bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Unusual Pattern of Tritiated Thymidine Incorporation in Euglena
Authors: SAGAN LYNN
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Thymidine‐methyl‐H2 is incorporated into the cytoplasm of Euglena. The label is non‐nuclear and not in DNA; evidence for its presence in RNA and protein is presented. Only Euglena which maintain the potentiality to develop chloroplasts show this incorporation; it was not observed in streptomycin. uv, benadryl, O‐methyl threonine or heat “bleached”Euglena, nor in Astasia longa.

Preliminary incorporation experiments show that exogenous pyrimidines are not utilized as nucleic acid precursors in Euglena in general. However, the tritiated purines are incorporated into DNA and RNA. The use of thymidine to localize DNA autoradiographically in Euglena is completely excluded.
The Genus Lagenophrys Stein, 1852 (Ciliata, Peritricha) on Australasian Parastacidae
Authors: KANE JOHN R.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. A survey of the genus Lagenophrys Stein, 1852 (Ciliata, Peritricha) on freshwater crayfish (Parastacidae) revealed a wide range of new species in Australia and New Zealand. Fourteen new species are described. L. seticola sp. nov. is close to L. vaginicola Stein. L. spinosa, L. bispinosa, L. latispinosa, L. communis, L. occlusa, L. lawrii, L. lingulata spp. nov. form one species group. L. willisi, L. rugosa, L. darwini, L. deserti, L. ditngogi and L. engaei spp. nov. form a second group distinguished by characters of the lorica, lorica mouth and macronucleus.

Nenninger's classification of degree of specificity of commensal‐host relationship is applied to the whole genus and expanded in the light of the Australian material. The zoogeographic problems resulting from the specificity of Lagenophrys and the limited range of some of its hosts are indicated.
The Results of Parenteral Injections of Sporulated or Unsporulated Oocysts of Eimeria bovis in Calves
Authors: FITZGERALD PAUL R.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Five experiments using newborn Holstein‐Friesian and weaner Hereford calves were conducted to observe the effects caused by parenteral injections of oocysts of Eimeria bovis. Sporulated oocysts were given intraperitoneally (IP), subcutaneously (SC), intramuscularly (IM) and intravenously (IV). Unsporulated oocysts or merozoites were given IP or IM.

Coccidiosis developed in calves in three experiments after they were inoculated IP with sporulated oocysts. Immunity to reinfection resulted from these infections. No infections occurred at any time after SC, IM or IV inoculation with sporulated oocysts or after IP or IM inoculation with unsporulated oocysts or merozoites.

Coccidiosis failed to occur in two experiments when special precautions were used to prevent puncture of the intestines during IP inoculations. There was no detectable immunological response to any of the inoculations unless intestinal infections occurred.

In one experiment sporulated oocysts were exposed to 60,000 r irradiation by x‐ray in an attempt to attenuate the oocysts. Calves became infected when given orally administered oocysts irradiated at this level.
Trypanosomes and Haemobartonella in Wild Rodents in Illinois
Authors: LEVINE NORMAN D.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Trypanosoma microti and Haemobartonella microti were found in 1 (17%) of 6 yellow‐bellied voles Microtus ochrogastev, and T. iowensis was found in 7 (11.5%) of 60 thirteen‐lined ground squirrels Spermophilus tridecemlineatus in Illinois. Reports of lewisi group trypanosomes from Microtus and Spermophilus are summarized. Those from different rodent host genera are considered to belong to different species. All of the 6 species named from the host genus Sperinophilus may belong to a single species; if so, their correct name would be T. otospermophili. However, until adequate cross transmission studies are carried out, it is considered preferable to retain the names originally assigned to the North American species.
Growth of Prymnesium parvum in the Dark; Note on Ichthyotoxin Formation*
Authors: RAHAT MENACHEM , JAHN THEODORE L.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. For the first time the chrysomonad Prymnesium parvum was grown in the dark; glycerol was necessary and could not be replaced by any other metabolite tested. The dark‐grown cultures, as compared to light‐grown ones, atteined an almost 2‐fold optical density per cell number, caused possibly by a partial pigment‐bleaching in the light or a higher pigment formation in the dark. Ichthyotoxic activity of Prymnesium cultures was greater for the dark‐grown cultures in which no photoinactivation of this toxin occurs. Therefore light is not required for synthesis of this toxin.
Lipid Composition of Soil Amoebae
Authors: HALEVY S. , FINKELSTEIN SHIFRA
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Lipid content of axenic cultures of 3 species of soil amoebae was investigated. The strains studied were Acanthamoeba sp., Hartmannella rhysodes and Mayorella palestinensis. No appreciable differences were apparent in the amount of sterols and free fatty acids present in the different strains. The sterols were “fast acting” and were present mostly in free form. There was a difference in the quantities of glycerides, Acanthamoeba sp. containing the highest amount. Sterol of H. rhysodes was isolated and identified as ergosterol by chemical and physical criteria. The implications of these findings are discussed.
Conjugation in Stylonychia muscorum Kahl
Authors: ALONSO PILAR , PÉREZ‐SILVA J.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The process of conjugation in a strain of Stylonychia muscorum Kahl is described. It follows the general pattern reported earlier in other Oxytrichidae, but the following peculiarities can be noted: 1) mating never occurs between individuals possessing only two micronuclei, 2)exchange of small macronuclear lobes can be occasionally observed, and 3) the reorganization of the exconjugants involves the quick, successive passage of a series of reorganization bands.
Inhibition by Streptomycin of Flagella Formation in a True Slime Mold*
Authors: KERR NORMAN S.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Streptomycin inhibited formation of flagella by myxamoebae of the true slime mold Didymium nigripes. If streptomycin was removed before differentiation was complete, inhibition was removesd proportional to the time streptomycin was in contact with the differentiating mysamoebae. If streptomycin was added 10 min after differentiation began, its inhibitory effect was halved. The early stages of differentiation of flagella were those most sensitive to streptomycin.
Morphogenesis versus Division in Trypanosoma mega
Authors: STEINERT M.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. 3H‐thymidine autoradiographs, jointly with direct observation of living cells, have shown that the apparently dividing blood‐stream trypanosomes found after urea induction of T. mega are actually blocked in the process of division. Implications of the results are discussed.
Studies on the Early Development of the Eugregarine Gregarina garnhami
Authors: HARRY OWEN G.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The Eugregarine Gregarina garnhami is parasitic in the mid‐intestine and caecae of the desert locust Schistocerra gregaria (Forsk). The penetration oi the sporozoite and its development into a three‐segmented cephalont is described. At no time in its development is the Fregarine completely intracellular; the so‐called intracellular stages of other workers are shown to be the breakdoan products of the intestinal host cells themselves.

After penetrating the host intestinal cell the sporozoite grows rapidly and the anterior intracellular region outgrows the posterior estracellular region. Once the intracellular region reaches a size 13–16 μ in diameter. growth oi this region ceases and growth is now concentrated in the posterior region. When this latter region has reached 20 μ in diameter an annulus appears. This, by growing diametrically across the posterior epimerite region, divides the extracellular region into protomerite and deutomerite.

Detachment of the cephalont is considered to be a passive and not an active process and is dependent on the breakdown and extrusion of host cells. In this process the epimerite may or may not become detached from the protomerite.

A system of lonpitudinal fibres (myonemes) exists within the protomerite, and these play an important role in converting the protomerite into an adhesil‐e disc prior to conjugation.

Extensive folding of the epicyte occurs in both the protomerite and deutomerite in the three‐segmented cephalont; this folding could not be observed prior to the division of the gregarine into three regions. The epimerite has a dual function in the early stages of development, serving both as an attachment organelle and as an absorptive region across which iood materials may pass from the host cell.
Mattesia grandis n. sp., a Sporozoan Pathogen of the Boll Weevil, Anthonomus grandis Boheman*
Authors: McLAUGHLIN ROY E.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Laboratory cultures of the boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis Boheman, became infected with Mattesia grandis n. sp. (Neogregarinida, Ophryocystidae). The ensuing epizootic resulted in destruction of the weevil colony. Infection occurred per os in larval and adult weevils. Sporozoites penetrate the intestinal wall and infect adipose tissue cells. Micronuclear schizogony with production of merozoites is the primary method of multiplication and spread to new foci. Micronuclear schizonts may grow as large as 30 μ in size and produce up to 200 or so merozoites, which may be 20 μ long and 1–2.5 μ wide and are motile. Macronuclear schizonts are formed from these 1st schizogony merozoites, and can become 20–30 μ in size, producing up to 80 or so macronuclear merozoites. These can be 15 μ long but 2–3 μ wide with limited motility. Second schizogony merozoites form gamonts, which pair, forming gametocysts. Nuclear division occurs, resulting in 4 equal sized nuclei and 2 pairs of residual nuclei. Four gametes are formed by cytoplasmic constriction around the nuclei. The gametes rapidly pair to form 2 zygotes in the gametocyst, resulting in 2 spores. Nuclear pairing in 1 of the 2 zygotes often lags slightly behind. Abnormal development of zygotes was rare, but could result in 1 spore with 3 poles and a normal spore, or with only 1 spore developing. Near maturity gametocysts are about 12.5 μ long and 14.0 μ wide, with the gametocyst wall tightly stretched over the poles of the spores. Spores often are slightly flattened on the adjacent side in the gametocyst but frequently attained evenly curved walls on all sides after release. The spores are octozoic, with sporozoite development occurring after release from the gametocyst. Spores measured 7.1 μ X 11.8 μ. Characters are given to separate M. grandis from other species of Mattesia.
Differences in Mitochondrial Fine Structure During Mitosis in Amoebae*†
Authors: DANIELS EDWARD W. , BREYER EVELYN
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. About 50% of the amoebae found in early prophase through metaphase stages of mitosis have at least some mitochondria (ca. 25%) that contain complex internal structural patterns. These patterns are less frequently seen in mitochondria after metaphase, and they are extremely rare or absent during interphase. In the most typical pattern, larger than normal tubules are arranged in a parallel zig‐zag configuration with a small amount of matrix between them. Complex patterns typically comprise about 30% of the mitochondrion; they are usually confined to one area, the remaining portion consisting of a clear matrix with few, if any, peripheral tubules.
The Characterization of Hexokinase from Trypanosoma rhodesiense and Trypanosoma gambiense*
Authors: SEED JOHN RICHARD , BAQUERO MAURO A.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. A hexokinase found in both the soluble and particulate fractions of Trypanosoma gambiense extracts has the following characteristics: A) temperature optimum (50–60°C); B) pH optimum 7.0–9.0; C) required Mg++ and ATP; D) inhibited by ADP, p‐hydroxymercuribenzoate and also competitively inhibited by mannose, glucosamine and N‐acetyl‐D‐glucosamine; E) phosphorylated glucose (km 2.8 × 10‐4 M), fructose (km 1.4 × 10‐3 M), mannose (km 2.6 × 10‐4 M), 2‐deoxy‐D‐glucose, and glucosamine.

This enzyme was clearly distinguished from yeast hexokinase on the basis of its temperature optimum, inhibition by sulfhydryl inhibitors, and immunological specificity. The inhibition by p‐hydroxymercuribenzoate would suggest a similarity to the animal hexokinases. It has also been found that this enzyme is not the rate limiting step in carbohydrate metabolism. Therefore, differences in the rate of hexose utilization by T. gambiense cannot be accounted for by differences in the rate of phosphorylation of various hexoses.

The enzyme from T. rhodesiense has not been as completely characterized as the enzyme from T. gambiense; however, the preliminary results would suggest a close similarity in their properties.
Schizogony and Gametocyte Development of Leucocytozoon berestneffi in the Yellow‐Billed Magpie, Pica nuttalli*
Authors: CLARK GLEN W.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Histological examination of organs from 72 infected birds exhibited schizogonic stages in hepatic, spleen and, to a lesser extent, kidney cells; little or no distortion of the host cell was noted. Feulgen‐positive schizonts were small and occurred abundantly in scattered sections of the infected organs. No megaloschizonts were found. Evidence is presented that gametocytes found in the circulating blood develop exclusively in lymphocytes.
Comparative Studies on Spirostomum: Silver Impregnation of Three Species*
Authors: BOGGS NATHANIEL
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Silver impregnation techniques were used to study the silverline system of three species in the genus Spirostomum. It was concluded that for those species studied in the general area of Washington, D.C., the average numbers of ciliary meridians in S. teres, S. minus and S. ambiguum are 18, 24 and 46 respectively. Seventy‐six % of the measurements in S. teres and S. ambiguum and 84% of the measurements in S. minus deviate from the mean by less than 1 standard deviation.
Paracineta sp., an Epizoic Suctorian Found on Gulf of Maine Copepoda
Authors: SHERMAN KENNETH , SCHANER EVERETT G.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. An epizoic suctorian from Gulf of Maine coastal waters, designated as Paracineta sp., is described. Morphological measurements are given for 23 small, medium, and large specimens. Mean length was 200 μ and average cell body diameter 39 μ. Of 21 copepod species and 19 zooplankton groups examined, only copepods of the genus Metridia showed any Paracineta attached. Suctorian occurrence was, with a single exception, limited to adult copepods, with the larger females showing the heaviest incidence. Differences in areal occurrence were observed with greatest incidence of Paracineta on M. lucens in the eastern and central Gulf, and lowest numbers in the western area. This differential occurrence is accredited to an apparent cold water affinity of the suctorian. It is suggested that Paracineta could be carried into the Gulf during periodic intrusions of cool Nova Scotian water, reaching the western area in the southwesterly flowing Gulf of Maine eddy system. No significant differences in vertical distribution were found in Paracineta incidence on Metridia among the depths sampled (0, 10, 30, and 60 m). No harmful effect of Paracineta on Metridia was evident.
Influence of Cell Division on the Degree of Streptomycin Bleaching of Euglena gracilis
Authors: MEGO J. L. , BUETOW D. E.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Streptomycin (SM) inhibition of greening of Euglena gracilis, strain z, was studied. The antibiotic was most effective if present during cell division in the absence of light. The next most effective condition was that which allowed cell division in the light, and the least effective conditions were those that allowed only minimal cell division in the dark or light (i.e., under “resting” conditions). In the dark, 20–200 times higher concentrations of SM were required for the same degree of inhibition under resting conditions as under growing conditions. The observation of Kirk (Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1962, 56, 139–51)‐that the pH of the resting medium influenced the degree of inhibition–was confirmed.
The Fine Structure of the Slimeways in Labyrinthula
Authors: HOHL HANS R.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Electron microscope observations of a strain of Labyrinthula indicate that the spindle cells glide within a collapsible slime tube rather than on top of it. These slimeways are clearly extracellular, partly covered with membranes, and consist of an amorphous matrix encrusted with many small vesicular elements.
Serotypes and Immobilization Antigens in Paramecium caudatum*
Authors: KOIZUMI SADAAKI
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Some of the serotypes in Paramecium caudatum are described in this paper. Immobilization antigens of P. caudatum have been obtained by extracting paramecia in a dilute salt solution containing 15% alcohol. Immobilization antigen F from stock 162 has been isolated and has a sedimentation coefficient of 9.3 Svedbergs, diffusion coefficient of 2.3 × 10‐7 cm/sec, and molecular weight of approximately 340,000.
Growth of Trypanosoma cruzi in Cultures of Chick Embryo Cells, and Effects of Furazolidone and Tris (p‐Aminophenyl)Carbonium Chloride
Authors: WAITZ J. ALLAN , THOMPSON PAUL E. , BAYLES ANITA
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Monolayers of cells of coverslips were produced by culturing known numbers of trypsinized chick cells in growth medium (solution 199 plus 20% calf serum) at 37 C for 2 days. The fluid was then replaced with maintenance medium (solution 199 plus 5% calf serum) containing various known numbers of T. cruzi and the preparations were incubated at 33 C for 5 days; fresh maintenance medium was substituted on the 2nd or 3rd day. The inocula of parasites were obtained from T. cruzi‐cell cultures, supplemented with 2% sterile NNN overlay, or from NNN cultures.

The numbers of extracellular parasites, proportions of infected cells, and percentage distribution of infected cells relative to the number of intracellular leishmanial bodies were determined on days 2 or 3 and 5 of parasite cultivation in many experiments. Analyses of the data gave the following results. Extracellular parasites increased 2‐ to 14‐fold during the first 2 or 3 days, depending upon the source and size of the inocula, and 10‐ to 20‐fold during the last 2 or 3 days. Cell infection continued throughout incubation at daily rates of 1.4‐4.5%; 8‐22% of the cells became infected during the 5 days of incubation. Intracellular growth was reflected most clearly by increases in the proportion of cells having >10 leishmanial bodies. This increase was about 5% daily during the last 2 or 3 days of incubation.

A useful test procedure for assessing the antiparasitic action and chick embryo cell toxicity of drugs is illustrated by data obtained with furazolidone and tris (p‐aminophenyl)carbonium chloride.
Amino Acid Activation in Subcellular Fractions of Tetrahymena pyriformis*
Authors: ROSENBAUM JOEL L. , HOLZ G. G.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The presence of amino acid activating enzymes was demonstrated in the ciliated protozoan Tetrahymena pyriformis. By employing a sensitive hydroxamate assay procedure, the activation of L‐valine was assayed in various subcellular fractions of the ciliate, and some characteristics of the enzyme activity in the most active fraction were determined. Most of the activity resided in pH 5 fractions isolated from high speed supernatants of ciliates disrupted by various physical and chemical methods. No activity could be demonstrated in isolated cilia, in pellicles with attached kinetosomes, in microsomes or in macronuclei, providing these organelles were thoroughly washed. A washed mitochondrial preparation isolated by the Mager and Lipmann procedure activated L‐valine; mitochondria isolated by the procedure of Hogg and Kornberg did not.

The pH 5 fraction isolated from the 102,000 X g supernatant of digitonin‐lysed ciliates was stable for several weeks when stored in 0.1 M Tris buffer, pH 7.6 at – 25 C. The activity of this fraction with respect to L‐valine activation was dependent on the presence of ATP1 and magnesium in the reaction mixture. The optimal concentrations of these components and of L‐valine and hydroxylamine were determined, and the linearity of activity with time and enzyme concentration was demonstrated. Valine activation was not modified by dialysis of the pH 5 fraction, or treatment with RNase, or the addition of boiled pH 5 fraction.
Studies on the Origin of the Methyl Groups of Choline in Ochromonas malhamensis*
Authors: LUST GEORGE , DANIEL LOUISE J.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Five‐ to 6‐day‐old resting cells of Ochromonas malhamensis were incubated at pH 6.5 with glucose and appropriate C14 precursors of the methyl groups of phospholipid‐choline. Under the experimental conditions L‐methionine‐C14H3 was the most efficient source of choline‐methyl groups, followed by formate‐C14, formaldehyde‐C14 and DL‐serine‐3‐C14, respectively. Glycine‐2‐C14 was not incorporated into choline. Both L‐methionine‐C14H3 and formate‐C14 served as precursors for the methyl groups of monomethylethanolamine, dimethylethanolamine and choline. Addition of non‐radio‐active L‐methionine depressed the incorporation of formate‐C14 into choline‐methyl groups by 50%. The results support the hypothesis that methionine can be the source of all 3 methyl groups of choline, and that formate is probably converted to the methyl group of methionine before transmethylation to choline. However, an alternate pathway from single‐carbon sources cannot be excluded.
Blood and Tissue Protozoa of the English Sparrow (Passer domesticus domesticus) in Galveston, Texas*
Authors: BOX EDITH D.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The 42% incidence of Plasmodium in blood films of English sparrows reported here is the highest on record for surveys of blood parasites of birds in the United States. The only Plasmodium species identified in the sparrows was P. relictum. Adult birds were almost universally infected and tended to experience the highest degree of parasitemia in the spring months, while young birds had a higher blood positivity in the summer months. The lowest incidence of Plasmodium positive blood films occurred in fall and winter in the Galveston area. Overwintering birds had a decrease in parasitemia corresponding to reported minimal gonadal activity in sparrows.

The 20% incidence of Lankesterella (avian Toxoplasma) in the blood of these sparrows was also higher than has been reported in other blood film surveys in this country. Incidence of this parasite in blood films was highest in the summer months, corresponding with highest average temperature for the year. Lankesterella could be found in 95% of sparrows whose tissues were examined after autopsy.

Ducks and pigeons in the immediate vicinity of the survey sparrows had neither Plasmodium nor Lankesterella in blood films. Resident wild birds from adjacent rural areas, including redwinged blackbirds, boat‐tailed grackles, laughing gulls and meadowlarks, had fewer Plasmodium and Lankesterella than the sparrows. A few Lankesterella were found in the liver or spleen of young redwinged blackbirds, and only 2 of 79 wild birds had the organisms in their heart blood. Plasmodium was found only in meadowlarks and included P. hexamerium and elongatum as well as relictum.
Pentamidine Resistance in the Parasitic Flagellate Crithidia (Strigomonas) oncopelti
Authors: WALLIS O. CARYL
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. A strain of Crithidia (Strigomonas) oncopelti has been developed which shows increased resistance to pentamidine. Growth of organisms from the sensitive strain was inhibited by 5.07 × 10−5 M pentamidine while the resistant strain was capable of growth in 5.07 × 10−5 M drug. Resistance developed gradually during 26 subcultures in the presence of sub‐inhibitory concentrations of the drug and was markedly reduced after a further 84 subcultures in the absence of pentamidine. The pentamidine‐resistant strain was also resistant to stilbamidine and propamidine and showed some cross resistance to an aminoquinaldine drug (antrycide, quinapyramine) and a phenanthridine drug (ethidium, homidium).

The binding of pentamidine and stilbamidine by pentamidine‐resistant and sensitive strains of the organism was compared. The pentamidine‐resistant strain bound very low concentrations of both drugs compared with the sensitive strain. The distribution of pentamidine among those subcellular fractions of disrupted preparations of C. oncopelti, which could be separated by differential centrifugation, was compared in the two strains. The majority of the drug was bound to material sedimenting in 10 min at 700 ×g in both strains.
Cytochromes, Lactic Dehydrogenase and Transformation in Leishmania*
Authors: KRASSNER† STUART M.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS.A major difference in heme content was found between leishmanias and leptomonads ofLeishmania donovani.When tested with a fluorescence method for heme, leishmanias gave a negative response whereas leptomonads fluoresced brightly. Studies on the terminal respiration ofL. tarentolaeleptomonads by absorption spectra assay and respiratory inhibitors indicated the presence of cytochromes. Lactic dehydrogenase could not be detected in the leptomonad stage nor could it be found in any other hemoflagellate culture form tested.
Hemagglutination and Erythrophagocytosis Associated with the Anemia of Plasmodium berghei Infections of Rats*
Authors: COX HERBERT W. , SCHROEDER WILLIAM F. , RISTIC MIODRAG
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The presence of anemia that often seems excessive for the amount of parasitemia in Plasmodium berghei infections had led to the suggestion that autoimmunity might be in part responsible for the anemia. In another erythrocytic infection, Anaplasma marginale of cattle, the association of erythrophagocytosis, autohemagglutination and anemia with infection has led to the suggestion that autoimmunization may occur in anaplasmosis. The possibility that similar findings might be present in P. berghei infections of rats has been investigated. Groups of rats infected with P. berghei were examined at 2–3 day intervals during the course of infection. Red blood cell counts, hematocrit values and percentages of parasitized erythrocytes were determined. The rats were bled at intervals and the sera tested for agglutinins for trypsinized rat erythrocytes. Other infected rats were killed, and their spleens and bone marrow were examined for evidence of erythrophagocytosis.

Parasitemia reached a peak on the 9th day of infection and became subpatent by the 14th. The greatest depression in erythrocyte numbers occurred on the 11th day, and the counts remained below normal until the 23rd day. Phagocytized erythrocytes, predominantly uninfected, were found in the phagocytes of the spleen and bone marrow from the 5th through the 21st day. Agglutinins for trypsinized normal rat erythrocytes were present in the sera of the rats in titers as high as 1:64 from the 5th through 14th day of infection. Lower agglutinin titers (1:8) were found from time to time in sera of rats made anemic by repeated bleedings.

It is not clear whether these agglutinins are responsible for erythrophagocytosis; however, the fact that predominantly uninfected erythrocytes were phagocytized suggests that the erythrocytes might have been opsonized by an autoantibody associated with the P. berghei infections.
Mode of Action of Prymnesium parvum Ichthyotoxin
Authors: ULITZUR SHIMON , SHILO MOSHE
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The mechanism of Prymnesium parvum ichthyotoxicity was studied in immersed minnows (Gambusia affinis) in the presence of various synergists (especially polyamines and invert soaps) and under varying conditions of pH and salinity. The effect of immersion in toxin‐synergist solution on permeability of gill tissues to trypan blue and to radioactive substances, e.g., I125 and radio‐iodinated albumin, was established. Fish sensitivity to various toxic substances was increased after immersion for short periods in suitable toxinsynergist solutions. This sensitivity, as well as the increased permeability of gill tissue, was transient and disappeared when fish were stored in tap water for several hours after the toxin‐synergist treatment. Good correlation was found between the conditions (synergist quality and concentration, pH, salinity) leading to P. parvum ichthyotoxicity and conditions instrumental in increased gill permeability and toxin sensitivity. The primary site of damage is concluded to be the gill membrane.
Ichthyosporidium sp. Schwartz, 1963, Parasite of the Fish Leiostomus xanthurus, Is a Microsporidian*
Authors: SPRAGUE VICTOR
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Schwartz identified a protozoan, parasite of the marine fish Leiostomus xanthurus as a haplosporidian belonging to genus Ichthyosporidium Caullery and Mesnil, 1905. Now, a coiled polar filament in the spore of that organism has been clearly recognized in certain PAS preparations which were used in the original study. The parasite is, therefore, a microsporidian rather than a haplosporidian. The generic characters of this and other protozoans still in genus Ichthyosporidium need further study.
First Defined Media for Leptomonas spp. from Insects*
Authors: GUTTMAN HELENE N.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Defined media for Leptomonas collosoma, L. mirabilis, and L. sp. from Dysdercus are described. In addition to factors required by Crithidia spp., including a source of Crithidia factor, all 3 organisms require glycine. Leptomonas collosoma and L. sp. from Dysdercus require choline. All trypanosomatids thus far studied require calcium pantothenate but L. collosoma has an especially large requirement. Leptomonas mirabilis but not L. sp. from Dysdercus can synthesize methionine from homocysteine thiolactone during growth. Homocysteine thiolactone is toxic to L. sp. from Dysdercus. Methionine plus vitamin B12 partly annul homocysteine thiolactone toxicity but only if glycine is also present.
Plasmodium hegneri n. sp. from the European Teal Anas c. crecca in Taiwan*
Authors: MANWELL REGINALD D. , KUNTZ ROBERT E.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Plasmodium hegneri n. sp. is described from the European teal duck, Anas c. crecca, from Taiwan. The blood stages, so far the only ones seen, are distinguished mainly by the elongate character of the gametocytes, which closely resemble Haemoproteus (though the pigment tends to be finer and less abundant), and the failure of both asexual and sexual forms to displace the nucleus or otherwise alter the host cell. Merozoites average 13.4 ± 2.2 (range 10–19) per segmenter. Trophozoites often adhere to the host cell nucleus, and may have a large vacuole and a remarkable long, slender pseudopodium. The species so far has been seen only in the European teal, although blood films from 194 species and over 1200 birds have been examined.
The Syngens of Paramecium bursaria: New Mating Types and Intersyngenic Mating Reactions
Authors: BOMFORD R.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Three syngens of Paramecium bursaria have been identified amongst stocks collected in Scotland. These syngens probably correspond to the previously‐described syngens 4, 5 and 6; they have been so named. In all 3 syngens 8 mating types have been found. An extensive series of intersyngenic mating reactions has been discovered between stocks of syngens 4 and 5, and between stocks of syngen 2 and syngens 4 and 5.
Distribution of Folates in Ochromonas malhamensis
Authors: POTTY V. H. , TAMHANE D. V.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Ochromonas malhamensis contains folate derivatives active for Streptococcus faecalis, Pediococcus cerevisiae and Lactobacillus casei. These activities increase about 6‐, 4‐ and 3‐fold, respectively, on treatment with chicken liver conjugase, establishing the presence of polyglutamyl folates in the organism. The nature of the folate derivatives as well as their functional groups has been ascertained by chromatography on DEAE cellulose columns and assay of the activities of the eluted fractions, before and after the conjugase treatment, using differential microbiologic assay technic. The folate complex has been resolved into 7 fractions corresponding to N10‐formyltetrahydrofolic acid, N5‐formyltetrahydrofolic acid, unsubstituted tetrahydrofolic acid, and 4 polyglutamyl folates. The implications of these findings are indicated.
The Living, Endogenous Stages of the Rat Coccidium, Eimeria nieschulzi
Authors: MARQUARDT WILLIAM C.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The living, endogenous stages of Eimeria nieschulzi Dieben, 1924 (Landers isolate) were studied under the phase contrast microscope. Active sporozoites were found as early as 2.5 hours after exposure and as late as 48 hours after exposure. The first generation schizont was recognized by the presence of a refractile globule remaining from the sporozoite. First and second generation merozoites were only weakly motile and had small paired organelles. Third generation merozoites were seen 48–120 hours after exposure and were strongly motile from 72 hours after exposure onward. The paired organelle consisted of 2 intertwining portions, one 5.5 μ long, the other tapering to a slender filament and continuing to about the posterior quarter of the parasite. The fourth generation merozoites were short, curved, and weakly motile. A paired organelle about 3 μ long was seen. Gametocytes and gametes were seen 144–192 hours after exposure. Macrogametes appeared to elaborate refractile granules in the vicinity of the nucleus. No motility of any type was seen in the macrogametes. Microgametocytes were recognized when nuclear material moved to the periphery of the parasite for the formation of microgametes. Observations on living organisms agreed generally with those made on fixed and stained organisms with the exception that the living merozoites were about 20% larger.
Quantitative Data on Four Species of Eimeria in Eastern Chipmunks and Red Squirrels*
Authors: DORNEY ROBERT S.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Total counts of Eimeria vilasi and E. wisconsinensis oocysts in 0.05 g fecal samples from the eastern chipmunk over a 2‐year period indicated that the 2 species had respective occurrences of 100% and 11% and an actual abundance ratio of 35 to 1. In the red squirrel similar counts of E. tamiasciuri and E. toddi over a 3‐year period indicated occurrences of 98% and 6% and an actual abundance ratio of 26 to 1, respectively. These results parallel a similar dichotomy in percent occurrence of 7 Eimeria in the sciurid genera Cynomys and Marmota.
Conjugation in Kahlia sp. with Special Reference to Meiosis and Endomitosis
Authors: RAO M. V. NARASIMHA
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. During conjugation of Kahlia the micronuclei divide 3 times before synkaryon formation and 2 times thereafter. The 1st division is heterotypic, as in other ciliates, in that it is characterized by the parachute stage. Following this stage, 24 to 26 bivalents and 4 to 8 univalents appear in the micronuclear area. When the bivalents move to organize the metaphase plate, the univalents lag behind and fail to reach the equatorial region at the same time. Due to this irregular behavior of the univalents there is no distinct metaphase in the first meiotic division. A few meiotic irregularities including the breakdown of the spindle apparatus have been observed. During the breakdown of the spindle apparatus the chromosomes fuse into irregular bodies which resemble the chromosome aggregates observed during the somatic divisions. Generally 1, and rarely more, of the products of the 1st division enter the 2nd division. The spindles of this division are oriented parallel to the long axis of the cell, and 1 of the daughter nuclei reaches the partition membrane separating the conjugants. This nucleus alone undergoes the 3rd division, resulting in the formation of gametic nuclei. Reciprocal exchange and fusion of the gametic nuclei result in the synkaryon formation. The synkaryon divides twice in rapid succession resulting in 4 daughter nuclei; 1 of them degenerates and 2 condense and become functional micronuclei. The chromosomes of the remaining daughter nucleus resemble in size and number the bivalents of the 1st meiotic division. They become polytenic and then reproduce to give rise to the polyploid macronucleus. The development of the macronucleus has been traced from a single diploid set of chromosomes and no evidence has been found for the formation of genetic “subnuclei.” During the early stages of the development of the macronuclear anlage, somatic pairing forces keep the homologs together, while in the later stages these forces cease to exert influence. While these changes are in progress the old macronucleus; breaks up into small irregular polymorphic bodies which are scattered throughout in the cytoplasm. The exconjugants usually encyst and the cysts are not favorable for detailed cytologic study.
Eimeria urosauris n. sp., a Coccidium from the Lizard Urosaurus graciosus Hollowell, in California
Authors: BOVEE EUGENE C.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. A new species of coccidium is described: Eimeria urosauris n. sp., in the gall bladder of the lizard Urosaurus graciosus Hollowell, from the Mojave Desert in California. The oocyst of E. urosauris is smooth, bilaminar, nearly cylindrical, with long borders only slightly convex, ends rounded and very nearly hemispherical. It is usually 32 × 20 μ, and its length/width ratio is 1.6. It contains 4 ellipsoid sporocysts, each 10.5 × 9 μ, for which 1/w is 1.17. Each sporocyst contains 2 tapered bent sporozoites with rounded ends, 11 μ long, 4 μ in diameter at the larger end, and 1.5 μ in diameter at the smaller end. Each sporocyst also contains a central granular sporocyst residuum 3.5 μ in diameter. The oocyst lacks a micropyle and oocyst residuum, and there is no Stieda body on the sporocyst. Sporulation time is 6–10 hr. Endogenous development, with reinfection by liberated sporozoites, occurs in the epithelial lining of the gall bladder. E. urosauris is compared to other morphologically similar lacertilian eimerias with which it might be confused.
Changes in Antigenicity of Trypanosoma lewisi During the Course of Infection in Rats*
Authors: ENTNER NATHAN , GONZALEZ CELIA
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. In rats infected with T. lewisi, 2 morphologically distinct forms of the trypanosome occur. By means of the immunodiffusion technic several antigenic differences between the 2 forms were observed. The time course in the antigenic and morphologic changes is somewhat different. The antigenic change from young to adult forms is gradual. It starts 12 days after infection and is complete in 14 days, 3 to 5 days after the morphologic appearance of the trypanosomes is that of adult forms. In addition, there appear to be 2 separate stages of young forms when they are analyzed for antigenic composition.
Chemical Homologies Between Protozoa
Authors: GIBSON IAN
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Nucleic acid hybridisation involving DNA samples was used to study relationships between various protozoa. The most hybridisation or nucleic acid homology was always in the homologous reaction between 2 DNA samples from the same source. It was concluded that all the protozoa tested have nucleotide sequences or genes in common with Paramecium aurelia. The ciliates could be placed in a sequence of decreasing homology relative to Paramecium: Tetrahymena, Colpidium, Stentor, Didinium, Dileptus, Blepharisma. Actinosphaerium had fewer sequences than any of the ciliates and the flagellate Euglena had the fewest sequences in common. The bacterium Aerobacter had none. Similar relationships were inferred from competitive hybridisation experiments; these relationships were also in general mirrored by morphologic relationships and overall G + C base compositions which ranged from 46% for Euglena to 32% for P. aurelia. These experiments, it is hoped, will contribute to studies on origins of the metazoa.
Isocitrate Dehydrogenases and NADP‐Alcohol Dehydrogenase of Euglena gracilis var. bacillaris*
Authors: DANFORTH WILLIAM F. , HUNTER F. R.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) linked isocitrate dehydrogenase and NADP linked alcohol dehydrogenase have been detected in Euglena gracilis var. bacillaris.

The NADP isocitrate dehydrogenase showed half‐maximal activity at a concentration of 3 × 10−5 M DL‐isocitrate, but did not follow simple Michaelis‐Menten kinetics with respect to substrate concentration. The optimal NADP concentration was about 0.06 mM, and activity fell off sharply on either side of this optimum. Fresh preparations of the enzyme migrated as single bands in disc electrophoresis, but two enzymatically active bands were present after frozen storage.

The NAD isocitrate dehydrogenase followed Michaelis‐Menten kinetics with respect to substrate. In crude extracts, no requirement for adenosine monophosphate, adenosine diphosphate, or sulfhydryl compounds could be found.

NADP alcohol dehydrogenase activity could be found with either ethanol or propanol as substrate. Low concentrations of coenzyme A were moderately inhibitory.

In tris(hydroxymethyl) aminomethane buffer (tris buffer), Euglena extracts reduced NAD slowly in the absence of exogenous substrate. In the absence of tris, no such reduction occurred. A similar phenomenon was observed with NADP.
Hexose and Glycerol Absorption by Some Trypanosomatidae
Authors: BRAND THEODOR VON , TOBIE ELEANOR JOHNSON , HIGGINS HARRIET
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Culture forms of 9 species of Trypanosomatidae were studied. Of these, Crithidia fasciculata, Leishmania brasiliensis, L. donovani, L. tropica, Trypanosoma conorhini, T. cruzi and T. rangeli consumed significantly less glycerol than glucose, both when the 2 substrates were offered singly or simultaneously. On the other hand, T. gambiense and T. rhodesiense consumed as much glycerol as glucose when the 2 substrates were given separately. When both substrates were offered simultaneously, more glycerol than glucose was consumed, but the sum of glucose + glycerol carbon taken up approximated closely that taken from glucose alone. This held for species consuming only little glycerol, indicating that in all cases some mutual inhibition took place. Atttempts to adapt T. cruzi to glycerol consumption were unsuccessful. When T. gambiense and T. rhosiense were cultivated in the presence of glycerol, their normrapid glycerol consumption remained also unchanged but, curiothey consumed more glucose than before “adaptation.” Iodoacetami and NaF strongly inhibited glucose and glycerol absorption of 7 gambiense; phloridzin, deoxygalactose and deoxyglucose gave nonificant inhibition. KCN slightly stimulated glucose absorption, weakly inhibited glycerol absorption. Omission of sodium from medium was without effect, while lack of CO2 markedly inhiglucose and glycerol uptake. Galactose was not a satisfactory sub strate for T. gambiense and T. rhodesiense, nor were deoxygalactos and deoxyglucose. These 3 hexoses were consumed in small amonly and did not allow maintenance of motility.
Some Factors Governing Respiration, Glucose Metabolism and Iodoacetate Sensitivity in Tetrahymena pyriformis*
Authors: CONNER ROBERT L. , CLINE SYLVIA G.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The physiologic response of Tetrahymena pyriformis W to glucose, as measured by the respiratory rate in a buffered suspension, was found to be altered by exposure of the culture to this carbohydrate in the peptone‐based growth medium. Glucose‐grown cells had an elevated respiratory rate in the presence of glucose in the Tris‐buffered suspension, while cells not grown with the glucose supplement required sodium and potassium for the response. Orthophosphate elevated the rate of oxygen consumption independently of the glucose effect. The endogenous respiratory of glucose and non‐glucose cultured cells were significantly diffe The 2 types of cells responded differently to the cations, sod and potassium, and were not identical in sensitivity to iodoacet Iodoacetate poisoning was found to be due to inhibition of “uncompetitive” type, potentiated by glucose, orthophosphate, the absence of potassium.
The Evacuation Mechanism of the Water Expulsion Vesicle (“Contractile Vacuole”) of Amoeba proteus*
Authors: WIGG DUNCAN , BOVEE E. C. , JAHN T. L.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS.Frame by frame analysis of cinephotomicrographs of the evacuation of the water excretory vesicle ofAmoeba proteusshows that this organelle (commonly called the “contractile vacuole”) does not contract as the water is expelled. Instead, pressure exerted by the underlying endoplasmic “gel” pushes the vesicle against the plasmalemma, bulging the latter until a pore opens through it. The cell membrane and apposed vesicular membrane both rupture through the plasmalemmar pore; the fluid rushes out; and the vesicle collapses against and inverts into itself, but does not contract. There is therefore no systole of the vesicle due to any contraction of it. A survey of the literature shows that others who have studied the evacuation of these water excretory vesicles in amebas, suctorians, and ciliates have also described them as collapsing, not contracting. Recent electronmicrographs of a number of protozoa also indicate that the water excretory vesicle collapses, and does not contract as it evacuates its contents; and that there are no fibrils surrounding the organelle which might promote its contraction. We suggest that the term “contractile vacuole” be discarded as a descriptive and identifying term for such organelles; and that they be called “water expulsion” organelles. We further suggest that the term “vacuole,” which implies that the structure is empty, be replaced by the termveside, implying its function as a small container, and that the organelle be preferentially called thewater expulsion vesicle.We also suggest that the terms “systole” and “diastole” be discarded and be replaced withenlargementandevacuationso that the erroneous implication of a contraction and relaxation cycle may be dispelled.

The succeeding new water expulsion vesicle in Amoeba proteus seldom forms at the site of the old one, but usually forms at a new site in the sol anterior to the gel of the tail region, to which it is transferred prior to expulsion. A tentative suggestion of how this transfer may occur is offered.
Trypanosoma occidentalis sp. n. from Freshwater Teleosts in Washington State*,†
Authors: BECKER CLARENCE D.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Trypanosoma occidentalis sp. n., a hemoflagellate encountered in the blood plasma of 3 freshwater teleosts, Cottus gulosus, C. rhotheus (Family Cottidae) and Gasterosteus aculeatus (Family Gasterosteidae) from Washington State, is described and recorded. Morphologic and morphometric features are detailed, and comparisons are made with other trypanosomes reported from North American fishes and from related species of teleosts from Eurasia. The relationship of the geographic isolation of parasite, hosts, and potential vector in the determination of the new species is discussed.
Adaptation of Chilomonas paramecium to Isonicotonic Acid Hydrazide (Isoniazid)
Authors: HALL R. P.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Chilomonas paramecium developed significant resistance to INH at concentrations up to 150 mg/100 ml. Once established, the resistant strains grew subnormally in drug‐free medium and were more susceptible than the normal strain to sulfanilamide, but were much more resistant to PABA (10‐20 mg/100 ml). In addition, INH‐adapted strains were less responsive than the controls in PABA reversal of SA‐inhibition. Strains adapted to sulfanilamide, sulfapyridine, and nicotinamide were less resistant to INH than the normal strain.