bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Repression-Sensitization and Duration of Visual Attention
Authors: Carroll Douglas
Published: September 2011

This study attempted to gauge the relationship between score on the Repression-Sensitization (R-S) scale and the duration of visual attention exhibited to affective (pleasant and unpleasant) and affectively neutral visual stimuli. Position on the R-S dimension differentially influenced the looking times exhibited to the unpleasant and pleasant stimuli by 24 Ss.
Experienced Attraction between Two Parallel Bars
Authors: Holt-Hansen Kristian
Published: September 2011

The present paper describes judged attraction (forces) between objects, which, in my experiments, are parallel bars, approximately 17 cm. long and 8 mm. wide, placed in the middle of a black surface measuring 50 cm. × 50 cm. The maximum attraction between the bars was most frequently judged to occur when the distance between the bars was approximately 4 cm. When the distance between the bars grew smaller than 4 cm. judged attraction continued for a large majority of Ss until the bars lay close together. The range of judged attraction ended for most at 20 cm. but not for all.
Selective Effects upon Women of Exciting and Calm Music
Authors: Fisher Seymour , Greenberg Roger P.
Published: September 2011

90 female Ss were randomly assigned to one of three groups who responded to a battery of psychological tests while listening to exciting, calm, or no music. The major hypothesis was that the less feminine a woman's orientation the more would exposure to musical stimuli disturb her. This hypothesis was supported by significant negative correlations between femininity and anxiety under both music conditions. Further, femininity correlated with rated pleasantness and warmth of the exciting music and perceived safety and warmth of the calm music. Music also had significant effects on mood and responses to both structured and unstructured psychological tests.
Deaf and Hearing Children's Performance on a Tactual Perception Battery
Authors: Schiff William , Dytell Rita Scher
Published: September 2011

A battery of tactual sensitivity tests was administered to 300 deaf and hearing children and adolescents. The tests included vibrotactile and two-point sensitivity on several areas of the hand, gap-detection using two stimulation techniques, roughness discrimination, pattern discrimination, and cross-modal object identification. Measures included sensory thresholds, correct discrimination, errors, and in some cases, response latencies. Deaf youngsters were more sensitive than their hearing counterparts with vibrotactile and two-point measures. On most remaining tasks, deaf and hearing Ss' performance accuracies did not differ, although hearing Ss performed faster on all timed tasks. Improvements with age were evident with both speed and accuracy measures for several tasks. Results were discussed as to deaf/hearing differences, and reading achievement scores, active versus passive touch, developmental changes, and relations among the tactual tasks and measures of the battery. The findings strongly suggested that different measures of tactual sensitivity tap quite different sensory and perceptual abilities.
A General Purpose Timer/Counter
Authors: Walker J. M. , Nichparenko W.
Published: September 2011

This paper discribes a solid state digital display instrument that functions as: (1) a reaction timer, (2) an interval timer, (3) an event counter, or (4) a predetermining counter. Parts for the instrument can be purchased for approximately $125 and assembled in 25 to 30 hr.
Pattern Meaningfulness and Discrimination Latency for Repeated Task Administrations
Authors: Mavrides Cynthia M.
Published: September 2011

Responses of 2 groups of 4 Ss showed latency in a polygon discrimination task is stable over several trials and with experience on an intervening sorting task with the same 16 polygons. Data did not confirm the efficacy of dmax. Learning set seemed influential only early in responding.
Critical Periods for Early Experience in Transfer of Perceptual Learning
Authors: Bennett Thomas L. , Anton Barry S.
Published: September 2011

It has generally been found that early experience with stimuli enhances the subsequent discriminability of these forms. To determine if critical periods exist for yielding this early experience effect, albino rats were given either early (20 to 55 days of age) or late (55 to 90 days of age) stimulus experience. A third pre-exposure group received experience with the to-be-discriminated forms from 20 to 90 days of age. Control animals, with no stimulus pre-exposure, were run on the discrimination problem at either 55 or 90 days of age. The basic early experience effect was replicated in that early experience with stimuli facilitated their subsequent discriminability. However, no evidence for critical periods of early experience was obtained.
Monitoring and Reinforcement by Parents as a Means of Automating Articulatory Responses
Authors: Shelton Ralph L. , Johnson Anita F. , Arndt William B.
Published: September 2011

A home training program for correction of articulation errors was tested with 8 children. The first week of the program involved short periods of word drill. The remaining 4 wk., parents were to listen daily to 40 conversational /s/ phone productions and to mark each production as correct or incorrect. Correct productions were rewarded by points to be accumulated and traded for prizes. Incorrect productions were corrected by the parent. Final probe scores did not differ significantly from mean baseline scores on a Sound Production Task. However, Talking Task and Reading Task measures showed differences significant at the .05 level. Four-month post-treatment scores indicated that gains made during the program were maintained.
Haptic Perception of the Mueller-Lyer Illusion by the Blind
Authors: Patterson James , Deffenbacher Kenneth
Published: September 2011

4 groups of Ss, congenital blind, blinded in adulthood, sighted blindfolded, and sighted visual, were each shown to experience the Mueller-Lyer illusion to a statistically reliable extent. The extent of illusion in the sighted blindfolded group was significantly less than that in each of the other three groups. None of the other pairs of means were significantly different. The results were discussed in terms of their implications for perspective theories of visual illusions and in terms of the blind Ss' presumably better utilization of short-term memory for retaining haptic relationships.
An Attempt to Demonstrate Contralateral Masking in Pressure Adaptation
Authors: Finger Stanley , Levin Harvey S.
Published: September 2011

Adaptation to punctate pressure Stimulation of the ring finget (test stimulus) was studied under conditions of more intense contralateral stimulation of homologous or non-homologous loci (masking stimuli). Contrary to expectation, the temporally contiguous masking stimulus did not affect adaptation time to the test stimulus. This finding was discussed in terms of other tactile masking studies and electrophysiological investigations of the somatosensory system.
Sex Differences in Time Estimation
Authors: Roeckelein Jon E.
Published: September 2011

Female and male Ss made magnitude estimations of 9, 27, and 81 sec. durations which were filled with evenly and unevenly organized trains of auditory stimuli. There were no statistically significant differences between the sexes on the time-estimation tasks, but over-all trends in the data showed women to make “better” or more accurate estimations than men under stimulus conditions which were regular, evenly organized, rhythmical, and predictable, and “poorer” or less accurate estimations than men under stimulus conditions which were irregular, unevenly organized, and unpredictable. Sex differences in time-estimation tasks cannot be assessed adequately without more evidence for effects on estimations of the methods and sensory modes tested.
Photometric Calibration of Brief Flash Sources: Technical Note
Authors: Dawson William W. , Harrison Joseph M. , Harrison Chantal
Published: September 2011

From prior work is derived an equation for predicting errors incurred by the sole use of luminance values (0.05 of log factor of luminance increment above the calibrated value). A simple method was described for measuring the photometric result of a brief flash where peak candlepower is unknown.
Population Estimates from Nonvariant Samples, with an Application Taken from the Drug Abuse Area
Authors: Gocka Edward F.
Published: September 2011

Procedures for estimating the composition of a fixed population from a small sample are often required but generally are not available in ordinary statistical texts. This paper considers the even more unique case where a particular condition is observed for all members of a sample. Formulas for estimating sample size and population composition are given.
Control of Rough Physical Behavior Using Novel Contingencies and Directive Teaching
Authors: Kauffman James M. , Hallahan Daniel P.
Published: September 2011

An unruly, hyperactive boy was managed in a free-play setting using reinforcement techniques: a highly structured directive teaching program (DISTAR) contributed to his tractability while developing his academic skills.
Comparison of Levels of Fundamental Skill and Cardio-Respiratory Fitness of Blind, Deaf, and Non-Handicapped High School Age Boys
Authors: Case Samuel , Dawson Yvette , Schartner James , Donaway Dale
Published: September 2011

Groups of 14- to 16-yr.-old males who were blind, deaf or normal were administered selected stunts from the Iowa-Brace Motor Educability Test and the Ohio State University Step Test. The non-handicapped students scored significantly higher on the motor educability test than the deaf students. The deaf students scored significantly higher than the non-handicapped students on the Ohio State University Step Test. The deaf student's problem area on the motor educability test was balance due to damage of vestibular mechanism associated with the etiology of deafness. The blind students scored in between the others on both tests and were not significantly different from either. It was concluded that balance-oriented activities should be in the curriculum of the handicapped and that impaired cardio-respiratory fitness is not to be associated with blindness and deafness.
Multidimensional Scale Structures Compared
Authors: Stone Leroy A. , Gunn S. Richard , Lindem Alfred C.
Published: September 2011

An existing and available computer program, which was developed for other purposes, has been found to be well suited for the comparison of any two multidimensional scale structures. An example of use of this programming is provided and the results discussed.
Social Psychophysics: Measurement of Attitudes toward Violence
Authors: Dercole K. L. , Davenport W. G.
Published: September 2011

The psychophysical technique of magnitude estimation was employed to measure social attitudes on the appropriateness of governmental repression and protester actions. Results indicated partial support of the proposed eye-for-eye model for the protester's reactions (P:R) and the authorities' reactions (R:P). Appropriateness judgments between Ss were diverse and averaging responses, over either trials or Ss, as has been the general practice in previous studies, appeared invalid and would probably have produced power functions and indices not representative of the individual S. The attitude judgment situation appeared to be at least partially metathetic in contrast to the prothetic character it has been attributed in the past. Considerations for the implementation of magnitude estimation in social research were discussed.
Signal Detection Analysis of Auditory Sequence Discrimination by Children
Authors: Doehring D. G. , Libman Ruth A.
Published: September 2011

A three-choice auditory oddity-task and two three-choice auditory matching-to-sample tasks in which the sample was presented first or last were presented to 96 normal Ss ranging in age from 7 to 25 yr. and to 36 children with reading problems aged 8 to 16 yr. Signal detection analysis was used to assess differences among positions of the odd or matching sound with respect to proportion correct (hit rate), decision strategy (false alarm rate), and underlying discriminability ( d'). On the matching-to-sample tasks there was a very consistent bias at all ages against responding to the sound most remote from the sample, even though the remote sounds were not less discriminable. On the oddity-task a bias against choosing the first sound and toward choosing the third sound occurred for younger children. Positional differences for children with reading problems were almost identical with those of normal Ss.
Retention of Observational Learning as a Function of Verbal Coding and Overt Practice
Authors: Sheriff Thomas H. , Hedberg Allan G.
Published: September 2011

The effects on retention of overt verbal coding during exposure to a model, and overt practice immediately following exposure to a model were investigated. Overt verbal coding during observation of a film did not facilitate the retention of observational learning. However, as predicted, Ss given one overt practice session immediately following exposure to the model imitated significantly more of the model's behavior on the delayed posttest than Ss given no overt practice before the delayed posttest.
Intra-Cultural Differences in Susceptibility to Geometrical Illusions and in Pictorial Depth Perception
Authors: Jones Pauline A.
Published: September 2011

This study examined susceptibility to optical illusions by Ss who experienced differing ecologies, and tested the hypothesis that Ss exposed to greater cultural stimulus give more 3-dimensional interpretations to pictorial material. Three samples of Grade VI boys, matched for family occupational status, were selected. An urban sample was contrasted with each of two samples from small, isolated fishing communities. The physical environment of the urban sample was carpentered and, in contrast with the fishing communities, lacked open vistas over water. While the “carpentered world” hypothesis was not supported, partial support was obtained for the hypothesis that Ss exposed to open vistas are more susceptible to the horizontal-vertical illusion. Also, urban Ss who were exposed to greater cultural stimulus gave more 3-dimensional interpretations on the Depth Perception Test.
Category versus Successive-Intervals Scales
Authors: Bruvold William H.
Published: September 2011

The relationship between scale values of magnitude obtained from category and successive-intervals scaling procedures is expected to be nonlinear in many cases. The present research presented the hypothesis that the relationship will be linear if discriminal dispersions are constant and specifiably concave if these dispersions systematically increase or decrease with magnitude. The present data represented the case of constant discriminal dispersions and the prediction for this condition was supported.
The HTP Weeping Willow and Personality Traits
Authors: Kirchner John H. , Marzolf Stanley S.
Published: September 2011

Comparison of 16 PF scores of 12 college students who drew weeping willow trees, when matched with those of 12 others for sex, age, and college class, did not support the hypothesis suggested by the literature that drawers of weeping willows would score lower on Factor F (Sober—Happy-go-lucky).
Influence of Maternal Attitudes on Children with Reading Disabilities
Authors: Goldman Margaret , Barclay Allan
Published: September 2011

This study focused on attitudes expressed by mothers of 38 children with reading disabilities, as well as upon the intellective function of these children. Results indicated that the children manifested relatively superior verbal ability but, in spite of this fact, had failed to develop adequate reading skills. The youngsters also demonstrated inferior retentive ability which did not appear to be in keeping with their over-all intellectual ability. The results of the survey of maternal attitudes suggested that the mothers appeared to be authoritarian and controlling, with problems in the area of accepting their maternal role and a consequently higher degree of marital disharmony that is presumed to have a deleterious effect upon the child's development. It was concluded that maternal attitudes probably have a significant effect upon the motivation of the child to develop reading skills and that the lack of development of reading skills may reflect an attempt by the child to resist maternal pressures for achievement.
Non-Contingent Stimulation: Effects of Stimulus Movement on Infants' Visual and Motor Behavior
Authors: Vietze Peter , Friedman Steven , Foster Martha
Published: September 2011

The present study was an initial attempt to investigate the effects of non-contingent periodic and aperiodic stimulation on the sensory-motor behavior of 10-wk.-old infants. Results indicated that visual stimulation presented aperiodically (on a random schedule) in contrast to the same stimulation presented periodically (on a fixed time schedule) produced decreased motor activity, heightened visual attention, and a greater number of smiles.
Color Attitudes of Art Students and University Students: I. Imagined Colors
Authors: Götz Karl Otto , Götz Karin
Published: September 2011

The color attitudes of 182 art students and 156 university students were tested. S's task was first to imagine colors and then to rank them on a seven-point rating scale. The results show that for art students only blue and red are “pleasant,” while gray and pink are “unpleasant” colors. Black and white count as “neutral.” The distributions of all other colors listed by Ss are not statistically different from chance. In comparison, university students show the same preference for blue and red as “pleasant” colors, but they prefer a third color, orange. Not only gray and pink are regarded as “unpleasant,” but also black and violet. White and beige are “neutral” colors. The only sex differences found were for violet in the art students group and for orange in the university students group. The drawbacks of the applied procedure, asking Ss to imagine colors, are discussed.
Direction of a Figural Retroactive-Effect as a Function of Apparent Temporal Overlap of Test and Inducing Figures
Authors: Adam June , Heron Ruth , Cooper Donna , Hepner Alain
Published: September 2011

In a series of experiments using a concentric circles figure the direction of the figural retroactive-effect is related to the frequency with which Ss report apparent temporal overlap of inducing and test figures under different conditions of testing. The results suggest that figural retroactive-effects showing attraction of the test figure toward the inducing figure result from S's perception of a visual illusion during the stimulus sequence. Factors determining the occurrence of both apparent temporal overlap and attraction effects are investigated.
Hallucinations, Conditioned Responses and Gestalts: Psychophysiological Parallels
Authors: Siomopoulos V.
Published: September 2011

It is suggested that hallucinations and continued responses may be viewed as psychophysiological parallels, with similar underlying mechanisms which may be conceptualized in terms either of stimulus-response theory or Gestalt theory.
Comparison of Four Different Methods for Measuring Projectile Velocity
Authors: Milesis Chris A. , Straub William F. , Matthews Margaret E.
Published: September 2011

Four techniques for measuring the velocity of a free-falling body (a baseball) were compared for validity and reliability. The baseball, with two steel bolts attached, was made to fall free by releasing it from an electromagnet. The four methods studied were (1) stopwatch ( n = 61), utilizing a 0.1-sec. stopwatch and (2) line-pull ( n = 61), utilizing two lines of different length attached to the baseball. The shorter line when pulled taut triggered a switch to start a clock counter. The longer line when pulled taut stopped the clock. (3) For 16-mm motion picture photography ( n = 11), a Bell & Howell camera with Kodak Tri-X film (ASA 160) at 76 frames/sec. was used and for (4) strobophotography ( n = 10) flash intervals of 20, 40, and 60 msec. were employed to expose sequential images of the free-falling baseball on Polaroid Type 57 film (ASA 3000). Strobophotography gave the best agreement with theoretical velocity ( V0), followed by 16-mm motion photography, line-pull, and stopwatch methods, in that order. Strobophotography was also the most reliable of the four methods, having the lowest standard deviation for Vobs – V0. Next in order of reliability were line-pull, 16-mm motion photography, and stopwatch. Multiple-image strobophotography gave superior validity and reliability in measuring projectile velocity, while line-pull and 16-mm motion picture photography methods seemed adequate for most research applications as well as athletics and instruction. A stopwatch is suitable only when a rough estimate of a projectile's velocity is needed.
Color Preferences of Art Students: Surface Colors. I
Authors: Götz Karl Otto , Götz Kaiun
Published: September 2011

In a previous study with imagined colors (Götz & Götz, 1974) our aim was to test the statistical significance of the frequency distribution over the categories of a given preference scale, separately for each single color. For art students only red and blue were “pleasant,” while gray and pink were “unpleasant” colors, black and white counted as “neutral,” and the distributions of all other colors listed were not statistically different from chance. In the present study with 14 surface colors the results are similar with the exception of yellow and orange, which range now among the highly preferred colors. The only sex difference was for green. The limitations of the present work are discussed.
Gestural Communication in Preschool Children
Authors: Kumin Libby , Lazar Martin
Published: September 2011

Encoding and decoding of emblem gestures of 56 3- and 4-yr.-old Ss were studied with a 30-item emblem survey. Age affected ability to encode and decode gestures, and the two abilities were related.
Conditional Discrimination Learning in Children as a Function of Number of Conditional Cues
Authors: Berch Daniel B. , Israel Michael
Published: September 2011

Each of three groups of third graders received a Lashley type conditional discrimination problem containing either one, two, or three conditional cues. In support of a deduction from the stimulus interaction hypothesis, the greater the number of conditional cues the better the child's performance on this problem.
Visual Masking, Handedness, and Laterality
Authors: Luria S. M.
Published: September 2011

Monocular thresholds for a black disk and for single letters, presented either alone or followed by a masking stimulus, were obtained for both eyes of 16 left-handed Ss and 16 right-handed Ss. Thresholds for the disk tended to be lower when it was presented to the right visual field, particularly for the left eye and for right-handers. Thresholds for the letters tended to be lower when presented to the right visual field of right-handers and to the left visual field of left-handers. The masking stimulus enhanced these differences for the disk but not for the letters.
Visual Imagery and Hypnotic Susceptibility
Authors: Wagman Roger , Stewart Charles G.
Published: September 2011

A dot-pattern test for accuracy of imagery and the Betts QMI scale for vividness of self-reported imagery were administered to 10 Ss high and 10 Ss low in hypnotic susceptibility. As in previous studies, susceptibility and Betts scale responses were related, but neither was related to dot-pattern performance. Results emphasize the complexity of the concept of imagery and the variety of possible bases for the relationship between self-reported imagery and hypnotic susceptibility, such as response-bias, suggestibility, and/or forms of imagery conferring very limited accuracy.
Effects of Visual and Auditory Knowledge of Results and Reward on Vigilance Performance
Authors: Grunzke Marvin E. , Kirk Roger E. , Fischer Steven C.
Published: September 2011

The effects of several procedures for providing knowledge of results (KR) and monetary reward on performance of a visual vigilance task were investigated. 72 Ss monitored a simulated CRT for 3 hr. The independent variables were visual KR versus no visual KR, auditory KR versus no auditory KR, and performance-contingent monetary reward versus noncontingent monetary reward. Probability of detection was significantly higher for the knowledge of results conditions and for performance-contingent reward than for the respective control conditions. The most effective treatment combination was visual knowledge of results combined with performance-contingent reward.
Use of Verbal Mediation in Training Auditory Temporal Organization
Authors: Sapir Selma G. , Wilson Bernice
Published: September 2011

Training only in the auditory modality with verbal mediation provided substantial gains on the Auditory-Visual Integration Test. 18 children were able to transfer from the auditory to the visual modality once they conceptualized the temporal organization symbolically.
Auditory Localization of Value Related Material
Authors: Hamlin Richard , Lindauer Martin S.
Published: September 2011

Neutral words were more accurately located in auditory space than high and low value words by 22 Ss whose values had been established on the Allport, Vernon, and Lindzey test. This effect occurred only at a 45° speaker location; there was no difference between the three types of stimuli at 0°; and the results for non-valued words at other speakers supported these divergent effects. These localization findings partially extend earlier research on visual and auditory thresholds, using an experimental rather than correlational approach. The nature of the underlying perceptual and cognitive processes, however, remains unclear.
Memory-for-Designs Performance of Brain-Damaged and Non-Damaged Psychiatric Patients
Authors: McManis Donald L.
Published: September 2011

20 brain-damaged and 20 non-damaged psychiatric patients, equated by groups for sex, CA, and verbal IQ, were compared on Memory-For-Designs performance. Significantly higher raw scores -were obtained by the brain-damaged than the non-damaged Ss ( p < .01). Although distribution of diagnostic group ratings as brain-damaged, borderline, or “normal” deviated significantly from chance in the expected direction ( p < .01), 28% of the females and 36% of the males were not clearly identified as damaged or non-damaged. A dichotomized cutting score between 6 and 7, however, improved the accuracy rate to 89% for females and 82% for males.
Associative Inhibition: An Encoding Task Measuring Associative Interference (Proactive Type) during Learning
Authors: Margolis Harold J.
Published: September 2011

Two forms of a novel paper-and-pencil encoding task were developed to measure proactive inhibition during learning when given to children and adolescents. The 2 forms of the encoding task were administered individually to 63 students referred for psychological services throughout a school district from a midwestern city. Results indicated that proactive inhibitory processes were present throughout learning and suggested that this encoding task could substitute, in special cases, for the classical verbal presentation of paired-associate materials that typically require individual administration.
Referral Rate and Physical Attractiveness in Third-Grade Children
Authors: Barocas Ralph , Black Harvey K.
Published: September 2011

Rates of referrals for psychological assessment, speech, reading, and learning disability were studied in third-grade children. Over-all, boys were referred more than girls and the children judged as physically attractive by ratings of photographs received significantly more referrals than their less attractive classmates. Differential consequences of appearance on interpersonal responsiveness are discussed with particular emphasis upon access to intervention programs as a function of appearance.
Awareness of Informal Space: A Longitudinal Analysis
Authors: Scott Joseph A.
Published: September 2011

The grade level at which children become aware of the meaning of interpersonal distance was identified. Photographs showing pairs of adults at the intimate, personal, social, and public distances identified by Hall (1966) were shown to 80 elementary school children. The children, in kindergarten through third grade ( ns = 20), were asked which of four communications corresponding to the above distances were in progress: a secret, discussion of dinner, directions to a store, or a call to dinner. Success in identifying the type of communication was directly related to grade level. Kindergarteners performed at chance level, but success in identification increased thereafter through third grade. However, the meanings of the four distances are not learned en masse. Public distance is identified earliest, intimate distance next, with the intermediate distances being identified last.
Reaction Time as a Measure of the Effect of Selective Attention
Authors: Flaherty Eugenie Walsh , Coren Stanley
Published: September 2011

In a dichotic-listening paradigm, reaction time was used to monitor the effect of selective attention for 8 Ss. Reaction times were longer for targets in the non-attended channel, but there was no difference between the performance in the attended channel and a divided attention condition which may be interpreted as evidence for attenuation of the unattended channel. For all conditions the reaction time for semantic stimuli is longer than that for tonal stimuli, and there is an interaction between stimulus type and attentional condition which may indicate a stimulus-processing component in selective attention.
Task Performance after Awakenings from Different Stages of Sleep
Authors: Kouiack David , Schuitz Katherine J.
Published: September 2011

Performance on both a Trail Making test and a vigilance task did not differ as a function of the sleep stage from which S was aroused. However, performance on the vigilance task was poorer after awakenings from rapid eye-movement periods with higher eye-movement density than after awakenings from rapid eye-movement periods with lower eye-movement density.
Vividness of Imagery and Spelling Errors
Authors: Walker B. S.
Published: September 2011

After an analysis of the spelling errors in a 108-word spelling test, words were categorized as P words or V words. P words were those for which all errors could be attributed to mispronunciation or inapplicable phonic generalization, and for V words the errors had no such basis. It was predicted and confirmed that the superiority of 33 good visualizers over 30 poor visualizers in spelling performance would be more pronounced for V words than for P words.
Comment on Rodewald and Carroll
Authors: Walsh James A.
Published: September 2011

Rodewald and Carroll (1974) reported surprise at discovering intransitivities among responses to items used to evaluate attitudes toward faculty members' over-all teaching performance. Literature was cited to support the contention that the items were multidimensional and that intransitivity should have been expected.
Relationships between Students' Perceptions of College Instruction and Selected Students' Characteristics
Authors: Scott Owen , Halpin Gerald , Schnittjer Carl
Published: September 2011

A study was made of the relationships between student characteristics of sex, creativity, life history, and academic achievement and students' perceptions of six aspects of college instruction—instructional objectives, human relations, use of instructional resources, motivation, content meaningfulness, and measurement and evaluation. Ss were 51 male and 133 female undergraduates. Two of the student characteristics, sex and academic achievement, were significantly related to one or more of the aspects of students' perception of instruction. Females perceived their motivation more favorably and meaningfulness of content less favorably than did males. For the males, academic achievement was significantly related to perception of instruction with grade point average and human relations making the largest relative contribution to the relationship.
Interpersonal Differentiation, Locus of Control and Cognitive Style among Alcoholics
Authors: O'Leary Michael R. , Donovan Dennis M. , Hague William H.
Published: September 2011

The present study investigated the relationship between Rotter's Locus of Control Scale (I-E) and 2 measures of cognitive style, the Group Embedded-figures Test and the Interpersonal Discrimination Test, for 50 alcoholics. The I-E scale did not correlate significantly with either the embedded-figures ( r = .18) or the discrimination test ( r = .13); the latter two scales correlated significantly ( r = .30). It was concluded that perceived locus of control and cognitive style are independent constructs.
Effects of Auditory Masking on Oral Sensory Perception
Authors: Fitch James L.
Published: September 2011

40 Ss were administered a test of oral sensory perception in quiet and in white noise of 90 and 100 dB intensity. Scores indicated that there was no significant difference in performance on the oral sensory-perception task during presence of the noise. Auditory masking does not appear to be a variable of import in the functioning of the oral sensory modality.
A Versatile Biological Amplifier
Authors: Roberts Thomas W.
Published: September 2011

A biological amplifier using N-channel and complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) devices has been described. Its high input impedance and excellent common mode rejection ratio suit it well to surface and wire EMG research. Its low cost and ease of assembly make it a desirable choice for student use.
Determinants of Visual Attention in Real-World Scenes
Authors: Lewis Marc S.
Published: September 2011

The present study examined the saliency of size, movement, and human content variables in visual selective attention. Ss named stimuli present in motion pictures of real world scenes or in animated cartoon controls during a 15-sec. exposure period. Regardless of the type of presentation that they saw, Ss tended to name large and/or moving stimuli more often than small and/or nonmoving stimuli. Also, small human stimuli were named more frequently than small nonhuman stimuli, while there were no differences between the frequencies with which large human and nonhuman stimuli were named. The order in which Ss named stimuli was not related to either the size, movement, or human content variables. Results are discussed in terms of the generalizability of the results of previous studies to conditions simulating the real world.
Cannabis Intoxication: Effects of Monetary Incentive on Performance, a Controlled Investigation of Behavioural Tolerance in Moderate Users of Cannabis
Authors: Casswell Sally
Published: September 2011

The study examined the effect of monetary incentive on the performance of five tasks after two heterogeneous groups of experienced users of cannabis and previously naive subjects had smoked placebo material and two dose levels of cannabis. The performance of the motivated subjects was compared with that of two non-motivated matched groups. Dose-related impairment was found on four of the five tasks, supporting previous findings of cannabis-induced impairment of short-term memory, goal-directed behavior and choice reaction times. Results for three of the tasks suggested that the performance of the motivated subjects was less affected by the drug than was the performance of the non-motivated subjects. There was no difference between the performance of subjects naive and experienced with respect to drug use.
Direct Interval-Estimation: A Ratio Scaling Method
Authors: Silverman Franklin H. , Johnston Robert G.
Published: September 2011

A variation of S. S. Stevens's direct magnitude-estimation scaling procedure is described in which the standard stimulus consists of an “interval” rather than a “point.” Data suggest this variation requites considerably fewer judges than direct magnitude-estimation to produce scale values possessing a given level of reliability.
Intelligibility of Monosyllabic Words Masked by Linguistic Strings
Authors: Chermak Gail D.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of the present study was to examine the role of grammatical and semantical constraints in linguistic strings functioning as maskers. 12 college age, normal hearing, native speakers of English, served as subjects. Three conditions of 25 words with grammatical strings as competing speech, 25 words with semantically anomalous strings as competing speech, and 25 words with ungrammatical strings as maskers were assessed in a treatment-by-subjects analysis of variance. A critical difference test indicated that the difference lay between the mean articulation scores for the semantically anomalous strings and the grammatical and ungrammatical strings. Thus, subjects' performance when the semantically anomalous strings functioned as the masker was depressed relative to performance under the other two conditions of competing speech. These results appeared to be centered around the concepts of attention (familiarity of masker), probability and information content of the masker, and constituent analysis.
Developmental Study of Human Visual and Auditory Evoked Responses
Authors: Miyazaki Masaaki , Mori Toshiaki , Kakigi Shoji
Published: September 2011

The present study investigated the development of visual evoked response by varying the physical factor of photic stimulus size and the psychological factor of age and the development of auditory evoked response was investigated on habituation trials, using the subjects of wide range in ages. The results showed that visual evoked response decreased in amplitude as a function of age and increased as a function of stimulus size and the auditory evoked response also decreased in amplitude as a function of age, while no prominent habituation of evoked response over the trial blocks was observed.
Intra- and Intermodal Word-Recognition Cues: A Reassuring Methodological Note
Authors: Swenson Ingrid , Fry Maurine A.
Published: September 2011

A matching-to-sample task was administered to 64 first graders (32 girls and 32 boys) under four conditions, two intramodal and two intermodal. The correct response was selected most frequently in all conditions. A two-factor (sex × task) analysis of variance with repeated measures on the task factor was performed on the number of correct responses. The interaction was not significant, not did number correct vary with sex; but number correct did vary with task condition ( p < .001). Performance was significantly better in the visual-visual condition than in the auditory-auditory, visual-auditory or auditory-visual conditions. Performance in all four conditions was significantly related to reading achievement. The five cue types or stimulus alterations were not used differentially within condition. Proportional frequency of reversal-cue choice as compared to other cues, did not appear to be affected by the change in instructions to include the correct response.
Differential Reinforcement of Reaction Times in Developmental Retardates
Authors: Hasazi Joseph E. , Allen Robert M.
Published: September 2011

The effects of differential reinforcement on reaction times to two intensities of reaction signal were investigated in 36 developmental retardates. One group was reinforced for reaction times to the higher intensity signal; a second group was reinforced for reaction times to the lower intensity signal; a third group received no reinforcement. Reaction time decreased as signal intensity increased and decreased over sessions as a function of reinforcement. Likewise, reinforcement either exaggerated or reversed differences in reaction times to each signal depending on the particular reinforcement contingency. Results were discussed in terms of attentional and motivational explanations of effects of signal intensity on reaction times of retardates.
Porteus Maze Q Score as a Measure of Impulsivity
Authors: O'Keefe Edward J.
Published: September 2011

The validity of the Q score (derived from the qualitative scoring of the Porteus Maze Test) as a measure of impulsivity was investigated by comparing the performance of high- and low-impulse groups. 80 Ss were employed and the Q score failed to differentiate high- from low-impulse institutionalized Ss, delinquent from nondelinquent Ss and extreme groups based on ratings. These findings are at variance with the claim that the Q score measures impulsivity.
Picture Memory (Pseudomatching) in Rhesus Monkeys
Authors: Bruner A. , Bogo V. , Gallegos A. N.
Published: September 2011

Pseudomatching, the selection of the correct comparison stimulus without dependence on presentation of a sample stimulus, was demonstrated in monkeys being trained ostensibly on a matching-to-sample, shock-avoidance task. Pseudomatching occurred whenever the problem sets were not fully counterbalanced for key position and correct symbol and seemed to represent memorization of specific stimulus configurations. Some animals showed the capacity to memorize hundreds of different 4-choice problems as indicated by test trials on which the samples were omitted. To prevent pseudomatching contamination of matching-to-sample behavior one must arrange full counterbalancing and randomization of stimuli and reinforcements. Pseudomatching test trials are also recommended.
Valuation of Athletic Performance in Male Adolescent Peer Groups
Authors: Murray Chris
Published: September 2011

This paper examines the contribution of athletic performance, as measured by a battery of psychomotor tests, to the value structures of organizationally constrained peer groups. Peer groups are represented by the complete male third years of 12 U. K. secondary modern schools located in London, Coventry, Manchester, and Liverpool. The two hypotheses were derived from the literature on peer influences in adolescence and the relationship between conformity and esteem. Both hypotheses are verified in that athletic performance was differentially valued within peer systems (Hypothesis 1) and such differential valuation related to differences in performance between systems (Hypothesis 2). Implications are drawn from the findings with regard to personal-social adjustment in adolescence.
Cognitive Style, Hemispheric Specialization, and Tested Abilities of Transsexuals and Nontranssexuals
Authors: La Torre Ronald A. , Gossmann Ilona , Piper William E.
Published: September 2011

Tests on which the 12 males and the 8 male transsexuals differed significantly and might be useful to clinicians for differentiation were the Embedded-figures Test, the Porteus Mazes, and the O'Connor Finger Dexterity Test. Sex differences emerged on the Embedded-figures Test and the first half of the dexterity test. There were no significant differences between 12 males and 14 females or males and 8 transsexuals on conjugate lateral eye movement, eye dominance. Digit Span, and Digit Symbol. Embedded-figures Test appears to tap some aspect of gender identity (males with female identities respond like females) while the first half of the O'Connor taps a biologically determined sex difference (males respond alike whether they have male or female identities).
Some Psychometric Problems of the Matching Familiar Figures Test
Authors: Kojima Hideo
Published: September 2011

Administered were Kagan's Matching Familiar Figures Test and a group intelligence test to 151 male and 130 female Japanese 2nd graders, and detailed analyses of responses were made. While matching response time was high in internal consistency, errors were much less consistent. Variant positions were differentially selected by 4 groups, and the position where correct variants were placed partially accounted for “the error variance” of errors. But it seemed that errors of the matching test could not be made reliable enough simply by refining and lengthening the present version of Kagan's test. While slow-accurate, fast-accurate, and slow-inaccurate children adjusted their response time to item difficulty, fast-inaccurate children failed to do so. Almost all of these results were replicated in third and fifth graders. By the ordinary scoring method of intelligence test, the 4 matching groups differed from each other only in girls. But by adjusting the scores for errors, intelligence test performance came to correlate with the matching figures even in boys.
Control of Fingertip Temperature Increases via Biofeedback in Learning-Disabled and Normal Children
Authors: Hunter Sara H. , Russell Harold L. , Russell Evelyn D. , Zimmermann Robert L.
Published: September 2011

Although considerable research has been done with biofeedback in adults, little is known of its effect in children of different ages or those with learning disabilities. This study assessed the effects of thermal biofeedback in 60 children (40 boys, 20 girls) aged 7 to 9 yr. ( Mage 8-6) half of whom were learning-disabled and half, normal children matched for age, sex, grade, race, socioeconomic status, and IQ. Training consisted of one 15-min. period daily for five days with three trials per period. Children (16 learning-disabled, 16 normals) received consistent reinforcement for digital temperature increases while 28 children (14 learning-disabled, 14 normals) received mixed reinforcement after Day 1, on which all children were consistently reinforced to yield a performance baseline. Feedback was provided by a variable intensity light and toy electric train. Learning was demonstrated only for the consistently reinforced group, which performed almost twice as well as those receiving mixed reinforcement. Learning-disabled children learned thermal control even better than normals, explained in terms of biofeedback reinforcing an internal steady state conducive to learning. Younger children did better than older children, and girls did somewhat better than boys. Post-training improvement in figure-ground discrimination and intersensory-integration was linked with performance and learning, respectively.
An Experimental Form of the Stewart Personality Inventory: A Simplified-Format Measure of Major Personality Dimensions
Authors: Stewart Robert A. C.
Published: September 2011

A brief report of factor analysis of responses from 57 students, aged 15 to 17 yr., to the experimental form of the Stewart Personality Inventory is given.
Interpersonal Touch in High School Relative to Sex and Race
Authors: Willis Frank N. , Reeves Dennis L. , Buchanan Douglas R.
Published: September 2011

Previous studies have indicated that interpersonal touch decreases from kindergarten through junior high. In the present study 1154 pairs of high school students were observed in school cafeteria queues. Instances of touch were recorded along with body parts used to touch and touched. High school students were observed to segregate themselves by race and sex as did the primary and junior high students in the earlier studies. Touch was not less probable than that observed in younger students. Cross-sex touch was not more frequent as had been predicted. Touch was highest among black students. An increase in aggressive touch seen in female junior high students was not observed in the present study.