bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
FRINGE
Authors: Freedgood Elaine
Published: December 2002

IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY, edginess was experienced as a literal problem. The OED gives the first definition, occurring in 1822, as “the condition of having the outlines too clearly marked; angularity, hardness of outline.” This problem of unsightly outlines was solved, I suggest, by an extensive use of fringe throughout the Victorian period. These many miles of trimming performed symbolic work for a culture whose anxieties seemed to gather at edges — of clothing, of furniture, of nations, of empires, and eventually, of selves. A few inches of fringe, after all, can make an edge wide and irregular enough to allow for error. A row of pompoms strategically placed can usefully blur the beginnings and endings of literal and figurative fabric. A border of lace can protect edges from unraveling or wearing down. The fringed, and thus indefinite border, suggests the value of being able to imagine and construct limits as variable, permeable, and attenuated structures, rather than as hard edges at which one must stop short. The befringed edge offers a margin for error, for exploration, for coming to an end slowly and gradually.

Can fringe really mean anything, much less create symbolic space for working out conflicts that gather at boundaries, limits, and edges? I contend that fringe, like other debased aspects of material culture, can perform cultural work precisely because it doesn’t get taken seriously. Indeed, the debasement of fringe is part of what makes it interesting and significant.
DELIGHTFUL COXCOMBS TO INDUSTRIOUS MEN: FASHIONABLE POLITICS IN CECIL AND PENDENNIS
Authors: Nicolay Claire
Published: December 2002

THOMAS CARLYLE’S CONTEMPTUOUS DESCRIPTION of the dandy as “a Clothes-wearing Man, a Man whose trade, office, and existence consists in the wearing of Clothes” (313) has survived as the best-known definition of dandyism, which is generally equated with the foppery of eighteenth-century beaux and late nineteenth-century aesthetes. Actually, however, George Brummell (1778–1840), the primary architect of dandyism, developed not only a style of dress, but also a mode of behavior and style of wit that opposed ostentation. Brummell insisted that he was completely self-made, and his audacious self-transformation served as an example for both parvenus and dissatisfied nobles: the bourgeois might achieve upward mobility by distinguishing himself from his peers, and the noble could bolster his faltering status while retaining illusions of exclusivity. Aristocrats like Byron, Bulwer, and Wellington might effortlessly cultivate themselves and indulge their taste for luxury, while at the same time ambitious social climbers like Brummell, Disraeli, and Dickens might employ the codes of dandyism in order to establish places for themselves in the urban world. Thus, dandyism served as a nexus for the declining aristocratic elite and the rising middle class, a site where each was transformed by the dialectic interplay of aristocratic and individualistic ideals.
DRESSING UP: HARDY’S TESS OF THE D’URBERVILLES AND OLIPHANT’S PHOEBE JUNIOR
Authors: Michie Elsie B.
Published: December 2002

THE ANXIETY ABOUT BEING ill- or well-dressed that Margaret Oliphant evokes so vividly in this passage was particularly acute in the last half of the nineteenth century when changes in the clothes people wore reflected increasing class mobility. With the growth of a ready-to-wear clothing industry that made it more and more difficult to distinguish the bourgeoisie from the lower echelons of society, “dress became,” as Charles Blanc argued in 1872, “an image of the rapid movement that carries away the world” (qtd. in Benjamin 74). Alongside and as a result of this democratization of dress, a backlash occurred in which subtleties of dress became a means of reinforcing the very class distinctions that seemed to be vanishing in the late nineteenth century. As Rudolph von Jhering argued in 1869, “Fashion is the barrier — continually raised anew because continually torn down — by which the fashionable world seeks to segregate itself from the middle region of society” (qtd. in Benjamin 74). In Tess of the d’Urbervilles and Phoebe Junior, Thomas Hardy and Oliphant use fashion to explore the freedoms and limitations of late nineteenth- century class mobility by telling the story of heroines who are able, in part through education, to separate themselves from their lower-class roots, a separation that is marked in each case by a change in attire.
ELIZABETH BARRETT BROWNING: CROSS-DWELLING AND THE REWORKING OF FEMALE POETIC AUTHORITY
Authors: Shires Linda
Published: December 2002

IN A WELL-KNOWN LETTER EXCHANGE of 1861, Elizabeth Barrett Browning, then aged fifty-five, responded to William Makepeace Thackeray’s rejection of one of her poems. In his capacity as Editor of the Cornhill magazine, the famous novelist and man of letters had seen fit to exercise his censorship prerogatives on material he considered highly inappropriate for his audience. This letter exchange, which may serve as a metonymy for the ideological crises in which Barrett Browning’s career was positioned from beginning to end, forcefully exposes not just literary values in crisis, but also authorship in crisis. In particular, the exchange exposes an enforced split between roles of the analytical poet and the domestic lady, a separation of roles which Barrett Browning’s career both publicly exposed and dramatically reworked, but could not entirely evade.1
THE WILDE MOMENT
Authors: Kaye Richard A.
Published: December 2002

IS THERE A VICTORIAN WRITER who has won as much attention in the last few years, critical or popular, as Oscar Wilde? One or two decades ago, Hardy, Dickens, and the Brontës were the Victorians that large numbers of people wanted to read, discuss, and see on film and stage. It seems like another era that saw Nicholas Nickelby ruling on the Great White Way. The decline of Dickens’s mass appeal was probably signaled some time ago with an episode of the TV series Law and Order in which a murder case resulted from a business feud over a disastrous Broadway production of Bleak House. The Brontës have fared no better; the musical Jane Eyre, after some of the worst reviews ever to have greeted a musical, recently closed on Broadway, its producers in its last weeks having resorted to advertising on milk cartons. Although Hardy reportedly continues to top the sales of nineteenth-century British classics, Michael Winterbottom’s 2001 film adaptation of The Mayor of Casterbridge, set during the California Gold Rush, played to mixed reviews and nearly empty theaters, its gloomy fealty to the spirit of Hardy’s fiction, not unlike Winterbottom’s brooding version of Jude the Obscure, an evident obstacle for most audiences.
VICTORIAN CARNIVALESQUE
Authors: Hennelly Mark M.
Published: December 2002

The Carnival is just over, and we have entered upon the gloom and abstinence of Lent. The first day of Lent we had coffee without milk for breakfast; vinegar and vegetables, with a very little salt fish, for dinner; and bread for supper. The Carnival was nothing but masking and mummery. M. Héger took me and one of the pupils into the town to see the masks. It was animating to see the immense crowds, and the general gaiety, but the masks were nothing.

—Charlotte Brontë, letter, March 6, 1843

. . . Humble as I [Pecksniff] am, I am an honest man, seeking to do my duty in this carnal universe, and setting my face against all the vice and treachery.

—Dickens, Martin Chuzzlewit (1843–44)

Women were playing [at cards and roulette]; they were masked, some of them; this licence was allowed in these wild times of carnival.

—Thackeray, Vanity Fair (1847–48)

OVER FIFTEEN YEARS AGO, Allon White acknowledged “the small army of literary critics now regularly describing modern cultural phenomena as ‘carnivalesque’” (109). Surprisingly, though, only advance scouting parties of carnivalesque critics have infiltrated the various war games, love feasts, slanging matches, “blood” sports, food fights, drinking bouts, carnal appetites, funferalls, body cultures, ludic acts of toasting, roasting, masking, mumming, and other folk and fair festivities — besides the recurring clowns, fools, rogues, tricksters, killjoys, and spoilsports — that significantly enliven and inform Victorian literature. When such critical forays have occurred, the role of the carnivalesque has often been contested, reflecting perhaps what White’s liminal reading of cultural history calls the nineteenth-century’s initial “‘disowning’ of carnival, and the gradual reconstruction of the concept of carnival as the culture of the Other” (102). And yet Robert Browning’s Fra Lippo Lippi still speaks eloquently for various Renaissance and Victorian writers when he proclaims that he is but “one” of many who “makes up bands/To roam the town and sing out carnival” (ll.45–46). Indeed, his double-voiced, pantagruelian aesthetic is to “go a double step,/Make his flesh liker and his soul more like,/Both in their order” (ll.206–08), for
FROM CESSPOOL TO SEWER: SANITARY REFORM AND THE RHETORIC OF RESISTANCE, 1848–1880
Authors: Allen Michelle
Published: December 2002

IN 1855, THE REVEREND GIRDLESTONE zealously promoted sanitary reform in Britain, claiming that the movement was “pregnant with the most important advantages to the human race, in every point of view — social, moral, and religious” (29). Girdlestone’s claim provides a useful starting point for considering representations of reform, as this view of the redemptive powers of cleanliness has been accepted by many historians as a characteristic Victorian attitude.1 But while it is true that many Victorians believed that sweeping public health reforms could fuel the physical and moral regeneration of the urban poor, it is also true that others responded to these reforms with fear, anger, and suspicion: an active strain of resistance flourished within Victorian sanitary discourse. That scholars have privileged the Victorians’ declarations of faith in matters of cleanliness and to some degree shared in these sentiments should not surprise us. The idea of public health reform as universally advantageous accords not only with our own sense of the desirability of sanitary techniques such as flush-toilets and water-borne sewerage, which have become naturalized in the West, but also with a narrative of historical progress.2 While this essay does not dispute the fact that the sanitary idea gained wide acceptance in the period, it does seek to shift the focus away from Victorian faith to Victorian apostasy in matters of reform.
“JONATHAN’S GREAT KNIFE”: DRACULA MEETS JACK THE RIPPER
Authors: Rance Nicholas
Published: December 2002

THE POPULAR LEGEND used to be that at supper in 1895, Bram Stoker had “a too generous helping of dressed crab,” and that the crab begot the subsequent nightmare which in turn begot Dracula (Ludlam 99). This theory was nullified, however, by the discovery in the 1970s of Stoker’s working notes in the Rosenbach Foundation library of Philadelphia.1 Stoker, it seems, made his initial memorandum for the novel on March 8, 1890 while on holiday in Whitby, where Dracula was eventually to disembark in canine semblance. By February 1892, he had sketched out a plot, complementing a nod to the new technology — Kodak cameras, portable typewriters and recording phonographs — by situating events in the next calendar year, that of 1893. The retrospect over an interval of seven years in Jonathan Harker’s “Note” comprising the final pages of the novel would thus imply a date of composition of 1900; they were actually written, however, by Stoker, in July 1896, and one may wonder whether his official chronology was at this point to the forefront of Stoker’s consciousness. Arguably, July 1889 would have been precisely among the candidates to have been a portentous date, epitomizing an epoch when “we all went through the flames,” so far as the inspiration of Dracula is concerned (378; ch. 27).2
SERPENTINE RIVERS AND SERPENTINE THOUGHT: FLUX AND MOVEMENT IN WALTER PATER’S LEONARDO ESSAY
Authors: Østermark-Johansen Lene
Published: December 2002

ON AUGUST 21, 1911 THE MONA LISA was stolen from the Louvre, not to reappear again until well over two years later when the thief tried to sell the work to a Florentine art dealer. The patriotic Italian workman who had stolen the painting had wanted to bring some of the Italian masterpieces in French collections back to where they belonged, and he had commenced his grand project with the Mona Lisa because, as he explained, “mi sembrava la piú bella” — she seemed to him to be the most beautiful of them all.1 For Bernard Berenson the disappearance of the Mona Lisa brought about a major rebellion against the ideals he had cultivated as a young man. In his early books on the Florentine painters and their drawings he had sung the praises of Leonardo,2 and ever since he was a student at Harvard in the early 1880s he had been a professed devotee of the writings and thought of Walter Pater.3 Pater’s most celebrated prose passage — his evocation of the Mona Lisa — was one of the pieces of nineteenth-century art criticism which had influenced Berenson more than anything else.4 Like so many other people of his generation, he had learnt the text by heart, and his first visits to the Louvre appear to have been as much in honor of Walter Pater as of the Italian masters.
“BOYS WHO WILL BE MEN”: DESIRE IN TOM BROWN’S SCHOOLDAYS
Authors: Martin Maureen M.
Published: December 2002

IN AN 1835 ARTICLE PUBLISHED in the Rugby Magazine under the title “School a Little World,” A. P. Stanley wrote:
THE TRANSFIGURATIONS OF CAROLINE NORTON
Authors: Dolin Kieran
Published: December 2002

THIS PAPER AIMS TO CONTRIBUTE to the resurgent study of relations between literature and the visual arts in nineteenth-century England by exploring a variety of representations of the highly visible poet and law reformer, Caroline Norton.1 One aspect of these intersecting discourses is the image of the author and the processes and effects of its representation. Linda M. Shires in “The Author as Spectacle and Commodity” argues for the inseparable but potentially troubling relation between literary authority and authorial spectacle in Victorian England. Some authors embraced theatrical self-display, others presented a more reserved image to their public. Whereas, Shires suggests, “the need to shape the self through display” (202) was increasingly accepted as a strategy for literary success, the countervailing social pressures on women writers to shun the immodest exposure of publication have been demonstrated by Dorothy Mermin in Godiva’s Ride. Perhaps no writer illustrates the tension created by these opposed imperatives more graphically than Caroline Norton.
TECHNOLOGICAL MEDIATIONS AND THE PUBLIC SPHERE: ROGER FENTON’S CRIMEA EXHIBITION AND “THE CHARGE OF THE LIGHT BRIGADE”
Authors: Groth Helen
Published: December 2002

AT THE GALLERY OF THE SOCIETY OF PAINTERS in Water Colours in Pall Mall East in the autumn of 1855, Roger Fenton exhibited three hundred and twelve photographs taken in the Crimea. Undertaken with the patronage of Queen Victoria, Prince Albert, and the Duke of Newcastle, the then Secretary of State for War, Fenton’s photographic record was intended to inform the Victorian public of the “true” condition of the soldiers in what was fast becoming an unpopular war. In the catalogue, one photograph bore the title “The Valley of the Shadow of Death,” a title with both biblical and literary resonances for exhibition audiences in late 1855.1 Tennyson’s “The Charge of the Light Brigade” had been published in the Examiner on 9 December 1854, causing a sensation both at home and in the Crimea.2 Organized around variations on the refrain “Into the valley of Death / Rode the six hundred,” the poem assumed anthem-like status during the period when Fenton was in the Crimea. Filtered through the lens of Tennyson’s poem, Fenton’s photograph appears to record the traces of a charge or a battle scene that has just taken place.
“GREEN CONFUSION”: EVOLUTION AND ENTANGLEMENT IN H. G. WELLS’S THE ISLAND OF DOCTOR MOREAU
Authors: Glendening John
Published: December 2002

THE ISLAND OF DOCTOR MOREAU (1896) is a richly confused novel, and its complexities and mixed agendas constitute one reason why this remarkable enactment of ideas and theories has received so much, and such varied, critical attention. Its generic, psychological, and thematic disorder does not stand out as much as it might, however, because confusion itself — biological, ethical, epistemological — is one of its subjects.1 Furthermore, the text begins with great and misleading attention to accuracy, precision, and narrative control. First, Charles Edward Prendick introduces the manuscript of his now deceased uncle, Edward Prendick, starting with these details: “On February the First, 1887, the Lady Vain was lost by collision with a derelict when about the latitude 1° S. and longitude 107° W” (3; Intro.). When Edward Prendick commences the story proper, he begins with similar exactitude, stating what “every one knows” — that “the Lady Vain . . . collided with a derelict when ten days out from Callao. The long-boat, with seven of the crew, was picked up eighteen days after by H. M. gunboat Myrtle” (4; ch. 1). He then shifts to private knowledge: although four men in the ship’s dinghy were thought to have perished, there were actually only three men in the boat, with he himself as the sole survivor of that group.
KNOWING THE VICTORIAN CITY: WRITING AND REPRESENTATION
Authors: Humpherys Anne
Published: December 2002

FROM THE BEGINNING OF the nineteenth century to the beginning of the twenty-first, the central issues in writing about the Victorian city have remained the same: how did the Victorians “see” the city? how do “we” see the Victorian city? and how do “we” see the Victorians seeing the city? Is the city knowable? What are the modes of representation of the Victorian city?
WHEN CRITICS DISAGREE: RECENT APPROACHES TO OSCAR WILDE
Authors: Bashford Bruce
Published: December 2002

REVIEWINGTHE SCHOLARSHIP on Wilde in the last decade is a daunting task not only because of the large amount of recent work on Wilde, but because the ground is already occupied by two book-length surveys: Ian Small’s Oscar Wilde: Recent Research (which picks up where his 1993 Oscar Wilde Revalued left off) and Melissa Knox’s Oscar Wilde in the 1990s: The Critic as Creator. The reader, then, is referred to these volumes for their more comprehensive coverage. Here I will focus my discussion by borrowing what Small designates three “new paradigms” that emerged in the 1990s: the Gay Wilde, the Irish Wilde, Wilde and Consumerism — this last I will rename the Materialist Wilde. To these I will add a fourth category, again taking my cue from Small: Idealist Wilde. In each category I will use representative examples to reflect on the issues confronting these approaches to Wilde. Both Small and Knox evaluate as well as chronicle, though from different perspectives. Small believes work in the field should be better supported by empirical information — “facts” — about Wilde’s life, his career, and the period, and he thinks scholars need to consider whether the different “Wildes” they construct are compatible with each other (12–13). Knox favors a biographical approach to Wilde, saying explicitly that her survey “explores the forms of resistance to biography as well as its successful use in criticism of the l990s” (xv), and turning up more instances of resistance than success.1
Executive functions in children with frontal and temporal lobe epilepsy
Authors: Culhane-Shelburne Kathleen , Chapieski Lynn , Hiscock Merrill , Glaze Daniel
Published: December 2002

Even though frontal lobe epilepsy (FLE) is a relatively common seizure type, no formal psychometric studies of children with FLE have been reported. We compared 12 children with FLE and 15 children with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) on neuropsychological tests of attention, memory, executive functioning, and adaptive functioning. The results of these tests indicated that the children with FLE had deficits in planning and executive functions, whereas their verbal and nonverbal memory was intact. The opposite pattern was observed in children with TLE. Measures of executive functioning and impulse control were the best predictors of adaptive functioning. The findings suggest that children with FLE have a pattern of cognitive deficits that differs markedly from the pattern seen in children with TLE. Children with FLE have prominent deficits in executive functioning that appear to be related to poor behavioral adaptation.
Electron Microscopy and Analysis 2001, Edited by
M. Aindow and C.J. Kiely, Institute of Physics Publishing, Bristol,
England, 2001, 650 pages (hardback, $135.00). ISBN 0-7503-0812-5
Authors: Berta Yolande
Published: December 2002

This book is a compilation of papers presented at the EMAG
(Electron Microscopy and Analysis Group of the Institute of
Physics) conference held September 5–7, 2001 at the
University of Dundee in Scotland. The papers are four pages
long, on average, and grouped by subject matter. This book may
make a good reference for anyone well-versed in electron
microscopy. The paper topics are focused and detailed about
a specific material or technique, with some exceptions, and
may not be useful as a general reference to the novice. For
example, complicated mathematical derivations, high resolution
TEM images, and simulated structures are presented in a number
of papers without detailed explanation to the less-initiated
reader.
Structures of Oxide Nanobelts and Nanowires
Authors: Wang Z.L. , Pan Z.W. , Dai Z.R.
Published: December 2002

We have recently reported the synthesis of one-dimensional
nanobelt structures of ZnO, SnO2,
In2O3, CdO, Ga2O3,
and PbO2 by evaporating the desired commercial metal
oxide powders at high temperatures (Science (2001),
291, 1947). The as-synthesized oxide nanobelts are pure,
structurally uniform, single crystalline, and most of them free
from dislocations. The beltlike morphology appears to be a unique
and common structural characteristic for the family of
semiconducting oxides. In the present article, we focus on the
twin and stacking fault planar defects found in oxide nanobelts
and nanowires although they are rarely observed. Some interesting
and unique growth morphologies are presented to illustrate the
roles played by surface energy and kinetics in growth. It is
shown that the surfaces of the oxide nanobelts are enclosed
by the low-index, low-energy crystallographic facets. The growth
morphology is largely dominated by the growth kinetics.
Precipitate Crystal Structure Determination in Melt Spun
Mg-1.5wt%Ca-6wt%Zn Alloy
Authors: Jardim Paula M. , Solórzano Guillermo , Sande John B. Vander
Published: December 2002

A melt-spun Mg-1.5%wtCa-6wt%Zn alloy was analyzed by means
of transmission electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray
spectroscopy, and scanning transmission electron microscopy.
The as-solidified alloy exhibited both spherical matrix
precipitates and elongated precipitates at the grain boundaries
(grain-boundary films). After heat treatment, the alloy showed
faceted precipitates (cuboidal shape), mostly on dislocations.
It was found that the observed precipitates are the same compound,
Ca2Mg6Zn3. As there was no
crystallographic data for this compound in the literature, its
crystal structure was investigated by comparison of experimental
and simulated selected-area electron-diffraction patterns and
high-resolution electron microscopy images. This study indicated
that Ca2Mg6Zn3 is a trigonal
compound with space group P31c and lattice
parameters a = 0.97 nm, c = 1.0 nm.
Nanostructure Manipulation Device for Transmission Electron
Microscopy: Application to Titania Nanoparticle Chain Aggregates
Authors: Suh Yong J. , Prikhodko Sergey V. , Friedlander Sheldon K.
Published: December 2002

Experimental difficulties in studying nanostructures stem from
their small size, which limits the use of traditional techniques
for measuring their physical properties. We have developed a
nanostructure manipulation device to apply tension to chain
aggregates mounted in a transmission electron microscope. A
1-mm-long slit was cut in the center of a lead–tin alloy
disc, measuring 3 mm in diameter and 200 μm in thickness.
The disc was heated to about 140°C before it was pressed
between two quartz slides. The disc was then thinned by mechanical
dimpling and ion milling until holes developed around the slit.
The edges of the slit were 0.2 to 3 μm in thickness while
the gap between them was up to a few microns. This disc was
bonded to the two plates of a cartridge. The slit could be widened
or narrowed at controlled speeds of 0.5 to 300 nm/s. The system
was tested using titania (TiO2) nanoparticle chain
aggregates (NCA) deposited across the slit. The ends of the
NCA remained attached to the edges of the slit, which was widened
at about 0.7 nm/s. In this way, the NCA was stretched up to
176% of its initial length before breaking.
Implementation of Recycling Routes for Scanning Probe Microscopy
Tips
Authors: de Souza Carolina Pereira , Andrade Margareth Spangler , Neves Bernardo Ruegger Almeida
Published: December 2002

In this work, effective, yet simple, recycling mechanisms for
used scanning probe microscopy (SPM) tips were implemented.
Comprising a tip profile characterization methodology and specific
cleaning procedures, which decontaminate SPM tips whether the
contamination nature is known or not, such routes were optimized
during numerous tests with brand new, previously used, and already
discarded categories of SPM tips. The results show that if the
used tip suffered contamination only, but no physical damages,
during its scanning lifetime, it becomes readily available for
reutilization after the cleansing process, characterizing a
recycling route. On the other hand, if the tip went through
wear and breakages during its utilization, it still can be
decontaminated, but may not be directly reutilized due to its
inadequate physical profile. Nevertheless, the methodology
developed in this work may yet be applied as part of a more
complex recycling route.
Focused Ion Beam Sectioning and Lift-out Method for Copper
and Resist Vias in Organic Low-k Dielectrics
Authors: Crawford E.J. , Gignac L. , Barth K. , Petrus J. , Levine E.
Published: December 2002

The focused ion beam lift-out technique for scanning electron
microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM)
sample preparation was shown to be applicable to copper/low-k
dielectric semiconductor technology. High resolution SEM, TEM,
and scanning transmission electron microscope analyses were
performed on metal contacts and resist vias with no evidence
of the interface damage or metal smearing commonly observed
with mechanical polishing. Ion milling of the sample ex
situ to the substrate provided decoration and adjustment
of the exposed plane of the section when necessary for SEM analysis.
Submicron aerosol mass balance at urban and semirural sites in the Milan area (Italy)
Authors: Putaud J. P. , Van Dingenen Rita , Raes Frank
Published: December 2002

During the Pianura Padana Produzione di Ozono (PIPAPO) field campaign (May–June 1998), aerosol measurements were performed at an urban site and a semirural site to determine the particulate matter chemical composition in the Milan area. Aerosol samples were collected on filters for subsequent chemical analysis using virtual impactors. Possible sampling artifacts for semivolatile particulate species were addressed. Our NH4NO3 measurements were successfully compared with artifact free wet denuder‐wet aerosol collector sampler data. Positive sampling artifacts for organic species were corrected using the back‐to‐back filter technique, allowing us to assess the lower limit for particulate organic carbon (POC) concentrations. Aerosol size distributions were measured on‐line with differential mobility analyzers (DMA). The variations in the submicron aerosol mass concentration estimated from chemical analyses compared well with the variations in the submicron particle volume calculated from number size distributions. At both sites, 70% of the PM10 mass was found in the submicron fraction. The mean submicron aerosol mass concentrations were 28 μg m−3 and 20 μg m−3 at the urban site and the semirural site, respectively. The correlations between NH4+ and NO3− + 2SO4= indicate that strong acids were fully neutralized at both sites. At the urban site the submicron concentrations of NH4NO3, (NH4)2SO4, and POC were 8.1 μg m−3, 6.3 μg m−3, and 6.4 μgC m−3, respectively. At the semi‐rural site, these concentrations were 4.9 μg m−3, 4.0 μg m−3, and 5.6 μgC m−3, respectively. These results show that sulfate and nitrate contribute about the same amount to submicron aerosol mass concentration, and that particulate organic matter (POM) could be the major component of the aerosol submicron mass in the Milan region, especially in semirural areas. The correlation between normalized concentrations of POM and O3 observed at the semirural site suggests that POM results at least partly from photochemical oxidation of volatile organic compounds (VOC). It is likely that reducing anthropogenic VOC emissions would lead to lower POC and total submicron aerosol concentrations in semirural areas around Milan.
MONTE CARLO METHODS IN GEOPHYSICAL INVERSE PROBLEMS
Authors: Sambridge Malcolm , Mosegaard Klaus
Published: December 2002

Monte Carlo inversion techniques were first used by Earth scientists more than 30 years ago. Since that time they have been applied to a wide range of problems, from the inversion of free oscillation data for whole Earth seismic structure to studies at the meter‐scale lengths encountered in exploration seismology. This paper traces the development and application of Monte Carlo methods for inverse problems in the Earth sciences and in particular geophysics. The major developments in theory and application are traced from the earliest work of the Russian school and the pioneering studies in the west byPress[1968]to modern importance sampling and ensemble inference methods. The paper is divided into two parts. The first is a literature review, and the second is a summary of Monte Carlo techniques that are currently popular in geophysics. These include simulated annealing, genetic algorithms, and other importance sampling approaches. The objective is to act as both an introduction for newcomers to the field and a comprehensive reference source for researchers already familiar with Monte Carlo inversion. It is our hope that the paper will serve as a timely summary of an expanding and versatile methodology and also encourage applications to new areas of the Earth sciences.
Anomalous attenuation of extraordinary waves in ionosphere heating experiments
Authors: Zabotin N. A. , Bronin A. G. , Zhbankov G. A. , Frolov V. L. , Komrakov G. P. , Mityakov N. A. , Sergeev E. N.
Published: December 2002

Multiple scattering from artificial irregularities, HF‐induced in the ionospheric F region, may cause significant attenuation of both ordinary and extraordinary radio waves in addition to the anomalous absorption of ordinary waves by their conversion into plasma waves. We have confirmed the existence and detailed features of this effect at the Sura heating facility by measurements of the attenuation of the powerful pump wave and weak probing waves of extraordinary polarization. Extraordinary waves are attenuated during heating, 1.5–12 dB below a background (nonheating) attenuation value caused by scattering from natural irregularities. Irregularities involved into the multiple scattering process have geomagnetic field‐transverse scales of l⟂ ∼ 0.1–1 km. To determine characteristics of these irregularities, a simple inverse problem solution procedure is implemented.
Interference analysis applied to a double site diversity Earth‐space system: Rain height effects and simple regression‐derived formulas
Authors: Panagopoulos A. D. , Livieratos S. N. , Kanellopoulos J. D.
Published: December 2002

Site diversity is considered to be an effective technique to overcome potential large rain fade margins in satellite communication links. In addition, because of the expected orbital and frequency congestion, the aggravation of the signal leakage from an adjacent Earth‐space system operating at the same frequency due to potential differential rain attenuation will be considered as a dominant source of interference. In this paper, an existing method to predict the differential rain attenuation statistics with respect to a double‐diversity system is properly modified after assuming a more realistic model for the rain height. Some simple regression‐derived formulas appropriate for use by the system designer and concerning both existing and proposed analysis are also presented. Further, the difference between existing results and the ones deduced from the use of the modified procedure for various availabilities and frequencies is examined, and some useful conclusions are derived.
Influence of terrain on scaling laws for river networks
Authors: Vasquez Desiderio A. , Smith Duane H. , Edwards Boyd F.
Published: December 2002

The upper Cheat River network departs from scaling laws describing a large number of river networks in North America. This departure is traced to its corrugated terrain. The more typical random terrain of the lower Cheat River network obeys the standard scaling laws. We modify the random network model of Scheidegger to include the effects of topography, reproducing the behavior observed in the Cheat River basin.
The effect of temporal variations in rainfall on scale dependency in runoff coefficients
Authors: Wainwright John , Parsons Anthony J.
Published: December 2002

A series of numerical experiments was carried out to test the hypothesis that temporal variability of rainfall intensity during a storm can cause the commonly observed decrease in runoff coefficients with increasing slope length. The results demonstrate significant effects over even relatively short slope lengths. Sensitivity analyses show that the scale dependency of measured runoff coefficients is most sensitive to the infiltration parameters of the slope. Furthermore, it is also sensitive to the slope angle and the friction factor of the surface, because these parameters control the depth of overland flow. These results suggest that the combination of time‐varying rainfall intensity during an event and run‐on infiltration can provide an alternative to spatial variation in infiltration as an explanation for the scale‐dependency of runoff coefficients that has been observed in the field. Overland‐flow models which simply use the mean rainfall intensity are also shown to underpredict the runoff quite dramatically. The results imply that a better understanding of the temporal variability of rainfall intensities is important in both understanding field measurements and developing robust models of overland flow.
Scale‐free statistics of spatiotemporal auroral emissions as depicted by POLAR UVI images: Dynamic magnetosphere is an avalanching system
Authors: Uritsky Vadim M. , Klimas Alex J. , Vassiliadis Dimitris , Chua Damien , Parks George
Published: December 2002

We report first results from a spatiotemporal statistical analysis of ionospheric emissions as observed by the Ultraviolet Imager (UVI) onboard the POLAR spacecraft during 4 months of 1997 and 1998. Approximately 12,300 individual emission events near local midnight with durations exceeding the sampling time of the image sequences are investigated. The probability distributions of these events over the lifetime T, maximum area A, integrated area S, maximum power W, and integrated energy output are shown to obey distinct power law relations p ∼ T−2.2, p ∼ A−1.8, p ∼ S−1.6, p ∼ W−1.7, p ∼ E−1.5 over a wide range of scales. The observed behavior is consistent with the behavior of statistical–physical avalanche models near a stationary critical state. These results support the hypothesis of self‐organized critical dynamics of the magnetosphere and suggest an important role for cross‐scale coupling effects in the development of geomagnetic disturbances.
The underlying direction of the heliospheric magnetic field through the Ulysses first orbit
Authors: Forsyth R. J. , Balogh A. , Smith E. J.
Published: December 2002

Between February 1992 and April 1998 the Ulysses spacecraft carried out the first survey of how the properties of the solar wind and heliospheric magnetic field vary with latitude during the declining and minimum phases of the solar cycle. In this paper we report on how the underlying direction of the heliospheric magnetic field varied through the various phases of the Ulysses first solar orbit. To a first approximation both the azimuth angle of the magnetic field with respect to the radial direction and the meridional (north‐south) angle agree with the predictions of the simple Parker spiral model. However, there are a number of notable deviations. For example, at high southerly latitudes the most probable azimuth angle was found to be ∼24° more tightly wound than expected, although the mean angle was less tightly wound than expected. In contrast, at high northerly latitudes, the most probable azimuth angle agreed with the Parker prediction, but the meridional angle showed a notably double peaked distribution. We discuss possible interpretations of these and other results in the context of recent ideas on the large‐scale behavior of the heliospheric magnetic field. No evidence of a heliolongitude dependence of the underlying field, predicted by one model, is found. It is suggested that the presence of large‐scale Alfvén waves in the high‐latitude heliosphere may lead to double peak distributions of the magnetic field angles, consistent with evidence that longer time averaging removes some of the unexpected features noted in the results. Our analysis does not rule out that systematic deviations due to field line foot point motions could be present but suggests that their amplitude may be too low to be reliably detected in in situ heliospheric magnetic field data.
Interpretation of Galileo's Io plasma and field observations: I0, I24, and I27 flybys and close polar passes
Authors: Saur Joachim , Neubauer Fritz M. , Strobel Darrell F. , Summers Michael E.
Published: December 2002

We interpret plasma and magnetic field observations taken during the Galileo spacecraft Io flybys I0 in December 1995, I24 in October 1999, and I27 in February 2000, and we give predictions for a generic pass over Io's northern pole with a three‐dimensional, two‐fluid plasma model. We show that all previous field and plasma observations by the Galileo spacecraft can be explained without the assumption of an internal magnetic field of Io in contrast to claims by Kivelson et al. [1996a, 1996b] and Khurana et al. [1997]. We are also able to reproduce both the magnitude and the structure of the double‐peak magnetic field signature of the I0 flyby. The origin of this structure can be attributed to diamagnetic and inertia currents. Observations by a polar flyby should answer Io's internal magnetic field question decisively. We also study the effect of different neutral atmosphere models on Io's electrodynamic interaction. Our analysis suggests that Io's atmosphere is longitudinally asymmetric with the scale height on the upstream side smaller than on the downstream side due to the drag force of the flowing plasma on Io's atmosphere. We also show how the Hall effect in Io's ionosphere generates rotated Alfvén wings. In addition, the high‐energy electrons observed by Williams et al. [1996, 1999] and Frank and Paterson [1999] might play an important role for the formation of Io's downstream wake.
Electric fields and currents of stable drifting auroral arcs in the evening sector
Authors: Aikio A. T. , Lakkala T. , Kozlovsky A. , Williams P. J. S.
Published: December 2002

The spatial distribution of electric fields, conductances, and currents of steadily drifting medium‐scale (15–50 km) arcs in the evening sector (20–23 magnetic local time (MLT)) is obtained from European Incoherent Scatter Radar (EISCAT) and optical ground‐based measurements. The current systems of stable arcs residing in the northward convection electric field region show a consistent pattern: currents flow downward on the equatorward side of the arcs, then poleward, and upward from the arcs. In one event where the arcs are located in a region of convection reversals, the current pattern is more complicated. Most of the arcs are associated with an enhanced northward‐directed electric field region on the equatorward side of the arc, colocated with downward field‐aligned currents (FACs) and suppressed E and F region electron densities. The width of the region of the enhanced electric field is one to four times the width of the arc. In some cases, the electron density reduction is so pronounced that the region can be described as an auroral ionospheric density cavity. The electrostatic magnetosphere–ionosphere coupling model of arcs predicts that the width L of an arc is related to the ionospheric Pedersen conductance ΣP and the “field‐aligned conductance” K by . This study shows that stable medium‐scale arcs in the evening sector obey this equation. A value of K = 2 × 10−8 S m−2 is obtained for 15–35 km wide arcs. It is argued that the large value of the field‐aligned conductance cannot be interpreted in terms of the adiabatic theory. Possibly the high value of K results from nonadiabatic processes acting on the current‐carrying electrons.
On the propagation of magnetohydrodynamic perturbations in a Harris‐type current sheet: 2. Propagation on continuous modes and resonant absorption
Authors: Fruit G. , Louarn P. , Tur A. , Le Quéau D.
Published: December 2002

We study the propagation of magnetohydrodynamic perturbations in a one‐dimensional (1‐D) model of the magnetotail current sheet. Starting from a general analysis of the MHD linear response of a Harris current sheet to external pressure pulse, we reconstruct the magnetic, velocity, and pressure perturbations for successive times and at different positions. The spatial‐temporal evolution of the signal propagating on the discrete modes has been studied by Fruit et al. [2002]. We here describe the propagation in the continuous spectrum domain that results from the existence of a spatial singularity in the differential equation defining the modes of propagation. At t = 0, the current sheet is supposed to be excited by an external pressure pulse. We estimate the energy that propagates in the continuum domain and will thus be absorbed by the resonant absorption process. Initial pulses of different shapes and characteristic spatial and temporal scales are used. Since we perform the complete inverse Laplace and Fourier transform of the continuous modes, we get the full description of the perturbations in real space, hence, the typical temporal and spatial scales of the absorption process. For example, starting with a pulse of total amplitude of 1 Pme (magnetic pressure in the lobe) with a spatial scale of 4 Earth radii and a temporal scale of 20 s, we show that 2% of the initial plasma thermal energy are transferred to the sheet over a distance of 20 Earth radii and in less than 10 min. Pulses of larger scales have no energetic consequences.
Prehistoric ruptures of the Gurvan Bulag fault, Gobi Altay, Mongolia
Authors: Prentice Carol S. , Kendrick Katherine , Berryman Kelvin , Bayasgalan A. , Ritz J. F. , Spencer Joel Q.
Published: December 2002

The 1957 Gobi Altay M8.3 earthquake in southern Mongolia was associated with the simultaneous rupture of several faults, including the Gurvan Bulag reverse fault, which is located about 25 km south of the main strike‐slip Bogd fault. Our study of paleoseismic excavations across the Gurvan Bulag fault suggests that the penultimate surface rupture occurred after 6.0 ka, most likely between 2.6 and 4.4 ka, and a possible earlier rupture occurred after 7.3 ka. Our interpretation of the stratigraphic relations in one of the exposures suggests that at least five earthquakes have generated surface rupture of the Gurvan Bulag fault since the abandonment of an ancient alluvial fan surface. Luminescence dating of sediment associated with this surface indicates that it formed either 26.6 ± 2.1 ka or 16.1 ± 2.0 ka. These data imply that the recurrence intervals for surface faulting on the Gurvan Bulag and Bogd faults are similar, on the order of several thousands of years, but that the penultimate surface ruptures of the two faults did not occur during the same earthquake.
The West Philippine Basin: An Eocene to early Oligocene back arc basin opened between two opposed subduction zones
Authors: Deschamps Anne , Lallemand Serge
Published: December 2002

Based on geological and geophysical data collected from the West Philippine Basin and its boundaries, we propose a comprehensive Cenozoic history of the basin. Our model shows that it is a back arc basin that developed between two opposed subduction zones. Rifting started around 55 Ma and spreading ended at 33/30 Ma. The initial spreading axis was parallel to the paleo‐Philippine Arc but became inactive when a new spreading ridge propagated from the eastern part of the basin, reaching the former one at an R‐R‐R triple junction. Spreading occurred mainly from this second axis, with a quasi‐continuous counter‐clockwise rotation of the spreading direction. The Gagua and Palau‐Kyushu ridges acted as transform margins accommodating the opening. Arc volcanism occurred along the Palau‐Kyushu Ridge (eastern margin) during the whole opening of the basin, whereas the paleo‐Philippine Arc decreased its activity between 43 and 36 Ma. The western margin underwent a compressive event in late Eocene‐early Oligocene time, leading to the rising of the Gagua Ridge and to a short subduction episode along Eastern Luzon. In the western part of the basin, the spreading system was highly disorganized due to the presence of a mantle plume. Overlapping spreading centers and ridge jumps occurred toward the hot region and a microplate developed. Shortly after the end of the spreading, a late stage of amagmatic extension occurred between 30 and 26 Ma in the central part of the basin, being responsible for the deep rift valley that cut across the older spreading fabric.
Ocean response to the March 1997 Westerly Wind Event
Authors: Lengaigne Matthieu , Boulanger Jean‐Philippe , Menkes Christophe , Masson Sebastien , Madec Gurvan , Delecluse Pascale
Published: December 2002

An Ocean General Circulation Model is used to investigate the oceanic response to the March 1997 Westerly Wind Event that is suggested to have played an important role in the onset of the 1997–1998 El Niño. Our results point out three distinct impacts. First a strong wind‐forced downwelling Kelvin wave propagates eastward generating sea surface temperature anomalies up to 1°C and large subsurface temperature and zonal current anomalies, mainly located in the core of the thermocline. Second the northward and westward extension of this wind event is responsible for a surface advection of cold waters from 130°E–5°N to the equator. Third it generates large zonal surface currents at the eastern edge of the warm and fresh pool by a nonlinear interaction between the wind‐forced surface jet and the local thermohaline front. Salinity through both its contribution to the local zonal pressure gradient at the front and the barrier layer effect is crucial in the occurrence of this nonlinear mechanism. The fast displacement of the front (2000 km in a month) together with the cooling in the western Pacific is likely to be responsible for the eastward displacement of atmospheric deep convection and eastward winds observed in April–June 1997 and thus to have played a major role in initiating the El Niño of the century.