bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development of a Novel Solvent-Based Formulation for Pesticides That Are Prone to Crystallization
Authors: Leming Donald , Moreno Valter , Paganini Gianfranco
Published: September 2010

Many of today’s most widely used pesticidal active ingredients (AIs) are crystalline solids with limited solubility in commonly used aromatic or aliphatic solvent systems. Many of those solid AIs can only be dissolved at suitable concentrations in very polar or slightly water-soluble solvents, such as cyclohexanone, isophorone, N-methylpyrrolidone, etc. The disadvantage of these solvents is that when they are used as the sole dissolving agent, they can lead to the crystallization of the AI upon dilution of the formulation with water, making the effective and uniform application of the AI impossible due to nozzle and/or filter plugging. In the United States, for example, products containing the azole fungicide, tebuconazole, are therefore mainly formulated as suspension concentrates rather than emulsifiable concentrates (ECs). We have developed a novel solvent-based EC formulation, which inhibits crystal growth when used with a variety of pesticidal actives, including triazole fungicides, in their concentrated and diluted aqueous compositions. This was achieved using a composition containing a water-insoluble solvent together with other stabilizers. This composition was used to prepare formulations of pesticidal AIs with a concentration from 200 to 250 AI g/L. The crystallization of the AI is prevented by the liquid composition, whose ingredients act not only as solvents but also as crystallization inhibitors during the application of the pesticide concentrate as a diluted aqueous spray. This paper presents data on the physical stability of the concentrated formulations, as well as for diluted aqueous spray mixtures, showing that no crystals will form under simulated use conditions. Specific illustrations of this novel approach to solving the complex crystallization problems associated with the above-mentioned class of “problematic” pesticidal compounds include several tebuconazole-based EC formulations. We will also present results from field trials to show their biological performance.
GABAAReceptors in the Pontine Reticular Formation of C57BL/6J Mouse Modulate Neurochemical, Electrographic, and Behavioral Phenotypes of Wakefulness
Authors: Flint RaShonda R. , Chang Theresa , Lydic Ralph , Baghdoyan Helen A.
Published: September 2010

Drugs that potentiate transmission at GABAAreceptors are widely used to enhance sleep and to cause general anesthesia. The mechanisms underlying these effects are unknown. This study tested the hypothesis that GABAAreceptors in the pontine reticular nucleus, oral part (PnO) of mouse modulate five phenotypes of arousal: sleep and wakefulness, cortical electroencephalogram (EEG) activity, acetylcholine (ACh) release in the PnO, breathing, and recovery time from general anesthesia. Microinjections into the PnO of saline (vehicle control), the GABAAreceptor agonist muscimol, muscimol with the GABAAreceptor antagonist bicuculline, and bicuculline alone were performed in male C57BL/6J mice (n= 33) implanted with EEG recording electrodes. Muscimol caused a significant increase in wakefulness and decrease in rapid eye movement (REM) and non-REM (NREM) sleep. These effects were reversed by coadministration of bicuculline. Bicuculline administered alone caused a significant decrease in wakefulness and increase in NREM sleep and REM sleep. Muscimol significantly increased EEG power in the delta range (0.5–4 Hz) during wakefulness and in the theta range (4–9 Hz) during REM sleep. Dialysis delivery of bicuculline to the PnO of male mice (n= 18) anesthetized with isoflurane significantly increased ACh release in the PnO, decreased breathing rate, and increased anesthesia recovery time. All drug effects were concentration dependent. The effects on phenotypes of arousal support the conclusion that GABAAreceptors in the PnO promote wakefulness and suggest that increasing GABAergic transmission in the PnO may be one mechanism underlying the phenomenon of paradoxical behavioral activation by some benzodiazepines.
M-Type Potassium Channels Modulate the Intrinsic Excitability of Infralimbic Neurons and Regulate Fear Expression and Extinction
Authors: Santini Edwin , Porter James T.
Published: September 2010

Growing evidence indicates that the activity of infralimbic prefrontal cortex (IL) is critical for inhibiting inappropriate fear responses following extinction learning. Recently, we showed that fear conditioning and extinction alter the intrinsic excitability and bursting of IL pyramidal neurons in brain slices. IL neurons from Sprague Dawley rats expressing high fear had lower intrinsic excitability and bursting than those from rats expressing low fear, suggesting that regulating the intrinsic excitability and bursting of IL neurons would modulate fear expression. To test this, we combined patch-clamp electrophysiology, auditory fear conditioning, and IL infusions of M-type K+channel modulators. Patch-clamp recordings from IL neurons showed that the M-type K+channel blocker, XE-991, increased the number of spikes evoked by a depolarizing pulse and reduced the first interspike interval indicating enhanced bursting. To test whether pharmacological enhancement of IL excitability and bursting reduces fear expression and facilitates extinction, fear-conditioned rats were infused with XE-991 into IL before extinction training. XE-infused rats showed reduced freezing and facilitated extinction compared to vehicle-infused rats. The following day, recall of extinction memory was enhanced. Reducing IL excitability and bursting with the M-type K+channel agonist, flupirtine, had the opposite effect. Flupirtine reduced IL spike count and bursting in brain slices. Fear-conditioned rats infused with flupirtine into IL before extinction showed significantly higher levels of freezing, indicating that stimulation of M-channels enhanced fear expression. Our findings suggest that the intrinsic excitability and bursting of IL neurons regulate fear expression even before extinction.
Abnormal Long-Range Neural Synchrony in a Maternal Immune Activation Animal Model of Schizophrenia
Authors: Dickerson Desiree D. , Wolff Amy R. , Bilkey David K.
Published: September 2010

The synchrony of neural firing is believed to underlie the integration of information between and within neural networks in the brain. Abnormal synchronization of neural activity between distal brain regions has been proposed to underlie the core symptomatology in schizophrenia. This study investigated whether abnormal synchronization occurs between the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and the hippocampus (HPC), two brain regions implicated in schizophrenia pathophysiology, using the maternal immune activation (MIA) animal model in rats. This neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia is induced through a single injection of the synthetic immune system activator polyriboinosinic–polyribocytidylic acid, a synthetic analog of double-stranded RNA, a molecular pattern associated with viral infection, in pregnant rat dams. It is based on epidemiological evidence of increased risk of schizophrenia in adulthood after prenatal exposure to infection. In the present study, EEG coherence and neuronal phase-locking to underlying EEG were measured in freely moving MIA and control offspring. The MIA intervention produced significant reductions in mPFC–HPC EEG coherence that correlated with decreased prepulse inhibition of startle, a measure of sensory gating and a hallmark schizotypal behavioral measure. Furthermore, changes in the synchronization of neuronal firing to the underlying EEG were evident in the theta and low-gamma frequencies. Firing within a putative population of theta-modulated, gamma-entrained mPFC neurons was also reduced in MIA animals. Thus, MIA in rats produces a fundamental disruption in long-range neuronal synchrony in the brains of the adult offspring that models the disruption of synchrony observed in schizophrenia.
Essential Role of Phox2b-Expressing Ventrolateral Brainstem Neurons in the Chemosensory Control of Inspiration and Expiration
Authors: Marina Nephtali , Abdala Ana P. , Trapp Stefan , Li Aihua , Nattie Eugene E. , Hewinson James , Smith Jeffrey C. , Paton Julian F. R. , Gourine Alexander V.
Published: September 2010

Phox2b-expressing neurons of the retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN), located in the ventrolateral brainstem, are sensitive to changes in PCO2/pH, have excitatory projections to the central respiratory rhythm/pattern generator, and their activation enhances central respiratory drive. Usingin vivo(conscious and anesthetized rats) andin situ(arterially perfused rat brainstem–spinal cord preparations) models, we evaluated the functional significance of this neuronal population for both resting respiratory activity and the CO2-evoked respiratory responses by reversibly inhibiting these neurons using the insect peptide allatostatin following transduction with a lentiviral construct to express the G-protein-coupledDrosophilaallatostatin receptor. Selective inhibition of the Phox2b-expressing neurons in the ventrolateral brainstem, including the RTN, using allatostatin was without effect on resting respiratory activity in conscious rats, but decreased the amplitude of the phrenic nerve discharge in anesthetized rats and thein siturat preparations. Postinspiratory activity was also reducedin situ. In the absence or presence of the peripheral chemoreceptor input, inhibiting the Phox2b-expressing neurons during hypercapnia abolished the CO2-evoked abdominal expiratory activity in anesthetized rats andin situpreparations. Inspiratory responses evoked by rising levels of CO2in the breathing air were also reduced in anesthetized rats with denervated carotid bodies and conscious rats with peripheral chemoreceptors intact (by 28% and 60%, respectively). These data indicate a crucial dependence of central expiratory drive upon Phox2b-expressing neurons of the ventrolateral brainstem and support the hypothesis that these neurons contribute in a significant manner to CO2-evoked increases of inspiratory activity.
Calcium/Calmodulin Kinase II-Dependent Acetylcholine Receptor Cycling at the Mammalian Neuromuscular JunctionIn Vivo
Authors: Martinez-Pena y Valenzuela Isabel , Mouslim Chakib , Akaaboune Mohammed
Published: September 2010

At the mammalian skeletal neuromuscular junction, cycling of nicotinic ACh receptors (nAChRs) is critical for the maintenance of a high postsynaptic receptor density. However, the mechanisms that regulate nAChRs recycling in living animals remain unknown. Usingin vivotime-lapse imaging, fluorescence recovery after photobleaching, and biochemical pull down assays, we demonstrated that recycling of internalized nAChRs into fully functional and denervated synapses was promoted by both direct muscle stimulation and pharmacologically induced intracellular calcium elevations. Most of internalized nAChRs are recycled directly into synaptic sites. Chelating of intracellular calcium below resting level drastically decreased cycling of nAChRs. Furthermore we found that calcium-dependent AChR recycling is mediated by Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CaMKII). Inhibition of CaMKII selectively blocked recycling and caused intracellular accumulation of internalized nAChRs, whereas internalization of surface receptors remained unaffected. Electroporation of CaMKII-GFP isoforms into the sternomastoid muscle showed that muscle-specific CaMKIIβm isoform is highly expressed at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) and precisely colocalized with nAChRs at crests of synaptic folds while the CaMKIIγ and δ isoforms are poorly expressed in synaptic sites. These results indicate that Ca2+along with CaMKII activity are critical for receptor recycling and may provide a mechanism by which the postsynaptic AChR density is maintained at the NMJin vivo.
Functional Role of the Interaction between Polysialic Acid and Extracellular Histone H1
Authors: Mishra Bibhudatta , von der Ohe Maren , Schulze Christian , Bian Shan , Makhina Tatjana , Loers Gabriele , Kleene Ralf , Schachner Melitta
Published: September 2010

Polysialic acid (PSA) is a large and highly negatively charged glycan that plays crucial roles in nervous system development and function in the adult. It has been suggested to facilitate cell migration, neurite outgrowth, and synaptic plasticity because its hydration volume could enhance flexibility of cell interactions. Evidence for receptors of PSA has so far been elusive. We now identified histone H1 as binding partner of PSA via a single-chain variable fragment antibody using an anti-idiotypic approach. Histone H1 directly binds to PSA as shown by ELISA. Surface biotinylation of cultured cerebellar neurons indicated an extracellular localization of histone H1. Immunostaining of live cerebellar neurons and Schwann cells confirmed that an extracellular pool of histone H1 colocalizes with PSA at the cell surface. Histone H1 was also detected in detergent-insoluble synaptosomal membrane subfractions and postsynaptic densities. When appliedin vitro, histone H1 stimulated neuritogenesis, process formation and proliferation of Schwann cells, and migration of neural precursor cells via a PSA-dependent mechanism, further indicating that histone H1 is active extracellularly. Thesein vitroobservations suggested an important functional role for the interaction between histone H1 and PSA not only for nervous system development but also for regeneration in the adult. Indeed, histone H1 improved functional recovery, axon regrowth, and precision of reinnervation of the motor branch in adult mice with femoral nerve injury. Our findings encourage investigations on the therapeutic potential of histone H1 in humans.
Intrauterine development, functions and diseases of male reproductive organs
Authors: Jakobovits Ákos , Jakobovits Antal
Published: September 2010

A szerzők a központi idegrendszer, a tesztoszteron és származékainak szerepét tárgyalják a férfi nemi szervek méhen belüli fejlődésében. A férfi személyiségét meghatározó jellegzetességek először az emberi fejlődés magzati stádiumában jelentkeznek. Ezek kialakulása a gyermekkorban folytatódik. Pubertás után ezek növekvő mértékben válnak nyilvánvalóvá, és az egyén élete folyamán túlsúlyban maradnak. Az említett folyamatok mind a férfias fenotípust, mind a férfias magatartást befolyásolják. A tesztoszteron és származékai kontrollálják a férfi nemi szervek fejlődését. Hiányuk a női nemi jellegzetességek túlsúlyához vezet, a férfi nemi kromoszómakép ellenére. E jelenségek típusos példája a testicularis feminisatio klinikai képe. Jelen tanulmány különleges figyelmet szentel a reprodukciós szervek azon rendellenességeinek, amelyek a magzatokban ultrahanggal azonosíthatók. Ezen anomáliák legtöbbje antenatalisan hatásosan nem kezelhető. Azok a rendellenességek, amelyek a méhen kívüli életben sem gyógyíthatók, a terhességmegszakítás javallatát képezhetik, amennyiben ultrahangvizsgálattal a kora terhességben kimutathatók. Orv. Hetil., 2010, 39, 1573–1579.
Significance of ultrasound-measured visceral fat thickness in obesity
Authors: Szebeni Ágnes , Halmy László
Published: September 2010

Az ultrahangvizsgálat egyszerű, könnyen hozzáférhető módszer az abdominalis zsírvastagság meghatározására. Irodalmi adatok alapján az ultrahanggal nyert abdominalis zsírvastagság értékei jól korrelálnak az abdominalis zsírmennyiség „gold standard”-jének számító komputertomográfiával végzett mérésekkel. Az abdominalis zsírmennyiség fontos adat az elhízás cardiovascularis kockázatának előrejelzésében. A szerzők vizsgálatukban keresték az elhízás mindkét kockázati tényezőjének, a zsírmáj és a cardiovascularis szövődmények előrejelzésének lehetőségét ultrahanggal. Ezért 201 betegben meghatározták az abdominalis zsírvastagságot és a máj ultrahang-attenuációját, és korrelációt kerestek közöttük, valamint egyéb, a kockázatokra utaló paraméterekkel. Szignifikáns (p<0,001) összefüggést találtak az abdominalis zsírvastagság és a bioimpedanciával mért visceralis zsírterület, valamint a testtömegindex között, azonban nem volt összefüggés az abdominalis zsírvastagság és a máj attenuációja, valamint a lipidértékek között. Vizsgálataik alapján megállapítható, hogy az abdominalis zsírvastagság mérése alapján következtetni lehet az intraabdominalis zsír mennyiségére, valamint arra is, hogy a zsírmáj, amit a magas ultrahang-attenuáció jelez, nem feltétlenül jár együtt a visceralis zsírmennyiség növekedésével. Orv. Hetil., 2010, 39, 1580–1584.
Food supplements on the Hungarian market. Regulations of marketing and composition of the products
Authors: Lugasi Andrea , Horacsek Márta , Martos Éva
Published: September 2010

Az étrend-kiegészítők a jelenlegi jogi szabályozás szerint olyan élelmiszerek, amelyek célja a hagyományos étrend kiegészítése. Az étrend-kiegészítők koncentráltan tartalmaznak tápanyagokat, köztük vitaminokat és ásványi anyagokat, valamint egyéb táplálkozási vagy élettani hatással rendelkező anyagokat. Hazánkban az étrend-kiegészítők forgalmazása az Európai Unióhoz történt csatlakozás óta nem előzetes engedélyezéshez kötött; a forgalmazónak legkésőbb a piacra helyezés napján az Országos Élelmezés- és Táplálkozástudományi Intézetnél kell bejelenteni a terméket, amely ezzel egy időben forgalomba kerülhet. A termékek forgalmazását, összetételét, jelölését, azaz a címkén megjelenő információkat számos jogszabály, előírás határozza meg, ugyanakkor bizonyos területeken a közösségi szinten harmonizált rendeletek hiánya jelentős problémákat okoz. A tanulmány első részében az étrend-kiegészítők forgalmazását, összetételét befolyásoló jogszabályok kerülnek bemutatásra, míg a második rész fő célja az összetevők táplálkozás-élettani értékelési folyamatának, valamint az étrend-kiegészítők táplálkozásban betöltött szerepének bemutatása. Orv. Hetil., 2010, 39, 1563–1572.
Polymorphism of the estrogen receptor β gene is related to infertility and infertility-associated endometriosis
Authors: Zulli Karina , Bianco Bianca , Mafra Fernanda Abani , Teles Juliana Souto , Christofolini Denise Maria , Barbosa Caio Parente
Published: September 2010

OBJECTIVE: To determine the frequency of the estrogen receptor b gene (ERβ) +1730 G/A polymorphism in infertile women with and without endometriosis and controls. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Case-control study that included 136 women with endometriosis, 69 women without endometriosis and 209 fertile women as controls. The ERβ gene + 1730 G/A polymorphism was identified by RFLP-PCR (Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism - Polymerase Chain Reaction). RESULTS: Genotypes GG, GA and AA of the ERβ gene presented frequencies of 60.3%, 38.2% and 1.5%, respectively, in the women with endometriosis (p < 0.0022). Of the infertile women without endometriosis, 63.8% presented the normal homozygous genotype GG, 30.4% the GA heterozygous genotype, and 5.8% the homozygous mutated genotype AA (p < 0.0275). In the control group, 77.5% presented the normal homozygous genotype GG, 21.1% the heterozygous genotype GA, and 1.4% the homozygous mutated genotype AA. CONCLUSION: The data suggest that the estrogen receptor β gene (ERβ) +1730 G/A polymorphism can be associated with risk of infertility and endometriosis-associated infertility.
Del malo pecado al pecado intrínsecamente malo: la radicalización fundamentalista de la homofobia católica desde los tiempos de la Inquisición hasta Benedicto XVI
Authors: Mott Luiz
Published: September 2010

Este ensayo discute la "involución" del pensamiento católico a respecto de la homosexualidad en los últimos siglos, sus repercusiones en la Península Ibérica y América Latina, desconstruyendo los seudo-dogmas que sustentan la homofobia del discurso oficial de la Iglesia. San transcritos los principales textos bíblicos que han servido de suporte teológico y jurídico para persecución de los sodomitas, pasando al examen del pensamiento de los teólogos que mas se han distinguido en la condenación a la sodomía, concluyendo con la lista de los concilios, papas y obispos que se destacaran por su homofobia y las manifestaciones contemporáneas de esta intolerancia.
Brigadas do antifanatismo: a invenção da tolerância religiosa
Authors: Lopes Marcos Antônio
Published: September 2010

Focando a produção de obras ficcionais e textos filosóficos em perspectiva histórica, o artigo aborda uma série de aspectos relacionados ao complexo universo temático das disputas intelectuais contra o fanatismo religioso na Europa Moderna. O texto analisa o advento e evolução de um tema que - já bastante recorrente na obra de autores modernos como Montaigne e Jean Bodin -, eleva-se à categoria de eixo temático em muitas das reflexões de autores dos séculos XVII e XVIII. Acerca da verdadeira cruzada das ideias, que foi a luta contra o fanatismo religioso durante a Idade Clássica e o Século das Luzes, são examinadas algumas das ideias críticas de escritores como Swift, Montesquieu, Voltaire, Diderot e David Hume.
Dos arquivos da perseguição às histórias dos mártires: hagiografia, memória e propaganda na África romana
Authors: Oliveira Julio Cesar Magalhães de
Published: September 2010

A passagem dos atos e das paixões dos mártires, escritos no calor das perseguições, às narrativas martirológicas mais legendárias e épicas, que se difundem a partir do final do século IV e do início do século V, foi muitas vezes vista, pelos historiadores, como uma das mais marcantes transformações da hagiografia na Antiguidade Tardia. Contudo, o uso dos registros dos processos judiciais para a redação tanto das tradicionais atas dos mártires como para essas novas narrativas mais extensas e épicas continuou sendo altamente valorizado pelos cristãos do Norte da África, tanto católicos como donatistas, ao menos até o começo do século V. O objetivo deste artigo é investigar as razões desse apreço pelos documentos de arquivo, sobretudo oficiais, e os diferentes usos práticos que deles fizeram os cristãos africanos, do século III ao início do século V.
Predisposição genética, hereditariedade e reabsorções radiculares em Ortodontia: cuidados com interpretações precipitadas: uma análise crítica do trabalho de Al-Qawasmi et al
Authors: Consolaro Alberto , Martins-Ortiz Maria Fernanda
Published: September 2010

O trabalho de Al-Qawasmi et al.¹, publicado em março de 2003 pelo American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, procurou estabelecer uma predisposição genética para justificar as reabsorções dentárias em Ortodontia, mas apresentou algumas limitações metodológicas e equívocos na interpretação de seus resultados. A análise criteriosa deste artigo ressalta que, na maioria, estas limitações foram mencionadas e reconhecidas pelos autores na discussão do trabalho, mas o seu resumo e título foram muito taxativos e conclusivos. A linguagem de estudos genéticos nem sempre é familiar a todos os clínicos e isto também requer uma análise esclarecedora à luz de uma visão mais aplicada ao cotidiano ortodôntico. Referenciar ou citar este trabalho de Al-Qawasmi et al.¹, para afirmar de forma taxativa que se demonstrou a natureza hereditária das reabsorções dentárias em Ortodontia, pode denotar falta de conhecimento sobre o assunto ou uma leitura ou compreensão apenas do seu título. Ou ainda, a citação deste trabalho como prova definitiva de associação entre hereditariedade e reabsorções dentárias em Ortodontia pode traduzir também o desejo de excluir da prática clínica a responsabilidade de planejar de forma individualizada e detalhada cada tratamento com base no conhecimento das possibilidades e limitações técnicas oferecidas pela ciência ortodôntica, bem como nas suas bases biológicas, por exemplo, valorizando a morfologia radicular e da crista óssea alveolar e o papel dos cementoblastos na proteção da superfície radicular.
Deposição e composição química de serrapilheira em um bosque de sabiá
Authors: Freire Joelma de Lira , Dubeux Júnior José Carlos Batista , Lira Mario de Andrade , Ferreira Rinaldo Luiz Caraciolo , Santos Mércia Virginia Ferreira dos , Freitas Erinaldo Viana de
Published: September 2010

Objetivou-se avaliar a deposição e composição química de componentes da serrapilheira existente e depositada em um bosque de sabiá (Mimosa caesalpiniifolia Benth). O experimento foi realizado durante o período de agosto de 2006 a julho de 2007. A avaliação da serrapilheira existente e depositada foi realizada a cada 28 dias utilizando-se 20 quadrados de 1 m², alocados aleatoriamente, escolheno novas áreas a cada avaliação. O bosque apresentou plantas com diâmetro média na altura do peito de 26,8 cm. A deposição mensal de matéria orgânica de folhas e ramos no período experimental foi de 15.167 e 3.373 kg/ha, respectivamente, e aumentou no período de maior precipitação, numa relação de 0,30 com o acúmulo, o indica acúmulo maior que a deposição. A proporção de folhas foi de 87% do total da serrapilheira, com médias de 2,9% de nitrogênio e 0,17% de fósforo. A relação carbono/nitrogênio das folhas ficou abaixo de 30, enquanto a de ramos, entre 30 e 40, comprovando melhor qualidade das folhas. Durante o período experimental, a deposição de nitrogênio via serrapilheira foi de aproximadamente 462 kg/ha e a de fósforo, 30 kg/ha. A deposição de serrapilheira é essencial para manutenção da fertilidade do solo em bosques de sabiá e contribui para sua conservação e sustentabilidade.
Nitrogen and potassium supply and the morphogenic and productive characteristics of marandu palisadegrass
Authors: Megda Marcio Mahmoud , Monteiro Francisco Antonio
Published: September 2010

The objective of this work was to study morphogenic characteristics, and dry matter production of roots and shoots of marandu palisadegrass (Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu) submitted to combinations of nitrogen and potassium, in a nutritive solution, employing silica as substrate. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse during the summer. It was used a 5² fractionated factorial scheme with 13 combinations of nitrogen and potassium, which were distributed in a randomized block design, with four replications. The nitrogen × potassium interaction was significant for the number of tillers and leaves, for leaf area, for shoots and root section dry mass, for total length and surface and specific length and surface in the roots. Production of aerial part dry mass positively correlated with the number of tillers and leaves and grass leaf area. Nitrogen rates modulated the root system development, and the root specific length and surface decreased when high rates of nitrogen and potassium were supllied. Nitrogen and potassium influence Marandu palisadegrass morphogenic characteristics, which are determinant for grass dry matter production.
Microbiota of the cecum, ileum morphometry, pH of the crop and performance of broiler chickens supplemented with probiotics
Authors: Fonseca Belchiolina Beatriz , Beletti Marcelo Emílio , Silva Max Siqueira da , Silva Paulo Lourenço da , Duarte Ivamario Nahas , Rossi Daise Aparecida
Published: September 2010

It was studied, in this work, the effects of supplementation of probiotics on the performance, on the pH of crop content, on the morphometry of the ileum and on the number of enterobacteria in the cecum of the broilers. Out of the 120 studied birds, 60 belonged to the test group and 60 to the control group. At 1, 7, 12, 18, 23 and 28 days of age, the chickens and rations were weighed and mortality and morbidity were determined. Then, the birds were sacrificed and the pH of the crop content was measured, ileum fragments were collected for morphometric analysis and the enterobacteria in the cecal content were quantified. The mean pH was lower in the group that was given probiotics at 1, 7 and 18 days of age. There were no differences on ration consumption, weight, mortality and morbidity rates. The counts of enterobacteria were lower in the supplemented animals at the ages of 7, 18 and 28 days. The measure of villus of the ileum was higher for the group treated with probiotics at all ages, except for 1 day of age in comparison to the control group. This work proves that supplementation with probiotics reduces the pH of the crop content at the ages of 1, 7 and 18 days and it can contribute to the reduction of pathogenic bacteria on the first days of life by reducing the quantity of enterobacteria in the cecum. In addition, probiotics increase the height of villi in the ileum of the birds.
Condição hepática de cordeiros mantidos com dietas contendo torta de dendê proveniente da produção de biodiesel
Authors: Nunes Alexandro Silva , Oliveira Ronaldo Lopes , Ayres Maria Consuelo Caribe , Bagaldo Adriana Regina , Garcez Neto Américo Fróes , Barbosa Larissa Pires
Published: September 2010

Esta pesquisa foi conduzida com o objetivo de verificar o melhor nível de torta de dendê na dieta de cordeiros por meio da avaliação da condição hepática. Foram utilizados 32 cordeiros Santa Inês não-castrados distribuídos em quatro dietas com 0,0; 6,5; 13,0 e 19,5% de torta de dendê na matéria seca (MS). A cada 15 dias, foram coletadas amostras de sangue dos animais, totalizando cinco coletas em todo o período experimental. Foram determinados os teores de triglicérides, colesterol, proteínas totais, albumina e globulina; as atividades das enzimas alanina aminotransferase (ALT), aspartatoaminotransferase (AST) e gama glutamiltransferase (GGT); e as concentrações séricas de bilirrubina total, direta e indireta. O aumento do percentual de torta de dendê na dieta não influenciou a concentração de triglicérides, cujo valor médio foi de 40,57 mg/dL, mas elevou as concentrações de colesterol. Também não ocasionou diferença no conteúdo de proteínas totais, mas teve efeito quadrático crescente nos níveis de albumina e ureia e efeito linear decrescente nos níveis de globulinas. Não foram observadas diferenças estatísticas nas atividades das enzimas alanina-aminotransferase, aspartato-aminotransferase e gama-glutamiltransferase, que foram de 6,40; 37,59 e 62,38 UI/L, respectivamente. Igualmente, não foi detectada influência sobre a bilirrubina total, direta e indireta, cujas médias foram de 0,50; 0,11; e 0,38 mg/dL, respectivamente. O uso de torta de dendê em níveis de até 19,5% da dieta não causa transtornos metabólicos hepáticos em cordeiros.
Cultura, poder e decisão na organização familiar brasileira
Authors: Macêdo Kátia Barbosa
Published: September 2010

O presente artigo visa apresentar o impacto da psicodinâmica do poder e da cultura organizacional no processo decisório, em uma empresa familiar brasileira. O estudo de caso utiliza a observação participante e a entrevista na coleta de dados. Os sujeitos são diretores e gerentes de uma empresa familiar de médio porte, e os dados coletados são tratados por meio da análise psicodinâmica de Pagès e da análise gráfica do discurso de Lane. Como resultados, tem-se: a super valorização das relações afetivas, da confiança mútua, da antigüidade, dedicação e fidelidade. Relações chefias subordinados autoritárias e paternalistas, preferência pela comunicação verbal e pelos contatos pessoais. O processo decisório tende ao improviso, busca consenso e é influenciado pelas relações de poder e por aspectos emocionais, ligados a fatores culturais das empresas familiares.
A respeito de ética e finanças
Authors: Moreira Luís Fernando
Published: September 2010

Ética é tema bastante atual e vários artigos o tem contemplado. Por outro lado, a ética na área de finanças não tem recebido grande atenção no Brasil. O artigo leva o debate também para esta esfera e sugere caminhos para pesquisas futuras. Este artigo apresenta as principais abordagens da ética e suas implicações para a área de finanças. Dentre os assuntos discutidos estão problemas de agência, ética da virtude em finanças, o sistema legal e suas implicações sobre a eficiência de mercado, fundos de investimento ético e ética nos negócios e a maximização da riqueza dos acionistas. O autor propõe que o comportamento ético de um agente deve ser aquilatado com base nos resultados práticos de suas ações e que as ações de uma empresa devem estar centradas em sua clientela.
Violência e sintoma: o que a psicanálise tem a dizer?
Authors: Silva Júnior Jurandyr Nascimento , Besset Vera Lopes
Published: September 2010

O tema em questão é a violência em sua face de excesso no contexto contemporâneo. O objetivo deste artigo é investigar a relação entre violência e sintoma na atualidade com o aporte da psicanálise de orientação lacaniana. Nosso estudo nos permitiu aproximar a violência dos chamados novos sintomas. Procuramos mostrar como o excesso implicado nos imperativos de gozo é característico do discurso capitalista em sua relação com o discurso da ciência; assim, verificamos como tais discursos podem produzir violência. Nossa conclusão é de que a psicanálise pode levar um sujeito a questionar a violência e construir um saber sobre o que o causa.
Glyphosate Tolerance in Enhanced Glyphosate-Resistant Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)
Authors: Huff Jonathan A. , Reynolds Daniel B. , Dodds Darrin M. , Irby J. Trenton
Published: September 2010

Glyphosate applied to glyphosate-resistant (RR) cotton varieties after the four-leaf stage can decrease boll retention resulting in severe yield reductions. Enhanced glyphosate-resistant cotton (RR Flex), released for commercial use in 2006, offers a wider window of glyphosate applications without the risk of yield loss. However, no data exist regarding the effect of glyphosate application, especially late season applications, on fruit partitioning in RR Flex cotton. The objective of this research was to determine the effect of glyphosate rate and application timing on RR Flex cotton yield and fruit partitioning compared with current RR cotton. Studies were conducted during a 3-yr period (2004 to 2006), throughout the cotton growing regions of Mississippi. Roundup Ready (ST 4892 Bollgard/Roundup Ready [BR]) and Roundup Ready Flex (Mon 171 Enhanced Roundup Ready and ST 4554 Bollgard II/Roundup Ready Flex [B2RF]) cotton was planted, and glyphosate was applied at various rates and cotton growth stages. Data were collected using box mapping, a technique designed to depict yield partitioning on a cotton plant. RR Flex cotton yields were unaffected by glyphosate application timing or rate. Yields for ST 4892 BR were affected by application timings after the sixth leaf. ST 4892 BR had increased yield partitioning to position-three bolls and upper nodes with later application timings of glyphosate. Increases in seed cotton partitioned to higher nodes and outer fruiting positions were unable to compensate for fruit shed from innermost, lower fruiting sites. These data indicate that RR Flex cotton has excellent tolerance to late-season glyphosate applications.
Proso Millet Tolerance to Saflufenacil
Authors: Lyon Drew J. , Kniss Andrew R.
Published: September 2010

Proso millet is an important short-season summer cereal in western Nebraska, southeast Wyoming, and eastern Colorado. The objective of this study was to evaluate proso millet tolerance to saflufenacil applied early preplant (EPP) or PRE. Field studies were conducted in Lingle, WY and Sidney, NE in 2008 and 2009. A dose–response study was conducted in the greenhouse at the University of Wyoming in Laramie, WY to determine proso millet cultivar response to saflufenacil applied at six rates from 0 to 400 g ai ha−1. In the field, saflufenacil was applied EPP and PRE at 50 and 100 g ha−1. Proso millet stands were reduced by an average of 33 and 23% by PRE and EPP treatments compared with the nontreated check; however, proso seed yields were not affected by saflufenacil timing or rate. In the greenhouse, ‘Panhandle’ and ‘Dawn’ exhibited less tolerance to saflufenacil than ‘Sunrise’, the cultivar used in the field studies.
Bidirectional, Unidirectional, and Nonviolence: A Comparison of the Predictors Among Partnered Young Adults
Authors: Melander Lisa A. , Noel Harmonijoie , Tyler Kimberly A.
Published: September 2010

In order to more fully understand the context and impact of intimate partner violence (IPV), it is important to make distinctions between different types of relationship aggression. As such, the current study longitudinally examines the differential effects of childhood, adolescent, and demographic factors on three different partner violence groups: those who experience bidirectional IPV, those who experience unidirectional IPV, and those who do not experience either form of IPV. Multinomial logistic regression results reveal that depressive symptoms and lower partner education predict bidirectional when compared to unidirectional IPV and nonviolence. In contrast, other risk factors such as illicit drug use are found to be predictors of unidirectional violence only, which reveals that the correlates of violence vary depending upon the type of IPV examined.
To Tell or Not to Tell: The Impact of Disclosure on Sexual Assault Survivors’ Recovery
Authors: Ahrens Courtney E. , Stansell Janna , Jennings Amy
Published: September 2010

There is a growing body of research examining the disclosure of sexual assault. But the focus on time to first disclosure does not capture the whole picture. Survivors also differ in how long they continue to disclose, to whom they disclose, and the types of reactions received during disclosure. To provide a more comprehensive view of disclosure, this study sought to identify patterns of disclosure among a sample of 103 female sexual assault survivors recruited from the community. This study also sought to identify characteristics of each disclosure pattern, differences in how each disclosure pattern tends to unfold (e.g., who is told and how they react), and differences in how these disclosure patterns are related to physical and mental health outcomes. Results revealed four distinct disclosure patterns: nondisclosers, slow starters, crisis disclosers, and ongoing disclosers. Assault characteristics and rape acknowledgment distinguished nondisclosers and slow starters from the other two disclosure groups. Slow starters were also less likely to disclose to police and medical personnel and received negative reactions less frequently while nondisclosers experienced more symptoms of depression and posttraumatic stress than other groups. Implications of these findings for future research and practice are discussed.
Intimate Partner Aggression Perpetration in Primary Care Chronic Pain Patients
Authors: Taft Casey , Schwartz Sonia , Liebschutz Jane M.
Published: September 2010

This study examined the prevalence and correlates of partner aggression perpetration in 597 primary care chronic pain patients. Approximately 30% of participants reported perpetrating low-level aggression, 12% reported injuring their partner, and 5% reported engaging in sexual coercion. Women reported more low-level aggression perpetration than men, and men reported more engagement in sexual coercion than women. Substance use disorders (SUD) were associated with all outcomes, and both aggression victimization and lifetime ratings of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) were associated with low-level aggression and injuries. In multivariate analyses, gender, aggression victimization, PTSD, and SUD evidenced associations with one or more outcomes. Findings indicate a need for aggression screening in this population and highlight avenues for intervention.
Study of Orthophosphate, Pyrophosphate, and Pyrophosphatase in Saliva With Reference to Calculus Formation and Inhibition
Authors: Pradeep A.R. , Agarwal Esha , Arjun Raju P. , Rao M.S. Narayana , Faizuddin Mohamed
Published: September 2010

Background: A large amount of calculus may hamper the efficacy of daily oral hygiene and thereby accelerate plaque formation. Salivary concentrations of orthophosphate and pyrophosphate are important in preventing calculus formation. Activity of orthophosphate, pyrophosphate, and pyrophosphatase was studied in whole saliva in calculus‐forming groups and plaque‐forming groups.

Methods: The material for this study consists of 60 healthy individuals (age range: 15 to 30 years; mean age: 22 years). Depending on calculus index score, individuals were divided into four groups, each of 15 patients: Group 1, calculus index score 0 to 0.6; Group 2, calculus index score 0.7 to 1.8; Group 3, calculus index score 1.9 to 3; and Group 4, plaque group where index varied from 0 to 3. The saliva was collected and biochemically analyzed for concentration of orthophosphate, pyrophosphate, and pyrophosphatase.

Results: The mean values of orthophosphate in Groups 1, 2, 3, and 4 were 0.2559, 1.3639, 1.7311, and 0.1868 mM, respectively. The mean values of pyrophosphate in Groups 1, 2, 3, and 4 were 0.3258, 0.1091, 0.0314, and 0.3860 mM, respectively. The mean values of pyrophosphatase in Groups 1, 2, 3, and 4 were 10.7937, 15.4249, 27.2900, and 7.5427 units/ml, respectively.

Conclusions: A holistic approach toward the control of periodontal disease should include antiplaque and anticalculus agents. The results are conclusive that the components orthophosphate, pyrophosphate, and pyrophosphatase present in saliva have a very significant role to play in formation and inhibition of calculus. This study reinforces the idea of using pyrophosphate and newer bisphosphonates as potential anticalculus agents.
Determination of Correct Implant Size in Radial Head Arthroplasty to Avoid Overlengthening
Authors: Athwal George S. , Frank Simon G. , Grewal Ruby , Faber Kenneth J. , Johnson James , King Graham J.W.
Published: September 2010

BACKGROUND:

Insertion of a radial head implant that results in radial overlengthening has been associated with altered elbow kinematics, increased radiocapitellar joint forces, capitellar erosions, early-onset arthritis, and loss of elbow flexion. The purpose of this study was to identify clinical and radiographic features that may be used to diagnose overlengthening of the radius intraoperatively and on postoperative radiographs.

METHODS:

Radial head implants of varying thicknesses were inserted into seven cadaver specimens, which were then assessed clinically and radiographically. Eight stages were examined: the intact specimen (stage 1); repair of the lateral collateral ligament (stage 2); radial head resection with repair of the lateral collateral ligament (stage 3); insertion of an implant of the correct thickness (stage 4); and insertion of an implant that resulted in radial overlengthening of 2 mm (stage 5), 4 mm (stage 6), 6 mm (stage 7), or 8 mm (stage 8). The specimens were tested with and without muscle loading to simulate resting muscle tone and surgical paralysis, respectively. At each stage, radiographs were made to measure the ulnohumeral joint space and the lateral ulnohumeral joint was visually assessed.

RESULTS:

We identified no difference, with regard to medial ulnohumeral joint incongruity as seen radiographically, among stages 1 through 6 during the tests with muscle loading. A significant difference in medial ulnohumeral joint incongruity was found in stages 7 (p = 0.003) and 8 (p < 0.001). The clinical (visually assessed) lateral ulnohumeral joint space gap was negligible in stages 1 through 4 but increased significantly at all stages involving overlengthening (gross gap, 0.9 mm with 2 mm of erlengthening [p = 0.005], 2.3 mm with 4 mm of overlengthening [p < 0.001], 3.4 mm with 6 mm [p < 0.001], and 4.7 mm with 8 mm [p < 0.001]).

CONCLUSIONS:

Incongruity of the medial ulnohumeral joint becomes apparent radiographically only after overlengthening of the radius by ≥6 mm. Intraoperative visualization of a gap in the lateral ulnohumeral joint is a reliable indicator of overlengthening following the insertion of a radial head prosthesis.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE:

This in vitro study indicates that the clinical (visual) observation of a lateral ulnohumeral joint gap is a reliable indicator of overlengthening following implantation of a radial head prosthesis. In contrast, radiographic measurements are relatively insensitive and cannot reliably demonstrate overlengthening of <6 mm.

ORIGINAL ABSTRACT CITATION:

“Determination of Correct Implant Size in Radial Head Arthroplasty to Avoid Overlengthening” (2009;91:1738-46).
Reconceptualising the Debate on Intellectual Property Rights and Economic Development
Authors: Mercurio Bryan
Published: September 2010

Governments and scholars have for some time grappled with the question of whether there is a connection between intellectual property (IP) and economic development, and if so, how strong is the link. Economic literature is equivocal, with some studies concluding that the connection is strong while others conclude it to be fairly weak (and that there may not even be a connection for LDCs). What is quite clear is that countries have historically shaped and amended their IP regimes to promote domestic needs and objectives. It is also clear that several countries with weak IP policies achieved rapid economic growth and development over the last five decades. For these countries, the strengthening of IP rights (IPRs) occurred after the initial stages of increased growth and development. It is also well known that countries failing to adequately protect IP limit the upside of their economic development.Domestically implementing the obligations set out in the TRIPs Agreement provides stability, assists domestic inventors and sends a positive signal to foreign investors. Of course, implementing TRIPs also has its downside, namely by forcing countries to pay a higher price for technology. Herein lies the dilemma, in which developing countries raise IP standards in order to fulfill international obligations and attract foreign investment but at the same time potentially stifling economic, financial and social development by increasing payments to the developed world for superior (and sometimes essential) technologies.This article argues that IP is critical to full-scale technological and economic development for developing countries. Linking IPRs and economic development is not often a popular perspective, but it is clear that developing countries must now operate from the perspective of TRIPs being the minimum level of protection mandated by the international community  substantially deviating from the TRIPs standard is not a viable option. With IPRs and protection being raised in almost every free trade agreement negotiated by developed countries, as well as through the negotiation of new multilateral treaties, such as the proposed Substantive Patent Law Treaty and the Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement, the time is ripe for developing countries to revisit the role of IP and economic development. Countries must seek the answers to a number of questions  have increased IPRs impacted upon poverty reduction strategies? Have IPRs encouraged or led to increased growth? How have IPRs impacted access to information, knowledge, education and research? Is the IP policy coherent with other public policy issues such as investment, public health, trade and competition?