bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
EL FULGOR VENIDO DE OTRA PARTE: BAUDELAIRE, MALLARMÉ, RILKE, CHAR, CELAN, LLANSOL
Authors: Carbó Antoni Gonzalo
Published: July 2019

Resumen: Hay un fulgor que va unido a la extinción de sí. En el poema LV del Tarǧumān de Ibn ʿArabī, la aniquilación del primer dístico encuentra su cénit en la contemplación extática del tercero en forma de fulgor: «El deseo me aniquila cuando estás ausente /…/ Pues siempre que Le hallo, contemplo una figura… en esplendor…». Su expresión poética moderna se halla en el verso de Les Noces d’Hérodiade, de Mallarmé, en el que Herodías lanza la cabeza de San Juan por la ventana: «Jusqu’à l’horizon mort en un dernier éclat». El «Cántico de San Juan» es el himno de la cabeza cortada volando, del filo de la guadaña a la luz, hacia el «pur regard». Tomado como punto de partida la importancia que la expresión le vieil éclat tiene en su obra poética, se establece una arqueología de estas palabras en la poesía moderna y contemporánea: feu clair (Baudelaire), éclair absolu (Mallarmé), weißer Glanz (Rilke), glow more intense (Eliot), relâmpago íntimo (Pessoa), mort (éclair)ante (Char), «fulgurante entrevisión» (Lezama),

Abstract: There is a glare that goes together with the extinction of the self. In the poem LV, from the Tarǧumān, by Ibn ‘Arabī, the annihilation of the first distich finds its zenith in the ecstatic contemplationof the third in the form of glare: «Desire annihilates me when you are absent / ... / For whenever I find Him, I contemplate a figure... in splendour...». Its modern poetic expression is found in the verse of Les Noces d’Hérodiade, by Mallarmé, in which Herodias throws the head of Saint John through the window: «Jusqu’à l’horizon mort en un dernier éclat». The «Canticle of St. John» is the hymn of the severed head flying, from the edge of the scythe to the light, towards the «pur regard». Taken as a starting point the importance that the expression le vieil éclat has in his poetic work, an archaeology of these words isestablished in modern and contemporary poetry: feu clair (Baudelaire), éclair absolu (Mallarmé), weißer Glanz (Rilke), glow more intense (Eliot), relâmpago íntimo (Pessoa), mort (éclair) ante (Char), fulguranteentrevision (Lezama), Schimmer des Urlichts (Celan), fulgor inapreensível (Llansol).
DE LA INTUICIÓN POÉTICA A LA INTELIGENCIA MÍSTICA:UNA APROXIMACIÓN A LA OBRA DE MARIA GABRIELA LLANSOL
Authors: Martínez Albarracín Francisco
Published: July 2019

Resumen: Intentamos en este escrito una aproximación a la obra de Maria Gabriela Llansol, centrándonos en su primera trilogía, desde una perspectiva que aúna poesía, filosofía y sabiduría. Nos fijamos en lo peculiar de su escritura, en los símbolos que utiliza, y vemos algo de su relación con la mística cristiana (Eckhart, Müntzer, Juan de la Cruz) y con el sufismo de Ibn ʿArabī.

Abstract: In this paper, we make an approach to the work of Maria Gabriela Llansol, focusing on her first trilogy, from a perspective that combines poetry, philosophy and wisdom. We look at the peculiarity of her writing, the symbols she uses, and we see something of her relationship with Christian mysticism (Eckhart, Müntzer, Juan de la Cruz) and the Sufism of Ibn ʿArabī.
NOTAS PARA UMA GEOMETRIA DA INOCÊNCIA EM MARIA GABRIELA LLANSOL
Authors: Russo Cinzia
Published: July 2019

Resumo: O artigo aborda o tema da polissemia do «toque» na obra de Maria Gabriela Llansol e do grande poder criador que possui essa acção. O «toque» inocente abre caminho para um outro espaço originário e imaginante de jogo e de conhecimento. Abre a “porta” a que a autora chama o «mútuo», um lugar de encontro e de conversa amorosa, onde o amor nos espera a sós. Qualquer ser que passe por aquela «porta», sabe que tem uma possibilidade de crescimento segundo a sua própria lei. Ninguém pode renunciar a sua própria lei de crescimento, sob pena de morrer: essa é a sua maneira de viver nesse espaço. O encontro com o «mútuo» «proporciona» a cada ser a possibilidade de seguir o seu fim específico. Viver assim significa ter uma magnífica capacidade de conhecer e uma extraordinária apetência de conhecimento. «Nesse espaço, viver é ir à procura do conhecer». Procuremos viver. Vamos viver no querer conhecer.

Abstract: The theme of this article is the polysemy of «touch» in the work of Maria Gabriela Llansol and the great creative power that this action has. The innocent «touch» opens a way to another original and imaginary space of playing and of knowledge. It opens the «door» that the author calls the «mutual», a place of meeting and loving conversation, where love awaits us alone. Any person who passes through that «door» knows that he or she has a possibility of growth according to his or her own law. No one can renounce his or her own law of growth, on penalty of dying: that law is his or her peculiar way of living in that space. The encounter with the «mutual» gives each being the possibility of following its specific purpose. To live this way means to have a magnificent capacity to know and an extraordinary appetite for knowledge. «In this space, to live is to search with the aim to knowing.» Let’s try to live. Let’s live in the aiming to know.
REMEMBERING MARIA GABRIELA LLANSOL
Authors: Gruwez Christine
Published: July 2019

Resumen: El escrito de Christine Gruwez es un testimonio, un relato breve e íntimo de su experiencia personal de amistad con Llansol.
Music therapy as a subject in grade studies in nursing
Authors: López Núñez Norberto , Seva Llor Ana Myriam , Ruiz Carreño Paula , Ramis Vidal Guillermo , Martínez Alarcón Laura
Published: July 2019

Introducción: La musicoterapia se entiende por el uso de la música o sus elementos con fines terapéuticos. Su empleo en la enfermería es escaso más allá del uso de la intervención NIC 4400. Objetivo: Conocer y analizar el grado de aceptación por parte de los estudiantes de enfermería ante la posible inclusión de la musicoterapia como asignatura en los programas educativos de los estudios de Grado en Enfermería. Método: Se ha realizado un estudio observacional descriptivo de corte transversal con una muestra n=346 participantes.Resultados: Los resultados muestran que el 93,93% de los alumnos sí incluirían la musicoterapia como una asignatura Optativa en los estudios de Grado en Enfermería, haciendo uso de ella en su futuro profesional.

Introduction: Music therapy is understood by the use of music or its elements for therapeutic purposes. Its use in nursing is scarce beyond the use of the NIC 4400 intervention. Objective:The research aims to know and analyze the degree of acceptance by nursing students regarding the possible inclusion of music therapy as a subject in the educational programs of the Nursing Degree studies.Method: A cross-sectional, observational, descriptive study was carried out with a sample of n=346 participants. Conclusion: The results show that 93.93% of the students did include music therapy as an optional subject in Nursing Degree studies, making use of it in their professional future.
Aproximación al teatro lorquiano desde la teoría de las redes sociales: La casa de Bernarda Alba
Authors: Martínez Carro Elena
Published: July 2019

La casa de Bernarda Alba de García Lorca ha sido motivo de numerosos estudios filológicos en las últimas décadas. La última obra del poeta es incuestionable como clásico teatral. Por otra parte, las actuales investigaciones digitales, tanto la marcación textual como la aplicación de la teoría de las redes sociales a los textos dramáticos, permiten estudiar esta obra de manera cuantitativa y gráfica y realizar una comparativa con los estudiosos críticos y filológicos precedentes. A través de la marcación en lenguaje XML-TEI de la obra teatral lorquiana, y su volcado en programas como Ghepi, puede observarse la organización del universo dramático como una red social que el poeta quiso plasmar en el escenario. La constatación de la coincidencia en algunos aspectos entre los estudios tradicionales y el análisis digital y la divergencia en otros, especialmente los referidos al protagonismo de las mujeres en la obra, demuestra la existencia de nuevas vías de interpretación del teatro lorquiano, como se pretende demostrar.
Threatened plants species of Guinea-Conakry: A preliminary checklist
Authors: Couch Charlotte , Magassouba Sekou , Rokni Saba , Williams Emma , Canteiro Catia , Cheek Martin
Published: July 2019

Guinea-Conakry has one of the highest plant diversities in Sub-Saharan West Africa and is part of the Upper Guinean Forest ecoregion and the Guinean Forests of West Africa biodiversity hotspot. Guinea is a major supplier of the world’s bauxite and has significant reserves of high grade iron ore, it also has small reserves of diamonds, gold and uranium. As a result large areas of open cast mining exist in the country and pressure on habitats and vegetation are increasing with the need to bring revenue into the country; this is in addition to unsustainable slash and burn agriculture and a growing population. An initial list of 482 species was compiled from Lisowski’s Flore (Angiospermes) de la République de Guinée, subsequent discussion and screening reduced the list to 253. This list has since increased, through new species and range extensions, to 270 which is presented here. It is estimated that c. 7-8% of the countries flora is threatened. Rediscoveries and new species are being made in Guinea, but they are often already threatened having been discovered as part of Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs). A comprehensive red list of threatened species is much needed to support the country’s environmental policy as well as their international obligations. Data gathering for a Red Data Book for Guinea has been ongoing for several years and is due to be published in 2019.
The Sense of “Homeless” in the Early Short Works of Nathaniel Hawthorne
Authors: Xiaohan Mei
Published: July 2019

In Nathaniel Hawthorne’ s early literary works, “homelessness” was an important concept. It was not only reflected in the conflictions between the individuals and their house and clans, but also in Hawthorne’ s unique understanding of the concept of “home”, which closely combined with various other concepts such as “Family” and “Homeland”. Therefore, the sense of “homeless” cannot be simply understood as people leaving their family and homeland in space, or people losing their house in their real life, but also should be considered from the angle of religion, philosophy and the early American history. This article is based on complicated descriptions and representations of the sense of “homelessness” in Hawthorne’ s early short works, and intends to show that “homelessness” is not only related to personal destiny and life choice, but also showed the ubiquity of people’s “Being”, the core concepts of understanding Hawthorne’ s creation.
Uncovering the Truth for a Better Education: A Marxist Approach to J. C. De Graft’s Sons and Daughters
Authors: Sanka Confidence Gbolo , Gustafson-Asamoah Patricia , Issaka Charity Azumi
Published: July 2019

What factors should come first in the choice of an educational programme or a future career for a ward? Is it the interest, potential, and passion of the ward or the ego of the guardian? Is it monetary consideration and social status that should be the criteria based upon which such a decision is made or the criterion of better prospects of a job market? These and other questions are raised and dramatised in Sons and daughters by De Graft. This paper examines the extent to which capitalist ideology plays a role in determining career choice and in creating the familial tensions and conflict that are presented in the play. By applying Marxist theory and praxis to the content and form of the play, it is found that Sons and daughters is not simply about a generational conflict between parents and their children; it equally presents capitalist ideologies that undergird some of the attitudes and decisions that we make on a daily basis. More significantly, evidence from the play indicates that it is the prospects of a job market, the potential and interest of the ward and not the ego of the guardian or the wishful careers of the latter which must come first in the choice of a programme or a future career for a ward.
An Analysis of the Structure of Group Writing Activities in English Textbook
Authors: Yibre Mohammed
Published: July 2019

The main purpose of this study was to analyze how effectively pair/group work writing activities in the currently in- use Grade 11 English textbook were structured or organized to promote CLL. To this end, the pair/group work writing activities were identified and analyzed based on the six basic elements of the CLL. Findings of the study show that less weight is given to the activities compared to that of the non-group work writing activities in the textbook. The promotion of most of the basic elements of CLL in the designed cooperative writing activities is limited to only the pre-writing stage. It has been found that only a small number of the writing activities allow and encourage learners to work cooperatively at drafting and revising stages. It is also noted that there is no writing activity in the textbook that encourages students to process group interaction. It is, therefore, recommended that textbook developers should incorporate the six basic elements of CLL at each stage of writing to structure group writing activities while preparing teaching materials.
Understanding Employers’ Perception of Employability Skills and Career Development in Morocco
Authors: Tejan Oussama Ait , Sabil Abdelkader
Published: July 2019

Research into employability issues is currently receiving considerable attention. In Morocco, a significant number of employers are satisfied with the skills of their newly hired employees. However, other employers express their dissatisfaction with the newly hired workers and believe that they lack some of the most basic skills needed for successful employment. The present paper proceeds by providing a systematic review of employability skills from the perspective of employers. It aims to research the gap between employers’ requirements of graduates and their actual skills with particular focus on employers’ perception. The participants in this study are 20 employers from three sectors, primary education, banking and tourism in the region of Marrakesh-Safi, Morocco. The instrument used for data collection is an on-line questionnaire. More specifically, the study reported that a majority of respondents perceive innovation and creativity as fundamental employability skills. In light of the results, the study recommends that universities should make great efforts to ensure that they are equipping their graduates with employability skills as identified in the industry.
Ethnographic and Case Study Approaches: Philosophical and Methodological Analysis
Authors: Harwati Lusia Neti
Published: July 2019

In qualitative methods, there are various approaches that can be used to answer particular social questions, for example ethnography and case study. Two studies conducted by different researchers in China and Australia using these approaches were described and analysed in order to find out their similarities and differences in terms of philosophical and methodological perspectives, in the hope that it will provide an insightful contribution to a critical review of ethnography and case study reports. It is found that the ethnograpic study in China was clasiffied in ethnographic fieldwork, whereas the case study conducted in Australia was categorised in explanatory, multi-cases study. Furthermore, these two studies produced different knowledge within the field of education. The first study revealed that basic education were related to literacy, numeracy, and cultural characteristics of China, whereas the study conducted in Australia offered statistical data that can be used to explain minority languages maintenance program in Wollongong-Shellharbour. In relation to their methodoligal practices, however, focus group discussion and interview conducted in Zhejiang Province, China produced irrelevant data and those had been held in Wollongong, Australia, had limited participants.
Parenting Style as Correlates of Adolescents’ Academic Achievement Motivation of Bate Secondary School, Haramaya, Ethiopia
Authors: Mihret Amare Misganaw , Dilgasa Galata Sitota , Mamo Tsigereda Hailu
Published: July 2019

This study aimed at examining the relationship of adolescents’ academic achievement motivation and parenting styles. Data were collected from randomly selected 192 adolescent students (93 males and 99 females) through standardized scales of achievement motivation self-report inventory and parenting style scale. The data analysis has been done through both descriptive and inferential statistical methods. To this end, finding revealed that authoritarian parenting style is the most commonly practiced parenting style in the families of respondents among other three parenting styles (authoritative, indulgent and neglectful). There is a statistically significant relationship between authoritative parenting style and students’ academic achievement motivation. Significant relationship between authoritarian parenting style and students’ academic achievement motivation has also been reported. There is strong and negative relationship between neglectful parenting style and students’ academic achievement motivation. That it means, neglectful parenting negatively affects students’ academic motivation. As expected, significant relationship between indulgent parenting style and students’ academic motivation was not reported. In the end, some points were forwarded to suggest ways of properly addressing the gaps noted in this research.
Handwriting: Developing Pupils’ Identity and Cognitive Skills
Authors: Doug Roshan
Published: July 2019

This paper synthesises some of the recent studies that have made links between handwriting as an orthographic-motor strategy and the quality of pupils’ learning and literacy skills. A poor standard of literacy is evident in many British school leavers and, in some cases, university graduates. The paper outlines the implication of this situation for educationalists, policy makers and future interventionist programmes. It also highlights a stark incongruity in British schooling. For instance, after primary school there is no legal requirement in the National Curriculum for teachers to teach handwriting skills. Despite that good handwriting improves pupils’ level of literacy, enhances creative skills and develops their sense of identity, the process of abandoning the teaching of handwriting altogether has already begun in some countries. With reference to some key studies, this polemic paper puts the case that handwriting should be in the foreground not only at primary school stage but throughout pupils’ secondary school education.
The Contribution of Cluster Resource Centers for Inclusion: The Case of Atse Sertse Dingil Cluster Primary School, Ethiopia
Authors: Gedfie Mebrat , Negassa Dawit
Published: July 2019

The purpose of this study was to assess the contributions of cluster resource centers in the implementation of inclusive education of children with special educational needs, and more specifically visually impaired children in Atse Sertse Dingil Cluster Primary School. A qualitative approach with case study design was used to elicit the required information from the principal, itinerant teacher, regional advisor and regular teachers. The study involved seven participants. The data collected through semi-structured interview guide and document review was analyzed thematically. Findings indicate that participants have varied levels of understanding and use of resource centers for inclusion. The resource center did not address the diverse needs of children with special educational needs and teachers adequately. The result showed that the resource center plays a vital role in professional development of teachers in implementing inclusive education even if much focus was given to knowledge development of teachers. It also confirmed that the regional advisor and itinerant teacher in collaboration with the principal of the school tried to mobilize the community for the education of children with special educational needs through organizing dialogues and workshops though there was limitation. The study revealed that the resource center did not function adequately in supporting the education of children with special educational needs because of financial, attitudinal, materials and trained manpower related barriers. Therefore, such measures as allocation of sufficient funds, awareness raising trainings on issues of inclusion such as skill trainings and collaborative work among stakeholders need to be taken by the school and the education office.
Literacy Needs Assessment of Artisans in Ibadan Metropolis, Oyo State, Nigeria
Authors: Sunday A Itasanmi , Solomon O Ojedeji , Adelore Omobola
Published: July 2019

Artisans form a large percentage of the workforce in the informal sector of Nigeria’s economy and the importance of their activities to the growth of the economy cannot be overemphasized. They play an active role in the primary production and exchange of good and services and serve as dynamic promoter of entrepreneurial spirit among the populace. However, in spite of the potentials and inherent benefits that accrue from various services provided by artisans, there is lack of knowledge on their state of literacy skills and what might be of priority to them in terms of literacy acquisition. This study, therefore, assessed the literacy needs of artisans in Ibadan metropolis. The study adopted a quantitative research approach and the participants comprised 200 artisans who were randomly selected within Ibadan metropolis. The instrument used for the study was a self-designed questionnaire which was developed and subjected to content validity by experts in the field of adult education, measurement and evaluation. The instrument was pilot-tested with road transport workers and reliability coefficient of 0.75 was obtained. The data collected for the study were analyzed using frequency counts, percentages and mean score. The study revealed that the literacy status of artisans is high and they ranked the need for acquisition of more technical skills in their profession and acquisition of basic literacy skills as 1st and 2nd among other literacy needs in order of priority to them. It was also revealed that artisans’ perceived effect of literacy acquisition on their livelihood is positive (Weighted Average = 3.33). Therefore, it was recommended that there should be a conscious effort by all stakeholders at providing an avenue for artisans to upgrade their technical skills in order to keep abreast with the latest development in their profession and this should incorporate basic literacy skills acquisition alongside it.
Causes and Consequences of Streetism among Street Children in Harar City, Ethiopia
Authors: Endris Sofiya , Sitota Galata
Published: July 2019

The purpose of this study was to investigate the life of Harar City street children. In view of that, the following research questions were forwarded; what are the major causes that make children leave their homes for the streets? Do street children use psychoactive substances? What type of psychoactive substance do street children use? Based on these basic questions, descriptive survey design including quantitative and qualitative data gathering approaches were employed. Questionnaires and interviews were thus used to solicit information from 57 street children. The data collected through questionnaires were analyzed using descriptive statistics such as mean and standard deviation and frequency whereas the data gathered through interview were analyzed through narration. As the Study revealed, the major causes which forced children to runaway are ranging from escaping abusive parental punishment followed by poverty, hate of step parents to parental alcoholic behavior. Benzene sniffing, smoking, chewing chat, use of plastic are some of the substance abuse street children have commonly used. Even some of them also reported as if they have already begun using marijuana and hashish pretending to stand with hunger and cold. The research also distinguished as there are two types of street children. These categories include the street children who have completely lost touch with their families and relatives and entirely live on the streets and street children who have contact with their families. The study recommends how to properly address street children’s socio-economic and psychological problems. For further studies, it is also recommended that research should be undertaken to explore the role of streetism in psychological wellbeing of street children.
Del concepto de lengua materna al de competencia plurilingüe. Representaciones de la identidad y la enseñanza multilingües a partir de biografías lingüísticas
Authors:   Universitat de València (España), Bataller Catalá Alexandre
Published: July 2019

El presente trabajo se centra en la descripción de algunas representaciones que manifiestan estudiantes valencianos de magisterio, en biografías lingüísticas, en relación al plurilingüismo, la transmisión de lenguas y la construcción de la identidad a través de aquellas. El objeto de estudio es acercarnos a la percepción que tienen estos estudiantes, que se están formando para afrontar los retos de una enseñanza plurilingüe, sobre la relación entre identidad y educación, el proceso de adquisición de lenguas y sobre diversos aspectos de la realidad sociolingüística valenciana, con un sistema educativo bilingüe (valenciano-castellano) oficial desde 1983. En concreto, se abordan dos conceptos muy extendidos para expresar la adscripción lingüística de cada alumno en relación a la que considera su lengua primera y su lengua segunda. Por un lado, se examina el uso de las designaciones “castellanoparlante” y “valencianoparlante”, que supondrían la existencia de dos grupos etnolingüísticos inmutables. Por otro, los distintos usos del término “lengua materna”: lengua materna como origen (la lengua o lenguas que se han aprendido primero), como identificación interna (la lengua) las lenguas con que uno se identifica) o externa (la lengua o lenguas con que uno es identificado), lengua materna como competencia (la lengua o lenguas que conoce mejor) o como función (la lengua o lenguas que utiliza más).
Geolingüística de los pronombres de 1pl y 2pl en las lenguas romances del siglo XX
Authors:   Universität Bern (Suiza), Lara Bermejo Víctor
Published: July 2019

Las distintas lenguas romances heredaron del latín los pronombre tónicos nos y vos de 1pl y 2pl, respectivamente. Sin embargo, el surgimiento de las formas complejas nos alteros vos alteros en toda la Romania occidental y central alrededor del siglo xiii produjo la sustitución de las formas simples por las compuestas en ciertas variedades, la convivencia de las dos en algunas o su no imposición en otras. Con el fin de cartografiar estas realidades en el siglo xx y dar una explicación lingüística a las mismas, mostramos los resultados de los atlas dialectales AIS, ALF y ALPI.
Common Findings in Ultrasound Examination of the Liver and Kidney in Sokoto Metropolis
Authors: Abubakar U. , Marafa S. M. , Nwodo V. K. ` , Sadiq A. A. , Akpaniwo G. M. , Mohammed A. , Mohammed D. , Yusuf I. I. , Gurama A. D.
Published: July 2019

Objectives: To evaluate and document common findings in ultrasound examination of the liver and kidneys in Sokoto metropolis and to reveal gender and age distribution of the findings in these organs.

Materials and Methods: The data was collected retrospectively from the hospital archives and records using a data capture sheet.

Results: Total sample of 322 ultrasound reports of the liver and kidneys in which some patients had two findings, one in the liver and another in the kidney, some had liver findings only, some kidney findings only, while some had normal ultrasound examination. Liver findings recorded a dominant male gender with a frequency of 75 (70.1%). Findings in the liver reported were liver cirrhosis, hepatomegaly, fatty liver, primary liver cell carcinoma, hepatic metastasis, chronic liver disease (CLD), hepatitis, hepatoma and liver cyst. Liver cirrhosis had the highest frequency with 29 (27.1%), hepatomegaly with a frequency of 17 (15.9%) followed by fatty liver and plcc with a frequency of 13 (12.1%) each. The age range of 40-49 years had the highest frequency for the liver findings with 23 (21.5%), followed by 60-69 years with 18 (16.8%) while 10-19 years had the least frequency with 3 (2.8%). For the kidney findings, male gender also dominated the findings with a frequency of 107 (64.1%). The age range that had the highest frequency was 20-29 years with 43 (25.7%), followed by 30-39 years with a frequency of 27 (16.2%). The age range with the least frequency was 80-89 years with 6 (3.6%). The pathological kidney findings reported were pyelonephritis, renal parenchyma disease (grades I, II, III, and IV), hydronephrosis, renal calculi, renal cyst, ectopic kidney, renal mass, renal failure and nephrotic syndrome. Pyelonephritis was recorded as the commonest finding with a frequency of 67 (40.1%), followed by renal parenchymal disease with 35 (21.0%).

Conclusion: The study revealed that male gender is at higher risk of having both liver and kidney diseases in Sokoto metropolis than the female and the age of those at higher risk ranged from 20-49 years.

Liver cirrhosis and pyelonephritis are the commonest diseases of the liver and kidneys respectively.
Paying for Health Care by Households in Ghana: The Effects of Poverty Status and Location
Authors: Abbam Anthony
Published: July 2019

The quest for economic growth and development can be attained based on the quality and quantity of human capital of a country and that is underpinned by the good health enjoyed by the people. This paper examines the effects of poverty status and north-south dichotomy on household’s health expenditure using data from the latest wave of GLSS-VI by estimating a Tobit model. The paper establishes considerable differences in household health expenditure with respect to two categories of poverty status (very poor and poor) and north-south dichotomy. Particularly, there was a negative significant relationship between household poverty status and demand for health. Very poor and poor households pay increasingly less on health care compared to non-poor households. Further, demand for health was significantly influenced by household characteristics such as age, household size and education in both the southern and northern part of the country. The paper recommends that policy strategies to improve income generating activities of households should be pursued as this may engender greater demand for healthcare by individuals from poorer households. Besides, policy priority should be placed on bridging health infrastructural gap between the southern and northern sectors of the country.
Modular Synthesis of Bicyclic and Tricyclic (Aza‐) Arenes from Nucleophilic (Aza‐)Arenes with Electrophilic Side Arms via [4+2] Annulation Reactions
Authors: Huang Wenbo , Chen Shaomin , Yang Jian , El‐Harairy Ahmed , Wang Xin , Li Minghao , Gu Yanlong
Published: July 2019

An efficient strategy for the synthesis of bicyclic and tricyclic (aza‐)arenes from a nucleophilic (aza‐)arene with an electrophilic side arm was developed. The (aza‐)arene precursor has both nucleophilic and electrophilic sites, which were fixed at a 1,4‐distance. The bicyclic and tricyclic (aza‐)arene products were constructed via [4+2] annulation by using scandium(III) triflate as a catalyst and enolizable ketones or aldehydes as the counterpart reagents. A variety of six‐membered carbocycles and heterocycles, such as indolizines, indoles, naphthalenes, carbazoles, and pyrido[1,2‐α]indoles, were successfully synthesized. Some one‐pot sequential reactions were also developed, in which the 1,4‐donor‐acceptor precursors can be synthesized via oxidation of alcohols or a proper condensation reaction.

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Promoted dispersion of silica and interfacial strength in rubber/silica composites by grafting with oniums
Authors: Weng Peijin , Tang Zhenghai , Huang Jing , Wu Siwu , Guo Baochun
Published: July 2019

The dispersion of filler and interfacial interaction are crucial in determining the properties of rubber composites. Aiming to improve the dispersion and filler–rubber interaction, we introduce rubber graft bearing oniums in a rubber/silica composite. To fulfill this goal, the graft, which is prepared via thio‐ene click reaction between 1‐methylimidazolium mercaptopropionate (MMP) and the pendent vinyl groups of a solution‐polymerized styrene‐butadiene rubber (SSBR), is introduced into the silica‐filled styrene‐butadiene rubber (SBR) composite. The dispersion of silica and interfacial interaction are improved via hydrogen bonding interaction. Moreover, the graft exhibits catalytic effect toward the silanization, which can improve interfacial interaction in the composites with bis [3‐(triethoxysilyl) propyl] tetrasulfide. With 2 phr of the graft, the tensile modulus (stress at 300% strain) is increased by 18% and the abrasion loss is decreased by 31%. This study opens a new attempt to improve the filler dispersion and filler–rubber interaction in the composites with onium‐bearing polymers. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 48243.
Rheological characterization of filled polyamide 11 and polyamide 12 solutions in polyols
Authors: Patankar Kshitish A. , Ginzburg Valeriy V. , Billovits Gerald F.
Published: July 2019

A thorough understanding of the rheological properties of real‐world, formulated polymer melts and solutions is important to fabricate articles via typical melt processing techniques. Polyamides have been studied extensively in the area of water purification applications. In this work, the viscosity of these homogeneous polyamide 11 and polyamide 12 solutions in specific polyols was measured in the single phase region as a function of shear rate and temperature via capillary rheometry. In addition, the viscosity of the same polyamide solutions containing various levels of dispersed, nanoscale calcium carbonate particles was characterized in order to understand the rheology of the filled systems. Viscosity‐reduced shear rate master curves were constructed by applying the principle of time–temperature superposition, and the activation energies were measured for the polyamide‐polyol solutions. The observed increase in viscosity caused by the addition of nanofiller could not be explained by simply applying a vertical shift to the master curve, and a density exponent was required to account for the stiffening mechanism. Also, the dependence of the relative viscosity on the filler loading was shown to be consistent with the hypothesis that the filler particles were organized in the form of small fractal aggregates. The filled polyamide 11 systems exhibited higher relative viscosities than the filled polyamide 12 systems, indicating a higher level of particle aggregation and larger mean cluster size for the filled polyamide 11 systems. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 48244.
Chitosan‐based double network hydrogels with self‐healing and dual‐responsive shape memory abilities
Authors: Fu Beijia , Cheng Baoxiao , Jin Xiaoqiang , Bao Xiaojiong , Wang Zhengke , Hu Qiaoling
Published: July 2019

Chitosan‐based single network hydrogels with imine bonds have excellent self‐healing capability, while poor mechanical properties limit their applications. Here, chitosan‐polyacrylamide‐based double network hydrogels were prepared via in situ free‐radical polymerization of acrylamide in the presence of N‐carboxyethyl chitosan (CEC) and dibenzaldehyde‐terminated telechelic poly(ethylene glycol), which had excellent mechanical properties, self‐healing, and dual‐responsive shape memory abilities. The maximum tensile strength and elongation at break could reach 460 kPa and 4600%, respectively. Meanwhile, owing to the reversibility of imine bonds, elongation and strength at break of hydrogels could heal by 84.2 and 93.2% under alkali stimulation at 35 °C, respectively. Furthermore, the hydrogels also had good shape memory abilities for pH‐stimuli responsiveness of the imine bonds and metal ions stimuli responsiveness of CEC. The prepared chitosan‐based functional hydrogels have great potential application prospects in tissue scaffolds, actuators, and wearable devices. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 48247.
Fiber formation and properties of polyester/lignin blends
Authors: Pospiech Doris , Korwitz Andreas , Eckstein Kathrin , Komber Hartmut , Jehnichen Dieter , Suckow Marcus , Lederer Albena , Arnhold Kerstin , Göbel Michael , Bremer Martina , Hoffmann Anton , Fischer Steffen , Werner Anett , Walther Thomas , Brünig Harald , Voit Brigitte
Published: July 2019

Thermotropic liquid crystalline polyesters with varied chemical structure are synthesized by melt transesterification polycondensation. They are employed as matrix for blends with lignin materials to obtain melt‐spinnable precursors for carbon fibers. The lignin samples are carefully purified by fractionation, enzymatic removal of reducing sugars, and subsequent modification of the terminal OH groups. Effective melt blending is achieved with liquid‐crystalline aromatic–aliphatic polyesters having melting ranges that match the softening temperature of the lignin fractions, which is necessary to prevent thermal decomposition of the lignin. Polyester/lignin blends are partially compatibilized, phase‐separated materials. The polyester/lignin materials are melt‐spun successfully. The fiber properties depend on the lignin purification process. X‐ray scattering reveals that orientation in lignin‐containing fibers is maintained. First experiments show that the fibers can be converted successfully to carbon fibers by thermal annealing procedures. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 48257.
Emerging roles for high‐density lipoproteins in neurodegenerative disorders
Authors: Bahrami Afsane , Barreto George E. , Lombardi Gemma , Pirro Matteo , Sahebkar Amirhossein
Published: July 2019

Lipoproteins are the complexes of different lipids and proteins, which are devoted to the transport and clearance of lipids or lipid‐related molecules in the circulation. Lipoproteins have been found to play a crucial role in brain function and may influence myelination process. Among lipoproteins, high‐density lipoproteins (HDLs) and their major protein component, apoA‐I, are directly involved in cholesterol efflux in the brain. It has been suggested that inadequate or dysfunctional brain HDLs may contribute to cerebrovascular dysfunctions, neurodegeneration, or neurovascular instability. HDL deficiency could also promote cognitive decline through impacting on atherosclerotic risk. The focus of this review is to discuss knowledge on HDL dysregulation in neurological disorders. A better understanding on how changes in cellular HDL and apolipoprotein homeostasis affect central nervous system function may provide promising novel avenues for the treatment of specific HDL‐related neurological disorders.
Pharmacokinetics, bioavailability and tissue distribution studies of rhodojaponin III in mice using QTRAP LC–MS/MS
Authors: Zhang Ji‐Quan , Zhao Chun‐Cao , Yang Qing‐Yun , Liang Shuang , Wu Fei , Ma Bing‐Liang , Feng Yi
Published: July 2019

Rhodojaponin III is a bioactive diterpenoid isolated from the medicinal plant Rhododendron molle G. Don. Quantitative analysis of rhodojaponin III was challenging and the pharmacokinetics of oral rhodojaponin III remained to be investigated. Here, a rapid and sensitive liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometric (LC–MS/MS) method was developed and validated. The calibration curve was linear over the concentration range of 1–200 ng/mL (r = 0.992). The method was further validated following internationally approved guidelines and all the issues including intra‐ and inter‐day precision, accuracy, carryover, extraction recovery, matrix effects and stability met the recommended limits. The method was then applied to study the pharmacokinetics of rhodojaponin III in mice after intravenous (0.06 mg/kg) or oral (0.24 mg/kg) administration. The results showed that rhodojaponin III had fast oral absorption (time to peak concentration, 0.08 h) and good oral bioavailability (73.6%). In addition, rhodojaponin III was quickly eliminated after it was intravenously or orally administered, with half‐life values of 0.19 and 0.76 h, respectively. After oral administration, it was widely distributed in tissues including kidney, lung, heart, spleen and thymus, but had extremely low concentrations in liver and brain. The data presented in this study is beneficial for the further study of rhodojaponin III.
Prevalence of Accessory Mental Foramina: A Study of 4,000 CBCT Scans
Authors: Lam May , Koong Chrysten , Kruger Estie , Tennant Marc
Published: July 2019

The presence of accessory mental foramina (AMF) is an important consideration prior to any dental implant and surgical treatment to avoid injury to the neurovascular bundle and subsequent postoperative complications. The aim of this retrospective study was to determine the prevalence of AMF from a substantially large sample of the Australian population. The cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans of 4,000 patients showing the mandible were examined. All mental foramen (MF) were visualized and no cases were excluded. The number of MF/AMF, sex, and age were recorded. The prevalence of AMF was found to be 6.4% (254 patients) in this study. Twelve patients exhibited bilateral AMF, and 11 had three mental foramina on one side. One case had a total of five mental foramina with three on the right and two on the left side. No significant sex preference was discovered. This is the largest study ever to be conducted to evaluate the prevalence of AMF. With nearly one in 15 individuals found to have AMF, clinicians must be acutely aware of this anatomical variation and treatment plan for each case accordingly. Clin. Anat. 32:1048–1052, 2019. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Long‐term (5‐year) clinical evaluation of the Resolute zotarolimus‐eluting coronary stent: The RESOLUTE US clinical trial
Authors: Kirtane Ajay J. , Yeung Alan C. , Ball Michael , Carr Jeffrey , O'Shaughnessy Charles , Mauri Laura , Liu Minglei , Leon Martin B.
Published: July 2019

Objectives

To assess the long‐term safety and efficacy of the Resolute zotarolimus‐eluting stent (R‐ZES).

Background

The R‐ZES has been associated with low rates of adverse events over short‐intermediate term follow‐up. However, reliable assessment of the safety and efficacy of any implanted device requires long‐term evaluation.

Methods

The RESOLUTE US trial was a prospective, observational study conducted at 116 U.S. sites and enrolled patients with de novo coronary lesions. Patients were followed clinically for 5 years with independent event adjudication and data monitoring.

Results

A total of 1,402 patients (1,573 lesions) were enrolled; 34% had diabetes mellitus and 75% had ACC type B2/C lesions. The 5‐year rate of target lesion failure (TLF) was 12.3%, target lesion revascularization was 6.5%, target vessel myocardial infarction was 3.2%, and cardiac death was 4.1%. Dual antiplatelet therapy usage was 94% at 1 year and 47% at 5 years, with a 0.1% and 0.5% respective incidence of definite or probable stent thrombosis. The 5‐year rate of TLF was 16.9% among patients with diabetes mellitus and 14.7% in patients with at least one small (≤2.5 mm) vessel treated. Covariates independently associated with 5‐year TLF in multivariable analysis included diabetes mellitus (odds ratio [OR] 1.89, p < .001), prior coronary artery bypass grafting (OR 2.28, p < .001), prior myocardial infarction (OR 1.85, p = .002), and smaller reference vessel diameter (OR 1.75, p = .004).

Conclusions

Results from the fully adjudicated and monitored RESOLUTE US trial demonstrate long‐term 5‐year safety and efficacy of the R‐ZES stent among a relatively low‐risk population of patients, including a 0.5% rate of stent thrombosis at 5 years.
Instrumental variable estimation in ordinal probit models with mismeasured predictors
Authors: Guan Jing , Cheng Hongjian , Bollen Kenneth A. , Thomas D. Roland , Wang Liqun
Published: July 2019

Abstract

Researchers in the medical, health, and social sciences routinely encounter ordinal variables such as self‐reports of health or happiness. When modelling ordinal outcome variables, it is common to have covariates, for example, attitudes, family income, retrospective variables, measured with error. As is well known, ignoring even random error in covariates can bias coefficients and hence prejudice the estimates of effects. We propose an instrumental variable approach to the estimation of a probit model with an ordinal response and mismeasured predictor variables. We obtain likelihood‐based and method of moments estimators that are consistent and asymptotically normally distributed under general conditions. These estimators are easy to compute, perform well and are robust against the normality assumption for the measurement errors in our simulation studies. The proposed method is applied to both simulated and real data.The Canadian Journal of Statistics47: 653–667; 2019 © 2019 Statistical Society of Canada
Investigation on new color depth formulas
Authors: Yang Hongying , Xie Wanzi , Yang Zhihui , Zhou Jinli , Zhang Jingjing , Hui Zhikui , Pan Ning
Published: July 2019

Color depth is difficult to evaluate; however, it plays an important role in the assessments of color fastness, dyeing properties, and so on. The subjective evaluation of color depth is prone to be affected by people, environment, etc. As for objective evaluation, there are more than 10 formulas, which confuses the user. In this study, a theoretically designed new formula is inspected through 18195 chips with 24 grades of color depth from the SINO COLOR BOOK, with the help of four preferable objective evaluation formulas. The specimens were measured using an X‐Rite Color i7 spectrophotometer, and all their depth values were calculated and statistically analyzed by programming MATLAB. Of the five formulas, the new formula yields the best outcome of variance coefficients (CVs) but the worst linearity, with a correlation coefficient R = 0.976. It was then theoretically revised to two other formulas, one obtains the highest linearity (R = 0.9997) and the third CV, and the other gains the second linearity (R = 0.9984) and the second CV among the seven formulas. Besides, the three new formulas are not as sensitive as the others to the changes of Hue and Chroma. In general, the new revised formulas show potential and need to be further evaluated.
Color and visual complexity in abstract images: Part II
Authors: Kocaoğlu Aslanoğlu Rengin , Olguntürk Nilgün
Published: July 2019

There are a limited number of studies examining color, visual complexity, and visual interest together, and one of the recent studies that tried to bring a new understanding to the association between color, visual complexity, and visual interest was the first part of the current study. Most of the well‐known color studies researching the effects of color on psychology, physiology, emotion, mood, attention, well‐being, visual complexity, and visual interest used isolated color patches that might be lacking in reflecting the dominating factors. Thus, the aim of this study was to find the relationship between visual complexity, visual interest, and color difference (ΔE) values of colors in abstract images, and it was hypothesized that, as the average ΔE value of colors in an abstract image increases, visual interest and visual complexity will increase until reaching a threshold where visual interest and visual complexity start to decrease. In order to test the hypothesis, a new abstract image was generated and colored. The generated abstract image was rated by 120 undergraduate students from the Faculty of Art, Design and Architecture. As the results of the study indicated, there was an inverted U‐curve relationship between average ΔE values and both visual interest and visual complexity in abstract images.