bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rural Performative Space
Authors: Ingle Hrishikesh Sudhakar
Published: May 2022

This chapter elaborates on the rural performative space, understood from the prominence of the gramin chitrapat. The rural space assumed a generic regional connotation after the 1960s, which further firmed-up in the tamasha film. The impact of the tamasha genre, for both the folk form and Marathi filmmaking, is examined from the perspective of spatial stereotyping and film circulation. The Shivaji genre is discussed for its constitutive extension of a rural performance. Shivaji films indicate an ideological import for a new state as they invoke a historical memory of a glorious Maratha past. In the final part, two narratives of film exhibition, given by B. V. Dharap and Vishwas Sarpotdar, are discussed to reveal a typecasting of the rural imaginary. It is argued that the prevalence of the gramin chitrapat was due to the gap between the literary imaginary of the region and the abstractions of the rural space in the tamasha genre.
Prosperity and Positivity at a “Greedy Institution”
Authors: Watts Galen
Published: May 2022

This chapter presents a cultural sociological case study of C3 Toronto (C3T), a neo-Pentecostal church. It begins by tracing the history of C3 Church and the wider Charismatic movement to which C3T belongs. It then demonstrates how the religion of the heart is institutionalized at C3T in the form of Charismatic Christian (CC) discourse. Next, by treating the church’s Sunday worship service as a collective ritual, the chapter argues that—through a combination of customized aesthetics, language ideology, conversion narratives, conferring moral authority on pastors, and practices of self-cultivation—C3T successfully reconstitutes members’ selves to accord with the church’s collective conscience. Moreover, C3T functions as a “greedy institution,” in that it seeks to stifle shifting involvements and alternative commitments among its members. The chapter concludes that the case of C3T vindicates critics’ fears about the intimate affinities shared between the religion of the heart (or “spirituality”) and neoliberalism. However, it also challenges the view that the appeal of Charismatic Christianity is wholly economic in character.
Public Performance and Political Ambivalences at a Public Speaking Club
Authors: Watts Galen
Published: May 2022

This chapter presents a cultural sociological case study of Tomorrow’s Leaders (TL), a Toastmasters International public speaking club. It begins by locating the rising popularity of Toastmasters over the course of the twentieth century in relation to the longstanding tradition of self-help in North America, and the Human Potential movement of the 1960s. Next, it presents a systematic rendering of the version of the religion of the heart, as it is encoded at TL—Self-Help (SH) discourse. It then treats club meetings as a collective ritual—comprised of shared social norms, public performances, and psychological identification—which functions to (re)produce romantic liberal subjects. The chapter concludes that, because members have the ability to import their own conceptions of personal authenticity into club meetings, TL’s relationship to the pathologies of anomie and egoism remains ambivalent.
Accuracy Arguments
Authors: Titelbaum Michael G.
Published: May 2022

This chapter examines arguments for Bayesian norms based on assessments of gradational accuracy. We discuss accuracy as a possible goal of belief-formation, then consider how best to measure accuracy. After considering and rejecting an approach based on calibration, we present accuracy scoring rules, including the Brier score. Joyce’s accuracy argument for probabilism is reconstructed, then we entertain objections to that argument. Since Finite Additivity turns out to be the most difficult of Kolmogorov’s axioms to defend, this leads to a broader exploration of whether an additivity requirement is really necessary to the Bayesian project. Finally, we consider Greaves and Wallace’s accuracy argument for Conditionalization.
Memory Loss and Self-locating Credences
Authors: Titelbaum Michael G.
Published: May 2022

This chapter presents objections to the Conditionalization updating rule stemming from cases involving memory loss, and cases in which an agent loses track of the time, her identity, or her location. A number of examples are considered, then alternative updating schemes are proposed and assessed.
Old Evidence and Logical Omniscience
Authors: Titelbaum Michael G.
Published: May 2022

This chapter considers objections to Subjective Bayesian theories of credence and confirmation based on cases in which an agent supports a hypothesis based on evidence learned previously, and cases in which an agent is ignorant of logical truths. For each type of cases, the chapter carefully analyzes what exactly the objection is supposed to be. Then a variety of potential responses are presented an assessed.
The Problem of the Priors and Alternatives to Bayesianism
Authors: Titelbaum Michael G.
Published: May 2022

This chapter begins with “the Problem of the Priors”, a label for the accusation that Subjective Bayesianism undermines the required objectivity of scientific reasoning. We try to clarify the problem, then ask whether it is ameliorated by mathematical “washing out of priors” results. The chapter then assesses two rival statistical paradigms that hope to recapture the necessary objectivity: frequentism (collecting the techniques presented in traditional statistics courses) and likelihoodism. It is argued that these approaches either fail to successfully capture the confirmation of hypotheses by evidence, or invoke subjective factors as well.
Wisdom and Paideia
Authors: Plested Marcus
Published: May 2022

Chapter 3 covers sub-apostolic and early Christian reflection on Christ as wisdom. In this period, wisdom discourse tended to focus initially on themes of guidance and instruction (paideia) while also beginning to open out increasingly onto themes of Trinitarian theology (God as wisdom; the Son and/or Holy Spirit as wisdom), Christology (Christ as wisdom—uncreated and/or created), and cosmology (the eternal foundation of the world in the Word and wisdom of God). Figures treated include Clement of Rome, Ignatius of Antioch, the Shepherd of Hermas, Justin Martyr, and Tertullian. Attention is also paid to lesser-known sources such as Silvanus, Sextus, and the pseudo-Clementines. The chapter concludes with St Irenaeus of Lyons who provides the most substantive treatment of wisdom in this early period.
The Golden Age of Patristic Sophiology
Authors: Plested Marcus
Published: May 2022

Themes of Trinitarian theology, Christology, and cosmology are prominent in the works of Clement and Origen of Alexandria (building in several respects on their illustrious Jewish predecessor, Philo) and ushering in what I have called ‘The Golden Age of Patristic Sophiology’. In the fourth century, issues related to Trinitarian theology and Christology come increasingly to preponderate due to the demands of the multi-facetted and evolving Arian controversy—without, however, quite eclipsing the other dimensions of the wisdom question. The chapter pays particular attention to various contributions of Athanasius, the Cappadocian Fathers, and Augustine. In Athanasius, the concept of wisdom helped conceptualize the bridging of the ontological gap between God and the world in terms of the union of uncreated and created wisdom in the person of Christ, by the power of the Holy Spirit. Similar themes are taken up by Augustine albeit with a distinct emphasis on the substantial or essential identity of God with his wisdom. In the Cappadocian Fathers, by contrast, we detect a rather different development whereby it becomes possible to speak of wisdom as divine in a manner consistent with divine simplicity but which does not reduce wisdom to either essence or hypostasis (but as one of the ‘glories pertaining to the essence’). This opens a ‘space’ or ‘gap’ for Sophiology that can be traced through various key thinkers of the Christian East but which remains firmly blocked in the Christian West.
Sophiology Revisited
Authors: Plested Marcus
Published: May 2022

After a review and resolution of the base question of the book regarding the patristic roots of modern Russian Sophiology, Chapter 7 sets out to re-envisage sophiology by situating it more firmly and fully within that tradition. Such a re-envisaged sophiology involves, in particular, a re-orientation of modern Russian Sophiology in line with established theological categories of essence, hypostasis, and energy (this last involving a concerted study of the relationship between Bulgakov and Palamas). It also entails a plunge back into the patristic and medieval traditions of both East and West. It is, in short, a completion of Sophiology’s ‘unmodern turn’. An outline statement of such a re-oriented sophiology is presented both as a summation of this book’s argument and as a stimulus to further reflection on the figure and theme of wisdom in Christian tradition.
States of Disorder, Ecosystems of Governance
Authors: Day Adam
Published: May 2022

Today’s vision of world order is founded upon the concept of strong, well-functioning states, in contrast to the destabilizing potential of failed or fragile states. This worldview has dominated international interventions over the past thirty years as enormous resources have been devoted to developing and extending the governance capacity of weak or failing states, hoping to transform them into reliable nodes in the global order. But with very few exceptions, this project has not delivered on its promise: countries like Somalia, Afghanistan, South Sudan, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) remain mired in conflict despite decades of international interventions. This book addresses the question, Why has United Nations (UN) statebuilding so consistently failed to meet its objectives? It proposes an explanation based on the application of complexity theory to UN interventions in South Sudan and the DRC, where the UN has been tasked to implement massive stabilization and statebuilding missions. Far from being ‘ungoverned spaces’, these settings present complex, dynamical systems of governance with emergent properties that allow them to adapt and resist attempts to change them. UN interventions, based upon assumptions that gradual increases in institutional capacity will lead to improved governance, fail to reflect how change occurs in these systems and may in fact contribute to underlying patterns of exclusion and violence. Based on more than a decade of the author’s work in peacekeeping, this book offers a systemic mapping of how governance systems work, and indeed work against, UN interventions. Pursuing a complexity-driven approach instead helps to avoid unintentional consequences, identifies meaningful points of leverage, and opens the possibility of transforming societies from within.
Introduction
Authors: von Greyerz Kaspar
Published: May 2022

Chapter 1 mainly addresses the following three aspects. First, that physico-theology during the period 1650–c.1760 in salient respects represented a new phenomenon. Although part of the tradition of natural theology, it displayed important novel features. It is misleading to view early modern physico-theology simply as a continuation of older natural theology. Observe its new image of a benevolent and wise Creator-God that is fundamentally different from the conception of an incalculable God of the preceding age and the very widespread recourse of physico-theologians to a mechanistic conception of nature unknown to the pre-Cartesian age. Second, this chapter proposes that physico-theology during the decades under consideration must be seen as an intellectual movement with initial roots in Britain and a widespread dissemination on the continent from about the last couple of decades of the seventeenth century. This movement eventually coalesced with the early Enlightenment without, however, ever becoming an integral part of it. Third, this chapter argues that only a transnational and transcultural perspective can save physico-theology from one-sided misconceptions.
Anthropocentrism and Providentialism
Authors: von Greyerz Kaspar
Published: May 2022

While pursuing the investigation of anthropocentrism as a basic feature of early modern physico-theology, this chapter takes the story from the England of Matthew Poole to Boston, Massachusetts, where the prominent theologian Cotton Mather embraced physico-theology in his Christian Philosopher of 1721. On a more general level, the concatenation of anthropocentric providentialism with physico-theological observation of nature is seen as a hindrance to the further development of physico-theology. Chapter 5 argues that it was above all the abandonment of the Baconian connection between human and natural history which allowed the physico-theological argument for the existence of the Creator-God to turn from attention to an anthropocentric providentialism toward the admiration of the order and harmony of the universe. This generally strengthened the search for order in nature and, thus, the rise of taxonomy. The shift was in many ways connected with the growing abandonment during the decades before and after 1700 of the notion of the so-called preternatural.
‘The most uncomfortable heap of glory that I ever had a hand in’
Authors: Reynolds Luke
Published: May 2022

This chapter examines non-fiction print media such as the histories and memoirs. In these works, questions of ownership of Waterloo are addressed largely on an international level, with authors of both histories and memoirs striving to emphasize the British, rather than allied, nature of the victory. Beyond that, however, an interesting dichotomy developed, with civilian authors dominating the histories with bird’s-eye-view accounts of the battle and campaign, and veterans choosing instead to pen memoirs that eschewed overarching descriptions in favour of personal narratives that, by the very nature of their limited eyewitness scope, emphasized their presence on the battlefield and personal contribution to the victory. The memoirs discussed also demonstrate that, while the decisiveness of Waterloo appealed to many, for these officers Waterloo was just one incident in a much longer and more significant period of war and service.
‘The fullest instruction on a subject so illustrious’
Authors: Reynolds Luke
Published: May 2022

This chapter continues the nationalization of commemoration and memory discussed in the previous chapter, but switches focus from the annual commemorations that surrounded 18 June to various public exhibitions. These included several Waterloo museums or exhibits, multiple panoramas, and William Siborne’s extensively researched model of the battle. The museums, most famously Bullock’s London Museum and Madame Tussaud’s, drew crowds with artefacts ranging from discarded weapons and pieces of uniforms to Napoleon’s coach, which was captured in the French retreat from Waterloo and was put on display in London and throughout Britain. Panoramas across the country offered views of Waterloo in place of relics and found the battle so popular that it was featured into the 1840s. The very success of these exhibitions, however, shines light on the relationship between civilian curation and military legitimacy, as it was the presence of Waterloo veterans that bestowed the appearance of accuracy crucial to popular appeal.
Rationality in Retrospect
Authors: Schroeder Mark
Published: May 2022

It is relatively common to distinguish between two perspectives on normative appraisal of action: the correct and the rational. This distinction is commonly associated with a kind of naïve picture thinking according to which the subjective perspective within which we evaluate actions as rational or irrational is the proper prospective perspective on choice, while the objective perspective from which we evaluate actions as correct or incorrect is the proper retrospective perspective on choice. It is the purpose of this chapter to demonstrate that the naïve picture gets things precisely the wrong way around. The objective perspective, it is argued, is the proper prospective perspective to take on choice, and the subjective perspective is the proper perspective of retrospection. As unintuitive as this thesis sounds in prospect, the chapter shows that this mistake has had pervasive consequences for our understanding of the relationship between rationality and correctness.
The Authoritative Normativity of Fitting Attitudes
Authors: Cosker-Rowland Rach
Published: May 2022

Some standards, such as moral and prudential standards, provide genuinely or authoritatively normative reasons for action. Other standards, such as the norms of masculinity and the Mafia’s code of omertà, provide reasons but do not provide genuinely normative reasons for action. This chapter first explains that there is a similar distinction amongst attitudinal standards: some attitudes (belief, desire) have standards that seem to give rise to genuine normativity; others (boredom, envy) do not. This chapter gives a value-based account of which attitudinal standards give rise to genuine normativity. It argues that this account has interesting implications before extending it to provide an account of which action-guiding standards are genuinely normative. It argues that this value-based account of which standards are genuinely normative is more plausible than alternatives suggested in the literature and has interesting implications for genuine normativity in law and aesthetics.
An Epistemology for Moral Naturalists
Authors: Perl Caleb
Published: May 2022

This chapter introduces a new account of moral knowledge—an account of how we make or assess claims to moral knowledge. It explains three hallmarks of moral knowledge: its apriori nature, its autonomy from scientific inquiry, and its minimalist epistemology. These hallmarks all seem like evidence against moral naturalists. The chapter shows that this new account allows moral naturalists to capture all three hallmarks. Capturing the three hallmarks undercuts a central source of evidence against moral naturalism.
Conceptual Role Expressivism and Defective Concepts
Authors: Brown James L. D.
Published: May 2022

Chapter 9 examines the general prospects for conceptual role expressivism, expressivist theories that embrace conceptual role semantics. It has two main aims. The first aim is to provide a general characterization of the view. The second aim is to raise a challenge for the general view. The challenge is to explain why normative concepts are not a species of defective concepts, where defective concepts are those that cannot meaningfully embed and participate in genuine inference. After rejecting existing attempts to answer the challenge, the chapter proposes an alternative solution. However, the solution leaves conceptual role expressivism a far less distinctive and interesting position than its proponents claim. The chapter concludes that we should be skeptical about how much expressivists gain by appealing to conceptual role semantics.
Critical Legal Empowerment for Human Rights
Authors: Satterthwaite Margaret
Published: May 2022

This chapter argues that a deep change in the practice of human rights is needed to alter the basic conditions of those who experience persistent human rights violations. Legal empowerment—led by the grassroots, with lawyers and other professionals in supporting, rather than leading, roles—is a crucial part of the justice transformation that is needed. When rights-holders directly engage institutions affecting their lives, they demand that systems become more accessible and responsive to the daily challenges of the people. And when the law and legal systems are actively harming marginalized and oppressed peoples, a critical form of legal empowerment can ensure that they are the authors of their own liberation and demand transformation of the law. Human rights advocates should embrace this reality by becoming reliable partners to movements led by the communities experiencing grave rights deprivations.
The Gut Microbiome and Sjögren’s
Authors: Galor Anat , Cavuoto Kara M. , Banerjee Santanu
Published: May 2022

There has been a recent interest in the interaction between gut bacteria and mucosal immunity in a number of diseases, including Sjögren’s. Ample evidence is available showing that the gut microbiome is altered in individuals with autoimmune diseases such as Sjögren’s. Animal models have clarified that these are not just associations but that the gut microbiome affects disease phenotype. There are several methods by which to change the gut microbiome, and this may represent a potential treatment in Sjögren’s. More research is needed to identify the specific microbiome signature in Sjögren’s that can be used to guide preventive and therapeutic strategies.
Diagnosis of Fatigue
Authors: Wallace Daniel J. , Mishra Richa , Vivino Frederick B.
Published: May 2022

Fatigue is a common and disabling symptom for patients with Sjögren’s disease and is best defined as a low-energy state characterized by physical or mental weariness. Fatigue represents one of the main reasons for the diminished quality of life in the Sjögren’s population. Primary factors such as inflammation can be reversible and should be ruled out first. Associated factors such as the side effects of medications and dysfunction of the thyroid gland (present in 20% of patients with Sjögren’s disease) should be taken into consideration as well. Making any needed adjustments in these environmental and psychosocial factors can often ameliorate the fatigue that severely reduces patients’ quality of life.
Sjögren’s and Central Nervous System Disorders
Authors: Varadhachary Arun
Published: May 2022

The concept of central nervous system manifestations of rheumatologic disease is a well-recognized clinical phenomenon. Complications in Sjögren’s can include stroke, seizures, movement disorders, encephalopathy, meningoencephalitis, neuropsychiatric symptoms, inflammatory spinal cord disease, optic neuropathy and multiple sclerosis (MS)-like conditions. Central nervous system manifestations of Sjögren’s require multidisciplinary management and investigation while also highlighting the difficulties inherent with biomedical research in an era of changing definitions of disease. Sjögren’s was initially defined by a constellation of symptoms that were recognizable to the expert clinician. As underlying autoimmune disease mechanisms are uncovered, it is our challenge to continuously consider how we categorize disease such that groupings remain clinically relevant and allow us to take care of our patients.
Dry Eye
Authors: de Paiva Cintia S. , Dana Reza , Foulks Gary N.
Published: May 2022

Dry eye is one of the most common and bothersome complaints reported by patients with Sjögren’s disease. Dry eye represents the failure of tears to protect the eye and to provide a smooth corneal surface. It is a consequence of aberrant interactions between the proteins and the lipids in the aqueous layer of the tear film. Dry eye is diagnosed with the use of clinical examination, tear function testing, and laboratory analysis of tears. Before the diagnosis is made, other common conditions such as allergies or blepharitis must be ruled out, along with the use of any medications that have drying as a side effect.
Laboratory Tests
Authors: Baer Alan N.
Published: May 2022

Although symptoms, signs, and physical findings are important in evaluating a patient with Sjögren’s disease, clinical laboratory testing is a key ingredient that aids in the diagnosis and ability to follow disease activity. Laboratory testing helps the clinician establish the correct diagnosis of Sjögren’s, determine involvement of internal organs, estimate the risk of lymphoma development, and monitor the disease and its treatments periodically. The testing is typically done as part of a broader evaluation to achieve these goals, including an interview with the physician, physical examination, imaging studies, biopsy, and occasionally more specialized testing. Examinations of the eyes and mouth by eye care and oral medicine specialists may also be requested. This chapter reviews the more common laboratory tests used in Sjögren’s patients, with an emphasis on how the clinician uses these tests.
The Difficult-to-Diagnose Sjögren’s Patient
Authors: Rasmussen Astrid
Published: May 2022

Sjögren’s is a complex disease that can manifest in a great variety of ways. Some patients may have dryness as the most prominent feature, while others can have life-threatening disease or considerable disability and involvement of multiple organs. The chameleonic nature of the disorder and the lack of a single diagnostic test often result in significant difficulty and delay in achieving a correct diagnosis. Even though Sjögren’s is present in many patients with autoimmune rheumatic disorders, the prominent manifestations of the disease are not always recognized. The resulting delay in diagnosis often is due to misinterpretation of clinical findings of synovitis, imaging abnormalities, and serology results, such as antinuclear antibodies and rheumatoid factor. This chapter discusses how practitioners can make a correct and reliable diagnosis that will result in optimal management for patients.
Diseases Associated with Sjögren’s
Authors: Lewis Janet , Vivino Frederick B.
Published: May 2022

Sjögren’s may occur in isolation or it may be found in association with another autoimmune disease. About half of those with Sjögren’s have Sjögren’s alone and about half have another major rheumatic, autoimmune disease with their Sjögren’s. Examples of autoimmune disorders associated with Sjögren’s include rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. Symptoms and signs caused by these associated autoimmune disorders can have an impact on treatment and potential complications in people with more than one related disease. Early and accurate diagnosis of associated autoimmune conditions is key to the successful management and long-term outcomes of Sjögren’s. The signs, symptoms, and relationship of these disorders to Sjögren’s are discussed in this chapter.
Childhood Sjögren’s
Authors: Lieberman Scott M. , Stern Sara M. , Mehta Jay
Published: May 2022

While often considered a disease of adulthood, Sjögren’s can and does occur in children. Part of the challenge of diagnosing these children is the frequent lack of classic Sjögren’s symptoms of profound eye and mouth dryness. Because Sjögren’s often presents differently in children than in adults, the criteria developed and often used to diagnose Sjögren’s in adults are not adequate to diagnose Sjögren’s in children. This may be due to the difficulty in performing some of the testing procedures in young or anxious children. Also, children likely represent an earlier stage of disease and lack the degree of damage that develops after decades of dryness and inflammation, so even when tests are performed, the results may not be abnormal to the same degree as in adults. Usually seen in girls, the presentation is usually subtle and mostly glandular. Myofascial pain and constitutional symptoms of fatigue and aching are prominent features, along with dry eyes and mouth. There is no specific treatment for childhood-onset Sjögren’s and the prognosis is variable.
Management of Vaginal Dryness in Sjögren’s
Authors: van Nimwegen Jolien F. , Melkonian Rita
Published: May 2022

Vaginal dryness is a common yet under-recognized symptom in women with Sjögren’s disease. It is not currently known whether inflammation in the vaginal and endocervical mucosa causes this localized dryness. Vaginal dryness is associated with increased rates of discomfort during daily living as well as an increased risk for pain that occurs during sexual intercourse (dyspareunia). The overall composition of the vaginal microbiome of Sjögren’s patients is similar to that of patients without Sjögren’s. Vaginal dryness can be managed with the use of currently available treatments, including water-soluble lubricating products, probiotic and hyaluronic acid moisturizers, estrogen creams, and estradiol-based vaginal inserts.
Management of Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain in Sjögren’s
Authors: Chen Lan
Published: May 2022

Chronic musculoskeletal pain occurs frequently in Sjögren’s patients and is usually of an inflammatory nature. The causes for pain include neuropathic, arthritic, para-articular (e.g., tendinitis, bursitis), and/or diffuse muscle pain such as fibromyalgia, which is one of the most common comorbidities in Sjögren’s. The first step for management of chronic pain in Sjögren’s patients is to identify the cause. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents, corticosteroids, and immune suppressants can relieve discomfort. Non-inflammatory pain may or may not be due to Sjögren’s or other comorbidities or conditions. Some patients respond to nonsteroidals, non-narcotic analgesics such as tramadol, topical preparations, medical marijuana, migraine medications, muscle relaxants, or anticonvulsants such as gabapentin. Opiates should be avoided if possible as they are habit-forming and worsen fibromyalgia.
Management of Pulmonary Complications in Sjögren’s
Authors: Lee Augustine S.
Published: May 2022

Twenty percent to 30% of all Sjögren’s patients have some form of pulmonary symptoms. The most common ones involve dry trachea, pleuritic discomfort, cough, and shortness of breath (dyspnea). Over time, approximately 10% of patients develop interstitial changes that may progress to scarring, increased pulmonary pressure, and bronchiectasis. A variety of interstitial lung disease (ILD) have been identified in the context of Sjögren’s. Infrequently, some Sjögren’s patients present with vasculitis or thromboembolic or lymphoproliferative changes. Evaluating the lungs in Sjögren’s includes pulmonary function testing, high-resolution CT scanning, 2-D echocardiography, and sleep studies. Supportive measures such as humidification are useful. If there is evidence for systemic inflammation, disease-modifying agents such as cyclophosphamide, mycophenolate mofetil, antifibrotic agents, or azathioprine are prescribed.
Management of Central Nervous System Complications in Sjögren’s
Authors: Pavlakis Pantelis P. , Ford Theresa Lawrence , Lewis Janet , Mahajan Shalini , Mandel Steven , Wallace Daniel J.
Published: May 2022

The frequency of central nervous system involvement in patients with Sjögren’s disease varies widely, but it is less common than involvement of the peripheral nervous system. Even though it is less common, patients and medical professionals should be aware of potential central nervous system manifestations. There can be considerable overlap between autoimmune disorders; therefore, central nervous system involvement can include neuromyelitis optica or multiple sclerosis as part of a patient’s Sjögren’s disease or may be considered separate comorbidities. Cognitive dysfunction and mood disorders, including anxiety and depression, also can be rooted in Sjögren’s that impacts the central nervous system, or they may appear as comorbidities.
Management of Fatigue in Sjögren’s
Authors: Carteron Nancy L.
Published: May 2022

Fatigue is one of the most common complaints in Sjögren’s patients. The first step is to rule out non-disease-related sources of being tired such as diabetes, hypertension, lung disorders, deconditioning, depression, or side effects of medication. The practitioner should not view fatigue as a single entity but a complex compilation of symptoms, signs, and abnormal laboratory findings. Sjögren’s fatigue can represent an added heavy burden to an already high-maintenance autoimmune illness. Understanding the components contributing to the fatigue, treating underlying causes, and exploring a range of management options can lessen fatigue. Education about Sjögren’s in general allows patients some control and the ability to build more flexibility and balance into their life. A variety of clinicians and patient support groups can assist the individual on the journey to improved health.
Sleep Disorders
Authors: Kenneth Fisher H. , Wallace Daniel J.
Published: May 2022

Sleep problems are common in patients with Sjögren’s disease, with the most frequent complaint being nonrestorative sleep. Sleep efficiency and the amount of time spent in deep sleep appear to be reduced in many Sjögren’s patients. The causes of sleep problems in Sjögren’s are unknown, but autonomic nervous system involvement is suspected of playing a role. Major factors associated with Sjögren’s and sleep disturbances were dry eye, sleep apnea, and nocturnal pain. While few studies have been done, medications under investigation for use in Sjögren’s and other autoimmune disorders or already on the market for sleep problems might prove useful.
Sex and Sjögren’s
Authors: Burke Anne E.
Published: May 2022

Sjögren’s can affect women’s sexual function. Physical symptoms that can occur with Sjögren’s include vaginal dryness and pelvic pain. The age at which people are diagnosed with Sjögren’s may also coincide with perimenopause or menopause, with accompanying hormonal changes. Other factors, such as mood, fatigue, and general challenges of living with a chronic illness, can in turn affect sexual function and sexual satisfaction for women with Sjögren’s. Dry glandular tissue leads Sjögren’s patients to experience symptoms associated with sexual dysfunction. These include pelvic dryness (with painful intercourse), oral dryness (that can affect kissing), and bronchial changes making it difficult to bring up mucus. Inflammation also correlates with a reduction in libido and fatigue. The management of sexual dysfunction in Sjögren’s includes local moisturizing measures, secretogogues, anti-inflammatory drugs, anxiety reduction measures, hormonal interventions, and relaxation techniques. A multidisciplinary, supportive approach is important.
Disability
Authors: Sutton Thomas D. , Hammitt Katherine M.
Published: May 2022

Sjögren’s can result in a high financial cost to patients and their families. Due to the effects of this potentially disabling disease, some Sjögren’s patients are unable to work and face the loss of their income. At the same time, these patients face higher costs to manage and treat their disease and to hire help for household chores and other tasks that they can no longer do. Now that Sjögren’s is included in the Social Security Administration’s listing of disabilities (following recent efforts by the Sjögren’s Foundation), the process for obtaining social security disability is more straightforward than in the past. This chapter walks patients through the steps of this process.
Participatory Action Research
Authors: Lenette Caroline
Published: May 2022

Participatory Action Research (PAR) models are increasingly used in disciplines such as social sciences and health to actively engage people with lived experiences as co-researchers and act on findings to improve their lives. In recent years, the potential of PAR to yield meaningful benefits via collaborative research activities with people who are multiply marginalized and excluded from dominant forms of knowledge production has gained more recognition. This rise in popularity calls for in-depth discussions about contemporary methodological issues and taken-for-granted principles that can yield tokenistic outcomes and ethical dilemmas. What do genuine participation and research co-production look like when co-researchers are actively involved in data collection, analysis, and sharing? How do we address ethical issues when projects and relationships become problematic and messy? In addition to answering these questions, this book repositions PAR as an intersectional decolonial methodology and an effective tool to disrupt harmful western or Eurocentric research frameworks in favor of approaches such as Indigenous PAR. It outlines how intersectional feminist principles enrich PAR and honor diverse gender expressions to address enduring inequalities rather than reinforce colonial, elitist, and transphobic notions of feminism. The discussion on influencing policymaking using PAR findings points to the importance of effective knowledge translation plans and intersectional feminist policy analysis frameworks. Using reflexive vignettes from diverse participatory researchers, this book provides practical and conceptual insights into the politics of PAR and its potential to yield new possibilities for individual, community, and policy change when participatory approaches are used in collaborative and ethical ways.
What Is Participatory Action Research?
Authors: Lenette Caroline
Published: May 2022

Chapter 1 outlines the key characteristics of Participatory Action Research (PAR), a methodology or approach that privileges active involvement of people with lived experiences, or co-researchers, to generate findings and strategies to effect change. The author explains how participatory research models can lead to social justice outcomes and the significance of co-research and co-production of new knowledge. The chapter focuses on eight underpinning principles of PAR: It involves disruption of traditional research approaches; reciprocal benefits; trust; deep engagement; social change; intersectionality; co-researchers’ agendas; and a challenge to power differentials. The author outlines how academic researchers’ commitment to reciprocity, or shared understanding of mutually beneficial outcomes, is at the core of PAR. She explains the concept of vulnerability as an ethical research practice, where academic researchers are open to the impact others have on their sense of self. The final part of the chapter outlines the book structure and provides background information on the five vignette contributors.
The Rise and Fall of the Neoliberal Order
Authors: Gerstle Gary
Published: May 2022

The Rise and Fall of the Neoliberal Order analyses the history of a political order that emerged in the United States in the 1970s and 1980s, dominated American politics in the 1990s and 2000s, and fractured during the 2010s when Donald Trump and Bernie Sanders rose to prominence. Its power was built on an array of donors, policy entrepreneurs, and politicians that coalesced under Reagan. That coalition overturned the regulatory regime and ideological hegemony of New Deal order that had dominated American politics for forty years and made neoliberalism America’s dominant creed of political economy. The book argues that neoliberalism is a better term than conservatism for understanding the politics of this era. At the same time, it reworks the meaning and significance of neoliberalism. First, it insists that neoliberalism was much closer in character to the ideology of 19th century classical liberalism than is commonly acknowledged. Second, it argues that an elite-driven model for understanding neoliberalism is not sufficient to understand this ideology’s broad appeal; one must also reckon with how its promise of individual freedom drew both working-class Americans and erstwhile New Leftists to its banner. Third, the book identifies the collapse of the Soviet Union and of its legitimating ideology—communism—as critical factors in the neoliberal order’s triumph and restores the centrality of the Cold War to an understanding of our time. The book concludes with an analysis about how the problems left unsolved by the neoliberal order paved the way for Donald Trump’s rise and triumph.
Introduction
Authors: Salazar Greg A.
Published: May 2022

The introduction lays out a basic outline of the major facets of Featley’s theology and career, the historiography germane to this study, and the significance of this study for that developing historiography. It explains the work’s overall contribution and then expounds the basic themes and arguments of each individual chapter. In short, the introduction explains that while Featley is a central focus of the work, this work is more than a biography. Therefore, it ends by outlining the relevance of this work to the broader themes in the developing historiography. In short, the work uses Featley’s career to trace the fortunes of Calvinist conformists and demonstrates how Featley’s convictions were representative of the ideals and career of conformist Calvinism.
English Reformed Soteriology
Authors: Salazar Greg A.
Published: May 2022

Chapter 4 analyzes the publications resulting from Featley’s debates with prominent anti-Calvinist leaders. This chapter examines Featley’s use of patristic tradition in these disputes, the pastoral motivations that underpinned his polemical exchanges, and how Featley strategically issued these polemical publications to counter anti-Calvinism and to promulgate his own alternative version of orthodoxy at several crucial political moments during the 1620s and 1630s. It explores how Featley depicted Montague’s anti-Calvinism as a threefold threat to the established church: he viewed Montague’s response as a republication of the ancient Pelagian heresy, a transmission of Dutch Arminianism to the English Church, and as a slightly adapted version of Catholicism.
Data Acquisition and Management
Authors: Shamoo Adil E. , Resnik David B.
Published: May 2022

Data plays a key role testing scientific theories and hypotheses and forms the backbone of scientific inference. The different steps of research should be planned, monitored, reviewed, and documented carefully, and research design should include built-in safeguards to ensure the quality, objectivity, reproducibility, and integrity of research data. Scientific records include data as well as other important records, such as protocols, standard operating procedures, regulatory approvals, software used in data analysis, and drafts of manuscripts. All research records should be kept accurately, stored securely, and backed-up. This chapter addresses ethical issues pertaining to data acquisition and management, including hypothesis formation and testing, biases, research design, data collection, data analysis, data interpretation, data storage, and data sharing.
Collaboration within Academia and with Industry
Authors: Shamoo Adil E. , Resnik David B.
Published: May 2022

Collaboration is essential to scientific research. Collaboration may occur among researchers working in different institutions, scientific disciplines, or countries. Collaboration raises many different ethical, legal, and practical issues that researchers should address including authorship, publication, conflict of interest, data management, roles and responsibilities, regulation, oversight, and deadlines. International collaborations can lead to a variety of ethical problems and concerns because different members of the research team may have different understandings of research norms, procedures, and traditions, and have different cultural, educational, legal, and political backgrounds. Collaborations between academia and industry can create various ethical problems and concerns because academic values may conflict with corporate values and interests.
Authorship
Authors: Shamoo Adil E. , Resnik David B.
Published: May 2022

Authorship is a prized commodity in science because most of the tangible rewards of academic research are based on a person’s publication record. Since the mid-twentieth century, the number of authors per scientific paper has been steadily increasing, driven, in part, by the desire to receive authorship credit and the increasing complexity and mult-disciplinarity of research. Authorship disputes are also becoming much more common. This chapter explores some of ethical issues and problems involving authorship, including authorship attribution and order, honorary authorship, ghost authorship, and equal authorship contributions. This chapter also discuss some ethical norms that apply to authorship, including accountability, honesty, and fairness and describes some criteria and guidelines for authorship.
Publication and Peer Review
Authors: Shamoo Adil E. , Resnik David B.
Published: May 2022

Publication is important for sharing data, methods, and results with the scientific community and disseminating knowledge that can benefit the public. This chapter provides a historical overview of scientific publication and peer review and describes the current practices of scientific journals and granting agencies. It also examines a number of different ethical issues and concerns that arise in publication and peer review, such as quality control, confidentiality, fairness, bias, electronic publication, wasteful publication, duplicate publication, publishing controversial research, publication on pre-print servers, and editorial independence. The chapter also addresses the ethical responsibilities of reviewers and concludes with a discussion of the relationship between researchers and the media.
Conflicts of Interest and Scientific Objectivity
Authors: Shamoo Adil E. , Resnik David B.
Published: May 2022

An individual has a conflict of interest when the individual has financial, professional, personal, political, or other interests that are likely to undermine the individual’s ability to fulfill the individual’s primary professional, ethical, or legal obligations. Researchers and research institutions have a variety of financial, personal, and political interests that sometimes conflict with their professional, ethical, or legal obligations. These situations can create conflicts of interest or the appearance of conflicts of interest. This chapter discusses how conflicts of interest can negatively impact research, how they are defined, and how they should be managed. It also describes how government agencies, journals, and research institutions have responded to conflicts of interest in research and discusses some cases from science.
Science and Social Responsibility
Authors: Shamoo Adil E. , Resnik David B.
Published: May 2022

Scientists have ethical obligations to benefit society and avoid causing harm. Scientists can benefit society by conducting research that advances human knowledge or produces useful applications (or both); educating the public about their research through lectures, media interviews, web postings, and popular books; providing expert opinion and testimony in legal proceedings or for government agencies; or contributing informed opinions to public policy debates. Though social responsibility is an important principle for scientific research, it can lead to some ethical dilemmas because it may conflict with other principles, such as openness and freedom. Conflicts may also arise within the principle itself when scientists consider how best to balance benefits and risks to society.
Conclusion
Authors: Shamoo Adil E. , Resnik David B.
Published: May 2022

In the final chapter of our book, we discuss some steps that researchers, institutional officials, government agencies, and scientific organizations can take to promote ethical conduct in scientific research. These steps include ensuring that leaders of research institutions and organizations act ethically and communicate the importance of ethics; providing institutional and financial support for effective education and mentoring in responsible conduct of research; developing policies related to research ethics and regulatory compliance; and implementing measures to enforce compliance with policies and oversee the conduct of research. We also discuss the importance of international cooperation for promoting research ethics around the world.
Faultlines, Failure, and Fracture: The Dark Side of Team Dynamics
Authors: Winsborough Dave , Akhtar Reece
Published: May 2022

The role that personality plays in teams is obvious to those who lead them and work in them, but data accounting for these impacts are mixed in the research base. Field studies show a larger effect for personality variables on measures of cohesion and productivity. This chapter explores this literature and places particular emphasis on dark-side personality traits. The authors describe modern methods of characterizing and assessing dysfunctional personality and posit mechanisms through which individual and team-level personality characteristics will affect the performance, climate, and dynamics of teams. The chapter concludes with succinct advice for practitioners about how to mitigate these effects.