bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Overview of technical certificate program from the Institute of Noise Control Engineering
Authors: Golden Matthew , Bourdeau Ethan , Fullerton Jeffrey , Singleton Herb , Peterman Karl , Barnard Andrew
Published: November 2022

Standards are often misunderstood by even the most seasoned of acoustic professionals, let alone new technicians and engineers in the field, as they are often very complicated, written in piecemeal fashion by committees and are updated often. Some of the standards even conflict with one another. To help alleviate this problem, the Institute of Noise Control Engineering (INCE) is developing two technical certificate programs designed to educate and evaluate participants on the details of common standards used in the noise control industry. Each program will contain education, testing, and continuing education on ASTM International and Acoustics Society of America (ASA) standards. The first program will cover general acoustical measurements and environmental noise measurements. The second program will cover field testing of building acoustics, including airborne and impact noise insulation as described in ASTM E336, ASTM E1007, and associated standards. The courses are currently being developed with a target launch date of early 2023. Comparisons to similar programs that have been developed in other countries will be included. A business case will be made on how these programs will save noise control engineering firms time and money in training new staff.
Acoustic criteria and design approaches for fitness spaces in mixed-use buildings
Authors: Connick Robert
Published: November 2022

Boutique fitness franchises have been popping up more often across the nation, and most high-rise residential towers include fitness centers located around and above residential spaces. When high impact exercise activities neighbor offices and residences, disturbances and complaints often follow suit. In this presentation, we look at the most common types of fitness spaces, from big name franchises to small scale fitness centers, in terms of their program of activities and severity of their impact, as well as what methods of noise and vibration mitigation are available and effective. Several case studies are presented.
Spatiotemporal dynamics of biosonar in navigating Bornean Rhinolophid and Hipposiderid bats
Authors: Tuninetti Amaro , Sequeira Yohan , Granger Jesse , Webster Cara , Beiter Benjamin C. , Müller Rolf
Published: November 2022

To investigate the active sensing strategies used by echolocating bats of the genera Rhinolophus and Hipposideros, we have constructed a 9-meter long flight tunnel, which incorporates an array of 32 ultrasonic microphones distributed throughout the tunnel. Rhinolophus and Hipposideros are of special interest because of their highly flexible biosonar system; these bats emit pulses from their nasal cavities, using complex noseleaf structures to quickly and precisely alter the beam-form and direction of emissions. Additionally, each species utilizes a unique combination of constant-frequency (CF) and frequency-modulated (FM) ultrasonic signals with varying durations, repetition rates, and frequencies. We plan to trap several species of wild Bornean bats of these genera and fly individual bats through the tunnel; a time-of-arrival algorithm will be used to localize the position of each bat at the time of each biosonar pulse emission, and an amplitude-comparison method to measure the horizontal and vertical direction of each emission from the bat’s noseleaf. We will also incorporate relatively simple foliage obstacles into the tunnel; this will create complex acoustic clutter and allow us to determine how bats of different species adjust their biosonar sampling strategies in order to navigate around novel obstacles in a cluttered environment.
A comparative study of a bioinspired flapping bat robot and Bornean bats
Authors: Blackman Trinity , Tyler Adam , Sequeira Yohan , Beiter Benjamin C. , Müller Rolf
Published: November 2022

Effectively characterizing the significance of bioinspired design for the advancement of robotics technology is a complex endeavor. Here, a direct comparative analysis was conducted to examine the differences between a bioinspired bat robot and bats. The unique maneuvering and biosonar capabilities of bats have long been recognized as a source of technical inspiration. However, the capabilities of bats in these areas still far exceed those of current robotics models. To evaluate these differences, we have been preparing to fly rhinolophid/hipposiderid bats and a bat-robot prototype through a flight tunnel instrumented with arrays of 50 high-speed cameras and 32 ultrasonic microphones. Using this approach, kinematic and acoustic data can be compiled to enable a thorough comparison of the bats and the robot. This data can support a quantitative analysis of key characteristics such as wing cycle, size ratios, lift and thrust capacity, as well as maximum carrying capacity. Based on insight from this data, strategic design iterations can be carried out to more accurately mimic bat flight with considerations for incorporation of biosonar-inpsired technology into the design. By continuing this process, an in-depth understanding of the bioinspired design approach, implementation, and impact to the design process can be achieved.
Evolution of the dawn chorus throughout the breeding season at an inland migratory bird refuge
Authors: Moats Levi T. , Cook Mylan R. , Moore Kelsey B. , Hall Lucas K. , Gee Kent L.
Published: November 2022

The dawn chorus is a defining acoustic event for many environments with vocal bird populations. To study short and long-term changes in spectral characteristics of the dawn chorus at an inland migratory bird refuge, Larson Davis 831C sound level meters (SLM) were deployed at Utah’s Bear River Migratory Bird Refuge from March to August in 2021 and 2022, overlapping with the breeding seasons of many resident and migratory species of birds. The SLMs collected one-second temporal resolution data in one third octave (OTO) frequency resolution both years, as well as audio recordings during 2022. The relative contributions of the bird-relevant OTO bands (∼500 Hz–12.5 kHz) to the total energy are analyzed for each chorus. One result shows that the chorus’s spectral composition varies markedly for different locations within the refuge throughout the breeding season. The results show the value of the relatively low-resolution data in studying overall chorus characteristics. Additionally, the audio recordings have been analyzed using BirdNET species identification software to correlate changes in chorus characteristics with changes in species and behavior over the breeding season.
Midfrequency sound propagation and reverberation in a deep ice-covered ocean
Authors: Ivakin Anatoliy N. , Williams Kevin L. , Joseph John E. , Reeder D. Benjamin
Published: November 2022

Two experiments on midfrequency acoustic transmission under ice in the Beaufort Sea are discussed. The APL-ICEX14 measurements were made using 3500 Hz 5s-long CW pulses for fixed geometry of source and receiver at ∼30 m depths and ∼720 m range. The NPS-ICEX16 experiment was performed using CW pulses and LFM sweeps from two mobile 950–3000 Hz transmitters and five spatially separated hydrophones at different combinations of source-receiver ranges (0.3–10km) and depths (45–183m). For analysis of recorded timeseries, a modeling approach is suggested that considers several types of arrivals contributing to the received signal at different time intervals. The direct arrivals corresponding to nearly horizontal propagation are described using a hybrid PE-&ray-based approach, which employs a fast PE code for propagation in a stratified ocean with flat ice-free surface to account for effects of structure and dynamics of the arctic surface duct and then adds a field of an image source whose strength is defined by a complex reflection loss factor of the ice cover at small grazing angles. The direct signal is followed by reverberation coda that is modeled by bottom- and ice-bounced arrivals with corresponding reflectivity and scattering strengths at steep angles. Potential applications to remote sensing in ice-covered environments are discussed. [Work supported by ONR.]
Deep estimation of viscoelastic and backscatter quantitative ultrasound
Authors: Tehrani Ali , Rosado-Mendez Ivan , Rivaz Hassan
Published: November 2022

Deep learning is an ideal tool to solve inverse problems, which are often ill-posed and require incorporation of a priori information. We focus on solving two well-known inverse problems that entail the estimation of (1) viscoelastic (VE) and (2) backscatter quantitative ultrasound (QUS). These properties are of critical clinical value but are not currently available from B-mode images. On the first front, we propose a novel technique called PICTURE (Physically Inspired ConsTraint for Unsupervised Regularized Elastography) [Tehrani, Rivaz, MICCAI, (2022)], where we impose additional physics-based constraints on the deformation vector field within our loss function and show that it substantially improves the quality of lateral displacement estimation. We develop semi- and unsupervised methods to tackle the problem of lack of ground truth training datasets in real experiments. On the second front, we propose a novel method for segmenting regions of ultrasound images without any patching based on scatterer number densities [Tehrani et al. TUFFC (2022)]. Our segmentation maps can divide the image into irregular regions of fully developed speckle (FDS) or underdeveloped speckle. When moving from simulation to real datasets, we exploit domain adaptation methods using concepts similar to the popular reference phantom method in QUS.
In vivo ultrasound imaging of macrophages using acoustic vaporization of internalized superheated nanodroplets
Authors: Chudal Lalit , de Gracia Lux Caroline , Lux Jacques , Mattrey Robert
Published: November 2022

Ultrasound (US) not only detects but also interacts with its contrast agents, potentially allowing the use of perfluorocarbon-filled nanodroplets (NDs) or microbubbles (MBs) for both the detection and treatment of deep-seated tumors. Cells labeled using MBs to allow their detection in vivo with clinical ultrasound scanner presents several advantages over PET and MRI: Ultrasound is 2–3 orders of magnitude more sensitive and can detect a single acoustically labeled cell in vivo. Furthermore, with high ultrasound intensities, drugs or genes that are loaded on NDs or MBs can be delivered with spatiotemporal control. Although the acoustic labeling of stem cells for in vivo imaging using MBs has been reported, the ability to load and image internalized low boiling point NDs has not been explored yet. We used perfluorobutane NDs to acoustically label macrophages, which were viable following post internalization and ultrasound-mediated phase change. We documented that internalized NDs are stable for at least 8 h, which is needed for macrophages to accumulate to diseased sites. Labeled macrophage accumulated in the liver of healthy rats as stable intracellular NDs were vaporized into MBs using a clinical scanner (Siemens ACUSON Sequoia, 10L4 transducer at 4 MHz, 1.4 MI) and remained visible after vaporization.
Performance evaluation of a shaped sonic boom detector and classifier
Authors: Harker Blaine M. , Lympany Shane V. , Page Juliet A.
Published: November 2022

NASA will soon fly the X-59 aircraft over selected communities to evaluate community responses to shaped sonic booms. Community tests will include dozens of deployed acoustic sensors capable of measuring and detecting shaped sonic boom waveforms in situ for rapid onboard analysis. To this end, we present a sonic boom detector and classifier. The sonic boom detector identifies a shaped sonic boom within a measured acoustical waveform by calculating the cross-correlation with a template shaped sonic boom waveform. The sonic boom classifier determines whether the identified event is indeed a shaped sonic boom based on the correlation coefficient and the calculated noise exposure level. We evaluate these algorithms using simulations of on- and off-design X-59 sonic boom waveforms injected into previously measured 30 s ambient noise recordings. Results of this case study indicate that the detector identifies a sonic boom with an accuracy of ±100 ms in 99.98% of the cases. Furthermore, for a given 30 s measurement, the classifier shows true-positive rates of approximately 0.9999 when the false-positive rate is 10−3. The case study demonstrates that the recommended onboard sonic boom detector and classifier should be highly capable of identifying shaped sonic booms.
Acoustic performance of a lattice of closely spaced hard inclusions in a soft medium
Authors: Sharma Gyani Shankar
Published: November 2022

Marine vessels are covered with an acoustic coating for underwater noise control. Acoustic coatings comprise a soft rubber-like medium embedded with periodic inclusions. Common inclusion types include cavities or hard metallic scatterers. A coating design comprising hard inclusions can exhibit consistent performance under hydrostatic pressure. In this work, analytical and numerical models are developed to predict the acoustic performance of a lattice of closely spaced hard inclusions in a soft medium. The analytical model is based on homogenization which allows the modelling of a complex medium as a homogenous medium with effective material and geometric properties. The effective properties account for the resonance of the inclusions and multiple scattering of waves between them. The numerical model is based on the finite element method and is developed using COMSOL Multiphysics. Results show that the dipole resonance of hard inclusions in a soft medium leads to high sound absorption. Reducing the spacing between the inclusions enhances multiple scattering of waves, resulting in higher sound absorption.
Probing bonded interfaces with finite-element resonant ultrasound spectroscopy
Authors: Geimer Paul , Ulrich Timothy J. , Whelsky Amber
Published: November 2022

Resonant ultrasound spectroscopy (RUS) has long been applied for non-destructive quantification of elasticity, geometry, and density in material samples. Improvements in mode imaging and finite element analysis now provide validation and predictive models for a growing range of sample types. We build on recent work which applied finite-element RUS to characterize layered samples. Our study takes a closer look at the utility of RUS to evaluate the bonded interface between layers, with extension to thin films. Forward modeling of bond properties provided insights into mode-dependent frequency shifts for various types of homogeneous bond changes such as thickness and stiffness. Experimental work consisted of RUS testing on Al-Ti samples diffusion-bonded at different pressures. Despite identical base materials, samples bonded at 2 MPa and 15 MPa exhibit spectral differences not explained by geometry variance alone, indicating sensitivity to the bond interface. Though highly geometry and material dependent, the sensitivity of RUS to interface properties appears to be roughly an order of magnitude smaller than to the constitutive material properties, emphasizing careful experimentation.
Music appreciation on cochlear implant simulation with contour and temporal cues
Authors: Sari Berliana N. , Arifianto Dhany
Published: November 2022

The musical appreciation of the cochlear implant simulation user on the contour and temporal cues and the effect of the coding strategy are determined. Cochlear implant simulations were processed using continuous interleaved sampling (CIS) and spectral peak (SPEAK) coding strategies with varying numbers of channels. The experiments consist of contour identification, temporal cue discrimination, and familiar melody identification. The results show cochlear implant simulation users are poor at recognizing contour cues compared with normal hearing, but good at discriminating temporal cues from tempo and rhythm varied with contour, achieving scores close to normal hearing. A poor score was observed in familiar melody identification with pitch contour, compared to normal hearing scores, which correlated (r = 0.99) with the recognition of contour cues. Temporal cue information from rhythm helped cochlear implant simulation users recognize familiar melodies with an almost 40% increase in score compared to melodies without rhythm (p 0.05). Music appreciation was poor on the variation of coding strategy with the number of channels 2 to 6 CIS and good on the SPEAK coding strategy (compared with 22 channels condition). The studies emphasize the need for advances in coding strategies to deliver pitch contour cues to cochlear implant processing.
Binder jet printing lead-free piezoelectric ceramics with sintering aids
Authors: Schipf David , Brown Celeste A. , Yesner Gregory , Guild Matthew D.
Published: November 2022

In this study, we explore binder jet printing and sintering piezoelectric ceramic samples consisting of barium titanate (BaTiO3) and small amounts of sintering aids. Binder jet printing of piezoelectric ceramics shows promise for being a preferred additive manufacturing method for piezoelectric ceramics. Thus far binder jet printed piezoelectric ceramics have suffered from lower piezoelectric and dielectric properties than conventionally manufactured piezoelectric ceramics. This is mainly due to the high porosity of sintered binder jet printed samples. This investigation uses sintering aids that enable printed samples to sinter at lower temperatures and compact into higher densities than printed samples consisting of pure BaTiO3. In this presentation, we will discuss our selection of sintering aids, our investigation of sintering temperature profiles, and the properties of sintered samples. We will show a comparison of properties between our printed and sintered samples with BaTiO3 samples manufactured using uniaxial pressing. We will finish by discussing future steps in printing and sintering fully dense piezoelectric ceramics given the current state of this technology. [Work funded by the Office of Naval Research.]
Ultrasonic nondestructive characterization and its role in the development and implementation of additive manufacturing processes
Authors: Arguelles Andrea P. , Cook Olivia , Huang Nancy , Kube Christopher M. , Beese Allison
Published: November 2022

Advancements in manufacturing processes, such as metal 3D printing, are deeply reliant on our understanding of the resulting internal features and microstructures that dictate material behavior. Microstructure characterization is often relegated to techniques that require extensive sample sectioning and surface preparation, which are inherently limited to a small portion of the bulk material. In this presentation, I will show how elastic wave propagation methods (namely, ultrasonic testing) can be combined with physics-based models to extract microstructural parameters in fit-for-service parts. Example results are given for binder jet printed metals (namely, stainless steel 316 and SS316 infiltrated with bronze) where microstructure is characterized over large volumes nondestructively. These methods are correlated to both destructive metrics of microscale features and mechanical properties, which are linked to processing conditions and sample geometry. Finally, I will provide a broader outlook for the impact these techniques may have on the development and implementation of quality assurance protocols for additively manufactured parts.
Hospital acoustics characterization and context
Authors: Busch-Vishniac Ilene J.
Published: November 2022

In the last 20 years, attention has been paid to characterize and improve the acoustic environment of hospitals, but much remains to be done. For instance, hospital operations often prevent patients from sleeping well. When the HCAHPS survey of hospital patients included a question about noise preventing sleep, it was routinely the lowest score patients awarded to hospitals. A few preliminary studies also have shown hospitals to be poor to fair spaces for speech intelligibility. The delicate balance between maintaining privacy and establishing good communication is particularly challenging for hospital patients because they often have hearing impairments or are medicated and potentially less able to focus. Noise in hospitals has also prompted the shift to written orders for lab work and pharmaceuticals to avoid errors. A relatively new area of research interest is the stress impact of hospital soundscapes. Hospital patients are a vulnerable population, suffering from anxiety about their medical condition, and the sounds to which they are exposed (such as moans) can exacerbate the problem. Hospital staff as well show the impacts of noise-related stress. This talk summarizes the current state of hospital acoustics.
A constrained adaptive active noise control filter design method via online convex optimization
Authors: Zhuang Yongjie , Liu Yangfan
Published: November 2022

In practical active noise control (ANC) applications, various types of constraints may need to be satisfied, e.g., robust stability, disturbance enhancement, and filter output power constraint. Some adaptive filters such as leaky LMS have been developed to apply required constraints indirectly. However, when multiple constraints are required simultaneously, satisfactory noise performance is difficult to achieve by tuning only one leaky factor. Another filter design approach that may achieve better noise control performance is to solve a constrained optimization problem. But the computational complexity of solving such a constrained optimization problem for ANC applications is usually too high even for offline design. Recently, a convex optimization reformulation is proposed which significantly reduces the required computational effort in solving constrained optimization problems for active noise control applications. In the current work, a constrained adaptive ANC filter design method is proposed. The previously proposed convex formulation is improved so that it can be implemented in real-time. The optimal filter coefficients are then redesigned continuously using online convex optimization when the environment is time-varying.
The role of biological processes in muddy sediments
Authors: Dorgan Kelly M. , Clemo W. Cyrus
Published: November 2022

Muddy sediments are inhabited by diverse communities of animals that burrow, construct and irrigate tubes, ingest and egest sediments, and produce hard structures such as shells and exoskeletons. These infaunal animals mix sediments through bioturbation and modify the physical properties of sediments. Bulk density can be increased through compaction along burrow walls and production of compact fecal pellets or decreased by excavation of burrows and mixing of compacted sediments. Burrows and other biogenic structures can increase heterogeneity and consequently sound attenuation. Characterization of infauna using functional groups based on how their activities and body types affect their sediment environments can simplify the diversity of these animals. Some species, such as those that build tubes from shell fragments, have a disproportionately large impact on acoustics. Both infaunal and microbial communities feed on and modify the organic matter in muds, which may affect grain-grain interactions. Understanding the effects of biological processes on acoustics is important in interpreting acoustic data both in the upper layer of sediments and in deeper layers in which paleo-biological activities are preserved as well as in using acoustics as a tool for studying infaunal communities and their activities.
In situ acoustic coring systems for investigating the acoustic and physical properties of mud
Authors: Lee Kevin M. , Ballard Megan , McNeese Andrew R. , Gargas Geno , Garcia Dante D. , Wilson Preston S.
Published: November 2022

In situ measurements of compressional and shear wave speed and attenuation provide direct characterization of marine sediment acoustic properties at near ambient conditions, as opposed to measurements that are conducted on samples removed from the seabed. Probe-based acoustic measurement techniques utilize piezoelectric sources and receivers that penetrate the seabed to obtain spatially localized depth-dependent records of compressional and shear waves in the sediment. When such measurements are coupled with conventional coring techniques, sediment samples can be collected from the propagation path between probes, allowing for comparison between the in situ acoustic records and quantities obtained from ex situ core analyses, such as porosity, grain size, or organic matter. Two acoustic coring measurement systems have been developed to investigate the acoustic, physical, and biological properties of soft sediment—the acoustic coring system, a gravity-corer-based platform capable of penetrating the seabed up to several meters, and the acoustic multi-corer, a seabed lander that samples the upper tens of centimeters of sediment near the water-seabed interface. The design and operation of these measurement platforms will be described, along with their capabilities and limitations. Some representative results from field deployments of these systems will be presented. [Work sponsored by ONR.]
Use of the rupture induced, underwater sound source in the New England mud patch
Authors: McNeese Andrew R. , Wilson Preston S. , Garcia Dante D. , Bonnel Julien , Miller James H. , Potty Gopu R. , Holland Charles W.
Published: November 2022

The rupture induced, underwater sound source (RIUSS) is a device utilized in underwater acoustics experiments and surveys to create high amplitude, broadband acoustic pulses. The device functions by placing a rupture disk over an evacuated chamber and mechanically breaking the disk (either by striking on demand or via hydrostatic pressure) at a specified depth to initiate a volume collapse that produces an impulsive acoustic waveform. A new configuration of the device has been developed such that multiple chambers can simultaneously be deployed along with acoustic and oceanographic recorders. This device was deployed in the New England Mud Patch in support of the 2022 seabed characterization experiment along with a variety of acoustical recorders to investigate the frequency dependent, geoacoustic properties of the muddy seabed. Discussion will focus on the newly developed source and the various methods for which the source was configured and deployed in support of the experimental requirements. Results from a number of measurements will be discussed to demonstrate the ability of the source to generate long-range propagation signals, create interface waves in the seabed, and facilitate novel methods of measuring the angle of intromission within the seabed. [Work Supported by ONR.]
Broadband core and resonance logger measurements of sound speed and attenuation in the New England mud patch
Authors: Venegas Gabriel R. , Lee Kevin M. , Ballard Megan , McNeese Andrew R. , Wilson Preston S.
Published: November 2022

Extensive measurements of sound speed and attenuation have been performed on sandy sediments over the last few decades, which have motivated a variety of physical sediment acoustics models. Recently, the seabed characterization experiment (SBCEX) was performed in 2015–2017, in part, to quantify the geoacoustic properties of a clayey-silt accumulation, known as the New England Mud Patch (NEMP). Due to the variability and frequency range reported by the various direct measurements and geoacoustic inversions, the sound speed measured in the NEMP lacked any noticeable frequency dependence. In 2022, an additional coring cruise was completed in the NEMP area and included shipboard core and resonance logger (CARL) measurements, expanding upper limit of the band to 1 MHz. CARL measured sound speed and attenuation as a function of depth from 100 kHz to 1 MHz using a time-of-flight technique, and sound speed along the entire core length from 12 kHz to 16 kHz using a resonance technique. Positive dispersion and depth dependance was observed in the 200 kHz to 1 MHz band. The frequency and depth dependence of the CARL measurements will be presented and compared with previously published model fits to the 2015–2017 SBCEX dataset. [Work sponsored by ONR.]
Comparison of recording studio control room operational response measurements for single, stereo, and immersive audio monitor configurations
Authors: Mattos Tiago F. , Brooks Bennett M.
Published: November 2022

Audio monitoring in recording studio control rooms has evolved continuously since the beginning of multitrack systems. In recent years, control rooms have adapted to using multiple audio monitors (loudspeakers) needed for the immersive audio experience. The primary technical recommendations for determining the acoustical quality of a control room are given in EBU-TECH-3276 and ITU BS.1116. The results of measuring the Operational Room Response Curve (ORRC) can differ significantly for only one audio monitor operating compared to the two monitors required for stereo. For multichannel immersive audio configurations, there can also be significant differences in the measured ORRC. A recent immersive system, known as Dolby Atmos, follows the Dolby Laboratories recommendations which generally comply with the EBU/ITU specifications. The goal of this research is to analyze and compare the measurements of the ORRC per the EBU/ITU/Dolby standards for various audio monitor configurations in a control room. These include individual monitors operating alone, two monitors in a stereo configuration operating at the same time, and combinations of monitors in the multichannel immersive audio system. The impact of the coupled system of room acoustics and multiple loudspeakers on the decision quality for the studio user will be addressed.
Acoustic density estimation of North Atlantic right whales (Eubalaena glacialis) in Cape Cod Bay, MA, USA
Authors: Garcia Marissa , Tolkova Irina , Madhusudhana Shyam , Palmer Kaitlin , Rahaman Ashakur , Baker Scott , Steel Debbie , Mayo Charles , Hudak Christy , Klinck Holger
Published: November 2022

With fewer than 400 individuals remaining, critically endangered North Atlantic right whales (Eubalaena glacialis; NARWs) embody New England’s foremost marine conservation challenge. In spring, a large portion of the NARW population visits Cape Cod Bay (CCB), MA, USA, a critical foraging area. Traditionally, aerial surveys have documented the abundance and distribution of NARWs in CCB. In this work, we employ passive acoustic monitoring to accomplish this task. This method offers a cost-effective and largely automated approach toward improved temporal resolution of observations. Regularly and universally produced by NARWs of all ages and sexes, the upcall vocalization serves as a proxy for NARW presence. This contact call’s highly stereotyped signal structure renders it optimal for detection through machine learning. From February to May 2019, five marine autonomous recording units (MARUs) continuously monitored the underwater soundscape in CCB. Manual upcall annotations across 20 days were used to evaluate a NARW automatic detector that ran over the full recording duration. Multiple arrivals across the MARUs were then matched through time-difference-of-arrival association. After estimating population-level calling rates, NARW density in CCB was calculated across the season. Results will be compared to visual survey observations conducted by the Center for Coastal Studies.
Fast indicators for robust acoustic communication and navigation in a double-ducted polar environment
Authors: Bhatt EeShan , Howard Bradli , Schmidt Henrik
Published: November 2022

A floating ice-buoy system equipped with GPS and acoustic modems provided communication and navigation to a Bluefin 21 Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) for under-ice operations in the Beaufort Sea, in March 2020. Acoustic modems were placed above and below the “Beaufort Lens,” at 30 and 90 m, where a data- and model-based autonomy selected which depth to use for transmitting messages to the AUV. Similarly, the AUV ran a depth adaptive path planning behavior to maintain acoustic communications with the ice buoy modems. The untethered mission showed a non-diverging navigation solution with the average error roughly 0.1% of the total 11 km traveled. This talk will summarize key metrics introduced for automated, on-the-fly processing of acoustic packets to navigate within a reliable acoustic channel and minimize navigation error. [Supported by Office of Naval Research.]
Acoustic receptions at close ranges measured on autonomous underwater vehicles in the Beaufort Sea
Authors: Pomales Velázquez Luis O. , Salazar Isaac B. , Graupe Cristian E. , Desrochers Jessica , Webster Sarah E. , Van Uffelen Lora
Published: November 2022

Rapid warming of the Pacific Summer Water layer strengthens a subsurface duct in the Beaufort Sea, allowing for long-range propagation at low frequencies. An array of tomography sources was deployed within the duct as part of the Canada Basin Acoustic Propagation Experiment (CANAPE) to study acoustic propagation in this environment. The moored transceivers provide measurements of acoustic propagation at several ranges from 176 to 285 km. Additionally, two Seaglider vehicles equipped with hydrophone receivers navigated in and around the CANAPE array and recorded the transmissions from the moored sources at ranges as far as 530 km and as close as 2 km. A spatially variable sound speed environment was generated from in-situ data measured by the Seagliders and CTD casts from research vessels. Acoustic arrivals measured on the vehicles were matched to range-dependent acoustic predictions made with a broadband Parabolic Equation model to estimate source-receiver range. Acoustic receptions from multiple moored sources were used to localize the Seagliders. Here, we examine the close range (2–25 km) receptions and their impacts on acoustic localization.
Transcranial ultrasound imaging using pulse-echo ultrasound and deep learning: A numerical study
Authors: Tian Zixuan , Jing Yun , Han Aiguo
Published: November 2022

Phase aberration caused by skulls is a main challenge in transcranial ultrasound imaging for adults. Aberration could be corrected if the skull profile (i.e., thickness distribution) and speed of sound (SOS) are known. We previously designed a deep learning (DL) model to estimate the skull profile and SOS using pulse-echo ultrasound signals. This study’s objective is to develop strategies to improve the estimation and evaluate the effectiveness of aberration correction in transcranial ultrasound imaging. Acoustic simulations were performed using k-Wave in this numerical study. The following strategies were used to improve estimation: (1) A phased array was used instead of a single-element transducer; (2) Channel radiofrequency data were used instead of beamformed data as the DL model input; (3) A DL model was developed to incorporate physics into architecture design and model training. Compared with previously reported results, these strategies improved the correlation coefficient between the estimated and ground-truth values from 0.82 to 0.94 for SOS, and from 0.98 to 0.99 for thickness. Simulated transcranial images of point targets with phase correction using the estimated SOS and thickness values showed significantly reduced artifacts than those without correction. The results demonstrate feasibility of the proposed approach for transcranial ultrasound imaging.
Raw channel data-based phase aberration correction for ultrasound localization microscopy using conditional generative adversarial networks
Authors: Dong Zhijie , Shin YiRang , Chen Xi , You Qi , Lowerison Matthew R. , Anastasio Mark , Song Pengfei
Published: November 2022

Phase aberration (PA) significantly deteriorates imaging quality for transcranial imaging because of large speed of sound discrepancy and complex geometry of the skull. Recently, ultrasound localization microscopy (ULM) has demonstrated promising transcranial imaging results of deep brain microvasculature through intact skull. Robust PA correction is essential for high-fidelity transcranial ULM imaging because microbubble localization is highly susceptible to PA. Most existing PA correction methods rely on “guide stars,” which may not be practical for ULM because the microbubble concentration may be too high to serve as guide stars. Furthermore, most conventional PA correction techniques assume globally or locally homogeneous delay law, thus resulting in suboptimal correction performance. To address these issues, we propose a deep learning-based PA correction approach that directly operates on the pre-beamformed, raw channel data. By taking advantage of the structured microbubble signals and using conditional generative adversarial networks to utilize specific aberrated channel data, our proposed method achieved pixel-wise PA correction. In silico studies using micro-CT scanned mouse skulls demonstrate that the lateral beam width at −20 dB is improved from 0.82 ±0.33 mm to 0.48 ± 0.12 mm at 20 MHz applying proposed method, and the mean localization error is reduced from 67.99 ± 21.50 μm to 21.45 ± 14.84 μm.
Contrast free super-resolution microvessel imaging based on deep learning
Authors: You Qi , Lowerison Matthew R. , Shin YiRang , ChandraSekaran Nathiya V. , Chen Xi , Dong Zhijie , Llano Daniel A. , Anastasio Mark , Song Pengfei
Published: November 2022

Super-resolution microvascular imaging (SRMI) based on ultrasound localization microscopy (ULM) breaks the diffraction limit of conventional ultrasound by exploiting intravascular microbubbles. However, microbubble injection makes ULM not entirely noninvasive and less practical. On the other hand, power Doppler (PD) is contrast-free and widely available in clinic, but PD’s spatial resolution falls short of revealing tissue microvasculature. In this study, we propose a deep learning-based, contrast-free SRMI method to improve the spatial resolution of PD. We designed a modified U-Net structure with 4 layers in depth with 64 to 512 channels. Ultrafast ultrasound data (1000 Hz frame rate) acquired from 16 mice were made into the 4080 data blocks used for training. Reconstructed ULM images using 32 s acquisition served as the labelled ground truth. Contrast-free ultrasound data using 0.4 s acquisition were used as the network input. The results have shown that the proposed DL-based method can significantly improve the spatial resolution of contrast-free power Doppler without creating fake vessels. The full width half-maximum (FWHM) of the cross-sectional profile of a microvessel was improved from 66 to 24 μm. Robust generalizability of the proposed DL method was also demonstrated on various tissues and organs that were absent in training.
Application of low-boiling point phase-change nanoemulsions for sonothrombolysis
Authors: Kim Jinwook , Bautista Kathlyne , Deruiter Ryan , Zhang Bohua , Wu Huaiyu , Goel Leela , Xu Zhen , JIang Xiaoning , Dayton Paul A.
Published: November 2022

Intravascular thrombus remains a major challenge in human health, resulting in substantial morbidity and mortality for our aging population. Current treatment approaches are focused on antithrombotic treatment or mechanical thrombectomy, both of which have challenges with efficacy and side effects. Ultrasound-enhanced sonothrombolysis, including that enhanced by microbubbles, has been studied for decades as potential alternative therapy. However, clinical efficacy of ultrasound driven thrombolysis has remained elusive. One hypothesis has been that for contracted venous clots, the dense clot matrix resists permeation of microbubble cavitation agents, and superficial cavitation alone is slow and weakly effective. We hypothesized that sub-micron phase change nanoemulsions could penetrate a clot and begin lysis from the interior. Using video microscopy during clot treatment with nanoemulsions and ultrasound, we observed cavitation mediated clot erosion initiating internally to the clot. Cavitation detection imaging shows this same trend of internal cavitation with nanoemulsions, whereas traditional microbubbles cavitate only near the clot surface. Lysis rate studies demonstrate statistically faster lysis of contracted clots with phase change nanoemulsions, compared to 5x larger microbubbles of the same formulation. We conclude that phase change nanoemulsions may play a substantial role in reinvigorating sonothrombolysis potential.
Assessing the effects of droplet diameter on oxygen scavenging in the presence of hemoglobin via acoustic droplet vaporization
Authors: Stone Kateryna , Fischesser Demetria , Al Rifai Nour , Benton Rachel P. , Basa Anwesa , Haworth Kevin J.
Published: November 2022

Reducing bioavailable oxygen (O2) during reperfusion following an ischemic event can reduce cell death. O2 in whole blood (WB) is either bound by hemoglobin (measured as O2 saturation, sO2) or dissolved in plasma (measured as partial pressure of O2, pO2). 98% of O2 is bound by hemoglobin in-vivo. Acoustic droplet vaporization (ADV) scavenges dissolved O2, but its ability to scavenge hemoglobin-bound O2 is unknown. The goal of this study was to assess how varying liquid droplet diameter affects O2 scavenging from bovine WB. Anticoagulated WB was prepared for in-vitro flow phantom experiments to mimic physiological arterial blood. 0.82 μm diameter droplets were manufactured using high-shear pressure homogenization. 1.34 μm and 7.02 μm diameter droplets were manufactured using microfluidics. Droplets (5×10−4 ml/ml) were infused through an EkoSonic catheter and exposed to ultrasound. sO2 and pO2 were measured with a blood gas analyzer. A post-ADV reduction in pO2 of 5.8 ± 2.6 mmHg, 16.4 ± 4.9 mmHg, and 30.7 ± 4.5 mmHg was observed with 0.82 μm, 1.34 μm, and 7.02 μm droplets, respectively. No change in sO2 was observed with 0.82 μm and 1.34 μm droplets, but a sO2 decrease of 5.8 ± 1.5% was seen with 7.02 μm droplets.
A numerical analysis of the importance of local second-order nonlinear phenomena on acoustic wave propagation in complicated media
Authors: Muhlestein Michael B. , Dunn Kyle G.
Published: November 2022

Efforts to reduce the full second-order nonlinear equations of motion down to a single nonlinear wave equation are frustrated by the presence of the Lagrangian density, a combination of terms that involve both the particle velocity and the acoustic pressure. The Lagrangian density is usually discarded, leading to the much simpler Westervelt equation, with the argument that it is associated with local nonlinear phenomena and that cumulative nonlinear phenomena will dominate its contribution over distance. However, this argument may not be valid for waves propagating through heterogeneous and complicated environments, such as a metamaterial. In order to understand whether the terms associated with local nonlinear phenomena are important in these types of environments, we have implemented a finite-difference time-domain method for two sets of equations: the full second-order equations and a set of equations having neglected the Lagrangian density. In this paper we will present propagation predictions for heterogeneous environments using both sets of equations in order to quantify the error obtained by neglecting the local nonlinear phenomena.
An open-source GPU-accelerated application of the elastodynamic finite integration technique (EFIT) to three-dimensional wave propagation and scattering in anisotropic materials of arbitrary geometries
Authors: Golembeski Seth , Dieckman Eric A.
Published: November 2022

As ultrasonic testing (UT) becomes increasingly widespread, accurate numerical simulations of the complex wave propagation behavior in solids become increasingly useful. This is especially true for complex geometries and material properties created by new manufacturing processes such as those use to create Additively Manufactured Metals (AMMs). Here, we present an open-source fully-anisotropic Elastodynamic Finite Integration (EFIT) implementation written in the Julia language which can be deployed to high-performance computers for large-scale parallel simulations. Results of benchmarks against existing isotropic implementations, published data, and collected measurements will be presented.
Proximity detection by a mobile phone using inaudible signal
Authors: Sinelnikov Yegor D.
Published: November 2022

Mobile devices find widespread use in the factories, warehouses, hospitals. Audio features simplify people’s life and improve their productivity. We demonstrate that inaudible audio produced and recorded by a mobile device has a potential for a facial feature recognition. An Android device was mounted on a moving stage near the head and torso simulator inside the listening room. The device produced an inaudible signal with frequency content above 10 kHz. A set of acoustic responses was recorded in several location relative to the head and torso. For each location the 2D images were recorded and were post processed into 3D reconstruction. Good correlation between the spectral representation of acoustic responses and 3D reconstruction was observed. The results demonstrate feasibility to compliment mobile phone security with acoustic biometric authentication.
Automotive cabin acoustics and audio
Authors: Shively Roger
Published: November 2022

We spend most of our quality listening time either at home or in a car. Unlike a concert hall -- where we spend the least amount of time listening, and on which there has been more than a century of research done -- there has very little research done for the home, and even less for the car. And this is why we put so much effort into the science of sound in homes and even more so into the science of sound in cars. Mr. Shively will explore the evolving path to becoming an audio engineer or an NVH engineer: the acoustic path. And, he will address the question of why sound quality does really matter, and the overlapping engineering disciplines which pursue sound quality. He will discuss how the audio systems are expanding to integrate Active Noise Control (ANC), Advanced Driver-Assistance Systems (ADAS), and Acoustic Vehicle Alert Systems (AVAS) for quiet car sound design and autonomous driver alerts in the pursuit of sound quality and how that is achieved. He will review the classical challenges of acoustics in a car and the new challenges for OEM audio system design and how they are being met. And, finally, he will touch on the evolution of expectations in automotive audio in existing markets and, more critically, emerging markets.
Electric vehicle warning sounds: On road and immersive audio detection results for 20 subjects
Authors: Roan Michael , Neurauter Luke , Beard Michael , Miller Marty
Published: November 2022

The number of electric vehicles on the road is rapidly increasing. Due to the decreased sound produced by these vehicles at low speeds there is significant concern that pedestrians and bicyclists will be at increased risk of vehicle collisions. Because of this potential for collisions, govenrnemts have institutes regulations governing additive vehicle warning sounds for electric vehicles. This research presents results on the detectability of six electric vehicle acoustic warning sounds using two different hardware systems. Detectability was initially by on-road participant tests and replicated in an immersive reality lab. Results were analyzed through both mean detection distances and probability of detection. This research aims to verify the lab environment as it will allow for a broader range of potential test scenario’s, more repeatable tests, and faster test sessions. Along with pedestrian drive by tests, experiments were conducted to evaluate stationary vehicle acoustics, 10 and 20 km/h drive by acoustics, and interior acoustic impact of each warning sound.