bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The influence of fire salamander larvae (Salamandra salamandra) on benthic organ-isms: evidence of habitat specific differences
Authors: Ptatscheck Christoph , Schulte Laura , Berger Jonathan , Caspers Barbara
Published: July 2024

Salamander larvae can impose a great impact on benthic organisms as they are keystone predators. Previous gut analysis revealed that their diet consists of invertebrates from the wa-ter column and benthic taxa. The impact on benthic communities, especially on meiofauna, is, however, not well understood yet, as these organisms cannot be detected reliably in the gut. To avoid this, we investigated the impact of fire salamander larvae on meiofauna by ana-lyzing consumed prey items from a microcosm. Fire salamander larvae can be found in dif-ferent habitats, such as streams and ponds. To test the impact of fire salamander larvae on the meiofauna and to test whether the effects differ in larvae from different habitats, we col-lected 20 larvae from both, ponds and streams from the wild and transferred them to the lab. We placed each larva individually into a microcosm with sediment and benthic organisms. We also added control samples without larvae. We kept the larvae either for one week or two weeks and counted the number of nematodes, oligochaetes and rotifers after we removed the larvae. Fire salamander larvae significantly reduced the meiofauna. Furthermore, fire salamander larvae show habitat specific differences, as nematodes were influenced more strongly by pond larvae during the first week. Oligochaetes were mainly influenced by stream larvae, but not by pond larvae, independent of the duration of the experiment. Rotifers were influenced by larvae from both habitats, but only during the first week and not during the second week.Our findings suggest that fire salamander larvae are able to reduce the meiofauna through predation. Furthermore, our finding indicates an adaptation towards the different environmen-tal conditions in the habitat of origin.
Pre-Cordilleran mantle metasomatism preserved in alkali basalts of Isla Isabel, México
Authors: Sieger Leonie , Peters Bradley , Giuliani Andrea , Schönbächler Maria
Published: July 2024

The presence of HIMU (high-238U/204Pb) signatures in ocean island basalts has long been used to argue that ancient oceanic crust has been tectonically recycled into the mantle sources of plume-derived volcanic hotspots such as St. Helena or Mangaia. However, alternative hypotheses regarding the origins of HIMU signatures have also been put forward. This paper addresses the origins of HIMU-like Pb isotopic signatures in Isla Isabel, a small (~1 km2) intraplate volcanic island located off the western coast of México, southeast of the southern tip of Baja California. The Nd-Hf isotopic signatures of Isla Isabel are nearly identical to St. Helena and Mangaia, however since there is no mantle plume underlying Isla Isabel it is unlikely that these signatures derive from recycled oceanic crust. We argue that Isla Isabel lavas were instead produced by mixing of depleted mantle-like material and continental lithospheric mantle that was metasomatized ≥600 Ma ago, an age that overlaps with the regional breakup of Rodinia. Such preservation of ancient tectonic events is remarkable, since the exposed geological record in continental México preserves a very limited record of geological events older than the Mexican Cordillera (<165 Ma). Isla Isabel therefore illustrates that the origins of HIMU-type intraplate lavas are not limited to ancient recycled oceanic crust. Rather, they can also preserve information about the evolution of the upper mantle through large-scale tectonic cycles, even when these events have been otherwise erased from the surficial rock record.
Satellite survey sheds new light on global solid waste methane emissions
Authors: Dogniaux Matthieu , Maasakkers Joannes , Girard Marianne , Jervis Dylan , McKeever Jason , Schuit Berend , Sharma Shubham , Lopez-Noreña Ana , Varon Daniel , Aben Ilse
Published: July 2024

Anthropogenic methane emissions are the second most important contributor to climate change, and their rapid reductions could help decrease near-term warming. Solid waste emits methane through the decay of organic material, which amounts to about 10% of total anthropogenic methane emissions. Satellite instruments enable monitoring of strong methane hotspots, including many strongly emitting urban areas that include landfills as most prominent sources. We present a survey of methane emissions from 151 individual waste disposal sites across six continents using high-resolution satellite observations. We find that managed landfills and dumping sites show similar levels of emission and our satellite-based estimates generally show no correlation with reported or modeled emission estimates. This reveals major uncertainties in the current understanding of methane emissions from waste-disposal sites, warranting further investigations to reconcile bottom-up and top-down approaches. We also emphasize how high-resolution satellite observations can help pinpoint where emissions originate within a facility, which often aligns with the area where waste is added. Our results highlight the potential of high-resolution satellite observations to detect and monitor methane emissions from the waste sector globally, providing actionable insights to help improve emission estimates and focus mitigation efforts.
Impact of out-of-home nutrition labelling on people with eating disorders: A systematic review and meta-synthesis
Authors: Trompeter Nora , Duffy Fiona , Peebles Imogen , Wadhera Emily , Chambers Kate , Sharpe Helen , Maloney Ellen , Nicholls Dasha , Schmidt Ulrike , Serpell Lucy , Jewell Tom
Published: July 2024

Background: Mandatory nutrition labels for out-of-home food consumption have been introduced in several countries to curb rising obesity levels. However, concerns have been raised about the potential negative impacts of such policies could have on individuals with eating disorders. This review aimed to summarise the literature on the impact of out-of-home nutrition labels on individuals with eating disorders or disordered eating. Methods: A systematic search across eight databases was conducted up to 11th of October 2023. Studies were included if they assessed the impact of out-of-home nutrition labelling policies on individuals with eating disorders or disordered eating. 538 studies were screened, of which 16 studies met inclusion criteria and were included. Results: The reviewed studies included 5 experimental/quasi-experimental studies, 5 cross-sectional studies, and 6 qualitative/mixed methods studies. Most studies were conducted in Western countries and all study participants were adults. Across studies, eating disorder pathology was associated with noticing labels more frequently, paying more attention to caloric intake, and more frequent behaviour changes due to caloric values. The meta-synthesis identified 5 themes based on the qualitative findings, being drawn to calories, facilitating the eating disorder, reassurance, social eating, and frustration. Discussion: The current review summarised the existing literature on the impact of out-of-home nutrition label policies on individuals with eating disorders. The evidence suggests that there is cause for concern regarding negative impacts, particularly for those with restrictive eating disorders, which should be explored further by research and considered by policy makers when making decisions on public health policies.
Proactive Control Declines While Reactive Control is Preserved Across the Adult Lifespan
Authors: Ileri-Tayar Merve , Bugg Julie , Dudey Thomas , Braver Todd Samuel
Published: July 2024

We provide a comprehensive investigation of proactive and reactive control during Stroop task performance with younger, middle-aged, and older adults, to test predictions of the Dual Mechanisms of Control (DMC) framework. A novel color-word vocal response paradigm was utilized with separate baseline, proactive, and reactive conditions, which differed in list-level and item-specific proportion congruencies, along with matched and randomly alternating color naming and word reading blocks. When compared to baseline, the proactive condition indexes processes that actively maintain goal-relevant information during contexts in which distraction is expected, while the reactive condition indexes dynamic adjustment processes engaged when items associated with high cognitive control demands are unpredictably encountered. Using a large sample (N = 327) and targeted analyses measuring primary and secondary behavioral markers of proactive and reactive control, the findings strongly indicate that while younger adults demonstrate robust engagement of proactive control mechanisms, proactive control effects were absent in older adults, and diminished in middle-aged adults, suggesting a lifespan related pattern of change. In contrast, the results highlight the selectivity of the proactive pattern, as indices of reactive control did not exhibit age-related change, nor were there any effects of proportion congruency in matched word reading blocks. Together, the findings provide strong confirmation of the DMC framework, in suggesting a tight linkage between proactive control capacity and the dynamic neurocognitive processes that change across the adult lifespan.
Hypocritical blame is associated with reduced prosocial motivation
Authors: Contreras-Huerta Luis Sebastian , Yu Hongbo , Prosser Annayah Miranda Beatrice , Lockwood Patricia , Crockett Molly , Apps Matthew A J
Published: July 2024

People often act hypocritically. One form of hypocrisy occurs when people blame others for transgressing moral principles – such as profiting from harming others – that they themselves have violated in the past. However, the psychological processes associated with this hypocritical blame are largely unknown. One possibility is that hypocritical blame is related to the costs of being prosocial, such that a person could have the intention to help but might not be willing to put in the effort. Here, we test whether a measure of hypocritical blame that quantifies the discrepancy between how willing people are to profit from another’s harm, and how much they blame somebody else for similarly profiting, is associated with a task measuring how willing someone is to choose and then exert physical effort to benefit themselves or an anonymous other. Results revealed that hypocritical blame is associated with reduced prosocial motivation specifically, and not with how willing people are to exert effort for their own benefit. This effect was found in both a reduced willingness to choose to be prosocial and for energising prosocial acts. This suggests that the discrepancy between moral standards and actions is related to the willingness to overcome the costs of being prosocial, with some people being simply unwilling to exert the effort required to live up to their moral principles.
Spatial Exploration and Navigation in Down Syndrome and Williams Syndrome
Authors: Courbois Yannick , Blades Mark , Hudson Kerry D , Sockeel Pascal , Farran Emily Kate
Published: July 2024

We know little about the ability to explore and navigate large-scale space for people with intellectual disabilities (ID). In this cross-syndrome study, individuals with Down syndrome (DS), individuals with Williams syndrome (WS) and typically developing children (TD; aged 5 to 11 years) explored virtual environments with the goal of learning where everything was within the environment (Experiment 1) or to find six stars (Experiment 2). There was little difference between the WS and DS groups when the goal was simply to learn about the environment with no specific destination to be reached (Experiment 1); both groups performed at a level akin to a subset of TD children of a similar level of non-verbal ability. The difference became evident when the goal of the task was to locate targets in the environment (Experiment 2). The DS group showed the weakest performance, performing at or below the level of a subset of TD children at a similar level of non-verbal ability, whilst the WS group performed at the level of the TD subset group. The DS, WS and TD group also demonstrated different patterns of exploration behavior. Exploration behaviour in DS was weak and did not improve across trials. In WS, exploration behavior changed across trials but was atypical (the number of revisits increased with repeated trials). Moreover, transdiagnostic individual difference analysis (Latent Profile Analysis) revealed five profiles of exploration and navigation variables, none of which were uniquely specific to DS or to WS. Only the most extreme profile of very poor navigators was specific to participants with DS and WS. Interestingly, all other profiles contained at least one individual with DS and at least one individual with WS. This highlights the importance of investigating heterogeneity in the performance of individuals with intellectual disability and the usefulness of a data-driven transdiagnostic approach to identifying behavioral profiles.
Modificación de las propiedades reológicas y panificables mediante fermentación del almidón de maíz variedad INIAP 122
Authors: Acurio Patricia , Villacrés Elena , Paredes Mayra
Published: July 2024

En el presente trabajo se evaluó el efecto de la fermentación en las propiedades reológicas y panificables del almidón de maíz variedad INIAP 122. El almidón fermentado de maíz se obtuvo mediante dos procesos diferentes tanto de extracción, de fermentación y de secado. Los resultados de las  propiedades reológicas mostraron que la fuerza registrada en el Mixolab para gelatinización y retrogradación del almidón fermentado (2,62 a 2,68 Nm) fue menor en relación al almidón sin fermentar (2,96 a 2,88 Nm) lo que indica que el pan fermentado presenta la misma textura por mayor tiempo. El contenidoamilásico del almidón fermentado y sin fermentar presenta diferencias estadísticamente diferentes con valores entre 2,11 hasta 2,40 Nm, lo que evidencia que las muestras tienen una actividad amilasica baja provocando masas blandas. Las muestras de almidón fermentado absorben mayor cantidad de agua entre 61 y 66% en relación al almidón sin fermentar 55 %, proporcionando mayor rendimiento en la elaboración de pan. Como resultado de la evaluación sensorial y propiedades panificables el mejor tratamiento fue la muestra molida, fermentada en un biorreactor y secada a 50ºC (MB50ºC),estas condiciones permitieron obtener un volumen de pan de 61,2 cm3, textura de 18,30 N y atributos sensoriales agradables.
Medición de las emisiones de efecto invernadero en el terminal terrestre de Salcedo
Authors: Córdova-Suárez Manolo , León-Silva Alejandra , Garcés-Sánchez Estefanía , Borja-Mayorga Danielita , Córdova-Suárez D.
Published: July 2024

Las emisiones de efecto invernadero es un tema de gran relevancia en la contaminación del aire y el cambio climático, por otro lado, el Gobierno Ecuatoriano reconoce al cambio climático como un desafío y ha tomado varias medidas para reducir las emisiones de GEI a nivel nacional de varios sectores. En este estudio se contribuyó con un inventario de emisiones para el sector transporte del Terminal Terrestre de Salcedo, para lo cual se calculó las emisiones de efecto invernadero con el equipo Bacharach ECA-450 y el método de ralentí, los datos se utilizaron para obtener los factores de emisión de CO2 (8,98E+04 kg /TJ) y N2O (3,46E-02), además se calculó la huella de carbono total (8,86E+03 t CO2-eq ) y por alcances, de donde el alcance III (flota de autobuses) generó la mayor cantidad de emisiones debido a la calidad del combustible (diésel) y a la aplicación de la tecnología EURO en Ecuador.
Estabilidad de la enzima cu-zn superóxido dismutasa inmovilizada en nanosferas 100 para una formulación cosmética
Authors: Fernández Danae , Fernández A , Gelabert Y , Pino C
Published: July 2024

Se realizó un estudio de estabilidad de tres formulaciones cosméticas F-1, F-2 y F-3 que se obtuvieron con la adición de cera de abeja, ácido esteárico y trietanolamina respectivamente, como agentes emulsificantes. Se utilizó como principio activo la enzima CuZn – Superóxido Dismutasa (CuZnSOD) proveniente de eritrocitos humanos, inmovilizada en las Nanosferas 100 (CuZn-SOD-N100), sistema matricial de liberación controlada. Se analizó la influencia que ejerce la temperatura y la incidencia de la luz sobre la actividad de la enzima inmovilizada. El producto muestreado fue ensayado de acuerdo con el cronograma de ensayos de estabilidad en los tiempos 0, 30, 60 y 90 días. Se demostró que los factores analizados influyen notablemente sobre la estabilidad de la CuZn-SOD-N100, siendo la formulación 3 la más estable a la temperatura de refrigeración y estufa, pero no a la la incidencia de la luz, donde la formulación 2 es la más resistente a la fotoxidación.
Comportamiento antioxidante y polifenólico de la Guaviduca (Piper carpunya L) en extracción seca y húmeda
Authors: Enriquez Miguel , Pérez Manuel
Published: July 2024

Los aceites esenciales son sustancias aromáticas que se encuentran en diferentes partes de las plantas, pudiendo ser extraídos de hojas, tallos, flores y/o raíces. Son mezclas complejas de hidrocarburos, terpenos, alcoholes, compuestos carbonílicos, aldehídos aromáticos y fenoles. Los provenientes de especias y condimentos son cada vez más utilizados en la industria de los alimentos y farmacéutica. En el presente trabajo se determinó el comportamiento polifenolico y antioxidante de la Guaviduca, con hojas húmedas y secas, estas especies, provenientes de la región subtropical de la Provincia de Chimborazo, Cantón Pallatanga, por medio de la actividad polifenólica mediante Folin-Ciocalteau y actividad antioxidante total según FRAP (Ferric ion reducing antioxidant Power) y ABTS (Ácido 2,2 –azinobis (3-etilbenzotiazolin)-6-sulfónico). El método de extracción de aceites esenciales utilizado para esta investigación fue la destilación por arrastre con vapor, empleando reflujo con una trampa de Clevenger para separar los aceites más ligeros que el agua. Se determinó cuantitativamente el rendimiento del aceite esencial a partir del peso húmedo y seco de la especie vegetal. Se empleó un diseño Simplex-Lattice para determinar los puntos de medición de actividad antioxidante (proporciones de los aceites esenciales). Se observa un valor elevado de antioxidante en la muestra seca de guaviduca. Este comportamiento puede deberse a la degradación de compuestos activos con actividad antioxidante y a la pérdida de aceites esenciales por el proceso de evaporación durante el secado.
Perfiles aromáticos de aceites esenciales de cuatro variedades de albahaca en taiwán y estudio preliminar de su sensación aromaterapéutica
Authors: Lu Yun-Ju , Tai Chih-Ho , Alcívar Espín Roberto Andrés
Published: July 2024

Sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.), green basil (Ocimum basilicum L. cv. green), purple basil (Ocimum basilicum L. var. purpurascens) and clove basil (Ocimum gratissimum L.) smell similarly, and have been taken as the same plant by many for a long time. However, they are slightly different, and so are their essential oils. This study identifies the differences between these four types of plants in two aspects: first, their chemical compositions; and second, their aroma. Essential oils of these four types of plants are extracted by steam distillation. The components of the essential oils were analysed and compared using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Aromatherapists also evaluated the essential oils on their aroma through a questionnaire. The result shows that green basil and purple basil are very similar in terms of chemical composition and their smell and can be considered to be the same plant. Meanwhile, sweet basil, green and purple basil and clove basil have very different components and aroma and are deemed to be different types of plants.
Elaboración de películas biodegradables con policaprolactona y almidóncelulosa de la cáscara de plátano verde (Musa paradisíaca).
Authors: Gómez Sierra Fátima Rocío , Jiménez-Sánchez Augusta
Published: July 2024

El presente trabajo elaboró películas biodegradables con policaprolactona y almidón-celulosa de la cáscara de plátano verde (Musa paradisiaca) como posible alternativa para la sustitución de fundas plásticas. El proceso para la extracción del almidón-celulosa se realizó mediante el método húmedo e hidrólisis básica planteando 12 diferentes formulaciones en las que se modificó la cantidad de glicerina y policaprolactona. La caracterización física, mecánica, óptica, funcional y biodegradable se desarrolló teniendo como referencia las normas: ASTM E96-80, D-882-18, D5488-944, INEN 2636:2012 y artículos científicos. Los resultados mostraron la película biodegradable presentó una diferencia significativa en su solubilidad pero no en la opacidad y absorción de agua; la tensión y permeabilidad dependen del tipo de formulación, además, se cumplió con en el espesor establecido y se proyecta una degradación  en un máximo de 30 días. Se concluyó que las películas con mayor cantidad de policaprolactona presentan una mejora en las propiedades mecánicas, funcionales, físicas y biodegradables presentando una degradabilidad superior en comparación a los plásticos convencionales.
Palabras clave: películas biodegradables, almidón-celulosa, PCL, caracterización.
Um von einem Bildungsprogramm zu profitieren, muss man daran teilnehmen: Teilnahmemuster in einer Bildungsintervention zur Förderung der Studienaufnahme
Authors: Pietrzyk Irena , Helbig Marcel
Published: July 2024

In den letzten Jahrzehnten ist die Zahl außercurricularer Bildungsprogramme europaweit stark gestiegen. Der Einfluss solcher Interventionen auf den Bildungserfolg hängt stark davon ab, in welchem Ausmaß verschiedene Gruppen daran teilnehmen. Entsprechend untersuchen wir, ob ein ungünstiges Teilnahmemuster von besonders förderbedürftigen Schüler:innen in einem Beratungsprogramm, das auf die Förderung der Studienaufnahme zielt, zu beobachten ist und ob dieses Teilnahmemuster auf die Fremdselektion durch Lehrer:innen oder auf eine Selbstselektion der Schüler:innen zurückgeht. Die untersuchte Gruppe umfasst 528 Schüler:innen, die im Rahmen einer kontrolliert-randomisierten Studie zufällig der Programmgruppe zugeordnet worden sind. Unsere Ergebnisse zeigen, dass besonders förderbedürftige Schüler:innen mit niedriger Studienintention und niedrigen akademischen Leistungen deutlich seltener am Programm teilnehmen als die jeweiligen Vergleichsgruppen, wofür beide Arten der Selektion verantwortlich sind. Abschließend diskutieren wir mögliche Konsequenzen dieses Teilnahmemusters für das ungleichheitsreduzierende Potenzial des Programms.
Status of Tourists and Rural Tourism Impacts in Ghalegaun, Nepal
Authors: Baral Chhabi Ram
Published: July 2024

This study presents a comprehensive analysis of rural tourism's economic effects and potential in Ghalegaun, Lamjung, Nepal. It extensively covers the region's natural allure, cultural attractions, and the positive influence of tourism on the local economy. It stresses the importance of strategic marketing and development initiatives to fully leverage the area's tourism prospects while addressing existing hurdles. The article delves into challenges like the shortage of skilled labor and the necessity for enhanced tourism activities in Ghalegaun. Moreover, it discusses available infrastructure, tourist demographics (nationality, age, purpose of visit, occupation, duration of stay, and spending patterns). Ultimately, the study underscores Ghalegaun's rural tourism potential and its significant economic impact.
Africa's Portrayal in African-American Writing
Authors: Neupane Khagendra
Published: July 2024

The depiction of Africa in African-American literature constitutes a nuanced and dynamic exploration, unveiling the intricate rapport between African-American writers and the African continent. Over centuries, Africa's portrayal has assumed myriad forms, serving as a symbolic homeland, a locus of struggle, and a wellspring of cultural inspiration. Imbued within these representations is a profound quest for identity and a yearning for belonging. Prestigious African-American authors, including Langston Hughes, Zora Neale Hurston, and Maya Angelou, adeptly interlace African culture, folklore, and history into the tapestry of their works. In so doing, they delve into themes of heritage, resilience, and cultural pride, presenting Africa not merely as a nostalgic ideal but as a vibrant tapestry of traditions intricately shaping the African-American experience. This representation transcends sentimentality, offering a palpable connection to ancestral roots and cultural heritage. Yet, the portrayal of Africa in African-American literature transcends idyllic visions of a distant homeland. Renowned authors such as Toni Morrison, Chinua Achebe, and Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie confront the harsh realities of colonization, slavery, and oppression in their narratives. In their hands, Africa becomes a complex terrain of struggle and resistance, where characters grapple with the enduring legacies of colonialism and the intricate dynamics of post-colonial identity. The representation of Africa in African-American literature reflects broader historical and political dynamics. During the Harlem Renaissance, there was a surge of interest in Pan-Africanism, as African-American writers actively sought connections with counterparts on the continent in the fight against racism and imperialism. This period witnessed an embrace of African art, literature, and culture, as writers sought to reclaim and celebrate their African heritage.
Unequal Inaccessibility in Health Services Reason for Rural Migration: An Application of Lee's Push Pull Theory
Authors: Rai Pushpa
Published: July 2024

Rural-to-urban migration has been a growing phenomenon in recent years in Nepal. Federal Democratic Republic Nepal is combating the unequal distribution of resources, power and opportunities induced by a unitary and centralized government in the past. The aim of restructuring the state was to eliminate the uneven distribution of services, power and resources distribution in terms of region. Now, Nepal is implementing three levels of governments- federal, provincial, and local government to eliminate existing inequalities and to make powerful local areas. In this sense, rural-urban migration is not a growing phenomenon but is now a reverse situation. Local governments are developing in the local areas, the local people are migrating to cities. So, the objective of this paper is to apply the push-pull theory of migration and interlink Lee's theory and the distribution of health services in rural areas including Diprung Chuichumma Rural Municipality, Khotang. It is based on the positivistic philosophy and its approach is deductive approach. The causes of rural-to-urban migration are both push-pull factors. Unequal inaccessibility in health services between rural and urban areas is the main reason for migration.
सँकटमा फीरन्ते जाति राउटे जीवनसैली
Authors: बस्याल Basyal शान्ताकुमारी Shantakumari
Published: July 2024

राउटेहरु नेपालको लोपोन्मुख आदिबासी हुन् । नेपालको मध्यपश्चिम मध्यपस्चिम क्षेत्रमा बसोबास गर्ने यिनीहरु फिरन्तेको भेषमा जिविेकोपार्जन गर्दै आएको इतिहासले पुष्टी गरेको छ । यिनीहरु करिब ७०० बर्ष अगाडि सुदुरपश्चिमको सेती नदीको किनारदेखी प्युठानसम्मको क्षेत्रमा बसोबास गर्दै आएको इतिहासको अध्यनबाट पुष्टी भएको छ । कालिकोटको फूर्कोट क्षेत्र राउटेको उद्मगमस्थल मानिएको छ । उ बेला समुह समुहका बिचमा लडाईँ हुँदा लडाइँमा हार खाएर लुक्न जँगल पसेका उनीहरू आफूलाई कर्णाली प्रदेशको राजा खस ठकुरी मान्दछ्न । मुलथलो कालिकोट भएपनि अहिले राउटेहरु विभिन्न जिल्लामा छरिएर बसेका छन् । अहिले उनीहरू  दैलेख, जाजरकोट, सुर्खेत, डधेल्धुरा, सल्यान, दाङ्, रोल्पा र कालिकोट जिल्लामा बसोबास गरेका भेटिन्छ । अहिले भने राउटेहरु दैलेख जिल्लामा मात्रै फीरन्तेका रुपमा रहेका छन् ।  अन्य जिल्लामा बस्दै आएका राउटेहरु सरकारले प्रदान गरेको सुबिधाको उपयोग गरेर अन्य जातका व्यक्ति सरह घरमा बस्ने र अन्य पेशा व्यवसाय गर्ने गरेको भेटिन्छ । समयको गतिसँगै फेरिएको राउटेको जीवनशैलीले नेपालको एउटा बिशेष पहिचान बोकेको जनजाति लोप हुनसक्ने खतरा बढेको छ । आफ्नो छुट्टै भाषा भएका राउटेले खाम्चा भाषा बोल्ने गरेकोमा नयाँ पुस्ता भने नेपाली भाषामा पनि पोख्त हुँदै गएका छन् । यसले भोलिका दिनमा आफ्नो भाषा बोल्नेको सँख्या घट्दै जानसक्ने आँकलन गर्न सकिन्छ  ।
आफ्नो परम्परागत जीवनशैलिमा बस्दै आएका राउटेहरू दैलेख जिल्लामा मात्रै रहेका छन् । उनीहरू एकै स्थानमा बस्दैनन्, एकठाउँमा बढीमा डेढ वा  दुई महिना बसेपछि पुनः नयाँ ठाउँमा बसाई सर्दछन । बसेको स्थानमा काही मर्यो भने पनि उनीहरू तुरुन्तै त्यो ठाउँ छाडेर अर्को ठाउँमा बसाईं सर्दछन । जँङ्गल र खोलाको छेउछाउ बस्दछन् । वर्षामा भिरालो जमिनलाई रोजेर आश्रयस्थलको रुपमा प्रयोग गर्दछन भने हिँउदमा सम्म परेको ठाउँ खोलाको किनारमा बुकुरा बनाएर बस्दछन् । यसरी बासको बन्दोबस्त मिलाउँदै आएका उनिहरुले बाँदर, लुनाको शिकार गर्ने, आफ्नो सीपबाट तयार गरेको काठबाट बनेका सामान बेच्ने वा अन्नसँग साटेर आफुलाई चाहिने सामानको जोहो गर्नुका साथै जँगली कन्दमुल र फलफूल खाएर जीवन निर्भाह गर्दछन् । उनीहरूको आफ्नै विशेष सँस्कृति छ, उनीहरू जता गएपनि लौरो, मादल, मजुरा, ढ्याङ्ग्रो लिएरै जान्छन् । उनीहरूका समुहमा कोही मरे भने बसेको ठाँउभन्दा अलिपर लगेर गाड्ने चलन छ । परम्परागत सैलिको बसोबास भएपनि आनिबानिमा भने यिनीहरु अन्य समुदायका व्यक्ति, संघसस्था र सरकारको नजिक जाने र सुबिधा लिने गरेका छन् । जँगलको अभाव र काठको कमिले यिनीहरुको परम्परागत पेशा सँकटमा परेको छ भने सरकारले लोपउन्मुख जातिलाई  दिने माषिक भत्ता बुझ्न थालेपछि उनीहरूको आफ्नो परम्परागत पेशामा भन्दा सहयोगमा रमाउने बानीको बिकास भएको छ । राज्यको लागि प्रमुख चुनौति भनेको उनीहरुलाई राष्ट्रको सम्पत्तिको रुपमा जोगाउने हो भने बिचरण गर्ने स्थान दिएर परम्परागत शैलीमा बाच्न सक्ने स्थिति बनाउन पर्यो, हैन भने अन्य जातजाति जस्तैगरी बाच्नसक्ने बनाउन पर्यो । राज्यले विविधतालाई सम्पत्ति मान्ने हो भने उनीहरुलाई परम्परागत शैलीमा बाच्न सक्नेगरी जँङ्गलमा विचरण गर्नसक्ने गरी सँरक्षित बनको इलाका तोकेर विचरण गर्न दिनुपर्ने आवस्यकता छ । समाजशास्त्रको सँरचनात्मक प्रकार्यबादी दृस्टिकोणबाट हेर्दा यिनीहरुलाई परम्परागत रुपमा बाँच्न सक्ने बनाउन पर्दछ ।
Spiritual Humanism in Devkota’s Muna-Madan
Authors: Adhikari Bal Dev
Published: July 2024

Devkota seeks spiritual humanism in order to restore moral, ethical and spiritual values in human beings. For him, the relationships between man and man, man and nature and man and God are vital. As a spiritual humanist, he focuses on acts of love and sacrifice for the good of humanity. According to him, this human world is to be guided by the universal spirit of God, the basis of spiritual humanism. He believes that God is present everywhere. Human beings have to realize it. Only spiritually motivated souls can sacrifice themselves for others. Devkota projects his ideas of Spiritual Humanism in Muna-Madan. He shows his tremendous reverence towards gods and goddesses because the marginalized and downtrodden people receive solace and living hope from God. Devkota believes that spiritually motivated people are compassionate and merciful towards fellow beings. Muna and her mother in-law unconditionally love Almighty God for their ultimate salvation from worldly sufferings. The Bhote (a pejorative term for a Tibetan man) shows an excellent example of humanity by helping an unknown person Madan. This paper highlights Devkota’s philosophy of spiritual humanism in Muna Madan.
Investigative Journalism in Nepal: Practice and Impact
Authors: Dahal Ramjee
Published: July 2024

Investigative journalism has become a matter of growing interest in the wake of expanding practice of journalism in Nepal. For journalists, who are always busy in collecting and communicating news of daily events in society, it is a challenging task in itself to prepare investigative news after longtime study and research on a serious matter.
Due to public interest in information and increased access to social media, reaching the depth of news has drawn interest for communication consumers. Events and topics that someone wants to hide or keep secret become public interest. Therefore, it is the main task of investigative journalism to study and inform about such matters of public interest to the society at large. It is also the professional integrity of journalist to expose wrongdoings kept secret. In the present article, the practice of investigative journalism in Nepal and its impact on good governance has been analyzed by adopting the study and explanatory method.
Women Leadership in Padmakanya Multiple Campus: An Empirical Case Study
Authors: Shrestha Rohit Kumar , Baniya Lina , Khadka Sulochana
Published: July 2024

The objectives of the study are to determine the recognition and assess the status of women leadership in the Padmakanya Multiple Campus in Kathmandu. This study adopted a descriptive research design and applied qualitative techniques with a case study approach. Primary data were collected using a purposive sampling technique. This study adopted an interview approach to get an experience of women. Data were analyzed based on thematic analysis. Women have a feminine leadership style, not a masculine style. Thus, women show a flexible and cooperative leadership style. Sometimes, women are dominated by men in leadership roles due to women’s non-directive style of leadership in the organization. Women’s leadership style is linked with their feminine traits and features. However, women leaders are committed, devoted, and dedicated to the organization besides being flexible. They tend to be tolerant, kind, and cooperative among leaders in academia. It can be concluded that female employees want to get leading roles and tackle difficulties and issues challenges within the organization. It was also concluded that female academics get the opportunities of leadership and create their own identities in the academic system; however, it is full of challenges. Women academics have the challenges of male domination, less cooperation, and teamwork at work, less power over their academic abilities, and a heavy workload.
A Study on Marriage Practices and Changes in Nepalese Society: A Case Study of Namobuddha Kavray
Authors: Acharya Suresh
Published: July 2024

“Marriage practices and its changes” research done at Namobuddha, Kavray Marriage is a socially supported union involving two or more individuals. Marriage practices are influenced by various factors which bring changes in these marriage practices. Here in this research on the marriage practices today and their changes throughout the years.
The main objective of this research was to understand the changes in marriage practices. It focuses on influence of modernization, globalization, and technological advancement on marriage practices in Nepalese society. The descriptive research design was used for data collection. We used schedule questionnaire, face to face interview and observation method for collecting responses of sample. Altogether, there were 50 samples that were selected randomly based on the purpose of the study. In this study, we found slow changes in marriages practices because of the role of education, media, technology, empowerment, and modernization. Many people have married at their legal age with a minimum age gap and without any pressure from family. They also have registered their marriage, and both the spouses take the important decision of their family.
Lexical Richness in Essays: A Corpus Based Study among Indonesian Junior High School Students
Authors: David Geba Abi Anandi
Published: July 2024

This study aims at analysing the lexical richness of junior high school students. Additionally, the aspects included in the analysis were lexical variation, lexical sophistication, lexical density, and the numbers of errors. The data were argumentative essays written by junior high school students Grade 9. The students are from one of the junior high schools in Kabupaten Tangerang. The data were analysed using a web concordance English v.9 named lextutor. The analysis reveal that the essays have a moderately high level lexical density and lexical variation. However, the students still relied on the 2000 most frequent words or K1 words with 68.29% of the total words. This study suggests that educators encourage their students to apply more word variation in their writings to improve the quality of their writings.
The Influence of Online Games on Unintentional English Vocabulary Mastery
Authors: Muhammad Nurul Anam , Taufik Arochman
Published: July 2024

In the current digital era, online games have become a popular trend among society. The primary function of online games is to be entertaining. Moreover, online games can be an indirect medium for increasing vocabulary because most of online games in circulation use English in the initial game settings. When playing games, there are exciting and varied missions in each game, which can trigger and motivate players to play it. Those who initially do not know the language terms of online games will eventually understand because of the support of playing and completing missions from the game itself. In this research, the researchers tried to prove this case because many people on social media say they are good at speaking English because of the intensity with which they play games. This research used a qualitative descriptive method using 14 questionnaire instruments. The design of this questionnaire was shared online with participants. The object is a 6th-semester student majoring in English Education at Universitas Tidar, Magelang. The finding was almost all participants thought that playing online games helped improve their vocabulary in English. Most participants agreed that online games are a suitable medium for improving their vocabulary, indicating that they help them learn new words in English. Thus, the impact of online games can help educators and policymakers develop more creative and successful teaching methods for language learning.
The Effect Of Vocabulary Application In Teaching Students’ Vocabulary Mastery
Authors: Zakaria Zakaria , Ramadhani Fitria Rizky
Published: July 2024

This research is aimed to determine the effect of Learn English Vocabulary application in teaching students’ vocabulary mastery at the First Grade of MTs Nurul Yaqin Dawi-dawi. The design of this study was a quasi-experimental using an on-equivalent control group design. The variables of this study consisted of two variables, namely learn English vocabulary as the independent variable and students' vocabulary mastery as the dependent variable. The samples in this study were students of class 7a and 7b of MTs Nurul Yaqin Dawi-dawi. Class 7a consists of 28 students consisting of 15 boys and 13 girls and class 7b consists of 34 students consisting of 12 boys and 22 girls. The research instruments learn English vocabulary application and vocabulary test. Data collection techniques were pre-test, treatment, and post-test. It was found that there was an effect of learn English vocabulary application in teaching students’ vocabulary mastery at the First Grade of MTs Nurul Yaqin Dawi-dawi. This can be seen from the average value of the post-test (83.14), which is higher than the average value of the pre-test (50.36). The results showed that T-test > T-table (10.781>2.052). The alternative hypothesis (H1) is accepted and the null hypothesis (H0) is rejected, means that there is significant effect between the use of applicatian and students’ vocabulary achievement.
Influence of the Tungsten Addition and Content on the Properties of the High-Temperature, High-Strength Ni-Base Alloy 617
Authors: Agarwal D.C. , Brill U.
Published: July 2024

Trials have been performed to study the enhancement of the high temperature strength of alloy 617 by utilizing the solid solution strengthening effects of tungsten additions in the amounts of 3.30 weight % and 5.61 weight %. It could be successfully demonstrated that with the 5.61 wt.% tungsten addition, the resultant mechanical high temperature properties in the range of 700 to 750 °C were far superior to standard alloy 617. Also with regard to the oxidation resistance behavior, tungsten alloyed alloy 617 exhibited superior behavior to tungsten free standard alloy 617. Only in the hot corrosion simulated tests, the tungsten containing alloys showed increasing disadvantage with increased tungsten content. However in the real world under actual service conditions, this is of lesser relevance because the gas turbine components are and could be protected by TBC (thermal barrier coatings) and/or MCrAlY coatings. This paper describes the results of these developments. Very recent data generated on the aging response indicates drastic loss in impact values on the tungsten modified alloys after aging at 3000 hours and 5000 hours at 700°C and 750°C.
Oxidation Behavior of Ferritic and Austenitic Steels in Simulated Steam Environments
Authors: Żurek J. , Nieto-Hierro L. , Ennis P. J. , Singheiser L. , Quadakkers W.J.
Published: July 2024

The oxidation resistance of 9-12% chromium steels in steam-containing environments simulating the service conditions of steam power plant has been investigated for exposure times ranging from 1 h up to 10 000 h. For characterizing the oxidation behavior, the results of gravimetric studies were combined with data obtained from a number of analysis techniques, such as optical metallography, SEM/EDX and LRS. Different mechanisms of oxidation were observed for the various steels in different temperature regimes, exposure times and exposure conditions. The cracking and spallation of scales was correlated with the type, morphology and growth of pores and voids in the scale and could be influenced by the steel microstructure. For some steels, the steam oxidation resistance increased with increasing exposure temperature. The oxidation rates only slightly depend on the exact water vapor content in the test gas but can be strongly affected by the gas flow rates.
Development of Steam Turbine Rotor Forging for High Temperature Application
Authors: Tanaka Y. , Azuma T. , Miki K.
Published: July 2024

Growing energy demand promotes the construction of high performance energy plants with large scale. A dramatic increase of plant performance has been achieved by the enlargement of their major components such as turbine rotor shafts and pressure vessels. The Japan Steel Works, Ltd., has been continuing the efforts for improvements of production technology, material technology, reliability assessments and so on in order to attain high performance, high efficiency and reliable plants. The efforts gave birth to several epoch-making large and high quality forged components for energy plants. Recently, on the viewpoint of environmental problem such as global climate change, further development of new production technology and improvement of material has been continued. This paper gives an overview of the development of large high-quality forgings for high efficiency power generation plants.
Advanced 9-12%Cr Cast Steel Grades: Research, Foundry Process Development, Quality, and Experience
Authors: Hanus R.
Published: July 2024

Steel castings of creep-resistant steels are critical components in the high and intermediate pressure turbine sections of fossil fuel-fired power plants. As plant efficiencies improve and emission standards tighten, steam parameters become more stringent, necessitating constant enhancement of material creep resistance. Steel foundries alone cannot conduct necessary material development at an appropriate scale, so all power plant component suppliers cooperate to define optimal chemical compositions, perform test melts, creep tests, microstructure investigations, and test pilot components, such as through the COST program developing new 9-12%Cr cast steel grades. This paper illustrates a steel foundry's role in COST, describing the transfer of these new cast steel grades from research into commercial production of heavy cast components, outlining incurred problems, process development cycles, comparisons with low-alloy steels, welding tests, base material/weld investigations, heat treatment optimization, and casting of pilot components/weldability test plates to verify castability of larger parts and make necessary adjustments. Parallel to ongoing COST creep tests, the steel grades were introduced into commercial large component production, involving solutions to process-related issues, with over 180 components successfully manufactured to date, while further COST program developments present ongoing challenges.
Weldability of Materials for Ultrasupercritical Boiler Applications
Authors: Borden M. P.
Published: July 2024

Construction of boilers that can take advantage of the higher efficiencies offered by thermodynamic cycles operating in the ultrasupercritical range will require materials having elevated temperature properties considerably superior to those of the alloys used in more conventional boilers. While many of the materials currently under consideration for ultrasupercritical boiler applications have seen use in other applications, few have been fully investigated using the product forms and section sizes required by high-temperature, high- pressure steam generators. Before any material can be considered truly applicable for use in these advanced plants, the requirements and effects of boiler industry fabrication processes must be explored in addition to determining the properties of the basic alloys. This need was recognized in a materials evaluation program sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy and the Ohio Coal Development Office and a portion of this program has been devoted to studying the weldability of candidate ultrasupercritical boiler alloys. This paper describes the results of welding trials involving two of these alloys: Super 304H stainless steel and Controlled Chemistry Alloy 617, a variant of Inconel 617 that has been dubbed “CCA 617.” The CCA 617 was represented in both thick plate and tubular product forms, but the stainless steel was only available as tubing. Issues that might be encountered in fabricating advanced boiler headers and piping were addressed while welding the CCA 617 plate with shielded metal arc and submerged arc processes. Similarly, experience working with tubular product forms of both alloys was gained while making butt joints with an orbital gas tungsten arc process. The paper describes the problems presented, the procedures developed, and the basic characteristics of the welds produced.
Extending the Run Time of Dirty Gas Fans with Advanced Wear Protection Technologies
Authors: Broadwater J. S. , Scott Trunkett K. , Bucholz D. W. , Deming Gray W.
Published: July 2024

The power generation industry's need to extend run times between scheduled outages and to control maintenance budgets has increased reliance on advanced wear protection technologies to lengthen equipment life while maintaining clean, quality power production. This paper summarizes field erosion experiments conducted by the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) and the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) Kingston Power Plant on one of the plant's induced draft fans, testing several wear protection materials to reduce severe wear and extend intervals between planned outage cycles. Test results showed brazed tungsten carbide cladding's superiority in this extreme environment, successfully increasing the dirty gas fan run time from 5-8 months to over 30 months by cladding fan blades. Independent reviews of severe wear protection methods on low NOx burners and superheater boiler tubes with similar results are also presented.
Properties of Matching Filler Metals for the Advanced Martensitic Steels P911, P92 and VM12
Authors: Fuchs Russel , Heuser Dr.-Ing. H. , Jochum Dr. rer. nat. C.
Published: July 2024

This paper discusses the development of matching filler metals for new creep-resistant steels (P911 and P92) that enable higher operating temperatures (600-625 °C) in fossil fuel power plants, improving efficiency. The filler metals were evaluated with long-term testing (up to 30,000 hours) confirming their suitability for welded components in power stations. This development benefits not only power plant operators by reducing maintenance costs and downtime, but also builders, suppliers, and inspection bodies by providing a reliable solution for high-temperature applications. Additionally, matching filler metals developed for VM12 (12% Cr) martensitic steel are discussed.