bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Bayesian approach to estimate uncertainty for full-waveform inversion using a priori information from depth migration
Authors: Zhu Hejun , Li Siwei , Fomel Sergey , Stadler Georg , Ghattas Omar
Published: August 2016

Full-waveform inversion (FWI) enables us to obtain high-resolution subsurface images; however, estimating model uncertainties associated with this technique is still a challenging problem. We have used a Bayesian inference framework to estimate model uncertainties associated with FWI. The uncertainties were assessed based on an a posteriori covariance operator, evaluated at the maximum a posteriori model. For the prior distribution, we have used a spatially nonstationary covariance operator based on a plane-wave construction with local dips measured from migrated images. Preconditioned frequency-domain FWI was used to estimate the maximum a posteriori model. Efficient manipulation of the posterior covariance was based on a low-rank approximation of the data misfit Hessian preconditioned by the prior covariance operator. The strong decay of the singular values indicated that data were mostly informative about a low-dimensional subspace of model parameters. To reduce computational cost of the randomized singular value decomposition, we have used a Hessian approximation based on point-spread functions. The 2D numerical examples with synthetic data confirmed that the method can effectively estimate uncertainties for FWI. Visual comparisons of random samples drawn from the prior and posterior distributions have allowed us to evaluate model uncertainties. Furthermore, we found out how statistical quantities, such as means and pointwise standard deviation fields, can be efficiently extracted from the prior and posterior distributions. These fields helped us to objectively assess subsurface images provided by FWI.
Joint inversion of logging-while-drilling multipole acoustic data to determine P- and S-wave velocities in unconsolidated slow formations
Authors: Su Yuan-Da , Jiang Can , Zhuang Chun-Xi , Xu Song , Tang Xiao-Ming
Published: August 2016

We have developed a joint inversion method for logging-while-drilling (LWD) multipole acoustic data processing to simultaneously determine the formation of P- and S-wave velocities. The presence of the LWD tool strongly influences the dispersion characteristics of quadrupole and monopole leaky-P-waves, especially in unconsolidated slow formations. We have verified that an equivalent-tool theory can be adequately used to model the LWD multipole wave dispersion characteristics and can therefore be used to do forward modeling for the inversion. A major advantage of jointly inverting the multipole data sets, as compared with separately inverting each individual data set, is the reduction of uncertainties in the estimated formation of P- and S-wave velocities. We have applied the method to field data processing. The results found that the method not only corrected the dispersion effect in the quadrupole and leaky-P-wave data but also simultaneously obtained the formation of P- and S-wave velocities.
High-resolution seismic geomorphology and stratigraphy of a tunnel valley confined ice-margin fan (Elsterian glaciation, Southern North Sea)
Authors: Benvenuti Antonio , Moscariello Andrea
Published: August 2016

The deep Middle Pleistocene subglacial incisions of the Southern North Sea (SNS) are commonly infilled by northward gently dipping clinoforms oriented toward the former ice-sheet core. We have focused on the terminal sector of the largest tunnel valley (TV) of the SNS and offer the first high-resolution reconstruction of the geomorphology and stratigraphy of the infill of the glacial incision, as well as the detailed geomorphology of the incision to better understand the genetic mechanisms of these uncommon but peculiar large-scale (up to 13 km in length) bedforms. For this study, high-resolution 3D seismic data, the grain-size distribution from ditch cutting samples, and the gamma-ray wireline log of borehole K14-12 are used. The TV formed in the subglacial environment by steady state flows in a time-transgressive fashion. Meltwater flow transports the eroded material southward and eventually deposits it at the ice-sheet margin, in the lightly grounded ice-sheet environment where the adverse slope forces the flow to wane. The process results in an elongated ice-margin fan made of clinoforms, whose grain-size distribution fines progressively southward, in the downstream direction. The formation and filling of the TV occurred during the retreat of the ice-sheet margin and cyclic fluctuations of the meltwater mass flow rate, which affected the internal stratigraphy and created an undulated top of the clinoforms’ unit. Sparsely distributed, horizontally layered units interpreted as distal proglacial lacustrine deposits filled depressions on the top of the clinoforms-bearing unit. The sequence was then sealed by a chaotic seismic-stratigraphic unit that probably belongs to postglacial times. The ice-sheet-oriented clinoforms were thus formed by sustained meltwater flow resulting from large-size Scandinavian and British convergent ice sheet flows in the freshwater environment of SNS developed between the complex ice margins and the topographic highs inherited from continental Europe.
Comprehensive Human Papillomavirus Genotyping in Cervical Squamous Cell Carcinomas and Its Relevance to Cervical Cancer Prevention in Malawian Women
Authors: Howitt Brooke E. , Herfs Michael , Tomoka Tamiwe , Kamiza Steve , Gheit Tarik , Tommasino Massimo , Delvenne Philippe , Crum Christopher P. , Milner Danny
Published: August 2016

Purpose

Cervical squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) continues to be a significant cause of cancer morbidity and is the third leading cause of cancer-related death in women worldwide. In sub-Saharan Africa, cervical cancer is not only the most common female cancer but also the leading cause of cancer-related deaths in women. Malawi, in particular, has the highest burden of cervical cancer. With the increasing use of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination, documenting the prevalent HPV types in those high-risk populations is necessary to both manage expectations of HPV vaccination and guide future vaccine development.

Materials and Methods

In this study, we performed HPV typing on 474 cervical SCC samples and analyzed the potential impact of HPV vaccination in this population.

Results

Ninety-seven percent of tumors were positive for at least one HPV type, and 54% harbored more than one HPV type. HPV 16 was the most common type (82%), followed by HPV 18 (34%), HPV 35 (24%), and HPV 31 (12%). A vaccine against HPV 16 and 18 would ideally prevent 53% of cervical SCC, and the nonavalent HPV vaccine (covering HPV 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52, and 58) would prevent 71% of cervical SCC in Malawi (assuming 100% vaccine efficacy). The main reason for a lack of coverage was high prevalence of HPV 35, which was also present as a single infection in a small subset of patients.

Conclusion

Although any HPV vaccination in this population would likely prevent a significant proportion of cervical cancer, the nonavalent vaccine would provide better coverage. Furthermore, investigation of the role of HPV 35 in this population, including possible cross-protection with other HPV types, should be pursued.
Practice and Impact of Multidisciplinary Tumor Boards on Patient Management: A Prospective Study
Authors: Charara Raghid N. , Kreidieh Firas Y. , Farhat Rania A. , Al-Feghali Karine A. , Khoury Katia E. , Haydar Ali , Nassar Lara , Berjawi Ghina , Shamseddine Ali , El Saghir Nagi S.
Published: August 2016

Purpose

Multidisciplinary tumor boards (MTBs) have become commonplace. The use, attendance, and function of MTBs need continued assessment and improvement.

Methods

We prospectively recorded and assessed all cases presented at MTBs between October 2013 and December 2014. Data were collected before and during each MTB. Data were analyzed using SPSS for Windows version 23 (SPSS, Chicago, IL).

Results

Five hundred three cases were presented: 234 cases (46%) at GI cancer MTBs, 149 cases (29.6%) at breast cancer MTBs, 69 cases (13.7%) at thoracic/head and neck cancer MTBs, and 51 cases (10.7%) at neuro-oncology MTBs. A total of 86.7% of MTB cases were presented to make plans for management. Plans for upfront management were made in 67% of the breast cancer cases, 63% of GI cases, 59% of thoracic/head and neck cases, and 49% of neuro-oncology cases. Three hundred ninety-four cases (78.3%) were presented by medical oncologists, whereas only 74 cases (14.7%) were presented by surgeons, and 10 cases (2%) were presented by radiation oncologists. The majority of MTBs, with the exception of the neurosurgery MTBs, were led by medical oncologists. Surgeons presented the least number of cases but attended the most, and their contributions to discussions and decision making were essential.

Conclusion

MTBs enhance the multidisciplinary management of patients with cancer. Upfront multidisciplinary decision making should be considered as an indicator of benefit from MTBs, in addition to changes in management plans made at MTBs. Increasing the contributions of surgeons to MTBs should include bringing more of their own cases for discussion.
Breaking Bad News in Ethnic Settings: Perspectives of Patients and Families in Northern Sri Lanka
Authors: Rajasooriyar Chrishanthi , Kelly Jenny , Sivakumar Thanikai , Navanesan Gowcikan , Nadarasa Shahini , Sriskandarajah Madona Hashanthy , Sabesan Sabe
Published: August 2016

Purpose

The discussion of a cancer diagnosis and prognosis often is difficult. This study explored the expectations of Tamil-speaking patients with cancer and their families with respect to receiving their cancer diagnosis in northern Sri Lanka.

Methods

This exploratory, descriptive, qualitative study used semistructured interviews.

Results

Thematic analysis identified two major themes: communication and information seeking. The findings illustrate a discrepancy between patient preference for direct disclosure of the diagnosis and that of families. Ninety-five percent of patients wanted medical staff to disclose their cancer diagnosis, whereas only 45% of family members believed that the diagnosis should be disclosed to the patient rather than to the family.

Conclusion

Although patients and their family members’ views and expectations of the disclosure of diagnosis and prognosis differ, a majority of patients want to be told directly about their diagnosis rather than to learn of it from a relative. The findings are similar to the literature on other ethnic groups from Sri Lanka and studies from English-speaking developed countries. Therefore, the main questions are how to educate families and physicians about the benefits of open disclosure to patients and how to change culture. Results of this study along with a previous study call for the development of strategies and guidelines to improve societal views, educate patients and families, and train health professionals in the area of breaking bad news and discussing prognosis in the Sri Lankan setting.
Quiescent center initiation in the Arabidopsis lateral root primordia is dependent on the SCARECROW transcription factor
Authors: Goh Tatsuaki , Toyokura Koichi , Wells Darren M. , Swarup Kamal , Yamamoto Mayuko , Mimura Tetsuro , Weijers Dolf , Fukaki Hidehiro , Laplaze Laurent , Bennett Malcolm J. , Guyomarc'h Soazig
Published: August 2016

Lateral root (LR) formation is an important determinant of root system architecture. In Arabidopsis, LRs originate from pericycle cells, which undergo a programme of morphogenesis to generate a new LR meristem. Despite its importance for root meristem organisation, the onset of organizing center (termed quiescent center; QC) formation during LR morphogenesis remains unclear. Here, we used live 3D confocal imaging to monitor cell organization and identity acquisition during LR development. Our dynamic observations revealed an early morphogenesis phase and a late meristem formation phase as proposed in the bi-phasic growth model described by Sussex and co-workers. LR QC establishment coincided with this developmental phase transition. QC precursor cells originated from the outer layer of stage II LR primordia, within which the SCARECROW (SCR) transcription factor was specifically expressed. Disrupting SCR function abolished periclinal divisions in this LR primordia cell layer and perturbed the formation of QC precursor cells. We conclude that de novo QC establishment in LR primordia operates via SCR-mediated formative cell division and coincides with the developmental phase transition.
Recent advances in the treatment of hip fractures in the elderly
Authors: Rozell Joshua C. , Hasenauer Mark , Donegan Derek J. , Neuman Mark
Published: August 2016

The treatment of hip fractures in the elderly represents a major public health priority and a source of ongoing debate among orthopaedic surgeons and anesthesiologists. Most of these injuries are treated with surgery in an expedient fashion. From the surgical perspective, there are certain special considerations in this population including osteoporosis, pre-existing arthritis, age, activity level, and overall health that contribute to the type of surgical fixation performed. Open reduction and internal fixation versus arthroplasty remain the two major categories of treatment. While the indications and treatment algorithms still remain controversial, the overall goal for these patients is early mobilization and prevention of morbidity and mortality. The use of preoperative, regional anesthesia has aided in this effort. The purpose of this review article is to examine the various treatment modalities for hip fractures in the elderly and discuss the most recent evidence in the face of a rapidly aging population.
Gender Differences in Stereotypes of Risk Preferences: Experimental Evidence from a Matrilineal and a Patrilineal Society
Authors: Pondorfer Andreas , Barsbai Toman , Schmidt Ulrich
Published: August 2016

We use a controlled experiment to analyze gender differences in stereotypes about risk preferences of men and women across two distinct island societies in the Pacific: the patrilineal Palawan in the Philippines and the matrilineal Teop in Papua New Guinea. We find no gender differences in actual risk preferences, but we find evidence for culture-specific stereotypes. Like men in Western societies, Palawan men overestimate women’s actual risk aversion. By contrast, Teop men underestimate women’s actual risk aversion. We argue that the observed differences in stereotypes between the two societies are determined by the different social status of women.

Data are available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2016.2505 .

This paper was accepted by Uri Gneezy, behavioral economics.
Using electronic health record data to identify prostate cancer patients that may
qualify for active surveillance
Authors: Knighton Andrew J. , Belnap Tom , Brunisholz Kim , Huynh Kelly , Bishoff Jay T.
Published: August 2016

Introduction: The introduction of the protein-specific antigen (PSA) test in care
means that prostate cancer (PCa) is being detected earlier and more frequently. The
result of increased screening using PSA, digital rectal examination and awareness of
prostate was an increase in the number of men with low risk cancers. Active surveillance
has become a viable alternative to immediate treatment with surgery, radiation and other
forms of localized treatment. Evidence suggests that there is no significant difference
in mortality rates between AS and surgery. In addition, patients may potentially delay
other complications associated with surgery, radiation or deprivation
therapy.Methods: This quality improvement study using a delivery system science
framework describes the electronic identification of AS candidates given an
evidence-based identification criteria based upon national guidelines and clinical
judgement. The study population (n=649) was drawn from health records of all patients
who received a prostate biopsy (n=1731) at Intermountain Healthcare from 1/1/2013 to
12/31/2014. Automated and manual abstraction was performed. Receiver operating
characteristic (ROC) analysis was used to compare AS-eligible patients to the actual
treatment received to identify potential care improvement opportunities.Among those with
complete data, 24.7% of this population (n=160) met “AS-eligible” criteria. 39.1% of the
population had not received surgery, radiation or androgen deprivation therapy and were
considered as being treated using an AS approach. 9% of AS-eligible patients did not
receive AS; 27% of patients who did not meet AS-eligible criteria received AS. Estimated
guideline adherence measured using area under the curve was 0.70 (95% CI: 0.66-0.73).
Modest variation in criteria parameters for identifying AS-eligible patients did not
significantly change estimated adherence levels.Conclusion: Implementation of
evidence-based criteria for detection of AS candidates is feasible using electronic
health record data and provides a reasonable basis for delivery system evaluation of
practice patterns and for quality improvement.
Using a Patient Portal to Transmit Patient Reported Health Information into the
Electronic Record: Workflow Implications and User Experience
Authors: Sorondo Barbara , Allen Amy , Bayleran Janet , Doore Stacy , Fathima Samreen , Sabbagh Iyad , Newcomb Lori
Published: August 2016

Introduction: This project implemented an integrated patient self-reported
screening tool in a patient portal and assessed clinical workflow and user experience in
primary care practices.Methods: An electronic health risk assessment based on the CMS
Annual Wellness Visit (AWV) was developed to integrate self-reported health information
into the patient’s electronic health record (EHR). Patients enrolled in care
coordination tested the implementation. The evaluation plan included quantitative and
qualitative measures of patient adoption, provider adoption, workflow impact, financial
impact, and technology impact.Findings: Seventy-two patients completed the sample AWV,
and 80% of the questionnaires had clinical findings that required provider follow-up.
Patients expressed satisfaction with the portal, as it enabled them to view their health
record and enter information. Implementation did not reduce office staff time. Providers
and office staff agreed that an electronic system for adding information to their record
would increase patient satisfaction, but they expressed concern with the need to
promptly review the information and the time involved to accomplish this prior to an
office visit.Discussion: Despite satisfaction among patients, portal adoption is still
low, due totechnological limitations and to the lack of adaptability to primary care
practice workflow. Notwithstanding those barriers, the use of the portal for completion
of repetitive tasks, such as screening tools, should be encouraged.Conclusions: Patients
can effectively use portals to complete the patient reported section of the CMS AWV.
However, if the information is not completed during the same day of the office visit,
the time required to address health findings outside of a regular office visit is
uncompensated, and diminished the enthusiasm for this process among primary care
practice staff.
Aorto-oesophageal fistula after oesophageal stent placement in a patient with a Roux-en-Y gastric bypass
Authors: Boerlage TCC , Hermanides HS , Moes DE , Tan IL , Houben GMP , Acherman YIZ
Published: August 2016

A 43-year-old female patient suffered from persistent anastomotic leakage after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass for morbid obesity. Endoscopic stenting of the anastomotic leakage was performed. The patient presented with haematemesis 3 weeks later. An aorto-oesophageal fistula was diagnosed, most likely due to ulceration of the oesophageal stent. The fistula was closed with an endovascular covered aortic stent and a new gastrojejunostomy was created. One year after surgery, the patient is in good condition.

Endoscopic stents are increasingly being used to treat anastomotic leakage in bariatric patients. An aorto-oesophageal fistula is a life-threatening complication of stent placement, early clinical recognition is essential. More data are needed on the complications of anastomotic stenting in bariatric patients.
Outcomes of regional transfers of ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm in a UK vascular network
Authors: Proctor VK , Lee MJ , Nassef AH
Published: August 2016

INTRODUCTION

Rupture of abdominal aortic aneurysm is a surgical emergency. In order to improve operative outcomes, vascular services have been centralised in the United Kingdom. This means that a patient may present to a hospital with a ruptured aneurysm, but require transfer to a vascular centre for definitive treatment.

METHODS

This retrospective cohort study identified patients who underwent surgery for ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm in a tertiary vascular centre over a 2-year period. Data on demographics and originating unit were recorded. Outcomes assessed included 30-day mortality, operative mortality and postoperative morbidity.

RESULTS

We identified 70 patients who underwent surgery for ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm in the 2-year period; 36 presented directly to the vascular unit (VU), 14 to referral unit 1 (RU1) and 20 to referral unit 2 (RU2); 30-day mortality rates were 27.7% (VU), 35.5% (RU1) and 30.0% (RU2), respectively. There was no statistical difference in mortality between units. Postoperative complications were seen in 35.9% of VU patients, 78.6% of RU1 patients and 70% of RU2 patients. This was statistically significant between VU and RU1 (P = 0.006) and VU and RU2 (P = 0.02). Direct operative complications were seen in 9 patients, gastrointestinal complications in 9, limb complications in 6 and systemic complications in 40.

CONCLUSION

This study found that site of presentation does not affect mortality but is associated with increased morbidity. This is a complex issue, which will require a prospective multicentre study to investigate further.
Adult distal radius fractures classification systems: essential clinical knowledge or abstract memory testing?
Authors: Shehovych A , Salar O , Meyer CER , Ford DJ
Published: August 2016

Classification systems should be tools for concise communication, which ideally can predict prognosis and guide treatment. They should be relevant, reproducible, reliable, properly validated and most importantly simple to use and understand. There are 15 described distal radius classification systems present in the literature in the past 70 years, of which 8 are discussed in this paper. For each classification, we give an insight into its history, strengths and weaknesses, and provide evidence from the literature on reliability and reproducibility. Sadly, on completion of this paper we have not found a distal radius fracture classification that proved to be useful. Failings range from poor reproducibility and reliability, and over-complexity mainly emanating from the inability to classify this spectrum of injury in all of its manifestations. Consequently, we would suggest that classification systems for acute adult distal radius fractures are not useful clinical knowledge but mainly historical and/or research tools. Moreover, we would discourage trainees from spending time learning these classifications, as they serve not as essential clinical knowledge but more as forms of abstract memory testing.
Synthesis of Zeolites from A Low-Quality Colombian Kaolin
Authors: Villaquirán-Caicedo Mónica A. , De Gutiérrez Ruby M. , Gordillo Marisol , Gallego Nidia C.
Published: August 2016

At present, no production of zeolites is ongoing in Colombia; thus, because of the high demand in the industrial sector, ~2500 tons is imported annually from other countries such as Cuba, Ecuador, Mexico, and the United States. In order minimize the need for these costly imports, the present study sought to evaluate the viability of producing low-silica zeolites through the hydrothermal synthesis of a Colombian kaolin, which contains quartz (40%) and iron-oxide impurities. The kaolin was subjected to a milling process to reduce the particle size to the order of 11 μm, and was heat treated to transform it to metakaolin. Optimization of the synthesis variables (Na2O/SiO2 and H2O/Al2O3 ratios, time, and temperature) was accomplished by applying an experimental design based on the ‘Response Surface Methodology’ technique. The degree of crystallinity and the cation exchange capacity (CEC) were used as response variables. The CEC was determined from the NTC 5167 standard. In addition, the mineralogical composition and the zeolite microstructure were evaluated using techniques such as scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and solid state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The results indicated that synthetic type A zeolites with a CEC value of 442 cmol(+)/kg can be obtained from the Colombian kaolin, with the following optimal processing conditions: Na2O/SiO2 molar ratio of 2.7, H2O/Al2O3 molar ratio of 150, temperature = 66°C, and processing time = 8 h. Note that this value (442 cmol(+)/kg) is greater than that reported for an imported commercial zeolite (408 cmol(+)/kg) of the same type, which is currently being used in industry in Colombia. The nationwide availability of the raw material and the quality of the final product present opportunities to make this material available to the Colombian market.
Dissolving the stigma of disability through drama therapy: A case study of an integrated classroom approach to addressing stigmatization by pre-professional health care students
Authors: Bailey Sally
Published: August 2016

Stigma, a negative attribute projected onto an individual or group different from the ‘norm’, is a continuing problem for people with disabilities. Health care workers need to become aware of their own tendencies to stigmatize and challenge them during their education. This article presents a case study of an integrated classroom approach involving education about stigma, engagement in basic drama therapy sessions with people with disabilities, and reflection on experiences to achieve a positive attitude change.
The use of Image Theatre to examine the acculturation process of Taiwanese international performing arts students in New York City
Authors: Jen Wanning
Published: August 2016

Acculturation is a complicated and evolving process. International performing arts students in New York City face particular stressors during their acculturation to the United States. Through the use of Image Theatre, the author examined the acculturation experiences of five Taiwanese international students in the performing arts. Seven themes emerged: acculturation stress in educational setting; social isolation and feelings of otherness; the role of gossip; acceptance; the importance of reaching towards one’s dreams; alliance and reliance; and togetherness.
Com a cabeça fervendo: nervos e câncer nas classes populares
Authors: Redon Silvano Aparecido
Published: August 2016

As doenças exigem interpretações e acionam configurações de sentido próprias dos universos socioculturais em que os doentes estão inseridos. Se elas ocupam uma dimensão social por excelência, entender sua etiologia inserindo-a num contexto mais amplo é uma necessidade antropológica pela qual se busca conferir sentido ao “não sentido”. Os modelos nativos de causalidade das doenças são bastante complexos e variados, e nesse artigo, escrito a partir de pesquisa etnográfica realizada junto a doentes em tratamento ambulatorial de quimioterapia e radioterapia do Hospital do Câncer de Londrina, busco trazer elementos que indicam a  doença dos nervos como referência recorrente nos modelos explicativos acerca da origem do câncer nas classes populares. Trata-se de uma reconfiguração da categoria nervos, que alinhava e dialoga com questões fisiológicas, religiosas, biomédicas e com as relações de gênero, possibilitando mais bem perceber os contornos da noção de pessoa entre os grupos populares.
Ditadura e homossexualidades no Brasil
Authors: Oliveira Jainara Gomes de , Santana Tarsila Chiara
Published: August 2016

Resenha de: GREEN, James N & QUINALHA, Renan (Orgs.). Ditadura e homossexualidades: repressão, resistência e a busca pela verdade. São Carlos: EdUFSCar, 2014. 332 p.
Study on Charge Distribution of Carboxymethylated Cotton Fabric by Streaming Potential/Current Measurements
Authors: Wang Zhengjia , Hauser Peter J. , Rojas Orlando J.
Published: August 2016

Carboxymethylated cotton might provide an eco-friendly novel approach to impart different functions to fabric by crosslinking or self-assembly deposition of nanolayers. The anionic content of carboxymethylated cotton was determined by acid-base titration. Two interrelated methods of surface electrochemistry for anionic cotton fabrics were investigated in this paper. Measurement of surface charge on carboxymethylated cotton was achieved by characterizing the zeta potential of the anionized fibers via streaming current (SC) and fiber-pad streaming potential (SP) measurements, which showed only a small percentage of total charges contributed to the surface charge. SC and SP methods were proven to be useful in studying the surface charge of ionic cellulose.
Sustainable Coloration of Jute Fabric using Natural Dyes with Improved Color Yield and Functional Properties
Authors: Chattopadhyay S. N. , Pan N. C. , Roy A. K. , Khan A. , Das B.
Published: August 2016

Jute is a renewable, biodegradable, and lignocellulosic natural fiber traditionally used for making packaging material. Due to the environmentally-friendly nature of this fiber, it is now used for making diversified and value-added products including upholstery, furnishing textiles, handicraft items, soft toys, and even apparel. Jute fabric was dyed with natural dyes extracted from manjistha, annatto, ratanjot, and babool by a pre-mordanting method. Dye extraction conditions were standardized and applied on pre-mordanted jute fabric. There was a substantial improvement of color yield, levelness of dyeing, and washfastness properties of naturally dyed jute fabric after double pre-mordanting using bio-mordants and inorganic mordants. Lightfastness (moderate to good), crockfastness (very good to excellent), and UV protection (very good) ratings were determined, as well as antimicrobial activity.
Extrapancreatic effects of incretin hormones: evidence for weight‐independent changes in morphological aspects and oxidative status in insulin‐sensitive organs of the obese nondiabetic Zucker rat (ZFR)
Authors: Colin Ides M. , Colin Henri , Dufour Ines , Gielen Charles‐Edouard , Many Marie‐Christine , Saey Jean , Knoops Bernard , Gérard Anne‐Catherine
Published: August 2016

Incretin‐based therapies are widely used to treat type 2 diabetes. Although hypoglycemic actions of incretins are mostly due to their insulinotropic/glucagonostatic effects, they may also influence extrapancreatic metabolism. We administered exendin‐4 (Ex‐4), a long‐acting glucagon‐like peptide receptor agonist, at low dose (0.1 nmol/kg/day) for a short period (10 days), in obese nondiabetic fa/fa Zucker rats (ZFRs). Ex‐4‐treated ZFRs were compared to vehicle (saline)‐treated ZFRs and vehicle‐ and Ex‐4‐treated lean rats (LRs). Blood glucose levels were measured at days 0, 9, and 10. Ingested food and animal weight were recorded daily. On the day of sacrifice (d10), blood was sampled along with liver, epididymal, subcutaneous, brown adipose, and skeletal muscle tissues from animals fasted for 24 h. Plasma insulin and blood glucose levels, food intake, and body and epididymal fat weight were unchanged, but gross morphological changes were observed in insulin‐sensitive tissues. The average size of hepatocytes was significantly lower in Ex‐4‐treated ZFRs, associated with decreased number and size of lipid droplets and 4‐hydroxy‐2‐nonenal (HNE) staining, a marker of oxidative stress (OS). Myocytes, which were smaller in ZFRs than in LRs, were significantly enlarged and depleted of lipid droplets in Ex‐4‐treated ZFRs. Weak HNE staining was increased by Ex‐4. A similar observation was made in brown adipose tissue, whereas the elevated HNE staining observed in epididymal adipocytes of ZFRs, suggestive of strong OS, was decreased by Ex‐4. These results suggest that incretins by acting on OS in insulin‐sensitive tissues may contribute to weight‐independent improvement in insulin sensitivity.
The response of muscle protein synthesis following whole‐body resistance exercise is greater following 40 g than 20 g of ingested whey protein
Authors: Macnaughton Lindsay S. , Wardle Sophie L. , Witard Oliver C. , McGlory Chris , Hamilton D. Lee , Jeromson Stewart , Lawrence Clare E. , Wallis Gareth A. , Tipton Kevin D.
Published: August 2016

The currently accepted amount of protein required to achieve maximal stimulation of myofibrillar protein synthesis (MPS) following resistance exercise is 20–25 g. However, the influence of lean body mass (LBM) on the response of MPS to protein ingestion is unclear. Our aim was to assess the influence of LBM, both total and the amount activated during exercise, on the maximal response of MPS to ingestion of 20 or 40 g of whey protein following a bout of whole‐body resistance exercise. Resistance‐trained males were assigned to a group with lower LBM (≤65 kg; LLBM n = 15) or higher LBM (≥70 kg; HLBM n = 15) and participated in two trials in random order. MPS was measured with the infusion of 13C6‐phenylalanine tracer and collection of muscle biopsies following ingestion of either 20 or 40 g protein during recovery from a single bout of whole‐body resistance exercise. A similar response of MPS during exercise recovery was observed between LBM groups following protein ingestion (20 g – LLBM: 0.048 ± 0.018%·h−1; HLBM: 0.051 ± 0.014%·h−1; 40 g – LLBM: 0.059 ± 0.021%·h−1; HLBM: 0.059 ± 0.012%·h−1). Overall (groups combined), MPS was stimulated to a greater extent following ingestion of 40 g (0.059 ± 0.020%·h−1) compared with 20 g (0.049 ± 0.020%·h−1; P = 0.005) of protein. Our data indicate that ingestion of 40 g whey protein following whole‐body resistance exercise stimulates a greater MPS response than 20 g in young resistance‐trained men. However, with the current doses, the total amount of LBM does not seem to influence the response.
Nonlinear Nonhomogeneous Robin Problems with Superlinear Reaction Term
Authors: Papageorgiou Nikolaos S. , Rădulescu Vicenţiu D.
Published: August 2016

We consider a nonlinear Robin problem driven by a nonlinear, nonhomogeneous differential operator, and with a Carathéodory reaction term which is

(

p
-
1

)

${{(p-1)}}$

-superlinear near

±
∞

${\pm\infty}$

without satisfying the Ambrosetti–Rabinowitz condition and which does not have a standard subcritical polynomial growth. Using a combination of variational methods and Morse theoretic techniques, we prove a multiplicity theorem producing three nontrivial solutions (two of which have constant sign). In the process we establish some useful facts about the boundedness of the weak solutions of critical equations and the relation of Sobolev and Hölder local minimizers for functionals with a critical perturbation term.
Effects of hatha yoga exercises on spine flexibility in young adults
Authors: Grabara Małgorzata
Published: August 2016

Study aim: To assess the effects of yoga exercises on the flexibility of the spine in male and female students aged 19–22 years old.

Material and methods: The study comprised 59 male and female first-year students, aged 19–22 years old (mean 19.6 ± 0.9), studying Sport and Tourism Management at the Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice. The participants took part in an obligatory yoga class, of 90 minutes duration, once a week over a 13-week period. The ranges of motion of the spine in the sagittal, frontal and transverse planes were measured using the Rippstein Plurimeter-V.

Results: The study indicated a statistically significant increase of the spine flexibility in forward and lateral bending before and after the yoga classes in the entire studied group. In the men, a significant increase of the range of motion in backward bending was also noted. In the women, and in all of the participants (women and men together), a significant increase of the range of motion in the torsion was noted.

Conclusions: Regular yoga exercises could increase the flexibility of the spine and the hamstring muscles. Hatha yoga training may be a good intervention for improving flexibility, but for better results it should be performed more often than once a week.
Influence of sizes of abutments and fixation screws on dental implant system: a non-linear finite element analysis
Authors: Mao Zhihong , Yi Dake , Cao Guo
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this study is to discuss the influence of sizes of abutments and fixation screws on immediately loaded dental implants in mandibular bones using nonlinear finite element methods. Abutments with three unilateral wall thicknesses and fixation screws with three diameters are analyzed to compare the stresses and deformations under a vertical or oblique force of 130 N. The nonlinearity due to friction contacts between the fixation screw, the abutment, the implant, and the bone is taken into account. The results showed that improper sizes of abutments and fixation screws would increase the stress and deformation of the dental implant system. If possible, the diameter of fixation screw should not be smaller than Φ1.0 mm, the diameter between Φ1.0 mm and Φ1.2 mm is acceptable. The fixation screw diameter preferably exceeds Φ1.4 mm. The unilateral wall thickness >0.5 mm is optimal selection for abutments.
Effect of Fiber Laser Treating on Magnetic Domains in the Grain-Oriented Silicon Steel: Imaging Domains by Bitter, MFM and Kerr Microscopy
Authors: Puchý V. , Kováč F. , Hvizdoš P. , Petryshynets I. , Sopko M.
Published: August 2016

A magnetic domain laser scribing technique of grain-oriented 3.2% silicon steel has been investigated for the direct influencing on the magnetic domain wall. The magneto-optical Kerr effect was employed to obtain a visible contrast between antiparallel domains. The effects of laser treating on domain wall were observed. The Bitter, MFM and Kerr microscope pictures showed that domain-wall positions did not repeat precisely from cycle to cycle, particularly at high inductions, and that the average domain-wall spacing decreased with increasing density of laser scribing lines. Two phenomena have been discovered that are difficult to explain (1) that the hardness decreases with increasing laser energy and (2) that the coercivity decreases with decreasing laser energy. A semi-quantitative relationship has been found between the domain patterns and used fiber laser treating method. The behavior of patterns in an applied magnetic field is shown, and based on that a two-dimensional laser lines configuration is proposed for one of the less complicated surface patterns.
Congenital diaphragmatic hernia: endotracheal fluid phospholipidic profile following tracheal occlusion in an experimental model
Authors: Pelizzo Gloria , Mimmi Maria Chiara , Peiro Jose Luis , Marotta Mario , Amoroso Francesco , Fusillo Mario , Carlini Veronica , Calcaterra Valeria
Published: August 2016

Objective:

To compare endotracheal fluid (EF) and amniotic fluid (AF) phospholipidic profile changes following tracheal occlusion (TO) in the congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) fetal lamb model, in order to support the efficacy of TO on lung maturity.

Methods:

A diaphragmatic defect was induced at 70 days’ gestation, TO was carried out at day 102 and cesarean section at 136 days’ gestation. EF and AF samples, collected at delivery, were evaluated using mass spectrometry (the analysis focused on palmitoyloleoyl-phosphatidylcholine [POPC, PC(18:1/16:0)], dipalmitoyl-phosphatidylcholine [DPPC, PC(16:0/16:0)] and sphingomyelins [SMs]).

Results:

The effects of CDH and TO were different on AF and EF. POPC levels were higher than DPPC levels in AF of healthy lambs. Following induction of the diaphragmatic malformation, an evident decrease in POPC was noted, while a substantial return to normal POPC levels and an increased DPPC peak were prompted by the TO. After CDH induction, a decrease in N-palmitoyl-D-sphingomyelin [SM(d18:1/16:0)] was revealed (P<0.01) and an increased peak in SMs in AF was prompted by the TO (P=0.05). While the most represented phosphatidylcholine (PC) species in EF of healthy lambs was DPPC, CDH induced a decrease in the DPPC peak and treatment with TO induced its partial recovery. SMs were detectable only in healthy EF samples.

Conclusion:

The phospholipid recovery profile following TO suggests the potential role of this therapy in restoring processes involved in surfactant-mediated lung maturation, even though other interactions involved in AF turnover should be considered. Moreover, these metabolites could be used as biomarkers of fetal pulmonary development.
Social Categories are Natural Kinds, not Objective Types (and Why it Matters Politically)
Authors: Bach Theodore
Published: August 2016

There is growing support for the view that social categories likemenandwomenrefer to “objective types.” An objective type is a similarity class for which the axis of similarity is an objective rather than nominal or fictional property. Such types are independently real and causally relevant, yet their unity does not derive from an essential property. Given this tandem of features, it is not surprising why empirically-minded researchers interested in fighting oppression and marginalization have found this ontological category so attractive: objective types have the ontological credentials to secure the reality (and thus political representation) of social categories, and yet they do not impose exclusionary essences that also naturalize and legitimize social inequalities. This essay argues that, from the perspective of these political goals of fighting oppression and marginalization, the category of objective types is in fact a Trojan horse; it looks like a gift, but it ends up creating trouble. I argue that objective type classifications often lack empirical adequacy, and as a result they lack political adequacy. I also provide, and in reference to the normative goals described above, several arguments for preferring a social ontology of natural kinds with historical essences.
Mind-Dependent Kinds
Authors: Khalidi Muhammad Ali
Published: August 2016

Many philosophers take mind-independence to be criterial for realism about kinds. This is problematic when it comes to psychological and social kinds, which are unavoidably mind-dependent. But reflection on the case of artificial or synthetic kinds (e.g. synthetic chemicals, genetically modified organisms) shows that the criterion of mind-independence needs to be qualified in certain ways. However, I argue that none of the usual variants on the criterion of mind-dependence is capable of distinguishing real or natural kinds from non-real kinds. Although there is a way of modifying the criterion of mind-independence in such a way as to rule in artificial kinds but rule out psychological and social kinds, this does not make the latter non-real. I conclude by proposing a different way of distinguishing real from non-real kinds, which does not involve mind-independence and does not necessarily exclude psychological and social kinds.
Structure and photochromism of 1-(1,2-dimethylindol-3-yl)-2-[2-methyl-5-(3-fluorophenyl)-3-thienyl]-3,3,4,4,5,5-hexafluorocyclopent-1-ene, C26H18F7NS
Authors: Zheng Chunhong , Feng Erting , Fan Congbin , Pu Shouzhi
Published: August 2016

C26H18F7NS, triclinic, P1̅, a = 8.492(18) Å, b = 11.23(2) Å, c = 14.75(3) Å, α = 68.93(2)°, β = 74.90(2)°, γ = 68.35(2)°, V = 1206(4) Å3, Z = 2, R
gt(F) = 0.0511, wR
ref(F
2) = 0.1643, T = 296(2) K.
Mechanical and thermal properties of PLA/halloysite bio-nanocomposite films: effect of halloysite nanoclay concentration and addition of glycerol
Authors: Othman Siti Hajar , Hassan Nurhafiqa , Talib Rosnita A. , Kadir Basha Roseliza , Risyon Nazratul Putri
Published: August 2016

The usage of biopolymers in developing biodegradable materials for applications that meet demands in society for sustainability and environmental safety has been limited due to the poor mechanical and thermal properties of biopolymers. This study aimed to improve the limited properties of biopolymers, particularly polylactic acid (PLA) films, by investigating the effect of incorporating different concentrations (0–5 wt.%) of halloysite nanoclay and by adding glycerol plasticiser on the mechanical properties (tensile strength, elongation at break, Young’s modulus, and toughness) and thermal properties (glass temperature (Tg), melting temperature (Tm), and crystalline temperature (Tc)) of the produced bio-nanocomposite films. It was found that the addition of halloysite nanoclay and glycerol improved the mechanical and thermal properties of the films. PLA films incorporated with 3 wt.% concentration of halloysite nanoclay resulted in optimum mechanical properties due to the uniform distribution or dispersion of halloysite nanoclay. The addition of halloysite nanoclay and glycerol reduced the Tg, Tm, and Tc of the films, suggesting that they can improve the processability of the biopolymer. The bio-nanocomposite films produced in this work have the potential to replace non-biodegradable films due to the improved properties of the films.
Design, synthesis, and antifungal evaluation of novel 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles containing indole framework
Authors: Xu Guiqing , Mao Shen , Mao Longfei , Jiang Yuqin , Zhang Peng , Li Wei
Published: August 2016

In order to find novel bioactive compounds with significant antifungal activities, a series of novel 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles containing an indole ring via CuCl2/Zn-catalyzed Huisgen cycloaddition were designed, synthesized, and characterized. Antifungal activity against colletotrichum capsici and cotton physalospora pathogens of all the prepared compounds was evaluated, and the test results indicated that these compounds, especially 4g and 4h, showed significant inhibitory effects for fungi. All the synthesized compounds have been characterized by IR, NMR, and high-resolution mass spectra experiments. The preliminary structure activity relationship is also discussed in this paper.
Golgi membrane‐associated degradation pathway in yeast and mammals
Authors: Yamaguchi Hirofumi , Arakawa Satoko , Kanaseki Toku , Miyatsuka Takeshi , Fujitani Yoshio , Watada Hirotaka , Tsujimoto Yoshihide , Shimizu Shigeomi
Published: August 2016

Autophagy is a cellular process that degrades subcellular constituents, and is conserved from yeast to mammals. Although autophagy is believed to be essential for living cells, cells lacking Atg5 or Atg7 are healthy, suggesting that a non‐canonical degradation pathway exists to compensate for the lack of autophagy. In this study, we show that the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which lacks Atg5, undergoes bulk protein degradation using Golgi‐mediated structures to compensate for autophagy when treated with amphotericin B1, a polyene antifungal drug. We named this mechanism Golgi membrane‐associated degradation (GOMED) pathway. This process is driven by the disruption of PI(4)P‐dependent anterograde trafficking from the Golgi, and it also exists in Atg5‐deficient mammalian cells. Biologically, when an Atg5‐deficient β‐cell line and Atg7‐deficient β‐cells were cultured in glucose‐deprived medium, a disruption in the secretion of insulin granules from the Golgi occurred, and GOMED was induced to digest these (pro)insulin granules. In conclusion, GOMED is activated by the disruption of PI(4)P‐dependent anterograde trafficking in autophagy‐deficient yeast and mammalian cells.