bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
RESULTS OF TAX REFORM:IMPROVING THE TAXATION OF PROPERTY INCOME OF INDIVIDUALS
Authors:   Fiscal Institute Under the State Tax Committee of Republic of Uzbekistan, Sayidov Komil Mamatmurodovich
Published: September 2021

This article examines the property income of individuals in accordance with the legal framework of the Republic of Uzbekistan, their composition, the current state of taxation of property income of individuals. According to the results of the study, it wasproposed to reconsider the minimum amount of rent for property leases, as the minimum rent for the use of state-owned realestate for legal entities is very low, legal entities -business approval of separate rental rates for entities; taking into accountthat it is not less than the minimum amounts established for individuals.Keywords: Tax Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan, individual, property income, objects belonging to individuals, income declaration, income tax, source of income
FOREIGN EXPERIENCE OF INCLUSIVE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
Authors:   Tashkent state university of economics of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Sadullaev Toir
Published: September 2021

The article analyzes modern theories of economic development, the concept of inclusive growth and development. The intention to follow the path of institutional development was based on the concept of inclusive growth and development. Reducing inequality was reflected in the elimination of social divisions. The author analyzes the concept of inclusive development, developedby scientists and analyzing the validity of the hypothesis of an institutional development policy that combines social innovation with non-classical economic instruments
DEVELOPMENT TRENDS OF THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR IN UZBEKISTAN
Authors:   Tashkent state university of economics of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Amirov Lochinbek Faizullaevich
Published: September 2021

This article is devoted to ensuring the sustainability of the agricultural sector of the economy of Uzbekistan and the organizational and economic conditions created in this area. Particular attention is paid to the priorities outlined in the Strategy for the Development of Agriculture of the Republic of Uzbekistan for 2020-2030, and the tasks for their implementation, ensuring the achievement of forecast development parameters, the participation of international financial institutions in turning this sector into an industry. the main driver of economic growth. The aspects of the impact of the coronavirus pandemic on agriculture in the world and in Uzbekistan were considered, measures taken to mitigate its consequenceswere described
COMPLEX IN THE ACTIVITIES OF MILK PROCESSING ENTERPRISES CHARACTERISTICS OF USE OF ELEMENTS OF MARKETING
Authors:   Samarkand Institute of Economics and Service of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Boboev Nasimjon Diyorovich , Urazov Jamshid Sadullaevich , Abduvahobov Boburmirzo Botirovich
Published: September 2021

The state examines the features of the use of elements of the marketing complex in the activities of milk processing enterprises. The optimized ways of distributing channels from dairy products to consumption, methods of determining the demand and supply for dairy products using regression model formulas are shown
Financial determinants of SMEs performance. Evidence from Kenya leather industry
Authors: Benedict Arthur , Gitonga Jackline Kinya , Agyeman Annette Serwaa , Kyei Baffour Tutu
Published: September 2021

Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are one of the buoyant businesses in the global economy with abundant resources that have not been fully exploited. Despite several revelations on the challenges of SMEs, little to none have comprehensively captured financial factors affecting the performance of SMEs, particularly, in the Kenyan leather sector. This study explores financial factors that are affecting the performance of SMEs using the case of the leather industry sector in Kenya. The study data was collected by administering questionnaires to 300 respondents who were randomly chosen from SMEs within Kenyan leather sector. The study found that financial literacy, credit access and tax are statistically significant financial factors affecting the performances of SMEs. As a result, the study recommends that Government should increase its commitment to develop SMEs by offering favorable tax rates and tax exemptions to SMEs especially those in the leather sector of Kenya. Also, SMEs should heighten their financial literacy which will help augment their access to credit.
The Effectiveness of a Self-Questioning Strategy at Developing Academic Achievement and Critical-Thinking Skills among Secondary-School Students in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Aldossari Ali Tared , Aldajani Mohammed Msnhat
Published: September 2021

This study aims to examine how effective a self-questioning strategy is at developing academic achievement and critical-thinking skills in the jurisprudence curriculum (Fiqh), followed by secondary-school students. The research sample is taken from secondary-school students in Dammam, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA); 64 students from two different schools were selected: 32 as a control and 32 as an experimental group. The research instruments consist of an achievement test, a test to see how critical-thinking skills are applied to the Fiqh curriculum, and a teachers’ guide to teaching the Fiqh curriculum, using the self-questioning strategy. The study recommends the use of the self-questioning strategy when teaching the Fiqh curriculum to secondary-school students. It also highlights the need to raise teachers’ awareness of the importance of teaching critical-thinking skills. Considering the research results and recommendations, the researchers recommend several further avenues of research related to the current research variables.
Aplicação da Teoria da Aprendizagem Significativa no Cálculo Diferencial e Integral: uma análise das publicações em periódicos de Educação Matemática
Authors: Brim Juliana De Fatima Holm , Pinheiro Nilceia Aparecida Maciel , Miquelin Awdry Feisser
Published: September 2021

Esse artigo apresenta uma análise qualitativa da produção bibliográfica sobre a aplicação da teoria da Aprendizagem Significativa de David Ausubel no Cálculo Diferencial e Integral. A investigação foi realizada no acervo de quatro revistas na área de Educação Matemática, nos últimos cinco anos, 2015 a 2020. A construção do corpus foi composta pelos artigos publicados nos seguintes periódicos: Bolema, Zetetiké, Educação Matemática em Revista e Revemat. A coleta e análise dos dados foram realizadas a partir da análise textual discursiva. Verificou-se nesses periódicos, após a investigação, poucas publicações envolvendo a teoria da Aprendizagem Significativa, poucas publicações envolvendo o ensino e aprendizagem do Cálculo Diferencial e Integral e nenhuma publicação acerca da aplicação da teoria da Aprendizagem Significativa  no Cálculo Diferencial e Integral. Conclui-se que esse tema requer uma quantidade maior de investigações pois estas podem colaborar para a melhoria no ensino e aprendizagem dos conteúdos abordados no Cálculo Diferencial e Integral.
Educação Financeira Escolar na Educação Infantil: materiais do educador e da criança
Authors: Mendonça Joseilda Machado , Pessoa Cristiane Azêvedo
Published: September 2021

Este artigo é recorte de uma dissertação que analisou atividades dos materiais da Iniciativa Sonhar, Planejar, Alcançar: Fortalecimento Financeiro para as Famílias. Adotada pela Rede de Ensino Municipal de Recife, produzido pela Sesame Workshop em parceria com a Metlife Foundation, a Dsop e a TV Cultura, destinada às crianças da Educação Infantil, suas famílias e docentes. Objetivamos investigar e analisar os eixos e temáticas de Educação Financeira Escolar (EFE) presentes de maneira explícita ou implícita nas atividades do Caderno do Educador e do Almanaque da Criança; categorizar as atividades encontradas nesses materiais, de acordo com os Ambientes de Aprendizagem de Skovsmose. A pesquisa é qualitativa, com recorte da análise documental. A teoria que embasa as análises é a Educação Matemática Crítica, com recorte nos Ambientes de Aprendizagem. Os resultados apontam que as temáticas ‘escolher’, ‘planejar’, ‘sonhar’ e ‘compartilhar’ são priorizadas nos materiais, possibilitando uma EFE reflexiva e solidária. Em relação aos Ambientes de Aprendizagem, o Caderno do Educador apresenta maior frequência de atividades categorizadas como Possíveis Cenários para Investigação, pautadas em brincadeiras e interações dialógicas. O Almanaque da Criança, por sua vez, tem a maior parte de suas atividades categorizadas como Exercício, com ênfase em habilidades visuais e motoras. Os materiais se mostram complementares, sendo a formação docente necessária para um trabalho mais efetivo.
Governança Corporativa: Uma análise da adesão à Lei 13.303 pelas empresas estatais listadas na B3
Authors:   Pontifícia Universidade Católica - SP, Albuquerque Luis Fernando Gomes , Iudicibus Sergio de
Published: September 2021

A discussão na sociedade sobre o tema transparência é cada vez mais acentuada, tanto no setor público, quanto no privado. As companhias enxergam como uma estratégia de negócio. Baseado nessas informações se buscou dados referentes à adesão à Lei Federal 13.303 que rege sobre o estatuto jurídico das empresas públicas, da sociedade de economia mista e de suas subsidiárias. A pesquisa focou nas empresas públicas listadas na B3, pertencentes aos segmentos ligados a Governança Corporativa, no ano de 2019. O objetivo deste trabalho é apontar a adesão dessas empresas públicas ao artigo 8º que aborda sobre os requisitos mínimos de transparência. Realizou-se uma pesquisa bibliográfica, em que se buscou o conhecimento de autores renomados no assunto. Também foi realizada pesquisa do tipo descritiva, conduzida por meio de análise documental e uma abordagem quantitativa em amostra de 12 empresas. Levantou-se através do sítio eletrônico disponibilizado pelas empresas as informações pertinentes aos incisos do referido artigo. Realizou-se uma análise buscando a adesão aos incisos do artigo, por empresas e por segmento de governança. O resultado obtido entre os segmentos foi homogêneo. Porém, as informações disponibilizadas pelas companhias não são claras e de difícil acesso.
Eficiência dos gastos em educação técnica no Brasil: análise dos IFs - Institutos Federais
Authors:   Universidade Regional de Blumenau, Panosso Oderson , Moreno Gleice Carvalho de Lima ,   Universidade Regional de Blumenau, Hein Nelson ,   Universidade Regional de Blumenau, Hein Adriana Kroenke
Published: September 2021

Os IFs – Institutos Federais do Brasil – foram criados em com objetivo de formação técnica no Brasil. Atualmente os IFs possuem 38 unidades que fazem parte da estrutura cumprindo os objetivos de atingir o máximo de alunos possíveis espalhados pelos interiores do país. O objetivo deste estudo é comparar a eficiência dos investimentos das unidades do IFs no País fazendo uma comparação com a eficiência acadêmica definida nos Plano Nacional da Educação. Para alcançar este objetivo foi realizada uma pesquisa descritiva, documental e quantitativa, com extração de dados da Plataforma Nilo Peçanha, com tratamento e análise dos dados pelo método multicritério de análise envoltória de dados (DEA) a partir do modelo BCC com orientação para Output. O ano analisado foi 2018. O resultado obtido se observou que 47% das IFs são consideradas eficientes. Entre as unidades consideradas eficientes estão os IFs o IFNMG, o IFPA, o IFRO, IFBA, IFCE, IFRN, IFAP e IFRR, IFPI e IFMS, IFMT e IFPR e IFMA. Notou-se que nem todos os IFs que foram considerados eficientes tecnicamente estão classificados como Eficientes Acadêmicos, ou seja, os IFs precisam melhorar a Eficiência Acadêmica para alcançar os objetivos do Plano Nacional da Educação justificando os investimentos aplicados. As demais unidades consideradas ineficientes merecem uma atenção para um controle maior da aplicação dos recursos.
A política de educação permanente e os planos de carreiras no SUS: limites e dificuldades
Authors:   Unifesp, Santos Eliziane Jacqueline , Lacaz Francisco Antonio de Castro ,   Escola Paulista de Medicina
Published: September 2021

O artigo objetiva apontar o papel da Política de Educação Permanente (EP) do Ministério da Saúde como um dos eixos centrais para o aperfeiçoamento da formação nas carreiras profissionais no Sistema Nacional de Saúde do Brasil, denominado Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), considerando suas diretrizes e aplicação nas Políticas de Gestão do Trabalho em Saúde; tendo como elemento principal de análise os Planos de Carreiras, Cargos e Salários implantados, segundo a percepção de gestores e servidores. Adotou-se o método de pesquisa de abordagem qualitativa, em que se empreendeu pesquisa bibliográfica, análise documental, entrevistas semiestruturadas com os gestores e grupos focais com profissionais da saúde que atuam em UBS e num Hospital. A análise das falas foi ancorada na Análise de Conteúdo, mediante a construção dos núcleos temáticos, núcleos de sentido e categorias. Verificou-se que as ações de EP ampliam a competência dos profissionais de saúde de forma autônoma, engajando-os no desenvolvimento de ações sanitárias e qualificando as equipes de saúde. Entende-se que a EP deve ser reconhecida como critério para a progressão nas carreiras profissionais do SUS, ao propor a formação continuada visando melhoria dos processos de trabalho e compatibilizando a melhoria da formação com a qualificação das práticas técnicas no cotidiano dos serviços de saúde. Considera-se que a conscientização da importância da EP precisa ser disseminada como conhecimento que transforma, se multiplica e expande horizontes pessoais e paradigmáticos. Para tanto, a EP precisa ser pensada como fio condutor da evolução pessoal e profissional destes atores que constroem o Sistema Nacional de Saúde.
Spotlight influenza: Estimation of influenza vaccine effectiveness in elderly people with assessment of residual confounding by negative control outcomes, Finland, 2012/13 to 2019/20
Authors: Baum Ulrike , Kulathinal Sangita , Auranen Kari
Published: September 2021

Background

Cohort studies on vaccine effectiveness are prone to confounding bias if the distribution of risk factors is unbalanced between vaccinated and unvaccinated study subjects.

Aim

We aimed to estimate influenza vaccine effectiveness in the elderly population in Finland by controlling for a sufficient set of confounders based on routinely available register data.

Methods

For each of the eight consecutive influenza seasons from 2012/13 through 2019/20, we conducted a cohort study comparing the hazards of laboratory-confirmed influenza in vaccinated and unvaccinated people aged 65–100 years using individual-level medical and demographic data. Vaccine effectiveness was estimated as 1 minus the hazard ratio adjusted for the confounders age, sex, vaccination history, nights hospitalised in the past and presence of underlying chronic conditions. To assess the adequacy of the selected set of confounders, we estimated hazard ratios of off-season hospitalisation for acute respiratory infection as a negative control outcome.

Results

Each analysed cohort comprised around 1 million subjects, of whom 37% to 49% were vaccinated. Vaccine effectiveness against laboratory-confirmed influenza ranged from 16% (95% confidence interval (CI): 12–19) to 48% (95% CI: 41–54). More than 80% of the laboratory-confirmed cases were hospitalised. The adjusted off-season hazard ratio estimates varied between 1.00 (95% CI: 0.94–1.05) and 1.08 (95% CI: 1.01–1.15), indicating that residual confounding was absent or negligible.

Conclusion

Seasonal influenza vaccination reduces the hazard of severe influenza disease in vaccinated elderly people. Data about age, sex, vaccination history and utilisation of hospital care proved sufficient to control confounding.
Socialización y aprendizaje infantil en un contexto intercultural. Una etnografía educativa en el Bascán en la región Cho’l de Chiapas
Authors: Bermúdez Urbina Flor Marina
Published: September 2021

El texto aborda desde un enfoque antropológico y psicológico los complejos procesos de socialización y construcción del aprendizaje en niños indígenas de la región selva del estado de Chiapas. Retomando las teorías socioculturales de Lev Vigotsky, Mariëte de Hann y Barbara Rogoff se estudia el contexto familiar como el entorno básico y primario para la socialización infantil y el aprendizaje hacia la vida.
Marcos institucionales de la antropología en Chiapas a finales del segundo milenio
Authors: Fábregas Puig Andrés
Published: September 2021

En este libro expongo mi visión de lo que llamo “la institucionalización de la antropología analítica en Chiapas”, es decir, el diseño, surgimiento y permanencia de instituciones locales desde las que se lleva a cabo la investigación antropológica con un sentido académico. Asumo que el arraigo de investigadores y el impulso de una orientación analítica, académica, son resultados del establecimiento de instituciones, que impulsaron estos procesos y aseguraron su continuidad. Escribí para un público amplio, entre ellos, por supuesto, los académicos que nos dedicamos a las ciencias sociales. Quizá sea este texto un primer esbozo de reflexión acerca de un tramo de la trayectoria en Chiapas de una antropología —por todos llamada aplicada— distinta a la del indigenismo, con la que a través de estas páginas se establecen contrastes.
Organizaciones campesinas y de mujeres de Chiapas. Movimiento Chiapaneco en Defensa de la Tierra, el Territorio y por el Derecho de las Mujeres a Decidir
Authors: Olivera Bustamante Mercedes , Cornejo Hernández Amaranta
Published: September 2021

Las voces de las indígenas y campesinas, como expresión de sus emociones, sentimientos y pensamientos, cuestionan la violencia estructural, cultural y directa, negándose a naturalizar la desigualdad, la exclusión y la polarización social con las que, a través de la acumulación por desposesión, se pretenden resolver las actuales crisis capitalistas. Es una lucha que nos mueve, que nos impulsa a romper las normas patriarcales, tanto al interior de las comunidades como fuera, pero que también nos invita a imaginar nuevas estrategias para tomar consciencia y eliminar las subordinaciones y opresiones que han colonizado nuestros cuerpos y nuestros territorios.
A puro golpe. Violencias y malestares sociales en la juventud cancunense
Authors: Fragoso Lugo Perla Orquídea
Published: September 2021

A Puro Golpe no es un libro sencillo de catalogar. El lector más ingenuo y apresurado podría decir que el tema central que aquí se aborda es el de la violencia en los jóvenes. Si aceptamos el valor de la síntesis diríamos que no está tan equivocado, pero el lector tiene entre sus manos una obra que va mucho más allá de un ensayo sobre violencia juvenil. Este texto nos plantea una serie de aspectos y dimensiones claves para entender la violencia contemporánea expresada entre los jóvenes. El libro no desarrolla un análisis puntual de la violencia criminal, de los suicidios, de las adicciones, del abuso sexual o de la violencia de género e intrafamiliar, ni tampoco de la violencia estructural, manifestaciones que en todos los casos tienen a los jóvenes como protagonistas y que emergen con particular crudeza a lo largo de estas páginas. Sin embargo, los planteamientos de la autora a lo largo de esta obra contribuyen a nuestra comprensión de esas y otras violencias contemporáneas. Perla Fragoso nos invita a adentrarnos en un análisis de las dimensiones sociales y culturales de la contemporaneidad mexicana que se asocian, en una interpretación plausible, con la expresión mínima, común y esencial de toda violencia como producción intencionada de daño a otro, que puede ser también uno mismo.
Migración, derechos humanos y desarrollo. Aproximaciones desde el sur de México y Centroamérica
Authors: García Aguilar María del Carmen , Villafuerte Solís Daniel
Published: September 2021

Este libro tiene el propósito de llamar la atención sobre la migración, los derechos humanos y el desarrollo en el sur de México y la región centroamericana, en un contexto en el que Centroamérica se ha convertido en una región exportadora de fuerza de trabajo barata. La frontera sur de México, como espacio de tránsito, cumple una función de filtro para evitar que se desborde la migración y se convierta en una amenaza para la seguridad nacional.
Lucha, resistencia y educación. Una experiencia organizativa del pueblo tsotsil en el sureste mexicano
Authors: Orozco López Efrén
Published: September 2021

En este texto se reflexiona sobre los procesos de lucha y resistencia de la Organización de la Sociedad Civil Las Abejas, del municipio de Chenalhó, Chiapas. El texto muestra que la educación alternativa que se construye y transmite en y desde el Proyecto de Educación Alternativa Tsotsil es producto de la lucha y la resistencia de la organización. Con el tiempo, este proyecto educativo se ha convertido en un espacio privilegiado para entender nuevos procesos de cohesión social y resistencia política entre los pueblos indígenas del sureste mexicano.
Hacerse pasar por la que una no es. Modernización, criminalidad y no mujeres en la Bogotá de 1920
Authors: Garzón Martínez María Teresa
Published: September 2021

Corría el año de 1922 cuando, cerca del Paseo Bolívar, en Bogotá, se halló el cadáver de una joven en muy mal estado. Terrible era el cuadro que pintaron El Diario Nacional, El Tiempo y El Espectador, periódicos que, entre otros, se ocuparon detalladamente del caso: un cuerpo desnudo, con las tripas salidas, su interior lleno de tierra y el cráneo deshecho. Sin duda alguna, éste fue el homicidio más espantoso para la criminología bogotana de aquella época, sólo comparable con el caso de la Chiquita”, en México, o las hermanas Papin, en Francia, o la Dalia Negra, en Estados Unidos. Pero ¿quién pudo cometer semejante acto? ¿Cómo sucedieron los hechos? ¿Cuáles pudieron ser los móviles del homicidio?
Tiempo de fronteras. Una visión geopolítica de la frontera sur de México
Authors: Villafuerte Solís Daniel
Published: September 2021

Lejos de los discursos de las potencias, las fronteras no resultan el remedio eficaz para garantizar la seguridad nacional. Con frecuencia, las amenazas a los países no provienen del exterior, sino que los peligros derivan del crecimiento de la brecha de la desigualdad social, de la pobreza, la exclusión y la criminalización de la protesta social en cada país. El equívoco de considerar que el “mal” surge del exterior ha llevado a militarizar las fronteras en lugar de a propiciar el desarrollo y la participación social y política. Frente a este hecho, en la frontera sur de México se observa un proceso de “desfronterización”, de infiltración, que surge de fuerzas sociales que reclaman el libre tránsito por el territorio. En este sentido, Tiempo de fronteras es un texto que tiene el propósito de mostrar los fenómenos estructurales y actuales de la frontera sur de México en clave geopolítica.
Impacto en Seguimiento, Promoción y Gestión a programas educativos de la Facultad de Organización Deportiva Impact on monitoring, promotion and management of educational programs of the Faculty of Sports Organization.
Authors: González Castro Juan Carlos Arturo
Published: September 2021

En la Facultad de Organización Deportiva de la Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León (UANL) se da seguimiento a los Egresados de los distintos programas educativos que cuenta la FOD, tanto de la Licenciatura en Organización Deportiva, como de las diferentes Maestrías, (Maestría en Actividad Física y Deporte, Maestría en Psicología Deportiva, Maestría en Comunicación Deportiva, la recién iniciada Maestría en Terapia Física y Readaptación Deportiva y el Doctorado en Ciencias de la Cultura Física. que se ofrecen en la División de Posgrado). La gran importancia de los programas académicos ofrecidos en esta facultad, es formar excelentes profesionales en el ramo de la Educación Física, la Gestión, la Psicología, la Comunicación Deportiva y la Readaptación mediante Terapia Física. . y sobre todo que se comprometan con la sociedad,  el prepararlos para lo que la comunidad necesite en estas disciplinas de deportivas, entrenamiento deportivo, gestión deportiva, promoción de la salud asegurando la calidad de los programas educativos y el fomento a la investigación en las ciencias de la actividad física y el deporte. Los programas académicos de la FOD poseen una política en su calidad indiscutible ya que uno de los objetivos es ofrecer los  servicios de gestión con calidad, cuenta con excelentes instalaciones, una excelente estrategia digital y sobre todo se aseguran que todos los programas educativos estén globalizados con instituciones internacionales de prestigio.
Nivel de satisfacción la utilización de un sistema informático de planificación por maestros de educación física del nivel primaria
Authors: Perez Miguel Ángel González , Tristán Rodríguez José Leandro , Vergara-Torres Argenis Peniel
Published: September 2021

El uso de las tecnologías de la información cada vez es más habitual en el ámbito educativo, por lo cual presentamos una propuesta para realizar la planificación en la educación física de una forma más simple y eficiente. El objetivo principal fue valorar el sistema informático de planificación para educación física (SIPEF) en el nivel de primaria con maestros de educación física del área metropolitana de Nuevo León en un estudio descriptivo transversal, en donde participaron 191 docentes (72.8% hombres y 26.7% mujeres) en grupos por años de servicio entre recién ingreso hasta 31 años (M = 7.59, DT = 7.211). Resultados obtenidos mencionan que los docentes tuvieron una satisfacción alta (M = 3.04; DT = 0.52). Se concluye que los docentes son conscientes y aceptan de muy buen modo el uso de la tecnología para aplicarla en su quehacer docente.
PRETERM PRE LABOUR RUPTURE OF MEMBRANES;
Authors: YASIR, SAADIA , KANT, BUSHRA , JABBAR TAHIRA
Published: September 2021

Study Objective: The objective of this study is to describe the maternal and perinatal outcome of conservative managementin PPROM. Design: Descriptive prospective study. Period: One year from August 2006 to August 2007. Setting: Maternal and child health(MCH) Centre PIMS Islamabad. Material and Methods: 50 patients between 28-36 weeks of gestation presenting with PPROM. Results:The mean age was 27+5.1 years, 14(28%) were having gestational age between 28to 32 weeks and 36 (72%) were between 33 to 36weeks of gestation. 34 (68.0%) of the mothers had no history of abortions while 10 (20.0%) had 1-2 abortions and 6 (12.0%) had 3 ormore abortions. Sixteen (32.0%) women had previous PRROM while 10 (20.0%) had previous history of preterm labor. Inversecorrelation was observed between latency period and gestational age. Among 14(28%) women with gestational ages between 28 to 32weeks 10 delivered within 48 hours and 4 after 48 hours. Among 36(72%) women with gestational ages between 33-36 weeks 31(62%)delivered in less than 48 hours and 5 (10 %) women delivered after 48 hours.14(28%) of the 50 babies were admitted in NICU withsepticemia, 7(14.0%) with RDS, hypoglycemia in 2(4.0%) and necrotizing enterocolitis in 3(6.0%). 3 neonates died from septicemia and2 from RDS. On first follow-up 34.0% mothers had infections and 8.0% had post-partum hemorrhage. Conclusions: Expectantmanagement till 36 weeks is a suitable option as gestational age at delivery and birth weight both affect neonatal survival and offer time toadminister corticosteroids to allow foetal lung maturity. Foetal deaths occurred due to septicaemia and RDS with direction co-relationshipwith low birth weight.
LOWER SEGMENT CESAREAN SECTION (LSCS);
Authors: MUSSARAT NAZIA , QURASHI SAIMA , ROOHI MAHNAZ
Published: September 2021

Introduction: Caesarean section is one of the commonly performed surgical procedures in obstetric and is certainly one ofthe oldest operations in surgery. Recently there has been a dramatic rise in the caesarean section rate world wide especially in thedeveloped countries. As primary caesarean deliveries contributed most to the overall caesarean section rate (CSR). So this is clear thatprimary caesarean section is an important target for reduction because it leads to an increased risk for repeat caesarean delivery.Objectives: To have an overview of fetomaternal indications for LSCS at a teaching hospital And to review intra-operative and postoperativecomplications of LSCS at tertiary care centre. Material And Methods: All caesarean sections performed at Obstetrics andGynecology Unit Independent University Hospital Faisalabad from January 2009 to December 2010 were reviewed. Information wasobtained from operation theater and labor ward records. Results: During the study period 100 patients undergone caesarean section. Outof 100 patients, 58(58%) had emergency and 42(42%) had elective caesarean section. The leading maternal indications were previouscaesarean section 34 (34%), severe pre- eclampsia 6(6%),post date& failed induction of labor6 (6%), placenta previa 6(6%), and failureof progression of labor 5(5%), PROM3(3%), Pre-PROM3(3%)and cephalopelvic disproportion2 (2%).Major fetal indications include fetaldistress9 (9%), malpresentation 6(6%), cord prolapse 3(3%),IUGR 5(5%) and pregnancy complicated by multiple fetuses 7 (7%). Intraoperativesurgical and anesthetic complications were observed in very few patients. Nine babies had perinatal deaths in this study, 8belonged to emergency and only one baby died in elective group due to aspiration pneumonia. Conclusions: Majority of cesarean sectionare done in emergency situations and previous CS is the most frequent indication of cesarean section. The most effective mean to controlCS is the prevention of first caesarean section which could be achieved by adopting the policy of trial of vaginal birth after previous Csection,selective vaginal breech delivery and regular audit of C-section as well as early detection of at risk cases and proper referral intime is the key factor in decreasing the cesarean section rate and complications.
VISCERAL LEISHMANIASIS;
Authors: USMAN MUHAMMAD , HUSSAIN FAYYAZ , BAIG MUHAMMAD KASHIF
Published: September 2021

Leishmaniasis is a disease caused by protozoan parasite of genus Leishmania which is transmitted through bites ofinfected sand flies. It has been reported that Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is more sensitive and specific test for the diagnosis ofvisceral leishmaniasis than bone marrow examination. This recent study is a renewed effort to validate the role of PCR in the diagnosis ofvisceral leishmaniasis. Objectives: The objective of this study was to determine the sensitivity and specificity of PCR in the diagnosis ofth visceral leishmaniasis. Duration of study: 25 March 2009 to 24th March 2010. Setting: Armed forces institute of pathology, Rawalpindi.Study design: Cross sectional (Validation) study. Materials and Methods: A total number of 59 patients of visceral leishmanaisisdiagnosed on bone marrow examination with equal number of negative controls were studied. The subjects were tested for the presenceof visceral leishmaniasis by polymerase chain reaction. Results: All the 59 patients were also found to be positive for visceralleishmaniasis by PCR. None of the negative control was positive on PCR. Conclusions: The study validates that PCR is equally sensitiveand specific test to bone marrow examination in the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis.
SNAKE BITE
Authors: Lohano Ashok Kumar , Alam Muhammad Tanveer , Zardari Aftab Ali , Shaikh Mumtaz Ali
Published: September 2021

Objective: To determine the frequency of various clinical presentations of snakebitten admitted patients. Study design: Descriptive case series study. Place and duration ofstudy: This study was carried out in General Medicine ward, at Medical department of PeoplesMedical University & Hospital Nawabshah, from September 2011 to March 2012. Methodology:This study consisted of 55 patients admitted through the outpatient department, as well as fromcasualty department of Peoples Medical University & Hospital Nawabshah. Detailed History wastaken from all the patients with special regard to type of snake, age , sex , site , time of bite, timelapsed between bite and reaching to hospital. Detailed clinical examination of local features werefang marks, swelling, bleeding from wound, pain and systemic features like nausea, vomiting,echymosis, drowsiness, discharge from wound, hematuria, ptosis, respiratory failure ofenvenomation. Systemic review was also done to see any co-morbidity. All patients underwentfor base line and specific investigations especially clotting time (CT). Inclusion criteria were thatall diagnosed patients of snake bite, aged > 12 year of either sex admitted with the history ofsnake bite with irrespective of toxicity were included. Patients with history of thorn prick, insectbite were excluded criteria. Results were prepared with help of tables and graphs. Data wasanalyzed through SPSS software. Results: Out of 55 patients included in this study, 39 were men(70.9%) and 16 patients were female (29%); with male to female ratio of 2.4:1. There was widevariation of age ranging from a minimum of >12 year to 60 year. The mean age was 39±5.8 years.In our study mostly patients 35(63.63%) reached hospital within 60 minutes followed by12(21.88%) patients within 30 minutes. 5(9%) patients reached within 90 minutes and onepatients reported more than 120 minutes. Symptoms of patients were pain at the bite side in55(100 %), ecchymosis in 18(32.72%), discharge from wound in 9(16.36%), bleeding from gum in8(4.4%) Nausea and vomiting in 7(12.72 %), hematuria in 11(20%), ptosis in 8(14.54%),drowsiness in 5(9%) and respiratory failure in 5(9%). Conclusions: We conclude that males arecommonly affected than females and the farmers and labourers are the most vulnerable sectionof the population for snake bites. In this study age, presence signs and treatment by faith healersis independent predictors of death in case of snake bite. This may provide important evidence toformulate preventive strategies especially health education.
CONVERSION DISORDER;
Authors: Maqsood Niaz , Akram Bushra , Luqman Naima , Amin Rizwana
Published: September 2021

Objective: Frequency of the psychosocial stressors and stressful life events inchildren presenting with conversion disorder. Study design: A descriptive study. Place &duration of study: The study was conducted in the Department of Psychiatry & BehaviouralSciences, Bahawal Victoria Hospital & Quaid-e-Azam Medical College, Bahawalpur fromJanuary, 2010 to October, 2010. Subjects & methods: The sample consisted of 100 in-patients(62 Female, 38 Male) with Conversion Disorder. They were interviewed and results were analysedfrom the entries in a Performa. The Presumptive Stressful life Events Scale (PSLES) wasadministered by an open ended interview to elicit major life events in the past 10 months.Results: Stressors were clearly identified in 100 patients. In all patients, we found more than onestressor. Among patients, there were (29%) Educational and study stressors, (20%) Parent’sdeath / Separation, (20%) Sexual Abuse, (14%) Sibling Rivalry, (13%) Pampered / DemandingChild, (10%) Attention Seeking, (8%) Peer Group Problems, (8%) Improper Parenting, (8%)Learned behaviour, (7%) Emotional Involvement Issues, (5%) Habit of stealing and (4%) AdoptedChild. Conclusions: We concluded that stressors and life events were present in all conversiondisorder’s patients and these stressful life events are important causal factors for ConversionDisorder. Severe and sudden emotional stress serves to precipitate conversion reaction inpredisposed children. The symptom serves to solve the conflict and the gain obtained served toperpetuate the illness.
ABNORMAL CARDIOTOCOGRAPHY;
Authors: Perveen Saima , Naheed Farrukh , Sultana Mussarat , Sultana Azra
Published: September 2021

Objective: To observe the effect of abnormal Cardiotocography to delivery interval on perinatal outcome in terms of Apgar score. Study design: Descriptive case series study. Place and duration of study: Baqai Medical University department of obstetrics and gynecology Fatima Hospital Karachi from Jan 2011 to July 2011. Material and method: One hundred patients were registered who had pathological Cardiotocography. Bishop’s score was noted and decision to deliver the patient was made according to the abnormality, and bishop’s score. If bishop’s score was good and vaginal delivery was imminent, then her second stage was shortened by operative vaginal delivery. Fetal distress was managed by left lateral position, O2 inhalation and hydration. If delivery was not imminent then decision of urgent LSCS was made, meanwhile fetal distress was managed. Decision – delivery interval was recorded, and fetal outcome was noted in terms of Apgar score and resuscitation needed. Results: During this period one hundred pregnant women at term had pathological CTG for which they were delivered urgently. Among them 12% of parturients were delivered within 30 min ,68% delivered within 30-60 min , 12% delivered in 60-90 min and only 8% were delivered in 90-120 min. Seventy four (74%) of parturients were delivered by emergency lower segment caesarean section and 26% of parturients were delivered by instrumental vaginal delivery. Fetal outcome in terms of 1 min Apgar score ,38% of neonates had Apgar score of <7 ,46% had >7 and 16% had Apgar score of <5. This group of neonates required resuscitation and 5 min Apgar was good. No neonate was admitted in Neonatal unit. Conclusions: In this study it is concluded that with fetal heart rate abnormality, if fetus is delivered within 60 min, it is not associated with poor fetal and neonatal outcome, provided fetal distress is managed while preparing for emergency lower segment caesarean section.
ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE;
Authors: Khan Ghulam Jilany , Khan Fareeha Khaliq , Khan Rizwan Ahmad , Jamshaid Muhammad , Tajdin Fauzia , Sajid Muhammad Imran
Published: September 2021

From ancient times, humankind has used self-created traditional methods for handling the illnesses and continues to use them along with modern medicine. Even today, more than 70% of the world’s population still depends on the complementary and alternative systems of medicine (CAM). The objective of this study is to create awareness of health hazards with the use of CAM therapies and to find out its utility among Pakistani population. Comprehensive questionnaire was developed for the study on the use of CAM and was distributed to 470 patients/attendants in different hospitals of Lahore as well as major hospitals and clinical setups in the peripheral regions of Lahore, Pakistan. Over all, the response rate of the study was 81.7% while 78.1 % population found as CAM user. The most common type of alternative medicine used by patients is from Hakeem (Natural Therapist) which is about 17% and the most frequent disease for which patients often go for CAM therapy is liver diseases (19%). Respondents found inclined towards CAM only due to its marketed false benefits and not because of their dissatisfaction with conventional therapy. Conclusions: A noteworthy population of Pakistan is using CAM therapies from different practitioners, irrespective of any education and awareness about their disease and long-term drawbacks because of improper treatment of the disease. Though adverse events due to the use of CAM therapy are not unusual still a delay in the proper treatment usually ends up in serious consequences and even loss of lives.
IMPACTED MANDIBULAR THIRD MOLAR SURGERY;
Authors: Shaikh Muhammad Ilyas , Khatoon Safia , Rajput, Fozia , Shah Syed Yousif Ali
Published: September 2021

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the therapeutic effect of dexamethasone in post-operative edema and trismus after impacted third molar surgery. Materials & Methods: It was a prospective randomized control study carried in Department of Oral & Maxillofacial surgery, BADC, Larkana from March 2012 to Feb 2013. Patients age between 20-45 years of either gender; unilateral mandibular impacted third molars (right or left) were included. Patients divided in two groups by using random allocation number. Patients in Group-A were given intramuscular 8 mg dexamethasone 1 hour before surgery and four tablets (2mg) dexamethasone orally immediate postoperatively and 24 hours after surgery. The facial swelling was checked before surgery, after 24 hours (1st day), after 48 hours (2nd day), after 72 hours (3rd day) and on 7th postoperative day Inter-incisor distance was checked on every follow up. Data was analyzed by SPSS version 17. Mean and standard deviation was calculated for age and gender. Mean and SD of facial swelling and mouth opening was calculated before extraction, on 1st, 2nd, 3rd and on 7th post-operative day in both groups. Results: The dexamethasone group showed significant reduction in swellingcompared with control group at all intervals. Dexamethasone resulted in significantly less trismus than controls on day 2 postoperatively, but there was no significant difference among the groups at 7thday. Conclusions: Dexamethasone is effective in minimizing swelling and trismus after removal of impacted lower third molar and improves the social life of individual.
ASTHMATIC CHILDREN
Authors: Awan Ameena Saba , Munir Syed Sajid
Published: September 2021

Objectives: To assess the knowledge, attitude and practices among caregiversof asthmatic children and to describe their clinical and biographic features. Material andmethods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in asthma clinic and medicalwards of children hospital P.I.M.S.100 diagnosed asthmatic children and their caregivers wereenrolled. Two questionnaire one comprising clinical aspects and other regarding knowledgeattitude and practices among caregivers were administered. Results: 100 asthmatic childrenand their caregivers participated. Among children, 77% were breastfed, 95% were immunized,only 13% were receiving controller medications and 62% were having >5 acute exacerbationsper year. Diagnosis of asthma was accepted by 76% of caregivers, of which 67% recognizedcorrect etiology. Multiple food items were blamed for acute exacerbations, while respiratoryinfections were most commonly recognized triggering factor. 50% of study population wasignorant of aerosol therapy and only 26% prefer it. Cough suppressants are most popular homemedications. Conclusions: Asthma awareness is inadequate. Controller medications andaerosol therapy is underused and unnecessarily blamed. Asthmatic children are deprived ofnutritious food considering them as triggering factors. Awareness raising strategies are neededin community.
HYPERTENSION
Authors: Ilyas Nasim , Rahim Kashif , Waqar Azka
Published: September 2021

Hypertension is a common term to define a state of raised blood pressure, and theraised blood pressure is 140 mm Hg mean systolic blood pressure of and mean diastolic bloodpressure of at least 90 mm Hg. Objectives: To assess awareness about Hypertension amongpatients attending Medical OPD at THQ Hospital Hassan Abdal. Materials and Methods: A totalof 150 male, female patients belonging to both rural and urban areas attending Medical OutPatient Department at THQ Hospital Hassan Abdal using a self constructed mixed questionnaire(In English and Urdu). Results: Following findings were observed among patients attendingTHQ hospital, Hassan Abdal: Family history of HTN was found to be 49% and 26% was unawareof family history of HTN. 33% found to have diabetes, 38% were unaware of having or not.29.3% found to have HTN, 48.6% were unaware of having HTN or not. 34% of hypertensivepatients showed compliance to the anti-hypertensive treatment while (66%) showed noncompliance.60.6%, 78%, 62%, 74%, 68% considered the obesity, lack of exercise, cigarettesmoking, anxiety and high cholesterol respectively as causative factor of HTN. Excessive intakeof salt was considered by 56% as causative factor of HTN. 29% considered diabetes Mellitus ascausative factor of HTN. 42%, 31%, 46% and 34% considered the cardiac disease, renal failure,brain hemorrhage and loss vision respectively as complication of HTN. Stroke was consideredcomplication by (54%). 55%, 65%, 53% and 58% considered the regular exercise reduced saltintake, no smoking and keeping weight under-Control respectively as preventive measures ofHTN. Less than half of the respondents considered frequent use of vegetables, excessive intakeof sweets, as the preventive measures of HTN. Conclusions: The assessment of awarenessabout Hypertension among population of various areas can be beneficial in effective planningfor disease prevention and control.
RESEARCH PRODUCTIVITY
Authors: Khan Fahad , Taj Yasmeen , Ali Arif , Mohuddin Hafsa , Yasin Iqra , Qaisar Hira , Siddiqui Nimra , Matin Asad , Sheikh M.Abdullah
Published: September 2021

Research training at higher education level for clinical and teaching staff isimportant and there are methods to introduce research culture in employees at clinical andteaching departmental level. Objectives: To recognize and quantify the research productivitystatus of teaching and clinical faculty of (DUHS) Dow University of Health Sciences Karachibefore and after its establishment in 2003. Design: Non experimental cross sectional study.Period: 1st October 2012 to 1st February 2013. Setting: Medical college Karachi. Subjects andmethod: Students of third semester were applied to sort out the ten years record from 1998 to2008 of all researches conducted by faculty of Dow University of Health Sciences, published ininternational and national journals by using different online search engines. Research Outputwas measured in terms of the increase in the number of publications and quality of publicationsbefore and after the launch of Dow University. Data was entered in Microsoft office excel version2007 and analyzed it in statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 17; Pearson chisquarewas applied to test the statistical significance at 95% confidence interval. Results: Dataof total 594 researches was found out between the years1998 to 2008, 175(29.5%) researcheswere published before the foundation of Dow university of Health sciences Karachi (2003)while 419(70.5) researches were produced after 173(45.6%) research papers were published inindexed journals before, “whereas” 206(54.4%) were published in indexed journal after 2003.Original research articles were 152 (31%) before 2003, which rose to 339 (69%). Publications ofarticle types such as case reports, case series, and short communication, editorials and reviewarticles also increased to 80 from 23 after establishment of Dow University. Conclusions: Froma total of 594 faculty researches o published in indexed and non indexed journals betweenthe years 1998 and 2008; there was a significant increase in production after establishment ofDow university of Health Sciences Hence it is confidently reported that due to establishmentof research committees after the founding, there is a promotion and facilitation of researchactivities among faculty members.