bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Estrogen-induced growth inhibition of human seminoma cells expressing estrogen receptor β and aromatase
Authors: Roger C , Lambard S , Bouskine A , Mograbi B , Chevallier D , Nebout M , Pointis G , Carreau S , Fenichel P
Published: August 2005

It is now well established that estrogens participate in the control of normal spermatogenesis and endogenous or environmental estrogens are involved in pathological germ cell proliferation including testicular germ cell tumors. Studying a human testicular seminoma cell line, JKT-1, we show here that 17β-estradiol (10−12 to 10−6 M) induced in vitro a significant dose-dependent decrease of cell growth. This antiproliferative effect was maximum after 4 days of exposure at a physiologically intratesticular concentration of 10−9 M, close to the Kd of ER, and reversed by ICI 182780, an ER antagonist, suggesting an ER-mediated pathway. By RT-PCR and Western blot we were able to confirm that JKT-1, like tumoral seminoma cells and normal human testicular basal germ cells, expresses estrogen receptor β (ERβ), including ERβ1 and ERβ2, a dominant negative variant, but not ERα. Using immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy, ERβ was observed as perinuclear intracytoplasmic spots in JKT-1 and tumoral seminoma cells without significant translocation of ERβ into the nucleus, under 17β-estradiol exposure. Double staining observed by confocal microscopy revealed that ERβ colocalized in JKT-1 cells with cytochrome C, a mitochondrial marker. We report for the first time the expression of a functional aromatase complex in seminoma cells as assessed by RT-PCR, Western blot and enzymatic assay. Seminoma cells are able to respond to estrogens through a possible autocrine or paracrine loop. These preliminary results support estrogen-dependency of human testicular seminoma, the most frequent tumor of young men, and suggest potential pharmacological use. Whether this estrogen control, however, involves an ERβ-mediated stimulation of cell apoptosis and/or an ERβ-mediated inhibition of cell proliferation, remains to be further determined.
The WT1 Wilms’ tumor suppressor gene product interacts with estrogen receptor-α and regulates IGF-I receptor gene transcription in breast cancer cells
Authors: Reizner Naama , Maor Sharon , Sarfstein Rive , Abramovitch Shirley , Welshons Wade V , Curran Edward M , Lee Adrian V , Werner Haim
Published: August 2005

The IGF-I receptor (IGF-IR) has an important role in breast cancer development and progression. Previous studies have suggested that the IGF-IR gene is negatively regulated by a number of transcription factors with tumor suppressor activity, including the Wilms’ tumor protein WT1. The present study was aimed at evaluating the hypothesis that IGF-IR gene transcription in breast cancer cells is under inhibitory control by WT1 and, furthermore, that the mechanism of action of WT1 involves functional and physical interactions with estrogen receptor-α (ERα). Results of transient coexpression experiments showed that all four predominant isoforms of WT1 (including or lacking alternatively spliced exons 5 and 9) repressed IGF-IR promoter activity by 39–49%. To examine the potential interplay between WT1 and ERα in control of IGF-IR gene transcription we employed ER-depleted C4 cells that were generated by clonal selection of ER-positive MCF-7 cells that were maintained in estrogen-free conditions. IGF-IR levels in C4 cells were ~43% of the values in MCF-7 cells whereas WT1 levels in C4 cells were 4.25-fold higher than in MCF-7. Triple cotransfection experiments using an ERα expression vector in the absence or presence of WT1 expression vectors, along with an IGF-IR promoter reporter plasmid, revealed that ERα stimulated IGF-IR promoter activity whereas coexpression of WT1 abrogated the effect of ERα. In addition, co-immunoprecipitation experiments demonstrated a specific association between WT1 and ERα. Combined, our results suggest that WT1 suppresses IGF-IR gene transcription in breast cancer cells via a mechanism that involves protein–protein association with ERα. As a result of this interaction, the ability of ERα to transactivate the IGF-IR promoter is abrogated. These findings are consistent with a potential tumor suppressor role for WT1 in breast cancer and suggest that WT1 inactivation in tumoral cells may result in deregulated IGF-IR gene expression and enhanced mitogenic activation by locally produced and/or circulating IGFs.
The Sp transcription factors are involved in the cellular expression of the human glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor gene and overexpressed in adrenals of patients with Cushing’s syndrome
Authors: Baldacchino Valérie , Oble Sylvie , Décarie Patrick-Olivier , Bourdeau Isabelle , Hamet Pavel , Tremblay Johanne , Lacroix André
Published: August 2005

The best characterized effect of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) is its stimulatory effect on insulin secretion by pancreatic β-cells. Recently, it was demonstrated that some cases of primary adrenal Cushing’s syndrome were secondary to the ectopic expression of non-mutated GIP receptor (GIP-R) in bilateral adrenal hyperplasias or unilateral adrenal adenomas, resulting in food-dependent steroidogenesis. Using a human multiple-expression tissue array, GIP-R was found to be expressed in a large number of human adult and fetal tissues, but not in the adrenal gland. The analysis of the promoter region of human (h) GIP-R gene revealed six consensus sequences important in regulating the reporter gene activity and capable of binding to Sp1 and Sp3 transcription factors. Data obtained by gene array and semi-quantitative RT-PCR showed an increase in the expression of Sp3 and CRSP9 (co-regulator of Sp1 transcription factor, subunit 9) in the adrenal adenomas or bilateral macronodular hyperplasias of patients with GIP-dependent Cushing’s syndrome; they were, however, also increased in some patients with non-GIP-dependent cortisol-secreting adenomas or with ACTH-dependent Cushing’s disease. This study represents the first step in our understanding of the mechanisms involved in the regulation of the expression of the hGIP-R gene.
Long-term inhibition of protein tyrosine kinase impairs electrophysiologic activity and a rapid component of exocytosis in pancreatic β-cells
Authors: Zhao Yu-Feng , Keating Damien J , Hernandez Maria , Feng Dan Dan , Zhu Yulong , Chen Chen
Published: August 2005

Dysfunction of pancreatic β-cells is a fundamental feature in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. As insulin receptor signaling occurs via protein tyrosine kinase (PTK), we investigated the role of PTK activity in the etiology of β-cell dysfunction by inhibiting PTK activity in primary cultured mouse pancreatic β-cells and INS-1 cells with genistein treatment over 24 h. Electrophysiologic recordings showed genistein treatment significantly attenuated ATP-sensitive K+ (KATP) and voltage-dependent Ca2+ currents, and depolarized the resting membrane potential in primary β-cells. When stimulated by high glucose, genistein-treated β-cells exhibited a time delay of both depolarization and Ca2+ influx, and were unable to fire action potentials, as well as displaying a reduced level of Ca2+ influx and a loss of Ca2+ oscillations. Semiquantitative PCR analysis revealed decreased expression of KATP and L-type Ca2+ channel mRNA in genistein-treated islets. PTK inhibition also significantly reduced the rapid component of secretory vesicle exocytosis, as indicated by membrane capacitance measurements, and this is likely to be due to the reduced Ca2+ current amplitude in these cells. These results illustrate that compromised PTK activity contributes to pancreatic β-cell dysfunction and may be involved in the etiology of type 2 diabetes.
Prevalence of Premature Ejaculation in Turkish Men With Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome
Authors: Gonen Murat , Kalkan Mehmet , Cenker Ali , Ozkardes Hakan
Published: August 2005

ABSTRACT: Chronic pelvic pain syndrome is a common and serious health problem affecting the quality of life in men. Limited studies exist on the relation of this condition to premature ejaculation. We evaluated prevalence rates of premature ejaculation in Turkish male patients with chronic pelvic pain syndrome and compared them with healthy control subjects. Sixty‐six men with chronic pelvic pain syndrome were included in the study (group 1). A questionnaire consisting of 2 parts—demographic data and a Turkish version of the National Institutes of Health Chronic Prostatitis Symptom index—was administered to all patients. Premature ejaculation was defined as intravaginal ejaculation latency of less than 2 minutes with the same partner for at least 6 months. All patients were evaluated with physical examinations and routine laboratory tests. If erectile dysfunction was noted from the medical history, penile Doppler ultrasonography also was performed. The results were compared with the results of 30 healthy men without urinary symptoms (group 2). The χ2 test was used for statistical analyses. Of 66 patients with chronic pelvic pain syndrome, 51 had premature ejaculation (77.3%), and in 10 (15.2%) patients, premature ejaculation and erectile dysfunction were found together. Penile Doppler ultrasonography showed no vascular pathology in patients with erectile dysfunction. The rate of premature ejaculation was higher in patients in the study group than it was in patients in the control group, and this difference was statistically significant (P < .05). Both chronic pelvic pain syndrome and premature ejaculation are common disorders, but their ethiopathogeneses are not well understood. In Turkish men with chronic pelvic pain syndrome, the incidence of psychogenic sexual problems was higher than in the normal population.
Changes in Testosterone and Dihydrotestosterone Levels in Male Rat Accessory Sex Organs, Serum, and Seminal Fluid After Castration: Establishment of a New Highly Sensitive Simultaneous Androgen Measurement Method
Authors: Kashiwagi Bunzo , Shibata Yasuhiro , Ono Yoshihiro , Suzuki Ryota , Honma Seijiro , Suzuki Kazuhiro
Published: August 2005

ABSTRACT: It is known that abnormal androgen dynamics in the tissues is a cause of androgen‐dependent disorders. Investigation of tissue androgen levels could provide a clue to the elucidation of disorders. However, it is difficult to measure a trace amount of androgen in the tissues. We established a highly sensitive simultaneous quantification method of testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT), which play the most important roles in the body among androgenic steroids in trace amounts, and investigated time course changes in testosterone and DHT levels in male accessory sex organs, serum, and seminal fluid after castration in rat models. In addition, changes in the testosterone/DHT ratio of male accessory sex organs and seminal fluid were observed. The simultaneous testosterone and DHT measurement method established by us was validated. Intra‐assay variation and interassay precision and accuracy were all within ±20%, and the quantification limits of testosterone and DHT were both 15.6 pg/g. With the use of this method, the testosterone and DHT levels in the prostate, seminal vesicles, and serum immediately after castration were similar to those previously reported. The testosterone and DHT levels were 350 pg/g and 605 pg/g, respectively; which showed dominance of DHT in seminal fluid, although it was not as marked as that in the male accessory sex organs. Androgens decreased with time after castration in the accessory sex organs, serum, and seminal fluid. In the prostate and seminal vesicles, testosterone and DHT decreased to about 50% and about 2% of the normal levels, respectively, 72 hours after castration. The serum levels were under the quantification limits 6 hours after castration and thereafter. In seminal fluid, the testosterone and DHT levels decreased to 49% and 35% of normal levels, respectively, 72 hours after castration. The testosterone/DHT ratio in the male accessory sex organs was lower in the prostate (0.06) than in the seminal vesicles (0.13) immediately after castration. In the seminal fluid, changes in the ratio were small compared with those in the accessory sex organs and serum. These results showed that our method was capable of measuring testosterone and DHT in very small amounts of samples such as prostate biopsy specimens, and it might provide a clue to the elucidation of the pathology of androgen‐dependent disorders.
Impaired Sperm Function After Spinal Cord Injury in the Rat Is Associated With Altered Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate Signaling
Authors: Wang Shulun , Wang Guichun , Barton Beverly E. , Murphy Thomas F. , Huang Hosea F. S.
Published: August 2005

ABSTRACT: Our previous observations of changes in the expression of cAMP‐dependent genes and the cAMP‐responsive element modulator (CREM) in rat testicular cells after spinal cord injury (SCI) implied abnormal cAMP signaling as one of the mechanisms underlying the effects of SCI on spermatogenesis. It was postulated that such effects might contribute to abnormal sperm function after SCI. In this study, we examined this possibility. In spinal cord‐contused (SCC) and ‐transected (SCX) rats, impaired sperm motility was accompanied by an increase in sperm cAMP content. Treatment of SCX rats with exogenous testosterone or follicle‐stimulating hormone resulted in a further decrease in sperm motility, whereas sperm cAMP either increased or remained unchanged. These effects differed from those in sham control rats that received identical treatments. Results of these experiments also demonstrated that impaired sperm motility in SCC and SCX rats was accompanied by decreases in sperm viability and mitochondrial potential, thus suggesting a possible link between these changes. We concluded that impaired sperm motility after SCI was associated with decreases in sperm viability and mitochondrial potential. These effects occurred in the face of elevated sperm cAMP content and changes in its regulation, suggesting that altered cAMP signaling events might contribute to impairment of sperm motility and perhaps other sperm functions after SCI.
The Motility of Epididymal or Testicular Spermatozoa Does Not Directly Affect IVF/ICSI Pregnancy Outcomes
Authors: Moghadam Kenneth K. , Nett Reed , Robins Jared C. , Thomas Michael A. , Awadalla Sherif G. , Scheiber Michael D. , Williams Daniel B.
Published: August 2005

ABSTRACT: Our objective was to determine whether the presence of motility in surgically obtained sperm samples improves fertilization and pregnancy rates for patients undergoing in vitro fertilization/intracytoplasmic sperm injection (IVF/ICSI). This was a retrospective study in a hospital‐based infertility center. Sixty‐seven couples with a diagnosis of azoospermia or severe oligozoospermia who had undergone a sperm retrieval procedure in conjunction with 100 IVF/ICSI cycles from 1995 to 2004 were evaluated. The impact of sperm motility on fertilization and clinical pregnancy rates was determined. The motile and nonmotile sperm groups differed in the number of mature oocytes retrieved (10.7 ± 5.8 vs 13.4 ± 6.0), but fertilization (56.7% vs 59.1%) and embryo cryopreservation rates (35.9% vs 39.3%) were statistically similar. Clinical pregnancy rates did not differ between the motile (38.5%) and nonmotile (31.2%) groups, nor did they differ between obstructive and nonobstructive patients (35.3% vs 26.7%). There was also no statistical difference in pregnancy rates between testicular and epididymal aspiration (35.3% vs 26.7%), although epididymal sperm were significantly more likely to be motile than testicular sperm (100% vs 39.3%, P < .0001). Epididymal aspiration is more likely to produce motile sperm than testicular sperm retrieval. The use of motile sperm from epididymal or testicular samples, however, does not appear to enhance fertilization or clinical pregnancy rates.
Trisomy 20q13 → 20qter in a girl with multiple congenital malformations and a recombinant chromosome 20 inherited from a paternal inversion (20)(p13q13.1): Clinical report and review of the trisomy 20q phenotype
Authors: Grange Dorothy K. , Garcia‐Heras Jaime , Kilani Ramzi A. , Lamp Stephen
Published: August 2005

We report on a patient with a rec(20)dup(20q) chromosome abnormality derived from a paternal chromosome 20 inversion [inv(20)(p13q13.1)]. The rearrangement results in a duplication of 20q13.1 to 20qter and a deletion of 20p13 to 20pter. The patient is a girl with craniofacial features and multiple congenital malformations that overlap with the abnormalities previously described in trisomy 20q syndrome. To our knowledge this is the first report of a patient with rec(20)dup 20q. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Some aspects of parent‐offspring and sibling relations in a group of rhesus monkeys, with a discussion of grooming
Authors: Sade Donald Stone
Published: August 2005

Observations of a group of rhesus monkeys living on Cayo Santiago, Puerto Rico show (1) that a rhesus female and her offspring can continue to maintain a distinct relation into the offspring's physical maturity, and (2) that the offspring often develops its strongest relations with monkeys of its own genealogy. Detailed descriptions of relations in several of the genealogies illustrate the above points. The observer identifies relations by the consistent close spacing of individual monkeys, by incidents, such as fights, and by frequency of interactions, such as grooming. Grooming behavior is described. Provisional categories of motor patterns of rhesus monkey grooming are the slide, scrape, and pick. Apparent differences in intensity of grooming may be due to differences in number of slides, scrapes, and picks per time interval, differences in the sequences of the three categories within a bout, and differences in the area covered by each movement. Sequences of slides, scrapes, and picks interrupted by other behaviors, such as scratching, make up grooming bouts. Grooming bouts occur in sequences with bouts of other behavior such as locomotion, fighting, sleeping. Grooming seems to serve a variety of functions although a common element is the relaxing effect on the participants. Monkeys both solicit grooming from others, and groom others without being solicited. Grooming sometimes placates an aggressor following a fight. Monkeys sometimes seem to anticipate aggression and forestall it by grooming the potential aggressor. The case histories of grooming relations show that each relation is unique and is always changing, at least slightly. The human family may have originated when symbolic definition and generalization was given to some such system of behavioral relations already present in populations of the ancestors of the human species.
Studies of a mammalian enzyme system for producing evolutionary evidence on man
Authors: Stone Irwin
Published: August 2005

Nearly all animals have the enzymes required for the synthesis of ascorbic acid within their bodies. Man and certain monkeys are known to have an inherited lack of one of these enzymes and are thus unable to produce this important substance. It is generally assumed that the whole order of the Primates suffer from this genetic defect but no systematic tests have been conducted to verify this assumption. These tests would not be difficult to conduct by anyone with the required animals. The evidence thus obtained could prove of value in deducing which ancestor of Man lost this important biochemical system and at what point in Time it was lost.
The contribution of the carpal bones to the assessment of skeletal age
Authors: Johnston Francis E. , Jahina Soona B.
Published: August 2005

The hand‐wrist radiographs of 64 boys and 63 girls were examined to determine the effect of the elimination of the carpal centers from those considered in estimating the skeletal age using the 1959 standards of Greulich and Pyle. The carpals were found to be a source of significant variable error in girls in repeated readings by individual observers. In addition, they lagged behind epiphyseal centers, relative to the standards. Based on these and other considerations it is recommended that they not be considered in assessing skeletal age. The presence of systematic errors within and between experienced observers casts doubt upon the accuracy of the Inspectional Technique itself in cases where precise assessments are needed.
Distribution of hereditary blood antigens among Indians in Middle America. VIII. In Panama
Authors: Albin Matson G. , Swanson Jane
Published: August 2005

Blood specimens from 240 Guaymi, 388 San Blas Cuna, and 80 Chocò Indians of Panamá have been tested for the presence of antigens in the ABO, MNSs, P, Rh‐Hr, Lutheran, Kell‐Cellano, Lewis, Duffy and Kidd blood group systems and for the Diego (Dia), Wright (Wra), and Berrens (Bea) antigens. The incidences of their phenotypes and calculated frequencies of their genes are presented in appropriate tables, and the anthropological importance of these data has been discussed.

All 708 blood samples tested were Group O. The frequency of the M gene is high in the Guaymí and San Blas Cuna ‐ as is usual for Indians ‐ but is sufficiently low (0.6313) in the Chocó to suspect racial admixture and/or inbreeding. Neither Miltenberger nor Verweyst antigens were observed.

Frequency for the R2 (cDE) chromosome is high in the San Blas Cuna and in the Chocó (0.2554 and 0.2851 respectively), but low in the Guaymí (0.1049). The predominantly Negro antigen V was not found in the Panamá Indians.

The Chocó differs from the other two populations with respect to the incidence of Le (a+b−). 22.5% of the 80 Chocó bloods examined were agglutinated by Anti‐Lea but not by Anti‐Leb serum, whereas the Guaymí and San Blas Cuna specimens lacked the Lea antigen.

Gene frequency for Jka is lower (0.2364) in the Guaymí than usually occurs in Amerinds, but the distribution of frequencies for the Kidd gene in the San Blas Cuna and Chocó is similar to that observed in other tribes in Middle America.

The Diego (Dia) antigen was found in one of 240 Guaymí, in 24 of 317 San Blas Cuna, and in three of 80 Chocó.
Genes and phenotypes in the Samaritan isolate
Authors: Bonné Batsheva
Published: August 2005

A genetic and anthropological survey of the Samaritan community in Israel carried out in the autumn of 1963 included tests for about 30 blood group antigens, several serum proteins, hemoglobin variants Glucose‐6‐Phosphate Dehydrogenase activity, secretor status, color‐blindness and some 18 anthropometric measurements and 18 morphological observations. About 90% of the total group were studied.

The results obtained show that in blood groups, the Samaritans have the highest O frequency in the Middle East, A2 is more common than A1, and there are more N genes than M. Not a single case of G6PD deficiency was found. The incidence of color‐blindness is very high (27%). There is heterogeneity in physical type and large variations between individuals are also manifested in hair and eye‐color distribution.
“Communalities” in the ossification timing of the growing foot
Authors: Garn Stanley M. , Rohmann Christabel G.
Published: August 2005

After investigating communality of ossification timing (mean intercorrelation during growth) for 24 postnatal ossification centers of the foot, it is obvious that some bony nuclei have maximum predictive value and others provide little information about the ossification status of the growing foot. Employing the ten centers of highest communality in both sexes (primarily proximal and metatarsal centers) and excluding the cuboid, lateral cuneiform and low‐ranking centers, it is possible to obtain a new center‐specific average communality in excess of 0.60. While these high‐ranking centers from the basis for a “rational” approach to skeletal assessment, low‐ranking and zero‐communality centers are of major genetic interest.
Pathology in the Darajani baboon
Authors: Bramblett Claud A.
Published: August 2005

The loss of teeth from attrition may limit the life span of free‐ranging Darajani baboons. A high frequency of fractures is presumably the result of falls that oocur in chases or flights. The pattern of broken bones emphasizes the digits, the trunk, the face, and the lower limb. Such injuries affect virtually all individuals who survive to a relatively old age. Arthritic‐like changes in the skeleton frequently occur in the vertebral column and may reduce the baboon's speed and agility in flight. They have remarkable abilities to survive severe wounds, even amputations, as long as such wounds are clean. Numerous diseases and parasites infect the animals and those who survive must cope with repeated infection. Many of these pathogens affect the individual at the same time and each reduces the likelihood of survival. The brief life expectancy of the individual magnifies the genetic contribution of older animals to the group if the individual is of suitable position in dominance and central hierarchy.
Notes on anthropometric technique: Anthropometric measurements — right and left sides
Authors: Laubach Lloyd L. , McConville John T.
Published: August 2005

In order to discover whether statistically significant differences exist between measurements taken on the right and left sides of the body, 21 such anthropometric dimensions were compared. In eight cases significant differences were found. Six of these dealt with the forelimb, in which the dimension measured on the right side was greater. Since data on handedness is lacking, we do not know whether this is related to the handedness of the subjects.
The secular trend in the diameter of the femur of American Whites and Negroes
Authors: Trotter Mildred , Peterson Roy R. , Wette Reimut
Published: August 2005

The transverse diameter of the adult femur at the level of its mid‐bicondylar length is related to length, age and year of birth in American White and Negro skeletons of both sexes of the Terry Collection. The coefficients of correlation between age at death and birth year are significant in all four sex‐race groups, as are also the regression coefficients of transverse diameter on length and on age. The regression of length on age is negative and on birth year positive, although statistically significant only in the Negro male group. The partial regression coefficients of transverse diameter on length, on age, and on birth year, each eliminating the effects of the other two variables, are significant for length, not significant for age except in the Negro male group, and significant for birth year except in the Negro male group. Thus, the statistics of three of the sex‐race groups do not support the hypothesis that transverse diameter of the femur increases with age, but rather suggest a negative secular trend; the apparent inconsistency in these findings of the Negro male group can, however, be considered insignificant from a statistical point of view.
Ancient Nubian human bone: A chemical and ultrastructural characterization including collagen
Authors: Race G. J. , Fry E. I. , Matthews J. L. , Wagner M. J. , Martin J. H. , Lynn J. A.
Published: August 2005

Human bone 14,000 years of age from the Egyptian Nubian Desert has shown ultrastructural preservation of fossilized fibers with a periodicity of 600 Å. Intact Haversian systems were retained, but hydroxyproline and nitrogen contents were negligible. The fluorine content was markedly elevated. The complex chemical process of fossilization which resulted in retention of gross and micromorphology was examined and indicated the loss of organic material with probable replacement of some hydroxyapatite by amorphous and crystalline carbonates and phosphates.
Intra‐ and inter‐tribal genetic variability in South American Indians
Authors: Salzano Francisco M.
Published: August 2005

A review was made of all studies to date concerning the genetic polymorphisms of South American Indians. The observed inter‐tribal variability was then compared with the intra‐tribal variation encountered in seven Caingang and three Xavante Indian communities. The differing pattern of genetic variability observed within these two tribes was afterwards correlated with the information available about their breeding structure.
Body‐height relative variation studied on 839 adult male samples
Authors: Schreider Eugene
Published: August 2005

In most cases (80.6%), coefficients of variation of body height fall in a narrow range, between 3 and 3.9. Averages calculated for regional, racial and national groups or for successive periods may differ significantly, nevertheless they do not exceed these limits. There is no relationship with environmental, economic and social conditions and the most probable hypothesis is that body height relative variation is stable characteristic of Homo sapiens, dependent on some genotypic traits common to all populations.
Distribution of hereditary blood groups among Indians in South America. V. In Northern Brazil
Authors: Matson G. Albin , Sutton H. Eldon , Pessoa Elba Maria , Swanson Jane , Robinson Abner
Published: August 2005

This paper reports the results of tests made for hereditary antigens in blood samples procured from Indians in northern Brazil. Specimens were procured from 423 putatively full‐blood persons of the following tribes: in the province of Roraima from 261 Macuxi, 48 Uaica, 27 Xirixano, 10 Uapixana, 9 Cacarapai and 9 Paramiteri; in Pará from 21 Assurini; and in Amapá from 38 Galibi. Erythrocyte samples were tested for factors in the A‐B‐O, M‐N‐S‐s, P, Rh‐Hr, Lutheran, Kell‐Cellano, Lewis, Duffy, Kidd and Diego systems. Serum samples were tested for haptoglobins and transferrins. Hemolysates, prepared from whole blood, were tested for hemoglobin types. The results are presented on appropriate tables as number and per cent of phenotypes for the various blood group anigens and their calculated gene frequencies. Locations from which blood samples were procured are listed in the tables and shown on a map (fig. 1).

All the 423 samples except one Macuxi belonged to group O. The Uaica tribe had a low frequency for M (0.534). All others showed the high frequency usually observed in Amerinds. The s allele was high in all except the Galibi in which the frequency was (0.500). Frequencies for P2 was higher than for P1 in all except the Assurini and Galibi, theirs was high for P1 (1.00) and low for P2 (0.00). The frequencies for R1 (CDe) and R2 (cDE) were high and all others in the Rh‐Hr system were low or absent. All specimens were positive for Cellano (k) and negative for Kell (K). There was a complete absence of Lewis (Le1), excepting in the Uaica and Xirixano in which populations Fya allele frequencies were higher than 0.500. The distribution of the Jk (a+) phenotype and corresponding ellele frequencies varied widely in Brazilian Indians as did those for Diego (a+). The haptoglobin Hp1 allele frequencies were in essential agreement with those reported elsewhere for Indians in South America, and all transferrins determined were classified as Tf C. All samples tested for homoglobin types contained homoglobin (A) as a major component, but five members of the Galibi tribe possessed hemoglobin (S) as well.
Asymmetry in East African skulls
Authors: Gundara Narindar , Zivanovic Srboljub
Published: August 2005

Skulls from 297 East Africans were examined in relation to their symmetry; 98% were found to be asymmetrical. The most common types of asymmetry were right fronto‐petalia, left parieto‐petalia, and left occipito‐petalia (21.2%). No significant differences were found among the East African populations. Sixteen per cent of the skulls had wormian bones, all of which were found in asymmetrical skulls. The problem of asymmetry of skulls is discussed and the literature on the subject reviewed.
Hemoglobin types of Brazilian Indians
Authors: Salzano F. M. , Tondo C. V.
Published: August 2005

Starch gel and paper electrophoresis determinations were performed in the bloods of 532 Indians and 123 Mestizos. The individuals tested belong to the Aweikoma, Caingang, Guarani, Xavante and Cayapo tribes and live in several places in Southern, Central and Northern Brazil. No abnormal types were observed in the putatively “pure blood” individuals; among the Mestizos only one AS person was found. Data concerning the hemoglobin types of Indians living in eight other South American countries are also reviewed.
Study of blood groups, ABH secretors and hemoglobin variants in three upper castes of West Bengal, India
Authors: Chaudhuri S. , Mukherjee B. , Ghosh J. , Roychoudhury A. K.
Published: August 2005

In a serological survey it is found that the Brahmins, Kayasthas and Vaidyas, the three upper castes of Bengalis in West Bengal, cannot be differentiated satisfactorily with respect to ABO blood groups. The Brahmins and Kayasthas differ only slightly in the chromosome frequencies of RH blood groups.

The difference in allele frequency for the secretor gene between the Brahmins and Kayasthas is negligible, but there is a marked decrease in frequency in the Vaidyas. In general, incidence of abnormal HbE among Bengalis is very low.
Light intensity and sexual maturity
Authors: Williams B. J.
Published: August 2005

There are confirmable clines, by latitude, of melanin concentration in pigmentation for man as well as other mammals and birds. This has been suggested to be, in man, a result of the importance of vitamin D synthesis which can be inhibited by darker skins in higher latitudes. Experiments on mice suggest that another mechanism may be operative; greater photic stimulation of the pineal lowers the age at first estrus and may confer a reproductive advantage in this way.
Brain‐size, grey matter and race —fact or fiction?
Authors: Tobias Phillip V.
Published: August 2005

A critical review is given of those factors which may be accompanied by variations in brain weight, viz. sex, body size, age of death, nutritional state in early life, source of the sample, occupational group, cause of death, lapse of time after death, temperature after death, anatomical level of severance, presence or absence of cerebrospinal fluid, of meninges, and of blood‐vessels. Valid comparisons between the brain‐weight of human populations should take all, or several, of these variables into account; however, published studies have not done so, despite claims to the contrary. The ideal sample is from subjects who have died suddenly without prior disease: while three such samples are on record for Europeans, none has been recorded for Negroes. The brain‐weight of healthy Negroes is not known. Most published interracial comparisons are invalid. The histological, chemical and functional counterparts of big and small brains in modern man are not known. Published interracial comparisons of thickness of the cerebral cortex and, particularly, of its supragranular layer, are technically invalid: there is no acceptable proof that the cortex of Negroes is thinner in whole, or in any layer, than that of Europeans. It is concluded that vast claims have been based on insubstantial evidence.
The fluoric origin of the bone lesion in the Pithecanthropus erectus femur
Authors: Soriano M.
Published: August 2005

The femur of a patient autopsied 11 years ago is presented in which an osteophyte comparable to the one of the Pithecanthropus Erectus femur can be observed. Their analogous anatomopathological disposition is due to the fact that both are caused by the ossification of the tendinous insertion of the adductors of the thigh. The orifices they both present correspond to the channel of the perforating arteries which normally pierce them. This type of osteophyte is only present as a result of bone fluorosis. The autopsied patient presents a bone fluorosis of the Periostitis deformans' type, as described by the author in 1952. The femur of the Pithecanthropus was found by Eugene Dubois in some geological strata composed mainly of volcanic ash. In the Pithecanthropus, the fluoric intoxication came from the ingestion of fruits and plants impregnated with the fluorine filled volcanic ash. This volcanic fluorisis, known as Gaddur, is now seen among animals living on the volcanic region of Iceland. For these reasons we assume that the Pithecanthropus erectus suffered a bone fluorosis of the type of the Periostitis deformans, which would be the first disease known in man.
The Seminole Indians of Florida: Morphology and serology
Authors: Pollitzer William S. , Rucknagel Donald , Tashian Richard , Shreffler Donald C. , Leyshon Webster C. , Namboodiri Kadambari , Elston Robert C.
Published: August 2005

The Seminole Indians of Florida were studied on their three reservations for blood types, red cell enzymes, serum proteins, physical measurements, and relationships. Both serologic and morphologic factors suggest their close similarity to other Indians and small amount of admixture. The Florida Seminoles are similar to Cherokee “full‐bloods” in their absence of Rho and their incidence of O and M. In the presence of Dia they are similar to other Indians, especially those of South America. While the presence of G‐6‐P‐D A and the frequency of Hgb. S are indicative of Negro ancestry, the absence of Rho suggests that the Negro contribution must have been small. Physical traits give parallel results. Both serology and morphology further show that the Seminoles of the Dania and Big Cypress reservations are more similar to each other than to those of the Brighton reservation, in keeping with their history.
Comparison of genetic and anthropological interpretations of population isolates in Aguacatenango, Chiapas, Mexico
Authors: Erickson Robert P. , Nerlove Sara , Creger William P. , Romney A. Kimball
Published: August 2005

Intensive demographic and genetic studies were made of Aguacatenango, a partial isolate population in Chiapas, Mexico. The census showed higher rates of birth than mortality, with a stable population maintained by emigration. Complete enumeration showed many discrepancies between the ideal and actual mating patterns. Though ideally an endogamous town, many marriages were to outsiders. Also many occurred between the two allegedly endogamous barrios of the town. Blood group determinations on a third of the population provided a second description of the isolate. This description suggested that although the population is nearly a homogeneous genetic unit, the elder residents of one barrio show genetic differences from those of the other. That the barrios might have indeed been genetic isolates was further suggested by a better fit to Hardy‐Weinberg equilibria for each barrio separately than for the isolate as a whole. These blood group data were compared to blood group data on one other isolate in the region revealing marked gene frequency differences. It is suggested that similar studies are needed on many populations if the effects of particular population structures on gene drift and selection are to be elucidated.
Origin of the human hand
Authors: Marzke Mary Walpole
Published: August 2005

A means of determining the phylogenetic implications of similarities between the hands of man and non‐human primates is proposed. The only traits shared by man and non‐human primates accepted as evidence of our ancestral hand structure and functions are those which are incompatible or out of keeping with current behavior of the human hand. They may be assumed to remain only as relics of adaptations to former habits of locomotion and feeding. The relics found through this analysis are all traits that are present in the apes (some of them only in African apes) and probably related to functions of the hand in suspension of the body, fist‐walking, and knuckle‐walking. The presence of these traits in man implies that human ancestors similarly used the hand to suspend the body in the trees and to support it on the back of the flexed fingers.
Torus mandibularis in two Northwest Territories villages
Authors: Mayhall John T. , Mayhall Melinda F.
Published: August 2005

A study of 433 Canadian Eskimos from the villages of Igloolik and Hall Beach, Northwest Territories, revealed an incidence of torus mandibularis of 39.7% in Igloolik and 37.3% in Hall Beach. No statistically significant differences in size or incidence were noted in a comparison of males and females of the two communities. Further, there were no significant differences in the expression and incidence of the torus between the two villages. The incidences noted in these two communities were comparable with the incidences reported for other Eskimos subsisting upon an essentially aboriginal diet but were higher than those previously published for the Wainwright, Alaska, Eskimos who appear to be more acculturated. Studies within the villages indicate that those individuals ingesting a predominately European diet display reduced incidence of the torus when compared with those individuals on a more aboriginal diet.
Analysis of contingency table data on torus mandibularis using a log linear model
Authors: Muller T. P. , Mayhall John T.
Published: August 2005

The hypothesized sexual difference in the incidence of torus mandibularis in Eskimoid groups, as well as age and group differences, was studied in two Northwest Territories Eskimo groups and in an Aleut group (examined by Moorrees). The data were analyzed using statistical methods new to the field of anthropology. The method analyzes data sampled from a multinomial distribution. A hierarchy of log linear models are fitted to the cell counts of a contingency table. An iterative proportional fitting procedure is used to obtain expected cell counts under each log linear model. The “goodness of fit” of each model is tested by the log likelihood ratio. This statistic can be partitioned into additive components such that differences between models can be tested. In this way a “best” model, from the hierarchy of models, is chosen. Among these three groups of Eskimos, the incidence of torus mandibularis was not affected by sex but was affected by age and was different between the three groups.
Analysis of palm dermatoglyphics in Taiwan indigenous populations
Authors: Chai C. K.
Published: August 2005

An analysis of a‐b and a‐d palm ridge counts was made from samples of people in eight indigenous Taiwan populations. Differences between hands, sexes, and populations were all significant. Bimanual differences for both counts were large, and right hand counts were consistently smaller than those for the left hand in all the populations. This is believed to be a consequence of the evolution of development, reflecting some inborn bilateral differences in function and anatomy. Sex differences, although small, were noticed. Variations between populations, ranging from approximately 7 to 19% of the total, were assumed to be genetic. The population relationships, based on dermatoglyphics, partially resembled those based on anthropometric measurements; and some aspects of their evolutionary significance were discussed.
Maturation disparity between hand‐wrist bones in Hong Kong Chinese children
Authors: Lee Marjorie M. C.
Published: August 2005

The hand‐wrist radiographs of 571 Chinese boys and girls from Hong Kong, 2 months to 17 years old, were assessed center‐by‐center according to the Greulich‐Pyle Atlas. For each child the mean skeletal ages (SA) of six bone groups with each group consisting of bones from the same rows, were recorded. The overall SA was also obtained as the arithmetic mean of all centers.

Maturation disparity between the various bone groups was demonstrated with the two proximal rows (distal radio‐ulna, carpals) more retarded, the two distal rows (middle and distal phalanges) less retarded, and the two middle rows (metacarpals, proximal phalanges) intermediate in maturity. This disparity was especially pronounced during the childhood period and was more marked in boys. Recording SA of separate bone groups in addition to the overall SA was recommended in the presence of significant maturation disparity.

The comparison of the present results with the ossification ages of the various hand‐wrist centers in the same group of children determined in a previous study (Lee et al., '68) revealed that the less retarded hand epiphyses of the distal rows had precocious ossification timing, while the more retarded centers of the proximal rows around the wrist had delayed ossification timing relative to the American white children.
The anthropometric determination of body composition among the Peruvian Cashinahua
Authors: Johnston Francis E. , Gindhart Patricia S. , Jantz Richard L. , Kensinger Kenneth M. , Walker Geoffrey F.
Published: August 2005

The morphology and body composition of the Peruvian Cashinahua, a small unacculturated rain forest population numbering 206, has been analyzed. Measurements involve anthropometry, including skinfolds, and endosteal and periosteal breadths of the second metacarpals, taken from 135 handwrist radiographs. The analysis indicates that the Cashinahua are short and relatively heavy at all ages, and are morphologically similar to other comparable populations. The relatively high skinfolds suggest an adequate caloric intake and, when considered along with other studies, lead to the conclusion that these marginal, unacculturated farming groups are in a satisfactory state of nutritional adaptation. Increased contacts with outsiders may very well upset this balance, however.
Analysis of triquetral‐lunate fusion
Authors: Garn Stanley M. , Frisancho A. Roberto , Poznanski Andrew K. , Schweitzer Judy , McCann Mary B.
Published: August 2005

Fusion of the centers of the triquetral and lunate (the os lunato‐triquetrum) was observed in 1.6% of 7,543 subjects primarily of African origin as compared with 0.1% of 11,663 persons of European origin. The fusion was twice as common in females as in males, multifactorial inheritance was suggested in the lineages studied, and a possible selective disadvantage was postulated after comparison with West African fusion frequencies.
Germ cell chimerism in male marmosets
Authors: Hampton Suzanne H.
Published: August 2005

Marmosets normally produce biovular twins which are connected, via placental vascular anastomoses, as early as pre‐somite stages of development. These anastomoses allow the exchange of lymphoid and hematopoietic tissue, as demonstrated by karyotype analysis in heterosexual twins. Because germ cells are also motile during development, i.e., they migrate from the yolk sac endodermal epithelium to the germinal ridges, the possibility exists that germ cells could also be exchanged between heterosexual twins. Testicular squash preparations were examined from 22 adult male marmosets of several species. During the diakinesis stage of meiotic prophase the XY chromosome pair was distinct. Spermatocytes which lacked the conspicuous end‐to‐end association of the XY pair were considered to have originated from germ cells with an XX sex chromosome constitution. In approximately half the animals examined, all diakinesis figures contained an end‐to‐end XY pair. In the remaining animals, primary spermatocytes were seen that clearly did not contain an endto‐end XY pair. The largest number of such XX primary spermatocytes in any one animal was 21% (9 of 43 cells examined). The effects of germ cell chimerism on the sex ratio of offspring was also investigated.
Craniofacial biology: Animal surgical experimentation and clinical practice
Authors: Sarnat Bernard G.
Published: August 2005

Studies are presented on the growth of the mandible in the pig, growth of the frontonasal suture and snout in the rabbit, and the development of the face and jaws in a human patient with anodontia. Growth of the snout after extirpation of the frontonasal suture is contrasted with its growth following resection of the cartilaginous nasal septum. The results of the studies have clinical applications in surgery and dentistry.