bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Novel Facile Routes for Synthesis and Isolation of Fluorofullerenes C60F18 and C60F20 Based on Commercially Available Fluorinating Reagents.
Authors: Troshin Pavel A. , Kornev Alexey B. , Peregudov Alexander S. , Baskakov Sergey A. , Lyubovskaya Rimma N.
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A Simple Method for Epoxidation of Olefins Using Sodium Chlorite as an Oxidant Without a Catalyst.
Authors: Geng Xue‐Li , Wang Zhi , Li Xiao‐Qiang , Zhang Chi
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Unexpected and Expeditious Entry into Trifluoromethyl Aziridines from Substituted β‐Dicarbonyl Compounds.
Authors: Colantoni Daniele , Fioravanti Stefania , Pellacani Lucio , Tardella Paolo A.
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Development of a Synthesis of Diphenylthiophenes via a One‐Pot Reaction of Phenylacetylene and Sulfur
Authors: Darabi Hossein Reza , Aghapoor Kioumars , Mohsenzadeh Farshid
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Intramolecular, Reductive Cyclization of β‐Ketoisothiocyanates Promoted by Using Samarium Diiodide.
Authors: Cho Min Seok , Lee In Sang , Kang Sung Ho , Kim Yong Hae
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of 4,5‐Dialkyl 1‐Isopropyl 3‐Isopropoxy‐1H‐pyrazole‐1,4,5‐tricarboxylate by Using Mitsunobu Chemistry.
Authors: Alizadeh Abdolali , Acedi Mohamad
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Samarium Diiodide‐Induced Intramolecular Pinacol Coupling of Dinitrones: Synthesis of Cyclic cis‐Vicinal Diamines.
Authors: Ebran Jean‐Philippe , Hazell Rita G. , Skrydstrup Troels
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A Neat and Rapid Synthesis of 2‐Aryloxymethylene‐6‐arylimidazo [2,1‐b]‐1,3,4‐Thiadiazole under Microwave Irradiation.
Authors: Wang Xicun , Wang Mangang , Quan Zhengjun , Li Zheng
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Efficient Regioselective Synthesis of 6‐Amino‐5‐benzoyl‐1‐Substituted 2(1H)‐Pyridinones.
Authors: Schirok Hartmut , Alonso‐Alija Cristina , Benet‐Buchholz Jordi , Goeller Andreas H. , Grosser Rolf , Michels Martin , Paulsen Holger
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A Clean Procedure for the Synthesis of Chromeno[4,3‐b]benzo[f]quinoline and Quinolino[4,3‐b]benzo[f]quinoline Derivatives in Aqueous Media.
Authors: Wang Xiang‐Shan , Zhang Mei‐Mei , Zeng Zhao‐Sen , Shi Da‐Qing , Tu Shu‐Jiang , Wei Xian‐Yong , Zong Zhi‐Min
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of 5,6‐Dimethyl‐9‐methoxy‐1‐phenyl‐6H‐pyrido[4,3‐b]carbazole Derivatives and Their Cytotoxic Activity.
Authors: Jasztold‐Howorko Ryszard , Pelczynska Marzena , Nasulewicz Anna , Wietrzyk Joanna , Opolski Adam
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of 5‐Acyl‐6‐[2‐hydroxy‐3‐(amino)propylamino] ‐1,3‐dialkyl‐1H‐pyrimidine‐2,4‐diones (VI).
Authors: Singh Palwinder , Paul Kamaldeep , Holzer Wolfgang
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Cyanoacetanilides Intermediates in Heterocyclic Synthesis. Part 3. Novel Syntheses of Thiazolinone and Thiazolo[3,2‐a]pyridine Derivatives.
Authors: Ammar Y. A. , El‐Sharief A. M. Sh. , Al‐Sehemi A. G. , Mohamed Y. A. , El‐Hag Ali G. A. M. , Senussi M. A. , El‐Gaby M. S. A.
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Phase‐Transfer Catalyzed Alkylation and Cycloalkylation of 2‐Mercaptoquinazolin‐4(3H)‐one.
Authors: Khalil A. Kh.
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of Dihydrofuranoquinophenoxazine Analogues as New Antitumor Agents.
Authors: Na Younghwa
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Acid‐Catalyzed Formation of Tricyclic N,S‐Acetals in Imidazolinone Series Based on the Use of the Unprecedented N‐Acyliminium Ion Cascade Reaction Involving Transposition, Heterocyclization and π‐Cyclization.
Authors: Pesquet Anthony , Daich Adam , Decroix Bernard , Van Hijfte Luc
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of a Novel Heterocyclic System, [1,2,4]Triazino[1,2‐a]pyrimido[4,5‐e][1,3,4]thiadiazines
Authors: Heravi Majid M. , Bakherad Mohammad , Rahimzadeh Mohammad , Bakavoli Mehdi , Ghassemzadeh Mitra
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Stereoselective Intramolecular O—H Insertion of Rhodium Carbenoid Controlled by the 2,4‐Pentanediol Tether.
Authors: Im Chun Young , Okuyama Tadashi , Sugimura Takashi
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
S‐Transalkylation/Ring Closing Metathesis as a Route to Azathiamacrocycles Incorporating 2,2′‐Bipyridine Subunits.
Authors: Branowska Danuta , Buczek Izabela , Kalinska Katarzyna , Nowaczyk Justyna , Rykowski Andrzej
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
One‐Pot Tandem 1,4—1,2‐Addition of Phosphites to α,β‐Unsaturated Imines for the Synthesis of Glutamic Acid Analogues.
Authors: Moonen Kristof , Van Meenen Ellen , Verwee Annelies , Stevens Christian V.
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of Phosphorus Esters by Transesterification Mediated by N‐Heterocyclic Carbenes (NHCs).
Authors: Singh Rohit , Nolan Steven P.
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
trans‐ and cis‐Selective Lewis Acid Catalyzed Hydrogermylation of Alkynes.
Authors: Schwier Todd , Gevorgyan Vladimir
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Iridoid Glucosides from the Fruit of Genipa americana.
Authors: Ono Masateru , Ueno Masami , Masuoka Chikako , Ikeda Tsuyoshi , Nohara Toshihiro
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Cytotoxic Limonoids from Brazilian Melia azedarach.
Authors: Zhou Honglei , Hamazaki Atsuko , Fontana Jose Domingos , Takahashi Hironobu , Wandscheer Carolina Bueno , Fukuyama Yoshiyasu
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Preparation of New Oxidized 18‐α‐Oleanane Derivatives.
Authors: Kvasnica Miroslav , Tislerova Iva , Sarek Jan , Sejbal Jan , Cisarova Ivana
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Antimycobacterial and Antiplasmodial Unsaturated Carboxylic Acid from the Twigs of Scleropyrum wallichianum.
Authors: Suksamrarn Apichart , Buaprom Matee , Udtip Saifon , Nuntawong Nuchnipa , Haritakun Rachada , Kanokmedhakul Somdej
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Asymmetric Synthesis of (S)‐2‐Amino‐3‐(1‐naphthyl)propanoic Acid via Chiral Nickel Complex. Crystal Structure, Circular Dichroism, 1H and 13C NMR Spectra of the Complex.
Authors: Popkov Alexander , Cisarova Ivana , Sopkova Jana , Jirman Josef , Lycka Antonin , Kochetkov Konstantin A.
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Enantioselective Three‐Component Synthesis of 4‐Arylated Dehydroprolines: [3 + 2] Annulation of Allenylstannane and α‐Imino Ester.
Authors: Fuchibe Kohei , Hatamata Rina , Akiyama Takahiko
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Stereoselective Synthesis of Novel C‐Disaccharides (IV) via Suzuki Cross‐Coupling Reaction.
Authors: Li Xiao‐Liu , Xu Xiao‐Ming , Tian Jun , Li Ying‐Xia
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Preparation of Versatile Synthetic Precursors of Optically Active 5a‐Carbasugars from (‐)‐vibo‐Quercitol.
Authors: Ogawa Seiichiro , Asada Miwako , Ooki Yoriko , Mori Midori , Itoh Masayoshi , Korenaga Takashi
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of Interglycosidically S‐Linked 1‐Thio‐oligosaccharides under Microwave Irradiation.
Authors: El Ashry El Sayed H. , Awad Laila F. , Hamid H. M. Abdel , Atta Atta I.
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Polyhydroxylated Pyrrolidines. Part 3. Synthesis of New Protected 2,5‐Dideoxy‐2,5‐iminohexitols from D‐Fructose.
Authors: Izquierdo Isidoro , Plaza Maria T. , Rodriguez Miguel , Franco Francisco , Martos Alicia
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Stereoselective Preparation of Precursors of α‐C‐(1→3)‐Disaccharides.
Authors: Stepanek Petr , Vich Ondrej , Werner Lukas , Kniezo Ladislav , Dvorakova Hana , Vojtisek Pavel
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of 1,6‐Anhydro‐β‐D‐hexopyranoses Fused to the Piperidine Ring.
Authors: Trtek Tomas , Cerny Miloslav , Budesinsky Milos , Trnka Tomas , Cisarova Ivana
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Efficient Synthesis of 1,2,3‐Triazole‐Fused Bicyclic Compounds from Aldoses.
Authors: Dolhem Franck , Al Tahli Fathia , Lievre Catherine , Demailly Gilles
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Ti‐Mediated Synthesis of Aminocyclopropyl‐Substituted Carbohydrates.
Authors: Laroche Christophe , Behr Jean‐Bernard , Szymoniak Jan , Bertus Philippe , Plantier‐Royon Richard
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Efficient Pd(0)‐Catalyzed Synthesis of 1,2,3‐Triazolo‐3′‐deoxycarbanucleosides and Their Analogues.
Authors: Joubert Nicolas , Schinazi Raymond F. , Agrofoglio Luigi A.
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Novel Approach to Nucleoside‐5′‐(1‐hydroxymethylene‐1,1‐bisphosphonates): Synthesis of New AZT Analogues.
Authors: Migianu Evelyne , Monteil Maelle , Even Pascale , Lecouvey Marc
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
An Efficient Enantioselective Synthesis of Blastmycinone.
Authors: Yang Yong‐Qing , Wu Yi‐Kang
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Anthraquinones from Ophiorrhiza hayatana Ohwi.
Authors: Chan Hsiu‐Hui , Li Chia‐Ying , Damu Amooru Gangaiah , Wu Tian‐Shung
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of Thio Analogues of Quinolone Antibacterials.
Authors: Shoar Rahim Hekmat , Heravi Majid M. , Pedram Leila , Raeiat Shadi Hasan , Jaddi Zeinab
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Palladium Mediated Spiroketal Synthesis: Application to Pheromone Synthesis.
Authors: Conway Jeremy C. , Quayle Peter , Regan Andrew C. , Urch Christopher J.
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
New Naphthoquinones, f13102A and B, from a Fungus Strain F‐13102.
Authors: Yoshimoto Yuya , Kawada Manabu , Kumagai Hiroyuki , Someno Tetsuya , Inoue Hiroyuki , Kawamura Naoto , Isshiki Kunio , Ikeda Daishiro
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis and Characterization of Environmentally Benign Nontoxic Pigments: Ln2Mo2O9 (Ln: La or Pr).
Authors: George Giable , George Gisha , Rao Padala Prabhakar , Reddy Mundlapudi Lakshmipathi
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of WO3 Nanorods by Reacting WO(OMe)4 under Autogenic Pressure at Elevated Temperature Followed by Annealing.
Authors: Pol S. V. , Pol V. G. , Kessler V. G. , Seisenbaeva G. A. , Solovyov L. A. , Gedanken A.
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Introduction to Half‐Metallic Heusler Alloys: Electronic Structure and Magnetic Properties
Authors: Galanakis I. , Mavropoulos Ph , Dederichs P. H.
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Nonlinear Magneto‐Optical Effects of Prussian Blue Analog‐Based Magnet
Authors: Ohkoshi S. , Ikeda K. , Shimura J. , Hashimoto K.
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Development of Co‐Cr‐Based Longitudinal Magnetic Recording Media. Thermodynamic Consideration
Authors: Qin Gao‐wu , Oikawa K.
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
In situ Observation of Dehydration of 1β‐Methylcarbapenem CS‐834 Hydrate by X‐Ray Analysis
Authors: Kobayashi Katsuhiro , Hata Tadashi , Fukuhara Hiroshi , Ohashi Yuji
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Molecular Design, Synthesis and Functions of Amphiphilic Bis‐TTF Annulated Macrocycles Forming Molecular Assembly Nanostructures
Authors: Katoh Keiichi , Akutagawa Tomoyuki , Nakamura Takayoshi
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis, Three‐Dimensional Structure and Biological Activity of Glycosylated Calcitonin
Authors: Toma Kazunori , Haneda Katsuji
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Catalysts for Heterogeneous Photocatalysis. Part 2. Methods for Synthesis
Authors: Caliman Anca Florentina , Balasanian Ion
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Recent Advances in Clay‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Heterocycles
Authors: Ferreira Vitor F. , de Souza Maria Cecilia B. V. , Rianelli Renata S. , da Silva Fernando C. , Antunes O. A. C.
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Poly(ADP‐Ribose)‐Polymerase‐Catalyzed Hydrolysis of NAD+: QM/MM Simulation of the Enzyme Reaction
Authors: Bellocchi Daniele , Costantino Gabriele , Pellicciari Roberto , Re Nazzareno , Marrone Alessandro , Coletti Cecilia
Published: March 2006

Poly(ADP‐ribose) polymerase (PARP) is a nuclear enzyme which uses NAD+ as substrate and catalyzes the transfer of multiple units of ADP‐ribose to target proteins. PARP is an attractive target for the discovery of novel therapeutic agents and PARP inhibitors are currently evaluated for the treatment of a variety of pathological conditions such as brain ischemia, inflammation, and cancer. Herein, we use the PARP‐catalyzed reaction of NAD+ hydrolysis as a model for gaining insight into the molecular details of the catalytic mechanism of PARP. The reaction has been studied in both the gas‐phase and in the enzyme environment through a QM/MM approach. Our results indicate that the cleavage reaction of the nicotinamide‐ribosyl bond proceeds through an SN2 dissociative mechanism via an oxacarbenium transition structure. These results confirm the importance of the structural water molecule in the active site and may constitute the basis for the design of transition‐state‐based PARP inhibitors.
Dinuclear Alkylamine Platinum(II) Complexes of [1,2‐Bis(4‐fluorophenyl)ethylenediamine]platinum(II): Influence of Endocytosis and Copper and Organic Cation Transport Systems on Cellular Uptake
Authors: Kapp Timo , Müller Stefanie , Gust Ronald
Published: March 2006

Various possible pathways for the uptake of cationic alkylamine platinum(II) complexes into the MCF‐7 breast cancer cells were studied with di[meso‐1,2‐bis(4‐fluorophenyl)ethylenediamine]di[sulfinylbis(methane)‐S][μ‐1,6‐diaminohexaneN:N′]diplatinum(II) disulfate (m‐4F‐PtDMSO‐DAH) as an example. It was demonstrated that m‐4F‐PtDMSO‐DAH competed neither for the copper transporter nor the organic cation transporters (OCT and OATP). Instead, adsorptive endocytosis by macropinocytosis played an essential role. Inhibitors of this processes such as amiloride, N‐ethyl‐N‐isopropylamiloride (EIPA), wortmannin, and cytochalasin D decreased the intracellular uptake of m‐4F‐PtDMSO‐DAH dramatically. These results support the understanding of the pharmacological behavior of this promising drug family, which showed no cross resistance with cisplatin.
Impact of age, benign prostatic hyperplasia, and cancer on prostate‐specific antigen level
Authors: Punglia Rinaa S. , D'Amico Anthony V. , Catalona William J. , Roehl Kimberly A. , Kuntz Karen M.
Published: March 2006

BACKGROUND

The distribution of prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) values for men with or without prostate carcinoma are confounded because of verification bias. Correcting for verification bias, the means and variances of PSA values were estimated in specific clinical scenarios.

METHODS

Existing receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, adjusted for the presence of verification bias in a screening population, were used to estimate the mean and variance of PSA values for men with or without prostate carcinoma, stratified by age and the presence or absence of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Men with a suspicious digital rectal exam (nodular) were excluded from analysis.

RESULTS

Among men with cancer and the absence of benign prostatic hyperplasia, mean PSA values were 2.05 ng/mL and 2.66 ng/mL for younger (<60 yr) and older (≥60 yrs) men, respectively. These estimates were 2.56 ng/mL and 3.90 ng/mL in the presence of benign prostatic hyperplasia for younger and older men, respectively. For men without prostate carcinoma, these values were 0.78 ng/mL and 1.23 ng/mL for younger and older men, respectively, among those without benign prostatic hyperplasia, and 0.97 ng/mL and 1.75 ng/mL for younger and older men, respectively, among those with benign prostatic hyperplasia.

CONCLUSIONS

Accurate estimates of the mean and variance of PSA values for men with or without cancer may provide PSA thresholds for biopsy that are specific for age and prostate size as assessed by digital rectal exam. Therefore, the current threshold of 4.0 ng/mL should not be applied indiscriminately. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Lymphovascular invasion in prostate cancer
Authors: Brooks Joseph P. , Albert Paul S. , O'Connell John , McLeod David G. , Poggi Matthew M.
Published: March 2006

BACKGROUND

Lymphovascular invasion (LVI) is found in approximately 5% to 53% of specimens after radical prostatectomy (RP). Although LVI is associated with higher rates of recurrence after RP, its prognostic significance after postprostatectomy radiotherapy (P‐XRT) is unclear.

METHODS

The medical records of men who received P‐XRT from 1991 to 2001 at 2 institutions were reviewed for the presence of LVI in RP specimens. Multiple patient variables were evaluated for their association with LVI using Fisher exact tests and Wilcoxon rank‐sum tests. The time to biochemical recurrence (BCR) and the time to distant metastases (DM) after RP were analyzed using Kaplan–Meier estimations, log‐rank tests, and Cox regression analyses.

RESULTS

Eighteen of 160 patients (11%) who received P‐XRT had LVI in their RP specimen. High Gleason score and seminal vesicle invasion were associated significantly with LVI. After a median follow‐up of 8.3 years after RP, 16 patients with LVI had BCR after P‐XRT, 9 of whom developed DM. The median time to BCR in patients with LVI was 2.6 years (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.8‐5.4) compared with 7.8 years (95% CI, 6.8‐10.3) in patients without LVI (P < .001). Multivariate analysis revealed an adjusted relative risk for LVI of 5.5 (P < .001). Other significant factors were Gleason score, undetectable post‐RP serum prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) levels, preradiotherapy serum PSA levels, and the interval from RP to P‐XRT. LVI was the only significant factor associated with an increased risk of DM in univariate analysis (hazard ratio, 7.4; P < .001).

CONCLUSIONS

LVI was useful as a pathologic marker for reduced efficacy of P‐XRT after RP in terms of increased risk of BCR and DM. Future studies will be needed to validate these findings. Cancer 2006. Published 2006 American Cancer Society.
Frequency and prognostic relevance of disseminated tumor cells in bone marrow of patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma
Authors: Buchner Alexander , Riesenberg Rainer , Kotter Ines , Hofstetter Alfons , Stief Christian , Oberneder Ralph
Published: March 2006

BACKGROUND

The prognostic relevance of disseminated cytokeratin‐positive (CK+) tumor cells in the bone marrow of patients with different types of carcinoma has been demonstrated in several studies. In this prospective study, the frequency and prognostic value of CK+ tumor cells was investigated in the bone marrow of 55 consecutive patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (M1 RCC) in comparison with 256 M0 RCC patients from a previous study.

METHODS

Aspiration of bone marrow from the anterior iliac crest was performed immediately before tumor resection in RCC patients. Cytospins were made and stained by immunocytochemistry using the APAAP (alkaline phosphatase‐antialkaline phosphatase) protocol and monoclonal antibodies CK2 and A45‐B/B3. Twenty‐seven patients with no evidence of any malignant disease served as a control group.

RESULTS

CK+ tumor cells were detected in 42% (23 of 55 patients) of the M1 patients and 25% (63 of 256 patients) of the M0 patients (P <.01). No CK+ cells (0 of 27 patients) were detected in the control group. In the M1 group, CK− patients demonstrated a trend toward a better outcome compared with CK+ patients (log‐rank test, P = .19). This difference was significant when applying a higher threshold (0–2 CK+ cells vs. ≥ 3 CK+ cells; P <.05). On multivariate analysis, the detection of ≥ 3 CK+ cells in the bone marrow was found to be an independent prognostic factor (P <.001).

CONCLUSIONS

The results of the current study indicate that disseminated CK+ cells play a role in the biology of tumor spread of RCC, and that their immunocytochemical detection can be useful in assessing the prognosis of patients with M1 disease. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Analytical Assays Based on Detecting Conformational Changes of Single Molecules
Authors: Zocchi Giovanni
Published: March 2006

One common strategy for the detection of biomolecules is labeling either the target itself or an antibody that binds to it. Herein, a different approach, based on detecting the conformational change of a probe molecule induced by binding of the target is discussed. That is, what is being detected is not the presence of the target or the probe, but the conformational change of the probe. Recently, a single‐molecule sensor has been developed that exploits this mechanism to detect hybridization of a single DNA oligomer to a DNA probe, as well as specific binding of a single protein to a DNA probe. Biomolecular recognition often involves large conformational changes of the molecules involved, and therefore this strategy may be applicable to other assays.
Force Field Evaluation for Biomolecular Simulation: Free Enthalpies of Solvation of Polar and Apolar Compounds in Various Solvents
Authors: Geerke Daan P. , van Gunsteren Wilfred F.
Published: March 2006

Recently, the GROMOS biomolecular force field parameter set 53A6—which has been parametrized to reproduce experimentally determined free enthalpies of hydration and solvation in cyclohexane of amino acid side‐chain analogs—was presented. To investigate the transferability of the new parameter set, we calculated free enthalpies of solvation of a range of polar and apolar compounds in different solvents (methanol, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), acetonitrile, and acetone) from molecular dynamics simulations using the GROMOS 53A6 force field. For methanol and DMSO, parameters were used that are available in the 53A6 parameter set. For acetonitrile, a recently developed model was taken and for acetone, two models available in literature were used. We found that trends in and values for the solvation free enthalpies are in satisfactory agreement with experiment, except for the solvation in acetone for which deviations from experiment can be explained in terms of the properties of the models used.
Importance of Spin–Orbit Coupling for the Assignment of the Photodetachment Spectra of AuX2− (X=Cl, Br, and I)
Authors: Mishra Sabyashachi , Vallet Valerie , Domcke Wolfgang
Published: March 2006

Recently, photodetachment spectra of AuX2−, X=Cl, Br, and I, have been reported [D. Schröder et al., Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2003, 42, 311] followed by a scalar‐relativistic theoretical study of the assignment of these spectra [B. Dai, J. Yang, Chem. Phys. Lett. 2003, 379, 512]. Herein, the photodetachment spectra of the title molecules are reassigned, taking spin–orbit coupling into account and employing relativistic‐effective core potentials for gold and the halogen atoms. The composition of the AuX2 electronic states are further analyzed in terms of scalar‐relativistic electronic states. The relevance of spin–orbit coupling in the spectroscopy of heavy elements is emphasized by comparing the results of this work with experiment and with other scalar‐relativistic theoretical studies.
Theoretical Investigations into the Blue‐Shifting Hydrogen Bond in Benzene Complexes
Authors: Špirko Vladimír , Hobza Pavel
Published: March 2006

The benzene⋅⋅⋅X complexes (X=benzene, antracene, ovalene) were optimised at the MP2/6‐31G** level with theC2vsymmetry of the complex and planarity of the proton acceptor being preserved. The resulting stabilisation energies amount to 1.2, 2.3 and 2.9 kcal mol−1, and the CH bond of the proton donor is contracted by 0.0035, 0.0052 and 0.0055 Å, respectively. The contraction is connected with a blue‐shift of the CH stretch vibration frequency. A two‐dimensional anharmonic vibration treatment based on a MP2/6‐31G** potential energy surface yields the following blue shifts for the complexes studied: 28, 42 and 43 cm−1. The dominant attraction in the complexes is London dispersion, while the attractive contribution from electrostatic quadrupole‐quadrupole interactions is considerably smaller.
Spectroscopic Study of a UV‐Photostable Organic–Inorganic Hybrids Incorporating an Eu3+ β‐Diketonate Complex
Authors: Lima Patricia P. , Sá Ferreira Rute A. , Freire Ricardo O. , Almeida Paz Filipe A. , Fu Lianshe , Alves Severino , Carlos Luis D. , Malta Oscar L.
Published: March 2006

New europium and gadolinium tris‐β‐diketonate complexes have been prepared and incorporated in sol–gel‐derived organic–inorganic hybrids, named di‐ureasils. The general formula [Ln(btfa)3(4,4′‐bpy)(EtOH)] (Ln=Eu, Gd; 4,4′‐bpy=4,4′‐bipyridine; btfa=4,4,4‐trifluoro‐1‐phenyl‐1,3‐butanedione) for the complexes was confirmed by X‐ray crystallography and elemental analysis. The ground‐state geometry of the Eu3+ complex was calculated from the Sparkle/AM1 model. The calculated quantum yield obtained from the Sparkle model and from the crystal structure (both 46 %) are in satisfactory agreement with the experimental value (38±4 %). In the isolated complex the most efficient luminescence channel is S0→S1→T→(5D1 , 5D0 )→7F0—6 , where the exchange mechanism dominates in the energy‐transfer channel T→(5D1, 5D0). For the Eu3+‐based di‐ureasils a 50% quantum yield enhancement compared to the Eu3+ complex is observed, which suggests an effective hybrid host–metal ion interaction and an active energy‐transfer channel between the hybrid host and the Eu3+ complex. The Eu3+‐based di‐ureasils are photostable under UVA (360 nm) excitation, whereas under UVB (320 nm) and UVC (290 nm) photodegradation occurs.
Cover Picture: Linear and Two‐Photon Absorption Properties of Interacting Polar Chromophores: Standard and Unconventional Effects (ChemPhysChem 3/2006)
Authors: Terenziani Francesca , Morone Marika , Gmouh Said , Blanchard‐Desce Mireille
Published: March 2006

The cover picture shows the evolution of two‐photon absorption (TPA) spectra for dimers of polar and polarisable chromophores, as a function of orientation and distance. Strong modulation of nonlinear optical responses can be attained through interchromophoric interactions. Important contributions from interaction terms beyond the standard excitonic model are demonstrated both experimentally and theoretically. Find out more in the Article by Terenziani et al. on page 685.
Novel Hydroperoxydioxolanes and ‐dioxanes by Hydroperoxide Rearrangement and Ozonolysis
Authors: Hamann Hans‐Jürgen , Wlosnewski André , Greco Tonino , Liebscher Jürgen
Published: March 2006

1‐Indanols and 1‐tetralols 8 with alkenyl substituents in the 1‐position have been converted into the corresponding 1‐hydroperoxides 9 by substitution under neutral conditions. Ozonolysis of the products gave rise to the formation of spiro‐1,2‐dioxolane and spiro‐1,2‐dioxane hydroperoxides 12. Alternative treatment of these 1‐indanols and 1‐tetralols 8 with hydrogen peroxide under acidic conditions caused substitution and hydroperoxide rearrangement to yield chroman‐2‐yl hydroperoxides 16 or open‐chain unsaturated geminal bis‐hydroperoxides 21. Ozonolysis of these products resulted in the formation of novel spiro‐chromanes 18 and 20 with two oxygen atoms in the second ring or 3,5‐bis(hydroperoxy)‐1,2‐dioxolanes or 3,6‐bis(hydroperoxy)‐1,2‐dioxanes 23, respectively. All the products showed feeble antimalaria activity against chloroquine‐resistant plasmodium falciparum. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Pseudorotaxanes and Rotaxanes Formed by Viologen Derivatives
Authors: Braunschweig Adam B. , Ronconi Célia M. , Han Ja‐Young , Aricó Fabio , Cantrill Stuart J. , Stoddart J. Fraser , Khan Saeed I. , White Andrew J. P. , Williams David J.
Published: March 2006

Dibenzyl‐4,4′‐bipyridinium (BIPY2+) bis(hexafluorophosphate) and three of its derivatives – disubstituted at the para positions of the benzyl groups with CO2Me, F, and Me in turn – have been shown to form 1:1 complexes that are [2]pseudorotaxanes with dibenzo[24]crown‐8 (DB24C8), benzometaphenylene[25]crown‐8 (BMP25C8), and dipyrido[24]crown‐8 (DP24C8) in CD3CN solution by 1H NMR spectroscopy and in one case in the solid state by X‐ray crystallography. Binding constants (Ka) for all of these 1:1 complexes, which were determined both (1) by isothermal titration calorimetry in MeCN solution and (2) by the 1H NMR spectroscopic single‐point method in CD3CN solution, were found to be, on the average, an order of magnitude less than the Ka values obtained for DB24C8 and DP24C8 with dibenzylammonium (DBA+) hexafluorophosphate and three of its derivatives, also disubstituted at the para positions of the benzyl groups with CO2Me, F and Me. In the case of BMP25C8, however, the Ka values with both categories (BIPY2+ and DBA+) of guests are much of a muchness, being both small and error prone. The equilibrium thermodynamics for these small libraries of [2]pseudorotaxanes indicate that the best bistable [2]rotaxanes incorporating both DBA+ and BIPY2+ recognition sites are going to involve ester functions in their dumbbell components and will employ DP24C8 or, failing that, DB24C8 as the ring component. The BIPY2+threads also directed the templated assembly of [2]rotaxanes incorporating the crown ethers (DB24C8, DP24C8, and BMP25C8) and triphenylphosphonium stoppers using the threading followed by stoppering approach. The rotaxanes were characterized in solution by 1H NMR spectroscopy, and in one case, in the solid state by X‐ray crystallography.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
The structure and adjusting speed characteristics of new type of doubly‐fed brushless machine with ALA rotor
Authors: Zhang Fengge , Wang Fengxiang , Grünberger Hans Peter , Nolle Eugen
Published: March 2006

This paper introduces the structure and operation modes of a doubly‐fed brushless machine (DFBM) with axially laminated anisotropy (ALA) rotor. The air gap magnetic field of the DFBM is analysed by means of the field modulation theory. The coupling parameter between the stator main and auxiliary winding is tested and discussed. The adjusting speed performance of the DFBM is also presented in this paper. It is indicated that the DFBM adjustable speed system needs only a much smaller power inverter in comparison with the adjustable speed system using a conventional AC motor. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chromosome 16 tumor‐suppressor genes in breast cancer
Authors: Rakha Emad A. , Green Andrew R. , Powe Des G. , Roylance Rebecca , Ellis Ian O.
Published: March 2006

Loss of heterozygosity on the long arm of chromosome 16 is one of the most frequent genetic events in breast cancer, suggesting the presence of one or more classic tumor‐suppressor genes (TSGs). It has been shown that E‐cadherin is the TSG on 16q in lobular tumors. In a search for the target genes in more frequently occurring low‐grade nonlobular tumors, the smallest region of overlap (SRO) in this area of the genome has been exhaustively searched for. However, the results have demonstrated remarkable complexity, and so a clear consensus on identification of the SRO boundaries has not been reached. Several genes in the vicinity of these SROs have been scrutinized as putative TSGs in breast cancer, but so far, none has fulfilled the criteria for target genes. This review discusses the complexity of the 16q region and the different approaches that have been, are being, and will be used to detect the target genes in this area. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Association of 11q loss, trisomy 12, and possible 16q loss with loss of imprinting of insulin‐like growth factor–II in Wilms tumor
Authors: Watanabe Naoki , Nakadate Hisaya , Haruta Masayuki , Sugawara Waka , Sasaki Fumiaki , Tsunematsu Yukiko , Kikuta Atsushi , Fukuzawa Masahiro , Okita Hajime , Hata Jun‐ichi , Soejima Hidenobu , Kaneko Yasuhiko
Published: March 2006

We evaluated the WT1 and IGF2 status and performed chromosome and/or comparative genomic hybridization analysis in 43 tumor samples from patients with Wilms tumor. On this basis, we classified them into 4 groups: WT1 abnormality, loss of heterozygosity (LOH) of IGF2, loss of imprinting (LOI) of IGF2, and retention of imprinting (ROI) of IGF2, which were seen in 12%, 30%, 16%, and 42% of the tumors, respectively. Patients in the LOI group were older than those in other groups (P < 0.01), and tumors in the WT1 group had fewer cytogenetic changes than did those in the other groups (P < 0.01). It was found that 11q− and +12 were more frequent in the LOI group than in the WT1+LOH+ROI group (P < 0.01 and P < 0.01). There was no difference in the incidence of 16q− between the LOI group and the other groups; however, when we excluded 16 tumors with LOH on 11p15, 16q− tended to be more frequent in the LOI group than in the WT1+ROI group (P = 0.06). The association of 11q− or +12 with LOI of IGF2 found in the present study suggests that many tumors with no WT1 abnormalities need overexpression of IGF2 together with biallelic inactivation of the tumor‐suppressor gene on 11q and/or overexpression of growth‐promoting genes on chromosome 12. The 11q gene may code for one of the proteins that constitute a CTCF insulator complex, and its mutation, deletion, or haploinsufficiency may cause insulator abnormalities that might lead to LOI of IGF2. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Late Wisconsinan Port Eliza Cave deposits and their implications for human coastal migration, Vancouver Island, Canada
Authors: Al‐Suwaidi M. , Ward B.C. , Wilson M.C. , Hebda R.J. , Nagorsen D.W. , Marshall D. , Ghaleb B. , Wigen R.J. , Enkin R.J.
Published: March 2006

Sediments of Port Eliza Cave provide a record of the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) on Vancouver Island that has important implications for human migration along the debated coastal migration route. Lithofacies changes from nonglacial diamict to glacial laminated silt and clay and till, then a return to nonglacial conditions with oxidized clay, colluvial block beds, and speleothems, along with radiocarbon and U/Th dates, define glacial–nonglacial transitions. Scanning electron microscope studies and clay mineralogy confirm that the laminated fines represent glaciation. Preglacial faunal evidence shows a diverse range from small species, including birds, fish, vole, and marmot, to larger species, such as mountain goat. Pollen data from the same unit show a cold, dry tundra environment with sparse trees. Deglaciation occurred prior to an age of 12.3 ka B.P. based on dated mountain goat bone. These data support the viability of the coastal migration route for humans prior to ˜16 ka B.P. and then as early as ˜13 ka B.P. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Problems and prospects in the preservation of Late Pleistocene cultural sites in southern Oregon coastal river valleys: Implications for evaluating coastal migration routes
Authors: Punke Michele L. , Davis Loren G.
Published: March 2006

Early human migration into the New World is hypothesized to have occurred along the northwest coast of North America as early as the Late Pleistocene. Following initial coastal occupation, humans may have moved inland following coastal rivers where their sites would presumably be easier to find. However, evidence of such inland mobility is lacking. The paucity of early sites in coastal river valleys is due, in part, to the dynamic geomorphic evolution of the northwest coast landscape during and after the Late Pleistocene. Three case studies from the southern Oregon coast illustrate the complex relation between tectonics and geomorphic processes along an active margin coast, such as Oregon's Cascadia subduction zone. Local, upper‐plate tectonic structures play a major role in the preservation and accessibility of Pleistocene‐age stream terrace deposits and, in turn, the cultural deposits they may contain. A better understanding of the tectonogeomorphic setting of active margin coasts will allow archaeologists testing a coastal migration hypothesis to focus their efforts on landforms of the appropriate age on a subregional scale, such as the Oregon coast. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Ryan/Harley site: Sedimentology of an inundated Paleoindian site in north Florida
Authors: Balsillie James H. , Means Guy H. , Dunbar James S.
Published: March 2006

The Ryan/Harley site (Florida Master Site File Number: 8Je‐1004) is a Middle Paleoindian habitation site containing Suwannee points. Based on stratigraphic correlation and diagnostic artifact seriation, Suwannee‐age sites have been relatively dated from ˜10,900 14C yr B.P. to ˜10,500 14C yr B.P. Clovis‐like traits on the Suwannee points and other stone tools from the Ryan/Harley site suggest it dates to the earlier end of the Suwannee timeframe. The currently inundated site is partially buried beneath a sediment column located in a swamp forest and partially exposed in a side channel section of the Wacissa River, Jefferson County, Florida. Research done prior to this analysis determined that the artifact assemblage appeared to be unsorted and was contained in a midden‐like unit. Our purpose here is to assess the issue of site integrity further. Unconsolidated sediment samples collected from the artifact‐bearing horizon and from horizons immediately above and below the artifact horizon were analyzed using granulometric techniques. Arithmetic probability plots of the grain‐size distributions show that the sediments were transported and deposited by fluvial processes. Thus, the Suwannee points and associated artifacts, and faunal remains appear to have accumulated during a time of subaerial exposure perhaps after a regional water‐table decline, and have remained largely or essentially intact, with little or no postdepositional reworking. The artifacts and faunal remains recovered from the artifact‐ bearing horizon at Ryan/Harley are distributed randomly, showing no sign of sorting. In the fossil suite, two articulated white‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) vertebra were recovered in situ. The unsorted nature of artifacts and articulated faunal remains that are contained within the fluvially deposited sediments suggests the Suwannee point level of the Ryan/Harley site has remained undisturbed since original deposition. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.