bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The orthotropic viscoelastic characterisation of sub-zero 3D-printed poly(vinyl alcohol) cryogel
Authors: Crolla J. P. , Britton M. M. , Espino D. M. , Thomas-Seale L. E. J.
Published: June 2021

Poly(vinyl alcohol) cryogel (PVA) is a versatile biomaterial used to replicate the biomechanics of tissues. Additive manufacture (AM) at sub-zero (°C) temperatures enables the manufacture of PVA with complex geometry; however, the effect of processing parameters on the mechanical properties of PVA has not been evaluated. The aim of this study is to understand the impact of print nozzle diameter and orientation on the viscoelastic mechanical properties of PVA. Samples of sub-zero AM PVA, with different filament thicknesses, were tested under tension relative to the print direction, to calculate the storage and loss moduli. As the nozzle size was decreased, AM PVA exhibited more pronounced orthotropic properties; the smallest size showed a 33% decrease in storage moduli when tested perpendicular to the print direction, as opposed to parallel. This study has demonstrated the ability of sub-zero AM to tailor the orthotropic properties of PVA.

Graphic abstract
Development of carboxymethylcellulose based composites for bone tissue engineering
Authors: Priya Ganesan , Kumar Uttamchand Narendra , Madhan Balaraman , Manjubala Inderchand
Published: June 2021

The present study focuses on the development of carboxymethylcellulose (CMC)–biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) composite scaffolds through the freeze-drying process for bone tissue engineering applications. Citric acid or fumaric acid was added as the cross-linker of CMC to improve the stability of composite scaffolds. The effect of change in freezing temperature (−20, −40 or −80°C) on the pore morphology, swelling ability and mechanical properties of composite scaffolds was studied. Cross-linked scaffolds showed an increased thermal degradation temperature compared with non-cross-linked scaffolds. All the composite scaffolds showed a porous structure with homogeneous blending of CMC and BCP. Cross-linked scaffolds showed appreciable swelling ability and stability in phosphate-buffered saline, while non-cross-linked scaffolds were unstable for 24 h. Cross-linked scaffolds had lower compressive strength than non-cross-linked scaffolds under dry conditions. However, in the hydrated state, only citric acid-cross-linked scaffolds were stable with improved compressive strength of 64 ± 4, 57 ± 4 and 67 ± 4 kPa when processed at −20, −40 and −80°C, respectively. Furthermore, three-dimensional culture of Saos-2 cells on citric acid-cross-linked scaffolds showed their suitability for cell proliferation and osteogenic differentiation. Therefore, citric acid-cross-linked CMC–BCP composite scaffolds may be promising scaffolds for bone tissue engineering applications.
Buddhist Surrealists in Bengal
Authors: Kværne Per
Published: June 2021

Towards the end of the first millennium CE, Buddhism in Bengal was dominated by the Tantric movement, characterized by an external/physical as well as internal/meditational yoga, believed to lead to spiritual enlightenment and liberation from the round of birth and death. This technique and its underlying philosophy were expressed in the Caryāgīti, a collection of short songs in Old Bengali composed by a category of poets and practitioners of yoga, some of whom apparently had a peripatetic lifestyle. One of the peculiarities of Old Bengali is the presence of a large number of homonyms, permitting play on ambiguous images. This, it is argued in the first part of the chapter, is the key to understanding many songs that are seemingly meaningless or nonsensical, or that could be superficially taken to be simply descriptions of everyday life in the countryside of Bengal. By means of their very form, the songs convey the idea of the identity of the secular and the spiritual, of time and eternity. The second part of the chapter makes a leap in time, space, and culture, by suggesting a resonance for the Caryāgīti in the Surrealist Movement of Western art.
Narrowed Lives: Meaning, Moral Value, and Profound Intellectual Disability
Authors: Vehmas Simo , Mietola Reetta
Published: June 2021

What is day-to-day life like for people with profound intellectual and multiple disabilities who live in group homes? How do they express their desires and wishes? How do care workers think about them and treat them? Do they have basic rights to activities most of us take for granted: activities like sociability, sexuality, and moral affirmation? Narrowed Lives is an illuminating portrait of what life is like in Finnish group homes where adults who have profound intellectual and multiple disabilities live their lives. Based upon ethnographic data, it documents how care workers strive to guarantee individuality and dignity against a backdrop of scarce resources and misguided policies. This book argues that the lives of people with profound disabilities need not be determined by their impairments. It calls for a re-evaluation of disability policy so that its underlying conviction of people with profound intellectual and multiple disabilities as equally valuable fellow humans would materialise in practice. This novel and accessible book combines ethnography and philosophy, and will be of interest to researchers and students in disability studies, special education and philosophy, as well as parents, professionals and policy makers.
A SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE ON SOCIAL JUSTICE AS THE RULE OF LAW
Authors:   Perm National Research Polytechnic University, Smolnikov Sergey N.
Published: June 2021

The article considers the place of social justice in modern law. Various aspects are noted: its relationship with the social state, legal state, civilizational particularities, historical features. The question of the significance of choice between the legality and legitimacy of power as a factor in the establishment of social justice is considered. The article raises the issue of the subject-object essence of social justice. It provides a comparison of two approaches to social justice in modern Russia — liberal and conservative, and notes the contradictory nature of both. Attention is drawn to the role of elites, the intelligentsia and the people in the embodiment of the liberal project. The author reveals the historical and civilizational prerequisites for the conservative project domination, its being in demand on the part of both the authorities and significant segments of the population, and its correspondence to the historical moment. The similarity of the conservative response to the challenges facing the society in the United States, Japan, Britain and Russia is substantiated. A sociological comparison of positions on the issues of law as social justice in the West and in Russia is given. There is an increasing divergence in understanding social justice both in the countries of the West (destruction of the social contract, welfare state) and between the West and the rest of the world. The theme of justice is increasingly playing a role in causing mutual claims rather than in stabilizing and maintaining international and civil peace. The paper considers attempts to create domestic models of a just society. Social justice is regarded as a projective concept and presupposes the existence of models of the expected and ideal future of society. The world trend towards change in the ideas of the subject of law and of the paradigm shift from liberalism to transhumanism is noted. It is argued that it is impossible to identify law with social justice.
THE SOCIAL STATUS OF YOUNG MOTHERS IN MODERN RUSSIA
Authors:   Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation, Kruglova Elena L. , Rodionova Marina E. ,   Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation
Published: June 2021

Nowadays, in the conditions of global modernization, structural changes in society, lack of sustainable social development, family takes new forms and, therefore, needs studying from a new perspective. Quite a large number of works are devoted to the family as a special sphere of social life, its problems, family relationships, roles within the family. In recent decades, more and more attention has been paid to the young family as a special category. However, both in the context of the young family and in studying the problems of women and children, underaged mothers are rarely identified as a separate subject of study. It is the modern young family that is unstable to the greatest extent, precisely this type of family is affected by social cataclysms more than others. A juvenile mother with a child is certainly one of the forms of a young family. It is of great importance to define the social status of such a family. For this purpose, several important indicators have been identified: the level of education, the type of employment, income, housing conditions, prospects and leisure. Unfortunately, a young mother with a child is rarely independent of the immediate environment and the parent family because of her age, so her social status directly depends on the older generation or her husband. At the moment, centers are being created to help women who find themselves in a difficult life situation, which help young mothers to find their place in modern society and raise their child to be a worthy member.
DEGRADATION OF SOVIET MARXISM THROUGH THE EXAMPLE OF PHILOSOPHY AND METHODOLOGY OF HISTORY OF THE SECOND HALF OF THE 20TH CENTURY
Authors:   Perm State University, Koryakin Vyacheslav V.
Published: June 2021

In the second half of the 20th century, the Soviet humanities faced crisis of their philosophical foundations — the materialist understanding of history. In epistemological terms, it was caused by the discovered heuristic limits of the abstract-universal materialist theory, which describes the general in the development of reality but eliminates all the diversity of the particular in it. Over time, there emerged two interrelated trends within this crisis — the gradual formulation of the concrete-universal theory, which describes both the general and (in a generalized form) the whole diversity of the particular in development, and the degradation of the abstract-universal theory. The disintegration of the abstract-universal theory has become the dominant trend. It manifested itself in the fact that, recognizing that the general provisions of materialism were true in principle, most Soviet authors began to depart from them when analyzing specific historical phenomena. It was concluded that in a particular situation, social being does not always determine social consciousness, the basis does not always determine the superstructure, material production does not always determine political life and culture. At the same time, there was a rejection of dialectics, an integral part of Marxism. The opinion was often expressed about the equivalence of opposites in their unity and relativity of those parties that were recognized as absolute in traditional Marxism. Such theoretical conclusions resulted in the rejection of historical materialism and transition of the overwhelming majority of the national humanities representatives to the positions of pre-marxist and non-classical philosophy.
«IMMORTAL REGIMENT»: SOCIOCULTURAL CONTEXT AND PHILOSOPHICAL REFLECTION
Authors:   Perm State University, Beresnev Vladimir D. , Beresneva Natalya I. ,   Perm State University
Published: June 2021

The reason for writing the article was the discussion in the regional and federal media about the «Immortal Regiment» movement. The article deals with the socio-cultural and philosophical foundations of the event. Scientifically, it is a ritual, and its content can be considered in terms of the theory of collective memory. According to the authors, as an action based on the synthesis of individual and collective memory of the participants, the movement appears to be a practical embodiment of N. Fedorov’s «philosophy of the common cause». If we extrapolate the trends considered in the article to several decades ahead, we can predict the transformation of the event into an unofficially celebrated day of all those killed in wars and disasters not only in Russia and the former Soviet Union but also in other foreign countries. We can expect an increase in the variety of interpretations of the «Immortal Regiment» movement and, as a result, emergence of various conflicts on this ground. In this regard, philosophy, cultural studies and other humanities are facing a practical task of developing a concept of the holiday that would be politically correct and resistant to multicultural influence.
PSYCHOLOGICAL COMPONENT OF THE GESTATIONAL DOMINANT, FAMILY RELATIONS AND PARENTAL ATTITUDES OF WOMEN IN DIFFERENT AGES AND STATES (PREGNANT AND NON-PREGNANT)
Authors:   Perm State University, Kornienko Dmitriy S. , Radosteva Anna G. ,   Perm State Humanitarian Pedagogical University, Silina Elena A. ,   Perm State Humanitarian Pedagogical University
Published: June 2021

Pregnancy is a special period of a woman’s development, characterized by the acceptance of the new social role and changes in behavioral patterns based on parental attitudes, representations of motherhood, and social expectations. This study aims to analyze age differences in the types of psychological component of the gestational dominant (PСGD) and parental attitudes of women in different states (pregnant and non-pregnant). The principal assumption is that the age and the current state have a profound effect and determine different types of PСGD. Additionally, the associations between types of PCGD and parental attitudes are analyzed. The research sample consists of 436 women aged from 18 to 40, divided into two sub-groups: pregnant women (203) and non-pregnant women with a child not older than five (233). Methods: «Parental Attitude Research Instrument» (РARI) and questionnaire «Types of psychological component of the gestational dominant»; ANOVA, t-test, correlation and cluster analysis were used as statistical methods. The main conclusion is that differences in parental attitudes and types of PCGD mainly depend on the women’s age. Younger women (not older than 21) have more negative emotions linked with the intra-family relations (relationship with their husband) and the child’s upbringing. In addition, younger women perceive depression as the central psychological component of the gestational dominant. Regardless of the age, emotional characteristics of the family relations correlate with more adaptive types of PCGD, while non-adaptive types of PСGD are mainly associated with the emotions concerning interaction with the child.
«TEXTS OF THINGS». TRADITIONAL TEXT IN AN EPISTEMOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE
Authors:   Institute of Philosophy, Russian Academy of Sciences, Domnikov Sergey D.
Published: June 2021

The subject of this study is a phenomenological and epistemological analysis of traditional text as «text of things». Text is proposed to be considered a «specific object» and an episteme. The episteme is viewed as a discursive formation (M. Fuko) and a way to learn a language, social institutions and history in their integrated development (social epistemology).The text of a literary monument of the first quarter of the 17th century Tales of a Peasant Son and а group of folk narratives are the object of the research. The way of representing the world of man through the «worlds of things» is a common and even typical phenomenon in the semantics of traditional narratives. The methodological framework of the research is based on the methods of socio-philosophical and philosophical-anthropological analysis, phenomenology and epistemological research. The structural organization of a text and the aspects of the narrative style that characterize phenomenological features of traditional text are of particular interest to philosophers and anthropologists. The socio-philosophical approach reveals the holistic episteme contained in a text. It allows one to consider the holistic ensemble of words and things that organize the textual structure in a synchronistic perspective. The historical-anthropological approach makes it possible to identify the problematics of the topical functionality of things, revealing the ethical and paradigmatic perspective of human existence. The epistemological approach to text allows expanding the possibilities of interpretation in terms of socio-philosophical heuristics. According to the research hypothesis, traditional text is interpreted as text-becoming, the principle of contamination is interpreted as a direct consequence of the archaic way of arrangement through the connection of things (logic of ritual, visualization, daily practices and other topical-distribution networks of the cultural tradition). The study is novel in providing a definition of text in connection with the extension of the episteme concept, which allows it to be analyzed using an extensive body of methodological approaches.
THE DUAL NATURE OF THE NEW MEDIA IN ONLINE SPHERE
Authors:   Siberian Federal University, Ustyuzhanina Darya A.
Published: June 2021

The article aims to explore the phenomenon of the new media and their dual nature. The objective of the study is to investigate the essential attributes of the new media and present them as a set of binary oppositions: real – virtual, private – public, interpersonal – mass, broadcast – interaction. The author analyzes the new media as a sphere of virtual social being of the modern people, where they are faced with such issues as self-identification, adaptation, responsibility, distinction between true and false or private and public. On the one hand, the diffusion of real and virtual spheres turns online environment into a source of significant social connections. On the other hand, this gives the network identity a playful and changeable nature. Due to broadcasting and interactional models of mass communication coexisting simultaneously, a user immerses into the communication flows of everyone with everyone, where they could be both an influential creator and distributor of content, or a participant of endless chats for the sake of chats themselves. The diffusion between the interpersonal and mass communication leads to plurality and instability of the contexts to which a user belongs. The article examines the conflict potential of online activity through the opposition between the private and public spheres. It describes such effects as erosion of a genuinely public sphere, blending of the opposite social contexts, the phenomenon of hyperpublicity. In conclusion the author discusses a question about the creative activity of the Internet users and emphasizes that the new media environment provides them with opportunities for constructing self-narrative and joining into the global process of sharing ideas, meanings and digital artefacts. As a result, the users expand the borders of their own world, become more autonomous and self-actualizing.
IDEAS OF THE BASIC SCHOOL STUDENTS ABOUT THE SOCIO-PROFESSIONAL STRUCTURE AS AN ELEMENT OF THEIR READINESS FOR PROFESSIONAL SELF-DETERMINATION (A CASE STUDY OF THE PERM REGION)
Authors:   Perm State University, Volegov Vladimir S.
Published: June 2021

Professional self-determination of students, its economic, pedagogical and psychological prerequisites are becoming increasingly relevant subjects for research in Russian science. However, the issues related to the social prerequisites of this process remain much less studied: the students’ ideas about the socioprofessional structure of the society, the adequacy of their ideas about the content of jobs in professional areas they might choose. As a theoretical basis of the study, the author considers the psychological and sociological theory of self-determination (self-determination theory), which focuses on the autonomy of the individual in various fields of activity, including educational and labor. The author notes the importance of taking into account the objective factors of professional choice considered in Soviet works on this issue as well as in classical articles of the structural functionalism representatives. The empirical base of the research is the materials of diagnostic surveys conducted in the Perm region since 2017 to assess readiness of basic school students for professional self-determination. The author analyzes the indicators characterizing the students’ ideas about the objective conditions of professional selfdetermination concerning two areas: the adequacy of students’ ideas about the socio-professional structure of the society and various ways of considering the significance of particular factors in choosing the future path by students. The survey allows us to identify a number of problems regarding the adequacy of students’ ideas about the socio-professional structure of the society: despite the wide range of different activities that students are able to name and evaluate in terms of their relevance in the region, to a considerable extent basic school graduates do not possess a clear idea of the content of jobs as well as the conditions of professional activity.
ON THE ATTITUDE TO CONDUCTING THEOLOGICAL EXAMINATION
Authors:   Perm State University, Sirotkin Pavel F.
Published: June 2021

The development of modern religious practices, growing diversity of these practices, and also some liberalization of legislation on the registration of religious organizations will serve as a trigger for the transition of religious groups that previously operated informally to the public sphere. All these factors open the door for many of these groups to obtain religious organization formal status. On the other hand, the emergence of eclectic teachings, which often include elements of scientific, commercial, environmental, and other concepts, also provides the basis for conducting theological analysis. These social processes allow us to forecast the further steady increase in the number of appeals of the state bodies to expert councils to determine the religious component in the activities of a particular social group. In the last few years, there were banned the religious organization of Jehovah’s Witnesses, some neo-pagan and Islam-oriented organizations, some pseudo-scientific cults, including Revelation of the New Century. These bans, as well as the decisions concerning judicial examination of some religious literature content (Bhagavad Gita and E. Kuliev’s translations of the Quran), indicate high demand for theological examination at present. However, the ambiguity of the society’s perception of some court decisions made based on theological examination and periodically criticized in the media quality of training for specialists involved in the process of theological examination make an additional analysis of regarding functioning of this institution, as well as decisions made following the results of theological examination, ever more urgent.
“The Girl Had a Shadow”
Authors: Mager Sophia R.
Published: June 2021

In this research paper, I examine how Jordan Peele’s film Us (2019) fits into the genre of a modern “Black Gothic.” I analyze how Peele uses imagery, character construction, and social references to construct a modern Black Gothic film that considers the intense history of oppression and silencing of groups on the basis of their race and class in the United States. I use the foundational definitions and examples provided by Maisha Wester and Sheri-Marie Harrison to argue how Us fits into and further modernizes the Black Gothic genre, as well as examining how Peele’s imagery contributes to the horror and the social commentary of the film. Ultimately, this paper provides a close reading of the whole film as a part of a larger conversation around how the historical and modern oppression of Black individuals and communities is embedded into the very foundation of the United States as a nation.
Autour du CECR - Volume complémentaire (2018) : médiation et collaboration
Authors: Springer Claude , Longuet Frédérique
Published: June 2021

Le CECR/CV 2018 annonce une mise en question de certaines certitudes didactiques jugées dépassées voire erronées. La nécessité d’une rupture didactique s’est concrétisée au cours du processus de rédaction de la notion de médiation, piloté par North et Piccardo. Cette réorientation vers une prise en compte de la dimension sociale nous a semblé très intéressante dans la mesure où nous estimons depuis longtemps qu’une approche plus sociale, sous la forme de mise en projet des élèves, est plus que souhaitable à l’école.

Les réflexions des coordinateurs, North et Piccardo, autour de la médiation sociale peuvent avoir un effet positif et entraîner un changement pour une autre pédagogie de la classe de langues. Les changements souhaités nécessitent une nouvelle forme de formation des enseignants ainsi que de nouvelles expérimentations pédagogiques et des recherches d’un autre type. Forts de cette conviction, nous avons décidé de rédiger cet ouvrage dont le but est triple : expliciter la nouvelle orientation socioculturelle autour des notions de médiation et de collaboration ; proposer des déclinaisons pédagogiques pour une didactique de la Relation écologique et sociosémiotique ; et suggérer quelques pistes pour de nouvelles recherches en didactique des langues.

La didactique de la Relation s’intéresse à l’écosystème social dans sa globalité, dont les répertoires plurilingues font partie. Elle est écologique et sociosémiotique. Apprendre une langue complémentaire ne consiste pas uniquement à pouvoir faire sens avec des mots mais à décrypter et à transformer les nombreux réseaux sociosémiotiques du Tout-monde hyperconnecté. Ce que nous appelons réalité n’est en fait qu’une construction sociosémiotique, le résultat fluctuant de nos imaginaires.

Il s’agit pour nous d’ouvrir nos réflexions à l’importance des relations humaines, à la place des langages et de la pensée, c’est-à-dire d’accorder la place principale à la relation plus qu’à la communication, à la reliance et à l’apprenance plus qu’à la maîtrise de savoirs et de savoir-faire, fussent-ils numériques.
Protective Effects of Acehnese Traditionally Fermented Coconut Oil (Pliek U Oil)1 and its Residue (Pliek U) in Ointment against UV Light Exposure: Studies on Male Wistar Rat Skin (Rattus novergicus)
Authors: Earlia Nanda , Bulqiah Mikyal , Muslem Muslem , Karma Taufiq , Suhendra Rivansyah , Maulana Aga , Mohamad Amin Mohamad Amin , Sasmita Novi Reandy , Idroes Ghazi Mauer , Prakoeswa CRS , Suhartono Eko , Khairan Khairan , Idroes Rinaldi
Published: June 2021

A protective effect of Acehnese traditionally fermented coconut oil (Pliek U oil) and its residue (Pliek U) have been studied against UVB radiation. The research was performed by preparing the active ingredient in ointment formulation and protective test in male Wistar rat skin (Rattus novergicus). Four different extraction methods were done to produce four active ingredients, that are Pliek U oil (PUO), ethanolic Pliek U oil extract (EPUOE), ethanolic Pliek U extract (EPUE), and ethanolic hexane residue Pliek U extract (EHRPUE). The protective effect was determined based on the erythema index (EI), melanin index (MI), and level of protein oxidation parameters. The protective level from each active ingredient was studied by PCA analysis. The result showed that the active ingredient could inhibit the redness and protein oxidation in skin tissue. PCA results show that concentration (20 v. 40%) does not affect the protection level of the active ingredients of Pliek U oil, but it does affect the one of Pliek U. Therefore, these active ingredients are potential for sunscreen application.
Pterostilbene Supplementation Inhibits Early Inflammatory Response and Oxidative Stress in UVB-Induced BALB/C Mice
Authors: Nagapan Tava Shelan , Lim Wenna Nallance , Ghazali Ahmad Rohi , Basri Dayang Fredalina
Published: June 2021

Extended dermal exposure of ultraviolet B (UVB) can induce erythema, hyperpigmentation, epidermal hyperplasia and cancer. Natural active compound such as pterostilbene (PS) is a potential UV-protecting agent as it has broad biological activities. This study aimed to evaluate the photoprotective effect of pterostilbene on ultraviolet-B-induced BALB/c mice. Twenty-four female mice were randomised into four groups (n=6/group): vehicle control (VC); UVB irradiated only (UVB only); UVB irradiation treated with pterostilbene 10 mg/kg (PS10+UVB); (iv) UVB irradiation treated with pterostilbene 20 mg/kg (PS20+UVB). The PS treatments were given for 14 days, and UVB was given at dose 250 mJ/cm2 on days 9, 11, and 13 of the treatment periods. The results showed that PS lessened redness and scaling on the skin of UVB-irradiated mice. The skinfold thickness and epidermal thickness in the PS-treated group were significantly reduced (p<0.05) in comparison with those in the UVB only group. The PS10 and PS20 groups (5.927 ± 0.354 and 5.660 ± 0.765 nmol/g, respectively) demonstrated significantly decreased MDA levels (P<0.05) relative to the UVB only group (13.343 ± 1.350 nmol/g). The GSH level in both PS10 (0.555 ± 0.020 µmol/mg) and PS20 (0.568 ± 0.055 µmol/mg) groups increased significantly (p<0.05) compared with that in the UVB only group (0.376 ± 0.025 µmol/mg). SOD activity in the PS20 group (1.388 ± 0.172 U/min/mg) increased significantly (p<0.05) compared with that in the UVB only group (0.561 ± 0.034 U/min/mg). Histological observation showed that PS reduced leukocyte infiltration and epidermal hyperplasia. Hence, oral PS may exert a photoprotective effect by acting as an anti-inflammatory and antioxidant agent on UVB-irradiated mice skin.
Potensi Pembangunan Kajian Autofagi dalam Fungsi Endotelium Otak Manusia
Authors: Jufri Nurul Farhana , Mohd Saleh Siti Nurdiyana , Juhari Nor Atikah Safirah , Ibrahim Farah Wahida , Hamid Asmah
Published: June 2021

Autofagi adalah proses fisiologi yang terlibat dalam penggantian komponen sel dan berfungsi sebagai mekanisme kelangsungan hidup sementara semasa kebuluran sel akibat kekurangan sumber makanan. Proses ini melibatkan tapak jalan lisosom yang menguraikan bahan yang terdapat dalam sitoplasma seperti organel dan makromolekul. Keberlangsungan proses autofagi bergantung kepada fungsi normal lisosom untuk mengurai dan mengitar semula bahan yang terkumpul di dalam autofagosom. Kegagalan fungsi pada lisosom akan mempengaruhi fungsi autofagi. Secara in vitro, proses autofagi boleh direncat dengan menggunakan bahan kimia seperti amonium klorida yang akan mengganggu fungsi lisosom melalui peningkatan pH lisosom yang seterusnya menghalang keberkesanan enzim lisosom. Hal ini akan menyebabkan kandungan di dalam autofagosom tidak dapat diurai dan meningkatkan penimbunan autofagosom yang mengandungi protein yang rosak. Penimbunan protein yang rosak ini telah dikenal pasti sebagai salah satu patogenesis penyakit neurodegenerasi yang kini dikaitkan dengan ketidakfungsian sel endotelium di otak. Perencatan tapak jalan autofagi-lisosom ini akan menyebabkan gangguan pembentukan struktur autofagi dan lisosom yang seterusnya menyebabkan peningkatan atau penurunan ekspresi protein seperti LC3 dan p62 yang terlibat dalam tapak jalan ini. ICAM-1, eNOS dan Claudin-5 pada sel endotelium merupakan antara penanda yang berpotensi digunakan dalam pengenalpastian ketidakfungsian yang mungkin berlaku pada sel endotelium otak manusia.
Palm Tocotrienol-Rich Fraction Protects Neonatal Rat Cardiomyocytes from H2o2-Induced Oxidative Damage
Authors: Abdul Khalid Noor Shareena Aisha , Ahmad Nazri Khuzaidatul Azidah , Jubri Zakiah
Published: June 2021

Oxidative stress plays an important role in the pathogenesis of heart disease. Tocotrienol-rich fraction (TRF) is an antioxidant and that has the potential to reduce the risk of heart disease. This study is to determine the protective effects of palm TRF against H2O2-induced oxidative damage in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes (NRCM). The NRCM were divided into control, treated with TRF (10 µg/mL), H2O2 (0.5 mM) and treated with TRF prior to H2O2 induction (pre-treatment). Cell viability was determined by the MTS assay,while the presence of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was determined using fluorescent dihydroethidium (DHE) and 5-(and-6)-carboxy-2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (carboxy-H2DCFDA) dye. Mitochondrial integrity and cell death were determined using JC-1 and Annexin V-FITC staining, respectively. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were determined by colorimetric assay kit. The concentration of H2O2 from 0.5 to 5 mM reduced the cell viability and the H2O2 IC50 value of 0.5 mM was used in the experiment. H2O2 induction increased the intensity of carboxy-H2DCFDA and DHE-stains; and also the intensity of green fluorescence of J-monomers in JC-1 staining compared to the control group. The activity of LDH increased while the activity of SOD decreased in the H2O2 group. Pre-treatment with TRF reduced the intensities of carboxy-H2DCFDA and DHE-stains, as well as the green fluorescence of J-monomers in JC-1. Meanwhile, the LDH activity was reduced in the pre-treatment group but no changes were recorded in SOD activity compared to the H2O2 group. Palm TRF protects cardiomyocytes from oxidative damage by reducing ROS production and maintaining the mitochondrial membrane integrity thus reducing cell death.
Site Amplification at Permanent Stations in Northeastern Italy
Authors: Klin Peter , Laurenzano Giovanna , Barnaba Carla , Priolo Enrico , Parolai Stefano
Published: June 2021

The application of earthquake recordings to the estimation of an event’s magnitude and the construction of rapid-response ground-motion maps requires an adequate classification of the recording stations in terms of their site response. For permanent stations, this information can be obtained from a sufficiently large database of past recordings.

In this work, we analyze more than 7300 three-component recordings collected between 1996 and 2017 by 67 permanent stations in northeastern Italy to assess their site amplification. The signals come from 368 earthquakes with a magnitude range of M 3.2–5.8 and a distance range of 10–300 km. We evaluate the frequency-dependent amplification function with respect to a reference station with a flat seismic noise horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio. The evaluation relies on the decomposition of the S-wave amplitude spectra in terms of source, propagation, and site response. We solve the decomposition with a nonparametric, single-step generalized inversion in the frequency band 0.5–20 Hz. In addition, we compute the amplification factors for peak ground acceleration and velocity with respect to a well-established ground-motion prediction equation. The results highlight that only 11 stations show a relatively flat unitary response with respect to the reference site, whereas the frequency-averaged amplification function at 23 out of 67 stations exhibits a value larger than 2. We classified the sites according to their surface geology and geomorphological scenario and found that amplification affects not only stations installed on the alluvial soil but also several stations installed on what are assumed to be rock sites. Sites in caves and mines exhibit deamplification, whereas the stations with sensors in boreholes exhibit the typical interference pattern. A good correlation between the amplification factors and the frequency-averaged amplification functions suggests the possibility of predicting time-domain peak ground-motion values from amplification functions estimated by generalized inversion.
Stress Drop Derived from Spectral Analysis Considering the Hypocentral Depth in the Attenuation Model: Application to the Ridgecrest Region, California
Authors: Bindi Dino , Razafindrakoto Hoby N. T. , Picozzi Matteo , Oth Adrien
Published: June 2021

We investigate the impact of considering a depth-dependent attenuation model on source parameters assessed through a spectral decomposition. In particular, we evaluate the effect of considering the hypocentral depth as an additional variable for the attenuation model, using as the target the tendency of the average stress drop to increase with depth, as observed in recent studies. We analyze the Fourier spectra of S-wave windows for about 1900 earthquakes with a magnitude above 2.5 recorded in the Ridgecrest region, southern California. Two different parameterizations of the attenuation term are implemented in the spectral decomposition, either as a function of the hypocentral distance alone or as a function of both epicentral distance and depth. The comparison of the spectral attenuation curves shows that, although the hypocentral model describes, on average, the range of values spanned by the attenuation curve for different depths, systematic differences with distance, depth, and frequency are observed. These differences are transferred to the source spectra and, in turn, to the source parameters extracted from the best-fitting ω−2 models. In particular, stress drops for events deeper than 7 km are, on average, almost double even when depth is introduced explicitly in the attenuation model. The increase of stress drop with depth is confirmed also after accounting for the increase of the shear velocity with depth, which absorbs about 30%–40% of the total increase. Moreover, a qualitative comparison with a model for the gradient of the effective normal stress confirms the reliability of the observed trend. Finally, the coherent spatial patterns shown by a simplified 2D tomographic representation of the spectral residuals highlights the impact on ground-shaking variability of the lateral variability of the crustal attenuation properties in the region.
THERMAL STIFFNESS – A KEY ACCURACY INDICATOR OF MACHINE TOOLS
Authors:   Moscow State University of Technology STANKIN, Department of Machine Tools, Moscow, Russia, Kuznetsov A. P. , Koriath H. J. ,   Fraunhofer Institute for Machine Tools and Forming Technology IWU, Automation and Monitoring, Chemnitz, Germany
Published: June 2021

Static and dynamic stiffness [N/m] determine the ability of solids to resist constant and variable loads. Both elastic characteristics of a machine tool effect their quality assessment. Thermal stiffness (comprising heat stiffness and temperature stiffness) [W/µm] is a key accuracy indicator of the machine tool's ability to resist temperature influences. The proposed method creates the thermo-physical structure of a machine tool, based on a set of homogeneous heat-active elements and quasi-thermostable links. Quasi-thermostable links retain constant properties when the thermal state of the heat-active elements changes within a given range, building and determining their spatial and temporal relative position. The structural formula is given: < S-thermal link > - - . When exposed to heat, heat-active elements change their temperature and thermoelastic properties change their temperature and thermoelastic properties with stress, strain, distortion. Thermal behavior F-functions characterize these changes over time. Thermal energy causes a heat exchange in the machine tool and leads to temperature differences, thermoelastic stresses and geometrical deformations. The material used in machine tools enables the thermal conduction, convection and radiation due to its dimensions, volume and surface area, thermal conductivity. Elasticity effects base on thermal linear expansion coefficient, modulus of elasticity, thermal energy storage due to its heat capacity. The analysis of the structural formula defines and describes generalized thermal stiffness indicators of a machine tool as a reaction to thermal effects when the heat sources are constantly active and when the heat source is absent, but only the ambient temperature changes. This paper presents relationships between the thermal stiffness and the thermo-physical property indicators of the machine tool. Examples of thermal stiffness are described for several machine tool types.
MODELING THE COOLING EFFECT OF THE CUTTING FLUID IN MACHINING USING A COUPLED FE-CFD SIMULATION
Authors:   Laboratory for Machine Tools and Production Engineering (WZL) of RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany, Liu H. , Helmig T. ,   Institute of Heat and Mass Transfer of RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany, Augspurger T. ,   Laboratory for Machine Tools and Production Engineering (WZL) of RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany, Nhat N. ,   Institute of Heat and Mass Transfer of RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany, Kneer R. ,   Institute of Heat and Mass Transfer of RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany, Bergs T. ,   Laboratory for Machine Tools and Production Engineering (WZL) of RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
Published: June 2021

The cooling with cutting fluids is a complex process in manufacturing, since chemical, mechanical and thermal phenomena occur simultaneously. The experimental methods developed so far do not allow for a direct observation of the coolant flow during machining, which limits the understanding of the cooling mechanism. The main aim of this paper is the investigation of convective heat transfer between cutting fluid and the cutting zone as well as the heat flow distribution on the tool surface during the cutting process by means of a coupled FE-CFD simulation. The FE model calculates the heat generation under consideration of the experimentally validated punctual, transient tool temperature during the machining processes. Based on the result of the FE, the subsequent CFD simulation performs the calculation of the flow behavior and convective heat transfer. This method allows a detailed investigation of the temperature field in the cutting zone under consideration of the cutting fluid. The simulation returns spatially resolved heat transfer coefficients along the tool surface and provides first findings for an improvement of heat removal efficiency by changing the coolant supply parameters and the physical properties of the cutting fluid. The model parameters were validated by comparing the simulation results and the measured punctual tool temperature.
UNDERSTANDING TEMPERATURE EFFECTS ON FRICTION AT TOOL – CFRP WORKPIECE INTERFACE USING OPEN-LOOP FRICTION TESTING
Authors:   Advanced Manufacturing Research Centre with Boeing, The University of Sheffield, Rotherham, S60 5TZ, UK, Ashworth S. , Kerrigan K. ,   Advanced Manufacturing Research Centre with Boeing, The University of Sheffield, Rotherham, S60 5TZ, UK
Published: June 2021

Cutting processes of carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) material generate significant energy in the form of heat which can be detrimental to final surface and sub-surface quality. By artificially changing the temperature of the workpiece to simulate cutting temperatures, thermal effects on friction metrics can be understood. Feed rate and CFRP pre-heating for macro and nanoscale open loop pin on plate friction testing has been completed for two aerospace grade CFRP materials with steel, carbide and coated carbide pins to give an insight to fundamental tool wear that occurs in CFRP machining.
HIGHLY RESPONSIVE AND ACCURATE TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENTS IN ORTHOGONAL CUTTING THROUGH INNOVATIVE SINGLE LEG THERMOCOUPLE
Authors:   Arts et Metiers Institute of Technology, LABOMAP, HESAM Universite, F-71250 Cluny, France, Hamm I. , Rossi F. ,   Arts et Metiers Institute of Technology, LABOMAP, HESAM Universite, F-71250 Cluny, France, Poulachon G. ,   Arts et Metiers Institute of Technology, LABOMAP, HESAM Universite, F-71250 Cluny, France, Marcon B. ,   Arts et Metiers Institute of Technology, LABOMAP, HESAM Universite, F-71250 Cluny, France, Birembaux H. ,   Arts et Metiers Institute of Technology, LABOMAP, HESAM Universite, F-71250 Cluny, France, Maury N. ,   Airbus Operations SAS, 31200 Toulouse, France, Valadon S. ,   Airbus Operations SAS, 31200 Toulouse, France, Labarthe F. ,   Airbus Operations SAS, 31200 Toulouse, France
Published: June 2021

During machining, most of the thermal sources are resulting from the conversion of mechanical energy during the chip shearing mechanism and the intense frictions between the tool, the chip, and the machined surface. Thermal gradients are high and localized, especially for low thermal diffusivity material like titanium alloys. Moreover, heat rates come close to few million degrees per second in the shearing zones. Even though several authors performed thermography techniques to determine the temperature distribution into the machined material, their results remain underestimated due to experimental limitations. In this research, a new temperature measurement technique has been developed based on a single wire thermocouple to measure at one exact location both the temperature and the heating rate during orthogonal cutting test. The tests are performed with uncut chip thicknesses of 0.020 mm and 0.100 mm and with a cutting speed of 120 m/min with two different cutting angles. Results are discussed and compared to prior studies.
The Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Patients with Joint Hypermobility Show Larger Cerebral Blood Flow Reductions during Orthostatic Stress Testing Than Patients without Hypermobility: A Case Control Study
Authors: Campen Linda , Rowe Peter , Visser Frans
Published: June 2021

Aims: An abnormal reduction in cerebral blood flow (CBF) during orthostatic stress is common in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS), a condition with more prevalent joint hypermobility than in the healthy population. As one of proposed underlying mechanisms of orthostatic intolerance in hypermobile patients is vessel laxity, reducing the normal return of blood to the heart during orthostatic stress, we hypothesized that the CBF reduction during tilt-testing would be larger in ME/CFS patients with joint hypermobility than in patients without hypermobility. Methods: In this case-control study, 100 female ME/CFS cases with joint hypermobility, who had undergone tilt-testing with CBF measurements, were compared to 100 female ME/CFS patients without joint hypermobility, matched by age and disease duration. Results: No differences in baseline characteristics were found between groups. The hypermobile patients had significantly more postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS) during tilt testing than the non-hypermobile ones. Compared to supine CBF, the degree of CBF reduction during the tilt was significantly larger in hypermobile cases than in the non-hypermobile controls: -32 (6)% vs -23 (7)% (p<0.0001) The larger CBF reduction in hypermobile patients was not only present in POTS patients: -33 (6)% vs -24 (4)%, but also in patients with a normal heart rate and blood pressure response to tilt testing: -31 (6)% vs -22 (9)%: (both p<0.0001). Conclusions: ME/CFS patients with joint hypermobility syndromes have larger CBF reductions during orthostatic stress testing than patients without hypermobility. This larger CBF reduction is independent of the heart rate and blood pressure results of the orthostatic stress test.