bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Serum and mucosal antibody responses and protection in pigs vaccinated againstMycoplasma hyopneumoniaewith vaccines containing a denatured membrane antigen pool and adjuvant
Authors: DJORDJEVIC SP , EAMENS GJ , ROMALIS LF , NICHOLLS PJ , TAYLOR V , CHIN J
Published: March 2008

ObjectiveTo investigate the protective efficacy of a pool of denatured membrane protein antigens ofMycoplasma hyopneumoniae(J strain) in the molecular size range 70 to 85 kDa (F3 antigen) in combination with adjuvants for pigs challenged withM hyopneumoniae.

DesignA vaccine efficacy experiment with assessment of serum and respiratory tract antibody responses.

ProcedureF3 antigens were emulsified with five different adjuvants. To groups of three pigs per vaccine, four vaccines were given by intramuscular injection, and two vaccines, including one of those given intramuscularly, were given by intraperitoneal injection.

ResultsCompared to six unvaccinated pigs, animals vaccinated with F3 antigen displayed significantly reduced pneumonia (54% reduction in mean lung score) following experimental challenge. Analysis of post‐vaccination, pre‐challenge IgG and IgA ELISA antibody absorbances in serum and respiratory tract washings revealed no correlation with lung score. Six weeks after challenge, pigs previously vaccinated intramuscularly mostly demonstrated greater IgG and IgA responses in respiratory tract washings, and greater IgG serum antibody responses, than those vaccinated by intraperitoneal injection.

ConclusionPigs vaccinated withM hyopneumoniaeantigens in the molecular size range of 70 to 85 kDa showed a significant reduction in lung lesions compared with unvaccinated control animals after experimental challenge. IgG and IgA antibody concentrations in serum and respiratory tract washings after vaccination do not provide a useful prognostic indicator of protection from enzootic pneumonia.
Trichomonas gallinae in budgerigars and columbid birds in Perth, Western Australia
Authors: MCKEON T. , DUNSMORE J. , RAIDAL SR
Published: March 2008

Objective To estimate the prevalence of infection with Trichomonas gallinae and other parasites of the alimentary tract in psittacine and columbid birds in Perth and to determine in vitro the effectiveness of drugs commonly recommended for treating trichomoniasis.

Design and procedures Samples of crop contents were collected from aviary flocks of budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus) and other psittacine and columbid birds in both private and commercial collections in Perth. Similar samples from wild Senegal doves (Streptopelia senegalensis) also were collected. Crop contents were examined and cultured for Trichomonas gallinae and in vitro studies were conducted on the susceptibility of isolates to several drugs used commonly. Other parasites also were detected by faecal examination and/or necropsy.

Results
T gallinae was recovered from birds in 1 of 13 private collections of budgerigars (2/289 birds in total). Direct wetmount examination of crop fluid identified 36.4% of samples at four commercial bird dealers which were later determined by culture to contain T gallinae. The prevalence of T gallinae infection ranged from 0 to 11.4% in budgerigars. The prevalence of T gallinae infection in wild Senegal doves was 46% and from one flock of racing pigeons was 59%. The in vitro minimum lethal concentrations of metronidazole, dimetridazole and ronidazole ranged from 40 to 96, 30 to 80 and 40 to 92 μg/mL respectively for six isolates of T gallinae. Other alimentary parasites detected during the survey included Spironucleus sp (syn Hexamita sp), coccidia, Ascaridia platycerci and Raillietina sp.

Conclusions Thirteen budgerigar flocks belonging to members of avicultural societies in Perth had a low prevalence of trichomoniasis and other parasitic infections. The dose rate currently recommended for ronidazole may not result in complete protozoacidal activity against T gallinae infection.
Giardia infection in budgerigars
Authors: FILIPPICH LJ , McDONNELL PA , MUNOZ E. , UPCROFT JA
Published: March 2008

Budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus) from two different breeding colonies were found to have Giardia infection. Light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and in‐vitro and in‐vivo studies confirmed the species was G psittaci. Chicks were clinically affected and showed signs of retarded growth, dehydration and diarrhoea. The faeces of adult birds treated with metronidazole in drinking water were negative for Giardia 5 days after treatment. Megabacteria were also found in adult birds but were not treated. This study extends the known host range for Giardia in Australia to include budgerigars.
BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: Mitten Russell
Published: March 2008

Book reviewed in this article:

Cardiorespiratory Diseases of the Dog and Cat, MWS Martin and BM Corcoran, Distributed by Blackwell Science, Australia
Efficacy of zeta‐cypermethrin as pour‐on or spray formulations for the control of buffalo fly (Haematobia irritans exigua) in cattle
Authors: ROTHWELL JT , HACKET KC , FRIEND M. , FARNSWORTH WR , LOWE LB
Published: March 2008

Objective To determine the efficacy of zeta‐cypermethrin in controlling buffalo fly (Haematobia irritans exigua).

Design Five field trials in northern and central Queensland.

Procedure Zeta‐cypermethrin pour‐on at 2.5 mg/kg, spray at 62.5 ppm, deltamethrin pour‐on and pour‐on vehicle were applied to groups of 20 cattle. Buffalo fly counts were conducted three times before treatment and 3, 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35 days after treatment.

Results In central Queensland where synthetic pyrethroid resistance in buffalo fly populations was rare, 2.5 mg/kg of zeta‐cypermethrin pour‐on gave good control of buffalo fly for 4 weeks and was better than a deltamethrin product. A zeta‐cypermethrin spray used at 62.5 ppm gave 14 days control. In far‐north Queensland where resistance to synthetic pyrethroids and heavy rain was common, the maximum period of efficacy of zeta‐cypermethrin pour‐on was reduced to 2 weeks.

Conclusion In areas where there is low resistance to synthetic pyrethroids among buffalo flies, zeta‐cypermethrin pour‐on can be expected to give good control for 4 weeks.
Pesticide use and residues on Queensland wool
Authors: WARD MP , ARMSTRONG RTF
Published: March 2008

Objective To determine practices for control of louse infestation and blowfly strike in Queensland sheep flocks that are associated with organophosphorous and synthetic pyrethroid residues on wool.

Design Information on residues was obtained from a survey of Queensland wool clips. Information on pesticide use was obtained from a trace‐back postal survey. The association between pesticide use and residues was assessed using generalised linear models, controlling for potential confounding by flock location.

Procedure Between 1995 and 1997 Queensland wool clips were randomly sampled. Samples were tested for the presence and amount (mg per kg of greasy wool) of organophosphorous and synthetic pyrethroid pesticides. A questionnaire seeking information on flock characteristics and pesticide use was sent to the manager of each flock from which a wool sample was tested.

Results The median amount of OP and SP residue was 0.8 and 0.25 mg/kg, respectively, and 91 and 95% of wool samples contained < 8 mg/kg of OP and SP residues, respectively. The frequency of OP pesticide use for louse control was significantly (P = 0.005) associated with mean OP residue amount, and the timing of SP use for louse control, in relation to shearing, was significantly (P < 0.001) associated with mean SP residue amount.

Conclusion Most Queensland wool clips have acceptable amounts of residues after the use of OP and SP pesticides, but wool growers can further reduce residues by effectively controlling louse infestation with pesticide applications early after shearing and the use of non‐chemical methods of ectoparasite control.
Comparative cell morphology in the peripheral blood film from exotic and native animalsa
Authors: CANFIELD PJ
Published: March 2008

Haematological investigation is an important part of disease diagnosis. This is particularly so when investigating individual animal disease. It may also be important when investigating diseases in groups of animals, but the opportunity to perform necropsies to directly detect disease processes often diminishes its usefulness.

Haematological investigation is essentially similar for all species. The presence of nucleated erythrocytes and thrombocytes in nonmammals requires alteration of haemoglobin measurement and cell counting. In addition, it may cause some confusion in identification of cells in peripheral blood films.

Examination of blood films is an important component of haematological investigation and provides useful information on erythroid, leukocytic and platelet/thrombocytic alterations. Interpretation of alterations is essentially similar for all species. However, cell identification can at times be difficult.

There are five basic leukocytes in all species: neutrophil (mammals) or heterophil (nonmammals), eosinophil, basophil, lymphocyte and monocyte. In nonmammals it may be difficult at times to distinguish between heterophils and eosinophils. In addition, lymphocytes may be confused with thrombocytes. However, a common‐sense approach to the examination of the peripheral blood film will minimise this confusion.
Treatment and control by vaccination of erysipelas in farmed emus (Dromaius novo‐hollandiae)
Authors: SWAN RA , LINDSEY MJ
Published: March 2008

Objective To study erysipelas in farmed emus and the treatment and control of the disease by vaccination.

Design A retrospective study of field outbreaks in emus and challenge experiments in mice using field and vaccine strains of the organism.

Procedure Outbreaks of the disease were described. Field strains of the organism were identified and tested by challenge experiments in mice against commercial vaccine strains.

Results Erysipelas was characterised by sudden death in yearling emus. Deaths mainly occurred during the cold wet months. Mortalities of 6 to 10% were seen within the first 7 to 10 days of an outbreak. Clinical signs were uncommon but some birds exhibited lethargy and greenish diarrhoea. Necropsy findings included marked petechial haemorrhages on the serosal surface of the large intestine in particular, pericardial effusion and congestion and mottling of the liver. Treatment consisted of individual or mass medication with procaine penicillin, reduction of stress factors such as overcrowding, and spelling and rotation of paddocks. Isolates from two field outbreaks were identified as strain 21. Complete protection was provided by a commercial strain 2b vaccine against challenge by strain 21 field isolates in mice. Annual vaccination of birds at 4 weeks and again at 8 weeks of age appeared to control further outbreaks on farms where the disease had previously occurred and vaccination appeared to protect for at least 12 months.

Conclusion Treatment of birds with antibiotics may be feasible in the face of an outbreak. However, annual vaccination of birds with an appropriate vaccine is recommended.
Current distribution of sarcoptic mange in wombats
Authors: MARTIN RW , HANDASYDE KA , SKERRATT LF
Published: March 2008

Objective To determine the distribution and prevalence of sarcoptic mange in wombats, particularly the common wombat (Vombatus ursinus).

Design Questionnaire survey in two parts.

Procedure Questionnaires were distributed to biologists, rangers, animal carers and naturalists. Part 1 of the questionnaire aimed to determine the present distribution of sarcoptic mange in wombats (103 responses). Part 2 invited respondents to assess the prevalence of sarcoptic mange in wombats over a 3 month period (four responses). Information on wombats from 66 localities was received. Each locality represented an area of about 2500 km2.

Results Mange was observed at 93% of localities surveyed and Sarcoptes scabiei was present in common wombats at 52% of localities. Sarcoptic mange was highly prevalent (22%) in two common wombat populations in Victoria. Anecdotal evidence suggested that mange epizootics are sporadic, cause significant morbidity and mortality and have a substantial effect on local abundance. The respondents did not report sarcoptic mange in either northern hairy‐nosed wombats (Lasiorhinus krefftii) or southern hairy‐nosed wombats (Lasiorhinus latifrons).

Conclusions Sarcoptic mange occurs in common wombat populations throughout the range of the common wombat including Tasmania and Flinders Island. While mange epizootics are sporadic, they have the potential to threaten the long‐term survival of small, remnant populations.
BOOK REVIEW
Authors: Gibbons Geoff
Published: March 2008

Handbook of Small Animal Toxicology & Poisonings, RW Gfeller and SP Messo nnier, Mosby‐Williams
A cross‐sectional study of risk factors affecting the outcome of rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus releases in New South Wales
Authors: LUGTON IW
Published: March 2008

ObjectiveTo determine what factors governed the extent of outbreaks of rabbit haemorrhagic disease (RHD) following releases in New South Wales.

DesignRetrospective cross‐sectional study.

ProcedureInformation from the data set of offici al releases was subjected to two preliminary analyses. More comprehensive information on a subsample of official RHD releases, sites and animals was gathered by telephone survey of Rural Lands Protection Board staff and farmers. Data were analysed using multivariate techniques to determine which factors were associated with rabbit mortality within one month of RHDV release, within several months of release and in affecting the proportion of the population killed.

ResultsAstrong association was found between the presence of heavy flea infestation (odds ratio 2.7), breeding in rabbits and outbreaks of RHD. For each week following breeding there was an 8% decline in the odds of an outbreak. Low temperatures also promoted outbreaks. Less important effects included the prior presence of RHD at the release site, which reduced the likelihood and severity of outbreaks. The presence of cattle and proximity to the nearest water body were associated with increased severity and likelihood of outbreaks respectively.

ConclusionBoth breeding of rabbits and associated high flea numbers may act together or independently in promoting outbreaks of RHD. Stresses involved with rabbit reproduction and low environmental temperatures also appear to influence the likelihood of outbreaks. The effects of proximity to cattle and water suggests that both flies and mosquitoes may have a minor role in local transmission.
The arts in the lives of Australian veterinarians: a preliminary survey
Authors: HEATH TH , MANION BJ
Published: March 2008

ObjectiveTo assess the role of the arts in the lives of those veterinary students and veterinarians who could be found to be active in one or more of the arts.

ProcedureVeterinary students and veterinarians active in the arts were sought by advertisement and personal contact. Respondents each completed a questionnaire, which was analysed using SAS.

ResultsOf the 55 respondents (43 veterinarians; 12 students), 73% were involved in music, 31% in theatre, 27% in writing and 15% art, but for more than 80% this occupied no more than 10 hours/week, about one quarter of the time for veterinary work. Although most would like to spend more time on the artistic activity, this was generally limited by the need to earn an income from veterinary work. Music and drama provided satisfaction, variety, and relaxation while catering to creative needs. A creative outlet and satisfaction was very important for writers as well, but they also valued the intellectual stimulation. A complex relationship existed between the artistic and the veterinary activities, but the nature of this relationship varied both between type of artistic activity, and the person concerned.

ConclusionsVeterinary science and the arts can complement one another with each making important contributions to the person and the artistic field involved, even though limitations of time for the arts may cause frustration.
BOOK REVIEW
Authors: Clarke Roger
Published: March 2008

Manual of Small Animal Anesthesia, 2nd edn, edited by Robert Paddleford
Book Review
Authors: Lancaster MJ
Published: March 2008

Color Atlas of Reproductive Pathology of Domestic Animals, CD Buergelt
BOOK REVIEW
Authors: Hauler AD
Published: March 2008

Canine Sports Medicine and Surgery, MS Bloomberg, JF Dee, RA Taylor and JR Gannon
Surgical treatment of gastric leiomyoma in a dog
Authors: BECK JA , SIMPSON DS
Published: March 2008

A 12‐year‐old entire male Maltese terrier was presented with a 1 month history of vomiting and haematemesis. Microcytic hypochromic anaemia was detected. Abdominal radiography, ultrasonography and gastric endoscopy identified a discrete intramural mass in the pyloric antrum. An ulcerated leiomyoma was removed by a partial‐thickness intraluminal resection of the gastric wall. The dog recovered well and is free from clinical signs 20 months after surgery.
BOOK REVIEW
Authors: Nielsen Ian L
Published: March 2008

Medicine and Surgery of South American Camelids, Llama, Alpaca, Vicuna, Guanaco, 2nd edn
BOOK REVIEW
Authors: Lancaster MJ
Published: March 2008

Toxic Plants and Other Natural Toxicants, edited by T Garland and AC Barr
Seasonal vitamin D status of Greyhounds in Sydney
Authors: LAING CJ , MALIK R. , WIGNEY DI , FRASER DR
Published: March 2008

Objectives To survey the vitamin D status of a population of Greyhounds in New South Wales, and to establish a refer ence range for plasma 25(OH)D. To investigate whether any seasonal fluctuation in vitamin D status is detectable in these animals.

Design Vitamin D status was assessed in Greyhounds and crossbred dogs presented to the University of Sydney for teaching purposes over a 24 month period.

Procedures Plasma 25(OH)D concentration was measured as an estimate of vitamin D status. Physical exami nation and plasma calcium concentration were used to verify the health of the animals, particularly with respect to metabolic bone disease.

Results A plasma 25(OH)D concentration range of 10 to 76 nmol/L was found in healthy adult Greyhounds. There was no sex‐ or season‐dependent variation in vitamin D status in Greyhounds. Concentrations in crossbred dogs did not differ significantly from those in Greyhounds.

Conclusion The reference range for plasma 25(OH)D concentration in Greyhound dogs is similar to that previously reported for humans. It would seem that healthy dogs in the Sydney region do not exhibit a seasonal fluctuation in their vitamin D status.
Plasma cortisol concentrations following cortisone infusion in dogs before and after treatment with cortisone acetate
Authors: CHURCH DB , EMSLIE DR , WATSON ADJ
Published: March 2008

Objective To evaluate effects of iatrogenic hyperadrenocorticism on plasma cortisol concentrations produced by an infusion of hydrocortisone in dogs.

Procedure

Plasma cortisol concentrations were measured regularly during a 6 h infusion of hydrocortisone sodium succinate at two dose rates. The infusions were performed before and after treatment for 30 d with oral cortisone acetate at 10 mg/kg/24 h, divided thrice daily. Adrenal activity during the experimental period was assessed by weekly ACTH stimulation tests.

Results

Both infusion rates produced lower plasma cortisol concentrations after treatment for 30 d with cortisone.

Conclusion

Prior exposure to high concentrations of glucocorticoids may result in accelerated metabolism of glucocorticoids administered subsequently. This may necessitate increased dosages when using glucocorticoids to support inadequate adrenal function.
Economic evaluation of three anthelmintic strategies for lamb flocks affected by benzimidazole‐resistant nematodes
Authors: MACCHI C , MORRIS RS , PFEIFFER DU , BECKETT S
Published: March 2008

Objective To compare the profitability of three anthelmintic strategies in growing lambs in flocks with nematodes resistant to benzimidazole anthelmintics.

Method

A partial‐budgeting analysis was carried out by means of a stochastic simulation model, which allows inputs to be described as distributions rather than as fixed values, and hence permits variation between farms to be considered in the analysis.

Results

The results show that control of nematode parasites by use of an effective anthelmintic provides the highest net returns, yielding a margin over ineffectively treated lambs of A$114 per 100 lambs on average. Suppressive treatment based on the administration of two controlled‐release capsules and monthly with moxidectin resulted in an average loss of A$131 per 100 lambs in comparison with animals treated with an ineffective anthelmintic. Analysis of the results from capsule‐treated lambs did not take into account the unmeasured benefits associated with less contamination of pastures. Sensitivity analysis using a stochastic model indicates that apart from the effect of treatment on weight gain variation in carcase price greatly influences the profitability of all the parasite control programs examined.

Conclusion

The results suggest that it is economically important for farmers to adjust their strategy in the presence of anthelmintic resistance. But as a result of uncertainty in the factors influencing economic return, the expected economic benefit is likely to vary substantially.
Persistent atrial standstill in a cat
Authors: GAVAGHAN BJ , KITTLESON MD , McALOOSE D
Published: March 2008

A domestic shorthaired cat was presented with a 1‐month history of cardiomegaly and recurrent chylothorax. The heart rate was 130 beats/min and no P waves were present on a surface electrocardiogram. Thoracic radiographs and an echocardiogram demonstrated severe biatrial dilatation, pleural effusion and restrictive pleural disease. Permanent atrial standstill was suspected. Pleurocentesis was performed and therapy was started with enalapril, frusemide and aspirin.

Intracardiac electrograms revealed no atrial activity, and atrial pacing failed to elicit atrial or ventricular depolarisations. The patient was euthanased. Necropsy showed severe atrial wall thinning with marked cardiocyte loss. Persistent atrial standstill is a rare disease in the cat. Clinical signs may have been due to loss of atrial function, ventricular diastolic dysfunction, bradycardia, neurohormonal activation and reduced atrial natriuretic peptide plasma concentrations.
Hemihyperaesthesia and hyper‐responsiveness resembling central pain syndrome in a dog with a forebrain oligodendroglioma
Authors: HOLLAND CT , CHARLES JA , SMITH SH , CORTAVILLE PE
Published: March 2008

A 4‐year‐old male Boxer was presented with neurological signs referable to a right forebrain lesion that was confirmed with computed tomography. Whilst characteristic signs of a unilateral forebrain lesion were observed, the dominant and striking finding was a right‐sided hemisensory disturbance characterised by hyperaesthesia and hyperresponsiveness. Necropsy revealed a gelatinous mass confined to the right forebrain that was identified histologically as an oligodendroglioma. The lesion was centred on the internal capsule and involved ventral frontal and temporal lobes and the ventrolateral thalamus, including lateral and medial parts of the ventrocaudal nuclear region (ventrobasilar complex) of the thalamus. On clinical and neuroanatomical grounds, the case exhibited features in common with central pain syndrome in human patients with thalamic lesions. These included a somatosensory disorder of hyperaesthesia affecting an entire side of the head and body, behavioural manifestations consistent with spontaneous pain and a lesion involving the ventrobasilar complex. Of interest, the hemisensory abnormality was ipsilateral to the lesion, contrasting with central pain in humans, in which clinical signs are contralateral to analogous lesions. It is suggested that species‐specific differences in spinal cord organisation of pain pathways, particularly the greater bilateral projection of nociceptive afferents to thalamic relay nuclei in carnivores, may account for this disparity. Notably, central pain is rare in human patients with brain tumours, even those affecting the thalamus, and this may also be the case in dogs.
Physical, chemical and biological hazards in veterinary practice
Authors: JEYARETNAM J. , JONES H.
Published: March 2008

ObjectiveTo identify major occupational hazards encountered by veterinarians and their staff in practice in Australia.

ProcedureA literature search of Medical (MEDLINE), Occupational Health and Safety (OSHRAM) and Nursing and Allied Health (CINAHL) electronic data bases plus continual monitoring utilising the Uncover alerting system using the key words, 'occupational injury, 'occupational disease and 'safety linked with use of the word 'veterinarians has found relevant articles. Personal communication with people who have undertaken studies on occupational safety in veterinarians elicited further information.

Conclusion and recommendationsVeterinarians often sustain animal‐related injuries, the most common of which are dog and cat bites, cat scratches and being hit or crushed by large animals. The most costly to treat include strains and back injuries. Most veterinarians treat themselves. There is no single reporting system for injuries or disease in veterinarians and reported cases may greatly underestimate the total. There is a need to assess accurately the occupational hazards in veterinary practice, to determine the actual occurrence of injuries and to develop strategies to prevent them.
Effect on systemic antibody concentrations of topical application of choleratoxin to skin of sheep
Authors: COPE RB , COLDITZ IG
Published: March 2008

Objective To examine the ability of a vaccine formulation combining choleratoxin with an experimental antigen to induce a systemic antibody response when applied topically on unbroken skin of sheep.

Design Seven treatment groups of five adult sheep received systemic or topical priming followed 4 weeks later by systemic or topical boosting with choleratoxin and/or bovine serum albumin. Topical vaccines were administered to clipped skin on the ventral abdomen for 2 h. Booster immunisations were repeated 8 weeks after initial boosting. Serum antibody titres to choleratoxin and bovine serum albumin were determined by ELISA.

Results An antibody response to choleratoxin was observed in serum, but no antibody response to bovine serum albumin was detected.

Conclusion Transdermal delivery may be feasible for livestock vaccines, however, further work is necessary to develop formulations that induce protective immunity by this route.
Animal welfare plans in place world wealth
Authors: Murray Gardner
Published: March 2008

Governments, industry and community groups in Australia are jointly developing a national strategy for animal welfare. This will provide for improved national approaches and help in formulating international animal welfare standards. The strategy will recognise the point that animal welfare concerns the humane use and care of animals and is of concern to the community. Animal welfare is a significant issue for the veterinary profession, as the community expects veterinarians to fill a special role in alleviating animal suffering and pain. Many expectations and concerns influence the development of animal welfare standards. Established processes provide well‐defined roles for national bodies such as the Animal Welfare Committee (of the Standing Committee on Agriculture and Resource Management) and the National Consultative Committee for Animal Welfare.
Zygomycotic proventriculitis and ventriculitis in ostriches (Struthio camelus) with impaction
Authors: GULBAHAR MY , AGAOGLU Z , BIYIK H , YUKSEK N
Published: March 2008

Three young ostriches (Struthio camelus), aged 4 months, were found to have zygomycotic proventriculitis and ventriculitis associated with impaction. Clinical signs were anorexia, chronic weight loss, weakness and lethargy followed by scant faeces for seven days. Proventriculi and ventriculi from birds were full of masses of hay, grass, leaves and other fibrous materials in combination with sand, gravel and plastic. Erosions and haemorrhagic ulcers of varying number and severity were present in the mucosae of both organs involved. Mucosal lesions were characterized by haemorrhagic necrosis. Throughout the affected mucosae there were 5 to 12 urn wide rarely‐septated fungal hyphae with non‐parallel walls, irregular branching and occasional globoid distentions, typical of Zygomycetes. Zygomycotic proventriculitis and ventriculitis secondary to impaction was diagnosed.
Actinobacillus suis infection in pigs in Australia
Authors: Wilson RJ , Mcorist S
Published: March 2008

This is the first report of the isolation of Actinobacillus suis in association with significant disease among preweaned pigs in Australia. Sudden deaths occurred in preweaned piglets at one facility and enlarged joints, particularly the stifles and tarsi, occurred at another. Isolates with the biochemical phenotype and apx genotype profile of A suis were cultured from affected piglets. Both facilities were of high health status and one had undergone a recent depopulation, disinfection and sow repopulation process. Reviewing initial reports of A suis disease overseas, it is apparent that outbreaks occurred sporadically in various locations, with disease occurring among the herds involved for some months only, before development of immunity. A suis disease is now considered an emerging disease on high health status farms.
Congenital caudal vertebral malformations in the alpaca (Lama pacos)
Authors: VAUGHAN JL , LONSDALE RA , JACKSON G , RYAN DP
Published: March 2008

Objective To assess radiologically the caudal vertebrae of a male alpaca with an abnormal tail, and nine of his offspring.

Procedure Right lateral and ventrodorsal radiographs were taken of the caudal vertebrae.

Results The caudal vertebral abnormalities in these alpacas included vertebral subluxation, hemivertebrae, wedge hemivertebrae and block vertebrae.

Conclusion These malformations in offspring of one sire suggest a hereditary basis for congenital caudal vertebral malformations in the alpaca.
Feline inductive odontogenic tumour in a Burmese cat
Authors: BEATTY JA , CHARLES JA , MALIK R , FRANCE MP , HUNT GB
Published: March 2008

A 7‐month‐old, male, Burmese cat was presented with an oral mass that had rapidly regrown following excisional biopsy 3 weeks earlier. The tumour was identified by histological examination as a feline inductive odontogenic tumour. A unilateral segmental mandibulectomy was performed. Although dental malocclusion resulted from mandibular drift to the operated side, the cat displayed minimal dysphagia post‐operatively and there was no evidence of tumour regrowth 8 months after surgery.

Feline inductive odontogenic tumour is a rare dental tumour described exclusively in cats under 3‐years‐of‐age.1Although histopathologically benign, feline inductive odontogenic tumour grows by expansion and can infiltrate underlying bone to cause considerable local destruction. This article is intended to increase awareness of this unusual tumour which, with complete surgical excision, carries a good prognosis. It also emphasises the importance of obtaining a histological diagnosis from oral mass lesions to direct appropriate therapy and to provide an accurate prognosis.
Effect of the microclimate on horses during international air transportation in an enclosed container
Authors: THORNTON J
Published: March 2008

ObjectiveTo determine if the microclimate is detrimental to horses during international air transportation in an enclosed container.

ProcedureOn each of two 12 h and two 24 h flights three horses were transported in an enclosed container designed to prevent exposure to insect vectors. Heart rates were monitored throughout and blood samples were collected periodically. Air in the container was sampled for bacteria and fungal spores and the temperature and relative humidity were recorded inside and outside the container periodically during the flight. On the two 12 h flights similar observations were made on three horses transported in regular open containers, which were used as controls.

ResultsHeart rates during the flights reflected any agitation of the horses. Agitation was only mild and generally associated with take‐off and landing. There were no changes in haematological or blood biochemical values that suggested any detrimental effects of the flights. The temperature in the Airstable(r) was relatively constant during each flight (means ranged from 18.7 to 23.4°C) and was significantly warmer than in the cargo hold (range 13.9 to 18.3°C). Relative humidity fluctuated more widely and reflected the ambient humidity during airport stops. The numbers of bacteria and fungal spores in the Airstable® air varied during the flights but were of no apparent significance to the horses' health.

ConclusionThe Airstable® proved a convenient means to transport horses on international flights and caused no discernible ill effects on the horses studied.
Bacterial infection of the lower respiratory tract in 34 horses
Authors: RACKLYEFT DJ , LOVE DN
Published: March 2008

ObjectiveTo investigate associations between the bacteriology and aspects of history, clinical presentation, outcome and pathology of lower respiratory tract disease of 34 horses.

ProcedureDetailed aerobic and anaerobic bacteriological investigations were performed on clinical specimens from horses with pneumonia, lung abscessation and necrotic pneumonia with or without pleurisy in an attempt to identify those bacteria that might contribute to the initiation and progression of infection.

ResultsBacteria were cultured from 33 of the 34 horses. In ten cases, only aerobic/facultatively anaerobic isolates were cultured while aerobic/facultatively anaerobic bacteria and obligately anaerobic bacteria were isolated in the other 23 cases. Moderate to large numbers of anaerobic bacteria were isolated only when the estimated duration of illness was at least five days. Bacteria were not cultured from 12 of the pleural fluid samples but were always cultured from pulmonary samples (either transtracheal aspirates from live horses or pulmonary lesions at necropsy).Streptococcus equisubspzooepidemicuswas isolated in the three cases where only one bacterial species was cultured. In the other 30 cases, multiple species were isolated. These included most often and in greatest numbers,Streptococcus equisubspzooepidemicus, Pasteurellaceae, Escherichia coli, anaerobic cocci,Eubacterium fossor, Bacteroides tectum, Prevotella heparinolytica, Fusobacteriumspp, and pigmented members of the generaPrevotellaandPorphyromonas.Aerobic/facultatively anaerobic organisms were isolated from 97% of horses, while obligately anaerobic organisms were cultured from 68% of horses.

ConclusionThere was no association between the isolation of any specific bacterium and the outcome of disease. However, obligately anaerobic bacteria (such as anaerobic cocci,Bacteroides tectum, P heparinolyticaandFusobacteriumspp) and the facultatively anaerobic speciesEscherichia coli, were recovered more commonly from horses that died or were euthanased than from those that survived. There was an association between failure of horses to recover from pleuropneumonia and delay in diagnosis and initiation of treatment.
Vaccination against paratuberculosis of lambs already infected experimentally withMycobacterium aviumsubspeciesparatuberculosis
Authors: GWOZDZ JM , THOMPSON KG , MANKTELOW BW , MURRAY A , WEST DM
Published: March 2008

ObjectiveTo assess the protective value of a live‐attenuated vaccine in sheep already exposed toMycobacterium aviumsubspparatuberculosisand to investigate the progression of a systemic immune response in experimentally infected sheep.

Study designTwenty‐eight lambs, aged 1 to 1.5 months, were dosed via stomach tube with approximately 4.4 X 108M a paratuberculosisorganisms. Two weeks later, 14 of these 28 animals received subcutaneous injections of 1 mL of a live‐attenuated vaccine. Thirteen additional lambs were neither dosed nor vaccinated (negative controls). Antigen‐induced production of IFN‐γ in blood, and antibody concentrations in serum were sequentially monitored in vaccinated, unvaccinated and control animals for 1 year. Each sheep was examined for infection by an IS900‐based PCR test on samples of ileum and ileocaecal lymph node and histological examination at the time of necropsy.

ResultsSeven of 14 unvaccinated and two of 14 vaccinated sheep developed clinical paratuberculosis that was later confirmed by histological examination and/or the IS900‐based PCR test. The granulomatous inflammation in the jejunal and ileal mucosa was less severe in vaccinated than in unvaccinated sheep. Acid‐fast organisms were detected only in the unvaccinated group. The PCR assay on ileal samples gave positive reactions in two vaccinated and eight unvaccinated sheep. Both the antibody response and IFN‐γ response were detected earlier and were more substantial in vaccinated than in unvaccinated sheep. Furthermore, in experimentally infected but unvaccinated sheep, the IFN‐γ concentrations were higher in those animals without acid‐fast organisms than in those with them.

ConclusionsVaccination of lambs with live‐attenuated vaccine 2 weeks after oral inoculation withM a paratuberculosisstimulated the host response against the organism and led to a reduced mycobacterial burden. The diminished IFN‐γ responses in experimentally infected sheep with acid‐fast organisms suggest a positive relationship between the magnitude of the systemic cell‐mediated immune response and an animal's ability to control infection.
Comparison of DNA probe test and cultivation methods for detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis in caprine and ovine faeces
Authors: DIMARELI‐MALLI Z , SARRIS K
Published: March 2008

Objective To compare a DNA probe test with two cultivation methods for the detection ofMycobacterium aviumsubspparatuberculosisin goat and sheep faeces.

Design Comparison of the results of the three methods with histological examination as the reference standard.

Procedure Faecal specimens were obtained from goats and sheep originating from flocks known to be affected with paratuberculosis and tested forMycobacterium aviumsubspparatuberculosiswith a DNA probe test and two cultivation methods (old conventional culture and new double incubation method in Herrold's and Lowenstein‐Jensen medium).

Results In goats, the sensitivity of the various tests were for the DNA probe test 17.2%, for the double incubation culture method 25.4% and for the old conventional culture method 22.8% using the histopathological results as reference. In sheep the sensitivity of the various tests were for the DNA probe test 13.2%, for the double incubation culture method 8.8% and for the old conventional culture method 5.9% using the histopathological results as reference. The specificity of the above tests was 100% in goats and sheep and the specificity of the double incubation culture method in goats was 91%.

Conclusions The DNA probe test is a rapid and specific test that could be used in a control program if the sensitivity of the test were improved and possibly in combination with another test.
Prevention of blowfly strike on coarse and fine woolled sheep with the insect growth regulator dicyclanil
Authors: NOTTINGHAM RM , HOSKING BC , SCHMID HR , STREHLAU G , JUNQUERA P
Published: March 2008

Objective To assess a ready‐to‐use formulation of dicyclanil to prevent blowfly strike on coarse and fine woolled sheep under New Zealand conditions.

Design Randomized clinical field trials.

Procedure In a first field trial, coarse woolled sheep treated with a ready‐to‐use, 5% dicyclanil formulation were compared with untreated control sheep for up to 21 weeks. In a second field trial, fine woolled sheep, treated with the same dicyclanil formulation, were compared with untreated sheep for up to 19 weeks. Efficacy was assessed by calculating the aggregated cumulative strike rate.

Results For trial 1 (coarse woolled sheep) the aggregated cumulative strike rate at the end of the trial at week 21 after treatment reached 3.9% and 19.1% for treated and untreated sheep, respectively. For the treated animals the aggregated cumulative strike rate reached the 1% and 2% benchmarks between weeks 11 and 12. For trial 2 (fine woolled sheep) the aggregated cumulative strike rate at the end of the trial at week 19 reached 0.6% and 7.5% for treated and untreated sheep, respectively. Wool length at the time of application did not substantially influence the efficacy of dicyclanil.

Conclusion Under New Zealand field conditions, a ready‐to‐use 5% spray‐on formulation of dicyclanil protected coarse woolled sheep for at least 12 weeks and fine woolled sheep for at least 19 weeks.
Feline immunodeficiency virus status of Australian cats with lymphosarcoma
Authors: GABOR LJ , LOVE DN , MALIK R , CANFIELD PJ
Published: March 2008

ObjectiveTo determine the FIV status of Australian cats with lymphosarcoma and relate this to patient characteristics, tumour characteristics (tissue involvement, histological grade and immunophenotype), haematological and serum biochemical values and FeLV status of affected cats.

DesignProspective study of 101 client‐owned cats with naturally‐occurring lymphosarcoma.

ProcedureWestern blot analysis, ELISA and immunochromatography were used to detect FIV antibodies in serum from cats with lymphosarcoma.

ResultsOn the basis of Western blot analysis (which was considered the most accurate method for determining FIV status), 50/101 (50%) of cats with naturally‐occurring lymphosarcoma were positive for FIV antibodies. Of these 50 cats, 35 had tumours of B‐cell phenotype, 13 had T‐cell tumours and 2 had tumours classified as non‐B/non‐T. Tumours from eight of these FIV‐positive cats contained FeLV gene sequences, including a 9‐month‐old cat with FeLV antigenaemia. Compared with FIV‐negative cats with lymphosarcoma, FIV‐positive cats were more likely to be domestic crossbreds (P = 0.004), male (P = 0.048) and have atypical (especially nasal) forms of lymphosarcoma (P = 0.09). Only 39 of 107 (36%) blood or sera tested using ELISA were positive for FIV antibodies (including 5 false‐positives).

ConclusionsThe prevalence of FIV infection was considerably higher in our cohort of cats compared with series of lymphosarcoma cases from the Northern hemisphere. A positive FIV status was strongly associated with lymphosarcoma in Australian cats and it is possible that this infection may predispose to the development of lymphoid neoplasia. The presence of FIV infection would have been underestimated if commercial kits alone had been used for serology.
Detection of Ehrlichia platys in dogs in Australia
Authors: BROWN GK , MARTIN AR , ROBERTS TK , AITKEN RJ
Published: March 2008

Objective To describe the detection of Ehrlichia platys in free‐roaming dogs in Central Australia. Procedure Blood samples were collected from four dogs and examined for bacterial 16S ribosomal DNA using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)‐based assays. The three positive samples obtained were then sequenced and identification of the PCR product carried out. As a result of all three samples being identical to or closely related to part of the 16S rRNA gene of E platys, blood samples were subsequently obtained from a further 24 dogs. These samples were screened using a PCR‐assay to determine the presence of Ehrlichia DNA using genus‐specific primers. The positive samples obtained from the screening process were then subjected to a further PCR‐assay using E platys specific primers.

Results Of 28 dogs sampled, Ehrlichia DNA was detected in the blood of 13 dogs. Sequencing of the amplicons obtained indicated a high homology with the 16S rRNA gene for E platys. When the E platys ‐specific PCR was performed for 10 of those dogs, the 678 bp product obtained from the PCR amplification confirmed the identification as part of the 16S rRNA gene of E platys in all 10 dogs.

Conclusion This study reports for the first time Ehrlichia carriage by dogs in Australia. It also indicates the usefulness of the PCR technique in rapidly and accurately identifying diseases that are otherwise difficult to detect. By using universal primers directed against bacterial 16S ribosomal DNA and sequencing analysis, the detection of potentially pathogenic Ehrlichia organisms that had not previously been found in Australia has been made possible.
Association between feeding perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne cultivar Grasslands Impact) containing high concentrations of ergovaline, and health and productivity in a herd of lactating dairy cows
Authors: LEAN IJ
Published: March 2008

Perennial ryegrasses are frequently infected with fungal endophyte (Neotyphodium lolii) to increase the resistance of the plant to insect damage. Unfortunately, a side effect of endophyte infection can be the production of alkaloids, including Lolitrem B and ergovaline, that produce toxic effects in animals. A significant 4.6 litre decrease in milk production in a herd of Holstein‐Friesian dairy cows was associated with high concentrations of ergovaline in ryegrass silage. Simultaneously, milk SCC increased significantly over a comparable period and reproductive performance declined. Body condition score and coat condition of cows were adversely affected. Unique aspects of this Case report include; very stable production of the herd over a period of years before and after cessation of feeding silage containing high concentrations of ergovaline; the presence of high concentrations of ergovaline in the silage; and a controlled diet that reduced the risks of variation in feed availability and other sources of toxins. Veterinarians and other farm advisors should be aware of the potential for negative effects on animal health and production of fungal endophyte and the potential for Neotyphodium loliit o produce ergovaline.
Reactions to tick antitoxin serum and the role of atropine in treatment of dogs and cats with tick paralysis caused by Ixodes holocyclus: a pilot survey
Authors: ATWELL RB , CAMPBELL FE
Published: March 2008

Objective To determine the incidence and nature of adverse reactions of dogs and cats to tick antitoxin serum and to re‐evaluate the role of atropine in the treatment of tick paralysis.

Design A retrospective questionnaire of veterinarians.

Procedure Questionnaires were posted to 320 veterinarians in tick‐endemic regions of Australia. Questions referred to dogs and cats treated for tick paralysis over a period of three years: the number treated, treatment protocols and adverse systemic reactions to tick antitoxin serum. Ninety completed questionnaires were returned and responses analysed.

Results Veterinarians reported that approximately 3% of dogs exhibited adverse reactions immediately following treatment with tick antitoxin serum. Eighteen percent of these reactions were described as anaphylaxis, with the remaining 82% attributed to the Bezold‐Jarisch reflex. Six percent of cats treated with tick antitoxin serum reacted adversely and the majority of reactions (63%) were ascribed to the Bezold‐Jarisch reflex. Atropine was used routinely by 10% of responding veterinarians in the treatment of dogs and cats with tick paralysis. A similar number of veterinarians used atropine only in selected cases. Most veterinarians (76%) reported that they never used atropine in the treatment of tick paralysis in either dogs or cats. Within the survey population, premedication with atropine reduced the number of Bezold‐Jarisch reactions following tick antitoxin administration approximately five‐fold in dogs and four‐fold in cats.

Conclusions Data from this pilot survey indicate that more cats than dogs have adverse systemic reactions to tick antitoxin serum and that the majority of these reactions in both dogs and cats could be related to the Bezold‐Jarisch reflex. The number of reactions to tick antitoxin serum in dogs and cats could be significantly reduced by the routine use of atropine prior to administration of tick antitoxin serum.