bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Light Control of the Duration of the Daily Melatonin Signal Under Long and Short Days in the Soay Ram
Authors: Picazo R.A. , Lincoln G.A.
Published: March 2007

Light acts in two ways to control the duration of the nocturnal melatonin rhythm. It inhibits the production of melatonin from the pineal gland and it entrains the underlying circadian rhythm generators located in the suprachiasmatic nuclei. To investigate the role of these two mechanisms under long and short days, four experiments were carried out using groups of adult Soay rams (n = 6-8). The animals were housed in individual pens in light-controlled rooms and entrained to long (LD 16:8) or short (LD 8:16) days for at least 8 wk. The treatments were as follows: (i) dark period extended by 4 h under long days (L dark-delay), (ii) dark period advanced by 4 h under long days (L dark- advance), (iii) dark period extended by 4 h under short days (S dark-delay), and (iv) dark period advanced by 4 h under short days (S dark-advance). Each treatment was given on a single day and the animals were subsequently maintained in, or transferred to, constant dim red light (DD) for 24 h. A control group (C) was run in parallel with each treatment group. Blood samples were collected every 30 min for 6-9 h during the dark-shift to monitor the light-induced changes in the secretion of melatonin, and during DD to monitor any phase shift in the endogenous rhythm (phase markers provided by onset or offset of melatonin secretion). L dark-delay resulted in a significantly ( p < 0.01, ANOVA) later offset of the melatonin peak (3.4-h delay) with no phase shift of the onset of the rhythm under DD. L dark-advance resulted in a significantly ( p < 0.01) earlier onset of the melatonin peak compared to C (2.1-h advance), and a mean phase-advance of 1.0 h in the offset ( p < 0.05) of the rhythm under DD. S dark-delay did not affect the time of the offset of the melatonin peak, but caused a significant ( p < 0.05) phase delay in the onset of the melatonin rhythm under DD (2.2 h). S dark-advance caused no significant change in the time of the onset of the melatonin peak but resulted in a significant ( p < 0.05) phase-advance in the offset of the melatonin rhythm under DD (1.6 h). Overall, the results show that in sheep, entrainment by the LD cycle determines the phase of the melatonin rhythm, while the inhibitory effect of light primarily dictates the change in duration of melatonin secretion between long and short days.
Light Treatment for Sleep Disorders: Consensus Report
Authors: Terman Michael , Lewy Alfred J. , Dijk Derk-Jan , Boulos Ziad , Eastman Charmane I. , Campbell Scott S.
Published: March 2007

Advanced and delayed sleep phase disorders, and the hypersomnia that can accompany winter depression, have been treated successfully by appropriately timed artificial bright light exposure. Under entrainment to the 24-h day-night cycle, the sleep-wake pattern may assume various phase relationships to the circadian pacemaker, as indexed, for example, by abnormally long or short intervals between the onset of melatonin production or the core body temperature minimum and wake-up time. Advanced and delayed sleep phase syndromes and non-24-h sleep-wake syndrome have been variously ascribed to abnormal intrinsic circadian periodicity, deficiency of the entrainment mechanism, or—most simply—patterns of daily light exposure insufficient for adequate phase resetting. The timing of sleep is influenced by underlying circadian phase, but psychosocial constraints also play a major role. Exposure to light early or late in the subjective night has been used therapeutically to produce corrective phase delays or advances, respectively, in both the sleep pattern and circadian rhythms. Supplemental light exposure in fall and winter can reduce the hypersomnia of winter depression, although the therapeutic effect may be less dependent on timing.
Diel Pattern of Locomotor Activity in Populations of Root Voles, Microtus oeconomus
Authors: Halle Stefan
Published: March 2007

Surface locomotor activity of root voles (Microtus oeconomus) during summer and autumn was recorded with passage-counters in four experimental populations in 0.5 ha outdoor enclosures. Populations differed considerably with respect to density, geographical origin and social behavior of animals, and year of observation. The general characteristics of diel activity patterns, however, were very similar among populations. Root voles were generally more active during daytime than during the night, and high activity always occurred around sunrise and sunset. The most prominent feature of the activity patterns was a clear-cut ultradian rhythm at both day and night, resulting in seven activity bouts per 24 h. Pattern adjustment to changing daylength was achieved by an interaction between endogenous ultradian rhythmicity and resetting of the ultradian rhythm at both sunrise and sunset. The daytime rhythm had a period length of 3.0 to 3.5 h, while the nighttime rhythm had a significantly longer period length of 3.5 to 4.0 h. Data in the literature suggest that this mechanism of triggering activity may also occur in other microtine species.
An Approach to Studying Circadian Rhythms of Adolescent Humans
Authors: Carskadon Mary A. , Acebo Christine , Richardson Gary S. , Tate Barbara A. , Seifer Ronald
Published: March 2007

The "long nights" protocol was designed to evaluate sleep processes and circadian rhythm parameters in young humans. A total of 19 children (10 boys, ages 11.2 to 14.1 years [mean = 12.7 ± 1.0], and 9 girls, ages 12.2 to 14.4 years [mean = 13.1 ± 0.7]) took part in the study. Sleep/wake initially was assessed at home using actigraphy and diary for 1 week on each child's self-selected sched ule followed by an 8-night fixed light-dark (LD) condition, while sleeping from 22:00 to 08:00 h and wearing an eye mask to exclude as much light as possible. Phase measurements included 4-night mean actigraphically estimated sleep onset and offset as well as 1-night dim light salivary melatonin onset (DLSMO) phase at the end of each condition. Subjects then lived in the laboratory for 6 consecutive cycles: Day 1 LD = 14:10 h, lights out 22:00 to 08:00 h; Days 2-4 LD = 6:18 h, lights out 18:00 to 12:00 h; Days 5-6 = constant routine in continuous dim light (about 20 lux); Night 6 = 14 h recovery sleep. Phase markers (sleep onset, sleep offset, DLSMO) were significantly less dispersed after the fixed LD as compared to the self-selected condition, indicating efficacy of the LD protocol. Phase markers were correlated at the self-selected assessment (sleep onset vs. sleep offset r = .72; DLSMO vs. sleep onset r = .82; DLSMO vs. sleep offset r = .76) but not on the fixed schedule, probably due to restricted range. The constant routine provided additional phase markers, melatonin offset and midphase. Offset phase of melatonin secretion was significantly correlated with age (r = .62) and Tanner stage (r = .62). In conclusion, these preliminary data indicate a relationship between adolescent development and circadian phase. Thus, the long nights protocol is a feasible way in which to assess circadian parameters in young humans as well as to examine intrinsic sleep processes.
Plasma-Luteinizing Hormone and Prolactin during Circannual Rhythms of Gonadal Maturation and Molt in Male and Female European Starlings
Authors: Dawson A.
Published: March 2007

Male European starlings held under constant 12-h days (LD 12:12) undergo circannual rhythms of gonadal maturation and molt. This study exam ined the temporal relationship of the different physiological phases of these rhythms and the associated endocrinology The majority of males and about half of the females in this study showed evidence of rhythmicity in gonadal matura tion under constant LD 12:12. These gonadal cycles were different from those under natural changes in day length in that the period of photorefractoriness, when birds are unresponsive to an increase in day length, was always much less and in some cases very short indeed. The relationship between molt and gonadal regression was similar to that during natural cycles: every bird that showed gonadal regression began to molt during regression, and molt did not occur except during gonadal regression. The plasma-luteinizing hormone showed rhythmicity related to gonadal maturation, although less clearly in females and much less pronounced than during natural annual rhythms. Plasma prolactin remained low in most males but varied erratically in females. There was no evidence of rhythmicity in prolactin in either sex. High prolactin was not related to gonadal regression or molt. The results suggest that if endogenous circannual rhythms have a role in the expression of natural annual cycles in this species, then they are highly modulated by ambient day length throughout the year rather than simply being synchronized by day length.
Perioperative Risk Stratification in Patients Undergoing Noncardiac Surgery
Authors: Kloehn Gregory C. , O'Rourke Robert A.
Published: March 2007

Adverse cardiac events during noncardiac surgery are a major cause of morbidity and mortality. As the population ages, greater numbers of patients (including the elderly) are undergoing noncardiac surgical procedures; additional emphasis must therefore be placed on effective preoperative risk assessment. On a national level, the estimated annual expenditure for this process is already $3.7 billion. There is a need for both the specialist and primary care provider to execute a safe, methodical, and cost efficient screening plan. This process should identify both the patients at highest risk and also those at lowest risk. Subsequently, the emphasis should attempt to minimize the overall risk of perioperative complications. The cornerstone of risk assessment requires meticulous history taking, a thorough physical examination, and usually a chest radiograph and an ECG. Five subsequent (basic) steps for the evaluation of patients for noncardiac surgery are outlined here in assessment of clinical markers and the pa- tient's functional capacity, risk of the surgical procedure, the need for noninvasive testing, and when appropriate, the indications for invasive testing. The AHA/ACC Practice Guidelines Committee has outlined a clinical algorithm which provides a stepwise approach to guide the clinician during the decision making process. The purpose of preoperative evaluation is not to "give medical clearance" per se, but rather to evaluate the patient's current medical status, detect stress-induced ischemia in a cost effective manner, and to make recommendations about patient management throughout the entire perioperative period.
Homelessness in the United States: 1980-1990
Authors: Collin Robert W.
Published: March 2007

Homelessness is a condition characterized by shelter insecurity, societal disaffiliation, and human suffering. It is a growing problem, spreadingfrom our urban centers to ourexurban landscape. It is also a complex problem, both in origin and solution. Since the late 1970s there has been a surge of media coverage, research, legislation, and litigation regarding homelessness. Much of the research has been done by planners and planning academics. The planning literature on homelessnessfrom the 1980s has set the stage for the research, literature, and public policy concerning homelessness in the 1990s. This artide reviews the major early planning reports and the planning literature in terms of the definition of homelessness, its causes, and the short- and long-term solutions to it. Included are discussions about the politicization of the homeless count and the 1990 census. Undeveloped areas of planning research on homelessness are also presented.
Who Helps Working Women Care for the Young and the Old?
Authors: Sancier Betty , Mapp Patricia
Published: March 2007

Women continue to be overburdened by the conflicting demands of work and family responsibilities, even though some employers are introducing "family-friendly" policies and the rhetoric of social policy is profamily. This article examines the issue of dependent care as a workplace concern from a feminist perspective and critiques current governmental and employer policies and program initiatives, citing trends in Wisconsin as illustrations. It also proposes realistic strategies for social workers to help women gain more control over their work, home, and family lives.
Critical Reflection in Groups with Abused Women
Authors: Brown Pamela A. , Dickey Claire
Published: March 2007

The ability to view social and political phenomena that affect their lives can be much more empowering to women than talking about self-esteem or assertiveness. This article describes the background and philosophy of educational groups for abused women and the content and process of the group sessions.
Women's Perspectives on the Rural Crisis and Priorities for Rural Development
Authors: Hoff Marie D.
Published: March 2007

This article reports on a survey of 137 rural women in 25 states that investigated the women's views of the crisis in rural America and their priorities for action on rural policy issues. The survey found that the women favored locally based cooperative economic development projects, policies to reverse the trend toward industrial agriculture, and help in improving their leadership skills and in learning more about national farm policy.
Intentionally Childless Women: Another View of Women's Development
Authors: Morell Carolyn
Published: March 2007

Most scholarly work on women's development assumes or documents the "reproduction of mothering." The existence of women who resist motherhood challenges universalizing assumptions advanced by these theories. This article draws on the life stories of 34 intentionally childless married women to paint a more contradictory picture of women's development that allows for the variations in desires, talents, and orientations that actually occur among women.
The Glass Ceiling in Social Work: Is It Shatterproof?
Authors: Gibelman Margaret , Schervish Philip H.
Published: March 2007

This article reports the findings of a study that supports the existence of a "glass ceiling" in social work on the basis of gender. An analysis of the demographics of the National Association of Social Workers' membership revealed that male social workers disproportionately hold managerial positions, assume such positions earlier in their careers, and earn more money in these positions than do female social workers. Suggestions are offered about organizational strategies, advocacy, and policies that may be implemented to achieve equity and equality for women in the profession.
The Influence of Interpersonal Competence on Personal Vulnerability of Persons With Mental Retardation
Authors: NETTELBECK TED , WILSON CARLENE , POTTER ROBERT , PERRY CAROLINE
Published: March 2007

Four factors in Sparks's model of victim proneness were tested among 31 persons with mental retardation who were victims of a personal offense and 32 nonvictims with mental retardation. Factors were operationalized in terms of measures of anger, antisocial tendencies, eccentricities and odd mannerisms, interpersonal competence, recreational outings, and communication skills. Forty participants also responded to hypothetical scenarios depicting everyday situations commonly encountered. Results showed that victims were significantly more likely than nonvictims to report a hostile outlook and that they would display overt anger and aggression in a wide range of situations. Victims' responses to hypothetical scenarios were more likely to be confrontative or abusive to an initial approach by the perpetrator, whereas nonvictims were more likely to withdraw quietly. These indices of poorer interpersonal competence were independent from IQ and adaptive behavior.
How Children's Adjustment Is Affected by Their Relationships to Their Mothers' Abusers
Authors: SULLIVAN CRIS M. , JURAS JENNIFER , BYBEE DEBORAH , NGUYEN HUONG , ALLEN NICOLE
Published: March 2007

Although researchers have begun to examine the long-term impact of exposure to domestic violence on children, most studies focus exclusively on the mother-child dyad in examining children's adjustment. The presence and behavior of the abuser has been noticeably absent, even though such variables are likely to relate to children's well-being. This study presents evidence that the abuser's relationship to the child (whether he is the biological father, stepfather/father figure, or nonfather figure) is an important variable in understanding children's adjustment. Although level of physical abuse of the children did not differ by group, stepfathers were more emotionally abusive to the children and the children reported being more fearful of them, compared to the other two groups of abusers. Biological fathers were the most emotionally available to the children, yet these children reported lower self-competency compared to children whose mothers' abusers were not their father figures. Research and policy implications are discussed.
The Role of Offender Alcohol Use in Rape Attacks
Authors: BRECKLIN LEANNE R. , ULLMAN SARAH E.
Published: March 2007

The role of offender preassault alcohol use (as perceived by victims) in the outcomes of rape incidents (N = 362) was analyzed using data from the 1992-1996 National Crime Victimization Survey. Offender preassault alcohol use was hypothesized to be related to more risky assault characteristics (e.g., stranger assaults and weapons) and more severe assault outcomes (e.g., completed rapes and physical injury). As predicted, offender alcohol use was associated with stranger assaults, night assaults, outdoor locations, and greater victim resistance. Logistic regression analyses showed that offender alcohol use was associated with less likelihood of rape completion and unrelated to physical injury when demographic variables and assault characteristics were controlled. Suggestions for future research on the role of alcohol in rape incidents are presented.
Pregnancy and Violence Against Women
Authors: JASINSKI JANA L.
Published: March 2007

Results from research using hospital samples and anecdotal reports from victims have suggested that pregnancy may be a time of increased risk for assaults against women. Research using national probability samples, however, indicates that pregnant women may not be at greater risk for victimization than women who are not pregnant, once the analyses control for the effects of age. The current study used data from Waves 1 and 2 of the National Survey of Families and Households and focused on the relationship between pregnancy and four patterns of violence: no violence, persistent violence, violence cessation, and violence initiation. The sample included 3,500 couples who were either married or cohabiting during the first wave of the study and who were still with the same partner during the second wave 5 years later. The results suggested that first pregnancy, as well as unplanned or unwanted pregnancy, was significantly associated with violence category.
Patterns of Anti-Gay Violence
Authors: KUEHNLE KRISHTEN , SULLIVAN ANNE
Published: March 2007

This nonexperimental, descriptive study investigates anti-gay victimizations and reporting practices to the police. In this analysis of 241 self-reported incidents, the results partly support previous research on victimization. Differences were also found between gender identities and offense, reporting to police, and injury. Race appeared also to be a factor in offense and reporting to police.
Misuses of the Hare Psychopathy Checklist-Revised in Court
Authors: EDENS JOHN F.
Published: March 2007

The Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R) is a widely used instrument in criminal justice settings with a considerable body of research supporting its utility in predicting violence under certain circumstances and with certain populations. However, this measure can be misused and misrepresented in legal settings. Moreover, because of the considerable implications of the “psychopathy” diagnosis in forensic contexts, misuse of this instrument could be especially damaging to the integrity of the adjudicative process. Two case examples exemplifying quite different misapplications of the PCL-R are presented: Case 1 involved the attempted introduction of PCL-R results as an aggravating factor in the penalty phase of a capital murder trial; in Case 2, PCL-R data were used to support expert testimony that a defendant was unlikely to be a sex offender. Predictive and ethical problems associated with the use of the PCL-R in these cases are reviewed, and recommendations regarding its appropriate application are offered.
Legal Treatment of the Victim-Offender Relationship in Crimes of Violence
Authors: SIMON LEONORE M. J.
Published: March 2007

Prior theory and research indicate that the victim-offender relationship is an important factor in determining how an offender is treated at various stages of the criminal justice system, with stranger offenders faring worse than nonstranger offenders in all stages of legal processing. This study investigates whether the victim-offender relationship plays a role in determining the original charge, the crime conviction, and the sentence length of inmates in prison for violent crimes. Data consist of interview and official record information of 273 sentenced and incarcerated violent male offenders. The results indicate that the victim-offender relationship is related to the legal processing, but in paradoxical ways. Thus, although nonstranger offenders are charged with and convicted of more serious crimes, stranger offenders receive significantly longer sentences. Implications for policy and future research are discussed.
Maternal Protectiveness Following the Disclosure of Intrafamilial Child Sexual Abuse
Authors: HERIOT JESSICA
Published: March 2007

This study is concerned with what proportion of mothers act protectively following the disclosure of child sexual abuse and what factors are associated with maternal nonprotectiveness. Fifteen risk factors were identified. In a sample of 118 cases of intrafamilial child sexual abuse studied over a period of 18 months, it was found that 57% of the mothers took action to separate from the perpetrators, two thirds were supportive of their children, and 52% did both. Mothers were more likely to act protectively if their feelings toward the perpetrator were negative, if the perpetrator was not the mother's partner, and if the sexual abuse did not involve intercourse. Mothers of teenagers were less likely to protect than mothers of younger children, and mothers who abused drugs or alcohol were at risk for nonprotection.
Predictors of Serious Violent Recidivism
Authors: MARTINEZ RAMIRO
Published: March 2007

Despite the growth in research on violent offenders, little is known about the existence of a career in violent crime. To fill the gap in the knowledge of violent offenders, the authors conducted a retrospective longitudinal study of all individuals arrested in Franklin County, OH, in 1973 for an FBI index violent crime. Those continuing in post-1973 criminal activities (as measured by an arrest) were not high-rate violent offenders; on the other hand, they maintained a higher than average amount of index violent and other violent criminal activity. They were arrested for a large number of serious crimes and committed a large number of the cohort's violent offenses. Contrary to expectations, many of these subjects seriously persisted in violent activities.
Social Support and Children's and Adolescents' Adaptation to Sexual Abuse
Authors: FEIRING CANDICE , TASKA LYNN S. , LEWIS MICHAEL
Published: March 2007

Limited research exists examining factors mitigating the negative effects of sexual abuse. This report, based on a sample of 154 participants, analyzes how social support helps explain variations in child and adolescent psychological distress at the time of sexual abuse discovery. Adolescents, compared to children, are less likely to feel supported by parents and other adult relatives, but are more likely to view friends as support resources. As expected, support from a parent is related to less psychological distress, while the use of primarily friends for support is related to increased adjustment difficulties. The findings indicate that developmental period and source of support are important to consider in understanding how support functions as a protective factor.
Temporal Factors and Homicide in the United States
Authors: KPOSOWA AUGUSTINE J. , BREAULT KEVIN D.
Published: March 2007

Employing data from the 1992 Mortality Detail File, this research examined the effects of temporal factors on homicide victimization in the United States. Logistic regressions were fitted to all deaths occurring in 1992 by homicide. The results showed deaths from homicide versus mortality from other causes were highest on Saturday (odds ratio [OR] = 1.34, confidence interval [CI] = 1.21, 1.48), followed by Friday (OR = 1.13, CI = 1.02, 1.26) and Sunday (OR = 1.15, CI = 1.04, 1.28). Significant male and female differences were observed. Whereas for men, Friday, Saturday, and Sunday were significantly related to homicide, female homicides were concentrated almost exclusively on Saturday (OR = 1.31, CI = 1.1, 1.57). The results suggest new theoretical interpretations focusing on the temporal nature of social control and private as opposed to public drinking by males.
“It Happens All the Time”:
Authors: WOLFER TERRY A.
Published: March 2007

To date, most researchers concerned with chronic community violence have studied children's experiences and used one-time interviews. In contrast, this study focused on the extent and variety of women's experiences, and used a combination of one-time and repeated interviews. Based on a study of women's experience with chronic community violence, this article argues for the value of repeated, in-depth interviewing about current experience as a method of studying encounters with high-frequency, potentially traumatic events. In short, it suggests that one-time, retrospective interview methods may substantially underestimate the level of the women's experience with chronic community violence and that repeated weekly interviews offer a more thorough and detailed assessment that may serve as a concurrent validity check for brief, structured instruments.
USERRA: For Employers, There’s More Than Meets the Eye
Authors: Waltemath Joy
Published: March 2007

With reserve and National Guard units called to service in the wake of the terrorist attacks of September 11 and the subsequent declaration of a national emergency by President Bush, employers must recognize the special employment rights of their employees serving in the military. The law governing military service as it affects employers and employees is the Uniformed Services Employment and Reemployment Rights Act of 1994 (USERRA). It provides for military leaves of absence and reemployment of eligible employees when they return from military leave. USERRA also protects employees and job applicants from discrimination because of their military service. To comply with the law and help their employees manage through this challenging time, employers need to be fully informed of what the law requires. Be prepared: If you have not looked at this law recently, you may be surprised to discover that USERRA goes beyond what might be expected in many instances.
Planning a “Next Generation” Salary System
Authors: Risher Howard
Published: March 2007

The field of salary management is at a crossroad. Traditional salary management practices were developed for an organization model that has largely disappeared. The critics of those practices were first heard a decade ago. The “next generation” program model moves in a different direction but is still not fully developed. The newer salary systems reflect common core principles; however, there are unresolved design issues that affect system management. A key change is the shift in control from human resources to line managers, which makes it important to create simple, transparent and credible programs. The experience of three companies—Dow Chemical, IBM, and Marriott Lodging—confirms that managers can effectively handle this new role when they are provided with adequate information. This article looks at the focal issues in designing a next generation salary system. It considers the rationale for assigning jobs to salary bands and for managing individual salaries within the bands. It also suggests criteria for evaluating system changes.
Measuring Trends in the Structure and Levels of Compensation Costs
Authors: Schwenk Albert E.
Published: March 2007

The United States Department of Labor's Bureau of Labor Statistics produces two measures of the cost of compensation, neither of which is easily understood-not even by compensation professionals. The Employment Cost Index (ECI) measures pure wage rate and compensation cost changes, while the second measure, Employer Costs for Employee Compensation (cost levels) provides information on compensation cost trends not available from the ECI and is generally a better measure of the changes affecting the welfare of workers.

Differences between the cost levels and ECI indices in year-to-year changes can be explained by differences in the way the two measures are constructed-that is, the set of weights used and the way the data are linked from quarter to quarter. This article summarizes data collection for these two measures and notes the major trends reflected. It also discusses the differences between the measures and how they can be used, both separately and side-by-side.
It's Time to Relocate Employees:Will they Accept the Transfer?
Authors: Mileski Alan S.
Published: March 2007

Relocation has become a major issue for today's companies, but many employees are rejecting relocation offers. Family needs-working spouses, aging parents, children in school-and the greater leverage of skilled employees who can afford to stay put thanks to the current labor market, are some of the reasons why employees are opting out. Furthermore, the cost of getting an affirmative answer from relocation candidates is rising as companies seek to escalate incentives and ancillary benefits. In order to ensure maximum success with relocation, managers need to assess an employee's needs and determine which benefits fit the employee's requirements while still managing to meet the company's budget.
The Euro:
Authors: Wasserman Simon , Klinck Brad
Published: March 2007

In the logical next step along the path to European integration, the European Union is launching its single currency, the "euro," which will make its first appearance on January 1, 1999. This introduction will reverberate across financial markets and industries around the world, and pension fund administrators of multinational organizations will be at the cutting edge of a new financial order. But while one might expect these pension fund administrators to be actively engaged in designing strategies to cope with the potential effects of the euro on pensions and benefits, many are taking a wait-and-see attitude. According to our authors, companies should review their pension administration systems immediately to determine what the euro implies as well as how data should be reported and what structural changes may have to be adopted.
The Art and Context of the Deal: A Balanced View of Executive Incentives
Authors: Bloom Matt
Published: March 2007

Over the past several years critics have charged that incentive awards are excessive, bear little relationship to organizational performance, and often prove detreimental to a company's success. This article argues for the importance of considering contextual factors before making judegments about the eeficacy of perfoance-based compensation. Analysis of one factor-the degree of business risk-uncoves a relationship taht chanllenges predications based on economics theroy. We might well assume that pay pakcages rich in stock options and other incentives help copanies respond to a high-risk business environment. Not so. Statistical analysis of 536 large U.S. companies shows that the more sucessful firms used higher salaries and lower level of incentive than their less succesful counterparts. This suggest we need to give great consideration to the whole ”employment deal”-incentives, salary, benefits, job security and the like-in relationship to the business enviornment.
Sexually Integrated Prisons: Advantages, Disadvantages And Some Recommendations
Authors: Mahan Sue , Mabli Jerome , Johnston Barbara , Trask Barbara , Hilek John
Published: March 2007

The effectiveness of sexually integrated corrections programs was evaluated from three different perspectives. The opinions of employees and inmates were studied using questionnaire and anecdotal data, and co-corrections facilities were compared with other federal institutions incarcerating convicted felons at similar security levels. Some of the benefits of co-corrections which were determined by the current research included: safety from violence, more normal male/female relationships, greater employment opportunities for women, and administrative flexibility. On the other hand, some of the disadvantages included : increased need for surveillance, broad areas of staff discretion, and problems arising from opposite-sex staff members supervising inmates' living quarters. Despite the shortcomings, staff and inmate responses were in general agreement with the statement: "For the most part the co-corrections institution is an agreeable place."
Analyzing Campus Crime And Police Resources: Implications For Policy-Makers*
Authors: Bromley Max L.
Published: March 2007

Today, college faculty, students, administrators and legislators have become increasingly concerned about the frequency and magnitude of crimes occurring within the campus setting. In many states campus law enforcement departments provide general police services and are the direct link to the criminal justice system. This paper describes the systematic collection and analysis of comparative data regarding campus crime rates and police resources in one of the nation's largest state university systems. Policy and decision-making implications derived from the data analysis process are identified.
The New New Year: or, How a Tradition was Tempered
Authors: Sklevicky Lydia
Published: March 2007

Hommage à Milovan Gavazzi, on the fiftieth anniversary of Godina dana hrvatskih narodnih običaja (A Year of Croatian National Customs)

“New Year's Day, the socialist holiday of the peoples of Yugoslavia, is a day of joy for all workers of our land, for on that day we sum up the results of our labor. Every new year is one step higher in our ascent toward socialism. We are transforming ourselves from a technically and culturally backward land into an advanced, economically independent, and cultured land.”

“We have our days of celebration, such as November 29, March 8, May 1, and New Year's Day, and on those days we will give our children presents and organize a children's holiday.”

“In the cities, on squares or intersections, one could decorate a large fir tree, which would be especially well decorated with the five-pointed star, hammer and sickle, and so forth.”

“This year's celebration of the day of `Children's Joy' ” must have a mass character, therefore our organization, along with all other organizations, must seek to make the celebration succeed and to become in time a national custom and replace the former religious holiday. ”

“The celebration of the New Year must also acquire a political character. ”
The Power of Support Groups: Influence on Infant Feeding Trends in New Zealand
Authors: Ryan Kath
Published: March 2007

By outlining infant feeding trends and the essential characteristics of support groups, this paper reveals how important such groups and their development have been in shaping the history of infant feeding in twentieth-century New Zealand. The paper draws, in particular, on the histories, growth, and influence of the Royal New Zealand Plunket Society, Parents Centre New Zealand, and La Leche League New Zealand. It demonstrates the importance of such middle-class groups in changing practices and attitudes within society. In general, this paper is a call for recognition of the importance of lay support groups in the improvement of health outcomes.
Breastfeeding of Very Low Birth Weight Infants
Authors: Furman Lydia , Minich Nori Mercuri , Hack Maureen
Published: March 2007

This research examines the rate of breastfeeding among mothers of very low birth weight infants (VLBW, <1500 grams), and the correlates of breast milk pumping and transition to nursing at the breast. Eighty-two mothers and their 69 singleton and 21 twin VLBW infants admitted to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (January 1-June 30, 1995) of an urban tertiary care hospital. Maternal demographic, infant birth, and neonatal data were compared according to breast or bottle feeding, and a telephone interview was administered retrospectively to mothers pumping breast milk at the time of the infant's discharge home. Of 39 mothers who chose to pump breast milk, 19 were still pumping at the time of the infant's discharge home. Only 8 made a successful transition to nursing at the breast. Mothers who continued pumping tended to be white, married, and older, and their infants had fewer neonatal complications. The rates of prolonged breast milk pumping and of nursing are very low. Specific interventions and better support might improve the success rates.
Streets, Sidewalks, Stores, and Stories
Authors: SIMPSON TIMOTHY A.
Published: March 2007

This article is an interpretive ethnography of young people's uses of spaces in Ybor City, a National Historic Landmark District in Tampa, Florida. The analysis focuses particularly on a record store popular with young people. The author seeks to understand why it and other places attract particular groups of people and to discern the character of the public life generated by the ways people occupy such spaces. The narrative quality of spaces is crucial to understanding why people choose to gather in them and also suggests something about the tenor of public life in contemporary America. People are attracted to narrative spaces that in their ambiguity offer the possibility of an interactive public life, yet when people gather in those spaces, they often merely congregate into separate “lifestyle enclaves” and display their difference from other groups.
Religion and the Politics of Sexuality
Authors: ELLINGSON STEPHEN , TEBBE NELSON , VAN HAITSMA MARTHA , LAUMANN EDWARD O.
Published: March 2007

Using data from open-ended interviews with religious leaders in three Chicago neighborhoods in combination with demographic and survey data for area residents, this article demonstrates how local sexual norms and practices shape congregational responses to sexuality issues. These data reveal that local norms about sexual behavior and identity, and congregational identities and histories, are usually more salient than polity, official teaching, or denominational affiliation. The authors describe how local cultures, structures, and concerns—from the identities and traditions of each congregation to the demographics and institutional infrastructure of each neighborhood—produce sometimes reinforcing and often cross-cutting pressures that drive congregational approaches to human sexuality.
Sharing the Experience of Mobility-Disabled Consumers
Authors: KAUFMAN-SCARBOROUGH CAROL
Published: March 2007

The ten-year anniversary of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) stimulated discussions regarding its effectiveness in bringing full-market access to persons with disabilities. The picture is mixed, revealing that the ADA's architectural mandates do not fully address the physical and emotional needs of disabled consumers. In the present article, the author develops a framework representing how mobility-disabled consumers experience and manage their behaviors in the retail environment. That framework is used to identify whether store designs can “disable” persons with mobility impairments by implementing architectural choices that assume able-bodied customers. In addition, aspects of the disabled person's experiences in negotiating a consumer identity in retail environments is examined. One study examines observations made while simulating a disability. A second study considers observations made while partnered with a disabled person. The findings generate insights into the psychological and interpersonal barriers that the ADA does not address under a strictly architectural approach.
Creating Reality: How TV News Distorts Events, David L. Altheide, Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications, 1976. 220 pp. $15.00 (cloth), $6.95 (paper).
Authors: Wright Sam
Published: March 2007

These studies are selected and annotated by the New Ethnographies Editor and by readers who discover ethnographies, write annotations of them, and send in these annotations. Readers are invited to report ethnographies they discover, especially those found in irregular sources, including M.A. and Ph.D. submission. Please limit the annotations to about 150-200 words. Direct all correspondence to John M. Johnson, New Ethnographies Editor, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85281.
A Naturalistic Study of Interaction and Frame
Authors: Huang Hickrod Lucy Jen , Schmitt Raymond L.
Published: March 2007

In this article the authors examine the apparently contradictory concepts of "pet" and "family member" in an attempt to understand how these become translated into a consistent, sensible meaning Employing concepts from frame analysis, they illustrate how the meaning of pets is built up and maintained by framing and keying Although ostensibly about family pets, the analysis is also significant because it provides one model for applying frame analysis to concrete social situations
Strett Scenes: Afro-American Culture in Urban Trinidad, Michael Lieber, Cambridge, MA: Schenkman, 1981. 118 pp. $6.95 (paper).
Authors: Glazier Stephen D.
Published: March 2007

These studies are selected and reviews solicited by the New Ethnographies Editor Readers are invited to participate in the New Ethnographies section by discovering ethnographies, writing annotations of them, and sending in these annotations Published works are to be preferred to the unpublished (M A or Ph D theses), but exceptions may be made in particular cases. Please direct all correspondence to John Van Maanen, New Ethnographies Editor, MIT, Cambridge, Massacusetts 02139
The Hired Hand and the Lone Wolf
Authors: Florez Carl P. , Kelling George L.
Published: March 2007

Observation is a common methodology for many researchers but the observational process is significantly affected when the observation is by "hired hands" rather than solo researchers. Certain variables such as the characteristics of the observer position, characteristics of the host agency, characteristics of the research organization, and the nature of the project itself impact on the observational process. The impact differs from that on solo researchers when examining issues such as supervision and management of observers, cooptation, and exiting. In fact, the very structure of large scale research projects affect the observational process. The management of these issues is a critical methodological issue which interacts with other methodological questions.
New Ethnographies
Authors: IItis Linda L.
Published: March 2007

Generally, reviews of new ethnographies or methods texts are solicited and compiled by the New Ethnographies editor. The preferred form, unless specified otherwise, is an 800- to 1000-word critical essay addressing theoretical, methodological, and/or substantive contributions of recently published materials relevant to ethnographic inquiry. Unsolicited reviews are welcome, but without the assurance of publication. Abstracts of Ph.D. dissertations based on ethnographic research and completed within the last year or two are invited. The abstracts should be succinct (200-350 words) and should highlight the theoretical or substantive focus of the research and the field methods employed. Please send book reviews and dissertation abstracts to: David A. Snow, New Ethnographies Editor, Department of Sociology, University of Arizona, Tuscon, AZ 85721.
Women Who Go to Sea
Authors: Kaplan Ilene M.
Published: March 2007

In this article I offer a glimpse into the activities, backgrounds and motivations of women who are involved in commercial deep sea fishing operations. Unlike traditional fisher men, women who fish commercially do not come from a background of fishing families, nor do the women experience much anticipatory socialization for the role of fisher. Women fishers are discussed in relation to women in other blue-collar occupations.
DIFFERENTIAL ADJUSTMENT AMONG NEW IMMIGRANT FAMILY MEMBERS
Authors: GOLD STEVEN J.
Published: March 2007

Certain members of new immigrant families have access to the skills, education and collective traditions that allow their quick economic adjustment to American society. At the same time, however, such families also contain individuals who encounter major difficulties in adapting to the new country. These difficulties—the dependency of youth and the aged, intergenerational conflict, role reversals, and status loss—often result from the rapid adjustment experienced by other family members. Such problems affect not only the individuals themselves, but, strain the entire immigrant family unit.
NONMAINSTREAM BODY MODIFICATION
Authors: MYERS JAMES
Published: March 2007

This article examines the phenomenon of nonmainstream body modification in contemporary United States, with an emphasis on genital piercing, branding, and cutting in several West Coast cities. Based on participant observation and interviews over a 2-year period, it discusses the pleasures and problems of fieldwork with nonmainstream body modifiers, describes the events at a series of San Francisco body modification workshops, and ends with an explanation of what motivated the individuals in the study to involve themselves in a behavior that is not only physically painful but is considered repugnant and even psychopathological by American society.
NEW ETHNOGRAPHIES
Authors: Cullum-Swan Betsy
Published: March 2007

Generally, reviews of new ethnographies or methods texts are solicited and compiled by the New Ethnographies editor. The preferred form, unless specified otherwise, is an 800 to 1,000 word critical essay addressing theoretical, methodological, and/or substantive contributions of recently published materials relevant to ethnographic inquiry. Unsolicited reviews are welcome, but without the assurance of publication. Abstracts of Ph.D. dissertations based on ethnographic research and completed within the last year or two are invited. The abstracts should be succinct (200-350 words) and should highlight the theoretical or substantive focus of the research and the field methods employed. Please send book reviews and dissertation abstracts to Charles P. Gallmeier, New Ethnographies Editor, Health Resources Management (M/C 923), School of Public Health East, University of Illinois—Chicago, Box 6998, Chicago, IL 60680.
TEN LIES OF ETHNOGRAPHY
Authors: FINE GARY ALAN
Published: March 2007

As Everett Hughes noted, there is an “underside” to all work. Each job includes ways of doing things that would be inappropriate for those outside the guild to know. Illusions are essential for maintaining occupational reputation, but in the process they create a set of moral dilemmas. So it is with ethnographic work. This article describes the underside of ethnographic work: compromises that one frequently makes with idealized ethical standards. It argues that images of ethnographers—personal and public—are based on partial truths or self-deceptions. The focus is on three clusters of dilemmas: the classical virtues (the kindly ethnographer, the friendly ethnographer, and the honest ethnographer), technical skills (the precise ethnographer, the observant ethnographer, and the unobtrusive ethnographer), and the ethnographic self (the candid ethnographer, the chaste ethnographer, the fair ethnographer, and the literary ethnographer). Changes in ethnographic styles and traditions alter the balance of these deceptions but do not eliminate the need for methodological illusions.