bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Science in Social Contexts
Authors: Miedema Frank
Published: October 2021

Gradually since 1990 a growing number of critical analyses from within science have been published of how science was organized as a system and discussing its problems, despite, or paradoxically because the growing size of its endeavour and its growing yearly output. Because of lack of openness with regards to sharing results of research, such as publications and data but in fact of all sorts of other products, science is felt by many to be disappointing with respect to its societal impact, its contribution to the major problems humanity is facing in the current times. With the financial crisis, in analogy, also the crisis of the academic system as described in Chap.3was exposed and it seemed that similar systemic neoliberal economic mechanisms operated in these at first sight seemingly different industries. Most of these critiques appeared with increasing frequency since 2014 in formal scientific magazines, social media and with impact reached the leadership of universities, government and funders. This raised awareness and support for the development of new ways of doing science, mostly intuitively and implicitly, but sometimes explicitly motivated by pragmatism aiming for societal progress and contribution to the good life.

To get to this next level we need the critical reflection on the practice of science as done in previous chapters in order to make systemic changes to several critical parts of the knowledge production chain. I will discuss the different analyses of interactions between science and society, in the social and political contexts with publics and politics that show where and how we could improve. The opening up of science and academia in matters of problem choice, data sharing and evaluation of research together with stakeholders from outside academia will help to increase the impact of science on society. It ideally should promote equality, inclusion and diversity of the research agendas. This, I will argue requires an Open Society with Deweyan democracy and safe spaces for deliberations where a diversity of publics and their problems can be heard. In this transition we have to pay close and continuous attention to the many effects of power executed by agents in society and science that we know can distort these ‘ideal deliberations’ and undermine the ethics of these communications and possibly threaten the autonomy and freedom of research.
Transition to Open Science
Authors: Miedema Frank
Published: October 2021

Many initiatives addressing different types of problems of the practice of science and research have been described or cited in this book. Some were one-issue local actions, some took a broader approach at the national and some at EU level. Some stayed on, others faded after a few years. Many of the issues addressed by these movements and initiatives were part of the system of science and appeared to be systemically interdependent. This is how they converged and precipitated in the movement of Open Science, somewhere at the beginning of the second decade of this century. I discuss the major move that was made since 2015 in the EU to embrace the Open Science practice as the way science and research are being done in Europe. This elicited tensions at first foremost relate to uncertainty regarding scholarly publishing, of how and where we publish open access. But also, with respect to what immediate sharing of data and results in daily practice of researchers means, how we value and give credit for papers and published data sets. It thus poses the question of how, if at all, we must compare incomparable academic work, how we get credit and build reputations in this new open practice of science. It is indeed believed that Open Science with its practice of responsible science will be a major contribution to address the dominant problems in science that we have analysed thus far, or at least will help to mitigate them. Open Science holds a promise to take science to the next phase as outlined in the previous chapters. That is not a romantic naive longing for the science that once was. It will be a truly novel way, but realistic way of doing scientific inquiry according to the pragmatic narrative pointed out.

The Transition to Open Science as can be anticipated from the analyses above will not be trivial. The recent discussions have already shown that the transition to Open Science, even between EU member states, is a very different thing because of specific national, societal and academic contexts.

I will conclude this chapter reporting some of my first-hand experiences, in Brussels and during visits to several EU member states in the course of a Mutual Learning Exercise, but also encounters in North America, South East Asia and South Africa where we in the past years have discussed Open Science. Although we know science and scholarship have many forms and flavours and that wherever you go, there is not one scientific community. For me discussing the Transition to Open Science in the past four years was really a Learning Exercise, an amazing, mostly encouraging, but many times quite shocking, even saddening adventure.
Modular symmetry at level 6 and a new route towards finite modular groups
Authors: Li Cai-Chang , Liu Xiang-Gan , Ding Gui-Jun
Published: October 2021

Abstract

We propose to construct the finite modular groups from the quotient of two principal congruence subgroups as Γ(N′)/Γ(N″), and the modular group SL(2, ℤ) is ex- tended to a principal congruence subgroup Γ(N′). The original modular invariant theory is reproduced when N′ = 1. We perform a comprehensive study of $$ {\Gamma}_6^{\prime } $$

Γ
6
′

modular symmetry corresponding to N′ = 1 and N″ = 6, five types of models for lepton masses and mixing with $$ {\Gamma}_6^{\prime } $$

Γ
6
′

modular symmetry are discussed and some example models are studied numerically. The case of N′ = 2 and N″ = 6 is considered, the finite modular group is Γ(2)/Γ(6) ≅ T′, and a benchmark model is constructed.
Non-vernalization requirement in Chinese kale caused by loss of BoFLC and low expressions of its paralogs
Authors: Tang Qiwei , Kuang Hanhui , Yu Changchun , An Guanghui , Tao Rong , Zhang Weiyi , Jia Yue
Published: October 2021

Key message

We identified the loss ofBoFLC gene as the cause of non-vernalization requirement inB. oleracea. Our developed codominant marker ofBoFLCgene can be used for breeding program ofB. oleraceacrops.

Many species of the Brassicaceae family, including some Brassica crops, require vernalization to avoid pre-winter flowering. Vernalization is an unfavorable trait for Chinese kale (Brassica oleracea var. chinensis Lei), a stem vegetable, and therefore it has been lost during its domestication/breeding process. To reveal the genetics of vernalization variation, we constructed an F2 population through crossing a Chinese kale (a non-vernalization crop) with a kale (a vernalization crop). Using bulked segregant analysis (BSA) and RNA-seq, we identified one major quantitative trait locus (QTL) controlling vernalization and fine-mapped it to a region spanning 80 kb. Synteny analysis and PCR-based sequencing results revealed that compared to that of the kale parent, the candidate region of the Chinese kale parent lost a 9,325-bp fragment containing FLC homolog (BoFLC). In addition to the BoFLC gene, there are four other FLC homologs in the genome of B. oleracea, including Bo3g005470, Bo3g024250, Bo9g173370, and Bo9g173400. The qPCR analysis showed that the BoFLC had the highest expression among the five members of the FLC family. Considering the low expression levels of the four paralogs of BoFLC, we speculate that its paralogs cannot compensate the function of the lost BoFLC, therefore the presence/absence (PA) polymorphism of BoFLC determines the vernalization variation. Based on the PA polymorphism of BoFLC, we designed a codominant marker for the vernalization trait, which can be used for breeding programs of B. oleracea crops.
Spatial perspective-taking: insights from sensory impairments
Authors: Job Xavier E. , Kirsch Louise P. , Auvray Malika
Published: October 2021

Information can be perceived from a multiplicity of spatial perspectives, which is central to effectively understanding and interacting with our environment and other people. Sensory impairments such as blindness are known to impact spatial representations and perspective-taking is often thought of as a visual process. However, disturbed functioning of other sensory systems (e.g., vestibular, proprioceptive and auditory) can also influence spatial perspective-taking. These lines of research remain largely separate, yet together they may shed new light on the role that each sensory modality plays in this core cognitive ability. The findings to date reveal that spatial cognitive processes may be differently affected by various types of sensory loss. The visual system may be crucial for the development of efficient allocentric (object-to-object) representation; however, the role of vision in adopting another’s spatial perspective remains unclear. On the other hand, the vestibular and the proprioceptive systems likely play an important role in anchoring the perceived self to the physical body, thus facilitating imagined self-rotations required to adopt another’s spatial perspective. Findings regarding the influence of disturbed auditory functioning on perspective-taking are so far inconclusive and thus await further data. This review highlights that spatial perspective-taking is a highly plastic cognitive ability, as the brain is often able to compensate in the face of different sensory loss.
Repeated percutaneous hepatic perfusion with melphalan can maintain long-term response in patients with liver cancers
Authors: Veelken Rhea , Maiwald Bettina , Strocka Steffen , Petersen Tim-Ole , Moche Michael , Ebel Sebastian , Denecke Timm , Rehak Matus , Struck Manuel Florian , Forstmeyer Dirk , Rademacher Sebastian , Seehofer Daniel , Berg Thomas , van Bömmel Florian
Published: October 2021

Chemosaturation (CS; CHEMOSAT®, Delcath Systems Inc.) temporarily administers melphalan into the liver by percutaneous hepatic perfusion (PHP). CS-PHP can effectively control growth in liver tumors, but efficacy and tolerability of sequential treatments are unclear. We analyzed outcomes of sequential CS-PHP treatment. Patients with either unresectable intrahepatic metastases of ocular melanoma (OM, n = 9), cholangiocarcinoma (CCA, n = 3), or hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC, n = 1) were recruited retrospectively. Response was assessed by tomography imaging. Ten patients (mean age 60 years) with more than one CS-PHP treatment were included. CS-PHP was administered 2–6 times in the OM patients, 3 times in the CCA, and the HCC patient received 6 treatments. Overall response rate (ORR) to CS-PHP was 80%, and stable disease was achieved in one patient. Median hepatic progression-free survival (hPFS) was 336 days (range 0–354) for OM, 251 days for the CCA patient, and 256 days for the HCC patient. At the end of observation (153–701 days after first CS-PHP), 6/10 patients were still alive (5/9 with OM, 0 with CCA, and 1 with HCC). Death cases were not related to CS-PHP. Adverse events were mostly hematologic, grade I-IV, and self-resolving. The liver function was not deteriorated by CS-PHP. We conclude that repeated CS-PHP treatments were effective and well tolerated in the long term.
The limiting factors and regulatory processes that control the environmental responses of C3, C3–C4 intermediate, and C4 photosynthesis
Authors: Johnson Jennifer E. , Field Christopher B. , Berry Joseph A.
Published: October 2021

Here, we describe a model of C3, C3–C4 intermediate, and C4 photosynthesis that is designed to facilitate quantitative analysis of physiological measurements. The model relates the factors limiting electron transport and carbon metabolism, the regulatory processes that coordinate these metabolic domains, and the responses to light, carbon dioxide, and temperature. It has three unique features. First, mechanistic expressions describe how the cytochrome b6f complex controls electron transport in mesophyll and bundle sheath chloroplasts. Second, the coupling between the mesophyll and bundle sheath expressions represents how feedback regulation of Cyt b6f coordinates electron transport and carbon metabolism. Third, the temperature sensitivity of Cyt b6f is differentiated from that of the coupling between NADPH, Fd, and ATP production. Using this model, we present simulations demonstrating that the light dependence of the carbon dioxide compensation point in C3–C4 leaves can be explained by co-occurrence of light saturation in the mesophyll and light limitation in the bundle sheath. We also present inversions demonstrating that population-level variation in the carbon dioxide compensation point in a Type I C3–C4 plant, Flaveriachloraefolia, can be explained by variable allocation of photosynthetic capacity to the bundle sheath. These results suggest that Type I C3–C4 intermediate plants adjust pigment and protein distributions to optimize the glycine shuttle under different light and temperature regimes, and that the malate and aspartate shuttles may have originally functioned to smooth out the energy supply and demand associated with the glycine shuttle. This model has a wide range of potential applications to physiological, ecological, and evolutionary questions.
Trait-based responses to cessation of nutrient enrichment in a tundra plant community
Authors: Werner Chhaya M. , Tuomi Maria , Eskelinen Anu
Published: October 2021

Plant communities worldwide show varied responses to nutrient enrichment—including shifts in species identity, decreased diversity, and changes in functional trait composition—but the factors determining community recovery after the cessation of nutrient addition remain uncertain. We manipulated nutrient levels in a tundra community for 6 years of nutrient addition followed by 8 years of recovery. We examined how community recovery was mediated by traits related to plant resource-use strategy and plant ability to modify their environment. Overall, we observed persistent effects of fertilization on plant communities. We found that plants with fast-growing traits, including higher specific leaf area, taller stature and lower foliar C:N, were more likely to show a persistent increase in fertilized plots than control plots, maintaining significantly higher cover in fertilized plots 8 years after cessation of fertilization. Additionally, although graminoids responded most strongly to the initial fertilization treatment, forb species were more vulnerable to fertilization effects in the long-term, showing persistent decline and no recovery in 8 years. Finally, these persistent fertilization effects were accompanied by modified environmental conditions, including persistent increases in litter depth and soil phosphorous and lower soil C:N. Our results demonstrate the potential for lasting effects of nutrient enrichment in nutrient-limited systems and identify species traits related to rapid growth and nutrient-use efficiency as the main predictors of the persistence of nutrient enrichment effects. These findings highlight the usefulness of trait-based approach for understanding the persistent feedbacks of nutrient enrichment, plant dynamics, and niche construction via litter and nutrient build-up.
Systemische Entzündung, „Sickness Behavior“ und Erwartungsprozesse
Authors: Schmidt Justine , Reinold Johanna , Klinger Regine , Benson Sven
Published: October 2021

Hintergrund

Systemische Entzündungsprozesse gehen mit unspezifischen körperlichen und psychischen Krankheitssymptomen einher, darunter Schmerz und affektbezogene Symptome. Diese immunvermittelten Symptome („Sickness Behavior“) beruhen auf der zentralnervösen Wirkung von Immunbotenstoffen wie proinflammatorischen Zytokinen und vermitteln bei akuten Entzündungsreaktionen, etwa nach einer Impfung oder Verletzung, ein adaptives Schonverhalten. Bei chronischen Entzündungsprozessen können die Symptome des Sickness Behavior jedoch zu Einschränkungen der Lebensqualität führen und zur Komorbidität bei chronischen Schmerzerkrankungen beitragen. Trotz der hohen klinischen Relevanz des Sickness Behavior wurden bisher psychologische Ansätze zur Modulation der immunvermittelten Sickness-Symptome kaum untersucht. Einen Ansatz könnte die Nutzung von Erwartungseffekten bieten, da positive und negative Erwartungen (Placebo- bzw. Nocebo-Effekte) nachweislich einen Einfluss auf Schmerz und affektbezogene Symptome haben.

Ziel der Arbeit

In dieser Übersichtsarbeit werden die immunologischen und psychobiologischen Faktoren, die zu Schmerz im Kontext des Sickness Behavior beitragen, zusammengefasst. Aufbauend wird diskutiert, wie durch positive und negative Erwartungen Sickness-Symptome beeinflusst werden können und welche biologischen und psychologischen Mechanismen dabei involviert sind. Ziel ist es, potenzielle Ansatzpunkte zur Optimierung von Erwartungen im Kontext immunvermittelter Sickness-Symptome zu identifizieren. Perspektivisch lassen sich darauf aufbauend Interventionen entwickeln, um diese Symptome zu reduzieren sowie die Wirkungen und Nebenwirkungen von immunassoziierten Therapien durch gezielte Erwartungsinduktionen im Rahmen der Kommunikation mit Patient:innen positiv zu beeinflussen.
Measurement of tear resistance after manual capsulorhexis and femtosecond laser–assisted capsulotomy of crystalline lenses
Authors: Patzlaff-Günther Mandy , Fromm Michael , Kern Thomas , Bartram Martin , Schwäblein Anna , Heinemann Dag , Johannsmeier Sonja , Framme Carsten , Ripken Tammo
Published: October 2021

Background

In this study, the tear resistance of porcine lens capsules after continuous curvilinear capsulorhexis (CCC) and femtosecond (fs)-laser-assisted capsulotomy for cataract surgery (FLC) with different laser parameters is measured with a custom-made testing setup.

Methods

Forty-five fresh porcine lenses were randomly chosen for CCC (n = 15) or FLC 1 (n = 15) and FLC 2 (n = 15). The FLC 1-group was treated with smaller spot distances than the FLC 2-group. The force necessary to break the opening of the anterior capsule and the maximum displacement were measured.

Results

The mean tear resistance of the CCC-group (150 ± 70 mN) was higher than that of the FLC 1-group (60 ± 20 mN) and the FLC 2-group (30 ± 20 mN).

Conclusion

It could be shown that CCC leads to a significantly higher tear resistance of the opening than FLC in porcine lenses. The femtosecond laser group demonstrated that smaller spot distances lead to a higher tear resistance.
Humanizing Pedophilia as Stigma Reduction: A Large-Scale Intervention Study
Authors: Harper Craig A. , Lievesley Rebecca , Blagden Nicholas J. , Hocken Kerensa
Published: October 2021

The stigmatization of people with pedophilic sexual interests is a topic of growing academic and professional consideration, owing to its potential role in moderating pedophiles’ emotional well-being, and motivation and engagement in child abuse prevention schemes. Thus, improving attitudes and reducing stigmatization toward this group is of paramount importance. Prior research has suggested that narrative humanization—presenting personal stories of self-identified non-offending pedophiles—could be one route to doing this. However, this work has only been conducted with students or trainee psychotherapists, meaning the public generalizability of this method is still unknown. In this study, we compared two stigma interventions to test whether narratives reduce stigma toward people with pedophilic interests more effectively than an informative alternative (scientific information about pedophilia). Using a longitudinal experimental design with a lack of non-intervention control (initial N = 950; final N = 539), we found that narratives had consistently positive effects on all measured aspects of stigmatization (dangerousness, intentionality), whereas an informative alternative had mixed results, and actually increased perceptions of pedophiles’ levels of deviance. These effects were still present four months after the initial presentation. We discuss these data in relation to ongoing debates about treating pedophilia as a public health issue requiring a broad societal approach to well-being and child abuse prevention.
TaintBench: Automatic real-world malware benchmarking of Android taint analyses
Authors: Luo Linghui , Pauck Felix , Piskachev Goran , Benz Manuel , Pashchenko Ivan , Mory Martin , Bodden Eric , Hermann Ben , Massacci Fabio
Published: October 2021

Due to the lack of established real-world benchmark suites for static taint analyses of Android applications, evaluations of these analyses are often restricted and hard to compare. Even in evaluations that do use real-world apps, details about the ground truth in those apps are rarely documented, which makes it difficult to compare and reproduce the results. To push Android taint analysis research forward, this paper thus recommends criteria for constructing real-world benchmark suites for this specific domain, and presents TaintBench, the first real-world malware benchmark suite with documented taint flows. TaintBench benchmark apps include taint flows with complex structures, and addresses static challenges that are commonly agreed on by the community. Together with the TaintBench suite, we introduce the TaintBench framework, whose goal is to simplify real-world benchmarking of Android taint analyses. First, a usability test shows that the framework improves experts’ performance and perceived usability when documenting and inspecting taint flows. Second, experiments using TaintBench reveal new insights for the taint analysis tools Amandroid and FlowDroid: (i) They are less effective on real-world malware apps than on synthetic benchmark apps. (ii) Predefined lists of sources and sinks heavily impact the tools’ accuracy. (iii) Surprisingly, up-to-date versions of both tools are less accurate than their predecessors.
Evaluating the influence of environmental variables on fish assemblages along Tropical Andes: considerations from ecology to conservation
Authors: Miranda Rafael , Rios-Touma Blanca , Falconí-López Ana , Pino-del-Carpio Andrea , Gaspar Sergio , Ortega Hernán , Peláez-Rodríguez Marlon , Araujo-Flores Julio Manuel , Tobes Ibon
Published: October 2021

The lack of knowledge about freshwater biodiversity in remote areas like montane Andean rivers is noticeable and hinder the development of efficient conservation plans for aquatic ecosystems. Habitat requirements of tropical Andean fishes have been poorly analysed, despite the relevance of these ecological features on the fish conservation strategies. The present study aimed to examine fish assemblages along the altitudinal gradient in tropical Andean rivers and their relationship to habitat features to detect the most relevant abiotic factors and their implication on conservation. This study was conducted on a regional scale, along six basins located in tropical Andes (500 to 2,692 m a.s.l.). We studied fish diversity and distribution and their habitats along these elevation gradients. We found 6,320 specimens from 53 genera. Our analysis for the six most common and widely distributed genera (Astroblepus,Brycon,Bryconamericus,Chaetostoma,PimelodellaandTrichomycterus) underlines the relevance of hydromorphological variables on fish community structure in the Andean montane rivers, whereas human alterations seem to be less significant. These findings could be useful for current management and conservation strategies considering present threats over tropical montane rivers.
Saikosaponin-d alleviates hepatic fibrosis through regulating GPER1/autophagy signaling
Authors: Chen Yirong , Que Renye , Zhang Na , Lin Liubing , Zhou Mengen , Li Yong
Published: October 2021

Background

Hepatic fibrosis is the final pathway of chronic liver disease characterized by excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM), which eventually develop into cirrhosis and liver cancer. Emerging studies demonstrated that Saikosaponin-d (SSd) exhibits a protective role in liver fibrosis. However, the mechanism underlying anti-liver fibrosis of SSd in vivo and in vitro remains unclear.

Methods and results

Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) were used for creating liver fibrosis model in vitro and in vivo, respectively. The role of SSd in regulating liver fibrosis was assessed through Sirius red and Masson staining, and IHC assay. We found that SSd attenuated remarkably CCl4-induced liver fibrosis as evidenced by decreased collagen level, and decreased expression of fibrotic markers Col 1 and α-SMA. Meanwhile, SSd repressed autophagy activation as suggested by decreased BECN1 expression and increased p62 expression. Compared with HSCs from CCl4-treated group, the primary HSCs from SSd-treated mice exhibited a marked inactivation of autophagy. Mechanistically, SSd treatment enhanced the expression of GPER1 in primary HSCs and in TGF-β-treated LX-2 cells. GPER1 agonist G1 repressed autophagy activation, whereas GPER1 antagonist G15 activated autophagy and G15 also damaged the function of SSd on suppressing autophagy, leading to subsequent increased levels of fibrotic marker level in LX-2 cells.

Conclusions

Our findings highlight that SSd alleviates hepatic fibrosis by regulating GPER1/autophagy pathway.
How human capital, universities of excellence, third party funding, mobility and gender explain productivity in German political science
Authors: Habicht Isabel M. , Lutter Mark , Schröder Martin
Published: October 2021

Using a unique panel dataset of virtually all German academic political scientists, we show that researchers become much more productive due to the accumulation of human capital and third party funding. We also show however, that while universities of excellence have more productive researchers, individuals who go there do not become more productive. Finally, we show how women publish only 9 percent less than men with the same level of prior publication experience, but are about 26 percent less productive over their entire career, as early productivity leads to later productivity, so that women increasingly fall behind. These results cannot be explained through the influence of childbearing. Rather, they support the ‘theory of limited differences’, which argues that small differences in early productivity accumulate to large differences over entire careers, as early success encourages later success. Apart from generally showing why political scientists publish more or less, we specifically identify accumulative advantage as the principal reason why women increasingly fall behind men over the course of their careers.
Characterization of Flow Induced Anisotropy in Sheet Metal at Large Strain
Authors: Gutknecht F. , Traphöner H. , Clausmeyer T. , Tekkaya A. E.
Published: October 2021

Background

Many metals exhibit a stress overshoot, the so-called cross-hardening when subjected to a specific strain-path change. Existing tests for sheet metals are limited to an equivalent prestrain of 0.2 and show varying levels of cross-hardening for identical grades.

Objective

The aim is to determine cross-hardening at large strains, relevant for forming processes. Mild steel grades (DC04, DC06, DX56) and high strength steel grades (BS600, DP600, ZE800) are investigated to quantify the level of cross-hardening between different grades and reveal which grades exhibit cross-hardening at all.

Method

A novel test setup for large prestrain using hydraulic bulge test and torsion of curved sheets is developed to achieve an orthogonal strain-path change, i.e. the strain rate tensors for two subsequent loadings are orthogonal. The influence of strain rate differences between the tests and clamping of curved sheets on the determined cross-hardening are evaluated. The results are compared to experiments in literature.

Results

Cross-hardening for sheet metal at prestrains up to 0.6 true plastic strain are obtained for the first time. For DX56 grade the maximum cross-hardening for all prestrains have a constant level of approximately 6%, while the maximum cross-hardening for DC04 and DC06 grades increases, with levels between 7 and 11%. The high strength grades BS600 and ZE800 do not show cross-hardening behavior, while, differencing from previous publications, cross-hardening is observed for dual phase steel DP600.

Conclusion

Depending on the microstructure of the steel grade the cross-hardening increases with large prestrain or remains constant.
Mechanistic study of nanoparticles-assisted xanthan gum polymer flooding for enhanced oil recovery: a comparative study
Authors: Gbadamosi Afeez , Yusuff Adeyinka , Agi Augustine , Muruga Prem , Junin Radzuan , Jeffrey Oseh
Published: October 2021

Recently, nanoparticle additives have been used to improve stability and hence efficiency of chemicals during enhanced oil recovery. Herein, a comparative analysis of the application of nanoparticle-stabilized xanthan gum for oil recovery applications was investigated. The nanoparticles used as additives are silicon oxide (SiO2), metallic aluminium oxide (Al2O3), and titanium oxide (TiO2). Rheological measurements were carried out to examine the shear viscosity of the polymeric nanofluids under a range of salinity typical of reservoir conditions. Interfacial tension (IFT) experiment was conducted using Kruss tensiometer. Oil displacement studies were carried out to examine the incremental recovery factor of the polymeric nanofluids. The polymeric nanofluids exhibited better rheological behaviour compared to bare xanthan gum (XG) polymer. At 0.5 wt.% nanoparticle concentration, 0.5 wt.% polymer concentration, shearing rate of 10 s−1, and 3 wt.% NaCl concentration, rheology result shows that the shear viscosity of SiO2-XG, Al2O3-XG, and TiO2-XG is 423 mPa.s, 299 mPa.s, and 293 mPa.s, respectively. Moreover, the polymeric nanofluids lowered the IFT of the oil/brine interface due to adsorption at the nanoparticles at the interface. Finally, oil displacement result confirms that the incremental oil recovery after water flooding by Al2O3-XG, TiO2-XG, and SiO2-XG is 28.4%, 27.6%, and 25.2%, respectively.
Victims of Fashion
Authors: Cowie Helen Louise
Published: October 2021

Animal products were used extensively in nineteenth-century Britain. A middle-class Victorian woman might wear a dress made of alpaca wool, drape herself in a sealskin jacket, brush her hair with a tortoiseshell comb, and sport feathers in her hat. She might entertain her friends by playing a piano with ivory keys or own a parrot or monkey as a living fashion accessory. In this innovative study, Helen Cowie examines the role of these animal-based commodities in Britain in the long nineteenth century and traces their rise and fall in popularity in response to changing tastes, availability, and ethical concerns. Focusing on six popular animal products – feathers, sealskin, ivory, alpaca wool, perfumes, and exotic pets – she considers how animal commodities were sourced and processed, how they were marketed and how they were consumed. She also assesses the ecological impact of nineteenth-century fashion.
European Language Matters
Authors: Trudgill Peter
Published: October 2021

Why do Greek lorries have Metaphorés written on the side? Is it grammatically correct to say 'the best team won' after a football match? What is the difference between manly, male, masculine and macho? Bringing together Peter Trudgill's highly popular columns for the New European, this fascinating collection explores how English has been influenced, both linguistically and culturally, by its neighbouring languages in Europe. English is very much a European language and Trudgill delves in to the rich linguistic legacy that links all European languages. The bite-sized pieces are grouped together in thematically arranged sections, to allow the reader to dip in and out at will, and cover a wide range of topics, from the etymology of words, to illuminating pieces on grammar. Written in an engaging and lively style, and full of intriguing facts about language and languages in Europe, this book will appeal to both language specialists and to general readers with no prior experience.
Sentence Comprehension as a Cognitive Process
Authors: Vasishth Shravan , Engelmann Felix
Published: October 2021

Sentence comprehension - the way we process and understand spoken and written language - is a central and important area of research within psycholinguistics. This book explores the contribution of computational linguistics to the field, showing how computational models of sentence processing can help scientists in their investigation of human cognitive processes. It presents the leading computational model of retrieval processes in sentence processing, the Lewis and Vasishth cue-based retrieval mode, and develops a principled methodology for parameter estimation and model comparison/evaluation using benchmark data, to enable researchers to test their own models of retrieval against the present model. It also provides readers with an overview of the last 20 years of research on the topic of retrieval processes in sentence comprehension, along with source code that allows researchers to extend the model and carry out new research. Comprehensive in its scope, this book is essential reading for researchers in cognitive science.
Neurological Presentations in Patients with COVID-19 in Cytokine Storm
Authors: Tutal Gursoy Gorkem , Yuksel Hatice , Mulkem Simsek Inci , Oral Saniye , Erdogan Kucukdagli Fadime , Karaman Ayberk , Akinci Esragul , Bastug Aliye , Guner Hatice Rahmet , Bektas Hesna
Published: October 2021

Background:

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection causes a wide variety of neurological disorders by affecting both central and peripheral nervous systems. The cytokine storm (CS) has been blamed for the development of severe neurological disorders in COVID-19. However, the relationship between COVID-19 CS and neurological manifestations has not been adequately studied. Thus, we aimed to investigate the neurological presentations in patients with COVID-19 CS.

Methods:

The study population consisted of hospitalized moderate-to-severe COVID-19 patients. It was divided into two groups CS (36 patients, 29.3%) and non-CS (87 patients, 70.7%) based on significant clinical symptoms, elevated inflammatory marker levels, radiological findings, and interleukin-6 levels (IL-6).

Results:

The three most common neurological symptoms in the CS group were altered level of consciousness, headache, and unsteadiness. Altered level of consciousness was higher in the CS group (69.4%) than the non-CS group (25.3%) (p:0.001). The frequency of headache was comparable in both groups (p:0.186). The number of patients requiring intensive care unit and intubation was higher in the CS group (p:0.005 and p:0.001). The mortality rate in the CS group (38.9%) was higher than the non-CS group (8.0%) (p:0.001). IL-6, CRP, ferritin, neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio, procalcitonin, and D-dimer levels were higher in the CS group (for all p:0.001) while lymphocyte count was lower (p:0.003).

Conclusion:

The most common neurological presentation in patients with CS was altered level of consciousness. The presence of CS was an independent risk factor for high mortality.
The Risk of Obsolescence: Reframing the Contemporary Use of Force Model to Achieve a More Holistic Application of the UN Charter Jus Ad Bellum Construct
Authors: COX BRIAN L.
Published: October 2021

This article challenges the effectiveness of the prevailing interpretation of the contemporary use of force model that is centred on a decidedly narrow selection of relevant provisions of the Charter of the United Nations (UN Charter). In the now seventy-five years of the UN Charter era, predominant modes of armed conflict have evolved so as to be largely unrecognizable when compared to the model of war that was contemplated when negotiating and ratifying the Charter. Nonetheless, modes of engaging with an actual or contemplated use of force remain rooted in a model developed more than seven decades ago. This article suggests that a new frame of analysis is needed. The “Reframer” approach and “Purposes and Principles” model developed herein remain just as firmly grounded in the UN Charter as the prevailing interpretation. However, this novel approach and model incorporate a degree of nuance and adaptiveness that is not feasible when applying the prevailing interpretation of the contemporary use of force model.
Preparedness for Mass Casualty Incidents: The Effectiveness of Current Training Model
Authors: Biswas Seema , Bahouth Hany , Solomonov Evgeny , Waksman Igor , Halberthal Michael , Bala Miklosh
Published: October 2021

The importance of MCI organization and training was highlighted by the events of September 11, 2001. Training focuses on the management of physical injuries caused by a single traumatic event over a well-defined, relatively short timeframe. MCI management is integrated into surgical and trauma training, with disaster management training involving the emergency services, law enforcement, and state infrastructure agencies. The COVID-19 pandemic revealed gaps in the preparedness of nation states and global partners in disaster management. The questions that arose include ‘has training really prepared us for an actual emergency,’ ‘what changes need to be made to training to make it more effective,’ and ‘who else should training be extended to?’ This article focuses on the importance of involving multiple sectors in mass casualty training and asks whether greater involvement of non-medical agencies and the public, in operational drills might improve preparedness for global events such as the COVID-19 pandemic.
COPYING ONE OF A PAIR OF STRUCTURES
Authors: ALVIR RACHAEL , BURCHFIELD HANNAH , KNIGHT JULIA F.
Published: October 2021

We ask when, for a pair of structures
$\mathcal {A}_1,\mathcal {A}_2$
, there is a uniform effective procedure that, given copies of the two structures, unlabeled, always produces a copy of
$\mathcal {A}_1$
. We give some conditions guaranteeing that there is such a procedure. The conditions might suggest that for the pair of orderings
$\mathcal {A}_1$
of type
$\omega _1^{CK}$
and
$\mathcal {A}_2$
of Harrison type, there should not be any such procedure, but, in fact, there is one. We construct an example for which there is no such procedure. The construction involves forcing. On the way to constructing our example, we prove a general result on modifying Cohen generics.
Ambiguous Platforms and Correlated Preferences: Experimental Evidence
Authors: TOLVANEN JUHA , TREMEWAN JAMES , WAGNER ALEXANDER K.
Published: October 2021

This paper studies, theoretically and experimentally, a model of electoral competition that allows for platforms where candidates may be ambiguous about which policy they will implement if elected. We argue that uncertainty about the policy preferences of the electorate, combined with perceived similarity of voters and candidates, can lead to the latter running on these ambiguous platforms. By appealing to voters from both ends of the spectrum, such platforms can ensure electoral success for noncentrist candidates in a sufficiently polarized society. Ambiguous platforms pose a threat to democratic representation because winning noncentrists always implement policies in favor of a minority and against the preferences of the majority. In our laboratory experiment, ambiguous platforms are chosen frequently by candidates and gain notable support from voters. Our main treatment variation provides causal evidence that ambiguous platforms are more popular among noncentrist voters if one of the candidates is a known centrist.
Regression to the Mean Does Not Explain Away Nonconscious Processing
Authors: Sklar Asael Y. , Goldstein Ariel , Hassin Ran R.
Published: October 2021

Abstract. In studies that use subliminal presentations, participants may become aware of stimuli that are intended to remain subliminal. A common solution to this problem is to analyze the results of the group of participants for whom the stimuli remained subliminal. A recent article ( Shanks, 2017 ) argued that this method leads to a regression to the mean artifact, which may account for many of the observed effects. However, conceptual and statistical characteristics of the original publication lead to overestimation of the influence of the artifact. Using simulations, we demonstrate that this overestimation leads to the mistaken conclusion that regression to the mean accounts for nonconscious effects. We conclude by briefly outlining a new description of the influence of the artifact and how it should be statistically addressed.
The Birth, Growth, and Death of Continents
Authors: Zhu Rixiang , Zhao Guochun , Xiao Wenjiao , Chen Ling , Tang Yanjie
Published: October 2021

There are various explanations for how the Earth’s continents form, develop, and change but challenges remain in fully understanding the driving forces behind plate tectonics on our planet.
Rapid Assembly and Eruption of a Shallow Silicic Magma Reservoir, Reyðarártindur Pluton, Southeast Iceland
Authors: Rhodes E. L. , Barker A. K. , Burchardt S. , Hieronymus C. F. , Rousku S. N. , McGarvie D. W. , Mattsson T. , Schmiedel T. , Ronchin E. , Witcher T.
Published: October 2021

Although it is widely accepted that shallow silicic magma reservoirs exist, and can feed eruptions, their dynamics and longevity are a topic of debate. Here, we use field mapping, geochemistry, 3D pluton reconstruction and a thermal model to investigate the assembly and eruptive history of the shallow Reyðarártindur Pluton, southeast Iceland. Primarily, the exposed pluton is constructed of a single rock unit, the Main Granite (69.9–77.7 wt.% SiO2). Two further units are locally exposed as enclaves at the base of the exposure, the Granite Enclaves (67.4–70.2 wt.% SiO2), and the Quartz Monzonite Enclaves (61.8–67.3 wt.% SiO2). Geochemically, the units are related and were likely derived from the same source reservoir. In 3D, the pluton has a shape characterized by flat roof segments that are vertically offset and a volume of >2.5 km3. The pluton roof is intruded by dikes from the pluton, and in two locations displays depressions associated with large dikes. Within these particular dikes the rock is partially to wholly tuffisitic, and rock compositions range from quartz monzonite to granite. We interpret these zones as eruption‐feeding conduits from the pluton. A lack of cooling contacts throughout the pluton indicates rapid magma emplacement and a thermal model calculates the top 75 m would have rheologically locked up within 1,000 years. Hence, we argue that the Reyðarártindur Pluton was an ephemeral part of the wider plumbing system that feeds a volcano, and that timeframes from emplacement to eruption were rapid.
From Seismic Quiescence to Surged Activity After Decades of Wastewater Disposal: A Case Study in Central‐West Alberta, Canada
Authors: Yu Hongyu , Kao Honn , Visser Ryan , Wang Bei
Published: October 2021

Injection‐induced earthquakes associated with wastewater disposal (WD) in the Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin are much fewer than those linked to hydraulic fracturing. Recently, 43 WD‐related earthquakes (M1.3–3.9) occurred in a historically seismically quiet area where long‐term injections became intensive since 2018, foreshadowing a critical stress state accumulated from long‐term injections. Our improved earthquake locations show that the injection well targeting the deeper middle‐upper Devonian aquifer system causes more vigorous seismicity with a wide range of stress drop values (0.8–230 MPa) compared to other shallower wells. Three physical mechanisms may collectively lead to the observed seismic pattern: (a) the underlying Devonian reef system makes it easier for injected fluids to migrate horizontally, (b) fluids can be channeled into the widespread critical faults and migrate vertically to cause earthquakes along it, and (c) aseismic slip probably triggered within the Duvernay formation by fluid migrating can further facilitate seismicity at shallower depths.
Long‐Distance/Time Surf‐Zone Tracer Evolution Affected by Inner‐Shelf Tracer Retention and Recirculation
Authors: Grimes D. J. , Feddersen F. , Giddings S. N.
Published: October 2021

The evolution of a surf‐zone released tracer ( Liter over 4 hr) was observed for h. Surf‐zone tracer was transported alongshore (y) with relatively steady mean speed vSZ ≈ 0.18 m s−1, consistent with obliquely incident wave forcing. Maximum in situ surf‐zone tracer concentration decayed exponentially with 1.6 km alongshore e‐folding length scale, that is, 2.5 hr advective time scale. Surf‐zone tracer time‐series evolved downstream of the release from a top‐hat structure for y ≤ 1 km to increasingly skewed farther downstream. Within km of the northward propagating tracer front, inner‐shelf tracer was confined to onshore of (surf‐zone width LSZ ≈ 100 m) and was alongshore patchy. A coupled surf‐zone/inner‐shelf tracer advection‐diffusion‐exchange box model reproduces the observed surf‐zone downstream max concentration decay and temporal skewness, with surf‐zone flushing time h. A weaker inner‐shelf unidirectional‐exchange rate kIS ≈ kSZ/2 indicates reduced horizontal mixing outside the surf‐zone. Surf‐zone temporal skewness is linked to inner‐shelf tracer storage, differential surf‐zone/inner‐shelf advection, and recirculation, that is, non‐asymptotic shear dispersion. On the inner‐shelf (), tracer vertical structure differed in the morning versus afternoon suggesting internal tide and solar forced thermal modulation. Model parameters representing surf‐zone processes are well constrained by existing observations and scales. However, the many overlapping inner‐shelf processes make a single process based generalization of inner‐shelf cross‐shore exchange rate (i.e., kIS) and alongshore transport difficult.
Characterizing the Effect of Capillary Heterogeneity on Multiphase Flow Pulsation in an Intermediate‐Scale Beadpack Experiment Using Time Series Clustering and Frequency Analysis
Authors: Ni Hailun , Meckel T. A.
Published: October 2021

An intermediate‐scale beadpack drainage experiment was conducted to investigate how simple layered lamination heterogeneity affects CO2 flow. Two simple layers of capillary barriers are manually packed in the tank and slow drainage was carried out using analog fluids to mimic the capillary‐ and gravity‐dominated CO2 upward migration process in deep saline aquifers. Nonwetting phase saturation time series clustering analysis and frequency analysis have been conducted on the experimental data. Additionally, modified invasion percolation numerical simulations were done on a digital model of the beadpack to compare to experimental results. Results show that capillary barriers can lead to strong pulsation behavior, which in turn can cause unexpected early breaching through other barriers. The inlet pressure is found to be able to respond to saturation changes in far regions of the domain, indicating that the wetting phase can transmit pressure changes from the other phase. Although static simulations were not able to capture all the dynamic behavior observed in the experiment, Monte Carlo composite simulation results combining many different realizations can better illustrate how the nonwetting phase will behave in the heterogeneous domain. Our results suggest the need for CO2 storage site selection with preference given to aquifers with more capillary barriers with finer grain sizes to avoid flow pulsation and to retard plume upward migration.