bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of the Implementation of an Allergy Assessment Tool as an Antimicrobial Stewardship Initiative
Authors: Shannon Kathleen T. , Krop Lynne C.
Published: June 2016

Background

Novel antimicrobial stewardship initiatives are crucial to decrease the prevalence of multidrug-resistant pathogens and decrease morbidity and mortality at a time when the development of new antibiotic agents is slow-moving and antimicrobial resistance is increasing. The aim of this study was to compare the percentage of patients who received β-lactam therapy for the treatment of bacterial infections before and after the implementation of a formal allergy assessment protocol. This study also compared the clinical outcomes and incidence of adverse events in patients who underwent a pharmacist-driven allergy assessment to guide antibiotic therapy compared with patients who did not receive a formal allergy assessment.

Methods

A total of 63 adult inpatients with a β-lactam allergy reported in the electronic medical record and active orders for alternative antibiotic agents were prospectively enrolled between October 2014 and April 2015 and were compared with 63 patients at a sister hospital with similar infectious diagnoses to determine the percentage of patients transitioned to β-lactam therapy.

Results

The percentage of patients transitioned to β-lactam antibiotics in the intervention and control groups (63 patients each) was 36 (57%) and 14 (22%), respectively (P = 0.0019). The incidence of mortality was similar between groups at 1 (2%) of 63 patients in the intervention group and 4 (6%) of 63 patients in the control group (P = 0.168). There were no infusion-related or allergic reactions reported in the intervention group.

Conclusions

Standardized, pharmacist-led allergy assessments allow for easier conversion to first-line β-lactam antibiotic therapy, indicating that formal allergy assessments may serve as an important antimicrobial stewardship tool.
Retroperitoneal Abscess Caused by Streptococcus mitis
Authors: Rishi Muhammad Tipu , Rishi Abdul , Macaron Shady H. , Palesty Alexander
Published: June 2016

Retroperitoneal abscess is an uncommon infection that is associated with high morbidity. Early diagnosis is imperative; however, due to its insidious onset and subtle presentation, the diagnosis is often missed. We report a case of a retroperitoneal abscess caused by Streptococcus mitis which is usually not implicated as a serious pathogen, at least in immunocompetent patients.
Posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in youth with vs without chronic pain
Authors: Noel Melanie , Wilson Anna C. , Holley Amy Lewandowski , Durkin Lindsay , Patton Michaela , Palermo Tonya M.
Published: June 2016

Chronic pain and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms have been found to co-occur in adults; however, research has not examined this co-occurrence in adolescence, when pediatric chronic pain often first emerges. The aims of this study were to compare the frequency and intensity of PTSD symptoms and stressful life events in cohorts of youth with (n = 95) and without (n = 100) chronic pain and their parents and to determine the association between PTSD symptoms, health-related quality of life, and pain symptoms within the chronic pain sample. All participants completed questionnaire measures through an online survey. Findings revealed that youth with chronic pain and their parents had significantly higher levels of PTSD symptoms as compared with pain-free peers. More youth with chronic pain (32%) and their parents (20%) reported clinically significant elevations in PTSD symptoms than youth without chronic pain (8%) and their parents (1%). Youth with chronic pain also reported a greater number of stressful life events than those without chronic pain, and this was associated with higher PTSD symptoms. Among the chronic pain cohort, higher levels of PTSD symptoms were predictive of worse health-related quality of life and were associated with higher pain intensity, unpleasantness, and interference. Results suggest that elevated PTSD symptoms are common and linked to reduced functioning among youth with chronic pain. Future research is needed to examine PTSD at the diagnostic level and the underlying mechanisms that may explain why this co-occurrence exists.
Anabolic and anticatabolic agents in critical care
Authors: Stanojcic Mile , Finnerty Celeste C. , Jeschke Marc G.
Published: June 2016

Purpose of review

A complex network of hormones and other effectors characterize the hypermetabolic response in critical illness; these mediators work together to induce numerous pathophysiologic alterations. Increased incidence of infection, multiorgan failure, long-term debilitation, delays in rehabilitation, and death result from an inability to meet the prohibitively elevated protein and energy requirements, which occur during illness and can persist for several years. Pharmacologic interventions have been successfully utilized to attenuate particular aspects of the hypermetabolic response; these modalities are a component of managing critically ill patients – including those patients with severe burns. Here, we review recent advances in pharmacologically attenuating the hypermetabolic and catabolic responses.

Recent findings

Propranolol, a nonspecific β-adrenergic receptor antagonist, is one of the most widely used anticatabolic therapies. Oxandrolone, testosterone, and intensive insulin therapy represent anabolic pharmacological strategies. Promising therapies, such as metformin, glucagon-like peptide 1, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor agonists, are currently being investigated.

Profound metabolic derangements occur in critically ill patients; this hypermetabolic response is a major contributor to adverse outcomes. Despite the pharmacological therapies currently available to counteract this devastating cascade, future studies are warranted to explore new multimodality agents that will counteract these effects while maintaining glycemic control and preventing unfavorable complications.
Impact of endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) and EUS-guided fine-needle aspiration on the management of pancreatic cystic lesions
Authors: Rodríguez-D’Jesús Antonio , Fernández-Esparrach Glòria , Boadas Jaume , Busquets Juli , Fernández-Cruz Laureano , Ferrer Joana , Vaquero Eva C. , Molero Xavier , Navarro Salvador , Sánchez-Cabús Santiago , Araujo Isis K. , Sendino Oriol , Córdova Henry , Sánchez-Montes Cristina , Ginès Angels
Published: June 2016

Background and study aims

Endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) and EUS-guided fine-needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) are well-recognized techniques for the study of pancreatic cystic lesions (PCLs). However, little evidence exists on their impact on clinical care. The aim of this study is to determine how often EUS and EUS-FNA alter the diagnosis and management of patients with PCLs.

Patients and methods

Eight physicians expert in pancreatic diseases were asked to report their diagnoses and management recommendations for 49 different PCLs. Clinical information was sequentially disclosed in a stepwise manner – progressively from clinical data plus computed tomography or MRI (level 1), to EUS (level 2) and EUS-FNA results including cytology, carcinoembryonic antigen, and amylase levels (level 3).

Results

EUS led to a change in the diagnosis and management in 30% [95% confidence interval (CI): 26–35%] and 19% (95% CI: 16–23%) of cases, respectively, usually to a more intensive approach (14%; 95% CI: 11–18%). EUS-FNA altered the diagnosis and management in an additional 39% (95% CI: 34–44%) and 21% (95% CI: 17–25%) of the evaluations, respectively. EUS-FNA also increased the consensus in the diagnosis among the specialists that ranged from fair with computed tomography/MRI (κ-index=0.32) to substantial with EUS-FNA (κ-index=0.43).

Conclusion

EUS and EUS-FNA impact the diagnosis and management of patients with PCLs; therefore, both are necessary in the workup of these patients. EUS-FNA markedly improves the agreement between physicians in terms of diagnosis, but not management. This study highlights the need for more research and standardization in the field.
New clinical and molecular insights into Silver–Russell syndrome
Authors: Giabicani Eloïse , Netchine Irène , Brioude Frédéric
Published: June 2016

Purpose of review

The purpose of review is to summarize new outcomes for the clinical characterization, molecular strategies, and therapeutic management of Silver–Russell syndrome (SRS).

Recent findings

Various teams have described the clinical characteristics of SRS patients by genotype. A clinical score for the definition of SRS and for orienting molecular investigations has emerged. Insulin-like growth factor 2 (a major fetal growth factor) has been implicated in the pathophysiology of SRS, as the principle molecular mechanism underlying the disease is loss of methylation of the 11p15 region, including the imprinted insulin-like growth factor 2 gene. Maternal uniparental disomy of chromosome 7 and recently identified rare molecular defects have also been reported in patients with SRS. However, 40% of patients still have no molecular diagnosis.

The definition of SRS has remained clinical since the first description of this condition, despite the identification of various molecular causes. The clinical issues faced by these patients are similar to those faced by other patients born small for gestational age (SGA), but patients with SRS require specific multidisciplinary management of their nutrition, growth, and metabolism, as they usually present an extreme form of SGA. Molecular analyses can confirm SRS, and are of particular importance for genetic counseling and prenatal testing.
Propofol Use in Pediatric Patients With Food Allergy and Eosinophilic Esophagitis
Authors: Mehta Pooja , Sundaram Shikha S. , Furuta Glenn T. , Pan Zhaoxing , Atkins Dan , Markowitz Scott
Published: June 2016

Propofol is a safe, well‐tolerated anesthetic that is labeled as contraindicated in patients with egg or soy allergy. This contraindication has become increasingly problematic given the rising incidence of food allergy and eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE). To address this issue, we studied practice patterns of propofol use for esophagogastroduodenoscopies in children with EoE and food allergies at our institution. A retrospective observational study of 1365 esophagogastroduodenoscopies from January 2013 to June 2014 was performed. Data were analyzed using Student t tests, chi square tests, Fisher exact tests, and multivariable logistic regression. We found that propofol was used significantly less in patients with egg or soy allergy, and in patients with EoE, even after adjusting for the presence of food allergy. There was no difference in complication rates relative to propofol use. Propofol was used safely in pediatric patients with EoE and food allergy in this limited single‐center review.
Are Expectations Too High for Transitioning Adolescents With Inflammatory Bowel Disease? Examining Adult Medication Knowledge and Self‐Management Skills
Authors: Fishman Laurie N. , Mitchell Paul D. , Lakin Paul R. , Masciarelli Lisa , Flier Sarah N.
Published: June 2016

Objective:

Transition readiness assessment has focused attention on adolescent knowledge and skills, but data‐driven benchmarks have not been established.

Methods:

Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), ages 25 to 50 years, attending an outpatient gastroenterology clinic, were recruited to complete a voluntary, confidential survey asking patients to recall medications and potential side effects, and to rate their degree of independence performing health maintenance tasks.

Results:

The 141 respondents (48% response rate) had mean age of 36 years with median disease duration of 11 years. They were 60% female, 54% had Crohn disease, and 23% were diagnosed before age 18. Nearly all patients were fully independent answering doctor's questions during the visit (93%) and scheduling office visits (92%). Excluding pharmacy pick up, full independence seen in only 57%, whereas 16% significantly delegated tasks. No differences by sex, disease type, medication class, age at disease onset, or disease duration were found across levels of self‐management. Almost all (97%) respondents could recall medication name, whereas fewer were able to recall dose (63%) or frequency (65%). Side effect knowledge was poor; among 81 patients on a biologic or immunomodulator, only 17 (21%) cited cancer and 22 (27%) cited infection.

Conclusions:

Adolescent IBD transition programs now have empirical data from the present study about adult benchmarks for independence in self‐management skills. Further research can establish which skills correlate with medication adherence and active collaboration with the medical team. The present study also exposes important gaps in medication risk knowledge and may allow improved patient education for subgroups of adult patients with IBD.
Development of an effective therapy and objective assessment for children with birth injuries
Authors: Jobbágy Ákos , Schultheisz Judit , Horváth Márk , Réfy Vraskóné Hanna
Published: June 2016

Sitting in a Huple, a patented hemisphere-like tool, permanently stimulates the vestibular system, thus improving the balancing ability of children with movement disorders. The Gézengúz Foundation for Children with Birth Injuries has been successfully applying this tool in therapy. By attaching x-Inertial Measurement Unit, a wireless three-dimensional orientation sensor, to the Huple, it can serve as an input peripheral for simple PC games. Children are thus motivated; they willingly perform balance training as well as participate in the game-like test. This improves the accuracy and reproducibility of the assessment. Knowing the actual state of the participants is an important element of feedback for the therapy. This paper describes in detail the development of the therapeutic and assessment method on the basis of the Huple: the definition of the movement pattern, the parameters characterizing the movement, and the algorithms used to rank children. Measurement series of 10 children with movement disorders validate the effectiveness of the game-like assessment.
CMS Nonpayment Policy, Quality Improvement, and Hospital-Acquired Conditions
Authors: Bae Sung-Heui
Published: June 2016

This integrative review synthesized evidence on the consequences of the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) nonpayment policy on quality improvement initiatives and hospital-acquired conditions. Fourteen articles were included. This review presents strong evidence that the CMS policy has spurred quality improvement initiatives; however, the relationships between the CMS policy and hospital-acquired conditions are inconclusive. In future research, a comprehensive model of implementation of the CMS nonpayment policy would help us understand the effectiveness of this policy.
Chromosome Microarray
Authors: Anderson Sharon
Published: June 2016

Over the last half century, knowledge about genetics, genetic testing, and its complexity has flourished. Completion of the Human Genome Project provided a foundation upon which the accuracy of genetics, genomics, and integration of bioinformatics knowledge and testing has grown exponentially. What is lagging, however, are efforts to reach and engage nurses about this rapidly changing field. The purpose of this article is to familiarize nurses with several frequently ordered genetic tests including chromosomes and fluorescence in situ hybridization followed by a comprehensive review of chromosome microarray. It shares the complexity of microarray including how testing is performed and results analyzed. A case report demonstrates how this technology is applied in clinical practice and reveals benefits and limitations of this scientific and bioinformatics genetic technology. Clinical implications for maternal–child nurses across practice levels are discussed.
Kawasaki Disease
Authors: Chang Hyemi Katherine , Fernandes John , Nair Vidhya
Published: June 2016

Introduction

Kawasaki disease (KD) is a major cause of acquired heart disease in children, and there is limited information on postmortem findings in the pediatric population in Canada.

Cases

For a 15-year time span (January 2000–March 2015), we had 2 cases of KD presented to the Department of Forensic Pathology at Hamilton General Hospital.

Discussion

There were common cardiac findings including presence of giant coronary artery aneurysms and microscopic changes occurring within the coronary arteries and the myocardium. Evidence of old infarction was present in both heart specimens, but acute infarction was noted in one of the specimens.

Conclusions

This case series documents postmortem findings that outline cardiac complications of KD including aneurysms, thrombotic events, and infarcts. In addition to addressing the medical complications of KD, it is also important to address the psychosocial effect due to its impact on quality of life.
Hanging Deaths
Authors: Russo Maria Cristina , Verzeletti Andrea , Piras Mauro , De Ferrari Francesco
Published: June 2016

Hanging is a form of asphyxia caused by external pressure on the upper airways deriving from a band tightened by the gravitational weight of the body. During a 33-year period from 1983 to 2015, there were 260 hanging deaths examined at the Brescia Institute of Forensic Medicine (Northern Italy), which represented approximately 40% of all the asphyxial deaths recorded during this period. Almost all of the cases were represented by suicidal events, 1 case was a homicide event and there also was a case of sexual asphyxia. Eighty-two percent of the victims were men; 18% were women. There was an increasing tendency in the ages between 20 and 60 years, and the highest number of cases was observed in the 41- to 50-year age group (23% of the cases). The most common place chosen by the victim was the home setting followed by isolated outdoor places. The most common ligature material was a rope. The pathological findings were evaluated in all cases.
Recent Advances in Aggressive Large B-cell Lymphomas: A Comprehensive Review
Authors: Korkolopoulou Penelope , Vassilakopoulos Theodoros , Milionis Vassilios , Ioannou Maria
Published: June 2016

Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is an aggressive disease with considerable heterogeneity reflected in the 2008 World Health Organization classification. In recent years, genome-wide assessment of genetic and epigenetic alterations has shed light upon distinct molecular subsets linked to dysregulation of specific genes or pathways. Besides fostering our knowledge regarding the molecular complexity of DLBCL types, these studies have unraveled previously unappreciated genetic lesions, which may be exploited for prognostic and therapeutic purposes. Following the last World Health Organization classification, we have witnessed the emergence of new variants of specific DLBCL entities, such as CD30+DLBCL, human immunodeficiency virus–related and age-related variants of plasmablastic lymphoma, and EBV+DLBCL arising in young patients. In this review, we will present an update on the clinical, pathologic, and molecular features of DLBCL incorporating recently gained information with respect to their pathobiology and prognosis. We will emphasize the distinctive features of newly described or emerging variants and highlight advances in our understanding of entities presenting a diagnostic challenge, such as T-cell/histiocyte-rich large B-cell lmphoma and unclassifiable large B-cell lymphomas. Furthermore, we will discuss recent advances in the genomic characterization of DLBCL, as they may relate to prognostication and tailored therapeutic intervention. The information presented in this review derives from English language publications appearing in PubMed throughout December 2015. For a complete outline of this paper, please visit: http://links.lww.com/PAP/A12.
Atypical parkinsonism – new advances
Authors: Stamelou Maria , Bhatia Kailash P.
Published: June 2016

Purpose of review

This update discusses novel aspects on genetics, pathophysiology and therapeutic approaches for atypical parkinsonism (progressive supranuclear palsy, corticobasal degeneration and multiple system atrophy) published in the last 2 years.

Recent findings

In terms of genetics, in progressive supranuclear palsy and corticobasal degeneration new risk loci have been identified but also their possible association to disease pathogenesis. In multiple system atrophy, there is still a debate as to whether COQ2 variants are associated with disease, at least in non-Asian population, whereas at the same time evidence of coenzyme Q10 deficiency in serum and brains of MSA patients has been reported. In terms of pathogenesis, the ‘prion’ hypothesis has prevailed in the last years in the literature, and the first clinical studies based on such disease mechanisms are already in phase I. Despite all these discoveries, clinical diagnosis still remains poor, and phenotypic variability is reported much higher than previously thought. A plethora of studies testing possible neuroprotective agents are currently ongoing.

The knowledge on all aspects of atypical parkinsonism has increased tremendously in the last 2 years, leading the field closer to the understanding of the pathophysiology of these diseases, and to the discovery of a neuroprotective treatment.
Paroxysmal Nonkinesigenic Dyskinesias Responsive to Carbamazepine in Fahr Syndrome: A Case Report
Authors: Montilla-Uzcátegui Verónica , Araujo-Unda Hilarión , Daza-Restrepo Anilú , Sáenz-Farret Michel , Micheli Federico
Published: June 2016

Objective

This study aimed to report the case of a patient with paroxysmal nonkinesigenic dyskinesias and Fahr syndrome who had a marked response to carbamazepine.

Methods

We present the case of a 57-year-old female patient with episodes of paroxysmal choreoathetoid dyskinesias in the oromandibular region and distal region of upper and lower extremities, with fluctuating dystonic postures in the same distribution; duration was variable ranging from 30 minutes to 3 hours. Laboratory studies were consistent with primary hyperparathyroidism with bilateral brain calcifications.

Results

Treatment with low doses of carbamazepine was successful.
Actomyosin Dynamics Determine the Extension and Retraction of Filopodia on Neuronal Dendrites
Authors: Marchenko Olena O. , Das Sulagna , Yu Ji , Novak Igor L. , Rodionov Vladimir I. , Efimova Nadia , Svitkina Tatiana , Wolgemuth Charles W. , Loew Leslie M.
Published: June 2016

Impact Statement

In this study, using a combination of computational and experimental approaches we show that a complex dynamic behavior of dendritic filopodia that is essential for synaptogenesis is explained by an interplay among forces generated by actin retrograde flow, myosin contractility, and substrate adhesion.

Dendritic filopodia are actin-filled dynamic subcellular structures that sprout on neuronal dendrites during neurogenesis. The exploratory motion of the filopodia is crucial for synaptogenesis but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. To study the filopodial motility, we collected and analyzed image data on filopodia in cultured rat hippocampal neurons. We hypothesized that mechanical feedback among the actin retrograde flow, myosin activity and substrate adhesion gives rise to various filopodial behaviors. We have formulated a minimal one-dimensional partial differential equation model that reproduced the range of observed motility. To validate our model, we systematically manipulated experimental correlates of parameters in the model: substrate adhesion strength, actin polymerization rate, myosin contractility and the integrity of the putative microtubule-based barrier at the filopodium base. The model predicts the response of the system to each of these experimental perturbations, supporting the hypothesis that our actomyosin-driven mechanism controls dendritic filopodia dynamics.
Land use planning for disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation
Authors: King David , Gurtner Yetta , Firdaus Agung , Harwood Sharon , Cottrell Alison
Published: June 2016

Purpose

The Hyogo Framework for Action focussed disaster risk reduction (DRR) on land-use planning, with international agencies, research organisations and national governments recognising the importance of DRR through hazard informed land-use planning. This paper aims to examine the roles of planners in reducing hazard risk through settlement design, land-use plans and legislation, and identify shortcomings and constraints towards achieving Disaster Risk Reduction.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper uses community-based research from Australia, Thailand and Indonesia to discuss land-use planning in local governance frameworks following major disasters, including cyclone, flood and tsunami.

Findings

This paper shows that land-use planning systems are still primarily geared toward promoting and facilitating development and have not evolved sufficiently to take account of DRR and climate change.

Social implications

Land-use planning frameworks for hazard-resilient communities remain disconnected from the emergency management and disaster risk reduction systems. The goal to create disaster-resilient communities through the land-use planning systems requires a fundamental change to the way in which planning is conceptualised and practised. Social equity is also a huge issue where investment focuses on urban development.

Originality/value

The study contributes to an understanding of the opportunities and constraints for land-use planning to enhance climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction through legislation, policies, regional and local statutory planning schemes, enforceable planning and development controls and building codes.
Incentive Perception in Livestock Disease Control
Authors: Gilbert William , Rushton Jonathan
Published: June 2016

The economic incentives facing people making decisions about infectious disease control have been given due theoretical consideration in the literature, based on principles of economic rationality. Such deductive models provide important tools for generating hypotheses. However, the application of such models in a predictive capacity has been criticised. Simultaneously, empirical studies aimed at quantitative exploration of farmer behaviour have relied heavily on social cognitive models, such as the theory of planned behaviour, without exploration of the epidemiological consequences of variability in behaviour within populations. Advances in other social sciences have revealed systematic biases in human reasoning which cast doubt on the validity of the rational economic model as a generalisation of human decision making. We review the characteristics of infectious disease and disease‐control interventions and the potential for bias in implementation decision making at primary producer level. Specific focus is given to the generation of externalities, both positive and negative; the perception of risk, relating to disease incidence, technology adoption and time preference; and finally uncertainty, and its potential to be moderated by trust in information sources. This information is then used to summarise supplemental psychological constructs which taken holistically may strengthen our ability to quantitatively explore human behaviour in this complex decision‐making environment.
Energy drink consumption is associated with reduced sleep quality among college students: a cross‐sectional study
Authors: Faris “Mo'ez Al‐Islam” E. , Jahrami Haitham , Al‐Hilali Marwa M. , Chehyber Noor J. , Ali Sara O. , Shahda Sara D. , Obaid Reyad S.
Published: June 2016

Aim

Intake of caffeinated energy drinks has significantly increased, specifically among young adults and adolescents. College students are prone to developing unhealthy eating habits and dependence on stimulants, which puts them at a greater risk of sleep problems. This study aims to investigate the prevalence of caffeinated energy drink consumption and its association with sleep quality in college students.

Methods

A sample of 919 randomly selected adults (237 males and 682 females) from various colleges at the University of Sharjah/United Arab Emirates participated in this cross‐sectional study. Data were collected using an online validated questionnaire.

Results

The current study revealed that 376 students (41%) were consuming energy drinks on a regular basis. Approximately half of the students had normal sleep patterns; the other half had sleep problems (anxiety and intermittent sleep). Results of the present study revealed a significant (r = −0.10, P < 0.05) relationship between the consumption of energy drinks and sleep quality and patterns.

Conclusions

Moderate consumption of energy drinks was reported among college students. Consumption of energy drinks was significantly associated with changes in sleep quality and patterns of students.
Secular trends in the prevalence of type 2 diabetes in adults in China from 1995 to 2014: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Han Chengyi , Zhang Ming , Luo Xinping , Wang Chongjian , Yin Lei , Pang Chao , Feng Tianping , Ren Yongcheng , Wang Bingyuan , Zhang Lu , Li Linlin , Yang Xiangyu , Zhang Hongyan , Zhao Yang , Zhou Junmei , Xie Zhihui , Zhao Jingzhi , Hu Dongsheng
Published: June 2016

Background

The aim of the present study was to estimate trends in the prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in adults in China.

Methods

A systematic search was conducted for studies of T2DM prevalence in adults in China from 2000 to 2014. Pooled prevalence was calculated by a random‐effects model. Subgroup and sensitivity analyses were performed. Chi‐squared and Cochran–Mantel–Haenszel tests were used to assess differences among subgroups and pooled prevalence, respectively.

Results

Forty‐six studies (data from 1995 to 2014; 1 463 079 adults) were included in the meta‐analysis. The overall prevalence of T2DM was 7.9 %. The pooled prevalence overall and by location (urban and rural), gender (male and female), and age category (18–39, 40–59, and ≥60 years) was 4.5 %, 5.1 % and 3.0 %, 4.0 % and 4.2 %, and 1.4 %, 5.0 %, and 10.3 %, respectively, from 1995 to 1999; 6.6 %, 9.3 % and 5.6 %, 7.4 % and 7.5 %, and 1.8 %, 5.9 %, and 12.4 %, respectively, from 2000 to 2004; 10.3 %, 11.8 % and 6.8 %, 10.0 % and 8.6 %, and 2.8 %, 10.3 %, and 20.0 %, respectively, from 2005 to 2009; and 8.3 %, 12.5 % and 7.6 %, 8.6 % and 8.0 %, and 3.5 %, 8.5 %, and 15.3 %, respectively, from 2010 to 2014. The prevalence increased from 5.8 % to 11.6 % with per‐capita gross domestic product and differed by diagnostic criteria.

Conclusions

There was a trend of increasing prevalence of T2DM in adults in China from 1995 to 2009, with a decrease in 2010–14 and a greater increase over time in urban versus rural areas, males versus females, and older versus younger adults.
Queensland tick typhus in rural New South Wales
Authors: Fergie Bonnie , Basha James , McRae Michelle , McCrossin Ian
Published: June 2016

We report five cases of Rickettsia australis infection from southern coastal New South Wales, Australia. All patients presented with a cutaneous eruption of erythematous papules and pustules and systemic features of malaise, headache, lymphadenopathy and myalgia. Acute kidney injury (AKI) was present in two of five cases and one of five cases had acute delirium. Improvement was only seen after treatment with doxycycline 100 mg b.i.d. Positive serology for R. australis was present in four of five cases and a positive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was seen in one of five cases. Histology showed varying features, from neutrophilic vasculitis to Sweet's syndrome and lymphocytic vasculitis. Recent significant advances in the diagnosis of R. australis infection include an eschar swab or biopsy PCR and isolation of specific Rickettsia on serology. These investigations should be considered in the presence of any of the following features: eschar at site of a tick bite or lymphadenopathy and fever with an eruption of erythematous papules and pustules.
Preoperative hypoalbuminemia is an independent risk factor for conversion from laparoscopic to open cholecystectomy in patients with cholecystolithiasis
Authors: Ishizuka Mitsuru , Shibuya Norisuke , Shimoda Mitsugi , Kato Masato , Aoki Taku , Kubota Keiichi
Published: June 2016

Introduction

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) is regarded as the first choice for patients with cholecystolithiasis, but some patients require conversion to open cholecystectomy (OC) because of inflammation‐related incidents. Therefore, the aim of this study is to explore the risk factors for conversion to OC in patients undergoing elective LC for cholecystolithiasis.

Methods

This study included 461 patients who underwent elective LC for cholecystolithiasis were between April 2000 and September 2010. Receiver–operator curve (ROC) analysis was used to define the ideal cut‐off values of clinicolaboratory characteristics, and the area under the ROC for conversion was also measured. Univariate and multivariate analyses using preoperative clinicolaboratory characteristics were performed to investigate the most significant risk factors for conversion to OC in patients with cholecystolithiasis.

Results

Multivariate analysis using nine parameters selected by univariate analyses demonstrated that γ‐glutamyltransferase (<20/>20 IU/L) (odds ratio, 8.777; 95% confidence interval, 1.132–68.06; P = 0.038), albumin (<3.8/>3.8 g/dL) (odds ratio, 0.329; 95% confidence interval, 0.127–0.850; P = 0.022), and platelet count (<27/>27 × 104/mm3) (odds ratio, 2.573; 95% confidence interval, 1.048–6.319; P = 0.039) were associated with conversion. Among these three parameters, ROC curve analysis disclosed that albumin (0.705) had the largest area under the ROC (γ‐glutamyltransferase, 0.622, platelet count, 0.536) for conversion.

Conclusions

Preoperative hypoalbuminemia is the most important risk factor for conversion to OC in patients undergoing elective LC for cholecystolithiasis.
Impact of a mindfulness‐based stress reduction program from the perspective of adolescents with serious mental health concerns
Authors: Van Vliet K. Jessica , Foskett Allison J. , Williams Jennifer L. , Singhal Anthony , Dolcos Florin , Vohra Sunita
Published: June 2016

Background

While studies on mindfulness‐based stress reduction (MBSR) for youth have recently emerged, there is a shortage of research on how adolescents from clinical populations experience MBSR. The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore the impact of MBSR from the subjective perspective of adolescents with serious mental health concerns.

Method

Adolescents (n = 28) from a residential treatment center participated in an adapted 8‐week MBSR program in which they learned a range of mindfulness skills and were encouraged to apply the skills to their everyday lives. At the end of the program and at a 3‐month follow‐up, the youth participated in semistructured interviews in which they were asked to describe the impact of the program from their perspectives. Basic interpretive qualitative analysis methods were used to code the data and to group the codes into higher level themes.

Results

Six main themes were found, including improved mood, enhanced relationship to self, increased self‐control, improved problem‐solving, awareness of the present, and enhanced interpersonal relationships.

Discussion

Results from this study suggest that the MBSR program was perceived as beneficial both in the short‐term and follow‐up in several aspects of emotional, cognitive, and interpersonal functioning.
The ‘Go‐Between’: Low‐Income Children Negotiating Relationships of Money and Care with Their Separated Parents
Authors: Ridge Tess
Published: June 2016

The UK is moving from a centralised administrative child support system to one of private ordering where the state will only intervene under limited circumstances. This requires parents to agree and set up suitable, sustainable arrangements. This has particular implications for children, although the child perspective is often overlooked. This article situates children as active social agents exploring their interactions and negotiations with their separated‐parents with regard to money, time and parenting. It argues that policies that do not take into account the agentic child's experiences and perspectives may fail to address the impact of policy on children's lives.
Long‐term evaluation of sinus floor elevation using a modified lateral approach in the posterior maxilla
Authors: Hong Ji‐Youn , Baek Won‐Sun , Cha Jae‐Kook , Lim Hyun‐Chang , Lee Jung‐Seok , Jung Ui‐Won
Published: June 2016

Objectives

The aim of this study was to evaluate the hybrid technique, which was modified from the lateral approach in sinus elevation by combining transalveolar access.

Materials and methods

Sixty patients (mean age of 53.3 ± 11.6 years) with 105 implants placed in the posterior maxilla with the average remaining bone height (RBH) of 4.3 ± 1.8 mm (range of 1.2–9.2 mm) were enrolled in the hybrid group and followed up for 96 months. The control group included 36 patients with 44 implants placed in the corresponding site with sufficient RBH. Cumulative survival rate (CSR), radiographic measurements in RBH, augmented bone height (ABH), and marginal bone loss (MBL) were analyzed during the follow‐up period.

Results

Cumulative survival rate in the hybrid group was 98.1%, which was comparable to the control group (97.7%). MBL of the mesial and distal aspects in the hybrid group (0.28 ± 0.66 mm and 0.41 ± 0.93 mm, respectively) was comparable to the control group (0.84 ± 1.11 mm and 0.76 ± 0.88 mm, respectively). In the hybrid group, the membrane perforation rate during the surgery was 4.5%. ABH was 8.3 ± 1.8 mm after the surgery and maintained consistently during the follow‐up period (7.4 ± 1.9 mm after 4 years).

Conclusion

The hybrid technique is a simple and predictable surgical method for simultaneous placement of a dental implant with sinus floor elevation regardless of the RBH.
Did the Euro Common Currency Increase or Decrease Business Cycle Synchronization for its Member Countries?
Authors: Miles William , Vijverberg Chu‐Ping C.
Published: June 2016

We use two variants of Markov switching models to assess changes in output synchronization since the creation of the euro. Out of eight eurozone countries investigated, only one—the Netherlands—has synchronization increased since euro adoption, supporting the ‘endogenous optimal currency area’ argument of Frankel and Rose. However, in three other cases, business cycle synchronization actually fell since the euro's creation. Thus the ‘endogeneity’ of the optimal currency area criteria can go both ways—adopting a common currency may increase synchronization for nations ready for a common currency, but it can lower synchronization for nations that are far from synchronized before monetary unification.
Interaction between intra‐oral cinnamaldehyde and nicotine assessed by psychophysical and physiological responses
Authors: Jensen Tanja K. , Andersen Michelle V. , Nielsen Kent A. , Arendt‐Nielsen Lars , Boudreau Shellie A.
Published: June 2016

Cinnamaldehyde and nicotine activate the transient receptor potential subtype A1 (TRPA1) channel, which may cause burning sensations. This study investigated whether cinnamaldehyde modulates nicotine‐induced psychophysical and physiological responses in oral tissues. Healthy non‐smokers (n = 22) received, in a randomized, double‐blind, crossover design, three different gums containing 4 mg of nicotine, 20 mg of cinnamaldehyde, or a combination thereof. Assessments of orofacial temperature and blood flow, blood pressure, heart rate, taste experience, and intra‐oral pain/irritation area and intensity were performed before, during, and after a 10‐min chewing regime. Cinnamaldehyde increased the temperature of the tongue and blood flow of the lip, and was associated with pain/irritation, especially in the mouth. Nicotine increased the temperature of the tongue and blood flow of the cheek, and produced pain/irritation in the mouth and throat. The combination of cinnamaldehyde and nicotine did not overtly change the psychophysical or physiological responses. Interestingly, half of the subjects responded to cinnamaldehyde as an irritant, and these cinnamaldehyde responders reported greater nicotine‐induced pain/irritation areas in the throat. Whether sensitivity to cinnamaldehyde can predict the response to nicotine‐induced oral irritation remains to be determined. A better understanding of the sensory properties of nicotine in the oral mucosa has important therapeutic implications because pain and irritation represent compliance issues for nicotine replacement products.
Ground control to major TOM: mitochondria–nucleus communication
Authors: Eisenberg‐Bord Michal , Schuldiner Maya
Published: June 2016

Mitochondria have crucial functions in the cell, including ATP generation, iron‐sulfur cluster biogenesis, nucleotide biosynthesis, and amino acid metabolism. All of these functions require tight regulation on mitochondrial activity and homeostasis. As mitochondria biogenesis is controlled by the nucleus and almost all mitochondrial proteins are encoded by nuclear genes, a tight communication network between mitochondria and the nucleus has evolved, which includes signaling cascades, proteins which are dual‐localized to the two compartments, and sensing of mitochondrial products by nuclear proteins. All of these enable a crosstalk between mitochondria and the nucleus that allows the ‘ground control’ to get information on mitochondria's status. Such information facilitates the creation of a cellular balance of mitochondrial status with energetic needs. This communication also allows a transcriptional response in case mitochondrial function is impaired aimed to restore mitochondrial homeostasis. As mitochondrial dysfunction is related to a growing number of genetic diseases as well as neurodegenerative conditions and aging, elucidating the mechanisms governing the mitochondrial/nuclear communication should progress a better understanding of mitochondrial dysfunctions.
Repeated exposure reduces the response to impulsive noise in European seabass
Authors: Radford Andrew N. , Lèbre Laurie , Lecaillon Gilles , Nedelec Sophie L. , Simpson Stephen D.
Published: June 2016

Human activities have changed the acoustic environment of many terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems around the globe. Mounting evidence indicates that the resulting anthropogenic noise can impact the behaviour and physiology of at least some species in a range of taxa. However, the majority of experimental studies have considered only immediate responses to single, relatively short‐term noise events. Repeated exposure to noise could lead to a heightened or lessened response. Here, we conduct two long‐term (12 week), laboratory‐based exposure experiments with European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) to examine how an initial impact of different sound types potentially changes over time. Naïve fish showed elevated ventilation rates, indicating heightened stress, in response to impulsive additional noise (playbacks of recordings of pile‐driving and seismic surveys), but not to a more continuous additional noise source (playbacks of recordings of ship passes). However, fish exposed to playbacks of pile‐driving or seismic noise for 12 weeks no longer responded with an elevated ventilation rate to the same noise type. Fish exposed long‐term to playback of pile‐driving noise also no longer responded to short‐term playback of seismic noise. The lessened response after repeated exposure, likely driven by increased tolerance or a change in hearing threshold, helps explain why fish that experienced 12 weeks of impulsive noise showed no differences in stress, growth or mortality compared to those reared with exposure to ambient‐noise playback. Considering how responses to anthropogenic noise change with repeated exposure is important both when assessing likely fitness consequences and the need for mitigation measures.
Water–energy balance, past ecological perturbations and evolutionary constraints shape the latitudinal diversity gradient of soil testate amoebae in south‐western South America
Authors: Fernández Leonardo D. , Fournier Bertrand , Rivera Reinaldo , Lara Enrique , Mitchell Edward A. D. , Hernández Cristián E.
Published: June 2016

Aim

To assess the largely neglected patterns and causes of latitudinal diversity gradients in soil protists, using South American testate amoebae as model organisms.

Location

South‐western South America (SSA).

Methods

We assessed the relationship among richness, latitude and predictions of eight ecological hypotheses in SSA, a region characterized by harsh abiotic conditions northward and southward from mid‐latitudes. We also examined the patterns of latitudinal variation in species range sizes, species composition and phylogenetic relatedness among species to assess whether the responses of species to current climate rely on evolutionary constraints.

Results

Richness followed a unimodal trend with abrupt declines northward and southward from mid‐latitudes. This trend was mostly explained by water–energy balance. To our knowledge, this mechanism has never been reported for soil microorganisms before. Species range sizes were larger northward and southward from mid‐latitudes, a pattern which we have called the ‘two‐way Rapoport effect’. Species composition was due to turnover at mid‐latitudes and to nestedness towards low and high latitudes. Species at mid‐latitudes tended to be less related to each other than those at low and high latitudes, supporting the existence of evolutionary constraints to water–energy availability.

Main conclusions

The unimodal response of species diversity to water and energy availability stems from a combination of the ancestral adaptation of testate amoebae to warm, humid climates and past climate changes that set up permanent harsh abiotic conditions northward and southward from mid‐latitudes. Given that other soil microorganisms also depend on water and energy to survive and reproduce, we predict that the unimodal response to water–energy balance observed will also be valid for a large number of microbial groups in SSA. While this diversity trend may not hold true for testate amoebae from other regions, we predict that their evolutionary constraints to water–energy availability will always produce strong relationships among richness, water and energy at large spatial‐scales.