bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Responses of French Composers to the Traditionalist Victory in Politics and Music
Authors: Fulcher Jane F
Published: November 2023

As discussed in chapter 3, in the decade before World War I political ideology and musical values were no longer discrete: the two realms had fused. In chapter 4 I examine the implications of this fusion as the war loomed ominously ahead, and French nationalists and conservatives banded together, achieving hegemony in both politics and culture. Musical life was profoundly to feel the impact of this dual dominance, particularly in the areas of the repertoire and canon, as well as in criticism and music history; moreover, the major French composers were henceforth expected to respond in their art to increasingly traditionalist expectations, the general desire to seek “roots” in the past.
The Structures of Liquid Yttrium and Aluminum Oxides
Authors: Ansell Stuart , Krishnan Shankar , David L Price
Published: November 2023

There is considerable interest in developing high-strength ceramic materials capable of withstanding high temperatures with good oxidation and corrosion resistance for different applications. Several candidate ceramic materials to fulfil these needs include Al2O3, ZrO2, Y2O3, and binary mixtures of these oxides. Thus, their high temperature properties, including the properties of the liquid phases, are of considerable importance. The interest in the structure of liquid yttrium and aluminum oxides arises from the fact that yttrium and aluminum oxide binary mixture produce some rather unusual intermediate phases such as yttrium-aluminum garnet (YAG), yttriumaluminum perovskite (YAP) and yttrium-aluminum monoclinic (YAM).
Creep Damage Processes In Structural Ceramics: Experimental Studies and Their Implications For Computational Modeling
Authors: Page Richard A
Published: November 2023

At elevated temperatures, failure of ceramics often occurs by the time-dependent accumulation of creep damage in the form of grain-boundary cavities. Factors such as temperature, stress and microstructure determine the mechanism by which creep damage accumulates. Relatively low stresses and long exposure times generally favor the development of bulk damage, while high stresses and short exposure times favor the development of localized damage. Microstructure also plays a critical role in determining the dominant damage mechanism [I].
Effect of Small Aluminum Additions on Mechanical, Elastic and Structural Properties of Monocrystalline C11b Mosi2
Authors: Peralta P , Chu F , Maloy S A , Santiago P , Petrovic J J , Mitchell T E
Published: November 2023

Molybdenum disilicide (MoSi2) is a promising material for high temperature structural applications due to its good oxidation resistance, low density compared to nickel-based superalloys and high specific stiffness [1]. These advantages are hindered by its poor low temperature fracture toughness, which in polycrystals deteriorates with increasing temperature due to the presence of glassy silica in the grain boundaries that produces intergranular fracture [1].
Coarsening of Directionally-Solidified Eutectic Microstructures
Authors: Ardell Alan J
Published: November 2023

The microstructures produced by the directional solidification of alloys of eutectic or near-eutectic composition are quite varied, often consisting of alternating lamellae of two phases or rods of the minor phase embedded in a continuous matrix. They are therefore “natural” composites insofar as the phases in the microstructure are thermodynamically compatible. The sizes of the rod (or fiber) and lamellar morphologies are dictated by the solidification rate, and it is sometimes possible to prepare microstructures in which the characteristic length scales (interlamellar thicknesses and spacings, rod diameters etc.) are quite small. High-temperature strength is generally better the finer the scale of the microstructure.
Fingering Instability in Dislocation Motion
Authors: Selinger Robin L B , Li Ming
Published: November 2023

The vibrations of dislocations have been modeled as low-amplitude vibrations of damped elastic strings since the 1950’s [l]. The parameters describing the low amplitude oscillations include the wave speed c, the mass per unit length m, and the damping coefficient y. While the stored energy of a curved elastic string is concentrated in the string’s interior, the stored energy of a curved dislocation line is almost all stored in the long-range elastic strain field exterior to the dislocation core, and can be estimated using the laws of continuum elasticity. And while the mass of a string is obviously located in its interior, the mass per unit length of a dislocation is also mostly outside the core; it is a measure of the mass in the surrounding crystal that is displaced when the dislocation moves.
Computer Simulation of Microstructural Evolution Under External Stresses
Authors: Li D Y , Chen L Q
Published: November 2023

Coherent microstructures and their stability are influenced by both external and internal stresses. During thermo-mechanical processes such as constrained aging, external stresses are applied to modify microstructures for improved performance. This article summarizes our recent computational studies on microstructural evolution under applied stresses or strains, using a diffuse-interface phase-field approach. The coupling between an applied stress and the transformation strain in a coherent twophase microstructure and its variation with different constraints are discussed.
Neutron-Scattering Studies of Nitride, Oxide, and Phosphate Ceramics and Their Relationship with Molecular-Dynamics Simulations of HighTemperature Properties
Authors: Loong C -K
Published: November 2023

At room temperature the tensile strength of typical steels varies from 1 to 1.4 GPa, which is two to three times of the flexure strength of the toughest sintered ceramics like silicon nitride or silicon carbide. Therefore, there is little incentive to develop strong ceramic materials for applications under ambient conditions. However, at l 100°C metals soften and become useless, yet the strength of ceramics is essentially unchanged. Moreover, at high temperatures ceramics in general have higher hardness, lower density, lower thermal expansion, and better corrosion and oxidation resistance than metals.
Fundamental Studies of Surfaces and Interfaces at High Temperature Via Microdesigned Interfaces
Authors: Powers James D , Kitayama Mikito , Glaeser Andreas M
Published: November 2023

At elevated temperatures, the microscopic structure of the compact, and thus, of the pore network, changes. Solid-solid interfaces (grain boundaries) develop at interparticle contact points. Concurrently, the specific surface area changes. Voids (pores) can either change shape or be eliminated. If a porous end product suitable for filtering, sensor, or catalytic applications is desired, then it is essential that pore network connectivity be maintained, and that the proper geometric characteristics, e.g., pore channel size and size distribution, are retained or developed. If the application demands a dense product with controlled grain size, then it is essential that localized closure of the pore network occurs, the isolated pores shrink, the compact density increases, and that grain boundary migration is controlled.
Structure and Dynamics of Consolidation and Fracture in Nanophase Ceramics Via Parallel Molecular Dynamics
Authors: Tsuruta Kenji , Wang Jinghan , Omeltchenko Andrey , Nakano Aiichiro , Kalia Rajiv K , Vashishta Priya
Published: November 2023

Materials with extremely fine microstructures, the so called nanophase materials [1, 2], have gained a great deal of attention because of their remarkable physical properties [3-5]: Nanophase metals can possess much higher yield strength and nanophase ceramics can be much more ductile than conventional metals and ceramics with coarse-grained microstructures. It has been speculated that the unusual intergranular structure plays an essential role in determining such unique properties of nanophase materials. Only little quantitative understanding has been obtained for the sintering mechanism, the structure and vibrational properties in the intercluster boundaries, and their influence on mechanical behavior of nanophase materials.
Structural Correlations in Amorphous Sio2 at High Pressures
Authors: Rino(*) Jose P , Nakano Aiichiro , Kalia Rajiv K , Vashishta Priya
Published: November 2023

Silica has been the subject of intense study for more than a century. The interest in this material is due to its richness in polymorphism, its abundance in geophysical systems, and its application in materials technology [1-3]. This paper focuses on the structure of amorphous silica under pressure. Under ambient conditions, the structure of silica glass can be described in terms of short-range order (SRO) and intermediate range order (IRO) [4-8]. The IRO is manifested as a first sharp diffraction peak (FSDP) in the static structure factor [4-6].
Cantata 21, “Ich hatte viel Bekümmernis”
Authors: Chafe Eric
Published: November 2023

ONE OF THE WAYS IN WHICH MANY individual Bach cantatas mirror the pattern of traditional hermeneutics is their ending, like the liturgical year itself, with emphasis on the anticipation of eternity (i.e., the eschatological perspective). In such works eternity represents the goal of faith, the believer’s overcoming all ties to the world. Since, in this perspective, “the world” constitutes the principal obstacle to faith, a common design for many cantatas is that of a progression from tribulation to Trost, from faith “in opposition to experience” to faith “realized in experience:’1 The Bach cantata that most exhibits this character and that can therefore be considered a quintessential representation of the inner dynamic of faith is the Weimar cantata “Ich hatte viel Bekümmernis” (BWV 21), which was performed for the first time that we know of on the third Sunday after Trinity, 1714.
Cantata 77
Authors: Chafe Eric
Published: November 2023

The first movement of Cantata 77,”Du sollt Gott, deinen Herren, lieben:’ the cantata that will serve as the focus of interest for this and the following chapter (see Table 7.1), centers on Luther’s chorale “Dies sind die heil’gen zehn Gebot:’ which summarizes the Ten Commandments in poetic form. This chorale, which was apparently written in early 1524 and first appeared in Lutheran chorale books in that year, set to the melody of a medieval pilgrimage hymn, “In Gottes Namen fahren wir;’ was from the time of its publication one of the core chorales of the Lutheran catechism. Luther, in fact, wrote chorales for all six principal parts of the catechism: the three basic summaries of the word of God—the Ten Commandments, the Apostles’ Creed, and the Lord’s Prayer—along with the sacraments of Baptism and the Lord’s Supper, with penitence (confession and absolution) included as a preparation for the Lord’s Supper.1 Luther viewed not only the creeds (the three so-called Symbola of the church) but also the Ten Commandments, the first commandment alone and the catechism as a whole as comprising the meaning of scripture in summary forms. As he remarked in his introduction to the Large Catechism, “This much is certain: anyone who knows the Ten Commandments perfectly knows the entire Scriptures… What is the whole Psalter but meditations and exercises based on the First Commandment? … the Catechism … is a brief compend and summary of all the Holy Scriptures:’2 As a result, certain of the oldest chorale books were organized according to the catechism, beginning with “Dies sind die heil’gen zehn Gebot:’ while others that followed the order of the liturgical year tended, as mentioned previously, to associate the catechism with the beginning of the Trinity season.3
Geometry and Empirical Science
Authors: Hempel Carl G , Fetzer James H
Published: November 2023

The most distinctive characteristic which differentiates mathematics from the various branches of empirical science, and which accounts for its fame as the queen of the sciences, is no doubt the peculiar certainty and necessity of its results. No proposition in even the most advanced parts of empirical science can ever attain this status; a hypothesis concerning “matters of empirical fact” can at best acquire what is loosely called a high probability or a high degree of confirmation on the basis of the relevant evidence available; but however well it may have been confirmed by careful tests, the possibility can never be precluded that it will have to be discarded later in the light of new and disconfirming evidence. Thus, all the theories and hypotheses of empirical science share this provisional character of being established and accepted “until further notice,” whereas a mathematical theorem, once proved, is established once and for all; it holds with that particular certainty which no subsequent empirical discoveries, however unexpected and extraordinary, can ever affect to the slightest extent.
Zora Neale Hurston and the Speakerly Text
Authors: Gates Henry Louis
Published: November 2023

Our house stood within a few rods of the Chesapeake Bay, whose broad bosom was ever white with sails from every quarter of the habitable globe. Those beautiful vessels, robed in purest white, so delightful to the eye of freemen, were to me so many shrouded ghosts, to terrify and torment me with thoughts of my wretched condition. I have often, in the deep stillness of a summer’s Sabbath, stood all alone upon the lofty banks of that noble bay, and traced, with saddened heart and tearful eye, the countless number of sails moving off to the mighty ocean. The sight of these always affected me powerfully.
II
Authors: Azevedo Aluísio , Rosenthal David H
Published: November 2023

For two years the slum grew from day to day, gaining strength and devouring newcomers. And next door, Miranda grew more and more alarmed and appalled by that brutal and exuberant world, that implacable jungle growing beneath his windows with roots thicker and more treacherous than serpents, undermining everything, threatening to break through the soil in his yard and shake his house to its very foundations. Although his own business on Rua do Hospicio was not doing badly, he found it hard to bear “that swine” the tavern-keeper’ s scandalous good fortune-a filthy wretch who never wore a jacket and ate and slept with a Negress.
XIV
Authors: Azevedo Aluísio , Rosenthal David H
Published: November 2023

The days drifted by for three months after the stabbing. Firmo went on meeting Rita in that old woman’ s apartment, but she did n’ t act the same: She was cold, indifferent, and often snappy, looking for excuses to quarrel. “Hm! It seems like there’ s trouble brewing,” the thug muttered jealously. “I hope to hell I’ m wrong!”
XVII
Authors: Azevedo Aluísio , Rosenthal David H
Published: November 2023

A single impulse spurred them all; they were no longer Portuguese or Brazilians. They were now a single army, menaced by their adversaries. Those who a few moments before had been fighting now lent each other weapons, wiping the blood from their wounds. Agostinho, leaning against the street lamp in the middle of the courtyard, bawled out a song he thought would match their enemies’ martial chants outside. At his request, his mother had allowed him to put on one of Nenen’ s sashes, through which he had slipped a kitchen knife. A skinny mulatto kid whom no one had ever seen before stationed himself, unarmed, at the entrance, where he awaited the invaders.
The Fregean Argument Against Anti-Platonism
Authors: Perry Michael J
Published: November 2023

So far, I have tried to show that there is a version of mathematical platonism that avoids all of the important objections to that view. I will now try to do the same for mathematical anti-platonism. This will occupy me for all but the last few pages of part II. Now, I suppose that there are numerous arguments against mathematical antiplatonism (or, what comes to the same thing, in favor of mathematical platonism), but it seems to me that there is only one such argument with a serious claim to cogency. Thus, I will ignore all other arguments and consider only this single line of attack. The argument I have in mind is due to Frege. My presentation will be somewhat different from Frege’s, but the spirit of the argument is essentially the same.
Morality
Authors: Gert Bernard
Published: November 2023

For more than thirty years, philosopher Bernard Gert has been developing and refining his distinctive and comprehensive moral theory. His classic work on this subject was first published in 1970 as The Moral Rules, and greatly revised editions appeared in 1975 and 1988 (the latter published by OUP under the title Morality: A New Justification of the Moral Rules). Now, in this final revision, Gert has produced his fullest and most sophisticated statement of this influential theoretical model. Morality, Its Nature and Justification differs from the previous edition in many important respects, and throughout the book, Gert attempts to answer all of the criticisms his work has attracted.
Goods and Evils (Benefits and Harms)
Authors: Gert Bernard
Published: November 2023

In most discussions of goods and evils, goods receive most of the attention. Indeed, sometimes evils are completely ignored, almost as if they did not exist. Theologians through the centuries have recognized that there is at least a seeming inconsistency between the view that there is an all-knowing, all-powerful, and completely benevolent God and the existence of so much pain and suffering. I use the term “evil” as it is used in stating this “problem of evil,” that is, the problem of reconciling believing in such a God with the fact that there is so much evil in the world. Some theologians have even explicitly claimed that evils do not really exist. This view is, I believe, a central tenet of one branch of Christianity. There is no disagreement among theologians about what counts as an evil. Even those who deny the existence of evils agree about the sorts of things whose existence they are denying. They are agreed that if there really is pain, then there really is evil. Some of them are prepared to assert that there really is no pain; or that pain is not really something positive, but is a kind of privation. I shall not go into these theological subtleties. Pain is an evil. No rational person has any doubts on this matter.
Identifying and Diagnosing Problems
Authors: Maris Barbara English
Published: November 2023

The process of identifying music performance problems is similar to what doctors do when they diagnose medical conditions. Before physicians can make appropriate recommendations for a sore toe, the cause of the discomfort must be identified accurately. There are many reasons that someone might experience a painful toe. It may be the result of dropping a brick on the foot, developing an ingrown toenail, walking on hot coals, stepping on a rusty wire, or being stung by a wasp. Or it may result from becoming dehydrated and getting a cramp, having gout or a diabetic condition, or wearing shoes that are too tight. Different causes of pain will lead physicians to different medical treatments. Different causes of mistakes will lead musicians to different responses to musical problems.
Individuals, Responsibility, and the Philosophical Imagination
Authors: Lloyd Genevieve
Published: November 2023

Themes of connection and interdependence have been strong in feminist ethics, political theory, and epistemology. Many feminist philosophers have emphasized the need for a relational approach to selfhood—the need to highlight the connections between persons rather than what separates them, community rather than individuality, sociability rather than the solitary self. The nature of the desired conceptual shift is illustrated in, for example, Virginia Held’s Feminist Morality. Held describes feminist reconceptualization of the concept of the self as a challenge to “standard moral theory.” “To be adequate,” she says, “moral theories must pay attention to the neglected realm of particular others in the actual relationships and actual contexts of women’s experience.”2 Social relationships, especially that between “mothering person’’ and child, move to the center of Held’s refocused approach to ethical theory. Feminist philosophers are urged to recognize the centrality of human projects of nurturance and growth to our understanding of moral subjects. Although some feminists have suggested that friendship should be the central category to be contrasted with the “rational contracting’’ of standard moral theory, mothering relations have for Held the advantage of being more distant from, and hence more challenging to, common preoccupation with contractual relations.
1971–1972
Authors: Hischak Thomas S
Published: November 2023

Although the new Broadway season managed to match the previous one in total number of productions—fifty-six plays, musicals, and revivals—the continuing trend of fewer successful productions was unmistakable.
1978–1979
Authors: Hischak Thomas S
Published: November 2023

Fifteen new American plays opened on Broadway (the same number as last season), and while none was a runaway hit, a certain level of quality was maintained.
1993–1994
Authors: Hischak Thomas S
Published: November 2023

American works continued to dominate Broadway and Off Broadway, at least in terms of numbers. Yet British revivals of Medea, An Inspector Calls, and The Winter’s Tale and the new The Madness of George III were definitely highlights in a season that saw many bold and ambitious ventures. Broadway of fered eleven new non-musicals and ten revivals; Off Broad way had thirty-three new works and only five revivals. But these numbers were getting more and more difficult to determine. Fourteen one-person shows opened on and off the Street, all written bythe performers. Were these indeed new plays? Were they plays at all? Such solo efforts were balanced byseveral bigcast, big-budget plays like Angels in America and The Kentucky Cycle, each taking two nights to perform. High price tags kept both from being financial hits.
Introduction
Authors: Kolker Robert
Published: November 2023

When the studios, as independent corporate bodies, fell apart in the late fifties and early sixties, assembly-line film production ended. Previously each of the major studios was a self-contained filmmaking factory with its own labor pool of producers, directors, writers, players, and technicians, turning out many films a month during the years of peak production. This self-containment and mass production created mediocrity to be sure, as well as an arrogance that comes with security of product and market. But out of the arrogance and the mediocrity came also a body of work of formal skill and contextual complexity unmatched by the cinema of any other country. If the films produced were not intended to be taken seriously as enduring examples of individual artistic worth, they often enough overcame the intent of their makers to stand as enduring examples of filmmaking and all the collective energy that implies. They came as well to stand for the collectivity of film viewers; they created the images in which a culture consented to see itself and, as audiences responded favorably, the continuation of genres, plots, players, themes, and world views promoted by the studios were perpetuated in film after film.
Experientialism
Authors: Bernstein Mark H
Published: November 2023

Nonnative ethical theories give us guidance regarding the conduct of our lives. In general terms, they supply us with the right and wrong ways to behave or instructions about how we ought to Eve our lives. These theories would have Ettle practical import were there not individuals who could act in accordance with these precepts and individuals toward whom such behavior morally mattered; we need moral agents and moral patients in order for moral theories to find application.
The Desire Theory
Authors: Bernstein Mark H
Published: November 2023

We have proffered a theory of personal welfare, and so a theory of moral patienthood, that accords well with our pretheoretical ideas concerning both well-being and the constitution of our moral domain. It will come as no great surprise, this being a philosophical enterprise, that misgivings are not difficult to unearth. Unfortunately for the experientialist, allusions to the nature of dream experiences that were used to forward the contention that (conscious) experiences are quintessential^ intrinsic properties can also be manipulated to suggest problems for the theory. If we grant the Cartesian point that dream and waking experiences may be indistinguishable to the agent, and since, to the experientialist, all that matters to the welfare of an individual is how life is “from the inside,” it would appear that the well-being of an individual should be left unaffected by the source of his experiences. At first hearing, at least, this consequence seems innocuous.
What Research Offers Teachers
Authors: Demorest Steven M
Published: November 2023

Before you skip the rest of this chapter because it has the “R” word in the title, please look over the following questions:

If any of these questions interest you, then read on, because all have been explored by researchers. The results of this research will give you information on current sight-singing practices and could help you to make decisions about how you want to teach sight-singing to your ensemble. As the epigraph from K. D. Ernst’s 1957 survey report suggests, teaching sight-singing effectively is not a new problem for music educators, and research has long been seen as a means toward a solution. The development of music-reading skills has been an important topic for researchers, though much of the research has taken place on the elementary level where instruction begins.
Review of Materials
Authors: Demorest Steven M
Published: November 2023

Level and Sequence: The ranges and difficulty of exercises could work for beginning middle school or high school, though part singing moves quickly. The book would be most appropriate for church choir or parochial school because of the sacred texts that accompany the song material. Exercises are graded in difficulty. Each book starts with the chord as “the basis of part singing.” All three books go almost immediately to exercises for all parts, whether two, three, or four, and stay that way throughout. Exercises are not numbered or grouped by units in any way.
Economics of the Prisoner’s Dilemma: A Background
Authors: Routledge Bryan R
Published: November 2023

At the recent conference in Vancouver, scholars in philosophy, biology, economics, cognitive science and other fields gathered to discuss “Modeling Rational and Moral Agents The vast majority of the papers used or referred to the Prisoner’s Dilemma (PD). With its stark contrast between individual rationality and collective optimality, it is a natural vehicle to address questions about what is moral and what is rational. In addition, many of the papers presented (and included in this volume) build on ideas of evolutionary biology. Since individual versus species fitness runs parallel to individual and collective ratio-· nality, the prisoner’s dilemma also serves to link biologists and social scientists.2 This paper offers a brief overview of some of the research related to the PD in economics.
Moral Dualism
Authors: Schmidtz David
Published: November 2023

When I teach Introductory Ethics, I spend several weeks on deontology and utilitarianism. Then I ask students to evaluate the two theories and every year a few of them say the truth is a little bit of both. A little bit of “rightness is determined solely by consequences” and a little bit of “consequences have nothing to do with it.” I used to get exasperated. Now I think my students are right, and I have been trying to develop a theory that reflects my students’ intuitions in a coherent way. What follows is a progress report.
Categorically Rational Preferences and the Structure of Morality
Authors: MacIntosh Duncan
Published: November 2023

Infamously, David Gauthier (1986) has sought to reduce morality to rationality. Simplifying (and exaggerating) his position somewhat, he claims moral problems are partial conflicts of interest, game-theoretically despicable as the Prisoner’s Dilemma. Here, one agent can do well only if another does poorly, but both can do fairly well by making and keeping agreements to comply with Pareto-optimal solutions to their conflict; in the PD, this consists in making and keeping agreements to co-operate. And co-operating seems to be the morally required action, since it consists in refraining from exploiting another agent for one’s own gain. However, in the PD, it maximizes for each agent, no matter what the other does, to defect. In complying with optimal compromises, then, agents must refrain from maximizing their individual expected utilities, something prima facie irrational on the standard theory of rationality as maximization. So the other part of Gauthier’s reduction is the claim that, if it is rational to adopt dispositions constraining one’s tendencies to maximize (as it is in PDs), then it is rational to act from that constraint (act as per the compromise) with other agents inclined to do likewise. Gauthier applies maximization first to choice of disposition rather than of action; rationality then dictates acting out maximizing dispositions.
Narms as Emergent Properties of Adaptive Learning: The Case of Economic Routines
Authors: Dosi Giovanni , Marengo Luigi , Bassanini, Andrea , Valente Marco
Published: November 2023

As Kenneth Arrow - himself one of the major contributors to rational decision theory - puts it, a system of literally maximizing norm-free agents “. . . would be the end of organized society as we know it” (Arrow 1987, p. 233). And indeed one only rarely observes behaviours and decision processes which closely resemble the canonical view from decision theory as formalized by von Neumann, Morgenstern, Savage, and Arrow.
Introduction
Authors: Ullmann-Margalit Edna
Published: November 2023

Taken broadly, reasoning practically is an enquiry into the nature of reason, reasoning, and reasons-as well as of rationale, rationalization, and rationality. It is meant to ponder how we think about what to do, how we move from thinking to doing, and what may come between our thinking and our doing. All of this offers a wide scope for philosophizing. Hume said, famously, that when we act, our reason is slave to our passions. Kant said, famously, that among the four big questions a philosopher should address are What can I know, and What am I to do? Practical reason deals with the link, often elusive, between the realm of reason and the province of practice. It is concerned to find out how far can a parallel be pushed be tween practical reasoning, which is about what I am to do, and theoretical reasoning, which is about what I am to believe-and where this parallel breaks down.
On Not Wanting To Know
Authors: Ullmann-Margalit Edna
Published: November 2023

Wanting to know seems natural and in need of no justification. Wanting not to know seems less natural and in need of some justification. But a moment’s reflection reminds us that we may not want to know many types of things, perhaps justifiably so. We may wish to protect ourselves from cluttering our mind and our memory, or from boredom, or from pain; we may wish to preserve our faculties of creativity and of imagination; we may wish to avoid excessive cost or unnecessary involvements; we may wish to remain impartial or to retain an element of surprise in our lives.
The Embattled Public Sphere Hannah Arendt, Jurgen Habermas, and Beyond
Authors: Benhabib Seyla
Published: November 2023

Written against the background of growing despair and disillusionment about the viability of representative democracies in Europe and North America, this work decries the “ideal of sovereign and omnicompetent citizens” as a fiction at best and a phantom at worst. Lippmann’s elitist and pessimistic assessment of the fiction of collective deliberations engaged in by informed citizens elicited a spirited response from John Dewey in The Public and Its Problems. Granting that the experience of industrial and urban modern societies undermined “the genuine community life” out of which American democracy had developed, Dewey admitted: “The public seems to be lost If a public exists, it is surely as uncertain about its whereabouts as philosophers since Hume have been about the residence and make-up of the self.”
The Genesis of Bartók’s Musical Language
Authors: Suchoff Benjamin
Published: November 2023

When Bela Bartók entered the Budapest Academy of Music at the turn of the century, Hungary was in the throes of a new national movement for independence from Austria. He therefore decided that his contribution to the cause would be the creation of a specifically Hungarian style of composition, and he sought inspiration in Hungarian popular art song, known as magyar nóta, that is, Hungarian tune or national melody, which was then considered to be the true Hungarian folk music. During the nineteenth century, a large number of such melodies had been composed by amateur musicians of the educated Hungarian classes and published with hackneyed piano accompaniments. The most popular tunes were for the most part disseminated by Gypsy bands in Hungarian and Austrian towns, who performed their repertories with an excess of rubato and ornaments.1 In fact, it was such Gypsy-styled national melodies that Liszt used in his Hungarian Rhapsodies and as source material for the unique tonal language in his Piano Sonata in B Minor.
Deciphering Béla Bartók’s Viola Concerto Sketch
Authors: Dellamaggiore Nelson
Published: November 2023

The background and circumstances that led to the further examination of Bela Bartók’s manuscript of the Viola Concerto and to the revision of its orchestra score are described in Peter Bartók’s essay earlier in this volume. The following are a few selected examples of what we considered interesting problems in trying to interpret the various notations in the composer’s sketch.
Bartók’s Fourteen Bagatelles op. 6, for Piano: Toward Peiformance Authenticity
Authors: Fischer Victoria
Published: November 2023

The year 1908 was a landmark in Bela Bartók’s stylistic evolution, and the set of Fourteen Bagatelles was central to this compositional phase. Here, contained in microcosm, were the seeds of practically all that was to follow in his compositional style. Influenced by various trends in the early twentieth century, the Bagatelles represented a radical change from the late Romantic and Hungarian-Gypsy-flavored idiom of his previous works to a completely new and individual musical language drawn from the folk music of his native land. It was at this juncture that Bartók began to establish his own remarkable musical style, which included a more linear contrapuntal approach, a rejection of principles of functional harmony in favor of those related to modality and new ways of establishing tonal priority, and a new concept of piano sonority and technique.
Abortion and Moral Uncertainty
Authors: Lockhart Ted
Published: November 2023

As we observed in the preceding chapter, our principle for decision-making under moral uncertainty, PR2, is a dramatic departure from the ways in which ethicists tacitly advise us to manage moral uncertainty in choosing our actions. One reason is that PR2 advises us to maximize the probability that our actions will be morally right. In situations in which we have good reason to accept more than one alternative as morally justified, maximizing probable moral rightness will sometimes lead us to decline alternatives that we justifiably believe to be morally right. Moral philosophy has so far failed to recognize such optimization as important for moral decision-making. However, if the discussion in chapter 2 is sound, we should make our moral decisions on the basis of this criterion.
Confidentiality and Moral Uncertainty
Authors: Lockhart Ted
Published: November 2023

The approach to decision-making under moral uncertainty that I have developed thus far is subjective in the following respect: Which action choices are rational depend on what sorts of moral considerations the decision-maker regards as relevant and what beliefs she has about the magnitudes of the pertinent probabilities. This means that the decision table for one agent may be differently configured from that for another agent who must make the same kind of decision. And even if the decision tables have the same form, the probabilities associated with the conditions represented in the table may be of different sizes or have different rankings. Therefore, there is no guarantee that moral agents will be able to resolve their disagreements about what a particular agent should (rationally) do in a particular situation by appealing to PR4 or PRS.
Luigi Cherubini
Authors: Steinberg Michael
Published: November 2023

Cherubini’s C-Minor Requiem, composed in 1816, was first heard under the composer’s direction in the abbey church of Saint Denis on the outskirts of Paris. For centuries, Saint Denis had been the burial place for French monarchs, but their graves had been vandalized during the Revolution. The date of the first performance, 21 January 1817, was the twenty-fifth anniversary of the guillotining of King Louis XVI.
Franz Joseph Haydn
Authors: Steinberg Michael
Published: November 2023

Haydn composed this Mass in 1802 and it was first performed in the Mountain Church at Eisenstadt, Hungary (now Austria), on 8 September that year. Soprano, alto, tenor, and bass solos, four-part mixed chorus. Flute, two oboes, two clarinets, two bassoons, two horns, two trumpets, timpani, organ, and strings.
Felix Mendelssohn-Bartholdy
Authors: Steinberg Michael
Published: November 2023

Jakob Ludwig Felix Mendelssohn was born on 3 February 1809 in Hamburg, then under Napoleonic rule, and died in Leipzig, Saxony, on 4 November 1847. Bartholdy was the name of his maternal uncle Jakob, who had changed his own surname from Salomon and taken on Bartholdy from the previous owner of a piece of real estate he had bought in Berlin. Bartholdy was added to the Mendelssohn family name to distinguish the Lutheran Mendelssohns from the Jewish ones when Felix’s father was baptized in 1822. The children—Felix, his older sister Fanny, and his younger siblings Rebekka and Paul—had already been baptized at Uncle Jakob’s urging.
Carl Orff
Authors: Steinberg Michael
Published: November 2023

Orff composed Carmina burana in 1935–1936. It was first presented on 8 June 1937 in a production staged by Otto Wãlterlin at the Frankfurt Opera, Bertil Wetzelsberger conducting, and with sets and costumes by Ludwig Sievert.
Giuseppe Verdi
Authors: Steinberg Michael
Published: November 2023

The theme of the “Lacrimosa” first appears in 1866 in the duet “Qui me tendrce mort” in Don Carlos, and is thus the earliest part of the Requiem. The “Libera me” was written in different form in 1869 as part of a composite Requiem for Rossini. In April 1873, Verdi decided to expand this into a full Requiem of his own. He completed the “Requiem aeternam” and “Dies irae” in March 1874, using music from the earlier “Libera me.” On 9 April 1874 he sent the Sanctus, Agnus Dei, “Lux aeterna,” and the revised “Libera me” to his publisher, and he was done with the Offertorio on 15 April, thus completing the score. Verdi himself conducted the first performance, which took place at Saint Mark’s, Milan, on 22 May 1874. Chorus and orchestra were specially assembled for the occasion, and the soloists were Teresa Stolz, Maria Waldmann, Giuseppe Capponi, and Ormondo Maini. By February 1875, Verdi had written a new “Liber scriptus,” and the Requiem was first heard in its new and final version in the Royal Albert Hall, London, on 15 May 1875. Again Verdi conducted and Stolz and Waldmann sang, but this time the tenor and bass soloists were Angelo Masini and Paolo Medini.
Morality and Cultural Differences
Authors: Cook John W
Published: November 2023

The scholars who defend or dispute moral relativism, the idea that a moral principle cannot be applied to people whose culture does not accept it, have concerned themselves with either the philosophical or anthropological aspects of relativism. This study shows that in order to arrive at a definitive appraisal of moral relativism, it is necessary to understand and investigate both its anthropological and philosophical aspects. Carefully examining the arguments for and against moral relativism, Cook exposes not only that anthropologists have failed in their attempt to support relativism with evidence of cultural differences, but that moral absolutists have been equally unsuccessful in their attempts to refute it. He argues that these conflicting positions are both guilty of an artificial and unrealistic view of morality and proposes a more subtle and complex account of morality.
The Paradoxes of Relativism
Authors: Cook John W
Published: November 2023

Moral relativism, as we have seen, is regarded by its proponents as both an enlightened doctrine (because it has the facts on its side) and as an essential methodological precept of anthropology. For these reasons, relativists are likely to regard anyone who challenges their doctrine as being both ignorant and a threat to the proper conduct of anthropology. This presents a rather daunting prospect to anyone setting out to reconsider the whole matter. And yet moral relativism has a number of paradoxical implications, generally overlooked by its proponents, which make the doctrine less attractive and less plausible than it is generally thought to be.
The History of Relativism in Anthropology
Authors: Cook John W
Published: November 2023

The claims made by those who insist that relativism is essential to anthropology can be summarized in the following four propositions: (i) ethnocentrism is a hazard that anthropologists must scrupulously avoid, (ii) the means of being permanently on guard against this hazard is the adoption of relativism, (iii) Franz Boas demonstrated that relativism is essential to anthropology, and (iv) Boas did this by demonstrating that evolutionary theories of culture resulted from the ethnocentrism of their authors, notably E. B. Tylor and others.
A Final Look at the Relativist’s Argument
Authors: Cook John W
Published: November 2023

It is time to balance our accounts. Thus far we have been pretty hard on defenders of moral relativism, and it may appear as though there is nothing at all to be said on their behalf. But it would not be fair to end this discussion without giving them credit for something. To see what credit may be due them, let us recall the remarks by Congressman Dannemeyer that I quoted in the Introduction. The congressman declared that moral relativism and the Judeo-Christian ethic are “two philosophies in conflict.”
Heidegger on Modern Philosophy and the Transcendental Subject
Authors: Carr David
Published: November 2023

Like many European thinkers, Heidegger presents his thought in such a way that it is thoroughly intertwined with an account of the tradition out of which it develops. Indeed, it can be argued that after the 1927 publication of his major work, Being and Time, this tradition is the central object of his attentions. This may initially seem consistent with the original project of that incomplete work. Its projected, but unpublished, second part was to be devoted to a “destruction of the history of ontology,” aimed at the work of Kant, Descartes, and Aristotle (in that order) (SZ 39£).1 Since a large part of Heidegger’s later work deals with the history of philosophy, it could be seen simply as completing the original project in installments, with Plato, Leibniz, Hegel, and Nietzsche thrown in to fill out the picture.
Aspect, Adverbs, and Events
Authors: Lenci Alessandro , Bertinetto Pier Marco
Published: November 2023

Aspect and quantification are clearly related and interacting phenomena; since it is possible to give a quantificational interpretation of aspectual values, we can look at aspect as one of the ways in which the quantificational force of sentences is established. Thus, it seems straightforward to include aspect in the class of A-quantification. But then an interesting question arises concerning the way morphologically realised aspectual features are related to other types of constructional quantification, like the adverbial one. This is our main concern in this chapter, and we tackle it by discussing two facets of the general problem. More precisely we (a) investigate the way in which explicit quantificational ad verbs interact with aspectual values and (b) examine whether one of these two features could (or should) be reduced to the other.
Spiderwebs and Silk
Authors: Craig Catherine L
Published: November 2023

This book links the molecular evolution of silk proteins to the evolution and behavioral ecology of web-spinning spiders and other arthropods. Craig ‘s book draws together studies from biochemistry through molecular genetics, cellular physiology, ecology, and behavior to present an integrated understanding of an interesting biological system at the molecular and organizational levels.
Representation and Ethnicity
Authors: Rees Helen
Published: November 2023

Ethnographies, suggests Edward Bruner, “are guided by an implicit narrative structure, by a story we tell about the peoples we study” (1986: 139). He offers as an example the different “dominant” stories behind ethnographic writing on Native Americans in the 1930s and 1940s, when the paradigm was of a glorious past, disorganized present, and assimilated future, and in the 1970s, when it had changed to an exploited past, resistant present, and ethnically resurgent future (pp. 139–140). Many such “dominant stories” have been identified, and their effects on perception and public policy identified, in the past two decades. Said’s critique of orientalism (I 979) is of course an outstanding example, as is McKhann’s fine explication (1995) of the Morganian paradigm as applied by Chinese ethnologists working on the Naxi and Mosuo.
Normal Human Sleep
Authors: Aldrich Michaels.
Published: November 2023

Sleep is a necessary and universal part of human existence. The suspension of consciousness that accompanies sleep, the experience of dreaming, and the inability to function without sleep have fascmated poets and philosophers for thousands of years.
Diencephalic and Brainstem Sleep Disorders
Authors: Aldrich Michaels.
Published: November 2023

Disorders affecting the brainstem and the diencephalon, which includes the hypo thalamus and the thalamus, can lead to profound alterations of sleep patterns. Al though isolated cases of somnolence or insomnia associated with diencephalic lesions were recognized in the 19th century, the encephalitis lethargica epidemic of the early 20th century focused greater attention on these disorders. After von Economo demonstrated in 1930 that insomnia occurred in patients with anterior hypothalamic damage caused by encephalitis lethargica, whereas hypersomnia was more likely to occur with posterior hypothalamic injury, Hess, in the 1940s showed that thalamic lesions also can lead to sleep-wake disturbances, and Cairns in 1952 observed prolonged hypersomnia in patients with tumors in the area of the third ventricle. Several diencephalic syndromes associated with sleep-wake disturbances are reviewed in this chapter.
Anthropology
Authors: Louden Robert B
Published: November 2023

Kant first offered his anthropology course in the winter semester of 1772–73 and taught it annually thereafter twenty-four times until his retirement in 1796. In a frequently cited letter to Marcus Herz written toward the end of 1773 he describes the aim of the course as follows:
Plan to Win
Authors: Koehn Cheryl , Palmer Taysha , Esdaile John
Published: November 2023

We presume that the reader is familiar with linear algebra and with the basic concepts of group theory: cosets, Lagrange’s theorem, Sylow subgroups, inner and outer automorphisms.