bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
DOSE FRACTIONATION: EFFECTS ON LONGEVITY, MATING CAPACITY, AND STERILITY OF IRRADIATED MALES OF THE INDIAN MEAL MOTH, PLODIA INTERPUNCTELLA (LEPIDOPTERA: PHYCITIDAE)
Authors: Brower John H.
Published: December 2009

Adult males of the Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella (Hübner), were irradiated with doses of 25 or 35 krad or various equal fractions thereof spaced over a period of 1 to 3 days. Longevity of males was not decreased by any of the irradiation treatments, but it was significantly increased by fractionation when the second fraction was administered the second day. The mating ability of males with single females, was not significantly affected by irradiation or fractionation of irradiation doses. The percentage of sterile pairs was dependent both on the dose and on the pattern of fractionation. The lowest percentages of sterility at both doses occurred in the treatments that had three equal fractions. The numbers of progeny produced by fertile pairs were also correlated with both dose and pattern of fractionation. Significantly more progeny were produced by males treated with some of the fractionated doses than by males treated with a single dose of 25 krad. No differences in number of progeny occurred at 35 krad.
FOOD SELECTION BY ORYZAEPHILUS MERCATOR (COLEOPTERA: CUCUJIDAE)
Authors: Loschiavo S. R.
Published: December 2009

Adults of the merchant grain beetle, Oryzaephilus mercator Fauvel, were found most frequently in bran, shelled sunflower seeds, rolled oats, and brown rice in a series of tests of up to 18 different household foods and oilseeds. Walnuts and flaxseed ranked next among the preferred foods. Wide fluctuations in preference occurred with bran, bread crumbs, and soda crackers. In a test of sunflower seeds, rolled oats, and bran all were equally preferred. Few beetles were found in wheat germ flakes, cornflakes, whole rapeseed, and raisins, and one or none in flour, a mixture of flour and brewers’ yeast (95:5, w/w), pancake mix, shredded coconut, and crushed or pulverized rapeseed. The same foods, in pulverized form, contained few or no beetles, indicating that food density affects insect distribution.
EFFICACY OF RONNEL AS A POUR-ON AND COUMAPHOS AS A DUST FOR CONTROL OF CATTLE LICE
Authors: Wright Russell E.
Published: December 2009

A pour-on formulation of ronnel and 1% coumaphos dust were tested for control of cattle lice under southern Ontario feedlot conditions. Moderate to heavy populations of the cattle biting louse Bovicola bovis and light populations of the sucking lice Linognathus vituli and Haematopinus eurysternus were present on the treated cattle. The ronnel and coumaphos dust gave excellent reduction of lice populations for 43 and 35 days, respectively.
EVALUATION OF RAPESEED FLOUR AND PEA PROTEIN CONCENTRATE AS PROTEIN SUPPLEMENTS FOR HONEY BEES (HYMENOPTERA: APIDAE)
Authors: Nelson Donald L.
Published: December 2009

Rapeseed flour fed to package honey bee colonies was preferred to soya flour, wheast, and pea protein concentrate. Rapeseed flour was equal to wheast and fresh mixed pollen for longevity when fed in small cages. Rapeseed flour was equal to wheast but both were inferior to fresh mixed pollen for brood rearing. Pea protein concentrate was the poorest diet in longevity and brood rearing tests.
NORTH AMERICAN LARVAE OF THE GENUS LOXOSTEGE HÜBNER (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE: PYRAUSTINAE)
Authors: Allyson Suzanne
Published: December 2009

The last-instar larvae of 13 species of Loxostege Hbn. are described and a key included to separate them to species. Notes on the life histories and habits have been added where these are available. One, L. sticticalis (L.), the beet webworm, often causes damage in commercial beet fields. The other species involved in this present work are: L. coloradensis (G. & R.), L. chortalis (Grt.), L. pseudobliteralis Capps, L. marculenta (G. &. R.), L. mancalis (Led.), L. helvialis (Wlk.), L. bifidalis (Fabr.), L. rantalis (Gn.), L. allectalis (Grt.), L. cereralis Zell., L. albiceralis (Grt.), and L. floridalis B. & McD.
TRANSLOCATION OF CACODYLIC ACID IN DUTCH ELM-DISEASED AMERICAN ELMS AND ITS EFFECT ON SCOLYTUS MULTISTRIATUS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)
Authors: Hostetler Bruce B. , Brewer J. Wayne
Published: December 2009

Cacodylic acid was injected into hatchet-made frill girdles 60 cm above the ground on Dutch elm-diseased American elms (Ulmus americana L.) at the rate of 0.8 ml/cm circumference measured 1.3 m above the ground. Cacodylic acid was translocated up the trees into the phloem. Arsenic residue analyses at several different heights in each tree indicated an inverse relationship between height and amount of cacodylic acid residue in the phloem. Largest amounts were translocated in trees with 75% wilted crowns.

Cacodylic acid injection into elms had no significant inhibitory effect on Scolytus multistriatus (Marsham) brood development. Cacodylic acid residues as high as 1700 ppm caused little or no beetle mortality. Highest numbers of beetles/dm2 bark surface area emerged from acid-treated elms with 75% crown wilt and from untreated elms with 100% crown wilt.
TEMPERATURE RELATIONS OF ADULT COLEOMEGILLA MACULATA LENGI AND C. M. MEDIALIS (COLEOPTERA:COCCINELLIDAE) AND RESPONSES TO OVIPOSITIONAL STIMULANTS
Authors: Smith B. C. , Williams R. R.
Published: December 2009

An adult of either Coleomegilla maculata lengi or C. m. medialis ate about 280 mg dry Acyrthosiphon pisum in its lifetime at various constant temperatures. Total food consumption and rate of intake increased with temperature and rate did not vary with age. The average ages attained by field-collected and laboratory-reared adults were greatest at temperatures of 17° and 23 °C, respectively, for C. m. lengi and at 23 °C for C. m. medialis. Neither subspecies laid any eggs at 17 °C, C. m. lengi laid some eggs at 23 °C, and both subspecies laid the largest number of eggs at 25 °C. Fertility as percentage of eggs hatched was lower in both subspecies at 34 °C (30%) than at 23° and 25 °C (100%). Ethanol extracts of teak, cinnamon, clove, guaiacol, and resorcinol were the most effective ovipositional stimulants for C. m. lengi when formulated in water. Exposure to the ethanol extracts of different plants increased the incidence of oviposition by 19% and the number of eggs/♀/day by 36% in C. m. lengi.
THE LIFE HISTORY OF THE CARROT WEEVIL, LISTRONOTUS OREGONENSIS (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE) UNDER CONTROLLED CONDITIONS
Authors: Martel P. , Svec H. J. , Harris C. R.
Published: December 2009

Laboratory studies on the biology of the carrot weevil, Listronotus oregonensis (LeConte), were performed at 21° and 27 °C. At 21 °C females laid eggs for 88 days on carrot slices and 94 days on foliage. Egg production per female averaged 156 and 175 on slices and leaves respectively. Eggs hatched after 8.3 days incubation and the larval stage comprising four instars was completed in 19.1 days. The prepupal and pupal stages lasted 3.7 and 9.4 days respectively. The complete life cycle including an average preoviposition period of 17 days was 57.6 days. Development was more rapid at 27 °C, with the complete life cycle taking only 37 days.
FEMALE COYNESS AND RECEPTIVITY DURING COURTSHIP IN PLODIA INTERPUNCTELLA (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE)
Authors: Grant G. G.
Published: December 2009

The receptivity of sexually mature Plodia interpunctella females during courtship was quantitatively analyzed. When males approached from the rear, two thirds of the females moved away from them on the first courtship encounter so that only 22% of these encounters led to copulation. In second encounters from the rear, however, 86% of the females turned and accepted the males, and 40% of them copulated. When the males approached head-on there was no observable difference in female receptiveness between first and second encounters; in each case over 90% of the females accepted the males and at least 55% of them copulated. Since the acceptance of the male by the female is dependent on her perception of a male sex pheromone released by scent glands on his forewings, she can probably identify the male immediately in head-on encounters but requires additional time or stimulation to do so in rear encounters.
RESIDUE LEVELS IN TOMATO PRODUCTS PROCESSED FROM FRUIT IN CONTACT WITH INSECTICIDE TREATED HAMPERS
Authors: von Stryk F. G. , Foott W. H.
Published: December 2009

Residue analyses for insecticides were conducted when whole tomatoes and tomato juice were processed from damaged tomatoes that had been in contact with the surfaces of wooden hampers treated with malathion or diazinon. There were 0.18–0.21 and 0.59–0.64 ppm of malathion in whole tomatoes and juice, respectively. No diazinon residues could be detected in whole tomatoes and only traces in juice. The data show that it should be safe to treat tomato hampers with these insecticides in an attempt to control nitidulid beetles that infest damaged processing tomatoes during the period between picking and delivery to the factory.
PAENECALYPTONOTUS FONTINALIS N. GEN., N. SP., WITH REMARKS ON THE FAMILY ACALYPTONOTIDAE (ACARI: PARASITENGONA: ARRENUROIDEA)
Authors: Smith Ian M.
Published: December 2009

Male and female adults of Paenecalyptonotus fontinalis n. gen., n. sp., are described. This is the second known species of Acalyptonotidae, and is unique in that adults have the idiosomal dorsum nearly covered by a sclerotized plate rather than mostly membranous, have 3 pairs of genital acetabula rather than 7 to 16 pairs, and inhabit cold water seepage areas and springs rather than lakes. Discovery of this species contributes to the elucidation of the relationship of Acalyptonotidae to other Arrenuroidea.
A NEW TECHNIQUE FOR REMOTE MONITORING OF ACTIVITY OF FRESHWATER INVERTEBRATES WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO OXYGEN CONSUMPTION BY NIAIDS OF ANAX SP. AND SOMATOCHLORA SP. (ODONATA),
Authors: Swain Wayland R. , Wilson Robert M. , Neri R. Peter , Porter G. S.
Published: December 2009

A new technique is described for remote monitoring of aquatic invertebrate populations which was specifically designed to eliminate effects on organism behavior attendant with other surveillance systems. Specifically, the system described overcomes the necessity for surgical implantation, restrictive weight, and the generation of unnatural activity.

Activities of a wide variety of aquatic invertebrates have been monitored using this system ranging in size from crustaceans of 300–600 μ long to dragonfly naiads of 3–5 cm long.

Immature Anax sp. and Somatochlora sp. were monitored for respiratory activity in relationship to decreasing oxygen tensions. An inverse relationship was observed between respiratory frequency and amplitude of respiration.
A NEW SPECIES OOENCYRTUS LEPTOGLOSSI (HYMENOPTERA: CHALCIDOIDEA, ENCYRTIDAE) REARED FROM EGGS OF LEPTOGLOSSUS CORCULUS (HEMIPTERA: COREIDAE)
Authors: Yoshimoto Carl M.
Published: December 2009

Ooencyrtus leptoglossi n. sp. is described and illustrated. This species is a parasite of the coreid bug (attacking pine seed) in Georgia, U.S.A.
CHINESE SPECIES OF PRISTIPHORA AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO PALAEARCTIC AND NEARCTIC SPECIES (HYMENOPTERA: TENTHREDINIDAE)
Authors: Wong Horne R.
Published: December 2009

Three species complexes (pallidiventris, chlorea, and geniculata) of Pristiphora Latreille are recognized from China. Two new species of Pristiphora from Nanking (Nanching), China, are described: P. sinensis n. sp., which is closely related to the Holarctic species P. geniculata (Hartig); and P. nankingensis n. sp., which belongs in the chlorea complex with P. fausta (Hartig), P. chlorea (Norton), and P. borneensis Forsius. P. formosana Rohwer and P. sauteri Rohwer from Taiwan (Formosa), together with P. zella Rohwer, P. pallidiventris (Fallén), and P. denudata Konow, belong in the pallidiventris complex. The lancets of the southeast Asian species of Pristiphora not illustrated by Benson (1963) are shown. Keys to adult females of species in the pallidiventris and chlorea complexes, and the separation of adult males and females of P. geniculata and P. sinensis n. sp., are presented. P. denudata is considered to be a valid species, not a subspecies of P. pallidiventris.
A METHOD FOR REARING VARIOUS SPECIES OF SOCIAL WASPS OF THE GENUS POLISTES (HYMENOPTERA: VESPIDAE) UNDER CONTROLLED CONDITIONS
Authors: Gibo David L.
Published: December 2009

Wasps of the genus Polistes have a number of characteristics that make them particularly suitable for studies on insect social behaviour. The females construct nests with exposed combs, have a reasonably complex social behaviour, and usually lack obvious morphological caste differences. In addition, the adults of many species establish colonies as groups of siblings (foundress associations), a method which is intermediate between colony founding by swarming, and colony founding by individual queens (Wilson 1971). Because of these characteristics, Polistes have been of interest to biologists who are concerned with the evolution of social behaviour in insects (e.g. Alexander 1974, Gibo 1974, Lin and Michener 1972, West 1967, West Eberhard 1969, 1975). Consequently, there is a need for a simple technique for rearing various species of Polistes under controlled conditions. Gibo (1974) briefly described modifications of Gillaspy's (1971) rearing method for P. apachus which made mass rearing of P. fascatus possible. This note describes the modified method in greater detail, and includes improvements that have resulted in increased yield and greater synchrony of colony growth. The improvements have been developed over 3 years and the method has been used to rear more than 100 colonies of various species of Polistes, including P. fuscatus, P. apachus, and P. dorsalis.
A NEW SPECIES OF EUPITHECIA (LEPIDOPTERA: GEOMETRIDAE) FROM ALASKA
Authors: Bolte K. B.
Published: December 2009

DESCRIPTION. Adult. Male antennae simple, with short, fine cilia evenly and thickly distributed over the entire ventral areas. Palpi medium length. Forewing with ground colour light cream-grey. Antemedial and basal lines faint, grey-brown. Distinct wavy light line, divided by a fine postmedial line, formed between inner margin of subterminal area and outer margin of medial area. Terminal and subterminal areas combined into a grey-brown band with rust-brown spots between veins at the outer margin. Discal dot prominent. Hind wing pattern similar to that of forewing but more blurred. Wing expanse, with forewings fully extended, 20–22 mm.
COMPETITIVE DISPLACEMENT OF PANONYCHUS ULMI (ACARINA: TETRANYCHIDAE) BY ACULUS SCHLECHTENDALI (ACARINA: ERIOPHYIDAE) IN APPLE ORCHARDS
Authors: Croft B. A. , Hoying S. A.
Published: December 2009

Evidence for competitive deplacement of Panonychus ulmi (ERM) from apple trees via Aculus schlechtendali (ARM) by what is thought to be a foliage conditioning mechanism is presented. Previous feeding of ARMs at high and moderate density levels near or below the economic threshold for this phytophagous mite on apple reduced the build-up of the ERM in 3 years of field experiments on Red Delicious trees and during a single season on McIntosh apple foliage. Comparative tests measuring oviposition rates of the ERM on excised apple leaves which had sustained high and low levels of previous rust mite feeding gave results similar to field experiments. The applied aspect of how this interspecific relationship can be managed in the context of an integrated mite management program for apples is discussed.
OVARIAN DEVELOPMENT OF QUEEN AND WORKER BUMBLE BEES (HYMENOPTERA: APIDAE) IN SOUTHERN ALBERTA
Authors: Richards K. W.
Published: December 2009

Oocytes of queen bumble bees from southern Alberta were partly developed when the queens emerged from hibernation in the spring. Early emerging species had less autumnal ovariole development and fed longer in spring before establishing a nest than did later emerging species. The main increase in oocyte size was synchronous with the finding of a suitable nest. The mean length of the largest oocyte for workers for all species was small, less than 0.7 mm, clearly indicating that workers contribute few males to the population.
FALLOCAMPUS: A NEW SAWFLY GENUS FOR THE NEARCTIC SPECIES OF PLATYCAMPUS SCHIØDTE (HYMENOPTERA: TENTHREDINIDAE)
Authors: Wong Horne R.
Published: December 2009

A new genus, Fallocampus, with type-species Camponiscus americanus Marlatt is described to accommodate the Nearctic species formerly assigned to Platycampus Schiødte. The adults and larvae of the new genus resemble Platycampus and Anoplonyx Marlatt respectively. Diagnostic characters separating the adults and larvae of these genera are noted and illustrated. Biological notes and a key to the larvae of Fallocampus are presented.
BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF CHLORPYRIFOS, CHLORPYRIFOS-METHYL, PHORATE, AND COUNTER® IN SOIL
Authors: Harris C. R.
Published: December 2009

The potential of chlorpyrifos-methyl and Counter® (S-[tert-butylthio) methyl] O, O-diethyl phosphorodithioate) as soil insecticides was assessed in the laboratory. Two established soil insecticides, chlorpyrifos and phorate, which are similar in chemical structure to chlorpyrifos-methyl and Counter respectively were included for comparative purposes. Spectrum of activity was determined using 24–48 h crickets, Acheta pennsylvanicus (Burmeister), 24–48 h adults, Chaetopsis spp., third stage darksided cutworms, Euxoa messoria (Harris), northern corn rootworm adults, Diabrotica longicornis (Say), and honeybees, Apis mellifera L. Chlorpyrifos-methyl and chlorpyrifos showed the broadest spectrum of activity being toxic to all five species of insects; Counter and phorate were toxic to four of the five. Initial activity in soil was assessed relative to soil type, moisture, and temperature using crickets as the indicator species. Chlorpyrifos-methyl was as effective and more consistent in activity than chlorpyrifos. Counter was more effective and consistent in soil than phorate other than under conditions of low soil moisture. No clear relationship between chemical structure and either direct contact or initial toxicity in soil was apparent. Tests on persistence of biological activity in mineral soil indicated that, as is generally the case with dimethyl and diethyl forms of organophosphorus insecticides, chlorpyrifos-methyl was even less persistent than chlorpyrifos. Counter was slightly more persistent than phorate. Although very active the potential of chlorpyrifos-methyl as a soil insecticide would be restricted by its limited persistence. Counter was considered to have good potential.
BIOSYSTEMATICS OF THE GENUSEUXOA(LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE): IX. MORPHOLOGICAL AND ELECTROPHORETIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE EGGS OF THE “DECLARATAGROUP”
Authors: Salkeld E. H.
Published: December 2009

Morphological features of the eggs ofEuxoa campestris,E.declarata, andE.rockburnei, the “declaratagroup”, were diagnostic for the species; the esterase zymograms of the eggs ofcampestrisanddeclaratasupport the morphological findings. Chorionic features and the esterase zymograms of a hybrid resembled those of the female parent.
DIAPAUSE TERMINATION IN OVERWINTERING PUPAE OF RHEUMAPTERA HASTATA (LEPIDOPTERA: GEOMETRIDAE) IN INTERIOR ALASKA
Authors: Werner Richard A.
Published: December 2009

A method was developed to terminate pupal diapause in Rheumaptera hastata through experimentation using controlled abiotic factors. Male and female pupae exposed to 0 °C at 75–100% moisture content for 90–120 days terminated diapause within 8–19 days following treatment. This method reduces diapause by 4 months compared with natural conditions. Light had a minimum effect on diapause termination; therefore, pupae should be exposed to constant darkness during the treatment period, followed by exposure to a 20L:4D photoperiod to obtain a high percentage of adult emergence.
EARLY GROUND APPLICATION OF ACEPHATE FOR CONTROL OF THE WESTERN SPRUCE BUDWORM (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) ON DOUGLAS-FIR
Authors: Brewer J. Wayne , O’Neal J.
Published: December 2009

The insecticide acephate (0.5-dimethyl acetyl phosphoramidothioate) was applied at 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 lb A.I./gal (.058, 0.118, 0.179 kg/l.) in aqueous solution to individual Douglas-fir trees infested with western spruce budworm, Choristoneura occidentalis Freeman, larvae in central Washington using hand held ground application equipment. Application was made when larvae were in the needle mining – bud mining stage at rates ranging from 2.58 to 5.10 gal/acre (3.97 to 7.84 l./ha). For all three concentrations, mortality of larvae inside needles was 94–98% after 1 day compared with a check mortality of 18% and larval mortality inside buds was 99% after 1 day compared with 23% for the check. Regression analyses indicated that defoliation was positively correlated with the number of needles mined the current year and per cent punctured buds, and negatively correlated with larval mortality inside both needles and buds. The data suggest that when applied at the rates used, acephate has some type of systemic action and can provide foliage protection during the year of application.
MODIFICATION AND FURTHER EVALUATION OF AN EQUATION FOR PREDICTING POPULATIONS OF CURCULIO CARYAE (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE)
Authors: Eikenbary R. D. , Grovenburg W. G. , Hedger G. H. , Morrison R. D.
Published: December 2009

An equation developed in 1972 and 1973 for predicting the number of adult pecan weevils, Curculio caryae (Horn), in pecan trees was modified to include natural survival and evaluated for estimating weevil population and for determining the initiation of control measures. This method of scheduling insecticide applications resulted in a lower infestation of pecan weevil than jarring, the most commonly used sampling method, with the same number of insecticide applications. The use of a prediction equation for estimating C. caryae populations to determine economic thresholds looks promising for the researcher, grower, or pest management specialist.
MATING FREQUENCY OF THE FEMALE EUROPEAN CORN BORER, OSTRINIA NUBILALIS (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE), IN SOUTHWESTERN ONTARIO
Authors: Elliott W. M.
Published: December 2009

European corn borer moths were caught in an ultraviolet light trap from early June to late October at Harrow, Ont. Two conspicuous peaks of light trap catches occurred each year, corresponding to two generations, but a third generation was deduced from three peaks of occurrence of virgin females. The number of moths which could be caught with nets in the day time correlated with the light trap catch of the previous night (r = 0.7). Most of the moths caught in the light trap or in nets were females but males predominated in the early June, September, and October catches. The shortage of males in the second generation was shown to influence the proportion of females mating, but not the number of spermatophores per female. Most females mated once and the number of matings per female did not differ enough between years to account for differences in adult populations.
A MODEL OF CARBOHYDRATE NUTRITION IN THE BLOWFLYPHORMIA REGINA(DIPTERA: CALLIPHORIDAE)
Authors: Thomson A. J. , Holling C. S.
Published: December 2009

An experimental component analysis approach is used to define the physiological interactions of carbohydrate nutrition and the manner in which it regulates the crop-emptying rate. The basic components of the crop-emptying rate are frequency of valve opening and the volume of the slug of fluid which passes through the valve. This volume is solely a function of crop volume, but the frequency of opening is a complex function determined by the crop volume, and by gut activity and blood osmotic pressure, both of which are related to nutritional parameters. To guide the formulation of the relationship, a model of the mechanism of valve function is proposed, based in the phenomenon of muscle creep.

The osmotic pressure is estimated by calculating the change in blood trehalose level estimated from observed rates of disappearance of sugar from the crop. Sugar emptying from the crop diffuses from the midgut to the blood, where it is partitioned between trehalose and glycogen according to established biochemical relationships. The model developed fits a wide variety of published data on crop-emptying rates of flies fed different volumes and concentrations of sugar, and may be applied to active, inactive, and flying insects.
SEX PHEROMONE RESPONSES OF CHORISTONEURA SPP. AND THEIR HYBRIDS (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Sanders C. J. , Daterman G. E. , Ennis T. J.
Published: December 2009

Field studies in Ontario, Oregon, and California on interspecific attraction and inhibition among the coniferophagous species of Choristoneura (the spruce budworm and its allies) confirmed specific pheromonal differences among the species. Of the three species that are mutually attractive and whose males are attracted by blends of trans- and cis-11-tetradecenal, C. fumiferana, C. biennis, and C. occidentalis, catches of C. fumiferana males in traps baited with C. fumiferana females were significantly reduced by the presence of females from a second group in which it is believed the females produce trans-11-tetradecenyl acetate. Catches of C. occidentalis males by C. occidentalis females were not affected in this way. F1 hybrids and backcrosses between an aldehyde-producing species and an acetate-producing species produced females that were attractive to males of one or other of the parent species, although some females were not attractive to either. Individual females never attracted males of both parent species, and of those that were attractive, more were attractive to males of the aldehyde species than to males of the acetate species. The results suggest sex-controlled inheritance and expression.
LABORATORY REARING OF THE WESTERN CHERRY FRUIT FLY, RHAGOLETIS INDIFFERENS (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE): OVIPOSITION AND LARVAL DIETS
Authors: AliNiazee M. T. , Brown R. D.
Published: December 2009

In a laboratory study, larvae of the western cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis indifferens Curran, were successfully reared on an artificial diet consisting of wood pulp, agar, wheat germ, Brewer’s yeast, sugar, salt, choline chloride, ascorbic, citric and propionic acids, cholesterol, methyl para-hydroxybenzoate (MPH), and water. Ten other diets consisting of various ingredients obtained variable results. A premixed tropical fruit fly diet (prepared by Nutritional Biochemicals, Cleveland, Ohio) was not suitable for rearing the cherry maggots. Formaldehyde was not satisfactory as a mold inhibitor.

The eggs were obtained on artificial cherries made up of a soft ceresin wax. No oviposition occurred on the other materials tested (candle wax, a regular ceresin wax, beeswax, and silicone). Significantly (5% level) more eggs were deposited on wax cherries of orange, green, and greenish-yellow colors than black, red, white and blue. A laboratory rearing method employing orange colored wax cherries and an artificial larval diet was established for culturing the western cherry fruit flies.
INFLUENCE OF TREE DIAMETER, ASPECT, AND MONTH KILLED ON THE BEHAVIOUR OF SCOLYTIDS INFESTING BLACK OAKS
Authors: Roling M. P. , Kearby W. H.
Published: December 2009

The scolytids, M. mali, M. fasciatum, X. saxeseni, X. ferrugineus, and X. xylographus, were attracted consistently to black oak trees killed each month from March to August, 1974. More beetles were attracted to larger diameter trees and most were trapped on the north aspect. The beetles showed no trends for attraction for trees killed in different months.
A NEW APPROACH TO SAN JOSE SCALE CONTROL (HEMIPTERA: DIASPIDIDAE)
Authors: Downing R.S. , Logan D.M.
Published: December 2009

A laboratory experiment demonstrated that in San Jose scale, Quadraspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock), the male is susceptible to a number of insecticides. Diazinon was the most effective as it killed the males before they emerged from their shells. Males emerged and survived for a short time before being killed by residues of azinphosmethyl and endosulfan. In an orchard, a petal fall spray of diazinon or Penncap E applied when male scales started to emerge gave good control of San Jose scale and was as effective as three summer sprays of diazinon timed to emergence of crawlers. Penncap E was ineffective against the crawlers. Post-bloom sprays are necessary to control infestations of incrusted scale because a pre-bloom oil application usually fails to contact live scale that may be underneath one or more layers of old dead scale.
A SIMPLE BUBBLER FOR SORTING BOTTOM FAUNA SAMPLES BY ELUTRIATION
Authors: Kingsbury P. D. , Beveridge W. J. G.
Published: December 2009

A simple bubbler for separating insects and other macroinvertebrates from aquatic bottom samples by elutriation is described. The apparatus is simple in construction and use and separated all groups of aquatic organisms from stream bottom samples with about 99% overall efficiency.
SOME ASPECTS OF THE BIOLOGY AND A LABORATORY LIFE TABLE OF THE ACARINE PREDATOR ZETZELLIA MALI
Authors: White N. D. , Laing J. E.
Published: December 2009

A rearing technique was developed to study various aspects of the biology of Zetzellia mali (Ewing) in the laboratory. The rate of development of Z. mali feeding upon the phytophagous mite Aculus schlechtendali (Nalepa) was determined at 9°±1°C and 14°±1°C (56% R.H.), 19°±1°C (33%, 56%, 76%, and 97% R.H.), and 24°±1°C (51% R.H.). The average preovipositional and ovipositional periods for 16 female Z. mali were 1.5 and 9.4 days respectively and an average of 1.7 eggs per day were laid by these females. Z. mali was found to be arrhenotokous with unmated females producing only male offspring and mated females producing 2.6 females: 1 male offspring. Diapause in Z. mali was broken at 24°±1°C, 16L:8D) with egg deposition beginning after 11 days (51% and 76% R.H.) or 12 days (33% and 96% R.H.) when the adults feed upon the winter eggs of Panonychus ulmi (Koch).

A life table was constructed for Z. mali and the intrinsic rate of increase (rm) was determined to be 0.109 female offspring/female/day. The mean generation time (T) was calculated to be 21.0 days and the net reproductive rate (R0) during this time was 10.04. The theoretical stable age distribution of the laboratory population of Z. mali at 19°±1°C, 56% R.H. was 59% eggs, 15% larvae, 7% protonymphs, 6% deutonymphs, and 13% adults.

Comparison of the intrinsic rates of increase and prey consumption of Z. mali and other species of predaceous mites indicate that Z. mali is not as efficient a regulating agent of phytophagous mites as the phytoseiids.
DISSEMINATION OF HOWARDULA SP. NEMATODES BY ADULT TOBACCO FLEA BEETLES (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE)
Authors: Elsey Kent D.
Published: December 2009

A Howardula sp. nematode parasite of the tobacco flea beetle, Epitrix hirtipennis (Melsheimer), was able to utilize the adult male to disseminate juveniles. At 27°C the mean total number of juveniles released per beetle was 369 for female beetles and 377 for males at an average rate of ca. 37 per day from both sexes. A cooler temperature retarded the onset of dissemination but did not affect the rate of release. Fifty-nine per cent of the free-living nematodes survived for 5–6 days, but none survived beyond 13 days. Seventy-nine per cent of the free-living nematodes were female.
RELATION OF BIRCH CASEBEARER (LEPIDOPTERA: COLEOPHORIDAE) NUMBERS TO PER CENT DEFOLIATION OF WHITE BIRCH
Authors: Raske A. G. , Bryant D. G.
Published: December 2009

Regression equations of per cent defoliation of white birch stands,Betula papyriferaMarsh., to birch casebearer,Coleophora fuscedinellaZeller, eggs or larvae had precisions (standard error of the estimate, b) of about 20% of the estimate. Although log-transformation of counts stabilized the variance, it did not increase the precision of the equations. Precision of regression estimates based on data from whole-stratum sample units differed little from that from only four mid-crown branches. The latter sample universe is smaller and more rapidly examined.
NEW INDO-MALAYAN ODONTIINAE (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE), WITH TAXONOMIC AND SYNONYMIC NOTES
Authors: Munroe Eugene
Published: December 2009

The following new odontiine taxa are described: Clupeosoma cicatricale, Sumatra; C. margarisemale, Java; C. microthyrale, Sabah; Hydrorybina fulvescens, Sumatra; Hemiscopis intermedialis, Soemba; Platynoorda, and its type-species P. atrivittalis, Sabah; Porphyronoorda, and its type-species P. decumbens, S. India; Gononoorda, its type-species G. neervoorti, Java; also G. jacobsoni, Sumatra. Hydrorybina Hampson is removed from the synonymy of Clupeosoma Snellen, and is redefined. In addition to the type-species, H. polusalis (Walker), and the new species H. fulvescens, the genus includes two species, Anemosa pryeri Butler and Clupeosoma violascens Hampson, transferred as new combinations from Clupeosoma. Syllythria bicolor Moore, placed first in Hydrorybina then in Clupeosoma by Hampson, is considered probably odontiine but probably not a member of either of those genera. It is left in Clupeosoma pending further investigation. Eurycreon? rubralis Warren is removed from the synonymy of C. bicolor and is transferred to the subfamily Pyraustinae as Pyrausta rubralis (Warren), n. comb. The relationship of Hydrorybina to Hemiscopis Warren is pointed out, and differential characters are given. Micromania Swinhoe, with type-species M. stigmatalis Swinhoe, is removed from the synonymy of Hemiscopis and is transferred to the subfamily Nymphulinae in the vicinity of Paracymoriza Warren, which is removed from the synonymy of Parthenodes Guenée. Noorda moringae Tams and N. trimaculalis Amsel are transferred to Epinoorda Rebel as new combinations.
A POPULATION MODEL FOR PLANT GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT: COUPLING COTTON–HERBIVORE INTERACTION
Authors: Wang Y. , Gutierrez A. P. , Oster G. , Daxl R.
Published: December 2009

A general population model for cotton growth and development is presented. The model captures the essential properties of the biological processes, and is sufficiently flexible to the incorporation of complex physiological and behavioral characteristics. The model has been used successfully to simulate the growth and development of Acala SJ-II cotton in California. The mathematical framework for coupling plants and herbivores has been presented, and the biological implications of their damage to the plant examined in a very general way.
TEMPORAL PATTERNS OF PUPATION AND EMERGENCE IN THE MOSQUITO CULISETA INORNAT A (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE)
Authors: Barnard Donald R. , Mulla Mir S.
Published: December 2009

The diel periodicity of pupation and emergence was studied in Culiseta inornata (Williston) under field conditions in the Lower Sonoran Desert of southern California. Floating isolation units were employed for observation of these two phenomena over an 8-day study period. Both male and female pharate pupae exhibited a diel periodicity of pupation. Two daily modes were apparent for this process; the first, of lesser amplitude at around 0400 h, and the second, main peak, near 1600 h daily (sunrise: 0635 h, sunset: 1559 h). Distinct diel periodicity of emergence was evident for both males and females of Cs. inornata, with the peak more pronounced for females. For both sexes, a single combined peak of emergence activity occurred daily at around 1600 h.

The diel periodicity of emergence correlated significantly with fluctuations in water temperature. Other environmental conditions such as solar radiation, cloud cover, windspeed, and air temperature exerted no observable effect on pupation and emergence activity.
A RAPID, PRECISE METHOD OF EXPOSING ORIENTAL FRUIT MOTH (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE) LARVAE TO PESTICIDE DEPOSITS
Authors: Fisher R.W. , Menzies D. R.
Published: December 2009

Manipulation of individual first instar larvae of the oriental fruit moth (OFM) has been successful using a sable hair (Fisher and Menzies 1976). However, when large numbers of larvae must be treated quickly and held for a long time, they cannot be handled singly. Also, larvae exposed to insecticides, even for short periods, are hard to retain on a substratum for observation.
CARACTÉRISTIQUES ULTRASTRUCTURALES D’UNE MICROSPORIDIE INFECTANT TYRIA JACOBAEAE (LÉPIDOPTÈRE: ARCTIIDÉ)
Authors: Philogène B. J. R. , Massalski A.
Published: December 2009

La microsporidie que l’on retrouve dans certaines populations de Tyria jacobaeae au Canada est caractérisée ici, au niveau ultrastructural pour la première fois. Il existe des différences avec d’autres microsporidies qui ont été observées ailleurs dans les mêmes détails.
METHODS FOR SAMPLING IMMATURE STAGES OF AEDES SPP. (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE) IN TEMPORARY PONDS
Authors: Enfield M. A. , Pritchard G.
Published: December 2009

Methods for sampling eggs, larvae, and pupae of Aedes spp. in a temporary pond are described. Changes in the area of the pond were mapped by reference to 8 transect lines and correlated with depth at the centre. These pond outlines at different centre depths were also used for the characterization of sampling strata. Samples were taken along the 8 transects only. Soil cores were taken from the dry pond bed, and the larvae that hatched after repeated floodings in the laboratory were used as estimates of the number of viable eggs present in the cores. The temperature of the water used for flooding was adjusted to hatch the ’spring’ species separately from Aedes vexans and Aedes cinereus. Samples were taken in the spring of 1974, in the autumn after the pond had been naturally reflooded, and in the spring of 1975. The estimated number of eggs in the pond decreased with time and the number estimated to have hatched in the summer of 1974 was similar to the estimated number of larvae. The standard errors were about 10% of the mean. Larvae and pupae were sampled with a Belleville sampler and population estimates were obtained for Aedes vexans and Aedes cinereus in August 1974 and for the ’spring’ species, Aedes euedes and Aedes mercurator, in April–May 1975. The efficiency of this program increased when the sample size exceeded 40, when the size of the sample unit was appropriate to the density of larvae, and when sufficient time was allowed for larvae (1 h for instar I) to become trapped. However, standard errors of less than 10% of the mean were obtained only at high mosquito densities.
A REVISION OF THE NEARCTIC SPECIES OF SYNDYAS LOEW (DIPTERA: EMPIDIDAE)
Authors: Teskey H.J. , Chillcott J.G.
Published: December 2009

The genus Syndyas Loew is revised for North America, and four of the six included species are described as new. A general description of the Nearctic species group is given, and keys are presented. All species but one are restricted to eastern North America. Three unplaced specimens that may represent additional species are discussed.
THE INTERACTION OF PINK BOLLWORM (LEPIDOPTERA: GELICHIIDAE), COTTON, AND WEATHER: A DETAILED MODEL
Authors: Gutierrez A. P. , Butler G. D. , Wang Y. , Westphal D.
Published: December 2009

The pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders)) is an important pest of cotton in the desert areas of the United States and Mexico, as well as other areas of the world. The literature on this pest is quite extensive, and hence, beyond the scope of this paper. Work by McLaughlin (1974), Lukefahr (1962), Watson et al. (1973), Slosser and Watson (1972), Adkisson et al. (1963), and Westphal et al. (unpublished) have been extremely useful in providing a satisfactory data base for formulating a mathematical description of the biology of this pest species (i.e., a time varying life table model—Hughes (1963), see Southwood (1966)).
INTRASPECIFIC COMPETITION IN ANOPHELES STEPHENSI (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE): II. THE EFFECTS OF MORE CROWDED DENSITIES AND THE ADDITION OF ANTIBIOTICS
Authors: Reisen William K. , Emory Richard W.
Published: December 2009

Anopheles stephensi Liston larvae were reared in food- and space-limited environments to which a mixture of penicillin G, chloramphenicol, and amphotericin B was added to suppress microbial populations. Under crowded conditions larvae took longer to develop, exhibited reduced survival, had an extended pupation period, and produced adults that were smaller. Under uncrowded conditions slightly more males than females emerged, whereas under crowded conditions proportionately fewer males than females emerged. Indirect evidence suggested that inhibitory compounds that slowed development and increased larval mortality were produced by crowded larvae. The addition of antibiotics did not suppress all microbial populations, but rather selected for resistant Pseudomonas-group bacteria which actually increased in number. The addition of antibiotics increased developmental rates at uncrowded, but not crowded densities, increased larval mortality, and increased the size of the emerging adults. Residual antibiotics increased development rates in a subsequent bioassay of the rearing media.
ACCELERATION FIELD OF INDIVIDUAL MIDGES, ANARETE PRITCHARDI (DIPTERA: CECIDOMYIIDAE), WITHIN A SWARM
Authors: Okubo Akira , Chiang H. C. , Ebbesmeyer C. C.
Published: December 2009

We analyzed a roll of 16 mm motion-picture film of the swarming of a cecidomyiid midge, Anarete pritchardi Kim, to calculate the acceleration of individual insects. We find that the midge moves with high accelerations, occasionally twice the acceleration of gravity, and that the midge is also subject to an inward force predominantly at the swarm edge. Energetics of midge flight is also considered by using accelerations and related data.
EFFECTS OF PEA APHIDS,ACYRTHOSIPHON PISUM(HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE), ON GROWTH AND PRODUCTIVITY OF PEA PLANTS,PISUM SATIVUM
Authors: Barlow C. A. , Randolph Polley Ann , Randolph J. C.
Published: December 2009

Feeding by aphids during 11 days decreased plant weight between 4.7% at an initial density of 5 aphids/plant and 63.9% when the infestation began with 50 aphids/plant. At this infestation level, plant surface area was decreased by 54.3% after 10 days. Both soluble carbohydrate and total protein were reduced by aphid feeding but caloric equivalent of pea tissue was not significantly affected. Extraction by aphids of up to 3.5 cal/plant day was offset by a compensatory increase in production by the plant. Extraction of about 32.7 cal/plant day, equivalent to 0.46 adult aphids/cm2of plant surface, completely eliminated pea net primary productivity. The relation between energy extracted by aphids,X, and % reduction of plant NPP,Y= 5.54X−0.058X2−19.17. Aphid consumption affected pea production directly by removing the amount actually ingested and indirectly because of lost production that would have resulted from the consumed material. Maximum sustainable efficiency of utilization of pea NPP by aphids was between 41% and 47% and maximum sustainable efficiency of transfer of pea NPP to aphid biomass was between 20% and 23%. These high utilization and transfer efficiencies probably would be reduced under field conditions by factors which limit aphid numbers.
BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS δ-ENDOTOXEV: ON THE RELATIVE ROLES OF SPORES AND CRYSTALS IN TOXICITY TO SPRUCE BUDWORM (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Fast P. G.
Published: December 2009

Newly moulted sixth instar larvae of spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana, were force fed graded dosages of preparations containing (1) purified crystals, (2) purified spores, and (3) mg/mg mixtures of purified spores and purified crystals. The LD50 for purified crystals was 0.094 μg/larva and for the mixture 0.096 μg/larva but the latter preparation had an LD50 of 0.048 μg/larva based on crystals indicating that the presence of 2.4 × 105 spores enhanced the toxicity of crystals twofold. The LD50 spore crystal corresponded to LD60 for crystals alone. The LD50 for spores treated with proteinase to remove residual crystals was 20 μg/larva, or 1,0 × 108 spores. The regression coefficients were not significantly different from each other in all three preparations indicating a common or similar mode of action. It is concluded that spores play little or no role in mortality of spruce budworm induced by Bacillus thuringiensis insecticides.
INTRODUCTION DE PARASITES ICHNEUMONIDES POUR LA LUTTE BIOLOGIQUE CONTRE FENUSA PUSILLA (HYMENOPTERA: TENTHREDINIDAE) AU QUEBEC
Authors: Guèvremont H.C. , Quednau F. W.
Published: December 2009

Environ 1,300 Lathrolestes nigricollis (Thompson) et 900 Grypocentrus albipes Ruthe (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), ont été libérés au Québec, en 1974 et 1975, pour lutter contre la petite mineuse du bouleau, Fenusa pusilla (Lep.). Ces deux espèces de parasites européens ont été relâchées dans des peuplements de bouleau gris (Betula populifolla Marsh.) de quatre localités de la Vallée du St-Laurent. Les deux espèces ont engendré une progéniture mâle et femelle malgré l’absence d’accouplement bien caractérisé chez G. albipes. Trois générations de parasitoïdes, dont la première a hiverné, ont été enregistrées à la fin de l’été 1975. L’implantation de parasites de F. pusilla se présente jusqu’à date comme une réussite.
AN ANALYSIS OF INTERSPECIFIC AND INTRASPECIFIC MORPHOLOGICAL DIFFERENCES IN TWO CLOSELY RELATED SPECIES OF AMBLYSEIUS BERLESE USING METHODS OF NUMERICAL TAXONOMY (ACARINA: PHYTOSEHDAE)
Authors: Chant D.A. , Hansell R.I.C. , Rowell H.J.
Published: December 2009

Morphological variation between two closely related species in the genus Amblyseius Berlese was examined by numerical taxonomic methods. Multivariate tests indicated that A. canadensis Chant and Hansell and A. novaescotiae (Chant) represent two separate and distinct morphological groups. This supports their taxonomic retention as valid species. Intraspecific morphological variation was also examined and found to be correlated with climatic and host plant variables.
RESPONSE OF THE APPLE MAGGOT, RHAGOLETIS POMONELLA, AND THE CHERRY FRUIT FLY, R. FAUSTA (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE), TO PROTEIN HYDROLYSATE BAIT SPRAYS
Authors: Reissig W. H.
Published: December 2009

None of five mixtures of protein hydrolysate and azinphosmethyl which were applied as foliar sprays (1.0, 2.0, 5.0% yeast hydrolysate, 2.0% corn hydrolysate, and 2.0% soy hydrolysate) killed significantly more apple maggot flies, Rhagoletis pomonella, or black cherry fruit flies, R. fausta, than a spray of azinphosmethyl alone which was used as a control. This suggests that hydrolysate bait sprays would be no more effective than a toxicant alone in controlling these flies.
EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON DEVELOPMENTAL RATE AND FECUNDITY OF THE PEAR PSYLLA, PSYLLA PYRICOLA (HOMOPTERA: PSYLLIDAE)
Authors: McMullen R. D. , Jong C.
Published: December 2009

At constant temperatures between 10.0° and 32.2°C with 16 h photoperiod development of eggs and nymphs was slowest at 10.0° (61.8 days av.) and most rapid at 26.7°C (27.0 days av.). Mortality of eggs and nymphs was moderate (43.7%) at 10.0°, least (24.2%) at 21.1°, and 100% at 32.2°C. Between 15.6° and 35.0°C, 16 h photoperiod, fecundity of winter form adults was greatest (486.3 eggs av) at 15.6° and lowest (0.0 eggs) at 35.0°C. For summer form adults fecundity was moderate (212.4 eggs av.) at 15.6°, maximum (444.9 and 447.3 eggs av., respectively) at 21.1° and 26.7°C, and least (2.8 eggs av.) at 35.0°C. Longevity of male and female winter and summer forms was greatest at the low temperature and least at the high temperature. These data are discussed with relation to field observations of natural pear psylla populations and control programs.
PEST MANAGEMENT: CONTROL OF ARCHIPS ARGYROSPILUS AND ARCHIPS ROSANUS (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) ON APPLE
Authors: Madsen Harold F. , Potter S. A. , Peters F. E.
Published: December 2009

Two leafroller spades are major pests of apple in British Columbia, Archips argyrospilus (Walker) and Archips rosanus (Linnaeus). Field observations showed that both species overwinter in the egg stage and that larval emergence times are similar. Experiments demonstrated that both species are susceptible to sprays of azinphos-methyl, diazinon, or trichlorfon applied at either the pink bud or petal fall stages. Dipel (Bacillus thuringiensis) failed to control larvae of either species.