bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Event‐related potentials data quality in young children: Standardized measurement error of ERN and Pe
Authors: Isbell Elif , Grammer Jennie K.
Published: March 2022

Most methods used to quantify event‐related potential (ERP) data were developed for use with typical adult populations. Questions regarding how these methods apply to child ERP data remain. Here, we focused on two widely used ERP scoring methods, namely, time‐window mean amplitude and peak amplitude measures, for two ERP error monitoring components, the error‐related negativity (ERN) and the error positivity (Pe), collected from Kindergarteners during a child‐friendly cognitive control task (N = 170). We first established the presence of error‐related ERPs and examined the relations between ERP scores and children's behavioral task performance. We then assessed the data quality (precision) of mean and peak ERP amplitude scores at the level of individual participants using the standardized measurement error of ERPs. We also compared the effects of choosing baseline correction periods that were relatively distal versus proximal to responses on data quality. Across each of these analyses, we found that time‐window mean amplitude scoring was comparable to, and in some cases outperformed, peak amplitude scoring. In addition, the proximal baseline provided higher data quality than the distal baseline. We conclude with specific recommendations regarding the scoring and baseline correction for ERP data collected from young children.
Early‐season plant cover supports more effective pest control than insecticide applications
Authors: Rowen Elizabeth K. , Pearsons Kirsten A. , Smith Richard G. , Wickings Kyle , Tooker John F.
Published: March 2022

Growing evidence suggests that conservation agricultural practices, like no‐till and cover crops, help protect annual crops from insect pests by supporting populations of resident arthropod predators. While adoption of conservation practices is growing, most field crop producers are also using more insecticides, including neonicotinoid seed coatings, as insurance against early‐season insect pests. This tactic may disrupt benefits associated with conservation practices by reducing arthropods that contribute to biological control. We investigated the interaction between preventive pest management (PPM) and the conservation practice of cover cropping. We also investigated an alternative pest management approach, integrated pest management (IPM), which responds to insect pest risk, rather than using insecticides prophylactically. In a 3‐year corn (Zea mays mays L.)–soy (Glycine max L.) rotation, we measured the response of invertebrate pests and predators to PPM and IPM with and without a cover crop. Using any insecticide provided some small reduction to plant damage in soy, but no yield benefit. In corn, vegetative cover early in the season was key to reducing pest density and damage, likely by increasing the abundance of arthropod predators. Further, PPM in year 1 decreased predation compared to a no‐pest‐management control. Contrary to our expectation, the IPM strategy, which required just one insecticide application, was more disruptive to the predator community than PPM, likely because the applied pyrethroid was more acutely toxic to a wider range of arthropods than neonicotinoids. Promoting early‐season cover was more effective at reducing pest density and damage than either intervention‐based strategy. Our results suggest that the best pest management outcomes may occur when biological control is encouraged by planting cover crops and avoiding broad‐spectrum insecticides as much as possible. As part of a conservation‐based approach to farming, cover crops can promote natural‐enemy populations that can help provide biological effective control of insect pest populations.
Modeling landslide generated waves using the discontinuous finite element method
Authors: Pan Wei , Kramer Stephan C. , Piggott Matthew D. , Yu Xiping
Published: March 2022

A new two‐layer model for impulsive wave generation by deformable granular landslides is developed based upon a discontinuous Galerkin finite element discretization. Landslide motion is modeled using a depth‐averaged formulation for a shallow subaerial debris flow, which considers the bed curvature represented by the local slope angle variable and accounts for inter‐granular stresses using Coulomb friction. Wave generation and propagation are simulated with the three‐dimensional non‐hydrostatic coastal ocean model Thetis to accurately capture key features such as wave dispersion. Two different techniques are used in treating wetting and drying (WD) processes during the landslide displacement and wave generation, respectively. For the lower‐layer landslide motion across the dry bed a classical thin‐layer explicit WD method is implemented, while for the resulting free‐surface waves interacted with the moving landslide an implicit WD scheme is utilized to naturally circumvent the artificial pressure gradient problem which may appear in the dynamic interaction between the landslide and water if using the thin‐layer method. The two‐layer model is validated using a suite of test cases, with the resulting good agreement demonstrating its capability in describing both the complex behaviors of granular landslides from initiation to deposition, and the consequent wave generation and propagation.
Impact of bioconvection on the free stream flow of a pseudoplastic nanofluid past a rotating cone
Authors: Puneeth Venkatesh , Sarpabhushana Manjunatha , Anwar Muhammad S. , Aly Emad H. , Gireesha Bijjanal Jayanna
Published: March 2022

In the current work, the repercussions of Brownian motion and thermophoresis on the three‐dimensional free stream flow of tangent hyperbolic (pseudoplastic) nanofluid past a rotating cone are explored. The tangent hyperbolic model expresses the characteristics of a shear‐thinning nanofluid. Furthermore, oxytactic microorganisms were used as mixers to actively stabilize the nanoparticles. The movement of these microorganisms within the nanofluid gives rise to a major phenomenon termed bioconvection. The flow of nanofluid past a rotating cone finds applications in the field of nuclear reactors, biomedical applications, solar power collectors, steam generators, and so on. The mathematical model is designed using Buongiorno's model that describes the two major slip mechanisms experienced by the nanoparticles moving within a fluid namely thermophoretic force and Brownian motion. The model thus formed is nondimensionalized using the apt similarity transformation. The resulting system is solved by the technique by adapting the shooting method. The velocity, temperature, concentration, and motile density profiles are graphically interpreted for different flow parameters involved in the study. It was observed that thermophoresis reduces concentration and enhances the temperature whereas Brownian motion enhanced both temperature and concentration profiles. Also, the increase in the mixed convection parameter effectively decreased the temperature of the nanofluid.
Parametric and design optimization investigation of a wavy fin and tube air heat exchanger using the T‐G technique
Authors: Kumar Vikash , Sahoo Rashmi Rekha
Published: March 2022

The focus of this paper is to optimize the air‐side performance of a wavy fin and tube heat exchanger at different design parameters on an individual target response using the Taguchi method. However, a statistical concept, gray relational analysis, is also studied for combined optimization, considering all target responses at a time. Based on the heat exchanger requirement, parametric study for the air‐side is regarded as a more significant heat transfer and lower frictional factor. Experimental correlations were available and used for the 27 orthogonal runs. Investigation revealed the highest 47.06% fin pitch, 37.24% fin pitch, 25.46% air velocity, and 23.9% fin thickness contribution ratio for the target response of friction factor (TPF), heat transfer coefficient, and Colburn factor, respectively, with the application of the Taguchi method in a heat exchanger. GRG gives an optimum set of design parameters, A3B3C2D1E3F2G1, for wavy fin and tube of fin pitch of 6 mm, tube row number of 6, waffle height 1.8 mm, fin thickness 0.12 mm, and air velocity 5 m/s. Also, longitudinal tube pitch is 27.5 mm, and transverse tube pitch of 24.8 mm, at which TPF is maximum while the friction factor is minimal. The Colburn factor is the most significant, minor friction factor, and the heat transfer coefficient and TPF are the most considerable in GRG. Hence, an improved heat transfer performance design of a wavy fin and tube heat exchanger is achieved using the above techniques.
Quantitative statistical shape model‐based analysis of humeral head migration, Part 2: Shoulder osteoarthritis
Authors: Verhaegen Filip , Meynen Alexander , Pitocchi Jonathan , Debeer Philippe , Scheys Lennart
Published: March 2022

We wanted to investigate the quantitative characteristics of humeral head migration (HHM) in shoulder osteoarthritis (OA) and their possible associations with scapular morphology. We quantified CT‐scan‐based‐HHM in 122 patients with a combination of automated 3D scapulohumeral migration (=HHM with respect to the scapula) and glenohumeral migration (=HHM with respect to the glenoid) measurements. We divided OA patients in Group 1 (without HHM), Group 2a (anterior HHM) and Group 2b (posterior HHM). We reconstructed and measured the prearthropathy scapular anatomy with a statistical shape model technique. HHM primarily occurs in the axial plane in shoulder OA. We found “not‐perfect” correlation between subluxation distance AP and scapulohumeral migration values (rs = 0.8, p < 0.001). Group 2b patients had a more expressed prearthropathy glenoid retroversion (13° vs. 7°, p < 0.001) and posterior glenoid translation (4 mm vs. 6 mm, p = 0.003) in comparison to Group 1. Binary logistic regression analysis indicated prearthropathy glenoid version as a significant predictor of HHM (χ² = 27, p < 0.001). Multivariate regression analysis showed that the pathologic version could explain 56% of subluxation distance‐AP variance and 75% of the scapulohumeral migration variance (all p < 0.001). Herewith, every degree increase in pathologic glenoid retroversion was associated with an increase of 1% subluxation distance‐AP, and scapulohumeral migration. The occurrence of posterior HHM is associated with prearthropathy glenoid retroversion and more posterior glenoid translation. The reported regression values of HHM in the function of the pathologic glenoid version could form a basis toward a more patient‐specific correction of HHM.
Identifying the source of spurious signals caused by B0 inhomogeneities in single‐voxel 1H MRS
Authors: Shams Zahra , Klomp Dennis W. J. , Boer Vincent O. , Wijnen Jannie P. , Wiegers Evita C.
Published: March 2022

Purpose

Single‐voxel MRS (SV MRS) requires robust volume localization as well as optimized crusher and phase‐cycling schemes to reduce artifacts arising from signal outside the volume of interest. However, due to local magnetic field gradients (B0 inhomogeneities), signal that was dephased by the crusher gradients during acquisition might rephase, leading to artifacts in the spectrum. Here, we analyzed this mechanism, aiming to identify the source of signals arising from unwanted coherence pathways (spurious signals) in SV MRS from a B0 map.

Methods

We investigated all possible coherence pathways associated with imperfect localization in a semi‐localized by adiabatic selective refocusing (semi‐LASER) sequence for potential rephasing of signals arising from unwanted coherence pathways by a local magnetic field gradient. We searched for locations in the B0 map where the signal dephasing due to external (crusher) and internal (B0) field gradients canceled out. To confirm the mechanism, SV‐MR spectra (TE = 31 ms) and 3D‐CSI data with the same volume localization as the SV experiments were acquired from a phantom and 2 healthy volunteers.

Results

Our analysis revealed that potential sources of spurious signals were scattered over multiple locations throughout the brain. This was confirmed by 3D‐CSI data. Moreover, we showed that the number of potential locations where spurious signals could originate from monotonically decreases with crusher strength.

Conclusion

We proposed a method to identify the source of spurious signals in SV 1H MRS using a B0 map. This can facilitate MRS sequence design to be less sensitive to experimental artifacts.
Simultaneous multislice steady‐state free precession myocardial perfusion with full left ventricular coverage and high resolution at 1.5 T
Authors: McElroy Sarah , Ferrazzi Giulio , Nazir Muhummad Sohaib , Evans Carl , Ferreira Joana , Bosio Filippo , Mughal Nabila , Kunze Karl P. , Neji Radhouene , Speier Peter , Stäb Daniel , Ismail Tevfik F. , Masci Pier Giorgio , Villa Adriana D. M. , Razavi Reza , Chiribiri Amedeo , Roujol Sébastien
Published: March 2022

Purpose

To implement and evaluate a simultaneous multi‐slice balanced SSFP (SMS‐bSSFP) perfusion sequence and compressed sensing reconstruction for cardiac MR perfusion imaging with full left ventricular (LV) coverage (nine slices/heartbeat) and high spatial resolution (1.4 × 1.4 mm2) at 1.5T.

Methods

A preliminary study was performed to evaluate the performance of blipped controlled aliasing in parallel imaging (CAIPI) and RF‐CAIPI with gradient‐controlled local Larmor adjustment (GC‐LOLA) in the presence of fat. A nine‐slice SMS‐bSSFP sequence using RF‐CAIPI with GC‐LOLA with high spatial resolution (1.4 × 1.4 mm2) and a conventional three‐slice sequence with conventional spatial resolution (1.9 × 1.9 mm2) were then acquired in 10 patients under rest conditions. Qualitative assessment was performed to assess image quality and perceived signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) on a 4‐point scale (0: poor image quality/low SNR; 3: excellent image quality/high SNR), and the number of myocardial segments with diagnostic image quality was recorded. Quantitative measurements of myocardial sharpness and upslope index were performed.

Results

Fat signal leakage was significantly higher for blipped CAIPI than for RF‐CAIPI with GC‐LOLA (7.9% vs. 1.2%, p = 0.010). All 10 SMS‐bSSFP perfusion datasets resulted in 16/16 diagnostic myocardial segments. There were no significant differences between the SMS and conventional acquisitions in terms of image quality (2.6 ± 0.6 vs. 2.7 ± 0.2, p = 0.8) or perceived SNR (2.8 ± 0.3 vs. 2.7 ± 0.3, p = 0.3). Inter‐reader variability was good for both image quality (ICC = 0.84) and perceived SNR (ICC = 0.70). Myocardial sharpness was improved using the SMS sequence compared to the conventional sequence (0.37 ± 0.08 vs 0.32 ± 0.05, p < 0.001). There was no significant difference between measurements of upslope index for the SMS and conventional sequences (0.11 ± 0.04 vs. 0.11 ± 0.03, p = 0.84).

Conclusion

SMS‐bSSFP with multiband factor 3 and compressed sensing reconstruction enables cardiac MR perfusion imaging with three‐fold increased spatial coverage and improved myocardial sharpness compared to a conventional sequence, without compromising perceived SNR, image quality, upslope index or number of diagnostic segments.
‘Wallis and Futuna Have Never Been a Colony’: A Non‐sovereign Island Territory Negotiating Primary Education with Metropolitan France
Authors: Prinsen Gerard , Lotti Allison , Worliczek Elisabeth
Published: March 2022

Wallis and Futuna are a French overseas collectivity in Oceania. In 1969, the French state formally ceded responsibility for the territory's primary education to the Catholic mission and reimburses related expenses. Against this backdrop, this article uses the negotiations about primary education between these two non‐sovereign island territories and their colonial metropole to explore islanders' views of the relationship. We conducted interviews with eight representatives of local institutions associated with primary education and we analyzed relevant official agreements. Our analysis suggests that, from the islanders' perspective, the negotiations with metropolitan France about policies and funding for primary education are driven by different identities located within a shared national identity. We find these identities are not merely different, but complementary in a non‐hierarchical fashion. We also find that these identities seem to be mutually constituted between metropolitans and islanders through negotiations that are often adversarial and—from the islanders' view—predicated on detailed knowledge of the history of these negotiations. In addition, the resulting education policies regularly see primary schools receiving unequal treatment in comparison to schools in metropolitan France. However, in counterweight, islanders can also succeed in giving unequal treatment to metropolitan regulations by bending them to suit local interests or values.
Arisaema: Pollination by lethal attraction
Authors: Suetsugu Kenji
Published: March 2022

Female individuals of the genus Arisaema are the only plants known to imprison their pollinators permanently. Their lethal pollination system has long attracted the interest of evolutionary biologists and naturalists. Nonetheless, the mechanisms of how Arisaema plants lure their victims to the brink of death are only just being unveiled. Here, I briefly review the unique reproductive biology of these plants, focusing on the possibility of sexual deception to lure pollinating victims, and its role in the evolution of new species.
Event‐triggered finite‐time guaranteed cost control for networked Takagi‐Sugeno (T‐S) fuzzy switched systems under denial of service attacks
Authors: Gao Hui , Zhang Hongbin , Shi Kaibo , Zhou Kun
Published: March 2022

The issue of event‐triggered guaranteed cost control (GCC) for networked T‐S fuzzy switched systems in the sense of finite‐time is addressed in this article. A unified event‐based augmented fuzzy switched systems under the denial of service (DoS) attacks is formulated, which leads to the system switching more complex. Using a controller‐mode Lyapunov functional approach, sufficient conditions are developed to guarantee the finite‐time boundedness (FTB) of the system. Then, a criterion is also proposed to obtain the triggering parameters and controller gains simultaneously. Finally, simulation examples demonstrated the validity of the approach.
Lewis Acid Zn(OTf)2 Catalyzed Synthesis ofImidazo[1,2‐a]pyridines by [3+2] Annulation of 2‐Amino Pyridines and Propargylic Alcohols
Authors: Medishetti Nagaraju , Ittamalla Chaitanya , Nanubolu Jagadeesh Babu , Atmakur Krishnaiah
Published: March 2022

A novel synthetic protocol for functionalized imidazo[1,2‐a]pyridines were accomplished in one pot by reacting 2‐amino pyridines and propargylic alcohols promoted by lewis acid catalyst. The protocol presented herein, proceeds via Meyer‐Schuster type of rearrangement leading to in situ generation of electron deficient allene and subsequent nucleophilic attack of amines followed by intramolecular cyclization in [3+2] cycloaddition fashion leading to title compounds. Simple reaction conditions, excellent yields and high compatibility are the advantages of this protocol.
Facile Synthesis of Hydrophobic Loofah‐Chitin Aerogel for Efficient Removal of Benzene and Toluene
Authors: Liu Hong , Guo Feng , Lv Qiang , Li An‐ming , Xu Wei‐chao , Zhang Xue‐han
Published: March 2022

The benzene series is a representative water‐soluble pollutant generated from oil spills. This study reports the synthesis of a novel methyltrimethoxysilane‐coated loofah–chitin aerogel (MLCA) via a solvothermal process to remove benzene and toluene from an aqueous phase. The resultant MLCA was characterized via scanning electron microscopy, N2 adsorption measurements, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The MLCA exhibited good adsorption capacities for benzene (Qt, 4.6 mg) and toluene (Qt, 5.5 mg) removal because of its large specific surface area as well as abundant pores and adsorption sites. The adsorption isotherm data were accurately fitted using the Langmuir model. Moreover, the adsorption kinetic model was more consistent with the pseudo‐first order model. Further calculation of the thermodynamic parameters, namely ΔG, ΔH, and ΔS, illustrated the adsorption equilibrium and mechanism. Because the loofah sponge is a low‐cost raw material with abundant biomass, the resulting MLCA shows great promise for use as an efficient adsorbent to remove organic pollutants from sea water.
The Importance of Nonequilibrium to Equilibrium Transition Pathways for the Efficiency and Stability of Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Xin Jingming , Feng Jirui , Lin Baojun , Naveed Hafiz Bilal , Xue Jingwei , Zheng Nan , Ma Wei
Published: March 2022

Controlled morphology of solution‐processed thin films have realized impressive achievements for non‐fullerene acceptor (NFA)–based organic solar cells (OSCs). Given the large set of donor–acceptor pairs, employing various processing conditions to realize optimal morphology for high efficiency and stable OSCs is a strenuous task. Therefore, comprehensive correlations between processing conditions and morphology evolution pathways have to be developed for efficient performance and stability of devices. Within the framework of the blend system, crystallization transitions of NFA molecules are tracked utilizing the first heating scan of differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) measurement correlating with respective morphology evolution of blend films. Real‐time dynamics measurements and morphology characterizations are combined to provide optimal morphology transition pathways as NFA molecules are shown to be released from the mixed‐phase to form balanced ordered packing with variant processing conditions. Polymer:NFA films are fabricated using blade coating incorporating solvent additive or thermal annealing as processing conditions as a correlation is formulated between performance and stability of solar cells with morphology transition pathways. This work demonstrates the significance of processing condition‐controlled transition pathways for the realization of optimal morphology leading to superior OSC devices.
Quantifying Molecular Dynamics within Complex Cellular Morphologies using LLSM‐FRAP
Authors: Colin‐York Huw , Heddleston John , Wait Eric , Karedla Narain , deSantis Michael , Khuon Satya , Chew Teng‐Leong , Sbalzarini Ivo F. , Fritzsche Marco
Published: March 2022

Quantifying molecular dynamics within the context of complex cellular morphologies is essential toward understanding the inner workings and function of cells. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) is one of the most broadly applied techniques to measure the reaction diffusion dynamics of molecules in living cells. FRAP measurements typically restrict themselves to single‐plane image acquisition within a subcellular‐sized region of interest due to the limited temporal resolution and undesirable photobleaching induced by 3D fluorescence confocal or widefield microscopy. Here, an experimental and computational pipeline combining lattice light sheet microscopy, FRAP, and numerical simulations, offering rapid and minimally invasive quantification of molecular dynamics with respect to 3D cell morphology is presented. Having the opportunity to accurately measure and interpret the dynamics of molecules in 3D with respect to cell morphology has the potential to reveal unprecedented insights into the function of living cells.
Of seekers and nonseekers: Characteristics of Covid‐19‐related information‐seeking behaviors
Authors: Link Elena , Baumann Eva , Czerwinski Fabian , Rosset Magdalena , Suhr Ralf
Published: March 2022

During health crises like the coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid‐19) pandemic, it is crucial that individuals are able and willing to adequately respond to information. Individuals who deliberately seek information have an enhanced capacity to act on it and are capable of informed assessments of risks and self‐protective behaviors. In contrast, overexposure to Covid‐19 news as well as non‐seeking can constitute information‐related inequalities and hamper individuals’ coping with the health crisis. Having this global health communication challenge in mind, our research aims to understand what characterizes non‐, medium, and frequent seekers, considering sociodemographic and socioeconomic factors, health status, affective risk responses, efficacy assessments, trust in information sources, and satisfaction with information. This study is based on data of the second wave of the Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS) Germany. Among 2602 participants, analysis revealed that 23.3% of the respondents did not actively seek information about Covid‐19, while 34.3% of them intensively monitored information. Nonseekers, compared to medium and frequent seekers, were characterized by a lower socioeconomic status, lower affective risk responses, lower perceived information‐related self‐efficacy, and lower trust in information sources. These findings provide indications for strategic health approaches and can guide initiatives to address adequate use of health information.
Representing Regular Languages of Infinite Words Using Mod 2 Multiplicity Automata
Authors: Angluin Dana , Antonopoulos Timos , Fisman Dana , George Nevin
Published: March 2022

We explore the suitability of mod 2 multiplicity automata (M2MAs) as a representation for regular languages of infinite words. M2MAs are a deterministic representation that is known to be learnable in polynomial time with membership and equivalence queries, in contrast to many other representations. Another advantage of M2MAs compared to non-deterministic automata is that their equivalence can be decided in polynomial time and complementation incurs only an additive constant size increase. Because learning time is parameterized by the size of the representation, particular attention is focused on the relative succinctness of alternate representations, in particular, LTL formulas and Büchi automata of the types: deterministic, non-deterministic and strongly unambiguous. We supplement the theoretical results of worst case upper and lower bounds with experimental results computed for randomly generated automata and specific families of LTL formulas.
Spinors and conformal correlators
Authors: Gillioz Marc
Published: March 2022

Abstract

In conformal field theory, momentum eigenstates can be parameterized by a pair of real spinors, in terms of which special conformal transformations take a simpler form. This well-known fact allows to express 2-point functions of primary operators in the helicity basis, exposing the consequences of unitarity. What is less known is that the same pair of spinors can be used, together with a pair of scalar quantities, to parameterize 3-point functions. We develop this formalism in 3 dimensions and show that it provides a simple realization of the operator product expansion (OPE) for scalar primary operators acting on the vacuum.
Quadratic Hyperboloids in Minkowski Geometries
Authors: Kurusa Árpád , Kozma József
Published: March 2022

A Minkowski plane is Euclidean if and only if at least one hyperbola is a quadric. We discuss the higher dimensional consequences too.
Epidemiology and specific features of shoulder injuries in patients affected by epileptic seizures
Authors: Cucchi Davide , Baumgartner Tobias , Walter Sebastian Gottfried , Menon Alessandra , Ossendorff Robert , Surges Rainer , Burger Christof , Wirtz Dieter Christian , Friedrich Max Julian
Published: March 2022

Purpose

Epileptic seizures can cause multiple shoulder injuries, the most common of which are dislocations, recurrent instability, fractures, and isolated lesions of the rotator cuff. Currently, only limited literature exists which describes the frequency and types of lesions in cohorts of epileptic patients and the corresponding treatment outcome. This study aims to document the occurrence of shoulder lesions in patients affected by seizures and to provide detailed information on trauma dynamics, specific lesion characteristics and treatment complications.

Methods

All patients referring to a tertiary epilepsy center were screened for shoulder injuries and the clinical records of those sustaining them during a seizure were reviewed. Demographic information, lesions’ characteristics and trauma dynamics were analysed, as wells as—when carried out—the type of surgical intervention and any postoperative complications.

Results

The average age at the time of injury of 106 included patients was 39.7 ± 17.5 years and a male predominance was recorded (65%). Bilateral injuries occurred in 29 patients, simultaneously in 17 cases. A younger age, bilateral shoulder injuries and shoulder dislocations were significantly associated with the occurrence of a shoulder injury solely by muscular activation (p = 0.0054, p = 0.011, p < 0.0001). The complication rate in 57 surgically treated patients with follow-up data was 38.7%, with recurring instability being the most frequently reported complication (62.5%).

Conclusions

Uncontrolled muscle activation during a seizure is a distinctive but not exclusive dynamic of injury in epileptic patients, accounting for more than the half of all shoulder lesions, especially in the younger. This can lead both to anterior and posterior dislocations or fracture-dislocations and is frequently cause of bilateral lesions and of instability recurrence after surgery. The high complication rates after surgical treatment in this selected subgroup of patients require that appropriate preventative measures are taken to increase the probability of treatment success.

Level of evidence

Cohort study, level III.
Temporal learning in the suprasecond range: insights from cognitive style
Authors: Teghil Alice , D’Antonio Fabrizia , Di Vita Antonella , Guariglia Cecilia , Boccia Maddalena
Published: March 2022

The acquisition of information on the timing of events or actions (temporal learning) occurs in both the subsecond and suprasecond range. However, although relevant differences between participants have been reported in temporal learning, the role of dimensions of individual variability in affecting performance in such tasks is still unclear. Here we investigated this issue, assessing the effect of field-dependent/independent cognitive style on temporal learning in the suprasecond range. Since different mechanisms mediate timing when a temporal representation is self-generated, and when it depends on an external referent, temporal learning was assessed in two conditions. Participants observed a stimulus across six repetitions and reproduced it. Unbeknownst to them, in an internally-based learning (IBL) condition, the stimulus duration was fixed within a trial, although the number of events defining it varied; in an externally-cued learning (ECL) condition, the stimulus was defined by the same number of events within each trial, although its duration varied. The effect of the reproduction modality was also assessed (motor vs. perceptual). Error scores were higher in IBL compared to ECL; the reverse was true for variability. Field-independent individuals performed better than field-dependent ones only in IBL, as further confirmed by correlation analyses. Findings provide evidence that differences in dimensions of variability in high-level cognitive functioning, such as field dependence/independence, significantly affect temporal learning in the suprasecond range, and that this effect depends on the type of temporal representation fostered by the specific task demands.
The orbitofrontal cortex of the sheep. Topography, organization, neurochemistry, digital tensor imaging and comparison with the chimpanzee and human
Authors: Gerussi Tommaso , Graïc Jean-Marie , Grandis Annamaria , Peruffo Antonella , Cozzi Bruno
Published: March 2022

Areas dedicated to higher brain functions such as the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) are thought to be unique to hominidae. The OFC is involved in social behavior, reward and punishment encoding and emotional control. Here, we focused on the putative corresponding area in the sheep to assess its homology to the OFC in humans. We used classical histology in five sheep (Ovis aries) and four chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) as a six-layered-cortex primate, and Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) in three sheep and five human brains. Nissl’s staining exhibited a certain alteration in cortical lamination since no layer IV was found in the sheep. A reduction of the total cortical thickness was also evident together with a reduction of the prevalence of layer one and an increased layer two on the total thickness. Tractography of the sheep OFC, on the other hand, revealed similarities both with human tracts and those described in the literature, as well as a higher number of cortico-cortical fibers connecting the OFC with the visual areas in the right hemisphere. Our results evidenced the presence of the basic components necessary for complex abstract thought in the sheep and a pronounced laterality, often associated with greater efficiency of a certain function, suggested an evolutionary adaptation of this prey species.
Free Energies for Nonlinear Materials with Memory
Authors: Golden J. M.
Published: March 2022

An exploration of representations of free energies and associated rates of dissipation for a broad class of nonlinear viscoelastic materials is presented in this work. Also included are expressions for the stress functions and work functions derivable from such free energies. For simplicity, only the scalar case is considered. Certain standard formulae are generalized to include higher power terms.

It is shown that the correct initial procedure in this context is to specify the rate of dissipation as a positive semi-definite functional and then to determine the free energy from this, rather than the other way around, which would be the traditional approach.

Particularly detailed versions of these formulae are given for the model with two memory contributions in the free energy, the first being the well-known quadratic functional leading to constitutive relations with linear history terms, while the second is a quartic functional yielding a cubic term for the stress function memory dependence. Also, the discrete spectrum model, for which each memory kernel is a sum of exponentials, is generalized from the quadratic functional representation for the free energy to that with the quartic functional included.

Finally, a model is considered, allowing functional power series with an infinite number of terms for the free energy, rate of dissipation and stress function.
Power spectrum for perturbations in an inflationary model for a closed universe
Authors: Kiefer Claus , Vardanyan Tatevik
Published: March 2022

We derive the power spectrum of primordial quantum fluctuations in an inflationary universe for curvature parameter $${\mathcal {K}}=1$$

K
=
1

. This is achieved through a Born–Oppenheimer type of approximation scheme from the Wheeler–DeWitt equation of canonical quantum gravity using gauge-invariant variables. Compared to the flat model, the closed model exhibits a deficit of power at large scales.
Considerable Production of Ulvan from Ulva lactuca with Special Emphasis on Its Antimicrobial and Anti-fouling Properties
Authors: Ibrahim Mohamed I. A. , Amer Mohamed S. , Ibrahim Hassan A. H. , Zaghloul Eman H.
Published: March 2022

In the current study, a significant amount of ulvan was extracted from Ulva lactuca collected from Alexandria coastline, Egypt, using a simple extraction method. According to the chemical analysis, the obtained polysaccharide content is estimated to be 36.50 g/100 g with a high sulfate content of 19.72%. Physio-chemically, the FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of sulfated groups attached to the carbohydrate backbone. The GC–MS results revealed the presence of various monosaccharides with relative abundances in the order: fucopyranose (22.09%) > L-rhamnose (18.17%) > L-fucose (17.46%) > rhamnopyranose (14.29%) > mannopyranose (8.59%) > α-D-glactopyranose (7.64%) > galactopyranose (6.14%) > β-arabinopyranose (5.62%). In addition, the SEM–EDX depicted an amorphous architecture with a majority wt% for the elements of C, O, and S. The partially purified ulvan demonstrated potent antimicrobial activity against some fish and human pathogenic microbes. The inhibition zone diameter ranged from 11 to 18 mm. On the other hand, the prepared ulvan-chitosan hydrogel significantly improved the antimicrobial activity as the inhibition zone diameter ranged from 12 to 20. Moreover, when compared to the controls, the extracted ulvan demonstrated anti-fouling properties and successfully disrupted the biofilm formed on a glass slide submerged in seawater.
Psychometric properties of a Japanese version of the Modest Behavior Scale and its relationship to explicit and implicit self-esteem
Authors: Yamazaki Mizuki , Okano Shiho , Kawamura Yuria , Numata Asumi
Published: March 2022

This investigation aimed to validate a Japanese version of the Modest Behavior Scale (MBS-J) to measure the behavioral aspects of modesty as a self-presentation tactic. Two preliminary surveys and three studies were conducted. Study 1 examined the factorial validity, construct validity, and internal consistency of the MBS, adding emic items generated from the Japanese sample in the preliminary surveys. The results confirmed a three-factor structure of Self-Effacement, Other-Enhancement, and Avoidance of Attention-Seeking, with good internal consistency for each subscale. Studies 1 and 3 also evinced appropriate correlations between the MBS-J subscales and theoretically related constructs, namely, trait modesty, independent and interdependent self-construal, self-efficacy, self-esteem, approval motivation, and dialectical self, suggesting good construct validity. Using a two-wave survey, Study 2 showed good test–retest reliability for the MBS-J. In Study 3, it was hypothesized that those with higher Self-Effacement tend to report lower explicit self-esteem owing to a self-presentation strategy instead of actual lower self-regard. The results showed that Self-Effacement was strongly negatively correlated with explicit self-esteem but not correlated with implicit self-esteem, supporting the hypothesis. These findings confirm the construct validity of this scale for modest behavior performed as self-presentation.
Electrical Resistivity Imaging in Parts of Nandurbar District, Deccan Volcanic Province, Maharashtra, India
Authors: Tahama Khan , Gupta Gautam , Erram Vinit C. , Baride Arti , Baride Mukund V.
Published: March 2022

Exploration of groundwater resources in basaltic hard-rock terrain has always remained a challenging task for hydrogeologists as the potential groundwater zones/recharge pockets in such areas are associated with differential weathering, anisotropy, heterogeneities, fractured and fissured geological features etc. The thickness of the weathered/fractured layer overlying the compact rocks in such terrain plays a vital role in groundwater prospects. Paucity of water in the semi-arid trap covered areas of north Maharashtra necessitated to locate sources of groundwater almost all over the region. This has driven hydrogeologists to determine the role of dykes in the occurrence, movement and storage of groundwater. The study area is situated in Nandurbar district of Maharashtra bordering Narmada-Tapi rift zone. Two-dimensional (2D) electrical resistivity imaging (ERI) was used to generate subsurface resistivity models for delineating the availability of groundwater in the dyke-infested basaltic region of Nandurbar. The available dug well/borehole lithology suggests that the top layer is comprised of red bole, laterite or black soil followed by weathered/fractured rock. Results from the 2D inverted models of resistivity variation with depth suggest the occurrence of aquifers mostly in weathered/fractured zones within the traps or beneath it. The resistivity models suggest that the northern part of the study area represents a promising aquifer zone with reasonable thickness of weathered formation.
Sikkimite: A New and Rare Suite of Potassic-perpotassic Syenites from South Sikkim, Lesser Himalaya, India
Authors: Varma H.M. , Singh Jagmer , Krishnamurthy P. , Duraiswami R.A.
Published: March 2022

A new and rare suite of radioactive, plutonic-hypabyssal, nonperalkaline to peralkaline, potassic to perpotassic syenites have been reported as dyke-like and/or lensoid bodies (c. 100 m x 20 m to 5 m x 2 m) within the Buxa and Daling formations (Proterozoic) and Gondwana Group of rocks (Permo-Carboniferous) within the Ranjit tectonic window (RTW) and its peripheral parts in south Sikkim. These are christened in this work as ‘Sikkimites’ considering their unique field occurrences, petrography, mineralogy and geochemistry, unlike any known saturated potassic - perpotassic syenites from the plutonic environment from India or elsewhere. The modal (vol.%) mineralogical variations observed within the potassic syenites include orthoclase (57-65%) with subordinate to minor amounts of brown alkali amphibole (kataphorite, 3-32%), aegirine (1-20%), biotite (13% in one sample), opaque minerals (ilmenite and magnetite, 4.2-24.5%), quartz (traces to 12.9%) and minor to trace amounts (< 3%) of apatite, sphene, zircon, and monazite. Compositionally, the Sikkimite suite range from non-peralkaline to highly peralkaline types (with Mol. Na2O + K2O/Al2O3 varying from<1 to1.2 to 1.5), mildly-perpotassic (Mol. K2O/Al2O3>0.83 to 0.96) and perpotassic (Mol. K2O/Al2O3>1 and Wt.% K2O/Al2O3 = 2.52-23.9) and Wt.% K2O/Na2O(3.05-23.9). The potassic syenites shows wide variations in major, minor and trace elements with significant enrichments in TiO2, Ba, REE, Y, Zr and Nb. The petrogenetic model for these rare potassic syenite suite of rocks (termed here as Sikkimite) invokes a near-primary origin by partial melting of enriched, amphibole- and phlogopite-bearing heterogeneous mantle, having chemical signatures of both non-subduction and subduction-related metasomatism. Ar40-Ar39 dates on them indicate a Cretaceous age (100-90 Ma) suggesting their links to either the widespread igneous manifestation of the Kerguelen or the Marion plume of the Indian Ocean.. These rare potassic syenites were apparently brought to the near surface environments in south Sikkim due to the collision of Greater India with Asia and the ensuing Himalayan thrusts from the north (MCT1 and MCT2) which shifted the crystalline basement and the Gondwana rocks maximum to the south, unlike any other parts of the Himalaya.
Hydrothermal – From Geology to Technology (Part 1)
Authors: Namratha K. , Nayan M.B. , Darshan M.S. , Basavarajappa H.T. , Madesh P. , Byrappa K.
Published: March 2022

The term hydrothermal is of geological origin. A great variety of crystals, minerals, ores and rocks have hydrothermal origin and occur as bulk, fine, ultrafine, and nanosized geologic materials. Hydrothermal refers to the action of water and other solvents at elevated temperature and pressure conditions in bringing about changes in the earth crust leading to the formation of rocks, minerals, crystals and ores. It also refers to the post-magmatic and pre-metasomatic stages. In the hydrothermal processes, a variety of volatiles also play an important role in the chemistry and geochemistry of hydrothermal solutions. The origin of a variety of metal deposits in deep-seated submarine hydrothermal ecosystems link with the origin of life on the earth. Today, hydrothermal has become one of the most important experimental methods of understanding the natural systems leading to the crystallization of rocks, minerals and ore deposits. Similarly, it has become one of the environmentally most benign techniques to synthesize a great variety of technological materials with desired functional properties. The technique has advanced so much that under laboratory conditions a wide range of pressure-temperature conditions can be created using specially designed hydrothermal autoclaves, PT sensors and controllers. In the present review, the authors discuss the evolution of hydrothermal process from geology to technology to develop technological materials in different sizes with specific functional properties. Also, the review describes some characteristic natural systems under hydrothermal conditions leading to the formation of some important geologic materials, the influence of different volatiles in the formation of various rocks and mineral deposits. Also the current trends in hydrothermal technology has been discussed with reference to the lowering of temperature and pressure conditions for the synthesis of high melting compounds like alkali rare earth tungstates, vanadates, diamond, etc. in this article.
Evolution of Opencast Mines in the Raniganj Coalfield (India): An Assessment through Multi-temporal Satellite Data
Authors: Patra Tanmoy , Duttaa Dipanwita , Kundu Arnab , Kumar Mukesh , Hossain Sk Sabir , Chattoraj K. K.
Published: March 2022

Surface mining is the dominant driver of land use land cover (LULC) change in the Raniganj coalfield region in West Bengal, India. Owing to its multifaceted consequences on soil, water, and landholders, assessment of spatio-temporal changes in mining areas has become important. The oldest coal mine of India, Raniganj coalfield has been producing superior quality non-coking coal for the last 246 years. To reduce the cost per unit production of coal, the mining authority prefers the opencast method over underground mining. The mushrooming growth of opencast mines in this coalfield causing huge waste dumps, depletion of vegetated surface, changing slope and drainage pattern, soil erosion, and degradation of environmental quality. With this background, the present study examines the spatio-temporal changes and evolution of opencast mines using multi-temporal Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) and Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) datasets of 1991, 2001 and 2014. Further, the study assessed the dynamics of mining patches and their characteristics through spatial metrics analysis. The LULC maps reveal good agreement with in-situ observation as verified by overall accuracy (≥85%) and Kappa (≥0.75) statistics. The study showed that mining areas have increased rapidly during the period and the growth has occurred by depleting the forest, sparse vegetation, and agricultural land. It is also noteworthy that the rate of growth in mining areas was comparatively higher during 2001-2014 than in 1991-2001. The change of dynamics of LULC revealed that more than 70% of the active mines was excavated after 2001. It is also observed that patch parameters, i.e. area, perimeter, shape, and density of the mining patches have changed with time that certainly establishes the dynamic nature of mining patches. The unprecedented growth of mining areas during the last decade has been a serious matter of concern from the ecological perspective of the area.
Extreme index trends of daily gridded rainfall dataset (1960–2017) in Taiwan
Authors: Tung Yu-Shiang , Wang Chun-Yu , Weng Shu-Ping , Yang Chen-Dau
Published: March 2022

Previous lectures have shown that to effectively explore Taiwan’s climate change or other relevant topics, long-term and stable observation datasets are required. We introduce the high-resolution grided precipitation dataset (TCCIP_PR), which was constructed by the Taiwan Climate Change projection and adaptation Information Platform (TCCIP) program from thousands of station records. Although, a high spatial-time relationship exists between the TCCIP_PR and the stations, a large uncertainty occurs over the complex terrain on the southwest windward side during the summer, due to sparse stations. To better understand the change in the extreme rainfall trends, we analyze 9 suitable indices from the Expert Team on Climate Change Detection and Indices (ETCCDI). Our result show that the extreme rainfall intensity and frequency have continuously increased for a long time, and the consecutive dry days have decreased in recent decades, particularly over southwest Taiwan. The regime change evaluations agree that the precipitation characteristics were amplified and become more unpredictable from the early (1960–2002) to the late (2003–2017) period. For future applications or research, the calculated results of the extreme indices can be found in the printed documentation and the online retrieval system.