bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Coupling boundary elements to a raytracing procedure
Authors: Hampel S. , Langer S. , Cisilino A. P.
Published: June 2007

Typical outdoor sound propagation problems are governed by two principal phenomena: (i) diffraction in the vicinity of the noise source due to objects such as buildings or insulation barriers, and (ii) refraction at long distances from the source as a consequence of the effects of wind and temperature. The boundary element method (BEM) is well suited to account for the diffraction phenomena in the near field, while the raytracing method based on geometrical acoustics is more effective to deal with the refraction phenomena.

In this paper, a new approach is presented which couples the direct BEM and a raytracing model in order to combine their advantages. Two alternative coupling procedures are developed, one is using a singular indirect BEM and the other is based on the method of fundamental solutions (MFS).

The direct boundary element model is applied first for solving the near field and computing the sound pressure along an auxiliary interface which limits the near field extent. Then, a singular indirect BEM or MFS is used to find the intensities of a number of point sources which produce the same sound pressure on the interface to that resulting from the near‐field analysis. Finally, the point sources are the input data for the raytracing model of the far field.

A 3D implementation of the proposed method is finally applied to an outdoor sound propagation problem. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cardiovascular risks of atypical antipsychotic drug treatment
Authors: Drici Milou‐Daniel , Priori Silvia
Published: June 2007

Atypical antipsychotics are the treatment of choice for patients with schizophrenia. They are generally better tolerated than conventional antipsychotics since most do not cause debilitating extrapyramidal symptoms. They are associated though with an array of cardiovascular adverse events that may affect morbid‐mortality of schizophrenic patients. Orthostatic hypotension, electrocardiographic changes and metabolic syndrome (MS) are the main cardiovascular effects of atypical antipsychotics. They contribute to the overall disease burden associated with schizophrenia even though the benefit risk of such treatments still is highly favourable.

We aim to review the main cardiovascular side effects of new atypical oral antipsychotics, the pharmacological mechanisms involved, and to which drugs they are particularly attributed. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The utility of the general practice research database to examine selected congenital heart defects: a validation study
Authors: Wurst K. E. , Ephross S. A. , Loehr J. , Clark D. W. , Guess H. A.
Published: June 2007

Objective

The purpose of this research was (1) to validate that ventricular septal defect (VSD), tetralogy of Fallot (TOF), and coarctation of the aorta (COA) can be studied in the UK General practice research database (GPRD) and (2) to understand which of the available GPRD components (computerized medical records, questionnaires, and maternal/infant free text) provide maximal information about these heart defects.

Methods

Using a practitioner questionnaire, the positive predictive value (PPV) of the computerized medical record for VSD, TOF, and COA were determined. Both infant and maternal free text was examined. Concordance between the infant free text information and questionnaires was calculated. The proportion of infant information captured in the maternal free text was determined.

Results

A 93% response rate was achieved. Based on questionnaire responses, an overall PPV of 93.5% was achieved (VSD = 95%, TOF = 90%, COA = 100%). Approximately half of the records contained infant free text information including information on the type and size of VSD, echocardiogram findings, and surgery. Concordance between the infant's free text and questionnaire information occurred in most of the cases (92–100%). The proportion of infant information in the maternal free text was low (4–19%).

Conclusion

The GPRD computerized medical records are sufficient to assess VSD, TOF, and COA. This study confirms that maternal free text provides a low yield of limited information pertaining to the infants' defect, while the infant free text may provide an additional information usually obtainable from practitioner questionnaires. The information provided by an infant free text may limit the need for practitioner questionnaire validation. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of film forming and hydrophobic properties of starches on surface sized packaging paper
Authors: Jonhed Anna , Andersson Caisa , Järnström Lars
Published: June 2007

The effect on mechanical and barrier properties upon addition of glycerol to temperature‐responsive hydrophobically modified (HM) potato starch was studied on free films. The addition of glycerol lowered the glass transition temperature, the storage modulus, and the water vapor permeability (WVP) for the HM starch films. The HM starch phase separates upon cooling below an upper critical temperature into a solid and a liquid phase. Adding glycerol to the warm starch solution had an inhibiting effect on the particulate precipitation. Substrates surface sized with HM starch with various amounts of glycerol were investigated with respect to barrier properties; WVP, contact angle and Cobb values. Hydroxypropylated starch was used as a reference. Cobb values and WVP results on surface‐sized substrates indicated that the film formation properties of the starches were of great importance for the final surface properties. Good film formation properties were essential for the gas barrier and water resistance while they were less important for high contact angles. The WVP decreased as the glycerol content of the sizes increased, but no sufficient water vapor barrier could be obtained. The HM starches investigated in this work provided good oxygen barrier and the contact angles indicated a hydrophobic character of the surface. The role of the precipitate was investigated, and surface sizing with the precipitate gave low WVP and high contact angles despite its poor film‐forming properties under the experimental conditions. Cobb60 values were slightly improved for HM starch with increasing glycerol content over glycerol‐free sizing. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quality management and Juran's legacy
Authors: Bisgaard Soren
Published: June 2007

Quality management provides the framework for the industrial application of statistical quality control, design of experiments, quality improvement and reliability methods. It is therefore helpful for quality engineers and statisticians to be familiar with basic quality management principles. In this article we discuss Dr Joseph M. Juran's important contributions to modern quality management concepts, principles and models. Many people have contributed to modern quality management. However, through his extensive writings covering more than six decades, Juran has managed to distill and synthesize the subject. He has provided us with a coherent framework and terminology and anticipated many of the principles that subsequently became incorporated under the Six Sigma umbrella. We briefly outline Juran's framework and discuss a number of key contributions he has made to the subject of managing for quality. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Process capability indices for one‐sided specification intervals and skewed distributions
Authors: Vännman Kerstin , Albing Malin
Published: June 2007

One‐sided specification intervals are frequent in industry, but the process capability analysis is not well developed theoretically for this case. Most of the published articles about process capability focus on the case when the specification interval is two‐sided. Furthermore, usually the assumption of normality is necessary. However, a common practical situation is process capability analysis when the studied characteristic has a skewed distribution with a long tail towards large values and an upper specification limit only exists. In such situations it is not uncommon that the smallest possible value of the characteristic is 0 and that this also is the best value to obtain. We propose a new class of indices for such a situation with an upper specification limit, a target value zero, and where the studied characteristic has a skewed, zero‐bound distribution with a long tail towards large values. A confidence interval for an index in the proposed class, as well as a decision procedure for deeming a process as capable or not, is discussed. These results are based on large sample properties of
the distribution of a suggested estimator of the index. A simulation study is performed, assuming the quality characteristic is Weibull distributed, to investigate the properties of the suggested decision procedure. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In SilicoPrediction of Inhibition Activity of Pyrazine–Pyridine Biheteroaryls as VEGFR‐2 Inhibitors Based on Least Squares Support Vector Machines
Authors: Li Jiazhong , Qin Jin , Liu Huanxiang , Yao Xiaojun , Liu Mancang , Hu Zhide
Published: June 2007

A predictive nonlinear model for the inhibition activities for a set of pyrazine–pyridine biheteroaryls, inhibitors of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor‐2 (VEGFR‐2) was developed based on Least Squares Support Vector Machines (LS‐SVMs) using molecular descriptors calculated from the molecular structure alone as inputs. Each compound was described by the structural descriptors that encode constitutional, topological, geometrical, electrostatic, and quantum‐chemical features. Five relevant descriptors selected by heuristic method were used to build linear and nonlinear Quantitative Structure–Activity Relationship (QSAR) models using Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) and LS‐SVMs. Better results were obtained by the nonlinear LS‐SVMs model which gave the correlation coefficients of 0.921 and the MSE of 0.046 for the training set. The corresponding correlation coefficient and MSE for the test set are 0.877 and 0.041, respectively. The good performance of LS‐SVMs proved this method to be a reliable and promising tool in QSAR analysis and computer aided molecular design. The models developed can be used for further screening of potential VEGFR‐2 inhibitors.
Fusion of digital television, broadband Internet and mobile communications—Part I: Enabling technologies
Authors: Ong F. L. C. , Liang X. , Pillai P. , Chan P. M. L. , Koltsidas G. , Pavlidou F. N. , Ferro E. , Gotta A. , Cruickshank H. , Iyengar S. , Fairhurst G. , Mancuso V.
Published: June 2007

The introduction of digital video broadcasting (DVB) satellite systems has become an important tool for future mobile communication and is currently a focus in several research areas such as the integration of DVB satellite systems with different wireless technologies. This tutorial consists of two parts,Enabling technologiesandFuture service scenarios, which aims to provide an introduction to the current state‐of‐the‐art of DVB standards over satellite and its fusion with mobile and Internet technologies.

This paper,Enabling technologies, focuses on providing an overview of the different technologies and issues that facilitates better understanding of the current and future operational scenarios, whereas the second paper,Future service scenarioswill emphasize future research directions in this research area. In the first part, the paper will initially be focused on the introduction of different DVB satellite systems, i.e. DVB‐viasatellite (DVB‐S), DVB return channel by satellite (DVB‐RCS) and second‐generation DVB system for broadband satellite services (DVB‐S2). This is then followed by a description of the different Internet Protocol (IP) technologies used to support macro‐ and micro‐mobility and the migration strategies from IP version 4 (IPv4) to IP version 6 (IPv6). Finally, the different security mechanisms for the DVB system and end‐to‐end satellite network are addressed. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fusion of digital television, broadband Internet and mobile communications—Part II: Future service scenarios
Authors: Liang X. , Ong F. L. C. , Pillai P. , Chan P. M. L. , Mancuso V. , Koltsidas G. , Pavlidou F. N. , Caviglione L. , Ferro E. , Gotta A. , Cruickshank H. , Iyengar S. , Fairhurst G.
Published: June 2007

This is the second part of the tutorial paper following the previous tutorial paper describing enabling technologies in digital video broadcasting (DVB) system. The paper presents the current and future operational scenarios for DVB via satellite (DVB‐S) system. Review of the current state‐of‐the‐art technologies consisting of integration of broadband Internet and mobile communications and integration of broadband Internet and DVB are given. The future operational scenarios emphasize the fusion of DVB systems with other technologies in terms of network fusion and terminal fusion. For satellite service scenarios, it also takes into consideration mobility management and standard quality‐of‐service mechanism issues, such as integrated services and differentiated services. Several research directions for providing seamless services regardless of network, access technology and terminal in the fusion network are also highlighted in this paper. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Erucic acid levels in Western Canadian canola and rapeseed
Authors: Daun J. K.
Published: June 2007

Canadian exports of canola seed and oil are shown to meet the Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) standard of 2% erucic acid. Canadian seed exports averaged less than 2% erucic acid since 1980 and individual cargoes, with one exception, contained less than 2% erucic acid since 1982. Most Western Canadian crushing plants have produced oil with less than 2% erucic acid since 1981, and all since 1984. Areas whereB. campestris varieties of canola predominate may still have difficulty in meeting a 2% erucic acid standard without screening incoming seed. Further reductions in the erucic acid level ofB. campestris canola varieties are desired.
Stability of lipids and polyunsaturated fatty acids during smoking of atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus L.)
Authors: Aminullah Bhulyan A. K. M. , Ratnayake W. M. N. , Ackman R. G.
Published: June 2007

Fall Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus L.), non‐smoked and hot smoked according to the method of Torry (Aberdeen, Scotland) Advisory Note #82, in an AFOS‐Torry Mini Kiln, were used to study changes in oxidative rancidity and composition of major lipid classes and fatty acids. After smoking there was an increase in thiobarbituric acid (TBAM) value and peroxide (PO) value, but the values were still indicative of acceptable quality. The percentages of triglycerides (TG) and phospholipid (PL) did not change significantly, and free fatty acids could barely be detected. The overall fatty acid composition remained virtually unchanged after the smoking process. This included the longer chain C20 and C22 n‐3 fatty acids, now regarded as potentially essential fatty acids for humans.
Tocopherols and tocotrienols in Finnish foods: Oils and fats
Authors: Syväoja E. ‐L. , Pilronen V. , Varo P. , Koivistoinen P. , Salminen K.
Published: June 2007

The tocopherols and tocotrienols of vegetable oils, cod liver oil, margarines, butter and Voimariini dairy spread were analyzed by HPLC. The total tocopherol content varied from 4 (coconut oil) to 242 mg/100 g (wheat germ oil). α‐tocopherol equivalents varied from 2 (coconut oil) to 225 mg/100 g (wheat germ oil). Semisoft and soft margarines had an average total tocopherol of 53 and 61 mg, and an average α‐tocopherol equivalent of 17 and 27 mg/100 g, respectively. Hard margarines averaged 29 mg total tocopherol and 9 mg α‐tocopherol equivalent/100 g. The average tocopherol content of butter and Voimariini was 2 and 15 mg/100 g, respectively, and the average α‐tocopherol equivalent 2 and 6 mg/100 g.
Effects of thermal oxidation on the constitution of butterfat, butterfat fractions and certain vegetable oils
Authors: Kupranycz D. B. , Amer M. A. , Baker B. E.
Published: June 2007

To evaluate the thermal oxidative behavior of butterfat in comparison to selected vegetable oils, samples of winter and summer butterfat, liquid and solid butterfat fractions, and selected vegetable oils were heated at 185 C in the presence of air (30 ml/min) for 8 and 16 hr. The resultant heated fats and oils, as well as the methyl esters of their fatty acids, were examined by gel permeation chromatography. The results indicated that butterfat is much more stable to thermal oxidation than canola, sunflower and soybean oils. This was evidenced by a substantially higher content of both dimeric and higher oligomeric triglycerides in the vegetable oils than in any of the butterfat samples after both 8 and 16 hr of heating. The corn oil also exhibited a high degree of stability to thermal oxidation after 8 hr of heating. The 16 hr corn oil data, however, was less certain due to the presence of a very viscous and dark colored material which could not be removed from the oxidation flask; this was believed to contain highly polymerized oil and was not observed with any of the other samples. There were some differences in the inter‐ and intramolecular polymerization of the butterfat fractions compared with each other and with whole butterfat. With the winter butterfat samples, after 8 hr of thermal oxidation, both the solid and liquid butterfat fractions exhibited more stability toward intermolecular polymerization than did the whole butterfat. After 16 hr of heating the ratio of trimeric and higher oligomeric triglycerides to dimeric triglycerides increased with increasing degree of unsaturation of the butterfat and with increased time of heating. Similar trends were observed with regard to the degree of intramolecular polymerization.
Temperature effects upon the expression of a high oleic acid trait in soybean
Authors: Martin B. A. , Wilson R. F. , Rinne R. W.
Published: June 2007

Soybeans (Glycine max L. Merr. cvs. N78‐2245 and Dare) were grown to maturity under controlled environments to investigate temperature effects upon the fatty acid composition of developing seed. These genotypes exhibited genetic differences in oleic acid (18:1) content. Mature seed from N78‐2245 germplasm normally contained ca. 43 mol% 18:1, and Dare seed contained ca. 18 mol% 18:1. When grown at 30/26 C or 22/18 C, the overall response of these genotypes to temperature resulted in lower 18:1 and higher linoleic (18:2) and linolenic (18:3) acid concentrations in mature seed. However, the genotypic response was much more pronounced in N78‐2245 seed than in Dare seed. The basis for these genotypic differences appeared to be related to temperature effects upon the differentiation of the 18:1‐synthetic and 18:1‐desaturation mechanisms during seed development. Although the high‐18:1 trait was expressed during N78‐2245 seed development at both temperatures, high‐18:1 glycerolipids accumulated during a shorter developmental period at 22/18 C than at 30/26 C. At 30/26 C, glycerolipids containing greater than 50% 18:1 were deposited between 20 and 45 days after flowering (DAF) and accounted for 84% (w/w) of the oil in mature seed. At 22/18 C, glycerolipids with similar fatty acid composition were formed between 30 and 45 DAF and accounted for only 40% (w/w) of the oil. Temperature effects upon 18:1‐desaturation also appeared to mediate the overall differences in unsaturated fatty acid composition in these genotypes. The 18:1‐desaturation mechanism in N78‐2245 seed was more sensitive to temperature than that in Dare seed. These genotype‐treatment combinations were ranked by degree of 18:1‐desaturation in the order: Dare (22/18 C) = Dare (30/26 C) ≥ N78‐2245 (22/18 C) > N78‐2245 (30/26 C). It was proposed that the ranking of these genotype‐treatment combinations may be attributed, in part, to the tissue levels of the 18:1‐desaturase enzymes in soybean seed grown at different temperatures.
Effectiveness of antioxidants in refined, bleached avocado oil
Authors: Werman M. J. , Neeman I.
Published: June 2007

The addition of antioxidants propyl gallate (PG), α‐tocopherol and ethoxyquin at a level of 250 ppm to refined, bleached avocado oil resulted in the retardation of the oxidative deterioration of the oil when it was stored in the dark at room temperature, exposed to daylight at room temperature (on the shelf) and at 60 C.

The extent of oxidation was followed by measuring the peroxide and anisidine values and oil color. Ethoxyquin and α‐tocopherol were relatively ineffective antioxidants, whereas PG greatly improved the stability of avocado oil stored in the dark at 60 C, but not in oil exposed to daylight.
Chemical and nutritional studies onTerminalia bellirica Roxb. Kernel and its oil
Authors: Rukmini C. , Rao P. Udayasekhara
Published: June 2007

Terminalia bellirica Roxb. is a valuable tree of Indian forests. The seeds are valued medicinally and also industrially, for tanning purposes. The kernels, which are not currently used for edible purposes, have 40% oil and 35% protein. The oil extracted from the kernels is sweet‐smelling and has palmitic (35%), oleic (24%) and linoleic (31%) acids as major fatty acids. The proximate principles, antinutritional factors and amino acid composition of the protein of the kernel are analyzed. Short term feeding of the oil at 10% level in a 10% casein protein diet to rats for 4 weeks resulted in growth comparable to that observed with animals fed a similar diet containing 10% groundnut oil. The protein utilization of casein used in the diet, as judged by the protein efficiency ratio (PER) and net protein utilization (NPU), was not adversely affected by theT. bellirica oil in the diet. The liver and heart lipid profiles of both the groups as reflected by the parameters, total lipids, total cholesterol and triglycerides content were comparable except for the heart triglycerides of the TBO‐fed group, which were elevated. The absorption of nutrients like calcium, phosphorus and nitrogen was not adversely affected by the intake ofT. bellirica oil.T. bellirica oil is absorbed to the same extent as groundnut oil. The results of this preliminary study indicate thatT. bellirica kernel oil may be used for edible purposes because it is a good source of linoleic acid. However, long term toxicological studies are necessary to establish its safety before it can be recommended as an edible oil for human consumption.

Feeding a diet containing 10%T. bellirica kernel protein as a raw diet as well as a cooked diet to rats, mice and chicks resulted in low food intake and death in all three species, probably due to heat stable antinutritional factors in the kernel.
Peaked distribution ethoxylates‐Their preparation, characterization and performance evaluation
Authors: Matheson K. Lee , Matson Ted P. , Yang Kang
Published: June 2007

A peaked ethylene oxide distribution alcohol ethoxylate can be produced using new catalyst systems. The mechanism of ethoxylation is discussed. Such Novel™ ethoxylates are markedly different from a conventional ethoxylate in physical properties and performance characteristics. Performance and formulation studies show several advantages for the peaked distribution in typical household product formulations.
Influence of high energy radiation on the oxidation of oleic acid and methyl oleate. II. Sites of oxygen attack
Authors: Slover Hal T. , Dugan L. R.
Published: June 2007

The hydroperoxides formed by the γ‐irradiated autoxidations of methyl oleate at 7.5°C. and 56°C. have been characterized. The mono‐ and dicarboxylic acids produced by γ‐irradiated autoxidation at 56°C. and by cobalt‐catalyzed γ‐irradiated autoxidation at 73°C. have also been examined.

The hydroperoxides were found to be a mixture of the 8‐, 9‐, 10‐, and 11‐hydroperoxidoöleates in both samples. They were present in the order 10>11> 9>8.

Evidence is presented for the presence of octanoic, nonanoic, octandioic, and nonandioic acids in the 56°C. autoxidation. Octanoic and nonanoic acids were also present in the cobalt‐catalyzed autoxidation.

No significant departure from non‐irradiated autoxidations was found.
Absence of thermal polymers in potato‐chip frying oils
Authors: Melnick Daniel
Published: June 2007

The problem of thermal polymers of acceptable flavor in potato‐chip‐frying oils has been discussed from the standpoint of potentiality of such polymers forming during commercial frying operations. Publications on heat‐abused oils have been critically reviewed, and many of these have been shown to yield findings irrelevant to practical operations. Conclusions based upon such studies should not be extended beyond the scope of the findings reported. The change in iodine value has been shown to constitute a simple and highly precise method to determine for survey purposes whether thermal polymers may have formed in the oils used in a given industry. Such a survey has now been completed covering the operations of 89 different potato chip manufacturers, using all types of frying oils. A 1% decrease in the iodine value of the oils in commercial use has been noted. Whereas this change in iodine value is statistically significant, it is shown to have no nutritional significance. The constancy in composition of the frying oils—heated as compared to fresh—and the results of physico‐chemical studies, noted in a related study (21), support the present conclusion that thermal polymers are absent from the oils employed in the commercial manufacture of potato chips.
Benzamides, p‐nitrobenzamides, benzenesulfonamides,p‐toluene‐sulfonamides, and acetamides as identification derivatives of long‐chain amines
Authors: Sasin Richard , Butte Walter A. , Borror Alan L. , Sasin George S.
Published: June 2007

Benzamides, p‐nitrobenzamides, benzenesulfonamides,p‐toluenesulfonamides, p‐nitrobenzenesulfonamides, and acetamides of dodecyl, tetradecyl, hexadecyl, and octadecyl amines were synthesized and evaluated as identification derivatives. Acetamides melt approximately 7° apart and the benzene sulfonamides approximately 6° apart. Seventeen previously unreported compounds were prepared.
The evaluation of crude glycerine
Authors: Segur J. B. , Whittaker E. L. , Laskin L. , Kanno T. T. , Miner C. S.
Published: June 2007

A number of tests applicable to crude glycerine have been studied to find a means of detecting crude glycerines which will cause more difficulty in the refinery or yield a poorer product than would be expected from the results of analyses customarily made. Five tests have been found which are believed to be useful in this way. They are determination of pH, determination of nitrogen, distillation, measurement of the color of the distillate, and measurement of distillate color of stability when heated.

It has not been possible to set limits of acceptability for these tests, but a glycerine refiner using one or more of them and correlating laboratory results with experience in the refinery should be able to establish his own standards of quality.
A rapid alkali‐wash method of refining cottonseed oil for refined color determination
Authors: Deacon B. D. , Harris W. B. , Wamble A. Cecil
Published: June 2007

A very simple, rapid, reproducible method of refining crude cottonseed oils, for refined color measurement, has been developed. The results can be used to predict the colors of these oils when refined by the American Oil Chemists' Society Cup Method.

The method has the advantages of rapidity and use of simple equipment and techniques and requires only small quantities of oil. Furthermore variations in results because of the amount and strength of lye and of “break” are not encountered since uniform conditions are employed.

Because the method is used when it is desired to measure refined color without determining refining loss, it is not a substitute for the official cup refining method.
Mechanism of the reactions of oxygen with fatty materials. Advances from 1941 through 1946
Authors: Swern Daniel , Scanlan John T. , Knight H. B.
Published: June 2007

A review of advances from 1941 through 1946 in the mechanism of the oxygen oxidation of fatty materials is given. Subjects discussed are the oxidation of monounsaturated compounds, nonconjugated and conjugated polyunsaturated compounds, and saturated compounds.

The hydroperoxide theory of oxidation at active methylene groups is discussed in detail. There is good justification for postulating that autoxidative attack in olefins isinitiateduniversally by addition of oxygen at the double bonds in only afewof the molecules, and not by the formation of hydroperoxides. Subsequently, in the case of monoolefins and nonconjugated polyolefins, the attack by oxygen is continued bysubstitutionon the α‐methylene group to form hydroperoxides by means ofchain reactions. Mechanisms for such an oxidative scheme, involving the formation of intermediate free radicals, are given. In the case of conjugated compounds, peroxides are formed by addition of oxygen at the double bonds, and α‐methylene group peroxidation does not occur. Although saturated compounds are relatively inert, they also form hydroperoxides, which are converted mainly to ketones and alcohols with the ketones predominating.

The formation of polymers, which often account for the major proportion of the oxidation products of unsaturated compounds, also is discussed. The possibility of formation of carbon‐to‐carbon‐linked as well as oxygen‐linked polymers in the various classes of olefins is considered.
Rice brain oil. I. Oil obtained by solvent extraction
Authors: Reddi P. B. V. , Murti K. S. , Feuge R. O.
Published: June 2007

Freshly milled rice bran has been extracted with commercial hexane and the recovered oil and extracted meal examined for their respective content of wax. The oils were refined and bleached by standards as well as several special methods. The crude, caustic soda refined, and several refined and bleached oils were examined spectrophotometrically.

When freshly milled rice bran of good quality is extracted with commercial hexane, an oil of relatively low free fatty acid content is obtained. This oil possesses good color and is as stable as other similar types of crude oils.

If the oils is extracted from the brain at a temperature below about 10°C. and the extraction is discontinued at the right time, the extracted oil represents 90–95% of the total lipids in the brain and contains very little wax. This wax, which is readily extracted with hot commercial hexane as well as other types of solvents, amounts to about 3–9% of the total extractable lipids.

When subjected to ordinary caustic soda refining methods, good rice brain oils behave much like cottonseed oils of comparable free fatty acid content. Both caustic soda refining in a hydrocarbon solvent and refining with sodium carbonate result in refining losses approximating the absolute or Wesson loss.

Some of the refined oils when bleached according to usual practice produce products acceptable for use in the edible trade. However, refined rice bran oil has a definitely greenish cast resulting from the presence of chlorophyll, but this color can be removed by bleaching with a small amount of activated acidic clay.
Rice brain oil. II. Composition of oil obtained by solvent extraction
Authors: Murti K. S. , Dollear F. G.
Published: June 2007

The characteristics and composition of two crude and one refined rice bran oils have been determined. These oils were obtained by solvent extraction of commercial rice brans from Texas‐grown Blue Bonnet and Arkansas‐grown Zenith varieties of rice. The glyceride comosition of the two crude and one refined oils was found to be: 0.80, 1.06, and 0.84% linolenic acid; 33.2, 30.6, and 33.1% linoleic acid; 45.0, 46.0, and 46.3% oleic acid; 17.1, 17.3, and 17.1% saturated acids; and 3.9, 5.0, and 2.7% unsaponifiable matter, respectively.
Lipids of the cottonseed. III. Perchloric acid ashing of lipids for the determination of phosphorus
Authors: Frampton Vernon L. , Maseles Ruth Dodds , Martin Garland Ned
Published: June 2007

Cottonseed oil is effectively oxidized with a mixture of perchloric and nitric acids in connection with the determination of phosphorus by the Fisk and Subbarow method.

The development of the molybdenum blue in the procedure is independent of the acid content in the reducing medium up to 0.5 normal.

The presence of perchloric acid does not interfere with the development of the molybdenum blue.

The phosphorus content of cottonseed extracts depends on the nature of the solvent. The quantities obtained varied from 0.0071 to 0.117%.

A phospholipid containing 3.73% phosphorus was isolated from cottonseed.
Removal of metal catalysts from aldehyde oils
Authors: Beal R. E.
Published: June 2007

Aldehydes made from soybean or linseed oils, or their methyl esters, darkened and polymerized following preparation by ozonolysis and catalytic or chemical reduction in stainless‐steel pilot‐plant equipment. Treatment with a cation exchange resin in the hydrogen form substantially reduced the amount of color formed and the polymerization.

When conducted prior to removal of volatiles by stripping the resin treatment of soybean aldehyde oil decreased final color from Gardner 17 to 10 with a concomitant decrease in molecular weight and viscosity due to decreased polymerization. Resin pretreatment of methyl azelaaldehydate (MAZ) increased distillation yields. Since addition of several metal salts to MAZ reduced distillation yield to varying degrees, metalcatalyzed polymerization must occur.
Dehydrogenation of methyl 12‐hydroxystearate to methyl 12‐ketostearate with Raney nickel
Authors: Freedman Bernard , Applewhite T. H.
Published: June 2007

Suitable conditions have been found for the dehydrogenation of methyl 12‐hydroxystearate to methyl 12‐ketostearate with Raney nickel. Crude reaction mixtures contained 95% product when analyzed by gas‐liquid chromatography (GLC). Isolated yields were 83%. Both catalyst concentration and type strongly influence the reaction. Laboratory‐made methyl 12‐hydroxystearate gave significantly better yields than commercial material, but satisfactory conversions were obtained from citrate‐free commercial material. The extent of the dehydrogenation was determined by hydrogen evolution and GLC. Synthetic and analytical techniques used in studying this reaction are discussed.
Polyethoxylated alkyl phenols: Relationship of structure to biodegradation mechanism
Authors: Osburn Q. W. , Benedict J. H.
Published: June 2007

Using various isolation procedures and measurement by infrared spectroscopy, the mechanism of biodegradation of the polyethoxylated alkyl phenols (ABE) in the river water die‐away test has been ascertained. Degradation is shown to proceed by carboxylation of the alkyl chain and, in certain cases, by degradation of the ethylene oxide chain. Degradation of the ether chain has been found to take place only when the chain contains ten or less units of ethylene oxide. The analytical evidence points to the degradation of the ether chain by a hydrolysis mechanism.

The effect of ether chain degradation on the measurement of residual surfactant by ultraviolet spectroscopy and the cobalt thiocyanate procedures has been demonstrated. Ether chain degradation causes the ABE results to be high by ultraviolet measurement and low by the cobalt thiocyanate procedures.

Results of this investigation emphasize the necessity of understanding the mechanism by which degradation takes place, and the significant importance of that degradation, in the various biodegradability tests, before the applicability and reliability of any test for measurement of the residual surfactant can be evaluated.
The structure of triglycerides in selected oils containing erucic acid
Authors: Grynberg H. , Szczepa̤ska H.
Published: June 2007

The fatty acid compositions of 7 oils containing different amounts of erucic acid (1.4 to 57.2%) have been investigated. Fatty acid distribution between the 1,3‐ and 2‐positions of the glyceride molecules was estimated by the pancreatic lipase splitting technique. On the basis of this experimental data, it is possible to speculate on the rules governing glyceride composition in the oils investigated.
Application of the prins reaction on oleic acid
Authors: Artun Torstein
Published: June 2007

The probable structure of the various components of oleic acid‐formaldehyde adducts is discussed. The adducts are reduced to alcohols by high pressure hydrogenation with copper chromite as a catalyst. The new alcohols are distilled, analyzed and used for the preparation of various esters with carboxylic acids. The esters were evaluated as low temperature lubricant base stocks and low temperature plasticizers.
Degradative reactions of decadienoate esters
Authors: Heinz D. E. , Jennings W. G.
Published: June 2007

Methyl and ethyl esters of decadienoic acid, which are normal constituents of the Bartlett pear, react with oxygen in the presence of light to produce n‐hexanal, and the methyl or ethyl 4‐oxybutenoate. The products were separated by gas chromatography, and identified by melting points, infrared spectroscopy, and/or the formation of derivatives. Possible reaction mechanisms are discussed.
Euphorbia lagascae Spreng., an abundant source of epoxyoleic acid; Seed extraction and oil composition
Authors: Krewson C. F. , Scott W. E.
Published: June 2007

Euphorbia lagascae Sprengel seed contains an unique epoxy‐bearing oil (58舑62%, 12,13‐epoxyoleic acid) in high quantity (42舑50%) with possible industrial potential. Oil from domestically grown seed was equal in quality and quantity to that obtained from Spain. It was readily and completely extracted at room temperatures without lipolysis using low solvent (petroleum naphtha) to seed ratios. The extracted crude oil was about equal in quality to that obtained by cold‐pressing. Analytical data on the seed oil are compared with those previously reported for the oil ofVernonia anthelmintica (L.) Willd. (ironweed) seed.
Trace metals in cottonseed kernels
Authors: Heinzelman Dorothy C. , O'Connor Robert T.
Published: June 2007

Spectrochemical analysis of cottonseed kernels of 8 varieties of cotton grown at one location and 1 variety grown at 13 locations showed no typical differences in contents of copper, iron, and manganese associated with variety and location of growth. All samples contained traces of boron and zinc. They were not found to contain traces of aluminum, chromium, nickel, and tin.
Improved process for re‐refining cottonseed oil for the removal of color bodies
Authors: Cavanagh George C.
Published: June 2007

A method for removing color from neutralized and degummed cottonseed oil is described. Data included shows color removal to be directly correlated to: a) concentration of sodium hydroxide solution, b) length of time of agitation, and c) speed of agitation in r.p.m. The degree of color removal is inversely correlated to the temperature of the oil during agitation with sodium hydroxide solutions. Laboratory findings have been put to practical use in the refinery for over a year with satisfactory results.
Compounds producing the kreis color reaction with particular reference to oxidized milk fat
Authors: Patton Stuart , Keeney Mark , Kurtz George W.
Published: June 2007

Evidence is presented which suggests that epihydrin aldehyde and its derivatives are not necessarily solely responsible for the Kreis color reaction of oxidized fats. Malonic dialdehyde has been shown to give a positive reaction in the Kreis test and the resulting color demonstrated to be spectrally similar to the Kreis colors obtained with epihydrin aldehyde diethyl acetal, acrolein treated with H2O2 rancid lard, and oxidized milk fat. Characteristics of a water‐soluble, low molecular weight, Kreis positive, carbonyl compound from oxidized milk fat were observed to be very similar to those reported for malonic dialdehyde, i.e., strongly acidic, enolic as indicated by the ferric chloride test, and relatively stable to heating with dilute mineral acids. These properties would not be expected of epihydrin aldehyde. Three highly sensitive colorimetric reactions, involving reactions with ferric chloride, 2‐thiobarbituric acid or the Kreis reagents, might well serve as the basis for quantitative measurement of malonic dialdehyde.
The centrifugal acetone foots test applied to crude soybean oil. I. rapid estimation of phosphatide content
Authors: Freyer Egbert , Shelburne Victor
Published: June 2007

The centrifugal acetone foots test developed for use on linseed oil was successfully adapted for estimating the acetone insoluble or HCl heat break content of soybean oil. Application of the method makes it possible to obtain results in a half hour with an accuracy comparable to that of the HCl heat break test; it requires only a few minutes of the analyst's time and involves no exacting technique. Data are given showing good reproducibility of the centrifugal foots values and their degree of correlation with acetone insoluble and HCl heat break contents.

Centrifugal foots test results are being studied in relation to those obtained by other methods of predicting the refining quality of crude soybean oil, and an account of this work will be reported in a paper now in preparation.
Advances in protective coating chemistry: Fatty acids, polymerization, end products
Authors: Wittcoff Harold
Published: June 2007

This review has attempted to present somewhat diagrammatically exemplary fundamentals of drying oil chemistry and technology. The point has been stressed that the chemistry of the higher fatty acids is entirely analogous to that of the lower fatty acids. Finally typical protective coatings have been described from the point of view of the fundamental chemistry involved.
Improvements in the simple distillation of fatty acids by continuous methods
Authors: Berger Ralph W.
Published: June 2007

In the simple distillation of fatty acids, improved results with respect to product quality, uniformity, and yields are obtained with reduced plant operating and space requirements because of the following factors:

Continuous operation under automatic instrument control.

Deaerating the feed stock before heating.

Vacuum drying the crude fatty acids at low temperatures.

Indirectly heating the fatty acids to distillation temperatures by means of condensing Dowtherm vapors within the bubble trays of a stripping still. With this unique heating system the fatty acids are not exposed to high temperatures until they are under the high vacuum within the still itself, thereby eliminating the preheating of feed stocks far above distillation temperatures before they are under high vacuum.

Low hold‐up and minimum heat transfer surface temperature in the stripping still.

Removal of entrainment from the distillate vapor stream befor condensing the product.

Efficient product condensing system and colling the product before discharge to the atmosphere.

Wet scrubbing of the exhaust vapor stream after condensing the product.

Residues which are easily handled for the recovery of free and combined fatty acids.

Freedom from metallic contamination, because of all stainless steel construction wherever contacted by the fatty acids.
Melting points and solubilities of ternary mixtures containing oleic acid
Authors: Schlenker Ernest
Published: June 2007

The presence of oleic acid in mixtures containing plamitic and stearic acids has the effect, within certain limits, of lowering the melting point without the irregularities observed in those cases where the former is absent. Experiments have been made which show that this behavior of oleic acid has a counter‐part, insofar as solubilities are concerned, in its influence on the solubility of the same ternary system in methanol. Thus the quantities of the solid fatty acids dissolved are, within commercially important ranges, proportional to the amount of oleic acid present in the mixture.
Estimation of vitamin A in margarine. I. Collaborative study of assay methods for estimating the potency of the vitamin A concentrates
Authors: Melnick Daniel , Luckmann Frederick H. , Vahlteich Hans W.
Published: June 2007

A series of 5 vitamin A concentrates of 2 different types were assayed by physico‐chemical methods and by multiple level biological assays. Three independent laboratories collaborated on the physico‐chemical assays and three other laboratories conducted the biological assays. The test oils contained about 200,000 U.S.P. units of vitamin A per gram and were either blends of food fish liver oils of high potency or were distilled vitamin A esters in a vegetable oil solvent. Margarines fortified with each type of concentrate were made on a plant scale and also assayed for vitamin A, using both the physico‐chemical and biological assay techniques.

The data show that the type of vitamin A bearing oils for margarine fortification used in the present collaborative study are of high quality and contain considerably less extraneous (non‐vitamin A) materials than the oils used in a comparable U.S.P. collaborative study. A valid and precise estimate of the vitamin A potency of such oils can be obtained by spectrophotometric assay of the whole oil or by colorimetric (SbCl3) assay of the unsaponifiable extract. A conservative estimate of the vitamin A potency is obtained by averaging the colorimetric and the U.S.P. XIV (or Morton‐Stubbs) spectrophotometric values derived from assays of the unsaponifiable extract. It is evident that the Morton‐Stubbs procedure over‐corrects the spectrophotometric estimates of the potency of such vitamin A concentrates. Largely responsible for the over‐correction are the presence of neovitamin A and vitamin A2 in the natural concentrates and their absence from the U.S.P. Reference Standard. The use of other sources of preformed vitamin A to fortify margarine, such as a) fish liver oils or concentrates of poorer quality than those evaluated in the present study (more irrelevant light‐absorbing materials at 328 mμ and more irrelevant chromogenic materials in the SbCl3 test), b) whale liver oil and/ or c) synthetic vitamin A preparations, will introduce complications if non‐biological assay methods should be used exclusively by the margarine manufacturer in controlling the vitamin A potency of his product. The same applies to federal and state control laboratories using non‐biological assays as a screening device prior to scheduling biological assays.
The countercurrent distribution of pure monoglycerides and some related substances
Authors: Perry E. S. , Brokaw G. Y.
Published: June 2007

Conclusions

The countercurrent distribution curves have been determined for eight pure and one commercial monoglyceride, one diglyceride, and one diglycerol monoester.

Certain generalities exist between the partition coefficients and the structures of the acid radicals of the monoglyceride.

An increase in the chain length of the acid produces an increase in the partition coefficient.

The 2‐monoesters have lower partition coefficients than the corresponding 1‐isomers.

Unsaturation in the acid decreases the value of the partition coefficient.

The direct separation of mixtures of 1‐ and 2‐monoglycerides by countercurrent distribution is thwarted by the rapid isomerization of the 2‐isomer to the 1‐form.
Accelerated stability test for vitamin A in oils and fats by means of surface‐enlarging at room temperature
Authors: Spruyt J. P.
Published: June 2007

A new simple, and rapid method is described for evaluating the stability of vitamin A in oils.

The acceleration is obtained at room temperature (20°C) by spreading the oil over a neutral carrier (glass beads), thus obtaining greatly expanded surface areas, and consequent increased exposure to air.

Comparative tests were conducted involving the Active Oxygen Method (“Swift” test) and, while the results were inconclusive, striking deviations in results were noted.