bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Can Community Change Be Measured for an Outcomes‐Based Initiative? A Comparative Case Study of the Success by 6® Initiative
Authors: Minich Lisa , Howe Steven , Langmeyer Daniel , Corcoran Kevin
Published: September 2006

One of the challenges facing nonprofit organizations today is the demand for measurable results. Increasingly, these organizations are focusing less on program outputs and program outcomes in favor of community outcomes or changes demonstrated in the larger community. Success by 6® is a popular United Way initiative that emphasizes defining and measuring community outcomes. In this paper, we describe our work with 24 Success by 6® initiatives around the country. It is clear that not all of these initiatives are measuring community outcomes. Of those initiatives that are experiencing some success measuring community outcomes, similar measurement strategies are reported. Additionally, our experience suggests several United Way employees express dissatisfaction with the logic model as a framework for defining and measuring community outcomes although no preferred alternative model is identified. Evaluators working with community‐wide initiatives must find ways to communicate the differences between program and community outcomes to key stakeholders and funders.
The Perceived Advantages and Disadvantages of Presymptomatic Testing for Machado‐Joseph Disease: Development of a New Self‐Response Inventory
Authors: Rolim Luísa , Zagalo‐Cardoso José A. , Paúl Constança , Sequeiros Jorge , Fleming Manuela
Published: September 2006

This study describes the construction of a self‐response inventory to evaluate the perception of advantages and disadvantages of the Machado‐Joseph disease presymptomatic testing, in 44 individuals at‐risk for this disease. The results showed that the reliability of this inventory was satisfactory. Factor analysis revealed a bidimensional structure: perceived advantages (pros) and perceived disadvantages (cons) of presymptomatic testing. Social desirability was found unrelated to the total scores of our inventory. Additional correlation studies, with other scales, confirmed the convergent validity of the instrument. These results suggest adequate construct validity. This inventory thus seems to be a proper instrument to assess expectations involved in the decision‐making process of Machado‐Joseph disease presymptomatic testing.
An optimal symbolic calculus on Besov algebras
Authors: Bourdaud Gérard , Moussai Madani , Sickel Winfried
Published: September 2006

In this paper we consider Besov algebras on

\mathbb{R}

, that is Besov spaces

B_{p,q}^{s}(\mathbb{R})

for

s > 1/ p

. For

s > 1 + (1/ p)

,

p > 4/ 3

, and

q \geq p

, we prove that the above algebras have a maximal symbolic calculus in the following sense: for any function

f

belonging locally to

B_{p,q}^{s}(\mathbb{R})

and such that

f(0) = 0

, the associated superposition operator

T_{f}(g): = f\circ g

takes

B_{p,q}^{s}(\mathbb{R})

to itself.

On considère les algèbres de Besov sur la droite réelle, autrement dit les espaces de Besov

B_{p,q}^{s}(\mathbb{R})

pour

s > 1/ p

. Sous les hypothèses

s > 1 + (1/ p)

,

p > 4/ 3

et

q \geq p

, on établit que ces algèbres possèdent un calcul symbolique maximal au sens suivant : pour toute fonction

f

appartenant localement à

B_{p,q}^{s}(\mathbb{R})

et telle que

f(0) = 0

, on a

f\circ g\in B_{p,q}^{s}(\mathbb{R})

pour tout

g\in B_{p,q}^{s}(\mathbb{R})

.
Leaseholders in Capitalist Arcadia: Bourgeois Hegemony and Peasant Opportunities in the Valencian Countryside during the Nineteenth Century
Authors: CALATAYUD SALVADOR , MILLÁN JESÚS , ROMEO M CRUZ
Published: September 2006

Translated by Laura Cunniff

Scholars tend to interpret the European peasantry's incorporation into mass politics at the beginning of the twentieth century in terms of two equally extreme situations, citing either the peasantry's support for traditional oligarchies, or its anti-capitalist radicalism. By contrast, this article explores how the confluence between a broad network of peasant families and leased agricultural properties in the Valencian region of Spain helped generate mass support for an anti-liberal (and eventually Francoist) legal system. The authors highlight the uniqueness of the social and productive context of Valencian agriculture during the late 1800s and early 1900s, as well as the tensions that existed between landowners and tenants. Such tensions, they argue, did not stop these two groups from efficiently collaborating in favour of an economic orientation that was both developmentalist and politically anti-liberal.
The Flight from the Land? Rural Migration in South-East Shropshire in the Late Nineteenth Century
Authors: NAIR GWYNETH , POYNER DAVID
Published: September 2006

Using the 1881 census, we have tracked 1172 individuals who left their birthplaces in the villages of Billingsley, Chelmarsh, Highley and Kinlet in south-east Shropshire. This has allowed us to investigate the destinations and motivations for rural migrants in the second half of the nineteenth century. Half the migrants (fifty-two per cent) remained in rural environments; a further eighteen per cent moved to rural market towns. Thus only thirty per cent of the sample moved to truly urban destinations. Furthermore fifty per cent of the adult male migrants remained as agricultural labourers or in closely related occupations; even in the urban cohort twenty-one per cent followed agricultural-related occupations. Using the Armstrong classification of social status, it was not possible to measure any significant increase in status following rural to urban movement. Thus most rural migrants in this sample did not move to urban locations; instead rural to rural movement, making use of traditional skills, was apparently perceived as the most beneficial strategy.
Rural and Urban Poaching in Victorian England
Authors: OSBORNE HARVEY , WINSTANLEY MICHAEL
Published: September 2006

Poaching is commonly portrayed as the archetypal nineteenth-century ‘rural’ crime, particularly associated with agricultural districts of southern and eastern England. This study argues that this interpretation is misleading. Judicial statistics collected from the mid-nineteenth century suggest that poaching was much more widespread in the North and Midlands than has previously been acknowledged. These industrialising regions largely determined the national trends in poaching in the second half of the century which have usually been considered to be characteristics of rural society in the South. The South shared neither the national peak in prosecutions of the mid-1870s nor the dramatic decline in prosecutions thereafter. It considers a range of possible explanations for these different regional trends. These include a discussion of the potential motivation of so-called ‘steam age poachers’ but also the growing regional specialisation in game preservation during the period and the different opportunities, and obstacles, this presented for poaching.
The mental health needs of older people with learning disability
Authors: Chance Patrick SG
Published: September 2006

The term ‘older people with learning disability’ refers to a highly heterogeneous group of people. By definition, they all have delayed or abnormal early development, together with significant intellectual and functional impairments, but they differ considerably in terms of cause, developmental profile, nature and degree of impairments and their social and personal backgrounds. Overall, people with learning disabilities make up only a small minority of the population, however it is well recognized that they have increased overall health care needs, including mental health needs. It has been estimated there are 210 000 people living in England and Wales who have a severe or profound learning disability: only 25 000 (12%) of these are older people aged over 60 years. Of the 1.2 million people with mild or moderate learning disability, 265 000 (21%) of these are older people over the age of 60. Life expectancy seems to be influenced by severity of learning disability, the age profile of the mild to moderate learning-disabled population being much more closely matched to that of the general population. As a result of this differential mortality, across the spectrum of disability there is a reduced level of learning disability with advancing age, and older people with learning disabilities, when considered as a group, have higher levels of functional ability (and reduced levels of challenging behaviour) than the younger group.
Impact of monsoon transitions on the physical and optical properties of aerosols
Authors: Corrigan C. E. , Ramanathan V. , Schauer J. J.
Published: September 2006

Project Atmospheric Brown Cloud (ABC‐Asia) has focused on measuring the anthropogenic influence of aerosols, including black carbon, to determine the extent of sunlight dimming and radiative forcing over the Asian region. As part of this project, an observatory was built in the Republic of Maldives for the long‐term monitoring of climate. An inaugural campaign was conducted to investigate the influence of the shifting monsoon seasons on aerosols and climate change. The presence of black carbon and other anthropogenic aerosols over the Indian Ocean varies with the cyclic nature of the Indian Monsoon. Roughly every 6 months, the winds change directions from southwest to northeast or vice versa. From June to October the wet monsoon brings clean air into the region from the Southern Hemisphere. Conversely, the dry monsoon brings polluted air from the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia from November through April. As a result, the region becomes charged with black carbon and other anthropogenic pollutants during the dry monsoon. In 2004 the transition between the clean and polluted seasons resulted in nearly an order of magnitude increase of scattering and absorbing aerosols. The change was foreshadowed with small events over a 1 month period prior to the abrupt arrival of pollution over a period of a few days as air from India and Southeast Asia arrived in the Maldives at the surface level. The new, polluted aerosol was characteristically darker since the black carbon concentration increased more substantially than the overall aerosol scattering. As a result, the aerosol coalbedo at a wavelength of 550 nm showed an increase from an average of 0.028 to 0.07. Black carbon mass concentrations increased by an order of magnitude from 0.03 to 0.47 μg/m3. These measurements suggest a large increase in the aerosol radiative forcing of the region with the arrival of the dry monsoon.
Boundary layer humidity reconstruction for a semiarid location from tree ring cellulose δ18O
Authors: Wright William E. , Leavitt Steven W.
Published: September 2006

July–September boundary layer humidity has been reconstructed from the δ18O of cellulose in tree rings of Pinus arizonica growing at an elevation of 2300 m in the Santa Catalina Mountains north of Tucson, Arizona. The annual occurrence of morphological features in the tree rings, often called false rings, allowed accurate subdivision of the tree rings into premonsoon and monsoon growth. Highly significant correlations were found among the stable oxygen isotope time series of the wood produced during the North American Monsoon and 1953–2000 July–September average specific humidity (P < 0.0001) and relative humidity (P < 0.0001) derived from radiosonde data. The correlation coefficients were significant against data from both the Tucson surface (788 m; approximately 922 hPa) and 850 hPa pressure levels, suggesting that the δ18O time series can be interpreted as a proxy for mean seasonal boundary layer humidity. Twentieth century July–September reconstructions of specific humidity and relative humidity are presented. There are no long‐term trends in the twentieth century reconstructions of boundary layer humidity at this site.
Control of preexisting faults on geometry and kinematics in the northernmost part of the Jura fold‐and‐thrust belt
Authors: Ustaszewski Kamil , Schmid Stefan M.
Published: September 2006

This study investigates the formation of the northernmost anticlines of the late Miocene to early Pliocene thin‐skinned Jura fold‐and‐thrust belt and provides evidence that a transition to thick‐skinned tectonics did occur in this particular area during the late Pliocene. The northernmost anticlines of the Jura fold‐and‐thrust belt are characterized by pronounced along‐strike asymmetries that were predetermined by a fault pattern inherited from Paleogene Upper Rhine Graben rifting. This fault pattern had disrupted the Triassic basal décollement of the Jura Mountains and controlled the nucleation of thrusts and folds, as well as transfer zones during the generally (N)NW directed transport of the detached sedimentary cover. Sinistral, transpressive oblique ramps nucleated along Paleogene, NNE trending basement normal faults and led to a northward protrusion of the Jura front, encroaching onto the southernmost Upper Rhine Graben. Shortening across the frontal anticlines is greatest along the oblique ramps and decreases along strike toward the east, necessitating a gentle clockwise rotation of the detached sediments. Despite the fact that the stress field in the sedimentary cover remained unchanged, thin‐skinned folding and thrusting came to a halt in the early Pliocene, giving way to thick‐skinned tectonics, very probably governing neotectonic activity in the area. This transition might represent a geodynamic reorganization of the northwestern Alpine foreland.
Ambient noise levels in north central Italy
Authors: Marzorati S. , Bindi D.
Published: September 2006

The characteristics of background seismic noise in north central Italy have been investigated by means of velocity power spectral analysis within the frequency range 0.1–15 Hz. The method proposed by McNamara and Buland (2004) has been applied to estimate the probability density function (PDF) of power spectra computed for ten different stations. Since the target region is the most industrialized area of Italy, a large variability among the power spectra for different sites is observed in the frequency range 1–15 Hz, with the noise levels at two stations exceeding the New High Noise Model (NHNM) of Peterson (1993). The 95th percentile of the PDF varies from −165 to −125 dB (relative to (m/s)2/Hz). This variability could significantly affect the detection capabilities of a network installed for recording the small to moderate size seismicity occurring in north central Italy. We also observed that the dispersion of the powers, estimated at each site as the difference between the 95th and the 5th percentiles, shows a positive trend with frequency that can be ascribed to the diurnal variation of the background noise levels. In the frequency range 0.1–1 Hz, the dominant feature is the double frequency (DF) peak of microseisms generated by oceanic storms. At one of the considered stations, the seasonal variability of the maximum amplitude of the DF peak has been observed in the period from April 2004 to December 2005. Considering the barometric maps provided by the UK Meteorological Office, we observed that the strongest powers in the range 0.10–0.25 Hz occur when intense storms are present over the North Atlantic Ocean, whereas the measurements of the height, frequency, and azimuth of the sea waves at two buoys of the Rete Ondametrica Italiana deployed in the Adriatic and Tyrrhenian seas suggest that the DF microseisms in the frequency range 0.25–0.50 Hz are generated by storms over the Mediterranean Sea. Finally, the analyzed region is characterized by two large‐scale geologic features, namely, the Po Plain and the Alps. The impedance contrast between these two units causes a noise reduction of about 10 dB in the frequency range 0.2–0.6 Hz.
Enhanced NOx in 2006 linked to strong upper stratospheric Arctic vortex
Authors: Randall C. E. , Harvey V. L. , Singleton C. S. , Bernath P. F. , Boone C. D. , Kozyra J. U.
Published: September 2006

Measurements from the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment show pronounced downward transport of NOx (NO+NO2) to the Arctic stratosphere in Feb–Mar 2006. NOx mixing ratios in the upper stratosphere were 3–6 times larger than observed previously in either the Arctic or Antarctic, aside from the extraordinary winter of 2003–2004. There was only minimal geomagnetic activity in late 2005 and early 2006, however, suggesting that NOx produced via energetic particle precipitation was not significantly elevated. On the other hand, the Arctic polar vortex at stratopause altitudes in Feb 2006 was exceptionally strong, implying greater confinement of air in the polar night. Carbon monoxide data also indicate enhanced confined descent of air from the mesosphere. These results confirm that impacts of EPP on the atmosphere are modulated by meteorological conditions; this has implications for understanding interannual variability and trends in stratospheric NOx and ozone.
Sinuosity‐driven hyporheic exchange in meandering rivers
Authors: Boano Fulvio , Camporeale Carlo , Revelli Roberto , Ridolfi Luca
Published: September 2006

A model for the evaluation of the intra‐meander hyporheic exchange fluxes is presented. The method relies on a physically‐based morphodynamic model to predict the characteristics of the flow field in a meandering river and the temporal evolution of its planimetry. The hyporheic fluxes induced at the meander scale by the river sinuosity can therefore be computed. The application of the model to a simulated case has shown the fundamental role of the river planimetry on the hyporheic exchange pattern at the meander scale, and its influence on the long‐term evolution of the hyporheic exchange.
On limitations of the spectrogram in the representation of the amplitude of nonstationary fusion plasma signals
Authors: Figueiredo António C. A. , Bizarro João P. S. ,   JET EFDA Contributors
Published: September 2006

The spectrogram capability to track the amplitude of signal components is discussed. A study using theoretical signal models shows that significant discrepancies may exist between the evolutions of the amplitude of a nonstationary signal component and of the magnitude of the corresponding spectrogram. To illustrate the practical consequences of this spectrogram shortcoming, the growth of magnetohydrodynamic modes observed in the JET tokamak is addressed.
W7-X magnetic diagnostics: Performance of the digital integrator
Authors: Werner Andreas
Published: September 2006

In long pulse magnetic fusion experiments the use of conventional magnetic diagnostics is a challenge due to the so-called integrator problem. Magnetic sensors based on pickup coils and flux loops measure the time derivative of magnetic fluxes, and therefore, such signals have to be integrated in time to obtain flux signals. Although alternative methods of magnetic field measurement exist, magnetic flux measurements cannot be substituted due to the required measure of the vector potential integral along the area boundary. In addition, many of the alternative methods are not suited for usage in the harsh environment of a burning plasma experiment. An integrator for 1800s pulse operation in Wendelstein 7-X has been developed based on a chopper input stage and digital integration. Tests have been performed using a 25 turn diamagnetic loop at the WEGA stellarator, which has the capability of running long discharges. An important integrator property, in particular, for coping with radiation induced effects as they will occur in ITER, is the common mode rejection. At present, the integrator appears to be stable within 100μVs∕1000s when the common mode input voltage varies within ±1V.
Charge-exchange spectroscopic diagnostic for the TJ-II stellarator
Authors: Carmona J. M. , McCarthy K. J. , Balbín R. , Petrov S.
Published: September 2006

A compact diagnostic neutral beam injector, designed for performing spatially resolved charge exchange recombination spectroscopy and neutral particle analysis measurements, has begun operation on the highly flexible TJ-II stellarator. The injector, an upgraded DINA-5 model, is supported on a mobile cradle that permits its path through the plasma to be varied by ±3° poloidally. In parallel, a dedicated bidirectional (two vertical opposing views) multichannel spectroscopic diagnostic, incorporating fiber arrays, an f∕1.8 spectrograph, and a back-illuminated charge-coupled device, has been installed to obtain Doppler line shifts and widths (around 529.2nm) with ∼1cm spatial resolution. In this article, the principal aspects of the charge exchange recombination spectroscopy diagnostic system are summarized, its initial performance is evaluated, preliminary results are presented, and future upgrades are outlined.
Elastic softening of zircon by radiation damage
Authors: Salje Ekhard K. H.
Published: September 2006

The bulk modulus and the shear modulus of zircon soften by ca. 50% when zircon is amorphized by radiation damage. A theoretical description of the experimental findings is presented which shows that the elastic response on a zircon ceramics with radiation damage follows Hashin-Shtrikman [J. Mech. Phys. Solids 11, 127 (1963)] behavior with very narrow bounds. The elastic response depends, in good approximation, on the square of the volume fraction fa of the amorphized regions. In a slightly coarser approximation one finds an almost linear interpolation of the bulk and the shear modulus between those of the crystalline state and those of the fully amorphous state.
Density functional theory of complex transition densities
Authors: Ernzerhof Matthias
Published: September 2006

We present an extension of Hohenberg-Kohn-Sham density functional theory to the domain of complex local potentials and complex electron densities. The approach is applicable to resonance (Siegert) [Phys. Rev. 56, 750 (1939)] states and other scattering and transport problems that can be described by a normalized state of a Hamiltonian containing a complex local potential. Such Hamiltonians are non-Hermitian and their eigenvalues are in general complex, the imaginary part being inversely proportional to the lifetime of the system. The one-to-one correspondence between complex local potentials ν and complex electron densities ρ is established provided that the complex variables are sufficiently close to real local potentials and densities of nondegenerate ground states. We show that the exchange-correlation functionals, contributing to the complex energy, are determined through analytic continuation of their ground-state-theory counterparts. This implies that the exchange-correlation effects on the lifetime of a resonance are, under appropriate conditions, already determined by the functionals of the ground-state theory.
Cryogenic apparatus for diffuse reflection infrared spectroscopy with high-pressure capabilities
Authors: FitzGerald S. A. , Churchill H. O. H. , Korngut P. M. , Simmons C. B. , Strangas Y. E.
Published: September 2006

A cryogenic apparatus for obtaining diffuse reflection infrared spectra at liquid helium temperature is described. The system combines a commercially available reflection accessory and cold finger cryostat with a custom designed vacuum housing and high-pressure sample cell. This enables spectra to be obtained from room temperature to 10K and at gas loading pressures as high as 100bars. Initial experiments on H2 in solid C60 show the power of the system to obtain spectra that are significantly enhanced relative to those at room temperature.
Heating in a diamond-anvil cell using relaxation oscillations of a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser
Authors: Funamori Nobumasa , Sato Tomoko
Published: September 2006

We have made a trial to utilize relaxation oscillations of a Nd:YAG laser as a light source for heating in a diamond-anvil cell. The peak power of the relaxation-oscillation pulses can be adjusted by controlling the on-off timing and the on-off degree (i.e., the intermediate state between on and off) of the Q switch of the laser. The peak width is inversely correlated to the peak power. The properties, such as peak power and peak width, of the relaxation-oscillation pulses are intermediate between those of normal Q-switched pulses and continuous waves. Using the relaxation-oscillation pulses, we have succeeded in heating a sample under conditions where it could not be heated by continuous waves and have also succeeded in making a time-resolved measurement of the thermal-radiation light emitted from the heated sample, which could not be made with normal Q-switched pulses.
Construction and evaluation of an experimental station and reaction apparatus for the chemical reactions of aqueous solution systems with soft x rays from a sychrotron radiation light source
Authors: Shimizu Yuichi , Koike Masato , Sano Kazuo
Published: September 2006

An efficient experimental system for the chemical reactions of various aqueous solutions using soft x rays from synchrotron radiation has been designed, constructed, and evaluated. This system was installed at an end station on a beamline (BL-11) at the Synchrotron Radiation Center of Ritsumeikan University. To protect the storage ring and the beamline from accidental vacuum breaks and contamination caused by unexpected solution leakage in the reaction apparatus, the system has two main protection sections: a differential vacuum pumping section equipped with orifice gaskets of very small aperture and an emergency interlocking system section equipped with a fast closing shutter, etc., in addition to a safety mechanism in the reaction apparatus section. The outline of the system and preliminary experimental data obtained in the evaluation of the system are described.
Handheld electrocardiogram measurement instrument using a new peak quantification method algorithm built on a system-on-chip embedded system
Authors: Chang Chien Jia-Ren , Tai Cheng-Chi
Published: September 2006

This article reports on the new design and development of an electrocardiogram (ECG) measurement instrument built on a system-on-chip (SOC) embedded system. A new approach using the peak quantification method (PQM) for measuring the human heart rate is described. A computer, some medical equipment, and other facilities are often required for conducting the traditional ECG measurements. However, the monitors of such instruments have some disadvantages, e.g., bulky, not very easy to transport, expensive, and so forth. Hence, we propose a new design for ECG measurement which is built on an embedded system. Our system adopts a SOC and ECG detection circuits to carry out a real-time, low-cost, and compact ECG measurement system. Regarding heart rate computation, the experimental results show that the new PQM algorithm, when applied to heart rate measurements, yields error smaller than 1bpm. In addition, the correlation coefficient between the measured and actual heartbeats can reach 0.94 when the heart rate is less than 153bpm. It shows that the use of the PQM algorithm gives an extremely high degree of accuracy.
Resonant, heterodyne laser interferometer for state density measurements in atoms and ions
Authors: Moschella J. J. , Hazelton R. C. , Keitz M. D.
Published: September 2006

A resonant, two-wavelength heterodyne interferometer has been developed to measure state densities of specific atomic populations. Using a tunable diode laser, one of the wavelengths is set near an absorption line and is sensitive to resonant enhancement of the refractive index. The other wavelength is at least several linewidths away and is used to measure nonresonant effects. The subtraction of the phase shifts of the two interferometers allows one to measure the population density in the lower state of the line being investigated. The interferometer system has been tested using a plasma, created by an inverse pinch plasma source, to measure the state density of Hn=2 by making resonant observations near the Hα (6563Å) transition. Average line-of-sight densities of 5.4×1011cm−3 were measured with a minimum resolvable density of 7.3×109cm−3. The transverse spatial resolution was 1–2mm. The technique described is applicable for measuring lower state densities in any atom or ion where the oscillator strengths are known for a given transition within the tuning range of the laser.
Foil cycling technique for the VESUVIO spectrometer operating in the resonance detector configuration
Authors: Schooneveld E. M. , Mayers J. , Rhodes N. J. , Pietropaolo A. , Andreani C. , Senesi R. , Gorini G. , Perelli-Cippo E. , Tardocchi M.
Published: September 2006

This article reports a novel experimental technique, namely, the foil cycling technique, developed on the VESUVIO spectrometer (ISIS spallation source) operating in the resonance detector configuration. It is shown that with a proper use of two foils of the same neutron absorbing material it is possible, in a double energy analysis process, to narrow the width of the instrumental resolution of a spectrometer operating in the resonance detector configuration and to achieve an effective subtraction of the neutron and gamma backgrounds. Preliminary experimental results, obtained from deep inelastic neutron scattering measurements on lead, zirconium hydride, and deuterium chloride samples, are presented.
Laser Doppler vibrometry for evaluating the piezoelectric coefficient d33 on thin film
Authors: Herdier Romain , Jenkins David , Dogheche Elhadj , Rèmiens Denis , Sulc Miroslav
Published: September 2006

The problem of electromechanical film characterization, and, in particular, the determination of the piezoelectric activities of thin films deposited on substrates, is of fundamental importance in the development of structures for microelectromechanical system (MEMS) applications. The design and the architecture of the piezoelectric MEMS are directly related to the mechanical and the piezoelectric performances of the material. In this article, we present and compare some results obtained on different experimental setup for the determination of the d33 coefficient. We have optimized the experimental conditions using a laser Doppler vibrometer. The main problem is the contribution of the bending effect of the substrates on the d33 coefficient, which is an intrinsic property of the film. We show that the d33 values are directly related to parameters such as the top electrode diameter and the substrate holder. The results are in agreement with those obtained with the conventional double beam interferometer used to account for substrate bending.
Technique for determination of accurate heat capacities of volatile, powdered, or air-sensitive samples using relaxation calorimetry
Authors: Marriott Robert A. , Stancescu Maria , Kennedy Catherine A. , White Mary Anne
Published: September 2006

We introduce a four-step technique for the accurate determination of the heat capacity of volatile or air-sensitive samples using relaxation calorimetry. The samples are encapsulated in a hermetically sealed differential scanning calorimetry pan, in which there is an internal layer of Apiezon N grease to assist thermal relaxation. Using the Quantum Design physical property measurement system to investigate benzoic acid and copper standards, we find that this method can lead to heat capacity determinations accurate to ±2% over the temperature range of 1–300K, even for very small samples (e.g., <10mg and contributing ca. 20% to the total heat capacity).
In situ formation of Cu–Sn–Ni intermetallic nanolayer as a diffusion barrier in preplated lead frames
Authors: Fu Ran , Liu Lilin , Liu Deming , Zhang Tong-Yi
Published: September 2006

A technique for impeding Cu outdiffusion in Cu alloy based preplated lead frames has been developed by electroplating a 3–4nm thick Sn layer on a Cu alloy base prior to electroplating a Ni layer. A 10–14nm thick epitaxylike and dense (Cu,Ni)3Sn intermetallic-compound (IMC) layer is automatically formed en route of diffuse reaction, which leads to a drastic reduction in Cu outdiffusion and hence improves significantly the protection of the lead frames against oxidation and corrosion attack. The estimated Cu diffusion coefficient in the IMC interlayer is about 1.6×10−22m2∕s at 250°C.
Density functional theory of homopolymer mixtures confined in a slit
Authors: Ye Zhencheng , Chen Houyang , Cai Jun , Liu Honglai , Hu Ying
Published: September 2006

A density functional theory (DFT) is developed for polymer mixtures with shorted-ranged attractive interparticle interactions confined in a slit. Different weighting functions are used separately for the repulsive part and the attractive part of the excess free energy functional by applying the weighted density approximation. The predicted results by DFT are in good agreement with the corresponding simulation data indicating the reliability of the theory. Furthermore, the center-of-mass profiles and the end-to-end distance distributions are obtained by the single chain simulation; the predictions also agree well with simulation data. The results reveal that both the attraction of the slit wall and the temperature has stronger effect on longer chains than on shorter ones because the intrasegment correlation of chains increases with increasing chain length.
Atomistic simulation of structure and dynamics of columnar phases of hexabenzocoronene derivatives
Authors: Andrienko Denis , Marcon Valentina , Kremer Kurt
Published: September 2006

Using atomistic molecular dynamics simulations we study solid and liquid crystalline columnar discotic phases formed by alkyl-substituted hexabenzocoronene mesogens. Correlations between the molecular structure, packing, and dynamical properties of these materials are established.
Midinfrared intersubband absorption in ZnxCd1−xSe∕Znx′Cdy′Mg1−x′−y′Se multiple quantum well structures
Authors: Lu H. , Shen A. , Tamargo M. C. , Song C. Y. , Liu H. C. , Zhang S. K. , Alfano R. R. , Muñoz M.
Published: September 2006

The authors report the observation of intersubband absorption in ZnxCd(1−x)Se∕Znx′Cdy′Mg(1−x′−y′)Se multiple quantum wells. Lattice-matched samples were grown by molecular beam epitaxy on InP (001) substrates. Photoluminescence measurements indicate that the samples have excellent material quality. The peak absorption wavelengths measured by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy are 3.99 and 5.35μm for two samples with ZnxCd(1−x)Se well widths of 28 and 42Å, respectively. These values fall within the 3–5μm wavelength range, which is of interest for midinfrared intersubband devices, such as quantum cascade lasers and quantum well infrared photodetectors. Their experimental results fit well with theoretical predictions based on the envelope function approximation. The results indicate that these wide band gap II-VI materials are very promising for midinfrared intersubband device applications.
Excitation energies through the locally renormalized equation-of-motion formalism: Singles and doubles model
Authors: Kowalski Karol
Published: September 2006

The stationary conditions obtained from approximate coupled-cluster functional derived from the numerator-denominator connected expansion (NDC) [K. Kowalski and P. Piecuch, J. Chem. Phys. 122, 074107 (2005)] are employed to calculate the linear response of cluster amplitudes. A simple scheme that involves singly and doubly excited amplitudes, termed locally renormalized equation-of-motion approach with singles and doubles (LR-EOMCCSD), is compared with other excited-state methods that include up to two-body operators in the wave function expansion. In particular, the impact of the local denominators on the excitation energies is discussed in detail. Several benchmark calculations on the CH+, C2, N2, O3, and ClOCl molecules are presented to illustrate the performance of the LR-EOMCCSD approach.
Al
0.15
Ga
0.85
N
∕
Ga
N
high electron mobility transistor structures grown on p-type Si substrates
Authors: Liang C.-T. , Chen Kuang Yao , Chen N. C. , Chang P. H. , Chang Chin-An
Published: September 2006

We report on experimental studies of Al0.15Ga0.85N∕GaN high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) structures grown on p-type Si (111) substrates. By introducing an ultrathin SiN layer during the crystal growth, the Hall mobility of the HEMT structure can be greatly enhanced (greater than three times). This SiN treatment technique also allows the observation of Shubnikov–de Haas oscillations which is not possible in the untreated HEMT structure. Our experimental results pave the way for the integration of AlxGa1−xN∕GaN HEMT structures with the mature Si technology in industry.
Controlled electrocoalescence in microfluidics: Targeting a single lamella
Authors: Priest Craig , Herminghaus Stephan , Seemann Ralf
Published: September 2006

Electrocoalescence of aqueous droplets is investigated as a tool for microfluidic processing. Where droplets are separated by only thin lamellae, coalescence can be induced on demand within a fraction of a millisecond at low potentials (few volts). The authors show that in their approach electrocoalescence proceeds through an electric-field-induced dynamic instability of the oil/water interface. When the electrode geometry and applied potential are optimized, individual lamellae can be targeted for rupture within highly ordered droplet arrangements.
Magnetic crossover of NiO nanocrystals at room temperature
Authors: Li Liping , Chen Lijuan , Qihe Rima , Li Guangshe
Published: September 2006

The nature of room-temperature ferromagnetism in diluted magnetic semiconductors, ZnO:M (M is Ni, Co, Fe, etc.), remains in debate, most likely because previous theoretical and experimental studies have excluded the magnetic contribution from secondary phases of transition metal oxide nanocrystals including NiO and CoO. In this work, the authors initiated a study on NiO nanocrystals that demonstrated room-temperature ferromagnetic behavior with relatively large coercive forces, in apparent contradiction to the previous conjectures in the literature. With size reduction, NiO nanocrystals showed an abnormal magnetic crossover, which is closely related to weakened superexchange interactions in their multisublattices.
Thermal boundary conductance response to a change in Cr∕Si interfacial properties
Authors: Hopkins Patrick E. , Norris Pamela M.
Published: September 2006

With continued size reduction in microelectronic devices, the boundary conductance between two materials becomes the main channel for thermal dissipation. While many efforts have been directed in studying this interfacial transport, these works have focused on the materials forming the boundary, not the boundary itself. This study focuses on the dependence of thermal boundary conductance on the properties of the region at the Cr∕Si interface. The interfacial region of the Cr∕Si samples is characterized with Auger electron spectroscopy depth profiling and the boundary conductance is measured with a pump-probe technique. Changes in interfacial properties are shown to significantly affect conductance.
Mitigation of tensile failure in released nanoporous metal microstructures via thermal treatment
Authors: Zhu Jianzhong , Seker Erkin , Bart-Smith Hilary , Begley Matthew R. , Kelly Robert G. , Zangari Giovanni , Lye Whye-Kei , Reed Michael L.
Published: September 2006

The authors have developed a method to fabricate released microstructures of nanoporous Au (np-Au) by dealloying a Au–Ag alloy film patterned over a sacrificial Al layer. Doubly clamped bridges fail during dealloying owing to large tensile stresses induced during the dealloying process. Thermal treatments of released microstructures prior to dealloying generate sufficient compressive stress to induce plastic buckling. This buckling compensates the tensile stresses generated during the dealloying process, thus mitigating fracture of the np-Au.
Schottky barrier height of boride-based rectifying contacts to p-GaN
Authors: Stafford L. , Voss L. F. , Pearton S. J. , Chen J.-J. , Ren F.
Published: September 2006

Schottky contact formation on p-GaN using a W2B-based metallization scheme was investigated using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), current-voltage (I-V), and capacitance-voltage (C-V) measurements. The Schottky barrier height (SBH) determined from XPS is 2.7eV, whereas fitting of the I-V’s gives 1.2 and 3.8eV depending on the assumed mechanism of forward current flow. While the C-V’s and the measurement temperature dependence of the I-V’s support tunneling as being the dominant transport mechanism, this latter approach overestimates the true SBH of W2B∕p-GaN contacts due to the presence of an interfacial layer acting as an additional barrier to carrier transport.
Temperature dependence of the band gap of colloidal CdSe∕ZnS core/shell nanocrystals embedded into an ultraviolet curable resin
Authors: Joshi Abhishek , Narsingi K. Y. , Manasreh M. O. , Davis E. A. , Weaver B. D.
Published: September 2006

Optical absorption and photoluminescence techniques were used to investigate the energy band gap of CdSe∕ZnS core/shell nanocrystals matrixed into a resin. The band gap is measured as a function of temperature for several samples with different nanocrystal diameters. Debye and Einstein temperatures were obtained by fitting the energy band gap using two different empirical expressions. Stokes shift was estimated by taking the difference between the first exciton and emission peaks. The Stokes shift was found to increase as the nanocrystal diameter is decreased suggesting a stronger electron-phonon coupling in smaller size nanocrystals.
High-resolution superconducting single-flux quantum comparator for sub-Kelvin temperatures
Authors: Savin A. M. , Pekola J. P. , Holmqvist T. , Hassel J. , Grönberg L. , Helistö P. , Kidiyarova-Shevchenko A.
Published: September 2006

A design of sub-Kelvin single-flux quantum (SFQ) circuits with reduced power dissipation and additional cooling of shunt resistors has been developed and characterized. The authors demonstrate operation of SFQ comparators with current resolution of 40nA at 2GHz sampling rate. Due to improved cooling the electron temperature in shunt resistors of a SFQ comparator is below 50mK when the bath temperature is about 30mK.
Photovoltaic effect on the conductive atomic force microscopic characterization of thin dielectric films
Authors: Chang M. N. , Chen C. Y. , Yang M. J. , Chien C. H.
Published: September 2006

The authors have used front-wing conductive probes to investigate the photovoltaic effect on the conductive atomic force microscopic (C-AFM) characterization of thin dielectric films. The surface photovoltage induced by the laser beam of an atomic force microscope can enhance the electrical field across the studied dielectric film, decreasing the onset voltage of the leakage current, resulting in a modified C-AFM image with a larger current distribution. Moreover, the experimental results also revealed that the influence of the photovoltaic effect on C-AFM would be more significant for dielectric films that are grown on a substrate with a higher carrier concentration.
Quantum dots confined in nanoporous alumina membranes
Authors: Xu Jun , Xia Jianfeng , Wang Jun , Shinar Joseph , Lin Zhiqun
Published: September 2006

Cd Se ∕ Zn S core/shell quantum dots (QDs) were filled into porous alumina membranes (PAMs) by dip coating. The deposition of QDs induced changes in the refractive index of the PAMs. The amount of absorbed QDs was quantified by fitting the reflection and transmission spectra observed experimentally with one side open and freestanding (i.e., with two sides open) PAMs employed, respectively. The fluorescence of the QDs was found to be retained within the cylindrical nanopores of the PAMs.
Anisotropic resistivity of (100)-oriented mesoporous silicon
Authors: Borini S. , Boarino L. , Amato G.
Published: September 2006

The resistivity of (100)-oriented mesoporous silicon has been studied using two different electrode configurations. The authors observed that the electronic transport along the longitudinal direction (parallel to the sample surface) is strongly inhibited at room temperature but not along the perpendicular direction. They show that such electrical anisotropy can be removed by heating the material, reporting an increase of six orders of magnitude of the longitudinal conductivity when the temperature rises from 20to100°C. These experimental findings are interpreted on the basis of the material morphology and nanostructuration, which determine the availability of percolative pathways for free charge carriers.
Modulating the thickness of the resist pattern for controlling size and depth of submicron reversed domains in lithium niobate
Authors: Ferraro P. , Grilli S.
Published: September 2006

In this letter the electric field overpoling is used in combination with two-dimensional resist gratings exhibiting modulated topography and obtained by moiré interference lithography. The technique allows one to fabricate shallow submicron domains with lateral size and depth modulated according to the resist profile. Simulations of the electric field distribution in the crystal, in this specific poling configuration, are performed to interpret the mechanism leading to the formation of those surface domains. The results show that in principle complex domain structures could be designed for applications in the field of photonic crystals.
The Angular Distribution of D-D Neutrons scattered by Deuterons
Authors: Darby JF , Swan JB
Published: September 2006

The angular distribution of D-D neutrons scattered by deuterons has been investigated using a Wilson cloud chamber. The apparatus and experimental procedure, and the method of selecting and reducing the observations, is described. Comparison of the result with the calculations of Buckingham and Massey(3) indicate better agreement with the distribution to be expected assuming ordinary forces than with that assuming exchange forces.
The Properties of Liquid Phase Embryos at the Intersections of Plane Solid Surfaces
Authors: Wylie RG
Published: September 2006

In order to calculate the probabilities of
nucleation of liquid droplets at different types of site on a solid surface,
the properties of embryonic droplets which may exist in complete thermodynamic
equilibrium at those sites must be known. The general properties of liquid
embryos formed on a plane solid surface, or at lines or points of intersection
of plane solid surfaces, are considered. It is shown that, although an edge
free energy associated with the boundary line may substantially affect the properties
-of embryos at small contact angles, the effect is probably not large, for
embryos of the sizes of interest, when the contact angle is larger than about π/4.

The areas, volumes, total surface free
energies, and free energies of formation are found for embryos at these sites
as functions of the contact angle, any edge free energies being neglected. The
extension to the formation of bubbles at plane solid surfaces in a pure liquid
is indicated. The results are applied in a following paper to the kinetics of
condensation of a vapour at an imperfect crystalline surface.
The Kinetics of adsorption at Liquid Surfaces
Authors: Sutherland KL
Published: September 2006

It is shown that convection currents
govern the time rate of fail of surface tension of aqueous solutions when
measurements are made in the usual way. The complete interpretation of such
data is not possible at present so that an experimental method is suggested
whereby data may be obtained which could be interpreted. The mathematical
equations are given for this method.
Thiohydantoins. II. Thiohydantoins Derived from Aspartic and Glutamic Acids
Authors: Swan JM
Published: September 2006

N-Acyl derivatives of the &carboxylic
acids, aspartic and glutamic acids, yield the corresponding anhydrides when
heated with acetic anhydride in the presence or absence of ammonium
thiocyanate. In general these anhydrides form isomeric pairs of amides and
anilides, and only one of each pair can be converted into the corresponding
2-thiohydantoin. The anhydrides from N-phenylacetyl- and
N-p-nitro-benzoylglutamic acids, and N-acetylaspartic acid have been regarded
hitherto as oxazolones.