bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The postnatal development of the oscillatory potentials of the electroretinogram: I. Basic characteristics
Authors: el Azazi M. , Wachtmeister L.
Published: May 2009

Abstract.The postnatal development of the oscillatory potentials (OPs) of the rat electroretinogram (ERG) was studied. The apperarance and/or completion of the development of the individual oscillatory peaks differed from that of the a‐ and b‐waves as well as from each other. The OPs appeared postnatally one to two days later than the a‐ and b‐waves, respectively. The first oscillatory peak, O1, was present before the second, O2, which appeared before the later wavelets, O3, O4and O5. The pattern of maturation of the oscillatory peaks in relatively more scotopic conditions differed from that in relatively more photopic ones. The summed amplitudes of the OPs attained adult size earlier (about two weeks) during relatively more scotopic conditions. The peak time of each oscillation gradually decreased with age. These findings show that the origin of the OPs is different from that of the a‐ and b‐waves of the ERG and strongly indicate different origins of the earlier OPs from the later ones. Thirdly, the scotopic mechanism underlying the OPs seems to mature faster than the photopic system involved in the generation of the OPs.
Vitreous fluorophotometry in juvenile diabetics with and without retinopathy in relation to metabolic control: Insulin antibodies and c‐peptide levels
Authors: Kernell A. , Ludvigsson J. , Finnström K.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Vitreous fluorophotometry was performed in 56 juvenile insulin‐dependent diabetic patients aged 9–23 years (median: 16 years), diabetes duration 1–20 years (median: 8 years). Fundus photography showed mild background retinopathy in 5 patients, while 51 patients had no signs of retinopathy. Abnormal leakage into the posterior vitreous body was found in 4/5 patients with background retinopathy and in 24/51 with normal fundi. We found a significantly positive correlation between abnormal leakage and duration of diabetes and HbA1 with Kendall rank‐order correlation coefficients T = 0.21 (P=0.01) and 0.19 (P=0.02) resp. No significant correlation was found between leakage and age, actual blood glucose level or insulin antibodies expressed as insulin binding capacity of IgG, but a significantly negative correlation between abnormal leakage and low levels of fasting c‐peptide/s T = 0.437 P < 0.001. Kendall partial rank‐order correlation analysis showed that c‐peptide/s significantly explained the leakage when HbA1 or duration was kept constant. Duration could only explain leakage when HbA1 was fixed but not when c‐peptide/s was kept constant. HbA1 could also explain leakage when duration or c‐peptide was fixed.
A longitudinal study of a population based sample of astigmatic children: II. The changeability of anisometropia
Authors: Abrahamsson M. , Fabian G. , Sjöstrand J.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. The variability of anisometropi in a sample of 310 children with astigmatism at the age of 1 year was longitudinally studied during a 3‐year period between 1 and 4 years of age. The prevalence of anisometropia of 1 D or more at each year level was rather stable. When individual cases were examined we found that between the first and the last test session 19 of the 33 children with anisometropia at the first test session had become non‐anisometropic and were substituted with 14 new cases which were non‐anisometropic at the age of 1 year. In general, less than half of the cases, at all levels of anisometropia, remained anisometropic throughout the whole test period. We also found that children with anisometropia persisting through the whole test period were at considerable risk, about one out of four, of developing amblyopia. There was no simple relationship, however, between anisometropia at a certain age level between 1 and 4 years and amblyopia and/or strabismus. Non‐persisting anisometropia in an emmetropizing eye is in most cases a benign sign and not connected with an increased risk for developing amblyopia.
Early and late phases of ocular anaphylaxis in actively immunized guinea pigs
Authors: Calonge Margarita , Briggs Rebecca M. , Levene Richard B. , Saiga Toshikazu , Bloch Kurt J. , Allansmith Mathea R.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. A model of ocular anaphylaxis with distinct early‐ and late‐phase components was studied in actively immunized guinea pigs. Twenty guinea pigs were injected with dinitrophenylated (DNP) bovine gamma globulin emulsified in Freund's complete adjuvant and challenged topically with di‐DNP‐lysine. Clinical signs were monitored over a 48 h period. An early‐phase reaction (EPR) characterized by conjunctival edema, conjunctival erythema, lid swelling, and lid redness was observed. This reaction peaked at 0.5 h after challenge and subsided to a low point at 3–4 h. Subsequently, a second episode of lid swelling and lid redness was observed at 4–8 h. All animals in both groups exhibited an EPR. In addition, 75% of the animals underwent an EPR and an LPR. No animals exhibited an isolated LPR. Of the animals that underwent a dual response, 47% were biphasic, 6% were prolonged and 47% were multiphasic. The development of an active model of ocular anaphylaxis exhibiting both EPR and LPR components will enable studies of mechanisms which regulate the frequency and magnitude of these ocular allergic responses.
The correction of ptosis with adjustable suture technique
Authors: Akyol Nurettin , Ünlüçerçi Cahit H.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. We discuss here the results of a simple technique for the correction of ptosis, performed by us as an alternative to other techniques. The basic principal of this technique is to suspend the ptotic upper eyelid to the frontalis muscle by 3/0 silk sutures passed above the tarsus using a peritoneal needle and to adjust the rima palpebrarum in the post‐operative period. This method is simple and easy to perform with few complications.
Automated static perimetry and nerve fibre layer defects in glaucoma and controls
Authors: Autzen Torben , Pugesgaard Torleif , Work Kresten
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Correlation of psychophysical tests and structural changes is essential in the management of glaucoma. We compared the mean sensitivity and the short‐term fluctuation in eyes with and without defects in the retinal nerve fibre layer in 41 glaucoma patients and 40 controls. In the glaucoma group 87.2% of eyes with visual field defects and 42.3% without visual field defects showed nerve fibre loss. In the control group 36.3% showed nerve fibre loss. In manifest glaucoma the mean sensitivity was 10.9 + 7.2 dB in eyes with nerve fibre loss and 19.2+3.9 dB in eyes without nerve fibre loss. This difference was statistically significant. The corresponding difference in glaucoma suspects and controls was not statistically significant. There was no difference between the short‐term fluctuation in the three groups regardless of nerve fibre loss.
Retinal oxygen consumption in vitro the effect of diabetes mellitus, oxygen and glucose
Authors: Sutherland F. Scott , Stefansson Einar , Hatchell Diane L. , Reiser Harvey
Published: May 2009

Abstract. In diabetes mellitus, the retina is exposed to fluctuations in blood glucose concentration, presumed decreases in oxygen availability and other metabolic disturbances induced by the disease. These metabolic phenomena may play a role in diabetic retinopathy. To understand these processes better, we measured oxygen consumption in vitro in retinas from normal and diabetic rabbits and examined the effect of oxygen and glucose concentration on retinal respiration. Retinal oxygen consumption is decreased in diabetic retinas compared to normal rabbit retinas (0.56 + 0.09 ml of oxygen per min per mg dry weight in normal and 0.40 + 0.07 ml of oxygen per min per mg dry weight in diabetic retinas). Retinal oxygen consumption is elevated if the oxygen tension is raised above normal in both groups. Glucose concentration did not significantly effect the oxygen consumption of the retina in either group.
BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: Zibrandtsen Pieter C. , Sørensen Torben , Kloster Roar
Published: May 2009

Roy Hampton F:

Bialasiewicz A A & Jahn G J:

Lund O‐E & Waubke Th N:
Cataract extraction in patients with chronic posterior uveitis
Authors: Brinkman C. J. J. , Los G. J. , Breebaart A. C.
Published: May 2009

Abstract The surgical management of cataract in patients with chronic posterior uveitis is described. Of 41 eyes, 88% acquired improvement of the visual acuity 4 months postoperatively, which then remained stable in most of the cases during a follow‐up of one year. The type of cataract extraction, extracapsular or intracapsular, did not influence these results, nor did the implantation of an intraocular lens. Recurrence of the uveitis occurred in about one third of the cases. Postoperative complications consisted of macular edema, retinal detachment and vitreous hemorrhage.
Effects of yellow, orange and red filter glasses on the thresholds of a dark‐adapted human eye
Authors: Aarnisalo Eero , Pehkonen Pasi
Published: May 2009

Abstract Effects of 13 different yellow, orange and red (Schott) longpass filter glasses on the extrafoveal thresholds obtained by 3 normal subjects after dark‐adaptation were measured using a Goldman‐Weekers adaptometer. When filters GG400, GG420, GG435, GG455, GG475, GG495, OG515 and OG530 (cutting off radiation up to 527 nm) were used there was no significant change in the threshold value. However, significantly higher threshold values were obtained with the use of the filters OG 550, OG 570, OG 590, RG 610 and RG 630.
Measurement of wettability of the corneal epithelium
Authors: Tiffany John M.
Published: May 2009

Abstract Surface wettability of the adult rabbit cornea, as indicated by the epithelium/air surface tension, was estimated from the attachment of particles of several different types from suspension in dimethyl sulphoxide‐saline bathing solutions. The mean surface tension of corneas where mucus had been removed by rinsing with N‐acetyl cysteine was 67.5 ± 0.6 mN/m, and for corneas retaining their native covering of mucus was 68.3 ± 0.8 mN/m. Thus the wettability of the normal cornea does not depend on the presence of mucus to overcome its previously‐supposed hydrophobicity. Removal of mucus by wiping gave a damaged surface for which no surface tension could be determined within the range of solution surface tensions studied.
Age‐ and gender‐related influence on the lacrimal gland and tears
Authors: Sullivan David A. , Hann Louane E. , Yee Lydia , Allansmith Mathea R.
Published: May 2009

Abstract Previous research has demonstrated that distinct, gender‐related differences exist in lacrimal glands in a variety of adult species. The objective of the current investigation was to examine whether this influence of gender extends throughout development and aging. Towards that end, morphological parameters of the lacrimal gland, as well as the volume, protein and IgG content of tears, were measured in male and female infant, pre‐weanling, pubertal, adult, mid‐life and senescent rats. Our results showed that dramatic, age‐related variations occured in the weight and morphological appearance of the lacrimal gland. Moreover, the magnitude of structural changes was dependent upon gender. Acinar area was significantly greater in lacrimal tissue of males, as compared to females, at all ages except pre‐weanling; this sexual dimorphism was most evident in senescent rats. In contrast, acinar density in lacrimal glands of females was higher than, or equal to, that of males throughout development and aging. With regard to tears, promounced increases were evident in tear volume, protein and IgG content from the pre‐weanling stage to adulthood. After this time, these tear indices tended either to plateau or rise slightly until senescence. Gender had little or no impact of the volume of, or protein and IgG level in, tears. Of interest, the IgG/protein ratio in tears was 49– to 105–fold less than that found in lacrimal tissue, indicating that IgG moves down a gradient from the lacrimal gland to tears. Overall, our findings demonstrate that gender has a significant influence on lacrimal gland structure during development and aging. However, this impact is limited with respect to tear volume and protein content.
Retinopathy of prematurity
Authors: Fledelius Hans C.
Published: May 2009

Abstract The study includes all infants in a Danish county born 1982–87 considered at risk of acquiring retinopathy of prematurity (n = 411; 178 girls, 233 boys). 325 had birthweight (BW) ≶ 1750 g and/or gestational age (GA) ≶ 34 weeks. The remaining referrals were on account of functional immaturity/significant oxygen treatment (n = 86). With a median onset age of 6.5 weeks (range 5–9 weeks) ROP was recorded in 63 infants. A negative correlation (r = ‐0.34) between GA and ROP onset age suggested a later onset in the very immature infant. ROP appeared in 60% of those born at GA ≶ 28 weeks (n = 30) and in 50% of survivals with BW ≤ 1000 g (n = 20). With BW and GA beyond the limits of 32 weeks and 1750 g only 5 cases of ROP were observed. Out of the 14 infants with at least stage 3 ROP 6 became blind in both eyes after few months (GA at delivery 25–31 weeks/BW 920–1595 g). All considered, 57 of the 63 with ROP showed spontaneous regression, however, leaving myopia of prematurity in 8 subjects.
Airpuff tonometry versus applanation tonometry
Authors: Lagerlöf Olof
Published: May 2009

Abstract In order to study the reliability of airpuff tonometry, 230 eyes of 115 patients had their IOP measured with 2 airpuff tonometers, NCT and Pulsair, and one applanation tonometer, Perkins handheld Goldmann Type, between Dec 87 and March 89. Each patient had three readings per eye with each airpuff instrument and two readings per eye with the Perkins instrument. Mean age for the group was 68 ± 11 (SD), range 36–87 years. The mean values were for Perkins: 21.21 ± 6.27 R.E., 21.28 ± 5.67 L.E.; for NCT: 21.11 ± 6.95 R.E., 21.27 ± 5.41 L.E.; for Pulsair: 23.05 ± 6.00 R.E., 23.76 ± 5.39 L.E. The ranges were for Perkins: 9–45 R.E., 9–38 L.E.; for NCT: 8–59 R.E., 11–38 L.E.; for Pulsair: 9–52 R.E., 11–38 L.E. For the Pulsair a value of 18 was found to be a cut‐off point below which there were no false negatives, and for the NCT this value was found to be 17. A linear relation between airpuff and applanation tonometry was found, but also a large spread, both for false positives and false negatives.
Angle closure glaucoma precipitated by labour
Authors: Kearns P. P. , Dhillon B.J.
Published: May 2009

Abstract Acute angle closure glaucoma generally occurs in older hypermetropic individuals, precipitated by pupillary dilation. However it is often forgotten that it can occur in younger people and that it does not occur solely as a result of the use of mydriatics or normal pupillary dilation in response to darkness. It is recognised that it can occur during or shortly after a surgical procedure done under either spinal or general anaesthetic. We describe a case of acute angle closure occuring in a 37‐year‐old woman, precipitated by labour. To our knowledge no such case has been described in the literature.
Grating Discs: a simplified method of testing vision in infants and young children
Authors: Katsumi Osamu , Hirose Tatsuo , Okuno Hiroko , Miyanaga Yoshitaka
Published: May 2009

Abstract We have developed a simple new method of evaluating visual function in young children about 15 to 36 months of age. Our Grating Discs system consists of six discs with a striped pattern and one homogeneous disc. One striped disc and the homogeneous disc are presented simultaneously, and the examiner observes whether the subject can discriminate between the two. The patterned discs have vertical stripes of different widths from 16 to 0.5 mm. At a testing distance of 57 cm, the visual resolution required for discriminating the grating ranges from 96 min of arc (0.01) to 3 min of arc (0.33) in one‐octave steps; at a testing distance of 114 cm the required resolution ranges from 48 min (0.02) to 1.5 min (0.67). Using this system, we evaluated the visual acuity of normal infants and young children. Their ability to discriminate the finer gratings improved with increasing age, and more than 90% of the normal subjects in the 36‐month group tested at 0.67. We also examined young children with known ocular pathologies and compared the results with acuity measurements obtained with the preferential looking test. The latter method gave acuities slightly better than those from the Grating Disc system, but the finding with the two techniques were generally in good agreement. Grating Discs are a simple, compact, effective tool for rapid assessment of visual function in young children.
Conjunctival involvement in familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy
Authors: Sandgren Ola , Hofer Per‐Åke
Published: May 2009

Abstract The present study is an evaluation of the possibility of using conjunctival biopsies for establishing the diagnosis of systemic amyloidosis of neuropathic type. Amyloid deposits were demonstrated in conjunctival biopsies from 15 of 16 patients with polyneuropathy and from 1 of 4 patients with vitreous opacities as the only symptom. Thus the sensitivity of conjunctival biopsies for the diagnosis of systemic amyloidosis of this type is similar to that of biopsies from other tissues. It is concluded that a conjunctival biopsy is a useful diagnostic tool since the technique is simple and there is little discomfort for the patient.
Regional glycosaminoglycans composition of the human sclera
Authors: Trier Klaus , Olsen Elith Bjarne , Ammitzbøll Thorkil
Published: May 2009

Abstract Human sclera from different parts of the normal adult eye was analyzed for content of uronic acid and the distribution of specific glycosaminoglycan types. Uronic acid is widely determined as representative of glycosaminoglycans in biological substances and variations of about 2‐fold were found. Differences of up to 50% were detected in the relative abundance of hyaluronic acid and of dermatan sulphate, depending on the site on the globe from which the sample was taken. Sclera from around the papilla was found to be rich in content of dermatan sulphate. Sclera from the posterior eyeball showed a higher percentage of chondroitin sulphate as compared with sclera from equator and limbus. Equatorial sclera was richer in hyaluronic acid than posterior sclera. Sclera from the posterior eyeball showed a higher content of uronic acid as compared with sclera from equator and limbus. This work is an addition to the understanding of the scleral biochemistry and this finding may have some relevance in connection with ocular disease, as the proteoglycans and their content of glycosaminoglycans play a key role in the regulation of collagen fibril assembly and in the biomechanical strength of collagen fibrils.
Intraocular pressure fluctuations during regular hemodialysis and ultrafiltration
Authors: Leiba Hannah , Oliver Moshe , Shimshoni Michael , Bar‐Khayim Yaacov
Published: May 2009

Abstract The effect of hemodialysis and of ultrafiltration on intraocular pressure (IOP) was studied in 30 non glaucomatous patients (58 eyes) with chronic renal failure. IOP and serum osmolality were measured before and after dialysis and every hour during the procedure. IOP showed a slight but non‐significant rise when measured after hemodialysis and a significant drop for ultrafiltration. Serum osmolality decreased significantly when measured after hemodialysis, but remained stable for ultrafiltration. The variations in IOP were found to be significantly correlated with changes in osmolality during hemodialysis.
Twelve‐hour IOP control obtained by a single dose of timolol/pilocarpine combination eye drops
Authors: Løfors Kjell T. , Høvding Gunnar , Viksmoen Lars , Aasved Henry , Bergaust Bjørn , Bulie Tore
Published: May 2009

Abstract The 12 h IOP control achieved by a single application of a newly developed ophthalmic solution containing 0.5% timolol and 2% resp. 4% pilocarpine was compared with that obtained by 1 dose of timolol 0.5% alone in 33 patients with manifest open angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension. The combined solutions gave a significantly better 12 h IOP control, evidenced by both a reduced mean diurnal IOP and a decreased frequency of larger pressure peaks.
The effect of learning and age on short‐term fluctuation and mean sensitivity of automated static perimetry
Authors: Autzen T. , Work K.
Published: May 2009

Abstract Knowledge of the effect of perimetric experience is essential in evaluation of visual fields. In the present study we report on the learning effect on short‐term fluctuation (SF), and mean sensitivity (MS) correlating this effect with age in the older age groups. A sample of 33 volunteers with no history of ocular disease was subjected to two automated static perimetry tests. Program 32 of the Octopus 2000® was used for evaluation of the learning effect on SF and MS of the whole field, single quadrants and three eccentric zones. The learning effect on MS of the whole field and single zones of the first and the second session was statistically significant except in the upper temporal zone. Further, the learning effect showed a positive correlation with age on MS of the whole field, the lower quadrants and the eccentric zones from 0 to 20 degrees. The SF showed a significant learning effect, but no correlation with age could be demonstrated. However, SF increased significantly with age.
Incidence of open‐angle glaucoma and screening of the intraocular pressure with a non‐contact tonometer
Authors: Rouhiainen Harri , Teräsvirta Markku
Published: May 2009

Abstract New equipment for measuring intraocular pressure have been introduced lately. One of these is the Keeler Pulsair non‐contact tonometer which uses pressurized air in measurement. It is found to be safe and easy to use in practice, but it seems to give 1.5–2.0 mmHg lower reading than the Goldmann applanation tonometer. This was confirmed by the present study, where non‐contact tonometry was controlled by applanation tonometry with a 2–3 week delay between the measurments. However, for screening procedures the accuracy of the apparatus can be considered as sufficient.
Alport's syndrome — ocular manifestations and unusual features
Authors: Bhatnagar Rajarshi , Kumar Atul , Pakrasi Sudipto
Published: May 2009

Abstract An unusual case of familial Alport's syndrome is presented with ophthalmic manifestations of both anterior and posterior lenticonus with midperipheral retinal flecks. The case highlights the varying clinical presentations of this syndrome.
Kuopio Eye Survey (KEYS)
Authors: Rouhiainen Harri , Teräsvirta Markku
Published: May 2009

Abstract Mass health screenings for the elderly have been undertaken in Kuopio since 1983. Three different age groups, 65, 70 and 75 years old are called for examination so that each group is examined at 5‐year intervals. In 1989 an ophthalmologic examination was included in the protocol for those born in 1914 and 1924. A total number of 1133 persons were recruited, 833 (73.5%) of which actually participated in the study. Cataract was found to be the most frequent visual handicapper. Of participants with visual acuity < 0.3 at least in one eye, cataract was observed in 41.7% of the younger and in 91.1% of the older group. Age‐dependent macular degeneration and glaucoma were less frequent than cataract. Visual acuity of less than 0.3 in the better eye was observed in 5.5% of the older group.
Reversibility of canthaxanthin deposits within the retina
Authors: Leyon Hans , Ros Anne‐Marie , Nyberg Sofie , Algvere Peep
Published: May 2009

Abstract As reported earlier, crystalline yellow‐glistening deposits in the retinal inner layer were identified in 22 of 53 patients treated with PHENORO (containing 10 mg beta‐carotene and 15 mg canthaxanthin per capsule) for various light sensitive dermatoses at cumulative doses of canthaxanthin of up to 178 g for up to 12 years. 14 of the 22 patients with deposits could now be investigated again, 5 years after discontinuation of treatment. There was an extensive reduction of the number of deposits, confirming other reports which have demonstrated that the formation of the crystalline deposits is reversible. Analysis of serum samples revealed significant concentrations of canthaxanthin, resulting from the intake of this carotenoid via food.
Refractive errors and axial length among Alaskan Eskimos
Authors: van Rens Ger H. M. B. , Arkell Sheila M.
Published: May 2009

Abstract An epidemiological study of the prevalence of refractive errors was made of the Eskimo population of the Norton Sound and Bering Straits region of Alaska. It was possible to determine the subjective refraction in 83.7% of 1673 persons examined: 44.9% were emmetropic, 44.7% myopic and 10.4% hyperopic. Myopia was found more often in women (48.3%) than in men (41.3%), while emmetropia was found more often in men (49.3%) than in women (40.3%). Nine,four percent of the men were hyperopic and 11.4% of the women. The prevalence of myopia increased with age, with a maximum of 67.2% in the agegroup between 30 and 40 years. Subsequently, the number of myopes decreased rapidly. Little hyperopia was seen before the age of 50 years, it then increased rapidly, up to 71.5% for persons above the age of 80 years. Emmetropia, on the other hand, decreased with age. Ultrasound examination showed that an increasing axial length was associated with more myopia.
The lysosomal enzymes of the iris‐ciliary body are retained in their organelles and exhibit increased activities during acute uveal inflammation
Authors: Phylactos Andreas C.
Published: May 2009

Abstract Acute uveal inflammation, characterised by conjunctival hyperaemia, limbal vascular injection, iritis and aqueous flare, was induced in the rabbit eye by a single intravitreal injection of 10 μg of Shigella endotoxin. Twenty‐four, 48 and 72 h after endotoxin administration, lysosomal‐rich fractions and cytosolic supernatants were prepared from iris‐ciliary bodies and the enzymatic activities of some lysosomal hydrolases in these fractions were assayed. Acid phosphatase, aryl sulphatase and N‐acetyl‐B‐D‐glucosaminidase exhibited increased activities in the lysosomal preparations from inflamed iris‐ciliary bodies, relative to the activities of the same enzymes in lysosomal fractions from normal iris‐ciliary bodies. No significant differences in activities were obtained for these enzymes in cytosolic supernatants from normal and inflamed iris‐ciliary bodies. The results suggest that during acute ocular inflammation the lysosomal hydrolases are retained in their organelles at an elevated state of activity.
Total lactate dehydrogenase and its isoenzyme pattern in lens, aqueous Tumour, and serum in cases of senile cataract
Authors: Nagpal R. C. , Singh Ram Chandra , Singh G. P. , Ahluwalia B. K.
Published: May 2009

Abstract Lens, aqueous humour and serum LDH and its isoenzyme pattern were estimated in 50 patients with senile cataract; 10 each with immature senile cortical cataract, mature senile cortical cataract, hypermature senile cortical cataract, immature senile nuclear cataract and mature senile nuclear cataract. The gradual decrease in total LDH and activity in the lens with advancement of cataract was maximum in hypermature senile cortical cataract. Aqueous LDH and its isoenzyme pattern remained unaltered with the maturity of cataract, and serum LDH and its isoenzyme pattern were found to be within normal limits. The lens LDH activity was found to be not related to the serum and aqueous humour LDH activity, but LDH3 isoenzyme showed declining trend, whereas LDH5 isoenzyme increased with the maturity of cataract. The present study concluded that significant decrease in lens LDH did not bear any relationship to LDH in serum and aqueous humour in cases of senile cataract.
Retinal detachment after YAG‐laser capsulotomy
Authors: Salvesen Svein , Eide Nils , Syrdalen Per
Published: May 2009

Abstract Preoperative findings and postoperative results in 8 patients with retinal detachment after YAG‐laser capsulotomy are described. In this period the overall incidence of clinical retinal detachment in pseudophakic eyes after YAG capsulotomy in our hospital was 1.0% (2 of 193). Possible relationships between YAG‐laser capsulotomy and retinal detachment are discussed. Two risk factors for developing retinal detachment were found in 6 of 8 patients. After surgical repair 7 retinas were re‐attached. The final visual acuity was better than 0.5 in 5 patients.
Sodium hyaluronate and methylcellulose in extracapsular cataract extraction
Authors: Sand B. B. , Work K. , Skovbo A. , Elbøll P.
Published: May 2009

Abstract In a controlled prospective trial the peroperative use of sodium hyaluronate and methylcellulose (2%) was compared. Two hundred and fifteen patients received sodium hyaluronate and 189 methylcellulose during extracapsular cataract extraction. We found no significant difference in postoperative anterior chamber inflammation, intraocular pressure, frequence of fibrin in the anterior chamber, nor need for additional medication during the first 5 postoperative days.
Tear film profile in dry eye
Authors: Khurana A. K. , Chaudhary R. , Ahluwalia B. K. , Gupta S.
Published: May 2009

Abstract Tear film profile was studied in 100 consecutive patients with dry eye along with 100 age and sex matched controls. The frequency of abnormal tear function tests observed in patients with dry eye and controls was: marginal tear strip 93% and 11%, rose bengal staining 89% and 0%, lissamine green staining 87% and 0%, BUT 79% and 14%, Schirmer test 79% and 3% and fluorescein staining 69% and 0%, respectively. No significant difference was observed between tear pH of patients with dry eye and that of normal healthy subjects. A new, simple and effective objective criteria of confirming and grading dry eye based upon a points scoring system derived from the results of various tear film tests is suggested.
Solitary retinal astrocytoma
Authors: Sharma Ashok , Jagat Ram  , Gupta Amod
Published: May 2009

Abstract A two‐year‐old female child presented with a left retinal mass in front of the optic disc and total serous retinal detachment. Enucleation was performed for suspected retinoblastoma. Histopathologically the tumour was composed of astrocytic giant cells with a few spindle‐shaped astrocytes. Presence of multiple necrotic foci in the tumour resembling micro‐abscesses and extension of tumour cells beyond lamina cribrosa were additional unusual features.
Chiasmal optic neuritis
Authors: Kerty E. , Eide N. , Nakstad P. , Nyberg‐Hansen R.
Published: May 2009

Abstract We describe two cases of chiasmal optic neuritis. The presenting symptoms were reduced visual acuity and bitemporal visual field defects. The enlargement of the optic chiasm in the acute stage and normalization after recovery is demonstrated by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
Beneficial effect of sodium sucrose‐sulfate on the ocular surface of patients with severe KCS in primary Sjögren's syndrome
Authors: Prause J. U.
Published: May 2009

Abstract Sucralfate (aluminium sucrose‐sulfate), a well known gastric mucosal protectant, has been tested topically on 22 patients (20 females and 2 males) suffering from primary Sjögren's syndrome. Median treatment period was 6 months (range 1–19 months). Statistically significant improvement in the ocular surface condition was found judged from the reduction in Rose‐Bengal score (P ≤ 0.00005). The beneficial effect appeared within the first 1–4 months of treatment. No adverse side effects were encountered.
Plasminogen activator inhibitors in human tears
Authors: Tözsér József , Berta András
Published: May 2009

Abstract Plasminogen activator inhibitor activity was demonstrated in tears of patients suffering from various corneal and conjuntival diseases. Active plasminogen activator inhibitor was also detected by reverse fibrin zymography in tears of a patient suffering from Sjögren's syndrome and in those who underwent eye surgery. Immunoblotting revealed that both type 1 and type 2 plasminogen activator inhibitors may be present in human tears when the epithelial cells of the cornea and conjunctiva are affected and/or the permeability of the conjunctival blood vessels is increased. The molecular weight of inhibitors suggested the simultaneous presence of both free and activator‐complexed inhibitors. However, no plasminogen activator inhibitor was detectable in normal human tears, suggesting that the presence of plasminogen activator inhibitors in tears may be associated with the pathological events at the ocular surface.
A comparison of the precorneal residence of an artificial tear preparation in patients with keratoconjunctivitis sicca and normal volunteer subjects using gamma scintigraphy
Authors: Greaves J. L. , Wilson C. G. , Birmingham A. T. , Galloway N. R. , Olejnik O.
Published: May 2009

Abstract The precorneal residence of an artificial tear preparation has been compared in twelve patients with keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) and twelve normal healthy volunteers. The artificial tear solution was radio‐labelled by the inclusion of 1 MBq technetium‐99m die‐thylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (99Tcm ‐ DTPA), and 25 μl was instilled into one eye only. Deposition of the preparation was followed by gamma scintigraphy. Precorneal clearance of the solution was found to follow bi‐exponential kinetics in all subjects with no significant differences in clearance rates between the two study populations. There was also no significant difference in the area under the time‐activity profile for the two study groups. This suggests that the reduced reflex tearing and basal lacrimation in KCS patients, indicated by the Schirmer's test, are not important in the clearance of isotonic solutions from the eye surface.
Prevention of the rise in intraocular pressure following neodymium‐YAG posterior capsulotomy using topical clonidine
Authors: Loewenstein Anat , Varssano David , Lazar Moshe , Geyer Orna
Published: May 2009

Abstract We studied the ability of topical clonidine, an alpha‐agonist, to suppress the acute rise in intraocular pressure (IOP) following neodymium‐YAG posterior capsulotomy (YPC). In a randomized controlled trial 63 eyes were pretreated with one drop of either 0.25% clonidine or saline 1 h before performing YPC and immediately following the procedure. The greatest IOP rise in the saline treated eyes occurred in the second hour after YPC, when the mean (± sd) IOP rose from a baseline pressure of 12.7 ± 3.2 to 18.7 ± 10.7 mmHg. In clonidine treated eyes, the IOP fell from a mean of 11.9 ± 3.4 to 9 ± 3.3 mmHg 2 h postoperatively. In the saline treated group 9 eyes (27%) developed an IOP rise greater than 10 mmHg. Clonidine proved to be highly effective in preventing the rise in IOP following YPC.
High‐pass resolution perimetry and age‐related loss of visual pathway neurons
Authors: Frisén Lars
Published: May 2009

Abstract The normal, age‐related decline of results of high‐pass resolution perimetry (HRP) predicts a loss of approximately 9 000 retino‐cortical neural channels per year of age, or about 1 channel each hour. Previously published counts of numbers of neurons in the optic nerve indicate a loss of approximately 5 000 neurons per year. The HRP results can be accounted for by postulating that neurons are lost at the same rate also in the geniculo‐striate visual pathway.
Spectrum of oculomycosis in South India
Authors: Srinivasan Renuka , Kanungo Reba , Goyal J. L.
Published: May 2009

Abstract Ninety‐one consecutive cases of proven oculomycosis were studied in relation to clinical features and epidemiological parameters. Mycotic corneal ulcers formed the major group (76%), followed by endophthalmitis (20%). Aspergillus was the common causative fungus (36%) in keratomycosis followed by Penicillium species (29%). Fusarium keratomycosis was not as common as reported in the literature. In endophthalmitis there was preponderance of Penicillium as the causative fungus. These etiological agents are studied in comparison with studies of conjunctival flora of healthy controls and culture studies of common objects of trauma. Mycotic endophthalmitis was seen following cataract surgery in 64% of cases. Contrary to expectations the onset of endophthalmitis was within 2 weeks of surgery in most cases. Trauma with organic matter was an important predisposing factor in keratomycosis. These observations are discussed in relation to the clinical features. Other unusual forms of oculomycosis are also discussed.
The correlation between serum progesterone and aqueous dynamics during the menstrual cycle
Authors: Gharagozloo N. Ziai , Brubaker Richard F.
Published: May 2009

Abstract Exogenously‐administered progesterone has been shown to lower intraocular pressure. However, attempts to correlate endogenous progesterone levels and aqueous dynamics have produced inconsistent results. In this study, 20 healthy, non‐pregnant women were followed over a 28‐day menstrual cycle. Serum progesterone level, intraocular pressure, and aqueous flow rate were measured weekly. We were unable to demonstrate any correlation between progesterone levels and either aqueous flow or intraocular pressure.
Gyrate atrophy of the choroid and retina in a 5‐year‐old girl
Authors: Mehta Mehul C. , Katsumi Osamu , Shih Vivian E. , Hirose Tatsuo
Published: May 2009

Abstract A 5‐year‐old Asian‐Indian female presented with bilateral cobblestone‐like peripheral lesions, a single area of chorioretinal atrophy, infero‐nasal to the disc, in her right eye and a non‐recordable single flash ERG. Serum ornithine level was assayed at 841 μmol/l, ten times normal levels, and a diagnosis of gyrate atrophy, due to ornithine aminotransferase deficiency was made. The patient was refractory to any form of therapy and her clinical lesions spread rapidly in both eyes, showing both centrifugal and centripetal spread in her right eye. A rapid deterioration in her psychophysical tests was also seen over the 28 months follow‐up. The presence of cobblestone‐like peripheral lesions in a child should alert the clinician to the possibility of gyrate atrophy, and the rapid spread of the chorioretinal lesions coupled with non‐recordable single flash ERGs, in a young patient may suggest a much poorer prognosis.
Topical Indometacin, a prostaglandin inhibitor, in acute anterior uveitis. A controlled clinical trial of non‐steroid versus steroid anti‐inflammatory treatment
Authors: Sand B. B. , Krogh E.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Fortynine patients were included in a controlled clinical trial comparing the effect of topical nonsteroid versus potent steroid preparation in acute anterior non‐granulomatous uveitis. Twentyfive patients were randomized to 1% Indometacin and 24 patients to 0.1% Dexametason treatment 6 times a day. There was no difference between the two groups initially. After 7 days of treatment we found significantly less inflammation in the steroid treated group, this significant difference disappearing on day 14. We conclude that whenever adverse reactions to corticosteroid eye drops are suspected or proven, Indometacin eye drops make up a useful alternative to even strong solutions of steroids. The study was carried out in the following practices: L. Ahrendt, L. Damgård‐Jensen, P. Eldrup‐Jørgensen, J. Elmeros, H. Heuer, S. Jensen, M. H. Kjeldsen, P. Nellemann Sørensen, H. Petersen, N. Vedel‐Jensen.
Plaques causing hemianopsia or quadrantanopsia in multiple sclerosis identified by MRI and VEP
Authors: Frederiksen J. L. , Larsson H. B. W. , Nordenbo A. M. , Seedorff H. H.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Four patients with definite multiple sclerosis (MS) gave evidence of demyelinating plaques that produced a form of visual loss atypical of MS, i.e. homonymous quadrantanopsia (women, 22 and 30 years), and homonymous hemianopsia (men, 30 and 42 years). Cerebral magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) identified areas with increased signal intensity situated corresponding to the observed visual field defects. The results of visual evoked potentials (VEP) were in accordance with what should be expected from anatomical considerations.
Lens autofluorescence in healthy individuals
Authors: Siik Seppo , Airaksinen P. Juhani , Tuulonen Anja , Alanko Hannu I. , Nieminen Heikki
Published: May 2009

Abstract. We measured blue‐green autofluorescence (AF, 495 nm/520 nm) of the lens in 43 random eyes of 43 healthy volunteers aged 6–86 years, five in each decade, using an instrument designed by one of us (HN). The instrument generates an autofluorescence profile, which consists of anterior and posterior juxtacortical peaks and a central plateau. The height of the anterior peak was taken as a maximum autofluorescence value and the square root of the ratio between the posterior and the anterior peak was used as a lens transmission index. The coefficient of variation for the measurement technique was 3.9% for maximum autofluorescence and 2.9% for lens transmission index. Both the maximum autofluorescence and the transmission index were highly correlated with age. Statistically over 90% of the variation in maximum autofluorescence values and almost 70% of the variation in transmission could be attributed to age.
Senile changes of crystalline lens: effects on the delayed latency of pattern visually evoked potentials in phakic and pseudophakic eyes
Authors: Yamamoto Shuichi , Adachi‐Usami Emiko
Published: May 2009

Abstract. We recorded visually evoked cortical potentials to pattern stimuli (PVECPs) in 22 patients who received a posterior chamber intraocular lens implant. The mean latency of the P100 obtained from patients was not significantly different from that of age‐matched normal phakic subjects. Furthermore, we found that both groups showed a similar increased delay of the P100 latency with age. The results of this study indicated that the senile opacity of the crystalline lens does not contribute to changes of PVECPs with age. These alterations may be due to senile changes of the neural pathway.
Occurrence of disc haemorrhages in open‐angle glaucoma treated with pilocarpine or timolol
Authors: Sonnsjö Bo , Holmin Catharina , Krakau C. E. T. , Linnér E. , Lind A. , Popovic V. , Calissendorff B. M. , Granström P.‐A. , Finnström K. , Kunnos V. K. , Dyster K. , Heijl A. , Wettrell K. , Östberg A. , Martinsson M. , Wålinder P.‐E. , Svedberg B.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. 1573 examinations were performed on 397 eyes. hh was found in 55 eyes ‐ thromboses included ‐ at 91 examinations. Part of this material qualified for use in a comparative study with pilocarpine in 81 eyes and timolol in 82 eyes. The relative frequency of hh in the treated groups and in the pretreatment group was not significantly different from that of the whole material. No indication of pressure reduction with effect on the occurrence of hh could be detected. The average probability of hh at an examination chosen at random was 6 per cent in this material of ordinary simple and capsular glaucoma cases. The occurrence of haemorrhages in relation to age, sex, general hypertension and diabetes are discussed.
Intraocular pressure 2½ years after extracapsular cataract extraction and sulcus implantation of posterior chamber intraocular lens
Authors: Hansen Tom Eggert , Næser Kristian , Nilsen Niels Elkjær
Published: May 2009

Abstract. The intraocular pressure in 50 eyes of 50 patients was measured 2½ years after planned extracapsular cataract extraction with intended implantation of a posterior chamber lens in the ciliary sulcus. The results were compared to the preoperative values, and the pressure observed after 4 months. Although a significant elevation was found from the fourth month (P=0.015), the intraocular pressure at 2½ years was found to be significantly lower than the preoperative value (P=0.002). No significant difference was found in two subgroups in which transillumination defects in the iris or pigment in the lower anterior chamber angle was present.
Central and peripheral corneal thickness in newborns
Authors: Portellinha W. , Belfort R.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Central and peripheral corneal thickness was measured in 74 newborn children. The mean central corneal thickness was 0.573 ± 0.052 mm. The mean peripheral thickness was 0.650 ± 0.062 mm. There was no significant difference between right and left eyes, sex, gestational age or type of delivery. The central and peripheral corneal thickness in the first 24 h of life was significantly higher than after 48 to 72 h. The full‐term babies with 2.500 to 3.000 g of birth weight had peripheral corneal thickness higher than the group with 3.501 to 4.000 g.
A girl with Hermansky‐Pudlak syndrome
Authors: Suzuki Takashi , Ohga Hitomi , Katayama Toshio , Egi Kuniaki , Fujiwara Hisako , Mizushima Mutsue
Published: May 2009

Abstract. A young girl with ocular albinism and the Hermansky‐Pudlak syndrome is described. Ocular albinism generally occurs in males. In this condition, the pigmentation of the skin and hair is nearly normal, and the melanin pigment abnormality is limited to the eyeballs. The chief complaints are visual disturbance, nystagmus, and photophobia. A 3‐year‐old girl was recently brought to our hospital with nystagmus, which she had exhibited since the age of 1 year. Funduscopy resulted in a diagnosis of ocular albinism. Further investigations, specifically, microscopy of her platelets, led us to conclude that she had Hermansky‐Pudlak syndrome.
Gonioscopic findings in Greek patients with exfoliation glaucoma
Authors: Konstas A. G. P. , Dutton G. N.
Published: May 2009

Abstract A prospective gonioscopic evaluation was carried out upon a cohort of Greek patients who had undergone trabeculectomy for open‐angle glaucoma. Sixty‐five patients were found to show clinical evidence of exfoliation glaucoma (EXG), whilst nine patients were deemed to have primary open angle glaucoma (POAG). The gonioscopic features of these eyes and of 43 non‐operated eyes from the same patients with either exfoliation syndrome (EXS) or EXG are presented. The median degree of angle pigmentation was significantly higher in the operated eyes with EXG when compared with the POAG cases. In the operated eyes, deposition of exfoliation was found on the ciliary processes in 82% of cases and on the zonules in 52%.
Glaucoma case detection
Authors: Bengtsson Bo
Published: May 2009

Abstract In Dalby more than 1.000 residents have been followed for a decade (1977–1987) with periodic comprehensive eye examinations including family history, ophthalmoscopy, slit‐lamp examination, applanation tonometry, and computerized perimetry. The large majority were followed at long intervals (2.75 and 5.65 years). Ophthalmoscopy and tonometry were used to select a minor part of the population to be followed at shorter intervals. In this way 16 out of 24 manifest glaucomas detected after the first survey were found among patients followed at shorter intervals. A closer look at the data suggested that the selection could have been further improved if the slit‐lamp examination and the family history had been used in much the same way as ophthalmoscopy and tonometry. On this basis new criteria to select persons said to have ‘presumptive glaucoma’ are proposed.
Age‐related changes in the human lens
Authors: Sample Pamela A. , Quirante Jennifer S. , Weinreb Robert N.
Published: May 2009

Abstract We compared two methods for assessing changes in the human lens associated with age. The first is a subjective method for quantifying light absorption by the lens. It is useful for determining the functional effect of age‐related increases in lens density, especially for short‐wavelength light. The second method objectively and rapidly measures the increase in scattered light with increasing lens density. These two methods accurately measured age‐related changes and were highly correlated with each other (r = 0.72, P < 0.001). Both methods were evaluated in a population of normal eyes, eyes with ocular hypertension, and eyes with primary open angle glaucoma. We found ni significant differences among these groups with either method.