bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Apparent Thermal Conductivity Measurements by an Unguarded Technique
Authors: Graves R.S. , Yarbrough D.W. , Mcelroy D.L.
Published: March 2007

An unguarded longitudinal heat flow apparatus for measuring the apparent thermal conductivity (λ a) of insulations was tested with mean specimen temper atures from 300 to 330°K on samples up to 0.91 m wide, 1.52 m long, and 0.15 m thick. Heat flow is provided by a horizontal electrically heated Nichrome screen that is sandwiched between test samples that are bounded by tempera ture controlled copper plates and 9 cm of mineral fiber insulation. A deter minate error analysis shows λ a measurement uncertainty to be less than ±1.7% for insulating materials as thin as 3 cm. Three-dimensional thermal modeling indicates negligible error in λ a due to edge loss for insulations up to 7.62 cm thick when the temperature difference across the sample is measured at the screen center. System repeatability and reproducibility were determined to be ±0.2%.

Differences of λ a results from the screen tester and results from the National Bureau of Standards were 0.1% for a 10-kg/m3 Calibration Transfer Standard and 0.9% for 127-kg/m3 fibrous glass board (SRM 1450b). Measurements on fiber glass and rock wool batt insulations showed the dependence of λ a on density, temperature, temperature difference, plate emittance, and heat flow direction. Results obtained for λ a as a function of density at 24°C differed by less than 2% from values obtained with a guarded hot plate.

These results demonstrate that this simple technique has the accuracy and sensitivity needed for useful λ a measurements on thermal insulating materials.
A Modified Digital PID Temperature Controller for Thermal Properties Measurements
Authors: Hust Jerome G. , Filla B. James , Smith David R.
Published: March 2007

A modified digital proportional-integral-derivative (PID) temperature controller for thermal properties measurements is described. Data are presented to illustrate the approach to equilibrium and the degree of stability at equilibrium The controller is being used to control the heating elements of a high temperature guarded-hot-plate to within approximately 10 mK.
Thermal Conductivity of Some Major Building Materials in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Abdelrahman M.A. , Said S.M. , Ahmad A. , Inam M. , Abul-Hamayel H.
Published: March 2007

The objective of this work was to measure the thermal conductivity of the more common building materials used in Saudi Arabia and compare the results with the data reported in handbooks These materials included seven types of clay bricks, one type of sandlime bricks, five types of concrete blocks and one type of pre fabricated wall The study shows that, although the thermal conductivities of these materials lie within the range of the values reported in handbooks, they are on the higher side of the range.
Dynamic Evaluation of the Building Envelope for Wind and Wind-Driven Rain Performance
Authors: Baskaran Bas A. , Brown William C.
Published: March 2007

The building envelope should be designed to provide a comfortable indoor environment irrespective of changes in the weather. Therefore, to provide a functional and durable building envelope, the dynamic character of the driving forces must be recognized by the envelope designer. The dynamic performance of the building envelope can be evaluated in laboratories in which the design details and most of the dynamic properties of the driving forces are simulated. This paper dis cusses the dynamic processes and the need for dynamic evaluation of structural per formance under wind loading and of rain penetration performance under wind driven rain conditions. Three research facilities are examined for their approach to dynamic evaluation of structural performance and rain penetration performance. Ad ditional information on dynamic evaluation of the building envelope was gathered from standards and the literature. Based on this information, procedures for dynamic evaluation under wind loading and wind driven rain conditions are proposed.
Contact Resistance in a Steel-Framed Wall
Authors: Trethowen H.A. , Cox-Smith I.
Published: March 2007

This paper sets out to answer, experimentally, the question "how much influence does the contact tightness between steel frame and facings have on the overall thermal resistance of a wall panel?" The contact tightness has been equated to the mean contact gap between those two items. Accurate methods for both control and measurement of this gap have been utilised for this task. The experiment was devised so that precision adjustments to the contact gap could be made externally, and the wall panel was repeatedly adjusted and its thermal resistance measured, with no disturbance to any other part of the wall.

The results showed that the mean contact gap could be adjusted between a mini mum of 0.5 mm and a chosen maximum of 3 mm. Variations solely in the tightness of fit between frame and facing (equated here to the mean contact gap) were found to produce up to -30% variation (16% per face), from 1.30 to 1.51 m20C/W, in the rated R-Values of the test panels studied. The effect was moderately linear.
An Interdisciplinary and Interagency Evaluation Team: Benefits for Other-Discipline Specialists
Authors: Rockwell S. Kay , Buck Janet S.
Published: March 2007

Agriculturalists are agricultural scientists who use basic agri cultural research techniques derived from physical and biological sciences as they seek new knowledge to improve the food and fiber system. This empirically based knowledge is the major source of information that the Cooperative Extension service communi cates to people in agriculturally related occupations. To facilitate such communication, programs are developed as vehicles for communicating and applying agricultural research findings to Rockwell improve agricultural practices. Cooperative Extension System program evaluators strive to ascertain how effective and useful these programs are by using empirical evaluation processes grounded in the social sciences. Consequently, while agriculturalists and extension program evaluators are both committed to empiricism, their research orientations are as different as are the social and the biological/ physical sciences. This article reports how—notwithstanding this difference—14 agriculturalists were benefitted as they performed an evaluator's role on a team that examined eight water quality demonstration projects. This study suggests that collaborative efforts between evaluators and agriculturalists strengthen study recommendations, are beneficial to the organization, and are personally rewarding to the participating specialists.
Collaborative Evaluation in North America: Evaluators' Self-reported Opinions, Practices and Consequences1
Authors: Cousins J. Bradley , Donohue John J. , Bloom Gordon A.
Published: March 2007

Despite growing theoretical interest in collaborative and participatory forms of evaluation, little is known about evaluators' perceptions about such evaluation practices or their views about its viability. This article reports results from a survey of Canadian and American evaluators concerning such perceptions. Five-hundred and sixty-four evaluators responded to questions about their views and opinions of collaborative evaluation and a subsample of 348 (61.7%) also described a specific collaborative evaluation project in which they had recently participated. The survey results suggested that evaluators support a utilization-focused, stakeholder-servicearientation to the role and believe that the evaluator has a primary responsibility of maximizing intended use for intended users. Reported practices suggest that most evaluators engaged in collaborative activities that resemble the conventional stakeholder-based evaluation approach. These data are neither able to, nor are they intended tosupport one side or the other in the professional debate about whether evaluators ought to embrace collaborative evaluation as a legitimate direction within the profession. Rather, they add to the empirical knowledge base concerning this type of evaluation.
The Army Military Police: A Neglected Policing Model
Authors: Falcone David N. , Smith Beverly A.
Published: March 2007

Despite the research bias toward the big-city police department, other identifiable police entities clearly exist and are based on policing models that predate the metropolitan police department. Through a historical analysis of the emergence of the U.S. Army Military Police Corps (MPC), it is posited that the MPC represents a distinctive modal form of policing that has borrowed heavily, albeit selectively, from preexisting models, especially the office of the county sheriff. Like the sheriff's office, the MPC is a multitasked police agency that is less law-enforcement oriented than its urban police counterpart and, accordingly, holds less status in the police community. However, given recent attempts at shifting the police paradigm toward community-oriented policing, the MPC serves as a model for selective adoption.
Crime and Disorder in Drug Hot Spots: Implications for Theory and Practice in Policing
Authors: Weisburd David , Mazerolle Lorraine Green
Published: March 2007

This article explores the relationship between street-level drug hot spots and crime and disorder problems in Jersey City, New Jersey. The research shows that drug hot spot areas include a disproportionate share of arrests and calls for police service not only for drug-related crime but for crime and disorder more generally. Street sections and intersections within the drug hot spot areas were also more likely to experience crime and disorder problems as compared with non-drug hot spot areas of the city. The findings support the idea of a spatial link between street-level drug hot spot activity, disorder, and serious crime. In concluding, the authors suggest how their findings may be used to enhance police policies with regard to street-level drug markets and crime and disorder activity more generally.
Racial Profiling? A Multivariate Analysis of Police Traffic Stop Data
Authors: Smith Michael R. , Petrocelli Matthew
Published: March 2007

Despite the significance of racial profiling as an issue of national concern, little empirical research exists on whether police traffic stop practices disproportionately impact minority drivers. Using data from 2,673 traffic stops conducted by the Richmond, Virginia, Police Department in 2000, this article explores the treatment by police of motorists of different races and ethnic backgrounds. Minority citizens in general, and African Americans in particular, were disproportionately stopped compared with their percentage in the driving-eligible population. However, they were searched no more frequently than Whites; in fact, Whites were significantly more likely than minorities to be the subjects of consent searches. Compared with Whites, and after controlling for variables, minority drivers were more likely to be warned, whereas Whites were more likely to be ticketed or arrested. Examining officer race as a predictor revealed White officers were no more likely than minority officers to stop, search, or arrest minority drivers.
The Deterrent Effects of Oleoresin Capsicum On Assaults Against Police
Authors: Kaminski Robert J. , Edwards Steven M. , Johnson James W.
Published: March 2007

Oleoresin capsicum (OC) or "pepper spray" has been widely adopted by law enforcement agencies in the United States for use during resistive and forceful encounters with suspects. There have, however, been few rigor ous evaluations of OC and no empirical research on its utility for deter ring violence against police. The present study expands previous research by employing a quasi-expenmental design—the interrupted time series— to test whether the introduction ofOC into the Baltimore County, Mary land, Police Department deterred assaults on police officers. The results suggest that OC had a statistically significant deterrent effect on violence against police, reducing assaults on officers an average of about 3.2 per month.
Comparison of Autonomic Nervous System Indices Based on Abdominal Pain Reports in Women with Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Authors: Burr Robert L. , Heitkemper Margaret , Jarrett Monica , Cain Kevin C.
Published: March 2007

Abdominal pain is an important symptom in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), but patients report typical pain intensities ranging from mild to very severe. In a sample of women, the authors sought to determine whether measures of systemic autonomic activity are related to self-reported pain intensity and the occurrence of pain in the postprandial period. One hundred and six women with IBS and 41 controls completed bowel symptom and psychological distress questionnaires and wore 24-h Holter electrocardiogram monitors to estimate global heart rate variability measures of parasympathetic activity and sympathetic nervous system/parasympathetic nervous system balance. About one-third of the IBS sample reported severe or very severe abdominal pain (n = 34/106), and about one-half of the IBS sample reported postprandial pain (n = 52/106). Even after statistically controlling for age, body mass index, and psychological distress, vagal heart rate variability measures were markedly lower in women reporting high pain (P < 0.01) and markedly higher in women reporting postprandial pain (P < 0.02). The vagal component of heart rate variability appears to be reduced in women with severe abdominal pain, especially in those whose pain is not postprandial.
The Catastrophe of Paradox
Authors: Smith Richard G.
Published: March 2007

In December 1992, Baudrillard delivered the lecture “Hyperreal America” at Essex University in the United Kingdom. In his lecture, Baudrillard talked around his now famous book America (published in French in 1986 and in English in 1988) in which he argued that the fascination and catastrophe of America is its hyperreality, which allows the idea and paradox that there utopia has been achieved. The lecture was subsequently translated by David Macey and published in the journal Economy & Society. However, the questions and answers that the talk provoked—and that provided clarification of some of Baudrillard's central arguments about the hyperreality of America—have not been transcribed, and this is what is presented here.
Production and Consumption of Wilderness in Algonquin Park
Authors: Baker Jody
Published: March 2007

This article investigates Algonquin Provincial Park, a 7,600 square kilometer “wilderness” park, located just north of Toronto, Ontario. The park markets itself as a place where one can experience nature in a more or less primordial state, but things—even natural things—are not always as they appear. Rather, it is the appearance of things, and the processes through which they are made to appear, that are subject to critical analysis. Not only a concrete, ecological space, Algonquin Park is also a discursive geography: The landscape is “read” by its visitors. This article emphasizes three distinct but interrelated productive and consumptive processes and practices: material (ecologies), discursive (text), and touristic (experience). Spatial production of wilderness is enmeshed in late capitalist economics and politics, whereas its consumption is structured to reproduce class distinction.
Making Choices about the Use of the Outdoors in Manager and Management Development 1
Authors: Mossman Alan
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this paper is to suggest a framework for analysing 'Outdoor Management Development' so as to help potential consumers assess the compatibil ity of provider organisations and their own. In the first part the choice of the label Outdoor Management Development (OMD) is explained and the boundaries are defined (cf. Beeby and Rathborn 1983, p. 172). A framework for thinking about the ways in which the Outdoors can be used in Manager and Management Develop ment is outlined in the second part. This framework highlights the range of developmental philosophies possible in the outdoors. Some examples of applica tions of OMD are given. It is intended that the framework will be used as the basis for further study and evaluation of OMD. The paper includes a comprehensive bibliography of Management Development Outdoors.
Non-Facilitated Action Learning
Authors: Segal-Horn Susan , McGill Ian , Bourner Tom , Frost Paul
Published: March 2007

The usual model of action learning includes within its framework the role and function of the set adviser. This article provides an account, by its members, of an action learning set operating with no set adviser. The development of procedures and processes within the group is re viewed, together with an assessment of outcomes.
Preface
Authors: Raelin Joseph A. , Schermerhorn John
Published: March 2007

The co-editors of this special section of Management Learning set the stage for debate about the prospect of a new paradigm in advanced management education. Their view is that two operative paradigms exist in the field today, a dominant `objective approach' and an emerging `interpretive approach'. After describing the paradigms, the co-editors challenge the contributors to this special section as well as future authors to consider whether a paradigm shift is occurring, and whether the imputed incommensurability between the paradigms is being resolved through a synthesis or through a revolutionary new paradigm.
Knowledge Workers and Organizational Learning
Authors: Elmes Michael B. , Kasouf Chickery j.
Published: March 2007

There has been much recent interest in organizational learning in the academic management literature and in the business press. This issue is especially salient in firms that operate in rapidly changing environments and that rely on knowledge workers to make decisions in the face of high uncertainty. Much of the organizational learning literature is based on an organization-as-brain metaphor and on characteristics of individual learning. This paper uses an organization-as-culture metaphor to examine how knowledge workers in biotechnology firms talk about organizational learning. Using content analysis of in-depth interviews with 44 managers, scientists and technicians at four biotechnology firms in Massachusetts, we analyze their responses to two questions: how does your organization learn and what interferes with your organization's ability to learn? Key themes that emerged for the first question were piecing together a puzzle, acquiring and absorbing information and expertise, and mixing and communicating. Key themes that emerged for the second question were meeting aggressive deadlines, problems in vertical communication, and growing pains and the desire for structure. We discuss each of these themes in more detail and examine the implications for tensions in the organizational learning narratives between science and survival.
Motivation: That's Maslow, isn't it?
Authors: Watson Tony J.
Published: March 2007

The method of the ethnographic experiment is explained and applied to the task of developing an understanding of how certain `standard management education content' is made use of by course members and management teachers. The research focuses on students' reactions to their earlier study of motivation theories and on how they react to challenges put to them about their uncritical reception of material they now begin to see as lacking. Course members' own theorizing about their experience of management learning in the business school context is central to the analysis, but broader implications of the research are brought out by the author who suggests that the problems shown to exist may relate to ones of surface and deep learning in higher education more generally. An anthropological explanation of the problem is also offered, this focusing on the symbolic and comforting role of material like Maslow's hierarchy of needs in management teaching and learning. In conclusion, it is argued that to accept such a role for social science thinking is to neglect its potential. Fulfilling that potential is a considerable challenge but a key one for management education.
The MBA through Women's Eyes
Authors: Sinclair Amnanda
Published: March 2007

Disquiet about the fitness and future of management education prompts this exploratory study of the MBA experience from women's points of view. Interviews with 16 women MBAs yield findings that are broadly consistent with research suggesting that women prefer to learn and be taught in ways which depart from traditional MBA approaches. In particular, interviewees identified four sources of tension in their educational experience: centralization versus decentralization of authority in the classroom; defenses against admissions of uncertainty and ignorance; learning by looking outwards or inwards; and knowing by analytical replication versus imaginative and emotional engagement. Several implications for management education are drawn. Knowledge that is delivered through traditional pedagogues is accepted as legitimate, while understanding gained through alternative processes is viewed as inferior or lower-order. Some learning strategies are devalued, particularly those women have often preferred. Both men and women suffer from the resulting narrow array of learning opportunities. Secondly, this research helps explain why women teachers, when judged against traditional norms of equating dominance with authority, are often valued less. It is concluded that institutional experimentation with a wider range of learning and pedagogical strategies would better equip managers when working with diverse contemporary workforces, and would also help them build wider repertoires for learning and understanding.
Judging Teaching Quality
Authors: Lock Andrew , Berry Tony , Easterby-Smith Mark
Published: March 2007

This article examines the national Teaching Quality Assessment (TQA) which was conducted across all 105 business and management schools in England during the period 1993-1994. It demonstrates from documentary sources that teaching provision was more likely to be judged `excellent' if: (i) clear links were visible between institutional aims and curricular content; (ii) at least one third of individual classes showed good preparation/ structuring by the teacher, and active involvement from the students; and (iii) the institution had already achieved a high rating for the quality of its research. On the other hand, institutions were more likely to be considered as merely `satisfactory' if there were concerns about the overall effectiveness of administrative and management structures. A range of issues were identified about the process of assessment from discussions with people who had played roles as assessors and/or assessees, which included worries about the reliability of the ratings and variability of the outcome. Participants in the exercise considered that two main reasons for potential variability were the dynamics of forming judgements within TQA teams, and the complex presentational choices required of institutions.
The Invincible Character of Management Consulting Rhetoric: How One Blends Incommensurates While Keeping them Apart
Authors: Berglund Johan , Werr Andreas
Published: March 2007

As experts and fashion setters of the business community, management consultants have a strong position in modern society. We argue that the basis of this position is the size of the rhetorical space of legitimate arguments open to consultants. In legitimating their activities, consultants produce a great array of arguments based on two contradictory myths or master-ideas recurrent in the business discourse—the normative/pragmatic myth and the rationalistic myth. These two myths are in turn viewed as a variation of the deeply institutionalized western dichotomy of nature vs. culture. Although these myths officially are incommensurable, management consultants freely mix arguments based on both myths when translating organizational change. Herein lies the potential invincibility of the consultants' rhetoric—the possibility of transforming that which earlier was treated as `objective' and given into something negotiable and changeable, and vice versa, thereby increasing the possibility of satisfying ever-changing and contradicting needs.
Fashioning the Environment
Authors: Fineman Stephen
Published: March 2007

Should we regard `greening' as a management fashion? While green concerns are prevalent in political and industrial rhetoric, how is greening made to appear attractive and productive to organizational actors who plainly feel just the opposite? This paper explores the social and emotional architecture of greening, and its tensions and contradictions. Against a background of `received' theory on management fashions, it examines the institutional context of greening, the role of consultants, stakeholder voices and the active efforts of industry to capture greening on its own terms. The analysis shows that, despite a strong societal surge towards greening, it can often appear neither attractive nor rational to industry-yet it is adopted, or presented, in some form.
What's in a Fashion? Interpretative Viability and Management Fashions
Authors: Benders Jos , Van Veen Kees
Published: March 2007

Building and reacting on the most influential article on the topic, namely, `Management Fashion' by Abrahamson (Academy of Management Review 21(1), 1996), we propose that management fashions are best conceptualized as `the production and consumption of temporarily intensive management discourse, and the organizational changes induced by and associated with this discourse'. This conceptualization allows us to take account of `interpretative viability', a certain degree of ambiguity about a fashion `s content, and its consequences for the dynamics involved in the ongoing shaping and reshaping of a concept's connotations. Our arguments are illustrated by drawing on a variety of empirical work on Business Process Reengineering in the Netherlands.
Postmodernism and Action
Authors: Newton Tim
Published: March 2007

This paper explores the growing critique of postmodernism within organization studies. It first outlines central aspects of this critique, such as the allegation that postmodernism tends towards a reactionary stance, its dubious epochal status and the incompatibility of postmodernist epistemology with `serious' organizational analysis. The paper pays particular attention to the conflict between postmodern epistemology and the need for action, since it is argued that this remains a central dilemma created by postmodernist debates. Feminist discourse is drawn on in order to examine the difficulties, as well as the possibilities, of squaring postmodern epistemology with action. The remainder of the paper focuses on the critique of postmodernism within organization studies, and relates this critique to the work of feminist writers.
The Political Sociology of World Society
Authors: JUNG DIETRICH
Published: March 2007

In taking up current discussions in IR, the article argues that behind the historical constitution of world society there is the still ongoing process of modernization. Based on sociological authors such as Marx, Elias and Weber, the concept supplements the classical dichotomy between tradition and modernity with Habermas's more recent sociological paradigm of the differentiation between system and lifeworld, thereby focusing on modern state formation and its implications for a political sociology of world society. Against the background of this theoretical framework, the article further addresses three interrelated issue complexes of international politics — the state of the nation-state, global community formation and the transnationalization of law. With this sociologically inspired approach to world society, the article aims at contributing to theoretical and empirical debates in both International Relations and development studies.
Constitutional Politics in International Relations
Authors: IKENBERRY G. JOHN
Published: March 2007

It is widely agreed that domestic and international politics are rooted in very different types of order, but this insight is deeply flawed. The potential similarity of domestic and international order can best be seen at historical turning points when the organization of the order is up for grabs — internationally, these moments tend to come after major wars. This article argues that at these moments, order formation has taken the form of constitution building, where basic limits are sought on the exercise of power and the scope of politics. Constitutions are compromises or gambits whereby a hegemonic or leading state agrees to limit its power — that is, it agrees to operate within an institutionalized political process according to a set of rules and principles — in exchange for the agreement of secondary states to do so as well. Moreover, the domestic structures of the contracting states will matter — states that are similar will be better able to convey assurances and democratic states will be most likely to solve the commitment problems necessary to construct constitutional orders.
Culture, Strategy and Foreign Policy Change:
Authors: BARNETT MICHAEL
Published: March 2007

What forces within Israel made possible its embrace of the Oslo Accords? I argue that a defining feature of Rabin's practices and policies was to create, however temporarily, a cultural space in Israeli politics in which a withdrawal from the territories became desirable and legitimate. To understand this outcome requires a blend of constructivist and institutionalist claims — the normative structure that constitutes and constrains actors also provides the wellspring for social practices and allows for strategic action; such strategizing occurs in a normative and an institutional context; and strategic action can be designed to rewrite the cultural landscape in order to legitimate foreign policy change. I employ the trinity of concepts of identity, narratives and frames as they are created and animated within an institutional context, and apply this conceptual architecture to understand Israel's road to Oslo.
They Shoot Dead Horses Don't They?
Authors: WIGHT COLIN
Published: March 2007

Although the agent-structure problem has been the subject of intense debate within International Relations the focus has been on epistemological problems or reconceptualizations of structure. This article attempts to redress the balance between agents and structures by outlining a theory of agency that shows the manner in which agency is embedded within, and dependent upon, structural contexts. The article takes as a starting point Roxanne Lynn Doty's poststructuralist attempt to address the agent-structure problem and provides a critique of her attempt to locate agency in the indeterminancy of structures. Doty's poststructuralist approach to this problem re-inscribes structuralist determinism predicated upon empiricist ontology. Specifically, it is argued that Doty's approach to this perennial problem rests upon — (i) a mischaracterization of the problem; (ii) an oppositional logic; and, (iii) a series of misunderstandings of the accounts of agency and structure embedded within contemporary approaches to this problem. The article suggests a multi-layered approach to the issue of agency in an attempt to go beyond the aporia identified by Doty.
Worldmaking, Self and Identity
Authors: Sarbin Theodore R.
Published: March 2007

Both papers, Chandler (2000) and Shotter (2000), are concerned with ‘worldmaking’. Chandler focuses on the relationship between cultural vitality and the development of robust identities; Shotter, following Vygotsky and Goethe, focuses on the features that enable people to construct acceptable identities. Time conceptions are implicit in Chandler’s contribution; they are more explicit in Shotter’s paper emphasizing how research should be carried out. The latter paper leads to the suggestion that we construe time with metaphors other than those used to describe the spatial world.
Conducting Field Research in Asia: Fundamental Differences As Compared to Western Societies
Authors: Vallaster Christine
Published: March 2007

A journey in search of intercultural research in Hong Kong (China) has highlighted some fundamental differences between research conducted in Asia and previous projects in Europe with regard to the conceptual approach to field research. This paper is intended to present an experience rather than a research report. In particular, it will describe in detail culturally related barriers to entering the research field as well as getting access to Western and Chinese research participants. Finally, recommendations are made regarding how to maintain dignity with regards to science, research subjects and the researcher him-/herself. The paper is a case description of intercultural contact within the context of research. The intention is to illustrate the gap between knowledge of research methods and logistical aspects of doing intercultural research.
Ghost: Do Not Forget; This Visitation / Is But to Whet Thy Almost Blunted Purpose
Authors: McHoul Alec , Rapley Mark
Published: March 2007

After a brief inspection of some cases where people apparently ‘mis-identify’ others, we draw some initial and tentative conclusions about ways of thinking about ‘who people are’. We then move on to look at underlying assumptions in psychology about this very question; with these assumptions considered under the rubric of psychology’s ‘model of being human’. Locating problems with this model on the basis of its affinity with Kantian thought, we conclude that what it misses is an understanding of cultural order as the primary medium for human existence. Against this, we propose instead—via Harvey Sacks in particular and ethnomethodological thinking in general—that to be in the world is always to be in the cultural world. Consequently, what persons can do and be is never a form of governance or control by fixed rules; rather, it is always already an orientation to publicly known and material forms of cultural order. We end by speculating on the general consequences of such a re-formulated ‘model of being human’ for a paradigm of psychology yet to come.
Wild Man or Golden Bird: Cultural Readings of Masculinity
Authors: Hurme Helena
Published: March 2007

This article is a commentary on Ian Parker's article 'Masculinity and Cultural Change: Wild Men' which is based on Robert Bly's book Iron John (1990). Bly's book, in turn, relies heavily on the Grimm fairy tale with the same name. The author agrees for the most part with Parker's interpretation of Iron John, but complements the analysis on a few points. One point is that Parker's interpretation is also to some extent heavily influenced by his cultural background and ideological stance. If anything, Parker demonstrates that it is impossible ever to write anything value-free. The author then presents another version of the same type of fairy tale as 'Iron John', 'The Golden Bird', in order to demonstrate how shaky the fundaments of Bly's book are. The conclusion is that Parker's analysis is needed in order to show the danger of such overgeneralizations as Bly's book represents.
The Child's Contribution to Culture: A Commentary on Toomela
Authors: Tomasello Michael
Published: March 2007

Toomela (1996) has emphasized the psychological dimensions of the process by which human children become participants in cultures. I support his arguments with observations of chimpanzees, which are similar to humans in some ways but still do not live culturally, and of human infants both before and after they have the capacity to participate fully in cultural activities. Toomela also proposes a new account of the process of internalization in which language plays the central role. I disagree somewhat with this account, arguing that whereas language is the most powerful human artifact potentiating internalization, other artifacts both material and symbolic-may serve the same function if children are introduced to them in social interactions in which others have intentions toward their intentional states -and they know this. The central theoretical point of Toomela's paper is that a comprehensive account of the human species as a cultural species must focus not only on the cultural collective, but also on individuals and their psychological capacities.
Presenting Social Representations: A Conversation
Authors: Moscovici Serge , Marková Ivana
Published: March 2007

Serge Moscovici's theoretical system of social representations is by now nearly 40 years old; yet, today, various social psychological activities surrounding this field seem to flourish more than ever; much research into social representations is being carried out all over Europe and on other continents; there is a European PhD programme on social representations and communication; there is an association and a network on social representations; and a journal on social representations is in the pipeline. At the same time the theory has its critics; some of them argue that the theory is too loose; others, that it is too cognitive; that it is not clear how the concept of social representation differs from other concepts, say, from attitudes, social cognition, beliefs, stereotypes, and so on; still others would like to marry the theory either to discourse analysis or to social constructivism(s) and constructionism-or to both of them at the same time. Readers of French, in addition, are familiar with Moscovici's work in the history and philosophy of science, human invention and technology, the psychology of resistance and dissidence, and, most recently, with his magnificent autobiographical recit Chronique des annees egarees (Chronicle of Stray Years) (Moscovici, 1997). Although based permanently in Paris, Serge Moscovici has worked at a number of American Universities, has been invited to lecture all over the world, and has received a number of honorary doctorates at various European Universities. Since this Special Issue in Culture & Psychology is devoted to the concept of collective and social representation, we shall be concerned, in this dialogue, primarily with the origin of Moscovici's own ideas on the concept of social representations and how these ideas have developed into a broad programme of research.
The Politics of Coalition Formation and Survival in Multiparty Presidential Democracies
Authors: Altman David
Published: March 2007

The study of coalition formation has primarily focused on the analysis of parliamentary regimes. This article examines the dynamics of coalition formation and breakdown under presidential regimes using evidence from Uruguay (1989-99). Using logistic regression I show that while coalitions are more likely to form immediately after a presidential election, the probability of a political group remaining in an executive coalition decreases as the presidential term elapses. As a result, cycles of cooperation and stalemate among political actors are likely to occur. I also conclude that not only the prospects for political cooperation but also the likelihood of a given fraction leaving a governing coalition are explained by the following variables: ideological affinity between the president's fraction and another political group; presidential approval ratings; affiliation of a fraction with the president's party; proximity of the coming election; and the fairness of the coalition agreement.
The Executive Connection
Authors: Neto Octavio Amorim , Santos Fabiano
Published: March 2007

Comparative theories of legislatures have generally focused on the impact of electoral system-generated incentives on party discipline. While hypotheses advanced by this literature can explain cross-national variation in discipline, they fail to explain variation within one and the same country. This work explains the impressive cross-party and within-party variation in discipline observed in Brazil's first democracy (1946-64). We argue that party discipline was above all a function of presidents' legislative coalition-building strategies based on the dispensation of patronage to parties. One main consequence of these strategies was the creation of two factions within each party: one pro-presidential, the other anti-presidential. The relative size of each faction is assumed to affect discipline. Econometric analysis of 982 roll calls demonstrates that the key determinants of the discipline of the largest parties were the extent of budgetary resources channeled to them by presidents and the lapsing of the president's term.
Democratizing Candidate Selection
Authors: Pennings Paul , Hazan Reuven Y.
Published: March 2007

This special issue offers an up-to-date overview of the democratization of candidate selection, while giving attention to causes and cases from both past and present. The focus is on the consequences of internal democratization for the overall functioning of political parties. The contributions show that there are many forms of democratizing candidate selection. These differences mainly concern the inclusiveness of the selectorate that controls the candidate selection process and the degree of centralization of the selection methods, of which the role and composition of the selectorate are the most vital and defining criteria. The types of consequences and their impact on the functioning of parties are not univocal because there are different degrees of democratization. The empirical evidence presented by the contributions shows that moderate forms of democratization can have beneficial effects on party organizations - such as higher levels of membership participation - but that this effect is not certain. Radical forms, on the other hand, are more likely to distort party cohesiveness, and consequently weaken the quality of representative democracy.
Old Parties in a New Germany
Authors: Hopper Jill
Published: March 2007

With unification of the two parts of Germany in 1990, the parties and other political institutions of West Germany were extended to the former German Democratic Republic. The Communists had ruled with the forced support of several satellite parties, called bloc parties. These possessed elements of affinity with the CDU/CSU and the FDP in West Germany, and merged with those two parties. In the elections of 1990, the CDU/CSU and FDP both benefited from these mergers; by 1994, the FDP had declined sharply in the East, while the CDU/CSU continued to prosper. The difference in the outcome of the party mergers stems from the differing organizational structures of the parties. The CDU/CSU was large, decentralized, relatively non-ideological and pragmatic in coping with the merger, while the FDP was small, elitist, centralized and ideological. It felt threatened by the size and outlook of its East German allies and preferred reduced electoral influence to the perceived threat to unity posed by its eastern organization.
Democracy, Political Parties and Party Formation in Postcommunist Russia
Authors: McAllister Ian , White Stephen
Published: March 2007

The paper uses a survey conducted in late 1992 to examine popular support for and attitudes towards Russia's postcommunist political parties. The findings confirm that support for democratic reform is at best conditional, and negative mentions of political parties vastly outnumber positive ones. Although popular knowledge about currently active political parties is limited, five main parties attract majority support. A factor analysis of opinions of the main parties indicates three underlying dimensions: a centre/reformist dimension (subdivided into those who are partially aligned with the communists and those who oppose them); a right/nationalist dimension; and a left/communist dimension. The democratic reformist dimension attracts the largest popular support, followed by the communist dimension; the nationalist dimension attracts a negligible following. None of the three dimensions has any secure socio-economic basis within the electorate, however, and the differences that exist are mainly ideological. It is argued that the reformist and communist dimensions, perhaps under different labels, will form the basis for the more stable party system that is likely to emerge in the future.
Maintaining a Political Party
Authors: Stonecash Jeffrey M. , Keith Sara E.
Published: March 2007

Legislative campaign committees have come to play a significant role in some US states. They raise large sums of money and have the potential to play a dominant role in individual races. They also have the potential to shape party fortunes, depending on how well they use these funds. The question is: are they able to discipline themselves to use the resources effectively? To be effective, parties must be able to limit their spending to close races, and to use their funds to support non-incumbents who may become future party members. Parties must also be able to withdraw funds from incumbents as margins of victory shift. This analysis assesses how New York legislative campaign committees distribute their money and whether they are able to withdraw funds in subsequent elections from incumbents who do not need them. The years 1984-90 are analyzed.
Tanzania's 1995 Multi-Party Elections
Authors: van Cranenburgh Oda
Published: March 2007

In 1995 Tanzania held its first multi-party elections since the 1965 constitution formally established a one-party system. This article seeks to assess the emerging party system in Tanzania and examines the question of whether the competition that emerged represents an expansion of political choice for citizens and a broader representation of societal forces. The emerging party system is assessed in view of several salient features of the Tanzanian political system. The legal and institutional framework strongly favours the govering party. The conclusion argues that in view of the nature and capacities of the new political parties and the legal/institutional framework, the expansion of both choice and representation is very limited. The most we can expect from the Tanzanian transition is a dominant-party system with the governing party flanked by marginal opposition parties
Dominating Smallness
Authors: Anckar Dag
Published: March 2007

Theories that involve notions of size belong to a set of theories that are usually submitted to objections concerning determinism. An examination of the party systems of 31 small island states suggests, however, that there has been ample room for active subjects and intervening factors in the creation of party systems. Although the environments are, by and large, similar in size, the outcomes are very different in terms of parties. The propositions in the classical treatise of Robert Dahl and Edward Tufte that small units, because of their smallness, produce configurations characterized by a lack of parties or alternatively by one-party predominance, receive only weak overall support. One reason for this is that traits like homogeneity, which are usually believed to appear in close association with diminutive size, do not in fact show a systematic association. However, notions of size are not meaningless. When one moves from small island systems to very small island systems with populations of about 100,000 or less, relevant differences appear to emerge that suggest a link between miniaturism and party system characteristics.
Feeling Good and Changing One's Mind
Authors: Johnston R. J. , Pattie C. J.
Published: March 2007

Economic models of voting proved very successful at predicting party choice in Great Britain during the 1980s and early 1990s, providing strong support for a reward/punish hypothesis of electoral behaviour: government parties were rewarded by support from those who felt well off and were optimistic, but were punished with removal of support by those feeling worse off and economically pessimistic. This paper extends those analyses, using a pioneering longitudinal study of British adults over the period 1991-4, during which the government party (Conservative) became increasingly unpopular, despite an improving economic record. Analyses show that although the party was rewarded by continuing support from its voters who were prospering and lost support among those who were not, it failed to win support from those who initially favoured the opposition parties and yet were feeling well off. This suggests that the reward/punishment model was operating in an asymmetric way. Attempts to fit similar models to the strength, and changing strength, of party identification were largely unsuccessful, however.