bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Responses to Rhythm Patterns When Presented to Children through Auditory, Visual, and Kinesthetic Modalities
Authors: Persellin Diane Cummings
Published: June 2006

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of three rhythm presentation modalities on the recall of rhythm patterns. Seventy first graders, 70 third graders, and 70 fifth graders were tested either visually, auditorily, kinesthetically, or with combinations of these modalities. Each child was asked to memorize and clap six rhythm patterns of increasing difficulty, which were presented either iconically (visually), by playing a resonator bell (auditorily), by patting the child's hand (kinesthetically), or through combinations of these treatments. Grade level was significant ( p < .0001). Test scores from students who were presented rhythm patterns using a multimodality presentation indicate that students were not confused by the multisensory input. The first-grade visual test results were significantly lower ( p < .05) than results with older children. These findings suggest that the incorporation of learning modalities into music teaching methods could result in more efficient learning of rhythm patterns. Although the visual met hod for first graders was not as effective as other presentations, older children were successful with all combinations of leaching presentations.
Tempo Perception and Performance of Elementary Students, Grades 3-6
Authors: Ellis Mark C.
Published: June 2006

The tempo perception and performance abilities of 80 elementary students in Grades 3-6 were investigated by means of two tests of tempo perception and one test of tempo performance. Scores for (a) the detection of gradual tempo changes, (b) the discrimination of differences in tempo pairs, and (c) the steadiness of tempo performance increased in a linear fashion from Grade 3 to Grade 6. Although scores for the accuracy ofreproducing a given tempo also increased with grade, a linear trend was not found. “In-tempo” responses increased significantly with grade level. The effect of training was significant only for the accuracy of reproducing a given tempo. All perception and performance scores increased as tempos increased, and subjects most often performed faster than the given tempo. The correlations among all measures tended to increase in strength with grade level, and all correlations involving the aggregate of scores from Grades 3-6 were significant.
Effect of Rubato Magnitude on the Perception of Musicianship in Musical Performance
Authors: Johnson Christopher M.
Published: June 2006

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of changing the magnitude of rubato in a musical performance on the perceived musicianship inherent in a music performance. Subjects listened six times to the first phrase of Bach's Suite Number 3 for Violoncello solo, Bourrée Number 1. Each performance of that phrase was altered such that the magnitude of the rubato was varied. The model performance was created from timings found in previous research. The varied levels of rubato ranged from a metronomically straight performance to one in which the timing variations were exaggerated to four times that of the original model. Results indicated that the previously asserted model level of rubato was found to be the most musical, while the next two levels of more rubato were found to be only slightly less musical. The two examples with less rubato than the model, and the example with the most exaggerated rubato were all found to be significantly less musical than the model. These results seem to indicate that a performance without rubato is not perceived to be as musical as one with appropriate variations in timing. It also seems that as long as these variations are within a similar temporal flow, the music can accommodate as much as twice as much variation as was found in the model. This finding reflects a rather wide range in magnitude, leading to the conclusion that perhaps the flow of the performance is more crucial than the specific timing in milliseconds.
The Use of Targeted Pitch Skills for Sight-Singing Instruction in the Choral Rehearsal
Authors: Henry Michele L.
Published: June 2006

The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of sight-singing instruction using specific pitch skills emphasizing scale degree and harmonic function. Fifteen pitch skills encompassing scalar, cadential, and chordal tasks were included in the study. Over a 12-week period, two randomly assigned groups of novice high school singers received instruction. Group A (n = 41) received instruction with new melodies written specifically to incorporate the targeted skills. Group B (n = 26) received instruction using familiar melodies that contained the same skills. All participants (n = 67) achieved a significantly higher mean score on the posttest than on the pretest (t = 4.38, 66 df, p < .00004). Each treatment group also obtained significantly higher mean scores on the posttest than on the pretest; however, there was no significant difference between the two treatments. Targeting specific pitch skills in both familiar and unfamiliar melodies shows promise as an effective tool for sight-singing instruction.
Preschool Children's Pitch-Matching Accuracy in Relation to Participation in Cantonese-Immersion Preschools
Authors: Trollinger Valerie L.
Published: June 2006

This study is an investigation of the degree to which preschool children enrolled in Cantonese-immersion preschools in three areas of the United States differed from their monolingual counterparts in pitch-matching accuracy. In a 2003 study, I found that in monolingual American English-speaking children, pitch-matching accuracy was most significantly predicted by the mean speech frequency of the voice, speech range, and age. In the present study, 20 children from the first study were matched solely by age and sex to 20 immersion children (N = 40). Results indicated that participation in the Cantonese-immersion programs most significantly affected overall pitch-matching accuracy (p < .001), with age as the strongest predictor of singing the lower notes in the study (p = . 04). Implications of these findings in relation to physiological vocal development and vocal use are also discussed.
Authentic-Context Learning Activities in Instrumental Music Teacher Education
Authors: Paul Stephen J. , Teachout David J. , Sullivan Jill M. , Kelly Steven N. , Bauer William I. , Raiber Michael A.
Published: June 2006

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between the frequency of particular authentic-context learning (ACL) activities during undergraduate instrumental music teacher training and the initial teaching performance (ITP) of undergraduate instrumental music student teachers. Subjects (N = 30) were instrumental music student teachers at four major universities. Four ACL activities, identified from the literature and limited to instrumental music settings, included (a) early field experience teaching episodes, (b) peer-teaching episodes, (c) episodes of subjects watching videotapes of their teaching, and (d) episodes of subjects watching videotapes of their teaching with a coaching instructor. ITP was determined by evaluating teaching episodes, which occurred within the first 3 weeks of student teaching, using the Survey of Teaching Effectiveness (Hamann & Baker, 1996). Significant correlations were found between ITP and three of the four ACL activities. In addition, an overall ACL experience value was calculated and categorized into high, medium, and low levels. Those with a high level of ACL experiences were significantly better teachers than those with medium or low levels of ACL experiences.
Photodegradation Kinetics of Some Thiols and Thiones in Aqueous Suspension of Zinc Oxide
Authors: Montazerozohori Morteza , Karami Bahador , Habibi Mohammad Hossein
Published: June 2006

Photodegradation of several thiols and thiones including 2‐pyrimidinethiol, thiazolidine‐2‐thione, imidazolidine‐2‐thione, 1,2,4‐triazole 3‐thiol and 2,5‐dimercapto‐1,3,4‐thiadiazole have been studied in aerated aqueous solution using zinc oxide under irradiation with 400W high pressure mercury lamp. Rate constants span the range from 2.44×10‐2 min.‐1 to 1.76×10‐1 min.‐1. The slower degradation rate of 2‐imidazoline2‐thione could be related to oxidation potential of the corresponding ring. The Langmuir‐Hinshelwood (L‐H) rate constant kr and adsorption constant, (KA) for all five thiols and thiones are reported.
Complex Formation between Zn2+ Ion and 1,3‐Bis[Bis(Pyridin‐2‐Ylmethyl)Amino]Propan‐2‐Ol
Authors: Ciavatta Liberato , Mareque Juan C. , Natale Daniela , Salvatore Francesco
Published: June 2006

The dinucleating ligand 1,3‐bis[bis(pyridin‐2‐ylmethyl)amino] propan‐2‐ol (I, LOH) is becoming of increasing interest due to the exceptional phosphate monoester binding and phosphate diester hydrolytic properties of its dizinc(II) complexes in water. Potentiometric pH titrations using a range of Zn:I ratios reveals the formation of mononuclear and dinuclear metal complexes. In fact, when the Zn:I ratio is 1:1 only mononuclear complexes are formed. Previous work reported the formation of only dinuclear species. Thus, the results presented here should be important to interpret correctly and more accurately phosphate ester binding and hydrolysis data. Moreover, based on these findings we suggest that the phosphate binding and hydrolytic properties of mixtures containing Zn(II) ions and I should depend not only on the pH but also on the Zn:I ratio used.
ANN–based prediction of two‐phase gas– liquid flow patterns in a circular conduit
Authors: Sharma H. , Das G. , Samanta A. N.
Published: June 2006

The present study records an attempt to train artificial neural networks (ANNs) to develop an objective flow pattern indicator for air–water flows on the basis of the vast amount of data available in the literature. The technique should be capable of predicting the flow patterns as well as the intermediate bands of transition from known input variables such as the superficial velocity of the two phases, the pipe diameter, and its inclination. For this, the study tried three different types of ANN. The most commonly used feed‐forward back‐propagation (FFBP) technique accurately yields the flow patterns but fails when the transition regions are incorporated. The radial basis function network gives better predictions than those by FFBP but fails under certain flow conditions. The probabilistic neural network (PNN), based on Bayes–Parzen classification theory, gives accurate predictions of flow patterns for different pipe diameters and inclinations. It has been validated with both experimental and theoretical models available in the literature. It has next been used to generate generalized flow pattern maps for different pipe diameters and orientations. These maps reveal certain interesting features regarding the existence of flow patterns under different input conditions. PNN predicts the disappearance of the smooth stratified flow with slight inclinations from the horizontal orientation and the existence of churn flow only near the vertical orientation. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Population structure and admixture in Cerro Largo, Uruguay, based on blood markers and mitochondrial DNA polymorphisms
Authors: Sans Mónica , Merriwether D. Andrew , Hidalgo Pedro C. , Bentancor Nilo , Weimer Tania A. , Franco Maria Helena L.P. , Alvarez Inés , Kemp Brian M. , Salzano Francisco M.
Published: June 2006

Recent studies of the Uruguayan population revealed different amounts of Amerindian and African genetic contributions. Our previous analysis of Afro‐Uruguayans from the capital city of the Department of Cerro Largo showed a high proportion of African genes, and the effects of directional mating involving Amerindian women. In this paper, we extended the analysis to a sample of more than 100 individuals representing a random sample of the population of the whole Department. Based on 18 autosomal markers and one X‐linked marker, we estimated 82% European, 8% Amerindian, and 10% African contributions to their ancestry, while from seven mitochondrial DNA site‐specific polymorphic markers and sequences of hypervariable segment I, we determined 49% European, 30% Amerindian, and 21% African maternal contributions. Directional matings between Amerindian women and European men were detected, but differences involving Africans were not significant. Data about the specific origins of maternal lineages were also provided, and placed in a historical context. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 18:513–524, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Typology in Mediterranean transitional waters: new challenges and perspectives
Authors: Basset A. , Sabetta L. , Fonnesu A. , Mouillot D. , Do Chi T. , Viaroli P. , Giordani G. , Reizopoulou S. , Abbiati M. , Carrada G. C.
Published: June 2006

Transitional waters are ecotones between terrestrial, freshwater and marine ecosystems, being characterized by high spatial heterogeneity and temporal variability.

The EU Water Framework Directive (WFD) posed to the scientific community the challenge to classify these ecosystems into a small number of types, while retaining a functional classification of ecosystem types.

A niche theory approach is proposed to identify the limiting forcing factors organizing biological quality elements, i.e. the limiting niche dimensions.

The analysis of a macro‐invertebrate dataset from published papers on 36 Italian lagoons suggested a two‐level typological classification of Mediterranean lagoons.

Basic ecological theories, such as niche and island biogeography theories, have fundamental implications for the process of developing a typological classification for all aquatic ecosystems, as required by the WFD.

Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chemiluminescence flow‐injection analysis of β‐lactam antibiotics using the luminol–permanganate reaction
Authors: Li Yinhuan , Lu Jiuru
Published: June 2006

A new flow injection chemiluminescence (CL) method has been developed for the determination of six β‐lactam antibiotics, including amoxicillin, cefadroxil, cefoperazone sodium, cefazolin sodium, cefradine and ceftriaxone sodium. When the antibiotic was injected into a stream of KMnO4 with alkaline luminol, a strong CL signal was produced. The method allows the measurements of 0.1–50.0 mg/L amoxicillin, 0.1–80.0 mg/L cefadroxil, 1.0–30.0 mg/L cefoperazone sodium, 1.0–30.0 mg/L cefazolin sodium, 3.0–50.0 mg/L cefradine and 3.0–50.0 mg/L ceftriaxone sodium. The detection limits are 0.05 mg/L for amoxycillin, 0.05 mg/L for cefadroxil, 0.4 mg/L for cefoperazonum sodium, 0.4 mg/L for cefazolin sodium, 0.8 mg/L for cefradine and 0.8 mg/L for ceftriaxone sodium. The relative standard deviations in 11 repeated measurements are 0.6%, 0.8%, 1.5%, 1.2%, 0.4% and 0.3% for 3.0 mg/L amoxicillin, 1.0 mg/L cefadroxil, 10.0 mg/L cefoperazone sodium, 10.0 mg/L cefazolin sodium, 10.0 mg/L cefradine and 10.0 mg/L ceftriaxone sodium, respectively. The method was successfully applied to the determination of amoxicillin in pharmaceutical preparations. A possible CL reaction mechanism is also discussed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The preparation of CdTe nanoparticles and CdTe nanoparticle‐labelled microspheres for biological applications
Authors: Wang Xinyan , Ma Qiang , Li Bing , Li Yabing , Su Xingguang
Published: June 2006

Different sizes of CdTe semiconductor nanoparticles were prepared in aqueous solution. These nanoparticles exhibit narrow fluorescence with full width at half‐maximum (FWHM) of 35–45 nm that spans the visible spectrum, and they also have high PL quantum yield with high resistance to photodegradation. In addition, CdTe quantum dot (QD)‐labelled microspheres, comprising polystyrene (PS) cores and CdTe/polyelectrolyte (PE) shells, were also prepared by the layer‐by‐layer technique in this paper. The optical properties of the CdTe nanoparticles and CdTe‐labelled microspheres were investigated by UV‐Visible absorption and luminescence spectroscopy, and fluorescence microscopy was employed for microscopic identification behaviour of the luminescent microspheres. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Radical‐Polar Crossover Domino Reactions Involving Organozinc and Mixed Organocopper/Organozinc Reagents
Authors: Denes Fabrice , Cutri Sabrina , Perez‐Luna Alejandro , Chemla Fabrice
Published: June 2006

A domino process involving Michael addition and carbocyclization has been developed starting from β‐N‐allylamino enoates and various organometallic reagents (organozinc halides, diorganozinc reagents, and copper/zinc mixed species). In all cases the mechanism of this domino reaction has been evidenced to involve a radical‐polar crossover mechanism.
Non‐Biaryl Atropisomers in Organocatalysis
Authors: Brandes Sebastian , Niess Barbara , Bella Marco , Prieto Auxiliadora , Overgaard Jacob , Jørgensen Karl Anker
Published: June 2006

A new class of 6′‐hydroxy cinchona alkaloids, with a non‐biaryl atropisomeric functionalisation at position 5′ of the quinoline core can be prepared by an easy amination procedure. These are the first derivatives for which the principle of atropisomerism is engrafted in the classical core of the cinchona alkaloids. The aminated cinchona alkaloids are effective organocatalysts for the Michael addition of β‐keto esters to acrolein and methyl vinyl ketone, in up to 93 % ee (ee=enantiomeric excess), as well as for the asymmetric Friedel–Crafts amination of a variety of 2‐naphthols, permitting the preparation of the latter in up to 98 % ee. The aminated 8‐amino‐2‐naphthol itself is the first chiral organocatalyst based on non‐biaryl atropisomerism. The two enantiomers of this chiral primary amine can be used for the direct α‐fluorination of α‐branched aldehydes. The fluorinated compounds can thereby be accessed in up to 90 % ee.
Electrodeposition of Nano‐ and Microcrystalline Aluminium in Three Different Air and Water Stable Ionic Liquids
Authors: Zein El Abedin S. , Moustafa E. M. , Hempelmann R. , Natter H. , Endres F.
Published: June 2006

The present work shows, for the first time, a comparative experimental study on the electrodeposition of aluminium in three different water and air stable ionic liquids, namely 1‐butyl‐1‐methylpyrrolidinium‐bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([BMP]Tf2N), 1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium‐bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([EMIm] Tf2N), and trihexyl‐tetradecyl‐phosphoniumbis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (P14,6,6,6 Tf2N). The ionic liquids [BMP]Tf2N and [EMIm]Tf2N show biphasic behaviour in the AlCl3 concentration range from 1.6 to 2.5 mol L−1 and 2.5 to 5 mol L−1, respectively. The biphasic mixtures become monophasic at temperatures ≥80 °C. It was found that nanocrystalline aluminium can be electrodeposited in the ionic liquid [BMP]Tf2N saturated with AlCl3. The deposits obtained are generally uniform, dense, shining, and adherent with very fine crystallites in the nanometer size regime. However, coarse cubic‐shaped aluminium particles in the micrometer range are obtained in the ionic liquid [EMIm]Tf2N. In this liquid the particle size significantly increases as the temperature rises. A very thin, mirrorlike aluminium film containing very fine crystallites of about 20 nm is obtained in the ionic liquid [trihexyl‐tetradecyl‐phosphonium]Tf2N at room temperature. At 150 °C, the average grain size is found to be 35 nm.
A Strategy for the Stereoselective Preparation of Thymidine Phosphorothioates with the (R) or the (S) Configuration at the Stereogenic Phosphorus Atom and Their Application to the Synthesis of Oligodeoxyribonucleotides with Stereochemically Pure Phosphate/Phosphorothioate Chimeric Backbones
Authors: Hayakawa Yoshihiro , Hirabayashi Yoshiko , Hyodo Mamoru , Yamashita Satoko , Matsunami Tomoyuki , Cui Dong‐Mei , Kawai Rie , Kodama Hidehiko
Published: June 2006

This paper describes a new method for the highly stereoselective preparation of dithymidine phosphorothioates (TpsT) with the (R) or the (S) configuration at the stereogenic phosphorus atom [(Rp)‐ or (Sp)‐TpsT, respectively], together with the synthesis of oligodeoxyribonucleotides with stereochemically pure phosphate/phosphorothioate mixed backbones through the use of (Rp)‐ or (Sp)‐TpsT as building blocks.Stereochemically pure (Rp)‐ or (Sp)‐TpsT was produced through a five‐step process: 1) 1H‐tetrazole‐promoted thermodynamic equilibration of a diastereomeric mixture of allyl (Rp)‐ and (Sp)‐thymidine 3′,5′‐cyclic phosphate to give the (Sp) isomer as the major component, 2) stereospecific sulfurization of the allyl (Sp)‐thymidine 3′,5′‐cyclic phosphate to afford an allyl (Rp)‐thymidine 3′,5′‐cyclic phosphorothioate, 3) regioselective and stereoselective methanolysis of the allyl (Rp)‐thymidine 3′,5′‐cyclic phosphorothioate to provide an allyl methyl (Rp)‐thymidine 3′‐phosphorothioate as the main product, 4) stereospecific removal of the methyl group from the phosphorothioate moiety to give an allyl (Rp)‐5′‐O‐dimethoxytritylthymidine 3′‐phosphorothioate diester, or stereospecific removal of the allyl group from the phosphate moiety to form a methyl (Sp)‐5′‐O‐dimethoxytritylthymidine 3′‐phosphorothioate diester, and 5) stereospecific condensation of these (Rp)‐ and (Sp)‐diesters with a 5′‐O‐free thymidine in a Mitsunobu reaction to produce the allyl (3′–5′)‐linked (Sp)‐dithymidine phosphorothioate and the methyl (3′–5′)‐linked (Rp)‐dithymidine phosphorothioate, respectively. The resulting (Rp)‐ and (Sp)‐dithymidine phosphorothioates were converted into their 3′‐phosphoramidites. Oligodeoxyribonucleotides with stereochemically pure phosphate/phosphorothioate‐mixed backbones were then synthesized by use of these phosphoramidites as building blocks. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Effects of bone protein extract on human mesenchymal stem cells proliferation and differentiation
Authors: Woo Charlotte , Li Haisheng , Baatrup Anette , Krause Andrea , Kassem Moustapha , Bunger Cody , Lind Martin
Published: June 2006

Since its osteoinductive capacity has been established, demineralized bone matrix is considered a suitable alternative to bone autograft in the healing of osseous defects. The mechanisms of bone formation induction are still not fully understood. In this study we assessed the effects of a dispersion of bovine bone extract COLLOSS® (BPE) with regard to proliferation and differentiation of a human mesenchymal stem cell line overexpressing human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hMSC‐TERT). Proliferation rate was determined by 3H‐thymidine incorporation. The differentiation of hMSC‐TERT cells to osteoblastic cells was assessed by means of measuring alkaline phosphatase activity and collagen synthesis in vitro. Both undifferentiated and osteoblast‐differentiated hMSC‐TERT cells were investigated for response to BPE. The metabolic responses to BPE were compared to unstimulated cells and cells stimulated with bovine collagen (COL). Undifferentiated hMSC‐TERT cells responded to BPE with increased proliferation and decreased alkaline phosphatase activity. Osteoblastic differentiated hMSC‐TERT cells had a diminished proliferative response and an increased alkaline phosphatase activity and collagen synthesis. Our study demonstrated significant metabolic effects of BPE on hMSC‐TERT cells, which were highly dependant on the differentiated state of the cells. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2006
Scribble associates with two polarity proteins, lgl2 and vangl2, via distinct molecular domains
Authors: Kallay Laura M. , McNickle Allison , Brennwald Patrick J. , Hubbard Ann L. , Braiterman Lelita T.
Published: June 2006

Scribble (Scrib) is a large multi‐domain cytoplasmic protein that was first identified through its requirement for the establishment of epithelial polarity. We tested the hypotheses that Scrib asssociates with the basolateral membrane via multiple domains, binds specific protein partners, and is part of a multimeric complex. We generated a series of EGFP‐tagged Scrib fusion proteins and examined their membrane localizations in two types of polarized mammalian epithelial cells using biochemical and morphological approaches. We found that Scrib's Leucine‐rich‐repeat (LRR) and PDS‐95/Discs Large/ZO‐1 (PDZ) domains independently associate with the plasma membrane in both cell types. We identified multiple large Scrib complexes, demonstrated that Scrib and the cytoplasmic protein Lethal giant larvae2 (Lgl2) co‐IP and that this association occurs via Scrib's LRR domain. Further, this report demonstrates that the membrane protein Vangl2 binds selectively to specific PDZ domains in Scrib. Our identification of Scrib's associations highlights its function in multiple biologic pathways and sets the stage for future identification of more proteins that must interact with Scrib's remaining domains. J. Cell. Biochem. 99: 647–664, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Copper and cadmium extraction from highly concentrated phosphoric acid solutions using calcium alginate gels enclosing bis(2,4,4‐trimethylpentyl)thiophosphinic acid
Authors: Ocio Argune , Mijangos Federico , Elizalde Maria
Published: June 2006

The availability of alginate gels enclosing Cyanex 302 [bis(2,4,4‐trimethylpentyl)thiophosphinic acid] for the uptake of cadmium and copper from highly concentrated solutions of industrial phosphoric acid wet process phosphoric acid (WPA)] was studied. For this purpose, beads of alginate gels enclosing microdrops of kerosene solutions of the industrial extractant Cyanex 302 at different concentrations were prepared. The experimental procedure gives rise to a composite bead in which alginate is the continuous phase and the organic extractant forms the discrete homogeneously distributed phase within the bead. The equilibrium in this three‐phase system (phosphoric acid–extractant solution–alginate gel) was modelled in terms of the corresponding distribution factors, the main chemical reactions and their equilibrium constants. Retention isotherms of both metal ions were obtained experimentally at four concentrations (1.0, 2.5, 5.0 and 7.5 mol L−1) of pure phosphoric acid. High metal removal efficiency, due to liquid–liquid extraction processes, was observed even in the most acidic conditions. High values of the extraction constants were estimated, with the distribution coefficients between aqueous and alginate phase being near unity. Finally, the results obtained with industrial WPA are in close agreement with those predicted by the physicochemical model developed in synthetic media. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
“I” is to continuance as “We” is to affective: the relevance of the self‐concept for organizational commitment
Authors: Johnson Russell E. , Chang Chu‐Hsiang
Published: June 2006

The goal of the present study was to examine the intersection of employees' self‐concept, a pivotal self‐regulatory mechanism, with their organizational commitment. We supported our hypothesis that unique associations exist between affective commitment and collective self‐concept, due to their shared group‐oriented focus and internalization of collective goals and norms. Furthermore, we observed unique associations between continuance commitment and individual self‐concept, likely owing to a shared emphasis on preserving personal investments and avoiding adverse outcomes. We also show that self‐concept moderates relationships between commitment and organizational citizenship behaviors (OCBs), such that affective (continuance) commitment–OCB relationships were stronger for employees with high collective (individual) self‐concept levels. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Endoscopic laser speckle imaging of tissue blood flow: Applications in the human knee
Authors: Bray R. C. , Forrester K. R. , Reed J. , Leonard C. , Tulip J.
Published: June 2006

This work represents the first clinical data acquired with the endoscopic laser speckle imaging (eLSPI) system, a new diagnostic tool developed for real‐time imaging of tissue blood flow during endoscopic surgical procedures. eLSPI was used to image tissue perfusion in the medial compartment of the knee of five patients requiring arthroscopic knee surgery. The effectiveness of eLSPI as a diagnostic tool was tested by measuring changes in tissue perfusion resultant from tourniquet application, and intra‐articular epinephrine. eLSPI produced real‐time perfusion video images of tissue blood flow in the knee joint. Tourniquet applications produced consistent decreases in mean perfusion index measurements (29.3% ± 5.1% in meniscus; 39.5% ± 8.2% in synovium with an intra patient variability of 6%–9%). A dose‐dependent vasoconstrictive response to the administration of intra‐articular epinephrine was measured, with maximum dose producing a mean decrease in perfusion of 31.0%–9.3% in meniscus and 41.2%–10.9% in synovium. eLSPI consistently detects decreases in articular tissue blood flow resultant from tourniquet inflation or from the administration of increasing concentrations of epinephrine. These are the first in vivo results indicating physiologic changes in articular tissue as a function of two commonly applied practices in endoscopic joint surgery. © 2006 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 24:1650–1659, 2006
Age‐related expression of molecular regulators of hypertrophy and maturation in articular cartilage
Authors: Semevolos Stacy A. , Nixon Alan J. , Fortier Lisa A. , Strassheim M. Lisa , Haupt Jennifer
Published: June 2006

The purpose of this study was to determine changes in the expression of regulatory molecules in normal equine articular cartilage throughout development up to 18 months of age. The hypothesis was that expression of these regulatory molecules would decrease from birth to postpubescence. Cartilage was harvested from normal femoropatellar or scapulohumeral joints from 34 fresh horse cadavers. Horses were placed in four age groups [prenatal (n = 5); prepubertal, 0–6 months (n = 11); pubertal, 7–14 months (n = 13); and postpubertal, 15–18 months (n = 5)]. Indian hedgehog (Ihh), Gli1, Gli3, Patched1 (Ptc1), Smoothened (Smo), Noggin, bone morphogenetic protein‐6 (BMP‐6), BMP‐2, parathyroid hormone‐related peptide (PTHrP), and PTH/PTHrP receptor mRNA expression levels were evaluated by real‐time quantitative PCR. Spatial tissue mRNA and protein expression was determined by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. The expression of PTHrP decreased (p = 0.002) in the pubertal group, while PTH/PTHrP receptor expression significantly increased (p = 0.001). No significant difference was found between groups for Ihh (p = 0.6) or Smo (p = 0.3) expression. In contrast, there was significantly increased expression of Ptc1 (p = 0.006), Gli1 (p = 0.04), and Gli3 (p = 0.007) in the pubertal group, and Gli3 (p = 0.007) remained elevated in the postpubertal group. The expression of BMP‐6 significantly increased from prenatal to postnatal groups (p = 0.03) while BMP‐2 expression increased during puberty and postpuberty (p = 0.03). The changes in expression of hedgehog and BMP signaling molecules in articular cartilage during postnatal development have not been shown previously. The increased expression of hedgehog receptor and transcription factors during puberty may indicate maturation of the deep articular layer during this time period. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 24:1773–1781, 2006
Model‐based evaluation of agri‐environmental measures in the Federal State of Brandenburg (Germany) concerning N pollution of groundwater and surface water
Authors: Kersebaum Kurt Christian , Matzdorf Bettina , Kiesel Joachim , Piorr Annette , Steidl Jörg
Published: June 2006

GIS‐based modeling of soil‐crop interactions and hydrological processes is a valuable instrument to assess land‐use effects on N pollution of water resources from the agricultural sector. A case study is presented using spatial information on soils, climatic zones, land use, and distribution of agri‐environmental measures within the federal State of Brandenburg (Germany) to assess the reduction effect of EU‐funded measures on N pollution of water resources. In a first step, the area was classified concerning the risk for groundwater and surface‐water pollution. For this, spatially distributed model calculations of the soil‐solution exchange frequency were intersected to a vulnerability map for groundwater derived from geological data and zones of different transit times from the root zone into surface waters. In a second step, model calculations of water and N dynamics in the soil‐crop system for different crop and management systems were performed to calculate nitrate leaching from the root zone and to estimate the effect of present agri‐environmental measures to reduce N pollution on groundwater and surface waters. The results indicated that 75% of the agri‐environmental measures were placed in areas with low impact on groundwater and surface waters. Therefore, the effectiveness of the agri‐environmental measures concerning water‐protection aims was moderate.
Nitrous oxide emissions from agricultural land use in Germany— a synthesis of available annual field data
Authors: Jungkunst Hermann F. , Freibauer Annette , Neufeldt Henry , Bareth Georg
Published: June 2006

The nations that have ratified the Kyoto Protocol must set up an appropriate national inventory on N2O emissions from agricultural land use, in order to report properly on the achievements made in reducing greenhouse‐gas emissions. The search for the appropriate method is a controversial topic as it is subject to high uncertainty in particular associated to the upscaling from site measurements. In this study, all available data from Germany on annual N2O‐emission rates derived from field experiments of at least an entire year are summarized. From each study, only differences in soil properties on N input qualified as an individual data set. Under these premises, 101 treatments from 27 sites were found equally spread across Germany. The annual N application ranged from 0 to 400 kg N ha–1 and the annual emission rates from 0.04 to 17.1 kg ha–1. Annual emission factors (EFs), uncorrected for background emission, varied considerably from 0.18% to 15.54% of N applied. There was no nationwide correlation found for the relationship between N2O losses and N application, soil C, soil N, soil texture, or soil pH. However, site‐specific trends in the relationship between emission factor and mean soil aeration status, as expressed by the soil type and/or mean climatic conditions, were revealed. Regularly water‐logged soils were characterized by low emission factors as were soils from the drier regions (<600 mm y–1), whereas well‐aerated soils from the frost‐intensive regions showed exceptionally high emission factors. Since purely physical and chemical parameterization failed to describe N2O emissions from agricultural land use on the national scale, there must be a biological adaptation to mean site conditions, i.e., different microbial communities react differently to similar actual conditions in terms of N2O dynamics. Regardless of the point of view, the chapter on N2O soil dynamics cannot be closed yet, and new additional model concepts, process studies, and field measurements are needed.
Digital soil mapping in Germany—a review
Authors: Behrens Thorsten , Scholten Thomas
Published: June 2006

Digital soil mapping as a tool to generate spatial soil information provides solutions for the growing demand for high‐resolution soil maps worldwide. Even in highly developed countries like Germany, digital soil mapping becomes essential due to the decreasing, time‐consuming, and expensive field surveys which are no longer affordable by the soil surveys of the individual federal states.

This article summarizes the present state of soil survey in Germany in terms of digitally available soil data, applied digital soil mapping, and research in the broader field of pedometrics and discusses future perspectives.

Based on the geomorphologic conditions in Germany, relief is a major driving force in soil genesis. This is expressed by the digital–soil mapping research which highlights the great importance of digital terrain attributes in combination with information on parent material in soil prediction.

An example of digital soil mapping using classification trees in Thuringia is given as an introduction in digital soil‐class mapping based on correlations to environmental covariates within the scope of the German classification system.
Soil education: A public need Developments in Germany since the mid 1990s
Authors: Herrmann Ludger
Published: June 2006

Soil is a public good that has important public functions. However, public knowledge about soils was rather scanty in Germany up until the mid 1990s. This article summarizes and comments on the developments that have taken place in Germany since then with regard to the four major dimensions of soil education—time, target groups, actors, and media. In summary, a wealth of initiatives was started (and has since vanished), leaving behind a number of remarkable results like internet and e‐learning sites, exhibitions, and science trails. Meanwhile, intellectual results have also become visible, with most citizens now being able to respond to questions on what soil and its functions are and how they are endangered. Progress is still lacking, however, in education—a minimum of soil science knowledge is still not sufficiently anchored in official school curricula, and institutions for this task are not in place. Finally, it is strongly urged to use the opportunity that soil protection has recently been on the agenda of the European Union in order to develop international perspectives for soil education, especially in the field of e‐learning.
A statistical overview on univariate calibration, inverse regression, and detection limits: Application to gas chromatography/mass spectrometry technique
Authors: Lavagnini Irma , Magno Franco
Published: June 2006

The paper summarizes critically the current approaches for the calculation of the limits of detection and quantification. In the context of the description of the method based on the calibration line, the arguments concerning the underlying experimental design, the choice of the appropriate model in the univariate regression, the effects of the dispersion characteristics of the data are deeply discussed. The effects of the scedasticity of the experimental data are taken into account in the obtainment of the calibration curve and in its utilization. To gain transparency, adaptability, and tutorial effectiveness the explicit formulas relevant to the use of straight line and quadratic models are reported. An application of the described procedures to GC‐MS data is reported as an illustrative example. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., Mass Spec Rev 26:1–18, 2007
Improvement of quantification of myocardial first‐pass perfusion mapping: A temporal and spatial wavelet denoising method
Authors: Goldstein Thomas A. , Zhang Haosen , Misselwitz Bernd , Gropler Robert G. , Zheng Jie
Published: June 2006

Mapping of myocardial blood flow (MBF) with first‐pass perfusion imaging is becoming an important tool in the study of coronary artery disease. In this study a wavelet‐based denoising method was developed to improve the accuracy of pixel‐by‐pixel MBF maps. We performed an in vivo study in five stenotic dogs with 70% stenosis in the left coronary arteries. First‐pass perfusion imaging sessions were performed by administering the intravascular contrast agent Gadomer at rest and during dipyridamole‐induced vasodilation. Color microspheres (MS) were injected into the dogs to measure MBF at the same time. After denoising was performed, the signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) of the first‐pass perfusion image improved by approximately 180%, whereas spatial variation of MBF maps decreased 38%. It was also found that the correlation of MBFs measured by MRI with the MS method indicates a significant improvement with the denoising method (R2 increased from 0.24 to 0.78, P < .001). This suggests that the wavelet denoising method may be an effective way to increase the accuracy of pixel‐by‐pixel MBF quantification and reduce spatial variation, and may be applicable to other forms of noise‐sensitive image analysis. Magn Reson Med, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Bladder augmentation for the treatment of chronic tuberculous cystitis. Clinical and urodynamic evaluation of 25 patients after long term follow‐up
Authors: de Figueiredo André Avarese , Lucon Antônio Marmo , Srougi Miguel
Published: June 2006

Aims

Clinical and urodynamic evaluation of the late outcome of 25 patients with chronic tuberculous cystitis who underwent bladder augmentation.

Patients and Methods

Twenty men and five women with median age of 40 years were evaluated. The tubularized ileocecal segment was used in 8 cases, the detubularized sigmoid in 13, and the tubularized sigmoid in 4. Patients underwent a postoperative clinical and urodynamic evaluation. Miccional diurnal frequency of more than 2 hr together with patient satisfaction as assessed by the quality of life question of the ICSmaleSF questionnaire was considered a good result.

Results

The average postoperative follow‐up was of 11.1 ± 9.1 (1 to 36) years. A good result was seen in 80% of the patients. Bad results occurred statistically in the cases using tubularized sigmoid and in patients with prostatitis. Patients with good results showed augmented bladders with normal sensation (P = 0.03) and greater capacity (P < 0.01) and compliance (P < 0.01) than did those with bad results. There was no statistically significant difference in the frequency of involuntary contractions (P = 0.27) but in the good result patients, the contractions started with greater bladder filling volume (P = 0.02).

Conclusions

The sigmoid should be detubularized but the ileocecal segment may be used in its original tubularized form to augment the bladder with chronic tuberculous cystitis. Augmented bladder with capacity of more than 250 ml, good compliance, and normal sensation are necessary for diurnal frequency of more than 2 hr. The presence of involuntary contractions does not lead to a decrease in the diurnal frequency. Neurourol. Urodynam. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Grundlagen der Nierenphysiologie: Glomeruläre Filtration und tubulärer Transport
Authors: Lang Florian
Published: June 2006

Die Niere ist das wichtigste Ausscheidungsorgan. Sie eliminiert überflüssige oder schädliche Substanzen und kontrolliert Volumen sowie Elektrolytzusammensetzung des Extrazellulärraums. Damit reguliert sie auch Blutvolumen und Blutdruck. Sie bildet ferner kreislaufaktive Hormone.
Phosphoproteomics strategies for the functional analysis of signal transduction
Authors: Morandell Sandra , Stasyk Taras , Grosstessner‐Hain Karin , Roitinger Elisabeth , Mechtler Karl , Bonn Guenther K. , Huber Lukas A.
Published: June 2006

Protein phosphorylation is a key regulatory mechanism of cellular signalling processes. The analysis of phosphorylated proteins and the characterisation of phosphorylation sites under different biological conditions are some of the most challenging tasks in current proteomics research. Reduction of the sample complexity is one major step for the analysis of low‐abundance kinase substrates, which can be achieved by various subcellular fractionation techniques. One strategy is the enrichment of phosphorylated proteins or peptides by immunoprecipitation or chromatography, e.g. immobilised metal affinity chromatography, prior to analysis. 2‐DE gels are powerful tools for the analysis of phosphoproteins when combined with new multiplexing techniques like DIGE, phosphospecific stains, autoradiography or immunoblotting. In addition, several gel‐free methods combining chromatography with highly sensitive MS have been successfully applied for the analysis of complex phosphoproteomes. Recently developed approaches like KESTREL or ’︁chemical genetics’ and also protein microarrays offer new possibilities for the identification of specific kinase targets. This review summarises various strategies for the analyses of phosphoproteins with a special focus on the identification of novel kinase substrates.
Fluorinated, crosslinkable terpolymers based on vinylidene fluoride and bearing sulfonic acid side groups for fuel‐cell membranes
Authors: Sauguet L. , Ameduri B. , Boutevin B.
Published: June 2006

The radical terpolymerization of 8‐bromo‐1H,1H,2H‐perfluorooct‐1‐ene with vinylidene fluoride (VDF) and perfluoro(4‐methyl‐3,6‐dioxaoct‐7‐ene) sulfonyl fluoride is presented. Changing the feed compositions of these three fluorinated comonomers enabled us to obtain different random‐type poly[vinylidene fluoride‐ter‐perfluoro(4‐methyl‐3,6‐dioxaoct‐7‐ene) sulfonyl fluoride‐ter‐8‐bromo‐1H,1H,2H‐perfluorooct‐1‐ene] terpolymers containing various sulfonyl fluoride and brominated side groups. Yields higher than 70% were reached in all cases. The hydrolysis of the sulfonyl fluoride group into the SO3Li function in the presence of lithium carbonate was quantitatively achieved without the content of VDF being affected, and so dehydrofluorination of the VDF base unit was avoided. These original terpolymers were then crosslinked via dangling bromine atoms in the presence of a peroxide/triallyl isocyanurate system, which produced films insoluble in organic solvents such as acetone and dimethylformamide (which totally dissolved uncured terpolymers). The acidification of SO3Li into the SO3H function enabled protonic membranes to be obtained. The thermal stabilities of the crosslinked materials were higher than those of the uncured terpolymers, and their electrochemical performances were investigated. According to the contents of the sulfonic acid side functions, the ion‐exchange capacities ranged from 0.6 to 1.5 mequiv of H+/g, whereas the water uptake and conductivities ranged from 5–26% (±11%) and from 0.5 to 6.0 mS/cm, respectively. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 4566–4578, 2006
Oligomeric cyanate ester resins: Application of a modified Ullmann synthesis in the preparation of thermosetting polymers
Authors: Laskoski Matthew , Dominguez Dawn D. , Keller Teddy M.
Published: June 2006

New multiple aromatic ether containing oligomeric cyanate ester resins have been synthesized using a modified Ullmann reaction. The oligomeric monomers were prepared by reacting resorcinol and 1,3‐ or 1,4‐dibromobenzene in the presence of potassium carbonate and a catalytic amount of a copper(I) complex in a N,N‐dimethylformamide/toluene mixture. The hydroxyl terminated intermediates were end‐capped with the cyanate moiety by reaction with cyanogen bromide in the presence of triethylamine in dry acetone. The oligomeric cyanate ester monomers are liquid at room temperature, which enhance their processability to polymeric networks. The thermo‐oxidative properties were determined for the new cyanate ester polymers as well as their storage modulus. The length of the aromatic ether spacer between the terminal cyanate ester groups was varied to investigate the effect of changing the spacer length on the properties of the material. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 4559–4565, 2006
Potential for assessing quality of protein structure based on contact number prediction
Authors: Ishida Takashi , Nakamura Shugo , Shimizu Kentaro
Published: June 2006

We developed a novel knowledge‐based residue environment potential for assessing the quality of protein structures in protein structure prediction. The potential uses the contact number of residues in a protein structure and the absolute contact number of residues predicted from its amino acid sequence using a new prediction method based on a support vector regression (SVR). The contact number of an amino acid residue in a protein structure is defined by the number of residues around a given residue. First, the contact number of each residue is predicted using SVR from an amino acid sequence of a target protein. Then, the potential of the protein structure is calculated from the probability distribution of the native contact numbers corresponding to the predicted ones. The performance of this potential is compared with other score functions using decoy structures to identify both native structure from other structures and near‐native structures from nonnative structures. This potential improves not only the ability to identify native structures from other structures but also the ability to discriminate near‐native structures from nonnative structures. Proteins 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.