bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Embracing the Disrupted Language Teaching and Learning Field: Analyzing YouTube Content Creation Related to ChatGPT
Authors: Li Belle , Kou Xiaojing , Bonk Curtis J.
Published: August 2023

Since late 2022, dozens of YouTube channels focusing on a diverse array of topics related to language learning with generative AI tools such as ChatGPT have rapidly emerged. This study explores the implementations and perspectives of YouTube content creators who now constitute an increasingly important segment of the ecosystem of language teaching and learning. A mixed methods netnographic approach was employed, combining qualitative and quantitative techniques. A total of 140 videos were identified and analyzed, and an in-depth content analysis was conducted to uncover underlying themes. Four main categories of creators were identified: educators, learners, technology professionals, and e-learning providers. Educators, especially English and Japanese teachers, were the majority, followed by learners and technology field professionals. This study highlights the benefits, drawbacks, and concerns associated with the integration of AI tools in language learning. By examining this rapidly evolving phenomenon, the study contributes towards an understanding of the role and impact of generative AI tools in language education.
Conservation Laws and Symmetry Reductions of the Hunter–Saxton Equation via the Double Reduction Method
Authors: Kakuli Molahlehi Charles , Sinkala Winter , Masemola Phetogo
Published: August 2023

This study investigates via Lie symmetry analysis the Hunter–Saxton equation, an equation relevant to the theoretical analysis of nematic liquid crystals. We employ the multiplier method to obtain conservation laws of the equation that arise from first-order multipliers. Conservation laws of the equation, combined with the admitted Lie point symmetries, enable us to perform symmetry reductions by employing the double reduction method. The method exploits the relationship between symmetries and conservation laws to reduce both the number of variables and the order of the equation. Five nontrivial conservation laws of the Hunter–Saxton equation are derived, four of which are found to have associated Lie point symmetries. Applying the double reduction method to the equation results in a set of first-order ordinary differential equations, the solutions of which represent invariant solutions for the equation. While the double reduction method may be more complex to implement than the classical method, since it involves finding Lie point symmetries and deriving conservation laws, it has some advantages over the classical method of reducing PDEs. Firstly, it is more efficient in that it can reduce the number of variables and order of the equation in a single step. Secondly, by incorporating conservation laws, physically meaningful solutions that satisfy important physical constraints can be obtained.
Assessment of Wastewater Treatment Plant Upgrading with MBR Implementation
Authors: Makisha Nikolay
Published: August 2023

Modernization of wastewater treatment plants is usually caused by their significant wear and changes in the flow rate and concentration of pollutants. If there is no initial data on the flow or pollution, their determination by calculation is required, which may lead to an increase in concentration. Within the study, the modernization of treatment facilities was estimated under conditions of reduced flow and increased pollution concentration. Calculations were carried out both manually and using the CapdetWorks software package. The focus was on secondary treatment facilities as the main element of the municipal wastewater treatment plant within their upgrade from only organic pollutants removal (plug–flow reactor) to removal of both organic pollutants and nutrients (technology of the University of Cape Town). The calculations of tank volumes have shown that the concentration of pollutants has a much greater impact on them than the change in flow, especially when improvement in the treatment quality is required. The study revealed that membrane sludge separation allows tanks to be reduced in volume by 1.5–2.5 times (depending on the value of mixed liquor suspended solids) in comparison with gravity separation, which means smaller capital costs. However, membrane application requires significant energy costs for membrane aeration. For the initial data of the study, the specific energy costs for aeration before the upgrade, after the upgrade (gravity separation), and after the upgrade (membrane separation) were 0.12 kWh/m3, 0.235 kWh/m3, and 0.3 kWh/m3, respectively. If the membrane lifetime is 10 years, membrane costs were determined to be 10–15% of the energy costs for aeration.
Design and Testing of a Simulator for Micro-Vibration Testing of Star Sensor
Authors: Zhu He , He Shuai , Wang Xiaoming , Qin Chao , Li Lin , Sun Xiangyang
Published: August 2023

(1) Background: To simulate the micro-vibration environment of the star sensor mounting surface, a multi-dimensional micro-vibration simulator based on the Gough–Stewart platform was designed, which could effectively reproduce space six-dimensional acceleration; (2) Methods: Firstly, the integrated design of a gravity unloading system and micro-vibration simulation platform was adopted, and the first six natural frequencies and mode diagrams of the simulator were obtained by modal analysis. Then, the complete dynamic equation of the simulator was established, and the relationship between the acceleration of the upper platform and the driving force of the legs was deduced, which was verified by co-simulation. Finally, the whole machine test was carried out using the frequency response function based on the actual simulator without multiple iterations; (3) Results: The test results show that the micro-vibration simulator can reproduce space six-dimensional acceleration, with an output bandwidth of 5–300 Hz, and maximum error of 9.19%; (4) Conclusions: The micro-vibration simulator platform has the characteristics of a highly precise, large analog bandwidth and takes up less space, is conducive to transportation, and can accurately reproduce the six-degree-of-freedom space micro-vibrations for the star sensor.
Biological Predictors of Osteoarticular Infection Due to K. kingae—A Retrospective Cohort Study of 247 Cases
Authors: Cochard Blaise , De Marco Giacomo , Bazin Ludmilla , Vazquez Oscar , Di Laura Frattura Giorgio , Steiger Christina N. , Dayer Romain , Ceroni Dimitri
Published: August 2023

Pediatric osteoarticular infections (OAIs) are serious conditions that can lead to severe septic complications, prolonged morbidity with long-term impaired function, and perturbed subsequent bone development. Kingella kingae (K. kingae) is currently accepted as the predominant pathogen in pediatric OAIs, especially among 6–48 month olds. The present study aimed to identify clinical and biological markers that would refine the detection of patients with an OAI due to K. kingae. We retrospectively studied every consecutive case of pediatric OAI admitted to our institution over 17 years. Medical records were examined for patient characteristics such as temperature at admission, affected segment, and biological parameters such as white blood cell (WBC) count, left shift, platelet count (PLT), C-reactive protein (CRP), and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). The 247 patients included 52.2% males and 47.8% females and mean age was 18.5 ± 10 months old. Four patients were older than 48 months; none were younger than 6 months old. Mean temperature at admission was 37.4 ± 0.9 °C. Regarding biological parameters, mean WBC count was 12,700 ± 4180/mm3, left shift was only present in one patient, mean PLT was 419,000 ± 123,000/mm3, mean CRP was 26.6 ± 27.8 mg/L, and mean ESR was 35.0 ± 18.9 mm/h. Compared to the modified predictors of OAI defined by Kocher and Caird, 17.2% of our cases were above their cut-off values for temperature, 52.3% were above the WBC cut-off, 33.5% were above the ESR cut-off, and 46.4% were above the CRP cut-off. OAIs due to K. kingae frequently remain undetected using the classic biological parameters for investigating bacterial infections. As an addition to the predictors normally used (°C, WBC, CRP, and ESR), this study found that elevated platelet count was frequently present during OAIs caused by K. kingae. Although this biological characteristic was inconstant, its presence was highly significant and very suggestive of an invasive infection due to K. kingae.
Degradation of Bisphenol A by Bacillus subtilis P74 Isolated from Traditional Fermented Soybean Foods
Authors: Park Young Kyoung , Chin Young-Wook
Published: August 2023

Bisphenol A (BPA), one of the most widely used plasticizers, is an endocrine-disrupting chemical that is released from plastic products. The aim of this study was to screen and characterize bacteria with excellent BPA-degrading abilities for application in foods. BPA degradation ability was confirmed in 127 of 129 bacterial strains that were isolated from fermented soybean foods. Among the strains, B. subtilis P74, which showed the highest BPA degradation performance, degraded 97.2% of 10 mg/L of BPA within 9 h. This strain not only showed a fairly stable degradation performance (min > 88.2%) over a wide range of temperatures (30–45 °C) and pH (5.0–9.0) but also exhibited a degradation of 63% against high concentrations of BPA (80 mg/L). The metabolites generated during the degradation were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry, and predicted degradation pathways are tentatively proposed. Finally, the application of this strain to soybean fermentation was conducted to confirm its applicability in food.
Zn(NH3)2Cl2, a Mineral-like Anthropogenic Phase with Ammine Complexes from the Burned Dumps of the Chelyabinsk Coal Basin, South Urals, Russia: Crystal Structure, Spectroscopy and Thermal Evolution
Authors: Zolotarev Andrey A. , Avdontceva Margarita S. , Sheveleva Rezeda M. , Pekov Igor V. , Vlasenko Natalia S. , Bocharov Vladimir N. , Krzhizhanovskaya Maria G. , Zolotarev Anatoly A. , Rassomakhin Mikhail A. , Krivovichev Sergey V.
Published: August 2023

The mineral-like anthropogenic phase Zn(NH3)2Cl2, with ammine (NH30) complexes from the burned dumps of the Chelyabinsk coal basin (South Urals, Russia), has been investigated using single-crystal and high-temperature powder X-ray diffraction, and Raman and infrared (IR) spectroscopy. The anthropogenic Zn(NH3)2Cl2 is orthorhombic, Imma, a = 7.7399(6), b = 8.0551(5), c = 8.4767(8) Å, V = 528.49(7) Å3, R1 = 0.0388 at −73 °C. Its crystal structure is based upon isolated ZnN2Cl2 tetrahedra connected by hydrogen bonds (between NH3 groups and Cl atoms) into a three-dimensional network. Upon heating, the Zn(NH3)2Cl2 phase is stable up to about 150 °C, which is in good agreement with the data on the temperature of its formation. The crystal structure of Zn(NH3)Cl2 expands anisotropically with the strongest thermal expansion observed along the a axis. The thermal expansion of the structure is controlled by the changes in the hydrogen bonding system. The Raman and IR spectroscopic characteristics of this phase are close to those of the mineral ammineite, CuCl2(NH3)2. The studied anthropogenic phase, formed in the unique conditions of burned coal dumps, is identical to the synthetic Zn(NH3)2Cl2.
Designing Efficient Metal-Free Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells: A Detailed Computational Study
Authors: Mustafa Fatma M. , Abdel Khalek Ahmed A. , Mahboob Abdulla Azzam , Abdel-Latif Mahmoud K.
Published: August 2023

The modulation of molecular characteristics in metal-free organic dyes holds significant importance in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The D-π-A molecular design, based on the furan moiety (π) in the conjugated spacer between the arylamine (D) and the 2-cyanoacrylic acid (A), was developed and theoretically evaluated for its potential application in DSSCs. Utilizing linear response time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) with the CAM-B3LYP functional, different donor and acceptor groups were characterized in terms of the electronic absorption properties of these dyes. All the studied dye sensitizers demonstrate the ability to inject electrons into the semiconductor’s conduction band (TiO2) and undergo regeneration through the redox potential triiodide/iodide (I3−/I−) electrode. TDDFT results indicate that the dyes with CSSH anchoring groups exhibit improved optoelectronic properties compared to other dyes. Further, the photophysical properties of all dyes absorbed on a Ti(OH)4 model were explored and reported. The observed results indicate that bidentate chemisorption occurs between dyes and TiO4H5. Furthermore, the HOMO–LUMO energy gaps for almost all dye complexes are significantly smaller than those of the free dyes. This decrease of the HOMO–LUMO energy gaps in the dye complexes facilitates electron excitation, and thus more photons can be adsorbed, guaranteeing larger values of efficiency and short-circuit current density.
The Experimental Development of Emulsions Enriched and Stabilized by Recovering Matter from Spirulina Biomass: Valorization of Residue into a Sustainable Protein Source
Authors: Braga Anna Rafaela Cavalcante , Nunes Maria Cristiana , Raymundo Anabela
Published: August 2023

Spirulina consists of a cluster of green-colored cyanobacteria; it is commonly consumed as a food or food supplement rich in bioactive compounds with antioxidant activity, predominantly C-phycocyanin (C-PC), which is related to anti-inflammatory action and anticancer potential when consumed frequently. After C-PC extraction, the Spirulina residual biomass (RB) is rich in proteins and fatty acids with the potential for developing food products, which is interesting from the circular economy perspective. The present work aimed to develop a vegan oil-in-water emulsion containing different contents of Spirulina RB, obtaining a product aligned with current food trends. Emulsions with 3.0% (w/w) of proteins were prepared with different chickpea and Spirulina RB ratios. Emulsifying properties were evaluated regarding texture and rheological properties, color, antioxidant activity, and droplet size distribution. The results showed that it was possible to formulate stable protein-rich emulsions using recovering matter rich in protein from Spirulina as an innovative food ingredient. All the concentrations used of the RB promoted the formulation of emulsions presenting interesting rheological parameters compared with a more traditional protein source such as chickpea. The emulsions were also a source of antioxidant compounds and maintained the color for at least 30 days after production.
Two-Photon Fluorescent Probes for Amyloid-β Plaques Imaging In Vivo
Authors: Chen Yi
Published: August 2023

Amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide deposition, hyperphosphorylated tau proteins, reactive astrocytes, high levels of metal ions, and upregulated monoamine oxidases are considered to be the primary pathological markers of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Among them, Aβ peptide deposition or Aβ plaques, is regarded as the initial factor in the pathogenesis of AD and a critical pathological hallmark in AD. This review highlights recently Aβ-specific fluorescent probes for two-photon imaging of Aβ plaques in vivo. It includes the synthesis and detection mechanism of probes, as well as their application to two-photon imaging of Aβ plaques in vivo.
Nanostructured Carbon-Doped BN for CO2 Capture Applications
Authors: Mighri Rimeh , Turani-I-Belloto Kevin , Demirci Umit B. , Alauzun Johan G.
Published: August 2023

Carbon-doped boron nitride (denoted by BN/C) was prepared through the pyrolysis at 1100 °C of a nanostructured mixture of an alkyl amine borane adduct and ammonia borane. The alkyl amine borane adduct acts as a soft template to obtain nanospheres. This bottom-up approach for the synthesis of nanostructured BN/C is relatively simple and compelling. It allows the structure obtained during the emulsion process to be kept. The final BN/C materials are microporous, with interconnected pores in the nanometer range (0.8 nm), a large specific surface area of up to 767 m2·g−1 and a pore volume of 0.32 cm3·g−1. The gas sorption studied with CO2 demonstrated an appealing uptake of 3.43 mmol·g−1 at 0 °C, a high CO2/N2 selectivity (21) and 99% recyclability after up to five adsorption–desorption cycles.
Leukoaraiosis as a Promising Biomarker of Stroke Recurrence among Stroke Survivors: A Systematic Review
Authors: Dimaras Theofanis , Merkouris Ermis , Tsiptsios Dimitrios , Christidi Foteini , Sousanidou Anastasia , Orgianelis Ilias , Polatidou Efthymia , Kamenidis Iordanis , Karatzetzou Stella , Gkantzios Aimilios , Ntatsis Christos , Kokkotis Christos , Retsidou Sofia , Aristidou Maria , Karageorgopoulou Maria , Psatha Evlampia A. , Aggelousis Nikolaos , Vadikolias Konstantinos
Published: August 2023

Stroke is the leading cause of functional disability worldwide, with increasing prevalence in adults. Given the considerable negative impact on patients’ quality of life and the financial burden on their families and society, it is essential to provide stroke survivors with a timely and reliable prognosis of stroke recurrence. Leukoaraiosis (LA) is a common neuroimaging feature of cerebral small-vessel disease. By researching the literature of two different databases (MEDLINE and Scopus), the present study aims to review all relevant studies from the last decade, dealing with the clinical utility of pre-existing LA as a prognostic factor for stroke recurrence in stroke survivors. Nineteen full-text articles published in English were identified and included in the present review, with data collected from a total of 34,546 stroke patients. A higher rate of extended LA was strongly associated with stroke recurrence in all stroke subtypes, even after adjustment for clinical risk factors. In particular, patients with ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack with advanced LA had a significantly higher risk of future ischemic stroke, whereas patients with previous intracerebral hemorrhage and severe LA had a more than 2.5-fold increased risk of recurrent ischemic stroke and a more than 30-fold increased risk of hemorrhagic stroke. Finally, in patients receiving anticoagulant treatment for AF, the presence of LA was associated with an increased risk of recurrent ischemic stroke and intracranial hemorrhage. Because of this valuable predictive information, evaluating LA could significantly expand our knowledge of stroke patients and thereby improve overall stroke care.
Dietary Fibre Intake in Chile: 13 Years after the Last National Report
Authors: Guzmán-Pincheira Carla , Espinoza Jonathan , Durán-Agüero Samuel , Obregón Ana María , Fuentealba Fabiola
Published: August 2023

Background: The objective is to provide updated data on the intake of total dietary fibre in the population residing in Chile and to identify food sources that contribute most to its intake, as well as its association with different sociodemographic and nutritional status-related determinants. Methods: In this descriptive cross-sectional study, a nationwide survey was applied to determine fibre intake using an instrument that has been previously validated in the resident population of Chile. Results: The sample consisted of a total of 1761 participants. Dietary fibre intake was 12.8 ± 7.1 g/day for the total population, and 90% of participants did not meet the recommendation, with no differences in consumption by sex, geographical area, and the urban/rural population. A lower consumption was found among participants with overweight and obesity. According to food groups, bread was the major contributor to fibre intake, providing 4.39 ± 3.05 g/day, followed by cereals (2.26 ± 2.80 g/day) and vegetables (1.85 ± 1.59 g/day). Conclusions: 90% of the population consume less fibre than recommended, and bread is the main food source; these data are critical for the development of strategies that are aimed at changing habits in order to improve diet quality.
Vitamin A Promotes the Repair of Mice Skeletal Muscle Injury through RARα
Authors: Zhang Wenjia , Peng Qingyun , Zhang Xiaoyu , Guo Jiaxu , Tong Huili , Li Shuang
Published: August 2023

Vitamin A (VitA) is an important fat-soluble vitamin which plays an important role in cell growth and individual development. However, the effect of VitA on the repair process of muscle injury and its molecular mechanism are still unclear. In this study, VitA and RA were first added to the culture medium of differentiated cells. We then detected cell differentiation marker proteins and myotube fusion. Moreover, the effects of VitA on RARα expression and nuclear translocation were further examined. The results showed that VitA significantly promoted the differentiation of C2C12, and the expression of RARα was significantly increased. Furthermore, VitA was injected into skeletal muscle injury in mice. HE staining and Western Blot results showed that VitA could significantly accelerate the repair of skeletal muscle injury and VitA increase the expression of RARα in mice. This study provides a theoretical basis for elucidating the regulation mechanism of VitA-mediated muscle development and the development of therapeutic drugs for muscle diseases in animals.
A Combination of Soy Isoflavone and L-Carnitine Improves Running Endurance in Mice
Authors: Lee Jaewon , Joh Yoonjoe , Choi Cheoljun , Kim Kyungmin , Lee Yun-Hee
Published: August 2023

The present study aimed to investigate the effect of APIC, a mixture containing soy isoflavone and L-carnitine on running endurance. Male C57BL/6 mice were orally administered APIC for 8 weeks. The APIC group exhibited a significant increase in treadmill running time until exhaustion compared to the control group. The respiratory exchange ratio in the APIC group was lower, indicating an enhancement in fatty acid oxidative metabolism. Furthermore, APIC supplementation increased the proportion of oxidative myofibers. Biochemical parameters associated with endurance capacity were also affected by APIC, as evidenced by increased muscle ATP levels and decreased levels of muscle triglycerides and blood lactate. qPCR and immunoblot analysis of C2C12 myotubes and gastrocnemius muscles indicated that APIC treatment stimulated AMPK signaling, mitochondrial biogenesis, and fatty acid metabolism. Additionally, treatment with APIC led to an increased oxygen consumption rate in C2C12 myotubes. Collectively, these findings suggest that APIC supplementation enhances mitochondrial biogenesis, promotes a switch from glycolytic to oxidative fiber types, and improves fatty acid metabolism through the activation of the AMPK signaling pathway in murine skeletal muscle. Ultimately, these effects contribute to the enhancement of running endurance.
The Influence of Ketogenic Diet on Gut Microbiota: Potential Benefits, Risks and Indications
Authors: Santangelo Andrea , Corsello Antonio , Spolidoro Giulia Carla Immacolata , Trovato Chiara Maria , Agostoni Carlo , Orsini Alessandro , Milani Gregorio Paolo , Peroni Diego Giampietro
Published: August 2023

The ketogenic diet (KD) restricts carbohydrate consumption, leading to an increase in ketone bodies, such as acetoacetate, β-hydroxybutyrate, and acetone, which are utilized as energy substrates. This dietary approach impacts several biochemical processes, resulting in improved clinical management of various disorders, particularly in childhood. However, the exact mechanisms underlying the efficacy of KD remain unclear. Interestingly, KD may also impact the gut microbiota, which plays a pivotal role in metabolism, nutrition, and the development of the immune and nervous systems. KD has gained popularity for its potential benefits in weight loss, blood sugar control, and certain neurological conditions. This narrative review sums up KD-related studies published over 30 years. While short-term studies have provided valuable insights into the effects of KD on the gut microbiota, persistent uncertainties surround its long-term efficacy and potential for inducing dysbiosis. The significant influence of KD on epigenetic mechanisms, intracellular pathways, and gut microbial composition underscores its potential as a therapeutic choice. However, a judicious consideration of the potential risks associated with the strict adherence to a low-carbohydrate, high-fat, and high-protein regimen over prolonged periods is imperative. As KDs gain popularity among the adolescent and young adult demographic for weight management, it becomes imperative to undertake additional research to comprehensively assess their impact on nutritional status and gut microbiota, ensuring a holistic and sustainable approach to medical nutrition.
Thermodynamic Insights of the Molecular Interactions of Dopamine (Neurotransmitter) with Anionic Surfactant in Non-Aqueous Media
Authors: Nabi Arshid , Jesudason Christopher G. , Sabir Jamal S. M. , Kamli Majid Rasool
Published: August 2023

This study was aimed at establishing the interactions prevailing in an anionic surfactant, sodium dodecyl sulfate, and dopamine hydrochloride in an alcoholic (ethanol) media by using volumetric, conductometric, and tensiometric techniques. Various methods were utilized to estimate the critical micelle concentration (cmc) values at different temperatures. The entire methods yielded the same cmc values. The corresponding thermodynamic parameters viz. the standard free energy of micellization (Gmico), enthalpy of micellization (Hmico), and entropy of micellization (Smico) were predicted by applying the pseudo-phase separation model. The experimental density data at different temperatures (298.15 K, 303.15 K, 308.15 K, and 313.15 K) were utilized to estimate the apparent molar volumes (Vϕo) at an infinite dilution, apparent molar volumes (Vφcmc) at the critical micelle concentration, and apparent molar volumes (ΔVφm) upon micellization. Various micellar and interfacial parameters, for example, the surface excess concentration (Γmax), standard Gibbs free energy of adsorption at the interface (ΔGoad), and the minimum surface area per molecule (Amin), were appraised using the surface tension data. The results were used to interpret the intermolecular interactions prevailing in the mixed systems under the specified experimental conditions.
Antibiofilm, Antimicrobial, Anti-Quorum Sensing, and Antioxidant Activities of Saudi Sidr Honey: In Vitro and Molecular Docking Studies
Authors: Bazaid Abdulrahman S. , Alsolami Ahmed , Patel Mitesh , Khateb Aiah Mustafa , Aldarhami Abdu , Snoussi Mejdi , Almusheet Shekah M. , Qanash Husam
Published: August 2023

Sidr honey is a valuable source of bioactive compounds with promising biological properties. In the present study, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-quorum sensing properties of Saudi Sidr honey were assessed, along with phytochemical analysis, via gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). In silico study was also carried out to study the drug-likeness properties of the identified compounds and to study their affinity with known target proteins assessed using molecular docking approach. The results showed that Saudi Sidr honey exhibited promising antibacterial activity, with MIC values ranging from 50 to 400 mg/mL and MBC values from 50 to >450 mg/mL. Interestingly, the Saudi Sidr honey was active against Candida auris and Candida neoformans, with an MIC value of about 500 mg/mL. Moreover, the Sidr honey showed important antioxidant activities (ABTS assay: IC50 5.41 ± 0.045 mg/mL; DPPH assay: IC50 7.70 ± 0.065 mg/mL) and β-carotene bleaching test results (IC50 ≥ 20 mg/mL). In addition, the Saudi Sidr honey was able to inhibit biofilm formation on glass slides at 1/2 MIC by 77.11% for Bacillus subtilis, 70.88% for Staphylococcus aureus, 61.79% for Escherichia coli, and 56.64% for Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Similarly, violacein production by Chromobacterium violaceum was reduced by about 56.63%, while the production of pyocyanin by P. aeruginosa was decreased to 46.27% at a low concentration of Saudi Sidr honey. ADMET properties showed that five identified compounds, namely, 1-cyclohexylimidazolidin-2-one, 3-Butyl-3-methylcyclohexanone, 4-butyl-3-methoxy-2-cyclo penten-1-one, 2,2,3,3-Tetramethyl cyclopropane carboxylic acid, and 3,5-dihydroxy-2-(3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl showed promising drug-likeness properties. The compound 3,5-dihydroxy-2-(3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl exhibited the highest binding energy against antimicrobial and antioxidant target proteins (1JIJ, 2VAM, 6B8A, 6F86, 2CDU, and 1OG5). Overall, the obtained results highlighted the promising potential of Saudi Sidr honey as a rich source of bioactive compounds that can be used as food preservatives and antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-quorum sensing molecules.
Pharmacists and Pharmacy Technicians’ Perceptions of Scopes of Practice Employing Agency Theory in the Management of Minor Ailments in Central Indonesian Community Pharmacies: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Mizranita Vinci , Hughes Jeffery David , Sunderland Bruce , Sim Tin Fei
Published: August 2023

Community pharmacy staff assist in the management of minor ailments. Agency Theory underpins relationships between health professionals and patients. This study explores pharmacists’ and pharmacy technicians’ perceived scopes of practice of minor ailment services in community pharmacies. Twelve one-on-one semi-structured interviews used an open-ended interview guide for each cohort of community pharmacists and pharmacy technicians, between June and July 2021. Purposive sampling selected a diversity of pharmacists and pharmacy technicians. Interviews were transcribed verbatim, thematically analysed assisted by NVivo version 20. Agency Theory aided the interpretation. Three main themes emerged: (1) inconsistencies in practice, (2) the lack of understanding of the scopes of practice of pharmacists and pharmacy technicians, and (3) provision of prescription-only medicines for some minor ailments or to fulfil patient requests. Several sub-themes included pharmacy staff involvement, education and training, provision of prescription-only medicines, and weak regulatory enforcement. Agency Theory indicated pharmacy patients (principals) delegated authority to pharmacists and pharmacy technicians (agents), which was confused by partial pharmacist absence. The lack of defined scopes of practice for pharmacists and pharmacy technicians disrupted established professional relationships. The scopes of practice and roles of the pharmacist and pharmacy technicians should be clearly defined, assisted by practice guidelines.
The Experience of Home Parenteral Therapy: A Thematic Analysis of Patient Interviews
Authors: Puzovic Marko , Morrissey Hana , Ball Patrick A.
Published: August 2023

Background: A limited number of studies have explored patients’ experience with home parenteral (injectable) therapy (HPT) in the UK. Aim: To explore the immediate-, short-, and long-term experience of patients with self-management of any home parenteral therapy with the intention for developing a guideline for service development in the United Kingdom. Methods and design: An interview-based study of patients receiving HPT. Invitations were posted to all patients on the hospital HPT register. The sessions were conducted by telephone for all consenting patients. The interviews were recorded, transcribed, and analysed thematically. Participants completed the ‘Health Education Impact Questionnaire’ (heiQ) before and after the education session. Results: Of the 640 patients invited to participate in the study, 45 (7%) patients completed the interviews and the education session. An interview analysis revealed that the patients’ experiences of HPT were generally positive, but the levels of training and support received showed wide individual variations. The patients had experienced periods of doubt and uncertainty, where they would have appreciated quick access to professional advice to alleviate their concerns. There was a reliable positive change (10.5–18.4%) from before and after the education sessions in six out of the eight domains on the heiQ questionnaire (health-directed behaviour, self-monitoring and insight, constructive attitudes and approaches, skill and technique acquisition, social integration and support, and emotional distress) and moderate change in two domains (5.3% in positive and negative engagement in life, and 2.6% in health services navigation). Conclusion: Self-administered parenteral therapy at home is a valuable option, but training and preparation standards should be optimised across hospitals and the wider NHS.
AR-HUD Optical System Design and Its Multiple Configurations Analysis
Authors: Jiang Qubo , Guo Zhiyuan
Published: August 2023

The use of augmented reality head-up displays (AR-HUD) in automobile safety driving has drawn more and more interest in recent years. An AR-HUD display system should be developed to fit the vehicle and the complicated traffic environment in order to increase the driver’s driving concentration and improve the man–vehicle synchronization. In this article, we suggest an AR-HUD display system with dual-layer virtual-image displays for the near field and far field, as well as further research and design of the adjustment system for multi-depth displays of far-field images. It also examines the EYEBOX horizontal adjustment margin of the dual light path. The analysis results show that the scale of EYEBOX is 120 × 60 mm2, the modulation transfer function (MTF) of near-field light path > 0.2 @ 6.7 lp/mm, and the MTF of far-field optical path > 0.4 @ 6.7 lp/mm. The distortion of the near-field optical path is less than 0.86%, and that of the far-field optical path is less than 2.2%. By modifying the folding mirror, the far-field optical path creates an 8 m to 24 m multi-depth virtual picture display. Image quality can be maintained when the near-field and far-field optical paths are moved horizontally by 25 mm and 100 mm, respectively. This study offers guidelines for the multi-depth display, EYEBOX horizontal adjustment, and optical layout of augmented reality head-up displays.
Analyzing Vortex Light Beam Scattering Characteristics from a Random Rough Surface
Authors: Zhang Xiaoxiao , Su Xiang , Wu Zhensen , Wang Shanzhe
Published: August 2023

The propagation and scattering of vortex light beams in complex media have significant implications in the fields of laser imaging, optical manipulation, and communication. This paper investigates the scattering characteristics of vortex light beams from a random rough surface. Firstly, a two-dimensional Gaussian rough surface is generated using the Monte Carlo method combined with the linear filtering method. Subsequently, the vortex beams are decomposed into the superposition of infinite plane waves, and the scattering of each plane wave from the rough surface is calculated using the Kirchhoff Approximation method. Numerical results of the angle distribution and spatial distribution of OAM scattering Laser Radar Cross Section (LRCS) are presented, varying with different surface roughness parameters for a rough aluminum surface and the beam’s parameters. The results demonstrate that the scattering of vortex beams is influenced by the beam’s parameters, such as Orbital Angular Momentum (OAM) mode number and elevation angle, which may bring new insights into vortex wave-matter interactions and their applications in high resolution imaging.
Storage Duration Prediction for Long-Expired Frozen Meat Exceeding State Reserve Time via Swept-Source Optical Coherence Tomography (SS-OCT) under Low-Frequency Electric Field
Authors: Zhang Lu , Li Ruoxuan , Shen Xiaorong , He Linkai , Huang Jie , Song Chi , Fan Zeyu , Zhao Hong , Li Kejia , Xie Meizhen , Peng Jinfeng , Jia Pingping , Deng Xiaojun , Yang Minli
Published: August 2023

Storage duration detection for frozen meat, especially meat exceeding the state reserve time several times, has always been a big challenge in food safety inspection. Under long freezing times, the physical and chemical properties of meat change complexly. In this paper, the SS-OCT detection method under a low-frequency electric field is firstly (to our knowledge) applied to the predict storage durations of long-expired frozen meat. The average normalized cross-correlation (ANCC) is put forward as a comprehensive parameter to reflect both the electric–kinetic and optical properties of meat’s biological changes. A monotonically increasing inversion rule between ANCC and the storage duration of frozen meat is found after investigating 3840 pork samples, the frozen storage durations of which were from 1 to 13 months. To verify the correctness and accuracy of our method, nine groups of long-expired frozen pork samples were investigated. The maximum relative error for their storage durations is less than 5.71%, which means that our SS-OCT method under a low-frequency electric field is promising in providing a rapid on-site storage duration detection method without any complicated laboratory pretreatments for food safety inspection.
Laser Self-Mixing Interference: Optical Fiber Coil Sensors for Acoustic Emission Detection
Authors: Yu Lian , Yang Yu , Liu Bin , Tang Pinghua , Ji Haining , Wang Jingting , Tan Tianqi
Published: August 2023

Acoustic emission (AE) testing is a widely used nondestructive testing method for the early detection of failures in materials and structures. In this paper, an AE detection sensor combining optical fiber sensing with laser self-mixing interference (SMI) technology is proposed. A multi-coil optical fiber ring wound round a cylindrical acrylic skeleton was designed in order to sense the deformation caused by AE elastic waves, which was then demodulated using self-mixing interference technology. Finite element analyses were conducted in order to investigate the deformation of fiber under acoustic sources. AE signals induced via ball-dropping impact experiments were successfully detected by the proposed experimental system. The proposed SMI optical fiber AE sensing system has the advantages of being free from electromagnetic interference and having a simple structure, low implementation cost and high measurement resolution and sensitivity.
Capture and Reaction of CO2 and H2 Catalyzed by a Complex of Coronene: A Computational Study
Authors: Guillén Luis G. , Fomina Lioudmila , Salcedo Roberto
Published: August 2023

An organometallic complex of coronene (Cor) and chromium (Cr) was designed and used as a catalyst in a simulated process in which a CO2 molecule is captured, activated, and then reacts with a hydrogen molecule (H2) to yield formic acid (HCOOH). The structural characteristics and local aromaticity are due to the similarity in the binding scheme with the bis(benzene)chromium (Cr-Bz2). Such a molecular fragment, referred to here as a “Clar’s site”, involves a single chromium atom that binds to CO2 by transferring electron density through backdonation. Therefore, the capture of CO2 outside the Cr3-Cor2 complex allows for the carrying out of a hydrogenation process that involves the breaking of one of the C−O bonds, the double addition of hydrogen, the formation of HCOOH and its release, regenerating the structure of the Cr3-Cor2 complex. The thermodynamic and kinetic results of this reaction are analyzed, as well as the nature of the orbitals and the relevant interactions of this process. This work explores a new concept for the creation of single atom catalysts (SACs), taking advantage of the high electron density around the metallic center and the sandwich architecture, having shown that it can perform the catalytic reduction of CO2.
Design and Fabrication of Electrospun PLA-Based Silica-Modified Composite Nanofibers with Antibacterial Properties for Perspective Wound Treatment
Authors: Filatova Kateryna , Domincova Bergerova Eva , Kazantseva Natalia , Masar Milan , Suly Pavol , Sopik Tomas , Cisar Jaroslav , Durpekova Silvie , Sedlarik Vladimir
Published: August 2023

The aim of this study was to develop a novel amikacin (AMI) delivery system with prolonged release based on composite electrospun nanofibers of PLA supplemented with AMI-loaded Si nanoparticles of different morphology. The resultant materials were characterized in terms of their physical properties (scanning electron microscopy, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, water contact angle). High-Performance Liquid Chromatography was used to determine the AMI content in the liquid fractions obtained from the release study. The results show that nanofibers of fumed silica exhibited an aggregated, highly porous structure, whereas nanofibers of mesoporous silica had a spherical morphology. Both silica nanoparticles had a significant effect on the hydrophilic properties of PLA nanofiber surfaces. The liquid fractions were investigated to gauge the encapsulation efficiency (EE) and loading efficiency (LE) of AMI, demonstrating 66% EE and 52% LE for nanofibers of fumed silica compared to nanofibers of mesoporous silica nanoparticles (52% EE and 12.7% LE). The antibacterial activity of the AMI-loaded nanofibers was determined by the Kirby–Bauer Method. These results demonstrated that the PLA-based silica nanofibers effectively enhanced the antibacterial properties against the Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella pneumoniae.
Preparation and Dispersion Performance of Hydrophobic Fumed Silica Aqueous Dispersion
Authors: Xu Jinglu , Wang Jihu , Wen Shaoguo , Ding Shengnan , Song Jia , Jiang Sihong , Wang Haopeng
Published: August 2023

Hydrophobic fumed silica (HFS) is a commonly used rheology additive in waterborne coatings. A series of experiments were conducted on the HFS-dispersing technology in this study. The size and structure of HFS primary particles were observed via transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The measurement results of the TEM were D50 = 13.6 nm and D90 = 19.7 nm, respectively. The particle size and dispersion performance of HFS were tested via dynamic light scattering (DLS). Additionally, the HFS aqueous dispersion was prepared and compounded with waterborne polyacrylic latex and polyurethane resin. The elemental distribution of the coatings was characterized using energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The results show that the HFS in a non-ionic polymer dispersant had the best dispersion performance. The particle size of the HFS in the aqueous dispersion is related to the dispersion conditions. Under optimized conditions, the HFS aqueous dispersion can be prepared with a particle size of D50 = 27.2 nm. The HFS aqueous dispersion has stable storage stability. Even after storage for 47 d, the particle size still did not change significantly.
Rapid Crystallization and Fluorescence of Poly(ethylene terephthalate) Using Graphene Quantum Dots as Nucleating Agents
Authors: Zhao Liwei , Yin Yue , Xiao Wanbao , Li Hongfeng , Feng Hao , Wang Dezhi , Qu Chunyan
Published: August 2023

In this study, graphene quantum dots (GQDs) with a diameter of ~3 nm were successfully synthesized and incorporated into a poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) matrix to fabricate PET/GQDs nanocomposites. The impact of GQDs on the crystallization and thermal stability of the PET/GQDs nanocomposites was investigated. It was observed that the addition of only 0.5 wt% GQDs into the nanocomposites resulted in a significant increase in the crystallization temperature (peak temperature) of PET, from 194.3 °C to 206.0 °C during the cooling scan process. This suggested that an optimal concentration of GQDs could function as a nucleating agent and effectively enhance the crystallization temperature of PET. The isothermal crystallization method was employed to analyze the crystallization kinetics of the PET/GQDs nanocomposites, and the data showed that 0.5 wt% GQDs significantly accelerated the crystallization rate. Furthermore, the incorporation of GQDs into the PET matrix imparted photoluminescent properties to the resulting PET/GQDs nanocomposites. The PET crystals with GQDs as crystal nuclei and the crazes caused by defects played a vital role in isolating and suppressing the concentration quenching of GQDs. This effect facilitated the detection of defects in PET.
A Comparative Study on the Bioavailability and Soil-to-Plant Transfer Factors of Potentially Toxic Element Contamination in Agricultural Soils and Their Impacts: A Case Study of Dense Farmland in the Western Region of Saudi Arabia
Authors: Alhogbi Basma G. , Al-Ansari Shroog A. , El-Shahawi Mohammed S.
Published: August 2023

Soil and aquatic pollution by heavy metal (Pb, Cr, Cu, Fe, Zn, and Ni) ions has become one of the prime problems worldwide. Thus, the purpose of the current study is to conduct hydrogeological research and quantify the main trace metals in the edible vegetables, soil, irrigation water, pesticides, and fertilizers in the farmland near Jeddah city, Saudi Arabia. Samples of soil, water, and plants such as coriander (Coriandrum sativum), dill (Anethum graveolens), parsley (Petroselinum crispum), and arugula (Eruca sativa) were collected, acid-digested, and analyzed using an inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectrometer (ICP–OES). The levels of the elements in soil were determined in the order of Fe > Zn > Cu > Cr > Ni > Pb, whereas the sequence in plants was Fe > Cr > Zn > Pb> Ni > Cu, and in water, the order was Pb > Fe > Cu > Zn> Ni = Cr. In soil, the levels of Fe, Cr, and Pb were higher than the recommended values set by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Food Administration Organization (FAO). In soil, Pb and Zn uptake increased with an increase in the availability of both elements, whereas in plants, Zn and Pb uptake occurs primarily through the plant roots, and some specific proteins facilitate metal transport and movement across the membrane. In soil, the root cell walls first bind to metal ions, which are taken up across the plasma membrane. The levels of the investigated elements in water and vegetables samples were below the permissible limits set by the FAO and within the allowable limits in the available pesticides and fertilizers. The transfer factor (TF) of metal absorption from soil to plant (TFsoil-plant) and from irrigated water to plant (TFwater-plant) in the study area was determined, followed by correlation and statistical treatment according to the date. The TF values were used to assess the metal levels in collected plant, soil, and water samples. The computed values of TF implied that plant leaves and soil were safe from the risk of heavy metals. Water irrigation causes heavy metal accumulation in soil and vegetables, with varying concentrations. The results of this study revealed no abnormal metal accumulation due to irrigation and no health risks to consumers.
Parameter Estimation of KST-IRT Model under Local Dependence
Authors: Ye Sangbeak , Kelava Augustin , Noventa Stefano
Published: August 2023

A mantra often repeated in the introductory material to psychometrics and Item Response Theory (IRT) is that a Rasch model is a probabilistic version of a Guttman scale. The idea comes from the observation that a sigmoidal item response function provides a probabilistic version of the characteristic function that models an item response in the Guttman scale. It appears, however, more difficult to reconcile the assumption of local independence, which traditionally accompanies the Rasch model, with the item dependence existing in a Guttman scale. In recent work, an alternative probabilistic version of a Guttman scale was proposed, combining Knowledge Space Theory (KST) with IRT modeling, here referred to as KST-IRT. The present work has, therefore, a two-fold aim. Firstly, the estimation of the parameters involved in KST-IRT models is discussed. More in detail, two estimation methods based on the Expectation Maximization (EM) procedure are suggested, i.e., Marginal Maximum Likelihood (MML) and Gibbs sampling, and are compared on the basis of simulation studies. Secondly, for a Guttman scale, the estimates of the KST-IRT models are compared with those of the traditional combination of the Rasch model plus local independence under the interchange of the data generation processes. Results show that the KST-IRT approach might be more effective in capturing local dependence as it appears to be more robust under misspecification of the data generation process, but it comes with the price of an increased number of parameters.