bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Weed management in rabi groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) for Konkan region of Maharashtra
Authors: V.V. SAGVEKAR  , B.D. WAGHMODE  , A.P. CHAVAN  , U.V. MAHADKAR
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted at Agricultural Research Station, Shirgaon, Tal. Dist. Ratnagiri (MS) on the lateritic soil during rabi 2009-12 to evaluate post emergence herbicides in rabi groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). The experiment comprised of twelve treatments of weed control replicated thrice in Randomized Block Design (RBD). The various weeds observed in groundnut field during rabi season were Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scoup, Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn., Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) Beauv. and Cyperus difformis (L.) among the narrow leaved weeds were more rampart. The broad leaved weeds like Leucas aspera Spreng., Cleome viscose (L.), Amaranthus viridis (L.), Euphorbia hirta (L.), Eclipta prostrate (L.), Physalis minima (L.), Alternenthera sessils (L.), and Convolvulus arvensis (L.) marked their presence in good numbers. Post emergence application of quizalofop- p-ethyl @ 50 g a.i./ha along with pre emergence pendimethalin @ 1.0 kg a.i./ha gave significantly lower total weed density (52.1/m2), weed dry weight (12.1g/m2) and higher weed control efficiency (91.3%), which was at par with post emergence application of imazethapyr @ 75 g a.i./ha along with pre emergence application of pendimethalin @ 1.0 kg a.i./ha. Application of quizalofop-p-ethyl @ 50 g a.i./ha as a post emergence along with pre emergence application of pendimethalin @ 1 kg a.i./ha significantly increased the pod yield, haulm yield and kernel yields (2.57, 2.83 and 1.90 t/ha, respectively) and was at par with post-emergence application of imazethapyr @ 75 g a.i./ha in groundnut. Highest net returns ( 29,700/ha) and benefit: cost ratio (1:1.68) were obtained with application of pre-emergence application of pendimethalin @ 1 kg a.i./ha along with one hand weed- ing at 30 to 35 DAS followed by combination of pre-emergence application of pendimethalin with quizalofop-p- ethyl @ 50 g a.i./ha ( 26,551/ha and 1:1.55, respectively) and with imazethapyr @75g a.i./ ha ( 23,499/ha and 1:1.47, respectively).
Performance of early-maturing sugarcane (Saccharum spp. hybrids complex) genotypes grown with and without organics in sub-tropical India
Authors: A.K. SINGH  , R.L. YADAV  , A.D. PATHAK  , ARCHNA SUMAN
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the spring seasons of 200708 and 200809 at Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, to identify maximum nitrogen-use efficiency of early-maturing sugarcane (Saccharum spp. hybrids com- plex) genotypes for higher productivity with low-input supply. The experimental treatment consisted of 8 early-ma- turing genotypes, viz. CoS 95270, CoS 96258, CoH 92201, BO 130, CoS 96268, CoPt 98224, BO 128 and CoLk 94184. The genotypes were planted in furrows during the spring season (in February) along with 4 nitrogen levels, viz. control, 150 kg N/ha, farm yard manure (FYM) @ 10 t/ha and 150 kg N/ha + FYM@ 10 t/ha. The high- est nitrogen-use efficiency (NUE) was observed with CoLk 94184 (260.9 kg cane/kg N applied) at 150 kg N appli- cation. The genotype CoLk 94184 grown with 150 kg N + 10 t FYM yielded 66.1 t/ha followed by BO 128. Signifi- cant variation in the germination percentage of different genotypes was observed. The highest germination (%) was noticed in CoLk 94184 followed by CoS 96258. Significantly highest number of millable canes (133.7 thou- sand/ha) were observed in genotype CoLk 94184. Increase in number of millable canes was recorded with the application of nitrogen and its fortification with organic matter (FYM). In general, the productivity of sugarcane en- hanced at 150 kg + 10 t FYM/ha as compared to 150 kg N/ha alone. The genotypes CoS 95270, CoLk 94184, CoS 96258, CoS 96268, CoH 92201 and BO 130 recorded significantly higher and at par commercial cane sugar. However, CoLk 94184 gave significantly highest sugar yield (8.35 t/ha), which was statistically at par with those produced by CoS 95270, CoS 96268 and BO 128. The sugar yield was enhanced with application of N along with FYM. The higher root volume (71.9 cc) and root length (33.1 cm) were recorded by the genotype CoLk 94184 however BO 128 blessed with higher root spread.
Effect of fertility levels on productivity and sustainability of sugarcane (Saccharum spp. hybrid complex) varieties under various planting seasons in clay loam soil of south-east Rajasthan
Authors: BHAWANI SHANKAR
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted from 200809 to 201011 at Agricultural Research Station, Kota, to find out suitable sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) varieties (CoPK 05191, CoPK 05192 and Co 05011) for different planting season (spring and summer) under 3 levels of recommended dose of NPK (150:45:30, 200:60:40 and 250:75:50 kg/ha), laid out in randomized block design with 3 replications. The variety CoPK 05191 recorded the highest number of millable cane (99,400 and 85,050/ha), cane yield (81.20 and 65.43 t/ha), commercial cane sugar (9.82 and 8.45 t/ha), pol % juice (18.4 and 18.5) across the seasons, hence it could be adopted in the region for optimiz- ing sugar productivity and regulating crushing schedule at factory level. The results also revealed that yield at- tributes, viz. number of millable cane (95,650 and 83,310/ha), single cane weight (885 and 905.5 g), cane yield (75.90 and 63.90 t/ha), pol % juice (18.1 and 17.7), CCS (10.08 and 8.60 t/ha) and net profit ( 88,680/ha) were significantly influence due to increasing levels of fertilizers up to 200:60:40 kg NPK/ha over 75% RDF of NPK (150:45:30 kg/ha) and at par with 125% RDF of NPK (250:75:50 kg/ha) in spring and summer season respec- tively. Nutrient uptake followed the similar trend as the yield attributes and cane yield in different fertility levels. Thus, the results indicated that fertility level of 200:60:40 kg NPK/ha was found optimum for improving yield at- tributes, cane yield and juice quality of sugarcane variety CoPK 05191 for spring as well as summer planting.
Effect of tuber planting depth on yield, quality and profitability of potato (Solanum tuberosum) processing varieties
Authors: P. KUMAR  , SUKHWINDER SINGH  , RAJEEV KUMAR  , S. RAWAL  , B.P. SINGH
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during 200910 and 201011 at Central Potato Research Institute, Regional Station, Modipuram, Uttar Pradesh, to evaluate the effect of 3 planting depths (10, 15 and 20 cm) on 2 potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) processing varieties, Kufri Frysona and Kufri Chipsona 1. In both the processing vari- eties, final plant emergence and growth traits (plant height, stem and leaf number/plant) decreased significantly at 20 cm depth of planting. Increase in tuber planting depth increased the depth of tuber setting. Kufri Frysona tu- bers were found little deeper (by 1 cm) than Kufri Chipsona 1. Maximum processing grade (French fry and chip grade) and total tuber number were realized at 10 cm planting depth. The lowest number and yield of green tuber recorded at 20 cm depth of planting. The maximum french fry-grade tuber yield was recorded at 10 cm depth of planting in cv. Kufri Frysona, whereas it was the highest at 15 cm planting depth in Kufri Chipsona 1; however, total tuber yield was the maximum at 10 cm depth of planting in both the varieties. Total tuber yield was signifi- cantly higher in Kufri Frysona than Kufri Chipsona 1 at 10 cm planting depth only. Highest net returns and ben- efit: cost ratio were recorded at 10 cm planting depth and decreased with the increase in planting depth. Similarly, Kufri Frysona recorded higher net returns and benefit: cost ratio than Kufri Chipsona 1, under shallower depths of planting (10 cm and 15 cm). French fry colour was observed best at 10 cm seed tuber depth of planting. Me- dium size (5060 g) seed tuber of processing varieties, Kufri Chipsona 1 and Kufri Frysona may be planted at 10 cm depth of planting for realizing higher processing grade (French fry + chip grade) and total tuber yields, maxi- mum net returns and benefit: cost ratio along with best fry quality.
Effect of nutrient-and moisture-management practices on crop productivity, water-use efficiency and energy dynamics in rainfed maize (Zea mays) + soybean (Glycine max) intercropping system
Authors: ADARSH KUMAR  , K.S. RANA  , D.S. RANA  , R.S. BANA  , ANIL K. CHOUDHARY  , VIJAY POONIYA
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the rainy season of 2012 at New Delhi, to study the effect of cropping systems, nutrient-and moisture-management practices on productivity and water-use efficiency (WUE) of maize (Zea mays L.) + soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] intercropping system under rainfed conditions. Treatment com- prised 2 cropping systems (maize sole and paired row planting maize + soybean) and 2 moisture-management practices (control and Kaolin 6% + organic mulch) in main plots, and 4 nutrient levels, viz. control, 50% recom- mended dose of fertilizer (RDF) + 50% recommended dose of nitrogen (RDN) through FYM, 50% RDF + 50% RDN through vermicompost and 100% RDF in subplots of splitplot design. However, maize-equivalent yield (3.47 t/ha) was the highest under paired row planting maize + soybean. The 100% RDF registered significantly higher grain yield (2.99 t/ha) of maize over control (2.03 t/ha) and 50% RDF+ 50% RDN through FYM (2.74 t/ha), 50% RDF+ 50% RDN through vermicompost (2.85 t/ha). Paired-row planted maize + soybean also registered more consumptive use (CU) of water (331.7 mm) than sole maize (324.6 mm). Moisture-conservation practices showed considerable variation in CU. Maximum water-use efficiency (WUE) was recorded with Kaolin 6% + or- ganic mulch. Fertility levels also influenced the CU with highest value with100% RDF (330 mm) followed by 50% RDF + 50% RDN through vermicompost (329.1 mm). Significantly higher WUE was observed under paired row planted maize + soybean (10.9 kg/hamm). Cropping systems altered the soil-moisture extraction pattern in all the 3 layers (015, 1530 and 3045 cm). Energy output, energy input and energy-use efficiency was higher in paired-row planted maize + soybean, Kaolin 6% + organic mulch and 100% RDF than their respective counter- parts.
Effect of herbicides and cultural practices for effective weed management in soybean (Glycine max)
Authors: HEMKANTI PURENA  , RAJENDRA LAKPALE  , CHANDRASEKHAR KHARE  , ANJALI GHRITLAHARE
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during rainy season (kharif) of 2007 at Research Farm of Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur to find out the effective measure of weed control with combination of herbicides and cultural practices in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merril]. Application of fluchloralin @ 1,000 g/ha PPI + hand weeding at 40 DAS resulted in the lowest weed dry-matter and maximum weed control efficiency followed by hand-weeding twice at 20 and 40 days after sowing. This treatment also recorded the highest seed yield of soy- bean.
Influence of AM fungi and inorganic phosphorus levels on growth, green pod yield and profitability of pea (Pisum sativum) in Himalayan acid Alfisol
Authors: ARTI YADAV  , V.K. SURI  , ANIL KUMAR  , ANIL K. CHOUDHARY
Published: December 2023

Present investigation was carried out during winter season of 201011 at Palampur, Himachal Pradesh in gar- den pea (Pisum sativum L.) with the broad aim of assessing its productivity and profitability following integrated use of AM fungi (AMF) and inorganic P at varying irrigation regimes in Himalayan acid Alfisol. At 120 DAS, AMF imbedded treatments exhibited an increase in plant height and LAI to the tune of 7.4 and 2.3%, respectively over nonAMF treatments. Green pod yield, net returns, benefit: cost ratio got enhanced by 6.5, 12.7, 9.2%, while pro- duction and monetary efficiencies increased by 3.1 and 10.8% following AMF inoculation over nonAMF treat- ments respectively. Increase in inorganic P levels from 50 to 100% at both irrigation regimes with or without AMF, led to increase in plant height, LAI, green pod yield, net returns and B: C ratio in pea; however, irrigation regime of IW/CPE showed its superiority over IW/CPE . AMF + 75% P at both irrigation regimes produced pod yield and 1.0 0.6 net returns statistically similar to 100% generalized recommended P dose (GRD), thus, indicating a net saving of about 25% in fertilizer P. Overall, integrated use of AM fungi and 75% soiltest based P dose at both irrigation re- gimes led to enhanced productivity and profitability besides economizing fertilizer P dose by about 25% in acid Alfisol conditions.
Diversification of rice (Oryza sativa)-based cropping systems for higher production efficiency, water productivity and economic viability in Madhya Pradesh
Authors: M.S. SHAH  , NIDHI VERMA  , S.K. VISHWKARMA
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during 200607 to 201011 on diversification of rice (Oryza sativa L.)-based cropping systems under irrigated situations involving different crops, to study production efficiency and water pro- ductivity. The soil was clay loam in texture, slightly alkaline in reaction (pH 7.5 kg/ha), medium in organic carbon (0.66%) and available N (312 kg/ha) and low in available phosphorous (9.4 kg/ha) and high in available in potas- sium. The treatments consisted with 12-crop sequences which were evaluated in randomized block design with 4 replications. Hybrid rice JRH 5gobhi sarson (Brassica napus L.)okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) system re- corded maximum production efficiency (53.81 kg/ha/day), rice-equivalent yield (18.83 t/ha/year) and water produc- tivity (410.74 kg/ha/cm) followed by scented riceberseem (Trifolium alexandrinum L.) fodder + seed system (47.42 kg/ha/day, 14.56 t/ha/year, 140.11 kg/ha/cm), and the pre-dominant cropping systems of the region, i.e. ricewheat [Triticum aestivum (L.) emend. Fiori & Paol.] and ricechickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) (45.50 kg/ha/day, 11.69 t/ha/year and 15.57 kg/ha/cm; and 45.54 kg/ha/day, 11.15 t/ha/year) and (213.51 kg/ha/cm respectively). The lowest production efficiency, rice-equivalent yield and water productivity were recorded by hybrid rice JRH 5garlic (Zingiber officinali Ros.)sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench.] + cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] 4:2 (28.66 kg/ha/day, 9.23 t/ha/year and 125.92 kg/ha/cm). The highest net returns of ( 1,24,238/ha/year) were realized from hybrid rice JRH 5gobhi sarsonokra and followed by hybrid ricepotato (Solanum tuberosum L.)groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) ( 87,854/ha/year) system. Intervension of improved varieties and hybrids in rice-based cropping systems such as hybrid rice in rice based cropping system JRH 5gobhi sarsonokra, JRH 5potatogroundnut, hybrid rice JRH 5gobhi sarsongroundnut Jyoti + maize JM 12 4:2 row, rice Kranti chickpea JG 322, rice Pro Agro 6444onion Pusa Redgreen gram Pusa Vishal, rice Pro Agro 6444mari- gold African Giantmaize JM 12 cob + fodder or rice Sugandha 5berseem JB 5 fodder + seed resulted in higher rice-equivalent yield, gross returns, net returns, production efficiency and benefit: cost ratio over pre-domi- nant systems of region.
Diversification and intensification of maize (Zea mays)wheat (Triticum aestivum) cropping system for sustainable productivity and profitability
Authors: N.K. JAIN  , HARI SINGH  , L.N. DASHORA  , S.L. MUNDRA
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was carried out on farmers fields in 2 tehsils, namely Salumber and Sarada of Udaipur dis- trict situated in Humid Southern Plain Zone of Rajasthan (IVb) from rainy season (kharif) 2007 to summer 2011, to study diversification and intensification of maize (Zea mays L.)wheat [Triticum aestivum (L.) emend. Fiori & Paol.] cropping system for sustainable productivity and profitability. The experiment, consisting of 5 cropping systems, viz. maizewheat, maizewheatgreengram [Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek], maize + blackgram [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper] (2:2)wheatokra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench], clusterbean [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taubert]wheatgreengram and clusterbeanwheatokra, was laid out in randomized block design considering every farmer (12) as replication. Maize + blackgram (2:2)wheatokra cropping system recorded the highest maizegrain-equivalent yield (26.13 t/ha), gross returns ( 263.2 103/ha), net returns ( 205.8 103/ha), land-use efficiency (88.2%), production efficiency (81.1 kg/ha/day), sustainable yield index (0.57), sustainable value index (0.46), relative productivity efficiency (202.8%), relative economic efficiency (205.0%) and total calorific value (117.3 103 MJ/ha). However, benefit: cost ratio (5.10:1) and monetary efficiency ( 647.2/ha/day) were the high- est in clusterbeanwheatokra. Maize + blackgram (2:2)wheatokra recorded the highest total input energy (52.7 103 MJ/ha), while maizewheatgreengram cropping system produced the highest output energy (301.8 103 MJ/ha). On the other hand, the maximum values of energy-use efficiency (7.52), energy-output efficiency (1150.2 MJ/ha/day), energy intensiveness (9.49 MJ/ ) and specific energy (4.13 MJ/kg) were found in maizewheat crop- ping system, while energy productivity in clusterbeanwheatokra cropping system (581.9 g/MJ).
Performance of baby corn (Zea mays) under different fertility levels and planting methods and its residual effect on sorghum (Sorghum bicolor)
Authors: MARWAN MANEA  , AVIJIT SEN  , ASHOK KUMAR  , PRAVIN KUMAR UPADHYAY  , YASHWANT SINGH  , VINOD KUMAR SRIVASTAVA  , RAM KUMAR SINGH
Published: December 2023

A field trial was conducted at Varanasi during 201011 and 201112, to study the effect of fertility levels and planting methods on growth, yield, nutrient uptake and economics of baby corn (Zea mays L.) and its residual bio- mass incorporation effect on sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]. The experiment was carried out in a spilt- plot design with 4 replications. The main plots were allocated with fertility levels F (no fertilizer as control), F (75, 0 1 19.64, 37.35, 20 and 5), F (150, 39.28, 74.71, 40 and 10) and F (225, 46.76, 112.06, 60 and 15) kg/ha of N, P, K, 2 3 S and Zn and sub-plots with combinations of 2 planting methods (flat bed and raised bed) and 2 varieties viz; (Pro-Agro 4212 and Sweet Corn Sugar 75). Application of 225, 46.76, 112.06, 60 and 15 kg/ha of N, P, K, S and Zn fertility level significantly increased plant growth, yield, yield attributes and nutrient removal over rest of the treatments. Overall, this particular fertility level registered 55.0% more yield (without husk) than control. Among the sub-plot treatments raised bed planting recorded the highest plant height, leaf-area Index, dry-matter production, nutrient removal and registered 12.5% more baby corn yield (without husk) than flat bed, while Pro-Agro 4212 also recorded the same and registered 18.8% more baby corn yield (without husk) than Sweet Corn Sugar 75. Further, 225, 46.76, 112.06, 60 and 15 kg/ha fertility levels applied to previous crop increased the sorghum grain yield by (33.3%) over the control.
Growth, yield and quality of Bt cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) as influenced by different intercropping systems and nitrogen levels
Authors: ANGREJ SINGH  , THAKAR SINGH
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the rainy (kharif) season of 2010 and 2011 at Ludhiana, Punjab to study the effect of intercrops and different levels of recommended dose of nitrogen (RDN). Applied to intercrops on growth, yield and quality of hybrid Bt cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). The main plot treatments comprised Bt cotton intercropped with fodder maize (Zea mays L., Saccharata), fodder cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.], summer mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek], pearlmillet fodder [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br. emend. Stuntz] and long melon [Cucumis melo L. var. utilissiumus Duth. & Full.] and subplot treatments consisted of 5 levels (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100%) of recommended dose of nitrogen applied to intercrops on area basis. The maximum seed- cotton equivalent yield recorded under Bt cotton + fodder maize intercropping system (2.61 t/ha) was 10.6, 17.6, 27.3 and 39.6% higher than Bt cotton + fodder cowpea, Bt cotton + summer mungbean, Bt cotton + long melon and Bt cotton + fodder pearlmillet, respectively. The maximum net returns of 49,085 and benefit: cost ratio 2.33 obtained from Bt cotton + fodder maize intercropping system were statistically at par that obtained with Bt cotton + fodder cowpea ( 41,545 and benefit: cost ratio 2.12) but significantly higher than all the other intercropping sys- tems. The application of 50% recommended dose of nitrogen to intercrops resulted in 7.0 and 12.4% increase in seed-cotton and seed-cotton equivalent yield as compared to no fertilizer application to intercrops. In all the inter- cropping systems except Bt cotton + long melon, application of full dose of nitrogen to Bt cotton and 50% of the RDN to intercrops proved beneficial for getting higher seed-cotton equivalent yield and economic returns.
Evaluation of rice (Oryza sativa) under double transplanting in rainfed lowland rice ecosystem of Asom
Authors: B.S. SATAPATHY  , T. SINGH  , K.B. PUN  , S.K. RAUTARAY
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the rainy (kharif) season of 2011 and 2012 at Gerua, Hajo, Asom to assess the performance of high-yielding varieties of rice (Oryza sativa L.) under double-transplanting method in rainfed lowland rice ecosystem of lower Brahmaputra Valley of Asom. The experiment consists of 10 treatment combinations, viz. 2 plant stand establishment methods (normal transplanting and double transplanting) in main plots and 5 rice varieties Ranjit, Swarna, Swarna Sub 1, Sabita and Pooja in subplots. Double transplanting recorded significantly increase in grain yield by 9.4% over normal transplanting. The increase in grain yield was owing to increase in number of panicles/unit area, number of grains/panicle, grain filling percentage and 1,000- grain weight. Among the rice varieties Swarna recorded significantly higher grain yield of 6.16 t/ha followed by Ranjit (5.67 t/ha) and Swarna Sub 1 (5.65 t/ha). Under double transplanting, Swarna recorded the highest ben- efit cost ratio of 2.03 and least production cost of 5.03/kg of grain, while Sabita recorded lowest benefit: cost ra- tio of 1.10 due to lowest yield (4.20 t/ha) and poor market price.
Effect of nutrient sources on grain yield, methane emission and water productivity of rice (Oryza sativa) under different methods of cultivation
Authors: K.P. SURESH NAIK  , N. KRISHNAMURTHY  , C. RAMACHANDRA
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the rainy seasons of 2012 and 2013 at Zonal Agricultural Research Station, Mandya, to study the sources of nutrient on yield, methane emission, and water productivity of rice (Oryza sativa L.) under different methods of cultivation. Among the different methods of rice cultivation, system of rice in- tensification (SRI) method recorded higher water productivity (54.3 kg/ha-cm) than aerobic method (46.6 kg/ha- cm) and conventional method (29.9 kg/ha-cm) and resulted to the higher grain and straw yields of rice (8.55 and 10.07 t/ha) than the other methods of rice cultivation like conventional (7.05 and 8.38 t/ha) and aerobic method (6.48 and 7.83 t/ha). Among the sources of nutrients, application of recommended dose of fertilizer (100% N through neem-coated urea) recorded higher grain and straw yields (8.49 and 9.83 t/ha) over the other sources of nutrients, whereas the aerobic method of rice cultivation recorded lower methane emission (3.95 mg/plant/day) and total methane production (24.2 kg/ha) than SRI method (4.42 mg/plant/day and 28.1 kg/ha) and conventional method (6.25 mg/plant/day and 80.7 kg/ha) 90 days after sowing (DAS). Among the sources of nutrients, applica- tion of recommended dose of fertilizer (100% neem coated urea) recorded significantly lesser methane emission (4.35 mg/plant/day) and total methane production (37.9 kg/ha) than the other sources of nutrients but higher meth- ane emission and production resulted by application of 50% N through paddy straw incorporation + 50% N through urea + recommended dose of P and K (5.56 mg/plant/day and 50.5 kg/ha) 90 days after sowing.
Crop performance, nutrient uptake vis-a-vis weed suppressive ability of mechanically transplanted rice (Oryza sativa) as influenced by age of seedlings and planting density
Authors: NAVNEET AGGARWAL  , AVTAR SINGH
Published: December 2023

An experiment was conducted during the rainy season of 2010 and 2011 at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana to investigate the effect of seedling age and planting densities on crop performance and weed-suppres- sive ability of mechanically transplanted rice (Oryza sativa L.). The experiment comprising seedlings of 3, 4 and 5 weeks age and planting densities of 30 cm 12 cm, 30 cm 14 cm and 30 cm 16 cm, was conducted in a facto- rial randomized block design with 4 replications. Mechanical transplanting of 3 weeks old seedlings showed supe- riority in terms of plant height, dry-matter accumulation and number of tillers to 4 and 5 weeks old seedlings when recorded at different growth stages. Transplanting of 3 and 4 weeks old seedlings were equally effective in their weed suppressive ability and certainly better than 5 weeks old seedlings, as dry-weight of weeds was significantly lesser than that in 5 weeks old seedlings. Leaf area-index (LAI) and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) in- terception recorded at panicle-emergence stage, which were statistically at par in 3 and 4 weeks old seedlings but significantly higher than that in 5 weeks old seedlings. Mechanical transplanting of 3 and 4 weeks old seedlings recorded significantly higher N, P and K uptake than that in 5 weeks old ones. The planting density of 30 cm 12 cm recorded significantly higher LAI, PAR interception, yield-attributing characters, grain yield and N, P and K up- take than that in 30 cm 14 cm and 30 cm 16 cm. Planting density of 30 cm 12 cm proved to be optimum spacing for mechanically transplanted rice, as it gave 4.7 and 12.2% higher grain yield over the 30 cm 14 cm and 30 cm 16 cm spacing respectively. It also proved to be significantly better for weed-suppressive ability, as it recorded reduction in dry-matter of weeds to the tune of 8.626.5% and 17.137.3% over 30 cm 14 cm and 30 cm 16 cm respectively, at different growth stages.
Yield and economics as influenced by nitrogen scheduling, weed management and rice establishment methods in transplanted rice (Oryza sativa)
Authors: RAGHUBAR SAHU  , MANOJ KUMAR SINGH  , LALJI YADAV
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the rainy (kharif) seasons of 2010 and 2011 at Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, to evaluate the effect of nitrogen scheduling, riceestablishment methods and weed management on BPT 5204 rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivar. The major group of weed species observed in the experimental field were grasses followed by broad-leaf weeds and sedges. Significant reduction in weed biomass was recorded in puddled transplanting as compared to unpuddled transplanting and in butachlor 1.50 kg/ha followed by cono- weeding at 20 days after transplanting (DAT) amongst the weed-management treatments. However, in the nitro- gen scheduling treatments, significantly lesser weed biomass was recorded in initial reduced dose and delayed ni- trogen application (one-fourth at 10 days, half at tillering stage and one-fourth at panicle-initiation stage) than con- ventional scheduling of nitrogen application (half at basal, one-fourth at tillering stage and one-fourth at panicle- initiation stage). Puddled transplanting resulted in significantly more grains/panicle, panicle length, panicles/hill, grain yield (t/ha), nitrogen uptake and nitrogen-use efficiency, net returns and benefit: cost ratio than unpuddled transplanting and in butachlor 1.5 kg/ha followed by cono-weeding at 20 DAT as compared to the other weed- management treatments. An initial reduced dose and delayed nitrogen application (one-fourth at 10 DAT, half at tillering stage and one-fourth at panicle-initiation stage) recorded significantly higher values of yield attributes, yields, net return and benefit: cost ratio than conventional scheduling of nitrogen application.
Effect of fertility levels, nutrient sources and weed control on weed dynamics and yield of quality protein maize (Zea mays) and relative nitrogen and phosphorus uptake
Authors: M.L. OWLA  , V. NEPALIA  , G.S. CHOUHAN  , DILIP SINGH
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was laid out during the rainy seasons of 2008 and 2009 at Udaipur, Rajasthan, to evaluate effect of fertility levels, nutrient sources and weed control on productivity of quality protein maize (Zea mays L.). Twenty seven treatment combinations comprising 3 fertility levels (90 kg N + 40 kg P O , 120 kg N + 50 kg P O 2 5 2 5 and 150 kg N + 60 kg P O /ha), 3 nutrient sources (100% NP through fertilizers, 75% NP through fertilizers + 25% 2 5 through vermicompost and 50% NP through fertilizers + 50% through vermicompost) and 3 weed-control mea- sures (weedy check, metribuzin 0.4 kg/ha followed by (fb) hoeing and weeding and atrazine 0.4 kg + alachlor 2.0 kg/ha fb hoeing and weeding) were tested in split-plot block design with 3 replications. Weed density was not af- fected by fertility levels but the total weed dry matter increased significantly up to 120 kg N + 50 kg P O /ha at 30 2 5 days after sowing (DAS) and up to 150 N + 60 kg P O /ha at 60 DAS. Significantly higher cobs/plant (1.178), and 2 5 grains/row (37.8) were produced by raising fertility level up to 120 kg N + 50 kg P O /ha, whereas grain weight/ 2 5 cob (80.41 g) and 1,000-grain weight (219.58 g) were significantly increased by applying 150 kg N + 60 kg P O / 2 5 ha. Significantly higher grain yield (4.18 t/ha) and net returns ( 34.89 103/ha) and benefit: cost ratio (1.88) were obtained under 120 kg N + 50 kg P O /ha. Application of 100% NP through fertilizers resulted in significantly 2 5 higher weed dry matter at 30 and 60 days, yield attributes, grain yield (4.08 t/ha), net returns ( 36.19 103/ha) and benefit: cost ratio (2.19). Application of pre-emergence atrazine + alachlor followed by hoeing and weeding gave the minimum weed density and dry-matter at 30 and 60 DAS. It also resulted in significantly higher yield attributes, yield (4.48 t/ha) and net returns ( 23.34 103/ha).
Soil water balance and response of spring maize (Zea mays) to mulching and differential irrigation in Punjab
Authors: K.B. SINGH  , S.K JALOTA  , R.K. GUPTA
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during 2007 and 2008 at Ludhiana, to study the effect of paddy straw mulch- ing (0 and 6 t/ha) and irrigation regimes (irrigation water/open pan evaporation ratio 1.2 (I ), 0.9 (I ) and 0.6 (I )) 1.2 0.9 0.6 on performance of spring maize (Zea mays L.) Mulching significantly increased mean seasonal soil-moisture stor- age and transpiration during both years with overall pooled values of 122.2 and 38.7 mm for soil-moisture storage and 566.5 and 549.2 mm for seasonal transpiration under mulching and no mulching treatments respectively. Mean seasonal soil-moisture storage and transpiration were significantly more under I and I treatments than 1.2 0.9 I during both years. However, during both years mulching significantly reduced mean seasonal soil evaporation 0.6 compared with no-mulching. Mulching and irrigation significantly increased leaf-area index (LAI) of spring maize. During both seasons, mulching significantly increased grain yield, yield attributes and water-use efficiency (WUE) of spring maize over no-mulching with overall mean grain yield values of 4.96 and 4.22 t/ha and WUE values of 8.76 and 7.64 kg/ha/mm under mulching and no-mulching treatments respectively. Significantly higher grain yield and WUE were also observed under I over I irrigation treatment. 1.2 0.6
Productivity, profitability and nutrient-use efficiency of baby corn (Zea mays) as influenced of varying fertility levels
Authors: RAKESH KUMAR  , J.S. BOHRA  , AMITESH KUMAR SINGH  , NARENDRA KUMAWAT
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted at Varanasi during the 2 consecutive pre-kharif (rainy) season of 2012 and 2013, to work out the optimum levels of NPKS and Zn application for maximizing the yield, monetary returns and nutrient-use efficiency of baby corn (Zea mays L.). Baby cob, baby corn and green fodder yields, economics and nutrient uptake (N, P, K, S and Zn) were significantly higher with application of 125% recommended dose of fertil- izer (RDF). Further, application of 50 kg S/ha resulted in significant increase of baby cob, baby corn, green fodder yields, net profit and nutrient uptake (N, P, K, S and Zn) over the control, but it remained at par with 25 kg S/ha. Similar trend were observed with application of zinc levels also. Increasing levels of sulphur and zinc application progressively reduced the agronomic and physiological efficiency and apparent recovery of baby corn. In general, these indices were noted markedly higher with application of 25 kg S/ha and 5 kg Zn/ha than 50 kg S/ha and 10 kg Zn/ha, respectively. However, nutrient-harvest index of N, P, K were decreased gradually with application of in- creasing levels of NPKS and Zn but reverse in case of S and Zn application. Hence application of 125% RDF along with 50 kg S/ha and 10 kg Zn/ha was found optimum to obtain the maximum baby corn yield, net profit and nutrient-use efficiency under irrigated conditions of Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh.
Zeolitic farming
Authors: KULASEKARAN RAMESH  , ASHIS K. BISWAS  , ASHOK K. PATRA
Published: December 2023

Farming with natural rocks and minerals was an age-old practice. Intensive agriculture with imbalanced fertil- izer usage has led to a decline in soil quality and so, restoring this soil degradation needs urgent attention. In this context, farming with natural minerals (zeolites) has drawn attention. Zeolites are natural aluminosilicates present as rocks in different parts of the world. However, they are also inherently present in Vertisols mixed with soils. Ex- clusive use of zeolites has gained a new momentum in the recent past owing to multitude of benefits accrued from them. Japanese farmers were pioneering workers on zeolite usage to manage soil moisture and reaction. Their ion-exchange capacity is helpful for plant nutrition as well as soil amendment; besides the recent research on zeo- lite-herbicides interactions is encouraging. Although considerable research on zeolites in agriculture has been ad- vanced, further research need to be carried out for their efficient utilization in farming.
Influence of sulphur and zinc levels and zinc solubilizer on productivity, economics and nutrient uptake in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea)
Authors: HEBA MOHAMED NOMAN  , D.S. RANA  , K.S. RANA
Published: December 2023

The field experiments were conducted over 2 consecutive rainy (kharif) (July to November) seasons of 2013 and 2014 at New Delhi, to evaluate the effect of 3 sulphur (S) levels (0, 20 and 40 kg S/ha), 4 zinc (Zn) levels (0, 2.5, 5.0 and 7.5 kg Zn/ha) and 2 zinc bio-fertilizer (Native zinc solubilizer) levels (Control and seed treatment with zinc bio-fertilizer) on the performance of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Sandy loam soil of the experimental field was low in available S and DTPA-extractable Zn. Application of S caused marked improvement in plant height, branches/plant, leaf area index (LAI), pods/plant and pod and haulms yields, net returns, S-content in ker- nel and S and Zn-uptake up to 40 kg S/ha. Based on 2 years average, application of 20 and 40 kg S/ha resulted in 23.4 and 31.4% increase in pod yield, 36.3 and 52.7% in haulms yield, 46.3 and 56.7% in net returns, 66.3 and 92.3% in S-uptake in kernel and 25.9 and 35.3 % in Zn-uptake/ha in kernel over control, respectively. Application of Zn had significant effect on growth and yield attributes, pod and haulms yields, shelling percentage, net returns and Zn-content and uptake in kernel only up to 5.0 kg Zn/ha. Application of 2.5, 5.0 and 7.5 kg Zn/ha resulted in 17.2, 21.1 and 13.6 % increase in pod yield, 36.1, 45.0 and 27.4% in net returns, 17.5, 18.5 and 6.3% in S-uptake and 29.4, 44.9 and 45.5% in Zn-uptake in kernel over control, respectively. Effect of Zn-bio-fertilizer was signifi- cant on growth and yield attributes (except kernels/pod), pod and haulms yields, shelling percentage and Zn-con- tent and uptake. Due to application of Zn bio-fertilizer 4.7, 6.2, 9.2, 5.2 and 7.9% increase in pod yield, haulms yield, net returns, S-uptake in kernel and Zn-uptake in kernel was recorded over control. Based on two years av- erage, response to S and Zn application was quadratic and economic optimum dose was worked out to be 39.0 and 4.5kg/ha, respectively. Hence application of 39kg S and 4.5 kg Zn/ha with Zn-solubilizer is recommended for improving the productivity and profitability of groundnut in sandy loam soils low in S and Zn.
Integrated nutrient management influenced growth, yield and economics of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) under semi arid conditions
Authors: A.C. SHIVRAN  , N.L. JAT
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the winter seasons of 200708 to 200910 at Jobner, Rajasthan, to investigate the effect of integrated nutrient management on growth, productivity, quality and economics of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.). Integrated application of 50% recommended dose of nitrogen (RDN) through vermicompost (VC) + 50% RDN through fertilizers showed higher values of all the growth and yield attributes, viz. plant height, branches/plant, umbels/plant, umbellates/umbel, seeds/umbellate and 1,000-seed weight to the mag- nitude of 14.0, 22.0, 45.5, 24.9, 25.4 and 20.6% over the absolute control, respectively, closely followed by 100% RDN through fertilizers. Among the different nutrient-management practices, significantly highest mean seed (1.82 t/ha), stover (3.78 t/ha) and biological (5.60 t/ha) yields, gross ( 127,400/ha) and net monetary returns ( 101,883/ha), essential oil content (2.17%), oil yield (39.49 kg/ha) and available soil nitrogen balance (144.7 kg/ ha) were recorded with 50% RDN through VC + 50% RDN through fertilizers realizing 54.4, 51.8, 52.6, 54.4, 59.9, 17.3, 81.1 and 12.9% increase over absolute control, respectively. Similarly, it also recorded 3.99 benefit: cost ra- tio which was superior to the control (3.39) and remained at par with other treatments, but significantly lower to 100% RDN through fertilizers (4.72). Therefore, it is recommended to apply 50% RDN through VC + 50% RDN through fertilizers and reduced chemical fertilizers to 50%.
Effect of organic and inorganic sources of plant nutrients on growth and yield of rice (Oryza sativa) and soil fertility
Authors: S.P. GOUR  , S.K. SINGH  , RATTAN LAL  , R.P. SINGH  , J.S. BOHRA  , J.P. SRIVASTAVA  , S.P. SINGH  , MANEESH KUMAR  , OMKAR KUMAR  , A.M. LATARE
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted in randomized block design during the rainy (kharif) season of 2012 at Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh to study the effect of organic and inorganic sources of nutrients on soil quality and pro- ductivity of rice (Oryza sativa L.). The highest grain and straw yields (5.03 and 7.18 t/ha) were recorded under the treatments 100% recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) + S-Zn-B and 75% RDF + 25% N through sewage sludge, respectively. Application of S (40 kg/ha), Zn (5 kg/ha) and B (1.5 kg/ha) along with NPK (120:60:60) in rice in- creased plant height, tiller number, grain yield and 1,000-grian weight 22, 99, 62 and 22%, respectively, over the control, but did not show any significant increase in these parameters over 100% RDF. Initial trends indicated that application of Sesbania perhaps increased N, P, B and Zn in soil while inorganic S, B and Zn fertilizers had re- sidual effect in post-harvest soil.
Long-term organic nutrient management in high value rice (Oryza sativa)potato (Solanum tuberosum)/onion (Allium cepa) cropping system in Chhattisgarh
Authors: SHRIKANT CHITALE  , G.P. PALI  , ALOK TIWARI  , J.S. URKURKAR
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted at Raipur, Chhattisgarh, in Inceptisols for 10 years to compare organic, inte- grated and chemical fertilizer nutrient inputs packages in scented rice (Oryza sativa L.)potato (Solanum tuberossum L.) from 200304 to 200809 and from 200910 to 201213 in scented rice (Oryza sativa L.)onion (Allium cepa L.) sequence on same field. Of the 7 nutrient treatments, 5 used organic inputs and one each having integrated (50% through chemical fertilizer and 50% through organic nutrient and 100% through chemical fertiliz- ers) were studied in randomized block design with 3 replications. Organic transition effect in which decline in yield during the first year and again increase in yield was noticeable in rice as well as in onion under organic nutrient in- puts packages. These treatments followed a steady increase and registered 33% more rice yield after 10 years over the first year, i.e. 200304, 40% potato yield at the end of sixth year, i.e. 200809 and 9% more onion bulb yield at the end of study, i.e. 201213 than yield obtained during 200910. However, bulb yield of onion achieved from organic input treatments was still lower than inorganic and integrated treatment. Ricepotato cropping sys- tem showed the maximum total productivity (13.81 t/ha) in terms of rice-equivalent yield under 100% recom- mended dose of fertilizer (RDF) at the end of the sixth cropping cycle during 200809. However when the system was changed into riceonion, it was found the highest (13.62 t/ha) under 50% RDF + 50% N one-third each from cowdung manure + neem cake + composted crop residues closely followed by 100% chemical fertilizer dose (13.09 t/ha). The 100% N (one-third each from cowdung manure, neem cake and composed crop residue) + green manuring in rice appreciably sustained the organic carbon (5.6 g/ha) and available N (266 kg/ha) over initial value (169) and the generated the maximum total net return (126.7103/ha) owing to premium price given to the pro- duce. Organic as well as integrated nutrient approaches did not to enhance or maintain the K content of soil even after 10 years.
System productivity, profitability, nutrient uptake and soil health under tillage, nutrient and weed management in rainfed chickpea (Cicer arietinum)fodder sorghum (Sorghum bicolour) cropping system
Authors: A.K. DIXIT  , SUNIL KUMAR  , A.K. RAI  , T. KIRAN KUMAR
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during winter (rabi) 201011 to rainy season (kharif) 2013 at Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh to study the effect of tillage practices, nutrient management and weed control in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)fodder sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] cropping system under rainfed conditions. Pooled data of 3 years study revealed that reduced tillage recorded significantly higher weed count, i.e. 6.56 broad leaf weeds and 5.56 grassy weeds/m2 during the winter (rabi) and higher grassy weeds count (10.52 weeds/m2) and weed dry-matter (297.6 kg/ha) during the rainy season (kharif) than conventional tillage. Reduced tillage and con- ventional tillage recorded statistically similar chickpea equivalent yield (CEY) of chickpea and system productivity and protein yield of system. However, reduced tillage recorded significantly higher chickpea equivalent yield of fodder sorghum (1.11 t/ha) and nutrient uptake (119.2 kg N and 5.50 kg P/ha). Application of 50% of recom- mended dose of nutrients (RDN) through chemical fertilizers + 5 t FYM/ha in chickpeafodder sorghum cropping system recorded significantly higher chickpea-equivalent yield of chickpea (1.08 t/ha), fodder sorghum (1.17 t/ha) and system (2.26 t/ha), protein yield (914 kg/ha) and nutrient uptake (163.2 kg N, 8.9 kg P, 168.0 kg K and 12.5 kg S/ha) of the cropping system. Twice manual weeding recorded 25.6 and 14.9% lower weed count and weed dry matter yield during the winter (rabi) season and 25.1 and 17.8% lower weed count and weed dry-matter yield dur- ing the rainy (kharif) season, respectively, than application of recommended herbicides. Although twice manual weeding gave 11.2% higher chickpea-equivalent yield than herbicidal weed management but due to higher cost of cultivation ( 44,913/ha) under manual weeding, application of recommended herbicide in chickpeafodder sor- ghum system was profitable because it gave higher net returns ( 18,952/ha) and benefit: cost ratio (0.50). Soil- fertility status, viz. organic carbon and available NPKS, also improved over their initial status with integrated use of tillage, nutrient and weed management in chickpeafodder sorghum cropping system.
Seed yield, economics, sustainability and soil fertility as influenced by long-term nutrient management in soybean (Glycine max)sunflower (Helianthus annuus) cropping system in Vertisols
Authors: V.P. SURYAVANSHI  , S.N. SUDHAKARA BABU  , S.B. SURYAWANSHI
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during 19992011 , on fixed site at Latur, to assess the nutrient requirement of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) cropping system with different combinations of organic and inorganic nutrient management in Vertisols. Twelve treatment combinations were applied on crop- Ping system basis tor rainy (kharif) season soybean followed by winter (rabi) sunflower. Application of 100% rec- ommended NPK + FYM 5 t,'ha to kharif soybean and 100% recommended NPK to rabi sunflower recorded higher seed yield of soybean (2.33 t/ha), sunflower (I .44 kg/ha) and total system productivity in terms ot sunflower- equivalent yield (3.33 Vha). This combination also showed higher production efficiency (16.7 kg/ha/day) sustain- able-yield index (0.50), and net monetary' returns (+41.1 x 103/ha), and was statistically similar to the application of 150% NPK to both the crops in sequence. Application of FYM 5 Vha continuously over the period of 13 years along with 100% NPK to kharif soybean and 100% NPK to rabi sunflower in sequence improved the soil fertility in terms of organic carbon, available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium.