bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: an epigenetic view of pathogenesis and a new treatment options
Authors: Aitbaev Kubanich A. , Murkamilov Ilkhom T. , Murkamilova Zhamila A. , Fomin Viktor V. , Kudaibergenova Indira O. , Yusupov Furkat A.
Published: October 2022

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common reason of chronic liver disease. NAFLD causes a wide array of liver conditions ranging from simple steatosis - to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and advanced hepatic fibrosis. Numerous studies show that epigenetic processes are also involved in the pathogenesis of NAFLD. Shifts in the regularity of genomic DNA methylation can cause aberrant gene expression in NAFLD. Pathogenesis of NAFLD is not entirely understood, but it is well-known that obesity, diabetes and metabolic abnormalities played a significant role in the disease development and progression. Epigenetics is known as an inheritable phenomenon which influences the expression of gene without altering the DNA sequence, offers a new view on the pathogenesis of NAFLD. Moreover, epigenetic mechanisms including DNA methylation, posttranslational histone modifications and non-coding RNAs seem to orchestrate various aspects of NAFLD. Histone acetylation affects gene expression profiles in NAFLD. Abnormal histone changes induce insulin resistance, progression of type 2 diabetes mellitus, and subsequent development of NAFLD. This review reflects new advances in the study of epigenetic mechanisms for the development of NAFLD and the formation of innovative therapeutic targets and the long-awaited diagnostic and prognostic tools based on them.
Molecular and metabolic mechanisms of type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus, laboratory diagnostics
Authors: Telesmanich Natalia R. , Mikashinovich Zoya I. , Konoval’Chik Mariya A.
Published: October 2022

Diabetes mellitus is a widespread disease in the world, despite advances in understanding the molecular mechanisms of the development of multifactorial processes associated with this nosology. The review material is devoted to modern ideas about the immunogenetic causes of diabetes, changes in metabolism in the violation of carbohydrate metabolism, types of the disease and the principles of laboratory diagnostics in accordance with modern WHO criteria. Information on the molecular causes of functional insulin deficiency is presented. The biochemical aspects of hyperglycemia as the main mechanism of organ and tissue damage resulting from protein glycosylation are considered. The article describes the metabolic pathways of disorders of carbohydrate, lipid, protein, water-salt metabolism, leading to the occurrence of glucosuria, polyuria, polydipsia, ketonuria, ketoacidosis and other complications of diabetes mellitus. Knowledge of the modern concept of the development of various forms of diabetes mellitus from the point of view of biochemistry of pathogenesis, molecular medicine will be useful for doctors of all specialties and in clinical laboratory diagnostics.
Drug-Induced Liver Injury after IVF: comorbidity, forced polypharmacy
Authors: Argunova Irina A.
Published: October 2022

The growth of liver tests in the second half of pregnancy is most often caused by two reasons - Intrahepatic Cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP) and rarely diagnosed Drug-Induced Liver Injuries (DILI). In Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART)-induced pregnancies that are accompanied by powerful drug support, the incidence of drug-induced cholestasis increases. This is due to the combined use of gestagens and other drugs that have hepatotoxic potential for the prevention of miscarriage. The article reveals the risks of IVF, which is often performed for women in late reproductive age, accompanied by multiple pregnancies, somatic pathology, thrombophilia and forced polypharmacy. The article presents an analysis of the clinical observation of a pregnant woman as a result of IVF, who developed acute drug hepatitis against the background of polypharmacy, and its examination according to the criteria of the European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL) and the RUCAM algorithm. The author believes that the limitation of the RUCAM scale is manifested by insufficient consideration of the effect of pregnancy and polypharmacy on the development of DILI. According to the author, it is necessary to differentiate the DILI from ICP in connection with the peculiarities in the management tactics, despite their probable genetic affinity and clinical and laboratory similarities. The author suggests that DILI during pregnancy is a reservoir for the subsequent development of chronic diffuse liver diseases in women. In this regard, such patients need the observation of a therapist for 6-12 months after childbirth.
Combined hepatoprotective pharmacotherapy for liver disease
Authors: Okovityi Sergey V. , Raikhelson Karina L. , Prikhodko Veronika A.
Published: October 2022

Fixed-dose drug products as well as non-fixed hepatoprotective drug combinations are commonly used in modern clinical practice. Combined and concurrent drug use makes it possible to augment the pharmacological effects of individual agents, or extend the range of their potential indications. The drugs most commonly considered for combination therapy include essential phospholipids, glycyrrhizinic acid, ursodeoxycholic acid, silibinin, and S-adenosylmethionine. This paper discusses the rationale for combined use of liver-targeting drugs from a pathogenetic viewpoint, and provides a review of the evidence from clinical trials on combined pharmacotherapy for liver disease.
Phosphatidylethanol as a prognostic indicator in patients with alcoholic liver cirrhosis
Authors: Ikonnikova Karolina A. , Eroshhenko Nikolay N. , Drozdov Vladimir N. , Shikh Evgeniya V.
Published: October 2022

Purpose. To assess the risk of readmission and death in patients with alcoholic liver cirrhosis who continue to drink alcohol based on the phosphatidylethanol level. Materials and methods: A study involved 112 patients with alcoholic liver cirrhosis. On the first day of hospitalization, patients underwent a clinical examination, general and biochemical blood analysis, coagulation profile, blood sampling was performed to determine the level of phosphatidylethanol and assessment of the severity of liver cirrhosis on the Child-Pugh scale. A year after the date of hospitalization, a survey was conducted among patients to identify the presence of repeated hospitalizations or a fatal outcome, depending on the results of which patients were divided into groups with favorable and unfavorable course of liver cirrhosis. A ROC analysis of the relationship between the level of phosphatidylethanol and the course of liver cirrhosis was performed. Result: A total of 112 men were included in the study, with an average age of 50.5 years. Of these, 74 patients had a favorable course of liver cirrhosis and 38 unfavorable (36 had readmissions, 18 had a fatal outcome). The average level of phosphatidylethanol was higher in patients with fatal outcome and readmissions compared with patients with a favorable course of liver cirrhosis. In patients who continue to drink alcohol, the risk of readmissions and death during the year increases by almost 5 (p= 0.0005) and 4 (p= 0.04) times, respectively. Conclusion: In patients with alcoholic cirrhosis of the liver, alcohol abuse according to the results of the phosphatidylethanol test is associated with a higher risk of repeated hospitalizations and death within 1 year.
Advantages of computed tomography in the treatment and diagnostic algorithm of acute adhesive intestinal obstruction
Authors: Yamalova G. R. , Sufi Yarov I. F. , Khasanov A. G. , Sataev V. U. , Baykov D. E.
Published: October 2022

Objective: To improve the treatment and diagnostic algorithm for acute adhesive intestinal obstruction. Materials and methods: We have studied the results of surgical treatment of 114 patients with OCD, which included spiral computed tomography using phytocomposite in the preoperative examination complex. Results: The inclusion of CT examinations in the ТDA allowed patients of the 1st main group to operate in 21 (70%) cases in the first 6 hours after hospitalization, in the 2nd group, where patients were traditionally examined only in 6 patients (13%) Conclusion: The developed diagnostic algorithm for acute adhesive intestinal obstruction, including computed tomography in the examination, reduced the number of intraoperative, early postoperative complications and fatal cases in the main group by 1.6 times than in the 2 control group 2 (p>0.05), and by 1.4 times than in the 1 control group (p>0.05).
Risk factors of malignancy
Authors: Druk I. V. , Semenova E. V. , Loginova E. N. , Korennova O. Yu. , Semyonkin A. A. , Lyalyukova E. A. , Nadey E. V.
Published: October 2022

Prevention strategies aim to change environmental and lifestyle risk factors that contribute to the development of cancer. Screening detects abnormalities before they become clinically apparent, allowing intervention either before cancer develops or at an early stage when treatment is most likely to be effective. Despite reliable data on factors that reduce the risk of neoplasms, in routine clinical practice, the effectiveness of cancer prevention is still not high enough. This determines the high importance of the topic of this review, which summarizes the current scientific data on risk factors for the development of oncopathology and ways to influence them. Such risk factors as lifestyle, alcohol and tobacco use, physical activity, nutrition and other environmental factors are considered. A large role is given to infections, which is also considered in this review. The article highlights the intake of vitamins and microelements for the purpose of cancer prevention, as well as the influence of certain drugs taken to treat non-oncological diseases on the development of oncopathology. The purpose of the review is to present an analysis of current literature data on the methods of cancer prevention.
Risk factors for colorectal cancer in IBD patients
Authors: Bikbavova G. R. , Livzan M. A. , Fedorin M. M.
Published: October 2022

A characteristic feature of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) is an increased risk of neoplasia and colorectal cancer (CRC). The introduction of screening programs, as well as modern advances in therapy and endoscopic technologies, awareness of the risk factors of IBD-associated CRC will contribute to reducing the frequency of this dangerous complication of IBD. The presented review describes epidemiological data on the incidence of IBD-associated CRC, established risk factors for CRC, as well as modern methods of prevention, screening and early diagnosis. Literature search was conducted in PubMed and Google Scholar systems by keywords: inflammatory bowel diseases, ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s disease, colorectal cancer, risk factors, screening, endoscopy, dysplasia.
Hyperplasia of enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells as a precursor of neuroendocrine gastric tumors in autoimmune gastritis
Authors: Krolevets T. S. , Livzan M. A. , Mozgovoy S. I.
Published: October 2022

The purpose of this publication is to update knowledge about chronic autoimmune gastritis and about cases of hyperplasia of enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells as precursors of the development of neuroendocrine gastric tumor type 1 due to clinical example’s demonstration. Discussion: the types and main characteristics of neuroendocrine tumors of the stomach were discussed, in particular tumors type 1 associated with autoimmune gastritis. The mechanisms of formation of neuroendocrine tumors in the stomach against the background of an autoimmune process were presented, two clinical examples presenting the algorithm of diagnosis of autoimmune gastritis and associated neuroendocrine tumors were presented. Both clinical examples demonstrated the presence of subepithelial formations of the stomach body according to FGDS, which have not been morphologically identified. Timely repeated FGDS with sampling of biopsies according to the OLGA standard made it possible to verify the formations, and the serological markers helped in clarifying the diagnosis and morphological nature of tumors. Conclusion: analysis of clinical data, anamnesis and esophagoduodenoscopy with morphological evaluation of the gastric mucosa biopsy may help to find out the cause and nature of chronic inflammation in the gastric mucosa. Atrophy of the glands in the stomach body, pseudopiloric metaplasia, hyperplasia of enterochromaffin (ECL) cells are sufficient morphological criteria for autoimmune gastritis. The study of the level of chromogranin A in blood serum can be considered as a marker of the development of type 1 neuroendocrine gastric tumor in patients with autoimmune gastritis and the presence of polyps in the stomach body.
Cardiovascular and oncological diseases: how to break the vicious circle?
Authors: Khakuasheva I. A. , Umetov Murat Anatolyevich , Khakulova D. M. , Kardanov M. A.
Published: October 2022

Mortality from cardiovascular and oncological diseases has remained at record highs for many years. Clinicians pay attention to the frequent combination of these two pathologies. Naturally, the question arises, what unites seemingly different diseases among themselves? Modern cancer therapy has allowed many people to achieve a cure or a stable remission, but at the same time led to the appearance of cardiac pathology. The relationship between the development of cardiotoxic events after antitumor therapy has been well studied, but undeservedly little time is allocated in real clinical practice to study vasculotoxicity in patients. This approach can be considered as the earliest predictor of damage to the microvasculature as a result of specific therapy. The analysis of groups of anticancer drugs that cause chronic heart failure and damage to the vascular endothelium to the greatest extent was carried out. The main approaches to risk stratification in cardio-oncological patients are considered. The principles used in the prevention and treatment of cardio- and vasculotoxicity have been studied.
The role of cell adhesion molecules in the inflammatory process and development of gastric and duodenal peptic ulcer disease, their molecular genetic determinants
Authors: Rashina O. V. , Churnosov M. I.
Published: October 2022

With gastric and duodenal peptic ulcer disease, a chronic inflammatory process develops, in which cell adhesion molecules are actively involved. Currently, as a result of genome-wide association studies (GWAS), more than 20 polymorphic variants involved in determining their level have been identified, including rs505922 of the ABO gene. At the same time, this polymorphic variant, according to GWAS, is associated with an increased risk of developing peptic ulcer disease (PUD). It should also be noted that the association of the O(I) blood group according to the ABO system with an increased risk of developing PUD has long been known. Therefore, the genetic determinants of cell adhesion molecules are of interest for studying as candidate genes for peptic ulcer disease.
The role of microbiota in the development of colorectal cancer
Authors: Martirosian K. A. , Lyalyukova E. A. , Prikhoda I. V.
Published: October 2022

Colorectal cancer is a global health problem, which is an economic and humanistic burden for both patients and the state. A growing body of evidence suggests that dysbiosis of intestinal bacteria can contribute to the emergence and development of colorectal cancer by the formation of harmful metabolites and changes in the physiological processes of the host. The aim of the review is to summarize studies on the properties of the intestinal microbiome and mechanisms associated with colorectal carcinogenesis, including inflammation, bacterial pathogenicity factors, biofilm formation, bacterial metabolites and genotoxins, as well as oxidative stress.
Targeted therapy in oncology
Authors: Semenkin A. A. , Sapronenko V. S. , Loginova E. N. , Nadey E. V.
Published: October 2022

The aim of the review is to highlight the principle of action, effectiveness and prospects for the development of targeted therapy in the treatment of patients with malignant neoplasms based on recent clinical studies. Thanks to the active study of tumor biology, specific target molecules have been discovered and it has become possible to target tumor cells with targeted drugs. Today, targeted drugs are used in the treatment of malignant tumors of various organs and continue to demonstrate their effectiveness, improve overall survival and progression-free time, compared with previous standards of treatment.
Risk factors of gastric cancer as a basis for the development of a prognostic questionnaire for the register of patients with precancerous gastroduodenal diseases
Authors: Baranovskiy A. Yu. , Tcvetkova T. L.
Published: October 2022

The article is a critical analysis of the world scientific literature devoted to the search for risk factors for stomach cancer for the timely prognosis of this disease and the implementation of cancer prevention measures. The paper presents data from numerous studies to determine the role of environmental factors, including unfavorable ecology, as well as gender, age, smoking, alcohol abuse. The authors’ opinions are presented on the essential role of the alimentary factor in the genesis of neoplasms in the stomach, including the predominance of animal fats in food, the abuse of overcooked, pickled foods rich in nitrosoamines, foods saturated with spices, the use of too hot food, the use of foods infected with mycotoxins in nutrition. The role of environmental factors in the prognosis of gastric cancer is noted: the state of secretory activity of the stomach, the dynamics of inflammatory and atrophic processes in the mucous membrane. A special role for the prognosis of stomach cancer is assigned by many authors to the pyloric helicobacter, as well as the quantitative indicator of glycated blood hemoglobin and its dynamics. The significance of genetic changes in the genesis of gastric cancer and their role as prognostic factors of the disease is ambiguous. The article draws attention to the multidirectional results of many authors in understanding a large number of factors they have studied that could be used as prognostic witnesses of stomach cancer. The expediency of searching for the most significant regional factors for the prognosis of gastric cancer is substantiated, on the basis of which it is very important to create registers of patients with precancerous diseases of the stomach for the organization and implementation of personalized and effective measures of cancer prevention.
Periappendicular changes in patients with ulcerative collitis: overview and clinical observation
Authors: Bikbavova G. R. , Akhmedov V. A. , Mozgovoy S. I. , Telyatnikova L. I. , Shmurygina E. A.
Published: October 2022

Ulcerative colitis is inflammatory bowel disease which characterized by inflammation of the colon and rectum: only 20-30% of UC patients have pancolitis, while proctitis and left-sided colon lesions are more common. There is a variant of localization of ulcerative colitis in patients with proctitis and left-sided colon lesion, which changes the rule of continuity of the lesion and is described as an additional periappendicular lesion. The article have been presented the own clinical observation of a patient with distal ulcerative colitis with periappendicular lesion. If a periappendicular lesion have been detected during endoscopy in a typical clinic for distal ulcerative colitis and doubts arise about the correctness of the previously established diagnosis, it is necessary to re-analyze the anamnesis, symptoms, instrumental and histological picture and, taking into account new knowledge about the course of ulcerative colitis in some patients with periappendicular lesion, confirm the initial diagnosis and continue therapy. Such a finding, according to the available literature data, does not require escalation of ulcerative colitis therapy and, as a rule, does not mean the spread of the disease to all parts of the colon.
The stomach cancer prognosis map is the basis for the formation of a register of patients with precancerous diseases
Authors: Baranovsky A. Yu. , Tsvetkova T. L.
Published: October 2022

A single-stage retrospective observational comparative study was conducted to find the most significant risk factors for stomach cancer. The analysis of 36 risk factors for stomach cancer in 143 patients aged 32 to 83 years, indigenous residents of cities, regions and republics of the Northwestern Federal District of Russia who underwent complex, including surgical treatment of this disease. The control group consisted of 128 people who underwent in-depth medical examination in the amount necessary for the program of this study. The ranking of the studied risk factors for gastric cancer according to their degree of prognostic significance is presented as follows: the presence of precancerous diseases accompanied by progressive atrophy of the gastric mucosa, intestinal metaplasia and/or dysplasia in combination with prolonged gastric helicobacteriosis; a decrease in the blood content of pepsinogen I and stimulated gastrin-17, as well as a decrease in the ratio of PG I/PG II; prolonged presence of anemia, leukopenia, neutropenia, lymphopenia, thrombocytopenia, especially in men over 50 years of age with bad habits (smoking, alcohol abuse); presence in patients with diabetes mellitus and obesity, especially when combined with them and under the condition of an increased index of glycosed hemoglobin; gross and multiple disorders of the rhythm of nutrition and the content of the diet. Using the obtained data, a mathematical assessment of the prognostic significance of each of the studied signs can be carried out, an algorithm for predicting stomach cancer and making individualized medical decisions is developed, without which it is impossible to create an effective and convenient register of patients with precancerous diseases at all stages of medical care for organizing and conducting personalized and effective cancer prevention measures.
The key statements of the Maastricht VI consensus
Authors: Bordin D. S. , Livzan M. A. , Osipenko M. F. , Mozgovoy S. I. , Andreyev D. N. , Maev I. V.
Published: October 2022

An analysis of the most important changes and provisions of the Maastricht VI consensus published in August 2022 is presented. 41 experts from 29 countries took part in the creation of the consensus. Recommendations have been developed in five areas: (1) indications for treatment and clinical associations of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection, (2) diagnosis, (3) treatment, (4) prevention of gastric cancer, (5) H. pylori and gastric microbiota -intestinal tract (GIT), taking into account the level of evidence and the strength of recommendations. Emphasis is placed on molecular testing, which is becoming an increasingly accessible research method in the world to identify both H. pylori itself and its sensitivity to antibiotics. The growing resistance of H. pylori strains to previously effective antibacterial agents requires a treatment strategy that implies the ability to determine the sensitivity of H. pylori to antibacterial agents both in the population and in a particular individual. The use of modern diagnostic tests expands the possibilities of individualization of therapy, since it allows determining not only the presence of H. pylori in the gastric mucosa, but also the sensitivity of the infection to antibacterial drugs. Along with individual approaches to treatment, the most effective empirical therapy regimens are given in case of impossibility to determine individual resistance to antibiotics. New data on the effectiveness and results of the use of primary and secondary preventive strategies for gastric cancer are presented. Given the important role of the entire microbiome of the gastrointestinal tract in the functioning of the body, the question of the interaction of H. pylori with other microorganisms is discussed. The critical issues of the near future are related to the global prevention of gastric cancer; the need to control antibiotic resistance, and the development of new methods of therapy and prevention of Helicobacter pylori infection.
Chemomicrobiome analysis of lithium ascorbate and other organic lithium salts
Authors: Torshin I. Yu. , Gromova O. A. , Lazebnik L. B.
Published: October 2022

Lithium salts are used in medicine as normotimics. An important aspect of the action of any medicine, incl. lithium salts is their effect on the human microbiota (microbiome). This work presents the results of a comparative chemomicrobiome analysis of organic lithium salts: ascorbate, comenate, nicotinate, oxybutyrate, aspartate and lithium orotate, carried out using modern technologies for the analysis of “big data”. For each of the studied lithium salts, estimates of the values of the area under the growth curve (AUC) were obtained for a representative sample of human microbiota, which included 38 commensal bacteria (including various species of bifidobacteria and lactobacilli) and the values of the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) for 120 pathogenic bacteria. On average, over a representative sample of microbiota, lithium ascorbate supported the growth of all commensal bacteria to a somewhat greater extent (AUC = 0.57 ± 0.15) than comenat (AUC = 0.47 ± 0.17), nicotinate (AUC = 0.45 ± 0.22), lithium oxybutyrate (AUC = 0.22 ± 0.17), lithium aspartate (AUC = 0.31 ± 0.14) and lithium orotate (AUC = 0.50 ± 0.21). In the case of pathogens, MIC values were significantly lower for ascorbate (4.50 ± 3.69 μg/ml) than for comenat (6.31 ± 5.58 μg/ml), nicotinate (10.98 ± 9.37 μg/ml), oxybutyrate (7.45 ± 4.73 μg/ml), aspartate (6.37 ± 4.71 μg/ml) and lithium orotate (7.27 ± 5.81 μg/ml). Thus, lithium ascorbate is more effective in supporting commensal bacteria of a positive microbiota than the other three lithium salts and is characterized by certain antibacterial properties against pathogenic bacteria. At the same time, the ubiquitous lithium carbonate, which does not contain any fragments of organic molecules, will not have any positive effect on the state of the microbiota.
Library named after Isma‘il Gasprinsky in Semipalatinsk at the beginning of the 20th  century
Authors: Shabley P. S.
Published: October 2022

In the 19th– early 20thcenturies Semipalatinsk became a major Muslim center of the Russian Empire. The city had 11 mosques and several Muslim educational institutions – maktabs and madrasahs. In 1900, the Muslims created a charitable society and at around 1904–1905, they opened a library at the Muslim charitable society. This event brought significant changes to the cultural life of the city. The library was attended not only by men, but also by women, as well as students of the Women’s Muslim School. After the death of Isma‘il Gasprinsky in 1914, it was decided to give his name to the Semipalatinsk Muslim Library. The history of this library, and the context in which it existed, allow us to discuss such issues as the peculiarities of relations between different social groups of Muslims, the policy of the Russian Empire to progressive tendencies in the life of Muslim societies, the specifics of the formation and distribution of charitable funds, and more.
“The unity of language, thought and action”: the contribution of Isma‘il Gasprinsky to the development of education of the Muslim peoples
Authors: Murtazina L. R.
Published: October 2022

The article discusses the activities of the scientist and educator Isma‘il Gasprinsky in the field of education of Muslim peoples at the turn of the 19th-20th centuries. Gasprinsky is the author of the sound method of teaching (Phonics). He established elementary schools on the basis of this method. Such schools appeared not only in the central regions of Russia, but also in Turkestan, as well as in Turkey and India.

The article describes the conditions, prerequisites and activities of some new method schools, dwells on the issue of opening a Jadid school in the city of Bombay.

The author makes an attempt to determine the essence and methodological basis of the appearance of the sound method. This method was introduced by Gasprinsky into the educational practice of Muslim schools. Gasprinsky's sound method was based on the experience of European, Turkish and Russian schools and on the works of prominent scientists and teachers. Gasprinsky created his own teaching methodology based on European pedagogical traditions and Islamic values.
History of Muslim education reform in imperial Turkestan: preparation of national textbooks and the problems of pedagogy
Authors: Khalilova Z. E.
Published: October 2022

At the end of the 19thcentury, the Turkestan Region became the scene of disputes in the field of school education. The imperial administration created a whole network of Russian schools in the Turkestan Region (gymnasium, progymnasium, military school, Russian-native schools), but the local population continued to use their system of old-method schools. It can be said that during this period, only under the influence of the ideas of the Tatar intelligentsia leader Isma‘il Gasprinsky, the local population also turned to the creation of new-method schools. These educational institutions, which were called “al-jadidiya”, along with the preservation of Muslim elements, were supposed to combine the components of the new ways of modern education. It provided the application of a new methodology, the study of foreign languages, the Russian language and secular sciences. The educational approach of these schools paid special attention to the integration of the peculiar national and religious traditions of the people. As a result, a whole group of Turkestan educators embarked on an educational reform, where one of the focal points was providing literacy in the native language.

The paper examines the formation of the first new method schools and the use of modern teaching methods in Turkestan in the late 19th− early 20thcenturies. Besides, the article highlights the school reform supported by the so-called national “progressists”, analyses the textbooks used in Jadid schools, and the problems associated with education at the beginning of the 20thcentury.
Ibn-Rushd (Averroes). The Incoherence of the Incoherence. Part Five
Authors: Ibrahim T. , Efremova N. V.
Published: October 2022

This series of publications is a translation of selected sections from the book “The Incoherence of the Incoherence” (Tahafut at-Tahafut), written by the peripatetic philosopher Ibn Rushd (Averroes, d. 1198) in response to the polemical treatise of asharite mutakallim alGhazali (d. 1111) “The Incoherence of the Philosophers” (Tahafut al-Falasifa).

This section deals with the third of the theses attributed to the philosophers and singled out by the opponent as heretical – about the alleged God’s ignorance of particulars. Showing the incorrectness of both the attribution of the thesis to the philosophers and the Ghazalian objections raised against it, the philosopher points out that, from the Falsafa point of view, God’s knowledge of world beings cannot be qualified in terms of “universal” or “particular”.
The Role of Education in Native Dutch Adolescents' Muslim Population Size Perceptions
Authors: Mulders Anne Maaike , van Tubergen Frank
Published: October 2022

This study investigates competing explanations for the effect of education on native adolescents’ Muslim population size perceptions. Drawing on theories about heuristic reasoning, we analyse to what extent the effect of education on size perceptions may be explained by differences in contact with and prejudice towards Muslims. The hypotheses are tested using longitudinal data on adolescents in the Netherlands (N=1219). Overall, there is a tendency to overestimate the size of the national Muslim population. Furthermore, we find that higher educated adolescents tend to provide lower estimates of the Muslim population size. This relationship is partially mediated by earlier differences in school composition, as Muslims are concentrated to a greater extent in lower education.The relation between education and size perceptions cannot be attributed to differences in prejudice. Hence, we conclude that the effect of education on size perceptions is likely due to greater numeracy, rather than negative evaluations of the outgroup.
Studies pertaining to language impairment in school-age autistic individuals underreport participant sociodemographics: A systematic review
Authors: Girolamo Teresa , Lue Shen , Monroe-Gulick Amalia , Rice Mabel , Eigsti Inge-Marie
Published: October 2022

This preprint is for an article accepted for publication.
Resilience of primal world beliefs to the initial shock of the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Ludwig Vera U. , Crone Damien , Clifton Jeremy D. W. , Rebele Reb W , Schor Jordyn A. , Platt Michael
Published: October 2022

INTRODUCTION: People hold general beliefs about the world called primals (e.g., the world is Safe, Intentional), which are strongly linked to individual differences in personality, behavior and mental health. How such beliefs form or change across the lifespan is largely unknown, although theory suggests that beliefs become more negative after disruptive events. The COVID-19 pandemic provided an opportunity to test whether dramatic world changes and personal adversity affect beliefs. METHOD: In a longitudinal, quasi-experimental, pre-registered design, 529 US participants (51% female, 76% White) provided ratings of primals before and several months after pandemic onset, and information about personal adversity (e.g., losing family, financial hardship). Data was compared to 398 participants without experience of the pandemic. RESULTS: The average person in our sample showed no change in 23 of the 26 primals, including Safe, in response to the early pandemic, and only saw the world as slightly less Alive, Interactive, and Acceptable. Higher adversity, however, was associated with slight declines in some beliefs. One limitation is that participants were exclusively American. CONCLUSION: Primals were remarkably stable during the initial shock wrought by a once-in-a-century pandemic, supporting a view of primals as stable lenses through which people interpret the world.
Representation and computation in working memory
Authors: Bays Paul , Schneegans Sebastian , Ma Wei Ji , Brady Timothy F.
Published: October 2022

The ability to sustain internal representations of the sensory environment beyond immediate perception is a fundamental requirement of cognitive processing. In recent years, debates regarding the capacity and fidelity of the working memory (WM) system have driven significant advances in our understanding of the nature of these representations. In particular, there is growing recognition that WM representations are not merely imperfect copies of a perceived object or event, as new experimental tools have revealed that observers possess richer information about the uncertainty in their memories, and take advantage of environmental regularities to use limited memory resources optimally. Meanwhile, computational models of visual WM formulated at different levels of implementation have converged on common principles relating capacity to variability and uncertainty. Here we review recent research in human visual WM from a computational perspective and the latest developments in identifying neural mechanisms that support it.
Background and Content of the Apology by the American Psychological Association to People of Color for its Role in Promoting, Perpetuating, and Failing to Challenge Racism, Racial Discrimination, and Human Hierarchy in the U.S.
Authors: Bender Michael , Adams Byron
Published: October 2022

The last several years have been characterized by a number of societally impactful events. The year 2020, in particular, was characterized by the start of the Covid-19 global pandemic – and in the U.S., the murder of George Floyd. Both were impactful in their own way, particularly for Black, Indigenous, and People of Color (BIPOC). The pandemic illuminated large disparities at the social and institutional levels between different racial and cultural groups in the U.S. and abroad. The death of George Floyd seemed to act as a catalyst and focal point that coalesced protests surrounding racism, discrimination, and specifically disproportional police violence against Black citizens in the U.S. (Lancet, 2021). Black Americans, in particular, are estimated to be 3.5 times more likely to experience fatal police violence than their White counterparts. This resulted in many protests in the U.S. and globally (including the Netherlands), with people taking to the streets in substantial numbers, even more remarkable given that this took place during a deadly pandemic. Discriminatory treatment by police is one aspect of systemic and structural racism. Yet, People of color worldwide continue to face many forms of institutional inequality. Professional organizations like the APA are part of society and have an important impact on their members and clients/patients, specifically vulnerable groups. The APA has issued an apology for its own role with regard to racist practices.In the following article, we a) summarize the actions of the APA related to systemic racism and the role in psychology it played in the USA; b) describe the events leading to the official apology issued by the APA and how it was received by professional organizations, and c) discuss some implications of these developments for Psychology at large. In a follow-up article, an in-depth consideration will be provided of what the APA apology means for Dutch psychological associations.
REVISIÓN DE LAS VARIACIONES MORFOLÓGICAS DEL PIE DE LOS NIÑOS EN EDAD ESCOLAR
Authors: Martín Casado Laura
Published: October 2022

El pie es una estructura compleja formada por 26 huesos que asociados a músculos, tendones y ligamentos, le dan forma y aseguran su función dinámica y estática. Las dimensiones del pie tienen grandes variaciones debido a las etapas de nuestro desarrollo, la car- ga impuesta o el tipo de población. Esta  revisión bibliográfica analiza los estudios en los que se evalúan la variabilidad  en la morfolo- gía del pie de los niños en edad escolar en relación a la edad, género, índice de masa corporal y etnia. Las dimensiones y forma del pie sufren constantes cambios desde el primer momento en que el niño comienza a ponerse de pie hasta los 12 y 14 años en niñas y niños, respectivamente. Las diferencias poblacionales y hábitos de calzado afectan a la morfología del pie, presentando pies más anchos y cuadrados los niños que habitualmente llevan sandalias o van descalzos. Además, los niños con sobrepeso y obesidad presentan una mayor incidencia de pie plano. Es necesario el uso de un calzado adecuado para un correcto desarrollo óseo del pie.
 Palabras clave: morfología del pie, dimensiones del pie, calzado, escolares.
 ABSTRACT
 The foot is a complex  structure comprised of 26 bones and associated muscles, tendons and ligaments ensure the foot´s static and dynamic function and contribute to the overall shape of the foot. The foot dimensions have many variations due to the stages of our development, the associated loads or the type of population. This literature review analyses the studies that evaluate the variability in foot morphology in school children according to age, sex, body mass index and ethnic backgrounds. The shape and dimensions of the foot are constantly growing from the child is starting to stand up to 12 and 14 years old in girls and boys, respectively. Differences between populations and shoe-wearing habits affect the foot morphology; it is showed that the children with sandals or barefoot have a wider and square foot shape. In addition, overweight and obese children have  a higher prevalence of flatfoot. It is necessary to use appropriate footwear to allow the normal development of the foot.
 Keywords:  foot morphology; foot dimensions; shoes; school  children.
Ecology of Persian Walnut (Juglans regia L.) in Western Bhutan
Authors: Sagar Laxmi , Jambay  , Gyeltshen Ngawang , Ghalley Bhakta Bdr , Yonten Sonam , Gyeltshen Namkha , Subedi Rupesh , Dorji Rinchen
Published: October 2022

In Bhutan the Persian Walnut (Juglans regia L.) is highly valued for its timber and is listed under special class in Royalty on Forest Products of Bhutan. Possessing high timber and other medicinal values, the ecology of the species in the country was poorly understood. The study aimed to understand the ecological requirements and habitat modeling of the species in Bhutan. A purposive non-probability sampling was adopted in natural habitats of the species in four districts (Gasa, Punakha, Wangdue Phodrang, and Dagana) of the country. Plot size of 20 m X 20 m (major plot) for tree and understory and 2 m X 2 m for ground cover were used to collect vegetation data. Soil samples were collected from the center of the major plot at a depth of 25 - 30 cm. A total of 163 plant species belonging to 74 families were recorded from the study plots. Pearson and Kendal correlation of CCA Ordination showed moderate influence of slope (r = .66) followed by altitude (r =.55). Annual mean temperature and rainfall showed moderately negative correlation with the growth and distribution of J. regia (r =. -54 and -.64) in the study area. Despite, scattered distribution of J. regia in the country an area of 7146.53 km2 which accounts for 18.61% of the country’s total area was found to be suitable for the growth and development of the species which can be used for protection and management of species in future.
Evaluation of the status of water quality of three swimming pools in Bujumbura city, Burundi
Authors: Niyungeko Christophe , Ntirampeba Jonas , Bararunyeretse Prudence , Tiimub Benjamin Makimilua , Nihorimbere Manassé , Ntakiyiruta Pierre
Published: October 2022

Poor water quality is problematic for the health of public swimmers. This study focused on the water quality of three main swimming pools coded as MS, ES and HC in the city of Bujumbura, Burundi. Water samples were collected from June to the end of August 2020 and analyzed for physicochemical parameters such as pH, turbidity, conductivity, nitrates, free chlorine and microbiological parameters (total coliforms and faecal coliforms). Our results indicated that 2/3 of the sampling days showed pH >7.8 and pH<7.2 in the MS and HC pools, respectively. All these pools exhibited high turbidity whereas ES manifested very high value (6.05NTU). Free chlorine appeared very low in the MS pool with contamination by total coliforms (<1MPN 1mL-1 and 1.17x107MPN 1mL-1, <1MPN 1mL-1 and 6.32x106MPN 1mL-1, and < 1MPN 1mL-1 and 5x102 MPN 1mL-1) for MS, ES, and HC respectively. Both MS and ES pools revealed higher thermotolerant coliforms contamination of (<1MPN 1mL-1 and 2.18x104MPN 1mL-1) in MS and (<1MPN 1mL-1 and 2.32x104MPN 1mL-1) in ES, but the HC pool showed a single contamination case with values of <1UFC 1mL-1 and 5UFC1mL-1 throughout the sampling period. Additionally, extreme concentrations of nitrates (104.89 mgL-1) were observed at the ES pool. The findings showed a non-compliance with WHO standards for all three swimming pools and therefore advocates for an urgent need to monitor and treat or change the water frequently for quality assurance of swimming pools.
Assessment of freshwater plant diversity and local difference in freshwater plant use knowledge in Punakha district, Bhutan
Authors: Dema Tenzin , Pem Tshering , Jambay  , Tshomo Sangay , Tshering Sonam
Published: October 2022

Freshwater plants play a paramount role in an aquatic ecosystem. However, only limited studies have been carried out on freshwater plants. Therefore, the study aimed to assess the diversity of freshwater plants in different freshwater bodies of Punakha District, the correlation of freshwater plant species with the environmental variables, and the local community difference in freshwater plant use knowledge in Punakha district. A total of 20 water bodies were selected using a stratified sampling method. Area-based surveys were employed to assess the plant species from a total of 80 plots, each with the quadrat of 5 m x 5 m. Environmental variables such as altitude, water depth, water velocity, temperature, precipitation and evapotranspiration were measured. The study recorded a total of 72 freshwater plant species distributed among 57 genera and 37 families. Shannon-Weiner diversity index revealed high diversity of freshwater plants from ponds (H’ = 3.3) followed by ditches (H’ = 3.16), streams (H’ = 3.07) and lakes (H’ = 2.83). The study revealed the decrease of freshwater plant species with an increase in the water velocity, depth and altitude. There was a significant association between respondents’ freshwater plant use knowledge with gender (x2 (1) = 6.04, p = .014), age (x2 (1) = 13.21, p = .000) and education level (x2 (1) = 4.53, p = .003). Females and illiterate respondents with aged 31 years old and above had more knowledge on freshwater plant use compared to males and educated respondents with aged 30 years old and below.
Фрагментація постмодерного прозового тексту: засади і прийоми
Authors: Kropyvko Iryna
Published: October 2022

The article focuses on factors and manifestations of postmodern text fragmentation. A fragment is one of the central concepts of modern and postmodern literature. The modernist fragment was a means of cognitive activity and a form of its adequate representation. It was determined by the basic concept of the integrity of a literary phenomenon and recognition of its encoded meaning, as well as encouraged the reader to invent missing parts. It has been proven that for postmodernist prose, the fragment is the only possible mode of its existence, an artistic strategy and an artistic device. The postmodernist text is positioned by the game field, where equal participants play with multiple-order fragments. Such fragments include preceding artistic traditions and techniques. Text fragmentation is enhanced by equalizing the rights of the author, character and the reader. Each participant of the literary communication has their own (partial) view of the art world. Narrative strategies of prose fragmentation are determined by the ways of building rhizomatic narratives and the peculiarities of their perception by the receptionist. Ukrainian and Polish writers use various means of constructing a fragmented text at the levels of its conceptualization, narrative structure, interpretative and receptive strategy, image-based specifi city (intermediateness etc.).
#buildbanksbetter: Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDCs), Public Banks and Money’s Potential as a Non-Scarce Medium of Communication and a Source of Local Self-Determination
Authors: Tiessen Matthew
Published: October 2022

This paper argues that public banking at the local and community level is the most effective monetary technology for restoring the powers of finance to the people. Public banking is not a new idea and it’s enjoying newfound popularity alongside the rise of modern monetary theory (MMT) and the emergence of a new generation of financially aware and digitally enabled researchers, “conspiracy theorists” and activists. So while these days cryptocurrencies are trumpeted as the cutting edge of alternative monetary technologies, I suggest that public banking is the money technology best able to respond to the democratic desires of today’s citizens. I conclude with a discussion of the development of Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDCs) and the ways they are being used to undermine local, community-led self-determination by further centralizing monetary control in the centrally controlled system of central banks whose mandate is to serve private interests.