bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stable carbon isotope and n-alkane distributions in sediment cores from saline and freshwater Gabu lakes, Southeast Nigeria: Environmental implications
Authors: Oyo-Ita Inyang O. , Sam Edidiong S. , Oyo-Ita Orok E. , Arnold T. Elliott , Inyang David O. , Werne Josef P.
Published: August 2022

Studies on the utilization of molecular and isotopic proxies for the characterization of organic matter (OM) sources and environmental conditions in lakes have been well documented globally. Nevertheless, inland lacustrine salt basins remain less well studied, particularly in tropical sub-saharan Africa. In this study, we quantified OM sources and evaluated the effects of salt deposit and barite mining on the distribution of n -alkanes in saline and freshwater Gabu lakes sediment cores, Southeast Nigeria using elemental, bulk carbon isotope ratios and biomarker distributions. Our results indicate a system inundated with comparable proportions of vascular plant leaf waxes (mean = 56.6%) and submerged/floating macrophytes (mean = 41.1%) with minor contribution from algae/photosynthetic bacteria (mean = 2.3%). The scenario indicate a shallow water system that predominantly preserved long chain n -alkanes derived from vascular plant leaf waxes and macrophytes. The capacity of macrophyte to biosythesize long chain n-alkanes most likely reflects adaptation of these organisms to partial exposure to the atmosphere. The occurrence in moderate abundance of C 17 and C 19 n -alkanes and the near absence of other low molecular weight (LMW) n -alkanes in the saline lake was linked to the effect of salt stress. The absence of LMW n -alkanes in freshwater lake was associated with barite hydrolysis and acidification accompanying mining activity. Our results have demonstrated that long chain n -alkanes of terrestrial and submerged/floating macrophyte origins are better preserved under conditions of salinity and acidification in inland shallow lakes than those derived from algae/bacteria.
Improving the Accuracy for Amplitude and Frequency of Analytical Equation of Single-ended Ring Oscillators Based on Circuit and Transistor Parameters
Authors: Moradnezhad Mehrdad , Miar-Naimi Hossein
Published: August 2022

The analytical relationships presented for amplitude and frequency of the ring oscillator are derived approximately due to the nonlinear nature of this oscillator. In the case where the transistors experience the cut-off region, the relationships presented so far have no connection between the frequency and the dimensions of the transistor, which is not valid in practice. In this paper, considering the circuit's governing equation and the ring oscillator's output waveform, a relation for the frequency is presented, including the dimensions of the transistor. Also, a simple and approximately accurate relationship for the oscillator amplitude is provided in this case. The validity of these relationships has been investigated by analyzing and simulating a single-ended oscillator in 0.18µm technology.
Comprehensive analysis of THz metasurface imaging for glioblastoma in orthotopic xenograft mouse model
Authors: Seo Minah , Roh Yeeun , Kim Kyu-hyeon , Lee Geon , Lee Jinwoo , Kim Taeyeon , Shin Beomju , Lee Taikjin , Kang Dong Min , Kim Yun Kyung
Published: August 2022

Terahertz optical detection and imaging technologies demonstrate great potential and challenges in various bio-applications and medical tools owing to low-energy non-ionizing characteristics and ultra-broadband spectral information, including many molecular fingerprints. Furthermore, recent advances in the terahertz sensing platform have accelerated the applicability with the help of various metasurfaces and enhanced the performance of optical detection and imaging technologies in terms of sensitivity and selectivity. This study demonstrates a highly advanced label-free terahertz imaging technique based on the enhanced signal via terahertz metasurface and further treatment exploiting an artificial neural network for mouse brain imaging beyond the absorption cross-section limit. The criteria for extracting the glioma part using the algorithm with more than 99% accuracy was verified using the fluorescence-labeled images as training sets. An accurate complex refractive index for brain cancer and normal tissues to expand the capability for the potential clinical applications of terahertz radiation was determined using a reliable numerical solution based on the finite element method simulation.
Experimental Investigation of an External Discharge Very Low Power (<20W) Hall Thruster
Authors: Hamo Omri , Lev Dan R. , Rubanovich Maxim , Kapulkin Alexander , Lefkowitz Joseph
Published: August 2022

A sub 20 W wall-less Hall Effect Thruster (HET) was developed at the Asher Space Research Institute (ASRI), Technion. In this work, an initial study of the thruster performance and underlying physics was conducted. It was found that the anode efficiency of the thruster was low (~1%), mainly due to the low mass utilization efficiency. Typical performance figures are 90 μN of thrust, specific impulse of 90 s and anode efficiency of ~1% at 3-4 W anode power. The thruster far-field plume was analyzed using a retarding potential analyzer. It was found that the beam divergence was relatively low at 57.7° (for 95% of the beam current) compared to other wall-less HETs. The voltage utilization efficiency was 38% for a discharge voltage of 1 kV and a mass flow rate of 1 sccm xenon. We speculate that the leading driver to the low mass utilization efficiency is the small ionization fraction associated with these very low power wall-less devices. It was found that the beam efficiency can be over 90% at discharge power levels < 3 W, and decreases with power down to less than 50%.
Partition defective 3 promotes TAZ nuclear localization and promotes Amphiregulin transcription to promote liver hepatocellular carcinoma cell invasion, migration and epithelial mesenchymal
Authors: Fu Hai-Yan , Wang Qiu-Hong , Li Hong-Juan , Gao Jian-Peng , Liu Li , Tang Bo , Wei Dong , Xu Bin , Tong Xin , Li Jie , Luo Yu
Published: August 2022

Background
Partition defective 3 (PARD3) regulates cell polarity and functions as a cancer promoting or tumor suppressor in different cancer types. PARD3 was reported to be highly expressed in liver hepatocellular carcinoma (LIHC) tissues and high expression of PARD3 was significantly associated with poor clinicopathological features and lower overall survival, but whether PARD3 regulated invasion, migration and epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) in LIHC has not been reported.
Objectives
To investigate the effect and mechanism of PARD3 on LIHC cell invasion, migration and EMT.
Methods
PARD3 expression in LIHC tumor group and relationship with survival were queried according to the GEPIA website. PARD3 mRNA and protein expression in 41 clinical samples were determined by RT-qPCR and immunohistochemistry (IHC), respectively. PARD3, transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ)and amphiregulin ༈AREG༉expression in HepG2 cells with overexpression or knockdown, and the expression of PARD3, TAZ, AREG and EMT related proteins were determined by Western blot. Transwell assay for HepG2cell invasion ability. The migration ability of HepG2 cells was detected by wound healing experiments. TAZ localization was detected by immunofluorescence. Co-IP detected the effect of PARD3 on TAZ and TAZ TEAD binding. The effect of TAZ on AREG transcript levels was examined by RT-qPCR.
Results
PARD3 was found to be highly expressed in LIHC tumor group by GEPIA website query, and the expression of PARD3 gradually increased with increasing tumor stage, and high expression of PARD3 usually means low overall survival in LIHC. We also found that PARD3 was highly expressed in LIHC tissues. Knockdown of PARD3 inhibited HepG2 cell invasion, migration and EMT, while overexpression of PARD3 played the opposite role. Moreover, PARD3 promotes AREG transcription by promoting TAZ nuclear localization, which in turn promotes LIHC cell invasion, migration and EMT.
Conclusion
PARD3 promotes TAZ nuclear localization and promotes AREG transcription to promote epithelial mesenchymal transition in LIHC.
Economics at the FTC: Estimating Harm from Deception and Analyzing Mergers
Authors: Vita Michael , Brand Keith , Larson-Koester Miriam , Petek Nathan , Taragin Charles , Violette William , Wood Daniel H.
Published: August 2022

Economists in the Federal Trade Commission’s Bureau of Economics perform economic analysis in support of the Commission’s dual missions to protect consumers and competition by preventing anticompetitive, deceptive, and unfair business practices through law enforcement, advocacy, and education. This article first presents summaries of analyses economists performed to estimate the consumer harm from two different types of deception involving misleading information about lease terms and suppression of negative product reviews. The essay next turns to economic analysis of mergers, first considering vertical issues that arose in a semiconductor merger and then, finally, a discussion of how complementarity between hospitals may impact the analysis of hospital mergers.
Vitamin D Level, pain severity and Quality of life among hemodialysis patients: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Ishtawi Shaima , Jomaa Dana , Nizar Aisha , Abdalla Mazen , Hamdan Zakaria , Nazzal Zaher
Published: August 2022

Background
Pain is a common complaint among hemodialysis patients. End-stage renal disease patients are at high risk of vitamin D deficiency and poor Quality of life (QoL). This study aims to find the prevalence of chronic pain and its correlation with QoL and vitamin D level among hemodialysis patients in Palestine.
Methods
This cross-sectional study was conducted between October 2021 to February 2022 at the hemodialysis unit of An-Najah National University Hospital, Palestine. We used the brief pain inventory, the medical outcomes study 36-item short-form health survey, and Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D to assess chronic pain, QoL, and vitamin D deficiency. A multiple linear regression analysis models determined the correlation between the QoL scores and other independent variables.
Results
The study included 200 patients, 38.1% (95% CI: 31.3–45.4%) of whom had chronic pain and 77.7% (95% CI: 71.0-83.4%) had deficient Vitamin D levels. QoL scores were generally low, with the highest score in social functioning, followed by mental health, while the lowest was found in role emotional and physical functioning. Sex, number of comorbidities, and vitamin D level are significantly correlated with pain severity. Employment, numbers of comorbidities, pain severity, and albumin level are significantly associated with the Physical component of QoL. On the other hand, employment and pain severity are significantly related to the mental component of QoL.
Conclusions
Low vitamin D levels, chronic pain, and low QoL scores are common among hemodialysis patients. Vitamin D is negatively correlated with pain severity. Unemployment, comorbidities, severe pain, and low level of albumin are associated with reduced QoL scores. Healthcare workers should assess and manage HD patients' chronic pain to improve their QoL and reduce suffering.
Interchange reconnection within coronal holes powers the fast solar wind
Authors: Bale Stuart , Drake James , McManus Michael , Desai Mihir , Badman Samuel , Larson Davin , Swisdak Marc , Raouafi Nour , Phan Tai , Velli Marco , McComas David , Cohen Christina , Mitchell Donald , Panasenco Olga , Kasper Justin
Published: August 2022

The fast solar wind that fills the heliosphere originates from deep within regions of open magnetic field on the Sun called ‘coronal holes’. However the energy source responsible for accelerating the outflowing plasma to such high speeds is still widely debated, although there is broad evidence that it is ultimately magnetic in nature with candidate mechanisms including Alfven wave heating1,2 and interchange reconnection3,4. The magnetic field near the solar surface within coronal holes is structured on spatial scales associated with the boundaries of meso-scale supergranulation convection cells, where descending flows create intense bundles of magnetic field. The energy density in these ‘network’ magnetic field bundles is a likely candidate as an energy source of the wind. Here we report measurements of two fast solar wind streams from the Parker Solar Probe (PSP) spacecraft5 near its 10th perihelion which provides strong evidence for the interchange reconnection mechanism. Specifically, we show that supergranulation structure at the coronal hole base remains imprinted in the near-Sun solar wind resulting in asymmetric patches of magnetic "switchbacks'' 6,7 and bursty solar wind streams with corresponding energetic ions with power law distributions extending to beyond 100 keV. Particle-in-cell simulations of interchange reconnection between open and closed magnetic structures support key features of the observations, including the energetic ion spectra. Important characteristics of interchange reconnection in the low corona are inferred from the PSP data including that the reconnection is collisionless and that the rate of energy release is sufficient to heat the ambient plasma and drive the fast wind. In this reconnection scenario of solar wind energization, open magnetic flux undergoes continuous reconnection and the wind is driven both by the resulting plasma pressure and the radial Alfvenic flow bursts.
Integration of multi-omics data shows downregulation of mismatch repair, purin, and tubulin pathways in triple-negative chemotherapy-resistant breast tumors
Authors: Tang Xiaojia , Thompson Kevin J. , Kalari Krishna R. , Sinnwell Jason P. , Suman Vera J. , Vedell Peter T. , McLaughlin Sarah A. , Northfelt Donald W. , Aspitia Alvaro Moreno , Gray Richard J. , Carter Jodi M. , Weinshilboum Richard , Wang Liewei , Boughey Judy C. , Goetz Matthew P.
Published: August 2022

Background:Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the most aggressive breast cancer subtype. Patients with TNBC are primarily treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC). Response to NAC is prognostic, with reductions in low overall survival and disease-free survival rates in those patients who do not achieve pathological complete response (pCR). Based on this premise, we focused on patients with residual disease and hypothesized that paired analysis of primary and residual TNBC tumors following NAC could identify unique biomarkers associated with post-NAC recurrence.Methods and Results: We investigated 24 TNBC tumors from 12 patients with pre- and post-NAC data, including four patients who recurred shortly after surgery(<24 months) and eight who remained recurrence-free (> 48 months). These tumors were collected from a prospective NAC breast cancer study (BEAUTY) conducted at the Mayo Clinic. Differential expression analysis of pre-NAC biopsies showed minimal gene expression differences between early recurrent and non-recurrent TNBC tumors; however, post-NAC samples demonstrated a significant alteration in expression patterns in response to intervention. Topological-level differences associated with early recurrence were implicated in 251 gene sets, and an independent assessment of microarray gene expression data from the paired NAC I-SPY1 trial confirmed 56 genesets. Underlying these 56 gene sets, 113 genes were observed to be differentially expressed in the I-SPY1 and BEAUTY post-NAC studies. An independent (n=392) breast cancer data set with relapse-free survival (RFS) data was used to refine our gene list to a 17 gene signature. A three-fold cross-validation analysis of the gene signature with the combined BEAUTY and I-SPY1 data yielded an average AUC of 0.88 for six machine learning models. Due to the limited studies with pre-and post-NAC TNBC tumor data, further validation of the signature is needed.Conclusion:Analysis of multi-omics data from post-NAC TNBC chemoresistant tumors showed downregulation of mismatch repair, purin, and tubulin pathways. Additionally, weidentified a 17 gene signature in TNBC associated with post-NAC recurrence enriched with down-regulation of immune genes.
DRNET: Improved Deep Learning Solution to detect Diabetic Retinopathy by incorporating Explainability, Uncertainty and Generalisation
Authors: Saxena Mudit , Narra Pratap , Saxena Rakhi
Published: August 2022

Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) is the leading cause of blindness among adults and has no visible symptoms. Early detection is the key to prevent vision loss. Computer-Aided Diagnosis using Convolutional Neural Networks have recently gained momentum for DR detection as the cost can be significantly reduced while making the diagnosis more accessible. Even though these models give high accuracy, confidence in the diagnosis remains a mythical goal. In our opinion, the way to make the model’s diagnosis reliable is to enhance the trust in its predictions. In this work, we present a methodology to strengthen confidence in DR diagnosis using state of the art deep learning techniques by extending the pipeline with model uncertainty and explainability. Towards this goal, along with the model’s prediction we produce uncertainty scores and explainability maps to improve the users’ confidence in the diagnosis. Further, we attempt to generalise CNN models by exploring ensembling techniques such as bagging to improve performance of stand-alone models on external datasets i.e.-datasets other than the one that was used for training the model.
Approximation algorithms for the freeze tag problem inside polygons
Authors: Rajabi-Alni Fatemeh , Bagheri Alireza
Published: August 2022

The Freeze Tag Problem (FTP) aims at awakening a swarm of robots with one or more initial awake robots as soon as possible. Each awake robot must touch an sleeping robot to awake it. Once a robot is awakened, it can assist in awakening other sleeping robots. We study this problem inside a polygonal domain and present approximation algorithms for it.
Concise-Transparent Random Forest (C-T-RF): Using Impact Factor by Combining Accuracy and Transparency
Authors: Boruah Arpita Nath , Biswas Saroj Kumar
Published: August 2022

Ensemble learning is a hybrid learning system that exhibits a high level of performance by aggregating predictions of multiple classifiers and hence used to obtain a powerful predictive performance. Random Forest (RF) is an ensemble learning technique which executes a huge number of Decision Tree (DT) based on different subset of data and feature combinations. Regardless of its high-performance, RF is black box in nature which hinders the interpretability of the predictive model. A transparent system with less decision rules makes a system efficient, user convincing and manageable to a greater extent in fields like medical, business, banking etc. The expression of the decision rules into flowchart like representation makes the system transparent, explicitly understandable and closely resemblance to human reasoning. Therefore, to overcome the disadvantages of black box nature and to make it an efficient interpretable decision-making system, this paper proposes a condensed and a transparent RF named Concise-Transparent RF (C-T-RF), extracting the important decision rules hence making RF behaves like a white box which is transparent and comprehensible. The proposed model C-T-RF is compared with the performances of a simple DT and RF, Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Naïve Bayes in terms of classification accuracy, precision, recall and F1 score measures. In addition, C-T-RF is also compared with RuleFit and RF + DHC which are also rule-based methods. The performance of the proposed C-T-RF is validated with 12 well known UCI datasets and Kaggle and is observed from the experimental that the proposed C-T-RF is more efficient interpretable decision-making system.
Conceptual Blends and the Representation of the Syrian Refugees in the UNHCR Press Releases between 2011 and 2021
Authors: Ghachem Ines
Published: August 2022

This paper examines the representation of refugees in a non-governmental organisation’s media discourse. This study draws on Critical Discourse Analysis and more specifically Van Dijk’s sociocognitive approach and Conceptual Blending Theory (Fauconnier & Turner 2002) through the focus on the two notions of representation and conceptual blends. The corpus analysed is made up of 331 press releases about the Syrian refugees posted between 2011 and 2021 on the UN High Commissioner for Refugees’ home website. The metaphor identification procedure and a reading of the concordances relating to the Syrian refugees led to the identification of the conceptual blends. Analysis of the conceptual blending networks relating to the Syrian refugees unveils how they are represented in the press releases over a decade. Analysis also reveals the UNHCR’s conceptualisations of ‘the crisis’, the refugees, and other parties. The study also shows that the management of ‘the burden’ reveals the kind of representations backgrounded due to fostering a categorisation of Us and Them instead of Us vs. Them.
PET radiotracers for whole-body in-vivo molecular imaging of prostatic neuroendocrine malignancies: A case series and review of literature
Authors: Cohen Dan , Krauthammer Shir Hazut , Fahoum Ibrahim , Kesler Mikhail , Even-Sapir Einat
Published: August 2022

BackgroundNeuroendocrine malignancies of the prostate represent a spectrum of diseases. Treatment-induced neuroendocrine differentiation (tiNED) in hormonally treated adenocarcinoma has been the subject of a large amount of recent research. However, the identification of neuroendocrine features in treatment-naïve prostatic tumor raises a differential diagnosis between prostatic adenocarcinoma with de-novo neuroendocrine differentiation (dNED) versus one of the primary prostatic neuroendocrine carcinomas (P-NEC). This case series focuses on the recent advances made in the field of whole-body in-vivo molecular imaging of patients with prostatic neuroendocrine malignancies, using the PET-CT technology. While [18F]FDG is being used as the main PET radiotracer in oncologic imaging and reflects glucose metabolism of malignant lesions, other molecules labeled with positron-emitting isotopes, mainly somatostatin-analogues labeled with 68Ga and PSMA-ligands labeled with either 18F or 68Ga, have been extensively studied and are now routinely used in departments of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging.Case presentationWe present three cases of patients with different pathologically-proven entities within the spectrum of prostatic neuroendocrine malignancies: a patient with tiNED, a patient with dNED, and a patient with P-NEC. The patients underwent PET-CT with different radiotracers, and the molecular imaging data were helpful in guiding clinical decisions. We summarize and discuss relevant published data on each of the presented entities from clinical, biological and molecular imaging standpoints. We also provide the reader with practical recommendation regarding the preferred PET radiotracer for imaging each entity.ConclusionSeveral PET radiotracers are available to characterize and assess whole-body extent of prostatic malignancies within the neuroendocrine spectrum. Awareness to clinical, biologic and pathologic data should guide the selection of preferred PET radiotracer for imaging each entity. This review is unique being directed to basic scientists, clinicians, pathologists, radiologists and nuclear medicine physicians, representing the multidisciplinary nature of oncologic research nowadays.
The evaluation of health dimensions during the COVID-19 era- A Short Report
Authors: Amer Faten
Published: August 2022

A balanced scorecard (BSC) is a management tool that has been used for 25 years to enhance the performance evaluation (PE) of health care organizations (HCOs). A heterogeneity in BSC dimensions was perceived. In our previous systematic review, we identified all the perspectives, dimensions, and key performance indicators (KPIs) utilized by health care management when using BSC. Additionally, we produced a figure that summarizes BSC perspectives and HCOs' PE major and subdimensions. We found no BSC implementation at HCOs during the COVID-19 pandemic; hence, we analyzed studies that evaluated BSC dimensions separately throughout the pandemic. Therefore, we searched Google Scholar and Google for "COVID-19" or "Coronavirus" or "pandemic" until June 2021. We found 59 relevant studies. The review's discussion section reviewed and discussed these papers' results. In this report, we summarized these results using a figure. This figure will provide a comprehensive strategy for managers and researchers involved in the PE of HCOs. They will also be able to better concentrate on addressing the subdimensions that were adversely affected. Moreover, this analysis will assist them in understanding which factors were explored thoroughly and what suggestions or interventions were used to improve their performance. Additionally, it will help researchers determine which subdimensions deserve additional investigation. As a consequence, it will improve HCOs' PE during the pandemic. We welcome other researchers to update BSC subdimension reviews using this figure tool as a guide for future PEs of HCOs. Additionally, we encourage them to search and include more databases in the analysis.
Inheritance of Dwarf and Determinate Growth Habits in Cucumber1
Authors: Miller Gregory A. , George William L.
Published: August 2022

The inheritance of reduced vine size was studied in 2 dwarf lines of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) derived from Hardin's PG-57. The dwarfs were crossed with 3 standard cultivars and 3 determinate breeding lines and found to carry a recessive determinate gene, allelic with gene de. There was evidence for the existence of another recessive gene, dl (delayed growth) which reduced the length of the hypocotyl and the first few internodes, and reduced growth rate; dl appeared weakly linked with de. The presence of genetic modifiers of determinate habit make it feasible to breed determinate cucumbers over a wide range of final vine sizes.
Flowering of Young Apple Trees following Summer Pruning1
Authors: Lord William J. , Greene Duane W. , Damon Richard A.
Published: August 2022

Axillary spurs and shoots produced in 1976 by heading back or pinching shoots did not flower in 1977 on ‘Starkrimson Delicious’ and ‘Red Prince Delicious’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) Similar treatments induced flower bud initiation on shoots of ‘Cortland’ when applied in 1976 and 1977 and on ‘Red Prince Delicious’ in 1977. Late June and early July treatments were more effective for inducing flower bud initiation than were treatments applied later. The year following summer pruning total bloom and fruit set were not increased and in some instances were reduced. Pruning current season shoots of ‘Red Prince Delicious’ and ‘Cortland’ to 0.5 to 1.0 cm stubs failed to induce flower bud initiation. ‘Cortland’ produced terminal flower buds on some long axillary shoots, while weak regrowth following pruning appeared necessary for formation of terminal flower buds on axillary growth of ‘Red Prince Delicious’. Heading back most shoots on vigorous ‘Cortland’ and ‘Red Prince Delicious’ trees on June 21 or later devitalized the trees in spite of regrowth, although growth was not restricted the following year. Cultivar, tree vigor, and time and type of pruning all affected amount of regrowth.
Cytokinin-Induced Sex Conversion in Male Clones of Vitis Species1
Authors: Moore J. N.
Published: August 2022

The conversion of genetically staminate plants of Vitis to functional hermaphrodites by the application of a cytokinin was successfully accomplished in 8 of 15 clones, including 4 Vitis species and an interspecific hybrid. The time of cytokinin application in relation to the stage of development of the inflorescence was a critical factor in successful conversion. Treated flowers were transformed morphologically as well as functionally, producing typical pistils with stigmas.

The general response of species of Vitis to cytokinin-induced sex conversion and the occasional occurrence of sex conversion in nature lend support to common physiological and genetic bases of sex expression within the genus. A physiological model is proposed in which sex expression is dependent upon the levels of female and male sex inhibitors.
Predicting Double Cross Performance for Tomato Fruit Quality Attributes1
Authors: Punzalan M. S. , Lambeth V. N.
Published: August 2022

In a diallel study involving 5 unrelated tomato lines, the mean values of non-parental single crosses for fruit weight, soluble solids, and titratable acidity were found to predict with confidence the performance of double crosses. No significant correlation was obtained between the observed and predicted fruit pH values. The small magnitude of difference among the observed values involving the same lines in a series of double crosses and the small magnitude of variation among the single crosses made it difficult to establish the best order of combining the lines in a double cross.
Influence of Row Spacing and Plant Density on Single Harvest Tomato Yields1
Authors: Wilcox Gerald E.
Published: August 2022

Ripe fruit yields of ‘Campbell 17’ tomatoes at the 50% ripe fruit stage increased from 6.0 to 13.1 tons per acre in the population range of 1,815 to 7,260 plants per acre. Constant yield was obtained in the population range from 7,260 to 29,040 plants per acre in single rows and from 4,840 to 58,080 plants per acre in the twin rows.

Single harvest at the 85% ripe fruit stage resulted in a yield increase from 7.5 to 20.8 tons per acre in the population range from 1,815 to 9,680 plants per acre in single rows. A significant decrease in yield was obtained at the population of 29,040 plants per acre. The ripe fruit yield from twin rows at this harvest stage reached a nearly constant yield plateau of 19.3 to 22.8 tons per acre in the population range of 7,260 thru 29,040 plants per acre. Plant spacing of 3 inches in the row in both single and twin rows resulted in a significant yield reduction at the later harvest date.

A power form curve expressed the yield per plant—plants per acre relationship at plant spacings of 6 to 12 inches in the single rows and from 6 to 24 inches in the twin rows.
Irradiation-Induced Changes in the Volatile Constituents of ‘Valencia’ Oranges1
Authors: Braddock R. J. , Wolford R. W. , Dennison R. A. , Ahmed E. M.
Published: August 2022

Volatile compounds were extracted from juices expressed from non-irradiated and irradiated ‘Valencia’ oranges. Gas chromatographic analyses of the recovered volatile compounds, at 3 stages of maturity, indicated some quantitative but few qualitative differences between the irradiated and non-irradiated fruits. These differences diminished as the fruit advanced in maturity.
Effects of Controlled Atmosphere (CA) Storage on Amino Acids, Organic Acids, Sugars, and Rate of Respiration of ‘Lambert’ Sweet Cherry Fruit1
Authors: Singh B. , Littlefield N. A. , Salunkhe D. K.
Published: August 2022

Sweet cherries (cultivar—‘Lambert’) were kept in a controlled atmosphere (CA) consisting of 10.5 per cent CO2 and 2.5 per cent O2 at 1°C. The sample fruits were taken periodically during the treatment and also after termination of the CA treatment. The concentration of amino acids, tyrosine and α-amino butyric acid; organic acid, malic acid; and total sugars were determined on an ethanolic extract of the fruit pulp. The respiratory CO2 was measured for separate lots of 1.2 to 1.5 kg of fruit.

Fruit stored at higher CO2 concentration had a lower amount of tyrosine, higher amounts of α-amino butyric and malic acids than in fruits stored in the conventional refrigerator at 1°C. The respiratory rate was inhibited, and there was no significant effect on total sugar content.
Noninfectious Bud-Failure from Breeding Programs of Almond (Prunus amygdalus Batsch)1
Authors: Kester Dale E. , Jones R. W.
Published: August 2022

Potentiality exists for noninfectious bud-failure (BF) to develop in stocks from almond breeding programs. The manifestation of BF among varieties introduced in California since 1920 is similar to the pattern of development of BF among offspring of controlled crosses. Nonpareil, the leading almond variety, has been a parent of most newer varieties, and is predominantly featured in breeding programs. Nonpareil has BF-potential and can transmit it to offspring.
Effects of Tomato Flesh Pigment Mutant Genes on Leaf Chlorophylls and Carotenoids1
Authors: Hannah L. C. , Tomes M. L.
Published: August 2022

Seven mutant strains of tomatoes, crimson (ogc), high beta-carotene (B), low total (yellow r), ‘Snowball’ (yellow r), apricot (at), high pigment (hp), ‘Jubilee’ (tangerine, t), and the check cultivar ‘Rutgers’ were surveyed to determine the effects of these fruit pigment mutants on leaf pigments. Chlorophylls a and b, beta-carotene, lutein, violaxanthin, lutein 5,6-epoxide, and neoxanthin were separated chromatographically and quantities were determined spectrophotometrically. Significant differences among strains were found in chlorophylls and beta-carotene levels. Xanthophyll differences were, generally, nonsignificant. A definite pattern of gene effects was suggested. The apricot strain produced the highest levels of chlorophylls and beta-carotene in the leaves; one of the r strains, ‘Snowball’, the lowest.

Parents, F1 and F2 generations involving apricot, yellow (low total), crimson, and normal were analyzed to determine whether these leaf pigment differences could be related to these particular genes. Apricot significantly increased chlorophyll and beta-carotene levels as suggested in the survey. Yellow in a variable background, however, did not lower these pigments significantly.

Pigment synthesis in tomato leaves and fruits was discussed in relation to the gene effects inferred in the survey and the specific gene effects demonstrated in the segregating populations.
Influence of Plant Density on Yield of Process Tomatoes for Mechanical Harvest1
Authors: Zahara Mike
Published: August 2022

Yield of process fruits from ‘VF-145’ tomato plants grown in twin rows on 5-ft beds was greater than from plants in single rows on 4.5-ft beds. The number of fruits per plant increased as the area per plant increased beyond 2.1 ft2, but the mean weight per individual fruit was not affected. The highest number of process fruits per plant was produced by single plants spaced at 48 inches. Plant densities ranged from 2,450 to 158,816 plants per acre. Significant increases in yield were obtained by increasing the plant density from 2,450 to 9,801 plants per acre. Plants grown at densities of 19,602 to 156,816 plants produced from 36 to 42.5 tons of process tomatoes per acre.
Yield and Maturity of Strawberries in Relation to Time of Once-Over Harvest1
Authors: Moore J. N. , Brown Elvin
Published: August 2022

The cultivars ‘Earlidawn’, ‘Earlibelle’, ‘Sunrise’, ‘Midland’, ‘Florida 90’, ‘Surecrop’, and the selections ‘Md-US 2713’, ‘Md-US 3107’, ‘Md-US 2819’, and ‘Md-US 2593’ exhibited the greatest concentration of fruit maturity of 26 cultivars and selections evaluated. ‘Sunrise’ was outstanding in both concentration of ripening and total yield. Both total yields and acceptable yields were greatly reduced by single harvests in comparison with a multiple-harvested control. Highest yields of acceptable fruit from single harvests were obtained when the harvest was made during the second week of the ripening season, although average size of acceptable fruit was larger when the harvest was made earlier in the season.
Tree Spacing of ‘Washington’ Navel Orange1,2
Authors: Boswell S. B. , Lewis L. N. , McCarty C. D. , Hench K. W.
Published: August 2022

In 1961, trees of Frost Nucellar ‘Washington’ navel orange on Troyer Citrange rootstock were planted at eleven different spacings to determine the effect of tree spacing on growth, production, and fruit quality. Growth rate as measured by trunk circumference was proportional to decreasing tree density or increased spacing. The wider the spacing, the greater was the trunk circumference and the fruit-bearing capacity of the tree. Shading of skirt foliage, as closely planted trees began to crowd, caused the skirts to die and decreased production. Pruning to keep these trees from crowding reduced yield in proportion to the amount of foliage removed. Removal of alternate trees in the two most densely planted spacings, 9 ft. × 11 ft. and 11 ft. × 11 ft., reduced competition and allowed more light to reach the remaining trees. Skirt foliage regrew and yield per-tree and per-acre increased.

Fruit colored faster and was larger on the widely spaced trees, where less shading had occurred, than on closely spaced trees. Fruit quality analysis showed no difference in percent of juice, soluble solids, acid, or rag, or in peel and rind thickness.

The closest spacings, 9 ft. × 11 ft., 9 ft. × 15 ft. and 11 ft. × 11 ft., operated at a net loss for the first five years of production. Although per tree production was highest on the widest spacing, 22 ft. × 22 ft., net returns per acre on this spacing are still low because of the number of trees per acre. The 11 ft. × 22 ft. spacing with 180 trees per acre had the largest net income per acre.
Polyploid Hybrids from the Cross Cucurbita moschata Poir. × C. foetidissima HBK1
Authors: Bemis W. P.
Published: August 2022

The F1 interspecific hybrid C. moschata × C. foetidissima is sterile at the diploid level. Metaphase I of meiosis during microsporogenesis showed a low degree of chromosomal synapsis indicating very little homology between the two genomes. An amphidiploid hybrid was created by doubling the chromosomes of the allodiploid hybrid. Metaphase I of the amphidiploid showed 40 bivalents indicating no inter-genomic chromosomal association. The amphidiploid was female fertile, but genic male sterile. The female sterility of the allodiploid was chromosomal and the male sterility of the allodiploid was genic as well as chromosomal. A second source of C. moschata germ plasm restored genic male fertility when used as a pollinator on the amphidiploid. The original source of C. moschata did not restore genic male fertility. These genic male fertile hybrids had a high degree of chromosomal sterility due to alloautotriploidy.
Healing of Wounds on Trees1
Authors: Neely Dan
Published: August 2022

Trunk wounds and branch pruning wounds were made on 5 to 7 m tall white ashes, honey locusts, and pin oaks. The amount of healing of each wound and the amount of trunk growth of each tree were measured for 3 years. The rate of healing of wounds was directly correlated with radial growth of the tree. Elliptical wounds, originally 50 mm wide, on all 3 tree species, decreased in width each year by 2.6 mm per 1 mm radial growth. The single most important dimension of a wound affecting rate of healing was width. The variables of wound shape, facing direction, height, and type of wound dressing affected rate of healing little, if at all. Healing of wounds occurred during the season of the year when trunk growth occurred.
The Role of Honey Bees in Macadamia Nut (Macadamia integrifolia Maiden and Betche) Production in Hawaii1
Authors: Shigeura Gordon T. , Lee James , Silva James A.
Published: August 2022

Honey bees from commercial apiaries placed in a macadamia nut orchard increased nut yields in 2 of 3 cultivars tested.
Effects of Cycocel, Moisture Stress and Pinching on Growth and Flowering of F1 Hybrid Geraniums (Pelargonium × hortorum Bailey)1
Authors: White John W.
Published: August 2022

Cycocel applied as a 5000 ppm soil drench 31 days after sowing reduced height 8 to 10 cm and caused 8 to 16 days earlier flowering of F1 geranium ‘Carefree Scarlet’ when compared with plants which had not been treated with Cycocel. Manually irrigated plants were shorter, flowered earlier, and were more compact, as measured by fresh weight, than automatically irrigated plants for this Cycocel treatment. Pinched plants were short and well branched but so much delayed in flowering that this method of height reduction would not be acceptable for commercial use.
Scale Function in Growth and Flowering of Lilium longiflorum, Thunb. ‘Nellie White’1
Authors: Lin P. C. , Roberts A. N.
Published: August 2022

Response of cold-treated ‘Nellie White’ Easter lily bulbs to various degrees of scale removal, ranging from 0 to 100%, showed that scales can perform inhibitory and promotive roles at various times. The scales were not necessary for flower induction, but the number of leaves and flowers initiated was proportional to the number of scales retained. Daughter scale removal accelerated daughter sprouting by increasing internode elongation, but subsequently reduced the rate of organ formation and expansion. Daughter scale removal reduced the number of leaves and flowers initiated and anthesis was delayed because of the reduction in rate at which these organs expanded.
Liquid Nitrogen Preservation of Spawn Stocks of the Cultivated Mushroom, Agaricus bisporus (Lange) Sing.1,2
Authors: San Antonio James P. , Hwang Shuh-Wei
Published: August 2022

Stock cultures of the cultivated mushroom in the form of rye grain spawn were preserved at −160 to −196 C for periods up to a year. Mycelial growth of the cultures was about the same after storage as before. A total of 285 spawn cultures derived from 66 different vials of preserved material, without exception, grew normally on rye grain and compost. Spawn performance of two strains each of White, Intermediate, and Brown mushroom varieties was evaluated after 2, 70, and 180 days storage. Results of yield tests indicated that there was no significant difference, in quality or quantity of mushrooms produced, between any preserved spawn and its check. The effect of glycerol or dimethyl sulfoxide as a protective agent during freezing was determined. Though the presence of a protective additive did not appear essential for short storage times, glycerol was added routinely in all later tests. Results to date indicate that the storage method potentially has great value for mushroom research and spawnmaking.
Seasonal Changes in Growth Promoters and Inhibitors in Buds of Apricot1
Authors: Ramsay Juan , Martin George C.
Published: August 2022

Spur buds of apricot were sampled at intervals from late July, 1968, until bloom in 1969, and from 1 month after bloom until the end of September. The samples were freeze-dried and then extracted with 80% methanol. The extracts were partitioned into 4 phases: water, neutral ethyl acetate, acidic ether, and acidic butanol, and then bioassayed for auxins, inhibitors and gibberellins. Although an inhibitor and gibberellin-like activity were present in the extracts, no consistent auxin-type activity was found. The end of rest was correlated with a decrease in the level of inhibitor and gibberellin-like activity, with the inhibitor increasing again towards anthesis. The onset of rest in May, 1969, was correlated with a decrease in inhibitor and increase in gibberellin-like activity. The inhibitor was present in scales and floral parts of buds, while gibberellin-like activity was confined mainly to the floral parts.
Promotion of Leaf Abscission of Deciduous Nursery Stock with 2-Chloroethylphosphonic Acid1
Authors: Larsen Fenton E.
Published: August 2022

Work with 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid (Ethrel)3 over a two year period to stimulate leaf abscission of deciduous nursery stock showed that this chemical has potential for this purpose. Satisfactory rates for apples were generally 3 applications of 2000 ppm at weekly intervals. ‘Italian’ prune required two applications of 2000 ppm. Single applications of 500 ppm and 1000 ppm were sufficient for ‘Bartlett’ pear trees and Prunus mazzard cherry seedlings respectively. A 5 or 10 ppm NAA spray two weeks prior to Ethrel application materially reduced the effect of Ethrel. Combining NAA with Ethrel in the same application had less effect than a pre-spray but still often reduced leaf abscission. Combining 5 and 10 lbs. urea/100 gal with Ethrel occasionally increased abscission. ‘Elberta’ peaches were killed back almost to the bud union with single applications of 2000 ppm Ethrel and serious bud damage occurred on ‘d'Anjou’ pear at 4000 ppm. Apple, prune, and cherry were not damaged by 4000 ppm.
Chemical Control of Weeds in Transplanted Ground Covers1
Authors: Putnam A. R. , Davidson Harold
Published: August 2022

Nine herbicides were evaluated for their efficacy and safety in new plantings of pachysandra, English ivy, myrtle, and ajuga. Sprays of diphenamid, norea, simazine and trifluralin or granules of amiben and EPTC effectively controlled grasses and selected broadleaved weeds in two growing seasons. English ivy and pachysandra displayed excellent tolerance to all of the herbicides at the rates tested, although there was some injury observed from the 2× rate of simazine in 1969. Ajuga and myrtle exhibited a much wider range in susceptibility to the various herbicides. Preplant applications of trifluralin or post-transplant applications of norea gave good weed control and did not injure ajuga at two rates of application. Myrtle displayed adequate tolerance to both diphenamid and granular EPTC.
Histology of Blemishes of Cherry Fruits, (Prunus cerasus L., cv. Montmorency), Resulting from Mechanical Harvesting1
Authors: Arnold C. E. , Mitchell A. E.
Published: August 2022

Scald was the major grade lowering defect resulting from mechanical harvesting of sour cherries for processing. Histological sections of scalded tissue showed no crushing or distortion of cells, but the epidermal cells appeared dense and the cell walls appeared to be thicker than those of nonscalded tissue. Since the cells of scalded tissue did not appear distorted, bruising apparently induced a chemical change as a result of membrane disruption bringing about discoloration. Microscopic examination indicated that darkened bruises on the epidermis of the cherries occurred prior to mechanical harvesting. Tannins were located primarily in the epidermal region, but during a 24-hour soak there was a slight movement of tannin into the outer cortical cells. Greater movement occurred in mechanically harvested cherries than in handpicked fruit. The cellular disruption resulting from bruising by mechanical harvesting possibly aided the movement of tannins. Scald was a major grade lowering factor when mechanically harvested cherries were soaked longer than 8 hours before processing.
Calcium Levels of ‘Golden Delicious’ Apples Sprayed with 2,3,5-Triiodobenzoic Acid1
Authors: Stahly E. A. , Benson N. R.
Published: August 2022

‘Golden Delicious’ apple trees sprayed with 50 ppm 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid (TIBA) 28 days after bloom had pitted fruit at harvest, but comparable control trees had none. The appearance of the pits on the fruit was similar to bitter pit. TIBA decreased the fruit Ca content and increased fruit B content. Decrease in Ca content by TIBA probably caused the development of bitter pit on the fruit.
Effects of Virus Infection on Drupelet Set of Four Red Raspberry Cultivars1
Authors: Daubeny Hugh A. , Freeman Jack A. , Stace-Smith R.
Published: August 2022

As part of the study on the effect of viruses on the growth and fruiting of red raspberry cultivars, drupelet set of fruit was studied. Clones of four cvs., Fairview, New-burgh, Sumner and Willamette were infected with black raspberry necrosis (BRNV), raspberry mosaic (RMV), tomato ringspot (TomRSV) and raspberry vein chlorosis (RVCV). Significant reduction in drupelet set, expressed as crumbliness, occurred only in the TomRSV-infected clones of ‘Sumner’ and ‘Fairview’, and for the latter, it occurred only on those plants which showed relatively severe symptoms of decline.
Phenylmercuric Acetate Effects on Water Loss of the Tomato1
Authors: Cotter D. J.
Published: August 2022

One of paired tomato plants was sprayed with 100 ppm phenylmurcuric acetate (PMA). Transpiration rates were measured gravimetrically. During the initial daylight periods, PMA treatment reduced water losses in 2 tests. Conversely, night water losses were higher for the PMA treated plants in both tests. When moisture stress symptoms occurred, water losses by the treated plant were higher. The results indicate that PMA closes the stomates at some small aperature. This reduces transpiration when plants are not stressed for water. Relative increased water losses occur, however, when untreated plant losses would be minimal (dark, wilted).