bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Use of an in‐house trypsin‐based method to resolve the interference of daratumumab
Authors: Ibeh Nnaemeka , Baine Ian , Rudon Louella Fuentes , Lomas‐Francis Christine , Jhang Jeffrey S. , Galdon Patricia , Westhoff Connie M. , Velliquette Randall W. , Arinsburg Suzanne A.
Published: September 2021

Background

Daratumumab (DARA) is a monoclonal antibody for treatment of plasma cell myeloma targeting CD38, a surface molecule expressed on plasma cells and red blood cells (RBCs). This complicates blood bank testing, requiring dithiothreitol (DTT) to remove DARA interference. A simple in‐house method of removing DARA interference without use of DTT, a potentially hazardous chemical, is desirable. We demonstrate a trypsin‐based method to remove interference in antibody testing at a medical center (MC), with parallel testing at an immunohematology reference laboratory (IRL).

Study design and methods

Pre‐DARA type and screen (T&S) samples were obtained from 61 patients for antibody testing and RBC phenotyping using untreated reagent RBCs. Subsequent post‐DARA T&S testing was performed with untreated reagent RBCs to demonstrate interference and repeated after trypsin treatment. Positive trypsin‐treated antibody screens were reflexed to antibody identification using trypsin‐treated panel cells. Parallel testing was performed on the same post‐DARA samples at IRL.

Results

DARA interference was detected in 61/61 (100%) samples by MC and IRL. After trypsin treatment, DARA interference was eliminated in 60/61 (98.4%) antibody screens by both institutions with an overall percent agreement of 96.7% (95% confidence interval [CI] 88.7%–99.6%). Identification of known alloantibodies was confirmed in 3/3 patients with 100% concordant results between MC and IRL. There were no false‐negative results demonstrated by IRL's functionally CD38‐negative controls.

Conclusion

Our in‐house trypsin‐based method enables pretransfusion testing of patients receiving DARA in an accurate and cost‐effective manner without missing clinically significant alloantibodies. This presents an additional testing option where DTT use is undesirable.
Sterile neutrophilic dermatitis in a cat associated with a topical plant‐derived oil flea preventative
Authors: Zhou Zijin , Noland Erica , Rosser Edmund , Petersen Annette
Published: September 2021

A 4‐year‐old, female spayed, domestic short hair cat presented with an acute eruption of pustules and bullous plaques after application of a plant‐based, essential oil flea preventative. Histopathological evaluation of biopsies revealed severe neutrophilic infiltrate within the dermis and culture was negative. The cat's skin lesions responded rapidly to glucocorticoid monotherapy.
Surgical treatment of pressure injuries in children: A multicentre experience
Authors: Pignatti Marco , D'Arpa Salvatore , Roche Nathalie , Giorgini Federico A. , Lusetti Irene Laura , Lorca‐Garcia Concepcion , De Santis Giorgio , Berenguer Beatriz
Published: September 2021

Pressure injuries (PI) are infrequent in paediatric patients, prevalence estimates ranging from 1.4% to 8.2%, and reaching values as high as 43.1% in critical care areas. They can be associated with congenital neurological or metabolic disorders that cause reduced mobility or require the need for medical devices. In children, most pressure injuries heal spontaneously. However, a small percentage of ulcers that is refractory to conservative management or is too severe at presentation (Stage 3 or 4) will be candidates for surgery. We retrospectively reviewed the clinical history of paediatric patients affected by pressure injuries from four European Plastic Surgery Centres. Information was collected from clinical and radiology records, and laboratory reports. An accurate search of the literature revealed only two articles reporting on the surgical treatment of pressure injuries in children. After debridement, we performed surgical coverage of the pressure injuries. We report here our experience with 18 children aged 1–17 years, affected by pressure injury Stages 3 and 4. They were successfully treated with pedicled (17 patients) or free flaps (1 patient). The injuries involved the sacrum (6/18 patients), lower limb (3/18 patients), thoracic spine (2/18 patients), ischium (3/18 patients, bilateral in one patient), temporal area (3/18 patients), hypogastrium (1/18 patients) and were associated to medical devices in three cases. Flaps were followed for a minimum of 19 months and up to 13 years. Only two patients developed true recurrences that were treated again surgically. Pressure injuries are infrequent in children and rarely need surgical treatment. Pedicled flaps have a high success rate. Recurrences, contrary to what is reported in the literature, were rare.
Feasibility of Vertical Rainwater Harvesting via In-situ Measurement of Wind-driven Rain Loads on Building Facades in a Tropical Climate
Authors: Samzadeh Mozhgan , Che Din Nazli , Abdullah Zunaibi , Mahyuddin Norhayati , Ismail Muhammad Azzam
Published: September 2021

Rainwater is an alternative water resource to fulfill sustainable management of freshwater particularly in the regions receive abundant annual amounts of precipitation such as tropical Malaysia. To collect and store rainwater, rainwater harvesting system has been practiced since ancient from horizontal surfaces mostly rooftop of buildings in urban areas. Nowadays, this method in modern urban areas with tall buildings is considered inadequate and uneconomical because the ratio of facade surface areas is much higher than the ratio of roof surface areas. On the other hand, all rain has a horizontal velocity due to wind acting upon rain droplets which is called wind-driven rain (WDR). Growing tall buildings and the presence of WDR phenomenon make building façade surfaces the available promising surfaces to harvest substantial rainwater vertically and more efficiently. This article presents a one-year field measurement results that aims at quantifying the WDR loads impinged on the vertical facade areas of a pilot building located at the main campus of the University Malaya in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Detailed descriptions of the gauge design, building, the measurements of on-site WDR, rainfall duration time, and weather data are presented. Records show that monsoon winds characteristics have significant influence on the WDR loads on the building facades compare to horizontal rainfall intensity. Finally, the collected in-situ data are exploited to validate data and determine WDR coefficient (γ) to estimate the amount of WDR on a building façade via an empirical WDR relationship. Results show the feasibility of each square meter of vertical façade area to supply 12% of non-potable or 4.9% of potable water-usage per capita per day.
The Value of Gotong-royong in the Mountainous Settlement of Kepuharjo Village at Pagerjurang Permanent Shelter in Yogyakarta, Indonesia
Authors: Rotua Nainggolan Freddy Marihot , Subroto Tarcicius Yoyok Wahyu , Marsoyo Agam
Published: September 2021

Providing housing for refugees due to disasters is a common problem in countries prone to natural disasters. The eruption of Mount Merapi in Yogyakarta in 2010 has displaced the people of Kepuharjo Village to a new settlement in Pagerjurang permanent shelter. However, the process of settling in a new settlement requires adjustments because the people of Kepuharjo Village have been living on the slopes of Mount Merapi for generations. This research is a qualitative research which aims to find a reflection of the space-occupancy value system that occurs in the village of Kepuharjo at the Pagerjurang permanent shelter. The results of observations and interviews with 29 units show that the description of the activities and arrangement of the residential space in the Pagerjurang permanent shelter. The results showed that the motivation for the development of residential spaces is closely related to kinship and socio-cultural values in the daily life of the occupants. The socio-cultural reflection on the residential space of the Kepuharjo community in the Pagerjurang permanent shelter is in line with the social principles of mutual-cooperation (gotong-royong). Gotong-royong is expressed in the strengthening of space, expansion of space, and agreement of space.
Post Occupancy Evaluation of the Built Environment: A Case Study of Mosque Facilities
Authors: Hassanain Mohammad A. , Kajak Mohammed , Hamida Mohammad B. , Ibrahim Ahmed M.
Published: September 2021

Mosques are religious and cultural facilities that are used as a place of worship, social gatherings, and religious events by Islamic communities. The built environment in these facilities should meet certain technical, functional, and behavioral requirements for worshipers. Mosques could endure critical defects and inadequate performance, with gaps in knowledge, of appraisal tools for their overall performance assessment. Therefore, this research was motivated by the need to identify and purpose an exemplary systematic process upon the conduct of post-occupancy evaluation, owing to the fundamental need for satisfactory conditions that need to be met by mosque facilities. Thus, this paper presents an exemplary post-occupancy evaluation of mosque facilities in Saudi Arabia; as a religious built environment. A triangulation approach of data collection and assessment methods were followed and discussed in this research. A case study mosque was selected, following a review of literature. Interviews and walkthrough inspection identified 34 performance elements. Users’ satisfaction survey data were collected and analyzed. Recommendations were proposed towards improving performance of the case study mosque as a religious built environment that demands satisfactory occupancy conditions. The findings indicated that worshipers were strongly satisfied with the conditions of the built environment in the case study facility; including acoustical comfort, spirituality, and aesthetic performance elements. This paper expands the boundaries of knowledge in terms of identification of mosques’ performance elements
Pembelajaran Transformatif Dalam Kalangan Wanita Dewasa Yang Menunaikan Haji Di Perak
Authors: Azhar Nur Afiqah Amira , Abd Hamid Mohd Azhar , Mahmud Hussain , Zaini Fadilah , Markom Mohd. Nasir , Othman Muhammed Fauzi , Balwi Mohd Koharuddin
Published: September 2021

Transformative learning is a process of engaging with an individual’s referral framework including perspectives of meaning, habit, mind and thinking. This study was conducted to study the transformational learning that takes place in adult women in performing the Hajj. This study is designed to identify triggers, factors and effects .The methodology of this study uses semi-structured interviews. A total of 5 informants consisting of adult women aged 45 to 65 were selected using the snowball method. The results show that different triggering events in each individual can change the perspective of informants to change.  Factors help inform informants to support and encourage them to continue to move in a positive direction. Suggestions to future researchers may extend the scope of Malaysia including Sabah and Sarawak, study gender differences and use data triangulation.
Sexual Harassment on Senior Highschool Female Students
Authors: Lathifah Rosyidatul , Suwarti Suwarti , Subekti Roseyoana Logisian
Published: September 2021

This research aims to determine sexual harassment on senior high school female students. The subjects of this research were 40 senior high school female students in Purwokerto, Banyumas, Central Java, as many as 40 people were selected using random sampling. Analysis of the data used is a descriptive analysis of the test categories through the help of SPSS 20.00 for windows. The results of the analysis show a range score of 109, a minimum score of 55, a maximum score of 164, a mean score of 98.37, a standard deviation score of 27.26 and a variant score of 743.112. Based on the results obtained from the data collection, the category of subjects of sexual harassment on senior high school female students in Purwokerto was very high at 1 subject or 2.5%, high at 10 subjects or 25%, medium at 18 subjects or 45%, low at 7 subjects or 17.5% and very low by 4 subjects or 10%.
Implementation of Islamic Values in Hospital Management: Islamic General Hospital Boyolali’s Case
Authors: Rosita Kusnulia , Y. A Yan Rachmawati , Yuwono Susatyo
Published: September 2021

Islamic General Hospital X Boyolali applies Islamic-based HR management to his company. The purpose of this paper is to determine the implementation of Islamic values which had been applied by HR management in the process of employee selection and development. This research uses descriptive qualitative method with interviews, observations and documentations collecting data tools. Informants are people in HR department from lowest level to highest level management. As an Islamic hospital whose mission is to provide quality, shar'i and fair health services, the management of hospital always applies Islamic values in developing its human resource potential. Through the inculcation of Islamic values, it is expected that the quality of hospital human resources will improve in terms of devotion, professionalism of work, and welfare for all hospital stakeholders. The results of this study stated that Islamic values can improve discipline and productivity of employee performance. The Islamic aspect is shown by including the criteria for reading the Al-Qur'an and the compulsory reading prayer test in the selection and Al-Qur'an study and daily worship monitoring in employee development.
Implementation of Learning Organization in School
Authors: Ahmad Nor Hafiza , Kudus Norliah , Syed Ahmad Sharifah Sakinah
Published: September 2021

The human resource development aspect is an important and significant element in ensuring a school organization to achieve and realize the vision and goals of the school organization. To ensure that school organizations respond appropriately, responsively and efficiently to all challenges and expectations in the 21st century, school organizations are required to implement transformation and transition into a genuine learning organization in order to survive and maintain their excellence. The current study aims to investigate the level of implementation of learning organization practices in school organization according to teachers' perceptions in Melaka Tengah District, Melaka. This study employed a quantitative research design. Using the instrument, Learning Organisation Practices Profile (LOPP), the study collected data from 500 teachers from thirteen school organization located in Melaka Tengah District, Melaka that is chosen based on cluster and simple random sampling. Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) 25 for Windows was used to analyze the Learning Organization practices in the school organization. Based on the analysis of mean scores obtained from the twelve components contained in LOPP, it was found that the level of learning organization practice in the school organizations studied is at a high level. The most practiced components in the school organization studied are organizational climate, information flow and executive practices while the least practiced and need to be given more emphasis are the reward and recognition component, management practices and performance goals and feedback. The findings of this study show the importance of developing human resources by cultivating a culture of learning organization in school organizations.
Physiological complexity: influence of ageing, disease and neuromuscular fatigue on muscle force and torque fluctuations
Authors: Pethick Jamie , Winter Samantha L. , Burnley Mark
Published: September 2021

New Findings

What is the topic of this review?

Physiological complexity in muscle force and torque fluctuations, specifically the quantification of complexity, how neuromuscular complexityis altered by perturbations and the potential mechanism underlying changes in neuromuscular complexity.

What advances does it highlight?

The necessity to calculate both magnitude‐ and complexity‐based measures for the thorough evaluation of force/torque fluctuations. Also the need for further research on neuromuscular complexity, particularly how it relates to the performance of functional activities (e.g. manual dexterity, balance, locomotion).

Physiological time series produce inherently complex fluctuations. In the last 30 years, methods have been developed to characterise these fluctuations, and have revealed that they contain information about the function of the system producing them. Two broad classes of metrics are used: (1) those which quantify the regularity of the signal (e.g. entropy metrics); and (2) those which quantify the fractal properties of the signal (e.g. detrended fluctuation analysis). Using these techniques, it has been demonstrated that ageing results in a loss of complexity in the time series of a multitude of signals, including heart rate, respiration, gait and, crucially, muscle force or torque output. This suggests that as the body ages, physiological systems become less adaptable (i.e. the systems’ ability to respond rapidly to a changing external environment is diminished). More recently, it has been shown that neuromuscular fatigue causes a substantial loss of muscle torque complexity, a process that can be observed in a few minutes, rather than the decades it requires for the same system to degrade with ageing. The loss of torque complexity with neuromuscular fatigue appears to occur exclusively above the critical torque (at least for tasks lasting up to 30 min). The loss of torque complexity can be exacerbated with previous exercise of the same limb, and reduced by the administration of caffeine, suggesting both peripheral and central mechanisms contribute to this loss. The mechanisms underpinning the loss of complexity are not known but may be related to altered motor unit behaviour as the muscle fatigues.
Naked mole‐rat brain mitochondria tolerate in vitro ischaemia
Authors: Cheng Hang , Pamenter Matthew E.
Published: September 2021

Naked mole‐rats (NMRs; Heterocephalus glaber) are among the most hypoxia‐tolerant mammals. There is evidence that the NMR brain tolerates in vitro hypoxia and NMR brain mitochondria exhibit functional plasticity following in vivo hypoxia; however, if and how these organelles tolerate ischaemia and how ischaemic stress impacts mitochondrial energetics and redox regulation is entirely unknown. We hypothesized that mitochondria fundamentally contribute to in vitro ischaemia resistance in the NMR brain. To test this, we treated NMR and CD‐1 mouse cortical brain sheets with an in vitro ischaemic mimic and evaluated mitochondrial respiration capacity and redox regulation following 15 or 30 min of ischaemia or ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R). We found that, relative to mice, the NMR brain largely retains mitochondrial function and redox balance post‐ischaemia and I/R. Specifically: (i) ischaemia reduced complex I and II‐linked respiration ∼50–70% in mice, vs. ∼20–40% in NMR brain, (ii) NMR but not mouse brain maintained relatively steady respiration control ratios and robust mitochondrial membrane integrity, (iii) electron leakage post‐ischaemia was lesser in NMR than mouse brain and NMR brain retained higher coupling efficiency, and (iv) free radical generation during and following ischaemia and I/R was lower from NMR brains than mice. Taken together, our results indicate that NMR brain mitochondria are more tolerant of ischaemia and I/R than mice and retain respiratory capacity while avoiding redox derangements. Overall, these findings support the hypothesis that hypoxia‐tolerant NMR brain is also ischaemia‐tolerant and suggest that NMRs may be a natural model of ischaemia tolerance in which to investigate evolutionarily derived solutions to ischaemic pathology.

Key points

Ischaemia is highly deleterious to the mammalian brain and this damage is largely mediated by mitochondrial dysfunction.

Naked mole‐rats are among the most hypoxia‐tolerant mammals and their brain tolerates ischaemia ex vivo, but the impact of ischaemia on mitochondrial function is unknown.

Naked mole‐rat but not mouse brain mitochondria retain respiratory capacity and membrane integrity following ischaemia or ischaemia/reperfusion.

Differences in free radical management and respiratory pathway control between species may mediate this tolerance.

These results help us understand how natural models of hypoxia tolerance also tolerate ischaemia in the brain.
Magnetic Field-Assisted 3D Printing of Limpet Teeth Inspired Polymer Matrix Composite With Compression Reinforcement
Authors: Joralmon Dylan , Amonoo Evangeline , Zhu Yizhen , Li Xiangjia
Published: September 2021

Lightweight and cost-effective polymer matrix composites (PMCs) with extraordinary mechanical performance will be a key to the next generation of diverse industrial applications, such as aerospace, electric automobile, and biomedical devices. Limpet teeth made of mineral-polymer composites have been proved as nature’s strongest material due to the unique hierarchical architectures of mineral fiber alignment. Here, we present an approach to build limpet teeth inspired structural materials with precise control of geometric morphologies of microstructures by magnetic field-assisted 3D printing (MF-3DP). α-Iron (III) oxide-hydroxide nanoparticles (α-FeOOHs) are aligned by the magnetic field during 3D printing and aligned α-FeOOHs (aFeOOHs) bundles are further grown to aligned goethite-based bundles (aGBs) by rapid thermal treatment after printing. The mechanical reinforcement of aGBs in PMCs can be modulated by adjusting the geometric morphology and alignment of α-FeOOHs encapsulated inside the 3D printed PMCs. In order to identify the mechanical enhancement mechanism, physics-based modeling, simulation, and tests were conducted, and the results further guided the design of bioinspired goethite-based PMCs. The correlation of the geometric morphology of self-assembled α-FeOOHs, curing characteristics of α-FeOOHs/polymer composite, and process parameters were identified to establish the optimal design of goethite-based PMCs. The 3D printed PMCs with aGBs show promising mechanical reinforcement compared with PMCs without aGBs. This study opens intriguing perspectives for designing high strength 3D printed PMCs on the basis of bioinspired architectures with customized configurations.
Queries and Cues: Textual Stimuli for Reflective Thinking in Digital Mind-Mapping
Authors: Chen Ting-Ju , Mohanty Ronak R. , Krishnamurthy Vinayak R.
Published: September 2021

Mind-mapping is useful for externalizing ideas and their relationships surrounding a central problem. However, balancing between the exploration of different aspects (breadth) of the problem with respect to the detailed exploration of each of its aspects (depth) can be challenging, especially for novices. The goal of this paper is to investigate the notion of “reflection-in-design” through a novel interactive digital mind-mapping workflow that we call “QCue.” The idea behind this workflow is to incorporate the notion of reflective thinking through two mechanisms: (1) offering suggestions to promote depth exploration through user’s queries (Q) and (2) asking questions (Cue) to promote reflection for breadth exploration. This paper is an extension of our prior work (Chen et al., 2020, “Qcue: Queries and Cues for Computer-Facilitated Mind-Mapping,” Proceedings of Graphics Interface 2020, GI 2020, Canadian Human-Computer Communications Society/Société canadienne du Dialogue Human-Machine, pp. 125–136) where our focus was mainly on the algorithmic development and implementation of a cognitive support mechanism behind QCue enabled by ConceptNet (a graph-based rich ontology with “commonsense” knowledge). In this extended work, we first present a detailed summary of how QCue facilitated the breadth-depth balance in a mind-mapping task. Second, we present a comparison between QCue and conventional digital mind-mapping, i.e., without our algorithm through a between-subjects user study. Third, we present new detailed analysis on the usage of different cognitive mechanisms provided by QCue. We further consolidate our prior quantitative analysis and build a connection with our observational analysis. Finally, we discuss in detail the different cognitive mechanisms provided by QCue to stimulate reflection in design.
Toward Reusable Surrogate Models: Graph-Based Transfer Learning on Trusses
Authors: Whalen Eamon , Mueller Caitlin
Published: September 2021

Surrogate models have several uses in engineering design, including speeding up design optimization, noise reduction, test measurement interpolation, gradient estimation, portability, and protection of intellectual property. Traditionally, surrogate models require that all training data conform to the same parametrization (e.g., design variables), limiting design freedom and prohibiting the reuse of historical data. In response, this article proposes graph-based surrogate models (GSMs) for trusses. The GSM can accurately predict displacement fields from static loads given the structure’s geometry as input, enabling training across multiple parametrizations. GSMs build upon recent advancements in geometric deep learning, which have led to the ability to learn on undirected graphs: a natural representation for trusses. To further promote flexible surrogate models, this article explores transfer learning within the context of engineering design and demonstrates positive knowledge transfer across data sets of different topologies, complexities, loads, and applications, resulting in more flexible and data-efficient surrogate models for trusses.
Analyzing Real Options and Flexibility in Engineering Systems Design Using Decision Rules and Deep Reinforcement Learning
Authors: Caputo Cesare , Cardin Michel-Alexandre
Published: September 2021

Engineering systems provide essential services to society, e.g., power generation, transportation. Their performance, however, is directly affected by their ability to cope with uncertainty, especially given the realities of climate change and pandemics. Standard design methods often fail to recognize uncertainty in early conceptual activities, leading to rigid systems that are vulnerable to change. Real options and flexibility in design are important paradigms to improve a system’s ability to adapt and respond to unforeseen conditions. Existing approaches to analyze flexibility, however, do not leverage sufficiently recent developments in machine learning enabling deeper exploration of the computational design space. There is untapped potential for new solutions that are not readily accessible using existing methods. Here, a novel approach to analyze flexibility is proposed based on deep reinforcement learning (DRL). It explores available datasets systematically and considers a wider range of adaptability strategies. The methodology is evaluated on an example waste-to-energy (WTE) system. Low and high flexibility DRL models are compared against stochastically optimal inflexible and flexible solutions using decision rules. The results show highly dynamic solutions, with action space parametrized via artificial neural network (ANN). They show improved expected economic value up to 69% compared with previous solutions. Combining information from action space probability distributions along expert insights and risk tolerance helps make better decisions in real-world design and system operations. Out of sample testing shows that the policies are generalizable, but subject to tradeoffs between flexibility and inherent limitations of the learning process.
Inverse Design Framework With Invertible Neural Networks for Passive Vibration Suppression in Phononic Structures
Authors: Oddiraju Manaswin , Behjat Amir , Nouh Mostafa , Chowdhury Souma
Published: September 2021

Automated inverse design methods are critical to the development of metamaterial systems that exhibit special user-demanded properties. While machine learning approaches represent an emerging paradigm in the design of metamaterial structures, the ability to retrieve inverse designs on-demand remains lacking. Such an ability can be useful in accelerating optimization-based inverse design processes. This paper develops an inverse design framework that provides this capability through the novel usage of invertible neural networks (INNs). We exploit an INN architecture that can be trained to perform forward prediction over a set of high-fidelity samples and automatically learns the reverse mapping with guaranteed invertibility. We apply this INN for modeling the frequency response of periodic and aperiodic phononic structures, with the performance demonstrated on vibration suppression of drill pipes. Training and testing samples are generated by employing a transfer matrix method. The INN models provide competitive forward and inverse prediction performance compared to typical deep neural networks (DNNs). These INN models are used to retrieve approximate inverse designs for a queried non-resonant frequency range; the inverse designs are then used to initialize a constrained gradient-based optimization process to find a more accurate inverse design that also minimizes mass. The INN-initialized optimizations are found to be generally superior in terms of the queried property and mass compared to randomly initialized and inverse DNN-initialized optimizations. Particle swarm optimization with INN-derived initial points is then found to provide even better solutions, especially for the higher-dimensional aperiodic structures.
Inverse Aerodynamic Design of Gas Turbine Blades using Probabilistic Machine Learning
Authors: Ghosh Sayan , Anantha Padmanabha Govinda , Peng Cheng , Andreoli Valeria , Atkinson Steven , Pandita Piyush , Vandeputte Thomas , Zabaras Nicholas , Wang Liping
Published: September 2021

One of the critical components in Industrial Gas Turbines (IGT) is the turbine blade. Design of turbine blades needs to consider multiple aspects like aerodynamic efficiency, durability, safety and manufacturing, which make the design process sequential and iterative. The sequential nature of these iterations forces a long design cycle time, ranging from several months to years. Due to the reactionary nature of these iterations, little effort has been made to accumulate data in a manner that allows for deep exploration and understanding of the total design space. This is exemplified in the process of designing the individual components of the IGT resulting in a potential unrealized efficiency. To overcome the aforementioned challenges, we demonstrate a probabilistic inverse design machine learning framework, namely PMI (PMI), to carry out an explicit inverse design. PMI calculates the design explicitly without costly iteration and overcomes the challenges associated with ill-posed inverse problems. In this work the framework will be demonstrated on inverse aerodynamic design of three-dimensional turbine blades.
Feature Extraction and Data Analysis of Basketball Motion Postures: Acquisition With an Inertial Sensor
Authors: Li Zhuqing
Published: September 2021

This paper mainly analyzed the application of inertial sensors in basketball posture analysis. The data of 20 basketball players in different postures were collected by Micro-electromechanical systems inertial sensors. The mean, variance, and skewness were taken as features to compare the performance of C4.5, random forest (RF), k-nearest neighbor, and support vector machine (SVM) algorithms in analyzing posture data. It was found that the classification accuracy of the k-nearest neighbor algorithm was around 90%, and the classification accuracy of C4.5, RF, and SVM algorithms was all above 90%. The classification accuracy of the RF algorithm was the highest (98.72%), which was significantly higher than C4.5 and SVM algorithms. The results verified the advantages of the RF algorithm in basketball posture analysis. The research results confirm the reliability of the inertial sensor in the field of motion posture analysis and make some contributions to its application in sport training. This paper provides support for the analysis of motion posture.
Design and In Silico Evaluation of a Closed-Loop Hemorrhage Resuscitation Algorithm With Blood Pressure as Controlled Variable
Authors: Alsalti Mohammad , Tivay Ali , Jin Xin , Kramer George C. , Hahn Jin-Oh
Published: September 2021

This paper concerns the design and rigorous in silico evaluation of a closed-loop hemorrhage resuscitation algorithm with blood pressure (BP) as controlled variable. A lumped-parameter control design model relating volume resuscitation input to blood volume (BV) and BP responses was developed and experimentally validated. Then, three alternative adaptive control algorithms were developed using the control design model: (i) model reference adaptive control (MRAC) with BP feedback, (ii) composite adaptive control (CAC) with BP feedback, and (iii) CAC with BV and BP feedback. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work to demonstrate model-based control design for hemorrhage resuscitation with readily available BP as feedback. The efficacy of these closed-loop control algorithms was comparatively evaluated as well as compared with an empiric expert knowledge-based algorithm based on 100 realistic virtual patients created using a well-established physiological model of cardiovascular (CV) hemodynamics. The in silico evaluation results suggested that the adaptive control algorithms outperformed the knowledge-based algorithm in terms of both accuracy and robustness in BP set point tracking: the average median performance error (MDPE) and median absolute performance error (MDAPE) were significantly smaller by >99% and >91%, and as well, their interindividual variability was significantly smaller by >88% and >94%. Pending in vivo evaluation, model-based control design may advance the medical autonomy in closed-loop hemorrhage resuscitation.
Deployable Euler Spiral Connectors
Authors: Ynchausti Collin , Brown Nathan , Magleby Spencer P. , Bowden Anton E. , Howell Larry L.
Published: September 2021

Deployable Euler spiral connectors (DESCs) are introduced as compliant deployable flexures that can span gaps between segments in a mechanism and then lay flat when under strain in a stowed position. This paper presents models of Euler spiral beams combined in series and parallel that can be used to design compact compliant mechanisms. Constraints on the flexure parameters of DESCs are also presented. Analytic models developed for the force-deflection behavior and stress were compared to finite element analysis and experimental data. A spinal implant and a linear ratcheting system are presented as illustrative applications of DESCs.
Quadrupedal Human-Assistive Robotic Platform (Q-HARP): Design, Control, and Preliminary Testing
Authors: Shen Tao , Afsar Md Rayhan , Haque Md Rejwanul , McClain Eric , Meek Sanford , Shen Xiangrong
Published: September 2021

With the rapid expansion of older adult populations around the world, mobility impairment is becoming an increasingly challenging issue. For the assistance of individuals with mobility impairments, there are two major types of tools in the current practice, including the passive (unpowered) walking aids (canes, walkers, rollators, etc.) and wheelchairs (powered and unpowered). Despite their extensive use, there are significant weaknesses that affect their effectiveness in daily use, especially when challenging uneven terrains are encountered. To address these issues, the authors developed a novel robotic platform intended for the assistance of mobility-challenged individuals. Unlike the existing assistive robots serving similar purposes, the proposed robot, namely, quadrupedal human-assistive robotic platform (Q-HARP), utilizes legged locomotion to provide an unprecedented potential to adapt to a wide variety of challenging terrains, many of which are common in people’s daily life (e.g., roadside curbs and the few steps leading to a front door). In this paper, the design of the robot is presented, including the overall structure of the robot and the design details of the actuated robotic leg joints. For the motion control of the robot, a joint trajectory generator is formulated, with the purpose of generating a stable walking gait to provide reliable support to its human user in the robot’s future application. The Q-HARP robot and its control system were experimentally tested, and the results demonstrated that the robot was able to provide a smooth gait during walking.
Performance Simulation and Energetic Analysis of TBot High-Speed Cable-Driven Parallel Robot
Authors: Duan Jinhao , Shao Zhufeng , Zhang Zhaokun , Peng Fazhong
Published: September 2021

Compared with serial robots, parallel robots have the advantages of high stiffness and good dynamics. By replacing the rigid limbs with cables, the cable-driven parallel robot (CDPR) is greatly simplified in structure and lightweight. We designed a high-speed CDPR tensioned by the passive rod and spring, named TBot. The robot can realize the SCARA movement as the classical Delta parallel robot. Comparison analysis of TBot and Delta is carried out to reveal the natures of the CDPRs and rigid parallel robots, identify the key issues, and promote industrial applications. Performance of both robots is analyzed with simulation under a typical Adept Motion trajectory. Results illustrate that TBot has advantages of low cost, low inertia, low energy consumption, and adjustable workspace and has great application potential. Energy consumption of TBot is discussed, and the trajectory planning is studied with the genetic algorithm to further reduce the energy consumption, considering the influence of the passive spring. Finally, on the basis of 30% less energy consumption for the Adept Motion than Delta, extra 14.3% energy is saved through the trajectory planning of TBot.
Design of Microfabricated Mechanically Interlocking Metamaterials for Reworkable Heterogeneous Integration
Authors: Garcia Geoffrey A. , Wakumoto Kody , Brown Joseph J.
Published: September 2021

Next-generation interconnects utilizing mechanically interlocking structures enable permanent and reworkable joints between micro-electronic devices. Mechanical metamaterials, specifically dry adhesives, are an active area of research which allows for the joining of objects without traditional fasteners or adhesives, and in the case of chip integration, without solder. This paper focuses on reworkable joints that enable chips to be removed from their substrates to support reusable device prototyping and packaging, creating the possibility for eventual pick-and-place mechanical bonding of chips with no additional bonding steps required. Analytical models are presented and are verified through finite element analysis (FEA) assuming pure elastic behavior. Sliding contact conditions in FEA simplify consideration of several design variations but contribute ∼10% uncertainty relative to experiment, analysis, and point-loaded FEA. Two designs are presented; arrays of flat cantilevers have a bond strength of 6.3 kPa, and nonflat cantilevers have a strength of 29 kPa. Interlocking designs present self-aligning in-plane forces that emerge from translational perturbation from perfect alignment. Stresses exceeding the material yield stress during adhesion operations present a greater concern for repeatable operation of compliant interlocking joints and will require further study quantifying and accommodating plastic deformation. Designs joining a rigid array with a complementary compliant cantilever array preserve the condition of reworkability for the surface presenting the rigid array. Eventual realization of interconnect technology based on this study will provide a great improvement of functionality and adaptability in heterogeneous integration and microdevice packaging.
Wake Flow Measurements Behind Rotating Smooth Spheres and Baseballs Near Critical Reynolds Numbers
Authors: Rooney David M. , Mortimer Patrick , Tricouros Frank A. , Vaccaro John C.
Published: September 2021

The flow field behind spinning baseballs at two different seam orientations was investigated, and compared with a smooth sphere, to isolate effects of seams on the Magnus effect at Reynolds numbers of 5×104 and 1×105. The rotational speed of the three spheres varied from 0 to 2400 rpm, which are typical of spin rates imparted to a thrown baseball. These spin rates are represented nondimensionally as a relative spin rate relating the surface tangential velocity to the freestream velocity, and varied between 0 and 0.94. Mean velocity profiles, streamline patterns, and power spectral density of the velocity signals were taken using hot-wire anemometry and/or stereoscopic particle image velocimetry in the wake region. The sphere wake orientation changed over a range of relative spin rates, indicating an inverse Magnus effect. Vortex shedding at a Strouhal number of 0.25 was present on the sphere at low relative spin rates. However, the seams on the baseball prevented any consequential change in wake orientation and, at most spin rates, suppressed the shedding frequency exhibited by the sphere. Instead, frequencies corresponding to the seam rotation rates were observed in the wake flow. It was concluded that the so-called inverse Magnus effect recorded by previous investigators at specific combinations of Reynolds number and relative spin rate on a sphere exists for a smooth sphere or an axisymmetrically dimpled sphere but not for a baseball near critical Reynolds numbers, where the wake flow pattern is strongly influenced by the raised seams.
A Predictive Model for Galling Phenomenon and Its Applicability for Deep Drawing Processes
Authors: Karupannasamy D. K. , Kailas S. V. , Shankar S. , Sasikumar K. S. K.
Published: September 2021

Galling is a recurring phenomenon in deep drawing processes which requires frequent maintenance of tools to improve the product surface quality. Adhesive transfer of softer material on the hard tool surface results in sharp features which causes surface roughening of the tools and deterioration of deep drawn products. In this article, an adhesive wear model based on a deterministic approach is developed to predict the galling behavior in a deep drawing process. The model uses the surface topography, material properties and contact conditions to predict the surface roughening of tool surfaces under perfectly plastic conditions. The adhesive transfer of material is considered by the growth of the asperities based on its geometry for the increase in height and radial direction by preserving the original shape and volume consistency. The results of the multi-asperity models show the growth of the transfer layer and its effects due to load, sliding cycle, sliding distance, and affinity of the materials. The results show the influence of the above-said parameters and its applicability for deep drawing process conditions. The simulated results show an 85% level of confidence in comparison with the experiments from literature for the prediction of the surface evolution due to the galling mechanism.
Stiffness Compensation Through Matching Buckling Loads in a Compliant Four-Bar Mechanism
Authors: Numić A. , Blad T.W.A. , van Keulen F.
Published: September 2021

In this paper, a novel alternative method of stiffness compensation in buckled mechanisms is investigated. This method involves the use of critical load matching, i.e., matching the first two buckling loads of a mechanism. An analytical simply supported five-bar linkage model consisting of three rigid links, a prismatic slider joint, and four torsion springs in the revolute joints is proposed for the analysis of this method. It is found that the first two buckling loads are exactly equal when the two grounded springs are three times stiffer than the two ungrounded springs. The force–deflection characteristic of this linkage architecture showed statically balanced behavior in both symmetric and asymmetric actuation. Using modal analysis, it was shown that the sum of the decomposed strain energy per buckling mode is constant throughout the motion range for this architecture. An equivalent lumped-compliant mechanism is designed; finite element and experimental analysis showed near-zero actuation forces, verifying that critical load matching may be used to achieve significant stiffness compensation in buckled mechanisms.
Pool Boiling Heat Transfer Enhancement Using Perforated Twisted Tape Fins
Authors: Joshi Parimesh , Patil Anil Kumar , Kumar Manoj
Published: September 2021

The application of twisted tape fins (TTFs) showed a considerable enhancement in pool boiling heat flux. The present study experimentally investigates the effect of solid and perforated TTFs on pool boiling of water by varying the twist ratio (y) and perforation index (PI) from 3 to 4.3 and 5 to 10, respectively. An arrangement of five TTFs with a twist ratio of 3 showed 18.6% enhancement as compared to the plain surface where an arrangement of five perforated TTFs having a PI of 7 and twist ratio of 3 showed a maximum enhancement of 28.7%.
Multivariate Design and Analysis of Aircraft Heat Exchanger Under Multiple Working Conditions Within Flight Envelope
Authors: Liu Qihang , Xu Guoqiang , Wen Jie , Fu Yanchen , Zhuang Laihe , Dong Bensi
Published: September 2021

This paper presents a multi-condition design method for the aircraft heat exchanger (HEX), marking with lightweight, compactness, and wide range of working conditions. The quasi-traversal genetic algorithm (QT-GA) method is introduced to obtain the optimal values of five structural parameters including the height, the tube diameter, the tube pitch, and the tube rows. The QT-GA method solves the deficiency of the conventional GA in the convergence, and gives a clear correlation between design variables and outputs. Pressure drops, heat transfer, and the weight of the HEX are combined in a single objective function of GA in the HEX design, thus the optimal structure of the HEX suitable for all the working conditions can be directly obtained. After optimization, the weight of the HEX is reduced to 2.250 kg, more than 20% lower than a common weight of around 3 kg. Based on the optimal structure, the off-design performance of the HEX is further analyzed. Results show that the extreme working conditions for the heat transfer and the pressure drops are not consistent. It proves the advance of the multi-condition design method over the traditional single-condition design method. In general, the proposed QT-GA design method is an efficient way to solve the multi-condition problems related to the aircraft HEX or other energy systems.
A Comparative Study of Multiple Regression and Machine Learning Techniques for Prediction of Nanofluid Heat Transfer
Authors: Kocak Eyup , Aylı Ece , Turkoglu Hasmet
Published: September 2021

The aim of this article is to introduce and discuss prediction power of the multiple regression technique, artificial neural network (ANN), and adaptive neuro-fuzzy interface system (ANFIS) methods for predicting the forced convection heat transfer characteristics of a turbulent nanofluid flow in a pipe. Water and Al2O3 mixture is used as the nanofluid. Utilizing fluent software, numerical computations were performed with volume fraction ranging between 0.3% and 5%, particle diameter ranging between 20 and 140 nm, and Reynolds number ranging between 7000 and 21,000. Based on the computationally obtained results, a correlation is developed for the Nusselt number using the multiple regression method. Also, based on the computational fluid dynamics results, different ANN architectures with different number of neurons in the hidden layers and several training algorithms (Levenberg–Marquardt, Bayesian regularization, scaled conjugate gradient) are tested to find the best ANN architecture. In addition, ANFIS is also used to predict the Nusselt number. In the ANFIS, number of clusters, exponential factor, and membership function (MF) type are optimized. The results obtained from multiple regression correlation, ANN, and ANFIS were compared. According to the obtained results, ANFIS is a powerful tool with a R2 of 0.9987 for predictions.