bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Age segregation and hiring of older employees: low mobility revisited
Authors: Ilmakunnas Pekka , Ilmakunnas Seija
Published: November 2014

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to analyse the determinants of hiring and exit rates by age at the firm level and firm-level age segregation in hirings and separations in Finland.

Design/methodology/approach

– The use Finnish linked employer-employee data from 1990 to 2004. The authors present a decomposition of employment change by age group to disentangle the roles of hirings and exits from factors related to demographics effects. Firm-level analysis is conducted using regression models for the hiring rates and shares of different age groups and for the probability of hiring older employees. Similar models are estimated for the exits of older employees. Segregation is analysed using age segregation curves and Gini indices calculated from them.

Findings

– The hirings of older (50+) employees have clearly been more segregated at the firm level than the exits or the stock of old employees. Larger firms are more likely to hire older employees, but their hiring rates are lower. However, the probability of having hires or exits of older workers are much higher in large firms. The results are relatively similar for men and women.

Research limitations/implications

– The determinants of the probability of hiring older workers and the rate of hiring them, given that the rate is positive, are different and these two processes should be modelled separately. The Gini index of segregation may be misleading when the number of employees per firm is small. Therefore it is useful to compare segregation to a random reshuffle of employees to firms.

Practical implications

– Older worker who have become unemployed or who want to change their job need to have more employment opportunities. Labour and pension policies need to be monitored and designed so that there are more incentives for the individual to search for a new job and for the firms to hire older employees.

Originality/value

– The authors provide new empirical evidence of age segregation and hiring prospects of older employees. Age segregation has previously been examined in occupations, but the authors extend the analysis to firm-level segregation. The authors suggest a new decomposition of the rate of employment change to the hiring and exit rates and to a cohort effect.
Characteristics of peer models at a summer camp for children with autism
Authors: L. Bobzien Jonna , Judge Sharon
Published: November 2014

Purpose

– The purpose of this study was to examine the openness, growth and loneliness of typical peers volunteering at a summer day camp for children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD).

Design/methodology/approach

– In this study, the authors obtained descriptive data on the attitudes and behaviors of 38 adolescent peer buddies without disabilities volunteering at a summer camp for children with ASD using four short surveys. Surveys were given prior to the start of camp in an attempt to capture the attitudes and perspectives of the participants before they became more familiar with the characteristics of the children with ASD who were attending the camp. The authors examined if there were group differences on attitudes and behaviors based on age, gender and first-time volunteer versus returning volunteer peer buddy.

Findings

– The analysis showed that all volunteer peer buddies appeared open to interacting, playing and developing friendships with the child represented in the vignette with ASD. Participants indicated increased feelings of independence, ample ability to establish friendships and a desire for adventurous and explorative activities. Significant differences were found based on age and gender on openness to a peer with ASD characteristics.

Originality/value

– The results of this study have the potential to serve a broader purpose by demonstrating the types of children and adolescents that may be optimal choices to serve as peer mentors or buddies for peers with ASD attending summer camps or other community-based programs, as well as in classroom settings.
Characteristics of financial crime investigation reports by fraud examiners
Authors: Gottschalk Petter
Published: November 2014

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to present results from an exploratory study of private investigations by fraud examiners in Norway. The activity of private investigations by fraud examiners is a business of lawyers, auditors and other professionals who investigate suspicions of financial crime by white-collar criminals.

Design/methodology/approach

– This article presents results from an empirical study of investigation reports.

Findings

– The available sample consists of 21 reports produced mostly by auditing firms such as PwC. Suspicion of financial crime led to police investigation, public prosecution and jail sentence in two cases.

Originality/value

– Empirical studies of private investigations are rare.
Supreme Court reaffirms “fraud-on-the-market” presumption in securities fraud class actions
Authors: Rendon Veronica , Freedman John , Reinhardt Adam
Published: November 2014

Purpose

– To explain the Supreme Court’s recent decision in Halliburton Co. v. Erica P. John Fund, Inc. and its implications for private class action litigation under the federal securities laws.

Design/methodology/approach

– Explains the background on the Halliburton decision, including the prior case history and key precedents, analyzes the key reasoning and holdings of the decision, and discusses the implications of the decision and how it will impact private class actions brought under the securities laws.

Findings

– While there was considerable pontification in the bar that the Halliburton case might provide a vehicle to curtail many class actions brought under the securities laws, the Halliburton decision left prior law and practice largely intact, but provides defendants in such cases a tool to challenge viability of lawsuits in certain circumstances.

Originality/value

– Practical guidance from experienced securities litigators.
The stories of social entrepreneurs
Authors: Roundy Philip
Published: November 2014

Purpose

– The purpose of this study is to focus on how narratives are used to acquire social venture resources. Social entrepreneurship is a phenomenon of increasing significance. A key challenge for social ventures is resource acquisition. However, how social entrepreneurs gather the resources necessary to grow their organizations is not clear.

Design/methodology/approach

– This topic is examined using a multi-study, inductive, theory-building design based on 121 interviews, observation and archival data. In Study 1, 75 entrepreneurs, investors and ancillary participants were interviewed in the social enterprise sector. In Study 2, case studies of eight technology-focused social ventures were constructed.

Findings

– The result of this study is a framework explaining how differences in entrepreneurs’ narrative tactics and characteristics are associated with differences in their resource acquisition success. Specifically, from Study 1, this paper develops a typology of social enterprise narratives, identifies three narrative-types (personal, social-good and business) and shows that they possess unique elements. Evidence from Study 2 suggests that the three narrative-types serve as the building blocks for communication with external stakeholders.

Originality/value

– These findings contribute to three studies that formed the basis of the study – social entrepreneurship, entrepreneurial resource acquisition and organizational narrative theory – and have implications for work on competing organizational logics. They also produce several practical implications for social entrepreneurs.
The art of entrepreneurial market creation
Authors: Lehman Kim , Ronald Fillis Ian , Miles Morgan
Published: November 2014

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to use the case of the Museum of Old and New Art (MONA) in Hobart, Tasmania, to investigate the role of entrepreneurial marketing (EM) in shaping an arts enterprise. It draws on the notion of effectuation and the process of EM in explaining new venture creation and assesses the part played by David Walsh, the entrepreneurial owner/manager.

Design/methodology/approach

– This case study analysis enables an in-depth appraisal of the impact of EM and effectuation within the growing domain of arts marketing.

Findings

– The paper offers a glimpse into how creativity and business interact in the creation of new markets. It demonstrates how formal methods of marketing are bypassed in the search for owner/manager constructed versions of situational marketing. In addition, it provides insight into dominance of entrepreneur-centrism vs customer-centrism in entrepreneurship marketing. An additional contribution to knowledge is the use of effectuation to assist in better understanding of the role of EM in the market creation process.

Originality/value

– The research carried out here builds on a growing body of work adopting the EM lens to better understand arts marketing and new venture creation.
Data authenticity and data value in policy-driven digital collections
Authors: Bunakov Vasily , Jones Catherine , Matthews Brian , Wilson Michael
Published: November 2014

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to suggest an approach to data value considerations that is related to the generalized notion of authenticity and can be applied to the design of preservation policies. There has been considerable progress in the scalable architectures for policy-driven digital collection preservation as well as in modeling preservation costs. However, modeling the value of both digital artifacts and collections seems a more elusive topic that has yet to find a proper methodology and means of expression.

Design/methodology/approach

– A top-down conceptual analysis was developed and the principles of information technology service management and quality management were applied to the domain of digital preservation. Then, in a bottom-up analysis, the various notions of authenticity in digital preservation projects, reference models and conceptual papers were reviewed.

Findings

– The top-down and bottom-up analyses have a meeting point, establishing a close relation between the concepts of data authenticity and data value.

Originality/value

– The generalized understanding of authenticity can support the design of sensible preservation policies and their application to the formation and long-term maintenance of digital collections.
Expert knowledge elicitation for decision-making in home energy retrofits
Authors: Yaw Addai Duah Daniel , Ford Kevin , Syal Matt
Published: November 2014

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to develop a knowledge elicitation strategy to elicit and compile home energy retrofit knowledge that can be incorporated into the development of an intelligent decision support system to help increase the uptake of home energy retrofits. Major problems accounting for low adoption rates despite well-established benefits are: lack of information or information in unsuitable and usable format for decision making by homeowners. Despite the important role of expert knowledge in developing such systems, its elicitation has been fraught with challenges.

Design/methodology/approach

– Using extensive literature review and a Delphi-dominated data collection technique, the relevant knowledge of 19 industry experts, selected based on previously developed determinants of expert knowledge and suitable for decision making was elicited and compiled. Boolean logic was used to model and represent such knowledge for use as an intelligent decision support system.

Findings

– A combination of comprehensive knowledge elicitor training, Delphi technique, semi-structured interview, and job shadowing is a good elicitation strategy. It encourages experts to describe their knowledge in a natural way, relate to specific problems, and reduces bias. Relevant and consensus-based expert knowledge can be incorporated into the development of an intelligent decision support system.

Research limitations/implications

– The consensus-based and relevant expert knowledge can assist homeowners with decision making and industry practitioners and academia with corroboration and enhancement of existing knowledge. The strategy contributes to solving the knowledge elicitation challenge.

Originality/value

– No previous study regarding a knowledge elicitation strategy for developing an intelligent decision support system for the energy retrofit industry exists.
An experimental study of moisture buffering of bio-insulations in lofts
Authors: Tucker Simon , Latif Eshrar , C. Wijeyesekera Devapriya
Published: November 2014

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to describe and discuss initial work to assess the moisture buffering performance of selected bio-insulations in lofts that suffer from excessive moisture following refurbishment.

Design/methodology/approach

– These conditions were then reproduced in a physical lab-based experiment such that the comparative performance of the bio-insulations and stone wool could be measured.

Findings

– It was found that the bio-insulations could remove over 60 per cent of the moisture in the loft air, and therefore reduce the risk of condensation and its severity.

Research limitations/implications

– The initial work reported here is indicative of the buffering potential of bio-insulations but further work is required to better quantify this performance. There is a need to further examine lofts with moisture problems and to produce reliable testing methods and protocols to be used when retrofitting loft insulation.

Practical implications

– Installers and specifiers of loft insulation should ensure that insulation is installed correctly, as with the drive to increase loft insulation levels the risks of damaging the building fabric through condensation are increasing.

Social implications

– Excessive moisture can damage the building fabric and create health problems. Using insulations that perform well across a range of performance criteria tend to favour bio-insulations, which have a far less harmful impact on the environment than do typical fossil-fuel based insulations.

Originality/value

– The paper presents preliminary findings that support arguments for specifying bio-insulations.
Introduction
Authors: DARLOW MARK , LAFOUGE MARION
Published: November 2014

Clair‐obscur offers a rich case‐study for the use of metaphor in eighteenth‐century France. Far from being a neutral translation from the Italian chiaroscuro, the appearance of the term is intimately linked to the Querelle du coloris, whose stakes are specifically French. Its propagation at the turn of the eighteenth century may explain why it was exported away from the fine arts towards figurative meanings, often bearing its originally polemical dimension and illustrating a shift in aesthetic perception and reception. This volume aims to provide some evidence for this hypothesis in fields such as drama, music and dance, philosophy and fiction.
‘L'intelligence des Lumières’: On Clair‐Obscur as a Case Study for Early Modern Metaphor
Authors: DARLOW MARK
Published: November 2014

This article considers clair‐obscur within recent thinking on metaphor, considering a range of eighteenth‐century discussions from musical theatre that are irreducible to paraphrase. In the context of the breakdown of ‘imitationist’ theories of the arts in eighteenth‐century France, increasingly viewed as having specificities in terms of medium and the psychology of perception, theatre increasingly adopts visual analogy, so that, as the fields of discussion become more specialised, it allows for terminological and conceptual specificities that can be borrowed in meaningful ways. Yet because these uses are irreducible to paraphrase, they require individual analysis, as shown by a few case studies.
Libertine Clairs‐Obscurs: The Enticement of the Shadows
Authors: GANOFSKY MARINE
Published: November 2014

This article draws an analogy between the early modern definitions of clair‐obscur and eighteenth‐century French libertine literature. In libertine prose the concept of clair‐obscur is used not only to describe voluptuous settings: it also helps authors define libertine writing as always fully conscious of the balance it must reach, for the sake of erotic and aesthetic gratification, between being too clear – and therefore crude – and being too obscure – and therefore unintelligible. However, whereas tradition had conceived shadows as peripheral within representation, libertines conceptualise darkness as an endless source of imaginative liberty and fantasies, making shadows crucial to their pleasure.
A Party Contagion: Party Politics and the Inoculation Controversy in the British Atlantic World, c.1721‐1723
Authors: Parrish David
Published: November 2014

Historians have long been interested in explaining the introduction of inoculation in Britain and its colonies, and numerous studies have sought to explain the success and eventual adoption of the controversial medical practice. These historians have concerned themselves primarily with explanations of the discovery, development and acceptance of the medical procedure. This article takes a different approach, exploring the relationship between the ‘rage of party’, anti‐Jacobitism, the press and debates about smallpox inoculation in Britain in the 1720s and argues that debates about inoculation were integrated into a highly divisive political culture and understood in terms of contested party discourse.
The Effect of Fat Emulsion on Hemodynamics Following Treatment With Propranolol and Clonidine in Anesthetized Rats
Authors: Macala Kimberly , Tabrizchi Reza
Published: November 2014

Objectives

There is evidence indicating that intravenous fatty emulsion (IFE) is beneficial in restoring circulatory function in certain types of drug overdose. The authors investigated the hemodynamic effects of IFE compared to epinephrine in rats treated with propranolol and clonidine.

Methods

Anesthetized male Sprague‐Dawley rats were instrumented for measurement of hemodynamics. Rats were randomly assigned to one of six groups (n = 6–8), and each received a clonidine infusion (150 μg/kg) or an equivalent volume of normal saline (0.9% NaCl) over 1 hour. Each rat then received normal saline (1.0 mL/kg) or propranolol (15 to 20 mg/kg). Thereafter, each rat received a dose of IFE (20% solution; 1.0 mL/kg) or epinephrine (2.0 μg/kg) or an equivalent volume of normal saline (1.0 mL/kg).

Results

Propranolol alone or with clonidine significantly (p < 0.05) reduced a number of hemodynamic parameters (mean arterial pressure, 37% to 70%; heart rate, 30% to 51%; cardiac contractility [dP/dtmax], 50% to 67%; and abdominal aortic blood flow, 50% to 83%), while increasing PR intervals (65% to 85%) and QTc intervals (26% to 64%). Saline and epinephrine treatment after propranolol and clonidine combined resulted in no survivors in saline and two out of six in epinephrine group. IFE resulted in significant survival (seven out of eight) for 30 minutes in rats treated with propranolol alone, and propranolol combined with clonidine (seven out of eight).

Conclusions

These data demonstrate that IFE is effective for resuscitating rats overdosed on propranolol combined with clonidine. The effect of IFF is unlikely due to a direct positive inotropic or chronotropic action on the myocardium. IFE is also more effective than epinephrine treatment in this paradigm.
Methamphetamine induces a rapid increase of intracellular Ca++ levels in neurons overexpressing GCaMP5
Authors: Yu Seong‐Jin , Wu Kou‐Jen , Bae Eun K. , Hsu Man‐Jung , Richie Christopher T. , Harvey Brandon K. , Wang Yun
Published: November 2014

In this study, methamphetamine (Meth)‐ and glutamate (Glu)‐mediated intracellular Ca++ (Ca++i) signals were examined in real time in primary cortical neurons overexpressing an intracellular Ca++ probe, GCaMP5, by adeno‐associated viral (AAV) serotype 1. Binding of Ca++ to GCaMP increased green fluorescence intensity in cells. Both Meth and Glu induced a rapid increase in Ca++i, which was blocked by MK801, suggesting that Meth enhanced Ca++i through Glu receptor in neurons. The Meth‐mediated Ca++ signal was also blocked by Mg++, low Ca++ or the L‐type Ca++ channel inhibitor nifedipine. The ryanodine receptor inhibitor dantrolene did not alter the initial Ca++ influx but partially reduced the peak of Ca++i. These data suggest that Meth enhanced Ca++ influx through membrane Ca++ channels, which then triggered the release of Ca++ from the endoplasmic reticulum in the cytosol. AAV‐GCaMP5 was also injected to the parietal cortex of adult rats. Administration of Meth enhanced fluorescence in the ipsilateral cortex. Using immunohistochemistry, Meth‐induced green fluorescence was found in the NeuN‐containing cells in the cortex, suggesting that Meth increased Ca++ in neurons in vivo. In conclusion, we have used in vitro and in vivo techniques to demonstrate a rapid increase of Ca++i by Meth in cortical neurons through overexpression of GCaMP5. As Meth induces behavioral responses and neurotoxicity through Ca++i, modulation of Ca++i may be useful to reduce Meth‐related reactions.
New Perspectives on Mobility, Urbanisation and Resource Management in Riverine Amazônia
Authors: ELOY LUDIVINE , BRONDIZIO EDUARDO S. , DO PATEO ROGERIO
Published: November 2014

In recent years, theAmazon has experienced simultaneous processes of urbanisation and creation of protected areas. Debates over the changing role of traditional peoples in the management of such areas have largely taken place in the absence of reliable information on these populations' connections to urban areas. We review the literature onAmazônia to explore how rural–urban mobility redefines patterns of resource use. The focus is primarily on riverine areas of theBrazilianAmazon. Connection to urban areas does not necessarily imply deep changes in production techniques, but induces new norms, rules and values around access to and management of resources. Rural–urban mobility challenges the capacity of local groups to maintain collective resource management, but on the other hand involves the reassertion of traditional territories and identities through social and economic networks.
Interaction between positive allosteric modulators and trapping blockers of the NMDA receptor channel
Authors: Emnett Christine M , Eisenman Lawrence N , Mohan Jayaram , Taylor Amanda A , Doherty James J , Paul Steven M , Zorumski Charles F , Mennerick Steven
Published: November 2014

Background and Purpose

Memantine and ketamine are clinically used, open‐channel blockers of NMDA receptors exhibiting remarkable pharmacodynamic similarities despite strikingly different clinical profiles. Although NMDA channel gating constitutes an important difference between memantine and ketamine, it is unclear how positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) might affect the pharmacodynamics of these NMDA blockers.

Experimental Approach

We used two different PAMs: SGE‐201, an analogue of an endogenous oxysterol, 24S‐hydroxycholesterol, along with pregnenolone sulphate (PS), to test on memantine and ketamine responses in single cells (oocytes and cultured neurons) and networks (hippocampal slices), using standard electrophysiological techniques.

Key Results

SGE‐201 and PS had no effect on steady‐state block or voltage dependence of a channel blocker. However, both PAMs increased the actions of memantine and ketamine on phasic excitatory post‐synaptic currents, but neither revealed underlying pharmacodynamic differences. SGE‐201 accelerated the re‐equilibration of blockers during voltage jumps. SGE‐201 also unmasked differences among the blockers in neuronal networks – measured either by suppression of activity in multi‐electrode arrays or by neuroprotection against a mild excitotoxic insult. Either potentiating NMDA receptors while maintaining the basal activity level or increasing activity/depolarization without potentiating NMDA receptor function is sufficient to expose pharmacodynamic blocker differences in suppressing network function and in neuroprotection.

Conclusions and Implications

Positive modulation revealed no pharmacodynamic differences between NMDA receptor blockers at a constant voltage, but did expose differences during spontaneous network activity. Endogenous modulator tone of NMDA receptors in different brain regions may underlie differences in the effects of NMDA receptor blockers on behaviour.
Selectivity Mechanism of ATP‐Competitive Inhibitors for PKB and PKA
Authors: Wu Ke , Pang Jingzhi , Song Dong , Zhu Ying , Wu Congwen , Shao Tianqu , Chen Haifeng
Published: November 2014

Protein kinase B (PKB) acts as a central node on the PI3K kinase pathway. Constitutive activation and overexpression of PKB have been identified to involve in various cancers. However, protein kinase A (PKA) sharing high homology with PKB is essential for metabolic regulation. Therefore, specific targeting on PKB is crucial strategy in drug design and development for antitumor. Here, we had revealed the selectivity mechanism for PKB inhibitors with molecular dynamics simulation and 3D‐QSAR methods. Selective inhibitors of PKB could form more hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic contacts with PKB than those with PKA. This could explain that selective inhibitor M128 is more potent to PKB than to PKA. Then, 3D‐QSAR models were constructed for these selective inhibitors and evaluated by test set compounds. 3D‐QSAR model comparison of PKB inhibitors and PKA inhibitors reveals possible methods to improve the selectivity of inhibitors. These models can be used to design new chemical entities and make quantitative prediction of the specific selective inhibitors before resorting to in vitro and in vivo experiment.
A Discovery Strategy for Selective Inhibitors of c‐Src in Complex with the Focal Adhesion Kinase SH3/SH2‐binding Region
Authors: Moroco Jamie A. , Baumgartner Matthew P. , Rust Heather L. , Choi Hwan Geun , Hur Wooyoung , Gray Nathanael S. , Camacho Carlos J. , Smithgall Thomas E.
Published: November 2014

The c‐Src tyrosine kinase co‐operates with the focal adhesion kinase to regulate cell adhesion and motility. Focal adhesion kinase engages the regulatory SH3 and SH2 domains of c‐Src, resulting in localized kinase activation that contributes to tumor cell metastasis. Using assay conditions where c‐Src kinase activity required binding to a tyrosine phosphopeptide based on the focal adhesion kinase SH3‐SH2 docking sequence, we screened a kinase‐biased library for selective inhibitors of the Src/focal adhesion kinase peptide complex versus c‐Src alone. This approach identified an aminopyrimidinyl carbamate compound, WH‐4‐124‐2, with nanomolar inhibitory potency and fivefold selectivity for c‐Src when bound to the phospho‐focal adhesion kinase peptide. Molecular docking studies indicate that WH‐4‐124‐2 may preferentially inhibit the ‘DFG‐out’ conformation of the kinase active site. These findings suggest that interaction of c‐Src with focal adhesion kinase induces a unique kinase domain conformation amenable to selective inhibition.
AUTOMATIC DESIGN OF NONCRYPTOGRAPHIC HASH FUNCTIONS USING GENETIC PROGRAMMING
Authors: Estébanez César , Saez Yago , Recio Gustavo , Isasi Pedro
Published: November 2014

Noncryptographic hash functions have an immense number of important practical applications owing to their powerful search properties. However, those properties critically depend on good designs: Inappropriately chosen hash functions are a very common source of performance losses. On the other hand, hash functions are difficult to design: They are extremely nonlinear and counterintuitive, and relationships between the variables are often intricate and obscure. In this work, we demonstrate the utility of genetic programming (GP) and avalanche effect to automatically generate noncryptographic hashes that can compete with state‐of‐the‐art hash functions. We describe the design and implementation of our system, called GP‐hash, and its fitness function, based on avalanche properties. Also, we experimentally identify good terminal and function sets and parameters for this task, providing interesting information for future research in this topic. Using GP‐hash, we were able to generate two different families of noncryptographic hashes. These hashes are able to compete with a selection of the most important functions of the hashing literature, most of them widely used in the industry and created by world‐class hashing experts with years of experience.
Multiple myeloma after kidney transplantation
Authors: Safadi Sami , Dispenzieri Angela , Amer Hatem , Gertz Morie A. , Rajkumar S. Vincent , Hayman Suzanne R. , Lacy Martha Q. , Leung Nelson
Published: November 2014

Background

Data regarding multiple myeloma (MM) that develops after kidney transplantation (KTx) are scarce. The outcomes of these patients were evaluated in a retrospective study.

Methods

Patients with newly diagnosed MM after KTx were selected. Patients with a diagnosis of MM or those who received treatment for monoclonal gammopathy of renal significance (MGRS) prior to KTx were excluded.

Results

Between 2001 and 2012, seven patients developed MM after KTx. Reasons for ESRD included ADPKD (1), C1q nephropathy (1), MPGN (2), hypertensive nephrosclerosis (2), and chronic interstitial nephritis (1). Before KTx, only four patients had monoclonal protein studies, four had monoclonal gammopathy of undermined significance (MGUS), and two of them had clonal plasma cells in bone marrow. Median follow‐up after MM was 70 months (range 19–100). Median survival was 80 months. Median time from KTx to MM was 72 months (range 3–204 months). The Kidney allograft failed in four patients due to monoclonal protein‐related renal disease. Five patients received chemotherapy: bortezomib (n = 3), lenalidomide (n = 2), melphalan (n = 1), thalidomide (n = 1), pomalidomide (n = 1), and high‐dose dexamethasone (n = 1). Three patients received ASCT.

Conclusion

Multiple myeloma after KTx is rare. Most patients who develop MM had MGUS prior to KTx. There is significant renal involvement in these patients. Survival is not worse when compared to MM without KTx. Further work is needed to identify the best treatment options for these patients.
The contribution of imaging in the diagnosis and treatment of axial spondyloarthritis
Authors: Baraliakos Xenofon
Published: November 2014

Background

The concept of axial Spondyloarthritis (axSpA) includes patients with non‐radiographic axSpA and ankylosing spondylitis (AS). Inflammatory and chronic/structural changes of the sacroiliac joints and the spine are pathognomonic in patients who are diagnosed with axSpA.

Materials and Methods

In the last years, the evaluation of the natural course of axSpA has been in the focus of research, especially with respect to the relationship between inflammation or postinflammatory changes [detected by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)] and bone formation (detected by conventional radiographs).

Results

Based on the analysis of spinal MRI data, development of new syndesmophytes is directly associated with the parallel occurrence of inflammatory and postinflammatory (fatty) changes in the edges of the vertebral bodies. In contrast, vertebral edges that show only inflammation but no transformation into fatty lesions show a decreased relative risk for development of new bone formation over time. An inhibitory effect on radiographic progression had not been demonstrated during the first 2 years of continuous anti‐TNFa treatment, however, very recently first studies reported a decreased rate of radiographic progression when patients were continuously treated with TNFa‐blockers for a time period of ≥4 years.

Conclusions

These data are crucial in the understanding of the long‐term clinical course of patients with axSpAin daily practice. According to these results, it becomes obvious that anti‐inflammatory treatment, especially by using tumor‐necrosis‐factor alpha (TNFa)‐blockers, has the best effect on the radiographic outcomes when it is started in anearly disease stage, where only inflammation is driving the disease activity and where structural, postinflammatory changes have not yet occurred.
A White Paper on the medical and social needs of people with epilepsy and intellectual disability: The Task Force on Intellectual Disabilities and Epilepsy of the International League Against Epilepsy
Authors: Kerr Mike , Linehan Christine , Thompson Rose , Mula Marco , Gil‐Nagal Antonio , Zuberi Sameer M. , Glynn Mike
Published: November 2014

This White Paper builds on the publication of the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE)and International Bureau for Epilepsy (IBE)report “Listening for a change—medical and social needs of people with intellectual disability who have epilepsy” (Listening for a change the medical and social needs of people with epilepsy and intellectual disability, ILAE, 2013). The Paper presents an overview of the recommendations of the report, which aim to improve the health and social care of this important population of people with epilepsy worldwide. Actions in four domains are indicated: (1) the development of standards and initiatives that would enhance diagnosis, pathways to investigation, and treatment; (2) the development of guidelines for treatment, specifically best practice in the management of antiepileptic drugs including rescue medication; (3) the development of standards for primary care, multidisciplinary teamwork, and clinical consultations, with emphasis on the need to enhance communication and improve access to information; and (4) the enhancement of links among different stakeholders including medical services, educational establishments, employment services, organizations providing opportunities for social engagement, and family members. The breadth of needs of this population is a challenge to the epilepsy world, spanning all the professional groupings, care providers, and the research modalities in epilepsy.
Conceptualizing acts and behaviours that comprise intimate partner violence: a concept map
Authors: O'Campo Patricia , Smylie Janet , Minh Anita , Omand Mairi , Cyriac Ajitha
Published: November 2014

Background

This study aims to explore the conceptualization of intimate partner violence (IPV) among men and women from diverse subpopulations in Toronto, ON, Canada. Relatively few research efforts have been made to examine differences in conceptualizations of IPV across populations of different race and ethnic backgrounds.

Methods

Using concept mapping methodology, we sampled 67 women and men identified concepts and groups of concepts (domains) that reflected their understandings of the behaviours and attitudes that comprised IPV. We also determined the relative importance of each concept and domain as a contributor to IPV.

Results

‘External and Cultural Influences’, ‘Victim Response to Abuse’ and ‘Social and Emotional Manipulation’ were a few domains that participants rated as moderately or highly important contributors to IPV. These conceptual domains are often left out of commonly used IPV measures.

Conclusions

Our findings have important implications for the conceptualization of IPV and for future IPV measurement and measurement tool development.
Breeding performance and survival in the peregrine falcon Falco peregrinus support an age‐related competence improvement hypothesis mediated via an age threshold
Authors: Zabala Jabi , Zuberogoitia Iñigo
Published: November 2014

We studied the effects of age on breeding performance and survival probability in a peregrine falcon population, using data from a long term monitoring programme (carried out over 16 yr), in which we were able to identify individual birds. We compared the breeding performance and survival of yearling breeders, first‐time adult breeders and adult breeders. We found significant differences in breeding performance but not in survival. Yearling breeders had lower breeding success than older individuals but the breeding performance of inexperienced adults did not differ from that of experienced adults. We did not find changes in terminal breeding success since peregrines in their last year of life sustained the performance levels shown in previous years although with increasing variability. We found no evidence that attempting to breed affected survival probability in any age group. We argue that differences in breeding performance are related to age, not to breeding experience, and that there is an age threshold, coincident with the development of adult plumage, after which breeding performance is not affected either by age or experience. Peregrines that start breeding as yearlings are likely to have greater lifetime reproductive success than birds entering the breeding pool as adults. Consequently, such birds may represent a set of high quality individuals. Our results support the age‐related competence improvement hypothesis as being the relevant explanation for the increase in breeding performance with age.
Histopathologic and immunohistological evaluation of anaplastic large cell lymphoma with Epstein–Barr virus in an orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus)
Authors: Bak Eun‐Jung , Jho Yeonsook , Woo Gye‐Hyeong
Published: November 2014

Background

An 18‐month‐old female orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus) died after exhibiting fever, cough, and rapid breathing.

Methods and Results

Based on serological, virological, histopathological and immunohistochemical examination, anaplastic large cell lymphoma was confirmed.

Conclusion

To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of anaplastic large cell lymphoma associated with Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) in an orangutan.
SignifyingWilliamson's Contribution to the Transaction Cost Approach: An Agent‐Based Simulation ofCoasean Transaction Costs and Specialization
Authors: Bylund Per L.
Published: November 2014

This article simulatesRonaldCoase's transaction cost approach to firm organizing using agent‐based modelling, and contextualizes and contrasts it with a division‐of‐labour/specialization view of the firm thatCoase challenged and sought to replace. The simulation tests the firm formation process based on the different implications of transaction costs and specialization as drivers of integration, focusing especially onCoase's rejection of specialization as an explanation for integration in the firm. The results show little support for, and suggest an important shortcoming to,Coase's transaction cost theory. My findings thereby indicate a potential relationship between the specialization theory andWilliamson'sTransactionCostEconomics, especially the latter's emphasis on co‐specialization through relationship‐specific investments, which helps shed light on TCE's significant influence in the theory of the firm literature.
Consensual Intercourse Resulting in an Extensive Rectovaginal Tear: An Extremely Rare Occurrence
Authors: Symeonidis Nikolaos , Ballas Konstantinos , Micha Aikaterini , Psarras Kyriakos , Pavlidis Theodoros
Published: November 2014

Introduction

Rectovaginal tears are usually associated with the insertion of foreign bodies, accidental trauma, and nonconsensual intercourse.

Aim

The aim of this study was to describe an extremely rare case of extensive rectovaginal tear as a result of consensual vaginal and anal intercourse.

Methods

A case is presented along with review of the literature.

Results

A 20-year-old woman presented with acute perineal pain and minor vaginal bleeding following consensual vaginal and anal intercourse. No insertion of sex toy or any other object was reported. Vaginal and rectal examination revealed a ruptured posterior vaginal wall with wide communication with the rectum, without involvement of the anal sphincters. Surgical treatment with primary repair of the tear and diverting colostomy was performed.

Conclusions

Although consensual intercourse is usually associated with minor genital trauma, rare but potentially serious injuries can occur. Clinicians should be aware of the possibility of such injuries because failure to identify them can lead to delayed treatment and poor outcome.
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of dermorphin in the horse
Authors: Robinson M. A. , Guan F. , McDonnell S. , Uboh C. E. , Soma L. R.
Published: November 2014

Dermorphin is a μ‐opioid receptor‐binding peptide that causes both central and peripheral effects following intravenous administration to rats, dogs, and humans and has been identified in postrace horse samples. Ten horses were intravenously and/or intramuscularly administered dermorphin (9.3 ± 1.0 μg/kg), and plasma concentration vs. time data were evaluated using compartmental and noncompartmental analyses. Data from intravenous administrations fit a 2‐compartment model best with distribution and elimination half‐lives (harmonic mean ± pseudo SD) of 0.09 ± 0.02 and 0.76 ± 0.22 h, respectively. Data from intramuscular administrations fit a noncompartmental model best with a terminal elimination half‐life of 0.68 ± 0.24 (h). Bioavailability following intramuscular administration was variable (47–100%, n = 3). The percentage of dermorphin excreted in urine was 5.0 (3.7–10.6) %. Excitation accompanied by an increased heart rate followed intravenous administration only and subsided after 5 min. A plot of the mean change in heart rate vs. the plasma concentration of dermorphin fit a hyperbolic equation (simple Emax model), and an EC50 of 21.1 ± 8.8 ng/mL was calculated. Dermorphin was detected in plasma for 12 h and in urine for 48 or 72 h following intravenous or intramuscular administration, respectively.
Single‐ and multiple dose pharmacokinetics and multiple dose pharmacodynamics of oral ABT‐116 (a TRPV1 antagonist) in dogs
Authors: Niyom S. , Mama K. R. , Gustafson D. L. , Rezende M. L.
Published: November 2014

Six dogs were used to determine single and multiple oral dose pharmacokinetics of ABT‐116. Blood was collected for subsequent analysis prior to and at 15, 30 min and 1, 2, 4, 6, 12, 18, and 24 h after administration of a single 30 mg/kg dose of ABT‐116. Results showed a half‐life of 6.9 h, kel of 0.1/h, AUC of 56.5 μg·h/mL, Tmax of 3.7 h, and Cmax of 3.8 μg/mL. Based on data from this initial phase, a dose of 10 mg/kg of ABT‐116 (no placebo control) was selected and administered to the same six dogs once daily for five consecutive days. Behavioral observations, heart rate, respiratory rate, temperature, thermal and mechanical (proximal and distal limb) nociceptive thresholds, and blood collection were performed prior to and 4, 8, and 16 h after drug administration each day. The majority of plasma concentrations were above the efficacious concentration (0.23 μg/mL previously determined for rodents) for analgesia during the 24‐h sampling period. Thermal and distal limb mechanical thresholds were increased at 4 and 8 h, and at 4, 8, and 16 h respectively, postdosing. Body temperature increased on the first day of dosing. Results suggest adequate exposure and antinociceptive effects of 10 mg/kg ABT‐116 following oral delivery in dogs.
The tactile topologies of Contagion
Authors: Dixon Deborah P , Jones John Paul
Published: November 2014

Can we reconfigure recent work on topological space, so productively brought to bear in an understanding of power in geography, to understand the spatialities of and among flesh, objects and viral life? Here we expand on topology via touch – a ‘tactile topology’ – that focuses on the material connections among mobile bodies. The engine of topological transformation thus becomes the various materials and forces that grab onto each other, interpenetrating and reassembling at various speeds and intensities, such that diverse proximities and distances, contacts and connections, are made and remade. Grounding our argument via a reading of Steven Soderbergh's 2011 film, Contagion, which tracks the virulent outbreak of a largely fatal zoonotic disease, we speculate on what a tactile topology might feel like, and in particular on what touch implies for the concept of topology.
Targeting and plasticity of mitochondrial proteins revealed by proximity-specific ribosome profiling
Authors: Williams Christopher C. , Jan Calvin H. , Weissman Jonathan S.
Published: November 2014

The wheres and whys of protein translation

Localized protein synthesis is important for a broad range of biological activities, from specifying the animal body plan to coordinating entry into the secretory pathway. Few tools are available that can investigate translation at specific subcellular sites. Jan
et al.
present a flexible ribosome profiling–based methodology to enable precise characterization of localized protein synthesis (see the Perspective by Shao and Hegde). Proximity-specific ribosome profiling provides a high-precision tool for looking at the mechanism of localized protein targeting and synthesis in living cells. The approach yielded a high-resolution systems-level view of cotranslational translocation at the endoplasmic reticulum. Williams
et al.
applied the technique to look at localized mRNA translation at the mitochondrial outer membrane.

Science
, this issue
10.1126/science.1257521
, p.
701
; see also p.
748
Reduction of aryl halides by consecutive visible light-induced electron transfer processes
Authors: Ghosh Indrajit , Ghosh Tamal , Bardagi Javier I. , König Burkhard
Published: November 2014

Doubling up on optically driven catalysis

During photosynthesis, plants absorb light from the Sun four consecutive times before they accumulate enough energy to make oxygen from water. In contrast, when chemists harness light energy to promote reactivity, they tend to rely on single discrete absorption events. Ghosh
et al.
now show that a particular dye molecule can channel the combined energy from two absorbed photons to the reduction and subsequent coupling reactions of aryl halide molecules. The method expands the reach of photocatalysis to a broader range of compounds, such as chlorides, which are too stable to breach with a single photon.

Science
, this issue p.
725
Sulfate was a trace constituent of Archean seawater
Authors: Crowe Sean A. , Paris Guillaume , Katsev Sergei , Jones CarriAyne , Kim Sang-Tae , Zerkle Aubrey L. , Nomosatryo Sulung , Fowle David A. , Adkins Jess F. , Sessions Alex L. , Farquhar James , Canfield Donald E.
Published: November 2014

Dissecting ancient microbial sulfur cycling

Before the rise of oxygen, life on Earth depended on the marine sulfur cycle. The fractionation of different sulfur isotopes provides clues to which biogeochemical cycles were active long ago (see the Perspective by Ueno). Zhelezinskaia
et al.
found negative isotope anomalies in Archean rocks from Brazil and posit that metabolic fluxes from sulfate-reducing microorganisms influenced the global sulfur cycle, including sulfur in the atmosphere. In contrast, Paris
et al.
found positive isotope anomalies in Archean sediments from South Africa, implying that the marine sulfate pool was more disconnected from atmospheric sulfur. As an analog for the Archean ocean, Crowe
et al.
measured sulfur isotope signatures in modern Lake Matano, Indonesia, and suggest that low seawater sulfate concentrations restricted early microbial activity.

Science
, this issue p.
703
, p.
742
, p.
739
; see also p.
735
Bats jamming bats: Food competition through sonar interference
Authors: Corcoran Aaron J. , Conner William E.
Published: November 2014

Competing bats jam one another's signal

Animals that live in large social colonies may benefit from many aspects of group living, but also have to contend with many of the downsides of living and foraging, with countless neighbors. Corcoran and Conner show that Mexican free-tailed bats, which live in colonies that can number in the hundreds of thousands, deal with this high level of competition for food by actively jamming competitors' echolocation. The interfering bats produce an ultrasonic signal just as the foraging bat produces its feeding call, effectively jamming the echolocation signal and causing the forager to miss its target.

Science
, this issue p.
745
Coping with low ocean sulfate
Authors: Ueno Yuichiro
Published: November 2014

Did sulfate-reducing microbes exist in the Archean ocean?

[Also see Reports by

Crowe
et al.

,

Paris
et al.

and

Zhelezinskaia
et al.

]
Delays hinder Ebola genomics
Authors: Vogel Gretchen
Published: November 2014

For months, no sequences from the virus have been released.