bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Aeration Rate on the Hydrolysis and Acidification of Waste Activated Sludge in Thermophilic Aerobic Conditions
Authors: Hou Ya Nan , Yang Chun Xue , Zhou Ai Juan , Wang Ai Jie
Published: March 2013

This study investigated the effect of aeration rates on the hydrolysis process of Waste Activated Sludge (WAS) with thermophilic aerobic microbes and explained by the change of solubilization of lipids, carbohydrates and proteins in sludge under different aeration rates (0.03 vvm, 0.05 vvm, 0.07 vvm, 0.09 vvm, 0.11 vvm). The results revealed that with the increase of aeration rate, the accumulation of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) in the treated sludge was decreased. Only 2 142 mg COD/L was accumulated at the ventilation rate of 0.11 vvm, while the highest accumulation which was 4 088 mg/L at the ventilation rate of 0.05 vvm. Further investigation showed that under optimal aeration rate which was 0.05 vvm, theromophilic aerobic microbes facilitated the organism hydrolysis and increased the biodegradability of WAS significantly. The concentration of carbohydrates was improved remarkably from 70 mg COD/L to 560 mg COD/L compared with the control (the process without aeration) at 65°C. Meanwhile, the concentration of protein was increased stably due to the high activity of protease, and reached the peak of 1 320 mg COD/L after 72h, then decline at the later period. The maximal soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD) was 5 600 mg/L and VFAs was 4 088 mg COD/L, which would be beneficial to the followed digestion process. Therefore, appropriate aeration is efficient to improve the accumulation of soluble organic matters and VFAs in WAS.
Study on Evaluation Method of Regional Financial Ecoenvironment
Authors: Zhou Jiong , Li La
Published: March 2013

The ecoenvironment of regional finance's evaluation methodology is the hot issue in recent years. This paper systematic sorted these evaluation methodologies and its research and application situation. It illustrates the contents of the single evaluation method and the comprehensive evaluation method, then comparative analysis from perspective, data dependence and operation complexity. And it make the difference and characteristics between using single and comprehensive evaluation method clear. Finally, put forward some thoughts for the regional financial ecoenvironment's evaluation.
Research on the Management Pattern of Small Watershed Treatment in Loess Plateau Region
Authors: Ai Hui
Published: March 2013

Loess Plateau region has the severest problem of The Water Loss and Soil Erosion, not only in China, but around the world as well. Due to severe situation of soil erosion, the natural environment was badly damaged in this region and the economy was also deeply influenced. This paper analyses the present situation of soil erosion and controlling measure for erosion in Loess Plateau region, and concludes some valuable experience in managing small watershed of Loess Plateau region. Concluding、analyzing、advancing and extending these successful experiences will exert an important and directive significance for the ecological construction and sustainable development in China.
The Potential and Cost Analysis of Emission Reduction in China’s Cement Sector
Authors: Gu Alun , Zhao Xiu Sheng
Published: March 2013

The cement sector emission occupies 5% of world emissions caused by human activities. Especially, China’s cement production accounted for 50% of the world’s output, which ranked the first for continuous 25 years. The total production in 2010 was 1.882 billion tons. The cement sector, which is characterized of high yield, small-scale enterprises, low technology development level and poor product structure, is one of the biggest energy consumers and emitters in China. Therefore, the energy saving and emission reduction in cement sector is not only the essential measure and basic content for coping with climate change, but also the guarantee for the sustainable development. Plenty of basic research, including spot investigation and data collection, was carried out in this paper. After the identification of 18 different kinds of energy saving technologies and emission reductions, a baseline as daily 5000 tons of a production line was set in this paper. The emission reduction potential and cost are quantitatively analyzed by estimating the marginal abatement costs. Hence, the marginal abatement cost curve of energy saving and emission reduction technology was obtained. With the abatement costs ranking from low to high, the key emission reduction technology can be concluded as energy efficiency, energy alternatives, blended cement and CCS technology. According to the status of domestic energy-saving technology as well as support policies, we finally proposed relevant measures and policy suggestions.
Experiment and Practice on the Wastewater Treatment in Tunnel Construction Processing
Authors: Fan Rong Gui , Wang Hui Chuan , Li Xian
Published: March 2013

The concentration of suspended solid (SS) was confirmed as the main pollutants in wastewater from the tunnel construction processing through wastewater source and water quality in the tunnel construction processing being analyzed. The rapid wastewater treatment device was designed which combined with rotational flow sedimentation tank and flocculation reaction pool that the cement was used as flocculants. The results showed at the preliminary test that the removal efficiency of SS was above 94%. The effluent can meet the wastewater discharge standard. It was the fact that the treatment method was fast and convenient processing.
Performance of MR-deDuster: A Case Study of a Palm Oil Mill Plant
Authors: Norelyza H. , Rashid M.
Published: March 2013

Multi-cyclones is commonly usedin the palm oil mill industry as particulate pollution arrestor. However, its ability in capturing particulate matter (PM) especially the fine particulate size fraction is limited. Thus, study has been carried out to investigate and predict the performance of MR-deDuster, a multi-cyclones unit developed as particulate emission control device in palm oil mill plant. The MR-deDuster is intentionally developed to overcome particulate emission issue facing by industries that generate particulate especially the palm oil mill industry. A number of semi-empirical theories were used to predict the performance of MR-deDuster. Based on the prediction, the MR-deDuster manages to capture particulate size 3.8µm at 50% particulate collection efficiency. The MR-deDuster also manages to achieve more than 90% for total particulate collection efficiency with low pressure drop.
Evaluation of the Structure of Industrial Wastes
Authors: Soldán Maroš , Čaplovič Ľubomír , Galbičková Blanka , Gerulová Kristína
Published: March 2013

The aim of this paper is to evaluate the structure of wastes from non-ferrous metals. Wastes from the production of metals were selected namely waste from the production of aluminum - red mud and the waste from the production of nickel - black nickel mud. Morphology of samples was documented by scanning electron microscope, phase analysis using diffraction techniques and the content of elements was determined by EDX analysis. The influence of pretreatment of these wastes on the structure was also investigated.
Determination and Comparison of Microbial Biomass Carbon in the Rhizosphere Soil of Different Plants
Authors: Hui Min , Ding Yu , Wang Xin Ying , Zhuang Yang , Xu Ji Fei
Published: March 2013

Selecting rhizosphere soil as the object of study which from 5 different kinds of plants in the Inner Mongolia University campus, we use fumigation extraction method and liquid chlorine fumigation extraction-water bath method to determine the microbial biomass carbon in the rhizosphere soil of different plants, in order to compare that whether or not liquid chlorine fumigation extraction-water bath method applicable to this type of soil sample. The results show that, there are significant differences in the rhizosphere soil microbial biomass carbon of 5 different kinds of plants, determination results is that Pyrus sorotina (LS) > Platycladus orientalis (CB) > Prunus persica (TS)> Syringa vulgaris (DX) > Pinus tabuliformis (YS), the content of P. sorotina is highest, 260.53 mg/kg, and P. tabulaeformis is lowest, 121.11 mg/kg, the differ is 139.42 mg/kg. There is a big gap between the measure values of the two methods, so that liquid chlorine fumigation extraction-water bath method doesn’t apply to the determination of this type microbial biomass carbon.
Introduction to Solid Waste Pollution Control and Improvement
Authors: Chen Zhen Min , Zhang Hai Ying
Published: March 2013

Solid Waste Pollution Control is one of the main special courses offered to students whose major is Environmental Engineering. It aims to let students know basic knowledge and control technologies of solid waste pollution, so that they can solve problems on solid waste treatment and disposal. With increasing generation of solid waste (municipal solid waste and industrial solid waste) in China, solid waste control becomes one of the focus environmental problems facing our country, which depends on efforts of environmental professionals. Solid waste control technology has seen a fast development in recent years. In order to keep up with solid waste control nowadays, it is necessary to develop this course to improve teaching effects. Based on analysis of the current conditions of this course, the paper offers a construction plan for the course in the following aspects: adjustment of the course teaching content, enrichment of teaching methods and teaching mode, preparation of test database and exercise database and suggestion of ways to increasing teaching effect of this course.
Technical and Economic Analysis of Supercritical Water Oxidation and Biochemical Process for Lurgi Coal Gasification Wastewater Treatment
Authors: Wang Yu Zhen , Wang Shu Zhong , Guo Yang , Xu Dong Hai , Yu Guang Xin , Yu Hang , Sheng Jin Peng
Published: March 2013

The technical and economic analysis of supercritical water oxidation (SCWO) and biochemical process for Lurgi coal gasification wastewater (LCGW) treatment were carried out. The findings include the analysis of flow sheet, effluent quality and operation cost of the two processes. Studies show that the SCWO process is more simply and easier to control than the biochemical process. The effluent treated with SCWO process could reach national discharge standard I (GB 8978-1996) without other pretreatment and advanced processes, and could gain 2.3 yuan RMB/t(LCGW). While the operation cost of biochemical treatment is 41.8 yuan YMB/t(LCGW). The SCWO process shows a unique advantage in both technology and economy and will be a promising technique for LCGW treatment.
Carbon Emissions of Quanzhou's Textile Enterprises and Tax Policy
Authors: Huang Chang Quan , Huang Qing Yun
Published: March 2013

Low-carbon textile still concerns environmental problems. Lowcarbon will ultimately focus on the energy efficiency, process to update and the emissions of businesses. At this stage other forms of energy still cannot be applied, so energysaving and emission reductionhave become the highest importance and feasibility in low-carbon textile. In this paper,based on the visits of the main textile enterprisesand relevant government departments in Quanzhou, we track the footprint of enterprise's carbon emissions, and preliminarily calculate the carbon emissions. After in-depth research and analysis, we discuss the energy-saving and emission reduction technologiesof Quanzhou's textile enterprisesand fiscal and taxation policies.
Research on Management Innovation for Ecological Security in China’s Forest Tourism Areas
Authors: Wang Chao Hui , Wu Chu Cai
Published: March 2013

Based on the proposed evaluating index system of ecological security, some investigations on the status of ecological security of forest parks in Wenzhou city were carried out with the methods as data collection, field surveys and interviews. The result indicated there are many unsafe factors especially like wastewater treatment and economic development in community. Therefore, ecological security evaluation criteria were proposed to manage ecological security in China's forest parks, which will be of practical guiding significance for the sustainable development of forest tourism in China.
The Interpretation of Place Phenomenology Based on Space Syntax Theory
Authors: Zhou Xuan , Lu Zheng
Published: March 2013

Since earlier linking phenomenology to space syntax by the research of David Simon, studying place image based on phenomenology explanation is always the common focus between space syntax and phenomenology. With the common focus further studied, some issues such as descriptive pattern on place space, place configuration and place sense will be combined with space syntax theory. In this paper, based on the internal relations between space syntax and architectural phenomenology, the mechanism of place description, place configuration and place self-adaptive mechanisms were analyzed by space syntax, and a method also will be presented to interpret place phenomenon by using space syntax.
Relationship between X-Ray Relative Diffraction Intensity and Integral Sensitivity of GaAlAs/GaAs Photocathode
Authors: Shi Feng , Chang Ben Kang , Cheng Hong Chang , Xu Xiao Bing , Zhang Yi Jun
Published: March 2013

To establish a methode for predicting the integral sensitivity of transmission-mode GaAs photocathodes, the relationship between X-ray relative diffraction intensity and integral sensitivity of GaAlAs/GaAs photocathode material is researched. After thermocompression bonding Si3N4/GaAlAs/GaAs/GaAlAs/GaAs epitaxial material to glass window in the vacuum condition, and chemically etching the GaAlAs buffer-layer and GaAs substrate, the glass/Si3N4/GaAlAs/GaAs photocathode module is formed. The X-ray relative diffraction intensity of the photocathode module is tested and calculated respectively, then the photocathode surface was activated in the ultrahigh vacuum chamber using the Cs-O activation technique. Following that, the integral sensitivity of the transmission-mode GaAs photocathode is measured by the spectral response measurement instrument in situ. It is found that the GaAlAs/GaAs photocathode material and photocathode module have similar X-ray relative diffraction shapes. The higher the similar degree of X-ray relative diffraction shape is, the bigger the X-ray relative diffraction intensity of photocathode module is, which results in the better photoemission capability and higher photocathode integral sensitivity. This method can be used as an evaluation criterion for the quality of transmission-mode GaAs photocathode module material.
Electrochemical Degradation of Phenol by the Nanographite and Foam-Ni Composite Cathode
Authors: Yu Xiu Juan , Sun Tian Yi
Published: March 2013

The degradation of phenol was demonstrate with a novel two-layer type cathode (TTC). For the fabrication of TTC, chitosan was ﬁrstly deposited on foam nickel, then one piece of the resulting foam-Ni film and one piece of nanographite(Nano-G) composite film were fasten to obtain the two-layer type nano-G︱foam-Ni cathode. The electrolysis phenol was conducted by self-made cathode and the Ti/IrO2/RuO2 anode in the diaphragm cell. The results showed that in the diaphragm electrolysis system with the aeration conditions, the degradation rate of phenol reached 97.15% under 120min’s electrolysis, when current density was 39 mA/cm2, initial pH value was 12 and electrolyte concentration was 0.1 mol/L. This two-layer type cathode could be reused without catalytic activity decrease, suggesting its potential application in the wastewater treatment.
Variations of Soil Organic Matter and Nutrients in Degenerated Wetland in Response to Ecological Restoration in Shuangtaizi Estuary, Northeast China
Authors: Yao Hong Ming , Bai Jie , Zhang Zhen
Published: March 2013

The aim of the research is to study the changes of soil properties during the process of wetland restoration, and evaluate the results or effect of wetland restoration. Soil samples were collected from both restored and unrestored wetlands in Shuangtaizi estuary, and then we compared seasonal changes of soil properties in these two areas. The results indicated a significant increase of NH4-N, whereas TP(total phosphorous) declined slightly in restored wetland. In addition, significant seasonal variations of SOM(soil organic matter) and nutrients were exhibited in restored and unrestored wetlands especially in July and August. Meanwhile, we found that C/P ratio in restored wetland increased in summer and reduced in September. All these have suggested that soil properties and nutrients proportions were changed after the restoration, which would be more conductive for soil ecological function.
Quantification of Asphalt Concrete Aggregate Shape with Fourier Analysis
Authors: Li Xiao Jun , Zhao Yang , Yang Shuo , Zhang Chao Xiang
Published: March 2013

In this paper, X-ray computed tomography was applied to obtain the aggregate images of asphalt concrete sample. Fourier analysis was utilized to describe the surface characteristics of the aggregates. With complex Fourier series function, the shape of the aggregates was quantified. The results indicate that Fourier morphological analysis can be used to mathematically represent the shape of particles in 2D micromechanical simulation of asphalt concrete.
Enrichment Characteristics of Cadmium and Lead in Wheat at Different Growth Stages
Authors: Chen Su , Chao Lei , Sun Li Na , Sun Tie Heng
Published: March 2013

In this paper, the soil simulation pot experiment was carried out. The self-made cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) compound contaminated soil was taken as the test soil, and wheat was taken as the test plant. The Cd and Pb concentrations in different parts of wheat under jointing stage, booting stage, flowering stage, and mature period were measured, and enrichment characteristics of wheat to Cd and Pb under different growth stages were analyzed. The results showed that Cd and Pb contents in wheat roots were the greatest, while the contents in nutritive organ seeds were the least. Sequence of Cd and Pb contents in various parts of wheat was: roots> stems & leaves> rice husks> seeds. Cd and Pb contents in various parts of wheat plant gradually grew in the entire growth period, which reached the maximum at mature stage. According to the transfer coefficient and enrichment factor analysis, ability of wheat roots to enrich heavy metals Cd and Pb was stronger than that of stems & leaves, rice husks and seeds. In the transfer process of heavy metals Cd and Pb from soil to root, the transfer ability sequence was Cd > Pb.
Preparation and Desorption Performance of Gelatin Microspheres
Authors: Wang Xue Chuan , Hao Xiao Li , Qiang Tao Tao
Published: March 2013

A novel microspheres adsorbent was prepared by the emulsion-congealed crosslinking method. The gelatin was as raw material and glutaraldehyde was as the crosslinking agent. The product was characterized by AFM, Zeta Potential Tester and SEM. These results showed that there were some irregular protuberances and grooves on the surface of gelatin microspheres. The relative surface roughness namely Ra was equal to 2.469E+01nm. The isoelectric point of gelatin microspheres was 3.2. Their morphology was almost not affected by treatment of the acid and alkali, and the performance of the acid and alkali resistance was superior. The result of desorption experiment showed that the regeneration ability of gelatin microspheres was stronger in the alkali solution than that in the distilled water. The optimum desorption temperature was 30°C. The desorption process got to balance for 80min. The desorption rate got to 88% in the alkali solution and regeneration effect was obvious. The result of the second-adsorption experiment showed that the desorbed adsorbent which was used in the second-adsorption experienced the same as the first-adsorption process. And the saturated adsorption capacity changed a little. So the gelatin microspheres can be recycled.
Kinetic Indentation Application to Determine Contact Characteristics of Sphere and Elastoplastic Half-Space
Authors: Ogar P.M. , Tarasov V.A.
Published: March 2013

Kinetic indentation diagram has been used for the mathematical description of the contact interaction between a sphere and elastoplastic half-space. The unloading curve exponent m has been determined. It has been shown that the value of m is independent of the load distribution on the contact surface, and does depend on the ratio c2h/R (or hc/R). Based on the deformation characteristics similitude, the sphere penetration value h has been determined for the areas of constrained and developed elastoplasticity. The new parameter kh(εy,n) has been introduced to account for the material hardening.
Sewage Sludge as Raw-Material in Asphalt Mixtures
Authors: Ingunza Maria del Pilar Durante , Júnior Olavo Francisco dos Santos , Medeiros Sayonara Andrade
Published: March 2013

The aim of this study is to assess the volumetric and mechanical behavior of concrete asphalt mixtures, using natural sludge as a partial substitute for the tiny aggregate and calcined sludge as filler. This assessment was performed based on technical and environmental parameters, using laboratory tests obeying current Brazilian norms, according to international standards. The addition of natural sludge to the mixtures has increased stability, increased air voids contents of the mixtures. The addition has compromised mixture adhesiveness. With respect to the addition of calcined sludge to the mixtures, the mixtures with calcined sludge displayed the same behavior as those with cement. It was observed decrease in empty space volume of the mixtures and consequent increase in empty space-bitumen relation and increased stability. The mixture addition of natural sludge that has the best mechanical and volumetric performance is the one with 7.5% of natural sludge in the granulometric composition of the mixture. The mixture with 1% of calcined sludge had the best volumetric and mechanical performance.
Relation of Microstructure and Unconfined Compression Strength of Soil Stabilized with TerraZyme
Authors: Zhang Xin , Zhang Xin Ping , Peng Hong Tao , Xia Qiang , Wang Jun
Published: March 2013

TerraZyme as an enzymatic soil stabilizer was used in this research. The stabilized soil was mixed with TerraZyme in proper proportion to determine the relationship of unconfined compression strength and microstructure caused by the introduction of TerraZyme. The experimental results show that the unconfined compressive strength of stabilized soil with TerraZyme added is higher than that without TerraZyme. The micrographs of scanning election microscopy (SEM) indicate that the microstructure of the stabilized soil sample with TerraZyme added is denser than that without TerraZyme. This is because the particles of stabilized soil sample treated with TerraZyme are more coarse and blocky than those untreated with TerraZyme. The stabilized soil is with fewer pores than that without TerraZyme. This kind of compact microstructure should be the basis of higher unconfined compressive strength of stabilized soil with TerraZyme added.
Comparative Analysis of the Surface Functionalization and Texturization of HDPE after H2 and O2 Ion Plasma Immersion
Authors: Camacho Melissa Angelica C. , Ramos Henry J.
Published: March 2013

An in-house constructed Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition (PECVD) facility was used in this study to facilitate the surface chemistry improvement on High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) sheets and allow an increase in adhesion of copper thin films on HDPE sheets. The material’s wet ability and polymer-metal adhesive strength are compared before and after plasma treatment to understand the creation and rearrangement of the functional groups present on the surface of H2 and O2 ion irradiated HDPE sheets. Results showed the detection of O-H, C≡C, C═C and C-O bonds on the surface of the irradiated samples. H2 ion irradiated sheets, however, showed no surface chemical functionality changes.
Effects of Laser Cutting Main Parameters on Microhardness and Microstructure Changes of Stainless Steel
Authors: Miraoui Imed , Boujelbene Mohamed , Bayraktar Emin
Published: March 2013

Laser cutting of materials is becoming the preferred method of cutting. It has many advantages over conventional machining techniques such as better quality of cuts, quick and accurate cutting. The objective of this work is to investigate the effect of the main input laser cutting parameters, laser power and cutting speed, on the microhardness of stainless steel sheets obtained by CO2 laser cutting. The experimental tests were performed at various laser powers and cutting speeds. The cut surface was studied based on microhardness depth profiles beneath the machined surface. In order to investigate the metallurgical alterations beneath the cut surface, the microstructure was observed by using scanning electron microscopy. The results show that the microhardness and the surface microstructure are affected by laser cutting. Laser cutting leads to the formation of periodic striations and cracks. Also the main parameters of cutting, laser power and cutting speed, have an effect on surface microstructure and microhardness.
Investigation of Wide Range of Flow around Circular Cylinder Using Turbulence Model
Authors: Lee Kee Quen , Aminudin Abu , Pauziah Muhamad
Published: March 2013

The purpose of present study is to identify the possibility of predicting the physical features of circular cylinder in two dimensional for a wide range of Reynolds number using a modified turbulence model. The modification is focused on the turbulence length and intensity. The drag coefficient and the Strouhal number were calculated and compared with the existing experimental data. The contour of vorticity and pressure gradient were also presented. Although variation up to 159% was noted in the drag coefficient, it was just on a particular Reynolds number.The simulated outputs of Strouhal number, pressure coefficient and vorticity contour indicated reasonable agreement with the experimental data. The modified turbulence model has showed potential in simulating the flow around the circular cylinder.
The Influence of Ion Energy Distribution for Multiple Frequencies Driven
Authors: Zhou Zhu Wen , Wang Yuan Sheng , Kong Bo
Published: March 2013

The voltages, resonant waves and frequencies how to influence on the ion energy distributions (IEDs) from multiple frequencies driven in capacitive discharges, it is important to analyze these phenomenon and mechanism in order to control the microelectronic processes of integrated circuit and develop the base theories of plasma physics. We focused on the function of the ion energy distributions under high and low frequencies (dual frequency) drive in capacitive discharges, we derived a model of computation of the multiple frequencies driven IEDs from analyzing theories. The model can analyze and predict the IEDs under different high and low frequencies driven, the results from the model are in good agreement with these important data from public publish.
Experimental Study of Cable Fire Spread in Electronic Cabinet
Authors: Zhou Chao , Wang Xin Qun , Qin Jun , Chen Lu Yi , Lao Gang Xuan , Xu Tian Rui
Published: March 2013

Three cases of cables fire experiments with different ventilation rate in real scale electronic cabinet have been carried out. In each experiment, five cables with 14mm in out diameter and four copper conductors with 1650mm in length were used. the insulation and cover of the cables was combustible .Temperature of the fire cables, CO ,O2as well as temperature in different location in the center of the cabinet in the fire cabinet were measured as a function of time. The key role of the ventilation rate on the temperature in the center of the cabinet and the concentration of CO and O2were clearly shown, but the influence on fire spread of cable fire was not so much significantly.
The Corpuscular Method Application in OOP Child Constraint System Research and Simulation
Authors: Zhao Zhong Hua , Zhang Meng , Wei Xi Cheng
Published: March 2013

One brief introduction of side OOP and TWG test are given. Comparison application of the airbag deployment simulation in LS-DYNA between Control Volume Method(CV), Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian Method(ALE) and Corpuscular Method(CPM) are descripted. CPM theory could describe the gas flow that is necessary for OOP(out of position) research. Three kinds of TWG tests were conducted and acceptable Hybrid Ⅲ 3YO dummy injury repeatability was achieved. The simulation used in side OOP simulation get good correlation results. Influences of many parameters in side OOP constraint system could be studied based on the simulation and test results.
Research on the Selection of Materials as Oil and Water Separating Membrane for Underwater Oil Tanks
Authors: Cao Yu Guang , Xu Song Sen , Zhang Shi Hua
Published: March 2013

In order to decrease the pollution to sea water during the course of oil and water replacement, oil and water separating membrane will be adopted. Considering the expansion and contraction of oil and water separating membrane, transmission of wave pressure and the density difference between the oil and water, the membrane may be damaged by tension, buckling, friction, scraping and so on. Thus, the material used as oil and water separating membrane should have enough strength and flexibility. The generally used coating fabrics were discussed in this paper as per the coating agents, base cloths, and coating methods. Glass fiber cloth coated with silica gel and polyurethane coated fabrics were chosen and a series of tests were performed as per the corresponding standards. By analyzing the test results, the preferred material for oil and water separating membrane was proposed.
Characterization of Gd2O3 Nano Clusters
Authors: Paul Somnath , Gangopadhyay Arnab , Sarkar A.
Published: March 2013

Gadolinium (Gd) is a weak magnetic element at room temperature. Gadolinium oxide (Gd2O3) is a poor semiconductor with para-magnetism. In this work Gadolinium oxide is prepared from the thermal dissociation of Gadolinium acetate. The average cluster size is found to be dependent on the number of the sintering time. In this present work an attempt has been made to characterize the developed Gadolinium oxide. Experimental probes used to characterize it are optical absorbance (UV-VIS); Fourier transformed infra red (FTIR) spectroscopy, DC current voltage characteristics (CVC) and photo-sensitivity studies of the developed specimens. Gadolinium oxide exhibits a good optical sensing property.
Structural and Thermal Properties of Cu Doped Nanocrystalline Tin Selenide
Authors: Gosai N.N. , Solanki G.K. , Patel K.D. , Hingarajiya Keyur S.
Published: March 2013

Nanocrystalline Copper doped Tin Selenide have been prepared by aqueous solution method in double distilled water at room temperature. All the chemicals used for this were of Analytical Reagent grade and of 99.999 % purity. Structural confirmation of prepared compound and particle size estimation was done from X-ray diffractogram obtained by CuKαradiation of wavelength 1.540 nm. Compositional or elemental analysis of this compound was done using energy dispersive analysis of X-rays (EDAX) and it is found that prepared compound is nearly stoichiometric in nature. Thermal characteristics of SnSeCu nanocrystals were studied employing thermoanalytical techniques, viz. TGA and DTA. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) has been used for many years to evaluate thermal stability of material as it will determine the range of stable operation for a device made up out of these materials under investigation. Thermal analysis experiments were carried out with constant heating rate of 10 °C/ min in air from room temperature to 900 °C. The DTA pattern of SnSeCu nanocrystal shows a strong endothermic peak at 450 °C. The objective of this study is to determine activation energy and other kinetic parameters of prepared compound. Broido and Coats-Redfern (C-R) models are used to evaluate different kinetic parameters viz. activation energy, entropy, enthalpy, Gibbs mean free energy and they were found to have good correlation coefficient.
Temperature Dependence Electron-Impurity Scattering Rate in Doped Bilayer Graphene
Authors: Patel Digish K. , Vyas K.N. , Sharma A.C.
Published: March 2013

Apart from its promising new material for technological innovations and applications, graphene offers a new and novel physics. In recent past, both single layer and bilayer Graphene have extensively been studied. Properties of Graphene sharply differ from that of 2DEG observed in doped semiconductor heterostructures. One of the important properties requisite for device making is charge transport. It has been suggested that considering a scattering mechanism based on screened charged impurities, one can obtain from a Boltzmann equation approach a conductivity that agrees with the experimental result on graphene. In this paper, we present a calculation of electron-impurity scattering rate, as a function of quasi particle energy ε measured from Fermi energy εf, in doped bilayer graphene for both high temperature TTf and low temperature TTf regimes. In the low temperature limit, we observe dip at normalized energy y=1.0, which is absent in the high temperature limit. Our numerical calculation shows that scattering rate remains almost constant with temperature in both regimes.
Surface Studies of PVT Grown CdS Crystals
Authors: Kadash Ebtesam A. , Al Hattami Arwa A. , Patel Haresh S. , Rathod J.R. , Hingarajiya Keyur S. , Patel K.D. , Pathak V.M. , Srivastava R.
Published: March 2013

Physical vapour technique (PVT) is a versatile method to grow IIVI semiconductors. In present investigations, CdS crystals have been grown by this method using dual zone micro processor controlled horizontal furnace. CdS crystals grown in present case have been characterized by EDAX for stoichiometric conformation. The roughness of surface of grown CdS crystals has been studied in detail using optical microscopy, SEM and AFM. The surface topography study of as grown crystals has been carried out to understand the growth mechanism which was necessary for its application in electronic devices.
Conductivity Studies on Filler Free and Filler Doped PVA-PEO Based Blend Polymer Electrolytes
Authors: Joge Prajakta , Kanchan Dinesh K. , Sharma Poonam , Gondaliya Nirali
Published: March 2013

The present study deals with the investigation of conduction behavior of filler free and filler based blend electrolyte system. The polymer blend films consisting of PVA and PEO doped with silver salt and PEG plasticizer, are prepared using solution cast technique. The filler free system is prepared for varying ratios of host polymers (PVA: PEO); whereas the filler based system is prepared with various Al2O3 concentrations in the blend films. The conductivity studies of prepared samples are carried out using impedance spectroscopic analysis. The conductivity for the filler free blend system is found to increase with increasing amount of PEO in all the blend specimens. On the other hand, the filler based system shows the conductivity enhancement upto 6wt% which mitigates with further addition of filler into the electrolytes. The DSC scans are found to support the conductivity results.
Investigations on Tin Selenide Thin Film Based Schottky Barrier Diodes by I-V-T Method
Authors: Patel Kiran Kumar , Patel K.D. , Patel Mayur , Hingarajiya Keyur S. , Pathak V.M.
Published: March 2013

Tin Selenide thin films have been deposited using thermal evaporation technique on chemically and ultrasonically cleaned glass substrates. The stoichiometry of deposited films has been studied using Energy Dispersive Analysis of X-rays (EDAX).The orthorhombic structure and polycrystalline nature of the films were also revealed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) analysis. The well characterized thin film of SnSe was then used to fabricate Ag/p-SnSe/In Schottky barrier diode. The I-V characteristics of prepared diodes have been investigated over the temperature range of 303 K to 393 K. The forward biased I-V characteristics of prepared structure has been analyzed using TE theory and different device parameters have been evaluated and discussed in present paper. The Richardson constant was also determined from the conventional Richardson plot and it is found close to the reported value.
Study of MoSe2 Crystal as a Photoelectrochemical Solar Cell
Authors: Sahay Dipak , Parmar Ripal , Shah R.K. , Pathak R.J.
Published: March 2013

Looking to the world wide crisis of energy resources it is very much important to develop an efficient and sustainable photoelectrochemical solar cell. PEC solar cell generates electrical energy from light which consists of a semiconducting photoanode and a metallic cathode immersed in an electrolyte. In present case we have investigated PEC solar cell using MoSe2 as a working electrode and Platinum/copper as a counter electrode and combination of 0.025MI2, 0.5MNaI, 0.5MNa2SO4 an electrolyte. MoSe2 is proven to be most efficient and less corrosive semiconducting material. We have performed several experiments on present combination with all possible intensities. In this paper authors report their results and findings of PEC solar cell.
Growth, Structural and High Pressure Study of GeS0.25Se0.75 and GeS0.75Se0.25 Single Crystals
Authors: Solanki G.K. , Patel Dipika B. , Unadkat Sandip , Gosai N.N. , Mansur Yunus Gafur
Published: March 2013

The orthorhombic semi-conducting compound GeS0.25Se0.75 and GeS0.75Se0.25 possess interesting electrical properties and can been the subject of numerous investigations. The changes in solids under high pressure can reveal several new features of interatomic forces, which are responsible for their diverse physical properties. Authors have carried out growth of GeS0.25Se0.75 and GeS0.75Se0.25 crystals by Direct Vapor Transport (DVT) technique. For compositional confirmation energy dispersive analysis of X-ray (EDAX) has been used. EDAX results show that the grown crystals are nearly stoichiometrycally perfect. The grown crystals have been characterized by X-ray diffraction technique (using Philips X Pert MPD diffractometer) for structural characterization. These crystals are crystallized in orthorhombic structure. The values of lattice parameters, unit cell volume and X-ray density are calculated and presented. It is observed from lattice parameters, unit cell volume and X-ray density, that as the content of sulfur increases the value of all the lattice parameters decreases. High pressure study is also of great importance to visualize the mechanism governing the structural changes and to reveal solid state properties associated with different structure. For the room temperature measurement of resistance as a function of pressure, up to 7 GPa, the sample was set at the centre of the talc disc on the lower anvil. The pressure was generated by a hydraulic press on the Bridgman type tungsten carbide opposed anvil apparatus with in-situ Bismuth pressure calibration. The resistance was measured in several independent runs on these crystals as a function of pressure and was found to be reproducible. The results of variation of electrical resistance do not show presence of any phase transition up to 7 GPa. We investigate in GeS0.25Se0.75 and GeS0.75Se0.25 single crystals that as sulfur content increases, resistance of this compound increases.
Electronic Structure and Ground State Properties of A4[Ag4O4] (A=Na, K and Rb): A First-Principles Study
Authors: Umamaheswari Rajagopalan , Yogeswari M. , Kalpana G.
Published: March 2013

The first-principles calculation within density functional theory is used to study in detail the electronic structure and ground state properties of alkali-metal oxoargenates A4[Ag4O4] (A= Na, K and Rb). The total energies calculated within the atomic sphere approximation (ASA) were used to determine the ground state properties such as equilibrium lattice parameter, c/a ratio, bulk modulus and cohesive energy. The theoretically calculated equilibrium lattice constants values are in well agreement with the available experimental values. The electronic band structures, total and partial density of states are calculated. The result of electronic band structure shows that the KAgO and RbAgO are direct band gap semiconductors with their gap lying between the Γ-Γ points, whereas NaAgO is found to be an indirect band gap semiconductor with its gap lying between Z-Γ points.
Structural and Vibrational Properties of FeO Using First-Principles
Authors: Bhatt Nisarg K. , Patel A.B. , Vahora A.Y. , Vyas P.R. , Thakore B.Y. , Jani Ashvin R.
Published: March 2013

We have studied the equation of states and vibrational properties of FeO using DFT based plane-wave pseudopotential (PW-DFT) within the generalized gradient approximation. The calculated cohesive properties at ambient condition, namely, lattice constant (a0), bulk modulus (B0) and its first pressure derivative (), are reported for B1-phase of FeO, in agreement with previous experimental and other theoretical results. A linear-response approach to the density functional theory was used to derive the phonon frequencies and phonon density of state (p-dos). Further, in order to calculate both static and dynamic equations of states, nearest-neighbour second-moment tight-binding energy model (TB-SMA) was used. Parameters of the present TB-SMA model were determined by the presentab initiopseudopotential calculations. It is found that the present simple TB-SMA scheme is able to mimic shock Hugoniot for such oxides correctly.
Structural, Electronic and Elastic Properties of Palladium Nitride
Authors: Acharya Nikita , Fatima Bushra , Chouhan Sunil Singh , Sanyal Sankar P.
Published: March 2013

A systematic theoretical study of 4dtransition metal nitride, PdN has been carried out using ab initio full potential LAPW method (FP-LAPW) within the generalized gradient approximation (GGA). PdN crystallizes in zinc-blende structure, which is found to be most stable one. We have calculated the ground state properties in terms of lattice constant (a0), Bulk modulus (B0) and its Pressure derivative (B0). The electronic properties such as band structure and density of states reveal that PdN is metallic in nature with large overlap of Pd-delectron at Fermi level. The elastic constant are in good agreement with previous theoretical results for zinc-blende structure.
The Carbon Emissions Rights Optimization under Regional Economic Growth Disparities
Authors: Xie Zheng , Sun Bai Qing , Jin Wei Quan , Wang Xin Xin
Published: March 2013

Greenhouse effect caused by greenhouse gas emissions is one of most important environmental problems; the growth of carbon emissions has attracted more and more attention. However, a phenomenon is that economic growth is always together with increasing of carbon emissions. In order to control carbon emissions validly in the premise of economic growth and taking into account that there are regional economic growth disparities for most countries, this paper builds a carbon emissions rights optimization model under regional economic growth disparities. This paper proposes two strategies to evaluate economic growth and carbon emissions: one is the same to all regions, and the other one is different. After calculating, finding that the same regulation of emissions reduction for all regions is better for economic growth and different regulation of emissions reduction is better for balanced development of regional economy. It provides certain rating criteria to find equilibrium point of economic development and carbon emissions.
Fatty Acids Effect on Properties of Methylcellulose-Based Bi-Layer Edible Films
Authors: Zhong Tian , Lian Zi Xuan , Wang Zhe , Niu Yan Qing , Ma Zhong Su
Published: March 2013

Bi-layer edible films based on methylcellulose (MC) was used as the film-forming matrix, and Stearic acids (SA), Oleic acid (OA) which were used as moisture barriers, were investigated. Mechanical resistance was mainly attributed to the MC matrix. The water vapor permeability (WVP) decreased when the OA proportion increased and the lowest value was obtained at the SA/OA ratio of 7:2. But when the liquid fraction continued to increase in the mixed lipids, the WVP began to show a worse performance.
Transesterification of Jatropha Oil to Biodiesel by Using Catalyst Containing Ca(C3H7O3)2 as a Solid Base Catalyst
Authors: Li Chang Jun , Huang Zhi Wei , He Yu Jie , Zhou Dong , Du Cheng , Zhang Shi Cheng , Chen Jian Min
Published: March 2013

An direct precipitation method of Calcium glyceroxide Ca(C3H7O3)2 was proposed. The prepared Ca(C3H7O3)2 was effective in transesterification of Jatropha oil into fatty acid methyl esters (FAME). The Ca(C3H7O3)2 catalysts were characterized by using XRD, solid state 13C-NMR, FTIR, and Hammett indicator. The influence of various reaction variables on the conversion was investigated. Under a condition of methanol/oil molar ratio of 9:1, a catalyst amount of 4 wt %, reaction time of 1.5 h, and reaction temperature of 65 °C, over 95% of biodiesel yield was obtained.
Quantum Hall Effect in AlGaAs and Graphite Quantum Dots
Authors: Shrivastava Keshav N.
Published: March 2013

Abstract. The 30 nm wide quantum wells on a 4x4 mm2 piece of GaAs/AlGaAs are formed when the layers of GaAs are deposited on AlGaAs films. The two-dimensional density of electrons is 3x1011 cm-2 and the mobility is 32x106 cm2/Vs. In such a sample the Hall resistivity as a function of magnetic field is not a linear function. Hence a suitable theory to understand the Hall effect is formulated. We find that there are phase transitions as a function of temperature. There are lots of fractions of charge which are explained on the basis of spin and orbital angular momentum of the electron. The nano meter size films of graphite also show that the Hall resistivity is non-linear and shows steps as a function of magnetic field. We make an effort to understand the steps in the Hall effect resistivity of graphite with quantum wells formed on the surface. It is found that the fractions are in four categories, (i) the principal fractions which are determined by spin and orbital angular momenta, (ii) the resonances which occur at the difference between two values such as =1-2, (iii) two-particle states which occur at the sum of the two frequencies and (iv) there are clusters of electrons localized in some areas of the sample. The spin in the clusters is polarized so that it becomes NS which is not 1/2 but depends on the number N, of electrons in a cluster.
Effect of RF Power on Optimization of Titanium Dioxide Nanostructures by RF Magnetron Sputtering
Authors: Asib N.A.M. , Musa Mohamed Zahidi , Abdullah Saifollah , Rusop Mohamad
Published: March 2013

Optimization of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanostructures deposited on glass substrate by Radio Frequency (RF) magnetron sputtering has been studied. The aim of this paper is to determine which parameter of RF powers influence the optimization of TiO2 nanostructures. The surface morphology and topology, roughness properties and cross-sectional of TiO2 nanostructures were observed by Atomic Force Microscope (AFM). The particle size of TiO2 nanostructures were observed by Field Emission Scanning Electrons Microscope (FESEM) and the UV-vis transmission spectra were recorded using UV-vis spectroscopy. The lowest surface roughness has the smallest average TiO2 size particle with indirect optical band gap of 3.39 eV for optimum TiO2 nanostructures deposited at varies RF power.
Effects of Ammonium Tetrafluoroborate on Conductivity and Thermal Studies on Cellulose Acetate Based Polymer Electrolytes
Authors: Harun Nurhana Ilmira , Md Ali Ruslinda , Marwan Bin Ali Abdul Malik , Yahya Mohamad Faizul
Published: March 2013

his paper presents cellulose acetate (CA) - ammonium tetrafluoroborate (NH4BF4) salt complexes films via solution cast technique. The relationship between ionic conduction and the glass transition temperature was investigated in selected cellulose-salt complexes via electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The thermal study of the films has also investigated using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA).