bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Twin fetal maceration in a cow associated with persistent corpus luteum and closed cervix
Authors: Hailat Nabil , Lafi Shawkat , Al-Sahli Ayman , Abu-Basha Ehab , Fathalla Mahmound
Published: March 2023

Fetal maceration in the cow that occurs after the third month of gestation, when fetal bones are fairly well developed, and that may be caused by wound infection type bacterial agents, especially Corynobacterium pyogenes, progressing to septic metritis with death and maceration of the fetus in a closed uterus, is uncommon. In other circumstances, fetal death with maceration in cattle is usually accompanied by regression of the corpus luteum (CL) with opened cervix.

In two previous surveys, in which we studied the gross lesions ofbovine reproductive tracts, we did not encounter any case of fetal maceration. This report provides macroscopic description of a case of twin fetal maceration in the cow associated with persistent corpus luteum and closed cervix.
Evaluation of the Fulton and Remington tests for serologic research of toxoplasmosis in cattle
Authors: Proverbio D. , Belloli A. , Avezza F. , Guarneri D. , Arrigoni S.
Published: March 2023

Prevalence of toxoplasmosis was determined in 100 cows. The Fulton and Remington tests were used to demonstrate the antibodies classes in the different phases of the infection. The study concluded that the two tests could provide significant information about the state of the infection.
Modulation of lung inflammation in the control of bovine respiratory disease
Authors: Van De Weerdt M. L. , Lekeux P.
Published: March 2023

This thesis reviews the anti-inflammatory agents that could be available to the practitioner in the future in order to enhance the efficacy of treatment of respiratory diseases in cattle.
Congenital chondrodystrophy of calves in Scotland
Authors: Gunn G. J. , Scott D. , Thorpe B. , Loveridge N. , Goldie J.
Published: March 2023

A distant congenital anomaly of calves within the Scottish beef herd was identified by Scottish Agricultural College Veterinary Services before 1985. The condition involved primarily head and limb abnormalities, due to chondrodystrophy, with a wide range in severity within herds. Similar problems have been described in beef calves in Canada and more recently the Republic of Ireland. Outbreaks appear to be linked in some way to silage feeding. To date the etiology of these outbreaks remains undetermined. This paper includes a brief clinical and pathological description of the condition as seen in Scottish herds, outlines the suspected extent of the problem, speculates on the potential cost to the industry and makes a preliminary report of the findings from a project which tested the hypothesis that manganese deficiency, acting as an independent factor. The need for further research into the relationship between silage manganese and bone manganese levels in the fetus is highlighted.
10th international symposium on lameness in ruminants
Authors: Lischer Christoph , Ossent Pete
Published: March 2023

Description of the 10th International Symposium on Lameness in Ruminants, 1198, held September 7-10, Lucerne Switzerland.
Metabolic profiling to evaluate nutritional and disease status
Authors: Van Saun Robert J. , Wustenberg Mark
Published: March 2023

Methods of nutritional diagnostic evaluation, records analysis, animal and facilities evaluation, ration evaluation, and nutrient profile analysis on dairy cattle farms are reviewed.
Nutrition, metabolic diseases and immunity in dairy cows
Authors: Wentink G. H. , Rutten V. P. M. G. , Wensing Th.
Published: March 2023

In this short review attention is focused on the occurrence of metabolic diseases in combination with disturbances of the immunologic response. Epidemiological surveys in cows suffering from hepatic lipidosis indicate an increased percentage of a specific infectious diseases. Few experiments have been described in which immunoreactivity in cows with spontaneous or induced metabolic diseases were studied. The results reported in these studies indeed strongly suggest impairment of the immune response in metabolic diseases, but do not indicate a causative relationship between metabolism and immunity.
Development and use of BOVID-3, an expert system for veterinarians involved in diagnosis, treatment and prevention of diseases of cattle
Authors: Brightling P. , Larcombe M. T. , Blood B. C. , Kennedy P. C.
Published: March 2023

Case management is a complex process in which veterinarians utilise a large amount of information about diseases. This project was undertaken to develop a comprehensive, up-to-date information source on diseases of cattle, which could be easily interrogated and was presented in a form that supported common veterinary diagnostic decision-making techniques. The objective was to provide an information management tool which would be valuable for practitioners and government officers and could be used to enhance undergraduate education in cattle medicine. BOVID-3 is compiled from the veterinary literature and the experience of a panel of senior cattle clinicians and pathologists. Over 1040 different diseases have their clinical signs, clinicopathological findings, gross and histological lesions specified. Each disease also has a summary of its cause and transmission, major risk factors, confirmatory tests, recommended treatments and control measures (in general terms), and cross-references in standard texts. In case investigations, field veterinarians aim to establish differential lists that rank diseases in order of likelihood. BOVID-3 includes a classical probability analysis routine to model that approach. The program is currently used in 42 sites internationally. It is a primary resource for senior undergraduate veterinary students at the University of Melbourne where it has been integrated into the cattle medicine curriculum. Through use of BOVID-3, students learn the basis of the diagnostic strategies they are employing and how to access and manipulate information sources. These are facets of the deep learning approaches that innovative contemporary veterinary educators now foster.
Diagnostic ultrasound in the investigation of septic tenosynovitis of the digital flexor tendon sheath in 33 cattle
Authors: Kofler J.
Published: March 2023

Clinical, radiographic, sonographic, centesis and intraoperative findings in 33 cattle with septic tenosynovitis of the digital flexor tendon sheath were evaluated retrospectively. A unilateral septic tenosynovitis was diagnosed in 13 cattle. In 20 cattle the contralateral digital flexor tendon sheath or one or more digital joints were affected additionally. Using diagnostic ultrasound (7.5 MHz linear scan), the distended compartments of the digital flexor tendon sheath and, if affected, the distended digital joint recesses could be determined accurately. Depending on the type of inflammation (serous, fibrinous, purulent) the compartments and recesses were filled with anechoic, heterogeneous hypoechoic or echogenic inflammatory exudate. Involvement of the 3 compartments of the tendon sheath varied. Flow-phenomena within the synovial cavity were observed in all cases with liquid effusion. Ultrasonography provided accurate preoperative details of pathological alterations of tendon sheaths, tendons and adjoining digital joints.
Sickness, mortality and the buller steer syndrome in a western Canadian feedlot
Authors: Taylor L. F. , Booker C. W. , Jim G. K. , Guichon P. T.
Published: March 2023

A retrospective epidemiological study was undertaken of 78,445 male cattle that entered a 24,000- head feedlot in western Canada from 1991 to 1993 to determine if an association existed between sickness, mortality, and bullers. Animal health records for bullers were collected and analysed to see if they were at greater risk of sickness and mortality than other steers, and to see if pens with a high prevalence of bullers also had a high prevalence of sickness and mortality. The prevalence of bullers increased with increasing age of cattle on arrival at the feedlot (R = 0.36; P < 0.001). Sickness and mortality decreased with increasing age of cattle on arrival. However, sickness and mortality in bullers relative to other steers actually increased with increasing age on arrival suggesting an interaction existed between sickness and bullers. Bullers were significantly (P < 0.05) more likely to get sick and to die than other steers. In all cases, there was a strong temporal association between sickness and bullers, with sickness and bullers mostly occurring within the first 30 days of the feeding period. On average, pens of cattle with a high prevalence of bullers did not have a correspondingly high prevalence of sickness or mortality. Sickness would appear to be an effect modifier of dominance behaviour and therefore bullers in feedlot steers. Bullers should always be checked for signs of sickness and treated accordingly. Further research is needed to investigate the effects of sickness on dominance behaviour in pens of feedlot cattle.
Survey description of down-cows and cows with progressive or non-progressive neurological signs compatible with a TSE from veterinary-client herds in 38 states
Authors: Hansen Don , Bridges Victoria
Published: March 2023

The surveillance efforts to detect a potential transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) disease in US cattle have been in place since 1990. This monitoring programme is vital to US interests as it assures the American public and foreign governments of the freedom from TSEs in the US cattle population. The objective of this study was to collect data from practicing veterinarians that would describe non-ambulatory or "downer-cows" in the US cattle population. A second objective was to estimate rates for progressive central nervous system (CNS) conditions potentially compatible with a TSE and determine if affected by regional and herd-size differences. The design of this study was to survey veterinary members of the American Association of Bovine Practitioners (AABP) and compile the data from downer cows as reported from their clients' dairy and beef herds. For non-ambulatory dairy cows with non-progressive neurological signs (NANP), 85% of cases fell into three cause categories: injury/trauma, septicaemia/toxaemia or non-responsive milk fevers. For beef cows, injury/trauma, septicaemia/toxaemia and other known CNS disorders cases accounted for the majority (76%) of NANP cows. The profile of the progressive CNS cases in dairy cattle found that other known CNS conditions, septicaemia/toxaemia, unknown CNS conditions and non-responsive milk fever to be the most frequently reported causes. In beef cattle four case categories accounted for 88.4% of the total reported causes: injury/trauma, known infectious agent, septicaemia/toxaemia and known CNS conditions. There were regional and herd-size effects on the percentages and rates for unknown cases and non-recovered, progressive CNS rates. Non-recovery rates for progressive cases were >400/106 in the south central and northeast regions. Dairy cattle in the southeast had the highest incidence of progressive and unknown CNS disorders. The same was found for beef cows in the southeast. Results of the herd-size analysis showed that dairy herds with <50 cows and beef herds with <100 cows were at the highest risk for unknown non-progressive plus unknown and total progressive cases in this study. Suggested minimum numbers of tests for surveillance were constructed to account for regional and herd-size differences.
Passively Transferred Immunity in Newborn Calves, Rate of Antibody Decay, and Effect on Subsequent Vaccination with Modified Live Virus Vaccine
Authors: Kirkpatrick J. , Fulton R. W. , Burge L. J. , DuBois W. R. , Payton M.
Published: March 2023

The passive immunity transferred to calves via colostrum containing antibodies to infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus (BHV-1), bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) 1, BVDV 2, parainfluenza-3 virus (PI-3V) and bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) was investigated to determine half-life of antibody, time to seronegative and effect on immunization. Thirty dairy calves were fed colostrum from non-pooled sources. Serum samples were obtained at the following times: prior to colostral feeding for BVDV isolation; two days of age to measure peak or near peak serum IgG and antibody to the five viruses in this study; and 30 days of age, and approximately 30-day intervals thereafter to assess colostral antibody decay and/or serologic response to vaccine antigen. Antibody titers to each of the five viruses were determined using viral neutralization tests. The mean titers in the day 2 serums were: 17.0 to IBRV; 79.1 to BVDV 1; 297.1 to BVDV 2; 479.2 to PI-3V; and 347.5 to BRSV. The mean half-life of antibodies to each virus was: IBRV, 12.7 days (d); BVDV 1, 20.5 d; BVDV 2, 20.5 d; PI-3V, 21.7 d; and BRSV, 28.1 d. The calculated time to seronegative status for each virus was: IBRV, 65.1 d; BVDV/1, 117.7 d; BVDV/2, 94.0 d; PI-3V, 183.8 d; and BRSV, 200.2 d. The time to seronegative status was dependent on amount of antibody absorbed and antibody decay rate. Calves were vaccinated as viral antibody titers either reached 0, or in the presence of waning antibodies, with a modified live virus vaccine containing IBRV, BVDV 1, BVDV 2, PI-3V, and BRSV immunogens. The active immune response (seroconver- sion) was dependent on the virus and sion) was dependent on the virus and amount of passive antibodies present at vaccination.
Case report
Authors: Niles Gene A. , Morgan Sandra
Published: March 2023

A herd of beef cattle routinely fed cotton industry by-products was poisoned by disulfoton-treated cotton seed that was disposed in cotton gin trash. Disulfoton is an organophosphorus insecticide. Eighteen of 48 animals died. Blood acetylcholinesterase (AChE) levels were used to determine clearance of disulfoton from the surviving animals, and to determine when the animals could be sold. At 36 days post-exposure three animals, although asymptomatic, hadAChE levels that suggested persistentAChE inhibition. At 77 days following initial exposure, AChE levels were within normal limits.
AABP Association and Conference News
Authors: Bovine Practitioners American Association of
Published: March 2023

Description and highlights of the 34th Annual Convention American Association of Bovine Practitioners, 2001 and information about officers, district news, events, awards, and other news.
Salmonella contamination of rubber boots worn on dairies
Authors: Kirk John H. , Sischo William M. , Barnett Staci C. , Collar Carol , Higginbotham Jerry , Schultz Thomas
Published: March 2023

Rubber boots were cultured for Salmonella after being worn in calving, hospital and fresh cow pens on 27 selected dairies in California, USA. Dairies were selected on the basis of willingness to cooperate, previous isolation of Salmonella from bulk tank milk, or recent history of clinical salmonellosis. Six salmonella serotypes, including Salmonella typhimurium and Salmonella newport, were isolated from boots worn on 12 of the dairies. Salmonella was re-isolated from one of four boots 48 h after they were casually washed. Veterinarians should be aware of the potential to transfer microorganisms from one location to another on boots and inform dairymen as they develop biosecurity plans to minimize this hazard.
Milk quality and mastitis tests
Authors: Ruegg Pamela L. , Reinemann Douglas J.
Published: March 2023

A variety of diagnostic tests are routinely used to evaluate milk quality on dairy farms. Tests such as bulk milk bacterial counts, bulk tank somatic cell count and tests for adulterants such as water, sediment or antibiotics are routinely used by regulatory agencies. Other tests such as individual cow somatic cell count values, Staphylococcus aureus milk antibody tests, the California Mastitis Test, milk conductivity and milk microbiology are often used diagnostically to investigate milk quality problems. Veterinarians also use various types of antibiotic susceptibility tests to help guide mastitis treatment decisions. The successful use of milk quality and mastitis tests requires knowledge of the methodology and diagnostic capabilities of each test. This paper reviews practical applications and supporting research of tests that are commonly used to investigate and solve milk quality and mastitis problems on dairy farms.
Reticuloruminal disturbances in the bovine
Authors: Ivany Jennifer M. , Rings D. Michael , Anderson David E.
Published: March 2023

The forestomach of the ruminant animal is a highly effective energy-producing factory which can utilize a wide variety of feedstuffs. Many complex interactions occur within the forestomachs to digest, mix, and absorb nutrients from feed. Slight alterations in forestomach balance can lead to severe alterations in function, such as hypomotility, hypermotility, bloat, acidosis, or putrefaction. It is essential to understand and be able to treat and prevent forestomach disease in cattle. Some of the most common diseases are reviewed here, possible treatments given, and the use of motility-enhancing drugs is briefly discussed.
Selenium status in cattle
Authors: Villar D. , Arthur J. R. , Gonzalez J. M. , Pallares F. J. , Carson T. L.
Published: March 2023

Selenium may affect a wider range of metabolic functions than only those associated with nutritional myodegeneration, but there is controversy regarding the type of problems that may be associated with suboptimal selenium status in cattle. An animal's nutritional requirement for selenium and vitamin E depends on age, physiological stage and species. In cattle, low selenium status becomes critical near calving when cows are more susceptible to intramammary infections, retained placenta, or infections in the neonate. Analysis of serum samples (n=204) submitted to the Iowa State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory between January 2000 and July 2001, showed a mean (ñSD) serum selenium value of 68.4ñ17 ppb for adult Holstein cows in the Iowa and Wisconsin areas. Because cattle receiving higher levels of selenium and vitamin E than typically recommended may show improved immunocompetence, the levels found in this survey can be considered adequate for reproductive performance, but marginal for optimal resistance to mastitis pathogens or for adequate transfer of selenium to the suckling calf. This report also contradicts previous claims that selenium deficiency contributes to stillborn/weakborn calves. Studies relating selenium concentrations in blood and serum to common clinical conditions of cattle attributed to poor selenium status are reviewed; methods of supplementation are also addressed.
Relationship between sulfur, thiamine and polioencephalomalacia
Authors: Niles G. A. , Morgan S. E. , Edwards W. C.
Published: March 2023

Thiamine deficiency has been classically described as the cause of ruminant polioencephalomalacia (PEM). More recently excess dietary sulfur has been shown to be a major cause of PEM. This paper reviews the relationship between PEM and thiamine metabolism in mature cattle, thiaminase in plants, rumen acidosis and excess dietary sulfur. Signs of PEM caused by lead poisoning, water deprivation-sodium ion toxicity and sulfur toxicosis are clinically and microscopically indistinguishable. Diagnosis of sulfur-induced PEM relies on ruling out other diseases, and demonstrating elevated dietary sulfur intake. Total sulfur intake from both feed and water must be determined when investigating an outbreak of PEM in cattle.
Evaluation of the Azotest Strip as Recommended for the Estimation of Milk Urea Nitrogen Concentrations in Individual Cow, Milk Line and Bulk Tank Samples
Authors: Godden S. , Wilson L. , Bey R. , Lavalle M. , Weinand P. , Farnsworth R. , Reneau J.
Published: March 2023

The objectives of this study were to determine inter-reader agreement and to describe the accuracy of the Azotest® strip for estimating urea nitrogen concentrations in milk samples from individual cows (n = 214), milk lines (n = 41) and bulk tanks (n = 41). Samples were split, with one portion used for milk urea nitrogen (MUN) analysis using the Azotest® strip, and the second portion submitted to an accredited diagnostic laboratory for MUN analysis using wet chemistry analysis as the gold standard test.There was excellent inter-reader agreement (Kappa = 0.87) in this study for distinguishing between individual cow samples with either normal or high MUN values. However, the overall accuracy of the Azotest® strip was poor, with MUN results from the Azotest® strip being different than those from wet chemistry analysis (P < 0.01). There was poor agreement between the two test methods (Kappa = 0.12 - 0.14); average Azotest® results were approximately 5 mg/dl units higher than the wet chemistry analysis method for either individual cow, milk line or bulk tank samples. Forty-five percent of individual cow samples, and 45% of milk line and bulk tank samples were correctly categorized as low, normal or high.The sensitivity and specificity of the Azotest® strip for detecting high MUN concentrations (vs normal or low) in individual cow samples was 98.7 and 33.1%, respectively, and in pooled milk line and bulk tank samples was 100 and 21.1%, respectively. For this data set, the predictive value of a positive test result when looking for high MUN measures (vs normal or low) was only 33.1 to 35.7%. Thus, approximately two-thirds of samples identified as high by the test strip actually had a normal MUN concentration.The sensitivity and specificity of the Azotest® strip for detecting low MUN concentrations (vs normal or high) in individual cow samples was 0 and 100%, respectively. The test failed to correctly identify any truly low MUN samples as being low, and overestimated the MUN concentration in a high proportion of truly low and normal samples. Given this high degree of test inaccuracy in these data, we conclude that the Azotest® strip will not be beneficial to commercial dairy producers or dairy consultants. The authors recommend that producers wishing to monitor MUN submit milk samples to an accredited diagnostic laboratory for MUN analysis.
Opportunities for Success on Small Dairy Farms Revisited
Authors: Bailey Ken
Published: March 2023

This paper offers advice to veterinarians that service small dairy producers in the United States (US). There are opportunities in today’s market place for dairy producers that want to remain small, but only if they follow a few basic business practices. These may include getting to an optimum size that will generate adequate income for family living while avoiding the problems associated with a “large farm,” limiting investments and debt, focusing on just milk and heifer production, achieving high levels of productivity per cow, and avoiding some of the “philosophical issues” that prevent small farms from achieving profitability. In fact, these rules apply not only to small dairy farms, but any business. Small dairy farms can take advantage of strategies used by their larger competitors in order to prosper in the years ahead.A central theme in this paper is that not all farms in the US have the same goals for profitability family income and size of operation (number of cows). For example, some farms want to limit farm size in order to avoid hiring labor beyond what the family can provide. Others want to build equity before retirement. For others, a family may want to significantly expand in order to create opportunities for a son or daughter that wants to participate in the business. Thus it is important to recognize that people have different goals and objectives. That said, these goals must make sense in today’s competitive market environment.
Efficacy of Disinfectants for Sanitizing Boots Under Dairy Farm Conditions
Authors: Kirk J. , Boggs C. , Jeffrey J. , Cardona C.
Published: March 2023

Ampicillin-resistant Escherichia coli (AR-E. coli), suspended in a manure slurry, was placed on rubber and plastic boot material surfaces to determine survival time. In addition, rubber boots were immersed in the bacteria- manure slurry, placed in water, and then several disinfectants were applied to the boots to determine the bacterial kill time. In the second phase of the study, boots were contaminated with the bacteria-manure slurry, and plastic and concrete surfaces were walked on to determine how far the bacteria could be tracked.AR-E. coli was isolated from the surfaces of both rubber and plastic strips for up to one day after the strips were inoculated with in the AR-E. coli slurry, with the exception of rubber strips at the highest temperature tested. Alcohol and Roccal-D Plus appeared to be the most effective disinfectants used on rubber, followed by bleach. Betadine Solution, Nolvasan Solution and water showed similar efficacy. AR-E. coli could be isolated from boot tracks on plastic for nearly 400 ft (121.9 m) and from a concrete surface for up to 150 ft (47.7 m).Results of this study emphasize the importance of time and temperature on the ability of disinfectants to eliminate bacterial contamination in manure and supports the use of biosecurity Good Management Practices (GMP’s) to control the movement of potentially pathogenic bacteria on dairies.
Case report
Authors: Van Amstel S. R. , Shearer J. K. , Palin F. L.
Published: March 2023

A total of 17 dairy cows with sole ulcers were treated, and the healing process observed [USA; date not given]. Nine cows had mature, uncomplicated ulcers where the exposed corium appeared only slightly damaged in 6 cases, and more seriously damaged in 3 cases. The remaining 8 animals had complicated ulcers, all of which had a discharging tract at the ulcer site with swelling of the heel, coronary band, and flexor aspect of the digit extending to and above the metatarsus. Ulcers were regarded as typical lesions (Rusterholz ulcers) in 16 cows, and one cow had a heel ulcer. 16 of the 17 cows had ulcers that occurred on the lateral claw of the rear foot. Three cases had mature sole ulcers on one of the lateral hind claws, and early ulcers as evidenced by sole haemorrhage on the lateral claw of the opposite foot. Eight of nine uncomplicated ulcers showed progressive reduction in size following treatment. Using finger pressure, no pain response was present at the ulcer site after one week in 8 of 9 cases (89%). Ulcers with granulating corium healed more slowly (range 41-60 days; mean 48) compared with those where the corium appeared normal (range 12-28 days; mean 20). Sole ulcers recurred in 2 of the 9 cases (22%) within one month after the cow began bearing weight on the affected claw. In one of these cows, ulcers developed on 3 of the 4 hind claws. Histopathological examination of the left rear medial and lateral claws from this cow showed marked changes in the ventral surface of the third phalanx and the dermal papillae, as well as abnormal keratogenesis. Partial tenovaginotomy with resection of the deep flexor tendon was performed in 6 of the complicated sole ulcer cases. In the other 2 cases, tenovaginotomy was followed by claw amputation due to the intraoperative diagnosis of concurrent septic arthritis of the distal interphalangeal joint. In cases of partial tenovaginotomy, healing occurred over a period of 49-81 days (mean 68 days). Complications included excessive granulation tissue, abscess formation of the proximal outer compartment of the digital flexor tendon sheath, and overextension of the toe. For optimal healing to occur, weekly evaluation for the first 4 weeks following treatment may be beneficial with the following objectives: ascertain presence and position of the claw block; determine if progressive healing is occurring; determine if complications may be developing, such as a discharging tract at the ulcer site or swelling of the heel, coronary band or flexor surface of the digit; and finally, recheck for the presence of loose horn overgrowing the ulcer site which may result in further injury to the exposed corium and delay healing.
Efficacy of an Arcanobacterium pyogenes-Fusobacterium necrophorum bacterin-toxoid as an aid in the prevention of liver abscesses in feedlot cattle
Authors: Jones Gary , Jayappa H. , Hunsaker Breck , Sweeney Diane , Rapp-Gabrielson Vicki , Wasmoen Terri , Nagaraja T. G. , Swingle Spencer , Branine Mark
Published: March 2023

Two studies were conducted to test the efficacy of a single-dose, bivalent Arcanobacterium pyogenes-Fusobacterium necrophorum bacterin-toxoid to reduce liver abscess prevalence and severity when given to cattle entering a feedlot. In each study, steers (?300/treatment group) were randomized to pens and the pens randomly assigned to treatment groups. Treatment groups included: (1) steers given a high-antigen dose bacterin-toxoid, (2) steers given a lower-antigen dose bacterin-toxoid, (3) steers fed tylosin-medicated feed, (4) control steers fed feed without tylosin, and in Study II only, (5) vaccinated steers fed tylosin-medicated feed. Steers were followed to slaughter and the liver abscesses scored, the USDA carcass and yield grades recorded, and the pen average daily gain and feed conversion calculated. Pen effects were not detected in the analysis of liver abscess prevalence data. A single vaccination with the high-antigen dose bacterin-toxoid reduced the prevalence of liver abscesses 48.4% (16% vaccinates vs. 31% controls, P=0.0001) in Study I, and 37.5% (30% vaccinates vs. 48% controls, P=0.001) in Study II.
Rumen cannulation and utilization of a donor animal
Authors: Laflin Shelie L. , Gnad David P. , Walz Paul H.
Published: March 2023

Careful selection of a transfaunate donor animal will improve the outcome of rumen cannula placement and the longevity of the donor animal. A cannulated animal provides an easily accessible source of rumen fluid. Rumen cannulation can be done on an animal currently within the herd with minimal expense.
Case report
Authors: Barrington G. M. , Pond D. T.
Published: March 2023

An acute, rapidly spreading, midsummer outbreak of a dermatological condition in 60 cows on a 3000-cow dairy was accompanied by anorexia and agalactia. Lesions consisted of multiple, 2- to 5-mm thickened and crusted scabs, which revealed inflamed and ulcerated dermis when removed. The herd was located in a desert environment where daytime ambient temperatures often exceeded 100øF. Management practices to cool the cattle included continual application of water misters. Initial on-farm diagnostic attempts were inconclusive so a representative animal was sent to the Washington State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital for evaluation. The dermatological condition clinically resembled dermatophilosis, and diagnostic testing supported this diagnosis. It was concluded that despite environmental conditions that were inconsistent with dermatophilosis, continual misting of cattle resulted in skin maceration facilitating development of the condition. Treatment consisted of daily application of a topical disinfectant and alteration of misting times so cattle would dry between sessions. More severely affected cattle received a one-time parenteral injection of a broad-spectrum antimicrobial. Complete recovery was observed within 14 d of the initiation of treatment and management changes.
Effect of bovine respiratory syncytial virus vaccination on health, feedlot performance and carcass characteristics of feeder cattle
Authors: MacGregor Scott , Wray Mary I.
Published: March 2023

A 2-year study was conducted in 2001-2003 to determine the effects of a feedlot-arrival modified-live viral vaccination protocol containing adjuvanted bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) compared to a vaccination protocol not including adjuvanted BRSV on health, feedlot performance and carcass characteristics of feeder cattle. The vaccine products compared were a multivalent adjuvanted modified-live bovine rhinotracheitis virus, bovine diarrhoea virus, bovine parainfluenza-3 virus, respiratory syncytial virus vaccine (4-WAY) and a multivalent adjuvanted vaccine of similar formulation which did not contain BRSV (3-WAY). A total of 50 blocks, evenly divided between steers and heifers, were allocated to the study involving 19?099 cattle. Yearling feeder cattle were primarily used, with 161 average days on feed. Interactions were not observed between vaccine treatment and feedlot location, placement season, animal sex or animal age. Percent of overall morbidity due to respiratory disease was less (P=0.0629) for cattle vaccinated with 4-WAY vaccine compared to 3-WAY. Overall mortality, expressed as the number of animals per pen that died (P=0.0020) and percent deaths per pen (P=0.0007), was improved for cattle vaccinated with 4-WAY versus 3-WAY vaccine. The number of animals per pen that died due to respiratory disease was less (P=0.0060) for 4-WAY compared to 3-WAY. Overall case fatality, expressed as the number of treated animals per pen that died (P=0.0116) and percent of treated animals that died (P=0.1027), was improved for cattle vaccinated with 4-WAY vs. 3-WAY vaccine. The number of animals treated for respiratory disease per pen that died was less (P=0.0132) in the 4-WAY group compared to 3-WAY. Medical treatment cost per animal treated was $2.01 per head less (P=0.0688) for cattle vaccinated with 4-WAY. All other health parameters measured were similar between the two vaccine treatments. Feedlot performance variables such as dry matter feed intake, average daily liveweight gain and feed conversion were not different between the two vaccine treatments. The majority of carcass characteristics measured were similar for the two vaccine treatments; however, the percent Yield Grade 2 carcasses were less (P=0.0501) and the percent Yield Grade 3 carcasses greater (P=0.0561) for cattle vaccinated with 4-WAY compared to 3-WAY. Net feedlot margin was numerically increased $4.33 per head for cattle vaccinated with 4-WAY vaccine, but this difference was not statistically different (P=0.3057). It appears from this study that feedlot health parameters and some production costs can be improved for feeder cattle immunized for BRSV with an adjuvanted modified live antigen.
Survey of the relationship between management practices and risk of acute interstitial pneumonia at US feedlots
Authors: Woolums Amelia R. , Loneragan Guy H. , Hawkins Larry L. , Williams Shamita M.
Published: March 2023

Acute interstitial pneumonia (AIP) is a recognized cause of feedlot morbidity and mortality, but the cause is unknown. Management practices have been suggested to contribute to the pathogenesis of AIP, but little supportive data exists. A cross-sectional survey of US feedlots evaluated the relationship between management practices and subjective and objective measures of AIP risk. Of 65 respondents, 75.4% recognized AIP as a cause of morbidity or mortality in their feedlot. Managers reported that 80.5% of AIP deaths occurred in cattle on feed over 60 days, 62% of AIP deaths occurred in the summer and 62.2% of AIP deaths were heifers. Thirty-three feedlots reported the percent of placements that died of AIP, which ranged from 0.001-0.75%. Feedlots in northern states were less likely to report AIP as a cause of morbidity/mortality, while larger feedlots and feedlots placing higher proportions of yearlings more often recognized AIP as a cause of morbidity/mortality. Although heifers were recognized to account for 62% of AIP deaths, feedlots placing a large proportion of heifers were not more likely to recognize AIP as a cause of morbidity/mortality than feedlots placing a small proportion of heifers. Feedlots that vaccinated over 95% of cattle for Mannheimia haemolytica/Pasteurella multocida were less likely to recognize AIP as a cause of morbidity/mortality than feedlots who vaccinated less than 95% of cattle for these pathogens. The percent of cattle dying of AIP in feedlots that vaccinated over 95% of cattle for Mannheimia/Pasteurella was 0.06%, compared to 0.14% for feedlots vaccinating less than 95% of cattle for these pathogens. Although these data must be interpreted in light of the limitations of a survey as a data collection device, results suggest the impact of feedlot location and size, animal gender and vaccination strategy merit further scrutiny in research to determine the cause of feedlot AIP.
Serologic and other diagnostic evidence of Neospora caninum presence in North Dakota beef herds
Authors: Khaitsa Margaret L. , Barigye Robert , Dyer Neil W. , Doetkott Dawn M. , Foster Justin R.
Published: March 2023

The objective of this study was to evaluate the presence of Neospora caninum antibodies in beef herds in North Dakota. A total of 212 cattle (97 calves and 115 cows) from seven cow-calf herds originating from four counties in North Dakota participated in the study. Blood was obtained from cattle by venipuncture and serum tested for N. caninum antibodies by indirect ELISA. Additionally, data of N. caninum cattle cases were retrieved from NDSU Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (VDL) and analyzed. N. caninum cattle cases were characterized by location, time of diagnosis, age, diagnostic test and sample, and presenting syndrome. Serologic prevalence of N. caninum was 5.2% (5/97) and 5.2% (6/115) for calves and adult cattle, respectively. Overall prevalence was 5.2% (11/212; 95% CI, 2.6%, 9.1%). Within-herd seroprevalence for cows and calves ranged from 0 to 13.3%, with a median prevalence of 3.3%. The 2004 VDL records indicated that 23 N. caninum cases were diagnosed in cattle, calves and fetuses of various breeds presenting with varying history. We concluded that N. caninum antibodies were present in the beef herds in ND, and may be as common in calves as in adult cattle. These findings underscore the need for further investigation of bovine neosporosis as a potential source of economic loss to the ND beef industry.
AABP Association and Conference News
Authors: American Association of Bovine Practitioners
Published: March 2023

Description of the Annual Conference of the American Association of Bovine Practitioners (39th : 2006), officers, district news, events, awards, and other news.
Review of Neospora caninum in cattle
Authors: Sanderson M. W.
Published: March 2023

Neospora caninum is a protozoan similar to Toxoplasma and Sarcocystis species, and has become a commonly recognized cause of bovine abortion. Recent research has brought light on the epidemiology of N. caninum. Vertical transmission appears to be the primary method of infection, but horizontal transmission does occur and may be sufficient for maintenance of endemic infection within a herd. The coyote and domestic dog are definitive hosts for Neospora, and serologic studies show other wild canids can be infected as well. Herd control of infection may be attained by culling positive animals, preventing entry of positive animals and preventing likely routes of horizontal infection, although the economic value of these interventions requires further research.
Effect of new and reused CIDRs on serum progesterone concentrations in lactating dairy cows
Authors: Herrmann J. A. , Wallace R. L.
Published: March 2023

Despite the common practice of re-using a popular intravaginal progesterone releasing device by United States cattle producers, there is little published scientific evidence whether this practice is effective as an aid in synchronizing oestrus. The study was conducted to determine the effect of new and reused CIDRs containing 1.38 g progesterone on the serum progesterone concentrations in cows that received the same CIDR twice in succession. 40 cows were divided into three treatments as T1 (n=18), T2 (n=15) and T3 (n=7). Prior to the start of each trial, 5.0 ml dinoprost was injected to each cow, then serum samples were collected for progesterone measurement on the same day. Results revealed that 37 samples had serum progesterone concentrations of >1.1 ng/ml and the average serum progesterone concentrations of T1, T2 and T3 were 2.7243, 4.0973 and 2.7027, respectively. It was observed that the mean serum progesterone concentrations on days 2 and 3, days 5 and 6 and days 8 and 9 were significantly different and varied between trials. Serum progesterone concentrations associated with used CIDRs were statistically similar to baseline progesterone concentrations obtained from cows before new CIDR insertion. It is suggested that there is either significant loss of progesterone in the CIDR insert after one use or decrease absorption of progesterone available from the used CIDRs, and the reuse of 1.38 g CIDRs to aid in synchronization of oestrus in lactating dairy cattle is not recommended.
Effects of short-term exposure of feeder cattle to calves persistently infected with bovine viral diarrhea virus
Authors: Stevens Elliot T. , Thomson Daniel U. , Loneragan Guy H. , Lindberg Nels
Published: March 2023

Research using 2,954 auction-derived feeder steers and heifers was conducted at a single commercial feedlot in Kansas to determine the effects of testing for cattle persistently infected (PI) with bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) at 10-14 days-on-feed (DOF), and removing them at 13-18 DOF. After removal of test-positive animals, the effect of the short-term exposure (STE) to PI cattle on health, performance and carcass characteristics was determined. The percentage of calves exhibiting signs of illness was increased (P<0.01) in cattle with STE to PI-BVDV. Cattle with no exposure (NE) to PI-BVDV calves had a morbidity rate of 18.8%, while a 29.6% morbidity rate was observed in pens of calves with STE to a PI-BVDV calf. Characterization of the temporal pen morbidity rate of STE and NE calves revealed that 31.7% of all STE and 15.3% of NE illness occurred in the first seven DOF. Additionally, the incidence of cattle treated for bovine respiratory disease in STE calves was 2.17 (95% CI 1.73 to 2.72) initial treatments per 1,000 head-days at risk, whereas the incidence of treatment of calves in NE pens was 1.28 (95% CI 0.98 to 1.68) initial treatments per 1,000 head-days at risk. Short-term exposure to PI-BVDV calves had no effect on retreatment rate, death loss, or performance. There was no evidence of a BVD-PI exposure X sex interaction (P=0.62) for carcasses that graded USDA Choice or better, but there was a main effect of sex (P<0.01). There was evidence of a BVD-PI exposure X sex interaction for Yield Grade 2 or greater carcasses (P=0.03). In this study, testing at 10-14 DOF was too late in the feeding period to eliminate the initial morbidity spike that occurred during 0-7 DOF, and the subsequent morbidity differences between calves with STE or NE to PI calves.
Fenbendazole stimulates interferon secretion in calves during viral infection
Authors: Cummins Joseph M. , Hutcheson David P. , Reinhardt Chris D.
Published: March 2023

A total of six trials (five with live animals and one in vitro study) were conducted to evaluate the effects of fenbendazole (FBZ) on the immune response in stressed feedlot cattle. FBZ was given to all treatment calves at the recommended label dosage of 2.3 mg/lb (5 mg/kg) body weight. In Trial 1, treatment with FBZ did not affect serum neutralizing (SN) virus titers or viral shedding following inoculation with live, avirulent bovine herpes virus (BHV-1), but did increase titers for interferon (IFN) in nasal secretions at one, four and seven days post-inoculation. In Trial 2, FBZ-treatment reduced viral shedding and increased IFN titer in nasal secretions on days 4, 7 and 11 following inoculation with live, virulent bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV). In Trial 3, treatment with FBZ increased average daily gain ( P =0.11) and increased IFN titer in nasal secretions at two ( P =0.12) and seven ( P =0.07) days following intranasal vaccination with avirulent BHV-1. In naturally infected calves, control and FBZ-treated calves had greater nasal secretions of IFN compared to calves treated with morantel tartrate, levamisole, or thiabendazole (Trial 4). Treatment with FBZ did not increase weight gain or interferon secretions in response to vaccination with IBR and BVD viruses (Trial 5). In cell cultures treated with bluetongue virus, FBZ increased IFN titers. FBZ appears to stimulate IFN secretion in calves during experimental infection with either BHV-1 or BVDV (Trial 6).
Comparison of Feedlot Health, Nutritional Performance, Carcass Characteristics and Economic Value of Unweaned Beef Calves with an Unknown Health History and Weaned Beef Calves Receiving Various Herd-of-origin Health Protocols
Authors: Seeger Jon T. , Grotelueschen Dale M. , Stokka Gerald L. , Sides Gary E.
Published: March 2023

This study was conducted in a commercial feedlot to compare the health, nutritional performance, carcass characteristics and economic value of three groups of 600 lb (273 kg) beef steer calves-one group of unweaned calves of unknown health history and two groups of calves administered a herd-of-origin health protocol with at least a 45-day weaning period. Calves were purchased between December 1 and December 20, 2003, and were harvested between April 22 and June 2, 2004. Calves identified as persistently infected with bovine viral diarrhea virus remained in their respective treatment groups for the duration of the study. Mortality rates were low in all groups of steers and were unaffected (P>0.14) by treatment. Compared with steers administered health protocols, steers of unknown health history had higher L. (P<0.05) morbidity, lower average daily gain and lower feed intake, particularly early in the feeding period. Additionally, steers with an unknown health history were more likely than health protocol steers to receive multiple treatments for respiratory disease during the entire feeding period. Treatment costs were approximately $7 per head higher for steers of unknown health history. Although feed efficiency was not affected (P>0.57) by treatment, steers of unknown health history required an additional 16 days-on-feed to reach the desired back fat thickness. Neither quality grade nor yield grade was affected by treatment, but the trend was towards a lower (less favorable) quality grade and lower (more favorable) yield grade in calves of unknown health history. Unadjusted for days-on-feed, profit per head was not affected (P=0.64) by treatment; however, on the basis of an equal number of days-on-feed, steers administered the WeanVAC® health protocol at the herd of origin returned $33.71 more net income per head than steers of unknown health history, whereas steers administered other 45-day programs returned $11.36 more net income per head than steers of unknown health history.
Case Report – Diagnosing twin pregnancies in Holstein cows
Authors: Smith Billy I.
Published: March 2023

Cattle are capable of carrying twins to term, and the pregnancy can be unicornual or bicornual. Risk factors associated with twinning include genetics, breed, parity, ovulation rate and milk production. Methods such as palpation per rectum and transrectal ultrasonography can be used to diagnose twin pregnancies in cattle. This case report demonstrates the usefulness of transrectal ultrasonography for early detection of twin pregnancies between 55 and 83 days of gestation over an approximately two-year period (2001-2003), and provides information on the outcome of 64 cows (case population) randomly identified with twin pregnancies. Of the 64 cows, 48 (75%) animals delivered twins, one (1.6%) animal delivered a single calf, 13 (20.3%) cows aborted the pregnancy and two (3.1%) animals died prior to calving. This study should support the importance of accurately diagnosing and understanding outcomes of twin pregnancies in cattle. Further research is warranted to better understand the dynamics surrounding twin pregnancies in cattle.