bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Student Perceptions of Marketing Careers and Career Decision Influences: A Retiling Example
Authors: Anderson Carol H. , Stanley Sande Ricrds , Parker Thomas H.
Published: March 2007

College students were surveyed to determine important personal and work-related influences on career choice, perceptions of seven marketing career paths, and intent to pursue each of these paths. Building on previous research, this study also investigated the career choice influences and likelihood of pursuit of various retail career paths.
Teaching to the Beat: The Pedagogical Value of Music Videos
Authors: Shank Matt , Young Joyce A. , Lynch James
Published: March 2007

The use of art forms to add value to the marketing curriculum is receiving increasing attention. Overlooked, however, has been one of the most popular and ubiquitous of contemporary art forms—the music video. This article examines the pedagogical value of the country music video in communicating and reinforcing core American cultural values presented in a consumer behavior course. Results indicate that music videos are effective in influencing student's attitudes toward the course and in producing a greater understanding of the construct of culture.
Teaching Marketing to Asian Students: Are they Missing the Message?
Authors: Waller David S.
Published: March 2007

In recent years many academic institutions have been openly promoting their courses to prospective overseas students, particularly from Asia. This article presents the results of an analysis of the issue of teaching Asian students in Western tertiary institutions, observations on the results of a survey of marketing students, and personal experiences, with the aim of giving marketing educators a better understanding of their overseas students.
Sexual Harssment: The Issues and Guidelines for Marketing Professors
Authors: Swift Cathy Owens , Kent Russell L.
Published: March 2007

The awareness of sexual harassment issues has become increasingly prevalent in the corporate world today. As marketing graduates prepare themselves for their careers, they need to be familiar with these issues and aware of how to conduct themselves properly. This article discusses sexual harassment in the academic environment. The emphasis is on legal issues and the possible liabilities of sexual harassment charges. Guidelines are offered for marketing professors to reduce the chances of inappropriate behavior.
Marketing Education on the Internet: A World Wide Web Based Introductory Marketing Course Design for the Virtual-U Project in Distance Education at Simon Fraser University
Authors: Canzer Brahm
Published: March 2007

This article presents an introductory marketing course design for distance education students enrolled in either a post-undergraduate certificate or M.B.A. program. The course is a pilot for seven other business courses that use a server-based software system designed for on-line, asynchronous course delivery over the World Wide Web by the Virtual-U Project team at Simon Fraser University. Course design specifications and learning outcome requirements paralleling knowledge and skills that are emphasized in the campus-based program are discussed, as are the results of student performances and feedback.
Marketing the Business School: An Exploratory Investigation
Authors: Bush Victoria , Ferrell O. C. , Thomas James L.
Published: March 2007

Business schools across the country are faced with declining enrollment and shrinking budgets. One solution to this disturbing trend may be for business schools to become more marketing oriented. A key issue of concern is the degree to which marketing has actually been adopted and, as a result, what activities have been implemented in attracting and retaining business students. This exploratory study investigates the marketing activities of business schools with particular attention to undergraduate programs. Based on previous literature, focus groups, and in-depth interviews, a survey is developed to investigate the extent and perceived effectiveness of these activities in business schools. Results of the survey are reported and discussed with recommendations for the role of marketing and communications in recruiting and retaining business students.
A Rational Federal Structure?
Authors: Freeman Sydney C.
Published: March 2007

With this issue a new section makes its appearance on the pages of the Review. Concern for the growing area of intergovernmental relations has been on the mind of the founders and the Editorial Board of the Review from the first days of planning our publication. There is no better way to introduce this section than by a discussion of the recently announced scheme of Federal regional headquarters. Future issues will bring brief discussions of various aspects of this highly important administrative field.
Should Added Incentives be Given to Effective Public Administrators? Suggestions for a Research Agenda
Authors: Smith Howard L. , Smith Debra A. , Doeing Carl P.
Published: March 2007

There are few public programs which have escaped the vagaries of the economy and concomitant funding priorities. As a result, traditional strategies for public administration appear to be less cogent. A new vision in administrative approach is needed to address the realities of cutbacks. This paper discusses why innovative public administration methods are appropriate to the current and future context. A contingency perspective suggests an improved capability for administering under the prevailing constraints. Next, the process of matching administrative methods with the context is discussed. Fiscal retrenchment is viewed as an opportunity to introduce more substantial incentives for effective public administration. A research agenda is proposed which could clarify the most promising avenues for implementing this concept.
Controlling the Growth of Federal Spending, 1954-1982: Did the 1974 Congressional Budget Reforms Help?
Authors: Brouthers Lance Eliot , Larson James S.
Published: March 2007

In 1974, Congress passed the Congressional Budget Control and Impoundment Act. Reformers expected the Act would aid Congress in containing the growth of federal spending. Did the reforms work-or were they just one more example of legislative reform without substantive impact? The analysis presented here suggests that in the pre-Reagan years, the rate of increase in federal spending was slowed. Whether this can be attributed directly to the reforms is less clear.
Professionalism and Urban Reform: An Organizational Perspective on Municipal Finance
Authors: Forrester John P.
Published: March 2007

The uncertainty of intergovernmental grants-in-aid in the 1980s has made municipal professionalism an issue that deserves increasing attention. Defining professionalism in terms of classical political and structural reform as well as administrative reform, this analysis finds that politically reformed cities are not necessarily administratively reformed. A subsequent analysis explores the reasons professionalism influences municipal dependence on grants-in-aid. In short, we find that professional governments depend little on state aid, which we do not find to be true regarding their dependence on federal aid. These results even hold when controlling for the effects of urban need, municipal fiscal policies, and grant allocations. The findings suggest that municipalities may be in a position to manage their dependence on state aid, but their dependence on federal aid is more a function of federal aid objectives and allocation policy.
Admissions Decision Making in Master of Public Administration Programs: Affirmative Inaction?
Authors: Bowman James S. , Mangelsdorf Karen
Published: March 2007

Published admissions standards typically include factors such as test scores, grades, and letters of recommendation. Yet there is little direct evidence in the literature on how these criteria as well as race and sex are actually utilized in student selection. That is, what are the operative rules in admissions decisions? This study reports the results of a survey of the National Association of Schools of Public Affairs and Administration principal representatives. Each respondent was presented an applicant profile booklet designed to estimate the impact of grades, GRE scores, references, race, and gender on admission decisions. In the findings we discuss how these variables are considered in the selection process. The analysis concludes with a commentary on the implications of the data for Master of Public Administration programs, and their admissions practices.
Human Resource Strategies in Local Government: A Survey of Progress and Future Directions
Authors: West Jonathan P. , Berman Evan
Published: March 2007

This article examines career development in American local governments. It considers the factors affecting municipal adoption of career-development programs and compares past accomplishments with future challenges. It also uniquely compares municipal and corporate success in implementing career development. Results indicate a large "aspiration gap" between past accomplishments and future challenges and a public-sector lag behind the private sector on career initiatives. Cities that emphasize customer responsiveness, organizational performance, professionalism, and personal needs of employees are most likely to achieve success in career development.
Municipal Health Benefits: A First Step toward a Useful Knowledge Base
Authors: Streib Gregory
Published: March 2007

The rising cost of health care benefits is posing a serious threat to municipal budgets. Despite the seriousness of this challenge, public administration has paid little attention to the subject of municipal health care benefits. This article seeks to remedy this situation by presenting findings from a comprehensive national survey. The findings address the types of health care plans in use, the types of benefits available, the costs of benefits, satisfaction levels, and complaints. We hope that these findings will serve as a first step toward the development of a new knowledge base that can help to guide future decisions.
Gender and Public Personnel Administration in the New Deal Civil Service
Authors: Rung Margaret C.
Published: March 2007

This article examines how gender informed the construction of the federal government's merit-based civil service during the 1930s. Specifically, itfocuses on the debate over the employment of married women in the civil service as outlined in section 213 of the Economy Act. Many women found the measure discriminatory and developed a wide variety of arguments to dispute it. Nevertheless, opponents of section 213 incorporated, rather than rejected, the notion that women and men inhabited distinct social roles. Hence, many within the civil service continued to argue that women were not well suited for most high-level, well-paying positions. As this case study suggests, more recent debates over affirmative action and worthiness with respect to job placement fail to recognize the cultural biases that have and will continue to inform the meaning of merit.
The Fundamentals of Local Policy Implementation In Military Base Redevelopment
Authors: Hansen Kenneth N. , Skopek Tracy A. , Somma Mark
Published: March 2007

Local communities, facing the dilemma of military base conversions, confront a complex and demanding implementation process. The establishment of discursive formations, proactive involvement with intergovernmental processes, and immediate action on environmental issues are key to successful base conversions. Case studies that emphasize base conversion difficulties are presented to illustrate the three key elements of early base conversion implementation. Recommendations are presented to assist practitioners in resolving local implementation problems.
Truth and the Evolution of the Professions: A Comparative Study of “Truth in Advertising” and “True and Fair” Financial Statements in North America during the Progressive Era
Authors: Jones D. G. Brian , Richardson Alan J. , Shearer Teri
Published: March 2007

Both advertisers and auditors wrestled with the truth of their text during the Progressive Era (1880-1940). Although in North America, advertisers adopted “truth in advertising” as a theme, auditors rejected “true and fair” as a description of financial statements. Auditors instead adopted the weaker statement that financial statements were “consistent with accepted accounting principles.” It is paradoxical that auditors compared with advertisers made the greatest progress toward professionalization during this era. This article documents debates about the concept of “truth” in each profession during the Progressive Era and examines the professional and legal consequences of each profession’s engagement with truth.
The Millennial Consumer in the Texts of Our Times: Experience and Entertainment
Authors: Holbrook Morris B.
Published: March 2007

Two decades ago, (macro)marketing researchers awoke to the hedonic and experiential aspects of consumption—sometimes known as fantasies, feelings, and fun or the “three Fs.” More recent literature has further extended our view toward a broadened recognition of “four Es”—experience, entertainment, exhibitionism, and evangelizing. This essay reviews each of the four Es and will appear serially as three sequential installments: parts 1 and 2 on experience and entertainment, part 3 on exhibitionism, and part 4 on evangelizing.
The Application of General Systems Theory to an Analysis of Marketing Systems
Authors: Dowling Grahame R.
Published: March 2007

The evolution of marketing can be modeled within the paradigm of general systems theory. Using this approach marketing thought can be described in terms of the attempt by organizations to become more aware of and to react to their relevant external public. An analysis of this increasingly complex pattern of system-environment interaction is used to assess the evolution of marketing systems.
Medico-Marketing Concerns Regarding a Commercial System of Human Organ Transplant Supply
Authors: Reid Brad , Timmerman Ed
Published: March 2007

The successful transplantation of human organs has created a shortage of the precious commodity. One solution to this problem is to commercialize the exchange process for transplantable organs. What role should marketers play in this scenario? This article reviews the issue's historical setting, examines the present debate, and examines the major options for securing these scarce medical resources.
Toward a Theory of Structural Change and Evolution in Marketing Channels
Authors: Wilkinson Ian F.
Published: March 2007

At a given time, the organizational structure of a channel shapes the flow of marketing activity. Over time, the flow of marketing activity shapes the organizational structure of the channel. This article explains how activity shapes organizational structure. It draws on recent advances in analyzing the dynamics of systems and research in urban dynamics. Different types of dynamic models are described and illustrated, and research implications are outlined.
Satisfaction with Health Care Services Consumption and Life Satisfaction among the Elderly
Authors: Sirgy M. Joseph , Mentzer John T. , Rahtz Don R. , Meadow H. Lee
Published: March 2007

This article argues that overall life satisfaction is influenced by satisfaction within a variety of individual life domains. One of these is the marketing or consumptive domain, which includes the health care consumptive life domain. A study was conducted to test hypotheses that among elderly consumers (1) health care services satisfaction affects global evaluations of life or life satisfaction, (2) perceived personal health and cognitive age influence the elderly person's global evaluation of life, and (3) perceived personal health and cognitive age play a moderating role in the spillover effect between health care services satisfaction and life satisfaction. The study involved a mail survey sent to a sample of 560 elderly consumers. The results indicate that health care services satisfaction / dissatisfaction is positively related with life satisfaction / dissatisfaction, as expected. The results also indicate that perceived personal health and cognitive age are related to life satisfaction / dissatisfaction, and that perceived personal health may play a moderating role between health care satisfaction / dissatisfaction and life satisfaction / dissatisfaction. Contrary to expectations, cognitive age was found to affect life satisfaction / dissatisfaction independently of health care services satisfaction / dissatisfaction. The public policy and social importance implications of these findings also are discussed.
Marketing Ethics across Cultures: Decision-Making Guidelines and the Emergence of Dialogic Idealism
Authors: Nills Alexander L. , Shultz Clifford J.
Published: March 2007

This article extends the macromarketing literature by discussing the relevance of culture to marketing ethics and by proposing decision-making guidelines for multifaceted, cross-cultural contexts. American and European cultural influences and perspectives are examined and used as illustrations. The intent is to provide fresh insights on the ethnocentrism versus cultural relativism debate by offering contemporary translations to some classic arguments and by discussing contemporary European philosophical perspectives. Dialogic idealism is introduced as an ethical theory that combines deontological and teleological elements for the purpose of framing managerial decisions in international and cross-cultural settings in which various stakeholders may have conflicting values.
Anything in Skirts Stands a Chance: Marketing the Canadian North-West to British Women, 1880-1914
Authors: Hupfer Maureen
Published: March 2007

Urgent! Thousands of nice girls are wanted in the Canadian West! Despite the popular view that anything in skirts stood a chance, the Canadian government's campaign to attract British female emigrants between 1880 and 1914 posed barriers of class, education, an d training. Period documents suggest that the government achieved its greatest impact through a strategy that stimulated the efforts of businesses and British societies with similar interests in Canadian settlement.
A Laser Tracking System to Measure Position and Orientation of Robot End Effectors Under Motion
Authors: Vincze M. , Prenninger J.P. , Gander H.
Published: March 2007

This article describes a laser tracking system (LTS) that can be used to determine the position and orientation of a robot's end effector with high accuracy during arbitrary robot motions. The position is measured using a polar configuration employing one laser beam and two rotary axes. A retroreflector in the robot end effector reflects the laser beam and constitutes the only part the robot has to carry for the contactless measurement. The orientation is determined by analyzing the intensity profile of the reflected laser beam with a vision system. The intensity profile carries diffraction patterns of the retroreflector edges that uniquely define orientation. The tracking unit allows the system to follow arbitrary movements of the robot. With these characteristics a six-degree-of-freedom (6-DOF) real-time robot measurement system is provided that can dynamically track robot motions.
Dynamic Characteristics of Constrained Manipulators for Contact Force Control Design
Authors: Latornell D.J. , Cherchas D.B. , Wong R.
Published: March 2007

The authors present the results of eigenstructure analyses of the dy namics of several manipulator and environment configurations and discuss the implications for successful force controller design. The manipulator configurations considered include single rigid link, sin gle flexible link, two rigid links, and two flexible links. In all cases, the tip of the manipulator is in contact with a deformable environ ment. Particular emphasis is placed on the interaction between the structural stiffness of the manipulator link and the stiffnesses of the contacting regions of the manipulator tip and the environ ment. It is shown that, for given link parameters, this interaction results in distinct changes in the modal structure of the manipula tor/environment system as the effective contact stiffness increases. In particular, the contact force response is dominated by a single mode for a given effective contact stiffness, whereas the control inputs excite all modes except those associated with the contact region vibration. The changes in the modal structure of the manip ulator/environment system predicted by the eigenstructure analysis are verified by experiment for the single flexible link configuration.
An Efficient Calculation of Flexible Manipulator Inverse Dynamics
Authors: Boyer Frederic , Khalil Wisama
Published: March 2007

This article presents an efficient recursive computation of the in verse dynamics of flexible manipulators. The algorithm is equiva lent to the nonlinear computed torque law offlexible manipulators. The computation method is based on the generalized Newton-Euler model of flexible manipulators and can be considered as a gener alization of the computed torque control algorithm of rigid robots proposed by Luh, Walker, and Paul for executing joint trajectories. The given algorithm is programmed using Mathematica to get au tomatically an efficient customized symbolic model with a reduced number of operations.
Music, Mind and Evolution
Authors: Cross Ian
Published: March 2007

The re-emergence of an evolutionary perspective on the human mind over the last decade has resulted in the production of a range of different theories about music's evolutionary origins. Some writers have suggested that music has its evolutionary roots in animal "song", while others have proposed that music is a uniquely human behaviour. Some have argued that music is an evolutionary "by-product", an accident of nature that is inessential to human survival, while others envisage music as central in the evolution of the modem human mind. This paper briefly surveys these competing views and suggests that a proper consideration of the relation between music and evolution can only emerge from an understanding of music's identity in cultural context and its manifestations in early childhood and development; it concludes by reflecting on the nature of evidence for musical behaviours in the archaeological record.
Memory for Melodies among Subjects Differing in Age and Experience in Music
Authors: Oura Yoko , Hatano Giyoo
Published: March 2007

An unfanmiliar commercial song of 12 measures was learned by four musically experienced college students and four 4th-grade children, who each had had about 5 years of piano training, and eight musically unexperienced college students. Each subject was presented the melody auditorily and required to reproduce it in singing ten times. The experienced students were far superior to the unexperienced ones, regardless of age, in the speed of acquisition as well as the eventual level of mastery of the melody. Additional experiments revealed that both musically experienced and unexperienced college students could learn a poem significantly faster than the 4th graders, and that these three groups of subjects were comparable in acquiring a non-tonal (modal) Japanese folk song. Tonal melodic memory of the experienced students seemed to be facilitated primarily by knowledge and strategies specific to tonal music.
A Case Study of a Pianist Preparing a Musical Performance
Authors: Miklaszewski Kacper
Published: March 2007

A volunteer piano student video recorded the first stage of his work on Debussy's Prelude Feux d'Artifice and then commented upon the initial 69 minutes of his practising on synchronised audio tape. The distribution of musical material, performer's behaviour, and reported goals of activity in time were subsequently analysed.

The following features were found to characterise the work in this case study: independence of the fragments into which the composition was divided during elaboration; a negative relationship between the difficulty of fragments and the span of material divisions; systematic lengthening of fragments taken for elaboration through sessions; and an internal structure of trial-and-error work similar to TOT(E). The subject's utterances indicated stability of his general objectives (to build up an internal representation of the music and to acquire the basic skill to perform it without interruptions) and flexibility of short-term goals related to the diagnosis of actual ability to perform particular fragments.
Listening to Polyphonic Music
Authors: Gregory Andrew H.
Published: March 2007

Listeners heard short extracts of polyphonic music, and had to decide whether or not a subsequent melody was present in the polyphonic excerpt. For many of the excerpts accuracy of recognition was high, suggesting that the different melodic lines in polyphony can be perceived simultaneously. If one melody was at a higher pitch than another it was more easily recognised, and there were differences in the recognisability of individual melodies. When these factors were held constant, recognition was more accurate if the melodies were closely related in key, in the same pitch range, had simul- taneous note onsets and were differentiated in timbre. Within the same pitch range melodies having the same tempo were better recognised, but in different pitch ranges then differences in tempo improved recognition accuracy. Three melodic lines seemed to be as easily discriminated as two in the excerpt studied.
Pedal Timing and Tempo in Expressive Piano Performance: A Preliminary Investigation
Authors: Repp Bruno H.
Published: March 2007

The timing of pedal depressions and releases was measured relative to key depressions and releases in two pianists' performances of Robert Schumann's Tr-dutnerei on an electronic instrument. Each pianist provided nine complete performances, three at each of three tempi, which were analysed by examining in detail those positions in the music in which the pedal was used consistently. The principal questions were whether and how pedal timing adjusts to changes in global tempo (across performances) and in local tempo (within performnances): Do pedal-release times, onset times, or change (onset minus release) times exhibit absolute orrelative invariance across either or both of these tempo changes? The results do not suggest any simple answer, since neither type of invariance was observed consistently. Pedal timing emerges as having a complex pattern that is sensitive to local and global tempo changes in varying degrees, yet exhibits consistency across repeated performances by the same pianist. There were striking differences in pedal timing between the two pianists, who differed in level of skill.
Children's Expression of Emotion in Song
Authors: Adachi Mayumi , Trehub Sandra E.
Published: March 2007

Children 4-12 years of age (N = 160) were recorded (audio and video) as they sang two versions of a familiar song, once in an attempt to make an adult listener happy and once to make her sad. Coding of gestural, vocal, linguistic and musical devices revealed that children used all of these means to portray contrastive emotions. Regardless of age or singing skill, children relied primarily on expressive devices used in interpersonal communication (e.g. tempo, facial expression) and made relatively little use of music-specific devices (e.g. legato). Moreover, they used a greater variety of expressive devices in their sad performances than in their happy performances. Finally, age-related changes reflected the influence of maturity, socialisation and musical knowledge.
The Functions of Music in Everyday Life: Redefining the Social in Music Psychology
Authors: Hargreaves David J. , North Adrian C.
Published: March 2007

What psychological functions does music serve in everyday life? In this paper we argue that the answer to this question is changing as a result of current social and technological changes in music itself, and that these changes force us to re-evaluate the role of the social context in music psychology. After describing the changes we go on to outline the psychological functions of music in everyday life in terms of the cognitive, emotional and social domains. We next attempt a detailed redefinition of the social psychology of music by reviewing the contents of our recent book of this title. The research findings lead us to conclude that the social functions of music are manifested in three principal ways for the individual, namely in the management of self-identity, interpersonal relationships and mood. This leads us to propose a new agenda for music psychology which places the social dimension at its core, and which considers the interdisciplinary context; the effects of the "democratisation" of music; the role of theory; the relationship between theory and practice; and the implications for research methodology.
Simulating the Unthinkable
Authors: Ghamari-Tabrizi Sharon
Published: March 2007

In the 1950s, US civilian defense analysts forcibly challenged the institutional dominance of senior military officers with the argument that, since seasoned experience of waging conventional war was irrelevant to future war planning, the traditionalists no longer enjoyed a defensible basis for their authority, for it was neither scientific nor rational. Yet if we look closely at the publications of the civilian analysts, and their debates at professional symposia and conferences, rather than the rhetoric of scientific authority with which they assailed the old regime, the terms in which they described their techniques of gaming and simulation were a modernist irrationalism that stressed the primacy of intuition, insight, discretion and artistry. These analysts freely employed irrationalist terms similar to, but not identical with, that of traditional military wisdom. Moreover, they did not minimize or conceal the irrationalism of their simulations, but frequently addressed the problem. In internal discussions of simulation and game design, play and assessment, they expressed anxiety about the validity of the correspondence between their model of future war and its unobtainable referent. While they sharply criticized the shortcomings in modelling the historically unique event of nuclear combat, they nevertheless justified simulation as the best technique available.
Two-Tier-Thinking: Philosophical Realism and Historical Relativism
Authors: Elkana Yehuda
Published: March 2007

Philosophers, anthropologists and historians tend to view themselves and their colleagues as either realists or as relativists. The thesis of this paper is that this distinction is not a logical necessity but a historical situation in western scientific culture. It is claimed here that the distinction is spurious: every problem has a realist and a relativist dimension, and the two views can be, and are actually be ing, held simultaneously. Once a frame of reference has been selected, in it realism prevails. With respect to selection of an appropriate framework the ap proach has to be relativist since there is no absolute, external-to-all framework which would fit absolute realism. It is also shown that well-known philosophers of science actually are two-tier-thinkers — that is, they have simultaneously held relativist and realist views.
Cited Documents as Concept Symbols
Authors: Small Henry G.
Published: March 2007

An interpretation of citation practice in scientific literature is offered which regards citation of a document as an act of symbol usage. By examining the language of the text around the footnote number the particular idea the citing author is associating with the cited document may be determined. the document is viewed as symbolic of the idea expressed in the text. This analysis was done for a sample of very highly cited documents in chemistry. A high degree of uniformity is revealed in the association of specific concepts with specific documents. These documents may be seen, in Leach's terms, as 'standard sym bols' for particular ideas, methods, and experimental data in chemical science. Some implications of these findings for the social determination of scientific knowledge (conceived as a dialogue among citing authors on the 'meaning' of earlier texts), and the relationship between cited documents as concept symbols and Kuhn's exemplars, are discussed.
The Economic Behaviour of Research Institutions in Developing Countries — Some Methodological Points
Authors: Clark Norman
Published: March 2007

The capacity to make policy for the regulation and control of scientific and technological activities has recently begun to occupy the thoughts of decision- makers in many developing countries. An important aspect of this general problem is how to monitor and control the activities of research institutes so as to maximize their impact on social and economic development, which in turn implies the capability to assess, in a meaningful and efficient way, the present behaviour of a heterogeneous collection of such establishments. This paper argues that an assessment procedure which relies on traditional cost-benefit techniques to provide appropriate guidelines is in general not to be recommended. An alternative methodology is proposed in which research establishments are examined as optimally behaving institutes. Deviations from idealized behaviour can then be used as a basis from which to make and execute policy.
The Historical Demography of the Scientific Community, 1450-1900
Authors: Gascoigne Robert
Published: March 2007

About the middle of the fifteenth century, there was an almost abrupt onset of sustained growth in the number of persons we can call `scientists' - in marked contrast to the absence of any overall growth in the late Middle Ages. Thereafter, the scientific community grew through the centuries at a roughly exponential rate, with a doubling time of about fifty years (a much lower rate than has previously been reported). At the beginning of the modern period, roughly half of all scientists were Italians, but subsequently the proportion declined as scientific activity expanded in other countries, especially France, Britain and Germany. Each of these countries exhibits its own peculiar pattern of growth, as do the smaller countries which made sizeable contributions. In the two future giants, Russia and the United States, a quite different pattern is evident. The various fields of science also have peculiarities in the numbers of their practitioners.
Some Social Constructions
Authors: Sismondo Sergio
Published: March 2007

It is usually assumed that the `social construction' metaphor has one key meaning that is well understood across social studies of science. But a look at some of the texts that were, and are, central to introducing and defining `social construction' in science studies shows that there are widely varying uses of the metaphor: processes of construction differ with the types of objects that can be constructed. This paper identifies four prominent interpretations that have led to interesting insights and discussions. Though these different social constructions have generally been fused together in science studies, they are easily separable, and should be separated, since they are not equally tenable. In particular, `neo-Kantian' or `idealist' constructivism has weak arguments supporting it and, contrary to the standard rhetoric, is the least important of these different constructivisms to most of the actual work done in social studies of science.
Dissecting Surgery: Forms of Life Depersonalized
Authors: Collins H. M.
Published: March 2007

When surgeons drape human bodies in green or blue cloths, when they erect a barrier between their eyes and the patient's face, when they narrow their gaze to that small portion of the body into which the scalpel is to penetrate, when they surround their activities with antiseptic walls, what are they doing? Are they `objectifying' and `depersonalizing' the body? How might one tell? What method might one use to find out? What might such a claim mean? This paper explores these methodological and philosophical issues, comparing surgery and other assaults on the body in a variety of contexts. The conclusion is that existing treatments of the problem fail to understand the surgeon's world as routine. Much of the drama and ritual that analysts read into the operating theatre results from transference of the naive observer's viewpoint to the world of the surgeon.
A Re-evaluation of Lotka's Law of Scientific Productivity
Authors: MacRoberts Michael H. , MacRoberts Barbara R.
Published: March 2007

This Note examines the data base used by Lotka in propounding his Law, and by Price in elaborating it, and questions the validity of the generalizations drawn from it.
Publication Productivity among Scientists: A Critical Review
Authors: Fox Mary Frank
Published: March 2007

This article is a critical assessment of research productivity through publication among scientists. The article scrutinizes the literature on correlates and determinants of publication productivity; provides an overview and organization of that knowledge; indicates gaps and shortcomings in the research; and hence makes clear the questions and issues which are both answered and unanswered.
Some Models of School Science in British Curriculum Projects, and their Implications for STS Teaching at the Secondary Level
Authors: Hargreaves Judith , Hargreaves Tony
Published: March 2007

STS teaching is at present underdeveloped at the level of secondary education in Britain. This paper suggests that while integrated curricula undeniably present the best opportunity for future STS curriculum design, other possibilities exist which remain substantially unexploited. These possibilities can be ascertained from an analysis of models of secondary school science. Three models — `product', `inquiry' and `relevance' — are considered, and suggestions are made about how STS teaching can be developed in each.
Science Studies in France: A Sociological View
Authors: Freudenthal Gad
Published: March 2007

In response to a recent descriptive account of the state of science studies in France, this Comment — which is a participant observer's account, not a research paper — seeks to contribute towards a sociological explanation of the observed state of affairs. The absence of specifically social studies of science in France is an aspect of the traditional French construal of science studies as consisting of (positivist or philosophically-minded) history of science. The reason why new approaches have difficulty in getting established is sought mainly in the structure of French institutions: decision-making bearing on intellectual choices is concentrated in very few hands, and these decisions affect, and streamline, most institutions throughout the country. Moreover, the large and overarching decision-making bodies, whose members have divergent preferences and interests, are inherently prudent and shun risk-taking: their very social structure favours conservatism.
Scientists and the Legacy of World War II: The Case of Operations Research (OR)
Authors: Fortun M. , Schweber S. S.
Published: March 2007

It is clear why the contributions of physicists during World War II were central in the successes of radar, sonar, proximity fuses and atomic bombs. It is not so clear what they contributed to Operations Research (OR) and Systems Engineering (SE), and which of their skills were particularly relevant to these developments. This paper is an attempt to answer that question for OR. In the process, we look briefly at the history of OR and of Taylorism, and compare developments in the United States and Great Britain. We also discuss the relation of OR to SE. The paper can be considered as a study in how authority is appropriated, and how the differing contexts in the US and UK shaped the differing outcome in these two countries.
Computer Networks and Scientific Work
Authors: Walsh John P. , Bayma Todd
Published: March 2007

This paper explores the relations between social context and technology by studying the incorporation of computer mediated communication (CMC) across several fields. Based on interviews with 67 scientists in four fields, we find that computer network use differs substantially by field, and we explain these differences in terms of the different social structures and work organizations of each field. The results suggest that fields that consist of tightly coupled but geographically dispersed work groups (for example, particle physics) tend to adopt CMC more heavily than those where work is performed within relatively autonomous groups (for example, experimental biology). Also, fields that are more buffered from the market (mathematics) tend to use informal CMC, while those more tightly linked to commercial markets (chemistry) tend to limit use to formal CMC. This study supports previous research in suggesting that the form of technological innovation depends on the context into which new technology is embedded.
The Forgotten Tool: The Design and Use of Molecular Models
Authors: Francoeur Eric
Published: March 2007

Since the inception of the modern atomic theory, chemists have used physical models to represent the structure of molecules. The goal of this paper is to bring molecular modelling into focus as a constitutive yet overlooked element of chemical practices. It begins with a short technical introduction to molecular models, and then moves into a participant-centred analysis of molecular modelling. Central points of this analysis include, first, a discussion of the dichotomy between graphical and material forms of representation, with suggestions about its consequences for a semiotically-centred view of scientific activity; and, second, a look at the problem of the interpretation of molecular models, as discussed in the chemical literature. The last section focuses on the design of modelling systems through two related historical case studies — namely, the production of two space-filling modelling kits developed in the United States between the late 1930s and the late 1960s.
The Invisible Topography of Power: Electromagnetic Fields, Bodies and the Environment
Authors: Mitchell Lisa M. , Cambrosio Alberto
Published: March 2007

This paper discusses how low frequency electromagnetic fields (EMFs) emitted from power lines, computers and electrical appliances have become a form of environmental pollution. At the heart of this controversy is a growing public and scientific preoccupation with measuring EMF `levels', quantifying EMF `exposure', and calculating the EMF `risk' to human health. Increasingly sophisticated measurement devices (dosimeters) are offered on the market to `detect' an invisible topography of `field levels', `non-sinusoidal wave forms', `hot spots', `peak intensities' and `high frequency transients'. We thus approach the representation, constitution and management of EMFs by considering how dosimeters are used in epidemiological studies to construct EMF risks, and in particular environments (homes, schools, offices) to construct an invisible topography. We argue that EMF measurements are not just representations of pollution, but also regulatory devices constitutive of the boundaries between individual bodies, social bodies and the environment.
Unresolved Grief and the Commission of a Crime
Authors: Turco Ronald N.
Published: March 2007

A case history illustrating the impact of unresolved grief on an individual with already marginal adjustment to the community and personal relationships, and its importance to understanding the psychodynamics as it relates to episodes of aggression.
Juvenile Sexual Offenses in the Histories of Adult Rapists and Child Molesters
Authors: Longo Robert E. , Groth A. Nicholas
Published: March 2007

A sample of 231 sexual offenders was studied with respect to the progression of their offenses from non-contact sexual crimes (such as exhibitionism and voyeurism) as juveniles, to the more serious sex assaults of rape and child molestation as adults. The results of this study reveal that a significant number of offenders manifest a history of sexually inappropriate behaviors beginning in early adolescence. It appears from the study that many offenders begin to act out sexually at an early age and if left untreated may escalate to more serious sexual assaults.
Mental Health in Prison-The African Perspective
Authors: Asuni T.
Published: March 2007

Conditions of prisons in Africa are reviewed. Practical suggestions regarding improvement are indicated.
Prisonization and Recidivism: A Psychological Perspective
Authors: Hofer Paul
Published: March 2007

Both prisonization and recidivism have been studied as if they were effects of external, generally social, influences acting on the offender. It is unlikely that satisfyingly comprehensive explanations for these phenomena can be achieved without considering internal motivational states of the antisocial personalities involved. Based on observations made in psychotherapy, this article presents unconscious motivations common to chronic offenders. Specifically, the article describes a primary psychological defense of antisocial personalities which "splits" perception of social reality into two components, one affectionate and one aggressive. Penitentiary operations inadvertently validate this pathological perspective. The article suggests that the uniquely supportive matching of the penitentiary environment with pathological aspects of the antisocial personality provides an unconscious, characterological appeal to many inmates, promoting expression of rebellious "prisonized" attitudes and increasing the chance of recidivism.
The Criminal Personality as a DSM-III-R Antisocial, Narcissistic, Borderline, and Histrionic Personality Disorder
Authors: Wulach James S.
Published: March 2007

The controversial Criminal Personality described by Yochelson and Samenow is diagnosed by DSM-III-R criteria as sufferingfromfourpersonality disorders: Antisocial, narcissistic, borderline and histrionic. Additionally, the Criminal Personality meets most criteria of the Cleckley psychopath, the Kernberg psychopath, and the DSM-II antisocial personality disorder. The congruence of the Criminal Personality with other criminal typologies provides modest validity to the construct. The interrelationship of the DSM-III-R quadruple diagnoses implies a shared pathogenesis of these disorders. The clinical and research implications of differentiating between subtypes of antisocial personality based upon multiple Axis II diagnoses are discussed.
The Supervision of Potentially Dangerous Offender-Patients in England and Wales
Authors: Prins Herschel
Published: March 2007

This article describes the legal and administrative framework for the supervision of potentially dangerous offender-patients in England and Wales and some of the practical problems involved in such supervision. The article is clinical rather than epidemiological and statistical in its orientation.
Predicting Probation Success for the First-Time Offender
Authors: Liberton Michael , Silverman Mitchell , Blount William R.
Published: March 2007

The presentence investigation completed by an agent of the court provides considerable information concerning the felony offender. The present work analyzes the relationship between factors identified in the presentence investigation and success or failure of first-time offenders while under probation supervision. An attempt was made to isolate the factors with the strongest relationship to success or failure. After the factors were isolated, those showing the strongest relationship to supervision were organized into a rating scale to be used by probation officers when making sentencing recommendations related to first-time felony offenders.