is a sweeping transatlantic history of Puritanism from its emergence out of the religious tumult of Elizabethan England to its founding role in the story of America. Shedding critical new light on the diverse forms of Puritan belief and practice in England, Scotland, and New England, the book provides a multifaceted account of a cultural movement that judged the Protestant reforms of Elizabeth's reign to be unfinished. The book describes the movement's deeply ambiguous triumph under Oliver Cromwell, its political demise with the Restoration of the English monarchy in 1660, and its perilous migration across the Atlantic to establish a “perfect reformation” in the New World. It examines the tribulations and doctrinal dilemmas that led to the fragmentation and eventual decline of Puritanism. It presents a compelling portrait of a religious and political movement that was divided virtually from the start. In England, some wanted to dismantle the Church of England entirely and others were more cautious, while Puritans in Scotland were divided between those willing to work with a troublesome king and others insisting on the independence of the state church. The book traces how Puritanism was a catalyst for profound cultural changes in the early modern Atlantic world, opening the door for other dissenter groups such as the Baptists and the Quakers, and leaving its enduring mark on what counted as true religion in America.
A Movement Emerges
Authors: Hall David D.
Published: May 2020

This chapter examines how reformation unfolded in England. A tiny number of people acted on the imperative to quit the state church. Why did others who wanted reform or reformation not follow their example? As often happened in early modern Europe, outbursts of radicalism prompted a reaction in favor of more moderate or even conservative principles or goals. The first of these was the ambition to take over and refashion a state church with the help of the civil magistrate. In 1558, hopes ran high for Elizabeth to play this role. In the eyes of English and Scottish Presbyterians, magisterial Protestantism—that is, church and state working together to impose and protect a certain version of Protestantism—was justified by biblical precept and political theology. Moreover, this kind of Protestantism preserved a strong role for the clergy over against the “Brownistical” or “democratic” implications of Separatism. At a moment when the rhetorical strategy of anti-puritans such as Bancroft was to emphasize the “Anabaptisticall” aspects of the movement, a third goal was political, to deflect the force of that rhetoric by insisting on the benefits of a national church and some version of the royal supremacy.
Reformation in Scotland
Authors: Hall David D.
Published: May 2020

This chapter assesses how reformation unfolded in Scotland. From the moment John Knox gave up on Catholicism and joined the beleaguered Protestant community in his native Scotland, he framed his preaching around the difference between the truth as he understood it and the idolatry he imputed to Catholicism. In an early sermon, he drew on the book of Daniel to explain what was wrong with Rome. No Catholic could be trusted, since all were allied with the Antichrist. Nor was Catholicism capable of adhering to the commandment that declared, “Thou shalt have no other gods before me.” Placing himself in the lineage of Old Testament prophets who warned their people to dispense with idols and worship the one true God, Knox evoked this ancestry to justify his outbursts against a Catholicism he deemed “Anti-christian.” Like his Old Testament predecessors, Knox knew that the process of reform was easily disrupted. He wanted Scotland to do better—much better, if it were to enjoy a “perfect reformation” that recovered “the grave and godly face of the primitive Church.” The missing element in England was discipline in the double sense of purging “superstition” from worship and reworking church structures to ensure the presence of an evangelical ministry.
My Eighteen Days
Authors: Armbrust Walter
Published: May 2020

This chapter explains that the first eighteen days of the Egyptian Revolution culminating in the downfall of Hosni Mubarak were important because they created a fund of symbolic resources—stories people told about where they were and what they did, and mass mediation of narratives and images, both during and after the events. It then narrates some of the author's stories. They resonate with the widely felt process of entering into a liminal void, and they help establish some of the places and people who will feature in subsequent chapters. At the very beginning of the revolution, the author often spent his days working in a rented flat, which was not far from Tahrir Square. He spent his days there attempting to read various materials relevant to his research on the history of Egyptian mass media. After January 25, trying to glean insights on the history of radio and television from old magazines was an exercise in futility, not because the magazines were not rich sources for his research, but because the revolution taking place in the streets below was a constant distraction.
The Martyrological Frame
Authors: Armbrust Walter
Published: May 2020

This chapter examines how the history of martyrdom inscribed in and around Tahrir Square constitutes one frame for the political performances that were the idioms of revolution. Martyrs are very common in commemoration, though not necessarily iconic in the sense that they inspire veneration or attract the eye. However, it would be a mistake to dismiss the cumulative weight of commemoration as irrelevant to the political performances that took place in 2011 and its aftermath. The revolutionary political alternative, ideologically diverse, was enacted on a stage composed partly of a much less ambivalent commemorative martyrological history that could always potentially be mobilized against it. And it was mobilized with a vengeance in overthrowing Muhammad Morsy in the summer of 2013. On July 26, ʻAbd al-Fattah al-Sisi openly called for a popular tafwid (mandate) to “fight terrorism,” making an open accession to rule—ratified later by a patently fixed election—inevitable. Tens of thousands of the people thronging Tahrir Square and its surrounding streets on July 26 carried posters of al-Sisi in that demonstration. It should be emphasized that even though al-Sisi was backed by powerful individuals and institutions, and even though his emergence on the political scene indisputably drew all eyes toward him and inspired genuine veneration, his icon-hood was provisional, which is to say that it was inherently unstable.
A New Normal?
Authors: Armbrust Walter
Published: May 2020

This chapter describes how, in “Trickster politics,” the figure of the Trickster is connected to liminality, and revolution can be understood as a liminal crisis that causes an unpredictable transition, and potentially a transition to a “new normal” that nobody can anticipate. Taufiq ʻUkasha instantiated a Trickster politician. He was a counterrevolutionary propagandist, and possibly an operative of Egyptian military intelligence when it was run by Abd al-Fattah al-Sisi. Sisi himself is a Trickster insofar as he comes into political office as an outsider, and rules as an outsider—capriciously, in an atmosphere of relentless conspiracy, by resorting to violence as a fundamental condition of governance, but also by means of substituting fantastic promises for political hegemony. Moreover, Sisi is legible not just as a Trickster, but as a global actor in an “age of the Trickster.” While one might argue about whether a given politician truly deserves to be described as a Trickster, the figure of the Trickster is universal. One can scarcely contest its existence.
First Impressions
Authors: Beunza Daniel
Published: May 2020

This chapter situates the study within the original sociology of finance. It introduces the core ethnographic breakdown that motivated this project. While existing studies described trading floors as loud, stressful, and chaotic, the chapter describes one trading room at International Securities in 1999 as quiet and orderly. The reason for such disparity was the introduction of information technology during the 1990s, which had replaced loud oral communication as the key information exchange mechanism. This change in turn led Bob, the manager of the floor, to rethink the trading room as a space for interpreting and debating economic news and events.
Trading Robots and Social Cues
Authors: Beunza Daniel
Published: May 2020

This chapter considers the challenges posed by economic models by introducing a statistical arbitrage trader named Todd and his use of financial algorithms. Todd's strategy also illustrates the novelty entailed in modern arbitrage, that is, the exploitation of mispricings across markets for securities whose value is ambiguously related. The chapter shows that there was a tension running through Todd's work. Whereas he sought to avoid psychological biases by relying on rigid decision rules, the uncertainty introduced by his algorithms often forced him to abandon his rules and rely on his judgment, as well as on social cues from the floor. Such tension is illustrative of a broader challenge posed by uncertainty in quantitative finance, which demands that traders develop precise numerical estimates and subsequently call them into question.
Jewish Emancipation
Authors: Sorkin David
Published: May 2020

For all their unquestionable importance, the Holocaust and the founding of the State of Israel now loom so large in modern Jewish history that we have mostly lost sight of the fact that they are only part of—and indeed reactions to—the central event of that history: emancipation. This book seeks to reorient Jewish history by offering the first comprehensive account in any language of the process by which Jews became citizens with civil and political rights in the modern world. Ranging from the mid-sixteenth century to the beginning of the twenty-first, the book tells the ongoing story of how Jews have gained, kept, lost, and recovered rights in Europe, North Africa, the Middle East, the United States, and Israel. Emancipation, the book shows, was not a one-time or linear event that began with the Enlightenment or French Revolution and culminated with Jews' acquisition of rights in Central Europe in 1867–71 or Russia in 1917. Rather, emancipation was and is a complex, multidirectional, and ambiguous process characterized by deflections and reversals, defeats and successes, triumphs and tragedies. For example, American Jews mobilized twice for emancipation: in the nineteenth century for political rights, and in the twentieth for lost civil rights. Similarly, Israel itself has struggled from the start to institute equality among its heterogeneous citizens. By telling the story of this foundational but neglected event, the book reveals the lost contours of Jewish history over the past half millennium.
Merchant Colonies
Authors: Sorkin David
Published: May 2020

This chapter discusses the merchant colonies who invited Jewish merchants into their cities on exceptionally propitious terms, constituting the west European region of emancipation. Raison d'état and shifting trade patterns induced governments in such cities as Ancona, Livorno, and Venice to grant Jews extensive privileges of residence and trade, worship, and communal autonomy. In Bordeaux, Jews originally gained privileges as New Christians; over time they emerged as Jews and received confirmation of those privileges. In Livorno and Bordeaux, those privileges entailed virtual parity with Christian merchants. Meanwhile, Hamburg's Senate first attracted a Jewish merchant colony by extending privileges but later, by imposing heavy taxes, drove it away. In Amsterdam and London, which had ceased granting charters to foreign merchant colonies, Jews found themselves in the novel and ambiguous situation of functioning without a charter. They therefore gained rights on an ad hoc basis, becoming members of an emerging civil society. The Jews of Bordeaux, Amsterdam, and London were to make virtually seamless transitions from corporate or civic parity to equal citizenship.
Burgher Estate
Authors: Sorkin David
Published: May 2020

This chapter examines how the Jews of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth constituted the eastern region of emancipation. Jews enjoyed royal privileges in Poland from the thirteenth century. From the sixteenth century, local magnate-issued privileges replaced these as the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth increasingly became a decentralized nobles' republic. Through an alliance with the magnates, Jews gained collective privileges in private market towns that gave them parity with Christian burghers. The number of Jews who enjoyed such privileges, and thereby constituted a parallel burgher estate, grew dramatically in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, especially in the Ukraine. However, the brutal partitioning of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth at the end of the eighteenth century would disrupt efforts at reform and complicate the transition from parity of privileges to rights.
Juridical Equality
Authors: Sorkin David
Published: May 2020

This chapter details how the Jews of the Holy Roman Empire constituted the central European region of emancipation. Some historians would contend that the Holy Roman Empire's “archaic, traditionalist constitution created a society that tolerated religious and ethnic differences to a far greater degree than the more centralized states of Western Europe”; in other words, “early modern central Europe was a pluralistic, complex society more tolerant of differences than England, France or Spain.” Whether this observation is accurate or not, it concerns toleration, not parity. Jews in the Holy Roman Empire fell behind Jews to the east and west in their political status. They gained neither collective corporate privileges nor the civic rights of emerging civil societies. To be sure, their juridical equality in the courts of the Holy Roman Empire marked a significant elevation in status. The Court Jews' extensive individual privileges were also an elevation in status, yet only for a miniscule elite. In sum, Jews in the Holy Roman Empire did not keep pace with their brethren east and west, thus making the transition to emancipation, when it came, a painful rupture.
Revolution
Authors: Sorkin David
Published: May 2020

This chapter addresses how the French Revolution's alteration of the Jews' political status was truly fundamental and ambiguous. The National Assembly's legislation did not have an unalloyed revolutionary pedigree. The ancien régime persisted in the legislation of January of 1790 that granted political rights to the Jews of Bordeaux as an extension of privilege. Rights for the Jews of Alsace were deferred for twenty-one months until September of 1791 when a lame-duck assembly finally resolved the issue as a matter of constitutional integrity. Despite these ambiguities, the Revolution introduced the pattern of unconditional emancipation “out of” estates, which became a potent model for polities aiming to create a civil or bourgeois society. Through conquest and occupation over the next quarter century, France would export that model to the rest of Europe. Ultimately, the Revolution polarized Europe. Full emancipation or equal rights irrevocably became associated with the ideas of 1789. When and where those ideas triumphed, so did Jewish emancipation. When and where opponents triumphed, Jewish emancipation suffered either abridgment or outright abrogation.
Mass Society, II
Authors: Sorkin David
Published: May 2020

This chapter describes the new politics that emerged in fin-de-siècle Europe, which challenged liberal democracy and bourgeois society. Zionists and Autonomists espoused the idea that Jews were a nation entitled to its own national life either as a majority in Palestine or a national minority in Europe. Both developed the concept of “assimilation” to denigrate emancipation's pernicious effects. In eastern Europe, all the Jews' political parties—emancipationists, Zionists, Autonomists, Bundist Socialists—embraced a version of national minority rights. Meanwhile, the Bund represented a Jewish socialism that dreamed of a classless society to solve the Jewish Question. Orthodox Jews mobilized to press their own causes and to counter the multiple threats of the organized secular political parties. Ultimately, the developments of the fin de siècle were to shape Jewish life in the first four decades of the twentieth century.
Repudiation
Authors: Sorkin David
Published: May 2020

This chapter highlights how Nazi Germany stripped Jews of rights in a reversal of the emancipation process: first political rights, then the freedoms of occupation and property ownership, and finally residence itself. With deportation, the Nazis carefully deprived Jews of their inferior form of “state membership” as well as expropriating all remaining property. Nazi de-emancipation inspired governments across Europe to infringe on Jews' equality or demote them to a lesser status. The governments first expropriated Jews' property and then their labor. Poland did not pass blanket legislation: it excluded Jews from the economy in a piecemeal fashion. Meanwhile, Hungary enacted a series of “Jew Laws”; Romania and Italy attacked Jews' citizenship; and Vichy France aimed to reverse the equality of 1791. Ultimately, many governments were complicit in the roundups and deportations that ended in mass murder. In contrast, only Romania joined Germany in organizing systematic mass murder.
Israel
Authors: Sorkin David
Published: May 2020

This chapter details how, in its first half century, Israel shaped one citizenship regime and transitioned to a second. The Labor Party and Histadrut had introduced and institutionalized a system of stratification: Ashkenazim as first-class citizens, Mizrahim and women as second-class citizens, Palestinian Israelis as third-class citizens, and the inequality of non-Orthodox Judaism. The advent of unfettered capitalism, a burgeoning civil society, and a nascent constitution in the form of Basic Laws reinforced, rather than removed, the “ethnic hierarchy.” Similarly, the inequality of women and non-Orthodox Judaism persisted. The Israel that initially had tried to regenerate immigrants for the Zionist project was in fact engaged in a larger and even more challenging emancipation process. Indeed, Israel now found itself in desperate need of the “auto-emancipation” that had been Zionism's raison d'être. For Israel's success, sovereignty was necessary but not sufficient; equality was also a sine qua non. To become a state of equal citizens, Israel had to free itself from an entrenched structure of inequalities and disabilities, of second- and third-class citizens, of an official or established religion and unrecognized, inferior forms of Judaism.
Religion and Enlightenment
Authors: Whatmore Richard
Published: May 2020

This chapter explains why a group of republicans calling themselves democrats sought sanctuary in Ireland. It revisits the crisis at Geneva, which came to a head in 1782. Many were shocked at events within the city, because, as John Calvin's adopted home and a centre of enlightened learning, civil war was not supposed to break out. Yet between the 1750s and the 1780s republicans at Geneva began to be branded as democrats, certain citizens were labelled anarchists, and the magistrates were increasingly attacked as tyrants, running the state with their own interests to the fore, rather than the public good. This was certainly a new departure. During the political crises of the first decade of the century, and during those of the 1730s, political abuse had been commonplace, with accusations of treachery and corruption abounding. The extremist language that developed, clearly in evidence by the mid-1760s, was a return to the kinds of polarity that marked the era of the Reformation.
Ireland: Oppression and Opportunity
Authors: Whatmore Richard
Published: May 2020

This chapter considers Ireland's condition during the late eighteenth century. The Genevans presented Ireland as a new and stable state, pregnant with possibility for enlightened living and commercial development. Yet that was not entirely the case. At the time, Ireland was undergoing constitutional and economic upheaval. Moreover, Ireland was seen to be in crisis in part because of the effects of events in North America upon trade. Ireland did, however, remain Protestant and a British colony, with an Anglican established church. Thus the events of the late 1770s and early 1780s were a response to the new Ireland that had been created in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.
Hunting Pirates in Beiping
Authors: Wang Fei-Hsien
Published: May 2020

This chapter provides a background on how the Shanghai shuye gongsuo (SBG) set up an unusual private police force to combat piracy. Throughout the 1930s, the SBG's Beiping Office of the Piracy Investigation Committee, abbreviated as the Detective Branch, hunted down pirates in the old capital and beyond. Even though these would-be law enforcers had no legal jurisdiction over such matters, the Detective Branch staff tirelessly pursued those who violated the SBG members' copyright and punished them with their own means. The Detective Branch's antipiracy operation in Beiping constitutes in itself a unique story, but its real significance lies in the possibility it opens up in understanding detection, enforcement, and negotiation that mediated the intellectual property law and its effect in early twentieth-century China, when different conceptions and practices of copyright grew intertwined. Operating in the gray area between legality and illegality, the staff of the Detective Branch inspected bookshops in the old capital city and surrounding market towns. They launched raids, partnering with local police, to crack down on piracy and, sometimes, resorted to criminal activities themselves, such as fraud, bribery, or home intrusion, to ensure their success.
A World without Piracy?
Authors: Wang Fei-Hsien
Published: May 2020

This chapter examines how the Chinese communists dealt with the booksellers' old problem—piracy—from a socialist perspective as a revolutionary party-state. It explores how Chinese publishers and authors, as seasoned economic actors, adjusted to and coped with the new regime and its reshaping of literary property. Rather than provide a comprehensive study of the development of copyright legislation in the People's Republic of China, the chapter focuses on the decline of the old customary copyright mechanisms and the rise of a new socialist literary system, against the background of the profound structural changes in China's cultural economy in the 1950s. It also discusses the new remuneration system that emerged during the First Five-Year Plan from 1953 to 1957, which aimed to provide Chinese authors with better and fairer treatment. Moreover, it considers the unintended consequences and challenges the communist state faced when they tried to turn authors into workers in the collective planned economy.
The Form of Man
Authors: Duncan Ian
Published: May 2020

This chapter examines how the science of man became the natural history of man, a history not of individuals or nations but of the human species. A new biological conception of species “as an entity distributed in time and space,” released from the synchronic grid of Linnaean taxonomy as well as from a providential cosmology, comprised what Philip Sloan has called the “Buffonian revolution.” That revolution would be as consequential for literary genres, especially the novel, as it was for the natural and human sciences, in part due to Buffon's recourse to a literary style and techniques of “speculative thought experiment,” probabilistic reasoning, “analogical reasoning, and divination” in his scientific method. The chapter then looks at the debate over the history of man that broke out in the mid-1780s between Immanuel Kant and Gottfried Herder. One of the great intellectual quarrels of the late Enlightenment, it signposted the forking paths of Kant's critical philosophy, on the one hand, and the scientific project of natural history on the other.
Introduction
Authors: Stroumsa Sarah
Published: May 2020

This introductory chapter provides a background of al-Andalus. Within the Islamic world, “al-Andalus” (Islamic Spain) constituted a distinct cultural unit with its own unique characteristics. The borders of this territory changed over time, following the advance of the Christian conquests. Toward the end of the second/eighth century, al-Andalus covered most of the peninsula (today's Spain as well as Portugal), while in the eighth/fifteenth century, the shrunken Emirate of Granada alone, at the southernmost tip of the peninsula, remained in Muslim hands. This book's period of interest extends mainly from the tenth to the sixth/twelfth century, when Jews living under Islam in the Iberian Peninsula played a significant cultural role, and when philosophy flourished in al-Andalus. The philosophy and theology that were produced in this cultural unit developed as a continuation of speculative thought in the Islamic East and remained in constant dialogue with it. Yet the philosophical and theological works of Andalusian authors are not servile replicas of Maghreban or Eastern sources. They have a distinctive character that, while showing their different sources, displays their originality and their Andalusian provenance.
Aristotelian Neo-Orthodoxy and Andalusian Revolts
Authors: Stroumsa Sarah
Published: May 2020

This chapter explores the remarkable phenomenon of twelfth-century rigorous Andalusian Aristotelianism. In the early twelfth century, the philosophical map of al-Andalus was dramatically redrawn. Along with what can only be described as the blossoming of Islamic philosophy after its constrained state in the previous century, one notices a significant shift to an orthodox version of Aristotelian philosophy. The thought of the Eastern Aristotelians was sprinkled with un-Aristotelian elements. Largely in response to Platonizing authors, especially Avicenna, Andalusian falāsifa explicitly identified with the Peripatetic tradition, and strove to strengthen the authority of Aristotle and his commentators. This stricter version of Aristotelianism, which makes its debut with Ibn Bājja under the Almoravids, was further crystalized under the Almohads by philosophers such as Averroes and Maimonides. The chapter also considers “the Andalusian revolt against Ptolemaic astronomy.” The term “Andalusian Revolt” was first coined in 1984 by Abdelhamid Sabra in his discussion of astronomical theories that attempted to dethrone Ptolemy's astronomy from its almost unquestioned authority.
“The Great Middle Class” in the Nineteenth-Century United States
Authors: Gräser Marcus
Published: May 2020

This chapter shows that in America the middle class has historically been more than just a diverse group of middling sorts. In self-awareness as well as in the descriptions made by foreign observers, the middle classes after the eighteenth century appeared as embodiments of the new society that had developed in the colonies of settlers on North American soil. This resulted not least from the fact that typical elements of European societies—above all the aristocracy but also the clergy as a separate estate—were absent. Since the state was relatively weak, the core tasks of civil society, such as poor relief or the establishing of institutions—museums, libraries, symphony orchestras—relied on the private initiatives of the American bourgeoisie and middle class, respectively. In reality, however, the “great American middle class” was much more fragmented than the emphasis placed on it in political discourse might suggest. One important reason for this was racial exclusion. Although the emergence of an Afro-American middle class succeeded in the last third of the nineteenth century, its rise was restricted by a variety of racially motivated discriminations. Overcoming such racial segregation was hardly possible until the second half of the twentieth century.