bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Trichoptera remains from early Holocene river deposits in the Great Belt, Denmark
Authors: WIBERG‐LARSEN PETER , BENNIKE OLE , JENSEN JØRN BO , LEMKE WOLFRAM
Published: July 2010

Analyses of a sediment core from the Great Belt documented the local presence of fluvial deposits. The sediments consisted of silt, clay, sand and organic detritus and they contained macroscopical remains of a mixture of terrestrial, telmatic, lacustrine and fluvial plants and animals. Most noteworthy was the abundance of remains of caddis fly larvae, totalling at least 24 species, which were dominated by fluvial species. Thus, filter‐feeding hydropsychids made up approximately 95% out of 1496 identified specimens, the dominating species being Hydropsyche contubernalis and H. pellucidula. The present‐day requirements of the recorded species point to a fairly fast‐flowing river, at least locally, with areas of stones (some with moss growth) and gravel, but also to more slowly‐flowing parts with sand, fine and coarse detritus. This river may have been considerably larger than any present‐day Danish river. It appears that the fluvial deposits formed locally in connection with flooding of the area south of the core position. AMS radiocarbon dating shows that the sequence was deposited very rapidly during the early Holocene, about 10650 to 10250 cal. years BP. The occurrence of the lentic Leptocerus tineiformis points to a climate at least as warm as today.
Evidence of ‘Mid‐Pliocene (˜3 Ma) global warmth’ in the eastern Arctic Ocean and implications for the Svalbard/Barents Sea ice sheet during the late Pliocene and early Pleistocene (˜3 – 1.7 Ma)
Authors: KNIES JOCHEN , MATTHIESSEN JENS , VOGT CHRISTOPH , STEIN RUEDIGER
Published: July 2010

A multiproxy analysis of Hole 911A (Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Leg 151) drilled on the Yermak Plateau (eastern Arctic Ocean) is used to investigate the behaviour of the Svalbard/Barents Sea ice sheet (SBIS) during late Pliocene and early Pleistocene (˜3.0–1.7 Ma) climate changes. Contemporary with the ‘Mid‐Pliocene (˜3 Ma) global warmth’ (MPGW), a warmer period lasting ˜300 kyr with seasonally ice‐free conditions in the marginal eastern Arctic Ocean is assumed to be an important regional moisture source, and possibly one decisive trigger for intensification of the Northern Hemisphere glaciation in the Svalbard/Barents Sea area at ˜2.7 Ma. An abrupt pulse of ice‐rafted debris (IRD) to the Yermak Plateau at ˜2.7 Ma reflects distinct melting of sediment‐laden icebergs derived from the SBIS and may indicate the protruding advance of the ice sheet onto the outer shelf. Spectral analysis of the total organic carbon (TOC) record being predominantly of terrigenous/fossil‐reworked origin indicates SBIS and possibly Scandinavian Ice Sheet response to incoming solar radiation at obliquity and precession periodicities. The strong variance in frequencies near the 41 kyr obliquity cycle between 2.7 and 1.7 Ma indicates, for the first time in the Arctic Ocean, a close relationship of SBIS growth and decay patterns to the Earth's orbital obliquity amplitudes, which dominated global ice volume variations during late Pliocene/early Pleistocene climate changes.
Neotectonics, sea‐level changes and biological evolution in the Fennoscandian Border Zone of the southern Kattegat Sea
Authors: JENSEN JØRN BO , PETERSEN KAJ STRAND , KONRADI PETER , KUIJPERS ANTOON , BENNIKE OLE , LEMKE WOLFRAM , ENDLER RUDOLF
Published: July 2010

Shallow seismic data and vibrocore information, sequence stratigraphic and faunal evidence have been used for documentation of Late Weichselian reactivation of faulting in the south central Kattegat, southern Scandinavia. The study area is situated on the Fennoscandian Border Zone, where tectonic activity has been recurrent since Early Palaeozoic time and still occurs, as shown by present earthquake activity. New data from the area south of the island of Anholt show that after deglaciation fast isostatic rebound resulted in reactivation of a NW‐SE striking normal fault system. This tectonic episode is dated to a period starting shortly before 15.0 cal. ka BP and ending around 13.5 cal. ka BP, after regression had already reached a level of about 30 m b.s.l. The vertical displacement associated with the faulting was in the order of 20 m. More generally, the results support the previously reported late Weichselian sea‐level highstand, which was followed by forced regression until the eustatic sea‐level rise surpassed the rate of glacio‐isostatic rebound in early Preboreal. Our findings further imply that drainage of the Baltic Ice Lake through the Øresund at c. 15 cal. ka BP (Bergsten & Nordberg 1992) may have been triggered by tectonic activity in this region.
Rapid climatic changes during the Greenland stadial 1 (Younger Dryas) to early Holocene transition on the Norwegian Barents Sea coast
Authors: SEPPÄ HEIKKI , BIRKS HILARY H. , BIRKS H. J. B.
Published: July 2010

A pollen‐based quantitative climate reconstruction from a lake‐sediment core on the Norwegian Barents Sea coast provides insights about climatic change over the Greenland stadial 1 (GS‐1) to early‐Holocene transition. GS‐1 was characterized by low July mean temperatures (c. 6.0°C) and dry conditions probably resembling modern arctic deserts. The increase in July mean temperatures to the Holocene level (10.0–12.0°C) took place in a two‐step pattern interrupted by a short cool period with July mean temperatures of c. 8.0°C during the early Preboreal at c. 11450–11200 cal. yr BP. The reconstruction also suggests two other early‐Holocene coolings of c. 1.5°C, dating to 10900–10800 cal. yr BP and 10400–10200 cal. yr BP, synchronously with short‐term decreases in δ18O values in the Greenland ice cores. These results reflect the highly unstable nature of the early‐Holocene climate in northernmost Fennoscandia. Apart from the cooling at 10900–10800 cal. yr BP, the reconstructed cold events correlate with fluxes of fresh water to the North Atlantic and related reductions of North Atlantic deep‐water formation, suggesting that the rapid climate changes resulted from the dynamics of the North Atlantic thermohaline circulation and oceanic energy transport during the GS‐1 to early‐Holocene transition.
The Holsteinian Interglacial river network of mid‐eastern Poland and western Belarus
Authors: MARKS LESZEK , PAVLOVSKAYA IRINA E.
Published: July 2010

The Holsteinian drainage system in mid‐eastern Poland and western Belarus has been reconstructed using palaeogeographical analysis based on abundant boreholes. The stratigraphic setting and palaeogeography are determined by correlation with Holsteinian marine sediments in the Kaliningrad District of Russia and the Late Elsterian glaciolacustrine series in the southern peribaltic region. At the beginning of the Holsteinian there were numerous residual overflow lakes at the Polish‐Belarusian border area that gradually became interconnected with the Holsteinian Neman River and its tributaries. The base level of erosion is located in river beds of Holsteinian valleys slightly beneath beds of the recent rivers and indicates that Holsteinian sea level was apparently lower than the present Baltic Sea level. The Holsteinian Neman flowed southwestwards across the Biebrza River Basin to the Warsaw Basin. The main watershed between the Baltic Sea and the Black Sea was further to the west than its present location. The secondary watershed in northern Poland has only been slightly modified since that time.
Centennial‐to‐millennial‐scale periodicities of Holocene climate and sediment injections off the western Barents shelf, 75°N
Authors: SARNTHEIN M. , VAN KREVELD S. , ERLENKEUSER H. , GROOTES P. M. , KUCERA M. , PFLAUMANN U. , SCHULZ M.
Published: July 2010

At the western continental margin of the Barents Sea, 75°N, hemipelagic sediments provide a record of Holocene climate change with a time resolution of 10–70 years. Planktic foraminifera counts reveal a very early Holocene thermal optimum 10.7–7.7 kyr BP, with summer sea surface temperatures (SST) of 8°C and a much enhanced West Spitsbergen Current. There was a short cooling between 8.8 and 8.2 kyr BP. In the middle and late Holocene summer, SST dropped to 2.5°‐5.0°C, indicative of reduced Atlantic heat advection, except for two short warmings near 2.2 and 1.6 kyr BP. Distinct quasi‐periodic spikes of coarse sediment fraction (with large portions of lithic grains, benthic and planktic foraminifera) record cascades of cold, dense winter water down the continental slope as a result of enhanced seasonal sea ice formation and storminess on the Barents shelf over the entire Holocene. The spikes primarily cluster near recurrence intervals of 400–650 and 1000–1350 years, when traced over the entire Holocene, but follow significant 885–/840– and 505–/605‐year periodicities in the early Holocene. These non‐stationary periodicities mimic the Greenland‐10Be variability, which is a tracer of solar forcing. Further significant Holocene periodicities of 230, (145) and 93 years come close to the deVries and Gleissberg solar cycles.
Signature of palaeo‐ice‐stream stagnation: till consolidation induced by basal freeze‐on
Authors: CHRISTOFFERSEN POUL , TULACZYK SLAWEK
Published: July 2010

A combination of glaciological theory and geological observations was used to investigate the possibility of till consolidation being driven by basal freeze‐on beneath a stagnating, mid‐latitude palaeo‐ice stream. We focused on the case of the Baltic Ice Stream that advanced into Denmark at c. 15ka BP and which left behind a characteristic till sequence consisting of a strong and well‐consolidated till crust underlain by weak and poorly consolidated till. Our hypothesis is that basal freezing caused the markedly higher consolidation of the uppermost till layer. The freezing may have either triggered or simply just accompanied ice‐stream stoppage. To test the feasibility of this hypothesis, we have developed a numerical model that couples ice‐stream dynamics to time‐dependent changes of till properties. Despite relatively mild palaeo‐climatic conditions in this area during Late Pleistocene deglaciation (˜0°C), the ice‐stream model is capable of producing basal freezing when the effect of horizontal advection of cold ice is included. Our simulations of till response to basal freezing are based on thermodynamic concepts adapted from permafrost studies. Dewatering of till by basal freeze‐on may lead to overconsolidation (OCR>10). Based on the history of effective pressure changes in the till, we can predict postglacial till strength profiles using the SHANSEP method. In a series of numerical experiments we have examined the response of till strength to basal freeze‐on induced beneath a decaying ice sheet. We have come reasonably close to reproducing shear strength profiles for till deposited by the Baltic Ice Stream. These observations are most consistent with palaeo‐ice‐stream stagnation triggered by basal freezing and followed by abrupt retreat (<100 years) due to high surface ablation rates (>10 ma‐1).
Holocene shore displacement and chronology in Ångermanland, eastern Sweden, the Scandinavian glacio‐isostatic uplift centre
Authors: BERGLUND MIKAEL
Published: July 2010

The shore displacement during the Holocene in southeastern Ångermanland, Sweden, has been investigated by means of radiocarbon‐dating of isolation intervals in sediment cores from a total of nine new basins. Results from earlier investigations have been used in complement. There is a forced regression in the area from c. 9300 BP (c. 10500 cal. yr BP) until c. 8000 BP (c. 9000 cal. yr BP), on average c. 8 m/100 years, after which there is a gradually slowing regression of c. 2.5–1.0 m/100 years up to the present time. The most rapid regression occurs during the later phase of the Ancylus Lake stage, 9500–9000 cal. yr BP. There is no evidence of halts in the regression. Crustal uplift in the area since deglaciation is c. 310 m. The deglaciation of southeastern Ångermanland took place c. 9300 BP (c. 10500 cal. yr BP); this is c. 900 years earlier than the age given by clay varve dating. The shore displacement curve provides a means of estimating the difference between the clay varve time scale and calibrated radiocarbon dates, by comparison with varve‐dated altitudes of alluvial deltas of the River Ångermanalven. From c. 2500 to c. 8000 cal. BP there is a deficit in clay varves of some 300 years; further back in time this discrepancy increases significantly. The main explanation for the discrepancy is most likely lacking varves in the time‐span 8500–10200 cal. yr BP, located along the upper reaches of River Ångermanalven below the highest shore level.
Precipitation history of the Lake Biwa area in central Japan over the last 145 ka
Authors: XIAO JULE , INOUCHI YOSHIO , KUMAI HISAO , YOSHIKAWA SHUSAKU , KONDO YOICHI , TAKAHASHI KEIICHI
Published: July 2010

Xiao, J. L., Inouchi, Y., Kumai, H., Yoshikawa, S., Kondo, Y. & Takahashi, K. 2004 (February): Precipitation history of the Lake Biwa area in central Japan over the last 145 ka. Boreas, Vol. 33, pp. 74–81. Oslo. ISSN 0300–9483.

The fluvial quartz flux (FQF, g cm‐2 ka‐1) to Lake Biwa of central Japan is developed as a proxy of variations in palaeoprecipitation over the lake catchment. Lake Biwa sediments spanning the last c. 145 ka are characterized by 4 main intervals when the FQF values were significantly greater than 2 g cm‐2 ka‐1, and 5 main periods during which FQF values were lower. Three of the intervals with high FQF values occur from c. 128 to 78 ka BP, with peak values at c. 122, 101 and 82 ka BP; the fourth of two narrow peaks exists between c. 48 and 35 ka BP. Three main periods with lower FQF values intervene between intervals of high FQF values, and two others lie before c. 128 ka BP and after c. 35 ka BP. The data imply that palaeoprecipitation over the lake catchment increased during the intervals of high FQF values, and decreased during the periods of lower FQF values. High FQF values between c. 48 and 35 ka BP are interpreted to reflect an effective runoff of meltwater from the surrounding mountains during the interstade of the last glaciation. Relatively low FQF values during the early Holocene are interpreted to reveal a sluggish northward retreat of the polar front in the North Pacific Ocean that suppressed the northward advance of the summer monsoonal front and regional precipitation. During the last interglaciation, the increasing trend of FQF values is interpreted to indicate a progressive expansion of the Sea of Japan related to the rise in global sea level, which increased moisture advection to, and precipitation within, the Lake Biwa region.
Holocene vegetation and climate history on a continental‐oceanic transect in northern Fennoscandia based on pollen and plant macrofossils
Authors: BJUNE ANNE E. , BIRKS H. J. B. , SEPPÄ HEIKKI
Published: July 2010

Changes in tree‐line, mean July temperature (Tjul) and mean annual precipitation (Pann) for the last 10200 cal. yr BP are reconstructed on the basis of pollen and plant macrofossils preserved in lake sediments from two sites near the present‐day tree‐line in Troms, northern Norway. Quantitative climate reconstructions are performed using pollen‐climate transfer functions based on WA‐PLS regression. Early Holocene Betula pubescens forests were gradually replaced by Pinus sylvestris at Dalmutladdo (355 m a.s.l.) starting about 7000 cal. yr BP. The local presence of pine woodland at that time is supported by finds of stomata and plant macrofossils and by high pollen accumulation rates. Until about 4000 cal. yr BP the P. sylvestris tree‐line was 250–300 m higher than today, suggesting Tjul about 2.0C higher than at present. The later part of the Holocene has a cooler and moister climate and an increasing development of mires and fern‐rich vegetation, as shown by increases of Sphagnum and fern spores and the re‐establishment of B. pubescens woodland. The reconstructed Tjul from the two sites shows similar trends to previously published data, with Tjul1–2C warmer between 9500 cal. yr BP and 2000 cal. yr BP Tjul. Maximum Tjul values occur between 8500 and 4500 cal. yr BP, after which there is a gradual decrease in Tjul.
Faint traces of high Arctic glaciations: an early Holocene ice‐front fluctuation in Bolterdalen, Svalbard
Authors: LØNNE IDA
Published: July 2010

Raised marine beach gravel at 62 m a.s.l. in Bolterdalen indicates that the inner part of Adventfjorden, central Spitsbergen, was ice‐free shortly before 10 025±160yr BP. A glacier advanced across the regressive, frozen beach terraces and into shallow water, 58 m above the present sea level, where a small wave‐influenced ice‐contact delta was formed, 9775±125 yr BP. Maximum ice‐front position was reached 9625±95 yr BP, 7 km outside the present ice margin. The advance was climatically forced and of several decades' duration, as seen from abundant molluscs growing in the prograding foreset beds. Today, the beaches appear as a continuous regressive sequence with no geomorphic evidence of the former ice margin. Sedimentological studies show, however, that a thin (≤1 m) deformation till was emplaced, the substrate was subglacially sheared to a depth of 1 m, and elongated clasts in the beach gravel were reoriented in an ice‐flow parallel direction. The glacial deposits and structures, formed within 200 m from the ice front, highlight some important aspects of subglacial to ice‐marginal processes in permafrost terrain. As the dead ice melted, the released debris was redistributed into thin sediment sheets down to 40 m a.s.l., which means that the postglacial meltwater‐controlled reworking lasted c. 500 years. Similar isolated depocentra may be a key for future identifications of former ice margins at high latitudes.
Influence of climate on the variability of snails of the genus Viviparus in deposits of the Holsteinian (Mazovian) Interglacial from Ortel Krolewski, eastern Poland
Authors: SZYMANEK MARCIN , NITYCHORUK JERZY , TRAMMER JERZY , BIŃKA KRZYSZTOF
Published: July 2010

Sediments of palaeolakes located in eastern Poland represent the Holsteinian (Mazovian) Interglacial, which corresponds to the Marine Isotope Stage 11 (MIS 11). Some of these sediments are characterized by an extremely rich occurrence of mollusc shells. A total of 1795 specimens of the snail Viviparus diluvianus were measured from 5 samples collected from a succession of lake deposits at Ortel Krolewski. The sample from the lowermost part of the succession (2.5 m) represents the Picea‐Alnus pollen zone of the Holsteinian Interglacial. Samples from 2.0, 1.5, 1.0m are related to the Taxus Zone. Samples collected from the uppermost part of the succession (0.5 m) correspond to the Pinus Zone representing the so‐called intra‐interglacial cooling. The population of V. diluvianus displays variability correlated with climatic changes. The population from the Taxus Zone is characterized by a higher content of mature forms compared to the earlier population from the Picea‐Alnus Zone. Because the mature individuals are slimmer than the juvenile forms, their last whorl is relatively lower and the aperture relatively smaller. In populations from the Taxus Zone the mean slimness of the shell therefore increases, followed by a decrease in the mean relative height of the last whorl and the mean relative aperture height.
Disseminated Fusariosis
Authors: Repiso T. , García‐Patos V. , Martin N. , Creus M. , Bastida P. , Castells A.
Published: July 2010

Abstract: A 7‐year‐old boy with T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia developed disseminated hyalohyphomycosis due to Fusarium solani. The clinical features included fever, severe myalgia, documented fungemia with F. solani, an ecthyma gangrenosum‐like lesion next to a peripheral venous catheter, and disseminated pustules. Severe neutropenia due to chemotherapy was the most revelant risk factor. Histopathologic study of the ecthyma gangrenosum‐like lesion, as well as pustular lesions, revealed epidermal necrosis and an inflammatory infiltrate in the upper dermis, with numerous septate hyphae demonstrated by periodic acid‐Schiff stain. Clinical resolution was achieved with granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor and amphotericin B administration. Our case suggests that the peripheral venous access was probably the portal of entry of the fungus.
Vesiculopustular Eruption of Crohn's Disease
Authors: Matheson Brett K. , Gilbertson Erik O. , Eichenfield Lawrence F.
Published: July 2010

Abstract: We report a 16‐year‐old Hispanic girl with gastrointestinal complaints and an unusual cutaneous eruption consisting of vesiculopustules and blanching erythematous plaques with peripheral scale. Diagnostic workup showed collections of neutrophils in the upper epidermis and subcorneal layer on the skin biopsy specimen, and deep ulcerations, crypt abscesses, and granulomas on endoscopy, diagnostic of Crohn disease. The skin findings are consistent with a vesiculopustular eruption without vasculitis, previously only reported in association with ulcerative colitis. This case broadens the spectrum of neutrophilbased cutaneous disorders associated with inflammatory bowel disease. Clinicians should be aware of the usual cutaneous manifestations of inflammatory bowel disease and consider the diagnosis of Crohn disease in the context of vesiculopustular dermatitis and abdominal symptomatology.
Clinical and Technical Aspects of Hemofiltration
Authors: Quellhorst Eduard , Schuenemann Bernd , Borghardt Jürgen
Published: July 2010

The removal of uremic substances in hemofiltration, in contrast to hemodialysis, is achieved by means of a convective transport across membranes of high porosity. Since 1974, more than 30 patients with chronic renal insufficiency have been treated with regular hemofiltration three times weekly for four to five hours each. After completing a pilot study, a controlled study to compare hemodialysis and hemofiltration was initiated during January, 1978. A normalization of blood pressure in patients with severe hypertension, and remarkable stability of the circulatory system, even after dehydration in patients who had hypotension in spite of fluid overload, could be demonstrated. Hemofiltration is preferred, especially in older patients with cardiovascular or cerebrovascular problems, because of its lower frequency of hypotensive episodes compared to dialysis. An important aim—the miniaturization of the artificial kidney—has not yet been achieved, however, because of the necessity for an extensive monitoring system for the exact proportioning of the sterile substitution fluid. First results in the application of a fluid regeneration system consisting of a charcoal cartridge and a bioelectric cell, for degradation of urea, are presented.
Techniques for Optimization of Pulsatile Ventricular Assist Device Support
Authors: Mills Timothy C. , Ott Richard A.
Published: July 2010

Abstract: For some time now researchers have argued the efficacy of pulsatile versus nonpulsatile hemodynamic support. Pulsatile systems, while providing a more physiological pumping source, are burdened with a multipa‐rametric output function that can greatly affect the utility of such ventricular assist device (VAD) support. A simplified approach to the optimization of the pulsatile VADs' output function has been developed. This approach yields device outputs of approximately 5.5 Limin at physiologic pressures while demonstrating clinically acceptable blood chemistry. Obtaining this optimal operating point involves the determination of the VAD system output function for a range of fill‐enhancing vacuum settings. A quantitative method for evaluating synchronous versus asynchronous pumping modes as related to coronary perfusion is also demonstrated.
Centrifugal Blood Pump with a Magnetically Suspended Impeller
Authors: Akamatsu Teruaki , Nakazeki Tsugito , Itoh Hiroyoshi
Published: July 2010

Abstract: A centrifugal blood pump with a magnetically suspended impeller has been developed. It has a single inlet and outlet, and it generates centrifugal forces by the rotating impeller. The fluid‐dynamical design for inflow and outflow through the impeller leads to elimination of the axial force and unbalanced radial force acting on the impeller. Consequently, three‐component control systems, instead of five‐component ones, are enough to position the impeller. The magnetically suspended impeller rotates by the magnetic coupling with the permanent magnets embedded in the outer rotator of the motor.

This pump has enough performance to function as a blood pump. Further research on the null‐power magnetic suspension and the generation of an efficient rotating magnetic field is in progress.
Percutaneous Introduction of Left Atrial Cannula for Left Heart Bypass: Utility of Biplane Transesophageal Echocardiographic Guidance for Transseptal Puncture
Authors: Kyo Shunei , Motoyama Takeshi , Miyamoto Naomasa , Noda Hiroyuki , Dohi Yutaka , Omoto Ryozo
Published: July 2010

Abstract: For introduction of a left atrial (LA) cannula by the transseptal puncture technique, we examined the feasibility of using biplane transesophageal echocardiogra‐phy (B‐TEE). A transseptal puncture was performed on 15 patients (3 male; 12 female; mean age, 48.9 ± 11.2 years) by B‐TEE guide during percutaneous transvenous mitral comissurotomy (PTMC). The entire Brocken‐brough needle and the position of its tip were clearly observed in the right atrium by a longitudinal image of B‐TEE in all patients (100%), and in 2(13%) of them also by the transverse image of B‐TEE. The puncture was about 1 cm caudal from the center of the fossa ovalis to avoid any large residual atrial septal defect. After transseptal puncture, a Mullin's sheath (7 Fr) and a dilator (14 Fr) were inserted into the left atrium in order. and then an Inoue's balloon catheter (12 Fr) was introduced without difficulty into the left atrium in all patients. With contrast injection, the position of the sheaths's tip was clearly confirmed by B‐TEE. Left heart bypass support (left atrial‐femoral artery bypass or AAB) was performed on 2 patients after percutaneous introduction of the LA cannula using this technique, and both were successfully supported and survived. With B‐TEE guidance, the Brockenbrough atrial septal puncture and introduction of the LA cannula into left atrium can be performed easily. Thus, percutaneous left heart bypass can be set up quickly and safely wen in an intensive care unit or outpatient emergency room without radiographic guidance.
Porcine Hepatocytes for Biohybrid Artificial Liver Devices: A Comparison of Hypothermic Storage Techniques
Authors: Koebe Hans‐Günter , Pahernik Sascha Alexander , Thasler Wolfgang Erwin , Schildberg Friedrich‐Wilhelm
Published: July 2010

Abstract: Two hypothermic preservation techniques were investigated to assess their possible role in on‐demand cell supply for bioartificial liver support devices. Porcine hepatocytes from slaughterhouse organs were isolated and either cold stored in a modified University of Wisconsin solution for up to 72 h or directly cultured in a sandwich configuration, frozen at Day 3 of culture, and stored for up to 30 days with subsequent long‐term culture (14 days) in both groups. Cold storage for 72 h resulted in a decreased viability of cells (58.7 ± 7.9%) with well preserved ultrastructures in the remainder of cells. In subsequent culture, albumin secretion was slightly increased, and cytochrome P450 IA1 dependent 7‐ethoxy‐coumarine deethylation activity was reduced to about 40% of control values. After cryopreservation, hepato‐cyte cultures revealed no severe damage to ultrastructures of cells, and functional parameters (albumin, 7‐ethoxycoumarine deethylation) were comparable with controls after an initial drop in activity directly after thawing. Length of storage time did not influence results. Both hypothermic preservation protocols might eventually play an important role for bioartificial liver processing and on‐demand cell supply, dependent on the individual reactor design.
Investigation of the Washout Effect in a Magnetically Driven Axial Blood Pump
Authors: Triep Michael , Brücker Christoph , Kerkhoffs Wolfgang , Schumacher Oliver , Marseille Oliver
Published: July 2010

For a long‐term implementation of the magnetically driven CircuLite blood pump system, it is extremely important to be able to ensure a minimum washout flow in order to avoid dangerous stagnation regions in the gap between the impeller and the motor casing as well as near the pivot–axle area at the holes in the impeller's hub. In general, stagnation zones are prone to thrombus formation. Here, the optimal impeller/motor gap width will be determined and the washout flow for different working conditions will be quantitatively calculated. The driving force for this secondary flow is mainly the strong pressure difference between both ends of the gap. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and digital particle image velocimetry (DPIV) will be used for this analysis.
Alcohol‐Induced Exacerbation of Ischemic Brain Injury: Role of NAD(P)H Oxidase
Authors: Zhao Honggang , Mayhan William G. , Arrick Denise M. , Xiong Wanfen , Sun Hong
Published: July 2010

Background:  Chronic alcohol consumption increases ischemic stroke and exacerbates ischemic brain injury. We determined the role of NAD(P)H oxidase in exacerbated ischemic brain injury during chronic alcohol consumption.

Methods:  Sprague Dawley rats were fed a liquid diet with or without alcohol (6.4% v/v) for 8 weeks. We measured the effect of apocynin on 2‐hour middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO)/24‐hour reperfusion‐induced brain injury. In addition, superoxide production and expression of NAD(P)H oxidase subunit, gp91phox, in the peri‐infarct area were assessed.

Results:  Chronic alcohol consumption produced a larger infarct volume, worse neurological score, and higher superoxide production. Acute (5 mg/kg, ip, 30 minutes before MCAO) and chronic treatment with apocynin (7.5 mg/kg/d in the diet, 4 weeks prior to MCAO) reduced infarct volume, improved neurological outcome, and attenuated superoxide production in alcohol‐fed rats. Expression of gp91phox at basal conditions and following ischemia/reperfusion was greater in alcohol‐fed rats compared to non‐alcohol‐fed rats. In addition, neurons are partially responsible for upregulated gp91phox during alcohol consumption.

Conclusions:  Our findings suggest that NAD(P)H oxidase may play an important role in exacerbated ischemic brain injury during chronic alcohol consumption.
The Impact of Metropolitan Residential Segregation on the Employment Chances of Blacks and Whites in the United States
Authors: VonLockette Niki Dickerson
Published: July 2010

Studies of residential segregation's role in creating employment inequality between blacks and whites have focused on the characteristics of neighborhoods (e.g., mean SES or distance from job centers). in contrast, this study considers the broader structure of metropolitan segregation in which neighborhoods are situated and its impact on the racial disparity in access to employment opportunities. the study employs multilevel analyses and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to test the effects of metropolitan segregation in 1980 on respondents’ probability of being employed by 1990 net of individual and family level characteristics, and to assess the role of segregation in explaining the race gap in employment between blacks and whites. the analyses reveal that residential segregation decreases employment odds for blacks, but not for whites, and explains the residual race gap in the probability of being employed. in addition, the depressive effect of segregation on employment is weaker for black women than it is for black men.
Self‐Propagating High‐Temperature Synthesis of Ti3SiC2: Study of the Reaction Mechanisms by Time‐Resolved X‐Ray Diffraction and Infrared Thermography
Authors: Gauthier Véronique , Cochepin Benoît , Dubois Sylvain , Vrel Dominique
Published: July 2010

Ti3SiC2 is synthesized by self‐propagating high‐temperature synthesis (SHS) of elemental titanium, silicon, and graphite powders. The reaction paths and structure evolution are studied in situ during the SHS of the 3Ti+Si+2C mixture by time‐resolved X‐ray diffraction coupled with infrared thermography. The proposed reaction mechanism suggests that Ti3SiC2 might be formed from Ti–Si liquid phase and solid TiCx. Finally, the effect of the powders starting composition on the Ti3SiC2 synthesis is studied. For the investigated initial mixtures, TiCx is always formed as a major impurity together with the Ti3SiC2 phase.
Differential impact of polysialyltransferase ST8SiaII and ST8SiaIV knockout on social interaction and aggression
Authors: Calandreau L. , Márquez C. , Bisaz R. , Fantin M. , Sandi C.
Published: July 2010

Previous studies using neuronal cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) −/− knockout (KO) mice provided evidence for a role of NCAMs in social behaviors. However, polysialic acid (PSA), the most important post‐translational modification of NCAM, was also absent in these mice, which makes it difficult to distinguish between the specific involvement of either PSA or NCAM in social interactions. To address this issue, we assessed two lines of mice deficient for one of the two sialyltransferase enzymes required for the polysialylation of NCAM, sialyltransferase‐X (St8SiaII or STX) and polysialyltransferase (ST8SiaIV or PST), in a series of tests for social behaviors. Results showed that PST KO mice display a decreased motivation in social interaction. This deficit can be partly explained by olfactory deficits and was associated with a clear decrease in PSA‐NCAM expression in all brain regions analyzed (amygdala, septum, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and frontal cortices). STX KO mice displayed both a decreased social motivation and an increased aggressive behavior that cannot be explained by olfactory deficits. This finding might be related to the reduced anxiety‐like behavior, increased locomotion and stress‐induced corticosterone secretion observed in these mice. Moreover, STX KO mice showed mild increase of PSA‐NCAM expression in the lateral septum and the orbitofrontal cortex. Altogether, these findings support a role for PSA‐NCAM in the regulation of social behaviors ranging from a lack of social motivation to aggression. They also underscore STX KO mice as an interesting animal model that combines a behavioral profile of violence and hyperactivity with reduced anxiety‐like behavior.
THE BOOKSHELF
Authors: Hulbert E. Ronald
Published: July 2010

FATHER & CHILD: DEVELOPMENTAL & CLINICAL PERSPECTIVES Edited by Stanley H. Cath, M.D., Alan R. Gurwitt, M.D., John Munder Ross, Ph.D.

EFFECTIVE PSYCHOTHERAPY FOR LOW‐INCOME MINORITY PATIENTS Frank X. Acosta, Joe Yamamoto, Leonard A. Evans

101 WAYS TO BE A LONG‐DISTANCE SUPER DAD George Newman
THE BOOKSHELF
Authors: Hulbert E. Ronald
Published: July 2010

Book Review in this article

CHILD CUSTODY LITIGATION: A Guide for Parents and Mental Health Professionals, by Richard A. Gardner, M.D., Creative Therapeutics, New Jersey, 1986, $18.00.

LAW AND ETHICS IN COUNSELING, By Dean L. Hummel, Lou C. Talbutt, and M. David Alexander Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York (1984) $32.95 cloth.

FAMILIES ARE FOREVER, by Nathan Schaefer, M.D. R & E Publishers, P.O. Box 2008, Saratoga, CA 95070.1985. 158 pages, softcover, $9.95.
DIVORCE AND SEPARATION IN SWEDEN
Authors: Schlyter Gunn
Published: July 2010

As background for my presentation regarding the Swedish method of handling custody and access, the following statistics place this presentation in context: The population of Sweden in 1988 was 8,458,888 of which 1,847,842 were children under the age of 18. In Sweden, the legal age of majority is 18 years.
GRANDPARENT VISITATION RIGHTS
Authors: Thompson Ross A. , Scalora Mario J. , Limber Susan P. , Castrianno Lynn
Published: July 2010

In recent years, legislators in all fifty states have given grandparents rights to petition for visitation privileges with grandchildren that can be enforced over parental objections. Grandparent visitation rights reflect an effort to protect meaningful relationships children enjoy with nonparental caregivers, enlist the assistance of extended family when the child's nuclear family is disrupted, and defend the interests of grandparents themselves. This psycholegal analysis explores the direct and indirect consequences of grandparent visitation statutes for family functioning. Statutory provisions are summarized, and the effects of these statutes are evaluated in light of what is known about the role of grandparents in child development, how courts evaluate children's “best interests” in grandparent visitation disputes, and how these statutes can alter family functioning in informal ways. The authors conclude that there are risks as well as benefits to children and families in grandparent visitation statutes, and suggest directions for procedural and statutory reform.
IMPLICATIONS OF THE DIVORCE MEDIATION ASSESSMENT INSTRUMENT FOR MEDIATION PRACTICE
Authors: Tan Ngoh Tiong
Published: July 2010

The development of the Divorce Mediation Assessment Instrument (DMAI), based on six dimensions—commitment, social‐psychological factors, values, understanding, skills, and conflict—was in response to the need to systematically assess clients' readiness for divorce mediation and to inform and guide intervention. Tests on DMAI showed high reliability, and reasonable instrument validity. The implication of DMAI for mediation practice is discussed in terms of the various outputs of DMAI: DMAI score, subscale score, and item score. Issues in assessment raised included highlighting strengths, working on agreements, and preventive intervention. DMAI's implication for theory building and research is also discussed. Careful assessment is needed for appropriate use of mediation, and the DMAI provides a model of assessment which has clinical, empirical, and theoretical validity.
OUT OF THE WHITE BOX
Authors: Taylor Alison , Sanchez Ernest A.
Published: July 2010

The authors enjoin professionals and service delivery systems for mediation to look at the current and future demographics and specialized needs and responses of Hispanics and other groups, suggesting that, with certain changes, mediation can become more available to these important segments of our society.
MEDIATION AND THE DEPENDENCY COURT
Authors: Thoennes Nancy
Published: July 2010

This study examines mediation in three dependency courts in the United States and identifies major policy questions regarding the use of mediation in these proceedings.
THE CHILDREN ACT 1989 AND THE VOICE OF THE CHILD IN FAMILY CONCILIATION
Authors: Simpson Bob
Published: July 2010

Over the past 10 years, there has been a rapid development of conciliation throughout Great Britain in matters relating to divorce and separation. The growth has been in terms of the accessibility of services as well as in the styles of conciliation practice offered. Throughout this period, the question of the involvement of children in conciliation has persisted as a key issue. Should children be involved at all, and if so, how should this involvement best be brought about? This article suggests that the change of philosophy regarding child law intended by the new Children Act 1989 will give considerable impetus to this debate and should lead to a clarification of the role of conciliation in allowing the voice of the child to be heard following divorce or separation.
CHILD SUPPORT GUIDELINES
Authors: Maida Peter R.
Published: July 2010

From a conflict resolution perspective, it is clear why the child support guidelines are not going to reduce the adequacy and compliance gaps in child support payment conflicts between parents. As it stands, the conflict over equally sharing child support is destructive rather than positive. The guidelines do not reframe the conflict for the parents, enabling them to believe the interests of children are more important than their own interests to win the child support battle. To transform conflict from destructive to positive, the elements of conflict–expression of the conflict, scarce resources and rewards, and interdependency–must be transformed. It is argued that the guidelines do not transform the conflict but facilitate it. Courts and attorneys are also significant players in the child support conflict.
THE MARRIAGE LAW OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
Authors: Ying Wang
Published: July 2010

This article describes the Chinese laws of marriage and divorce under the People's Republic of China and traces their historical antecedents. The actual laws are included at the end of the article in the appendixes. Fascinating changes are occurring in China and are documented in this article.
MANITOBA'S ACCESS ASSISTANCE PROJECT
Authors: Cantelon Linda
Published: July 2010

Reported in this article is an innovative access project in Manitoba. This project is ongoing and is designed to strengthen parenting skills and reduce the anger inherent in the breakup of any relationship.
MEDIATION IN THE FAMILY COURT OF AUSTRALIA
Authors: Nicholson Alastair
Published: July 2010

The chief justice of the Australian Family Court discusses the use of mediation in the Family Court of Australia. He traces the legislative origin and the basic purposes of the service. Of particular interest is the differentiation between mediation, conciliation, and the court process. The limitations are also discussed, especially the use of mediation in domestic violence situations.
THE IMPACTC OF DIVORCE ON FAMILIES
Authors: Brown Carole
Published: July 2010

Australian research on the impact of separation and divorce on children and their families has consistently shown that although separation is a stressful event in the lives of families, the long‐term prospects for these families is encouraging. A number of issues arising from the research presented in this article warrant closer consideration by decision makers, court administrators, and professionals dealing with disputing families. First, programs aimed at reducing conflict and assisting families to deal with the emotional impact of separation need to be given priority. Second, there is sufficient indication to suggest that poverty as a result of separation and divorce has a debilitating effect on women and children. Third, in dealing with disputes over custody and access, care needs to be taken to respect the needs of individual children. Finally, high conflict in a family postseparation should be a warning to pay particular attention to the potential harm of applying joint custody and frequent access presumptions.
CHILD CUSTODY EVALUATIONS
Authors: Hysjulien Chery , Wood Barbara , Benjamin G. Andrew H.
Published: July 2010

Judicial and legal changes in divorce rules and precedents over the last two decades have led to increasing involvement by mental health professionals in child custody disputes. This involvement usually entails an evaluation of the child and parents, along with a recommendation to the court regarding custody. To date, there is little empirical evidence supporting the efficacy of methods typically used by professionals in making recommendations to the court. This article presents a review of assessment methods currently used in resolving child custody disputes. It also reviews the limited number of outcome studies on child custody evaluation and methods used in litigation and mediation.
OREGON TASK FORCE ON FAMILY LAW
Authors: Howe William , McKnight Maureen
Published: July 2010

Outlined in this article are the proposals of the oregon Task Force on Family Law. This interdisciplinary task force recommends early education in conflict resolution and preparation for marriage. Also recommended is a change of the language of divorce and a more streamlined, less adversarial system.
NEW ZEALAND FAMILY LAW REPORT
Authors: Boshier Peter
Published: July 2010

The New Zealand family law system underwent an extensive review of the whole process in 1992. This report contains the recommendations resulting from that review. Among the recommendations is the establishment of a Family Conciliation Service attached to the court but separate in function to mediate the family law dispute. Judges need to take a much stronger hand in managing the cases when they come before the court.
THE MENTAL HEALTH PROFESSIONAL AS ARBITRATOR IN POST‐DIVORCE CHILD‐ORIENTED CONFLICT
Authors: Zibbell Robert A.
Published: July 2010

This article explores arbitration as a viable method of dispute resolution that is infrequently used in divorce‐related conflicts. The focus is on the use of mental health professionals, who have specific training and experience, to assess issues and make binding decisions in disputes that involve children. A case example highlights some of the issues in this form of arbitration. A discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of arbitration compared to adjudication follows. The use of arbitration would seem particularly helpful in instances of chronic post‐divorce child‐related conflicts.
PRETRIAL INTERVIEWING
Authors: Woodbury Natalie
Published: July 2010

This article is the winning essay in the 1995 Law School Essay Contest. It provides a thoughtful set of criteria for evaluating the validity of evidence presented in alleged child sexual abuse cases.
CHILDREN'S LAWYERS IN CALIFORNIA FAMILY LAW COURTS
Authors: Shear Leslie Ellen
Published: July 2010

There simply is no dos‐and‐don'ts checklist that will address the myriad issues facing children's attorneys and eliminate the difficult questions that face them. Conscientious lawyering is the key to alleviating potential ethical culpability. This requires the commitment of significant time to learn about the child client and his or her special needs. Unique responses are often required to meet individual problems. Beyond that, attorneys for children are left to determine their own subjective criteria to guide their representation.1

The child is a person, not an object of concern.2
AN EVALUATION OF SUPERVISED ACCESS II
Authors: Jenkins Jennifer M. , Park Norman W. , Peterson‐Badali Michele
Published: July 2010

Two studies examined reactions of family members to supervised access (SA) services. In Study 1, 121 users of SA services were interviewed about their satisfaction. A subsample was interviewed about family relationships and children's well‐being, at Time 1 and 5 months later. In Study 2, 29 children attending SA services were interviewed. Results showed that both custodial and noncustodial parents were very satisfied with the centers. There was no evidence that relationships between ex‐spouses or their attitudes toward one another improved over a 5‐month period. Children attending centers showed a high level of externalizing symptomatology. Children were positive about their experiences, although older children felt that the centers were not well equipped for their age group. Although the aim of centers is to provide a safe place for children, some children still experience emotionally disturbing events. Most children had little understanding about why they were attending centers.
WHY PARTIES AGREE TO MEDIATE
Authors: Barsky Allan E.
Published: July 2010

Although proponents of mediation have identified various advantages of mediation over other dispute resolution processes, utilization rates for many mediation services remain far below the expectations of their benefactors. This naturalistic inquiry explores why clients of child protection mediation actually chose to participate in mediation, and identifies differences with proponents' views of what makes mediation desirable.
FUNDING JUVENILE DEPENDENCY MEDIATION THROUGH LEGISLATION
Authors: Orlando Megan G.
Published: July 2010

The legislative process is a dynamic but intimidating journey. For the uninitiated seeker the road through the legislative labyrinth can be fraught with hidden dangers and unexpected challenges. This article presents Los Angeles County's experience in obtaining funding for mediation of child abuse cases in juvenile dependency proceedings through legislation.