bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A computational method for detecting aspect ratio and problematic features in additive manufacturing
Authors: Ge Ruihuan , Flynn Joseph
Published: November 2021

In metal additive manufacturing, geometries with high aspect ratio (AR) features are often associated with defects caused by thermal stresses and other related build failures. Ideally, excessively high AR features would be detected and removed in the design phase to avoid unwanted failure during manufacture. However, AR is scale and orientation independent and identifying features across all scales and orientations is exceptionally challenging. Furthermore, not all high AR features are as easy to recognise as thin walls and fine needles. There is therefore a pressing need for further development in the field of problematic features detection for additive manufacturing processes. In this work, a dimensionless ratio (D1/D2) based on two distance metrics that are extracted from triangulated mesh geometries is proposed. Based on this method, geometries with different features (e.g. thin wall, helices and polyhedra) were generated and evaluated to produce metrics that are similar to AR. The prediction results are compared with known theoretical AR values of typical geometries.By combining this metric with mesh segmentation, this method was further extended to analyse the geometry with complex features. The proposed method provides a powerful, general and promising way to automatically detect high AR features and tackle the relevant defect issues prior to manufacture.
Explaining coincidences
Authors: De Rizzo Julio
Published: November 2021

A traditional account of coincidences has it that two facts are coincidental whenever they are not related as cause and effect and do not have a common cause. A recent contribution by Lando (Noûs 51(1): 132–151, 2017) showed that this account is mistaken. In this paper, I argue against two alternative accounts of coincidences, one suggested by Lando, and another by Bhogal (Philos Phenomenol Res 100(3): 677–694, 2020), and defend a third one in their place. In short, I propose that howexplanatory linksrelate to non-coincidental facts in explanation is what drives a wedge between coincidences and non-coincidences. This proposal is not susceptible to the worries I raise, and is more general, since it is not restricted to coincidences and non-coincidences involving physical facts.
Gating by Memory: a Theory of Learning in the Cerebellum
Authors: Gilbert Mike
Published: November 2021

This paper presents a model of learning by the cerebellar circuit. In the traditional and dominant learning model, training teaches finely graded parallel fibre synaptic weights which modify transmission to Purkinje cells and to interneurons that inhibit Purkinje cells. Following training, input in a learned pattern drives a training-modified response. The function is that the naive response to input rates is displaced by a learned one, trained under external supervision. In the proposed model, there is no weight-controlled graduated balance of excitation and inhibition of Purkinje cells. Instead, the balance has two functional states—a switch—at synaptic, whole cell and microzone level. The paper is in two parts. The first is a detailed physiological argument for the synaptic learning function. The second uses the function in a computational simulation of pattern memory. Against expectation, this generates a predictable outcome from input chaos (real-world variables). Training always forces synaptic weights away from the middle and towards the limits of the range, causing them to polarise, so that transmission is either robust or blocked. All conditions teach the same outcome, such that all learned patterns receive the same, rather than a bespoke, effect on transmission. In this model, the function of learning is gating—that is, to select patterns that trigger output merely, and not to modify output. The outcome is memory-operated gate activation which operates a two-state balance of weight-controlled transmission. Group activity of parallel fibres also simultaneously contains a second code contained in collective rates, which varies independently of the pattern code. A two-state response to the pattern code allows faithful, and graduated, control of Purkinje cell firing by the rate code, at gated times.
Pressure infiltration of molten aluminum for densification of environmental barrier coatings
Authors: Dong Lin , Liu Mei-Jun , Zhang Xiao-Feng , Zhuo Xue-Shi , Fan Jia-Feng , Yang Guan-Jun , Zhou Ke-Song
Published: November 2021

Environmental barrier coatings (EBCs) effectively protect the ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) from harsh engine environments, especially steam and molten salts. However, open pores inevitably formed during the deposition process provide the transport channels for oxidants and corrosives, and lead to premature failure of EBCs. This research work proposed a method of pressure infiltration densification which blocked these open pores in the coatings. These results showed that it was difficult for aluminum to infiltrate spontaneously, but with the increase of external gas pressure and internal vacuum simultaneously, the molten aluminum obviously moved forward, and finally stopped infiltrating at a depth of a specific geometry. Based on the wrinkled zigzag pore model, a mathematical relationship between the critical pressure with the infiltration depth and the pore intrinsic geometry was established. The infiltration results confirmed this relationship, indicating that for a given coating, a dense thick film can be obtained by adjusting the internal and external gas pressures to drive a melt infiltration.
Which states parties should be held responsible for the implementation of positive obligations under the ECHR in sports-related disputes?
Authors: Shinohara Tsubasa
Published: November 2021

In sports society, awareness of human rights protection has gradually developed and sports governing bodies, such as the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and the Fédération Internationale de la Football Association (FIFA), have striven to commit the implementation of human rights guaranteed by internationally recognised human right treaties in the international community. However, human rights law cannot directly impose any legal obligations on sports governing bodies because they are non-state actors established by domestic private law. In this situation, how can international human rights law apply to the private relationship between non-state actors? According to the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), state parties must implement positive obligations to protect individuals against any violations caused by non-state actors within the jurisdiction. To implement the positive obligations under the ECHR, it is necessary to identify which state parties should be held responsible for the implementation in sports-related disputes because, in Mutu and Pechstein v. Switzerland, athletes claimed a violation of the ECHR against Switzerland on the ground that the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS) is located in Lausanne, Switzerland. However, it should be considered that Switzerland is not be liable for all violations of the ECHR’s rights caused by another state party. In light of this, the purpose of this article is to identify a hypothetical standard for determining which state parties should be held responsible for implementing the positive obligations under the ECHR.
Polyethylene glycol derived carbon quantum dots nanofluids: An excellent lubricant for diamond-like carbon film/bearing steel contact
Authors: Wang Fu , Shang Lunlin , Zhang Guangan , Wang Zhaofeng
Published: November 2021

Polyethylene glycol derived carbon quantum dots nanofluids were synthesized via a slow thermal oxidation process. The size of carbon quantum dots was ca. 2 nm and had a decreasing trend with the increase of oxidation time. When used as lubricant in a diamond-like carbon film/bearing steel interface, the nanofluids achieved an ultra-low friction coefficient (μ ≈ 0.02), much lower than that of original polyethylene glycol (μ = 0.12). The worn surface analyses revealed that the nanofluids could effectively inhibit the tribo-oxidation of steel counterpart that occurred under original polyethylene glycol lubrication, and hence reduced the abrasion component of friction. Especially, the poly-hydroxyl carbon dots and oxidized polyethylene glycol species in nanofluids induced a hydroxyl-rich sliding interface via their tribochemical reactions with friction surfaces, which promoted the adsorption of polyethylene glycol molecules on sliding surfaces. Along with the mild corrosion wear of steel counterface, this shifted the boundary lubrication to a mixed/film lubrication regime, thereby achieving an ultra-low friction coefficient. The above results suggest that the polyethylene glycol derived carbon quantum dots nanofluids should be a quite excellent candidate lubricant for solid-liquid synergy lubrication based on diamond-like carbon films.
Potentials of the Three Spaces Theory for Understandings of Cartography, Virtual Realities, and Augmented Spaces
Authors: Kühne Olaf
Published: November 2021

For about three decades, cartography has been (critically) studied from a theoretical perspective. This perspective has contributed to the recognition of the social preconditions and effects of cartographic representations, but little to their further development. From the theory of three worlds, a theory of three spaces or its special case of landscapes is derived, whose modes of construction are presented as well as the derivations from the different modes. The categories of material, virtual and their combination of augmented spaces as well as the media (such as painting, texts or models) of the construction of space/landscape are added. The formulas derived from this illustrate the different aspects and relations of the constructions of space on the different levels and against the background of the different categories. Thus developed, the theory of three spaces or landscapes provides a framework for neopragmatic exploration, here, of maps, virtual and augmented spaces.
The Cognitive Foundation of Post-colonial Englishes
Authors: Hoffmann Thomas
Published: November 2021

Varieties of English are spoken all over the world from Africa to Asia, from Europe to America. In addition to its use as a foreign language, English in many of these countries is a first or second language variety that initially arose in a colonial setting. Currently, the most influential sociolinguistic model for the evolution of these 'Post-Colonial Englishes' is the Dynamic Model. In this Element, I outline how Construction Grammar, the most prominent cognitive syntactic theory, can provide a cognitive foundation for the assumptions made by the Dynamic Model. As I shall argue, Construction Grammar naturally complements the Dynamic Model and, in addition to that, a 'Constructionist Grammar Approach to the Dynamic Model' approach generates new research questions concerning the productivity of syntactic patterns across Dynamic Model phases.
Bacterial coinfections with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)
Authors: Huang Glen , Furukawa Daisuke , Yang Bryant D. , Kim Brian J. , Jeng Arthur C.
Published: November 2021

Background:

The pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has dramatically increased cheshospitalizations, and it is often difficult to determine whether there is a bacterial or fungal coinfection at time of presentation. In this study, we sought to determine the rates of coinfection and utilization of antibiotics in SARS-CoV-2 disease.

Methods:

Retrospective chart review of patients hospitalized with COVID-19 pneumonia from April 13, 2020, to July 14, 2020.

Results:

In total, 277 patients were hospitalized for COVID-19 pneumonia during this period. Patients that received antibiotics within 48 hours of presentation were more likely to be febrile (59.3% vs 41.2%; P = .01) and to have leukocytosis (23.9% vs 5.9%; P < .01) and were less likely to have a procalcitonin level <0.25 ng/mL (58.8% vs 74.5%; P = .04). In total, 45 patients had positive blood cultures collected during hospitalization, 16 of which were clinically significant. Of the clinically significant blood cultures, 5 were collected <48 hours of admission. Moreover, 18 sputum cultures were clinically significant, 2 of which were collected within 48 hours of admission.

Conclusion:

Bacterial and fungal coinfections in COVID-19 appear to be rare on presentation; thus, this factor may be a good target for enhanced antibiotic stewardship.
Effects of antibiotic suppression on three healthcare systems’ National Healthcare Safety Network Antibiotic Resistance Option data
Authors: Evans Christopher D. , Estes Matthew D. , Ouedraogo Youssoufou , Muleta Daniel , Kainer Marion A. , Talley Pamela P.
Published: November 2021

Objective:

The National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) Antibiotic Resistance (AR) Option is a valuable tool that can be used by acute-care hospitals to track and report antibiotic resistance rate data. Selective and cascading reporting results in suppressed antibiotic susceptibility results and has the potential to adversely affect what data are submitted into the NHSN AR Option. We describe the effects of antibiotic suppression on NHSN AR Option data.

Methods:

NHSN AR Option data were collected from 14 hospitals reporting into an existing NHSN user group from January 1, 2017, to December 31, 2018, and linked to commercial automated antimicrobial susceptibility testing instruments (cASTI) that were submitted as part of unrelated Tennessee Emerging Infections Program surveillance projects. A susceptibility result was defined as suppressed if the result was not found in the NHSN AR Option data but was reported in the cASTI data. Susceptibility results found in both data sets were described as released. Proportions of suppressed and released results were compared using the Pearson χ2 and Fisher exact tests.

Results:

In total, 852 matched isolates with 3,859 unique susceptibilities were available for analysis. At least 1 suppressed antibiotic susceptibility result was available for 726 (85.2%) of the isolates. Of the 3,859 susceptibility results, 1,936 (50.2%) suppressed antibiotic susceptibility results were not reported into the NHSN AR option when compared to the cASTI data.

Conclusion:

The effect of antibiotic suppression described in this article has significant implications for the ability of the NHSN AR Option to accurately reflect antibiotic resistance rates.
MODEL THEORY OF DERIVATIONS OF THE FROBENIUS MAP REVISITED
Authors: GOGOLOK JAKUB
Published: November 2021

We prove some results about the model theory of fields with a derivation of the Frobenius map, especially that the model companion of this theory is axiomatizable by axioms used by Wood in the case of the theory
$\operatorname {DCF}_p$
and that it eliminates quantifiers after adding the inverse of the Frobenius map to the language. This strengthens the results from [4]. As a by-product, we get a new geometric axiomatization of this model companion. Along the way we also prove a quantifier elimination result, which holds in a much more general context and we suggest a way of giving “one-dimensional” axiomatizations for model companions of some theories of fields with operators.
Psychophysiology, cognition, and political differences
Authors: Mansell Jordan , Harell Allison , Gidengil Elisabeth , Stewart Patrick A.
Published: November 2021

Abstract

We introduce thePolitics and the Life Sciencesspecial issue on Psychophysiology, Cognition, and Political Differences. This issue represents the second special issue funded by the Association for Politics and the Life Sciences that adheres to the Open Science Framework for registered reports (RR). Here pre-analysis plans (PAPs) are peer-reviewed and given in-principle acceptance (IPA) prior to data being collected and/or analyzed, and are published contingent upon the preregistration of the study being followed as proposed. Bound by a common theme of the importance of incorporating psychophysiological perspectives into the study of politics, broadly defined, the articles in this special issue feature a unique set of research questions and methodologies. In the following, we summarize the findings, discuss the innovations produced by this research, and highlight the importance of open science for the future of political science research.
State reach and development in Africa since the 1960s: new data and analysis
Authors: Müller-Crepon Carl
Published: November 2021

Prominent arguments hold that African states’ geography limits state capacity, impedes public service provision, and slows economic development. To test this argument, I collect comprehensive panel data on a proxy of local state capacity, travel times to national and regional capitals. These are computed on a yearly 5 × 5 km grid using time-varying data on roads and administrative units (1966–2016). I use these data to estimate the effect of changes in travel times to capitals on local education provision, infant mortality rates, and nightlight emissions. Within the same location, decreases in travel times to its capitals are robustly associated with improved development outcomes. The article advances the measurement of state capacity and contributes to understanding its effects on human welfare.
Representative Democracy and Colonial Inspirations: The Case of John Stuart Mill
Authors: LEDERMAN SHMUEL
Published: November 2021

Focusing on John Stuart Mill, a particularly illuminating contributor to modern democratic theory, this article examines the connections between modern democracy and the European colonial experience. It argues that Mill drew on the exclusionary logic and discourse available through the colonial experience to present significant portions of the English working classes as domestic barbarians, whose potential rise to power posed a danger to civilization itself: a line of argument that helped him legitimate representative government as a democratic, rather than an antidemocratic form of government, as it had been traditionally perceived. The article contributes to our understanding of the development of modern democratic theory and practice by drawing attention to the ways the colonial experience shaped core Western institutions and ways of thinking, and it makes the case that this experience remains an essential, if often unacknowledged, part of our collective “self.”
Miscellaneous Mastery: Reading Clement of Alexandria
Authors: EDWARDS MARK
Published: November 2021

The aim of this learned and enterprising book is to elucidate the structure and intention of Clement's Stromateis by comparing it with pagan texts from the first and second centuries of our era which belong, as we might now say, to the same genre. This term, which is chaperoned by quotation marks on p. 15, has proved itself heuristically indispensable, but has no closer equivalent in ancient Greek than genos, which is as likely to denote the style or metre of a work as its place in a critical taxonomy. Strict conventions governed versification and the composition of speeches for given occasions, but it is we who have all but invented the epyllion and coined our own names for the novel, the autobiography and the didactic poem. While Heath proposes on p. 138 to render Stromateis as ‘layout’, ‘miscellany’ is the term that is now most commonly applied to this and other ancient texts whose amorphous character seems to resist taxonomy. As Heath observes, however (p. 24), there are all too many specimens of Greek and Latin writing which are in some sense miscellaneous: she might have quoted the thesis of her namesake, Malcolm Heath, that abrupt transitions, divagations and surprises were not aberrations from the classical norm, but calculated devices to heighten the pleasure or whet the interest of the reader, both in poetry and in prose. The culture of ubiquitous imitation was also a culture of unceasing improvisation, and both practices are amply illustrated in Heath's comparison of the Stromateis with four books from the second century to which it bears an obvious resemblance: the Natural history of Pliny the Elder, the Convivial questions of Plutarch, the Attic nights of Aulus Gellius and the Deipnosophistae of Athenaeus.
Necrotising otitis externa: the increasing financial burden on the National Health Service
Authors: Godbehere J , Hutson K H , Watson G J
Published: November 2021

Objective

Necrotising otitis externa is increasingly being seen and treated within the UK. The aim of this study was to explore the potential cost of a cohort of patients with necrotising otitis externa presenting to a single tertiary NHS trust.

Method

This was a retrospective study with data from 14 patients with confirmed necrotising otitis externa who were treated, monitored, discharged or who died between October 2016 and November 2018. Direct costs using the tariffs from the 2018 to 2019 financial year included in-patient stay, imaging, peripheral inserted central catheter line cost, ENT and out-patient parenteral antibiotic therapy visits and antimicrobial duration.

Results

The mean cost of treatment per patient was £17 615 (range, £9407 to £38 230) with an extreme outlier costing more than £122 000.

Conclusion

Awareness and education at a primary care level and research into robust imaging to aid termination of treatment may lower costs in the future by catching pathology early and reducing treatment duration.
Measurement Invariance of Test Anxiety Across Four School	Subjects
Authors: Schneider Rebecca , Sparfeldt Jörn R. , Niepel Christoph , Buch Susanne R. , Rost Detlef H.
Published: November 2021

Abstract. School-subject-specific test anxieties have been widely examined, but there is a lack of analyses of measurement invariance of test anxiety across subjects. In order to preclude a mixture of test anxiety construct differences across school subjects with actual test anxiety differences and to ensure meaningful comparisons of test anxiety across school subjects, we examined such measurement invariance. Two test anxiety factors (worry and emotionality) were inspected across four school subjects (mathematics, physics, German, and English) in a sample of secondary school students ( N = 1,280). Strict measurement invariance was ascertained (i.e., comparable factor loadings, intercepts, and residual variances of the items of worry and emotionality factors across school subjects). The correlations of subject-specific test anxiety factors with subject-specific academic self-concepts and grades showed a convergent/divergent correlation pattern, thereby supporting criterion-related validity. The results of this study provide insights into the comparability of test anxiety assessments across school subjects.
New Estimates on the Basalt Volume of the Tarim (Not So Large) Igneous Province, NW China
Authors: Blacker Kieran J. , Wang Zhenchao , Zhang Zhaochong , Reichow Marc K.
Published: November 2021

The early Permian basalts of the Tarim Basin of NW China are geographically widespread, covering over 200,000 km2 and are in places up to 1‐km thick and hence frequently referred to represent a Large Igneous Province (LIP). Available volume estimates are based on average lava thickness multiplied by area, using these values results in volumes exceeding 100,000 km3, and is commonly cited as being evidence of LIP status. Using a database of 58 boreholes, field sections, and seismic data we calculate a range of basalt isopach maps, and use these to estimate new, more refined overall eruption volumes. These volumes are significantly smaller than previously reported estimates. We demonstrate that the thickness distribution of erupted basalts is nonuniform and strongly skewed, indicating that volume estimates using an arithmetically averaged thickness of input data will result in overestimation of total volumes. We find that even with the addition of an estimated nonerupted volume component, representing cumulates and intrusions, that the total volume of the Tarim volcanics is significantly below the minimum threshold of a LIP. Using a simple Monte Carlo model we demonstrate that even while accounting for uncertainty and error in the input data, the probability of the total volume exceeding 100,000 km3 is very low. The new volume estimates imply a revision of the climate and environmental impact of the Tarim volcanism. We therefore suggest that the term Tarim Igneous Province should be used instead of Tarim Large Igneous Province.
Hyperglycemia-induced accumulation of advanced glycosylation end products in fibroblast-like synoviocytes promotes knee osteoarthritis
Authors: Li Qingxian , Wen Yinxian , Wang Linlong , Chen Biao , Chen Jun , Wang Hui , Chen Liaobin
Published: November 2021

Osteoarthritis (OA) is significantly associated with diabetes, but how hyperglycemia induces or aggravates OA has not been shown. The synovium plays a critical role in cartilage metabolism and substance exchange. Herein, we intended to investigate whether and how hyperglycemia affects the occurrence and progression of OA by influencing the synovium. In patients with knee OA and diabetes (DM OA), we found a more severe inflammatory response, higher endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) levels, and more advanced glycosylation end products (AGEs) accumulation in the synovium than in patients without diabetes. Subsequently, we found similar results in the DM OA group in a rat model. In the in vitro cocultivation system, high glucose-stimulated AGEs accumulation, ERS, and inflammation in rat fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs), which resulted in chondrocyte degeneration due to inflammatory factors from FLSs. Furthermore, in the synovium of the DM OA group and FLSs treated with high glucose, the expression of glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) and its regulatory factor hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α was increased significantly. Inhibitors of HIF-1α, GLUT1 or AGEs receptors attenuated the effect of high glucose on chondrocyte degradation in the FLS-chondrocyte coculture system. In summary, we demonstrated that hyperglycemia caused AGEs accumulation in FLSs via the HIF-1α-GLUT1 pathway, which increases the release of inflammatory factors from FLSs, subsequently inducing chondrocyte degradation and promoting OA progression.
Enhanced protective immunity against SARS-CoV-2 elicited by a VSV vector expressing a chimeric spike protein
Authors: Li Hongyue , Zhang Yuhang , Li Dong , Deng Yong-Qiang , Xu Hongde , Zhao Chaoyue , Liu Jiandong , Wen Dan , Zhao Jianguo , Li Yongchun , Wu Yong , Liu Shujun , Liu Jiankai , Hao Junfeng , Yuan Fei , Duo Shuguang , Qin Cheng-Feng , Zheng Aihua
Published: November 2021

SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV are genetically related coronavirus and share the same cellular receptor ACE2. By replacing the VSV glycoprotein with the spikes (S) of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV, we generated two replication-competent recombinant viruses, rVSV-SARS-CoV-2 and rVSV-SARS-CoV. Using wild-type and human ACE2 (hACE2) knock-in mouse models, we found a single dose of rVSV-SARS-CoV could elicit strong humoral immune response via both intranasal (i.n.) and intramuscular (i.m.) routes. Despite the high genetic similarity between SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV, no obvious cross-neutralizing activity was observed in the immunized mice sera. In macaques, neutralizing antibody (NAb) titers induced by one i.n. dose of rVSV-SARS-CoV-2 were eight-fold higher than those by a single i.m. dose. Thus, our data indicates that rVSV-SARS-CoV-2 might be suitable for i.n. administration instead of the traditional i.m. immunization in human. Because rVSV-SARS-CoV elicited significantly stronger NAb responses than rVSV-SARS-CoV-2 in a route-independent manner, we generated a chimeric antigen by replacing the receptor binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV S with that from the SARS-CoV-2. rVSV expressing the chimera (rVSV-SARS-CoV/2-RBD) induced significantly increased NAbs against SARS-CoV-2 in mice and macaques than rVSV-SARS-CoV-2, with a safe Th1-biased response. Serum immunized with rVSV-SARS-CoV/2-RBD showed no cross-reactivity with SARS-CoV. hACE2 mice receiving a single i.m. dose of either rVSV-SARS-CoV-2 or rVSV-SARS-CoV/2-RBD were fully protected against SARS-CoV-2 challenge without obvious lesions in the lungs. Our results suggest that transplantation of SARS-CoV-2 RBD into the S protein of SARS-CoV might be a promising antigen design for COVID-19 vaccines.
The WNT1G177C mutation specifically affects skeletal integrity in a mouse model of osteogenesis imperfecta type XV
Authors: Vollersen Nele , Zhao Wenbo , Rolvien Tim , Lange Fabiola , Schmidt Felix Nikolai , Sonntag Stephan , Shmerling Doron , von Kroge Simon , Stockhausen Kilian Elia , Sharaf Ahmed , Schweizer Michaela , Karsak Meliha , Busse Björn , Bockamp Ernesto , Semler Oliver , Amling Michael , Oheim Ralf , Schinke Thorsten , Yorgan Timur Alexander
Published: November 2021

The recent identification of homozygous WNT1 mutations in individuals with osteogenesis imperfecta type XV (OI-XV) has suggested that WNT1 is a key ligand promoting the differentiation and function of bone-forming osteoblasts. Although such an influence was supported by subsequent studies, a mouse model of OI-XV remained to be established. Therefore, we introduced a previously identified disease-causing mutation (G177C) into the murine Wnt1 gene. Homozygous Wnt1G177C/G177C mice were viable and did not display defects in brain development, but the majority of 24-week-old Wnt1G177C/G177C mice had skeletal fractures. This increased bone fragility was not fully explained by reduced bone mass but also by impaired bone matrix quality. Importantly, the homozygous presence of the G177C mutation did not interfere with the osteoanabolic influence of either parathyroid hormone injection or activating mutation of LRP5, the latter mimicking the effect of sclerostin neutralization. Finally, transcriptomic analyses revealed that short-term administration of WNT1 to osteogenic cells induced not only the expression of canonical WNT signaling targets but also the expression of genes encoding extracellular matrix modifiers. Taken together, our data demonstrate that regulating bone matrix quality is a primary function of WNT1. They further suggest that individuals with WNT1 mutations should profit from existing osteoanabolic therapies.
Circ-SIRT1 inhibits cardiac hypertrophy via activating SIRT1 to promote autophagy
Authors: Wang Weichen , Wang Longlong , Yang Mengyue , Wu Chunwei , Lan Rui , Wang Weiwei , Li Yuze
Published: November 2021

Mounting studies have substantiated that abrogating autophagy contributes to cardiac hypertrophy (CH). Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) has been reported to support autophagy and inhibit CH. However, the upstream regulation mechanism behind the regulation of SIRT1 level in CH remains unclear. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are vital modulators in diverse human diseases including CH. This study intended to investigate the regulatory mechanism of circRNA on SIRT1 expression in CH. CH model was established by angiotensin II (Ang II) fusion or transverse aortic constriction (TAC) surgery and Ang II treatment on hiPSC-CMs and H9c2 cells in vitro. Our results showed that circ-SIRT1 (hsa_circ_0093884) expression was downregulated in Ang II-treated hiPSC-CMs, and confirmed that its conserved mouse homolog circ-Sirt1 (mmu_circ_0002354) was expressed at low levels in Ang II-treated H9c2 cells and TAC-induced mice model. Functionally, circ-SIRT1/circ-Sirt1 attenuated Ang II-induced CH and induced autophagy in hiPSC-CMs and H9c2 cardiomyocytes. Mechanistically, circ-SIRT1 could upregulate its host gene SIRT1 at the post-transcriptional level by sponging miR-3681-3p/miR-5195-3p and stabilized SIRT1 protein at the post-translational level by recruiting USP22 to induce deubiquitination on SIRT1 protein. Further, SIRT1 knockdown could rescue the effect of circ-SIRT1 upregulation on Ang II-induced CH and autophagy in vitro and in vivo. In conclusion, we first uncovered that circ-SIRT1 restrains CH via activating SIRT1 to promote autophagy, indicating circ-SIRT1 as a promising target to alleviate CH.
Swiprosin-1 deficiency in macrophages alleviated atherogenesis
Authors: Tong Ling-Chang , Wang Zhi-Bin , Zhang Jia-Qi , Wang Yue , Liu Wei-Ye , Yin Hao , Li Jia-Cheng , Su Ding-Feng , Cao Yong-Bing , Zhang Li-Chao , Li Ling
Published: November 2021

Macrophages play a vital role in the development of atherosclerosis. Previously, we have found that swiprosin-1 was abundantly expressed in macrophages. Here, we investigated the role of swiprosin-1 expressed in macrophages in atherogenesis. Bone marrow transplantation was performed from swiprosin-1-knockout (Swp−/−) mice and age-matched ApoE−/− mice. Atherosclerotic lesion, serum lipid, and interleukin-β (IL-β) levels were detected. In vitro, the peritoneal macrophages isolated from Swp−/− and wild-type mice were stimulated with oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) and the macrophage of foam degree, cellular lipid content, apoptosis, inflammatory factor, migration, and autophagy were determined. Our results showed that swiprosin-1 was mainly expressed in macrophages of atherosclerotic plaques in aorta from ApoE−/− mice fed with high-cholesterol diet (HCD). The expression of swiprosin-1 in the foaming of RAW264.7 macrophages gradually increased with the increase of the concentration and time stimulated with ox-LDL. Atherosclerotic plaques, accumulation of macrophages, collagen content, serum total cholesterol, LDL, and IL-β levels were decreased in Swp−/− → ApoE−/− mice compared with Swp+/+ → ApoE−/− mice fed with HCD for 16 weeks. The macrophage foam cell formation and cellular cholesterol accumulation were reduced, while the lipid uptake and efflux increased in macrophages isolated from Swp−/− compared to wild-type mice treated with ox-LDL. Swiprosin-1 deficiency in macrophages could inhibit apoptosis, inflammation, migration, and promote autophagy. Taken together, our results demonstrated that swiprosin-1 deficiency in macrophages could alleviate the development and progression of AS. The role of swiprosin-1 may provide a promising new target for ameliorating AS.
Elevated circulating follistatin associates with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes
Authors: Wu Chuanyan , Borné Yan , Gao Rui , López Rodriguez Maykel , Roell William C. , Wilson Jonathan M. , Regmi Ajit , Luan Cheng , Aly Dina Mansour , Peter Andreas , Machann Jürgen , Staiger Harald , Fritsche Andreas , Birkenfeld Andreas L. , Tao Rongya , Wagner Robert , Canouil Mickaël , Hong Mun-Gwan , Schwenk Jochen M. , Ahlqvist Emma , Kaikkonen Minna U. , Nilsson Peter , Shore Angela C. , Khan Faisel , Natali Andrea , Melander Olle , Orho-Melander Marju , Nilsson Jan , Häring Hans-Ulrich , Renström Erik , Wollheim Claes B. , Engström Gunnar , Weng Jianping , Pearson Ewan R. , Franks Paul W. , White Morris F. , Duffin Kevin L. , Vaag Allan Arthur , Laakso Markku , Stefan Norbert , Groop Leif , De Marinis Yang
Published: November 2021

The hepatokine follistatin is elevated in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and promotes hyperglycemia in mice. Here we explore the relationship of plasma follistatin levels with incident T2D and mechanisms involved. Adjusted hazard ratio (HR) per standard deviation (SD) increase in follistatin levels for T2D is 1.24 (CI: 1.04–1.47, p < 0.05) during 19-year follow-up (n = 4060, Sweden); and 1.31 (CI: 1.09–1.58, p < 0.01) during 4-year follow-up (n = 883, Finland). High circulating follistatin associates with adipose tissue insulin resistance and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (n = 210, Germany). In human adipocytes, follistatin dose-dependently increases free fatty acid release. In genome-wide association study (GWAS), variation in the glucokinase regulatory protein gene (GCKR) associates with plasma follistatin levels (n = 4239, Sweden; n = 885, UK, Italy and Sweden) and GCKR regulates follistatin secretion in hepatocytes in vitro. Our findings suggest that GCKR regulates follistatin secretion and that elevated circulating follistatin associates with an increased risk of T2D by inducing adipose tissue insulin resistance.
Deep Bayesian local crystallography
Authors: Kalinin Sergei V. , Oxley Mark P. , Valleti Mani , Zhang Junjie , Hermann Raphael P. , Zheng Hong , Zhang Wenrui , Eres Gyula , Vasudevan Rama K. , Ziatdinov Maxim
Published: November 2021

The advent of high-resolution electron and scanning probe microscopy imaging has opened the floodgates for acquiring atomically resolved images of bulk materials, 2D materials, and surfaces. This plethora of data contains an immense volume of information on materials structures, structural distortions, and physical functionalities. Harnessing this knowledge regarding local physical phenomena necessitates the development of the mathematical frameworks for extraction of relevant information. However, the analysis of atomically resolved images is often based on the adaptation of concepts from macroscopic physics, notably translational and point group symmetries and symmetry lowering phenomena. Here, we explore the bottom-up definition of structural units and symmetry in atomically resolved data using a Bayesian framework. We demonstrate the need for a Bayesian definition of symmetry using a simple toy model and demonstrate how this definition can be extended to the experimental data using deep learning networks in a Bayesian setting, namely rotationally invariant variational autoencoders.
Rare phenotype: Hand preaxial polydactyly associated with LRP6-related tooth agenesis in humans
Authors: Zhang Liutao , Yu Miao , Sun Kai , Fan Zhuangzhuang , Liu Haochen , Feng Hailan , Liu Yang , Han Dong
Published: November 2021

Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 6 (LRP6) is a pathogenic gene of selective tooth agenesis-7 (OMIM#616724). Although the malformation of the digits and fore- and hindlimbs has been reported inLrp6-deficient mice, it has been rarely discovered in humans withLRP6mutations. Here, we demonstrate an unreported autosomal dominantLRP6heterozygous mutation (c.2840 T > C;p.Met947Thr) in a tooth agenesis family with hand polydactyly, and another unreported autosomal dominantLRP6heterozygous mutation (c.1154 G > C;p.Arg385Pro) in a non-syndromic tooth agenesis family. Bioinformatic prediction demonstrated the deleterious effects of the mutations, and LRP6 structure changes suggested the corresponding functional impairments. Analysis on the pattern ofLRP6-related tooth agenesis demonstrated the maxillary lateral incisor was the most affected. Our study report thatLRP6mutation might be associated with hand preaxial polydactyly in humans, which broaden the phenotypic spectrum ofLRP6-related disorders, and provide valuable information on the characteristics ofLRP6-related tooth agenesis.
Universal size-dependent nonlinear charge transport in single crystals of the Mott insulator Ca2RuO4
Authors: Avallone G. , Fermin R. , Lahabi K. , Granata V. , Fittipaldi R. , Cirillo C. , Attanasio C. , Vecchione A. , Aarts J.
Published: November 2021

The surprisingly low current density required for inducing the insulator to metal transition has made Ca2RuO4 an attractive candidate material for developing Mott-based electronics devices. The mechanism driving the resistive switching, however, remains a controversial topic in the field of strongly correlated electron systems. Here we probe an uncovered region of phase space by studying high-purity Ca2RuO4 single crystals, using the sample size as principal tuning parameter. Upon reducing the crystal size, we find a four orders of magnitude increase in the current density required for driving Ca2RuO4 out of the insulating state into a non-equilibrium phase which is the precursor to the fully metallic phase. By integrating a microscopic platinum thermometer and performing thermal simulations, we gain insight into the local temperature during simultaneous application of current and establish that the size dependence is not a result of Joule heating. The findings suggest an inhomogeneous current distribution in the nominally homogeneous crystal. Our study calls for a reexamination of the interplay between sample size, charge current, and temperature in driving Ca2RuO4 towards the Mott insulator to metal transition.
The Spanish gut microbiome reveals links between microorganisms and Mediterranean diet
Authors: Latorre-Pérez Adriel , Hernández Marta , Iglesias Jose Ramón , Morán Javier , Pascual Javier , Porcar Manuel , Vilanova Cristina , Collado Luis
Published: November 2021

Despite the increasing evidence of links between human gut and health, the number of gut microbiomes that have been studied to date at a country level are surprisingly low. Mediterranean countries, including some of the most long-lived and healthy countries in the world, have not been considered so far in those studies at a large scale. The main objective of this work is to characterize the gut microbiome of a healthy adult population of a Mediterranean, paradigmatically healthy country: Spain. Stool samples from 530 healthy volunteers were collected, total metagenomic DNA extracted, and the microbial profiles determined through 16S rRNA metataxonomic sequencing. Our results confirm the associations between several microbial markers and different variables, including sex, age, BMI and diet choices, and bring new insights into the relationship between microbiome and diet in the Spanish population. Remarkably, some of the associations found, such as the decrease of Faecalibacterium with age or the link of Flavonifractor with less healthy dietary habits, have been barely noticed in other large-scale cohorts. On the other hand, a range of links between microorganisms, diet, and lifestyle coincide with those reported in other populations, thus increasing the robustness of such associations and confirming the importance of these microbial markers across different countries. Overall, this study describes the Spanish “normal” microbiome, providing a solid baseline for future studies investigating the effects of gut microbiome composition and deviations in the adherence to the Mediterranean diet.
Rapid detection of silver ions based on luminescent carbon nanodots for multicolor patterning, smartphone sensors, and bioimaging applications
Authors: Mohandoss Sonaimuthu , Palanisamy Subramanian , You SangGuan , Shim Jae-Jin , Lee Yong Rok
Published: November 2021

Preparation of photoluminescent nitrogen and sulfur co-doped carbon nanodots for applications in multicolor patterning, smartphone sensors, and bioimaging is described.
Inexpensive gram scale synthesis of porous Ti4O7 for high performance polymer electrolyte fuel cell electrodes
Authors: Chisaka Mitsuharu , Nagano Waka , Delgertsetseg Byambasuren , Takeguchi Tatsuya
Published: November 2021

More than 2 grams of porous Ti4O7 supports for high performance fuel cell electrodes were synthesized in a single reaction by simply increasing the precursor mass used in the developed inexpensive route.
Development of hypoxia-activated PROTAC exerting a more potent effect in tumor hypoxia than in normoxia
Authors: Cheng Weiyan , Li Shasha , Wen Xueqian , Han Siyuan , Wang Suhua , Wei Han , Song Zhizhen , Wang Yueqin , Tian Xin , Zhang Xiaojian
Published: November 2021

In this manuscript, for the first time, we report the development of a kind of hypoxia-activated PROTAC that shows a more potent degradation activity in the tumor hypoxia environment than in normoxia.
The effect of the composition and pressure on the phase stability and electronic, magnetic, and elastic properties of M2AX (M = Mn, Fe; A = Al, Ga, Si, Ge; X = C, N) phases
Authors: Zhandun Vyacheslav S. , Zamkova Natalia G. , Draganyuk Oksana N. , Shinkorenko Aleksey S. , Wiedwald Ulf , Ovchinnikov Sergey G. , Farle Michael
Published: November 2021

Investigation of the thermodynamic stability revealed one stable and several metastable magnetic MAX phases that can be stabilized under pressure.
Atomic structures of twin boundaries in CoO
Authors: Xing Wandong , Zhang Yang , Cui Jizhe , Liang Shiyou , Meng Fanyan , Zhu Jing , Yu Rong
Published: November 2021

The twinning plane of crystals with a FCC structure is usually the (111) plane. Surprisingly, it was found that the twinning plane of CoO is (112).
Ionic liquid-induced in situ deposition of perovskite quantum dot films with a photoluminescence quantum yield of over 85%
Authors: Zeng Qiugui , Luo Xin , Du Yiying , Jiang Jiexuan , Yang Lin , Zhao Hui , Shi Heping , Li Yanbo
Published: November 2021

Photoluminescence quantum yield of over 85% and long-term air stability are achieved with an ionic liquid-induced in situ formed perovskite quantum dot film.
Recent advances in the heteroatom doping of perovskite oxides for efficient electrocatalytic reactions
Authors: Liu Yifan , Huang Honglan , Xue Liang , Sun Jingwen , Wang Xin , Xiong Pan , Zhu Junwu
Published: November 2021

The minireview summarizes the advances in the heteroatom doping of perovskite oxides towards efficient electrocatalytic reactions, based on the classification of different doping sites, A site, B site, O site and dual sites in ABO3 perovskite oxides.
Semiaromatic polyamides with enhanced charge carrier mobility
Authors: Özen Bilal , Candau Nicolas , Temiz Cansel , Grozema Ferdinand C. , Stoclet Grégory , Plummer Christopher J. G. , Frauenrath Holger
Published: November 2021

The control of local order in polymer semiconductors using non-covalent interactions may be used to engineer materials with interesting combinations of mechanical and optoelectronic properties.
Enhanced thermal stability and afterglow performance in Sr2Ga2−xAlxSiO7:Ce3+ phosphors via band gap tailoring
Authors: Zhou Rongfu , Ma Fengkai , Yang Yunlin , Deng Tingting , Li Jingwei , Zhao Hongting , Sheng Jie , Peng Qi
Published: November 2021

Due to the change of band gap, the photoluminescence and persistent luminescence performances of Ce3+ in Sr2(Ga,Al)2SiO7 have been optimized by the regulation of Al3+/Ga3+.
Construction of 6H-benzo[c]thiochromenes via a tandem reaction of arynes with thionoesters
Authors: An Yi , Zhang Fang , Du Guangfen , Cai Zhihua , He Lin
Published: November 2021

A mild and transition-metal free method has been proposed for the synthesis of 6H-benzo[c]thiochromenes via the tandem reactions of arynes with thionoesters.
Copper-catalyzed deaminative alkynylation of secondary amines with alkynes: selectivity switch in the synthesis of diverse propargylamines
Authors: Hu Shengyun , Feng Huangdi , Xi Hui , Meng Yuchen , Li Ming , Huang Liliang , Huang Junhai
Published: November 2021

The copper-catalyzed selective deamination and alkynylation of the unsymmetrical secondary amines with terminal alkynes was reported with a broad substrate scope and excellent functional compatibility.
Mixed-conducting properties of annealed polyacrylonitrile activated by n-doping of conjugated domains
Authors: Schulze Maxwell C. , Prieto Amy L.
Published: November 2021

Thermal annealing of polyacrylonitrile results in the formation of conjugated imine domains. When of sufficient size, these conjugated domains can be electrochemically activated to exhibit both electronic and ionic conductivity.
An integrated biorefinery to produce 5-(hydroxymethyl)furfural and alternative fuel precursors from macroalgae and spent coffee grounds
Authors: Pereira André Prates , Woodman Timothy J. , Chuck Christopher J.
Published: November 2021

In this study an integrated biorefinery is presented, producing 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) and products from the hydrothermal liquefaction of spent coffee grounds blended with macroalgae.
Plasma enhanced anti-coking performance of Pd/CeO2 catalysts for the conversion of methane
Authors: Hu Xiucui , Liu Yadi , Dou Liguang , Zhang Cheng , Zhang Shuai , Gao Yuan , Tu Xin , Shao Tao
Published: November 2021

The energized electron and ions generated by plasma interacted with the adsorbed CH3 species and accelerated the CH3 species to desorb from the catalyst surface, thus reducing the amount of the carbon deposition and enhancing the conversion of CH4.