bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CHOOSING AND USING SELF-HELP MATERIALS
Authors: Williams Chris
Published: October 2003

Self-help approaches are popular with patients and can be effective treatments for common mental disorders such as anxiety and depression (Gould & Clum, 1993; Marrs, 1995; Scogin, Bynum, Stephens, & Calhoon, 1990; and Cuijpers, 1997). In spite of this, it is clear that a number of factors should also influence us in how we choose and use self-help materials with our patients.
Community natural resource management: the case of woodlots in Northern Ethiopia
Authors: Gebremedhin Berhanu , Pender John , Tesfay Girmay
Published: October 2003

This paper examines the nature of community management of woodlots and investigates the determinants of collective action and its effectiveness in managing woodlots, based on a survey of 100 villages in Tigray, northern Ethiopia. Despite limited current benefits received by community members, the woodlots contribute substantially to community wealth, increasing members' willingness to provide collective effort to manage the woodlots. We find that benefits are greater and problems less on woodlots managed at the village level than those managed at a higher municipality level, and that the average intensity of management is greater on village-managed woodlots. The factors that do significantly affect collective action include population density (higher collective labor input and lower planting density at intermediate than at low or high density), market access (less labor input, planting density and tree survival where market access is better), and presence of external organizations promoting the woodlot (reduces local effort to protect the woodlot and tree survival). The finding of an inverse U-shaped relationship between population density and collective labor input is consistent with induced innovation theory, with the increased labor/land ratio promoting collective effort to invest in resources as population density grows to a moderate level, while incentive problems may undermine collective action at high levels of population density. These findings suggest collective action may be more beneficial and more effective when managed at a more local level, when the role of external organizations is more demand-driven, and when promoted in intermediate population density communities more remote from markets. In higher population density settings and areas closer to markets, private-oriented approaches are likely to be more effective.
Potential economic impacts of terminator technologies: policy implications for developing countries
Authors: Srinivasan C.S. , Thirtle Colin
Published: October 2003

The terminator gene can render seeds sterile, so forcing farmers to purchase fresh seed every year. It is a technological solution to the problem of market failure that could increase the appropriability of R&D investment more effectively than intellectual property rights legislation or patents. This paper shows that appropriability should be more than tripled and that this leads to greater private R&D investment, which may be expected to double or triple. This would bring open-pollinating varieties into line with F1 hybrids, for which seed cannot be saved. In turn, the increased investment should raise yield increases to levels similar to those for hybrid crops. Thus, there are benefits to set against the possible ecological and environmental costs and the clear distributional and social consequences. The paper discusses the way the seed market is developing, the possible impacts, especially from a developing country viewpoint, and considers the policy changes that are needed.
The Travels of M. de Thévenot through the Thug Archive
Authors: ní Fhlathúin Máire
Published: October 2003

The campaign against thuggee in 1830s India produced a set of widely-circulated accounts of the origins and practices of thugs. In these works (both popular and scholarly), a very small amount of primary information was continually recycled throughout the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The changes visible in the manner of deployment of this information are indicative of progressive re-formulations of the narrative of the history of thuggee, and the larger history of British India. This process is examined through a study of the incorporation of an extract from The Travels of M de Thévenot into the Levant into the historical archive, which concludes that any re-appraisal of history must incorporate a consideration of the narrative underlying the production of the records, as well as the records themselves.
The Royal Asiatic Society Award 2001
Authors: Stockwell A. J.
Published: October 2003

At the start of the millennium Council reviewed medals and prizes and decided to discontinue the Gold Medal (which had not in any case been awarded for some time) and establish in its place the Society's Award. This Award will be made every two or three years in recognition of outstanding scholarship in Asian studies. Having considered a number of tenders, Council commissioned Ms Danuta Solowiej-Wedderburn to design and cast a medal bearing versions of two of the original Daniell images: the elephant and howdah on one side and the banyan-tree on the other (see John Hansman, “The Emblems, Medals and Medallists of the Royal Asiatic Society”, JRAS [1984 Part 1], pp. 99–119. Council approved the nomination of Mr John M. Gullick, who was recommended by a search committee (chaired by the Director) to be the first recipient of the RAS Award. On 10 January 2002 the President presented the RAS Award for 2001 to Mr Gullick who replied with a lecture, “An Indian official in Singapore: Governor Cavanagh (1859–1867)”.
Turner Centre, Margate: competition entry
Authors: McLaughlin Niall
Published: October 2003

The innovative use of materials, an inventive approach to gallery
lighting and clarity of organisation distinguish this short-listed
competition entry for a visual arts facility on a dramatic coastal site.

The design philosophy upon which our work is
based may be summarized in our attitude towards
the origins of a building, light as a primary agent of
change, a respect for the nature of construction, the
changing states of a building and the memory of
other buildings and places.
Developmental design and build in Cambodia
Authors: Vitale Antonella
Published: October 2003

Launched overnight into Cambodia, the author was responsible for the
design and construction of a small residential community. Researching
local traditions, she constantly adapted to local culture and conditions.
Urban visualization and public inquiries: the case of the Heron Tower, London
Authors: Day Alan
Published: October 2003

Computers are now used routinely to create high-quality images of
proposed buildings but the extent to which these images are
contributing to the quality of the final product remains questionable.
Modals, subjunctives, and (non-)finiteness
Authors: Anderson John M.
Published: October 2003

For grammarians, acquiring some understanding of ‘finiteness’ as a linguistic concept has been a longstanding problem, even if frequently unacknowledged as such. It seems to me that the problem derives, in particular, from the fact that arriving at a universally applicable characterization of the syntactic status of finiteness is difficult to reconcile with how it has been claimed to be manifested morphosyntactically in different languages. In what follows I explore the consequences for our understanding of the role of morphological and periphrastic subjunctives in English of drawing a distinction between finiteness as a syntactic property and the possible signalling of this property in the morphology. The discussion presents no novel data or novel claims concerning the interpretation of the sentences cited (at least, not intentionally); it merely confronts the familiar with the characterization of finiteness proposed here. And I have also tried, in the interests of accessibility and generality of application, to minimize appeal to parochial theoretical assumptions beyond that involving finiteness and the recognition of grammatical periphrasis, i.e. analytic expression of a category otherwise signalled morphologically, and of the traditional concept of reaction.
Tip-of-the-tongue states in Hebrew–English bilinguals
Authors: Gollan Tamar H. , Silverberg Nina B.
Published: October 2003

Tip-of-the-tongue states (TOTs) in proficient Hebrew–English bilinguals were compared to those of age-matched monolinguals. Monolinguals retrieved words in English, and bilinguals retrieved words from both languages. Results showed an increased TOT rate in bilinguals. However, bilinguals demonstrated comparable rates of spontaneous resolution, and similar ability to access partial information about target words. Interestingly, bilinguals named the same number of targets as monolinguals when naming an item in either language was counted as a correct response. Besides bilingualism, other factors that predicted TOT rate included word frequency (only for bilinguals), and age (younger participants had more TOTs). Unexpectedly, TOTs for Hebrew targets were not characterized by increased access to grammatical gender and number of syllables relative to control states, thus contrasting notably with TOTs for Italian and English targets respectively. We discuss these results in terms of their relevance for constraining models of bilingual lexical access and models of TOT.
The bilingual brain as revealed by functional neuroimaging
Authors: Abutalebi Jubin , Cappa Stefano F. , Perani Daniela
Published: October 2003

Functional neuroimaging, used in conjunction with experimental cognitive tasks, has been extremely successful in establishing functional specialization as a principle of brain organization in man. Positron emission tomography activation techniques and functional magnetic resonance imaging assess localized increases in cerebral blood flow associated with mental processes. The advent of these noninvasive neuroimaging techniques opened a “new era” in the investigation of language organization in healthy individuals. Neuroimaging studies of bilinguals and polyglots have highlighted the potential role of variables, such as age of acquisition, degree of proficiency, level of exposure, dominance/maternality on functional brain mapping of multiple languages. Consistent results indicate that attained proficiency, and maybe language exposure, are more important than the age of acquisition as a determinant of the cerebral representation of languages in bilinguals/polyglots. Indeed, increasing language proficiency appears to be associated at the neural level with the engagement of a common network within the dedicated language areas. Here we have reviewed the functional imaging literature on bilingualism.
The acquisition of possessive have-clauses by Turkish and Moroccan learners of Dutch
Authors: van de Craats Ineke , van Hout Roeland , Corver Norbert
Published: October 2003

This study describes how Turkish and Moroccan adults acquire Dutch possessive clauses in which the verb have expresses the possessive relationship. The acquisition process is explained within the framework of recent generative theory in which have-clauses are assumed to be copular locative constructions. In this theory, predicate inversion of the locative PP and incorporation of the locative P0 into a be-copula are the main characteristics of a possessive have-clause. Assuming that all linguistic knowledge of the L1 is present, L2 learners rely on it from the earliest stages, irrespective of whether this L1 knowledge is parameter-related or not. The results confirm such a “conservation” viewpoint, which accounts for how the possessive relationship is expressed in the earliest stages and why these learners have their language-specific difficulties in discovering the target have-construction. The results corroborate the conservation effect of both parametrized linguistic knowledge, viz., the strong features triggering predicate inversion, and non-parametrized knowledge, viz., knowledge of syntax, morphology and morphological realization rules, and properties of lexical items.
The need for converging evidence
Authors: SCHACHTER JACQUELYN
Published: October 2003

Pienemann's Processability Theory is an interesting and well thought out attempt to account for the developmental problem in L1 and L2. If correct, it would relieve the genetically specified knowledge base of what he views as its burdensome task of having to specify a great deal of genetically encoded linguistic knowledge and transfer at least part of that task to the processing mechanisms available for the acquisition of procedural skills needed for language processing. He posits a set of processing resources forming an implicational hierarchy such that the resource of a certain level is a prerequisite for the functioning of the next higher level. He posits further that the processing devices will be acquired in their predetermined sequence of activation in the production process. A consequence of this is that acquirers of both the first and the second language will follow the same sequence of acquisition of the processing hierarchy. The differences in the courses of development can be attributed, he says, to the knowledge base with which the learner comes to the acquisition task. In the case of L1, he says, many would see UG as the knowledge base; in the case of L2, only the surface syntactic features of the target language are available (and, presumably, knowledge of the L1).
A formal production-based explanation of the facts of code-switching
Authors: SANKOFF DAVID
Published: October 2003

We construct a production model of code-switched discourse, in order to explain empirical observations about switch point distribution, well-formedness of monolingual fragments, conservation of constituent structure and lack of constraint between successive switch points. The two monolingual grammars are modeled by congruent context-free phrase structure grammars. Each code-switched sentence makes alternate reference to two virtual monolingual sentences, one in each language, and, in the immediate vicinity of switch points, to their constituent structures. Imposing conservative conditions on when a constituent should be labeled as to language, and invoking a constraint against real-time “look-ahead” from one code-switch to the next, we prove that the existence of a consistent tree labeling, easily monitored by the speaker, implies a constraint on local equivalence of constituent order in the two languages around a switch point. This constitutes an explanation, without invoking a “code-switching grammar”, of the observed tendency for equivalence-point code-switching.
Studying bilinguals: Methodological and conceptual issues
Authors: GROSJEAN FRANÇOIS
Published: October 2003

Because the field of bilingualism is still relatively new, studies in the linguistics, psycholinguistics, language development and neurolinguistics of bilingualism have often produced conflicting results. It will be argued in this paper that some of the difficulties encountered by researchers could have been lessened, if not avoided, had close attention been paid to methodological and conceptual issues. Among the issues covered are bilingual participants, language mode, stimuli, tasks as well as models of bilingual representation and processing. Each issue is dealt with in the following way: first it is explained, then the problems it causes are discussed, and, finally, tentative solutions are proposed. Examples are taken from descriptive and experimental studies of normal bilingual adults and children as well as bilinguals suffering from aphasia and dementia.
Predator, prey and pathogen interactions in introduced snail populations
Authors: Gerlach J.
Published: October 2003

The introduction of the carnivorous snail Euglandina rosea to Pacific islands by biological control programmes has had a devastating effect on native snail populations. In most areas the target species, Achatina fulica, has not been affected, although some unsubstantiated reports have led to E. rosea being viewed as an effective control agent. Data from recent laboratory and field studies of E. rosea were combined into a simple model of the interactions between populations of E. rosea and A. fulica and a disease agent. Predictions from the model correspond closely with field data from a number of sites. The model suggests that apparent reductions in A. fulica numbers following E. rosea introduction are the result of a combination of predation and disease effects, and that although the maximum population levels are reduced the population is stabilized at a relatively high level. The model predicts that both A. fulica and E. rosea populations will persist. Partulidae will decline following E. rosea invasion although Samoana spp. may persist at reduced densities. More effective control of A. fulica can be achieved through manual collecting. Control of E. rosea requires the imposition of a significant novel mortality factor.
Survival of very small macropod pouch young followingshort‐term isolation from the pouch at various environmental temperatures
Authors: Taggart David A. , Shimmin Glenn A. , Underwood Geoff , Phillips Kevin
Published: October 2003

There is considerable interest in the use of assisted breeding techniques as a component of conservation programmes for a variety of macropods threatened with extinction. While cross‐fostering is being conducted in some programmes in captivity, little is known about the best techniques for carrying this procedure out from wild populations. In this study we compare the success of various procedures for isolating small tammar wallaby (Macropus eugenii) and brush‐tailed rock wallaby (Petrogale penicillata) pouch young (0.4 g–410 g) for short periods (6 hours) as a first step towards establishing a methodology for recruiting endangered macropod pouch young directly from the wild for foster‐rearing in captivity. Pouch temperature and humidity were determined. Pouch young from females in experimental groups were weighed, measured and then isolated, at 30°C, 27°C or 23°C, and 100% humidity. After isolation the weight of pouch young maintained at 30°C and 27°C had declined significantly (2–17% of body weight), whereas those held at 23°C and 100% humidity lost less than 0.5% of body weight. All young were reattached to the active teat of their mother following pouch isolation and their survival and growth monitored. Pouch young from the control group and those isolated at 23°C and 100% humidity survived and grew at normal rates. Only the largest pouch young maintained in isolation at either 30°C or 27°C survived to day 7 following reattachment. Data indicated that the proportion of weight lost by pouch young as a result of isolation decreased with increasing size and age of the pouch young. These trials indicate that it would be possible to harvest very small macropod pouch young from a species in the wild with a very high probability that they would survive short‐term isolation from the pouch and reattachment to the teat. The use of this procedure in combination with cross‐fostering techniques will allow small pouch young from threatened macropod species to be recruited directly from the wild into captivity, for captive breeding or to improve genetic diversity in captive colonies. It should also act to reactivate diapause embryos in these animals and hence may accelerate breeding in wild‐based mothers.
New distributional modelling approaches for gap analysis
Authors: Townsend Peterson A. , Kluza Daniel A.
Published: October 2003

Synthetic products based on biodiversity information such as gap analysis depend critically on accurate models of species' geographic distributions that simultaneously minimize error in both overprediction and omission. We compared current gap methodologies, as exemplified by the distributional models used in the Maine Gap Analysis project, with an alternative approach, the geographic projections of ecological niche models developed using the Genetic Algorithm for Rule‐Set Prediction (GARP). Point‐occurrence data were used to develop GARP models based on the same environmental data layers as were used in the gap project, and independent occurrence data used to test both methods. Gap models performed better in avoiding omission error, but GARP better avoided errors of overprediction. Advantages of the point‐based approach, and strategies for its incorporation into current gap efforts are discussed.
Genomic imprinting in fetal growth and development
Authors: Hitchins Megan P. , Moore Gudrun E.
Published: October 2003

Each somatic cell of the human body contains 46 chromosomes consisting of two sets of 23; one inherited from each parent. These chromosomes can be categorised as 22 pairs of autosomes and two sex chromosomes; females are XX and males are XY. Similarly, at the molecular level, two copies of each autosomal gene exist; one copy derived from each parent. Until the mid-1980s, it was assumed that each copy of an autosome or gene was functionally equivalent, irrespective of which parent it was derived from. However, it is now clear from classical experiments in mice and from examples of human genetic disease that this is not the case. The functional activity of some genes or chromosomal regions is unequal, and dependent on whether they have been inherited maternally or paternally. This phenomenon is termed ‘genomic imprinting’ and the activity or silence of an imprinted gene or chromosomal region is set during gametogenesis. Genomic imprinting involving the autosomes appears to be restricted to eutherian mammals, and has most likely evolved as a result of the conflicting concerns of the parental genomes in the growth and development of their offspring. When the normal pattern of imprinting is disrupted, the phenotypes observed in humans and mice are generally associated with abnormal fetal growth, development and behaviour, illustrating its importance for a normal intrauterine environment. The characteristics of imprinted genes, their regulation and the phenotypes associated with altered imprinting are discussed.
Immunological hurdles in the path to gene therapy for Duchenne muscular dystrophy
Authors: Wells Dominic J. , Ferrer Aurora , Wells Kim E.
Published: October 2003

Patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), an X-linked lethal muscle-wasting disease, have abnormal expression of the protein dystrophin within their muscle fibres. In the mdx mouse model of this condition, both germline and neonatal somatic gene transfers of dystrophin cDNAs have demonstrated the potential of gene therapy in treating DMD. However, in many DMD patients, there appears to be no dystrophin expression when muscle biopsies are immunostained or western blots are performed. This raises the possibility that the expression of dystrophin following gene transfer might trigger a destructive immune response against this ‘neoantigen’. Immune responses can also be generated against the gene transfer vector used to transfect the dystrophic muscle, and the combined immune response could further damage the already inflamed muscle. These problems are now beginning to be investigated in immunocompetent mdx mice. Although much work remains to be done, there are promising indications that these immune responses might not prove as much of a concern as originally envisaged.
Chronic transplant dysfunction and transplant arteriosclerosis: new insights into underlying mechanisms
Authors: Hillebrands Jan-Luuk , Rozing Jan
Published: October 2003

Although effective in the short-term, clinical solid-organ transplantation has not achieved its goals as a long-term treatment for patients with end-stage organ failure. Development of so-called chronic transplant dysfunction (CTD) is now recognised as the predominant cause of allograft loss long-term (after the first post-operative year) following transplantation. CTD has the remarkable histological feature that the luminal areas of intragraft arteries become obliterated, predominantly with vascular smooth muscle cells intermingled with some inflammatory cells. The development of this transplant vasculopathy, referred to as transplant arteriosclerosis (TA), is a multifactorial process and many risk factors have been identified. However, the precise pathogenetic mechanisms leading to TA are largely unknown and, as a result, current prevention and treatment protocols are inadequate. This review discusses the risk factors for TA and current views on the pathogenetic mechanisms leading to this vasculopathy. We argue here that host-derived cells contribute to the development of these vascular lesions, and propose that TA results from a normal vascular repair process that proceeds beyond the needs of functional repair. Guided by the proposed sequence of events, we finally discuss possible directions for future intervention strategies to prevent TA after solid-organ transplantation.
The biology of impact craters — a review
Authors: COCKELL CHARLES S. , LEE PASCAL
Published: October 2003

Impact craters contain ecosystems that are often very different from the ecosystems that surround them. On Earth over 150 impact craters have been identified in a wide diversity of biomes. All natural events that can cause localized disruption of ecosystems have quite distinct patterns of recovery. Impact events are unique in that they are the only extraterrestrial mechanism capable of disrupting an ecosystem locally in space and time. Thus, elucidating the chronological sequence of change at the sites of impacts is of ecological interest. In this synthetic review we use the existing literature, coupled with our own observations at the Haughton impact structure, Devon Island, Nunavut, Canada to consider the patterns of biological recovery at the site of impact craters and the ecological characteristics of impact craters. Three phases of recovery are suggested. The Phase of Thermal Biology, a phase associated with the localized, ephemeral thermal anomaly generated by an impact event. The Phase of Impact Succession and Climax, a phase marked by multiple primary and secondary succession events both in the aquatic realm (impact crater‐lakes) and terrestrial realm (colonization of paleolacustrine deposits and impact‐generated substrata) that are followed by periods of climax ecology. In the case of large‐scale impact events (>104 Mt), this latter phase may also be influenced by successional changes in the global environment. Finally, during the Phase of Ecological Assimilation, the disappearance of the surface geological expression of an impact structure results in a concomitant loss of ecological distinctiveness. In extreme cases, the impact structure is buried. Impact succession displays similarities and differences to succession following other agents of ecological disturbance, particularly volcanism.
Eat and run? The hunger/satiation hypothesis in vertical migration: history, evidence and consequences
Authors: PEARRE SIFFORD
Published: October 2003

The study of vertical migrations in aquatic organisms has a long and colourful history, much of it to do with the effects of changing sampling technology on our understanding of the phenomenon. However, the overwhelming majority of such studies carried out today still depend on detecting differences in vertical distribution profiles during some course of time, or acoustic echoes of migrating bands of organisms. These can not distinguish migratory activity of individual organisms, but can only assess net results of mass transfers of populations, which may integrate many individual migrations. This is an important distinction, for without knowing the actual movements of individuals it seems unlikely that we will be able to understand their causes, nor the effects of vertical migrations on the environment or on the migrators themselves. This review examines evidence for individual vertical movements gathered from ‘tracers ‘, mainly gut contents, and reviews the evidence for the hypothesis that such movements are in fact driven by hunger and satiation. The more recently appreciated vertical migrations of phytoplankters and their similarities in form and driving forces to those of zooplankton and nekton are also discussed. Finally, the role of vertical migrators in vertical fluxes of materials is discussed, along with the consequences of satiation‐driven descent for such estimates.
Chloride ATPase pumps in nature: do they exist?
Authors: GERENCSER GEORGE A. , ZHANG JIANLIANG
Published: October 2003

Five widely documented mechanisms for chloride transport across biological membranes are known: anioncoupled antiport, Na+ and H+‐coupled symport, Cl− channels and an electrochemical coupling process. These transport processes for chloride are either secondarily active or are driven by the electrochemical gradient for chloride. Until recently, the evidence in favour of a primary active transport mechanism for chloride has been inconclusive despite numerous reports of cellular Cl−‐stimulated ATPases coexisting, in the same tissue, with uphill ATP‐dependent chloride transport. Cl−‐stimulated ATPase activity is a ubiquitous property of practically all cells with the major location being of mitochondrial origin. It also appears that plasma membranes are sites of Cl−‐stimulated ATPase pump activity. Recent studies of Cl−‐stimulated ATPase activity and ATP‐dependent chloride transport in the same plasma membrane system, including liposomes, strongly suggest a mediation by the ATPase in the net movement of chloride up its electrochemical gradient across the plasma membrane structure. Contemporary evidence points to the existence of Cl−‐ATPase pumps; however, these primary active transporters exist as either P‐, F‐ or V‐type ATPase pumps depending upon the tissue under study.
Comment on ‘Japan's Multimember SNTV System and Strategic Voting: The ‘M + 1’ Rule and Beyond’
Authors: Cox Gary W.
Published: October 2003

Patrick Fournier and Masaru Kohno (2000) have considered some apparent differences between my view of strategic voting in Japan (Cox 1997) and Steve Reed's (1990). I think they succeed in showing these differences to be small in most instances. Along the way, they note some problems with the use of the S–F ratio. In this note, I comment briefly on this latter issue.
Distributed WWW programming using (Ciao-)Prolog and the PiLLoW library
Authors: CABEZA DANIEL , HERMENEGILDO MANUEL
Published: October 2003

We discuss from a practical point of view a number of issues involved in writing distributed
Internet and WWW applications using LP/CLP systems. We describe PiLLoW, a public-domain
Internet and WWW programming library for LP/CLP systems that we have designed
to simplify the process of writing such applications. PiLLoW provides facilities for accessing
documents and code on the WWW; parsing, manipulating and generating HTML and XML
structured documents and data; producing HTML forms; writing form handlers and CGI-scripts;
and processing HTML/XML templates. An important contribution of PiLLoW is to
model HTML/XML code (and, thus, the content of WWW pages) as terms. The PiLLoW
library has been developed in the context of the Ciao Prolog system, but it has been adapted
to a number of popular LP/CLP systems, supporting most of its functionality. We also
describe the use of concurrency and a high-level model of client-server interaction, Ciao
Prolog's active modules, in the context of WWW programming. We propose a solution for
client-side downloading and execution of Prolog code, using generic browsers. Finally, we
also provide an overview of related work on the topic.
Multi-threading and message communication in Qu-Prolog
Authors: CLARK KEITH , ROBINSON PETER J. , HAGEN RICHARD
Published: October 2003

This paper presents the multi-threading and internet message communication capabilities of
Qu-Prolog. Message addresses are symbolic and the communications package provides high-level
support that completely hides details of IP addresses and port numbers as well as the
underlying TCP/IP transport layer. The combination of the multi-threads and the high level
inter-thread message communications provide simple, powerful support for implementing
internet distributed intelligent applications.
Chain programs for writing deterministic metainterpreters
Authors: ROSENBLUETH DAVID A.
Published: October 2003

Many metainterpreters found in the logic programming literature are nondeterministic in the
sense that the selection of program clauses is not determined. Examples are the familiar ‘demo’
and ‘vanilla’ metainterpreters. For some applications this nondeterminism is convenient. In
some cases, however, a deterministic metainterpreter, having an explicit selection of clauses,
is needed. Such cases include (1) conversion of OR parallelism into AND parallelism for
‘committed-choice’ processors, (2) logic-based, imperative-language implementation of search
strategies, and (3) simulation of bounded-resource reasoning. Deterministic metainterpreters
are difficult to write because the programmer must be concerned about the set of unifiers of the
children of a node in the derivation tree. We argue that it is both possible and advantageous
to write these metainterpreters by reasoning in terms of object programs converted into a
syntactically restricted form that we call ‘chain’ form, where we can forget about unification,
except for unit clauses. We give two transformations converting logic programs into chain
form, one for ‘moded’ programs (implicit in two existing exhaustive-traversal methods for
committed-choice execution), and one for arbitrary definite programs. As illustrations of our
approach we show examples of the three applications mentioned above.
National Treatment and WTO Dispute Settlement
Authors: PILLAI RAJESH
Published: October 2003

The tension between the WTO and its constituent States and the conflicting impulses of trade liberalization and domestic regulatory autonomy is well documented. This phenomenon is brought into stark relief by the perceived interference from WTO dispute settlement panels into fiscal and regulatory policy-making within States. It is clear that the GATT and GATS agreements do in fact mandate a high degree of policing by WTO panels in areas that were traditionally seen as the exclusive sovereign preserve of States.
EBENE: A JGOFS investigation of plankton variability and trophic interactions in the equatorial Pacific (180°)
Authors: Le Borgne Robert , Landry Michael R.
Published: October 2003

The Etude du Broutage en Zone Equatoriale (EBENE) transect (8°S–8°N) explored the equatorial high‐nutrient, low‐chlorophyll (HNLC) zone and adjacent oligotrophic areas during a La Niña period (October–November 1996). During this time the passage of a tropical instability wave also influenced the region north of the equator. We present a brief summary of EBENE findings, with an emphasis on phytoplankton utilization by the assemblage of protistan and animal consumers. Despite significant variability over the diel cycle, phytoplankton biomass at the equator was relatively constant on a 24‐hour timescale, denoting a dynamic balance between growth and losses. The magnitude of the daily cycle in phytoplankton biomass was well constrained by in situ observations of the diel variability in pigments and suspended particulates, by 14C uptake rates from in situ incubations, and from experimental determinations of specific growth and grazing rates. The general equilibrium of production and grazing processes is illustrated by applying biomass‐specific grazing rates from the equatorial station to measured planktonic biomass along the EBENE transect and comparing them to measured 14C uptake. Most of the grazing turnover is supported by the production of Prochloroccus (31%) and picoeukaryotic algae (34%). Among the consumers, microzooplankton (<200 μm) account for 59–98% of the grazing losses. The coherence of the results obtained by independent methods suggests that the essential features of the system have been adequately represented by rate and standing stock assessments from the EBENE study.
Crustal structure beneath the Strait of Juan de Fuca and southern Vancouver Island from seismic and gravity analyses
Authors: Graindorge D. , Spence G. , Charvis P. , Collot J. Y. , Hyndman R. , Tréhu A. M.
Published: October 2003

Wide‐angle and vertical incidence seismic data from Seismic Hazards Investigations in Puget Sound (SHIPS), gravity modeling, and seismicity are used to derive two‐dimensional crustal models beneath the Strait of Juan de Fuca. The Eocene volcanic Crescent‐Siletz terrane is significantly thicker than previously recognized and extends from near the surface to depths of 22 km or greater. For the northern strait, a weak midcrustal reflector, dipping east from 12‐ to 22‐km depth, is inferred from wide‐angle reflections. A stronger deeper reflector, dipping eastward from 23‐ to 36‐km depth, is associated with the top of “reflector band E,” a zone of high reflectivity on coincident Multichannel Seismic (MCS) data, interpreted as a shear zone. A high‐velocity zone (7.60 ± 0.2 km s−1) between these reflectors is interpreted as a localized slice of mantle accreted with the overlying Crescent‐Siletz terrane. For the southern strait, no deep high‐velocity layer is observed and the E‐band reflectivity is weaker than to the north. A strong deep reflector, interpreted as the oceanic Moho dips eastward from 35 to 42 km. Seismicity within the subducting slab occurs mainly above the inferred oceanic Moho. Gravity modeling, constrained by the wide‐angle seismic models and seismicity, is consistent with the inferred large thickness of Crescent‐Siletz and high‐density rocks (3030 kg m−3) in the lower crust.
Inversion of GPS measurements for a layer of negative dislocation distribution in north China
Authors: Wu J. C. , Tang H. W. , Chen Y. Q. , Li Y. X.
Published: October 2003

In north China, most earthquakes occur at depths of 10–25 km and are considered to be the direct result of deformation or rupture of the brittle upper crustal layer. To describe this mechanism, a planar horizontal negative dislocation plane is used to represent the force of action of the lower crustal layer on an overlying brittle upper crust layer. An area around Beijing in north China has been chosen for applying this negative dislocation layer assumption. A GPS network (Capital Circle GPS Network, CCGN), has been set up for monitoring crust deformations since 1992. In this paper, observations from 1992, 1995, and 1996 GPS surveying campaigns were used to determine model parameters of a negative dislocation layer. Using a Bayesian inversion procedure, more than 95% of data residuals are found to be <2 mm/yr, indicating that the negative dislocation layer model can fit GPS data well. The inversion results show that the local tectonic movement is −2 ± 1 mm/yr in the north and 7 ± 1 mm/yr in the east, and the high negative dislocation rates occur mainly in the south part of the north Taihang mountain zone with a magnitude of ∼4 ± 1 mm/yr, and the east part of the Yan mountain zone with a magnitude of ∼3 ± 1 mm/yr. By applying this negative dislocation layer model, the continuous GPS surveying data can be inverted to determine the negative dislocation rate distributions in the middle or upper seismogenic crust layer, so as to predict the locations of potential earthquake sources.
Deformation of brittle‐ductile thrust wedges in experiments and nature
Authors: Smit J. H. W. , Brun J. P. , Sokoutis D.
Published: October 2003

Even though the rheology of thrust wedges is mostly frictional, a basal ductile decollement is often involved. By comparison with purely frictional wedges, such brittle‐ductile wedges generally display anomalous structures such as backward vergence, widely spaced thrust units, and nonfrontward sequences of thrust development. Laboratory experiments are used here to study the deformation of brittle‐ductile thrust wedges. Results are compared with natural systems in the Jura Mountains and the northern Pakistan Salt Range and Potwar Plateau. Two series of three models are used to illustrate the effects of varying the basal wedge angle (β) and shortening rate (V). These two parameters directly control variations in relative strength between brittle and ductile layers (BD coupling). Wedges with strong BD coupling (low β and high V) give almost regular frontward sequences with closely spaced thrust units and, as such, are not significantly different from purely frictional wedges. Weak BD coupling (high β and low V) gives dominantly backward thrusting sequences. Intermediate BD coupling produces frontward‐backward oscillating sequences. The spacing of thrust units increases as coupling decreases. Back thrusts develop in parts of a wedge where BD coupling is weak, regardless of the thrust sequence. Wedges with weak BD coupling need large amounts of bulk shortening (more than 30%) to attain a state of equilibrium, at which stable sliding along the base occurs. On this basis, we argue that a state of equilibrium has not yet been attained in at least some parts of the Jura Mountains and eastern Salt Range and Potwar Plateau thrust systems.
The formation of conjugate normal fault systems in folded sandstone by sequential jointing and shearing, Waterpocket monocline, Utah
Authors: Davatzes Nicholas C. , Aydin Atilla
Published: October 2003

We report conjugate normal fault development by the formation and subsequent shearing of joints during flexure and associated extension of the Jurassic Wingate and Navajo Sandstones at the core of the Waterpocket monocline, Utah. Geometry and structural components across fault zones were quantified from an incipient stage to a relatively well‐developed stage where the zone is 120 m wide and accommodates more than 3.5 m of slip. Shearing of joints leads to the formation of splay fractures near the joints' tip. Subsequently, these splay fractures are sheared and a new generation of splay fractures forms. Multiple generations of splay fractures cause the width of the fault damage zone to expand into the surrounding host rock, producing unusually wide fault damage zones with respect to fault offset. These extensive fault damage zones are stratigraphically confined and develop with low strains at small bed dips during folding. The faults formed by this sequential process develop a characteristic fault architecture distinguished by the type of component structures, their geometric relationships, and their distribution. We conclude that cyclic joint formation, shearing accompanied by splay fracture formation, and repeated shearing produce a geometric pattern similar to a classical conjugate fault system. However, the mechanism identified here has different implications for fault intersection angles, stress inversion, and fault architecture.
Depth and seasonal variations in the thermal properties of Antarctic Dry Valley permafrost from temperature time series analysis
Authors: Pringle D. J. , Dickinson W. W. , Trodahl H. J. , Pyne A. R.
Published: October 2003

We present the first dedicated study of the thermal properties of perennially frozen, ice‐cemented, subsurface Dry Valley permafrost. From time series analysis of 14 months' temperature measurements, we resolve depth and seasonal variations in the thermal properties at two nearby sites at Table Mountain with different origin, composition, and polygonal ground patterning. We determine apparent thermal diffusivity (ATD) profiles directly from thermistor array measurements at 13.5‐cm‐depth intervals and 4‐hour time intervals in the top 2 m. We treat the system as purely conductive year round due to the cold temperatures and compare the performance of several common analysis schemes with a graphical finite difference method that we present in detail. This comparison is facilitated by one site showing strong depth variations including an abrupt twofold increase in ATD across a sharp compositional boundary. We characterize the composition of the inhomogeneous ground from recovered cores and estimate an ice‐fraction‐dependent heat capacity in the range C = 1.7 ± 0.1 to 1.8 ± 0.1 MJ m−3 °C−1. We calculate apparent thermal conductivity profiles that correlate very well with the core compositions. The conductivity generally lies in the range 2.5 ± 0.5 W m−1 °C−1 but is as high as 4.1 ± 0.4 W m−1 °C−1 for a quartose Sirius sandstone unit at one site. The seasonal variation in the ATD is consistent with its expected temperature dependence.
Dynamics and optics of the Hudson River outflow plume
Authors: Johnson Donald R. , Miller Jerry , Schofield Oscar
Published: October 2003

In July and August 2000 a field experiment was conducted along the New Jersey coast to explore the linkage between dynamics of the outflowing Hudson River plume and the optical character of the inshore environment. A plume of low‐salinity water periodically flows along the coast, trapped in an inshore zone of 5–15 km width and extending to over 100 km alongshore from its source. The plume is clearly distinguished in color satellite images because of its high content of particulates and colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM), which dominate the inherent optical properties (IOPs) of the inshore region. This plume water is dispersed into the interior of the shelf when winds turn to upwelling favorable. Using an array of five acoustic Doppler current profilers, we found a well‐defined first mode empirical orthogonal function that showed strong southward flow and downwelling circulation during the plume state and weak northward flow with upwelling circulation during the upwelling state. Using filtered and nonfiltered measurements, the optical absorption IOP was separated into contributions from CDOM and particulates. The contributions from particulates were further separated into phytoplankton and detritus contributions using least squares fit with model spectra. It was found that the plume could be distinguished from upwelling by larger contributions to absorption from detritus and smaller contributions from CDOM.
Effects of winds and Caribbean eddies on the frequency of Loop Current eddy shedding: A numerical model study
Authors: Oey L.‐Y. , Lee H.‐C. , Schmitz William J.
Published: October 2003

The Loop Current (LC) is known to shed eddies at irregular intervals from 3 to 17 months. The causes of this irregularity have not, however, been adequately identified previously. We examine the effects of various types of external forcing on shedding with a model of the western North Atlantic Ocean (96°–55°W, 6°–50°N). We force the model with steady transport at 55°W, with winds, and include eddies in the Caribbean Sea. We examine their separate effects. With steady transport only, the model sheds rings at a dominant period of 9–10 months. Wind‐induced transport fluctuations through the Greater Antilles Passages cause shedding at shorter intervals (≈3–7 months). Caribbean eddies (anticyclones) cause shedding at longer periods (≈14–16 months). Potential vorticity conservation indicates that Caribbean eddies tend to deter northward extension of the LC into the Gulf, which can lead to longer periods between eddy shedding. Fluctuating inflow at the Yucatan Channel that is associated with winds and/or Caribbean eddies can cause an LC eddy to temporarily (∼1 month) detach from and then reattach back to the LC, a phenomenon often observed. Model results also suggest that southwest of Hispaniola, warm eddies are spun up by the local wind stress curl. This type of eddy drifts southwestward, then westward after merging with the Caribbean Current, and then northward as it progresses toward the Yucatan Channel; these eddies significantly affect the shedding behavior of warm‐core rings. The timescale for spin up and drift from Hispaniola is about 100 days. Satellite data indicate the existence of these eddies in the real ocean.