bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fast Laser Scan Matching using Polar Coordinates
Authors: Diosi Albert , Kleeman Lindsay
Published: September 2007

In this paper a novel Polar Scan Matching (PSM) approach is described that works in the laser scanner's polar coordinate system, therefore taking advantage of the structure of the laser measurements and eliminating the need for an expensive search for corresponding points in other scan match approaches. PSM belongs to the family of point to point scan matching approaches with its matching bearing association rule. The performance of PSM is thoroughly evaluated in a simulated experiment, in experiments using ground truth, in experiments aimed at determining the area of convergence and in a SLAM experiment. All results are compared to results obtained using an iterated closest point (ICP) scan matching algorithm implementation. It is found that PSM is superior to the ICP implementation in processing speed and that PSM converges to a correct solution from a larger range of initial positions.
Abdominal Compartment Syndrome Is Common in Medical Intensive Care Unit Patients Receiving Large-Volume Resuscitation
Authors: Daugherty Elizabeth L. , Hongyan Liang  , Taichman Darren , Hansen-Flaschen John , Fuchs Barry D.
Published: September 2007

Intra-abdominal hypertension (IAH) and abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS) have been well described in surgical patients. Large-volume resuscitation is thought to be a risk factor for IAH/ACS in this group. However, little is known of the incidence of IAH/ACS in critically ill medical patients. The authors aim to ascertain the incidence of ACS in critically ill medical patients receiving large-volume resuscitation. Over an 8-month study period, the authors performed a prospective cohort study of medical intensive care unit (ICU) patients with a minimum net positive fluid balance of 5 L within the preceding 24 hours. The primary outcome of interest is the development of ACS, defined as an intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) ≥20 mm Hg associated with new organ dysfunction. IAP was measured by transducing bladder pressure and was recorded along with fluid balance at enrollment and every 12 hours thereafter up to 96 hours. The setting is a medical ICU at a major university hospital. Of the 468 medical ICU admissions screened, 40 (8.5%) were identified who met the 24-hour fluid balance inclusion criterion. Upon enrollment, this cohort had a mean Acute Physiology And Chronic Health Evaluation II score of 23 and a median positive fluid balance of 6.9 L. Thirty-four of the 40 study patients (85%) had intra-abdominal hypertension (IAP ≥12 mm Hg). During the study period, 13 of the 40 (33%) patients developed IAP ≥20 mm Hg and 10 (25%) met the criteria for ACS. None underwent laparotomy. ACS is frequently found in critically ill medical patients receiving large-volume resuscitation. The clinical significance of this finding remains unclear. However, routine monitoring of IAP should be considered in medical patients with a 5-L net positive fluid balance in 24 hours. Future studies are warranted to evaluate clinical outcomes of medical patients with ACS and risk factors for its development.
Reflections on Reflexive Engagement
Authors: Webster Andrew
Published: September 2007

This short article provides a response to Nowotny and Wynne's commentary on an earlier article by the author that examined the relation between science and technology studies (STS) and science policy. The article offers a reply with respect to understanding the domain of science policy; how Nowotny and Wynne seek to broaden the scope and so critical leverage of STS beyond the “policy room”; and the implications this has for the ways in which an STS/non-STS nexus might be configured in the future.
Lupus enteritis: clinical characteristics, risk factor for relapse and association with anti-endothelial cell antibody
Authors: Kwok S.-K. , Seo S.-H. , Ju J.H. , Park K.-S. , Yoon C.-H. , Kim W.-U. , Min J.-K. , Park S.-H. , Cho C.-S. , Kim H.-Y.
Published: September 2007

The study was undertaken to evaluate clinical and laboratory characteristics of patients with lupus enteritis and to investigate its association with anti-endothelial cell antibodies (AECAs). Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients who were admitted to Kangnam St. Mary's Hospital with complaints of acute abdominal pain from January 1990 to July 2006 were reviewed retrospectively. The clinical features, laboratory data and prognosis of these patients were analyzed. Among the 706 SLE patients admitted during the study period, 87 were found to admit for acute abdominal pain. Among them, 41 patients were identified with lupus enteritis. The SLE disease activity index score at admission and the mean prednisolone dose administered during the last three months prior to admission were significantly higher in patients with lupus enteritis than those with other causes ( P < 0.001, P = 0.036). Serum anti-endothelial cell antibody (AECA-IgG) titer was also significantly higher in patients with lupus enteritis than those with other manifestations or healthy controls ( P = 0.040, P < 0.001). Four out of 13 recurrent patients had pre-existing anti-phospholipid syndrome (APS), whereas only one out of 28 non-recurrent patients had pre-existing APS ( P = 0.028). Most of the patients with lupus enteritis showed good response to high-dose intravenous steroids and there was no death directly associated with lupus enteritis. Lupus (2007) 16, 803—809.
Holistic Assessment of Chronic Pain Among Elders
Authors: Ruzicka Susan , Sanchez-Reilly Sandra , Gerety Meghan
Published: September 2007

This pilot study assessed pain using 7 dimensions of pain (physiologic, behavioral, sensory, affective, cognitive, sociocultural, and spiritual) to better understand and identify patterns of elder response to chronic pain within a holistic framework. Previously validated instruments were used to assess 150 cognitively intact subjects, aged 65 years and older, with chronic pain. Thirteen patterns were identified reflecting distinct patterns of pain response. Two patterns comprised 85% of the responses: (1) high spiritual well-being, low physiologic pain, and high perceived independent functioning; and (2) high spiritual well-being, low physiologic pain, and lower perceived independent functioning. The 11 other patterns of pain response also varied in their responses to the pain experience. These responses reflect the unique and holistic experience of chronic pain among older adults. Holistic assessment enhances the understanding of the pain specific to the individual. Self-perceived functional dependence and the spiritual component significantly influence chronic pain experiences.
Achieving Political Trans-Correctness: Integrating Sensitivity and Authenticity in Diversity Management Education
Authors: Avery Derek R. , Steingard David S.
Published: September 2007

Due to mounting pressures to avoid offending individuals on the basis of demographic group membership, political correctness has begun to restrict student participation in our diversity courses. This restriction diminishes what can be learned from class dialogue, an important component of diversity instruction. This article offers a model of “political trans-correctness,” integrating discourse constructs of authenticity, sensitivity, and political correctness. When optimally functioning, a learning community will enter a “zone of understanding” where educators and students speak with candor and actively listen. Four key pedagogical tactics for adopting the model in the classroom are provided: building rapport, setting the ground rules, ensuring the right to remain anonymous, and maintaining the proper presence. Implications for operationalizing the model are discussed.
Special Issues as Vertical Integration
Authors: McKinley William
Published: September 2007

In this rejoinder to Priem and Mowday, the author amplifies and critiques some of their ideas on the proliferation of special issues in management journals. The author interprets special issues as vertical integration moves by journal editors operating in a context of perceived resource scarcity. He also argues that the proliferation of special issues is contributing to the fragmentation of the organization studies discipline, thus contradicting Priem's notion of a command economy of ideas via special issue and Mowday's sanguine view of special issues. The author offers suggestions for future research on the causes and consequences of the proliferation of special issues in management journals.
Teaching Leadership Critically to MBAs
Authors: Sinclair Amanda
Published: September 2007

In 2004, after a year's leave, I started teaching a new Masters of Business Administration (MBA) subject called `Leadership and Change' in what I hoped was a more critical way. In this article I explore my experiences of launching two versions of this subject— one in a full-time MBA and one in an Executive MBA programme. I describe what I did and what happened, including the obstacles encountered—in myself and the structures around me—how it felt and how students and the institution responded. By working experientially as well as critically, I aimed to create a space in which students could challenge their ways of thinking about leadership and all of us could experiment with different ways of `doing' leadership in the group. The article is written with an emphasis on `practical' reflexivity. By interweaving personal reflection with insights from critical theory, I make explicit the `me' in this account—as power-holder, participant and observer; as mind, body and heart, dripping with and scoured by emotion at times. Neither pure narrative nor theoretical exploration, my desire is to excavate insight from points of intersection between critical theory and personal experience.
Human herpes virus 6 and multiple sclerosis: a Finnish twin study
Authors: Kuusisto H. , Hyöty H. , Kares S. , Kinnunen E. , Elovaara I.
Published: September 2007

Objective To investigate the possible association of human herpes virus 6- (HHV6) infection and multiple sclerosis (MS).

Background Despite intensive investigations of genetic and environmental factors, the etiopathogenesis of MS remains unknown. HHV6 is a possible candidate in that it is neurotropic, able to induce demyelination and become latent and be reactivated. We had access to The Finnish National Twin Cohort, which provided a unique opportunity to study the association between HHV6 and MS in genetically homogenous patients.

Methods Thirty-four serum samples from 17 MS twin pairs and 12 cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from six MS twin pairs were tested by PCR specific for HHV6. Immunogloubulin (Ig) G and M response against HHV6 in serum and CSF were analysed using ELISA method. The samples were collected during a remission of the disease.

Results No HHV6 DNA was found in any serum ( n = 34) or CSF ( n = 12) samples. Eighty-eight percent of the twins with MS and 86% of the healthy twin siblings were positive for IgG in serum. One twin with MS was also postitive for IgM in serum, whereas none of the healthy twins was IgM positive. All CSF samples were negative for IgG and IgM in both groups.

Conclusions During a clinical remission of MS the detection of antibodies against HHV6 in CSF and HHV6 DNA in serum, CSF supernatant or CSF leukocytes is unlikely. However, the results do not exclude a possibility of HHV6 reactivation during MS exacerbation or acute HHV6 infection being one of the triggering agents in development of MS long before its clinical manifestation. Multiple Sclerosis 2008; 14: 54—58. http://msj.sagepub.com
Interaction effects and combinatorial rules governing Protection Motivation Theory variables: a new model
Authors: Cismaru Magdalena , Lavack Anne M.
Published: September 2007

In this article we provide a review of Protection Motivation Theory with a focus on the interaction effects and combinatorial rules, in order to resolve conflicting findings in the literature. Our review suggests that perceived cost is the main driver of persuasion. We propose that consumers use a combination of decision-making strategies, with an initial use of the elimination by aspects rule followed by the weighted additive rule. In the proposed model, consumers rank the variables and set minimum cut-offs. A weighted additive relationship takes place only when and if the minimum cut-off levels for variables are met. This analysis helps explain inconsistent findings from the literature and adds insight into the decision-making process involved when consumers consider whether or not to follow a particular recommended health behavior.
Peripheral tachykinins and the neurokinin receptor NK1 are required for platelet thrombus formation
Authors: Jones Sarah , Tucker Katherine L. , Sage Tanya , Kaiser William J. , Barrett Natasha E. , Lowry Philip J. , Zimmer Andreas , Hunt Stephen P. , Emerson Michael , Gibbins Jonathan M.
Published: September 2007

Platelets play an important role in hemostasis, with inappropriate platelet activation being a major contributor to debilitating and often fatal thrombosis by causing myocardial infarction and stroke. Although current antithrombotic treatment is generally well tolerated and effective, many patients still experience cardiovascular problems, which may reflect the existence of alternative underlying regulatory mechanisms in platelets to those targeted by existing drugs. In this study, we define a role for peripherally distributed members of the tachykinin family of peptides, namely substance P and the newly discovered endokinins A and B that are present in platelets, in the activation of platelet function and thrombus formation. We have reported previously that the preferred pharmacologically characterized receptor for these peptides, the NK1 receptor, is present on platelets. Inhibition or deficiency of the NK1 receptor, or SP agonist activity, resulted in substantially reduced thrombus formation in vitro under arterial flow conditions, increased bleeding time in mice, and a decrease in experimentally induced thromboembolism. Inhibition of the NK1 receptor may therefore provide benefit in patients vulnerable to thrombosis and may offer an alternative therapeutic target.
Inspiratory flow rates at different levels of resistance in elderly COPD patients
Authors: Janssens W. , VandenBrande P. , Hardeman E. , De Langhe E. , Philps T. , Troosters T. , Decramer M.
Published: September 2007

Dry powder inhalers (DPIs) are increasingly replacing metered dose inhalers in elderly chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients. However, most DPIs are dependent on inspiratory flow, which is compromised by the ageing process itself.

Using the in-check dial method, the present study compared peak inspiratory flow (PIF) rates in 26 elderly COPD patients and 14 matched control subjects, at a pre-set resistance level of the Aeroliser®, Diskus® and Turbuhaler® inhalers.

It was found that the PIF measured by the in-check method positively correlated with the PIF derived from spirometry, forced vital capacity and maximal inspiratory pressure, while a negative, but significant, correlation was observed with age. PIF derived from spirometry and age were independent variables which determined PIF across the device, whereas the presence or absence of COPD was not related. When comparing elderly COPD patients with matched elderly controls no difference could be found in PIF at the different resistances. However, an important number of patients did not reach the recommended flow rate, especially when using the Turbuhaler® (30%).

In conclusion, the present study demonstrates that, in elderly patients, the ability to generate sufficient inspiratory flow across a dry powder inhaler is compromised, irrespective of the presence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Comparison of serum markers for allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis in cystic fibrosis
Authors: Latzin P. , Hartl D. , Regamey N. , Frey U. , Schoeni M. H. , Casaulta C.
Published: September 2007

The diagnosis of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) in cystic fibrosis (CF) is a challenge. Thymus- and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC) has recently been reported to play a role in ABPA. The aim of this study was to compare the diagnostic value of TARC with that of known serological markers for diagnosis of ABPA in CF patients.

The present study longitudinally followed 48 CF patients, of whom 12 had a diagnosis of ABPA according to Nelson's criteria, for 1–8 yrs with repeated measurements of serum total immunoglobulin (Ig)E, specificAspergillus fumigatusIgE and IgG, specific IgE against recombinantA. fumigatusallergens (rAsp f) 1, 3, 4 and 6, and TARC.

Median (interquartile range) TARC levels were 589 (465–673) pg·mL−1in ABPA patients and 232 (189–289) pg·mL−1in non-ABPA patients. Receiver operating characteristic curves revealed that TARC was superior to the other markers for diagnosis of ABPA. Diagnostic accuracy was greater for TARC (93%) than for total IgE (74%), or rAsp f 4 (75%) or f 6 (79%).

The present study indicates that thymus- and activation-regulated chemokine may be useful in the diagnosis of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis in cystic fibrosis patients. However, larger studies are needed before thymus- and activation-regulated chemokine can routinely be used in diagnostic algorithms.
Randomised trial of nasal surgery for fixed nasal obstruction in obstructive sleep apnoea
Authors: Koutsourelakis I. , Georgoulopoulos G. , Perraki E. , Vagiakis E. , Roussos C. , Zakynthinos S. G.
Published: September 2007

Although nasal surgery has limited efficacy in obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) treatment, some patients experience improvement. The present study tested the hypothesis that post-surgery improvement is associated with increased nasal breathing epochs.

A total of 49 OSA patients (mean apnoea/hypopnoea index (AHI) 30.1±16.3 events·h−1) with symptomatic fixed nasal obstruction due to deviated septum were randomly assigned to either septoplasty (surgery group; 27 patients) or sham surgery (placebo group; 22 patients). The breathing route was examined during overnight polysomnography.

All patients in the placebo group were nonresponders, whereas in the surgery group four (14.8%) patients were responders and exhibited considerable increase in nasal breathing epochs (epochs containing more than three consecutive phasic nasal signals), and 23 patients were nonresponders, presenting a modest increase in nasal breathing epochs. The change in AHI was inversely related to the change in nasal breathing epochs, with responders exhibiting among the greatest increases in nasal breathing epochs. Baseline nasal breathing epochs were positively related to per cent change in AHI. Responders had among the lowest baseline nasal breathing epochs; a cut-off value of 62.4% of total sleep epochs best separated (100% sensitivity, 82.6% specificity) responders/nonresponders.

In conclusion, nasal surgery rarely treats obstructive sleep apnoea effectively. Baseline nasal breathing epochs can predict the surgery outcome.
Measuring inspiratory muscle strength in neuromuscular disease: one test or two?
Authors: Terzi N. , Orlikowski D. , Fermanian C. , Lejaille M. , Falaize L. , Louis A. , Raphael J-C. , Fauroux B. , Lofaso F.
Published: September 2007

Inspiratory muscle strength monitoring is crucial in patients with neuromuscular disorders. The sniff nasal inspiratory pressure (SNIP) and maximal inspiratory pressure (PI,max) are usually measured. The present study investigated whether the test yielding the best value at baseline continued to yield the best value during follow-up.

The present study included 25 patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) and 61 with myotonic muscular dystrophy (MMD). SNIP andPI,maxwere measured at baseline and then annually.

At baseline, SNIP was lower thanPI,maxin 20 (80%) DMD patients and 32 (52%) MMD patients. During follow-up in DMD patients, changes in the best method always occurred from SNIP toPI,max. In MMD patients, when SNIP was better thanPI,maxat baseline, SNIP was usually (88%) better during follow-up, whereas a betterPI,maxthan SNIP at baseline was frequently (50%) followed by a shift to SNIP.

Maximal inspiratory pressure may be sufficient for monitoring inspiratory muscle function in Duchenne muscular dystrophy adults. In myotonic muscular dystrophy, the marked variability in the test yielding the best value at baseline indicates a need for performance of both tests at baseline. However, when sniff nasal inspiratory pressure measurement yields the best value at baseline, using sniff nasal inspiratory pressure alone during follow-up may be appropriate.
Environmental variability and modularity of bacterial metabolic networks
Authors: Parter Merav , Kashtan Nadav , Alon Uri
Published: September 2007

Background

Biological systems are often modular: they can be decomposed into nearly-independent structural units that perform specific functions. The evolutionary origin of modularity is a subject of much current interest. Recent theory suggests that modularity can be enhanced when the environment changes over time. However, this theory has not yet been tested using biological data.

Results

To address this, we studied the relation between environmental variability and modularity in a natural and well-studied system, the metabolic networks of bacteria. We classified 117 bacterial species according to the degree of variability in their natural habitat. We find that metabolic networks of organisms in variable environments are significantly more modular than networks of organisms that evolved under more constant conditions.

Conclusion

This study supports the view that variability in the natural habitat of an organism promotes modularity in its metabolic network and perhaps in other biological systems.
Gene discovery and transcript analyses in the corn smut pathogen Ustilago maydis: expressed sequence tag and genome sequence comparison
Authors: Ho Eric CH , Cahill Matt J , Saville Barry J
Published: September 2007

Background

Ustilago maydis is the basidiomycete fungus responsible for common smut of corn and is a model organism for the study of fungal phytopathogenesis. To aid in the annotation of the genome sequence of this organism, several expressed sequence tag (EST) libraries were generated from a variety of U. maydis cell types. In addition to utility in the context of gene identification and structure annotation, the ESTs were analyzed to identify differentially abundant transcripts and to detect evidence of alternative splicing and anti-sense transcription.

Results

Four cDNA libraries were constructed using RNA isolated from U. maydis diploid teliospores (U. maydis strains 518 × 521) and haploid cells of strain 521 grown under nutrient rich, carbon starved, and nitrogen starved conditions. Using the genome sequence as a scaffold, the 15,901 ESTs were assembled into 6,101 contiguous expressed sequences (contigs); among these, 5,482 corresponded to predicted genes in the MUMDB (MIPS Ustilago maydis database), while 619 aligned to regions of the genome not yet designated as genes in MUMDB. A comparison of EST abundance identified numerous genes that may be regulated in a cell type or starvation-specific manner. The transcriptional response to nitrogen starvation was assessed using RT-qPCR. The results of this suggest that there may be cross-talk between the nitrogen and carbon signalling pathways in U. maydis. Bioinformatic analysis identified numerous examples of alternative splicing and anti-sense transcription. While intron retention was the predominant form of alternative splicing in U. maydis, other varieties were also evident (e.g. exon skipping). Selected instances of both alternative splicing and anti-sense transcription were independently confirmed using RT-PCR.

Conclusion

Through this work: 1) substantial sequence information has been provided for U. maydis genome annotation; 2) new genes were identified through the discovery of 619 contigs that had previously escaped annotation; 3) evidence is provided that suggests the regulation of nitrogen metabolism in U. maydis differs from that of other model fungi, and 4) Alternative splicing and anti-sense transcription were identified in U. maydis and, amid similar observations in other basidiomycetes, this suggests these phenomena may be widespread in this group of fungi. These advances emphasize the importance of EST analysis in genome annotation.
Analysis of axonal regeneration in the central and peripheral nervous systems of the NG2-deficient mouse
Authors: Hossain-Ibrahim Mohammed K , Rezajooi Kia , Stallcup William B , Lieberman Alexander R , Anderson Patrick N
Published: September 2007

Background

The chondroitin sulphate proteoglycan NG2 blocks neurite outgrowth in vitro and has been proposed as a major inhibitor of axonal regeneration in the CNS. Although a substantial body of evidence underpins this hypothesis, it is challenged by recent findings including strong expression of NG2 in regenerating peripheral nerve.

Results

We studied axonal regeneration in the PNS and CNS of genetically engineered mice that do not express NG2, and in sex and age matched wild-type controls. In the CNS, we used anterograde tracing with BDA to study corticospinal tract (CST) axons after spinal cord injury and transganglionic labelling with CT-HRP to trace ascending sensory dorsal column (DC) axons after DC lesions and a conditioning lesion of the sciatic nerve. Injury to these fibre tracts resulted in no difference between knockout and wild-type mice in the ability of CST axons or DC axons to enter or cross the lesion site. Similarly, after dorsal root injury (with conditioning lesion), most regenerating dorsal root axons failed to grow across the dorsal root entry zone in both transgenic and wild-type mice.

Following sciatic nerve injuries, functional recovery was assessed by analysis of the toe-spreading reflex and cutaneous sensitivity to Von Frey hairs. Anatomical correlates of regeneration were assessed by: retrograde labelling of regenerating dorsal root ganglion (DRG) cells with DiAsp; immunostaining with PGP 9.5 to visualise sensory reinnervation of plantar hindpaws; electron microscopic analysis of regenerating axons in tibial and digital nerves; and by silver-cholinesterase histochemical study of motor end plate reinnervation. We also examined functional and anatomical correlates of regeneration after injury of the facial nerve by assessing the time taken for whisker movements and corneal reflexes to recover and by retrograde labelling of regenerated axons with Fluorogold and DiAsp. None of the anatomical or functional analyses revealed significant differences between wild-type and knockout mice.

Conclusion

These findings show that NG2 is unlikely to be a major inhibitor of axonal regeneration after injury to the CNS, and, further, that NG2 is unlikely to be necessary for regeneration or functional recovery following peripheral nerve injury.
Inorganic polyphosphate occurs in the cell wall of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and accumulates during cytokinesis
Authors: Werner Thomas P , Amrhein Nikolaus , Freimoser Florian M
Published: September 2007

Background

Inorganic polyphosphate (poly P), linear chains of phosphate residues linked by energy rich phosphoanhydride bonds, is found in every cell and organelle and is abundant in algae. Depending on its localization and concentration, poly P is involved in various biological functions. It serves, for example, as a phosphate store and buffer against alkali, is involved in energy metabolism and regulates the activity of enzymes. Bacteria defective in poly P synthesis are impaired in biofilm development, motility and pathogenicity. PolyP has also been found in fungal cell walls and bacterial envelopes, but has so far not been measured directly or stained specifically in the cell wall of any plant or alga.

Results

Here, we demonstrate the presence of poly P in the cell wall of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii by staining with specific poly P binding proteins. The specificity of the poly P signal was verified by various competition experiments, by staining with different poly P binding proteins and by correlation with biochemical quantification. Microscopical investigation at different time-points during growth revealed fluctuations of the poly P signal synchronous with the cell cycle: The poly P staining peaked during late cytokinesis and was independent of the high intracellular poly P content, which fluctuated only slightly during the cell cycle.

Conclusion

The presented staining method provides a specific and sensitive tool for the study of poly P in the extracellular matrices of algae and could be used to describe the dynamic behaviour of cell wall poly P during the cell cycle. We assume that cell wall poly P and intracellular poly P are regulated by distinct mechanisms and it is suggested that cell wall bound poly P might have important protective functions against toxic compounds or pathogens during cytokinesis, when cells are more vulnerable.
Colonic epithelial ion transport is not affected in patients with diverticulosis
Authors: Osbak Philip S , Bindslev Niels , Poulsen Steen S , Kaltoft Nicolai , Tilotta Maria C , Hansen Mark B
Published: September 2007

Background

Colonic diverticular disease is a bothersome condition with an unresolved pathogenesis. It is unknown whether a neuroepithelial dysfunction is present. The aim of the study was two-fold; (1) to investigate colonic epithelial ion transport in patients with diverticulosis and (2) to adapt a miniaturized Modified Ussing Air-Suction (MUAS) chamber for colonic endoscopic biopsies.

Methods

Biopsies were obtained from the sigmoid part of the colon. 86 patients were included. All patients were referred for colonoscopy on suspicion of neoplasia and they were without pathological findings at colonoscopy (controls) except for diverticulosis in 22 (D-patients). Biopsies were mounted in MUAS chambers with an exposed area of 5 mm2. Electrical responses to various stimulators and inhibitors of ion transport were investigated together with histological examination. The MUAS chamber was easy to use and reproducible data were obtained.

Results

Median basal short circuit current (SCC) was 43.8 μA·cm-2 (0.8 – 199) for controls and 59.3 μA·cm-2 (3.0 – 177.2) for D-patients. Slope conductance was 77.0 mS·cm-2 (18.6 – 204.0) equal to 13 Ω·cm2 for controls and 96.6 mS·cm-2 (8.4 – 191.4) equal to 10.3 Ω·cm2 for D-patients. Stimulation with serotonin, theophylline, forskolin and carbachol induced increases in SCC in a range of 4.9 – 18.6 μA·cm-2, while inhibition with indomethacin, bumetanide, ouabain and amiloride decreased SCC in a range of 6.5 – 27.4 μA·cm-2, and all with no significant differences between controls and D-patients. Histological examinations showed intact epithelium and lamina propria before and after mounting for both types of patients.

Conclusion

We conclude that epithelial ion transport is not significantly altered in patients with diverticulosis and that the MUAS chamber can be adapted for studies of human colonic endoscopic biopsies.
Distributing questionnaires about smoking to patients: impact on general practitioners' recording of smoking advice
Authors: Coleman Tim , Wilson Andrew , Barrett Steve , Wynne Alison , Lewis Sarah
Published: September 2007

Background

Little is known about the impact of questionnaire-based data collection methods on the consulting behaviour of general practitioners (family physicians) who participate in research. Here data collected during a research project which involved questionnaires on smoking being distributed to patients before and after appointments with general practitioners (GPs) is analyzed to investigate the impact of this data collection method on doctors' documenting of smoking advice in medical records.

Methods

Researchers distributed questionnaires on smoking behaviour to 6775 patients who attended consultations during surgery sessions with 32 GPs based in Leicestershire, UK. We obtained the medical records for patients who had attended these surgery sessions and also for a comparator group, during which no researcher had been present. We compared the documenting of advice against smoking in patient's medical records for consultations within GPs' surgery sessions where questionnaires had been distributed with those which occurred when no questionnaires had been given out.

Results

We obtained records for 77.9% (5276/6775) of all adult patients who attended GPs' surgery sessions, with 51.9% (2739) being from sessions during which researchers distributed questionnaires. Discussion of smoking was recorded in 8.0% (220/2739) of medical records when questionnaires were distributed versus 4.6% (116/2537) where these were not. After controlling for relevant potential confounders including patients' age, gender, the odds ratio for recording of information in the presence of questionnaire distribution (versus none) was 1.78 (95% CI, 1.36 to 2.34).

Conclusion

Distributing questionnaires about smoking to patients before and after they consult with doctors significantly increases GPs' recording of discussions about smoking medical records. This has implications for the design of some types of research into addictive behaviours and further research into how data collection methods may affect patients' and doctors' behaviours is warranted.
Inflammatory pseudotumor of the Kidney
Authors: Selvan David R , Philip Joe , Manikandan Ramaswamy , Helliwell Timothy R , Lamb Gabriel H R , Desmond Anthony D
Published: September 2007

Background

Inflammatory pseudotumor of the kidney or inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor (IMT) is composed of spindle cells admixed with variable amount of proliferating myofibroblasts, fibroblasts, extracellular collagen, lymphocytes and plasma cells. This mainly affects the urinary bladder or prostate. Renal involvement is rare.

Case presentation

A 56 year-old man was diagnosed with asymptomatic left sided hydronephrosis while being investigated for rheumatoid arthritis. CT scan imaging showed ill defined fascial plains around the kidney and thickening around the renal hilum suggestive of localized inflammatory change. Worsening intermittent left loin pain with increasing hydronephrosis, significant cortical thinning and marked deterioration of renal function necessitated nephrectomy. Macroscopy showed a hydronephrotic fibrotic kidney with microscopy and immunohistochemistry consistent with a histological diagnosis of IMT.

Conclusion

We report a case of an inflammatory pseudotumor of the kidney. It is unique in that the patient presented with painless hydronephrosis followed two years later with progressive deterioration in renal function and worsening loin pain.
Monocyte derived dendritic cells generated by IFN-α acquire mature dendritic and natural killer cell properties as shown by gene expression analysis
Authors: Korthals Mark , Safaian Nancy , Kronenwett Ralf , Maihöfer Dagmar , Schott Matthias , Papewalis Claudia , Diaz Blanco Elena , Winter Meike , Czibere Akos , Haas Rainer , Kobbe Guido , Fenk Roland
Published: September 2007

Background

Dendritic cell (DC) vaccines can induce antitumor immune responses in patients with malignant diseases, while the most suitable DC culture conditions have not been established yet. In this study we compared monocyte derived human DC from conventional cultures containing GM-CSF and IL-4/TNF-α (IL-4/TNF-DC) with DC generated by the novel protocol using GM-CSF and IFN-α (IFN-DC).

Methods

To characterise the molecular differences of both DC preparations, gene expression profiling was performed using Affymetrix microarrays. The data were conformed on a protein level by immunophenotyping, and functional tests for T cell stimulation, migration and cytolytic activity were performed.

Results

Both methods resulted in CD11c+ CD86+ HLA-DR+ cells with a typical DC morphology that could efficiently stimulate T cells. But gene expression profiling revealed two distinct DC populations.

Whereas IL-4/TNF-DC showed a higher expression of genes envolved in phagocytosis IFN-DC had higher RNA levels for markers of DC maturity and migration to the lymph nodes like DCLAMP, CCR7 and CD49d. This different orientation of both DC populations was confined by a 2.3 fold greater migration in transwell experiments (p = 0.01).

Most interestingly, IFN-DC also showed higher RNA levels for markers of NK cells such as TRAIL, granzymes, KLRs and other NK cell receptors. On a protein level, intracytoplasmatic TRAIL and granzyme B were observed in 90% of IFN-DC. This translated into a cytolytic activity against K562 cells with a median specific lysis of 26% at high effector cell numbers as determined by propidium iodide uptake, whereas IL-4/TNF-DC did not induce any tumor cell lysis (p = 0.006). Thus, IFN-DC combined characteristics of mature DC and natural killer cells.

Conclusion

Our results suggest that IFN-DC not only stimulate adaptive but also mediate innate antitumor immune responses. Therefore, IFN-DC should be evaluated in clinical vaccination trials. In particular, this could be relevant for patients with diseases responsive to a treatment with IFN-α such as Non-Hodgkin lymphoma or chronic myeloid leukemia.
Protein and synthetic polymer injection for induction of obstructive hydrocephalus in rats
Authors: Slobodian Ili , Krassioukov-Enns Dmitri , Del Bigio Marc R
Published: September 2007

Background

The objective of this study was to develop a simple and inexpensive animal model of induced obstructive hydrocephalus with minimal tissue inflammation, as an alternative to kaolin injection.

Materials

Two-hundred and two male Sprague-Dawley rats aged 3 weeks received intracisternal injections of kaolin (25% suspension), Matrigel, type 1 collagen from rat tail, fibrin glue (Tisseel), n-butyl-cyanoacrylate (NBCA), or ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer (Onyx-18 and Onyx-34). Magnetic resonance imaging was used to assess ventricle size. Animals were euthanized at 2, 5, 10 and 14 days post-injection for histological analysis.

Results

Kaolin was associated with 10% mortality and successful induction of hydrocephalus in 97% of survivors (ventricle area proportion 0.168 ± 0.018). Rapidly hardening agents (fibrin glue, NBCA, vinyl polymer) had high mortality rates and low success rates in survivors. Only Matrigel had relatively low mortality (17%) and moderate success rate (20%). An inflammatory response with macrophages and some lymphocytes was associated with kaolin. There was negligible inflammation associated with Matrigel. A severe inflammatory response with giant cell formation was associated with ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer.

Conclusion

Kaolin predictably produces moderate to severe hydrocephalus with a mild chronic inflammatory reaction and fibrosis of the leptomeninges. Other synthetic polymers and biopolymers tested are unreliable and cause different types of inflammation.
The influence of the NOD Nss1/Idd5 loci on sialadenitis and gene expression in salivary glands of congenic mice
Authors: Hjelmervik Trond Ove R , Lindqvist Anna-Karin , Petersen Kjell , Johannesson Martina , Stavrum Anne-Kristin , Johansson Åsa , Jonsson Roland , Holmdahl Rikard , Bolstad Anne Isine
Published: September 2007

The nonobese diabetic (NOD) Nss1 and Idd5 loci have been associated with sialadenitis development in mice. In this study the NOD Nss1 and Idd5 loci were backcrossed onto the healthy control strain B10.Q by using the speed congenic breeding strategy, resulting in three congenic strains: B10.Q.Nss1, B10.Q.Nss1/Idd5 heterozygous and B10.Q.Nss1/Idd5 homozygous. We investigated the effects of the Nss1 and Idd5 loci on sialadenitis and gene expression in NOD congenic mice. One submandibular salivary gland from each mouse was used for histological analysis of sialadenitis, whereas the contralateral salivary gland was used for gene expression profiling with the Applied Biosystems Mouse Genome Survey chip v.1.0. The results were validated using quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR. The NOD Nss1 and Idd5 loci had clear influence on the onset and progression of sialadenitis in congenic mice. Double congenic mice exhibited the most severe phenotype. We successfully identified several genes that are located in the NOD congenic regions to be differentially expressed between the congenic strains and the control strain. Several of these were found to be co-regulated, such as Stat1, complement component C1q genes and Tlr12. Also, a vast contingency of interferon-regulated genes (such as Ltb, Irf7 and Irf8) and cytokine and chemokine genes (such as Ccr7 and Ccl19) were differentially expressed between the congenic strains and the control strain. Over-representation of inflammatory signalling pathways was observed among the differentially expressed genes. We have found that the introgression of the NOD loci Nss1 and Idd5 on a healthy background caused sialadenitis in NOD congenic mouse strains, and we propose that genes within these loci are important factors in the pathogenesis. Furthermore, gene expression profiling has revealed several differentially expressed genes within and outside the NOD loci that are similar to genes found to be differentially expressed in patients with Sjögren's syndrome, and as such are interesting candidates for investigation to enhance our understanding of disease mechanisms and to develop future therapies.
Continuous noninvasive monitoring of barbiturate coma in critically ill children using the Bispectral™ index monitor
Authors: Prins Sandra A , de Hoog Matthijs , Blok Joleen H , Tibboel Dick , Visser Gerhard H
Published: September 2007

Introduction

Traumatic brain injury and generalized convulsive status epilepticus (GCSE) are conditions that require aggressive management. Barbiturates are used to lower intracranial pressure or to stop epileptiform activity, with the aim being to improve neurological outcome. Dosing of barbiturates is usually guided by the extent of induced burst-suppression pattern on the electroencephalogram (EEG). Dosing beyond the point of burst suppression may increase the risk for complications without offering further therapeutic benefit. For this reason, careful monitoring of EEG parameters is mandatory. A prospective study was conducted to evaluate the usefulness of the bispectral index suppression ratio for monitoring barbiturate coma.

Methods

A prospective observational pilot study was performed at a paediatric (surgical) intensive care unit, including all children with barbiturate-induced coma after traumatic brain injury or GCSE. The BIS™ (Bispectral™ index) monitor expresses a suppression ratio, which represents the percentage of epochs per minute in which the EEG was suppressed. Suppression ratios from the BIS monitor were compared with suppression ratios of full-channel EEG as assessed by quantitative visual analysis.

Results

Five patients with GCSE and three patients after traumatic brain injury (median age 11.6 years, range 4 months to 15 years) were included. In four patients the correlation between the suppression ratios of the BIS and EEG could be determined; the average correlation was 0.68. In two patients, suppression ratios were either high or low, with no intermediate values. This precluded determination of correlation values, as did the isoelectric EEG in a further two patients. In the latter patients, the mean ± standard error BIS suppression ratio was 95 ± 1.6.

Conclusion

Correlations between suppression ratios of the BIS and EEG were found to be only moderate. In particular, asymmetrical EEGs and EEGs with short bursts (less than 1 second) may result in aberrant BIS suppression ratios. The BIS monitor potentially aids monitoring of barbiturate-induced coma because it provides continuous data on EEG suppression between full EEG registrations, but it should be used with caution.
Regional differences in dosage compensation on the chicken Z chromosome
Authors: Melamed Esther , Arnold Arthur P
Published: September 2007

Background

Most Z chromosome genes in birds are expressed at a higher level in ZZ males than in ZW females, and thus are relatively ineffectively dosage compensated. Some Z genes are compensated, however, by an unknown mechanism. Previous studies identified a non-coding RNA in the male hypermethylated (MHM) region, associated with sex-specific histone acetylation, which has been proposed to be involved in dosage compensation.

Results

Using microarray mRNA expression analysis, we find that dosage compensated and non-compensated genes occur across the Z chromosome, but a cluster of compensated genes are found in the MHM region of chicken chromosome Zp, whereas Zq is enriched in non-compensated genes. The degree of dosage compensation among Z genes is predicted better by the level of expression of Z genes in males than in females, probably because of better compensation of genes with lower levels of expression. Compensated genes have different functional properties than non-compensated genes, suggesting that dosage compensation has evolved gene-by-gene according to selective pressures on each gene. The group of genes comprising the MHM region also resides on a primitive mammalian (platypus) sex chromosome and, thus, may represent an ancestral precursor to avian ZZ/ZW and monotreme XX/XY sex chromosome systems.

Conclusion

The aggregation of dosage compensated genes near the MHM locus may reflect a local sex- and chromosome-specific mechanism of dosage compensation, perhaps mediated by the MHM non-coding RNA.
The Rituals of Possession: Native Identity and the Invention of Empire in Seventeenth-Century Western North America
Authors: Witgen Michael
Published: September 2007

This article examines the social construction of space and identity in the Great Lakes and the western interior of North America. Through analysis of documentary evidence it contrasts the discursive practices of the French empire, which established claims of discovery and possession, with the lived experience of the French fur trade and alliance system. It suggests that the practices of empire, such as renaming people and places and then mapping the newly imagined entities both cartographically and through diplomatic protocol, represented native peoples from an exclusively imperial vantage point. This overly determined perspective obscures the extent to which native social formations in the Great Lakes and western interior operated and evolved independent of their relationships to the empires of the Atlantic world. It concludes that, from an alternative indigenous framework, European claims of discovery and possession in this region represented the rhetoric of empire rather than a genuine expansion of political sovereignty.
Cross-Cultural Crime and Osage Justice in the Western Mississippi Valley, 1700-1826
Authors: DuVal Kathleen
Published: September 2007

This article explores ideas of justice and punishment held by various Indians and Europeans, ending with the trial of several Osage men accused by the United States of the kind of killing that the Osage had done for a century in protection of their trade and land rights. It argues that Indian ways of cross-cultural interaction shaped interactions with Europeans and also changed in order to deal with the new hazards and opportunities that newcomers presented.
The Displacement of Violence: Ute Diplomacy and the Making of New Mexico's Eighteenth-Century Northern Borderlands
Authors: Blackhawk Ned
Published: September 2007

Examining shifting diplomatic and military initiatives undertaken by bands of Ute Indians in New Mexico, this article locates forms of colonial violence at the center of the early American West. Through their adaptations to the arrival of new colonial technologies, economies, and motivations, the Ute and other Indian peoples throughout northern New Mexico responded to the arrival of Spanish colonialism in creative and often violent ways. While forms of band consolidation, equestrian adoption, and increased warfare have characterized many studies of the indigenous West, less attention has been paid to the diplomatic strategies initiated by equestrian leaders in their new worlds. Increased diplomacy and alliance formation characterize the earliest recorded Comanche and Ute histories and offer windows into how Europeans influenced indigenous geographies as well as how various Shoshonean speakers responded to such transformations.