bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chapter 11. Intertextuality as a means of positioning in a talk-show
Authors: Čmejrková Svĕtla , Hoffmannová Jana
Published: March 2014

The chapter examines the discourse of a Czech talk-show, an interview with the chairman of the Social Democratic Party of the Czech Republic. The twofold aim is to trace the process of mutual positioning in which both the host and the guest participate and to examine the role of intertextuality in the practices they use for this purpose. The interview is analyzed as an intertext built upon other texts, both external and internal to the current interaction: the host’s practices include allusions to voices coming from “outside”, as well as echoing the guest’s voices heard “inside” the interaction, and even reporting fictitious dialogues. We focus on the polyphony of voices arising in a talk-show and manipulative techniques used in the process of positioning.
Chapter 12. Rumour in the present Romanian press: Aspects of knowledge sources and their linguistic markers
Authors: Magda Margareta Manu
Published: March 2014

The focus of this chapter is public rumour as echoed in current Romanian press. We will mainly refer to journalistic discourse, in a monologic form. The illustrative texts are drawn from Internet sources. The theoretical framework of the discussion is represented by the discourse polyphony approaches of the Bakhtin – Ducrot – Nølke type. In the linguistic analysis I intend to highlight several aspects of the semantic field of rumour (well-represented in current Romanian language), the variety of introductive formulae for rumour in current journalistic language, the linguistic markers (evidentials) that journalists use in order to indicate their reserve or distance from a message or from a piece of information received from somebody else. If Romania could export its rumours, it would be wealthier than Germany. (Ken Jowitt, Dilema, 1995, 116: 9)
Chapter 13. Peritextual dialogue in the dynamics of poetry translatability
Authors: Ene Ana
Published: March 2014

This paper investigates translation-related problems when it comes to translating poetry. The paper examines a set of translations of a Romanian poem by various non-native (but proficient) speakers of English. I hypothesize that this poem is almost impossible to translate due to both lexical and cultural issues. In order to improve translatability, I suggest turning the peritext of the bi- or plurilingual poem editions into a dialogue with more actants.
Chapter 14. Voices through time in Meso-American textiles
Authors: Anaya Josefina
Published: March 2014

This paper interprets the Bakhtinian notion of polyphony regarding texts in the textiles of Meso-American women. Although this is not a detailed interpretation or decipherment of a text itself – as this would require knowledge from within indigenous parameters of the cosmological, cosmogonic and social visions of a culture foreign to the Western mentality – I present concepts of temporality implicit in the textiles, underscoring their continual inscription and re-inscription linked to the individual creativity of each weaver-wearer. I propose that Meso-American textiles are one of the last areas for ancient texts to take refuge. Once the former sites for texts were decimated – body surfaces, books, walls, rituals – textiles began to take on greater importance. They constitute a visible but silent space; their reading passes unnoticed through centuries. Their polyphony is based on the community’s continuous historic and cyclic re-inscription that adheres to strict norms, codes, and structures. At the same time, individual contribution marks the intertextuality of the text woven by Meso-American women.
Chapter 16. Dialogization, ontology, metadiscourse
Authors: Parpala Emilia Afana
Published: March 2014

The aim of this chapter is to challenge Bakhtin’s claim that poetry, as opposed to prose, is a monophonic discourse. I lean on the Romanian postmodern poets of the eighties, who intuitively noticed the universality of the relations between theory (semiotics, pragmatics) and literary practice. In the light of this isomorphism (Parpală 1994) it comes out that enunciation was preferred to utterance, the intertext to the text, and a description of the text’s production to its symbolic meaning. In order to illustrate this ontological “turn” I focus on the dialogization of the poetic enunciation by discussing ethos and reported discourse. It is interesting to see the interplay between enunciative heterogeneity, the text’s boundaries and the reader’s position.
Chapter 17. Ironic palimpsests in the Romanian poetry of the nineties
Authors: Popescu Carmen
Published: March 2014

No single theory of irony could be called universally relevant, as there are various ways of encoding ironic intent in a message. An unpredictable literary dynamics requires flexible concepts and sometimes eclectic approaches. Irony is primarily a communicative strategy. The challenge is to determine the specificity of ironic dialogism in a literary context. The corpus comprises a series of poems which display stylization and hybridization of sociolects and idiostyles, as well as explicit parodies of recognizable texts. I will analyse in detail a long, Menippean-like poem: Dear Comrades. A Speech by Nicolae Ceausescu, Allen Ginsberg and Janis Jopplin or a Requiem for the Sixties (1994), by Caius Dobrescu. In the context of a newly gained freedom of speech, Romanian poetry in the 1990s redefines the rhetoric of irony by foregrounding the controversy of ethos and the trope’s overlapping with parody and also with satire.
Chapter 18. Polyphony in interior monologues
Authors: Riccioni Ilaria , Zuczkowski Andrzej
Published: March 2014

Following the definition of ‘interior monologue’ (IM) given by Edouard Dujardin (1931), we analysed a corpus of novels (by Schnitzler, Joyce, Dostoevsky, Pirandello) in which this literary technique is used. We discovered that, although one of the conventional meanings of monologue is ‘discourse with one voice’, IMs reveal intrinsic dialogism among different voices. These voices come both from different ‘parts’ of the speaker and from others (imagined, internalized people). In this sense, IMs are polyphonic. We focus on the linguistic and communicative forms of IMs, on how people speak to themselves. The method used consists, mainly, of a qualitative, structural linguistic analysis. Passages taken from our corpus explain how polyphony works in IMs.
Dialogue
Authors: Weigand Edda
Published: March 2014

Decades ago André Martinet pointed to the crucial issue of theorizing when he distinguished between object and methodology and told us not to distort our natural object by methodological exigencies. A theory that approaches dialogue as it occurs in the stream of life will inevitably be a holistic adventure: starting from premises about the natural object and deriving from them an adequate methodology of representation. The complex whole in the end is human beings’ minds and their extraordinary ability of competenceinperformance. The paper first outlines the theoretical challenge of a holistic theory of dialogue. Premises about human beings’ actions and behaviour in complex surroundings are put forward and justified by recent findings in neuroscience. From them the methodology of principles of probability is derived. Second, different types of authentic examples are analysed in order to illustrate how human beings’ actions and behaviour can be described and explained in a holistic theory. Keywords:﻿﻿ theorizing; methodology; holism; competence-in-performance; dialogue; probability; justification; mind
Towards an inclusive notion of dialog for ethical and moral purposes
Authors: Létourneau Alain
Published: March 2014

Many (more or less) systematic recourses to dialog have developed, some with ethical and moral purposes, either in the ends of resolving differences among people, or to take a decision on a difficult issue. Here we look more closely at two such recourses, especially around the authors and dialog practitioners William Isaacs and Georges A. Legault, who have been working on those perspectives since the late 1970’s. While reconstructing their theoretical way of positioning dialogue, we see overlaps between those approaches, among which similar difficulties around negotiation and argumentation. Speaking of an inclusive approach aims at surmounting those difficulties, which calls for a closer look at a series of points that a theory of competence would have to treat for giving a good account of an “ethical dialogue”. Keywords: dialogue; ethics; morals; communication; negotiation; competence; argumentation; Isaacs; Legault
Dogmatic dialogue
Authors: Tracy Karen
Published: March 2014

This chapter examines an exchange that occurred among judges in one state supreme court through the texts that announced the court decision regarding the constitutionality of the state’s marriage law prohibiting same-sex couples from marrying. After describing the problem that appellate judges face when their Court makes a non-unanimous decision, providing background on U.S. society’s dispute about same-sex marriage, and overviewing the Andersen v. King County (2006) case, I describe a set of dogmatic-dialogic strategies that the justices used to represent the voices of their disagreeing colleagues. In the paper’s conclusion I argue why a dialogic-dogmatic style is a desirable, well-fitted response to the dilemma that judicial opinion-writers face.
Representing gender in parliamentary dialogue
Authors: Ilie Cornelia
Published: March 2014

To understand the emergence of gender roles in parliamentary interaction, it is useful to compare the ways in which female and male MPs use and misuse addressing strategies. Behaviours and interactional performances are interpreted in significant ways: by being acknowledged and appreciated, by being ignored, by being turned to ridicule.This chapter focuses on the gendered co-construction of institutional roles and power relationships in the UK Parliament and the Swedish Riksdag, and more specifically on: (1) how female and male MPs address each other during debates; (2) how (same-gender and mixed-gender) addressing strategies impact on interaction outcome; (3) how the effects of addressing strategies influence the ways in which female and male MPs are evaluated and reacted to. Keywords:﻿﻿ gender; parliamentary dialogue; addressing strategies; power; cross-cultural; master suppression techniques; UK Parliament; Swedish Riksdag
Dialogue as a truth-conveying discursive strategy
Authors: Grillo Eric
Published: March 2014

As this chapter shows, dialogue is the one among the discursive strategies we can engage in, that makes it possible to fulfill three requirements simultaneously: the ethical requirement, for we must trust the speaker; the logical one, for the proposition at issue must fit in some way or other with what we already think “things are”; and the relational one, for we must assent to it, that is, perform an act that makes it explicit that we will hereafter take it as a basis for our further conduct. To that extent, it might be assumed that it provides us with, if not the only one, at least with the best and shortest way to move from unacknowledged truth to mutual agreement.
Democracy and web-based dialogue
Authors: Teubert Wolfgang
Published: March 2014

On the background of the so-called Arab Spring, I discuss the issue of ‘civil society’ as postulated, for instance, by Jürgen Habermas and his concept of deliberative democracy. It is argued that his insistence on rationality and the need for an organised debate would ask for an arbiter limiting the democratic rights of participants. In reality, however, there has been little public dialogue in the public sphere of western societies. The surrogate debate offered by largely monopolised news media is hardly democratic, and before the arrival of the new medium internet, a debate involving all interested citizens did never evolve. There are some indications that newspaper blogs could become the forum for a public dialogue as a prerequisite of democracy, even though manipulation by interested parties could question their authenticity.
The metadiscourse of “voice”
Authors: Craig Robert T.
Published: March 2014

Discourse analysis of a sample of arguments about “voice” found in online searches supports tentative conclusions about the normative structure of this concept in ordinary metadiscourse. Centrally concerned with “voice” in the sense of “having voice” (legitimate participation) in a communicative process, the study finds that “voice” in ordinary metadiscourse: (1) is positively valenced; (2) implies a participation framework of principal/principle, agency, communicative process, and dialogized others; and (3) encounters pragmatic problems of legitimacy, strength, and identity that become topics of metadiscursive argumentation. A closer examination of arguments about legitimacy finds that voices are rhetorically (de)legitimized through appeals to (a) abstract principles, (b) personal (un)worthiness, and (c) beneficial or harmful consequences. Keywords:﻿﻿ Metadiscourse; voice; argumentation; participation framework; normative valence; legitimation; internet discourse; pragmatics
Representation, re-presentation, presentation, and conversation
Authors: Krippendorff Klaus
Published: March 2014

In this paper I will examine several prototypical examples of “representations” to shed light on what this common conception actually entails. I will argue that experientially verifiable representations are extremely rare and that their use as metaphors for what language supposedly does is epistemologically misleading and serves at best discourse communities that seek to prevent their members from realizing their involvement in the phenomenon they talk of. To avoid such undifferentiated uses, I am suggesting to replace “representation” by “re-presentation” (making present again), by “presentation” (creating present realities or illustrations in narratives) or by the coordination of understanding in conversations. This is a shift from correspondence theories of truths via coherence theories of truths to viable conversational practices of living. Keywords:﻿﻿ representations; maps; symptoms; conversations; appropriating the voices of others; discourse
On the representation of a dialogue with God
Authors: Douyère David
Published: March 2014

Mystical dialogue would seem to elude analysis, in that there are no witnesses. Catherine of Siena, a 14th-century Dominican “tertiary”, revealed her mystical experience to her confessor and secretaries, who set down her account and edited The Dialogue of Divine Providence, constructing a representation of the phenomenon based on what she told them. “A soul” (that of Catherine) engages in an exchange with God. He desires a renewal of His Church, and invites the world to take up a dialogue with Him. Is this a case of “ventriloquy”? No. This is God expressing Himself, in dialogue with a mystic. For us, the representation of this dialogue with God contains an “invention of the Other”. Keywords: dialogue; mysticism; Christianity; ventriloquy; communication
Where is dialogue in classroom discussion?
Authors: Muller Heidi L.
Published: March 2014

Is dialogue a productive normative ideal for facilitating engaged classroom discussion? Using the theoretical discourse of dialogue as a lens through which to reflexively examine and reconstruct three cases of IFCCD (instructor facilitated collegiate classroom discussion), two classrooms are analyzed as being constructed through two different versions of dialogic discussion while the third is analyzed as being constructed through the talk of the expert-novice dialectic. Dialogue is found to be an informative lens through which to theorize IFCCD and both dialogue and dialectic are considered as practically useful ideals for instructors to enact in talk as a means of managing the experienced dilemmas of the communication practice of IFCCD. Emergent findings and instructional implications of the study are also addressed.
Dialogue entries and exits
Authors: Ducard Dominique
Published: March 2014

Starting from pragmatic models of communication inspired by philosophy (K.O. Apel, F. Jacques, P. Ricoeur), I approach the question of dialogue by reference to the theorization of language activity according to the linguistics of enunciative operations (A. Culioli). Expounding a system of metalinguistic representation focused on the key concepts of assertion and commitment led me to present a schematization of the discursive space of discussion, by means of an oriented graph. This topological standpoint meant that exchanges in dialogue, with its entrances and exits, could be simulated. The analysis of a debate between two economists on a subject about which they disagree is used to illustrate the theoretical premise. The ethics of dialogue thus no longer resides in a transcendental instance but in the very exercise of speech, in the listening to oneself and to the other.
Contribution-Representation-Subordination as conversational patterns
Authors: Fauré Bertrand , Arnaud Nicolas
Published: March 2014

Building on Weick and Roberts (1993) initial distinction between three interactional patterns (Contribution, Representation, Subordination), this paper explores how collective minding (Cooren, 2004) could be manifested – and potentially performed or enacted – even during day to day interactions – or routines – in the workplace. Analysing a telephone exchange selected among a voluminous corpus of recorded interactions occurring during the routines of inter-organizational relationships (the delivery process in the French furniture sector), we present a model of conversational patterns likely to be involved in the manifestation of collective minding. We then discuss the implication of this analysis for current controversies in organizational communication theories (Cooren 2006; McPhee, Myers & Trethewey 2006). Keywords:﻿﻿ collective mind(ing); dialogue/conversation/interaction analysis; Inter-firm collaboration; organizational communication
On the possibility of rhetoric as a dialogical guide for practical reason(ing)
Authors: Lima Katia A.
Published: March 2014

We examine the view of rhetoric as responsible persuasive argumentation, i.e. a conception of it fundamentally based on dialogue which emphasizes the vital circularity (non-vicious but rather constructive) between logos (reasoning), pathos (affectivity) and ethos (character), yet, pointing to the very communicative role and self-reflexivity of human language. We stress that the balance of such a critical cycle is precisely what allows a rational ethos to flourish in argumentation so as to make of us moral beings at all. We thus attempt to contribute for giving plausible answers to old and, yet, increasingly relevant ethical questions such as: What is this we call practical reason(ing)? Can we significantly articulate a conception of its excellence (i.e. practical wisdom) in the dynamic dialogical context of human language? As we try to answer these questions, we come to realize that the moral restriction of rhetoric to reflective and responsible argumentation is richly empowering rather than limiting, given that as an ethical practice it can go where neither reason nor emotions alone are able to reach. Moreover, as rhetoric is the very art of discourse in action, we defend that Discourse Ethics provides us with a new paradigm for also taking it as a dialogical guide for practical reason(ing) itself.
The role of the moving image in the representation of a sensible dialogue between users and space
Authors: Faure Anne
Published: March 2014

Contemporary Western architecture occasionally seeks help from the visual arts. This relationship, which at times can be very intense, allows for hybrids that transform our perception of architecture. The encounter between the academic disciplines in this regard becomes a tool of perception that creates a dialogue between the observer and the built environment. We use the moving image and more specifically, digital video in order to create this dialogue. The juxtaposition of images through collages and montages acts as a “trigger” of ideas that enable us to create interpretations that remain sensitive to space. Keywords: perception; moving image; representation; collage; dialogue
Evidential information represented in dialogue
Authors: Czerwionka Lori
Published: March 2014

This article presents an analysis of the representation of evidential information in Spanish dialogues. Evidential information is defined as the source of the information communicated. Specifically, the representation of implicit and explicit sources of information is investigated in 28 dialogues that were produced in open-ended role-plays. A qualitative approach to dialogue analysis, supported by quantitative data, indicates that patterns of coherence and fragmentation align with implicit and explicit evidential information. Findings reveal that evidential information is represented in Spanish dialogues through the dialogic process. Degrees of coherence and fragmentation not only describe how dialogues are organized but, also, serve to represent the speaker’s cognitive details, as in this case of evidential information.
Dialogues between two pupils during the process of writing a fictional story
Authors: Calil de Oliveira Eduardo E.
Published: March 2014

This study pertains to the field of studies on Textual Genetics and Enunciation Linguistics and is aimed at analyzing the forms of representation of verbal erasures occurring during the writing process of a story made up by two Brazilian pupils (7 years old). Having assumed “haphazardness” and “dialogism” as the central phenomena of this process, I relate verbal erasure to the points of tension that emerge during the dialogal text established by the pupils as they discuss and write the story. The haphazardness and dialogism typical of the enunciative action are related to the writers’ returns over what was said, and the verbal erasure is testimony of the subjective positions that singularize both the writing process and their school text. Keywords:﻿﻿ school; dialogue; writing; narrative; haphazardness; dialogism; erasure
1 . Speaking professionally in an L2
Authors: Mauranen Anna
Published: March 2014

The fastest-growing use of globalised English is among speakers for whom it is not a first language, that is, English used as a lingua franca (ELF). To keep up with the developments of the language in such varying circumstances poses a challenge to research: how can we access reliable data that captures new directions in this expanding use of English? How should we go about securing enough data in a new area of language use, where variability is highly unpredictable, and change is likely to be fast? Clearly, corpus methods have a lot to offer in teasing out the big picture and emergent patterning from the bewildering detail that small-scale studies easily drown themselves in. ELF has established itself particularly in two important and influential inherently highly international domains: science and business. Both are high-stakes domains where language plays an important role. It makes sense to pay close attention to the ways English works in them and how it takes shape. This paper looks into the scientific sphere, and draws on the experience of compiling and analysis of the first ELF corpus, comprising academic speech (ELFA: www.eng.helsinki.fi/elfa). It will tackle issues of data selection, relevance, and meaningful combinations of analytical methods.
4. Using grammatical tagging to explore spoken/written variation in small specialized corpora
Authors: Crawford Camiciottoli Belinda
Published: March 2014

This paper illustrates an application of grammatical tagging as a methodological tool for the investigation of small specialized corpora. A contrastive analysis was performed on two tagged corpora that represent genres used for the purpose of financial disclosure: spoken earnings presentations and written earnings releases. The analysis focused on two key features that could be studied systematically and comprehensively thanks to grammatical tagging: lexical density and evaluative adjectives. The results revealed interesting differences between the two corpora that appeared to be influenced by mode, interactional setting, and role/status of speakers and writers. The study shows how grammatical tagging offers new ways to integrate quantitative and qualitative methods in order to better understand discourse used in specific communicative contexts.
5. Exploring regional variation in Italian question intonation
Authors: Savino Michelina
Published: March 2014

This paper reports on the intonation analysis of yes-no questions in 15 regional varieties of Italian. The study has been carried out on a section of the CLIPS corpus consisting of a collection of Map Task dialogues of Northern, Central, and Southern accents estimated as representative of Italian regional variation. Results show that, contrary to what generally assumed in the literature, the most widespread intonation pattern for questions is rising-falling (not falling-rising), and the distribution of the rising-falling and falling-rising contour types across varieties is not regionally conditioned. Interestingly, for some varieties a different yes-no question intonation was found than in previous studies based on laboratory speech only. These findings confirm the fundamental importance of speaking style when analysing Italian intonation (especially where questions are involved), and make it clear that attention needs to be paid to elicitation methodology when acquiring/building corpora of spoken Italian with the aim of investigating intonation.
6. Estonian emotional speech corpus
Authors: Altrov Rene , Pajupuu Hille
Published: March 2014

The Estonian Emotional Speech Corpus was created as an acoustic basis for synthesis of emotional speech. The present state of the Corpus enables an assessment of the choices made for its underlying theoretical model: whether it was justified to use non-acted speech and whether a difference has been established between the sentences where emotion is carried by voice only and those where sentence content may have influenced emotion identification.
7. Using movie corpora to explore spoken American English
Authors: Forchini Pierfranca
Published: March 2014

Face-to-face and movie conversation are usually claimed to differ: the first is often described as the quintessence of spontaneity, whereas the second as the quintessence of artificiality. In fact, there are few empirical studies that demonstrate this and, in spite of what is generally maintained by the literature, empirical data, which are investigated here by applying Biber’s (1988) Multi-Dimensional approach, prove that the involved production typical of face-to-face conversation also characterizes movie conversation. This resemblance has interesting implications for the teaching of spoken discourse, as movies may be effectively used as a valid source of material. The present research also illustrates an experiment with 3rd year Italian students of English that proves this potentiality especially in the learning of elisions, blends, repetitions, false starts, reformulations, discourse markers, and interjections.
9. Variation in the language of London newspapers
Authors: Fries Udo
Published: March 2014

This paper discusses the possibilities for research with the Zurich English Newspaper Corpus (ZEN) and ways of expanding this corpus. The usefulness of and the problem with text classes is shown. The text class Foreign News was the most prominent one in the early 18th century. The empirical study deals with a special collection of newspapers within the ZEN Corpus, the papers of January 1701. Six newspapers are examined and some aspects of variation (morphological and text-linguistic) are investigated. The need of newspaper corpora of the same month is shown with a comparison of the same topic in different papers. Besides the study of grammatical variation, this will give – ­linguistic – answers to a classification of early English newspapers.
11. Justificatory arguments in writing on art
Authors: Tucker Paul
Published: March 2014

In The Uses of Argument (1958) Toulmin illustrated the concepts of field-invariant/dependent argumentation citing, among others, the discourse of art criticism, without specifying in detail how this instantiates the model there presented. This chapter tests the model’s applicability to aesthetic discourse by examining a small historical corpus of exhibition reviews. The analysis shows that, as prescribed by the model, claims are there supported by arguments whose relevance is underwritten by warrants, though mostly these are tacitly invoked. It further reveals synchronic and diachronic variation in the kind of warrant invoked, in apparent correspondence to a historical shift in the kind of statement prevalently used to make aesthetic claims.
13. The difference a word can show
Authors: Vičič Šarolta Godnič
Published: March 2014

This paper explores discoursal change in research article abstracts in tourism studies. Based on a corpus of research article abstracts published over a span of thirty years in three prominent academic journals, changes in the patterns of use of the demonstrative ‘this’ are investigated. Findings show that it is increasingly used with a narrow range of lexical items which seem to signal change in the way authors introduce their research to the discourse community and persuade readers to continue to read the research article.
15. A corpus-based analysis of some time-related aspects of contemporary Japanese
Authors: Tanomura Tadaharu
Published: March 2014

Corpora with temporal information enable us to observe and analyze time-related aspects of language. Here we will discuss two types of such case studies involving the Japanese language. In the first half of the article, we will analyze diachronic changes of the grammar and expressions of contemporary Japanese based upon the texts of the minutes of the National Diet of Japan. In the second half, we will use texts of daily newspapers in order to observe the ways in which the use of vocabulary items may change during the course of the year.
1. A continuum of approaches to dialogue
Authors: Rodríguez-Alfano Lidia
Published: March 2014

Following a process of Derridean de-construction, this study reviews fundamental concepts and recent definitions of ‘dialogue’, which posit a simple polarity between micro and macro perspectives. Both are mutually rejected by proponents of opposing approaches as being ‘restricted’, ‘dispersive’ and ‘diffuse’. Instead, after reviewing proposals from Bakhtin, Benveniste, Halliday, Linell and Weigand, a continuum of epistemological functions is proposed, specifying different approaches to studies of dialogue. ‘Dialogue’ is then defined by its complexity and its mutual relationship to a multiplicity of relevant contexts. Thus, micro and macro perspectives become equally valid.
3. Being polite through irony
Authors: Padilla García Xosé A. , Alvarado-Ortega M. Belén
Published: March 2014

This chapter examines irony and politeness in spoken Spanish utterances, two phenomena that have traditionally been considered contradictory. However, through the application of a pragmatic approach to spontaneous discourse, politeness and irony are found to be very close phenomena and irony can even be considered a strategy to produce politeness. Most researchers have studied ‘prototypical irony’; i.e., non-polite or negative irony. On the contrary, non-prototypical (positive) irony is examined to show that politeness can be present. Our study is part of a wider research agenda by the GRIALE group that looks at markers that help the listener recognize the ironic meaning.
4. Humor in verbal irony
Authors: Kalbermatten María Isabel
Published: March 2014

This chapter aims to show that irony in conversation may have a humorous effect as a result of the perception of the incompatibility or incongruity between two simultaneous ‘readings’ or interpretations, following current linguistic theories of verbal humor that submit that a humorous text is characterized by the simultaneous presence of two incongruent and incompatible readings. The discursive analysis of excerpts from seven spontaneous conversations shows empirically that the incongruity or incompatibility between what speakers say and what they really mean in instances of verbal irony can not only make the audience laugh but also can lead to other humorous turns or interrupt the conversation.
6. The truth about verdad
Authors: Esteban Hernández José , Solís Beatriz
Published: March 2014

Speech data are used to analyze the discursive uses of verdad, which differ from the more conventional syntactic functions as subject and object within the noun phrase. We show that speakers use verdad as a marker that enables the organization and flow of discourse. As a discursive strategy, verdad – as well as its phonologically reduced variants (verdá and vedá) – have developed innovative ways of encoding epistemic modality. The marker can take an inferential role in situations that imply a certain degree of speaker deduction. In other contexts, verdad takes on a corroborative role, allowing the speaker to communicate a higher degree of certainty on the information being shared. The present analysis illustrates the way that markers can encode the different degrees of certainty that the speaker attributes to the propositional load.
8. Dialogue in the dynamics of political practice
Authors: Bolívar Adriana
Published: March 2014

An approach to dialogue is presented that combines Conversational Analysis, the study of evaluation in discourse, and a critical interactionist perspective. The research concentrates on the changes that Venezuelan dialogue has undergone in the last ten years, beginning especially with President Hugo Chávez’s government. The focus of the analysis is on conflictive moments and the social actors that participate in the macro-dialogue. Dialogue is examined along four broad dimensions: the dialogue between presidents and the Venezuelan people at the moment of inauguration; the dialogue between President Chávez and his followers and opponents; the polarization between opponents and followers who evaluate the exchanged insults during the most conflictive moments; and the conflictive dialogue extended to the international level.
10. A discourse analysis of Alzheimer-type dementia in personal conversations
Authors: Valles-González Beatriz
Published: March 2014

This chapter shows the results of a study aimed at increasing our knowledge of the use of conversational repairs by dementia patients and their healthy interlocutors in order to build discourse coherence and cohesion. A qualitative study of the conversation and the use of repairs by both speakers was performed. Results show that the healthy interlocutor used indirect repairs in order to maintain the coherence of the speech. Both speakers used self-repairs and other-repairs to overcome the difficulties regarding cohesion. These findings are important for analyzing the dementia patients’ language from a discursive perspective and suggest the need to review the linguistic assessment models that are currently used.
11. Triadic discourse
Authors: Hensey Fritz G.
Published: March 2014

Interpreters of bilingual/bicultural interactions assume several overlapping communicative and social roles. Formal verbal exchanges in legal and healthcare settings are characterized by question-and-answer scripts. The meaning of these mediated messages, as relayed by the interpreter, reflects linguistic, cultural, contextual and institutional considerations. Adapting Wadensjö’s model of dialog interpreting to U.S. practices, the interpreter operates both as a transmitter of messages and as a communications coordinator. The former role treats utterances as parallel texts to be translated, while the latter considers the dialogue as a mediated interpersonal transaction. These concepts are applied to authentic samples of interpreted discourse and offer an overview of the legal, ethical and professional constraints to which interpreters are subject.
12. Behind L2 pragmatics
Authors: Koike Dale
Published: March 2014

This study argues for expectations as a basis for L2 production/interpretation of speech acts and implicatures in talk. It examines the role of expectations in pragmatic expression/interpretation in NS-learner dialogue, and whether expectations can be used to approach L2 study. Two Spanish learners were recorded in individual interactions with an unfamiliar NS while abroad. Analysis reveals that expectations by all participants guided pragmatic expressions/interpretation. The NS was able to adjust expectations to the reality of the talk quickly while the learners delayed but did change to achieve greater communicative efficiency, including variation of speech acts, implicatures and use of pragmatic markers. These observations suggest benefits from examining various expectations to frame pragmatics use/interpretation in natural dialogue.
Voice onset time across the generations
Authors: Nagy Naomi , Kochetov Alexei
Published: March 2014

We investigate Voice Onset Time (VOT) of voiceless stops in conversational speech in a transitional bilingual context. We examine the speech of three generations of bilinguals whose Heritage Language (HL) is one of three European languages (Italian, Russian, or Ukrainian) and who also speak English. The data are extracted from recordings of sociolinguistic interviews conducted in Toronto that are contained in the Heritage Language Documentation Corpus (Nagy 2009). We examine word-initial /p, t, k/ in stressed syllables before /a/ and /o/ (~150 tokens per speaker), produced by 18 individuals representing three to five generations of speakers in each language. Unlike in English, voiceless stops in Italian, Russian, and Ukrainian are realized with a short lag VOT, defined as < 30 ms. Comparison of the HL patterns to previously published results on the VOT of monolingual speakers of these languages and monolingual speakers of English illustrates contact-induced influence: across the generations, the VOT of these speakers drifts away from the monolingual short lag toward the long lag of English for Russian and Ukrainian. Puzzlingly, the cross-generational change is (slightly) in the opposite direction for Italian. We discuss possible reasons for these different outcomes as well as contrasting them with the lack of cross-generational change found in analyses of pro-drop in the same corpus.
Investigating second language pronunciation
Authors: O’Brien Mary Grantham
Published: March 2014

Pronunciation that deviates from native norms – what many refer to as a ‘foreign accent’ – in second and additional languages acts an immediate marker. It has been shown to negatively affect attitudes toward the speaker in question. Native speakers of a given language are tuned in to accents, and research has shown that all but the youngest second language learners acquire accented speech. This contribution focuses primarily on the methodological and theoretical issues surrounding investigations of pronunciation in a second language from the perspective of both the speaker and the listener. The notions of foreign accent, intelligibility and comprehensibility are explored, and current research in second language pronunciation and pronunciation training are presented.
Two gender systems in one mind
Authors: Rodina Yulia , Westergaard Marit
Published: March 2014

This study investigates the simultaneous acquisition of two different grammatical gender systems by Norwegian-Russian children. The main difference between the two languages is transparency of gender assignment: Gender is relatively predictable in Russian, while it is more or less idiosyncratic in Norwegian. We also focus on the effect of parental input in terms of one or two Russian-speaking parents. Semi-spontaneous production data from twelve bilingual children are compared to data from nine Norwegian and fourteen Russian monolingual children. The comparison reveals that both transparency and the amount of parental input in the minority language have an effect on the acquisition of grammatical gender.
Selfing and othering through categories of race, place, and language among minority youths in Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Authors: Cornips Leonie , de Rooij Vincent A.
Published: March 2014

This is the first study of processes of selfing and othering by speakers of a non-standard variety of Dutch. The group studied consists of young men in the Dutch city of Rotterdam who self-identify as Surinamese while having only very limited proficiency in what is considered their heritage language, Sranan. Applying a synthesis of principles and concepts from various semiotic approaches to the study of identification processes (Baumann 2004, Bucholtz & Hall 2005, Gal & Irvine 1995), it is shown that the youngsters in this study interweave categories of language, race, and place in assembling constantly changing multi-leveled identities that help to construct self and other. We will analyze the indexical workings of these interwoven categories and show how the constantly re-defined segmenting of these categories enables speakers to authenticate or denaturalize groups and individuals in changing discursive contexts.
Multilingualism and identity
Authors: Krumm Hans‐Jürgen
Published: March 2014

How do migrants integrate the languages they experience and acquire during their migration into their linguistic identities? From a sociolinguistic perspective it is important to see which communication spaces and which communication roles can be taken by the migrants themselves and which are open to them because of the power structures of the societies they live in respectively. Language portraits and biographical interviews help to see which dispositions and attitudes develop, which linguistic heritage is structuring the identity change during the migration process.
Ethnolect studies in the German and the Netherlandic area
Authors: Muysken Pieter , Rott Julian A.
Published: March 2014

This paper compares the research on ethnolects in two regions of Europe, the German (Germany, Austria, and Switzerland) and Netherlandic (Flanders and the Netherlands) speaking areas. We compare the research on this topic with the social constellations (immigration) and political debate (public perceptions of and reactions to this immigration) in the context of which these outcomes are produced and interpreted.
The delicate search for language in spaces
Authors: Breckner Ingrid , Peukert Hagen , Pinto Alexander
Published: March 2014

Multilingualism comes to the fore in most European metropolitan areas as a common characteristic. The dimensions of multilingualism are manifold and each of them constitutes itself rather unpredictably in a certain spatial setting. The interplay between the specifics of urban space and language are hardly explored from a sociological view. In urban sociology it is important to know how exactly a particular space appeals to multilingualism or vice versa and under which conditions and causes space and language intertwine. The explorative study at hand makes an attempt for a methodological framework uniting linguistic landscaping, usage structures, and qualitative interviews. We argue here that linguistic landscaping and usage structures would at least support the design of the interview. In a best-case scenario, however, they enable us to carry out a large-scale investigation.
The management of multilingualism in a city-state
Authors: Leimgruber Jakob R.E.
Published: March 2014

Language policy in Singapore exists against a background of large diversity, a diversity that has been present in the city-state ever since its founding, and which is manifest both in ethnic and in linguistic terms. The government deals with this diversity in several ways: firstly, in giving recognition to the three major ethnic groups (Chinese, Malays, and Indians) by assigning them an official language (Mandarin, Malay, and Tamil, respectively), and secondly, by endorsing English as the main working (and educational, administrative, governmental, etc.) language of the country. Further policies include the demotion of varieties without official status: specifically non-Mandarin varieties of Chinese and Singlish, the local English vernacular. This paper explores these policies and the reasons that motivated them.
Multilingual communication in Hamburg
Authors: Redder Angelika
Published: March 2014

This paper addresses societal multilingualism from an interactional perspective. Evidenced by empirical data, the monolingual habitus of a city such as Hamburg turns out to crumble from the borderlines of interactive frames particularly in non-institutional settings. Thus, openness for different kinds of pragmatic insertions and borrowings as well as purpose-based language mixing will be strengthened.
Current research on language transfer
Authors: Cummins Jim
Published: March 2014

This paper reviews research on cross-linguistic transfer in order to highlight its relevance for current educational policies relating to language teaching and the development of plurilingualism. The review focuses three controversial issues: (a) bilingual education, (b) language use at home among minority group students, and (c) instructional use of students’ home language in teaching second languages. Many bilingual education and second language teaching programs have assumed that student’s two languages should be kept rigidly separate in order to minimize interference between languages. Similarly, many policy-makers have assumed that the achievement of minority group students would improve if parents were to switch to the majority language in the home, thereby removing the negative influence of the home language. These assumptions are disputed in this paper on the grounds that extensive empirical research supports the reality of positive transfer across languages. This cross-lingual transfer explains why students in bilingual programs or those who use a minority language in their homes do not suffer adverse academic effects despite less exposure to the majority language. Bilingual instructional strategies are suggested as an important pedagogical tool to promote proficiency in two languages.
Multilingual education in India
Authors: Mohanty Ajit
Published: March 2014

A double divide between English, the vernaculars or the regional dominant languages, and tribal minority languages characterizes Indian multilingualism. In India, multiple languages complement each other in meeting the communicative needs of people and, hence, education must necessarily foster multilingual proficiency in the languages of functional significance. However, the common school programs in India offer only nominal forms of multilingual education. Nature and implications of the linguistic double divide for educational failure of tribal children due to their language disadvantage in schools in a dominant language are analyzed. Recent programs of mother tongue based multilingual education in India to overcome the language barrier for the tribal mother tongue children and their limitations in rising above the linguistic discrimination are discussed.
Measuring success when English isn’t your native language
Authors: Ricento Thomas
Published: March 2014

Because of the power and international status of English, and because of real or perceived pressures to ‘assimilate’ persons from non-English speaking cultural backgrounds, educators in English-dominant countries are likely to have a primary focus on the academic achievement of learners based on monolingual (English) standards and benchmarks. ‘Success’ in educational contexts is likely to reflect the common sense view “the more English, as early as possible, the better the outcome”, which, while intuitively logical, is not supported by the best available research on the acquisition of English by K-12 English language learners. In fact, the research of language acquisition scholars strongly suggests that monolingually-normed approaches to pedagogy and assessment with linguistically diverse student populations in North America are detrimental to their academic achievement.