bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Towards optimization techniques on diffeological spaces
Authors: Goldammer Nico , Welker Kathrin
Published: January 2021

Diffeological spaces firstly introduced by J.M. Souriau in the 1980s are a natural generalization of smooth manifolds. In this paper, we give a short overview of the necessary objects for optimization techniques on diffeological spaces. More precisely, we generalize the concepts of tangent spaces, Riemannian structures, retractions and Levi‐Civita connections.
A Chebyshev collocation method for band structure calculations of the longitudinal elastic waves in phononic crystals
Authors: Cao Leilei , Gu Yan , Fan Hao , Zhang Chuanzeng
Published: January 2021

In this study, a Chebyshev collocation method (CCM) is developed and applied to calculate the band structures of longitudinal elastic waves in periodically multi‐layered phononic crystals. The general form of the CCM for a unit‐cell is derived, in which the periodic boundary conditions and continuity conditions on the interface between different component materials are imposed directly to the CCM scheme. The band structures or dispersion relations can be obtained by solving the corresponding linear eigenvalue problem, where the unknown frequencies are the eigenvalues and the components of the Bloch wave vector are given. The proposed CCM is verified by using the corresponding results obtained by the transfer matrix method. Due to the advantages of the CCM, the CCM presented in this paper can be easily generalized and applied to the high‐dimensional such as two‐dimensional (2D) problems.
A stochastic modeling strategy for intermittently unstable Ekman–Stokes boundary layers
Authors: Klein Marten , Schmidt Heiko
Published: January 2021

We numerically investigate stable and intermittently unstable Ekman–Stokes boundary layers (ESBLs) as canonical problem for oscillatory near‐surface flows in Earth's ocean and atmosphere. The configuration is given by a neutrally‐stratified Newtonian fluid above a horizontal wall that resides in a rotating frame of reference. A flow is excited relative to this frame by lateral wall oscillations with prescribed amplitude and frequency. We utilize the stochastic one‐dimensional turbulence (ODT) model and investigate it's capabilities for time‐resolved numerical simulations from the laminar to the turbulent flow regime. The results obtained so far suggest that the model is able to capture the leading‐order transient dynamics of the laminar and turbulent ESBL. We conclude that ODT is an economical and reasonably accurate tool for studying transient boundary layers.
Computational homogenization of the electro‐chemically coupled multi‐scale transport of Li‐ions in structural battery electrolytes
Authors: Tu Vinh , Larsson Fredrik , Runesson Kenneth , Jänicke Ralf
Published: January 2021

The structural battery electrolyte (SBE) is a crucial component for the structural battery, which is an innovative energy storage device. While the SBE must allow for ion transport, it must also contribute to the structural integrity of the battery. In this contribution, we study the electro‐chemical properties of the SBE using finite element analysis. For the governing equations, we use Ampere's law in terms of a balance equation, and also the mass continuity equation of ions, which in the end results in a fully coupled transient multiphysics problem. Due to the strong heterogeneities in the SBE microstructure, a multi‐scale approach is adopted.
Modeling gradient‐enhanced anisotropic ductile damage: Application to low cycle fatigue
Authors: Langenfeld Kai , Möhring Kerstin , Walther Frank , Mosler Jörn
Published: January 2021

Low cycle fatigue is in general associated with large plastic strains accompanied by the formation and coalescence of pores. Considering continuum damage mechanics, many local constitutive models for ductile damage can be found in the literature. These local models however, that do not involve any length scale, lead to mesh dependent results. In order to regularize these local models, the micromorphic approach will be applied. Within this talk, it will be shown that the standard micromorphic approach is not suitable to regularize the underlying ductile damage model. A modified version will be therefore proposed and compared to the standard approach. This modified model will be extended to low cycle fatigue and its capabilities will be shown.
Efficient identification of material parameters based on experiments providing full‐field kinematics
Authors: Makhool Lubna , Balzani Daniel
Published: January 2021

Performing predictive and accurate simulations of anisotropic, nonlinear materials requires not only to construct an appropriate constitutive model describing the mechanical behavior, but also to devise a methodology which enables a quantitative identification of the material parameters. Nowadays, full‐field measurements of displacements and strains are considered as effective tool for material characterization. In the scope of this work, first, the material model is reformulated such that the parameters appear linear in the constitutive equations. Second, the full‐field kinematics are directly inserted into the discretized equilibrium equation. This enables the definition of a quadratic objective function in terms of differences of discrete internal and external forces. Third, one single inhomogeneous experimental setup is designed to excite all deformation modes in the material model.
Quenching friction‐induced oscillations in multibody‐systems by the use of high‐frequency excitation
Authors: Keller Simon , Seemann Wolfgang
Published: January 2021

Dry friction can be a cause of undesired self‐excited oscillations. One way to suppress this underlying mechanism is the superposition of high‐frequency vibrations whereby the effective friction characteristics is changed and a quasi‐equilibrium can be stabilized. This damping effect is analyzed in detail for single‐degree‐of‐freedom systems [1] and experiments and simulations show a good accordance [2]. In this work, the analytical approach from [1] is used to analyze the stabilizing effect of superposed oscillations for a two‐degree‐of‐freedom system subject to friction.
Martensitic transformation in a two‐dimensional polycrystalline shape memory alloys using a multi‐phase‐field elasticity model based on pairwise rank‐one convexified energies at small strain
Authors: Sarhil Mohammad , Shchyglo Oleg , Brands Dominik , Steinbach Ingo , Schröder Jörg
Published: January 2021

For modeling the solid‐solid transformation using the phase‐field method, we need to describe the phase‐fields strain and stress fields in the interfacial regions which are necessary to define the mechanical driving force density of the phase‐fields motion. Seeking quantitative modeling, we introduce briefly a multi‐phase‐field elasticity model based on the rank‐one convexification of the pairwise energies which satisfies the pairwise interfacial static equilibrium and kinematic compatibility conditions. As an application, we simulate the martensitic transformation in a two‐dimensional polycrystalline SMAs at small strains. The finial evaluated microstructure consists of stress‐free laminates meeting the theoretical expectations.
Efficient Utilization of Surrogate Models for Uncertainty Quantification
Authors: Böttcher Maria , Leichsenring Ferenc , Fuchs Alexander , Graf Wolfgang , Kaliske Michael
Published: January 2021

Numerical simulations for the analysis and the design of structures or systems are often based on deterministic characteristics, whereas the reality is determined by data and information which are characterized by various types of uncertainty (variability, imprecision, inaccuracy, incompleteness). Besides traditional probabilistic approaches, possibilistic uncertainty models are most recently in the focal point of research. Combining the characteristics of aleatoric and epistemic uncertainties, polymorphic uncertainty yields various uncertainty approaches related to the application field of imprecise probability models. Uncertainty analysis schemes, based on pointwise evaluation of a fundamental solution (structural analysis), usually lead to high computational costs, due to repetitive evaluations. Especially for complex uncertainty models, each uncertainty characteristic demands a separate quantification. Hence, surrogate models are indispensable in uncertainty quantification.

Considering complex, high dimensional structural models, even single model evaluations are defined by significant computational cost. Therefore, the transition from traditional space‐filling sampling schemes towards adaptive sampling schemes allows for an overall decrease of computational cost while maintaining a necessary accuracy of the prediction. A variance based adaptive sampling strategy is proposed, constituted by the combination of exploration and exploitation of a given input space. The predictions' variances of multiple surrogate models are hereby utilized to detect regions of interest and define sampling points accordingly.

The contribution briefly introduces the fundamentals of fuzzy‐set theory and interval based uncertainty analysis as well as a polymorphic uncertainty model. A generalized computational framework for uncertainty analysis is presented with special respect to corresponding computational effort. Subsequently, a concept for an variance based sampling scheme is explained and further utilized in an uncertainty analysis of a multi story structural example with uncertain material properties.
Numerical simulation of flow processes of wood‐polymer in extrusion dies
Authors: Liese Fabian , Wünsch Olaf
Published: January 2021

The addition of wood to polymers results in wood‐polymer composites (WPC), whereby the wood content can be up to 80 %. This composite is mainly processed in extruded deckings. The extrusion die is an essential part of the process, which determines both process parameters and the final product. A characteristic of WPC extrusion dies is a partial solidification of the melt before leaving the die. This solidification is necessary to ensure a dimensionally stable extrusion. For the design of WPC extrusion dies numerical flow field calculations are increasingly used. Based on rheological measurements, both the shear thinning flow behaviour and the temperature dependence of the viscosity are modelled. In the parallel zone a pure shear flow is present, while in the transition elements such as the flange to the extruder or the mandrel due to the cross‐sectional changes strain rates are dominant. High‐density polyethylene (HDPE) with wood fibers has shear thinning and strain thickening behavior, so different models are needed to describe it. The results of the numerical simulations are compared with experimental values of an extrusion die for a square hollow profile.
Phase‐field model for erosion processes
Authors: Henning Carla , Brodbeck Maximilian , Koch Christian , Staudacher Stephan , Ricken Tim
Published: January 2021

Solid particle erosion is one of the main damage mechanisms in high‐pressure compressors of jet engines. The significant shape change of the compressor blades leads to performance degradation over lifetime. To enhance predictive capabilities of erosive wear measurements under conditions, related to high pressure compressors, were performed. Even if there is no general model to describe erosive wear, it is understood that the transfer of kinetic energy from the impacting particle into the material is a central aspect in modelling erosion.

In order to predict erosive wear of general geometries, Schrade et al. [9] developed a numerical model, based mainly on experimentally determined erosion rates. The shortcoming of such modelling approaches is the limited applicability in situations deferring to the measurement conditions. In the following, we will describe a physically based damage model, closing the gap between measurement and calculating shape changes of general specimens. Based on the phase‐field approach for predicting crack evolution presented by Miehe et al. [6], an overall energy balance of the considered specimen is constructed. A dissipative portion describes the influence of propagating damage, while special boundary conditions provides information about the energy transfer between impinging particles and specimen.
On the Computational Homogenization of Deformation–Diffusion Processes
Authors: Polukhov Elten , Keip Marc-André
Published: January 2021

In various industrial applications, materials are usually considered in the form of composites in order to take advantage of further enhanced physical properties, particularly by designing complex microstructures. Therefore, it is of high interest to computationally model as well as predict the response of not only elastic materials but also materials showing characteristic coupling phenomena. In the present contribution, we are considering the computational homogenization of deformation–diffusion processes (see also [1,4]) in a minimization‐based formulation (see [2,3,6]). In this approach, the primary fields are the rate of the deformation map and fluid volume flux which is incorporated in a rate‐type variational principle. The time‐discrete version of the problem is implemented into a conforming Raviart–Thomas‐type finite element formulation. Finally, we present numerical examples to show further aspects of the formulation.
Evaluation of manufacturing deviations of composite materials
Authors: Willberg Christian , Heinecke Falk
Published: January 2021

Manufacturing induced imperfections in composites lead to a reduction in the performance of the structure. In order to carry out repairs only when they are really necessary, evaluation capabilities to determine the strength reduction are required. Two methods of evaluation are presented: a finite element based and a Peridynamic based approach, respectively. The finite element based process is used to evaluate stiffness and strength reduction. This processes currently doesn't include progressive failure analysis. Hence, the peridynamics process serves among other things to verify the prediction by the finite element model. Because, the correspondence formulation is used, integral Cauchy stresses are obtained for the laminate and can be verified. Progressive failure analysis is then used to evaluate whether the first ply failure approach used in the finite element model is accurate enough to ensure strength reduction values.
Fiber Formation of Printed Carbon Fiber/Poly (Ether Ether Ketone) with Different Nozzle Shapes
Authors: Matschinski A , Ziegler P , Abstreiter T , Wolf T , Drechsler K
Published: January 2021

The additive manufacturing industry shows annual growth of more than 10 %. Therefore, the requirements for produced components are increasing, especially for individual medical technology applications printed from poly(ether ether ketone) (PEEK). This paper focuses on an investigation of an uninterrupted nozzle system for printing the high‐performance thermoplastic PEEK with short fiber reinforcements. A custom‐made nozzle design with variable outlet angle is presented and the achievable fiber length distribution and fiber orientation in the printed material are investigated. The applied nozzle angles are 60 °, 90 ° and 120 °. The geometric shape of the tip of the custom‐made nozzles is comparable to that of a reference nozzle. With regard to the height profile, the inner surface is up to three times smoother. With a decreasing nozzle angle, a lower degree of fiber damage caused by deposition can be demonstrated. Thus, the process‐induced shortening of the fibers decreases. The enhanced flow profile for small angles outweighs the simultaneous disadvantageous due to friction loss, shear stress and pressure drop. A clear result for the fiber orientation cannot be deduced. © 2021 The Authors. Polymer International published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Industrial Chemistry.
Disparities across race and disability risk: Assessing teacher practices
Authors: Green Ambra L. , Olsen Amanda A. , Nandakumar Vandana
Published: January 2021

This exploratory study occurred in 10 title 1 schools located within a Midwestern state. The sample included 23 general educators and 551 students in second through fifth grade. Fifty‐seven students identified as at risk for an emotional or behavioral disorder represented the targeted sample. The purpose of this study was to determine if teachers' implementation of evidence‐based practices (EBP) occurred at different rates across demographic groups (i.e., race and disability risk). The results indicated that teachers used higher rates of opportunities to respond (OTR) with students not at risk compared to students at risk but used higher rates of positive specific feedback with students who were at risk compared to students not at risk. Students at risk who were Black also received statistically significantly more OTR than White at‐risk students. Results of the study illuminate the need to continue examining teachers' differing use of EBP as contributors to and predictors of student outcomes and disproportionality.
Diagnosis of unexposed tumours using endobronchial ultrasonography with a guide sheath and a thin transbronchial needle
Authors: Kuno Haruka , Sainouchi Rei , Simamoto Takayuki , Miyagawa‐Hayashino Aya , Takemura Yoshizumi
Published: January 2021

Transbronchial diagnosis of unexposed lung tumours is challenging in clinical practice. Although modified transbronchial needle aspiration (TBNA) is used for this purpose, the diagnostic yield is unsatisfactory. In such cases, conventional endobronchial ultrasonography with a guide sheath and transbronchial biopsy (TBB) is also ineffective. We found TBB was feasible by placing a guide sheath with a thin transbronchial needle into the tumours. We report two cases of unexposed tumours diagnosed successfully with this technique. Case 1 presents a typical carcinoid in the peripheral lung. Case 2 presents a squamous cell carcinoma at the third bifurcation of the right lung. TBB samples obtained this way were larger than TBNA samples. Moreover, multiple TBBs were possible once the guide sheath was inserted intratumourally. In the modern era of precision medicine, larger amounts of tissues are required for multiple downstream analyses. This novel technique will make a significant contribution towards diagnosing unexposed lung tumours.
National disaster risk assessments in Europe. How comparable are they and why?
Authors: Pursiainen Christer , Rød Bjarte
Published: January 2021

In the late 2000s, a process started that was designed to approximate the national disaster risk assessments in the European Union. Member states are currently obliged to prepare their assessments every three years. The European Commission will summarize the results, which should not only lead to a better overview of common risks but also direct future joint activities and investments. To date, two rounds of this new practice have been implemented and summarised. The present study investigates how and why this largely informal integrative practice was born, how it is facilitated, and how successful it has been vis‐à‐vis the expectations, especially achieving a relative comparability of the national risk assessments.
Unified adaptive event‐triggered control of uncertain multi‐input multi‐output nonlinear systems with dynamic and static constraints
Authors: Zhang Tianping , Hua Yu , Xia Xiaonan , Yi Yang
Published: January 2021

In this article, a unified adaptive neural event‐triggered control strategy is presented for uncertain multi‐input multi‐output (MIMO) nonlinear systems with dynamic and static constraints in the presence of unmodeled dynamics. By introducing an invertible nonlinear mapping based on hyperbolic tangent function, the constrained original system is transformed into an equivalent unconstrained MIMO pure‐feedback system. A dynamic signal is employed to dispose of the dynamical uncertainties in the novel system. Based on the transformed system, unified adaptive event‐triggered controller is formed by using modified dynamic surface control technique and the bounded characteristic of Gaussian function. Using the introduced compact set in stability analysis and Lyapunov function method, all signals in the closed‐loop system are proved to be the semiglobal uniform ultimate boundedness. Furthermore, all states and output signals can strictly comply with the defined constraint conditions. Simulations of two numerical examples including 2‐link rigid manipulator are provided to verify and clarify the theoretical results.
Visible‐Light‐Driven Photocatalytic Suzuki–Miyaura Coupling Reaction Using Novel Retrievable Magnetic Photocatalyst
Authors: Azadi Gouhar , Kazemi Foad , Firouzeh Ebrahim
Published: January 2021

A new complex based on palladium (Fe3O4@SiO2@TiO2@Schiff base@Pd(0)) as a multifunctional photocatalyst has been successfully prepared using a facile method. Different techniques such as X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), energy dispersive spectrum (EDS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were applied for characterization of nano photocatalyst structure. The magnetic nano photocatalyst showed excellent catalytic activity in the Suzuki coupling reaction under visible light irradiation. This core‐shell magnetic nano photocatalyst could separate using a magnetic field from the reaction mixture and reused without a significant decrease in catalytic activity.
Triethylamine‐Promoted Stereoselective Synthesis of Dialkyl 2‐Thiofumarates by the Reaction of Thiols and Dialkyl Acetylenedicarboxylates
Authors: Hashemi Sayyed Abolghasem , Mohammadizadeh Mohammad Reza
Published: January 2021

A mild, efficient and stereoselective synthesis of dialkyl 2‐thiofumarates is described based on the addition reaction of aryl(benzyl) thiols and dialkyl acetylenedicarboxylates in the presence of triethylamine as a mild base. The reactions were stereoselectively performed in CH2Cl2at room temperature toward synthesis ofZ‐stereoimers as the major isomer in good yields.
Mineralization and Self‐assembly of Gold Nanoparticles using Sulfur Amino Acid Modified Hierarchically Porous Metal‐Organic Frameworks
Authors: Liu Xiao , Liang Yaoyu , Liu Jiayu , Shi Se , Wang Yuefei , You Shengping , Qi Wei , Su Rongxin , He Zhimin
Published: January 2021

In this work, we modified the hierarchically porous metal‐organic frameworks (HP‐MOFs) HP‐UiO‐66 with sulfur‐containing amino acid cysteine and methionine, respectively. The cysteine or methionine modified HP‐MOFs, HP‐UiO‐66‐C and HP‐UiO‐66‐M, can be used for the adsorption and mineralization of Gold nanoparticles. Au nanoparticles will form in HP‐MOFs when the concentration of chloroauric acid is relatively low. Intriguingly, when the concentration of the chloroauric acid solution was increased to 5 mg ml−1, hexagonal gold micro flakes appeared in the system after adsorption by the HP‐UiO‐66‐C and HP‐UiO‐66‐M. Transmission electron microscope revealed that the hexagonal gold micro flakes are formed by the ordered self‐assembly of gold nanoparticles induced by the HP‐UiO‐66‐C and HP‐UiO‐66‐M. The obtained AuNP@HP‐UiO‐66‐C and AuNP@HP‐UiO‐66‐M can catalyze the reduction of 4‐NP. The apparent reaction rates constant of unit mass catalyst kcat are 0.0356 mg−1 min−1 and 0.0265 mg−1 min−1, respectively.
Luminescent Gold Nanocluster‐Methylcellulose Composite Optical Fibers with Low Attenuation Coefficient and High Photostability
Authors: Hynninen Ville , Chandra Sourov , Das Susobhan , Amini Mohammad , Dai Yunyun , Lepikko Sakari , Mohammadi Pezhman , Hietala Sami , Ras Robin H. A. , Sun Zhipei , Ikkala Olli , Nonappa
Published: January 2021

Because of their lightweight structure, flexibility, and immunity to electromagnetic interference, polymer optical fibers (POFs) are used in numerous short‐distance applications. Notably, the incorporation of luminescent nanomaterials in POFs offers optical amplification and sensing for advanced nanophotonics. However, conventional POFs suffer from nonsustainable components and processes. Furthermore, the traditionally used luminescent nanomaterials undergo photobleaching, oxidation, and they can be cytotoxic. Therefore, biopolymer‐based optical fibers containing nontoxic luminescent nanomaterials are needed, with efficient and environmentally acceptable extrusion methods. Here, such an approach for fibers wet‐spun from aqueous methylcellulose (MC) dispersions under ambient conditions is demonstrated. Further, the addition of either luminescent gold nanoclusters, rod‐like cellulose nanocrystals or gold nanocluster‐cellulose nanocrystal hybrids into the MC matrix furnishes strong and ductile composite fibers. Using cutback attenuation measurement, it is shown that the resulting fibers can act as short‐distance optical fibers with a propagation loss as low as 1.47 dB cm−1. The optical performance is on par with or even better than some of the previously reported biopolymeric optical fibers. The combination of excellent mechanical properties (Young's modulus and maximum strain values up to 8.4 GPa and 52%, respectively), low attenuation coefficient, and high photostability makes the MC‐based composite fibers excellent candidates for multifunctional optical fibers and sensors.
Structure‐Switching RNAs: From Gene Expression Regulation to Small Molecule Detection
Authors: Husser Claire , Dentz Natacha , Ryckelynck Michael
Published: January 2021

RNA is instrumental to cell life in many aspects, especially gene expression regulation. Among the various known regulatory RNAs, riboswitches are particularly interesting cis‐acting molecules as they do not need cellular factor to achieve their function and are therefore highly portable from one organism to the other. These molecules usually found in the 5′ untranslated region of bacterial messenger RNAs are able to specifically sense a target ligand via an aptamer domain prior to transmitting this recognition event to an expression platform that turns on, or off, the expression of downstream genes. In addition to their obvious scientific interest, these modular molecules can also serve for the development of synthetic RNA devices with applications ranging from the control of transgene expression in gene therapy to the specific biosensing of small molecules. The engineering of such nanomachines is greatly facilitated by the proper understanding of their structure as well as the introduction of new technologies. Herein, a general overview of the current knowledge on natural riboswitches prior to explaining the main strategies used to develop new synthetic structure‐switching molecules (riboswitches or biosensors) controlled by small molecules is given.
Statistical Neural Networks for Induction Machine Fault Diagnosis and Features Processing Based on Principal Component Analysis
Authors: Marmouch Sameh , Aroui Tarek , Koubaa Yassine
Published: January 2021

Induction machine monitoring becomes a substantial industrial need due to their constraints such as mechanical and electrical defects. Thus, many fault diagnosis tools have been employed to figure out these drawbacks. The motor current signature analysis is very developed in fault processing of induction machine fault diagnosis. In this paper, our proposed technique combines the motor current analysis and the artificial intelligence (AI) for induction motors faults recognition. Particularly, we introduce the statistical neural networks as an efficient classifier among AI techniques which provides the operating modes identification. In this context, the radial basis function neural networks and the probabilistic neural network are studied in this paper for detecting faults based on motor current analysis. In selection features, we applied the principal component analysis to transform the original database into novel uncorrelated features space. © 2021 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.
Specifications and Modeling
Authors: Marwedel Peter
Published: January 2021

How can we describe the system which we would like to design, and how can we represent intermediate design information? Models and description techniques for initial specifications as well as for intermediate design information will be shown in this chapter. First of all, we will capture requirements for modeling techniques. Next, we will provide an overview of models of computation. This will be followed by a presentation of popular models of computations, in combination with examples of the corresponding languages. The presentation includes models for early design phases, automata-based models, data flow, Petri nets, discrete event models, von Neumann languages, and abstraction levels for hardware modeling. Finally, we will compare different models of computation and present exercises.
System Software
Authors: Marwedel Peter
Published: January 2021

In order to cope with the complexity of applications of embedded systems, reuse of components is a key technique. As pointed out by Sangiovanni-Vincentelli (The context for platform-based design. IEEE Design and Test of Computers, 2002), software and hardware components must be reused in the platform-based design methosdology (see p. 296). These components comprise knowledge from earlier design efforts and constitute intellectual property (IP). Standard software components that can be reused include system software components such as embedded operating systems (OSs) and middleware. The last term denotes software that provides an intermediate layer between the OS and application software. This chapter starts with a description of general requirements for embedded operating systems. This includes real-time capabilities as well as adaptation techniques to provide just the required functionality. Mutually exclusive access to resources can result in priority inversion, which is a serious problem for real-time systems. Priority inversion can be circumvented with resource access protocols. We will present three such protocols: the priority inheritance, priority ceiling, and stack resource protocols. A separate section covers the ERIKA real-time system kernel. Furthermore, we will explain how Linux can be adapted to systems with tight resource constraints. Finally, we will provide pointers for additional reusable software components, like hardware abstraction layers (HALs), communication software, and real-time data bases. Our description of embedded operating systems and of middleware in this chapter is consistent with the overall design flow.
Effect of fluid administration on scene to traffic accident patients by EMS personnel: a propensity score-matched study using population-based ambulance records and nationwide trauma registry in Japan
Authors: Katayama Yusuke , Kitamura Tetsuhisa , Kiyohara Kosuke , Ishida Kenichiro , Hirose Tomoya , Nakao Shunichiro , Tachino Jotaro , Matsuyama Tasuku , Kiguchi Takeyuki , Umemura Yutaka , Noda Tomohiro , Nakagawa Yuko , Shimazu Takeshi
Published: January 2021

Purpose

The aim of this study was to assess the effect of fluid administration by emergency life-saving technicians (ELST) on the prognosis of traffic accident patients by using a propensity score (PS)-matching method.

Methods

The study included traffic accident patients registered in the JTDB database from January 2016 to December 2017. The main outcome was hospital mortality, and the secondary outcome was cardiopulmonary arrest on hospital arrival (CPAOA). To reduce potential confounding effects in the comparisons between two groups, we estimated a propensity score (PS) by fitting a logistic regression model that was adjusted for 17 variables before the implementation of fluid administration by ELST at the scene.

Results

During the study period, 10,908 traffic accident patients were registered in the JTDB database, and we included 3502 patients in this study. Of these patients, 142 were administered fluid by ELST and 3360 were not administered fluid by ELST. After PS matching, 141 patients were selected from each group. In the PS-matched model, fluid administration by ELST at the scene was not associated with discharge to death (crude OR: 0.859 [95% CI, 0.500–1.475];p = 0.582). However, the fluid group showed statistically better outcome for CPAOA than the no fluid group in the multiple logistic regression model (adjusted OR: 0.231 [95% CI, 0.055–0.967];p = 0.045).

Conclusion

In this study, fluid administration to traffic accident patients by ELST was associated not with hospital mortality but with a lower proportion of CPAOA.
Assessment of cochlear toxicity in response to chronic 3,3′-iminodipropionitrile in mice reveals early and reversible functional loss that precedes overt histopathology
Authors: Greguske Erin A. , Llorens Jordi , Pyott Sonja J.
Published: January 2021

The peripheral auditory and vestibular systems rely on sensorineural structures that are vulnerable to ototoxic agents that cause hearing loss and/or equilibrium deficits. Although attention has focused on hair cell loss as the primary pathology underlying ototoxicity, evidence from the peripheral vestibular system indicates that hair cell loss during chronic exposure is preceded by synaptic uncoupling from the neurons and is potentially reversible. To determine if synaptic pathology also occurs in the peripheral auditory system, we examined the extent, time course, and reversibility of functional and morphological alterations in cochleae from mice exposed to 3,3′-iminodipropionitrile (IDPN) in drinking water for 2, 4 or 6 weeks. Functionally, IDPN exposure caused progressive high- to low-frequency hearing loss assessed by measurement of auditory brainstem response wave I absolute thresholds and amplitudes. The extent of hearing loss scaled with the magnitude of vestibular dysfunction assessed behaviorally. Morphologically, IDPN exposure caused progressive loss of outer hair cells (OHCs) and synapses between the inner hair cells (IHCs) and primary auditory neurons. In contrast, IHCs were spared from ototoxic damage. Importantly, hearing loss consistent with cochlear synaptopathy preceded loss of OHCs and synapses and, moreover, recovered if IDPN exposure was stopped before morphological pathology occurred. Our observations suggest that synaptic uncoupling, perhaps as an early phase of cochlear synaptopathy, also occurs in the peripheral auditory system in response to IDPN exposure. These findings identify novel mechanisms that contribute to the earliest stages of hearing loss in response to ototoxic agents and possibly other forms of acquired hearing loss.
Embryological development of the human cranio-facial arterial system: a pictorial review
Authors: Bertulli Lorenzo , Robert Thomas
Published: January 2021

The embryological development of the cerebral vasculature is very complex. Historical and also more recent studies based on human embryos, comparative anatomy and cerebral angiographies allowed us to better understand this vasculature development. The knowledge and understanding of such embryological development are important for physicians interested in neurovascular pathologies. Indeed, all vascular variants and almost all vascular pathologies, such as aneurysms, dolichoectasia, atherosclerosis, and neurovascular conflicts could be explained by an alteration during the embryological life. There are also many variants of these vascular structures present in normal developed adults, which are variably associated with pathological entities. Understanding the process which leads to the development of the normal cerebral arterial system in humans is, therefore, very important to have a better knowledge of the possible clinical and surgical implications of these anomalies. In this paper, we review the embryological development of the cranio-facial arterial vasculature from its beginning at approximately days 21–50 of intrauterine life, with pictures illustrating each developmental phase.
Revisiting plant biological nitrification inhibition efficiency using multiple archaeal and bacterial ammonia-oxidising cultures
Authors: Kaur-Bhambra Jasmeet , Wardak Daniel L. R. , Prosser James I. , Gubry-Rangin Cécile
Published: January 2021

Nitrification is a major process within the nitrogen (N) cycle leading to global losses of N, including fertiliser N, from natural and agricultural systems and producing significant nitrous oxide emissions. One strategy for the mitigation of these losses involves nitrification inhibition by plant-derived biological nitrification inhibitors (BNIs). Cultivation-based studies of BNIs, including screening for new compounds, have predominantly investigated inhibition of a single ammonia-oxidising bacterium (AOB), Nitrosomonas europaea, even though ammonia oxidation in soil is usually dominated by ammonia-oxidising archaea (AOA), especially in acidic soils, and AOB Nitrosospira sp., rather than Nitrosomonas, in fertilised soils. This study aimed to assess the sensitivity of ammonia oxidation by a range of AOA and AOB pure cultures to BNIs produced by plant roots (methyl 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl) propionate, sakuranetin and 1,9-decanediol) and shoots (linoleic acid, linolenic acid and methyl linoleate). AOA were generally more sensitive to BNIs than AOB, and sensitivity was greater to BNIs produced by shoots than those produced by roots. Sensitivity also varied within AOA and AOB cultures and between different BNIs. In general, N. europaea was not a good indicator of BNI inhibition, and findings therefore highlight the limitations of use of a single bioassay strain and suggest the use of a broader range of strains that are more representative of natural soil communities.
The proteome of granulovacuolar degeneration and neurofibrillary tangles in Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Hondius David C. , Koopmans Frank , Leistner Conny , Pita-Illobre Débora , Peferoen-Baert Regina M. , Marbus Fenna , Paliukhovich Iryna , Li Ka Wan , Rozemuller Annemieke J. M. , Hoozemans Jeroen J. M. , Smit August B.
Published: January 2021

Granulovacuolar degeneration (GVD) is a common feature in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The occurrence of GVD is closely associated with that of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) and GVD is even considered to be a pre-NFT stage in the disease process of AD. Currently, the composition of GVD bodies, the mechanisms associated with GVD and how GVD exactly relates to NFTs is not well understood. By combining immunohistochemistry (IHC) and laser microdissection (LMD) we isolated neurons with GVD and those bearing tangles separately from human post-mortem AD hippocampus (n = 12) using their typical markers casein kinase (CK)1δ and phosphorylated tau (AT8). Control neurons were isolated from cognitively healthy cases (n = 12). 3000 neurons per sample were used for proteome analysis by label free LC–MS/MS. In total 2596 proteins were quantified across samples and a significant change in abundance of 115 proteins in GVD and 197 in tangle bearing neurons was observed compared to control neurons. With IHC the presence of PPIA, TOMM34, HSP70, CHMP1A, TPPP and VXN was confirmed in GVD containing neurons. We found multiple proteins localizing specifically to the GVD bodies, with VXN and TOMM34 being the most prominent new protein markers for GVD bodies. In general, protein groups related to protein folding, proteasomal function, the endolysosomal pathway, microtubule and cytoskeletal related function, RNA processing and glycolysis were found to be changed in GVD neurons. In addition to these protein groups, tangle bearing neurons show a decrease in ribosomal proteins, as well as in various proteins related to protein folding. This study, for the first time, provides a comprehensive human based quantitative assessment of protein abundances in GVD and tangle bearing neurons. In line with previous functional data showing that tau pathology induces GVD, our data support the model that GVD is part of a pre-NFT stage representing a phase in which proteostasis and cellular homeostasis is disrupted. Elucidating the molecular mechanisms and cellular processes affected in GVD and its relation to the presence of tau pathology is highly relevant for the identification of new drug targets for therapy.
Incidence and survival of HNSCC patients living with HIV compared with HIV-negative HNSCC patients
Authors: Haase Katharina , Piwonski Iris , Stromberger Carmen , Thieme Nadine , Heiland Max , Beck-Broichsitter Benedicta , Hofmann Veit M. , Kofla Grzegorz , Sander Steffen , Keilholz Ullrich , Neumann Konrad , Stölzel Katharina , Olze Heidi , Arens Philipp , Dommerich Steffen , Coordes Annekatrin
Published: January 2021

Purpose

The aim was to analyze the incidence and survival of patients living with HIV (PLWH) with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) and to compare with a control group of HIV-negative HNSCC patients.

Methods

Clinicopathological data and predictors for overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) were investigated (2009–2019).

Results

50 of 5151 HNSCC patients (0.97%) were PLWH, and 76% were smokers. Age ≤ 60 years, HIV-PCR ≤ 50 copies, CD4 cells ≤ 200/mm3, cART treatment, T and UICC classification, oral cavity and nasal/paranasal sinuses, and therapy were significantly associated with OS in univariate analysis. In the multivariate analysis, only age and HIV-PCR independently predicted OS. The OS of the 50 PLWH was not significantly altered compared with the 5101 HIV-negative controls. However, OS and DFS were significantly inferior in advanced tumor stages of PLWH compared with an age-matched control group of 150 HIV-negative patients.

Conclusions

PLWH were diagnosed with HNSCC at a significantly younger age compared to HIV-negative patients. Taking into account patient age at initial diagnosis, both OS and DFS rates in PLWH are significantly worse compared with a matched control group of HIV-negative patients in advanced tumor stages UICC III/IV. The prognosis (OS) is improved when taking cART treatment, the HIV viral load is undetectable and CD4 count is high.
Contributions and limitations of using machine learning to predict noise-induced hearing loss
Authors: Chen Feifan , Cao Zuwei , Grais Emad M. , Zhao Fei
Published: January 2021

Purpose

Noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) is a global issue that impacts people’s life and health. The current review aims to clarify the contributions and limitations of applying machine learning (ML) to predict NIHL by analyzing the performance of different ML techniques and the procedure of model construction.

Methods

The authors searched PubMed, EMBASE and Scopus on November 26, 2020.

Results

Eight studies were recruited in the current review following defined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Sample size in the selected studies ranged between 150 and 10,567. The most popular models were artificial neural networks (n = 4), random forests (n = 3) and support vector machines (n = 3). Features mostly correlated with NIHL and used in the models were: age (n = 6), duration of noise exposure (n = 5) and noise exposure level (n = 4). Five included studies used either split-sample validation (n = 3) or ten-fold cross-validation (n = 2). Assessment of accuracy ranged in value from 75.3% to 99% with a low prediction error/root-mean-square error in 3 studies. Only 2 studies measured discrimination risk using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and/or the area under ROC curve.

Conclusion

In spite of high accuracy and low prediction error of machine learning models, some improvement can be expected from larger sample sizes, multiple algorithm use, completed reports of model construction and the sufficient evaluation of calibration and discrimination risk.
Towards design and implementation of Industry 4.0 for food manufacturing
Authors: Konur Savas , Lan Yang , Thakker Dhavalkumar , Morkyani Geev , Polovina Nereida , Sharp James
Published: January 2021

Today’s factories are considered as smart ecosystems with humans, machines and devices interacting with each other for efficient manufacturing of products. Industry 4.0 is a suite of enabler technologies for such smart ecosystems that allow transformation of industrial processes. When implemented, Industry 4.0 technologies have a huge impact on efficiency, productivity and profitability of businesses. The adoption and implementation of Industry 4.0, however, require to overcome a number of practical challenges, in most cases, due to the lack of modernisation and automation in place with traditional manufacturers. This paper presents a first of its kind case study for moving a traditional food manufacturer, still using the machinery more than one hundred years old, a common occurrence for small- and medium-sized businesses, to adopt the Industry 4.0 technologies. The paper reports the challenges we have encountered during the transformation process and in the development stage. The paper also presents a smart production control system that we have developed by utilising AI, machine learning, Internet of things, big data analytics, cyber-physical systems and cloud computing technologies. The system provides novel data collection, information extraction and intelligent monitoring services, enabling improved efficiency and consistency as well as reduced operational cost. The platform has been developed in real-world settings offered by an Innovate UK-funded project and has been integrated into the company’s existing production facilities. In this way, the company has not been required to replace old machinery outright, but rather adapted the existing machinery to an entirely new way of operating. The proposed approach and the lessons outlined can benefit similar food manufacturing industries and other SME industries.
Patterns of intraspecific morphological variability in soil mites reflect their dispersal ability
Authors: Baumann Julia
Published: January 2021

The ability to disperse is one of the most important factors influencing the biogeography of species and speciation processes. Highly mobile species have been shown to lack geographic population structures, whereas less mobile species show genetically strongly subdivided populations which are expected to also display at least subtle phenotypic differences. Geometric morphometric methods (GMM) were now used to analyze morphological differences between European populations of a presumed non-phoretic, little mobile mite species in comparison to a highly mobile, phoretic species. The non-phoretic species Scutacarus carinthiacus showed a phenotypic population structure, whereas the phoretic species S. acarorum displayed homogeneity. These different patterns most probably can be explained by different levels of gene flow due to different dispersal abilities of the two species. GMM proved to be a sensitive tool that is especially recommendable for the analysis of (old) museum material and/or specimens in microscopic slides, which are not suitable for molecular genetic analysis.