bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assistive Technology and Adults with Learning Disabilities: A Blueprint for Exploration and Advancement
Authors: Raskind Marshall
Published: April 2006

Technology to assist persons with disabilities has received considerable attention over the last decade. However, little attention has been directed toward technology to help persons with learning disabilities compensate for their difficulties. This article will provide an overview of assistive technologies currently available to assist persons with learning disabilities and suggest a basis from which the field of learning disabilities can take a leadership position in exploring and advancing the use of assistive technology for persons with learning disabilities.
Do Immediate Memory Deficits in Students with Learning Disabilities in Reading Reflect a Developmental Lag or Deficit?: A Selective Meta-Analysis of the Literature
Authors: O'Shaughnessy Tam E. , Swanson H. Lee
Published: April 2006

The purpose of the present study was to synthesize research that directly compares children with and without learning disabilities in reading on immediate memory performance. Forty-one studies were included in the synthesis, which involved 161 effect sizes. The overall mean effect size estimate in favor of children without learning disabilities in reading was -.61 ( SD=.87). Effect size estimates were submitted to a descriptive and a weighted least-square regression analysis. Results from the full regression model indicated that children with learning disabilities were distinctly disadvantaged compared to average readers when memory manipulations required the naming of visual information and task conditions involved serial recall. Age, IQ, and reading scores were not significant predictors of effect size estimates. Most importantly, nonstrategic (type of task and materials) rather than strategic factors best predicted effect size estimates. The results also indicated that memory difficulties of readers with learning disabilities persisted across age, suggesting that a deficit model best captures the performance of children with learning disabilities. Results are discussed in relation to current developmental models of learning disabilities.
Technology-Based Practices for Secondary Students with Learning Disabilities
Authors: Maccini Paula , Gagnon Joseph Calvin , Hughes Charles A.
Published: April 2006

The researchers conducted a comprehensive review of the literature on technology-based practices for secondary students identified as having learning disabilities (LD) involving instruction and/or assessment that measured some aspect of performance on a general education task or expectation (i.e., test). Technology-based practices included computer- or video-based interventions, multimedia programs, technology-based assessment, and verbatim audio recordings. Three practices appear promising for educating students with LD: (a) hypertext and hypermedia software programs; (b) videodisc instruction involving contextualized learning; and (c) multimedia software. Educational recommendations and directions for future research are offered based upon results.
General Education Teachers' Assumptions about Learning and Students with Learning Disabilities: Design-of-Instruction Analysis
Authors: Simmons Deborah C. , Kameenui Edward J. , Chard David J.
Published: April 2006

Teachers' beliefs about learning and their ability to effect change largely influence classroom practice. In this study, we examined the theoretical, personal, and instructional assumptions of 29 general educators through a design-of-instruction and instructional efficacy framework. A three-part sequence of tasks (i.e., assignment of points to a theoretical model and analysis and modification of a curricular lesson) was used to examine primary and elementary educators' attributions and assumptions regarding the role of instructional tools (e.g., published programs) in student learning and teachers' ability to effect change. Findings indicate that general educators: (a) ascribe substantial emphasis to within-learner variables, (b) question the adequacy of commercial curricular programs for students with learning disabilities, and (c) believe they have adequate knowledge and skills to rectify the limitations of commercial curricular lessons for students with learning disabilities.
James Coolidge Carter and Mugwump Jurisprudence
Authors: Grossman Lewis A.
Published: April 2006

When James Coolidge Carter died at age seventy-seven in 1905, a front page article in theNew York Timesdeclared, “It was admitted everywhere that he possessed one of the most thoroughly equipped legal minds which this country ever produced.” His friend Congressman William Bourke Cockran eulogized him on the floor of the United States House of Representatives as “a man recognized all over the world as the leader of the American bar.” Lawyer and diplomat Joseph H. Choate, another longtime friend, remarked in his memorial address at the Association of the Bar of the City of New York that Carter “had become at the time of his death one of [this nation's] best known and most valued citizens.”
The Revision Thickens
Authors: Siegel Stephen A.
Published: April 2006

In the last third of the twentieth century, the Progressive historians' account of Gilded Age law was overthrown by three interrelated strands of revisionist scholarship. One strand, which originated in work by Alan Jones, Charles McCurdy, and Les Benedict, thoroughly revised our understanding of Gilded Age constitutional development. Another strand, led by Robert Gordon, Thomas Grey, and Morton Horwitz, reformed our view of Gilded Age private law. The final strand, first elaborated by Duncan Kennedy, explored the unity of Gilded Age public and private law.
Decoding and Fluency: Foundation Skills for Struggling Older Readers
Authors: Archer Anita L. , Gleason Mary M. , Vachon Vicky L.
Published: April 2006

A large number of secondary students read between the 2.5 and the 5.0 grade level. What separates many of these students from their higher performing peers is their inability to read multisyllabic words and to read fluently. These students need instruction in decoding long words using one of three approaches: reading segmented words part by part, decoding different syllable types, or using a flexible strategy for reading long words. These students also need sufficient reading practice to increase their reading rates. This practice might include oral guided reading, choral reading, partner reading, and/or repeated reading activities. The authors suggest that significant gains in reading are more likely to occur when teachers implement research-validated programs that have a well-designed sequence, provide systematic instruction to students, and furnish adequate practice.
Visual Dictation Improves the Spelling Performance of Three Groups of Dutch Students with Spelling Disabilities
Authors: van Hell Janet G. , Bosnian Anna M. T. , Bartelings Monique C. G.
Published: April 2006

A spelling training was implemented in three subgroups of Dutch children ( N = 33) with spelling disabilities: (a) children with spelling problems of normal or above-normal intelligence; (b) children with spelling problems of normal or above-normal intelligence who also exhibited severe externalizing behavioral problems; and (c) children with spelling problems of relatively low intelligence. Two types of words were trained ( N = 24): words with ambiguous sound-spelling relations and words with complex consonant clusters. The training was effective in all subgroups. The spelling performance on both types of words improved from pretest to posttest, and was on the whole sustained on the retention test. The only exceptions were the children with spelling problems and severe behavioral problems, whose performance on words with ambiguous sound-spelling relations dropped from posttest to the retention test, even though it remained above pretest levels. Theoretical and practical implications for the spelling instruction of subgroups of children with spelling problems on subclasses of words are discussed.
The Efficacy of Function-Based Interventions for Students with Learning Disabilities Who Exhibit Escape-Maintained Problem Behaviors: Preliminary Results from a Single-Case Experiment
Authors: Burke Mack D. , Hagan-Burke Shanna , Sugai George
Published: April 2006

This single-subject experiment explored the use of functional behavioral assessment to develop an intervention plan for a third-grade student with a learning disability, who exhibited high rates of problem behaviors during reading instruction. A functional analysis of the subject's behaviors revealed a relation between his problem behaviors and the nature of the academic tasks presented during reading instruction. The results provide preliminary evidence to support the use of functional behavioral assessment to influence instructional planning designed to improve the behaviors of students who exhibit escape-maintained problem behaviors related to academic tasks. The results are of particular relevance as researchers continue to explore effective interventions that support students with learning disabilities.
Early Irrigation on the Colorado Plateau near Zuni Pueblo, New Mexico
Authors: Damp Jonathan E. , Hall Stephen A. , Smith Susan J.
Published: April 2006

The introduction of maize agriculture into the Southwest and onto the Colorado Plateau was accompanied by irrigation techniques. Twenty-six radiocarbon dates at two sites, K'yana Chabina and K'yawa:na'a Deyatchinanne, in the Zuni area of New Mexico, establish the use of irrigation canals to between 3,000 and 1,000 years ago. Associated features and the presence of nearby habitation sites independently corroborate the chronology of canal building. The geomorphology of the Zuni landscape and the morphology of the irrigation canals are consistent with the artificial construction of the canals. Pollen evidence points to an agricultural landscape and the cultivation of maize.
An Outline of Early Man Studies in the United States
Authors: Wilmsen Edwin N.
Published: April 2006

Fluctuating modes of thought concerning the origins of the American Indians are traced from the time of the Spanish Conquest to the present. Early Man studies are related to the broader aspects of archaeology in Europe as well as in North America. Six periods are presented, in each of which different conceptions of Indian origins were dominant: (1) 1520-1780, (2) 1780-1859, (3) 1859-1890, (4) 1890-1925, (5) 1925-1950, (6) 1950-present. It is shown that developments in other fields of inquiry influenced the conceptions that evolved in each of these periods.
Pottery Typology in Certain Lesser Antilles
Authors: Haag William G.
Published: April 2006

Pottery types are demonstrably useful archaeological tools in the Lesser Antilles. The sequence of types established in selected excavations in St. Lucia and in Martinique confirms the sequence in Trinidad and northern South America. Several horizon markers are uniform in their distribution from St. Lucia to Guadeloupe. These are the early “types,” such as White-on-Red, Broad-Line Incised, Incised Polychrome, and Zoned Crosshatch. An additional type may be delineated based on conventionalized faces with coffee-bean eyes. A later type shows rim treatment wherein the lip area is regularly punctated with finger depressions. The seriation of these uniform and easily recognized types enables the reconstruction of a site-occupation sequence applicable to much of the Lesser Antilles.
Fragile-Pattern Areas
Authors: Hayden Julian D.
Published: April 2006

A fragile-pattern area is defined as any archaeological area in which man's material remains lie without depth upon an existing natural surface and thus comprise a pattern which is disturbed or broken by any form of selective artifact collecting. Such surfaces as desert pavements, degraded lake terraces, dunes, and trails are described, and it is shown why the first surveyor to visit a site should collect all available materials and information rather than sample them in the traditional manner. Suggestions are made for surveying areas that have already been damaged by collectors.
Liquor Bottles from Florida Military Sites
Authors: Olsen Stanley J.
Published: April 2006

Black-glass bottle fragments have been utilized by archaeologists to aid in the location of U.S. Army out-posts of the Seminole War period (1835-42) in Florida. The patent covering one type of liquor bottle is reported. The date of manufacture of these containers and the forts from which examples have been recovered are also recorded.
Patterns in Maya Floor Construction
Authors: Littmann Edwin R.
Published: April 2006

A study of floor construction in the Maya area leads to the conclusion that a definite technique or pattern seems to have been used from the Preclassic to the Postclassic periods and that this consisted of using a foundation under a base which was covered by a plaster. It appeared further that the same technique was applied regardless of the raw materials at hand. It was also found that the use of burned earth or clay as an element of a floor was rather widespread and appeared to be deliberate rather than the result of the burning of flammable superstructures. No attempt was made at this time to determine the fine structures of the separate floor elements based upon their chemical or physical properties.
The Temporal and Social Implications of Ohio Hopewell Copper Ear Spool Design
Authors: Ruhl Katharine C. , Seeman Mark F.
Published: April 2006

In a recent synthesis of style theory, Carr (1995) proposed a model based on attribute hierarchies, which reveal social patterns. The present study applies Carr's model of style to a large sample of bicymbal copper ear spools, a diagnostic “Hopewell” artifact class of the Middle Woodland period (ca. 150 B.C.—A.D. 400) in eastern North America. After ear spool attributes are defined and ranked for their visibility, a seriation of the ear spools is developed and tested for time and space correlations. Results are consistent with the interpretation that the size of social groups participating in ritual events increased over time, while the technical requirements for ear spool durability decreased. The “visibility” of ear spool attributes relates to patterns of group interaction at the level of the site, sub-region and region, thus supporting Carr's model. The model has limitations when bridging from archaeological data to ethnographic interpretations, although our results indicate that exchange of finished goods and technology was less important within the context of the Hopewell Interaction Sphere than the construction of Hopewell ideologies.
Earth-Oven Plant Processing in Archaic Period Economies: An Example from a Semi-Arid Savannah in South-Central North America
Authors: Dering Phil
Published: April 2006

Models of Archaic period economy in the Lower Pecos River region of southwest Texas and Coahuila, Mexico, are based primarily on coprolite, faunal, and macroplant analysis of materials recovered from rockshelters. The models maintain that during the Middle Archaic period residential mobility is reduced and tethered to rockshelters in canyons near water, and diet dominated by the plant resources lechuguilla (Agave lechuguilla), sotol (Dasylirion texanum), and prickly pear (Opuntia spp.). I use archaeobotanical analysis and actualistic studies to determine the contents of earth-oven features, the number of plant food calories produced by ovens, and the quantity of refuse they generate. Considered within the framework of a diet-breadth model, the data demonstrate that return rates and caloric yields for lechuguilla and sotol processed in earth ovens are typical of a broad spectrum, low-return economy. Intensive use of these low-ranked resources indicates periods of subsistence stress beginning in the Early Archaic period and continuing through the Late Archaic. Use of low-ranked, high-cost resources in canyon zones indicates that food and fuel resources were quickly depleted forcing high residential mobility. Depletion of local resources, not the distribution of water sources governed residential mobility.
Pink Chert, Projectile Points, and the Chacoan Regional System
Authors: Cameron Catherine M.
Published: April 2006

The most unusual aspect of chipped stone in Chaco Canyon is that materials were imported from a considerable distance but used almost exclusively as informal flake tools. Narbona Pass chert from the Chuska Mountains, 75 km away, is the most common nonlocal material found during the Chacoan Era (A.D. 900-1150). There are relatively few number of formal tools found in the Canyon, primarily projectile points, and a significant number of these do not seem to have been made in Chaco. New models of the organization of production offered by Earle, Hagstrum, Peregrine, and Renfrew (this issue) are evaluated using chipped-stone data collected by the Chaco Project during the 1970s. Chipped-stone data support the suggestion made by these scholars that great houses in Chaco Canyon were the focus of periodic communal gatherings. Deposition of quantities of Narbona Pass chert debitage in great house trash middens was apparently a ceremonial aspect of these gatherings, perhaps related to Puebloan concepts of renewal. Some projectile points appear to have been deposited in great house rooms or kivas as ritual offerings.
Prehistoric Springs and Geochronology of the Clovis Site, New Mexico
Authors: Haynes C. Vance , Agogino George A.
Published: April 2006

Geologic investigation and radiocarbon dating of a newly exposed stratigraphic section at the famous Early Man site of Blackwater No. 1 (Clovis) in eastern New Mexico show the Brown Sand Wedge to be in part a contemporaneous facies of the Diatomaceous Earth (10,000 to 11,000 years old) and in part older (11,000 to 11,500 years old). The Gray Sand is probably more than 12,000 years old. Artifacts contained therein are concentrated in the upper 6 in. and are believed to have intruded the sand via the tramplings of the surface by man and animals.

The discovery of ancient spring-feeder conduits confirms the springhead origin for the Brown Sand Wedge and the Gray Sand suggested by Sellards and Evans (1960). In addition to well-sorted, nearly spherical, graded, quartz grains the conduits contained Clovis, Folsom, and Agate Basin artifacts bearing an extremely high polish. Some Agate Basin points appear to have been coeval with Folsom points; others are younger. Deposition of the Carbonaceous Silt containing Scottsbluff points, Frederick points, and points of the Portales complex began as early as 9,800 years ago, and possibly continued as late as 7,000 years ago.
The Classification and Analysis
of Ancient Calcareous Materials
Authors: Littmann Edwin R.
Published: April 2006

In the present paper a systematic classification of ancient calcareous materials has been proposed which more closely defines limestone in terms of the ratio of calcium to magnesium present. The same classification may be applied to mortars and plasters to characterize the raw materials from which they were made. The classification includes "pure" calcium and magnesium minerals and any combination of the two.

A new analytical procedure has been devised which eliminates the major sources of error in a previously used method and consists of first igniting the sample to remove all organic matter and most of the carbon dioxide and to oxidize any iron compounds to the ferric state. This is followed by solution of the sample under mild conditions and volumetrically determining the calcium and magnesium under conditions which eliminate the effect of any dissolved impurities.
On Hawikku Cemetery Kin Groups
Authors: Corruccini Robert S.
Published: April 2006

Howell and Kintigh (1996) argue for ascribed leadership at Hawikku based on biological kinship within cemetery areas and nonrandom distribution of higher-diversity burials. Their statistical evidence could be questioned based on principles of two-tailed null hypotheses, the Bonferroni principle, and other aspects. Especially when taking the bioanthropological literature more adequately into account, alternate conclusions somewhat at variance with Howell and Kintigh's concerning biological and social patterning according to gender could be envisioned.
Figurines, Flint Clay Sourcing, the Ozark Highlands, and Cahokian Acquisition
Authors: Emerson Thomas E. , Hughes Randall E.
Published: April 2006

At the pinnacle of Eastern Woodlands’ prehistoric cultural development, Cahokia has been interpreted as a political and economic power participating in prestige-goods exchanges and trade networks stretching from the Great Plains to the South Atlantic. Among the more spectacular of the Cahokian elite artifacts were stone pipes and figurines made from a distinctive red stone previously identified as Arkansas bauxite. In this research, we used a combination of X-ray diffraction, sequential acid dissolution, and inductively coupled plasma analyses to establish the source of the raw material used in the manufacture of the red figurines and pipes that epitomize the Cahokian-style. Our research demonstrates that these objects were made of locally available flint clays. This finding, in conjunction with other evidence, indicate Cahokian exploitation of many mineral and stone resources focuses on the northern Ozark Highlands to the exclusion of other areas. These findings indicate that we must reassess the direction, extent, and role of Cahokian external contacts and trade in elite goods.
Investigating the Archaeological Consequences of Short-Duration Occupations
Authors: Sullivan Alan P.
Published: April 2006

Contemporary research in settlement archaeology often concentrates on inferring how people used landscapes. This research focus has prompted archaeologists to explore the interpretive potential of the full range of archaeological remains, including surface artifact scatters. One difficulty, however, is the identification of distinct occupations, especially those of short duration. Unless archaeologists isolate the remains of individual occupations, inferences about prehistoric land use may be unreliable because they would be based on conflated data. An approach for surmounting this problem is illustrated with the analysis of material recovered from the Voigt Mesa site in east-central Arizona. A key element of the approach consists of procedures for establishing units of spatial analysis (subsite areas) for partitioning surface artifact scatters. Statistical tests performed on several key technological variables common to the debitage assemblages of the subsite areas support the partitioning. Additional discussion explores how models of settlement-system change can be evaluated once artifact scatters have been separated into their constituent occupations.
Legitimation and the Classification of Archaeological Sites
Authors: Leone Mark P. , Potter Parker B.
Published: April 2006

A good deal of archaeology is conducted within the context of historic preservation, which means that many American archaeologists are faced with the issue of determining site significance. In this essay, we turn to critical theory as a way of complementing the positivist basis for determining site significance. Among the critical theorists, Jurgen Habermas offers a way of examining and understanding a connection between knowledge about the past and the interests of contemporary Americans.
The Jersey County, Illinois, Bluff Focus
Authors: Titterington P. F.
Published: April 2006

This group is characterized by low, domed shaped mounds located on the higher ridges and bluffs, and by village sites located on the second terraces in the bottoms adjacent to all weather springs and the larger creeks.

The outline submitted is based upon mound excavations and surface work in the village sites done on vacations and week-ends over a period of eleven years. No village site excavations have been made because they are all located in fields that are in crops during the time of year that excavation is possible. Thirty-four mounds have been opened and the thirty-fifth is about one-half completed at this time. Fourteen elevations that proved not to be burial mounds have been worked. It is of interest to note that none of these contained any limestone slabs or unworked mussel shells, while all mounds containing burials did contain these two items.
Nomad Raids and Fortified Pueblos
Authors: Linton Ralph
Published: April 2006

No one who has seen the fortified villages and inaccessible cliff dwellings of the Pueblo III period of Anasazi culture can fail to have been impressed by the amount of labor expended in their construction or by the inconvenience entailed in living in them. It is clear that they reflect an urgent need for defense; it is less clear against whom their builders had to defend themselves. Southwestern archaeologists have been prone to dismiss this problem with somewhat vague statements about nomad invasions which compelled the agricultural Anasazi to draw together into large groups and build strongholds. This theory was a dyanced very early in the history of Southwestern research, when most of our present information on this region was lacking, and it may be profitable to re-examine it at this time.
“Drum” Bones
Authors: Ray J. Henry
Published: April 2006

On many sites in the Pease and Red river section of Wilbarger County, Texas, are found numerous “drum” bones of fish. They occur on the surface of camp sites, which are on sandy terrain along river banks or on the slopes of nearby sand dunes, along with the average run of artifacts, including flint projectile points, scrapers, manos, and potsherds. Other fish remains do not appear. The question which has interested the writer is whether these strange bones owe their presence on the sites to their inherent durability or to the attention and care accorded them by the Indians.

This area is noted for its Gaspergou or Drum fish. Within a cavity in the skull of this fish are located a pair of bones which the river folk term “drummers.” A three pound fish will produce a pair the size of a ten-cent piece. One side is convex, the other side is an irregular plane.
Evidence for the Antiquity of Scalping from Central Illinois
Authors: Neumann Georg K.
Published: April 2006

Just before the archaeological party of the University of Chicago moved camp to the extreme southeastern part of Fulton County, Illinois, during the summer of 1933, the writer visited the aboriginal site (designated Fv896 by the archaeological survey) on the Norman Crable farm located on the high Illinois River bluff about two miles north of Bluff City. Here for several years Mr. Glenn McGirr, a local collector, had opened a large number of graves to secure artifacts, and on that afternoon had opened six of them. The burials were extended on the back with the arms to the sides and accompanied by typical Middle Mississippi pottery and other artifacts that were assigned to the Spoon River focus of the Monk's Mound aspect after excavations had been carried on by the field party.
Archaeology and Relief
Authors: Setzler F. M. , Strong W. D.
Published: April 2006

In December 1933, under the Civil Works Administration, a number of archaeological projects were organized with the primary purpose of reducing unemployment. The scientific direction of these particular emergency measures was given to the Smithsonian Institution which, since its founding in 1846, has carried on much important prehistoric research for the National Government. In the nature of the case it was the primary purpose of the C.W.A. to set a large number of unemployed persons to work with the least possible delay, while it was the duty and desire of the Smithsonian Institution to see that the scientific results attained might be as extensive and complete as the unusual opportunity warranted. The present article aims to sum up briefly the nature and results of these particular projects and their bearing on the wider problems of scientific archaeology as a channel for relief employment.
The Extinct and Near-Extinct Tribes of Northeastern Asia as Compared with the American Indian
Authors: Lopatin Ivan A.
Published: April 2006

When the Russians first crossed the Ural Mountains in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries they found there a great number of native tribes. Some of these Siberian aborigines soon became extinct while others only diminished in number. Their territories shrank to insignificant patches of land—as is always the case in newly-discovered countries when western civilization comes into close contact with native primitive cultures. The degree of resistance of the native Siberian cultures to the invading Russian culture exhibits an interesting ethnological fact. It reveals that there were at least two strata in the aboriginal Siberian population—an ancient layer and a comparatively new one, or the Old-Siberians and the New-Siberians. The latter were both culturally and physically better able to resist the Russian invasion. Since the Old-Siberians were much weaker in both of these respects, they began to die out immediately after the conquest of Siberia. This does not mean, however, that the Old-Siberians were lacking in bravery or that they did not resist the Russians.
The Cultural Context of the Crystal River Negative-Painted Style
Authors: Willey Gordon R.
Published: April 2006

In 1944, the present writer, in collaboration with Philip Phillips, published a short analytical article upon a newly discovered (or recognized) style of negative-painted pottery from Crystal River, Florida. The ceramics in question, numbering three vessels in all, were excavated many years before by Clarence B. Moore and illustrated by him. They were taken from a sand burial mound in association with a number of other artifacts and with human burials. In our 1944 analysis it was pointed out that these Crystal River specimens exhibited the same technical processes of decoration— a negative or resist-dye application of a dark design background over a lighter-colored surface—as that seen on numerous Middle Mississippian pottery bottles; nevertheless, it was also made clear that the style of the painting, the forms of the vessels, and the quality of the ware were distinctly non-Mississippian.
Stone Images from Henderson County, Texas
Authors: Sellards E. H.
Published: April 2006

On November 2, 1929, a stone carved to represent a man's head was found in a gravel pit in the ancient valley of Trinity River in Henderson County, Texas. Subsequently two additional carved stones were found in the same deposits. The deposits were formed by Trinity River, but are about three miles from the present stream, near a small back valley tributary known as Cedar Creek, about five miles west of the town of Malakoff and three miles north of Trinidad. Cedar Creek unites with Trinity River six miles south of the place where the carvings were found. In preliminary notices the discovery has been referred to as the Malakoff locality.
The Ceremonial Bar and Associated Features of Maya Ornamental Art
Authors: Taylor Walter W.
Published: April 2006

In 1913, Spinden published his monumental work on the artistic forms in Maya culture. Since that time, many of his statements have assumed axiomatic character in the literature and discussion of Maya archaeology. However, as was to be expected, new information has tended to modify some of the generalizations put forward in 1913. In the present paper, I would like to offer evidence to support the hypothesis that certain artistic compositions, treated separately by Spinden, actually are members of a single complex, and then to review some of his generalizations in the light of this evidence and Maya chronology.

The complex which I propose to demonstrate consists of the Ceremonial Bar, the Bar Pendant, and the Frieze-mask. It is my thesis that the Bar Pendant is the conceptual equivalent of the Ceremonial Bar and, in actual practice, is substituted for the latter. Similarly, the Friezemask is conceptually connected with the Bar and, thus, directly or indirectly, with the Pendant.
Some Notes on Rock Shelter Sites near Huancayo, Peru
Authors: Tschopik Harry
Published: April 2006

The purpose of the present paper is to call attention to certain rock shelter sites in the vicinity of Huancayo, Peru, which—since they have yielded thus far several types of chipped stone artifacts and bone implements, but no pottery—appear at the present writing to be unique in Peru. The two sites described in the following pages are situated on old terraces of the Chupaca River, a tributary of the Mantaro, in Junín Department in the central Peruvian highlands. They were brought to the writer's notice by Mr. Paul G. Ledig, Observer-in- Charge of the Carnegie Institution Magnetic Observatory near Huancayo, who has in the past made small excavations at both sites.
Baked-Clay Objects of the Lower Sacramento Valley, California
Authors: Heizer Robert
Published: April 2006

Data from archaeological investigations in the habitation mounds of the lower Sacramento Valley by the Sacramento Junior College during the last three years have thrown much light on a very interesting and hitherto imperfectly known aboriginal trait of molding and baking small clay objects. Wissler characterizes California as an area in which pottery was absent. Kroeber subsequently notes that pottery-making occurred north of the Tehachapi Mountains. Gayton describes pottery in detail for the Yokuts and Western Mono. Meredith first specifically noted the occurrence of baked-clay objects in the northern San Joaquin Valley. Holmes, Jones, and Schenck followed, the latter's being the most comprehensive study.
Tree Rings, Valley Floor Deposition, and Erosion in Chaco Canyon, New Mexico
Authors: Senter Donovan
Published: April 2006

Excavations made in 1928 at the north wall of the large pueblo of Chetro Ketl in Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, indicated that there had been fourteen feet of sandy fill in the canyon at that point since the foundations of the pueblo were laid. Sherds in the walls of the Chaco arroyo likewise pointed to considerable fill since the occupation of the large Chaco pueblos in the late 9th to early 12th centuries. This has raised the question of rate of deposition on the valley floor and of land surface levels during and since the time of prehistoric occupation. Linked with the problem of old land surfaces was that of burials, which have been notable for their scarcity in this canyon, and it seemed that an investigation of these old surfaces might yield some information on the possibility of burial grounds deep below the present surface.
A Southern Oklahoma Copper Ornament
Authors: Antle H. R.
Published: April 2006

In 1937, while exploring a series of rock shelters in the southern extremity of Pontotoc County, Oklahoma, a copper ornament was found in association with shell tempered potsherds and flint artifacts. Due to the composition of the article, its construction and embellishments, a careful check was made as to its possible origin. Data and conclusions are given in the following.
Types of Artificial Cranial Deformation in the Eastern United States
Authors: Neumann Georg K.
Published: April 2006

In order to secure accurate information on the distribution of artificial cranial deformation, both in time and in space, as an aid to cultural reconstructions, and to the allocation of burials and archaeological features associated with burials, a series of diagrams illustrating six types of deformation found in the eastern United States are given in Fig. 37. Another type, the lambdoid deformation of the Chaco Canyon region of New Mexico, is merely included for comparison with natural lambdoid flattening and obelionic deformation. All these finer distinctions of types of artificial deformation and a number of others have been previously recognized and have appeared in print, but only those that were found to be characteristic of groups of people have been accepted, thereby eliminating individual variations. No distinction has been made between unintentional and intentional deformation since it is often difficult to decide this question in series of crania of groups of people who deformed the skulls only mildly, nor are the various cradling practices producing the different types of deformation considered here.
Ossuaries on the Delmarva Peninsula and Exotic Influences in the Coastal Aspect of the Woodland Pattern
Authors: Weslager C. A.
Published: April 2006

Additional details of a unique burial custom, practiced on the Delmarva Peninsula, have recently come to light. This practice involved preliminary treatment of the remains by bone-scraping and mummification and temporary incarceration in a temple or bone house and, secondarily, the use of an ossuary dug in the earth for the final and permanent disposal of the skeletons. The practice is reported on the Virginia and Maryland mainland and in the Carolinas by early writers. MacLeod has written a comprehensive account of the complex, and Willoughby discusses it in a paper on the Virginia Indians. From the viewpoint of archaeology, Bushnell and Stewart5 have made leading contributions in recording locations and excavations of ossuaries.
Three Village Sites of the Mississippi Pattern in Minnesota
Authors: Wilford Lloyd A.
Published: April 2006

The Late prehistoric cultural manifestations of Minnesota are so dominantly of the Woodland pattern that manifestations of the Mississippi pattern have not received much attention in published reports. Prior to 1940, components of the Orr and Blue Earth foci of the Oneota aspect had been recognized in Minnesota, and some sites of each focus had been studied. Since that time, two additional complexes, which I am ascribing to the Mississippi pattern and have named the Cambria aspect and the Great Oasis aspect, respectively, have been discovered. The Minnesota sites, together with the Brandon site in southeastern South Dakota reported by Over and Meleen8 and the Mill Creek sites in northwestern Iowa studied by Charles R. Keyes, make an important contribution to our knowledge of the Mississippi pattern in the area near the meeting point of these three states.
The Sidey-Mackay Village Site
Authors: Wintemberg W. J.
Published: April 2006

The Sidey-Mackay village site, excavated by the author in 1926, is located on the farms of Messrs. William F. Sidey and John A. Mackay, on Lot 8, Concession V, Nottawasaga Township, Simcoe County, Ontario, about one mile west of the village of Creemore, in territory known to have been inhabited by the Tionontati Indians, or Tobacco Nation, a tribe of the Iroquoian stock. This site, unlike many in the same area, had suffered little from the depredations of collectors; an instructive representative collection was secured. Additional material was collected by the writer from the surface of the Mackay farm in 1923.
Notes on Ceramic Types in Southern Nevada
Authors: Baldwin Gordon C.
Published: April 2006

While there has been a great deal of archaeological excavation in the area now included in the Boulder Dam National Recreational Area in southern Nevada and northwestern Arizona, comparatively little of this material has been written and published. Within this area, which encompasses about 2,700 square miles of desert and mountain land, there has been extensive occupation by various peoples throughout most of the past two thousand and more years.
The Human Remains from Mammoth Cave, Kentucky
Authors: Neumann Georg K.
Published: April 2006

The writer is indebted to Mr. Verne E. Chatelain, Assistant Director of the National Park Service, Branch of Historic Sites and Buildings, and to Mr. Alonzo W. Pond, Archaeologist, for the invitation to make this study. Particular thanks are due to Mr. Pond for his generous permission to use the four photographs that deal with the find of the prehistoric miner, and for much of the archaeological information related to this discovery.
Navaho Archaeology of Upper Blanco and Largo Canyons, Northern New Mexico
Authors: Farmer Malcolm F.
Published: April 2006

Upper Blanco and Largo Canyons in Rio Arriba and Sandoval Counties, northern New Mexico (Fig. 5), are in an area known to modern Navaho Indians as dinetah, “Navaho country,” “Navaho homeland place,” and is recognized by them as the homeland of their ancestors. A number of Spanish records also refer to it as Navaho country. Anthropologists have, therefore, turned to the region as a source for data on the early Navahos. Surveys and some excavations of sites have been made.
Kawaika-a in the Historic Period
Authors: Reed Erik K.
Published: April 2006

The westernmost of the great Pueblo IV sites of the Jeddito Valley is Awatovi, occupied through the exploration and mission periods to 1700. The next upstream is Kawaika-a, inhabited, on the basis of archaeological evidence, at least to the end of the fifteenth century: a tree-ring date of A.D. 1495. Historical evidence has been thought to indicate sixteenth-century occupation of Kawaika-a, and destruction by Tovar in 1540. It has even been taken to show that Kawaika-a was sparsely repopulated by 1583, and finally deserted only between that date and 1598.
Myth and Mammoth in Archaeology
Authors: Eiseley Loren C.
Published: April 2006

Traditions have an incalculable appeal to the human mind. Often tenuous, remote, impossible to prove, they are occasionally startling. The frustrated researcher upon some fascinating problem of human history which fails, otherwise, of solution comes again and again to the consideration of floating tales which seem to hold a kernel of truth, a hint—just a faint hint—of veracity masked in the trappings of legend. Such material may be used, but on the whole it is ghostly, disembodied, and unverifiable. Lacking corroboration, it fails to bring conviction. Often the tale has been borne by some single native who, long since disappeared into forest anonymity, is no longer available for questioning. His story may, however, have passed through several intermediate hands and be quoted in old books whose scholarship is naive. The result is that, use these sources as we may, we turn seriously to other more tangible means of establishing truth. Then, if the search languishes, we are prone to return, still captivated, to the tale spun long ago.
An Unusual Oneota Vessel from Minnesota
Authors: Griffin James B.
Published: April 2006

The late George Chamberlain of Lynd, Minnesota, reported a unique vessel in the Minnesota Archaeologist, Volume 8, Number 4. The drawing which accompanied this article engaged my attention, and, through the courtesy of Mr. Chamberlain and Mr. Ernest S. Macgowan, Secretary of the Minnesota Archaeology Society, a photograph (PI. XVIII, upper) and additional drawings of the vessel were secured. The vessel was obtained in 1934 from a previously disturbed small mound near the town of Lynd, in Lyon County, Minnesota. The vessel was resting in the right hand of one of the skeletons, four feet beneath the center of the mound. As is often the case with Oneota burial vessels, this specimen is small, having a height of 3 ½ inches and a diameter of 5 inches. It is shell-tempered, and the exterior surface is well smoothed.
A Preliminary Definition of Archaeological Areas and Periods in Florida
Authors: Goggin John M.
Published: April 2006

The state of Florida is mainly a peninsula projecting some three hundred miles south of the continental North American land mass. This unique position has given the state a certain amount of isolation, as a result of which, and because of environmental factors, Florida has been able to participate in the Southeastern cultural picture and at the same time to develop characteristic local features.

Although Florida has had a long history of archaeological research, with an impressive bibliography of descriptive material, synthesis has only recently been attempted. Some early attempts were made to divide the state into archaeological areas but none were of any significance until M. W. Stirling's recent four-fold division into the Gulf Coast, Glades, St. Johns, and Northern Highland areas. This division has been found, in general, to be useful, needing only greater refinement.
Aboriginal Potsherds from Red River, Manitoba
Authors: Fewkes Vladimir J.
Published: April 2006

During his recent field work in south-central Canada, Professor A. Irving Hallowell obtained from Mr. W. H. Rand, Keeper of the Manitoba Museum, Winnipeg, a sample series of potsherds from several localities in the valley of the lower Red River, north of the city of Winnipeg. This material is said to have been collected on the surface and in one instance, at Lockport, in presumably archaeological (occupational?) deposits. Through the kindness of Dr. Hallowell I have examined the sherds from the standpoint of technology.
Underground Houses on the British Columbian Coast
Authors: Barnett H. G.
Published: April 2006

Semi-Subterranean houses with an entrance through the roof are a well known feature of the interior of British Columbia, having been described for the Thompson, the Chilcotin, the Shuswap and others of the upper Fraser River valley. They have, in fact, an even wider distribution east of the Coast and Cascade Ranges, extending south over the Plateau and into northern California. Although this type of dwelling existed among the Aleuts, it appears that the coastal people to the south of them, even in Alaska, were either unfamiliar with the pattern or rejected it in favor of others. Sporadically, along the Pacific Coast all the way from California to Bering Sea, house floors were excavated to varying depths, sometimes even to two levels; but, everywhere, the houses characteristically lack the roof entrance and, except for sweathouses in the south and Bering Sea Eskimo dwellings in the north, even the idea of an earth covering is absent. In view of this fundamental divergence, it is interesting that subterranean structures do appear in several places on the coast of British Columbia.
Prehistoric Cultures of Cuba
Authors: Cosculluela J. A.
Published: April 2006

In recent years a considerable amount of archaeological research has contributed to our knowledge of the Antilles. Especially valuable in this field are the numerous works of Osgood, Rouse, and Rainey, all of the Peabody Museum of Yale University, whose valuable investigations and excellent monographs have brought new life to the archaeology of the Antilles.

Nevertheless, much remains to be done, and important discoveries relating to Antillean problems will probably yet be made. Cultural relationships between the Antilles and the two adjacent continents constitute one of the primary historical problems of great importance. The affiliations of the Antillean cultures cannot be established until the archaeology of such points of possible contact as Venezuela, Yucatan, and Florida is more fully known.
The Hoe Complex of the Connecticut Valley
Authors: Fowler William S.
Published: April 2006

The aboriginal agriculturists discussed here lived in a somewhat secluded environment, the Connecticut River Valley from Bellows Falls to the Connecticut line. In this long-occupied territory, surrounded by high ridges of volcanic origin, heavily wooded, and watered by innumerable spring-fed streams, the cultural development of the inhabitants was apparently of a homogeneous nature. As late as 1636, when the English began to establish plantations throughout the valley, the natives were found united in a well-defined River Confederacy, with frequent intercourse maintained through river travel. While trade routes probably connected this section with many other parts of the country, cultural contacts had apparently persisted among the river tribes in spite of occasional raids of warlike groups from other regions.