bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Extramammary Paget disease: five perianal case report and treatment options
Authors: Deng Heng , Fang Xiaoli , Li Ming
Published: May 2021

We present five cases of perianal Paget disease (PPD). Two cases underwent a wide local excision (WLE) of PPD plus skin flap transfer surgery with good curative effect. One case of PPD complicated with mucinous adenocarcinoma underwent a laparoscopic abdominoperineal resection (Miles), which may be the extremes of clinical treatment of the disease. The remaining two cases passed away without surgery after they refused further treatments. This article aims to draw attention to relationship among the correct diagnosis, protection of anal function and treatment options of PPD.
SARS-CoV-2 rapid antigen testing for departing passengers at Vancouver International Airport
Authors: Qahtani Mawath A , Yang Cheng Wei Tony , Lazosky Lynda , Li Xuan , D’Cruz Jonathan , Romney Marc G , Sin Don D
Published: May 2021

Here, we show that point-of-care rapid antigen testing for coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) is feasible to implement in the departure areas of major airports for same-day travellers and is effective in ruling out possible carriers of severe acute respiratory coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) in asymptomatic air travellers. This strategy may help to reduce the spread of COVID-19 via air travel.
Characteristic time of stellar flares on Sun-like stars
Authors: Yan Y , He H , Li C , Esamdin A , Tan B L , Zhang L Y , Wang H
Published: May 2021

Using the short-cadence data (1-min interval) of the Kepler space telescope, we conducted a statistical analysis for the characteristic time of stellar flares on Sun-like stars (SLS). Akin to solar flares, stellar flares show rise and decay light-curve profiles, which reflect the two distinct phases (rise phase and decay phase) of the flare process. We derived characteristic times of the two phases for stellar flares of SLS, resulting in a median rise time of about 5.9 min and a median decay time of 22.6 min. It is found that both the rise time and the decay time of the stellar flares follow a lognormal distribution. The peak positions of the lognormal distributions for flare rise time and decay time are 3.5 min and 14.8 min, respectively. These time values for stellar flares are similar to the time-scale of solar flares, which supports the idea that stellar flares and solar flares have the same physical mechanism. The statistical results obtained in this work for SLS can be a benchmark of flare characteristic times when comparing with other types of stars.
Robustness of Phylogenetic Inference to Model Misspecification Caused by Pairwise Epistasis
Authors: Magee Andrew F , Hilton Sarah K , DeWitt William S
Published: May 2021

Likelihood-based phylogenetic inference posits a probabilistic model of character state change along branches of a phylogenetic tree. These models typically assume statistical independence of sites in the sequence alignment. This is a restrictive assumption that facilitates computational tractability, but ignores how epistasis, the effect of genetic background on mutational effects, influences the evolution of functional sequences. We consider the effect of using a misspecified site-independent model on the accuracy of Bayesian phylogenetic inference in the setting of pairwise-site epistasis. Previous work has shown that as alignment length increases, tree reconstruction accuracy also increases. Here, we present a simulation study demonstrating that accuracy increases with alignment size even if the additional sites are epistatically coupled. We introduce an alignment-based test statistic that is a diagnostic for pairwise epistasis and can be used in posterior predictive checks.
When All You Have is a Hammer: Surface/Depth as Good Comparison
Authors: Sewell Ian
Published: May 2021

This article interrogates and reimagines the approach to reductive music analysis characterized by spatial metaphors (like “underlying” harmony). Such language portrays analysis as the process of discovering a structure “beneath” a piece’s “surface.” I argue that this picture downplays the multi-faceted, varied processes that go into creating musical reductions. Examining details of several different kinds of relationships between “surface” and “depth,” I show that while the traditional characterization is analytically apt in many cases, it encourages false equivalences in others. Borrowing Schoenberg’s description of music theory as being based in “good comparison,” I suggest that such an alternative conception might better suit some of our engagements with reductive analysis. Moreover, adopting this alternative might encourage different kinds of engagements, altering our perspective in a way that makes constructing reductions a much more flexible—and potentially more powerful—approach than has hitherto been the case.
Sociodemographic Inequalities in Urinary Tract Infection in 2 Large California Health Systems
Authors: Casey Joan A , Rudolph Kara E , Robinson Sarah C , Bruxvoort Katia , Raphael Eva , Hong Vennis , Pressman Alice , Morello-Frosch Rachel , Wei Rong X , Tartof Sara Y
Published: May 2021

Background

Urinary tract infection (UTI) accounts for a substantial portion of outpatient visits and antibiotic prescriptions in the United States. Few studies have considered sociodemographic factors including low socioeconomic status (SES)—which may increase residential crowding, inappropriate antibiotic prescribing, or comorbidities—as UTI or multidrug-resistant (MDR) UTI risk factors.

Methods

We used 2015–2017 electronic health record data from 2 California health care systems to assess whether 3 sociodemographic factors—use of Medicaid, use of an interpreter, and census tract–level deprivation—were associated with overall UTI or MDR UTI. UTIs resistant to ≥3 antibiotic classes were considered MDR.

Results

Analyses included 601 352 UTI cases, 1 303 455 controls, and 424 977 urinary Escherichia coli isolates from Kaiser Permanente Southern California (KPSC) and Sutter Health in Northern California. The MDR prevalence was 10.4% at KPSC and 12.8% at Sutter Health. All 3 sociodemographic factors (ie, use of Medicaid, using an interpreter, and community deprivation) were associated increased risk of MDR UTI. For example, using an interpreter was associated with a 36% (relative risk [RR], 1.36; 95% CI, 1.31 to 1.40) and 28% (RR, 1.28; 95% CI, 1.22 to 1.34) increased risk of MDR UTI at KPSC and Sutter Health, respectively, adjusted for SES and other potential confounding variables. The 3 sociodemographic factors were only weakly associated with UTI overall.

Conclusions

We found low SES and use of an interpreter to be novel risk factors for MDR UTI in the United States.
I cannot picture it in my mind: acquired aphantasia after autologous stem cell transplantation for multiple myeloma
Authors: Bumgardner Adam L , Yuan Kyle , Chiu Alden V
Published: May 2021

Aphantasia, the loss of mental imagery, is a rare disorder and even more infrequent when acquired. No previous cases have been identified that were caused by transplant-related treatment. We describe a case of acquired aphantasia in a 62-year-old male with refractory IgG kappa multiple myeloma after receiving an autologous stem cell transplant (ASCT) following high-dose melphalan with a complicated hospital admission. The etiology of aphantasia remains unidentified, but we provide viable explanations to include direct effects from ASCT treatment and indirect effects from transplant-related complications.
Juggling parenthood and ornithology: A full lifecycle approach to supporting mothers through the American Ornithological Society
Authors: Lerman Susannah B , Pejchar Liba , Benedict Lauryn , Covino Kristen M , Dickinson Janis L , Fantle-Lepczyk Jean E , Rodewald Amanda D , Vleck Carol
Published: May 2021

The understanding that motherhood impacts career paths is so pervasive among early-career scientists that some feel they must choose parenthood or a career. The penalties associated with motherhood can contribute to the “leaky pipeline,” which equates to the high attrition rate of women due to social, economical, or temporal factors as they proceed through their career and exacerbates persistent gender gaps at mid- and late-career stages. Here, we review the literature and summarize common challenges faced by ornithologist mothers and nonbinary parents, and we adopt a full lifecycle approach to recommend evidence-based strategies for overcoming those challenges. The American Ornithological Society (AOS) is well positioned to support and celebrate women and nonbinary ornithologists who choose parenthood, and we highlight progress made by the AOS to improve gender diversity, equity, and inclusion within the Society. For example, AOS caregiver grants allow more parents to attend and participate in conferences. We suggest additional initiatives (e.g., elevating role models, hosting mentoring networks, and disseminating best practices) that could further support women who want to become or already are parents while also achieving rewarding careers in ornithology. AOS leadership can take steps to close the gender gap in ornithology and other Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics fields. With a larger, more diverse, and talented community, the Society will be better equipped to achieve its mission: conserving and understanding bird life on earth, enriching ornithology as a profession, and mentoring young professionals.
Plant and Algal PSII–LHCII Supercomplexes: Structure, Evolution and Energy Transfer
Authors: Sheng Xin , Liu Zhenfeng , Kim Eunchul , Minagawa Jun
Published: May 2021

Photosynthesis is the process conducted by plants and algae to capture photons and store their energy in chemical forms. The light-harvesting, excitation transfer, charge separation and electron transfer in photosystem II (PSII) are the critical initial reactions of photosynthesis and thereby largely determine its overall efficiency. In this review, we outline the rapidly accumulating knowledge about the architectures and assemblies of plant and green algal PSII–light harvesting complex II (LHCII) supercomplexes, with a particular focus on new insights provided by the recent high-resolution cryo-electron microscopy map of the supercomplexes from a green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. We make pair-wise comparative analyses between the supercomplexes from plants and green algae to gain insights about the evolution of the PSII–LHCII supercomplexes involving the peripheral small PSII subunits that might have been acquired during the evolution and about the energy transfer pathways that define their light-harvesting and photoprotective properties.
Jitters on the Eve of the Great Recession: Is the Belief in Divine Control a Protective Resource?
Authors: Upenieks Laura , Schieman Scott , Bierman Alex
Published: May 2021

One factor that has received surprisingly little attention in understanding the mental health consequences of the 2007–2008 financial crisis is religion. In this study, we ask: what is the relationship between two economic stressors—job insecurity and financial strain—and depression? And how do changes in religious belief, indexed by the sense of divine control, moderate those relationships? We use two waves of the U.S. Work, Stress, and Health (US-WSH) project (2005–2007), which occurred on the eve of the Great Recession. Results suggest that increases in job insecurity and financial strain are associated with increased levels of depression. However, those associations are (1) buffered among individuals who simultaneously increased in the sense of divine control and (2) exacerbated among individuals who decreased in the sense of divine control. Moreover, the buffering and exacerbating effects of divine control are significantly stronger among workers with lower levels of education.
Control at Work: An Integrative, Lifespan-Informed Review
Authors: Rauvola Rachel S , Rudolph Cort W
Published: May 2021

Control is one of the most ubiquitous and fundamental concepts to the study of psychology, including to theory, research, and practice related to aging and work. Indeed, control constructs exist in many different forms (e.g., self-efficacy, job autonomy, locus of control), and they have been extensively linked to performance and well-being with age. This article provides a review of age- and work-relevant theory and research pertaining to a variety of “actual,” perceived, and enacted control constructs. The article seeks to fulfill 3 goals. First, we review predominant control constructs with respect to theory and research, considering their distinguishing and overlapping features, relationships with age- and work-relevant concerns, and areas of consensus and ambiguity. Second, we synthesize and organize our review findings into a work-focused “lifespan control framework” to guide theoretical revision, hypothesis formation, and construct choice/comparisons, and we provide recommendations to researchers for using this framework. Third and finally, we generate a focused research agenda for impactful studies of age, control, and work. The concept of control has contributed to our knowledge of and practice with work-relevant processes, and this review aims to aid in integration, organization, and innovation to move the study of age, control, and work forward.
The Use of Auditory Simulation in Undergraduate Nursing
Authors: Duprey Melissa D. , Silver-Dunker Kimberly , Whittaker Suzanne Landry
Published: May 2021

Auditory hallucination is common in schizophrenia, influencing emotional state and behavior. Most patients experience high levels of distress, paranoia, and depression. After participating in the “Hearing Voices” auditory simulation, which involved rotating through various workstations while listening to distressing voices, nursing students (n = 39) completed the Kiersma–Chen Empathy Scale. All were satisfied with the auditory simulation; 90 percent perceived the experience as beneficial to their role as a registered nurse. This innovative teaching strategy, utilizing simulation, provided an opportunity to experience auditory hallucinations, thereby increasing both understanding and empathy.
Exploring Nursing Students’ Motivation to Prepare for Class
Authors: Bernard R. Oscar , Rosales Marc , Zurcher Natasha
Published: May 2021

Although it has been proven that the classroom experience is enhanced when students come prepared to class, there is insufficient evidence on students’ perspectives about what motivates them to prepare for class. This qualitative phenomenology study included records review from 130 accelerated second-degree undergraduate nursing students and a focus group and interviews to discover what motivates students to prepare for class. The data analysis revealed five prominent themes: knowing what to study, deep learning, accountability, getting into the textbook, and content engagement. The study validated several interventions that successfully motivate students to prepare for class.
How One Healthcare Organization Is Creating a True System
Authors: Daily Aimee
Published: May 2021

Founded in 1897 as a 12-bed hospital and training school in Springfield, Illinois, Memorial Health System (MHS) today serves communities throughout central Illinois with five affiliated hospitals, ambulatory care services, and behavioral health programs. The system includes Memorial Medical Center in Springfield, Abraham Lincoln Memorial Hospital in Lincoln, Taylorville Memorial Hospital in Taylorville, Passavant Area Hospital in Jacksonville, Decatur Memorial Hospital in Decatur, and the Memorial Physician Services, Memorial Home Services, and Memorial Behavioral Health network across central Illinois. The evolution of MHS from a system in name only—lacking full integration of organizational functions—to its current status as an optimized health system has been marked by challenges, from the initial doubts of employees and the community to the upheaval caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. Systemness requires visionary and sure-handed leadership to identify and realize economies of scale, share best practices for operational improvements, and reduce unwanted variation to improve quality of care. As the MHS story illustrates, that all starts, grows, and endures with strategic planning.
Variability in the criteria for a difficult intubation alert in the age of videolaryngoscopy: a scenario-based, multidisciplinary, multi-institutional provider survey
Authors: Allyn John W. , Curry Craig S. , Hubbs P. Robert , Hicks Anne , Craig Wendy , Muns Emily , Susser Philip , Richard Janelle M. , Atkins Joshua H.
Published: May 2021

Introduction:

Our goal was to characterize further variability in how providers both define a difficult intubation and apply a difficult tracheal intubation alert.

Materiala and Methods:

We developed a survey describing 26 different intubation scenarios encompassing a range of clinical complexity and equipment. Scenarios included multiple factors hypothesized to impact a provider’s definition of a difficult intubation and the threshold for a difficult intubation alert. Provider responses were then assessed for variability and agreement.

The survey was distributed at 2 academic medical centers, 1 in Portland, ME (1 teaching hospital, 600 beds) and 1 in Philadelphia, PA (2 teaching hospitals, 1180 total beds). Electronic surveys were sent to anesthesia and emergency medicine providers (total N=617). Providers were asked to grade the difficulty of the scenario presented and whether they would activate the difficult intubation alert in the electronic health record. Responses were pooled and summarized as a frequency (%) and analyzed by provider type and institution.

Results:

Providers lacked agreement about scenarios that were very difficult or when an alert should be used. This variability was similar among provider types and institutions. Providers assessed scenarios as being more difficult and were more likely to apply an alert when videolaryngoscopy was not available.

Conclusions:

Substantial variability was demonstrated in providers’ definition of a difficult intubation and the threshold to activate a difficult intubation alert. This variability is consistent with related findings by other groups and represents a latent patient safety threat. The availability alone of videolaryngoscopy influences a provider’s definition of a difficult intubation, resulting in the grading of a scenario as less difficult. The associated risks may be mitigated by the delineation of specific criteria for difficult intubation designation and alert activation at the hospital or health system level.
Seasonal variation in ambulatory visits for common itching diseases
Authors: Muddasani Suraj , Fleischer Alan B.
Published: May 2021

Seasonal variation in Google searches for “itch” has been previously observed. There are also a seasonal difference in visits for the symptom of itch. The largest number of these visits occurs in summer and the lowest occurs in winter. We examined the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey to identify if this trend is consistent for the most common itching diseases. The only diseases that demonstrated seasonal variation in ambulatory visits were vaginitis and vulvovaginitis (P=0.002), rash and other nonspecific skin eruption (P=0.002), and contact dermatitis due to plants (P<0.001). Our results demonstrate that seasonal variation in itch is not universal for all diseases, and it does not occur for many of the most common diseases.
Psychiatry and the 21st Century
Authors: Becker Robert E.
Published: May 2021

After a long and torturous path, an elusive quest for structure and order may have misled the American Psychiatric Association to overexpand the scope of its Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM) codification of mental disorders. The DSM and guidelines came to represent American psychiatry to the world. Although important for epidemiological and statistical research, in volume and complexity, the DSM challenges clinicians. The DSM effort at categorization must be reconceived to acknowledge modern biological realities. Molecular and other selective biological sciences no longer dominate biology as they did at the time of DSM’s initial conception. Today, a Darwinian-Hippocratic combined biology leads psychiatry to address individuals and populations irretrievably and uniquely interdependent with environments. Unfortunately, the DSM, as currently conceived, fails to support this emerging 21st century biological grounding for psychiatry.
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Among Chinese Elderly
Authors: Zhu Dongwan , Dwyer Johanna T. , Ouyang Chung-Mei
Published: May 2021

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) prevalence, related challenges, and culturally acceptable treatments in China are described. Overweight, obesity, T2DM, and the aged population are all increasing, and more attention to T2DM patients is needed. Next steps include improved screening, case finding, and follow-up. At the societal level, enhanced patient management particularly at the primary care level, increased use of diabetes self-management, and better insurance coverage and evaluation of the effectiveness of traditional Chinese medicine as add-ons to conventional treatments should be considered.
Part 1
Authors: Agoulnik Dorothy , Lalonde Mathieu Pascal , Ellmore George S. , McKeown Nicola M.
Published: May 2021

Public interest in the Paleo diet (PD) has been growing since 2002, following the publication of Dr Loren Cordain's book The Paleo Diet. The premise of this diet is rooted in the ancestral hunter-gatherer pattern of eating, including lean meat, fish/seafood, fruits, vegetables (leaves and tubers), and nuts. Many followers adopt the diet as a healthier alternative to the standard American diet. Today, however, the interpretation and practice of the PD vary. To promote an increased understanding of the PD and its potential health benefits and to also help clinicians better engage with patients following the PD, researchers should work to (1) standardize how PD is defined in the literature and (2) examine the nutrient composition of the PD.
Follow-up Care in Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Authors: Choe Monica Y. , Wright Rebecca , Parian Alyssa
Published: May 2021

Inflammatory bowel disease is characterized by chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract and is associated with high risks for complications, surgeries, and frequent hospitalizations. Approximately one in four inflammatory bowel disease patients are readmitted to the hospital within 90 days of discharge in the United States. Although existing literature showed a timely clinic appointment with gastroenterologists is a protective factor for disease flare-ups and hospitalizations, the follow-up appointments were found to be either lacking or significantly delayed. Further, evidence-based guidelines in timely inflammatory bowel disease care are lacking. Thus, this integrative review examined current literature to identify effective strategies for achieving timely clinic appointments with gastroenterologists in inflammatory bowel disease. A comprehensive search of three electronic databases (PubMed, Embase, and Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature [CINAHL] Plus) was conducted from January 2009 to September 2019 using the key terms: inflammatory bowel disease, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, appointments, and time to appointment. Nine articles met the inclusion criteria. The main interventions for timely inflammatory bowel disease care included (i) clinic-wide scheduling protocols, (ii) a dedicated healthcare team, (iii) efficient referral process, (iv) appointment management based on disease acuity and severity, and (v) addressing shortage of inflammatory bowel disease clinicians. Further research is needed to quantify the magnitude of timely inflammatory bowel disease care interventions with controls and evaluate the efficacy with a head-to-head trial. Through timely referrals, evaluations, and treatments, these quality improvement endeavors will ultimately improve quality of care and contribute to reduction in preventable hospitalizations and associated healthcare costs from delayed outpatient inflammatory bowel disease care.
A novel approach for predicting risk of vector-borne disease establishment in marginal temperate environments under climate change: West Nile virus in the UK
Authors: Ewing David A. , Purse Bethan V. , Cobbold Christina A. , White Steven M.
Published: May 2021

Vector-borne diseases (VBDs), such as dengue, Zika, West Nile virus (WNV) and tick-borne encephalitis, account for substantial human morbidity worldwide and have expanded their range into temperate regions in recent decades. Climate change has been proposed as a likely driver of past and future expansion, however, the complex ecology of host and vector populations and their interactions with each other, environmental variables and land-use changes makes understanding the likely impacts of climate change on VBDs challenging. We present an environmentally driven, stage-structured, host–vector mathematical modelling framework to address this challenge. We apply our framework to predict the risk of WNV outbreaks in current and future UK climates. WNV is a mosquito-borne arbovirus which has expanded its range in mainland Europe in recent years. We predict that, while risks will remain low in the coming two to three decades, the risk of WNV outbreaks in the UK will increase with projected temperature rises and outbreaks appear plausible in the latter half of this century. This risk will increase substantially if increased temperatures lead to increases in the length of the mosquito biting season or if European strains show higher replication at lower temperatures than North American strains.
Gravity and active acceleration limit the ability of killer flies (
Coenosia attenuata
) to steer towards prey when attacking from above
Authors: Rossoni S. , Fabian S. T. , Sutton G. P. , Gonzalez-Bellido P. T.
Published: May 2021

Insects that predate aerially usually contrast prey against the sky and attack upwards. However, killer flies (
Coenosia attenuata
) can attack prey flying below them, performing what we term ‘aerial dives'. During these dives, killer flies accelerate up to 36 m s
−2
. Although the trajectories of the killer fly's dives appear highly variable, proportional navigation explains them, as long as the model has the lateral acceleration limit of a real killer fly. The trajectory's steepness is explained by the initial geometry of engagement; steep attacks result from the killer fly taking off when the target is approaching the predator. Under such circumstances, the killer fly dives almost vertically towards the target, and gravity significantly increases its acceleration. Although killer flies usually time their take-off to minimize flight duration, during aerial dives killer flies cannot reach the lateral accelerations necessary to match the increase in speed caused by gravity. Since a close miss still leads the predator closer to the target, and might even slow the prey down, there may not be a selective pressure for killer flies to account for gravity during aerial dives.
The relationship between mental well-being and dysregulated gaming: a specification curve analysis of core and peripheral criteria in five gaming disorder scales
Authors: Ballou Nick , Van Rooij Antonius J.
Published: May 2021

Gaming disorder (also known as dysregulated gaming) has received significant research and policy attention based on concerns that certain patterns of play are associated with decreased mental well-being and/or functional impairment. In this study, we use specification curve analysis to examine analytical flexibility and the strength of the relationship between dysregulated gaming and well-being in the form of general mental health, depressive mood and life satisfaction. Dutch and Flemish gamers (n= 424) completed an online survey containing five unique dysregulated gaming measures (covering nine scale variants) and three well-being measures. We find a consistent negative relationship; across 972 justifiable regression models, the median standardized regression coefficient was −0.39 (min: −0.54, max: −0.19). Data show that the majority of dysregulated gaming operationalizations converge upon highly similar estimates of well-being. However, variance is introduced by the choice of well-being measure; results indicate that dysregulated gaming is more strongly associated with depressive mood than with life satisfaction. Weekly game time accounted for little to no unique variance in well-being in the sample. We argue that research on this topic should compare a broad range of psychosocial well-being outcomes and explore possible simplifications of the DSM-5 gaming disorder criteria. Given somewhat minute differences between dysregulated gaming scales when used in survey-based studies and largely equivalent relationships with mental health indicators, harmonization of measurement should be a priority.
Twitter, time and emotions
Authors: Mayor Eric , Bietti Lucas M.
Published: May 2021

The study of temporal trajectories of emotions shared in tweets has shown that both positive and negative emotions follow nonlinear circadian (24 h) and circaseptan (7-day) patterns. But to this point, such findings could be instrument-dependent as they rely exclusively on coding using the Linguistic Inquiry Word Count. Further, research has shown that self-referential content has higher relevance and meaning for individuals, compared with other types of content. Investigating the specificity of self-referential material in temporal patterns of emotional expression in tweets is of interest, but current research is based upon generic textual productions. The temporal variations of emotions shared in tweets through emojis have not been compared to textual analyses to date. This study hence focuses on several comparisons: (i) between Self-referencing tweets versus Other topic tweets, (ii) between coding of textual productions versus coding of emojis, and finally (iii) between coding of textual productions using different sentiment analysis tools (the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count—LIWC; the Valence Aware Dictionary and sEntiment Reasoner—VADER and the Hu Liu sentiment lexicon—Hu Liu). In a collection of more than 7 million Self-referencing and close to 18 million Other topic content-coded tweets, we identified that (i) similarities and differences in terms of shape and amplitude can be observed in temporal trajectories of expressed emotions between Self-referring and Other topic tweets, (ii) that all tools feature significant circadian and circaseptan patterns in both datasets but not always, and there is often a correspondence in the shape of circadian and circaseptan patterns, and finally (iii) that circadian and circaseptan patterns obtained from the coding of emotional expression in emojis sometimes depart from those of the textual analysis, indicating some complementarity in the use of both modes of expression. We discuss the implications of our findings from the perspective of the literature on emotions and well-being.
Memory-two zero-determinant strategies in repeated games
Authors: Ueda Masahiko
Published: May 2021

Repeated games have provided an explanation of how mutual cooperation can be achieved even if defection is more favourable in a one-shot game in the Prisoner’s Dilemma situation. Recently found zero-determinant (ZD) strategies have substantially been investigated in evolutionary game theory. The original memory-one ZD strategies unilaterally enforce linear relationships between average pay-offs of players. Here, we extend the concept of ZD strategies to memory-two strategies in repeated games. Memory-two ZD strategies unilaterally enforce linear relationships between correlation functions of pay-offs and pay-offs of the previous round. Examples of memory-two ZD strategy in the repeated Prisoner’s Dilemma game are provided, some of which generalize the tit-for-tat strategy to a memory-two case. Extension of ZD strategies to memory-ncase withn≥ ̃2 is also straightforward.
Optimal leap angle of legged and legless insects in a landscape of uniformly distributed random obstacles
Authors: Giavazzi Fabio , Spini Samuele , Carpineti Marina , Vailati Alberto
Published: May 2021

We investigate theoretically the ballistic motion of small legged insects and legless larvae after a jump. Notwithstanding their completely different morphologies and jumping strategies, some legged and legless animals have convergently evolved to jump with a take-off angle of 60°, which differs significantly from the leap angle of 45° that allows reaching maximum range. We show that in the presence of uniformly distributed random obstacles the probability of a successful jump is directly proportional to the area under the trajectory. In the presence of negligible air drag, the probability is maximized by a take-off angle of 60°. The numerical calculation of the trajectories shows that they are significantly affected by air drag, but the maximum probability of a successful jump still occurs for a take-off angle of 59–60° in a wide range of the dimensionless Reynolds and Froude numbers that control the process. We discuss the implications of our results for the exploration of unknown environments such as planets and disaster scenarios by using jumping robots.
The art of coarse Stokes: Richardson extrapolation improves the accuracy and efficiency of the method of regularized stokeslets
Authors: Gallagher M. T. , Smith D. J.
Published: May 2021

The method of regularized stokeslets is widely used in microscale biological fluid dynamics due to its ease of implementation, natural treatment of complex moving geometries, and removal of singular functions to integrate. The standard implementation of the method is subject to high computational cost due to the coupling of the linear system size to the numerical resolution required to resolve the rapidly varying regularized stokeslet kernel. Here, we show how Richardson extrapolation with coarse values of the regularization parameter is ideally suited to reduce the quadrature error, hence dramatically reducing the storage and solution costs without loss of accuracy. Numerical experiments on the resistance and mobility problems in Stokes flow support the analysis, confirming several orders of magnitude improvement in accuracy and/or efficiency.
Losing the ‘arms race’: multiresistant salmon lice are dispersed throughout the North Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Fjørtoft Helene Børretzen , Nilsen Frank , Besnier Francois , Stene Anne , Tveten Ann-Kristin , Bjørn Pål Arne , Aspehaug Vidar Teis , Glover Kevin Alan
Published: May 2021

Nothing lasts forever, including the effect of chemicals aimed to control pests in food production. As old pesticides have been compromised by emerging resistance, new ones have been introduced and turned the odds back in our favour. With time, however, some pests have developed multi-pesticide resistance, challenging our ability to control them. In salmonid aquaculture, the ectoparasitic salmon louse has developed resistance to most of the available delousing compounds. The discovery of genetic markers associated with resistance to organophosphates and pyrethroids made it possible for us to investigate simultaneous resistance to both compounds in approximately 2000 samples of salmon lice from throughout the North Atlantic in the years 2000–2016. We observed widespread and increasing multiresistance on the European side of the Atlantic, particularly in areas with intensive aquaculture. Multiresistant lice were also found on wild Atlantic salmon and sea trout, and also on farmed salmonid hosts in areas where delousing chemicals have not been used. In areas with intensive aquaculture, there are almost no lice left that are sensitive to both compounds. These results demonstrate the speed to which this parasite can develop widespread multiresistance, illustrating why the aquaculture industry has repeatedly lost the arms race with this highly problematic parasite.
Feeding and thermal conditioning enhance coral temperature tolerance in juvenilePocillopora acuta
Authors: Huffmyer Ariana S. , Johnson Colton J. , Epps Ashleigh M. , Lemus Judith D. , Gates Ruth D.
Published: May 2021

Scleractinian corals form the foundation of coral reefs by acquiring autotrophic nutrition from photosynthetic endosymbionts (Symbiodiniaceae) and use feeding to obtain additional nutrition, especially when the symbiosis is compromised (i.e. bleaching). Juvenile corals are vulnerable to stress due to low energetic reserves and high demand for growth, which is compounded when additional stressors occur. Therefore, conditions that favour energy acquisition and storage may enhance survival under stressful conditions. To investigate the influence of feeding on thermal tolerance, we exposedPocillopora acutajuveniles to temperature (ambient, 27.4°C versus cool, 25.9°C) and feeding treatments (fed versus unfed) for 30 days post-settlement and monitored growth and physiology, followed by tracking survival under thermal stress. Feeding increased growth and resulted in thicker tissues and elevated symbiont fluorescence. Under high-temperature stress (31–60 days post-settlement;ca30.1°C), corals that were fed and previously exposed to cool temperature had 33% higher survival than other treatment groups. These corals demonstrated reduced symbiont fluorescence, which may have provided protective effects under thermal stress. These results highlight that the impacts of feeding on coral physiology and stress tolerance are dependent on temperature and as oceans continue to warm, early life stages may experience shifts in feeding strategies to survive.
Characterization of bla
NDM-5-harbouring Klebsiella pneumoniae sequence type 11 international high-risk clones isolated from clinical samples in Yangon General Hospital, a tertiary-care hospital in Myanmar
Authors: Sugawara Yo , Akeda Yukihiro , Hagiya Hideharu , Zin Khwar Nyo , Aye Mya Mya , Takeuchi Dan , Matsumoto Yuki , Motooka Daisuke , Nishi Isao , Tomono Kazunori , Hamada Shigeyuki
Published: May 2021

Fifteen

Klebsiella pneumoniae

isolates harbouring bla
NDM genes were identified from blood and sputum specimens of patients at a tertiary-care facility (Yangon General Hospital, Yangon, Myanmar) in 2018. Two of the isolates belonged to sequence type (ST) 11, an international high-risk clone. Whole-genome sequencing and phylogenetic analyses revealed that these two isolates were clustered together with other ST11 isolates originating from other countries. The isolates harboured the bla
NDM-5 gene on an IncFII-type plasmid that is prevalent among carbapenemase-producing

Enterobacteriaceae

in Yangon but has rarely been found in other ST11 isolates. Our data suggests the regional presence of the ST11 international high-risk clone and its acquisition of an endemic bla
NDM-5-carrying plasmid.
The role of Staphylococcus lugdunensis as a pathogen in children: a multicentre retrospective study
Authors: Hurvitz Noa , Cahan Lea Ohana Sarna , Gross Itai , Grupel Daniel , Megged Orli , Pasternak Yehonatan , Temper Violeta , Levy Rachel , Weiser Giora , Hashavya Saar
Published: May 2021

Introduction:

Staphylococcus lugdunensis

(SL), a tube coagulase negative

Staphylococcus

, is known to be pathogenic in adults, causing mainly skin infections.

Gap Statement: Previous studies assessing SL's role in paediatric populations are sparse and are mainly limited to case reports.

Aim: Present the clinical characteristics consistent with SL infections and its putative role as a pathogen in the paediatric population.

Methodology: A retrospective multicentre study was conducted in four paediatric medical centres in Israel. Patients with isolates of SL presenting between 2009–2019 were included.

Results: SL was isolated from 40 patients. Average (±SD) age at presentation was 5.9 (±6.2) years, with 22 (55 %) being female. Skin, soft tissue and musculoskeletal infections were the most common (n=20, 50%) followed by ear infections (n=13, 32.5%). Five cases of urine isolates and two isolates from blood culture samples were also reported. Skin abscess was the most common infection among skin and soft tissue isolates, reported in 17 children (85%) with SL being the only pathogen in 15 (75%). Otitis media was the most common ear infection accounting for 12 (92%) of all cases with SL as the only isolate reported in 6 (46%). Five cases of SL isolates from urine specimens were reported, all of which with poor growth of bacteria and normal urinalysis. Two cases of SL growth in blood culture were found in children presenting with signs and symptoms consistent with invasive blood stream infection.

Conclusions: In the paediatric population, studied infections caused by SL are increasingly observed. The results of this study highlight its role as a pathogen in soft tissue infections and its putative role in otitis media and invasive blood stream infections. However, the role of SL as an uropathogen was not established.
A potential prokaryotic and microsporidian pathobiome that may cause shrimp white feces syndrome (WFS)
Authors: Prachumwat Anuphap , Munkongwongsiri Natthinee , Eamsaard Wiraya , Lertsiri Kanokwan , Flegel Timothy W. , Stentiford Grant D. , Sritunyalucksana Kallaya
Published: May 2021

White feces syndrome (WFS) in shrimp cultivation ponds is characterized by the occurrence of shrimp with abnormal, white intestines (midguts) combined with large floating mats of white, shrimp fecal strings. The etiology for WFS is complex, similar to diarrhea in humans. EHP-WFS is a type of WFS characterized by massive quantities of spores from the microsporidian parasite Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP) together with mixed, unidentified bacteria in the shrimp hepatopancreas, midgut and fecal strings. However, WFS does not always develop in shrimp with severe EHP infections in controlled laboratory challenges. Further, in EHP-WFS outbreak ponds, some shrimp show white midguts (WG) while others in the same pond show grossly normal midguts (NG). We hypothesized that comparison of the microbial flora between WG and NG from the same EHP-WFS pond would reveal probable combinations of microbes significantly associated with EHP-WFS. To test this hypothesis, we selected a pond exhibiting a severe EHP-WFS outbreak in cultivated Penaeus vannamei and used a combination of microscopic and microbial profiling analyses to compare WG and NG samples. By histology, EHP plasmodia and spores were confirmed in the hepatopancreas (HP) and midgut of WG and NG shrimp, but pathological severity and spore quantity was higher in the WG shrimp. In addition, intestinal microbiomes in WG shrimp were less diverse and had higher abundance of bacteria from the genera Vibrio and Propionigenium. Propionigenium quantity in the HP of WG shrimp was significantly higher (P = 1.08e-5) than in NG shrimp (4,506 vs. 3 copies /100 ng DNA, respectively). These findings supported our hypothesis by revealing two candidate bacterial genera that should be tested in combination with EHP as a potential eukaryote-prokaryote pathobiome that causes EHP-WFS in P. vannamei.

Highlights

White feces syndrome (WFS) shrimp often harbor the microsporidian Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP)

The hepatopancreas (HP) and midgut of EHP-WFS shrimp had more EHP copies and spores than EHP-non.-WFS shrimp

Vibrio spp., Propionigenium sp. and EHP dominated in HP microbiomes of EHP-WFS shrimp

Propionigenium copy numbers were uniquely high in the HP of EHP-WFS shrimp

EHP-WFS shrimp also showed intestinal microbiomes of reduced diversity but more heterogeneity
Projecting the impact of nutrition policy to improve child stunting: A case study in Guatemala using the Lives Saved Tool
Authors: Tschida Scott , Cordon Ana , Asturias Gabriela , Mazariegos Mónica , Kroker-Lobos María F , Jackson Bianca , Rohloff Peter , Flood David
Published: May 2021

Background

Child stunting is a critical global health issue. Guatemala has one of the world’s highest levels of stunting despite sustained commitment to international nutrition policy best-practices endorsed by the Scaling Up Nutrition movement (SUN). Our objective was to use Guatemala as a case study by projecting the impact of a recently published national nutrition policy, the Great Crusade, that is consistent with SUN principles.

Methods

We used the Lives Saved Tool (LiST) to project the scaling-up of nutrition interventions proposed in the Great Crusade and recommended by SUN. Our outcomes were changes in stunting prevalence, number of stunting cases averted, and number of cases averted by intervention in children under five years of age from 2020-2030. We considered four scenarios: (1) intervention coverage continues based on historical trends, (2) coverage targets in the Great Crusade are achieved, (3) coverage targets in the Great Crusade are achieved with reduced fertility risk, and (4) coverage reaches an aspirational level.

Results

All scenarios led to modest reductions in stunting prevalence. In 2024, stunting prevalence was estimated to change by -0.1% (95% CI 0.0% to -0.2%) if historical trends continue, -1.1% (95% CI -0.8% to -1.5%) in the Great Crusade scenario, and -2.2% (95% CI - 1.6% to -3.0%) in the aspirational scenario. In 2030, we projected a stunting prevalence of -0.4% (95% CI -0.2% to -0.8%) and -3.7% (95% CI -2.8% to -5.1%) in the historical trends and aspirational scenario, respectively. Complementary feeding, sanitation, and breastfeeding were the most impactful interventions across models.

Conclusions

Targeted reductions in child stunting prevalence in Guatemala are unlikely to be achieved solely based on increases in intervention coverage. Our results show the limitations of current paradigms recommended by the international nutrition community. Policies and strategies are needed that address the broader structural drivers of stunting.
High-resolution within-sewer SARS-CoV-2 surveillance facilitates informed intervention
Authors: Reeves Katelyn , Liebig Jennifer , Feula Antonio , Saldi Tassa , Lasda Erika , Johnson William , Lilienfeld Jacob , Maggi Juniper , Pulley Kevin , Wilkerson Paul J. , Real Breanna , Zak Gordon , Davis Jack , Fink Morgan , Gonzalez Patrick , Hager Cole , Ozeroff Christopher , Tat Kimngan , Alkire Michaela , Butler Claire , Coe Elle , Darby Jessica , Freeman Nicholas , Heuer Heidi , Jones Jeffery R. , Karr Madeline , Key Sara , Maxwell Kiersten , Nelson Lauren , Saldana Emily , Shea Rachel , Salveson Lewis , Tomlinson Kate , Vargas-Barriga Jorge , Vigil Bailey , Brisson Gloria , Parker Roy , Leinwand Leslie A. , Bjorkman Kristen , Mansfeldt Cresten
Published: May 2021

To assist in the COVID-19 public health guidance on a college campus, daily composite wastewater samples were withdrawn at 20 manhole locations across the University of Colorado Boulder campus. Low-cost autosamplers were fabricated in-house to enable an economical approach to this distributed study. These sample stations operated from August 25th until November 23rd during the fall 2020 semester, with 1,512 samples collected. The concentration of SARS-CoV-2 in each sample was quantified through two comparative reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reactions (RT-qPCRs). These methods were distinct in the utilization of technical replicates and normalization to an endogenous control. (1) Higher temporal resolution compensates for supply chain or other constraints that prevent technical or biological replicates. (2) The endogenous control normalized data agreed with the raw concentration data, minimizing the utility of normalization. The raw wastewater concentration values reflected SARS-CoV-2 prevalence on campus as detected by clinical services. Overall, combining the low-cost composite sampler with a method that quantifies the SARS-CoV-2 signal within six hours enabled actionable and time-responsive data delivered to key stakeholders. With daily reporting of the findings, wastewater surveillance assisted in decision making during critical phases of the pandemic on campus, from detecting individual cases within populations ranging from 109 to 2,048 individuals to monitoring the success of on-campus interventions.

Synopsis

Tracking SARS-CoV-2 in on-campus wastewater informs and monitors public health decisions and actions.

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