bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Spondylometaphyseal dysplasia, east‐African Type: A new form of early, severe SMD with rounded vertebrae
Authors: Verloes Alain , Lepage Philippe , Baumann Clarisse , Maroteaux Pierre , Merrer Martine Le
Published: December 2002

Spondylometaphyseal dysplasias (SMD) are a heterogeneous group of bone dysplasias characterized by vertebral and metaphyseal changes of various severities. We report two unrelated patients of east African origin with a skeletal disorder consisting of 1) severe metaphyseal dysplasia of early onset, sparing hand bones, with bracket‐shaped metaphyses; 2) dysplastic pelvis with irregular iliac rim; and 3) oval‐shaped vertebral bodies. Contrasting with most types of SMD, the spinal dysplasia is limited to mild changes in the vertebral body shape that tend to soften with time, whereas the iliac rims have a striking lacy appearance. Except for the most common types (Kozlowski type and Schmidt type), most of the literature on SMD deals with single case reports, without longitudinal data, for which molecular definition is still lacking and classification remains unclear. These two patients could belongs to the A4 group in the classification of Maroteaux and Spranger [1991: Pediatr Radiol 2l:293–297], and illustrate the difficulties of a clinical classification of SMD. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ectodermal dysplasia with acanthosis nigricans (Lelis syndrome)
Authors: Steiner Carlos Eduardo , Cintra Maria Letícia , Marques‐de‐Faria Antonia Paula
Published: December 2002

A 31‐year‐old male patient with ectodermal dysplasia and acanthosis nigricans is described. Clinical findings included hypotrichosis, hypohidrosis, palmoplantar hyperkeratosis, nail dystrophy, early onset loss of permanent dentition, mental retardation, and acanthosis nigricans. The findings suggest the diagnosis of Lelis syndrome, as described on the basis of seven unrelated cases. A review concerning this condition is also presented. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prediction and prevention of transition to psychosis in young people at incipient risk for schizophrenia
Authors: Phillips Lisa J. , Yung Alison R. , Yuen Hok Pan , Pantelis Christos , McGorry Patrick D.
Published: December 2002

The treatment of psychotic disorders, particularly schizophrenia, had been viewed with pessimism until a recent shift in focus from established or chronic illness to earlier phases of illness around the onset highlighted opportunities for enhanced recovery. Associated with this change in focus of research and clinical efforts has been the recognition that the biological and social changes underpinning the development of psychotic disorders may already be active in the pre‐psychotic or prodromal phase. It has therefore been suggested that efforts toward the prevention of psychotic disorders should focus on the emerging illness. This article provides a review of work that has been conducted at the PACE Clinic in Melbourne, Australia since 1994. This clinical research program was established to develop strategies for the identification of young people at high risk of developing a psychotic disorder within a short period of time‐ primarily by virtue of recent mental state changes. Additionally, biological and psychological processes that have been proposed to underlie the development of illness have been investigated and potential preventive interventions have been evaluated. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Unusual mosaic karyotype resulting from adjacent 1 segregation of t(11;22): Importance of performing skin fibroblast karyotype in patients with unexplained multiple congenital anomalies
Authors: Kulharya Anita S. , Lovell Carolyn Mills , Flannery David B.
Published: December 2002

We report a patient with a mosaic karyotype resulting from an adjacent 1 segregation of the familial autosomal translocation (11;22). The karyotype seen in fibroblast is 46,XY,der(22)t(11;22)(q23.3;q11.2)/46,XY. No evidence of the abnormal cell line was seen in the cultures obtained from the lymphocytes. The clinical phenotype of the patient does not fit a particular pattern of partial monosomy 22 or partial trisomy 11. There are some features that have been previously reported in patients with trisomy 11q23 → qter. The mosaic karyotype in our patient could be a result of a series of postzygotic mitotic events of a zygote carrying the der(22) chromosome. These mechanisms involve events that are well documented for several chromosomes. This case underscores the necessity of performing exhaustive cytogenetic analysis in patients with an abnormal phenotype with a family history of a chromosome rearrangement in fibroblast cells if lymphocyte analysis is normal. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
DOOR syndrome: Deficiency of E1 component of the 2‐oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex
Authors: Surendran Sankar , Michals‐Matalon Kimberlee , Krywawych Stephan , Qazi Qutub H. , Tuchman Roberto , Rady Peter L. , Tyring Stephan K. , Matalon Reuben
Published: December 2002

Four patients from three families with the clinical features of DOOR syndrome (onycho‐osteodystrophy, dystrophic thumbs, sensorineural deafness, and increased urinary levels of 2‐oxoglutarate) are the subjects of this report. Our report deals with the autosomal recessive form of the disease, wherein the activity of 2‐oxoglutarate decarboxylase (E10) in fibroblasts and white blood cells of the patients is decreased. The activity of E10 in all patients' fibroblasts and white blood cells was significantly lower compared to the controls. This study demonstrates for the first time that E10 deficiency is an important biochemical marker for the autosomal recessive form of DOOR syndrome. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ant‐dipping among the chimpanzees of Bossou, Guinea, and some comparisons with other sites
Authors: Humle Tatyana , Matsuzawa Tetsuro
Published: December 2002

We present a detailed study of ant‐dipping among the wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) of Bossou, in southeastern Guinea, West Africa. Observations suggest a strong influence of prey (Dorylusspp.) characteristics, including aggressiveness and/or gregariousness, on tool length and technique employed by the chimpanzees. Bossou chimpanzees exhibit two ant‐dipping techniques: 1) direct mouthing, and 2) pull‐through. In addition, they were observed dipping for several species of Dorylus ants, classed into two categories: Red and Black. Tool length was longer when dipping in higher‐risk contexts, i.e., at the ants' nest site or on Black ants. The pull‐through technique was almost exclusively associated with dipping at the nest site. This latter technique was associated with tools over 50cm long, whereas direct mouthing was the only technique observed with tools <50cm long. Our experimental findings, together with our observations on the behavior of the chimpanzees, suggest that at the nest, the pull‐through technique was a more efficient technique than direct mouthing. We review our results in the context of ant‐dipping observed at two other long‐term chimpanzee study sites, i.e., Gombe (Tanzania) and Taï (Côte d'Ivoire), where differences in tool length, technique used, and focal Dorylus ant species have been reported. Finally, we urge similar detailed studies of this tool‐use behavior in both Gombe and Taï to shed further light upon our results and their implications. Am. J. Primatol. 58:133–148, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Gravity dependence of ocular drift in patients with cerebellar downbeat nystagmus
Authors: Marti Sarah , Palla Antonella , Straumann Dominik
Published: December 2002

Downbeat nystagmus is a frequent ocular motor sign in patients with lesions of the vestibulocerebellum. The upward drift in downbeat nystagmus is a combination of a gaze‐evoked drift, due to an impaired vertical neural integrator, and a velocity bias. Using a three‐dimensional turntable, we analyzed the influence of gravity on these two mechanisms. Patients with cerebellar downbeat nystagmus (n = 6) and healthy subjects (n = 12) were placed in various whole‐body positions along the roll, pitch, and oblique vertical planes of the head. Ocular drift was monitored with scleral search coils. Although there was no gravity dependence of the vertical gaze‐evoked drift, the vertical velocity bias consisted of two components: a gravity‐dependent component that sinusoidally modulated as a function of body position along the pitch plane, and a gravity‐independent component that was directed upward. The combination of the two components led to an overall drift that was minimal in supine and maximal in prone position. In healthy subjects, only the gravity‐dependent component was present, but in a scaled‐down manner. Our results suggest that the intact vestibulocerebellum minimizes an overacting otolith‐ocular reflex elicited by pitch tilt and cancels an inherent upward ocular drift that is independent of gravity‐modulated otolith signals.
Coenzyme Q– responsive Leigh's encephalopathy in two sisters
Authors: Van Maldergem Lionel , Trijbels Frans , DiMauro Salvatore , Sindelar Pavel J. , Musumeci Olimpia , Janssen Antoon , Delberghe Xavier , Martin Jean‐Jacques , Gillerot Yves
Published: December 2002

A 31‐year‐old woman had encephalopathy, growth retardation, infantilism, ataxia, deafness, lactic acidosis, and increased signals of caudate and putamen on brain magnetic resonance imaging. Muscle biochemistry showed succinate:cytochrome c oxidoreductase (complex II–III) deficiency. Both clinical and biochemical abnormalities improved remarkably with coenzyme Q10 supplementation. Clinically, when taking 300mg coenzyme Q10 per day, she resumed walking, gained weight, underwent puberty, and grew 20cm between 24 and 29 years of age. Coenzyme Q10 was markedly decreased in cerebrospinal fluid, muscle, lymphoblasts, and fibroblasts, suggesting the diagnosis of primary coenzyme Q10 deficiency. An older sister has similar clinical course and biochemical abnormalities. These findings suggest that coenzyme Q10 deficiency can present as adult Leigh's syndrome. Ann Neurol 2002;52:000–000
Rapid modulation of GABA in sensorimotor cortex induced by acute deafferentation
Authors: Levy Lucien M. , Ziemann Ulf , Chen Robert , Cohen Leonardo G.
Published: December 2002

Recovery of function after acute injury to the central nervous system may be controlled by the availability of γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA), the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the cerebral cortex. Acute lesions as well as manipulation of sensory inputs can lead to rapid reorganization of the cerebral cortex, occurring within minutes to hours. Reduction of cortical inhibitory tone through a decrease in the availability of GABA has been suggested as a possible mechanism; however, the degree and temporal course of the changes in brain GABA are not known. A novel method using two‐dimensional J‐resolved magnetic resonance spectroscopy showed that GABA levels in the human sensorimotor cortex are quickly reduced within minutes of deafferentation. This finding strongly supports the view that the release of latent corticocortical projections from tonic inhibition through decreased GABA availability is a mechanism of rapid cortical plasticity. Reduction of brain GABA can play a pivotal role in regulating the extent of rapid cortical reorganization after lesions or changes in sensory input. Ann Neurol 2002;52:000–000
Late secondary ischemic injury in patients receiving intraarterial thrombolysis
Authors: Kidwell Chelsea S. , Saver Jeffrey L. , Starkman Sidney , Duckwiler Gary , Jahan Reza , Vespa Paul , Villablanca J. Pablo , Liebeskind David S. , Gobin Y. Pierre , Vinuela Fernando , Alger Jeffry R.
Published: December 2002

Although animal models have demonstrated that late secondary cerebral injury after arterial occlusion and subsequent recanalization may limit the benefit of reperfusion therapy, this phenomenon has not been well characterized in humans. Diffusion‐perfusion magnetic resonance imaging studies were performed before treatment, early after treatment, and at day 7 in patients undergoing vessel recanalization with intraarterial thrombolytics. Among 18 patients studied, mean age was 71 (range, 27–94), and median entry National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score was 13 (range, 6–25). Early after recanalization, partial or complete normalization of diffusion imaging abnormalities occurred in 8 of 18 (44%) patients. Among the eight patients with early diffusion imaging reversal, late secondary injury by day 7 occurred in 5 (63%), and sustained normalization of all reversed tissue occurred in 3 (38%). Pretreatment apparent diffusion coefficient values were lowest in regions experiencing no reversal (mean apparent diffusion coefficient, 608μm2/sec), intermediate in regions with reversal and secondary decline (617μm2/sec), and highest in regions with sustained reversal (663μm2/sec). There was a trend toward less improvement in neurological deficit in patients with secondary injury versus patients with sustained reversal. In the future, late secondary tissue injury may become an important therapeutic target for postreperfusion neuroprotective therapies, with treatment efficacy monitored by serial diffusion magnetic resonance imaging.
Predictors of ovulatory failure in women with epilepsy
Authors: Morrell Martha J. , Giudice Linda , Flynn Kerry L. , Seale Cairn G. , Paulson Amelia J. , Doñe Silvia , Flaster Edith , Ferin Michel , Sauer Mark V.
Published: December 2002

Women with epilepsy (WWE) are at increased risk for reproductive disorders. This study was designed to evaluate whether WWE are more likely to have anovulatory cycles and to assess the relative association of the epilepsy syndrome category and antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) to ovulatory dysfunction. Subjects included women aged 18 to 40 years not receiving hormones. Women without epilepsy (23 controls) and women with localization‐related epilepsy (LRE, n = 59) or idiopathic (primary) generalized epilepsy (IGE, n = 35) receiving either a cytochrome P450 enzyme (cP450) inducing AED (carbamazepine, phenytoin, and phenobarbital), a cP450 inhibiting AED (valproate), or an AED that does not alter cP450 enzymes (lamotrigine and gabapentin) in monotherapy for 6 months or more were followed for three menstrual cycles. A transvaginal ovarian ultrasound was obtained. Endocrine and metabolic variables were measured and luteinizing hormone sampled over 8 hours on days 2 to 5 of one cycle. Anovulatory cycles occurred in 10.9% of cycles in controls, 14.3% of cycles with LRE, and 27.1% of cycles with IGE. Of women using valproate currently or within the preceding 3 years, 38.1% had at least one anovulatory cycle in contrast with 10.7% of women not using valproate within the preceding 3 years. Predictors of ovulatory failure included IGE syndrome, use of valproate currently or within 3 years, high free testosterone, and fewer numbers of luteinizing hormone pulses, but not polycystic‐appearing ovaries. WWE are more likely to experience anovulatory menstrual cycles and the effects of epilepsy syndrome, and AED therapy may be additive. Women with IGE receiving valproate were at highest risk for anovulatory cycles, polycystic‐appearing ovaries, elevated body mass index, and hyperandrogynism. WWE with anovulatory cycles may have no other signs of reproductive dysfunction. Therefore, clinicians must be alert to this potential complication of epilepsy.
N‐acetylglutamate synthase deficiency and the treatment of hyperammonemic encephalopathy
Authors: Elpeleg Orly , Shaag Avraham , Ben‐Shalom Efrat , Schmid Tal , Bachmann Claude
Published: December 2002

Carbamylphosphate synthase is the first enzymatic reaction of the urea cycle. Its activator, N‐acetylglutamate, is synthesized from acetyl‐CoA and glutamate in a reaction catalyzed by N‐acetylglutamate synthase (NAGS). We have identified the putative human NAGS gene and report the first mutation in this gene in a family with carbamylglutamate responsive hyperammonemia and normal activity of the urea cycle enzymes. Mutation analysis has a higher diagnostic specificity than the enzymatic assay in NAGS deficiency. A therapeutic trial with carbamylglutamate is recommended whenever hyperammonemia without an organic aciduria, increased orotate excretion, or diagnostic amino acidemia/uria is detected.
Archaeomagnetic surveys of the anonymous graves in Khosho Tsaidam, Mongolia
Authors: Ates Abdullah
Published: December 2002

There are ancient graves in the Khosho Tsaidam region of Mongolia, in the vicinity of historical Turkish monuments. The geological setting of the region is indicative of a marshland with partitioning of the Orkhun River into two branches. Magnetic surveys were carried out at two of the anonymous graves to decipher their origin and possible relationship with the old Turkish temples. Grey images of the magnetic anomaly maps are produced to enhance the contour maps with reduced ranges. The grey image maps display visible rectangular and square shaped lineaments. In both of the graves, high‐frequency areas, thought to be caused by fired floor tiles, are observed and these features resemble one of the Turkish monuments recently surveyed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Investigation of a Bronze Age plankway by spectral induced polarization
Authors: Schleifer N. , Weller A. , Schneider S. , Junge A.
Published: December 2002

The induced polarization (IP) method was developed originally for ore exploration. The transition from electronic to electrolytic conduction causes strong polarization effects in ores. However, other porous materials also exhibit polarization effects. They are caused by electrochemical processes at the internal interface between the pore fluid and the mineral grains. Although these effects are one to two orders smaller in size, modern IP equipment is able to resolve these phenomena. Spectral induced polarization (SIP) investigates the polarization effect in a wide frequency range. As a SIP measurement has an identical setup to conventional resistivity survey, a multichannel geoelectrical instrument (SIP‐256) was developed that is able to measure both apparent resistivity and the polarization effect using a multi‐electrode array.

The Federsee bog near Lake Konstanz with its optimal preservation conditions is of international importance for archaeology. Pile dwelling settlements dating back to the eneolithicum have been revealed. Wood samples of a Bronze Age plankway (1500–1400 BC) were collected and investigated. The astonishing result of the laboratory measurements was that the samples showed a remarkable polarization effect in the classic frequency range of IP. Wood therefore can be regarded as a polarizable material. As a consequence a SIP survey was performed in order to investigate the plankway. The SIP survey was carried out in a frequency range from 1 to 60 Hz, where the maximum polarization effect in the laboratory was observed. Two profiles were measured, one parallel and one perpendicular to the plankway. In contrast to the result of the resistivity measurement, the plankway could be identified by weakly increased polarization effects. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Soil and susceptibility: aspects of thermally induced magnetism within the dynamic pedological system
Authors: Weston D. G.
Published: December 2002

Magnetic surveys now form part of the panoply of techniques used in archaeological investigations. Techniques such as magnetic gradiometry depend on bodies of soil developing enhanced magnetic susceptibilities. This enhancement, whether via heating or by ongoing pedological processes, is due to reduction and oxidation cycles within the soil. The salient point of this paper is that, the soil is a dynamic medium in which iron is subject to ongoing soil process. Several case studies are examined to illustrate these points. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ground‐penetrating radar survey to map the location of buried structures under two churches
Authors: Leucci Giovanni
Published: December 2002

The range of ground‐penetrating‐radar (GPR) applications is very wide and diverse. Ground‐penetrating radar provides high‐resolution continuous profiles, and it has been used in various fields such as environmental, geology, geotechnical engineering, archaeology, etc.

Two surveys with GPR were undertaken inside two churches (the church of St Oronzo and the church of Immacolata) at Novoli village, located a few kilometres northwest of Lecce (Italy). The purpose of the two surveys was to obtain information about the existence of ancient structures beneath the two churches. No document or writing exists to confirm the presence of structures under the two churches. However, there are several oral testimonies handed down over the centuries that suggest the presence of these ancient structures.

Both surveys were carried out using a GSSI Sir System2, incorporating 500 MHz centre frequency antenna. The GPR time slices were constructed from closely spaced parallel profiles. The time slices, computed from averaging radar reflections over vertical time windows several nanoseconds thick, are used to map subsoil features associated with the structures, probably of anthropogenic origin.

To facilitate the interpretation of the results, a three‐dimensional image was constructed using closely spaced parallel profiles, which are linearly interpolated. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Division of domestic work and psychological distress 1 year after childbirth: a comparison between France, Quebec and Italy
Authors: des Rivières‐Pigeon Catherine , Saurel‐Cubizolles Marie‐Josèphe , Romito Patrizia
Published: December 2002

Background.

The participation of men in domestic work should have a positive impact on the wellbeing and mental health of women who are mothers of young children. However, cultural factors, which largely determine the expectations and desires of men and women, are likely to modify this impact. The purpose of this study was to explore differences between countries in the division of child care and housework between couples 1 year after childbirth, and to look at possible differences in the relationship between this division and the psychological health of new mothers.

Methods.

Similar studies were carried out in three countries: France, Italy and Canada (province of Quebec), making it possible to compare the situation of 1598 women.

Results.

The results revealed major differences between countries in the division of domestic work. For nearly all the child care and housework tasks studied, answers indicating an unequal division were more frequent in Italy than in France, and more frequent in France than in Quebec. Despite these differences, we found very similar pattern of associations, in the three countries, between the division of domestic work and the mental health of women. An unequal division of child care was linked with psychological distress, but this association was not found for the division of housework.

Conclusion.

These results raise questions concerning the mechanisms by which the division of domestic work affects the psychological health of new mothers. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Myocardial bridge: A clinical review
Authors: Kalaria Vijay G. , Koradia Nishant , Breall Jeffrey A.
Published: December 2002

Human coronary arteries occasionally course intramyocardially‐a condition termed Myocardial Bridge. We review the anatomic and pathophysiological basis of the Myocardial Bridge and discuss clinical presentations, prognoses and the current treatment options for this interesting coronary angiographic variant. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2002;57:552–556. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mechanisms of acute lumen gain following cutting balloon angioplasty in calcified and noncalcified lesions: An intravascular ultrasound study
Authors: Okura Hiroyuki , Hayase Motoya , Shimodozono Shinichi , Kobayashi Toru , Sano Kazuya , Matsushita Toyoaki , Kondo Taizo , Kijima Mikihiko , Nishikawa Hideo , Kurogane Hiroyuki , Aizawa Tadanori , Hosokawa Hiroaki , Suzuki Takahiko , Yamaguchi Tetsu , Bonneau Heidi N. , Yock Paul G. , Fitzgerald Peter J.
Published: December 2002

Several studies have shown that mechanisms for lumen enlargement following conventional balloon angioplasty (BA) consist of plaque reduction and vessel expansion. To assess the mechanisms of lumen enlargement after Cutting Balloon (CB) angioplasty, intravascular ultrasound images were analyzed in 180 lesions (89 CB and 91 BA). External elastic membrane (EEM) cross‐sectional area (CSA), lumen CSA, and plaque plus media (P+M) CSA were measured before and after angioplasty. In the CB group, lower balloon pressure was utilized (P < 0.0001). ΔP+M CSA was significantly larger (P = 0.02) and Δlumen CSA showed a trend toward being larger (P = 0.07) compared to BA group. For noncalcified lesions, CB resulted in a larger ΔP+M CSA (P < 0.05) and a smaller ΔEEM CSA (P = 0.10) than BA. For calcified lesions, Δlumen CSA was significantly larger in the CB group (P < 0.05) without significant differences in ΔEEM CSA and ΔP+M CSA. Dissections complicated with calcified lesions were associated with larger Δlumen CSA for the CB group. In conclusion, for noncalcified lesions, CB achieves similar luminal dimensions with larger plaque reduction and less vessel expansion compared to BA. On the other hand, for calcified lesions, the CB achieves larger lumen gain, especially in lesions with evidence of dissections. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2002;57:429–436. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of microvascular dysfunction on myocardial fractional flow reserve after percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with acute myocardial infarction
Authors: Tamita Koichi , Akasaka Takashi , Takagi Tsutomu , Yamamuro Atsushi , Yamabe Kenji , Katayama Minako , Morioka Shigefumi , Yoshida Kiyoshi
Published: December 2002

Fractional flow reserve (FFR) has emerged as a lesion‐specific index of the functional severity of coronary stenosis in patients with chronic coronary artery disease. As the coronary blood flow in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) patients with microvascular damage is restricted, the pressure drop across the stenosis during hyperemia may be smaller than expected. However, the effects of microvascular dysfunction on FFR in AMI patients remain undetermined. The study comprised 33 AMI patients who underwent coronary stenting within 12 hr of onset, and 15 patients with stable angina pectoris who underwent elective stenting. Assessment of the 48 lesions by means of intravascular ultrasound and pressure measurements after stenting showed that postinterventional FFR was higher in AMI than angina pectoris patients (0.95 ± 0.04 vs. 0.90 ± 0.04; P = 0.002), although there were no significant differences in intravascular ultrasound parameters. AMI patients were divided into two subgroups based on their postprocedural Thrombolysis on Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) flow grade (23 patients with TIMI 3 and 10 with TIMI 2). There were no differences in intravascular ultrasound parameters between the AMI subgroups, while FFR was greater in the patients with TIMI 2 than in those with TIMI 3 (0.98 ± 0.02 vs. 0.93 ± 0.05; P = 0.017). No significant correlation was found between FFR and intravascular ultrasound parameters in either AMI subgroup, while FFR of more than 0.94 was observed in all TIMI 2 cases independent of residual stenosis severity. We conclude that in patients with marked microvascular dysfunction, FFR may not be reliable for the assessment of coronary lesion severity and may underestimate coronary lesion severity. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2002;57:452–459. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Radial artery thrombosis, palmar arch systolic blood velocities, and chronic regional pain syndrome 1 following transradial cardiac catheterization
Authors: Papadimos Thomas J. , Hofmann James P.
Published: December 2002

The transradial approach to cardiac catheterization is popular and safe, but prolonged, aggressive hemostatic compression at the access site may lead to vascular and/or neurologic complications, either transient or permanent. Rarely, chronic regional pain syndrome 1 (reflex sympathetic dystrophy) may occur. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2002;57:537–540. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Localization of neuropeptide Y1 receptor immunoreactivity in the rat retina and the synaptic connectivity of Y1 immunoreactive cells
Authors: D'Angelo Iona , Oh Su‐Ja , Chun Myung‐Hoon , Brecha Nicholas C.
Published: December 2002

Neuropeptide Y (NPY), an inhibitory neuropeptide expressed by a moderately dense population of wide‐field amacrine cells in the rat retina, acts through multiple (Y1–y6) G‐protein–coupled receptors. This study determined the cellular localization of Y1 receptors and the synaptic connectivity of Y1 processes in the inner plexiform layer (IPL) of the rat retina. Specific Y1 immunoreactivity was localized to horizontal cell bodies in the distal inner nuclear layer and their processes in the outer plexiform layer. Immunoreactivity was also prominent in cell processes located in strata 2 and 4, and puncta in strata 4 and 5 of the IPL. Double‐label immunohistochemical experiments with calbindin, a horizontal cell marker, confirmed Y1 immunostaining in all horizontal cells. Double‐label immunohistochemical experiments, using antibodies to choline acetyltransferase and vesicular acetylcholine transporter to label cholinergic amacrine cell processes, demonstrated that Y1 immunoreactivity in strata 2 and 4 of the IPL was localized to cholinergic amacrine cell processes. Electron microscopic studies of the inner retina showed that Y1‐immunostained amacrine cell processes and puncta received synaptic inputs from unlabeled amacrine cell processes (65.2%) and bipolar cell axon terminals (34.8%). Y1‐immunoreactive amacrine cell processes most frequently formed synaptic outputs onto unlabeled amacrine cell processes (34.0%) and ganglion cell dendrites (54.1%). NPY immunoreactivity in the rat retina is distributed primarily to strata 1 and 5 of the IPL, and the present findings, thus, suggest that NPY acts in a paracrine manner on Y1 receptors to influence both horizontal and amacrine cells. J. Comp. Neurol. 454:373–382, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Relative distribution of synapses in the pulvinar nucleus of the cat: Implications regarding the “driver/modulator” theory of thalamic function
Authors: Wang Siting , Eisenback Michael A. , Bickford Martha E.
Published: December 2002

To provide a quantitative comparison of the synaptic organization of “first‐order” and “higher‐order” thalamic nuclei, we followed bias‐corrected sampling methods identical to a previous study of the cat dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN; Van Horn et al. [2000] J. Comp. Neurol. 416:509–520) to examine the distribution of terminal types within the cat pulvinar nucleus. We observed the following distribution of synaptic contacts: large terminals that contain loosely packed round vesicles (RL profiles), 3.5%; presynaptic profiles that contain densely packed pleomorphic vesicles (F1 profiles), 7.3%; profiles that could be both presynaptic and postsynaptic that contain loosely packed pleomorphic vesicles (F2 profiles), 5.0%; and small terminals that contain densely packed round vesicles (RS profiles), 84.2%. Postembedding immunocytochemistry for γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) was used to distinguish the postsynaptic targets as thalamocortical cells or interneurons. The distribution of synaptic contacts on thalamocortical cells was as follows: RL profiles, 2.1%; F1 profiles, 6.9%; F2 profiles, 5.4%; and RS profiles, 85.6%. The distribution of synaptic contacts on interneurons was as follows: RL profiles, 11.8%; F1 profiles, 9.7%; F2 profiles, 2.8%; and RS profiles, 75.6%. These distributions are similar to that found within the dLGN in that the RS inputs (the presumed “modulators”) far outnumber the RL inputs (the presumed “drivers”). However, in comparison to the dLGN, the pulvinar nucleus receives significantly fewer numbers of RL, F1, and F2 contacts and significantly higher numbers of RS contacts. Thus, the RS/RL synapse ratio in the pulvinar nucleus is 24:1, in contrast to the 5:1 RS/RL synapse ratio in the dLGN (Van Horn et al., 2000). In first‐order nuclei, the lower RS/RL synapse ratio may result in the transfer of visual information that is largely unmodified. In contrast, in higher‐order nuclei, the higher RS/RL synapse ratio may allow for a finer modulation of driving inputs. J. Comp. Neurol. 454:482–494, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Organization of the avian basal forebrain: Chemical anatomy in the parrot (Melopsittacus undulatus)
Authors: Roberts Todd Freeman , Hall William Sterling , Brauth Steven Earle
Published: December 2002

Hodological, electrophysiological, and ablation studies indicate a role for the basal forebrain in telencephalic vocal control; however, to date the organization of the basal forebrain has not been extensively studied in any nonmammal or nonhuman vocal learning species. To this end the chemical anatomy of the avian basal forebrain was investigated in a vocal learning parrot, the budgerigar (Melopsittacus undulatus). Immunological and histological stains, including choline acetyltransferase, acetylcholinesterase, tyrosine hydroxylase, dopamine and cAMP‐regulated phosphoprotein (DARPP)‐32, the calcium binding proteins calbindin D‐28k and parvalbumin, calcitonin gene‐related peptide, iron, substance P, methionine enkephalin, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphotase diaphorase, and arginine vasotocin were used in the present study. We conclude that the ventral paleostriatum (cf. Kitt and Brauth [1981] Neuroscience 6:1551–1566) and adjacent archistriatal regions can be subdivided into several distinct subareas that are chemically comparable to mammalian basal forebrain structures. The nucleus accumbens is histochemically separable into core and shell regions. The nucleus taeniae (TN) is theorized to be homologous to the medial amygdaloid nucleus. The archistriatum pars ventrolateralis (Avl; comparable to the pigeon archistriatum pars dorsalis) is theorized to be a possible homologue of the central amygdaloid nucleus. The TN and Avl are histochemically continuous with the medial aspects of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and the ventromedial striatum, forming an avian analogue of the extended amygdala. The apparent counterpart in budgerigars of the mammalian nucleus basalis of Meynert consists of a field of cholinergic neurons spanning the basal forebrain. The budgerigar septal region is theorized to be homologous as a field to the mammalian septum. Our results are discussed with regard to both the evolution of the basal forebrain and its role in vocal learning processes. J. Comp. Neurol. 454:383–408, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nonstationary weak limit of a stationary harmonic map sequence
Authors: Ding Weiyue , Li Jiayu , Li Wei
Published: December 2002

Let M and N be two compact Riemannian manifolds. Let uk be a sequence of stationary harmonic maps from M to N with bounded energies. We may assume that it converges weakly to a weakly harmonic map u in H1,2 (M, N) as k → ∞. In this paper, we construct an example to show that the limit map u may not be stationary. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
C1, 1 Regularity in semilinear elliptic problems
Authors: Shahgholian Henrik
Published: December 2002

In this paper we give an astonishingly simple proof of C1, 1 regularity in elliptic theory. Our technique yields both new simple proofs of old results as well as new optical results.

The setting we'll consider is the following. Let u be a solution to

where B, is the unit ball in ℝn, f(x, t) is a bounded Lipschitz function in x, and ft′ is bounded from below. Then we prove that u ⊇ C1, 1 (B1/2). Our method is a simple corollary to a recent monotonicity argument due to Caffarelli, Jerison, and Kenig. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Therapist features in sexual offender treatment: their reliable identification and influence on behaviour change
Authors: Marshall W. L. , Serran G. , Moulden H. , Mulloy R. , Fernandez Y. M. , Mann R. , Thornton D.
Published: December 2002

In the first of the two studies reported here, we established that trained judges could reliably identify 18 therapist features that occurred with reasonable frequency. In the second study 17 of these features were examined to determine how well they related to changes in sexual offenders with treatment. Five videotapes from each of five different prison programs were rated for the presence of these 17 features and correlational analyses examined their relationship with changes in 44 measures of treatment targets. The primary findings indicated that empathy and warmth displayed by the therapists and their directive and rewarding behaviours, were the features that most strongly predicted therapeutic benefits. The results are discussed in terms of their clinical and research implications. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparison of two density gradient centrifugation systems for the enrichment of disseminated tumor cells in blood
Authors: Rosenberg R. , Gertler R. , Friederichs J. , Fuehrer K. , Dahm M. , Phelps R. , Thorban S. , Nekarda H. , Siewert J. R.
Published: December 2002

Background

The detection of disseminated tumor cells in peripheral blood is limited by the presence of very few tumor cells within a large number of blood cells. Therefore, tumor cell detection calls for enrichment systems with effective depletion of blood cells and high tumor cell recovery.

Methods

We compared the new density gradient centrifugation method OncoQuick with the standard method of Ficoll. The enriched cell fractions were quantified. Tumor cell spiking experiments examined the recovery of tumor cells as detected by immunocytochemistry and cytokeratin‐20 reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR). Clinical application of OncoQuick was evaluated in 37 peripheral blood samples of patients with gastrointestinal carcinomas.

Results

The depletion of mononuclear cells (MNCs) in the enriched cell fraction after OncoQuick centrifugation was 632‐fold, with an average cell number of 9.5 × 104, compared with Ficoll, with a depletion factor of 3.8 and a mean number of 1.6 × 107 MNCs. The mean tumor cell recovery rates were 87% for OncoQuick and 84% for Ficoll. The increased depletion of MNCs with OncoQuick centrifugation further simplified immunocytochemical evaluation by reducing the number of cytospins and increasing the tumor cell density. Due to the reduced number of co‐enriched MNCs by OncoQuick, the blood volume, which could be analyzed in one RT‐PCR reaction, was increased up to 30 ml. Examination of peripheral blood samples from 37 patients with gastrointestinal tumors showed a cytokeratin‐20 detection rate of 30% and a significant correlation with the presence of distant metastases (P < 0.02).

Conclusions

OncoQuick significantly reduced the co‐enriched number of MNCs, with a high tumor cell recovery rate. Processing blood from tumor patients with OncoQuick increased the chance of detecting circulating tumor cells. Cytometry 49:150–158, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Static magnetic fields affect calcium fluxes and inhibit stress‐induced apoptosis in human glioblastoma cells
Authors: Teodori Laura , Göhde Wolfgang , Valente Maria Giovanna , Tagliaferri Fausto , Coletti Dario , Perniconi Barbara , Bergamaschi Antonio , Cerella Claudia , Ghibelli Lina
Published: December 2002

Background

Epidemiologic data revealed increased brain tumor incidence in workers exposed to magnetic fields (MFs), raising concerns about the possible link between MF exposure and cancer. However, MFs seem to be neither mutagenic nor tumorigenic. The mechanism of their tumorigenic effect has not been elucidated.

Methods

To evaluate the interference of MFs with physical (heat shock, HS) and chemical (etoposide, VP16) induced apoptoses, respectively, we exposed a human glioblastoma primary culture to 6 mT static MF. We investigated cytosolic Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) fluxes and extent of apoptosis as key endpoints. The effect of MFs on HS‐ and VP16‐induced apoptoses in primary glioblastoma cultures from four patients was also tested.

Results

Static MFs increased the [Ca2+]i from a basal value of 124 ± 4 nM to 233 ± 43 nM (P < 0.05). MF exposure dramatically reduced the extent of HS‐ and VP16‐induced apoptoses in all four glioblastoma primary cultures analyzed by 56% (range, 28–87%) and 44% (range, 38–48%), respectively. However, MF alone did not exert any apoptogenic activity. Differences were observed across the four cultures with regard to apoptotic induction by HS and VP16 and to MF apoptotic reduction, with an individual variability with regard to apoptotic sensitivity.

Conclusion

The ability of static MFs to reduce the extent of damage‐induced apoptosis in glioblastoma cells might allow the survival of damaged and possibly mutated cells. Cytometry 49:143–149, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Separation of live cells in different phases of the cell cycle for gene expression analysis
Authors: Juan Gloria , Hernando Eva , Cordon‐Cardo Carlos
Published: December 2002

Background

Homogeneity of cell populations is a basic requirement for gene expression analyses of the cell cycle, such as those based on microarrays. The most common approach to obtain specific populations is the use of synchronization methods that increase the number of cells representing a certain cell cycle stage. On the one hand, conventional synchronization usually causes undesirable effects. On the other hand, cell separation methods may imply loss of RNA quality, another limiting factor for expression profiling. We describe a new strategy to specifically separate live cells in different phases of the cell cycle (G1and G2/M) to obtain good quality RNA for gene expression analyses.

Methods

The experimental design included sorting G1and G2/M cells with the vital fluorochrome Hoechst 33342, followed by RNA isolation from the sorted cells.

Results

Sorted living G1and G2/M cells, analyzed by immunocytochemistry and laser scanning cytometry, showed strong enrichment. The quality and specificity of the isolated RNA were demonstrated by northern blot.

Conclusions

This new approach has many potential applications, such as expression profiling of specific cell populations after eliminating the irrelevant data produced by cells in other stages of the cycle. Cytometry 49:170–175, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Design and implementation of algorithms for focus automation in digital imaging time‐lapse microscopy
Authors: LeSage Allan J. , Kron Stephen J.
Published: December 2002

Background

Digital time‐lapse microscopy using Nomarski‐DIC requires that an autofocusing system adapt to changes in cell shape, size, and position while contending with drift, noise, and hysteresis in the microscope and imager. We have designed and implemented an autofocusing system that tracks subjects under dynamic conditions and maintains focus within a threshold of discriminability.

Methods

With the use of proven and novel algorithms for autofocusing in Nomarski, we performed “virtual” experiments on recorded image stacks to simulate drift and sudden displacements and test the search algorithm response.

Results

We found that combining a simple [1, −1] contrast function with an adaptive “warmer–colder” focusing algorithm yields a reasonable compromise between focusing precision and noise tolerance. This method was implemented to record growth kinetics of yeast cells in single and multiple fields of view over several hours.

Conclusions

We have implemented a robust digital autofocus that maintains focus on optically complex samples imaged at high resolution. The tolerance of this system of drift and vibration suggests that it is a practical system for time‐lapse imaging in many biological applications. Cytometry 49:159–169, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genetic and genomic tools for Xenopus research: The NIH Xenopus initiative
Authors: Klein Steven L. , Strausberg Robert L. , Wagner Lukas , Pontius Joan , Clifton Sandra W. , Richardson Paul
Published: December 2002

The NIH Xenopus Initiative is establishing many of the genetic and genomic resources that have been recommended by the Xenopus research community. These resources include cDNA libraries, expressed sequence tags, full‐length cDNA sequences, genomic libraries, pilot projects to mutagenize and phenotype X. tropicalis, and sequencing the X. tropicalis genome. This review describes the status of these projects and explains how to access their data and resources. Current information about these activities is available on the NIH Xenopus Web site (http://www.nih.gov/science/models/xenopus/). Published 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Distinctive gene profiles occur at key points during natural metamorphosis in the Xenopus laevis tadpole tail
Authors: Veldhoen Nik , Crump Doug , Werry Kate , Helbing Caren C.
Published: December 2002

Thyroid hormones (THs) are essential for tadpole metamorphosis into a juvenile frog; however, a complex interplay between additional hormones and signaling events also contributes to this dramatic developmental phase. A major mechanism of TH action is the nuclear receptor‐mediated regulation of gene transcription of responsive genes. By using the precocious metamorphic model, several genes have been identified as TH responsive in the regressing tail. Many of these genes also exhibit altered expression during natural metamorphosis. Although identification of these genes provides insight into the mechanism whereby TH acts, complex interplay between TH and other hormones and the developmental stage‐dependency of tissue responses contribute to the timing and coordination of metamorphic events. We investigated the temporal gene expression profile in Xenopus laevis tadpole tails from premetamorphosis through metamorphic climax by using a combination of a novel frog cDNA array containing 420 genes and quantitative real‐time PCR. Seventy‐nine genes were identified whose steady‐state mRNA expression levels were altered in the tadpole tail during natural metamorphosis, of which 34 have previously been identified to be TH responsive in frogs or mammals. Of these genes, 75 clustered into 13 groups that displayed distinct developmental expression profiles. The levels of 28 transcripts were altered during premetamorphosis, 31 during prometamorphosis, and 43 with the onset of tail regression. This work establishes an important baseline for determining the mechanisms whereby tissues undergo differing metamorphic fates. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Regulation of the Lim‐1 gene is mediated through conserved FAST‐1/FoxH1 sites in the first intron
Authors: Watanabe Minoru , Rebbert Martha L. , Andreazzoli Massimiliano , Takahashi Nobuhiro , Toyama Reiko , Zimmerman Steven , Whitman Malcolm , Dawid Igor B.
Published: December 2002

The Lim‐1 gene encodes a LIM‐homeodomain transcription factor that is highly conserved among vertebrates and is required for successful gastrulation and head formation. The expression of this gene in the mesoderm of the gastrula is known to require an activin/nodal signal. Earlier studies have shown that the Xenopus Lim‐1 (Xlim‐1) gene contains an activin response element (ARE) in its first intron, which cooperates with an activin‐unresponsive upstream promoter in the regulation of the gene. Here, we show that the Xlim‐1 ARE contains a cluster of FAST‐1/FoxH1 and Smad4 recognition sites; such sites have been shown to mediate activin/nodal responses in other genes. By using reporter constructs with mutated FAST‐1/FoxH1 sites and FAST‐1/FoxH1 protein chimeras, we show that the regulation of Xlim‐1 by activin depends on FAST‐1/FoxH1 function. Comparative studies on the zebrafish lim1 gene indicate the presence of FoxH1 sites in the first intron of this gene and provide evidence for the requirement for FoxH1 function in its regulation. These results illuminate the conserved nature of the transcriptional regulation of the Lim‐1 gene in different vertebrate animals. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.