bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Recent incidences and differential trends of thyroid cancer in the USA
Authors: Mao Yushan , Xing Mingzhao
Published: May 2016

The incidence rate of thyroid cancer has been rising rapidly in recent decades; however, its trend remains unclear. To investigate this, we analyzed the database of the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) 13, 1992–2012 in the USA, particularly focusing on conventional papillary thyroid cancer (CPTC) and follicular variant of PTC (FVPTC). Of the 75,992 thyroid cancers, 61.3% were CPTC and 25.7% were FVPTC, and their incidence rates (IRs) were significantly increased from 1992 to 2012 (P all < 0.001), with CPTC being 2.4 times of FVPTC (P < 0.001) and the overall average annual percent change (AAPC) of incidence being 6.3% in the former and 5.3% in the latter. IRs were increased in all thyroid cancers, albeit most dramatically in PTC, in virtually all ethnic/demographic groups in recent two decades; however, the incidence trends varied among different thyroid cancers, particularly differentiable between CPTC and FVPTC. For example, Joinpoint analyses revealed that the APC of CPTC before 1996 was 1.5% (P > 0.05), which jumped to 6.8% (P < 0.05) after 1996, whereas the APC of FVPTC before 2000 was 6.6% (P < 0.05), which dropped to 4.8% (P < 0.05) after 2000. IRs and incidence trends of PTC were uneven among different ethnic/demographic groups, as exemplified by the lower IRs of both PTC variants in the Black females than in non-Hispanic White females but higher AAPCs of incidence in the former than in the latter. Interestingly, the data also suggest that the rise in the IRs of PTC is becoming plateaued in the most recent 2 years. These novel observations are helpful in understanding the incidence and incidence trends of thyroid cancer.
Effect of chedu and mattha on growth performance of Murrah buffalo calves
Authors: Kumar Ramesh , Kumar Sanjay , Palod Jyoti , Tewari Himani , Singh Balwan
Published: May 2016

The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of chedu and mattha on growth performance of Murrah buffalo calves. To assess the effect of chedu and mattha on growth rate, 20 growing buffalo calves of around 1 year of age and approximately of same weights were selected and were divided into 4 treatment groups having 5 animals in each group. The animals had access to ad libitum berseem hay as the basal roughage T0 (Control), T1 (Administration of mattha @ 2% of body weight with salt @ 0.5% of mattha), T2 (Application of chedu on their body @ 150 g per animal), T3 (Administration of mattha and application of chedu). Body weight of all buffalo calves was recorded at 15 days interval during the experimental period. From 75th day of experiment, significant effect (P less than 0.05) was observed in body weight, heart girth and height at withers of treatment groups as compared to control group whereas, body length and paunch girth showed significant effect (P less than 0.05) on 90th day of experiment. The results further indicated that use of chedu and mattha improved the health status of the calves and helped to attain a comparatively higher body weight and an early puberty. It can be concluded on the basis of findings of present research work that the use of chedu and mattha may be recommended for supplementation of calves’ diet, as it improves the health status of the calves and helps in the attainment of higher body weight and an early onset of puberty in the calves.
Variability and nutritive compounds of guava (Psidium guajava L.)
Authors: Purbajanti* Endang Dwi , Setiadi Agus , Roessali Wilujeng
Published: May 2016

Guava (Psidium guajava L.) is a tropical fruit plant. The study was conducted at three different altitudes in guava production center of Indonesia. The objectives of this research are to obtain information about the production and quality of guava at three locations by using manure applications. The study was conducted to guava plants at the age of 4 yr (first production). The study was designed according to the factorial design of 3 × 2 with 5 times replications. The first factor is the locations, which are the location-I (Pageruyung), location-II(Sukorejo) and location- III (Plantungan). The second factor is the provision of organic material of manure; without and with manure (2.5 t · ha–1). The data collected is the guava production (total production for four months tree), diameter, weight, flesh thickness, seeds weight, fruit acid content and sugar content. Result of research showed (1.) the interaction between the location and the addition of manure in the cultivation of guava increased its fruit production, weight, and the sugar content, (2.) the research locations have elevation and soil chemical content varies in fruit diameter, seeds weight, and fruit acid content, (3.) manure significantly increased fruit production, weight, diameter, flesh thickness and sugar content, but it did not increase seeds weight and it reduced the fruit acid content.
Influence de l’expression faciale, de la prosodie et du contexte dans l’identification des émotions chez le sujet âgé
Authors: Noël Audrey , Guillaume Cécile , Hou Camille
Published: May 2016

L’objectif de notre étude consiste à déterminer quels indices, parmi l’expression faciale, la prosodie et le contexte, sont privilégiés par les sujets jeunes et âgés pour identifier l’état émotionnel d’autrui. Pour cela, nous avons enregistré des vidéos dans lesquelles nous avons manipulé la valence (positive ou négative) de chacun des indices (l’expression faciale, la prosodie et le contexte), créant ainsi des situations congruentes et incongruentes. Dix-neuf sujets jeunes et dix-neuf sujets âgés ont visionné cette série de vingt-quatre films et devaient juger de l’état émotionnel du personnage principal (joyeux ou triste). Les résultats montrent que les sujets jeunes s’appuient essentiellement sur les expressions faciales émotionnelles alors que les sujets âgés prennent appui non seulement sur l’expression faciale mais aussi sur le contexte situationnel.
Tanger en toutes franchises
Authors: Vatin François
Published: May 2016

La renaissance industrielle de Tanger au xxi e siècle est le fruit de la rencontre du volontarisme politique marocain et de la dynamique du capital mondialisé. Elle pose des problèmes de logement et de transport que les entreprises contiennent par des mesures néopaternalistes.
Des politiques urbaines nationales : un oxymore ?
Authors: Wasmer Étienne
Published: May 2016

Le partage de la valeur entre le capital productif, le travail et la terre est une des grandes et anciennes questions de l’économie politique. Cet article reprend ces catégories pour discuter de la façon dont les politiques publiques locales favorisent l’un ou l’autre de ces trois facteurs sans que ce ne soit jamais explicité. À l’issue, il prend parti en faveur d’une combinaison d’aides nationales à la personne (essentiellement des politiques de revenu, d’incitation au travail et de mobilité), et de policy mix définis et financés localement sur péréquation de budgets fongibles. Ces policy mix incluent notamment l’école, les transports et la rénovation urbaine. L’article plaide en faveur de l’interdiction d’aides directes ou indirectes (via des allègements de charges) aux entreprises sur des critères de localisation, au nom des effets d’éviction et de distorsion de concurrence.
Ève ou le viol au-dessus d’un nid de coucou
Authors: Cabrol Guy
Published: May 2016

Quelle vérité et quelle mémoire la psyché souffrante s’efforcerait-elle d’exprimer dans le délire ? L’infans peut parfois se retrouver confronté à deux appareils psychiques, forme de gémellité psychique en chimère, l’un entravant par ses empiètements le développement de l’autre et créant des conflictualités singulières et complexes pour le travail de mémoire et d’appropriation subjective. Quelle spécificité du travail analytique est susceptible d’approcher ces turbulences émotionnelles et ces cris insensés et permettre des transformations ?
La mémoire vue par un neurobiologiste, et à l’usage éventuel des psychanalystes
Authors: Tassin Jean-Pol
Published: May 2016

Après avoir rappelé les différentes catégories et sous-catégories de mémoires, à court et à long terme, puis procédurale, sémantique et épisodique, nous montrons que ces trois der-nières sous-catégories interagissent et présentent des frontières floues. Au contraire, les mé-moires à court et long terme se différentient non seulement par leurs temps de rétention mais aussi par leurs modes de fonctionnement. Ainsi, le traitement cognitif de la mémoire à court terme permet d’extraire l’information de son contexte et sert de porte d’entrée au stockage ana-logique de la mémoire à long terme. Ces données s’accordent avec la majorité des concepts psychanalytiques, y compris celui de refoulement.
Mémoire retrouvée, mémoire reconstruite
Authors: Anargyros Annie , Olewkowiez-Cann Sabine
Published: May 2016

Comment retrouver, ou reconstruire, un passé traumatique oublié ou méconnu ? Quelles sont les modalités de l’enquête, l’exploration des traces, les voyages à effectuer dans l’espace et dans le temps ? À partir de leur histoire respective – chacune liée à la Shoah – et du livre qu’elles lui ont l’une et l’autre consacré, deux psychanalystes reviennent dans cet entretien sur la redécouverte de la mémoire, ou sur sa construction quand les souvenirs font défaut, ainsi que sur les processus psychiques qui ont accompagné l’expérience vécue et sa remémoration ou sa construction après coup.
Kolm et le démembrement de la propriété de soi. Une justification “libérale” de la redistribution des revenus
Authors: Gharbi Jean-Sébastien
Published: May 2016

Le concept de propriété de soi occupe une place tout à fait centrale dans les débats sur les fondements philosophiques des théories libérales de la justice sociale. Le but de cet article est de mettre en évidence l’intérêt, l’originalité et la portée de la position qu’adopte Serge-Christophe Kolm (2005) vis-à-vis de ce concept. Le démembrement de la propriété de soi est, en effet, l’une de ses propositions majeures, tant par elle-même, que par les conséquences qu’elle a en termes de redistribution des revenus et d’égalisation des libertés individuelles de choix.
Secondary Effects of Prestressing at ULS on Hyperstatic Structures
Authors: Pažma Peter , Borzovič Viktor , Halvonik Jaroslav
Published: May 2016

Secondary (parasitic) effects of prestressing develop in hyperstatic structures (continuous beams) due to restraining of imposed deformation by hyperstatic restraints. These effects may, in some case, significantly influence internal forces and stresses in prestressed structures. Internal forces due to the secondary effects should be included in design combinations for verification of both ultimate and serviceability limit state. Because secondary effects are influenced by structural system, there is a question how they will change after changing of the structural system e.g. due to development of plastic hinge (s) in a critical cross-section (s) or after development of kinematic mechanismThis article describes an experimental program at Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Department of concrete structures and bridges and its results. Program were focused on investigation of behavior of continuous post-tensioned beams with significant secondary effects of prestressing subjected to ultimate load. Together six, two span beams were tested, with maximum load changing structural system into kinematic mechanism. Secondary effects of prestressing were detected by measurement of reactions in all supports, further there were measured displacements in the quarters of both spans and strains in critical sections of the beams.
Long-Term Effects Monitoring on Prestressed Concrete Bridge
Authors: Moravcik Martin , Krkoska Lukas
Published: May 2016

Balanced cantilever method is one most used method for the large span concrete bridge construction. Generally non-homogenous concrete structures with changing the structural system within its erection are sensitive to the deformation and stress prediction in time. Long-term monitoring system has become very important tool which enables to obtain basic information about actual structural behavior in time about stress and deformation level. It can also cover the other structural effects for example the temperature influence which can significantly affect to the later structural behavior. Generally bridge designers in practice do not have enough information about these influences within the structure erection over the time. Underestimating such above mentioned effects often causes that predicted values of stresses or deformation does not corresponded with the reality as was published for example in [1]. In boundary cases unexpected excessive deformations or crack opening due to the stresses distribution may lead to the serviceability problems, deterioration of aesthetics, and even early reconstruction of the bridge eventually. In this paper we would like to present some experiences with the long-term monitoring of bridge structure and performed structural analysis considering the real load history and structural scheme changing. Recorded strains development was compared with the numerical model results based on the expected behavior of prestressed concrete structure according to the European standard models, [3, 4].
Electromagnetic Field Modelling Using FEM of the Active Part of Oil-Immersed Transformers
Authors: Mechkov Emil , Tzeneva Raina , Mateev Valentin , Yatchev Ivan
Published: May 2016

The electromagnetic field of the active part of oil-immersed transformers 160kVA and 630kVA has been modelled in the present paper. Finite element method and ANSYS program have been employed for the field modelling. Based on the created model, the field distribution with values of the magnetic flux density has been obtained, as well as the Joule losses have been calculated. Two variants of the model - with and without tank are studied and compared.
Existence of Solutions to the Boundary Value Problems for a Class of P-Laplacian Equations at Resonance
Authors: Zhou Lina , Jiang Weihua
Published: May 2016

By the generalizing the extension of the continuous theorem of Ge and Ren and constructing suitable Banach spaces and operators, we investigate the existence-solutions to the boundary value problems for a class of  p-Laplacian equations. Finally an example is given to illustrate our results.
Spatial organization shapes the turnover of a bacterial transcriptome
Authors: Moffitt Jeffrey R , Pandey Shristi , Boettiger Alistair N , Wang Siyuan , Zhuang Xiaowei
Published: May 2016

Spatial organization of the transcriptome has emerged as a powerful means for regulating the post-transcriptional fate of RNA in eukaryotes; however, whether prokaryotes use RNA spatial organization as a mechanism for post-transcriptional regulation remains unclear. Here we used super-resolution microscopy to image the E. coli transcriptome and observed a genome-wide spatial organization of RNA: mRNAs encoding inner-membrane proteins are enriched at the membrane, whereas mRNAs encoding outer-membrane, cytoplasmic and periplasmic proteins are distributed throughout the cytoplasm. Membrane enrichment is caused by co-translational insertion of signal peptides recognized by the signal-recognition particle. Time-resolved RNA-sequencing revealed that degradation rates of inner-membrane-protein mRNAs are on average greater that those of the other mRNAs and that this selective destabilization of inner-membrane-protein mRNAs is abolished by dissociating the RNA degradosome from the membrane. Together, these results demonstrate that the bacterial transcriptome is spatially organized and suggest that this organization shapes the post-transcriptional dynamics of mRNAs.
Physicochemical characteristics of glycerol‐plasticized dextran/soy protein isolate composite membranes
Authors: Singh Surabhi , Gupta Bhuvanesh
Published: May 2016

This work deals with the preparation and characterization of in situ crosslinked dextran/soy protein isolate composite membranes as a function of increasing glycerol content. The surface morphology of the membranes, as evidenced from field emission scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy, exhibited smoother surfaces with increasing glycerol content up to 30%. The wettability, color, and UV‐blocking characteristics of the membranes were studied. The glycerol content also significantly influenced the water vapor transmission rate of the membranes, demonstrating diminishing membrane permeability with increasing glycerol content. In addition, the membranes presented an increase in water vapor loss up to 5 h with glycerol content ranging from 10% to 30%, whereas a decrease in vapor loss has been elucidated with 40% glycerol. The influence of plasticization on the rheological properties of the composite fluid was investigated. Although the tensile strength and modulus decreased with increasing glycerol content up to 30%, a significant increase was observed beyond this due to the antiplasticizing effect of glycerol that is dominant at concentrations higher than 30%. A structural analysis of the membranes using attenuated total reflectance indicates an increase in the intensity of the OH stretching region with increasing glycerol content. Further, X‐ray diffraction patterns showed a decrease in crystalline behavior up to 30% glycerol content, above which the antiplasticizing effect of glycerol was dominant. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43847.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemistry of Phosphorus. Part 175. Disodium Hexadecaphosphide: Preparation via Cleavage of White Phosphorus with Sodium.
Authors: BAUDLER M. , DUESTER D. +
Published: May 2016

From the reaction of white phosphorus with sodium (P: Na = 3:1) in boiling THF or monoglyme (2‐3 h) in the presence of 18‐crown‐6 the solvent adduct Na2P16·3(18‐crown‐6)·2 THF (or a monoglyme adduct) is obtained.
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation of the Nitrenes ReF5(NF), ReF5(NCl), and ReF5(NBr). X‐Ray Crystal Structures of ReF5(NF) and ReF5(NCl).
Authors: FAWCETT J. , PEACOCK R. D. , RUSSELL D. R.
Published: May 2016

The reaction between ReF6 and SiMe3N3 leads to ReF4N in low yield besides a mixture which appears to contain ReF3N. The title compounds are obtained by treatment of either of these materials with XeF2, ClF3, or BrF3.
ChemInform Abstract: Electrochemistry of Hanging‐Base Basket‐Handle Iron Porphyrins. Coordination of Iron(II) by the Base and Dioxygen.
Authors: LEXA D. , MOMENTEAU M. , SAVEANT J. M. , XU F.
Published: May 2016

The reductive electrochemistry of Fe(III) porphyrins (I) and (II) including a pyridine or imidazole pendant ligand in the basket‐handle chain is investigated in PhCN by means of cyclic voltammetry and spectroelectrochemical techniques.
ChemInform Abstract: Theoretical Studies of Proton‐Transfer Reactions.
Authors: FORMOSINHO S. J.
Published: May 2016

A classical intersecting‐state‐model of harmonic oscillators is applied to the study of proton‐transfer reactions such as AH + H2O → A‐ + H3O+ with AH: MeNO2, AcCH2COOEt, NH4+, o‐nitrophenol, H2S, MeCOOH or HF.
ChemInform Abstract: Electrochemical Fluorination of Some Cyclic Tertiary Amines.
Authors: CONTE L. , FRACCARO C. , NAPOLI M. , MISTRORIGO M.
Published: May 2016

Electrochemical fluorination of N,N‐diethylcyclohexylamine (Ia) gives the fluorinated amines (II) ‐ (IV), together with some other compounds, which are formed as a result of incomplete fluorination and fragmentation.
ChemInform Abstract: 3,3‐Difluorochloroambucil.
Authors: BUSS C. W. , COE P. L. , TATLOW J. C.
Published: May 2016

The difluoro analogue (Ia) of chlorambucil (Ib), which is a drug used in cancer chemotherapy, is synthesized as shown in the reaction scheme.
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Methylene Incorporated Dimerization Reaction of Ketone Enolates. Part 1. A New Route to 1,5‐Diketones from Ketones Having α‐Active Hydrogen on One‐Side.
Authors: KIYOOKA S. , YAMASHITA T. , TASHIRO J. , TAKANO K. , UCHIO Y.
Published: May 2016

Reaction of the ketones (Ia) ‐ (Id) and (IV) with DMF (II) in the presence of metallic potassium or potassium hydride gives the diketones (IIIa) ‐ (IIId) and (V) respectively.
ChemInform Abstract: The Reaction of N‐Substituted Dihydropyrimidines with Ketenes.
Authors: KASHIMA C. , SHIMIZU M. , KATOH A. , OMOTE Y.
Published: May 2016

The ketenes, prepared in situ from the acid chlorides (I), react with the dihydropyrimidines (II) and (V) to yield the formamides (III) and (VI).
ChemInform Abstract: Heterocyclic Rearrangements. Rearrangements of 1,2,4‐Oxadiazoles, Isoxazoles, and 1,2,5‐Oxadiazoles Involving a Carbethoxythiourea NCS Sequence.
Authors: MACALUSO G. , CUSMANO G. , BUSCEMI S. , FRENNA V. , VIVONA N. , RUCCIA M.
Published: May 2016

The 1,2,4‐thiadiazoles (III), (VI), and (IX) are prepared from ethoxycarbonyl isothiocyanate (II) and the amino heterocycles (I), (IV), and (VII) either directly or via the addition products (V) and (VIII).
ChemInform Abstract: Protonation and Hydrolysis of α‐Piperidinocrotonaldehyde.
Authors: KEIKO N. A. , RULEV A. YU. , KALIKHMAN I. D. , VORONKOV M. G.
Published: May 2016

Treatment of α‐piperidonocrotonaldehyde (I) with hydrochloric or trifluoroacetic acid yields the stable enammonium salts (III), whereas with acetic acid only polymeric products are formed.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Indolizines from Pyridinium (Trifluoroacetyl)methylide and Fluorinated Dipolarophiles.
Authors: BANKS R. E. , MOHIALDIN S. N.
Published: May 2016

The indolizine derivatives (III) and the 1‐azaindolizine (V) are synthesized by coupling the trifluoroacetylmethylide (I) with the unsaturated compounds (II) or the nitrile (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Reactions with Chlorosulfonyl/Chlorocarbonyl Isocyanates: Synthesis of Pyrrolo(1,2,3‐de)‐1,2,4‐benzothiadiazin‐3(2H)‐one 1,1‐Dioxides and 1H‐Pyrrolo(3,2,1‐ij)quinazoline‐1,3(2H)‐diones.
Authors: KAMAL A. , REDDY N. A. V. , SATTUR P. B.
Published: May 2016

Reaction of the 6‐substituted 2,3‐diphenylindole (I) with chlorosulfonyl isocyanate (II) or chlorocarbonyl isocyanate (IV) and subsequent aluminum or iron trichloride catalyzed cyclization yield the tricyclic heterocycles (III) and (V).
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation and Structural Studies of Methylmercury Compounds Containing Amino‐Deprotonated Adenine.
Authors: CHARLAND J.‐P. , BEAUCHAMP A. L.
Published: May 2016

The reactions of MeHgX (X: ‐OH, ‐NO3, ‐ClO4) with adenine in H2O/EtOH mixtures in different stoichiometric ratios give the compounds (I)‐(III) in a yield of about 60%.
ChemInform Abstract: Molybdenum Carbonyl Derivatives of Catenated Rings and Chains of CH3As and C6H5As Units. The Synthesis and Structural Characterization of (cyclo‐(CH3As)10Mo2(CO)6), (cyclo‐(C6H5As)9Mo2(CO)6), and (catena‐(C6H5As)8Mo2(CO)6).
Authors: RHEINGOLD A. L. , FOUNTAIN M. E. , DIMAIO A.‐J.
Published: May 2016

Reactions of Mo carbonyl compounds (I) or (IV) with the homoatomic ring compounds (II) or (V) in sealed tubes in toluene, produce clusters containing catenated RAs units.
ChemInform Abstract: Kinetic Study of the Reaction Between trans‐Dioxotetracyanomolybdate(IV) Ions and 1,10‐Phenanthroline.
Authors: LEIPOLDT J. G. , BASSON S. S. , POTGIETER I. M. , ROODT A.
Published: May 2016

The title ion (I) can be protonated to form the complexes (II) and (III).
ChemInform Abstract: The Reaction of Nitriles and Fe+ in the Gas Phase. A Case of Remote Functionalization.
Authors: LEBRILLA C. B. , SCHULZE C. , SCHWARZ H.
Published: May 2016

The gas‐phase reaction of bare Fe+ atoms with linear nitriles (penta‐, hexa‐ and heptanitrile) generates "end‐on" complexes which, depending on geometrical constraints, specifically interact with remote C‐H bonds.
ChemInform Abstract: 14‐Methyl Steroids. Part 4. Synthesis of 14β‐Methylestradiol and Related 14β‐Methyl‐19‐norsteroids.
Authors: BULL J. R. , FLOOR J. , SEFTON M. A.
Published: May 2016

The estratetraenone (I) is converted to the epoxide (II), which undergoes LiAlH4 reduction in refluxing THF to afford the diols (IV) and (V).
ChemInform Abstract: Plant Growth Regulators: Syntheses of n‐Triacontynol, n‐Triacontenol and n‐Triacontanol.
Authors: IYER R. R. , MAMDAPUR V. R.
Published: May 2016

The synthesis of the naturally occurring plant growth regulator (PGR) (VIII) is carried out as shown in the scheme.
ChemInform Abstract: The Effect of Nitrogen on the Mechanical Properties of Float Zone Silicon and on CCD Device Performance
Authors: JASTRZEBSKI L. , CULLEN G. W. , SOYDAN R. , HARBEKE G. , LAGOWSKI J. , VECRUMBA S. , HENRY W. N.
Published: May 2016

has been investigated by introducing different amounts of nitrogen (9·1014‐7·1015 cm‐3) into silicon wafers during the float zone process.
ChemInform Abstract: Effect of Laser Processing on the Electrochemical Behavior of Fe‐Cr Alloys.
Authors: MOLOCK C. R. , WALTERS R. P. , FABIS P. M.
Published: May 2016

Fe‐Cr substrates electroplated with 1‐3 μm Cr have been processed with an Nd‐YAG pulsed laser to produce surface alloys with 25‐35 μm melt depths.
ChemInform Abstract: Separation of Cross‐Relaxation and J Cross‐Peaks in 2D Rotating‐Frame NMR Spectroscopy.
Authors: KESSLER H. , GRIESINGER C. , KERSSEBAUM R. , WAGNER K. , ERNST R. R.
Published: May 2016

The method is applied to the NH, H region in the NOE spectrum of the cyclic pentapeptide cyclo(‐D‐Arg(NO2)‐Lys(Z)‐Glu(OBzl)‐Val‐Tyr).
ChemInform Abstract: Is Delocalization a Driving Force in Chemistry? Benzene, Allyl Radical, Cyclobutadiene, and Their Isoelectronic Species.
Authors: SHAIK S. S. , HIBERTY P. C. , LEFOUR J.‐M. , OHANESSIAN G.
Published: May 2016

The VB correlation diagram model is used to answer the title question.
ChemInform Abstract: Conformational Analysis of N‐(1‐Phenylethyl)‐δ4‐thiazoline‐2‐thiones and Analogues. A 1H NMR, Circular Dichroism, X‐Ray Crystallographic, and Molecular Mechanics Study.
Authors: ROSCHESTER J. , BERG U. , PIERROT M. , SANDSTROEM J. +
Published: May 2016

The conformations of the thiazoline‐2‐thiones (I) and the tetrahydronaphthyl analogues (II) and (III) have been studied by temp.‐dependent 1H NMR and CD spectra, and by MM and CNDO/S calculations.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Bridgehead Enol Lactones via Type 2 Intramolecular Diels‐Alder Cycloaddition. New Intermediates for Stereocontrolled Organic Synthesis.
Authors: SHEA K. J. , FRUSCELLA W. M. , CARR R. C. , BURKE L. D. , COOPER D. K.
Published: May 2016

The title reaction is shown in detail for the diesters (III) and (IV) which yield the lactones (V) (space group P21/n; Z=4) and (VI), respectively.
ChemInform Abstract: Two‐Dimensional Solvents: Kinetics of Styrene Polymerization in Admicelles at or near Saturation.
Authors: WU J. , HARWELL J. H. , O'REAR E. A.
Published: May 2016

The polymerization of styrene monomers in an adsorbed two‐dimensional surfactant bilayer solvent (named an admicelle) is studied using a water/ethanol‐sodium dodecyl sulfate‐styrene‐alumina system.
ChemInform Abstract: 1,4‐Ketoaldehydes via Michael Addition of Deprotonated Aldimines to 2‐(N‐Methylanilino)acrylonitrile.
Authors: AHLBRECHT H. , VON DAACKE A.
Published: May 2016

The 4‐oxoaldehydes (VI) are prepared in a one‐pot reaction by addition of the deprotonated aldimines (I) to 2‐(N‐methylanilino)acrylonitrile (II), followed by alkylation and hydrolysis.
ChemInform Abstract: Metacyclophanes and Related Compounds. Part 16. Preparation of 8‐Fluoro‐t‐butyl(2.2)metacyclophanes and Their Treatment with Aluminium Chloride‐Nitromethane in Benzene.
Authors: YAMATO T. , ARIMURA T. , TASHIRO M.
Published: May 2016

Cyclization of (I) and (II) yields mixtures of the dithiametacyclophanes (III) and (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Steric Structure of 6‐Alkyl‐3‐chloro‐4‐hydroxy‐4‐methyltetrahydropyrans.
Authors: GEVORKYAN A. A. , KAZARYAN P. I. , AVAKYAN O. V.
Published: May 2016

Coupling the aldehydes (II) with 3‐chloro‐4‐hydroxybutene (I) yields the tetrahydropyranchlorohydrins (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Novel 1,4‐, 3,4‐, and 4,5‐Dihydropyrimidines: First Successful POCl3 Chlorination and Regioselective Alkoxycarbonylation.
Authors: CHO H. , OHNAKA Y. , HAYASHIMATSU M. , UEDA M. , SHIMA K.
Published: May 2016

The dihydropyrimidones (I) are alkylated, yielding the alkoxy derivatives (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Studies on Selected Transformations of Some Fluoromethanephosphonate Esters.
Authors: BLACKBURN G. M. , BROWN D. , MARTIN S. J. , PARRATT M. J.
Published: May 2016

The thermal stabilities of the carbanions derived from LDA treatment of the title compounds (I)‐(III) are shown to decrease in the series CHF > CF2 > CFCl.
ChemInform Abstract: Monoterpenoid Chemistry. Part 3. Stereoselective Synthesis of the Major Oxygenated Metabolites of trans‐Sobrerol.
Authors: PELLEGATA R. , DOSI I. , VENTURA P. , VILLA M. , LESMA G. , PALMISANO G.
Published: May 2016

The racemic metabolites (II), (IVb), (V), (IXb), (IXc) and (XIa) of the title compound (±)‐(I) are synthesized as shown in the scheme.
ChemInform Abstract: Type Conversion in Close Contact Rapid Thermal Annealing of Si‐Implanted InP.
Authors: FARLEY C. W. , STREETMAN B. G.
Published: May 2016

The formation of a conducting p‐type layer extending ∼ 700 Å is observed and attributed to the loss of significant amounts of P during the annealing cycles (800 °C, 1‐30 s).
ChemInform Abstract: X‐Ray Structure Determination and Mechanism of Formation of Two Unique Cumulene Cyclodimers.
Authors: KAFTORY M. , AGMON I. , LADIKA M. , STANG P. J.
Published: May 2016

The butatriene (IIa) and the hexapentaene (IIb), which are obtained by the cyclohexene trapping of the corresponding carbenes, yield exclusively the syn head‐to‐head cyclodimers (I) and (III), respectively.
ChemInform Abstract: Allylic Oxidation of 1‐Methylcyclohept‐1‐ene.
Authors: ISAEVA Z. G. , KARASEVA A. N. , KARLIN V. V. , SAVUKHINA L. A.
Published: May 2016

Oxidation of the methylcycloheptene (I) gives a mixture of the alcohols (II) ‐ (IV) which can be further oxidized to form the corresponding ketones and aldehydes respectively.
ChemInform Abstract: Molybdenum‐Mediated Dimerization of Norbornadiene and Derivatives.
Authors: CHOW T. J. , CHAO Y.‐S. , LIU L.‐K.
Published: May 2016

In the Mo(CO)6‐mediated dimerization of (Ia) the appearance of (III) is noticed after some hours at the expense of the initially formed complex (II).
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Synthesis of the Both Enantiomers of α‐Hydroxy Acids by the Diastereoselective Reduction of Chiral α‐Keto Amides with (Complex) Metal Hydrides in the Presence of Metallic Salt.
Authors: SOAI K. , ISODA T. , HASEGAWA H. , ISHIZAKI M.
Published: May 2016

The α‐keto amides (I) are reduced with lithium boranate in the presence of lithium salts, yielding selectively the α‐hydroxy amides (II).
ChemInform Abstract: The Studies of the Chemistry and Application of Phosphonium and Arsonium Ylides. Part 5. A Facile Synthesis of Methyl 2‐Perfluoroalkyl‐6‐ methoxybenzoates via Acyclic Precursors.
Authors: DING W. , ZHANG P. , CAO W.
Published: May 2016

The ylide (I) reacts with the fluoroalkylacetylenecarboxylates (II), producing the adducts (III) which are cyclized on heating to yield the benzoates (IV) mentioned in the title.
ChemInform Abstract: Small and Medium Rings. Part 58. Sulfonyl‐Activated Cyclobutenes as Building Blocks for the Synthesis of Dihydrodiazepines.
Authors: LANDEN H. , MARTIN H.‐D. , STEIGEL A.
Published: May 2016

The cyclobutene (I), prepared in high yield using a modified literature procedure, is oxidized to the bis‐sulfone (IIa) by means of H2O2 in glacial AcOH.
ChemInform Abstract: Reaction of Diethyl Thiophosphite with 1,1‐Dichloro‐1‐nitrosobutane.
Authors: MARTYNOV I. V. , CHEPAKOVA L. A. , IVANOV A. N. , EPISHINA T. A. , BREL' V. K. , SOKOLOV V. B.
Published: May 2016

The diethyl thiophosphite (I) reacts with the dichloronitrosobutane (II) to give the O‐butylimino thiophosphate (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Highly cis‐Selective Wittig Reaction of Oxido‐allylic Phosphorane with Aldehyde. An Efficient Synthesis of 11‐cis‐Retinoids.
Authors: HOSODA A. , TAGUCHI T. , KOBAYASHI Y.
Published: May 2016

Wittig reaction of the phosphonium salts (I) with the aldehydes (II) yields the isomeric olefins (III) ‐ (VI).
ChemInform Abstract: Cyclitol Reactions. Part 14. Synthesis of Building Units of Pseudo‐α‐D‐glucopyranose and Valiol.
Authors: PAULSEN H. , VON DEYN W.
Published: May 2016

The reduction of the addition product (IIIa), obtained from the enone (I) (prepared from quebrachitol) and the carboxylate (II), gives the compound (IIIb) which is stepwise transformed to the hydroxymethyl compound (IV), the desired derivative of pseudo‐α‐D‐glucopyranose.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of (2S,4S,5S)‐Dihydroxypipecolic Acid and Bulgecinine ((2S,4S,5R)‐4‐Hydroxy‐5‐(hydroxymethyl)proline) from D‐Glucuronolactone; a Strategy for the Synthesis of (2S,4S)‐4‐Hydroxy‐α‐amino Acids.
Authors: BASHYAL B. P. , CHOW H.‐F. , FLEET G. W. J.
Published: May 2016

The compound (I), easily available from D‐glucuronolactone, is transformed to the diol (II).
ChemInform Abstract: Crystal Structure of Garnet‐Related Li‐Ion Conductor Li7—3xGaxLa3Zr2O12 : Fast Li‐Ion Conduction Caused by a Different Cubic Modification?
Authors: Wagner Reinhard , Redhammer Guenther J. , Rettenwander Daniel , Senyshyn Anatoliy , Schmidt Walter , Wilkening Martin , Amthauer Georg
Published: May 2016

Coarse‐grained samples of Ga‐stabilized tetragonal Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZO), Li7‐3xGaxLa3Zr2O12 (x = 0.1—0.6), are obtained by calcination of Li2CO3 (10 wt% excess), Ga2O3, La2O3, and ZrO2 in air (850 °C, 4 h) followed by annealing (1230 °C, 6 h).
A Bipolar and Small Singlet‐Triplet Splitting Energy Host with Triplet Energy Lower Than a Blue Phosphor for Phosphorescent OLEDs in Panchromatic Range
Authors: Wang Chuanjun , Liu Gaowen , Liu Shaojie , Zhang Xunlu , Ou Changjin , Wang Lu , Sun Wei , Mi Baoxiu , Song Juan , Gao Zhiqiang
Published: May 2016

A bipolar host material, 2,4,6‐tris(3‐(carbazol‐9‐yl)phenyl)‐triazine (TCPZ), was synthesized according to reported method. Due to the higher triplet energy compared to green and red phosphors, TCPZ is suitable to host them in phosphorescent organic light‐emitting diodes (PhOLEDs). Although the triplet of TCPZ is slightly lower than a common blue phosphor, good blue PhOLEDs using TCPZ as the host were successfully demonstrated in this work. By low temperature emission measurement, it was found that the energy splitting between the singlet and triplet of TCPZ is as small as 0.24 eV. Therefore, thermal activated energy transfer from triplet to singlet in the host TCPZ is expected to occur, which can be afterwards efficiently transferred to the blue phosphor, hence enabling it to host blue phosphor. As a result, TCPZ can be used as host for phosphors in panchromatic range. Additionally, single‐carrier devices clearly prove its good bipolar transport feature, beneficial to device performance. By using TCPZ as a host, high performance deep‐red, green and blue PhOLEDs have been achieved, with maximum efficiencies of 9.3 cd·A−1 (13.2%), 81.3 cd·A−1 (23.1%) and 17.03 cd·A−1 (10.4%), respectively.
Race/ethnicity‐specific disparities in cancer incidence, burden of disease, and overall survival among patients with hepatocellular carcinoma in the United States
Authors: Ha John , Yan Melissa , Aguilar Maria , Bhuket Taft , Tana Michele M. , Liu Benny , Gish Robert G. , Wong Robert J.
Published: May 2016

BACKGROUND

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the fastest rising causes of cancer‐related deaths in the United States, with disparities observed in cancer incidence and survival between ethnic groups. This report provides updated analyses on race‐specific disparities in US HCC trends.

METHODS

This large, population‐based cohort study was conducted using Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results cancer registry data from 2003 to 2011 to investigate race‐specific disparities in HCC incidence and survival. Survival was analyzed using Kaplan‐Meier methods and multivariate Cox proportional‐hazards models.

RESULTS

From 2003 to 2011, Asians had the highest HCC incidence, followed by blacks, Hispanics, and non‐Hispanic whites. During the same period, Hispanics had the greatest increase in HCC incidence (+35.8%), whereas Asians experienced a 5.5% decrease. Although patients aged ≥65 years had the highest HCC incidence among all racial/ethnic groups, the higher HCC incidence in Asians was observed only for patients ages <50 and ≥65 years, whereas HCC incidence among patients ages 50 to 64 years was similar among Asians, blacks, and Hispanics. The overall 5‐year HCC survival rate was highest among Asians (26.1%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 24.5%‐27.6%) and lowest among blacks (21.3%; 95% CI, 19.5%‐23.1%). On multivariate regression, Asians (hazard ratio, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.79‐0.87; P < .001) and blacks (hazard ratio, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.89‐0.99; P = .01) had significantly higher survival compared with non‐Hispanic whites.

CONCLUSIONS

Asians were the only group to demonstrate a declining HCC incidence in the form of a shift from advanced HCC to more localized HCC. These findings most likely reflect improved screening and surveillance efforts for this group. Cancer 2016;122:2512–23. © 2016 American Cancer Society.
Attribute reduction in decision‐theoretic rough set model based on minimum decision cost
Authors: Bi Zhongqin , Xu Feifei , Lei Jingsheng , Jiang Teng
Published: May 2016

Attribute reduction is one of the most important topics in rough set theory. In the classical rough sets, the method for attribute reduction is mainly to keep positive region, boundary region, and negative region unchanged. However, the three regions are no longer monotonic with respect to adding or deleting an attribute in decision‐theoretic rough sets. In decision‐theoretic rough set model, the decision regions are determined by using the Bayesian decision procedure, and decision‐making should take consideration of the cost. In this paper, two attribute reduction methods based on minimum decision cost are proposed from the algebraic view and the information theory, respectively. First, significance of joint attributes is introduced to measure the classification ability of selected attribute subset to decision‐making, which overcomes the disadvantage of only considering the significance of single attribute. By using significance of joint attributes, a heuristic method based on minimum decision cost for attribute reduction is presented. Second, conditional mutual information is proposed to evaluate the significance of attribute subset for decision‐making in minimum cost attribute reduction. To decrease the computational complexity of the conditional mutual information, an approximate computation method is calculated from both maximum relevance and maximum significance. To evaluate the two proposed algorithms, extensive experiments are conducted on 10 University of California at Irvine data sets. We compare our proposed algorithms with several existing cost minimization attribute reduction algorithms. Experiment results show that our proposed algorithms have a superior performance in achieving the reduct. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Downscaling patterns of complementarity to a finer resolution and its implications for conservation prioritization
Authors: de Albuquerque Fábio Suzart , Beier Paul
Published: May 2016

Given species inventories of all sites in a planning area, integer programming or heuristic algorithms can prioritize sites in terms of the site's complementary value, that is, the ability of the site to complement (add unrepresented species to) other sites prioritized for conservation. The utility of these procedures is limited because distributions of species are typically available only as coarse atlases or range maps, whereas conservation planners need to prioritize relatively small sites. If such coarse‐resolution information can be used to identify small sites that efficiently represent species (i.e., downscaled), then such data can be useful for conservation planning. We develop and test a new type of surrogate for biodiversity, which we call downscaled complementarity. In this approach, complementarity values from large cells are downscaled to small cells, using statistical methods or simple map overlays. We illustrate our approach for birds in Spain by building models at coarse scale (50 × 50 km atlas of European birds, and global range maps of birds interpreted at the same 50 × 50 km grid size), using this model to predict complementary value for 10 × 10 km cells in Spain, and testing how well‐prioritized cells represented bird distributions in an independent bird atlas of those 10 × 10 km cells. Downscaled complementarity was about 63–77% as effective as having full knowledge of the 10‐km atlas data in its ability to improve on random selection of sites. Downscaled complementarity has relatively low data acquisition cost and meets representation goals well compared with other surrogates currently in use. Our study justifies additional tests to determine whether downscaled complementarity is an effective surrogate for other regions and taxa, and at spatial resolution finer than 10 × 10 km cells. Until such tests have been completed, we caution against assuming that any surrogate can reliably prioritize sites for species representation.
Sea‐louse parasites on juvenile wild salmon in the Broughton Archipelago, British Columbia, Canada
Authors: Peacock Stephanie J. , Bateman Andrew W. , Krkošek Martin , Connors Brendan , Rogers Scott , Portner Lauren , Polk Zephyr , Webb Coady , Morton Alexandra
Published: May 2016

The global expansion of aquaculture has changed the structure of fish populations in coastal environments, with implications for disease dynamics. In Pacific Canada, farmed salmon act as reservoir hosts for parasites and pathogens, including sea lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis and Caligus clemensi) that can transmit to migrating wild salmon. Assessing the impact of salmon farms on wild salmon requires regular monitoring of sea‐louse infections on both farmed and wild fish. Since 2001, we have collected juvenile pink (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) and chum (O. keta) salmon annually at three sites in the Broughton Archipelago in British Columbia, Canada, during the annual juvenile salmon migration from fresh water to the open ocean. From sampled fish, we recorded counts of parasitic copepodid‐, chalimus‐, and motile‐stage sea lice. We report louse abundances as well as supplementary observations of fish size, development, and health.
Clinical outcomes according to QRS duration and morphology in the irbesartan in patients with heart failure and preserved systolic function (I‐PRESERVE) trial
Authors: Cannon Jane A. , Shen Li , Jhund Pardeep S. , Anand Inder S. , Komajda Michel , McKelvie Robert S. , Zile Michael R. , Carson Peter E. , McMurray John J.V.
Published: May 2016

Background

The aims of this study were to describe the prevalence of QRS prolongation and abnormal QRS morphology in patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction (HF‐PEF) and to examine the relationship between these QRS abnormalities and clinical outcomes.

Methods and results

We categorized patients in the Irbesartan in Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction trial (I‐PRESERVE) according to QRS duration <120 vs. ≥120 ms and QRS morphology: normal, left bundle branch block (LBBB), and right bundle branch block (RBBB) or other non‐specific intra‐ventricular conduction defect (IVCD). The outcomes examined were the composite of cardiovascular death or heart failure hospitalization (and its components) and all‐cause mortality. Of the 4128 patients enrolled in I‐PRESERVE, 3754 were included in the present analyses. A total of 606 patients had a QRS duration ≥120 ms, 302 had LBBB and 742 had RBBB/IVCD. Patients with an abnormal QRS had evidence of more severe heart failure [lower left ventricular ejection fraction, lower estimated glomerular filtration rate, higher N‐terminal pro‐B‐type natriuretic peptide (NT‐proBNP)] and worse clinical status (higher New York Heart Association functional class and greater use of diuretics). Both abnormalities of QRS duration and QRS morphology were associated with worse outcomes. The rates of the composite outcome were: 6.0 and 9.3 per 100 patient years in the <120 ms and ≥120 ms groups, respectively [adjusted hazard ratio (HR) 1.32, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.11–1.57; P = 0.002) and 6.0, 7.7 and 8.7 per 100 patient years in the normal, non‐LBBB and LBBB groups, respectively (adjusted HR 1.19, 95% CI 1.00–1.42, P = 0.046; and HR 1.31, 95% CI 1.03–1.66, P = 0.026, respectively, compared with normal). The heightened risk related to QRS abnormalities persisted after adjustment for other prognostic variables, including NT‐proBNP.

Conclusion

We found that both prolongation of QRS duration and abnormal QRS morphology were associated with a high risk of fatal and non‐fatal adverse outcomes in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction.
Stepped collisional energy MSAll: an analytical approach for optimal MS/MS acquisition of complex mixture with diverse physicochemical properties
Authors: Ye Hui , Wang Lin , Zhu Lin , Sun Di , Luo Xiaozhuo , Wang Hong , Wang Guangji , Hao Haiping
Published: May 2016

The analysis of complex mixtures is becoming increasingly important in various fields, such as nutrition, medicinal plants and metabolomics. The components contained in such complex mixtures are always characterized with diverse physiochemical properties that pose a major challenge during the optimization of various parameters using liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometer (LC‐MS). The parameter ‘CE energy’ that is normally set at a fixed value with a moderate range of CE spread during data‐dependent acquisition (DDA) analysis, a prevalent approach for untargeted identification, often fails to generate sufficient MS/MS fragment ions for untargeted identification of components from complex mixtures. Here we developed a simple and generally applicable acquisition method named stepped MSAll (sMSAll) in this study, aiming to obtain optimal MS/MS spectra for identification of chemically diverse compounds from complex mixtures. sMSAll collects serial MSAll scans acquired at low CE to gradually ramped‐up high CE values in a cycle that conventional DDA scans cannot afford. The resultant MS/MS spectra of each compound were compared and evaluated among serial MSAll scans, and the optimal spectra were used for identification. An untargeted data analysis strategy was then employed to analyze these optimal MS/MS spectra by searching common diagnostic ions and connecting the diagnostic ion families into a network via bridging components. This sMSAll‐based route enables identification of 71 natural products from a herbal preparation, whereas only 53 out of 71 compounds were identified using the classical DDA approach. Therefore, the sMSAll‐based approach is expected to find its wide applications for characterization of vastly diverse compounds with no priori knowledge from various complex mixtures. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.