bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of Early Adult X-Irradiation upon Emotional Display in the Aged Female Beagle: A Negative Finding
Authors: Solarz Andrew K.
Published: September 2011

250 adult female beagles were tested for emotional display late in adult life after having been exposed or sham exposed to X-irradiation at 10 to 12 mo. of age. The control dogs were interspersed in pens among experimentals. Emotional display was stimulated by the presentation of a person relatively strange to the kennel area. The dogs' responses were classified as “friendly,” “wary,” “aggressive” or “staying.” No significant differences were obtained in the comparison of experimental and control groups in regard to frequency of dogs falling within each of the behavioral categories.
Maternal Care in Relation to Infant Behavior in the Squirrel Monkey
Authors: Rumbaugh Duane M.
Published: September 2011

Observation of a mother squirrel monkey with her dead infant and an experiment with another mother and her viable 10-day-old infant are used to support the following points. (1) The typical, passive maternal care given by the squirrel monkey mother to her young is in part influenced by the behavior of the infant. (2) In response to certain behaviors of the infant, the squirrel monkey mother can exhibit behaviors that for her are otherwise improbable, including bipedal carrying and cradling of the infant. Implications of these findings for inferring the origin of bipedalism in primates are considered.
Issues and Ethics in Behavior Manipulation
Authors: Kanfer Frederick H.
Published: September 2011

It is assumed that psychological techniques are now available for the modification of human behavior. This paper focuses on the implications of this technological advance for clinical psychology. The dilemma consists in the problem of justifying use of subtle influencing techniques in clinical procedures in the face of the popular assumption of the integrity, dignity and rights to freedom of the patient. The first step in the resolution of this dilemma is the recognition that a therapeutic effort by necessity influences the patient's value system as well as his specific symptoms. Control of behavior is wide-spread and historically not a new discovery. It was the purpose of this paper to discuss three features of the psychotherapeutic process which tend to raise ethical as well as scientific problems: (1) the particular methods of control used, (2) the domain of the behavior to be controlled, and (3) the discrepancy between personal values and cultural metavalues. It was noted that methods of psychological control appear more dangerous to the public when they are subtle in their influence and when their methods rest on control by rewards or positive reinforcement, rather than on coercion, or physical force. With regard to the domain of behavior to be controlled it was noted that most therapeutic strategies deal with the private, personal and intimate aspects of a person's life. This choice of material results in more powerful control over a person's behavior than material which is easily accessible to the community. Finally, it is pointed out that there are numerous ways in which a person can behave without violating the metavalues of his culture. The specific changes in personal values may be heavily influenced by the therapist. The paper suggested that the social community as a whole and not just the psychologist needs to establish rules within which psychological behavior modifications can be carried out.
Familiarization and Cue Selection
Authors: Scandura Joseph M.
Published: September 2011

266 Ss were given seven different kinds of familiarization training with complex stimuli, each having only one discriminating attribute. Those familiarized with the stimuli used during PA learning had fewer learning errors than the controls. Although a significant over-all effect also was noted, sub-comparisons revealed that differential reinforcement of the discriminating stimulus cue, during familiarization, was superior to reinforcement of non-discriminating cues only with the control stimuli. The corresponding result with the learning stimuli was in the same direction, however, and no interaction was noted. The former result supported certain other predifferentiation studies; the latter findings were harder to explain, but were tentatively attributed to asymptotic conditions.
Persistence of Influence for Varying Durations of Exposure to Threat Stimuli
Authors: Leventhal Howard , Niles Patricia
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the effect of two variables: (1) duration of exposure to a fear-arousing communication and (2) time interval between exposure to the communication and measurement, upon emotional arousal and attitude change. The study used four durations (8, 16, 24, 32 min.) of technicolor sound movies depicting the consequences of serious automotive accidents. Questionnaires measuring affect arousal and desire to engage in safe driving practices were administered immediately, 1 to 2 hr., 1 day, and 1 wk. after exposure. A total of 201 college students were recruited and paid for participating. The results showed increased concern and worry over driving and increased desire to take preventive action the longer the duration of exposure. There were no increases in reported fear with increased duration. In addition, there were decreases in reported emotional arousal, concern over driving, and desire to engage in safe driving practices the longer the interval between exposure to the communications and measurement. The results are discussed in terms of fear-arousal functioning as a drive to promote the acceptance of preventive recommendations.
Relationships between Authoritarian Attitudes in Delinquent Girls and the Authoritarian Attitudes and Authoritarian Rearing Practices of Their Mothers
Authors: Mosher Donald L. , Mosher Joan B.
Published: September 2011

Authoritarian attitudes of 70 lower-class, adolescent, delinquent girls were assessed and related to the authoritarian attitudes and authoritarian rearing practices of their mothers. The mothers' rearing practices and attitudes were measured by their direct report and indirectly by their daughters' perceived mothers' report. Although the measures of authoritarian attitudes and authoritarian rearing practices were moderately correlated, only the authoritarian attitudes of the mothers were consistently and significantly related to the authoritarian attitudes of their daughters. The discussion of results contained some hypotheses relating the identification process to ethnocentric and authoritarian attitude development which are suggestive of future research.
Comparison of Information Scales and Like-Indifferent-Dislike Scales as Measures of Interest
Authors: Skager Rodney W. , Bussis Anne M. , Schultz Charles B.
Published: September 2011

The potential of information tests for the non-fakable measurement of interests was tested by observing the overlap of interest scales with information scales after partialling out verbal and numerical ability. Significant partial correlations between scales of the two types of measures for secondary school Ss led to a comparison of the respective capacities of the two instruments in predicting academic performance and self-initiated, extracurricular accomplishments in the arts and sciences. While interest scales predicted academic performance independently of measured aptitude for males, the information scales were not related to grades for either sex after partialling out verbal and numerical abilities. In correlations with self-initiated, extracurricular Science, Esthetic and Literary activities, interest scales did show larger and more consistent relationships than information scales, but the presence of interest components in information scales seems to have been established.
Incidental Learning as a Function of Degree of Intentional Learning
Authors: Miller Marilyn E.
Published: September 2011

In an extended replication of a study by Bahrick (1957), Ss were instructed to learn a serial list of nonsense syllables each of which was enclosed in a form. Depending upon the treatment group, Ss either had one trial or trials were repeated until either 25%, 50%, 100%, 150%, or 200% serial learning was attained. 6 groups of 10 Ss each were told to learn the forms in preparation for a rest (Int), 6 groups of 15 Ss were given no form-instructions but included self-instructing Ss (Inc–1), and 6 groups of 10 Ss were given no form-instructions and excluded Ss who admitted trying to learn the forms (Inc–2). Results similar to Bahrick's were found for the Inc–1 groups and appeared to be attributable to self-instructing Ss. With incidental instructions, the forms recognized were independent of previously learned syllables.
Note on the Psychopathology of Senility: Senescent Defense against Threat of Death
Authors: Morgan Robert F.
Published: September 2011

Inherent in many of the physiological explanations of senility is a fatalism, i.e., the senile psychoses cannot be cured. There has been no evidence that senility, far from universal, is incurable. Less pessimistic psychogenic theories lead to plausible therapies. Senility, having symptoms in common with schizophrenia, might be treated by the same methods. Like schizophrenia, senility may be precipitated by the threat of death. That senility is a senescent defense against a personal and inevitable death is supported by the fact that the memory of the aged fails (is repressed), the most recent memories being lost first. A psychotherapeutic program for the senile aimed at the terror reduction of the death threat is recommended.
Attitudes toward U.S. and Russian Actions: A Double Standard
Authors: Oskamp Stuart
Published: September 2011

In recent years the U. S. A. and Russia have taken many similar or identical actions, e.g., increased their military budgets, made disarmament proposals, signed joint treaties. It was hypothesized that attitudes of American students toward these similar actions would exhibit a double standard, favoring the U. S. A. Parallel 50-item questionnaires were given to 27 college students in a counterbalanced design. As predicted, most U. S. actions were rated much more favorably than the identical Russian action (45 of 50 higher, 30 significant). However, Ss who had just rated one nation's actions were more neutral in rating those of the other nation, suggesting that a balanced presentation of information leads to greater objectivity. The double standard in evaluating international actions is necessary for operation of the “mirror-image effect” described by Bronfenbrenner.
Student Preparation and Tape Recording of Course Lectures as a Method of Instruction
Authors: Webb Neil J.
Published: September 2011

The problem was to test the effectiveness of having students prepare and tape-record course lectures as a method of instruction. Seventy-one students in four separate psychology courses learned by the student-lecture method, and their course achievements were compared with those of controls of similar ability and training who learned with the same instructor using traditional methods. The results indicate that the student-lecture method offers considerable promise for improving the quality of student learning; however, the general applicability of the findings is restricted by the exploratory nature of the research.
Birth Order and Need for Achievement
Authors: Wolkon George H. , Levinger George
Published: September 2011

Since first-borns exceed later-borns in academic achievement and IQ does not differ systematically, one may test the hypothesis that first-borns have higher need achievement than later-borns. Various measures of need achievement were used with three separate samples of adults. The hypothesis was not supported.
Persuasion and Emotional Response: A Cross-Cultural Study
Authors: McGinnies Elliott , Aiba Hitoshi
Published: September 2011

In this experiment we exposed small groups of Japanese university students to persuasive communications dealing with the Cuban situation, recorded galvanic skin responses while they listened to the arguments and measured their attitudes after exposure to each of the communications. The data were examined for relationships between initial attitude, emotional response to persuasion, and attitude change. This study was part of a larger program of experiments designed to determine the responses of Japanese university students to persuasive communications under varying conditions of exposure.
Factor Structure of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children at Pre-School Level and after First Grade: A Longitudinal Analysis
Authors: Osborne R. Travis
Published: September 2011

In order to determine the changes in mental factor structure with increasing age and educational maturity, two factor analytic studies were made. In 1961, 163 pre-school children were examined with the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children and 4 reference tests. One year later this test battery was repeated with 153 of the same children. The 10 standard WISC subtests, except coding, were split into 2, 3, or 4 parts to yield as many variables as possible. Kaiser's varimax rotation was applied to the 30 by 30 matrix. Evidence is presented supporting 8 statistically significant uncorrelated factors at the pre-school level and 10 factors after 1 yr. of school. At least 6 factors are readily identified by WISC subtests, or by combinations of WISC subtests. Our findings support Garrett's developmental theory of intelligence. By age 6 differential mental abilities are clearly discernible. Six factors extracted at pre-school level are stable and congruent with those found after 1 yr. of school.
Interaction between Effort and Partial Reinforcement in Free Operant Response of Rats and Fish
Authors: Haralson John V. , Gillman Clifford B. , Ralph George S.
Published: September 2011

Rats and fish were trained to give a free operant response under partial versus consistent reinforcement and high versus low effort. Resistance to extinction was then measured in terms of number of responses to criterion (R), time to criterion (T), and rate to criterion (R/T). Effort failed to affect any of these measures in either species. In rats partial reinforcement produced greater resistance to extinction than consistent reinforcement on R and T, but not on R/T, whereas partially reinforced fish failed to differ from those consistently reinforced on R and T bur exceeded the consistently reinforced fish on R/T. The R and T measures were correlated in both groups of fish but only in the consistently reinforced rats. Partially reinforced fish were less variable than consistently reinforced fish on the T measure. It is suggested that the principal effect of partial reinforcement in rats is on mean time to extinction, but the effect in fish is on variability of time to extinction.
Effect of Recall Condition, Presentation Rate and Retention Interval on Short-Term Memory
Authors: Rohrman Nicholas L. , Jahnke John C.
Published: September 2011

A total of 300 university students were presented a brief list of non-alphanumeric items and instructed to recall immediately either the items (free recall, FR), the order in which the items were presented (order recall, OR), or both (serial recall, SR). Presentation rate and retention interval were additional experimental variables in Exp. I and II, respectively. In both experiments significant differences in recall were found between FR conditions and the remaining two, which did not differ from each other. More items were recalled at the slow than fas: rate. Retention interval was not a significant variable. Results suggest that retention will improve when order information is eliminated from recall (Brown, 1958), that the recall of item and order information involve at least partially independent memory processes, and that, while the recall of items may proceed independently of the recall of their order, the converse is not true.
Visual vs Locomotor Response Effects on Satiation to Novel Stimuli: A Sex Difference in Rats
Authors: Simmel Edward C. , Cheney John H. , Landy Eugene E.
Published: September 2011

To determine the relative effects of visual and locomotor exploration on satiation of responses to a novel stimulus, 28 male and 28 female rats were each randomly assigned to one of 4 groups: held vs not held in a small container, with the stimulus either present or absent, in a 2 × 2 × 2 design. In a subsequent free exploration test using the same stimulus, it was found that females made more exploratory responses than males ( p < .001), and holding increased subsequent exploratory behavior ( p < .01), especially in females. It was concluded that, at least for female rats, prior enforced exposure to a novel stimulus is not sufficient for satiation to that stimulus, and the necessity for a certain degree of locomotor exploration was suggested. In addition, a marked sex difference in exploratory behavior was noted.
Drug-Behavior Interaction Affecting Development of Tolerance to D-Amphetamine as Observed in Fixed Ratio Behavior of Rats
Authors: Brown Hugh
Published: September 2011

Two groups of three rats each were trained to perform on a food-reinforced FR50 schedule. One group, subjected to daily dosage with 3.0 mg/kg d-amphetamine, developed tolerance to the depressing effect of the drug within 10 days. A second group similarly treated, except that the animals were not placed in the experimental chamber during daily dosage until the tenth day, failed to develop tolerance for 20 consecutive subsequent drug administrations. The finding is interpreted as a drug-behavior interaction.
Type of Interpolated Activity and Short-Term Memory
Authors: Bruning James L. , Schappe Robert H.
Published: September 2011

This study was designed to determine the effects of retention interval (0, 4, 8, or 16 sec.), trials, and type of interpolated material (nothing, numbers, consonants, or CVCs) on STM. The results indicated that: (1) retention is inversely related to similarity of test and interpolated items, and (2) similarity interacts with both length of the retention interval and the number of practice trials.
Stress-Induced Gastric Lesions in Mice
Authors: Frisone John D. , Essman Walter B.
Published: September 2011

Groups of light (13-21 gm.) and heavier (22-30 gm.) mice were subdivided and either immobilized for 48 hr. (Experimental) or just food deprived for the same period (Control). The stomachs were removed, food contents noted, and the gastric tissue was examined for lesions and rated for the severity of pathology Experimental and control Ss differed significantly only with respect to the amount of food contained in the stomach and not with respect to the rated severity of the gastric lesion; a decrease in the severity of gastric pathology and a lowered incidence of gastric pathology emerged as a function of increased weight and food retention. It was apparent that immobilization-induced stress contributed little more to the incidence and severity of gastric lesions in mice than did food deprivation alone.
Repetitive Psychometric Measures: Spatial Orientation
Authors: Mefferd Roy B. , Wieland Betty A.
Published: September 2011

A Spatial Orientation measure with 20 parallel forms was evaluated under various conditions with three samples, totalling 265 Ss. The forms were based on the Thurstone Card Test, but the format and time limits were modified. The new measure correlated at low positive levels with Speed of Closure (.35), Visualization (.28), Number Facility (.27), and Wechsler-Bellevue Vocabulary scores (.43), but factor analyses established that it and the Thurstone Card Test were independent of the other nine measures in the present Repetitive Psychometric Measures battery. Although the internal consistency of single forms was low before practice, it increased with practice (e.g., .63 to .77).
A Test of Atkinson's Formula for Predicting Choice Behavior
Authors: Locke Edwin A.
Published: September 2011

Atkinson's formula for predicting choice behavior was tested using scrambled words of different lengths. It was found, as predicted, that Ss (for whom it could be assumed the motivation to approach success exceeded the motivation to avoid failure) tended to choose word lengths of moderate difficulty.
Differential Responses of Profoundly Retarded Children to Social Stimulation
Authors: Hollis John H.
Published: September 2011

20 profoundly mentally retarded children were tested in a “free-field” situation with an adult E providing social stimulation in accordance with a pre-determined role. The social activities included signaling, petting, play, passiveness, and withdrawal. The onset of these activities was contingent upon S‘s making a simple instrumental response. The results showed that specific forms of social stimulation provided by an adult E had definite and differential reinforcing effects. The order of preference for the social activities was as follows: signal, pet, play, passive, and withdraw.
Evaluational Reactions to Erotic Literature
Authors: Jakobovits Leon A.
Published: September 2011

On the basis of analysis of a variety of erotic literature Kronhausen and Kronhausen (1959) have suggested that there seem to be two general types: erotic realism ( ER) and hard-core obscenity ( O). Using three of the distinguishing criteria which were identified (context, exaggeration, and anti-eroticism), 20 short stories were specifically written in such a way that 10 had the characteristics of ER and the others had the characteristics of O. Study I showed a very high degree of agreement between judges in their classification of these stories as either ER or O. Study II revealed that male and female readers react differentially to the two types of stories. Females consistently rate O as more interesting and sexually stimulating than males do, the latter finding ER as more arousing than O. Other evaluational reactions are also described. A “warm-up” cumulative effect with successive reading was found with both sexes. The possibility of sampling bias affecting the data was noted.
Influence of Delay of Reinforcement and Overlearning on Position Reversal
Authors: Renner K. Edward
Published: September 2011

The effect of constant delay of reinforcement during acquisition on resistance to position reversal was observed in two experiments. In Exp. 1 a similar final level of acquisition performance was ensured by running all Ss to a criterion; in Exp. 2, Ss received 300 acquisition trials ensuring overlearning for all Ss. Both experiments failed to show increased resistance to reversal as a function of acquisition delay as had been predicted from frustration theory.
Paired-Associate Learning by Anticipation and Non-Anticipation Methods: Supplementary Data
Authors: Reynolds James H.
Published: September 2011

Groups learning paired-associates by either the anticipation or non-anticipation method were given a single test after 6 trials and then 5 more tests in series after 9 trials. No differences between learning methods were obtained on either initial testing or the recall series. The results confirm previous findings that the methods yield equivalent learning, suggesting that informational feedback is unnecessary for verbal associative formation.
General Response Tendencies and Parental Attitudes in the Mothers of Mentally Retarded Children
Authors: Silverstein A. B. , Dingman Harvey F.
Published: September 2011

The Parental Attitude Research Instrument (PARI) was administered to 96 women whose children were candidates for placement in a state institution for the mentally retarded. Ss were divided into two groups of equal size: mothers of the severely retarded and mothers of the mildly retarded. The latter group initially obtained significantly higher scores on 15 of the 23 PARI scales. However, when Bell's procedure for isolating the elevation and scatter of the item-response profile was applied, the number of significant differences between the groups proved not to be significantly greater than chance.
A Joint Investigation of Associative and Word Frequency in Paired-Associate Learning
Authors: Schwartz Fred
Published: September 2011

Ss learned lists which varied in both associative and word frequency. Associative frequency accounted for most of the experimental variance; word frequency accounted for a small but significant portion of the variance. The independent variables were orthogonal.
Notes on the Reliability and Validity of the Dogmatism Scale
Authors: Zagona Salvatore V. , Zurcher Louis A.
Published: September 2011

Recently collected data on the reliability and validity of Rokeach's Dogmatism Scale are reviewed. Test-retest reliability coefficients for the scale obtained by the authors are compared with those cited by Rokeach. Reliability is shown to be about the same for high dogmatics as for low dogmatics. The construct of dogmatism is shown to be supported by validity data resulting from experimental-observational studies of individual behavior and group processes.
Study-Test and Anticipation Methods in Paired-Associate Learning of Similar and Non-Similar Lists
Authors: Behring D. W. , Zaffy Donna J.
Published: September 2011

The purposes of the present study were to compare the study-test and anticipation procedures and to investigate the effect of high intralist similarity upon learning by each method. Forty Ss, 24 females and 16 males, learned one list by each method. The results indicate that the study-test method leads to better performance, as measured by number of trials to criterion. The detrimental effect of high intralist similarity was significant only for the study-test method. This finding is contrary to the results reported by other investigators.
Note on Secondary Reinforcement using a Discriminative Stimulus from an Aversive Situation
Authors: Wenrich W. W. , Cahoon D. D.
Published: September 2011

It is well known that discriminative stimuli can function as conditioned reinforcers. However, most of the empirical support for this conclusion has been derived from experiments with SDs established in appetitive situations rather than in situations in which reinforcement has stemmed from the removal of negatively reinforcing stimuli. In this project the reinforcing efficacy of SDs from the aversive situation is assessed, and the implications of the results for behavioral analysis and further experimentation are discussed.
Effects of Large and Small Bilateral Hippocampal Lesions on Two Types of Passive-Avoidance Responses
Authors: Snyder Daniel R. , Isaacson Robert L.
Published: September 2011

Ten rats with large bilateral hippocampectomies, 10 rats with smaller amounts of damage of the dorsal hippocampus, 10 rats with destruction of postero-lateral neocortex, and 15 normal animals were trained in two types of passive-avoidance situations. One passive-avoidance task required inhibition of drinking while thirsty, the other required an animal to refrain from entering a small compartment after i: had been trained to enter, while hungry, for a food reward. Animals with the largest amounts of hippocampal destruction were impaired in both types of problems. Animals with smaller degrees of hippocampal damage were not different from normal animals in their ability to inhibit licking but were impaired in the other task. Animals with neocortical destruction showed impairment only in the licking situation.
Measured Stability of Teacher Personality
Authors: Stone Douglas E.
Published: September 2011

Statistical evidence based on observer ratings of 61 Ss, on three teacher personality dimensions, over a 2- to 6-yr. period, supports the hypothesis of stability of measured teacher characteristics under proper and reliable methods of analysis. These methods include adjustment of ratings for rater bias. Correlations for two dimensions (Understanding-friendly and Responsible-businesslike) ranged from .62 to .86. One dimension (Stimulating-imaginative) showed significantly lower correlations.
Physiological and Psychological Functioning in Chronic Schizophrenics following a Single Dose of Morphine Sulfate
Authors: Collins L. Glenn , Maire Frederick W. , Schalock Robert , Harless Marian , Whittier James
Published: September 2011

A single dose (10 mg/70 kg) of morphine sulfate was administered to 18 male chronic schizophrenics, using a double-blind procedure. Performance on 29 physiological and sensory variables was measured. Only on two variables was there any statistically significant effect.
Classical Conditioning of Light Evoked Responses in Cat
Authors: Elder S. Thomas , Guerrero-Figueroa Roberto
Published: September 2011

After repeated paired presentations of sound and light while recording from the visual cortex, sound was presented alone and a CR was observed.
Simple Method for CER Conditioning and Measurement
Authors: Leaf Russell C. , Muller Stanley A.
Published: September 2011

The effect of Pavlovian fear CSs on water drinking by thirsty rats was studied after fear conditioning with several procedures. Forward conditioning produced typical CER suppression of drinkometer-recorded licking, but backward conditioning and other Pavlovian control procedures did not. Effective CER suppression was demonstrated after 4 conditioning trials with a 1-trial test procedure. This is apparently the most simple and rapid technique available for evaluating CER suppression of ongoing responding.
Transfer of Discrimination Learning Based Upon Contingent and Noncontingent Training Procedures
Authors: Trapold Milton A. , Fairlie Jack
Published: September 2011

An experiment was performed to determine the extent to which the transfer of discrimination training (DT) from one response class to another depends upon the specific response classes employed. One group of Ss (rats) first received free operant DT (SD = light on, SΔ = light off) on a horizontal bar-pressing response, while another group received noncontingent DT. Both groups then received DT with a vertical bar-pressing response, one-half of each group with the same SD and SΔ as in original training, the other half with the SD and SΔ reversed. Highly significant transfer was found for both original learning conditions and no significant differences could be detected in the amount of transfer in these two conditions. These results were interpreted as providing further evidence that the inter-response transfer of DT is not a matter of response generalization but involves a mediational process. Several possible mediational processes are discussed.
Analysis of Ten Criteria of Student Performance
Authors: Prien Erich P. , Lee Robert J.
Published: September 2011

A factor analysis of 10 student activity dimensions ( N = 48) yielded 3 factors named: social activities performance, structured achievement, and unstructured achievement.
Conditionability and Age in Human Adults
Authors: Davidson P. O. , Payne R. W. , Sloane R. B.
Published: September 2011

40 neurotic female patients, aged 16 to 65, were conditioned using a finger withdrawal response and GSR to shock. In a second experiment, using 30 neurotic and 30 normal females, aged 16 to 65, finger withdrawal, GSR, and heart-rate responses were conditioned to shock, and an eyeblink response was conditioned to an airpuff. A consistent negative relationship between age and conditionability was found for this age group (8 out of 12 correlations were significant at p < .05). The relation of these results to those of other studies of age differences was discussed.
Sex Differences in Recognizing the Correct Answer to a Problem
Authors: Burke Ronald J.
Published: September 2011

Previous research has shown the superiority of performance of males over that of females in solving Maier's horse trading problem. This investigation represented an attempt to reduce this sex difference by requiring Ss only to recognize the correct answer and its underlying reason. Consistent with earlier findings, 67.4% of the males and 34.2% of the females correctly solved the problem ( p < .01). Comparison with results of Hoffman and Maier (1961) suggests that the modified version of the problem had little effect on the percentage of males and females correctly solving the problem.
Cardiac Rate of the Rat under a DRL and a Non-Contingent Temporal Schedule of Reinforcement
Authors: Snapper A. G. , Schoenfeld W. N. , Ferraro D. P. , Locke B.
Published: September 2011

Two experiments were conducted in an attempt to produce conditioning of the rat's heart-rate response to periodic presentations of a positive reinforcer. In the first study, milk was presented once every 60 sec. to 2 Ss and once every 240 sec. to 2 other Ss. The unconditioned cardiac response to the milk was an increase in cardiac rate, and, while it was shown that the increase became conditioned to auditory stimulation which accompanied the milk, no evidence of temporal conditioning was found. In the second study, heart rates were observed during a DRL reinforcement schedule for lever pressing. Once again, no evidence of temporal conditioning was found, although there was an indication that heart rate increases following reinforced lever press responses were greater than following unreinforced presses.
Idiocy and Longevity: A Brief Note
Authors: Cleland Charles C. , Patton William F.
Published: September 2011

Evidence suggests that institutionalized idiots conform generally to the same pattern of longevity found among normals and that they do so under circumstances of assumed minimal stimulation.
Further Normative Data on Tests Measuring Flexibility in Cognitive Processes
Authors: Kelly Francis J. , Hunka Stephen , Conklin Rodney
Published: September 2011

Two University of Alberta samples and two high school samples were administered two measures of flexibility (Associations IV and Object Naming). Two measures of anxiety and convergent thinking data were obtained for three of the samples. The Alberta samples tended to score lower on Associations IV than an Illinois sample. Split-half reliability of the Associations IV task yielded Spearman-Brown correlations ranging from .60 to .75. The Alberta sample tended to score higher on the Object Naming task by comparison with the Illinois sample. The split-half reliability of Object Naming, however, indicates a questionable relationship between parts (Spearman-Brown Formula rs range from .15 to .57). Anxiety tended to facilitate performance among older Ss and hinder performance among the younger Ss. The two flexibility measures correlated more strongly with measures of convergent thinking than with each other.
Chlorpromazine and Memory Consolidation
Authors: Adams Henry E. , Peacock L. J. , Glenn John F.
Published: September 2011

To determine whether chlorpromazine affects learning by disrupting memory traces 40 23-hr. water-deprived rats were given 1 trial per day in a straight alley maze for a water reward. The factorial design included (a) chlorpromazine vs saline and (b) injection 10 sec. after a learning trial vs injection 30 min. after a learning trial. All groups learned but there were no significant main effects or interaction, which indicates that chlorpromazine does not affect learning this simple task under water-deprivation.
Cognitive Dissonance and Self-Confidence Level
Authors: Margoshes Adam , Litt Sheldon
Published: September 2011

Hall and Closson studied psychoanalytic judgments, which produced a situation roughly similar to one described by Myers: in both studies, contrary results would be predicted by reinforcement and cognitive dissonance views. Myers found that most psychologists preferred the reinforcement prediction, which was validated by the results. We found that most psychologists preferred the reinforcement prediction for the Hall and Closson data as well but results validated cognitive dissonance.
Effects of Shock Intensity, Deprivation, and Morphine in a Simple Approach-Avoidance Conflict Situation
Authors: Leaf Russell C. , Muller Stanley A.
Published: September 2011

The effects of water deprivation, shock level, and morphine on punishment-induced suppression of water drinking during a single conflict acquisition session were studied. Suppression of drinkometer-recorded licking was greatest with high levels of intermittent foot-shock for drinking, and suppression was reduced by morphine. Level of deprivation had no significant effect.
Birth Order, Family Composition and Teaching Style
Authors: Solomon Daniel
Published: September 2011

Characteristics of the family of origin and of the present nuclear family were related to 10 factor-analytically derived dimensions of teacher behavior, based on student questionnaire responses. Birth order in family of origin was related to “criticism, disapproval, hostility vs tolerance” (with first borns more critical, later-borns more tolerant) among 69 male teachers of adults. The sex of the majority of the teachers' children related to a personalism factor, those with mostly male children tending to teach “impersonally;” those with mostly female children tending to teach with “personal expression.”
Conditioning Vicarious Affective Arousal
Authors: Craig Kenneth D. , Weinstein Malcolm S.
Published: September 2011

GSR reactivity, serving as a physiological measure of affective arousal, was instigated and conditioned when Ss observed a performer consistently failing at a motor task. Experimental groups who were told that shock was contingent upon the performer's failure manifested no more vicarious affective reactions than groups observing failure only. Groups observing failure consistently responded with more GSRs than groups observing task success.
Occurrence of Sex and Social Class Differences in Premorbid Competence, Symptom and Outcome Measures in Acute Schizophrenics
Authors: Raskin Allen , Golob Risa
Published: September 2011

An investigation was made of the occurrence of sex and social class differences in 15 premorbid competence, 14 symptom and two outcome measures. The sample comprised 138 newly admitted schizophrenics from nine hospitals. Middle-class patients evinced greater pre-adolescent psychic disturbance, greater premorbid interest and involvement in interpersonal, social and recreational activities, and were more emotionally unrestrained on admission than working-class patients. Female patients were older, more often married, higher on premorbid social achievement, and lower on symptoms characterizing grandiosity. The implications of these essentially negative findings for the process-reactive distinction in schizophrenia, and Zigler and Phillips' reported relationship between premorbid competence and symptoms, are discussed.
A Suggested Approach to Evaluation of Projective Techniques
Authors: Goldfried Marvin R.
Published: September 2011

Despite the plethora of research on projective techniques, no firm conclusion has yet been reached concerning their validity. Although this current state of affairs is in part a function of strong personal biases “for” and “against” the worth of projectives, much of the confusion seems to have been perpetuated by the unsystematic approach which characterizes out attempts to conceptualize the “validity” of various projective techniques. Because of the multidimensional nature of projective methods, we need to ask specific questions concerning their validity—each question focusing on a particular use to which the method has been put (e.g., its validity as a measure of anxiety, hostility, homosexuality, etc.). Only in this way can we set off the validity limits of the various projective techniques.
Using the MMPI with Adolescents who have Somatic Symptoms
Authors: Stone F. Beth , Rowley Vinton N. , Macqueen John C.
Published: September 2011

Since the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) has been shown to be useful in discriminating between adults who have organically-based somatic symptoms and other adults whose somatic symptoms are deemed to be functional, an investigation of its usefulness in this regard with adolescents (in the 13 through 16 age range) was undertaken. MMPI scores of 44 adolescents who came to a general hospital with somatic symptoms and who were found to have an organic disease were compared with the scores of 29 adolescents who came with similar symptoms for which no organic basis could be found and who were ultimately diagnosed as having a functional or psychogenic disorder. The groups were similar in terms of age, education, socioeconomic status, and race. Both boys and girls in the functional group had significantly higher mean scores on the first three scales of the MMPI ( Hs, D and Hy), and the girls had a higher mean score on Scale 7 ( Pt).
Development of Scales Based on Patterns of Drug Effects, Using the Addiction Research Center Inventory (ARCI)
Authors: Haertzen Charles A.
Published: September 2011

A series of scales were developed on the basis of the pattern of change of responses on Addiction Research Center Inventory items produced by drugs including morphine, pentobarbital, chlorpromazine, alcohol, LSD, pyrahexyl, and amphetamine in post addicts. The pattern scales were compared with empirically developed scales that measure the effects of each drug as contrasted with placebo. It was found that the empirical scales show a greater sensitivity to general or non-specific drug effects than pattern scales, i.e., all drugs in the series produced significant elevations on empirical scales. Because of this characteristic, less differentiation between drugs is possible with empirical scales. On scales which reflect patterns of drug actions, greater differentiation between drugs was shown. Higher doses produced more specific drug effects than lower doses. This difference was produced probably by a relatively greater contribution of non-specific drug effects for lower doses. Significant reliability coefficients were obtained for all scales. Reliability of scales across conditions was related to the type of scale and similarity of conditions. As indicated by several findings, condition-similarity has implications for relating personality to drug effects.
Resistance to Extinction under Variable Conditions as a Function of the Intertrial Interval
Authors: Long J. B. , McNamara H. J.
Published: September 2011

72 rats were given 8 acquisition trials under constant acquisition conditions and then extinguished under constant (C), variable (V) and interpolated rest (R) conditions. The V and R conditions did not differ significantly from one another but both differed significantly from the C condition. It was concluded that the rate of extinction is inhibited when extinction trials are widely distributed, regardless of whether the intertrial interval is filled or not.
Absence of Transfer in Unusual Uses Tests
Authors: Ray Wilbert S.
Published: September 2011

To produce weight responses to the word “screw-driver” in an Unusual Uses Test, the test was preceded by a test asking for uses of an electric iron. For the two groups, a high school age group, and a college summer school group, no evidence of positive transfer appeared.
Preference and Switching under Ratio Contingencies with Humans
Authors: Weiner Harold
Published: September 2011

Preference was studied by permitting human Ss to make switching responses which controlled the programming of components of various two-component multiple-ratio schedules. The results show that humans prefer (switch to) components with the smaller ratio requirement and the greater amount of reinforcement per occurrence of reinforcement under FR contingencies. No differential preference was observed when the multiple-ratio schedule consisted of FR and VR components equated for ratio requirement and reinforcement amount.
Effect of Casework Upon Relatives of Patients Leaving a Psychiatric Hospital
Authors: Carlton M. Gant
Published: September 2011

A study employing a control group was conducted in a Veterans Administration psychiatric hospital to determine the effect of casework upon relatives of patients leaving the hospital. Thirty-four veterans and their most significant relatives were rated before and after casework intervention. Few statistically significant changes were found in the sample studied. Relatives who had received casework perceived that the patient changed in his being demanding and stubborn and also had changed his behavior in relation to family routines. Replication with a larger and more representative sample of patients leaving a psychiatric hospital is recommended.
Effect of Season of Birth on Achievement of College Students
Authors: Craddick Ray A.
Published: September 2011

CEEB Verbal and Mathematical scores of college students and the cumulative grade point average of college graduates were compared according to the season of their birth. No seasonal effects were indicated but a sex difference showed that male students achieved a higher Mathematical score and female graduates, a higher cumulative grade point average. Caution should be exercised in attributing season-of-birth effects to achievement.
An Ego-Programmed Group Treatment Approach with Emotionally Disturbed Boys
Authors: Field Lewis W.
Published: September 2011

A mildly structured situation for group therapy is utilized to foster self-control in emotionally disturbed boys. Within certain limits a wide latitude of behavior is permitted while the child learns to satisfy his needs in a more socially acceptable way. Parents and teachers are educated by the psychiatric social worker to become better ego-models. The therapist, parent, and teacher assume roles as accepting, responding, limit-setting authority figures who manipulate their relationships with the child so as to increase ego strength. Recession in symptoms is observed to accompany improvement in ego function.
Acquired Word Value, Verbal Learning and Retention: Replication and Extension
Authors: Silverstein Albert
Published: September 2011

Color photographs, previously rated either as very pleasant or as indifferent, were learned as responses to nonsense syllables. Ss used their own labels for photographs for responding. Next these syllables were learned as responses to two-digit numbers. Syllable-recall was tested either immediately or after 7 days. Pleasantly-paired syllables were learned faster than those indifferently paired. This difference was partly attributed to faster learning of the pleasant photos in Phase 1 but was partly due to some independent Phase 2 process. No difference was found in rate of forgetting for the differently treated syllables.
Anxiety and Two Cognitive Forms of Resistance to the Idea of Death
Authors: Golding Stephen L. , Atwood George E. , Goodman Richard A.
Published: September 2011

A relationship between affective orientation to death and two cognitive forms of resistance to the idea of death was hypothesized. Affect was measured by the Sarnoff Fear of Death Scale (Sarnoff & Corwin, 1959). One form of resistance was examined by using a perceptual defense model employing neutral- and death-related words; the other was connotative rigidity, a postulated associative inflexibility of death-related concepts. This rigidity was conceived as a clustering of death-related words on the Evaluative (E), Potency (P), and Activity (A) factors of the semantic differential (Osgood, Suci, & Tannenbaum, 1957), and was mathematically expressed as a variance score. Death-related words, presented tachistoscopically, proved significantly more difficult to recognize than neutral words ( p < .01). No significant relationships were demonstrated between affective orientation to death and the two forms of resistance. However, significant correlations between the measures of perceptual defense and connotative rigidity were obtained. In interpreting the results a defense model was used, according to which connotative rigidity and perceptual defense are derivatives of the same general factor.