bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Measuring the Continuum of Force Used by and Against the Police
Authors: Garner Joel H. , Schade Thomas , Hepburn John , Buchanan John
Published: March 2007

Prior empirical research on the police use of force has conceptualized force in tenrs of simple dichotomnies: lethal force vs. nonlethal force, physical force vs. nonphysical force, and excessive force vs. nonexcessive force. The research has numerous measurement and definition problems and typically has used unsystematic samples. Police professionals employ the concept of a continuum of force; this concept addresses the legal requirements and policy preferences that all use of force by police should be proportionate to the amount of force used against themn. This concept has neither been operationalized as a quantifiable measure nor subjected to empirical research to determine the frequency with which officers encounter specific forms and amounts of resistance.

This article reports on a pilot effort to develop explicit measures of the nature and extent of force used by and against police officers. These measures are derived fromn specific behaviors and are formuilated to represent traditional notions of physical force as well as contemporary concepts of the continuum of force. In addition, a prototype mneasure that incorporates some metric qualities is presented. These measures are illustrated with data from 1,585 adult custody arrests in Phoenix, Arizona.
The Exclusionary Rule: Differing Trends in Canada and the United States
Authors: Nasheri Hedieh
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this article is to evaluate the Canadian and American criminal justice systems by analyzing one facet of both systems-the exclusionary rule. More specifically, this article explores whether Canada and the United States are moving toward expanding the exclusionary rule in protecting the rights of the criminally accused or are moving toward limiting the applicability of the rule and favoring the state in prosecuting the accused. The article concludes, based on an analysis of recent case law from the high courts of both countries, that the exclusionary rule is currently on different and apparently diverging tracks. In Canada before 1982, the exclusionary rule was nonexistent. Since 1982, with the enactment of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms, the exclusionary rule has quickly and steadily expanded. The United States, in contrast, has been restricting the exclusionary rule for years. According to the trends seen in each country, the article predicts that Canada will continue the gradual expansion toward a more absolutist exclusionary rule that began with the enactment of the Charter in 1982, while the United States will continue to limit the use of the exclusionary rule in an attempt to give prosecutors greater power in prosecuting criminally accused individuals.
The Occurrence of Resisting Arrest in Arrest Encounters: A Study of Police-Citizen Violence
Authors: Kavanagh John
Published: March 2007

This study examines the occurrence of resisting arrest in 1,108 police-citizen arrest encounters at the Port Authority Bus Terminal in midtown Manhattan between July 1, 1990, and June 30, 1991. The study utilizes the Logit regression procedure to identify factors related to resisting arrest. The most powerful of all the factors tested was arrestee disrespect towards the police officer. Other arrestee factors that were found to be positively related to resisting arrest were the presence of other arrestee violence (besides resisting arrest), arrestee intoxication, and the seriousness of the crime charged. Of more than 30 police officer factors tested, only two attitudinal factors were found to be related to resisting arrest: Desiring to remain a police officer was negatively related, and believing that the law governing the use of force is overly restrictive of the police was positively related. Among the situational factors tested, arrests initiated by police officers were found to be positively related to resisting arrest. The results suggest that police officers may play a smaller role in the occurrence of resisting arrest than had been thought. The implication of this finding is that future researchers should devote greater attention to the role of the arrestee in police-citizen violence.
Physical and Chemical Characterization of Automotive Shredder Residues
Authors: Lanoir D. , Trouvé G. , Delfosse L. , Froelich D. , Kassamaly A.
Published: March 2007

Car manufacturers recycle many of the materials from wrecked vehicles, but the disposal of the lighter components is increasingly difficult. The high cost of landfill is making the option of incineration more attractive, as it reduces the mass and the volume of the waste. Energy recovery is also possible. This paper examines those properties of automotive shredder residues (ASR) which are relevant to the formation of pollutants during incineration.

The higher specific energy of ASR was found to be 19,000 kJ kg 1 and the ash content 38%, which indicate that it is a suitable fuel for municipal incinerators or cement kilns. However, it is very heterogeneous, as the low density fraction is mainly composed of plastics, with smaller amounts of metallic pieces, rubber, glass and wood. The macroscopic composition of a representative sample of ASR was determined. The metal and the chlorine contents were analysed by special techniques and were found to be 22% and 3.5%, respectively of the fraction. Laboratory-scale incineration trials of ASR are now planned. © 1997 ISWA
Operating parameters of autothermal pyrolosis of plastic waste in a fluidized bed
Authors: Wey Ming-Yen , Lo Cheng-Shing , Wu Shu-Yii , Lee Ying-Tso
Published: March 2007

In this study, polyethylene was pyrolysed in the fluidized-bed pyrolysis system in a limited oxygen supply. Thus, the heat to pyrolyse the polyethylene was made available by partial incineration of the polyethylene, which can be referred to as autothermal pyrolysis. The fluidized bed was selected as the reactor owing to its high capacity, homogeneity and low tar content. Experimental parameters evaluated included the effect of: (1) the pyrolysis temperatures; (2) the air factors; and (3) the catalyst on the liquid hydrocarbon (gasoline, die sel, fuel oil, residual) formation, and B. T. X. (benzene, tolu ene, xylene) concentration in gasoline. Moreover, the pri mary composition in gasoline was analyzed. The results indi cated that it is practical to recover oil from plastic waste using the autothermal pyrolysis system.
Heavy metals in a municipal solid waste deposition cell
Authors: Flyhammar P. , Tamaddon F. , Bengtsson L.
Published: March 2007

The physical and chemical changes of a waste mixture consist ing of mumcipal solid waste (MSW) and sewage sludge were investigated during the anaerobic waste stablilization phases of the mixture. The emphasis of this study was the behavior of heavy metals. The waste was deposited in a test cell in 1973. It was found that the waste mass decreased by about 30% (wt) during the years 1973 to 1993 and yielded gas and leachate dur ing the stabilization phase. Most of the leachate constituents increased rapidly shortly after deposition and a stable methano genic phase prevailed by the end of the second decade. Approximately 30% of the total amount of heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, N1, Pb, Zn) in the waste have been identified as avail able reactive solid forms. However, the proportion was found to be different for each. Most of the remaining 70% of the heavy metals are believed to be less available as they are bound mto lattice structures, such as metal and polymer items.
Biological nitrogen removal from landfill leachate: a pilot-scale study
Authors: Pelkonen Markku , Kotro Mikko , Rintala Jukka
Published: March 2007

A pilot-scale two-stage process including an anaerobic pretreatment (up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket, UASB) unit and a pre-denitrification activated sludge process was studied for treating leachates from a municipal landfill (waste aged 4 to 5 years, area 2.5 ha) and from a windrow composting area (1ha). A single-stage pilot process was used for nitrification studies. The leachate characteristics were as follows: COD 740 to 2400 mg 1-1 (chemical oxygen demand), BOD7 (biochemical oxygen demand) approximately 1000 mg 1 -1, Ntot 40 to 120 mg 1-1 and the temperature was between 2 and 21°C. The results show that 45 to 50% COD removal could be achieved in the UASB reactor even at temperatures below 10°C. The activated sludge process was operated with a 1.1 to 2.2 d hydraulic retention time and at between 8 and 21°C. The removal efficiencies were 80 to 90% for COD, over 98% for BOD7, over 90% for NH4-N and over 70% for Ntot The dependence of denitrification efficiency on leachate biodegradable COD fraction and COD to N ratio was evaluated. Overall treatment efficiencies were good and applicable for design purposes. The total costs were estimated for a full scale pre-denitrification process at FIM 10 to 20 m-3 and FIM 50 to 90 (kg N removed)-1 (3.5 to 7 DM m-3 and 17 to 30 DM [kg N removed] -1) for a landfill representing circumstances in Southern Finland with an annual average flow of 50 m3 d-1.
Biological reactivity of residual wastes and dependence on the duration of pretreatment
Authors: Binner Erwin , Zach Alexander
Published: March 2007

The Austrian Landfill Ordinance (BGBL 169/96, 1996) sets standards for the types of waste which are allowed to be landfilled. There are limits for total organic compound (TOC), ignition loss (IL), calorific value and many other parameters describing the potential of harmful substances but no parameters checking the biological reactivity of waste. Experimental determination of gas-generating potential is well suited for the assessment of this reactivity because such methods (an incubation test developed by the Austrian Department of Waste Management [ABF-BOKU] ), allow researchers to reproduce the majority of 'natural conditions' in the laboratory. The problem with anaerobic tests is that the period over which the tests run tends to be long, which is why aerobic tests were also carried out. To reduce gas generating potential to less than 10%, a gas generation GS90 ≤ 20 N1 kg-1 dry substance (DS) Nl kg -1 DS is to be maintained. This research shows that the correlating respiration activity AT7 is between 12 and 15 mg O2 g-1 DS.
Effectiveness of Merit-Pay-Pool Management
Authors: Perry James L. , Hanzlik Carla , Pearce Jone L.
Published: March 2007

A merit pay pool consists of individuals who are grouped together for the purpose of making merit pay computations. This paper investigates the consequences of variations in merit-pay-pool design and management for the linkage between performance and pay.
Public Sector Grievances: The Case of North Dakota
Authors: Cozzetto Don
Published: March 2007

This article analyzes all employee grievances filed by state workers In North Dakota for a period exceeding four years. The conclusions differ from much of the literature concerning the public employee grievance process. In contrast to other studies, this population of grievants contains very few complaints containing allegations of discrimination. Female workers file a disproportionately low number of grievances, and the appeals body exhibits a decidedly pro-employer bias in grievance outcomes. Finally, there is little evidence that workers who file grievances later experience difficulties with their supervisors, as reflected in performance evaluation results.
Staffing and Human Resources Flexibilities in the Spanish Public Services
Authors: Parrado-Díez Salvador
Published: March 2007

Most OECD countries have linked staffing flexibilities to global programs of administrative reform. Modernization of the Spanish public sector was launched in the late 1980s but failed to develop. Decentralization and devolution of power from the center to local cost- centers and line managers, intended as the main tools to make the managing of human resources more flexible, have had only limited effect Some flexibility measures have been adopted, however, as a result of economic pressures to curb the rising costs of the Spanish welfare state. These measures include. downsizing, freezing recruitment, privatization and "autonomization." Other legislative attempts to increase staff flexibility, such as redeploying human resources and relating payment to performance, have not been implemented as planned, and there is little prospect that extensive human resources flexibilities will be achieved in the Spanish system in the near future
Generational Comparisons of Public Employee Motivation
Authors: Jurkiewicz Carole L. , Brown Roger G.
Published: March 2007

This cross-sectional study reports the similarities and differences between three age cohorts of public employees—Generation X, Baby Boomers and Matures—on 15 motivational factors. While substantial differences are broadly observed between the generations outside the public sector organizational context, these age-based categories of public employees are nearly identical in the governmental workplace. The few differences found can be ascribed to life and career stages as opposed to cohort-specific sociological influences. The principal implications for recruiting, motivation, training, retention, and human resource processes are discussed.
Mobile Capital and Economic Development Planning
Authors: Ranney David C.
Published: March 2007

This article critiques capital market liberalization policies for inhibiting planning and producing results that are negative for many people throughout the world. Capital market liberalization is part of a broader set of economic development policies that constitute a development model that fails to distribute benefits and costs of economic integration in a manner that improves living standards for people most in need. After a discussion of trends in capital flows, the author critiques the theory behind liberalization in terms of limits placed on demand-side public policies, its narrow efficiency criterion, and its tendency to crowd out socially useful investment in favor of short-term returns. The article concludes with a discussion of national and regional planning implications and argues that liberalization is antiplanning because it limits the use of traditional planning policies. The author also considers alternatives including those implied by the development activity of the European Union and a new hemispheric proposal, Alternatives for the Americas.
Revitalizing Cities
Authors: Heath Tim
Published: March 2007

At the beginning of the twenty-first century there is evidence of an increasing demand for downtown or city-center living in North America and Western Europe. Policy makers are increasingly promoting the concept as part of sustainability and revitalization strategies as it is strongly believed that this will help to achieve a whole range of social, economic, and environmental goals. To date, however, there has been a dearth of research examining peoples’ attitudes and the level of demand for this locational choice. This article draws on the research of the author and others analyzing the attitudes of the public in the United Kingdom to such a lifestyle and identifies a substantial minority attracted by homes in the city center.
Neighborhood Enfranchisement and Urban Redevelopment
Authors: Fainstein Susan S. , Fainstein Norman I.
Published: March 2007

The consequences of redevelopment for working and lower class neighborhoods depend upon the extent to which their in terests are represented within the local regime and upon the economic situation of particular cities Political representation can be expressed by two analytically distinct dimensions, the one encompass ing electoral enfranchisement - the abili ty to capture mayoral offices and council seats — and the other bureaucratic en franchisement — influence over the "out put" side of local government through a range of citizen participation institutions. Together the dimensions define a typology of political representation, within which strategic influence over development policy exists only when both electoral and bureaucratic enfranchisement are strong. But the outcomes of urban redevelopment are also critically affected by economic forces, which determine both private ac tivity to change the built environment and the financial resources available to local government. In general, the higher the level of net private investment in the built environment, the greater the potential ability of lower income neighborhoods to benefit from redevelopment. Without ef fective political power, however, even high levels of investment result primarily in extreme uneven development and displacement. While political and economic forces establish a determinism over which planners have relatively limited control, progressive planners can play im portant roles in broadening the agenda of local politics so as to facilitate political mobilization of lower income communities.
Occupational Transformations in Urban and Regional Planning, 1960 to 1980
Authors: Beauregard Robert A.
Published: March 2007

Utilizing data from the Bureau of the Census, this paper explores changes in the labor market demand for urban and regional planners over the last three decades. Specific aspects of that demand are considered: overall size, spatial distribution, and industrial composition Demand has increased dramatically since 1960, though it waned in the '70s, and it has generally paralleled regional shifts in population and employment. In sectoral terms, planners remain primarily government employees. The implications of these findings for planning research and education are briefly addressed.
Urban Nature and Human Design: Renewing the Great Tradition
Authors: Spirn Anne Whiston
Published: March 2007

The city is part of nature, a fact that has profound implications for how cities are designed, built, and managed For centuries, city designers have exploited nature to promote human purposes The roots of this tradition are as diverse as the many ways in which nature contributes to human health, safety, and welfare An overview of that tradition is outlined here, along with an assessment of existing knowledge and prospects for city design
Suburbia: An International Perspective on Levels of Satisfaction with the Physical Environment
Authors: Rothblatt Donald N. , Garr Daniel J.
Published: March 2007

This cross-national study examines women's satisfaction with various aspects of the suburban environment in metropolitan regions representative of three industrialized societies. the United States (San Jose area); Israel (Tel Aviv and the Jerusalem regions), and the Netherlands (The Hague and environs). The influence of suburban environmental factors such as neighborhood location, age, and design, on four sets of dependent quality of life variables (satisfaction with housing environment, community services, social patterns, and psychological well- being), are re-examined. A questionnaire was used to collect data in 1977-78 and statistical techniques such as t-tests and partial correlation analyses were employed to examine relationships between independent and dependent variables
Community-Based Housing Programs: Overview, Assessment, and Agenda for the Future
Authors: Bratt Rachel G.
Published: March 2007

This paper reviews three broad types of community-based housing programs and assesses their contributions toward providing decent, affordable housing to low- and moderate-income households. Despite some significant weaknesses in the overall approach, community-based housing offers many benefits and provides real options for people who are struggling with the frustration and despair of poor housing. Based upon a generally positive evaluation, the paper concludes by outlining a coordinated public support system for community-based housing activities.
Planning for Industrial Decline: Lessons from Steel Communities
Authors: Markusen Ann R.
Published: March 2007

Economic development planning has weaker tools than does land use planning and is hampered by a great deal of analytical and normative conflict. This paper reviews the causes and remedies of industrial decline in the steel industry. At least eight different causal explanations of steel job loss have been offered, and diverse normative objectives have been invoked. This research exam ines the intergovernmental issues and the politics involved in a num ber of innovative steel strategies. The paper concludes that this type of controversy is bound to escalate in the coming decades. Therefore, economic development planners will need a broad education in both po litical economy and institutional and intergovernmental settings, as well as improved skills in conceptualizing and testing causal models of indus try evolution.
The Recent Popularity of Light Rail Transit in North America
Authors: Black Alan
Published: March 2007

Light rail transit (LRT) is currently the most popular transit technology being proposed for large and medium-sized metropolitan areas. Since 1978 LRT systems have opened in seven U.S. and four Canadian cities. Several more lines are under construction, and many other cities have plans for light rail.
Simulating Harbor Management: A Tool for Public Participation
Authors: Krausse Gerald H. , Amaral Mark
Published: March 2007

This paper describes the game design and demonstrates the use of simulating public participation in the preparation of a harbor management plan. The simulation game was played by 106 college students in the Department of Marine Affairs at the University of Rhode Island. An evaluation was performed which showed that the experience benefited the participants both in terms of better communication and understanding the complex dynamics of management decision- making.
Procedural Expertise for Efficient Multiattribute Evaluation: A Procedural Support Strategy for CEA
Authors: Lee Insung , Hopkins Lewis D.
Published: March 2007

Previously developed decision support systems for multiattribute evaluation focus on support of computation and representation, but provide no guidance for efficient use of methods for particular decision problems and environments. We examine a procedural support strategy to guide the decision maker in efficiently choosing what judgments to consider in the computation of equivalent alternatives (CEA) method. A Monte-Carlo simulation measures the efficiency and accuracy of various procedural strategies. Decision rules are identified that can structure CEA and enhance its efficiency. The implied combination of procedural expertise and substantive domain expertise will help to create more effective decision support systems.
Extending the Revolution: Teaching Land Use Planning in a GIS Environment
Authors: Drummond William J.
Published: March 2007

For planning educators the ultimate worth of the GIS revolution will be measured not by the number of new GIS courses offered, but by the integration of GIS technology into the traditional, substantive areas of planning. In the field of land use planning this integration remains in its infancy. The article suggests a general, modular approach for the incorporation of GIS technology into land use planning course work, using a combination of GIS, database, and spreadsheet software. Numerous specific examples are provided, including major applicauons in data collection, preliminary analysis, plan formulation, and plan evaluation.
On Form versus Function: Will the New Urbanism Reduce Traffic, or Increase It?
Authors: Crane Randall
Published: March 2007

A major attraction of the popular and influential planning movements known as the new urbanism, transit-oriented development, and neotraditional planning are their presumed transportation benefits. Though the architects and planners promoting these ideas are usually careful to emphasize the many ingredients necessary to obtain desired results—straightening of streets to open the local network, "calming" of traffic, better integration of land uses and densities, and so on—a growing literature and number of plans feature virtually any combination of these elements as axiomatic improvements. The potential problem is that the traffic impacts of the new plans are generally indeterminate, and it is unclear whether designers understand the reasons well enough to avoid unintended results. This paper proposes a simple behavioral model to identify and assess the tradeoffs these ideas impose on transportation and subdivision planners.
Institutionalizing University-Community Partnerships
Authors: LeGates Richard T. , Robinson Gib
Published: March 2007

Sporadic government initiatives and successful individual demonstration universitycommunity partnership projects are of limited value unless they are incorporated into selfmaintaining institutional arrangements. This article is based on San Francisco State University's experience with the HUD-funded Bay Area Community Outreach Partnership Center and the academic literature on institutionalization of reforms within public sector bureaucracies. It argues that universities are well suited for certain partnership roles-convener, planner, and capacity builder-and not for others. True partnerships between universities and their communities must be built on mutual respect, equal status, and mutual give and take. Institutionalization of federally funded university-community partnerships must progress simultaneously at the federal and local levels. It must respond to the interests of community, university, and governmental stakeholders. At the local level, change in both the internal structure and the operating procedures of universities and their neighborhood partners is essential.
Beyond Confused Noise: Ideas Toward Communicative Procedural Justice
Authors: Hillier Jean
Published: March 2007

In this article, I discuss local planning decision making as a form of public policy making undertaken by the state and involving some degree of public participation. I am interested in communlcative action as a normative basis for participatory decision making of public policy matters. Empirically, however, differences of discourses have led to participants talking past each other rather than negotiating with each other. Using a case study from Perth, Western Australia, I demonstrate the idea of procedural justice and examine the reasons for participants' dissatisfaction with public participation processes. I then develop some tentative principles for a more procedurally just communicative planning practice.
Bicultural Effectiveness Training: A Treatment Intervention for Enhancing Intercultural Adjustment in Cuban American Families
Authors: Szapocznik Jose , Santisteban David , Kurtines William , Perez-Vidal Angel , Hervis Olga
Published: March 2007

This report describes a treatment intervention for enhancing intercultural adjustment in Cuban American families. Bicultural Effectiveness Training (BET) is a clearly defined and easily replicable, culturally sensitive intervention that targets on a specific problem area: intergenerational conflicts and conduct disorders in adolescents, either provoked or exacerbated by the stress of acculturation and cross-cultural adaptation. Previous research on acculturation, biculturalism and adjustment are reviewed and the basic and theoretical features of the BET model are discussed. The BET intervention modality described in this paper was designed to capitalize on certain features of culture conflict in order to ameliorate acculturative stress. By reducing culture conflict and acculturative stress BET enhances adjustment in Cuban American families and reduces conduct disorders in adolescents. BET teaches family members that skills for effective functioning in different value contexts (cultural or otherwise) can be viewed as complementary and enriching to the individual.
Risk Factors for Coronary Heart Disease in Hispanic Populations: A Review
Authors: Castro Felipe G. , Baezconde-Garbanati Lourdes , Beltran Hector
Published: March 2007

Epidemiological studies of coronary heart disease (CHD) risk factors among Hispanics were examined. Hispanics as compared with Anglo Americans and blacks appear to have somewhat lower mortality rates of CHD. This suggests that Hispanics may have lifestyle patterns which reduce CHD risk in the areas of stress, diet, exercise, hypertension, and smoking. However, independent studies report that their samples of Mexican American subjects, but not Puerto Rican subjects, had higher blood lipid levels, greater rates of being overweight, and participate in less aerobic exercises as compared with same sex and aged Anglo American cohorts. By contrast, adult Mexican Americans and Puerto Ricans tend to smoke less than do Anglo American cohorts, although some evidence suggests that Hispanic adolescents may smoke more than do their Anglo American peers. The CHD risk status of Hispanics is summarized and recommendations for future research and health promotion programs are made.
The Role of Ethnic Loyalty among Mexican Immigrant Women
Authors: De Snyder V. Nelly Salgado
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to examine the role of Ethnic Loyalty in a sample of 140 Mexican women who immigrated to the United States at age 14 or older and who have lived in this country for an average of 7.5 years. Using the median of the ethnic loyalty scale as the cut-off point respondents were divided into two groups: High Loyalty and Low Loyalty. Women who remained highly loyal to Mexican culture (High Loyalty) had significantly lower levels of self-esteem and satisfaction and higher levels of acculturative stress than their counterparts who scored lower on the loyalty scale (Low Loyalty). Furthermore, most of the women in the High Loyalty group had plans of returning to Mexico and planned on obtaining only legal residency status rather than U.S. citizenship. Findings of the study suggest that because of the lack of appropriate coping skills to deal with their new environment, immigrant women from Mexico who remain strongly attached to their traditional Mexican culture (High Loyalty) are at higher risk of manifesting psychological conflicts than those women who are more flexible in their cultural orientation as shown by their lower ethnic loyalty scores.
Acculturative Stress: Minority Status and Distress
Authors: Saldaina Delia H.
Published: March 2007

The process of acculturative stress is examined in a survey of 177 Hispanic and 93Anglo freshman college students. A multivariate framework is proposed that includes social class, gender, and ethnicity as precursor variables; demographic and psychological indexes of acculturation; college role stresses experienced by most students; and minority stresses especially relevant to ethnic students as predictors of psychological distress. Social class and ethnicity exert significant effects on college role stresses but not on minority stresses. Level of acculturation is associated with reports of higher levels of minority stress, but it is not significantly associated with psychological distress. However, minority stresses add significant information to the level of psychological distress beyond that accounted by precursor and college role stresses alone. Results are discussed in terms of their implications for longitudinal studies that allow for the examination of causal relationships.
Mexican American Female Enrollment in Graduate Programs: A Study of the Characteristics That May Predict Success
Authors: Lango Deborah Ramirez
Published: March 2007

Mexican American women are among the most poorly educated of all U.S. citizens. Although the gap is narrowing, their gains have not kept pace with the increase in population. Research indicates that only a small number of Mexican American women complete a 4-year degree and even fewer go on to enter a graduate program. However, there has been little research on the characteristics that contribute to the enrollment in graduate studies of the few who do go beyond the 4-year degree. The primary goal of this study was to determine the characteristics that contribute to Mexican American women continuing their education in graduate studies.
Automated Screening for Depression: Toward Culturally and Linguistically Appropriate Uses of Computerized Speech Recognition
Authors: Mufioz Ricardo F. , Gonzfilez Gerardo M. , Starkweather John
Published: March 2007

The feasibility of using computers with speech recognition capability in screening for depression was examined. Computerized and written forms of the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression (CES-D) scale were administered to 19 Spanish-speaking and 19 English-speaking primary care medical patients (n = 38) at a hospital-based outpatient depression clinic. A counterbalanced experimental design was employed to randomly assign the order of administration to the language groups. Psychometric analyses of the two methods suggested that the two forms were highly equivalent in both languages. There were no significant differences in the means and variances of the two forms. Ranked-order correlations and coefficient alpha estimates for interitem consistency were high. The two methods were found to be acceptable in equal proportionsfor both language groups, with a tendency to prefer the computerized method.
Culturally Competent MMPI Assessment of Hispanic Populations
Authors: Dana Richard H.
Published: March 2007

Culturally competent assessment practice is now mandated by the 1992 APA Ethical Code. Culturally competent assessment practice is described as a contextfor discussing the advantages and disadvantages of a variety of "corrections" currently available for the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory with Hispanic populations. These "corrections" include moderator variables, special scales, special norms, translations, and aids to interpretation. Interim usage of these "corrections" and simultaneous development of new tests and diagnostic standards that fully acknowledge cultural diversity are recommendedfor compliance with the ethical code.
The Academic Resilience of Mexican American High School Students
Authors: Gonzalez Rosemary , Padilla Amado M.
Published: March 2007

This study sought to identify factors that contribute to the academic resilience and achievement among Mexican American high school students. High-and low-achieving students were selectedfrom a database that included 2,169 Mexican American students in three California high schools. Resilient students (N = 133) reported receiving mostly A grades in high school, whereas nonresilient students (N = 81) reported mostly grades of D or below. Variables were formedfrom items on a questionnaire that all students had previously completed. Items selectedfor analysis included role offamily, teachers, and peers toward school; the school environment and belonging; and the importance of culture andfamily. Regression analysis on student grade point average (GPA) revealed that a sense of belonging to school was the only significant predictor of academic resilience. An ANOVA revealed that teacherfeedback was greater among resilient males in comparison to nonresilient males.
The Origins of Writing
Authors: SCHMANDT-BESSERAT DENISE
Published: March 2007

It is generally agreed that writing was invented in Sumer, ancient Mesopotamia and present-day Iraq, and spread from there to other parts of the Middle East such as Egypt. The article reviews an archaic system of notation using tokens that is the direct progenitor of Sumerian writing.
Examining the Source of Writing Problems
Authors: NEWELL GEORGE E. , MacADAM PHYLLIS
Published: March 2007

Recent research suggests that if we overlook topic knowledge we may ignore an important source of students' writing problems. Given that writers' topic knowledge affects how and what they compose, this article presents a systematic strategy for examining topic-related knowledge prior to writing. Included in the discussion is a theory-based rationale for the measure, a formalized method for analyzing topic knowledge, and a guide for using the instrument.
The Rhetoric of Irony in Academic Writing
Authors: MYERS GREG
Published: March 2007

The widespread use of irony in academic writing raises issues not considered in most psychological, linguistic, or literary approaches to irony: How is irony signalled in a written text? What are the constraints of politeness within academic discourse that govern the use and interpretation of irony? This essay considers the interpretation of one kind of irony—ironic quotation—in a controversy between linguists and artificial intelligence researchers. Irony in these published exchanges is then compared to irony in conference discussions and unpublished papers in linguistics and to irony in other disciplines. Although the analysis follows psychological and linguistic accounts of irony as echoic mention in which the same words can be reused with a different intention, it begins with the rhetorical relation of the quoting writer, the quoted writer, and the reader as members of disciplinary communities. The instances of irony that are considered both define these relations and assume them as a basis for interpretation. This analysis suggests that the study of irony can serve as a means of understanding disciplines and of examining our own taken-for-granted assumptions as academic writers.
Composing in Technological Contexts
Authors: HAAS CHRISTINA
Published: March 2007

This article contrasts writing-as-transcribing and writing-as-composing, arguing that true composing requires conceptual reformulation and speculating that contradictions in studies of composing with computers may be partly explained as a confusion between transcribing and composing. The article also reviews what we know of predraft planning and writing, or note-making, and claims that note-making is at once a monitoring process and a planning strategy and as such may be particularly valuable for composing. Following this, a descriptive study examines the note-making activities of a group of experienced writers and contrasted the same writers' note-making in pen and paper and word processing conditions. A four-part classification scheme accounted for virtually all notes that writers generated; the four kinds of note were content, structure, emphasis, and procedural notes. Early writing sessions and note-making patterns of individual writers are examined in detail, revealing important differences in note-making between writers. Further, individual writers also had distinctly different note-making patterns when writing in different technological contexts—with pen and paper and with word processing. This research shows note-making, and accompanying predraft planning, to be a critical juncture in the composing process and supports the notion that writers' composing, or at least their early composing, may be markedly different when working with traditional and with computer writing tools.
Negotiating the Meaning of Difference
Authors: FLOWER LINDA
Published: March 2007

The move from theorizing difference to dealing with difference in an intercultural collaboration creates generative conflicts for educators and students. This article tracks the conflicting discourses, alternative representations, and political consequences the construct “Black English” had for Black and White mentors, teenage writers, and instructors in a Community Literacy Center collaboration. Comparing the accounts offered by resistance, conversation, and negotiation theory, it examines the dilemmadriven process of constructing a new negotiated meaning in the face of conflicting forces, voices, and representations. Dealing with difference in such collaboration means not only interpreting diverse verbal and nonverbal signifying systems based on values, experience, and competing discourses but constructing a new negotiated representation in the face of conflict that offers an (at least provisional) ground for action.
Rhetoric and Rational Enterprises
Authors: LAROCHE MARY G. , PEARSON SHERYL S.
Published: March 2007

Commentary: It is easier to articulate the issues addressed in this piece today than it was when Written Communication first published it in 1985; we now have the familiar idioms of postmodernism, cultural studies, and reception theory to help illuminate the paradigm that we were arguing governs everyday communication behavior in organizations. In particular, while terms such as contingency, intersubjectivity, shared understandings, social construction of meaning, and discourse communities were familiar enough at the time in the fields of philosophy and critical theory, they had not yet influenced textbooks in organizational communication. Instead, these textbooks were dominated by the human resource and social systems models of the organization at work and by prescriptive approaches to writing.

We drew on the work of contemporary theorists (Polanyi, Popper, Kuhn, Toulmin, Perelman, and others) to support the notion that, like scientific communities, organizational communities are “rational enterprises” that develop rules and protocols for the admission and analysis of evidence—criteria which individual practitioners internalize unevenly, imperfectly, and tacitly, and which evolve over time in response to new situations, but which govern the construction of meaning. Through the analysis of a particular case of strategic communication (and one that was deliberately ordinary, not exceptional), we were interested in demonstrating how important the larger context is in shaping communication, how meaning is negotiated by writer and audience, how “good writing” depends less on transmitting a “message” or even adapting a specific format than on tapping (or reenvisioning) shared but tacit recognitions about what is important in the organizational context.

Looking back, we are gratified that these observations now seem commonplace, and also that we addressed them in humanistic, cognitive, and philosophical terms to argue the centrality—and complexity—of consensus making. One of the closing sentences still seems like an appropriate call to continue such an inquiry: “In a world marked by divergent values, galloping change, and the need for ethical approaches to problem solving, a rhetoric that both acknowledges the human complexity of decision making and suggests a practical rationale for producing consensus is needed.”
Toward a Theory and Practice for Whole-Person Learning: Reconceptualizing Experience and the Role of Affect
Authors: Yorks Lyle , Kasl Elizabeth
Published: March 2007

Although the importance of affect is acknowledged in the North American literature on adult learning and adult education, its role remains undertheorized. We argue that the influence of American pragmatism contributes to a cultural bias favoring reflective discourse and, thus, theoretical inattention to the role of affect. We describe a theory of personhood developed by John Heron to explore how his phenomenological lens on experience provides a more serviceable framework in which to understand the affective dimension of learning. Taking a phenomenological perspective suggests how adult learning strategies can be linked to a group habit of being that we call learning-within-relationship. Posited on what we describe as the paradox of diversity, we argue that there is a direct relationship between the degree of diversity among learners and the need to create whole-person learning strategies that fully engage learners affectively.
Adult Teacher Self-Improvement Through Evaluation By Students
Authors: Wientge King M.
Published: March 2007

Student groups on several campuses have procured student evalua tions of instructors and made these results available to other students for a fee. The charge against student ratings of this sort is that they are not carefully obtained and in too many instances reflect an inaccurate appraisal. However, student evaluation of teaching, properly obtained, has been found to be positively cor related with other criteria of effective teaching and may be con sidered a useful device for teacher self-improvement. This article reports data obtained when the writer administered student evalua tion rating forms to adult students in graduate classes. Attention is called to variability in student response, as well as suggested in terpretations of the information obtained. A copy of the evalua tion form is appended.
Professional Leadership Vs. the Educational Service Station Approach: an Historical Appraisal
Authors: Carlson Robert A.
Published: March 2007

Adult educators face increasing demands to exercise "pro fessional leadership" in their work, i.e., to stress the meeting of societal needs. Individual needs, however, have traditionally been emphasized in this profession. Practitioners and researchers have sought to discover these individual needs, to package programs to meet them, and to advertise the availability of these voluntary pro grams. This individual-oriented "educational service station" ap proach is now under attack in the profession. The purpose of this historical study is to provide perspective for the struggle over priorities that is rapidly developing in adult education. It shows the importance of the Americanization campaign of 1875-1925 in the rise of the educational service station approach, and it sug gests why demands for professional leadership are increasing.
Present Commitments: Their Relationship To One's Acceptance of Community Change and Programs
Authors: Forest Laverne B.
Published: March 2007

This study developed and tested a model for analyzing learn ing situations and communities prior to implementing programs. Tested and supported with qualifications in a rural Wisconsin community, this model proposes that present behavioral commit ments could be used to predict commitments to new social ideas and potential educational programs. The present and past commit ments were both socio-economic (i.e., investments in local prop erty) and social psychological (i.e., interactions with others on new issues). Attitude intensities toward the new ideas operationalized the commitments to the new ideas. The socio-economic type com mitments predicted commitments to the new ideas better, thus suggesting that adult educators who wish to know the probable success and acceptance of a program must analyze their program ming situations to learn behavioral commitments people have already made.
Effects of Token Reinforcement On Two Attending Behaviors of Adults in a Continuing Education Program
Authors: Buckholdt David R. , Ferritor Daniel E.
Published: March 2007

This study was conducted with adults in a basic education center. Teachers identified two adult behaviors, arriving late to class and not remaining in class, which were disrupting classroom activities and interfering with learning. The two behaviors ap peared to be influenced by school conditions. Hypotheses were tested on the relationship between these undesirable behaviors and reinforcement conditions. Reliable and significant changes were observed in both behaviors upon changes in the reward structure. Implications are considered for the use of behavior modification approaches in the design of more effective learning environments for poor and otherwise disadvantaged adults.
Personological Variables Related to Ged Retention and Withdrawal
Authors: Wilson Russell C.
Published: March 2007

The student attrition rate in high school equivalency classes remains a concern for adult educators. Researchers have found a relationship between a student's personality variables and his retention in high school, college, and general adult education. In this study, the Adjective Check List (ACL) was administered to 142 enrolling high school completion students. After ten weeks the scores of those who were retained were compared to those of persons who dropped. It was hypothesized that there would be no significant differences between the two groups on the twenty-four ACL scores (p<.05). Principal component analysis, multivariate analysis of covariance, and a Hotelling's T2 procedure were used to analyze the data. Students dropping out were found to be significantly different on eight of the scale scores and the null hypothesis was re jected. A consistent personological portrait was drawn which could be helpful for educators working with these students.