bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fratricide of natural killer cells dressed with tumor-derived NKG2D ligand
Authors: Nakamura Kyohei , Nakayama Masafumi , Kawano Mitsuko , Amagai Ryo , Ishii Tomonori , Harigae Hideo , Ogasawara Kouetsu
Published: May 2013

The natural killer group 2 membrane D (NKG2D) activating receptor plays crucial roles not only in host defense against tumors and viral infections, but also in autoimmune diseases. After NKG2D-mediated activation, Natural killer (NK) cells must be regulated to avoid potentially harmful reactivity. However, the negative regulation of these activated NK cells is poorly understood. Here, we reveal that the engagement of NKG2D by its ligand elicits not only target cell lysis, but also NK cell fratricide. Conventional mouse NK cells underwent cell death when cocultured with RMA cells expressing the NKG2D ligand retinoic acid early-inducible protein 1 (Rae-1), but not with RMA cells lacking MHC class I. NK cells from mice deficient for DAP10 and DAP12 or perforin did not undergo death, highlighting the importance of the NKG2D pathway for NK cell death. However, NKG2D does not transmit direct death signals in NK cells. Rather, the interaction between NKG2D and Rae-1 allowed NK cells to acquire tumor-derived Rae-1 by a membrane transfer process known as ”trogocytosis,” which was associated with clathrin-dependent NKG2D endocytosis. NK cells dressed with Rae-1 were lysed by neighboring NK cells through the NKG2D-induced perforin pathway in vitro and in vivo. These results provide the unique NKG2D function in negative regulation of activated NK cells.
Macrophages are required for adult salamander limb regeneration
Authors: Godwin James W. , Pinto Alexander R. , Rosenthal Nadia A.
Published: May 2013

The failure to replace damaged body parts in adult mammals results from a muted growth response and fibrotic scarring. Although infiltrating immune cells play a major role in determining the variable outcome of mammalian wound repair, little is known about the modulation of immune cell signaling in efficiently regenerating species such as the salamander, which can regrow complete body structures as adults. Here we present a comprehensive analysis of immune signaling during limb regeneration in axolotl, an aquatic salamander, and reveal a temporally defined requirement for macrophage infiltration in the regenerative process. Although many features of mammalian cytokine/chemokine signaling are retained in the axolotl, they are more dynamically deployed, with simultaneous induction of inflammatory and anti-inflammatory markers within the first 24 h after limb amputation. Systemic macrophage depletion during this period resulted in wound closure but permanent failure of limb regeneration, associated with extensive fibrosis and disregulation of extracellular matrix component gene expression. Full limb regenerative capacity of failed stumps was restored by reamputation once endogenous macrophage populations had been replenished. Promotion of a regeneration-permissive environment by identification of macrophage-derived therapeutic molecules may therefore aid in the regeneration of damaged body parts in adult mammals.
Climbing, falling, and jamming during ant locomotion in confined environments
Authors: Gravish Nick , Monaenkova Daria , Goodisman Michael A. D. , Goldman Daniel I.
Published: May 2013

Locomotion emerges from effective interactions of an individual with its environment. Principles of biological terrestrial locomotion have been discovered on unconfined vertical and horizontal substrates. However, a diversity of organisms construct, inhabit, and move within confined spaces. Such animals are faced with locomotor challenges including limited limb range of motion, crowding, and visual sensory deprivation. Little is known about how these organisms accomplish their locomotor tasks, and such environments challenge human-made devices. To gain insight into how animals move within confined spaces, we study the locomotion of the fire antSolenopsis invicta, which constructs subterranean tunnel networks (nests). Laboratory experiments reveal that ants construct tunnels with diameter, D, comparable to body length, L = 3.5 ± 0.5 mm. Ants can move rapidly (> 9 bodylengths per s) within these environments; their tunnels allow for effective limb, body, and antennae interaction with walls, which facilitate rapid slip-recovery during ascending and descending climbs. To examine the limits of slip-recovery in artificial tunnels, we perform perturbations consisting of rapid downward accelerations of the tunnels, which induce falls. Below a critical tunnel diameter, Ds= 1.31 ± 0.02 L, falls are always arrested through rapid interaction of appendages and antennae with tunnel walls to jam the falls. Dsis comparable to the size of incipient nest tunnels (D = 1.06 ± 0.23 L), supporting our hypothesis that fire ants construct environments that simplify their control task when moving through the nest, likely without need for rapid nervous system intervention.
Experimentally calibrated population of models predicts and explains intersubject variability in cardiac cellular electrophysiology
Authors: Britton Oliver J. , Bueno-Orovio Alfonso , Van Ammel Karel , Lu Hua Rong , Towart Rob , Gallacher David J. , Rodriguez Blanca
Published: May 2013

Significance

Causes of intersubject variability in electrophysiological activity are unknown. We describe a methodology to unravel the ionic determinants of variability exhibited in experimental cardiac action potential recordings, based on the construction and calibration of populations of models. We show that 213 of 10,000 candidate models are consistent with the control experimental dataset. Ionic properties across the model population cover a wide range of values, and particular combinations of ionic properties determine shape, amplitude, and rate dependence of specific action potentials. Finally, we demonstrate that the calibrated model population quantitatively predicts effects caused by four concentrations of a potassium channel blocker.
High flight costs, but low dive costs, in auks support the biomechanical hypothesis for flightlessness in penguins
Authors: Elliott Kyle H. , Ricklefs Robert E. , Gaston Anthony J. , Hatch Scott A. , Speakman John R. , Davoren Gail K.
Published: May 2013

Flight is a key adaptive trait. Despite its advantages, flight has been lost in several groups of birds, notably among seabirds, where flightlessness has evolved independently in at least five lineages. One hypothesis for the loss of flight among seabirds is that animals moving between different media face tradeoffs between maximizing function in one medium relative to the other. In particular, biomechanical models of energy costs during flying and diving suggest that a wing designed for optimal diving performance should lead to enormous energy costs when flying in air. Costs of flying and diving have been measured in free-living animals that use their wings to fly or to propel their dives, but not both. Animals that both fly and dive might approach the functional boundary between flight and nonflight. We show that flight costs for thick-billed murres (
Uria lomvia
), which are wing-propelled divers, and pelagic cormorants (
Phalacrocorax pelagicus
) (foot-propelled divers), are the highest recorded for vertebrates. Dive costs are high for cormorants and low for murres, but the latter are still higher than for flightless wing-propelled diving birds (penguins). For murres, flight costs were higher than predicted from biomechanical modeling, and the oxygen consumption rate during dives decreased with depth at a faster rate than estimated biomechanical costs. These results strongly support the hypothesis that function constrains form in diving birds, and that optimizing wing shape and form for wing-propelled diving leads to such high flight costs that flying ceases to be an option in larger wing-propelled diving seabirds, including penguins.
Recruitment and remodeling of an ancient gene regulatory network during land plant evolution
Authors: Pires Nuno D. , Yi Keke , Breuninger Holger , Catarino Bruno , Menand Benoît , Dolan Liam
Published: May 2013

The evolution of multicellular organisms was made possible by the evolution of underlying gene regulatory networks. In animals, the core of gene regulatory networks consists of kernels, stable subnetworks of transcription factors that are highly conserved in distantly related species. However, in plants it is not clear when and how kernels evolved. We show here that RSL (ROOT HAIR DEFECTIVE SIX-LIKE) transcription factors form an ancient land plant kernel controlling caulonema differentiation in the moss
Physcomitrella patens
and root hair development in the flowering plant
Arabidopsis thaliana
. Phylogenetic analyses suggest that RSL proteins evolved in aquatic charophyte algae or in early land plants, and have been conserved throughout land plant radiation. Genetic and transcriptional analyses in loss of function
A. thaliana
and
P. patens
mutants suggest that the transcriptional interactions in the RSL kernel were remodeled and became more hierarchical during the evolution of vascular plants. We predict that other gene regulatory networks that control development in derived groups of plants may have originated in the earliest land plants or in their ancestors, the Charophycean algae.
Bacteriophage adhering to mucus provide a non–host-derived immunity
Authors: Barr Jeremy J. , Auro Rita , Furlan Mike , Whiteson Katrine L. , Erb Marcella L. , Pogliano Joe , Stotland Aleksandr , Wolkowicz Roland , Cutting Andrew S. , Doran Kelly S. , Salamon Peter , Youle Merry , Rohwer Forest
Published: May 2013

Mucosal surfaces are a main entry point for pathogens and the principal sites of defense against infection. Both bacteria and phage are associated with this mucus. Here we show that phage-to-bacteria ratios were increased, relative to the adjacent environment, on all mucosal surfaces sampled, ranging from cnidarians to humans. In vitro studies of tissue culture cells with and without surface mucus demonstrated that this increase in phage abundance is mucus dependent and protects the underlying epithelium from bacterial infection. Enrichment of phage in mucus occurs via binding interactions between mucin glycoproteins and Ig-like protein domains exposed on phage capsids. In particular, phage Ig-like domains bind variable glycan residues that coat the mucin glycoprotein component of mucus. Metagenomic analysis found these Ig-like proteins present in the phages sampled from many environments, particularly from locations adjacent to mucosal surfaces. Based on these observations, we present the bacteriophage adherence to mucus model that provides a ubiquitous, but non–host-derived, immunity applicable to mucosal surfaces. The model suggests that metazoan mucosal surfaces and phage coevolve to maintain phage adherence. This benefits the metazoan host by limiting mucosal bacteria, and benefits the phage through more frequent interactions with bacterial hosts. The relationships shown here suggest a symbiotic relationship between phage and metazoan hosts that provides a previously unrecognized antimicrobial defense that actively protects mucosal surfaces.
Graphene-layered steps and their fields visualized by 4D electron microscopy
Authors: Park Sang Tae , Yurtsever Aycan , Baskin John Spencer , Zewail Ahmed H.
Published: May 2013

Enhanced image contrast has been seen at graphene-layered steps a few nanometers in height by means of photon-induced near-field electron microscopy (PINEM) using synchronous femtosecond pulses of light and electrons. The observed steps are formed by the edges of graphene strips lying on the surface of a graphene substrate, where the strips are hundreds of nanometers in width and many micrometers in length. PINEM measurements reflect the interaction of imaging electrons and induced (near) electric fields at the steps, and this leads to a much higher contrast than that achieved in bright-field transmission electron microscopy imaging of the same strips. Theory and numerical simulations support the experimental PINEM findings and elucidate the nature of the electric field at the steps formed by the graphene layers. These results extend the range of applications of the experimental PINEM methodology, which has previously been demonstrated for spherical, cylindrical, and triangular nanostructures, to shapes of high aspect ratio (rectangular strips), as well as into the regime of atomic layer thicknesses.
Structural insights into the N-terminal GIY–YIG endonuclease activity of
Arabidopsis
glutaredoxin AtGRXS16 in chloroplasts
Authors: Liu Xi , Liu Shian , Feng Yingang , Liu Jian-Zhong , Chen Yuling , Pham Khanh , Deng Haiteng , Hirschi Kendal D. , Wang Xinquan , Cheng Ninghui
Published: May 2013

Glutaredoxins (Grxs) have been identified across taxa as important mediators in various physiological functions. A chloroplastic monothiol glutaredoxin, AtGRXS16 from
Arabidopsis thaliana
, comprises two distinct functional domains, an N-terminal domain (NTD) with GlyIleTyr-TyrIleGly (GIY-YIG) endonuclease motif and a C-terminal Grx module, to coordinate redox regulation and DNA cleavage in chloroplasts. Structural determination of AtGRXS16-NTD showed that it possesses a GIY–YIG endonuclease fold, but the critical residues for the nuclease activity are different from typical GIY–YIG endonucleases. AtGRXS16-NTD was able to cleave λDNA and chloroplast genomic DNA, and the nuclease activity was significantly reduced in AtGRXS16. Functional analysis indicated that AtGRXS16-NTD could inhibit the ability of AtGRXS16 to suppress the sensitivity of yeast
grx5
cells to oxidative stress; however, the C-terminal Grx domain itself and AtGRXS16 with a Cys123Ser mutation were active in these cells and able to functionally complement a Grx5 deficiency in yeast. Furthermore, the two functional domains were shown to be negatively regulated through the formation of an intramolecular disulfide bond. These findings unravel a manner of regulation for Grxs and provide insights into the mechanistic link between redox regulation and DNA metabolism in chloroplasts.
Functional diversity among sensory receptors in a
Drosophila
olfactory circuit
Authors: Mathew Dennis , Martelli Carlotta , Kelley-Swift Elizabeth , Brusalis Christopher , Gershow Marc , Samuel Aravinthan D. T. , Emonet Thierry , Carlson John R.
Published: May 2013

Significance

The coding of olfactory information is based on the activity of odor receptors. The larval olfactory system of
Drosophila
contains 21 olfactory receptor neurons and a comparable number of odor receptors. Through a screen of >10,000 receptor–odorant combinations, we identify for each of 19 receptors an odorant that excites it strongly. These odorants elicited little cross-activation of other receptors under test conditions. Systematic analysis reveals dramatic diversity in the sensitivity and temporal dynamics of responses to cognate odorants. The odorants elicited diverse behavioral responses. The analysis provides a foundation for elucidating the circuitry that translates receptor responses into behavior.
Interplay between superconductivity and magnetism in Fe1−xPdxTe
Authors: Karki Amar B. , Garlea V. Ovidiu , Custelcean Radu , Stadler Shane , Plummer E. W. , Jin Rongying
Published: May 2013

The attractive/repulsive relationship between superconductivity and magnetic ordering has fascinated the condensed matter physics community for a century. In the early days, magnetic impurities doped into a superconductor were found to quickly suppress superconductivity. Later, a variety of systems, such as cuprates, heavy fermions, and Fe pnictides, showed superconductivity in a narrow region near the border to antiferromagnetism (AFM) as a function of pressure or doping. However, the coexistence of superconductivity and ferromagnetic (FM) or AFM ordering is found in a few compounds [RRh4B4(R = Nd, Sm, Tm, Er), R′Mo6X8(R′ = Tb, Dy, Er, Ho, and X = S, Se), UMGe (M = Ge, Rh, Co), CeCoIn5, EuFe2(As1−xPx)2, etc.], providing evidence for their compatibility. Here, we present a third situation, where superconductivity coexists with FM and near the border of AFM in Fe1−xPdxTe. The doping of Pd for Fe gradually suppresses the first-order AFM ordering at temperatureTN/S, and turns into short-range AFM correlation with a characteristic peak in magnetic susceptibility atT′N. Superconductivity sets in whenT′Nreaches zero. However, there is a gigantic ferromagnetic dome imposed in the superconducting-AFM (short-range) cross-over regime. Such a system is ideal for studying the interplay between superconductivity and two types of magnetic (FM and AFM) interactions.
Construction of self-recognizing regulatory T cells from conventional T cells by controlling CTLA-4 and IL-2 expression
Authors: Yamaguchi Tomoyuki , Kishi Ayumi , Osaki Motonao , Morikawa Hiromasa , Prieto-Martin Paz , Wing Kajsa , Saito Takashi , Sakaguchi Shimon
Published: May 2013

Significance

Naturally occurring regulatory T (Treg) cells suppress aberrant or excessive immune responses, thereby maintaining immune self-tolerance and homeostasis. This study shows that a combination of IL-2 repression, CTLA-4 expression, and antigenic stimulation is able to convert conventional T cells to potently immunosuppressive Treg-like cells, which are able to deprive IL-2 and CD28 signal from other T cells. Like natural Treg cells, they acquire a self-skewed T-cell receptor repertoire in the course of their thymic development, enabling them to control autoimmune responses effectively. This Treg construction by targeting IL-2 and CTLA-4 in conventional T cells is a novel way of immune suppression.
Pressure-induced superconductivity in CaC
2
Authors: Li Yan-Ling , Luo Wei , Zeng Zhi , Lin Hai-Qing , Mao Ho-kwang , Ahuja Rajeev
Published: May 2013

Carbon can exist as isolated dumbbell, 1D chain, 2D plane, and 3D network in carbon solids or carbon-based compounds, which attributes to its rich chemical binding way, including
sp
-,
sp
2
-, and
sp
3
-hybridized bonds.
sp
2
-hybridizing carbon always captures special attention due to its unique physical and chemical property. Here, using an evolutionary algorithm in conjunction with ab initio method, we found that, under compression, dumbbell carbon in CaC
2
can be polymerized first into 1D chain and then into ribbon and further into 2D graphite sheet at higher pressure. The
C2/m
structure transforms into an orthorhombic
Cmcm
phase at 0.5 GPa, followed by another orthorhombic
Immm
phase, which is stabilized in a wide pressure range of 15.2–105.8 GPa and then forced into MgB
2
-type phase with wide range stability up to at least 1 TPa. Strong electron–phonon coupling λ in compressed CaC
2
is found, in particular for
Immm
phase, which has the highest λ value (0.562–0.564) among them, leading to its high superconducting critical temperature
T
c
(7.9∼9.8 K), which is comparable with the 11.5 K value of CaC
6
. Our results show that calcium not only can stabilize carbon
sp

2

hybridization at a larger range of pressure but also can contribute in superconducting behavior, which would further ignite experimental and theoretical interest in alkaline–earth metal carbides to uncover their peculiar physical properties under extreme conditions.
Have you seen what I mean?
Authors: Bolly Catherine , Degand Liesbeth
Published: May 2013

The aim of this contribution is to investigate, by means of a diachronic multi-genre corpus-based approach (Academic, Narrative, and Present-day Spoken French), whether the historical functional shift from the propositional domain to the causal/pragmatic domain of linguistic expressions correlates with their semantic shift from primarily conceptual to primarily procedural content. Our analysis concentrates on two discourse markers derived from the French verb voir (‘to see’), namely vu que (‘since’), and on a/nous avons vu que (‘we have seen that’). Our initial hypothesis was that both markers result from an (ongoing) “proceduralisation” process which found its source in the polysemous conceptual meaning of the verb voir, viz. perceptive and cognitive meaning. Our results show that this hypothesis needs a more qualified perspective on linguistic change leading us to approach the “proceduralisation” process in terms of gradualness rather than polarity, and to broaden the field of grammaticalisation to non-linguistic criteria such as the “stylistic” parameter.
Courtroom interaction between 1760 and 1860
Authors: Rama-Martínez Esperanza
Published: May 2013

This paper explores to what extent and how defendants (re)initiated talk in the English courtroom during the period 1760–1860. Adopting both a qualitative and quantitative approach to the analysis of a sample of the Old Bailey Proceedings, I investigate defendants’ moves in terms of their illocutionary force, their addressees and whether there is evidence of change in frequency and format over the period under examination. The achievement of full defence by counsels in 1836 is expected to bring defendants’ behaviour closer to what it is like nowadays. In line with this hypothesis, the study shows a gradual decrease in defendants’ turn transitions, reporting moves and informing acts over the nineteenth century. However, the turn-allocation technique used to gain the turn as well as the increase of (re)initiating moves and questioning acts produced by defendants over the course of time disconfirms the hypothesis of a more active participation of counsels.
Losing their (passive) voice
Authors: Putnam Michael T. , Salmons Joseph
Published: May 2013

This paper reports initial findings on the apparent loss of passive voice constructions in Moundridge Schweitzer German, a moribund enclave dialect spoken in South Central Kansas. The dialect once had three agent-suppressing constructions; today speakers produce only an impersonal construction but marginally recognize one passive construction in comprehension tasks. Comparative and internal evidence suggests a clear path for this developmentquasyntactic extension. Empirically, numerous heritage and moribund languages lose passive constructions, and our account appears extendable to those settings in ways that illuminate some claims about heritage language syntax. The synchronic outcomes are easily modeled using the notion of syntactic neutralization, and we argue that a neutralization approach to syntactic ineffability has significant advantages over a NULL PARSE approach. Since the latter is Optimality Theory (OT)-specific, we model our findings in OT. Because neutralization is a framework-independent concept, our findings have broader ramifications.
Relevance-theoretical versus pragmatic and cognitive approaches to coherence
Authors: Ruiz Moneva Angeles
Published: May 2013

Discourse coherence can be approached as one of the variables that allow both the writer and the reader to cope with the meaning of texts. It will be hypothesised that this is possible because coherence integrates both cognitive and textual aspects. In fact, most of contemporary linguistic and pragmatic theories have laid emphasis on the need to go beyond the sentence and enter into the realms of text and discourse so as to grasp meaning. Hence, meaning results from an ongoing process of negotiation among language users. An important consequence of this is the need to approach discourse formation and comprehension as a cognitive process, which in turn entails that the notion of coherence, as the key defining trait of discourse and of texture, must also be cognitively grounded. It is for this reason that a cognitive approach to interpersonal communication, like the one supplied by relevance theory, appears to be in a position to provide suitable proposals for the explanation of the production, processing and interpretation of discourse. This paper will therefore aim to examine critically the proposals on coherence contributed in the framework of relevance theory and assess them in relation with other discourse and cognitive approaches. Its main underlying contention is that these proposals are best understood as complementary rather than mutually excluding.
Doña Marina/La Malinche
Authors: Valdeón Roberto A.
Published: May 2013

This paper provides a historiographical approach to the figure of Doña Marina or La Malinche, the interpreter of Hernán Cortés during the conquest of Mexico, in order to reassess the fictionalization of the character that we often find in Translation Studies. It is argued that this discipline has used her name in an impressionistic way and, therefore, it seems necessary to complement the translation scholar’s approach with that of the historian. The paper will explore the ways in which Doña Marina has been presented by translation scholars. The next section will provide the perspective of historians, focusing on three aspects relevant for Translation Studies: (1) the facts known about her origin, which explain her ability to communicate in two local languages, (2) her role as interpreter during the conquest of Mexico, (3) her alleged participation in the Cholulan massacre as an informant of Cortés. It will conclude with a discussion that aims to highlight the contrast between the use of impressionistic views of historic figures and the more balanced narratives based on factual rather than mythical elements.
Child and adult readers’ processing of foreign elements in translated South African picturebooks
Authors: Kruger Haidee
Published: May 2013

The tension between domesticating and foreignising translation strategies is particularly strongly felt in the translation of children’s literature, and has been a key issue in many studies of such literature. However, despite the pervasiveness of the concepts, there is little existing empirical research investigating how child (and adult) readers of translated children’s books process and respond to for eignised elements in translation. This means that scholars’ arguments in favour of either domestication or foreignisation in the translation of children’s literature are often based on intuition and personal experience, with no substantial empirical basis. This article presents the findings of an experiment undertaken to investigate Afrikaans child and adult readers’ processing of and responses to potentially linguistically and culturally foreign textual elements in translated children’s picturebooks, against the background of postcolonial/neocolonial cultural and linguistic hybridity in South Africa. The paper reports the results relating to two of the research questions informing the study:

Does the use of foreignised elements in translated children’s picturebooks have any significant effect on the cognitive effort involved in reading for child and adult readers?

Is the comprehension of child and adult readers affected by the use of for eignised elements in translated children’s picturebooks?

A reading study utilising eye-tracking was conducted, involving both child and adult participants reading manipulated domesticated and foreignised versions of pages from two picturebooks translated from English to Afrikaans. To answer research question (1), data obtained by means of eye-tracking were analysed for dwell time, fixation count, first fixation duration and glances count for areas of interest (AOIs) reflecting domesticating or foreignising translation strategies. In order to answer question (2), short structured questionnaires or interviews with participants were used, focusing on the degree of comprehension of the twotexts. Overall, the findings of the experiment demonstrate that while there are perceptible effects on processing and comprehension associated with the use of foreignising strategies, these effects are not straightforward or uniform, with notable differences not only for different AOIs, but also for child and adult readers.
Translating anglophobia
Authors: Lee Tong King
Published: May 2013

This article examines problems arising from biliterate performances in English and Chinese in the context of the sociolinguistics of Singapore. The questions asked include: What are the ramifications of translating Chinese literature carrying anglophobic themes into English? How might translation displace anglophobic readings from Chinese literary works? What kind of identity discourse do self-translation practices engender? The article examines three cases of cross-linguistic practice as biliterate modalities in Singapore, with an eye on the identity discourse emanating from the translational space between English and Chinese in each case. In the first case, it is argued that the English translation of a Chinese poem with an anglophobic stance triggers an ironic self-reflexivity on the part of the target text reader and has the potential to exacerbate the cultural anxiety faced by the Chinese-speaking Self in the source text. The second case presents an example where the anglophobic interpretation of a Chinese play can potentially be ‘unread’ through the homogenization of code-switching through translation. In the final case of a self-translating playwright, it is found that English-Chinese and Chinese-English translations establish an asymmetric symbiosis whereby translation creates an interliminal space in which a hybrid identity discourse is negotiated. The three cases illustrate the tensions and paradoxes residing in the translational space between English and Chinese in Singapore, pointing to the problematic of interand cross-cultural communication in the multilingual state.
Is there interference of usage constraints?
Authors: Cappelle Bert , Loock Rudy
Published: May 2013

We examine the possible impact of frequency differences between a construction in L1 and its equivalent in L2 on translations. Our case is that of existentialtherein English and existentialil y ain French. Using corpus evidence, we first confirm previous claims that existentialthereis used more freely in English than existentialil y ais in French. Drawing on extensive counts conducted in available corpora and self-compiled samples of translated English and French, intra-language comparisons of translated and non-translated language use show that existentialthereis under-represented in English translated from French while existentialil y ais over-represented in French translated from English. It is suggested that source-language interference is responsible for these differences. In addition, counts of existentials in individual novels and their translations show that inter-language frequency shifts systematically occur in the direction of target-language norms, most clearly so for translations into French, which suggests that the observed usage constraint onil y astill applies to a noticeable extent in translated French. Methodologically, we argue the need for a large corpus of translated French.
Formation and dissociation of proteasome storage granules are regulated by cytosolic pH
Authors: Peters Lee Zeev , Hazan Rotem , Breker Michal , Schuldiner Maya , Ben-Aroya Shay
Published: May 2013

The 26S proteasome is the major protein degradation machinery of the cell and is regulated at many levels. One mode of regulation involves accumulation of proteasomes in proteasome storage granules (PSGs) upon glucose depletion. Using a systematic robotic screening approach in yeast, we identify trans-acting proteins that regulate the accumulation of proteasomes in PSGs. Our dataset was enriched for subunits of the vacuolar adenosine triphosphatase (V-ATPase) complex, a proton pump required for vacuole acidification. We show that the impaired ability of V-ATPase mutants to properly govern intracellular pH affects the kinetics of PSG formation. We further show that formation of other protein aggregates upon carbon depletion also is triggered in mutants with impaired activity of the plasma membrane proton pump and the V-ATPase complex. We thus identify cytosolic pH as a specific cellular signal involved both in the glucose sensing that mediates PSG formation and in a more general mechanism for signaling carbon source exhaustion.
Lymphoid tissue phospholipase A2 group IID resolves contact hypersensitivity by driving antiinflammatory lipid mediators
Authors: Miki Yoshimi , Yamamoto Kei , Taketomi Yoshitaka , Sato Hiroyasu , Shimo Kanako , Kobayashi Tetsuyuki , Ishikawa Yukio , Ishii Toshiharu , Nakanishi Hiroki , Ikeda Kazutaka , Taguchi Ryo , Kabashima Kenji , Arita Makoto , Arai Hiroyuki , Lambeau Gérard , Bollinger James M. , Hara Shuntaro , Gelb Michael H. , Murakami Makoto
Published: May 2013

Resolution of inflammation is an active process that is mediated in part by antiinflammatory lipid mediators. Although phospholipase A2 (PLA2) enzymes have been implicated in the promotion of inflammation through mobilizing lipid mediators, the molecular entity of PLA2 subtypes acting upstream of antiinflammatory lipid mediators remains unknown. Herein, we show that secreted PLA2 group IID (PLA2G2D) is preferentially expressed in CD11c+ dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages and displays a pro-resolving function. In hapten-induced contact dermatitis, resolution, not propagation, of inflammation was compromised in skin and LNs of PLA2G2D-deficient mice (Pla2g2d−/−), in which the immune balance was shifted toward a proinflammatory state over an antiinflammatory state. Bone marrow-derived DCs from Pla2g2d−/− mice were hyperactivated and elicited skin inflammation after intravenous transfer into mice. Lipidomics analysis revealed that PLA2G2D in the LNs contributed to mobilization of a pool of polyunsaturated fatty acids that could serve as precursors for antiinflammatory/pro-resolving lipid mediators such as resolvin D1 and 15-deoxy-Δ12,14-prostaglandin J2, which reduced Th1 cytokine production and surface MHC class II expression in LN cells or DCs. Altogether, our results highlight PLA2G2D as a “resolving sPLA2” that ameliorates inflammation through mobilizing pro-resolving lipid mediators and points to a potential use of this enzyme for treatment of inflammatory disorders.
Universality of the lattice of transformation monoids
Authors: Pinsker Michael , Shelah Saharon
Published: May 2013

The set of all transformation monoids on a fixed set of infinite cardinality

λ
\lambda

, equipped with the order of inclusion, forms a complete algebraic lattice

Mon
⁡
(
λ
)

\operatorname {Mon}(\lambda )

with

2
λ

2^\lambda

compact elements. We show that this lattice is universal with respect to closed sublattices; i.e., the closed sublattices of

Mon
⁡
(
λ
)

\operatorname {Mon}(\lambda )

are, up to isomorphism, precisely the complete algebraic lattices with at most

2
λ

2^\lambda

compact elements.
The Kaplansky condition and rings of almost stable range 1
Authors: Roitman Moshe
Published: May 2013

We present some variants of the Kaplansky condition for a K-Hermite ring

R
R

to be an elementary divisor ring. For example, a commutative K-Hermite ring

R
R

is an EDR iff for any elements

x
,
y
,
z
∈
R

x,y,z\in R

such that

(
x
,
y
)
=
R

(x,y)=R

there exists an element

λ
∈
R

\lambda \in R

such that

x
+
λ
y
=
u
v

x+\lambda y=uv

, where

(
u
,
z
)
=
(
v
,
1
−
z
)
=
R

(u,z)=(v,1-z)=R

.

We present an example of a Bézout domain that is an elementary divisor ring but does not have almost stable range

1
1

, thus answering a question of Warren Wm. McGovern.
Dirichlet and Neumann problems for planar domains with parameter
Authors: Bertrand Florian , Gong Xianghong
Published: May 2013

Let

Γ
(
⋅
,
λ
)

\Gamma (\cdot ,\lambda )

be smooth, i.e. 

C

∞

\mathcal C^\infty

, embeddings from

Ω
¯

\overline {\Omega }

onto

Ω

λ

¯

\overline {\Omega ^{\lambda }}

, where

Ω
\Omega

and

Ω
λ

\Omega ^\lambda

are bounded domains with smooth boundary in the complex plane and

λ
\lambda

varies in

I
=
[
0
,
1
]

I=[0,1]

. Suppose that

Γ
\Gamma

is smooth on

Ω
¯

×
I

\overline \Omega \times I

and

f
f

is a smooth function on

∂
Ω
×
I

\partial \Omega \times I

. Let

u
(
⋅
,
λ
)

u(\cdot ,\lambda )

be the harmonic functions on

Ω
λ

\Omega ^\lambda

with boundary values

f
(
⋅
,
λ
)

f(\cdot ,\lambda )

. We show that

u
(
Γ
(
z
,
λ
)
,
λ
)

u(\Gamma (z,\lambda ),\lambda )

is smooth on

Ω
¯

×
I

\overline \Omega \times I

. Our main result is proved for suitable Hölder spaces for the Dirichlet and Neumann problems with parameter. By observing that the regularity of solutions of the two problems with parameter is not local, we show the existence of smooth embeddings

Γ
(
⋅
,
λ
)

\Gamma (\cdot ,\lambda )

from

D

¯

\overline {\mathbb D}

, the closure of the unit disc, onto

Ω
λ

¯

\overline {\Omega ^\lambda }

such that

Γ
\Gamma

is smooth on

D

¯

×
I

\overline {\mathbb D}\times I

and real analytic at

(

−
1

,
0
)
∈

D

¯

×
I

(\sqrt {-1},0)\in \overline {\mathbb D}\times I

, but for every family of Riemann mappings

R
(
⋅
,
λ
)

R(\cdot ,\lambda )

from

Ω
λ

¯

\overline {\Omega ^\lambda }

onto

D

¯

\overline {\mathbb D}

, the function

R
(
Γ
(
z
,
λ
)
,
λ
)

R(\Gamma (z,\lambda ),\lambda )

is not real analytic at

(

−
1

,
0
)
∈

D

¯

×
I

(\sqrt {-1},0)\in \overline {\mathbb D}\times I

.
Corrigendum to “Motives and representability of algebraic cycles on threefolds over a field”
Authors: Gorchinskiy Sergey , Guletskiĭ Vladimir
Published: May 2013

We correct a mistake in Lemma 3.1(5) in J. Algebraic Geom. 21 (2012), 347–374.
Modelling towing and haul-back escape patterns during the fishing process: a case study for cod, plaice, and flounder in the demersal Baltic Sea cod fishery
Authors: Herrmann Bent , Mieske Bernd , Stepputtis Daniel , Krag Ludvig Ahm , Madsen Niels , Noack Thomas
Published: May 2013

Herrmann, B., Mieske, B., Stepputtis, D., Krag, L. A., Madsen, N., and Noack, T. 2013. Modelling towing and haul-back escape patterns during the fishing process: a case study for cod, plaice, and flounder in the demersal Baltic Sea cod fishery. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 70: 850–863. The survival likelihood of fish escaping through trawl codends may depend on when they escape. It is therefore relevant to investigate when during the fishing process fish actually attempt to escape and do escape from trawl codends. This subject is addressed by modelling data collected during a specially designed experiment. Results demonstrate that the escape process during towing cannot be described sufficiently by a traditional logistic model or something similar. Instead, a model is required that explicitly considers that not all fish necessarily contact the codend netting to attempt escape during the towing phase. A model that accounts for such behaviour is applied and it is demonstrated that this model can adequately describe the size selection process during towing. The overall escape process, which consists of the attempt probability, partial escape during towing, and partial escape during the haul-back phase, is also modelled. This proposed model sufficiently described the observed escape pattern for cod (Gadus morhua), plaice (Pleuronectes platessa), and flounder (Platichtys flesus). For all three species, a significant percentage of the individuals entering the codends during fishing first attempt to escape during the haul-back operation.
Polymerase Chain Reaction Test for Clostridium difficile Toxin B Gene Reveals Similar Prevalence Rates in Children With and Without Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Authors: Lamousé‐Smith Esi S.N. , Weber Sarah , Rossi Richard F. , Neinstedt Liliane J. , Mosammaparast Nima , Sandora Thomas J. , McAdam Alexander J. , Bousvaros Athos
Published: May 2013

Objective:

Clinicians often evaluate for Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) presenting with exacerbations. A highly sensitive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test for the toxin B gene of C difficile is increasingly used to diagnose CDI. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of positive C difficile PCR results in children and young adults with and without active IBD compared with patients with non‐IBD gastrointestinal disease.

Methods:

Fecal samples were obtained from patients with ulcerative colitis (UC, n = 76) or Crohn disease (CD, n = 69) and 51 controls followed in our gastroenterology program. Samples were analyzed for C difficile using a PCR test for the C difficile toxin B gene (BD GeneOhm Cdiff assay). Proportions of positive tests in each group were compared using the Pearson χ2 test.

Results:

The prevalence of positive PCR results was 11.6% in patients with CD, 18.4% in patients with UC, and 11.8% in controls (P = 0.25). There were no significant differences in the prevalence of positive C difficile results among patients with IBD with and without active disease or among patients with and without diarrhea.

Conclusions:

Positive C difficile PCR results occur with similar frequency in patients with IBD with and without active disease and in patients with other gastrointestinal diseases. A positive result in a highly sensitive PCR assay that detects low copy numbers of a toxin gene in C difficile may reflect colonization in a subset of patients with IBD, confounding clinical decision making in managing disease exacerbations.
Diet and Functional Abdominal Pain in Children and Adolescents
Authors: van Tilburg Miranda A.L. , Felix Christopher T.
Published: May 2013

Functional abdominal pain (FAP) is a common complaint among children and adolescents. For many patients, symptoms exacerbate with eating. This review discusses findings concerning the role of diet in FAP. The foods that are discussed are divided into 2 major groups: food allergies or intolerances, which focus on milk, gluten, and fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols; and functional foods, which hone in on foods that reduce abdominal pain in adolescents such as fiber, peppermint oil, and probiotics. Lastly, we discuss the role of eating habits in FAP and how the physiology of eating may be the real culprit of symptoms associated with eating.
Vitamin D Deficiency and Low Bone Mineral Density in Pediatric and Young Adult Intestinal Failure
Authors: Ubesie Agozie C. , Heubi James E. , Kocoshis Samuel A. , Henderson Carol J. , Mezoff Adam G. , Rao Marepalli B. , Cole Conrad R.
Published: May 2013

Objectives:

The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence and predisposing factors for vitamin D deficiency and low bone mineral density (BMD) in patients with intestinal failure (IF).

Methods:

A retrospective review of patients with IF managed at the Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center. IF was defined as history of parenteral nutrition (PN) >30 days. Vitamin D deficiency was defined as serum 25‐hydroxyvitamin D (25 (OH) D) <20 ng/dL. Reduced BMD was defined using dual x‐ray absorptiometry z score ≤–2. A binary logistic regression model was used to test for association of significant risk factors and the outcome variables after univariate analyses.

Results:

One hundred and twenty‐three patients with median age of 4 years (range 3–22 years) were evaluated. Forty‐nine (39.8%) patients had at least a documented serum 25 (OH) D deficiency during the study interval, whereas 10 of 80 patients (12.5%) with dual x‐ray absorptiometry scans completed had a low BMD z score. Age at study entry was associated with both 25 (OH) D deficiency (P = 0.01) and low BMD z score (P = 0.03). Exclusive PN at study entry was associated with reduced bone mass (P = 0.03). There was no significant association between vitamin D deficiency and low BMD z score (P = 0.31).

Conclusions:

The risk of 25 (OH) D deficiency and low BMD z score increases with age among patients with IF. Strategies for monitoring and preventing abnormal bone health in older children receiving exclusive PN need to be developed and evaluated.
Nonlinear flight dynamics and stability of hovering model insects
Authors: Liang Bin , Sun Mao
Published: May 2013

Current analyses on insect dynamic flight stability are based on linear theory and limited to small disturbance motions. However, insects' aerial environment is filled with swirling eddies and wind gusts, and large disturbances are common. Here, we numerically solve the equations of motion coupled with the Navier–Stokes equations to simulate the large disturbance motions and analyse the nonlinear flight dynamics of hovering model insects. We consider two representative model insects, a model hawkmoth (large size, low wingbeat frequency) and a model dronefly (small size, high wingbeat frequency). For small and large initial disturbances, the disturbance motion grows with time, and the insects tumble and never return to the equilibrium state; the hovering flight is inherently (passively) unstable. The instability is caused by a pitch moment produced by forward/backward motion and/or a roll moment produced by side motion of the insect.
‘Manipulation’ without the parasite: altered feeding behaviour of mosquitoes is not dependent on infection with malaria parasites
Authors: Cator Lauren J. , George Justin , Blanford Simon , Murdock Courtney C. , Baker Thomas C. , Read Andrew F. , Thomas Matthew B.
Published: May 2013

Previous studies have suggested thatPlasmodiumparasites can manipulate mosquito feeding behaviours such as probing, persistence and engorgement rate in order to enhance transmission success. Here, we broaden analysis of this ‘manipulation phenotype’ to consider proximate foraging behaviours, including responsiveness to host odours and host location. UsingAnopheles stephensiandPlasmodium yoeliias a model system, we demonstrate that mosquitoes with early stage infections (i.e. non-infectious oocysts) exhibit reduced attraction to a human host, whereas those with late-stage infections (i.e. infectious sporozoites) exhibit increased attraction. These stage-specific changes in behaviour were paralleled by changes in the responsiveness of mosquito odourant receptors, providing a possible neurophysiological mechanism for the responses. However, we also found that both the behavioural and neurophysiological changes could be generated by immune challenge with heat-killedEscherichia coliand were thus not tied explicitly to the presence of malaria parasites. Our results support the hypothesis that the feeding behaviour of female mosquitoes is altered byPlasmodium, but question the extent to which this is owing to active manipulation by malaria parasites of host behaviour.
The analysis of localized effects in composites with periodic microstructure
Authors: Aboudi Jacob , Ryvkin Michael
Published: May 2013

Several methods for the analysis of composite materials with periodic microstructure in which localized effects (such as concentrated loads, cracks and stationary/progressive damage) occur are resented. Owing to the loss of periodicity caused by these localized effects, it is no longer possible to identify and analyse a repeating unit cell that characterizes the periodic composite. For elastostatic problems, these methods are based on the combination of the representative cell method (RCM), the higher-order theory for functionally graded materials and often the high-fidelity generalized method of cells (HFGMC) micromechanical model. For elastodynamic problems, the combination of the dynamic RCM with a theory for wave propagation in heterogeneous media is used for the prediction of the time-dependent response of the periodic composite with localized effects. In the framework of the RCM, the problem for a periodic composite that is discretized into numerous identical cells is reduced to a problem of a single cell in the discrete Fourier transform domain. In the framework of the higher-order theory and the theory of wave propagation in composites, the resulting governing equations and interfacial conditions in the transform domain are solved by dividing the single cell into subcells and imposing the latter in an average (integral) sense. The HFGMC is often used for the prediction of the proper far-field boundary conditions based on the response of the unperturbed composite. The inverse of the Fourier transform provides the real elastic field at any point of a composite with localized effects. This research summarizes a series of investigations for the prediction of the behaviour of periodic composites with localized loading, fibre loss, damage and cracks subjected to static and dynamic loadings under isothermal and full thermomechanical coupling conditions.