bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
USSR and the UN Military Operation in the Congo 1960—1964
Authors: Mazov Sergey
Published: June 2022

Drawing on UN documents, materials from Russian and British archives, the author examined the evolution of the Soviet line towards the UN military operation in the Congo in 1960—1964, exposed the intentions of the Soviet leadership to employ the UN military contingent in achieving its goals in the Congo, showed how the actions of the Western powers, their Congolese allies and the UN leadership frustrated the Soviet plans. The Soviet posture regarding the UN operation in the Congo varied depending on the escalation of the Congo crisis and its main actors’ behavior. At the initial stage (July — early August 1960), Khrushchev considered the conception of Africanization of resolving the crisis, submitted by Ghanaian President Kwame Nkrumah, suitable for turning UN forces into an instrument to protect the Lumumba government and increase Soviet influence in the Congo. The Soviet representative to the UN Security Council suggested that the Congolese operation be conducted by African states, and the USSR bypassed the UN by providing its civilian planes to transport the Ghanaian contingent of UN troops from Accra to Leopoldville. Since the Blue Helmets were used in the Congo, in the opinion of the Soviet government, “inappropriately”, i.e., not against Belgian forces and the Katanga separatists, it demanded that the UN command be replaced on August 6, 1960. Lumumba tried to regain control of Katanga by his own forces, but was ousted in two coups d’état in September 1960, directly supported by UN troops. Nikita Khrushchev did not intervene militarily in the Congo and privately called Nkrumah to allocate a Ghanaian contingent of UN troops at the disposal of Lumumba’s government. This was impossible without Soviet military support, but Khrushchev did not promise it. After Lumumba’s assassination, which became known on February 13, 1961, the USSR demanded the termination of the UN operation in the Congo within a month and the removal of the UN Secretary General Dag Hammarskjöld as an “accomplice” to the Lumumba massacre. The overwhelming majority of UN members favored keeping UN troops in the Congo and Hammarskjöld as Secretary General. After the withdrawal of contingents of leftist African countries from the Congo in the winter and spring of 1961, the Soviet Union lost any ability to influence the UN operation in the Congo. It supported the military operations launched by the Blue Helmets against the Katanga separatists (December 1961 — January 1963) as being aimed at “the liquidation of the hotbed of interference of the colonial powers and their agents in Katanga”. After restoring territorial integrity of the Congo, the Soviet Union renewed its campaign for the withdrawal of UN troops and refused to participate in financing their upkeep. The Blue Helmets remained in the Congo until June 1964. The USSR failed to prevent the U.S. from turning the UN troops into a tool to combat “communist infiltration” in the Congo, and this contributed substantially to the Western victory in the battle for the “heart of Africa”.
Postcolonial Approach in African Studies: Approval and Criticism
Authors: Khokholkova Nadezhda
Published: June 2022

Postcolonialism as a phenomenon that exists in the global, chronological and methodological dimensions, has a complex impact on sociocultural reality and academic life. The article is devoted to the problem of interaction between postcolonial discourse and the field of African studies. The author focuses on the historical dynamics and the degree of integration of Africa and researchers of African descent into the processes of building postcolonial theories and methodologies. Particular emphasis is placed on the ongoing discussions among the academic elite about the adequacy of applying the postcolonial approach to studies of Africa.
Our African Studies Were Born Twice. Notes for Discussion
Authors: Davidson Apollon
Published: June 2022

The article looks at the first period of Soviet African studies, when they were located within the framework of the Communist International. It is noted that the goal of the Comintern institutions and organizations associated with African countries was primarily to spread among them the idea of the coming world proletarian revolution — and that Africans should become its participants. This goal was the main one in the education system that was offered to Africans invited to study at the Moscow KUTVE — the Communist University of the Working People of the East or at the Comintern International Lenin School. Therefore, in the Comintern scientific and educational organizations, much attention was drawn to the changes in the social structures of African societies, especially to the growth of the proletariat and to the emergence of political and trade union associations.
Features of Socio-Political Processes in the South of the African Continent in a Crisis (1990s — 2020s)
Authors: Zdanevich Alexander
Published: June 2022

Twenty-eight years ago, the Republic of South Africa gained its independence. Few believed that the long and tragic period of apartheid (1948 — early 1990s) would end peacefully. For many years in the public, political and scientific circles there were different points of view on possible scenarios for the development of events in the south of the African continent. It seemed clear that any transition from an era of white-minority rule to black-majority rule would spark a bloody civil war. Against all odds, in April 1994, South Africans were able to stay on the very edge of the “chasm” and resist, launching the process of creating a renewed South Africa based on the principles of equality and commonwealth in a multi-ethnic and multi-confessional society. The priorities of independent development and freedom of speech, differentiation of the economy were put at the forefront. The leadership of the country gave basic guidelines for the fair and equal participation of all members of society in the creation and prosperity of the “rainbow nation”, as it was later called. Free democratic elections were held under the auspices of a common effort and a rejection of the mistakes of the past. “The Truth and Reconciliation Commission” was established through the promotion of “National Unity and Reconciliation Act” (No. 34 of 1995), which allowed the country to go through a difficult transition period in a relatively peaceful way. Today, as we watch the evolution of social and political processes in South Africa, we are again trying to assess what has happened in South Africa for more than a quarter of a century and continues to happen today. Last but not least, the reason for this is the current unfavorable political and social situation in South Africa. The problems of modern South Africa are obvious, and, regrettably, were predicted many years ago by critics of the transition period: corruption at all levels of government, youth unemployment, insufficient level of administration and, as a result, a slowdown in economic growth, etc. They can be collectively categorized as “apartheid legacy”, but would such a simplification be fair to South Africans themselves? Looking ahead, we can answer this question in the negative. What actually prevents this country, the richest in every sense, from developing and occupying a leading position at the domestic (continental) and international level? What role has the situation with the COVID-19 pandemic, which is rapidly spreading regionally, globally and on a scale, played at all levels of development in South Africa? Let's try to understand all this, considering the evolution of social and political processes in South Africa itself through the prism of key aspects of the crisis of our time.
Internal Political Struggle and the State of Affairs in the MPLA 1960—1965: New Documents from the Russian Archives
Authors: Voevodskiy Alexander
Published: June 2022

The published documents from the collections of the State Archive of the Russian Federation (GA RF) and the Russian State Archive of Contemporary History (RGANI) reveal the situation within the MPLA in the first half of the 1960s, as well as its place in the Angolan liberation movement during this period. The information contained in them also makes it possible to imagine under the influence of what factors ideas about certain anti-colonial movements in Angola were formed in Moscow, which, from the point of view of Soviets, served as a sign of a genuine “progressive” movement. Such key factors included adherence or ideological affinity to Marxist ideology, uncompromisingness in the fight against the colonialists, refusal to cooperate with “imperialist” countries, support from other communist parties, and organizational “maturity”.
Development of Human Rights in the National-Cultural Sphere
Authors: Vasilieva Liya
Published: June 2022

The development of human rights in the national-cultural sphere, especially in states with multi-ethnic populations, should be aimed at the statehood strengthening, inter-ethnic interaction on a good-neighburly basis, and the maintenance of inter-ethnic peace. In the national-cultural sphere human rights are closely intertwined with the spheres of their realization and the commonality of several key components: the right to determine one's ethnic affiliation, the right to use one's native language, the “right to culture”. The following issues are considered in the article: human rights in the national cultural sphere as a synthesis of individual and collective rights, development of human rights in the national cultural sphere, dynamics of regulation of human rights in the national cultural sphere in the neighboring states. It is emphasized that the dynamics of the development of human rights in the national and cultural sphere is conditioned not by the emergence of new human rights, but by the addition of guarantees of the already implemented rights and freedoms, by the increase of the level and quality of their protection by the state and society. First and foremost, we are talking about the development of guarantees for the implementation of the right to use one's native language. It is considered to be one of the basic human rights in the contemporary world, which is created on the principles of the prohibition of discrimination based on national and linguistic criteria, multiculturalism, and respect for peoples' cultures and languages.
Baltic Studies at the Institute of World History of the Russian Academy of Sciences: Round Table on the 25th Anniversary of Research and the Release of the 10th Collection of the Serial Publication “Russia and the Baltic States”
Authors: Volodina Nataliya
Published: June 2022

The academic meeting was held on the occasion of 25 years of studies into the history of the Baltic states and peoples in the Institute of World History of the Russian Academy of Sciences and of the publication of the 10th issue of the series “Russia and Baltia”. The meeting was opened by the Scientific Director of IVI RAS, Academician A. O. Chubarian. The head of the Centre for the History of the Northern Europe and the Baltic States Dr. A. A. Komarov, the Centre's researchers Dr. E. L. Nazarova and Dr. Y. L. Mikhailova, as well as the researcher of the Institute of World History of the Russian Academy of Sciences Dr. I. A. Kukushkina made presentations on the reasons and main objectives of this research area. The speakers stressed that the need for a systematic study of the history of the Baltic countries and peoples arose in IVI RAS after the reestablishment of the independent Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania republics in 1991. The history of the Eastern Baltic region as a part of the Nordic space is studied in parallel with the history of Scandinavia and Finland. The main problems to be studied are related to the history of the formation of the modern Estonian, Latvian and Lithuanian nations in the context of the imperial policy of the Russian state, the creation of the Latvian, Estonian and Lithuanian states, their domestic and foreign policies, including their diplomatic relations with the Soviet Russia/USSR, the history of Latvian, Estonian and Lithuanian diasporas in Russia and the post-Soviet space.
Trends in European Historiography of African History in the Second Half of the 20th Century
Authors: Popova Kseniya
Published: June 2022

The article is devoted to the main trends in Western historiography of Africa in the second half of the XX century. The author examines how approaches and ideas in the study of African history by European and American scientists were changing during the formation of African studies as a separate science. There is a change in the perception of Africa by Western scientists from the “unhistorical” object of the world history to the region with its own unique history. The article highlights the influence of historical processes on changes of the views and approaches of Africanists. The author has come to the conclusion that Western historiography during the reviewed period has significantly expanded its theoretical and methodological base and it has made significant progress in the study of African history.
COMECON and Socialist Ethiopia: a New Stage of Trade and Economic Relations in the 1970s
Authors: Moskalenko Denis
Published: June 2022

Recently, interest in the African continent has increased again. Africa, with its rapidly growing population, is a promising market for Russia and other countries of the world. For favorable interaction with African countries, it is necessary to take into account the experience of the past years. The article deals with the period of the 70s of the 20th century. At that time, the economies of the CMEA member countries were growing. The socialist countries were actively looking for new allies and expanding their political and economic presence in the newly independent African contingent. At the same time, fundamental changes in the political structure of the state took place in Ethiopia, which made it possible to increase the volume of cooperation between the CMEA member countries and this African state.
Nuevos registros y estado del conocimiento de heterobranquios marinos (Mollusca: Gastropoda) en el departamento del Atlántico, Caribe colombiano
Authors: Carvajal-Florian Alexander , Gracia C. Adriana
Published: June 2022

La subclase Heterobranchia es una de las más diversas entre los moluscos gasterópodos; está presente en ambientes marinos, de agua dulce y terrestres, e incluye babosas intersticiales, nudibranquios, lapas intermareales, así como caracoles y babosas terrestres. Actualmente no hay un listado oficial de la diversidad de heterobranquios marinos o terrestres en el departamento del Atlántico. El objetivo principal del estudio fue contribuir al primer inventario de este grupo de gasterópodos en esta zona marino-costera del Caribe colombiano caracterizada por condiciones de alta sedimentación, turbidez y resuspensión debido a su cercanía a la desembocadura del río Magdalena. La información que se presenta se recogió en 38 salidas de campo no periódicas en varias localidades entre el 2017 y el 2021, lo que se complementó con una revisión exhaustiva de la literatura y las bases de datos. Se registró una riqueza de 17 especies distribuidas en nueve localidades del departamento. Los heterobranquios se registraron solo en 11 de las salidas de campo. En los resultados se destaca el primer registro del género Oxynoe en el Caribe colombiano y el segundo del género Carminodoris en Colombia, del cual solo se conocía un reporte en el departamento de Bolívar. Cinco especies se observaron por primera vez en esta área: tres de la familia Aplysiidae, una de Discodorididae y una de Oxynoidae. Estos datos contribuyen al conocimiento y comprensión de un importante grupo de gasterópodos distribuidos en una zona de la costa Caribe colombiana.
Plataforma multifuncional nanoestructurada para entrega secuencial de moléculas terapéuticas
Authors: González-Jiménez Edgar E.
Published: June 2022

A partir de nanocajas metálicas de doble pared con un monoporo (DWSPNb) sintetizadas por efecto Kirkendall y reemplazo galvánico, se propone una plataforma multifuncional nanoestructurada con capacidad de liberación secuencial de agentes moleculares para uso terapéutico. La evaluación de la plataforma propuesta se hizo mediante cálculo numérico basado en las dimensiones, morfología y composición de las nanocajas sintetizadas. Para las combinaciones de dos moléculas farmacológicas de interés, se determinaron los coeficientes de difusión en función de la distancia a las paredes de la nanocaja y la concentración. La simulación realizada para la liberación de las dos moléculas de la cavidad interna a través del nanocanal formado entre las dos paredes de la nanocaja evidenció la cinética secuencial requerida. Este comportamiento permite programar entregas controladas en tiempo y lugar para reducir la resistencia a los fármacos duales y, consecuentemente, optimizar la dosis necesaria y evitar los efectos secundarios derivados. La composición metálica convirtió la nanocaja en una nanoantena optotérmica, lo que permite controlar la liberación y entrega de la carga molecular a través de polímeros sensibles a la temperatura, además de su uso potencial para tratamientos fotodinámicos y diagnósticos por imagen.
Las grandes manchas de plásticos en los océanos
Authors: Cantera K Jaime R. , Franco-Herrera Andrés
Published: June 2022

Hace algunos años se empezó a describir la existencia de unas “islas” de plásticos en los océanos formadas por la acumulación de estos materiales de difícil degradación, cuyas características flotantes permiten que la convergencia de las corrientes marinas las acumule en algunos lugares del mundo. Para comprender su formación, es importante destacar los factores que generan las corrientes marinas. El principal factor determinante de la circulación oceánica es el viento mediante la fuerza de fricción sobre la superficie que ocasiona desplazamientos del agua superficial, la cual es inmediatamente reemplazada con otra masa de agua como consecuencia de la ley de continuidad. Las corrientes superficiales no se mueven directamente en la dirección en que el viento sopla y modifican, además, la dirección en la columna de agua hasta generar en la parte más profunda una corriente más débil, pero en la dirección contraria a la de la acción del viento. A estos dos fenómenos se los conoce como transporte y espiral de Ekman, respectivamente. El transporte neto se da a 45 º con respecto a la dirección del viento y tiene como consecuencia que en los dos hemisferios del planeta se formen corrientes oblicuas a la dirección de los vientos dominantes, denominadas grandes giros anticiclónicos.
Dançar a Ciência, Cientificizar a Dança - e a Divulgação Científica, Onde Se Encaixa?
Authors: Dahan Martins Alanna , Almeida Carla , Souza Isabella , Andries Gigliotti Carolina
Published: June 2022

A importância de mover o corpo para a promoção da saúde, a dança como linguagem em uma ação de divulgação científica, a ciência como inspiração para a criação de um espetáculo coreográfico… há tantas formas de pensar e fazer a integração entre Ciência e Dança! Também há muito a descobrir. Onde as ações de Ciência e Dança estão acontecendo? Quem está por trás delas? Será que há intencionalidade de divulgar ciência em todas essas possibilidades? Este artigo tem como objetivo dar início ao trabalho prático e reflexivo de um grupo que propõe a integração da Ciência e a Dança dentro da perspectiva da divulgação científica. Para isso, apresentamos e refletimos sobre a performance corpo-gravidade (acessível via QR code no corpo deste artigo), com o intuito de testar e tensionar essa mescla de linguagens. Ela representa o primeiro movimento do LAB Ciência e Dança.
Dwa wymiary filozofii politycznej. Na marginesie debaty dwóch polskich filozofów XVII w.
Authors: Szlachta Bogdan
Published: June 2022

Poszukiwania prowadzone przez filozofów politycznych dotykają zwykle wymiaru normatywnego: wsparte na rozstrzygnięciach dotyczących pojmowania świata, niekiedy z udziałem osobowego Boga, oraz pojmowania człowieka w świecie tym osadzonego, ustalają podstawy ładu stanowiącego analogon kosmosu lub wyraz Bożej woli, następstwo ewolucji lub rozstrzygnięć świadomie dokonywanych przez panujących albo legitymizujących ich. Drugi wymiar budzi mniejsze zainteresowanie filozofów, większe prawników i politologów wkraczających niekiedy również na pole filozofii politycznej. Wymiar ten ma walor instytucjonalny, wiążąc się z próbą wskazania „mechanizmów” pozwalających realizować ład normatywny. Przedmiotem rozważań będą różne rozwiązania proponowane w obu wymiarach refleksji przez dwóch polskich autorów XVII w.
Twórczość streetartowa Timofeya Radyi jako komunikowanie wartości i wyraz protestu
Authors: Mojżyn Norbert
Published: June 2022

Tekst dotyczy ważnego obszaru komunikacji i kultury w Rosji, jakim jest street art. Wobec systemowego ograniczania wolności słowa w tym kraju w ostatnich latach sztuka ulicy stanowi ważny ekwiwalent wypowiedzi na tematy społeczne, polityczne, a także jako sposób wyrażenia protestu. Te aspekty obecne są w twórczości artysty młodego pokolenia Timofeya Radyi z Jekaterynburga, okrzykniętego „rosyjskim Banksym”. Jego prace cenione są w kraju i za granicą. W niniejszym tekście analizie typologicznej i ikonologicznej poddane zostały jego najważniejsze prace pod kątem komunikowania wartości społecznych, politycznych, filozoficznych i estetycznych. Artykuł jest całkowicie nowatorski – nie posiada analogów zarówno w literaturze rosyjskiej, jak i światowej. Aktualność poruszanych treści ma związek z eskalacją napięć w Rosji i poza jej granicą (wojna z Ukrainą).
Inkongruencja aksjologiczna. Wybrana problematyka pedagogiczna
Authors: Siewiora Jacek
Published: June 2022

Jednym z podstawowych problemów współczesnej pedagogiki jest konieczność zmierzenia się z chaosem, jaki zapanował w obszarze aksjologii. Konieczny jest zatem namysł nad jego filozoficznymi źródłami, ale przede wszystkim nad sposobami zaradzenia skutkom, jakie wywołał. Niezbędny wydaje się powrót do postrzegania dobra i zła jako kategorii pedagogicznych oraz kształtowania umiejętności wartościowania.
İlâhî Sıfatların Ontik Değeri Konusunda Fahreddîn er-Râzî’nin Mu‘tezilî Eğilimi
Authors: AKTAŞ Mehmet
Published: June 2022

Bu makale müteahhirîn dönem Eş‘arî kelâm âlimlerinden Fahreddîn er-Râzî’nin ilâhî sıfatların ontik değeri hususunda Mu‘tezilî eğilim gösterdiğini ve onu bu hususta haleflerinin de takip ettiğini göstermeye çalışmaktadır. Kelâm ilminin en hararetli tartışma sahasına sahip olan ilâhî sıfatlar problemi itikadî mezhepler bazında ve dönemsel olarak farklı şekillerde yorumlanmıştır. Ebû Hâşim el-Cübbâî öncesi Mu‘tezilî âlimler Allah’a nisbet edilen sıfatları nominal tarzda değerlendirmiştir. İlk defa Ebû Hâşim’le beraber bu nisbete gerçekçi bir tavırla yaklaşım gösterilmiş; ilâhî sıfatların tikel bir gerçekliği kabul edilmese de bunlar kelâm atomculuğunun tümel modeli olan hâller şeklinde kabul edilmiştir. Gazzâlî öncesi Eş‘arî kelâmcılar ise bu tümel modeli benimsiyor olsun ya da olmasın ilâhî sıfatlara tikel özellikler şeklinde gerçek varlık atfında bulunmuştur. Herhangi bir şekilde tümel kategorisine yer vermeyen Eş‘arîlik mezhebinin kurucusu Ebü’l-Hasan el-Eş‘arî’ye göre Tanrı’nın zâtı tarafından taşınan sıfatlar tikel özelliklerden ibarettir. Ebû Hâşim gibi hâller/ahvâl adı altında tümellere yer açan Bâkıllânî ve Cüveynî Eş‘arî mezhebine uyumlu bir sistemde tümel sıfatlara yol açan tikel özellikleri kabul etmişlerdir. Düşünce sistemini tikeller ve tümeller ikili kategorisi çerçevesinde inşa eden Müteahhirîn Eş‘arî kelâmcıları ise “sıfatlar zâtın ne aynıdır ne de gayrıdır” meşhur sözünün yol açtığı paradoksu aşmak için tümel ve yüklem teorilerine başvurma ihtiyacı hissetmiştir. Tikel özelliklere nispetle daha düşük bir varlık derecesine sahip olan tümel özellikler esas alınarak Ebu’l-Hasan el-Eş‘arî’nin tikel sıfat teorisi Ebû Hâşim’in tümel teorisiyle (hâller) bağdaştırılmak istenmektedir. Bu bağlamda mütekaddimîn kelâmcılar tarafından ontik zeminde tartışılan ilâhî sıfatların değeri Müteahhirîn dönemde epistemik zemine çekilmiştir. Fahreddîn Râzî ilk kelâm eserlerinden son kelâm eserlerine değin ilâhî sıfatların ontik değerine karşı mesafeli olmuştur. Özellikle önerme yapısında yüklem olmaya elverişli olan “âlim” türetilmiş kelimesi ile yüklem olmaya elverişli olmayan “ilim” mastarının aynı maksadı karşıladığının ifadesi ve manevî sıfatların nefsî sıfatlar sayılması bu mesafenin en önemli belirtisidir. Bu makale Fahreddîn Râzî, Îcî, Teftâzânî, Cürcânî ve Devvânî gibi müteahhir dönemin öne çıkan düşünürlerinden hareketle ilâhî sıfatların ontik bağlamda tikel gerçeklikten tümel gerçekliğe doğru değerlendirilmeye tabi tutulduğu ve Ebû Hâşim’in ontik bağlamda ilâhî sıfatlara bakışına bu dönemin kelâmcıları tarafından sıcak bakıldığını göstermeye çalışmaktadır. Tanrı’nın âlim olma yüklemi baz alınarak Ebû Hâşim el-Cübbâî öncesi Mu‘tezile’nin “Tanrı âlimdir” önermesinin ontik bağlamda ne anlama geldiği tahlil edilecek, ardından da tümeller çerçevesinde müteahhir Eş‘arî kelâmcıların söz konusu önermeye bakışı tahlile tabi tutulacaktır.
Dinámicas sociales en salud materna con énfasis en la Morbilidad Materna Extrema y aportes de la bioética en su comprensión
Authors: Quemba-Mesa Mónica Paola
Published: June 2022

El propósito del presente artículo es analizar las dinámicas sociales en salud materna y los aportes de la bioética en su comprensión, haciendo énfasis en la Morbilidad Materna Extrema. Para ello, se llevó a cabo una revisión narrativa realizada en las bases de datos Scopus, Pubmed, Web of Science, Lilacs, Scielo y Google Scholar con la estrategia “Maternal Health” AND “Bioethics” OR “Social Justice”; incluyendo artículos en español, inglés y portugués, publicados en los últimos 25 años. En los resultados se incluyeron 79 manuscritos originales y 21 manuscritos de reflexión y revisión, que surtieron el análisis descriptivo al generar las siguientes categorías temáticas: 1. Necesidades de atención en salud y de cuidado; 2. Determinantes sociales, factores de riesgo y protectores; 3. Calidad de la atención, experiencias en el tratamiento y barreras de acceso; y 4. Perspectivas éticas y bioéticas de la salud materna. Como conclusión, se pudo afirmar que el abordaje bioético de la salud materna propone categorías de análisis como la justicia, la equidad, la autonomía y el acceso. Además de las condiciones de vida desde la pluralidad cultural y las consideraciones en cuanto a la comunicación y el lenguaje. Lo anterior, implica que desde los sistemas de salud se deben rediseñar los enfoques de atención en salud materna para abordar las vulnerabilidades y potenciar las capacidades de las mujeres.
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Authors: SARIKAYA Mehmet Saffet , TÜRKEL Rifat , RENÇBER Fevzi
Published: June 2022

Editörden…e-Makâlât Mezhep Araştırmaları Dergisinin Kıymetli Okurları ve Yazarları,Yeni bir sayı ile siz kıymetli okuyucularımızla buluşmanın öncesinde İslam Mezhepleri Tarihi ailesinin kıymetli bir üyesi olan Prof. Dr. Sıddık Korkmaz’ı (1960-2022) elim bir trafik kazasında kaybetmemiz sevenlerini ve dostlarını büyük bir keder ve hüzne boğdu. e-Makâlât’a danışman, yazar ve hakem olarak desteklerini her daim sunan, kendisinden destek talep edildiğinde yoğun çalışmaları arasında hiçbir zaman desteğini esirgemeyen hocamıza tekrar Allah’tan rahmet, yakınlarına, dostlarına ve sevenlerine sabırlar diliyoruz.Bu sayımızda 8 araştırma makalesi, 1 derleme, 1 kitap tanıtım ve 1 düzeltme yazısıyla sizlerin huzurundayız. Şahin Ahmetoğlu ve Habip Demir sayının ilk makalesi olan “Ebû’l-Kâsım Abdilvâhid b. Ahmed el-Kirmânî’ye Nispet Edilen 73 Fırka Tasnifli Bir Risâle’nin Tahlil ve Tercümesi” başlıklı yazısında Kirmânî’ye nispet edilen ve “73 fırka” hadisi eksenli olarak hazırlanan risâleyi farklı yönlerden inceleyerek değerlendirmeler yapmış, ayrıca risâlenin tercümesini ve yazma nüshalarını da metnin sonuna ilave etmiştir. İhsan Timür, “Cumhuriyet Devri Türkiyesi’nde Muâviye b. Ebî Süfyan” başlıklı yazısında ise odağında Muâviye etrafındaki tartışmalarının yer aldığı 1940’lı yıllar ve sonrası Türk matbuatı üzerinden devrin din, siyaset ve tarih anlayışına ayna tutmayı amaçlamıştır. Aydın Bayram ise “Sünnî ve Şiî Makâlât Geleneğinde Zeydiyye’nin Tanıtımı: Ebu’l Hasan el-Eş’ari ve Saʿd b. Abdullah el-Kummi’nin Makâlât’ın Karşılaştırmalı Bir Yaklaşım” başlıklı çalışmasında Şia içerisinden neş’et etmiş bir mezhebin hem Ehl-i Sünnet hem de Şiâ’nın otorite kabul ettiği kelam veya mezhepler tarihçileri tarafından nasıl tasvir edildiğini ortaya koymayı hedeflemiştir. Yusuf Koçak “Gnostik Bir Metin Olarak Ümmü’l-Kitâb’ın Mezhebi Aidiyetine Dair Tartışmalar”ı ele almıştır. Adullah Ömer Yavuz, “Seyfüddîn el-Âmidî’nin Mu‛tezile’ye Yönelik Eleştirileri” başlıklı yazısında Mısır-Şam bölgesinde Eş‛arîliğin Mu‛tezile’yi algılayış biçimini Seyfüddîn el-Âmidî üzerinden değerlendirmeye çalışmıştır. Metin Avcı İmam Mâtürîdî’ye göre imanda artma ve eksilme sorunu ele almış, Mehmet Hanifi Yoldaş ve Mehmet Kubat ise el-Esmâ ve’l-Ahkâm görüşleri bağlamında İbâdiyye-Mu‘tezile etkileşimini değerlendirmiştir. Halil Ocak çalışmasında Bahreyn Şiiliğini farklı yönleriyle çalışmış, Mustafa Öğe ve Kenan Ziya Taş Bir Bektaşi Abdest ve Namaz Risalesini ele almıştır. Kıymetli Okurlar, Akademik dergilerin olmazsa olmazlarından olan yazıları, e-Makâlat’a göndererek dergiye ilgilerini ortaya koyan yazarlarımıza, yazıların değerlendirilme sürecinde e-Makâlât’a hakem olarak destek veren kıymetli hocalarımıza teşekkür ederiz. Ayrıca siz değerli okuyucularımıza; danışma ve editörler kurulu üyelerimiz ile İslam Mezhepleri Tarihi ailesinin kıymetli üyelerine de teşekkürü borç biliriz. e-Makâlat’a gösterdiğiniz ilgi için tekrar teşekkür ederiz. Bir sonraki sayıda buluşmak dileğiyle… Editörler
VI Plenum of the Board of the Scientific Medical Society of Anatomists, Histologists and Embryologists of Russia
Authors: Editorial Article
Published: June 2022

20 мая 2022 г. в стенах Российского национального исследовательского медицинского университета им. Н.И. Пирогова состоялся VI Пленум Правления Научного медицинского общества анатомов, гистологов и эмбриологов России.
To the anniversary of Professor Vasilya Sharif'yanovna Vagapova
Authors: Editorial Article
Published: June 2022

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Professor Oleg Daniilovich Myadelets is 70 years old
Authors: Usovich A. K.
Published: June 2022

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Renewable Energy Integration for Vehicles: Solar Energy and Green Hydrog
Authors: Tatiana Quishpi Chasiluisa Noemi , Marisol Miranda Sánchez Sonnia , Alexander Córdova Uvidia Rafael , Mileni Echeverría Guadalupe Magdy
Published: June 2022

This study demonstrates integration of renewable energies – solar energy and green hydrogen – for fueling vehicles. A scale prototype was tested – a vehicle that works with a reversible fuel cell, powered by photovoltaic energy, and whose operation is visible. The advantage of this method is that H2 is produced in the vehicle itself. This experiment was carried out in the Laboratory of Smart Grids and Renewable Energies of the Faculty of Science of the Polytechnic High School of Chimborazo. For the statistical analysis, a 22 factorial design was used, where factor A was the charging time of the solar panel (5 min – 15 min) and factor B was radiation (low [at night or early in the morning] – high [midday]). The average maximum vehicle operating time was 162.37 s at the point (high radiation, 15 min). It is recommended that the internal polymeric membrane of the fuel cell should stay hydrated up to half its capacity.
Keywords: Photovoltaic energy, Renewable energy, Fuel cell, Electrolysis, hydrogen, Solar panel.
Resumen
El presente estudio demuestra una integración de energías renovables para vehículos: energía solar e hidrógeno verde, para lo que se experimentó con un prototipo a escala: un vehículo que funciona con una celda de combustible reversible, alimentada por energía fotovoltaica y cuyo funcionamiento es visible. La ventaja de esta versión es que la producción de H2 se lleva a cabo en el propio vehículo. Este experimento se llevó a cabo en el laboratorio de Redes Inteligentes y Energías Renovables de la Facultad de Ciencias, de la Escuela Superior Politécnica de Chimborazo. Para el análisis estadístico se utilizó un diseño factorial 22, donde el factor A fue el tiempo de carga del panel solar (5 min– 15 min) y el factor B la radiación (baja (tarde o temprano en la mañana) – alta (medio día)), el tiempo máximo promedio de funcionamiento del vehículo es 162,37 s en el punto (radiación alta, 15 min). Se recomienda que la membrana polimérica interna de la pila de combustible siempre permanezca hidratada hasta la mitad de su capacidad.
Palabras Clave: Energía fotovoltaica, Energía renovable, Celda de combustible, Electrólisis, Hidrógeno, Panel solar.
Active and Passive Security in Vehicles Seguridad Activa y Pasiva de Vehículos
Authors: Vargas Víctor Miguel Toalombo
Published: June 2022

With the increase in the use of vehicles for daily transportation by most people, the rate of accidents has also increased. Since the existence of vehicles, safety systems have been a vital issue and has always been taken into account – from the most basic and primary systems such as lighting, which has continuously evolved from just providing greater safety and comfort, to more advanced systems such as the combined use of the stability control system (ABS) and the lateral slide control (ESP). The safety of a car is determined from different but complementary points of view, which include the aspects of preventing and limiting damages in case of an accident for the vehicle and, primarily, for the driver and the passengers. It contemplates the two security systems: preventive and accident security, where primary (active) safety, secondary (passive), and tertiary security are contemplated.
Keywords: Security, Passive, Active, Terciary, Vehiculo.
Resumen
Hoy en día la mayoría de personas usan el vehículo como medio de transporte diario y son la causa de accidentes con víctimas. Desde la existencia de los vehículos, los sistemas de seguridad son un tema de vital importancia que siempre se han tenido en cuenta, desde los sistemas más básicos y primarios como la iluminación, que han evolucionado continuamente para brindar mayor seguridad y confort hasta sistemas más avanzados como el uso combinado del sistema de control de estabilidad (ABS) y del control de deslizamiento lateral (ESP). La seguridad de un automóvil es considerada desde puntos de vista diferentes pero complementarios, que engloban los aspectos de prevención y limitación de daños, en caso de accidente, para el vehículo y, de forma primordial, para las personas que utilizan el automóvil, ya sea como conductores o como pasajeros. Contempla los dos sistemas de seguridad preventiva y seguridad por accidente, donde se contempla la seguridad primaria (activa), seguridad secundaria (pasiva) y seguridad terciaria.
Palabras Clave: Seguridad, Pasiva, Activa, Terciaria, Vehículo.
USE OF SYNTHETIC TANINES DURING THE SKIN CURTITION PROCESS OF Cavia porcellus (CUY) IN FINE PELETERY
Authors: Hidalgo Almeida L. H. , Narváez Campos J. M. , N. Navarro Ojeda M.
Published: June 2022

The Cavia porcellus skin (Cuy), after receiving a tanning process, using synthetic tannins, becomes a high quality leather, very suitable in the articles manufacture of high quality. Its main objective was the evaluation of different levels of synthetic tannin (6, 7, 8%) during the tanning process of guinea pig skins with hair; using 48 skins, with an average mass of 200 g each. The experimental units modeled with a Completely Random Design (DCA. Once the experimental phase was completed, it observed that the most skin tanning suitable level the guinea pig (retaining hair) is 6 % of synthetic tanning agent; it´s supported by the excellent results the tests performed. The physical resistance evaluation determined that the best tensile strength (1945.75 N/cm2) it´s reached whit 6 % of synthetic tannin and the best percentage of elongation (89.69 %) achieved with the use of 7 % of tannin (which fully meet the requirements quality the Spanish Leather Association). The most efficient sensorial characteristics obtained with 6 % of tannin: fullness 4.88; softness 4.63 and roundness 4.75 points, respectively; producing a very soft, flexible skin and above all with the fullness suitable for the fine articles manufacture.
Keywords: tanning, skins, guinea pig, synthetic tannins.
Resumen
La piel del Cavia porcellus (Cuy), después de curtida, empleando taninos sintéticos, se convierte en un cuero de alta calidad, muy adecuado en la peletería fina. Esta investigación tuvo por objetivo fundamental la evaluación de diferentes niveles de tanino sintético (6, 7, 8 %) durante el proceso de curtición de pieles de cuyes con pelo; utilizando para ello un total de 48 pieles, con una masa promedio de 200 g cada una. Las unidades experimentales fueron modeladas con un Diseño Completamente al Azar (DCA). Una vez culminada la fase experimental, se pudo constatar que el nivel más adecuado para la curtición de la piel de cuy (conservando el pelo) es del 6 % de curtiente sintético; lo cual quedó avalado por los excelentes resultados de las pruebas practicadas. La evaluación de las resistencias físicas determinó que la mejor resistencia a la tensión (1945,75 N/cm2) se alcanzó al curtir con 6 % de tanino sintético, y el mejor porcentaje de elongación (89,69 %), se logró con la utilización de 7 % de tanino (que satisfacen completamente con las exigencias de calidad de la Asociación Española del Cuero). Las características sensoriales más eficientes fueron logradas al curtir las pieles con 6 % de tanino: llenura 4,88; blandura 4,63 y redondez 4,75 puntos, respectivamente; produciéndose una piel muy suave, flexible y sobre todo con la llenura adecuada para la confección de artículos de peletería fina.
Palabras Clave: Clave: curtición, pieles, cuy, taninos sintéticos.
Evaluation of the effectiveness of the alcoholgel made with essential oil of lemon verbena (Cymbopogon citratus (DC) Stapf) in the disinfection of hands
Authors: Nataly Villegas Freire Cristina , Mariuxi Flores Fiallos Linda , Beatriz Játiva Gavilanes Cumanda
Published: June 2022

This study consisted on the preparation of an antibacterial gel which contains lemon verbena essential oil in 1% for hands disinfection. The research started with the extraction of the essential oil from the lemon verbena (Cymbopogon citratus (DC) Stapf) by water vapor entrainment; as a result of this process, an oily-looking slightly yellow translucent, astringent taste liquid with a characteristic odor, was obtained. The chemical composition was determined through thin layer chromatography (TLC) on a G254 silica gel plate. Four metabolites were determined (42). Next, the effectiveness test of the lemon verbena essential oil alcohol-gel was conducted; the purpose was to determine if the alcohol-get could decrease the initial count of bacteria in a person’s hands. (3) This process was performed by inoculation of hand sampling on PCA and Saboraud agar by the mass seeding method. (37) The use of the gel demonstrated a decrease in the bacterial growth, with an average reduction of 1.18E10 UFC and for the fungi decrease the results were excellent showing results of 100%.
Keywords: lemon verbena, essential oil, alcohol-gel, effectiveness.
Resumen
Se preparó gel antibacterial con adición de aceite esencial de Hierba Luisa al 1% para desinfección de manos. Para la investigación se partió desde la extracción del aceite esencial de las hojas de hierba luisa (Cymbopogon citratus (DC) Stapf) por arrastre de vapor de agua, obteniéndose un líquido de aspecto aceitoso, translúcido ligeramente amarillo, sabor astringente, olor característico a limón. La composición química se determinó a través de cromatografía de capa fina (CCF) en placa de sílica gel G254, se determinaron cuatro metabolitos. Luego se realizó la prueba de efectividad del alcohol-gel de aceite esencial de Hierba Luisa, con objeto de determinar si el alcohol-gel es capaz de disminuir el conteo inicial de bacterias presentes en las manos, este proceso se realizó mediante inoculación de muestreo de manos en agar PCA y Saboraud por el método de siembra en masa. La aplicación del gel demostró una disminución del crecimiento bacteriano, con una reducción promedio de 3.69E3UFC, y para hongos con excelentes resultados en una disminución del 100%. hierba luisa, extracción, aceite esencial, alcohol-gel, efectividad antimicrobiana.
Palabras Clave: kwd2.
Students’ Strategies in Translating English Idioms into Bahasa Indonesia of English Language Education
Authors: Ariyani Nadilla , Listia Rina , Arapah Elvina
Published: June 2022

Some people find it hard to find the equivalent meaning of English idioms to the target language. This might be caused by their culture and different terms. This study aims to describe the strategies that students use in translating the English idioms into Bahasa Indonesia. The researchers used descriptive qualitative research, and the subjects of this research were 50 students batch 2017 of English Department Universitas Lambung Mangkurat in translation class. The instruments to collect the data were a test and a questionnaire. The data analysis applied was descriptive analysis which involves organize it, divide it into manageable units, and summarize it. The findings showed that the students used four strategies. First, they used idioms of similar meaning and form strategies. Second, students translated using the idioms of similar meaning, but dissimilar form strategies. Students who don’t know the same idioms from the SL used the third strategy, translation by paraphrase to see the entire context and paraphrase to find the meaning, change the idiom to non-idiom is easier to understand the meaning. The last strategy is translation by omission, if paraphrasing idioms is difficult then students will be omitted the entire idioms or sentences.
MEDICAL STUDENTS’ EVALUATION OF AN ENGLISH FOR SPECIFIC PURPOSES COURSEBOOK: A CASE IN VIETNAM
Authors: Le Thao Thanh , Phan Que Thi Nguyet , Le Mai Xuan
Published: June 2022

The current study investigates students’ evaluation of the English for Specific Purposes (ESP) coursebook taught at a medical college in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam. After using it for a year, the users, including medical students and their teachers, have given some unofficial feedback on the book. This study provided insightful official information about how its student users perceive the coursebook they were adopting. Data on the evaluations of the ESP coursebook were gained from questionnaires administered to 166 students majoring in nursing and pharmacy in charge of ESP programs. Semi-structured interviews were employed with four students to get more specific apprehension. The results of this study indicated that students were satisfied with the ESP coursebook in terms of the covering of four skills, the presence of vocabulary and grammar, relevant content, understandable social and cultural context, suitability for mix-level students. In addition, participants perceived that communicative skills were not sufficiently presented, examples in grammar were not more interesting, the illustrations were not diverse and enough, and the cover was simple but not appealing. Suggestions regarding the pedagogical implications for the adoption and evaluation of the coursebook were discussed.
INVESTIGATING CAUSES OF CULTURE SHOCK EXPERIENCED BY INTERNATIONAL STUDENTS
Authors: Pramesti Widya , Nurhaeni Nurhaeni , Imansari Nurul
Published: June 2022

This study aims to investigate the causes of culture shock experienced by international students of Indonesia who study abroad as well as how is the culture shock and how to cope with it. This study employed qualitative research. The research subjects comprised ten international students who study in three different countries; eight in China, one in Australia and one in Netherland. They were selected utilizing purposive sampling techniques and collected through a semi-structured interview. The results of this research showed there are three main conditions of culture shock experienced by international students, that categorized in three dimension of culture shock; affect, behaviour and cognitions. Moreover, it was found that there were several causes of culture shock revealed in academic and non-academic settings. The causes of culture shock in academic settings indicated affecting students GPA score, like language barriers and learning process. While in non-academic settings the culture shock experienced by the international students cause by food, seasons and weather, payment system and people behavior in their host country. Also, the subjects showed the way to cope with culture shock using their own coping strategy and it was revealed that having pre-departure orientation helped students cope with culture shock.
Cardiovascular diseases and diabetes mellitus
Authors: YAVUZ Senol , AS Ahmet Kağan , ENGİN Mesut , KOCA Nizamettin , CANDER Soner
Published: June 2022

Cardiovascular diseases are among the leading causes of death worldwide. Atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases consist of a broad spectrum of diseases such as coronary artery disease, carotid artery disease, peripheral artery diseases, cerebral vascular diseases and visceral artery diseases. Although atherosclerosis occurs over time due to age; hypertension, hyperlipidemia, smoking, and diabetes mellitus are important factors that play a role in the emergence of atherosclerosis. Diabetes mellitus has an active role in the development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. It is expected that there will be a significant increase in the incidence of diabetes-related cardiovascular diseases in the future. In this review, it is aimed to review the coexistence of diabetes with different cardiovascular diseases and its menanisms.
The effects of gold nanoparticles with different surface coatings and sizes on biochemical parameters in mice
Authors: ÖZÇİÇEK İlyas , ÇAKICI Çağrı , AYŞİT Neşe , ERİM Ümit Can
Published: June 2022

Objectives: Gold nanoparticles are very popular metallic nanomaterials and they have a wide spectrum of biomedical applications. This study was aimed to the production of stable and monodisperse polyethyleneimine (PEI) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) coated gold nanoparticles (AuNP20 and AuNP50), investigation of their in vivo biochemical effects in the BALB/c mice.
Methods: Gold nanoparticles were synthesized and their surfaces were modified by PEI and PEG. All the necessary physicochemical characterizations were performed. After the single high dose i.v. injection (5 mg Au/kg animal weight) of the AuNP groups, their in vivo biochemical effects were evaluated multiparametrically in the mice on day 14.
Results: Highly monodisperse and stable AuNPs were synthesized successfully. Significant changes in the biochemical hemogram parameters were observed depending on the surface coatings of the AuNPs. PEI and PEG surface coatings increased biocompatibility. No excessive oxidative stress response was observed in all the gold nanoparticle groups.
Conclusions: It has been concluded that the surface chemistry of the particles is a more decisive parameter than the size in terms of in vivo biochemical toxicity. The surface functionalization, stability and biocompatibility of the AuNPs are important parameters for the potential biomedical applications of gold nanoparticles in future studies.