bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Freedom Inside?
Authors: Godrej Farah
Published: June 2022

Freedom Inside? offers a combination of personal narrative and scholarly research in order to examine the role of yoga and meditation in US prisons. It offers a glimpse inside the system now known as mass incarceration, which disproportionately punishes, confines, and controls those from black, brown, and/or poor communities at exponentially higher rates, diminishing their life-chances and creating a vast underclass of disempowered, subordinated citizens. How do self-disciplinary practices such as yoga and meditation work when they are taught inside unjust systems? Do they produce political passivity, quietism, and compliance, if offered as palliatives to accept, cope, and comply with unjust power structures? Or, might they prove disruptive to mass incarceration, if offered as tools to develop awareness and attunement toward injustice, to engage in nonconformist responses that include critique and challenge? The book explores both the promises and pitfalls of yoga and meditation when taught in prisons in different ways. It is based on four years of immersion in prisons and prison volunteer communities, along with ethnographic work inside a detention facility, and many in-depth interviews with those who teach and practice inside prisons. It interweaves academic narratives with personal experiences of collaboration with volunteers and incarcerated practitioners.
Who Was I?
Authors: Godrej Farah
Published: June 2022

Chapter 2 describes the limitations of attempting to learn about prisons and engage with incarcerated persons as a researcher. The norms that govern prison research force researchers to defer to the punitive, restrictive, custody-and-control mission of prisons—a mission intrinsically at odds with the open inquiry needed for research. This chapter brings the reader into the author’s struggles for research access. It reveals how the volunteer role enhanced the understanding of the prison space, leading to a combination of research with personal narrative throughout the book. It also reflects on questions of author positionality relative to the prison system and its inhabitants: how one comes to be doing such work, how to navigate its multiple, often contradictory demands, and the ethical obligations to different communities within which one is embedded.
The Total Institution
Authors: Godrej Farah
Published: June 2022

Chapter 4 describes the “total institution” nature of prisons, mapping and visualizing them for readers. It takes readers inside the world of the prison using interviews with volunteers, along with other scholarly and journalistic resources. This chapter also introduces a set of claims central to the rest of the book: Making punishment more therapeutic through rehabilitative programming can seem benevolent or progressive, but in practice it can reinforce the social control function of prisons. The so-called self-improvement offered by the prison’s rehabilitative programming celebrates “better choices,” yet occurs under coercive, often violent conditions where people pay a price for refusing to repeat the party line, and the only available option is to accept a narrowly defined version of one’s own life-narrative. This chapter examines both punitive and so-called rehabilitative practices, showing how they each serve as a facet of the prison’s population-control project.
Mindfulness Meditation in a Men’s Detention Facility
Authors: Godrej Farah
Published: June 2022

This chapter illustrates the predominance of narratives about individual self-improvement in prisons, through an ethnography of a meditation class in an incarceration facility. It describes how the researcher becomes participant-observer in this class, shadowing the chaplain who conducts the class, practicing along with the students, and immersing themselves in the prison environment. This ethnographic immersion reveals the power of the prison’s messaging, when replicated by volunteers: that incarcerated individuals must take ownership of their situation, their choices, their attitudes, retooling their reality and reframing it as more “workable” since it is a product of their own choices. It shows the resonance that this idea has for incarcerated persons, many of whom seem to endorse it despite their strong systemic critiques.
The World of Prison Volunteers
Authors: Godrej Farah
Published: June 2022

This chapter describes how the world of the prison intersects with that of the volunteers: How do volunteers confront the prison system, and what do they believe, learn, or think they know about it? What conventions and protocols shape their ability to offer yoga and meditation programs in prisons? What messages do they receive from prisons, and what messages in turn do they disseminate to their members through their own organizational trainings and orientations? What are the values, goals, and commitments of these organizations? How are these evident in the styles of teaching in each organization? It describes how the researcher’s attempts to push for a more political stance in volunteer communities culminated largely in frustration, revealing that enthusiasm for politically oriented yoga or meditation was limited among fellow volunteers, and providing few models of politically engaged volunteer work to draw on.
“Making them Better Human Beings” or “Stirring the Pot”?
Authors: Godrej Farah
Published: June 2022

This chapter examines public discourse about yoga and meditation in prisons, and describes how narratives about the purpose of these practices are disseminated inside prisons by volunteers and their organizations. Interview evidence demonstrates that a majority of volunteers emphasize individual improvement as the main purpose of yoga and meditation, fully consonant with the prison’s messaging, suggesting that all incarceration must be deserved. Many hold these views despite their awareness of systemic injustice: “Social justice” is interpreted to mean helping flawed or criminogenic individuals to “behave better.” But a small minority hold a far more radical view, interpreting yoga and meditation to combine individual improvement with reference to the collective and systemic causes of suffering. These few volunteers report some success with alternative models of teaching, although their experiences are tentative and experimental, suggesting that there are barriers to teaching yoga and meditation in this way inside prisons.
Yogic Philosophy, Nonviolence, and Resistance in a Women’s Prison
Authors: Godrej Farah
Published: June 2022

This chapter is a unique collaboration between the author and two formerly incarcerated coauthors who were part of a yogic philosophy study-group in a women’s prison. The author served nominally as the volunteer facilitator of the group. The chapter describes the author’s experiences of collaborating with incarcerated colleagues on a “self-help” group for incarcerated women. It also outlines the challenges of trying to offer a more politically engaged perspective on yoga within prisons. The coauthors each describe, in different ways, how studying yoga allowed them to develop new reservoirs of self-discipline and self-awareness, but also offered resources for nonviolent resistance and subversion toward the messages they received from the prison system.
Conclusion
Authors: Godrej Farah
Published: June 2022

This chapter provides concluding reflections, arguing that volunteers who bring therapeutic, healing practices like yoga and meditation inside prisons must think more carefully about the political messages they disseminate to incarcerated persons, whether intentionally or otherwise. Volunteer organizations must bring critical attention to how these practices are taught, and how their benefits might inadvertently turn detrimental. The chapter also elaborates on the “member-checking” enterprise, incorporating responses from key research participants who had an opportunity to read and offer correctives to draft chapters. It reflects on the possibilities for lasting, concrete political change and the prison as the potential site of “spiritual resistance,” outlining the differences between “reformist” and “non-reformist” prison reforms. It argues ultimately that yogic and meditative practices must strive for a non-reformist perspective, designed to reduce or diminish rather than strengthen unjust systems in the long run.
Getting Connected and Elected with Political Parties
Authors: Lien Pei-te , Filler Nicole
Published: June 2022

This chapter resumes the account of individual trajectories but focuses on the roles of political parties in campaigns for the first office and, for some, higher offices. After presenting a statistical profile of the partisan orientations of APAEOs in the present day, the chapter explores the personal formation of partisan ties (or not) to either the GOP or the Democratic Party, by plan or by chance, in broadly chronological order and by the partisan label. To better comprehend the evolving role of parties in the incorporation of APAs, the chapter peruses Democratic Party history in Hawaii and California and the unique place of local party clubs in California. The analysis finds some significant deviations from the main narrative of party neglect of newcomers and minorities and presents a more complex picture with nuanced partisan, gender, ethnic, and immigration generation differences. The chapter closes by discussing how some survived party marginalization and neglect.
Advancing Justice through Transformative Leadership and Substantive and Symbolic Representation
Authors: Lien Pei-te , Filler Nicole
Published: June 2022

This chapter reviews past research on the multiple, interrelated dimensions of political representation related to Asian Americans and provides a snapshot of the scope of issue priorities and the relative importance of social justice concerns among APAEOs serving in 2020. Then, in broadly chronological order, it presents separate accounts of legislative achievements for advancing justice by pioneering figures and significant others in the electoral history of respective APA communities featured in preceding chapters. These historical and contemporary manifestations of symbolic and substantive representation vary by ethnic community and causes, including early responses to Covid-19 by the APA delegation in the 116th Congress. The analysis highlights the racialized and gendered processes through which legislators at the federal, state, and local levels enact their roles as social justice advocates. The chapter underscores the need for a womanist conception of transformative leadership to address persistent and growing inequities impacting the intersectionally disadvantaged in the community.
Introduction
Authors: Khoo Justin
Published: June 2022

The introduction provides an overview of the bounding puzzles that will orient our discussion about conditionals, as well as offering a brief summary of the three parts of the book (Framework, Probabilities, Indicative/Subjunctive).
Bounding Puzzles
Authors: Khoo Justin
Published: June 2022

This chapter introduces the Indicative and Subjunctive Bounding Puzzles, showing the central tension they reveal in the role played by these conditionals in our cognitive lives.
Situating the Puzzles in the Literature
Authors: Khoo Justin
Published: June 2022

This chapter reinforces the puzzling nature of the bounding puzzles by showing how existing views in the literature fail to satisfactorily respond to them. The chapter also serves as a short introduction to the leading theories of conditionals: the material conditional theory, closest-world semantics, No Truth Value theories, dynamic theories, and restrictor theories.
Domain Inferentialism
Authors: Khoo Justin
Published: June 2022

This chapter introduces and motivates the central thesis of the book: that conditionals (both indicative and subjunctive) encode inferential dispositions. According to this theory, to believe or leave open the possibility of a conditional just is to have or lack the requisite inferential dispositions; but whether one has or lacks the requisite inferential dispositions is determined entirely by his or her factual beliefs. It is argued that the resulting theory provides an independently motivated response to the bounding puzzles.
Probabilities of Conditionals
Authors: Khoo Justin
Published: June 2022

This chapter extends the results of Chapter 4 by showing how to assign probabilities to refined contents (sets of sequences of worlds) that encode inferential dispositions. The resulting theory predicts a restricted version of Stalnaker’s Thesis (that the probability of a conditional is equal to the conditional probability of its consequent given its antecedent), and it is proven that this version of the Thesis is tenable (that is, not subject to triviality results).
Partition Dependence
Authors: Khoo Justin
Published: June 2022

This chapter takes up a problem for the central theory, which is that there are unusual exception cases that violate its predictions so far. It is shown that these exception cases arise because conditionals are sensitive to a partition parameter that is often set by a contextually salient question under discussion. Drawing on work by Stefan Kaufmann, we see how the resulting theory can predict exceptions to Stalnaker’s Thesis, and also explain why such exceptions are rare.
Subjunctive Conditionals: The Role of Tense
Authors: Khoo Justin
Published: June 2022

This chapter provides an overview of the debate on why indicative and subjunctive conditionals differ in meaning, articulates the basic modal and temporal past theories, and argues against modal past theories.
Conclusion
Authors: Khoo Justin
Published: June 2022

This chapter reviews the central theses defended in the book and notes directions for future research.
Building Practices and Historical Context in Augustan Columbarium Tombs
Authors: Borbonus Dorian
Published: June 2022

Augustan columbarium tombs illustrate a variety of distinctive building practices. Part of the reason that they are unique may lie in the pragmatic challenges of constructing underground burial chambers, which prompted innovative solutions. Aside from the building process, columbarium architecture also reveals a broader historical context. The architectural framework and its modification over time are manifestations of the rise and fall of organized collective burial in Rome. Funerary inscriptions link this practice to institutionalized slavery, aristocratic households, and formal associations (collegia). The most concrete historical anchor may be the time period of construction that narrowly concentrates on the earliest decades in the 1st century ce. This historical placement of columbarium architecture produces an important counterweight to the concurrent Augustan building program and shifts the focus from the urban epicenters of imperial activity to the suburban periphery. Building practices in Augustan Rome thus comprise both official architecture and private construction: the former powerfully articulated the political landscape of the time and the latter enabled individuals to situate themselves within these realities.
Forgotten Constructions
Authors: von Kienlin Alexander
Published: June 2022

In the 2nd century ce, Roman engineers built large roof structures that spanned up to 50m. With the end of the Roman Empire, these high-performance constructions disappeared, and such spans were not realized again before the 19th century. Most of these imperial roofs were made predominantly of wood, and they were lost without any surviving documentation. Only the bronze roof truss above the vestibule of the Pantheon provided an impression of the nature of these constructions. Although this roof was also destroyed in the 18th century, numerous drawings and descriptions give a very clear illustration of its structure and construction details. Recent metal finds from the fire-destroyed roof of the Odeion of Kibyra now shed new light on the wooden constructions of the Roman imperial era and point to an innovative, material-saving construction design that came very close to the principle of the modern latticed truss (in German Fachwerkbinder). This chapter will discuss these high-capacity constructions and their importance in Roman architecture, as well as try to explain why they were fully lost and forgotten in Late Antiquity.
Two Terracotta Vaulting Elements
Authors: Lancaster Lynne C.
Published: June 2022

Imperial Rome had some of the most innovative vaulted architecture from the ancient world, but even before the Imperial period, builders were experimenting by creating new ways of using terracotta vaulting elements, usually in the context of bath buildings. This chapter examines the origins of two of them: vaulting tubes and armchair voussoirs. The initial uses of both techniques developed in response to the need for creating fire- and moisture-proof ceilings over the hot rooms of bath buildings at a time before concrete technology had developed. The roots of both techniques go back to the 3rd century bce. The chapter traces their subsequent morphological development and geographical dissemination and suggests that the differing trajectories for each can be understood in relation to changing economic factors in different regions that affected the scale of terracotta production.
Virtual Collapse? Considerations of Structure in Reconstructing Greek Architecture
Authors: Wilson Jones Mark , Herdt Georg
Published: June 2022

The remains of buildings from the Archaic period and earlier are often exiguous, yet there is understandable pressure to reconstruct the original form of those of particular significance for architectural history. Such is the case for both the Toumba building at Lefkandi (c. 950 bce) and the Temple of Artemis at Corfu (c. 580 bce). The standard reconstructions of both, however, are probably not viable as structural/constructional solutions. The former cannot have been as monumental as thought and may not have had a “veranda” (or proto-peristyle). Meanwhile the Corfu temple was not as wide as thought; it probably had seven rather than eight columns across the front and a narrower span for its “pseudo-dipteral” pteron. Demonstrating the problems with the previous reconstructions while proposing new ones opens up two kinds of discussion: one about the role of structural calculations in the reconstruction of ancient architecture, the other about the overemphasis placed on the peristyle in the development of the Greek temple.
Background Observations, Theory, and Concepts
Authors: Richmond Oliver P.
Published: June 2022

Provides some background concepts, theory and methods for the study.
Stage Two
Authors: Richmond Oliver P.
Published: June 2022

Chapter 4 provides further discussion of the twentieth-century version of the liberal peace, which drew on all of the fruits of the Enlightenment, based upon a combination of social consent, economic legitimacy, and international norms, related largely to the legitimacy of the US model post-war. US hegemony provided this system with its moral and material foundations.
Stages Three and Four and the Expansion of Rights
Authors: Richmond Oliver P.
Published: June 2022

This chapter outlines how an alternative historical-materialist critique, drawing on a critique of imperialism and international political economic in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries and aware of the risks of industrialized modes of nationalism and warfare, challenged the liberal layer via stages three and four. It evoked a new layer of architecture, particularly of relevance in a demobilizing and decolonizing political environment after WWII, which a looming ideological struggle.
The Transition from Stage Four
Authors: Richmond Oliver P.
Published: June 2022

This chapter draws the argument out further. From here an interest in everyday and hybrid forms of peace emerged, implying broader hybrid outcomes for political order, pointing towards a post-colonial and post-liberal layer in the international architecture during the 1990s. In turn, however, this evolutionary process also led to the consolidation of a little understood ‘counter-peace framework’, present throughout the different layers of the international architecture but becoming far more obvious over time.
Implications for Different Elements of the Contemporary Peace Architecture
Authors: Richmond Oliver P.
Published: June 2022

This chapter examines the implications of this argument for the different elements and tools present in the contemporary peace architecture.
Conclusion
Authors: Richmond Oliver P.
Published: June 2022

This chapter, the book’s Conclusion, argues that this evolution means that peace in a digital age, where agency, mobility, networks, trans-scalarity, transversality—a whole new conceptual vocabulary—points to conceptions of peace connected with global justice, as well as underlining the blockages that exist. In order to respond in changing conditions of the twenty-first century, the international peace architecture needs to stabilize its internal contradictions as well as the external tensions between its different layers.
Appreciating Face-to-face Dialogue
Authors: Bavelas Janet Beavin
Published: June 2022

Face-to-face dialogue is uniquely different from other forms of language use, such as monologue, written, or mediated formats. Many language scholars consider face-to-face dialogue the original and basic form of language use, from which other formats are derivative or secondary. Several defining features of face-to-face dialogue combine to provide unique advantages over any other format: The speaker and addressee share a social and physical context. Their exchanges are spontaneous and instantaneous, permitting reciprocal responses within a second or less and often overlapping. Face-to-face dialogue is also multimodal, integrating words and voice qualities with co-speech gestures (hands, faces, and gaze). These features of face-to-face dialogue are only accessible by microanalysis, that is, second-by-second analysis of video recordings with suitable software, as illustrated on the website accompanying this book.
From Individuals to Interactions
Authors: Bavelas Janet Beavin
Published: June 2022

Part I covers three conceptual and methodological changes necessary to understanding face-to-face dialogue. Chapter Two describes a change of focus from individuals to interactions: The minimum unit of analysis is face-to-face dialogue itself. Reductionism does not require the smallest possible unit (e.g., an individual) but rather the smallest unit that still preserves the phenomenon of interest. Two individuals’ mental processes or characteristics are not their face-to-face dialogue; the focus must be on what happens between (not within) individuals. Because perception is a constructive process, observers can only see what they have learned to see, which is often individuals. It is therefore necessary to develop an alternative focus that facilitates seeing reciprocity in interaction. Each of the potentially relevant scholarly disciplines (e.g., linguistics, psycholinguistics, sociology, conversation analysis, social psychology, communication research) provides both barriers and paths to seeing and studying face-to-face dialogue, so interdisciplinary research is often advantageous.
Common Goals, Different Methods
Authors: Bavelas Janet Beavin
Published: June 2022

Ideally, researchers would choose methods that best suit their interests, preferences, and abilities but would also value convergence with other methods. Dialogue researchers often share important assumptions about the nature of face-to-face dialogue and even some research essentials (e.g., close observation of free dialogues, no confederates). Disagreements about other methodological details often arise from different but complementary goals (e.g., internal versus external validity). Other differences are often clichés that do not survive a closer examination; for example, a “gold standard,” “the uncertainty principle,” “naturalistic” versus “artificial” data, a “real world,” the “purity” of the lab, and “quantitative versus qualitative” analysis. This chapter questions these apparent dichotomies and describes our group’s research method, microanalysis of face-to-face dialogue (MFD), which aims to be more flexible. One fundamental of this approach is starting inductively, that is, observing dialogues in order to form hypotheses for later testing.
Doing Dialogue
Authors: Bavelas Janet Beavin
Published: June 2022

Part II covers studies of two features (or affordances) that make face-to-dialogue so useful and ubiquitous: reciprocity and multimodality. Chapter Five describes our microanalytic studies of how interlocutors collaborate to build their dialogues together. An extensive study of close-call stories to a stranger revealed that, even in this asymmetrical task, addressees influenced their narrators. They contributed a wide variety of generic and specific back channels, and they coordinated these precisely with the development of the narrative. Distracted listeners could not provide these responses, which led to poorer story-telling by their narrator. Another study revealed shared decision-making about ambiguous stimuli as a systematic, coordinated process. Finally, a study that compared active listening techniques with ordinary, uninstructed listening found that speakers preferred the latter. In our inductive microanalyses of face-to-face dialogues, individual speaking turns have not emerged as a basic unit of analysis.
The Social Life of Hand Gestures
Authors: Bavelas Janet Beavin
Published: June 2022

Co-speech hand gestures are intrinsic to spontaneous face-to-face dialogue, where they synchronize with and complement speech. Our research has shown that, surprisingly, the rate of hand gestures does not depend on whether an addressee would see them. However, their form does; mutual visibility increases the utility of hand gestures to an addressee. A microanalysis of gestures in spontaneous face-to-face dialogues confirmed their communicative value as the interlocutors provided evidence of understanding each other’s gestures even when these gestures conveyed information that was not in words. Other studies revealed that speakers attenuate the second and later repetitions of gestures just as they attenuate repeated words in dialogue. A small group of gestures serve interactive functions, such as acknowledging the other’s understanding or marking digressions. These interactive gestures do not contribute information to the topic of a dialogue; instead, they are about the process of interacting in a dialogue (Clark’s track 2).
Existential Media
Authors: Lagerkvist Amanda
Published: June 2022

This book offers a reappreciation and revisiting of existential philosophy—and in particular of Karl Jaspers’s philosophy—for media theory in order to remedy the existential deficit in the field. The book thereby also offers an introduction to the young field of existential media studies. Jaspers’s concept of the limit situation is chosen as a privileged reality which allows for bringing limits, in all their shapes and forms, onto the radar when interrogating digital existence. Despite their all-pervasiveness the book argues that media speak to and about limits and limitations in a variety of ways. The book furthermore argues that the present age of deep technocultural saturation—and of escalating multifaceted and interrelated global crises—is a digital limit situation, in which there are both existential and politico-ethical stakes of media. To enter into these terrains, the book places the margin of mourners and the meek—the coexisters—at the center of media studies. The book provides an alternative mapping for approaching digital cultures in contexts of both the mundane and the extraordinary, and on scales traversing the individual and the global. Empirically Existental Media attends to mourning, commemorating, and speaking to the dead online as well as to the digital afterlife. It interrogates four cases that center on the voices from the field of online bereavement, and provides an arc of media instantiations of the digital limit situation: chapter 5: Metric Media; chapter 6: Caring Media, chapter 7: Transcendent Media and chapter 8: Anticipatory media.
Caring Media
Authors: Lagerkvist Amanda
Published: June 2022

This chapter argues that existential media are caring media, though their role as lifelines in moments of ultimate disruption and loss. It sheds light on two contemporary online phenomena—blogs about terminal illness and online support groups for bereaved persons and explores what these mean for those acutely affected by suffering and loss. In the shadow of the grand interruption, the online activities of mourners and those struck by illness, and more profoundly the internet itself, become literal lifelines, both individual and collective. But even as this medium offers a number of positive allowances for those affected, this does not preclude parallel emotional ambivalences in digital existence. The chapter begins by outlining different definitions and possibilities for understanding existential media as caring media in a world of biopolitics, neoliberalism, and ideologies of self-care, and analyzes how we can understand care and vulnerability in the context of digital media culture, both for the disabled and for people in bereavement. It stresses the role of life in contemporary posthumanist critique and asks questions about the role of death, limits, and interruptions in debates that emphasize the vitality of media. It suggests rethinking the internet in light of the concept of lifeline communication. It discusses four forms of lifeline communication: they are importantly habitual and at the same time literal and salvific; they are also haptic, processual, and deeply material. They make patterns predictable, enable mundane routine, and facilitate a being there for one another online.
‘to make / An object’
Authors: Nowell Smith David
Published: June 2022

The introductory chapter identifies the central faultline to W. S. Graham’s poetics in the tension between ‘objecthood’ and ‘release’. On the one hand, Graham seeks to hone a finished object, ‘that will stand and will not move’; on the other, poems seek to ‘release’ into the lives of their readers and listeners. The chapter tracks this tension throughout his oeuvre, and argues for a distinctive understanding of the poem as an ‘art object’. It then situates this poetics within the broader currents of modernist and mid-century poetry and art, arguing that while Graham spent much of his lifetime on the peripheries of the UK poetry culture, his work now reads as exemplary of that culture. The chapter finishes with a reflection on the methodology of reading drafts, unpublished poems, and finished poems, alongside one another as a thinking-in-progress.
‘He found his poetry arm’
Authors: Nowell Smith David
Published: June 2022

This chapter analyses Graham’s poetic autobiography through an anxiety surrounding poetry’s lack of substance, first compared to the manual and industrial labour of Greenock, the shipbuilding town where Graham was born, and second compared to the manual work of (masculine) artists in and around St Ives, where Graham lived most of his adult life. It traces tropes of industrial pastoral in Graham’s early work, and his mythic depiction of a poet standing outside the world of production and exchange, while noting that this notion of poetic autonomy veers between virile self-assertion and worries of effeminacy for its lack of physical strength. This affects Graham’s treatment of his poetic medium, both as it leads him to explore the physicality of words, and as he also unpacks the possibilities of a substanceless language, less material than mutable.
‘to interrupt silence into / Manmade durations’
Authors: Nowell Smith David
Published: June 2022

This chapter discusses Graham’s verse practice and his attempt to craft a distinctive repertoire: what he called ‘the gradual construction of a timbre’. It charts the development of Graham’s signature ‘three-accent line’, from his first uses of the verse form in the mid-1940s through to his mature work, as well as his experiments with traditional metres like the pentameter. Underpinning these experiments, it argues, is a concern with the relation between linguistic silence and rhythmic temporality, and so Graham’s versification can be read as an extension of his attempts both to engender, and break, the ‘silence’ that lies at the heart of human communication, and poetic expression.
‘my eye imprisoned by Art’
Authors: Nowell Smith David
Published: June 2022

This chapter turns to Graham’s fascination in the visual, from his use of metaphor and depiction of the poet’s image-making capacity, through to his ekphrastic poems and his own visual oeuvre: drawings, watercolours, calligraphic copies of poems, and mixed-media work. It starts by noting a tension in Graham’s understanding of painting, between the ‘painting hand’ and the ‘painting I (eye)’: that is, between plasticity and vision, before tracking tropes of the eye, of seeing and envisioning, and of the visual field, and noting Graham’s regular play on the echo of ‘disguise’ in the verb ‘disclose’. Sight is also integral to the face to face encounters of communication, and in discussions of Graham’s ekphrastic poems, and poems about constructing visual artworks, the chapter looks at how the gaze operates as a mode both of communication and of power: the artist’s seeing both ‘releases’ them into another’s experience, and objectifies that experience, and thus risks imprisoning both the seeing and the seen within its art.
Our Clouded Hills
Authors: Whittaker Jason
Published: June 2022

This chapter traces the fate of several early copies of Blake’s poem, along with its early reception history, including an explanation by Algernon Charles Swinburne in his publication William Blake. A Critical Essay, via mid to late Victorian editors, inclusion in anthologies, mentions in influential journals, and unusual interpretations of its meaning to the first setting of the poem to music by Henry Walford Davies and its inclusion in the anthology The Spirit of Man by Robert Bridges. Both Davies and Bridges were particularly instrumental in commissioning Charles Hubert Parry to compose the music that would become better known as ‘Jerusalem’.
Mental Fight
Authors: Whittaker Jason
Published: June 2022

The fame of Blake’s poetry was due to the composition of C. Hubert H. Parry, one of the most respected composers of his day and a major influence on the English school of the Edwardian and Georgian period. This chapter traces the circumstances in which ‘Jerusalem’ was written, how Parry removed it from use by the Fight for Right movement, a pro-nationalistic organization set up to support the war effort, and instead gave the copyright to Millicent Fawcett and the suffragettes. The chapter also includes a musicological analysis of the song to explain some of its effects on listeners.
Bring Me My Bow
Authors: Whittaker Jason
Published: June 2022

This chapter begins with the post-war Labour government and the attempt, spearheaded by Clement Attlee, to rebuild England as a new Jerusalem after World War II; it describes how ‘Jerusalem’ became one of the anthems of the Labour Party and also made its way into schools. It also explores the ways in which, as the British Empire was broken apart, nostalgia for a bygone age contributed to the increasing importance of the Blake–Parry hymn as part of the Last Night of the Proms, as well as being an embarrassing legacy of the Establishment in popular culture of the 1960s and 1970s.
Background part B
Authors: McMaster Brian , McCluskey Aisling
Published: June 2022

Continuing the background reinforcement role of Chapter 1, this chapter summarises elementary analysis and calculus of real functions. Limits and continuity of a real function are presented both intuitively and formally, and basic key results indicated, such as the intermediate value theorem and the existence of maximum and minimum values for a continuous function on a bounded closed interval. Differentiation and derivative are described and defined, and standard results revised. The procedures and notations of partial differentiation and partial derivatives, for a real function of two real variables, are introduced.
Complex functions
Authors: McMaster Brian , McCluskey Aisling
Published: June 2022

This chapter begins the exposition of limits, continuity and differentiability for complex functions, seen initially to be closely parallel to those for real functions. Open, closed and bounded sets in the complex plane are introduced, including nests of bounded, closed sets, and the result concerning boundedness of continuous functions on bounded, closed sets. The Cauchy–Riemann equations are introduced. Unexpected simplicities in later chapters are promised: multiple differentiability, Taylor’s theorem without remainder, Liouville’s theorem.
Taylor’s theorem
Authors: McMaster Brian , McCluskey Aisling
Published: June 2022

The chapter develops Taylor’s theorem in the complex case and contrasts it with the real case. Then a range of important and, in some cases, surprising consequences is developed: Liouville’s theorem, the derivatives formula, classification of the zeros of a regular function, the isolated zeros theorem, the identity theorem, the fundamental theorem of algebra.
Ideational legacies and the politics of migration: an introduction
Authors: Zuber Christina Isabel
Published: June 2022

This chapter introduces the reader to the empirical and theoretical puzzles addressed in the book: Why do two similar minority regions, Catalonia (Spain) and South Tyrol (Italy), respond very differently to immigration? And how can the legacies of historical events exert ongoing influence on political choices of the present? The chapter highlights the popular but insufficient theorization of historical legacy explanations in studies of immigrant integration and citizenship policy. It then introduces the debate about the relative explanatory power of ideas, interests, and institutions in comparative public policy. It proposes that the theory of ideational stabilization developed in this book complements more conventional approaches by elucidating the ideational foundations of policy stability, rather than policy change. Finally, the literature on minority nations and immigration and the two cases are introduced.
A theory of ideational policy stabilization
Authors: Zuber Christina Isabel
Published: June 2022

This chapter develops a theory of ideational policy stabilization that applies to the particular subset of policy choices that cannot be explained using present institutional and economic incentives, but that appear instead to match the incentives of a historical event or period. The chapter first builds the micro-foundation for the theory by drawing on Chong’s model of choice as a result of incentives and dispositions: incentives—the costs and benefits associated with each possible outcome of the choice situation—interact with our dispositions, which are more general orientations shaped by values, norms, and social identities. From the perspective of a single choice situation, discursive ideas can only influence choice by heightening the salience of some incentives over others, or by heightening the salience of some dispositions over others. In the long run, however, ideas can change the very repertoire of societal dispositions that can be activated in relation to a policy problem. The underlying mechanism that drives this process is modelled as consisting of discursive consensus built and maintained by political elites around a dominant policy idea, together with stable organizational routines that reinforce this idea at the practical level of policy implementation. The chapter also explores the conditions under which ideational stabilization occurs across different policy areas, and closes with a methodological discussion of how ideational legacies can be empirically analysed.
Immigration: opportunity or threat
Authors: Zuber Christina Isabel
Published: June 2022

Analysing communicative exchange among political elites is crucial for understanding which ideas are activated in connection with immigration in a given context, and whether politicians construct immigration as a challenge or an opportunity. Further, do they reactivate older ideas or resort to genuinely new considerations? And is there a consensus in perspectives or a contest over meaning? This chapter reconstructs which ideas are connected with immigration in Catalonia and South Tyrol through a detailed analysis of the dominant frames used by political elites in discourse in the respective regional parliaments. This serves to map the first aspect of the contemporary politics of migration: the positions and frames political parties use when addressing immigration in political discourse.
Ideas of integration and separation
Authors: Zuber Christina Isabel
Published: June 2022

This chapter begins to unwrap the mechanisms through which the historical political economy of industrialization influences political responses to immigration decades later. It traces the development of discursive consensus around a dominant policy paradigm in the political sphere. Starting with the Catalan case, there was a consensual discourse around an integration paradigm with regard to internal—and then to international—migration. This contrasts with the experience in South Tyrol, where internal migration led to a dominant (but not consensual) policy paradigm of separation. The chapter traces how consensus developed and was actively upheld around a non-ethnic notion of Catalan identity, into which internal and, later, international migrants could be integrated. It shows how the Catalan paradigm was reactivated in response to international migration, leading to a renewed consensus and consistent policy guidelines. In South Tyrol, on the other hand, the lack of encompassing discursive consensus hampered its efforts to define its own contemporary model of immigrant integration.
Conclusion
Authors: Zuber Christina Isabel
Published: June 2022

This concluding chapter summarizes the main insights from the comparative case study of Catalonia and South Tyrol for the theory of ideational stabilization. The chapter first confronts the theoretical mechanism, outlined in Chapter 1, with how events actually unfolded in the two regions. This tests the internal validity of the argument that the historical status differential between internal migrants and autochthons is the cause of varying contemporary responses to international migration, and that ideational stabilization is indeed the perpetuating mechanism. Second, the chapter probes the historical status explanation for a broader set of minority regions in Europe, and shows how studying internal migration together with international migration could benefit the field of migration studies more generally, beyond the specific environment of minority regions. In a third step, the chapter discusses the potential of applying ideational stabilization theory to other policy areas less obviously connected to collective identity, and to a broader set of historical legacy explanations.
Discoveries and Controversies
Authors: Wilson Catherine
Published: June 2022

Eighteenth century Prussian culture was strongly hierarchical, autocratic, and religious. Frederick the Great was, however, open to French influences and sponsored a number of free-thinking philosophers who espoused atheism, materialism, and determinism. The authors associated with the French Encyclopedie regarded Nature as a set of self-sufficient active powers and the human being as the representative of a perishable animal species of no cosmic importance. In German, as well as French and British letters, metaphysics, with its references to God, the soul, and free will was widely ridiculed as pointless and confused verbal play. Against this anxiety-provoking background, Kant aimed to provide orientation for troubled citizens and a sustainable defence of metaphysics and rational religion.
The Penchant for Determinism and Kant’s Response
Authors: Wilson Catherine
Published: June 2022

In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, not only Spinoza, but nearly every philosopher of repute held to some form of determinism. Various intellectual strategies were developed to reconcile this determinism with some form of moral responsibility. Some philosophers, however, notably Holbach, La Mettrie, and Kant’s contemporary Schulz, argued that determinism implied that true desert did not exist and therefore punishment could only be justified by its improving consequences, if any. Kant strenuously opposed this reasoning. His own arguments include a form of compatibilism based on the availability of two perspectives—a deterministic science of appearances vs. the first-person libertarian experience of agency. But Kant also presented a metaphysical account in which a noumenal subject might exercise pure agency outside the constraining framework of space and time as mere ‘forms of intuition.’
Obligation and the Moral Sentiments
Authors: Wilson Catherine
Published: June 2022

Kant was at first sympathetic to the psychological accounts of moral motivation and moral judgement constructed by Hutcheson, Hume and Smith, but his opposition to their naturalistic approach strengthened over time. Most disturbing to Kant was, on one hand, their failure to give any account of obligation other than as a psychological feeling, on the other hand, the importance placed by Hume and Smith on social judgement as the route to character formation. Kant insisted that moral obligation was effectively an ontological primitive, independent of any notion of expected future consequences, and that obligations had a particular logical form recognisable by reason. This left him with a problem of moral motivation which he insisted should be ‘pure’. He was forced to dilute this requirement in some of his writings by reference to a feeling for morality and by appeals to the hope of divine justice in another world.
The Puzzles of Purposiveness
Authors: Wilson Catherine
Published: June 2022

In his 1790 Critique of Judgement, Kant returned to the problem of living beings. The existence of animals adapted to their environments, co-existing in equilibrium, and capable of generating their kind had long been considered proof of divine design and manufacture. Kant found this argument powerful but not decisive. The alternative offered by his Epicurean contemporaries—that nature had found the way to produce a system of well-functioning, mutually adapted organisms by eliminating the unfit—seemed to him incredible and unscientific in depending too much on ‘chance.’ He had no good solution, except to hint that Nature might possess powers of production unavailable to scientific detection or that mechanical processes creating the appearance of purposiveness might exist but remain forever elusive. We could nevertheless understand the purposive behaviour of animals and the drive to developmental completeness in generation by reference to our own intentional behaviour.
Kant on Humanity, Diversity, and Human Value
Authors: Wilson Catherine
Published: June 2022

Kant’s formal universalism was overruled, as was the case in standard legal writings, by markedly inegalitarian views in concrete applications. Although Kant disliked the aristocracy; opposed slavery, except for those convicted of certain crimes, and was dismayed by colonial practices, he considered Africans, Asians, and American aboriginals intrinsically morally and intellectually inferior to Europeans, who could be expected to dominate the globe in the long run. Poverty and social subordination for some were inevitable elements of nature’s plans. Women were morally and intellectually inferior to men and were excluded from the obligation to develop talents, except those pertaining to domestic life and ordinary socializing. Sex was animalistic and dangerous but acceptable within a marriage contract. Kant’s views are compared and contrasted with those of Brandes, Campe, Kames, Hippel, Condorcet, and Herder.