bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Epistemic Conditionals, Snakes and Stars
Authors: Costa Horacio L Arló
Published: November 2023

A new epistemic semantics that implements a formulation of the Ramsey test compatible with the Alchourrón-Gärdenfors-Makinson (AGM) is presented. We adopt a notion of positive validity according to which a sentence is considered valid in a system of belief sets if it is accepted in all belief sets of the system. We call epistemic any conditional system positively validated by the epistemic model together with a notion of change (at least) compatible with AGM. Our ‘official’ axiomatization of (non-nested) epistemic conditionals is the system CJF which contains the formulas positively validated by AGM. Our models are able to reconstruct epistemically the non-nested fragment of some of the conditional systems proposed by the possible-worlds semantic, like Stalnaker’s system C2. Nevertheless we show that Lewis’s ‘official axiomatization’ of conditionals, the system VC, is not an epistemic system.
The Mathematical Works of Bernard Bolzano
Authors: Russ Steve
Published: November 2023

Bernard Bolzano (1781-1848, Prague) was a remarkable thinker and reformer far ahead of his time in many areas, including philosophy, theology, ethics, politics, logic, and mathematics. Aimed at historians and philosophers of both mathematics and logic, and research students in those fields, this volume contains English translations, in most cases for the first time, of many of Bolzano's most significant mathematical writings.
Structure and transport properties in borate glasses
Authors: Massot M , Balkanski M
Published: November 2023

The major factors motivating the development of the studies of oxide glasses with high ionic conductivity, besides their interesting physical properties, are their advantageous characteristics for energy conversion in solid state devices such as microbatteries. Vitreous fast ionic conductors with lithium ion carriers have been obtained in the ternary glass system B2O3-xLi2O-yLiX where X represents the different halide anions. In such materials the conductivity is higher, in proportion as the content of lithium oxide and of lithium salt is higher. Moreover, the transport properties are affected by the nature of the anion of the ‘doping salt’.
Low-frequency protein dynamics and ligand migration: a case of diffusion in fractal geometries?
Authors: Tahir-Kheli R A , Holzhey C J
Published: November 2023

Proteins are very large molecules with molecular weights in the tens of thousands (Bernstein et al. 1977; Richardson 1981). Their building blocks are the polypeptide chains, which are unbranched polymers consisting of a sequence of amino-acid residues. Often, a chain will contain a few hundred residues formed from a set of about 20 commonly occurring amino acids. Typically, protein molecules comprise one or more of such polypeptide chains, complemented by a small number of prosthetic groups-these groups themselves consisting of metal ions or special organic molecules (McCammon 1984).
Superconductors with degenerate electron states
Authors: lzyumov Yu. A
Published: November 2023

Twenty-four years ago I spent a semester working at the Department of Theoretical Physics, Oxford University under the supervision of Roger Elliott. Our numerous discussions on questions of impurity states in crystals and on the theory of symmetry influenced me in the choice of the work which I will discuss in this chapter.
Magnetic correlations and quantum fluctuations in nearly magnetic heavy fermion compounds
Authors: Pfeuty P
Published: November 2023

Dense cerium and uranium compounds, which can be considered as lattice extensions of the diluted ‘one-impurity Kondo system’, present new interesting physical effects, mainly due to the interaction between f electrons and the conductions electrons. If the f electron energy er is very close to the Fermi energy i;F there are valence fluctuations.
Metastability, random fields, and phase diagrams
Authors: Cowley R A
Published: November 2023

System with competing interactions have proved to provide some of the most interesting and challenging problems in statistical physics. The random-field problem has been no exception and in this chapter I shall try to describe where, in my opinion, we now are and how there are many aspects to the problem which are not yet fully understood. The problem has proved to be more subtle and complex than was initially expected by either theorists or experimentalists. It is a good example of a problem which has benefited from rigorous theory, physical insight, computer simulation, and experiments on real systems.
Molecular dynamics simulations of Si{001): surface reconstruction, melting, and epitaxial growth
Authors: Kaski Kimmo
Published: November 2023

For a variety of applications in semiconductor technology the surfaces of silicon single crystals are most important. The Si(lOO) and Si(lll) surfaces are especially widely used and are studied by a family of experimental surface-sensitive methods. These include low-energy electron diffraction {LEED), ion scattering, photon emission, and scanning tunnelling microscope {STM), which are extremely useful for studying surface morphology and reconstruction and also the thermodynamics of the surfaces including surface melting and roughening. Apart from the analysis of surfaces, the growth of good-quality single-crystal surfaces is of great importance. Recently such epitaxial growth methods as molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) are becoming widely used, not only for silicon but also for GaAs heterostructures.
Ten ‘laws’ concerning patterns of change in the history of mathematics (1975)*
Authors: Crowe Michael
Published: November 2023

Approximately a decade ago G. Buchdahl (1965, p. 69) stated that ‘we are finding ourselves at present in a revolution in the historiography of science’. No one has announced a revolution in the historiography of mathematics, even though the number of excellent historical studies of mathematics ha increased of late. Whereas the present state of the historiography or mathematics differs little (except in quality) from what it was nearly a century ago when Moritz Cantor published the first volume of his Vorlesungen, the historiography of science has undergone far-reaching changes which are most explicitly set out in the writings of such authors as J. Agassi and T. Kuhn (whose books Buchdahl was reviewing) as well as in the publications of N. R. Hanson, K. Popper, and S. Toulmin.
The ‘fine structure’ of mathematical revolutions: metaphysics, legitimacy, and rigour. The case of the calculus from Newton to Berkeley and Maclaurin
Authors: Giorello Giulio
Published: November 2023

Fluxions & moments are quantities of a different kind. Fluxions are finite motions, moments are infinitely little parts. I put letter with pricks for fluxions, & multiply fluxions by the letter o to make them become infinitely little & the rectangles I put for moments In demonstrating Propositions I always write down the letter o & proceed by the Geometry of Euclid & Apollonius without any approximation. In resolving Questions or investigating truths I use all sorts of approximations wch I think will create no error in the conclusions & neglect to write down the letter o, & this [I] do for making dispatch. (Newton 1714, pp. 136-7) The juxtaposition of these two extracts is not as arbitrary as might at first appear.
The ‘revolution’ in the geometrical vision of space in the nineteenth century, and the hermeneutical epistemology of mathematics
Authors: Boi Luciano
Published: November 2023

What Vesalius was to Galen, what Copernicu was lo Ptolemy, that was Lobachevsky to Euclid. There is, indeed, a somewhat instructive parallel between the last two cases Each of them has brought about a revolution in scientific ideas so great that it can only he compared with that brought about by the other. And the reason for the transcendent importance of these two changes is that they arc changes in the conception of the Cosmos. Before the time of Copernicus. men knew all about the Universe, The enormous effect of the Copernican system, and of the astronomical discoveries that have followed it, is that, in place of this knowledge of a little, which was called knowledge of the Universe, of Eternity and Immensity, we have now got knowledge of a great deal more; but we only call it the knowledge of Here and Now. This, then, was the change effected by Copernicus in the idea of the Universe. But there was left another to be made. For the laws of space and motion. that we are presently going to examine. implied an infinite space and an infinite duration, about whose properties as space and time everything was accurately known. The very constitution of hose parts of it which are at an infinite distance from us, ‘geometry upon the plane at infinity’, is just as well known, if the Euclidean assumptions arc true, as the geometry of any portion of this room. In this infinite and thoroughly well-known space the Universe is situated during at least some portion of an infinite and thoroughly well known time. So that here we have real knowledge of something at least that concerns the Cosmos; something that is true throughout the Immensities and the Eternities.
Meta-level revolutions in mathematics
Authors: Dunmore Caroline
Published: November 2023

It has been generally acknowledged for some time now that Kuhnian revolutions occur in the development of the empirical sciences. But, in contrast, the traditional view is that the growth of mathematics is quite different from that of the physical sciences, that it develops purely cumulatively. However, I shall demonstrate in this chapter that a certain brand of Kuhnian revolution has indeed occurred repeatedly in the development of mathematics. I begin with a brief discussion of the recent literature on this question.
Dynamic scattering from multicomponent polymer mixtures in solution and in bulk
Authors: Akcasu A Ziya
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, we propose to study the dynamics of ternary polymer mixtures, which has been the subject of several experimental and theoretical studies in recent years. We shall pay particular attention to the interpretation of the dynamic scattering experiments on such systems. We first present a brief survey of the recent literature most pertinent to this study. On the experimental side, Nemota et al. studied a binary mixture of polystyrene fractions in benzene in the semidilute regime with dynamic light scattering. Borsali et al also investigated the dynamics of a mixture consisting of polystyrene-poly(methyl methacrylate)-toluene by quasielastic light scattering in the semidilute regime. More recently Brown et al reported the results of dynamic light scattering from various homopolymer species in solution. Stiihn and Rennie studied the segmental dynamics of styrene-isoprene di-block copolymers in deuterated polyisoprene matrix with spin-echo neutron scattering.
Noise on photon correlation functions and its effect on data reduction algorithms
Authors: Peters Rainer
Published: November 2023

In recent years, many different data reduction algorithms have been used to extract information on distribution functions (radius distribution, diffusion coefficient distribution, etc.) from photon correlation functions. Many substantially different methods have been used in such algorithms, ranging from simple cumulants to constrained regularization methods such as CONTIN or maximum entropy. Most of these algorithms have in common that noise estimates for the correlation function are restricted to photon noise. But in fact, with the use of modern multi-bit correlators at high input count rates, intensity noise dominates over photon noise in many experimental situations. Since intensity noise is strongly correlated, its effect on data reduction is more subtle but generally of much higher importance than that of photon noise. This chapter introduces models for photon noise as well as intensity noise, and experimental verifications of these models. The random nature of photon noise is compared with the highly correlated structure of intensity noise, and the effects of such covariant noise on any data reduction method are discussed. Finally, a simple model for the covariance matrix and a new concept for data reduction algorithms incorporating this covariance matrix is developed.
Dynamic light scattering from rigid and nearly rigid rods
Authors: Russo Paul S
Published: November 2023

Before such subtleties as the differences between viruses and proteins were fully understood, and even before it was universally accepted that very large molecules existed at all, it was demonstrated that aqueous suspensions of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) exhibited flow birefringence. The experiments were conducted with the aid of a goldfish swimming between crossed polars in a solution of the infectious agent; see Fig. 12.1. In its wake, the Maltese cross pattern revealed the ease with which such solutions are driven to transient order, and foretold the equilibrium alignment that is so fascinating and useful in concentrated suspensions of rods. Today the importance of rod-shaped particles in areas as diverse as high-performance materials, molecular biology, and mineralogy is well established. Yet much remains poorly understood, especially about dynamical processes. Perhaps no technique has more potential than dynamic light scattering to complete the picture begun some 50 years ago by the valiant goldfish and his clever keepers.
Light scattering in micellar systems
Authors: Magid Lee
Published: November 2023

Micelles are one type of aggregate formed by the self-assembly of amphiphilic (surfactant) monomers. Micellar size (including the size distribution, or polydispersity), micellar shape, and intermicellar interactions depend on some combination of the following: (1) structural features of the constituent monomers, including the headgroups’ charge and the tails’ length and volume relative to the headgroups, usually characterized by the surfactant packing parameter; (2) the stoichiometric surfactant concentration and the concentration of supporting electrolyte; (3) the morphology of proximate mesophases; (4) the temperature, which for some surfactants has a large effect on the energetics of headgroup-headgroup and headgroup-solvent interactions.
The Mathematics of Plato’s Academy
Authors: Fowler D H
Published: November 2023

This book presents a radically new interpretation of early Greek mathematics; its central theme is a mathematical and historical exploration of several different ways of characterizing ratio. To set the reconstruction in context, David Fowler describes both how early Greeks wrote and how their writings have then been transmitted to us. This leads to descriptions of taxation and land-measurement in the Greek administration of Egypt, of the development of continued fractions from the seventeenth century, including a recent algorithm for arithmetic with continued fractions, and many other topics.
The astrono1nical revolution
Authors: Chapman Allan
Published: November 2023

The 78 years of Mobius’s life witnessed a fundamental shift in the status of Germany as a ‘great power’ in the realm of the intellect. While that confederation of states collectively called Germany had produced many of the great theological intellects of the sixteenth century to pioneer the Reformation, the region had been devastated by the Thirty Years War which raged in the seventeenth century. Relatively speaking, early- and mid-eighteenth-century Germany was still a European backwater, a constant theatre of war, and generally off the route of the European ‘Grand Tour’; it was regarded as provincial in most things other than music and perhaps certain branches of literature. But its numerous states, Prince-Bishoprics, and Electorates contained a large number of academic establishments, even if many of them were obscure in terms of the wider world. By the late eighteenth century, however, Germany was displaying many portents of things to come—with Kant, Goethe, Schiller, and Beethoven in philosophy and the arts, and Mayer, Humboldt, Olbers, and Schroter in the sciences.
Conduction in Non-Crystalline Materials
Authors: Mott Sir Nevill
Published: November 2023

Since the first edition of this book, the field has developed rapidly, causing Nobel prizewinning author Sir Nevill Mott to rewrite this second edition extensively. It deals in an elementary way (as far as possible) with electrons in non-crystalline systems. It builds on the successful first edition by bringing up to date the theory of interactions in non-crystalline systems, introducing a revised discussion on the `minimum metallic conductivity', and addressing the relevance of disorder in the new high-temperature superconductors.
The Odonata of Central Panama and their position in the neotropical odonate fauna, with a checklist, and descriptions of new species
Authors: Donnelly Thomas W
Published: November 2023

The small area around the Panama Canal has one of the richest Odonata faunas (176 named and at least one undescribed species) in Mesoamerica. The area treated in this brief report is the immediate environs of the Canal (Canal Area, formerly the Canal Zone) as well as neighbouring areas much frequented by naturalists. The most important of the latter areas are Cerro Campana, to the west of the Canal, and Cerros Azul and Jefe, to the east. These are upland areas, in contrast to the lower elevation areas immediately around the Canal. Although interest in the potential of a trans-isthmian canal began in the mid 1800s, and although scientific surveys, first by French and later by American scientists, were begun in the late 1800s, this area entirely escaped the notice of the early compilers of Odonata monographs. Thus, the many monographic studies of Baron Edmond Selys de Longchamps contain numerous notices of the rich areas of western Panama (Chiriqui and vicinity) but none of central Panama. Similarly, the Neuroptera volume of the landmark Biologia Centrali Americana (Calvert 1901-8) notes only a few of the more common species. The monograph of the family Libellulidae (Ris 1909-16) contains but a few records of common species. Ris’ (1918) later study on the Cordilleran Odonata, from Costa Rica to Catamarca, again omits mention of this area.
The Termites of Panama (Isoptera)
Authors: Nickle David A , Collins Margaret S
Published: November 2023

Termites are relatively primitive insects living in highly organized societies. Their nearest living relatives are the cockroaches. All species live in colonies that include both male and female individuals differentiated in form and function into castes. Two or three adult castes are present, depending upon the species. While best known for their destruction of wood and cellulose-containing products, termites are actually extremely beneficial organisms in the dynamics of both tropical and temperate ecosystems. Zoogeographic information provided in this chapter is based on the work of Emerson (1952, 1955). The termite fauna of Panama is diverse, with endemic species, species that are also found in the Caribbean region and northern South America, and species that range northward into Central America and Mexico. In addition, many of the major pest species of the Western Hemisphere have also been reported in Panama. Although 140 species have been described in the North American (Canada through Panama) fauna and 48 species in Panama alone, no single key exists to facilitate rapid identification. This chapter, which is condensed from the manuscript of a book in preparation by Nickle and Collins on the termites of continental North America, brings together current biological information and includes more fully illustrated identification keys for the termites of Panama. We provide keys to soldiers of nearly all the·Panamanian fauna (some species lack soldiers, while other species have been described on the basis of alates alone, and soldiers have not yet been recognized). Keys to genera of the winged forms are also provided together with descriptions of diagnostic characters.
Zoraptera of Panama with a review of the morphology, systematics, and biology of the order
Authors: Choe Jae C
Published: November 2023

The zorapterans are gregarious insects that live under the bark of dead trees. Since the order Zoraptera was erected by Silvestri (1913), only 30 species have been described (Table 15.1). All described species belong to a single genus, Zorotypus, in the family Zorotypidae. Poinar (1988) recently described a fossil species, Z. palaeus, from Dominican amber, indicating that zorapterans were present in the period between the lower Miocene and upper Eocene. Zorapterans are distributed in the tropical and subtropical belts including all continents except Australia. Undoubtedly many more undescribed species will be revealed by further fieldwork and give a more complete geographic picture. To date, the neotropics is by far the most diverse region (Table 15.1). Sixteen species have been described from various localities on the mainland and neighbouring islands (Fig. 15.1). Specific identification is often difficult, as at least seven species were described from females (New 1978) and one species, Z. longicercatus, was described from nymphs only (Caudell 1927). More rigorous collecting and systematic revision are badly needed. With the possible exception of Zorotypus hubbardi, which occurs widely in the United States (Gurney 1938; Riegel 1963; Shetlar 1978), little is known about zorapteran biology. In the following account, a review is provided of the morphology, life history, and systematics of the order Zoraptera based on an extensive literature survey and personal research on two Panamanian species.
Short-winged Mould Beetles of the tribe Arhytodini of Panama, with descriptions of new taxa (Coleoptera: Pselaphidae: Pselaphinae)*
Authors: Chandler Donald S
Published: November 2023

The New World Arhytodini currently consist of three genera: Caccoplectus Sharp with 36 species ranges from Arizona, USA, to Brazil; Rhytus Westwood ( = Arhytodes Reitter) with 11 species found from Argentina to Venezuela; and Caccoplectinus Chandler & Wolda with a single species from French Guiana. Caccoplectus was only recently recognized to be present in Panama (Chandler 1976; Chandler and Wolda 1986), with 24 species now recorded and 19 of these occurring on Barro Colorado Island. Since Caccoplectus was recently reviewed by Chandler and Wolda (1986), discussion of Panamanian Arhytodini will be confined to the following two genera: Rhytus is here recorded from Panama by the collection of three new species; Woldenka, new genus, with a single new species from Barro Colorado Island, is described. A· specimen of each species, except Rhytus bocatorenus new species, was cleared, disarticulated, and mounted on a slide for comparison of foveae and other structures. The single specimen of bocatorenus has the male genitalia cleared and stored in glycerine in a capsule pinned beneath the specimen. Holotypes are deposited in the Field Museum of Natural History. All measurements are given in millimetres.
An introduction to the biology and systematics of Panamanian Tortoise Beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Cassidinae)
Authors: Windsor Donald M , Riley, Edward G , Stockwell Henry P
Published: November 2023

Although distributed widely through the Nearctic and Palearctic zones, tortoise beetles are clearly ‘headquartered’ in the Tropics (Champion 1893). The Republic of Panama with a land area accounting for less than one-twentieth of one per cent of the Earth’s non-frozen surface contains more than 130 species of Cassidinae-three to four per cent of the 3000 + species of Cassidinae estimated to exist worldwide and roughly three times the number recorded from the US (Arnett 1968). Tortoise beetle-species are not only more numerous in tropical habitats but exhibit more diverse life histories and less conservative morphologies than at higher latitudes (Fiebrig 191 O; Kosior 1975; Buzzi 1988; Zwölfer and Brandl 1989). Cassidine beetles are model herbivores that may be near the pinnacle of chrysomelid evolution (Jolivet 1988). Almost all species are monophagous or narrowly oligophagous parasites of a small number of plant families (Jolivet 1989). Association with the host plant is intimate and prolonged; oviposition, larval feeding, pupation, adult feeding, and mating may all occur on one or a few neighbouring plants. Because of their sedentary habits and preference for peripheral foliage on secondary-growth plants, the occurrence of tortoise beetles tends to be predictable; they are exposed targets for predators and parasites (Jeffries and Lawton 1984) and survival of immature stages is low (Carroll 1978; Nakamura and Abbas 1987; Becker and Frieiro Costa 1987). In this paper we present a list of known and uncertain species from Panama, examine their relations to Central and South American faunas and develop a key to the genera. We explore variation of life history within the group through interspecific and geographic comparisons. We investigate the correlation of adult body size with ovipositional strategies, larval gregariousness, parental care, and the stature of host plants selected. Finally, we summarize the distribution of tribes and genera of Cassidinae according to the principal families of food plants on the basis of rudimentary phylogenetic considerations for the group.
Leaf-rolling Weevils (Coleoptera: Attelabidae), their host plants, and associated Rhynchitid Weevils in North America (Canada through the Republic of Panama): Summary of a long-term field study
Authors: Vogt† George B
Published: November 2023

Predictability of host specificity in plant-insect, insect-insect, and plant-insect-insect interactions is a valuable basis to the application of biological control. There is some evidence of limited congruence between host plant phylogeny and insect phylogeny that might be elaborated as a basis. However, system-wide matrices of data and information hardly exist for the three interactions indicated. The present study provides the surprising results of such a system-wide coverage, encompassing Canada through the Republic of Panama; much complexity and unpredictability is indicated. It is clear that behaviour is more labile than structural (morphological) change, a fact of some importance considering that change in behaviour must be an important precursor to structural change. The following report is a provisional summary of findings of field studies of leaf and terminal cutting weevils, which have been under way on a more or less regular basis since 19 53 in conjunction with field studies of leaf-mining Coleoptera. This personally elected research was undertaken while the writer was a specialist at the Systematic Entomology Laboratory, US Department of Agriculture. The studies were aimed at elucidation of the phenomenon of host plant specificity as it relates to speciation. The work was carried out (mostly at weekends) as a sideline to assigned research on the systematics of plantfeeding Coleoptera and the biological control of weeds.
Clicking Butterflies, Hamadryas, of Panama: Their biology and identification (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)
Authors: Monge-NÁJera JuliÁN
Published: November 2023

Butterflies of the genus Hamadryas (Hübner 1806) are well known to Neotropical field naturalists for their production of audible sound Qenkins 1983). The phenomenon of sound emission in this genus apparently was reported for the first time by Langsdorff, who heard them in Brazil during the first decade of the 19th century (Darwin 1889). The emission of audible sound is uncommon in Lepidoptera (Monge-Nájera and Morera 1986), and Hamadryas is a classic example, partly because of its conspicuousness but also due to the many failed attempts to identify the acoustic mechanism (Dumortier 1963; Swihart 1967; Jenkins 1983). The study of Hamadryas is handicapped by the complex calico coloration of several species, which makes identification difficult (Jenkins 19 83). This paper briefly reviews the natural history of Hamadryas, updating it with previously unpublished observations from Costa Rica, Panama, and Venezuela, and presents descriptions of and an illustrated key to the species occurring in Panama.
Callitrichid mating systems: laboratory and field approaches to studies of monogamy and polyandry
Authors: Dixson A F
Published: November 2023

Traditionally, the marmosets and tamarins have been regarded as monogamous primates which live in extended family units (e.g. Kleiman 1977). However, with increasing knowledge of callitrichid field biology it has become apparent that a single reproductive female may mate with more than one partner (e.g. Callithrix humeralifer: Rylands 1982, 1986a; Saguinus fuscicollis: Goldizen 1987a). This has led to suggestions that ‘facultative polyandry’ may occur; i.e. that two or more males copulate with a single female and co-operate in rearing her twin offspring (Goldizen 1987a; Sussman and Garber 1987). Paternity of offspring and genetic relatedness of adult group members has not been determined for free-ranging callitrichids. Nor is it known whether facultative polyandry occurs throughout this primate family, or if it is restricted to particular species or populations. Answers to these questions may be achieved by a combined field and laboratory approach.
The social organization of marmosets: a critical evaluation of recent concepts
Authors: Rothe Hartmut , Darms Kurt
Published: November 2023

Only a few years ago it would not have occurred to most scholars of marmoset and tamarin behaviour to question the universality of sexual and reproductive monogamy in this family. Similarly, we knew of no ob-jections to the transferability of data obtained from the more or less intensive study of, at the most, five to seven species (Callithrix jacchus, C. humeralifer intermedius, C. fiaviceps, Cebuella pygmaea, Saguinus fuscicollis, S. mystax, S. labiatus, S. oedipus, and Leontopithecus rosalia: systematics according to Mittermeier et al. 1988b) to the whole taxon Callitrichidae, whose genera live in such widely differing habitats.
Early vertebrates and their extant relatives
Authors: Janvier Philippe
Published: November 2023

The phylogenetic and systematic framework of extant craniates given in the preceding chapter is based on characteristics of all kinds, although morphological ones are still by far the most reliable, in the absence of the methodological stability of molecular systematics. The source of information represented by these neontological characteristics is not unlimited but it is far from thoroughly explored. Although great weight is given now to molecular sequence data, the anatomy of many of the best-known extant craniates still reveals features that had gone unnoticed by zoologists for two centuries. Our interpretation of the phylogeny of extant craniates can be expected to become more stable, and better and better corroborated, as knowledge of their structure grows.
Ore Elements in Arc Lavas
Authors: Stanton R L
Published: November 2023

Most of the world's great volcanic massive sulphide ore deposits, most of its porphyry copper ores, and many of its richest gold deposits occur in association with basalt-andesite-dactite-rhyolite laval suites that have been erupted from the volcanoes of ancient volcanic island arcs and their Precambrian equivalents. The volcanic arc and related aquatic-volcanic environments are now recognized as critical to an understanding of the evolution of the earth's crust, to the unravelling of the petrogenesis of many important ore types, and to the planning of much mineral exploration. This book is concerned with the behaviour of the `ore elements' - copper, zinc, lead, cobalt, nickel, barium, and other - in young, unmetamorphosed volcanic arc suites ranging from high-magnesium basalts to dactites and rhyolites. Using principally the Late Tertiary to Recent lavas of the Solomon Islands Younger Volcanic Suite, the author considers the patterns of abundance of these elements both in the `whole rocks' and their constituent minerals, and the way in which the metals may be enriched or impoverished in the residual melt as an arc lava series evolves from basalt to rhyolite.
Lead
Authors: Stanton R L
Published: November 2023

Of the four major sulphide elements of the exhalative ores, lead is the least abundant and least widespread overall. It appears in significant quantities only when the accompanying volcanic rocks possess a dacitic or more felsic component. Where the relevant deposits possess a chemical stratigraphy it tends to occur as the uppermost, youngest component of the sulphide sequence.
Barium
Authors: Stanton R L
Published: November 2023

Barium occurring as barite, BaSO4, is one of the principal components of many exhalative ores of volcanic affiliation. It shows a strong tendency to occur in those deposits containing lead as a significant constituent and hence in those associated with rhyodacitic to rhyolitic volcanic rocks. Where, as noted in Chapter 2, the relevant orebody exhibits chemical stratification, the barite-rich layer usually constitutes the stratigraphic top of the succession. The barite may simply constitute a component of the upper, galena-rich ore layers, or it may appear as the dominant constituent, in which case it may contain little more than disseminated, usually conspicuously argentiferous, galena.
Vanadium
Authors: Stanton R L
Published: November 2023

Like titanium, vanadium is conspicuous by its absence or near-absence from exhalative ore deposits. Although I. and W. Noddack (1931) recorded vanadium in quantities up to several hundred parts per million in a variety of primary sulphides and although the vanadium sulphide patronite [VS4] and the copper vanadium sulphide sulvanite [3Cu2S.V2S5] are well known, vanadium is barely recorded in, or in association with, exhalative ores.
Abundance patterns in the crystallizing melt
Authors: Stanton R L
Published: November 2023

In Chapters 6-20 we have considered the geochemical behaviour of a number of elements, some of them well known as important components of exhalative ores, in the lavas, principal minerals, and associated residual melts of the Solomon Islands Younger Volcanic Suite. Some of these elements appear to have been rapidly abstracted from the melt in early formed olivine and spine!, others to have been incorporated in somewhat later phases such as the pyroxenes and hornblende, and yet others have remained principally in the melt even at the latest stages of evolution. We may now tum to consider the ways in which these different patterns of behaviour influence the emichment of impoverishment of the relevant elements in the melt, and hence their availability for incorporation – and escape from the melt - in any late-stage volatile phase.
The ore elements in volcanic exhalations
Authors: Stanton R L
Published: November 2023

If some of the ore elements are indeed lost from the melt in the volatile phase, evidence of this should appear in areas of present-day volcanism. That is, these elements should be seen to be emitted as gas, vapour, or aerosol either from lavas themselves or from orifices clearly connected with lava in a molten, active state. Such emission should also be seen to occur in association with a wide variety of lava compositions: as we saw in Chapter 3, important exhalative orebodies occur in association with a full spectrum of lava types from basalts to rhyolites. And such emission should be seen to be capable of occurring on land, with a minimum of potential for the supply of metals by processes such as sub-sea-floor convection and leaching.
Parasitoid community structure: effects of host abundance, phylogeny, and ecology
Authors: Sheehan William
Published: November 2023

Species richness and host range are fundamental properties of parasitoid community structure. A central theme of parasitoid community ecology is elucidation of ecological predictors of parasitoid species richness and host range, as many of the chapters of this volume attest. However, two aspects of host biology, host abundance and phylogeny, typically confound efforts to understand the ecological basis of parasitoid community structure. To be sure, both host abundance and phylogeny are, to some degree, ecological factors and may be crucial to understanding parasitoid community structure. But few broad parasitoid data sets are available that allow distinguishing sampling bias from true host abundance, and few host cladograms exist for which there are plentiful parasitoid rearings, that allow separation effects due to phylogenetic inertia from those due to ecological adaptation.
Life history characteristics of Tachinidae (Diptera) and their effect on polyphagy
Authors: Belshaw Robert
Published: November 2023

When most biologists think of parasitoids it is the parasitic Hymenoptera which come to mind, and the rest of this book deals almost exclusively with them. There is, however, a great diversity of non-hymenopteran parasitoids, mostly in the Coleoptera and Diptera, which account for approximately one-quarter of all described insect parasitoid species (Eggleton and Belshaw 1992). The largest of these families is the Tachinidae (Diptera), with 8200 species described world-wide (Cantrell and Crosskey 1989).
Effects of intraspecific plant variation on parasitoid communities
Authors: Craig Timothy P
Published: November 2023

The importance of tritrophic interactions was first brought to the attention of ecologists by the work of Price et al. (1980). Since that time a plethora of studies in a wide range of plant-herbivore-parasitoid systems have confirmed the importance of tritrophic interactions in shaping the population dynamics of these systems (Barbosa and Letourneau 1988; Hare 1992). Since tritrophic interactions can influence the population biology of individual parasitoids it is logical that tritrophic level interactions can structure parasitoid communities, but this possibility has not been extensively studied. The simplest system in which to examine the effect of tritrophic interactions on community structure is to look at the parasitoids of a monophagous herbivore.
The Levins Model and its Variants
Authors: Hanski llkka
Published: November 2023

The fundamental idea of metapopulation persistence in a stochastic balance between local extinctions and recolonizations of empty habitat patches is captured in the Levins (1969, 1970) metapopulation model. Considering the metapopulation as a population of local populations inhabiting an infinitely large patch network, Levins modelled the rate of change in metapopulation size, P(t), measured by the fraction of patches occupied at time t. In the spirit of other simple population models, such as the logistic model, the Levins model assumes that all existing basic entities, which are here the local populations, are identical and hence have the same behaviour. Extinctions occur completely independently in different habitat patches, in other words the Levins model assumes completely asynchronous local dynamics
The incidence function model—applications
Authors: Hanski llkka
Published: November 2023

This chapter has a dual aim, to describe the dynamics in the Glanville fritillary metapopulation and to illustrate, with this and a few other examples, the application of the incidence function model (IFM) to real metapopulations. The Glanville fritillary metapopulation in Aland, SW Finland, is exceptional in terms of the quantity and quality of data available, a great advantage when parameterizing and testing models. Fortunately, the IFM can also be used to study metapopulations for which much less information is available, as Section 12.4 will demonstrate. My hope is that this chapter will stimulate others to explore the dynamics of other metapopulations using the IFM and related modelling approaches. Below, I first describe how the model is parameterized and how the estimated parameter values can be used to simulate metapopulation dynamics in real and hypothetical patch networks. .
The effects of changes in prey availability on lion predation in a large natural ecosystem in northern Botswana
Authors: Viljoen P C
Published: November 2023

Results of a 36-month field study on lion predation in the Savuti area of the Chobe National Park in Botswana are described. The influence of variability in prey availability on lion predation is examined. The available biomass of potential prey species showed marked variation as a result of the seasonal movements of migratory herbivores, varying between an estimated 2000 and 27 000 kg km-2 in the dry and rainy seasons respectively. The average lion density was 0.17 km-2 Intensive radio tracking of the lion prides indicated that an average of 88.3% of the lions were in seven resident prides with some ranges exceeding 350 km2 Lion range sizes varied seasonally, with dry-season ranges being on the average 1.7 times larger than rainy season ranges. Lion ranges overlapped considerably on the open floodplain where the highest potential prey biomass was present.
Post-dispersal seed predation by small mammals
Authors: Hulme Philip Eric
Published: November 2023

The foraging of myomorphic rodents for seeds provides a suitable model for the study of mammalian predation of sessile prey. Using an extensive literature base drawn from laboratory studies of rodent foraging behaviour, a mechanistic sequence of rodent seed predation is developed. The predation sequence has five components: seed detection, identification, acquisition, manipulation and consumption. The various seed attributes which determine the probability of being predated, the behavioural traits of rodents in relation to these attributes and the environmental factors which mediate this interaction are discussed. The parameters derived from laboratory studies are compared to data drawn from 40 field studies. Although field results are consistent with laboratory findings with respect to the influence of seed density, seed size and burial on rates of seed removal, the influence of habitat, microhabitat and season on rodent foraging have to be incorporated into the predation sequence. The biological basis of these additional sources of variation is examined. Contrary to the belief that rodent seed predation is too variable to be a significant selection pressure on seed attributes, examination from a mechanistic perspective reveals rodent seed predation to be a predictable and directional component of natural selection.
The control of canid populations
Authors: Harris Stephen , Saunders Glen
Published: November 2023

Foxes, coyotes, wolves and dingoes have had a great historical impact on human culture. They still pose some of the most complex wildlife management problems and, worldwide, considerable amounts of money are spent on their control, usually without success. The need for, and success of, canid control programmes are reviewed and gaps in our knowledge of how to plan effective control operations are highlighted. In particular the costs and benefits of control and/or alternative management strategies are rarely evaluated, nor do we know why canid depredations on livestock can be significant in some areas but negligible in others. The impact of control operations on canid populations is also poorly understood; changes in population size are rarely measured because there are few effective methods to monitor such changes. However, population perturbations invariably result in an increased productivity, usually by an increase in the proportion of females breeding and the post-natal survival of young. The impact of canids on selected prey (usually game) species has now been quantified, but integrated analyses of the ecological impact of changes in canid numbers on all their major prey species are needed. The direct and indirect impact of canid control operations on non-target species are also rarely documented.
Implications of DNA fingerprinting for mating systems and reproductive strategies of pinnipeds
Authors: Boness O J , Bowen W D , Francis J M
Published: November 2023

Two areas of research on reproductive strategies where DNA fingerprinting is proving most useful include providing direct measures of parentage, to validate observational estimates of mating success, and of relatedness among individuals in a group, to assess the possible influence of kin selection on behaviour. Analysis of nuclear DNA with single- or multi-locus probes is the most widely used technique for investigating questions in these areas. A major gap in our knowledge of pinniped mating strategies is the lack of estimates of mating success among aquatically mating species, in which males are least able to monopolize females, and which thus represent one end of the continuum of potential monopoly. Determining paternity through fingerprinting will not only provide the sole estimates of variance in mating success in these species, but, given our limited ability to observe behaviour underwater, it may help us to discern the strategies by which males achieve success. Among terrestrially mating species, estimates of individual success exist for only a few species and these may be inaccurate. In many species female movements may occur for various reasons so that females associate with more than one male and we cannot infer paternity from observed associations.
Social organization of humpback whales on a North Atlantic feeding ground
Authors: Clapham Phillip J
Published: November 2023

Data from a long-term study of individually identified humpback whales, Megaptera novaeangliae, were used to describe patterns of association and grouping of this species on one of its principal North Atlantic feeding grounds in the southern Gulf of Maine. Most groups were small and unstable, and individual whales of both sexes and all age classes associated with many conspecifics. Only six instances of stable associations were recorded. Analysis of the class composition of singles and pairs showed that: (1) among singles, juveniles of both sexes were significantly over represented and mature females significantly under-represented; (2) male-female adult pairs were over-represented; (3) adult-juvenile pairs of any gender combination were under-represented; and (4) pairings between adult males were under represented except during feeding. Only 12 of 2690 pairs consisted of animals that were known to be related. It is suggested that the fission-fusion sociality that characterized the study population represents a response to two ecological factors. Firstly, absence of predation nullifies the need for large groups for predator detection or communal defence. Secondly, the spatial characteristics of piscine prey favour a foraging strategy involving frequent changes in group size. In this system, kinship and dominance probably play reduced roles, while the apparent lack of territoriality is typical of taxa confronted by heterogeneously distributed and mobile resources. The apparent preference by mature males for associations with mature females may represent an attempt to establish bonds with potential future mates.
The neural encoding of the location of targets for saccadic eye movements
Authors: Sparks David L
Published: November 2023

Spatial perception and sensory-guided movements are thought to depend upon several different neural representations of the environment (see Howard 1982; Jeannerod 1982; Paillard 1987, for references). These include representations of the positions of the various body components, representations of the spatial location of objects in the external environment, and representations of the location of objects with respect to the body. Information about the organization of these neural representations and where they might reside in the central nervous system (CNS) comes from a variety of sources. Sensory and cognitive psychologists have a longstanding interest in the question of how changing patterns of sensory stimulation produced by object movement or by movements of the observer are integrated into a coherent, stable, perceptual representation (see, for example, Neisser 1967; Treisman 1977: Hochberg 1978; Treisman and Gelade 1980). Other researchers focusing on motor behaviour hypothesize that the neural control of limb movements is based upon an abstract code of the location of objects in space (see MacNeilage 1970; Larish and Stelmach 1982).