bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Small herbaria contribute unique biogeographic records to county, locality, and temporal scales
Authors: Marsico Travis D. , Krimmel Erica R. , Carter J. Richard , Gillespie Emily L. , Lowe Phillip D. , McCauley Ross , Morris Ashley B. , Nelson Gil , Smith Michelle , Soteropoulos Diana L. , Monfils Anna K.
Published: November 2020

Premise

With digitization and data sharing initiatives underway over the last 15 years, an important need has been prioritizing specimens to digitize. Because duplicate specimens are shared among herbaria in exchange and gift programs, we investigated the extent to which unique biogeographic data are held in small herbaria vs. these data being redundant with those held by larger institutions. We evaluated the unique specimen contributions that small herbaria make to biogeographic understanding at county, locality, and temporal scales.

Methods

We sampled herbarium specimens of 40 plant taxa from each of eight states of the United States of America in four broad status categories: extremely rare, very rare, common native, and introduced. We gathered geographic information from specimens held by large (≥100,000 specimens) and small (<100,000 specimens) herbaria. We built generalized linear mixed models to assess which features of the collections may best predict unique contributions of herbaria and used an Akaike information criterion‐based information‐theoretic approach for our model selection to choose the best model for each scale.

Results

Small herbaria contributed unique specimens at all scales in proportion with their contribution of specimens to our data set. The best models for all scales were the full models that included the factors of species status and herbarium size when accounting for state as a random variable.

Conclusions

We demonstrated that small herbaria contribute unique information for research. It is clear that unique contributions cannot be predicted based on herbarium size alone. We must prioritize digitization and data sharing from herbaria of all sizes.
4D‐Printing of Photoswitchable Actuators
Authors: Lu Xili , Ambulo Cedric P. , Wang Suitu , Rivera‐Tarazona Laura K. , Kim Hyun , Searles Kyle , Ware Taylor H.
Published: November 2020

Shape‐switching behavior, where a transient stimulus induces an indefinitely stable deformation that can be recovered on exposure to another transient stimulus, is critical to building smart structures from responsive polymers as continue power is not needed to maintain deformations. Herein, we 4D‐print shape‐switching liquid crystalline elastomers (LCEs) functionalized with supramolecular crosslinks, dynamic covalent crosslinks, and azobenzene. The salient property of shape‐switching LCEs is that light induces long‐lived, deformation that can be recovered on‐demand by heating. UV‐light isomerizes azobenzene from trans to cis, and temporarily breaks the supramolecular crosslinks, resulting in a programmed deformation. After UV, the shape‐switching LCEs fix more than 90 % of the deformation over 3 days by the reformed supramolecular crosslinks. Using the shape‐switching properties, we print Braille‐like actuators that can be photoswitched to display different letters. This new class of photoswitchable actuators may impact applications such as deployable devices where continuous application of power is impractical.
Prevent or Cure—The Unprecedented Need for Self‐Reporting Materials
Authors: Geiselhart Christina M. , Mutlu Hatice , Barner‐Kowollik Christopher
Published: November 2020

Self‐reporting smart materials are highly relevant in modern soft matter materials science, as they allow for the autonomous detection of changes in synthetic polymers, materials, and composites. Despite critical advantages of such materials, for example, prolonged lifetime or prevention of disastrous material failures, they have gained much less attention than self‐healing materials. However, as diagnosis is critical for any therapy, it is of the utmost importance to report the existence of system changes and their exact location to prevent them from spreading. Thus, we herein critically review the chemistry of self‐reporting soft matter materials systems and highlight how current challenges and limitations may be overcome by successfully transferring self‐reporting research concepts from the laboratory to the real world. Especially in the space of diagnostic self‐reporting systems, the recent SARS‐CoV‐2 (COVID‐19) pandemic indicates an urgent need for such concepts that may be able to detect the presence of viruses or bacteria on and within materials in a self‐reporting fashion.
Automatic detection of mud‐wall signatures in ground‐penetrating radar data
Authors: Bordón Pablo , Martinelli Patricia , Zabala Medina Peter , Bonomo Néstor , Ratto Norma Rosa
Published: November 2020

The ground‐penetrating radar (GPR) method with the standard constant‐offset reflection mode allows to detect and map different types of archaeological structures, such as walls, foundations, floors and roads. The interpretation of the GPR data usually involves a detailed and time‐consuming analysis of large amounts of information, which entails nonnegligible chances of errors, especially under nonideal fieldwork conditions. The application of suitable automatic detection algorithms can be useful to more rapidly and successfully complete the interpretation task. In this work, we explore the use of supervised machine learning methodologies to automatically detect mud‐wall signatures in radargrams and to map the structures from these detections. Several algorithms, based on Viola–Jones cascade classifiers and the image feature descriptors Haar, histogram of oriented gradients and local binary patterns, were implemented. These algorithms were applied to datasets previously acquired in pre‐Inca and Inca‐Hispanic sites located in the Andean NW region of Argentina. The best algorithms provided very good detection rates for well‐preserved walls and acceptable rates for deteriorated walls, with a low number of spurious predictions. They also exhibited the ability to detect collapsed walls and fragments detached from them. These are remarkable results because mud walls are usually difficult to be detected by conventional analysis, owing to the complex and variable characteristics of their reflection patterns. The results of the automatic detection techniques were represented in plan views and three‐dimensional (3D) views that delineated in detail most of the structures of the sites. These algorithms are very fast, so applying them significantly reduces the interpretation times. In addition, once they have been trained using the patterns of one or several sites, they are directly applicable to other sites with similar characteristics.
Redox Modulation of the Reactivity and Regioselectivity in Diels–Alder Reaction of Metallofullerene La@C82 with Cyclopentadiene
Authors: Bao Hanling , Wu Yabei , Jiang Yuhang , Zhang Hao , Wang Zhiyong
Published: November 2020

Modulation of the reactivity of metallofullerenes is critical for production of metallofullerene derivatives with desired properties and functionalities. In this study, we investigate the effects of reduction and oxidation on the reactivity and regioselectivity in Diels–Alder reaction of metallofullerene La@C82 by means of density functional theory calculations. Because of the enhanced electron‐deficiency characteristic upon oxidation, the oxidized metallofullerene exhibits higher thermodynamic and kinetic reactivity as compared with neutral La@C82. The regioselectivity in the reaction of La@C82 with cylcopentadiene is remarkably changed after oxidation of the metallofullerene, which is explained in terms of the changes in the geometrical structure and the electronic structure of the metallofullerene. Quantitative analysis based on the activation‐strain model demonstrates that the low activation energy barrier for the reaction of the cation La@C82+ with cyclopentadiene originates from small strain energy and large interaction energy between the reactants. Energy decomposition analysis on the transition states of the reactions reveals that the exchange‐repulsion interaction energy is one of the critical factors that determine the kinetic reactivity of the metallofullerene. This study not only provides new theoretical insights on how to modulate the reactivity of metallofullerenes, but also offers guideline for future experimental synthesis of new metallofullerene derivatives.
Interdecadal differences in the interannual variability of the winter monsoon over the South China Sea
Authors: Liu Baochao , Fang Yue , Sun Shuangwen , Tana Celia , Duan Yongliang , Yang Guang
Published: November 2020

We investigate interdecadal differences in the interannual variability of the South China Sea (SCS) Winter Monsoon (SCSWM) since 1950. The SCSWM is influenced by both the East Asian Winter Monsoon (EAWM) over the mid–high latitudes and the anomalous anticyclone over the western North Pacific (WNPAC). The EAWM tends to cause a positive linear correlation of wind speeds between the northern SCS (NSCS) and the southern SCS (SSCS). Because the cold surge of the EAWM can make wind speeds over the NSCS and SSCS increase simultaneously. While, the WNPAC tends to weaken this positive correlation (corNS) because anomalies associated with the WNPAC will decrease wind speeds over the NSCS but exert a small or even an opposite influence on wind speeds over the SSCS. The interannual variation of the EAWM before the late 1970s is greater than that after the early 1990s. And the WNPAC was weak and confined to the east of the SCS before the late 1970s but became strong and expanded towards the SCS after the early 1990s. As a result, the positive corNS was significant at the 95% confidence level before the late 1970s but became insignificant after the early 1990s.
Gaia search for stellar companions of TESS Objects of Interest
Authors: Mugrauer Markus , Michel Kai‐Uwe
Published: November 2020

The first results of a new survey, which explores the second data release of the ESA‐Gaia mission, are reported in order to search for stellar companions of (Community) TESS Objects of Interest and to characterize their properties. In total, 193 binary and 15 hierarchical triple star systems are presented, detected among 1,391 target stars, which are located at distances closer than about 500 pc around the Sun. The companions and the targets are equidistant and share a common proper motion, as is expected for gravitationally bound stellar systems, proven with their accurate Gaia astrometry. The companions exhibit masses in the range between about 0.08 M⊙ and 3M⊙ and are most frequently found in the mass range between 0.13 and 0.6M⊙. The companions are separated from the targets by about 40 up to 9,900 au, and their frequency continually decreases with increasing separation. While most of the detected companions are late K to mid M dwarfs, also five white dwarf companions were identified in this survey, whose true nature is revealed by their photometric properties.
Internal green integration and environmental performance: The predictive power of proactive environmental strategy, greening the supplier, and environmental collaboration with the supplier
Authors: Shah Naimatullah , Soomro Bahadur Ali
Published: November 2020

The effect of proactive environmental strategies (PES) on corporate performance has been debated extensively among academics; however, the significance of the pathway of those strategies—internal green integration (IGI) through greening the supplier (GTS) and environmental collaboration with suppliers (ECS)—remains undecided. This study examines environmental performance (EP) through GTS, IGI, and ECS. It also examines the direct link between PES and IGI. A conceptual framework was designed following a rigorous review of the literature. A survey questionnaire was used to collect cross‐sectional data from a random sample of manufacturing firms, obtaining 196 usable samples. Using AMOS, the structural equal modeling found a positive and significant impact of PES on IGI. Significant predictors of EP were GTS, IGI, and ECS. The findings of the study can provide managers with guidelines for dealing with business and environmental concerns. They can also contribute to creating strategies for environmental protection and management and reducing adverse effects on the environment. Finally, by examining the direct links between GTS, ECS, and EP, particularly in a developing context, the study may contribute to the literature of environmental policy.
Computational thinking development through physical computing activities in STEAM education
Authors: Juškevičienė Anita , Stupurienė Gabrielė , Jevsikova Tatjana
Published: November 2020

The importance of computational thinking (CT) development has increased during the last decade. There is a need to understand what to teach from computational thinking perspectives, as well as what types of activities and learning content topics to use in the classroom. Current students' generation is looking for engaging, motivating learning activities with immediate results and feedback. The paper presents the design process of the strategy for CT abilities development. The proposed strategy has been implemented in practice to identify its suitability for successful CT development within Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts, and Mathematics (STEAM) education. The strategy is accompanied by teaching materials for computational making activities with Arduino. The proposed strategy contributes to Engineering education as an essential part of STEAM and usually not included in the basic and secondary school curriculum as a separate subject. Pre‐ and postsurvey were conducted with basic school students  to identify the effect of the strategy implementation on the development of CT abilities. The findings of this study showed a statistically significant increase in CT literacy in 14 abilities from seven dimensions: computing artifact, decomposition, abstraction, algorithm, communication and collaboration, computing and society, and evaluation. The implications of this study include the practical usage of the strategy in plan class activities for STEAM subjects in basic school to develop particular CT abilities.
Older cancer patients and COVID‐19 outbreak: Practical considerations and recommendations
Authors: Brunello Antonella , Galiano Antonella , Finotto Silvia , Monfardini Silvio , Colloca Giuseppe , Balducci Lodovico , Zagonel Vittorina
Published: November 2020

Since the COVID‐19 outbreak started, it has been affecting mainly older individuals. Among the most vulnerable older individuals are those with cancer. Many published guidelines and consensus papers deal with prioritizing cancer care. Given the lack of high‐quality evidence for management of cancer in older patients also in normal times, it is even more stringent to provide some resources on how to avoid both undertreatment and overtreatment in this population, who as of now is twice challenged to death, due to both a greater risk of getting infected with COVID‐19 as well as from cancer not adequately addressed and treated. We hereby discuss some general recommendations (implement triage procedures; perform geriatric assessment; carefully assess comorbidity; promote early integration of palliative care in oncology; acknowledge the role of caregivers; maintain active take in charge to avoid feeling of abandonment; mandate seasonal flu vaccination) and discuss practical suggestions for specific disease settings (early‐stage and advanced‐stage disease for solid tumors, and hematological malignancies). The manuscript provides resources on how to avoid both undertreatment and overtreatment in older patients with cancer, who as of now is twice challenged to death, due to both a greater risk of getting infected with COVID‐19 as well as from cancer not adequately addressed and treated.
MiR‐362 suppresses cervical cancer progression via directly targeting BAP31 and activating TGFβ/Smad pathway
Authors: Yang Shuya , Sun Yuanjie , Jiang Dongbo , Wang Jing , Dang Erle , Li Zichao , Zhou Jiayi , Lu Yuchen , Shi Jingqi , Tao Liang , Wang Jun , Jin Boquan , Zheng Lianhe , Yang Kun
Published: November 2020

BAP31 (B‐cell receptor‐associated protein 31) is an important regulator of intracellular signal transduction and highly expressed in several cancer tissues or testicular tissues. Our previous study had revealed that elevated BAP31 plays a crucial role in the progress and metastasis of cervical cancer. Even so, the precise mechanism of abnormal BAP31 elevation in cervical cancer has not been fully elucidated. We revealed that the expression of BAP31 was mainly regulated by microRNA‐362 (miR‐362), which was markedly downregulated in cervical cancer tissues and negatively correlated with clinical tumor staging. Overexpression of miR‐362 inhibited cervical cancer cell proliferation and increased the proportion of apoptotic cells. Furthermore, miR‐362 reduced the tumor sizes and prolonged mice survival time in xenograft nude mice model. Finally, we demonstrated that the BAP31/SPTBN1 complex regulated tumor progression through the Smad 2/3 pathway under the control of miR‐362. Collectively, our findings demonstrated that miR‐362 could work as an anti‐oncomiR that inhibits proliferation and promotes apoptosis in cervical cancer cells via BAP31 and TGFβ/Smad pathway. Overexpression of miR‐362 might be a potential therapeutic strategy for cervical cancer.
A no‐brainer
Authors: Butler Rita M. , Gray William A.
Published: November 2020

Key Points

Endovascular therapy for acute ischemic stroke has become the mainstay of treatment for AIS due to large vessel occlusion, however, most stroke centers with neurointerventionalists are localized to urban areas leaving many patients hours away from revascularization.

The study by Tamunoinemi and coauthors demonstrates EVT performed by carotid‐capable interventional cardiologists can achieve procedural and clinical success rates comparable to those of neurointerventionalists.

While ICs may provide an important role in increasing access to interventional stroke treatment in the future, a codified pathway to training and measures of competence will be critical.
Preventing tricuspid valve injury during transcatheter pulmonary valve replacement
Authors: Postalian Alexander , Krajcer Zvonimir
Published: November 2020

Key Points

The transcatheter pulmonary valve replacement technique has evolved over the past decade.

There is risk of injuring the tricuspid valve if the transcatheter device is advanced uncovered across the right heart.

Advancing a long sheath past the landing zone and uncovering the device can help mitigate this risk, at the expense of requiring larger‐caliber sheaths.

Additional refinements of the technique such as the one reported here, along with improvements in device design, are likely to further reduce complications.
Imaging risk features for device related pulmonary artery injury after left atrial appendage closure with Amplatzer™ Amulet™ device
Authors: Pracoń Radosław , De Backer Ole , Konka Marek , Kępka Cezary , Kruk Mariusz , Trochimiuk Piotr , Dębski Mariusz , Dzielińska Zofia , Søndergaard Lars , Demkow Marcin
Published: November 2020

Objectives

This study aimed to find imaging risk features for device related‐pulmonary artery (PA) injury (DR‐PAI) in patients after left atrial appendage closure (LAAC).

Background

Cardiac tamponade resulting from DR‐PAI is a rare but life‐threatening complication of LAAC.

Methods

In vitro analysis of Amplatzer™ Amulet™ (Abbott, MN) device was done. Measurements of the distance between PA and Amplatzer lobe at its middle part, distal part, and along the stabilizing wires' trajectory (wires‐to‐PA distance) were taken in 100 consecutive patients on post‐LAAC computed tomography (CT) studies. Clinical outcomes were collected.

Results

In vitro analysis indicated that both middle and distal lobe had to be in close PA proximity (<1.5 mm) for the stabilizing wires to cause risk for DR‐PAI, configuration called ''cuddling lobe orientation''. On CT measurements middle lobe‐PA distance was 4.7 mm (IQR = 2.7–9.5), with close proximity in 4 (4%) patients, and distal lobe‐PA distance was 3.2 mm (IQR = 1.8–7.2 mm), with close proximity in 17 (17%) patients. Stabilizing wires were pointing toward PA in 47 patients (47%) with median wire‐to‐PA distance 5.7 mm (IQR = 3.6–8.5 mm). ''Cuddling'' was found in 2 (2%) patients and resulted in shorter wires‐to‐PA distance vs no ''cuddling'' group (2.3 vs 5.8 mm p <.01). At 2.9 ± 1.0 yrs of follow‐up, the two patients with ''cuddling lobe orientation'' on post‐LAAC CT scan developed late cardiac tamponades (p <.001). One of those required surgery, which confirmed DR‐PAI.

Conclusions

''Cuddling lobe orientation'' of Amulet device with the PA was associated with short wires‐to‐PA distance and late pericardial effusions, including DR‐PAI. Hence, such device‐to‐PA configuration should be avoided.
Thrombocytosis with acquired von Willebrand disease in an adolescent with sickle cell disease
Authors: Yee Marianne E. M. , Batsuli Glaivy , Chonat Satheesh , Park Sunita
Published: November 2020

Thrombocytosis is common in sickle cell disease and may contribute to vaso‐occlusion. Hydroxyurea treats extreme thrombocytosis. Acquired von Willebrand disease should be considered prior to aspirin therapy.
Life‐threatening laryngeal injury in Elite Rugby Union: Prevention and management laryngeal trauma in rugby
Authors: Famokunwa Bamidele , Kemp Simon , Selby Julia , Madani Gitta , Sandhu Guri , Hull James H.
Published: November 2020

Laryngeal trauma is a life‐threatening injury in contact sports. Due to its potentially devastating consequences, the prevention, diagnosis, and management of neck trauma both pitch side and at the hospital are essential for athletes.
Osteogenesis Imperfecta in neonatal period in Cameroon: A case report
Authors: Mbono Betoko Ritha Carole , Ngo Um Sap Suzanne , Ngo Yamben Marie‐Ange , Tony Nengom Jocelyn , Koki Ndombo Paul
Published: November 2020

Early forms of Osteogenesis Imperfecta should be considered as main etiology of bone deformities in newborns. Prenatal diagnosis and genetic counseling should be improved in Africa. Management of these children remains difficult in low‐income countries.
Understanding the Deactivation of Ag−ZrO2/SiO2 Catalysts for the Single‐step Conversion of Ethanol to Butenes
Authors: Lin Fan , Dagle Vanessa Lebarbier , Winkelman Austin D. , Engelhard Mark , Kovarik Libor , Wang Yilin , Wang Yong , Dagle Robert , Wang Huamin
Published: November 2020

Ag−ZrO2/SBA‐16 has recently been found to be efficient for catalyzing the single‐step conversion of ethanol to butene (1‐ and 2‐butene mixtures) in the presence of H2. The reaction proceeds via a cascading sequence of reactions over mixed metal and Lewis sites, with the catalyst composition tuned to selectively favor butene formation. However, the catalyst slowly deactivates when evaluated over long reaction times. In this work, we evaluated the lifetime of the Ag−ZrO2/SBA‐16 catalyst system for ethanol‐to‐butene conversion at 325 °C for up to 800 hours on stream. Several characterization techniques were used to elucidate the mechanism(s) by which catalyst deactivation occurs. Coke deposition, Ag particle sintering, and Ag0‐to‐Ag+ oxidation state change were identified to be the major causes of catalyst deactivation. Coke deposits cover primarily Lewis acid sites which are responsible for aldol condensation, Meerwein‐Ponndorf‐Verley (MPV) reduction, and dehydration reactions. Ag particle sintering and Ag oxidation state change leads to a reduction in the number of metallic Ag sites responsible for the dehydrogenation/hydrogenation steps. The fresh catalyst likely experiences hydrothermal sintering in the early stage of reaction and permanently loses some active Lewis acid sites before reaching a new structural steady state. The deactivation of Lewis acid sites leads to a decrease in overall ethanol conversion, whereas the deactivation of the metallic Ag sites decreases the butene selectivity. For catalyst regeneration, oxidative calcination (at 500 °C) followed by reduction (at 325 °C) successfully removes all the coke species on the catalyst surface and restores the metallic Ag particles of the 4Ag−4ZrO2/SBA‐16 catalysts.
Feasibility of substitute building materials for circular use in urban green infrastructure
Authors: Schneider Petra , Schwerdt Sven , Schulz Katja , Fiebig Sebastian , Mirschel Dominik
Published: November 2020

Mineral waste, including non‐hazardous construction waste, is the largest waste stream once a country has reached a certain degree of urbanization. This waste stream has a significant potential to replace primary raw materials. Although a large part of the construction waste is reused, other mineral materials such as ashes or slags have only been used for backfilling or are deposited in landfills. The aim of the investigations is to determine the usability of substitute building materials (SBM) in higher‐quality applications, particularly in urban green infrastructure, for example, Reinforced Soil Structures (RSS) or Green Roofs (GR). In addition to technical and environmental requirements, the greening of the material is relevant. The study concept includes soil mechanical laboratory tests as well as greening tests on SBM, namely slags, ashes, residue sands, and crushed/milled brick. The lab results illustrate the feasibility and applicability conditions for the investigated SBM. Upscaling the lab test results, in the next step the construction of a RSS with complete substitution of the primary building materials is started as large scale pilot test.
Permanganyl Fluoride: A Brief History of the Molecule MnO3F and of Those Who Cared For It
Authors: Schmidbaur Hubert , Schwarz W. H. Eugen
Published: November 2020

Permanganyl fluoride's existence at the stability threshold in the series of oxides and oxide fluorides of the late 3d transition metals is reflected by its experimentally challenging properties and by the difficulties posed in the theoretical description of its bonding characteristics. The history of this molecule is reviewed from early qualitative observations and the growing scattered information on its chemical and physical properties to the accurate determination and interpretation of its molecular structure and spectral features. The still problematic theoretical models for MnO4− and MnO3F are briefly presented in the broader context of the chemistry of elements in high oxidation states. Short biographies of the scientists engaged in these studies are offered. Related technetium and rhenium compounds are briefly considered for comparison.
NMR‐Messmethoden
Authors: Schuhmann Sebastian , Guthausen Gisela
Published: November 2020

Durch die vielseitigen Einsatzmöglichkeiten der zerstörungsfreien und nichtinvasiven NMR‐Messmethodik können zahlreiche verfahrenstechnische Prozesse wie Kristallisation, Alterung, Separation oder chemische Reaktion hinsichtlich Molekülstruktur, Moleküldynamik, Diffusion, und mesoskopischer Struktur detailliert charakterisiert werden. Dabei wird beispielsweise die NMR‐Spektroskopie zur quantitativen Messung chemischer Reaktionen verwendet. Die NMR‐Bildgebung ist als Magnetresonanztomographie in der Medizin bekannt. Mit ihr kann in der Verfahrenstechnik beispielsweise das Zusetzen von Membranfiltern bei verschiedenen Betriebsbedingungen charakterisiert werden. Auch zur Bestimmung von Produkteigenschaft und Produktqualität werden NMR‐Methoden im industriellen Maßstab verwendet, um zum Beispiel Verfälschungen in Lebensmitteln aufzudecken oder den Öl‐ bzw. Fettgehalt zu bestimmen.
Bestimmung der Avogadro‐Konstante
Authors: Wunsch Jonas , Geue Niklas
Published: November 2020

In der vorliegenden Aufgabe wird die Avogadro‐Konstante thematisiert, wobei drei verschiedene Möglichkeiten ihrer Bestimmung im Wettbewerbscharakter vorgestellt werden [1]: eine historische, eher ungenaue Methode, sowie die präzisere, moderne Art der Ermittlung. Ergänzt werden die beiden Ansätze durch den Ölfleckversuch, der mit wenigen Utensilien und ohne großen Aufwand zu Hause durchführbar ist und ebenfalls ein Ergebnis in der richtigen Größenordnung liefert.
Monolithic wood biochar as functional material for sustainability
Authors: Li Tao , Kirk Donald W. , Jia Charles Q.
Published: November 2020

Trees are crucial to humankind's survival, releasing the oxygen we breathe, growing the fruits we eat, and supplying wood to build and warm our shelters. Heating wood at 300°C‐800°C with little or no oxygen creates wood biochar, a carbonaceous product. Wood biochar monoliths have a continuous carbon matrix and morphological features that resemble anatomical elements in a tree, including xylem and phloem, which transport water from the root and deliver sugars from leaves to individual cells. Structurally and chemically, monolithic wood biochar belongs to nanoporous carbons (NPCs) consisting of carbon nanotubes arrays and integrated graphene sheets. Researchers have extensively explored NPCs as functional materials for applications essential to sustainability, including electrical energy storage, water purification, and CO2 capture. However, the lack of scalable manufacturing technology continues to hinder the large‐scale utilization of NPCs despite their demonstrated superiority in enhancing materials performance. Derived from abundant woody biomass with simple processes, wood biochar monoliths offer a new opportunity for overcoming this limitation. This review documents recent progress in applying wood biochar monoliths in areas critical to sustainability, focusing on electrical energy storage and water purification. This progress has revealed the potential of monolith wood biochar as a greener, more cost‐effective, and scalable NPC in enhancing sustainability and opened the door to a new field that is both exciting and relevant. The review concludes with a perspective on the future research direction.
Guidance for producing a Campbell evidence and gap map
Authors: White Howard , Albers Bianca , Gaarder Marie , Kornør Hege , Littell Julia , Marshall Zack , Mathew Christine , Pigott Terri , Snilstveit Birte , Waddington Hugh , Welch Vivian
Published: November 2020

Evidence and Gap Maps (EGMs) are a systematic evidence synthesis product which display the available evidence relevant to a specific research question. EGMs are produced following the same principles as a systematic reviews, that is: specify a PICOS, a comprehensive search, screening against explicit inclusion and exclusion criteria, and systematic coding, analysis and reporting. This paper provides guidance on producing EGMs for publication in Campbell Systematic Reviews.
The mouse dorsal raphe nucleus as understood by temporal Fgf8 lineage analysis
Authors: Guajardo Herminio M. , Hatini Paul G. , Commons Kathryn G.
Published: November 2020

Fgf8 is expressed transiently during embryogenesis at the midbrain–hindbrain border, an area that gives rise to a variety of neuronal populations including the dorsal raphe (DR) nucleus. Using an inducible Fgf8‐cre allele, we identified the populations of neurons defined by Fgf8 lineage at different stages of development. When Fgf8‐cre expression is induced at embryonic day 7.5 (T‐E7.5), in the adult the entire DR and part of the median raphe (MnR) have Fgf8 lineage. When induced at later timepoints, Fgf8 lineage progressively ebbs from the caudal and ventral aspect of this domain, particularly on the midline. Successively excluded from Fgf8‐ lineage at T‐E9.5 are serotonin neurons in the MnR and caudal‐intrafascicular DR, followed at T‐E11.5 by ventral‐middle and caudal‐dorsal DR. The last to show Fgf8 lineage are those serotonin neurons in the lateral wings and those at the rostral‐dorsal pole of DR nucleus. Thus, the temporal succession of Fgf8 lineage correlates with organizational features of serotonin neurons in these nuclei.
An Ex Vivo Acid Injury and Repair (AIR) Model Using Precision‐Cut Lung Slices to Understand Lung Injury and Repair
Authors: Kim Sally Yunsun , Mongey Róisín , Griffiths Mark , Hind Matthew , Dean Charlotte H.
Published: November 2020

Recent advances in cell culture models like air‒liquid interface culture and ex vivo models such as organoids have advanced studies of lung biology; however, gaps exist between these models and tools that represent the complexity of the three‐dimensional environment of the lung. Precision‐cut lung slices (PCLS) mimic the in vivo environment and bridge the gap between in vitro and in vivo models. We have established the acid injury and repair (AIR) model where a spatially restricted area of tissue is injured using drops of HCl combined with Pluronic gel. Injury and repair are assessed by immunofluorescence using robust markers, including Ki67 for cell proliferation and prosurfactant protein C for alveolar type 2/progenitor cells. Importantly, the AIR model enables the study of injury and repair in mouse lung tissue without the need for an initial in vivo injury, and the results are highly reproducible. Here, we present detailed protocols for the generation of PCLS and the AIR model. We also describe methods to analyze and quantify injury in AIR‐PCLS by immunostaining with established early repair markers and fluorescence imaging. This novel ex vivo model is a versatile tool for studying lung cell biology in acute lung injury and for semi‐high‐throughput screening of potential therapeutics. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC.

Basic Protocol 1: Generation of precision‐cut lung slices

Basic Protocol 2: The acid injury and repair model

Basic Protocol 3: Analysis of AIR‐PCLS: Immunostaining and imaging
Effect of Tungsten Species on Selective Hydrogenolysis of Glycerol to 1,3‐Propanediol
Authors: Wu Fengliang , Jiang Huifang , Zhu Xuhai , Lu Rui , Shi Lei , Lu Fang
Published: November 2020

Glycerol, as the major byproduct of biodiesel industry, is a cheap and green chemical feedstock. Following the expanded production of biodiesel, the oversupply of glycerol has led to increasing research of the catalytic conversion of glycerol. The selective hydrogenolysis of glycerol is an economical and sustainable way to produce 1,3‐propanediol, which experiences a global growing demand, and valorize glycerol. However, the secondary hydroxy group of glycerol is sterically hindered by two primary hydroxy groups. As a result, 1,2‐propanediol is the preferential product rather than 1,3‐propanediol during conventional hydrogenolysis of glycerol. Currently, tungsten‐containing bifunctional catalysts with metal and Brønsted acid sites are considered as a highly effective and atom‐economical catalytic system for the selective hydrogenolysis of glycerol to 1,3‐propanediol. Therefore, this Minireview summarized various tungsten‐containing bifunctional catalysts for the hydrogenolysis of glycerol in detail and deeply discussed the relationship between tungsten species, metal active sites, and glycerol for selectively producing 1,3‐propanediol.
Photocatalytic Water‐Splitting Coupled with Alkanol Oxidation for Selective N‐alkylation Reactions over Carbon Nitride
Authors: Xu Yangsen , Zhang Zhaofei , Qiu Chuntian , Chen Shaoqin , Ling Xiang , Su Chenliang
Published: November 2020

Photocatalytic water splitting technology (PWST) enables the direct use of water as appealing “liquid hydrogen source” for transfer hydrogenation reactions. Currently, the development of PWST‐based transfer hydrogenations is still in an embryonic stage. Previous reports generally centered on the rational utilization of the in situ generated H‐source (electrons) for hydrogenations, in which photogenerated holes were quenched by sacrificial reagents. Herein, the fully‐utilization of the liquid H‐source and holes during water splitting is presented for photo‐reductive N‐alkylation of nitro‐aromatic compounds. In this integrate system, H‐species in situ generated from water splitting were designed for nitroarenes reduction to produce amines, while alkanols were oxidized by holes for cascade alkylating of anilines as well as the generated secondary amines. More than 50 examples achieved with a broad range scope validate the universal applicability of this mild and sustainable coupling approach. The synthetic utility of this protocol was further demonstrated by the synthesis of existing pharmaceuticals via selective N‐alkylation of amines. This strategy based on the sustainable water splitting technology highlights a significant and promising route for selective synthesis of valuable N‐alkylated fine chemicals and pharmaceuticals from nitroarenes and amines with water and alkanols.
Discover impact of immigration laws, policies during pandemic
Authors: McCarthy Claudine
Published: November 2020

The volatile and fluid nature of ongoing changes makes it more difficult than ever for higher education institutions to stay in compliance with the immigration laws impacting international students, faculty, and staff. That's according to immigration law expert Christian G.A. Zeller, Esq., Managing Partner at Maney Gordon Zeller, P.A., who shared his expertise in a webinar hosted by Stetson University's Center for Excellence in Higher Education Law and Policy. The COVID‐19 pandemic disrupted immigration and visa processes, while recent travel bans, entry requirements, and the presidential election continue to complicate this area of law and federal policy.
A virtual bird’s eye view: Live streaming nest boxes to continue outreach in the era of COVID‐19
Authors: Houtz Jennifer L. , Mady Rachael P. , Uehling Jennifer J.
Published: November 2020

COVID‐19 created a host of challenges for science education; in our case, the pandemic halted our in‐person elementary school outreach project on bird biology. This project was designed as a year‐long program to teach fifth‐grade students in Ithaca, New York, USA, about bird ecology and biodiversity using in‐person presentations, games, activities, and outdoor demonstrations. As a central part of this effort, we set up nest boxes on school property and planned to monitor them with students during bird breeding in the spring. Here, we describe our experiences transitioning this program online: we live streamed nest boxes to the students’ virtual classroom and used them as a focal point for virtual lessons on bird breeding and nestling development. In an era of social distancing and isolation, we propose that nest box live streaming and virtual lessons can support communities by providing access to the outdoors and unconventional science learning opportunities for all students. Instituting similar programs at local schools has the potential to increase equitable learning opportunities for students across geographic locations and with varying degrees of physical access to the outdoors and nature.
Targeted plant defense: silicon conserves hormonal defense signaling impacting chewing but not fluid‐feeding herbivores
Authors: Johnson Scott N. , Hartley Susan E. , Ryalls James M.W. , Frew Adam , Hall Casey R.
Published: November 2020

Plants deploy an arsenal of chemical and physical defenses against arthropod herbivores, but it may be most cost efficient to produce these only when attacked. Herbivory activates complex signaling pathways involving several phytohormones, including jasmonic acid (JA), which regulate production of defensive compounds. The Poaceae also have the capacity to take up large amounts of silicon (Si), which accumulates in plant tissues. Si accumulation has antiherbivore properties, but it is poorly understood how Si defenses relate to defense hormone signaling. Here we show that Si enrichment causes the model grass Brachypodium distachyon to show lower levels of JA induction when attacked by chewing herbivores. Triggering this hormone even at lower concentrations, however, prompts Si uptake and physical defenses (e.g., leaf hairs), which negatively impact chewing herbivores. Removal of leaf hairs restored performance. Crucially, activation of such Si‐based defense is herbivore‐specific and occurred only in response to chewing and not fluid‐feeding (aphid) herbivores. This aligned with our meta‐analysis of 88 studies that showed Si defenses were more effective against chewing herbivores than fluid feeders. Our results suggest integration between herbivore defenses in a model Si‐accumulating plant, which potentially allows it to avoid unnecessary activation of other costly defenses.
Seeking life in sedimented waters: Environmental DNA from diverse habitat types reveals ecologically significant species in a tropical marine environment
Authors: Ip Yin Cheong Aden , Tay Ywee Chieh , Chang Jia Jin Marc , Ang Hui Ping , Tun Karenne Phyu Phyu , Chou Loke Ming , Huang Danwei , Meier Rudolf
Published: November 2020

Environmental DNA (eDNA) with metabarcoding or metagenomics will likely become a major biomonitoring tool in the 21st century, perhaps even more so in the face of increased coastal urbanization and its associated effects such as pollution, land reclamation, and seabed dredging. Together, these impacts and the consequent high turbidity pose severe challenges to traditional survey techniques that rely heavily on visual observations. We here demonstrate that eDNA can be used for biomonitoring in turbid waters, using Singapore as a case study. The cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) locus was used to detect 525 metazoan molecular operational taxonomic units (MOTUs) based on eDNA obtained from 52 L of filtered seawater. Of these, 130 MOTUs (24.7%) were identifiable to species, including ecologically significant species that in some cases were invasive or rarely observed. Metazoan signals also enabled discrimination of discrete, but connected, environments from intertidal and subtidal zones. Taxa with known habitat preferences were found to have left trace eDNA at sites that matched putatively suitable habitats. Moreover, no coast‐specific signals were detected in open water samples, which suggest that intermixing of water was limited. The study confirms that eDNA metabarcoding is a viable biomonitoring tool for coastal areas with highly sedimented waters.
Ventricular assist device for a coronavirus disease 2019‐affected heart
Authors: Rassaf Tienush , Totzeck Matthias , Mahabadi Amir A. , Hendgen‐Cotta Ulrike , Korste Sebastian , Settelmeier Stephan , Luedike Peter , Dittmer Ulf , Herbstreit Frank , Brenner Thorsten , Klingel Karin , Hasenberg Mike , Walkenfort Bernd , Gunzer Matthias , Schlosser Thomas , Weymann Alexander , Kamler Markus , Schmack Bastian , Ruhparwar Arjang
Published: November 2020

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) is challenging the care for cardiovascular patients, resulting in serious consequences with increasing mortality in pre‐diseased heart failure patients. In the current state of the pandemic, the physiopathology of COVID‐19 affecting pre‐diseased hearts and the management of terminal heart failure in COVID‐19 patients remain unclear. We outline the findings of a young COVID‐19 patient suffering from idiopathic cardiomyopathy who was treated for acute multi‐organ failure and required cardiac surgery with implantation of a temporary right ventricular and durable left ventricular assist device (LVAD). For deeper translational insights, we used in‐depth tissue analysis by electron and light sheet fluorescence microscopy revealing evidence for spatial distribution of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in the heart. This indicates that in‐depth analysis may represent a valuable tool in understanding indistinct clinical cases. We conclude that COVID‐19 directly affects pre‐diseased hearts, but the consequences can be treated successfully with LVAD implantation.
Synthesis of Iodine‐Functionalized Graphene Electrocatalyst Using Deep Eutectic Solvents for Oxygen Reduction Reaction and Supercapacitors
Authors: Wadekar Pravin H. , Pethsangave Dattatray A. , Khose Rahul V. , Some Surajit
Published: November 2020

Iodine‐functionalized reduced graphene oxide (I@RGO) as an active oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) electrocatalyst and energy‐storage material for supercapacitors is synthesized. Herein, a novel deep eutectic solvent (DES) of choline chloride and potassium triiodide is prepared. It is applied to reduce GO and for the consequential functionalization of iodine. The metal‐free iodine‐functionalized graphene is prepared by a facile method, which has a decent electrocatalytic activity for ORR. However, the triiodide structure in I@RGO demonstrates an essential role, considerably indicating electron transfer numbers of 3.87 at a potential of −0.25 V that suggests that the reaction follows a more predominant 4e−(equivalent) pathway. The material also exhibits 242 F g−1specific capacitance and 27.2 Wh kg−1energy density at a current density of 1 A g−1. The electrochemical activity of different materials is analyzed and equally compared with a commercial Pt/C electrode. Based on these noteworthy properties, I@RGO is an excellent contender as a metal‐free ORR catalyst and energy‐storage material for practical applications.
Interface Engineering for High‐Performance Photoelectrochemical Cells via Atomic Layer Deposition Technique
Authors: Cao Shiyao , Zhang Zheng , Liao Qingliang , Kang Zhuo , Zhang Yue
Published: November 2020

Photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting is renowned as artificial photosynthesis. It is considered as a promising candidate for sustainable solar energy conversion and chemical production. For decades, great efforts have been made to develop PEC cells with low costs, high conversion efficiencies, and high stabilities. Surface and interface engineering has been proven to be of two key parameters to the performance of PEC cells, especially for hybrid structures. Among the many interface engineering preparation technologies, atomic layer deposition (ALD) technology has occupied the research hotspots of these decades due to its unique advantages. Its self‐limiting reaction mechanism, perfect conformality, and atomic‐level control of thickness and composition bring many new possibilities to surface and interface engineering of PEC cells. Herein, the interface engineering of PEC water splitting by ALD is mainly introduced. The comprehensive performance of PEC cells’ interface engineering, including electrode surface protection based on ALD technology, semiconductor surface passivation, heterojunction interface band alignment engineering, catalyst/semiconductor interface modification, etc. is introduced. At the same time, the future development trends and challenges of PEC cell interface engineering based on ALD technology are also discussed.
Mixed Polyanion Na‐Mn‐V‐P Glass–Ceramic Cathode Network: Improved Electrochemical Performance and Stability
Authors: Katta Vamsi Krishna , Gandi Suman , Katari Naresh Kumar , Mekprasart Wanichaya , Pecharapa Wisanu , Dutta Dimple P. , Ravuri Balaji Rao
Published: November 2020

This investigation demonstrates the electrochemical performance of glass and glass–ceramic NaMn1−x(VO)xPO4 (x = 0.1, 0.3, 05, 0.7 mol%, and labeled as NM1−xVxP) cathode material system via phase details, structural illustration, electronic conductivity, and reversible capacity, etc. Pro‐crystal calculation analysis is used to monitor Na+ ion pathways’ migration for as‐precipitated NaMnPO4, Na2MnP2O7, and NaVO3 phases. The highest conductivity is achieved (≈5.92 × 10−7 S cm−1) for the glass–ceramic sample having x = 0.3 mol% (NM0.7V0.3P) due to the lowest charge transfer resistance (Rct). Electrochemical measurements of the best conducting sample using coin half‐cell exhibit two distinct voltage plateaus at 2 and 2.9 V versus Na/Na+, facilitating the active centers in two directions. The cyclability test of best‐conducting NM0.7V0.3P glass–ceramic network exhibits adequate reversible capacity up to 97% of the specific capacity even up to 50 cycles, which satisfies its superior stability for longer durations.