bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Circumcision and sexual behavior: Factors independently associated with human papillomavirus detection among men in the HIM study
Authors: Giuliano Anna R. , Lazcano Eduardo , Villa Luisa Lina , Flores Roberto , Salmeron Jorge , Lee Ji‐Hyun , Papenfuss Mary , Abrahamsen Martha , Baggio Maria Luiza , Silva Roberto , Quiterio Manuel
Published: October 2008

There is growing interest in understanding human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and related disease among men. To date there have been numerous studies reporting HPV DNA prevalence among men from several different countries, however, few have incorporated multivariable analyses to determine factors independently associated with male HPV detection. The purpose of this study was to assess the factors independently associated with HPV detection in men ages 18–70 years residing in Brazil (n = 343), Mexico (n = 312), and the United States (US) (n = 333). In samples combined from the coronal sulcus, glans penis, shaft, and scrotum, we evaluated factors associated with any, oncogenic, and nononcogenic HPV infections. In multivariable analyses, detection of any HPV infection was significantly associated with reported race of Asian/Pacific Islander, lifetime and recent number of sexual partners, and having sex in the past 3 months. Oncogenic HPV detection was independently associated with lifetime and recent number of sexual partners, and having sex in the past 3 months. NonOncogenic HPV infection was independently associated with lifetime number of sexual partners. Circumcision, assessed by clinical examination, was associated with reduced risk of HPV detection across all categories of HPV evaluated. HPV detection in men in the current study was strongly related to sexual behavior and circumcision status. Interventions such as circumcision may provide a low‐cost method to reduce HPV infection. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Telomere length, oxidative damage, antioxidants and breast cancer risk
Authors: Shen Jing , Gammon Marilie D. , Terry Mary Beth , Wang Qiao , Bradshaw Patrick , Teitelbaum Susan L. , Neugut Alfred I. , Santella Regina M.
Published: October 2008

Telomeres play a critical role in maintaining the integrity and stability of the genome, and are susceptible to oxidative damage after telomere shortening to a critical length. In the present study, we explored the role of white blood cell DNA telomere length on breast cancer risk, and examined whether urinary 15‐F2‐isoprostanes (15‐F2t‐IsoP) and 8‐oxo‐7,8‐dihydrodeoxyguanosine (8‐oxodG) or dietary antioxidant intake modified the relationship between telomere length and breast cancer risk. A population‐based case–control study—the Long Island Breast Cancer Study Project—was conducted among 1,067 cases and 1,110 controls. Telomere length was assessed by quantitative PCR. Overall, the mean levels of telomere length (T/S ratio), 15‐F2t‐IsoP and 8‐oxodG were not significantly different between cases and controls. Among premenopausal women only, carrying shorter telomeres (Q3 and Q4), as compared with the longest (Q1), was associated with significantly increased breast cancer risk. Age‐adjusted OR and 95% CI were 1.71 (1.10–2.67) and 1.61 (1.05–2.45). The 5‐F2t‐IsoP and 8‐oxodG biomarkers did not modify the telomere–breast cancer association. A moderate increase in breast cancer risk was observed among women with the shortest telomeres (Q4) and lower dietary and supplemental intake of β‐carotene, vitamin C or E intake [OR (95% CI) = 1.48 (1.08–2.03), 1.39 (1.01–1.92) and 1.57 (1.14–2.18), respectively], although the trend test exhibited statistical significance only within the lower vitamin E intake subgroup (ptrend = 0.01). These results provided the strongest evidence to date that breast cancer risk may be affected by telomere length among premenopausal women or women with low dietary intake of antioxidants or antioxidant supplements. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparison of artificial neural networks and empirical equations to estimate daily pan evaporation
Authors: Terzi Özlem , Keskin M. Erol
Published: October 2008

This study consists of two parts. In the first part, daily pan evaporation estimations are achieved by a suitable artificial neural network (ANN) model for the meteorological data recorded from the automated GroWheather meteorological station near Lake Eğirdir, which lies in the Lake District of western Turkey. At this station six meteorological variables are measured simultaneously, namely, air temperature, water temperature, solar radiation, air pressure, wind speed and relative humidity. The ANN architecture has only one output neuron with up to four input neurons representing air and water temperatures, air pressure and solar radiation. Prior to ANN model construction the classical correlation study indicated the insignificance of wind speed and relative humidity in the Eğirdir Lake area. Hence, the final ANN model has three input neurons in the input layer with one at the output layer. The hidden layer neuron number is found to be six after various trial and error model runs. In the second part, daily evaporation values are estimated using classical approaches such as the Priestley–Taylor, Brutsaert–Stricker, Makkink and Hamon methods. The comparison was first made using the original constant values involved in each equation, and then using the calibrated constant values. The results show that when the original constant values were used, the Priestley–Taylor, Brutsaert–Stricker and Makkink methods underestimated evaporation values, but the Hamon method overestimated them. When calibrated constant values were substituted for the original constant values, all four equations improved to estimate evaporation. While the mean square error (MSE) values varied between 6.27 and 49.2 for original constant values, they varied between 3.43 and 4.33 for calibrated constant values. Of the evaporation methods, the Hamon method improved well to estimate evaporation values. It is also noted that the ANN model is superior even to the classical approaches of the Priestley–Taylor, Brutsaert–Stricker, Makkink and Hamon methods. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cash disbursements: How to minimize cash output
Authors: Reider Rob
Published: October 2008

There is an art to effectively managing cash disbursements. The author shows how to use a variety of techniques to help you minimize cash output—and not get in trouble doing it. After you read this article, your motto will be “No Pay Before Its Time.”

This article is excerpted and adapted from Managing Cash Flow: An Operational Focus by Rob Reider, published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Investing in socially responsible companies
Authors: Goldberg Jennifer , Goldberg Stephen R. , Ratliff‐Miller Paulette
Published: October 2008

President Franklin D. Roosevelt conveyed an important lesson when he said, “We have always known that heedless self‐interest was bad morals; we know now that it is [also] bad economics.” But Roosevelt's wisdom has been forgotten, and later generations instead followed the lead of the movie Wall Street, which had its own famous quote: “Greed is good!”

Today stockholders embrace corporate social responsibility—but they still want good returns on their investments. How can today's treasurer and others balance these conflicting goals? © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effect of different fermentation parameters on bioethanol production from corn meal hydrolyzates by free and immobilized cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. ellipsoideus
Authors: Nikolić Svetlana , Mojović Ljiljana , Rakin Marica , Pejin Dušanka , Nedović Viktor
Published: October 2008

BACKGROUND: Bioethanol produced from renewable biomass, such as corn meal, is a biofuel that is both renewable and environmentally friendly. Significant scientific and technological investments will be needed to achieve substitution of conventional fossil fuels with alternative fuels. The ethanol fermentation of enzymatically obtained corn meal hydrolyzates by free and immobilized cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. ellipsoideus yeast in a batch system was studied. The initial glucose and inoculum concentration and the time required for the efficient ethanol production were optimized taking into account parameters such as ethanol concentration, ethanol yield, percentage of the theoretical yield of ethanol and volumetric productivity in both immobilized and free cell systems.

RESULTS: The yeast cells were immobilized in Ca–alginate by an electrostatic droplet generation method. An optimal initial inoculum concentration of 2% (v/v) and optimal fermentation time of 38 h for both immobilized and free yeasts were determined. An optimal initial glucose concentration of 150 g L−1 for free system was achieved. At the initial glucose concentration of 176 g L no substrate or product inhibition were achieved with immobilized yeast.

CONCLUSION: By immobilization of the yeast into Ca–alginate using the method of electrostatic droplet generation a superior system was realized, which exhibited lower substrate inhibition and higher tolerance to ethanol. The cells of S. cerevisiae var. ellipsoideus yeast entrapped in Ca–alginate showed good physical and chemical stability, and no substrate and product diffusion restrictions were noticed. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
Enhancement of Candida parapsilosis catalyzing deracemization of (R,S)‐1‐phenyl‐1, 2‐ethanediol: agitation speed control during cell cultivation
Authors: Nie Yao , Xu Yan , Lv Teng Fei , Xiao Rong
Published: October 2008

BACKGROUND: Microbial cells have been used widely in biosynthesis of chiral alcohols. However, research concerning the effect of oxygen supply in cultivation on biocatalytic activity of whole cells in organic synthesis is limited. This study improved the reaction efficiency of Candida parapsilosis catalyzing (R,S)‐1‐phenyl‐1,2‐ethanediol (PED) deracemization by controlling agitation during cell cultivation.

RESULTS: The increase of dissolved oxygen concentration by adjusting agitation speed from 200 to 300 rpm at aeration rate 1.5 vvm significantly improved the cell growth of C. parapsilosis and the activities of two key enzymes involved in deracemization. (S)‐PED with higher optical purity of 98.23%e.e. and yield of 82.94% was formed. Compared with the initial fermentation conditions at aeration rate 0.75 vvm and agitation speed 200 rpm, enhanced oxygen supply conditions afforded better cells for highly efficient conversion under higher substrate concentration.

CONCLUSION: Oxygen supply had a significant effect on cell growth and catalytic activity of C. parapsilosis catalyzing asymmetric oxidoreduction. By conveniently controlling agitation in cultivation, cell activity and key enzymes production for a complex reaction of concurrent tandem oxidation and reduction processes can easily be conducted, which could help to cultivate cells catalyzing synthesis of interested chiral compounds. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
Presence and distribution of FMRFamide‐like immunoreactivity in the cyprid of the barnacle Balanus amphitrite (Cirripedia, crustacea)
Authors: Gallus Lorenzo , Ferrando Sara , Bottaro Massimiliano , Diaspro Alberto , Girosi Laura , Faimali Marco , Ramoino Paola , Tagliafierro Grazia
Published: October 2008

The presence and distribution of FMRFamide‐like peptides (FLPs) in the cyprid larvae of the barnacle Balanus amphitrite were investigated using immunohistochemical methods. Barnacles are considered to be one of the most important constituents of animal fouling communities, and the cyprid stage is specialized for settlement and metamorphosis in to the sessile adult condition. FLPs immunoreactive (IR) neuronal cell bodies were detected in both the central and the peripheral nervous system. One bilateral group of neurons somata was immunodetected in the brain, and IR nerve fibers were observed in the neuropil area and optic lobes. Intense immunostaining was also observed in the frontal filament complex: frontal filament tracts leaving the optic lobes and projecting towards the compound eyes, swollen nerve endings in the frontal filament vesicles, and thin nerve endings in the external frontal filament. Thin IR nerve fibers were also present in the cement glands. Two pairs of neuronal cell bodies were immunodetected in the posterior ganglion; some of their axons appear to project to the cirri. FLPs IR neuronal cell bodies were also localized in the wall of the dilated midgut and in the narrow hindgut; their processes surround the gut wall and allow gut neurons to synapse with one another. Our data demonstrated the presence of FLPs IR substances in the barnacle cyprid. We hypothesize that these peptides act as integrators in the central nervous system, perform neuromuscular functions for thoracic limbs, trigger intestinal movements and, at the level of the frontal filament, play a neurosecretory role. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Life satisfaction in Malawi and the importance of relative consumption, polygamy and religion
Authors: Hinks Tim , Davies Simon
Published: October 2008

Happiness equations for Malawi are estimated using a new household survey. It is apparent that absolute consumption level is strongly associated with satisfaction. Both objective and subjective relative consumption in the neighbourhood is positively associated with satisfaction. Male satisfaction is associated strongly with relative consumption but female satisfaction is not. Separated or widowed females are less happy than males indicating a vulnerability that acts as a disincentive to leave husbands during marital problems. Polygamous females in traditional religions are less satisfied than other females whilst there is some evidence that male Muslims in polygamous relationships are more satisfied. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Material property variation of mandibular symphyseal bone in colobine monkeys
Authors: Daegling David J. , Hotzman Jennifer L. , McGraw W. Scott , Rapoff Andrew J.
Published: October 2008

The anterior mandibular corpus of anthropoid primates is routinely subjected to masticatory loads that result in relatively high local levels of stress and strain. While structural morphological responses to these loads have been extensively explored, relatively little is known about material property variation in mandibular bone of nonhuman primates. Consequently, the role of regional and local variation in bone stiffness in conditioning stress and strain gradients is poorly understood. We sampled elastic modulus variation in the bone of the anterior mandibular corpus in two species (N = 3 each) of sympatric colobine monkeys, Procolobus badius and Colobus polykomos. These monkeys were chosen for comparison owing to their distinctive dietary regimens, as P. badius rarely includes hard objects in its diet while C. polykomos habitually processes obdurate items during feeding. Elastic modulus is determined through bone hardness data obtained via microindentation, which enables the description of stiffness variation on sub‐millimeter scales. Labial bone stiffness exceeds that of lingual bone in the sample overall. Female mandibular bone is generally stiffer than that found in males, and overall Procolobus mandibular bone is stiffer than that in Colobus. These results, interpreted collectively, suggest that the material response to elevated masticatory stress is increased compliance of the affected bone. J. Morphol., 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Heterochrony during skeletal development of Pseudis platensis (anura, hylidae) and the early offset of skeleton development and growth
Authors: Fabrezi Marissa , Goldberg Javier
Published: October 2008

The aquatic frog Pseudis platensis has a giant tadpole, long developmental time, and dissociated metamorphic events that include later offset of larval somatic morphologies. Moreover, when the tadpole metamorphoses, the young frog is nearly the size of an adult, suggesting that this species has low rates of postmetamorphic growth. Herein, we study the development of the skeleton during larval development up to the end of metamorphosis, which is denoted by the complete lost of the tail in P. platensis. Our study revealed heterochronic differences in skeletal development compared with that of most anurans; these involve the complete differentiation of skull bones and the extensive ossification of the postcranial skeleton before completion of metamorphosis. The skull of metamorphosing P. platensis has an ossified sphenethmoid and a fully formed plectral apparatus, thus differing with regard to the pattern observed in most anurans in which both developmental events take place during the postmetamorphic life. Despite the fact that the iliosacral articulation and the urostyle are present at the end of metamorphosis as in most anurans, ossification/calcification of carpus, tarsus, and limb epihyses during metamorphosis of P. platensis suggests that the postcranial skeleton lacks postmetamorphic growth. This study also includes a discussion of the pattern of development of the plectral apparatus, which allows us to propose a new hypothesis regarding pars externa plectri homology. J. Morphol., 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Analysis of pentacyclic triterpenes by LC–MS. A comparative study between APCI and APPI
Authors: Rhourri‐Frih B. , Chaimbault P. , Claude B. , Lamy C. , André P. , Lafosse M.
Published: October 2008

The analytical performances of three atmospheric‐pressure sources, electrospray (ESI), atmospheric‐pressure chemical ionization (APCI), and atmospheric‐pressure photoionization (APPI), were evaluated for the analysis of pentacyclic triterpenes in liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS). Among these sources, APPI and APCI are particularly well adapted to sensitive analyses of pentacyclic triterpenes by LC–MS. Detection parameters were optimized for both the sources, and the effects of three dopants (toluene, acetone and anisole) on the detection (sensitivity and ion fingerprints in MS spectra) were studied in detail for APPI–MS.

The limits of quantification were measured under selected ion monitoring conditions, in the range of 0.005–0.015 mg l−1and 0.002–0.84 mg l−1in APPI and APCI, respectively, depending on the studied pentacyclic triterpene. Overall, APPI was found more sensitive than APCI in positive ion mode, whereas APCI shows the greatest sensitivity for acidic triterpenes in negative ion mode.

Following this study, the developed LC–MS method was used for the characterization of pentacyclic triterpenes in three plant extracts. High amounts of betulinic acid, betulinic aldehyde and betulinic aldehyde acetate were observed in plane bark. The main component of birch bark is betulin and extracts of okoume resin exhibit high amounts of α‐ and β‐amyrin. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
FDTD modelling of a realistic room for through‐the‐wall radar applications
Authors: Chamma Walid A.
Published: October 2008

This study describes the use of the finite‐difference time‐domain (FDTD) method to investigate the capabilities and limitations of a ultra wideband (UWB) radar system for detecting a human model target inside a realistic room. A 0.8 ns pulse at a centre frequency ofƒ0=1.1 GHz is used. The room is modelled with all its components (water and heating pipes, windows, electrical outlets, brick walls, barred windows, etc.). The radar set‐up is also modelled to simulate a realistic system. The performance of the UWB radar is examined by generating two‐dimensional images of the room interior with the human body model included. This is done by considering monostatic and multistatic radar scenarios where responses are recorded and processed using the time‐domain back‐projection method. Images obtained using the FDTD modelling detected the human body model at the correct location inside the room. As expected, the multistatic radar set‐up provided a cleaner image than that of the monostatic radar set‐up due to greater diversity in aspect angle. Copyright © 2008 Crown in the right of Canada. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of acute tensile loading on gender‐specific tendon structural and mechanical properties
Authors: Burgess Katherine E. , Graham‐Smith Phillip , Pearson Stephen J.
Published: October 2008

Stretching is commonly used prior to exercise, as it is thought to reduce the risk of injury, and it is also used in the preconditioning of tendon grafts. As tendon properties have been shown to be different between genders, it is proposed that stretching will differentially affect the structure. Here we examine the effect of acute stretch on the mechanical properties of both male and female medial gastrocnemius tendon. Female [20 years ± 1 (SEM), n = 17] and male (22 years ± 1, n = 18) subjects underwent a 5‐min passive dorsiflexion stretch. Prior to and post stretch medial gastrocnemius tendon stiffness (K), length (l) and cross‐sectional area (csa) were measured using ultrasonography and dynamometry. Stiffness and Young's modulus (ε) were significantly reduced with stretch for both genders (p < 0.05). Females showed significantly (p < 0.05) greater pre‐ to poststretch decreases in K (22.4 vs. 8.8%) and ε (20.5 vs. 8.4%) in comparison to males. The present results show that stretching acutely reduces stiffness of the medial gastrocnemius tendon in females and males, with females showing significantly greater change. The observed disparity between genders may be due in part to variations in tendon moment arm and intrinsic differences in tendon composition. These differential changes in tendon mechanical properties have functional, motor control, and injury risk implications, as well as possible implications for preconditioning of tendon grafts. © 2008 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 27: 510–516, 2009
Relationship between Raman spectral pattern and crystallographic orientation of a rock‐forming mineral: a case study of Fo89Fa11 olivine
Authors: Ishibashi Hidemi , Arakawa Masashi , Ohi Shugo , Yamamoto Junji , Miyake Akira , Kagi Hiroyuki
Published: October 2008

The relationship between Raman spectra and crystallographic orientation was examined for single crystals of Fo89Fa11 olivine [(Mg0.89Fe0.11)2SiO4]. Raman spectra were obtained for chemically homogeneous olivine grains with various orientations on a thin section of mantle‐derived rock (dunite) using micro‐Raman equipment and an unpolarized exciting laser. Crystallographic orientations of each olivine grain were determined using an electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) method. Five apparent peaks at 822 (peak 1), 854 (peak 2), 880 (peak 3), 917 (peak 4), and 959 cm−1 (peak 5) were observed in the spectral range of 700–1050 cm−1. Intensity ratios of peak i to peak 2, Ii/I2, for i = 1, 4, and 5 were formulated empirically as functions of crystallographic orientations: Ii/I2 = (a1iθ2/π2 + a2iθ/π + a3i)sin2ϕ + (b1iθ2/π2 + b2iθ/π + b3i)sinϕ + ci where a1i, a2i, a3i, b1i, b2i, b3i, ci are constants. ϕ is the angle between the [100] axis and the incident direction of the laser, and θ is the angle between the [001] axis and the incident direction of laser projected on the {100} plane. These equations well describe the relationships between Ii/I2 and crystallographic orientation. The obtained empirical equations enable Raman spectroscopic determination of the crystallographic orientation of olivine. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of vibrational spectra of 2‐fluoro‐6‐nitrotoluene based on density functional theory calculations
Authors: Krishnakumar V. , Dheivamalar S.
Published: October 2008

The conformational behavior and structural stability of 2‐fluoro‐6‐nitrotoluene (FNT) were investigated by utilizing density functional theory (DFT) with the standard B3LYP/6‐311 + G** method and basis set combinations. The vibrational wavenumbers of FNT were computed at DFT levels and complete vibrational assignments were made on the basis of normal coordinate calculations. Normal coordinate analysis (NCA) has been carried out to support the vibrational analysis. The results were compared with the experimental values. The observed Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and Fourier transform (FT) Raman vibrational wavenumbers were analyzed and compared with the theoretically predicted vibrational spectra. The results of vibrational spectra of FNT were also compared with the vibrational spectra of some toluene derivatives. The assignments of bands to various normal modes of the molecules were also carried out. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of formulation on physicochemical properties and water status of nutritionally enhanced tortillas
Authors: Serventi Luca , Carini Eleonora , Curti Elena , Vittadini Elena
Published: October 2008

BACKGROUND: Various nutritionally enhanced tortillas were developed by incorporating ingredients with nutritional functionality (carrot, soy, wholemeal kamut and their combination (CSK)) in a standard wheat tortilla formulation. The effect of these ingredients on the physicochemical properties and water status of the products was evaluated.

RESULTS: Partial substitution of carrot juice for water in the tortilla formulation significantly reduced the macroscopic (water activity and moisture content) and thermal (‘frozen’ water (FW) content) properties and marginally reduced the 1H molecular mobility (faster 1H free induction decay (FID)) compared with the standard. Wholemeal kamut increased the FW content via a possible water redistribution among ingredients. Whole soy flour induced higher 1H molecular mobility (T2B relaxation rate, % 1H T2B population and single T1), probably because a loose soy protein—water interaction and/or margarine. The water status of the CSK tortilla reflected the contribution of each ingredient in the respective prototype: fast 1H FID (carrot), high FW content (kamut), high 1H molecular mobility and low moisture content and water activity (soy).

CONCLUSIONS: The changes in formulation used in this study to produce tortillas with enhanced nutritional value affected the water status of the products in a very interesting manner: the different ingredients altered the water status at different levels. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
Evaluation of a peritoneal surface disease severity score in patients with colon cancer with peritoneal carcinomatosis
Authors: Pelz Joerg O.W. , Stojadinovic Alexander , Nissan Aviram , Hohenberger Werner , Esquivel Jesus
Published: October 2008

Introduction

Systemic therapy and cytoreduction (CRS) with hyperthermic intra‐peritoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) may benefit selected patients with carcinomatosis from colon cancer (PC). This study presents the results of a consecutive series of patients evaluated under a single strategy.

Patients and Methods

Forty patients with PC referred for CRS were evaluated. Evaluation of their treatment was determined according to disease severity scored on a 3‐point scale including: (1) symptoms, (2) extent of peritoneal dissemination (PCI), and (3) primary tumor histology. Overall survival (OS) was analyzed using Kaplan–Meier product‐limit method and log rank testing according to four tiers of estimated disease severity based on the above parameters.

Results

For patients with disease severity score I, II, III, and IV, 2‐year OS following treatment was 100%, 80%, 80%, and 0%, respectively. Median OS with most advanced disease (IV: n = 20) was 5 months versus 36 months for disease of lesser severity (I–III: n = 20;P < 0.001; RR = 0.2; 95%CI 0.1–0.5). Advanced disease (IV) was an independent predictor of adverse outcome on multivariate analysis with 2.6‐fold increased likelihood of mortality.

Conclusion

A treatment strategy based on disease severity determined at time of diagnosis, stratifies patients into prognostic groups and may improve selection of patients for appropriate therapy. J. Surg. Oncol. 2009;99:9–15. Published 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Experimental measurements and kinetic modeling of CH4/O2 and CH4/C2H6/O2 conversion at high pressure
Authors: Rasmussen Christian Lund , Jakobsen Jon Geest , Glarborg Peter
Published: October 2008

A detailed chemical kinetic model for homogeneous combustion of the light hydrocarbon fuels CH4 and C2H6 in the intermediate temperature range roughly 500–1100 K, and pressures up to 100 bar has been developed and validated experimentally. Rate constants have been obtained from critical evaluation of data for individual elementary reactions reported in the literature with particular emphasis on the conditions relevant to the present work. The experiments, involving CH4/O2 and CH4/C2H6/O2 mixtures diluted in N2, have been carried out in a high‐pressure flow reactor at 600–900 K, 50–100 bar, and reaction stoichiometries ranging from very lean to fuel‐rich conditions. Model predictions are generally satisfactory. The governing reaction mechanisms are outlined based on calculations with the kinetic model. Finally, the mechanism was extended with a number of reactions important at high temperature and tested against data from shock tubes, laminar flames, and flow reactors. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 40: 778–807, 2008
Thermal decomposition of trifluoromethoxycarbonyl peroxy nitrate, CF3OC(O)O2NO2
Authors: Manetti Martín D. , Malanca Fabio E. , Argüello Gustavo A.
Published: October 2008

The thermal decomposition of trifluoromethoxycarbonyl peroxy nitrate, CF3OC(O)O2NO2, has been studied between 278 and 306 K at 270 mbar total pressure using He as a diluent gas. The pressure dependence of the reaction was also studied at 292 K between 1.2 and 270 mbar total pressure. The rate constant reaches its high‐pressure limit at 70 mbar. The first step of the decomposition leads to CF3OC(O)O2 and NO2 formation, that is, CF3OC(O)O2NO2 + M ⇆ CF3OC(O)O2 + NO2 + M (k1, k−1). Reaction (−1) was prevented by adding an excess of NO that reacts with the peroxy radical intermediate and leads to carbonyl fluoride (CF2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and small quantities of CF3OC(O)O2C(O)OCF3. The kinetics of reaction (1) was determined by following the loss of CF3OC(O)O2NO2 via IR spectroscopy. The temperature dependence of the decomposition follows the equation k1(T) = 1.0 × 1016 e−((111±3)/(RT)) for the exponential term expressed in kJ mol−1. The values obtained for the kinetic parameters such as k1 at 298 K, the activation energy (Ea), and the preexponential factor (A) are compared with literature data for other acyl peroxy nitrates. The atmospheric thermal stability of CF3OC(O)O2NO2 and its dependence with altitude is discussed. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 40: 831–838, 2008
On the photoreactivity of vitamin K compounds
Authors: Swartz Angela M. , Patton Valerie , Heppleston Marianne J. , Barra Mónica
Published: October 2008

Rate constants for conversion of vitamin K1‐and K2‐derived 1,3‐quinone methides into 1,2‐quinone methides have been measured in CH3CN solutions in the presence of Brönsted acids and bases. Second‐order rate constants approach the diffusion‐controlled limit and are essentially independent of the (acid or base) strength of the catalyst. On the other hand, rate constants for triplet quenching of 2‐methyl‐3‐undecyl‐1,4‐naphthoquinone, used as model compound, are presented and compared with data for 1,4‐naphthoquinone and 2‐methyl‐1,4‐naphthoquinone. A significant decrease in reactivity is observed as the number of alkyl substituents in the quinoid moiety increases, which is attributed to the concomitant increase in triplet π,π* character. Correlation of rate constants for physical quenching, by aromatic hydrocarbons and dimethylsulfoxide, with the electron affinity of the (ground state) quinone and ionization potential of the quenchers suggests quenching by charge‐transfer interactions. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 40: 839–844, 2008
The impact of branding on low‐income adolescents: A vicious cycle?
Authors: Isaksen Katja Jezkova , Roper Stuart
Published: October 2008

This study examines the impact of consumerism and consumer culture on low‐income British adolescents. Specifically, it investigates the effects of branding and advertising on the formation of selfconcept clarity (SCC) and consumer susceptibility to interpersonal influence (CSII). A comparative study was conducted between two groups, low‐ and high‐income teenagers, assessing SCC and CSII by means of quantitative scales. It was found that low‐income teenagers are less clear in their self‐concept and are more susceptible to interpersonal influence than their high‐income counterparts. A significant negative correlation between the two scales revealed that the less clear one's self‐concept is, the more susceptible one is to interpersonal influence. It is proposed that an inability to “keep up” with the latest fashion trends (due to restricted consumption opportunities) may result in a damaged self‐concept among low‐income teenagers, which leads to heightened susceptibility to consumption pressures and hence heightens the negative socio‐psychological impacts of living in poverty. The results of the study are reviewed in terms of branding, advertising, and consumer behavior and a proposed conceptual model of branding's impact on low‐income teenagers is presented as a “vicious cycle.” © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Autosomal‐dominant locus for restless legs syndrome in French‐Canadians on chromosome 16p12.1
Authors: Levchenko Anastasia , Montplaisir Jacques‐Yves , Asselin Géraldine , Provost Sylvie , Girard Simon L. , Xiong Lan , Lemyre Emmanuelle , St‐Onge Judith , Thibodeau Pascale , Desautels Alex , Turecki Gustavo , Gaspar Claudia , Dubé Marie‐Pierre , Rouleau Guy A.
Published: October 2008

We describe an autosomal‐dominant locus for Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS) in a French‐Canadian (FC) pedigree. Genome‐wide microsatellite scan and linkage analysis were used in this study. The locus maps to chromosome 16p12.1 and spans 1.18 Mega bases. The maximum multipoint LOD scores are of 3.5 over the total of 10 markers. Evidence for the same locus was also found in a smaller FC pedigree sime095. The analysis of the sequence of 8 annotated genes within the region did not reveal any pathogenic mutations. Copy number variation and karyotype analyses did not reveal any chromosomal abnormality in the region. Further analyses of the region are necessary to find the genetic cause of RLS in this family. © 2008 Movement Disorder Society
Anatomical variations in the harvest of anterolateral thigh flap perforators: A cadaveric and clinical study
Authors: Rozen Warren M. , Ashton Mark W. , Pan Wei‐Ren , Kiil Birgitte J. , McClure Vicki K. , Grinsell Damien , Stella Damien L. , Corlett Russell J.
Published: October 2008

Background: The anterolateral thigh (ALT) flap has become increasingly popular due to its versatility and minimal donor site morbidity. Its major limitation has been uncertainty in predicting perforator anatomy, with the occasional absence of suitable perforators and high variability in their size and course. The variability of this anatomy has not been adequately explored previously. Methods: A cadaveric study was undertaken, in which 19 thighs (from 10 fresh cadavers) underwent contrast injection and angiographic imaging. Anatomical variations of the vasculature were recorded. A clinical study of 44 patients undergoing ALT flap reconstruction was also undertaken. Perforator anatomy was described in the first 32 patients, and the subsequent 12 patients underwent computed tomography angiography with a view to predicting individual anatomy and improving operative outcome. Results: Cadaver angiography was able to highlight and classify the variations in arterial anatomy, with four patterns observed and marked variability between cases. In 32 patients undergoing ALT flaps without preoperative CT angiography (CTA), five patients (16%) did not have any suitable perforators from the descending branch of the lateral circumflex femoral artery. By selecting the limb of choice with preoperative CTA, the incidence of flap unsuitability was reduced to 0%. Comparing CTA with Doppler, CTA was more accurate (sensitivity 100%) and provided more information. Conclusion: The perforators supplying the ALT flap show significant variability in location and course, with the potential for unsuitable perforators limiting flap success. Preoperative CTA can demonstrate the vascular anatomy and can aid perforator selection and operative success. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Microsurgery, 2009. [This is a corrected version of the abstract first published online on 22 October 2008 — the corrected version appears in print.]
The use of forearm free fillet flap in traumatic upper extremity amputations
Authors: Oliveira Isabel C. , Barbosa Rui F. , Ferreira Pedro C. , Silva Pedro N. , Choupina Miguel P. , Silva Álvaro M. , Reis Jorge C. , Amarante José M.
Published: October 2008

Background: Complete traumatic upper extremity avulsions are an infrequent but devastating injury. These injuries are usually the result of massive blunt trauma to the upper limb. Intact issue from amputated or nonsalvageable limbs may be transferred for reconstruction of complex defects resulting from trauma when the indications for replantation are not met. This strategy allows preservation of stump length or coverage of exposed joints, and provides free flap harvest for reconstruction without additional donor‐site morbidity. Methods: A retrospective review at São João Hospital was performed on seven patients who had undergone immediate reconstruction with forearm free fillet flaps between 1992 and 2007. Results: There were six men and one woman, with patient age ranging from 17 to 74 years (mean, 41 years). Amputation sites were at the humeral neck (n = 1), at the humeral shaft (n = 5), and below the elbow (n = 1). The area of the forearm free fillet flap skin paddle was 352.14 ± 145.48 cm (mean ± SD). The two major complications were the flap loss and the patient death on postoperative day 3 in other case. The postoperative course in the remaining five cases was uneventful with good healing of the wounds. Minor complications included two small residual defects treated by split‐thickness skin grafting and one wound infection requiring drainage and revision. Conclusions: The forearm free fillet flap harvested from the amputated limb provides reliable and robust tissue for reconstruction of large defects of the residual limb without additional donor‐site morbidity. Microsurgical free fillet flap transfer to amputation sites is valuable for achieving wound closure, improving stump durability, and maximizing function via preservation of length. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Microsurgery, 2009.
Microvascular surgery in the previously operated and irradiated neck
Authors: Hanasono Matthew M. , Barnea Yoav , Skoracki Roman J.
Published: October 2008

Microvascular reconstruction of head and neck defects can be extremely challenging in patients with a history of prior neck dissection and/or irradiation. We reviewed of 261 head and neck free flaps performed between 2004 and 2007 at a tertiary cancer center. One hundred twenty‐four (52%) free flaps were performed in patients with a history of prior neck dissection and/or irradiation. The ipsilateral external carotid artery or one of its branches was not available in 43 (19%) cases: 13 with no history of prior neck dissection or irradiation, and 30 with a history of prior neck dissection and/or irradiation (P = 0.03). The ipsilateral internal/external jugular veins (IJ/EJ) were not available in 37 (16%) cases: 11 with no history of prior neck dissection or irradiation, and 26 with a history of prior neck dissection and/or irradiation (P = 0.002). Strategies for dealing with lack of a recipient vessels included anastomosis to contralateral neck vessels, transverse cervical vessels, internal mammary vessels, the cephalic vein, and the pedicle of another free flap. We propose an algorithm for locating recipient vessels adequate for microvascular anastomosis should the ipsilateral external carotid arterial and/or the internal/external jugular venous systems not be available, such as in the setting of prior neck dissection or irradiation. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Microsurgery, 2009.
Anesthesia for free vascularized tissue transfer
Authors: Hagau Natalia , Longrois Dan
Published: October 2008

Anesthesia may be an important factor in maximizing the success of microsurgery by controlling the hemodynamics and the regional blood flow. The intraanesthetic basic goal is to maintain an optimal blood flow for the vascularized free flap by: increasing the circulatory blood flow, maintaining a normal body temperature to avoid peripheral vasoconstriction, reducing vasoconstriction resulted from pain, anxiety, hyperventilation, or some drugs, treating hypotension caused by extensive sympathetic block and low cardiac output. A hyperdynamic circulation can be obtained by hypervolemic or normovolemic hemodilution and by decrease of systemic vascular resistance. The importance of proper volume replacement has been widely accepted, but the optimal strategy is still open to debate. General anesthesia combined with various types of regional anesthesia is largely preferred for microvascular surgery. Maintenance of homeostasis through avoidance of hyperoxia, hypocapnia, and hypovolemia (all factors that can decrease cardiac output and induce local vasoconstriction) is a well‐established perioperative goal. As the ischemia–reperfusion injury could occur, inhalatory anesthetics as sevoflurane (that attenuate the consequences of this process) seem to be the anesthetics of choice. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Microsurgery, 2009.
Identification of egg‐jelly substances triggering sperm acrosome reaction in the newt, Cynops pyrrhogaster
Authors: Watanabe Akihiko , Fukutomi Keiko , Kubo Hideo , Ohta Manami , Takayama‐Watanabe Eriko , Onitake Kazuo
Published: October 2008

Our previous studies have shown that the acrosome reaction (AR) occurs in egg‐jelly of the Japanese newt, Cynops pyrrhogaster. This is analogous to the substances of echinoderms but distinct from those of many other vertebrates derived from the egg envelope or its derivative, the zona pellucida. To identify the AR‐inducing substances in newt egg jelly, a monoclonal antibody (mAb) was generated against the jelly by screening the culture supernatants to find the one that best neutralized the AR‐inducing activity of the jelly substance. The mAb specifically reacted to protein bands in the jelly. These proteins, with apparent molecular weights of 122 and 90 kDa, exhibited AR‐inducing activity, indicating that they are definitely AR‐inducing substances. Western blotting using the mAb indicated that the 122 and 90 kDa proteins are present only in the egg jelly's outermost layer, where AR‐inducing activity is known to occur. Both proteins were recognized with wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), a lectin that inhibits AR‐induction in egg jelly extract. Taken together, these findings indicate that the 122 and 90 kDa proteins are the AR‐inducing substances in the egg jelly of C. pyrrhogaster. The WGA recognition of the proteins was lost by N‐glycosidase digestion, suggesting that N‐linked carbohydrate moieties in these proteins may be responsible for the AR‐inducing activity. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 76: 399–406, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Motor unit number estimation in facial paralysis
Authors: Yayla Vildan , Öge A. Emre
Published: October 2008

The value of motor unit number estimation (MUNE) in determining the prognosis of acute peripheral facial paralysis (PFP) was evaluated in 89 patients with PFP on days 6, 8, 11, 14, 20, and 30 of PFP and repeated once per month until complete recovery or the end of the first year. The symptomatic/asymptomatic side ratios of the compound muscle action potential (CMAP) amplitudes recorded from nasalis muscles and MUNEs studied using the incremental method by recording from the same muscle were assessed with regard to three outcome groups (Group I, complete recovery; Group II, mild dysfunction; Group III, moderate–moderately severe dysfunction). CMAP and MUNE ratios were parallel to each other in all patient groups throughout the observation period with lower values in the more severe groups. However, CMAP amplitude loss was significantly greater than the MUNE loss in the first 3 weeks of PFP. The MUNE method is not superior to CMAP size in determining prognosis in PFP. However, the significant disparity between the CMAP and MUNE ratios in the early period may have some physiological relevance with regard to the pathophysiology of the Wallerian degeneration process and deserves further research into its potential sources. Muscle Nerve 38: 1420–1428, 2008
Impact of ultraviolet radiation on HDPE and HDPE/STC blends
Authors: Qiao Min , Ran Qianping , Wu Shishan , Shen Jian
Published: October 2008

The structure and properties of high‐density polyethylene (HDPE) ultraviolet irradiated in ozone atmosphere were studied by FTIR, XPS, GPC, XRD, DSC, TG, gel, and contact angle test. The oxygen‐containing groups such as CO, CO, and C(O)O were quickly introduced onto HDPE chains through ultraviolet irradiation in ozone atmosphere; their content increased with increase in the time of ultraviolet irradiation. Compared with those of HDPE, the molecular weight of the irradiated HDPE decreased and its distribution became wider. There was no gel in the HDPE irradiated in ozone atmosphere. After ultraviolet irradiation for short times in ozone atmosphere, the water contact angle of the irradiated HDPE decreased and its hydrophilicity was improved. The crystal shape of the irradiated HDPE was still an orthorhombic structure; its cell parameter and the face space did not alter, but its melting temperature decreased slightly. Compared with that of HDPE, the temperature of initial weight loss for irradiated HDPE decreased. The irradiated HDPE/sericite‐tridymite‐cristobalite (STC) blends were prepared. The dispersion and compatibility of the irradiated HDPE/STC blends were improved compared with those of HDPE/STC blends; thus its mechanical properties increased. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Arterial spin‐labeled perfusion combined with segmentation techniques to evaluate cerebral blood flow in white and gray matter of children with sickle cell anemia
Authors: Helton Kathleen J. , Paydar Amir , Glass John , Weirich Eric M. , Hankins Jane , Li Chin‐Shang , Smeltzer Matthew P. , Wang Winfred C. , Ware Russell E. , Ogg Robert J.
Published: October 2008

Background

Changes in cerebral perfusion are an important feature of the pathophysiology of sickle cell anemia (SCA); cerebrovascular ischemia occurs frequently and leads to neurocognitive deficits, silent infarcts, and overt stroke. Non‐invasive MRI methods to measure cerebral blood flow (CBF) by arterial spin labeling (ASL) afford new opportunities to characterize disease‐ and therapy‐induced changes in cerebral hemodynamics in patients with SCA. Recent studies have documented elevated gray matter (GM) CBF in untreated children with SCA, but no measurements of white matter (WM) CBF have been reported.

Procedures

Pulsed ASL with automated brain image segmentation‐classification techniques were used to determine the CBF in GM, WM, and abnormal white matter (ABWM) of 21 children with SCA, 18 of whom were receiving hydroxyurea therapy.

Results

GM and WM CBF were highly associated (R2 = 0.76, P < 0.0001) and the GM to WM CBF ratio was 1.6 (95% confidence interval: 1.43–1.83). Global GM CBF in our treated cohort was 87 ± 24 mL/min/100 g, a value lower than previously reported in untreated patients with SCA. CBF was elevated in normal appearing WM (43 ± 14 mL/min/100 g) but decreased in ABWM (6 ± 12 mL/min/100 g), compared to published normal pediatric controls. Hemispheric asymmetry in CBF was noted in most patients.

Conclusions

These perfusion measurements suggest that hydroxyurea may normalize GM CBF in children with SCA, but altered perfusion in WM may persist. This novel combined approach for CBF quantification will facilitate prospective studies of cerebral vasculopathy in SCA, particularly regarding the effects of treatments such as hydroxyurea. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2009;52:85–91. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.