bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The microstructures of fusion‐cast mixtures of ce and TNT: The absence of molecular compounds therein
Authors: Williamson W. O.
Published: July 2010

Fusion‐cast mixtures of CE and TNT were examined by microscopical and X‐ray methods. They contained no molecular compounds although the occurrence of supercooled, highly viscous melts suggested molecular association. It is not denied that the compound CE.4TNT postulated by Howson et al, may become stable enough to crystallize under appropriate conditions.

The crystallized mixtures showed anomalous micro‐structures, e.g., the presence of intergrowths of CE and TNT in which the CE was much in excess of the eutectic ratio. The anomalies are ascribed to supercooling and reference is made to analogous occurrences in the system betol‐salol and in metallic alloys.

Oriented crystals were related to cooling surfaces or to the mechanical influence of stirring.
The sulphation reaction between aqueous sulphuric acid and α‐olefins
Authors: Butcher K. L. , Nickson G. M.
Published: July 2010

The initially heterogeneous reactions between 75 to 85% w/w aqueous H2SO4 and hexene‐1, heptene‐1, octene‐1, and decene‐1, have been investigated as a necessary preliminary to the estimation of the heat associated with the production of the monoalkyl sulphates. The effects of different proportions of acid and olefin, the aqueous concentration of the acid, the temperature and the speed of stirring, were examined.

At room temperatures, the reaction products isolated with a high ratio of 80% w/w acid to olefin, were substantially the secondary monoalkyl sulphates and their corresponding alcohols. Under these conditions the formation of the dialkyl sulphates and polymers was avoided.

It was found possible to represent approximately the results in terms of a two‐stage consecutive reaction. RCH : CH2 → RCH(O·SO3H)‐CH3 → RCH(OH2+)·CH3

The reactions were shown in each case to be of the second order depending upon some function of the concentration of the aqueous H2SO4. The observed kinetics were shown to be in agreement with the formation of a carbonium‐ion intermediate.
Full‐scale automatic titrimetry. II
Authors: Haslam J. , Squirrell D. C. M. , Clarke K. R.
Published: July 2010

As a result of practical experience, modifications have been made to the apparatus for full‐scale automatic titrimetry previously described.1 These modifications involve the titrant injection system, the pH or e.m.f. measuring system, the recording apparatus and the titration assembly.
Application of the oxygen flask combustion method to the determination of chlorine in polymers, plasticisers and organic compounds
Authors: Haslam J. , Hamilton J. B. , Squirrell D. C. M.
Published: July 2010

This paper describes the application of the Oxygen Flask Combustion method to the determination of chlorine in mg. amounts of polymers, plasticisers and organic compounds. Particular attention has been paid to the following: (1) the combustion process and combustion vessel; (2) the composition and efficiency of the absorption solution; (3) the final titration procedure.
Formation of lactic acid by alkaline decomposition of sucrose in the presence of salts of the alkaline earths
Authors: Boelhouwer C. , Korf D. , Waterman H. I.
Published: July 2010

The decomposition of sucrose in aqueous solution by different alkaline compounds is studied in autoclaves at 225° and approx. 40 atmospheres for reaction times between 12 and 60 minutes.

It is shown that the formation of lactic acid is favoured by the presence of salts of the alkaline earths. Thus at 225° optimum yields of lactic acid (approx. 60%) were obtained by treatment of sucrose with the theoretical amount of base in the presence of 2–4 mol. of calcium acetate per mol. of sucrose.

The experiments were carried out in concentrated aqueous solutions. Dilution generally did not favour the formation of lactic acid.
Solubility of hydrogen halides in organic compounds containing oxygen. V. Solubility of hydrogen chloride and bromide in some esters and ethers and vapour pressures of hydrogen chloride in certain solutions
Authors: Gerrard W. , Mincer A. M. A. , Wyvill P. L.
Published: July 2010

Values of the solubility of hydrogen chloride and bromide in certain esters, ethers and chlorine‐containing compounds are given. Measurements of vapour pressure of hydrogen chloride in n‐butanol, and of tetra‐(4‐methylpentyl‐2‐oxy)silane are recorded and heats of solutions calculated.
Colorimetric reactions of unsaturated fatty acids with metal salts
Authors: Rhodes D. N.
Published: July 2010

Esters and glycerides of oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids give coloured products having characteristic absorption spectra when treated with ferric chloride or mercuric acetate in presence of glacial acetic acid and conc. H2SO4. These reactions provide the basis of a simple colorimetric method for the determination of these acids in some fats and oils.
Alkali metal derivatives of sucrose. IV. The problem of ‘firmly bound’ ammonia
Authors: Black W. A. P. , Dewar E. T.
Published: July 2010

Liquid monomethylamine is inferior to liquid ammonia as a medium for the preparation of alkali metal derivatives of sucrose. Sodium is insoluble; lithium dissolves slowly to form a monolithium sucrate which still retains approximately one molecule of methylamine.

All but 0·2% of the firmly bound ammonia was removed from a sample of trisodium sucrate by Soxhlet extraction with dimethoxyethane, although part of the sucrate was converted to the sodium hydroxide addition compound. Benzene under strictly anhydrous conditions extracts 44·8% of the bound ammonia without any decrease in sodium content.

Optically active sucrose derivatives have been prepared by condensing benzene‐and dimethoxyethane‐extracted trisódium sucrose derivatives with 2‐chloro‐4, 6‐bis‐(2′‐chloro‐4′‐nitrophenoxy)‐s‐triazine. Penta‐ and trisodium sucrates, which have not been extracted, give products with a low rotation.

The presence of ammonia in sodium sucrate appears to have no effect on the polymerisation reaction with epichlorohydrin. γ‐Irradiation of a polymer from monosodium sucrate causes a small but definite degradation to water‐soluble products containing glucose, fructose and possibly organic acids.
Rate of gelation of aluminium di‐(2‐ethylhexyl) mono‐s‐butoxide in hydrocarbons
Authors: Woods D. E. , Taylor A. J.
Published: July 2010

An account is given of the preparation of aluminium di‐(2‐ethylhexyl) mono‐s‐butoxide and of the measurement of its rate of gelation when reacting with water to give aluminium monohydroxy‐di‐2‐ethyl hexoate, in hydrocarbons.
Preparation of aluminium soaps by a continuous process. III. Aluminium 2‐ethylhexoate
Authors: Woods D. E. , Taylor A. J.
Published: July 2010

An account is given of the laboratory preparation of the aluminium di‐soap of 2‐ethylhexoic acid, using a continuous process. The effect, on the composition and quality of the soap produced, of varying the conditions of preparation has been found.

It is shown that the product of the best quality, when judged by the consistency and storage stability of gels in hydrocarbons, is produced when the reaction pH is kept within the range 3·6–4·1.
Preparation of aluminium soaps by a continuous process. IV. Aluminium soaps of mixtures of straight and branched chain synthetic aliphatic acids
Authors: Woods D. E. , Taylor A. J.
Published: July 2010

An account is given of the continuous preparation of a mixture of aluminium di‐soaps of straight and branched‐chain aliphatic acids containing 8–12 carbon atoms in the molecule. A high‐quality product can be obtained by maintaining the reaction mixture at pH 3·7–4·0 at a temperature of 58–60°.

When the results given in Parts I–IV are considered, it can be seen that gel strength, at equal concentrations in hydrocarbon, is in the inverse order of the acid molecular weight, thus confirming that gelation is a molecular phenomenon.
Rheologically acceptable waxes from woolgrease
Authors: Milburn A. H. , Truter E. V.
Published: July 2010

Waxes suitable for use in the polish industry can be prepared by acylating aliphatic diamines with wool wax acids or with woolgrease stearines, but it is essential that the unsaponifiable material should be removed from the acids, otherwise the product is soft and tacky. The rheological properties of the ethylenediamides and the hexamethylenediamides of suitably refined woolgrease acids are superior to those of beeswax.
Inhibition of the corrosion of iron in neutral and alkaline solutions. II
Authors: Lorking K. F. , Mayne J. E. O.
Published: July 2010

In Part I1 it was shown that the current density required for anhydrous cubic oxide formation was much greater in corrosive than in inhibitive solutions.

Capacity and polarisation measurements have now been made on specimens immersed in solutions, pH 6·5–7·0, and it is concluded that the air‐formed films suffer more rapid attack in corrosive than in inhibitive solutions.

The difference in current density is explained in terms of the different rates of attack on the film. It is suggested that when an iron specimen, carrying its air‐formed film, is immersed in a solution it is the initial rate of attack on the film which controls the subsequent behaviour of the specimen.
Spontaneous ignition of wool. III. Calorimetry of slow oxidation reactions in materials of low thermal conductivity
Authors: Walker I. K. , Harrison W. J.
Published: July 2010

A method is described for calorimetry of oxidation reactions in porous materials of low thermal conductivity. The generated heat is allowed to flow through a thermal resistance composed of the sample itself, and measurement is made of the resulting temperature drop. If the thermal conductivity of the sample material is known, the reaction rate can be calculated. This method has advantages over conventional techniques of calorimetry since errors tend to be a proportional part of the quantity being measured, rather than a fixed error due to drift. This provides experimental simplicity at low rates of heat output, and the ability to operate over a range of temperatures. The reactant atmosphere can be replenished continuously. The method was used to measure the temperature coefficient of the reaction between dry pie wool and dry air, using calculated values of thermal conductivity. Measurements were made at reaction rates as low as 7 × 10−6 cal./sec./g. Even if the thermal conductivity of the material is not known, this method measures the ratio of reaction rate to thermal conductivity; and this ratio is of more fundamental importance in the spontaneous ignition of large piles of material than is the reaction rate itself.
Inductive effects and rate and equilibrium constants of chemical reactions
Authors: McGowan J. C.
Published: July 2010

Inductive effects of groups can conveniently be measured by effective charges Q—the hypothetical charges which would be required to give the same effect as the groups. Provided the group is not involved in mesomeric interactions, its inductive effect is reduced by a transmission factor (ϵ=0·5) if an extra atom is introduced between it and the site of the reaction. The relative rates of solvolysis of substituted t‐cumyl chlorides can be calculated from the charge distribution of the benzyl anion and other examples are given of the use of Q and ϵ for the estimation of the effects of substitution upon equilibrium and rate constants.
The impregnation of timber by water borne preservatives. II. X‐ray contact micro‐radiography
Authors: Belford D. S.
Published: July 2010

The application of X‐ray contact micro‐radiography to the study of wood preservatives is discussed. This technique allows the study of preservative distribution without the use of staining, and the present study has confirmed earlier observations that the preservative is situated within the cell wall rather than merely lining the cell cavity.
Essential oils of New Zealand Podocarpaceae. III.Podocarpus nivalis and Dacrydium laxifolium
Authors: Murray J.
Published: July 2010

Phyllocladene is the main constituent of the essential oils of P. nivalis and D. laxifolium.
Rate of oxidation of magnesium metal in dry oxygen
Authors: Mikhail R. Sh. , Gouda V. K.
Published: July 2010

The oxidation of magnesium sheet, polished by surface evaporation, has been investigated, with the aid of the thermal balance, and in the early regions by a manometric method, at temperatures between 470° and 570° and for times up to 120 h. in dry oxygen.

The oxidation curves of weight‐gain against time show, in most cases investigated, three main regions; (1) an early region, during which lateral growth of white oxide across the metal is observed; (2) a linear branch, in which the rate of thickening and of cracking of the oxide film are apparently equal; (3) a stage in which the rate is initially higher than for the two preceding regions although it tends to decrease with increase of time.

The reaction mechanism is discussed in view of the current theories of the oxidation of metals.
The behaviour of stannic acid sols in concentrated hydrogen peroxide. II. The mechanism of stabilisation of concentrated hydrogen peroxide by sodium stannate
Authors: Lewis T. J. , Walters T. M.
Published: July 2010

Sodium stannate stabilises commercial hydrogen peroxide by virtue of the stannic acid colloid formed on hydrolysis. The mechanism by which the sols are precipitated by aluminium ions, reported in Part I, explains the process by which sodium stannate stabilises commercial hydrogen peroxide against decomposition catalysts such as the polyvalent ions, Fe3+, Cr3+ and Cu2+. The hydrolysis equilibria of these ions are automatically adjusted to the formation of the stable FeOH2+, CrO+ and CuOH+ ions, respectively, which are strongly adsorbed on the stannic acid colloid and thereby deactivated. These catalytic ions may only be present in minute amounts in non‐stabilised commercial hydrogen peroxide (pH ∼ 4·5), mostly in the heterogeneous state. The equilibrium between the heterogeneous and homogeneous phase is disturbed sufficiently to permit the formation of ionic species which are subsequently deactivated by this process.
Water transfer between aqueous systems by a partially miscible solvent. III. Concentration of dilute copper sulphate solutions using an alcohol in conjunction with sodium chloride
Authors: Blumberg Ruth , Cejtlin E. , Fuchs F.
Published: July 2010

The concentration of a dilute copper sulphate solution by means of a partially miscible alcohol (4 or 5 C) using sodium chloride as dehydrating agent is presented as a practical example of water transfer. Equilibrium data in the several ternary systems are presented, and operating conditions for attaining a specified degree of concentration are determined by simple graphical techniques, and verified by experiment.
Hydrothermal reaction of alumina trihydrate
Authors: Sato Taichi
Published: July 2010

Examination has been made of alumina trihydrates (hydrargillite and bayerite) after being heated with water in an autoclave. In both cases the monohydrate (boehmite) is formed after 2 h. at 200°, the rate of conversion being higher for bayerite than for hydrargillite. Determination of alkali and alumina dissolved in the water during hydrothermal treatment led to the conclusion that the reaction is due to the decomposition of the trihydrate in presence of water rather than its dissolution.
The system barium oxide, zinc oxide and water at 90° and 70°c
Authors: Monk H. , Mortifee A. V. W.
Published: July 2010

Investigations on the composition and stability of the solid barium zincates have shown that the BaO‐ZnO‐H2O system is complex. At 90°, the following stable solid phases exist: Ba(OH)2,H2O; ZnO; BaO,ZnO,2H2O; BaO,ZnO,3H2O; 2BaO,ZnO,3H2O; 2BaO,ZnO,7H2O and possibly further hydrates of BaO,ZnO and 2BaO,ZnO.

At 70°, BaO,ZnO,2H2O; BaO,ZnO,3H2O; 2BaO,ZnO,7H2O, Ba(OH)2,8H2O and ZnO are the stable solid phases. The beginning of the transition interval is 70° for the 2BaO,ZnO,7H2O compound which is unstable below this temperature. X‐ray diffraction patterns have been obtained for BaO,ZnO,2H2O and the trihydrate.
The setting of road tar in surface dressing
Authors: Dewhurst J. R.
Published: July 2010

Tar has been recovered from a number of surface dressings at intervals during the first year of their life and the changes in viscosity determined. A method is described for determining the contributions of oxidation and loss of oils to the observed hardening, and the results for one pair of dressings are given. The hardening of the tar was mainly due to loss of oils, oxidation accounting for about one quarter of the effect. Tars derived from a high‐aromatic crude only have been examined; other tars are to be tested in a similar way.
Multicomponent distillation calculations where the feed plate location and number of theoretical plates are unspecified
Authors: Musk F. I. , Totman E. D.
Published: July 2010

The problem of satisfying requirements for the distillation of mixtures containing several components is discussed, and the general solution is outlined.

A routine method is described which will lead to a particular solution in the absence of information on the number of theoretical plates or the feed plate location.
The pyrolysis of diborane
Authors: Owen A. J.
Published: July 2010

The pyrolysis of diborane has been studied in single‐ and multi‐pass flow systems to determine the optimum conditions for its conversion to pentaborane.

In a single‐pass flow system the products consisted of tetraborane, dihydropentaborane (B5H11), pentaborane (B5H9), decaborane and undesirable non‐volatile solid hydrides. The most economical conversion of diborane to pentaborane was obtained under the following conditions: temperature 250°, flow rate 400 c.c./min. and ratio of diborane/hydrogen 1 : 5 when 15·1% of the diborane was converted into pentaborane, 4·4% to solid hydrides and 80% recovered.

In multi‐stage reactors designed on the basis of single‐pass experiments, the best yield of pentaborane was obtained in a 12‐unit reactor operating at 240°, flow rate 400 c.c./min. and ratio diborane/hydrogen 1 : 5. Under these conditions 57·0% of the diborane was converted into pentaborane, 14·1% to solid hydrides and 29·0% was recovered unchanged.

Rate expressions are developed for the disappearance of diborane and activation energies calculated.

The mechanism of the formation of pentaborane and decaborane is discussed.
The nature of the oxide film formed on stainless steel immersed in concentrated hydrogen peroxide (H.T.P.)
Authors: Diederichsen J.
Published: July 2010

When stainless steel is immersed in H.T.P. an oxide film is formed on the surface of the metal. The rate of formation, composition and stability of this film have been investigated by chemical analysis and electrometric methods. The film consists mainly of oxides of iron and at 30° it grows to a fairly constant thickness of 3×10−6 cm. in 3–4 weeks. The compatibility of stainless steel with H.T.P. is explained in terms of the solubility and catalytic activity of the main constituents of stainless steel.
Role of hydrogen in the high‐temperature corrosion of zirconium and its alloys. II Oxidation of unalloyed zirconium in steam and in oxygen
Authors: Silvester D. R. , Wanklyn J. N.
Published: July 2010

The film capacities and weight gains of specimens of Kroll zirconium exposed to steam and to dry oxygen at 325° have been compared. The results show that the initial growth of uncracked oxide films is more rapid in steam, and that subsequent film cracking is also more severe, presumably as a result of effects due to hydrogen.

Films on Van Arkel zirconium are more resistant to cracking in both steam and oxygen.

At a late stage of oxidation in both steam and oxygen the film capacities reach constant values indicating that the mean thickness of the protective part of the film in each case also tends to a constant value. However, a comparison of the oxidation rates at this stage shows some discrepancies in relation to the initial oxidation rates and a modified picture of film growth and breakdown is proposed.
The flammability limits of moving mixtures of propane and air
Authors: Palmer K. N. , Tonkin P. S.
Published: July 2010

The lower and upper flammability limits of propane/air mixtures flowing along a tube 6.4 cm. in diameter were determined for gas velocities up to 600 cm./s. At the lower end of the velocity range the limits were wider than with static mixtures, particularly at the upper limit, but they narrowed again as the flow velocity was increased.
Investigations on organo‐tin compounds. XIV. Preparation and antifungal properties of some triaryl‐ and triaralkyl‐tin acetates
Authors: Luijten J. G. A. , van der Kerk G. J. M.
Published: July 2010

The Preparation of tri‐m‐tolyl‐, tri‐p‐tolyl‐, tribenzyl‐, tris‐2‐phenylethyl‐ and tri‐α‐naphthyl‐tin acetate is described.

None of these compounds exhibits a higher antifungal activity than triphenyl‐3‐tin acetate.
Investigations on organo‐tin compounds. XV The antifungal properties of some functionally substituted organo‐tin compounds
Authors: Noltes J. G. , Luijten J. G. A. , van der Kerk G. J. M.
Published: July 2010

Antifungal test results are given for a number of functionally substituted organo‐tin compounds.

Among such compounds of the type R4Sn, only one, cyanomethyltri‐n‐butyltin, exhibits appreciable fungitoxicity. Activity in this case is explained by the instability of the cyanomethyl‐tin bond to hydrolysis.

The results obtained with compounds of the type R3SnX show that the introduction of functional substituents in general reduces antifungal activity. This is most pronounced in the case of water‐solubilising substituents.
Use of the marshall test for evaluating dense bituminous surfacings
Authors: Please A.
Published: July 2010

An examination has been made of the results obtained by the Marshall test to determine the value of the test for the design of dense bituminous mixtures for road surfacings and for comparing their resistance to deformation.

It is shown that the optimum binder contents obtained from the density and stability curves are similar to those specified in B.S.594 for the driest schedules having the highest resistance to deformation and that the test would exclude those materials in the other schedules. In the absence of information on the relative deformation on roads of surfacings made with different types of bituminous material, simulative laboratory tests have been used to place compositions in order of resistance to deformation. Comparison of the results of the Marshall test with the Road Research Laboratory wheel‐tracking tests shows that neither the stability nor the flow value provides a valid measure of the resistance to deformation of dense bituminous materials in common use. However, for rolled asphalts the ratio stability/flow correlates moderately well with the logarithm of the rate of tracking measured in the wheel‐tracking machine; the correlation for dense tar surfacing compositions is poor. Comparison with the Hveem Stabilometer suggests that setting an upper limit on flow value is approximately equivalent to setting a lower limit on the internal friction. As with many mechanical tests, high Marshall stability values are promoted by high stone content, high viscosity of binder, rough‐textured aggregate, not too low a filler content and good compaction.
Determination of hydrogen cyanide by gas chromatography
Authors: Woolmington K. G.
Published: July 2010

A rapid, accurate and precise gas chromatographic method for the determination of hydrogen cyanide in mixtures of the permanent gases and water vapour is described. Results are given for the hydrogen cyanide and nitrogen contents of synthetic gas mixtures of known composition. The effects of various column pre‐treatments on accuracy and precision are discussed. The apparatus is very suitable for the frequent determination of hydrogen cyanide, nitrogen, oxygen, methane and carbon monoxide in mixtures of these gases.
Chemical degradation of type‐I strongly basic anion‐exchange resins
Authors: Wilson A. L.
Published: July 2010

The capacities of Type‐I strongly basic anion‐exchange resins from de‐ionisation plant for water‐purification have been determined. In use, the strongly basic capacity decreased, as did the total capacity but at a smaller rate, while the weakly basic capacity increased. The mechanism of these changes and the effect on the operational performance of the resins are considered. The relative degrees of cross‐linking of the resins were also investigated; these tended to decrease during use but only to a slight extent.
Correlation between surface tension and other physical properties
Authors: Wright Franklin J.
Published: July 2010

The variation with temperature of the surface tension and density of some 14 non‐associated liquids has been investigated from 20° to within a few degrees of their normal boiling points. The power equations of Ferguson and of Kleeman which correlate surface tension with the reduced temperature, T/Tc, and density, D, respectively represent the experimental data with accuracy,
γ = γo (1−T/Tc)n
γ = γo (D−d)p
each liquid having its particular value of the exponents n and p. From this it also follows that a power equation can be used to represent the variation of density with temperature.
D = Do (1−T/Tc)n/p

The more general form of the parachor suggested by Ferguson has been calculated. This showed none of the anomalous increases with temperature which are observed with Sugden's parachor where the exponent of the surface tension term is taken as 1/4 instead of 1/p. The free molecular energy is also shown to be an additive property determined by the atoms and bonds in the molecule. New atomic and bond constants have been calculated.
Vapour‐liquid equilibria in the system water‐propionic acid
Authors: Dakshinamurty P. , Rao G. Jayarama , Rao C. Venkata
Published: July 2010

Isobaric vapour liquid equilibrium data of the binary system water‐propionic acid were determined at 760 mm. Hg total pressure with a modified Baker's still. The activity coefficient data for all the experimental points were correlated satisfactorily by Wohl's two‐suffix van Laar and three‐suffix Margules equations because the activity coefficient curves exhibit small dissymmetry. A minimum‐boiling azeotrope was observed at 99.2° and 95.45 mole‐% water. This is in close agreement with the reported data of Horsley.14
Formation of hydrogen peroxide in the gaseous oxidation of isopropyl alcohol
Authors: Burgess A. R.
Published: July 2010

The gaseous oxidation of isopropyl alcohol has been studied in a flow system at temperatures between 350° and 450° at atmospheric pressure. Chemical analyses of the products have been made and the effects of temperature, reactant composition and surface conditions are recorded, particularly with reference to the formation and recovery of hydrogen peroxide.

During the initial stages of the reaction, hydrogen peroxide and acetone are formed slowly in a linear chain cycle. This cycle continues throughout the reaction, but a small proportion of the alcohol apparently reacts in a different way, leading to the formation of acetaldehyde and formaldehyde. The reaction subsequently becomes autocatalytic in nature, and a complexity of C1 and C2 products is formed.

The optimum conditions for the formation and recovery of high yields of hydrogen peroxide are discussed. The use of an ‘aged’ Pyrex vessel of low surface to volume ratio appears to provide the most favourable circumstances for the formation and preservation of this compound.
An experimental survey of rust preventives in water II. The screening of organic inhibitors
Authors: Hersch P. , Hare J. B. , Robertson A. , Sutherland Sheila M.
Published: July 2010

The methods described in Part I1 were applied to the screening of over 400 possible inhibitors, mainly organic, in non‐acid aqueous solutions containing dissolved air, and to supporting polarisation experiments.

Inorganic anions tested included sodium azide which inhibits rusting although it forms a soluble complex with ferric ions and does not precipitate ferrous ions. Some heavy metal complexes, such as potassium ferrocyanide and a ferric EDTA complex, were inhibitors.

The carboxylate anion favoured inhibition although this tendency is modified by the hydrocarbon residue and substituents. Thus in the series of sodium salts of fatty acids, the inhibitor effectiveness was maximum with a molecule containing 8—10 carbon atoms depending on the type of test.

Results for amines indicate that inhibition is due to the neutral amine molecule; only with strong amines could inhibition be due partly or mainly to the hydroxyl ion. This conclusion is supported by the lack of inhibition ability of aliphatic amino‐acids of comparatively low molecular weight, since aqueous solutions of these exist mainly as zwitter ions. Sodium lauroyl sarcosinate, which is an amide‐type derivative of sarcosine with a large hydrocarbon part, has however good inhibiting properties except in presence of halide ions.

Most non‐basic nitrogen compounds were ineffective, even including many derivatives of hydrazine which itself is used as an inhibitor and oxygen scavenger in boiler feed water. Maleic hydrazide and its derivatives were however exceptionally effective, although only moderately so in presence of halide. The nitro group favoured inhibition ability with water‐soluble compounds; the nitroso group favoured inhibition unless, as appeared usual, the molecule complexes iron; and the azo group appeared ineffective.

Some but not all organic derivatives of phosphoric acid inhibited the rusting of steel, whilst two phosphinic oxides were ineffective.

The sulphonate group resembles sulphate in that it opposes an inhibition tendency. Unlike halide ions, covalent halogen assists inhibition when present in the meta‐ or para‐, but not in the ortho‐position to the carboxylate group in benzoate.

Polarisation curves showed most inhibitors to polarise anodic dissolution rather than cathodic oxygen reduction.
The mechanism of the synthesis of hydrocarbons from carbon monoxide, hydrogen and ethylene
Authors: Gibson E. J. , Clarke R. W.
Published: July 2010

The distribution of 14C between the various carbon atoms in the C6 and C7 chains of the product formed when a mixture of H2, C2H4 and 14CO is passed over a cobalt Fischer–Tropsch catalyst has been determined. Most of the radioactivity is concentrated in the carbon atoms in the centre of the chains. Some conclusions are drawn regarding the relative rǒles of adsorbed hydrocarbon and oxygen‐containing radicals in the formation of hydrocarbon chains.
Monolayer formation from hexadecanol crystals. II
Authors: Roylance A. , Jones T. G.
Published: July 2010

The effect of film losses by evaporation on the spreading characteristics of hexadecanol crystals is examined. It is shown that steady‐state pressures lower than the equilibrium spreading pressure are exhibited and that these are dependent on the ratio of crystal perimeter to film area. The results have been used to evaluate the spreading constant over a range of pressures.
Variation in benzole composition during the carbonising cycle of a coke oven
Authors: Coupe N. B. , Girling W. , Scott R. P. W.
Published: July 2010

The composition of the benzole in the gas during the carbonising cycle of a coke oven has been investigated by gas‐liquid chromatography. The results show that paraffins and naphthenes are mainly produced early in the cycle, whereas the maximum benzene concentration occurs much later.
Some techniques for investigating the unsteady‐state molecular flow of gas through a microporous medium
Authors: Nelson E. T. , Walker P. L.
Published: July 2010

An experimental method has been developed which is capable of measuring the unsteady‐state molecular flow of small volumes of gas from a micro‐porous solid such as are encountered under thermal conditions unfavourable to adsorption. Two new computational procedures, which do not use the severe simplifying assumptions of existing methods, are described for evaluating diffusivities from unsteady‐state diffusion data. They are applied to some experimental results on the diffusion rates of several gases from synthetic zeolites.
Corrosion and electrochemical properties of zirconium, titanium and titanium‐zirconium alloys in solutions of hydrochloric acid and of hydrochloric acid with oxidising agents
Authors: Andreeva V. V. , Glukhova A. I.
Published: July 2010

The corrosion resistance and electrochemical properties of titanium, zirconium and binary alloys of the whole zirconium‐titanium system in highly aggressive electrolyte have been extensively studied and a number of interesting relationships have been found. The dependence of the course of electrochemical processes on the compositions of the alloy and the electrolyte have been shown. The alloy compositions and the ranges of concentration and temperature of solutions have been established within which the alloys have high corrosion resistance and may be employed as constructional materials for chemical plant.
Self‐diffusion of calcium ions in the equilibrium system calcium silicate hydrate‐lime solution
Authors: Forrester J. A. , Lawrence C. D.
Published: July 2010

Radio‐isotope exchange at 25°, using 45Ca, between calcium silicate hydrate and its aqueous solution, has established that an initial rapid exchange involving between 12 and 20% of the calcium in the calcium silicate hydrate crystals, is followed by a slow, diffusion‐controlled exchange, tentative self‐diffusion coefficient for calcium increasing from 1.08 × 10−23 cm.2 sec.−1 to 60.7 × 10−23 cm.2 sec.−1 as the composition changes from 0.36CaO,SiO2,aq. to 1.39CaO,SiO2,aq. The low mobilities of the calcium ion indicated from these results account for the slowness with which calcium silicate hydrate comes to equilibrium with its aqueous solution and also help to explain the high durability of Portland cement products subjected to leaching by water.
Variations in the kinetics of setting of calcined gypsum. I. Effects of retarders and accelerators
Authors: Ridge M. J. , Surkevicius H.
Published: July 2010

The effects were studied of some retarders and accelerators on the kinetics of hydration of samples of six calcined gypsums with different characteristics. The samples showed considerable individuality in their response, some being virtually unaffected by amounts of retarder or accelerator that markedly affected the hydration of others. The effects described are discussed in terms of theories already developed for the actions of retarders and accelerators.
The effect of various vapours on the strength of compacted silica
Authors: Dollimore D. , Heal G. R.
Published: July 2010

A method of compacting silica gel powder is described together with details of the surface changes that accompany such a process. The strength of discs of this material in vacuum and in the presence of different pressures of various gases and vapours are given. Carbon tetrachloride at room temperature has no effect. Nitrogen at liquid nitrogen temperature (−195.8°) causes a small decrease in strength. Water‐vapour at room temperature even in small quantities causes a sharp fall in strength.
Silica powders of respirable size. IV. The long‐term dissolution of silica powders in dilute hydrofluoric acid: An anisotropic mechanism of dissolution for the coarser quartz powders
Authors: Bergman I.
Published: July 2010

The study of the rates of dissolution of powders of silica (quartz, tridymite and vitreous silica) of respirable size in 0–1 M‐hydrofluoric acid has been extended to more concentrated acid, to coarser powders and over longer periods. The results have not indicated any major change with dissolution in the overall particle shapes of the powders. For quartz powders of particle diameter greater than 2 μ, however, the results suggest an anisotropic dissolution mechanism, resulting in an unusual increase in the rate of dissolution with time.
A datum point for estimating the adsorbed water in hydrated portland cement
Authors: Feldman R. F. , Sereda P. J.
Published: July 2010

In order that it may be possible to differentiate between adsorbed water and water chemically bound in hydrated Portland cement, a study was conducted of the dimensional‐change sorption characteristics at low relative vapour pressures.

By use of compacts of bottle‐hydrated cement fabricated at loads between 5000 and 65, 000 lb., equilibrium as well as dynamic values were obtained for dimensional change and moisture change relationships below 20% R.H. The apparatus enabled experiments to be performed in high vacuum.

For the first rewetting and second drying it was found that for equilibrium points from 7.2 to 17‐6 and 17‐7 to 7‐9% R.H. the plots of ( Δl/l) vs (ΔW/W) were both linear. After degassing the specimens beyond 7.9% R.H., the dynamic points continued along the straight line traced out by the equilibrium points in the plot mentioned and a sharp transition point was obtained. The vapour pressure in the region of this transition point, referred to as datum point, was less than 10 μ. Further degassing produced another linear region.

It was concluded with supporting evidence from work on other porous materials that the datum point where the transition between the linear portions of the curve occurs, will yield a good estimate of the true value for adsorbed water and will thus approximate to the point for zero adsorbed water; it will also separate the processes of desorption and dehydration. This establishes therefore a method for determining the adsorbed water in hydrated cement.

The results obtained from the compacts of bottle‐hydrated cement indicate that by this method the surface area, as calculated from the B.E.T. theory, will be considerably lower than that obtained from the high value for the evaporable water (determined by the method of Copeland & Hayes).
The assessment of sealing of anodic oxide films on aluminium by colorimetric analysis
Authors: Wood G. C. , Stokoe J. N.
Published: July 2010

A colorimetric method of estimating the degree of sealing of anodic oxide films on aluminium has been developed. Sealing in dichromate or chromate solutions may be followed directly by dissolving the anodic film in sodium hydroxide solution, acidifying with sulphuric acid and determining the chromium in the resulting solution with diphenylcarbazide. For other sealing electrolytes, the partially sealed film is treated for a standard time in potassium dichromate solution (‘post‐sealing’) before dissolution and estimation.

In dichromate sealing, chromium uptake continues for long periods at all temperatures and any simultaneous hydration does not rapidly produce pore plugging. The post‐sealing estimation technique is shown to be sensitive to anodising and sealing variables for water sealing. The results support a mechanism of sealing involving some pore closure from the sides with more extensive plugging near the outer surface. The test also appears suitable for assessing films sealed in salt solutions such as nickel acetate and is apparently sensitive to the effects of ageing of the oxide film. It is concluded that it is the most appropriate of the absorptiometric and colorimetric tests because it may be developed on a quantitative basis.
Flotation with insoluble reagents. II. Effects of surface‐active reagents on the spreading of oil at coal‐water interfaces
Authors: Burkin A. R. , Bramley J. V.
Published: July 2010

Conditions of agitation strongly affect the recovery of medium rank coal by flotation with oil as collector. As long as collision between coal particles and oil droplets is not prevented by repulsion of the electrical double layers, the effect of agitation is to spread the oil at the coal‐water interface. To remove ambiguities due to the properties of the frothing agent present, experiments on the effects of surface‐active materials on the ease of spreading of the oil were carried out in a special cell with no froth present. The surface‐active reagents improve the distribution of the oil because they lower the oil‐water interfacial tension. Some aromatic materials such as cresylic acid cause similar lowering without making it possible for the oil to spread as readily as when aliphatic reagents are used.
Effect of dehydrogenation on the pyrolysis of two coals
Authors: Dicker P. H. , Gaines A. F. , Stanley L.
Published: July 2010

The series of dehydrogenated coals previously prepared1 by treating a 902 rank and a 401 rank coal with sulphur have been pyrolysed in a Gray‐King furnace to 600°. The variations in the yields of products have been compared as functions of the changes in the structure of the coals produced by the previous chemical dehydrogenation. The results obtained confirm the ‘hydroaromaticities’ previously deduced for the two coals and support the interpretation of the manner in which the coals reacted with sulphur. Furthermore, it is shown that when the two original coals were pyrolysed:

All the acetylatable hydroxyl groups in the coals formed water,

Both the ethane and the ethylene evolved derived from the ‘hydroaromatic’ parts of the coals,

Tar was evolved by the disruption of the ‘hydroaromatic’ material which linked the aromatic nuclei in the coals,

On the other hand, much of the ‘hydroaromatic’ material dehydrogenated to give an extended aromatic network which remained in the char,

The hydrogen liberated by the dehydrogenation of the ‘hydroaromatic’ material was essential to many of those reactions which formed gas.
Oxidation of wheat starch
Authors: Thewlis B. H.
Published: July 2010

A series of samples of oxidised wheat starch was prepared by treating the starch with varying amounts of aqueous sodium hypochlorite, extent of oxidation being followed by estimation of carboxyl and of carbonyl content of each sample; viscosity changes on heating with water were followed by means of the Brabender Amylograph, and paste viscosities at 40° were also determined. The results were compared with those obtained from a commercial sample of oxidised maize starch.
Studies in high light‐fastness of dyes. The fading of anionic dyes in anionic alumina films
Authors: Giles C. H. , Datye K. V.
Published: July 2010

Facbrs influencing the light‐fastness of anionic dyes on (sulphuric acid) anodic oxide films on aluminium have been studied, using three acid wool dyes of widely different light‐fastness rating on textile fibres. The general conclusions are that there are four principal factors influencing the light‐fastness: (i) the normal fastness of the dye on a textile fibre: the higher the fastness on the fibre, trhe higher is it likely to be on the film, because similar chemical and physical effects in both cases are responsible for fastness; (ii) the thickness of the film: fastness rises with thickness (above a minimum) probably because dye deep in a film is better protected; (iii) the amount and valency of other anions in the dyebath: anions, especially those of high valency, tend to reduce fastness, probably by a competition effoct whereby adsorption of micellcs of dye, which have the highest fastness, is prevented; and (iv) the severity of the sealing treatment: the more severe the sealing, the higher is the fastness. It is suggested that sealing blockr off a proportion (not all) of the adsorbed dye and prcvents access to it of atmospheric oxygen and water vapour, so that it cannot fade. Appropriate recommendations are made for achieving the highest light‐fastness in dyed anodic films for architectural use.
Turbine impellers as gas‐liquid contacting devices
Authors: Hamer G. , Blakebrough N.
Published: July 2010

The performance of turbine impellers has been investigated by conventional sulphite oxidation technique in a 5‐litre vessel in sparged gas‐liquid and gas‐liquid‐solid systems. Performance may be limited by flooding of the impeller and slipping and by a third effect for which the term ‘overloading’ is proposed. This is associated with the attainment of a minimum bubble‐size for an impeller operating in a given environment. For a given diameter and speed of impeller this effect will only be observed if the blade height and width exceed certain critical values. Blade areas larger than that required to give the critical blade height and width result in an increase in power uptake without a corresponding increase in gas solution rate. For a given gas flow‐rate and impeller speed, oxygen uptake rates can be correlated in terms of power consumed by the impeller, irrespective of blade shape. The performance of a given impeller is dependent on its speed of rotation, gas flow‐rate and concentration of solids in suspension.
Catalytic vapour‐phase oxidation of xylenes in fluidised bed
Authors: Bhattacharyya S. K. , Krishnamurthy R.
Published: July 2010

A systematic investigation of the vapour‐phase oxidation of o‐, m‐ and p‐xylenes has been carried out in a fluidised catalytic reactor. Various vanadium pentoxide catalysts, both fused and unfused, and the influence of support and promoter on the catalytic activity have been studied.

For the oxidation of o‐xylene to phthalic anhydride, fused vanadium pentoxide proved the best catalyst. Under the optimum conditions (temperature 490°, air/xylene ratio 95.1, space velocity 10, 030 1./h./1., catalyst volume 17.3 c.c.), maximum conversion to phthalic anhydride of 67.8% was obtained.

For m‐ and p‐xylenes, isophthalic and terephthalic acids were absent from the oxidation products, but maleic anhydride was an important product.
Autoxidation of the lead soaps of the linseed oil fatty acids
Authors: Mayne J. E. O. , Ramshaw E. H.
Published: July 2010

Lead palmitate and stearate did not autoxidise in the presence of water and their saturated solutions did not render water non‐corrosive.

Lead oleate, linoleate and linolenate autoxidised to give water‐soluble inhibitive materials; lead linoleate and linolenate yielded in addition short‐chain acids, the lead salts of which were corrosive at the pH of the extracts (4.6).

The unsaturated lead salts also yielded water‐soluble peroxides, which enabled a given lead salt to inhibit corrosion at a lower concentration.
Molybdenum species in acid solution
Authors: Jenkins I. L. , Wain A. G.
Published: July 2010

Solutions of sodium and ammonium molybdate in nitric and in perchloric acids have been examined. The existence of polymeric molybdenum species at acidities greater than 0.1 M‐HNO3 has been established by diffusion experiments. Measurements of the absorption spectra and of the distribution of molybdenum between monododecyl phosphoric acid and aqueous nitric acid indicate the existence of a monomeric species at molybdenum concentrations below 0.001 M, and of polymerisation at higher concentrations. The monomer is probably a hydrated ion of the type (MoO2,xH2O)2+, and the polymer is probably a dimer.
The crystallisation of naphthalene oils
Authors: Briggs D. K. H. , Drake W. D.
Published: July 2010

The factors affecting the purity of crystal naphthalene recovered by the refrigeration of drained naphthalene oils have been studied by a statistically designed series of experiments on oils made up from pure compounds.

The contaminants are shown to be of two types—intra‐crystalline and surface mother liquor. The former are principally those which form solid solutions with naphthalene. The quantity of mother liquor on the surface is related to crystal size, and the paraffinicity of the oil as indicated by its density.
The flow properties of polyethylene whole polymers and fractions
Authors: Ferguson J. , Wright B. , Haward R. N.
Published: July 2010

A high‐pressure, nitrogen‐driven capillary viscometer has been used to study the extrusion flow properties of polyethylene samples which differed in molecular weight, molecular weight distribution and density.

Results obtained indicate that the effects of narrowing the molecular weight distribution of polyethylene whilst retaining the same intrinsic viscosity are to decrease its flow rate under conditions of high shear stress, and to decrease its flow parameter ‘n’. Such changes do not, however, have any effect on the flow rate which occurs under conditions of low shear stress, on the maximum shear stress which can be applied consistent with steady smooth flow, or on the activation energy of viscous flow at constant shear stress. High‐pressure polyethylenes, by comparison with linear polyethylenes of similar melt index, show flow irregularities at relatively low shear stresses and they have appreciably higher activation energies of viscous flow.