bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Genetic structure of Trypanosoma cruzi in American
continents: special emphasis on sexual reproduction in
Central America
Authors: HIGO H. , YANAGI T. , MATTA V. , AGATSUMA T. , CRUZ-REYES A. , UYEMA N. , MONROY C. , KANBARA H. , TADA I.
Published: July 2002

Isozyme analysis (12 enzymes: 14 loci) was conducted on 99 isolates of Trypanosoma cruzi: 77 from Guatemala, 5 from
Mexico and 17 from South American countries. Analyses of 4 population-genetic indices were undertaken to assess the
possibility of genetic exchange occurring among Guatemalan isolates. The results provide evidence for a degree of genetic
exchange occurring among isolates from this relatively small geographical area. Previous studies of population genetics
on T. cruzi might have failed to detect this phenomenon because they tended to use isolates originating far from one
another, rendering gene exchange unlikely for geographical reasons. Phylogenetic data, presented here, show considerable
differences in genetic structure between Central and South American isolates, suggesting that different biological and
clinical properties might be expected. For example, there are differences in clinical syndromes between Central and South
America, a situation discussed further here.
Temperance, Temptation, and Silence
Authors: Lynch Tony
Published: July 2002

Often a concern for truthfulness becomes the celebration of radical truthfulness, where this involves both the utter refusal of deception and that all moral and political beliefs be fit to survive publicity. An unfortunate consequence of this is that it has blinded us to a fair and accurate understanding of the nature and role of an important technique of virtue—temperance. Temperance implies a strategy of renunciation and withdrawal from the full content of our psychological lives. It involves us in pursuing and sustaining a practice of deliberative silence about those purposes and ends which, as we see things, threaten us with corruption and the world with evil.
An Error About the Doctrine of Double Effect: A Response to Kaufman's Reply to Botros
Authors: Botros Sophie
Published: July 2002

In replying to my article ‘An Error about the Doctrine of Double Effect’, Kaufman claims that the permission given by the four-condition Doctrine for certain mixed actions is merely complementary to an absolute prohibition—which he claims is the DDE's primary function. I point out again that in many cases this makes an appeal to the DDE's fourth condition not merely redundant but incoherent. Furthermore, his claim that I am a utilitarian maximizer, frustrated by a doctrine prohibiting intentional harms, however great the net overall benefit, is based on a misrepresentation. I did not object to a candidate for justification under the DDE being rejected before reaching the fourth condition, only to its being accepted.
An Error About the Doctrine of Double Effect
Authors: Botros Sophie
Published: July 2002

This paper claims as erroneous the current widespread representation of the Doctrine of Double Effect (DDE) as primarily condemning as intrinsically bad actions involving intentional harm. The DDE's Four Conditions are in fact used solely for justifying certain intrinsically good actions with both intended good and unintended bad effects. Though contemporary writers assign a minor justificatory role to the DDE this is incompatible with their attribution to it of a primary prohibitive role. Not only is the conduct cited by these writers as justifiable under the DDE so morally innocuous as to require no justification, but any attempt to justify it by appeal to the DDE leads to incoherence. We finally suggest reasons for this misinterpretation in current concerns with the structure of deontological moral theories.
The prediction of length of major depressive
episodes: results from an epidemiological sample of female twins
Authors: KENDLER K. S. , WALTERS E. E. , KESSLER R. C.
Published: July 2002

In order to examine factors that influence the time to recovery (TTR) from depressive
episodes in women, we examined members of 1030 female–female twin pairs of known zygosity,
ascertained from a population-based twin registry. We predicted, in a Cox model, TTR in 235
women with an onset of an episode of major depression (MD) in the last year meeting DSM-III-R
criteria. The median and mean TTR for episodes of MD was 42 and 82 days, respectively ; only
2·2% of women had not recovered by 1 year. Four variables predicted TTR: financial difficulties,
obsessive–compulsive symptoms, severe life events (SLEs), and genetic risk. Dividing all depressive
episodes meeting symptomatic DSM-III-R criteria into early (5–28 days) and late (>28 days)
phases, significant predictors of TTR early in the course of illness (income, parental protectiveness
and separation, personality, lifetime traumas and SLEs) differed from those that predicted TTR
later in the depressive episode (health, social support, obsessive–compulsive symptoms, SLEs and
genetic risk). Including cases with chronic MD increased the strength of personality, financial
problems and genetic risk as predictors of slow TTR. These exploratory analyses suggest that TTR
from MD in women is influenced by multiple environmental, temperamental and genetic factors.
Predictors of TTR early and later in the course of MD may differ qualitatively, suggesting different
processes in recovery from brief versus prolonged depressions.
Genetic influences on post-natal depressive
symptoms: findings from an Australian twin sample
Authors: TRELOAR S. A. , MARTIN N. G. , BUCHOLZ K. K. , MADDEN P. A. F. , HEATH A. C.
Published: July 2002

Background. Conflicting evidence exists on causes of vulnerability to post-natal depression. We
investigated genetic and environmental influences on variation in post-natal depressive symptoms
(PNDS) following first live birth, and sources of covariation with the personality trait Neuroticism
and lifetime major depression occurring post-natally (DEP-PN) and at other times (DEP-XPN) to
test for shared genetic influences.

Method. Retrospective interview and questionnaire data from 838 parous female twin pairs (539
monozygotic, 299 dizygotic) from the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council
volunteer adult twin register were used for multivariate genetic model-fitting. Data on PNDS were
evaluated for consistency with diagnostic interview assessment.

Results. Genetic factors explained 38% of variance in PNDS (95% confidence interval 26–49%)
and 25% of the variance in interview-assessed DEP-PN. The genetic correlation between PNDS
and lifetime major depression (DEP-PN and DEP-XPN) was low (rg = 0·17, 95% confidence
interval = 0·09–0·28), suggesting that the questionnaire was measuring a construct other than post-natally occurring major depression, possibly post-natal dysphoria. Associations between PNDS and
obstetric factors were very modest.

Conclusions. Findings suggest modest genetic influences on major depression occurring post-natally. Independent and stronger genetic influences identified for post-natal symptomatology or
dysphoria (PNDS) justify further investigation.
Śankara and the principle of material causation
Authors: CARR BRIAN
Published: July 2002

One of Śankara's most fundamental claims is that nirguna brahman,
‘unqualified reality’, is the origin of the world of experience. A serious challenge is
posed by the Sānkhyan philosophers in terms of a principle of material causation,
that the properties manifested in the effect are inherited from the material cause.
Since nirguna brahman and the experienced world are so different, the principle
implies that the former cannot be the material cause of the latter. Versions of the
principle in relation to alternative kinds of candidates for the role of material cause
are discussed, considering the particular cases which motivate both Śankara's and
the Sānkhyans' metaphysics alike. Śankara seems forced to accept an implausible
version of the principle by his own analysis of material causation.
Marnie Holborow, The politics of English.
London: Sage, 1999. Pp. vii, 216. Hb $78.00.
Authors: Scollon Ron
Published: July 2002

The politics of English is an oddly unifying
book. If one were to wonder what Fairclough and Tannen,
Bernstein and Saussure, Crystal and Kress, the Milroys
and Foucault, Kachru and the British Council, Hume and
Pennycook, Conrad and Fishman, Pinker and Chomsky, Cheshire
and Trudgill, Holmes and Schiffrin, Lakoff and Labov, and
a rather lengthy roster of others have in common, it would
be the scorn for their work manifested by Holborow. This
low esteem is based on the failure of these scholars to
have given Marx and Engels, Voloshinov, and (“some”)
Vygotsky a careful enough reading. In the author's
view, there is little to be said – not just about
English or the politics of English, but about applied linguistics,
discourse, and sociolinguistics more generally –
that was not already laid down by these very few authorized
writers. This book will find few readers within these fields,
I would think, since most of the practitioners would find
the arguments made against their work oddly authoritarian,
coming as they do from an author who argues that a materialist,
economic argument is the only valid one.
Obituary: Charles Albert Ferguson July 6, 1921 – September
2, 1998
Authors: Huebner Thom
Published: July 2002

With the death of Charles Albert Ferguson (“Fergie”
to his friends, colleagues, and students) on September
2, 1998, in Palo Alto, California, at the age of seventy-seven,
the field of sociolinguistics lost a scholar of unusual
depth, breadth, integrity, and kindness.
A moveable feast
Authors: Dominey Peter F.
Published: July 2002

Neural organization achieves its stated goal to “show how theory and experiment can supplement each other in an integrated, evolving account of structure, function, and dynamics” (p. ix), showing in a variety of contexts – from olfactory processing to spatial navigation, motor learning and more – how function may be realized in the neural tissue, with explanatory and predictive neural network models providing a cornerstone in this approach.
Some theoretical and practical implications of defining aptitude and reasoning in terms of each other
Authors: Goodie Adam S. , Williams Cristina C.
Published: July 2002

Stanovich & West continue a history of norm-setting that began with deference to reasonable people's opinions, followed by adherence to probability theorems. They return to deference to reasonable people, with aptitude test performance substituting for reasonableness. This allows them to select independently among competing theories, but defines reasoning circularly in terms of aptitude, while aptitude is measured using reasoning.
Localist network modelling in psychology: Ho-hum or hm-m-m?
Authors: Leth-Steensen Craig
Published: July 2002

Localist networks represent information in a very simple and straightforward way. However, localist modelling of complex behaviours ultimately entails the use of intricate “hand-designed” connectionist structures. It is, in fact, mainly these two aspects of localist network models that I believe have turned many researchers off them (perhaps wrongly so).
Papez dreams: Mechanism and phenomenology of dreaming
Authors: Krieckhaus E. E.
Published: July 2002

I agree with Revonsuo that dreaming, particularly about risky scenes, has a great selective advantage. Although the paleoamygdala system generally facilitates stress and alarm, the system which inhibits stress and alarm, initiates bold actions, and mediates learning in risky scenes is the arche, hippocampal system (Papez circuit). Because all thalamic nuclei are inhibited during sleep except arche, Papez probably also dreams in risky scenes.

[Revonsuo]
The dynamics of cumulative knowledge
Authors: Leiser David
Published: July 2002

Exploiting existing representations implies tapping an
enormous domain, coextensive with human understanding and
knowledge, and endowed with its own dynamics of piecewise and
cumulative learning. The worth of Clark & Thornton's
proposal depends on the relative importance of this dynamics and
of the bottom-up mechanism they come to complement. Radical
restructuring of theories and patterns of retrieval from long-term
memory are discussed in the context of such an evaluation.
Context dependent feature groups, a proposal for object representation
Authors: Würtz Rolf P.
Published: July 2002

The usefulness of contextually guided processors is
investigated a little further. A more general use for binding V1
cell responses than the one in Phillips & Singer's target
article is proposed, which takes into account that strong responses
of these cells can mean more than the presence of lines and edges.
The possibility of different grouping depending on the activities of
neighboring cells is essential to the approach.
Sex-related differences in callosal morphology and specific callosal connectivity: How far can we go?
Authors: Clarke Stephanie
Published: July 2002

The precise relationship between callosal morphology and
specific connectivity is not yet known. Callosal axons are often
presumed to be arranged according to their origin. In humans, this
is true for the genu and the splenium, which convey axons from the
prefrontal and occipital cortices, respectively, but not for the body,
where axons from wide parts of the cortex are intermingled.
Self-learning and self-organization as tools for speech research
Authors: Damper R. I.
Published: July 2002

Locus equations offer promise for an understanding of at least some aspects of perceptual invariance in speech, but they were discovered almost fortuitously. With the present availability of powerful machine learning algorithms, ignorance-based automatic discovery procedures are starting to supplant knowledge-based scientific inquiry. Principles of self-learning and self-organization are powerful tools for speech research but remain somewhat under-utilized.
A Piagetian view of imitation
Authors: Fishbein Harold D.
Published: July 2002

Byrne & Russon argue that the action and program levels of
imitation form two discrete categories, with no intermediate steps. A
Piagetian view enlarges our understanding of human and ape imitation
by showing the developmental paths that imitation takes in the
sensory-motor period of intelligence. It is clear from Piaget's
(1945/1962) analysis that the action level of imitation is richly
varied and that intermediate steps do occur between the action
and program levels.
Visual tasks require manipulable representations
Authors: Stuart Bradley V.
Published: July 2002

Representation of similarities is not sufficient for most
visual tasks. The proposed framework collapses useful dimensions
such as position and pose for the sake of naming the object.
Collapsing these dimensions leaves no representation of the
object itself, but only an internal name that cannot be meaningfully
manipulated.
The neurobiology of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) as a model of the neurobiology of personality
Authors: Kaplan Bonnie J.
Published: July 2002

The Depue & Collins model is intended to explain a
normal human personality trait: extraversion. In contrast,
attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is generally
considered to be a type of psychopathology not found in so-called
normals; however, the clinical and neurobiological research done
on ADHD seems to amplify and support Depue & Collins's
model.
If not functionalism, then what? Eliminative materialism?
Authors: Howard Harry
Published: July 2002

The isomorphism between relational structures advocated by Palmer corresponds quite closely to Paul Churchland's theory of “state-space semantics,” so much so that one can be used to elucidate problematic areas in the other. The resulting hybrid shows eliminative materialism to be superior to functionalism as a theory of mental phenomena and seems to provide the best ontology for cognitive science.
“Mind is brain” is trivial and nonscientific in both neurobiology and cognitive science
Authors: Jordan J. Scott
Published: July 2002

Gold & Stoljar reveal that adherence to the radical neuron
doctrine cannot be maintained via appeals to scientific principles.
Using arguments from (1) naturalism and materialism, (2) unification,
and (3) exemplars, it is shown that the “mind-is-brain”
materialism explicit in the trivial version of the neuron doctrine
ultimately suffers the same theoretical fate. Cognitive science,
if it is to adopt an ontology at all, would be better served by
a metaphysically neutral ontology such as double-aspect theory
or neutral monism.
Atomic lexical entries
Authors: Lightfoot David
Published: July 2002

Not only do grammars have the dual structure that Clahsen discusses but the lexicon contains atomic, unanalyzed items, which would be still more mysterious for single-mechanism models. Forms of be in modern English are listed atomically and this is not a simple function of their morphological richness or of the fact that they move.
Explicit factuality and comparative evidence
Authors: Nichols Shaun , Uller Claudia
Published: July 2002

We argue that Dienes & Perner's (D&P's)
proposal needs to specify independent criteria when a subject explicitly
represents factuality. This task is complicated by the fact that people
typically “tacitly” believe that each of their beliefs is a
fact. This problem does not arise for comparative evidence on monkeys,
for they presumably lack the capacity to represent factuality
explicitly. D&P suggest that explicit visual processing and
declarative memory depend on explicit representations of factuality,
whereas the analogous implicit processes do not require such
representations. Many of the implicit/explicit findings are also found
in monkeys, however, and D&P's account needs to explain this
striking parallel.
Thanks for the memories: Extending the hippocampal-diencephalic mnemonic system
Authors: Aggleton John P. , Brown Malcolm W.
Published: July 2002

The goal of our target article was to review a number of
emerging facts about the effects of limbic damage on memory in humans
and animals, and about divisions within recognition memory in humans.
We then argued that this information can be synthesized to produce a
new view of the substrates of episodic memory. The key pathway in this
system is from the hippocampus to the anterior thalamic nuclei. There
seems to be a general agreement that the importance of this pathway
has previously been underestimated and that it warrants further study.
At the same time, a number of key questions remain. These concern the
relationship of this system to another temporal-lobe/diencephalic
system that contributes to recognition, and the relationship of these
systems to prefrontal cortex activity.
Language development. Erika Hoff-Ginsberg. Pacific Grove, CA:
Brooks/Cole, 1997. Pp. 529.
Authors: Lawrence Chris
Published: July 2002

The book was, in the first instance, written for the author's own undergraduate
students at Florida Atlantic University, where she is a professor of psychology. In the opening
chapter she persuades the reader that the study of language development is worthwhile by
showing how students from a variety of disciplines benefit from it and by explaining its practical
applications. In my own experience this topic is very popular with undergraduates anyway, and
so I was slightly surprised that it needed any advertising. However, her message extends beyond
trying to instill enthusiasm in her students as it also emphasizes the need for a multidisciplinary
approach to the topic.
Current issues in European second language acquisition research. Bernhard Kettemann and
Wilfried Wieden (Eds.). Tübingen: Gunter Narr Verlag, 1993. Pp. 435.
Authors: Cromdal Jakob
Published: July 2002

This book offers the reader a
smorgasbord of qualified texts on second language acquisition (SLA) research. Now, just as
nobody is expected to like all the dishes in a smorgasbord, few readers are likely to benefit from
reading this book from cover to cover. Rather, the objective in both instances is to satisfy a
diversity of personal tastes and preferences. In this volume, without a doubt, many readers will
find a selection of texts to meet their scholarly interests.
Weak Gibbs measures for certain non-hyperbolic systems
Authors: YURI MICHIKO
Published: July 2002

We study a weak Gibbs property of equilibrium states for potentials of weak bounded variation and for maps admitting indifferent periodic points. We further establish statistical properties of the weak Gibbs measures and bounds of their pointwise dimension. We apply our results to higher-dimensional maps (which are not necessarily conformal) with indifferent periodic points and show that their absolutely continuous finite invariant measures are weak Gibbs measures.
Incompressible tori transverse to Anosov flows in
3-manifolds
Authors: FENLEY SÉRGIO R.
Published: July 2002

We consider Anosov flows in 3-manifolds.
Suppose that there is a rank-two free abelian subgroup
of the fundamental group of the manifold, so that none of its
elements can be represented by a closed orbit of the flow.
We then show that the flow is topologically conjugate to a suspension
of an Anosov diffeomorphism. As a consequence we prove that if $T$
is an incompressible torus so that no loop in
$T$ is freely homotopic to a closed orbit of the flow,
then $T$ is isotopic to a transverse torus.
Finally, we show that if $T$ is an incompressible torus
transverse to the stable foliation, then either
there is a closed leaf in the induced foliation
in $T$, or the flow is topologically conjugate to
a suspension Anosov flow.
Editorial
Authors: HOWE ANNA
Published: July 2002

The 1997 conference of the International Association of Gerontology,
to be held in Adelaide, Australia, is the first to be held in the southern
hemisphere. If this issue of Ageing and Society is seen as a microcosm of
the World Congress, this editorial provides an opportunity to bring an
antipodean perspective to bear on our attempts to understand ageing and society.
1999 Pacific Northwest Labor History Association Conference
Authors: Jacoby Daniel
Published: July 2002

I cannot provide a definitive answer to those of us pondering what the
best alternative to capitalism is, but after attending the Pacific Northwest
Labor History Association (PNLHA) Conference in Westminster, British Columbia,
over the weekend of May 28–30, 1999, I can tell you that this is certainly
a preferable alternative to standard academic conferences. As usual, the PNLHA
was able to produce a cadre of historians (from the trades as well as academia),
active unionists, and old-timers whose memories are as tapable as a keg of beer.
Although the association designates labor history as its subject, newly elected
President Ross Rieder likes to say, “History ends the moment before
now.”
Simulation of a dynamic vertical jump
Authors: Guihard M. , Gorce P.
Published: July 2002

The aim of this paper is to propose
a bipedal structure able to follow high acceleration movements. The
vertical jump of a human has been chosen as input
(coming from experiments) to validate the controller design as it
is one of the most complex motion. The study concerns
the low level of the biped control that is to
say the control design of one leg made of three
rigid bodies, each of them moved by a pneumatic actuator.
An analogy between a pneumatic actuator and a physiological muscle
is first proposed. A dynamic model of the leg is
then presented decoupling the dynamic effects of the skeletal (as
interactions between segments) from the dynamic effects of the muscles
involved. The controller is based on the nonlinear theory (taking
into account the actuator and the mechanical models), it ensures
a dynamic tracking of position and force. Its originality lays
in the consideration of impedance behaviour at each joint during
free and constrained tasks. It leads to asymptotically stable (Popov
criteria) control laws which are continuous between contact and non-contact
phases enabling real-time computations. The simulation results clearly show the
tracking of position and forces during the whole jump cycle.
Robotics for rehabilitation — a European (?) perspective
Authors: Bühler Christian
Published: July 2002

Rehabilitation Robotics (RR) is a challenging field with a high potential to support people with severe disabilities in their daily life. In the past years this field developed in Europe with a European dimension. European consortia have been supported in technical
development and investigations. Also, several robotic aids have been sold and installed in Europe and support end users in their daily life. However, the breakthrough on the market is still outstanding. This paper tries to draw a picture of the RR situation in Europe and discusses aspects to move forward. Particular reference is given to TIDE (Technology Initiative for Disabled and Elderly people of European Union) and the special interest
group on RR (SIG-1) of the AAATE (Association for the Advancement of Assistive Technology in Europe).
English in South Africa: parallels with African American vernacular English
Authors: Hibbert Liesel
Published: July 2002

A comparison between Black English usage in South Africa and the United States

There has been a long tradition of resistance in South African politics, as there has been for African-Americans in the United States. The historical links between African Americans and their counterparts on the African continent prompt one to draw a comparison between the groups in terms of linguistic and social status. This comparison demonstrates that Black South African English (BSAfE) is a distinctive form with its own stable conventions, as representative in its own context as African American Vernacular English (AAVE) is in the United States.
HEALTH TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT IN LUXEMBOURG
Authors: Wagener Raymond
Published: July 2002

Luxembourg's public health insurance is a compulsory insurance

for all employees, self-employed professionals, farmers, and

pensioners. It is financed through contributions of the insured

people, as well as by state taxes. Providers of health care are

mainly private nonprofit institutions and self-employed

professionals. All healthcare procedures are defined in fee

schedules determined by a common decision of the Ministers of Social

Security and Health according to proposals of a board of experts. The

relative value of a service is also determined by the corresponding

fee schedule. Hospitals are financed by individual budgets

negotiated between each hospital and the health insurance. These

hospital budgets do not cover services provided in hospitals by

medical specialists, who are reimbursed on a fee-for-service basis. A

law on hospital planning and organization allows the government to

restrict the installation in hospitals of very expensive equipment or

of equipment for which there is only a limited need in Luxembourg

hospitals. Until recently there has been limited interest in or use

of health technology assessment (HTA). However, large hospital

investments have provoked some interest in the last few years. The

Ministry of Health has asked for some HTA studies when a concrete

decision had to be taken. Luxembourg decision makers have become

more aware that HTA may help them to become more informed about the

short- and long-term consequences of the application of health

technology.
TIME-SERIES-BASED ECONOMETRICS
Authors: Choi In
Published: July 2002

Since the influential work by Nelson and Plosser
(1982) and Engle and Granger (1987), many new and exciting
developments have been made in the analysis of time series
involving autoregressive unit roots. Hatanaka (1996; hereafter
HT) reviewed the literature on unit roots and cointegration
up to 1994 and provided new perspectives on this research
area.
THE TJALLING C. KOOPMANS ECONOMETRIC THEORY PRIZE: 1994–1996
Authors: Phillips Peter C.B.
Published: July 2002

Econometric Theory is proud to announce
the winning article for the Tjalling C. Koopmans Econometric
Theory Prize over the period 1994–1996 (inclusive).
The prize is jointly supported by the publishers, Cambridge
University Press, and Mrs. Truus Koopmans. It is named
in honor of Tjalling C. Koopmans, the 1975 Nobel Laureate
in Economic Science. The selection of the winning article
was made by the Advisory Board of the Journal, and all
articles published in Econometric Theory (1994–1996)
were candidates for the prize, except those that were authored
or coauthored by the Editor and members of the Advisory
Board. The prize is accompanied by a financial award of
$500 to each of the winning authors.
Dung and carrion beetles in tropical rain forest fragments and agricultural habitats at Los Tuxtlas, Mexico
Authors: Estrada Alejandro , Coates-Estrada Rosamond , Dadda Alberto Anzures , Cammarano Pierluigi
Published: July 2002

At Los Tuxtlas, Mexico, presence of dung and carrion beetles, were sampled using baited pitfall traps, at the following habitats: isolated forest fragments, forest edges, plantations (coffee, cacao, mixed, citrus and allspice), live fences and pastures. A total of 14,269 beetles representing 36 species were captured. Onthophagus batesi, Canthon femoralis, Canthidium centrale, Copris laeviceps, O. rhinolophus and Deltochilium pseudoparile accounted for 75% of the captures in the overall sample from 79 sites. Across forest fragments capture rates of species and individuals were associated positively to area and negatively to isolating distance. Rarefaction analysis showed that forest fragments were the most species-rich habitats followed by the mixed and cacao plantations, the forest edge, live fences and coffee, citrus and allspice plantations. Pastures were the least species-rich habitat. Horizontal and vertical diversity of the vegetation at the habitats studied influenced the species richness of dung and carrion beetles and the number of species in common between forest fragments and human-made habitats. A significant relationship existed between the number of non-flying mammals recorded at the study sites and the richness of species and individuals of dung beetles at the habitats investigated. The relevance of this information is discussed in the light of the ecological flexibility of dung and carrion beetle species and of possible conservation scenarios involving landscapes in which isolation of forest fragments is reduced by the presence in open areas of human-made vegetation such as plantations of cacao, coffee, cacao and coffee and live fences.
APPLICATION OF IPA TO THE SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS OF THE LEAKY-BUCKET
FILTER WITH STATIONARY GRADUAL INPUT
Authors: Miyoshi Naoto
Published: July 2002

We investigate the sensitivity of the leaky-bucket
filter, which is known as a traffic-shaping mechanism of
source traffic entering an ATM network. Adopting the gradual
input source model and using the infinitesimal perturbation
analysis, we derive the strongly consistent estimators
for the gradients of mean cell delay and a smoothness index
of output process with respect to the design parameters
of the system. Simulation results show the validity of
our estimators.
INVESTIGATIONS IN UNIVERSAL GRAMMAR: A GUIDE TO EXPERIMENTS
ON THE ACQUISITION OF SYNTAX.Stephen Crain and Rosalind Thornton.
Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1998. Pp. xi + 342. US $55.00 cloth.
Authors: Eubank Lynn
Published: July 2002

Well known for their work in first language (L1) acquisition, Crain and Thornton (henceforth
C&T) have produced with their Investigations in Universal Grammar a thorough
review of the innovative experimental techniques they developed to investigate the acquisition of
syntax. In this sense, the volume would appear to be a kind of research-methods book. The
volume is a great deal more, however. Indeed, in the volume's three main sections (16, 8,
and 16 chapters, respectively), C&T present examinations not only of the nature of
human-language grammars but also of the factors that conspire to result in linguistic
performance. What makes the C&T volume superior is that they integrate theoretical
framework with methodological practice so seamlessly.
Tools for GPS B-RNAV
Authors: Harriman David , Leighton Steven , Ober Bastiaan
Published: July 2002

This paper discusses the design, development and operation of two tools intended for
B-RNAV operations: the enhanced AUGUR system, which was commissioned by
EUROCONTROL, and the Global Positioning System (GPS) Performance Monitoring
System (GPMS), commissioned by National Air Traffic Services Ltd. (NATS). Both tools
were implemented by STASYS Ltd., with support from Delft University on AUGUR
algorithm issues. AUGUR, a Predictive GPS Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring
(RAIM) system, performs complex calculations and provides an easy-to-interpret Internet-based interface to aid aircraft operators with the use of GPS. Enhancements to AUGUR
have been implemented to meet user requests and the requirements of a future Joint Aviation
Authorities (JAA) Temporary Guidance Leaflet (TGL) on the airworthiness and operational
approval for the use of Area Navigation (RNAV) systems in European airspace designated
for Precision RNAV (P-RNAV) operations. The GPMS records output from a variety of
GPS UE, has a real-time interface, performs simulations based on logged data, and permits
remote analysis. The work carried out consisted of specifying a system to meet the safety
study recommendations, choosing hardware, analysing interface requirements, and
developing systems and software. These tools are now in place to help with GPS B-RNAV
operations, and provide a layer of safety for both en-route flight and GPS-based non-precision approach operations in European airspace.
Great Britain's Ordnance Survey National GPS Network
Authors: Davies Phil
Published: July 2002

To encourage compatibility of national and global precise positioning of GPS surveys in
Great Britain, Ordnance Survey is providing access at no cost to the new National GPS
Network, via a website first available in June 2000. By requiring the use of this infrastructure
to provide ETRS89 control station coordinates at a stated level of precision, survey clients
can be assured that any commissioned survey will be precisely consistent with any other, even
if the two are widely spaced in location and time. All such surveys will also be precisely
consistent with the Ordnance Survey large-scale base mapping, using the precise National
Grid Transformation and National Geoid Model. This is now the Ordnance Survey
recommended ‘standard method’ of creating new National Grid coordinate datasets,
eventually to replace completely the traditional national control networks of triangulation
stations and height bench marks.
Accounting for the shortage of solid waste disposal facilities in Southern China
Authors: Chung Shan-Shan , Poon Chi-Sun
Published: July 2002

Most developed communities, such as Japan, the European Union and the USA, are experiencing a shortage of sites for waste disposal facilities (WDFs) (e.g. Alter 1991; Schall 1992; Chilton 1993; Ikeguchi 1994; Anon. 1994; Berenyi 1996; European Commission 1999). Strong control of local public bodies over site selection decisions and public opposition appear to be the chief causes (Schall 1992; Charles 1993; Capua & Magagni 2000). Recently, in the USA adequate landfill capacity has been ensured, but mainly because of the ease of planning permission for new very large regional landfills (Berenyi 1999). This further illustrates the artificial nature of waste disposal site availability.
Web-based configuration assistants
Authors: ATTARDI GIUSEPPE , CISTERNINO ANTONIO , SIMI MARIA
Published: July 2002

Configuration assistants are tools for guiding
the final user in simple configuration tasks, such as product
assembling and customization or study plans generation.
For their wide availability, web-based configuration assistants
are valuable in fields such as electronic commerce and
information services. We describe a general approach for
building web-based configuration assistants: from a high-level
description of the configuration constraints and of the
basic items, given in a declarative language, the hypertext
files for user guidance and the Java code for constraint
checking are generated. We claim that the general approach
of process-oriented configuration, where the user
is guided through the configuration process by an explanatory
hypertext, as opposed to product-oriented configuration,
where one starts from a high-level description of the product
of the configuration, is better suited for many application
domains.
Identification of two antigenically and genetically distinct

lineages of H3N8 equine influenza virus in Sweden
Authors: OXBURGH L. , ÅIKERBLOM L. , FRIDBERGER T. , KLINGEBORN B. , LINNÉ T.
Published: July 2002

Four Swedish strains of equine H3N8 influenza virus

isolated from outbreaks during the last

4 years were characterized. Antigenic typing using monoclonal

antibodies raised against a

variety of H3N8 strains showed that the viruses are

heterogeneous, the 1993 isolate being

closely related to the 1991 Swedish isolate TAB/91 and

the other three isolates from 1994 and

1996 being more closely related to each other. This pattern

is reflected in the phylogenetic data

calculated from nucleotide sequencing of the haemagglutinin

genes. H3N8 equine influenza can

be seen to be evolving in two distinct lineages, one European

and one American. The 1993

isolate is closely related to the European lineage and is

the most recent Swedish strain of this

lineage to be isolated. The 1994 and 1996 isolates fit into

the American lineage, which contains

recent isolates from the United States and also Britain.

These results indicate that American-type H3N8 viruses have

become endemic in Sweden and, in

light of the antigenic differences

which can be observed between viruses belonging to the

two lineages, we believe that equine

influenza virus vaccines should be updated with an

American-type virus strain.
A five year outbreak of methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus
aureus phage type 53,85 in a regional neonatal unit
Authors: WILCOX M. H. , FITZGERALD P. , FREEMAN J. , DENTON M. , GILL A. B. , HOY C. , PARNELL P. , PORTER C. , HASPINALL L. , HAWKEY P.
Published: July 2002

We identified a 5-year outbreak of a methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA)
strain, affecting 202 babies on a neonatal unit, by routine weekly phage typing all S. aureus
isolates. Multiple staged control measures including strict emphasis on hand hygiene,
environmental and staff surveillance sampling, and application of topical hexachlorophane
powder failed to end the outbreak. S. aureus PT 53,85 (SA5385) was found on opened packs
of Stomahesive®, used as a neonatal skin protectant. Only following the implementation of
aseptic handling of Stomahesive®, and the use of topical mupirocin for staff nasal carriers of
SA5385, and for babies colonized or infected with S. aureus, did the isolation rate of SA5385
decline. DNA fingerprinting indicated that [ges ]95% of SA5385 isolates were clonal. In vitro
death rates of SA5385 on Stomahesive® with human serum were significantly lower than on
Stomahesive® alone (P = 0·04), and on cotton sheet with serum (P = 0·04), highlighting the
potential of this material as a survival niche. Phage typing remains a valuable, inexpensive and
simple method for monitoring nosocomial MSSA infection.
Distribution of tubulin, kinesin, and dynein in light- and
dark-adapted octopus retinas
Authors: MARTINEZ JUANA M. , ELFARISSI HASSAN , De VELASCO BEGONA , OCHOA GINA H. , MILLER ARIA M. , CLARK YING MEI , MATSUMOTO BRIAN , ROBLES LAURA J.
Published: July 2002

Cephalopod retinas exhibit several responses to
light and dark adaptation, including rhabdom size changes,
photopigment movements, and pigment granule migration.
Light- and dark-directed rearrangements of microfilament
and microtubule cytoskeletal transport pathways could drive
these changes. Recently, we localized actin-binding proteins
in light-/dark-adapted octopus rhabdoms and suggested that
actin cytoskeletal rearrangements bring about the formation
and degradation of rhabdomere microvilli subsets. To determine
if the microtubule cytoskeleton and associated motor proteins
control the other light/dark changes, we used immunoblotting
and immunocytochemical procedures to map the distribution
of tubulin, kinesin, and dynein in dorsal and ventral halves
of light- and dark-adapted octopus retinas. Immunoblots
detected α- and β-tubulin, dynein intermediate
chain, and kinesin heavy chain in extracts of whole retinas.
Epifluorescence and confocal microscopy showed that the
tubulin proteins were distributed throughout the retina
with more immunoreactivity in retinas exposed to light.
Kinesin localization was heavy in the pigment layer of
light- and dark-adapted ventral retinas but was less prominent
in the dorsal region. Dynein distribution also varied in
dorsal and ventral retinas with more immunoreactivity in
light- and dark-adapted ventral retinas and confocal microscopy
emphasized the granular nature of this labeling. We suggest
that light may regulate the distribution of microtubule
cytoskeletal proteins in the octopus retina and that position,
dorsal versus ventral, also influences the distribution
of motor proteins. The microtubule cytoskeleton is most
likely involved in pigment granule migration in the light
and dark and with the movement of transport vesicles from
the photoreceptor inner segments to the rhabdoms.
Effects of atropine on refractive development, dopamine
release, and slow retinal potentials in the chick
Authors: SCHWAHN HARTMUT N. , KAYMAK HAKAN , SCHAEFFEL FRANK
Published: July 2002

Atropine has previously been found to suppress
visually induced myopia both in animals and humans. The
mechanism of its action is unclear. We have studied its
retinal effects in an in vitro preparation, using
the retina-pigment epithelium-choroid complex of the chick
eye. In vivo, deprivation myopia was induced by
translucent goggles. Atropine solution was injected into
the vitreous at two-day intervals. Dopamine release from
the retina following atropine injection in vivo
and from the in vitro retina preparation was quantified
by HPLC-EC. In vitro preparations of the isolated
chick retina–pigment epithelium–choroid were
superfused with atropine. Light-induced potentials (local
ERG), slow standing potentials from the retinal pigment
epithelium/neural retina, and extracellular potassium concentrations
were recorded. In line with previous findings, intravitreal
injections of atropine (25 μg, 250 μg) reduced
deprivation myopia in a dose-dependent manner. Atropine
increased the release of the neurotransmitter dopamine
into the superfusate in vitro at 100–500
μM and into the vitreous in vivo at 250 μg.
Before an increase was measured in the vitreous, the retinal
dopamine content was elevated. In concentrations equivalent
to the intravitreal concentration to suppress myopia in
vivo (200–800 μM), atropine induced spreading
depression (SD) in the in vitro preparation. In
contrast, muscarinic agonists, acetylcholine and pilocarpine,
did not induce SD. Atropine reduced the ERG b-
and d-wave, led to damped oscillations of RPE
potentials, and reversed the ERG c-wave. Atropine
suppressed myopia only at doses at which severe nonspecific
side effects were observed in the retina. Atropine seems
to intrude massively into the vital functions of the retina
as indicated by the occurrence of SD. We conclude that
atropine, by inducing SD, boosts neurotransmitter release
from cellular stores, which may cancel out a presumed retinal
signal that controls eye growth and through this, myopia.
Laminar differences in the spatiotemporal structure of simple
cell receptive fields in cat area 17
Authors: MURTHY A. , HUMPHREY A.L. , SAUL A.B. , FEIDLER J.C.
Published: July 2002

Previous studies of cat visual cortex have shown
that the spatiotemporal (S-T) structure of simple cell
receptive fields correlates with direction selectivity.
However, great heterogeneity exists in the relationship
and this has implications for models. Here we report a
laminar basis for some of the heterogeneity. S-T structure
and direction selectivity were measured in 101 cells using
stationary counterphasing and drifting gratings, respectively.
Two procedures were used to assess S-T structure and its
relation to direction selectivity. In the first, the S-T
orientations of receptive fields were quantified by fitting
response temporal phase versus stimulus spatial phase data.
In the second procedure, conventional linear predictions
of direction selectivity were computed from the amplitudes
and phases of responses to stationary gratings. Extracellular
recording locations were reconstructed histologically.
Among direction-selective cells, S-T orientation was greatest
in layer 4B and it correlated well (r = 0.76)
with direction selectivity. In layer 6, S-T orientation
was uniformly low, overlapping little with layer 4B, and
it was not correlated with directional tuning. Layer 4A
was intermediate in S-T orientation and its relation (r
= 0.46) to direction selectivity. The same laminar patterns
were observed using conventional linear predictions. The
patterns do not reflect laminar differences in direction
selectivity since the layers were equivalent in directional
tuning. We also evaluated a model of linear spatiotemporal
summation followed by a static nonlinear amplification
(exponent model) to account for direction selectivity.
The values of the exponents were estimated from differences
between linearly predicted and actual amplitude modulations
to counterphasing gratings. Comparing these exponents with
another exponent—that required to obtain perfect
matches between linearly predicted and measured directional
tuning—indicates that an exponent model largely accounts
for direction selectivity in most cells in layer 4, particularly
layer 4B, but not in layer 6. Dynamic nonlinearities seem
essential for cells in layer 6. We suggest that these laminar
differences may partly reflect the differential involvement
of geniculocortical and intracortical mechanisms.
Inverse correlation of firing patterns of single topographically
matched perigeniculate neurons and cat dorsal lateral geniculate
relay cells
Authors: FUNKE KLAUS , EYSEL ULF T.
Published: July 2002

Action potentials of single perigeniculate (PGN)
cells and relay cells of the dorsal lateral geniculate
nucleus (dLGN) with topographically matched or at least
partially overlapping receptive fields (RF) were simultaneously
recorded in the anesthetized and paralyzed cat during visual
stimulation with moving gratings or flashing light spots
of different size. In many cases, PGN cells showed an activity
pattern which appeared like a mirror image of distinct
periods of dLGN activity. Flashing spots evoked transient
volleys of activity in PGN cells which increased in strength
and shortened in latency with increasing size of the stimulus.
These responses were temporally matched with inhibitory
phases in the early part of visual responses in the dLGN.
The spatio-temporal properties of the RFs were established
by reverse correlation of the spike activity with the spatially
random presentation of bright and dark spots within an
array of 20 × 20 positions. Anticorrelated firing
patterns of such kind could also be elicited as interocular
inhibition with stimulation of the perigeniculate RF in
the nondominant eye. Inversely correlated changes in spontaneous
and visually induced activity were also visible during
spontaneous changes in EEG pattern. With increasing synchronization
of the EEG (predominance of delta-waves) the strength of
geniculate visual responses declined while maintained perigeniculate
activity increased. A weakened interocular and monocular
inhibition of dLGN relay cells during visual stimulation
of PGN RFs could be achieved with local reversible inactivation
of PGN areas topographically matched with the dLGN recording
sites. The results indicate that the PGN contributes to
the state-dependent control of retino-geniculate transmission
and to the monocular and interocular inhibitory processes
that shape the visual responses in the dLGN.