bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Commentary on “Eye and vision problems associated with learning disabilities”
Authors: Grace Joanna
Published: August 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to raise awareness of a variety of influences on sensory accessibility.

Design/methodology/approach

It is a reflective piece on the workings of The Sensory Projects.

Findings

The paper shares insights gained through the running of various Sensory Projects all relating to sensory accessibility.

Originality/value

The Sensory Projects show the unique abilities of people with profound disabilities and exemplify how these can be shared when the author create sensorially accessible environments and activities.
MicroRNA‐198‐5p inhibits the migration and invasion of non‐small lung cancer cells by targeting fucosyltransferase 8
Authors: Wang Siyao , Zhang Xin , Yang Chunlu , Xu Shun
Published: August 2019

MicroRNA‐198‐5p (miR‐198‐5p) displays crucial roles in various cancers including non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), but the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Fucosyltransferase 8 (FUT8) is associated with tumour metastasis and prognosis. In this study, we explored the expression of miR‐198‐5p and FUT8 in NSCLC patients. Results showed that miR‐198‐5p was under‐expressed in NSCLC tissues and was negatively correlated with tumour size, lymph node metastasis and tumour‐node‐metastasis stage, while FUT8 expression was highly upregulated. Next, we altered miR‐198‐5p expression using the mimic or inhibitor in the functional study. Results showed that miR‐198‐5p overexpression could inhibit the migration, invasion and epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) of NSCLC cells; reversely, suppression of miR‐198‐5p enhanced cell migration, invasion and EMT. In vivo, miR‐198‐5p overexpression inhibited the formation of mouse lung and liver metastasis. Luciferase reporter, real‐time PCR and western blot assays showed that miR‐198‐5p could directly target FUT8 and regulate FUT8 expression. Further, FUT8 overexpression reversed the effect of miR‐198‐5p overexpression on the migration, invasion and EMT of NSCLC cells. Taken together, miR‐198‐5p functions as a tumour suppressor by targeting FUT8 in NSCLC. MiR‐198‐5p may be developed as a new diagnostic biomarker and therapeutic target for lung cancer.
Dual functions of AreA, a GATA transcription factor, on influencing ganoderic acid biosynthesis in Ganoderma lucidum
Authors: Zhu Jing , Sun Zehua , Shi Dengke , Song Shuqi , Lian Lingdan , Shi Liang , Ren Ang , Yu Hanshou , Zhao Mingwen
Published: August 2019

Nitrogen metabolism repression (NMR) has been well studied in filamentous fungi, but the molecular mechanism of its effects on fungal secondary metabolism has been generally unexplored. Ganoderic acid (GA) biosynthesis in Ganoderma lucidum differs between ammonia and nitrate nitrogen sources. To explain the functions of NMR in secondary metabolism, AreA, which is a core transcription factor of NMR, was characterized in G. lucidum. The transcription level of AreA was dramatically increased (approximately 4.5‐folds), with the nitrate as the sole nitrogen source, compared with that with ammonia as the source. In addition, the expression of related genes involved in NMR was changed (upregulated of MeaB and downregulated of Nmr and GlnA) when AreA was knockdown. Yeast one‐hybrid and electrophoretic mobility shift assay results showed that AreA could directly bind to the promoter of fps (encoding farnesyl‐diphosphate synthase) to activate its expression. However, GA biosynthesis was increased (27% in the ammonia source and 77% in the nitrate source) in AreAi mutant strains versus that in control strains. These results showed that another important factor must participate in regulating GA biosynthesis other than the direct activation of AreA. Furthermore, we found that the content of nitric oxide (NO) was increased approximately 2.7‐folds in the nitrate source compared with that in the ammonia. By adding the NO donor (SNP) or scavenger (cPTIO) and using NR‐silenced or NR‐overexpressed strains, we found that there was a negative correlation between the NO contents and GA biosynthesis. NO generated by nitrate reductase (NR) during the nitrogen utilization burst and could negatively influence GA biosynthesis. As a global transcription factor, AreA could also regulate the expression of NR. Our studies provide novel insight into the dual functions of AreA in GA biosynthesis during nitrogen assimilation.
Hamburg's Spaces of Danger: Race, Violence and Memory in a Contemporary Global City
Authors: MacFarlane Key , Mitchell Katharyne
Published: August 2019

Germany today is experiencing the strongest upsurge of right‐wing populism since the second world war, most notably with the rise of Pegida and Alternative für Deutschland. Yet wealthy global cities like Hamburg continue to present themselves as the gatekeepers of liberal progress and cosmopolitan openness. This article argues that Hamburg's urban boosterism relies on, while simultaneously obscuring, the same structures of racial violence that embolden reactionary movements. Drawing on the work of Walter Benjamin and Allan Pred, we present an archaeology of Hamburg's landscape, uncovering some of its ‘spaces of danger’—sites layered with histories of violence, many of which lie buried and forgotten. We find that these spaces, when they become visible, threaten to undermine Hamburg's cosmopolitan narrative. They must, as a result, be continually erased or downplayed in order to secure the city as an attractive site for capital investment. To illustrate this argument, we give three historical examples: Hamburg's role in the Hanseatic League during the medieval and early modern period; the city under the Nazi regime; and the recent treatment of Black African refugees. The article's main contribution is to better situate issues of historical landscape, collective memory and racialized violence within the political economy of today's global city.
Performance of SLE responder index and lupus low disease activity state in real life: A prospective cohort study
Authors: Ramirez Giuseppe A. , Canti Valentina , Moiola Lucia , Magnoni Marco , Rovere‐Querini Patrizia , Coletto Lavinia A. , Dagna Lorenzo , Manfredi Angelo A. , Bozzolo Enrica P.
Published: August 2019

Objective

To prospectively assess the performance of the systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) responder index (SRI) and the lupus low disease activity state (LLDAS) in a cohort‐based, “real‐life” clinical setting.

Methods

One hundred and thirty‐one consecutive patients with SLE were subdivided into two groups based on the need or not to escalate their immune suppressive treatment. Clinimetrics including physician global assessment scale (PGA), SLE Disease Activity Index 2000 (SLEDAI‐2K), European Consensus Lupus Activity Measurement index (ECLAM) and British Isles Lupus Assessment Group index (BILAG) 2004 version were measured at baseline and at 6 and 12 months, together with laboratory data and treatment changes. LLDAS and SRI were calculated at each time point.

Results

Lupus low disease activity state but not SRI‐4 correlated with treatment de‐escalation. Low disease activity attainment as estimated by LLDAS was more frequent in patients starting with lower SLEDAI‐2K, whereas a decrease in SLEDAI score ≥ 4 points with < 0.3 increased PGA and no new grade A or more than one new grade B BILAG domains (SRI‐4) was more frequent in patients with higher SLEDAI‐2K and/or severe renal activity at baseline. Anti‐DNA‐positive patients were less likely to be in LLDAS at any time point. Serositis was associated with lack of LLDAS at baseline, but did not affect LLDAS achievement at 12 months. Normalizing complement levels heralded the achievement of LLDAS and SRI‐4.

Conclusion

Lupus low disease activity state is a valuable tool for assessing response to treatment in the daily rheumatology practice. SRI might be less informative, at least in patients with low basal SLEDAI.
Autonomy of Nations and Indigenous Peoples and the Environmental Release of Genetically Engineered Animals with Gene Drives
Authors: Meghani Zahra
Published: August 2019

This article contends that the environmental release of genetically engineered (GE) animals with heritable traits that are patented will present a challenge to the efforts of nations and indigenous peoples to engage in self‐determination. The environmental release of such animals has been proposed on the grounds that they could function as public health tools or as solutions to the problem of agricultural insect pests. This article brings into focus two political‐economic‐legal problems that would arise with the environmental release of such organisms. To address those challenges, it is proposed that nations considering the environmental release of GE animals must take into account the underlying circumstances and policy failures that motivate arguments for the use of the modified animals. Moreover, countries must recognize that the UN International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the UN International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights place on them an obligation to ensure that GE animals with patented heritable traits are not released without the substantive consent of the nations or indigenous peoples that could be affected.
Coercion into addiction treatment and subsequent substance use patterns among people who use illicit drugs in Vancouver, Canada
Authors: Pilarinos Andreas , Barker Brittany , Nosova Ekaterina , Milloy M.‐J. , Hayashi Kanna , Wood Evan , Kerr Thomas , DeBeck Kora
Published: August 2019

Background and Aims

Many people who use drugs (PWUD) are coerced into receiving treatment. This study aimed to assess changes in substance use and related outcomes before versus after treatment in people coerced into treatment, voluntarily attending treatment or not attending treatment.

Design

Data from three linked prospective cohort studies of PWUD were used. McNemar's test and non‐linear growth curve modeling were employed to: (a) assess changes in substance use patterns before and after coerced addiction treatment and (b) compare these changes with changes in PWUD who (1) voluntarily accessed and (2) did not access treatment.

Setting

Vancouver, Canada.

Participants

A total of 3196 community‐recruited PWUD.

Measurements

The outcome variables were substance use and related outcomes assessed by self‐reported questionnaire. The input variable was self‐reported coerced addiction treatment (defined as being forced into addiction treatment by a doctor or the criminal justice system), voluntary treatment versus no treatment.

Findings

Between September 2005 and June 2015, 399 (12.5%) participants reported being coerced into addiction treatment. In McNemar's test, there were no statistically significant reductions in within‐group substance use outcomes for people coerced into treatment, voluntarily attending treatment or not attending treatment. In non‐linear growth curve analyses, there were no statistically significant differences in the before and after substance use patterns between those coerced into treatment versus either of the two control groups (all P > 0.05). In subanalyses, we found no statistically significant differences in substance use patterns between people who reported formal coerced treatment through the criminal justice system and people who reported informal coerced treatment through a physician.

Conclusions

Among PWUD in Vancouver, Canada, there appear to be no statistically significant improvements in substance use outcomes among those reporting coerced addiction treatment, those voluntarily accessing treatment, and those not attending treatment.
Differential Effects of Anxiety Sensitivity on E‐Cigarettes Processes: The Importance of E‐Cigarette Quit Attempt History
Authors: Garey Lorra , Smit Tanya , Mayorga Nubia Angelina , Peraza Natalia , Nizio Pamella , Otto Michael W. , Zvolensky Michael J.
Published: August 2019

Background and Objectives

Electronic cigarettes (e‐cigarettes) are recognized as a prevalent form of substance use among adults in the United States. The rise in e‐cigarette use has motivated research to identify subgroups of the population that may be particularly vulnerable to e‐cigarette use and its associated harm. Individuals with elevated psychological vulnerability are one such group more at risk for being a lifetime or current e‐cigarette user. Yet, little is known about how factors of psychological vulnerability relate to perceptions of e‐cigarette use within the context of e‐cigarette quit attempts. The current study evaluated the differential relations of anxiety sensitivity (AS), a core affective vulnerability factor, on several relevant e‐cigarette processes across those with and without a previous attempt to quit using e‐cigarettes.

Methods

Our sample consisted of 547 current e‐cigarette users (51% female, Mage = 35.38 years, SD = 10.1).

Results

Results indicated that AS significantly related to greater perceived risks, benefits, and positive outcome expectancies of e‐cigarette use among current e‐cigarette users who reported at least one attempt to quit e‐cigarettes but was unrelated among those who had never attempted to quit.

Discussion and Conclusions

Findings identify e‐cigarette users who fail to quit as a potential vulnerable subgroup of users who experience more strongly held perceptions about e‐cigarettes because of increased AS.

Scientific Significance

This work provides initial evidence for a conceptual model in which levels of AS and e‐cigarette processes are strengthened by and differ across e‐cigarette quit attempt history. (Am J Addict 2019;28:390–397)
Comparison of transperineal and endoanal ultrasound in detecting residual obstetric anal sphincter injury
Authors: Stuart Andrea , Ignell Claes , Örnö Ann‐Kristin
Published: August 2019

Introduction

Endoanal ultrasound is considered the gold standard when assessing the obstetric anal sphincter complex. Due to its relative intrusiveness and economic cost, other ultrasound modalities are on the rise, such as transperineal ultrasound with a convex probe. The aim of our study was to evaluate the agreement between endoanal ultrasound scores (EAUS score) and transperineal ultrasound scores (TPUS score) in assessing residual obstetric anal sphincter defects.

Material and methods

Fifty‐nine women were examined 6 months after primary suturing of obstetric anal sphincter injury with two ultrasound modalities. A standardized scoring system analyzing the length, depth and radial extent of both the external (EAS) and internal (IAS) sphincter was used. Wexner fecal incontinence score was used to assess the patients’ symptoms.

Results

Transperineal ultrasound scores score showed a strong significant correlation with EAUS score during both pelvic floor relaxation and contraction: Spearman's rho [rs] = 0.74, P < 0.001, and rs = 0.77, P < 0.001, respectively. For both EAS and IAS, significant correlations were found for all parameters, that is, length, depth and angle between both EAUS and TPUS. A statistically significant correlation was found between EAUS score and Wexner score (rs = 0.36, P = 0.005). A significant correlation between the EAS‐EAUS score (rs = 0.36, P = 0.005) and Wexner score was found, but no significance was found between IAS‐EAUS score and Wexner score (rs = 0.22, P = 0.097). Significant correlations were found for Wexner score and TPUS score in resting state (rs = 0.36, P = 0.01) and contracting state (rs = 0.28, P < 0.05), and between Wexner score and EAS‐TPUS score in resting state (rs = 0.32, P = 0.02).

Conclusions

The results indicated a strong agreement between endoanal and transperineal ultrasound in assessing residual obstetric anal sphincter defects 6 months after primary suturing. Furthermore, a weak significant correlation was found between the ultrasound scores and the patients’ Wexner fecal incontinence score.
Review article: immune checkpoint inhibitors and the liver, from therapeutic efficacy to side effects
Authors: Lombardi Andrea , Mondelli Mario U.
Published: August 2019

Background

Immune checkpoint inhibitors have revolutionised the oncological landscape in the last few years. Possible applications include the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma. Unfortunately, new immune‐related adverse effects have been associated with the use of these agents and the liver is one of the organs most frequently involved.

Aims

To provide a general overview of the potential impact of immune checkpoint inhibitors on the liver

Methods

We reviewed the literature and abstracts/presentations on immune checkpoint inhibitors at most relevant hepatology meetings over the last 5 years.

Results

The role of immune checkpoint inhibitors has been investigated both for the treatment of viral hepatitis and primary liver cancer. Hepatocellular carcinoma and chronic hepatitis B show the greatest potential for treatment with these drugs in the near future. However, immune‐related adverse events involving the liver are a growing concern related to their widespread use.

Conclusions

Immune checkpoint inhibitors represent an exciting new class of drugs with currently limited application in malignant and non‐malignant liver disease. Caution must be exercised on the emergence of potentially severe immune adverse reactions.
Biosimilars of low molecular weight heparins: Relevant background information for your drug formulary
Authors: Brouwers Jacobus R.B.J. , Roeters van Lennep Jeanine E. , Beinema Maarten J.
Published: August 2019

Biosimilars of low molecular weight heparins (LMWHs) are more alike the originator than different branded LMWHs. The latter differ largely in molecular weight, anti‐FXa/anti‐FIIa ratio and antithrombin binding. The Food and Drug Administration and European Medicines Agency guidelines are sufficient for the clinical use of high quality LMWHs. However, the Food and Drug Administration guideline lacks the results of a phase I clinical trial in the approval process. Most information about biosimilars is available for enoxaparin given that many biosimilars of enoxaparin have received market access. The guidelines of many International Thrombosis Societies for LMWH biosimilars are too stringent, not updated and impractical for formulary uptake discussions. This review gives background information on critical factors for the formulary uptake process of LMWHs with special attention for the use of the System of Objectified Judgment Analysis/Infomatrix model.
Clinical and pharmacokinetics equivalence of multiple doses of levodopa benserazide generic formulation vs the originator (Madopar)
Authors: Torti Margherita , Alessandroni Jhessica , Bravi Daniele , Casali Miriam , Grassini Paola , Fossati Chiara , Ialongo Cristiano , Onofrj Marco , Radicati Fabiana Giada , Vacca Laura , Bonassi Stefano , Stocchi Fabrizio
Published: August 2019

Aims

While several generic preparations of levodopa/carbidopa and levodopa/benserazide (LBD) are currently available, pharmacokinetic (PK) equivalence and therapeutic equivalence studies with levodopa generics are not available in Italy. Lack of data on generic formulations is a critical factor for their limited use in this country and often lead patients to refuse the generic version of the branded drug.

Methods

An experimental, 2‐centre, randomized, double‐blind, 2‐sequence, noninferiority cross‐over study was designed to evaluate both the PK equivalence and clinical equivalence of multiple doses of the generic preparation of LDB, Teva Italia, compared to the originator (Madopar). Forty‐three out‐patients with a diagnosis of idiopathic Parkinson's disease on LDB, were recruited and randomly assigned to 1 of 2 study sequences: generic–originator or originator–generic. Clinical evaluations were performed at the end of each study period. A PK study with an LDB fixed dose (100 + 25 mg) was performed in a subpopulation of 14 subjects.

Results

Clinical data showed a reduction of 0.49 and 1.54 in the mean UPDRS III scores for the LDB and the originator, respectively. The 95% CIs [−2.21: 0.11] of the mean difference original vs LDB are smaller than the clinically significant difference of 3 UPDRS III points, supporting the conclusion that the treatment with LDB is not inferior to the originator. No statistically significant differences were found with respect to area under the curve to last dose, half‐life, maximum concentration, time to maximum concentration and last observed concentration.

Conclusion

These findings prove the therapeutic clinical equivalence as well the PK equivalence of the generic LDB and the originator (Madopar).
Validated criteria for the interpretation of a single measurement of serum cortisol in the investigation of suspected adrenal insufficiency
Authors: Mackenzie Scott D. , Gifford Robert M. , Boyle Luke D. , Crane Mike S. , Strachan Mark W. J. , Gibb Fraser W.
Published: August 2019

Objective

The diagnostic value of a single measurement of serum cortisol as a first step in the investigation of suspected adrenal insufficiency remains unclear. Previously proposed criteria have not been validated, and little is known regarding the performance of the test outwith morning samples in outpatients. We aimed to identify and validate criteria for morning and afternoon serum cortisol which could be used to determine which individuals require dynamic testing, in both outpatient and medical inpatient settings.

Methods

We performed a retrospective analysis of 2768 patients attending endocrinology clinics and patients admitted to general medical units in two hospitals in Edinburgh, UK. In baseline samples from the short synacthen test, thresholds which identified a subnormal‐stimulated serum cortisol (<430 nmol/L using the Abbott Architect assay) with 95% sensitivity were identified. Criteria drawn from data in patients attending outpatient clinics in one hospital were tested in additional outpatient and inpatient validation cohorts.

Results

A morning (8 am‐12 pm) serum cortisol of <275 nmol/L identified subnormal‐stimulated cortisol with 96.2% sensitivity. For afternoon (12 pm‐6 pm) samples, a cut‐off of <250 nmol/L achieved 96.1% sensitivity. Sensitivity was maintained when the criteria were applied to outpatients in the validation cohort for both morning and afternoon samples. For inpatients, the test was sufficiently sensitive in morning samples only.

Conclusions

A single measurement of serum cortisol carries the potential to significantly reduce the need for dynamic testing in the investigation of adrenal insufficiency, whether this is taken in morning or afternoon outpatient clinics, or in morning samples from medical inpatients.
Efficient Homology‐Preserving Simplification of High‐Dimensional Simplicial Shapes
Authors: Fellegara Riccardo , Iuricich Federico , De Floriani Leila , Fugacci Ulderico
Published: August 2019

Simplicial complexes are widely used to discretize shapes. In low dimensions, a 3D shape is represented by discretizing its boundary surface, encoded as a triangle mesh, or by discretizing the enclosed volume, encoded as a tetrahedral mesh. High‐dimensional simplicial complexes have recently found their application in topological data analysis. Topological data analysis aims at studying a point cloud P, possibly embedded in a high‐dimensional metric space, by investigating the topological characteristics of the simplicial complexes built on P. Analysing such complexes is not feasible due to their size and dimensions. To this aim, the idea of simplifying a complex while preserving its topological features has been proposed in the literature. Here, we consider the problem of efficiently simplifying simplicial complexes in arbitrary dimensions. We provide a new definition for the edge contraction operator, based on a top‐based data structure, with the objective of preserving structural aspects of a simplicial shape (i.e., its homology), and a new algorithm for verifying the link condition on a top‐based representation. We implement the simplification algorithm obtained by coupling the new edge contraction and the link condition on a specific top‐based data structure, that we use to demonstrate the scalability of our approach.
Reactivation and dynamics of cytomegalovirus and Epstein‐Barr virus after rabbit antithymocyte globulin and cyclosporine for aplastic anemia
Authors: Park Sung‐Soo , Cho Sung‐Yeon , Han Eunhee , Min Gi June , Park Silvia , Yoon Jae‐Ho , Lee Sung‐Eun , Cho Byung‐Sik , Eom Ki‐Seong , Kim Yoo‐Jin , Lee Seok , Kim Hee‐Je , Min Chang‐Ki , Cho Seok‐Goo , Lee Jong Wook
Published: August 2019

Objectives

This study aimed to identify the natural course of cytomegalovirus (CMV)/Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) after rabbit antithymocyte globulin and cyclosporine (rATG‐CsA) for aplastic anemia (AA).

Methods

In 113 prospectively observed AA patients treated with rATG‐CsA, the CMV/EBV cohort was classified into two groups by baseline viremic status: no viremia (CMV‐G1, n = 112; EBV‐G1, n = 98) and the presence of viremia (CMV‐G2, n = 1; EBV‐G2, n = 13).

Results

In CMV‐G1, the mean CMV load increased up to 3 months but was completely resolved from 6 months. The mean EBV load of EBV‐G1 showed a peak at 1 month and then gradually decreased over time but remained detectable throughout the observation period. EBV‐G2 showed fluctuating EBV dynamics. With reactivation rates of 38.4% in CMV‐G1 and 62.2% in EBV‐G1, a longer time to rATG‐CsA from diagnosis and a lower absolute lymphocyte count at 1 month from rATG‐CsA were significantly associated with CMV and EBV reactivation, respectively. The mean peak CMV and EBV loads of patients with CMV‐related (3.5%) and EBV‐related (0.9%) diseases were evidently higher than those of the remaining patients without CMV and EBV diseases in the respective cohort.

Conclusion

Considering frequent reactivation and distinct courses of CMV/EBV, virologic surveillance is recommended after rATG‐CsA for AA.
Study of mixtures using simplex design for the addition of chamotte in clay bricks
Authors: Medeiros Verônica S. Costa , Pedroti Leonardo Gonçalves , Mendes Beatryz Cardoso , Pitanga Heraldo Nunes , Silva Taciano Oliveira da
Published: August 2019

The red clay ceramic industry is associated with several environmental damages, from the extraction of natural resources as raw materials to the generation of high amounts of waste. This study proposed the incorporation of the ceramic bricks waste (chamotte) in ceramic mixtures for the production of clay bricks. In order to define the greater content of chamotte, which can be added maintaining the technical qualities required for the product, the experimental design of mixtures was used, with the production of bricks containing the chamotte and two other clayey materials. The compositions were subjected to firing at 850, 950, and 1050°C. The properties of firing linear shrinkage, apparent specific mass, water absorption, apparent porosity, and axial compressive strength were evaluated. It was observed that chamotte (C) contributed to the improvement of some of these properties, such as linear shrinkage. Overlapping the response surfaces obtained in the statistical analysis, the optimal chamotte (C) content was determined for each firing temperature. It was concluded that the incorporation of up to 30% chamotte (C) is technically feasible considering the evaluated temperature range. In this way, there is a product that adds both sustainability and technical performance to the ceramic industry.
Clinical staging of upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma for T staging: Review and pictorial essay
Authors: Honda Yukiko , Nakamura Yuko , Teishima Jun , Goto Keisuke , Higaki Toru , Narita Keigo , Akagi Motonori , Terada Hiroaki , Kaichi Yoko , Fujii Shinsuke , Hayashi Tetsutaro , Matsubara Akio , Sentani Kazuhiro , Yasui Wataru , Iida Makoto , Awai Kazuo
Published: August 2019

Upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma is staged using the TNM classification of malignant tumors. Preoperative TNM is important for treatment planning. Computed tomography urography is now widely used for clinical survey of upper urinary tract carcinoma because of its diagnostic accuracy. Computed tomography urography is recommended as the first‐line imaging procedure in several guidelines. Several reports stated that computed tomography urography is also useful for staging. However, no educational and practical reviews detailing the T staging of upper urinary tract urothelial carcinomas using imaging are available. We discuss the scanning protocol, T staging using computed tomography urography, limitations, magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography comparison and pitfalls in imaging of upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma. A recent study reported the high diagnostic accuracy of computed tomography urography with respect to T3 or higher stage tumors. To date, images that show a Tis–T2 stage have not been reported, but various studies are ongoing. Although magnetic resonance imaging has lower spatial resolution than computed tomography urography, magnetic resonance imaging can be carried out without radiation exposure or contrast agents. Magnetic resonance imaging also offers the unique ability of diffusion‐weighted imaging without contrast agent use. Some researchers reported that diffusion‐weighted imaging is useful not only for detecting lesions, but for predicting the T stage and tumor grade. We recommend the appropriate use of computed tomography and magnetic resonance while considering the limitations of each modality and the pitfalls in upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma imaging.
Urinary incontinence in resident women in nursing homes
Authors: Santos Isabel C. R. V. , dos Santos Júnior Jair L. , da Silva Tayne F. L. , de Albuquerque Natália M. S. , da Silva Filho Jabiael C. , Valença Marilia P.
Published: August 2019

Research question

Which person related and clinical aspects variables are associated with the types of urinary incontinence in older women?

Research problem

The purpose of this study is to determine the occurrence of urinary incontinence among elderly women and verify the association between related to the person and clinical variables with types of urinary incontinence.

Literature review

There is a wide variation in the prevalence of urinary incontinence throughout the world, as well as among the regions of Brazil (Milsom et al., 2014). The worldwide prevalence of any type of incontinence in women has been estimated at more than 275 million in 2013, with an increase of more than 300 million by 2018.

Methodology

A cross‐sectional study with a quantitative aproach was conducted with 120 elderly women. The International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire—Short Form was used as data collection tool and all participants signed consent form.

Results

The prevalence of UI found was 67.5%. Regarding the type of UI, the following frequencies were found: urgency (29.2%), stress (23.3%) and mixed (15.0%). Urge incontinence was significantly associated with age (mean: 81.1 years, P: .05) and abdominal circumference (mean: 97.9 cm, P: .01). Diabetes mellitus was associated with urgency incontinence (P < .001), while hypertension showed association with stress and mixed incontinence (both with P < .001).

Conclusions

Urinary incontinence was present in 67.5% of elderly women living in long‐term care facilities, with a higher occurrence of urgency and stress, and parametric statistics showed an association between Urge incontinence and age and abdominal circumference.
The diversity and evolution of odorant receptors in beetles (Coleoptera)
Authors: Mitchell R. F. , Schneider T. M. , Schwartz A. M. , Andersson M. N. , McKenna D. D.
Published: August 2019

The insect odorant receptors (ORs) are amongst the largest gene families in insect genomes and the primary means by which insects recognize volatile compounds. The evolution of ORs is thus instrumental in explaining the chemical ecology of insects and as a model of evolutionary biology. However, although ORs have been described from numerous insect species, their analysis within and amongst the insect orders has been hindered by a combination of limited genomic information and a tendency of the OR family toward rapid divergence, gain, and loss. We addressed these issues in the insect order Coleoptera through a targeted genomic annotation effort that included 1181 ORs from one species of the sister order Strepsiptera and 10 species representing the four coleopteran suborders. The numbers of ORs in each species varied from hundreds to fewer than 10, but coleopteran ORs could nevertheless be represented within a scheme of nine monophyletic subfamilies. We observed many radiations and losses of genes amongst OR subfamilies, and the diversity of ORs appeared to parallel the host breadth of the study species. However, some small lineages of ORs persisted amongst many coleopteran families, suggesting receptors of key function that underlie the olfactory ecology of beetles.
Is black plumage an adaptation to high elevations in a cosmopolitan bird genus?
Authors: Sandoval Luis , Barrantes Gilbert
Published: August 2019

Black plumage is expected to absorb and retain more heat and provide better protection against UV radiation compared with lighter plumages. Black plumage is common in species of the generaTurdusandPlatycichlathat inhabit highlands across different regions of the world. Considering this geographical recurrent pattern we tested the hypothesis that black plumage in these two genera has evolved as a co‐adaptive response to inhabiting highlands, reconstructing ancestral character states for plumage and altitudinal distribution using maximum‐likelihood methods, and a Pagel's multistate discrete method. For these analyses, we used a phylogeny based on mitochondrial and nuclear DNA regions that included 60 of the 66 recognized species in the generaTurdusandPlatycichla. We found that black‐plumage coloration evolved independently on eight occasions within these two genera, and species with black plumage occur more often at highlands. Our results support the hypothesis that black‐plumage is adaptative in highlands; but, studies in other bird groups with black‐plumage inhabiting at the same elevations will provide evidence for this adaptive hypothesis or if the evolution of black‐plumage in other groups is explained by other evolutionary forces.
Determination of single cryoablation outcome within 30 to 60 seconds of freezing based on ice impedance
Authors: Avitall Boaz , Lizama Ken S. , Kalinski Arthur , Coulombe Nicolas , Laske Timothy G.
Published: August 2019

Background

A direct indicator of effective pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) based on early ice formation is presently lacking.

Objective

The initial impedance rise within 30 to 60 seconds (sec) of single cryoablation relating to ice on the distal surface of the cryoballoon could; predict effective PVI with early termination, the need for prolonging the cryoablation, or failure to achieve effective ablation.

Methods

Impedance measurements were taken between two ring electrodes, at the anterior balloon surface and at the shaft behind the balloon. Ice covering the anterior ring leads to impedance rise. Single cryoablation (eight animals, 37 veins) was applied for 90 to 180 sec. Cryoapplication was terminated if the impedance reached ≥500 Ω. Impedance levels at ≤60 sec of cryoablation were divided into three groups based on the characteristics of the impedance rise. PVI was confirmed acutely and at 45 ± 9 days recovery by electrophysiology mapping and histopathology.

Results

At 60 sec of freezing, an impedance rise of 34.1 ± 15.2 Ω (13‐50 Ω) and slope of the impedance rise (measured during 15‐30 sec of cryoapplication) less than 1 Ω/sec resulted in failed PVI. An impedance rise of 104.4 ± 31.5 Ω (76‐159 Ω) and slope of 2 Ω/sec resulted in 100% PVIs. An impedance rise of 130.9 ± 137.8 Ω (40‐590 Ω) and slope of 10 Ω/sec resulted in 100% PVIs with early termination at 90 sec.

Conclusion

The efficacy of single cryoablation can be defined within 30 to 60 sec based on ice impedance. Three unique impedance profiles described in this investigation are associated with the uniformity and thickness of the ice buildup on the anterior surface of the balloon. One cryoablation with an adequate impedance rise is needed for successful outcomes.
Comparing inline extrusion viscosity for different operating conditions to offline capillary viscosity measurements
Authors: Ponrajan Amudhan , Tonner Troy , Okos Martin , Campanella Osvaldo , Narsimhan Ganesan
Published: August 2019

Degermed, dehulled cornmeal grits were extruded through a self‐heating single screw extruder with inner restrictions. Constant degree of screw fill was tested at 32.5, 35, and 37.5% w.b. moisture content. The screw speeds tested were 100, 200, and 300 rpm. A novel two hole die was used and showed the melt viscosity to decrease with increased screw speed. The inline data was compared to offline capillary rheometer measurements and showed a decrease in melt viscosity. For example, at 35% moisture content and roughly 110°C the melt viscosity decreased by 32% from offline to 100 rpm for a shear rate of 100 s−1. The melt viscosity change suggested that each process transforms the material differently into two different materials which was supported by RVA pasting profiles. The extruder die temperature increased with increased screw speed and decreased with increased moisture content. The melt viscosity behaved nonlinearly with moisture content due to high temperature rise and starch degradation. The flow behavior index increased with increased screw speed. Overall, the novel two hole die showed general trends of the melt viscosity behavior with operating conditions and made comparisons to offline data.

Practical Applications

The extrusion process is an efficient process that can produce a wide range of products at various throughputs depending upon operating conditions and extruder design. Originally developed for the plastics industry, extrusion has been applied to food and pharmaceutical applications. This application comes with increased challenges due to heterogeneous materials that consist of biological macromolecules that are Non‐Newtonian in rheological behavior as well as being susceptible to temperature and shear degradation. The product rheological properties are dependent on extruder design and operating conditions. Unfortunately, measuring the viscosity while extruding can be complicated, time consuming, and expensive. Thus, to facilitate the design of effective future extruders, the viscosity behavior must be able to be predicted from an offline method which is more cost and time effective.
Microfiltration: A novel technology for removal of trub from hopped wort
Authors: Varga Áron , Márki Edit
Published: August 2019

Removing hot and cold trub from hopped wort is important, because of yeast viability, beer filtration, quality and fermentation in Membrane Bioreactor. Trub can be removed by several methods, but Crossflow Microfiltration (CFMF) would be an alternative technology. For the filtration a wort was produced. The filtration was performed with the following parameters: temperature (10 ± 1°C), Transmembrane Pressure (0.4 bar), and Crossflow Velocity (0.4 m s−1). Membrane with pore size of 0.2 μm was applied. The fluxes were determined. Particle size distributions and analytical parameters of samples were measured and retentions were calculated. The initial and steady‐state fluxes were 16.75 and 4.89 L m−2 hr−1. According to the particle size distributions trub can be removed. Changing of the analytical parameters is appropriate, for example, retention of β‐glucan was 40.17% and Free Amino Nitrogen content did not change. CFMF is an alternative method for removing trub, but the optimization is essential.

Practical applications

Crossflow Microfiltration (CFMF) would be an alternative and novel technology for removal of hot trub and cold trub from hopped wort and the two processes can be performed simultaneously with the same CFMF equipment. The main advantages of the CFMF are less solid residues, lower energy consumption, lower water requirements, and microbiologically stable product.

Our research has several practical applications as mentioned below.

First removing at least some hot trub can decrease the production losses and improve yeast viability, beer filtration performance and the quality of finished beer, and removing at least some cold trub can improve yeast viability and the quality of finished beer.

Furthermore, if primary fermentation is performed in Membrane Bioreactor (MBR), wort particles (e.g., cold trub) can cause fouling.

Finally, it has been proven that hot trub and cold trub can be completely removed by CFMF and the changing of the analytical parameters is appropriate.
Dough bread from refined wheat flour partially replaced by grape peels: Optimizing the rheological properties
Authors: Mironeasa Silvia , Mironeasa Costel
Published: August 2019

The valorization of grape peels by‐product to supplement wheat bread has immense potential, particularly in refined wheat flour (RWF) to increase the dietary fibers. The main aims of this study were successful modeling of dough rheological properties using predictive models, investigating the effect of factors, grape peels flour (GPF) variety, level and particle size (PS) of GPF added in RWF on responses, and finally, optimizing the formulation with respect to dough rheological behavior. The rheological properties of grape peels–wheat composite flour formulated with GPF from two variety and increasing levels of GPF (0–9%) in the presence of different PS (large, L > 500 μm; medium, 200 μm > M < 500 μm, and small, S < 200 μm) of GPF was evaluated using farinograph, alveograph, and dynamic oscillation measurements. The artificial neural network models (R2 > .82) developed to predict dough rheological properties highlighted an improved estimation and predictive capabilities compared with response surface methodology models (R2 > .77). The multiobjective optimization approach allowed anticipation of the optimal value for each response in terms of dough rheological properties as function of GPF from white variety of small PS, which replaced RWF at level of 3.81%.

Practical applications

In the composite flour formulation to produce effectiveness and nutritive bread, optimizing dough rheology in relation to the formulation factors represents the actual need for the bread‐making industry. Dough behavior during mixing (water absorption, dough stability, dough development time, and degree of softening), alveograph parameters (dough tenacity, extensibility, and deformation energy), and dynamic rheological properties (elastic modulus, viscous modulus, loss tangent, and complex viscosity) are considered essential to optimization of grape peels–wheat composite flour formulation. The current study revealed the efficacy of modeling and optimization between response surface and artificial neural network techniques for the grape peels–wheat flour dough rheological properties. The information given from this study would help the industry to develop new bread‐making products with the desired particle size with optimum functional and nutritional properties.
Time matters when ultrasonicating beef: The best time for tenderness is not the best for reducing microbial counts
Authors: Diaz‐Almanza Sergio , Reyes‐Villagrana Raul , Alarcon‐Rojo Alma D. , Huerta‐Jimenez Mariana , Carrillo‐Lopez Luis M. , Estepp Christopher , Urbina‐Perez Jessica , Garcia‐Galicia Ivan A.
Published: August 2019

Research on the effects of high‐intensity ultrasound (HIU) on meat quality properties shows contradictory results. The latter has been sometimes attributed to limited exposure time, not enough to cause cellular modifications. This study evaluated the effect of different exposure times (0, 10, 20, and 40 min) of HIU (37 kHz, 90 W cm−2) on physicochemical properties including; pH, color, tenderness, and microbial counts of two different portions of beef Longissimus lumborum (cranial–caudal). No significant effect of loin portion was observed (p > .05). Ultrasonication time caused a 20.7% toughness reduction of beef (p < .05). However, ultrasonication time also increased hue from 0.62 to 0.76 from red to orange values (p < .05), but it did not affect important coordinates such as a* or C*. Ultrasound caused an increase in the pH from 5.46 to 5.6 (p < .05), but pH was not affected by the time. The highest tenderness was achieved at 40 min of sonication. Significant reductions of mesophiles, psychrophiles, and coliforms were observed after ultrasonication when compared to control (p < .05). The best ultrasonic condition for microbial reduction was at 10 min, when the lowest microorganism counts were achieved, with a subsequent growth when increasing ultrasonication time.

Practical Applications

High‐intensity ultrasound application appears to be a promising method to increase tenderness in beef. However, optimum time, intensity, and methodology for its application have to be defined, because the variations may affect other quality characteristics such as color or microbial contamination. To find ideal parameter values may help the industry to take decisions on the design of specialized equipment for ultrasonication of meat.
Gender‐specific correlates of sufficient physical activity among vulnerable children
Authors: Hong Jeongae , Choo Jina , Kim Hye‐Jin , Jae Sae Y.
Published: August 2019

Aim

We aimed to identify the levels and types of physical activity (PA) by gender, and to determine correlates of sufficient PA on a theoretical basis of self‐determination and social support; moreover, if significant correlates with sufficient PA would differ by gender among vulnerable children.

Methods

Participants were 319 children enrolled in public welfare systems in Seoul, South Korea. Sufficient PA was defined as daily activity with moderate or vigorous intensity for 60 min. Self‐determined motivation was assessed by autonomous and controlled forms; social support was assessed as two types: family and peer support. Questionnaires were self‐reported by children and their parents.

Results

Of the participants, 20.4% achieved sufficient PA, specifically 15.0% for girls versus 27.3% for boys (P < .001). Girls were more likely to perform casual exercise types, while boys were more likely to perform sports types (P < .05 for all). The autonomous form of self‐determined motivation, but not its controlled form, was significantly associated with sufficient PA in both girls (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 2.03, P = .028) and boys (AOR = 2.47, P = .007). Family support was not significantly associated in girls and boys; however, peer support was significantly associated only in boys (AOR = 3.72, P = .042).

Discussion

Of the children, girls were less likely to achieve sufficient PA and to perform sports than were boys. Self‐determined motivation was a PA correlate uniformly in girls and boys; however, peer support was a PA correlate only in boys. Self‐determined motivation‐enhanced strategies should be integrated with peer support provided through gender‐specific strategies when employing a PA intervention for vulnerable children.