bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Unique G-Quadruplex Aptamer: A Novel Approach for Cancer Cell Recognition, Cell Membrane Visualization, and RSV Infection Detection
Authors: Xiao Chao-Da , Zhong Ming-Qing , Gao Yue , Yang Zheng-Lin , Jia Meng-Hao , Hu Xiao-Hui , Xu Yan , Shen Xiang-Chun
Published: September 2023

Surface staining has emerged as a rapid technique for applying external stains to trace cellular identities in diverse populations. In this study, we developed a distinctive aptamer with selective binding to cell surface nucleolin (NCL), bypassing cytoplasmic internalization. Conjugation of the aptamer with a FAM group facilitated NCL visualization on live cell surfaces with laser confocal microscopy. To validate the aptamer-NCL interaction, we employed various methods, including the surface plasmon resonance, IHC-based flow cytometry, and electrophoretic mobility shift assay. The G-quadruplex formations created by aptamers were confirmed with a nuclear magnetic resonance and an electrophoretic mobility shift assay utilizing BG4, a G-quadruplex-specific antibody. Furthermore, the aptamer exhibited discriminatory potential in distinguishing between cancerous and normal cells using flow cytometry. Notably, it functioned as a dynamic probe, allowing real-time monitoring of heightened NCL expression triggered by a respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) on normal cell surfaces. This effect was subsequently counteracted with dsRNA transfection and suppressed the NCL expression; thus, emphasizing the dynamic attributes of the probe. These collective findings highlight the robust versatility of our aptamer as a powerful tool for imaging cell surfaces, holding promising implications for cancer cell identification and the detection of RSV infections.
Isoenzymes of the Flavonoid and Phenylpropanoid Pathways Show Organ-Specific Regulation during Apple Fruit Development
Authors: Baldi Paolo , Asquini Elisa , Nicolussi Golo Giovanni , Populin Francesca , Moser Mirko
Published: September 2023

Elucidating the molecular mechanisms controlling fruit development is a primary target for the improvement of new apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) cultivars. The first two weeks of development following pollination are crucial to determine fruit characteristics. During this period, a lot of changes take place in apple fruit, going from rapid cell division to the production of important metabolites. In this work, attention was focused on the phenylpropanoid and flavonoid pathways responsible for the production of numerous compounds contributing to fruit quality, such as flavonols, catechins, dihydrochalcones and anthocyanins. A total of 17 isoenzymes were identified, belonging to seven classes of the phenylpropanoid and flavonoid pathways that, despite showing more than 80% sequence identity, showed differential expression regulation during the first two weeks of apple fruit development. This feature seems to be quite common for most of the enzymes of both pathways. Differential regulation of isoenzymes was shown to be present in both ‘Golden Delicious’ and a wild relative (Malus mandshurica), even though differences were also present. Each isoenzyme showed a specific pattern of expression in the flower and fruit organs, suggesting that genes coding for enzymes with the same function may control different aspects of plant biology. Finally, promoter analysis was performed in order to highlight differences in the number and type of regulatory motifs. Overall, our results indicate that the control of the expression of genes involved in the phenylpropanoid and flavonoid pathways may be very complex as not only enzymes belonging to the same class, but even putative isoenzymes, can have different roles for the plant. Such genes may represent an important regulatory mechanism, as they would allow the plant to fine-tune the processing of metabolic intermediates towards different branches of the pathway, for example, in an organ-specific way.
A Putative Role of Vasopressin/Oxytocin-Type Neuropeptide in Osmoregulation and Feeding Inhibition of Apostichopus japonicus
Authors: Cong Xiao , Liu Huachen , Zheng Yingqiu , Chen Muyan
Published: September 2023

Vasopressin/oxytocin (VP/OT)-type neuropeptide is an ancient neurophysin-associated neuropeptide and has been intensively studied to be involved in multiple physiological processes in protostomian and deuterostome vertebrates. However, little is known about the functions of VP/OT-type neuropeptide in deuterostome invertebrates especially in echinoderms. Here, we firstly report VP/OT-type neuropeptide signaling in an important economic species, Apostichopus japonicus, which is widely cultured in Asia, with high nutritional and medicinal values. Molecular characterization analysis of holotocin and its precursor revealed the highly conserved features of VP/OT family. The candidate receptor for holotocin (AjHOR) was confirmed to be able to activate the signaling via cAMP-PKA and possible Ca2+-PKC pathway, and further activated the downstream ERK1/2 cascade. Holotocin precursor expression profile showed that they were mainly concentrated in circumoral nerve ring. Furthermore, in vitro pharmacological experiments demonstrated that holotocin caused contractile responses in preparations from A. japonicus. And in vivo functional studies indicated that short-term injection of holotocin resulted in body bloat and long-term injection resulted in reduced body mass, suggesting potential roles of holotocin in osmoregulation and feeding co-inhibition with holotocin–CCK. Our findings provided a comprehensive description of AjHOR–holotocin signaling, revealed ancient roles of holotocin in osmoregulation and feeding inhibition by controlling muscle contractions.
Oral Infection, Oral Pathology and Salivary Diagnostics of Mpox Disease: Relevance in Dentistry and OMICs Perspectives
Authors: Garcia-Junior Marcelo Augusto , Andrade Bruno Silva , Guevara-Vega Marco , de Melo Igor Santana , Cunha Thúlio M. , Jardim Ana Carolina Gomes , Sabino-Silva Robinson
Published: September 2023

In this narrative review, we aim to point out the close relationship between mpox virus (MPXV) infection and the role of saliva as a diagnostic tool for mpox, considering the current molecular approach and in the perspective of OMICs application. The MPXV uses the host cell’s rough endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, and cytoplasmic proteins to replicate its genome and synthesize virions for cellular exit. The presence of oral mucosa lesions associated with mpox infection is one of the first signs of infection; however, current diagnostic tools find it difficult to detect the virus before the rashes begin. MPXV transmission occurs through direct contact with an infected lesion and infected body fluids, including saliva, presenting a potential use of this fluid for diagnostic purposes. Currently available diagnostic tests for MPXV detection are performed either by real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) or ELISA, which presents several limitations since they are invasive tests. Despite current clinical trials with restricted sample size, MPXV DNA was detected in saliva with a sensitivity of 85%–100%. In this context, the application of transcriptomics, metabolomics, lipidomics, or proteomics analyses coupled with saliva can identify novel disease biomarkers. Thus, it is important to note that the identification and quantification of salivary DNA, RNA, lipid, protein, and metabolite can provide novel non-invasive biomarkers through the use of OMICs platforms aiding in the early detection and diagnosis of MPXV infection. Untargeted mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics reveals that some proteins also expressed in saliva were detected with greater expression differences in blood plasma when comparing mpox patients and healthy subjects, suggesting a promising alternative to be applied in screening or diagnostic platforms for mpox salivary diagnostics coupled to OMICs.
Evaluation of Proteasome and Immunoproteasome Levels in Plasma and Peritoneal Fluid in Patients with Endometriosis
Authors: Wróbel Monika , Zuzanna Zielińska , Ołdak Łukasz , Kalicka Aleksandra , Mańka Grzegorz , Kiecka Mariusz , Spaczyński Robert Z. , Piekarski Piotr , Banaszewska Beata , Jakimiuk Artur , Issat Tadeusz , Rokita Wojciech , Młodawski Jakub , Szubert Maria , Sieroszewski Piotr , Raba Grzegorz , Szczupak Kamil , Kluz Tomasz , Kluza Marek , Pierzyński Piotr , Wojtyła Cezary , Lipa Michał , Warzecha Damian , Wielgoś Mirosław , Sawicki Włodzimierz , Gorodkiewicz Ewa , Laudański Piotr
Published: September 2023

Endometriosis is a chronic disease in which the endometrium cells are located outside the uterine cavity. The aim of this study was to evaluate circulating 20S proteasome and 20S immunoproteasome levels in plasma and peritoneal fluid in women with and without endometriosis in order to assess their usefulness as biomarkers of disease. Concentrations were measured using surface plasmon resonance imaging biosensors. Patients with suspected endometriosis were included in the study—plasma was collected in 112 cases and peritoneal fluid in 75. Based on the presence of endometriosis lesions detected during laparoscopy, patients were divided into a study group (confirmed endometriosis) and a control group (patients without endometriosis). Proteasome and immunoproteasome levels in both the plasma (p = 0.174; p = 0.696, respectively) and the peritoneal fluid (p = 0.909; p = 0.284, respectively) did not differ between those groups. There was a statistically significant difference in the plasma proteasome levels between patients in the control group and those with mild (Stage I and II) endometriosis (p = 0.047) and in the plasma immunoproteasome levels in patients with ovarian cysts compared to those without (p = 0.017). The results of our study do not support the relevance of proteasome and immunoproteasome determination as biomarkers of the disease but suggest a potentially active role in the pathogenesis of endometriosis.
Genomic Factors and Therapeutic Approaches in HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders: A Comprehensive Review
Authors: Borrajo Ana , Pérez-Rodríguez Daniel , Fernández-Pereira Carlos , Prieto-González José María , Agís-Balboa Roberto Carlos
Published: September 2023

HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HANDs) still persist despite improved life expectancy, reduced viral loads, and decreased infection severity. The number of patients affected by HANDs ranges from (30 to 50) % of HIV-infected individuals. The pathological mechanisms contributing to HANDs and the most serious manifestation of the disease, HIV-associated dementia (HAD), are not yet well understood. Evidence suggests that these mechanisms are likely multifactorial, producing neurocognitive complications involving disorders such as neurogenesis, autophagy, neuroinflammation, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Over the years, multiple pharmacological approaches with specific mechanisms of action acting upon distinct targets have been approved. Although these therapies are effective in reducing viral loading to undetectable levels, they also present some disadvantages such as common side effects, the need for administration with a very high frequency, and the possibility of drug resistance. Genetic studies on HANDs provide insights into the biological pathways and mechanisms that contribute to cognitive impairment in people living with HIV-1. Furthermore, they also help identify genetic variants that increase susceptibility to HANDs and can be used to tailor treatment approaches for HIV-1 patients. Identification of the genetic markers associated with disease progression can help clinicians predict which individuals require more aggressive management and by understanding the genetic basis of the disorder, it will be possible to develop targeted therapies to mitigate cognitive impairment. The main goal of this review is to provide details on the epidemiological data currently available and to summarise the genetic (specifically, the genetic makeup of the immune system), transcriptomic, and epigenetic studies available on HANDs to date. In addition, we address the potential pharmacological therapeutic strategies currently being investigated. This will provide valuable information that can guide clinical care, drug development, and our overall understanding of these diseases.
Temperature Stable Ion Exchange Resins as Catalysts for the Manufacturing of Vitamin Precursors by Aldol Reaction
Authors: Vosberg Jonas , Bouveyron Thomas , Eisen-Winter Simon , Drönner Jan , Raabe Gerhard , Vanhoorne Pierre , Behnke Sven , Eisenacher Matthias
Published: September 2023

This study explores the potential of robust, strongly basic type I ion exchange resins—specifically, Amberlyst® A26 OH and Lewatit® K 6465—as catalysts for the aldol condensation of citral and acetone, yielding pseudoionone. Emphasis is placed on their long-term stability and commendable performance in continuous operational settings. The aldol reaction, which traditionally is carried out using aqueous sodium hydroxide as the catalyst, holds the potential for enhanced sustainability and reduced waste production through the use of basic ion exchange resins in heterogeneous catalysis. Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations are employed to investigate catalyst deactivation mechanisms. The result of these calculations indicates that the active sites of Amberlyst® A26 OH are cleaved more easily than the active sites of Lewatit® K 6465. However, the experimental data show a gradual decline in catalytic activity for both resins. Batch experiments reveal Amberlyst® A26 OH’s active sites diminishing, while Lewatit® K 6465 maintains relative consistency. This points to distinct deactivation processes for each catalyst. The constant count of basic sites in Lewatit® K 6465 during the reaction suggests additional factors due to its unique polymer structure. This intriguing observation also highlights an exceptional temperature stability for Lewatit® K 6465 compared to Amberlyst® A26 OH, effectively surmounting one of the prominent challenges associated with the utilization of ion exchange resins in catalytic applications.
Experimental–Density Functional Theory (DFT) Study of the Inhibitory Effect of Furan Residues in the Ziegler–Natta Catalyst during Polypropylene Synthesis
Authors: Hernández-Fernández Joaquín , Puello-Polo Esneyder , Marquez Edgar
Published: September 2023

In this experimental–theoretical study, the effect of furan on Ziegler–Natta catalyst productivity, melt flow index (MFI), and mechanical properties of polypropylene were investigated. Through the analysis of the global and local reactivity of the reagents, it was determined that the furan acts as an electron donor. In contrast, the titanium of the ZN catalyst acts as an electron acceptor. It is postulated that this difference in reactivity could lead to forming a furan–titanium complex, which blocks the catalyst’s active sites and reduces its efficiency for propylene polymerization. Theoretical results showed a high adsorption affinity of furan to the active site of the Ti catalyst, indicating that furan tends to bind strongly to the catalyst, thus blocking the active sites and decreasing the availability for propylene polymerization. The experimental data revealed that the presence of furan significantly reduced the productivity of the ZN catalyst by 10, 20, and 41% for concentrations of 6, 12.23, and 25.03 ppm furan, respectively. In addition, a proportional relationship was observed between the furan concentration and the MFI melt index of the polymer, where the higher the furan concentration, the higher the MFI. Likewise, the presence of furan negatively affected the mechanical properties of polypropylene, especially the impact Izod value, with percentage decreases of 9, 18, and 22% for concentrations of 6, 12.23, and 25.03 ppm furan, respectively.
Slowed Intestinal Transit Induced by Less Mucus in Intestinal Goblet Cell Piezo1-Deficient Mice through Impaired Epithelial Homeostasis
Authors: Fang Feifei , Liu Ying , Xiong Yilin , Li Xueyan , Li Gangping , Jiang Yudong , Hou Xiaohua , Song Jun
Published: September 2023

Mucus secreted by goblet cells (GCs) may play an important role in intestinal transit function. Our previous study found that Piezo1 protein is essential for GC function; however, the effect of GC Piezo1 on intestinal transit function is unclear. Our study aimed to investigate the effect of Piezo1 in GCs on intestinal transit and the potential mechanism. We compared intestinal mucus, fecal form, intestinal transit time, intestinal epithelial cell composition, and stem cell function in WT and GC-specific Piezo1-deficient (Piezo1ΔGC) mice. Our results revealed a correlation between mucus and intestinal transit: the less mucus there was, the slower the intestinal transit. Piezo1 deficiency in GCs led to decreased mucus synthesis and also disrupted the ecological niche of colon stem cells (CSCs). Through organoid culture, we found that the capacity of proliferation and differentiation in Piezo1ΔGC mouse CSCs was significantly decreased, which also led to a reduced source of GCs. Further studies found that the reduced Wnt and Notch signals in colon crypts might be the potential mechanism. These results indicated the importance of GC Piezo1 in intestinal transit function, which acts by maintaining the homeostasis of intestinal epithelial cells and mucus.
Demonstration of Autonomous Emittance Characterization at the Argonne Wakefield Accelerator
Authors: Roussel Ryan , Kennedy Dylan , Edelen Auralee , Kim Seongyeol , Wisniewski Eric , Power John
Published: September 2023

Transverse beam emittance plays a key role in the performance of high-brightness accelerators. Characterizing beam emittance is often carried out using a quadrupole scan, which fits beam matrix elements to experimental measurements using first-order beam dynamics. Despite its simplicity at face value, this procedure is difficult to automate due to practical limitations. Key issues that must be addressed include maintaining beam size measurement validity by keeping beams within the radius of diagnostic screens, ensuring that measurement fitting produces physically valid results, and accurately characterizing emittance uncertainty. We describe a demonstration of the Bayesian exploration technique towards solving this problem at the Argonne Wakefield Accelerator, enabling a turn-key, autonomous quadrupole scan tool that can be used to quickly measure beam emittances at various locations in accelerators with limited operator input.
Effect of Support Stiffness Nonlinearity on the Low-Frequency Vibro-Acoustic Characteristics for a Mechanical Equipment—Floating Raft—Underwater Cylindrical Shell Coupled System
Authors: Wang Likang , Huo Rui
Published: September 2023

The low-frequency vibro-acoustic characteristics of a mechanical equipment—floating raft—cylindrical shell—underwater acoustic field coupled system with nonlinear supports are studied in this paper. Firstly, the state space equations were established by a modal superposition theory for the coupled system, and a modal parameter identification method was deduced and verified for the cylindrical shell—underwater acoustic field coupled subsystem. On this basis, the formulas were derived for transmitted power flow in the coupled system, and the nonlinear stiffness constitutive relation of the vibration isolation supports was expressed by softening and hardening characteristics. Finally, dynamic simulations were carried out by the Runge—Kutta method to analyze the effect of nonlinear stiffness characteristic parameters on the low-frequency vibration modes and vibro-acoustic transfer characteristics in the coupled system. The research shows that a superharmonic phenomenon is common in the steady vibration mode of the coupled system with a nonlinear softening (or hardening) stiffness characteristic under harmonic excitation. The stronger the softening (or hardening) stiffness characteristic is, the more complex the vibration form is, and the smaller (or larger) the low-frequency vibro-acoustic transfer level in resonance regions is.
Analysis of Exercise Intensity Preferences, Tolerance, Competence, and Their Implications for Behavioral Intentions in Fitness Settings
Authors: Rodrigues Filipe , Jacinto Miguel , Antunes Raúl , Amaro Nuno , Matos Rui , Monteiro Diogo
Published: September 2023

This study aims to comprehensively investigate the interrelationships among exercise intensity preference, tolerance, competence satisfaction, competence frustration, and exercise intentions within the fitness domain. The research involved 114 participants aged 18 to 59 years (M = 33.23; SD = 10.542), with an average height of 166.02 cm (SD = 15.856) and weight of 68.02 kg (SD = 13.658). The path analysis revealed positive correlations among constructs, except for the link between exercise intensity tolerance and competence satisfaction. Notably, exercise intensity preference positively related to competence satisfaction (β = 0.20, CI90% = 0.12, 0.40), while both preference and tolerance were negatively linked to competence frustration (preference: β = −0.27, CI90% = −0.44, 0.03; tolerance: β = −0.17, CI90% = −0.03, 0.24). Competence satisfaction (β = 0.37, CI90% = 0.13, 0.34) and competence frustration (β = −0.29, CI90% = −0.48, −0.09) significantly influenced exercise intentions. An indirect effect existed between exercise intensity preference and intentions (β = 0.11, CI90% = 0.03, 0.21), contrasting with the lack of such effect for intensity tolerance (β = 0.05, CI90% = −0.01, 0.14). Intentions explained 16% of the variance. In conclusion, this study underscores the intricate connections between exercise intensity traits and intentions, shedding light on factors influencing individuals’ exercise persistence.
The Effect of Moderate-Intensity Physical Exercise on Some Serum Inflammation Markers and the Immune System in Rats Fed Intermittent Fasting with a High-Fat Diet
Authors: Günbatar Nizamettin , Bulduk Bahattin , Bezgin Selver , Oto Gökhan , Bayıroğlu Fahri , Bulduk Mehmet
Published: September 2023

Background and Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the impact of moderate-intensity physical exercise on serum inflammation markers and the immune system in rats that were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) with intermittent fasting. Materials and Methods: A total of 48 Wistar albino male rats were included in the study and divided into eight groups, each consisting of six rats. Group 1 served as the control group (CG), receiving a standard diet. Group 2 followed the standard nutrition program with intermittent fasting (CG + IF). Group 3 underwent exercise with a standard diet (CG + E). Group 4 underwent both a standard diet with intermittent fasting and exercise (CG + IF + E). Group 5 was fed a high-fat diet (HFD). Group 6 received a high-fat diet with intermittent fasting (HFD + IF). Group 7 followed a high-fat diet with exercise (HFD + E). Group 8 underwent both a high-fat diet with intermittent fasting and exercise (HFD + IF + E). The study lasted for 8 weeks. Results: The results of the analysis show that lymphocyte cell levels in groups HFD + IF, HFD + IF, and HFD + IF + E were higher compared to groups CG-HFD (p < 0.05). Additionally, B lymphocyte and monocyte cell levels were higher in group HFD + IF + E compared to groups CG, CG + IF, and CG + IF + E, as well as CG, CG + IF, and CG + E, respectively. TNF-α levels were significantly higher in group HFD compared to the other groups. Furthermore, IL 10 levels were higher in group HFD + IF + E compared to the other groups. Conclusions: These findings indicate that moderate exercise and intermittent fasting, particularly in groups fed a high-fat diet, increased anti-inflammatory cytokine levels, and certain immune system cell counts, while decreasing pro-inflammatory cytokine levels.
The Optimization of Mechanochemical Processes toward Functional Nanocomposite Materials
Authors: Senna Mamoru
Published: September 2023

Mechanochemical technology is developing rapidly, judging by the scientific information in both basic and applied studies. However, many issues and points of view remain to be discussed. This review presents some new key issues for the optimization of mechanochemical processes in terms of theoretical and practical aspects. Emphasis is placed on powder technology aspects, which are not always discussed compared to functional or microscopic viewpoints. The transfer of chemical species across the interparticle interface between dissimilar species during the mechanosynthesis of nanocomposites offers many new opportunities. Since almost all material transport is preceded by charge transfer, its driving force has been sought using terminology beyond the well-established electrochemical terms. In particular, the valence state of the cationic species involved is of importance. The role of organic compounds throughout the process is emphasized, regardless of their survival in the final product. The similarity with pharmaceutical phenomena is pointed out, although its mentality is very different from that of the synthesis of nanocomposites. The rational amorphization and stabilization of molecular dispersion states with the participation of excipients are discussed. The effects of liquids, either added or formed by mechanochemical auto-liquefaction, are presented with reference to the comparison between wet and dry grinding. The mechanisms of the apparent stabilization of the mechanically activated states of the products are elucidated to investigate the practical applicability of these mechanochemically synthesized products. Finally, the most important aspects for the optimization of the mechanochemical processes of functional nanocomposites are listed.
For My Daughter Kakuya: Imagining Children at the End(s) of the World
Authors: Simpson Candace Y.
Published: September 2023

The COVID-19 pandemic revealed individual and institutional anxieties about the apocalypse. Pastors and activists alike turned to the depiction of the apocalypse in popular media to describe the urgency of decisive action. Implicitly, these depictions offer a curious method for engaging and imagining children. Assata Shakur writes compelling poetry in her autobiography about her hopes for the world. In one poem, entitled For My Daughter Kakuya, I argue that Shakur engages in Afrofuturist speculative fiction as she envisions a future world for her daughter. This paper explores how writers living through these times themselves imagine Black children at the end of the world. What would happen if we took seriously the notion that the “end of the world” is always at hand for Black people? This article explores the stomach-turning warning that Jesus offers in Mark 13:14–19 regarding those who are “pregnant and nursing in those days”. Using a reproductive justice lens, this paper explores the eternal challenge of imagining and stewarding a future in which Black children are safe and thriving. It also explores the limits and possibilities of partnering with radical Black faith traditions to this end.
Communitas, Worship, and Music: Using Music to Revitalize the Post-Modern Church
Authors: Taylor Joshua
Published: September 2023

Music often facilitates the experience of communitas within disparate groups of people. As the American mainline Protestant church faces schism and struggles for relevance in a post-modern era defined by mistrust in the institutional church and social subjectivism, reexamining how singing together can break down barriers within ecclesial structures and create shared understanding is merited. As demonstrated through the music of pilgrimage, community musicking allows individuals to define the sacred together. Music then becomes an educational resource for the reformation of the church. The Iona and Taizé communities offer insights into this process. Their publishing efforts and worship styles, influenced and crafted by the populations who visit their locations, have provided resources for this dialogue in localized contexts. However, the experience of communitas is individualized—no one person, group, or organization can define this outcome. Consequently, no single musical or liturgical approach will be appropriate in all contexts; the church’s music must adapt so that each selection is imbued with meaning for that community. Facilitating such a process in the local congregation may threaten the status quo while also becoming a tool for revitalization in the post-modern era.
Inertial Measurement Unit Sensor-to-Segment Calibration Comparison for Sport-Specific Motion Analysis
Authors: Ekdahl Mitchell , Loewen Alex , Erdman Ashley , Sahin Sarp , Ulman Sophia
Published: September 2023

Wearable inertial measurement units (IMUs) can be utilized as an alternative to optical motion capture as a method of measuring joint angles. These sensors require functional calibration prior to data collection, known as sensor-to-segment calibration. This study aims to evaluate previously described sensor-to-segment calibration methods to measure joint angle range of motion (ROM) during highly dynamic sports-related movements. Seven calibration methods were selected to compare lower extremity ROM measured using IMUs to an optical motion capture system. The accuracy of ROM measurements for each calibration method varied across joints and sport-specific tasks, with absolute mean differences between IMU measurement and motion capture measurement ranging from <0.1° to 24.1°. Fewer significant differences were observed at the pelvis than at the hip, knee, or ankle across all tasks. For each task, one or more calibration movements demonstrated non-significant differences in ROM for at least nine out of the twelve ROM variables. These results suggest that IMUs may be a viable alternative to optical motion capture for sport-specific lower-extremity ROM measurement, although the sensor-to-segment calibration methods used should be selected based on the specific tasks and variables of interest for a given application.
Machine Learning Based Method for Impedance Estimation and Unbalance Supply Voltage Detection in Induction Motors
Authors: Laadjal Khaled , Amaral Acácio M. R. , Sahraoui Mohamed , Cardoso Antonio J. Marques
Published: September 2023

Induction motors (IMs) are widely used in industrial applications due to their advantages over other motor types. However, the efficiency and lifespan of IMs can be significantly impacted by operating conditions, especially Unbalanced Supply Voltages (USV), which are common in industrial plants. Detecting and accurately assessing the severity of USV in real-time is crucial to prevent major breakdowns and enhance reliability and safety in industrial facilities. This paper presented a reliable method for precise online detection of USV by monitoring a relevant indicator, denominated by negative voltage factor (NVF), which, in turn, is obtained using the voltage symmetrical components. On the other hand, impedance estimation proves to be fundamental to understand the behavior of motors and identify possible problems. IM impedance affects its performance, namely torque, power factor and efficiency. Furthermore, as the presence of faults or abnormalities is manifested by the modification of the IM impedance, its estimation is particularly useful in this context. This paper proposed two machine learning (ML) models, the first one estimated the IM stator phase impedance, and the second one detected USV conditions. Therefore, the first ML model was capable of estimating the IM phases impedances using just the phase currents with no need for extra sensors, as the currents were used to control the IM. The second ML model required both phase currents and voltages to estimate NVF. The proposed approach used a combination of a Regressor Decision Tree (DTR) model with the Short Time Least Squares Prony (STLSP) technique. The STLSP algorithm was used to create the datasets that will be used in the training and testing phase of the DTR model, being crucial in the creation of both features and targets. After the training phase, the STLSP technique was again used on completely new data to obtain the DTR model inputs, from which the ML models can estimate desired physical quantities (phases impedance or NVF).
Classification of User Emotional Experiences on B2C Websites Utilizing Infrared Thermal Imaging
Authors: Li Lanxin , Tang Wenzhe , Yang Han , Xue Chengqi
Published: September 2023

The acquisition of physiological signals for analyzing emotional experiences has been intrusive, and potentially yields inaccurate results. This study employed infrared thermal images (IRTIs), a noninvasive technique, to classify user emotional experiences while interacting with business-to-consumer (B2C) websites. By manipulating the usability and aesthetics of B2C websites, the facial thermal images of 24 participants were captured as they engaged with the different websites. Machine learning techniques were leveraged to classify their emotional experiences, with participants’ self-assessments serving as the ground truth. The findings revealed significant fluctuations in emotional valence, while the participants’ arousal levels remained consistent, enabling the categorization of emotional experiences into positive and negative states. The support vector machine (SVM) model performed well in distinguishing between baseline and emotional experiences. Furthermore, this study identified key regions of interest (ROIs) and effective classification features in machine learning. These findings not only established a significant connection between user emotional experiences and IRTIs but also broadened the research perspective on the utility of IRTIs in the field of emotion analysis.
Solid-Phase Spectrometric Determination of Organic Thiols Using a Nanocomposite Based on Silver Triangular Nanoplates and Polyurethane Foam
Authors: Furletov Aleksei , Apyari Vladimir , Volkov Pavel , Torocheshnikova Irina , Dmitrienko Stanislava
Published: September 2023

Adsorption of silver nanoparticles on polymers may affect the processes in which they participate, adjusting the analytical characteristics of methods for the quantitation of various substances. In the present study, a composite material based on silver triangular nanoplates (AgTNPs) and polyurethane foam was proposed for chemical analysis. The prospects of its application for the solid-phase/colorimetric determination of organic thiols were substantiated. It was found that aggregation of AgTNPs upon the action of thiols is manifested by a decrease in the AgTNPs’ localized surface plasmon resonance band and its significant broadening. Spectral changes accompanying the process can be registered using household color-recording devices and even visually. Four thiols differing in their functional groups were tested. It was found that their limits of detection increase in the series cysteamine < 2-mercaptoethanol < cysteine = 3-mercaptopropionic acid and come to 50, 160, 500, and 500 nM, respectively. The applicability of the developed approach was demonstrated during the analysis of pharmaceuticals and food products.
Efficient Precoding and Power Allocation Techniques for Maximizing Spectral Efficiency in Beamspace MIMO-NOMA Systems
Authors: Liu Yongfei , Si Lu , Wang Yuhuan , Zhang Bo , Xu Weizhang
Published: September 2023

Beamspace MIMO-NOMA is an effective way to improve spectral efficiency. This paper focuses on a downlink non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) transmission scheme for a beamspace multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system. To increase the sum rate, we jointly optimize precoding and power allocation, which presents a non-convex problem. To solve this difficulty, we employ an alternating algorithm to optimize the precoding and power allocation. Regarding the precoding subproblem, we demonstrate that the original optimization problem can be transformed into an unconstrained optimization problem. Drawing inspiration from fraction programming (FP), we reconstruct the problem and derive a closed-form expression of the optimization variable. In addition, we effectively reduce the complexity of precoding by utilizing Neumann series expansion (NSE). For the power allocation subproblem, we adopt a dynamic power allocation scheme that considers both the intra-beam power optimization and the inter-beam power optimization. Simulation results show that the energy efficiency of the proposed beamspace MIMO-NOMA is significantly better than other conventional schemes.
A Comprehensive Study on Cyber Attacks in Communication Networks in Water Purification and Distribution Plants: Challenges, Vulnerabilities, and Future Prospects
Authors: Aslam Muhammad Muzamil , Tufail Ali , Kim Ki-Hyung , Apong Rosyzie Anna Awg Haji Mohd , Raza Muhammad Taqi
Published: September 2023

In recent years, the Internet of Things (IoT) has had a big impact on both industry and academia. Its profound impact is particularly felt in the industrial sector, where the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT), also known as Industry 4.0, is revolutionizing manufacturing and production through the fusion of cutting-edge technologies and network-embedded sensing devices. The IIoT revolutionizes several industries, including crucial ones such as oil and gas, water purification and distribution, energy, and chemicals, by integrating information technology (IT) with industrial control and automation systems. Water, a vital resource for life, is a symbol of the advancement of technology, yet knowledge of potential cyberattacks and their catastrophic effects on water treatment facilities is still insufficient. Even seemingly insignificant errors can have serious consequences, such as aberrant pH values or fluctuations in the concentration of hydrochloric acid (HCI) in water, which can result in fatalities or serious diseases. The water purification and distribution industry has been the target of numerous hostile cyber security attacks, some of which have been identified, revealed, and documented in this paper. Our goal is to understand the range of security threats that are present in this industry. Through the lens of IIoT, the survey provides a technical investigation that covers attack models, actual cases of cyber intrusions in the water sector, a range of security difficulties encountered, and preventative security solutions. We also explore upcoming perspectives, illuminating the predicted advancements and orientations in this dynamic subject. For industrial practitioners and aspiring scholars alike, our work is a useful, enlightening, and current resource. We want to promote a thorough grasp of the cybersecurity landscape in the water industry by combining key insights and igniting group efforts toward a safe and dependable digital future.
Development and Analytical Evaluation of a Point-of-Care Electrochemical Biosensor for Rapid and Accurate SARS-CoV-2 Detection
Authors: Meshesha Mesfin , Sardar Anik , Supekar Ruchi , Bhattacharjee Lopamudra , Chatterjee Soumyo , Halder Nyancy , Mohanta Kallol , Bhattacharyya Tarun Kanti , Pal Biplab
Published: September 2023

The COVID-19 pandemic has underscored the critical need for rapid and accurate screening and diagnostic methods for potential respiratory viruses. Existing COVID-19 diagnostic approaches face limitations either in terms of turnaround time or accuracy. In this study, we present an electrochemical biosensor that offers nearly instantaneous and precise SARS-CoV-2 detection, suitable for point-of-care and environmental monitoring applications. The biosensor employs a stapled hACE-2 N-terminal alpha helix peptide to functionalize an in situ grown polypyrrole conductive polymer on a nitrocellulose membrane backbone through a chemical process. We assessed the biosensor’s analytical performance using heat-inactivated omicron and delta variants of the SARS-CoV-2 virus in artificial saliva (AS) and nasal swab (NS) samples diluted in a strong ionic solution, as well as clinical specimens with known Ct values. Virus identification was achieved through electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and frequency analyses. The assay demonstrated a limit of detection (LoD) of 40 TCID50/mL, with 95% sensitivity and 100% specificity. Notably, the biosensor exhibited no cross-reactivity when tested against the influenza virus. The entire testing process using the biosensor takes less than a minute. In summary, our biosensor exhibits promising potential in the battle against pandemic respiratory viruses, offering a platform for the development of rapid, compact, portable, and point-of-care devices capable of multiplexing various viruses. The biosensor has the capacity to significantly bolster our readiness and response to future viral outbreaks.
Analytical Method and Stability Study for Oral Suspension of Idebenone in Syrspend
Authors: Porru Emanuele , Piro Filomena , Comito Rossana , Mosendz Anastasiia , Minniti Elirosa , Conti Matteo , Stancari Alessandra , Violante Francesco Saverio
Published: September 2023

Idebenone (IDB) (2,3-dimethoxy-5-methyl-6-(10-hydroxydecyl)-1,4-benzoquinone) is a compound synthesized in the early 1980s. Initially developed for the treatment of cognitive disturbances and Alzheimer’s disease, IDB is now studied for Friedreich’s ataxia, Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON), or Duchenne muscular dystrophy. The greatest disadvantage of IDB is its low solubility in water, resulting in low bioavailability. Galenic preparations of IDB in customized doses are common for pediatric patients, which can often prove to be the only option for access to therapy. As an antioxidant, the chemical stability of IDB is an essential guarantee for exerting the desired antioxidant action. Stability studies are essential to know the effect of storage conditions of a galenic product. For the first time, a stability-indicating LC-MS method has been developed to define the stability of IDB suspensions in SyrSpend® Sugar-Free Unflavored (Fagron), a carrier phase formulated for setting up suspensions of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) insoluble or poorly insoluble in water and compatible with it. The proposed method was validated for linearity, accuracy, specificity, robustness, matrix effect and recovery, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), and repeatability.
Extraction of Phosphorus from Sewage Sludge Ash—Influence of Process Variables on the Electrodialytic Process
Authors: Ottosen Lisbeth M. , Kirkelund Gunvor M. , Jensen Pernille E. , Pedersen Kristine B.
Published: September 2023

Phosphorus is a critical, irreplaceable raw material, and developing methods to recover P from secondary sources such as sewage sludge ash (SSA) is crucial. Two-compartment electrodialytic extraction (2C-ED) is one method where an electric DC field is applied to extract P and separate heavy metals simultaneously. Several process parameters influence 2C-ED, and they influence each other mutually. This paper explores chemometrics modeling to give insight into the 2C-ED process and, specifically, optimization of the experimental parameters towards 80% P extraction. A projections-to-latent-structures model was constructed based on new 2C-ED experiments conducted with one SSA type. The model was stable (high correlation factor and predictive power). Variable importance in the projection (VIP) plots showed that the influence of the variables was in the order: current > duration > L:S ratio > stirring velocity > dispersion solution (weak acid or distilled water). Contour plots were used for exploring different P extraction strategies. For example, more P mass per unit current was extracted at an L:S ratio of 7 compared to L:S 14. This shows that treating a thicker SSA suspension is preferable to optimize the current efficiency. The chemometric model proved valuable for optimizing the 2C-ED process and future scale-up.
Untargeted Metabolomics Analysis Reveals Toxicity Based on the Sex and Sexual Maturity of Single Low-Dose DEHP Exposure
Authors: Lee Hyeon-Jeong , Jin Jonghwa , Seo Yoondam , Kang Inseon , Son Junghyun , Yi Eugene C. , Min Hophil
Published: September 2023

Di-(2-Ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is a prevalent environmental endocrine disruptor that affects homeostasis, reproduction, and developmental processes. The effects of DEHP have been shown to differ based on sex and sexual maturity. This study examines the metabolic profiles of mature adult rats from both sexes, aged 10 weeks, and adolescent female rats, aged 6 weeks, following a single 5 mg/kg of body weight DEHP oral administration. An untargeted metabolomic analysis was conducted on urine samples collected at multiple times to discern potential sex- and maturity-specific DEHP toxicities. Various multivariate statistical analyses were employed to identify the relevant metabolites. The findings revealed disruptions to the steroid hormone and primary bile acid biosynthesis. Notably, DEHP exposure increased hyocholic, muricholic, and ketodeoxycholic acids in male rats. Moreover, DEHP exposure was linked to heart, liver, and kidney damage, as indicated by increased plasma GOT1 levels when compared to the levels before DEHP exposure. This study provides detailed insights into the unique mechanisms triggered by DEHP exposure concerning sex and sexual maturity, emphasizing significant distinctions in lipid metabolic profiles across the different groups. This study results deepens our understanding of the health risks linked to DEHP, informing future risk assessments and policy decisions.
A Theoretical Study on the Degradation Mechanism, Kinetics, and Ecotoxicity of Metronidazole (MNZ) in •OH- and SO4•−-Assisted Advanced Oxidation Processes
Authors: Sun Jingyu , Chu Ruijun , Khan Zia Ul Haq
Published: September 2023

Metronidazole (MNZ), a typical example of nitroimidazole antibiotics, is widely used in the treatment of infectious diseases caused by anaerobic bacteria. The degradation mechanism and kinetics of MNZ in the presence of HO• and SO4•− were studied using density functional theory (DFT). It was confirmed that both HO• and SO4•− easily added to the carbon atom bonded to the NO2 group in the MNZ molecule as the most feasible reaction channel. This study shows that subsequent reactions of the most important product (M-P) include the O2 addition, hydrogen abstraction and bond breakage mechanisms. The rate constants of HO• and SO4•−-initiated MNZ in the aqueous phase were calculated in the temperature range of 278–318 K. The total rate constants of MNZ with HO• and SO4•− were determined to be 8.52 × 109 and 1.69 × 109 M−1s−1 at 298 K, which were consistent with experimental values of (3.54 ± 0.42) × 109 and (2.74 ± 0.13) × 109 M−1s−1, respectively. The toxicity of MNZ and its degradation products to aquatic organisms has been predicted. The results proposed that the toxicity of the initial degradation product (M-P) was higher than that of MNZ. However, further degradation products of MNZ induced by HO• were not harmful to three aquatic organisms (fish, daphnia, and green algae). This study provides a comprehensive theoretical basis for understanding the degradation behavior of MNZ.
Where Are the Demographic Dividends in Sub-Saharan Africa?
Authors: Garenne Michel
Published: September 2023

This paper reviews the concept of the demographic dividend and the empirical evidence therefor. The demographic dividend is mainly the result of fertility decline (lower number of births, lower population growth) which translates into a population age structure with a larger work force (age 15–64) and a smaller proportion of children (age 0–14), together with initially few elderly persons (age 65+). In turn, this favors economic growth, but it also has many consequences for households and for state budgets, as well as long-term consequences for population size and the environment. The first part of this paper shows the small correlations at the national macro-economic level between dependency ratios and economic growth. The second part shows the strong correlations at the household level between levels of fertility, child mortality and modern education. The third part discusses the many other correlates of the demographic dividend. The often-cited and controversial focus of the demographic dividend on economic growth hides many other positive effects of fertility control on households, on state budgets, and, in the long-run, on societies and the environment.