bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Multistakeholder Partnerships for Sustainable Development: Promises and Pitfalls
Authors: Higham Ian , Bäckstrand Karin , Fritzsche Felicitas , Koliev Faradj
Published: July 2024

This review examines the promises and pitfalls of multistakeholder partnerships (MSPs) for sustainable development. We take stock of the literature on the creation, effectiveness, and legitimacy of MSPs and focus on recent research on MSPs committed to achieving the 2030 Agenda and United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The 2030 Agenda conceives of MSPs as vehicles to achieve large-scale sustainability transformations. Yet, research on MSPs under earlier sustainable development initiatives found that they had limited effectiveness and significant legitimacy deficits. We show that recent research on SDG partnerships suggests they reproduce many of the shortcomings of their predecessors and so are unlikely to foster synergies and minimize trade-offs between areas of sustainable development to deliver transformations on a global scale. We also examine recent research on the prospects of governing MSPs to enhance accountability and ensure better institutional designs for achieving transformations, highlighting challenges arising from international political contestation.
Retail and Institutional Investor Trading Behaviors: Evidence from China
Authors: Tan Lin , Zhang Xiaoyan , Zhang Xinran
Published: July 2024

We study two important questions regarding trading dynamics in China: How do retail and institutional investors trade, and what are the underlying factors for these behaviors? Different from the United States, China's stock market has two prominent features: dominance of retail investors and active participation by the government. After reviewing nearly 100 previous studies, we reach three conclusions. First, there is substantial heterogeneity in retail investors. Small retail investors have low financial literacy, exhibit behavioral biases, and not surprisingly, negatively predict future returns, whereas large retail investors and institutions are capable of processing information and positively predict future returns. Second, the macro- and firm-level information environment in China is slowly but gradually improving, which greatly affects trading behaviors of different investors, especially the more sophisticated institutional investors and large retail investors. Finally, the Chinese government actively adjusts their regulations on the stock market to serve the dual goals of growth and stability. Many regulations are effective, while some may generate unintended consequences.
Climate and Human Evolution: Insights from Marine Records
Authors: Caley Thibaut , Souron Antoine , Uno Kevin T. , Macho Gabriele A.
Published: July 2024

The relationship between climate and human evolution is complex, and the causal mechanisms remain unknown. Here, we review and synthesize what is currently known about climate forcings on African landscapes, focusing mainly on the last 4 million years. We use information derived from marine sediment archives and data-numerical climate model comparisons and integration. There exists a heterogeneity in pan-African hydroclimate changes, forced by a combination of orbitally paced, low-latitude fluctuations in insolation; polar ice volume changes; tropical sea surface temperature gradients linked to the Walker circulation; and possibly greenhouse gases. Pan-African vegetation changes do not follow the same pattern, which is suggestive of additional influences, such as CO2 and temperature. We caution against reliance on temporal correlations between global or regional climate, environmental changes, and human evolution and briefly proffer some ideas on how pan-African climate trends could help create novel conceptual frameworks to determine the causal mechanisms of associations between climate/habitat change and hominin evolution.
The State of Marine Social Science: Yesterday, Today, and into the Future
Authors: Spalding Ana K. , McKinley Emma
Published: July 2024

Rapidly changing ocean conditions are resulting in changes in marine species and across entire ecosystems that, in turn, affect communities and individuals who rely on these resources for their livelihoods, culture, and sustenance. Marine social science, an emerging field that embraces diverse methods to understand human–ocean relationships, is increasingly called on to contribute to transdisciplinary ocean science that can inform the evidence-based policy and management needed to address these changes. Here, we review the state of marine social science as a growing field of study. First, we outline the history of marine social science, including the emergence of the field and the social science disciplines and community it encompasses. We then discuss current marine social science research themes as a framework to understand key ocean issues, which is followed by a commentary on the future of marine social science research.
Unpacking Alternative Features of the Bacterial Chemotaxis System
Authors: Muok A.R. , Olsthoorn F.A. , Briegel A.
Published: July 2024

The bacterial chemotaxis system is one of the best-understood cellular pathways and serves as the model for signal transduction systems. Most chemotaxis research has been conducted with transmembrane chemotaxis systems from Escherichia coli and has established paradigms of the system that were thought to be universal. However, emerging research has revealed that many bacteria possess alternative features of their chemotaxis system, demonstrating that these systems are likely more complex than previously assumed. Here, we compare the canonical chemotaxis system of E. coli with systems that diverge in supramolecular architecture, sensory mechanisms, and protein composition. The alternative features have likely evolved to accommodate chemical specificities of natural niches and cell morphologies. Collectively, these studies demonstrate that bacterial chemotaxis systems are a rapidly expanding field that offers many new opportunities to explore this exceedingly diverse system.
From Chaos Comes Order: Genetics and Genome Biology of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi
Authors: Oliveira Jordana , Yildirir Gokalp , Corradi Nicolas
Published: July 2024

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are obligate mutualists that can enhance nutrition and growth of their plant hosts while providing protection against pathogens. AMF produce spores and hyphal networks that can carry thousands of nuclei in a continuous cytoplasm, with no evidence of sexual reproduction. This review examines the impact of genomic technologies on our view of AMF genetics and evolution. We highlight how the genetics, nuclear dynamics, and epigenetics of these prominent symbionts follow trends preserved in distant multinucleate fungal relatives. We also propose new avenues of research to improve our understanding of their nuclear biology and their intricate genetic interactions with plant hosts.
The Microbe, the Infection Enigma, and the Host
Authors: Casanova Jean-Laurent , Abel Laurent
Published: July 2024

Human infectious diseases are unique in that the discovery of their environmental trigger, the microbe, was sufficient to drive the development of extraordinarily effective principles and tools for their prevention or cure. This unique medical prowess has outpaced, and perhaps even hindered, the development of scientific progress of equal magnitude in the biological understanding of infectious diseases. Indeed, the hope kindled by the germ theory of disease was rapidly subdued by the infection enigma, in need of a host solution, when it was realized that most individuals infected with most infectious agents continue to do well. The root causes of disease and death in the unhappy few remained unclear. While canonical approaches in vitro (cellular microbiology), in vivo (animal models), and in natura (clinical studies) analyzed the consequences of infection with a microbe, considered to be the cause of disease, in cells, tissues, or organisms seen as a uniform host, alternative approaches searched for preexisting causes of disease, particularly human genetic and immunological determinants in populations of diverse individuals infected with a trigger microbe.
Dark Matter Candidates of a Very Low Mass
Authors: Zurek Kathryn M.
Published: July 2024

We review dark matter (DM) candidates of a very low mass appearing in the window below the traditional weakly interacting massive particle (m
χ ≲ 10 GeV) and extending down to m
χ ≳ 1 meV, somewhat below the mass limit at which DM becomes wavelike. Such candidates are motivated by hidden sectors such as hidden valleys, which feature hidden forces and rich dynamics, but have evaded traditional accelerator searches for New Physics because of their relatively weak coupling to the Standard Model (SM). Such sectors can still be detected through dedicated low-energy colliders, which, through their intense beams, can have sensitivity to smaller couplings, or through astrophysical observations of the evolution of DM halos and stellar structures, which, through the Universe's epochs, can be sensitive to small DM interactions. We also consider mechanisms whereby the DM abundance is fixed through the interaction with the SM, which directly motivates the search for light DM in terrestrial experiments. The bulk of this review is dedicated to the new ideas that have been proposed for direct detection of such DM candidates of a low mass through nuclear recoils, electronic excitations, or collective modes such as phonons and magnons. The rich tapestry of materials and modes in the condensed matter landscape is reviewed along with specific prospects for detection.
Synergistic Advancements in Battery-Grade Energy Storage: AgCoS@MXene@AC Hybrid Electrode Material as an Enhanced Electrocatalyst for Oxygen Reduction Reaction
Authors: Imran Muhammad , Ahmad Maqsood , Yasmeen Aneeqa , Afzal Amir Muhammad , Iqbal Muhammad Waqas , Mumtaz Sohail , Iqbal Muhammad Zahir , Yusuf Kareem , Munnaf Shaik Abdul , Mumtaz Muhammad Azhar , Waris Muhammad Hamza , Azeem Muhammad
Published: July 2024

The extreme usage of fossil fuels and the rising conservation deterioration have made developing clean, renewable energy essential. Among the most promising methods for addressing the world’s energy dilemma are electrochemical energy storage devices (EES); batteries and supercapacitors (SCs) are two typical components in this class. Supercapacitors are incredibly impressive since they can store energy remarkably in seconds. In this work, we present a highly effective electrode material (AgCoS@MXene) for supercapattery device application that is produced hydrothermally. We examined the morphology and crystallinity of the synthesized materials using SEM and XRD studies. The synthesized compounds were subjected to a thorough electrochemical performance study employing a three-electrode configuration in a 1 M KOH electrolyte. AgCoS@MXene demonstrated an exceptional Qs of 943.22 C g−1 at a current density of 2.0 A g−1. We formed a supercapattery device (AgCoS@MXene//AC) with AgCoS@MXene as the positive electrode and activated carbon (AC) as the negative electrode. The supercapattery device was demonstrated to have a high specific capacity of 315.22 C g−1, a power density of 1275 W kg−1, and an energy density of 35.94 Wh kg−1. In addition, 5000 charging and discharging cycles were used to assess the device’s long-term longevity. The findings indicated that the device preserved nearly 82% of its initial capacity. Besides, the hybrid electrode is used for the electrocatalytic activity for the oxygen reduction reaction. These promising findings imply that AgCoS@MXene is a beneficial electrode material for upcoming energy storage devices to enhance the electrocatalytic activity for the oxygen reduction reaction.
Exploring the Structural, Optical and Photoluminescence Performances of CuCo2O4 and ZnMn2O4 Alloying
Authors: Heiba Zein K. , Farag Noura M. , Elshimy Hassan , Ali Essam E. , Badawi Ali , Mohamed Mohamed Bakr
Published: July 2024

The performance of the structural, linear/ nonlinear optical and photoluminescent properties of CuCo2O4 and ZnMn2O4 alloying was investigated. (1−x)CuCo2O4/(x)ZnMn2O4 (x = 0, 0.10, 0.15, 0.2) samples were prepared by the sol-gel and hydrothermal procedures. Synchrotron X-ray diffraction measurements were employed to investigate the structural and microstructural properties applying the Rietveld refinement method. Fourier transform infraed and Raman techniques were applied to explore the structures’ variation and chemical bonding of the obtained phases. Ultraviolet–visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy measurements were collected to explore the optical properties. The optical band gap values were determined using the Kubelka-Munk method. All samples exhibited two band gaps in the visible-NIR regions. Upon composing with ZnMn2O4, the band gaps of CuCo2O4 declined for x = 0.1 and 0.15, followed by an increase at x = 0.2. The possible electronic band structure of the samples and the photoluminescent performance of the prepared samples was investigated. The observed PL patterns manifest wide and asymmetrical emissions. The CIE chromaticity diagram for all samples was plotted. The obtained findings of (1−x)CuCo2O4/(x)ZnMn2O4 nominate their efficient role in optical device fabrication and photocatalyst applications.
Differential expression of genes in the RhoA/ROCK pathway in the hippocampus and cortex following intermittent hypoxia and high-intensity interval training
Authors: Doody Natalie E. , Smith Nicole J. , Akam Elizabeth C. , Askew Graham N. , Kwok Jessica C. F. , Ichiyama Ronaldo M.
Published: July 2024

Intermittent hypoxia (IH) and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) enhance neuroplasticity and upregulate neurotrophic factors in the central nervous system (CNS). We provide evidence that IH and IH + HIIT also have the capacity to regulate genes involved in the RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway that is known to restrict structural plasticity in the CNS. This provides a new mechanistic insight into how these interventions may enhance hippocampal-related plasticity and facilitate learning, memory, and neuroregeneration.
C5aR2 Deficiency Lessens C5aR1 Distribution and Expression in Neutrophils and Macrophages
Authors: Zhang Ting , Ma Ning , Wang Jiaxing , Min Xiaoyun , Wei Linlin , Li Ke
Published: July 2024

As another receptor for complement activation product C5a, C5aR2 has been paid much attention these years. Although controversial and complex, its specific signals or roles in modulating the classic receptor C5aR1 have been investigated and gradually revealed. The hypothesis of the heterodimer of C5aR1 and C5aR2 has also been suggested and observed under extremely high C5a concentrations. In this article, we tried to investigate whether C5aR2 would affect C5aR1 expression under normal or inflammatory conditions in WT and C5ar2-/- mice of C57BL/6 background. We focused on the innate immune cells—neutrophils and macrophages. The mRNA levels of C5ar1 in normal kidney, liver, and the mRNA or protein levels of naïve‐bone marrow and peripheral blood leukocytes and peritoneal Mφs were comparable between WT and C5ar2-/- mice, indicating the technique of C5aR2 knockout did not affect the transcription of its neighboring gene C5aR1. However, the mean fluorescence intensity of surface C5aR1 on naïve circulating C5ar2-/- neutrophils detected by FACS was reduced, which might be due to the reduced internalization of C5aR1 on C5ar2-/- neutrophils. In the peritonitis model induced by i.p. injection of thioglycollate, more neutrophils were raised after 10 hr in C5ar2-/- peritoneal cavity, indicating the antagonism of C5aR2 on C5aR1 signal in neutrophil chemotaxis. After 3 days of thioglycollate injection, the mainly infiltrating macrophages were comparable between WT and C5ar2-/- mice, but the C5ar1 mRNA and surface or total C5aR1 protein expression were both reduced in C5ar2-/- macrophages, combined with our previous study of reduced chemokines and cytokines expression in C5ar2-/- peritoneal macrophages, indicating that C5aR2 in macrophages may cooperate with C5aR1 inflammatory signals. Our article found C5aR2 deficiency lessened C5aR1 distribution and expression in neutrophils and macrophages with different functions, indicating C5aR2 might function differently in different cells.
Serotype Distribution and Pathotypic Characteristics of Streptococcus suis Isolates from Slaughtered Pigs in a High‐Density Pig Farming Area in Thailand
Authors: Lunha Kamonwan , Chumpol Wiyada , Jiemsup Surasak , Yongkiettrakul Suganya , Li Jinquan , Kerdsin Anusak , Takamatsu Daisuke , Meekhanon Nattakan
Published: July 2024

Streptococcus suis is a significant bacterial pathogen in the swine industry and represents a zoonotic threat to human health. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence, serotype distribution, and pathotypic characteristics of S. suis isolates obtained from nasopharyngeal swabs of slaughtered pigs in the high‐density swine farming region of Thailand. Among 322 swab samples, 194 samples (60.25%) were found to harbor S. suis. The most prevalent serotype was serotype 8 (7.98%), followed by 19 (7.56%), 29 (6.72%), 3 (5.88%), and 2 (5.04%), with 39.92% of isolates classified as non‐typeable. Molecular characterization revealed the presence of various clonal complexes (CCs), with CC221/234 being the most prevalent (19.15%). Human‐associated clades (HAC) were identified in 29.79% of isolates, including serotypes 2 (two isolates), 1/2 (two isolates), and 4 (four isolates) in CC233/379. Additionally, several isolates exhibited a high potential for zoonotic transmission, particularly within the CC233/379 clade, which emerged exclusively in Thailand. Molecular pathotyping uncovered challenges in differentiating pathogenic and commensal S. suis strains in healthy pigs. Despite this, surveillance and monitoring of S. suis populations are essential to track dynamics and mitigate the risk of human infections.
HIF‐1α Affects Sperm Autophagy and Motility
Authors: Mo Linfeng , Wu Jiwei , Liu Liangzhao , Liu Han , Ou Chaoyan , He Yonghua
Published: July 2024

Male infertility is frequently caused by decreased sperm motility. Sperm of low progressive motility showed abnormal energy metabolism and elevated autophagy rate, although the specific mechanisms remain elusive. Hypoxia‐inducible factor 1α (HIF‐1α) is a transcription factor activated by hypoxia and plays a crucial role in regulating biological oxygen homeostasis. Negative correlation between sperm motility and HIF‐1α expression and a potential association with the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway were observed. To further explore the mechanisms by which HIF‐1α impacts sperm motility, normal human sperm were treated with cobalt chloride (CoCl2) or YC‐1. Sperm autophagy rate, ATP production, levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and HIF‐1α, p‐AKT, p‐mTOR, and LC3B were assessed. The results showed that CoCl2 or YC‐1 decreased sperm motility and increased sperm autophagy rate. The levels of intracellular ROS, HIF‐1α, p‐AKT, p‐mTOR, and LC3B were significantly increased, while the levels of sperm ATP and MMP reduced. These findings suggested that HIF‐1α might affect mitochondrial structure and energy generation, leading to increased autophagy rate and decreased motility in human sperm, with the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway potentially playing a role in this process by exerting an inhibitory effect on autophagy.
The Parasite‐Derived Peptide, FhHDM‐1, Selectively Modulates miRNA Expression in β‐Cells to Prevent Apoptotic Pathways Induced by Proinflammatory Cytokines
Authors: Camaya Inah , Hill Meredith , Sais Dayna , Tran Nham , O’Brien Bronwyn , Donnelly Sheila
Published: July 2024

We have previously identified a parasite‐derived peptide, FhHDM‐1, that prevented the progression of diabetes in nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice. Disease prevention was mediated by the activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway to promote β‐cell survival and metabolism without inducing proliferation. To determine the molecular mechanisms driving the antidiabetogenic effects of FhHDM‐1, miRNA:mRNA interactions and in silico predictions of the gene networks were characterised in β‐cells, which were exposed to the proinflammatory cytokines that mediate β‐cell destruction in Type 1 diabetes (T1D), in the presence and absence of FhHDM‐1. The predicted gene targets of miRNAs differentially regulated by FhHDM‐1 mapped to the biological pathways that regulate β‐cell biology. Six miRNAs were identified as important nodes in the regulation of PI3K/Akt signaling. Additionally, IGF‐2 was identified as a miRNA gene target that mediated the beneficial effects of FhHDM‐1 on β‐cells. The findings provide a putative mechanism by which FhHDM‐1 positively impacts β‐cells to permanently prevent diabetes. As β‐cell death/dysfunction underlies diabetes development, FhHDM‐1 opens new therapeutic avenues.
Periprocedural Management and Multidisciplinary Care Pathways for Patients With Cardiac Implantable Electronic Devices: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association
Authors: Wan Elaine Y. , Rogers Albert J. , Lavelle Michael , Marcus Mason , Stone Sarah A. , Ottoboni Linda , Srivatsa Uma , Leal Miguel A. , Russo Andrea M. , Jackson Larry R. , Crossley George H. ,   on behalf of the American Heart Association Electrocardiography and Arrhythmias Committee of the Council on Clinical Cardiology; Council on Cardiovascular and Stroke Nursing; Council on Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia; and Council on Peripheral Vascular Disease
Published: July 2024

The rapid technological advancements in cardiac implantable electronic devices such as pacemakers, implantable cardioverter defibrillators, and loop recorders, coupled with a rise in the number of patients with these devices, necessitate an updated clinical framework for periprocedural management. The introduction of leadless pacemakers, subcutaneous and extravascular defibrillators, and novel device communication protocols underscores the imperative for clinical updates. This scientific statement provides an inclusive framework for the periprocedural management of patients with these devices, encompassing the planning phase, procedure, and subsequent care coordinated with the primary device managing clinic. Expert contributions from anesthesiologists, cardiac electrophysiologists, and cardiac nurses are consolidated to appraise current evidence, offer patient and health system management strategies, and highlight key areas for future research. The statement, pertinent to a wide range of health care professionals, underscores the importance of quality care pathways for patient safety, optimal device function, and minimization of hemodynamic disturbances or arrhythmias during procedures. Our primary objective is to deliver quality care to the expanding patient cohort with cardiac implanted electronic devices, offering direction in the era of evolving technologies and laying a foundation for sustained education and practice enhancement.
Perceptual foundation and extension to phase tagging for rapid invisible frequency tagging (RIFT)
Authors: Spaak Eelke , Bouwkamp Floortje G. , de Lange Floris P.
Published: July 2024

Recent years have seen the emergence of a visual stimulation protocol called Rapid Invisible Frequency Tagging (RIFT) in cognitive neuroscience. In RIFT experiments, visual stimuli are presented at a rapidly and sinusoidally oscillating luminance, using high refresh rate projection equipment. Such stimuli result in strong steady-state responses in visual cortex, measurable extracranially using EEG or MEG. The high signal-to-noise ratio of these neural signals, combined with the alleged invisibility of the manipulation, make RIFT a potentially promising technique to study the neural basis of visual processing. In this study, we set out to resolve two fundamental, yet still outstanding, issues regarding RIFT; as well as to open up a new avenue for taking RIFT beyond frequency tagging per se. First, we provide robust evidence that RIFT is indeed subjectively undetectable, going beyond previous anecdotal reports. Second, we demonstrate that full-amplitude luminance or contrast manipulation offer the best tagging results. Third and finally, we demonstrate that, in addition to frequency tagging, phase tagging can reliably be used in RIFT studies, opening up new avenues for constructing RIFT experiments. Together, this provides a solid foundation for using RIFT in visual cognitive neuroscience.
Systematic cross-species comparison of prefrontal cortex functional networks targeted via transcranial magnetic stimulation
Authors: Berger Taylor , Xu Ting , Opitz Alexander
Published: July 2024

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive brain stimulation method that safely modulates neural activity in vivo. Its precision in targeting specific brain networks makes TMS invaluable in diverse clinical applications. For example, TMS is used to treat depression by targeting prefrontal brain networks and their connection to other brain regions. Despite its widespread use, however, the underlying neural mechanisms of TMS are not completely understood. Non-human primates (NHPs) offer an ideal model to study TMS mechanisms through invasive electrophysiological recordings. As such, bridging the gap between NHP experiments and human applications is imperative to ensure translational relevance. Here, we systematically compare the TMS-targeted functional networks in the prefrontal cortex in humans and NHPs. We combine TMS electric field modeling in humans and macaques with resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data to compare the functional networks targeted via TMS across species. Distinct stimulation zones in macaque and human models arose, each exhibiting differences in impacted networks (macaque: Frontoparietal Network, Somatomotor Network; human: Frontoparietal Network, Default Network). We identified differences in brain gyrification and functional organization across species as the underlying cause of found network differences. The TMS-network profiles we identified will allow researchers to establish consistency in network stimulation across species, aiding in the translational efforts to develop improved TMS functional network targeting approaches.
How Do Forecast Model Biases Affect Large-Scale Teleconnections That Control Southwest U.S. Precipitation? Part I: S2S Models
Authors: Dong Cameron , Peings Yannick , Magnusdottir Gudrun
Published: July 2024

We analyze biases in subseasonal forecast models and their effect on Southwest United States (SWUS) precipitation prediction (2–6-week time scale). Cluster analyses identify three primary wave trains associated with SWUS precipitation: a meridional El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO)–type wave train, an arching Pacific–North American (PNA)–type wave train, and a circumglobal zonal wave train. Compared to reanalysis, the models overrepresent the arching pattern, underrepresent the zonal pattern, and produce mixed results for the meridional pattern. The arching pattern overrepresentation is linked to model mean flow biases in the midlatitude–subpolar North Pacific, which cause a westward retraction of the region of forbidden linear Rossby wave propagation. The zonal pattern underrepresentation is linked to westerly biases in the subtropical jet, which cause a westward retraction of the waveguide in the midlatitude eastern North Pacific and divert wave trains southward. These results are confirmed using linear, barotropic ray-tracing analysis. In addition to mean state biases, the models also contain errors in their representation of the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO). Tropical convection anomalies associated with the MJO are too weak and incoherent at lead times greater than 2 weeks when compared to reanalysis. Additionally, there is a strong SWUS precipitation signal as far out as 5 weeks after a strong MJO in reanalysis, associated with its persistent eastward propagation, but this signal is absent in the models. Our results indicate that there is still significant room for improvement in subseasonal predictions if we can reduce model biases in the background flow and improve the representation of the MJO.
A Combined Scheme based on the Multiscale Stochastic Perturbed Parameterization Tendencies and Perturbed Boundary Layer Parameterization for a Global Ensemble Prediction System
Authors: Peng Fei , Li Xiaoli , Chen Jing
Published: July 2024

Stochastic representations of model uncertainties are of great importance for the performance of ensemble prediction systems (EPSs). The stochastically perturbed parameterization tendencies (SPPT) scheme with a single-scale random pattern has been used in the operational global EPS of China Meteorological Administration (CMA-GEPS) since 2018. To deal with deficiencies in this operational single-scale SPPT scheme, a combined scheme based on the multiscale SPPT (mSPPT) scheme and the stochastically perturbed parameterization for the planetary boundary layer (SPP-PBL) scheme is developed. In the combined scheme, the mSPPT component aims to expand model uncertainties characterized by SPPT at mesoscale, synoptic scale, and planetary scale. The SPP-PBL component with six vital parameters is used to capture uncertainties in PBL processes, which is underrepresented by SPPT for the tapering treatment within PBL. Comparisons between the operational SPPT scheme and the mSPPT scheme reveal that the mSPPT scheme can generate more improvements in both ensemble reliability and forecast skills mainly in tropics. Besides, additional benefits from SPP-PBL on top of mSPPT are shown to be primarily distributed in tropics at the lower layers below 850 hPa and surface. Furthermore, the combined scheme of mSPPT and SPP-PBL is suggested to yield better spread–error relationships and forecast skills than the operational SPPT scheme in terms of objective verification scores for standard upper-air variables and surface parameters. A case study for the extreme precipitation event on 20 July 2021 in Henan Province of China also demonstrates the better ability of the combined scheme in forecasting the precipitation intensity and location.

Significance Statement

A comprehensive and reasonable representation of model uncertainties helps to improve the performance of ensemble prediction systems (EPSs). Despite the popular usage in simulating model uncertainties, the stochastically perturbed parameterization tendencies (SPPT) scheme possesses several shortcomings. To overcome this, a combined scheme based on the multiscale SPPT (mSPPT) scheme and the stochastically perturbed parameterization for the planetary boundary layer (SPP-PBL) scheme is proposed. Based on the global EPS of China Meteorological Administration (CMA-GEPS), additional benefits from the independent usage of mSPPT and SPP-PBL are disclosed. And the combined scheme can inherit the merits of mSPPT and SPP-PBL and generate more improvements on ensemble performance than the original single-scale SPPT scheme. This research provides a guideline for future upgradation of CMA-GEPS.
Technology Intensification and  Farmers’ Welfare: A Case  Study from Karnataka,  a Semi-arid State of India
Authors: Kapoor Shreya , Pal Barun Deb , Singhal Aditi , Anantha K. H.
Published: July 2024

Technology adoption has been advocated to be an important way to improve agricultural productivity and welfare of the farmers in the semi-arid regions across the globe. Government of Karnataka implemented Bhoosamrudhi programme in four districts of the state (Bidar, Chikballapur, Dharwad and Udupi) as a pilot project to increase the crop yield and income of smallholder farmers. This programme was launched on the theme of technology adoption, along with convergence among different departments of agriculture. Farmers have been classified into five categories based on their levels of technology intensification to assess the impact of different levels of technology intensification on their income level. The research is built on a primary survey conducted in pilot districts of the state in 2018 over a sample of 1,465 farmer households. The results are generated using econometric methods of propensity score matching (PSM) and inverse probability weighted with regression adjustment (IPWRA), which highlight that higher the intensification, higher the net returns to the farmers. The results state that non-adopters would benefit additional ₹3,200 per month if they adopt at least one level of technology intensification. Hence, this programme turned out to be a successful model for smallholder farmers in semi-arid region of India. Steps should be taken to maintain and expand the momentum of the adoption to ensure food and livelihood security in the economy.

JEL Codes: Q16, Q54, Q55, C13
The clinical picture of Castleman disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Hoffmann Christian , Oksenhendler Eric , Littler Sarah , Grant Lisa , Kanhai Karan , Fajgenbaum David C.
Published: July 2024

Castleman disease (CD) encompasses a spectrum of rare disorders, including unicentric CD (UCD), idiopathic multicentric CD (iMCD), and human herpesvirus 8–associated MCD (HHV8+ MCD). We performed a systematic review of publications reporting ≥5 cases of CD between 1995 and 2021, following preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses guidelines, to describe and compare subtypes. We extracted data on clinical symptoms and laboratory parameters as stated in international consensus diagnostic criteria for iMCD and estimated the frequency of each criterion using meta-analyses. We analyzed 32 studies describing 559 UCD, 1023 iMCD, and 416 HHV8+ MCD cases. Although many symptoms and laboratory abnormalities occurred at similar rates in patients with iMCD and HHV8+ MCD, patients with HHV8+ MCD had significantly higher rates of constitutional symptoms (46.6% vs 98.6%; P = .038) and splenomegaly (48.2% vs 89.2%; P = .031). Renal dysfunction was significantly more common in patients with iMCD than in patients with HHV8+ MCD before adjustment (36.9% vs 17.4%; P = .04; adjusted P = .1). Patients with UCD had lower rates of symptoms and laboratory abnormalities, although these were present in 20% of patients and were particularly pronounced in pediatric UCD. There are many similarities in the symptomatology of iMCD and HHV8+ MCD; many patients experience constitutional symptoms and organ dysfunction. Differences between these subtypes likely reflect differences in pathophysiology and/or comorbidity burdens.
Neutralizing antibody responses assessment after vaccination in people living with HIV using a surrogate neutralization assay
Authors: Batchi-Bouyou Armel Landry , Djontu Jean Claude , Ingoba Line Lobaloba , Mougany Jiré Séphora , Mouzinga Freisnel Hermeland , Dollon Mbama Ntabi Jacques , Kouikani Franck Yannis , Christ Massamba Ndala Arcel , Diafouka-kietela Steve , Ampa Raoul , Ntoumi Francine
Published: July 2024

Objective

HIV has been reported to interfere with protective vaccination against multiple pathogens, usually through the decreased effectiveness of the antibody responses. We aimed to assess neutralizing antibody responses induced by COVID-19 vaccination in PLWH in Brazzaville, Republique of the Congo.

Method

The study was conducted at the Ambulatory Treatment Center of the National HIV Program, in charge of over 6000 PLWH, and the health center of FCRM in Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo. Participants were divided into two groups: PLWH with well-controlled HIV infection (CD4 counts no older than one week ≥ 800 / mm3, undetectable viral load of a period no older than one week and regularly taking Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy for at least 6 months) and PLWOH. These groups were subdivided by vaccination status: fully vaccinated with adenovirus-based vaccines (Janssen/Ad26.COV2.S and Sputnik/Gam-COVID-Vac) or inactivated virus vaccine (Sinopharm/BBIP-CorV) and a control group of unvaccinated healthy individuals. All participants were RT-PCR negative at inclusion and/or with no documented history of SARS-CoV-2 infection. ELISA method was used for detecting IgG and neutralizing Antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 antigens using a commercial neutralizing assay.

Results

We collected oropharyngeal and blood samples from 1016 participants including 684 PLWH and 332 PLWOH. Both PLWH and PLWOH elicited high levels of antibody responses after complete vaccination with inactivated virus vaccine (Sinopharm/BBIP-CorV) and adenovirus-based vaccines (Janssen/Ad26.COV2.S and Sputnik/Gam-COVID-Vac). Overall, no difference was observed in neutralization capacity between PLWOH and PLWH with well-controlled HIV infection.

Conclusion

The results from this study underline the importance of implementing integrated health systems that provide PLWH the opportunity to benefit HIV prevention and care, at the same time while monitoring their vaccine-induced antibody kinetics for appropriate booster schedules.
Mortality rate and predictors of colorectal cancer patients in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Aynalem Zewdu Bishaw , Adal Abebaw Bires , Ayele Temesgien Fentahun , Bayeh Gashaw Melkie , Yeshiwas Almaw Genet , Dessie Tadesse Miretie , Tsega Tilahun Degu
Published: July 2024

Introduction

The incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC) has been increasing in Sub-Saharan countries, including Ethiopia. However, the real mortality rate for CRC patients in Ethiopia has not been established. Therefore, this systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to determine the overall mortality rate and identify predictors among CRC patients in Ethiopia.

Methods

PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, Scopus, Science Direct, and Google Scholar were searched to identify relevant articles. The preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) were followed. The quality of the included studies was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale Critical Appraisal checklist. A random effect model was used to estimate the pooled mortality rate and adjusted hazard ratio (AHR). Publication bias was assessed using funnel plots and Egger’s regression test, while heterogeneity was evaluated through the Cochran Q test and I2statistics.

Results

After reviewing 74 articles, only 7 studies met the criteria and were included in the analysis. The analysis revealed that the overall mortality rate among CRC patients in Ethiopia was 40.5% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 32.05, 48.87) while the survival rates at 1 year, 3 years, and 5 years were 82.3% (95% CI: 73.33, 91.31), 48.8% (95% CI: 43.35, 54.32), and 26.6% (95% CI: 21.26, 31.91) respectively. Subgroup analysis indicated that studies conducted after 2017 had higher mortality rates compared to those studied earlier (43.0% vs. 38.2%). Older age (AHR: 1.89, 95% CI: 1.27, 2.82); being married (AHR: 2.53, 95% CI: 1.79, 3.57); having comorbidities (AHR: 1.84, 95% CI: 1.45, 2.35); having high CEA levels (AHR: 2.06, CI: 1.35, 3.13); being in stage II (AHR: 4.13, 95% CI: 1.85, 9.22), III (AHR: 8.62, 95% CI: 3.88, 19.15), and IV (AHR: 8.06, CI: 2.89, 22.49) were the most important predictors.

Conclusion

In Ethiopia, the mortality rate among individuals diagnosed with CRC is high, with two out of five patients dying from this disease. Age, marital status, CEA level, comorbidities, and cancer stage were identified as predictors of mortality in CRC patients. Therefore, early detection and screening should be prioritized, particularly for older patients, those who are married, have comorbidities, elevated CEA levels, and advanced cancer stages.
PICC tip dislodgement causing massive pleural effusion and atelectasis with acute respiratory failure: a case report
Authors: Zhu Yao , Qin Yao , Alvarez Juan Felipe , Yin Wanhong
Published: July 2024

Peripheral intravenous central catheter (PICC) is a common tool for intravenous infusion for children who need central venous access. Although it is safe for physicians and nurses to place, complications like infection, occlusion, phlebitis, and bleeding can occur. We report a 5-month-old infant who suffered respiratory failure caused by catheter malposition resulting in massive fluid infusion into the thoracic cavity. Point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) was utilized to identify a massive pleural effusion that prompted urgent drainage. Complications related to PICC in pediatric patients are not common but difficult to immediately identify sometimes. Therefore, careful attention should be paid by physicians to identify and reduce the risk of complications associated with PICC. Thus, visual tools are strongly advised to enhance the safety of invasive procedures.
Evidence of gene-nutrient interaction association with waist circumference, cross-sectional analysis
Authors: AlBaloul Anwar H. , Griffin Jennifer , Kopytek Alexandra , Elliott Paul , Frost Gary
Published: July 2024

Background and aims

Waist circumference (WC) is a significant indicator of body adiposity and is associated with increased mortality and morbidity of cardiovascular diseases. Although, single nutrient intake and candidate genes were previously associated with WC. Little is known about WC association with overall diet quality, genetic risk score and gene-nutrient interaction. This study aims to investigate the influence of overall diet quality and multiple WC-associated single nucleotide polymorphisms on WC. In addition to investigating gene-nutrient interaction association with WC.

Methods

This study explored cross-sectional data from two large sample-size studies, to provide reproducible results. As a representation of the UK population, the Airwave Health Monitoring Study (n = 6,502) and the UK-Biobank Cohort Study (n = 171,129) were explored for factors associated with WC. Diet quality was evaluated based on the Mellen Index for Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (Mellen-DASH). The genetic risk score for WC (GRS-Waist) was calculated by screening the population genotype for WC-associated single nucleotide polymorphisms. Multivariate linear regression models were built to explore WC association with diet quality and genetic risk score. Gene-nutrient interaction was explored by introducing the interaction term (GRS-Waist X Mellen-DASH score) to multivariate linear regression analysis.

Results

The prevalence of high WC (Female > 80 cm, Male > 94 cm) was 46.5% and 51.7% in both populations. Diet quality and genetic risk score of WC were significantly associated with WC. There was no evidence of interaction between GRS-Waist, DASH diet scores and nutrient intake on WC.

Conclusion

This study’s findings provided reproducible results on waist circumference association with diet and genetics and tested the possibility of gene-nutrient interaction. These reproducible results are successful in building the foundation for using diet and genetics for early identification of those at risk of having high WC and WC-associated diseases. In addition, evidence on gene-diet interactions on WC is limited and lacks replication, therefore our findings may guide future research in investigating this interaction and investigating its application in precision nutrition.
Pasteurized form of a potential probiotic lactobacillus brevis IBRC-M10790 exerts anti-inflammatory effects on inflammatory bowel disease in vitro
Authors: Ebrahiminejad Ardeshir , Sepahi Abbas Akhavan , Yadegar Abbas , Meyfour Anna
Published: July 2024

Background

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic, relapsing inflammatory disorder of the gastrointestinal system. So far, no treatment has been identified that can completely cure IBD. Lactobacillus brevis is hypothesized to be beneficial in preventing inflammation. This study aimed to evaluate the potential probiotic effects of live and pasteurized L. brevis IBRC-M10790 on the in vitro cell co-culture model of IBD.

Methods

An in vitro intestinal model was established using a transwell co-culture system of Caco-2 intestinal epithelial cells and RAW264.7 macrophages. Inflammatory conditions were induced in RAW264.7 cells using lipopolysaccharide. The effects of live and pasteurized L. brevis IBRC-M10790 on inflammatory mediators and epithelial barrier markers were investigated.

Results

L. brevis IBRC-M10790 was able to significantly decrease the proinflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α) and increase the anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10) in the in vitro co-culture system. In addition, L. brevis increased adherens and tight junction (TJ) markers (ZO-1, E-cadherin, and Occludin) in Caco-2 intestinal epithelial cells. Based on the results, pasteurized L. brevis showed a higher protective effect than live L. brevis.

Conclusions

Our findings suggest that live and pasteurized forms of L. brevis possess probiotic properties and can mitigate inflammatory conditions in IBD.
Resilience in the face of pandemic: exploring the influence of psychological flexibility on turnover intentions and burnout among critical care nurses in COVID-19 hospitals
Authors: El-Ashry Ayman Mohamed , Seweid Mohamed Mahmoud , Ghoneam Mohamed Adel , Abdelaliem Sally Mohammed Farghaly , Sabek Elsayed Mahmoud
Published: July 2024

Aim

Assess the levels of psychological flexibility, burnout, and turnover intention among critical care nurses and assess the impact of psychological flexibility on burnout, and turnover intention among critical care nurses.

Background

Burnout and turnover intentions among critical care nurses are rapidly increasing because of the challenges of COVID-19. There is a need for evidence-based interventions like psychological flexibility to be addressed in research to overcome those challenges.

Methods

A descriptive correlational research. A convenient sample of 200 critical care nurses working in COVID-19 hospitals from two governorates in Egypt. The sociodemographic and clinical data sheet, the work-related acceptance and action questionnaire, the Copenhagen burnout inventory, and the adopted version of the staff nurses’ intention to leave the nursing profession questionnaire were used.

Results

The majority of critical care nurses reported a moderate level of psychological flexibility (75.5%, Mean = 31.23), a moderate level of burnout (65.5%, Mean = 59.61), and low to moderate levels of intention to leave (73%, Mean = 5.95). Psychological flexibility has a statistically significant negative correlation with burnout (PC = -0.304, Sig = 0.000) and the intention to leave (PC = -0.258, Sig = 0.000). In addition, psychological flexibility has a predictable effect on decreasing burnout (R2 = 0.232) and intention to leave (R2 = 0.127) among critical care nurses.

Conclusion

critical care nurses in COVID-19 hospitals reported varied levels of burnout and an intention to leave that must be considered. The effect of psychological flexibility on burnout and intention to turnover highlighted the importance of improving it among critical care nurses by applying acceptance and commitment therapy as a management intervention.