bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Molecular Cages Self‐Assembled by Imine Condensation in Water
Authors: Lei Ye , Chen Qiong , Liu Peiren , Wang Lingxiang , Wang Hongye , Li Bingda , Lu Xingyu , Chen Zhong , Pan Yuanjiang , Huang Feihe , Li Hao
Published: November 2020

Self‐assembly by imine condensation in aqueous media is a formidable task because of the labile nature of imines in the presence of water. Here, by taking advantage of multivalence and ligand preorganization, basket‐shaped triscationic cage molecules are self‐assembled in high yields in both water and organic solvent, by condensing a hexaformyl and bisamine. These cages, especially the chiral ones, are stable or inert in aqueous solution, that is, no decomposition was observed upon dilution, precipitation, or exposure to competitive amines or aldehydes. Such water‐compatibility allows the hosts to take advantage of the hydrophobic effect to accommodate hydrophobic guests. The chiral cage S‐23+ selectively binds and distinguishes one of two enantiomers, opening up opportunities for applications such as chiral compound separation. Chiral narcissistic self‐sorting and sergeants‐and‐soldiers effects occur during cage formation when two amino precursors are involved in self‐assembly.
Nickel‐Catalyzed C‐Heteroatom Cross‐Coupling Reactions under Mild Conditions via Facilitated Reductive Elimination
Authors: Zhu Chen , Yue Huifeng , Jia Jiaqi , Rueping Magnus
Published: November 2020

The formation of C‐heteroatom bonds represents an important type of bond‐forming reaction in organic synthesis and often provides a fast and efficient access to privileged structures found in pharmaceuticals, agrochemical and materials. In contrast to conventional Pd‐ or Cu‐catalyzed C‐heteroatom cross‐couplings under high‐temperature conditions, recent advances in homo‐ and heterogeneous Ni‐catalyzed C‐heteroatom formations under mild conditions are particularly attractive from the standpoint of sustainability and practicability. The generation of NiIII and excited NiII intermediates facilitate the reductive elimination step to achieve mild cross‐couplings. This review provides an overview of the state‐of‐the‐art approaches for mild C‐heteroatom bond formations and highlights the developments in photoredox and nickel dual catalysis involving SET and energy transfer processes; photoexcited nickel catalysis; electro and nickel dual catalysis; heterogeneous photoredox and nickel dual catalysis involving graphitic carbon nitride (mpg‐CN), metal organic frameworks (MOFs) or semiconductor quantum dots (QDs); as well as more conventional zinc and nickel dual catalyzed reactions.
Criegee‐Intermediate über die Ozonolyse hinaus: Ein Einblick in Synthesen und Mechanismen
Authors: Hassan Zahid , Stahlberger Mareen , Rosenbaum Nicolai , Bräse Stefan
Published: November 2020

Mehr als 70 Jahre nach der Entdeckung sind die “Criegee‐Intermediate” (CIs) wieder an der Spitze der modernen Chemie kurzlebiger reaktiver Zwischenprodukte angelangt. Sie spielen eine wichtige Rolle im mechanistischen Kontext von chemischer Synthese, Totalsynthese, Pharmazeutika und vor allem von klimaregulierender Aerosolbildung sowie der Atmosphärenchemie. Diese Zusammenfassung beinhaltet Schlüsselaspekte von CIs (vom Bildungsmechanismus z. B. über die Ozonolyse von Alkenen und die Photolysemethode, bei der Diiod‐ und Diazoverbindungen verwendet werden, bis hin zu ihren elektronischen Strukturen und ihrer chemischen Reaktivität) und hebt neben den neusten Erkenntnissen einige bahnbrechende Ergebnisse der Gasphasenkinetik sowie deren Nachweise/Messungen hervor. Die jüngsten Fortschritte bei synthetischen und mechanistischen Studien in der Chemie der CIs bieten einen Leitfaden für weitere Untersuchungen auf diesem spannenden Gebiet.
Mixed Group 14–15 Metalates as Model Compounds for Doped Lead Halide Perovskites
Authors: Dehnhardt Natalie , Luy Jan‐Niclas , Klement Philip , Schipplick Luca , Chatterjee Sangam , Tonner Ralf , Heine Johanna
Published: November 2020

Doping and alloying are valuable tools for modifying and enhancing the properties and performance of lead halide perovskites. However, the effects of heterovalent doping with Sb3+ and Bi3+ cations are still a matter of current investigation. Due to the different charge of the dopants compared to the constituting Pb2+ ions, a simultaneous creation of defects is unavoidable and the influence of these defects and the actual metal substitution become entangled. Herein, we present the first 14–15 iodido metalates, (BED)4PbE2I16 (BED=N‐benzylethylenediammonium; E=Sb (1), Bi (2)), which are model compounds for doped lead iodide perovskites and display surprisingly low band gaps of 2.01 (1) and 1.88 eV (2). Quantum chemical investigations show that this stems from a good electronic match between the PbI6 and EI6 units of the compounds. Our results provide a model system for doped perovskites, but also represent the first examples of a promising new class of metal halide materials.
Criegee Intermediates Beyond Ozonolysis: Synthetic and Mechanistic Insights
Authors: Hassan Zahid , Stahlberger Mareen , Rosenbaum Nicolai , Bräse Stefan
Published: November 2020

After more than 70 years since their discovery, Criegee intermediates (CIs) are back at the forefront of modern chemistry of short‐lived reactive intermediates. They play an important role in the mechanistic context of chemical synthesis, total synthesis, pharmaceuticals, and, most importantly, climate‐controlling aerosol formation as well as atmospheric chemistry. This Minireview summarizes key aspects of CIs (from the mechanism of formation, for example, by ozonolysis of alkenes and photolysis methods employing diiodo and diazo compounds, to their electronic structures and chemical reactivity), highlights the most recent findings and some landmark results of gas‐phase kinetics, and detection/measurements. The recent progress in synthetic and mechanistic studies in the chemistry of CIs provides a guide to illustrate the possibilities for further investigations in this exciting field.
Efficient Assay for the Detection of Hydrogen Peroxide by Estimating Enzyme Promiscuous Activity in the Perhydrolysis Reaction
Authors: Wilk Monika , Ostaszewski Ryszard
Published: November 2020

Hydrogen peroxide is an ideal oxidant in view of its availability, atom economy, or green aspects. Furthermore, it is produced by the cell mitochondria and plays a meaningful role in controlling physiological processes, but its unregulated production leads to the destruction of organs. Due to its diverse roles, a fast and selective method for hydrogen peroxide detection is the major limitation to preventing the negative effects caused by its excess. Therefore, we aimed to develop an efficient assay for the detection of H2O2. For this purpose, we combined the enzymatic method for the detection of hydrogen peroxide with the estimation of the promiscuity of various enzymes. We estimated the activity of an enzyme in the reaction of p‐nitrophenyl esters with hydrogen peroxide resulting in the formation of peracid. To our knowledge, there is no example of a simple, multi‐sensor demonstrating the promiscuous activity of an enzyme and detecting hydrogen peroxide in aqueous media.
Bis‐conjugation of Bioactive Molecules to Cisplatin‐like Complexes through (2,2′‐Bipyridine)‐4,4′‐Dicarboxylic Acid with Optimal Cytotoxicity Profile Provided by the Combination Ethacrynic Acid/Flurbiprofen
Authors: Biancalana Lorenzo , Batchelor Lucinda K. , Pereira Sarah A. P. , Tseng Po‐Jen , Zacchini Stefano , Pampaloni Guido , Saraiva Lúcia M. F. S. , Dyson Paul J. , Marchetti Fabio
Published: November 2020

A facile route to PtII complexes doubly functionalized with bioactive molecules through a bipyridine‐type ligand is described. Initially, ligands LEE (containing two ethacrynic acid units), LEF (ethacrynic acid+flurbiprofen) and LEB (ethacrynic acid+biotin) were obtained in moderate to good yields from 2,2′‐bipyridine‐4,4′‐dicarboxylic acid. Subsequent reaction of the ligands with [PtCl2(DMSO)2] afforded complexes [PtCl2(LEE)] (2), [PtCl2(LEF)] (3) and [PtCl2(LEB)] (4) in high yields. All compounds were fully characterized by analytical and spectroscopic methods. Complexes 2–4 are highly stable in water/DMSO solution at 37 °C after 72 h, whereas progressive release of the bioactive fragments was detected in a cell culture medium. The compounds were assessed for their in vitro antiproliferative activity towards tumorigenic A2780, A2780cisR and Y79 cells and non‐tumourigenic HEK293 cells. In particular, the combination of ethacrynic acid and flurbiprofen in 3 overcomes cisplatin‐based resistance and provides strong cancer cell selectivity. Enzyme inhibition assays on human GST P1 and human COX‐2 and cross‐experiments with complex 1, analogous to 2–4 but lacking bio‐groups, revealed a clear synergy between the PtII frame and the bioactive organic components.
Dithieno[a,e]pentalenes: Highly Antiaromatic Yet Stable π‐Electron Systems without Bulky Substituents
Authors: Usuba Junichi , Hayakawa Masahiro , Yamaguchi Shigehiro , Fukazawa Aiko
Published: November 2020

Invited for the cover of this issue are Aiko Fukazawa and co‐workers at Kyoto University and Nagoya University. The image depicts the π‐electrons as people to highlight the effect of fused aromatic rings in the antiaromatic π‐electron systems. Read the full text of the article at 10.1002/chem.202004244.
Second‐Generation Biofuels
Authors: Wilke Timm
Published: November 2020

Ungeachtet des Wandels zur Elektromobilität werden konventionelle Kraftstoffe noch auf Jahrzehnte hinaus von großer Bedeutung für die weltweite Mobilität sein. Im Beitrag wird ein Unterrichtsprojekt präsentiert, welches mit einem neuen Ansatz an diese Problemstellung anknüpfen soll. In diesem Rahmen identifizieren Schüler zunächst ethisch unproblematische Biomassequellen (z. B. Pflanzenabfälle) und erarbeiten unter Bezugnahme auf aktuelle fachwissenschaftliche und fachdidaktische Veröffentlichungen Möglichkeiten, hieraus Oktan zu gewinnen. Anschließend werden diese Hypothesen innerhalb einer Versuchsreihe umgesetzt. Mit den vorgestellten Schülerexperimenten können die Schüler dabei nicht nur den gesamten Prozess von der Biomasse zum Oktan experimentell nachvollziehen, sondern auch klassische chemische Grundlagen erschließen (Hydrolyse, Redox‐Reaktionen, Elektrolyse) und experimentelle Techniken festigen (Destillation, Extraktion, Filtration). Den Abschluss der Unterrichtseinheit bildet eine kritische Bewertung des Verfahrens im Hinblick auf Zukunftsfähigkeit, Nachhaltigkeit und Bedeutung, was beispielsweise fächerübergreifend im Rahmen eines WebQuests erfolgen kann.
Obinutuzumab‐related adverse events: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Amitai Irina , Gafter‐Gvili Anat , Shargian‐Alon Liat , Raanani Pia , Gurion Ronit
Published: November 2020

Rituximab, the first anti‐CD20 monoclonal antibody, has dramatically improved outcomes for patients with B‐cell lymphoproliferative disorders. Obinutuzumab was developed to potentiate activity and overcome resistance to rituximab. Clinical data suggest that obinutuzumab is superior to rituximab in follicular lymphoma (FL) and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Yet, it has increased toxicity. This systematic review and meta‐analysis compiled all randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing obinutuzumab‐based regimens with rituximab‐based regimens to better assess their toxicity profile. Primary outcome was grade 3–4 infections; secondary outcomes included any adverse events (AE), grade 3–4 AE, drug discontinuation rate, and 3‐years mortality. Relative risks (RRs) were estimated and pooled using a fixed‐effect model, unless there was significant heterogeneity, in which case a random‐effects model was used. Our comprehensive search yielded five RCTs conducted between 2009 and 2014, including 4247 patients. The trials included FL patients, CLL and diffuse large B cell lymphoma. Monoclonal antibodies were given with different chemotherapy regimens (in four trials) or as monotherapy (in one trial). The point estimate favored increase in both grade 3–4 infections rate (RR 1.17 [95% CI, 1.0–1.36]) and any AE rate (RR 1.05 [95% 1–1.1]) with obinutuzumab, although this was not statistically significant. There was a significantly increased rate of grade 3–4 AE (RR 1.15 [95% CI, 1.09–1.2]), as well as grade 3–4 toxicities including thrombocytopenia (RR 2.8 [95% CI, 1.92–4.06]), infusion related reactions (RR 2.8 [95% CI, 2.16‐3.64]) and cardiac events (RR 1.65 [95% CI, 1.11‐2.46]). There was no significant difference in grade 3–4 anemia and neutropenia nor in the 3‐year mortality rate. The point estimate favored increase in discontinuation rate due to AE with obinutuzumab, although without statistical significance (RR 1.24 [95% CI, 1.0–1.54]). In conclusion, physicians need to weigh the clinical benefits of this agent against higher toxicity.
Implications of the overconfidence bias in presence of private information: Evidence from MENA stock markets
Authors: Boussaidi Ramzi
Published: November 2020

This paper extends the empirical literature on overconfidence by investigating the implications of this bias on the trading activity and the market volatility for different levels of private information. Using individual data for 10 MENA stock markets, we found a positive unidirectional causal relation from market return to trading volume in most markets, indicating that overconfident investors attribute past market gains to their own talent in selecting securities and trade later as if they had generated these gains. Consistent with the hypothesis of the investors' overreaction to private information, we found that the trading activity becomes more excessive as the level of private information increases. Moreover, the overconfidence helps explain the observed excessive volatility in presence of high level of private information.
Temperature changes and elevation‐warming relationships in the Carpathian Mountains
Authors: Micu Dana Magdalena , Dumitrescu Alexandru , Cheval Sorin , Nita Ion‐Andrei , Birsan Marius‐Victor
Published: November 2020

This paper investigates the elevation‐warming relationships across the Carpathian Mountains, using the 0.1° × 0.1° gridded daily air temperature dataset developed within the CARPATCLIM project, in order to understand the spatial patterns of annual and seasonal temperature trends and test the hypothesis of enhanced warming with elevation. Temperature trend and elevation‐warming analyses were conducted over the 50 years of the dataset (1961–2010). The vertical variations of five key isotherms relevant for the development of cold‐climate weathering, presence of permafrost (−2°C, 0°C, +2°C, +3°C) and spread of forest vegetation (July +10°C) were also examined. The Carpathian Mountains are under visible annual and seasonal warming (stronger in the summer and winter), both daytime and nighttime. The warming process shows a great spatial inhomogeneity, but is more pronounced in the lowlands of the region, generally below 1,000–1,200 m. The correlations between elevation and warming rates across the Carpathians have been found both to be positive and negative, while mostly significant at the 5% level. Evidence of enhanced warming with elevation was found to be related to the minimum temperature increase mostly across the NW and SW Carpathians, at both annual and seasonal scales (winter, summer and spring). Less prominent EDW signals have been identified in the NE, E and S Carpathians (summer), as well as in the NE Carpathians (spring). Parts of the detected temperature trends and EDW signals have been considered to be an effect of the changing atmospheric circulation (i.e. westerly intensification especially in the winter), although other mechanisms and processes could be involved (e.g. snow‐albedo feedbacks in the spring). These results could serve as a reference for further investigations of climate warming effects across the Carpathian Mountains region (e.g. ecological and geomorphic), especially in relation to the augmented summer heat stress (e.g. more frequent heatwaves) and milder winters (e.g. less freezing days).
Clinicopathologic Characteristics of Centrilobular Injury in Pediatric Liver Transplantation
Authors: González Iván A. , Lu Hsiang‐Chih , Alipour Zahra , Kulkarni Sakil S. , Stoll Janis M. , Liss Kim H.H. , Dehner Louis P. , He Mai
Published: November 2020

Centrilobular injury (CLI) is defined as the presence of perivenular mononuclear inflammation, hepatocyte dropout, and extravasated erythrocytes. In pediatric liver allografts, CLI has been associated with advanced fibrosis and chronic rejection (CR). We sought to better characterize the clinicopathologic features of CLI in the setting of T cell–mediated rejection (TCMR) and its association with complement component 4d (C4d) deposition. A total of 206 posttransplant pediatric patients (491 allograft liver biopsies) were available from 2000 to 2018, of which 63 patients (102 biopsies) showed evidence of TCMR and were included in the study. Of the patients, 35 (55.6%) had CLI on their initial episode of TCMR; those patients with CLI were significantly associated with the type of immunosuppression treatment (P = 0.03), severity of TCMR (P < 0.001), higher gamma‐glutamyltransferase (P = 0.01), and advanced fibrosis (P = 0.03). There was a trend to shorter time interval from transplantation to presentation of CLI compared with those without CLI (P = 0.06). No difference was observed in graft or overall survival in the patients with CLI. In 20 patients with CLI, additional biopsies were available; in 45% of these patients, CLI was a persistent/recurrent finding. C4d deposition was noted in 12% of all biopsies (6 patients) with CLI. No significant correlation was noted in C4d deposition and CLI, CR, or graft/overall survival. In conclusion, CLI, although not significantly associated with worse graft survival, was significantly associated with severe TCMR and degree of fibrosis, which highlights the importance of active clinical management and follow‐up for these patients.
Stretchable triboelectric sensor for measurement of the forearm muscles movements and fingers motion for Parkinson's disease assessment and assisting technologies
Authors: Vera Anaya David , Yuce Mehmet Rasit
Published: November 2020

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a degenerative, neurological disease that causes motor dysfunctions on the patient. Currently, the symptoms and progression of the disease are assessed by physicians who diagnose through careful observation, according to the Movement Disorder Society (MDS)‐sponsored Revision of the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS). In this manuscript, we report a portable sensor device based on a flexible Triboelectric Nanogenerator (TENG) formed from a dielectric material with a size of 4 cm × 3.5 cm and an aluminium (Al) electrode with dimensions of 2 mm × 3 mm, to monitor the movement of forearm muscles and tendons. When the hand or fingers extend or flex, the short gap between the dielectric polymer and the small conductor changes, generating a voltage due to triboelectric contact. The device is used to assess localized bradykinesia and rigidity of fingers and hands, as well as wrist and arm tremors. The voltage signal of the proposed sensor shows different waveform shapes, time duration and amplitude for each level of classification from ‘normal’ to ‘moderate’ status, described on the MDS‐UPDRS examination of hand movement, finger tapping and pronation–supination movement. Hence, we demonstrated that the proposed sensor can potentially be used for quantification of the symptoms and diagnosing. In addition, single finger motion tracking is also achieved by placing the triboelectric sensor in different positions around the forearm, close to the tendon connected to the finger under test. This way we avoid the placement of the sensor directly on the fingers, improving comfortability and long‐term wearability. The presented TENG sensor is fully integrated with the processing and the transmission board exploring new opportunities for triboelectric transducers in small motion detection of muscles. The future aim of this research is to provide real‐time monitoring of the disease progression as feedback for personalized treatment of the PD patients.
Use of Gizzard Diameter to Estimate Weight and Length of Partly Digested Gizzard Shad in Piscivore Diets
Authors: Shoup Daniel E. , Tibbits Jeff B. , Porter Clayton P. , Snow Richard A. , Porta Michael J.
Published: November 2020

In diet studies, stomach contents from predatory fish may be difficult to identify due to digestion. The Gizzard Shad Dorosoma cepedianum is an important prey species for sport fish; thus, determining the size of ingested shad can assist with evaluating competitive interactions, bioenergetic patterns, and niche partitioning and can add precision to predictive models. The gizzard organ of clupeids appears to be more resistant to digestion compared to other tissues and can often be found in the stomachs of predatory fish after other tissues from Gizzard Shad are digested. If the gizzard diameter is proportional to Gizzard Shad weight or length, it could be a useful structure for estimating the size of partially digested Gizzard Shad when other structures that are traditionally used to estimate weight or length (e.g., backbones) are damaged due to advanced digestion. For this reason, we evaluated the allometry relating gizzard diameter and Gizzard Shad weight and TL. We sampled a total of 936 Gizzard Shad from nine Oklahoma reservoirs. Fish were frozen and later thawed; they were measured for weight (±0.01 g) and TL (±1 mm), and the gizzard was then removed. Gizzard diameter was measured (±0.1 mm) at its widest point using calipers. Eight different equations were evaluated to find the best relationship (lowest Akaike’s information criterion) between gizzard diameter and weight or length. The relationship between gizzard diameter and fish weight was best modeled as a second-order polynomial, whereas the relationship between gizzard diameter and fish TL was best described by a five-parameter Richard’s equation. Both relationships explained over 80% of the variation in Gizzard Shad size. The 95% CIs for weight (±4–7%) and TL (±2–7%) indicated good overall precision for mean fish size based on gizzard diameter. Therefore, we recommend using gizzard diameter to determine weight and TL from diet samples when advanced digestion of Gizzard Shad limits the use of more traditional metrics (TL, backbone length, etc.).
Are Muskellunge Affecting Fish Communities in Waters Where They Have Been Introduced? A Re-examination of Minnesota’s Stocked Muskellunge Waters
Authors: Knapp Michael L. , Mero Steven W. , Staples David F.
Published: November 2020

Muskellunge Esox masquinongy are large piscivores stocked into numerous lakes in North America, but the potential effects of these stockings remains poorly understood. To investigate potential fish community changes associated with Muskellunge stocking, we contrasted catch per unit effort (CPUE) for seven fish species commonly found in Minnesota, along with mean weight for two predator species, before and after Muskellunge introduction in 36 lakes with that of paired reference lakes. Because of the known importance of Cisco Coregonus artedi as prey for Muskellunge, we also examined these data by separating the lakes into those with and without Cisco. Across all 36 lakes, we observed several significant differences between stocked and reference lakes. Yellow Perch Perca flavescent CPUE in gill nets were significantly higher after Muskellunge were introduced, as was mean weight for Northern Pike Esox lucius. Gill-net CPUE for Northern Pike and White Sucker Catostomus commersonii were both lower following Muskellunge introduction. When subsets of lakes with and without Cisco were considered, results for the 21 lakes without Cisco were similar to the results of the entire set of lakes. In the 15 lakes with Cisco, the only significant result was lower Northern Pike CPUE after Muskellunge stocking. Our results are evidence that the introduction and management of Muskellunge in these lakes has not adversely affected game fish populations.
Through the Virtual Looking Glass
Authors: Martin Kelsey
Published: November 2020

An oncologist reflects on how telemedicine has changed the interaction between doctor and patient during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Hyperinsulinaemia and cancer risk: cause and effect?
Authors: Kilvert Anne , Fox Charles
Published: November 2020

Hyperinsulinaemia, the pancreatic response to insulin resistance, is linked with obesity and type 2 diabetes. Obesity is a known risk factor for certain types of cancer, including gastrointestinal, breast, endometrium and pancreas, but the ‘umbrella’ of obesity covers multiple factors which may increase cancer risk. These include diet, physical activity, type 2 diabetes, obesity hormones such as leptin and adiponectin, insulin resistance and hyperinsulinaemia. Analysing the individual contribution of these factors is complex but there is evidence to suggest that hyperinsulinaemia is associated with increased risk of some cancers.

This evidence ranges from animal and epidemiological studies to observational clinical data and indicates that the effect of insulin on cancer risk is via growth proliferation (mitogenicity) rather than carcinogenesis. The development of insulin analogues with different degrees of mitogenicity provides insights into the interaction of insulin with the insulin and IGF‐1 receptors and the understanding of these interactions has offered an explanation for the differential effect of hyperinsulinaemia on cell proliferation compared with glucose metabolism.

Metformin, as an insulin sensitiser, appears to reduce cancer risk, as do the accepted strategies for reducing risk associated with obesity: diet (particularly low fat) and physical exercise. Copyright © 2020 John Wiley & Sons.
Synthesis of amphiphilic block copolymers via ring opening polymerization and reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer polymerization
Authors: Smith Patrizia P. , Boyes Stephen G.
Published: November 2020

Amphiphilic block copolymers were synthesized via a dual initiator chain transfer agent (inifer) that successfully initiated the ring opening polymerization (ROP) of l‐lactide (LLA) and subsequently mediated the reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization of poly(ethylene glycol) ethyl ether methacrylate (PEGEEMA). The formation of each polymer block was confirmed using 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, as well as gel permeation chromatography, and comprehensive kinetics studies provide valuable insights into the factors influencing the synthesis of well‐defined block copolymers. The effect of monomer concentration, reaction time, and molar ratios of inifer to catalyst on the ROP of LLA are discussed, as well as the ability to produce poly(lactide) blocks of different molecular weights. The synthesis of hydrophilic PPEGEEMA blocks was also monitored via kinetics to provide a better understanding of the role the chain transfer agent plays in facilitating the complex and sterically demanding RAFT polymerization of PEGEEMA.
Continuities and Discontinuities in the Austrian Catholic Orient Mission to Palestine, 1915–1938
Authors: Haider-Wilson Barbara
Published: November 2020

The Habsburg Monarchy had a long history of relations with Palestine. In the nineteenth century, Austria participated in the “peaceful crusade” forming a special “Jerusalem milieu”. Its actors collected donations to establish several institutions. After 1918, the meaning of “Austria” was completely different from before the First World War. Yet, the (Christian Social) elites of the small Austrian First Republic and the politicians of authoritarian Austria still took an interest in matters concerning the Holy Land. In 1927, an Austrian consulate re-opened in the Holy City. The hospice in Jerusalem and the hospital of the Order of St John of God in Nazareth survived the years of turmoil. Austrian cultural diplomacy in the Mandate period continued to maintain good contacts with the local Arab population and gained new dimensions.
Cultural Affiliation and Identity Constructs Under the British Mandate for Palestine
Authors: van Kessel Tamara
Published: November 2020

In her conclusion, van Kessel reflects on the nature of cultural diplomacy, its success and failures in Palestine. She considers the different actors’ approaches to cultural diplomacy and the impact of those approaches on processes of identity formation. She also considers the shifting frameworks on cultural diplomacy arguing that both scholars and practitioners have blurred the lines between more orthodox readings that cultural relations were produced by private initiatives, while cultural diplomacy was the domain of government initiatives. She then compares the cases presented in this volume within a broader range of Mediterranean geography to consider the ways in which some of the actors behaved in other contexts. She concludes that the nature of cultural diplomacy in Palestine created overlaps, and sometimes conflicts, between confessional allegiances and nationalism for Christian Palestinians.
Mobilität, Transport und Erreichbarkeit von Destinationen und Einrichtungen
Authors: Gühnemann Astrid , Kurzweil Agnes , Unbehaun Wiebke , Molitor Romain
Published: November 2020

Die verkehrliche Erreichbarkeit von Destinationen und das lokale Angebot an Mobilitätsdiensten können maßgeblich die Attraktivität von Tourismusdestination, jedoch auch die Konkurrenz zwischen ihnen fördern (Prideaux 2000; Rehman Khan et al. 2017; Campa et al. 2018) und beeinflussen die Verkehrsmittelwahl bei An- und Abreise und vor Ort (Herry et al. 1999; Bursa und Mailer 2018). Eine Grundvoraussetzung für eine gute verkehrliche Erreichbarkeit sind hochwertige Verkehrsinfrastrukturen und Verkehrsangebote für die gesamte Reisekette, die zunächst im folgenden Abschnitt für Österreich beschrieben werden, bevor das Mobilitätsverhalten im Tourismus in Österreich aufgezeigt wird. Mobilität bezieht sich in diesem Kapitel auf die An- und Abreise zu und von der Unterkunft sowie auf die Zurücklegung von Wegen vor Ort, um touristische Aktivitäten durchzuführen. Mobilität als Teil touristischer Aktivitäten, z. B. die Nutzung von Bergbahnen bei Wanderungen, Skifahren, ist in anderen Kapiteln enthalten. Derzeit liegen kaum Daten für den vom Tourismus verursachten Güterverkehr vor, daher beziehen sich die Ausführungen im Wesentlichen auf den Personenverkehr.
Beherbergung
Authors: Gössling Stefan , Lund-Durlacher Dagmar , Antonschmidt Hannes , Peters Mike , Smeral Egon , Pröbstl-Haider Ulrike , Gratzer Markus
Published: November 2020

Die Beherbergungsbetriebe sind ein zentraler Faktor des Tourismusangebots, weil – sieht man von Camping- und Zeltplätzen ab – ohne entsprechendes Bettenangebot ein Großteil des Tourismus praktisch nicht stattfinden kann. Mit dem Wachstum des internationalen Tourismus steigt auch die Zahl der Beherbergungsbetriebe und der verfügbaren Betten. Weltweit gab es im Jahr 2018 geschätzte 119 Mio. Betten in kommerziellen Beherbergungsbetrieben (extrapolierte Daten aus Gössling und Peeters 2015), d. h., Angebote in der neuen Plattformökonomie (z. B. durch Airbnb) kommen noch dazu. Die Beherbergung verursacht einen wesentlichen Teil der touristischen Treibhausgasemissionen. Eine Schätzung geht davon aus, dass pro Übernachtung im weltweiten Durchschnitt etwa 14 kg CO2 entstehen (direkte Emissionen der Beherbergung, ohne Gastronomie; Gössling und Peeters 2015). Die Emissionsbandbreite der in der Literatur dokumentierten Werte schwankt allerdings je nach Unterkunftsform zwischen 0,1 kg CO2 und 260 kg CO2 pro Nacht (Gössling 2010). Eine Berechnung von Lenzen et al. (2018) geht davon aus, dass pro Jahr Treibhausgasemissionen von 282 Mt CO2-Äquivalenten durch Beherbergungsbetriebe verursacht werden (Input-Output-Analyse, ohne Gastronomie).
Outdooraktivitäten und damit zusammenhängende Einrichtungen im Winter
Authors: Steiger Robert , Pröbstl-Haider Ulrike , Prettenthaler Franz , Damm Andrea , Falk Martin , Neger Christoph
Published: November 2020

Wintertourismus in Österreich war im 20. Jahrhundert meist weniger bedeutend als der Sommertourismus. Eine Angleichung der Nächtigungszahlen vollzog sich erst im Laufe der 1980er- und 1990er-Jahre. Der Anteil der Winternächtigungen an den Gesamtnächtigungen lag im Jahr 2018 bei 48 % und hat sich seit dem Jahr 2000 nur geringfügig verändert. Jedoch sind die Tagesausgaben der Gäste im Winter höher (185 €) als im Sommer (160 €; Österreich Werbung 2018e, 2019). Wichtig wäre in diesem Zusammenhang eine Betrachtung der Unterschiede in der Wertschöpfung des Winter- bzw. Sommertourismus. Daten und Publikationen hierzu sind allerdings nicht bekannt. In den westlichen Bundesländern Vorarlberg, Tirol und Salzburg werden seit Mitte bis Ende der 1980er-Jahre im Winter (November–April) mehr Übernachtungen generiert als im Sommer (Mai–Oktober). Österreichweit sind die Winternächtigungen in den 1980ern um durchschnittlich 2,5 % pro Jahr gestiegen, in den 1990ern um 0,7 %, in den 2000ern um 1,7 % und im Zeitraum 2010–2018 um 1,3 % pro Jahr (Statistik Austria 2019). Der Wintersport spielt hierbei eine bedeutende Rolle: Rund 66 % der Winternächtigungen entfallen auf Wintersportgemeinden (mit drei oder mehr Seilbahn‑/ Schleppliftanlagen; Fleischhacker 2018). Die Nächtigungsentwicklung in Wintersportgemeinden war jedoch im Zeitraum 1997/1998–2017/2018 weniger dynamisch (durchschnittlich +1,28 % pro Jahr) als in den übrigen Gemeinden (+2,95 % pro Jahr). Innerhalb der Wintersportregionen zeigen sich auch Verschiebungen der Marktanteile mit Verlusten im Süden zugunsten von Regionen im Westen Österreichs (Firgo und Fritz 2017).
Introduction to Part II: Inhabiting
Authors: Kvan Thomas , Fisher Kenn
Published: November 2020

This section presents research in inhabiting new learning environments. The topic is introduced, and a brief review is given for each chapter in the following section.
The Gadfly: A Collaborative Approach to Doing Data Differently
Authors: Healy Sarah , Morrison Caroline
Published: November 2020

The Gadfly first materialised as a provocative data performance at the Transitions Research Symposium held at The University of Melbourne in June 2017. The figuration of gadfly in the title shapes the figure of the researcher as (bothersome) questioner that provokes critical dialogue about the assumptions underpinning our own research practices and learning environments research more generally. This figuration provides us an entry point into working data through approaches offered by new materialist and post-qualitative research methods. The resulting data performance came together as a collaborative experiment inhabiting the in-between spaces of researchers, participants, research contexts, and ‘data’ initially generated in a Taekwondo training assemblage. Our collaborative approach involved an intra-active process as a way ofdoingdata differently. Informing our process are concepts of intra-action, assemblage, affect, and sticky data.
What About Interaction Geography to Evaluate Physical Learning Spaces?
Authors: Shapiro Ben Rydal
Published: November 2020

This paper reviews and explores how interaction geography, a new approach to visualize people’s interaction over space and time, extends current approaches to evaluate physical learning spaces. This chapter begins by reviewing representations produced using interaction geography to study visitor engagement and learning in a museum. In particular, this review illustratesMondrian Transcription, a method to map people’s movement and conversation over space and time, and theInteraction Geography Slicer (IGS), a dynamic visualisation tool that supports new forms of interaction and multi-modal analysis. Subsequently, this chapter explores how interaction geography may advance the evaluation of physical learning spaces by providing dynamic information visualisation methods that support more expansive views of learning and the evaluation of the alignment between space and pedagogy. This chapter concludes by outlining significant limitations and next steps to expand interaction geography to evaluate physical learning spaces.
Co-creating Innovative Learning Environments: LEaRN’s Decade of Discovery
Authors: Fisher Kenn
Published: November 2020

This forward provides an overview of earlier LEaRN work carried out leading up to this book. It also explores some of the pedagogy and spatial tropes which have emerged over past decades. Whilst there have been many explorative innovations over that time, very few have been scalable and sufficiently resilient to dislodge the primordial hold that the Industrial Age classroom has taken in school design for over a century. Many attempts have been made to align pedagogy and space, but the classical classroom learning container remains in large part due to teacher mindsets. The Transitions suggested in these chapters may well be a seminal moment in the history of school design as the ILETC project nears its final stages of discovery.
Pedarchitecture: Which Learning Environments for the Personalisation of Teaching and Learning? An Educational Architecture for the Schools of the Future
Authors: Marcarini Mariagrazia Francesca
Published: November 2020

This project investigates how to overcome traditional learning environment’s rigidity; those established practices that may hinder full use of what we might call new learning environments. It addresses how teachers adapt their teaching to changing learning environments, what impact new educational spaces have on teachers and students, how to organise students with different criteria, and how learning environments can be redesigned in old schools with limited investments. The research studies four schools: in Denmark, the Hellerup Folkeskole in Gentofte and the Ørestad Gymnasium in Copenhagen; in Italy, the Enrico Fermi High School in Mantua and IC3 Piersanti Mattarella secondary first grade in Modena. New learning environments are intended to enhance teacher collaboration and stimulate the exchange of new teaching methods, enabling learning personalisation. This is often facilitated by team teaching, which in this chapter is seen as a “bridge-culture” concept, offering a wider vision including structural and organisational details. The chapter discusses how this strategy lead to students improved learning skills, them taking on greater personal responsibility and displaying aptitude to study in different ways. In this sample of “architecture feeds pedagogy” schools, some key concepts are explored that might guide future learning environments design: readability, “semantic-topical”, flexibility, invisible pedagogy and affordances.
Using Fällman’s Interaction Design Research Triangle as a Methodological Tool for Research About Reading Spaces in Schools
Authors: Dyer Emma
Published: November 2020

This chapter describes the innovative use of a pre-existing framework from the field of Human–Computer Interaction to explore and reimagine reading spaces for beginner readers in primary schools in England. The chapter details the four phases of the research study, from a conceptual level to a physical outcome (a reading nook), the latter providing secondary findings about the value of secluded reading spaces for students in two English classrooms. In adapting and developing a design methodology within an educational context, it is hoped that this research will stimulate communication and dialogue between architects, educators, policy-makers and students. It also offers a contribution to the challenge of improving school design for pupils and practitioners by offering a framework through which education, specifically reading, can be viewed through the prism of design.
Diagnostik und Therapie von Tumoren mit NTRK-Genfusionen
Authors: Stenzinger Albrecht , van Tilburg Cornelis M. , Tabatabai Ghazaleh , Länger Florian , Graf Norbert , Griesinger Frank , Heukamp Lukas C. , Hummel Michael , Klingebiel Thomas , Hettmer Simone , Vokuhl Christian , Merkelbach-Bruse Sabine , Overkamp Friedrich , Reichardt Peter , Scheer Monika , Weichert Wilko , Westphalen C. Benedikt , Bokemeyer Carsten , Ivanyi Philipp , Loges Sonja , Schirmacher Peter , Wörmann Bernhard , Bielack Stefan , Seufferlein Thomas T. W.
Published: November 2020

NTRK-Genfusionen sind seltene genetische Alterationen, die tumorentitätenübergreifend vorkommen können. Während sie in den meisten soliden Tumoren nur sehr niederfrequent vorkommen, lassen sie sich in bestimmten Tumoren wie dem infantilen Fibrosarkom, dem kongenitalen mesoblastischen Nephrom und dem sekretorischen Mamma- oder Speicheldrüsenkarzinom jedoch häufig nachweisen.NTRK-Genfusionen bzw. TRK-Fusionsproteine gelten als starke onkogene Treiber. Bei Nachweis vonNTRK-Genfusionen können TRK-Inhibitoren unabhängig von der Tumorentität eingesetzt werden. Vertreter sind Entrectinib und Larotrectinib. Bislang ist nur Larotrectinib in der Europäischen Union zugelassen. Für beide wurden Wirksamkeit und Verträglichkeit in Phase-I- und Phase-II-Studien gezeigt. Die Seltenheit der TRK-Fusionstumoren stellt diagnostische und klinische Prozesse vor große Herausforderungen: Einerseits sollen alle Patienten mit TRK-Fusionstumoren identifiziert werden, andererseits sind epidemiologische und histologische Aspekte sowie Ressourcen zu berücksichtigen. Basierend auf diesen Punkten möchten wir einen Diagnosealgorithmus für TRK-Fusionstumoren vorschlagen, außerdem stellen wir aktuelle Daten zu den TRK-Inhibitoren vor.
Vergleich der sterilen Spendertomographie in der Hornhautbank mit der Tomographie des Transplantates nach perforierender Keratoplastik
Authors: Quintin A. , Hamon L. , Mäurer S. , Langenbucher A. , Seitz B.
Published: November 2020

Hintergrund

Seit 2018 verwenden wir die sterile Spendertomographie in der Hornhautbank routinemäßig, um refraktive Überraschungen nach Keratoplastik zu vermeiden. Ziel dieser Studie war es, Spendertomographieparameter mit Tomographieparametern des Transplantates nach perforierender Keratoplastik (PKP) zu vergleichen.

Methoden

Diese Studie umfasste 193 Spendergewebe der Hornhautbank, die für eine PKP verwendet wurden (Transplantatdurchmesser 8,2 ± 0,7 mm). Messungen wurden mit dem optischen Kohärenztomographen des vorderen Augenabschnittes (VAA-OCT) Casia 2 (Tomey Corp., Nagoya, Japan) präoperativ sowie postoperativ nach 5 ± 4 Monaten bei liegenden Fäden und nach 22 ± 4 Monaten ohne Fäden durchgeführt. Post- und präoperative Werte wurden mithilfe des Wilcoxon-Rangsummentests verglichen.

Ergebnisse

Postoperativ, bei liegenden (bzw. ohne) Fäden, war die Brechkraft (P) der Hornhautvorderfläche (v) im steilen Meridian (S) (PvS) unverändert (−0,2 dpt; p = 0,78) (um 2,7 dpt größer [p < 0,01]) und im flachen Meridian (F) (PvF) um 4,5 dpt (2,8 dpt) niedriger (p < 0,01) im Vergleich zu den Spendertomographiewerten. Der Astigmatismus (v) war um 4,3 dpt (5,4 dpt) größer (p < 0,01). An der Rückfläche (r) war PrS um 0,9 dpt (0,9 dpt) und PrF um 0,3 dpt (p < 0,01) (0,1 dpt [p = 0,42]) kleiner, während der Astigmatismus (r) um 0,7 dpt (0,9 dpt) größer war (p < 0,01). Die zentrale Hornhautdicke war um 55,7 μm (p < 0,01) (27,5 µm [p = 0,01]) kleiner. Die Gesamtbrechkraft ohne Fäden änderte sich nicht signifikant im Vergleich zur Hornhautbankmessung.

Schlussfolgerung

Zentrale Hornhautdicke, Brechkraft (P) und Astigmatismus veränderten sich postoperativ im Vergleich zu den Spendertomographiewerten, mit Ausnahme von P im steilen Meridian der Vorderfläche bei liegenden Fäden sowie von P im flachen Meridian der Rückfläche nach Entfernung aller Fäden. Die Gesamtbrechkraft ohne Fäden ändert sich allerdings nicht signifikant. Diese Informationen könnten für eine Verbesserung der Kunstlinsenberechnung bei klassischer „Triple-Procedure“ von Bedeutung sein.
Cellular and mitochondrial mechanisms of atrial fibrillation
Authors: Mason Fleur E. , Pronto Julius Ryan D. , Alhussini Khaled , Maack Christoph , Voigt Niels
Published: November 2020

The molecular mechanisms underlying atrial fibrillation (AF), the most common form of arrhythmia, are poorly understood and therefore target-specific treatment options remain an unmet clinical need. Excitation–contraction coupling in cardiac myocytes requires high amounts of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is replenished by oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria. Calcium (Ca2+) is a key regulator of mitochondrial function by stimulating the Krebs cycle, which produces nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide for ATP production at the electron transport chain and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate for the elimination of reactive oxygen species (ROS). While it is now well established that mitochondrial dysfunction plays an important role in the pathophysiology of heart failure, this has been less investigated in atrial myocytes in AF. Considering the high prevalence of AF, investigating the role of mitochondria in this disease may guide the path towards new therapeutic targets. In this review, we discuss the importance of mitochondrial Ca2+ handling in regulating ATP production and mitochondrial ROS emission and how alterations, particularly in these aspects of mitochondrial activity, may play a role in AF. In addition to describing research advances, we highlight areas in which further studies are required to elucidate the role of mitochondria in AF.
Reduced reticulum–mitochondria Ca2+ transfer is an early and reversible trigger of mitochondrial dysfunctions in diabetic cardiomyopathy
Authors: Dia Maya , Gomez Ludovic , Thibault Helene , Tessier Nolwenn , Leon Christelle , Chouabe Christophe , Ducreux Sylvie , Gallo-Bona Noelle , Tubbs Emily , Bendridi Nadia , Chanon Stephanie , Leray Aymeric , Belmudes Lucid , Couté Yohann , Kurdi Mazen , Ovize Michel , Rieusset Jennifer , Paillard Melanie
Published: November 2020

Type 2 diabetic cardiomyopathy features Ca2+ signaling abnormalities, notably an altered mitochondrial Ca2+ handling. We here aimed to study if it might be due to a dysregulation of either the whole Ca2+ homeostasis, the reticulum–mitochondrial Ca2+ coupling, and/or the mitochondrial Ca2+ entry through the uniporter. Following a 16-week high-fat high-sucrose diet (HFHSD), mice developed cardiac insulin resistance, fibrosis, hypertrophy, lipid accumulation, and diastolic dysfunction when compared to standard diet. Ultrastructural and proteomic analyses of cardiac reticulum–mitochondria interface revealed tighter interactions not compatible with Ca2+ transport in HFHSD cardiomyocytes. Intramyocardial adenoviral injections of Ca2+ sensors were performed to measure Ca2+ fluxes in freshly isolated adult cardiomyocytes and to analyze the direct effects of in vivo type 2 diabetes on cardiomyocyte function. HFHSD resulted in a decreased IP3R–VDAC interaction and a reduced IP3-stimulated Ca2+ transfer to mitochondria, with no changes in reticular Ca2+ level, cytosolic Ca2+ transients, and mitochondrial Ca2+ uniporter function. Disruption of organelle Ca2+ exchange was associated with decreased mitochondrial bioenergetics and reduced cell contraction, which was rescued by an adenovirus-mediated expression of a reticulum-mitochondria linker. An 8-week diet reversal was able to restore cardiac insulin signaling, Ca2+ transfer, and cardiac function in HFHSD mice. Therefore, our study demonstrates that the reticulum–mitochondria Ca2+ miscoupling may play an early and reversible role in the development of diabetic cardiomyopathy by disrupting primarily the mitochondrial bioenergetics. A diet reversal, by counteracting the MAM-induced mitochondrial Ca2+ dysfunction, might contribute to restore normal cardiac function and prevent the exacerbation of diabetic cardiomyopathy.