bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Touching Photographs: Roland Barthes's ''Mistaken'' Identification
Authors: Olin Margaret
Published: February 2004

IN CAMERA LUCIDA, ROLAND BARTHES'S subject is the significance of photography's defining characteristic: the photograph's inseparable relation to its subject, that which ''must have been'' in front of the camera's lens. Or so it would seem. The present reading of Camera Lucida argues that Barthes's essay actually shows photography's nature as dependent not only on the intimate relation to its object, commonly termed ''indexical,'' but in accord with its relation to its user, its beholder. An examination of Barthes's encounters with photographs in Camera Lucida reveals the way in which identification and misidentification figure into the viewing of images, and suggests that contact between the beholder and the photograph actually eclipses the relation between the photograph and its subject. Barthes's focus on the emotional response of the viewer disguises the fact that he misidentified key details in Camera Lucida's photographs, most significantly in a 1927 portrait by James Van Der Zee and in the ''Winter Garden Photograph.'' This latter photograph of Barthes's recently deceased mother as a small child is famously not illustrated in the book. This essay argues that it is fictional. These ''mistakes'' suggest that Camera Lucida undermines its ostensible basis in indexicality. The subject did not have to be in front of the camera after all. The present rereading of the text from this point of view articulates a notion of performativity according to which the nature of the contact that exists between the image and the viewer informs the way an image is understood. Barthes's desire to find his mother again through her photograph to a large extent acts out his desire to re(per)form and make permanent his relation to her, a desire that he elucidates in the process of describing his search for her picture and his reaction to it when he finds it. This performative element is charged with identification; the person the narrator (Barthes) seeks, in his mother, is himself. A close analysis of the ''Winter Garden Photograph,'' as described by Barthes, shows how performances of identification are inscribed with gender and familial configurations.
"Look upon me, Sir": Relationships inKing Lear
Authors: McCoy Richard C.
Published: February 2004

"'LOOK UP ON ME, SIR': Relationships in King Lear" explores some of the connections between current performance theory and early modern sacramental theology. Protestant reformers objected to "carnal fancies of a local presence," but, rather than regarding the sacraments as mere signs of things absent, they defined them as a "means effectual" for sustaining communion among the faithful. McCoy argues that Shakespeare's drama functions in similar ways, supporting relationships with fictive characters from long ago and placing us "in their present" if not their presence, in the words of Stanley Cavell.
Ordering the World of Goods: Consumer Revolution and the Classification of Objects in Eighteenth-Century France
Authors: Kwass Michael
Published: February 2004

This article explores the cultural transformations that accompanied the rise of consumption in eighteenth-century western Europe by examining how defenders of luxury, notably George Marie Butel-Dumont, created new taxonomies to order an expanding world of goods. Building on the work of earlier luxury apologists such as Bernard Mandeville, Voltaire, and David Hume, Dumont reclassified objects of necessity, luxury, and ostentation to redeem the category of luxury and thereby legitimate increased consumption.
Rereading the Elocutionists: The Rhetoric of Thomas Sheridan's A Course of Lectures on Elocution and John Walker's Elements of Elocution
Authors: Spoel Philippa M.
Published: February 2004

Subject to neglect and at times harsh criticism, the eighteenth-century British elocutionary movement merits reconsideration as a complex rhetorical episode within the history of rhetoric. Confirming the value of the rhetorical analysis of rhetorical texts, this essay examines the forms and functions of persuasion which two key treatises from the elocutionary movement enacted within their own socio-historical context. A rhetorical reading of Thomas Sheridan's A Course of Lectures on Elocution (1762) and John Walker's Elements of Elocution (1781) - informedby theories of ethos, logos, and pathos - illustrates the nuances of the different cases made for the scholarly and educational credibility of elocution as a new field of study within the context of late eighteenth-century British culture: Walker's text, while profiting from Sheridan's earlier promotional campaign for the value of elocutionary study, attempts to redress the excesses of his forerunner's “florid harangue[s]” and to fill in the gaps of his incomplete instructional method.
Valla's Elegantiae and the Humanist Attack on the Ars Dictaminis
Authors: Henderson Judith Rice
Published: February 2004

Renaissance humanists modified rather than rejected the medieval adaptation of classical rhetoric to letter writing, but they came to scorn the “barbaric” grammar of the ars dictaminis. This development followed the widespread dissemination through printing, beginning in 1471, of the Elegantiae of Lorenzo Valla and its imitators. Niccolò Perotti incorporated Valla's approach to language in a section on epistolography of his Rudimenta grammatices, and soon letter writing and elegantiae became closely associated in textbooks. By about 1500, not only medieval writers but even humanist pioneers of an earlier generation and contemporary professionals who dared to defend established epistolary etiquette were under attack. By 1522, when Erasmus published his De conscribendis epistolis, medieval formulas had become merely comic.
On Hermogenes's Features of Style and Other Factors Affecting Style in the Panegyrics of Eustathios of Thessaloniki
Authors: Stone Andrew F.
Published: February 2004

The panegyrics of twelfth-century Byzantium have long been regarded as second-rate rhetoric. This paper, however, attempts to show that the panegyrics of one author at least, Eustathios of Thessaloniki, were not in the eyes of the Byzantines second-rate, and in fact conform to ideals which were in operation in his time. The so-called “Theory of Ideas” of Hermogenes is first considered, then the operation of the ideals of Atticism, variety and (although this is particularly alien to us) obscurity in Byzantine rhetoric. The way in which the different types of style which Hermogenic theory recognizes varies according to the dictates of the subject-matter is considered in the case of Eustathios's 1174 and 1176 Epiphany orations for the Emperor. A particularly florid passage from the 1176 speech is presented as an example of the way in which Hermogenic “Theory” can be used to analyse rhetoric, and the three principles of Atticism, variety and obscurity are shown also to be operating in the text.
"Plain and Vulgarly Express'd": Margaret Cavendish and the Discourse of the New Science
Authors: Nate Richard
Published: February 2004

Although Margaret Cavendish, Duchess of Newcastle (1623-1673), did not belong to the scientific community which after 1660 formed itself around the Royal Society, several of the philosophical issues discussed there are reflected in her writings. Lengthy reflections on language and style which run through her philosophical worksprovide evidence that the linguistic and rhetorical debates of the early Royal Society also left their mark. The isolation which Cavendish faced as a woman writer obliged her to discuss problems of terminology and style even more intensively, thereby adhering to the rhetorical principle of perspicuity which Thomas Sprat demanded in his proposal for a scientific plain style. The influence of the New Science on Cavendish's work becomes obvious when her later writings are compared to her earlier ones where traces of a courtly and more elitist understanding of style can still be found. In this paper the development of Cavendish's stylistic attitudes is traced in several of her works, including her Utopian narrative The Blazing World (1666).
La graâce et l'impuissance de la parole
Authors: Fragonard Marie-Madeleine
Published: February 2004

La double topique du refus de la rhétorique et de l'imputation des effets de la prédication à l'action de la grâce est caractéristique de la rhétorique de la prédication. Elle n'implique en fait aucune précision sur le style à adopter, doute des signes d'acquiescement émotif et dépossède le prédicateur de l'efficacité du discours. Elle écarte le rhétorique conçu comme mensonge et la théologie conçue comme un discours clos. Elle place par ailleurs le critique devant des impasses, et achoppe sur l'examen des cas concrets, ce qui appelle à remanier les critères génériques. Elle révèle cependant le risque inhérent à toute rhétorique: son échec à persuader.
Normal Queers: Straight Parents Respond to Their Children's “Coming Out”
Authors: Fields Jessica
Published: February 2004

This article explores how normative understandings of gender, family, and sexuality provide the foundation for stigma, an avenue out of deviance, and the means by which stigma is perpetuated. Using participant‐observation and interview data from a support group for families of lesbian women and gay men, I examine the destigmatizing identity work with which straight parents responded to their children's lesbian and gay identities. The parents' reliance on conventional understandings of gender, sexuality, and parenting invoked and affirmed heteronormative conceptions of normalcy. This redrawing—and not fundamentally challenging—of the lines defining sexual normalcy left intact systemic logics supporting heterosexist sexual hierarchies.
The Medicalization of Deviance as an Interactive Achievement: The Construction of Compulsive Gambling
Authors: Rossol Josh
Published: February 2004

This article joins two lines of research from distinct areas in sociology to illuminate the mechanisms through which the meaning of “compulsive gambling” and what it means to be “a compulsive gambler” are cooperatively constructed in interaction at meetings of the fellowship group Gamblers Anonymous (GA). Combining Conrad's work on the medicalization of deviance with a social psychological focus on support group interaction, I demonstrate how individuals' experiences and identities come to be imbued with a medical vocabulary through the homogenization of the initial diversity among members. This analysis contributes to conceptualizations of the medicalization of deviance as well as to interactionist interests in the social construction of reality.
Occupational Claims to Professionalism: The Case of Paralegals
Authors: Lively Kathryn J.
Published: February 2004

This article, based on fifty‐one in‐depth interviews with paralegals working in private law firms, bridges the gap between sociologists' understanding of professions and professionalization and workers' subjective meaning of professional and professionalism. For paralegals to be professional, they must be both competent and capable of maintaining the proper demeanor, which includes their thoughts, behaviors, appearances, and emotions. Ironically, paralegals claim the title professional, or make claims to professionalism, to make themselves feel better about the unprofessional manner in which they are treated by attorneys; however, their assumptions about the meaning of professionalism undercut the likelihood that they will ever make collective demands for the professional treatment they seek.
Wrestling with the Angels of Meaning: The Revisionist Ideological Work of Gay and Ex‐Gay Christian Men
Authors: Wolkomir Michelle
Published: February 2004

Ideological change is arduous and complex work, particularly for marginalized groups that lack the power and authority to challenge dominant ideas. This study analyzes how subordinates can accomplish ideological change and under what conditions such change is likely to occur. More specifically, in this ethnographic study of two groups of men—gay Christian and ex‐gay Christian—I map a process of “ideological maneuvering” by which the men were able to sidestep dominant power and revise traditional Christian ideology in ways that accommodated their sexuality. In doing so, the men were able to construct moral identities and mitigate psychological distress. On a broader level, an examination of this process reveals how ideological revision is constrained by and reproduces inequality. We also see how this process helps to create new symbolic resources that can be used to expand culture.
The Father as an Idea: A Challenge to Kinship Boundaries by Single Mothers
Authors: Hertz Rosanna
Published: February 2004

In separating parenthood from partnership, women have created new family forms in which men may be involved but not as traditional fathers. Through in‐depth interviews with single middle‐class women, I compare families created with anonymous donors to those created with known donors. In the former cases, mothers craft imagined fathers as their children become “looking glasses” into the men they will probably never meet. These children must rely on the mothers’ imagination to create a sense of the fathers’ view of them. While known donors are not “dads” either, the mothers help these children imagine positive fathers, often through more concrete, personal knowledge, and these fathers often know the children from a distance. In an interesting manner, although children may be created without men as physically present “dads,” women contextualize the donors that allowed them to become mothers through acknowledging the social ways that blood kinship creates families. They ultimately reaffirm certain kinds of kinship rather than challenge them.
Self‐Structure, Identity, and Commitment: Promise Keepers’ Godly Man Project
Authors: Armato Michael , Marsiglio William
Published: February 2004

We address current debates related to identity theory and the organization of the self by examining how a sample of men involved in the Promise Keepers movement construct, maintain, and organize their identities. Our qualitative analysis shows that these men have undertaken a continuous project of gender identity work to become godly men. We find that the Promise Keepers movement provides these men with both the ideological and the organizational resources that enable them to sustain their godly man identity. This “master identity” becomes enmeshed with other identities and is used to modify and reorganize those identities, restricting potential identity conflicts. The result is a relatively harmonious self structure. More generally, we identify several criteria for defining the master identity concept and highlight its potential for advancing identity theory.
“You Go ‘Cause You Have to”: The Bridal Shower as a Ritual of Obligation
Authors: Montemurro Beth
Published: February 2004

Getting married is one of the most celebrated and revered transitions in a woman's life. Therefore, many rituals and events exist to prepare a woman to become a wife. The bridal shower is one of those that is most steeped in tradition. It may be viewed as an event in which women friends and family members must participate. Women often attend bridal showers out of “duty.” Interestingly, many women find them boring, socially awkward, or otherwise uncomfortable. In this article, I identify the primary stressors of bridal showers for the three major participants: brides‐to‐be, hostesses, and guests. Finally, I explore the persistence of this ritual, despite its apparent lack of appeal for participants. This study draws on interviews with fifty‐one women who are recent brides or who have recently hosted or attended bridal showers, as well as participant observation at five bridal showers. I discuss the bridal shower as a ritual of obligation, one that is grounded in tradition and gives women the opportunity to express care and support for other women as members of a gender community.
Public and Private Priorities in Managing Time in Genetic Research: The Icelandic deCode Case
Authors: Wieting Stephen G.
Published: February 2004

This article addresses the perplexing instance of Iceland effectively extending a franchise in 1998—scientifically and fiscally—to deCode Genetics to archive the population's medical records, combine them with extensive genealogical records and ongoing genetic research, and use the information for research and commercial yield that is essentially the private provenance of deCode Genetics. After an overview of the special historical context of Iceland, which is paradoxically a principal value of the deCode enterprise and also the source of the acrimony over its progression, I consider how this case might exercise (and thereby extend) the reach of interactionist conceptions of time.
Animal Abuse as Dirty Play
Authors: Arluke Arnold
Published: February 2004

Animal abuse by children is generally regarded as an impulsive psychological act without instrumental benefit. This research takes a sociological approach to the topic, exploring the deliberate harm of animals as a particular kind of unsavory or dirty play that is part of adolescent socialization. Interviews were conducted with twenty‐five college undergraduate students who admitted to abusing animals earlier in their lives. Respondents considered their prior acts a form of everyday play having serious and thrilling overtones. At a deeper level, their abuse was an extraordinary form of play in that they also were appropriating adult culture. Because their appropriations stemmed from a wider culture racked with inconsistencies about the proper treatment of animals, respondents' presentations of self were split between those who no longer spoke of abuse as fun and admonished themselves for having done this and those who still clung to the idea that harming animals was fun and were seemingly untroubled by their former acts.
The Call to Performance
Authors: Denzin Norman K.
Published: February 2004

This article presents a performance‐based approach to doing symbolic interactionist inquiry. After a discussion of the vocabulary of performance, I examine the relationship among performance, pedagogy, aesthetics, and politics, including the move to performance (auto)ethnography.
Interactionism, Social Organization, and Social Processes: Looking Back and Moving Ahead
Authors: Hall Peter M.
Published: February 2004

With its roots in American pragmatism, symbolic interactionism has created a distinctive perspective and produced numerous important contributions and now offers significant prospects for the future. In this article, I review my intellectual journey with this perspective over forty years. This journey was initiated within the American society, sociology, and symbolic interaction of circa 1960. I note many of the contributions made by interactionists since that time, with particular focus on those who have contributed to the study of social organization and social process. I offer an agenda for the future based on currently underdeveloped areas that have potential. These are inequality orders, institutional analysis, collective action across space and time, and the integration of temporal and spatial orders. The article concludes with calls for further efforts at cross‐perspective dialogues, more attention to feminist scholars, and an elaborated critical pragmatism.
Telic Reflections: Interactional Processes, as Such
Authors: Perinbanayagam R. S.
Published: February 2004

Interactional processes, conducted through symbols of various kinds, are the primal events in human life and, therefore, the primary site also for all social scientific inquiries. The implications of such a claim for a variety of sociological issues are then examined: the “individual” should be conceptualized as an interactive agent; the symbolic processes that she or he undertakes are both pragmatic and artistic exercises; selves emerge out of such exercises and face various “contingencies” as the individuals who bear them advance through various trajectories of their lives, each such moment having its own telos, just as the trajectory will have its particular telic process.

only in silence the word

only in dark the light,

only in dying life

bright the hawk's flight

on the empty sky

—Ursula Le Guin
Whither Symbolic Interaction? Reflections on a Personal Odyssey
Authors: Stryker Sheldon
Published: February 2004

This essay reflects my experiences over fifty‐five years in the world of sociology and sociologists. It assumes these experiences hold more general meaning and so can illuminate the present and anticipate the future of symbolic interactionism. My views of interactionist theory and methods developed in opposition to widely accepted views stemming from Herbert Blumer's writings, creating a cycle of antagonism that impeded communication and learning across the divide. Recently, antagonism apparently has decreased, and respect and trust have increased commensurately If true, the future of symbolic interactionism is brighter, as respect and trust allow the communication and learning from one another that was missing previously.
Chess Playing as Strategic Activity
Authors: Puddephatt Antony James
Published: February 2004

This article takes an interactionist perspective and explores how people engage in strategic activity in the context of a chess game. Based on participant observation in the chess community and interviews with twenty amateur chess players, it examines the most relevant issues to players as they form their lines of action during play. It considers the following dimensions: incorporation of routine activity and style, role taking, impression management, engrossment, and composure. By examining these dimensions, we can gain an understanding of strategic activity as a generic social process. Further, drawing connections from strategic activity in chess to other areas of human group life indicates directions for future research.
Gender Differences in the Salaries and Salary Growth Rates of University Faculty: An Exploratory Study
Authors: Bellas Marcia L. , Ritchey P. Neal , Parmer Penelope
Published: February 2004

This study uses individual growth modeling to examine gender differences in salaries and salary growth rates between 1985 and 1995 for a sample of 306 faculty members at a research university. We analyze gender differences in estimated annual salary in 1985, the start of the ten-year period of study, as well as differences in the rate of salary growth during subsequent years. Individual growth modeling is particularly well suited to an analysis of salary changes over time, since it has the advantage of making use of all available data points rather than only two, as is the case with traditional change models. Findings show that a sizable gap between men's and women's estimated 1985 salaries remains after controlling for relevant factors. However, women show higher rates of salary growth during the ten-year period. Faculty with the highest growth rates are those most likely to leave the university, and, as a result, the salary growth rates for women and men are virtually identical by the end of the ten-year period.
Stigma Management among the Voluntarily Childless
Authors: Park Kristin
Published: February 2004

Individuals who choose not to be parents are viewed in terms of negative stereotypes and experience social pressures to alter or justify their status. Data were collected from in-depth interviews with twenty-four voluntarily childless women and men and a focus group that included seven of the interviewed individuals. Inductive analysis discovered the techniques that individuals used, in self-interaction and social interactions with various audiences, to manage stigmatized identity and preserve a good self. Strategies included passing, identity substitution, condemning the condemnors, asserting a right to self-fulfillment, claiming biological deficiency, and redefining the situation. Primarily defensive, reactive techniques accepted pronatalist norms, intermediate techniques challenged conventional ideologies, and proactive techniques redefined childlessness as a socially valuable lifestyle. Use of these strategies was part of the “identity work” that individuals engaged in to reject discreditable identities as voluntarily childless individuals.
Consensus versus Disagreement in Disease-Related Stigma: A Comparison of Reactions to Aids and Cancer Patients
Authors: Schulte Aileen
Published: February 2004

Theories about disease-related stigma may be classified in two categories: the behavioral model, which compares diseases or statuses of different types, assumes that stigmas arise from the actions of the stigmatized, and predicts consensus among observers; and the cultural conflict model, which compares the symbolic attitudes of observers, defines stigmas as social constructions, and expects disagreements in reactions. I employ a factorial survey to contrast these models. In a sample of university students (N = 600), respondents were presented with descriptions of individuals with AIDS, cancer, or “no disease.” Gender role attitudes were also included as a measure of symbolic attitudes. Many of the results follow the culture conflict model in which interactions between gender role attitudes and type of disease affect the level of stigma. However, other results lend support to the behavioral model, because the respondents' gender role attitudes do not explain differences in responses based on disease type.
Dispersed Communist Networks and Grassroots Leadership of Peasant Revolts in Mexico
Authors: Trevizo Dolores
Published: February 2004

Mexico's land revolts of the early 1970s were neither spontaneous nor simply called out by state-created political opportunities. Rather, militants and sympathizers of the Mexican Communist Party (PCM) were systematically among the initiators of many peasant movements, despite earlier state repression that had nearly destroyed the Party and despite ongoing repression. The PCM's history of rural organizing mattered for the peasants' subsequent protests both because it created some of the rural structures that could later be reconstituted and because it cultivated among its militants two crucial cultural resources: the ideological commitment to peasants and radical activist identities. The PCM's prior organizing in the countryside even enhanced the mobilization potential of their noncommunist supporters. Thus when state repression smashed the Party, it disconnected their membership. Rank-and-file members retained their radical commitments and activist identities and, as such, functioned as dispersed conflict networks with broad peasant support.
Tensions of Social Justice
Authors: Howard Judith A.
Published: February 2004

The achievement of social justice is vital to the future of human civilization. Debates about social justice are deeply complicated, however, as evident in the range of responses to the events of September 11, 2001. In this essay I trace micro-level phenomena and processes that contribute to understanding social justice and the tensions that surround it. I argue that the Western social contractarian conception of justice does not incorporate the legacies of historical inequities and therefore is less useful than conceptions of justice that emphasize compassion, need, and forgiveness. I review a wide-ranging social psychological literature on social cognitive and social interactive dynamics that both contribute to and could be used to minimize social inequities, emphasizing dynamics of social categorization and ways in which social power shapes the construction and use of social categorization. I argue that the achievement of social justice will require not only institutional interventions but, in the end, that individuals act for justice.
Language Proficiency among New Immigrants: The Role of Human Capital and Societal Conditions
Authors: Mesch Gustavo S.
Published: February 2004

The attainment of language proficiency is an important issue in the economic, social, and political adjustment of new immigrants. This study investigated language proficiency and use among a sample of new immigrants from the former Soviet Union (FSU) in Israel. Past studies relied on an expanded human capital model that conceptualizes language proficiency attainment as a function of economic incentives, exposure, and ability. In this study I expanded the model and argued that factors present prior to migration, such as proactive motivation for migration and the social reaction of the local society to immigrants, influence the process as well. The hypothesis was tested in a sample of immigrants from the FSU in Israel. The findings supported the argument that societal attitudes to immigrants are an important factor in the understanding of language proficiency and use among immigrants. The findings and their implications are discussed.
Living across Institutions: Exploring Sex-Based Homophily in Occupations and Voluntary Groups
Authors: Rotolo Thomas , Wharton Amy
Published: February 2004

Occupational sex segregation is well documented. Research on voluntary associations shows that these also are segregated by sex. However, little is known about the connections between these institutions. In this research, we explore the effects of occupational sex composition on the sex composition of respondents' voluntary memberships. We find a positive relationship between the sex composition of men's occupations and the sex composition of their voluntary memberships. This effect is found for women only when full-time homemaking is considered as an occupation. We attribute differences in our findings to the nature of occupational ties in social networks.
Occupational Status of Immigrants and African Americans at the Beginning and End of the Great Migration
Authors: Adelman Robert M. , Tolnay Stewart E.
Published: February 2004

This analysis utilizes data from the 1920 and 1970 Public Use Microdata Samples to examine the occupational status of immigrants and native-born blacks and whites in northern urban areas at the beginning and end of the Great Migration. In general, for both time periods we find that native-born black men, southern migrants and native northerners alike, fared worse than immigrants in terms of average SEI and level of white-collar employment. Further, we find that in 1920 southern-born and northern-born black women were more likely to be in the labor force and, when in the labor force, more likely to be employed in service occupations than were immigrant women. By 1970 the racial and ethnic differences in female employment patterns had grown considerably weaker. These findings suggest that immigrants from a range of countries made faster occupational progress than blacks throughout the Great Migration, despite important social and economic gains for blacks during the period. The evidence points toward a racially and ethnically defined occupational queue that left blacks at the bottom throughout these fifty years and helped to ensure their generally disadvantaged position in American society.
Socioeconomic Status and the Frequency of Anger across the Life Course
Authors: Schieman Scott
Published: February 2004

Previous studies suggest that older people report less anger. However, little is known about the relationship between age and the frequency of anger among individuals with different levels of education and economic circumstances. Using data from the 1996 General Social Survey ( N = 1,442), I examine the effects of age on anger across levels of education and objective and subjective economic conditions. A significant and positive age × education interaction suggests that the negative relationship between age and the frequency of anger is stronger at lower levels of education. Adjustment for social roles and economic conditions fails to account for the age × education interaction effect. In addition, differences in anger between individuals who reported worsening financial conditions and those who reported that their finances improved or stayed the same are greatest among the youngest age groups, and the gap decreases at successively older age levels. I discuss the ways that these results contradict recent findings of SES-based age differences in depressive emotions and physical health status.
Adolescent Friendships as Academic Resources: The Intersection of Friendship, Race, and School Disadvantage
Authors: Crosnoe Robert , Cavanagh Shannon , Elder Glen H.
Published: February 2004

Research on adolescent friendships has typically treated these social ties differently from friendships at other stages of life or from other relationships during adolescence. To draw parallels among these literatures, this study focuses on two largely neglected aspects of adolescent friendships: their role in positive adjustment and the way in which this role varies by social structural and institutional context. In an analysis of data from 9,223 adolescents in the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, we found that those who had friends who liked school or did well in school had fewer academic problems than did those whose friends were less academically oriented. This potential protective role of friends did not differ by race, but it did differ by level of school disadvantage. Moreover, this moderating role of school disadvantage differed by race. These results suggest that adolescent friendships serve as social capital, the value of which is context-specific.
Miscounting Race: Explaining Whites' Misperceptions of Racial Group Size
Authors: Gallagher Charles A.
Published: February 2004

Survey research has documented the extent to which whites misperceive the size of the nonwhite population in the United States. However, the sociological reasons for this and the implications for race relations has yet to be adequately explored. This study uses individual interviews, focus groups, and opened-ended surveys to examine the explanations white respondents offer for inflating the size of U.S. minority populations. My findings suggest that the media, residential segregation, racial stereotypes, and perception of group threat each contribute to whites' underestimation of the size of the white population and the inflation of group size among racial minorities. How misperceptions of racial group size may inform race relations research is examined.
"The 'Browncoats' are Coming": Latino Public History in Boston
Authors: Matos Rodríguez Félix V.
Published: February 2004

This essay will attempt to explain why it has taken so long for the city/state and public history organizations in Boston to begin to embrace the heritage of its Latino/a communities in public history projects. It will contextualize early attempts in the 1970s and 1980s to develop and promote Latino/a public history projects and exhibits and will discuss changes that have occurred in the 1990s. The second part of the essay will discuss how issues of representation, power, and participation have been addressed by two recent projects that have attempted to incorporate Latino/a history in Boston. The city of Boston has been selected as a case-study for a number of reasons. First, Boston is one of a few cities in the U.S. where public history projects have national repercussions. The combination of a high concentration of institutions of higher education, and the city's attractiveness to visitors fascinated by the U.S. colonial, maritime and independence history makes Boston a national leader in the field of public history. Second, the situation in Boston -- where increased hostility towards immigrants, affirmative action, and bilingualism - is representative of recent trends in urban centers throughout the U.S and allows for important comparisons. Finally, the selection of Boston is significant because it breaks from traditional studies that limit Latino/a history issues to cities that have a larger percentage of Latinos/as in its population such as Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, and New York. Within the small field of Latino/a public history including case studies of cities such as Boston is crucial because Boston is probably more representative of national trends than are the large cities mentioned earlier.
Cinematic History: Where Do We Go From Here?
Authors: Toplin Robert Brent
Published: February 2004

The study of film and history has made remarkable progress in recent years, but an assessment of those advances leads historians to consider the challenges that lie ahead. With specific reference to Hollywood movies about historical subjects, the author identifies five questions that are likely to engage historians: (1) Should historians focus on blockbusters or experimental films? (2) Are movies about the past essentially about the present? (3) How can scholarship move beyond a political history of movies? (4) In which directions can research on Hollywood films move to achieve deeper levels of understanding? (5) Is "cinematic history" essentially a genre?
A family with X‐linked recessive fusion of metacarpals IV and V
Authors: Lonardo Fortunato , Della Monica Matteo , Riccardi Giovanni , Riccio Ilaria , Riccio Vincenzo , Scarano Gioacchino
Published: January 2004

We describe a family with a distinctive malformation of the hand consisting of the fusion of the 4th and the 5th metacarpal bones. Usually this anomaly is clinically recognizable by an ulnar deviation of the 5th finger; moreover, the 5th metacarpal is usually hypoplastic and the 5th ray is consequently short. There is, however, great variability in expression, so the degree of fusion may range from minimal to complete and also the external aspect of the hand may vary. This anomaly can be either isolated or part of a syndrome. For the isolated form, two possible hereditary mechanisms have been proposed: autosomal dominant and X‐linked recessive. Our family is consistent with the latter, with only affected males and no instances of male‐to‐male transmission. Of note, there are very few X‐linked recessive disorders that affect the hand in a such a specific way. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Specific clinical and brain MRI features in mentally retarded patients with mutations in the Oligophrenin‐1 gene
Authors: Portes Vincent des , Boddaert Nathalie , Sacco Silvia , Briault Sylvain , Maincent Kim , Bahi Nadia , Gomot Marie , Ronce Nathalie , Bursztyn Joseph , Adamsbaum Catherine , Zilbovicius Monica , Chelly Jamel , Moraine Claude
Published: January 2004

Oligophrenin‐1 (OPHN‐1) gene disruption is known as responsible for so called “non‐specific” X‐linked mental retardation (MR) Billuart et al. [1998: Nature 392:923–926]. In order to search for a possible specific clinical and radiological profile for mutation in the OPHN‐1 gene, clinical and 3D brain MRI studies were performed in the two families with a known mutation in OPHN‐1 reported so far: a 19‐year‐old female with an X;12 balanced translocation encompassing OPHN‐1, and four affected males of family MRX60 sharing a frameshift mutation in OPHN‐1. Clinical data shared by affected individuals were neonatal hypotonia with motor delay but no obvious ataxia, marked strabismus, early onset complex partial seizures, and moderate to severe MR. Brain MRIs performed in three individuals exhibited a specific vermian dysgenesis including an incomplete sulcation of anterior and posterior vermis with the most prominent defect in lobules VI and VII. In addition, a non‐specific cerebral cortico‐subcortical atrophy was also observed. These clinical and radiological features suggest a distinct clinico‐radiological syndrome. These preliminary data need to be confirmed in other families and will be helpful for further targeted mutation screening of the OPHN‐1 gene in male patients with similar clinico‐radiological features. In addition, OPHN‐1 inactivation should be considered as a relevant model of developmental vermis disorganization, leading to a better understanding of the possible role of the cerebellum in MR. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Clinical variability in maternally inherited leber hereditary optic neuropathy with the G14459A mutation
Authors: Tarnopolsky Mark A. , Baker Steven K. , Myint Tomoko , Maxner C.E. , Robitaille J. , Robinson Brian H.
Published: January 2004

Spasticity and dystonia have been associated with mitochondrial (mt) DNA mutations at A11696G, G14459A, and T14596A. We describe the clinical features and molecular analysis of two Caucasian pedigrees with the 14,459 guanosine (G) → adenine (A) transition. The maternally inherited Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) phenotypes showed extreme clinical variability and the only screening test that was abnormal in the patient with spasticity/dystonia was a high T2 signal in the putamen bilaterally. The male patient in the second pedigree showed features of optic neuropathy without spasticity/dystonia. These results further support that the 14,459 G → A transition mutation is causally related to LHON and spasticity/dystonia. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
New Findings in the Electrophilic Addition of Halogens to Olefins
Authors: Herges Rainer
Published: January 2004

Electrophilic addition—so you thought you knew it all! Recent research into the title reaction shows that a reexamination of well‐established mechanisms by means of modern theoretical, analytica, and synthetic methods can be altogether worthwhile. For example. A. C. Legon et. al (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1994, 33, 1512–1513) recently investigated the interactions between ethene and halogens with an FT microwave spectrometer equipped with a fast‐mixing nozzle.
Synthesis and Structure of a Dendritic Polysilane
Authors: Lambert Joseph B. , Pflug Jodi L. , Stern Charlotte L.
Published: January 2004

The first dendritic polysilane, methyl[tris(permethylneopentasilyl)]silane [(Me3Si)3‐SiSiMe2]3SiMe, has been synthesized starting from (Me3Si)3SiH and characterized by crystallography. The dendrimer comprises 27 Si7 pathways and consequently exhibits UV absorption with greatly enhanced intensity over that of simple linear polysilanes of similar length.
Design, Synthesis, and Properties of Molecule‐Based Assemblies with Large Second‐Order Optical Nonlinearities
Authors: Marks Tobin J. , Ratner Mark A.
Published: January 2004

The design, synthesis, characterization, and understanding of new molecular and macromolecular assemblies with large macroscopic optical nonlinearities represents an active field of research at the interface of modern chemistry, physics, and materials science. Challenges in this area of photonic materials typify an important theme in contemporary chemistry: to create new types of functional materials by the rational construction of supramolecular assemblies exhibiting preordained collective phenomena by virtue of “engineered” molecule–molecule interactions and spatial relationships. This review surveys several approaches to, and the microstructural and optical properties of, second‐order nonlinear optical materials built from noncentrosymmetric assemblies of chromophores having large molecular hyperpolarizabilities. Such types of materials can efficiently double the frequency of incident light, exhibit other second‐order nonlinear optical effects, and contribute to the knowledge base needed for new photonic device technologies. Systems described include chromophore macromolecule guesthost matrices, chromophore‐functionalized glassy macromolecules, thermally crosslinked chromophore‐macromolecule matrices, and intrinsically acentric self‐assembled chromophoric superlattices.
Peptide Ligases—Tools for Peptide Synthesis
Authors: Jakubke Hans‐Dieter
Published: January 2004

Since the ligation of peptide fragments in vivo is meaningless, no natural enzyme is capable of replacing chemical coupling methods, which have the danger of racemization in segment condensation. Native proteases and those altered by protein design as well as catalytic antibodies may serve as peptide ligases, as demonstrated recently with subtiligase in the chemoenzymatic synthesis of R Nase A.
Trace Analysis of the Radionuclides 90Sr and 89Sr in Environmental Samples II: Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS)
Authors: Arslan Fatma , Behrendt Martin , Ernst Werner , Finckh Eberhard , Greb Gunther , Gumbmann Friedrich , Haller Martin , Hofmann Stefan , Karschnick Ralf , Klein Matthias , Kretschmer Wolfgang , Mackiol Jochen , Morgenroth Gerhard , Pagels Christian , Schleicher Markus
Published: January 2004

Strontium‐90 is one of the most poisonous radionuclides. Its toxicity results from its long half‐life of 28.5 years and permanent deposition in the blood‐forming bone system. Strontium‐90 is formed in high yields during the nuclear fission of uranium‐235 and plutonium‐239. The classic analytical procedure for the determination of 90Sr, which relies on the β−‐radiation of the daughter nuclide yttrium‐90, necessitates the chemical removal of all accompanying nuclides. This method requires the Sr/Y ratio to be at equilibrium which takes about two to three weeks to achieve—far too long for the analysis of acute contaminations. Three communications deal with new procedures for ultra‐trace analysis using complex physical detection methods (resonance ionization and accelerator mass spectrometry) and high‐performance separation techniques (high‐performance ion chromatography, HPIC) are presented. In accordance with the strategies of the German Federal Ministry of the Environment, Nature Conservation, and Nuclear Safety, precision methods are described for the determination of the strontium‐90 content in aerosols. These techniques yield data for calculations of the spread of contaminants, which in turn yield results that can be verified in various samples with the aid of the novel fast detection method (HPIC with on‐line detectors). The three analytical procedures are set up in a modular manner and can therefore be utilized in variable combinations. They also indicate the high level of refinement achieved by modern ultra‐trace analyses.
Electrochemical Synthesis of a Redox‐Active Polymer Based on Buckminsterfullerene Epoxide
Authors: Fedurco Milan , Costa David A. , Balch Alan L. , Fawcett W. Ronald
Published: January 2004

Under cathodic conditions a polymer film forms on an electrode when C60O is first reduced in the presence of Bu4NClO4 in toluene/acetonitrile and then oxidized. Films with thicknesses of up to 3 μm can be produced by repeated cyclic voltammetry. Evidence for ionic as well as electronic conductivity of this fullerene polymer is also provided.
Formation and Structures of New Metallo‐ and Metallapolysulfanes, [MSy]+ (y = 2−16)
Authors: Dance Ian , Fisher Keith , Willett Gary
Published: January 2004

For corrigendum see DOI:10.1002/anie.199510321
Five‐Membered Aromatic and Antiaromatic Rings with Gallium, Germanium, and Bismuth Centers: A Short March through the Periodic Table
Authors: Grützmacher Hansjörg
Published: January 2004

Criteria for aromaticity–a topic with staying power! Planarity of the rings, bonds of equal length, stabilization energies, and the number of π electrons were considered among the characteristics of the important phenomenon of aromaticity, but no one of these features is generally valid. Schleyer et al. (p. 334 in this issue) have now correlated the criteria with ab initio IGLO calculations on five‐membered heterocycles. In addition this highlight collates the synthesis methods and the chemical properties of these interesting compounds.