bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of single water adsorption on the bond order of calcium silicates and its implication for hydration variation
Authors: Qi Chongchong , Xu Xinhang , Wu Mengting , Chen Qiusong
Published: January 2022

The differences in hydration between β‐C2S and M3‐C3S, the main phases of silicate cement, have not been fully investigated. In this study, density functional theory calculations were used to investigate the structure and bond order of β‐C2S and M3‐C3S before and after the molecular and dissociative adsorption of single water atoms. The unit cell of M3‐C3S was found to have some O atoms with lower bond orders than those in β‐C2S, implying higher chemical reactivity of O atoms in M3‐C3S. The total bond orders of water atoms generally decreased after molecular adsorption, but reductions were minimal, and there were even increases, when the hydrogen bonding among H and surface O atoms was very weak in several M3‐C3S surfaces. In the case of dissociative adsorption, the bond orders of water O–H hydroxyl tended to increase, and the other bond orders among water atoms decreased sharply, even to zero in some cases. Moreover, the bond order variations of water atoms of β‐C2S and M3‐C3S in molecular adsorption were highly correlated with the adsorption energy, with correlation coefficients of 0.9070 and 0.8330, respectively. In both molecular and dissociative adsorption of β‐C2S and M3‐C3S, the total bond order among Ca atoms with other surface atoms decreased after the Ca atoms adsorbed water atoms. This phenomenon also appeared in the dissociative adsorption of surface O atoms. In M3‐C3S, the total strength of the surface O atom bonded to other surface atoms after dissociative adsorption was similar to the strength of the surface O–H hydroxyl bond. The special O atoms in M3‐C3S showed a clear layered arrangement on the surfaces. In the case of dissociative adsorption, H atoms were preferentially adsorbed to special O atoms in the surface layer.
Annual Research Review: Translational machine learning for child and adolescent psychiatry
Authors: Dwyer Dominic , Koutsouleris Nikolaos
Published: January 2022

Children and adolescents could benefit from the use of predictive tools that facilitate personalized diagnoses, prognoses, and treatment selection. Such tools have not yet been deployed using traditional statistical methods, potentially due to the limitations of the paradigm and the need to leverage large amounts of digital data. This review will suggest that a machine learning approach could address these challenges and is designed to introduce new readers to the background, methods, and results in the field. A rationale is first introduced followed by an outline of fundamental elements of machine learning approaches. To provide an overview of the use of the techniques in child and adolescent literature, a scoping review of broad trends is then presented. Selected studies are also highlighted in order to draw attention to research areas that are closest to translation and studies that exhibit a high degree of experimental innovation. Limitations to the research, and machine learning approaches generally, are outlined in the penultimate section highlighting issues related to sample sizes, validation, clinical utility, and ethical challenges. Finally, future directions are discussed that could enhance the possibility of clinical implementation and address specific questions relevant to the child and adolescent psychiatry. The review gives a broad overview of the machine learning paradigm in order to highlight the benefits of a shift in perspective towards practically oriented statistical solutions that aim to improve clinical care of children and adolescents.
ADHD in girls and women: a call to action – reflections on Hinshaw et al. (2021)
Authors: Chronis‐Tuscano Andrea
Published: January 2022

This is a commentary on Hinshaw, Nguyen, O’Grady & Rosenthal’s ‘ADHD in Girls and Women: Underrepresentation, Longitudinal Processes, and Key Directions’, which reviews the empirical literature on female‐specific impairments, mechanisms and developmental pathways. Having conducted one of the most prominent and informative longitudinal investigations of girls with and without ADHD, Hinshaw et al. (2021) provide a compelling synthesis of their findings, highlighting research and clinical priorities. In this commentary, I highlight the pernicious effects of unrecognized and untreated ADHD in girls and women, challenges of making an accurate differential diagnosis and the need to raise awareness among health professionals, educators and parents about the clinical presentation of girls with ADHD in order to achieve earlier identification and intervention that can interrupt the developmental trajectory to widespread impairment, comorbidity and, in some cases, devastating outcomes.
Biology of human milk oligosaccharides: From basic science to clinical evidence
Authors: Sprenger Norbert , Tytgat Hanne L. P. , Binia Aristea , Austin Sean , Singhal Atul
Published: January 2022

Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) have been researched by scientists for over 100 years, driven by the substantial evidence for the nutritional and health benefits of mother's milk. Yet research has truly bloomed during the last decade, thanks to progress in biotechnology, which has allowed the production of large amounts of bona fide HMOs. The availability of HMOs has been particularly crucial for the renewed interest in HMO research because of the low abundance or even absence of HMOs in farmed animal milk. This interest is reflected in the increasing number of original research publications and reviews on HMOs. Here, we provide an overview and critical discussion on structure–function relations of HMOs that highlight why they are such interesting and important components of human milk. Clinical observations in breastfed infants backed by basic research from animal models provide guidance as to what physiological roles for HMOs are to be expected. From an evidence‐based nutrition viewpoint, we discuss the current data supporting the clinical relevance of specific HMOs based on randomised placebo‐controlled clinical intervention trials in formula‐fed infants.
Households' Balance Sheets and the Effect of Fiscal Policy
Authors: ANDRÉS JAVIER , BOSCÁ JOSÉ E. , FERRI JAVIER , FUENTES‐ALBERO CRISTINA
Published: January 2022

Using households' balance‐sheet composition in the Panel Survey of Income Dynamics, we identify six household types. Since 1999, there has been a decline in the share of patient households and an increase in the share of impatient households with negative wealth. Using a six‐agent New Keynesian model with search and matching frictions, we explore how changes in households' shares affect the transmission of government spending shocks. We show that the relative share of households in the left tail of the wealth distribution plays a key role in the aggregate marginal propensity to consume, the magnitude of fiscal multipliers, and the distributional consequences of government spending shocks. While the output and consumption multipliers are positively correlated with the share of households with negative wealth, the size of the employment multiplier is negatively correlated. Moreover, our calibrated model can deliver jobless fiscal expansions.
Tectonothermal transition from continental collision to post‐collision: Insights from eclogites overprinted in the ultrahigh‐temperature granulite facies (Yadong region, central Himalaya)
Authors: Wu Chenguang , Zhang Lifei , Li Qingyun , Bader Thomas , Wang Yang , Fu Bin
Published: January 2022

Eclogites and granulites are fossil records of orogenies and provide crucial evidence of geodynamic processes. Incomplete knowledge on both hampers the establishment of detailed tectonothermal models for the central Himalaya. Utilizing detailed petrography, pseudosection modelling, mineral thermometers, and zircon petrochronology, the granulitized eclogites discovered firstly at Yadong region at the southern tip of the Yadong–Gulu Rift record five metamorphic stages. The epidote–amphibole eclogite facies metamorphism (M1) is preserved in the garnet core including the relics of omphacite. The peak eclogite facies metamorphism (M2) is represented by the garnet rim and melt‐related polymineralic inclusions. From M1 to M2, the eclogites experienced a prograde path from 1.7 GPa/620°C to 2.1 GPa/750–770°C. The clockwise pressure–temperature path, the occurrence as coherent layers in gneiss, and zircon U–Pb dating imply that the Indian crust subducted to a maximum depth of ~60 km in the central Himalaya, close to the Moho of southern Lhasa block at c. 17 Ma. Afterwards, the exhumation started with decompressional heating. In the high‐pressure granulite facies metamorphism (M3), almost all the omphacite broke down to the symplectites of diopside and plagioclase. The subsequent two‐pyroxene granulite facies metamorphism (M4) is characterized by the intergrowth of clinopyroxenes and orthopyroxenes, high‐Ti amphibole, and antiperthite. The exhumed eclogites eventually reached ultrahigh‐temperature conditions of ~0.8 GPa/950–1,000°C in M4 and were near completely transformed into mafic granulites. At the final stage, these granulitized eclogites cooled in the middle crust to amphibolite facies (M5) of 0.6 GPa/700–750°C. Given the spatio‐temporal consistencies between the granulitized eclogites, post‐collisional magmatism, and north‐trending rifts, the heat source of the ultrahigh‐temperature metamorphism was attributed to the upwelling of asthenospheric mantle due to slab tear of subducted Indian lithosphere. The granulitized eclogites from Yadong evolved from the high‐pressure eclogite to the ultrahigh‐temperature granulite facies, which recorded the transitions from collisional convergence to post‐collisional extension during their exhumation.
Effective of a novel technique for sensitive skin treatment with optimal pulse technology: A clinical study
Authors: Yuan Jiachen , Gao Yang , Li Zhouna , Nan Meilan , Liu Jian , Jin Zhehu , Jin Chenglong
Published: January 2022

Background and Aims

Photomodulation is a non‐photothermal effect that mobilizes energy and regulates cell activity at the mitochondrial level, and has been used to treat sensitive skin (SS) in recent years. Based on the photomodulated effect of optimal pulse technology (OPT), we developed a novel treatment mode (advanced OPT with low energy, three pulses, long pulse width, AOPT‐LTL) for the treatment of facial SS and evaluated its effectiveness.

Methods

A total of thirty Chinese women with SS were included in this study. Patients were received different times of AOPT‐LTL treatment with an interval of 2 to 4 weeks depending on the severity. Clinical improvement was evaluated by comparing baseline and post‐treatment photographs. In addition, the skin objective signs and subjective symptoms, as well as adverse events and patient satisfaction were also analyzed and tabulated.

Results

All included patients completed the treatment and follow‐up period. After one course of treatment, 76.7% of patients had a Symptom Score Reducing Index (SSRI) >20%, suggesting that the treatment was effective. Within two courses of treatment, all patients had SSRI >20%, demonstrating significant improvement in skin sensitivity. The analysis of clinical photographs showed that facial dryness, desquamation, flushing, and skin color significantly improved, capillary density decreased, the dilated capillaries were retracted. During the treatment period, no obvious adverse reactions occurred in any patients, and the patients’ satisfaction was high.

Conclusions

This novel technique of AOPT‐LTL might be an effective and safe modality for the treatment of SS.
The Influence of Sociocultural Beliefs on Adolescents’ Moral and Tolerance Evaluations Toward Corruption
Authors: Martínez Cristhian A. , Posada Roberto
Published: January 2022

In the present research, we examine how sociocultural beliefs facilitate more positive and tolerant evaluations toward corruption. Ninety‐six adolescents from 6th grade (M = 11.9 years), 11th grade (M = 16.6 years), and college (M = 20.5 years), from Colombia—a country with high levels of corruption—evaluated how morally right and acceptable were bribery and nepotism across a baseline condition without sociocultural information, and three experimental conditions including sociocultural beliefs about illegality, institutional illegitimacy, and survival. Results suggest that compared to the baseline, the sociocultural beliefs in the three experimental conditions lead to more positive and tolerant evaluations, and less severity and more acceptability towards corruption in different degrees. Implications for moral reasoning about corruption are discussed.
Participation in (non)salient linguistic change over the lifespan: An examination of panel speakers’ life stories
Authors: Mougeon Raymond , Rehner Katherine , Mougeon Françoise
Published: January 2022

This paper addresses linguistic change over the lifespan by examining two cases of variation in the speech of the minority Francophone community of Welland, Ontario: (i) consequence markersso, fait que, alors, anddonc(“therefore”) and (ii) markers of restrictionjuste,seulement que, (r)ien que, and (ne…)que(“only”). Using two sociolinguistic corpora collected 40 years apart, this paper first examines the impact of social factors on both cases at the community level, revealing thatsoandjusteare rising at the expense of their competitors, and documenting differences in the speed of each rise and in the social marking of the rising variant. Second, it examines whether 12 speakers recorded in both corpora are participating in each rise, revealing important interindividual differences, including, for some, patterns of age‐grading that go against the community trends. Explanations for these patterns are linked to the 12 speakers’ sociolinguistic life stories.
Health of children in Australian immigration detention centres: An analysis of the quarterly health reports from 2014 to 2017
Authors: Essex Ryan , Kalocsányiová Erika , Scott James G , Pacella Rosana
Published: January 2022

Aim

This study examines 3 years of child and adolescent health data from Australian onshore and offshore immigration detention centres from 2014 to 2017, quantifying the health presentation data of children and adolescents in Australian immigration detention and comparing rates between onshore and offshore detention.

Methods

This study utilised the Quarterly Immigration Detention Health Reports over a period of 3 years. To compare onshore and offshore datasets, we calculated the rate of health events per quarter against the estimated quarterly onshore and offshore detention population of children. We ran a series of two‐proportion z‐tests for each matched quarter to calculate median z and P values for all quarters. These were used as an indicator as to whether the observed differences between onshore and offshore events were statistically significant.

Results

The estimated number of children detained per quarter onshore ranged from 700 in 2014 (quarter 3) to 13 in 2016 (quarters 3 and 4); the estimated quarterly population of children in offshore detention ranged from 186 in 2014 (quarter 3) to 42 in 2017 (quarter 2). Children offshore had significantly higher rates of consultations with a mental health nurse (z = −1.96; P = 0.002), psychologist (z = −2.32; P = 0.01) and counsellor (z = −3.41; P < 0.001). As for reasons for presentation to general practitioners and psychiatrists, complaints related to skin (z = −1.97; P = 0.05), respiratory issues (z = −1.96; P = 0.05) and urological issues (z = −2.21; P = 0.03) were significantly higher amongst children detained offshore.

Conclusions

Compared to children in the Australian community, children detained both onshore and offshore had greater health needs. Children offshore also presented more frequently with a range of complaints and accessed health services at higher rates than children detained onshore; this adds to growing evidence about the harms of offshore detention and detention more generally.
Serum haptoglobin concentration and liver enzyme activity as indicators of systemic inflammatory response syndrome and survival of sick calves
Authors: Jaramillo Camilo , Renaud David L. , Arroyo Luis G. , Kenney Daniel G. , Gamsjaeger Lisa , Gomez Diego E.
Published: January 2022

Background

Increased concentration of haptoglobin (Hp) in serum is associated with survival of critically ill humans and horses. High serum activity of liver‐derived enzyme is associated with sepsis in children and foals.

Hypothesis/Objectives

Investigate whether admission serum Hp and glutamic dehydrogenase (GLDH) are associated with systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and survival of sick calves.

Animals

One hundred two calves.

Methods

Retrospective cross‐sectional study. Electronic medical records from all calves <30 days of age admitted to a teaching hospital for 8 years were reviewed. The signalment, clinicopathological findings, the presence of SIRS, final diagnosis, hospitalization time and outcome were recorded. A Cox proportional hazard ratio (HzR) were calculated to assess the association between clinicopathological variables and survival to discharge.

Results

Serum Hp concentrations were similar between SIRS (0.29 g/L; range, 0.05‐3.6) and non‐SIRS calves (0.22 g/L; range, 0‐4.2; P = .62). GLDH activity was similar between SIRS (12 U/L; range, 1‐1025) and non‐SIRS calves (9 U/L; range, 2‐137; P = .2). Absent suckle reflex (HzR: 6.44, 95% CI: 1.44‐28.86), heart rate (HR) < 100 beats per minute (bpm; HzR: 12.2; 95% CI: 2.54‐58.62), HR > 140 bpm (HzR: 3.59, 95% CI: 1.05‐12.33), neutrophil count <1.7 × 109/L (HzR: 7.36; 95% CI: 2.03‐26.66) and increased gamma‐glutamyl transferase activity (every 50‐unit, HzR: 1.12; 95% CI: 1.03‐1.21) were predictive of nonsurvival.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

The use of Hp and GLDH for prediction of survival in sick calves cannot be recommended at this time.
Pumas Puma concolor as ecological brokers: a review of their biotic relationships
Authors: LaBarge Laura R. , Evans Michael J. , Miller Jennifer R. B. , Cannataro Gillian , Hunt Christian , Elbroch L. Mark
Published: January 2022

The puma Puma concolor is the fourth largest wild felid and the most widespread native terrestrial mammal of the Americas. We synthesised published literature documenting the biotic interactions of pumas, in order to: 1) advance our understanding of the ecological roles pumas play in natural systems, and 2) support strategic decision‐making about conservation investments, public education, and whole‐ecosystem conservation management.

We divided puma biotic interactions into five categories: 1) diet and prey regulation, 2) fear effects on prey (including trophic cascades), 3) effects via carrion production, 4) effects on other carnivores, and 5) ecosystem services. We reviewed 162 studies that met our search criteria, which described 543 ecological interactions between pumas and 485 other species.

Puma diet and prey regulation was the most common research topic. The geographic distribution of research was highly skewed towards the USA and Canada, and research in Tropical moist forests was underrepresented. We found a steep increase in the number of scientific publications exploring the biotic interactions associated with pumas over time, but publications that reported effect sizes or measured the strength of interactions did not increase as quickly. We noted numerous gaps in our knowledge of puma biotic interactions and found few well‐controlled studies of prey fear effects, trophic cascades, or ecosystem services.

We conclude that pumas are influential ecological actors in natural systems and important brokers of energy and nutrients throughout ecosystems in the Western Hemisphere, linking disparate species from many trophic levels. Ultimately, we found evidence for investing in and prioritising the protection and restoration of puma populations to conserve biodiversity in the Americas.
Comparative analysis of the orange versus yellow petal of rapeseed (Brassica napus) using UPLC‐HESI‐MS/MS and transcriptome analysis
Authors: Wang Yanhua , Shen Shulin , Yin Nengwen , Liu Haidong , Du Dezhi , Li Jiana
Published: January 2022

The petal colour of rapeseed plants is usually yellow but can range from milky white to orange or pink, making petal colour a popular target in rapeseed breeding programmes. In this study, metabolites and RNA were extracted from the yellow (Bn‐Y) and orange (Bn‐O) petal colour lines in rapeseed. Chromatography analysis, RNA‐Seq and quantitative RT‐PCR analysis were conducted. A total of 89 differential metabolites including 64 down‐regulated and 25 up‐regulated metabolites were identified in the petals of orange versus yellow rapeseed by UHPLC‐ESI‐MS/MS. A total of 168 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected in the petals of Bn‐O versus Bn‐Y plants. KEGG functional annotation and quantitative RT‐PCR analysis showed that BnaC08g39510D and BnaA09g10680D expression was significantly higher in orange petals than in yellow and that BnaC09g07880D and BnaC09g08690D were strongly expressed in yellow petals but were not expressed in orange petals. These results will be useful for further understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying petal colour and provide the theoretical and practical basis for breeding varieties with colourful petals.
Nuclear and peroxisomal targeting of catalase
Authors: Al‐Hajaya Yousef , Karpinska Barbara , Foyer Christine H. , Baker Alison
Published: January 2022

Catalase is a well‐known component of the cellular antioxidant network, but there have been conflicting conclusions reached regarding the nature of its peroxisome targeting signal. It has also been reported that catalase can be hijacked to the nucleus by effector proteins of plant pathogens. Using a physiologically relevant system where native untagged catalase variants are expressed in a cat2‐1 mutant background, the C terminal most 18 amino acids could be deleted without affecting activity, peroxisomal targeting or ability to complement multiple phenotypes of the cat2‐1 mutant. In contrast, converting the native C terminal tripeptide PSI to the canonical PTS1 sequence ARL resulted in lower catalase specific activity. Localisation experiments using split superfolder green fluorescent protein revealed that catalase can be targeted to the nucleus in the absence of any pathogen effectors, and that C terminal tagging in combination with alterations of the native C terminus can interfere with nuclear localisation. These findings provide fundamental new insights into catalase targeting and pave the way for exploration of the mechanism of catalase targeting to the nucleus and its role in non‐infected plants.
Attachment anxiety, tracking accuracy, and biased memory of prior relationship evaluations
Authors: Chang Valerie T. , Overall Nickola C.
Published: January 2022

Current and recent relationship evaluations offer important information about the strength and stability of relationships. The diagnostic value of relationship evaluations should motivate people to accurately recall recent changes in relationship quality (tracking accuracy) but may also increase sensitivity to times of low relationship quality (directional bias). Such a vigilant pattern of tracking accuracy and negatively biased memories of relationship quality should be amplified for those high in attachment anxiety. The current study used repeated assessments to compare memories of relationship quality across several weeks with actual evaluations of relationship quality gathered in prior weeks (787 weekly reports, N = 113, 94% women). People high in attachment anxiety more accurately tracked the ups and downs of past relationship quality, but also remembered times of low relationship quality to be lower than actually reported. People high in attachment anxiety also experienced greater depressed moods across weeks when they remembered their relationship quality more negatively. These results have important implications for understanding inconsistencies in prior research and the links between attachment anxiety and depressed mood.
Implementing public health nursing training for Ireland's National Healthy Childhood Programme
Authors: Mulcahy Helen , Brennan Carmel , Pardy Anne , McCormack Brenda , Heslin Julie
Published: January 2022

Public health nurses (PHNs) in Ireland provide preventative child health. An evidence‐based National Healthy Childhood Program (NHCP) has been in development since 2016. The final program implementation, including training all PHNs coincided with the Covid‐19 pandemic.

Objective

To describe implementation and evaluation of a blended training program for PHNs

Design

The evaluation used quantitative and qualitative methods underpinned by an implementation science framework to assess the training program. The three‐phase blended training was led by a Training and Resources implementation team. Data from a national cohort of PHNs (n = 1671) who completed training were descriptively analysed.

Results

The majority of PHNs completed a suite of four online units (phase 1), as well as self‐directed and asynchronous content in phase 2. Results of phase 2 indicated it met participant needs in terms of knowledge but outstanding needs in terms of skills remained. Phase 3 (a modified Face to Face Clinical Skills Review) was completed by 1671 PHNs over a 5‐month period in 2020. Evaluation was very positive in terms of organisation and usefulness for practice.

Conclusions

Despite challenges the NHCP training implementation goals were met. A well‐designed blended learning training program met service delivery imperatives and PHN needs.
Policy composition and adoption duration: Capturing conflict in the legislative process
Authors: Chen Catherine , Heikkila Tanya , Weible Christopher M. , Yordy Jill , Yi Hongtao , Berardo Ramiro , Kagan Jennifer
Published: January 2022

The way in which public policies are composed may lead to conflicts that manifest in an extended policymaking duration. This paper explores the associations between policy composition and the relative duration for policies to be adopted in 15 U.S. state legislatures. We treat policy passage duration as an indicator of policy conflicts in the legislative process. We adapt the institutional grammar tool (IGT) to examine how 168 oil and gas development policies are composed and gauge the association between the content of these policies and the speed of their adoption. We find policies that are more stringent, contain more constitutive rules, target issues related to oil and gas operations or tax and finance take relatively longer to pass. These findings offer theoretical insights into the relationships between policy composition and policy adoption duration. They also provide methodological insights on measuring policy design components using a semi‐automated application of the IGT.
People Performance Scales (PPS): A multi‐company, cross‐sectional psychometric assessment
Authors: Gottenborg Simon , Hoff Thomas , Rydstedt Leif , Øvergård Kjell Ivar
Published: January 2022

This study aims to test the nomological validity of the People Performance Scales (PPS) using the job demands‐resources (JD‐R) model. All employees at two large companies in Norway (a governmental agency and a worker’s union) were invited to complete the PPS questionnaire electronically. A total of 2,469 respondents completed the questionnaire, resulting in an 87 percent response rate. Data was analyzed Structural Equation Modelling. First, all 15 scales included in the PPS showed excellent internal and construct validity. PPS was also found to have configural‐, construct‐level metric‐ and scale‐level metric invariance across age groups and genders. Second, findings indicate that the PPS can be used for both research and consultancy based upon the JD‐R model, while simultaneously assessing constructs of particular importance in Norwegian and Scandinavian legislation. The PPS represents a short and efficient questionnaire which measures the most relevant working environment constructs in a reliable and distinct way. The questionnaire has great psychometric characteristics and is well suited for use in organizations to measure employees' experience of working environment factors, allowing organizations to identify areas of improvement and to support organizational development.
Pregnancy in underweight women: implications, management and outcomes
Authors: Burnie Robert , Golob Edward , Clarke Sonji
Published: January 2022

Key Content

Despite attention on obesity in pregnancy, within the UK and globally, many women enter pregnancy underweight. There remains a paucity of evidence‐based guidance on the optimal care of these women.

Maternal underweight is associated with low birthweight and preterm birth, both spontaneous and iatrogenic, but appropriate gestational weight gain may mitigate low body mass index (BMI).

Although being underweight may be protective against several antenatal and intrapartum complications, low BMI can be related to underlying organic disease and/or eating disorders, or there may be modifiable lifestyle factors that should be addressed in pregnancy.

BMI at booking should assist as a screening tool. Body image, genetic, socioeconomic and cultural factors may affect BMI, making underweight women a heterogeneous group requiring individualised assessment.

Learning Objectives

To understand the associations of low BMI in pregnancy and its impact on maternal and fetal outcomes.

To understand the antenatal care of underweight women, including nutritional advice and when additional fetal surveillance is required.

To understand the heterogeneity of underlying causes of low BMI in pregnancy and the importance of gestational weight gain.

Ethical Issues

Beware making assumptions about different ethnicities that will interfere with offering the most appropriate care.

Low BMI that is not managed as a risk issue during pregnancy is an avoidable cause of low birthweight and preterm birth.

Women presenting with low BMI may have features in their history, such as certain mental health disorders, that mean they should be referred for safeguarding as a vulnerable adult. The unborn child and other children may also need assessment.
Investigation of procalcitonin and beta‐defensin2 in the serum and feces of dogs with acute diarrhea
Authors: Neumann Stephan , Steingräber Lilith , Herold Lisa
Published: January 2022

Background

Acute diarrhea is a common clinical condition where clinical parameters are used to assess disease severity, course, and prognosis.

Objectives

The aim of this study was to investigate procalcitonin (PCT) and beta‐defensin2 (Bdef2) as biomarkers for disease severity, course, and prognosis of dogs with acute diarrhea.

Methods

Dogs with acute diarrhea (enteritis group [EG], n = 35) were compared with 30 healthy controls. The dogs in the EG were scored using the Canine Acute Diarrhea Severity (CADS) index and grouped by bacterial fecal culture results. Procalcitonin and Bdef2 were analyzed in serum and feces.

Results

Dogs with acute diarrhea showed higher serum PCT concentrations (P < 0.0001) and lower fecal Bdef2 concentrations (P = 0.0001) than unaffected dogs. Serum PCT was moderately and positively related to the extent of disease classified by the CADS score. Dogs with Clostridium perfringens or hemolyzing Escherichia coli as predominant pathogen had increased serum Bdef2 concentrations (P < 0.01). Differentiation between uncomplicated (≤3 days) and complicated (>3 days) disease courses, determined by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, resulted in a sensitivity of 0.74 and a specificity of 0.69 for serum PCT at a cutoff of 3.9 ng/mL. The serum PCT and fecal Bdef2 quotient resulted in a sensitivity of 0.80 and a specificity of 0.92, with a cutoff of 80.5.

Conclusions

The results of the present study indicate that PCT and Bdef2 are potential biomarkers that can provide information on the severity, course, and prognosis of acute diarrhea in dogs.
Management of agricultural saline drainage using system dynamics approach
Authors: Nozari Hamed , Liaghat Abdol Majid , Azadi Saeed
Published: January 2022

Agricultural drainage water quality changes over time until it reaches a balance. In areas with shallow and saline groundwater, it might take several years to reach a balance. In such cases, knowledge of the quantity and quality of drainage water is necessary to manage it. The drainage water generated must then be managed for reuse purposes where it is of suitable quality and is finally discharged or disposed of. In this paper, the system dynamics technique was used to manage this drainage water. The study used the system dynamic programming tool VENSIM. The model developed in this study is capable of managing drainage water by combination of existing solutions such as mixture of irrigation water, used for downstream and cultivation of salt tolerant plants, used for irrigation of salt‐friendly plant, discharged into a river and discharged to evaporation ponds, simultaneously. The model was run using actual data for Khuzestan Province of Iran. The results showed that the model could be an opportunity for the design and management of drainage systems.
ZnO‐based composite catalysts for photocatalytic degradation of reactive black 5, and the optimization of process parameters
Authors: Shokati fard Elahe , Baseri Hadi
Published: January 2022

Dye contaminated wastewaters show serious harm to the environment, and therefore, they have been becoming the focus of environmental protection and scientific research. In this study, the removal of reactive black dye from the contaminated solution was investigated by photo Fenton‐like degradation process using ZnO‐based composite catalysts. Ag/ZnO and Fe2O3/zeolite/ZnO composites show the more efficient catalysts with degradation efficiencies of about 99%. The effects of four different process parameters on the degradation efficiency of reactive black dye, and the simultaneous interactions between the parameters were investigated using the Box–Behnken design (BBD) of response surface method (RSM). Maximum removal efficiency of 99% is obtained in pH = 3, dye concentration of 10 ppm, 0.05‐g dose of catalyst and 40°C reaction temperature. The removal efficiency of Fe2O3/zeolite/ZnO catalyst after four replicating experiments is 63%. Based on the reported results, the prepared catalyst can be used efficiently in the wastewater treatment industries.
Nutrient timing and metabolic regulation
Authors: Smith Harry A. , Betts James A.
Published: January 2022

Daily (circadian) rhythms coordinate our physiology and behaviour with regular environmental changes. Molecular clocks in peripheral tissues (e.g. liver, skeletal muscle and adipose) give rise to rhythms in macronutrient metabolism, appetite regulation and the components of energy balance such that our bodies can align the periodic delivery of nutrients with ongoing metabolic requirements. The timing of meals both in absolute terms (i.e. relative to clock time) and in relative terms (i.e. relative to other daily events) is therefore relevant to metabolism and health. Experimental manipulation of feeding–fasting cycles can advance understanding of the effect of absolute and relative timing of meals on metabolism and health. Such studies have extended the overnight fast by regular breakfast omission and revealed that morning fasting can alter the metabolic response to subsequent meals later in the day, whilst also eliciting compensatory behavioural responses (i.e. reduced physical activity). Similarly, restricting energy intake via alternate‐day fasting also has the potential to elicit a compensatory reduction in physical activity, and so can undermine weight‐loss efforts (i.e. to preserve body fat stores). Interrupting the usual overnight fast (and therefore also the usual sleep cycle) by nocturnal feeding has also been examined and further research is needed to understand the importance of this period for either nutritional intervention or nutritional withdrawal. In summary, it is important for dietary guidelines for human health to consider nutrient timing (i.e.whenwe eat) alongside the conventional focus on nutrient quantity and nutrient quality (i.e.how muchwe eat andwhatwe eat).

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A Polynomial-Chaos-Based Multifidelity Approach to the Efficient Uncertainty Quantification of Online Simulations of Automotive Propulsion Systems
Authors: Yang Hang , Gorodetsky Alex , Fujii Yuji , Wang K. W.
Published: January 2022

As a result of the increasing system complexity and more strict performance requirements, intelligent and robust decision-making and control capabilities are of great importance for future automotive propulsion systems. Due to the significant uncertainties from both unavoidable modeling errors and probabilistic environmental disturbances, the ability to quantify the effect of these uncertainties on system behaviors plays a crucial role in enabling advanced control designs in the future for propulsion systems. However, quantifying uncertainties in complex nonlinear systems can cause significant computational burdens. Given the limited computing power on-board a vehicle, developing algorithms with high enough efficiency to quantify uncertainties in automotive propulsion systems in real-time is a major challenge. Traditional uncertainty quantification methods for complicated nonlinear systems, such as Monte Carlo, often rely on sampling — a computationally prohibitive process in many applications. Previous research has shown promises in using spectral decomposition methods such as generalized polynomial chaos to reduce the online computational cost of uncertainty quantification. However, such method suffers from poor scalability and bias issues. In this article, we seek to alleviate these computational bottlenecks by using a multifidelity approach that utilizes Control Variate to combine generalized polynomial chaos with Monte Carlo. Results on the mean, variance, and skewness estimations of vehicle axle shaft torque show that the proposed method corrects the bias caused by Polynomial Chaos expansions while significantly reducing the overall estimator variance compared to that of a conventional Monte Carlo estimator.
A Theoretical Model to Predict Contact Electrification
Authors: Yun Hang , He Ren
Published: January 2022

Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) are widely applied to latest nanogenerators which are based on contact electrification (CE). In order to predict the working process of TENGs effectively, this paper proposes a dynamics model to simulate the dynamic mechanism of CE. Taking Fe and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) as contact materials, the field emission under a strong electric field could occur when the interface distance is small enough. The transferred charges in steady state and the differences of interface barrier are calculated by self-consistent field (SCF) method. The molecular dynamics (MD) simulation is carried out under the contact pressure and electric field. The structure results of MD simulation and the electric fields obtained by SCF calculation are the input parameters for each other which run alternately. According to dynamic interface distances and the differences of interface barrier, the dynamic transferred charges can be finally predicted by tunnel current density. The results reveal that the amounts of transferred electrons are positively corresponded to the external pressure and the energy conversion efficiency will reach the extreme value when the pressure is near 130 MPa.
Amplification of Lamb-Wave Detection via Fiber Bragg Gratings Using Ultrasonic Horns
Authors: Wang Chia-Fu , Wee Junghyun , Peters Kara
Published: January 2022

Fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors are often applied as Lamb wave detectors for structural health monitoring (SHM) systems. Analyzing the measured signal for the identification of structural damage requires a high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) because of the low-amplitude Lamb waves. This paper applies a two-dimensional ultrasonic horn between the structure and a remotely bonded FBG sensor to increase the amplitudes of the measured signal. Experimentally we test a variety of ultrasonic geometries and demonstrate a 100% increase in the measured ultrasonic signal amplitude using a metallic ultrasonic horn with step-down geometry. A bonding procedure for the combined ultrasonic horn and optical fiber is also developed that produces repeatable signal measurements. For some horn geometries, an additional vibration signal at the Lamb wave excitation frequency is observed in the measurements. Laser Doppler vibrometry (LDV) measurements and finite element analysis demonstrate that the signal is due to the natural vibration of the horn. The experimental results demonstrate that using an aluminum ultrasonic horn to focus wave is an excellent method to increase the sensitivity of the FBG to the small amplitude Lamb wave, provided the horn vibration characteristics are taken account in the design of the measurement system.
Wear of Ploughshare Material With Regards to the Temperature Distribution on the Rake Face When Used in Soil
Authors: Kostencki Piotr , Stawicki Tomasz , Królicka Aleksandra
Published: January 2022

Ploughshares during ploughing are worn as a result of friction with the soil. This process is accompanied by their heating. It was hypothesized that the amount of heat emitted in a given area of a ploughshare's surface is associated with the intensity of tribological processes. Using thermovision measurements, the temperature distribution on the rake face of ploughshares during use in soil was determined. It was found that the interaction of soil and ploughshares led to an increase in the temperature of their material. The landslide parts of the ploughshares were subjected to greater heating than the trapezoidal parts. On the working surface of the landslide parts, it was found that the greater heating area corresponded to a larger loss of thickness.
Breaking the Reciprocity in Acoustic Metamaterials by Active Eigen-Structure Control Strategy
Authors: Baz A.
Published: January 2022

The theory governing breaking the reciprocity in acoustic metamaterials by using active eigen-structure control strategy is presented. Such theoretical foundation aims at demonstrating the ability of introducing controlled attenuation (or amplification) of the flow energy of acoustic waves along one particular propagation direction, in an acoustic metamaterial, while generating an amplification (or attenuation) when the propagation direction is reversed. This non-reciprocal transmission of the acoustic energy can be achieved in a flexible manner by just programming the metamaterial rather than by the alteration of the hard wiring of the components of the metamaterial. The developed theory is based on scaling and shaping the eigenvectors of the closed-loop system, relative to the open-loop system, to achieve any desirable attenuation or amplification patterns between various locations in the metamaterial during forward and backward propagations. Closed-form expressions are derived, using the linear control theory, for the transfer functions governing the transmission of waves between sources and receivers during forward and backward transmissions as a function of the eigenvector scaling parameters. These transfer functions clearly demonstrate the ability to break the reciprocity when the eigen-structure controller is used. Numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the merits and capabilities of the proposed approach in controlling the spatial distribution of the acoustic energy in one-dimensional acoustic ducts. During this entire process, the system remains behaving in a linear fashion. Generalization of the presented strategies to two-dimensional acoustic systems is a natural extension of the present work.
Physical Educators’ Qualifications and Instructional Practices Toward Students With Disabilities
Authors: Jung Jaehun , Case Layne , Logan Samuel W. , Yun Joonkoo
Published: January 2022

The purposes of this study were (a) to investigate the prevalence of physical educators who report delivering high-quality instructional practices to students with disabilities and (b) to examine the relationships between teachers’ qualifications and the delivery of high-quality instructional practices. A secondary analysis using data from the School Health Policy and Practice Study 2014 data set was employed. The analytic sample included 256 physical educators who taught students with disabilities. Prevalence estimates of physical educators who reported using high-quality instructional practices were calculated. Two separate binary logistic regressions using weighted data were conducted to evaluate the relative contribution of (a) teacher qualifications and (b) educational degrees in accounting for differences in the use of high-quality instructional practices. Less than half of the sample reported using high-quality instructional practices. Considering the increasing prevalence of students with disabilities in general education classrooms, teacher education programs should prioritize providing teacher candidates with coursework that aligns with the expectations of physical educators who teach students with disabilities.
Whey Protein Supplementation Is Superior to Leucine-Matched Collagen Peptides to Increase Muscle Thickness During a 10-Week Resistance Training Program in Untrained Young Adults
Authors: Jacinto Jeferson L. , Nunes João P. , Gorissen Stefan H.M. , Capel Danila M.G. , Bernardes Andrea G. , Ribeiro Alex S. , Cyrino Edilson S. , Phillips Stuart M. , Aguiar Andreo F.
Published: January 2022

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of supplementation of whey protein (WP) versus leucine-matched collagen peptides (CP) on muscle thickness MT and performance after a resistance training (RT) program in young adults. Twenty-two healthy untrained participants were randomly assigned to either a WP (n = 11) or leucine-matched CP (n = 11) group and then submitted to a supervised 10-week RT program (3 days/week). The groups were supplemented with an equivalent amount of WP (35 g, containing 3.0 g of leucine) and CP (35 g, containing 1.0 g of leucine and 2.0 g of free leucine) during the intervention period (after each workout and in the evening on nontraining days). MT of the vastus lateralis and biceps brachii, isokinetic peak torque and mean power output of the elbow flexors, and peak power output of the lower body were assessed before and after the RT program. The WP group experienced a greater (interaction, p < .05) increase in the vastus lateralis (effect size, WP = 0.68 vs. CP = 0.38; % Δ, WP = 8.4 ± 2.5 vs. CP = 5.6 ± 2.6%) and biceps brachii muscle thickness (effect size, WP = 0.61 vs. CP = 0.35; % , WP = 10.1 ± 3.8 vs. CP = 6.0 ± 3.2%), with a similar increase in muscle performance (peak torque, mean power output, and peak power output) between groups (time p < .05). Supplementation with WP was superior to leucine content-matched CP supplementation in increasing muscle size, but not strength and power, after a 10-week RT program in young adults.
Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Primary Care-Based Physical Activity Interventions Among Older Adults
Authors: Otmanowski Jennifer A. , Chase Jo-Ana D.
Published: January 2022

The purpose of this research is to identify the effectiveness of primary care-based interventions designed to increase older adults’ physical activity (PA). Primary care was defined as a patient’s main source of health care. Standardized mean difference effect size (ES) was calculated related to changes in PA levels in adults’ ≥65. Moderator analysis was performed to explore the relationship between participant characteristics, interventions, interventionists, and ES. Overall mean ES 0.27 (95% confidence interval [0.15, 0.39], p < .01) was calculated for 25 two-group comparisons involving 4,685 total participants with a mean age of 75.08. There was little evidence to support counseling over exercise referrals. The use of theory or a pedometer did not modify the ES. PA interventions delivered in primary care are effective and can be delivered by other health-care providers working with the primary provider. Many different behavior change strategies may be used to promote PA.