bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evidence that caterpillar labial saliva suppresses infectivity of potential bacterial pathogens
Authors: Musser Richard O. , Kwon Hyeog S. , Williams Spencer A. , White C. James , Romano Michael A. , Holt Scott M. , Bradbury Shay , Brown Judith K. , Felton Gary W.
Published: January 2005

FN1 Paper presented at the 51st Annual Meeting of the Entomological Society of America, October 2003. Symposium entitled Insect Saliva: An Integrative Approach. ABS Salivary enzyme, glucose oxidase (GOX) from the caterpillar Helicoverpa zea, catalyzes the conversion of glucose to gluconic acid and hydrogen peroxide. Because hydrogen peroxide has well‐known antimicrobial properties, we examined whether caterpillar labial saliva could reduce the infectivity of bacterial pathogens. We examined the effects of caterpillar saliva on the growth of two bacteria species Serratia marcescens and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Wells formed in LB agar contained a solution of salivary gland extract (Sx) and glucose, GOX and glucose, Sx only, GOX only, or glucose only. After 18 h of incubation, the diameter of cleared bacteria was measured. Wells treated with only GOX, Sx, or glucose showed no measurable area of clearing, while wells treated with GOX with glucose or Sx with glucose had considerable clearing. To determine if saliva could provide protection to caterpillars in vivo, a surgery was performed on caterpillars that prevented the secretion of labial saliva. Caterpillars were fed a diet containing either no added bacteria or treated with high levels of S. marcescens or P. aeruginosa. Caterpillars that could not secrete saliva had significantly higher levels of mortality when feeding on diet treated with either bacterium than caterpillars that could secrete saliva when feeding on equal levels of bacteria‐treated diet. Our evidence demonstrates for the first time that insect saliva in situ can provide protection against bacterial pathogens and that the salivary enzyme GOX appears to provide the antimicrobial properties. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 58:138–144, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The role of salivary lipocalins in blood feeding by Rhodnius prolixus
Authors: Andersen John F. , Gudderra Nanda P. , Francischetti Ivo M.B. , Ribeiro José M.C.
Published: January 2005

In order to overcome host mechanisms that prevent blood loss, the blood‐sucking bug Rhodnius prolixus has evolved a complex salivary secretion containing dozens of different proteins. A number of these have been characterized and found to have roles in inhibiting various hemostatic or inflammatory systems. Interestingly, many of these biologically active salivary proteins belong to the lipocalin protein family. A proliferation of lipocalin genes has occurred via gene duplication and subsequent divergence. Functional genomic, proteomic, and functional studies have been performed to probe the role of salivary lipocalins in blood feeding. In the course of these investigations, anticoagulant, antiplatelet, antiinflammatory, and vasodilatory molecules have been described. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 58:97–105, 2005. Published 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Micro‐injection of lygus salivary gland proteins to simulate feeding damage in alfalfa and cotton flowers
Authors: Shackel Kenneth A. , de la Paz Celorio‐Mancera Maria , Ahmadi Hamid , Greve L. Carl , Teuber Larry R. , Backus Elaine A. , Labavitch John M.
Published: January 2005

Alfalfa and cotton flowers were pierced with small glass capillaries of an overall size and shape similar to that of Lygus stylets, and injected with small quantities (6 to 100 nL) of solutions that contained Lygus salivary enzymes. Crude and partially purified protein solutions from Lygus heads and isolated salivary glands showed substantial polygalacturonase (PG) activity, as has been previously reported. Following injection with both crude and partially purified protein solutions, as well as with pure fungal and bacterial PGs, flowers of both alfalfa and cotton exhibited damage similar to that caused by Lygus feeding. Injection with the same volume of a buffer control as well as a buffer control containing BSA at a comparable protein concentration (approximately 6 μg/mL) showed no symptoms. These results are consistent with a previously suggested hypothesis that the extensive tissue damage caused by Lygus feeding is primarily due to the action of the PG enzyme on the host tissue, rather than to mechanical damage caused by the insect stylet. Substantial genotypic variation for a PG inhibiting protein (PGIP) exists in alfalfa and cotton. We, therefore, suggest that breeding and selection for increased native PGIP levels, or transformation with genes encoding PGIP from other plant species, may be of value in obtaining alfalfa and cotton varieties that are more resistant to Lygus feeding damage. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 58:69–83, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The host plant as a factor in the synthesis and secretion of salivary glucose oxidase in larval Helicoverpa zea
Authors: Peiffer Michelle , Felton Gary W.
Published: January 2005

We investigated the effect of the host plant on the synthesis and secretion of the elicitor glucose oxidase in the salivary glands of larval Helicoverpa zea. Glucose oxidase catalyses the oxidation of d‐glucose to produce d‐gluconic acid and hydrogen peroxide. Previous studies have found that the product hydrogen peroxide is primarily responsible for suppressing the wound‐inducible defenses of the host plant. Using an antibody specific for glucose oxidase, we determined the effect of the host plant on the rate of secretion of glucose oxidase. Larval H. zea secrete microgram amounts of the enzyme glucose oxidase from their principal salivary glands, the labial glands. Larvae reared on different host plants produce varying amounts of glucose oxidase in their labial glands. We used a tissue printing procedure with our antibody to determine if larvae secrete glucose oxidase directly at the feeding or wound sites. Significant amounts of the enzyme are deposited at the feeding site, although some is deposited outside the feeding margins. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 58:106–113, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Biosynthesis of fatty acid amide elicitors of plant volatiles by insect herbivores
Authors: Tumlinson James H. , Lait Cameron G.
Published: January 2005

Larvae of several species of Lepidoptera produce fatty acid amide elicitors that induce the plants on which they feed to synthesize and release volatile organic compounds. The volatiles released by the plants act as cues that aid in host location by natural enemies of the herbivorous larvae. The elicitors are synthesized in the larvae by enzymes embedded in the membranes of the crop and anterior midgut tissues. The fatty acid precursors of the elicitors are obtained from the plants on which the caterpillars feed, while the amino acid moieties appear to be obtained from pools within the insects. The fatty acid amide elicitors are rapidly hydrolyzed in the midgut and hindgut by enzymes in the gut lumen. The role of these fatty acid amides in caterpillar metabolism is not yet understood. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 58:54–68, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evidence that the caterpillar salivary enzyme glucose oxidase provides herbivore offense in solanaceous plants
Authors: Musser Richard O. , Cipollini Don F. , Hum‐Musser Sue M. , Williams Spencer A. , Brown Judith K. , Felton Gary W.
Published: January 2005

The insect salivary enzyme glucose oxidase (GOX) can inhibit wound‐inducible nicotine production in tobacco, Nicotiana tabacum. We examined whether salivary gland extracts of Helicoverpa zea lacking active GOX could still suppress nicotine in tobacco, Nicotiana tabacum, and whether GOX could suppress wound‐inducible defenses of another Solanaceous plant, tomato Lycopersicon esculentum. Tobacco leaves were wounded with a cork borer and treated with water, salivary gland extracts with active GOX (SxG), or salivary gland extracts with inactive GOX (SxI). After three days, leaves treated with SxG had significantly less nicotine than all other wounded treatments. Neonates that fed on the terminal leaves of tobacco plants treated with SxG had significantly higher survival than neonates that fed on leaves treated with either SxI or water. This evidence supports the assertion that GOX is the salivary factor responsible for the suppression of tobacco plant nicotine production by H. zea saliva. Results for the NahG tobacco plants, which lack salicylic acid (SA) due to a transgene for bacterial SA hydroxylase, indicate that suppression of nicotine by GOX does not require SA. However, tobacco leaves that were wounded and treated with SxG had significantly higher levels of the SA‐mediated PR‐1a protein than leaves treated with SxI or water. Leaves of tomato plants wounded with scissors and then treated with SxG had trypsin inhibitor levels that were moderately lower than plants wounded and treated with purified GOX, water, or SxI. However, all the wounded tomato leaves irrespective of treatment resulted in lower caterpillar growth rates than the non‐wounded tomato leaves. Glucose oxidase is the first insect salivary enzyme shown to suppress wound‐inducible herbivore defenses of plants. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 58:128–137, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cytotoxicant‐induced trophoblast dysfunction and abnormal pregnancy outcomes: Role of zinc and metallothionein
Authors: McAleer Mary Frances , Tuan Rocky S.
Published: January 2005

Normal trophoblast function, including implantation, hormone production, and formation of the selectively permeable maternofetal barrier, is essential for the establishment and maintenance of the fetoplacental unit and proper fetal development. Maternal cytotoxicant exposure causes the destruction of these cells, especially the terminally differentiated syncytiotrophoblasts, and results in a myriad of poor pregnancy outcomes. These outcomes range from intrauterine growth retardation and malformation to spontaneous abortion or stillbirth. There is recent evidence that the metal‐binding protein, metallothionein, is involved in the protection of human trophoblastic cells from heavy metal‐induced and severe oxidative stress‐induced apoptosis. Metallothionein, with its unique biochemical structure, can both bind essential metal ions, such as the transcription modulator zinc, and yet allow their ready displacement by toxic nonessential metal ions or damaging free radicals. These properties suggest that metallothionein may be responsible not only for sequestering the cytotoxic agents, but also for altering signal transduction in the affected cells. Here, we review several identified causes of adverse pregnancy outcomes (specifically, prenatal exposure to cigarette smoke and alcohol, gestational infection, and exposure to environmental contaminants), discuss the role of zinc in modulating the cellular response to these toxic insults, and then propose how metallothionein may function to mediate this protective response. Birth Defects Research (Part C) 72:361–370, 2005. Published 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mechanisms for the environmental regulation of gene expression
Authors: Gilbert Scott F.
Published: January 2005

The environment can play a significant role in the production of phenotypes. However, the developmental mechanisms by which the environment can affect normal development are only now being elucidated. At least three paths have been found through which the environment can modify gene expression. The first is the neuroendocrine route, wherein the nervous system transmits signals from the environment to the endocrine system and the hormones alter gene expression. The second pathway involves environmental agents that change the methylation pattern of genes, thereby altering their transcriptional capacities. The third route involves the direct induction of gene expression in the host by its microbial symbionts. The normal environmental regulation of phenotype production should be considered a normal component of development and developmental biology. Birth Defects Research (Part C) 72:291–299, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Response characteristics of the mitochondrial DNA genome in developmental health and disease
Authors: Knudsen Thomas B. , Green Maia L.
Published: January 2005

This review focuses on mitochondrial biology in mammalian development; specifically, the dynamics of information transfer from nucleus to mitochondrion in the regulation of mitochondrial DNA genomic expression, and the reverse signaling of mitochondrion to nucleus as an adaptive response to the environment. Data from recent studies suggest that the capacity of embryonic cells to react to oxygenation involves a tradeoff between factors that influence prenatal growth/development and postnatal growth/function. For example, mitochondrial DNA replication and metabolic set points in nematodes may be determined by mitochondrial activity early in life. The mitochondrial drug PK11195, a ligand of the peripheral benzodiazepine receptor, has antiteratogenic and antidisease action in several developmental contexts in mice. Protein malnutrition during early life in rats can program mitochondrial DNA levels in adult tissues and, in humans, epidemiological data suggest an association between impaired fetal growth and insulin resistance. Taken together, these findings raise the provocative hypothesis that environmental programming of mitochondrial status during early life may be linked with diseases that manifest during adulthood. Genetic defects that affect mitochondrial function may involve the mitochondrial DNA genome directly (maternal inheritance) or indirectly (Mendelian inheritance) through nuclear‐coded mitochondrial proteins. In a growing number of cases, the depletion of, or deletion in, mitochondrial DNA is seen to be secondary to mutation of key nuclear‐coded mitochondrial proteins that affect mitochondrial DNA replication, expression, or stability. These defects of intergenomic regulation may disrupt the normal cross‐talk or structural compartmentation of signals that ultimately regulate mitochondrial DNA integrity and copy number, leading to depletion of mitochondrial DNA. Birth Defects Research (Part C) 72:313–329, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Embryonic and fetal programming of physiological disorders in adulthood
Authors: Lau Christopher , Rogers John M.
Published: January 2005

In the past decade, data from numerous epidemiological studies have indicated strong inverse associations between birth weight and risk of coronary heart disease, hypertension, type 2‐diabetes, and other diseases in adulthood. The “Barker hypothesis” thus postulates that a number of organ structures and functions undergo programming during embryonic and fetal life. This developmental programming determines the set points of physiological and metabolic responses in adult life. Alterations of nutrient availability during gestation may lead to developmental adaptations, via hormonal maneuvers by the embryo and fetus that readjust these set points. These adaptive measures have short‐term benefits to the embryo and fetus, so that the newborn will be better prepared for the adverse environment (e.g., undernutrition). However, adequate nutritional support during postnatal life that enables catch‐up growth may create metabolic conflicts that predispose the adult to aberrant physiological functions and, ultimately, increased risk of disease. It is plausible that other adverse in utero conditions, including exposure to developmental toxicants, may similarly alter adult disease susceptibility. This article provides an overview of the Barker hypothesis, its supporting evidence, the current advances in understanding the biological mechanisms underlying this phenomenon, and its implications for developmental toxicology. Birth Defects Research (Part C) 72:300–312, 2005. Published 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A modular on‐line three‐dimensional liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry approach to characterization of organelle proteomes
Authors: Johnson Kenneth L. , Loegering David A. , Gleich Gerald J. , Naylor Stephen
Published: January 2005

In this work we describe the use of a modular multidimensional chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry approach for rapid identification of proteins. In particular we highlight the use of a strong cation exchange cartridge in conjunction with a membrane postconcentration cartridge and nano‐HPLC on‐line with tandem mass spectrometry to characterize the eosinophil granule organelle proteome. Details are provided of the analytical approach we have developed and we discuss some of the advantages compared with previously reported analyses, as well as providing some specific examples of novel proteins identified. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Heterogeneous post‐column immunoreaction detection using magnetized beads and a laboratory‐constructed electromagnetic separator
Authors: Tang Zhe , Karnes H. Thomas
Published: January 2005

The nature of immune reactors allows development of quantitative analytical methods that are highly selective and can often be used directly with complex biological matrixes such as blood, plasma or urine. A major limitation of immunoassay is that antibodies are sometimes unable to discriminate structurally similar species such as drug metabolites and synthetic analogs. The problem associated with the lack of discrimination can be circumvented by coupling immunoassay with liquid chromatography post‐column. The most commonly used separation method in post‐column immunoreaction detection is the affinity column. Affinity columns may create undesired effects such as a compromise of the chromatographic separation efficiency, the requirement for an antibody with fast reaction kinetics and the need for flushing the column. This paper reports a post‐column immunoreaction detection system coupled with a laboratory‐constructed on‐line magnetic separation flow chamber that is designed to overcome these problems. The system uses disposable magnetic beads as a solid‐phase support for separation that can be easily removed from the system. The model analytes chosen for this study were digoxin and its metabolites due to the commercial availability of monoclonal antibodies for these compounds. Digoxin was separated using a chromatographic method prior to being interfaced through a liquid handler system to the immunoreactor. Compatibility of the HPLC mobile phase was determined to be acceptable with a mixing ratio of 1:3 between the LC fraction and immunoreagent solution. The dynamic range of the calibration curve in digoxin‐spiked phosphate buffer was found to be 0.25–12 ng/ml and a quadratic fit was found to provide the best fit to the data with a correlation coefficient of 0.9974. The residual error for all standards was less than 15%. The percentage RSDs for the two controls, 2 and 10 ng/ml, were 6.88 and 4.82% (n = 6) and the percentage errors were 7.07 and −6.89% (n = 6), respectively. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of labelling and de‐labelling reagents for detection and recovery of tyrosine residue in peptide
Authors: Toyo'oka Toshimasa , Mantani Tomomi , Kato Masaru
Published: January 2005

This paper characterized the labelling and de‐labelling reagents for reversible labelling of tyrosine (Tyr)‐containing peptide, which involves detection and recovery. The phenolic hydroxyl group (‐OH) in Tyr structure reacted with 4‐fluoro‐7‐nitro‐2,1,3‐benzoxadiazole (NBD‐F), 4‐(N,N‐dimethylaminosulfonyl)‐7‐fluoro‐2,1,3‐benzoxadiazole (DBD‐F), and 1‐fluoro‐2,4‐dinitrobenzene (DNFB) under mild conditions at room temperature at pH 9.3. The labels in the resulting derivatives were removed with the treatment of nucleophiles, such as thiols (cysteine, N‐acetyl‐L‐cysteine and dithiothreitol) and amines (dimethylamine, methylamine, diethylamine, ethylamine and pyrrolidine). The de‐labelling reactions of NBD‐labelled N‐acetyl‐L‐tyrosine (N‐AcTyr) with the nucleophiles produced N‐AcTyr, accompanied by NBD‐nucleophile. Although DBD‐F and DNFB also successfully labeled the ‐OH group in N‐AcTyr, the efficiency of CO bond cleavage and recovery of N‐AcTyr by the nucleophiles was relatively low compared with NBD‐label. Among the de‐labelling reagents, N‐acetyl‐L‐cysteine and dimethylamine were recommended for the elimination of NBD moiety, with respect to the reaction rate, the side reaction, and the yield of recovery. The proposed procedure, which includes the labelling with NBD‐F and the removal of NBD moiety by the nucleophiles, was successfully applied to the reversible labelling of N‐terminal amine‐blocked peptides, i.e. N‐AcTyr‐Val‐Gly, Z‐Glu‐Tyr, Z‐Phe‐Tyr, N‐Formyl‐Met‐Leu‐Tyr, and N‐AcArg‐Pro‐Pro‐Gly‐Phe‐Ser‐Pro‐Tyr‐Arg. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of the interaction between alpha‐1‐acid glycoprotein and tamoxifen and its metabolites
Authors: Paterson Sarah C. , Lim Chang Kee , Smith Kevin D.
Published: January 2005

Tamoxifen is administered for the treatment of breast cancer; however resistance to therapy is commonplace. Postulated mechanisms of resistance to tamoxifen include altered pharmacology of the drug, changes in the structure and function of the oestrogen receptor and expression of genes that function to support the growth of cells resistant to tamoxifen. However, binding of drugs to proteins found in the plasma is known to affect the efficacy of drugs and alter their distribution. It is already known that tamoxifen is bound 99% to albumin. We investigated the interaction between the plasma protein, alpha‐1‐acid glycoprotein (AGP), and tamoxifen, since if binding did occur then the free plasma concentration of the drug would be reduced, resulting in the minimum effective concentration of tamoxifen not being attained. Using a recently described intrinsic fluorescence technique for the study of drug–protein interactions, the extent of binding between tamoxifen citrate and AGP was determined. Furthermore, analysis of binding of the known active metabolites of tamoxifen (4‐hydroxytamoxifen, N‐desmethyltamoxifen, N‐desdimethyltamoxifen, cis‐α‐hydroxytamoxifen and trans‐α‐hydroxytamoxifen) to AGP was conducted. Tamoxifen citrate and metabolites were shown to bind AGP, however the level of interaction was low and negligible at the concentration of the drug found in the plasma. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rapid optimization of the post‐column fluorogenic ninhydrin reaction for the HPLC‐based determination of bradykinin and related fragments
Authors: Wimalasena R. , Audus K. L. , Stobaugh J. F.
Published: January 2005

A flow injection analysis scheme is demonstrated for the rapid optimization of reagent concentrations, flow rates, delay time and temperature using the guanidino moiety specific fluorogenic ninhydrin reaction. Using the amino acid arginine, non‐arginine containing peptides, and the arginine‐containing peptides, bradykinin and related fragments, specificity is demonstrated. These results serve to extend previous descriptions of the post‐column reaction by offering a time efficient approach for the optimization of newly assembled post‐column reactors using this chemistry. The reactor is subsequently added to a gradient elution HPLC system with the separation of bradykinin and bradykinin fragments demonstrated. Detection sensitivity in the high femtomole–low picomole mass range was achieved for these substances. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of intracellular regulatory proteins by immunoaffinity capillary electrophoresis coupled with laser‐induced fluorescence detection
Authors: Phillips Terry M. , Smith Paul
Published: January 2005

Measurement of intracellular regulatory proteins is of great importance in many areas of biomedical research. In this communication we describe an antibody‐based capillary electrophoresis system equipped with an on‐line laser‐induced fluorescence detector capable of measuring intracellular proteins in cultures as low as 100 cells. The system demonstrated a high degree of precision and accuracy, being capable of detecting the fluorochrome‐labeled analytes of interest at concentration of approximately 0.5 pg. We have used this instrument to study concentrations of the intracellular regulatory proteins STAT‐1 and STAT‐3, following stimulation of lymphocyte cultures with the inflammatory cytokine, IL‐6. Using a combination of four antibodies specific for either STAT‐1 or STAT‐3 in both their nonphosphorylated and phosphorylated forms, we were able to demonstrate the differential expression of these proteins over time. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Aryl Palladium Carbene Complexes and Carbene–Aryl Coupling Reactions
Authors: Albéniz Ana C. , Espinet Pablo , Manrique Raúl , Pérez‐Mateo Alberto
Published: January 2005

Transmetalation of an aminocarbene moiety from [W(CO)5{C(NEt2)R}] to palladium leads to isolable monoaminocarbene palladium aryl complexes [{Pd(μ‐Br)Pf[C(NEt2)R]}2] (R = Me, Ph; Pf = C6F5). When [W(CO)5{C(OMe)R}] is used, the corresponding palladium carbenes cannot be isolated since these putative, more electrophilic carbenes undergo a fast migratory insertion process to give alkyl palladium complexes. These complexes could be stabilized in the η3‐allylic form for R = 2‐phenylethenyl or in the less stable η3‐benzylic fashion for R = Ph. Hydrolysis products and a pentafluorophenylvinylic methyl ether (when R = Me) were also observed. The monoaminocarbenes slowly decompose through carbene–aryl coupling to produce the corresponding iminium salts and, depending on the reaction conditions, the corresponding hydrolysis products. The electrophilicity of the carbene carbon, which is mainly determined by the nature of the heteroatom group, controls the ease of evolution by carbene–aryl coupling. Accordingly, no carbene–aryl coupling was observed for a diaminocarbene palladium aryl complex.
The ponderous evolution of corporate environmental reporting in Ireland. Recent evidence from publicly listed companies
Authors: O'Dwyer Brendan
Published: January 2005

Ireland's recent rapid economic growth has exacerbated pressure on the environment, leading to increased scrutiny of corporate environmental impacts. In order to assess whether external corporate environmental reporting (CER) has evolved in conjunction with this increased scrutiny, this paper reports on the results of a comprehensive analysis of CER practice among all Irish listed companies. The findings are interpreted using the lens of legitimacy theory. The results indicate that, apart from companies whose core activities have an easily observable environmental impact, there is little extensive CER undertaken, in terms of either its quantity or quality. Despite evidence of increasing trends in disclosure, in most instances disclosing companies remain at the very early stages in their consideration of CER. It is argued that this negligible disclosure potentially represents a minimalistic response to pressure from stakeholders whose power to threaten organizations' legitimacy is limited. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. and ERP Environment
Design of generalized class E2 dc/dc converter
Authors: Sekiya Hiroo , Lu Jianming , Yahagi Takashi
Published: January 2005

This paper presents a novel design procedure for class E2 dc/dc converter. The design procedure requires only circuit equations and design specifications. When the circuit equations are got, the other procedures for the computation of the design values are carried out with aid of computer. Therefore, we can design class E2 dc/dc converters with any conditions by using the proposed design procedure. Moreover, we give the design and the performance curves of class E2 dc/dc converter and discuss about them. By carrying out the circuit experiments, we show the validity of the proposed design procedure. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Signal flow graph modelling of interleaved buck converters
Authors: Veerachary Mummadi , Senjyu Tomonobu , Uezato Katsumi
Published: January 2005

This paper presents a systematic development of unified signal flow graph model for an interleaved buck converter system operating in continuous inductor current mode. From this signal flow graph small, large‐signal and steady‐state models are developed, which are useful to study the converter dynamic and steady‐state behaviour. Converter performance expressions like steady‐state voltage gain, efficiency expressions and other small‐signal characteristic transfer functions are derived. Development of unified signal flow graph is explained for a 3‐cell interleaved converter system. Derivation of large, small‐signal and steady‐state models from the unified signal flow graph is demonstrated by considering a 2‐cell interleaved buck converter system. Large signal model was programmed in TUTSIM simulator, and the large‐signal responses against supply, load disturbances were predicted. Signal flow graph analysis results are validated with PSIM simulations. Further, the mathematical models obtained from the signal flow graph modelling are in agreement with those obtained from the state‐space averaging technique. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Plasma Flow Measurements in Linear Divertor Simulator MAP‐II Using Mach Probe and Directional Langmuir Probe [Contributions to Plasma Physics 44, No. 7–8, p. 656–661 (2004)]
Authors: Kado S. , Shikama T. , Kajita S. , Oishi T. , Tanaka S.
Published: January 2005

In the paper CPP44, No. 7/8 (2004), 656 ‐ 661, S. Kado, T. Shikama, S. Kajita, T. Oishi, S. Tanaka: “Plasma flow measurements in linear divertor simulator MAP‐II using Mach probe and directional Langmuir probe”, unfortunately, through technical oversight, necessary corrections within the text have been omitted.

This concerns:

1. p. 658, 2nd paragr., line 5: instead of “0, ‐30 (red shift) and +30 (blue shift)” read: “0, ‐26.5 (red shift) and +26.5 (blue shift)”

2. p. 659, 3rd paragr. from below, last line: instead of “errors of about 40 ‐ 50 %” read: “errors of about 5 %”

3. p. 660, Fig. 5, caption, 3rd line: instead of “+30 degree” read “+26.5 degree”, 5th line: instead of “‐30 degree” read “‐26.5 degree”, (both in accordance with the data given within the figure).

We regret these mistakes.

See original Contributions to Plasma Physics Vol. 44, No. 7–8, p. 656–661 (2004)
Rotational and Vibrational Temperature Measurements in a High‐Pressure Cylindrical Dielectric Barrier Discharge (C‐DBD)
Authors: Masoud N. , Martus K. , Figus M. , Becker K.
Published: January 2005

The rotational (TR) and vibrational (Tv) temperatures of N2 molecules were measured in a high‐pressure cylindrical dielectric barrier discharge (C‐DBD) source in Ne with trace amounts (0.02 %) of N2 and dry air excited by radio‐frequency (rf) power. Both TR and Tv of the N2 molecules in the C 3Πu state were determined from an emission spectroscopic analysis the 2nd positive system (C 3Πu → B3Πg). Gas temperatures were inferred from the measured rotational temperatures. As a function of pressure, the rotational temperature is essentially constant at about 360 K in the range from 200 Torr to 600 Torr (at 30W rf power) and increases slightly with increasing rf power at constant pressure. As one would expect, vibrational temperature measurements revealed significantly higher temperatures. The vibrational temperature decreases with pressure from 3030 K at 200 Torr to 2270 K at 600 Torr (at 30 W rf power). As a function of rf power, the vibrational temperature increases from 2520 K at 20 W to 2940 K at 60 W (at 400 Torr). Both TR and Tv also show a dependence on the excitation frequency at the two frequencies that we studied, 400 kHz and 13.56 MHz. Adding trace amounts of air instead of N2 to the Ne in the discharge resulted in higher TR and Tv values and in a different pressure dependence of the rotational and vibrational temperatures. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Characterization of munitions disturbance and contaminant loading
Authors: Houston Stephen T. , Doe III William W.
Published: January 2005

Munitions use is a significant disturbance in Army impact areas and little is known about ecosystem response to this type of disturbance. This study describes a first‐order approximation methodology used to characterize the spatial extent of munitions use and the associated potential for contaminant inputs in an impact area at Fort Greely, Alaska. Utilizing munition expenditure data, failure rates, and an estimate of cratering effects, the study determined that less than 0.03 percent of the total high‐hazard impact areas are exposed to munitions, and a maximum theoretical high‐explosive contaminant loading rate within the target array area of 0.46 g m−2 yr−1. These approximations show good correlation to measured contaminant concentrations highlighting the possibility of using this methodology for impact‐area management. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cultural and biological survey of caves at Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri, assessing the suitability of caves for military training
Authors: Proffitt Joe
Published: January 2005

Current international military activities, especially in Afghanistan, have accelerated the need for military training activities in caves. Currently, military training in caves is not permitted on Fort Leonard Wood due to incomplete, partial, or outdated cultural and biological inventories; lack of adequate mapping; and other safety issues. This project is the initial phase of a multiyear Legacy project to establish a strategy, plan, and priority list for managing cave resources from a military training, biological, geophysical, cultural, and historical resources standpoint. The project will also help natural resource managers establish “cave policy” for installations that will facilitate management for natural, cultural, military training, and recreation resource issues as increased regulation and pressure is put on cave ecosystems. This Legacy project developed and field‐tested a program for inventorying and monitoring caves. The project identified a number of caves that can be utilized as training sites. Overreliance on previous cave surveys, the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA) consultation and notification process when human remains were discovered, and the availability of experts to classify invertebrate cave life caused the project to take much more time than expected. A final technical report is being completed, and a “howto” brochure for other installations was completed in August 2004. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Modelling the response of the atmosphere to equatorial forcing
Authors: Wakefield M. A. , Cullen M. J. P.
Published: January 2005

The equatorial region is of great importance in understanding the climate, but achieving good tropical performance in climate models is still an outstanding problem. Essential to resolving tropical dynamics is the correct prediction of the steady state behaviour. In this paper a new method is constructed capable of resolving these steady state solutions and hence validating general circulation models (GCMs). © Crown copyright 2005. Reproduced with the permission of Her Majesty's Stationery Office. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structure and evolution of singular vectors in the Eady model
Authors: Frame T. H. A. , Nichols N. K. , Thorpe A. J.
Published: January 2005

The singular vectors of the propagation matrix of a simple two‐dimensional model of the midlatitude atmospheric flow are calculated, in order to obtain initial conditions that achieve the maximum stream‐function amplification over a 24 h time period. Simple plane wave initial conditions are found to be a reasonable model for the amplification mechanism of the leading singular vector structures. The primary mechanism for growth is found to be the ‘untilting’ of the initial potential vorticity wavefronts. The existence of boundary wave structures is found to be the deciding factor in the zonal scale of perturbations and some evidence that these act against the primary growth mechanism is presented. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
QTL mapping with discordant and concordant sibling pairs: new statistics and new design strategies
Authors: Szatkiewicz Jin P. , Feingold Eleanor
Published: January 2005

The term “extreme discordant and concordant” (EDAC) sampling has been used to describe a variety of strategies for quantitative trait locus mapping using sibling pairs sampled from the corners of the bivariate trait distribution. The principle of the design is to gain efficiency by genotyping only the most informative of the available sibling pairs. EDAC‐type designs have been studied in a number of papers, and have been applied in a few others. This literature is somewhat out of date, however, because there are many new statistics that are appropriate for EDAC data. With newer statistics, the power of EDAC designs can be improved. Moreover, the relative power of different designs must be re‐evaluated, because the newer statistics improve the power of some designs more than others. That is, there is a circular relationship between design and statistic choices. In this report, we review a number of available design and statistic choices for EDAC studies, and use simulation to show what statistics are most powerful for each design. We then use those more powerful statistics to suggest strategies for making design choices among various EDAC and non‐EDAC designs that use sibling pairs. We find that when genotyping must be minimized, an EDAC design with predominantly discordant pairs is the best choice, and when a balance of genotyping and phenotyping effort must be achieved, single proband ascertainment can do better. We also show that moderately selected samples (as opposed to very extreme samples) can be an efficient choice for many studies. Genet. Epidemiol. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comment on ‘Measuring the flow resistance of submerged grass’ by C. A. M. E. Wilson and M. S. Horritt, Hydrological Processes 16: 2589–2598
Authors: Giuseppe Carollo Francesco , Ferro Vito
Published: January 2005

In this short note, the experimental data of Wilson and Horritt (2002. Hydrological Processes 16: 2589–2598), jointly with the measurements by Kouwen et al. (1969. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Division, ASCE 95: 329–342) and by Raffaelli et al. (2002 In Proceedings XXVIII Convegno di Idraulica e Costruzioni Idrauliche, Cosenza, Italy; 223–230), are firstly used to test Kouwen's approach. All experimental data are then used to calibrate a flow resistance equation that was theoretically deduced by dimensional analysis and self‐similarity theory. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of municipal compost/limestone/iron mixtures as filling material for permeable reactive barriers for in‐situ acid mine drainage treatment
Authors: Gibert Oriol , de Pablo Joan , Luis Cortina José , Ayora Carlos
Published: January 2005

The aim of the present study was to assess the potential of municipal compost as a carbon source for sulfate‐reducing bacteria for acid mine drainage bioremediation for use in permeable reactive barriers at high flow rates (>0.1 m d−1). Two different mixtures of municipal compost, limestone and zero‐valent iron were assessed in two column experiments. The effluent solution was systematically analysed throughout the experiments. At the end of the experiments precipitates from both columns were withdrawn for scanning electron microscopy, energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy and X‐ray diffractometry examination and solid digestion and sequential extraction were carried out. Results showed that the effluent was free of metals and acidity. It seems that metal removal was not due to biogenic sulfide generation but to pH increase, ie metal (oxy)hydroxides precipitation. These precipitates can sorb other metals onto the surface. Sorption to organic matter could also contribute to metal removal. When zero‐valent iron was present, cementation of copper also occurred. It can be concluded that municipal compost was a poor carbon source to support continuous bacterial activity under high flow rates. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Kinetics of aqueous phase hydrogenation of maleic acid to succinic acid over an Ru/Al2O3 catalyst
Authors: Vaidya Prakash D , Mahajani Vijaykumar V
Published: January 2005

The kinetics of aqueous phase catalytic hydrogenation of maleic acid to succinic acid were studied in a slurry reactor between 323 and 353 K using a hydrogen partial pressure range of 1.03–2.06 MPa, with a 5% Ru/Al2O3 catalyst. The initial rate data were analyzed using a power law model. Above 1.72 MPa hydrogen partial pressure, the reaction was zero order with respect to hydrogen. Based on this hydrogen pressure effect, a Langmuir–Hinshelwood rate model was proposed to which the rate data could be fitted well. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Bioleaching of copper and other metals from low‐grade oxidized mining ores by Aspergillus niger
Authors: Mulligan Catherine N , Kamali Mahtab
Published: January 2005

A study was initiated to determine the feasibility of using the fungus Aspergillus niger for bioleaching metals from oxide low‐grade ore. Large quantities of the metals are embodied in the low‐grade ores and mining residues that can be recovered. Presently available techniques (pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical) are expensive or may have a negative impact on the environment. An oxidized mining ore containing mainly copper (7245 mg kg−1 residue) was studied. In this study, the fungus A niger produced a variety of organic acids. Addition of small quantities of sulfuric acid enhanced the organic acids, efficiency. Various agricultural wastes were evaluated as substrates and a maximum solubilization of 68% for copper for a medium containing potato peels was achieved. In conclusion, leaching of copper from a mining ore is technically feasible using A niger. Further research must be performed to increase the rate of copper removal. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Modelling aspects of the biotechnological valorization of raw glycerol: production of citric acid by Yarrowia lipolytica and 1,3‐propanediol by Clostridium butyricum
Authors: Papanikolaou Seraphim , Aggelis George
Published: January 2005

Raw glycerol, produced in significant quantities during several industrial processes, could be further considered as a potential substrate for microbial conversions. In the present report, modelling approaches are used in order to quantify the kinetic behavior of microorganisms capable of producing growth‐ and non growth‐associated metabolites when cultivated on raw glycerol. Citric acid production by Yarrowia lipolytica strain ACA‐DC 50109 was successfully simulated by Monod‐, Verhlust‐ and Williams‐type models, while the optimized parameter values were found to be similar to those experimentally measured. It has been demonstrated that the production of citric acid from raw glycerol, in terms of specific production rate and conversion yield, was similar or even better as compared with that obtained during cultivation of yeasts or molds on various conventional (eg sugar‐based) media. The production of 1,3‐propanediol by Clostridium butyricum strain F2b from raw glycerol was successfully simulated by a Contois‐type model. It was found that the maximum theoretical 1,3‐propanediol productivity was comparable with the highest one achieved during growth of various bacterial strains on pure glycerol in batch and continuous cultures. Raw glycerol could be used as an alternative substrate for citric acid and 1,3‐propanediol production, and possibly for other microbial products. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Variation of intraparticle diffusion parameter during adsorption of p‐chlorophenol onto activated carbon made from apricot stones
Authors: Koumanova B , Peeva P , Allen SJ
Published: January 2005

The adsorption of para‐chlorophenol onto an active carbon made from waste apricot stones has been studied. The batch kinetic adsorption processes have been measured for a range of system variables including agitation rate, initial concentration of para‐chlorophenol, mass of carbon and particle size of carbon. The extent of adsorption is reported as plots of solid phase concentration against the square root of time. An intraparticle diffusion parameter is used to describe the mass transfer within the adsorbent. This parameter varies with the square root of time and can be related to the type of structure which occurs within an activated carbon. A correlation is proposed relating the process variable with the intraparticle diffusion parameter in each of the three mass transfer regions. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Immunochemical detection of Lonomia obliqua caterpillar venom in rats
Authors: Da Silva Gustavo Henrique , Panunto Patrícia Costa , Hyslop Stephen , Da Cruz‐Höfling Maria Alice
Published: January 2005

Severe cases of human envenoming by caterpillars of the saturniid moth Lonomia obliqua in Brazil can result in renal damage, leading to renal failure, and intracerebral hemorrhaging. In this work, we used immunohistochemical staining with rabbit antiserum raised against L. obliqua venom to examine venom distribution in selected tissues of the brain (cerebellum and hippocampus), kidneys, and liver of male Wistar rats injected with a single dose of venom (200 μg/kg, i.v.) and sacrificed 6, 18, 24, and 72 hours later. The immunolabeling of GFAP was also examined to assess the venom effects on perivascular astrocytic end‐feet in the microvasculature of the hippocampus and cerebellum. Venom was detected in the kidneys (6 and 18 hours) and in the liver (6 hours) but not in the brain at any of the time intervals examined. In contrast, immunolabeling for GFAP revealed astrogliosis in the cerebellum and enhanced expression of this protein in the glial processes of the cerebellum and hippocampus, with a maximum response from 24 hours onwards. The high immunoreactivity seen in the kidneys agreed with the renal damage and dysfunction reported for some patients. The lack of venom detection in the brain, despite the altered expression of GFAP in astrocytes, suggested either that the venom does not enter this organ or that its entrance is transient and fast. Alternatively, the circulating venom may induce the release of mediators that could serve as second messengers to provoke the late astrocytic reactivity and astrogliosis. It is possible that both of these mechanisms may contribute to the effects observed. Microsc. Res. Tech. 65:276–281, 2004. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
GFAP immunoreactivity and transcription in trigeminal and dental tissues of rats and transgenic GFP/GFAP mice
Authors: Byers Margaret R. , Maeda Takeyasu , Brown Angus M. , Westenbroek Ruth E.
Published: January 2005

Sensory mechanisms in teeth are not well understood and may involve pulpal–neural interactions. Tooth cells that proliferate in vitro have polyclonal immunoreactivity (IR) for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), growth‐associated protein (GAP‐43), and vimentin, plus glial‐like ion channels. Here, we analyzed GFAP‐IR patterns in dental and trigeminal tissues of rats, for comparison with green fluorescent protein (GFP) associated with GFAP transcription in transgenic mice, in order to better characterize glial‐like cells in dental tissues. Astrocytes, ganglion satellite cells, and epineurial Schwann cells were demonstrated by anti‐GFAP antibodies and GFP‐GFAP, as expected. Odontoblasts did not stain by any of these methods and cannot be the glial‐like cells. Fibroblasts and undifferentiated mesenchymal cells in pulp had polyclonal GFAP‐IR and vimentin‐IR, while nerve fibers reacted only with polyclonal antibody. Some Schwann cell subtypes in trigeminal nerve and oral mucosa were positive for GFP and for polyclonal anti‐GFAP, but not for monoclonal antibody. In pulp almost all Schwann cells were unstained, but many Schwann cells in periodontal ligament had polyclonal GFAP‐IR. These results show greater heterogeneity for Schwann cells than expected, and suggest that the glial‐like pulp cells are fibroblasts and/or undifferentiated mesenchymal cells or stem cells. We also found that polyclonal GFAP revealed intermediate filaments in preterminal sensory nerve fibers, thereby providing a useful marker for that neural subregion. GFP transcription by some Schwann cell subtypes in oral mucosae and trigeminal nerve, but not trigeminal root was a novel finding that reveals more complexity in peripheral glia than previously recognized. Microsc. Res. Tech. 65:295–307, 2004. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.