bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
QuESTlink—Mathematica embiggened by a hardware-optimised quantum emulator*
Authors: Jones Tyson , Benjamin Simon
Published: April 2020

We introduce QuESTlink,pronounced ‘quest link’, an open-source Mathematicapackage which efficiently emulates quantum computers. By integratingwith the Quantum Exact Simulation Toolkit (QuEST), QuESTlink offers ahigh-level, expressive and usable interface to a high-performance, hardware-accelerated emulator. Requiring no installation, QuESTlink streamlines the powerful analysis capabilities of Mathematica into the study of quantum systems, even utilising remote multi-core and GPU hardware. We demonstrate the use of QuESTlink to concisely and efficiently simulate several quantum algorithms, and present some comparative benchmarking against core QuEST.
Mitophagy in Hypertension-Associated Premature Vascular Aging
Authors: Schreckenberger Zachary J , Wenceslau Camilla F , Joe Bina , McCarthy Cameron G
Published: April 2020

Hypertension has been described as a condition of premature vascular aging, relative to actual chronological age. In fact, many factors that contribute to the deterioration of vascular function as we age are accelerated and exacerbated in hypertension. Nonetheless, the precise mechanisms that underlie the aged phenotype of arteries from hypertensive patients and animals remain elusive. Classically, the aged phenotype is the buildup of cellular debris and dysfunctional organelles. One means by which this can occur is insufficient degradation and cellular recycling. Mitophagy is the selective catabolism of damaged mitochondria. Mitochondria are organelles that contribute importantly to the determination of cellular age via their production of reactive oxygen species (ROS; Harman’s free radical theory of aging). Therefore, the accumulation of dysfunctional and ROS-producing mitochondria could contribute to the acceleration of vascular age in hypertension. This review will address and critically evaluate the current literature on mitophagy in vascular physiology and hypertension.
An Updated Review of Plastic Surgery-Related Hashtag Utilization on Instagram: Implications for Education and Marketing
Authors: Gupta Nisha , Dorfman Robert , Saadat Sean , Roostaeian Jason
Published: April 2020

Background

The popularity of social media continues to have a significant impact in the plastic surgery industry. Understanding the influence of such platforms and recognizing trends, specifically on Instagram, can reveal significant implications for education and marketing.

Objectives

This study aims to gather updated information on 3 main questions: (1) what plastic surgery-related content is being posted to Instagram; (2) who is posting this content; and (3) what specific hashtags are they using?

Methods

This study analyzed 22 plastic surgery-related hashtags on Instagram. Content analysis was then used to qualitatively evaluate each of the 9 “top” posts associated with each hashtag (198). Any duplicates or posts not relevant to plastic surgery were excluded.

Results

A total of 11,516,969 posts utilized the 22 hashtags sampled. Of the top 198 posts, only 168 met final inclusion criteria (after duplicates and posts irrelevant to plastic surgery were excluded). Plastic surgeons eligible for membership in The Aesthetic Society accounted for only 4.17% of top posts (7 posts), whereas non-eligible physicians accounted for 20.8% (35 posts). Twenty-eight surgeons accounted for the top posts (excluding foreign surgeons); however, only 6 were board certified by either the American Board of Plastic Surgeons or The Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada.

Conclusions

The Aesthetic Society eligible board-certified plastic surgeons are a minority amongst physicians posting top plastic surgery-related content on Instagram.
gplas: a comprehensive tool for plasmid analysis using short-read graphs
Authors: Arredondo-Alonso Sergio , Bootsma Martin , Hein Yaïr , Rogers Malbert R C , Corander Jukka , Willems Rob J L , Schürch Anita C
Published: April 2020

Plasmids can horizontally transmit genetic traits, enabling rapid bacterial adaptation to new environments and hosts. Short-read whole-genome sequencing data are often applied to large-scale bacterial comparative genomics projects but the reconstruction of plasmids from these data is facing severe limitations, such as the inability to distinguish plasmids from each other in a bacterial genome. We developed gplas, a new approach to reliably separate plasmid contigs into discrete components using sequence composition, coverage, assembly graph information and network partitioning based on a pruned network of plasmid unitigs. Gplas facilitates the analysis of large numbers of bacterial isolates and allows a detailed analysis of plasmid epidemiology based solely on short-read sequence data.

Availability and implementation

Gplas is written in R, Bash and uses a Snakemake pipeline as a workflow management system. Gplas is available under the GNU General Public License v3.0 at https://gitlab.com/sirarredondo/gplas.git.

Supplementary information

Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
MONET: a toolbox integrating top-performing methods for network modularization
Authors: Tomasoni Mattia , Gómez Sergio , Crawford Jake , Zhang Weijia , Choobdar Sarvenaz , Marbach Daniel , Bergmann Sven
Published: April 2020

We define a disease module as a partition of a molecular network whose components are jointly associated with one or several diseases or risk factors thereof. Identification of such modules, across different types of networks, has great potential for elucidating disease mechanisms and establishing new powerful biomarkers. To this end, we launched the ‘Disease Module Identification (DMI) DREAM Challenge’, a community effort to build and evaluate unsupervised molecular network modularization algorithms. Here, we present MONET, a toolbox providing easy and unified access to the three top-performing methods from the DMI DREAM Challenge for the bioinformatics community.

Availability and implementation

MONET is a command line tool for Linux, based on Docker and Singularity containers; the core algorithms were written in R, Python, Ada and C++. It is freely available for download at https://github.com/BergmannLab/MONET.git.

Supplementary information

Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Evidence Review for Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Guidance Development on Laboratory Testing to Detect Treponema pallidum Infection (Syphilis)
Authors: Kersh Ellen N , Workowski Kimberly A
Published: April 2020

The articles in this supplement address key questions on syphilis diagnostics, provide reference tables of test performances, and discuss optimal specimens and knowledge gaps. Laboratory-developed genetic direct detection tests could be most useful at the point of care and add to the currently available serologic methods of nontreponemal and treponemal tests.
In Vitro Activity of Imipenem/Relebactam and Ceftolozane/Tazobactam Against Clinical Isolates of Gram-negative Bacilli With Difficult-to-Treat Resistance and Multidrug-resistant Phenotypes—Study for Monitoring Antimicrobial Resistance Trends, United States 2015–2017
Authors: Karlowsky James A , Lob Sibylle H , Raddatz Janet , DePestel Daryl D , Young Katherine , Motyl Mary R , Sahm Daniel F
Published: April 2020

Background

Multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria are frequently defined using the criteria established by Magiorakos et al [Clin Microbiol Infect 2012;18:268–81]. Difficult-to-treat resistance (DTR) [Kadri et al, Clin Infect Dis 2018;67:1803–14] is a novel approach to defining resistance in gram-negative bacilli focusing on treatment-limiting resistance to first-line agents (all β-lactams and fluoroquinolones).

Methods

Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute–defined broth microdilution minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined for imipenem/relebactam, ceftolozane/tazobactam, and comparators against respiratory, intraabdominal, and urinary isolates of Enterobacterales (n = 10 516) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n = 2732) collected in 26 US hospitals in 2015–2017.

Results

Among all Enterobacterales, 1.0% of isolates were DTR and 15.6% were MDR; 8.4% of P. aeruginosa isolates were DTR and 32.4% were MDR. MDR rates for Enterobacterales and DTR and MDR rates for P. aeruginosa were significantly higher (P < .05) in isolates collected in intensive care units (ICUs) than in non-ICUs and in respiratory tract isolates than in intraabdominal or urinary tract isolates. In addition, 82.4% of DTR and 92.1% of MDR Enterobacterales and 62.2% of DTR and 82.2% of MDR P. aeruginosa were imipenem/relebactam-susceptible, and 1.5% of DTR and 65.8% of MDR Enterobacterales and 67.5% of DTR and 84.0% of MDR P. aeruginosa were ceftolozane/tazobactam-susceptible.

Conclusions

MDR phenotypes defined using the Magiorakos criteria may overcall treatment-limiting resistance in gram-negative bacilli. In the US, DTR Enterobacterales were infrequent, while MDR Enterobacterales isolates and DTR and MDR P. aeruginosa were common. Imipenem/relebactam (Enterobacterales, P. aeruginosa) and ceftolozane/tazobactam (P. aeruginosa) retained in vitro activity against most DTR and MDR isolates.
Gravity Without Apology: the Science of Elasticities, Distance and Trade
Authors: Carrère Céline , Mrázová Monika , Neary J Peter
Published: April 2020

Gravity as both fact and theory is one of the great success stories of recent research on international trade, and has featured prominently in the policy debate over Brexit. We first review the facts, noting the overwhelming evidence that trade tends to fall with distance. We then introduce some expository tools for understanding constant-elasticity-of-substitution theories of gravity as a simple general-equilibrium system. Next, we point out some anomalies with the theory: mounting evidence against constant trade elasticities, and implausible predictions for bilateral trade balances. Finally, we sketch an approach based on subconvex gravity as a promising direction to resolving them.
Property Law 2019-2020
Authors: Abbey Robert , Richards Mark
Published: April 2020

Property Law is a companion that guides through the intricacies of the conveyancing process. Drawing on practical experience of legal practice, with a residential and a commercial conveyancing focus, the volume offers explanations of often complex processes. The title contains practical guidance on how to approach each stage of a conveyancing transaction in practice. This edition has been fully updated with recent developments in the law, including discussion of ‘Help to buy’ shared ownership schemes, coverage of the Land Transaction Tax, and updated tax rates and chargeable amounts for enveloped dwellings.
5. The draft contract
Authors: Abbey Robert , Richards Mark
Published: April 2020

This chapter considers issues relating to the drafting the contract for the seller. These include occupiers and tenancies; seller’s duty of disclosure; formalities; contents of the contract; deposit; completion; title guarantee; indemnity covenants; sales of part; option agreements; and conditional contracts.
9. Mortgages
Authors: Abbey Robert , Richards Mark
Published: April 2020

This chapter deals with important issues arising in relation to a mortgage taken out by a client to assist in financing the purchase of a property. It looks at the most popular types of mortgage, the impact of the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000, and other matters, including important professional conduct issues. It also considers mortgages of leasehold property and mortgages of commercial property.
17. New properties
Authors: Abbey Robert , Richards Mark
Published: April 2020

This chapter discusses issues relating to the sale of new properties. It covers acting for a developer or buyer, road and sewer agreements, structural defects insurance, and synchronizing completion of a related sale when acting for the buyer of new property.
20. Assessment guidance
Authors: Abbey Robert , Richards Mark
Published: April 2020

This chapter considers the process by which students are required to demonstrate their knowledge and abilities on property law and practice-the subject assessment or examination itself. It presents some hints and tips to enhance and improve examination technique.
3. The Powers to Stop, Search and Arrest
Authors: Hannibal Martin , Mountford Lisa
Published: April 2020

The police have extensive statutory powers to stop and search and to arrest a person in connection with the investigation of a criminal offence under various statutes, including the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (PACE 1984), the Terrorism Act 2000, the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971, and the Serious Organised Crime and Police Act 2005. This chapter examines the powers of stop and search before arrest; powers of arrest under PACE 1984; powers to search a person and his property after arrest; the power to grant street bail; and the right to liberty under Article 5 European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR 1950).
11. Prosecuting an Either-Way Offence
Authors: Hannibal Martin , Mountford Lisa
Published: April 2020

Either-way offences include assault occasioning actual bodily harm, theft, and burglary. These offences can be committed with varying degrees of seriousness depending on the aggravating or mitigating features in the particular case. The more aggravating features, the more serious the offence will be regarded. This chapter examines the procedure for deciding where an either-way offence should be tried which includes the plea before venue and allocation procedure; the relative merits of summary trial and trial on indictment; and for those either-way offences that are to be tried in the Crown Court, the next stage of the proceedings.
1. Introduction
Authors: Cunningham-Hill Susan , Elder Karen
Published: April 2020

This introductory chapter explains the philosophy of the book and its pedagogical features. It assists in broadening research skills and knowledge. Further, it introduces the Civil Procedure Rules. Finally, it highlights professional conduct considerations and how they are dealt with in this book.
3. Costs Information to the Client and Funding Options
Authors: Cunningham-Hill Susan , Elder Karen
Published: April 2020

Legal representatives are obliged to give clients the best information possible about the likely costs of pursuing and ultimately resolving disputes, and to discuss with the client the best way of funding the action. This funding advice is inextricably linked to a legal representative’s professional conduct duties highlighted in the Handbook. This chapter focuses on the information clients need to know about costs in accordance with the Handbook’s Principles and its Chapter 1 on Client Care in the Code, as well as the different types of funding options available that may or may not be offered to a client. This chapter considers important recent changes in the application of costs and funding options in litigation.
7. Pre-Action Substantive Matters
Authors: Cunningham-Hill Susan , Elder Karen
Published: April 2020

The role of a student or practitioner in the dispute resolution (or litigation) department is to assist in the procedural and theoretical aspects of a client’s case. These latter aspects can include consideration of matters that can determine where an action proceeds and whether it is capable of proceeding. This chapter deals with issues that may be considered either before seeing a client on a new matter, at the first meeting, or, more commonly, after receiving detailed instructions and reflecting on the overall issues in the case. It considers jurisdiction and governing law; the capacity to sue or be sued; limitation; the legal components of an action; and remedies.
8. Pre-Action Protocols
Authors: Cunningham-Hill Susan , Elder Karen
Published: April 2020

This chapter considers Protocol practice in general, the aims of Protocol, the basic content of all Protocols, and the Practice Direction on Pre-Action Conduct (PDPAC). It looks at the consequences of non-compliance with Protocol or the PDPAC. It discusses the occasions on which it may be appropriate to issue proceedings without complying with Protocol practice, and some pre-action applications that may be made under the Civil Procedure Rules. It also provides a more detailed look at two Pre-Action Protocols—the Personal Injury Protocol and the Construction and Engineering Protocol.
14. Interim Applications—Common Types
Authors: Cunningham-Hill Susan , Elder Karen
Published: April 2020

This chapter considers the interim applications that a legal representative may most often come across in practice. It looks at the procedure for the specific interim application. Then it discusses the form of the evidence needed to make or oppose it. The interim applications considered here include an application to set aside default judgment; summary judgment; interim payment; an application for specific disclosure; an application for security for costs; and an application for an injunction.
3. Money laundering
Authors: Wright Kathryn , Firth Clare , Crompton Lucy , Fox Helen , Seabridge Frances , Wigglesworth Susan , Smart Elizabeth
Published: April 2020

A concerted effort is being made within the EU to crack down on money laundering. This is reflected by both the European Money Laundering Directives, which have led to changes in the UK legislation, in particular the Money Laundering, Terrorist Financing and Transfer of Funds (Information on the Payer) Regulations (MLR). Solicitors are usually unwittingly involved in a money laundering scheme. They can avoid this by being conversant with the requirements of the money laundering legislation and fully complying with it. This chapter explains the process of money laundering; the primary legislation and offences; and the relevance of the legislation to solicitors.
7. Inheritance tax
Authors: Wright Kathryn , Firth Clare , Crompton Lucy , Fox Helen , Seabridge Frances , Wigglesworth Susan , Smart Elizabeth
Published: April 2020

This chapter deals with inheritance tax (IHT). It explains the charge to IHT; potentially exempt transfers (PETs); the transfer of value on death; the occasions to tax; the charge to tax and a lifetime chargeable transfer (LCT); the charge to tax and a LCT where the transferor dies within seven years of the LCT; the charge to tax and a PET; the charge to tax and death; gifts subject to a reservation; liability, burden, and payment of tax; and tax planning.
9. Value added tax
Authors: Wright Kathryn , Firth Clare , Crompton Lucy , Fox Helen , Seabridge Frances , Wigglesworth Susan , Smart Elizabeth
Published: April 2020

Value added tax (VAT) is a tax charged on supplies of goods and services made by businesses that have (or should have) registered for VAT. This chapter discusses the circumstances in which VAT is charged; the rates of VAT; when VAT can be reclaimed; accounting for VAT; and doing VAT calculations.
14. Application for a grant of representation
Authors: Wright Kathryn , Firth Clare , Crompton Lucy , Fox Helen , Seabridge Frances , Wigglesworth Susan , Smart Elizabeth
Published: April 2020

This chapter discusses the law and procedure relating to the issue of a grant of representation to the personal representatives of someone who has died. It considers the nature, effect, and the principal types of grant; the position of the personal representatives; the responsibilities of solicitors instructed to act in the administration of an estate; obtaining the grant; the court’s requirements; Statement of Truth for executors, for administrators with will annexed and for administrators; HM Revenue & Customs (HMRC) requirements; excepted estates; Form IHT 400 and its Schedules; and the calculation of inheritance tax (IHT).
5. Termination of and retirement from a partnership
Authors: Slorach J. Scott , Ellis Jason
Published: April 2020

An individual may cease to be a partner on the happening of one of the following events: the dissolution of the partnership; his retirement; or his expulsion from the partnership. If the partnership is dissolved, the partnership will come to an end and its assets and business will be dealt with accordingly. The situation is different on the retirement or expulsion of a partner. Here, the former partners can carry on the business, albeit through the medium of a newly constituted partnership. This chapter considers the legal consequences of the occurrence of these events.
15. Disclosure obligations of companies and company accounts
Authors: Slorach J. Scott , Ellis Jason
Published: April 2020

This chapter considers the information about companies which is publicly available, paying particular attention to the rules with which the company must comply in relation to its accounts. It also provides some guidance on how to interpret the published accounts of a company.
19. Taxation of directors’ fees and employees’ salaries
Authors: Slorach J. Scott , Ellis Jason
Published: April 2020

This chapter considers the taxation treatment of salaries, from the perspectives of both employer and employee. An employer will wish to ensure that any remuneration or reward paid to its employees will entitle it to claim a pre-tax deduction and reduce its taxable profits. The system for taxation of employees’ income is contained in the Income Tax Earnings and Pensions Act (ITEPA) 2003. The taxation of proprietors of a business and IR35 companies are also described.
22. Capital gains tax and inheritance tax on business assets
Authors: Slorach J. Scott , Ellis Jason
Published: April 2020

This chapter examines the capital gains tax (CGT) and inheritance tax regimes which apply to individuals in relation to businesses and business assets. Under the provisions of the Taxation of Chargeable Gains Act (TCGA) 1992, CGT is payable when a taxable person makes a disposal of chargeable assets giving rise to a chargeable gain unless an exemption or relief applies. The chapter first discusses the various rules which need to be considered to establish a taxpayer’s CGT liability on any given disposal. It then covers CGT in the business context; disposals of partnership property; disposals of shares; disposals of business assets owned by those involved in the business; the purchase by a company of its own shares; and inheritance tax.
23. Value Added Tax
Authors: Slorach J. Scott , Ellis Jason
Published: April 2020

This chapter discusses value added tax (VAT) in the UK. VAT is charged on supplies of goods and services made in the UK. Where a person makes taxable supplies in excess of a set limit in any one-year period, he must register with Her Majesty’s Revenue and Customs (HMRC). He must then account to HMRC for VAT on all taxable supplies made. The total amount payable may be reduced by the amount of VAT which he has paid on certain taxable supplies made to him. The liability to pay VAT to HMRC rests on suppliers of goods and services. However, the cost of the tax is actually borne by suppliers’ customers who are charged VAT on the goods and services they purchase. VAT is charged in the UK under the Value Added Tax Act (VATA) 1994.
9. Post-completion procedures: delays and remedies
Authors: Abbey Robert M. , Richards Mark B.
Published: April 2020

This chapter considers two areas that provide practitioners with some of the more challenging parts of the conveyancing process: first, post-completion procedures; and, second, dealing with delays and seeking appropriate remedies. Practitioners must deal with time limits, with ‘what if’ scenarios, and with the mechanics of stamping and registration. In particular, delays affecting conveyancing contracts, and the consequential remedies available, are a fertile source for conflict between conveyancing practitioners.
2. Funding Litigation
Authors: Sime Stuart
Published: April 2020

This chapter discusses the issue of funding litigation. Solicitors have a professional duty to advise clients on litigation funding options. The advice and agreed funding method should be confirmed in writing in a ‘client care letter’. Most commercial clients pay their lawyers under the traditional retainer, normally with an agreed hourly rate. Conditional free agreements (CFAs) or ‘no win, no fee’ agreements allow a lawyer to agree not to charge the client if the proceedings are unsuccessful, but to charge an uplift or ‘success fee’ of up to 100 per cent over the solicitor’s usual costs if the proceedings are successful. Damages-based agreements (DBAs) are a form of contingency fee agreement under which the lawyer is paid out of the sums recovered in the proceedings. Public funding through legal aid is restricted to individuals with modest income and capital, and there are wide exclusions from the scheme.
3. The Civil Courts
Authors: Sime Stuart
Published: April 2020

This chapter describes the civil courts in England and Wales. It covers the composition and administration of magistrates’s courts, County Court, and the High Court; jurisdiction; High Court Divisions (Queen’s Bench Division (QBD), Chancery Division (ChD), and Family Division), and specialist courts (Business and Property Courts, Technology and Construction Court, Commercial Court, Administrative Court, Companies Court, Patents Court, and Intellectual Property Enterprise Court). For most civil claims the claimant has a free choice between the High Court and the County Court. Common law claims are suitable for the Queen’s Bench Division, whereas equity claims are more suitable for the Chancery Division. The High Court should be used for the more important and complex claims.
9. Personal Injury Claims under £25,000
Authors: Sime Stuart
Published: April 2020

Out of the estimated 950,000 personal injuries claims each year in the UK, about 750,000 cases arise from road traffic accidents (RTAs), 90,000 are employers’ liability cases (EL), and 100,000 are public liability cases (PL). About 90% of these are cases where the damages are estimated at between £1,000 and £25,000. This chapter discusses cases covered by the RTA and EL/PL protocols; the provisions of the RTA protocol; the process under the RTA protocol: claim notification, medical evidence and negotiation, and Part 8 claim to determine quantum; child settlement applications; fixed costs under the RTA and EL/PL protocols; and cases where parties can stop following the RTA or EL/PL protocols.
12. Responding to a Claim
Authors: Sime Stuart
Published: April 2020

This chapter discusses the procedure for defendants responding to the claim. A defendant who intends to contest proceedings must respond to the claim by filing an acknowledgment of service and/or by filing a defence. Defended claims become subject to the court’s case management system, with the court making provisional track allocation decisions, followed by the parties filing directions questionnaires. If a defendant fails to make any response to a claim a default judgment is usually entered within a relatively short period after service.
15. Track Allocation and Case Management
Authors: Sime Stuart
Published: April 2020

Judicial case management of civil litigation is one of the central planks of the Civil Procedure Rules 1998 (CPR). In exercising their powers to manage cases, the courts will be seeking to secure the overriding objective of the CPR of ensuring that cases are dealt with justly and at proportionate cost. This chapter discusses procedural judges; docketing; provisional track allocation; filing directions questionnaires; track allocation rules; notice of allocation; allocation directions; ADR and stays to allow for settlement; transfer to appropriate court; trial in the Royal Courts of Justice; changing tracks; and subsequent case management.
20. Additional Claims under Part 20
Authors: Sime Stuart
Published: April 2020

This chapter discusses the rules for additional claims under Part 20 of the Civil Procedure Rules 1998 (CPR). An additional claim typically will seek to pass any liability established against the defendant to a third party. This is achieved by seeking indemnities, contributions, or related remedies against the third party. A third party may in turn seek to pass on its liability to a fourth party, and so on. Permission to issue an additional claim is not required if the additional claim is issued before or at the same time as the defendant files its defence. An additional claim operates as a separate claim within the original claim.
25. Interim Payments
Authors: Sime Stuart
Published: April 2020

This chapter discusses the rules on interim payments. An order for interim payment is an order for payment of a sum of money by a defendant on account of any damages, debt, or other sum which the court may hold the defendant liable to pay. Such orders are likely to be made in claims where it appears that the claimant will achieve at least some success, and where it would be unjust to delay, until after the trial, payment of the money to which the claimant appears to be entitled. The amount ordered must not exceed a reasonable proportion of the likely final award taking into account any counterclaim and contributory negligence.
28. Fast Track
Authors: Sime Stuart
Published: April 2020

The fast track provides a ‘no-frills’ procedure for medium-sized cases that do not justify the detailed and meticulous preparation appropriate for complex and important cases. Instead, cases allocated to this track will be progressed to trial within a short timescale after the filing of a defence. The fast track covers the majority of defended claims within the £10,000 to £25,000 monetary band. It also deals with non-monetary claims such as injunctions, declarations, and claims for specific performance which are unsuitable for the small claims track and do not require the more complex treatment of the multi-track. This chapter covers directions for cases allocated to the fast track; standard fast track timetable; agreed directions; varying the directions timetable; listing for trial; fast track trial; and costs in fast track cases.
31. Disclosure
Authors: Sime Stuart
Published: April 2020

The Civil Procedure Rules 1998 (CPR) require the parties to give advance notice to their opponents of all the material documentation in their control. This is done in two stages. At the first stage the parties send each other lists of documents, a process called ‘disclosure’. The second stage is ‘inspection’, which is the process by which the other side can request copies of documents appearing in the list of documents, typically with photocopies being provided by the disclosing party. This chapter discusses these processes. It covers lawyers’ and clients’ responsibilities; the stage when disclosure takes place; disclosure orders; standard disclosure; menu option disclosure; duty to search; list of documents; privilege; inspection; orders in support of disclosure; documents referred to in statements of case, etc.; admission of authenticity; and collateral use.
33. Hearsay
Authors: Sime Stuart
Published: April 2020

This chapter considers the admissibility of and procedural matters relating to hearsay evidence in civil cases. Hearsay evidence is where a witness gives evidence of facts they have not personally experienced for the purpose of proving the truth of those facts. Hearsay may be written or oral, and may be first-hand, second-hand, etc. Evidence is no longer excluded in civil cases solely on the ground that it is hearsay. However, in practice, trial judges give limited weight to hearsay evidence.
34. Admissions and Documentary Evidence
Authors: Sime Stuart
Published: April 2020

This chapter discusses the rules relating to the proof of admissions and documents at trial. It covers the nature of admissions; pre-action admissions of liability; permission to withdraw an admission; notice to admit facts; and proving documents.
36. Offers to Settle
Authors: Sime Stuart
Published: April 2020

Part 36 of the Civil Procedure Rules 1998 (CPR) provides a means for a party to make a formal offer in settlement of the claim which will be treated as without prejudice for the purposes of liability and remedies, but which can be disclosed to the court on the question of costs. This chapter discusses offers to settle before the commencement of proceedings; making a Part 36 offer; acceptance of a Part 36 offer; rejections, counter-offers, and subsequent offers; withdrawal and amendment of Part 36 offers; failing to obtain judgment more advantageous than a Part 36 offer; advising on Part 36 offers; non-disclosure to judge; and Part 36 offers in appeals.
3. Legal writing
Authors: Webb Julian , Maughan Caroline , Maughan Mike , Keppel-Palmer Marcus , Boon Andrew
Published: April 2020

This chapter discusses the skills needed for effective legal writing. It focuses on the ‘Plan, Write, Revise’ approach to effective writing; strategies for developing the ability to write plain English; how to vary language and style to suit the needs of readers; and being self-critical and continuing to develop writing skills.
Introduction to Cystic Fibrosis for Mental Health Care Coordinators and Providers: Collaborating to Promote Wellness
Authors: Mueller Amy E , Georgiopoulos Anna M , Reno Kim L , Roach Christine M , Kvam Christopher M , Quittner Alexandra L , Lomas Paula , Smith Beth A , Filigno Stephanie S
Published: April 2020

To maximize health, individuals with cystic fibrosis (CF) follow a complex, burdensome daily care regimen. Managing CF is associated with a range of significant biopsychosocial challenges and places individuals with CF, and their caregivers, at greater risk for developing anxiety and depression. To promote wellness and address the potential barriers that affect management of this complex chronic illness, many individuals would benefit from treatment from a behavioral health provider. Social workers within multidisciplinary CF care teams are well positioned to respond to this need, and an expanding number of social workers serving as behavioral health providers in the community will be sought as a resource to provide treatment to this population. This article serves as a primer for social workers to maximize knowledge of the psychosocial and potential behavioral health needs of individuals with CF across the life span. To best support individuals with CF, authors describe the disease-specific manifestations and outline the numerous potential clinical targets for social work to promote wellness. The article concludes by highlighting the importance of communication with the medical team and considerations for effective collaborative care.
Barriers in profiting from external knowledge: the role of organizational design
Authors: Baumstark Bernadette A
Published: April 2020

This article analyzes as to how organizational design impacts firms’ innovation success in integrating knowledge that they have obtained from external partners. Responding to the call for more quantitative empirical analyses on limits and boundary conditions of external knowledge, I provide findings of a study of 97 firms with multi-informants from the Western-European automotive industry. Based on multiple hierarchical regression analyses with robust standard errors, the study shows that organizational design (in particular specialization, formalization, communication/connectedness [non-] monetary rewards) acts as barrier for firms who strive to profit from integrating external knowledge.
Climate change, environmental sustainability and health care quality
Authors: Ossebaard Hans C , Lachman Peter
Published: April 2020

The challenges for health care continue to grow and in the 21st century healthcare policymakers and providers will need to respond to the developing impact of global warming and the environmental impact of healthcare service delivery. This cannot be viewed apart from the current Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, which is likely to be linked to the climate crisis.
Temperature and Estrogen Alter Predator–Prey Interactions between Fish Species
Authors: Ward J L , Korn V , Auxier A N , Schoenfuss H L
Published: April 2020

Synopsis

A variety of environmental estrogens are commonly detected in human-impacted waterways. Although much is known about the effects of these environmental estrogens on the reproductive physiology and behavior of individuals within species, comparatively less is known about how these compounds alter the outcomes of interactions between species. Furthermore, few studies have considered how the effects of contaminants are modulated by natural variation in abiotic factors, such as temperature. To help fill this knowledge gap, we conducted a factorial experiment to examine the independent and combined effects of estrone (E1) and temperature on the outcome of predator–prey interactions between two common North American freshwater fishes, fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) and bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus). Larval fathead minnows and adult sunfish were exposed to either a low (mean±standard deviation, 90.1 ± 18 ng/L; n = 16) or high (414 ± 147 ng/L; n = 15) concentration of E1 or to a solvent control for 30 days at one of four natural seasonal temperatures (15°C, 18°C, 21°C, and 24°C) before predation trials were performed. Exposure to E1 was associated with a significant increase in larval predation mortality that was independent of temperature. Across all temperature treatments, approximately 74% of control minnows survived; this survivorship significantly exceeded that of minnows exposed to either concentration of E1 (49% and 53% for minnows exposed to the low and high concentrations, respectively). However, exposure to E1 also impaired the prey-capture success of sunfish, partially mitigating predation pressure on exposed minnows. Overall prey-capture success by sunfish showed an inverted U-shaped distribution with temperature, with maximal prey consumption occurring at 21°C. This study illustrates the vulnerability of organismal interactions to estrogenic pollutants and highlights the need to include food web interactions in assessments of risk.
Multimodality and media archaeology: Complementary optics for looking at digital stuff?
Authors: Thomas Martin
Published: April 2020

This article brings current core concerns of multimodality into dialogue with approaches identified with media archaeology. I begin by considering the development of multimodality in relation to the emphasis that media archaeologists place on non-linear and parallel histories, the relativity of ‘newness’, and cyclical thinking. I then move on to consider some of the respective conceptual undergirding of multimodality and media archaeology, focussing on key issues of materiality and media specificity, signs and signals, media convergence and commensurability. I argue that this juxtaposition brings fresh perspectives to the question of ‘mode’. Significantly, these are attuned both to social and formal considerations, but in ways that differ from both social semiotic orientations and other approaches to multimodality. Having considered these fundamentals, I turn to questions of interactivity, product, and process, and the blurring of boundaries between categories such as reading and writing. As a final intersection, I bring the growing interest in integrating quantitative, corpus-based methods in multimodal analysis into dialogue with the prioritization of the digital archive as a site of specific media archaeological interest with inherent potential for algorithmic manipulation. I conclude with some observations about the status of multimodality and media archaeology as communities and, more specifically, the potential for complementarity between them.
From collection resources to intelligent data: Construction of intelligent digital humanities platform for local historical documents of Shanghai Jiao Tong University
Authors: Qian Yin , Xing Zhuoyuan , Shi Xiaohua
Published: April 2020

Local historical documents originated from daily life of people belong to special collection resources that were not published publicly. They are valuable assets of universities and libraries. At present, most documents had only finished digitalization or partial datalization work. However, the requirements of deep knowledge mining in documents data, providing visual analysis, and effectively supporting the research of historic humanities scholars had not been fully met. Taking the local historical documents project of Shanghai Jiao Tong University as an example, using relevant techniques of digital humanities (DH), the in-depth analysis and utilization research of documents data were carried out. On the one hand, the core database of the documents was established based on standardizing metadata cataloguing and establishing metadata association. On the other hand, based on the core database, an intelligent DH system platform was constructed. The platform is to realize full-field retrieval and display of the documents, text analysis, association analysis, statistics, and visual presentation of knowledge. In addition, in the process of using the platform for research, humanities scholars can continuously expand the data dimensions and the relationships between data, achieve intelligent supplementation of documents data and platform self-learning. The concept of DH has led to a new direction of database construction and platform development. In the exploration and practice of DH, libraries should continue to widen thinking, improve service and innovation capabilities, and provide better research perspectives, research environments, research support, and research experience for humanities scholars.
Hairy Cell Leukemia and Ground Water Contamination With Industrial Solvents: a Case Report
Authors: Green-Lott Ashley-Marie , Singaraju Raj , Liu Min-Ling , Ascensao Joao
Published: April 2020

The industrial solvents benzene and trichloroethylene (TCE) are known carcinogens, and these solvents contaminated the drinking water at Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune from the 1950s to 1980s. Benzene and TCE are linked to the hematopoietic cancers acute myelocytic and lymphocytic leukemia and chronic lymphocytic leukemia. We report the case of a veteran stationed at Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune during this period who developed hairy cell leukemia (HCL), a rare form of lymphocytic leukemia. We review his presentation, medical history, solvent exposure, and literature on the carcinogenicity of benzene and TCE. This patient represents a possible link of TCE or benzene to HCL. The case also informs clinicians of the updated epidemiology with regards to clinical findings for HCL.
Specific histone modifications associate with alternative exon selection during mammalian development
Authors: Hu Qiwen , Greene Casey S , Heller Elizabeth A
Published: April 2020

Alternative splicing (AS) is frequent during early mouse embryonic development. Specific histone post-translational modifications (hPTMs) have been shown to regulate exon splicing by either directly recruiting splice machinery or indirectly modulating transcriptional elongation. In this study, we hypothesized that hPTMs regulate expression of alternatively spliced genes for specific processes during differentiation. To address this notion, we applied an innovative machine learning approach to relate global hPTM enrichment to AS regulation during mammalian tissue development. We found that specific hPTMs, H3K36me3 and H3K4me1, play a role in skipped exon selection among all the tissues and developmental time points examined. In addition, we used iterative random forest model and found that interactions of multiple hPTMs most strongly predicted splicing when they included H3K36me3 and H3K4me1. Collectively, our data demonstrated a link between hPTMs and alternative splicing which will drive further experimental studies on the functional relevance of these modifications to alternative splicing.
MetagenoNets: comprehensive inference and meta-insights for microbial correlation networks
Authors: Nagpal Sunil , Singh Rashmi , Yadav Deepak , Mande Sharmila S
Published: April 2020

Microbial association networks are frequently used for understanding and comparing community dynamics from microbiome datasets. Inferring microbial correlations for such networks and obtaining meaningful biological insights, however, requires a lengthy data management workflow, choice of appropriate methods, statistical computations, followed by a different pipeline for suitably visualizing, reporting and comparing the associations. The complexity is further increased with the added dimension of multi-group ‘meta-data’ and ‘inter-omic’ functional profiles that are often associated with microbiome studies. This not only necessitates the need for categorical networks, but also integrated and bi-partite networks. Multiple options of network inference algorithms further add to the efforts required for performing correlation-based microbiome interaction studies. We present MetagenoNets, a web-based application, which accepts multi-environment microbial abundance as well as functional profiles, intelligently segregates ‘continuous and categorical’ meta-data and allows inference as well as visualization of categorical, integrated (inter-omic) and bi-partite networks. Modular structure of MetagenoNets ensures logical flow of analysis (inference, integration, exploration and comparison) in an intuitive and interactive personalized dashboard driven framework. Dynamic choice of filtration, normalization, data transformation and correlation algorithms ensures, that end-users get a one-stop solution for microbial network analysis. MetagenoNets is freely available at https://web.rniapps.net/metagenonets.
BRD4 as a therapeutic target for nonfunctioning and growth hormone pituitary adenoma
Authors: Shi Chengzhang , Ye Zhao , Han Jie , Ye Xiaoqing , Lu Wenchao , Ji Chenxing , Li Zizhou , Ma Zengyi , Zhang Qilin , Zhang Yichao , He Wenqiang , Chen Zhengyuan , Cao Xiaoyun , Shou Xuefei , Zhou Xiang , Wang Yongfei , Zhang Zhaoyun , Li Yiming , Ye Hongying , He Min , Chen Hong , Cheng Haixia , Sun Jun , Cai Jianyong , Huang Chuanxin , Ye Fei , Luo Cheng , Zhou Bing , Ding Hong , Zhao Yao
Published: April 2020

Background

Nonfunctioning pituitary adenoma (NFPA) and growth hormone pituitary adenoma (GHPA) are major subtypes of pituitary adenomas (PAs). The primary treatment is surgical resection. However, radical excision remains challenging, and few effective medical therapies are available. It is urgent to find novel targets for the treatment. Bromodomain-containing protein 4 (BRD4) is an epigenetic regulator that leads to aberrant transcriptional activation of oncogenes. Herein, we investigated the pathological role of BRD4 and evaluated the effectiveness of BRD4 inhibitors in the treatment of NFPA and GHPA.

Methods

The expression of BRD4 was detected in NFPA, GHPA, and normal pituitary tissues. The efficacies of BRD4 inhibitors were evaluated in GH3 and MMQ cell lines, patient-derived tumor cells, and in vivo mouse xenograft models of PA. Standard western blots, real-time PCR, and flow cytometry experiments were performed to investigate the effect of BRD4 inhibitors on cell cycle progression, apoptosis, and the expression patterns of downstream genes.

Results

Immunohistochemistry studies demonstrated the overexpression of BRD4 in NFPA and GHPA. In vitro and in vivo studies showed that treatment with the BRD4 inhibitor ZBC-260 significantly inhibited the proliferation of PA cells. Further mechanistic studies revealed that ZBC-260 could downregulate the expression of c-Myc, B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl2), and related genes, which are vital factors in pituitary tumorigenesis.

Conclusion

In this study, we determined the overexpression of BRD4 in NFPA and GHPA and assessed the effects of BRD4 inhibitors on PA cells in vitro and in vivo. Our findings suggest that BRD4 is a promising therapeutic target for NFPA and GHPA.