bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bifurcation buckling from a membrane stress state
Authors: Mang Herbert A. , Höfinger Gerhard
Published: March 2012

A membrane stress state may be considered as a general stress state in which mechanical constraints have been imposed. Therefore, it would appear that there are mathematical subsidiary conditions for bifurcation buckling from such a stress state. In this work, such conditions are derived in the frame of the Finite Element Method. The basic condition follows from disintegration of the second derivative of the mathematical formulation of the so‐called consistently linearized eigenproblem with respect to a dimensionless load parameter. It is used for deriving another condition, characterized by the vanishing of a particular bilinear form. Linear stability analysis and bifurcation buckling from linear prebuckling paths are two special cases for which this condition is satisfied. Sensitivity analysis of bifurcation buckling of a two‐hinged arch, subjected to a uniformly distributed static load, by varying the geometric form of its axis serves the purpose of non‐trivial verification of the derived condition for the special case of a thrust‐line arch. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Improving mass conservation in simulation of incompressible flows
Authors: Ryzhakov P. , Oñate E. , Rossi R. , Idelsohn S.
Published: March 2012

We propose a technique for improving mass‐conservation features of fractional step schemes applied to incompressible flows. The method is illustrated by using a Lagrangian fluid formulation, where the mass loss effects are particularly apparent. However, the methodology is general and could be used for fixed grid approaches. The idea consists in reflecting the incompressibility condition already in the intermediate velocity. This is achieved by predicting the end‐of‐step pressure and using this prediction in the fractional momentum equation. The resulting intermediate velocity field is thus much closer to the final incompressible one than that of the standard fractional step scheme. In turn, the predicted pressure can be used as the boundary condition necessary for the solution of the pressure Poisson equation in case a continuous Laplacian matrix is employed. Using this approximation of the end‐of‐step incompressible pressure as the essential boundary condition considerably improves the conservation of mass, specially for the free surface flows of fluids with low viscosity. The pressure prediction does not require the resolution of any additional equations system. The efficiency of the method is shown in two examples. The first one shows the performance of the method with respect to mass conservation. The second one tests the method in a challenging fluid–structure interaction benchmark, which can be naturally resolved by using the presented approach. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Emotional Stability and Affective Self–regulatory Efficacy Beliefs: Proofs of Integration between Trait Theory and Social Cognitive Theory
Authors: Caprara Gianvittorio , Vecchione Michele , Barbaranelli Claudio , Alessandri Guido
Published: March 2012

The present study aimed to investigate the development and interplay of emotional stability and affective self–regulatory efficacy beliefs through adolescence to young adulthood. A latent growth curve approach was used to investigate level and stability of emotional stability and self–efficacy in managing negative emotions and in expressing positive emotions. We found that initial levels of emotional stability and self–efficacy beliefs are highly correlated. In accordance with the posited hypothesis, the growth rate of perceived self–efficacy in managing negative emotions predicted the growth rate of emotional stability, whereas the opposite path was not significant. The growth rates of perceived self–efficacy in expressing positive emotions and emotional stability were not related to each other. Taken together, these findings point to self–efficacy beliefs as instrumental to the change of traits. Practical implications of results are discussed, highlighting the role of social cognitive theory in supplying the proper strategies to design effective interventions to enable people to make the best use of their potentials. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Psychological distress in cancer patients with underage children: gender‐specific differences
Authors: Ernst Jochen , Götze Heide , Krauel Kerstin , Romer Georg , Bergelt Corinna , Flechtner Hans‐Henning , Herzog Wolfgang , Lehmkuhl Ulrike , Keller Monika , Brähler Elmar , von Klitzing Kai
Published: March 2012

Background

Findings on gender differences in the psychological distress of cancer patients have been inconsistent. The objectives of the current study were to examine whether being a parent differentially modulates anxiety and depression in men and women and to compare whether psychological distress differs in male and female patients with and without children.

Methods

There were 235 patients (77% female, 23% male) with different cancer types included in the group with underage children (age <18 years). The comparison group with no children comprised 85 patients. Psychological distress was assessed via the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale within 12 months after first diagnosis or during treatment of metastases.

Results

In the patient group with underage children, women tended to report more anxiety than men. The comparison with the patient group without children, however, revealed that men were significantly more affected by anxiety when they had children, whereas in women, anxiety ratings did not differ between the groups. Men tended to report more depressive symptoms, but depression was not differentially associated with parenthood. A binary logistic regression showed that in men with cancer, anxiety, as well as depression, was highly related to unemployment. In women, occurrence of metastases as well as suffering from other cancer types than breast cancer was associated with higher ratings of anxiety.

Conclusion

Even though our findings need to be supported in future investigations using larger sample sizes, they imply that male cancer patients with underage children are in particular need of psychosocial support. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Family Ties and Urban–Rural Linkages among Older Migrants in Nairobi Informal Settlements
Authors: Mberu Blessing Uchenna , Ezeh Alex Chika , Chepngeno‐Langat Gloria , Kimani James , Oti Samuel , Beguy Donatien
Published: March 2012

Building on African migration as a household survival strategy; urban–rural linkages as critical for migrants' continued engagement with origin communities; reintegration in case of return; and safety net for supplementing precarious urban incomes; we examine the role of family ties in rural origin linkages among 1,693 older migrants living in Nairobi informal settlements. Despite the grim of slum residence, 80% of older migrants in Nairobi slums maintained contact with their rural origin homes during a full year of observation. Family‐related factors, especially members of the nuclear family residing in rural origin, explained 45% of explained linkages. Religion, ethnicity, land ownership at origin, and current health and economic statuses are other key predictors. The patterns and reasons of linkages are consistent with migrants' positive contributions to the upkeep of rural origin households. Our findings are well‐anchored in the larger continental literature that has shown the urban migrant as not a ‘disembedded individual’ but instead part of rural origin collectives. Against the weakness of state safety net system, the study sheds crucial light on the enduring importance of sociocultural networks in people's everyday lives, particularly the importance of family ties for older migrants. To the extent that poor health status, being aged 60 years or older, and long duration of residence in the slums, which are predictors of low propensities to maintain contacts with rural origin, are also indicators of diminished social engagement, policy interventions among the urban poor may need to include efforts to enhance rural origin reintegration of the most‐aged individuals. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Label‐free electrical detection of DNA by means of field‐effect nanoplate capacitors: Experiments and modeling
Authors: Abouzar Maryam H. , Poghossian Arshak , Cherstvy Andrey G. , Pedraza Angela M. , Ingebrandt Sven , Schöning Michael J.
Published: March 2012

Label‐free electrical detection of consecutive deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) hybridization/denaturation by means of an array of individually addressable field‐effect‐based nanoplate silicon‐on‐insulator (SOI) capacitors modified with gold nanoparticles (Au‐NP) is investigated. The proposed device detects charge changes on Au‐NP/DNA hybrids induced by the hybridization or denaturation event. DNA hybridization was performed in a high ionic‐strength solution to provide a high hybridization efficiency. On the other hand, to reduce the screening of the DNA charge by counter ions and to achieve a high sensitivity, the sensor signal induced by the hybridization and denaturation events was measured in a low ionic‐strength solution. High sensor signals of about 120, 90, and 80 mV were registered after the DNA hybridization, denaturation, and re‐hybridization events, respectively. Fluorescence microscopy has been applied as reference method to verify the DNA immobilization, hybridization, and denaturation processes. An electrostatic charge‐plane model for potential changes at the gate surface of a nanoplate field‐effect sensor induced by the DNA hybridization has been developed taking into account both the Debye length and the distance of the DNA charge from the gate surface.
New technique of amorphous metal nanoparticles production by liquid drop breakup in an electron beam
Authors: Gorokhov Maxim , Yavsin Denis , Kozhevin Vladimir
Published: March 2012

We report a new technique of amorphous metal nanoparticles fabrication based on generation of liquid metal microdrops, their charging in electron flux with subsequent drops fission. Fission of charged metal drop occurs when its charge exceeds a critical value given by Rayleigh instability condition. Nanosize droplets, resulted from fission, cool down at extremely high rate to produce amorphous metal nanoparticles. Initial metal microdrops are generated at the end of an anode tip exposed to strong electric field and electron flux focused to the tip. The emitted drops then enter an electron beam where they are charged up to instability and are involved in fission process. To eliminate secondary electron emission (SEE) which can prevent drop charging we used electron beams of low energy. With beam energy properly chosen, SEE coefficient is less then unity for all drop sizes and drop charging up to unstable state is ensured. Granular films consisting of amorphous copper particles 2 nm in size are fabricated by the described technique. The results of atomic force microscopy (AFM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies of the fabricated films are presented. Possible applications of the fabricated structures related to their unusual properties are considered.
The temporal cascade structure of reanalyses and global circulation models
Authors: Stolle J. , Lovejoy S. , Schertzer D.
Published: March 2012

The spatial stochastic structure of deterministic models of the atmosphere has been shown recently to be well modelled by multiplicative cascade processes; in this paper we extend this to the time domain. Using data from the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasting's (ECMWF) reanalyses (ERA40) and two meteorological models (Global Forecast System and Global Environmental Multiscale), we investigate the temporal cascade structures of the temperature, humidity and zonal wind at various altitudes, latitudes and forecast times. First, we estimate turbulent fluxes from the absolute second‐order time differences, showing that the fluxes are generally very close to those estimated in space at the model dissipation scale; thus validating the flux estimates. We then show that temporal cascades with outer scales typically in the range 5–20 days can accurately account for the statistical properties over the range from 6 h up to 3–5 days. We quantify the (typically small) differences in the cascades from model to model, as functions of latitude, altitude and forecast time. By normalizing the moments by the theoretical predictions for universal multifractals, we investigate the ‘Levy collapse’ of the statistics somewhat beyond the outer cascade limit into the low‐frequency weather regime. Although due to finite size effects and the small outer temporal scale, the temporal scaling range is narrow (12–24 h up to 2–10 days), we compare the spatial and temporal statistics by constructing space‐time (Stommel) diagrams, finding space‐time transformation velocities of 450–1000 km day−1, comparable to those predicted based on the solar energy flux driving the system. This transition time‐scale corresponding to planetary size structures objectively defines the transition from usual weather to a low‐frequency weather regime with much lower variability. Finally, we discuss the implications for ensemble forecasting systems, stochastic parametrization and stochastic forecasting. Copyright © 2012 Royal Meteorological Society
Fusion and inference from multiple data sources in a commensurate space
Authors: Ma Zhiliang , Marchette David J. , Priebe Carey E.
Published: March 2012

Given objects measured under multiple conditions—for example, indoor lighting versus outdoor lighting for face recognition, multiple language translation for document matching, etc.—the challenging task is to perform data fusion and utilize all the available information for inferential purposes. We consider two exploitation tasks: (i) how to determine whether a set of feature vectors represent a single object measured under different conditions; and (ii) how to create a classifier based on training data from one condition in order to classify objects measured under other conditions. The key to both problems is to transform data from multiple conditions into one commensurate space, where the (transformed) feature vectors are comparable and would be treated as if they were collected under the same condition. Toward this end, we studied Procrustes analysis and developed a new approach, which uses the interpoint dissimilarities for each condition. We impute the dissimilarities between measurements of different conditions to create one omnibus dissimilarity matrix, which is then embedded into Euclidean space. We illustrate our methodology on English and French documents collected from Wikipedia, demonstrating superior performance compared to that obtained via standard Procrustes transformation. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Statistical Analysis and Data Mining 5: 187–193, 2012
Research on image transmission equalized by dual‐mode blind algorithm
Authors: Zhang Baoju , Wang Wei , Wang Ruijuan
Published: March 2012

The traditional equalization technologies expose some shortages while people put forward higher demand to quality of communication system and transmission rate. Single‐carrier frequency‐domain equalization (SC‐FDE) is becoming a research hotspot in wideband wireless communication area because of its special predominance. In recent years, the research on SC‐FDE develops quickly. We take a study on feasibility of building SC‐FDE system by comparing performance with orthogonal frequency division multiplexing. This paper takes a study on a dual‐mode direct decision‐least mean square+modify constant modulus algorithm blind equalization algorithm applied in a single‐carrier system. And then, we build the simulation model of image transmission in SC‐FDE system and get the direct and better result through the comparative analysis of image. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Compressive sensing‐based signal compression and recovery in UWB wireless communication system
Authors: Wu Ji , Wang Wei , Liang Qilian , Wu Xiaorong , Zhang Baoju
Published: March 2012

In this paper, we propose a new compressive sensing‐based compression and recovery ultra‐wideband (UWB) communication system. Compared with the conventional UWB system, we can jointly estimate the channel and compress the data, which can also simplify the design of hardware. No information about the transmitted signal is required in advance as long as the channel follows autoregressive process. As an application example, real‐world UWB signal is collected and processed to evaluate the performance of our proposed system. The compression procedure is so simple that we just multiply random Gaussian or Bernoulli matrix with the original data to capture all the information we want. Simulation results show that the data could be perfectly recovered if the compression ratio does not exceed 2.5:1 when Bernoulli matrix is chosen as the sensing matrix. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Loop equations and topological recursion for the arbitrary-β two-matrix model
Authors: Bergère M. , Eynard B. , Marchal O. , Prats-Ferrer A.
Published: March 2012

Abstract

We write the loop equations for the β two-matrix model, and we propose a topological recursion algorithm to solve them, order by order in a small parameter. We find that to leading order, the spectral curve is a “quantum” spectral curve, i.e. it is given by a differential operator (instead of an algebraic equation for the hermitian case). Here, we study the case where that quantum spectral curve is completely degenerate, it satisfies a Bethe ansatz, and the spectral curve is the Baxter TQ relation.
Enhanced Higgs mediated lepton flavour violating processes in the supersymmetric inverse seesaw model
Authors: Abada Asmaa , Das Debottam , Weiland Cédric
Published: March 2012

Abstract

We study the impact of the inverse seesaw mechanism on several low-energy flavour violating observables such as τ → μμμ in the context of the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model. As a consequence of the inverse seesaw, the contributions of the right-handed sneutrinos significantly enhance the Higgs-mediated penguin diagrams. We find that different flavour violating branching ratios can be enhanced by as much as two orders of magnitude. We also comment on the impact of the Higgs-mediated processes on the leptonic B-meson decays and on the Higgs flavour violating decays.
Combining high-scale inflation with low-energy SUSY
Authors: Antusch Stefan , Dutta Koushik , Halter Sebastian
Published: March 2012

Abstract

We propose a general scenario for moduli stabilization where low-energy supersymmetry can be accommodated with a high scale of inflation. The key ingredient is that the stabilization of the modulus field during and after inflation is not associated with a single, common scale, but relies on two different mechanisms. We illustrate this general scenario in a simple example, where during inflation the modulus is stabilized with a large mass by a Kähler potential coupling to the field which provides the inflationary vacuum energy via its F-term. After inflation, the modulus is stabilized, for instance, by a KKLT superpotential.
Stability analysis of yield and capsaicinoids content in chili (Capsicum spp.) grown across six environments
Authors: Gurung Tulsi , Techawongstien Suchila , Suriharn Bhalang , Techawongstien Sungcom
Published: March 2012

There is a need for identifying chili cultivars with stable amounts of capsaicinoids so that the amount of pungency in the final product can be controlled. Therefore, six cultivars were evaluated for yield and capsaicinoid contents across six environments, four in Thailand and two in Bhutan, ranging from 200 to 1,630 m above mean sea level. Combined analyses showed significant differences among cultivars, environments, and for cultivar by environment interactions for fruit yields, individual capsaicinoid and total capsaicinoid contents. A large proportion (46.1 %) of variation on yield was attributed to environments; however, for total capsaicinoid contents, genotype effect accounted for 74.2 % of variation. Variation due to environment was 5.8 %, while for cultivar by environment interaction was 15.8 %. Cultivar Dallay khorsaney had high capsaicin, dihydrocapsaicin and total capsaicinoids but was very sensitive to environmental changes, and therefore good for specific adaptation. Cultivar KKU-P-11003 with total capsaicinoid contents of 78,721 Scoville heat unit was stable for dry fruit yield, capsaicin, dihydrocapsaicin, and total capsaicinoids with regression coefficients b = 1.06, 1.06, 0.78, and 0.96 respectively. Therefore, KKU-P-11003 was considered suitable for diverse environments. In addition, this result indicates that it is possible to select stable cultivar for capsaicinoid contents.
Examining Market Entry Mode Strategies via Resource-Based and Institutional Influences: Empirical Evidence from a Region-Within-Country Economy Context
Authors: O'Cass Aron , Ngo Liem Viet , Heirati Nima
Published: March 2012

This research has two major purposes. The first is to develop and test a framework for market entry mode choice drawing on the resource-based theory and institutional theory in the context of region-within-country from marketing perspective. On this issue resource-based influences and environment influences are key drivers of entry mode strategies. Specifically, the central proposition is that a firm selects market entry strategies that its resources (firm characteristics, product characteristics, and firm size) can support and this selection also depends on the firms’ perception of two environments (home market characteristics and host market characteristics). The second is to test the theoretical framework within the special situation of Hong Kong firms’ entry modes into Mainland China as a specific economic region-within-country context. A mail survey was used to gather data from 208 senior executives of Hong Kong firms undertaken. The results show that firm characteristics, product characteristics, home market characteristics, and host market characteristics (but not firm size) significantly influence the choice of equity mode entry mode strategies for firms from Hong Kong entering other economic zones within Mainland China.
BMP signaling in wing development: A critical perspective on quantitative image analysis
Authors: Brooks Alexander , Dou Wei , Yang Xiaoying , Brosnan Tara , Pargett Michael , Raftery Laurel A. , Umulis David M.
Published: March 2012

Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMPs) are critical for pattern formation in many animals. In numerous tissues, BMPs become distributed in spatially non‐uniform profiles. The gradients of signaling activity can be detected by a number of biological assays involving fluorescence microscopy. Quantitative analyses of BMP gradients are powerful tools to investigate the regulation of BMP signaling pathways during development. These approaches rely heavily on images as spatial representations of BMP activity levels, using them to infer signaling distributions that inform on regulatory mechanisms. In this perspective, we discuss current imaging assays and normalization methods used to quantify BMP activity profiles with a focus on the Drosophila wing primordium. We find that normalization tends to lower the number of samples required to establish statistical significance between profiles in controls and experiments, but the increased resolvability comes with a cost. Each normalization strategy makes implicit assumptions about the biology that impacts our interpretation of the data. We examine the tradeoffs for normalizing versus not normalizing, and discuss their impacts on experimental design and the interpretation of resultant data.
The layout of a bacterial genome
Authors: Képès François , Jester Brian C. , Lepage Thibaut , Rafiei Nafiseh , Rosu Bianca , Junier Ivan
Published: March 2012

Recently the mismatch between our newly acquired capacity to synthetize DNA at genome scale, and our low capacity to design ab initio a functional genome has become conspicuous. This essay gathers a variety of constraints that globally shape natural genomes, with a focus on eubacteria. These constraints originate from chromosome replication (leading/lagging strand asymmetry; gene dosage gradient from origin to terminus; collisions with the transcription complexes), from biased codon usage, from noise control in gene expression, and from genome layout for co‐functional genes. On the basis of this analysis, lessons are drawn for full genome design.
Outcome of unintended pregnancy after ultrasound‐guided high‐intensity focused ultrasound ablation of uterine fibroids
Authors: Qin Juan , Chen Jin‐Yun , Zhao Wen‐Peng , Hu Liang , Chen Wen‐Zhi , Wang Zhi‐Biao
Published: March 2012

Objective

To evaluate the safety of ultrasound‐guided high‐intensity focused ultrasound (USgHIFU) ablation of uterine fibroids among women with unintentional pregnancy within 1 year of therapy.

Methods

A retrospective analysis was conducted of 435 women who underwent USgHIFU therapy at Chongqing Medical University, China, between October 1, 2006, and October 1, 2009.

Results

Unplanned pregnancy was reported by 24 women within 1 year of USgHIFU ablation; 8 of these women had desired pregnancy before undergoing treatment. A total of 27 fibroids were detected, 24 of which were treated (mean volume 65.9 ± 58.8 cm3). Pregnancy was continued by 7 women without any complications. One pregnant woman who had desired pregnancy before therapy underwent an induced abortion owing to concerns about the effects of USgHIFU on the fetus. Fourteen women without pregnancy intention before USgHIFU therapy chose to undergo induced abortion; 2 women experienced spontaneous abortion. No adhesion occurred after USgHIFU therapy. Furthermore, USgHIFU, labor, and abortion had no effect on subsequent menstruation or sexual activities.

Conclusion

Pregnancy within 1 year after USgHIFU ablation of uterine fibroids appears safe; however, large scale studies are required to confirm these data.
The role of serum testosterone to prostate‐specific antigen ratio as a predictor of prostate cancer risk
Authors: Gurbuz Cenk , Canat Lutfi , Atis Gokhan , Guner Bayram , Caskurlu Turhan
Published: March 2012

We analyzed the ratio of serum total testosterone (sTT) to prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) as a predictor of prostate cancer risk. One‐hundred‐four consecutive men with a normal digital rectal examination and a serum PSA level of 2.5–10 ng/ml underwent transrectal ultrasonography‐guided biopsy using a 10‐core scheme. The sTT level was determined before the procedure using a chemiluminescent assay, and the ratio of sTT to PSA (sTT/PSA) was calculated after transforming sTT measurements from ng/dL to ng/mL. The overall cancer detection rate was 17.3%. The median sTT level was 332 ng/dl in men with cancer and 413 ng/dL in those without (p = 0.032). The median sTT/PSA ratio in these groups was 0.55 and 0.74, respectively (p = 0.035). The receiver operator characteristic (ROC) method was used to evaluate the properties of the sTT/PSA ratio, with testosterone and PSA as predictors of prostate cancer risk. The accuracy of the sTT/PSA ratio in prostate cancer diagnosis, represented by the area under the curve (AUC), was 0.739 (95% CI 0.640–0.823, p < 0.05). Optimizing the sensitivity and specificity of the sTT/PSA ratio using the ROC provided a cutoff point of 0.60, which corresponded to 82% sensitivity and 62% specificity. When the patients were divided into normal‐ and low‐sTT level groups according to testosterone value (300 ng/dl), the probability of detecting prostate cancer was 3.3‐fold higher in hypogonadal men as compared with eugonadal men. These results support the use of the sTT‐to‐PSA ratio for predicting the risk of prostate cancer and increasing the specificity of PSA measurement.
Effect of antiangiogenic therapy on tumor growth, vasculature and kinase activity in basal‐ and luminal‐like breast cancer xenografts
Authors: Lindholm Evita M. , Kristian Alexandr , Nalwoga Hawa , Krüger Kristi , Nygård Ståle , Akslen Lars A. , Mælandsmo Gunhild M. , Engebraaten Olav
Published: March 2012

Several clinical trials have investigated the efficacy of bevacizumab in breast cancer, and even if growth inhibiting effects have been registered when antiangiogenic treatment is given in combination with chemotherapy no gain in overall survival has been observed. One reason for the lack of overall survival benefit might be that appropriate criteria for selection of patients likely to respond to antiangiogenic therapy in combination with chemotherapy, are not available.

To determine factors of importance for antiangiogenic treatment response and/or resistance, two representative human basal‐ and luminal‐like breast cancer xenografts were treated with bevacizumab and doxorubicin alone or in combination. In vivo growth inhibition, microvessel density (MVD) and proliferating tumor vessels (pMVD = proliferative microvessel density) were analysed, while kinase activity was determined using the PamChip Tyrosine kinase microarray system.

Results showed that both doxorubicin and bevacizumab inhibited basal‐like tumor growth significantly, but with a superior effect when given in combination. In contrast, doxorubicin inhibited luminal‐like tumor growth most effectively, and with no additional benefit of adding antiangiogenic therapy. In agreement with the growth inhibition data, vascular characterization verified a more pronounced effect of the antiangiogenic treatment in the basal‐like compared to the luminal‐like tumors, demonstrating total inhibition of pMVD and a significant reduction in MVD at early time points (three days after treatment) and sustained inhibitory effects until the end of the experiment (day 18). In contrast, luminal‐like tumors only showed significant effect on the vasculature at day 10 in the tumors having received both doxorubicin and bevacizumab.

Kinase activity profiling in both tumor models demonstrated that the most effective treatment in vivo was accompanied with increased phosphorylation of kinase substrates of growth control and angiogenesis, like EGFR, VEGFR2 and PLCγ1. This may be a result of regulatory feedback mechanisms contributing to treatment resistance, and may suggest response markers of value for the prediction of antiangiogenic treatment efficacy.
Recreating the Eye of the Beholder: Dancing and Spectacular Display in Early Modern English Theatre
Authors: Lin Erika T.
Published: April 2012

Shakespeare and his contemporaries regularly staged plays that exhibited feats of physical prowess, such as dancing, acrobatics, and combat. Spectacles of this sort existed in a kind of double space: even as they operated within a play's fictional narrative, they also served as legitimate entertainments in their own right. Jean Alter refers to these complementary aspects of theatre as its “referential” and “performant” functions: theatre as semiotic system, employing both mimetic and nonmimetic forms of representation, and theatre as spectacular show, akin to sports or the circus. My paper analyzes the interplay between these two performance modes in displays of bodily skill in the early modern English theatres. Drawing on a variety of sixteenth- and seventeenth-century documents concerning foreign travel, sensory perception, physical talent, and popular festivity, I explore the cultural valences of what contemporaries referred to as “feats of activity” that refreshed, or “recreated,” the eye. I pay particular attention to onstage dances. These episodes, I contend, suggest an alternative to post-Benjamin, post-Brecht notions of spectacle as that which dazzles passive viewers. Juxtaposing extratheatrical primary sources with brief snapshots from Christopher Marlowe'sDoctor Faustus, I reconstruct the historically specific affective experiences generated by early modern displays of physical spectacle. Nonverbal practices, such as dance, were not merely depicted in drama but integrated into the performance medium itself. I argue that the resulting dynamics between representation and presentation situated spectators as active participants in the performance event. In this way, onstage dances reinforced communal identity and contributed to the construction and dissemination of broader cultural discourses.
Wavelengths, Transition Probabilities, and Energy Levels for the Spectra of Strontium Ions (Sr II through Sr XXXVIII)
Authors: Sansonetti J. E.
Published: March 2012

Energy levels, with designations and uncertainties, have been compiled for the spectra of strontium (Z=38) ions from singly ionized to hydrogen-like. Wavelengths with classifications, intensities, and transition probabilities are also tabulated. In addition, ground states and ionization energies are listed. For many ionization stages experimental data are available; however for those for which only theoretical calculations or fitted values exist, these are reported. There are a few ionization stages for which only a calculated ionization potential is available.
IUPAC-NIST Solubility Data Series. 93. Potassium Sulfate in Water
Authors: Eysseltová Jitka , Bouaziz Roger
Published: March 2012

The solubility data for potassium sulfate in water are reviewed. All data were critically examined for their reliability. The best values were selected on the basis of critical evaluations and presented in tabular form. Fitting equations and plots are also provided. The quantities, units, and symbols used are in accord with IUPAC recommendations. The original data have been reported and, if necessary, transferred into the units and symbols recommended by IUPAC. The literature on solubility data was researched through 2010.
IUPAC-NIST Solubility Data Series. 94. Rare Earth Metal Iodides and Bromides in Water and Aqueous Systems. Part 1. Iodides
Authors: Mioduski Tomasz , Gumiński Cezary , Zeng Dewen
Published: March 2012

This work presents solubility data for rare earth metal iodides in water and in aqueous ternary systems. Compilations of all available experimental data are introduced for each rare earth metal iodide with a corresponding critical evaluation. Every such evaluation contains a tabulated collection of all solubility results in water, a selection of suggested solubility data and a brief discussion of the multicomponent systems. Because the ternary systems were almost never studied more than once, no critical evaluations of such data were possible. Only simple iodides (no complexes) are treated as the input substances in this work. The literature has been covered through the middle of 2011.
Hot-spot mix in ignition-scale implosions on the NIF
Authors: Regan S. P. , Epstein R. , Hammel B. A. , Suter L. J. , Ralph J. , Scott H. , Barrios M. A. , Bradley D. K. , Callahan D. A. , Cerjan C. , Collins G. W. , Dixit S. N. , Doeppner T. , Edwards M. J. , Farley D. R. , Glenn S. , Glenzer S. H. , Golovkin I. E. , Haan S. W. , Hamza A. , Hicks D. G. , Izumi N. , Kilkenny J. D. , Kline J. L. , Kyrala G. A. , Landen O. L. , Ma T. , MacFarlane J. J. , Mancini R. C. , McCrory R. L. , Meezan N. B. , Meyerhofer D. D. , Nikroo A. , Peterson K. J. , Sangster T. C. , Springer P. , Town R. P. J.
Published: March 2012

Ignition of an inertial confinement fusion (ICF) target depends on the formation of a central hot spot with sufficient temperature and areal density. Radiative and conductive losses from the hot spot can be enhanced by hydrodynamic instabilities. The concentric spherical layers of current National Ignition Facility (NIF) ignition targets consist of a plastic ablator surrounding a thin shell of cryogenic thermonuclear fuel (i.e., hydrogen isotopes), with fuel vapor filling the interior volume [S. W. Haan et al., Phys. Plasmas 18, 051001 (2011)]. The Rev. 5 ablator is doped with Ge to minimize preheat of the ablator closest to the DT ice caused by Au M-band emission from the hohlraum x-ray drive [D. S. Clark et al., Phys. Plasmas 17, 052703 (2010)]. Richtmyer–Meshkov and Rayleigh–Taylor hydrodynamic instabilities seeded by high-mode (50<ℓ<200) ablator-surface perturbations can cause Ge-doped ablator to mix into the interior of the shell at the end of the acceleration phase [B. A. Hammel et al., Phys. Plasmas 18, 056310 (2011)]. As the shell decelerates, it compresses the fuel vapor, forming a hot spot. K-shell line emission from the ionized Ge that has penetrated into the hot spot provides an experimental signature of hot-spot mix. The Ge emission from tritium–hydrogen–deuterium (THD) and deuterium–tritium (DT) cryogenic targets and gas-filled plastic-shell capsules, which replace the THD layer with a mass-equivalent CH layer, was examined. The inferred amount of hot-spot–mix mass, estimated from the Ge K-shell line brightness using a detailed atomic physics code [J. J. MacFarlane et al., High Energy Density Phys. 3, 181 (2006)], is typically below the 75-ng allowance for hot-spot mix [S. W. Haan et al., Phys. Plasmas 18, 051001 (2011)]. Predictions of a simple mix model, based on linear growth of the measured surface-mass modulations, are consistent with the experimental results.
Precision linac and laser technologies for nuclear photonics gamma-ray sources
Authors: Albert F. , Hartemann F. V. , Anderson S. G. , Cross R. R. , Gibson D. J. , Hall J. , Marsh R. A. , Messerly M. , Wu S. S. , Siders C. W. , Barty C. P. J.
Published: March 2012

Tunable, high precision gamma-ray sources are under development to enable nuclear photonics, an emerging field of research. This paper focuses on the technological and theoretical challenges related to precision Compton scattering gamma-ray sources. In this scheme, incident laser photons are scattered and Doppler upshifted by a high brightness electron beam to generate tunable and highly collimated gamma-ray pulses. The electron and laser beam parameters can be optimized to achieve the spectral brightness and narrow bandwidth required by nuclear photonics applications. A description of the design of the next generation precision gamma-ray source currently under construction at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory is presented, along with the underlying motivations. Within this context, high-gradient X-band technology, used in conjunction with fiber-based photocathode drive laser and diode pumped solid-state interaction laser technologies, will be shown to offer optimal performance for high gamma-ray spectral flux, narrow bandwidth applications.
Parallel heat transport in integrable and chaotic magnetic fields
Authors: del-Castillo-Negrete D. , Chacón L.
Published: March 2012

The study of transport in magnetized plasmas is a problem of fundamental interest in controlled fusion, space plasmas, and astrophysics research. Three issues make this problem particularly challenging: (i) The extreme anisotropy between the parallel (i.e., along the magnetic field), χ‖, and the perpendicular, χ⊥, conductivities (χ‖/χ⊥ may exceed 1010 in fusion plasmas); (ii) Nonlocal parallel transport in the limit of small collisionality; and (iii) Magnetic field lines chaos which in general complicates (and may preclude) the construction of magnetic field line coordinates. Motivated by these issues, we present a Lagrangian Green’s function method to solve the local and non-local parallel transport equation applicable to integrable and chaotic magnetic fields in arbitrary geometry. The method avoids by construction the numerical pollution issues of grid-based algorithms. The potential of the approach is demonstrated with nontrivial applications to integrable (magnetic island), weakly chaotic (Devil’s staircase), and fully chaotic magnetic field configurations. For the latter, numerical solutions of the parallel heat transport equation show that the effective radial transport, with local and non-local parallel closures, is non-diffusive, thus casting doubts on the applicability of quasilinear diffusion descriptions. General conditions for the existence of non-diffusive, multivalued flux-gradient relations in the temperature evolution are derived.
Diet analysis of mammals, raptors and reptiles in a complex predator assemblage in the Blue Mountains, eastern Australia
Authors: Pascoe Jack H. , Mulley Robert C. , Spencer Ricky , Chapple Rosalie
Published: April 2012

South-east Australia has a complex predator assemblage which has historically been vulnerable to introduced species. This is the first Australian field study to analyse samples from members of the families Canidae, Dasyuridae, Strigidae, and Varanidae to describe the diet and diet overlap between these predators. Samples were collected opportunistically and hair and bone analysis was used to identify the content of samples. Wild dogs (Canis lupus) and lace monitors (Varanus varius) predominantly consumed large mammalian prey, which contributed to the high level of diet overlap (Ojk = 0.79) between these two species. Foxes (Vulpes vulpes) and spotted-tailed quolls (Dasyurus maculatus) also had a high level of diet overlap (Ojk = 0.76), a result of their diets containing a high proportion of medium-sized mammals. The diet of wild dogs and foxes showed moderate overlap (Ojk = 0.59), and foxes were more likely to prey on species within the critical weight range than on macropods, which made up a high proportion of the diet of wild dogs. These data confirm that significant diet overlap can occur between predators from different taxonomic classes and further investigation of potential competition will be important to ongoing management.
Simple models of human brain functional networks
Authors: Vértes Petra E. , Alexander-Bloch Aaron F. , Gogtay Nitin , Giedd Jay N. , Rapoport Judith L. , Bullmore Edward T.
Published: March 2012

Human brain functional networks are embedded in anatomical space and have topological properties—small-worldness, modularity, fat-tailed degree distributions—that are comparable to many other complex networks. Although a sophisticated set of measures is available to describe the topology of brain networks, the selection pressures that drive their formation remain largely unknown. Here we consider generative models for the probability of a functional connection (an edge) between two cortical regions (nodes) separated by some Euclidean distance in anatomical space. In particular, we propose a model in which the embedded topology of brain networks emerges from two competing factors: a distance penalty based on the cost of maintaining long-range connections; and a topological term that favors links between regions sharing similar input. We show that, together, these two biologically plausible factors are sufficient to capture an impressive range of topological properties of functional brain networks. Model parameters estimated in one set of functional MRI (fMRI) data on normal volunteers provided a good fit to networks estimated in a second independent sample of fMRI data. Furthermore, slightly detuned model parameters also generated a reasonable simulation of the abnormal properties of brain functional networks in people with schizophrenia. We therefore anticipate that many aspects of brain network organization, in health and disease, may be parsimoniously explained by an economical clustering rule for the probability of functional connectivity between different brain areas.
Patterns and plasticity in RNA-protein interactions enable recruitment of multiple proteins through a single site
Authors: Valley Cary T. , Porter Douglas F. , Qiu Chen , Campbell Zachary T. , Hall Traci M. Tanaka , Wickens Marvin
Published: March 2012

mRNA control hinges on the specificity and affinity of proteins for their RNA binding sites. Regulatory proteins must bind their own sites and reject even closely related noncognate sites. In the PUF [Pumilio and
fem-3
binding factor (FBF)] family of RNA binding proteins, individual proteins discriminate differences in the length and sequence of binding sites, allowing each PUF to bind a distinct battery of mRNAs. Here, we show that despite these differences, the pattern of RNA interactions is conserved among PUF proteins: the two ends of the PUF protein make critical contacts with the two ends of the RNA sites. Despite this conserved “two-handed” pattern of recognition, the RNA sequence is flexible. Among the binding sites of yeast Puf4p, RNA sequence dictates the pattern in which RNA bases are flipped away from the binding surface of the protein. Small differences in RNA sequence allow new modes of control, recruiting Puf5p in addition to Puf4p to a single site. This embedded information adds a new layer of biological meaning to the connections between RNA targets and PUF proteins.
Structural characterization of mRNA-tRNA translocation intermediates
Authors: Agirrezabala Xabier , Liao Hstau Y. , Schreiner Eduard , Fu Jie , Ortiz-Meoz Rodrigo F. , Schulten Klaus , Green Rachel , Frank Joachim
Published: March 2012

Cryo-EM analysis of a wild-type
Escherichia coli
pretranslocational sample has revealed the presence of previously unseen intermediate substates of the bacterial ribosome during the first phase of translocation, characterized by intermediate intersubunit rotations, L1 stalk positions, and tRNA configurations. Furthermore, we describe the domain rearrangements in quantitative terms, which has allowed us to characterize the processivity and coordination of the conformational reorganization of the ribosome, along with the associated changes in tRNA ribosome-binding configuration. The results are consistent with the view of the ribosome as a molecular machine employing Brownian motion to reach a functionally productive state via a series of substates with incremental changes in conformation.
Robust full-length hepatitis C virus genotype 2a and 2b infectious cultures using mutations identified by a systematic approach applicable to patient strains
Authors: Li Yi-Ping , Ramirez Santseharay , Gottwein Judith M. , Scheel Troels K. H. , Mikkelsen Lotte , Purcell Robert H. , Bukh Jens
Published: March 2012

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a leading cause of chronic liver diseases worldwide, but treatment options are limited. Basic HCV research required for vaccine and drug development has been hampered by inability to culture patient isolates, and to date only the JFH1 (genotype 2a) recombinant replicates spontaneously in hepatoma cells and releases infectious virus. A JFH1 chimera with the 5′ end through NS2 from another genotype 2a strain, J6, had enhanced infectivity. However, the full-length J6 clone (J6CF), which we previously found to be fully functional in vivo, was replication incompetent in vitro. Through a systematic approach of culturing J6 with minimal JFH1 sequences, we identified three mutations in NS3, NS4A, and NS5B that permitted full-length J6 propagation and adaptation with infectivity titers comparable to JFH1-based systems. The most efficient recombinant, J6cc, had six adaptive mutations and did not accumulate additional changes following viral passage. We demonstrated that HCV NS3/NS4A protease-, NS5A- and NS5B polymerase-directed drugs respectively inhibited full-length J6 infection dose dependently. Importantly, the three J6-derived mutations enabled culture adaptation of the genetically divergent isolate J8 (genotype 2b), which differed from the J6 nucleotide sequence by 24%. The most efficient recombinant, J8cc, had nine adaptive mutations and was genetically stable after viral passage. The availability of these robust JFH1-independent genotype 2a and 2b culture systems represents an important advance, and the approach used might permit culture development of other isolates, with implications for improved individualized treatments of HCV patients and for development of broadly efficient vaccines.