bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Branch duct intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms in a retrospective series of 190 patients
Authors: Woo S M , Ryu J K , Lee S H , Yoon W J , Kim Y-T , Yoon Y B
Published: March 2009

Background

A consensus conference has recommended close observation of branch duct intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (BD-IPMNs) smaller than 30 mm, without symptoms or mural nodules. This study investigated whether these recommendations could be validated in a single-centre experience of BD-IPMNs.

Methods

Some 190 patients with radiological imaging or histological findings consistent with BD-IPMN were enrolled between 1998 and 2005. Those with less than 6 months' follow-up and no histological confirmation were excluded.

Results

BD-IPMN was diagnosed by computed tomography and pancreatography in 105 patients and pathologically in 85. Eighteen patients had adenoma, 53 borderline malignancy, five carcinoma in situ and nine invasive carcinoma. Findings associated with malignancy were the presence of radiologically suspicious features (P < 0·001) and a cyst size of at least 30 mm (P = 0·001). Had consensus guidelines been applied, 54 patients would have undergone pancreatic resection, whereas only 28 of these patients actually had a resection; 12 of the latter patients had a malignancy compared with none of the 26 patients who were treated conservatively.

Conclusion

A simple increase in cyst size is not a reliable predictor of malignancy. Observation is recommended for patients with a BD-IPMN smaller than 30 mm showing no suspicious features on imaging.
Interactions of HIV‐1 Antibodies 2F5 and 4E10 with a gp41 Epitope Prebound to Host and Viral Membrane Model Systems
Authors: Veiga Ana S. , Pattenden Leonard K. , Fletcher Jordan M. , Castanho Miguel A. R. B. , Aguilar Marie Isabel
Published: March 2009

Point of recognition: Surface plasmon resonance was used to study the role of the viral membrane in HIV immunogen recognition by the monoclonal antibodies 2F5 and 4E10. The different behaviour of the antibodies towards membranes and immunogens embedded within membranes, provide insight into the emerging membrane‐based or membrane‐conformation strategies of immunogen design.

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Two HIV‐1 recognition domains for the human monoclonal antibodies (MAb) 2F5, which recognises the core sequence ELDKWA, and 4E10, which recognises the core sequence NWFNIT, serve as promising models for immunogens in vaccine development against HIV‐1. However, the failure of these recognition domains to generate broadly reactive neutralizing antibodies, and the putative membrane‐binding properties of the antibodies raised to these recognition domains, suggest that additional features or recognition motifs are required to form an efficient immunogen, which could possibly include the membrane components. In this study we used an extended peptide epitope sequence derived from the gp41 native sequence (H‐NEQELLELDKWASLWNWFNITNWLWYIK‐NH), which contains the two recognition domains for 2F5 and 4E10, to examine the role of model cell (POPC) and viral (POPC/cholesterol/sphingomyelin) membranes in the recognition of these two antibodies. By using a surface plasmon resonance biosensor, the binding of 2F5 and 4E10 to membranes was compared and contrasted in the presence and absence of prebound peptide epitope. The recognition of the peptide epitope by each MAb was found to be distinct; 2F5 exhibited strong and almost irreversible binding to both membranes in the presence of the peptide, but bound weakly in the absence of the peptide epitope. In contrast, 4E10 exhibited strong membrane binding in the presence or absence of the peptide epitope, and the binding was essentially irreversible in the presence of the peptide epitope. Overall, these results demonstrate that both 2F5 and 4E10 can bind to membranes prior to epitope recognition, but that high‐affinity recognition of gp41‐derived epitope sequences by 2F5 and 4E10 occurs in a membrane context. Moreover, 4E10 might utilise the membrane to access and bind to gp41; such membrane properties of 2F5 and 4E10 could be exploited in immunogen design.
Comparing long‐term outcomes between drug‐eluting and bare‐metal stents in the treatment of cardiac allograft vasculopathy
Authors: Nfor Tonga , Ansaarie Imran , Gupta Anjan , Bajwa Tanvir , Allaqaband Suhail
Published: March 2009

Background: Cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV) is the leading cause of death after the first year following heart transplantation. We compared restenosis rates, mortality, and other major adverse cardiac events (MACE) between transplant recipients treated with DES and BMS for CAV. Methods: All patients from our heart transplant registry undergoing PCI with stenting for CAV were identified. Procedural data, baseline clinical characteristics, yearly coronary angiography, cardiac events and death were prospectively collected. Primary outcome was in‐stent restenosis (ISR). Secondary outcomes were in‐segment restenosis, target vessel revascularization (TVR), all‐cause mortality and combined MACE. Results: 36 lesions in 25 patients treated with DES were compared with 31 BMS‐treated lesions in 19 patients. There were no significant differences in baseline characteristics. 12‐month incidence of ISR was 0% with DES vs. 12.9% with BMS, P = 0.03. Over mean (±standard error) follow‐up of 51.1 ± 7.5 months this difference was significant for vessels ≤3 mm in diameter, hazard ratio (HR) DES vs. BMS 0.37 (95% CI 0.11 to 0.95) P = 0.037; but not for vessels >3 mm P = 0.45. However, there was no difference in overall longterm patency because of similar rates of in‐segment restenosis between DES and BMS, HR 1.13 (95% CI 0.43 to 2.97) P = 0.81. Also, the rates of TVR, death from any cause and combined MACE were similar; log rank P 0.88, 0.67, and 0.85, respectively. Conclusion: This study suggests that after PCI for cardiac allograft vasculopathy, despite a lower in‐stent restenosis rate in DES compared with BMS, in‐segment restenosis and clinical cardiac endpoints are similar. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Experimental evaluation of a new articulated Amplatzer® ductal occluder device without fabric
Authors: Gruenstein Daniel H. , Bass John L.
Published: March 2009

Objectives: To describe a new percutaneous PDA device. Background: The ADO II was developed by AGA Medical for closure of small‐moderate sized PDAs via a small delivery catheter from an antegrade or retrograde catheter approach. The objective of this study was to evaluate the technical feasibility, safety, and efficacy of the ADO II in a canine PDA model. Methods: The ADO‐II consists of multi‐layer nitinol wire braid with symmetric retention disks and an articulating connecting center waist, without sewn‐in polyester, that can be delivered though a 4‐5F catheter. A PDA was surgically created in nine dogs. Transcatheter occlusion of the PDA was performed using the ADO II. Angiographic and hemodynamic data were obtained at 7, 30, 60, and 90 days post‐procedure. The devices were then harvested for pathology. Results: Devices were placed transarterially (n = 8) and transvenously (n = 1). All PDAs were occluded and there were no significant pressure gradients (P > 0.05) at the immediate and 90 post‐implant evaluations. Pathology found endothelial coverage on all aortic and pulmonary disks, except at the tip of the microscrew. There were no procedural complications. One canine was euthanized 4 hr after device implant because of a clinical deterioration. The staff veterinarian and pathologist concluded that the animal's illness was not device related. Conclusions: The Amplatzer ADO II devices can be safely deployed in animal models of PDAs, with complete resolution of the PDA shunt. The lower profile and symmetry of the ADO II allows for venous or arterial approach and smaller delivery catheter size. The ADO‐II is expected to be a preferred alternative for closure of small‐moderate PDAs. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Kinetics of Primary Nanoparticle Agglomeration in Precipitation of Silver
Authors: Manteghian M. , Ghader S.
Published: March 2009

The precipitation kinetics of silver was studied using a lab‐scale batch crystallizer with special attention to characterization of agglomeration of primary nanoparticles. The vessel was operated at different feed concentrations, molar ratios, and stirrer speed. Nucleation, volume average crystal growth rates, and agglomeration kernels were determined. Empirical relations were obtained between the rates of the different crystallization steps with supersaturation, magma density, and energy dissipation rate. The results show that larger crystals will be obtained at high supersaturation due to dominance of agglomeration, because the rate of agglomeration also increases with supersaturation, thereby suppressing the primary nucleation rate and enhancing the observed average volume growth rate.
Electrochemical Oxidation of Phenol on Metal‐Impregnated Zeolite Electrodes
Authors: Mojović Z. , Milutinović‐Nikolić A. , Mentus S. , Jovanović D.
Published: March 2009

Nanodispersed metallic clusters of platinum, silver and cobalt were incorporated into NaX zeolite cavities by impregnation with acetone solution of corresponding acetylacetonates and solvent evaporation followed by acetylacetonate thermal decomposition. The mixture of modified zeolites and 10 wt % of carbon black, in the form of a thin layer, was pasted onto a glassy carbon surface by Nafion. With such electrode materials, the phenol oxidation in neutral, alkaline and acid solution was studied by cyclovoltammetry. Deactivation of all electrodes in both neutral and alkaline medium was observed, indicating that polymerization reaction might be the main reaction pathway of phenol at higher pH values. Formation of quinine‐type structures was obtained during electro‐oxidation at lower pH values, being more significant in acidic solutions.
Retracted: Effects of the Operating Conditions and Geometry Parameter on the Filtration Performance of the Fibrous Filter
Authors: Qian F. , Zhang J. , Huang Z.
Published: March 2009

The gas‐solid two‐phase flows in fibrous filters were simulated by computational fluid dynamics (CFD) technology. The pressure drops and filter efficiencies with different operating conditions and geometry parameter, including face velocity, particle size, and solid volume fraction (SVF) were calculated. The effects of the operating conditions and geometry parameter on the filter performance of the fibrous filter were obtained. The results indicate that the pressure drop increases linearly with the face velocity and the predicted values of the pressure drops are in excellent agreement with the experimental correlation. Filtration efficiency decreases with the face velocity for submicrometer particles (0.1 μm) and, for larger particles (1 μm) the tendency is just the opposite. The filtration mechanism is different for different particle sizes. For the filter in this paper, when the particle size is smaller than 0.2 μm, Brownian diffusion plays a significant role in the filtration process. When the particle size is greater than 0.5 μm, inertial impaction becomes an important capture mechanism. For particle sizes in the range of 0.2–0.5 μm, the Brownian diffusion and inertial impaction are both relatively weak and, therefore, the filtration efficiency has the least value in this range. Additionally, the SVF distribution is an important geometry parameter in the filter. The filtration efficiency of the filter with a decreased SVF (geometry B) along the thickness of the filter is higher than that of the filter with the even SVF (geometry A), while maintaining a low pressure drop.
Extraction of Uranium from Aqueous Solutions by Using Ionic Liquid and Supercritical Carbon Dioxide in Conjunction
Authors: Wang Joanna Shaofen , Sheaff Chrystal N. , Yoon Byunghoon , Addleman R. Shane , Wai Chien M.
Published: March 2009

Super powers! Uranium(VI) ions can be extracted from aqueous solutions into supercritical CO2 (sc‐CO2) via an ionic liquid phase that contained tri‐n‐butyl phosphate (TBP) as a complexing agent (see figure). This process has potential applications in the nuclear industry for removing actinides from nuclear waste.

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Uranyl ions [UO2]2+ in aqueous nitric acid can be extracted into supercritical CO2 (sc‐CO2) by using an imidazolium‐based ionic liquid with tri‐n‐butyl phosphate (TBP) as a complexing agent. The transfer of uranium from the ionic liquid to the supercritical fluid phase was monitored by UV/Vis spectroscopy using a high‐pressure fiber‐optic cell. The form of the uranyl complex extracted into the sc‐CO2 phase was identified to be [UO2(NO3)2(TBP)2]. The extraction results were confirmed by fluorescence spectroscopy and by neutron activation analysis. This technique has potential applications in the field of nuclear waste management for extracting other actinides.
Halogen Bonding between an Isoindoline Nitroxide and 1,4‐Diiodotetrafluorobenzene: New Tools and Tectons for Self‐Assembling Organic Spin Systems
Authors: Hanson Graeme R. , Jensen Paul , McMurtrie John , Rintoul Llew , Micallef Aaron S.
Published: March 2009

Radical assembly: Halogen bonding has been observed for the first time between an isoindoline nitroxide and an iodoperfluorocarbon (see figure), which cocrystallize to form a discrete 2:1 supramolecular compound in which NO.⋅⋅⋅I halogen bonding is the dominant intermolecular interaction. This illustrates the potential use of halogen bonding and isoindoline nitroxide tectons for the assembly of organic spin systems.

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The isoindoline nitroxide 1,1,3,3‐tetramethylisoindolin‐2‐yloxyl (TMIO) and 1,4‐diiodotetrafluorobenzene readily form a discrete 2:1 complex that shows evidence of relatively strong NO.⋅⋅⋅I halogen bonding. This interaction was characterized in the solid state by single‐crystal X‐ray analysis, thermal analysis, and vibrational spectroscopy (IR and Raman), backed by density functional theory calculations. EPR spectroscopy performed on a solution of TMIO in pentafluoroiodobenzene, a halogen‐bonding donor, indicates that halogen bonding induces an increase in electron density at the nitroxide nitrogen nucleus and an increase in the nitroxide rotational correlation time. Our findings demonstrate the potential of utilizing halogen‐bonding interactions to promote the self‐assembly of new isoindoline nitroxide tectons for the preparation of organic spin systems.
A C‐linked Glycomimetic in the Gas Phase and in Solution: Synthesis and Conformation of the Disaccharide Manα(1,6)‐C‐ManαOPh
Authors: Drouin Ludovic , Stanca‐Kaposta E. Cristina , Saundh Priptal , Fairbanks Antony J. , Kemper Sebastian , Claridge Timothy D. W. , Simons John P.
Published: March 2009

The effect of carbon is subtle but sweet: The flexible C‐linkage in the newly synthesised C‐glycosyl mimetic, Manα(1,6)‐C‐ManαOPh allows OHπ bonding, both in the gas phase and in aqueous solution. This interaction is absent in the O‐linked disaccharide (see figure).

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The intrinsic conformational preference of a newly synthesised glycomimetic, the C‐linked disaccharide Manα(1,6)‐C‐ManαOPh (1), has been determined in the gas phase at about 10 K by infrared ion dip spectroscopy coupled with density functional theory and ab initio calculations, and compared with its dynamical conformation in aqueous solution at 298 K by NMR spectroscopy. Comparisons are also made between these conformations and those of the corresponding O‐linked disaccharide 2 in the gas phase and the C‐linked disaccharide Manα(1,6)‐C‐ManαOMe (3) in the gas phase and in aqueous solution. The C‐ and O‐linked disaccharides 1 and 2 present quite distinct conformational preferences in the gas phase: inter‐glycosidic hydrogen bonding, seen in one of the two conformers populated in 2, is not seen in 1 which adopts a conformation (not populated in 2) with glycosidic dihedral angles (ϕ, ψ, ω) of −72°, 52° and 66°; supported in part by an OHπ hydrogen bond. This conformer is also strongly populated in an aqueous solution of 1 (and very weakly, of 3) together with a second conformer, with dihedral angles (ϕ, ψ, ω) of about −60°, 180° and 60°, not seen in the gas phase but by far the dominant conformer in an aqueous solution of 3. The C‐disaccharide 1 was tested as a potential inhibitor, but displayed no significant inhibitory activity against Jack Bean α‐mannosidase.
Intramolecular Alkynylogous Mukaiyama Aldol Reaction Starting from Bicyclic Alkanones Tethered to Alkynyl Esters: Formal Total Synthesis of (±)‐Hamigeran B
Authors: Miesch Laurence , Welsch Tania , Rietsch Vincent , Miesch Michel
Published: March 2009

Selecting the ring: tert‐Butyldimethylsilyltriflate (TBSOTf)/NEt3 treatment of alkynyl esters tethered to bicycloalkanones leads to the formation of tricyclic allenoates with total diasteroselectivity at the ring junction. An intramolecular alkynylogous Mukaiyama aldol reaction promoted by a TBSOTf/NEt3 dual activation is involved. This novel methodology was illustrated by a formal total synthesis of (±)‐hamigeran B.

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tert‐Butyldimethylsilyltriflate (TBSOTf)/NEt3 treatment of alkynyl esters tethered to bicycloalkanones led to tricyclic allenoates with total diastereoselectivity for the ring junction. The allenoates result from an intramolecular alkynylogous Mukaiyama aldol reaction promoted by a TBSOTf/NEt3 dual activation, with key intermediates of silylalkynylketene acetals. This novel methodology was illustrated by a formal total synthesis of (±)‐hamigeran B.
A Simple and Versatile Re‐Catalyzed Meyer–Schuster Rearrangement of Propargylic Alcohols to α,β‐Unsaturated Carbonyl Compounds
Authors: Stefanoni Massimo , Luparia Marco , Porta Alessio , Zanoni Giuseppe , Vidari Giovanni
Published: March 2009

Rhenium does the job! A readily available rhenium complex efficiently catalyzed the direct Meyer–Schuster‐like rearrangement of different alkyl‐ and aryl‐substituted propargylic secondary and tertiary alcohols to the corresponding α,β‐unsaturated compounds, which were produced with virtually complete E stereoselectivity. The reaction proceeded under neutral conditions and no racemization of potentially enolizable stereocenters was observed.

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A Simple Catalyst for the Efficient Benzylation of Arenes by Using Alcohols, Ethers, Styrenes, Aldehydes, or Ketones
Authors: Prades Amparo , Corberán Rosa , Poyatos Macarena , Peris Eduardo
Published: March 2009

One catalyst fits all! One catalyst is active for a wide set of benzylating reactions (see scheme). A tandem process allows the use of aldehydes and ketones as benzylating agents.

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The compound [IrCp*(OTf)2(InBu)] (InBu=1,3‐di‐n‐butyl‐imidazolylidene) is an effective catalyst in the benzylation of arenes with different benzylating agents, such as alcohols, ethers and styrenes, representing an unprecedented highly versatile catalyst for this type of process. The same compound also catalyses a remarkable tandem process that allows the use of aldehydes and ketones as benzylating agents, through the base‐free hydrogenation of CO bonds with iPrOH and further use of the resulting primary or secondary alcohols as benzylating agents.
A Germanium(II) Cation with [1+1] Coordination
Authors: Schäfer Annemarie , Saak Wolfgang , Haase Detlev , Müller Thomas
Published: March 2009

Breaking the molecular symmetryby protonation of germylene1is the key step in the synthesis of the germyliumylidene2, which is stabilized by an intramolecular interaction with a distant imido group.

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Luminescent Heteropolynuclear Complexes of 3,5‐Dimethylpyrazolate [Pt2Au2M2(Me2pz)8] (M=Ag, Cu) Showing the Synergistic Effect of Three Transition Elements in the Excited State
Authors: Umakoshi Keisuke , Saito Keizo , Arikawa Yasuhiro , Onishi Masayoshi , Ishizaka Shoji , Kitamura Noboru , Nakao Yoshihide , Sakaki Shigeyoshi
Published: March 2009

Swap the coins! The Pt2Au2, Pt2Au2Cu2, and Pt2Au2Ag2 complexes of 3,5‐dimethylpyrazolate exhibit yellow‐green, orange, and sky‐blue luminescence, respectively (see figure). The emission energies of Pt2Au2M2 complexes can be controlled by the change of the third coinage metal ions M. The Pt2Au2M2 complexes take the cis configuration with respect to the Au2M2 plane.

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Dehnungsmessung an Kolonnenböden im laufenden Anlagenbetrieb zur Belastungsbestimmung
Authors: Staak D. , Repke J.‐U. , Wozny G. , Morillo A.
Published: March 2009

Ein auf Dehnungsmessstreifen basierendes Messverfahren wurde entwickelt und erfolgreich unter Betriebsbedingungen eingesetzt. Die Messung ermöglicht die Ermittlung der mechanischen Belastungen von Kolonneneinbauten während des laufenden Anlagenbetriebs. Bei dem Messverfahren werden die auf den Boden wirkenden Spannungen direkt gemessen. Die durchgeführten Versuche zeigen, dass im Gegensatz dazu indirekte Messverfahren wie eine Differenzdruckmessungen nur bedingt die tatsächliche Bodenbelastung wiedergeben können.
2‐Phenylquinolones as Inhibitors of the HIV‐1 Tat–TAR Interaction
Authors: Gatto Barbara , Tabarrini Oriana , Massari Serena , Giaretta Giulia , Sabatini Stefano , Del Vecchio Claudia , Parolin Cristina , Fravolini Arnaldo , Palumbo Manlio , Cecchetti Violetta
Published: March 2009

Novel 2‐phenylquinolones aimed at the Tat–TAR complex were synthesized and tested. Derivatives characterized by precise modifications of the quinolone nucleus and to the side chain of the 2‐phenyl ring allowed a thorough structure–activity study, confirming 2‐phenylquinolone as a suitable scaffold for inhibition of the Tat–TAR interaction.

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Cellular expression of midkine‐a and midkine‐b during retinal development and photoreceptor regeneration in zebrafish
Authors: Calinescu Anda‐Alexandra , Vihtelic Thomas S. , Hyde David R. , Hitchcock Peter F.
Published: March 2009

In the retina of adult teleosts, stem cells are sustained in two specialized niches: the ciliary marginal zone (CMZ) and the microenvironment surrounding adult Müller glia. Recently, Müller glia were identified as the regenerative stem cells in the teleost retina. Secreted signaling molecules that regulate neuronal regeneration in the retina are largely unknown. In a microarray screen to discover such factors, we identified midkine‐b (mdkb). Midkine is a highly conserved heparin‐binding growth factor with numerous biological functions. The zebrafish genome encodes two distinct midkine genes: mdka and mdkb. Here we describe the cellular expression of mdka and mdkb during retinal development and the initial, proliferative phase of photoreceptor regeneration. The results show that in the embryonic and larval retina mdka and mdkb are expressed in stem cells, retinal progenitors, and neurons in distinct patterns that suggest different functions for the two molecules. Following the selective death of photoreceptors in the adult, mdka and mdkb are coexpressed in horizontal cells and proliferating Müller glia and their neurogenic progeny. These data reveal that Mdka and Mdkb are signaling factors present in the retinal stem cell niches in both embryonic and mature retinas, and that their cellular expression is actively modulated during retinal development and regeneration. J. Comp. Neurol. 514:1–10, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Special issue on recent advances in computational techniques for biomedical imaging
Authors: Wei Guo‐Wei , Wang Ge
Published: March 2009

A total of 12 papers in the area of mathematical methods and computational techniques for biomedical imaging and image analysis are presented in this special issue. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Beyond early development: Xenopus as an emerging model for the study of regenerative mechanisms
Authors: Beck Caroline W. , Izpisúa Belmonte Juan Carlos , Christen Bea
Published: March 2009

While Xenopus is a well‐known model system for early vertebrate development, in recent years, it has also emerged as a leading model for regeneration research. As an anuran amphibian, Xenopus laevis can regenerate the larval tail and limb by means of the formation of a proliferating blastema, the lens of the eye by transdifferentiation of nearby tissues, and also exhibits a partial regeneration of the postmetamorphic froglet forelimb. With the availability of inducible transgenic techniques for Xenopus, recent experiments are beginning to address the functional role of genes in the process of regeneration. The use of soluble inhibitors has also been very successful in this model. Using the more traditional advantages of Xenopus, others are providing important lineage data on the origin of the cells that make up the tissues of the regenerate. Finally, transcriptome analyses of regenerating tissues seek to identify the genes and cellular processes that enable successful regeneration. Developmental Dynamics 238:1226–1248, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The IFN regulatory factor 7‐dependent type I IFN response is not essential for early resistance against murine cytomegalovirus infection
Authors: Steinberg Christian , Eisenächer Katharina , Gross Olaf , Reindl Wolfgang , Schmitz Frank , Ruland Jürgen , Krug Anne
Published: March 2009

IFN regulatory factor 7 (IRF7) has been described as the master regulator of type I IFN responses and has been shown to be critical for innate antiviral immunity in vivo. In addition to type I IFN, NK cell responses are involved in the control of viral replication during acute viral infection. To investigate the role of IRF7 in the context of a viral infection that induces a strong NK cell response, the murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) infection model was used. WT, IRF7‐deficient and IRF3/IRF7‐double deficient mice were infected with MCMV. The systemic IFN‐α response to MCMV was entirely dependent on IRF7, but independent of IRF3. However, peak IFN‐β production during MCMV infection was not affected by the lack of IRF7 or both IRF7 and IRF3. Despite the complete lack of IFN‐α production IRF7‐ and IRF3/IRF7‐deficient mice were surprisingly efficient in controlling MCMV replication and were only modestly more susceptible to MCMV infection than WT mice. NK cell cytotoxicity was unimpaired and NK cell IFN‐γ production was enhanced in IRF7‐deficient mice correlating with increased levels of bioactive IL‐12. Owing to these compensatory mechanisms IRF7‐dependent antiviral immune responses were not essential for resistance against acute MCMV infection in vivo.
Mouse Th17 cells: Current understanding of their generation and regulation
Authors: Dong Chen
Published: March 2009

IL‐17‐expressing CD4+ T cells have been recently recognized as a new subset of Th cells, namely Th17 cells. Considerable progress has been made in understanding the developmental regulation of mouse Th17 cells. Here, I summarize this knowledge and discuss on the relationship of Th17 with regulatory and follicular Th cells.
Diseases that may benefit from manipulating the Th17 pathway
Authors: Miossec Pierre
Published: March 2009

The discovery of IL‐17 and of the Th17 pathway has been a step in the classification of human diseases. Th17 targeting appears rather straightforward in diseases associated with inflammation and matrix destruction, such as rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, and Crohn's disease. In other conditions where IL‐17 is expressed and Th17 activated, it is unclear whether this is a primary or secondary event, making the use of Th17 inhibitors less obvious.
IL‐17 and anti‐bacterial immunity: Protection versus tissue damage
Authors: Cooper Andrea M.
Published: March 2009

IL‐17 can impact health in a variety of ways. It is protective for some pathogens but it is also associated with tissue damaging inflammation. By examining the role of IL‐17 in a variety of bacterial infections the mechanisms by which this cytokine mediates both protection and damage can be dissected. A key element in understanding the role of this cytokine is determining where and when it is acting. Dissecting its essential protective role from its immunopathologic role will allow for improved intervention in both acute and chronic disease.
Modulation of Th17 development and function by activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor – the role of endogenous ligands
Authors: Stockinger Brigitta , Veldhoen Marc , Hirota Keiji
Published: March 2009

The elucidation of the crucial differentiation factors for the new Th17 CD4 effector T‐cell subset spurred an explosive growth in research publications focused on these cells and led to rapid advances in knowledge concerning their regulation and functional activities. Here we discuss recent discoveries linking the development and functional potential of Th17 cells to a transcription factor that mediates the response to exogenous and endogenous environmental signals.
How B cells shape the immune response against Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Authors: Maglione Paul J. , Chan John
Published: March 2009

Extensive work illustrating the importance of cellular immune mechanisms for protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis has largely relegated B‐cell biology to an afterthought within the tuberculosis (TB) field. However, recent studies have illustrated that B lymphocytes, through a variety of interactions with the cellular immune response, play previously underappreciated roles in shaping host defense against non‐viral intracellular pathogens, including M. tuberculosis. Work in our laboratory has recently shown that, by considering these lymphocytes more broadly within their variety of interactions with cellular immunity, B cells have a significant impact on the outcome of airborne challenge with M. tuberculosis as well as the resultant inflammatory response. In this review, we advocate for a revised view of TB immunology in which roles of cellular and humoral immunity are not mutually exclusive. In the context of our current understanding of host defense against non‐viral intracellular infections, we review recent data supporting a more significant role of B cells during M. tuberculosis infection than previously thought.
New assay to detect low‐affinity interactions and characterization of leukocyte receptors for collagen including leukocyte‐associated Ig‐like receptor‐1 (LAIR‐1)
Authors: Jiang Lei , Barclay A. Neil
Published: March 2009

Leukocyte activity is controlled by numerous interactions between membrane receptors and ligands on the cell surface. These interactions are of low affinity making detection difficult. We developed a sensitive assay that could readily detect extremely weak interactions such as that between CD200 and the activating receptor CD200RLa (Kd>500 μM) at the protein level. We used the new technology to screen for interactions of inhibitory receptors for collagens. We confirmed that both human and mouse leukocyte‐associated Ig‐like receptor‐1, and in addition the related inhibitory leukocyte Ig‐like receptor subfamily B member 4 (CD85K, Gp49B), bound collagen specifically, whereas other cell surface proteins gave no binding. The monomeric affinities of the interactions were then determined to allow comparison with other leukocyte interactions and indicate conditions when these interactions might lead to inhibitory signals.
CTLA‐4 co‐receptor impacts on the function of Treg and CD8+ T‐cell subsets
Authors: Rudd Christopher E.
Published: March 2009

CTLA‐4 has potent regulatory effects on the threshold of T‐cell signalling and, in the process, guards against the development of hyper‐proliferation and autoimmunity. Despite this, the role of CTLA‐4 on specific T‐cell subsets has been unclear. Such studies could shed light on both the function of CTLA‐4, and on the contribution of the subsets to the disease phenotype of the Ctla4−/− mouse. Recently, a role for this co‐receptor in the function of Treg has been outlined and, in this issue of the European Journal of Immunology, the selective targeting of the T‐box transcription factor Eomes by CTLA‐4 in the regulation of CD8+ cytolytic T‐cell (CTL) effector function is shown. Together, these papers shed light on the role of CTLA‐4 in different T‐cell subsets.
Laser CVD of Nanodisperse Ge–Sn Alloys Obtained by Dielectric Breakdown of SnH4/GeH4 Mixtures
Authors: Křenek Tomáš , Bezdička Petr , Murafa Nataliya , Šubrt Jan , Pola Josef
Published: March 2009

TEA CO2 laser‐induced dielectric breakdown of an equimolar mixture of gaseous stannane and germane in Ar allows decomposition of both metal hydrides and chemical vapour deposition of the nanostructured Ge/Sn films. Analysis of the films by FTIR and Raman spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction analysis and electron microscopy revealed nanoregions of crystalline Sn and Sn‐rich Ge/Sn alloys surrounded by an amorphous Ge/Sn phase. The crystalline Ge/Sn nanoalloys contain different amounts of Sn incorporated into the Ge lattice and undergo changes in composition at temperatures as low as 200 °C.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Synthesis and Characterization of a Series of New Luminescent NHC‐Coordinated AuI–AgI Tetra‐ and Polymetallic Complexes Containing Benzoate‐Bridged Ag2 Dimers
Authors: Ghosh Amit K. , Catalano Vincent J.
Published: March 2009

The reaction of [Au(CH3impy)2]PF6 (2), with substituted silver benzoate salts bearing different halide substituents produced a series of new mixed‐metal species having two different structural motifs. One structural motif contains discrete tetrametallic Ag2Au2 diamond cores, whereas the other motif contains the same tetrametallic diamond core interconnected by benzoate‐bridged silver dimers to form polymers. All the complexes are substitution‐inert and stable both in the solid state as well as in solution. We also report the synthesis of oxidative addition products of [Au(CH3impy)2]PF6, which were also obtained during our attempts to oxidize the above‐mentioned multimetallic assembly with bromine and iodine. Compounds 3–7 are intensely luminescent in frozen acetonitrile solution, but surprisingly no luminescence is observed at room temperature. All the complexes were completely characterized by 1H, 13C NMR, electronic absorption, emission spectroscopy, elemental analysis and X‐ray crystallography. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Organoplatinum(IV) Complexes with Amide Groups: Supramolecular Structure as a Function of Ligand Flexibility
Authors: Au Richard H. W. , Jennings Michael C. , Puddephatt Richard J.
Published: March 2009

The oxidative addition of the benzyl bromide derivative 4‐BrCH2C6H4(CH2)xC(=O)NH(CH2)y‐4‐C6H4‐tBu (A), x = y = 0; (B), x = 0, y = 1; (C), x = 1, y = 0; (D), x = y = 1, to the dimethylplatinum(II) complex [PtMe2(bu2bipy)] (1), bu2bipy = 4,4′‐di‐tert‐butyl‐2,2′‐bipyridine, gave the corresponding amide‐substituted benzylplatinum(IV) complexes of the formula [PtBrMe2(4‐CH2C6H4(CH2)xC(=O)NH(CH2)y‐4‐C6H4‐tBu)(bu2bipy)], bu2bipy = 4,4′‐di‐tert‐butyl‐2,2′‐bipyridine, 2–5. In the solid state, the complexes 2–5 undergo self‐assembly to give the supramolecular polymers 2–4 or the dimers 5. Intermolecular N–H···Br‐Pt hydrogen bonds are favored over the typical NH···O=C hydrogen bonds found in organic amides. The carbonyl group may be hydrogen‐bonded to solvent or not involved in hydrogen bonding. The structures are dependent on the size and flexibility of the amide‐substituted benzyl group. In solution, the complexes 3–5 exhibited an equilibrium between the neutral complexes and the bromo‐bridged, ionic binuclear complexes [(μ‐Br){PtBrMe2(4‐CH2C6H4(CH2)xC(=O)NH(CH2)y‐4‐C6H4‐tBu)(bu2bipy)}2]Br. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Calorimetric study of milk fat/rapeseed oil blends and their interesterification products
Authors: Aguedo Mario , Giet Jean‐Michel , Hanon Emilien , Lognay Georges , Wathelet Bernard , Destain Jacqueline , Brasseur Robert , Vandenbol Micheline , Danthine Sabine , Blecker Christophe , Wathelet Jean‐Paul
Published: March 2009

Milk fat (MF) and rapeseed oil (RO) blends were analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). It was shown that peak and onset temperatures can be used to determine the percentage of each fat in the blend and that the relative enthalpy of one peak assigned to low‐melting triacylglycerols (TAG) can also be used to determine the percentage of RO in the blend. A linear relation was also established between MF content of the blend and its dropping point (DP), indicating that DP can be linearly related with the above DSC data. A blend of MF/RO 70 : 30 (wt/wt) was then chosen as a model system for enzymatic interesterification (EIE). The applicability of DSC analyses to EIE products was checked and a correct correlation could be established between DSC values and the interesterification degree and DP. Among the data from the DSC profiles, the peak associated with low‐melting TAG was the best indicator of the reaction course. In the same way, a high‐melting MF stearin fraction was interesterified with RO. In that case, onset temperatures and peak “a” were better reaction indicators than for the interesterified MF/RO blend. We therefore suggest that values from DSC endotherms could be used to monitor EIE of fat blends.
Furo[3,4‐b]benzodioxin Cycloadditions – A One‐Pot Synthesis of Functionalized Bis‐Adducts
Authors: Bozzo Consol , Mur Núria , Constans Pere , Pujol Maria Dolors
Published: March 2009

Furo[3,4‐b]benzodioxin 1 was found to undergo a doubleDiels–Alder reaction with several dienophiles. The diene reacts directly with the suitable dienophile to give the mono‐adduct intermediate that unexpectedly leads to a second cycloaddition at the internal, electron‐rich, oxabicyclic C4a–C10a double bond. The resulting bis‐adducts were formed under relatively mild conditions with dienophiles ranging from maleic anhydride and dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate to the extremely reactive arynes. With this methodology of two uninterrupted sequential cycloaddition reactions, interesting formation of stable bis‐adducts was observed. The dienophile behavior of 1,4‐benzodioxin is described for the first time in this work.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Rhodium‐Catalyzed Tandem Transformations with Organoboron Reagents: Sequential Multiple C–C Bond Formations
Authors: Youn So Won
Published: March 2009

Tandem transformations represent one of the most efficient methods for the synthesis of complex molecules from readily available starting materials, as evidenced by the intense research activity and the plethora of literature published in this area. This review highlights recent developments of rhodium(I)‐catalyzed tandem transformations with organoboron compounds involving the formation of multiple carbon–carbon bonds. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Tandem Staudinger–Aza‐Wittig Templated Reaction: De Novo Synthesis of Sugar–Ureido Cryptands
Authors: Porwanski Stanislaw , Marsura Alain
Published: March 2009

A templated Staudinger–aza‐Wittig tandem reaction selectively affords in one step a monocellobiosyl[bis(ureido)]diazacrown cryptand and a bis(cellobiosyl)tetraureido[bis(diazacrown)] cryptand. Formation of each type of cryptand was under control by Na+ or Cs+ template effect. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
A New Chromium(III) Microelectrode Based on Self‐Assembled Diethylenetriamminepentaacetic Acid‐Poly(fuchsin basic) Modified Electrode
Authors: Li Jianping , Le Shangwang , Li Qiuyan , Zhang Xuehong
Published: March 2009

A new selective, sensitive, and rapid response microelectrode for microamount chromium(III) determination was developed. For the electrode preparation, fuchsin basic was electropolymerized onto a carbon microdisk electrode, and then diethylenetriamminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) was self‐assembled on the electrode surface by the reaction between DTPA and poly(fuchsin basic). The determination conditions were optimized. The electrode showed a linear response to Cr3+ ions in the concentration range of 1.0×10−6−1.0×10−4 M and exhibits a super‐Nernstian slope of 32.5±0.4 mV per decade. The detection limit is 3.6×10−7 M. The response time of the electrode is less than 10 s, and it can be used for at least 2 months with limited considerable divergences in its potentials. The proposed electrode was applied for monitoring the chromium ion level in wastewater of chromate industries.
Electrochemical Oxidation of Berberine and of Its Oxidation Products at a Glassy Carbon Electrode
Authors: Diculescu Victor C. , Enache Teodor Adrian , Oliveira Paulo J. , Oliveira‐Brett Ana Maria
Published: March 2009

The electrochemical behavior of berberine, an isoquinoline plant alkaloid with a wide spectrum of physiological effects, was studied at a glassy carbon electrode using cyclic, differential pulse and square‐wave voltammetry. The oxidation of berberine is a quasireversible, diffusion‐controlled process and occurred in a cascade mechanism with the formation of several oxidation products. The diffusion coefficient of berberine was calculated from cyclic voltammetry studies to beD=1.69×10−6cm2s−1. The oxidation process of berberine is also pH dependent and the number of electrons and protons transferred was determined using differential pulse voltammetry. The formation of several oxidation products that adsorbed at the glassy carbon electrode surface was observed and their electrochemical behavior characterized. A mechanism for the oxidation of berberine at a glassy carbon electrode was proposed.
The autocorrelation matrix probing biochemical relationships after metabolic fingerprinting with CE
Authors: Angulo Santiago , García‐Pérez Isabel , Legido‐Quigley Cristina , Barbas Coral
Published: March 2009

Fingerprinting together with statistical analysis is often employed to compare samples in metabonomic studies of a disease. Correlation algorithms can aid by extracting information based on the variation patterns of key metabolites. This information can be linked to metabolite identification or to specific up/down‐regulated biochemical pathways. Matlab‐based software employing the Pearson's correlation algorithm was applied to urine electropherograms from 20 mice infected with the schistosoma parasite. The fingerprints were the sum of electropherograms analysed with normal and reverse polarity, in two different modes MEKC and CZE and with two different capillaries (uncoated and polyacrylamide coated) to provide a broad picture of the samples. Hippurate, a metabolite that was depleted in the infected group and is present in both polarities, was chosen as a test variable; it correlated with itself to a p value of <0.000. Phenylacetylglycine, a metabolite shown as over expressed in the disease, was positively correlated to three metabolites in its same pathway with a correlation coefficient of 0.7 and p<0.000 to phenylalanine, 0.7 and p<0.000 to 2‐hydroxyphenylacetic and 0.55 and p<0.003 to phenylacetate. The study shows that the autocorrelation matrix is able to provide extra information from data files acquired by CE analyses. It underlined an up‐regulated metabolic path by association in the schistosoma infection model.
Untargeted metabolite analysis of healthy and Huanglongbing‐infected orange leaves by CE‐DAD
Authors: Cevallos‐Cevallos Juan Manuel , Rouseff Russell , Reyes‐De‐Corcuera José I.
Published: March 2009

Huanglongbing (HLB) is considered the most destructive bacterial citrus disease worldwide. Early detection of HLB is crucial for minimizing its spread. CE was used for the discovery of potential biomarkers for HLB. Optimization of extraction and separation allowed resolving 24 compounds of which 6 were present in significantly higher (p<0.05) concentrations in HLB‐infected samples collected monthly for 6 months during the 2007–2008 season. Three of these compounds were identified by mobility and UV spectra as hesperidin, naringenin, and quercetin with mean increase in concentration of 154, 555, and 467%, respectively, above that in healthy leaves. Results support the potential of CE‐DAD for untargeted plant metabolomic analysis. CZE, NACE, and MEEKC were compared for metabolic differentiation of healthy and HLB‐infected citrus leaves. CZE in a semi‐aqueous BGE solution consisting of 8.5 mM of sodium borate (pH 9.3), 15% ACN, and 9% 1‐butanol yielded the best peak separation with detection at 190 nm.
Comparison of 1‐D and 2‐D LC MS/MS methods for proteomic analysis of human serum
Authors: Gilar Martin , Olivova Petra , Chakraborty Asish B. , Jaworski Aleksander , Geromanos Scott J. , Gebler John C.
Published: March 2009

1‐D and 2‐D LC methods were utilized for proteome analysis of undepleted human serum. Separation of peptides in 2‐D LC was performed either with strong cation exchange (SCX)‐RP chromatography or with an RP–RP 2‐D LC approach. Peptides were identified by MS/MS using a data‐independent acquisition approach. A peptide retention prediction model was used to highlight the potential false‐positive peptide identifications. When applying selected data filtration, we identified 52 proteins based on 316 peptides in serum in 1‐D LC setup. One hundred and eighty‐four proteins/1036 peptides and 142 proteins/905 peptides were identified in RP–RP and SCX‐RP 2‐D LC, respectively. The performance of both 2‐D LC methods for proteomic analysis is critically compared.
Lichen extracts as raw materials in perfumery. Part 2: treemoss
Authors: Joulain Daniel , Tabacchi Raphaël
Published: March 2009

This is a comprehensive review of extracts from the lichen Pseudevernia furfuracea (treemoss) that are used in the fragrance industry. Qualitative and quantitative analytical aspects are critically reviewed and the results are compared to those of the related oakmoss extracts. It is shown that more than 90 constituents have been identified so far in treemoss extracts, including 42 depsides, depsidones or depside‐derived compounds, and 42 triterpenes or steroids. Constituents of certain host trees, mainly Pinus species, generate specific analytical and toxicological issues which need to be considered in addition to those related to the known degradation products of lichen compounds. A new classification of lichen extracts used as raw materials in fragrance compounding is proposed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ordered Mesoporous Carbons as Catalyst Support for PEM Fuel Cells
Authors: Ambrosio E. P. , Dumitrescu M. A. , Francia C. , Gerbaldi C. , Spinelli P.
Published: March 2009

Preliminary results on Pt‐based electrocatalysts prepared with CMK3 mesoporous carbons are presented. The electro‐catalytic performance towards the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) was compared to that of commercial Pt/C‐Vulcan catalysts with the same Pt content. Polarisation tests were carried out with a single PEM fuel cell containing the Pt/OMC cathodes. The analysis of these tests, based on a semi‐empirical determination of the various polarisation terms, showed an interesting catalytic activity for ORR for the cathodes prepared with mesoporous carbon supports. The preliminary results indicate some critical aspects which need further investigation to improve the ohmic resistance limitation of these materials. Particularly, the variation of the grain size distribution with the Pt content and the effective distribution of Nafion® on the OMC surface should be considered.