bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Vingt ans d'évolution de l'emploi dans les professions culturelles (1991-2011)
Authors: Gouyon Marie , Patureau Frédérique
Published: November 2014

Au cours des vingt dernières années, les effectifs en emploi des professions culturelles ont connu une expansion exceptionnelle, bien plus importante que celle de l’ensemble des actifs. Le profil des personnes qui exercent ces professions et celui des emplois qu’elles occupent présentaient, au début des années 1990 tout comme aujourd’hui, certaines caractéristiques d’ensemble qui distinguent cette population professionnelle du reste des actifs, au-delà de la grande diversité des métiers qu’elle rassemble. C’est ainsi une population plutôt plus jeune que la moyenne des actifs, plus masculine, nettement plus diplômée et plus francilienne. L’emploi y est globalement marqué à la fois par le poids important, constant depuis vingt ans, du non-salariat (trois fois plus que dans l’ensemble de la population active) et par une plus grande flexibilité du salariat (davantage de contrats courts, de temps partiel et de pluriactivité). Pour autant, les professions culturelles ne sont pas restées imperméables à certaines évolutions qui ont marqué l’ensemble du monde du travail depuis le début des années 1990. Le mouvement continu de féminisation des emplois, par exemple, s’y est opéré dans les mêmes proportions que dans l’ensemble de la population active, amenant certaines professions culturelles traditionnellement très masculines à connaître un doublement de la part de leurs effectifs féminins en vingt ans. En outre, les efforts des politiques publiques de décentralisation ont conduit à une légère atténuation de la concentration francilienne de ces professions. D’autres évolutions communes à l’ensemble des actifs comme l’élévation continue du niveau de diplôme et le développement de la flexibilité de l’emploi – deux caractéristiques attachées de longue date au monde de l’emploi culturel – ont continué à s’y développer, dans des proportions toujours supérieures à celles observées dans le reste de la population active.
Les industries culturelles en France et en Europe : points de repère et de comparaison
Authors: Laurent Roxane
Published: November 2014

En 2011, la part des industries culturelles (audiovisuel et multimédia, activités liées au livre et à la presse, services des agences de publicité) dans l’ensemble de l’économie marchande est de 2,6 % en France, l’une des plus élevées d’Europe. Supérieure à celle de l’Allemagne (2,1 %), elle reste toutefois inférieure à celle des industries culturelles au Royaume-Uni (3,2 %). En France, l’audiovisuel et le multimédia contribuent majoritairement à l’activité des industries culturelles, à la différence de l’Allemagne et du Royaume-Uni où le livre et la presse prédominent. Certaines activités françaises comme le jeu vidéo, la production et la postproduction de films cinématographiques, de vidéos et de programmes télévisés contribuent pour plus d’un tiers de l’ensemble de l’activité au niveau européen. Les agences de presse sont en revanche principalement anglaises, tandis que l’Allemagne occupe une place très importante dans les secteurs du disque, de la radio et des journaux. Comme dans tous les secteurs de l’économie marchande, la rentabilité des entreprises culturelles françaises, mesurée ici par leur taux de marge, est plus faible que celle de l’ensemble des entreprises européennes, du fait de coûts pesant sur les facteurs de production. Les secteurs de la presse et les agences de publicité présentent des taux de marge particulièrement faibles. Selon cet indicateur, les jeux vidéo et la production de films sont les secteurs culturels français les plus rentables, tandis qu’en Allemagne et au Royaume-Uni, ce sont plutôt les activités liées à la presse, et en Italie celles liées à la musique.
La vie privée des chômeuses
Authors: Schijman Emilia
Published: November 2014

Les femmes au chômage qui habitent chez des membres de leur famille se trouvent bien souvent soumises à des contraintes qui leur ôtent toute maîtrise sur leur propre vie.
Synthesis of 99m TcN-clinafloxacin dithiocarbamate complex and comparative radiobiological evaluation in Staphylococcus aureus infected mice
Authors: Shah Syed , Khan Mohammad
Published: November 2014

Clinafloxacin dithiocarbamate (CNND) preparation and radiolabeling through [ 99m Tc ≡ N] 2+ core with the gamma (g) emitter ( 99m Tc) was assessed. The potentiality of the 99m Tc V ≡ N-CNND complex was investigated as perspective a Staphylococcus aureus (S.a.) in vivo infection radiotracer in terms of radiochemical stability in normal saline (n.s.), human serum (h.s.), binding efficacy with live and heat killed S.a. and biodistribution in female nude mice model (FNMD). More than 90% stability was observed in n.s. for 4 h with the highest yield of 98.70 ± 0.26% at 30 min after reconstitution. In h.s., the 99m Tc V ≡ N-CNND complex was found stable up to 16 h with 15.35% side products. Maximum in vitro binding (68.75 ± 0.80%, 90 min) with S.a. was observed after 90 min of incubation. In FNMD, (infected with live strain) approximately six-fold higher uptakes was noted in the infected to inflamed and normal muscles. The higher stability in n.s., h.s., higher S.a. (live) up take with specific and targeted in vivo distribution confirmed potentiality of the 99m Tc V ≡ N-CNND complex as perspective S.a. in vivo infection radiotracer.
Mass loss of the Amundsen Sea Embayment of West Antarctica from four independent techniques
Authors: Sutterley Tyler C. , Velicogna Isabella , Rignot Eric , Mouginot Jeremie , Flament Thomas , van den Broeke Michiel R. , van Wessem Jan M. , Reijmer Carleen H.
Published: November 2014

We compare four independent estimates of the mass balance of the Amundsen Sea Embayment of West Antarctica, an area experiencing rapid retreat and mass loss to the sea. We use ICESat and Operation IceBridge laser altimetry, Envisat radar altimetry, GRACE time‐variable gravity, RACMO2.3 surface mass balance, ice velocity from imaging radars, and ice thickness from radar sounders. The four methods agree in terms of mass loss and acceleration in loss at the regional scale. Over 1992–2013, the mass loss is 83 ± 5 Gt/yr with an acceleration of 6.1 ± 0.7 Gt/yr2. During the common period 2003–2009, the mass loss is 84 ± 10 Gt/yr with an acceleration of 16.3 ± 5.6 Gt/yr2, nearly 3 times the acceleration over 1992–2013. Over 2003–2011, the mass loss is 102 ± 10 Gt/yr with an acceleration of 15.7 ± 4.0 Gt/yr2. The results reconcile independent mass balance estimates in a setting dominated by change in ice dynamics with significant variability in surface mass balance.
Free‐tropospheric moisture convergence and tropical convective regimes
Authors: Masunaga Hirohiko
Published: November 2014

This work searches for the key elements separating the dynamic and quiescent phases characterizing the tropical atmosphere. The analysis is performed with satellite measurements that are composited into statistical time series individually for the isolated cumulus and organized system regimes. Free‐tropospheric (FT) moisture convergence, cloud‐base (CB) moisture updraft, and FT precipitation efficiency (FTPE) are then derived under large‐scale moisture budget constraints. Precipitation is fed primarily by FT moisture convergence while FTPE and CB moisture updraft amplify in tandem as organized systems develop. In the isolated cumulus regime, FT moisture remains weakly diverging over time accompanying little change of FTPE. A thermodynamic budget consideration suggests that organized systems develop under a self‐sustaining growth of large‐scale updraft in the dynamic phase, while the quiescent phase is maintained by stable, shallow circulation accompanying isolated cumuli.
Onset of reconnection in the near magnetotail: PIC simulations
Authors: Liu Yi‐Hsin , Birn Joachim , Daughton William , Hesse Michael , Schindler Karl
Published: November 2014

Using 2.5‐dimensional particle‐in‐cell (PIC) simulations of magnetotail dynamics, we investigate the onset of reconnection in two‐dimensional tail configurations with finiteBz. Reconnection onset is preceded by a driven phase, during which magnetic flux is added to the tail at the high‐latitude boundaries, followed by a relaxation phase, during which the configuration continues to respond to the driving. We found a clear distinction between stable and unstable cases, dependent on deformation amplitude and ion/electron mass ratio. The threshold appears consistent with electron tearing. The evolution prior to onset, as well as the evolution of stable cases, are largely independent of the mass ratio, governed by integral flux tube entropy conservation as imposed in MHD. This suggests that ballooning instability in the tail should not be expected prior to the onset of tearing and reconnection. The onset time and other onset properties depend on the mass ratio, consistent with expectations for electron tearing. At onset, we found electron anisotropiesT⊥/T∥= 1.1–1.3, raising growth rates and wave numbers. Our simulations have provided a quantitative onset criterion that is easily evaluated in MHD simulations, provided the spatial resolution is sufficient. The evolution prior to onset and after the formation of a neutral line does not depend on the electron physics, which should permit an approximation by MHD simulations with appropriate dissipation terms.
Recalibration and merging of SSU observations for stratospheric temperature trend studies
Authors: Zou Cheng‐Zhi , Qian Haifeng , Wang Wenhui , Wang Likun , Long Craig
Published: November 2014

Long‐term observations from the Stratospheric Sounding Unit (SSU) during 1979–2006 onboard NOAA historical polar orbiting satellites were recalibrated for climate change investigation. A two‐point linear calibration equation, with cold space and an internal blackbody warm target as end‐point references, was used to transfer SSU raw counts data into radiances. The warm target temperature was represented by measurements from the space side thermistor on the blackbody, and the cold space radiance was assumed to be zero. Space view corrections due to an electrical interference were applied. Intersatellite calibration was conducted simultaneously by applying calibration offsets determined from residual intersatellite biases. The recalibration reached an accuracy of 0.1–0.2 K for global means and thus is expected to improve the consistency in stratospheric temperature time series in climate reanalyses. The recalibrated SSU radiances were further adjusted to develop Version 2 of the NOAA stratospheric temperature time series. The effects being adjusted included those from changes in instrument cell pressure and atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration, viewing angle differences, and semidiurnal tides due to orbital drift. Intersatellite biases were carefully removed to ensure smooth transitions between satellite pairs. Differences from Version 1 included improved radiance calibration, improved adjusting schemes for diurnal drift and intersatellite biases, removal of time‐varying cell pressure adjustment for NOAA‐9 channel 1, and excluding NOAA‐7 channel 2 in the time series. In addition to the final merged data set, intermediate synthetic time series corresponding to different adjustments were also created to quantify their impact on the final trend as well as its reliability and uncertainty. Excellent matching between satellite pairs, especially the 7 year overlaps between NOAA‐11 and NOAA‐14 during 1997–2004, in intermediate as well as the final time series provided strong evidence on the validity of adjustments and thus confidence on the resulting trends. The Version 2 global mean trends for 1979–2006 were −0.69 ± 0.18, −0.77 ± 0.15, and −0.85 ± 0.15 K/decade for SSU channels 1, 2, and 3, representing temperatures of middle stratosphere, upper stratosphere, and stratosphere‐mesosphere, respectively. Among these, cooling of channel 2 was stronger and channel 3 weaker than those in UK Met Office (UKMO) data by about 1 K during the entire SSU period from 1979 to 2006. Finally, the average of the channel 1 and channel 3 anomalies in Version 2 was close to channel 2 anomalies to within 0.2 K for the entire 1979–2006 period with identical trends. This feature was found consistent with chemistry‐climate model simulations.
Hygroscopic growth and cloud forming potential of Arctic aerosol based on observed chemical and physical characteristics (a 1 year study 2007–2008)
Authors: Silvergren S. , Wideqvist U. , Ström J. , Sjogren S. , Svenningsson B.
Published: November 2014

Aerosol particle samples were collected, and the particle size distribution was measured during 1 year at the Zeppelin station (474 m asl) on Svalbard. The chemical constituents, hygroscopicity, and cloud forming properties of the aerosol were analyzed. The aerosol contained mostly sulfate and nitrate during the summer, whereas from September to February the main components were sodium and chloride. The highest concentration (20%) of water‐soluble organic matter was sampled in December. The hygroscopic growth factors for the water‐soluble fraction were 1.56–2.01 at 90% relative humidity, peaking in October, when the measured supersaturations needed for cloud drop formation were also the lowest. Sea‐salt components showed a positive correlation with the cloud forming capability, whereas the organic content had no correlation. The hygroscopicity factors, or κ values, were determined in three ways for each month: (1) κH‐TDMA from measurements of the hygroscopic growth of particles produced from atomization of the filter extracts, (2) κCCNC from measurements of the critical supersaturation as a function of size for these particles, and (3) κchem was modeled based on the organic and inorganic composition of the filter samples. Using the measured particle size distributions and the critical activation diameters from the Cloud Condensation Nuclei Counter (CCNC) measurements, it was found that the number of CCN varied more with supersaturation during the summer months. The best agreement between all three κ values was in December and January. Comparisons with earlier studies do not suggest any trend in the Arctic aerosol seasonal variability over the last decade.
Transparent and Stretchable Interactive Human Machine Interface Based on Patterned Graphene Heterostructures
Authors: Lim Sumin , Son Donghee , Kim Jaemin , Lee Young Bum , Song Jun‐Kyul , Choi Suji , Lee Dong Jun , Kim Ji Hoon , Lee Minbaek , Hyeon Taeghwan , Kim Dae‐Hyeong
Published: November 2014

An interactive human‐machine interface (iHMI) enables humans to control hardware and collect feedback information. In particular, wearable iHMI systems have attracted tremendous attention owing to their potential for use in personal mobile electronics and the Internet of Things. Although significant progress has been made in the development of iHMI systems, those based on rigid electronics have constraints in terms of wearability, comfortability, signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR), and aesthetics. Herein the fabrication of a transparent and stretchable iHMI system composed of wearable mechanical sensors and stimulators is reported. The ultrathin and lightweight design of the system allows superior wearability and high SNR. The use of conductive/piezoelectric graphene heterostructures, which consist of poly(l‐lactic acid), single‐walled carbon nanotubes, and silver nanowires, results in high transparency, excellent performance, and low power consumption as well as mechanical deformability. The control of a robot arm for various motions and the feedback stimulation upon successful executions of commands are demonstrated using the wearable iHMI system.
Synthesis of Trifluoromethanesulfanylbenzofulvenes via a Cascade Electrophilic Cyclization under Mild Conditions
Authors: Xiao Qing , Zhu Hui , Li Guangming , Chen Zhiyuan
Published: November 2014

The introduction of the (trifluoromethyl)thio moiety into organic molecules has aroused comprehensive interest recently. We describe herein an efficient and chemoselective synthesis of trifluoromethanesulfanylbenzofulvenes through BiCl3‐ or TsOH‐promoted cascade electrophilic cyclization reactions. The presence of the trifluoromethanesulfanyl cation (CF3S+) would facilitate the electrophilic ring closure and nucleophilic attack of chloride or TsOH. This reaction provides a concise method for the synthesis of chlorine‐ or tosyloxy‐substituted trifluoromethanesulfanylbenzofulvenes in good to excellent yields.

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Robust algorithms for the solution of the ideal adsorbed solution theory equations
Authors: Mangano Enzo , Friedrich Daniel , Brandani Stefano
Published: November 2014

The ideal adsorbed solution (IAS) theory has been shown to predict reliably multicomponent adsorption for both gas and liquid systems. There is a lack of understanding of the conditions which guarantee convergence for various algorithms used to solve the IAS theory equations and inconsistencies are present in the reported computational effort required for the different approaches. The original nested loop and the FastIAS technique are revisited. The resulting system of equations is highly nonlinear but both methods are shown to be robust if appropriate choices are made for the starting values of the unknown variables. New initial conditions are proposed and the resulting algorithms are compared in a consistent manner with the main methods available to solve the IAS theory equations. The algorithms are extended for the first time to all nontype I isotherms. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 61: 981–991, 2015
Proposal and verification of a kinetic mechanism model for NOx removal with hydrazine hydrate
Authors: Hong Liu , Yin Li‐Jie , Chen De‐Zhen , Wang Du
Published: November 2014

A relatively precise kinetic mechanism of NOx reduction using N2H4·H2O in a selective non‐catalytic reduction process was proposed and verified by experiment in this study. The dominant radicals and reactions were confirmed, and the proper ranges of key parameters were determined through sensitivity analysis. Both experimental and simulation results show that the effective temperatures exhibit a bimodal distribution with the optimum temperatures being approximately 893 and 1248 K and the lower temperature window falling in the range of 848–973 K. The optimum residence time of the reaction was 0.2–0.35 s under the research conditions, and a longer residence time would lead to the regeneration of NOx. The normalized stoichiometric ratio (NSR) of 3.0 corresponded to the lowest temperature window, and a higher NSR value would make the temperature window shift to a higher temperature range. This kinetic mechanism model for the N2H4·H2O‐based De‐NOx process will serve its precise application. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 61: 904–912, 2015
Highly chlorine and oily fouling tolerant membrane surface modifications by in situ polymerization of dopamine and poly (ethylene glycol) diacrylate for water treatment
Authors: Kim Hyo Won , Lee Hee Dae , Jang Seung Jin , Park Ho Bum
Published: November 2014

Here we show a simple hydrophilic‐membrane surface modification method using in situ polymerization of aqueous dopamine and poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) mixture to improve both oily fouling and chemical resistance of membranes for water treatment. Polydopamine (PD) induced from aqueous dopamine solution has been extensively studied for facile membrane surface modification but the PD layer is very susceptible to chemical attack (e.g., sodium hypochlorite [NaClO]). To overcome this disadvantage, in this study, crosslinked poly(ethylene glycol) (XLPEG) chains were successfully introduced with PD layer using PEGDA with a thermal free radical initiator. As a result, the XLPEG/PD‐coated membranes showed excellent chemical stability against chlorine attack as well as much improved oily fouling tolerant behavior, without any sacrifice of original water permeance, as compared with only PD‐coated membranes. This surface modification method will be readily used for many membranes for water treatment from flat sheet to hollow fiber membrane modules. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41661.
A revised branch‐and‐price algorithm for dial‐a‐ride problems with the consideration of time‐dependent travel cost
Authors: Hu Ta‐Yin , Chang Chin‐Ping
Published: November 2014

Developing demand responsive transit systems are important with regard to meeting the travel needs for elderly people. Although Dial‐a‐ride Problems (DARP) have been discussed for several decades, most researchers have worked to develop algorithms with low computational cost under the minimal total travel costs, and fewer studies have considered how changes in travel time might affect the vehicle routes and service sequences. Ignoring such variations in travel time when design vehicle routes and schedules might lead to the production of inefficient vehicle routes, as well as incorrect actual vehicle arrival times at the related nodes. The purpose of this paper is to construct a DARP formulation with consideration of time‐dependent travel times and utilizes the traffic simulation software, DynaTAIWAN, to simulate the real traffic conditions in order to obtain the time‐dependent travel time matrices. The branch‐and‐price approach is introduced for the time‐dependent DARP and tested by examining the sub‐network of Kaohsiung City, Taiwan. The numerical results reveal that the length of the time window can significantly affect the vehicle routes and quantitative measurements. As the length of the time window increases, the objective value and the number of vehicles will reduce significantly. However, the CPU time, the average pickup delay time, the average delivery delay time and the average actual ride time (ART)/direct ride time (DRT) will increase significantly as the length of the time window increases. Designing the vehicle routes to reduce operating costs and satisfy the requirements of customers is a difficult task, and a trade‐off must be made between these goals. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Birth defects data from population‐based birth defects surveillance programs in the United States, 2007 to 2011: Highlighting orofacial clefts
Authors: Mai Cara T. , Cassell Cynthia H. , Meyer Robert E. , Isenburg Jennifer , Canfield Mark A. , Rickard Russel , Olney Richard S. , Stallings Erin B. , Beck Meredith , Hashmi S. Shahrukh , Cho Sook Ja , Kirby Russell S. ,   for the National Birth Defects Prevention Network
Published: November 2014

© 2014 The Authors Birth Defects Research Part A: Clinical and Molecular Teratology Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The effects of weak magnetic fields on radical pairs
Authors: Barnes Frank S. , Greenebaum Ben
Published: November 2014

It is proposed that radical concentrations can be modified by combinations of weak, steady and alternating magnetic fields that modify the population distribution of the nuclear and electronic spin state, the energy levels and the alignment of the magnetic moments of the components of the radical pairs. In low external magnetic fields, the electronic and nuclear angular momentum vectors are coupled by internal forces that outweigh the external fields' interactions and are characterized in the Hamiltonian by the total quantum number F. Radical pairs form with their unpaired electrons in singlet (S) or triplet (T) states with respect to each other. At frequencies corresponding to the energy separation between the various states in the external magnetic fields, transitions can occur that change the populations of both electron and nuclear states. In addition, the coupling between the nuclei, nuclei and electrons, and Zeeman shifts in the electron and nuclear energy levels can lead to transitions with resonances spanning frequencies from a few Hertz into the megahertz region. For nuclear energy levels with narrow absorption line widths, this can lead to amplitude and frequency windows. Changes in the pair recombination rates can change radical concentrations and modify biological processes. The overall conclusion is that the application of magnetic fields at frequencies ranging from a few Hertz to microwaves at the absorption frequencies observed in electron and nuclear resonance spectroscopy for radicals can lead to changes in free radical concentrations and have the potential to lead to biologically significant changes. Bioelectromagnetics. 35:45–54, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Adaptive designs for subpopulation analysis optimizing utility functions
Authors: Graf Alexandra C. , Posch Martin , Koenig Franz
Published: November 2014

If the response to treatment depends on genetic biomarkers, it is important to identify predictive biomarkers that define (sub‐)populations where the treatment has a positive benefit risk balance. One approach to determine relevant subpopulations are subgroup analyses where the treatment effect is estimated in biomarker positive and biomarker negative groups. Subgroup analyses are challenging because several types of risks are associated with inference on subgroups. On the one hand, by disregarding a relevant subpopulation a treatment option may be missed due to a dilution of the treatment effect in the full population. Furthermore, even if the diluted treatment effect can be demonstrated in an overall population, it is not ethical to treat patients that do not benefit from the treatment when they can be identified in advance. On the other hand, selecting a spurious subpopulation increases the risk to restrict an efficacious treatment to a too narrow fraction of a potential benefiting population. We propose to quantify these risks with utility functions and investigate nonadaptive study designs that allow for inference on subgroups using multiple testing procedures as well as adaptive designs, where subgroups may be selected in an interim analysis. The characteristics of such adaptive and nonadaptive designs are compared for a range of scenarios.
Proteolytically stabilizing fibronectin without compromising cell and gelatin binding activity
Authors: Zhang Chen , Ramanathan Anand , Karuri Nancy Wangechi
Published: November 2014

Excessive proteolytic degradation of fibronectin (FN) has been implicated in impaired tissue repair in chronic wounds. We previously reported two strategies for stabilizing FN against proteolytic degradation; the first conjugated polyethylene glycol (PEG) through cysteine residues and the second conjugated PEG chains of varying molecular weight on lysine residues. PEGylation of FN via lysine residues resulted in increased resistance to proteolysis with increasing PEG size, but an overall decrease in biological activity, as characterized by cell and gelatin binding. Our latest method to stabilize FN against proteolysis masks functional regions in the protein during lysine PEGylation. FN is PEGylated while it is bound to gelatin Sepharose beads with 2, 5, and 10 kDa PEG precursors. This results in partially PEGylated FN that is more stable than native FN and whose proteolytic stability increases with PEG molecular weight. Unlike completely PEGylated FN, partially PEGylated FN has cell adhesion, gelatin binding, and matrix assembly responses that are comparable to native FN. This is new evidence of how PEGylation variables can be used to stabilize FN while retaining its activity. The conjugates developed herein can be used to dissect molecular mechanisms mediated by FN stability and functionality, and address the problem of FN degradation in chronic wounds. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 31:277–288, 2015
Synthesis and Characterisation of Self‐Assembled and Self‐Adjuvanting Asymmetric Multi‐Epitope Lipopeptides of Ovalbumin
Authors: Eskandari Sharareh , Stephenson Rachel J. , Fuaad Abdullah Ahmad , Apte Simon H. , Doolan Denise L. , Toth Istvan
Published: November 2014

Designing a lipopeptide (LP) vaccine with a specific asymmetric arrangement of epitopes may result in an improved display of antigens, increasing host‐cell recognition and immunogenicity. This study aimed to synthesise and characterise the physicochemical properties of a library of asymmetric LP‐based vaccine candidates that contained multiple CD4+ and CD8+ T‐cell epitopes from the model protein antigen, ovalbumin. These fully synthetic vaccine candidates were prepared by microwave‐assisted solid phase peptide synthesis. The C12 or C16 lipoamino acids were coupled to the N or C terminus of the OVA CD4 peptide epitope. The OVA CD4 LPs and OVA CD8 peptide constructs were then conjugated using azide–alkyne Huisgen cycloaddition to give multivalent synthetic vaccines. Physiochemical characterisation of these vaccines showed a tendency to self‐assemble in aqueous media. Changes in lipid length and position induced self‐assembly with significant changes to their morphology and secondary structure as shown by transmission electron microscopy and circular dichroism.
Iridium‐Catalyzed Reductive Nitro‐Mannich Cyclization
Authors: Gregory Alex W. , Chambers Alan , Hawkins Alison , Jakubec Pavol , Dixon Darren J.
Published: November 2014

A new chemoselective reductive nitro‐Mannich cyclization reaction sequence of nitroalkyl‐tethered lactams has been developed. Relying on the rapid and chemoselective iridium(I)‐catalyzed reduction of lactams to the corresponding enamine, subsequent nitro‐Mannich cyclization of tethered nitroalkyl functionality provides direct access to important alkaloid natural‐product‐like structures in yields up to 81 % and in diastereoselectivities that are typically good to excellent. An in‐depth understanding of the reaction mechanism has been gained through NMR studies and characterization of reaction intermediates. The new methodology has been applied to the total synthesis of (±)‐epi‐epiquinamide in four steps.
Room‐Temperature Synthesis of Cu2−xE (E=S, Se) Nanotubes with Hierarchical Architecture as High‐Performance Counter Electrodes of Quantum‐Dot‐Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Chen Xin Qi , Li Zhen , Bai Yang , Sun Qiao , Wang Lian Zhou , Dou Shi Xue
Published: November 2014

Copper chalcogenide nanostructures (e.g. one‐ dimensional nanotubes) have been the focus of interest because of their unique properties and great potential in various applications. Their current fabrications mainly rely on high‐temperature or complicated processes. Here, with the assistance of theoretical prediction, we prepared Cu2−xE (E=S, Se) micro‐/nanotubes (NTs) with a hierarchical architecture by using copper nanowires (Cu NWs), stable sulfur and selenium powder as precursors at room temperature. The influence of reaction parameters (e.g. precursor ratio, ligands, ligand ratio, and reaction time) on the formation of nanotubes was comprehensively investigated. The resultant Cu2−xE (E=S, Se) NTs were used as counter electrodes (CE) of quantum‐dot‐sensitized solar cells (QDSSCs) to achieve a conversion efficiency (η) of 5.02 and 6.25 %, respectively, much higher than that of QDSSCs made with Au CE (η=2.94 %).
Reversible Multistimuli‐Response Fluorescent Switch Based on Tetraphenylethene–Spiropyran Molecules
Authors: Qi Qingkai , Qian Jingyu , Ma Suqian , Xu Bin , Zhang Sean Xiao‐An , Tian Wenjing
Published: November 2014

Two tetraphenylethene (TPE)‐functionalized spiropyran (SP) molecules with very similar structure were designed and synthesized. The two molecules exhibit aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) properties, as well as multistimuli‐responsive color‐changing properties, such as photochromism and acidchromism. The investigation of their different photochromic and acidchromic characteristics and dual‐response fluorescent switch during isomerization indicated that the different link position between TPE and SP will significantly affect the extended π‐conjugated system, resulting in completely different photochromic and acidchromic properties.
Investigation of the Enantioselectivity of Tetramethylammonium L‐hydroxyproline Ionic Liquid as a Novel Chiral Ligand in Ligand‐Exchange CE and Ligand‐Exchange MEKC
Authors: Liu Ruijuan , Du Yingxiang , Chen Jiaquan , Zhang Qi , Du Shuaijing , Feng Zijie
Published: November 2014

Chiral ionic liquids (ILs) have drawn more and more attention in separation science; however, only a few papers focused on the application of chiral ILs as chiral ligands in LE‐CE. In this article, a novel amino acid ionic liquid (AAIL), tetramethylammonium L‐hydroxyproline ([TMA][L‐OH‐Pro]), was first applied as a chiral ligand to evaluate its enantioselectivity towards several aromatic amino acids in ligand‐exchange capillary electrophoresis (LE‐CE) and ligand‐exchange micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography (LE‐MEKC). In the LE‐CE system, excellent separations were achieved for tryptophan (Rs = 3.03) and 3, 4‐dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) (Rs = 4.35). Several parameters affecting the enantioseparation were systematically investigated, including AAIL concentration, type and concentration of central metal ion, buffer pH, as well as applied voltage. The optimum separation was obtained with 60 mM AAIL containing 30 mM Cu (II) at pH 4.5. Additionally, an LE‐MEKC system was established to further study the enantioselectivity of [TMA][L‐OH‐Pro] towards selected analytes. As observed, the separations of the enantiomers of tryptophan, phenylalanine, and histidine were all improved compared to the LE‐CE system. The results indicated that the application of AAILs as chiral ligands is a promising method in chiral separation science. Chirality 27:58–63, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Scouting the Mandelbrot set with memory
Authors: Alonso‐Sanz Ramón
Published: November 2014

An exploratory study is made on the dynamics of the map defining the Mandelbrot set endowed with memory (m) of past iterations, that is,
,
. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity 21: 84–96, 2016
New insights in the clockwork mechanism regulating lineage specification: Lessons from the Drosophila nervous system
Authors: Cattenoz Pierre B. , Giangrande Angela
Published: November 2014

Background: Powerful transcription factors called fate determinants induce robust differentiation programs in multipotent cells and trigger lineage specification. These factors guarantee the differentiation of specific tissues/organs/cells at the right place and the right moment to form a fully functional organism. Fate determinants are activated by temporal, positional, epigenetic, and post‐transcriptional cues, hence integrating complex and dynamic developmental networks. In turn, they activate specific transcriptional/epigenetic programs that secure novel molecular landscapes. Results: In this review, we use the Drosophila Gcm glial determinant as a model to discuss the mechanisms that allow lineage specification in the nervous system. The dynamic regulation of Gcm via interlocked loops has recently emerged as a key event in the establishment of stable identity. Gcm induces gliogenesis while triggering its own extinction, thus preventing the appearance of metastable states and neoplastic processes. Conclusions: Using simple animal models that allow in vivo manipulations provides a key tool to disentangle the complex regulation of cell fate determinants. Developmental Dynamics 244:332–341, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Gene‐environment interactions in determining differences in genetic susceptibility to cancer in subsites of the head and neck
Authors: Maurya Shailendra. S. , Katiyar Tridiv , Dhawan Ankur , Singh Sudhir , Jain Swatantra K. , Pant Mohan C. , Parmar Devendra
Published: November 2014

Genetic differences in susceptibility to cancer in subsites of the head and neck were investigated in a case–control study involving 750 cases of cancers of the oral cavity, larynx, or pharynx, and an equal number of healthy controls. The prevalence of variant genotypes of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A1, 1B1, 2E1, or glutathione‐S‐transferase M1 (null) in cases suggests that polymorphisms in drug metabolizing enzymes (DMEs) modify cancer risk within subsites of the head and neck. Tobacco or alcohol use was found to increase the risk in cases of laryngeal, pharyngeal, or oral cavity cancers. Interaction between genetic variation in DMEs and tobacco smoke (or smoking) exposures conferred significant risk for laryngeal cancer. Likewise, strong associations of the polymorphic genotypes of DMEs with cases of pharyngeal and oral cavity cancer who were tobacco chewers or alcohol users demonstrate that gene‐environment interactions may explain differences in genetic susceptibility for cancers of the oral cavity, larynx, and pharynx. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 56:313–321, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Connectivity cluster analysis for discovering discriminative subnetworks in schizophrenia
Authors: Atluri Gowtham , Steinbach Michael , Lim Kelvin O. , Kumar Vipin , MacDonald Angus
Published: November 2014

In this manuscript, we present connectivity cluster analysis (CoCA), a novel computational framework that takes advantage of structure of the brain networks to magnify reproducible signals and quash noise. Resting state functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) data that is used in estimating functional brain networks is often noisy, leading to reduced power and inconsistent findings across independent studies. There is a need for techniques that can unearth signals in noisy datasets, while addressing redundancy in the functional connections that are used for testing association. CoCA is a data driven approach that addresses the problems of redundancy and noise by first finding groups of region pairs that behave in a cohesive way across the subjects. These cohesive sets of functional connections are further tested for association with the disease. CoCA is applied in the context of patients with schizophrenia, a disorder characterized as a disconnectivity syndrome. Our results suggest that CoCA can find reproducible sets of functional connections that behave cohesively. Applying this technique, we found that the connectivity clusters joining thalamus to parietal, temporal, and visuoparietal regions are highly discriminative of schizophrenia patients as well as reproducible using retest data and replicable in an independent confirmatory sample. Hum Brain Mapp 36:756–767, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Regional cerebellar volume and cognitive function from adolescence to late middle age
Authors: Bernard Jessica A. , Leopold Daniel R. , Calhoun Vince D. , Mittal Vijay A.
Published: November 2014

Cerebellar morphology and function have been implicated in a variety of developmental disorders, and in healthy aging. Although recent work has sought to characterize the relationships between volume and age in this structure during adolescence, young, and older adulthood, there have been no investigations of regional cerebellar volume from adolescence through late middle age. Middle age in particular has been largely understudied, and investigating this period of the lifespan may be especially important for our understanding of senescence. Understanding regional patterns of cerebellar volume with respect to age during this portion of the lifespan may provide important insight into healthy aging and cognitive function as well as pathology from adolescence into later life. We investigated regional cerebellar volume using a highly novel lobular segmentation approach in conjunction with a battery of cognitive tasks in a cross‐sectional sample of 123 individuals from 12 to 65 years old. Our results indicated that regional cerebellar volumes show different patterns with respect to age. In particular, the more posterior aspect of the neocerebellum follows a quadratic “inverse‐U” pattern while the vermis and anterior cerebellum follow logarithmic patterns. In addition, we quantified the relationships between age and a variety of cognitive assessments and found relationships between regional cerebellar volumes and performance. Finally, exploratory analyses of sex differences in the relationships between regional cerebellar volume, age, and cognition were investigated. Taken together, these results provide key insights into the development and aging of the human cerebellum, and its role in cognitive function across the lifespan. Hum Brain Mapp 36:1102–1120, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Photoperiod is associated with hippocampal volume in a large community sample
Authors: Miller Megan A. , Leckie Regina L. , Donofry Shannon D. , Gianaros Peter J. , Erickson Kirk I. , Manuck Stephen B. , Roecklein Kathryn A.
Published: November 2014

Although animal research has demonstrated seasonal changes in hippocampal volume, reflecting seasonal neuroplasticity, seasonal differences in human hippocampal volume have yet to be documented. Hippocampal volume has also been linked to depressed mood, a seasonally varying phenotype. Therefore, we hypothesized that seasonal differences in day‐length (i.e., photoperiod) would predict differences in hippocampal volume, and that this association would be linked to low mood. Healthy participants aged 30–54 (M = 43; SD = 7.32) from the University of Pittsburgh Adult Health and Behavior II project (n = 404; 53% female) were scanned in a 3T MRI scanner. Hippocampal volumes were determined using an automated segmentation algorithm using FreeSurfer. A mediation model tested whether hippocampal volume mediated the relationship between photoperiod and mood. Secondary analyses included seasonally fluctuating variables (i.e., sleep and physical activity) which have been shown to influence hippocampal volume. Shorter photoperiods were significantly associated with higher BDI scores (R2 = 0.01, β = −0.12, P = 0.02) and smaller hippocampal volumes (R2 = 0.40, β = 0.08, P = 0.04). However, due to the lack of an association between hippocampal volume and Beck Depression Inventory scores in the current sample, the mediation hypothesis was not supported. This study is the first to demonstrate an association between season and hippocampal volume. These data offer preliminary evidence that human hippocampal plasticity could be associated with photoperiod and indicates a need for longitudinal studies. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cross‐generational trans fat intake modifies BDNF mRNA in the hippocampus: Impact on memory loss in a mania animal model
Authors: Trevizol Fabíola , Dias Verônica T. , Roversi Katiane , Barcelos Raquel C.S. , Kuhn Fábio T. , Roversi Karine , Pase Camila S. , Golombieski Ronaldo , Veit Juliana C. , Piccolo Jaqueline , Emanuelli Tatiana , Rocha João B.T. , Bürger Marilise E.
Published: November 2014

Recently, we have described the influence of dietary fatty acids (FA) on mania‐like behavior of first generation animals. Here, two sequential generations of female rats were supplemented with soybean oil (SO, rich in n‐6 FA, control group), fish oil (FO, rich in n‐3 FA) and hydrogenated vegetable fat (HVF, rich in trans FA) from pregnancy and during lactation. In adulthood, half of each group was exposed to an amphetamine (AMPH)‐induced mania animal model for behavioral, biochemical and molecular assessments. FO supplementation was associated with lower reactive species (RS) generation and protein carbonyl (PC) levels and increased dopamine transporter (DAT) levels, while HVF increased RS and PC levels, thus decreasing catalase (CAT) activity and DAT levels in hippocampus after AMPH treatment. AMPH impaired short‐ (1 h) and long‐ (24 h) term memory in the HVF group. AMPH exposure was able to reduce hippocampal BDNF‐ mRNA expression, which was increased in FO. While HVF was related to higher trans FA (TFA) incorporation in hippocampus, FO was associated with increased percentage of n‐3 polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) together with lower n‐6/n‐3 PUFA ratio. Interestingly, our data showed a positive correlation between brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) mRNA and short‐ and long‐term memory (r2 = 0.53; P = 0.000/r2 = 0.32; P = 0.011, respectively), as well as a negative correlation between PC and DAT levels (r2 = 0.23; P = 0.015). Our findings confirm that provision of n‐3 or TFA during development over two generations is able to change the neuronal membrane lipid composition, protecting or impairing the hippocampus, respectively, thus affecting neurothrophic factor expression such as BDNF mRNA. In this context, chronic consumption of trans fats over two generations can facilitate the development of mania‐like behavior, so leading to memory impairment and emotionality, which are related to neuropsychiatric conditions. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Trends in Kaposi's sarcoma‐associated Herpesvirus antibodies prior to the development of HIV‐associated Kaposi's sarcoma: A nested case‐control study
Authors: Wakeham Katie , Johnston W. Thomas , Nalwoga Angela , Webb Emily L. , Mayanja Billy N. , Miley Wendell , Elliott Alison M. , Whitby Denise , Newton Robert
Published: November 2014

HIV‐associated Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is a public health challenge in sub‐Saharan Africa since both the causative agent, Kaposi's sarcoma associated‐herpesvirus (KSHV), and the major risk factor, HIV, are prevalent. In a nested case‐control study within a long‐standing clinical cohort in rural Uganda, we used stored sera to examine the evolution of antibody titres against the KSHV antigens K8.1 and latency‐associated nuclear antigen (LANA) among 30 HIV‐infected subjects who subsequently developed HIV‐related KS (cases) and among 108 matched HIV/KSHV coinfected controls who did not develop KS. Throughout the 6 years prior to diagnosis, antibody titres to K8.1 and LANA were significantly higher among cases than controls (p < 0.0001), and titres increased prior to diagnosis in the cases. K8.1 titres differed more between KS cases and controls, compared to LANA titres. These differences in titre between cases and controls suggest a role for lytic viral replication in the pathogenesis of HIV‐related KS in this setting.
Retracted: Mitochondrial protein acetylation mediates nutrient sensing of mitochondrial protein synthesis and mitonuclear protein balance
Authors: Di Domenico Antonella , Hofer Annette , Tundo Federica , Wenz Tina
Published: November 2014

The above article, published online on November 15, 2014 in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com), has been retracted by agreement between the journal's Editors‐in‐Chief, Angelo Azzi and William J. Whelan, Corresponding Author Tina Wenz, the University of Cologne, and Wiley Periodicals, Inc. The article has been retracted on request of the University of Cologne that, after an investigation, established that the data reported in it are not reproducible.

Note from the Corresponding Author: “The paper reports on the influence of mitochondrial acetylation on protein synthesis. After publication, several irregularities appeared and have been thoroughly investigated by the lab of the Corresponding Author in cooperation with the commission of Research integrity of the University of Cologne. Both came to the conclusion that data used for the publication are erroneous and that the presented data are not reproducible by the lab of the Corresponding Author and other labs. The Corresponding Author takes responsibility and regrets not having detected these issues before publication. The appropriate corrective action is retraction of the paper. The Corresponding Author apologizes to the scientific community.”

Reference

Antonella Di Domenico,
Annette Hofer,
Federica Tundo,
Tina Wenz (2014), , IUBMB Life. 66: 793–802, 2014. DOI: 10.1002/iub.1328
Holocene environments and prehistoric site patterning in the Victorian Mallee
Authors: Ross A.
Published: November 2014

North‐western Victoria is a semi‐arid region of low sand dunes and dense mallee vegetation cover. Except for possible hearth sites in Pleistocene deposits at Lake Tyrrell, Aboriginal occupation of this area, known as ‘the Mallee’, does not appear to have occurred until the terminal Pleistocene/early Holocene, when the region was much less arid than at present. Occupation then was restricted to the northern part of the Mallee; more widespread occupation did not occur until long after the favourable conditions of the Holocene ended. The later occupation was probably triggered by an increase in population in inland south‐western Victoria.
Review
Authors: Kennedy Gail
Published: November 2014

Man, the tottering biped; the evolution of his posture, poise and skill. By Phillip V. Tobias. University of New South Wales, Committee in Postgraduate Medical Education, 1982. ISBN 0 85823 244 8. Pp. vi + 74 Price $5.50.