bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
How to improve the hygienic quality of forages for horse feeding
Authors: Séguin Virginie , Garon David , Lemauviel‐Lavenant Servane , Lanier Caroline , Bouchart Valérie , Gallard Yves , Blanchet Benoît , Diquélou Sylvain , Personeni Emmanuelle , Ourry Alain
Published: October 2011

BACKGROUND: Improving the hygienic quality of forages for horse nutrition seems to be a reasonable target for decreasing the prevalence of pulmonary diseases. The aim of the experiment was to study the effects of different agricultural practices on the main aero‐allergens contained in forages, including breathable dust, fungi, mycotoxins and pollens.

RESULTS: Results showed that the late harvest of hay, a second crop or a haylage production provides a good alternative to increase hygienic quality by reducing fungi contamination and breathable dust content. Barn drying of hay, while having no effect on breathable dust, similarly reduced fungi contamination. In contrast, when hay was harvested at a lower dry mass content (750 g DM kg−1 versus 850 g DM kg−1), both breathable dust and fungi contaminations were increased, which could at least be reversed by adding propionic acid just before baling. Zearalenone was detected in different hays, and even in one case, in breathable dust.

CONCLUSION: Overall, our data suggest that different approaches can be used to increase forage hygienic quality for horse feeding and thus reduce their exposure to factors involved in equine pulmonary disease. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Interrelationships among seed yield, total protein and amino acid composition of ten quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) cultivars from two different agroecological regions
Authors: Gonzalez Juan A , Konishi Yotaro , Bruno Marcela , Valoy Mariana , Prado Fernando E
Published: October 2011

BACKGROUND: Quinoa is a good source of protein and can be used as a nutritional ingredient in food products. This study analyses how much growing region and/or seasonal climate might affect grain yield and nutritional quality of quinoa seeds.

RESULTS: Seeds of ten quinoa cultivars from the Andean highlands (Bolivia/Argentina site) and Argentinean Northwest (Encalilla site) were analysed for seed yield, protein content and amino acid composition. Grain yields of five cultivars growing at Encalilla were higher, and four were lower, compared with data from the Bolivia/Argentina site. Protein contents ranged from 91.5 to 155.3 and from 96.2 to 154.6 g kg−1 dry mass for Encalilla and Bolivia/Argentina seeds respectively, while essential amino acid concentrations ranged from 179.9 to 357.2 and from 233.7 to 374.5 g kg−1 protein respectively. Significant positive correlations were found between the content of essential amino acids and protein percentage.

CONCLUSION: It appears that there are clear variations in seed yield, total protein content and amino acid composition among cultivars from the two sites. Essential amino acid composition was more affected than grain yield and protein level. The study revealed that both environmental and climatic factors influence the nutritional composition of quinoa cultivars growing in different agroecological regions. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Targeting the proteasome as a promising therapeutic strategy in thyroid cancer
Authors: Wunderlich Annette , Arndt Tjadina , Fischer Melina , Roth Silvia , Ramaswamy Annette , Greene Brandon H. , Brendel Cornelia , Hinterseher Ulrike , Bartsch Detlef K. , Hoffmann Sebastian
Published: October 2011

Background and Objectives

Targeting the ubiquitin–proteasome system by using proteasome inhibitors represents a novel approach for cancer therapy. Anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC), a subtype of thyroid cancer (TC), fails to respond to conventional TC treatment. Here we investigated the effects of bortezomib on TC in vitro. Further, the study aimed to evaluate its potential for TC treatment in vivo.

Methods

Three anaplastic (Hth74, C643, Kat4), one follicular (FTC133), and one papillary (TPC1) TC cell lines were used. Antiproliferative, proapoptotic, and transcriptional effects of bortezomib treatment were analyzed in vitro and growth inhibition of ATC xenografts in vivo. Tumor samples were analyzed by Ki67, CD31, caspase‐3, and NF‐κB immunohistochemistry.

Results

In vitro, bortezomib inhibited proliferation of TC cells (IC50 4–10 nM), increased caspase‐3 activity and induced cell cycle arrest. NF‐κB activity was affected differently. In vivo, bortezomib treatment was effective in reducing tumor volume (up to 74%), accompanied by reduced proliferation (Ki67) and 57% reduced tumor vascularity.

Conclusion

Proteasome inhibition is effective in reducing cell growth and inducing apoptosis of ATC in vitro and inhibiting tumor growth and vascularity in vivo. However, the impact on nuclear transcription remains controversial. Clinical evaluation of bortezomib treatment in ATC is warranted. J. Surg. Oncol. 2012;105:357–364. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cartilage reshaping for protruding ears: A prospective long term follow‐up of 32 procedures
Authors: Leclère Franck Marie P. , Trelles Mario , Mordon Serge R.
Published: October 2011

Background

Correction of prominent ears is a common plastic surgical procedure. We introduced a new non‐invasive laser‐assisted cartilage reshaping (LACR) technique as an alternative to invasive surgical otoplasty.

Methods

Since our first report in 2006, 32 LACR procedures in 17 patients have been performed at the Antoni De Gimbernat Foundation in collaboration with the French National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) U703. For 15 patients, the procedure was bilateral, for the remaining 2 patients LACR was performed only on one side. The treatment consisted of seven stacked pulses (3 ms, 2 Hz, 84 J/cm2 cumulative fluence) applied using a 4‐mm spot hand piece. Early and late complications were defined and reviewed for the whole series. Satisfaction was assessed by the patients using a visual analogue scale from 0 (unsatisfied) to 10 (highly satisfied). The superior and middle cephaloauricular distances were prospectively evaluated.

Results

Except for two cases of dermatitis, there were no early complications and no late complications (like keloids) in the series. The mean superior and middle cephaloauricular distances were, respectively, 12.3 ± 1.9 and 13.7 ± 1.6 mm compared to 17.8 ± 3.1 mm (p < 0.01) and 23.9 ± 1.9 mm (p < 0.01) before operation. Mean patient satisfaction was 8.6/10 with all patients reporting that they would be willing to undergo the procedure again, if required.

Conclusion

LACR appears to be a safe and reproducible method for the treatment of protruding ears. Other applications of this technique, like laser assisted septal cartilage reshaping (LASCR) for septum deviation, have been recently described. Lasers Surg. Med. 43:875‐880, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Fiberoptic microneedles: Novel optical diffusers for interstitial delivery of therapeutic light
Authors: Kosoglu Mehmet A. , Hood Robert L. , Rossmeisl John H. , Grant David C. , Xu Yong , Robertson John L. , Rylander Marissa Nichole , Rylander Christopher G.
Published: October 2011

Background and Objectives

Photothermal therapies have limited efficacy and application due to the poor penetration depth of light inside tissue. In earlier work, we described the development of novel fiberoptic microneedles to provide a means to mechanically penetrate dermal tissue and deliver light directly into a localized target area. This paper presents an alternate fiberoptic microneedle design with the capability of delivering more diffuse, but therapeutically useful photothermal energy. Laser lipolysis is envisioned as a future clinical application for this design.

Materials and Methods

A novel fiberoptic microneedle was developed using hydrofluoric acid etching of optical fiber to permit diffuse optical delivery. Microneedles etched for 10, 30, and 50 minutes, and an optical fiber control was compared with three techniques. First, red light delivery from the microneedles was evaluated by imaging the reflectance of the light from a white paper. Second, spatial temperature distribution of the paper in response to near‐IR light (1,064 nm, 1 W CW) was recorded using infrared thermography. Third, ex vivo adipose tissue response during 1,064 nm, (5 W CW) irradiation was recorded with bright field microscopy.

Results

The acid etching exposed a 3 mm length of the fiber core, allowing circumferential delivery of light along this length. Increasing etching time decreased microneedle diameter, resulting in increased uniformity of red and 1,064 nm light delivery along the microneedle axis. For equivalent total energy delivery, thinner microneedles reduced carbonization in the adipose tissue experiments.

Conclusions

We developed novel microscale optical diffusers that provided a more homogeneous light distribution from their surfaces, and compared performance to a flat‐cleaved fiber, a device currently utilized in clinical practice. These fiberoptic microneedles can potentially enhance clinical laser procedures by providing direct delivery of diffuse light to target chromophores, while minimizing undesirable photothermal damage in adjacent, non‐target tissue. Lasers Surg. Med. 43:914‐920, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Liver Transplantation in Human Immunodeficiency Virus–Infected Patients
Authors: Cherian Thomas P. , Alrabih Wesal , Douiri Abdel , Quaglia Alberto , Heneghan Michael A. , O'Grady John , Rela Mohamed , Heaton Nigel D.
Published: October 2011

Liver transplantation (LT) for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)–positive recipients with end-stage liver disease has become an accepted practice. However, because these patients are increasingly being recognized as prothrombotic, we reviewed their posttransplant thrombotic complications. Because morphological changes might be responsible in part for this prothrombotic state, we also conducted a histopathological review of explants from HIV-positive patients. Between 1990 and 2010, 24 of 3502 recipients (including 23 adults) were HIV-positive at LT. These patients and their postoperative courses were reviewed with a particular focus on vascular complications, risk factors, and outcomes. Another patient in whom HIV was detected 12 years after LT was also examined. Among the 24 HIV-positive LT recipients (17 males and 22 whole liver grafts; median age = 40 years), 5 developed arterial complications [including 3 cases of hepatic artery thrombosis (HAT), 1 case of generalized arteriopathy (on angiography), and 1 case of endoarteritis (on histological analysis)]. Multiple arterial anastomoses were performed in 8 of the 24 recipients, and HAT occurred twice within this anastomosis group. The outcomes of the 3 patients with HAT included retransplantation, biliary stenting for ischemic cholangiopathy followed by retransplantation, and observation only. In addition, 5 separate venous thrombotic events were detected in the 24 recipients during this period. Moreover, the delayed-HIV recipient developed delayed HAT and subsequently ischemic cholangiopathy and was being assessed for retransplantation at the time of this writing. In conclusion, the prothrombotic state associated with combined HIV and liver disease is a cause of morbidity after LT: 8 of the 24 recipients (33%) in this series suffered vascular thrombotic complications. There is a potential increase in the risk of HAT: the rate for the HIV-positive cohort was higher than the rate for historical HIV-negative controls [12% versus 3.2%, P = 0.016 (Fisher's exact test)]. The minimization of complex arterial reconstruction, coagulopathy screening, and risk-adapted antithrombotic chemoprophylaxis appear to be reasonable precautions.
Thrombocytopenia, Splenomegaly, and Portal Blood Flow in Patients Who Have Undergone Liver Transplantation for Cirrhosis
Authors: Eyraud Daniel , Granger Benjamin , Ionescu Christian , Fratéa Silvia , Darnat Sabine , Vaillant Jean-Christophe , Siksik Jean-Michel , Hannoun Laurent , Coriat Pierre
Published: October 2011

The platelet count (PC), the spleen size (SS), and the portal blood flow (PBF) have been independently studied in the perioperative period after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) for cirrhosis, but these parameters have not been described and analyzed in combination. We analyzed PC data and Doppler sonography measurements of SS and PBF from 125 adult patients before OLT and 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months after transplantation. A linear mixed model with fixed subject random intercepts was used. PCs increased significantly from 101.5 ± 68.5 × 109/L before OLT to 162.4 ± 86 × 109/L 1 month after OLT and remained stable for 1 year after the operation. PBF increased significantly from 619 ± 239 mL/minute before OLT to 1379 ± 491 mL/minute after OLT and remained stable during the first year. SS slowly decreased after OLT, but the decrease became significant only 9 months after the operation (13.8 ± 4.2 cm before OLT versus 11.7 ± 3.7 cm at 9 months, P < 0.05). The cirrhosis etiology did not influence the evolution of the parameters. With or without replication or interferon treatment before OLT, the hepatitis C group viruses did not influence PCs postoperatively. The evolution of SS was correlated to the evolution of PCs in the year after transplantation. In conclusion, PCs and PBF increase rapidly after OLT, whereas SS slowly decreases. The cirrhosis etiology does not influence the evolution of PCs. Thrombocytopenia and splenomegaly are 2 results of portal hypertension, but the rapid normalization of PBF does not completely or rapidly reverse these 2 phenomena.
Liver Transpl 18:340–346, 2012.
© 2011 AASLD.
A frequency domain approach for estimating multiaxial random fatigue life
Authors: Nguyen N. , Bacher‐Höchst M. , Sonsino C. M.
Published: October 2011

This paper presents a probabilistic method for fatigue life estimation within the frequency domain for structural elements subjected to multiaxial random loadings. Multivariate Monte Carlo Simulation is used to account for the correlation between the stress components and their different probability of occurrence and, moreover, enables stochastics during damage analysis to be allowed for and, at the same time, uses any suitable, material dependent multiaxial fatigue criterion known from the time domain. Comparison of the evaluated fatigue damage with experimental results from vibration tests on a demonstrator, chosen from common application fields in the automobile industry, shows good correlation.
Overload effects on a ferritic‐baintic steel and a cast aluminium alloy: two very different behaviours
Authors: Saintier N. , Palin‐Luc T. , Bidonard H. , el Dsoki C. , Kaufmann H. , Dumas C. , Völlmecke F. J. , Sonsino C. M.
Published: October 2011

Load controlled fatigue tests were performed up to 107 cycles on flat notched specimens (Kt = 2.5) under constant amplitude and variable amplitude loadings with and without periodical overloads. Two materials are studied: a ferritic‐bainitic steel and a cast aluminium alloy. These materials have a very different cyclic behaviour: the steel exhibits cyclic strain softening whereas the Al alloy shows cyclic strain hardening. The fatigue tests show that, for the steel, periodical overload applications reduce significantly the fatigue life for fully reversed load ratio (Rσ = –1), while they have no influence under pulsating loading (Rσ = 0). For the Al alloy overloads have an effect (fatigue life decreasing) only for variable amplitude loadings. The detrimental effect of overloads on the steel is due to ratcheting at the notch root which evolution is overload's dependent.
Role of STAT3/5 and Bcl‐2/xL in 2‐methoxyestradiol‐induced endoreduplication of nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells
Authors: Ting C.M. , Wong Chris K.C. , Wong R.N.S. , Lo K.W. , Lee Anne W.M. , Tsao George S.W. , Lung Maria L. , Mak N.K.
Published: October 2011

2‐methoxyestradiol (2ME2), an endogenous metabolite of 17‐β‐estradiol, has been shown to induce apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in various tumor models. We have previously shown that 2ME2 induced endoreduplication in a well‐differentiated nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) HK‐1 and a poorly differentiated C666‐1 cell line. In the present study, we studied the survival factors involved in 2ME2‐induced endoreduplicating NPC cells. In the HK‐1 cells, knockdown of BcL‐xL expression by siRNA resulted in the reduction of endoreduplication and an increase in the percentage of apoptosis. Further mechanistic study revealed that 2ME2 enhanced the expression of the phosphorylated form of STAT5 (p‐STAT5‐Y694), but not p‐STAT3 (Y705) and p‐STAT3 (S727), in the nucleus of HK‐1 cells. Pre‐treatment of cells with JAK/STAT inhibitor AG490 and STAT5 inhibitor resulted not only in the reduced expression of Bcl‐xL, but also reduced the percentage of endoreduplicating cells. In contrast, 2ME2 enhanced the expression of p‐STAT3 in the poorly differentiated C666‐1 cells. Pharmacological inhibition of STAT3 or Bcl‐2/xL resulted in a decrease in endoreduplication of C666‐1 cells. Taken together, the expression of p‐STAT5 and p‐STAT3 was upregulated in 2ME2‐induced endoreduplicating HK‐1 and C666‐1 cells, respectively. Combination of 2ME2 with Bcl‐2/xL inhibitor is a novel strategy to reduce the formation of endoreduplicating cells during chemotherapeutic treatment of NPC. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Intestinal carcinogenesis of two food processing contaminants, 2‐amino‐1‐methyl‐6‐phenylimidazo[4,5‐b]pyridine and 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural, in transgenic FVB min mice expressing human sulfotransferases
Authors: Svendsen Camilla , Meinl Walter , Glatt Hansruedi , Alexander Jan , Knutsen Helle K. , Hjertholm Hege , Rasmussen Tone , Husøy Trine
Published: October 2011

Humans express sulfotransferases (SULTs) of the SULT1A subfamily in many tissues, whilst the single SULT1A gene present in rodents is mainly expressed in liver. The food processing contaminants, 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) and 2‐amino‐1‐methyl‐6‐phenylimidazo[4,5‐b]pyridine (PhIP), are bioactivated by human SULT1A1 and SULT1A2. FVB multiple intestinal neoplasia (Min) mice, which spontaneously develop tumors and flat aberrant crypt foci (ACF) in intestine, were crossed with transgenic FVB mice expressing human SULT1A1 and 1A2 (hSULT) in several tissues, giving rise to wild‐type and Min mice with and without hSULT. One‐week‐old Min mice with or without hSULT were given HMF (375 or 750 mg/kg bw) or saline by gavage three times a week for 11 wk. In another experiment, the F1 generation received subcutaneous injections of 50 mg/kg bw PhIP or saline 1 wk before birth, and 1, 2, and 3 wk after birth. HMF did not affect the formation of tumors, but may have induced some flat ACF (incidence 15–20%) in Min mice with and without hSULT. No control mouse developed any flat ACF. With the limitation that these putative effects were weak, they were unaffected by hSULT expression. The carcinogenic effect of PhIP increased in the presence of hSULT, with a significant increase in both incidence (31–80%) and number of colonic tumors (0.4–1.3 per animal). Thus, intestinal expression of human SULT1A1 and 1A2 might increase the susceptibility to compounds bioactivated via this pathway implying that humans might be more susceptible than conventional rodent models. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Neutrophils are required for 3‐methylcholanthrene‐initiated, butylated hydroxytoluene‐promoted lung carcinogenesis
Authors: Vikis Haris G. , Gelman Andrew E. , Franklin Andrew , Stein Lauren , Rymaszewski Amy , Zhu Jihong , Liu Pengyuan , Tichelaar Jay W. , Krupnick Alexander S. , You Ming
Published: October 2011

Multiple studies have shown a link between chronic inflammation and lung tumorigenesis. Inbred mouse strains vary in their susceptibility to methylcholanthrene (MCA)‐initiated butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT)‐promoted lung carcinogenesis. In the present study we investigated whether neutrophils play a role in strain dependent differences in susceptibility to lung tumor promotion. We observed a significant elevation in homeostatic levels of neutrophils in the lungs of tumor‐susceptible BALB/cByJ (BALB) mice compared to tumor‐resistant C57BL/6J (B6) mice. Additionally, BHT treatment further elevated neutrophil numbers as well as neutrophil chemoattractant keratinocyte‐derived cytokine (KC)/chemokine (C‐X‐C motif) ligand 1 (Cxcl1) levels in BALB lung airways. Lung CD11c+ cells were a major source of KC expression and depletion of neutrophils in BALB mice resulted in a 71% decrease in tumor multiplicity. However, tumor multiplicity did not depend on the presence of T cells, despite the accumulation of T cells following BHT treatment. These data demonstrate that neutrophils are essential to promote tumor growth in the MCA/BHT two‐step lung carcinogenesis model. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Involvement of mitogen‐activated protein kinase in signal transducer and activator of transcription‐1 mediated differentiation induced by bortezomib in acute myeloid leukemia cells
Authors: Zhou Xinglu , Fang Yanfen , Jing Hui , Zhong Like , Luo Peihua , Song Hua , Yang Bo , He Qiaojun
Published: October 2011

In this paper we report a new myeloid differentiation effect of bortezomib (BTZ) in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cell lines and primary patient‐derived AML cells; this effect was assayed by investigating growth‐inhibition, cell morphology, differentiation markers, and nitro‐blue tetrazolium reduction. We show that BTZ induces the phosphorylation of several mitogen‐activated protein (MAP) kinases, including MEK/ERK, c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK), and p38 MAPK. BTZ‐induced cell differentiation is almost completely reversed by PD98059, an inhibitor of MEK, which also attenuates the increase in phospho‐JNK p46. However, p38 activation does not appear to be required for the differentiation induced by BTZ. Furthermore, the differentiation effect of BTZ is associated with increased protein level of signal transducer and activator of transcription‐1 (STAT1), a molecular determinant of myeloid differentiation, due to effects on both its synthesis and degradation. In short, this study reveals that BTZ activates the MEK/ERK cascade, which further up‐regulates the expression and activity of the key myeloid transcription factor STAT1, thus promoting myeloid differentiation. These findings contribute to an unexpected potential mechanism for the antitumor activity of BTZ in AML. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Transient decrease in tumor oxygenation after intravenous administration of pyruvate
Authors: Saito Keita , Matsumoto Shingo , Devasahayam Nallathamby , Subramanian Sankaran , Munasinghe Jeeva P. , Morris H. Douglas , Lizak Martin J. , Ardenkjaer‐Larsen Jan Henrik , Mitchell James B. , Krishna Murali C.
Published: October 2011

MRI using hyperpolarized 13C‐labeled pyruvate is a promising tool to biochemically profile tumors and monitor their response to therapy. This technique requires injection of pyruvate into tumor‐bearing animals. Pyruvate is an endogenous entity but the influence of exogenously injected bolus doses of pyruvate on tumor microenvironment is not well understood. In this study, the effect of injecting a bolus of pyruvate on tumor oxygen status was investigated. EPR oxygen imaging revealed that the partial pressure of oxygen (pO2) in squamous cell carcinoma implanted in mice decreased significantly 30 min after [1‐13C]pyruvate injection, but recovered to preinjection levels after 5 h. Dynamic contrast‐enhanced‐MRI studies showed that, at the dose of pyruvate used, no changes in tumor perfusion were noticed. Immunohistochemical analysis of hypoxic marker pimonidazole independently verified that the squamous cell carcinoma tumor transiently became more hypoxic by pyruvate injection. Efficacy of radiotherapy was suppressed when X‐irradiation was delivered during the period of pyruvate‐induced transient hypoxia. These results suggest importance of taking into account the transient decrease in tumor pO2 after pyruvate injection in hyperpolarized 13C MRI, because tumor oxygen status is an important factor in determining outcomes of therapies. Magn Reson Med, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Application of the fractional Fourier transform to image reconstruction in MRI
Authors: Parot Vicente , Sing‐Long Carlos , Lizama Carlos , Tejos Cristian , Uribe Sergio , Irarrazaval Pablo
Published: October 2011

The classic paradigm for MRI requires a homogeneous B0 field in combination with linear encoding gradients. Distortions are produced when the B0 is not homogeneous, and several postprocessing techniques have been developed to correct them. Field homogeneity is difficult to achieve, particularly for short‐bore magnets and higher B0 fields. Nonlinear magnetic components can also arise from concomitant fields, particularly in low‐field imaging, or intentionally used for nonlinear encoding. In any of these situations, the second‐order component is key, because it constitutes the first step to approximate higher‐order fields. We propose to use the fractional Fourier transform for analyzing and reconstructing the object's magnetization under the presence of quadratic fields. The fractional fourier transform provides a precise theoretical framework for this. We show how it can be used for reconstruction and for gaining a better understanding of the quadratic field‐induced distortions, including examples of reconstruction for simulated and in vivo data. The obtained images have improved quality compared with standard Fourier reconstructions. The fractional fourier transform opens a new paradigm for understanding the MR signal generated by an object under a quadratic main field or nonlinear encoding. Magn Reson Med, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Paradoxical sleep deprivation induces muscle atrophy
Authors: Dattilo Murilo , Antunes Hanna Karen Moreira , Medeiros Alessandra , Mônico‐neto Marcos , Souza Helton de SÁ , Lee Kil Sun , Tufik Sergio , de Mello Marco Túlio
Published: October 2011

Introduction: Because paradoxical sleep deprivation (PSD) induces a catabolic hormone profile, we sought to evaluate the morphology of the tibialis anterior (TA) muscle and testosterone and corticosterone levels of paradoxical sleep–deprived rats.Methods: Three study groups of rats were established: the first group was sleep deprived for 96 h; the second group was also sleep deprived for 96 h, but then returned to their home‐cage and allowed to sleep for the next 96 h; and the third group was the control group, with a normal sleep cycle. Results: PSD reduced the weight and fiber cross‐sectional area of the TA muscle. Moreover, PSD enhanced plasma corticosterone and reduced serum testosterone levels. The 96 h of sleep after PSD was sufficient to restore partially the morphology of TA, while hormones returned to basal levels. Conclusion: PSD induces hormonal alterations that may mediate muscle atrophy. Muscle Nerve, 2012
Effects of extracorporeal shock‐wave lithotripsy directed at the parotid gland on oxidative stress parameters and some trace element levels in facial nerve of rats
Authors: Kavak Servet , Garca M. Fatih , Gecit Ilhan , Meral İSmail , Cengiz Nurettin , Demir Halit
Published: October 2011

Introduction:This study was designed to assess the effect of extracorporeal shock‐wave lithotripsy (ESWL) exposure of the parotid gland on oxidative stress and some trace element levels in the facial nerves of rats.Methods:Twelve male Wistar albino rats were divided into two groups, each consisting of 6 animals. The rats in the first group served as controls. The left parotid glands of animals in the second group were treated with 1000 18‐kV shock waves while anesthetized with ketamine. The animals in both groups were euthanized 72 h after the ESWL treatment, and the right facial nerve was harvested for determination of oxidant/antioxidant status and trace element levels.Results:Lipid peroxidation product malondialdehyde (MDA) and antioxidant glutathione (GSH) levels increased, and the activities of antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH‐Px), decreased in the facial nerves of ESWL‐treated rats. The levels of iron, lead, manganese, and cobalt increased, and magnesium, cadmium, and copper levels decreased.Conclusions:ESWL treatment of the parotid gland may increase lipid peroxidation and decrease antioxidant enzyme activity in adjacent tissues such as the facial nerve. It also causes a decrease or increase in many mineral levels of the facial nerve, which is an undesirable condition for normal physiological function. Muscle Nerve, 2012
High‐resolution ultrasonography in the assessment of meralgia paresthetica
Authors: Aravindakannan Therimadasamy , Wilder‐Smith Einar P.
Published: October 2011

Introduction: Meralgia paresthetica can be difficult to diagnose, as neurophysiological studies are often hard to interpret due to excess fatty tissue and the varying anatomy of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the use of high‐resolution ultrasound (HRU) for confirming clinical meralgia paresthetica and compared results with nerve conduction studies. Results: In all 6 patients evaluated, HRUs showed significantly enlarged nerve diameter and in 3 enlarged cross‐sectional area, 4 had absent nerve potentials, and in 2 the potentials could not be recorded on either side. Conclusions: HRU seems promising for confirming meralgia paresthetica and can accurately localize nerve entrapment. Muscle Nerve, 2012
Crystallization behavior and hydrophilicity of poly(vinylidene fluoride)/poly(methyl methacrylate)/poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) ternary blends
Authors: Cheng Jing , Wang Shichao , Chen Shuangjun , Zhang Jun , Wang Xiaolin
Published: October 2011

Ternary blends composed of matrix polymer poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) with different proportions of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)/poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) blends were prepared by melt mixing. The miscibility, crystallization behavior, mechanical properties and hydrophilicity of the ternary blends have been investigated. The high compatibility of PVDF/PMMA/PVP ternary blends is induced by strong interactions between the carbonyl groups of the PMMA/PVP blend and the CF2 or CH2 group of PVDF. According to the Fourier transform infrared and wide‐angle X‐ray difffraction analyses, the introduction of PMMA does not change the crystalline state (i.e. α phase) of PVDF. By contrast, the addition of PVP in the blends favors the transformation of the crystalline state of PVDF from non‐polar α to polar β phase. Moreover, the crystallinity of the PVDF/PMMA/PVP ternary blends also decreases compared with neat PVDF. Through mechanical analysis, the elongation at break of the blends significantly increases to more than six times that of neat PVDF. This confirms that the addition of the PMMA/PVP blend enhances the toughness of PVDF. Besides, the hydrophilicity of PVDF is remarkably improved by blending with PMMA/PVP; in particular when the content of PVP reaches 30 wt%, the water contact angle displays its lowest value which decreased from 91.4° to 51.0°. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
The effect of pH and ionic strength on the dispersion of carbon nanotubes in poly(acrylic acid) solutions
Authors: Shieh Yeong‐Tarng , Chen Jin‐Yu , Twu Yawo‐Kuo , Chen Wen‐Jang
Published: October 2011

The dispersion of three kinds of acid‐treated carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) aqueous solution of different pH and ionic strengths (varied by NaCl, KCl and ZnCl2) was investigated by visual observation, zeta potential, particle size analysis, transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Visual observation revealed that the dispersion of CNTs acid treated at 60 °C for 3 h and at 80 °C for 2 h was poor in aqueous solutions with pH < 2 or pH > 12. The poor dispersion of acid‐treated CNTs may be improved by adding PAA. In particular, PAA improved the dispersion of CNTs with greater COOH content. In a low pH solution (pH 1.5), a higher PAA content resulted in poorer CNT dispersion while in a high pH solution (pH 12.5), a higher PAA content led to better CNT dispersion. For superior dispersion in a basic aqueous solution (pH 12.5), experimental data showed that a greater atomic radius or a higher cationic charge of the added salt may result in faster aggregation and thus precipitation of CNTs. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
High‐rate deposition of a‐Si:H thin layers for high‐performance silicon heterojunction solar cells
Authors: Liu Chie‐Sheng , Wu Chia‐Yin , Chen Ian‐Wei , Lee Hseuh‐Chuan , Hong Lu‐Sheng
Published: October 2011

In this paper, we describe a technique for high‐quality interface passivation of n‐type crystalline silicon wafers through the growth of hydrogenated amorphous Si (a‐Si:H) thin layers using conventional plasma‐enhanced chemical vapor deposition. We investigated the onset of crystallization of the a‐Si:H layers at various deposition rates and its effect on the surface passivation properties. Epitaxial growth occurred, even at a low substrate temperature of 90 °C, when the deposition rate was as low as 0·5 Å/s; amorphous growth occurred at temperatures up to 150 °C at a higher deposition rate of 4·2 Å/s. After optimizing the intrinsic a‐Si:H layer deposition conditions and then subjecting the sample to post‐annealing treatment, we achieved a very low surface recombination velocity (7·6 cm/s) for a double‐sided intrinsic a‐Si:H coating on an n‐type crystalline silicon wafer. Under the optimized conditions, we achieved an untextured heterojunction cell efficiency of 16·7%, with a high open‐circuit voltage (694 mV) on an n‐type float‐zone Si substrate. On a textured wafer, the cell efficiency was further enhanced to 19·6%. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Radiochromic film containing spiropyran dye for dosimetry of low energy X‐rays
Authors: Kinashi Kenji , Miyashita Yusuke , Ishida Kenji , Ueda Yasukiyo
Published: October 2011

A composite film containing photochromic spiropyran dye 1 and BaFCl:Eu was developed for X‐ray dose measurement at a level of a few dozen gray (Gy). The reflectance intensity at selected wavelength, obtained from X‐radiation, can be satisfactorily related to the absorbed dose in the range of 0−30 Gy. The composite film shows significant color change in the visible region, and the sensitivity of the composite to the absorbed dose was achieved based on the high molar extinction coefficient of the photomerocyanine form of dye 1. For practical application, the photoinduced blue area indicates an X‐radiated area, and the initial pale pink area indicates an unexposed area. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Controlling electrospun nanofiber morphology and mechanical properties using humidity
Authors: Huang Liwei , Bui Nhu‐Ngoc , Manickam Seetha S. , McCutcheon Jeffrey R.
Published: October 2011

Electrospinning is a fiber spinning technique used to produce nanoscale polymeric fibers with superior interconnectivity and specific surface area. The fiber diameter, surface morphology, and mechanical strength are important properties of electrospun fibers that can be tuned for diverse applications. In this study, the authors investigate how the humidity during electrospinning influences these specific properties of the fiber mat. Using two previously uninvestigated polymers, poly(acrylonitrile) (PAN) and polysulfone (PSU) dissolved in N,N‐Dimethylformamide (DMF), experimental results show that increasing humidity during spinning causes an increase in fiber diameter and a decrease in mechanical strength. Moreover, surface features such as roughness or pores become evident when electrospinning in an atmosphere with high relative humidity (RH). However, PAN and PSU fibers are affected differently. PAN has a narrower distribution of fiber diameter regardless of the RH, whereas PSU has a wider and more bimodal distribution under high RH. In addition, PSU fibers spun at high humidity exhibit surface pores and higher specific surface area whereas PAN fibers exhibit an increased surface roughness but no visible pores. These fiber morphologies are caused by a complex interaction between the nonsolvent (water), the hygroscopic solvent (DMF), and the polymer. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys, 2011
Magnetic field alignment of block copolymers and polymer nanocomposites: Scalable microstructure control in functional soft materials
Authors: Majewski Pawel W. , Gopinadhan Manesh , Osuji Chinedum O.
Published: October 2011

Block copolymers (BCPs) offer an exciting range of structures and functions that are of potential utility in existing as well as emerging technologies. Although this is generally acknowledged, with few exceptions, viable strategies for establishing scalable and robust control of BCP microstructure are underdeveloped. Magnetic field alignment offers great potential in this regard. The physics bears much in common with electric field alignment, but the absence of dielectric breakdown concerns and the more flexible, space pervasive nature of magnetic fields make it possible to design processes for high‐throughput fabrication of well‐ordered films with appropriate materials. In this perspective, we highlight the use of magnetic fields for control of microstructure in BCPs as well as polymer nanocomposites involving anisotropic nanomaterials. A brief review of efforts to date is given. Open questions related to field‐polymer interactions and future directions for magnetic alignment of these systems are discussed. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys, 2011
Free Radicals Generated by Ion Bombardment of a Semi‐Crystalline PEEK Surface
Authors: Awaja Firas , Zhang Shengnan , James Natalie , McKenzie David R.
Published: October 2011

Thin films of polyetheretherketone (PEEK) were ion bombarded using a plasma immersion ion implantation (PIII) process in Ar and CH4/O2 plasmas. Free radicals generated by the treatment were detected using electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy. Several types of radicals were observed after the Ar and CH4/O2 PIII treatment, including carbon‐centred (alkyl) and oxygen‐centred radicals. A higher density of radicals was found after CH4/O2 treatment than after Ar treatment, largely because of an increase in oxygen radicals. The increase in radical intensity was attributed partly to additional radicals contained in a nano‐layer deposited by the CH4/O2 PIII treatment. Ar PIII treatment is believed to generate oxygen‐containing radicals as a result of reactions with oxygen in the environment. A strong correlation was observed between the free radical density and the autohesive bonding strength developed between two treated PEEK surfaces.

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Venous thromboembolism in cystic fibrosis
Authors: Takemoto Clifford M.
Published: October 2011

The incidence of venous thromboembolism (VTE) is increasing in the pediatric population. Individuals with cystic fibrosis (CF) have an increased risk of thrombosis due to central venous catheters (CVCs), as well as acquired thrombophilia secondary to inflammation, or deficiencies of anticoagulant proteins due to vitamin K deficiency and/or liver dysfunction. CVC‐associated thrombosis commonly results in line occlusion, but may develop into serious life‐threatening conditions such as deep venous thrombosis (DVT), superior vena cava syndrome or pulmonary embolism (PE). Post‐thrombotic syndrome (PTS) may be a long complication. Local occlusion of the catheter tip may be managed with instillation of thrombolytics (such as tPA) within the lumen of the catheter; however, CVC‐associated thrombosis involving the proximal veins is most often is treated with systemic anticoagulation. Initial treatment with heparin is a standard approach, but thrombolytic therapy, which may carry higher bleeding risks, should be considered for life and limb threatening episodes of VTE. Recommended duration of anticoagulation with low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) or warfarin ranges from 3 to 6 months for major removable thrombotic risks; longer anticoagulation is considered for recurrent thrombosis, major persistent thrombophilia, or the continued presence of a major risk factor such as a CVC. While CVCs are the most common risk for development of VTE in children, studies have not demonstrated a clear benefit with routine use of systemic thromboprophylaxis. The incidence and risk factors of VTE in CF patients will be reviewed and principles of diagnosis and management will be summarized. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2012; 47:105–112. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Septin localization in the dimorphic fungus Paracoccidioides brasiliensis
Authors: Reis T. F. , Basso L. R. , Oliveira R. R. , Coelho P. S. R.
Published: October 2011

Septins are evolutionarily conserved proteins that contain a GTPase domain and are capable of forming filaments at the cell periphery. Septins are involved in many essential cellular processes, such as cytokinesis and cell polarization, and are used as markers of morphogenesis in several fungi. Dimorphism in fungi enables cells to switch between morphologies (yeast or filament forms), due to changes in the temperature of the environment. We analysed the localization of septin proteins in yeast and filamentous cells of the dimorphic fungus Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, a common cause of granulomatous mycosis. In order to determine septin localization, we first cloned Cdc12p, a septin homolog from P. brasiliensis, and expressed it in Escherichia coli. Following PbCdc12p purification, specific serum against PbCdc12p were raised for use in immunofluorescence assays. We observed the hourglass and ring forms of septin filaments during cell division in yeast. Septin filaments were also simultaneously localized in the necks of multiple budding cells. A distinctive pattern of punctuate and/or diffuse localization was also seen in the periphery of multinucleate yeast cells and at the tips and septa of filamentous cells. A more diffuse and punctuate pattern of localization observed in P. brasiliensis cells seems to be unique to filamentous and dimorphic fungi and may be related to their specialization in cell wall deposition, morphogenesis and cell cycle control. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The role of corporate governance in the write‐off decision
Authors: Minnick Kristina
Published: October 2011

The recent popularity of write‐offs allows for examination of the role governance plays in the write‐off decision. I find that well governed companies are more likely to announce write‐offs. Additionally, better governed firms announce smaller write‐offs relative to poorly governed firms. The evidence also indicates that the stocks of well governed firms experience announcement abnormal returns that are over six percent higher than those of poorly governed firms. The results suggest better governed firms take a pro‐active approach to reveal bad news early, and thereby mitigate further uncertainty for investors.
Irukandji Sydrome in the Torres Strait: A Series of 8 Cases
Authors: McIver Lachlan J. , Tjhung Irene G. , Parish Shaun T. , Derkenne Ruth C. , Kippin Alexander N.
Published: October 2011

Objective

To review the presentations of a series of patients with suspected Irukandji syndrome in the Torres Strait, where the syndrome has hitherto been unknown or undocumented, in order to identify at-risk groups and improve the management of this condition in the region.

Methods

A mixed retrospective-prospective review of eight cases of patients with suspected Irukandji syndrome in the Torres Strait, with a focus on the differences between the clinical presentations and patient outcomes.

Results

Irukandji syndrome is the most likely explanation, based on current knowledge, of this series of marine envenomation syndromes in the Torres Strait. The syndrome appears to be more common in the monsoon season and young, Torres Strait Islander males likely represent a high-risk group in the region.

Conclusions

The Torres Strait can be added to the growing list of regions where Irukandji syndrome has been documented. The clinical picture, including time to onset of symptoms, constellation of symptoms and signs, analgesic requirement and time to recovery, can differ markedly between patients. There is a need for health promotion and education of health staff and the public regarding the risks, symptoms and signs of this condition. There is also a clear need for the use of case definitions and standardised management approaches for Irukandji syndrome, while the health community awaits the results of ongoing research into the pathophysiology and improved treatments for this interesting but dangerous tropical marine envenomation syndrome.
Size-structure patterns of juvenile hard corals in the Maldives
Authors: Cardini Ulisse , Chiantore Mariachiara , Lasagna Roberta , Morri Carla , Bianchi Carlo Nike
Published: October 2011

In April 2006 and May 2007 abundance data of small coral colonies were collected in the central atolls of the Maldives (N3°35.9–4°26.6 E72°47.3–73°57.5) in order to evaluate variability in hard coral recruitment and post-settlement success. Visual quadrats were randomly placed in two reef typologies (oceanic reef and lagoonal reef) at three different depths. Colonies were conventionally defined as ‘recruits’ when smaller than 5 cm in diameter, whereas the term ‘juveniles’ was reserved for colonies ranging between 5 and 15 cm. Clear differences in the relative importance of the two size-classes across the three different depths and the two reef typologies were found. A size-structure index (SsI%), based on abundance data, was calculated in order to evaluate the percentage of ‘recruits’ out of the total juvenile hard corals.SsI%values differed between reef typologies and according to depth zones with a higher percentage of ‘recruits’ found in shallow oceanic reefs. Physical and ecological differences between the two reef typologies according to depth are presumed to cause different success in the settlement of new colonies and their survival during growth. Coupled with the usual estimates of hard coral cover,SsI%may represent a useful tool for monitoring, and be effective for the quick assessment of coral reef recovery after disturbances.
Nutrition for sports performance: issues and opportunities
Authors: Maughan Ronald J. , Shirreffs Susan M.
Published: October 2011

Diet can significantly influence athletic performance, but recent research developments have substantially changed our understanding of sport and exercise nutrition. Athletes adopt various nutritional strategies in training and competition in the pursuit of success. The aim of training is to promote changes in the structure and function of muscle and other tissues by selective modulation of protein synthesis and breakdown in response to the training stimulus. This process is affected by the availability of essential amino acids in the post-exercise period. Athletes have been encouraged to eat diets high in carbohydrate, but low-carbohydrate diets up-regulate the capacity of muscle for fat oxidation, potentially sparing the limited carbohydrate stores. Such diets, however, do not enhance endurance performance. It is not yet known whether the increased capacity for fat oxidation that results from training in a carbohydrate-deficient state can promote loss of body fat. Preventing excessive fluid deficits will maintain exercise capacity, and ensuring adequate hydration status can also reduce subjective perception of effort. This latter effect may be important in encouraging exercise participation and promoting adherence to exercise programmes. Dietary supplement use is popular in sport, and a few supplements may improve performance in specific exercise tasks. Athletes must be cautious, however, not to contravene the doping regulations. There is an increasing recognition of the role of the brain in determining exercise performance: various nutritional strategies have been proposed, but with limited success. Nutrition strategies developed for use by athletes can also be used to achieve functional benefits in other populations.