bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Measurement of Gamma Knife® helmet factors using MOSFETs
Authors: Kurjewicz Laryssa , Berndt Anita
Published: March 2007

The relative dose rate for the different Gamma Knife® helmets (4, 8, 14, and ) is characterized by their respective helmet factors. Since the plateau of the dose profile for the helmet is at most wide, detector choices are limited. Traditionally helmet factors have been measured using thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs). However, these are time‐consuming, cumbersome measurements. This article investigates the use of metal‐oxide‐semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFETs) (active area of ) as a more accurate and convenient dosimeter. Their suitability for these measurements was confirmed by basic characterization measurements. Helmet factors were measured using both MOSFETs and the established TLD approach. A custom MOSFET cassette was designed in analogy to the Elekta TLD cassette (Elekta Instruments AB) for use with the Elekta dosimetry sphere. Although both dosimeters provided values within 3% of the manufacturer's suggestion, MOSFETs provided superior accuracy and precision, in a fraction of the time required for the TLD measurements. Thus, MOSFETs proved to be a reasonable alternative to TLDs for performing helmet factor measurements.
Design study of a raster scanning system for moving target irradiation in heavy‐ion radiotherapy
Authors: Furukawa Takuji , Inaniwa Taku , Sato Shinji , Tomitani Takehiro , Minohara Shinichi , Noda Koji , Kanai Tatsuaki
Published: March 2007

A project to construct a new treatment facility as an extension of the existing heavy‐ion medical accelerator in chiba (HIMAC) facility has been initiated for further development of carbon‐ion therapy. The greatest challenge of this project is to realize treatment of a moving target by scanning irradiation. For this purpose, we decided to combine the rescanning technique and the gated irradiation method. To determine how to avoid hot and/or cold spots by the relatively large number of rescannings within an acceptable irradiation time, we have studied the scanning strategy, scanning magnets and their control, and beam intensity dynamic control. We have designed a raster scanning system and carried out a simulation of irradiating moving targets. The result shows the possibility of practical realization of moving target irradiation with pencil beam scanning. We describe the present status of our design study of the raster scanning system for the HIMAC new treatment facility.
Hartree-Fock Stability and Broken Symmetry Solutions of O2- and S2- Anions in External Confinement
Authors: Holka Filip , Neogrády Pavel , Urban Miroslav , Paldus Josef
Published: March 2007

We study the effect of a confining potential on systems that exhibit Hartree-Fock (HF) instabilities, and thus admit broken symmetry (BS) HF solutions, by relying on the O2- and S2- doubly-charged anions as model systems. We find that with the increasing strength of the external harmonic confinement potential, W(r) = 1/2(ωr)2 (with 0.0 ≤ ω < 0.2), the BS solutions are systematically eliminated. We use extended, diffuse, doubly-augmented Gaussian basis sets up to and including d-aug-cc-pV6Z, and find that the number and the character of BS solutions exhibit significant basis set effects. These basis sets were further extended by additional ghost basis functions, located away from the atomic center. The role of the electron correlation effects for the BS HF solutions was examined by the CCSD(T) method. In addition to modelling the confinement by the harmonic-like potential W(r), we also examined a more realistic "confinement", realized by a grid of point charges modelling the crystal structure of MgO. Again, we find that the HF instabilities and the implied BS solutions disappear with the increasing magnitude of the model charges simulating the crystal environment. At the same time, the O2- anion is energetically stabilized with respect to both the O- anion and the neutral oxygen atom.
PROPERTIES OF AN EVOLVING DIRECTED NETWORK WITH LOCAL RULES AND INTRINSIC VARIABLES
Authors: GRABOWSKI ANDRZEJ , KOSIŃSKI ROBERT A.
Published: March 2007

We present a simple model of an evolving directed network based on local rules. It leads to a complex network with the properties of real systems, like scale-free distribution of outgoing and incoming connectivity, and a hierarchical structure. Each node is characterised by an intrinsic variable S, and the number of outgoing links k out . As a result of network evolution the number of nodes and links (as well as their location) changes in time. For critical values of control parameters there is a transition to a scale-free network. Results for connectivity distribution found analytically agree with numerical calculations. Our model also reproduces other nontrivial properties of real networks, e.g. a large clustering coefficient and weak correlations between the age of a node and its connectivity. We have discovered an unexpected phenomenon that noise can increase the value of the clustering coefficient, whose large value is characteristic for a regular network.
NANOINTELLIGENT MATERIALS AND SYSTEMS
Authors: GUO WANLIN , TANG CHUN , GUO YUFENG
Published: March 2007

Domain switch, phase transition and electrochemical mechanisms introduced traditional smart materials to various technologies such as piezoelectric ceramics, shape memory alloys and elastor/polymer used in actuators, sensors, etc. From the studies on carbon nanotues, graphite and other nanoscaled materials, we show that due to the quantum effect induced response at atomic or molecular level, all matters in this scale would exhibit intelligent behaviors, and buildings based on this are expected to construct nanointelligent systems which can be believed to improve the current technologies.
NOVEL POLYETHYLENIMINE NANOGELS AS POTENTIAL GENE CARRIERS PRODUCED VIA PHOTOCHEMISTRY IN SURFACTANT-FREE AQUEOUS SOLUTION
Authors: XU DONGMEI , YU JIAHUI , LIU YONGBIAO , SUN HANWEN , XU JINGYING , SHENG KANGLONG , YAO SIDE , XU YUHONG , LU HUILI
Published: March 2007

Cationic polymer nanogels, positively-charged submicrometer polymeric particles that swell in water, have attracted an increasing research attentions in recent years because of their potential applications as gene carriers. In this paper, we report a novel method to synthesize polyethylenimine (PEI) nanogels with sizes ranging from 80 nm to 200 nm via UV irradiation at room temperature in aqueous solution without adding any kind of surfactants. The morphology of the nanoparticles is determined to be spherical. The nanogels are of high stability, high transfection efficiency, low toxicity and low immunogenicity, as having been confirmed by in vivo tests with mice as an animal model, and by in vitro tests with human lung and liver cancer cells as well.
PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF PROTEIN-STABILIZED EMULSIONS BY MICROCHANNEL EMULSIFICATION
Authors: YIN LI-JUN , SAITO MASAYOSHI , KOBAYASHI ISAO , NAKAJIMA MITSUTOSHI
Published: March 2007

We investigated the preparation and characterization of protein-stabilized emulsions by microchannel (MC) emulsification. BSA, β-lactoglobulin, γ-globulin, lysozyme, soybean flour, whey protein, and egg white protein were used as emulsifiers. Stable monodispersed emulsions were prepared using BSA, β-lactoglobulin, soybean flour, and whey protein, whose particle sizes ranged from 41.0 to 44.1 μm, and whose coefficients of variation were less than 6.5%. Monodispersed emulsions could not be prepared using γ-globulin, lysozyme, and egg white protein as emulsifiers. The particle became significantly bigger and its monodispersity decreased with the increase of the dispersed-phase flux, but monodispersed emulsion was successfully prepared even when the dispersed-phase flux was increased to 30 L/(m2h). Particle formation behaviors were closely related to protein solution properties, such as interfacial tension and contact angle on a silicon plate, pH and the ionic strength of protein solution.
A Wave Equation Associated with Mixed Nonhomogeneous Conditions: The Compactness and Connectivity of Weak Solution Set
Authors: Long Nguyen Thanh , Ngoc Le Thi Phuong
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this paper is to show that the set of weak solutions of the initial-boundary value problem for the linear wave equation is nonempty, connected, and compact.
Distinction between Pore Assembly by Staphylococcalα-Toxin versus Leukotoxins
Authors: Joubert Olivier , Voegelin Joëlle , Guillet Valérie , Tranier Samuel , Werner Sandra , Colin Didier A. , Dalla Serra Mauro , Keller Daniel , Monteil Henri , Mourey Lionel , Prévost Gilles
Published: March 2007

The staphylococcal bipartite leukotoxins and the homoheptamericα-toxin belong to the same family ofβ-barrel pore-forming toxins despite slight differences. In theα-toxin pore, the N-terminal extremity of each protomer interacts as a deployed latch with two consecutive protomers in the vicinity of the pore lumen. N-terminal extremities of leukotoxins as seen in their three-dimensional structures are heterogeneous in length and take part in theβ-sandwich core of soluble monomers. Hence, the interaction of these N-terminal extremities within structures of adjacent monomers is questionable. We show here that modifications of their N-termini by two different processes, using fusion with glutathione S-transferase (GST) and bridging of the N-terminal extremity to the adjacentβ-sheet via disulphide bridges, are not deleterious for biological activity. Therefore, bipartite leukotoxins do not need a large extension of their N-terminal extremities to form functional pores, thus illustrating a microheterogeneity of the structural organizations between bipartite leukotoxins andα-toxin.
Using Sequential Injection Analysis to Improve System and Data Reliability of Online Methods: Determination of Ammonium and Phosphate in Coastal Waters
Authors: Frank Carsten , Schroeder Friedhelm
Published: March 2007

This article summarises the advantages of the sequential injection analysis (SIA) for the online determination of nutrients in coastal waters. It concentrates on techniques to improve the reliability of the gained data by continuously monitoring one or more standards and on the advantages of online standard additions and offline determination of manually collected samples with the online SIA system. These measures are advantageous during method development and validation and can be used to verify the system performance on a regular base to reduce the amount of erroneous results. No changes in the flow system are necessary and the sample throughput is only slightly reduced. These techniques have been applied to a SIA system which is able to simultaneously determine ammonium and phosphate at a rate of more than 100 samples per hour each and detection limits (3σ) of 0.06μM and 0.05μM. Results from a campaign in summer 2005 are shown.
Design of Optimal Hybrid Position/Force Controller for a Robot Manipulator Using Neural Networks
Authors: Panwar Vikas , Sukavanam N.
Published: March 2007

The application of quadratic optimization and sliding-mode approach is considered for hybrid position and force control of a robot manipulator. The dynamic model of the manipulator is transformed into a state-space model to contain two sets of state variables, where one describes the constrained motion and the other describes the unconstrained motion. The optimal feedback control law is derived solving matrix differential Riccati equation, which is obtained using Hamilton Jacobi Bellman optimization. The optimal feedback control law is shown to be globally exponentially stable using Lyapunov function approach. The dynamic model uncertainties are compensated with a feedforward neural network. The neural network requires no preliminary offline training and is trained with online weight tuning algorithms that guarantee small errors and bounded control signals. The application of the derived control law is demonstrated through simulation with a 4-DOF robot manipulator to track an elliptical planar constrained surface while applying the desired force on the surface.
Selenopentathionic and Telluropentathionic Acids as Precursors for Formation of Semiconducting Layers on the Surface of Polyamide
Authors: Zalenkiene Skirma , Sukyte Judita , Ivanauskas Remigijus , Janickis Vitalijus
Published: March 2007

The layers of copper chalcogenides, which were formed on the surface of semihydrophilic polymer—polyamide 6 (PA) using monoselenopentathionicH2SeS4O6and monotelluropentathionicH2TeS4O6acids as precursors of chalcogens, were characterized. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and UV spectroscopy were used to monitor the effect of chalcogens on the changes in structure of PA corresponding to the concentration of the precursor's solution and an exposure time. The IR spectra of modified PA were completely different from that of the initial PA. Further interaction of chalcogenized PA with copper (II/I) salt solution leads to the formation ofCuxS,CuxSe,CuxTe,and mixed –CuxS–CuySeandCuxS–CuyTelayers which have different electric transport properties. The surface properties of PA after treatment are studied using AFM and XRD. The electrical resistances of layers with various composition formed over a wide concentration range 0.01–0.5mol⋅dm−3of precursor's solution were measured. Variation in the conductivity of layers of Cu–Se–S and Cu–Te–S on the surface of PA shows an evident increase with the increasing of the mass fraction of selenium or tellurium.
Comparison of fastness of the convergence among Krasnoselskij, Mann, and Ishikawa iterations in arbitrary real Banach spaces
Authors: Babu GVR , Vara Prasad KNVV
Published: March 2007

Let "Equation missing" be an arbitrary real Banach space and "Equation missing" a nonempty, closed, convex (not necessarily bounded) subset of "Equation missing". If "Equation missing" is a member of the class of Lipschitz, strongly pseudocontractive maps with Lipschitz constant "Equation missing", then it is shown that to each Mann iteration there is a Krasnosleskij iteration which converges faster than the Mann iteration. It is also shown that the Mann iteration converges faster than the Ishikawa iteration to the fixed point of "Equation missing".
Responsibilities and Benefits in Hiring the Handicapped
Authors: Schapire Julie Annette , Berger Florence
Published: March 2007

Recent legislation forces many employers to ensure employment opportunities for hand icapped persons—but this requirement offers employers opportunities, too. By hiring the handicapped, hospitality operators will benefit from the stability and productivity of these workers
Getting the Most from Your Club Survey
Authors: Wayne Mondy R. , Hollingsworth Walter H.
Published: March 2007

Once you've completed your membership survey, a relatively simple analysis can provide additional information to help you respond to perceived problems. Here's how such an analysis was applied at one club
Bail and the Indigent Accused
Authors: Ares Charles , Sturz Herbert
Published: March 2007

Does the bail system work for the poor man as well as for the rich? Should a man's liberty be dependent primarily upon his purse? Cannot a democratic society come up with a more equi table solution? The authors discuss the bail system in theory and in practice and describe the New York City bail project—a search for an alternative.
The Negro Drinker and Assaulter as a Criminal Type
Authors: Roebuck Julian , Johnson Ronald
Published: March 2007

Sorely needed today is a criminological theory based on under standing the differing variables that will incline offenders toward one specific type of crime rather than other types. The feasibility of such a theory was demonstrated when a sample of 40 Negro offenders, with an arrest pattern composed largely of simul taneous "drunk and assault" charges, was compared with a sample of 360 Negro offenders who had one or more of a large number of other arrest patterns. Institutional and interview data avail able allowed these two groups to be compared according to 34 socio-psychological characteristics. In 24 of the 34 comparisons, the drunk-and-assault group differed significantly (P=<.01) from the larger sample. Its members were reared far more often in homes with a rigid, fundamentalist background, which was en forced relatively effectively-though in a somewhat erratic fashion —by strict, dominating fathers. Their primary group ties were close in childhood and remained close in adulthood. Their general social milieu was far less criminogenic than it was for the offenders in the larger sample. The authors hypothesize that parental efforts at character development were to some degree successful, so that this group could manifest hostility only after alcohol had weakened inhibitions, at which time a rather ex plosive outburst of violence generally occurred. Socio-psycho logical, rather than strictly sociological, factors are the significant variables which dispose this drunk-and-assault group to violating the law.
Three Weapons against Organized Crime
Authors: Kennedy Robert F.
Published: March 2007

Victory over organized crime is essential to the national wel fare. It can be achieved through more efficient law enforcement, new laws, and public awareness of the methods by which organ ized crime weakens the nation.
Sentencing the Racketeer
Authors: Rector Milton G.
Published: March 2007

Criminal syndicates, not individual offenders, are our major domestic danger. Members and employees of these syndicates are not dealt with adequately under traditional sentencing laws. The Model Sentencing Act, drafted by the Advisory Council of Judges of the National Council on Crime and Delinquency, provides for extended terms, up to thirty years, for persons deemed "dangerous" under the criteria specified in the Act, and for sentences far shorter than those now prevailing for persons held to be not dangerous.
Alcohol, Alcoholism, and Crime
Authors: Bacon Selden D.
Published: March 2007

This article is concerned with the overlapping of two phe nomena, each of which can occur independently of the other. The first is deviation from the specific social custom of drinking. The second, crime, refers to a class of deviations from many different customs of a society—deviations possessing one unique attribute in common, that of eliciting purposeful, negative sanc tions by the government. General knowledge about deviation from custom and about the impact of alcohol upon human behavior must be combined with an understanding of each of these two categories of deviance in order to assess the overlap.
Problem Drinking among Juvenile Delinquents
Authors: Mackay James R.
Published: March 2007

The author reports on three studies, conducted jointly by the Alcoholism Clinic of Peter Bent Brigham Hospital, the Massachusetts Youth Service Board, and the Massachusetts Divi sion of Alcoholism, which attempt to (1) provide basic statis tical data on the use, nonuse, or misuse of alcohol among a representative group of delinquents, (2) categorize the group according to their use or nonuse of alcohol, (3) measure some significant aspects of their experiments with alcohol, and (4) look more intensively into the meaning of their drinking ex periences by considering personality characteristics and family backgrounds.
An Aftercare Program for Alcoholics
Authors: Brown Reginald F.
Published: March 2007

This study discusses the experience of an Alcoholics Anony mous group formed to provide aftercare for the alcoholic offender released from penal institutions in Ontario, Canada. The forty men in the study were followed up for at least four years after their release from prison. For the purposes of this article, they are divided into five categories according to fundamental change in behavior, abstinence, and social rehabilitation. The article deals briefly with the spiritual conversion common to those men who showed a fundamental change in character. The alcoholic offender's great need for community acceptance is discussed and the invaluable role that nonprofessional members of a community can take in helping him adjust is emphasized.
"Need" and "Overt Act" in Juvenile Court Law
Authors: Downs William T.
Published: March 2007

The current trend of academic analysis of the juvenile court as a treatment organization and the emphasis on treatment aspects of juvenile court activities have led to a popular assump tion that the court applies a criterion of need in dispensing its services. A traditional legal analysis would suggest the applica tion of a criterion of overt act. Even if we assume that the intention of juvenile court legislation is to apply some criterion of need, the question then becomes one of how needs are demonstrated or measured. A criterion of demonstrated need brings one full circle to a requirement of overt act.
An Analysis of Parole Selection
Authors: Thomas Paul A.
Published: March 2007

Parole selection and release procedures take place within both a formal system (rules, regulations, statutes, norms) and an in formal system (attitudes of parole board members, public sen timent, custom, and values). The interaction of these two systems forms the basis of a decision regarding whom to select or release on parole. This formal and informal process of selec tion is analyzed in an attempt to disclose the kinds of behavior expected of the board members and the potential parolees. Particular reference is made to the procedures used by Indiana's first full-time parole board.
The Use of Machines in Parole Case Control
Authors: Stanton John M.
Published: March 2007

One of the responsibilities of the professional caseworkers who supervise parolees is to account each month for the status of those under their supervision. Both the law and good parole casework practice require that such an accounting be made. At one time, parolees' names, identification numbers, and other data had to be written by hand by the parole officers in the New York State Division of Parole. Today, the officers have been relieved of this clerical chore; listing and control of cases are now being done efficiently and economically by key-punch and accounting machines. The same key-punched cards used to pre pare the monthly reports are also used to machine-print organ izational reports for administrative and budgetary purposes. The use of machines in parole case control has resulted in accurate and timely reports and has freed the parole officers for their main professional task of assisting in the rehabilitation of parolees.
NCCD Field Services, 1962
Authors: Rector Milton G.
Published: March 2007

This article summarizes the activity of the National Council on Crime and Delinquency during 1962 under the headings of Citizen Action, Field Consultation, Surveys, Detention Serv ices, Legal and Legislative Services, Advisory Council of Judges, National Parole Institute Program, Research and In formation, and Prevention.
The Model Sentencing Act
Authors: Flood Gerald F.
Published: March 2007

The sentencing structure of the Model Sentencing Act, cover ing all felonies, focuses on the needs and circumstances of the offender and the protection of the public from the dangerous offender, rather than on the nature of the crime. It stresses indi vidualized treatment, on probation where possible. Long prison terms are eliminated except for persons whose personality de fects or participation in organized crime makes them highly dangerous. The Act provides for no minimum sentence, leaving the time of release to the correctional authorities, subject only to a maximum release date fixed by the court. Presentence investi gations are required before any sentence for felony. There are no specific penalties for specific crimes except first degree murder (and, optionally, six other "atrocious" crimes). Provision is made for merger of sentences on multiple charges and for separate treatment of offenders under twenty-one. Adoption of the Act by a state legislature would tend to raise the level of the entire correctional system.
Dangerous Offenders
Authors: Guttmacher Manfred S.
Published: March 2007

This paper discusses the dangerous offender as conceived in Section 5 (a) and (b) of the Model Sentencing Act and compares some of the relevant provisions of the Act with those of the American Law Institute's Model Penal Code. It details some of the provisions of the Defective Delinquent Statute in Maryland and that state's procedure for commitment to Patuxent Institu tion. Habitual offender laws and sexual psychopath laws are also considered.
Volunteer Support of Probation Services
Authors: Rosengarten Leonard
Published: March 2007

Teen-Aid, Inc., is a voluntary service organization dedicated to the rehabilitation of adolescent girls. It maintains close contact with the Juvenile Division of the Philadelphia County Court, which encouraged its formation. Its personnel, in a one- to-one relationship, offer the troubled girl friendship, solace, and strength, and help her to develop self-reliance, poise, and appropriate values. Volunteer women are put through an inten sive training program in which they learn about the types of difficulties besetting teen-age girls and the ways in which they may be handled. Experience has shown that lay volunteers can take a more direct part in service work with juveniles—a part that need not be restricted to fund-raising or publicity.
Alternatives to Tests of Criminal Responsibility
Authors: Van R. Hinkle
Published: March 2007

Because of the disagreement among legal and medical authori ties about the "tests" currently being used to determine a defend ant's criminal responsibility, the author suggests two courses of action. The first would continue the use of the M'Naghten rule, supplemented by improved and diversified institutional treatment programs for the offender. The second would separate the question of the defendant's complicity in the crime from his mental capacity to commit it.
Reality Therapy
Authors: Glasser William
Published: March 2007

The author explains a new approach to psychotherapy, which he calls reality therapy, and discusses its application to the young offender. He contends that, whereas traditional psychotherapy provides psychological excuses for the patient's behavior and does not adequately confront the patient with the responsibility for the way he acts, reality therapy focuses on his present behavior and emphasizes his individual responsibility, but disregards his past history, unconscious conflicts, and psychiatric diagnosis.
Delinquency Prevention in the Neighborhood
Authors: Tefferteller Ruth S.
Published: March 2007

At the Henry Street Settlement in New York City, a delin quency prevention project has emphasized the importance of counteracting the contagion of gang activity by detecting and working with groups of eight- to thirteen-year-olds while there is still a good chance of influencing them. Another most im portant step in the corrective process lies in reaching the parents of these children and helping them reassert their own influence and authority. Even the flimsiest of parent-child relationships is a potential source of control, if help is given in time. By bring ing together the parents of budding antisocial groups and by cultivating close, informal supportive relationships with individ ual parents, we have found a means of establishing this control. The children recognize and accept the partnership between home and Settlement which, in most instances, is contributing toward revitalizing parent-child relationships. The approach seems to be having a positive effect on the behavior of the chil dren in these young groups.
The "Short Con" Man
Authors: Roebuck Julian B. , Johnson Ronald C.
Published: March 2007

This article describes and analyzes ten Negro short-con men who were part of a larger sample of 400 offenders interviewed and tested at the District of Columbia Reformatory (actually a penitentiary), at Lorton, Va. It was hypothesized that offenders with a confidence-game criminal pattern would constitute a cer tain social and psychological type different from that of offenders with other criminal patterns. Comparisons demonstrated this to be the case. The con men under study were all characterized by the facts that they were isolated, marginal, hedonistic, mobile, exploitative, nonviolent, undisciplined, unsuccessful, recidivistic, institutionalized, sociopathic offenders. All had domineering mothers who taught them, at an early age, the necessity for, and the practice and reward of, deceit. This early training in deceit and nonviolence shaped the type of criminal pattern they chose in later years. They rarely committed offenses that were not related to confidence games. Although they learned their "trade" from the big con, they lacked the finesse, skill, and in dustry necessary to become successful in their criminal career. They rationalized away their brand of crime as really not crimi nal and condemned many other types of crime. They derived pleasure, as well as financial reward, from "putting the mark down."
Institutional Organization For Treatment
Authors: Novick Abraham G.
Published: March 2007

The article discusses four aspects of institutional organization and administration for treatment of children in training school settings: (1) clear statement of policy, (2) effective communica tion of policy, (3) opportunity for staff self-expression, and (4) integration and coordination of staff responsibilities.
Psychological Testing in the Correctional Institution— Another Viewpoint
Authors: Prentice Norman M. , Kelly Francis J.
Published: March 2007

In recent years individual tests of intelligence and personality drawn from clinical settings have increasingly supplemented tests of vocational aptitude, educational achievement, and group in telligence generally employed in correction. Some observers view this trend with alarm, criticizing clinical tests constructed for use in schools, clinics, and hospitals as inappropriate for the correctional field. More specifically, these tests have been op posed as time-consuming and yielding little relevant information. These criticisms, however, appear undeserved. Indeed, apart from time-saving advantages, individually administered tests of fer many additional benefits over group tests in diagnostic eval uation. Extensive experience in a state diagnostic agency for juvenile offenders amply demonstrates that individually admin istered tests of intelligence and personality can contribute sub stantially to the differentiated assessment of the delinquent and to the decisions which must be made about him.
Exile within the United States
Authors: Lynch Brent T.
Published: March 2007

The Utah Board of Pardons, an executive agency, releases some Utah prison inmates by an order of "conditional termina tion," which directs the recipient to leave the state immediately and remain away permanently. The Supreme Court of Utah has recently held this order to be valid and constitutional, a ruling attacked by this article, which cites cases wherein rights guaranteed by the federal Constitution are violated. Public policy, sound penology, and constitutional law all militate against use of conditional termination.
Juvenile Court Judges in the United States
Authors: Mccune Shirley D. , Skoler Daniel L.
Published: March 2007

Despite the considerable attention given recently to the ju venile court and the central position of the juvenile court judge as ultimate decision-maker in both adjudication and disposition,
Value Conflicts in Law Enforcement
Authors: Chwast Jacob
Published: March 2007

In law enforcement, goal-oriented guides for behavior must be made explicit. Unclarified value conflicts result in irrelevant or inappropriate outcomes in police encounters. The sources of values are both personal and social. The former are largely derived from early personal experiences; the latter from the outside community (the middle class) and from formal and in formal demands within the police apparatus. The middle-class status of most police officers causes them to emphasize prompt ness, cleanliness, propriety, and orderliness. These values differ somewhat from those of lower-class society, where life may be a battle for survival. The police officer, usually poorly prepared for understanding persons from different backgrounds, finds it hard to cope with the conflict in values. Already alienated in an authoritarian police bureaucracy, he also feels alienated in the neighborhood in which he works. This increases his own sus picion and fear and conversely that of the lower-class persons whom he encounters.
A Note on Labels
Authors: Schepses Erwin
Published: March 2007

"Persons in need of supervision" (PINS) , is a new category added to "delinquent" and "neglected" by the New York Fam ily Court Act in 1962. Labeling of children is widely deplored because of its allegedly stigmatizing effect. Labels are attached to persons or instiutions, for other than purely euphemistic rea sons, when the inventor of the label wants to demonstrate a more progressive attitude toward a problem, is confused about the purpose of the institution he names, or wishes to mislead the public. Well-meaning designations frequently assume, in time, damaging connotations.
The Learner in Probation Work
Authors: Ives Jane K.
Published: March 2007

A probation department can provide a variety of learning ex periences for the beginning social worker, whether field work stu dent or apprentice. The serious nature of the decisions required of probation officers, however, makes it necessary for the supervi sor to take considerable responsibility in the early stage of train ing. The nature of the caseload demands that the learner have an active, optimistic approach. It is necessary to distinguish between normal problems of learning and the special problems of indi vidual learners. Reluctance to use authority and uneven devel opment of treatment skills are to be expected. Persistent in ability to evaluate factual material and pervasive bias are clues to special problems of learners. Standards for the first year of a planned training program in probation should be formulated with consideration given to normal learning problems.
A Meaningful Inquiry into the Life of an Offender
Authors: Treger Harvey
Published: March 2007

The presentence investigation, one of the most important tasks of the probation officer, should elicit meaningful information about the personality and environment of the offender so that the court may make a truly enlightened disposition of the case. It may determine whether personality growth has been impaired and what remedial steps can be taken. If the offender's prob lems are environmental, helping him to reduce stress and to develop new habits may prevent further antisocial behavior. When the problems are largely emotional and the offense is repetitive,psychiatric consultation or treatment for the offender should be available if there is to be any hope of influencing his behavior.
Vocational Guidance for Delinquent Boys
Authors: Wiener Frederick
Published: March 2007

Delinquent youth have a strong interest in the world of work. They perceive active participation in the job market as an opportunity to be independent and relatively free from adult controls, but they have little knowledge of job demands. They have misconceptions concerning the qualifications required to obtain certain jobs; their vocational aspirations are often un realistic because of poor insight into their own capacities.
Development of Mental Health Programs in Correction
Authors: Pacht Asher R. , Halleck Seymour L.
Published: March 2007

Mental health programs have not made a significant impact on the correctional field as a whole. Both the shortcomings of the correctional environment, which have been stressed, and the shortcomings of the mental health approach in correction, which have been ignored, have contributed to this failure. Despite these inadequacies, mental health personnel can make useful contri butions in the correctional setting if traditional concepts are modified and new roles are developed. The ideal role not only includes the traditional functions of diagnosis and therapy, but also stresses milieu activities. This latter function can be accom plished only by an active, personal involvement in a correctional setting.
Social Investigation Reports in the Juvenile Court
Authors: Krasnow Erwin G.
Published: March 2007

This article discusses the timing of the social investigation and the proper use of social investigation reports by the juvenile court, with particular attention to the use of such reports by the judge on the question of adjudication; their availability to the child, his parents, and counsel when used in disposition; and their accessibility to appellate courts, private social agencies, governmental agencies, and others. All-or-nothing alternatives are rejected; the proper legislative and juridical approach must be based on an accommodation of the various interests. In de linquency cases the social investigation should not commence until an adjudication of involvement is made; the report should be consulted by the judge only as an aid in making disposition. As to disclosure, the issue is not whether it should be made but rather how much of the contents of the report should be disclosed. Suggested guidelines for disclosure of the report to the child, his attorney, and appellate courts are based on accommodation of the interest of the juvenile in the accuracy, relevance, and comprehensiveness of the information upon which a legal determination is made, and the interest of the caseworker in pre serving the integrity of his relationship with the child and the privacy of information revealed to him in confidence.
Tentative Requiem for the M'Naghten Rule
Authors: Lenzi George A.
Published: March 2007

The "knowledge of right and wrong" test of criminal responsi bility, as formulated in the M'Naghten Rule, should be aban doned, and the "causality" criterion, as expressed in the Pike and Durham cases, should be universally adopted. A fresh attack on the constitutionality of the M'Naghten Rule as a violation of the Eighth Amendment prohibition against cruel and unusual pun ishments may be timely and fruitful.
The Role of the Correctional Agency in the Undergraduate Curriculum
Authors: Shelly Joseph A.
Published: March 2007

Correction suffers from its failure to recruit the best talent from our colleges and universities. We can learn much from industry, which is committed to an intensive, extensive, and costly program of campus recruitment. Various systematic methods can be used by correctional agencies to influence the academic en vironment. This article describes one effective, well-organized program of undergraduate training and suggests a number of other approaches to college recruitment. Financial aid is avail able for the development of such programs. Even within the bureaucratic structure ample opportunities exist to influence students before they finally decide on a career.
Correctional Manpower Utilization
Authors: Otis Jack
Published: March 2007

Recent and projected federal legislation has offered new hope that correctional manpower problems will be not only addressed but overcome. However, this will not occur if the field remains in bondage to the clinical model of prevention and rehabilita tion because (1) this model has not proven itself successful and (2) even if we assume its success, there will not be enough social workers, psychologists, and psychiatrists to man it. Both the opportunity and the challenge are now at hand for experimental programs which will demonstrate how to utilize more effectively a whole range of personnel from the unedu cated to the highly educated in correctional work.
The Juvenile Offender: Recidivism and Companions
Authors: Craig Maude M. , Budd Laila A.
Published: March 2007

This study of the "serious" and the "less serious" juvenile offender brings into focus various developmental factors and companionship, the mechanism by which juvenile delinquency is perpetuated and increased.
Patterns of Correction
Authors: Heyns Garrett
Published: March 2007

The state's involvement in correction has expanded recently from administration of one or more prisons to responsibility for several types of institutions and for supervision of adults—and, in some states, juveniles—released from these institutions. A number of states also have varying degrees of responsibility for probation and for local institutions.
The Supreme Court and the Juvenile Court
Authors: Weinstein Noah , Goodman Corinne R.
Published: March 2007

For the first time in its 68-year history, the juvenile court has felt the impact of the United States Supreme Court. It would be impossible to predict the exact effect of the decisions, but unquestionably they will be of prime importance in their influ ence on juvenile court procedures.
Lawyers in Juvenile Court
Authors: Coxe Spencer
Published: March 2007

The article delineates the effect of Gault on the "right to counsel" in the juvenile court. It reviews the background of the Supreme Court decision and analyzes the controversy over the lawyer's role in adjudication and disposition and it discusses some of the effects of the ruling on institutional population and the backlog of cases awaiting disposition.
Work—Release—a Study of Correctional Reform
Authors: Johnson Elmer H.
Published: March 2007

Data on work-release prisoners are used to illustrate a concep tion of correctional reform as a process of accommodations and new relationships among groups. Reform stimulated by the correctional agency is viewed as preferable to reform externally induced. In North Carolina, changes in the economic base of the Prison Department motivated other agencies to support work- release as a new strategy. Although opportunism was prominent in the interest, the introduction of work-release initiated a series of accommodations resulting in changes that promise to be genuine reform. New relationships have emerged among the prisons, the parole board, the courts, and private employers. Within the prison, new relationships between staff and inmates support the growth of a motivational system conducive to rehabilitation. Current limitations of the North Carolina pro gram, successful when measured against its original goals, in clude the restricted place of work-release within the labor-force structure of the state. Further development of the work-release concept requires extension of vocational training and other rehabilitation programs in prison to broaden the job skills of prisoners as candidates for work-release.
Constitutional Safeguards for the Juvenile Offender
Authors: Carver Lyell Henry , White Paul Anthony
Published: March 2007

The United States Supreme Court's concern for the juvenile's Constitutional safeguards has resulted in two historic decisions (Kent and Gault) affecting juvenile court procedures. Despite certain ambiguities, the ramifications and implications of these cases may bring order out of the procedural chaos plaguing thousands of juvenile courts. The Supreme Court has affirmed that in state proceedings which could lead to loss of liberty, juveniles have the right of due notice, the right of counsel, the right to remain silent, and the right to confront and cross- examine witnesses. Only time will tell whether the Bill of Rights will apply to state action in dealing with juveniles or whether such direct application must undergo a time-consuming meta morphosis, as was the case with adult criminal procedure.
The Role of a Juvenile Court Citizens' Advisory Committee
Authors: Sherman Edna S.
Published: March 2007

A citizens' advisory committee can provide inestimable support to a hard-pressed juvenile court judge in selling the court and its program to the public. The committee interprets the functions and operations of the court to the community and the needs of the community to the court. It assists the court to maintain and retain an adequate and qualified staff and cooperates with other interested organizations and agencies in improving the general welfare, guidance, and instruction of juveniles. The activities and program of one such active and successful citizens' advisory committee, in Summit County (Akron) Ohio, are explained in detail.
"Aversive" Group Therapy
Authors: Levinson Robert B. , Ingram Gilbert L. , Azcarate Eduardo
Published: March 2007

Capitalizing on the negative reactions many inmates have toward group therapy, several psychologists at the National Training School for Boys in Washington, D.C., established mandatory attendance in a special therapy group for anyone repeatedly committed to segregation. The object was to decrease the number of commitments to the segregation unit and thereby increase the amount of time the inmate was exposed to correc tional treatment. Favorable results are reported. A discussion of the rationale includes an outline of the specific steps employed in utilizing this "aversive" model for behavior modification.
The Informal System
Authors: Gazan Harold S.
Published: March 2007

Juvenile correctional programs must bridge the gap between an institution's official system and the delinquent subculture or anti-official system. This paper describes how one program de veloped techniques to utilize the natural boy leadership of the informal anti-official system and certain elements of the boy culture as a strategem for enhancing the resocialization proc ess of delinquents in a youth rehabilitation camp setting. It is suggested that, if treatment is to become more effective, juvenile correctional personnel must utilize the informal system within their institutions as an agent of change.
Day-Care Program for Delinquents: A New Treatment Approach
Authors: Post Gene C. , Hicks Robert A. , Monfort Mariam Felicia
Published: March 2007

What advantages does a day-care program for adjudicated delinquents have over the traditional round-the-clock institution? In addition to its much lower cost, day care does not divorce the child from his family. The burden of responsibility remains with the family. In a day-care program for girls set up in San Mateo County (Redwood City) , Calif., girls and their families receive intensive counseling to help them deal with their problems and run their own lives. The program shows great promise and the authors discuss its many ramifications and implications.
How Effective Is Aftercare?
Authors: Monson Larry , Cowden James E.
Published: March 2007

This study compares 198 delinquent boys placed in boarding homes or group homes or returned to their own homes after release from an institution. The results indicate that boys placed in boarding homes and group homes were approximately similar in most background and social factors, while boys returned to their own homes differed significantly in a number of factors. Boys placed in boarding or group homes came from lower socio-economic backgrounds and less cohesive families than those returned to their own homes. However, even with socio-economic status equalized over the three samples, approximately the same pattern of similarities and differences in background factors and institutional and postrelease adjustment variables emerged. The results also indicate that boys subsequently placed in boarding or group homes had fewer prior court referrals, displayed a better institutional and postrelease adjustment, and continued to show a better adjustment than those returned to their own homes. These results suggest that a longer stay in the institution and more comprehensive supervision by probation-parole agents may be necessary for many boys returned to their own homes, particularly those showing a poorer-than-average institutional ad justment or having a relatively long prior record.
A Comparative Analysis of Pretrial Release Procedures
Authors: O'Rourke Thomas P. , Salem Richard G.
Published: March 2007

This study of ROR (release on own recognizance) pretrial release practices confirms that alleged offenders are indeed returning to court for trial and also indicates that a specially administered program is substantially more effective than the police in actually releasing those arrested. Research to determine the effectiveness, in releasing those qualified, of an independent bail agency of the court in New Haven, Conn., shows a substan tial increase in ROR releases and, in some instances, a significant increase in the total number of persons released before arraign ment. In addition, the number of cash bonds and bonds by bondsmen decreases.