bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Resuscitation Potentials in Mass Disasters
Authors: Safar Peter
Published: August 2012

Mass disastersare events which overwhelm, damage or destroy local Emergency Medical Services (EMS) systems, and therefore need the response of a State or National Disaster Medical System (NDMS). Natural mass disasters include major earthquakes, floods, hurricanes and fires. Manmade mass disasters include major fires, industrial accidents, wars, and nuclear accidents. Mass disasters must be distinguished from “multicasualty incidents” (MCI), such as major transportation accidents, which the local EMS system should be able to handle, if necessary, with the assistance of surrounding (regional) EMS systems. Endemic-epidemic disasters (e.g., droughts, famines, infectious diseases, and refugee problems) are catastrophes which deserve separate considerations, as they require ongoing political-economic solutions.
Public Health Aspects of Disasters
Authors: Gueri Miguel
Published: August 2012

It has been said that never are two disasters alike. Indeed the effects of floods on health are considerably different from the effects of earthquakes. But even two earthquakes may bring different results depending on a number of circumstances, which basically involve the characteristics of the event itself (e.g., magnitude, depth of the hypocenter, distance from the epicenter, etc.), of the striken population (its “disaster culture,” knowledge of disasters and preparedness, level of immunity against certain diseases, endemicity, etc.) and the physical and sociological environment (e.g., type of housing, high mountains vs. pantanous jungles, etc.). However, we are getting to know more and more about disasters and about populations at risk to be able to anticipate some of the effects the disaster may have on the health of the community, as long as we keep in mind the three factors mentioned above.
Emergency Medical Care in the Underground Environment
Authors: Kunkle Richard F.
Published: August 2012

Underground medical care is required in certain instances where patients sustain life or limb threatening injuries or illness while in the underground environment. This most often occurs during deep mining operations, both coal and non-coal, and during recreational caving activities. Additional situations such as industrial tunneling, underground repositories and storage areas and building collapses, such as might occur in a natural disaster or in terroristic activities might also occasion the need for such care. The U.S. mining industry suffered 102 fatal accidents with 250 total permanent disabilities during 1980. In 1983 there were 70 fatalities and in 1984, 124 miners died because of mining accidents. Analysis of accident reports indicate that 25–50% of these injuries may have been ameliorated by timely delivery of physician and paramedic based care in the underground environment. From 1967–1975, 187 recorded caving accidents resulted in 33 deaths among 311 victims. It is unclear how many of these fatalities or injuries could have been prevented or ameliorated by rapid delivery of physician and paramedic based underground medical care.
Mass Casualty Planning: Model for In-Hospital Disaster Response
Authors: Cowan Michael , Butman Alexander M. , Bosner Leo V.
Published: August 2012

There is a rich mythology surrounding disasters and our response to them, which has built up over decades and hampers a scientific and objective response to the salvage of life and property. That mythology supports rationales for not dealing prospectively with the very real, but unpredictable, quirks of mankind, nature, and technology. Our response to disaster planning is all too often characterized by ignorance, with a fair share of parochialism, misinformation and unrealistic expectations.
Legal Perspectives in Responding to Disasters
Authors: Hershey Nathan
Published: August 2012

I plan to cover several subjects. First I will speak briefly about a definition of law, although I am fairly certain this kind audience understands a good deal about law. I will then indicate my basic thesis. After that I will review some disaster legislation of two states in the United States that addresses legal considerations relevant to events that occur during major disaster situations. Following that I will make some proposals about how some of the concern about the legal issues can be alleviated, particularly on a worldwide basis. Finally, I hope to provide you with a frame of reference for further consideration of legal matters.
Issue Identification
Authors: Ramzy Ameen I.
Published: August 2012

I won't pretend that I can summarize everything that has been said here in the past 2½ days or that I can capsulize the most important things that have been said. What I will do is comment on three areas, underlining those that have had an impact on me and, I suggest, are things that we should think about.

I'll divide my comments into three areas: first, a few aphorisms; second, a few issues that have been raised; and third, some recommendations.
The Development of Emergency Medical Services in Southern Africa
Authors: Wilby John M.
Published: August 2012

Because of its relatively sophisticated infrastructure and the direct and indirect assistance rendered to neighboring states, this paper concentrates on South Africa and those factors which influence the development of Emergency Medical Services on the sub-continent.

Renowned for its scenic beauty, its natural resources, wild life, flora and generally attractive climate, South Africa is a country about two thirds the size of the European Economic Community and approximately one eighth the size of the United States with a population of over 25 million. The current worldwide interest in its internal affairs underlines its mixture of first and third world status and the unique complexity of its society.

The needs of the poorer sections of the community, the usual diseases prevalent among the more affluent, coupled with one of the world's worst road accident records stimulate demands for good Emergency Medical Services.
An Inexpensive Medical Aid Unit for Major Incidents
Authors: Ward Michael E.
Published: August 2012

The Oxfordshire Area Ambulance Service in common with all civilized ambulance services in the western world, has made extensive plans for dealing with major disasters. These plans include the use of specialized vehicles which attend the scene of a disaster in an effort to provide medical expertise and equipment together with some hospital type facilities to commence treatment for the severely injured casualties. In the late '70s, the ambulance service in Oxfordshire purchased a caravan, at ridiculously low cost, from the local regional blood transfusion service which was no longer required. This caravan was converted for use as a three-bedded medical aid unit to be towed and parked near to the scene of the disaster. The unit was superbly equipped, but suffered severely from its size, and also from the need to tow it to its destination. It was a slow and ponderous vehicle but nevertheless it performed a useful service at static displays and exhibitions where the possibility of a major incident was anticipated. It was regularly to be found as a part of the medical presence at the local Royal Air Force establishments during their open days and flying displays. It had many advantages, such as good lighting and ventilation, and was well equipped, but it was very slow to mobilize and move and also because of its size and weight, it was unstable unless properly and carefully parked on a firm surface.
Organizing an Effective Hospital Disaster Committee
Authors: Rice Marilyn L.
Published: August 2012

The disaster committee is a mechanism for educating health care workers for the unpredictable consequences of serious natural and manmade calamities. Planning is the key, and the disaster committee must strive toward this challenging objective.

A persistent and positive attitude can make the difference between the disaster committee's success of failure. By using some very old principles of good management and organization, and adding some new concepts, a disaster committee can be an effective and worthwhile venture.
A University-Wide Earthquake Disaster Drill
Authors: Ehrenewerth Jan
Published: August 2012

Of all the natural disasters, none has a greater potential to cause widespread casualties and destruction of property than a large earthquake centered in an urban area. This scenario was tragically illustrated in 1976 when two large earthquakes occurred in heavily populated areas. In February, an earthquake measuring 7.6 on the Richter Scale struck Guatemala and left 30,000 dead and 100,000 people injured. In July ofthat same year, a Richter 7.8 earthquake devastated the city of Tangshan, China. The earthquake destroyed over 90% of the buildings in that city and caused the deaths of over 240,000 people. Since earthquakes strike without warning, preparation and disaster planning are mandatory in order to reduce injury and mortality.
Introduction to Military Medicine
Authors: Moffat Cameron
Published: August 2012

In introducing this session on Military Medical Methods, I wish to set the scene. While the principles of First Aid and the methods of management of the injured are broadly the same in most scenarios, i.e. accidents and disasters do not occur in convenient places or at convenient times, there is one enormous difference with respect to Military affairs-casualties must be managed in the circumstances of war.
War Surgery
Authors: Scott Robert
Published: August 2012

War injury carries a high mortality, particularly for soldiers. In some individuals it may be necessary to recognize that the nature of the injury precludes any successful treatment. In the vast majority, life threatening situations can be averted by proper front-line management on the way to surgery and to the adherence by anesthetists and surgeons of the principles of war surgery which have slowly evolved over many years.
Management of Infections and Complications During the Falkland Islands Campaign
Authors: Shouler Phillip J. , Leichester Roger J. , Mellor Simon
Published: August 2012

Throughout history complications of military trauma and in particular infection, have been responsible for countless deaths and other serious morbidity. In fact in major conflicts in the not too distant past, deaths from infection of battle wounds have almost equalled the number of deaths from the enemy action itself. It is obviously a tragic and avoidable situation and one that surgeons can be directly instrumental in removing.

Unfortunately, we are guilty of not learning from the lessons of history. Every major conflict brings either a new surgical technique or therapeutic aid which tempts surgeons and physicians alike to ignore simple principles of military surgery, and by their treating these wounds incorrectly, creates a whole new chapter of iatrogenically induced mortality.
Principles of Field Extrication for Medical Personnel
Authors: Rottman Steven J. , Rasumoff David , D'Acchioli Ron , Larmon Baxter , Reynolds Curtis V.
Published: August 2012

In the United States, pre-hospital immediate care generally is practiced by paramedical personnel. These individuals are either firemen or civilians who have specific training in the assessment and management of acutely ill or injured patients outside the hospital. In most systems, once the initial evaluation of the patient is made, radio or telephone communication occurs between the pre-hospital team and a hospital-based physician or specially trained nurse. These hospital-based personnel are the responsible medical authority for the care delivered by the paramedical staff. Based on data reported by the field unit, the hospital team gives medical direction and specific therapeutic orders to the paramedics. This style of immediate care seems to work well for us in America although it is different in many ways from immediate care schemes elsewhere in the world, in that the physician or nurse is rarely on the scene, able to assess firsthand and provide medical care to the victims.
Heart Disease Awareness and Intervention Training: An Alternative to Citizen CPR
Authors: Thrasher Craig L. , Thrasher Margaret R.
Published: August 2012

Each year in the United States 700,000 people die from the sudden onset of heart attack symptoms. Of these deaths over 350,000 occur in the prehospital setting. Many of these deaths are felt to be avoidable if a greater number of the lay public were trained in Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation.

In the twenty-five years since Kouwenhoven, et al, suggested that closed chest cardiac compression and mouth-to-mouth artificial ventilation may artificially produce a satisfactory oxygenated systemic blood flow, there have been thousands of published research reports and articles focused upon a broad spectrum of subtopics ranging from the improvement of these techniques to the training of the lay rescuer. Knopp has suggested some parameters within which new CPR techniques must fall. First, any new skill should be applicable to the field setting. Second, the techniques should be simple to apply. And thirdly, any new techniques must be statistically linked with a significant increase in survival rates. Citizen Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) has taken on almost religious connotations. A national strategy has been adopted by the American Heart Association and American Red Cross to train the lay public using a variety of training techniques of varying lengths.
The History of Resuscitation as it Affects Lifeboat Medicine
Authors: Parry-Jones O.C.
Published: August 2012

Individual cultures, as shown in folklore, have practiced some form of resuscitation. For instance the Celts traditionally carried a large cauldron or cooking pot with them into battle. This was not, as might be supposed, to cook their enemies but in which to throw the heroes slain in battle, who then re-emerged whole to continue fighting. The well known practice of the inhabitants of the West Indies in blowing tobacco smoke per rectum as a means of revival may well have had its origins in distant mythology. In addition to the observed, better preservation of the lower intestines after death, and the obvious irritant and stimulative effects of the apparatus and fumes towards an involuntary breath, there may well have been a more philosophical concept of the reintroduction of the spirit—the anima.
Doctors and Lifeboats
Authors: Middleton G.W.
Published: August 2012

In 1823, Sir William Hilary published a pamphlet entitled “An Appeal to the British Nation on the Humanity and Policy of forming a National Institution for the preservation of Lives and Property from Shipwreck” —and there is no doubt that his drive led to the formation of the Royal National Lifeboat Institution in 1824.

Two short quotations from his pamphlet read: “The succour and support of those persons who may be rescued, the promptly obtaining medical aid, food, clothing and shelter for those who may require such relief,” and “The assistance of medical men who would enrol themselves to be ready to attend, might frequently be of the utmost importance to succour and restore those who might have sustained severe injury or whose lives might be nearly extinct.”
Simulation of an Aircraft Accident at Brussels Airport
Authors: Labeeu Fr , de Backer M , Bellanger C
Published: August 2012

The exercise held at Brussels Airport was carried out by inexperienced personnel to highlight the most common errors and shortcomings of an existing disaster plan.

INCIDENT COMMUNICATION

Once an aircraft is known to be in trouble, all the nearby fire brigades are alerted by means of the unique call number 900 and move to take up their stand-by position close to the landing point. The Military Hospital is also alerted and sends out a liaison car, with a doctor among its occupants. This car joins the stand-by position. Once the aircraft has crashed, the fire engines rush to the site and all the major university hospitals and the Military Hospital are notified by the same 900-code number. Disaster teams arrive by road.

This report is almost exclusively limited to aspects of rescue, triage, on-site stabilization, and evacuation of the casualties.
Quality Assurance in Disaster Planning: A Waste of Time?
Authors: Prendal B.
Published: August 2012

In defining our terms we must ask ourselves—how many aircraft accidents occur and where do the majority of them happen?

Figure 1 shows the total number of losses to be 318 over a 25 year period, the average being around 12 per year. While 1984 was a better than average year when only 7 losses occurred.
The Impact of Natural Disasters: A Brief Analysis of Characteristics and Trends
Authors: Guha-Sapir Debarati , Lechat Michel F.
Published: August 2012

Most natural disasters that occur frequently may be classified into four main categories: floods, earthquakes, cyclones and famine. Other catastrophic events, such as land slides, avalanches, snow storms, fires occur at rarer occasions and threaten smaller proportions of the populated world. The destructive agents in the above categories are wind, water (a lack or excess thereof) and tectonic force. While all of these cause structural damage, their mortality and morbidity effects are varied both between them and over time. The disaster cycle can be differentiated into five main phases, extending from one disaster to the next. The phases are: the warning phase indicating the possible occurrence of a catastrophe and the threat period during which the disaster is pending; the impact phase when the disaster strikes; the emergency phase when rescue, treatment and salvage activities commence; the rehabilitation phase when essential services are provided on a temporary basis; the reconstruction phase when a permanent return to normality is achieved. The disaster-induced mortality and morbidity differ between these phases and are also a function of the prevailing health and socioeconomic conditions of the affected community. As a result of this, global statistics on disasters seem to indicate a significantly higher frequency of natural disasters in the developing countries than in the industrialized world.
Experience of a Medical Team at the Harbo Refugee Camp in Ethiopia
Authors: Adler J.
Published: August 2012

The famine presently ravaging the population of the Sahel belt in Central Africa is not a new occurrence. In the last 15 years, hundreds of thousands of people have died because of malnutrition and disease, caused by the successive failure of crops. In addition to the lack of adequate rainfalls, many other factors have contributed to the present situation:

• Overgrazing of available land by increasing numbers of livestock.

• Failure of the governments involved to modernize their agriculture by irrigation programs, fertilization, etc.

• Consummation of grains for seeding and livestock by the famine stricken population—preventing rehabilitation.
Information Systems in Emergency Medicine
Authors: Manni C. , Magalini S.I. , Proietti R.
Published: August 2012

In Emergency Medicine the need for information is vital.

Our experience is mainly concentrated in the use of computers in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU), the Laboratory and the Anti-Poison Center. We have gained experience with several different types of computers: Personal computers, interfaced with analytical instruments and equipped for graphic representation, have been used in the ICU and the Laboratory. In the Anti-Poison Center terminals connected to a main frame with virtually an unlimited memory and capacity allows the storage of a large amount of data and the performance of complex permutations.
ROOTS OF UNITY AS QUOTIENTS OF TWO ROOTS OF A POLYNOMIAL
Authors: DUBICKAS ARTŪRAS
Published: August 2012

LetKbe a number field. Forf∈K[x], we give an upper bound on the least positive integerT=T(f) such that no quotient of two distinctTth powers of roots offis a root of unity. For each ε>0 and eachf∈ℚ[x] of degreed≥d(ε) we prove that$\log T(f)\lt (2+\varepsilon )\sqrt {d \log d}$. In the opposite direction, we show that the constant 2 cannot be replaced by a number smaller than 1 . These estimates are useful in the study of degenerate and nondegenerate linear recurrence sequences over a number fieldK.
Effects of high-energy astrophysical events on habitable planets
Authors: Horvath Jorge E. , Galante Douglas
Published: August 2012

With the possible exception of meteor impacts, high-energy astrophysical events such as supernovae, gamma-ray bursts (GRB) and flares are usually not taken into account for biological and evolutionary studies due to their low rates of occurrence. We show that a class of these events may occur at distances and time scales in which their biological effects are non-negligible, maybe more frequent than the impacts of large asteroids. We review the effects of four transient astrophysical sources of ionizing radiation on biospheres – stellar flares, giant flares from soft gamma repeaters (SGR), supernovae and GRB. The main damaging features of them are briefly discussed and illustrated. We point out some open problems and ongoing work.
A Validation Study of the CEFR Levels of Phrasal Verbs in the English Vocabulary Profile
Authors: Negishi Masashi , Tono Yukio , Fujita Yoshihito
Published: August 2012

This article reports on a part of the development and validation project for the English Vocabulary Profile (EVP). The previous version of the EVP included 439 phrasal verbs as well as 4,666 individual word entries. Each of their meanings is ordered according to its CEFR level. The aims of the study are to identify the actual difficulty of each phrasal verb, to validate the tentative decision of the CEFR levels, and also to explore factors that explain the difficulties, by using textbook corpora. In order to carry out this research, we developed a phrasal verb test of 100 items, consisting of four A1 items, nineteen A2 items, forty B1 items and thirty-seven B2 items. Approximately 1,600 Japanese students took this test. We analysed the test data, using item response theory. The results of the test show that although the average difficulties of the phrasal verbs in each level were ordered according to the level prediction, the ranges of the difficulties in each level overlapped. The analysis of textbook corpora reveals that there is a complex relationship between the difficulty levels of phrasal verbs and their frequencies in the textbooks. We discuss its implications and possible improvements for the EVP.
Blood Flow Changes in Dichorionic Twins With Growth Discordance
Authors: Ropacka-Lesiak Mariola , Bręborowicz Grzegorz , Dera Anna
Published: August 2012

Aim: The study evaluated the applicability of Doppler ultrasonography in predicting the course of pregnancy and neonatal outcome in dichorionic pregnancy complicated by growth discordance. Methods: Doppler examination of the umbilical artery (UA) and middle cerebral artery (MCA) was performed in 106 twins. Abnormal values of the UA pulsatility index (PI) were considered to be above the 95th percentile and below 5th percentile for the MCA PI for gestational week. The difference of UA PI ≥0.5 in twin pairs was considered abnormal. Doppler results were compared with selected parameters that characterize the course of pregnancy and fetal outcome. Results: Abnormal UA PI as well as the intertwine PI difference of 0.5 and more correlated significantly with lower gestational age at delivery, intertwine growth discordance of 35% or more, lower birth weight, and abnormal fetal outcome. The abnormal cerebro-umbilical (C/U) ratio correlated statistically with lower birth weight, abnormal fetal outcome, and an increased risk of premature delivery. There were no statistically significant differences in the majority of parameters that characterize the neonatal outcome between the groups with normal and abnormal MCA PI. Conclusion: The intertwine UA PI difference ≥0.5 had the highest predictive value in the assessment of adverse fetal outcome and risk for small for gestational age (SGA). Relatively poor sensitivity was noted with regard to the abnormal values of UA PI and C/U ratio. The worse correlation was found in case of MCA PI.
Elternversion des Depressions-Inventars für Kinder und Jugendliche (DIKJ)
Authors: Weitkamp Katharina , Romer Georg , Rosenthal Sandra , Wiegand-Grefe Silke , Daniels Judith K.
Published: August 2012

Fragestellung: Die Verwendbarkeit und psychometrischen Eigenschaften einer für die Elternsicht adaptierten Version des Depressions-Inventars für Kinder und Jugendliche (DIKJ) wurden an einer klinischen Stichprobe mit heterogenen Störungsbildern überprüft. Methodik: Eingeschlossen wurden die Elternurteile von 129 Kindern und Jugendlichen zwischen 7 und 18 Jahren in ambulanter psychotherapeutischer Behandlung. Für n = 80 Patienten lag neben dem Elternurteil auch das Selbsturteil der Kinder und Jugendlichen vor. Die Teilnehmer füllten zu Therapiebeginn den DIKJ und die Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) bzw. den Youth Self Report (YSR) aus. Ergebnisse: Die Elternversion des DIKJ erwies sich als reliabel sowie konvergent und diskriminant valide: mittlere bis hohe Korrelationen zu internalisierenden Skalen des CBCL, und eine geringe Korrelation zur externalisierenden Skala des CBCL. Die Korrelationen waren vergleichbar zum Selbsturteil. Die Intra-Class Korrelationen zwischen Eltern und Kindangaben lagen im mittleren Bereich. Die Übereinstimmung der DIKJ Auffälligkeit mit dem Diagnosestatus im diagnostischen Interview (K-SADS) bei 59 % im Selbsturteil und 57 % im Elternurteil. Schlussfolgerungen: Die Elternversion des DIKJ ist reliabel und gut in einer klinischen Stichprobe verwendbar. Erste Hinweise sprechen für die konvergente und diskriminante Validität. Somit kann der DIKJ in Eltern- und Selbsturteil zur bi-perspektivischen Erfassung depressiver Symptomatik eingesetzt werden, auch wenn der Cut-off des DIKJ erneut überprüft werden sollte.
Reduktion der auf Spinnen bezogenen Ängste durch Psychoedukation bei 8- bis 9-jährigen Kindern – eine Pilotstudie
Authors: Leutgeb Verena , Schaider Miriam , Schienle Anne
Published: August 2012

Fragestellung: Spinnen rufen bei Menschen der westlichen Bevölkerung häufig Gefühle von Angst und Ekel hervor und gelten daher als die unbeliebtesten aller Arthropoden. Die klinisch relevante Ausprägung dieser Angst, die Spinnenphobie, ist eine häufig auftretende Angststörung, die meist in der frühen Kindheit beginnt und ohne Behandlung bis ins Erwachsenenalter chronisch verläuft. Ätiologische Modelle betonen die Rolle des Modelllernens und der negativen Informationstransmission bei der Entstehung der Störung. Obwohl sehr wirkungsvolle psychotherapeutische Methoden zur Verfügung stehen, werden diese Kindern oft vorenthalten. Meist wird eine spontane Remission erwartet, die jedoch sehr selten ist. Methodik: In der vorliegenden Studie wurde ein psychoedukatives Programm zum Thema Spinnen für Grundschulkinder entwickelt und dessen Wirksamkeit an einer Gruppe von 36 Kindern im Alter von 8 bis 10 Jahren evaluiert. Das Ziel der Pilotstudie war es, vor allem die Durchführbarkeit des Programmes zu überprüfen. Ergebnisse: Es zeigte sich eine Reduktion der Spinnenängstlichkeit durch Psychoedukation bei Mädchen und Jungen mit hoher oder moderater Spinnenängstlichkeit. Schlussfolgerungen: Das Programm könnte einen wertvollen Beitrag in der Prävention von Spinnenphobie leisten und sollte im Rahmen zukünftiger kontrollierter Studien überprüft werden.
Das Konzept der «Multiple Complex Developmental Disorder» (MCDD)
Authors: Kamp-Becker Inge , Baumann Klaus , Sprenger Linda , Becker Katja
Published: August 2012

Fragestellung: Die «Multiple complex developmental disorder» (MCDD) ist ein wenig bekanntes Störungsbild, das durch Auffälligkeiten in der Emotionsregulation, der sozialen Interaktion und Denkstörungen gekennzeichnet ist. Weder im Klassifikationssystem des ICD-10, noch im DSM-IV kommt diese Diagnose vor. Methodik: In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird eine Übersicht über die diagnostischen Kriterien und den aktuellen Forschungsstand zum Konzept der MCDD gegeben und anhand einer Kasuistik eines 17-jährigen Jugendlichen illustriert. Ergebnis: Das Störungsbild der MCDD weist Überschneidungen zu autistischen Störungen, aber auch zu Störungen aus dem schizophrenen Formenkreis auf. Eine klare Abgrenzung bzw. Zuordnung ist bisher nicht eindeutig möglich. Schlussfolgerungen: Viele Fragen bezüglich des Störungsbildes bleiben offen, weitere Forschung ist hier vonnöten.
Contrasting seismic reflectivity of the lower crust and uppermost mantle between NE Japan and SW Japan as illustrated by petrophysical analyses of mafic and ultramafic xenoliths
Authors: Yamane Norihito , Kanagawa Kyuichi , Ito Tanio
Published: August 2012

Petrophysical analyses of mafic and ultramafic xenoliths reveal large contrasts in acoustic impedance between the lower crustal rocks and uppermost mantle rocks both beneath Ichinomegata Crater in NE Japan and beneath Oki‐Dogo Island in SW Japan. In contrast to minor contrasts in acoustic impedance both among the lower crustal rocks and among the uppermost mantle rocks beneath Ichinomegata Crater, relatively large contrasts in acoustic impedance are present beneath Oki‐Dogo Island between granulite and olivine gabbro in the lower crustal rocks as well as between plagioclase‐bearing wehrlite and other cumulus peridotites in the uppermost mantle rocks. Based on the existing petrologic models of the lower crust and uppermost mantle beneath Ichinomegata Crater and Oki‐Dogo Island, we then constructed model structures of the lower crust and uppermost mantle beneath these two areas, composed of units with randomly arranged, 100 m thick, foliation‐parallel horizontal layers of xenolith samples, and used these model structures to examine the seismic reflectivity beneath these two areas. The results suggest the presence of strong seismic reflectors between the lower crust and the uppermost mantle in both areas. Although no other recognizable seismic reflector is expected beneath Ichinomegata Crater, many seismic reflectors due to the above contrasts in acoustic impedance are expected both in the lower crust and in the uppermost mantle beneath Oki‐Dogo Island. Thus a remarkable contrast in seismic reflectivity in the lower crust and uppermost mantle is likely present between these two areas as well as between NE Japan and SW Japan.
Linking the 8.2 ka event and its freshwater forcing in the Labrador Sea
Authors: Hoffman Jeremy S. , Carlson Anders E. , Winsor Kelsey , Klinkhammer Gary P. , LeGrande Allegra N. , Andrews John T. , Strasser Jeffrey C.
Published: August 2012

The 8.2 ka event was the last deglacial abrupt climate event. A reduction in the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) attributed to the drainage of glacial Lake Agassiz may have caused the event, but the freshwater signature of Lake Agassiz discharge has yet to be identified in δ18O of foraminiferal calcite records from the Labrador Sea, calling into question the connection between freshwater discharge to the North Atlantic and AMOC strength. Using Mg/Ca‐paleothermometry, we demonstrate that ∼3°C of near‐surface ocean cooling masked an ∼1.0‰ decrease in western Labrador Seaδ18O of seawater concurrent with Lake Agassiz drainage. Comparison with North Atlantic δ18O of seawater records shows that the freshwater discharge was transported to regions of deep‐water formation where it could perturb AMOC and force the 8.2 ka event.
Inflow direction of interstellar neutrals deduced from pickup ion measurements at 1 AU
Authors: Drews Christian , Berger Lars , Wimmer‐Schweingruber Robert F. , Bochsler Peter , Galvin Antoinette B. , Klecker Berndt , Möbius Eberhard
Published: August 2012

Observations of interstellar pickup ions inside the heliosphere provide an indirect method to access information on the surrounding interstellar medium. The so‐called pickup ion focusing cone and pickup ion crescent, which show an imprint of the related longitudinal distribution of interstellar neutrals in form of two overabundances on the down‐ and upwind side of the sun, are both believed to be aligned along the inflow vector of the interstellar medium. By finding their longitudinal positions, we can give an accurate value for the inflow direction λISM of interstellar matter. For that we performed an epoch analysis of interstellar pickup ions measured by the PLAsma and SupraThermal Ion Composition instrument (PLASTIC) on the Solar TErrestrial RElations Observatory mission (STEREO) and were able to reveal in situ the longitudinal distribution of interstellar He+, O+, and Ne+ pickup ions in the ecliptic plane at 1 AU. The previously accepted values for the inflow direction of interstellar matter in ecliptic longitude, as obtained with Ulysses/GAS (λ = 75.4° ± 0.5°), Prognoz 6 (λ = 74.5° ± 1°), and ACE/SWICS (λ = 74.43° ± 0.33°), are currently debated, especially in view of recent results from the Interstellar Boundary Explorer (IBEX) mission that show an inflow direction of interstellar neutral helium of λ = 79° + 3.0°(−3.5°). Four years of data collected with PLASTIC aboard STEREO A provided statistics sufficient not only to obtain values for the inflow direction of interstellar helium (λCone = 77.4° ± 1.9° and λCrescent = 80.4° ± 5.4°, deduced from an analysis of the He+ focusing cone and crescent, respectively) but also to derive values for the inflow direction of interstellar neon (λCone = 77.4° ± 5.0° and λCrescent = 79.7° ± 2.6°) and oxygen (λCrescent = 78.9° ± 3.1°). Although our values for He+, O+, and Ne+ are consistent with results from ACE, Ulysses, and Prognoz 6, considering the statistical and systematic uncertainties (except λNe,Crescent), they are systematically larger than the previously accepted values of 74.99 ± 0.55° and show a better agreement with the values from IBEX.
A parametric study of the source rate for outer radiation belt electrons using a Kalman filter
Authors: Schiller Q. , Li X. , Koller J. , Godinez H. , Turner D. L.
Published: August 2012

Data assimilation methods have become increasingly popular to describe the outer radiation belt energetic electron environment. We use a Kalman filter with inputs of 1) electron phase space density (PSD) for constant first and second adiabatic invariants, μ = 2083[MeV/G] and K = 0.03[G1/2RE] respectively, from a five satellite data set (three LANL‐GEO, one GPS, and Polar), and 2) a one‐dimensional radial diffusion model with loss and source terms included. We augment the Kalman filter to include the intensity of local acceleration in the state vector. The output is an estimate of PSD for the radial range of the outer radiation belt and the time‐dependent amplitude parameter of a Gaussian shaped source rate term for given location and width. To further constrain the source rate parameters, a root mean square (RMS) analysis of the observation residual vector (a.k.a. innovation vector) is performed in a parameter space of source location and width. We analyze five storm periods spanning from July 30th to October 24th of 2002, and each period's unique solution in the location‐width parameter space is assimilated with the Kalman filter for a continuous reanalysis of the full 87 day period. The source amplitude parameter is analyzed for insight into time periods of enhanced local heating, suppressed loss, or, as the parameter can take negative values, additional loss. The source is found to peak in the recovery phases of the storms where the rate is sufficient to repopulate the radiation belt in approximately one day, suggesting that local heating is a major contributor to the electron radiation belts during the recovery phase.
Observed effects of sastrugi on CERES top‐of‐atmosphere clear‐sky reflected shortwave flux over Antarctica
Authors: Corbett J. G. , Su W. , Loeb N. G.
Published: August 2012

Determining the clear‐sky top‐of‐atmosphere (TOA) albedo over snow from space requires knowledge of the bi‐directional reflectance distribution function (BRDF), which itself is strongly influenced by the surface roughness of the snow. Sastrugi, a common element of surface roughness on Antarctica, tend to have a preferred azimuth direction, meaning the BRDF depends on the location and time of sampling. In this study we demonstrate that a sastrugi signal is present in the Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) reflectance measurements and TOA albedo estimates, leading to a spurious variation in instantaneous albedo as a function of solar azimuth of up to 0.08. By using the difference in flux between oblique and nadir views, we estimate the biases in monthly‐ and annual‐mean 24‐hour energy weighted clear‐sky reflected TOA fluxes caused by sastrugi over Antarctica. At the grid box level, statistically significant monthly‐mean biases of between ±15 Wm−2are found. For the entire Antarctic continent, monthly‐mean biases are between 0.2 ± 0.9 Wm−2 to −1.7 ± 1.1 Wm−2 where a negative bias indicates the reflected flux is being underestimated. On an annual basis, the Antarctic bias is between −0.9 ± 1.1 Wm−2 and −1.0 ± 1.1 Wm−2. For the global annual mean clear‐sky TOA flux, the bias caused by the presence of sastrugi is insignificant, −0.01 ± 0.02 Wm−2. By examining the anisotropy and the wind direction we infer that the negative TOA flux biases are likely to caused by sastrugi perpendicular to the solar azimuth whereas the positive TOA flux biases are likely to be caused by sastrugi parallel to the solar azimuth.
Land surface phenology from optical satellite measurement and CO2 eddy covariance technique
Authors: Gonsamo Alemu , Chen Jing M. , Price David T. , Kurz Werner A. , Wu Chaoyang
Published: August 2012

Land surface phenology (LSP) is an integrative indicator of vegetation dynamics under a changing environment. Increasing amounts of remote sensing measurements and CO2flux observations offer unprecedented opportunities to quantify LSP phases at landscape scale. LSP start of season (SOS) and end of season (EOS) estimates are often based on the use of a single‐purpose vegetation index derived from optical satellite data, characterized by poor performances in decoupling soil and snow cover dynamics from LSP cycles, as well as contrasting responses of the needleleaf and broadleaf forests in boreal ecosystems. We propose a new remote‐sensing‐based phenology index (PI) which combines the merits of normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and normalized difference infrared index (NDII) by taking the difference of squared greenness and wetness to remove the soil and snow cover dynamics from key vegetation LSP cycles. We have cross‐validated the remote‐sensing‐based LSP dates with those of CO2 flux observations from 11 selected tower sites across Canada and the United States consisting of needleleaf forests, broadleaf forests, and croplands. The results indicate that PI estimates the SOS and EOS dates better than NDVI when compared to the LSP dates from CO2flux measurements (reduced RMSE, bias and dispersions, and higher correlation). PI‐based SOS and EOS estimates are in good agreement with those derived from CO2flux measurements with mean bias comparable to the temporal resolution of the high‐quality, 8‐day composite satellite measurements. Finally, PI also shows a smoother time series compared to NDVI and NDII.
The uroguanylin system and human disease
Authors: Rahbi Hazim , Narayan Hafid , Jones Donald J. L. , Ng Leong L.
Published: August 2012

The uroguanylin system is a newly discovered endocrine/paracrine system that may have a role in the regulation of salt balance, appetite and gut health. The precursor pro-uroguanylin is predominantly synthesized in the gut, although there may be other sites of synthesis, including the kidney tubules. Products from pro-uroguanylin may mediate natriuresis following oral consumption of a salt load through both GC-C (guanylate cyclase C)-dependent and -independent mechanisms, and recent evidence suggests a role in appetite regulation. Local paracrine effects in the gut through GC-C stimulation may have tumour-suppressing actions through the regulation of cell proliferation and metabolism. Although most information on this system has been derived from knockout models, recent human studies have indicated possible roles in heart failure and renal failure. An improved understanding of the nature of its natriuretic, appetite and tumour-suppressing actions may facilitate the discovery of new therapies for heart failure, obesity and cancer prophylaxis.
The Acoustic Assessment of Voice in Continuous Speech
Authors: Lowell Soren Y.
Published: August 2012

Acoustic measures are an essential component in the assessment of voice disorders, but the value of these measures is dependent on their relationship to perceptual voice quality and the degree to which these measures reflect the typical speaking patterns of the individual being assessed. Therefore, acoustic measures that can be accurately and reliably derived from continuous speech contexts, which are more representative of every day speaking patterns than sustained vowels, are fundamental to the assessment of voice. In this article, I review the current findings on acoustic measures that are applicable to continuous speech. I will identify spectral- and cepstral-based measures that show strong relationships to perceptual ratings of overall voice severity or relate to particular dimensions of voice quality. I also will discuss the prominence of the cepstral peak as a measure that consistently shows strong predictive capacity for perceptually rated voice severity and provides excellent discrimination of dysphonic and normal voices.
Updates on Endoscopic Laryngeal Imaging
Authors: Patel Rita R.
Published: August 2012

In this paper, I will provide an update on work published in the past 2 years on endoscopic laryngeal imaging techniques including stroboscopy, high-speed digital imaging, and videokymography. There is increasing evidence in the literature from the past 2 years on the clinical usefulness of high-speed digital imaging and kymography as an adjunct to stroboscopy to understand the pathophysiology of hoarseness. The evidence is particularly strong in cases with moderate-to-severe aperiodicity. Recent evidence suggests that these endoscopic imaging techniques (with increased spatial resolution of up to 8,000 frames per second) have potential for objectively characterizing normal and disordered vibratory motion in adults and children. High-speed digital imaging and kymography have the potential to provide quantitative and visual-perceptual measurements of vibratory function that researchers can use to improve the assessment and treatment of voice disorders in children and adults.
New Frontiers and Emerging Technologies in Comprehensive Voice Care
Authors: Angadi Vrushali , Stemple Joseph
Published: August 2012

The nature of voice therapy has progressed since the 1930s when treatment for voice disorders was chiefly in the medical domain. The role of the speech-language-pathologist (SLP) in the treatment of voice disorders has evolved steadily over the years with advances in diagnosis and the growing base of evidence in the literature with respect to treatment. The speech-language pathologist is now an important part of the treatment team that includes the otolaryngologist, singing teacher, vocal coach, and other allied health professionals. This team approach has improved patient care with a greater focus on the individual that goes beyond the disorder. In this article, we will provide a brief history of the evolution of voice therapy that encompasses the past and present, as well as providing directions for the future.
Calibration of neutron-yield diagnostics in attenuating and scattering environments
Authors: Hahn K. D. , Ruiz C. L. , Cooper G. W. , Nelson A. J. , Chandler G. A. , Leeper R. J. , McWatters B. R. , Smelser R. M. , Torres J. A.
Published: August 2012

We have performed absolute calibrations of a fusion-neutron-yield copper-activation diagnostic in environments that significantly attenuate and scatter neutrons. We have measured attenuation and scattering effects and have compared the measurements to Monte Carlo simulations using the Monte Carlo N-Particle code. We find that measurements and simulations are consistent within 10%.
Edge state and crisis in the Pierce diode
Authors: Muñoz Pablo R. , Barroso Joaquim J. , Chian Abraham C.-L. , Rempel Erico L.
Published: August 2012

We study the chaotic dynamics of the Pierce diode, a simple spatially extended system for collisionless bounded plasmas, focusing on the concept of edge of chaos, the boundary that separates transient from asymptotic dynamics. We fully characterize an interior crisis at the end of a periodic window, thereby showing direct evidence of the collision between a chaotic attractor, a chaotic saddle, and the edge of chaos, formed by a period-3 unstable periodic orbit and its stable manifold. The edge of chaos persists after the interior crisis, when the global attractor of the system increases its size in the phase space.
Ultrafast excited state dynamics of spirilloxanthin in solution and bound to core antenna complexes: Identification of the S* and T1 states
Authors: Kosumi Daisuke , Maruta Satoshi , Horibe Tomoko , Nagaoka Yuya , Fujii Ritsuko , Sugisaki Mitsuru , Cogdell Richard J. , Hashimoto Hideki
Published: August 2012

Ultrafast excited state dynamics of spirilloxanthin in solution and bound to the light-harvesting core antenna complexes from Rhodospirillum rubrum S1 were investigated by means of femtosecond pump-probe spectroscopic measurements. The previously proposed S* state of spirilloxanthin was clearly observed both in solution and bound to the light-harvesting core antenna complexes, while the lowest triplet excited state appeared only with spirilloxanthin bound to the protein complexes. Ultrafast formation of triplet spirilloxanthin bound to the protein complexes was observed upon excitation of either spirilloxanthin or bacteriochlorophyll-a. The anomalous reaction of the ultrafast triplet formation is discussed in terms of ultrafast energy transfer between spirilloxanthin and bacteriochlorophyll-a.