bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
EFFECT OF CHANGES IN PC02 AND BODY POSITIONS ON INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE DURING GENERAL ANAESTHESIA
Authors: HVIDBERG A. , KESSING SV.V. , FERNANDES A.
Published: May 2009

Elevated arterial carbon dioxide tension, induced by the administration of CO2 via the respiratory air or by hypoventilation, entailed a gradual increase in the IOP in patients without eye diseases under general anaesthesia. A sudden cessation of CO2 administration or hyperventilation caused such a rapid, simultaneous fall in IOP to values below the initial level that the pressure variations must be of vascular nature, presumably related to changes in choroidal blood volume. The above‐mentioned procedures always cause a change in the central venous pressure (CVP) simultaneously with the IOP changes. Alterations of the CVP induced by hydrostatic factors in postural changes, placing the head 15° above or below the horizontal level while keeping the PaCO2 constant, caused IOP changes of the same configuration and magnitude as described above. It is concluded, therefore, that presumably the CO2‐conditioned IOP changes are due predominantly to changes in central venous pressure, being one link in a CO2‐conditioned action upon the general circulation, entailing passive secondary changes in the choroidal venous blood volume and thereby an influence upon the IOP. On the basis of the present results it appears rational to recommend hyperventilation to keep the PaCO2 between 25 and 30 mm and a 15° anti‐Trendelenburg position in operations on the open eye under general anaesthesia, since both procedures afford a low central venous pressure and consequently a low pressure in the posterior segment of the eye, with its attendant advantages as regards vitreous complications and the insertion of intraocular lenses. Owing to the risk of an unacceptable fall in BP in the combined procedure, a frequent checking of the BP is needed.
A DIURNAL STUDY OF THE OCULAR HYPOTENSIVE EFFECT OF METOPROLOL MOUNTED ON OPHTHALMIC RODS COMPARED TO TIMOLOL EYE DROPS IN GLAUCOMA PATIENTS
Authors: NIELSEN NIELS VESTI
Published: May 2009

In a cross over study the diurnal effects of metoprolol 0.22 mg mounted on ophthalmic rods and timolol eye drops (0.5%) was compared with respect to intraocular pressure, heart rate and blood pressure. Eleven glaucoma patients, 56–80 years old, were treated. No significant difference in ocular hypotensive action was disclosed between these two agents. The median or mean percentage hypotensive effect of both agents did not exceed 26%. The maximum pressure reduction occurred during the first 4 h after treatment. Both agents appeared to influence the heart rate and mean arterial pressure 1 —4 h after ocular application. The administration of 0.22 mg metoprolol on ophthalmic rods produces seemingly a similar effect on intraocular pressure, blood pressure and heart rate as one eye drop of 3 % metoprolol.
SOFT CONTACT LENS KERATITIS ASSOCIATED WITH SERRATIA MARCESCENS
Authors: PARMENT PER‐ARNE , RÖNNERSTAM ROLF A.
Published: May 2009

Three cases of keratoconjunctivitis associated with Serratia marcescens in patients wearing soft contact lenses are reported, and the possible pathogenical interaction between the bacterium and the soft lenses is discussed.
OPTIC DISC DRUSEN — A PHOTOGRAPHIC STUDY I. AUTOFLUORESCENCE PICTURES AND FLUORESCEIN ANGIOGRAPHY
Authors: MUSTONEN EILA , NIEMINEN HEIKKI
Published: May 2009

As part of an examination of 180 patients with optic disc drusen, auto‐fluorescence pictures had been taken in 116 patients and fluorescein angiograms in 67 patients. The superficial optic disc drusen often show a very bright nodular autofluorescence, but more important is the diffuse, not so intensive autofluorescence that the buried drusen may show. Thus, a diagnosis of hidden drusen can also be made if autofluorescence can be demonstrated. Fluorescein angiography may also reveal the buried drusen that do not show autofluorescence, and it may be of help in the differential diagnosis of pseudopapilloedema from true papilloedema. It may also indicate anomalous vascular patterns that may be associated with optic disc drusen.
OPTIC DISC DRUSEN — A PHOTOGRAPHIC STUDY II. RETINAL NERVE FIBRE LAYER PHOTOGRAPHY
Authors: MUSTONEN EILA , NIEMINEN HEIKKI
Published: May 2009

As part of an examination of 180 patients with optic disc drusen fundus photographs of 159 cases were evaluated. Twenty‐one patients had no fundus photographs, and 12 cases had only autofluorescence pictures, positive colour transparencies or fluorescein angiograms. Peripapillary retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) was examined in 147 patients from black‐and‐white stereo‐photographs of the optic disc (116) or from special RNFL pictures (4) or from both (27). Fifty‐three of 147 patients had been photographed two or more times during the years from 1967 to 1981. The regional grading of the RNFL was performed separately from 6 sectors around the disc from 386 series of photographs, and the findings were later compared with the patients' visual fields. The eyes with buried drusen usually showed normal RNFL and normal fields, but the visible drusen were often associated with thinning or slits or atrophy of the peripapillary nerve fibre bundles and with visual field defects.
SURFACE MORPHOLOGY OF EXPLANTS FROM THE HUMAN RETINAL PIGMENT EPITHELIUM IN CULTURE A Scanning Electron Microscopic Study
Authors: NICOLAISSEN B. , DAVANGER M. , ARNESEN K.
Published: May 2009

The alterations in surface morphology in human retinal pigment epithelium in explant culture was studied by scanning electron microscopy. After 14 days in culture, large areas of the epithelium showed well preserved surface villi. In some zones, however, the density of the finger‐like villi were reduced and the shorter villi became more visible. The short villi are lamellar in structure and constitute systems of communicating membranous folds and not isolated structures as previously believed. Most of the tall finger‐like villi were found to have their bases on the top of these folds. Dead cells followed 2 different pathways of dengeneration. Some showed large ruptures in the membrane, followed by expulsion of organelles and finally detachment of the cell from Bruch's membrane. With other cells, a progressive disintegration of the cell membrane was observed. The first type of degeneration occurred most frequently in dilated, single cells, whereas the latter type was found in larger areas of necrosis.
ASSESSMENT OF POSSIBLE TOXIC EFFECTS OF POLYVINYLPYRROLIDONE‐IODINE UPON THE HUMAN EYE IN CONJUNCTION WITH CATARACT EXTRACTION An Endothelial Specular Microscope Study
Authors: WILLE HENRIK
Published: May 2009

Polyvinylpyrrolidone‐iodine is known as an efficient broad spectrum disinfectant with a low toxicity to living tissues. The effect of pre‐operative conjunctival sac disinfection upon the corneal vitality is examined by means of endothelial photographs and pachymetry. One group of patients, who had uneventful intracapsular cataract extraction after instillation of PVP‐iodine into the conjunctival sac, was compared with a control group, who underwent the same operation without PVP‐iodine instillation. No corneal damage in terms of increased endothelial cell loss or corneal swelling is found in the PVP‐iodine treated patients. The compound is recommended for more general ophthalmic use.
RETINAL NERVE FIBRE LAYER PHOTOGRAPHY WITH A WIDE ANGLE FUNDUS CAMERA
Authors: AIRAKSINEN P. JUHANI , NIEMINEN HEIKKI , MUSTONEN EILA
Published: May 2009

Retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) photographs taken with a wide‐angle fundus camera (Canon CF‐60Z) and its built‐in blue interference filter (SE‐40) of 495 nm wavelength were compared with pictures taken with the same camera and a red‐free absorption filter (Wratten No. 58) as well as with photographs taken with a 30° fundus camera and Wratten No. 58 filter. Comparison showed that the best visualisation of the RNFL and its defects was achieved with the 60° picture angle of the Canon camera and SE‐40 filter. With a smaller picture angle (30°) and a filter of longer wavelength quality of reproduction deteriorated.
OPHTHALMIC CHANGES FROM AGE OF 10 TO 18 YEARS
Authors: FLEDELIUS HANS C.
Published: May 2009

The present report on vitreous and axial length completes an analysis of changes in eye size during adolescence. The sample is divided into 70 with low birth weight (< 2000 g) and 67 full‐term controls (FT). 1) Contrary to classical statements regarding early arrest of eye growth, a basic ‘pubertal’ axial growth of about 0.4– 0.5 mm is found in refractively static eyes. Eyes with progressive myopia elongate even more, due mainly to vitreous elongation. 2) The previously reported 10‐year LBW ocular size deficit remains an adult feature, even in seemingly normal eyes. There is a parallel permanent lack of catching‐up also regarding height, head circumference, and some other anthropometric parameters. 3) Two classical rules of thumb are discussed: a) 1 mm axial length change coincides with 3 D refractive change, and b) that of 24 mm as the emmetropic eye length. Although tenacious, bot statements have to be modified – according to biological variation and the weak correlation between most refractive parameters.
MONITORING ACETAZOLAMIDE TREATMENT
Authors: ALM ALBERT , BERGGREN LENNART , HARTVIG PER , ROOSDORP MÄRIT
Published: May 2009

Electron capture gas chromatography was used to determine plasma concentrations after various doses of acetazolamide. In 40 patients steady state plasma concentrations were determined for daily doses of 187.5, 375, 750, and 1000 mg. Mean plasma concentrations increased with increasing dosages but there were marked interindividual variations. Part of the interindividual variation was explained by a positive correlation between age and plasma concentration. In 10 patients with previously untreated glaucoma intraocular pressure (IOP) responses and plasma concentrations were determined for increasing doses of acetazolamide. Increasing IOP reductions were obtained up to a dose of 750 mg while a daily dose of 1000 mg acetazolamide had no further effect on IOP. The relationship between IOP reduction and plasma concentration showed great interindividual variations, from a pressure reduction of 11 mmHg at 6 μg/ml acetazolamide to a pressure reduction of 0 mmHg at 11 μg/ml. As a rule, the maximal effect on IOP was obtained at a plasma concentration between 5 and 10 μg/ml. In most patients a daily dose of 1000 mg resulted in plasma concentrations above 10 μg/ml.
CHANGES IN EYE TENSION AFTER PANRETINAL XENON ARC AND ARGON LASER PHOTOCOAGULATION IN NORMOTENSIVE DIABETIC EYES
Authors: SCHIØDTE S. N.
Published: May 2009

In 30 diabetic patients with normal intraocular pressures a comparison of a long term (6 months) effect on eye tension of panretinal monocular xenon arc and argon laser photocoagulation was made. The applanating suction cup method was used for the simultaneous, bilateral IOP recordings. Photocoagulation with the xenon arc produced significant declines in IOP of 3.1 mmHg after one month and of 2.2 mmHg after 6 months. A significantly smaller decline in IOP (0.9 mmHg) was found after one month if the argon laser with retrobulbar anesthesia was used for the treatments. Photocoagulation performed with the argon laser without retrobulbar anesthesia produced no significant changes in IOP. There was no changes in outflow facility of aqueous humor.
FLUORESCEIN IN HUMAN PLASMA IN VITRO
Authors: LUND‐ANDERSEN HENRIK , KROGSAA BENT
Published: May 2009

A method to determine fluorescein in human plasma is described. By aid of ultrafiltration a separation between fluorescein bound to plasma proteins and fluorescein free in the water is obtained. Both fractions are quantitated. Fluorescein is bound to plasma proteins. The protein binding is reversible, not sensitive to practically appearing changes in pH, temperature and gas tensions. For a normal person it appeared that at a total plasma concentration between (10‐6–10‐4) g·ml‐1 approximately 15% was free while at a total concentration of 10‐3 g·ml‐1 45% was free, pointing towards a limited amount of protein binding sites.
CATHEPSIN B, CATHEPSIN C AND ARYLAMIDASE IN RABBIT CORNEA
Authors: SCHIVE KIRSTI , VOLDEN GUNNAR
Published: May 2009

The 3 peptide hydrolases cathepsin B, cathepsin C and arylamidase have been assayed in rabbit cornea with the use of fluorigenic derivatives of β‐naphthylamine. The optimal reaction conditions and kinetic properties are described. The assay procedures which are simple and very sensitive can be used for studying the release of these enzymes from corneal cells, and further their eventual role in the pathological events following the influence of external agents.
MALIGNANT MELANOMAS OF THE HUMAN UVEA
Authors: JENSEN O. A.
Published: May 2009

All cases (302) of malignant intraocular melanomas in Denmark between 1943–1952 were followed up and evaluated 25 years after enucleation, which was the treatment used immediately after diagnosis during that period. The follow‐up percentage was 99, 82% of the total being dead at the time of follow‐up, bringing the real course of the malignant uveal melanoma in a traditionally treated series nearer to the truth. The same series was analysed in 1963 and 1970. Three‐quarters of the patients were hospitalized immediately before and/or in the process of dying. In the series of choroidal and/or ciliary body melanoma the autopsy frequency was 36. Death with metastases took place in 51% (150). Orbital recurrence was found in 2,5% and 8–12% of cases with extrascleral extension had orbital recurrence. This appeared at an average of 2 years after enucleation and 10% of metastases appeared within the first 6 months post‐operatively, more than half within 3 years. The peak incidence was during the first year after enucleation. No second peak was observed. However, metastases appeared even after 23 years. The probability of being alive without metastases after 25 years was found to be 40%, assuming that the patient did not die of another cause. The prognosis was estimated using various clinical and histopathological parameters. Women below the age of 40 had a better prognosis than women above that age. Small tumours, spindle shaped cells, no invasion and low pigment content of tumour were all in favour of a good prognosis. Of the iris melanomas from the period dealt with, only one died with metastasis. The present lively discussion on early enucleation or conservative management is reported and finally the attitude of the Ophthalmic Tumour Centre towards therapy is indicated.
BACTERIAL CONTAMINATION OF DROPS AND DROPPER TIPS OF IN‐USE MULTIDOSE EYE DROP BOTTLES
Authors: HØVDING GUNNAR , SJURSEN HAAKON
Published: May 2009

The type and frequency of bacterial contamination of 638 in‐use multidose eye drop bottles are reported. By dripping, bacteria were recovered from 82 bottles (12.9%). Bacterial growth considered to be clinically and microbiologically significant were found in 12 cases (1.9%). The swabbings from 38 of 180 dropper tips (21.1%) yielded bacteria, while none of the pipette aspirates from 196 bottles were positive. The flora obtained by dripping and swabbing was very similar to the normal conjunctival and skin flora. It is suggested that microorganisms isolated by dripping often originate from contaminated dropper tips. The frequency of contaminated drops did not increase with increasing duration of use of the bottles. Repeated examinations and inoculation studies indicated that the solutions were self‐sterilizing. This indicates that multidose eye drop bottles preserved and dispensed as in the present study may be used for more than the usual 4 weeks without increasing the risk of ocular infection.
A SIMPLE LIGHTING ARRANGEMENT FOR OCULAR PHOTOGRAPHY
Authors: WIDAKOWICH JOHANNES
Published: May 2009

The aim of the present work was to create a simple and cheap device for photographing the anterior segment and the media of the eye in direct illumination and by retroillumination. By illuminating the eye from a point near the centre of the anterior surface of the camera lens, the anterior segment and the media of the eye can be photographed. Pictures made in this manner and technical data for the device used are presented.
RUPTURE OF RETINAL PIGMENT EPITHELIAL DETACHMENT IN SENILE MACULAR DISEASE
Authors: LAATIKAINEN LEILA
Published: May 2009

Three eyes with senile detachment of the retinal pigment epithelium were complicated by tearing of the detached pigment epithelium with subsequent wrinkling or folding up of the pigment epithelium under the fovea. In all cases this only recently recognised complication of senile pigment epithelial detachment was documented before and after tearing by fluorescein angiography. In one eye pigment epithelial rupture was followed by rapid ingrowth of subretinal neovascularisation, and in one eye neovascularisation was suspected, although no definite new vessels could be observed.
RELIABILITY OF PHOTOMETRIC MEASUREMENTS IN THE ZEISS FUNDUS CAMERA
Authors: FONDA SERGIO , GATTI ANTONIETTA M. , VECCHI DEANNA
Published: May 2009

The authors test the hypothesis of systematic errors in photometric and/or densitometrc measurements performed by Fundus camera equipment. By means of 2 different methods (reflection and transmission) the non‐uniformity of light‐distribution on sample surfaces placed in front of the fundus camera is shown. The consequent point by point variability in retinal illumination can be defined as the ‘retinal shading problem’. This conclusion must be taken into account when equidensitometric measurements are carried out on eye fundus images with fundus camera, by photographic, cinematographic or TV techniques.
VISUAL OUTCOME AND COMPLICATIONS IN 287 INTRAOCULAR LENS IMPLANTS (FEDEROW) COMPARED WITH 290 INTRACAPSULAR CATARACT EXTRACTIONS
Authors: ERIKSEN JENS SINDBERG , NIELSEN NIELS VESTI
Published: May 2009

In 287 consecutively intracapsular cataract extracted eyes with a Federow intraocular lens implant (IOL) and 290 eyes with consecutively performed intracapsular cataract extractions (ICCE) the final visual outcome and complications were examined in a retrospective study. The average observation time was 31 months in the IOL group and 37 months in the ICCE group. Seventy‐five per cent in the IOL group and 77% in the ICCE group achieved a visual acuity ≥ 0.5. The main cause of a visual acuity <0.5 was maculopathy pre‐operatively recognized. A visual acuity <0.5 due to post‐operative complications occurred more frequently in the IOL group (28 eyes) compared with the ICCE group (13 eyes) ‐ P <0.01. Twelve intraocular implants (4.3%) had to be removed. The most important cause was dislocation of the IOL (9 eyes). During our first 12 months of IOL implantation 8 dislocations occurred out of 56 implanted eyes (14.3%). The remaining 6 dislocations occurred among the last 231 IOL eyes (2.6%). It is concluded that complications are few, but often serious in intraocular lens implant surgery. Careful pre‐operative examination and surgical experience are mandatory.
DIAGNOSIS OF AN ISOLATED VERTICAL MUSCLE PALSY
Authors: GETMAN ISRAEL , GOLDSTEIN JOSEPH H.
Published: May 2009

The determination of a paretic vertical muscle may be made by prism cover test measurements in the 9 diagnostic positions of gaze or the 3‐step test which relies on the Bielschowsky head tilt test. A series of cases with an isolated paretic vertical muscle was used to compare the 2 methods of examination. It was found that 1) the 3‐step test (based on the Bielschowsky head tilt test) is non‐diagnostic as frequently as fielding out, 2) the 3‐step test is much more likely to diagnose an oblique (especially the superior oblique) than any other muscle, 3) there is a statistically significant association between a loger duration of the paresis and the appearance of spread of comitance, and 4) the disagreement between the 3‐step test and cardinal gaze measurements which occurs in 18% of cases can not be adequately explained by ‘overspread of comitance’ to the point where the deviation is maximum in the opposite field of gaze. The measurement of the deviation in the cardinal positions of gaze was felt to more accurately indicate the paretic muscle when the two tests were in conflict.
VARIATIONS OF REFRACTIVE ERROR DURING THE FIRST YEAR OF CONTACT LENS WEAR
Authors: HÖVDING GUNNAR
Published: May 2009

The variations of refractive errors during both hard, hydrophilic and silicone lens wear were significantly correlated in the 2 eyes of each individual. In each lens group the mean changes of spherical and cylindrical refractive errors were small (‐0.458 D ‐ +0.250 D and ‐0.325 D ‐ +0.056 D, respectively). Considerable individual refractive changes occurred (spherical change: ‐3.0 D ‐ + 1.5 D, cylindrical change: ‐2.5 D ‐ + 1.0 D). However, only 2 subjects noticed spectacle blur and a normal visual acuity was always obtained by spectacle refraction immediately after lens removal. This indicated that clinically significant distortion of the central cornea did not take place. Hydrophilic lens wearers showed an increasing myopia during lens wear. Otherwise the refractive changes were not significantly influenced by the duration of lens wear. Refractive changes appeared to be significantly correlated to changes of the central anterior corneal curvature, the ratio of dioptric changes being about 1:1.
A CASE OF CORNEAL AMYLOIDOSIS
Authors: TAKAHASHI TOSHIHIRO , KONDO TETSUO , ISOBE TAKASHI , OKADA SATOSHI
Published: May 2009

An unilateral case of corneal amyloidosis, presenting the clinical appearance and histopathological findings of a gelatinous drop‐like corneal dystrophy in a 59‐year‐old male was reported. In the specimen obtained by a penetrating keratoplasty, amyloid was confirmed with light and electron microscopy. On the basis of histopathological findings, the origin of amyloid appeared to be closely related to the fibroblasts.
VISUAL FIELD AND RETINAL NERVE FIBRE LAYER IN EARLY GLAUCOMA AFTER OPTIC DISC HAEMORRHAGE
Authors: AIRAKSINEN P. JUHANI , HEIJL ANDERS
Published: May 2009

Computerized visual field testing with the Competer automatic perimeter including automatic profile perimetry revealed early glaucomatous field loss in 9 of 10 eyes with photographically demonstrable retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) defects after optic disc haemorrhages despite the fact than conventional routine perimetry had failed to do so. In 7 of these cases the Competer central pattern test was abnormal; in 2 cases field defects could be shown only when automatic high‐resolution static profile perimetry was performed and directed according to the information present in wide‐angle RNFL photographs. A field defect was also found in one of five eyes with no photographic RNFL changes. Visual field defects seem to occur in a higher proportion of cases with RNFL defects than was previously thought, but they can be very subtle and hard to find. There are, however, cases where in spite of the presence of an undisputable RNFL defect no visual field defects can be shown even with painstaking technique and conversely field defects may be present without RNFL defects. Automatic perimetry and RNFL photography complement each other in early detection and quantitation of glaucomatous damage.
VASCULAR EFFECTS OF TIMOLOL AND PILOCARPINE IN THE IRIS
Authors: AIRAKSINEN P. JUHANI , ALANKO HANNU I.
Published: May 2009

Simultaneous bilateral fluorescein angiography of the iris vessels (SIFA) was performed on 2 groups of patients. One group comprised previously untreated patients with elevated intraocular pressure who underwent a SIFA both before and after a 3 days' timolol treatment in one eye and pilocarpine treatment in the other eye. The other group consisted of glaucomatous patients treated with timolol for 4 to 24 (mean 11) months before the angiography. Short‐ or long‐term use of timolol neither caused, increased nor decreased leak of the dye from the iris vessels, either at the pupillary border, or in other areas of the iris. Dynamics of the blood flow also remained unaffected. Short‐term use of pilocarpine increased extrapupillary focal leakage in one eye.
ECTO 5‘‐NUCLEOTIDASE ACTIVITY IN LYMPHOCYTES IN CASES OF UVEITIS
Authors: UUSITALO RISTO J. , UUSITALO HANNU , PALKAMA ARTO
Published: May 2009

This study attempts to demonstrate cellular reactivity in cases of uveitis. Lymphocyte AMPase activity was measured in 59 patients with uveitis of different types, all in the active stage. The patients were divided into 3 groups: 1) anterior uveitis with known disease, 2) anterior uveitis with unknown aetiology, and 3) posterior uveitis. The AMPase activity in peripheral lymphocytes from uveitis patients with known disease (group 1) was significantly decreased in comparison to lymphocytes from controls. Patients having endogenous uveitis (unknown aetiology, group 2) showed heterogeneity concerning their enzyme activity, and no significant changes were demonstrated. A subpopulation of patients with very low AMPase activity in the active stage of their disease could be defined. Patients with posterior uveitis showed no change in their lymphocyte AMPase activity. B‐cells were also counted in cell suspension to verify that there was no selective change in the B‐cells. Cell suspensions from patients with low and normal AMPase activities were studied by the electron microscope and found to have similar proportions of different types of mononuclear cells. Enzyme deficiencies in lymphocytes were associated with immunological disorders and would reflect dysfunction of lymphocytes. The heterogenous results from patients with endogenous uveitis were interpreted as showing cellular reactivity to ocular damage caused by a variety of mechanisms.
EPIDEMIOLOGIC ASPECTS OF CATARACT SURGERY
Authors: BERNTH‐PETERSEN PETER , BACH ELSA
Published: May 2009

A large data source was examined to determine age and sex specific cataract extraction rates in different counties and urbanization areas in Denmark. Significant regional variation in surgical rates could be demonstrated in spite of a comprehensive Public Health Service System. When comparing rates in different urbanization areas and in towns with and without ophthalmologists, we found the lowest surgical rates in areas or towns short of ophthalmic service. However, a direct correlation could not be found between standard operation ratio and ophthalmic surgeon/ophthalmic bed supply on county level. The reason might be that cataract extraction rates are influenced by a number of other factors, as cataract extraction has become an elective surgical procedure.
TRANEXAMIC ACID AND TRAUMATIC HYPHAEMA
Authors: VANGSTED PETER , NIELSEN PER JULIUS
Published: May 2009

112 patients with traumatic hyphaema were investigated prospectively over a period of 3 years. 53 had conservative treatment and 59 tranexamic acid treatment. They were hospitalized, but fully mobilized. Both groups were given supplementary local therapy with glucocorticoids and mydriatics as well as monocular patching. In neither group was any re‐bleeding seen. The resorption of blood was delayed in the tranexamic treated patients, which may be taken as indirect proof of the efficacy of the treatment. The longer persistence of blood in the anterior chamber in the tranexamic acid treated group caused no complication. The treatment was well tolerated. In both departments treatment with tranexamic acid had replaced the bed rest treatment.
EPISCLERAL AND SUBCONJUNCTIVAL LIPID DEPOSITS
Authors: NORN MOGENS S.
Published: May 2009

A series of 39 subjects, aged under 70, had the numbers of lipid globules counted in the slit lamp within 4 regions of the right eye and 4 regions of the left. The counting was repeated after an averaged period of 12 months (range 7–20 months). The investigation disclosed that the number of lipid globules rises. No instances were detected of a fall in their number, allowance being made for errors of measurement, assessed on the basis of blind double counting. The degeneration is not positively correlated to xanthelasma, diabetes mellitus, or presenile arcus.
HERPES ZOSTER OPHTHALMICUS WITH RETROBULBAR NEURITIS
Authors: SCHMIDT PETER
Published: May 2009

In ophthalmic zoster, involvement of the optic nerve is very rare, and most of the published cases have resulted in optic atrophy. This case report presents a woman who developed a severe visual loss in her right eye 4 weeks after the primary attack. Computer tomography and ultrasonic B‐scan showed a spindle‐shaped thickening of the optic nerve. Eight months later the visual acuity was 2/60 and the optic nerve showed atrophy. The computer tomography was normal, and the Visual Evoked Potential had reduced amplitudes. Earlier reports and pathogenesis are discussed.
HEPATOLENTICULAR DEGENERATION: HISTOLOGICAL STUDY OF CONJUNCTIVA AND OBSERVATION OF CHALAZII DURING D‐PENICILLAMINE TREATMENT
Authors: LOFFREDO A. , SAMMARTINO A. , CECIO A. , CAMPANELLA G.
Published: May 2009

Three patients with hepatolenticular degeneration (Wilson's disease) are described. Bilateral blepharoconjunctivitis and Kayser‐Fleischer ring was observed in all 3 patients. In 2 patients, long‐lasting, bilateral chalazii appeared during chronic treatment with D‐penicillamine. Histochemical and ultra‐structural studies of pre‐treatment conjunctival biopsies showed no copper storage in the tissue thus supporting the hypothesis that copper storage in Descemet's membrane derives from the anterior chamber.
ABSORBABLE INTRACUTANEOUS SKIN CLOSURE AFTER SKIN RESECTION IN ENTROPIONOPERATIONS
Authors: JENSEN KLAUS BO , MOVIN MICHAEL , EISGART FINN , PUGESGAARD TORLEIF
Published: May 2009

After resection in the eye region, skin closure is most often performed with non‐absorbable single knots. To investigate how far intracutaneous skin closure with Dexon® absorbable suture material could demonstrate advantages to the traditional suturetechnique, 57 patients with senile entropions of the lower eyelid were randomized into one of two treatment groups. After a scaphoidal skin resection and resection of fibers of orbicularis muscle, the skin closure was performed with either continuous intracutaneous Dexon 6 or single knots of silk. This study demonstrates that both methods are easy and safe, but a superiority of the technique with absorbable intracutaneous skin closure was found in regard to immediate cosmetic satisfaction and time‐comsumption at controls, if necessary, because removal of suture material is not necessary.
LASER TRABECULOPLASTY IN OPEN ANGLE GLAUCOMA
Authors: ELSÅS TOR , HARSTAD HANS KRISTIAN
Published: May 2009

We have treated 54 eyes that were considered candidates for trabeculectomy with argon laser trabeculoplasty. One hundred burns were placed in the trabecular meshwork right in front of the scleral spur in the lower two quadrants. Average prelaser IOP was 26.2 mmHg and average postlaser IOP was 18.3 mmHg. Four eyes (7.4%) went to further surgery. Mean follow‐up time was 3.5 months. There were few complications. Most important was a transitory increase of IOP larger than 10 mmHg in 7 eyes (13.0%). There was one case of acute iridocyclitis.
LASER TRABECULOPLASTY II IN SECONDARY GLAUCOMA AND AFTER FAILED TRABECULECTOMY IN PRIMARY OPEN ANGLE GLAUCOMA
Authors: TUULONEN ANJA , AIRAKSINEN P. JUHANI
Published: May 2009

Thirteen eyes of 12 patients with secondary glaucoma and 18 eyes of 18 patients with failed trabeculectomy were retrospectively followed at least for 12 months. The success rate in secondary glaucoma was 23% (3 of 13 eyes). Six eyes were operated, and 2 eyes were re‐lasered without success. In the eyes with failed trabeculectomy the success rate was 83% (15 of 18 eyes) with a 37% reduction of the mean intraocular pressure at one year. Medication could be tapered in 9 eyes and no eyes had to be re‐operated. Laser trabeculoplasty (LTP) seems to be highly effective in eyes with failed trabeculectomy while eyes with secondary glaucoma have a poor response.
FOCAL MACULAR CHOROIDOPATHY
Authors: HARSTAD HANS Kr. , GULDSTEN HARALD
Published: May 2009

The clinical and angiographic findings in 2 patients with focal macular choroidopathy (FMC) are described. Follow‐up fluorescein angiography revealed that the initial lesions consisted of multifocal, whitish spot‐like areas of choroidal infiltration with hyperfluorescence in the late phase angiogram. At a later stage of the disease, the developing disciform macular lesion showed subretinal neovascularization. The disease was bilateral with poor visual prognosis. There was no evidence of infection with Histoplasma capsulatum. Early oral corticosteroid treatment could not prevent the progressive nature of the disease.
VISUAL REHABILITATION AFTER LONG LASTING EARLY BLINDNESS
Authors: CARLSON SYNNÖVE , HYVÄRINEN LEA
Published: May 2009

A 23‐year‐old woman, blinded at an early age due to retinopathy of prematurity and cataract was succesfully operated. After the operation the patient was behaviourally blind. Visual rehabilitation was started 9 months later and lasted 1 1/2 years. During this time the visual behaviour of the patient improved. Quantitative tests were designed to depict the progress. The functional improvement of the patient is in agreement with the findings of animal studies; binocular deprivation during the critical period of development causes behavioural blindness, which is partially recoverable. The result of this study indicates that the visual rehabilitation facilitates the process of recovery. The progress in visual behaviour is likely to reflect an improvement of the function of the associative systems of the brain.
THE EFFECT OF PROSPECTIVE HLA‐A AND ‐B MATCHING IN 288 PENETRATING KERATOPLASTIES FOR HERPES SIMPLEX KERATITIS
Authors: VÖLKER‐DIEBEN H. J. , ALPHEN C. C. KOK‐van , D'AMARO J. , De LANGE P.
Published: May 2009

A retrospective review of 288 penetrating keratoplasties (PKP) for herpes simplex keratitis demonstrated a 60.4% survival rate of clear grafts at 3 years. A highly significant difference in corneal graft survival in severely vascularized corneas (57.1 % at 3 years) versus non‐ or slightly vascularized corneas (82.8% at 3 years) was observed (P = 0.009). Prospectively HLA‐A and ‐B matched grafts in vascularized corneas revealed a significantly improved graft survival when compared to unmatched grafts (P = 0.035). Corneal graft survival in eyes grafted ‘à chaud’ was not significantly below the graft survival of vascularized corneas with a clinically non‐active herpetic corneal disease. Recurrence of herpes simplex in the graft was observed in an earlier post‐operative period in HLA‐A and ‐B matched grafts (P = 0.0004).
HUMAN TEARS: GLUCOSE INSTABILITIES
Authors: DAUM K. M. , HILL R. M.
Published: May 2009

Using a photometric method, a comparative analysis based on 717 human tear samples was made between systematically collected non‐reflex, open eye tears and tears associated with prolonged eye closure (sleep), as well as for certain reflex provoking conditions (mild mechanical irritation, irritating vapours and osmotic imbalance). Although the closed eye tear glucose mean for the 8 young adults studied was found to be less than their open eye mean (5.01 versus 7.50 mg%), those two values were not found to be significantly different. However, statistical comparisons made between non‐reflex open eye tears and the mechanical, irritating vapour and osmotic responses were found to be different at the P < 0.05 level of significance, a higher mean concentration being found for the mechanical and osmotic conditions, and a lower mean concentration for the vapour induced condition.
MUCOSOLVAN IN THE TREATMENT OF PATIENTS WITH PRIMARY SJÖGREN'S SYNDROME
Authors: MANTHORPE R. , PETERSEN S. HAGEN , PRAUSE J. U.
Published: May 2009

Thirty‐six patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome were randomized to Mucosolvan (60 mg × 2 daily) or placebo, in a double‐blind cross‐over study. Each period of treatment was 3 weeks with 1 week wash‐out in between. None of the objective ophthalmological tests (Schirmer‐1—test, break‐up time, van Bijsterveld score, cornea sensitivity, appearance of nuclear chromatin in conjunctival epithelial cells, tear lysozyme) improved during the investigation period.
OSCILLATORY POTENTIALS, FLASH AND PATTERN‐REVERSAL ELECTRORETINOGRAMS IN AMBLYOPIA
Authors: WANGER PETER , PERSSON HANS E.
Published: May 2009

Oscillatory potentials (OP), flash and pattern‐reversal electroretinograms (ERG) were recorded in 8 adult patients with amblyopia (visual acuity 0.3 or less) and 10 age‐matched normal controls. No significant differences were observed in OPs between amblyopic and opposite eyes and normal controls. The pattern‐reversal ERGs were significantly reduced in all amblyopic eyes. No significant side difference was found in the flash ERGs. The observed amplitude reduction in the pattern‐reversal ERG might reflect dysfunction of the retinal ganglion cells, which have been supposed to be the main source of this type of ERG. No electrophysiological evidence could be demonstrated for a disturbed retinal function prior to the ganglion cell level.
VISUAL EVOKED RESPONSE AND ALCOHOL INTOXICATION
Authors: JENSEN OLE LUND , KROGH ERIK
Published: May 2009

Twelve eye healthy test persons were followed for 2 h after alcohol intake by frequent recordings of visually evoked pattern responses (VER's) and simultaneous determinations of the blood alcohol concentrations. VER's were recorded with a stimulus of 14′ and 110′ check size, and for both check sizes steady state (15 shifts per sec) and transient responses (2 shifts per sec) were analyzed. In the transient responses we found a general increase in latencies after alcohol intake, but only in one stimulus modality (2 shifts per sec, 14′ check size) was the deviation statistically significant. The steady state responses showed a large pre‐alcoholic variability both in amplitudes and in lantencies. No change was descernible after alcohol intake. No correlation was found between the various levels of alcohol concentration and any of the VER parameters. The minor changes of the VER found in this study using a patterned stimulus are discussed and compared to the findings in earlier studies using a flash as well as a patterned stimulus.
OCULAR DISTRIBUTION OF TOPICALLY APPLIED ADRENALINE IN ALBINO AND PIGMENTED RABBITS
Authors: URTTI ARTO , SALMINEN LOTTA , PERIVIITA LASSI
Published: May 2009

Systemic absorption, ocular distribution and ocular metabolism in albino and pigmented rabbit of topically applied 1% [3H]l‐adrenaline eye drops was studied by liquid scintillation counting and thin layer chromatography. The effect of adrenaline on the pupillary diameter was also registered. The peak plasma level of adrenaline was reached at 150 min. The corneal adrenaline metabolism was substantial, but did not vary with the rabbit strain. At 30 min after instillation, the total adrenaline concentration of pigmented iris and ciliary body exceeded that of corresponding albino tissues. At 180 min the drug concentration of the iris and ciliary body did not differ between the rabbit strains. The time course of adrenaline induced mydriasis was equal in both rabbit strains. Since neither total adrenaline concentration at 180 min nor the time course of adrenaline induced mydriasis differed between the rabbit strains, the higher initial adrenaline uptake by pigmented tissues is not explained by pigment binding. It is proposed that the increased initial binding of adrenaline by pigmented tissues is caused by a difference between pigmented and albino tissues in the number of adrenergic neurones; this is also supported by the literature.
CENTRAL RETINAL VEIN OCCLUSIONS IN YOUNG ADULTS
Authors: FRUCHT JOSEPH , YANKO LUTZA , MERIN SHAUL
Published: May 2009

This study was a long term follow‐up of 11 young adults aged 15–45 with central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO). Seven patients classified as the ischemic type of CRVO showed a poor visual acuity at the first examination and did not improve throughout the study. In addition, systemic diseases were found in all these patients. Four patients classified as venous stasis retinopathy type of CRVO, had, in contrast, fairly good visual acuity at the first examination and showed additional improvement during the follow‐up period. No systemic diseases were detected. Physical examinations are recommended periodically for young adults with ischemic type of central retinal vein occlusion.
INITIAL HEALING OF THE POSTERIOR CORNEAL SURFACE FOLLOWING PERFORATING TRAUMA IN GUINEA PIG: A SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE STUDY
Authors: ILMONEN M. , LEHTOSALO J. I. , VIRTANEN J. , UUSITALO H. , PALKAMA A.
Published: May 2009

Using a scanning electron microscope, we have studied the healing of the posterior corneal surface after a small perforating trauma. Both corneas of adult guinea pigs were perforated with a needle and studied at various time intervals during recovery. Thirty minutes after the perforation the wound was sealed with a fibrous plug. Leukocytes adhered to the wounded area from the first day of healing on, but usually most of them disappeared after the third day. Fibroblast‐like cells were present during the entire healing process from the first day on. Endothelial cells at the margin of the wound lost their hexagonal shape and began to slide over the plug. In 7 days the wound was completely covered by irregularly arranged endothelium. The endothelial cells did not reach their regular arrangement during the 14‐day follow‐up period.
THE HEALING OF RABBIT CORNEAL ENDOTHELIUM
Authors: OLSEN ERLING GRØNVOLD , DAVANGER MARTIN
Published: May 2009

A circular 4 mm endothelial defect was induced by transcorneal freezing. The experimental damage and the healing took place in the living rabbit in 15 eyes, and in the isolated cornea in organ culture in further 20 eyes. The reparative process was studied by SEM, and proved to be the same in vivo and in vitro. The defect was covered with endothelial cells after 3 days. The normal hexagonal pattern was regained after 3 weeks. Both cell migration and cell division were involved in the reparative process. Only cells recruited from a zone close to the defect were active; the cells situated more than a few cell diameters from the original edge maintained their form and size unchanged. The first phase of cell division was the formation of a spherical cell with numerous blebs on its surface.
SPHEROID DEGENERATION, KERATOPATHY, PINGUECULA, AND PTERYGIUM IN JAPAN (KYOTO)
Authors: NORN MOGENS
Published: May 2009

The prevalences of various possibly sunlight‐induced degenerations of the exposed section of the eye have been studied in a series of 189 Japanese (Mongols) in Kyoto (subtropical climate, 35° N. lat.). The results were compared with those of the author's examinations, using the same method and apparatus, in Jordan near the Red Sea (Arabs, N = 127) in Greenland (Eskimos, N = 659), and in Denmark (Caucasians, N = 810). In the Japanese series conjunctival spheroid degeneration was noticed in 31% and pinguecula in 60%, i.e. less frequently than in the sunny Jordan, but more frequently than in Greenland and Denmark. Climatokeratopathy was more rarely observed than in Greenland. This goes to show that the risk of corneal complications is lower in Japan despite the high prevalence of solar conjunctival degenerations. Pterygium was seen in a surprisingly small number of cases (1%), indicating that pterygium bears no relation to the conjunctival degenerations.
RECURRENT HERPETIC KERATITIS AND HLA ANTIGENS
Authors: JENSEN KLAUS BO , NISSEN STEEN H. , SVEJGAARD ARNE , JERSILD CASPER , KLAUBER ANNE
Published: May 2009

A non‐selected group of 50 patients with recurrent herpetic keratitis, subclassified into groups of stromal or epithelial forms was typed for HLA‐ABC antigens. In none of the groups was a statistically significant association to a certain HLA antigen found. When these data are combined with other reviewed reports on HLA types in recurrent herpetic keratitis, a statistically significant association between HLA‐B5 and the whole group of recurrent herpetic keratitis, as well as between the subgroup of recurrent stromal keratitis, could be demonstrated. Recurrent epithelial keratitis showed an insignificant association to this antigen.
INFLUENCE OF CATARACT EXTRACTION ON CORNEA AND CONJUNCTIVA, ASSESSED BY VITAL STAINING
Authors: GLUUD BENEDICTE S.
Published: May 2009

A study of the post‐operative course in 100 patients subjected to cataract extraction revealed fairly pronounced dehydration of the corneal epithelium and the generally non‐exposed segment of the conjunctiva, estimated by Rose Bengal stainability. This dehydration was to become appreciably reduced from the first to the third post‐operative day, reaching normal levels of Rose Bengal stainability. The exposed conjunctival segment showed a surprisingly low Rose Bengal stainability on the first post‐operative day, in 10% declining until the third day. Disinfection with polyvinylpyrrolidine iodide was found not to alter the stainability of cornea and conjunctiva, compared with the commonly employed method of disinfection with tincture of iodine. In 34% ‘bulla’‐like formations localized in the superior half of the cornea were noticed on the first post‐operative day. These were supposed to represent oedema. The percentage had declined to 20 on the third day.
A COMPARATIVE CLINICAL STUDY OF TEAR SUBSTITUTES IN NORMAL SUBJECTS AND IN PATIENTS WITH KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS SICCA
Authors: MARNER KIRSTEN , PRAUSE J. U.
Published: May 2009

The effect upon the tear film of a new tear substitute, Dacriosol, was compared to a non‐viscous solution, saline, an to a highly viscous solution, Isopto Plain, in 15 normal healthy subjects and in 15 patients with mild to moderate keratoconjunctivitis sicca. No differences between the test solutions could be measured 3 h after last medication regarding: Schirmer's test, break‐up time, rose bengal staining, corneal sensitivity and tear content of lysozyme. The test persons could not discriminate subjectively between the effect of the test solutions. The investigation parameters show an equal effect of Dacriosol, Isopto Plain and saline both in normal healthy subjects and in patients with keratoconjunctivitis sicca.
INTRAOCULAR EFFECTS OF LIPOXYGENASE PATHWAY PRODUCTS IN ARACHIDONIC ACID METABOLISM
Authors: STJERNSCHANTZ JOHAN , SHERK TRUMAN , BORGEAT PIERRE , SEARS MARVIN
Published: May 2009

Arachidonic acid is metabolized through the lipoxygenase pathways to hydroperoxy acids (HPETEs), hydroxy acids (HETEs), and leukotrienes, derivatives of 5‐HPETE. 5‐HETE, 12‐HETE, 15‐HETE, and 15‐HPETE were injected intracamerally in rabbits and leukotriene B4 (LTB4), leukotriene C4 (LTC4 and leukotriene D4 (LTD4) were injected intracamerally in guinea pigs, rabbits and cats. The effects on the intraocular pressure, aqueous humour protein and leukocyte concentration as well as pupil diameter were assessed. 5‐HETE, 12‐HETE, 15‐HETE and 15‐HPETE did not cause any change in the parameters studied. LTB4 caused a marked accumulation of leukocytes in the aqueous humour of cats and rabbits, and to some extent in guinea pigs. LTC4 and LTD4 were ineffective in guinea pigs and rabbits, but caused an intense long‐lasting non‐muscarinic miosis in cats. Thus, most of the lipoxygenase products tested showed little activity in the anterior segment of the eye, except LTB4, that caused leukocyte infiltration, and LTC4 and LTD4 that caused miosis in cats.
PROGNOSTIC FEATURES IN LASER TRABECULOPLASTY
Authors: ZBOROWSKI LILLY , RITCH ROBERT , PODOS STEVEN M. , BOAS RICHARD
Published: May 2009

Of 59 phakic eyes with open‐angle glaucoma initially treated with laser trabeculoplasty, 45 eyes were followed at least 6 months. Intraocular pressure (IOP) at 6 months was < 22 mmHg in 37 (82%), of which 25 (81%) were on fewer medications; of 26 eyes followed at least 12 months, IOP was < 22 mmHg in 24 (92%). Of 49 eyes of patients over 55 years, 43 (88%) had a final IOP < 22 mmHg, significantly (P < 0.01) greater than 5/10 eyes of patients under 55 years. Initial IOP correlated positively with reduction of IOP (r = 0.66). IOP was measured 1 h after treatment in 42 eyes, of which 11 (26%) rose ≥ 8 mmHg. This pressure elevation did not significantly affect the success rate.