bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
28. Galaxies
Authors: Westerlund B.E.
Published: July 2016

The present report covers the period 1979-1981. As with previous reports it has not been possible to write an all-inclusive account covering everything published, or even every field under investigation; the number of contributions to extragalactic research is increasing faster every year. Summaries of the papers may be found in the Astronomy and Astrophysics Abstracts.
31. Time
Authors: Iijima S.
Published: July 2016

This report reviews briefly the works achieved or planned in the triennium from 1979 to 1981 on the subjects to be considered by Commission 31. Reports of contributions furnished kindly from different institutions by many of Commission members were obliged to be partly omitted or abbreviated owing to the limitation of space, for which hearty thanks and apologies as well are to be given.

Astronomical observations for UTO-UTC have been continued on a routine basis in participating observatories to BIH with PZT's, astrolabes, transit instruments etc. The observations with 35-km interferometer have been made by USNO, and are expected to contribute an important part to future efforts.
34. Interstellar Matter and Planetary Nebulae
Authors: Radhakrishnan V.
Published: July 2016

The subject of interstellar matter continues to be one of the most active fields of present day astronomical research. The advent of new instruments operating in the different parts of the electromagnetic spectrum has resulted in a phenomenal increase both in the amount of observational material, and in the theoretical work attempting to interpret or model the observations. This has made it increasingly difficult to cite all of the published work in the field, and to have room to report even in brief on the conclusions of these studies.
45. Stellar Classification
Authors: Slettebak A.
Published: July 2016

The years covered in this report (1979-81) have been active ones in the field of stellar classification, as is made obvious in the following sections. In addition to the individual references listed there, a number of symposia, colloquia, and workshops were held during the report period which included papers relevant to stellar classification. These include IAU Symposia 85 (Starclusters), 98 (Be stars), and 99 (Wolf-Rayet stars); IAU Colloquia 64 (Automated Data Retrieval in Astronomy) and 68 (Astrophysical Parameters for Globular Clusters); and the Dudley Observatory Workshop on Problems of Calibration of Multicolor Photometric Systems (1979).
49: The Interplanetary Plasma and the Heliosphere
Authors: Fahr H.J.
Published: July 2016

This commission is intended to study the following problems: (1) the solar corona, i.e. the region of the origin of the solar wind; (2) the heliosphere, i.e. the region dominated by the supersonic solar wind as it expands through the neutral component of the interstellar medium; (3) the heliospheric interface, i.e. the region in which the interaction between the two counterstreaming magnetized plasmas, the subsonic solar wind and the interstellar medium, takes place. The activities of this commission cover both theoretical and observational investigations of these three regions.
Comments on the Measurement of Transition Probabilities
Authors: Huber Martin C E , Pauls Ursula
Published: July 2016

Developments in the measurements of oscillator strengths, that are of current and future interest to astrophysics, have taken place in the past few years:

–

there is increased emphasis on methods which are independent of level populations (i.e., of number densities and thus equilibrium in the vapour or plasma under investigation),

–

clear progress has been made towards higher precision (and accuracy) and

–

the dynamic range of astrophysically relevant oscillator strengths was further extended towards weaker lines.
Commission 5. Documentation and Astronomical Data
Authors: Heintz W. D. , Wilkins G. A. , Dlushnevskaya O. B. , Hauck B. , Jaschek C. , Lantos P. , Mitton S. , Schmadel L. , Spite F. , Worley C. E.
Published: July 2016

The report period 1982-84 was characterized by an again increased volume of material processed in data and abstracting centers, and by a growing clientele particularly of online services. The Working Groups of Commission 5 seek continued consultation with research object commissions so that the advanced documentation technology be efficiently employed toward specific demands of subject areas as to indexing, tagging, comprehensive, selective and inter-discliplinary retrievals. The guideline library for these purposes has been augmented by the First Dictionary of the Nomenclature of Celestial Objects by A. Fernandez, M.-C. Lortet and F. Spite (Astr. Astrophys. Suppl. 52 no.4, 1983) and by the Guide to the Presentation of Astronomical Data by G.A. Wilkins (CODATA Bull.46 1982); a new draft of the IAU Style Manual is before the IAU EC.
9. Instruments and Techniques
Authors: Livingston W. C. , Humphries C. M. , Bhattacharyya J. C. , Davis J. , Heudier J. L. , Kopylov I. M. , Lelievre G. , Maillard J. P. , Meinel A. B. , Mikhel’son N. N. , Richardson E. H. , Ring J. , Rösch J. , Steshenko N. , Tull R. G. , Walker M. F. , Wilcock W. L. , Wlerick G.
Published: July 2016

Between the Patras and New Delhi General Assemblies no meetings were directly sponsored by Commission 9 because the discipline was amply covered by the following:

- “Eighth Symposium on Photoelectronic Image Devices,” Imperial College (London) 5-7 September 1983 (B. L. Morgan, Ed., Academic Press, London, 1984).

- “Advanced Technology Optical Telescopes II” Imperial College, 5-7 September 1983.

- “Instrumentation in Astronomy V” 7-9 September 1983 (A. Boksenberg and D. Crawford, Eds., Proc. SPIE 415).

- IAU Symposium No. 109: “Astrometric Techniques,” 9-12 January 1984, Gainsville (Florida).

- “Astronomical Photography 1984,” Edinburgh, 4-6 April 1984 (E. Sim and K. Ishida, Eds., Number 14 of Occasional Reports of the Royal Observatory, Edinburgh).

- “IAU Colloquium No. 79: “Very Large Telescopes, Their Instrumentation and Programs,” Garching bei München, 9-12 April 1984 (M. H. Ulrich and K. Kjär, Eds.)
Commission 10. Solar Activity
Authors: Tandberg-Hanssen E. , Gaizauskas V. , Pick M. , Bhatnagar A. , Bumba V. , Gurtuvenko E. A. , Machado M. , Melrose D. B. , Priest E. R. , Tanaka K. , Ye S. H. , Zirin H.
Published: July 2016

In preparing the present report, which covers the period July 1, 1981, to June 30, 1984, close collaboration has taken place between Commissions 10 and 12, the two solar commissions, in order to avoid duplications and to insure that pertinent subjects are treated. The reader is referred to the report of Commission 12 for further solar topics. It is a pleasure to acknowledge the excellent work of the reviewers who wrote the different sections of this report, and all the members of the commission who provided information on research to be included.
IV. Results from Hinotori and P78-1
Authors: Tanaka K.
Published: July 2016

Hinotori observed 720 flares through its operation February 1981-October 1981. General discussions of the results were given in two symposia: the Hinotori Symposium (ISAS 1982) and the U.S.-Japan Seminar (de Jager & Švestka 1983). The hard x-ray imaging made at the effective energy 20-35 keV showed a wide variety of morphology. Many flares (22 out of 30 events) showed single source structure, either compact (12) or extended (10) in the spatial resolution of 15 arc sec (Takakura et al. 1983a, Ohki et al. 1983, Takakura 1984). Evidences are given in some limb events that the main source is located in the high corona (1-4 x 104 km) (Takakura et al. 1983b). The extended single source could be the whole coronal loops which may include footpoints, but the maximum brightness is near the loop top. In some events (8 out of 30), weak subsource(s) which sould be identified with the footpoint(s) appear intermittently (Tsuneta et al. 1983). Takakura et al. (1984) found that the extended single source becomes compact and slightly shifts to higher altitudes in later phases of the impulsive burst (5 out of 10 events). Tanaka (1984), Takakura (1984), and Tanaka S Zirin (1984) argued that the hard x-ray morphology of the impulsive burst is consistent with the non-thermal electron beam model in high density corona. Sakurai (1983) investigated magnetic field structures of the hard x-ray sources based on the potential field calculations. Timing between the hard x-ray and microwave in the impulsive bursts was examined by Takakura et al. (1983c), who found correlated subsecond time structures and also by Takakura et al. (1983d), who found a long (5-10 s) delay of the peaks at 17 GHz and E > 300 keV to the peak at E < 100 keV. Kurokawa (1983) showed detailed coincidence between the hard x-ray spikes and Hα brightenings.
IV. Solar Granulation
Authors: Muller R.
Published: July 2016

During the period 1981-1984, major developments have been made in the analysis of the shape and shifts of photospheric lines used as a diagnostic of the convection in the outer layers of the Sun. The first three-dimensional numerical simulation of the solar granulation has been developed, and it, is able to reproduce with some success most of the observed morphological and spectroscopic properties of granulation. It is becoming clear that the properties of the solar granulation are variable over the solar cycle. Many questions remain to be solved; further progress will rely heavily on expected improvements of the spatial resolution of the observations and the availability of larger computers.
VII. The Sun as a Star
Authors: Sivaraman K. R.
Published: July 2016

An important topic of current interest both in solar and stellar physics is the possibility of identifying solar phenomena in stars through an understanding of these on a global scale on the sun. We concentrate here on the recent research concerning the variability in solar irradiance from disc integrated observations (sun as a star) in the white light as well as in monochromatic wavelengths.
Commission 15: Physical Study of Comets, Minor Planets, and Meteorites
Authors: Chapman C. R. , Kresak L. , Donn B. D. , Dossin F. , Fechtig H. , Festou M. , Matson D. L. , Schmidt H. U. , Sekanina Z. , Shulman L. M. , Wasson J. , Wetherill G. W. , Wilkening L.
Published: July 2016

The last three years have witnessed a growing interest in the physical properties of the small bodies in the solar system. Perhaps the most significant impetus to research on small bodies has been the imminent arrival of Comet Halley in the inner solar system. This famous comet, which was recovered in autumn 1982, has been the object of intense study during the past year as it has approached the sun and developed a tail. Much of the international, ground-based astronomical research on Halley has been coordinated through the International Halley Watch program. Spacecraft from several nations have been successfully launched (or soon will be, we hope) and are on their way to intercept the comet and make close-up observations and in situ measurements. The commencement of spacecraft study of small bodies marks a new era in comet/asteroid science and, in coordination with ground-based and Earth-orbital observations, will result in unprecedented new knowledge about the origin of the solar system and about solar system processes. Although Halley is receiving the most attention, interest is also high in Comet Giacobini-Zinner, the vicinity of which will be probed by a diverted American spacecraft in September 1985. Upcoming spacecraft studies of comets through 1986 are described at the end of the comet section of this report. Asteroid exploration by spacecraft is also anticipated to begin in the near future. The trajectory of the NASA Gailieo Mission to Jupiter has been changed to permit close-encounter observations of the large main-belt asteroid 29 Amphitrite in December 1986; these observations will be conducted on a “best effort” basis only a few months after launch of Galileo. Interest is also high in Europe, the Soviet Union, and the United States in possible spacecraft missions to additional comets and asteroids during the 1990’s. If these efforts are pursued, there will be a concomitant ground-based effort. The last three years have also witnessed extremely productive efforts to observe small bodies from Earth orbit. For example, the Infrared Astronomical Satellite discovered a comet in 1983, which made the closest approach to the Earth of any comet in centuries. IRAS made important discoveries and measurements of other comets and also assembled an immense database on infrared brightnesses of thousands of numbered and unnumbered asteroids. The planned launch of the Hubble Space Telescope next year highlights the continuing potential for applying extremely powerful instrumental techniques to the study of comets and asteroids from above the Earth’s atmosphere.
26. Double and Multiple Stars
Authors: Fracastoro K. G. , Rakos K. D. , Dommanget J. , Franz O. G. , Heintz W. D. , McAlister H. A. , Poveda A. , Scarfe C. D.
Published: July 2016

Commission 26 has changed its name. The new denomination, warmly promoted by Dommanget, represents more adequately the actual field of the Commission Itself and appears as a good start for extending its interest beyond the traditional aspects (morphology and statistics) and plunging into problems connected with the origin, evolution, mass spectrum and dynamics of small star associations.
29. Stellar Spectra
Authors: Jugaku J. , de Strobel G. Cayrel , Andrillat Y. , Bonsack W. K. , Conti P. S. , Cowley C. R. , Jaschek C. O. R. , Levato O. H. , Smith M. A. , Viotti R. , Wolff S. C.
Published: July 2016

During the triennium under review, Commission 29 has sponsored or cosponsored the following IAU meetings: Symposium 102, “Solar and Stellar Magnetic Fields,” Zurich, Switzerland, August 1982; Symposium 108, “Structure and Evolution of the Magellanic Clouds,” Tübingen, FRG, September 1983; Symposium 111, “Calibration of Fundamental Stellar Quantities,” Como, Italy, May 1984; and Colloquium 82, “Cepheids: Observation and Theory,” Toronto, Canada, May-June 1984. Commission 29 has also supported or sponsored several IAU meetings proposed for 1985 and 1986. They include “Luminous Stars and Associations in Galaxies,” Porto Heli, Greece, May 1985; “Upper Main Sequence Stars with Anomalous Abundances,” Crimea, USSR, May 1985; “Astrochemistry,” Goa, India, December 1985; “Hydrogen Deficient Stars and Related Objects,” Bangalore, India, December 1985; “Circumstellar Matter,” Heidelberg, FRG, June 1986; and “Be Stars,” Boulder, USA, August 1986.
35. Stellar Constitution
Authors: Cox A. N. , Sugimoto D. , Bodenheimer P. H. , Chiosi C. S. , Faulkner D. J. , Maeder A. , Tassoul J. -L. , Tayler R. J. , Tutukov A. V. , Weidemann V. , Zahn J. -P.
Published: July 2016

This report of Commission 35, as in past reports, consists of some details of only a few selected topics. This is necessary because a survey of the entire field of stellar formation, structure, stability, evolution, pulsation, and explosions for the three year period from mid-1981 to mid-1984 would be excessively long. Our topics here, in order from the most massive stellar classes to the least are: Massive Stars (R.M. Humphreys), Rotation in Late Type Stars (W. Benz), Helioseismology (J. Christensen-Dalsgaard), Planetary Nebula Central Stars (E.M. Sion), Pulsations in Hot Degenerate Dwarf Stars (A.N. Cox and S.D. Kawaler), and White Dwarfs (V. Weidemann). There is some overlap in the reviewing of these last three reports because the topics are very closely related. Concentration in this dying stage of stellar evolution seems appropriate because of the great current interest in these matters.
5. Solar Research from Space, 1982-1984 (Some Highlights)
Authors: Chupp E. L.
Published: July 2016

During this reporting period, the satellites ISEE 3 (now ICE), IMP 8, Helios I, Hinotori, Nimbus 7 (ERB), P78-1, Pioneer Venus Orbiter (PVO), Spacelab 1 and Solar Maximum Mission (SMM) continue to provide solar observations. We review briefly some recent developments, selected by the author as most significant, concerning: coronal mass ejecta, high-energy neutral emissions, X-ray and microwave bursts, the solar constant, and solar flare periodicity. While the emphasis is on new work, some significant results, obtained in earlier spacecraft experiments and only recently reported, are also mentioned. The repair, in space, of SMM in 1984 April, resulting in reactivation of three of the four pointed experiments is briefly described and a status report of the SMM 2 mission is given. We conclude with a summary of important future programs.
4. Ephemerides (Ephemerides)
Authors: Morando B. , Seldelmann P. K. , Abalakin V. K. , Aokl S. , Chapront J. , Duncombe R. L. , Lederle T. , Lieske J. H. , Yallop B. D. , Yamazaki A.
Published: July 2016

This report covers the period from 1 July 1984 to 30 June 1987. The ephemerides that have been published during this period have made use of the new system of astronomical constants adopted at the XVIth General Assembly of the lAU in Grenoble. Yet some difficulties have arisen because of the lack of catalogues or maps of the heavens established for the epoch J2000.0. This is awkward for observers of comets and minor planets and, for that reason, Commission 20 decided, at the New Delhi meeting of lAU that there would be a gradual introduction of the J2000.0 system as far as those bodies are concerned.
6. Astronomical Telegrams (Télégrammes Astronomiques) (Committee of the Executive Committee)
Authors: Mrkos A. , Roemer E. , Marsden B. G. , Marsden B. G. , vacant  , Bardwell C. M. , Green D. W. E.
Published: July 2016

The commission has been able to continue its work during the last triennium with a minimum of effort. Thanks for this and for the untiring dedication are due to the Director of the Bureau, B. G. Marsden. We are also grateful to the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory for its general support.

According to the annoucement published in the IAU Information Bulletin no 58, K. A. Thernöe died on 1987 March 7. He was the director of the Central Telegram Bureau during the years 1960 - 1964 in Copenhagen and for many years he served as principal substitute for Julie Vinter Hansen when she ran the Bureau.
VII. Results from Radio Observations
Authors: Alissandrakis C.
Published: July 2016

This section does not mention some results reported in sections V and VI. Other papers can be found in proceedings of CESRA Workshops (Benz 1985 (I), Pick and Trottet 1986 (II)).
VIII. Theory of Solar Flares
Authors: Priest E.R.
Published: July 2016

By far the most significant event for Solar Flares as a whole over the past 3 years has been the operation of the Solar Maximum Mission Satellite, together with the accompanying data analysis, ground-based support and theoretical modelling. This has culminated in the series of SMM Flare Workshops, whose proceedings have now appeared (Kundu and Woodgate 1986 (I)), with chapters on a wide variety of topics which indicate the enormity and complexity of the flare problem.
III. The Solar Dynamo
Authors: Stix M.
Published: July 2016

Traditionally the theory of the solar dynamo has been divided into two parts. The first, more difficult part, is the derivation of equations governing the mean magnetic field; the second, easier, is the solution of this equation, and the interpretation of the result in terms of observed solar magnetism. This report follows the traditional division.
IV. Small Scale Magnetic Fields
Authors: Solanki S.K.
Published: July 2016

Considerable progress has been made during the last four years in the theoretical and empirical investigation of the small scale solar magnetic field and associated phenomena. Although the basic outlines established in the 1970s of the structure of the field, namely small fluxtubes or magnetic elements with kllogauss fields embedded in a relatively field free medium have survived, many of the details have changed and some of the large gaps in our knowlegde of these captivating structures have been filled. In the following we briefly outline some of the highlights.
Commission 15; Physical Study of Comets, Minor Planets and Meteorites
Authors: Kresák Ĺ. , Rahe J. , A’Hearn M. F. , Arpigny C. , Chapman C. R. , Dobrovolsky O. V. , Fechtig H. , Harris A. W. , Haupt H. F. , Shulman L. M. , Wasson J. T. , Wyckoff S. , Zappalà V.
Published: July 2016

The period covered by this report, 1984 July to 1987 June, was of extraordinary importance for the progress of cometary physics. For the first time in the history, special space probes were launched to comets. Vega 1, Vega 2 and Giotto encountered P/Halley, providing us with the first close-up pictures of a cometary nucleus, its surface features, and with the first in situ measurements of the matter escaping from it. ICE, Suisei and Sakigake carried out measurements relevant to P/Giacobini-Zinner and P/Halley in interplanetary space. Unprecedented worldwide campaigns of ground-based observations, with the participation of about 1000 professional and 2000 amateur astronomers, were coordinated in 8 sections of the International Halley Watch. Additional measurements were made from artificial satellites, sounding rockets, and highflying airplanes. The wealth of data collected in this way, to a major extent thanks to an excellent international cooperation, represents a milestone in cometary astronomy. Another important step was the progress in processing the extensive 1983 IRAS observations of minor planets and comets, including the discovery of asteroid dust bands and cometary dust trails.
Commission 16: Physical Study of Planets and Satellites (Etude Physique Pes Planetes Et Satellites)
Authors: Hunt G. , Brahic A. , Morrison D. , Bertaux J. L. , Burns J. , Dahoan Chen , Cruikshank D. , Davies M. , Encrenaz T. , Gautier D. , Marov M. , Masurski H. , Morozhenko A. V. , Owen T. , Shevshenko V. , Smith B. , Tejfel V.
Published: July 2016

The physical study of planets and satellites is probably one of the more active fields of research of the second half of this century. This is due to space exploration by spacecraft, but also to the use of modern detectors, of large ground-based telescopes, and of powerful computers by active researchers. Planetary research (or planetology) is a pluridisciplinary domain, which requires not only the competence of astronomers, but also of geophysicists, of mineralogists, of climatologists, of biologists, of chemists, of physicists, of “pure„ mathematicians, and many other scientists. Many results are at the boundary of those of other commissions such as the 15, 20, 7, 19, 33, 40, 44, 49 and 51 ones. The study of the main results obtained during this last triennum shows a perfect complementarity between space and ground-based observations. It should be arbitrary to separate space and ground-based scientists. The have the same goal and they study the same objects. Quite often, the same individuals use both techniques, depending on the most efficient one for the problem under study. It is remarkable to see that space data collected more than ten years ago are still analysed in connection with ground-based observations. The same remarks can apply for ground-based data. In addition to that, new theoretical models, new numerical simulations and new laboratory experiments have ben recently developed. They all contribute to a better understanding of planets and satellites physics.
20. Positions and Motions of Minor Planets, Comets and Satellites Positions Et Mouvements Des Petites Planetes, Des Cometes Et Des Satellites
Authors: Kozai Y. , Batrakov Yu. V. , Aksnes K. , Arlot J. -E. , Candy M. P. , Kresak L. , Kristensen L. K. , Marsden B. G. , Millis R. L. , Roemer E. , Yeomans D. K. , Zhang J. -X.
Published: July 2016

In the past triennium members of the Commission 20 have been very active in studying positions and motions of minor planets, comets and satellites including rings by observational and theoretical investigations, as it is described in this report In fact observers have been producing tremendous amount of astrometric data, much more than we could imagine twenty years ago, when we heard many complains and appeals to observers for needs of more observations, particularly, for minor planets and satellites. Technically, several new devices to detect faint objects and to measure their positions more effectively, have been developed. Theoreticians have faced many interesting and important problems to explain observational facts with several powerful methods developed recently.
21. Light of the Night Sky (Lumiere Du Ciel Nocturne)
Authors: Mattila K. , Levasseur-Regourd A. C. , Dumont R. , Galperin Yu. I. , Giese R. H. , Hanner M. S. , Lamy P. , Mukai T. , Tanabe H. , Weinberg J. L.
Published: July 2016

The different components of the light of the night sky have their origin in different formations of matter in the universe - encompassing a huge scale of distances ranging from a few kilometers in the earth’s atmosphere to the most distant known galaxies and beyond. Correspondingly, the borderlines to other Commissions are not very well defined and thus material relevant to Commission 21 can also be found in the reports of other Commissions on the following topics: zodiacal light and zodiacal IR emission (Comm. 22, 44), integrated starlight (33, 25), diffuse galactic light (34), extragalactic background light (47), airglow and atmospheric scattered light (50), and space-borne observations of the LONS (44). From the Commission 21 point of view the connecting link between these various fields is the special techniques utilized in the surface photometric measurements and reductions of background radiations which extend over the entire sky. One crucial problem is the separation of the LONS into its several components. The approach for solving this task is to utilize the different spatial distributions and different broad and narrow band spectral properties of each of the LONS component. Thus the successful measurement and separation of one of the LONS components requires a knowledge of the properties of all the other components. This situation has become apparent in recent years as the infrared background radiation database, provided by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS), has been analyzed: both the zodiacal and galactic dust emissions have to be analyzed hand in hand, and both these components must be very accurately mastered before any conclusions are possible on the extragalactic component. It is also obvious that very similar problems are encountered in the ultraviolet and infrared wavelength regions as in the more traditional optical domain. Thus the techniques developed in one of these wavelength domains are directly applicable in the others.
Commission 25. Stellar Photometry and Polarimetry Photometrie Et Polarimetrie Stellaires
Authors: Rufener F. G. , McLean I. S. , Buser R. , Dachs J. , Edwards P. J. , Glass I. S. , Kilkenny D. , Miller J. S. , Milone E. F. , Penny A. J. , Piirola V. E. , Skahovskoj N. M. , Tinbergen J. , Vrba F. J. , Wielebinski R. , Young A. T.
Published: July 2016

The outstanding feature of the last triennium was most certainly the abrupt generalisation of the use of array detectors, particularly CCDs (charge coupled devices). The latter pervade all subdivisions of instrumental astronomy. The gains achieved by their high quantum efficiency, their stability, their capability of delivering immediately recordable signals which can be processed by appropriate computational means, have been the cause of spectacular progress regarding the photometric precision of weak signal measurements.
Commission 26: Double and Multiple Stars
Authors: Rakos K. D. , McAlister H. A. , Abt H. A. , Couteau P. , Fracastoro M. G. , Harrington R. S. , Kiselyov A. A.
Published: July 2016

In the recent years new techniques are expanding visual binary star astronomy into previously inaccessible regimes of angular resolution and accuracy of measurements regarding the astrometric and astrophysical parameters of their components. New techniques and algorithms are providing enhanced sensitivity to low mass companions and the determination of photometric properties of the components of close visual binaries. The potential now exists for significantly narrowing, if not eliminating entirely, the historic gap separating spectroscopic from visual binaries. Advances in closely related fields as in precision radial velocity measurement and enhanced accuracy of parallax determination from ground and space based observatories will place demands upon double star astronomy that have been absent for half a century. Today double and multiple star astronomy is perhaps closer to fulfilling its true potential than it has ever been, entering a fundamentally important area of modern astrophysics.
33. Structure and Dynamics of the Galactic System (Structure Et Dynamique Du Systeme Galactique)
Authors: Burton W. B , Mayor M. , Bahcall J. , Balasz L. , Binney J. , Blitz L. , Einasto J. , Lynga G. , Tosa M. , Wielen R.
Published: July 2016

Commission 33 has the long-standing tradition of producing two versions of the report covering its activities in the general field of Galactic Structure during the past triennium. The short version of the report is the one presented here. A longer, more complete version, is being printed by the President for distribution to all members of the Commission.

Compilation of the triennial summary is one of the major tasks of Commission officers. Section 2 of this report was prepared by M. Major; section 3 by L. Balasz; sections 4 and 8 by L. Blitz; section 5 by G. Lynga; section 6 by D. Hartmann; section 7 by J. Bloemen; sections 9 and 10 by U. Haud and J. Einasto; section 11 by R. Wielen; section 12 by B. Puchs; section 13 by J. Binney; and section 14 by V. Malyuto and J. Einasto.
34. Interstellar Matter (Matiere Interstellaire)
Authors: Lequeux J. , Mathis J.S. , Boer K.S. de , D’Odorico S. , Elmegreen B.G. , Flower D. , Habing H. , Peimbert M. , Shaver P.A. , Shustov B. , Wannier P.G. , York D.G.
Published: July 2016

The previous report started with optimistic remarks about the increasing importance of the study of interstellar matter in astronomy. This trend has largely been confirmed in the 1985-87 period and it is clear that the subject of our Commission is one of the most active fields of astronomical research. This is also shown by the rapidly growing number of members and by the constitution of new working groups. The major new event in the period has undoubtly been the availability of IRAS data.
35. Stellar Constitution (Constitution Des Étoiles)
Authors: Sugimoto D. , Maeder A. , Bodenheimer P.H. , Chiosi C.S. , Cox A.N. , Gough D.O. , Kippenhahn R. , Osaki Y. , Tassoul J.L. , Truran J.W. , Weidemann V. , Wheeler J.C.
Published: July 2016

This report of Commission 35, as in past reports, consists of some details of only a few selected topics. This is necessary because a survey of the entire field of stellar formation, structure, stability, evolution, explosion, and nucleosynthesis for the three year period from mid-1984 to mid-1987 would be excessively long. Our topics here, in order from early to late evolutionary pahses are: Convective Overshooting (N.H. Baker), Mass Loss (I. Appenzeller), Novae (M. Livio), Presupernova Models and SN1987A (K. Nomoto), and Structure of X-Ray Bursting Neutron Stars (M.Y. Fujimoto and D. Sugimoto). In addition, Asteroseismology (H. Shibahashi) is reported briefly as one of the new disciplines now being developed. About two decades ago, Professor Martin Schwarzschild suggested convection, mass loss, and calculation of models through supernova stage as ones of the most important problems to attack. Though great progress has been achieved in these topics, we still have some fundamental questions concerning physical mechanisms involved. This is the reason why these topics are selected for this report.
40. Radio Astronomy (Radio Astronomie)
Authors: Baldwin J E , Mezger P G , Barrett A , Baudry A , Booth R , Jauncey D , Kapahi V , Kellermann K , Matveyenko L , Nicholson G , Seaquist E , Setti G , Strom R , Wang S , Wilson T
Published: July 2016

The following commission members have contributed to this report:

M Birkinshaw, R J Cohen, J J Condon, T J Cornwell, J R Dickel, P A Feldman, R Genzel, M Goss, V Kapahl, Gopal Krishna, M Kundu, A G Lyne, C R Masson, A C Readhead, W Reich, J M Riley, A J Turtle, J M van der Hulst, T L Wilson.
44. Astronomy from Space (L’astronomie a Partir De L’espace)
Authors: Kondo Y. , Pounds K.A. , Boyarchuk A.A. , Clark G.W. , Courtes G. , Grewing M. , Jenkins E.B. , Macchetto F.D. , Oda M. , Rahe J. , Sholomitzcy G.B. , Tanaka Y. , Truemper J. , Hucht K.A. van der , Willis A.J.
Published: July 2016

The tragic loss of Space ShuttleChallengerand her 7 crew members in January 1986 has seriously affected the astronomical research from space in the U.S.A. and, to a lesser extent, in Western Europe. The incident has caused setbacks in a number of space projects, including the delay in the launching of the Hubble Space Telescope. Nevertheless, the field of space astronomy remained active during the present reporting period (1984 July through 1987 June).
3A. Ultraviolet Astronomy (Non-IUE)
Authors: Jenkins Edward B.
Published: July 2016

Results from the IUE satellite, summarized in the section which follows this one, continue to dominate the literature for research topics which rely on observations in the ultraviolet. This trend may be accentuated in the near future, as we experience the natural attrition of papers based on results from previous major missions which are no longer operating, such as TD-1, Copernicus, ANS and BUSS. The Challenger accident on January 28, 1986 abruptly halted flights of new orbital facilities which depend on the Space Shuttle and has created long and somewhat indefinite postponements in the eventual manifesting of payloads ranging in size from simple experiments in Getaway Special (GAS) and Spartan carriers, to telescopes of intermediate size on Spacelab (such as those which were to fly on the Astro mission in March 1986) to the Hubble Space Telescope. Suborbital missions, i.e., sounding-rockets and balloons, will probably dominate the extra-IUE uv astronomy scene until there is a re-establishment of a vigorous launch schedule for expendable vehicles and/or the Space Shuttle.
7. Mécanique Céleste (Celestial Mechanics)
Authors: Henrard Jacques
Published: July 2016

During 1988–1990 Commission 7 has sponsored or co-sponsored several IAU conferences: Colloquium No. 109 “Application of Computer Technology to Dynamical Astronomy” (Gaithersburg, July 1988), Symposium No. 141 “Inertial Coordinate System on the Sky” (Pulkovo, October 1989), Colloquium No. 127 “Reference Frames” (Virginia Beach, October 1990), Colloquium No. 132 “Instability, Chaos and Predictability in Celestial Mechanics and Stellar Systems” (Delhi, October 1990). The colloquium No. 118 “Dynamics of Small Bodies in the Solar System” which was to be held in Nanjing in June 1989 had unfortunately to be postponed then cancelled. Other meetings of interest to the members of Commission 7 were the 2nd Alexander von Humbolt Colloquium on “Long Term Evolution of Planetary Systems” (Ramsau, March 1988), the Colloquium “Asteroids, Comets, Meteors III” (Uppsala, June 1989), the colloquium “Mécanique Céleste et Systèmes Hamiltoniens” (Luminy, May 1990) and the NATO Advanced Study Institute on “Predictability, Stability and Chaos in N-Body Dynamical Systems” (Cortina d’Ampezzo, August 1990).
16. Physical Study of Planets and Satellites
Authors: Owen T. C. , Millman P.M.
Published: July 2016

The explosive increase in the number of published papers on planetary and satellite research in recent years has made it impossible to provide an adequate summary of progress in the field over a given three year period in the space allotted for this purpose. The problem is particularly acute for the current epoch - 1 January 1976 to 31 December 1978 - because it encompasses major missions to Mars and Venus by the United States and the Soviet Union, as well as a large number of exciting discoveries made from the ground.
41. History of Astronomy
Authors: Dobrzycki J.
Published: July 2016

The composition of this commission reflects the wide appeal of science history studies and the need for interdisciplinary approach, especially in the studies of ancient and medieval astronomy, where combined scientific, philological and historical competence are necessary conditions. This is why the commission lists over thirty consulting members, historians of science by profession and academic training. The commission is recognized by the IUHPS as a joint commission of both Unions, with a representative of this organization in our Organizing Committee. 69 IAU members, together with the group of consulting members mentioned above, make up for an unusually numerous body. It should be noted that this size is undesirable in some respects and it may call for a general reevaluation.
Commission 28: Galaxies
Authors: Trimble V. , Bertola F. , Bruzual G. , Chakrabarti S.K. , Chen J.-S. , Feast M.W. , Huchra J. , Israel F. , Khachikian E.Ye. , Ulrich M.-H. , Wielebinski R. , Zasov A.V.
Published: July 2016

This report coveres the period 1 July 1993 to 30 June 1996. In contrast to reports from previous triennia, which were written by commission officers, committee members, and chairs of working groups, all members of the comission were invited, through a newsletter, to volunteer to write sections on topics that interested them. About a dozen people volunteered, not all of whom were able to complete the reports they had suggested.
6. Astronomical Telegrams
Authors: Candy M. P. , Mrkos A. , Hauck B. , Bardwell C. M. , Green D. W. E.
Published: July 2016

The bulk of the Commission’s work has, as in previous years, been carried out most efficiently by the I.A.U. Bureau, especially by its Director, Dr. B.G. Marsden.
Meetings of Standing Committees, May 3rd to May 10th, 1922
Authors: Eginitis D.
Published: July 2016

Prof. Cerulli communicated a note by Prof. Angelitti, in which he enquired whether a modification of the law of gravitation, e.g., the addition of a small term u/r3, would not account for the motion of the perihelion of Mercury. Sir Frank Dyson replied that the introduction of such a term would introduce other anomalies in the planetary system, and particularly in the motion of the Moon’s apse.

Prof. Armellini considered that, as the deflection of a ray of light grazing Jupiter’s surface would be only 1/60th of 1”, and as, moreover, Jupiter has a dense atmosphere, it would not be practicable to verify Einstein’s theory by observations of stars in the neighbourhood of Jupiter. He wished to suggest an examination of the motion of the perihelion of the 5th Satellite of Jupiter.
4. Commission Des Ephemerides
Authors: Fayet M. G.
Published: July 2016

Les circonstances critiques dues à la guerre ont eu pour conséquences, particulièrement en ce qui concerne l’office de la Connaisance des Temps, d’entraver fréquemment la réalisation des calculs assumés à la suite d’une entente internationale et, en outre, d’empêcher, ou tout au moins de retarder, la communication des résultats aux autres instituts de calcul.

Le volume annuel des positions apparentes des étoiles fondamentales, dont l’office du Nautical Almanac assure la publication depuis 1941, a paru régulièrement. Plusieurs modifications touchant sa confection ont été envisagées; elles ont rapport aux valeurs adoptées pour les Day numbers et aux corrections de parallaxe. Il conviendra sans doute de procéder à une nouvelle répartition des calculs entre les divers offices participants. Il est désirable, d’autre part, que des mesures soient prises afin que cette publication indispensable puisse être mise à la disposition d’un plus grand nombre d’observatoires.
5. Commission Des Analyses De Travaux Et De Bibliographie
Authors: Lundmark M. K. , Bourgeois M. P.
Published: July 2016

M. le Prof. Lundmark, président de la Commission, sérieusement malade, est empêché d’assister au Congrès et n’a pu établir de rapport. M. E. Holmberg annonce, que ce dernier envisage de publier en langue anglaise une liste des observatoires et des astronomes. La commission fait des vœux pour le prompt rétablissement du Prof. Lundmark.

La première question à l’ordre du jour est la proposition du Comité National Français, transmise à la Commission par l’Assemblée Générale, d’accorder un appui financier à la Bibliographie mensuelle de l’Astronomie (B.M.A.).
9. Commission Des Instruments Astronomiques
Authors: Carroll M. J. A.
Published: July 2016

The 200-inch telescope at Mt Palomar in California is complete and in process of adjustment prior to commencing a programme of observations. The large mirror, after successful figuring, has been transported to the observatory without mishap and it is expected that some months at least will be spent on adjustments to its supports and in testing its performance and that of the associated gear.

The Royal Observatory, Greenwich, is to move to Herstmonceux near the south coast of England. The conditions at Greenwich have deteriorated steadily over many years and the new site offers as good conditions climatically as can be found in Great Britain and is well removed from industrial glare or fog as there are no towns near the new site, which consists of a fine old moated brick castle in some 200 acres of ground.
14. Commission des Etalons de Longueur d’Onde et des Tables de Spectres Solaires
Authors: Meggers M. W. F. , King R. B.
Published: July 2016

Barrell has given (Proc. Roy. Soc. A, 186, 164, 1946 and Revue de Métrologie Pratique et Légale, 2e série, 7, 33, 1947) a summary of nine directly measured values of the wavelength of the red line of cadmium in terms of the International Metre.

The values originally reported (column 3) are corrected in column 4 to take account of subsequent conclusions regarding the values to be attributed to the ruled standards of length employed and adjustments to uniform conditions of normal air.
15. Commission Pour L’Etude Physique Des Cometes
Authors: Baldet M. F.
Published: July 2016

Les travaux effectués en physique cométaire depuis le Congrès de l’U.A.I. en 1938, ont apporté une notable contribution à la connaissance de la constitution de ces astres et des phénomènes dont ils sont le siège. Nous allons résumer très brièvement ceux dont nous avons pu avoir connaissance, une partie des publications étrangères ne nous étant pas encore parvenue. Certains répondent directement aux suggestions et recommandations formulées au dernier Congrès.
20. Commission Des Positions Et Des Mouvements Des Petites Planetes, Des Cometes Et Des Satellites
Authors: Leuschner M. , Delporte M.
Published: July 2016

Après le Congrès de l’U.A.I. Stockholm 1938, M. Delporte, Président de la Commission, s’est mis en rapport avec les membres de la dite Commission élus à Stockholm et avec les membres de pays non adhérents à l’Union et dont la cooptation proposée au meeting de Stockholm avait été acquise par vote. Le déclenchement des hostilités en 1939 a rompu les contacts entre les états. La Belgique encore neutre, a pu servir d’intermédiaire entre le Rechen-Institut de Berlin et la France, l’Angleterre et l’Afrique du Sud pour l’acheminement des éphémérides pour 1940 (Kleine Planeten).
28. Commission Des Nebuleuses Extragalactiques
Authors: Hubble M. E. P.
Published: July 2016

The Commission on Extra-Galactic Nebulae held three meetings to discuss informally the principal observational and theoretical problems of the extra-galactic nebulae. One resolution was drafted and adopted pointing out the desirability of having Dr C. O. Lampland’s valuable nebulae photographs published.
34. Commission De La Matiere Interstellaire Et Des Nebuleuses Galactiques
Authors: Stebbins M. Joel
Published: July 2016

This Commission was organized at the Stockholm meeting of the Union in 1938, and now after ten years has the opportunity to make its first report. The rearrangement of the fields of the different Commissions at Copenhagen in 1946 gives Commission 34 some responsibility for the entire volume of space between the stars, if not between the galaxies. Since the presence of interstellar material in any region of space may be revealed by emission, reflection, scattering, or absorption of radiation, the study of this material falls under or overlaps the activities of half a dozen other Commissions of the Union. Because of this extent of the relations of the Commission we may consider again the directions in which international co-operation may function to advantage. As pointed out by Schlesinger when the Union was organized, such co-operation is valuable in matters of convention; in avoidance of duplication; and especially in investigations too large for one institution or even one country to undertake.
Chapter III: Twentieth General Assembly
Authors: Sahade J.
Published: July 2016

Je voudrais commencer cette première séance de la Vingtième Assemblée Généale de l’Union Astronomique Internationale en vous souhaitant d’une part la bienvenue et, d’autre part, un séour non seulement très agréable mais surtout très profitable au point de vue scientifique.
Executive Committee
Authors: Dyson Frank , Abetti G. , Fabry C. , Nörlund N. E. , Nušl F. , Schlesinger F. , Stratton F. J. M.
Published: July 2016

The original period covered by the convention, which brought the Union into existence, terminated on December 31, 1931. An extraordinary meeting of the General Assembly was held in London on September 19,1931, at which a set of new Statutes was approved for the period ending on December 31,1943. An account of this meeting and of the preliminary steps preceding it will be given later in this report.
3. Commission des Notations, des Unités et de L’Économie des Publications
Authors: Schlesinger M. F. , Bosler MM. , Chant  , van Steenwijk De Vos , Fisher  , Grabowski  , d’Arturo Horn , Ludendorff  , Russell  , Strömgren  , Stroobant
Published: July 2016

At the meeting held at Leiden on July 13, 1928, the Union approved the recommendation of Commission 3 to adopt new boundaries for the constellations north of 12°·5 south declination, these boundaries being, in each case, hour circles or parallels of declination. The Union also approved of a grant to cover the cost of publishing an atlas showing these new boundaries. The boundaries were defined by Mr Delporte of the Uccle Observatory from whom this proposal originally came. Mr Delporte’s boundaries were carefully examined at Yale Observatory in order to make sure that no variable stars would have their designations changed, and that a minimum of stars having Baeyer or Flamsteed designations would be moved to other constellations. After making a few minor alterations on these accounts, Mr Delporte sent his manuscript to the General Secretary, under whose supervision the Cambridge University Press published, in 1930, a volume entitled, Délimitation Scientifique des Constellations. At the suggestion of the present writer this volume extends not merely to 12°·5 south declination, but from pole to pole. Gould had, for the most part, defined the southern constellations by hour circles and parallels; in the few cases where this had not been done, Mr Delporte revised the boundaries accordingly.
23. Commission de la Carte du Ciel
Authors: Esclangon M. E. , Baillaud M. B. , Baillaud MM. J. , Baldwin  , Bemporad A. , Bhaskaran  , Curlewis  , Delvosal  , Dyson  , Favaro  , Gallo  , Gonnessiat  , Herrero  , Jones  , Lagarde  , Lagrula  , Penine  , Picart L. , Sampson  , Stroobant
Published: July 2016

Depuis le dernier Rapport, la Commission de la Carte du Ciel a été durement et douloureusement éprouvée par la mort imprévue de son eminent Président H. H. Turner. Il laisse parmi ses collègues de profonds et unanimes regrets.

Il s’était ardemment dévoué à ses fonctions de Président et, plus particulièrement, à l’achèvement du Catalogue photographique, auquel, sous sa direction, l’Observatoire de l’Université d’Oxford avait déjà pris une grande part. Sous son impulsion, et souvent avec le concours de son Observatoire, des Zones en retard avaient accompli d’importants progrès. Sa fin prématurée ne lui aura pas permis de voir le Catalogue terminé. Après comme avant la mort de Turner, la poursuite de ce but, qui lui était cher, demeure la tâche la plus urgente.