bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Apartheid, Religious Pluralism, and the Evolution of the Right to Religious Freedom in South Africa
Authors: du Plessis Georgia Alida
Published: July 2015

The apartheid history of South Africa contains racial and religious discrimination, both running parallel to and supporting each other. South Africa's exodus from a society of forced religious homogeneity to one of celebrating religious pluralism adds valuable and unique patterns of thought to the promotion of religious pluralism and religious freedom. A brief history is presented of religion within the context of racial discrimination and eventual democracy in South Africa. The current plural religious demography of South Africa is presented to create a sense of the extent of diversity in the country and the extent of religious pluralism that should be considered for today. This demographical position necessitates an investigation into the current legal position on dealing with such a religiously plural state as well as the challenges it presents. This is also necessary in order to present the evolution of religious pluralism in an oppressive state to the right to religious freedom in democratic South Africa. This evolution can also serve as an example internationally to countries struggling with the issue of religious pluralism. The article is also of importance to sensitise South Africa to existing and escalating challenges against religious pluralism within the country.
Is There a Correlation Between Footstep Length, Lower Extremities, and Stature?, ,
Authors: Kanchan Tanuj , Sinha Shreya , Krishan Kewal
Published: July 2015

A probable correlation between stature and footstep length is expected, and consequently, the stature may be estimated from footstep length. The present research was conducted to study the correlation of footstep length with length of the lower extremities and stature. The study participants (n = 142) were asked to walk on a paper sheet with inked feet and footstep length was measured. Mean stature and lower limb length were significantly larger in males. Sex differences were not observed in the average footstep length. Average footstep length and lower limb length did not show a significant correlation among the participants. A statistically significant correlation was observed between average footstep length and stature only among females. Our observations suggest that the length of the lower limb may not be a major factor in determining the footstep length of a person and that the forensic utility of stature estimation from footstep length may be limited.
The moderating role of trust in formal mentoring relationships in Korea
Authors: Son SuJin , Kuchinke K Peter
Published: July 2015

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between mentoring functions received, different dimensions of trust (i.e. cognition‐based trust and affect‐based trust), and work attitudes (i.e. job satisfaction and organizational commitment) in formal mentoring relationships in Korea. In particular, the role of different types of trust as a moderator between mentoring functions received and work attitudes was investigated. The data were collected from protégés who participated in a formal mentoring program at a Korean company. A total of 109 protégés responded for the current study. The key findings included a positive relationship between mentoring functions received and protégés' work attitudes. An additional finding was that cognition‐based trust is a critical moderator between mentoring functions received and work attitudes in formal mentoring relationships. The theoretical and practical implications of the study were discussed.
Inhibition of Cholesterol and Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Oxidation through the Use of Annatto and Bixin in High‐Pressure Processed Fish
Authors: Figueirêdo Bruno C. , Bragagnolo Neura , Skibsted Leif H. , Orlien Vibeke
Published: July 2015

Annatto and bixin, the main carotenoid of annatto seeds, were both found to inhibit cholesterol oxidation in minced herring (Clupea harengus) and minced mackerel (Scomber scombrus) during high pressure processing (600 MPa for 10 min) and subsequent chilled storage for 2 wk, a treatment which otherwise increased the content of cholesterol oxidation products above a critical limit for human consumption. Annatto but not bixin reduced the loss of docosahexaenoic acid caused by high pressure processing of herring from 12% to 7%, an effect assigned to antioxidative effects of phenolic compounds in annatto, while bixin as a carotenoid binds to membranes protecting membrane cholesterol.
Performance of Nonmigratory Iron Chelating Active Packaging Materials in Viscous Model Food Systems
Authors: Roman Maxine J. , Decker Eric A. , Goddard Julie M.
Published: July 2015

Many packaged food products undergo quality deterioration due to iron promoted oxidative reactions. Recently, we have developed a nonmigratory iron chelating active packaging material that represents a novel approach to inhibit oxidation of foods while addressing consumer demands for “cleanˮ labels. A challenge to the field of nonmigratory active packaging is ensuring that surface‐immobilized active agents retain activity in a true food system despite diffusional limitations. Yet, the relationship between food viscosity and nonmigratory active packaging activity retention has never been characterized. The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of food viscosity on iron chelation by a nonmigratory iron chelating active packaging material. Methyl cellulose was added to aqueous buffered iron solutions to yield model systems with viscosities ranging from ∼1 to ∼105 mPa·s, representing viscosities ranging from beverage to mayonnaise. Iron chelation was quantified by material‐bound iron content using colorimetry and inductively coupled plasma‐optical emission spectrometry (ICP‐OES).  Maximum iron chelation was reached in solutions up to viscosity ∼102 mPa·s. In more viscous solutions (up to ∼104 mPa·s), there was a significant decrease in iron chelating capacity (P < 0.05). However, materials still retained at least 76% iron chelating capacity. Additionally, the influence of different food hydrocolloids on the performance of nonmigratory iron chelating active packaging was characterized. Methyl cellulose and carrageenan did not compete with the material for specific iron chelation (P > 0.05). Materials retained 32% to 45% chelating capacity when in contact with competitively chelating hydrocolloids guar gum, locust bean gum, and xanthan gum. This work demonstrates the potential application of nonmigratory iron chelating active packaging in liquid and semi‐liquid foods to allow for the removal of synthetic chelators, while maintaining food quality.
Exon capture phylogenomics: efficacy across scales of divergence
Authors: Bragg Jason G. , Potter Sally , Bi Ke , Moritz Craig
Published: July 2015

The evolutionary histories of species are not measured directly, but estimated using genealogies inferred for particular loci. Individual loci can have discordant histories, but in general we expect to infer evolutionary histories more accurately as more of the genome is sampled. High Throughput Sequencing (HTS) is now providing opportunities to incorporate thousands of loci in ‘phylogenomic’ studies. Here, we used target enrichment to sequence c.3000 protein‐coding exons in a group of Australian skink lizards (crown group age c.80 Ma). This method uses synthetic probes to ‘capture’ target exons that were identified in the transcriptomes of selected probe design (PD) samples. The target exons are then enriched in sample DNA libraries prior to performing HTS. Our main goal was to study the efficacy of enrichment of targeted loci at different levels of phylogenetic divergence from the PD species. In taxa sharing a common ancestor with PD samples up to c.20 Ma, we detected little reduction in efficacy, measured here as sequencing depth of coverage. However, at around 80 Myr divergence from the PD species, we observed an approximately two‐fold reduction in efficacy. A secondary goal was to develop a workflow for analysing exon capture studies of phylogenetically diverse samples, while minimizing potential bias. Our approach assembles each exon in each sample separately, by first recruiting short sequencing reads having homology to the corresponding protein sequence. In sum, custom exon capture provides a complement to existing, more generic target capture methods and is a practical and robust option across low‐moderate levels of phylogenetic divergence.
Peripheral arterial disease in patients with giant cell arteritis: a meta‐analysis
Authors: Ungprasert Patompong , Thongprayoon Charat , Kittanamongkolchai Wonngarm , Srivali Narat , Cheungpasitporn Wisit
Published: July 2015

Aim

To investigate the association between giant cell arteritis (GCA) and risk of peripheral arterial disease (PAD).

Methods

We conducted a systematic review and meta‐analysis of observational cohort studies that reported relative risks, hazard ratios or standardized incidence ratios with 95% confidence comparing PAD risk in patients with GCA versus non‐GCA subjects. Pooled risk ratios and 95% confidence intervals were calculated using a random‐effect, generic inverse variance of DerSimonian and Laird.

Results

Four studies with 9789 patients with GCA and 236 728 controls were identified and included in our data analysis. The pooled risk ratio of PAD among patients with GCA compared with controls was 1.88 (95% CI 1.04–3.41). The statistical heterogeneity was high with an I2 of 89%.

Conclusion

Our study demonstrated a statistically significant increased risk of PAD among patients with GCA.
Recurrent bilateral spontaneous pneumothorax secondary to lung adenocarcinoma with epidermal growth factor receptor mutation
Authors: Chen Wenhui , Lin Yingxiang , Yu Yanxia , Wei Ping , Dai Huaping
Published: July 2015

A 42‐year‐old female patient was admitted for recurrent bilateral spontaneous pneumothorax. High resolution computed tomography showed bilateral pneumothorax and numerous round and oval, thin‐walled lung cysts. Microscopically, each small cyst was composed of distended subpleural alveolar spaces. Tumor cells, characteristic of acinar adenocarcinoma, obstructed and narrowed the terminal bronchioles. There was no tumor necrosis or mucin production. This suggested check‐valve as a possible mechanism of the thin‐walled cysts and pneumothorax. Genetic analysis suggested that the tumors were positive for epidermal growth factor receptor mutation L858R in exon 21. Bilateral spontaneous pneumothorax and thin‐walled cysts in association with lung cancer is rarely reported and may be confused with cystic benign lung lesions.
Robotic infrarenal paraaortic and pelvic nodal staging for endometrial cancer: feasibility and lymphatic complications
Authors: Geppert Barbara , Persson Jan
Published: July 2015

Introduction

This study was designed to evaluate the feasibility and lymphatic complications of robotic pelvic and infrarenal paraaortic lymphadenectomy in endometrial cancer patients.

Material and methods

All patients diagnosed with high risk endometrial cancer during the study period were identified (n = 212). Clinical prospective data, with reassessment of lymphatic complications, was analysed for all cases (n = 140) planned for a complete robotic nodal staging. The outcome measures were: success rate of infrarenal paraaortic lymphadenectomy, the rate of lymphatic complications and factors associated with nodal yield.

Results

Of the 212 women, an open or restricted robotic procedure was performed in 57 women (27%) and no operation in 15 (7%), the latter due to disseminated disease or comorbidity. In 140 women (66%) in whom staging was intended, the lymphadenectomy included the infrarenal area in 70%, was restricted to the inframesenteric area in 21% and aborted or incomplete in 9%. The median number of paraaortic nodes was 10 (range 2–39). An unsuccessful staging was associated with high BMI and the surgeon's inexperience. At 1 year, three patients (2%) had developed a grade two lower limb lymphedema. Eleven women (8%) demonstrated pelvic lymphocysts; seven (64%) resolved spontaneously. Only one paraaortic lymphocyst was found; this required drainage. No cases of chylous ascites occurred.

Conclusions

An infrarenal robotic paraaortic lymphadenectomy is feasible in 70% of high risk endometrial cancer cases when intended (88% in non‐obese patients operated by experienced surgeons), but is restricted in obese patients and by surgeon's inexperience.
Characteristics of women with repeat termination of pregnancy: a study of all requests for pregnancy termination in Norway during 2007–2011
Authors: Justad‐Berg Ragnhild T. , Eskild Anne , Strøm‐Roum Ellen M.
Published: July 2015

Introduction

We studied the proportion of all pregnancy terminations requested by women with a history of pregnancy termination. We also studied risk factors for repeat pregnancy termination.

Material and methods

We used data from the Norwegian Register of Pregnancy Termination during the period 2007–2011, a total of 80 346 requests for pregnancy termination before the end of the 12th gestational week. Odds ratios for repeat pregnancy termination were estimated according to age, parity, contraceptive use, marital status, education, employment status and region of residency by applying logistic regression analyses. Repeat pregnancy termination was defined as request for pregnancy termination for the second time or more.

Results

Among the 80 346 requests for pregnancy termination, 36.7% were among women with a history of pregnancy termination. In total, 25.0% had one prior termination and 11.7% had two or more. Factors associated with repeat pregnancy termination were; age ≥25 years, having one or more children, and use of contraception at the time of conception. College/university education as compared with primary school only, was associated with reduced risk of repeat termination.

Conclusion

Among all requests for pregnancy termination in Norway, 36.7% were from women with a history of pregnancy termination. Many women with repeat pregnancy termination have children and/or used contraception at the time of conception. Our findings therefore suggest that high fecundity is an underlying risk factor for repeat pregnancy termination.
Systematic review with meta‐analysis: Saccharomyces boulardii in the prevention of antibiotic‐associated diarrhoea
Authors: Szajewska H. , Kołodziej M.
Published: July 2015

Background

Antibiotic‐associated diarrhoea is a common complication of antibiotic use, but it can be prevented with administration of probiotics.

Aim

To update our 2005 meta‐analysis on the effectiveness of Saccharomyces boulardii in preventing antibiotic‐associated diarrhoea in children and adults.

Methods

The Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, and EMBASE databases were searched up until May 2015, with no language restrictions, for randomised controlled trials; additional references were obtained from reviewed articles. The quality of evidence was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) guidelines.

Results

Twenty‐one randomised controlled trials (4780 participants), among which 16 were new trials, met the inclusion criteria for this updated systematic review. Administration of S. boulardii compared with placebo or no treatment reduced the risk of antibiotic‐associated diarrhoea (as defined by the study investigators) in patients treated with antibiotics from 18.7% to 8.5% (risk ratio, RR: 0.47; 95% CI: 0.38–0.57, number needed to treat, NNT: 10; 95% CI: 9–13). In children, S. boulardii reduced the risk from 20.9% to 8.8% (6 randomised controlled trials, n=1653, RR: 0.43, 95% CI: 0.3–0.6); in adults, from 17.4% to 8.2% (15 randomised controlled trials, n=3114, RR: 0.49, 95% CI: 0.38–0.63). Moreover, S. boulardii reduced the risk of Clostridium difficile‐associated diarrhoea; however, this reduction was significant only in children (2 randomised controlled trials, n = 579, RR: 0.25; 95% CI: 0.08–0.73) and not in adults (9 randomised controlled trials, n = 1441, RR: 0.8, 95% CI: 0.47–1.34).

Conclusions

This meta‐analysis confirms that S. boulardii is effective in reducing the risk of antibiotic‐associated diarrhoea in children and adults.
Super‐mini percutaneous nephrolithotomy (SMP): a new concept in technique and instrumentation
Authors: Zeng Guohua , Wan ShawPong , Zhao Zhijian , Zhu Jianguo , Tuerxun Aierken , Song Chao , Zhong Liang , Liu Ming , Xu Kewei , Li Hulin , Jiang Zhiqiang , Khadgi Sanjay , Pal Shashi K. , Liu Jianjun , Zhang Guoxi , Liu Yongda , Wu Wenqi , Chen Wenzhong , Sarica Kemal
Published: July 2015

Objective

To present a novel miniature endoscopic system designed to improve the safety and efficacy of percutaneous nephrolithotomy, named the ‘super‐mini percutaneous nephrolithotomy’ (SMP).

Patients and Methods

The endoscopic system consists of a 7‐F nephroscope with enhanced irrigation and a modified 10–14 F access sheath with a suction‐evacuation function. This system was tested in patients with renal stones of <2.5 cm, in a multicentre prospective non‐randomised clinical trial. In all, 146 patients were accrued in 14 centres. Nephrostomy tract dilatation was carried out to 10–14 F. The lithotripsy was performed using either a Holmium laser or pneumatic lithotripter. A nephrostomy tube or JJ stent was placed only if clinically indicated.

Results

SMP was completed successfully in 141 of 146 patients. Five patients required conversion to larger nephrostomy tracts. The mean (sd) stone size was 2.2 (0.6) cm and the mean operative duration was 45.6 min. The initial stone‐free rate (SFR) was 90.1%. The SFR at the 3‐month follow‐up was 95.8%. Three patients required auxiliary procedures for residual stones. Complications occurred in 12.8% of the patients, all of which were Clavien grade ≤II and no transfusions were needed. In all, 72.3% of the patients did not require any kind of catheter, while 19.8% had JJ stents and 5.7% had nephrostomy tubes placed. The mean hospital stay was 2.1 days.

Conclusions

SMP is a safe and effective treatment for renal stones of <2.5 cm. SMP may be particularly suitable for patients with lower pole stones and stones that ae not amenable to retrograde intrarenal surgery.
DaPeCa‐3: promising results of sentinel node biopsy combined with 18F‐fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography in clinically lymph node‐negative patients with penile cancer – a national study from Denmark
Authors: Jakobsen Jakob K. , Alslev Louise , Ipsen Pia , Costa Junia C. , Krarup Kim P. , Sommer Peter , Nerstrøm Henrik , Toft Birgitte G. , Høyer Søren , Bouchelouche Kirsten , Jensen Jørgen B.
Published: July 2015

Objectives

To estimate the diagnostic accuracy of sentinel node biopsy (SNB) combined with preoperative 18F‐fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (FDG PET/CT) for inguinal lymph node (LN) evaluation in patients with invasive penile squamous cell carcinoma (PSCC) with no clinical evidence of inguinal metastases (cN0) at two tertiary centres with complete clinical follow‐up.

Patients and Methods

From April 2010 in Centre one and from January 2013 in Centre two, we prospectively enrolled patients diagnosed with invasive PSCC and scheduled for SNB at the only two university centres treating penile cancer in Denmark. All patients had FDG PET/CT before SNB. The sentinel LNs were preoperatively located by planar lymphoscintigraphy in 134 groins (68 patients) and by single‐photon emission CT/CT in 120 groins (61 patients). The primary endpoints were the sensitivity, specificity, and false‐negative rate of SNB combined with FDG PET/CT. The secondary endpoint was SNB‐related morbidity.

Results

We examined 254 groins in 129 patients by SNB combined with FDG PET/CT. The median (interquartile range, IQR) follow‐up of survivors was 23 (14–35) months. Of 201 LN‐negative groins, two were false negatives, and despite radio‐chemotherapy treatment, both patients died from penile cancer. Four of 23 radiotracer‐silent groins, had a FDG PET/CT‐positive LNs and were surgically explored. In one of four of the explored groins, a positive LN was found. Combined FDG PET/CT‐SNB sensitivity was 94.4% (95% confidence interval [CI] 81–99%) per groin. The false‐negative rate was 5.6% (95% CI 1–19%) per groin. In 15 patients (11.6%) there were 25 SNB‐related complications of Clavien–Dindo grades I–IIIa. The only Clavien–Dindo IIIa complication was an inguinal lymphocele treated by aspiration.

Conclusion

In this study, we present a favourable SNB false‐negative rate of 5.6% in a national cohort of clinically LN‐negative patients with invasive PSCC with a pre‐SNB FDG PET/CT scan. The combination of FDG PET/CT and SNB seems to be a promising diagnostic approach. Even so, a false‐negative SNB was fatal in two of two cases and we are determined to continue the development of our SNB technique. The SNB‐related morbidity was limited.
Salt tectonics in an intracontinental transform setting: Cumberland and Sackville basins, southern New Brunswick, Canada
Authors: Craggs Simon , Keighley Dave , Waldron John W. F. , Park Adrian
Published: July 2015

Salt tectonics have markedly influenced the rapid evolution of the Upper Palaeozoic Cumberland Basin of Atlantic Canada, including the ca. 5 km‐thick Mississippian – Pennsylvanian stratigraphic succession exposed along the UNESCO World Heritage coastline at Joggins, Nova Scotia. A diapiric salt wall is exposed in the Minudie Anticline to the north of the Joggins section on the Maringouin Peninsula of New Brunswick, which corresponds to the fault‐bounded northern margin of the Cumberland Basin. The salt wall is of Visean evaporites of the Windsor Gp that originally were buried by red‐beds of the Mabou Gp in the Serpukhovian, and later by fluvial and floodplain strata (Boss Point Fm, Cumberland Gp) in the Yeadonian (mid‐Bashkirian, Early Pennsylvanian). Folds and faults in the Boss Point and overlying basal Little River formations are truncated by an angular unconformity at the base of overlying red‐beds of the Grande Anse Fm. Re‐evaluation of the palynological data delimits the Grande Anse Fm as Langsettian, providing a tight constraint of less than 2 myr on the timing of deformation. Diversion of palaeoflows by the rising salt structure, noted in previous work on the upper Boss Point Fm, occurs to the north of the diapiric anticline. This is interpreted to signify the development of a mini‐basin on commencement of diapirism once a ~1.5 km‐thick succession of clastic strata had buried the salt. Faults and folds in the succession below the unconformity indicate an initial phase of dextral transpressive strike‐slip motion, which may have promoted halokinesis. Reverse faults indicate shortening associated with northward development and overturn of the Minudie Anticline during transpression; subsequent normal faulting was associated with collapse of the sediment pile and underlying salt structure.
Initial clinical experience with BRAFV600E mutation analysis of core‐needle biopsy specimens from thyroid nodules
Authors: Choi Sang Hyun , Baek Jung Hwan , Lee Jeong Hyun , Choi Young Jun , Ha Eun Ju , Song Dong Eun , Kim Jae Kyun , Chung Ki‐Wook , Kim Tae Yong , Kim Won Bae , Shong Young Kee
Published: July 2015

Objective

The accurate diagnosis of thyroid nodules is important for making management decisions. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of core‐needle biopsy with BRAFV600E mutation analysis (CNB + BRAFV600E) and to compare the clinical usefulness of CNB + BRAFV600E and fine‐needle aspiration with BRAFV600E mutation analysis (FNA + BRAFV600E) in the diagnosis of thyroid malignancy.

Design, patients and measurements

The results of BRAFV600E mutation analyses of 820 nodules from 820 patients (153 men, 667 women; mean age, 51·1 years), who underwent CNB + BRAFV600E (n = 256) or FNA + BRAFV600E (n = 564) between January 2011 and March 2012 were retrospectively evaluated. The feasibility of CNB + BRAFV600E was assessed by comparing its rate of detection of BRAFV600E mutations and positive predictive value with those of FNA + BRAFV600E. The clinical usefulness of CNB + BRAFV600E was determined by comparing rates of inconclusive results, the additional value of BRAFV600E mutation analysis, diagnostic surgery and diagnostic performance with those of FNA + BRAFV600E.

Results

CNB + BRAFV600E and FNA + BRAFV600E had similar rates of BRAFV600E mutation detection (66·3% vs 64·4%, P = 0·883) and positive predictive value (100·0% vs 96·6%, P = 0·135). CNB + BRAFV600E had a significantly higher diagnostic accuracy rate (95·7% vs 85·9%, P < 0·001), and significantly lower rates of inconclusive results (8·2% vs 51·8%, P < 0·001), and diagnostic surgery (8·9% vs 22·3%, P = 0·006), than FNA + BRAFV600E.

Conclusions

The greater diagnostic performance of CNB + BRAFV600E and its lower rate of inconclusive results than FNA + BRAFV600E suggest that CNB + BRAFV600E can reduce rates of preventable diagnostic surgery.
Spatial, socio‐economic, and ecological implications of incorporating minimum size constraints in marine protected area network design
Authors: Metcalfe Kristian , Vaughan Gregory , Vaz Sandrine , Smith Robert J.
Published: July 2015

Marine protected areas (MPAs) are the cornerstone of most marine conservation strategies, but the effectiveness of each one partly depends on its size and distance to other MPAs in a network. Despite this, current recommendations on ideal MPA size and spacing vary widely, and data are lacking on how these constraints might influence the overall spatial characteristics, socio‐economic impacts, and connectivity of the resultant MPA networks. To address this problem, we tested the impact of applying different MPA size constraints in English waters. We used the Marxan spatial prioritization software to identify a network of MPAs that met conservation feature targets, whilst minimizing impacts on fisheries; modified the Marxan outputs with the MinPatch software to ensure each MPA met a minimum size; and used existing data on the dispersal distances of a range of species found in English waters to investigate the likely impacts of such spatial constraints on the region's biodiversity. Increasing MPA size had little effect on total network area or the location of priority areas, but as MPA size increased, fishing opportunity cost to stakeholders increased. In addition, as MPA size increased, the number of closely connected sets of MPAs in networks and the average distance between neighboring MPAs decreased, which consequently increased the proportion of the planning region that was isolated from all MPAs. These results suggest networks containing large MPAs would be more viable for the majority of the region's species that have small dispersal distances, but dispersal between MPA sets and spill‐over of individuals into unprotected areas would be reduced. These findings highlight the importance of testing the impact of applying different MPA size constraints because there are clear trade‐offs that result from the interaction of size, number, and distribution of MPAs in a network.
Optimal dissection for transanal total mesorectal excision using modified CO2 insufflation and smoke extraction
Authors: Nicholson G. , Knol J. , Houben B. , Cunningham C. , Ashraf S. , Hompes R.
Published: July 2015

Aim

The new approach of transanal total mesorectal excision is technically challenging and demands a stable field of dissection with optimal view of anatomical landmarks. We aimed to describe and demonstrate a modification of both the insufflation of carbon dioxide and smoke evacuation, in order to optimize dissection.

Method

The comparison of standard insufflation to an AirSeal platform demonstrates a clear difference. This is shown in the accompanying video‐recordings.

Results

A more stable pneumorectum and better smoke evacuation as well as more convenient and precise dissection were achieved with the AirSeal platform.

Conclusion

Using the technique outlined, the operating surgeon is able to perform the surgical dissection in a stable operating environment with increased visibility compared to the standard approach.
Long‐term anorectal, urinary and sexual dysfunction causing distress after radiotherapy for anal cancer: a Danish multicentre cross‐sectional questionnaire study
Authors: Sunesen K. G. , Nørgaard M. , Lundby L. , Havsteen H. , Buntzen S. , Thorlacius‐Ussing O. , Laurberg S.
Published: July 2015

Aim

The objective of primary radiotherapy for anal cancer is to remove cancer while maintaining anorectal function. However, little is known about anorectal function among long‐term survivors without colostomy. Using a cross‐sectional questionnaire study, we examined symptoms and distress related to the dysfunction of pelvic organs after radiotherapy for anal cancer.

Method

A questionnaire regarding anorectal, urinary and sexual symptoms was sent to anal cancer patients without recurrence or colostomy, diagnosed during 1996–2003, and treated with curative intent (chemo)radiotherapy at three Danish centres. For each symptom we assessed frequency and severity and the level of symptom‐induced distress (no, little, moderate or great distress).

Results

Of 94 eligible patients, 84 (89%) returned the completed questionnaire at a median of 33 months after radiotherapy. Incontinence for solid stools, liquid stools and gas occurred at least monthly in 31%, 54% and 79% of patients, respectively. Overall 40% of patients reported great distress from incontinence for solid or liquid stools at least monthly. Faecal urgency occurring at least monthly was experienced by 87% of patients and caused great distress in 43%. Stress, urge or another type of urinary incontinence occurred at least monthly in 45% and caused great distress in 21%. Urinary urgency occurred at least monthly in 48% but only caused great distress in 14%. Sexual desire was severely decreased in 58% and only 24% were satisfied with their sexual function.

Conclusion

Distressing long‐term anorectal and sexual dysfunction was common after radiotherapy for anal cancer, and morbidity due to urinary dysfunction was moderate.
Histamine resets the circadian clock in the suprachiasmatic nucleus through the H1R‐CaV1.3‐RyR pathway in the mouse
Authors: Kim Yoon Sik , Kim Young‐Beom , Kim Woong Bin , Yoon Bo‐Eun , Shen Feng‐Yan , Lee Seung Won , Soong Tuck‐Wah , Han Hee‐Chul , Colwell Christopher S. , Lee C. Justin , Kim Yang In
Published: July 2015

Histamine, a neurotransmitter/neuromodulator implicated in the control of arousal state, exerts a potent phase‐shifting effect on the circadian clock in the rodent suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). In this study, the mechanisms by which histamine resets the circadian clock in the mouse SCN were investigated. As a first step, Ca2+‐imaging techniques were used to demonstrate that histamine increases intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) in acutely dissociated SCN neurons and that this increase is blocked by the H1 histamine receptor (H1R) antagonist pyrilamine, the removal of extracellular Ca2+ and the L‐type Ca2+ channel blocker nimodipine. The histamine‐induced Ca2+ transient is reduced, but not blocked, by application of the ryanodine receptor (RyR) blocker dantrolene. Immunohistochemical techniques indicated that CaV1.3 L‐type Ca2+ channels are expressed mainly in the somata of SCN cells along with the H1R, whereas CaV1.2 channels are located primarily in the processes. Finally, extracellular single‐unit recordings demonstrated that the histamine‐elicited phase delay of the circadian neural activity rhythm recorded from SCN slices is blocked by pyrilamine, nimodipine and the knockout of CaV1.3 channel. Again, application of dantrolene reduced but did not block the histamine‐induced phase delays. Collectively, these results indicate that, to reset the circadian clock, histamine increases [Ca2+]i in SCN neurons by activating CaV1.3 channels through H1R, and secondarily by causing Ca2+‐induced Ca2+ release from RyR‐mediated internal stores.
Adverse drug reactions to self‐medication: a study in a pharmacovigilance database
Authors: Berreni Aurélia , Montastruc François , Bondon‐Guitton Emmanuelle , Rousseau Vanessa , Abadie Delphine , Durrieu Geneviève , Chebane Leila , Giroud Jean‐Paul , Bagheri Haleh , Montastruc Jean‐Louis
Published: July 2015

Although self‐medication is widely developed, there are few detailed data about its adverse drug reactions (ADRs). This study investigated the main characteristics of ADRs with self‐medication recorded in the Midi‐Pyrénées PharmacoVigilance between 2008 and 2014. Self‐medication included first OTC drugs and second formerly prescribed drugs later used without medical advice (reuse of previously prescribed drugs). Among the 12 365 notifications recorded, 160 (1.3%) were related to SM with 186 drugs. Around three‐forth of the ADRs were ‘serious’. Mean age was 48.8 years with 56.3% females. The most frequent ADRs were gastrointestinal and neuropsychiatric and main drug classes involved NSAIDs, analgesics, and benzodiazepines. Phytotherapy–homeopathy accounted for 9.1% of drugs.
Effects of mean stress and stress concentration on fatigue behavior of short fiber reinforced polymer composites
Authors: Mortazavian S. , Fatemi A.
Published: July 2015

An experimental study was conducted to evaluate the effect of mean stress on fatigue behavior of two short glass fiber reinforced thermoplastic composites and the effect of stress concentration on fatigue behavior of an unreinforced and a short glass fiber reinforced thermoplastic. Load‐controlled fatigue tests were conducted on unnotched (smooth) specimens at R ratios of −1, 0.1, and 0.3 in different mold flow directions or fiber orientations and at a range of temperatures between −40 and 125 °C. Effect of mean stress on fatigue life was found to be significant at all temperatures. Several mean stress parameters including modified Goodman, Walker, and Smith–Watson–Topper were evaluated for their ability to correlate mean stress data. A general fatigue life prediction model was also used to account for the effect of mean stress, temperature, and fiber orientation. Notched fatigue tests of an unreinforced polymer and a short glass fiber thermoplastic composite were also conducted using plate type specimens with a central circular hole and with or without the presence of mean stress. Effect of stress concentration was found to be considerable, with or without mean stress and in both the longitudinal and transverse directions. The commonly used Neuber's rule for metallic materials, nonlinear finite element analysis, as well as critical distance approaches were utilized for notch deformation and fatigue life analyses.
Associations between oral disorders and the quality of life of older adults in Brazil
Authors: de Barros Lima Martins Andréa Maria Eleutério , Nascimento Jairo Evangelista , Souza João Gabriel Silva , Sales Marinilza Mota , Jones Kimberly Marie , Ferreira e Ferreira Efigênia
Published: July 2015

Aim

To evaluate the effect of oral disorders on the quality of life of older adults.

Methods

A cross‐sectional study of older adults (aged ≥60 years) who reside in a small Brazilian city was carried out. Trained and calibrated academics and dentists collected the data. The analyses carried out were descriptive, univariate and multiple through logistic regression using pasw Statistics 18.0 software.

Results

A total of 351 older adults were included in the study. The majority of older adults did not express impacts as a result of oral disorders. The physical domain of quality of life was compromises more in older adults who had physical incapacities related to oral health (odds ratio 3.62, 95% confidence interval 1.34–9.73).

Conclusion

In general, among the older adults evaluated, it was found that both the overall score and the individual scores for the four domains of quality of life were influenced by one of the seven domains of the impacts of oral disorders. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2016; 16: 446‐457.
Low‐concentrated acidic electrolysed water treatment of pork: inactivation of surface microbiota and changes in product quality
Authors: Brychcy Ewa , Malik Magdalena , Drożdżewski Piotr , Ulbin‐Figlewicz Natalia , Jarmoluk Andrzej
Published: July 2015

The study analysed the effect of low‐concentrated acidic electrolysed water (LCAEW) treatment on meat. Microbiological analysis and colour and sensory quality testing during storage were performed on Longissimus thoracis. FT‐IR and FT‐Raman spectroscopy were used to detect eventual changes in the structure of meat after treatment. Meat samples were sprayed for 120 s with LCAEW (0.001%, 0.01% or 0.1% NaCl solution were electrolysed for 0, 5 or 10 min). The highest reduction in total number of micro‐organisms (3.25 log reduction), yeast and moulds (2.68 log reduction) and psychrotrophs (3.10 log reduction) was observed after spraying the meat samples with 0.1% NaCl electrolysed for 10 min. LCAEW caused a decrease in deoxymyoglobin and metmyoglobin concentration in unstored meat samples. The preliminary sensory studies proved that colour changes are not significant for consumers. The IR and Raman spectra indicate that the structure of compounds of meat tissues are not affected by chlorine and chlorine compounds (LCAEW components). LCAEW has no influence on denaturation of meat protein.
Evidence synthesis and meta‐analysis: a practical approach
Authors: García‐Perdomo Herney Andrés
Published: July 2015

A systematic review (SR) is an explicit and clear assessment of the literature, derived from a clearly articulated research question, along with a critical analysis and according to different tools and a summary of the evidence. If researchers find clear and homogeneous data, then it is possible to perform a meta‐analysis (MA). SRs must include the following: a clear question based on the PICO (patient or population, intervention, comparison and outcome) strategy, a reproducible search strategy, appropriate selection of studies along with data extraction, assessment of the quality of evidence and a MA if it is appropriate. SRs and meta‐analyses are fundamental supports for decision‐making in the clinical area, in public health and government policies in a wide arena of knowledge generation. Understanding the role of SRs and their conduct that can be an important skill to practitioners such as urology nurses, particularly those involved in research studies.
Self‐harm in young people: Prevalence, associated factors, and help‐seeking in school‐going adolescents
Authors: Doyle Louise , Treacy Margaret P. , Sheridan Ann
Published: July 2015

Adolescent self‐harm is recognized as a serious public health problem; however, there is little reliable comparative data on its prevalence or characteristics, or on the extent of help‐seeking for self‐harm. The aims of the present study were to determine the prevalence and associated factors of adolescent self‐harm in an urban region in Ireland, and to investigate help‐seeking behaviours for self‐harm. This was a cross‐sectional study of 856 school‐going adolescents, employing an anonymous self‐report questionnaire. A lifetime history of self‐harm was reported by 12.1% of adolescents. Factors independently associated with self‐harm included exposure to self‐harm of a friend/family member. Professional help‐seeking was uncommon prior to (9%) and after (12%) self‐harm. Furthermore, only 6.9% of adolescents presented to hospital as a result of their last self‐harm act. These findings indicate that self‐harm is common in adolescents; however, seeking professional help is not a common phenomenon, and those who present to hospital represent the ‘tip of the iceberg’ of adolescent self‐harm. Identifying the prevalence of self‐harm and associated factors, in addition to help‐seeking behaviours, in young people is important to determine the preventative programmes to target ‘at‐risk’ groups. Mental health nurses have an important and increasing role to play in such school‐based initiatives.
Un indicateur de la qualité de l'emploi appliqué au Brésil
Authors: HUNEEUS Federico , LANDERRETCHE Oscar , PUENTES Esteban , SELMAN Javiera
Published: July 2015

Dans les pays où les activités informelles et le travail précaire sont répandus, on peut s'interroger sur la pertinence des taux d'activité et de chômage. Pour analyser le marché du travail brésilien entre 2002 et 2011, les auteurs utilisent ici un indicateur multidimensionnel de la qualité de l'emploi, prenant en compte les revenus, l'existence d'un contrat de travail, le fait de cotiser à la sécurité sociale et l'ancienneté dans l'emploi. Les résultats montrent une augmentation significative de la qualité de l'emploi, surtout de 2009 à 2011, avec d'importantes variations d'un secteur d'activité à l'autre, ainsi qu'entre salariés et indépendants.
Croissance économique, flexibilité du travail et qualité de l'emploi en Colombie de 2002 à 2011
Authors: FARNÉ Stefano , VERGARA Carlos Andrés
Published: July 2015

Entre 2002 et 2011, le marché du travail colombien a connu une nette amélioration des possibilités d'emploi, assortie d'une montée de l'emploi atypique. Les auteurs étudient l'incidence de ces phénomènes sur la qualité de l'emploi au moyen d'un indice synthétique dérivé d'une analyse des correspondances multiples. Ils observent une amélioration, légère mais générale, de cette qualité, associée à l'augmentation des revenus, à l'extension de la protection sociale et au recul du sous‐emploi. Les principales bénéficiaires sont les travailleuses indépendantes. Toutefois, un important déficit qualitatif perdure, qui appelle à consolider les institutions du marché du travail et à stimuler la productivité et l'investissement.
One‐Dimensional Cold Cap Model for Melters with Bubblers
Authors: Pokorny Richard , Hilliard Zachary J. , Dixon Derek R. , Schweiger Michael J. , Guillen Donna P. , Kruger Albert A. , Hrma Pavel
Published: July 2015

The rate of glass production during vitrification in an all‐electrical melter greatly impacts the cost and schedule of nuclear waste treatment and immobilization. The feed is charged to the melter on the top of the molten glass, where it forms a layer of reacting and melting material, called the cold cap. During the final stages of the batch‐to‐glass conversion process, gases evolved from reactions produce primary foam, the growth and collapse of which controls the glass production rate. The mathematical model of the cold cap was revised to include functional representation of primary foam behavior and to account for the dry cold cap surface. The melting rate is computed as a response to the dependence of the primary foam collapse temperature on the heating rate and melter operating conditions, including the effect of bubbling on the cold cap bottom and top surface temperatures. The simulation results are in good agreement with experimental data from laboratory‐scale and pilot‐scale melter studies. The cold cap model will become part of the full three‐dimensional mathematical model of the waste glass melter.
Investigation of Annealing Induced Yttria Segregation in Sputtered Yttria‐Stabilized Zirconia Thin Films
Authors: Subramaniam Kiruba Mangalam , Rajeswara Rao Langoju Lakshmi , Jampana Nagaraju
Published: July 2015

8 mol% yttria‐stabilized zirconia (8YSZ) is an extensively studied solid electrolyte. But there is no consistency in the reported ionic conductivity values of 8YSZ thin films. Interfacial segregation in YSZ thin films can affect its ionic conductivity by locally altering the surface chemistry. This article presents the effects of annealing temperature and film thickness on free surface yttria segregation behavior in 8YSZ thin film by Angle Resolved XPS and its influence on the ionic conductivity of sputtered 8YSZ thin films. Surface yttria concentration of about 32, 20, and 9 mol% have been found in 40 nm 8YSZ films annealed at 1273, 1173, and 1073 K, respectively. Yttria segregation is found to increase with increase in annealing temperature and film thickness. Ionic conductivities of 0.23, 0.16, and 0.08 Scm−1 are observed at 923 K for 40 nm 8YSZ films annealed at 1073, 1173, and 1273 K, respectively. The decrease in conductivity with increase in annealing temperature is attributed to the increased yttria segregation with annealing. Neither segregation nor film thickness is found to affect the activation energy of oxygen ion conduction. Target purity is found to play a key role in determining free surface yttria segregation in 8YSZ thin films.
Nursing care of children in general practice settings: roles and responsibilities
Authors: Walsh Anne , Barnes Margaret , Mitchell Amy E.
Published: July 2015

Aims

To examine roles and responsibilities of Practice Nurses in the area of child health and development and in advising parents about child health issues.

Background

As the focus of Australia's health care system shifts further towards the primary health care sector, governmental initiatives require that Practice Nurses are knowledgeable, confident and competent in providing care in the area of child health and development. Little is known about roles and responsibilities of Practice Nurses in this area.

Design

Cross‐sectional survey design.

Methods

Practice Nurses completed a national online survey examining the roles and responsibilities in child health and development, professional development needs and role satisfaction. Data were collected from June 2010–April 2011.

Results

Respondents (N = 159) reported having a significant role in well and sick child care and were interested in extending their role. Frequent activities included immunization, phone triage/advice, child health/development advice, wound care and Healthy Kids Checks. However, few had paediatric/child nursing backgrounds or postgraduate qualifications in paediatric nursing and they reported limited preparation for the role. Practice Nurses reported difficulties with keeping up‐to‐date with child health information and advising parents confidently. Satisfaction was relatively low regarding opportunities and encouragement to undertake professional development and expand scope of practice.

Conclusion

Practice Nurses are largely unprepared to meet the demands of their child health role and need support to develop and maintain the skills and knowledge base necessary for high‐quality, evidence‐based practice. Both financial and time support is needed to enable Practice Nurses to access child health professional development.