bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the tails of distributions of annual peak flow
Authors: Strupczewski Witold G. , Kochanek Krzysztof , Markiewicz Iwona , Bogdanowicz Ewa , Weglarczyk Stanislaw , Singh Vijay P.
Published: February 2011

This study discusses an application of heavy-tailed distributions to modelling of annual peak flows in general and of Polish data sets in particular. One- and two-shape parameter heavy-tailed distributions are obtained by transformations of random variables. The correct selection of a flood frequency model with emphasis on heavy-tailed distribution discrimination is then discussed. If a distribution is wrongly assumed, the error, in the upper quantile, arising as a result, depends on the method of parameter estimation and is shown analytically for three methods. Asymptotic and sampling values (got by simulation) were assessed for the pair log-Gumbel (LG) as a false distribution and log-normal (LN) as a true distribution. Comparing the upper quantiles of various distributions with the same values of moments, it is found that heavy-tailed distributions do not consistently provide higher flood frequency estimates than do soft-tailed distributions. Based on L-moment ratio diagrams and the test of linearity on log–log plots, it is concluded that Polish datasets of annual peak flows should be modelled using soft-tailed distributions, such as the three-parameter Inverse Gaussian, rather than heavy-tailed distributions.
Effects of sagittal maxillary growth hypoplasia severity on mandibular asymmetry in unilateral cleft lip and palate subjects
Authors: Jena Ashok Kumar , Singh Satinder Pal , Utreja Ashok Kumar
Published: February 2011

Objective:

To test the hypothesis that sagittal maxillary growth hypoplasia has no effect on mandibular asymmetry among subjects with complete unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP).

Design:

A total of 86 subjects (normal noncleft, 42; UCLP, 44) in the age range of 15 to 25 years were chosen. Normal noncleft subjects were included in Group I. Based on the severity of sagittal maxillary growth hypoplasia, subjects with UCLP were divided into two groups. Subjects with UCLP in whom the SNM angle was ≥71 degrees and the M-point to Nasion perpendicular distance was ≤−10 mm were included in Group II. Group III consisted of subjects with UCLP in whom the SNM angle was <71 degrees and the M-point to Nasion perpendicular distance was >−10 mm. The mandibular asymmetry index (condylar, ramal, and condylar+ramal), gonial angle, and depth of the antigonial notch of three groups of subjects were examined on orthopantomograms (OPGs).

Results:

Among Group II subjects in whom sagittal maxillary growth was near normal, ramal and condylar+ramal heights were significantly less on the cleft side than on the normal side (P < .01). Condylar, ramal, and condylar+ramal asymmetry indices were significantly greater among Group II subjects. Mandibular asymmetry indices among Group III subjects were comparable with those in Group I subjects.

Conclusion:

The hypothesis was rejected. The mandible was significantly asymmetrical among subjects with UCLP in whom sagittal maxillary growth was near normal, whereas the mandible was nearly symmetrical among subjects with UCLP in whom sagittal maxillary growth hypoplasia was very severe.
Effecting Change Through Learning Networks: The Experience of the UK Teacher Education Network for Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) and Global Citizenship (GC)
Authors: Inman Sally , Mackay Sophie , Rogers Maggie , Wade Ros
Published: February 2011

Effecting Change Through Learning Networks: The Experience of the UK Teacher Education Network for Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) and Global Citizenship (GC)

The article discusses and evaluates the experience of the UK Teacher Education Network for education for sustainable development (ESD) and global citizenship (GC) as a community of practice dedicated to embedding ESD and GC across teacher education in the UK. The article sets out the global and UK policy context for ESD and GC and outlines the differing government support and guidance for ESD/GC within teacher education across the four nations of the UK. The development and activities of the Network as a community of practice are evaluated in relation to the original aims of the Network with respect to the development and sharing of good practice and the embedding of ESD/GC across teacher education in the UK. The article concludes by arguing that the Network is successful in the first of the aims as there is now a vibrant UK wide teacher education community of practice in ESD/GC whereby radical practice can be explored, questioned and shared. However, the rapidly changing government policy context for education particularly in England makes it difficult to predict how effectively the Network can affect policy change and/or long lasting change in course content so as to embed ESD/GC in teacher education across the UK. The authors suggest that the Network will need to work alongside new and existing alliances to try to convince policy makers of the critical need to ensure that new teachers are equipped to develop effective ESD/GC in schools.
The sea-spiders (Arthropoda: Pycnogonida) of Admiralty Bay, King George Island
Authors: Bamber Roger
Published: February 2011

The sea-spiders (Arthropoda: Pycnogonida) of Admiralty Bay, King George Island

Between 1979 and 2007, various sampling projects from the PolishArctowskiResearch Station in Admiralty Bay, King George Island, Antarctica, collected a diverse assemblage of pycnogonids,inter alia. Examination of this material has revealed 24 species in 11 genera and six families: all of this material is described. Samples were from poorly-sorted fine-sand to coarse-silt substrata, at depths between 27 and 405 m. The diverse assemblage was of species consistent with the known pycnogonid fauna of these depths in the South Shetlands and the Palmer Archipelago region, and includes a number of species recorded for only the second time since the types. As typical for Antarctic waters, the predominant and most diverse genus wasNymphon(nine species); the prevalent species wasNymphon eltaninae, notNymphon australe: implications for the apparent wide-distribution of records of the latter species are discussed. These records increase the biogeographical range ofNymphon subtileandNymphon punctumfrom Subantarctic waters to the Scotia Sea.
When Onomastics Met Archaeology: A Tale of Two Hinbas
Authors: O'NEILL PAMELA
Published: February 2011

The identification of the island named Hinba, referred to in Adomnán's Life of Columba, has exercised scholarly attention intermittently for hundreds of years. Successfully identifying Hinba would have the potential to enhance our understanding of the geography, politics and culture of western Scotland in the early medieval period. This article analyses Adomnán's references to Hinba and assesses the toponymic, material culture and written evidence pertaining to the islands of western Scotland, to propose Canna as the most likely location. A review of the stone sculpture and archaeological remains on Canna supports the proposition. An inquiry into the probable geographical feature referred to by Adomnán as Muirbolc Már includes a summary of the known instances of the placename element muirbolc in Scotland and Northern Ireland and proposes that it may not, as generally thought, indicate an enclosed bay. The significance of Eigg, where one of Columba's disciples was marooned en route to Hinba, is assessed.
Scots and Galwegians in the ‘peoples address’ of Scottish Royal Charters
Authors: NISHIOKA KENJI
Published: February 2011

The ‘peoples address’ (otherwise referred to as the ‘racial address’ or the ‘nation address’) was an occasional feature of royal charters until the 1170s. The components vary, with English, French and Scots appearing frequently, Galwegians less so, and Welsh very rarely. The combination of peoples found in a charter has been explained in terms of the places mentioned in the document. This remains an important consideration in the reign of David I, although hitherto it has not accounted for all the evidence. In this article a fresh examination is made of the way different combinations of peoples appear in charter-addresses. It is argued that, with the exception of a few instances, mainly where the formula has been copied from an earlier charter relating to the same transaction, a pattern of development can be discerned: (i) in David I's reign Scots are included not only if the charter relates to Scotland north of the Forth, but also if the charter was produced in the area north of the Lammermuirs; (ii) in the reign of Mael Coluim IV Scots became a general feature of the ‘peoples address’; and (iii) from 1161/2 Galwegians also become a general feature. The article concludes with some reflections on what this suggests about an emerging unification of the kingdom.
Archaeological remains on Clairinch: an interim report
Authors: Frend W H C
Published: February 2011

Summary

The remains of several stone buildings on the island of Clairinch in Loch Lomond are described, and the results of excavations in 1935, 1978 and 1980 presented. The finds are few but a mediaeval date is suggested. The fact that a charter was granted on the island in 1225 suggests that the settlement was of some significance.
Pacing and the megalithic yard
Authors: Davis A.
Published: February 2011

Summary

Simple pacing has often been suggested as an explanation of the ‘megalithic yard’. While such a hypothesis has the virtue of simplicity, evidence is presented here showing it to be inconsistent with actual stone circle data. By means of simulations, the pacing hypothesis is tested against the stone circle diameters given by Thom (1967), and may be rejected at a significance level of about 3%. Further simulations suggest that any satisfactory explanation of the unit should not involve variations in its value between sites greater than about 2% or 3% (standard deviation).
Pictish Stones Class I: Where And How?
Authors: Alcock Elizabeth A
Published: February 2011

Summary

This paper shows the relation of the stones to natural features such as height, distance from the sea and soil quality, and also some man-made features such as churches and cairns. The symbols are also considered in relation both to the stone itself and to one another.
Recent Excavations at Carn Liath Broch, Golspie, Sutherland
Authors: Love Paula
Published: February 2011

Summary

Following the late J X W P Corcoran's rescue work in 1972 within the broch, recent excavations at this state care monument, prior to masonry consolidation, examined outworks to the NE of the broch and re-opened its entrance passage and guard cell. Despite thorough Victorian disturbance, a tentative chronology was established for the site. The Bronze Age was represented by a Beaker fragment and later putative cist with Food Vessel and shale washer necklace. Settlement, shown by post-holes, hearth and a severely-truncated structure of slot construction, predated the building of the broch and attendant ring-wall, while later Iron Age activity included the division into outbuildings of the area between the broch and outer wall by the addition of cross-walls. Previously unrecorded circuit walls and midden were identified downslope of the main outworks, and the site produced evidence of shale and iron working.
Excavation at Newton, Islay
Authors: McCullagh R , Andrews M , Clarke Anne , Collins G , Halpin E , Henshall Audrey , Penny M , Shiel R
Published: February 2011

Summary

Excavations at Newton have revealed three phases of land use. Mesolithic activity was restricted to small flint working and domestic sites. A Neolithic phase appears to relate to a fragile soil resource which rapidly declined in quality. The final phase, possibly related to a Christian Irish presence on the island, occurs late in the sequence.
The Prehistoric Occupation of Carradale, Kintyre
Authors: Carter Stephen , Tipping Richard
Published: February 2011

Summary

A concentration of archaeological features at Achnasavil, Carradale, which has been recorded since 1985, is being rapidly destroyed by river erosion. Limited excavations were carried out in 1991 in order to date and characterise the nature of the site. Four periods of activity have been identified: cultivation in the Neolithic period; an occupation in the early Bronze Age; a domestic settlement in the late Bronze Age; and an Iron Age occupation. A programme of morphological mapping and dating of valley floor terraces in lower Carradale showed that the present day flood plain of the Carra Water was created by the early Neolithic period and the morphology of the valley floor has changed little since that time.
The Saracen Head Excavation 1980-1981
Authors: Pollock David
Published: February 2011

Summary

Over twelve months the yard behind a tenement block on Gallowgale, Glasgow, was excavated for evidence of the ISth century Saracen Head Inn and the 16th century chapel of St. Mungo. The traditional association of a well on site with the Dark Age St. Mungo was expected to be disproven by the excavations. Remains of the 18th century inn were found, but the kirhyard of the 16th century chapel, which lay to the south of the excavated area, was not uncovered. The well had been thoroughly renovated in the late 18th century and cannot have existed in any form until late in the medieval period. Earlier a bum — the Poldrait — crossed the site diagonally, and powered a medieval watermill.
Excavations of three cropmark sites at Melville Nurseries, Dalkeith
Authors: Raisen Peter , Rees Thomas
Published: February 2011

Summary

Three cropmark sites were excavated by Peter Raisen for Historic Scotland during 1989 in advance of the construction of the A7 Dalkeith Western Bypass. The report on these sites was completed in 1995 by Thomas Rees. The first site comprises two parallel linear cropmarks which are interpreted as flanking ditches to a possible track of unknown date. The second site, a small sub-oval enclosure, proved to be an unenclosed round-house, formed by a ringgroove with external and internal post-holes. Radiocarbon dates and a saddle quern suggest an early Iron Age date for this structure. Excavation of the third cropmark revealed a palisaded enclosure which surrounded an inner enclosure formed by a slot with a shallow internal gully. Radiocarbon and ceramic evidence suggests either a later Bronze Age or Iron Age date for these enclosures. Two bipartite pits, at the northern edge of the palisaded enclosure, were dated to the Roman period. Historic Scotland funded the fieldwork, the post-excavation analyses and the publication of the report.
A Roman Camp-Gateway at Castledykes
Authors: Keppie L.J.F.
Published: February 2011

Summary

Excavation in advance of road building exposed a gateway of a camp of the ‘Stracathro’ type, datable to the later first century AD, with interesting peculiarities in the arrangement of its defences. The gateway was later incorporated into a field-system, probably still within the Roman period. This project was funded by Historic Scotland.
Excavations at the Roman fort of Westerwood on the Antonine Wall, 1985–88
Authors: Keppie L J F
Published: February 2011

Summary

A series of excavations and watching briefs is described. Pipelaying within the fort in 1985–87 disturbed walling probably of the internal bath-house. Work undertaken W of the fort in 1986 preceded the laying out of a golf course: the line of the Antonine Wall, Ditch, upcast mound and the Military Way was established, and an area immediately W of the West Gate of the fort checked for the presence of extramural settlement. Postholes for timber buildings and drainage channels possibly of a cultivation system were revealed there, as well as features of mediaeval and later date. Much of the Roman pottery recovered was produced locally. This project was funded by Historic Scotland.
William Smith's home near Bath: the real Tucking Mill
Authors: EYLES JOAN M.
Published: February 2011

SUMMARY

The property called Tucking Mill, in the parish of Monkton Combe near Bath, purchased by William Smith in 1798, still exists, but bears no mark of identification. The nearby Tucking Mill Cottage, in the parish of South Stoke, which bears the tablet "Here lived William Smith..." is now known to have been wrongly identified as his home. It is urged that the real Tucking Mill should be scheduled as a building of historic interest, and the tablet removed to it.
Horsfield, Moore, and the Catalogues of the East India Company Museum
Authors: COWAN CHARLES F.
Published: February 2011

SUMMARY

The general background to the publication of these Catalogues is reviewed. Their full titles and collation are given at the end; in the text they are abbreviated to;

Descr. Cat. Lep. Ins. (1), (2). [Horsfield] [iii. 1828], [vi. 1829].

Cat. Mammals. [Horsfield] [xi] 1851.

Cat. Birds 1, 2. [Horsfield & Moore] [xi] 1854, [vi] 1858.

Cat. Lep. Ins. 1, 2. Horsfield & Moore, "1857" [iv. 1858], "1858-59" [vi. 1860].

The first was left unfinished but the second was completed. The two last dealt with only a fraction of their subjects, but each volume was rounded off with an index and is complete in itself. They were later reissued in a 2 volumes in 1 format.

The title dates of each volume of the Cat. Lep. Ins. are found to be each a year premature. The effects of this on priorities are discussed, and competing contemporary papers are listed in full with exact dates at the end, under the heading Cross References. Finally, incidental references are segregated in note form.
Sebastien Vaillant's Flora of Paris, Botanicon Parisiense, 1727
Authors: TJADEN W. L.
Published: February 2011

A pathetic story in the preface of Botanicon Parisiense, reproduced in most biographies of Sebastien Vaillant and of his friend William Sherard, that Vaillant, in failing health, asked Herman Boerhaave to publish his work, is inconsistent with other statements in the preface. Sherard's correspondence in the library of the Royal Society shows the history of the work from 1718 until its publication in 1727 and reveals the story of Vaillant's alleged request as an untruth demanded by his closet friend, the physician and botanist Danty D'Isnard.
On the Disciples' Edition of Cuvier's Règne Animal
Authors: COWAN C. F.
Published: February 2011

SYNOPSIS

The method of production of Baron Georges Cuvier's Règne Animal, third edition of 1836—1849, is discussed. The 22 volumes, two for Insectes and one for each of the nine other animal classes for the text, and eleven similar ones for the plates, were issued concurrently in 262 livraisons at unknown dates. Each livraison held text and plates for one class and some of the plates contained new material, so it is important to collate the plates in livraisons. All livraisons are here dated to within a month, and full collations are tabulated for the fourteen volumes Mammifères, Oiseaux, Poissons, Insectes 1, 2, Crustacés and Annélides, each with its Atlas, as well as for the Prefaces and the Bibliography sections. The authorship of plates and their explanations is discussed, and is determined in detail for Insectes and Annélides. An appeal is added for information on the other four classes Reptiles, Mollusques, Arachnides and Zoophytes.
The botanical significance of Pehr Kalm's unpublished diaries for the flora of Quebec in the mid-eighteenth century
Authors: MORISSET PIERRE
Published: February 2011

Pehr Kalm's diaries of his travels in North America are now being edited for publication in their entirety for the first time. They contain a great deal of botanical data which were not included in the account En Resa til Norra America published by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in three volumes, 1753–1761, and later transalted into English as Travels in North America by J. A. Forster, Warrington, 1770–1771.

This paper analysed Kalm's botanical observations during his trip to Canada in the summer of 1749 and considered such matters as the number of species observed and described — many of which did not find their way into Linnaeus' Species Plantarum despite the close connection between the two men. Changes in the distribution of some species since 1749, the introduction of weeds and other aliens were also discussed.
Ethnicity and the Writing of Medieval Scottish history
Authors: Hammond Matthew H.
Published: February 2011

Historians have long tended to define medieval Scottish society in terms of interactions between ethnic groups. This approach was developed over the course of the long nineteenth century, a formative period for the study of medieval Scotland. At that time, many scholars based their analysis upon scientific principles, long since debunked, which held that medieval ‘peoples’ could only be understood in terms of ‘full ethnic packages’. This approach was combined with a positivist historical narrative that defined Germanic Anglo-Saxons and Normans as the harbingers of advances in Civilisation. While the prejudices of that era have largely faded away, the modern discipline still relies all too often on a dualistic ethnic framework. This is particularly evident in a structure of periodisation that draws a clear line between the ‘Celtic’ eleventh century and the ‘Norman’ twelfth. Furthermore, dualistic oppositions based on ethnicity continue, particularly in discussions of law, kingship, lordship and religion.
The Survival of Witchcraft Prosecutions and Witch Belief in South-West Scotland
Authors: Henderson Lizanne
Published: February 2011

During the era of the Scottish witch-hunts, Dumfries and Galloway was one of the last regions to initiate witch prosecutions, but it was also one of the most reluctant to completely surrender all belief in witches until a comparatively late date. In the late seventeeth and early eighteenth centuries south-west Scotland, better known for the persecution of covenanters, took the practice of witchcraft and charming very seriously indeed, and for perhaps longer than other parts of Scotland, though the area has received surprisingly little scholarly investigation. The trial evidence is not incompatible with that found elsewhere though there is less demonic content. Accusations of witchcraft in this region were mostly concerned with the troubles of everyday life, agricultural problems, family tensions and disagreements between neighbours. From 1670 to about 1740, the very decades that were giving birth to the Scottish Enlightenment, learned interest in the supernatural was actually on the increase and the topic received an unprecedented level of questioning, investigation, and scrutiny. Ironically, the ‘superstitions’ that both church and state had been attempting to eradicate for some two hundred years were now being used to defend religion against the growing threat of atheism. The zeal of the ministers does seem to have contributed to the endurance of witch beliefs in the South West, as elsewhere. Against this backdrop, the survival of witch belief and the continued prosecution of witches in southwest Scotland is examined, thus contributing to our understanding of the individualistic nature of witch persecution and the various dynamics at play within the Scottish witch-hunting experience.
The Debate on Scottish Parliamentary Reform, 1830–1832
Authors: Pentland Gordon
Published: February 2011

The voluminous historiography of the‘Great Reform Act’ of 1832 and the more modest historiography of the Reform Act (Scotland) have tended to focus on how far the legislation effected a break with an aristocratic constitution. What this approach does little to illuminate, however, is the extent to which the reform legislation was framed and debated as a renegotiation of the relationship between England and Wales, Scotland, Ireland and the Empire. In Scotland, this meant that the extensive debate on reform tended to revolve around different interpretations of the Union of 1707 and Scotland's subsequent history and development. This article explores the reform debate among Scotland's political elite and, in particular, how the issue was tackled in Parliament. It demonstrates that in the fluid context provided by the developing constitutional crisis after 1829 simple divisions of ‘Whig’ and ‘Tory’ and even ‘Reformer’ and ‘Anti-reformer’ do not adequately describe the range of positions taken on the question of reform. The need to respond to the arguments of parliamentary opponents and to fast-moving events outside of Parliament ensured that responses to reform tended to be idiosyncratic. This article argues that the combination of the nature of reform as a renegotiation of the Union and the need to appeal to those outside of Parliament saw the reform debate prosecuted as a contest over the language of patriotism. Both sponsors and opponents of reform claimed to represent the voice of ‘the nation’, but this contest was far more complex than a straightforward confrontation between Anglophile ‘assimilationists’ and defenders of Scottish ‘semi-independence’.
‘The laberinth of thir difficulties’: the Influence of Debt on the Highland Elite c. 1550 – 1700
Authors: Watt Douglas
Published: February 2011

In the inflationary economic conditions of the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries Highland chiefs borrowed extensively. Indebtedness was caused by increasing expenditure in response to the rising authority of the state, which included an active engagement with the central courts and the employment of the legal profession; conspicuous consumption, absenteeism following the regal union of 1603 and a relatively plentiful supply of credit occasioned by the growth of the debt market. Indebtedness was primarily the result of high levels of expenditure rather than deficiency of income. The Highland economy was devastated during the Civil War period and there is extensive evidence of severe financial distress among the Highland elite in the later seventeenth century. This was caused by the significant build up of debts from the later sixteenth century, the collapse of incomes during the mid-century political crisis and the deflationary economic environment of the period from 1650 to 1670. During the Restoration there was a fundamental shift in the nature and structure of clanship from traditionalism to commercialism. The intensity of transition was focused on the thirty or forty years following the mid-century as chiefs were faced with a debt deflation which led to a decline in their position politically, financially, socially and culturally. Many lost control of their estates to commissions. Some responded by raising rents or more intensive engagement with droving, colonisation, extractive industries and merchant networks. Others became backward looking, insecure, impoverished and melancholic. The financial crisis precipitated by the combination of indebtedness and deflation was therefore a pivotal aspect of the process by which Highland chiefs adopted the values of landlords.
‘The most arbitrary, scandalous act of tyranny’: The Crown, private proprietors and the ownership of the Scottish foreshore in the nineteenth century
Authors: Macaskill John
Published: February 2011

This article examines the dispute between private proprietors and the Crown over the ownership of the Scottish foreshore in the second half of the nineteenth century and, in particular, the work of the Association of Seaboard Proprietors of Scotland. The existence and facts of the dispute and the work of the Association have not had any attention in Scottish historiography, an omission which, this article suggests, has led to the development of a consensus in relation to the kelp industry in the highlands and islands—namely that the economic benefits of the industry accrued to the proprietors through their unchallenged exclusive ownership and control of the foreshore—being based on a shallow foundation. There is another matter which the dispute over the ownership of the foreshore discussed in this article highlights: it has not been appreciated that the work of the crofters and cottars in the kelp industry enabled many of the proprietors to extend the legal boundaries to their estates and this article draws attention to the role which crofters and cottars had in the establishment of title to the foreshore: an aspect of the kelp industry which has not had sufficient attention. The examination of the dispute also contributes to a deeper understanding of how proprietors viewed, and acted in relation to, their property rights in the nineteenth century and of the reactions of Government when faced by institutional pressure from proprietors, and of the role of law agents who acted on behalf of the proprietors.
The Bannatyne Club and the Publication of Scottish Ecclesiastical Cartularies
Authors: Ross Alasdair
Published: February 2011

Investigative research on Scottish cartularies has been grossly neglected in comparison to other European countries. In fact, over 90% of the printed Scottish cartularies were published by antiquarian groups like the Bannatyne, Maitland and Spalding Clubs between 1832 and 1893 and no substantive work on these editions has occurred since that time. They are now both commonly treated and used as primary sources in their own right. To date, nobody has delved too deeply into the methodologies employed to convert the manuscripts into printed material in the first instance. This has placed a huge burden of trust upon the accuracy and editorial skills of the men who were employed as editors by the various clubs. The focus of this investigation is the Bannatyne Club and its most prolific editor of ecclesiastical manuscripts, Cosmo Innes. It is suggested that these editions can be divided into different categories, depending on the number of source manuscripts available to Innes and his editing teams. As a rule of thumb, the greater the number of sources Innes and his scribes used, the greater the latitude for error. Using the Moray register as a stark example, it is argued that the editorial team involved in its production radically re-ordered and re-worked much of the source material to fit the editorial conventions of that time.
Silence and Denial in Everyday Life—The Case of Animal Suffering
Authors: Wicks Deidre
Published: February 2011

How can we make sense of the fact that we live in a world where good people co-exist in silence about widespread animal suffering. How is it that sites of suffering such as laboratories, factory farms, abattoirs and animal transportation are all around us and yet we ‘do not, in a certain sense, know about them’ [1]. This ‘not knowing’ is one of the most difficult barriers for animal activists who must constantly develop new strategies in an attempt to catch public attention and translate it into action. Recent contributions from the ‘sociology of denial’ have elucidated many of the mechanisms involved in ‘not knowing’ in relation to human atrocities and genocide. In this context, ‘denial’ refers to the maintenance of social worlds in which an undesirable situation is unrecognized, ignored or made to seem normal [2]. These include different types of denial: personal, official and cultural, as well as the process of normalization whereby suffering becomes invisible through routinization, tolerance, accommodation, collusion and cover up. Denial and normalization reflect both personal and collective states where suffering is not acknowledged [3]. In this paper, I will examine insights from the sociology of denial and apply them to human denial and normalization of animal suffering. This will include an examination of denial which is both individual and social and the implications of these insights for theory and practice in the human/animal relationship.
Structure of Dihydrochalcones and Related Derivatives and Their Scavenging and Antioxidant Activity against Oxygen and Nitrogen Radical Species
Authors: Bentes Alexandre  L. A. , Borges Rosivaldo  S. , Monteiro Waldinei  R. , De Macedo Luiz  G. M. , Alves Cláudio  N.
Published: February 2011

Quantum mechanical calculations at B3LYP/6-31G** level of theory were employed to obtain energy (E), ionization potential (IP), bond dissociation enthalpy (O-H BDE) and stabilization energies (DEiso) in order to infer the scavenging activity of dihydrochalcones (DHC) and structurally related compounds. Spin density calculations were also performed for the proposed antioxidant activity mechanism of 2,4,6-trihydroxyacetophenone (2,4,6-THA). The unpaired electron formed by the hydrogen abstraction from the phenolic hydroxyl group of 2,4,6-THA is localized on the phenolic oxygen at 2, 6, and 4 positions, the C3 and C6 carbon atoms at ortho positions, and the C5 carbon atom at para position. The lowest phenolic oxygen contribution corresponded to the highest scavenging activity value. It was found that antioxidant activity depends on the presence of a hydroxyl at the C2 and C4 positions and that there is a correlation between IP and O-H BDE and peroxynitrite scavenging activity and lipid peroxidation. These results identified the pharmacophore group for DHC.
New Chiral P-N Ligands for the Regio- and Stereoselective Pd-Catalyzed Dimerization of Styrene
Authors: Fanfoni Lidia , Meduri Angelo , Zangrando Ennio , Castillon Sergio , Felluga Fulvia , Milani Barbara
Published: February 2011

Two new chiral, enantiomerically pure, hybrid P-N ligands, namely (2R,5S)-2-phenyl-3-(2-pyridyl)-1,3-diaza-2-phosphanicyclo[3,3,0]octan-4-one (1) and (2R,5S)-2-phenyl-3-(2-pyridyl)-1,3-diaza-2-phosphanicyclo[3,3,0]octane (2), have been synthesized starting from L-proline. The two ligands differ in the presence or not of a carbonyl group in the diazaphosphane ring. Their coordination chemistry towards Pd(II) was studied by reacting them with [Pd(CH3)Cl(cod)]. A different behaviour was observed: ligand 2 shows the expected bidentate chelating behaviour leading to the mononuclear Pd-complex, while ligand 1 acts as a terdentate ligand giving a dinuclear species. The corresponding cationic derivatives were obtained from the palladium neutral complexes, both as mono- and dinuclear derivatives, and tested as precatalysts for styrene dimerization, yielding E-1,3-diphenyl-1-butene regio- and stereoselectively as the sole product. A detailed analysis of the catalytic behaviour is reported.
A comparison between GATE4 results and MCNP4B published data for internal radiation dosimetry
Authors: Parach A. A. , Rajabi H.
Published: February 2011

Aim: GATE, has been designed as upper layer of the GEANT4 toolkit for nuclear medicine application including internal dosimetry. However, its results have not been fully compared to the well-developed codes and anthropomorphic voxel phantoms have never been used with GATE/GEANT for internal dosimetry. The aim of present study was to compare the internal dose calculated by GATE/GEANT with the MCNP4B published data. Methods: The Zubal phantom was used to model a typical adult male. Activity was assumed uniformly distributed in liver, kidneys, lungs, spleen, pancreas and adrenals. GATE/ GEANT Monte Carlo package was used for estimation of doses in the phantom. Simulations were performed for photon energy of 0.01–1 MeV and mono-energetic electrons of 935 keV. Specific absorbed fractions for photons and S-factors for electrons were calculated. Results: On average, GATE/GEANT produces higher photon SAF (Specific Absorbed Fraction) values (+2.7%) for self-absorption and lower values (-2.9%) for cross-absorption. The difference was higher for paired organs particularly lungs. Moreover the photon SAF values for lungs as source organ at the energy of 200 and 500 keV was considerably higher with MCNP4B compared to GATE. Conclusion: Despite of differences between the GATE4 and MCNP4B, the results can be considered ensuring. This may be considered as validation of GATE/GEANT as a proprietary code in nuclear medicine for radionuclide dosimetry applications.
Retour sur le statut juridique des assistants familiaux
Authors: Cherchari Mohammed Sahia
Published: February 2011

Résumé La loi n° 2005-706 du 27 juin 2005 a assez profondément réformé la situation juridique des anciennes « assistantes maternelles permanentes », dénommées depuis lors « assistantes familiales » (ou assistants familiaux). Par-delà le changement terminologique, ce texte a clairement défini l’assistant familial, précisé que ce dernier est membre « à part entière » de l’équipe en charge de l’enfant accueilli et nettement distingué la profession des professions voisines. Par ailleurs, le nouveau statut a indiscutablement amélioré les conditions d’exercice du métier (formation, relations de travail, rémunération…). Pour autant, la loi du 27 juin 2005 et les textes qui sont venus la compléter n’ont pas tout réglé. D’abord parce que le statut des assistants familiaux reste un ensemble complexe, difficile, travaillé par des intérêts pas toujours convergents. Ensuite, parce qu’il y a, ici aussi, un temps entre normes, statut (im)posé et effectivité, mise en œuvre et en pratique des dispositions et dispositifs. Enfin, parce que le nouveau statut n’a toujours pas mis fin à la « précarité » relative ressentie par de nombreux assistants familiaux.
La technique au quotidien. Poétique de la modernité industrielle dans les Physiologies
Authors: Stiénon Valérie
Published: February 2011

Les Physiologies parisiennes des années 1840 développent certaines considérations sur les progrès machiniques, notamment ceux qui concernent les moyens de transport. À travers leur poétique du quotidien de la monarchie de Juillet, quelles représentations de la civilisation technicienne les Physiologies construisent-elles ? Quelle place réservent-elles à la technique, parallèlement à leur mobilisation des paradigmes empruntés aux sciences du vivant ? Cette lecture transversale propose d’étudier comment les codes génériques de l’écriture de la Physiologie retraduisent, en une poétique spécifique, les valeurs modernes liées à la technique. Corrélativement, elle examine deux dystopies contre-technicistes sur lesquelles se focalise la dimension satirique de ces textes : les accidents de transports et les escroqueries financières.
Migration and Homeostasis of Naive T Cells Depends on Coronin 1-Mediated Prosurvival Signals and Not on Coronin 1-Dependent Filamentous Actin Modulation
Authors: Mueller Philipp , Liu Xiaolong , Pieters Jean
Published: February 2011

Coronins are WD repeat-containing proteins highly conserved in the eukaryotic kingdom implicated in the regulation of F-actin. Mammalian coronin 1, one of the most conserved isoforms expressed in leukocytes, regulates survival of T cells, which has been suggested to be due to its role in preventing F-actin–induced apoptosis. In this study, we come to a different conclusion. We show that coronin 1 does not modulate F-actin and that induction of F-actin failed to induce apoptosis. Instead, coronin 1 was required for providing prosurvival signals, in the absence of which T cells rapidly underwent apoptosis. These results argue against a role for coronin 1 in F-actin–mediated T cell apoptosis and establish coronin 1 as an essential regulator of the balance between prosurvival and proapoptotic signals in naive T cells.
Tumor-Produced Secreted Form of Binding of Immunoglobulin Protein Elicits Antigen-Specific Tumor Immunity
Authors: Tamura Yasuaki , Hirohashi Yoshihiko , Kutomi Goro , Nakanishi Katsuya , Kamiguchi Kenjirou , Torigoe Toshihiko , Sato Noriyuki
Published: February 2011

Binding of immunoglobulin protein (BiP) is a major molecular chaperone localized in endoplasmic reticulum (ER). It has been demonstrated to interact with nascent Ig. However, contrary to other ER-resident heat shock proteins such as gp96, calreticulin, and ORP150, it is not clear whether tumor-derived BiP plays a role in inducing antitumor immunity. In this study, we show that the tumor-derived secreted form of BiP is capable of inducing antitumor CD8+ T cell responses. We constructed an ER-retention signal KDEL-deleted mutant of BiP cDNA and transfected it to tumor cells, which resulted in continuous secretion of tumor-derived BiP into the extracellular milieu. We show that this secreted BiP is taken up by bone marrow-derived dendritic cells, and thereafter BiP-associated Ag peptide is cross-presented in association with MHC class I molecules, resulting in elicitation of an Ag-specific CD8+ T cell response and antitumor effect. This strategy to boost antitumor immune responses shows that a tumor could be its own cellular vaccine via gene modification of the secretion of the tumor Ag–BiP complex.
Suffering from Loneliness Indicates Significant Mortality Risk of Older People
Authors: Tilvis Reijo S. , Laitala Venla , Routasalo Pirkko E. , Pitkälä Kaisu H.
Published: February 2011

Background. The harmful associates of suffering from loneliness are still in dispute. Objective. To examine the association of feelings of loneliness with all-cause mortality in a general aged population.Methods. A postal questionnaire was sent to randomly selected community-dwelling of elderly people (>74 years) from the Finnish National Population Register. The questionnaire included demographic characteristics, living conditions, functioning, health, and need for help. Suffering from loneliness was assessed with one question and participants were categorized as lonely or not lonely. Total mortality was retrieved from the National Population Information System.Results. Of 3687 respondents, 39% suffered from loneliness. Lonely people were more likely to be deceased during the 57-month follow-up (31%) than subjects not feeling lonely (23%, ). Excess mortality (, 95% ) of lonely people increased over time. After controlling for age and gender, the mortality risk of the lonely individuals was 1.33 (95% ) and after further controlling for subjective health 1.17 (). The excess mortality was consistent in all major subgroups.Conclusion. Suffering from loneliness is common and indicates significant mortality risk in old age.
May “Mitochondrial Eve” and Mitochondrial Haplogroups Play a Role in Neurodegeneration and Alzheimer′s Disease?
Authors: Ienco Elena Caldarazzo , Simoncini Costanza , Orsucci Daniele , Petrucci Loredana , Filosto Massimiliano , Mancuso Michelangelo , Siciliano Gabriele
Published: February 2011

Mitochondria, the powerhouse of the cell, play a critical role in several metabolic processes and apoptotic pathways. Multiple evidences suggest that mitochondria may be crucial in ageing‐related neurodegenerative diseases. Moreover, mitochondrial haplogroups have been linked to multiple area of medicine, from normal ageing to diseases, including neurodegeneration. Polymorphisms within the mitochondrial genome might lead to impaired energy generation and to increased amount of reactive oxygen species, having either susceptibility or protective role in several diseases. Here, we highlight the role of the mitochondrial haplogroups in the pathogenetic cascade leading to diseases, with special attention to Alzheimer′s disease.
Lesions of the urinary organs during abdominal and vaginal hysterectomy
Authors: Leanza F. , Bianca G. , Cinquerrui G. , Caschetto S.
Published: February 2011

the lesions of the urinary organs of a iatrogenic origin correlated to hysterectomy surgery almost exclusively concern the ureter and the bladder. Lesions of the urinary organs caused during abdominal and vaginal hysterectomy for benign pathology were studied at the 1st Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of the University of Catania between 1st January 1989 and 31st December 2000. During this period 3,138 hysterectomies were performed, of which 2,765 (88.11%) abdominally and 373 (11.89%) vaginally. Altogether there were 11 (0.35%) iatrogenic lesions of the urinary excretory organs and these included 5 (0.15%) ureteral lesions and 6 (0.19%) bladder lesions. There were no lesions of the urethra. In 2,765 abdominal hysterectomies 4 (0.14%) ureteral lesions and 4 (0.14%) bladder lesions occurred, and in 373 vaginal hysterectomies one (0.27%) ureteral lesion and 2 (0.54%) bladder lesions occurred. In all cases, after adequate treatment the urinary organs healed completely.
EPIDEMIOLOGY OF THE LOWER URINARY TRACT DYSFUNCTIONS IN THE FEMALE DIABETIC POPULATION
Authors: Bernasconi F. , Pisani G. , Orfanotti G. , Arienti S. , Marelli G.
Published: February 2011

The authors deal with “female diabetic cystopathy” with particular regard to the incidence of the most frequent disorders that characterise the syndrome. The study was carried out on 255 patients, in collaboration with outpatients’ surgeries specialised in diabetes. Other aspect s specially emphasized were the association of vesicourethral functional disorders with alterations of the pelvic statics and the severity of the symptoms in relation to the age of the patients and the duration of their diabetes.
NEW TECHNIQUE FOR CORRECTING BOTH INCONTINENCE AND CYSTOCELE: T.I.C.T. (TENSION-FREE INCONTINENCE CYSTOCELE TREATMENT)
Authors: Leanza V. , Gasbarro N. , Caschetto S.
Published: February 2011

The purpose of this retrospective study is to evaluate the safety and the efficacy of a new surgical procedure for correcting both incontinence and cystocele. This method of Tension-free Incontinence Cystocele Treatment (T.I.C.T.) consists in using a polypropylene fly shaped mesh made up of a central body (positioned under both the urethra and the bladder) and two wings (which cross the Retzius and reach the suprapubic area after being pulled up with a modified Stamey needle, under digital control). Seventy patients with stress urinary incontinence and severe cystocele underwent the T.I.C.T. procedure. Their mean age was 56 years (range 40-78), the average follow up was 18 months (range 2-36 months). The objective cure rate was 90% for incontinence and 94.3% for cystocele. No intra-operative complications occurred. Postoperative complications included 2 cases (3%) of voiding difficulty, one case of de novo instability, and one case of erosion and granuloma. Neither bladder perforation nor vascular damage was found. These data show the low risks and the good results of this treatment.
COLLAGEN FOR U.I. MINIMAL DOSE INJECTIONS IN SCHEDULED STEPS TO IMPROVE CLINICAL RESULTS
Authors: Mantovani F. , Del Nero A. , Confalonieri S. , Pisani E.
Published: February 2011

Endoscopic treatment of urinary incontinence is based on the use of injectables. We use collagen (Contigen-Bard) to make the bladder neck narrower in order to ensure dynamic continence and avoid obstruction. Gax collagen is highly purified, hardly viscous bovine dermal collagen, cross-linked with glutaraldehyde in saline solution. The possible approaches for the endoscopic collagen implant are: perineal, paraurethral and transurethral, which is our choice. We are in favour of repeated injections in scheduled steps with a minimal dose: 5 ml injected transurethrally in the positions 5 and 7 every 2 months, three times: 24 patients (18 women and 6 men) average age 58, underwent the treatment and were checked with a twelve months follow-up. Effectiveness was complete in 12 women and 3 men, a significant improvement of the quality of life was reported in the other patients.
THE PREVALENCE, IMPACT AND MANAGEMENT OF URINARY INCONTINENCE IN THE FEMALE POPULATION OF THE USA
Authors: Versi Eboo , Corey Ron
Published: February 2011

Urinary incontinence is estimated to affect up to 30% of women in the USA, although differences in the populations studied and the definition of urinary incontinence have contributed to wide variations in estimates of its prevalence. The number of women with overactive bladder (characterised by symptoms of urinary frequency and urgency with or without urge incontinence) is likely to be even higher. Although bladder symptoms are relatively common and have a significant negative impact on their quality of life, many women fail to seek treatment, believing that their symptoms are a consequence of aging or childbirth. Instead, they may adopt complex coping strategies, such as the use of protective pads. Behavioral techniques, such as Kegel exercises and bladder training are useful first-line treatments for stress and urge incontinence, respectively. In addition, women with urge incontinence as well as symptoms of frequency and urgency may also be treated successfully with an antimuscarinic agent, such as tolterodine (Detrol LA®/Detrusitol SR®). Public education programs to raise awareness about urinary incontinence and its treatment aim to improve communication between physician and patient to ensure that bladder symptoms are recognised and treated appropriately.