bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Private Tuition: High Stakes and Thorny Issues
Authors: Yahiaoui Habib
Published: June 2020

Private tuition or shadow education is a self-contained activity. It is a system that exists parallel to the national education system. The scale of private tuition has witnessed a worldwide skyrocketing increase. The present research sheds light on the determinants that lead to the demand/ supply of private tuition. It examines the issue from the perspectives of the tutors, the tutees and the parents. The stratified sample in the study represents the population of JamaleddineElafghani Secondary School Mascara. The research tools utilised are a questionnaire to the learners, an interview to both the parents and the teachers and observation of sessions of PT to have a complete image of the situation under study. The results demonstrate that the national education system inadequacies like high stake examination, inexperience teachers and large classes have a great impact on the widespread of this phenomenon. The recommendation we suggest is regulating and thus harnessing this activity, or finding an alternative.
COVID-19/CATCH-22
Authors: van der Meij P.P.J. (Patrick)
Published: June 2020

COVID-19/CATCH-22. Besmettingsgevaar en voorlopige hechtenis

Er is veel af te dingen op de Nederlandse praktijk van de voorlopige hechtenis. Het wettelijk systeem kent veel voorwaarden en nuances die ten onrechte de indruk wekken dat een verdachte niet zomaar in voorlopige hechtenis wordt genomen of gehouden. Die kritiek op de voorlopige hechtenis klinkt nog luider nu noodverordeningen zijn afgekondigd vanwege het besmettingsgevaar van het coronavirus. De rechters die over de voorlopige hechtenis en het voortduren daarvan oordelen, lijken in tegenstelling tot de ernst van de situatie vooralsnog weinig toeschietelijk in het honoreren van schorsingsverzoeken.
Religion im öffentlichen Raum
Authors: de Maiziére Thomas
Published: June 2020

Mit dem 13. Band der Leipziger Vorträge zu Recht und Politik wird die Antrittsvorlesung von Prof. Dr. Thomas de Maizière an der Universität Leipzig veröffentlicht. Dieser Beitrag des Bundestagsabgeordneten und ehemaligen Bundesministers widmet sich dem Staatskirchenrecht. Nach einer einführenden Darstellung der Grundlagen der Thematik werden auch aktuelle Beispiele zum Thema Religion im öffentlichen Raum beleuchtet. Die Themen werden dabei nicht nur rechtlich behandelt: Aufgrund seiner langjährigen Tätigkeit in Legislative und Exekutive kennt Prof. Dr. Thomas de Maizière auch die politischen Probleme, die aus dem Zusammenwirken zwischen Staat und Religion folgen.
Common Ownership im Wettbewerbsrecht
Authors: Seitz Natalie
Published: June 2020

Die wachsende Bedeutung institutioneller Investoren führt zu einer zunehmenden Verflechtung von konkurrierenden Unternehmen über Minderheitsbeteiligungen ihrer Anteilseigner. Diese Verflechtungsstrukturen und ihre möglichen negativen Auswirkungen auf den Wettbewerb werden seit Kurzem unter dem Schlagwort „Common Ownership“ diskutiert.

Die Arbeit bietet einen Gesamtüberblick über die wettbewerbsrechtlichen Aspekte von Common Ownership. Ausgehend vom Stand der ökonomischen Forschung werden zunächst mögliche wettbewerbsbeeinträchtigende Wirkmechanismen untersucht. Anschließend werden die Verflechtungsstrukturen anhand des deutschen und europäischen Wettbewerbsrechts beurteilt sowie Regulierungsvorschläge und weitere Lösungsansätze analysiert.
Matthias Koeppel
Authors: Döhl Ellen
Published: June 2020

Wie wird man Künstler und wie schafft man es, ein Leben lang Künstler zu bleiben? Der Berliner Matthias Koeppel widmet sein Leben der Malerei und dem Verfassen lyrisch-literarischer Texte. Von der abstrakten Malerei kommend, wird er zum Mitbegründer der Künstlergruppe „Die Schule der Neuen Prächtigkeit“. Im Schutz dieser Vereinigung gelingt es ihm, an der Etablierung des Neuen Realismus mitzuwirken. Koeppel entwickelt sich zu einem humorigen narrativen Maler, der Brechts Methode der Verfremdung aufgreift, um auf gesellschaftliche Missstände hinzuweisen. Auch das „Starckdeutsche“ nutzt der Künstler als Transportmittel für seine Kritik. Im vorliegenden Band wird die Betrachtung von Koeppels Lebensweg durch Bildanalysen und Interviews abgerundet.
THE CONSTRUCTION OF INDONESIAN MUSLIMS AND ISLAM IN AUSTRALIAN NEWSPAPERS: A CORPUS-ASSISTED CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS
Authors: Al Fajri Muchamad Sholakhuddin
Published: June 2020

This study aims to investigate the discursive representation of Indonesian Muslims in the Australian press by employing a methodological synergy of corpus linguistics and critical discourse analysis. It analyses two different corpora of Australian newspapers from two different periods (2002-2006 and 2012-2016). Keyword and collocation analyses were used to reveal recurrent patterns or dominant discourses of Indonesian Muslims. Concordances were then investigated to analyse the data more qualitatively. The findings suggest that dominant discourses around Indonesian Muslims in the Australian newspapers are related to terrorism and extremism and they have not undergone a dramatic shift over the last 15 years. It then can be argued that the media representations of Muslims in Indonesia, a country that is not involved in major conflict and wars, are still primarily negative. While the Australian newspapers canonically portray Indonesian Muslims as moderate, the frequencies for moderate belief words are lower than strong belief words and the term is mainly used in the discussion of terrorism and extremism. Also, a qualitative analysis of the term moderate suggests that in few cases it carries implications that being tolerant of other religions is not a default character of a majority-Muslim country.
THE FIRST IMPRESSION MATTERS: THE ART OF MALE ROMANTIC COMMUNICATION IN AMERICAN MEDIA DATING CULTURE
Authors: Romaniuk Oleksandra
Published: June 2020

The study investigates the communicative strategy ‘Making the first impression’ within the communicative style and tradition of Masculine Romantic Discourse at the stage ‘Initiation of Romantic Relationship’. The masculine communicative strategy ‘Making the first impression’ is aimed at achieving the communicative goal – to impress a female addressee for a limited time. The research demonstrates the potential of the complex approach to the study of interpersonal communicative effectiveness and the causes of communication failures. It comprises interdependent variables such as the objective and the subjective integrative features, as well as the strategic ways, namely what should be said (semantics) and how it should be said (discourse features via verbal means). The initial dyadic interaction was implemented by masculine communicative moves within pragmatic communication models. The masculine communicative moves were sourced from an American dating and relationship reality television series The Bachelorette US released from 2012 to 2018. The results revealed that the successful pragmatic communication model included relevant and variable masculine communicative moves, providing the pragmatic foundations of the relationship.
Acute onset of a severe rash on the face and dorsal hands
Authors: Feily Amir
Published: June 2020

n/a
Hijos de desaparecidos, espiritualidad nueva era y literatura de autoayuda: Alejandro Corchs y el perdón como gestión de la tragedia colectiva.
Authors: Viotti Nicolas , Scuro Juan
Published: June 2020

Las víctimas de las últimas dictaduras en el cono sur generaron una gran cantidad de movimientos de reivindicación política, jurídica y humanitaria sobre el sufrimiento colectivo en base a argumentos de justicia, juicio y castigo. Aunque menos visibilizadas, existen también interpretaciones que presentan diferencias con las posiciones dominantes. En ese horizonte nos interesan las intervenciones del best-sellery líder espiritual uruguayo Alejandro Corchs, como ejemplo de respuesta organizada a la violencia política estatal en el código de la Nueva Era. Corchs ha desarrollado una reflexión biográfica y testimonial como hijo de desaparecidos de las dictaduras argentina y uruguaya, pero también como líder del movimiento espiritual Camino Rojo y escritor de auto-ayuda, centrado en la idea de sanación de las heridas y la reconciliación. Este trabajo indaga en los escritos de Corchs sobre su experiencia personal como víctima directa, subrayando la idea del perdón como término clave.
Good management practices course and social technologies for aquaculture farmers in Marajó, Pará, Brazil
Authors: Silva Fabricio Nilo Lima da , Mendonça Raoani Cruz , Quadros Manoel Luciano Aviz de , Oliveira Luã Caldas de , Silva Osnan Lennon Lameira , Macedo Antônia Rafaela Gonçalves , Oliveira Lenilton Alex de Araujo , Costa Fernanda Praia , Paes Antony Correa , Pereira Aracy Sá
Published: June 2020

The objective of this study was capacitate aquaculture farmers and develop social technologies for the culture of tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) in the archipelago of Marajó (Pará - Brazil). The study was carried out in the municipality of Curralinho by the Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Pará (IFPA) Campus Breves, in March 2020. Two structured questionnaires were applied to 13 course participants who participated in the training. The first was before the course, about fish farming and the adoption of Good Management Practices (BPM) adopted by aquaculture farmers in the Marajó region. The second, composed of closed questions to evaluate the training course, whose themes were: 1) water quality, 2) indicated species, 3) fish transport management, 4) fish quarantine and stock, 5) fish biometrics, 6) liming and fertilizing ponds, 7) management of fish nutrition and health, and 8) fish harvesting and slaughter, were approached in the course. At the end of the lectures / training, a workshop for the production of social technologies was conducted, among students, teachers and aquaculture farmers. Previous knowledge about fish farming and the adoption of BPM were essential for the effectuation of the course. Issues about water quality, biometrics and fish nutrition and health were the ones that called the most attention from aquaculture farmers. Secchi's disk, ichthyometer, hand net and net-tank were the social technologies built. Post-course evaluation was essential to understand the impact of the socialization of knowledge provided to the community. In conclusion, the project reinforced teaching, research and extension actions, involving the community in favor of strengthening aquaculture in the Marajó island, Pará, Brazil.
Iluminação artificial e orientação dos filhotes de Eretmochelys imbricata (Linnaeus, 1766), litoral sul de Pernambuco, Brasil
Authors: Sayegh Ana Elisabeth Cordeiro , Simões Thyara Noely , Santos Ednilza Maranhão dos , Silva Arley Cândido da
Published: June 2020

A poluição luminosa vem afetando diretamente o processo natural da orientação dos filhotes de tartarugas marinhas, que são atraídos pela luz e acabam seguindo em direção oposta ao oceano. Diante disso, o presente estudo objetivou avaliar se o processo natural de orientação de filhotes de Eretmochelys imbricata é influenciado pela presença de iluminação artificial e indicar pontos críticos quanto à iluminação no município do Ipojuca, Pernambuco, Brasil. A orientação dos filhotes foi analisada através de uma arena circular de 4m de diâmetro, onde os filhotes eram colocados no centro e seus rastros eram traçados para registro de seus movimentos e, de acordo com a angulação de seus rastros na arena, foi possível classificá-los em 'orientados', 'desorientados' e com 'falta de orientação'. Também foi medida a intensidade luminosa no local. Foram evidenciadas diferenças significativas entre o processo de orientação e a presença/ausência de iluminação artificial para todos os casos testados. Para fatores abióticos avaliados, houve correlação entre a intensidade luminosa e o processo de orientação, mostrando que a iluminação artificial local vem afetando a vida dos filhotes. Em relação à lua, houve alguns registros de filhotes orientados no claro em noites com a presença lunar, mostrando uma importante influência da lua nesse processo, mas para a maioria dos casos, a luz da lua não foi o suficiente para restaurar o processo natural de orientação dos filhotes. Além disso, foram categorizados 13 pontos como ‘Muito crítico’ e sete como ‘Crítico’ de acordo com a intensidade luminosa no local, evidenciando a necessidade de políticas ambientais locais e ações conservacionistas.
Are chironomidae (diptera) good indicators of impact in lotic environments?
Authors: Nunes Nathaskia Silva Pereira , Carvalho Emerson Machado de , Nakagaki Jelly Makoto
Published: June 2020

Chironomid larvae are widely distributed, with high diversity and abundance, and exploit a range of habitats and food resources. They are also an important food resource for various groups of aquatic organisms. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the spatial and seasonal variations in the composition of diet and genera of Chironomidae larvae in two streams located in south central west region of Brazil, associated with the environmental impact assessment, based on visual, physical and chemical indicators of streams. The contents of the digestive tracts of the most abundant genera were observed and classified into fine detritus, coarse detritus, algae, fungi, or animal material. Dissolved oxygen, conductivity, and incident light, along with the dominance of certain genera, were strong indicators of pollution in the impacted stream. Cluster analysis indicated three trophic groups: 1) generalist detritivores, consuming fine particulate organic matter and making up 82 % of the genera analyzed; 2) predators, which consumed mainly animal material; and 3) specialist shredding detritivores, present only in the less-impacted stream. These results are useful in understanding anthropogenic effects on stream ecosystems.
Om og for praksis
Authors: Rothuizen Jan Jaap
Published: June 2020

I bestræbelsen på at placere et gennemført forskningsprojekt undersøges om det kan knyttes an til den åndsvidenskabelige pædagogik, der i Tyskland og Nederlandene dominerede den akademiske pædagogik i den første to tredjedel af det 20. århundrede. Der var gode grunde til at denne akademiske disciplin blev udkonkurreret at hhv. en empirisk-analytisk og en kritisk-emancipatorisk tilgang, men udfordringen af at etablere en pædagogisk videnskab der hverken er teknisk eller normativ er fortsat aktuel. Den åndsvidenskabelige pædagogik fik sin egenart af, at den søgte at manifestere sig på feltet mellem det man kan vide om barnet og det barnet kan blive til. I en kritisk gennemgang foreslås, at det er muligt at holde fast ved ønsket om en pædagogisk videnskab om og for praksis, når man forankrer den i pædagogikkens karakter af at være et projekt. Pædagogik bliver derved til en handlingsvidenskab, der er hjemsted for forskningsprojekter som det projekt der præsenteres i artiklens begyndelse.
Mindeord
Authors: Vejleskov Hans , Huggler Jørgen , Kauffmann Oliver
Published: June 2020

Mindeord om Thyge-Winther Jensen
Faut-il dé(cons)truire les problèmes publics ?
Authors: Ferron Benjamin , Le Bourhis Jean-Pierre
Published: June 2020

L’article décrit les pratiques d’une équipe en sciences sociales face à une demande institutionnelle de recherche sur le problème de la « qualité de l’air intérieur ». En étudiant l’appel à propositions, les réponses des scientifiques et leurs interactions avec les commanditaires, l’enquête explore à quelles conditions il est possible de définir une approche scientifique de ce type de problème public défini par les administrations. Positionnée à la frontière entre champ scientifique et expertise d’État, l’équipe doit mener un travail de déconstruction du problème public par l’étude critique de la genèse et de l’usage des catégories bureaucratiques qui sont à son principe. L’article souligne ainsi le poids, dans la « recherche orientée », d’influences peu visibles et répandues, moins souvent analysées que les pressions directes exercées sur les chercheurs.
Récits d’action publique et opérations de traductions : la restauration écologique du fleuve Rhône (France)1
Authors: Guerrin Joana , Barone Sylvain
Published: June 2020

Jusqu’aux années 1980, le Rhône a été géré par une alliance entre hauts fonctionnaires d’État et acteurs industriels, sans considération particulière pour l’environnement. La gouvernance du fleuve tend ensuite à se fragmenter entre secteurs et entre territoires (acteurs de l’industrie hydroélectrique, du tourisme, de l’environnement, de la navigation, collectivités locales, etc.). De manière quelque peu surprenante au regard de la trajectoire de gouvernance du Rhône et de sa fragmentation actuelle, un large accord existe aujourd’hui autour de l’idée de restauration écologique. Analysant la restauration écologique comme un récit d’action publique (policy narrative), cet article cherche à comprendre comment cet accord a pu émerger et tente en même temps d’en qualifier la nature. Pour cela, il propose de mobiliser, à l’appui de l’analyse discursive, des éléments de la sociologie de la traduction de Michel Callon.
L’après-Compaoré au « concret » : transition politique et réformes des politiques de sécurité au Burkina Faso
Authors: Saidou Abdoul Karim
Published: June 2020

L’article aborde le processus de réforme des politiques de sécurité au Burkina Faso après la transition politique enclenchée en 2014. Il se propose d’expliquer pourquoi, cinq ans après la fin du régime Compaoré, le processus de changement reste principalement à la marge. La thèse de l’article consiste à montrer que cette cadence incrémentale résulte de la continuité du personnel politique et de l’absence d’innovation programmatique. Il montre, cependant, qu’en période de crise, le déficit programmatique n’est pas synonyme d’inertie et peut ouvrir la voie à un processus de rupture dans la doctrine et la gouvernance du secteur de la sécurité.
Taxation of natural resource extraction: problematic questions and digitalization of tax administration
Authors: Yumaev Mikhail
Published: June 2020

The subject of this research is the theory and methodology of taxation of natural resource extraction, including raw hydrocarbon materials and solid minerals, approaches towards allocation of tax burden between economic agents, development trends in taxation system of extraction of different types of minerals. Special attention is given to the questions of improvement of tax administration of extractive sector based on implementation of the new digital information technologies of transmitting data on the output of minerals and reform of the institution of declaration of tax. Research methodology includes: consideration of the principles of taxation system of natural resource extraction; determination of interconnection between the elements of this system and its disturbance; formulation of theoretical conclusions on the basis of studying the practice of taxation and tax administration. The scientific novelty consists in identification of vulnerability of taxation system of natural resource extraction from external factors, including world prices for mineral raw materials; substantiation of measures on neutralization of such dependence; proof of the need for harmonization of the key concepts of Taxation Code of the Russian Federation and legislation on the depth, and formation of the system of direct assessment of reasonableness and effectiveness of point-based and categorical incentives on extraction of natural resources. The article substantiates the vectors of reform of tax declaration system regarding the extraction of natural resources and determination of tax liabilities on the records of government reserve of natural resources. An algorithm is developed for organization of direct oil metering at the wells, using the modern digital technologies.  
Oil extraction and refining: problematic questions of taxation and administration
Authors: Kashirina Marina Valentinovna
Published: June 2020

The subject of this research is the examination of relevant problems of taxation and administering the oil sector companies in the conditions of changes in oil prices. Special attention is given to the analysis of results of the conducted policy within the framework of tax maneuver with regards to hydrocarbons extraction activity. The goal consists in the analysis of the impact of changes in taxation legislation related to increase in the rates of excise duty for the refined petroleum and introduction of damping mechanism for oil refining companies, as well as improvement of taxation and administering of oil extraction companies. The conclusion is made that the implementation of damping mechanism allows to efficiently and seamlessly regulate the oil products prices even in the conditions of rapid drop in oil prices. In the conditions of drop in oil prices on the international markets, the Russian oil refining plants would reorient significant volume of exports toward domestic market. The taxation reform in oil sector would lead to increase in the refining throughput and output of high quality oil products. The author underlines the need of reducing the tax-exempt minimum in calculation of coefficient that characterized the dynamics of global oil prices, which leads to the increase of tax rates on oil.
To the question on the role of instruments of tax incentives for investments within the system of government support of business
Authors: Pankratova Olga Alekseevna
Published: June 2020

The subject of this research is the statistical analysis of the efficiency of tax incentives, budgetary subsidization and lending for the purpose of increasing investment activity in the regional aspect. As well as development of the ways for increasing investments into the real of production of the Russian Federation in the nearest future. Special attention is given to assessment of the impact of tax incentives, subsidies and lending for investment activity. Using the two-factor combinatorial grouping, the author estimates the main effect from application of the methods affecting the growth of investments. The author develops and tests the method of calculating the impact of tax incentives in parallel with subsidies, as well as tax incentives in parallel with credits upon the volume of investments into the main capital. The conducted statistical analysis of application of the paramount tax instruments as the means for enhancing activity demonstrated that there is no universal tool that would allow achieving the desired results. Most effective instrument for stimulating investment activity is lending. This fact, alongside a fairly low effectiveness of tax incentives for investments, allowed substantiating the shift of focus tax incentivization: from amortization vector towards stimulation of lending. The proposed by the author options of lending incentives, as well as usage of investment tax credit, are aimed at ensuring economic growth, primarily in the real economic sector.
Job Demands–Resources Model Affects the Performance of Associate Nurses in The Z Hospital, Medan, Indonesia
Authors: Batubara Khairunnisa , Syam Bustami , Wahyuni Sri Eka
Published: June 2020

Low nurses’ performance is related with increased job demands and unprofessional job resources. This cross-sectional study aimed to analyze the effects of the job demands–resources model on the performance of associate nurses. The study population was composed of 126 nurses randomly selected. Data were analyzed using the multiple linear regression test. The results showed that job demands and job resources significantly affected the performance of associate nurses. A moderate or heavy level of job demands supported with good job resources will have a positive effect on nurse motivation; thus, nurse’s performance remains good. Job demands must be balanced with job resources, which is important in formulating an organizational policy model that contributes to improving nurse performance.Abstrak Model Tuntutan-Sumber Daya Pekerjaan Memengaruhi Kinerja Perawat Pelaksana di Rumah Sakit Z Medan, Indonesia. Kurangnya kinerja perawat berkaitan dengan tuntutan pekerjaan yang meningkat dan sumber daya pekerjaan yang tidak profesional. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh job demands-resources model terhadap kinerja perawat pelaksana dengan menggunakan cross-sectional. Sampel dalam penelitian ini sebanyak 126 perawat ruangan rawat inap dan menggunakan teknik simple random sampling. Analisis dilakukan menggunakan persamaan regresi linier berganda. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa job demands-resources model berpengaruh terhadap kinerja perawat pelaksana. Tuntutan pekerjaan pada kategori sedang maupun berat namun diimbangi dengan sumber daya pekerjaan yang baik, maka perawat memiliki motivasi yang bersifat positif sehingga kinerja perawat tetap baik. Direkomendasikan pada pihak manajemen agar tuntutan pekerjaan yang diberikan harus diseimbangkan dengan sumber daya pekerjaan sehingga pada akhirnya dapat dirumuskan model kebijakan organisasi yang berkonstribusi dalam meningkatkan kinerja perawat. Kata Kunci: job demands-resources model, kinerja perawat
MODO E GRADAÇÃO: UMA ANÁLISE DA INVESTIGAÇÃO SOBRE O CONJUNTIVO DE VILLALTA
Authors: Pedrosa Ana Bárbara
Published: June 2020

Aqui verificaremos se a tese de Villalta (2009), segundo a qual os predicados que seleccionam o modo conjuntivo são analisados como predicados graduáveis, se verifica, e ainda se se aplica à língua portuguesa. Testaremos ainda as hipóteses de Hooper (1975) e Palmer (1986) sobre a seleção do indicativo pelos predicados assertivos e do conjuntivo pelos não-assertivos. Analisaremos ainda a proposta de Marques (2010), que diz que a seleção entre os modos deve ser condicionada pela verificidade e pela atitude expressa pela proposição e pelo efeito que esta tem no context set. Referindo-nos ao que Villalta não referiu, analisaremos ainda os predicados declarativos negativos, directos, de medo e causativos, assim como as frases iniciadas por talvez.
Частые острова, "Природа"
Authors: Махинов Алексей Николаевич , Крюкова Мария Викторовна , Пронкевич Владимир Валентинович
Published: June 2020

В статье приводятся результаты комплексных географических исследований одного из самых труднодоступных регионов Дальнего Востока - архипелага Частые острова, расположенного в южной части Амурского лимана. Рассказывается о происхождении и рельефе островов, о современных процессах преобразования берегов. Показано разнообразие островных ландшафтов, подробно описан видовой состав растений, выявлены их редкие виды. Установлена динамичность в распространении птичьих колоний.
Чем болели амфибии вначале мезозойской эры, "Природа"
Authors: Новиков И.В. , Гайдук П.А.
Published: June 2020

Российские палеонтологи вместе со специалистами медиками диагностировали древнейший случай патологических изменений костной ткани (доброкачественную остеому) у раннетриасовой амфибии - лабиринтодонта Benthosuchus (местонахождение Тихвинское, Ярославская обл.).
Свой среди чужих Минералогическая сказка, "Природа"
Authors: Расцветаева Р.К.
Published: June 2020

Фосфаты образуют большой класс соединений, широко распространенных в природе. В структуре минералов фосфор находится в тетраэдрическом окружении из атомов кислорода. Из-за высокого заряда фосфора (+5) его тетраэдры объединяются не друг с другом, а главным образом с тетраэдрами катионов более низкой валентности (В3 , Be3*, Zn3*) или с октаэдрами мелких и средних по размеру катионов. В последнем случае создаются полиэдрические постройки, которые состоят из изолированных кластеров либо цепочек и слоев, а также каркасов. В этой сказке мы расскажем о некоторых из них.
«ГЛАЗ НЕБЕСНЫЙ», "Земля и Вселенная"
Authors: ЛИСОВ Игорь Анатольевич
Published: June 2020

11 января 2020 года был принят государственной комиссией и вступил в строй крупнейший в мире однозеркальный радиотелескоп в  китайской провинции Гуйчжоу. Диаметр его зеркала в 1,6 раза больше, чем у американского радиотелескопа Аресибо, чувствительность в 2,3 раза выше, доступная для наблюдений площадь неба - вчетверо больше
80 ЛЕТ НАБЛЮДЕНИИ СОЛНЕЧНЫХ ПЯТЕН В ИРКУТСКЕ, "Земля и Вселенная"
Authors: ЯЗЕВ Сергей Арктурович , ГОЛОВКО Алексей Алексеевич
Published: June 2020

Астрономические обсерватории, расположенные в европейской части России, хорошо известны во всем мире. Информация об обсерваториях Сибири и Дальнего Востока страны распространена в меньшей степени. Тем не менее, здесь также ведутся астрономические наблюдения. В частности, Иркутск в 2020 г. отмечает 80-летие регулярных наблюдений солнечных пятен.
Лазерный локатор для регистрации статистических характеристик зеркальных бликов на морской поверхности с веерной диаграммой направленности зондирующего пучка, "Фундаментальная и прикладная гидрофизика"
Authors: Носов В. Н. , Володин В.Д. , Иванов С. Г.
Published: June 2020

Дано описание макета нового компактного лазерного локатора, предназначенного для дистанционной регистрации характеристик морского волнения с борта судна. Прибор регистрирует с помощью ПЗС-линейки отраженное от морской поверхности лазерное излучение, имеющее форму «веера». В макете использован лазерный диод Oclaro HL63193, работающий в непрерывном режиме в области длин волн 634-637 нм с выходной мощностью до 500 мВт. Освещаемый лазером участок на морской поверхности представляет собой полосу шириной 4-5 мм и длиной 2-3 м (при размещении макета на судне на высоте 6-9 м над уровнем моря). Приемный блок макета выполнен на базе кинопроекционного объектива ОП-55АР и ПЗС-линейки Sony ILX554A. Выполнена проверка работоспособности макета в лабораторных и морских условиях. Показано, что скорость сканирования морской поверхности может быть значительно выше (до 833 Гц), чем у ранее созданных макетов с узким пучком, когда используется механическое сканирование зеркала (7-15 Гц). Это позволяет увеличивать скорость накопления данных и тем самым уменьшать дисперсию измеряемых за заданное время величин, что в свою очередь делает возможным регистрацию более слабых воздействий гидродинамических процессов на морскую поверхность. При этом масса макета уменьшилась до 5 кг вместо 35 кг (у макета с узким пучком и механическим сканером).
A New Look at Formulation of Charge Storage in Capacitors and Application to Classical Capacitor and Fractional Capacitor Theory
Authors: Das Shantanu
Published: June 2020

In this study, we revisit the concept of classical capacitor theory-and derive possible new explanations of the definition charge stored in a capacitor. We introduce the capacity function with respect to time to describe the charge storage in a classical capacitor and a fractional capacitor. Here we will describe that charge stored at any time in a capacitor as ‘convolution integral’ of defined capacity function of a capacitor and voltage stress across it which comes from causality principle. This approach, however, is different from the conventional method, where we multiply the capacity and voltage functions to obtain charge stored. This new concept is in line with the observation of charge stored as a step function and the relaxation current in form of impulse function for ‘ideal geometrical capacitor’ of constant capacity; when an uncharged capacitor is impressed with a constant voltage stress.  Also this new formulation is valid for a power-law decay current that is given by ‘universal dielectric relaxation law’ called as ‘Curie von-Schweidler law’, when an uncharged capacitor is impressed with a constant voltage stress. This universal dielectric relaxation law gives rise to fractional derivative relating voltage stress and relaxation current that is formulation of ‘fractional capacitor’. A ‘fractional capacitor’ we will discuss with this new concept of redefining the charge store definition i.e. via this ‘convolution integral’ approach, and obtain the loss tangent value. We will also show how for a ‘fractional capacitor’ by use of ‘fractional integration’ we can convert the fractional capacity a constant that is in terms of fractional units (Farads per sec to the power of fractional number); to normal units of Farads. From the defined capacity function, we will also derive integrated capacity of capacitor. We will also give a possible physical explanation by taking example of porous and non-porous pitchers of constant volume holding water and thus, explaining the various interesting aspects of classical capacitor and a fractional capacitor that we arrive with this new formulation; and also relates to a capacitor breakdown theory-due to electrostatic forces.
A novel in vivo measure of cyberaggression
Authors: Burt S. Alexandra , Kim Mikayla , Alhabash Saleem
Published: June 2020

Cyberaggression (CA), or the use of information communication technologies to inflict harm on others, is an emerging public health crisis. Unfortunately, our current ability to assess CA in a research context remains limited, curtailing efforts to address this important issue. We sought to fill this gap in the literature by developing an adapted “chat” version of the Taylor aggression paradigm (TAP) that would more closely resemble a social gaming format (hereafter referred to as the TAP‐Chat). In the TAP‐Chat, participants have a chat function available to communicate with their (fictitious) co‐player. Following loss trials in a competitive reaction time task, they receive a “mean chat” from their co‐player. Participant messages to their (fictitious) co‐player are then coded for aggressive content by a team of trained research assistants, and via automated linguistic analysis software (Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count). The current study evaluated the predictive utility of the TAP‐Chat task in independent discovery and replication samples (N = 843 and N  = 350, respectively). Participants’ publicly available tweets served as an important external criterion variable, along with a handful of self‐report questionnaires assessing CA and related constructs. Analyses suggest that, although it can be completed in ∼13 min, the TAP‐Chat predicts CA on Twitter and, to a lesser extent, as reported on questionnaires. Although there are still several issues to address, it is our hope that the research community will benefit from this straightforward behavioral assessment of CA.
Accuracy of FGF‐21 and GDF‐15 for the diagnosis of mitochondrial disorders: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Lin Yan , Ji Kunqian , Ma Xiaotian , Liu Shuangwu , Li Wei , Zhao Yuying , Yan Chuanzhu
Published: June 2020

Objective

Given their diverse phenotypes, mitochondrial diseases (MDs) are often difficult to diagnose. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF‐21) and growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF‐15) represent promising biomarkers for MD diagnosis. Herein we conducted a meta‐analysis to compare their diagnostic accuracy for MDs.

Methods

We comprehensively searched PubMed, EMBASE, MEDLINE, the Web of Science, and Cochrane Library up to 1 January 2020. Data were analyzed by two independent reviewers. We obtained the sensitivity and specificity, positive and negative likelihood ratios (LR+ and LR‐), diagnostic odds ratios (DORs) and summary receiver operating characteristic (SROC) curves of each diagnostic method.

Results

Eight randomized controlled trials (RCTs) including 1563 participants (five encompassing 718 FGF‐21 assessments; seven encompassing 845 participants for GDF‐15) were included. Pooled sensitivity, specificity, DOR and SROC of FGF‐21 were 0.71 (95% CI 0.53, 0.84), 0.88(95% CI 0.82, 0.93), 18 (95% CI 6, 54), 0.90 (95% CI 0.87, 0.92), respectively, which were lower than GDF‐15 values; 0.83 (95% CI 0.65, 0.92), 0.92 (95% CI 0.84, 0.96), 52 (95% CI 13, 205), 0.94 (95% CI 0.92, 0.96).

Interpretation

FGF‐21 and GDF‐15 showed acceptable sensitivity and high specificity. Of the biomarkers, GDF‐15 had the highest diagnostic accuracy.
Is There Any Role for Opioids in the Management of Knee and Hip Osteoarthritis? A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Osani Mikala C. , Lohmander L. Stefan , Bannuru Raveendhara R.
Published: June 2020

Objective

Opioids have long been prescribed for chronic pain conditions, including osteoarthritis (OA). However, there is little information about their temporal efficacy, or differences in efficacy and safety between opioids with strong versus weak/intermediate μ opioid receptor–binding affinity. To explore these research questions, we conducted a systematic review and meta‐analyses of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) conducted in patients with knee and/or hip OA.

Methods

We searched Medline, Embase, PubMed Central, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials from inception to December 2019 and sought unpublished data. Placebo‐controlled RCTs of oral opioids in patients with knee and/or hip OA were included. Standardized mean differences (SMDs) were calculated for pain and function at 2, 4, 8, and 12 weeks. Subgroup analyses for strong and weak/intermediate opioids were conducted. Meta‐regression was performed to assess the impact of dosage (morphine equivalency) on pain relief. Risk ratios were calculated for safety at the final follow‐up.

Results

A total of 18 RCTs (9,283 participants) were included. Opioids demonstrated small benefits on pain at each time point, with SMDs ranging from –0.28 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] –0.38, –0.17) to –0.19 (95% CI –0.29, –0.08); similar effects were observed for function. Strong opioids demonstrated consistently inferior efficacy and overall worse safety than weak/intermediate opioids. Meta‐regression revealed that incremental pain relief achieved beyond 20–50‐mg doses was not substantial in the context of increased safety risks.

Conclusion

Opioids provide minimal relief of OA symptoms within a 12‐week period, and they are known to cause discomfort in a majority of patients. Clinicians and policy makers should reconsider the utility of opioids in the management of OA.
Rational Interface Design and Morphology Control for Blade‐Coating Efficient Flexible Perovskite Solar Cells with a Record Fill Factor of 81%
Authors: Wang Zhen , Zeng Linxiang , Zhang Cuiling , Lu Yuanlin , Qiu Shudi , Wang Chuan , Liu Chong , Pan Lijun , Wu Shaohang , Hu Jinlong , Liang Guangxing , Fan Ping , Egelhaaf Hans‐Joachim , Brabec Christoph J. , Guo Fei , Mai Yaohua
Published: June 2020

Halide perovskites are one of the ideal photovoltaic materials for constructing flexible solar devices due to relatively high efficiencies for low‐temperature solution‐processed devices. However, the overwhelming majority of flexible perovskite solar cells are produced using spin coating, which represents a major hurdle for upscaling. Here, a scalable approach is reported to fabricate efficient and robust flexible perovskite solar cells on a polymer substrate. Thiourea is introduced into perovskite precursor solution to modulate the crystal growth, resulting in dense and uniform perovskite thin films on rough surfaces. As a decisive step, a cascade energy alignment is realized for the hole extraction layer by rationally designing a bilayer interface comprised of PEDOT:PSS/PTAA with a distinct offset in the highest occupied molecular orbital levels, enabling markedly enhanced charge extraction and spectral response. An efficiency as high as 19.41% and a record fill factor up to 81% are achieved for flexible perovskite devices processed by a scalable printing method. Equally important, the bilayer interface reinforces the bendability of the indium tin oxide substrate, leading to enhanced mechanical robustness of the flexible devices. These results underpin the importance of morphology control and interface design in constructing high‐performance flexible perovskite solar cells.
Laser Assisted Solution Synthesis of High Performance Graphene Supported Electrocatalysts
Authors: Peng Yudong , Cao Jianyun , Yang Jie , Yang Wenji , Zhang Chao , Li Xiaohong , Dryfe Robert A. W. , Li Lin , Kinloch Ian A. , Liu Zhu
Published: June 2020

Simple, yet versatile, methods to functionalize graphene flakes with metal (oxide) nanoparticles are in demand, particularly for the development of advanced catalysts. Herein, based on light‐induced electrochemistry, a laser‐assisted, continuous, solution route for the simultaneous reduction and modification of graphene oxide with catalytic nanoparticles is reported. Electrochemical graphene oxide (EGO) is used as starting material and electron–hole pair source due to its low degree of oxidation, which imparts structural integrity and an ability to withstand photodegradation. Simply illuminating a solution stream containing EGO and metal salt (e.g., H2PtCl6 or RuCl3) with a 248 nm wavelength laser produces reduced EGO (rEGO, oxygen content 4.0 at%) flakes, decorated with Pt (≈2.0 nm) or RuO2 (≈2.8 nm) nanoparticles. The RuO2–rEGO flakes exhibit superior catalytic activity for the oxygen evolution reaction, requiring a small overpotential of 225 mV to reach a current density of 10 mA cm−2. The Pt–rEGO flakes (10.2 wt% of Pt) show enhanced mass activity for the hydrogen evolution reaction, and similar performance for oxygen reduction reaction compared to a commercial 20 wt% Pt/C catalyst. This simple production method is also used to deposit PtPd alloy and MnOx nanoparticles on rEGO, demonstrating its versatility in synthesizing functional nanoparticle‐modified graphene materials.
Enhancing Photoluminescence Quantum Yield in 0D Metal Halides by Introducing Water Molecules
Authors: Song Gaomin , Li Mingze , Zhang Shengzi , Wang Naizheng , Gong Pifu , Xia Zhiguo , Lin Zheshuai
Published: June 2020

Enhancing photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) is one of the most important issues in photoluminescent materials. Herein, a molecule design strategy to improve the PLQY in 0D metal halides is proposed. Two new lead‐free organic–inorganic metal halide hybrids with broadband orange emissions have been prepared with a PLQY increase of 57% from (C6N2H16)SbCl5 (I) to (C6N2H16)SbCl5⋅H2O (II) by introducing H2O molecules. These two compounds have very similar inorganic frameworks, except that the incorporation of water molecules in II increases the distance between the [SbCl5] polyhedra. It is revealed that the increase of PLQY is mainly attributed to the generation of more local photoelectrons resulting from the additional water molecules. This work provides a new insight to improve the PLQY for 0D environmentally friendly organic–inorganic metal halide hybrids and is beneficial for further photoluminescent material exploration.
Self‐Repairing Tin‐Based Perovskite Solar Cells with a Breakthrough Efficiency Over 11%
Authors: Wang Chengbo , Gu Feidan , Zhao Ziran , Rao Haixia , Qiu Yaming , Cai Zelun , Zhan Ge , Li Xiaoyue , Sun Boxun , Yu Xiao , Zhao Boqin , Liu Zhiwei , Bian Zuqiang , Huang Chunhui
Published: June 2020

The development of tin (Sn)‐based perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is hindered by their lower power conversion efficiency and poorer stability compared to the lead‐based ones, which arise from the easy oxidation of Sn2+ to Sn4+. Herein, phenylhydrazine hydrochloride (PHCl) is introduced into FASnI3 (FA = NH2CH  NH2+) perovskite films to reduce the existing Sn4+ and prevent the further degradation of FASnI3, since PHCl has a reductive hydrazino group and a hydrophobic phenyl group. Consequently, the device achieves a record power conversion efficiency of 11.4% for lead‐free PSCs. Besides, the unencapsulated device displays almost no efficiency reduction in a glove box over 110 days and shows efficiency recovery after being exposed to air, due to a proposed self‐repairing trap state passivation process.
Biodegradable Materials and Green Processing for Green Electronics
Authors: Li Wenhui , Liu Qian , Zhang Yuniu , Li Chang'an , He Zhenfei , Choy Wallace C. H. , Low Paul J. , Sonar Prashant , Kyaw Aung Ko Ko
Published: June 2020

There is little question that the “electronic revolution” of the 20th century has impacted almost every aspect of human life. However, the emergence of solid‐state electronics as a ubiquitous feature of an advanced modern society is posing new challenges such as the management of electronic waste (e‐waste) that will remain through the 21st century. In addition to developing strategies to manage such e‐waste, further challenges can be identified concerning the conservation and recycling of scarce elements, reducing the use of toxic materials and solvents in electronics processing, and lowering energy usage during fabrication methods. In response to these issues, the construction of electronic devices from renewable or biodegradable materials that decompose to harmless by‐products is becoming a topic of great interest. Such “green” electronic devices need to be fabricated on industrial scale through low‐energy and low‐cost methods that involve low/non‐toxic functional materials or solvents. This review highlights recent advances in the development of biodegradable materials and processing strategies for electronics with an emphasis on areas where green electronic devices show the greatest promise, including solar cells, organic field‐effect transistors, light‐emitting diodes, and other electronic devices.
Boosting Neutral Water Oxidation through Surface Oxygen Modulation
Authors: Zhang Longsheng , Wang Liping , Wen Yunzhou , Ni Fenglou , Zhang Bo , Peng Huisheng
Published: June 2020

Developing efficient electrocatalysts for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in pH‐neutral electrolyte is crucial for microbial electrolysis cells and electrochemical CO2 reduction. Unfortunately, the OER kinetics in neutral electrolyte is sluggish due to the low concentration of adsorbed reactants, with overpotentials of neutral OER at present much higher than that in acidic or alkaline electrolyte. Here, hydrated metal cations (Ca2+) are sought to be incorporated into the state‐of‐the‐art Ru–Ir binary oxide to tailor the surface oxygen environments (lattice‐oxygen and adsorbed oxygen species) for efficient neutral OER. Using a sol–gel method, ternary Ru–Ir–Ca oxides are synthesized in atomically homogenous manner, and the obtained catalyst on glassy carbon electrode achieves 10 mA cm−2 at a low overpotential of 250 mV, with no degradation for 200 h of operation. In situ X‐ray absorption spectroscopy, in situ 18O isotope‐labeling differential electrochemical mass spectrometry, and 18O isotope‐labeling secondary ion mass spectroscopy studies are carried out. The results reveal that incorporation of Ca2+ can enhance the covalency of metal–oxygen bonds and the electrophilic nature of surface metal‐bonded oxygen sites; and simultaneously facilitate the adsorption of water molecules on catalyst surface, which accelerates the lattice‐oxygen‐involved reaction, thus improving the overall OER performance of RuIrCaOx catalyst.
Crystal Engineering of 1D Exciton Systems Composed of Single‐ and Double‐Stranded Perylene Bisimide J‐Aggregates
Authors: Stolte Matthias , Hecht Reinhard , Xie Zengqi , Liu Linlin , Kaufmann Christina , Kudzus Astrid , Schmidt David , Würthner Frank
Published: June 2020

Single crystals of three at bay area tetraphenoxy‐substituted perylene bisimide dyes are grown by vacuum sublimation. X‐ray analysis reveals the self‐assembly of these highly twisted perylene bisimides (PBIs) in the solid state via imide–imide hydrogen bonding into hydrogen‐bonded PBI chains. The crystallographic insights disclose that the conformation and sterical congestion imparted by the phenoxy substituents can be controlled by ortho‐substituents. Accordingly, whilst sterically less demanding methyl and isopropyl substituents afford double‐stranded PBI chains of complementary P and M atropo‐enantiomers, single hydrogen‐bonded chains of homochiral PBIs are observed for the sterically more demanding ortho‐phenyl substituents. Investigation of the absorption and fluorescence properties of microcrystals and thin films of these PBIs allow for an unambiguous interpretation of these exciton systems. Thus, the J‐aggregates of the double‐stranded crystals exhibit a much larger (negative) exciton coupling than the single‐stranded one, which in contrast has the higher solid‐state fluorescence quantum yield.