bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Highly endemic hepatitis B infection in rural Vietnam
Authors: Nguyen Van Thi‐Thuy , McLaws Mary‐Louise , Dore Gregory J
Published: July 2007

Background and Aim:  Hepatitis B is a major public health problem in Vietnam; however, estimates of the prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis delta virus (HDV), and risk factors in rural Vietnam are limited. The aim of this study was to determine HBV and HDV prevalence, and identify risk factors for HBV infection.

Methods:  A cross‐sectional seroprevalence study was undertaken in two rural districts in Thai Binh province. The study population was randomly selected using multistage sampling. Demographic and behavioral risk information and serological samples were obtained from 837 participants.

Results:  Mean age was 42.3 years ± 15.8 (range, 16–82 years), and 50.8% were female. Prevalence of anti‐HBV core antibody (anti‐HBc) and hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg) was 68.2% and 19.0%, respectively, and hepatitis B e antigen HBeAg was detected in 16.4% of the HBsAg‐positive group. Prevalence of HDV was 1.3% in the HBsAg‐positive group. Factors associated with HBV infection (anti‐HBc or HBsAg positive) were age 60 years or older (OR, 3.82; 95% CI, 1.35–10.80; P = 0.01), residence in Vu Thu district (OR, 3.00; 95% CI, 2.16–4.17; P < 0.0001), hospital admission (OR, 2.34; 95% CI, 1.33–4.13; P = 0.003) and history of acupuncture (OR, 2.01; 95% CI, 1.29–3.13; P = 0.002). Household contact with a person with liver disease (OR, 2.13; 95% CI, 1.29–3.52; P = 0.003), reuse of syringes (OR, 1.81; 95% CI, 1.25–2.62; P = 0.002) and sharing of razors (OR, 1.69; 95% CI, 1.03–2.79; P = 0.04) were independent predictors of HBsAg positivity. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) level was elevated (>40 IU/L) in 43% of the HBsAg‐positive group; proportion elevated was higher in HBeAg‐positive (65%) compared with HBeAg‐negative (39%) individuals in this group (P = 0.02).

Conclusion:  Hepatitis B virus infection is highly endemic in rural Vietnam. Poor infection control activities in health‐care settings contribute to high HBV prevalence in this region. Universal HBV infant vaccination and improved infection control procedures are required for improved HBV control in Vietnam.
Laparoscopic nephrectomy for a girl with giant hydronephrosis of a horseshoe kidney
Authors: Kojima Yoshiyuki , Hayashi Yutaro , Yasui Takahiro , Itoh Yasunori , Maruyama Tetsuji , Kohri Kenjiro
Published: July 2007

Abstract:  We report our experience of laparoscopic nephrectomy on a girl with giant hydronephrosis of a horseshoe kidney. An 8‐year‐old girl presented with a 4‐month history of right abdominal pain. We performed laparoscopic nephrectomy for the non‐functioning moiety of a horseshoe kidney secondary to uretero–pelvic junction obstruction. Laparoscopic nephrectomy is a feasible and safe method with good indications especially for children with a horseshoe kidney disease.
Renal malakoplakia as a pseudotumoral lesion in a renal transplant patient: A case report
Authors: Puerto Isidro Machado , Mojarrieta Julia Cruz , Martinez Israel Borrajero , Navarro Samuel
Published: July 2007

Abstract:  Malakoplakia is a rare chronic inflammatory disease associated with gram‐negative bacterial infections frequently caused by Escherichia coli. Malakoplakia usually affects the lower urinary tract (bladder) but there are cases described in the kidney as well as in the respiratory and digestive organs. We report on a case with renal parenchymal malakoplakia in a renal transplant patient and describe the pathological lesions of malakoplakia: histiocytic proliferation with scarce inflammatory infiltrate, histiocytes with acidophilic cytoplasm and the presence of characteristic Michaelis‐Gutmann bodies. The authors in this study review the updated reports related to the entity in this uncommon localization, the association with an immunocompromised patient, the macroscopic presentation as a pseudotumoral lesion and the possible relationship with the xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis as a form of a histopathological spectrum in patients affected with gram negative urinary tract infection.
Which studies test whether self‐enhancement is pancultural? Reply to Sedikides, Gaertner, and Vevea, 2007
Authors: Heine Steven J. , Kitayama Shinobu , Hamamura Takeshi
Published: July 2007

What types of studies test the question of pancultural self‐enhancement? Sedikides, Gaertner, and Vevea (2007) have identified inclusion criteria that largely limit the question to studies of the better‐than‐average effect (i.e. 27 out of 29 effects that they include as ‘validated’ and ‘relevant’). In contrast, other effects which they labelled as ‘unvalidated’ or ‘irrelevant’ used methods other than the better‐than‐average effect (i.e. 24 out of 24 effects). Because Sedikides et al. are drawing conclusions about pancultural self‐enhancement and not the pancultural better‐than‐average effect, these excluded studies are relevant to the hypothesis under question. Ignoring the findings from other methods is highly problematic, in particular because these other methods yield results that conflict with those from the better‐than‐average effect. An analysis of effects from all studies reveals no support for pancultural self‐enhancement.
Intravenous hypertonic NaCl acts via cerebral sodium‐sensitive and angiotensinergic mechanisms to improve cardiac function in haemorrhaged conscious sheep
Authors: Frithiof Robert , Eriksson Stefan , Bayard Frida , Svensson Tor , Rundgren Mats
Published: July 2007

Acute NaCl loading as resuscitation in haemorrhagic hypovolaemia is known to induce rapid cardiovascular recovery. Besides an osmotically induced increase in plasma volume the physiological mechanisms of action are unknown. We hypothesized that a CNS mechanism, elicited by increased periventricular [Na+] and mediated by angiotensin II type 1 receptors (AT1), is obligatory for the full effect of hypertonic NaCl. To test this we investigated the cardiovascular responses to haemorrhage and subsequent hypertonic NaCl infusion (7.5% NaCl, 4 ml (kg BW)−1) in six conscious sheep subjected to intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) infusion of artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF; control), mannitol solution (Man; 75 mmol l−1[Na+], total osmolality 295 mosmol kg−1) or losartan (Los; 1 mg ml−1, AT1 receptor antagonist) at three different occasions. Man normalized (144 ± 6 mmol l−1, mean ±s.d.) the increase in i.c.v. [Na+] seen after aCSF (161 ± 2 mmol l−1). Compared with control, both Man and Los significantly (P < 0.05) attenuated the improvement in mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), cardiac index and mesenteric blood flow (SMBF) in response to intravenous hypertonic NaCl: MAP, rapid response +45 mmHg versus+38 mmHg (Man) and +35 mmHg (Los); after 180 min, +32 mmHg versus+21 mmHg (Man) and +19 mmHg (Los); cardiac index after 180 min, +1.9 l min−1 (m2)−1versus+0.9 l min−1 (m2)−1 (Man) and +0.9 l min−1 (m2)−1 (Los); SMBF rapid response, +981 ml min−1versus+719 ml min−1 (Man) and +744 ml min−1 (Los); after 180 min, +602 ml min−1versus+372 ml min−1 (Man) and +314 ml min−1 (Los). The results suggest that increased periventricular [Na+] and cerebral AT1 receptors contribute, together with plasma volume expansion, to improve systemic haemodynamics after treatment with hypertonic NaCl in haemorrhagic hypovolaemia.
Three-Dimensional Mixed Convection in Plane Symmetric-Sudden Expansion: Bifurcated Flow Regime
Authors: Thiruvengadam M. , Armaly B. F. , Drallmeier J. A.
Published: July 2007

Simulations of three-dimensional laminar mixed convection in a vertical duct with plane symmetric sudden expansion are presented to illustrate the effects of the buoyancy-assisting force and the duct’s aspect ratio on flow bifurcation and heat transfer. The stable laminar bifurcated flow regime that develops in this geometry at low buoyancy levels leads to nonsymmetric temperature and heat transfer distributions in the transverse direction, but symmetric distributions with respect to the center width of the duct in the spanwise direction. As the buoyancy force increases, due to increases in wall heat flux, flow bifurcation diminishes and both the flow and the thermal fields become symmetric at a critical wall heat flux. The size of the primary recirculation flow region adjacent to the sudden expansion increases on one of the stepped walls and decreases on the other stepped wall as the wall heat flux increases. The maximum Nusselt number that develops on one of the stepped walls in the bifurcated flow regime is significantly larger than the one that develops on the other stepped wall. The critical wall heat flux increases as the duct’s aspect ratio increases for fixed Reynolds number. The maximum Nusselt number that develops in the bifurcated flow regime increases as the duct’s aspect ratio increases for fixed wall heat flux and Reynolds number.
Critical Heat Flux of R-123 in Silicon-Based Microchannels
Authors: Koşar Ali , Peles Yoav
Published: July 2007

Critical heat flux (CHF) of R-123 in a silicon-based microchannel heat sink was investigated at exit pressures ranging from 227kPato520kPa. Critical heat flux data were obtained over effective heat fluxes ranging from 53W∕cm2to196W∕cm2 and mass fluxes from 291kg∕m2sto1118kg∕m2s. Flow images and high exit qualities suggest that dryout is the leading CHF mechanism. The effect of mass velocity, exit quality, and system pressure were also examined, and a new correlation is presented to represent the effect of these parameters.
MRI findings in the lumbar spines of asymptomatic, adolescent, elite tennis players
Authors: Alyas F , Turner M , Connell D
Published: July 2007

Objective:

To describe magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings in the lumbar spine in asymptomatic elite adolescent tennis players, to serve as the baseline for a future prospective longitudinal cohort study.

Design:

Observational study.

Setting:

Institutional, national tennis centre.

Participants:

33 asymptomatic elite adolescent tennis players, mean (SD) age, 17.3 (1.7) years (18 male, 15 female).

Methods:

Sagittal T1, T2, STIR, and axial T2 weighted MRI images were reviewed for the presence of abnormalities by two radiologists in consensus. Abnormalities included disc degeneration, disc herniation, pars lesions (fracture or stress reaction), and facet joint arthropathy.

Results:

Five players (15.2%) had a normal MRI examination and 28 (84.8%) had an abnormal examination. Nine players showed pars lesions (10 lesions; one at two levels) predominately at the L5 level (9/10, L5; 1/10, L4). Three of the 10 lesions were complete fractures; two showed grade 1 and one grade 2 spondylolisthesis, both of which resulted in moderate narrowing of the L5 exit foramen. There were two acute and five chronic stress reactions of the pars. Twenty three patients showed signs of early facet arthropathy occurring at L5/S1 (15/29 joints) and L4/5 (12/29 joints). These were classified as mild degeneration (20/29) and moderate degeneration (9/29), with 20/29 showing sclerosis and 24/29 showing hypertrophy of the facet joint. Synovial cysts were identified in 14 of the 29 joints. Thirteen players showed disc desiccation and disc bulging (mild in 13; moderate in two) most often at L4/5 and L5/S1 levels (12 of 15 discs).

Conclusions:

Abnormalities were frequent, predominately in the lower lumbar spine, almost exclusively at L4/5 and L5/S1 levels. Pars injuries and facet joint arthroses were relatively common.
Philip Louis Pratley (1884-1958): bridge design engineer
Authors: Passfield Robert W
Published: July 2007

During his career as a consulting engineer, Philip Louis Pratley of Montréal, Quebec, was responsible for the design and erection of many of Canada's most outstanding long-span highway bridges. Among them are the Jacques Cartier Bridge (1930) at Montréal; the Île d'Orléans Bridge (1935) at Québec City, Quebec; the Lions' Gate Bridge (1938) at Vancouver, British Columbia; the Angus L. Macdonald Bridge (1955) at Halifax, Nova Scotia; and the Burlington Bay Skyway Bridge (1958) at Hamilton, Ontario. For over 40 years Pratley was at the forefront of his profession in Canada in designing and supervising the erection of bridge structures that embodied the latest state-of-the-art advances in design theory, construction technologies, and structural materials; his published technical writings conveyed the latest developments in bridge design and construction practice. Two of his structures; namely, the Jacques Cartier Bridge and the Lions' Gate Bridge, have attained a symbolic importance as national icons. The present article provides an overview of his outstanding career as a bridge design engineer. Key words: Philip Pratley, Monsarrat & Pratley, bridge design, suspension bridges, cantilever bridges.
Scour by jets in cohesionless and cohesive soils
Authors: Mazurek Kerry A , Hossain Tanvir
Published: July 2007

A technique is developed in this paper to unify the methods of analyzing scour by turbulent water jets in cohesionless and cohesive soils. Data from previous studies using circular turbulent impinging jets and circular turbulent wall jets are used to compare the scour in low void ratio cohesive soils to that in uniform sands and gravels. Scour by these jets is related to the dimensionless excess stress on the soil bed. It is seen that this parameter will likely work well for developing a method to predict scour for circular wall jets that is applicable to both materials. However, a circular impinging jet appears to vary appreciably in its interaction with the bed between the two types of soil, which makes developing a unified method to predict scour by impinging jets more difficult. Key words: erosion, scour, water jets, cohesionless sediments, cohesive sediments, fine-grained soils, coarse-grained soils.
Échelonnage de la crue journalière moyenne pour des bassins versants de superficie entre 10 et 360 km2au Québec
Authors: Messier Frédéric , Anctil François , Beaulieu Berthier
Published: July 2007

Estimating the amplitude of the average annual flood of small, rarely instrumented watercourses is becoming more and more interesting, especially in a systemic environmental management of a drainage basin. Thirty-seven natural rivers draining less than 360 km2in the province of Quebec were scaled and the variability of series of annual daily maximums are examined. Based on the results obtained, an empirical regression relationship correlating the average annual flood with the drainage basin is proposed. Key words : average annual flood, scaling, variability, regression, province of Quebec. [Journal translation]
Treatment of tannery wastewater using hybrid upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor
Authors: Rajesh Banu J , Kaliappan S
Published: July 2007

In India, and in the State of Tamilnadu, tanning is a small-scale industry. During the tanning process, a huge volume of wastewater is generated and in most cases it pollutes the environment. In the present study, an attempt has been made to treat the tannery wastewater by using hybrid upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (hybrid UASB) reactors that offer the advantages of both fixed film and upflow sludge blanket treatment over a period of 370 d, at two different hydraulic retention times (HRT) viz., 60 and 70 h. The average concentration of COD and tannin in the influent tannery wastewater used was 14 000 mg/L and 1987 mg/L, respectively. The reactor performed to its maximum at an organic loading rate (OLR) of 2.74 kg COD m–3 d–1 and 3.14 kg COD m–3 d–1 at a HRT of 70 and 60 h, respectively. Increase in OLR beyond 2.74 kg COD m–3 d–1 and 3.14 kg COD m–3 d–1 caused a gradual decrease in COD removal efficiency. The degradation of inhibitor substance such as tannin during the anaerobic digestion was investigated and it was in the range of 65–91% at a HRT of 70 h and 63–89% at a HRT of 60 h. The performance of the reactor with reference to COD, TS removal, and biogas production were also evaluated.Key words: anaerobic treatment, hybrid-UASB, tannery wastewater, biogas.
Water Storage in the Forest Floor of Subalpine Forests of Alberta
Authors: Golding Douglas L. , Stanton Charles R
Published: July 2007

Water storage by the forest floor and its relation to other characteristics of the forest floor were determined for three forest types (spruce-fir (Picea spp. - Abies spp.) partially, cut spruce-fir, and young lodgepole pine (Pinuscontorta Dougl.), and three predominant aspects (north, south, and east) on Marmot Creek experimental watershed in south western Alberta.There was no significant difference between uncut and partially-cut spruce-fir forest floor in water-storage capacity, depth of water held after draining, water held per unit thickness of forest floor, or dry weight, although forest-floor thickness was greater under uncut spruce-fir (11.36 cm) than partially cut (9.84 cm). The forest floor averaged for cut and uncut spruce-fir had greater water-storage capacity (1.93) than under young lodgepole pine(1.35), greater depth of water held (1.94 cm, 0.85 cm,) greater dry weight (89 506 kg/ha, 55 039 kg/ha), and greater thickness (10.60 cm, 4.59 cm). There was no difference in water held per unit thickness of forest floor (0.19 cm/cm under spruce-fir, 0.18 cm/cm under pine). The lower values for pine than for spruce-fir are attributed to an intense fire 30 years ago on the area presently supporting the young pine.Regressions are given of water held on forest-floor thickness, weight of water held on dry weight, and water-storage capacity on thickness.
Callus Formation and Root Initiation in Stem Cuttings of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco)
Authors: Heaman J. C. , Owens J. N.
Published: July 2007

Changes taking place at the base of stem cuttings of Douglas-fir during callus formation and root initiation are described. Material was taken from nine sources, including trees of different ages and with different histories of rooting response. Gross morphology and anatomy of the cutting bases are described using serial longitudinal sections of samples taken on a weekly basis over a 4-month period. The basal callus proliferated from the lowest cells of the vascular cambium and a complex pattern of differentiating vascular tissues arose within the callus mass. The root primordia arose in this callus in association with the differentiating phloem and wound cambium. Variation in callus formation and root initiation is described both within and between clones.
Early Periderm Ontogeny in Fraxinuspennsylvanica, Ailanthusaltissima, Robiniapseudoacacia, and Pinusresinosa, Seedlings
Authors: Borger G. A. , Kozlowski T. T.
Published: July 2007

The subepidermal cell layer was the site of origin of the first periderm in the hypocotyl and internodes of Fraxinuspennsylvanica and Ailanthusaltissima. In the hypocotyl of Robiniapsendoacacia, the first periderm arose in cortical cells near the phloem; in the internodes it originated in the subepidermal, second, or third cortical cell layer. The outermost cell layer of the pericycle gave rise to the first periderm in the hypocotyl of Pinusresinosa. In all four species, periderm appeared first near the base of the hypocotyl and developed acropetally. In A. altissima and R. pseudoaeacia, phellem mother cells were cut off by the phellogen. These subsequently divided to produce phellem cells. In F. pennsylvanica and P. resinosa, phellem cells were produced directly from the phellogen.
Differences Between Douglas-fir Genotypes in Relation to Browsing Preference by Black-tailed Deer
Authors: Radwan M. A.
Published: July 2007

Tissue digestibility, essential oils, and levels of several chemical constituents were compared in foliage of Douglas-fir. Genotypes with different susceptibilities to deer browsing were used, and foliage was collected during the dormant season. In general, clones resistant to deer browsing had lower dry-matter and cellulose digestibilities, essential oils with greater inhibitory action on rumen microbial activity, higher content of fats, total phenols, flavanols, and leucoanthocyanins, and lower levels of chlorogenic acid. Results suggest that these resistance characteristics, especially the chlorogenic acid content, might be used instead of conventional bioassays with captive deer, to screen Douglas-fir breeding stock for resistance to deer browsing.
Ecology and Land Use of the Barrens of Western Nova Scotia
Authors: Strang R. M.
Published: July 2007

The rocky heathlands of western Nova Scotia cover some 31 000 ha of coarse, bouldery ortstein podzol of granitic origin. The shrubby vegetation, dominated by Gaylussaciabaccata, is closely correlated with topographic position and depth of soil over the impenetrable pan.Pollen analysis suggests that the area has, for many centuries, been a very open woodland and that the present community is a reflection of soil poverty as well as of periodic burning.Because the site is so unproductive it is suggested that wilderness recreation is the best land use.
Cone-Production and Stem-Growth Response of Douglas Fir to Rate and Frequency of Nitrogen Fertilization
Authors: Ebell Lorne F.
Published: July 2007

Twenty-year-old Douglas fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco.) were treated in May with 0, 50, 100, 200,400, 800 and 1600 lb nitrogen per acre (1 lb/acre = 1.12 kg/ha) as ammonium nitrate. In 5 subsequent years, cone production with annual and biennial retreatment at one rate was compared with no retreatment. Heavy rainfall after the initial fertilization appeared responsible for small, similar cone-production responses the next year from the 100–1600 lb rates. Retreatment at 400 lb increased cone production of the third year but overfertilization occurred in combination with the higher initial rates. Initial overfertilization or annual refertilization reduced long-term responses. Responses were greatest when dry conditions followed treatment. It was concluded that 400 lb nitrate nitrogen per acre at the start of vegetative bud break, applied biennially to alternate halves of an area, would provide optimum long-term cone production.Stem growth benefited from increasing foliar nitrogen levels up to about 2%, obtained with 200–400 lb nitrogen per acre, and was adversely affected by foliar nitrogen above 3%. Response to fertilization consisted of: (1) direct effects of improved nitrogen status lasting about 2 years, (2) accumulative increases in leaf area favoring shoot and stem responses up to the 4th or 5th year, and (3) continued stem-area increases due to growth over the greater circumference resulting from factors 1 and 2. Over the full duration of effect in young stands, the optimum economic treatment for increased wood production may correspond closely to the 400 lb nitrogen per acre which provided near-optimum physiological responses. The 200 and 400 lb rates increased 5-year stem-volume increment by 62 and 90%.
Conversions of Taper and Volume Equations From the English to the Metric System
Authors: Demaerschalk J. P.
Published: July 2007

A general method to convert taper and volume equations from one unit system to another is explained. Four examples are added.
Stem Analysis of Jack Pine (PinusBanksiana, Lamb.): Techniques and Concepts
Authors: Shea S. R. , Armson K. A.
Published: July 2007

Detailed stem analysis data are presented for 6 trees which ranged in age from 44 to 68 years and grew on a range of soils which varied primarily in soil texture. The use of measures of specific growth such as current annual height increment, Type 3 ring width sequences and specific volume increment is discussed in relation to supply of raw materials to the tree. The change in form of tree crown, as reflected by Type 1 ring width sequences is related to the other measures of specific growth. The use of selected parameters of tree growth in relation to tree development and its possible application in silviculture is discussed.
The Natural Addition of Nitrogen, Potassium and Calcium to a Pinusbanksiana Lamb. Forest Floor
Authors: Foster N. W. , Gessel S. P.
Published: July 2007

Nitrogen (N), potassium (K) and calcium (Ca) in litter-fall, throughfall and stemflow were measured over a 24-week summer-autumn period in a 30-year-old Pinus banksiana Lamb, stand. Litter-fall from the forest canopy was the major contributor of N; whereas throughfall contributed the most K to the forest floor during the study period. Stemflow accounted for a very small proportion of the nutrients received by the forest floor. Additions of K and Ca from through fall were greater than those from litter-fall in July and August, a period of low organic additions to the forest floor. Tree litter-fall increased in the autumn. Nitrogen concentration of this litter-fall decreased from a high of 0.92% in early summer to a low of 0.21% in autumn; whereas Ca concentration increased from a July low of 0.16% to an autumn high of 0.57%.During September–November, overstory and understory vegetation contributed the greatest quantities of N; the overstory gave the most Ca, and the overstory, understory, and throughfall all added large amounts of K to the forest floor.
Effects of Gibberellic Acid and an Inhibitor of Gibberellin Action on Suckering from Aspen Root Cuttings
Authors: Schier George A.
Published: July 2007

The effect of gibberellic acid (GA3) on suckering from trembling aspen (Populustremuloides Michx.) roots was determined by treating two kinds of root cuttings, one that produced suckers from primordia newly initiated or in an early stage of development (EP roots) and another that produced suckers primarily from relatively large, visible primordia (LP roots). Also investigated was the effect of an inhibitor of gibberellin action, a substituted pyrimidine, on outgrowth of suckers from LP roots. All concentrations (25–400 mg/l) of GA3 stimulated shoot outgrowth from LP roots. In contrast, GA3 inhibited shoot development in EP roots. The role of endogenous gibberellin in sucker outgrowth was indicated by the inhibition of shoot elongation by the inhibitor of gibberellin action.
Integrated Systems for the Estimation of Tree Taper and Volume
Authors: Demaerschalk J. P.
Published: July 2007

The desirability and the advantages of deriving taper equations from existing volume equations are discussed. It is demonstrated that the most common types of volume equations can be converted to compatible taper equations. These mathematical stem profile expressions yield tree volumes for any desired stump height and top diameter outside bark from inputs of diameter breast height outside bark and total height.
Growth and Development of Resting Buds of Conifers InVitro
Authors: Chalupa V. , Durzan D. J.
Published: July 2007

Resting, vegetative buds of white spruce, black spruce, Norway spruce, balsam fir, and Douglas-fir were grown under aseptic conditions on agar with various supplements. While an inorganic source of nitrogen was sufficient for the rapid growth of buds, the addition of organic nitrogen to the medium consistently promoted growth, but changes in weight and axis length were not always significant. For white spruce, all levels of growth regulators inhibited bud development. Coconut milk supported organized growth. Malt extract and casein hydrolysate were not beneficial. Levels of sugar above 2% (w/v) greatly improved the weight and length of the emerging shoot.The extent of shoot formation depended on the portion of dormant bud which was used as starting material. Buds isolated with an attached crown and intact embryonic shoot grew faster than those excised above this nodal diaphragm. By 40 days, the fresh weight of isolated buds increased 15–20 times, and their axes elongated 5–6 fold. Needles of some species (Douglas-fir) were well-developed. Changes in the free amino acids of developing white spruce shoots in culture corresponded in kind, and sequence to changes found during late winter, and spring in growing buds on trees under field conditions. Initially, buds contained low levels of total soluble N, and high percentages of proline N. Subsequently both invitro and in the field, the total soluble N increased and the content of proline N decreased. Amides now dominated the composition of the soluble N. Reduced growth and axis length usually reflected high percentages of arginine N and increased scale development in a way that resembled bud formation during late summer under field conditions.
The Spruce Budworm and Megasporangiate Strobili of Balsam Fir
Authors: Powell G. R.
Published: July 2007

Proportional deaths of young megasporangiate strobili on sample balsam fir (Abiesbalsamea (L.) Mill.) trees increased markedly over a 7-year period during which the spruce budworm (Choristoneurafumiferana (Clem.)) population also increased. Examination of samples of developing megasporangiate strobili in 1972 revealed that spruce budworm larvae feed on the basal parts of the strobili and commonly girdle them. The effects of early loss of megasporangiate strobili on potential seed production and on developmental processes on the tree are briefly discussed.
First- and Second-season Effect on Douglas-fir Cone Initiation from a Single Shade Period
Authors: Silen Roy R.
Published: July 2007

Shade (12–23% sunlight) applied for monthly periods between February and September to individual branches in upper whorls of 40-year-old Pseudotsugamenziesii caused increased pollen-cone (♂) and decreased seed-cone (♀) buds counted in autumn of the year of treatment. A consistent decreased count in both bud types the following year indicated treatment effects were carried over, raising the question as to when inducive events actually take place in Douglas-fir.
Detection of stem form change after stand treatment
Authors: Meng C. H.
Published: July 2007

Thinning and fertilization treatment effects on forest stand growth are usually evaluated in terms of volume increment. Measurements of growth response can be biased and misleading if treatment effects on stem form are not considered. A statistical approach, which enables detection of stem form changes and accounting for them in a single stem volume equation, is demonstrated. This approach is applied to data obtained from a black spruce (Piceamariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) experiment and reveals statistically significant (at 5% level of significance) changes in stem form following "heavy" thinning and fertilization.
Isozyme characteristics of Caloscyphafulgens infested and pathogen-free spruce seed samples and use of alkaline phosphatase activity for qualitative and quantitative disease incidence assays
Authors: Sutherland Jack R. , Rink Ute , McMullan E. E. , Woods T. A. D.
Published: July 2007

Extracts of samples from Caloscyphafulgens infested and noninfested Sitka spruce (Piceasitchensis (Bong.) Carr.) seed lots and diseased and healthy seeds were separated by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels and stained for esterase (EC 3.1.1.1), leucine aminopeptidase (EC 3.4.1.1), acid phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.2), alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1), glucose-6-phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.9), malate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.37), isocitrate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.42), 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.43) and alcohol dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.1). Several differences were detected between the isozyme patterns of disease-free and infested samples, but the main difference was the latter's high alkaline phosphatase activity. By using gel electrophoresis, (i) a qualitative analysis was developed, based on the presence or absence of alkaline phosphatase, to distinguish infested from disease-free seed lots, and (ii) the high alkaline phosphatase activity of infested samples was determined to be of pathogenic origin. By determining the alkaline phosphatase activity of samples with known numbers of diseased seeds, a prediction equation was derived relating enzyme activity and disease incidence. Correlation analyses showed significant (P = 0.01) correlations between disease incidence estimates obtained by this technique and plating of surface-sterilized seeds on water agar.
Tree seedling growth and leaf element accumulation in open-top chambers near an urban–industrial area
Authors: McClenahen J. R. , Dochinger L. S.
Published: July 2007

Growth and element accumulation in leaves of Pinusstrobus L., Prunusserotina Ehrh., Fraxinusamericana L., and Quercusrubra L. seedlings were investigated using open-top chambers at a site 11 km from an industrial city in Ohio, U.S.A. Treatments consisted of chambers receiving either carbon-filtered air or ambient air, and an ambient-air plot. Height of Pinusstrobus and total biomass and stem diameter of Prumusserotina were significantly greater in the ambient-air chamber than in the filtered-air chamber after 2 years, but leaf biomass was not affected. Compared with the ambient-air plot, chamber environment alone enhanced growth of Prunusserotina. Growth of the other species tested was not affected by any of the treatments. Ambient air did not significantly contribute to the concentrations of most leaf elements, whereas differences between years and between ambient and chamber environment had significant effects on P, K, Ca, Pb, and Zn accumulation. Changes in nutrient status brought about by chamber effect or annual climatic differences could in turn alter plant response to air pollutants.
Biomass and nutrient equations for mature Betulapapyrifera Marsh.
Authors: Jokela Eric J. , Shannon Colleen Ann , White Edwin H.
Published: July 2007

Biomass and nutrient accumulation by tree components for 66-year-old mature paper birch is presented. Logarithmic regression equations are given relating aboveground tree component biomass and contents of N, P, K, Ca, and Mg to tree diameter at breast height (dbh). Branches, bole bark, and bole wood accounted for 90–97% of the total aboveground tree biomass. Highest concentrations of most nutrients were in the foliage. For the tree of mean basal area (dbh = 15 cm), the crown components of branches and foliage constituted only 16% of the biomass but accounted for 49, 57, 53, 37, and 44%, respectively, of the N, P, K, Ca, and Mg accumulated.
Ability of isolates of Confertobasidiumolivaceo-album to stain and decay wood
Authors: Eslyn W. E.
Published: July 2007

Ten isolates of Confertobasidiumolivaceo-album (Bourd. & Galz.) Jülich (Corticiumfuscostratum Burt) were tested to determine optimum temperature for growth and capability to stain and decay wood. Optimum growth temperature for the majority of the isolates was 22 °C. Decay rates for all isolates were uniformly low, and after 12 weeks of incubation, weight loss was never more than 5%. Decay was greater in pine heartwood than in sapwood, averaging 3.7–3.9% and 2.2–2.3%, respectively. Little or no difference in decay rate occurred between soil-block tests at 22 °C and at 27 °C. Two of the 10 isolates caused a golden-orange stain in pine heartwood.
Effects of forest clear-cutting on abundances of oxygen and organic compounds in a mountain stream of the Marmot Creek basin
Authors: Telang S. A. , Hodgson G. W. , Baker B. L.
Published: July 2007

Refractory compounds in the waters of streams draining the Marmot Creek basin in the east slopes of the Rocky Mountains appeared to increase as a result of forest clear-cutting. The vegetation of the basin is dominated by spruce – subalpine fir forests. Clear-cutting was done at six selected sites, each about 10 ha in size. The saleable wood was harvested and the slash was left on the ground. The effect of clear-cutting was most pronounced in the case of tannins and lignins, with concentrations being increased by as much as a factor of four. The effect appeared to persist for several years, from the onset (and completion) of the clear-cutting in 1974 to near the end of the decade. Humic substances were increased to a much lesser degree (from 790 to 900 μg/L) and the effect died out in less than 2 years. Forest clear-cutting appeared to have no effect on the abundances of oxygen and labile organic compounds.Direct data were not available for the refractory and labile compounds in the mountain stream prior to clear-cutting. Accordingly, an analogue approach was used. In this approach the data for the clear-cut stream were compared with those for a neighboring stream. In this way the need for prior data was met, but more importantly, any variations stemming from climatic variability were taken care of during the 5-year study.
Applied gibberellin A4/7 increases ovulate strobili production in accelerated growth jack pine seedlings
Authors: Cecich Robert A.
Published: July 2007

Jack pine (Pinusbanksiana Lamb.) seeds were sown in October, January, and March, and the seedlings were cultured under accelerated growth conditions in a greenhouse. At biweekly intervals, from May 15 to August 15, they were transplanted to a nearby nursery and sprayed with GA4/7 or GA4/7 + NAA. The following spring a fourfold increase in flowering was noted in trees receiving either of the GA4/7 treatments. Trees in the March sowing did not flower. The data suggest that the increased flowering was caused by GA4/7-mediated differentiation of lateral long-branch primordia into ovulate strobili.
Responses of wild ungulates to logging practices in Alberta
Authors: Tomm H. O. , Beck Jr. J. A. , Hudson R. J.
Published: July 2007

The responses of moose (Alcesalces L.), white-tailed deer (Odocoileusvirginianus Zimmerman), and mule deer (O. hemionus Rafinesque) to logging practices were studied in west-central Alberta. Use of cut blocks by moose was related to size and interspersion of cut blocks with uncut mature timber and to levels of harassment. Use of cut blocks by deer was influenced by size, shape, and interspersion of cut blocks and by site treatment. Moose used large clear cuts more effectively than deer. However, moose showed greater dependence on residual cut-block cover in areas of high levels of harassment.
Distribution of foliage on open-grown white fir and Douglas-fir in northern New Mexico, U.S.A.
Authors: Schmid J. M. , Morton M. B.
Published: July 2007

Foliage area and needle biomass of Douglas-fir, Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco, were distributed in the ratio of 1:3.5:2 in the upper, middle, and lower crown. In white fir, Abiesconcolor (Gord. & Glend.) Lindl., the ratio was 1:2:1. The 1979 new shoots growth, expressed as a percent of the total needle weight for the branch, decreased from the top of the crown to the bottom in Douglas-fir and from the top to the middle in white fir. The weight of the foliage in Douglas-fir ranged from 14 to 38 kg. The range in white fir was from 22 to 59 kg.
Trisetacus (Acarina: Eriophyoidea) on Pinuscontorta in British Colombia: distribution, symptoms, and provenance effect
Authors: Hunt R. S.
Published: July 2007

Trisetacuscampnodus, an eriophyoid mite, is associated with a chlorosis and twisting of Pinuscontorta foliage. Observations of seedlings indicate that the mite may spread at any time of the year. Damage assessment in coastal British Columbia revealed that interior provenances are more seriously affected than coastal provenances. The natural range of T. campnodus is coastal; however, if introduced, it may become established in interior areas.
Effects of root or shoot exposure before planting on the water relations, growth, and survival of Sitka spruce
Authors: Coutts M. P.
Published: July 2007

Sitka spruce (Piceasitchensis (Bong.) Carr.) seedlings were exposed either by the root or the shoot to drying conditions in a growthroom. Changes in leaf water potential (ψ1) and rate of water loss were determined and measurements were made on the moisture content (MC) of the shoot, woody root, and fine roots.Exposure of the root or shoot reduced the MC of all tissues measured and reduced ψ1. When the root was exposed, water moved from the shoot into the root system, but this water movement did not prevent a substantial reduction in the MC of the root system. The greatest reduction occurred in the fine roots. Exposure of the root caused a faster decrease in fine root MC than exposure of the shoot.Treated seedlings were planted in root observation boxes, and those which had been exposed by the roots to give ψ1 of −20 × 105 Pa were found to be under increased water stress when measured 12 days after planting indicating that water uptake had been impaired. Root exposure also reduced plant survival and the growth of roots and shoots of plants which survived. Although exposure of the shoot to give ψ1 of −20 × 105 Pa resulted in a similar reduction in total plant MC as exposure of the root, the treatment was not damaging in terms of growth or survival after planting. It is concluded that measurement of neither whole plant MC nor ψ1 prior to planting can show whether a plant has been subjected to damaging conditions. Root exposure of plants in different stages of growth indicated increased sensitivity to exposure the farther the plants were removed from dormancy.
Time, temperature, and moisture effects on incidence of seed infected by Caloscyphafulgens in Sitka spruce cones
Authors: Sutherland Jack R.
Published: July 2007

The effects of time, temperature, and moisture on incidence of seeds infected by Caloscyphafulgens (Pers.) Boudier in Sitka spruce, Piceasitchensis (Bong.) Carr., cones was determined by incubating pathogen-inoculated cones on forest duff and subsequently storing them under conditions used to air dry cones before seed extraction. In the field, the percentage of diseased seeds increased gradually and reached about 10% over the 8-week incubation period. This increase was about equally well correlated with increasing time, cone moisture content and cumulative rainfall, decreasing temperature, and all combinations of these parameters. The percentage of diseased seeds did not increase when field-incubated cones were subsequently stored (air-dried) up to 8 weeks, probably because cone moisture content decreased.
Thermal vision camera in forestry research
Authors: Vlcek J.
Published: July 2007

A thermal vision camera, model AGA T-750, can be used in close range thermal studies in forestry applications. The calibration and operation of the instrument is described, incuding the determination of emissivity, ambient radiation, and data reduction to yield absolute surface temperatures. Some applications in research in forestry are indicated.
Effects of nitrogen fertilizer source and application rates on foliar nitrogen concentration, photosynthesis, and growth of Douglas-fir
Authors: Brix H.
Published: July 2007

The effects of nitrogen fertilization on foliage nitrogen concentration, rates of photosynthesis, and stem diameter growth were studied for Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco) trees, with a range of fertilizer applications from 0 to 896 kg N/ha. Ammonium nitrate (AN) and urea were compared as nitrogen sources. AN provided for a higher foliage nitrogen concentration and better growth the 1st year, but there was no source effect thereafter. A significant relationship was obtained between foliage nitrogen concentration and rate of photosynthesis, with an optimum rate at 1.74% foliar nitrogen and with no effect of nitrogen source. Stem diameter growth was increased at all fertilization rates, although no effect of the two lowest rates of fertilization (112 and 224 kg N/ha) was found on foliar nitrogen concentration.
Cation uptake by Douglas-fir seedlings grown in solution culture
Authors: Bledsoe Caroline S. , Rains D. William
Published: July 2007

Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco) seedlings were grown in nutrient solutions and cation uptake was measured by disappearance from solution. Although seedlings were uniform in size and weight, a range of uptake rates was observed. Potassium and calcium uptake rates were determined over a range of cation concentrations. Using the Michaelis–Menten formula, kinetic constants were calculated for potassium (Km = 0.017 mM) and for calcium (Km = 0.043 mM). These values were similar to those reported for other plant species. Temperature optima were determined (20 °C for potassium and 26 °C for calcium), indicating that cation uptake was an active metabolic process, sensitive to temperature. Low levels of calcium were required for both potassium and magnesium uptake; at higher levels of calcium, magnesium uptake was reduced.
Preemergence weed control in loblolly, slash, shortleaf, and eastern white pine nursery seedbeds
Authors: Gjerstad Dean H. , South David B.
Published: July 2007

Pine-seedling tolerance to preemergence applications of herbicides was examined in field experiments conducted on loblolly (Pinustaeda L.), slash (Pinuselliottii Engelm. var. elliottii), shortleaf (Pinusechinoto Mill.), and eastern white pine (Pinusstrobus L.) at six southern forest nurseries in 1976 and 1977. Herbicides suitable for preemergence use were bifenox at 3.4 kg/ha; diphenamid at 4.5 kg/ha; oxyfluorfen at 0.3, 0.6, and 1.1 kg/ha; HOE-22870 at 1.1 and 2.2 kg/ha; and prometryn at 1.1 kg/ha. Seedling injury to some species was caused by trifluralin at 1.1 kg/ha; butralin at 3.4 kg/ha; perfluidone at 1.7 kg/ha; butralin at 3.4 kg/ha plus bifenox at 3.4 kg/ha; napropamide at 3.4 kg/ha; propazine at 3.4 kg/ha; and a combination of napropamide at 1.7 kg/ha plus bifenox at 3.4 kg/ha.
Root development in planted Douglas-fir under varying competitive stress
Authors: Newton Michael , Cole Elizabeth C.
Published: July 2007

Roots of 5-year-old Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco var. menziesii) on three Oregon sites were excavated with explosives and analyzed for the effects of competition on root biomass and for planting-induced root deformities. The plantations were in Nelder designs with graduated spacing from 300 to 15 250 cm2 per tree. Competition treatments consisted of weed-free intraspecific competition, grass cover seeded after 1 year of seedling growth, and red alder (Alnusrubra Bong.) interplanted 1:1 among the Douglas-fir. All plantations were kept at low water stress in year 1. The ratio of standing aboveground to belowground biomass was the same for each competitor type. Shoot:root ratios averaged about 4:1, except in severely suppressed trees, where ratios dropped toward 1:1 in those near death. Neither shoot:root ratio nor tree size was affected by planting-induced root deformities such as J- or L-rooting. It appears that after 5 years all root systems have fully compensated for planting deformities and future growth and stability have not been jeopardized.
On the use of chi-square analyses in studies of resource utilization
Authors: Jelinski Dennis E.
Published: July 2007

Chi-square (χ2) tests are analytic procedures that are often used to test the hypothesis that animals use a particular food item or habitat in proportion to its availability. Unfortunately, several sources of error are common to the use of χ2 analysis in studies of resource utilization. Both the goodness-of-fit and homogeneity tests have been incorrectly used interchangeably when resource availabilities are estimated or known apriori. An empirical comparison of the two methods demonstrates that the χ2 test of homogeneity may generate results contrary to the χ2 goodness-of-fit test. Failure to recognize the conservative nature of the χ2 homogeneity test, when "expected" values are known apriori, may lead to erroneous conclusions owing to the increased possibility of committing a type II error. Conversely, proper use of the goodness-of-fit method is predicated on the availability of accurate maps of resource abundance, or on estimates of resource availability based on very large sample sizes. Where resource availabilities have been estimated from small sample sizes, the use of the χ2 goodness-of-fit test may lead to type I errors beyond the nominal level of α. Both tests require adherence to specific critical assumptions that often have been violated, and accordingly, these assumptions are reviewed here. Alternatives to the Pearson χ2 statistic are also discussed.