bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PSXII-34 The evaluation of the influence of FMO3 gene polymorphism on the milk productivity of Ayrshire breed cows
Authors: Gladyr` Elena , Konovalova Elena , Sivkin Nikolay , Kostyunina Olga V
Published: November 2020

Russian Ayrshire population of cattle is the second largest in number the world population of animals of this breed. Trimethylaminuria (TMA) is the monogenic disease manifesting in the ‘‘fish off-flavor” of the milk from the sick cows and caused by R238X mutation in the flavin-containing monooxidase 3 gene (FMO3). The aim of our investigation was the analysis of the FMO3 gene polymorphism of Ayrshire cattle breed and its relationship with the milk productivity of the first lactation. The analysis of FMO3 gene polymorphism has been carried out on 352 animals of 5 herds, and associations with the milk productivity due 305 days have been evaluated on 20 healthy cows (RR) and 6 ones-carriers of the mutation (RX). DNA has been extracted by means of the kit “DNA-Extran” (“Syntol”, Russia). The identification of the FMO3 genotypes has been conducted by PCR-RFLP in according to the previously developed method with using TaqI restriction endonuclease. The frequency of animals-carriers of X allele associated with the defect of “fish off-flavor” of milk was in the range 10.21–12.82%. The frequencies of RR, RX and XX genotypes were 76.9, 20.5 and 2.6 %, respectively. The study of relationship between the genotypes on FMO3 gene and productivity traits has shown that the homozygous RR-individuals in comparing to RX-ones had significantly higher levels of the milk yield (+918.6 kg, P ≥ 0.05) and content of the milk protein (+28.8, P ≥ 0.05). Adaptive abilities of RR-cows of Russian selection allowed them to surpass animals of Finnish origin with a similar genotype in milk yield 5,655.6 ± 254.2 against 5,105.0 ± 238.6 kg. The investigations has shown the significant superiority the animals-non carriers of the “fish off-flavor” defect in the milk yield and content of the milk protein. This research was supported by the Ministry of science and higher education АААА-А18-118021590138-1.
PSVIII-3 Beneficial effect of cashew nutshell liquid-based supplements in vaccinated broilers against coccidiosis
Authors: Decaux Caroline , Pomponi Luigi , Julien Carl
Published: November 2020

Vaccination has been developed over the years to counter coccidiosis; however, its effectiveness varies, and it is difficult to exploit due in particular to the young age of chickens at slaughter. Cashew nutsell liquid (CNSL) supplements have shown beneficial effects on growth performance and anticoccidial effects in Eimeria-challenged broilers. However, CNSL effects during an Eimeria infection in vaccinated chickens against coccidiosis need to be determined especially for organic production. Broilers vaccinated against coccidiosis were housed in pens and received one of the following treatments: 1) non-infected, non-treated (blank control); 2) infected, non-treated (negative control); 3) infected, nibarbazin/monensin shuttle program (positive control); 4) infected, Calica+ (CNSL-based formulation). Eimeria infection was induced by an oral administration of 200,000 sporulated oocysts of mixed Eimeria species harvested from field isolates. The trial was performed with 8 pens of 45 birds per treatment. Performance data and oocyst counts were analyzed by a mixed model including treatment as fixed effect and pen as random effect. Intestinal lesion scores were analyzed by category analyses. Calica+ improved average daily gain (ADG) (+7.4%, P < 0.05) and showed a trend to reduce feed conversion ratio (FCR) (−1.8%, P < 0.07) during the overall growing period (days 0–35), compared to infected and untreated broilers. Birds fed Calica+ also showed higher ADG than birds on nibarbazin/monensin shuttle program (+7.2%, P < 0.05). Calica+ did not change levels of oocysts per gram of feces (OPG) at Eimeria excretion peak (6 days after inoculation) but it showed a trend to reduce the Eimeria tenella intestinal lesion scores (p< 0.0685). In summary, the CNSL-based formulation Calica+ showed beneficial growth performance and anticoccidial effects in vaccination conditions against coccidiosis. This organic feed additive could be involved in an anticoccidiosis strategy that includes vaccination.
PSVIII-8 Effect of Lactobacillus Casei Zhang on E. coli induced injury of blood and milk barrier in dairy cow
Authors: Zheng Yuhui , Li Shengli
Published: November 2020

Bovine mastitis is one of the major diseases which directly affects the milk production performance and it causes huge economic losses in the dairy industry. Bacterial infection is the main risk factor of bovine mastitis and the antibiotic therapy is the primary choice to control the disease. However, persistence use of antibiotic increases the incidence of bacterial resistance and traces of antibiotic residues in animal products. Lactobacillus casei Zhang is one of the probiotics with multiple biological functions, which has certain bacteriostatic effect on pathogenic microorganism. The purpose of this study was to explore the effect of Lactobacillus casei Zhang (L. casei Zhang) on the prevention of E. coli-induced milk-blood barrier damage. Bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMECs) were used to establish a milk-blood model and Control group (PBS), E. coli group, and L. casei Zhang pretreatment plus E. coli group were set up respectively. The results showed that: L. casei Zhang could significantly reduce the increase of LDH release caused by E. coli treatment (P< 0.05). And it can also significantly reduce the decrease of transmembrane resistance of monolayer cells caused by E. coli treatment (P< 0.05). In addition, L. casei Zhang could significantly reduce the expression of tight junction proteins ZO-1, Claudin-1, Claudin-4 and Occludin (P < 0.05). In conclusion, L. casei Zhang could effectively improve the damage of the blood-milk barrier caused by E. coli and could protect BMECs during bacterial infection.
PSVIII-18 Protective effect of Lactobacillus Casei Zhang on E. coli induced mastitis in mice
Authors: Zheng Yuhui , Li Shengli
Published: November 2020

Mastitis is an acute, obvious and harmful clinical disease in mammals. It is also one of the productive diseases with high incidence, rapid epidemic and great economic loss in dairy farming. Antibiotics are the first choice for the treatment of infectious mastitis, but the long-term use of antibiotics in large quantities will lead to the emergence of antibiotic residues and bacterial resistance, which is harmful to the health of both human and animals. As a potential substitute of antibiotics, Lactobacillus has great potential in the control of pathogenic microorganisms. The purpose of this study was to explore the effect of Lactobacillus casei Zhang (L. Casei Zhang) on the prevention of E. coli-induced mastitis in mice and its protective effect on the damage of the blood and milk barrier. Intramammary administration of E. coli was used to establish a mouse mastitis model. Control group (PBS), E. coli administration group, and L. casei Zhang pretreatment plus E. coli administration group were set up respectively and the mammary gland samples were collected for analysis. The results showed that: L. casei Zhang could significantly reduce the degree of breast tissue damage and the content of inflammatory factors TNF-α，IL-6 and IL-1β (P < 0.05). In addition, the expression of tight junction proteins ZO-1, Claudin-3 and Occludin in the mammary gland tissues of mice was significantly promoted (P < 0.05). In conclusion, intramammary administration of L. casei Zhang could effectively reduce the inflammation of the mouse mammary gland induced by E. coli, and this protection is achieved by promoting the expression of the blood-milk barrier tight junction proteins.
PSI-14 Feeding β-agonists under heat stress conditions in feedlot cattle
Authors: Grijalva Pablo C , Reith Rachel , Sieck Renae L , Swanson Rebecca , Schmidt Ty B , Petersen Jessica L , Yates Dustin T , Garcia Samuel , Diaz Duarte
Published: November 2020

Red Angus steers (n = 24; 260 ± 25 kg) were used to analyze the effects of supplementation of zilpaterol hydrochloride (ZH) under heat stress conditions on respiration rate (RR), rectal temperature (RT), growth performance (GP), and carcass traits (CT). Steers were randomly assigned to a 2 x 2 factorial treatment arrangement (n = 6/group) with factors including heat stress (HS; THI=71 to 83) or thermal neutral (TN; THI=27 to 39) conditions and with/without supplementation of ZH (0 or 8.38 mg/kg/d on 88% DM basis). Steers were provided 9 d to acclimate to tie stalls rooms under TN conditions before starting the study. TN steers were pair-fed to the average daily dry matter intake (DMI) of HS steers. Ad libitum water consumption (WC) was recorded daily. HS and TN steers were harvested on d 22 and 23, respectively. By design, DMI was not different between environments (P = 0.43). DMI also did not differ between supplement groups (P = 0.31). RT, RR, and WC were greater (P < 0.01) in HS steers compared to TN steers. There was a supplement by environment interaction (P = 0.02) for RT, as HS steers fed ZH had lower RT than HS control steers (39.1 vs 39.5 ℃). ADG was 20% higher (P = 0.04) in HS steers compared to TN steers. CT did not differ (P = >0.05) due to environment, treatment, or interactions between environment and ZH supplementation. Our results suggest that feedlot steers under our experimental conditions display some sensitivity to HS through GP, RR, and RT, however, this did not translate to an impact on CT. Furthermore, ZH supplementation under HS conditions appears to impact thermoregulatory responses positively, yet this did not impact GP or CT.
PSI-11 Effects of feeding 60% dried corn distillers grains plus solubles or the equivalent sulfur as calcium sulfate on DNA structure and integrity in bull semen
Authors: Kassetas Cierrah J , Geary Tom , Zezeski Abby , Caton Joel , Kirsch James D , Dorsam Sheri T , McCarthy Kacie L , Crouse Matthew S , Sedivec Kevin K , Neville Bryan W , Dahlen Carl R
Published: November 2020

The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of feeding 60% dried corn distillers grains plus solubles (DDGS) or the equivalent sulfur as CaSO4 on DNA structure and integrity in frozen/extended bull semen. Thirty-six half-sibling Angus bulls (256 ± 8 d; initial BW = 320 ± 2 kg) were assigned to one of three treatments: 1) corn-based diet containing 60% concentrate (CON; S = 0.18%; n = 12); 2) diet containing 60% DDGS as a replacement for corn (60DDGS; S = 0.55% DM; n = 12); 3) CON diet + equivalent sulfur of 60DDGS added as CaSO4 (SULF; S = 0.54%; n = 12). Bulls were individually fed in Calan gates for 112 days and targeted to gain 1.6 kg/d. Semen was collected via electroejaculation at d 112. Semen samples were extended and frozen. The Guava easyCyte 8HT Flow Cytometer was used to analyze acrosome/cell membrane integrity, mitochondrial energy potential, oxidation status, DNA integrity and the zinc signature assay. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED in SAS for effects of treatment. For depolarized mitochondria, 60DDGS tended (P = 0.07) to be greater compared with SULF and CON. This suggests that bulls in the 60DDGS treatment may have sperm with lower mitochondrial energy potential compared with SULF and CON bulls. Additionally, for the zinc signature assay, no differences (P ≥ 0.11) were observed for signatures 2 through 4. However, for signature 1, 60DDGS and SULF had decreased (P = 0.03) signature 1 compared with CON suggesting that sperm from bulls in the SULF and 60DDGS treatments may be in advanced stages of sperm capacitation in comparison to CON, potentially limiting the sperm lifespan and ability to bind the sperm oviductal reservoir.
PSI-22 Rumen fluid metabolites influenced by endophyte-infected tall fescue seed and red clover isoflavones in beef steers
Authors: Cordero-Llarena Juan F , Clemmons Brooke A , Melchior Emily A , Seay Taylor B , Powers Joshua B , Campagna Shawn R , Bates Gary , Myer Phillip R
Published: November 2020

Fescue toxicosis causes substantial financial losses to the beef industry due to its negative effects on reproduction, growth and feed efficiency. Recent research has demonstrated that the negative effects of fescue toxicosis may be mitigated by supplementation of red clover isoflavones. To determine impacts on the ruminal environment, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of red clover isoflavones and endophyte-infected tall fescue on ruminal metabolites. Thirty-six Angus steers weighing 250±20 kg were randomly assigned to treatments in a 2×2 factorial arrangement, consisting of endophyte-free or endophyte-infected tall fescue seed with or without red clover isoflavones. For the 21d trial, steers were provided a basal diet supplemented with fescue seed targeting a minimum of 0.011 mg × kg of BW−1 × d−1 of total alkaloids. A total of 943 mg isoflavones were administered daily via bolus. Following the trial, 50mL of rumen fluid was collected via orogastric tubing. Untargeted metabolomic analysis was performed using an Exactive Plus Orbitrap MS, and 10µL sample was introduced using electrospray ionization into the Dionex UltiMate 3000 UPLC system. Peaks were identified in MAVEN, then normalized and analyzed in MetaboAnalyst 4.0, and 106 known metabolites were identified. Differences in seed type × isoflavone were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and main effects were analyzed by t-test. A total of 11 metabolites differed based on seed type × isoflavone treatment group (P ≤ 0.05), 11 differed by seed type (P ≤ 0.5), and seven differed by isoflavone treatment (P ≤ 0.05), namely amino acids or intermediates of amino acid metabolism. Methane (P = 0.03) and sulfur (P = 0.03) metabolism pathways were both impacted by isoflavone treatment, whereas 20 metabolic pathways were impacted as a result of differences in seed type (P ≤ 0.05). The rumen metabolome appears to be more affected by seed type, but a longer trial will likely result in more profound impacts.
PSI-5 Comparison of ninth-tenth-eleventh rib section to carcass components in serially harvested steer carcasses
Authors: Cooper Kimberly B , Pillmore Sierra L , Kirkpatrick Tylo J , Wesley Kaitlyn R , Lawrence Ty , Tennant Travis , Nichols Wade , Hutcheson John
Published: November 2020

The objective of this study was to compare separable lean, fat and bone of samples taken from the ninth-tenth-eleventh rib section to those of the carcass. Charolais x Angus steers (n = 80) were randomized to implant treatments (REV: Revalor-XS on d-0 and d-190 or CON: no implant) and harvest date in a 2x10 factorial design. Four pairs of steers were randomly allocated to one of 10 harvest dates and harvested in 42d intervals (0, 42, 84, 126, 168, 210, 252, 294, 336, and 378). Carcass yields were determined by fabricating the right side of each carcass and separating lean, fat, and bone components and weighing to the nearest +/- .05 kg. Ninth-tenth-eleventh rib sections were collected from the left side of each carcass, dissected into lean, fat, and bone, and weighed to the nearest +/- .005 g. Regression models were created to determine linear associations between rib sections and carcass parameters. Carcass fat and lean were strongly correlated (r = 0.87 and 0.80 respectively) to 9-10-11 fat and lean, however carcass bone was only moderately correlated (r = 0.59) to 9-10-11 bone. Rib sections were representative of a whole carcass supporting use of this method to predict carcass composition of beef cattle.
PSIV-2 Changes in free glutamine and glutamate in mare milk during early lactation
Authors: Pyles Morgan B , Hayes Susan , Crum Andrea , Radomski Elizabeth , Kunes Miranda , Lawrence Laurie
Published: November 2020

Glutamine plays an important role in neonatal health. This amino acid serves as a nitrogen and amine carrier between tissues, as a major energy source and as a precursor for nucleic acids and proteins in rapidly proliferating intestinal cells. This study aimed to evaluate changes over time in free Gln and Glu concentrations in mare milk in early lactation and their relationship with foal gut health. Thirteen Thoroughbred mare and foal pairs were studied. Milk samples were collected at 12 h, 3, 5, 7, 10, 14, and 21 d after parturition and daily milk yield was estimated at 7 and 14 d postpartum. Milk samples were centrifuged (10 min, 3500 x g, 4 °C) to remove fat, then centrifuged twice (5 min, 10,000 x g, 22 °C) to remove protein. Free Glu and Gln were analyzed in triplicate using a membrane-based glutaminase and glutamate oxidase method (YSI 2700 Analyzer, YSI Life Sciences, OH). Daily fecal scores were recorded to monitor foal diarrhea and body weights were recorded weekly. Mixed model ANOVA with repeated measures (SAS 9.4) were used to evaluate changes over time in free Gln and Glu. Relationships between variables were assessed using regression analyses and Pearson’s correlation coefficient. Free Gln and Glu changed over time (P < 0.0001). Glutamine increased from 12 h to 5 d, (0.24±0.11 mmol/L and 1.09±.11 mmol/L, respectively; P < 0.05) then decreased to 0.90±0.11 mmol/L by 21 d postpartum. In contrast, free Gln was the lowest at 12 h (0.36±0.04 mmol/L) and continued increasing through 21 d postpartum (0.80±0.04 mmol/L; P < 0.05). Bouts of diarrhea were negatively related to milk Gln (P < 0.05) and foal ADG was positively related to milk Glu (P < 0.05). These results suggest that Gln may have a role in foal gut health while Glu may influence foal growth.
PSIV-15 Influence of genetics on fatty acid profile, vitamin and mineral content of beef from grain and grass-finishing systems
Authors: Krusinski Lucas , Maciel Isabella Cristina de Faria , Sergin Selin , Goeden Travis , Fenton Jenifer I , Rowntree Jason E
Published: November 2020

Finishing systems and genetics can affect nutritional profiles. The objectives of this study were to quantify fatty acids (FA), vitamins, and minerals from two different breeds of cattle finished either on grain or on grass. Red Angus (RA, n = 30) and RA x Akaushi (AK, n = 30) were equally assigned to one of the finishing systems: a mixed-species pasture forage (GRASS) or a total mixed feedlot ration (GRAIN) in three replications. Animals were slaughtered between 18 (GRAIN) and 26 (GRASS) months of age, and meat samples were collected between the 11th and 13th rib. FA profiles were determined using microwave-assisted fat extraction, acid-base methylation, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. Vitamin and mineral content were analyzed by commercial laboratory. Overall (µg/g dry), vitamin E (31.05±5.11 vs 17.43±3.07, P < 0.0001), iron (69.28±6.71 vs 47.04±7.64, P < 0.0001), copper (1.56±0.89 vs 0.86±0.9, P = 0.037), zinc (139.57±35.72 vs 110.53±15.4, P = 0.0002), and molybdenum (0.15±0.04 vs 0±0.01, P < 0.0001) were significantly higher in GRASS compared to GRAIN and did not differ by breed. Manganese was significantly higher in GRAIN (0.31±0.07 vs 0.25±0.05, P = 0.0005). Iron was significantly higher in GRASS and differed when comparing AK to RA (73.04±6.9 vs 65.51±3.92, P = 0.018). Regarding FA (mg/100g beef), total n-6 (115.12±55.7 vs 87.43±33.89, P < 0.01) and the n-6:n-3 ratio (8.39±2.66 vs 1.46±0.34, P < 0.0001) were higher in GRAIN, while total n-3 (62.77±30.59 vs 14.39±8.34, P < 0.0001), ALA (35.96±25.6 vs 6.23±5.82, P < 0.0001), and EPA (8.98±2.22 vs 2.01±0.84, P < 0.0001) were higher in GRASS. These results suggest that there are differences in n-3, n-6, n-6:n-3 ratios, ALA, EPA, minerals, and vitamins with results favoring GRASS. Genetics seem to play a minor role in FA profiles and only significantly affected iron content.
PSIV-35 The relationship between weather variables and dry matter intake in beef steers
Authors: Yusuf Mustapha , Swanson Kendall C , Hanna Lauren L Hulsman , Bauer Marc L
Published: November 2020

The objective of this experiment was to examine the relationship between weather variables and dry matter intake (DMI) in beef steers. Daily intake data from 790 beef steers collected from years 2011 to 2017 using an Insentec feeding system were used for this experiment. Data were condensed from daily data into weekly averages (n = 13,895 steer-weeks). The variables considered for this experiment include DMI (2.50 to 23.60 kg/d), body weight (197.3 to 796.1 kg), dietary energy density (NEm; 0.793 to 2.970 Mcal/kg), absolute ambient temperature (-23.7 to 21.4 °C), minimum ambient temperature (-28.2 to 15.7 °C), maximum ambient temperature (-19.3 to 27.3 °C), range of temperature (2.8 to 19.4 °C), dew point (-27.8 to 14.3 °C), wind speed (2.08 to 6.49 km/h), solar radiation (30.8 to 297.1 W/m2), and two weeks lag (average of previous two weeks values) and monthly lag (average of previous four weeks values) of each weather variable listed. Residuals of DMI generated after fitting week of year as a fixed effect were used in scatter plots with explanatory variables to identify if non-linear relationships existed. Body weight and energy density had both linear and quadratic relationships with DMI, while the relationship with DMI for other variables were tested linearly. The MIXED procedure of SAS was used to assess the fit and regression parameters of explanatory variables as fixed covariates. Repeated measures were handled using the REPEATED statement and within-individual relationship was accounted for using the Toeplitz covariance structure. There were some interactions between weather variables. Important variables in our model and their interactions are shown in table 1. This study shows the important weather variables (Table 1) that affect DMI of beef steers and will help in improving the accuracy of DMI prediction equations.
PSIV-6 Effect of a Phytogenic Water Additive on Growth Performance, Blood Metabolites and Gene Expression of Amino Acids Transporters in Nursery Pigs Fed with Low Protein Diets
Authors: Shili Cedrick N , Habibi Mohammad , Sutton Julia , Barnes Jessie , Burchkonda Jacob , Siahaan Doris , Pezeshki Adel
Published: November 2020

Moderately low protein (MLP) diets can help decrease nutrient excretion from the swine production. However, MLP diets negatively impact growth performance. We hypothesized that supplementing MLP diets with phytogenics may reduce the negative effects of these diets on growth. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of a phytogenic water additive (PWA; Herbanimal®) on growth performance, blood metabolite and gene expression of amino acids transporters in pigs fed with MLP diets. Forty-eight weaned barrows were allotted to six dietary treatments (n = 8) for 4 weeks: >CON-NS: standard protein diet-no PWA; CON-LS: standard protein diet-low PWA dose (4 ml/L); CON-HS: standard protein diet-high PWA dose (8 ml/L); LP-NS: low protein diet-no PWA; LP-LS: low protein diet-low PWA dose (4 ml/L); LP-HS: low protein diet- high PWA dose (8 ml/L). Feed intake and body weight were recorded daily and weekly, respectively. At week 4, blood and tissue samples were collected and analyzed for metabolites using a chemistry analyzer and amino acid transporters using qPCR, respectively. The data were analyzed by univariate GLM (SPSS®) and the means were separated using paired Student’s t-test corrected by Benjamini-Hochberg. Pigs fed CON-HS improved the average daily gain and serum calcium and phosphorus concentrations compared to CON-NS. Pigs fed LP-LS had higher serum phosphorus and blood urea nitrogen compared to the pigs fed with LP-NS. The mRNA abundance of SLC7A11 in the jejunum was lower in CON-LS and CON-HS compared to CON-NS. Additionally, mRNA abundance of SLC6A19 in the jejunum of pigs fed with LP-LS was higher compared to LP-NS and lower in CON-HS relative to pigs fed with CON-LS. In conclusion, PWA improved the growth performance of pigs fed standard protein diets but not low protein diets. Further, the PWA improved the concentrations of blood calcium and phosphorous in pigs fed MLP diets.

Funding: Agrivida and Animal Health and Production and Animal Products: Improved Nutritional Performance, Growth, and Lactation of Animals from the USDA-NIFA.
PSIV-16 Maternal Nutrient Restriction Followed by Re-alimentation Alters Distinct Metabolic Pathways in Sheep Offspring
Authors: Smith Brandon I , Vasquez-Hidalgo Manuel A , Vonnahme Kimberly A , Grazul-Bilska Anna T , Swanson Kendall C , Reed Sarah A , Zinn Steven A , Govoni Kristen E
Published: November 2020

To determine the effects of maternal nutrient restriction and re-alimentation on offspring metabolism, 48 pregnant ewes with singletons, were fed a control diet [100% National Research Council (NRC) requirements (CON)] starting at the beginning of gestation. On day 50 of gestation, ewes (n = 7) were euthanized and fetal liver, muscle, and blood samples were collected. The remaining animals were fed either CON or 60% NRC requirements (RES), a subset were euthanized at day 90 of gestation (n = 7/treatment), and fetal samples obtained. Remaining ewes were maintained on the current diet (CON-CON, n = 6; RES-RES, n = 7) or switched to alternative diet (CON-RES, RES-CON; n = 7/treatment). On day 130 of gestation, remaining ewes were euthanized, and fetal samples collected. Fetal liver, longissimus dorsi, and blood metabolites were analyzed using LC-MS/MS at Metabolon Inc. Pathway enrichment analysis was conducted using MetaboAnalyst 4.0. In liver, muscle, and blood, 64, 44, and 34 pathways were enriched between treatments at day 130 gestation and 10, 6, and 11 pathways were enriched at day 90 gestation, respectively. Arginine and proline metabolism; primary bile acid biosynthesis; and valine, leucine, and isoleucine biosynthesis were the most highly enriched pathways in RES compared with CON in liver, muscle, and blood, respectively. Additionally, the pentose phosphate pathway; valine, leucine, and isoleucine metabolism; and phenylalanine metabolism were the most highly enriched pathways in RES-CON compared with CON-CON in liver, muscle, and blood, respectively. In liver, ribulose 5-phosphate, xylulose 5-phosphate, and ribose 5-phosphate were decreased 1.82-, 1.54-, and 2.38-fold, respectively in RES-CON compared with CON-CON (P ≤ 0.05). Total triacylglycerols were increased 3.04-fold in muscle and decreased 1.57-fold in blood in RES-CON and RES-RES compared with CON-CON and CON-RES (P ≤ 0.05). Mid-gestational nutrient restriction and subsequent re-alimentation altered distinct metabolic amino acid, carbohydrate, and lipid pathways, potentially altering postnatal growth. Supported by USDA-AFRI grants 2016-67016-24884 and 2017-67016-26568.
PSIV-3 Cow Efficiency: Modeling the Biological and Economic Output of a Michigan Beef Herd
Authors: Thompson Logan R , Beck Matt , Buskirk Dan , Rowntree Jason E , McKendree Melissa
Published: November 2020

The experiment objective was to examine the biological efficiency and economic returns of a Northern Michigan cow-calf system. We hypothesized that biological efficiency and economic returns would decrease with increasing cow body size. Data was collected from a Red Angus cow herd located at the Lake City AgBio Research Center in Lake City, MI from 2011 to 2018. Data included cow age, weight, and body condition score at weaning, and subsequent 205 d adjusted calf weaning weight (WW), sex, and yearling weight. Biological efficiency was defined as WW as a percentage of cow body weight (DBW). Enterprise budgeting techniques were used to calculate expected net returns from 2011 to 2018 after classifying cows into 11 BW tiers at 22.67 kg intervals beginning at 430.83 kg. Forward looking net present value was calculated using the same tier system, for a 10-year production cycle with the baseline being a 200 d grazing season. For each 1% increase in DBW, WW increased 0.37kg (P < 0.01), but percentage of DBW weaned declined 0.38% over that same range (P < 0.01). This led to cows weaning 26.38 kg/ha more with every 100 kg drop in DBW. Expected net returns from 2011–2018 did not differ by DBW tier on a per cow basis but did on a per ha basis with a decrease in $10.27/ha with each increase in DBW tier (P < 0.01). Net present value was maximized in the baseline scenario at 453.51 kg DBW and decreased in value as DBW increased. These results suggest that for a Northern Midwestern cow-calf herd, comparatively lighter cows combined with longer grazing seasons provide a higher economic value on a land basis.
PSIV-30 The influence of oil-based palatants on eating behavior in gestating mares
Authors: Crowell Cierra N , Francis Jesse , Perry Erin B
Published: November 2020

Gustatory and olfactory changes have been reported during gestation across multiple species. However, few data are available regarding feeding preferences of gestating mares. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of oil-based palatants in late term gestating mares. Gestating mares (n = 5) and reproductively sound open mares (n=5) were evaluated via paired preference testing over five test periods conducted within the final 4 months of gestation. Oil-based flavors (corn oil, anise, and apple) were topically applied to a basal pelleted diet (0.375 ml/0.23 kg). Diets were offered simultaneously using a ground level feeding platform within individual box stalls. Mares were allowed 20 minutes for olfactory or gustatory interaction. Olfactory interactions were characterized by periods of sniffing the diet without consumption. Gustatory interactions were characterized by periods of consumption including intake and mastication. Behaviors assessed included: First diet sniffed, consumed, and finished; Time until each treatment was finished; Time to finish first diet; Time to finish all diets, as well as number of olfaction and consumption interactions for each diet. Data were analyzed using PROC FREQ and repeated measures command of PROC MIXED in SAS version 9.4. Data analysis reveals a 15% faster consumption of the control diet in gestating mares (P = 0.04), as well as a 17% faster time to finish their first diet (P = 0.02). Interestingly, pregnant mares had a higher number of olfactory interactions for all diets (P < 0.01), but less consumption interactions for control (P < 0.01) and anise (P = 0.02) diets. These novel data suggest a previously unreported heightened olfactory assessment in gestating mares as well as new insights to gestational feeding behaviors.
PSVII-18 Role of azoximer bromid in functional system «mother-fetus» in cows
Authors: Filatov Andrey , Shemuranova Natal’ya , Sapozhnikov Alexander , Anipchenko Polina , Eremin Sergey , Nikitin Georgy , Plemyashov Kirill
Published: November 2020

The aim was to study efficiency of Azoxivet (azoximer bromid) for prevention of cows’ postnatal diseases and indirect influence on calves’ growth. Groups of pregnant Holstein cows (> 6000 kg per lactation) were formed (G1,G2,G3). Cows of G1 (n = 20) received Azoxivet intramuscularly once at 7 days prior to expected date of calving at a dose 24 mg. G2 (n = 20) - 24 mg at 14 and 7 days prior to expected date of calving. G3 (n = 20) was control. Single application of Azoxivet at 7 days prior to calving doesn’t lead to lowering trouble of postnatal endometritis: this disease was registered at 60% cows of G1 and 65% cows of G3. In G2, endometritis was recorded only at 40% of animals. The density of the colostrum in of G1 and G2 was varied: 1060.0±3.1-1063.0±2.9 kg/m3, which exceeded the indicator of the G3 by 13–16 kg/m3 (P < 0.05). There was increased amount of whey proteins in colostrum obtained from cows of G1 and G2: the differences were 6.4% and 19.2% (P < 0.05). In the G3 it was 220.5 ± 12.6 g/l. The amount of total immunoglobulins in the colostrum in G1 was 159.7 ± 9.6 g/l, in G2 - 180.6 ± 4.0 g/l, that was higher than in the G 3 by 35.0% (P < 0.05). The incidence of calves received from cows of G1 and G2 was lower than 15%, than G3, and the safety to the 2-month age was 90–95% against 85% in G3. The average alive mass of 1 calf in G3 was 77.5±1.6 kg that was lower than in G1 by 5.7% (P < 0.05), in G2 – by 9.6% (P < 0.01). The mediated immune-correction with Azoxivet through the system of fetus-mother allows to reduce incidence, to increase viability of calves in the first 2 months of life.
PSVII-13 Mineral feeder design impacts frequency of use in grazing beef cattle
Authors: Crites Benjamin , Boeglin Michaela , Heath Jaycie , Vanzant Eric , Roy Nicholas , Stamm Clay , Sears Brandon , Coffey David , Campbell Matthew , Musen Steven , Barnes Jessica , Williams Victor , Lehmkuhler Jeffrey
Published: November 2020

Trace minerals are essential for many biological and metabolic processes and often supplemented ad libitum to grazing beef cattle. However, research has shown large variations in individual intakes. The objective of this study was to examine the impact of mineral feeder design on visitations and intake. In a crossover experimental design, beef cattle operations (n = 5) were randomly assigned to treatment sequence (lid status) and each evaluation period occurred for 5 – 7 days. Browning game trail cameras (Prometheus Group LLC, Birmingham, AL) were used to record time lapse pictures at 2-minute intervals from sunrise to sunset. Time was categorized as morning (≤10:00), mid-day (10:01 – 14:00), afternoon (14:01 – 18:00) and evening (>18:00). Activity was categorized as eating mineral, standing, lying or other within 0.5 m of feeder. Effects of farm, treatment, and time were analyzed using the GENMOD procedures of SAS 9.4 and mineral intake data were analyzed using PROC GLM. There were significant effects of farm (P < 0.001), treatment (P < 0.007), time (P < 0.001), and the treatment by time interaction (P < 0.001) for the numbers of cows and calves eating. Different herd sizes likely contributed to the significance of farm. Data were further analyzed using PROC FREQ. Of the animals eating, more cows and calves were observed eating with the lid removed (59.1% and 61.7%, respectively). However, average mineral disappearance did not differ (P = 0.57) by treatment (50.4 kg vs. 42.0 kg). Regardless of treatment, more cows were observed eating during the morning and afternoon (35% and 34.8%, respectively) than in the evening (10.3%). Similarly, more calves were categorized as eating in the morning and afternoon (29.3% and 41.3%, respectively) than in the evening (14.1%). These preliminary results indicate that feeder design may impact visitation of cows and calves but not average mineral disappearance.
PSVII-10 Evaluation of different biochar sources added at two inclusion levels in a grass hay- based diet on dry matter disappearance and ruminal fermentation parameters in vitro
Authors: Mengistu Genet , McAllister Tim A , Ominski Kim , Ribeiro Gabriel O , Okine Erasmus , Saleem A M , McGeough E J
Published: November 2020

This study evaluated the impact of adding biochar to a grass hay-based diet on in vitro dry matter disappearance (DMD), total gas production (GP), methane production (CH4), volatile fatty acid (VFA) and ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) concentration. Treatments were arranged in a factorial design with 7 biochar products differing in origin (pine or coconut-based) and physical properties (course, fine or loose spheres) at 2 inclusion levels (2.25% and 4.5% of DM) and a grass hay-only control. On each three successive weeks, rumen fluid was collected from 2 ruminally cannulated beef heifers fed a grass hay-based diet, pooled and mixed with a buffer solution (1:2) and treatments incubated in triplicate for 48 h. Gas pressure was recorded at 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 36 and 48 h of incubation, and gas was collected at each time to measure CH4. At 48 h, pH was measured and the supernatant sampled for determination of VFA and NH3-N, while the residue was used to estimate DMD. Dry matter disappearance decreased (P < 0.05) with increasing addition of biochar. Biochar did not affect GP or CH4, but did reduce (P < 0.05) gas production per g of DM incubated (111.7 vs 107.8 ml/g), but not per g DMD. The lower GP per g DM incubated could be related to the increased proportion of the diet as biochar, without it contributing to GP. Biochar, irrespective of level did not affect the total or molar proportions of VFA. There was a biochar x inclusion level interaction (P < 0.04) in NH3-N concentration. Biochar type and inclusion level in the present study had little or no significant effect on in vitro fermentation and did not mitigate CH4 production from a grass hay-based diet.
PSVII-15 Performance, digestibility and ruminal morphophysiology of water buffaloes finished in feedlot
Authors: Jacaúna Amanna G , Castilhos André M , Francisco Caroline L , Meirelles Paulo R L , Zeoula Lúcia M , Correa Hugo L , Jacob Vanessa R M , Paula Tania V , de Barros Felipe , Jorge Andre M
Published: November 2020

This study evaluated the digestibility and ruminal morphophysiology of water buffaloes finished in feedlot and receiving concentrate diet ad libitum (corn silage, ground corn, cottonseed meal, urea, and premix). Seventy-eight male water buffaloes of different genetic groups (GG; Jafarabadi, Mediterranean, and Murrah; n = 26 animals for each GG; 378.57±42.76 kg of initial body weight - BW) were used. The digestibility evaluation was performed and the feces samples were collected after 84 days, for 13 consecutive days [10 days of data collection for dry matter intake (DMI) calculation, and three days of feces collection]. Samples of the ruminal epithelium were collected for morphological and histological analysis of the ruminal papillae postmortem. There was no effect of the GG for digestibility (P = 0.15). Jafarabadi and Mediterranean showed superior feedlot performance compared to Murrah (P < 0.01) for average daily gain (1.57, 1.60, and 1.29, in kg/day, for Jafarabadi, Mediterranean, and Murrah, respectively; SEM=0.07). In addition, Mediterranean presented higher values for DMI than the other GG (2.14, 2.47, and 2.21, in %BW, for Jafarabadi, Mediterranean, and Murrah, respectively; SEM=0.07). Effect of the GG was verified for the variable epithelium (P < 0.01), for which Murrah obtained higher value than other GG (49.14, 48.99, and 55.46, in µm, for Jafarabadi, Mediterranean, and Murrah, respectively; SEM=4.97). Tendency was detected for papillae width (P = 0.09) for which Mediterranean showed a smaller value compared to Jafarabadi, while Murrah did not differ from both GG (0.338, 0.303, and 0.316, in mm, for Jafarabadi, Mediterranean, and Murrah, respectively; SEM=0.016). The mean number of papillae showed tendency for the GG (PP = 0.09) with the highest value for the Mediterranean (56.48, 66.31, and 58.04, for Jafarabadi, Mediterranean, and Murrah, respectively; SEM=13.88). In conclusion, GG of water buffaloes have some differences in feedlot performance and ruminal traits; however, these characteristics do not affect digestibility. Supported by FAPESP (#2014/05473-7).
PSIX-33 Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) but not Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA) induces the trans-differentiation of C2C12 into white-like adipocytes phenotype
Authors: Huang Yan , Ghnaimawi Saeed , Wang Yongjie , Zhang Shilei , Baum Jamie
Published: November 2020

Muscle-derived stem cells (MDSCs, or myoblasts) play an important role in myotubes regeneration. However, these cells can differentiate into adipocytes once exposed to EPA and DHA, which are highly suggested during pregnancy. The objective of this study aims at determining the effect of isolated EPA and DHA on C2C12 cells undergoing white and brown adipogenic differentiation. Confluent cultured cells were treated with white and brown adipocyte induction medium (WIM and BIM respectively) with 50µM EPA and 50µM DHA separately. DHA treated groups differentiated into white-like adipocyte by down-regulating the expression of myogenic genes such as MyoD, MyoG, and Mrf4; but promoted white adipocyte marker genes(P < 0.05). Moreover, cells treated with WIM and DHA exhibited a decrease in mitochondrial biogenesis through suppressing PGC1a and TFAM expression (P < 0.05). Also, DHA promoted the expression of lipolysis regulating genes. DHA impaired C2C12 cells browning through reducing the mitochondrial biogenesis by significantly suppressing the expression of COX7a1, PGC1a, and UCP3 genes (P < 0.05). DHA treated groups showed an increased accumulation of lipid droplets and suppressed maximal mitochondrial respiration and spare capacity. EPA treatment reduced myogenesis regulating genes (P < 0.05) but did not affect adipogenic genes (P >0.05). Likewise, EPA suppressed the expression of WAT signature genes (P < 0.05), indicating its antagonism to DHA. EPA and WIM treatment suppressed the expression of TFAM and PGC1a, but did not affect PGC1a protein level. Although mitochondrial biogenic gene expression was reduced in EPA and BIDM treated group, no changes in mitochondrial function were observed. EPA supplementation did not affect the differential route of C2C12 into brown adipocytes. To conclude, EPA and DHA may similarly affect the integrity of muscle tissue, but DHA is a potent adipogenic and lipogenic factor that can change the metabolic profile of the body by increasing intramuscular fat.
PSIX-35 Quebracho Tannin Influences Lipolytic Activity in Mature Porcine Adipocytes
Authors: Lowke Makenzie T , Kaiser Richard F , Bell Natasha L , Garcia Michelle
Published: November 2020

Fat deposition in pork enhances flavor of meat; however, too much fat is an undesirable commodity in a health-conscious society. Therefore, manipulating the nutritional components of a swine diet to aid in the deliberate deposition of fat for the purpose of flavor while avoiding overconditioning is an aim in production. Nutrient additives, such as condensed polyphenolic tannins, inhibit pre-adipocyte maturation, but the role on lipid metabolism in mature adipocytes (MA) remains unclear. Therefore, it is hypothesized that quebracho tannin will alter lipid metabolism in porcine MA. Subcutaneous adipose tissue was collected from 5 ± 0 month old (n = 3) barrows weighing 37.7 ± 1.84kg. Tissue was enzymatically dispersed (collagenase type II) to isolate lipid filled adipocytes. After enzymatic separation the cells were rinsed and divided into 2 groups for separate incubation periods plus tannin treatment: 1) 2 hr incubation time with/without tannin (Quebracho Schinopsis lorentzii; 0M, 0.1mg, 0.5mg, and 1mg) or 2) 24 hr incubation time with/without tannin (0M, 0.1mg, 0.5mg, and 1mg). Approximately 4x105 cells/well were cultured in triplicate/treatment dose at 37 °C with 5% CO2 in atmosphere. Upon termination of the culture period, media was processed for analysis of glycerol content to determine lipolytic activity using an enzymatic colorimetric assay. The MIXED procedure of SAS for factorial treatment design was utilized to determine the effect of time and tannin treatment on lipolytic activity in cultured MA. Glycerol content was significantly higher (P£0.001) in tannin treated cultures. Time tended (P = 0.1) to influence the magnitude of lipolytic activity. Hence, quebracho tannin appears to augment lipolytic activity in cultured porcine MA. Determining the effect of tannin on lipolytic regulators will support the supposition that tannins influence MA lipid metabolism.
PSVI-29 Post-Extrusion In-vitro Fermentability of Fiber in Extruded Dog Foods
Authors: Holt Dalton A , Mooney Alaina , Deliephan Aiswariya , Alavi Sajid , Aldrich Charles G
Published: November 2020

Previous work has evaluated fermentation of fiber ingredients; however, the effect of extrusion has rarely been explored. The objective was to determine post-extrusion fiber fermentability with a dog fecal in vitro model. Dietary treatments containing 10% apple pomace (AP), blueberry pomace (BP), or miscanthus grass (MM) were compared to a control (CD) with no added fiber. Diets were produced with a single screw extruder under set processing conditions. In addition, higher (MH) and lower (ML) mechanical energy was applied to miscanthus treatments. Post-extrusion samples were pre-digested and residual fibers fermented for 1, 3, 6, and 12-hours. Short chain fatty acids (SCFA) and organic matter disappearance (OMD) were determined for each fiber and time point. Data were analyzed as a completely randomized design with statistical software (SAS, v 9.4). The OMD was greatest (P < 0.05; 56.1%) for CD than AP, MM, and BP (average 35.19%). Total SCFA concentration was greatest (P < 0.05) for CD followed by AP and BP, and lowest for MM (1.53, average 1.19, and 0.92 mmol*g-1 of substrate, respectively). Acetate proportions were highest (P < 0.05) for BP (60.85%) and lowest for CD (52.86%), with AP and MM intermediate (average 56.57%). Propionate proportions were similar (P < 0.05) across all treatments (average 21.18%). Butyrate proportions were highest (P < 0.05) for CD (11.91%) and lowest for BP and MM (average 9.60%), with AP similar (10.15%) to all treatments. Processing did not affect (P < 0.05) OMD, SCFA concentration or proportions among the different mechanical energy inputs to the miscanthus grass treatments. When corrected for total fiber, CD had the lowest SCFA concentration (P < 0.05; 6.74 mmol*100g-1of diet) compared to all other treatments (average 12.8 mmol*100g-1of diet). While, CD was most fermentable on a gram of fiber basis; on a dietary basis, all fiber treatments had greater concentrations of total SCFA and butyrate.
PSVI-28 Palatability and Scent Detection of Oxidation Levels in Poultry Meal
Authors: Coon Craig N , Fowler Jason W , Boggess Mary Ann , Varney Jessica L , Weil Jordan T , Bench B J
Published: November 2020

Pet food made from fresh and rendered high quality meat products are considered safe and nutritious products. Currently the main assessment of meat freshness and fat products is based on peroxide values (PV), quantifying secondary oxidation products such as aldehydes, ketones, and alcohols. Research on how rancidity or peroxidation affects the health/safety of pets has not been adequately investigated. Exploring how Labrador retrievers interact with PV associated aromas, the goal was to observe any correlations in canine aromatic preference to differing poultry meal PV levels. A pilot study was conducted to gather preliminary data and screen 60 Labrador Retrievers (30 male/30 female) for those best suited for this novel aromatic palatability approach. 10 Labrador Retrievers (5 male/5 female) were hand selected from the original group of 60, according to their willingness to interact repeatedly with the aromatic boxes designed to prevent consumption while allowing interaction with varied PV poultry meal aromas. Many dogs lost interest quickly when they learned they could not get to the inside contents of the boxes, making the pilot study a crucial step in the preliminary selection process. First approach was recorded for both trials as well as time spent interacting. Time spent at each box was converted to ratios and both were statistically analyzed. Data falling outside 2 standard deviations from the mean were deemed outliers and excluded from analysis. Ratio analysis examined over both trials pointed to a higher peroxide value (PV) preference, when paired with sample 1, especially sample 5. PV levels 2, 4, and 5 showed significantly higher (p=< 0.05) interaction times and 6 neared significance (P = 0.08), compared to PV level 1. Further exploration could compare all PV levels to one another, determining if a specific threshold or range of preference exists within the 6 levels we examined in this study.