bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fragmentation trees for the structural characterisation of metabolites
Authors: Kasper Piotr T. , Rojas‐Chertó Miguel , Mistrik Robert , Reijmers Theo , Hankemeier Thomas , Vreeken Rob J.
Published: September 2012

Metabolite identification plays a crucial role in the interpretation of metabolomics research results. Due to its sensitivity and widespread implementation, a favourite analytical method used in metabolomics is electrospray mass spectrometry. In this paper, we demonstrate our results in attempting to incorporate the potentials of multistage mass spectrometry into the metabolite identification routine. New software tools were developed and implemented which facilitate the analysis of multistage mass spectra and allow for efficient removal of spectral artefacts. The pre‐processed fragmentation patterns are saved as fragmentation trees. Fragmentation trees are characteristic of molecular structure. We demonstrate the reproducibility and robustness of the acquisition of such trees on a model compound. The specificity of fragmentation trees allows for distinguishing structural isomers, as shown on a pair of isomeric prostaglandins. This approach to the analysis of the multistage mass spectral characterisation of compounds is an important step towards formulating a generic metabolite identification method. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On two‐way Bayesian agglomerative clustering of gene expression data
Authors: Fowler Anna , Heard Nicholas A.
Published: September 2012

This article introduces an agglomerative Bayesian model‐based clustering algorithm which outputs a nested sequence of two‐way cluster configurations for an input matrix of data. Each two‐way cluster configuration in the output hierarchy is specified by a row configuration and a column configuration whose Cartesian product partitions the data matrix. Variable selection is incorporated into the algorithm by identifying row clusters which form distinct groups defined by the column clusters, through the use of a mixture model. A primitive similarity measure between the two clusters is the multiplicative change in model posterior probability implied by their merger, and the hierarchy is formed by iteratively merging the cluster pair which maximize some fixed monotonic function of this quantity. A naive implementation of the algorithm would be to choose this function to be the identity function. However, when applying this naive algorithm to gene expression data where the number of genes being studied typically far exceeds the number of experimental samples available, this imbalanced dimensionality of the data results in an algorithmic bias toward merging samples. To counteract this bias, alternative functions of the similarity measure are considered which prevent degenerative behavior of the algorithm. The resulting improvements in the output cluster configurations are demonstrated on simulated data and the method is then applied to real gene expression data. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Statistical Analysis and Data Mining, 2012
ToF‐SIMS nitrogen profiles in oxynitride thin films: correlation with XPS bonding configurations
Authors: Ravizza E. , Spadoni S. , Grasso S. , Vitali M. E. , De Marco C. , Ghidini G.
Published: September 2012

Thin silicon dioxide films nitrided in N2/NO/O2 atmosphere at different temperature and NO/O2 flow ratio were investigated by time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF‐SIMS) using negative acquisition mode and Cs+ sputtering at low energy. The N depth distributions obtained by the ToF‐SIMS profiles were compared with the correspondent N1s peaks acquired in X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, demonstrating that the gradient in ion yield which occurs at the interface using these measurement conditions can be useful to quantify the amount of nitrogen placed exactly at the interface. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electroless plating of copper on fly ash cenospheres using polyaniline‐Pd activation
Authors: Wang Wei , Li Qin , Zhai Jianping
Published: September 2012

The polyaniline of different intrinsic oxidation states, viz., the emeraldine (EM) and the leucoemeraldine (LM) states, were coated on 3‐aminopropyltriethoxy silane modified fly ash cenospheres. Without prior sensitization by SnCl2 solution, Pd activation by PdCl2 solution was carried out on EM and LM laden cenospheres, followed by electroless plating of copper (Cu). The topography and composition of the composites were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, etc. The results indicate that the oxidation state of the LM layer showed a much bigger increase than that of the EM layer in the Pd activation process, while coupled Pd reduction underwent to a more extent on the LM layer. The metallic Pd atoms on the LM and EM layers surface initiated the subsequent electroless plating of Cu, and the coated Cu on LM laden cenospheres had a much more uniform and compact morphology than that on EM laden cenospheres. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Investigating the Effect of Slag on Decarburization in an AOD Converter Using a Fundamental Model
Authors: Andersson Nils Å. I. , Tilliander Anders , Jonsson Lage T. I. , Jönsson Pär G.
Published: September 2012

A high‐temperature thermodynamics model has been coupled with a fundamental mathematical model describing the fluid flow, where boundary conditions were chosen based on data for an industrial AOD converter. Using this model, the effect of both slag phases (a liquid part and a solid part) on the decarburization was studied. More specifically, the separation of chromium oxide to liquid slag as well as the effect of the amount of rigid top slag (solid)on the decarburization was investigated. The liquid slag was considered with respect to the uptake of chromium oxide, while the rigid top slag was only considered with respect to the increase of the metallostatic pressure in the steel melt. The results suggest that separation of chromium oxide to liquid slag results in a decreased decarburization rate. The same conclusion can be drawn with respect to the amount of solid top slag.
Ultra Fast Cooling of a Hot Steel Plate by Using High Mass Flux Air Atomized Spray
Authors: Mohapatra Soumya S. , Ravikumar Satya V. , Pal Surjya K. , Chakraborty Sudipto
Published: September 2012

In the current research, the ultra fast cooling (UFC) of a hot stationary AISI‐304 steel plate has been investigated by using air atomized spray at different air and water flow rates. The initial temperature of the plate, before the cooling starts, is kept at 900°C or above. The spray was produced from a full cone internal mixing air atomized spray nozzle at a fixed nozzle to plate distance; and the average spray mass flux was varied from 130 to 370 kg m−2 s by selecting different combinations of air and water flow rates. The surface heat flux and surface temperature calculations have been performed by using INTEMP software and the calculated results have been validated by comparing with the measured thermocouple data. The heat transfer analysis indicates that the cooling occurs in the transition boiling regime up to surface temperature of 500°C and thereafter it changes to nucleate boiling regime. The superposed flow of air on the hot plate enhances the cooling in the temperature range of 900–500°C by sweeping the partially evaporated droplets from the hot surface. However, due to the high percentage of fine water droplets in the resultant spray produced at higher air flow rates, the maximum cooling rate is achieved at the medium air flow rate of 30 N m3 h−1. The cooling rate (182°C s−1) produced by an air atomized spray is found to be in the UFC regime of a 6 mm thick steel plate. The findings of this research can be considered as the basis for the fabrication of cooling system in the run‐out table of a hot strip mill.
New algorithms for preserving edges in low‐bit‐rate wavelet‐based image compression
Authors: Du Ke , Peng Lin
Published: September 2012

With the growing importance of low‐bandwidth applications such as wireless access to the Internet, images are often sent or received at low bit rates. At these bit rates, images suffer from significant distortion and artifacts, making it difficult for those viewing the images to understand them. In this paper, we present two progressive compression algorithms that focus on preserving the clarity of important image features, such as edges, at compression ratios of 100:1 and higher. The first algorithm transmits a standard SPIHT bit stream and then detects the location of edges in the compressed image. The decoder applies a linear edge‐enhancement procedure to improve the clarity of the encoded edges. The second algorithm extracts the locations of straight‐line edges in the image at the encoder, and the decoder applies edge extraction, combination, and a linear edge‐enhancement procedure to improve the clarity of the edges. With both algorithms, features in the images that may be important for recognition are well preserved, even at very low bit rates. © 2012 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Wondrous Words
Authors: Ray Katie
Published: September 2012

Wondrous Words: Writers and Writing in the Elementary Classroom was published by the National Council of Teachers of English in 1999 and went on to become one of their best‐selling books ever. The book explores the complex relationship between reading and writing and the implications of this for teaching practice. Filled with examples of the craft of writing found in children's literature, the book gave readers “new eyes” and taught them how to look at texts as teachers of writing. In this article, the author of Wondrous Words, Katie Ray, combines her voice with the voices of more than twenty of her colleagues and reflects on the influence the book has had in the larger professional conversation about the teaching of writing.
Backbone construction with relay node placement for energy‐efficient wireless sensor networks
Authors: Guo Hui , Hu Rose Qingyang , Lu Kejie , Qian Yi
Published: September 2012

In this paper, we address the energy‐efficient connectivity problem of a wireless sensor network (WSN) that consists of (1) static sensor nodes that have a short communication range and limited energy level, and (2) relay nodes that have a long communication range and unlimited power supply, and that can be added or relocated arbitrarily. For such a WSN, existing studies have been focused on the design of efficient approximation algorithms to minimize the number of relay nodes. By contrast, we propose a unified backbone construction framework that can be performed in a centralized manner with two objectives: (1) to minimize the number of nodes in the backbone and (2) to maximize the lifetime of the network. To solve such a challenging problem, we formulate three subproblems: (1) partial dominating set with energy threshold (PDSET); (2) partial dominating set with largest residual energy (PDSLE); and (3) minimum relay node placement (MRNP). For these three subproblems, we develop polynomial‐time algorithms. We also prove that our algorithm for PDSLE is optimal, and our algorithm for the PDSET and MRNP problems have small approximation ratios. Numerical results show that the proposed framework can significantly improve energy efficiency and reduce backbone size. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Massive Gravity theories and limits of ghost-free bigravity models
Authors: Paulos Miguel F. , Tolley Andrew J.
Published: September 2012

Abstract

We construct a class of theories which extend New Massive Gravity to higher orders in curvature in any dimension. The lagrangians arise as limits of a new class of bimetric theories of Lovelock gravity, which are unitary theories free from the Boulware-Deser ghost. These Lovelock bigravity models represent the most general non-chiral ghost-free theories of an interacting massless and massive spin-two field in any dimension. The scaling limit is taken in such a way that unitarity is explicitly broken, but the Boulware-Deser ghost remains absent. This automatically implies the existence of a holographic c-theorem for these theories. We also show that the Born-Infeld extension of New Massive Gravity falls into our class of models demonstrating that this theory is also free of the Boulware-Deser ghost. These results extend existing connections between New Massive Gravity, bigravity theories, Galileon theories and holographic c-theorems.
An expansion for neutrino phenomenology
Authors: Grinstein Benjamín , Trott Michael
Published: September 2012

Abstract

We develop a formalism for constructing the Pontecorvo-Maki-Nakagawa-Sakata (PMNS) matrix and neutrino masses using an expansion that originates when a sequence of heavy right handed neutrinos are integrated out, assuming a seesaw mechanism for the origin of neutrino masses. The expansion establishes relationships between the structure of the PMNS matrix and the mass differences of neutrinos, and allows symmetry implications for measured deviations from tri-bimaximal form to be studied systematically. Our approach does not depend on choosing the rotation between the weak and mass eigenstates of the charged lepton fields to be diagonal. We comment on using this expansion to examine the symmetry implications of the recent results from the Daya-Bay collaboration reporting the discovery of a non zero value for θ
13, indicating a deviation from tri-bimaximal form, with a significance of 5.2 σ.
Lorentz-violating vs. ghost gravitons: the example of Weyl gravity
Authors: Deruelle Nathalie , Sasaki Misao , Sendouda Yuuiti , Youssef Ahmed
Published: September 2012

Abstract

We show that the ghost degrees of freedom of Einstein gravity with a Weyl term can be tamed by a simple mechanism that invokes local Lorentz symmetry breaking. We demonstrate how the mechanism works in a cosmological setting. The presence of the Weyl term forces a redefinition of the quantum vacuum state of the tensor perturbations. As a consequence the amplitude of their spectrum blows up when the Lorentz-violating scale becomes comparable to the Hubble radius. Such a behaviour is in sharp contrast to what happens in standard Weyl gravity where the gravitational ghosts smoothly damp out the spectrum of primordial gravitational waves.
Examining a Common Disease with Unknown Etiology: Trends in Epidemiology and Surgical Management of Appendicitis in California, 1995–2009
Authors: Anderson Jamie E. , Bickler Stephen W. , Chang David C. , Talamini Mark A.
Published: September 2012

Background

The study was designed to examine the epidemiology of appendicitis and risk factors of perforation and appendectomy.

Methods

Retrospective analysis of the California Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development Patient Discharge Data was performed from 1995 to 2009. Patients with appendicitis were identified by ICD‐9 diagnosis code. Population statistics from the RAND Corporation were used to calculate incidence rates. Risk factors of perforation and appendectomy were also calculated.

Results

A total of 608,116 patients with appendicitis (70 % non‐perforated) were included. The incidence increased at an average rate of 0.5 cases/100,000 population/year (p < 0.001), with annual incidence peaking during the third quarter. Children age 10–14 had the highest rates of appendicitis (169.6 cases/100,000). The lifetime cumulative incidence rate is 9.0 %. Appendicitis is most common in whites and Hispanics and less common in African Americans and Asians. Risks of perforation include Hispanic or Asian race, young or old age, and non‐private insurance. The adjusted odds of appendectomy increased since 1995 in patients with non‐perforated appendicitis (OR 1.5, 95 % CI (1.3–1.7); p < 0.001), but it decreased in patients with perforated appendicitis (OR 0.4, 95 % CI (0.4–0.5); p < 0.001).

Conclusions

This is the largest epidemiological study of appendicitis to our knowledge in recent years. Incidence has increased over time and is higher in the summer months. Whites and Hispanics have higher rates of appendicitis, but Hispanics and Asians and patients with non‐private insurance, have higher odds of perforation. Surgical management of perforated appendicitis has decreased over time. It is unknown why the incidence has increased, displays seasonality, and varies by race.
Low Perioperative Serum Prealbumin Predicts Early Recurrence after Curative Pulmonary Resection for Non‐Small‐Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Kawai Hideki , Ota Hideki
Published: September 2012

Background

Early recurrence after surgery for non‐small‐cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is often observed in spite of pathologically proven early‐stage disease. The aim of this study was to identify biomarkers that might be useful in predicting postoperative early recurrence of lung cancer. In this study we evaluated the perioperative nutritional status of the patients by measuring the serum level of prealbumin and analyzed the correlation between this factor and early recurrence.

Methods

Forty‐four patients with NSCLC were enrolled in the study. Serum level of prealbumin was measured 5 days before and 7 days after surgery, respectively.

Results

For the patients who developed early recurrence, the perioperative serum prealbumin level was statistically significantly lower than those of the patients who did not develop recurrence (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the patients with low prealbumin level showed statistically significantly poorer outcomes compared with the patients with higher prealbumin level (p < 0.001). On the other hand, there was no correlation between the pathological stage and the serum prealbumin level. Multivariate analysis revealed that low perioperative serum prealbumin level could be an independent prognostic factor of poor outcome (hazard ratio, 10.1; 95 % confidence interval, 2.8–35.5; p = 0.0003).

Conclusions

Low serum prealbumin level in the perioperative period is associated with a poorer prognosis in NSCLC patients and could serve as a marker for identifying patients at high risk, even at an early clinical stage.
Changes in soil macrofaunal community composition under selective afforestation in shifting sand lands in Horqin of Inner Mongolia, northern China
Authors: Liu Ren Tao , Zhao Ha Lin , Zhao Xue Yong
Published: September 2012

Large‐scale afforestation programs have had some beneficial effects on reducing severity of dust storms and controlling desertification in arid and semi‐arid regions. However, the influences of selective afforestation on soil arthropod community are largely unknown in desertified ecosystems. Soil macrofaunal communities, soil physico‐chemical properties, and herb vegetation were investigated in afforested shrublands and woodlands (both approximately 30 years old post‐afforestation), which were compared to shifting sand lands in Horqin, northern China. In the shrublands, environmental parameters (soil and vegetation properties) indicated a significant improvement of soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, and herbaceous density and cover, in comparison to the woodlands and shifting sand lands. The improved shrubland habitat maintained significantly higher soil macrofaunal abundance and group richness together with higher diversity compared with the woodlands and shifting sand lands. There were no significant differences in soil macrofaunal diversity between the woodlands and shifting sand lands. The results suggest that shrubs can facilitate macrofaunal assemblies and improve soil and vegetation properties when planted in shifting sand lands. Shrub afforestation is beneficial for the restoration of shifting sand lands, and is recommended for management of artificial plantations in these sandy ecosystems.
A Three-Step Technique to Correctly Identify the Trapezium without the Need for Fluoroscopic Imaging
Authors: Jamil W. , McMurtrie A. , Nesbitt P. , Muir L. T.
Published: September 2012

Thumb pain secondary to degenerative arthritis of the carpometacarpal joint of the thumb is a common disabling condition. The key principles of successful basal joint arthroplasty involve trapezial excision, which is required for pain relief, with or without some form of ligament reconstruction. The majority of basal joint reconstructive procedures include partial or complete trapeziectomy, with and without some types of tendon transfer and ligament reconstruction and with or without tendon interposition and/or temporary wire stabilisation. When performing a trapeziectomy, it is important to identify the trapezium correctly before excising it. Excision of the incorrect bone during trapeziectomy for basal joint arthritis of the thumb has been reported within the NHS Litigation Authority database. We describe the senior author's routinely used three-step technique to confirm the identity of the trapezium before excision. This technique has been reliably used in over 300 cases with successful excision of the trapezium without intraoperative fluoroscopy.
Incidence of Metacarpal Fractures in the US Population
Authors: Nakashian Michael N. , Pointer Lauren , Owens Brett D. , Wolf Jennifer Moriatis
Published: September 2012

Background

There are scarce data regarding the epidemiology of metacarpal fractures within the US population. The purpose of this study is to report the epidemiology of metacarpal fractures in the USA using the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System Database (NEISS).

Methods

The NEISS database represents a national probability sample of approximately 100 hospitals in the USA and its territories. The database was queried for metacarpal fractures during the time period 2002–2006. US census data were used to calculate incidence rate (IR) for various demographic criteria.

Results

A total of 4,718 metacarpal fractures were identified, representing approximately 160,790 metacarpal fractures. The calculated IR was 13.6 (95 % CI, 13.6–13.67) per 100,000 person-years. The highest IR occurred in the 10–19 age group (IR 38.8; 95 % CI, 38.6–38.9) followed by those 20–29 years of age (IR 28.4; 95 % CI, 28.3–28.5). Metacarpal fractures were found more commonly in males (IR 23; 95 % CI, 22.9–23.1) than females (IR 4.5; 95 % CI, 4.5–4.5), with an incidence rate ratio of 5.08. The most common mechanisms of injury were contact with a wall or door, and falls. The most common setting was in the home, followed by recreational locations.

Conclusions

The estimated incidence of metacarpal fractures presenting for acute hospital care in the USA is 13.6 per 100,000 person-years. Males in the second and third decades of life sustain this injury most commonly. Metacarpal fractures occur frequently in the home or recreational setting, with contact force as the primary mechanism of injury.
In‐Vitro Toxicological and Proteomic Analysis of Furan Fatty Acids Which are Oxidative Metabolites of Conjugated Linoleic Acids
Authors: Lengler Imme , Buhrke Thorsten , Scharmach Eileen , Lampen Alfonso
Published: September 2012

Furan fatty acids (furan‐FA) are oxidative products of conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) and may therefore be ingested when CLA‐containing food or food‐additives are consumed. Due to the presence of a furan ring structure the question arises whether furan‐FA may have toxic properties on enterocytes and liver cells. Here we show that furan‐FA neither have toxic effects in human colon cancer cell line Caco‐2 nor in human hepatoma cell line HepG2 at concentrations that could be relevant for humans. At concentrations up to 100 μM, all tested furan‐FA isomers showed no pronounced cytotoxicity and did not affect cellular proliferation or apoptosis up to concentrations of 500 μM. In addition, furan‐FA was neither genotoxic in the micronucleus test using Chinese hamster lung fibroblasts (V79) nor in the Ames test independent of the presence or absence of rat liver homogenate for enzymatic activation of the furan ring structure. A proteomic approach revealed that 48 proteins were differentially expressed when Caco‐2 cells were incubated with up to 1 mM of 10,13‐epoxy‐10,12‐octadecadienoic acid (10,12‐furan‐FA). Three of the 30 proteins that could be identified by MALDI‐TOF analysis were upregulated and were associated with lipid droplet biogenesis. The remaining 27 proteins were downregulated and were considered to be associated with general cellular processes such as DNA replication and transcription, protein biosynthesis and protein processing, lipid and energy metabolism. From the proteomic data we conclude that furan‐FA is predominantly stored in lipid droplets thereby downregulating cellular metabolic activity and driving the cells into a state of rest.
On-the-fly extraction of hierarchical object graphs
Authors: de Brito Hugo , Marques-Neto Humberto Torres , Terra Ricardo , Rocha Henrique , Valente Marco Tulio
Published: September 2012

Reverse engineering techniques are usually applied to extract concrete architecture models. However, these techniques usually extract models that just reveal static architectures, such as class diagrams. On the other hand, the extraction of dynamic architecture models is particularly useful for an initial understanding on how a system works or to evaluate the impact of possible maintenance tasks. This paper describes an approach to extract hierarchical object graphs (OGs) from running systems. The proposed graphs have the following distinguishing features: (a) they support the summarization of objects in domains, (b) they support the complete spectrum of relations and entities that are common in object-oriented systems, (c) they support multithreading systems, and (d) they include a language to alert about expected (or unexpected) relations between the extracted objects. We also describe the design and implementation of a tool for visualizing the proposed OGs. Finally, we provide two case studies. The first study shows how our approach can contribute to understand the running architecture of two systems (myAppointments and JHotDraw). The second study illustrates how OGs can help to locate defective software components in the JHotDraw system.
Religion, Social Incorporation, and Civic Engagement: Second-Generation Indian American Christians
Authors: Kurien Prema
Published: September 2012

Recent studies have shown that participation in religious institutions facilitates the civic incorporation of contemporary immigrants. These studies have focused on either the immigrant generation or on the second generation. This paper contributes to the literature by showing how negotiations and disagreements between generations shape the civic engagement of multigenerational Christian congregations. The research is based on a study of congregations consisting of first- and second-generation immigrants belonging to the ancient Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Christian church based in Kerala, a state in south India. It shows how first- and second-generation Mar Thoma American conceptions regarding ethnic and religious identity and the social obligations mandated by religion were based on very different understandings about Christian worship, evangelism, social outreach, and their interrelationship. The immigrant generation's ideas were shaped by the doctrines and practices of the Mar Thoma denomination in India, whereas those of the second generation were influenced by nondenominational American evangelicalism. This paper focuses on the second generation and shows how they developed ideas of American identity and Christian obligation in interaction with and often in opposition to those of their parents’ generation, with the result that contradictory forces affected the civic engagement of these multigenerational congregations.
Micrometer and Nanometer Scale Photopatterning of Proteins on Glass Surfaces by Photo-degradation of Films Formed from Oligo(Ethylene Glycol) Terminated Silanes
Authors: Tizazu Getachew , el Zubir Osama , Patole Samson , McLaren Anna , Vasilev Cvetelin , Mothersole David J. , Adawi Ali , Hunter C. Neil , Lidzey David G. , Lopez Gabriel P. , Leggett Graham J.
Published: September 2012

Exposure of films formed by the adsorption of oligo(ethylene glycol) (OEG) functionalized trichlorosilanes on glass to UV light from a frequency-doubled argon ion laser (244 nm) causes photodegradation of the OEG chain. Although the rate of degradation is substantially slower than for monolayers of OEG terminated thiolates on gold, it is nevertheless possible to form micrometer-scale patterns by elective adsorption of streptavidin to exposed regions. A low density of aldehyde functional groups is produced, and this enables derivatization with nitrilotriacetic acid via an amine linker. Complexation with nickel enables the site-specific immobilization of histidine-tagged yellow and green fluorescent proteins. Nanometer-scale patterns may be fabricated using a Lloyd’s mirror interferometer, with a sample and mirror set at right angles to each other. At low exposures, partial degradation of the OEG chains does not remove the protein-resistance of the surface, even though friction force microscopy reveals the formation of patterns. At an exposure of ca. 18 J cm−2, the modified regions became adhesive to proteins in a narrow region ca. 30 nm (λ/8) wide. As the exposure is increased further the lines quickly broaden to ca. 90 nm. Adjustment of the angle between the sample and mirror enables the fabrication of lines of His-tagged green fluorescent protein at a period of 340 nm that could be resolved using a confocal microscope.
Cooling and freshening at 8.2 ka on the NW Iceland Shelf recorded in paired δ18O and Mg/Ca measurements of the benthic foraminifer Cibicides lobatulus
Authors: Quillmann Ursula , Marchitto Thomas M. , Jennings Anne E. , Andrews John T. , Friestad Birgitte F.
Published: September 2012

A shallow marine sediment core from NW Iceland provides evidence for a brief cooling and freshening at ~ 8200 cal yr BP, consistent with the hypothesis that the catastrophic outburst flood of the proglacial lakes Oijbway and Agassiz caused the 8.2 ka event. This is the first high-resolution record reconstructing near-surface temperatures and δ18Osw by paired measurements of Mg/Ca and δ18Ocalcite of a benthic foraminifer. We developed a new Mg/Ca temperature calibration for Cibicides lobatulus. Our down-core Mg/Ca derived temperature reconstruction dates the 8.2 ka cooling event between ~ 8300 cal yr BP and ~ 8100 cal yr BP, which is similar to the timing and 160-yr duration recorded in the Greenland ice cores. The near-surface temperature drop of ~ 3 to 5°C during the 8.2 ka event was accompanied by lighter δ18Osw values. Synchronously to the changes in the geochemical proxies, the percentages of two Arctic benthic foraminifers increased and the percent calcium carbonate decreased. Our record, combined with several others from the region, suggests that the freshwater outburst spread far from the source into the high-latitude North Atlantic. This freshwater input could have directly caused substantial high-latitude cooling, with reduced North Atlantic Deep Water formation amplifying the climatic impact.
An Approach to Ignatius
Authors: Moffatt James
Published: September 2012

Recent studies of Ignatius the bishop of Antioch have been fresh and varied, upon the whole. Some of his theological ideas have been reconsidered, as for example his conceptions of the Trinity by Jules Lebreton (Recherches de Science Religieuse, 1925, 97 f., 393 f.) and Loofs (Theophilus von Antiochien adversus Marcionem, 1930, 194 f.). His relation to the gnostic movement occupies H. Schlier's Religionsgeschichtliche Untersuchungen zu den Ignatiusbriefen (1929), and emerges in Lietzmann's Geschichte der Alten Kirche, I (1932, 251 f.) and Walter Bauer's Rechtgläubigkeit und Ketzerei im ältesten Christenthum (1934, 65 f.). The psychological interest crops up in Dr. Streeter's ingenious account of his attitude towards church-orders (The Primitive Church, 1929), while wider surveys are furnished by Dr. F. A. Schilling (Mysticism of Ignatius of Antioch, 1932) and Dr. Cyril Richardson (The Christianity of Ignatius of Antioch, 1935). These monographs represent an advance upon the old-fashioned practice of grouping Ignatius among the so-called ‘apostolic fathers,’ or of estimating him in the wake of a ‘mystical succession’ headed by the apostles Paul and John.
The Gild of Zeus Hypsistos
Authors: Roberts Colin , Skeat Theodore C. , Nock Arthur Darby
Published: September 2012

The text is written on a single sheet of papyrus cut from a roll; a join runs down the centre, and others are visible on either side. Top and sides of the sheet are more or less intact, but it is broken off at the foot and there is nothing to indicate its original height. We may perhaps assume that it would not be much over 30 cm., in which case anything up to fifteen lines of writing are now lost. The writing, which is along the fibres on the recto, is a rather large and loose cursive. The formation of the letters is haphazard, initial letters being not merely enlarged but often eccentrically so (e.g. the δ at the beginning of lines 12 and 18 and the λ of line 16). In addition the scribe was apt to let his pen run dry, making it necessary for him to re-write the last few letters when he had taken a fresh supply, so that in these passages the papyrus has somewhat the appearance of a palimpsest.
What Happens in Vegas: Hunter S. Thompson's Political Philosophy
Authors: VREDENBURG JASON
Published: September 2012

In the forty years since its publication, Hunter S. Thompson's most famous work, Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas, has received relatively little attention from scholars, in spite of its continuing popularity and acknowledged influence. Because the narrative is so thoroughly rooted in what Thompson called “this foul year of Our Lord, 1971,” the novel is generally approached (when it is discussed at all) as a historical artifact, a gonzo first draft of history, with its fortunes rising and falling with the counterculture of the 1960s. This article argues that Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas, far from being merely an epitaph for the 1960s, actually anticipates the more recent work of political theorists Giorgio Agamben, Michael Hardt, and Antonio Negri. Thompson's work, like Agamben's, concerns the emergence of the state of exception and the homo sacer as new paradigms for the relationship between citizen and state; and, like Hardt and Negri, Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas attempts to formulate a response to the emergence of global empire.
Gustav Killian: beyond his dehiscence
Authors: Prowse S J , Makura Z
Published: September 2012

For most doctors, Gustav Killian is best known for his eponymous pharyngeal dehiscence. Otorhinolaryngologists may also be familiar with his contributions to rhinology by way of his well-known incision and speculum. Few, however, will be aware of the true significance of his contributions to medicine. Killian was at the forefront of advances in ENT surgery at the turn of the twentieth century. From his early years to his revolutionary work on bronchoscopy and a narrowly missed Nobel Prize, this paper reviews the life and works of a most prolific and often overlooked surgical innovator.
Effective population size for South American sea lions along the Peruvian coast: the survivors of the strongest El Niño event in history
Authors: de Oliveira Larissa Rosa , Fraga Lúcia Darsie , Majluf Patricia
Published: September 2012

The South American sea lion,Otaria flavescens, has been considered vulnerable and under the threat of extinction in Peru due to the drastic demographic changes as a result of the impact of low food availability and the unusual timing of the severe El Niño event of 1997–1998. We present the first estimate of effective population size (Ne) for the species that takes into account the effects of mating system and variation in population size in different generations caused by the severe El Niño event of 1997–1998. The resultingNewas 7715 specimens. We believe that the estimatedNefor the Peruvian population is not a critical value, because it is higher than the mean minimum viable population generally accepted for vertebrates (ca. 5000 breeding adults). However, the viability ofO. flavescenson the Peruvian coast may depend primarily on local availability of food resources. Climatic change models predict stronger and more frequent El Niño events. In this sense, theNeof 7715 should be considered as a value to be maintained in order to keep the population large enough to avoid inbreeding or to retain adaptive genetic variation to survive to future El Niño events. Moreover, thisNeestimate is important data in discussions about resuming culling activities, based on the statement of an increasing competition between fishery activity and sea lions during El Niño events. Thus, thisNeshould be taken into account in future management plans to ensure the conservation of the species on the Peruvian coast.
Population abundance and body size of Calanus sinicus in marginal habitats in the coastal seas of south-eastern Hong Kong
Authors: Zhang G.-T. , Wong C.K.
Published: September 2012

The species range of Calanus sinicus along the Chinese coast extends from the Bohai Sea and the Yellow Sea in the north to the northern part of the South China Sea in the south. The subtropical seas along the southern coast of China mark the southern edge of the range of C. sinicus. In coastal seas off eastern Hong Kong, C. sinicus appears first in December, but densities comparable to those in the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea are reached only in January and February when temperature is <15°C. Density decreases in March as temperature increases. No individuals remain after May when temperature is >25°C. The average prosome length of females collected in February is comparable to that of females from the Yellow Sea, but females collected after mid-March are smaller than the smallest females from the Yellow Sea. Reproduction occurred mainly between January and March. Rapid decline of the population in April and the absence of a summer population suggest that the local population is derived from individuals advected from the north by ocean currents. Eggs produced locally probably did not hatch or develop into adults.
Reproductive biology of the land crab Cardisoma guanhumi (Decapoda: Gecarcinidae) in north-eastern Brazil
Authors: Shinozaki-Mendes Renata Akemi , Silva José Roberto Feitosa , Santander-Neto Jones , Hazin Fábio Hissa Vieira
Published: September 2012

The reproductive cycle of Cardisoma guanhumi was described from the analysis of seasonal variation of the gonadal maturation stages. The first maturity for both sexes was determined based on three different tests: inflexion point on the curve; relevant character (morphometry); and histological analysis (physiology). In addition, some aspects of sexual dimorphism for the population were studied. A total of 353 individuals caught in north-eastern Brazil between December 2006 and November 2007 were analysed. The sex-ratio was statistically equal (P ≥ 0.05) and the carapace width (CW) of the females ranged from 4.34 to 8.56 cm and of the males from 2.84 to 9.22 cm. Mature females with fully developed gonads begin to appear in the dry season (August) and ovigerous females occurred from November to February, suggesting that spawning occurs mainly during the rainy season. The CW of first sexual maturity for females ranged from 5.87 cm to 6.70 cm and males from 6.22 cm to 7.20 cm. The highest percentage of individuals caught were juveniles, indicating the need for a targeted effort to preserve the species.
Morphological differences associated with colour morphs of the auger snailHastula cinerea(Conoidea: Terebridae) from north-east Brazil
Authors: Molina Wagner Franco , de Lima Filho Paulo Augusto , Dantas Vivianne Fernandes Ribeiro , da Motta-Neto Clóvis Coutinho , Bertollo Luiz Antonio Carlos
Published: September 2012

Chromatic polymorphisms in shells may be associated with adaptive characteristics in molluscs. Colouring amongHastula cinereareveals different patterns in large aggregations of individuals. Although the impacts of temperature are considered critical in the intertidal region, selective effects associated with colouring inH. cinereashells, in addition to possible physiological consequences, remain an open issue. In this context,H. cinereais a viable evolutionary model for investigating selective processes related to chromatic polymorphism in shells given its abundance and biological characteristics. Individuals from the same population were classified into three groups according to shell colour: light, reddish and dark. They were then examined with regard to frequency of colour morphs and morphological patterns in each group. Reddish and light-coloured specimens were the most abundant, while those with dark coloration were less common and morphologically distinct from the first two colour morphs. Morphological differences in the anterior region of dark shells, which may be associated with movement ability and lower frequencies in these specimens, suggest possible selective effects on types that are less reflective to light in the intertidal zone.
Editorial: Looking Back
Authors: ASTON ELAINE
Published: September 2012

This is my final issue for Theatre Research International. Handing over to Charlotte Canning as Senior Editor and Paul Rae as Assistant Editor, I want to wish them every future success with the journal. At the same time, I would like to thank everyone involved in the journal over the last three years, from those who submitted articles to those who contributed invaluable, behind-the-scenes labour – the editorial board, books-reviewing team and peer reviewers. A special thanks to Cambridge University Press for the assistance they provided with all aspects of the production process – especially to James Carr who has overseen each and every issue during my term of office. Leaving the editorship of the journal, I am pleased to note its buoyant subscription and submission rates – its revenue, despite the global, economic recession, continues to rise, while the number of articles offered for review has doubled over the course of the last three years.
Spectatorship that Hurts: Socìetas Raffaello Sanzio as Meta-affective Theatre of Memory
Authors: TREZISE BRYONI
Published: September 2012

This article argues that the theatre of Socìetas Raffaello Sanzio constructs a meta-affective practice of spectatorship that engages with an ethics and politics of contemporary cultural memory. The promise of theatrical meta-affect can be found in the ontological surprise or rupture that enables feelings, if we understand them as the embodied archival trace of an affect, to be re-felt. In crafting an inversion of the mechanics of representation, Socìetas Raffaello Sanzio generate a particular affective dimension that remediates the function of affect as it works to empathically bind spectator subjectivities through relations of power to images of suffering others. This generates a form of spectatorship that hurts: morally, emotionally and physically.
On Immersive Theatre
Authors: WHITE GARETH
Published: September 2012

This article considers what might be implied in the term ‘immersive theatre’, asking what kinds of ‘interior’ audiences are invited to become immersed in. To facilitate my argument I draw on performances by two London-based theatre companies, Shunt and Punchdrunk, as examples of immersive theatre which use architectural interiors: extensive environments which audiences explore in order to find the performance, and sometimes to give performances themselves. I begin with a description of how these physical interiors and the audience member's movement through them becomes part of the dramaturgy of the work, before moving on to a critique of the term ‘immersive’. This critique is initially based on analysis of its metaphorical character, using an approach derived from cognitive linguistics, and is developed through Josephine Machon's (syn)aesthetics and Heidegger's phenomenological aesthetics.
Circus and Sumo: Tradition, Innovation and Opportunism at the Australian Circus
Authors: ARRIGHI GILLIAN
Published: September 2012

This article examines an early example of martial arts performance in Australia occasioned by the tour of – purportedly – the first team of sumo wrestlers to leave Japan. By examining the performances and reception of the Japanese sumo wrestlers against the backdrop of international political relations, which included the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–5, this study contributes to our understanding of the transnational circulation of the martial arts on popular stages, and to our understanding of the circus as a politically dynamic site that nurtured performative transnational encounters. The case of the sumo wrestlers reveals, furthermore, ways in which the popular stage of the circus worked to undermine negative racial stereotypes prevalent in Australia's homeland culture.
John Bartlet Brebner
Authors: Thistlethwaite Frank
Published: September 2012

The death of John Bartlet Brebner removes from the community of Anglo-American historical scholarship a beloved and respected figure who will be especially mourned in the British Association for American Studies, not only because many of us were fortunate enough to come within the circle of his friendship, but because he was, in a sense, the Association's prophet.

“Bart” Brebner was one of those rare individuals whose academic interests and personal career are so satisfyingly interwoven as to result, not only in sound learning, but in wisdom; and he was one of a very small number to acquire such stature in the field of North Atlantic history. Born a Canadian of Scottish ancestry, the son of the Registrar of Toronto University, he served during the 1914–18 War in the British Army. As an ex-serviceman, he went up to St. John's College, Oxford where he read history with G. N. Clark, rowed in the first eight, and saw something of the world of post-war London. After returning to the University of Toronto, one of a distinguished vintage, of young graduate students and lecturers which included Lester Pearson and D. G. Creighton, he joined the staff at Columbia University in 1927; and from this New York vantage point he mastered the broad sweep of Atlantic history.
Overcoming the Violent Past in Spain, 1939–2009
Authors: Sánchez León Pablo
Published: September 2012

Although part of a wider cultural and political phenomenon in world democracies, the revival movement on memory from traumatic past events has in the case of Spain strong contextual bearings. Drawing on the concept of ‘regimes of memory’, this article discusses two successive patterns of supply and demand of discourse and policies on memory from the end of the 1936–1939 Civil War to the beginning of the twenty-first century. Describing the rhetoric of ‘total victory’ under Franco's dictatorship, and later of ‘collective and shared guilt’ under democracy, it outlines a dialectics between hegemonic and non-hegemonic discourses on collective trauma that helps explain the rise and decline of regimes of memory in general, as well as the current orientation of public debates in Spain towards a new regime of memory based on a claim for ‘instituted remembrance’ of the traumatic past.
How Many Italies? Reconciliation, the Risorgimento and Italy's North South Divide
Authors: Davis John A.
Published: September 2012

Italy is a critical point of reference for studying the strengths and limits of strategies of reconciliation in divided European societies, one that demonstrates the validity of Iván Zoltán Dénes’ introductory comment that the presence of ‘divided, sometimes antagonistic, communities in officially unified nations seems to be the rule in Europe’.
Adopting the European Model versus National Egoism: The Task of Surpassing Political Hysteria
Authors: Dénes Iván Zoltán
Published: September 2012

Analysing the images of the self and the enemy of the two main kinds of political language in the post-communist countries of East Central European, this Hungarian case study shows the shift from personal liberty to social protection, from liberal democracy to a mixture of oligarchic and ochlocratic phenomena, from constitutional revolution to a search for forging collective identity, from individual universal human-rights discourse to collectivist, including ethnicist, public speech, and from establishing the constitutional bases of the new democratic political system to different political hysterias. Its ultimate question is how to surpass political hysteria through research into the ways and means of processing collective traumas.