bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Spatial structure of neuronal receptive field in awake monkey secondary visual cortex (V2)
Authors: Liu Lu , She Liang , Chen Ming , Liu Tianyi , Lu Haidong D. , Dan Yang , Poo Mu-ming
Published: February 2016

Significance

Using a computational method to analyze neuronal responses evoked by natural scene stimuli, we performed a comprehensive identification of secondary visual cortex (V2) neuronal receptive fields (RFs) and found several novel spatial structures of RFs. This approach imposes no assumption about the selectivity of the neurons, thus allowing a more objective search of RFs. Furthermore, by combining single-unit recording with optical imaging of intrinsic signals, we examined the spatial distribution of V2 neurons exhibiting different RFs, with respect to the V2 stripes defined previously by cytochrome oxidase staining. The identified V2 RFs could be explained by convergence of V1 neurons with well-known primary visual cortex RFs. This study illustrates that computational approach is useful for comprehensive RF identification in higher visual cortices.
Differential vesicular sorting of AMPA and GABA
A
receptors
Authors: Gu Yi , Chiu Shu-Ling , Liu Bian , Wu Pei-Hsun , Delannoy Michael , Lin Da-Ting , Wirtz Denis , Huganir Richard L.
Published: February 2016

Significance

In neurons most fast excitatory neurotransmission is mediated by AMPA receptors, which cluster at excitatory synapses primarily on dendritic spines. Fast synaptic inhibition is largely mediated by GABA
A
receptors, which cluster at inhibitory synapses mainly on the soma and dendritic shafts. It is unclear how these receptors are segregated and delivered to specific locations on the plasma membranes. Here we directly studied the constitutive exocytosis of AMPA and GABA
A
receptors and demonstrate that they are initially sorted into different vesicles in the Golgi apparatus and inserted into distinct domains of the plasma membrane. Their exocytosis is dependent on distinct Rab GTPases and SNARE complexes. Our results reveal fundamental mechanisms underlying the sorting of excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitter receptors in neurons.
Integrated nanotechnology platform for tumor-targeted multimodal imaging and therapeutic cargo release
Authors: Hosoya Hitomi , Dobroff Andrey S. , Driessen Wouter H. P. , Cristini Vittorio , Brinker Lina M. , Staquicini Fernanda I. , Cardó-Vila Marina , D’Angelo Sara , Ferrara Fortunato , Proneth Bettina , Lin Yu-Shen , Dunphy Darren R. , Dogra Prashant , Melancon Marites P. , Stafford R. Jason , Miyazono Kohei , Gelovani Juri G. , Kataoka Kazunori , Brinker C. Jeffrey , Sidman Richard L. , Arap Wadih , Pasqualini Renata
Published: February 2016

Significance

The main goal in the emerging field of cancer nanomedicine is to generate, standardize, and produce multifunctional carriers designed to improve the response of drugs against tumors. Here we report the design, development, and preclinical validation of a ligand-directed bioinorganic platform that integrates tumor targeting, receptor-mediated cell internalization, photon-to-heat conversion, and drug delivery. This enabling hydrogel-based technology can accommodate a broad variety of ligands, nanoparticles, and payloads. We show experimental proof-of-concept in mouse models of breast and prostate cancer with molecular imaging and marked reduction of tumor growth. However, with future proof that this technology is translatable, medical applications beyond cancer may also be leveraged.
Difficulties Encountered by Arab Translators in Translating Love Songs from Arabic into English
Authors: Al-Khatib Mahmoud A.
Published: February 2016

Cet article étude des problèmes et des difficultés que les traducteurs arabes rencontrent en traduisant des chansons arabes en anglais. Il s’agit que chaque culture a des caractéristiques distinctes qui le rendent différent de chaque autre culture. La communication interculturelle présente ainsi beaucoup de défis et l’un d’entre eux est la nécessité de prendre conscience de l’importance de comprendre les aspects culturels - littéraires de l’espace croix - culturelle. Les textes choisis pour la traduction sont cinq chansons d’amour les plus populaires et reconnues dans le monde arabe. Quatre stratégies principes de ceux employées par des auteurs de chanson arabe ont été identifiées: flatterie, blâmer, douleur, et se plaindre. Un projet de traduction a été formé pour découvrir comment ces chansons étaient traduites en anglais. Les sujets étaient (10) traducteurs qui ont de maîtrise en Anglais, Traduction, ou Linguistique Appliquée. Les difficultés que les traducteurs arabes rencontrent en traduisant des chansons arabes de l’amour en anglais ont été identifiées et discutées au-dessous de trois titres principaux: collocation lexique, espace lexique, et transfert culturel. Des extraits des données contenant les erreurs faites par celui traducteurs sont présentés et les implications socio -pragmatiques pour la signification et la communication interculturelle sont discutées.
Negotiating in English
Authors: Lim Hyang-Ok
Published: February 2016

Les interprètes , qui se situent dans l’espace de commmunication interculturelle , doivent être conscients des différences de styles des négociateurs en fonction de leur nationalité, car ceci influence le choix des approches qui peuvent être adoptées par les interprètes. Le but de cette étude consiste à examiner les stratégies et les styles variés des négociateurs pour lesquels les interprètes travaillent en vue de leur permettre de mieux assurer leur tâche en transmettant les messages de manière plus efficace.
La construction sémiotique de l’altérité dans les péritextes de la traduction de Julián Ribera de « L’histoire de la conquête de l’Espagne » d’ibn al Qutiyya de Cordoue
Authors: Gil-Bardají Anna
Published: February 2016

This article works from the premise that translation, given its hybrid nature, plays a decisive role in constructing discourses of otherness and identity. Orientalist translation is an excellent source for studying the discourse of otherness, while also providing a wealth of information of how “Self” is perceived and represented. In the case of Spanish orientalism, the construction of such discourses is particularly complex due to the nature of the topic under study: al-Andalus, the Arabic name given to those parts of the Iberian Peninsula governed by Muslims at various times in the period between 711 and 1492. According to Martínez Montávez, al-Andalus has always had two facets: the real and historical which ended in 1492, the other figurative and symbolic which has survived until today. This article analyses the peritexts in the translation of a famous Andalusian treatise on geography carried out by José Antonio Conde, one of the first prominent figures in Spanish Arabism. Our analysis applies the semiotic construction model of otherness proposed by Carbonell (2003 and 2004), a model which we have adapted to Foucault’s notions of discourse, discursive structure and statement (ennoncé) (1990 [1969], 2001 [1966], 2002 [1971]), Widdowson’s notions of text, context and pretext (2004) and Genette’s (1987) notion of peritext.
Does Translation Hinder Integration?
Authors: Schäffner Christina
Published: February 2016

En 2006 et 2007 les coÛts croissants des services de traduction et d’interprétation dans le secteur public ont fait de nouveau l’objet de débats. Il a même été suggéré que de telles prestations offertes à la population immigrée nuisait à la cohésion sociale et représentaient des mesures désincitatives à l’acquisition de la langue anglaise. Le présent article s’intéresse à ce débat dans le contexte des politiques linguistiques du Royaume-Uni et du monolinguisme et par rapport à la construction discursive de l’identité et s’interroge sur le rôle de la traductologie dans ce débat.
Translation as an Ethical Action
Authors: Vidal Claramonte M.Carmen África
Published: February 2016

Les changements sociétaires du vingtième siècle ont créé ce que Zygmunt Barman appelle des temps liquides caractérisés par la richesse de l’hybridité et les problèmes qui en découlent. Aujourd’hui tout particulièrement la traduction est appréhendée comme un acte idéologique. Face à la mondialisation et aux mutations sociales qui reflètent les changements philosophiques et scientifiques, le concept de la traduction s’élargit et l’image du pont ne suffit plus pour parler du traducteur. La question du rôle du traducteur se pose alors par rapport à l’éthique et l’on peut s’interroger sur l’autorité du traducteur, sur ce qu’est une traduction ‘responsable’ et sur les limites éthiques du rôle de traducteur.
Carbohydrate gel ingestion during running in the heat on markers of gastrointestinal distress
Authors: Sessions Jenna , Bourbeau Kelsey , Rosinski Mattina , Szczygiel Taylor , Nelson Rachael , Sharma Naveen , Zuhl Micah
Published: February 2016

The purpose of this study is to measure the effects of carbohydrate ingestion during exercise in the heat by measuring markers of gastrointestinal damage and inflammation. Methods: Active subjects (n = 7) completed two 60‐min running trials in a heated environment (70% VO2max, 30°C). At minute 20 of exercise, subjects consumed a carbohydrate gel (Cho) (27 g), or a non‐carbohydrate placebo (nCho). Plasma endotoxin, I‐FABP, TNF‐α, IL‐6, IL‐1β, IL‐10, and MCP‐1 were measured pre‐exercise, 20‐min post‐exercise, and again 2‐h, and 4‐h post‐exercise. Results: Endotoxin increased 20‐min post‐exercise compared to pre in the Cho trial only (p = .03). I‐FABP levels increased 20‐min post‐exercise in the Cho trial only compared to pre‐exercise (p = .003). I‐FABP levels were also increased in Cho trial 20‐min post‐exercise when compared to same time point in the nCho trial (p = .032). TNF‐α increased 20‐min post‐exercise in the Cho trial only compared to pre (p = .03). Plasma IL‐6 concentration increased 20‐min post‐exercise when compared to pre in both the Cho (p = .002) and nCho (p = .009), but remained elevated at the 2‐h time point in the nCho trial (p = .03). I‐FABP and several plasma cytokines (TNF‐α, MCP‐1, Il‐6) returned to baseline sooner in the Cho trial. Conclusions: Ingestion of carbohydrate gel during exercise in the heat enhances markers of gastrointestinal wall damage.
Pulmonary Vascular Morphology as an Imaging Biomarker in Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension
Authors: Rahaghi F. N. , Ross J. C. , Agarwal M. , González G. , Come C. E. , Diaz A. A. , Vegas‐Sánchez‐Ferrero G. , Hunsaker A. , Estépar R. San José , Waxman A. B. , Washko G. R.
Published: February 2016

Patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) have morphologic changes to the pulmonary vasculature. These include pruning of the distal vessels, dilation of the proximal vessels, and increased vascular tortuosity. Advances in image processing and computer vision enable objective detection and quantification of these processes in clinically acquired computed tomographic (CT) scans. Three‐dimensional reconstructions of the pulmonary vasculature were created from the CT angiograms of 18 patients with CTEPH diagnosed using imaging and hemodynamics as well as 15 control patients referred to our Dyspnea Clinic and found to have no evidence of pulmonary vascular disease. Compared to controls, CTEPH patients exhibited greater pruning of the distal vasculature (median density of small‐vessel volume: 2.7 [interquartile range (IQR): 2.5–3.0] vs. 3.2 [3.0–3.8]; P = 0.008), greater dilation of proximal arteries (median fraction of blood in large arteries: 0.35 [IQR: 0.30–0.41] vs. 0.23 [0.21–0.31]; P = 0.0005), and increased tortuosity in the pulmonary arterial tree (median: 4.92% [IQR: 4.85%–5.21%] vs. 4.63% [4.39%–4.92%]; P = 0.004). CTEPH was not associated with dilation of proximal veins or increased tortuosity in the venous system. Distal pruning of the vasculature was correlated with the cardiac index (R = 0.51, P = 0.04). Quantitative models derived from CT scans can be used to measure changes in vascular morphology previously described subjectively in CTEPH. These measurements are also correlated with invasive metrics of pulmonary hemodynamics, suggesting that they may be used to assess disease severity. Further work in a larger cohort may enable the use of such measures as a biomarker for diagnostic, phenotyping, and prognostic purposes.
Proline‐Rich Tyrosine Kinase 2 Downregulates Peroxisome Proliferator–Activated Receptor Gamma to Promote Hypoxia‐Induced Pulmonary Artery Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation
Authors: Bijli Kaiser M. , Kang Bum‐Yong , Sutliff Roy L. , Hart C. Michael
Published: February 2016

Hypoxia stimulates pulmonary hypertension (PH), in part by increasing the proliferation of human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (HPASMCs) via sustained activation of mitogen‐activated protein kinase, extracellular signal–regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK 1/2), and nuclear factor‐kappa B (NF‐κB); elevated expression of NADPH oxidase 4 (Nox4); and downregulation of peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) levels. However, the upstream mediators that control these responses remain largely unknown. We hypothesized that proline‐rich tyrosine kinase 2 (Pyk2) plays a critical role in the mechanism of hypoxia‐induced HPASMC proliferation. To test this hypothesis, HPASMCs were exposed to normoxia or hypoxia (1% O2) for 72 hours. Hypoxia activated Pyk2 (detected as Tyr402 phosphorylation), and inhibition of Pyk2 with small interfering RNA (siRNA) or tyrphostin A9 attenuated hypoxia‐induced HPASMC proliferation. Pyk2 inhibition attenuated ERK 1/2 activation as early as 24 hours after the onset of hypoxia, suggesting a proximal role for Pyk2 in this response. Pyk2 inhibition also attenuated hypoxia‐induced NF‐κB activation, reduced HPASMC PPARγ messenger RNA levels and activity, and increased NF‐κB‐mediated Nox4 levels. The siRNA‐mediated PPARγ knockdown enhanced Pyk2 activation, whereas PPARγ overexpression reduced Pyk2 activation in HPASMCs, confirming a reciprocal relationship between Pyk2 and PPARγ. Pyk2 depletion also attenuated hypoxia‐induced NF‐κB p65 activation and reduced PPARγ protein levels in human pulmonary artery endothelial cells. These in vitro findings suggest that Pyk2 plays a central role in the proliferative phenotype of pulmonary vascular wall cells under hypoxic conditions. Coupled with recent reports that hypoxia‐induced PH is attenuated in Pyk2 knockout mice, these findings suggest that Pyk2 may represent a novel therapeutic target in PH.
Self-assembled 3D-hierarchical structure Cu2ZnSnS4 photocathodes by tuning anion ratios in precursor solution
Authors: Wen Xin , Luo Wenjun , Guan Zhongjie , Shao Hansen , Fu Gao , Zhou Yong , Zou Zhigang
Published: February 2016

Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) is one of the most promising light capture materials for solar cells or solar fuels. Construction of 3D hierarchical structure is very important for efficient optoelectronic devices. It is challenging to directly fabricate 3D hierarchical structure CZTS film by a facile solution method. Herein, we present a one-step sol–gel method for fabrication of CZTS thin films with 3D hierarchical structures. For the first time, it is found that the morphologies of thin films can be adjusted between dense, porous and 3D hierarchical structures by tuning anion ratios of Cl−/Ac− in precursor solution. Further analysis suggests the formation of intermediate phases of SnO2 nanoparticles and SnS2 nanosheets by tuning ratios of Cl−/Ac− in precursor solution, which has important effects on the formation of different nanostructures of CZTS. This study can deepen understanding of anion’ effect on morphologies of samples using a solution method and forms a reference to prepare novel nanostructures of other materials.
Thermally activated tunneling in porous silicon nanowires with embedded Si quantum dots
Authors: Rezvani S J , Pinto N , Enrico E , D’Ortenzi L , Chiodoni A , Boarino L
Published: February 2016

Electronic transport properties of porous Si nanowires either with embedded Si quantum dots or with a percolative crystalline path are studied as a function of the temperature for the first time. We show that unlike bulk porous Si, the predesigned structure of the wires results in a single distinct conduction mechanism such as tunneling in the former case and variable range hopping in the latter case. We demonstrate that the geometry of the systems with a large internal surface area and high density of the Si quantum dots have a significant conduction enhancement compared to bulk porous silicon. These results can also improve the understanding of the basis of the different electronic transport mechanisms reported in bulk porous silicon.
Modelling cathode spots in glow discharges in the cathode boundary layer geometry
Authors: Bieniek M S , Almeida P G C , Benilov M S
Published: February 2016

Self-organized patterns of cathode spots in glow discharges are computed in the cathode boundary layer geometry, which is the one employed in most of the experiments reported in the literature. The model comprises conservation and transport equations of electrons and a single ion species, written in the drift-diffusion and local-field approximations, and Poisson’s equation. Multiple solutions existing for the same value of the discharge current and describing modes with different configurations of cathode spots are computed by means of a stationary solver. The computed solutions are compared to their counterparts for plane-parallel electrodes, and experiments. All of the computed spot patterns have been observed in the experiment.
Reply to Comment on ‘Molecular structure-dependent deformations in boron nitride nanostructures subject to an electrical field’
Authors: Zhang Jin , Wang Chengyuan , Adhikari Sondipon
Published: February 2016

A large scattering of effective atomic charge distribution was found in the literature for hexagonal boron nitride nanostructures (BNNSs). In our paper (Zhang J, Wang C Y and Sondipon A 2013 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 46 235303) ‘±3e’ was chosen as a rough approximation for the effective atomic charge in BNNSs as it gave the piezoelectric coefficient of BNNSs close to the values in the literature.
The FAK–Arp2/3 interaction promotes leading edge advance and haptosensing by coupling nascent adhesions to lamellipodia actin
Authors: Swaminathan Vinay , Fischer R. S. , Waterman Clare M.
Published: February 2016

Cell migration is initiated in response to biochemical or physical cues in the environment that promote actin-mediated lamellipodial protrusion followed by the formation of nascent integrin adhesions (NAs) within the protrusion to drive leading edge advance. Although FAK is known to be required for cell migration through effects on focal adhesions, its role in NA formation and lamellipodial dynamics is unclear. Live-cell microscopy of FAK−/− cells with expression of phosphorylation deficient or a FERM-domain mutant deficient in Arp2/3 binding revealed a requirement for FAK in promoting the dense formation, transient stabilization, and timely turnover of NA within lamellipodia to couple actin-driven protrusion to adhesion and advance of the leading edge. Phosphorylation on Y397 of FAK promotes dense NA formation but is dispensable for transient NA stabilization and leading edge advance. In contrast, transient NA stabilization and advance of the cell edge requires FAK–Arp2/3 interaction, which promotes Arp2/3 localization to NA and reduces FAK activity. Haptosensing of extracellular matrix (ECM) concentration during migration requires the interaction between FAK and Arp2/3, whereas FAK phosphorylation modulates mechanosensing of ECM stiffness during spreading. Taken together, our results show that mechanistically separable functions of FAK in NA are required for cells to distinguish distinct properties of their environment during migration.
Effects of flowering phenology and synchrony on the reproductive success of a long-flowering shrub
Authors: Rodríguez-Pérez Javier , Traveset Anna
Published: February 2016

Flowering phenology and synchrony with biotic and abiotic resources are crucial traits determining the reproductive success in insect-pollinated plants. In seasonal climates, plants flowering for long periods should assure reproductive success when resources are more predictable. In this work, we evaluated the relationship between flowering phenology and synchrony and reproductive success in Hypericum balearicum , a shrub flowering all year round but mainly during spring and summer. We studied two contrasting localities (differing mostly in rainfall) during 3 years, and at different biological scales spanning from localities to individual flowers and fruits. We first monitored (monthly) flowering phenology and reproductive success (fruit and seed set) of plants, and assessed whether in the locality with higher rainfall plants had longer flowering phenology and synchrony and relatively higher reproductive success within or outside the flowering peak. Secondly, we censused pollinators on H. balearicum individuals and measured reproductive success along the flowering peak of each locality to test for an association between (i) richness and abundance of pollinators and (ii) fruit and seed set, and seed weight. We found that most flowers (∼90 %) and the highest fruit set (∼70 %) were produced during the flowering peak of each locality. Contrary to expectations, plants in the locality with lower rainfall showed more relaxed flowering phenology and synchrony and set more fruits outside the flowering peak. During the flowering peak of each locality, the reproductive success of early-flowering individuals depended on a combination of both pollinator richness and abundance and rainfall; by contrast, reproductive success of late-flowering individuals was most dependent on rainfall. Plant species flowering for long periods in seasonal climates, thus, appear to be ideal organisms to understand how flowering phenology and synchrony match with biotic and abiotic resources, and how this ultimately influences plant reproductive success.
Practice Research
Authors: Fisher Mike , Austin Michael J. , Julkunen Ilse , Sim Timothy , Uggerhøj Lars , Isokuortti Nanne
Published: February 2016

Practice research focuses heavily on the roles of the service provider and service user who play a major role in defining the research questions and interpreting the findings. Compared to other knowledge production processes that are agency-based, service-focused, client-focused, theory-informed, highly interactive (multiple stakeholders), and designed to inform practice, policy, and future research, practice research makes a unique contribution to the research enterprise. Practice research in the field of social work plays an important role in a continuing search for ways to improve social services that promote the well-being of service users. It often involves collaboration among multiple stakeholders in addition to service providers, researchers, service users, educators (funders, policymakers, agency directors, etc.), while taking into account the power dynamics between service users and service providers with respect to inclusiveness, transparency, ethical reflexivity, and critical reflection. In this relationship, agency practice that fully captures the perspectives of service users as well as providers can inform the education of future practitioners as well as influence research on agency practice and policies. The goal of practice research is to generate knowledge derived from agency-based practice (Salisbury Forum Group 2011, cited under General Overviews). The theoretical frameworks and methodological research tools for engaging in practice research often requires flexible and collaborative structures and organizations (Helsinki Forum Group 2014, cited under General Overviews). Practice research is often a negotiated process between practice (providers and users) and research (researchers and educators) within the context of cross-cultural dialogical communications needed to address the gap between research and practice. In essence, for practice and research to be shared, co-learning, respect, and curiosity are needed to support an inclusive inquiry and knowledge development process that captures the differences and tensions reflected in fundamentally different perspectives (e.g., service user and provider, service provider and researcher, and researcher and policymaker). In addition, practice research is often funder influenced, outcome focused, and change oriented.
Interloper bias in future large-scale structure surveys
Authors: Pullen Anthony R. , Hirata Christopher M. , Doré Olivier , Raccanelli Alvise
Published: February 2016

Next-generation spectroscopic surveys will map the large-scale structure of the observable universe, using emission line galaxies as tracers. While each survey will map the sky with a specific emission line, interloping emission lines can masquerade as the survey's intended emission line at different redshifts. Interloping lines from galaxies that are not removed can contaminate the power spectrum measurement, mixing correlations from various redshifts and diluting the true signal. We assess the potential for power spectrum contamination, finding that an interloper fraction worse than 0.2% could bias power spectrum measurements for future surveys by more than 10% of statistical errors, while also biasing power spectrum inferences. We also construct a formalism for predicting cosmological parameter measurement bias, demonstrating that a 0.15%–0.3% interloper fraction could bias the growth rate by more than 10% of the error, which can affect constraints on gravity from upcoming surveys. We use the COSMOS Mock Catalog (CMC), with the emission lines rescaled to better reproduce recent data, to predict potential interloper fractions for the Prime Focus Spectrograph (PFS) and the Wide-Field InfraRed Survey Telescope (WFIRST). We find that secondary line identification, or confirming galaxy redshifts by finding correlated emission lines, can remove interlopers for PFS. For WFIRST, we use the CMC to predict that the 0.2% target can be reached for the WFIRST Hα survey, but sensitive optical and near-infrared photometry will be required. For the WFIRST [O iii] survey, the predicted interloper fractions reach several percent and their effects will have to be estimated and removed statistically (e.g., with deep training samples). These results are optimistic as the CMC does not capture the full set of correlations of galaxy properties in the real Universe, and they do not include blending effects. Mitigating interloper contamination will be crucial to the next generation of emission line surveys.
Unexpected superoutburst and rebrightening of AL Comae Berenices in 2015
Authors: Kimura Mariko , Kato Taichi , Imada Akira , Ikuta Kai , Isogai Keisuke , Dubovsky Pavol A. , Kiyota Seiichiro , Pickard Roger D. , Miller Ian , Pavlenko Elena P. , Sosnovskij Aleksei A. , Dvorak Shawn , Nogami Daisaku
Published: February 2016

In 2015 March, the notable WZ Sge-type dwarf nova AL Com exhibited an unusual outburst with a recurrence time of ∼ 1.5 yr, which is the shortest interval of superoutbursts among WZ Sge-type dwarf novae. Early superhumps in the superoutburst light curve were absent, and a precursor was observed at the onset of the superoutburst for the first time in WZ Sge-type dwarf novae. The present superoutburst can be interpreted as a result of the condition that the disk radius barely reached the 3:1 resonance radius, but did not reach the 2:1 resonance one. Ordinary superhumps immediately grew following the precursor. The initial part of the outburst is indistinguishable from those of superoutbursts of ordinary SU UMa-type dwarf novae. This observation supports the interpretation that the 2:1 resonance suppresses a growth of ordinary superhumps. The estimated superhump period and superhump period derivative are Psh = 0.0573185(11) d and Pdot = +1.5(3.1) × 10−5, respectively. These values indicate that the evolution of ordinary superhumps is the same as that in past superoutbursts with much larger extent. Although the light curve during the plateau stage was typical for an SU UMa-type dwarf nova, this superoutburst showed a rebrightening, together with a regrowth of the superhumps. The overall light curve of the rebrightening was the almost the same as those observed in previous rebrightenings. This implies that the rebrightening type is inherent in the system.
Getting (Along) With the Guidelines: Reconciling Patient Autonomy and Quality Improvement Through Shared Decision Making
Authors: Xu Yan , Wells Philip S.
Published: February 2016

In past decades, stark differences in practice pattern, cost, and outcomes of care across regions with similar health demographics have prompted calls for reform. As health systems answer the growing call for accountability in the form of quality indices, while responding to increased scrutiny on practice variation in the form of pay for performance (P4P), a rift is widening between the system and individual patients. Currently, three areas are inadequately considered by P4P structures based largely on physician adherence to guidelines: diversity of patient values and preferences; time and financial burden of therapy in the context of multimorbidity; and narrow focus on quantitative measures that distract clinicians from providing optimal care. As health care reform efforts place greater emphasis on value-for-money of care delivered, they provide an opportunity to consider the other “value”—the values of each patient and care delivery that aligns with them.

The inherent balance of risks and benefits in every treatment, especially those involving chronic conditions, calls for engagement of patients in decision-making processes, recognizing the diversity of preferences at the individual level. Shared decision making (SDM) is an attractive option and should be an essential component of quality health care rather than its adjunct. Four interwoven steps toward the meaningful implementation of SDM in clinical practice—embedding SDM as a health care quality measure, “real-world” evaluation of SDM effectiveness, pursuit of an SDM-favorable health system, and patient-centered medical education—are proposed to bring focus back to the beneficiary of health care accountability, the patient.
Equitable Imagery in the Preclinical Medical School Curriculum: Findings From One Medical School
Authors: Martin Glenna C. , Kirgis Julianne , Sid Eric , Sabin Janice A.
Published: February 2016

Purpose

The unequal representation of women and people of color compared with men and whites in medical school textbooks has been well documented, as have health care inequities, and biases—both overt and implicit—by health care providers and in access to care. The authors investigated whether this bias exists in PowerPoint slides used in didactic material for preclinical students at one medical school.

Method

The authors analyzed 747 “decks” of slides from 33 preclinical courses in the medical school curriculum at the University of Washington School of Medicine in the years spanning 2009 to 2011. The authors coded the human images into various sex- and race-specific classifications and evaluated the distribution of images into these categories.

Results

Of the 4,033 images that could be coded by sex, 39.6% (1,595) were female and 60.5% (2,438) were male. Of the 5,230 images that could be coded by race/ethnicity, 78.4% (4,100) were white and 21.6% (1,130) were persons of color. Thus, images of whites and males predominated.

Conclusions

The proportion of images used in didactic courses at one school of medicine is not representative of the U.S. population in terms of race or sex. The authors discuss the potential sources and impact of this bias, make a case for sex and race diversity in didactic imagery, and propose possible avenues for further research and curricular reform in an era when the population is becoming increasingly racially and ethnically diverse.
ISSLS Prize Winner: Consensus on the Clinical Diagnosis of Lumbar Spinal Stenosis
Authors: Tomkins-Lane Christy , Melloh Markus , Lurie Jon , Smuck Matt , Battié Michele C. , Freeman Brian , Samartzis Dino , Hu Richard , Barz Thomas , Stuber Kent , Schneider Michael , Haig Andrew , Schizas Constantin , Cheung Jason Pui Yin , Mannion Anne F. , Staub Lukas , Comer Christine , Macedo Luciana , Ahn Sang-ho , Takahashi Kazuhisa , Sandella Danielle
Published: February 2016

Study Design.

Delphi.

Objective.

The aim of this study was to obtain an expert consensus on which history factors are most important in the clinical diagnosis of lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS).

Summary of Background Data.

LSS is a poorly defined clinical syndrome. Criteria for defining LSS are needed and should be informed by the experience of expert clinicians.

Methods.

Phase 1 (Delphi Items): 20 members of the International Taskforce on the Diagnosis and Management of LSS confirmed a list of 14 history items. An online survey was developed that permits specialists to express the logical order in which they consider the items, and the level of certainty ascertained from the questions. Phase 2 (Delphi Study) Round 1: Survey distributed to members of the International Society for the Study of the Lumbar Spine. Round 2: Meeting of 9 members of Taskforce where consensus was reached on a final list of 10 items. Round 3: Final survey was distributed internationally. Phase 3: Final Taskforce consensus meeting.

Results.

A total of 279 clinicians from 29 different countries, with a mean of 19 (±SD: 12) years in practice participated. The six top items were “leg or buttock pain while walking,” “flex forward to relieve symptoms,” “feel relief when using a shopping cart or bicycle,” “motor or sensory disturbance while walking,” “normal and symmetric foot pulses,” “lower extremity weakness,” and “low back pain.” Significant change in certainty ceased after six questions at 80% (P < .05).

Conclusion.

This is the first study to reach an international consensus on the clinical diagnosis of LSS, and suggests that within six questions clinicians are 80% certain of diagnosis. We propose a consensus-based set of “seven history items” that can act as a pragmatic criterion for defining LSS in both clinical and research settings, which in the long term may lead to more cost-effective treatment, improved health care utilization, and enhanced patient outcomes.

Level of Evidence: 2
The Effect of Antipyretic Temperature Reduction on Heart Rate in Febrile Infants: a Pilot Study
Authors: Mitelpunkt Alexis , Heitner Shmuel , Scolnik Dennis , Rimon Ayelet , Mimouni Francis B. , Glatstein Miguel
Published: February 2016

It is generally accepted that fever is associated with tachycardia and that the relationship, of an approximate increase of 10 beats/minute per °Celsius rise in temperature, is particularly pronounced in infants. It would be useful to determine how closely pulse and fever are associated during pharmacological temperature reduction, and whether it is influenced by the infectious status of the infant. Infants with fever presenting to the pediatric emergency department were prospectively enrolled in a study to determine temperature, heart rate, and the activity at initial assessment and 1 hour after antipyretic administration. Patients were also grouped into those with and without signs of serious bacterial infection for analysis. During pharmacological antipyresis, the relationship between pulse and fever deviated from the accepted norm, established during the febrile state: there was an average pulse rate reduction of 21.1 beats/minute/°Celsius decrement in fever (P = 0.0027; 95% CI, 14.05–28.15). Pulse reduction/°Celsius may also differ in infants with suspected serious bacterial infection. Our findings suggest caution in ascribing pulse changes to fever alone, especially in sick looking infants, and that this is especially true after the administration of antipyretics, which could be related to the mechanism of action of antipyretic drugs. Further research is needed to ascertain the clinical utility and importance of our observations.
Replacing Alpha-Fetoprotein With Alpha-Fetoprotein-L3 Increases the Sensitivity of Prenatal Screening for Trisomy 21
Authors: Huai Lei , Leng Jianhang , Ma Shenglin , Huang Fang , Shen Junya , Ding Yu
Published: February 2016

This study aimed to investigate the serum concentration of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)-L3 in midterm pregnancies and its potential application in prenatal trisomy screening. The serum samples from 27 women with trisomy 21 fetuses and 800 women with normal fetuses were examined to measure the concentrations of AFP, AFP-L3, human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), unconjugated estriol (uE3), and inhibin-A. The screening results of various tests consisting of these markers were analyzed. In normal pregnancies within 15–20 weeks of gestation, the medians of serum AFP-L3 were 4.63, 5.70, 5.78, 6.58, 7.03, and 7.25 pg/mL. The median of AFP-L3 MoM in the trisomy 21 group was 0.46, which was significantly lower than the value of 1 in the normal group (P < 0.05). When using a cutoff value of 1/270, the sensitivity of the triple marker test (AFP, hCG, uE3) was improved from 74% to 81% by replacing AFP with AFP-L3, with the false-positive rate slightly increased from 5.4% to 6.8%. Similarly, the sensitivity of the quad marker test (AFP, hCG, uE3, inhibin-A) was improved from 81% to 89% by replacing AFP with AFP-L3, with the false-positive rate slightly increased from 4.6% to 5.6%. Serum AFP-L3 concentration increases along with more weeks of gestation in the midterm pregnancies. Trisomy 21 screening tests with AFP replaced by AFP-L3 have higher sensitivities at the expense of slightly increased false-positive rates. This improvement in screening may help to better prepare the parents and caregivers for the special needs of newborns with trisomy 21.
Preventive Effects of Different Drugs on Asymptomatic Lower Extremities Deep Venous Thrombosis After Artificial Joint Replacement: A Mixed Treatment Comparison
Authors: Shao Jing-Bo , Ni Cai-Fang , Duan Peng-Fei , Jin Yong-Hai
Published: February 2016

This network meta-analysis aims to compare the preventive effects of 8 drugs (edoxaban, dabigatran, apixaban, rivaroxaban, warfarin, bemiparin, ximelagatran, and enoxaparin) on asymptomatic deep venous thrombosis (DVT) of lower extremities after artificial joint replacement. PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Embase were searched from their inception through October 2015 for randomized controlled trials comparing 8 drugs for the prevention of asymptomatic DVT of lower extremities after artificial joint replacement. Network meta-analysis combined the direct and indirect evidence to evaluate odd ratios (ORs) and surface under the cumulative ranking curves values. A total of 15 randomized controlled trials satisfying the inclusion criteria were enrolled. Edoxaban, apixaban, and rivaroxaban had poorer preventive effects on asymptomatic DVT of lower extremities after undergoing artificial joint replacement when compared with warfarin [OR = 0.16, 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.04–0.60; OR = 0.22, 95% CI, 0.07–0.64; OR = 0.16, 95% CI, 0.05–0.49, respectively]. When compared with enoxaparin, the preventive effects of edoxaban and rivaroxaban were poorer (OR = 0.37, 95% CI, 0.15–0.85; OR = 0.37, 95% CI, 0.21–0.59, respectively). The preventive effects of edoxaban and rivaroxaban were poorer than dabigatran (OR = 0.38, 95% CI, 0.14–0.99; OR = 0.38, 95% CI, 0.18–0.73, respectively). The surface under the cumulative ranking curves values showed that warfarin had better preventive effects on asymptomatic DVT of lower extremities after undergoing artificial joint replacement. Among the 8 drugs (edoxaban, dabigatran, apixaban, rivaroxaban, warfarin, bemiparin, ximelagatran, and enoxaparin), warfarin had better preventive effects on asymptomatic DVT of lower extremities after undergoing artificial joint replacement.
Gadobutrol-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Breast in the Preoperative Setting
Authors: Sardanelli Francesco , Newstead Gillian M. , Putz Barbara , Jirakova Trnkova Zuzana , Trimboli Rubina M. , Abe Hiroyuki , Haverstock Daniel , Rosenberg Martin
Published: February 2016

Objectives

The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic efficacy of gadobutrol enhanced preoperative breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in 2 prospective studies.

Materials and Methods

Approval of ethics committees and informed consent from patients were obtained. Both Gadobutrol-Enhanced MR Mammography (GEMMA) trials followed a standardized protocol using 1.5 T scanners. After unenhanced scans, patients received 0.1 mmol/kg of gadobutrol for the dynamic study. Six independent blinded readers, 3 for GEMMA1 and 3 for GEMMA2, assessed unenhanced images and, 2 or more weeks apart, contrast-enhanced plus unenhanced breast MRI images (CE-BMRI), using a standard 5-region scheme. Another 6 independent readers (3 for each study) evaluated mammograms alone. Sensitivity was calculated taking into account the identification of regions harboring malignancies (within-patient sensitivity), whereas specificity was based on cancer-free breasts. The first patient from each center was used for site qualification and blinded reader training and excluded from the efficacy analyses. Reference standard was pathology for regions harboring malignancy and a combination of negative pathology, mammography, and ultrasound for cancer-free regions.

Results

Of 906 breast cancer patients enrolled in 13 countries in the 2 studies, 865 received gadobutrol and 787 were evaluated for diagnostic performance (390 in GEMMA1 and 397 in GEMMA2). Within-patient sensitivity, that is, the detection rate of malignant disease extent per patient, ranged from 80% to 89% for CE-BMRI and was significantly superior to unenhanced breast MRI alone (37%–73%) and to mammography alone (68%–73%) for all readers in both trials. Specifity of the CE-BMRI ranged from 83% to 95%.

Conclusion

In a very large multicenter preoperative setting, gadobutrol-enhanced breast MRI demonstrated high levels of sensitivity and specificity, consistent with published data on breast MRI.
Conjugation is necessary for a bacterial plasmid to survive under protozoan predation
Authors: Cairns Johannes , Jalasvuori Matti , Ojala Ville , Brockhurst Michael , Hiltunen Teppo
Published: February 2016

Horizontal gene transfer by conjugative plasmids plays a critical role in the evolution of antibiotic resistance. Interactions between bacteria and other organisms can affect the persistence and spread of conjugative plasmids. Here we show that protozoan predation increased the persistence and spread of the antibiotic resistance plasmid RP4 in populations of the opportunist bacterial pathogenSerratia marcescens. A conjugation-defective mutant plasmid was unable to survive under predation, suggesting that conjugative transfer is required for plasmid persistence under the realistic condition of predation. These results indicate that multi-trophic interactions can affect the maintenance of conjugative plasmids with implications for bacterial evolution and the spread of antibiotic resistance genes.
UV wavelengths experienced during development affect larval newt visual sensitivity and predation efficiency
Authors: Martin Mélissa , Théry Marc , Rodgers Gwendolen , Goven Delphine , Sourice Stéphane , Mège Pascal , Secondi Jean
Published: February 2016

We experimentally investigated the influence of developmental plasticity of ultraviolet (UV) visual sensitivity on predation efficiency of the larval smooth newt,
Lissotriton vulgaris
. We quantified expression of SWS1 opsin gene (UV-sensitive protein of photoreceptor cells) in the retinas of individuals who had developed in the presence (UV+) or absence (UV−) of UV light (developmental treatments), and tested their predation efficiency under UV+ and UV− light (testing treatments). We found that both SWS1 opsin expression and predation efficiency were significantly reduced in the UV− developmental group. Larvae in the UV− testing environment displayed consistently lower predation efficiency regardless of their developmental treatment. These results prove for the first time, we believe, functional UV vision and developmental plasticity of UV sensitivity in an amphibian at the larval stage. They also demonstrate that UV wavelengths enhance predation efficiency and suggest that the magnitude of the behavioural response depends on retinal properties induced by the developmental lighting environment.
Hotspots of boundary accumulation: dynamics and statistics of micro-swimmers in flowing films
Authors: Mathijssen Arnold J. T. M. , Doostmohammadi Amin , Yeomans Julia M. , Shendruk Tyler N.
Published: February 2016

Biological flows over surfaces and interfaces can result in accumulation hotspots or depleted voids of microorganisms in natural environments. Apprehending the mechanisms that lead to such distributions is essential for understanding biofilm initiation. Using a systematic framework, we resolve the dynamics and statistics of swimming microbes within flowing films, considering the impact of confinement through steric and hydrodynamic interactions, flow and motility, along with Brownian and run–tumble fluctuations. Micro-swimmers can be peeled off the solid wall above a critical flow strength. However, the interplay of flow and fluctuations causes organisms to migrate back towards the wall above a secondary critical value. Hence, faster flows may not always be the most efficacious strategy to discourage biofilm initiation. Moreover, we find run–tumble dynamics commonly used by flagellated microbes to be an intrinsically more successful strategy to escape from boundaries than equivalent levels of enhanced Brownian noise in ciliated organisms.
Functional cervicothoracic boundary modified by anatomical shifts in the neck of giraffes
Authors: Gunji Megu , Endo Hideki
Published: February 2016

Here we examined the kinematic function of the morpho- logically unique first thoracic vertebra in giraffes. The first thoracic vertebra of the giraffe displayed similar shape to the seventh cervical vertebra in general ruminants. The flexion experiment using giraffe carcasses demonstrated that the first thoracic vertebra exhibited a higher dorsoventral mobility than other thoracic vertebrae. Despite the presence of costovertebral joints, restriction in the intervertebral movement imposed by ribs is minimized around the first thoracic vertebra by subtle changes of the articular system between the vertebra and ribs. The attachment area ofmusculus longus colli, mainly responsible for ventral flexion of the neck, is partly shifted posteriorly in the giraffe so that the force generated by muscles is exerted on the cervical vertebrae and on the first thoracic vertebra. These anatomical modifications allow the first thoracic vertebra to adopt the kinematic function of a cervical vertebra in giraffes. The novel movable articulation in the thorax functions as a fulcrum of neck movement and results in a large displacement of reachable space in the cranial end of the neck. The unique first thoracic vertebra in giraffes provides higher flexibility to the neck and may provide advantages for high browsing and/or male competition behaviours specific to giraffes.
On the formation of Friedlander waves in a compressed-gas-driven shock tube
Authors: Tasissa Abiy F. , Hautefeuille Martin , Fitek John H. , Radovitzky Raúl A.
Published: February 2016

Compressed-gas-driven shock tubes have become popular as a laboratory-scale replacement for field blast tests. The well-known initial structure of the Riemann problem eventually evolves into a shock structure thought to resemble a Friedlander wave, although this remains to be demonstrated theoretically. In this paper, we develop a semi-analytical model to predict the key characteristics of pseudo blast waves forming in a shock tube: location where the wave first forms, peak over-pressure, decay time and impulse. The approach is based on combining the solutions of the two different types of wave interactions that arise in the shock tube after the family of rarefaction waves in the Riemann solution interacts with the closed end of the tube. The results of the analytical model are verified against numerical simulations obtained with a finite volume method. The model furnishes a rational approach to relate shock tube parameters to desired blast wave characteristics, and thus constitutes a useful tool for the design of shock tubes for blast testing.