bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Structural and hydrodynamic controls on fluid travel time distributions across fracture networks
Authors: Davy Philippe , Le Goc Romain , Darcel Caroline , Pinier Benoît , Selroos Jan-Olof , Le Borgne Tanguy
Published: November 2024

Fracture networks are preferential flow paths playing a critical role in a wide range of environmental and industrial problems. Their complex multiscale structure leads to broad distributions of fluid travel times, affecting many biogeochemical processes. Yet, the relationship between the fracture network structures, their hydrodynamic properties, and the resulting anomalous transport dynamics remains unclear. We use a large database of fracture network models to investigate the factors controlling fluid velocity and travel-time distributions across a wide range of networks, from synthetic to field-calibrated models, with aperture variability at both fracture and network scales. Analysis reveals that transport statistics have generic properties across investigated networks, including notably heavy-tailed travel time distributions. Networks of increasing complexity and heterogeneity lead to broader velocity distributions and more channeled velocity fields, where flow concentrates in a narrow channel web in the three-dimensional (3D) fracture structure. While heterogeneity in point-velocity statistics increases travel-time variability, channeling tends to reduce it. This counterintuitive phenomenon challenges current theories, which assume that long travel time power law exponents are determined solely by point-velocity statistics. By analyzing velocity and travel time statistics for different flow structures, we develop a coupled Continuous Time Random Walk framework capturing the unexpected control of the velocity field’s spatial structure on anomalous transport in fracture networks. This leads to a unique class of random walk models capturing the respective roles of velocity heterogeneity and spatial structure on transport in networks. These findings open a prospective for characterizing, modeling, and predicting transport dynamics in complex networks, with potential applications to geological, biological, and engineered networks.
Fusion studies in 19F + 142,150Nd reactions at energies around the Coulomb barrier
Authors: Visakh A C , Prasad E , Nath S , Madhavan N , Gehlot J , Jangra Gonika , Biswas Rohan , Kumar Chandra , Khuyagbaatar J , Lommel B , Kindler B , Rani Anjali , Noor S
Published: November 2024

Evaporation residue cross-sections have been measured for 19F+142,150Nd reactions in the energy range 15% below to 30% above the Coulomb barrier at the Inter-University Accelerator Centre, New Delhi, using the heavy ion reaction analyzer (HIRA). The measured fusion excitation functions were compared with the calculations using the coupled channels code CCFULL, including different couplings of the reactants. Fusion barrier distribution is extracted from the measured fusion cross-sections. Significant enhancement in fusion cross-section is observed in both reactions at sub-barrier energies. Enhancement is larger for the 19F+150Nd reaction compared to the 19F+142Nd reaction. The coupling of target excitations alone could not reproduce the observed fusion enhancement in both systems at sub-barrier energies. Calculations have been performed treating 19F as a vibrational as well as a rotational nucleus. Coupled channels calculations assuming 19F as a rotor reproduce the fusion excitation function reasonably well in both systems. However, these calculations do not require the coupling of transfer channels despite the presence of positive Q-value transfer channels in both systems. This warrants transfer cross-section measurements in both systems.
Baseline-free damage identification method based on guided wave for tube structures
Authors: Yan Weijia , Yu Mingkai , Wang Tianle , Le Jie , Lu Lingling , Xing Xiaodong , Song Hongwei , Ding Zequn
Published: November 2024

The tube structure is a crucial component in petrochemical industry or other chemical plants, any damage could lead to severe consequences. With the widespread adoption of guided wave technology in structural health monitoring, this study presents a novel guided wave-based, baseline-free approach for localizing damage in tube structures. The core concept of this methodology involves constructing a comprehensive guided wave pattern encompassing all potential guided waves within the tube structure using the Gabor pulse model, which adeptly captures both the frequency and time attributes of guided waves. Subsequently, the composition of wave packets within each receiving sensor is determined utilizing the block sparse Bayesian learning algorithm. By optimizing the sensor arrangement strategy, a damage wave packet identification algorithm is proposed to discern the damage wave packets effectively. This approach enables damage recognition without relying on traditional baseline data by utilizing parameters from the Gabor pulse model within the damage wave packet combined with probability density. Through rigorous evaluation utilizing simulation and experimental data, the efficacy of the baseline-free damage identification method is demonstrated, with the maximum error in damage prediction confined within 8 mm.
Impact of the π-pulse shape on the contrast of thermal Atom Interferometers
Authors: López-Monjaraz Cristian , Peña Vega Hellmunt , Jiménez-García Karina , López Romero José M , Corzo Neil V
Published: November 2024

The key role of π- and π/2-pulses in atom interferometry has been widely recognized as their efficiency affect the overall performance of atomic interferometers. The inefficiencies are evident when using thermal cloud atoms as the field interaction does not compensate for the atom velocity. Temporal pulse shaping offers a solution to this issue by balancing the effect of the temporal shape of the mirror pulse in thermal cold atom interferometry by testing pulse shapes beyond the standard rectangle including Gaussian-like, Sinc-like, optimized Band-selective Uniform Response Pure-phase family, and optimized Gaussian Cascade family. We unveiled a correlation between the π-pulse fidelity and the overall interferometer contrast function. We also found robust pulse sequences with respect to initial atom velocities that offer contrast as high as 0.7 compared to standard rectangle sequences with values of 0.2. The investigated pulse sequences offer an efficient way to improve the performance of atom interferometers, increasing the potential of thermal cold atom interferometry.
Influence of surface charge mobility on alternating current electroosmotic flow in graphene nanochannels
Authors: Wu Zhilin , Liu Yongbo , Liu Guanting
Published: November 2024

In this study, the impact of surface charge mobility on alternating current electroosmotic flow (ACEOF) in graphene nanochannels is the primary investigation. By taking into account the lateral movement of the adsorbed surface charge, the slip velocity condition of the hydrophobic surface is modified, and the impact of the adsorbed lateral movement surface charge on the volume flow is evaluated. In this work, the numerical method is employed to deal with the question, and an analytical solution at low potential is also provided. A number of important conclusions are drawn from the results of this study. For example, for incompressible Newtonian fluids, the increase in slip length will promote the oscillation amplitude of ACEOF. However, when the surface charge mobility is considered, the effect of slip length on it will be significantly reduced, and the volume flow will be further suppressed. In general, as the Reynolds number, bare slip length, and solution concentration increase, while the channel height and the absolute value of the surface charge density decrease, the inhibiting effect of surface charge mobility on the amplitude of the volume flow gradually intensifies. By adjusting the range of the above variables, the minimum inhibitory effect of surface charge mobility on volume flow amplitude can reach 0.65%, and the maximum inhibitory effect can reach 61.84%. These findings are of great practical importance for the design of efficient thermal nanodevices.
A novel approach to fractional differential equations via JSN transform coupled fractional residual power series method
Authors: K Jayaram Prakash , S R Saratha , Yildirim Ahmet
Published: November 2024

In this study, we introduce a novel modified general integral transform known as the JSN transform, which offers several advantages over the Laplace and other integral transforms with exponential kernels. Fundamental results of the JSN transform of the Caputo fractional derivative are discussed. Furthermore, we develop a novel hybrid technique called the JSN Fractional Residual Power Series Method (JSN FRPSM). This new technique incorporates the JSN transform with the existing Residual Power Series Method. To demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed hybrid technique in solving fractional differential equations, we apply it to various fractional differential equations encountered in science and engineering. Statistical and error analyses are conducted to validate the results obtained through the proposed method. Additionally, the series solutions obtained via the proposed method are illustrated graphically.
Dynamical analysis of bursting in a system with a discontinuous boundary involving two state variables
Authors: Zuo Wenjie , Zhu Yuxun , Song Jin , Zhang Yi , Zhang Zhengdi
Published: November 2024

This paper investigates the bursting oscillations and the underlying dynamical mechanisms of a non-smooth system with a discontinuous boundary that involves two state variables. A slow-fast non-smooth system is established after modifying the Chua’s circuit. By applying the variable substitution, the system with a boundary involving two state variables is transformed into a system where the boundary involves only a single state variable. The topological equivalence between the systems before and after the transformation is demonstrated. The stability analysis is performed on the transformed system, and the bifurcation conditions are given. Six types of bursting oscillation patterns under different parameter settings are presented. The bifurcation transition mechanisms of these bursting patterns are revealed using two-dimensional transformed phase diagrams. It is found that an increase in the excitation amplitude leads to changes in the transition patterns of the system trajectory between point and cycle, resulting in the formation of a ‘sticking’ special spiking state. This spiking state involves multiple limit cycle attractors and an equilibrium branch. The magnitude of the excitation amplitude also affects the slow passage effect of the system, determining whether the trajectory undergoes periodic oscillations at the Hopf bifurcation point.
Boron trace amount measurement in LaB6 hollow cathode discharge using an improved actinometry method based on OES
Authors: Wang Fu-Feng , Meng Tian-Hang , Ning Zhong-Xi , Wang Yan-Fei , Wei Xi , Zhu Xi-Ming
Published: November 2024

The erosion of hollow cathode critical structures is inevitable for the high-temperature and high-energy ion environment. As the amount of erosion product is very small in a short time, it is difficult to achieve online monitoring by traditional methods. This paper established an improved actinometry method based on optical emission spectroscopy (OES) to achieve online monitoring of the density of boron (B) erosion products from the lanthanum hexaboride (LaB6) cathode emitter without damaging the cathode structure. In this method, the intensity of spectral lines generated by the transitions of xenon (Xe) from its ground state and metastable state was collected. Then, the electron temperature can be calculated using the collisional-radiative model of Xenon spectral lines. Further, the number density of B is obtained through the ratio of spectral lines excited from the ground state of B and Xe, and thereby the rate of production of B erosion products from the emitter per unit time is determined. The erosion rate of the cathode under different operating conditions was measured. It was found that the erosion of the cathode emitter was closely related to the flowrate and low-frequency current oscillations of the cathode. Therefore, it is necessary to avoid low-frequency current oscillations and appropriately increase the gas flowrate of the cathode to improve the lifespan of the cathode emitter.
Identifying the superimposed orbital angular momentum modes for delivering information by a Resnet-based atmospheric turbulence intensity extraction
Authors: Wang Xiaohui , Wang Yang , Deng Dongdong , Ji Xinchen , Zhang Hui , Xu Liang , Rui Jiawei , Mao Shuai , Song Yingxiong , Pang Fufei , Zhuang Liyun , Yang Song , He Xiaofeng , Wang Chao , Zhu Tiezhu , Yang Yudong
Published: November 2024

Vortex light carrying orbital angular momentum (OAM) is a beam with a helical phase structure. The OAM light has great potential in the field of communication, due to the fact that it can greatly improve the efficiency and capacity of information transmission. One of the popular information propagation methods is coding and decoding by different single OAM light or combined multiple OAM lights. However, Laguerre–Gaussian (LG) beams (LGB) carrying OAM, which is a classical vortex light, are prone to distortion of intensity under atmospheric turbulence (AT) disturbances. Due to the influence of AT, the effective recognition of the OAM mode in a free space becomes an important challenge for information propagation. For mitigating the influence of AT, a scheme combining AT extraction and OAM modes recognition is proposed, which can efficiently identify both AT intensity and OAM modes. A 99 % identification accuracy of AT can be reached by the proposed scheme. Besides, the obtained results also show that the recognition rate of OAM modes is greatly improved after the introduction of AT extraction module, especially under strong turbulence conditions. Compared to direct-mode-identification method without extracting AT, the recognition accuracy can be improved by 8 % and 3 % when the AT intensity is

1

×

10

−
13

and

5

×

10

−
14

m

−
2
/
3

, respectively. Consequently, the proposed scheme can be used to identify the OAM modes with a high accuracy, which is beneficial to OAM coding and decoding in an OAM-based communication system.
Synthesized aluminum gallium nitride/porous-Si thin films at different compositions by pulsed laser deposition method
Authors: Abbas Abeer R , Fakhri Makram A , Alwahib Ali Abdulkhaleq , Salim Evan T , B M Ali Ali , Azzahrani Ahmad S , Gopinath Subash C B
Published: November 2024

In this study, AlGaN/porous silicon substrate was prepared using three different Al content (Al2O3: GaN) (25, 50, and 75) percent for a gas sensing application. A photo-electrochemical etching technique (PECE) created the porous silicon (PSi) substrate with the assistance of a diode laser. A thin layer of Aluminum gallium nitride (AlGaN) target was accurately synthesized on this porous Si (PSi) substrate at different concentrations of Al2O3: GaN (25,50 and 75%). The unique crystalline structure of the AlGaN thin film at (50:50%) of AlGaN with hexagonal structure was discovered by x-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis along the diffraction angles of 34.46°,34.52°, and 36.18° correspond to the planes (002), (002), and (103) plane respectively. This deposition technique precisely improved the film quality and surface morphology. Oval particles were uniformly dispersed throughout the surface under the atomic force microscope (AFM). The RMS and surface roughness increased to 25.3 nm and 21.5 nm, respectively, when the composition percentage was increased to (50:50) %. The Aluminum gallium nitride (AlGaN) film deposited at 532 nm wavelength was imaged using a field emission scanning microscope (FESEM) and revealed to have a uniformly covered porous silicon substrate. This demonstrated that round particles were dispersed evenly and smoothly. The AlGaN film (50:50) % structure has a thickness of 3.1 μm in its cross-sectional area, showing how precisely the deposition process worked. In UV photoluminescence (PL), The AlGaN nanofilms prepared with 50:50% composition of Al2O3: GaN has a wavelength of 360 nm and an energy gap of 3.44 eV, which was near band edge emission of GaN. As expected, the AlGaN peak related to the band edge transitions exhibited a blue shift with increasing Al2O3 concentrations. The optical energy gap of the AlGaN thin film was discovered under UV-visible light. The resulting AlGaN showed energy band gaps of 3.2 eV, 3.44 eV, and 3.6 eV at 25,50, and 75% concentration, respectively.
A gallium oxide MESFET transistor with potential barrier layers for high-power and high-frequency applications
Authors: Shiralizadeh Nemati Reyhaneh , Orouji Ali Asghar
Published: November 2024

In this article, a novel gallium oxide metal semiconductor field effect transistor (MESFET) is presented. This device is designed for high-power and high-frequency usage and features embedded potential barrier layers on each side of the gate metal within the channel. The gallium oxide semiconductor (Ga2O3) is highly valued in semiconductor technologies because of its large band gap (4.9–4.8 eV) and high breakdown field (6–8 MV cm−1). These properties make it suitable for high-power and high-frequency operations. We call the proposed structure; the potential barrier layers in Gallium Oxide MESFET (PBL-GO-MESFET). The key idea in the PBL-GO-MESFET transistor is embedding the PB layers to control the electric field distribution. Because of the PB layers, an increased breakdown voltage is observed in the PBL-GO-MESFET device, which is in contrast to conventional GO-MESFET (C-GO-MESFET) devices. The simulation findings indicate that the PBL-GO-MESFET transistor surpasses the C-GO-MESFET transistor in terms of breakdown voltage and radio frequency (RF) traits.
High-throughput screening and evaluation of double-linker metal–organic frameworks for CO2/H2 adsorption and separation
Authors: Huang 黄 Ji-Long 纪龙 , Liu 刘 Xiu-Ying 秀英 , Chen 陈 Hao 浩 , Li 李 Xiao-Dong 晓东 , Yu 于 Jing-Xin 景新
Published: November 2024

The capture of CO2 from CO2/H2 gas mixtures in syngas is a crucial issue for hydrogen production from steam methane reforming in industry, as the presence of CO2 directly affects the purity of H2. A combination of a high-throughput screening method and grand canonical Monte Carlo simulation was utilized to evaluate and screen 1725 metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) in detail as a means of determining their adsorption performance for CO2/H2 gas mixtures. The adsorption and separation performance of double-linker MOFs was comprehensively evaluated using eight evaluation indicators, namely, the largest cavity diameter, accessible surface area, pore occupied accessible volume, porosity, adsorption selectivity, working capacity, adsorbent performance score and percent regeneration. Six optimal performance frameworks were screened to further study their single-component adsorption and binary competitive adsorption of CO2/H2 respectively. The CO2 adsorption selectivity at different CO2/H2 feed ratios was also evaluated, which indicated their excellent adsorption and separation performance. The microscopic adsorption mechanisms for CO2 and H2 at the molecular level were investigated by analyzing the radial distribution function and density distribution. This study may provide directional guidance and reference for subsequent experiments on the adsorption and separation of CO2/H2.
Multiparameter generalized universal characters and multiparameter generalized B-type universal characters
Authors: Wang 王 Jingfan 竸凡 , Yan 颜 Zhaowen 昭雯
Published: November 2024

We construct the quantum fields presentation of the generalized universal character and the generalized B-type universal character, and by acting the quantum fields presentations to the constant 1, the generating functions are derived. Furthermore, we introduce two integrable systems known as the generalized UC (GUC) hierarchy and the generalized B-type UC (GBUC) hierarchy satisfied by the generalized universal character and the generalized B-type universal character, respectively. Based on infinite sequences of complex numbers, we further establish the multiparameter generalized universal character and the multiparameter generalized B-type universal character, which have been proved to be solutions of the GUC hierarchy and the GBUC hierarchy, respectively.
Plastic deformation mechanism of γ-phase U–Mo alloy studied by molecular dynamics simulations
Authors: Wang 王 Chang 畅 , Peng 彭 Peng 芃 , Lai 赖 Wen-Sheng 文生
Published: November 2024

Uranium–molybdenum (U–Mo) alloys are critical for nuclear power generation and propulsion because of their superior thermal conductivity, irradiation stability, and anti-swelling properties. This study explores the plastic deformation mechanisms of γ-phase U–Mo alloys using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. In the slip model, the generalized stacking fault energy (GSFE) and the modified Peierls–Nabarro (P–N) model are used to determine the competitive relationships among different slip systems. In the twinning model, the generalized plane fault energy (GPFE) is assessed to evaluate the competition between slip and twinning. The findings reveal that among the three slip systems, the {110}〈111〉 slip system is preferentially activated, while in the {112}〈111〉 system, twinning is favored over slip, as confirmed by MD tensile simulations conducted in various directions. Additionally, the impact of Mo content on deformation behavior is emphasized. Insights are provided for optimizing process conditions to avoid γ → α″ transitions, thereby maintaining a higher proportion of γ-phase U–Mo alloys for practical applications.
The scintillating fiber tracker of the Ziré detector on the NUSES space mission
Authors: Pillera R. ,   the NUSES collaboration
Published: November 2024

NUSES is a pathfinder satellite to be deployed in low Earth orbit, equipped with new technologies for space-based detectors. It will carry two payloads: Terzina, for detecting ultra-high-energy cosmic-ray and neutrino air showers, and Ziré, for measuring low energy cosmic rays and gamma rays. Zirè includes several subdetectors: a Fiber TracKer (FTK), a Plastic Scintillator Tower (PST), a calorimeter (CALOg), an AntiCoincidence System (ACS), and a Low Energy Module (LEM). The majority of Ziré will be based on scintillators with Silicon Photomultiplier (SiPM) readout. The FTK is based on thin scintillating fibers readout by SiPM arrays. We assembled several fiber tracker prototypes and tested them with custom developed Front-End Boards (FEBs) based on PETIROC2A and CITIROC. A full, reduced scale protptype of Ziré, Zirettino was designed and assembled. The FTK prototypes and Zirettino were tested in the laboratory and at the CERN PS and SPS facilities.
Detection resolving power of SiC Timepix3 detector to electrons, neutrons, ions and protons
Authors: Granja Carlos , Barber Corinne , Barna Sandra , Chancellor Jeffery , Chvatil David , Grevillot Loic , Inzalaco David , Jakubek Jan , Kohout Zdenek , Magrin Giulio , Marek Lukas , Mihai Radu , Oancea Cristina , Olsansky Vaclav , Olsen Trevor , Poklop Dusan , Pospisil Stanislav , Resch Andreas , Sagatova Andrea , Sivertz Michael , Stursa Jan , Sykora Rudolf , Wilhelm Ivan , Zach Vaclav , Zatko Bohumir
Published: November 2024

Silicon Carbide is a suitable semiconductor sensor for radiation measurement and nuclear
applications. It has been recently implemented as a position-sensitive and radiation imaging
device coupled to the Timepix3 ASIC chip in the form of a miniaturized radiation camera
MiniPIX-Timepix3 SiC. In this work we systematically evaluate the detection resolving power to
different radiation species: electrons, fast neutrons, ions and protons. Experimental calibrations
were made at well-defined reference fields in terms of particle type, energy and direction. The
spectral-sensitive tracking response and characteristic morphology of the particle tracks are
analyzed by pattern recognition algorithms. The low thickness of the radiation sensitive volume
(65 μm) of the SiC sensor limits the directional tracking response and angular
resolution. Three broad classes of particle-type events are resolved. The detector together with
suitable data processing can be used for radiation dosimetry and particle tracking tasks in space,
particle therapy, nuclear physics and nuclear reactors and particle accelerator environments.
Computational model for fractal dimension of anisotropic gear surfaces based on improved structure function method
Authors: Zhu Guodong , Huang Kang , Xiong Yangshou , Ding Wenhao , Peng Jiyou , Li Anqi
Published: November 2024

This paper analyzes the computational errors inherent in the structure function method (SFM) and proposes an improved method considering the effect of sampling length. The results reveal that smaller fractal dimensions correlate with larger calculation errors. While increasing the sampling length reduces errors, it is not the optimal solution. Compared with the traditional method, the improved structure function method (ISFM) markedly reduces computational errors across varying sampling lengths. Specifically, the computational maximum mistake diminishes from 16.55% to 0.46%. Then, an experimental method is introduced to approximate the fractal dimension of actual tooth profiles by extending the sampling length, which validates the accuracy of ISFM. Based on the ISFM, extensive experimental testing of tooth surface profile data establishes an interval model between the fractal dimension and surface roughness. This revised model corrects the inherent errors of traditional models and is more consistent with the actual rough surfaces. The interval values of fractal dimensions outputted are more consistent with the observed phenomenon, where the same roughness value can correspond to multiple contour curves exhibiting different fractal dimensions.
Enhancing the performance of hybrid bio-composites reinforced with natural fibers by using coupling agents
Authors: Alamry Ali , Islam Md Saiful , Hamdan Sinin anwar mohamad , Abdullah Masuk
Published: November 2024

Natural fiber-reinforced hybrid bio-composites are emerging as sustainable alternatives to traditional composites due to their environmental benefits and desirable properties. However, the interfacial interaction between natural fiber and polymer matrix is very weak. Thus, this study looks into the effect of maleic anhydride (MAH) coupling agents on the performance of natural fiber-reinforced hybrid biocomposites. The bio-composites were prepared using jute fiber, kenaf fiber, and polylactic acid (PLA) through the hot compression method. We treated both natural fibers with MAH coupling agents before using them in the production of biocomposites. Comprehensive characterization techniques, including tensile strength, modulus, and impact strength, were employed to evaluate the mechanical properties of the composites. The mechanical results indicated a significant improvement in mechanical properties for the bio-composites treated with coupling agents. The tensile strength of bio-composites increased by 35%, tensile modulus by 15%, and impact strength by 20% after modification with MAH coupling agents. The surface morphology and chemical interactions between the fiber and polymer matrix were investigated using SEM and FTIR studies. The FTIR result reveled that the intensity of C=O peaks enhanced after MAH treatment. Moreover, SEM images exposed better fiber dispersion and adhesion, corroborated by FTIR spectra showing enhanced chemical bonding where MAH reacted with the cellulose backbone of the fibers and formed fiber cellulose ester. Furthermore, TGA results revealed that adding MAH coupling agent to the fiber increased the thermal stability of biocomposites.
Dose compensation for decreased biological effective dose due to intrafractional interruption during radiotherapy: integration with a commercial treatment planning system
Authors: Yamaguchi Hikaru , Kawahara Daisuke , Koganezawa Akito S , Imano Nobuki , Murakami Yuji , Nishibuchi Ikuno , Shiba Eiji , Nagata Yasushi
Published: November 2024

Objective. While the biological effective dose (BED) has been used to estimate the damage to tumor cells in radiotherapy, BED does not consider intrafractional interruption (IFI) occurring during irradiation. We aim to develop a framework to evaluate the decrease in BED [

Δ
BED

] and to create a plan compensating for the decrease by IFI. Approach.

Δ
BED

was calculated using a model based on the microdosimetric kinetic model (MKM) for four brain tumor cases treated using a volumetric-modulated arc therapy. Four biologically compensated plans (BCPs) were created in the treatment planning system by a single-time optimization using a base plan considering

Δ
BED

created in in-house software and optimization objectives for the original clinically delivered plan to achieve a homogeneous BED distribution within the planning target volume (PTV). The BED-volume histogram was evaluated for non-compensated plan and BCP with different timepoint of interruption, a percentage of gantry rotation angle (GRA) before interruption in planned GRA,

η

and duration of interruption

τ

. Characteristics of the dose accumulation were analyzed for different collimator angle sets, Plan A (10°, 85°) and Plan B (45° and 315°), for the first case. Main Results. Hot spots in the

Δ
BED

distribution for

η

= 25%, 50%, and 75% were observed at superior-and-interior ends, central region, and peripheral region in PTV, respectively. These behaviors could be understood by characteristics of the MKM-based model producing maximum

Δ
BED

at 50% of the dose accumulation.

Δ
BED

50
%

ranged 4.5%–6.6%, 5.0%–7.3%, and 5.3%–7.7% for

τ

= 60, 90, and 120 min, respectively. Plan A showed fast dose accumulation at superior and inferior edges while slow on peripheries in the lateral dose profile. Plan B showed more homogeneous PD distributions than Plan A during irradiation. Significance. The developed framework successfully evaluated and compensated for the decreased BED distribution.
Liquid–film triboelectric nanogenerator with the volume effect for low-frequency blue energy harvesting and shock detection
Authors: Wang Weiyuan , Wang Hao , Wang Ping , Li Qiuhong , Zhao Ruoxi , Jin Yang
Published: November 2024

Blue energy is vital for sustainable development, providing a viable alternative to fossil fuels and contributing to climate change mitigation and environmental protection. Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs), a novel energy-harvesting technology, have garnered significant attention, particularly for their potential in wave energy harvesting. However, enhancing the performance of solid–liquid TENGs under low-frequency excitation remains challenging. This study addresses this challenge by leveraging the volume effect to substantially enhance the effective output power of liquid–film triboelectric nanogenerators (LF-TENGs). A 5.22-fold increase in output power was achieved, reaching 95.01 μW, compared to LF-TENGs without the volume effect. When integrated into a cathodic protection system, the LF-TENG reduced the open-circuit potential of aluminium by approximately 320 mV in a 3.5% NaCl solution. The electric energy generated from the triboelectric effect of the LF-TENG can enhance the corrosion protection of metal substrates in marine engineering through cathodic protection. Additionally, a ship shock protection sensor based on LF-TENG further validates its potential in sensing applications. These findings underscore the capability of LF-TENGs to advance marine energy harvesting and corrosion protection technologies, offering a promising solution for sustainable energy generation and infrastructure protection.
Statistical design of experiments for efficient performance characterization of protonic-ceramic electrolysis cells
Authors: Rand Peter W , Huang Jake D , Kim You-Dong , Meisel Charlie , Herradón Hernandez Carolina , Chmura Chris , O’Hayre Ryan P , Sullivan Neal P
Published: November 2024

Obtaining a cohesive understanding of performance in protonic-ceramic electrolysis cells is difficult due to the wide operating space coupled with low-throughput diagnostic techniques, sluggish system dynamics, and cell degradation. In this work, design of experiments (DOEs) methods are implemented to provide an efficient framework for understanding the phenomena that most strongly dictate cell performance. In addition to a more robust description of cell-level phenomena, mathematical equations are generated that accurately describe the complex relationship between the cell operating variables and cell performance metrics such as faradaic efficiency, cell potential, resistances, and energy conversion efficiency. Here, DOE is realized without the need to pre-select the most important operating variables based on a priori rationalizations. This is particularly valuable for system-level and technoeconomic analyses where the accurate prediction of cell/stack response over many operating conditions is required. The demonstrated experimental framework consists of a screening design and subsequent optimization design. The Plackett–Burman factor-screening design identifies temperature, current density, and steam content as having the largest impacts on cell performance, particularly faradaic efficiency. Increasing the electrolytic current density from 0.2 to 0.5 A cm−2 decreases polarization resistances by 74% due in large part to a negative-capacitance element that dominates at low frequency and high electrolysis bias. Impedance data highlights the connection of this negative feature to electronic leakage through the electrolyte and gas diffusion limitations. Additionally, increasing cell temperature from 500 to 600 ∘C is shown to decrease faradaic efficiency by 9% due to electrolyte dehydration and oxygen incorporation at high temperatures. The Box–Behnken optimization design then enables generation of regression equations to be used in response surfaces for data visualization and cohesive, multivariate analysis of cell operation.
Omnidirectional reflector based on Ta2O5 cylinder-filled IZO mesh structure for flexible and efficient blue TADF top-emission OLEDs
Authors: Ren Wanqi , Raju Tejas Dhanalaxmi , Yao Chenjie , Hong Seok Hee , Kim Tae Geun
Published: November 2024

Flexible top-emission organic light-emitting diodes (f-TEOLEDs) with a high aperture ratio can be used in next-generation wearable electronic applications. However, the advancement of f-TEOLEDs is being hindered by their low light extraction and poor mechanical stability. In this study, we introduce an omnidirectional reflector (ODR) consisting of an Ag/SiO2/Ta2O5 cylinder-embedded indium zinc oxide (IZO) mesh (c-mesh) structure that improves both the light extraction and mechanical flexibility of TEOLEDs using blue thermally activated delayed fluorescence emitters. The proposed ODR achieved a remarkable reflectance of over 96%, particularly in the transverse-electric mode. Furthermore, the Ta2O5 cylinders effectively compensated for the diverse void-induced depths in the IZO mesh, significantly reducing the leakage current between the electrode and the organic layers. In addition, the ODR electrodes exhibited outstanding mechanical stability. Moreover, even after being subjected to 2000 bending cycles over a 5 mm radius, the device luminance changed by less than 20%. Notably, the proposed f-TEOLEDs with Ag/SiO2/c-mesh electrodes demonstrated superior performance, achieving a low turn-on voltage (2.6 V), high current efficiency (33 cd·A−1), and power efficiency of 29.6 lm·W−1. Finally, the devices featured a narrow full width at half maximum of 27 nm under first-order microcavity effects.
Revolutionizing medical implant fabrication: advances in additive manufacturing of biomedical metals
Authors: Li Yuhua , Jiang Deyu , Zhu Rui , Yang Chengliang , Wang Liqiang , Zhang Lai-Chang
Published: November 2024

Highlights

Exploring personalized biomedical metal implants through additive manufacturing (AM).

Presenting new load-bearing and biodegradable alloys for implants.

Showcasing AI and 4D printing advancements in material properties.

Exploring AM’s roles in various medical fields.

Highlighting perspectives of implant technology for improved patient care.
Luminescent probes/conjugates derived from quantum dots, nanoparticles, and nanoclusters for cyanide (CN−) detection
Authors: Shellaiah Muthaiah , Manikandan E , Sun Kien Wen , Venkatachalam Vijayaraj
Published: November 2024

Advancing the development of the luminescent nanoprobes and conjugates toward the toxic analyte quantification plays a crucial role in environmental remedy. Cyanide ions (CN−) play vital role in many industries, such as electroplating, mining, textiles, metallurgy, etc. The highly toxic CN− may be discharged into the environment. The presence of CN− in aquatic environment at micromolar level could lead to fatal issue in humans and living beings, which requires scrutiny to maintain the ecosystem. Thus, diverse probes, such as organic fluorophores, noble metal nanoparticles/clusters (NPs/NCs), carbon/graphene quantum dots (CQDs/GQDs), cadmium telluride/selenide quantum dots (CdTe QDs/CdSe QDs), cadmium/zinc/silver sulfide quantum dots (CdS QDs/ZnS QDs/ Ag2S QDs), etc, were proposed toward the quantification of CN− ions with real-time applications. Among them, the luminescent probes/conjugates derived from QDs, NPs, and NCs are unique and display astonishing selectivity and sensitivity to CN−. The observed luminescent responses can be attributed to agglomeration, inner filter effect (IFE), fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET), chemiluminescence resonance energy transfer (CRET), etc Till now there is no review article reporting the applications of the luminescent probes/conjugates derived from QDs, NPs, and NCs for CN− quantification. In this review, the employment of these probes/conjugates for detecting CN− is illustrated with detailed underlying mechanisms and real-time applications. Furthermore, the design requirements, advantages, limitations, and directions of the luminescent probes/conjugates are delivered for future studies.
Enhancing water permeability in thin-film nanocomposite membranes utilizing electrospun recycled PET and graphene oxide
Authors: Zamisa Mantsopa Koena , Ray Suprakas Sinha , Madirisha Makungu Marco , Ojijo Vincent , Seadira Tumelo , Sadiku Rotimi Emmanuel , Kumar Neeraj , Orasugh Jonathan
Published: November 2024

Addressing the challenge of low permeability in Thin-Film Nanocomposite (TFNC) membranes is crucial for improving water filtration efficiency. Despite advancements in membrane technology, the interface between the substrate and active layer remains a critical research gap affecting overall permeability. This study aims to fill this gap using electrospun recycled polyethylene terephthalate (rPET) substrates combined with graphene oxide (GO). A vacuum-assisted self-assembly method was employed to coat microporous rPET substrates with GO. Extensive characterization techniques, including Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), x-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analyses, demonstrated the uniform GO layer formation on rPET substrates, indicating enhanced structural and operational efficiency. The integration of GO resulted in a crystalline structure modification, improved surface morphology, and increased water permeability. The optimized rPET-GO membranes showcased a significant decrease in water contact angle to approximately 93 degrees, denoting enhanced hydrophilicity and, consequently, better permeability compared to uncoated rPET membranes. Despite increased hydrophilicity, the membranes exhibited reduced but stable permeability rates, highlighting the effectiveness of the GO and rPET blend in advancing membrane functionality. These findings mark a significant advancement in membrane technology, offering enhanced water permeability efficiency and paving the way for a substantial impact on sustainable water management. Additionally, this study underscores the importance of recycling in developing advanced materials for environmental applications.
Aspects of the geometry and topology of expanding horizons
Authors: Galloway Gregory , Mendes Abraão
Published: November 2024

The aim of this paper is to extend some basic results about marginally outer trapped surfaces to the context of surfaces having general null expansion. Motivated in part by recent work of Chai-Wan, we introduce the notion of

g

\mathfrak {g}

-stability for a general closed hypersurface

Σ
\Sigma

in an ambient initial data set and prove that, under natural energy conditions,

Σ
\Sigma

has positive Yamabe type, that is,

Σ
\Sigma

admits a metric of positive scalar curvature, provided

Σ
\Sigma

is

g

\mathfrak {g}

-stable. A similar result is obtained when

Σ
\Sigma

is embedded in a null hypersurface of a spacetime satisfying the dominant energy condition. Area bounds under similar conditions are obtained in the case where

Σ
\Sigma

is

2
2

-dimensional. Conditions implying

g

\mathfrak {g}

-stability are also discussed. Finally, we obtain a spacetime positive mass theorem for initial data sets with compact boundary

Σ
\Sigma

of positive null expansion, assuming that the dominant energy condition is sufficiently strict near

Σ
\Sigma

. This extends recent results of Galloway-Lee and Lee-Lesourd-Unger.
Where are the 𝑁-Koszul algebras of finite global dimension?
Authors: Kabbaj Abdourrahmane
Published: November 2024

The class of

N
N

-Koszul graded algebras of finite global dimension has attracted considerable interest in recent years, particularly in the context of Artin-Schelter regular algebras. While structurally rich and well-defined, the only known examples of such algebras are either when

N
=
2

N = 2

, that is, the algebra is Koszul, or when

N
=
3

N = 3

. Under a mild Hilbert series assumption, we rule out the existence of

N
N

-Koszul graded algebras of finite global dimension for

N
N

not prime. Moreover, we impose significant constraints on the global dimension of these algebras. This leads to the conjecture that the occurrence of 3-Koszul algebras with finite global dimension and ‘nice’ Hilbert series is an anomaly.
𝐿^{𝑝} bound on the strong spherical maximal function
Authors: Lee Juyoung , Lee Sanghyuk , Oh Sewook
Published: November 2024

In this note we show that the strong spherical maximal function in

R

d

\mathbb R^d

is bounded on

L
p

L^p

if

p
>
2
(
d
+
1
)

/

(
d
−
1
)

p>2(d+1)/(d-1)

for

d
≥
3

d\ge 3

.
Identifying cell types by lasso-constraint regularized Gaussian graphical model based on weighted distance penalty
Authors: Zhang Wei , Xu Yaxin , Zheng Xiaoying , Shen Juan , Li Yuanyuan
Published: November 2024

Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) technology is one of the most cost-effective and efficacious methods for revealing cellular heterogeneity and diversity. Precise identification of cell types is essential for establishing a robust foundation for downstream analyses and is a prerequisite for understanding heterogeneous mechanisms. However, the accuracy of existing methods warrants improvement, and highly accurate methods often impose stringent equipment requirements. Moreover, most unsupervised learning-based approaches are constrained by the need to input the number of cell types a prior, which limits their widespread application. In this paper, we propose a novel algorithm framework named WLGG. Initially, to capture the underlying nonlinear information, we introduce a weighted distance penalty term utilizing the Gaussian kernel function, which maps data from a low-dimensional nonlinear space to a high-dimensional linear space. We subsequently impose a Lasso constraint on the regularized Gaussian graphical model to enhance its ability to capture linear data characteristics. Additionally, we utilize the Eigengap strategy to predict the number of cell types and obtain predicted labels via spectral clustering. The experimental results on 14 test datasets demonstrate the superior clustering accuracy of the WLGG algorithm over 16 alternative methods. Furthermore, downstream analysis, including marker gene identification, pseudotime inference, and functional enrichment analysis based on the similarity matrix and predicted labels from the WLGG algorithm, substantiates the reliability of WLGG and offers valuable insights into biological dynamic biological processes and regulatory mechanisms.
Molecular group and correlation guided structural learning for multi-phenotype prediction
Authors: Zhou Xueping , Cai Manqi , Yue Molin , Celedón Juan C , Wang Jiebiao , Ding Ying , Chen Wei , Li Yanming
Published: November 2024

We propose a supervised learning bioinformatics tool, Biological gRoup guIded muLtivariate muLtiple lIneAr regression with peNalizaTion (Brilliant), designed for feature selection and outcome prediction in genomic data with multi-phenotypic responses. Brilliant specifically incorporates genome and/or phenotype grouping structures, as well as phenotype correlation structures, in feature selection, effect estimation, and outcome prediction under a penalized multi-response linear regression model. Extensive simulations demonstrate its superior performance compared to competing methods. We applied Brilliant to two omics studies. In the first study, we identified novel association signals between multivariate gene expressions and high-dimensional DNA methylation profiles, providing biological insights for the baseline CpG-to-gene regulation patterns in a Puerto Rican children asthma cohort. The second study focused on cell-type deconvolution prediction using high-dimensional gene expression profiles. Using Brilliant, we improved the accuracy for cell-type fraction prediction and identified novel cell-type signature genes.
Diffusion model assisted designing self-assembling collagen mimetic peptides as biocompatible materials
Authors: Wang Xinglong , Xu Kangjie , Ma Lingling , Sun Ruoxi , Wang Kun , Wang Ruiyan , Zhang Junli , Tao Wenwen , Linghu Kai , Yu Shuyao , Zhou Jingwen
Published: November 2024

Collagen self-assembly supports its mechanical function, but controlling collagen mimetic peptides (CMPs) to self-assemble into higher-order oligomers with numerous functions remains challenging due to the vast potential amino acid sequence space. Herein, we developed a diffusion model to learn features from different types of human collagens and generate CMPs; obtaining 66% of synthetic CMPs could self-assemble into triple helices. Triple-helical and untwisting states were probed by melting temperature (Tm); hence, we developed a model to predict collagen Tm, achieving a state-of-art Pearson’s correlation (PC) of 0.95 by cross-validation and a PC of 0.8 for predicting Tm values of synthetic CMPs. Our chemically synthesized short CMPs and recombinantly expressed long CMPs could self-assemble, with the lowest requirement for hydrogel formation at a concentration of 0.08% (w/v). Five CMPs could promote osteoblast differentiation. Our results demonstrated the potential for using computer-aided methods to design functional self-assembling CMPs.