bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Time Course Change in Muscle Swelling: High-Intensity vs. Blood Flow Restriction Exercise
Authors: Freitas Eduardo , Poole Christopher , Miller Ryan , Heishman Aaron , Kaur Japneet , Bemben Debra , Bemben Michael
Published: October 2017

This study determined the time course for changes in muscle swelling and plasma volume following high (HI) and low-intensity resistance exercise with blood-flow restriction (LI-BFR). Ten male participants (22.1±3.0 yrs) completed three experimental conditions: high-intensity exercise (HI - 80% of 1RM), low-intensity exercise with BFR (LI-BFR –20% of 1RM, and 160 mmHg of BFR), and control (CON – no exercise or BFR). Muscle cross-sectional area (mCSA), muscle thickness, thigh circumference, and percentage change in plasma volume (PV%∆) were measured. mCSA was significantly greater than rest values at 15 min post-exercise (p<0.01) for HI and LI-BFR, and at 75 min post-exercise (p<0.01) for HI. Muscle thickness was significantly greater than rest immediately post-exercise (p<0.01) and 30 min post-exercise (p<0.01) for HI and LI-BFR, and at 60 min post-exercise for HI (p=0.01). Muscle thickness was greater for BFR immediately post-exercise compared to HI (p=0.01) post-exercise. Thigh circumference was significantly greater from rest at 15 min post-exercise (p=0.01) and at 75 min post-exercise for both LI-BFR (p=0.03) and HI (p<0.01). PV%∆ significantly decreased from rest immediately post-exercise for both HI (p<0.01) and LI-BFR (p<0.01). In conclusion, BFR exercise induces changes in muscle swelling and plasma volume similar to those observed at high-intensities.
Dynamic Expression and the Role of BDNF in Exercise-induced Skeletal Muscle Regeneration
Authors: Yu Tao , Chang Yun , Gao Xiao , Li Han , Zhao Peng
Published: October 2017

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a myokine. However, its role in skeletal muscle has not been well elucidated. In this study, we aimed to investigate its expression profile in skeletal muscle following downhill running and to explore its functions. Male Sprague Dawley rats were assigned to sedentary and downhill running groups. Tail vein blood, total mRNA and protein from soleus muscle was obtained from rats at different time points post-exercise (1d, 3d, 5d, 7d and 14d). We found a significant elevation of BDNF mRNA level 5d and 7d post-exercise (p<0.05), increased BDNF protein level 1d, 3d, 7d and 14d post-exercise (p<0.05), and continuously elevated serum BDNF level (p<0.05). In addition, serum creatine kinase activity was increased 5d following exercise (p<0.05); expression of MyoD was elevated (p<0.05); disruption of myofibers and centralized nuclei in damaged myofibers were clearly observed 1d and 5d post-exercise, respectively. Moreover, AMPK phosphorylation was present 1d post-exercise (p<0.05), while AKT was phosphorylated for 5d post-exercise (p<0.05). In conclusion, downhill running induces a time-dependent up-regulation of BDNF in skeletal muscle, which is involved in exercise-induced skeletal muscle regeneration.
Praxiserfahrungen in der Arbeit mit Angehörigen bei der Umsetzung des Community Reinforcement And Family Training (CRAFT) in einer Suchtberatungsstelle
Authors: Köster-Sommer Maria , Pöltl-Knüppel Angelika
Published: October 2017

Die Psychosoziale Beratungsstelle Nürtingen ist eine Suchtberatungsstelle in Trägerschaft des Landkreises Esslingen in Kooperation mit dem Kreisdiakonieverband Esslingen. 2016 waren 10,5% der Hilfesuchenden Angehörige von Suchtkranken. Um die Inanspruchnahme von Hilfeangeboten durch Angehörige zu erhöhen und um eine Anbindung des Indexpatienten (IP, Betroffener mit einem Suchtproblem) an das suchtspezifische Hilfesystem zu erleichtern, wurde Anfang 2014 in der Nürtinger Suchtberatungsstelle das CRAFT-Programm (Community Reinforcement and Family Training) eingeführt. Die Arbeit mit dem CRAFT-Programm sieht Einzelberatung von Angehörigen in mehreren verhaltenstherapeutisch und systemisch ausgerichteten Modulen vor. Seit der Einführung von CRAFT in die Arbeit der Suchtberatungsstelle Nürtingen hat sich die Anzahl der betreuten Angehörigen um 35,4% im Vergleich zu 2013 erhöht. Die Anzahl der Angehörigen, die mehr als einen Beratungskontakt wahrnahmen, nahm um das 2,6-fache gegenüber 2013 zu. Zudem konnten die meisten initial nicht motivierten IPs zu mindestens einem Kontakt zum Suchthilfesystem motiviert werden. Bei allen Angehörigen konnte eine Verbesserung der eigenen Lebensqualität erreicht werden. Die konsequente Arbeit mit den CRAFT-Modulen erfordert zusätzliche Personalkapazitäten.
Stress Fracture Influences Bone Resorption marker (u-NTX) in Female Long Distance Runners
Authors: Fujita Shimpei , Sakuraba Keishoku , Kubota Atsushi , Wakamatsu Kenta , Koikawa Natsue
Published: October 2017

In this study, we aim to clarify the influence based on bone resorption markers at onset of stress fracture. Also, we will clarify the state of the bone resorption markers of female long distance runners who have a history of stress fracture and also ones who routinely practices running long distances. Participants comprised 19 female long distance athletes. The survey period was 2011–2014, and we measured u-NTX as a bone resorption marker at least twice a year, taking the mean±SD of the periodic measured values without stress fracture as the mean value. Measurements were collected sample when stress fractures developed. 132 u-NTX measurements were taken from 19 participants. As a result, the average was 41.03±12.31 nmolBCE/mmolCRE (Q1: 33.15, Q2: 40.55, Q3: 47.95). In six of the 19 participants, u-NTX could be measured following a stress fracture. The mean value of u-NTX for those participants was 40.16±9.10 nmolBCE/mmolCRE, increasing to 64.08±16.07 nmolBCE/mmol CRE with the stress fracture (p<0.01). The findings showed that, in adult female long distance runners, u-NTX values when there was no stress fracture were within the standard value for mean premenopausal women, but increased when the athletes suffered from a stress fracture.
Construct Validity of Accelerometry-Derived Force to Quantify Basketball Movement Patterns
Authors: Staunton Craig , Wundersitz Daniel , Gordon Brett , Kingsley Michael
Published: October 2017

This study assessed the construct validity of accelerometry-derived net force to quantify the external demands of basketball movements. Twenty-eight basketballers completed the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test (Yo-Yo-IR1) and basketball exercise simulation test (BEST). Intensity was quantified using accelerometry-derived average net force (AvFNet) and PlayerLoadTM per minute (PL/min). Within-player correlations were determined between intensity and running speed during Yo-Yo-IR1. Measured AvFNet was determined for movements during the BEST and predicted AvFNet was calculated using movement speed and correlations from Yo-Yo-IR1. Relationships between AvFNet and running speed during Yo-Yo-IR1 were nearly perfect (r2=0.95, 95% CI: 0.94–0.96; p<0.001) and stronger than correlations between running speed and PL/min (r2=0.80, 95% CI: 0.73–0.87; p<0.001). Differences between measured and predicted AvFNet were small during jogging and running (<1%), but large for basketball movements including jumping, change-of-direction and shuffling (15%–41%). As hypothesised, AvFNet differed by playing position (11%–16%; p<0.001) and reflected the additional demand upon players with larger body mass and lower movement efficiency. Both sprint speed and AvFNet reduced during the course of the BEST (p≤0.013). These findings confirm the construct validity of AvFNet to quantify the external demand of basketball movements. Accelerometry-derived net force has the potential to quantify the external demands of basketballers during training and competition.
34.1.2.6 Synthesis by Substitution of Metals (Update 2016)
Authors: Shevchuk M. , Röschenthaler G.-V.
Published: October 2017

This update summarizes recent developments in the synthesis of organic compounds with one C—F bond by substitution of metals. Because classical organometallic reagents, such as organolithiums and organomagnesiums, are highly basic and tend to decompose typical “F+” sources, their application as substrates for electrophilic fluorination has been limited. Instead, new approaches utilizing either mild organometalloid precursors, such as organoboron compounds, or transition-metal-mediated transformations have been brought into focus. These state-of-the-art approaches form the main part of this review.
34.1.4.2.9 Synthesis by Substitution of Hydroxy Groups in Alcohols (Update 2016)
Authors: Vandamme M. , Paquin J.-F.
Published: October 2017

This chapter is an update to the earlier Science of Synthesis contribution describing methods for the synthesis of fluoroalkanes by substitution of hydroxy groups in alcohols. It focuses on the literature published in the period 2005–2015.
34.6.2 Benzylic Fluorides (Update 2016)
Authors: Champagne P. A. , Drouin M. , Paquin J.-F.
Published: October 2017

This chapter is an update to the earlier Science of Synthesis contribution of 2005 describing methods for the synthesis of benzylic fluorides. It focuses on the literature published in the period 2005–2015.
Appearance of Fröhlich-like phonon mode and defect dynamics in La3+-doped ceria
Authors: Paul Barnita , Kumar Kundan , Chowdhury Anirban , Roy Anushree
Published: October 2017

The underlying physics which explains the role of cationic and anionic defect dynamics in determining the catalytic activity and ionic conductivity of aliovalent ion-doped ceria is complex and not yet fully understood. To address this issue, we have investigated the structural evolution of LaxCe1-xO2–δ, where x  = 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5. Rietveld refinements of the X-ray diffraction patterns reveal that the crystal structure belongs to a disordered fluorite phase for all samples. We find a systematic increase in the lattice parameter along with a gradual decrease in oxygen site occupancy with the increase in La3+ doping concentration. In Raman spectra of doped compounds, other than well-known crystalline F2g and defect related modes, we observe the presence of an additional Raman mode. The Raman line-shape analysis indicates the non-resonant Fröhlich character of this mode. Temperature dependent Raman measurements demonstrate unique characteristics of this Raman peak. In addition, from the change in relative intensity ratio of the Raman modes related to different types of defect states, we show that vacancies cannot be considered as isolated defects beyond a critical doping level. We propose that the evolution of Raman intensities of defect related modes and Fröhlich mode with the doping level can be used as a marker to determine the role of electron-phonon coupling and anion vacancies in the catalytic activity of doped ceria. Furthermore, by studying the photocatalytic measurements for La3+ doped ceria compounds, we demonstrate that the anion vacancies do not always play a direct role in controlling functional properties.
Stability of entrainment of a continuum of coupled oscillators
Authors: Snyder Jordan , Zlotnik Anatoly , Hagberg Aric
Published: October 2017

Complex natural and engineered systems are ubiquitous, and their behavior is challenging to characterize and control. We examine the design of the entrainment process for an uncountably infinite collection of coupled phase oscillators that are all subject to the same periodic driving signal. In the absence of coupling, an appropriately designed input can result in each oscillator attaining the frequency of the driving signal, with a phase offset determined by its natural frequency. We consider a special case of interacting oscillators in which the coupling tends to destabilize the phase configuration to which the driving signal would send the collection in the absence of coupling. In this setting, we derive stability results that characterize the trade-off between the effects of driving and coupling, and compare these results to the well-known Kuramoto model of a collection of free-running coupled oscillators.
Single crystals growth of hexaferrits M-type MTixCoxFe12−2xO19 (M = Ba, Sr) by floating zone and investigation of their magnetic and magnetoelectric properties
Authors: Balbashov A. M. , Voronchikhina M. E. , Iskhakova L. D. , Ivanov V. Yu. , Mukhin A. A.
Published: October 2017

Floating zone melting method with optical heating is elaborated to grow single crystals of the substituted hexaferrites BaTixCoxFe12−2xO19 and SrxTixCoxFe12−2xO19 (0.8 ≤ x ≤ 2). The dynamics of the growth process is studied and results of the analysis of impurity phases appearing in the initial stages of the crystal growth are presented. Compositions and unit-cell parameters of crystals are determined. Electrical, magnetic and magnetoelectric properties of grown crystals are investigated at temperatures 2–365 K and magnetic fields up to 50 kOe. It is shown that the resistivity of annealed in oxygen crystals at room temperature is ∼106 Ohm·cm while at helium temperatures the crystals become good insulators. Magnetic measurements reveal conical spin structures in the crystals at some concentrations and temperatures. Magnetic field induced electric polarization of the low value (∼0.3 μC/m2) is detected at liquid helium temperatures for compositions with Ti and Co concentrations x = 0.8–0.9.
Taking the measure of water’s whirl
Authors: Smart Ashley G.
Published: October 2017

With a 3D printer, a laser, and a few drops of dye, researchers have revealed hidden topologies of fluid vortices.
How squid build their graded-index spherical lenses
Authors: Chang Sung
Published: October 2017

Gelation maintains aberration-preventing protein-density gradients in the cephalopods’ eyes.
Nevada and Trump administration face off over Yucca Mountain
Authors: Kramer David
Published: October 2017

The state perseveres in its three-decade-long fight against hosting a national nuclear waste repository as support for the project from the White House and Congress resurges.
Patent work blends science, business, and law
Authors: Feder Toni
Published: October 2017

Preparing, evaluating, and defending technology patents is an interesting and rewarding career, practitioners say.
Death and succession among Finland’s nuclear waste experts
Authors: Ialenti Vincent
Published: October 2017

When an extremely influential leader leaves behind little documentation of his work and ideas, memories of the man fill the gap for surviving colleagues.
Apple seismology
Authors: van Wijk Kasper , Hitchman Sam
Published: October 2017

Just as an earthquake’s seismic waves reveal properties of Earth’s interior, elastic surface waves on an apple can tell us about what’s going on inside the fruit.
Flower development in species of Croton (Euphorbiaceae) and its implications for floral morphological diversity in the genus
Authors: Gagliardi Karina Bertechine , Cordeiro Inês , Demarco Diego
Published: October 2017

The Euphorbiaceae are notable for floral diversity and evolutionary complexity. Croton is the second largest genus in the family and exhibits particular diversity in its flowers. The aim of this study was to investigate the floral ontogeny and structure of three Croton species with distinct morphologies, with a focus on testing the hypothesis that the filaments of female flowers, which have received different interpretations in the literature and are currently described as reduced petals, are staminodes and part of a vestigial androecium. With the ontogenetic study we can understand the origin of the organs and associate these with flower evolution in the genus. Flowers in several stages of development were analysed using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. In the early stage of development, the sepals are the first structures to be formed, although they do not continue to grow in female Croton fuscescens Spreng. flowers. Petals are absent in female flowers, with filamentous, petaloid structures, interpreted here as staminodes, alternating with the sepals in Croton lundianus (Didr.) Müll. Arg. In Croton sphaerogynus Baill., the staminodes are located between the nectary lobes. The stamens exhibit centripetal development in the flower bud stage, and the carpels are post-genitally connate, with differences in style branching. Besides the ontogenetic interpretation for the filamentous structures, the genus shows transitional structures that we consider evolutionary reductions. Our results can explain how developmental alterations have influenced the suppression and modification of floral organs in the genus.
Role of HIV-specific CD8+ T cells in pediatric HIV cure strategies after widespread early viral escape
Authors: Leitman Ellen M. , Thobakgale Christina F. , Adland Emily , Ansari M. Azim , Raghwani Jayna , Prendergast Andrew J. , Tudor-Williams Gareth , Kiepiela Photini , Hemelaar Joris , Brener Jacqui , Tsai Ming-Han , Mori Masahiko , Riddell Lynn , Luzzi Graz , Jooste Pieter , Ndung’u Thumbi , Walker Bruce D. , Pybus Oliver G. , Kellam Paul , Naranbhai Vivek , Matthews Philippa C. , Gall Astrid , Goulder Philip J.R.
Published: October 2017

Recent studies have suggested greater HIV cure potential among infected children than adults. A major obstacle to HIV eradication in adults is that the viral reservoir is largely comprised of HIV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) escape variants. We here evaluate the potential for CTL in HIV-infected slow-progressor children to play an effective role in “shock-and-kill” cure strategies. Two distinct subgroups of children were identified on the basis of viral load. Unexpectedly, in both groups, as in adults, HIV-specific CTL drove the selection of escape variants across a range of epitopes within the first weeks of infection. However, in HIV-infected children, but not adults, de novo autologous variant-specific CTL responses were generated, enabling the pediatric immune system to “corner” the virus. Thus, even when escape variants are selected in early infection, the capacity in children to generate variant-specific anti-HIV CTL responses maintains the potential for CTL to contribute to effective shock-and-kill cure strategies in pediatric HIV infection.
Effects of chemical composite, puffing temperature and intermediate moisture content on physical properties of potato and apple slices
Authors: Tabtaing S , Paengkanya S , Tanthong P
Published: October 2017

Puffing technique is the process that can improve texture and volumetric of crisp fruit and vegetable. However, the effect of chemical composite in foods on puffing characteristics is still lack of study. Therefore, potato and apple slices were comparative study on their physical properties. Potato and apple were sliced into 2.5 mm thickness and 2.5 cm in diameter. Potato slices were treated by hot water for 2 min while apple slices were not treatment. After that, they were dried in 3 steps. First step, they were dried by hot air at temperature of 90°C until their moisture content reached to 30, 40, and 50 % dry basis. Then they were puffed by hot air at temperature of 130, 150, and 170°C for 2 min. Finally, they were dried again by hot air at temperature of 90°C until their final moisture content reached to 4% dry basis. The experimental results showed that chemical composite of food affected on physical properties of puffed product. Puffed potato had higher volume ratio than those puffed apple because potato slices contains starch. The higher starch content provided more hard texture of potato than those apples. Puffing temperature and moisture content strongly affected on the color, volume ratio, and textural properties of puffed potato slices. In addition, the high drying rate of puffed product observed at high puffing temperature and higher moisture content.
Computational tools for plant small RNA detection and categorization
Authors: Morgado Lionel , Johannes Frank
Published: October 2017

Small RNAs (sRNAs) are important short-length molecules with regulatory functions essential for plant development and plasticity. High-throughput sequencing of total sRNA populations has revealed that the largest share of sRNA remains uncategorized. To better understand the role of sRNA-mediated cellular regulation, it is necessary to create accurate and comprehensive catalogues of sRNA and their sequence features, a task that currently relies on nontrivial bioinformatic approaches. Although a large number of computational tools have been developed to predict features of sRNA sequences, these tools are mostly dedicated to microRNAs and none integrates the functionalities necessary to describe units from all sRNA pathways thus far discovered in plants. Here, we review the different classes of sRNA found in plants and describe available bioinformatics tools that can help in their detection and categorization.
Rational Complexity-One $\boldsymbol{T}$-Varieties Are Well-Poised
Authors: Ilten Nathan , Manon Christopher
Published: October 2017

Given an affine rational complexity-one $T$-variety $X$, we construct an explicit embedding of $X$ in affine space ${\mathbb{A}}^n$. We show that this embedding is well-poised, that is, every initial ideal of $I_X$ is a prime ideal, and we determine the tropicalization ${\mathrm{Trop}}(X^\circ)$. We then study valuations of the coordinate ring $R_X$ of $X$ which respect the torus action, showing that for full rank valuations, the natural generators of $R_X$ form a Khovanskii basis. This allows us to determine Newton–Okounkov bodies of rational projective complexity-one $T$-varieties, partially recovering (and generalizing) results of Petersen. We apply our results to describe all integral special fibres of ${\mathbb{K}}^*\times T$-equivariant degenerations of rational projective complexity-one $T$-varieties, generalizing a result of Süß and Ilten.
Improved Algorithmic Complexity for the 3SEQ Recombination Detection Algorithm
Authors: Lam Ha Minh , Ratmann Oliver , Boni Maciej F
Published: October 2017

Identifying recombinant sequences in an era of large genomic databases is challenging as it requires an efficient algorithm to identify candidate recombinants and parents, as well as appropriate statistical methods to correct for the large number of comparisons performed. In 2007, a computation was introduced for an exact nonparametric mosaicism statistic that gave high-precision P values for putative recombinants. This exact computation meant that multiple-comparisons corrected P values also had high precision, which is crucial when performing millions or billions of tests in large databases. Here, we introduce an improvement to the algorithmic complexity of this computation from O(mn3) to O(mn2), where m and n are the numbers of recombination-informative sites in the candidate recombinant. This new computation allows for recombination analysis to be performed in alignments with thousands of polymorphic sites. Benchmark runs are presented on viral genome sequence alignments, new features are introduced, and applications outside recombination analysis are discussed.
Is Organizational Memory a Useful Capability?
Authors: Jain Amit
Published: October 2017

Organizational memory is defined as the means by which knowledge from the past is brought to bear on present organizational activities. Knowledge retained in organizational memory is acquired experientially in operations and vicariously from others, and it improves performance in the present by conditioning an organization’s productivity in operations. Organizational memory, however, can also negatively affect future performance as it can result in encased learning and in inertia that depletes an organization’s adaptive potential. The net effect of organizational memory on performance is thus a tradeoff between benefitting from improved productivity and returns today versus benefitting from lower returns tomorrow due to inertia and limited adaptive potential. Given this, I propose that the productivity-enhancing aspects of organizational memory are more important for the sustainability of organizational performance than its inertia-producing aspect.
The Roots of Compassion
Authors: Carter C. Sue , Bartal Inbal Ben-Ami , Porges Eric C.
Published: October 2017

Compassion for others and social support have survival value and health benefits. Although compassion is sometimes considered uniquely human, critical components of compassion have been described in nonhuman mammals. Studies originally conducted in social mammals and now in humans have implicated neuropeptide hormones, especially oxytocin, in social cognition, a sense of safety, and the capacity of sociality to permit compassionate responses. In contrast, the related peptide vasopressin and its receptor may be necessary for forming selective relationships and for the apparently paradoxical effects of oxytocin, which can include increases in fear and avoidance. Oxytocin and vasopressin may contribute to sex differences in compassion. Furthermore, among the processes through which oxytocin and vasopressin influence behavior and health are complex effects on the autonomic nervous system. Knowledge of the mechanisms underlying the benefits of compassion offers new insights into the healing power of positive social behaviors and social support.
Compassion in Context
Authors: Lavelle Brooke D.
Published: October 2017

Various conceptions of compassion are articulated in diverse Buddhist contemplative traditions. These variations are due in part to the divergent models of mind and reality found within and across these traditions, as well as the ways in which compassion is understood to be either supportive or necessary for spiritual development or awakening. These diverse Buddhist models in particular have influenced the development modern, secular mindfulness- and compassion-based contemplative programs that have been selected for scientific study. In spite of growing interest from the scientific community in these compassion-based contemplative programs, there is little discussion of the differences between diverse contemplative and scientific accounts of compassion, and the implications of these differences for research. This chapter therefore offers an overview of the ways in which compassion is variously conceptualized in diverse Buddhist and scientific traditions.
Social Dominance and Leadership
Authors: Martin Daniel , Heineberg Yotam
Published: October 2017

Leadership is usually a mandatory component of business education. Here we used the model of transformational leadership, and operationalized leadership consistently with the Values in Action Leadership scale. Social dominance orientation is a hierarchical belief-system that attributes social rank, ranging from high to low. Business students have been found to have higher levels of Social Dominance Orientation (SDO. Accordingly, 371 working business students were sampled to establish the relationship between SDO and transformational leadership capacity. The mediational impact of compassion was assessed. This study found high levels of competitive and hierarchical world conceptualization was significantly and sometimes strongly negatively linked to these constructs (Martin et al., 2014). We also discuss preliminary results of an interpersonal compassion-based intervention. The research suggests the opportunity to broaden psychological well-being of employees with impactful interventions, since negative behaviors within an institution can raise healthcare costs and lower job performance.
Understanding Differences in Mortality and Morbidity by Sex
Authors: Schone Barbara
Published: October 2017

There are important differences in the health of men and women. While women typically report worse health than men and suffer from more health conditions, they also live longer. These patterns become less paradoxical when analyzed in greater detail: Women and men suffer from different conditions, especially at younger ages. In particular, women are more likely to suffer from chronic conditions, while men are more likely to suffer from life-threatening conditions. In this chapter, I document these differences and summarize biological, economic, and social explanations of sex differences in health. Despite a large literature exploring sex differences in health, much remains to be learned about the interaction of biological, economic, and social factors and their effects on health.
The Historical Context of Talent Management
Authors: Cappelli Peter , Keller J.R.
Published: October 2017

In this chapter, we review the historical context of talent management, and identify the key issues and debates likely to shape the field going forward. We begin by offering a definition of talent management that reflects how both academics and practitioners have come to view the field. We then provide an overview of the conceptual history of talent management and a historical tour of its practice, focusing primarily on developments in United States, where much more has been written on the subject, from the early days of industrial production to today. We conclude by offering our thoughts on the areas of inquiry we believe hold the most promise for those interested in advancing the science and practice of talent management.
The Emergence and Development of Intellectual Property Law in South America
Authors: Polido Fabrício Bertini Pasquot , Rosina Mônica Steffen Guise
Published: October 2017

This chapter analyses the emergence and development of intellectual property (IP) systems in South America as they have evolved since the early Pan-American treaties and the Paris and Berne Conventions, and how they have been influenced by national constitutions, domestic laws, and—most recently—international trade agreements. It highlights the coexistence of distinct landscapes for several decades before the TRIPs Agreement entered into force and brought minimum standards of harmonization. Before that, IP regimes in South America matured according to each country’s own conception of IP, resulting in different national statutes and constitutional provisions and producing a unique regional IP legal and policy landscape. From a regional perspective, South America has made efforts to create local systems of IP protection, but with limited success. The result is a fragmented system that still needs to relate to multilateral and bilateral rules, creating a challenging regulatory environment.
Intellectual Property and Public Health
Authors: Eisenberg Rebecca S.
Published: October 2017

This chapter considers the relationship between intellectual property (IP) and public health with a primary focus on US patent law and international law. The first part focuses on health innovation and considers the limits of patents and other exclusionary rights as a source of incentives for innovation to address certain public health priorities. It considers four categories of innovation that present a mismatch between public health priorities and private incentives for innovation: vaccines, anti-infectives, neglected diseases, and nonexcludable innovations. The second part considers conflicts between IP and public health arising from restrictions on access to patented technologies. It examines market and policy mechanisms to facilitate access to patented technologies, including price discrimination, public and private insurance, price controls, and legal restrictions on patents.
Intellectual Property and Private Ordering
Authors: Hilty Reto M.
Published: October 2017

This chapter considers the law’s response to the challenge posed by the use of contract and technological protection measures (TPMs) as private ordering mechanisms in intellectual property. It considers the three (factual, legal, and contractual) levels of exclusivity on which private ordering may apply, and the different tools for intervening in private ordering that currently exist. It also highlights the inability of these tools to impose effective limits on private ordering by use of TPMs particularly, and considers the desirability and feasibility of new regulatory approaches based on the laws of consumer protection, IP, and unfair competition. The inflexibility and other shortcomings of such traditional regulatory mechanisms leads to a discussion of the possibility of alternative, self-regulatory mechanisms emerging, including the conditions required to that end, drawing on the experience of standard essential patents and collective rights management in copyright.
Intellectual Property and Human Rights
Authors: Helfer Laurence R.
Published: October 2017

This chapter provides an overview of the contested and evolving relationship between the international legal regimes governing human rights and intellectual property (IP). The chapter discusses how, prior to the mid-1990s, human rights and IP existed as distinct legal and policy domains. It then reviews the next five years, which were characterized by a rapid expansion of IP protection in treaties and national laws. Next, it explores the backlashes against that expansion and the growing awareness that strong IP protection could undermine human rights, events that occurred between 2000 to 2010. Lastly, it illustrates recent attempts to codify ceilings on IP protection in multilateral treaties, and the invocation of human rights in IP litigation before national, regional, and international courts and tribunals. The chapter concludes by identifying three aspects of the IP-human rights interface likely to occupy the attention of governments, civil society groups, and scholars in the future.
Lighting in Muslim and Christian Religious Buildings
Authors: Sardi Maria , Motsianos Ioannis
Published: October 2017

The symbolic role of lighting in both Islam and Christianity is best mirrored in religious buildings, where light plays an integral role in the spiritual relation between the believers and religion. Differences in terms of the architectural structure demand different lighting devices in mosques and churches. The same can be said about the rituals and the essence of each religion. Apart from the noticeable differences a comparative study between Byzantine and post-Byzantine churches and their contemporaneous mosques reveal that common features in illumination practices do exist, often manifesting cultural exchanges between the two religions. This study aims to highlight these exchanges by presenting in parallel the furnishing of lighting and the lighting devices used in Islamic and Christian religious buildings up to the 16th century while following their evolution and setting them in a broad historical and cultural context. To the same aim the symbolic role of the Light in Orthodox Christianity and Islam will be comparatively discussed.
Simone de Beauvoir on Love
Authors: Cleary Skye C.
Published: October 2017

The best kind of love is authentic love. To love authentically involves respecting one another’s freedom, being tender and caring, and supporting each other’s independent projects. This is what Simone de Beauvoir argued, and to some degree practiced. The problem, as she saw it, was that throughout history, few have loved authentically, primarily because of women’s oppressive situation. Her existential philosophy—which foregrounds freedom from oppression and freedom to choose how to live—underpins everything she says about the challenges of loving well. Beauvoir argues that lesbian relationships and friendships point to ways in which we can transcend the bounds of traditional loving roles and expectations and realize something closer to her ideal of mature reciprocal nonsadistic, nonmasochistic mutual respect. Nevertheless, her nonsystematic approach creates tensions between freedom and commitment, marriage and authentic loving, and pragmatic means and existential ends.
Thomism 1870–1963
Authors: Murphy Francesca Aran
Published: October 2017

Thomism acquired the status of the Church’s official philosophy as a result of Vatican I, Aeterni Patris, and the modernist crisis. Much excellent metaphysics was written; even the XXIV Theses are less bad than are commonly believed. Thomists wrote sound defences of realism against idealism. The study of Aquinas ranged from the metaphysical to the historical to the aesthetic. There were naturally many different interpretations of Thomism. A grave problem with the imposition of Thomism as official philosophy was that the officials confused their interpretation with Thomism itself. Thomists got involved in politics, some as authoritarians and others as liberals. The Thomist debate about Christian philosophy decided whether it would survive in the universities.
Part-of-Speech Tagging
Authors: Tufiș Dan , Ion Radu
Published: October 2017

One of the fundamental tasks in natural-language processing is the morpho-lexical disambiguation of words occurring in text. Over the last twenty years or so, approaches to part-of-speech tagging based on machine learning techniques have been developed or ported to provide high-accuracy morpho-lexical annotation for an increasing number of languages. Due to recent increases in computing power, together with improvements in tagging technology and the extension of language typologies, part-of-speech tags have become significantly more complex. The need to address multilinguality more directly in the web environment has created a demand for interoperable, harmonized morpho-lexical descriptions across languages. Given the large number of morpho-lexical descriptors for a morphologically complex language, one has to consider ways to avoid the data sparseness threat in standard statistical tagging, yet ensure that full lexicon information is available for each word form in the output. The chapter overviews the current major approaches to part-of-speech tagging.
Ecology
Authors: Irwin Kevin W.
Published: October 2017

The chapter surveys the statements and initiatives on ecology developed within and issued by the World Council of Churches, the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople, and the Roman Catholic Church. It finds care for creation to be a concern to which churches have responded both through individual initiatives and by ecumenical dialogue. It identifies 1989–1990 as a watershed when statements and initiatives began to develop ecological teachings centred on the creative activity of the Trinity, the responsibility of members of the church as stewards and priests of creation, and the centrality of prayer and liturgy—especially the Eucharist—in care for creation. Finally, it indicates avenues for further ecumenical dialogue and offers suggestions for action, focusing in particular on sacramentality and a sacramental view of the world, and highlighting the ecclesiological importance of contributions, initiatives, and statements from local churches.
Global Christian Forum
Authors: Gribben Robert , Miller Larry
Published: October 2017

Among the trends of world Christianity is the growth of ‘new churches’, mostly evangelical or Pentecostal in character. Few of these have any real contact with historic Protestant traditions, let alone with other members of the World Council of Churches. The question for the ecumenical movement, in which most of the historic churches are engaged, is: how to invite these new bodies into the global conversation? How might they contribute to the political, ethical, and community concerns facing people of faith? One answer has been the development, through the Global Christian Forum, of an ‘open space’ in which emerging churches might judge for themselves their need for and degree of participation with other Christians in facing realities such as discrimination and persecution, and in addressing issues in mission such as proselytism. This chapter traces the development of the Forum and considers its nature and its working principles.
Public History and the Environment
Authors: Stine Jeffrey
Published: October 2017

The fields of public history and environmental history emerged independently as professional pursuits during the 1970s. Over time, their practitioners found common ground within problems related to the built and natural environment. Spurred by challenges posed by globalization and climate change, public environmental historians increasingly embraced a transnational perspective. The broad range and scope of public environmental history reflect the diversity of the field’s patrons (including government agencies, courts of law, and cultural and scientific institutions) and the spectrum of concerns associated with society’s interactions with the biophysical world, including pollution, loss of biodiversity, overpopulation, water scarcity, food security, and sustainability.
History, Heritage, and the Representation of Ethnic Diversity
Authors: Sweet Jonathan , Qian Fengqi
Published: October 2017

Government, tourism developers, and communities appreciate the cultural significance of historic sites from varied viewpoints. This chapter aims to provide an effective lens through which to view the development trajectory of China’s cultural heritage tourism. A central thread is the relationship between cultural heritage tourism and the shaping of the public view of history, examined using the case study of Chengde, a World Heritage Site in China. The study provides insight into the contested use of the space by different parties through analysis of Chengde’s symbolic value in promoting ethnic diversity and enhancing national unity. Although the focus on the site’s cultural significance has resulted in a variety of public programs, interpretation of the site reflects values consistent with government objectives and commercial interests. The ability of the site to incorporate multiple perspectives in heritage interpretation is limited by underdeveloped community consultation and participation in the heritage management process.
The Personalization of Loss in Memorial Museums
Authors: Williams Paul
Published: October 2017

This chapter discusses the increasing prevalence within cultural institutions for recognizing and mourning “public deaths,” specifically via the proliferation of memorial museums worldwide. Marking episodes of great violence resulting from genocide, terrorism, crimes against humanity, and state “disappearances,” these institutions aim to remember, educate, and advocate against the recurrence of such events. Within their exhibitions, favored modes of historical retelling highlight the personal biographies and stories of victims. Personal objects, photographs, and mementos are arranged within experiential spaces that narrate the course of events and often suggest psychic forms of trauma. Such exhibitions aim to create vivid and authentic visitor experiences that bring people together in new forms of shared memory formation. The personalization of victims of violent events aims to create empathy in visitors and a sense of transferability (“it could have been me”) in hopes of forging a stronger commitment toward tolerance and increased vigilance against persecution.
The Legacy of Collecting
Authors: Wastiau Boris
Published: October 2017

This chapter portrays the historical actors who established the unique ethnographic collections of the Royal Museum for Central Africa and the Royal Museum of the Armed Forces and of Military History (Belgium). The objects they collected, like the majority of those in the museum, arrived in Belgium during the colonial period. The government of the Congo Free State, then the Ministry of Colonies and several scientific institutes issued directives encouraging their agents to collect artifacts, as well as photographic images of “indigenous types” and specimens of physical anthropology. This chapter examines the current amnesia about human remains of colonial provenance and the challenges surrounding the exhibition of religious objects now presented as great artworks of universal interest by metropolitan museums. Addressing the ethics of curatorial practice, the chapter proposes that curators of ethnological collections of colonial provenance, as public historians, strive to make collecting history accessible to larger audiences in their exhibitions.
How You Understand Your Story
Authors: Poeuv Socheata
Published: October 2017

This chapter argues that Cambodian and Cambodian American survivors of genocide avoid telling and documenting their personal stories of trauma because the rendering of these stories complicates the community’s understanding of morality. This is in part because the circumstances of the Khmer Rouge genocide were such that no clear “other” enemy emerged—a genocide perpetrated by and on Cambodians. By speaking out and telling their stories through oral histories, films, books, etc., Cambodians can implicate themselves, evoking shame and guilt in addition to trauma. The author examines and compares the relative “silence” among Cambodians with regard to the history of the telling of survivor stories among Holocaust survivors in the United States and Europe.
Decentralizing Culture
Authors: Franco Barbara
Published: October 2017

This chapter defines community in its broadest sense as shared experience based on ethnicity, racial origins, religion, geography, or other cultural values. It provides examples of public history projects in museums, preservation of historical resources, and oral history that demonstrate how the collaborative nature of community history requires shared authority, dialogue, and participatory management. These projects exemplify best practices for successful community-based history that balance experience with expertise; historical analysis with current-day relevance; and inner dialogue with public discourse. The chapter considers why community history matters as a form of civic dialogue and how emerging technology may impact and challenge public history dialogue in the future.
Popular Understandings of the Past
Authors: Ribbens Kees
Published: October 2017

This chapter presents an overview of the development of historical narratives combining visual and textual elements in comic strips and graphic novels. History comics developed strongly during the 1940s and 1950s and became popular, in particular among young readers in Western Europe and North America. Having gained increased cultural respectability, comics more recently also obtained an adult audience. Two internationally renowned educational comics from the Anne Frank House, published in the first decade of the twenty-first century, illustrate how comics are nowadays capable of representing sensitive topics from recent history, in particular World War II and the Holocaust. Yet, combining fact and fiction requires a balanced way of (re)presenting, involving discussions among historians and others on what may be possible and desirable in this specific war of making history public.
The Business of History
Authors: Martin Brian
Published: October 2017

This chapter considers the business of history in the context of the common business mission to satisfy customers and employees while generating sufficient profits to sustain the enterprise. It emphasizes the customer’s role in defining markets for history and explores how customers value history to establish identity, to obtain and apply historical knowledge, or for entertainment. It argues that history businesses need professional historians who are competitive, collaborative, and capable while suggesting criteria for good history and skill sets for marketable historians. Finally, it briefly highlights the role of money in fueling and measuring business success while challenging the notion that history produced for a profit is inherently untrustworthy.
Public Histories for Human Rights
Authors: Sevcenko Liz
Published: October 2017

As long as American public historians have been celebrating the idea that museums and historic sites can play a central role in civic life, they have agonized over how this can happen. But in other parts of the world, public histories have emerged as inextricable parts of larger civic projects. Each has developed a different definition of “dialogue,” reflecting different understandings of what democracy looks like. This paper explores three different visions of dialogue that evolved in different national contexts to support different visions of democracy: promoting public discussion of long-suppressed truths; integrating multiple narratives; and dialogue as a model of democratic engagement. Examples include Sites of Conscience like Memoria Abierta in Argentina, the District Six Museum and Constitution Hill in South Africa, and the Gulag Museum in Russia. The chapter concludes with reflections from the first stages of an experiment in international public history, the Guantánamo Public Memory Project.