bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Neurodiversidade Nas Escolas: Como Adotar Abordagens Pedagógicas Para Estudantes Neurodivergentes
Authors: Sousa Terezinha Sirley Ribeiro , Silva Márcio Rosário Da , Silva Cliciano Vieira Da , Silva Sidinéia Da , Boas Bruna Camila Ferreira Vilas
Published: December 2024

O estudo "Neurodiversidade nas Escolas" foi desenvolvido por meio de uma revisão bibliográfica, explorando
estratégias pedagógicas para a inclusão de estudantes neurodivergentes, como aqueles com TEA, TDAH e
dislexia, no ambiente escolar. A pesquisa destaca a importância de práticas que valorizem a diversidade
neurológica como parte essencial da humanidade. São abordadas a capacitação docente, a colaboração
interdisciplinar entre educadores, psicólogos e psicopedagogos, e o uso de tecnologias adaptativas. Estratégias
como diferenciação pedagógica, aprendizagem baseada em projetos e desenvolvimento de habilidades
socioemocionais são apresentadas como soluções para desafios recorrentes, como a falta de preparo docente e
infraestrutura insuficiente. O estudo também analisa legislações como a Lei Brasileira de Inclusão e a Política
Nacional de Educação Especial, apontando avanços e lacunas em sua aplicação. Conclui-se que a inclusão
efetiva requer investimentos em formação continuada, adaptação curricular, infraestrutura adequada e esforços coletivos para criar escolas acolhedoras e equitativas, celebrando a singularidade de cada estudante e promovendo seu bem-estar acadêmico, emocional e social.
A Study On Importance Of Portfolio Management With Special Reference To Indian Stock Market
Authors: . .
Published: December 2024

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An Evaluation Of The Effect Of Corporate Governance And Macroeconomic Variables On Financial Performance Of Pension Schemes In Kenya
Authors: Akwimbi William , Ochieng Duncan , Lishenga Josephat , Ogutu Martin
Published: December 2024

The study investigated the impact of corporate governance (CG) and macroeconomic variables on the financial
performance of pension schemes in Kenya thereby addressing the key research question: What is the effect of CG
and macroeconomic variables on the financial performance of pension funds in Kenya? Qualitative, quantitative
and correlational research designs were used to assess the effect of these factors on financial performance of
pension funds. Quantitative data on annual return of pension funds and macroeconomic variables from 2012 to
2020 as well as qualitative data on CG indicators were used in the study. Return on investments proxied pension
fund performance. Primary data was collected using survey questionnaires from the pension schemes from the
CG indicators to develop the CG index. The findings show that effect of CG indicators on pension performance
was positive and significant. The moderating effect of macroeconomic variables was significant whereas the joint
effect of CG indicators and macroeconomic factors on pension funds performance was significant. The individual
contribution of both factors was nevertheless varied. The main conclusion of the study is that pension fund
financial performance is influenced by both CG and macroeconomic factors implying that there is need to take into account the impact of these factors in the execution of investment plans of pension funds to ensure generation of adequate funds for retirement benefits.
Atomic‐Scale Insights into the Low‐Temperature Oxidation of Methanol over a Single‐Atom Pt1‐Co3O4 Catalyst
Authors: Jiang Zeyu , Feng Xiangbo , Deng Jianlin , He Chi , Douthwaite Mark , Yu Yanke , Liu Jian , Hao Zhengping , Zhao Zhen
Published: June 2019

Heterogeneous catalysts with single‐atom active sites offer a means of expanding the industrial application of noble metal catalysts. Herein, an atomically dispersed Pt1‐Co3O4 catalyst is presented, which exhibits an exceptionally high efficiency for the total oxidation of methanol. Experimental and theoretical investigations indicate that this catalyst consists of Pt sites with a large proportion of occupied high electronic states. These sites possess a strong affinity for inactive Co2+ sites and anchor over the surface of (111) crystal plane, which increases the metal–support interaction of the Pt1‐Co3O4 material and accelerates the rate of oxygen vacancies regeneration. In turn, this is determined to promote the coadsorption of the probe methanol molecule and O2. Density functional theory calculations confirm that the electron transfer over the oxygen vacancies reduces both the methanol adsorption energy and activation barriers for methanol oxidation, which is proposed to significantly enhance the dissociation of the CH bond in the methanol decomposition reaction. This investigation serves as a solid foundation for characterizing and understanding single‐atom catalysts for heterogeneous oxidation reactions.
Discovery of Superconductivity in 2M WS2 with Possible Topological Surface States
Authors: Fang Yuqiang , Pan Jie , Zhang Dongqin , Wang Dong , Hirose Hishiro T. , Terashima Taichi , Uji Shinya , Yuan Yonghao , Li Wei , Tian Zhen , Xue Jiamin , Ma Yonghui , Zhao Wei , Xue Qikun , Mu Gang , Zhang Haijun , Huang Fuqiang
Published: June 2019

Recently the metastable 1T′‐type VIB‐group transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) have attracted extensive attention due to their rich and intriguing physical properties, including superconductivity, valleytronics physics, and topological physics. Here, a new layered WS2 dubbed “2M” WS2, is constructed from 1T′ WS2 monolayers, is synthesized. Its phase is defined as 2M based on the number of layers in each unit cell and the subordinate crystallographic system. Intrinsic superconductivity is observed in 2M WS2 with a transition temperature Tc of 8.8 K, which is the highest among TMDs not subject to any fine‐tuning process. Furthermore, the electronic structure of 2M WS2 is found by Shubnikov–de Haas oscillations and first‐principles calculations to have a strong anisotropy. In addition, topological surface states with a single Dirac cone, protected by topological invariant Z2, are predicted through first‐principles calculations. These findings reveal that the new 2M WS2 might be an interesting topological superconductor candidate from the VIB‐group transition metal dichalcogenides.
Supraparticles with a Magnetic Fingerprint Readable by Magnetic Particle Spectroscopy: An Alternative beyond Optical Tracers
Authors: Müssig Stephan , Fidler Florian , Haddad Daniel , Hiller Karl‐Heinz , Wintzheimer Susanne , Mandel Karl
Published: June 2019

Marking and identification of materials is becoming increasingly important due to complex global resource and supply chains. Luminescent particle‐based markers have come to the forefront due to their small dimensions and their ability to be integrated in diverse materials. However, light‐absorbing materials can hardly be marked by these particles, thus leading to insufficient recycling rates of, e.g., black plastics. In this work, microparticles with a unique magnetic fingerprint are tailored by modification of their nanoparticle building blocks. This fingerprint tailoring is achieved either by combination of magnetic building blocks with nonmagnetic ones in the supraparticles or, alternatively, by surface modification of the building blocks. An easy‐to‐use device, based on the principle of magnetic particle spectroscopy (MPS), is established to resolve the magnetic fingerprint information. This facilitates the employment of magnetic supraparticles as markers for product tracking and identification. As a proof of concept, it is shown that such particles enable the marking of black plastic.
Polyrotaxane Nanocarriers Can Deliver CRISPR/Cas9 Plasmid to Dystrophic Muscle Cells to Successfully Edit the DMD Gene
Authors: Emami Michael R. , Young Courtney S. , Ji Ying , Liu Xiangsheng , Mokhonova Ekaterina , Pyle April D. , Meng Huan , Spencer Melissa J.
Published: June 2019

Gene editing with clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and CRISPR‐associated protein 9 (CRISPR/Cas9) has shown promise in models of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD); however, nonviral strategies to deliver CRISPR to muscle have not been widely explored or optimized. Most studies have relied on viral vectors, which are likely limited to single dosing due to their immunogenicity, thus reducing their therapeutic potential. Therefore, there is a need to develop nonviral approaches that allow for delivery and repeat dosing of CRISPR/Cas9 therapies to skeletal muscle. Here, biocompatible multi‐arm polyrotaxane (PRX) nanocarriers, are iteratively optimized for packaging large plasmid DNA for delivery to muscle cells. The PRXs are optimized by addition of a disulfide‐responsive linker that enhances plasmid release. Furthermore, conjugation of peptides leads to quicker uptake and improved transfection efficiency in humanized dystrophic muscle cells in vitro. Finally, in vitro delivery of PRXs complexed with a CRISPR/Cas9 platform demonstrates effective deletion of DMD exons 45–55, a therapeutic strategy with potential to restore the reading frame for half of DMD patients. This work represents the first PRX platform that is optimized and designed for delivery of large plasmid DNA, such as CRISPR/Cas9, to dystrophic muscle cells.
3D Printed SnSe Thermoelectric Generators with High Figure of Merit
Authors: Burton Matthew R. , Mehraban Shahin , Beynon David , McGettrick James , Watson Trystan , Lavery Nicholas P. , Carnie Matthew J.
Published: June 2019

Since the discovery of the record figure of merit (ZT) of 2.6 ± 0.3 in tin selenide (SnSe), the material has attracted much attention in the field of thermoelectrics. This paper reports a novel pseudo‐3D printing technique to fabricate bulk SnSe thermoelectric elements, allowing for the fabrication of standard configuration thermoelectric generators. In contrast to fabrication examples presented to date, this technique is potentially very low‐cost and allows for facile, scalable, and rapid fabrication. Bulk SnSe thermoelectric elements are produced and characterized over a wide range of temperatures. An element printed from an ink with 4% organic binder produces the highest performance, with a ZT value of 1.7 (±0.25) at 758 K. This is the highest ZT reported of any printed thermoelectric material, and the first bulk printed material to operate at this temperature. Finally, a proof‐of‐concept, all printed SnSe thermoelectric generator is presented, producing 20 µW at 772 K.
Oxalisseeds from the Cape Flora have a spectrum of germination strategies
Authors: Jooste Michelle , Midgley Guy F. , Oberlander Kenneth C. , Dreyer Léanne L.
Published: June 2019

Premise

Seed germination strategy has profound ecological and evolutionary consequences, with transitions between germination strategies receiving renewed recent attention.Oxalisfrom the Cape Flora, South Africa, has seeds with two contrasting germination strategies: orthodox and recalcitrant. The morphological gulf between these strategies (and potential intermediate morphologies) has been poorly quantified, with questions regarding their ecological function and evolution. We reconsidered this binary classification, emphasizing potential intermediate states.

Methods

Seed physiological traits were used to assign strategies to 64Oxalisspecies. We tested for morphological/phenological signal corresponding to defined strategies with cluster, principal component,K‐means clustering and discriminant analyses.

Results

We showed that an intermediate germination strategy does exist among CapeOxalis, with two possible morphological groups within each strategy. These could reflect a continuum of germination states, where an ancestral orthodox strategy evolved toward a maximally recalcitrant peak, with a mosaic of intermediate states reflected in extant taxa.

Conclusions

Environmental factors may affect germination strategy and distribution throughout the Cape because recalcitrant and intermediate species are confined to the winter rainfall region. They occupy specialized niches and may face adverse impacts under predicted climate change (hotter and drier winters), meriting focused future conservation.
How Uncitral's Working Group II on Arbitration Is Analyzing the Field to Help Expedited Processes
Authors: Wójtowicz Piotr , Gevaerd Franco
Published: June 2019

International arbitration has been facing well‐publicized challenges in recent years, including costly, lengthy, and complex procedures. Practitioners have been addressing scrutiny, and even interference, by state courts or legislative meddling.
Dermal Tattoo Biosensors for Colorimetric Metabolite Detection
Authors: Yetisen Ali K. , Moreddu Rosalia , Seifi Sarah , Jiang Nan , Vega Katia , Dong Xingchen , Dong Jie , Butt Haider , Jakobi Martin , Elsner Martin , Koch Alexander W.
Published: June 2019

Tattooing is a ubiquitous body modification involving the injection of ink and/or dye pigments into the dermis. Biosensors in the form of tattoos can be used to monitor metabolites in interstitial fluid. Here, minimally invasive, injectable dermal biosensors were developed for measuring pH, glucose, and albumin concentrations. The dermal pH sensor was based on methyl red, bromothymol blue, and phenolphthalein, which responded to a pH range from 5.0 to 9.0. The dermal glucose sensor consisted of glucose oxidase, 3,3′,5,5′‐tetramethylbenzidine, and peroxidase that detected concentrations up to 50.0 mmol L−1. The dermal albumin sensor consisted of 3′,3′′,5′,5′′‐tetrachlorophenol‐3,4,5,6‐tetrabromosulfophthalein to measure concentrations up to 5.0 g L−1. The sensors were multiplexed in ex vivo skin tissue and quantitative readouts were obtained using a smartphone camera. These sensors can be used to manage of acid–base homeostasis, diabetes, and liver failure in point‐of‐care settings.
Effect of carbon nanotube addition on structure and properties for extrudates of high‐density polyethylene
Authors: Nishikawa Riho , Yamaguchi Masayuki
Published: June 2019

We investigated the structure and properties of strands of high‐density polyethylene (HDPE), containing multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) extruded from a capillary rheometer. Surprisingly, we found that the MWCNTs enhanced the chain orientation of HDPE, and that in the absence of MWCNTs, orientation relaxation occurred in the HDPE immediately after passing through the die. Conventional differential scanning calorimetry measurements indicated that MWCNT acts as a nucleating agent and raises the crystallization temperature 2–4 °C under quiescent condition. In the flow field, oriented MWCNTs behave like polymeric chain extended crystals “shish” and greatly accelerate the flow‐induced crystallization of the HDPE “kebab.” Consequently, the modulus was significantly increased in the flow direction. These findings demonstrate that the addition of MWCNTs is an effective method of enhancing the rigidity of HDPE. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 48010.
Influence of thermal treatment and aging time on the stability and swelling properties of nano/micron‐sized polymeric spheres for improved oil recovery application
Authors: Rosero Gustavo , Olmos Carol M. , Peñaherrera Ana , Vaca Andrea , Vizuete Karla , Debut Alexis , Cumbal Luis , Masiero Diana , Hernandez Maria I. , Lasorsa Carlos , Pérez Maximiliano S. , Lerner Betiana
Published: June 2019

Understanding the knowledge of swelling and stability properties of polymeric spheres are essential for improved oil recovery; these properties will allow guaranteeing an efficient block of high permeability channels and large pore throats. These properties of nano/micron‐sized polymeric spheres commercially available for improved oil recovery applications were investigated. The polymeric spheres emulsion was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Data analysis reveals uniform and spherical structures with an average diameter of 47 ± 4.8 nm. After hydration, polymeric spheres can swell due to water absorption reaching an average particle diameter of 3.3 ± 0.2 μm. The effect of aging time, thermal treatment, the removal of the oil phase, and the dispersing stabilizer on the swelling and stability was studied. It has been found that polymeric spheres structure suffers deterioration with the progressive aging time, temperature increase, and with the removal of the oil phase and dispersing stabilizer. As a result, crosslinked polymer aggregates are formed which subsequently acquiring fibrillar morphologies. Further, this study provides an understanding of the stability and swelling behavior of polymeric microspheres using polydimethylsiloxane microdevices. The results evidenced that the behavior of the polymeric spheres can be beneficial to improve oil recovery. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2019,136, 48030.
Freshwater biodiversity conservation through source water protection: Quantifying the potential and addressing the challenges
Authors: Abell Robin , Vigerstol Kari , Higgins Jonathan , Kang Shiteng , Karres Nathan , Lehner Bernhard , Sridhar Aparna , Chapin Emily
Published: June 2019

Water insecurity is a defining feature of the Anthropocene, with degraded water quality and unreliable flows putting the well‐being of upstream and downstream communities, both human and aquatic, at risk. Within this context, the protection of drinking water at its source – ‘source water protection’ – is growing as a complementary water security solution to conventional built infrastructure, particularly but not only to address non‐point source pollution.

An assessment of the likely source catchments of 4000 cities, supplying water to as many as 1.7 billion city dwellers, found that 85% of the total area of the catchments overlaps with freshwater ecoregions of high biodiversity value. Source water protection could contribute to conserving important freshwater biodiversity elements in these catchments, through activities such as land protection, restoration, and agricultural and ranching best‐management practices.

Empirical evidence supporting the benefits of these types of activities to freshwater species and ecosystems is sparse, especially when considered at the scales required to achieve meaningful conservation objectives. This article explores the potential of source water protection to deliver freshwater conservation benefits, and solutions are proposed to address the challenges related to evidence gaps, trade‐offs, and financing.

The broader opportunity for leveraging water security investments for biodiversity conservation, and the overall efficiencies that may accrue from optimizing for multiple benefits simultaneously, are discussed in the context of global frameworks such as the Sustainable Development Goals.
Morphological Changes Induced By Extremely Low‐Frequency Electric Fields
Authors: Imani Mahdi , Kazemi Sepide , Saviz Mehrdad , Farahmand Leila , Sadeghi Behnam , Faraji‐dana Reza
Published: June 2019

In this paper, morphological effects of electric fields on avian erythrocytes (nucleated red blood cells) have been studied in detail. Morphological changes include rounding and cytoplasm transparency. It has been shown that the effect is non‐thermal. Careful imaging and image analyses have been carried out to show that the degree of this effect is frequency‐dependent, and has a higher conversion rate at higher temperatures. Furthermore, to better understand the mechanisms behind the morphological changes, we investigated the dedifferentiation hypothesis and performed a series of tests on avian erythrocytes including fluorescence spectroscopy for hemoglobin, and tests on human umbilical cord blood, mesenchymal stem cells, and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells including flow‐cytometry analysis for expression of certain markers and calcium staining. Bioelectromagnetics. 2019;40:375–390. © 2019 Bioelectromagnetics Society.
Retracted: Traffic identification and traffic analysis based on support vector machine
Authors: Zhongsheng Wang , Jianguo Wang , Sen Yang , Jiaqiong Gao
Published: June 2019

The number of applications based on the Internet is increasing, which results the traffic becoming more and more complex. Therefore, how to improve the service quality and security of the network is becoming more and more important. This paper studies the application of SVM in traffic identification to classify network traffic. Through data collection and feature generation methods and network traffic feature screening methods, SVM is used as a classifier by using the generalization capability of SVM, and the parameters and kernel functions of the SVM are adjusted and selected based on cross comparison ideas and methods. Using the cross‐validation method to make the most reasonable statistics for the classification and recognition accuracy of the adjusted support vector machine avoids the situation that the classification accuracy of the support vector machine is unstable or the statistics are inaccurate. Finally, a traffic classification and identification system based on SVM is realized. The final recognition rate of encrypted traffic is up to 99.31%, which overcomes the disadvantages of traditional traffic identification and achieves a fairly reliable accuracy.
Single‐Atom Catalysis Using Chromium Embedded in Divacant Graphene for Conversion of Dinitrogen to Ammonia
Authors: Riyaz Mohd , Goel Neetu
Published: June 2019

Reduction of dinitrogen to ammonia under ambient conditions is a long‐standing challenge. The few metal‐based catalysts proposed have conspicuous disadvantages such as high cost, high energy consumption, and being hazardous to the environment. Single‐atom catalysis has emerged as a new frontier in heterogeneous catalysis and metal atoms atomically dispersed on supports receive more and more attention owing to rapid advances in synthetic methodologies and computational modeling. Herein, we propose metal atoms embedded in divacant graphene as a catalyst for N2 fixation based on density functional calculations. We systematically investigate the potential of using transition metal like Cr, Mn, Fe, Mo and Ru as catalysts and our study reveals that Cr embedded in graphene exhibit good catalytic activity for N2 fixation. The synergy between the metal atoms and graphene surface provides a stable support to the metal center that has a high spin density to promote adsorption of N2 and activation of its N≡N triple bond. Our study deciphers the mechanism of conversion of N2 to ammonia following two possible reaction pathways, distal and enzymatic routes, via sequential protonation and reduction of activated N2. The study provides a rational framework for conversion of dinitrogen to ammonia using single atom catalyst.
Direct Arylation Polycondensation (DAP) Synthesis of Alternating Quaterthiophene−Benzothiadiazole Copolymers for Organic Solar Cell Applications
Authors: Keller Tina , Gahlmann Tobias , Riedl Thomas , Scherf Ullrich
Published: June 2019

Poly[(2,1,3‐benzothiadiazole‐4,7‐diyl)‐alt‐4′,3′′‐difluoro‐3,3′′′‐di(2‐octyldodecyl)‐2,2′;5′,2′′;5′′,2′′′‐quaterthiophene‐5,5′′′‐diyl)] (PBTff4T‐2OD) and poly[(5,6‐difluoro‐2,1,3‐benzothiadiazol‐4,7‐diyl)‐alt‐3,3′′′‐di(2‐octyldodecyl)‐2,2′;5′,2′′;5′′,2′′′‐quaterthiophene‐5,5′′′‐diyl)] (PffBT4T‐2OD) for use as the p‐donor component of high‐efficiency fullerene‐based organic solar cells are usually synthesized in established C−C cross‐coupling reactions, preferably using the Stille procedure. This report describes how PBTff4T‐2OD and PffBT4T‐2OD are generated in a direct arylation polycondensation (DAP) approach with molecular weights up to Mn=19.4 kDa and 21.1 kDa, respectively, and how structural defects in the copolymers (e. g., homocoupling defects) show a strong impact on the pre‐aggregation behavior. The optimized reaction conditions allow for a distinct reduction of the amount of such defects in the resulting copolymers. When the Stille‐type products are used in the active layer of organic solar cells (OCSs) together with fullerene acceptors, high power‐conversion efficiencies (PCEs) in the range of 8.6–10.8 % have been reported. The high PCEs are particularly related to the pre‐aggregation of the conjugated copolymers prior to film formation. Despite quite similar characterization data, non‐optimized OCSs with the DAP polymers as replacement for the Stille products afforded a relatively low power‐conversion efficiency of up to 2.4 %.
Spectral Variability in Phycocyanin Cryptophyte Antenna Complexes is Controlled by Changes in the α‐Polypeptide Chains
Authors: Corbella Marina , Cupellini Lorenzo , Lipparini Filippo , Scholes Gregory D. , Curutchet Carles
Published: June 2019

Quantitative models of light harvesting in photosynthetic antenna complexes depend sensitively on the challenging determination of the relative site energies of the pigments. Herein we analyze the basis of the light harvesting properties of four antennae from cryptophyte algae, phycocyanines PC577, PC612, PC630 and PC645, by comparing two alternative theoretical strategies to derive the excitonic Hamiltonian. The first is based on molecular dynamics simulations and subsequent polarizable quantum/molecular mechanics (QM/MMPol) calculations, whereas the second is based on three‐layer QM/MMPol/ddCOSMO calculations performed on optimized geometries of the pigments, where the water solvent is described using the ddCOSMO continuum model. We find the latter approach to be remarkably accurate, suggesting that these four phycobiliproteins share a common energetic ordering PCB82 < PCB158 < DBV51/61 for pigments located in the highly‐conserved β chains, whereas bilins in the more divergent α chains cause their spectral differences. In addition, we predict a strong screening of the coupling among central dihydrobiliverdins (DBVs) in “open” form complexes PC577 and PC612 compared to “closed” form ones, which together with the increased interpigment separation explains the attenuation of coherence beatings observed for these complexes.
The Absorption Spectrum of Guanine Based Radicals: a Comparative Computational Analysis
Authors: Martínez Fernández Lara , Cerezo Javier , Asha Haritha , Santoro Fabrizio , Coriani Sonia , Improta Roberto
Published: June 2019

The excited states of three radical derivatives of guanine, i. e. guanine cation (G+) and its two main deprotonated derivatives (G−H1 and G−H2), have been characterized in the Franck‐Condon region by TD‐DFT, using different functionals, CASPT2, and EOM‐EE‐CCSD calculations. In the gas phase, all the methods provide a similar description of the main spectral features, the pictures provided by TD‐DFT, with long range corrected functionals, and EOM‐EE‐CCSD being very close. Solvent effects are then taken into account by a mixed discrete‐continuum approach, including five water molecules of the first solvation shell and the Polarizable Continuum Model (PCM). The vibronic absorption line‐width has finally been simulated at the TD‐M052X level by a time dependent method within the harmonic approximation. The resulting absorption spectra are in good agreement with their experimental counterparts, providing useful indications on the use of PCM/TD‐DFT based approaches to interpret the spectra of guanine based radicals within DNA.
Behavior out of control: Experimental evolution of resistance to host manipulation
Authors: Hafer‐Hahmann Nina
Published: June 2019

Many parasites alter their host's phenotype in a manner that enhances their own fitness beyond the benefits they would gain from normal exploitation. Such host manipulation is rarely consistent with the host's best interests resulting in suboptimal and often fatal behavior from the host's perspective. In this case, hosts should evolve resistance to host manipulation. The cestodeSchistocephalus solidusmanipulates the behavior of its first intermediate copepod host to reduce its predation susceptibility and avoid fatal premature predation before the parasite is ready for transmission to its subsequent host. Thereafter,S. solidusincreases host activity to facilitate transmission. If successful, this host manipulation is necessarily fatal for the host. I selected the copepodMacrocyclops albidus, a first intermediate host ofS. solidus,for resistance or susceptibility to host manipulation to investigate their evolvability. Selection on the host indeed increased host manipulation in susceptible and reduced host manipulation in resistant selection lines. Interestingly, this seemed to be at least partly due to changes in the baseline levels of the modified trait (activity) rather than actual changes in resistance or susceptibility to host manipulation. Hence, hosts seem restricted in how rapidly and efficiently they can evolve resistance to host manipulation.
Trait‐mediated foraging drives patterns of selective predation by native and invasive coral‐reef fishes
Authors: Green Stephanie J. , Dilley Eric R. , Benkwitt Cassandra E. , Davis Alexandra C. D. , Ingeman Kurt E. , Kindinger Tye L. , Tuttle Lillian J. , Hixon Mark A.
Published: June 2019

As the geographic ranges of species are increasingly altered by forces such as biological invasion and climate change, when and where will strong biotic interactions arise within reassembling communities? Prey selectivity data are often of limited use for predicting future consumptive interactions because they are specific to the identity and relative abundance of species in past assemblages. Here, we investigate whether the strength of consumptive interactions can be predicted based on a priori knowledge of behavioral traits that are hypothesized to affect the predation process and recur across species. To test this approach, we conducted multi‐species foraging trials with coral‐reef fishes in the Bahamas, a diverse, trait‐rich fauna for which interactions are likely shifting rapidly due to the introduction of predatory Indo‐Pacific lionfish. We evaluated predictions about the combined effects of three behavioral traits—water column position of both predator and prey, anti‐predator aggregation behavior of prey, and hunting strategy of predators—on successive phases of the predation process and ultimately the strength of predator–prey interactions. Tracking predator and prey behaviors revealed that inter‐specific variation in traits mediated relative encounter, attack, and capture rates between different predators and prey. Behaviorally driven bottlenecks at different stages of the process underpinned selective consumption by each predator species, resulting in large differences in total mortality rates among prey species. Our analysis also suggests that unique behaviors exhibited by invasive lionfish, rather than naïve responses by prey, mediate their high foraging success relative to native predators. Our results illustrate how incorporating a priori knowledge about foraging and anti‐predator traits can improve predictions of the strength of emergent consumptive interactions caused by global change.
Long‐term trajectories of fractional component change in the Northern Great Basin, USA
Authors: Rigge Matthew , Shi Hua , Homer Collin , Danielson Patrick , Granneman Brian
Published: June 2019

The need to monitor change in sagebrush steppe is urgent due to the increasing impacts of climate change, shifting fire regimes, and management practices on ecosystem health. Remote sensing provides a cost‐effective and reliable method for monitoring change through time and attributing changes to drivers. We report an automated method of mapping rangeland fractional component cover over a large portion of the Northern Great Basin, USA, from 1986 to 2016 using a dense Landsat imagery time series. Our method improved upon the traditional change vector method by considering the legacy of change at each pixel. We evaluate cover trends stratified by climate bin and assess spatial and temporal relationships with climate variables. Finally, we statistically evaluate the minimum time density needed to accurately characterize temporal patterns and relationships with climate drivers. Over the 30‐yr period, shrub cover declined and bare ground increased. While few pixels had >10% cover change, a large majority had at least some change. All fractional components had significant spatial relationships with water year precipitation (WYPRCP), maximum temperature (WYTMAX), and minimum temperature (WYTMIN) in all years. Shrub and sagebrush cover in particular respond positively to warming WYTMIN, resulting from the largest increases in WYTMIN being in the coolest and wettest areas, and respond negatively to warming WYTMAX because the largest increases in WYTMAX are in the warmest and driest areas. The trade‐off of lowering temporal density against removing cloud‐contaminated years is justified as temporal density appears to have only a modest impact on trends and climate relationships until n ≤ 6, but multi‐year gaps are proportionally more influential. Gradual change analysis is likely to be less sensitive to n than abrupt change. These data can be used to answer critical questions regarding the influence of climate change and the suitability of management practices.
Achievements of NEDO Durability Projects on SOFC Stacks in the Light of Physicochemical Mechanisms
Authors: Yokokawa H. , Suzuki M. , Yoda M. , Suto T. , Tomida K. , Hiwatashi K. , Shimazu M. , Kawakami A. , Sumi H. , Ohmori M. , Ryu T. , Mori N. , Iha M. , Yatsuzuka S. , Yamaji K. , Kishimoto H. , Develos‐Bagarinao K. , Shimonosono T. , Sasaki K. , Taniguchi S. , Kawada T. , Muramatsu M. , Terada K. , Eguchi K. , Matsui T. , Iwai H. , Kishimoto M. , Shikazono N. , Mugikura Y. , Yamamoto T. , Yoshikawa M. , Yasumoto K. , Asano K. , Matsuzaki Y. , Sato K. , Somekawa T.
Published: June 2019

Achievements of NEDO durability projects on SOFC mode are summarized with a focus on the physicochemical mechanisms characterized by diffusion properties of cell components and chemical reactions of cell components with gaseous impurities. Ni sintering and depletion including impurity (P, B, S) effects have been examined in terms of the surface/interface energies of Ni/oxide cermet anodes. The conductivity degradation due to the transformation of the cubic YSZ electrolyte was found to be characterized in terms of two time constants for the reductive and the oxidative regions to be determined by the Y‐diffusivity and its enhancement on NiO internal reduction in YSZ, while observed gaps in conductivity degradation behavior between stacks and button cells were ascribed to differences in those physicochemical properties involved, namely cation diffusion and kinetics associated with NiO internal reduction. The cathode performance degradation due to sulfur poisoning exhibits a variety of dependences on the microstructure (dense or porous) of doped‐ceria interlayers, the thickness of YSZ electrolyte and the humidity in the anode atmosphere, suggesting effects of protons in the cathode vicinity and the SrO activity changes during fabrication the LSCF/GDC/YSZ multilayers. Some defect chemical considerations were made on how such defects are affected by fabrication processes.
Total Synthesis of Fontanesine B and Its Isomer: Their Antiproliferative Activity against Human Colorectal Cancer Cells
Authors: Abe Takumi , Itoh Tomoki , Terasaki Masaru
Published: June 2019

A concise synthesis of pyrano[3,2‐e]indole alkaloid fontanesine B by a Fischer indolization is described. This key Fischer indolization starts with the pyran‐ring and alkene intact, facilitating potential synthetic applications. Furthermore, fontanesine B and its isomer were evaluated for in vitro antiproliferative activity against human colorectal cancer cells. The isomer of fontanesine B showed higher antiproliferative activity than the natural product, fontanesine B (2).
The effects of different mastery criteria on the skill maintenance of children with developmental disabilities
Authors: Richling Sarah M. , Williams W. Larry , Carr James E.
Published: June 2019

The acquisition of skills by individuals with developmental disabilities typically includes the attainment of a certain mastery criterion. We conducted a survey of practitioners who indicated the most commonly used mastery criterion as 80% accuracy across three consecutive sessions. Based on these results, we conducted a series of three experiments to evaluate the relation between mastery criterion and subsequent skill maintenance with 4 individuals with various developmental disabilities. Results suggest that 80% accuracy across three consecutive sessions may be insufficient for producing maintenance in some cases.
Human α defensins promote the expression of the inflammatory cytokine interleukin‐8 under high‐glucose conditions: Novel insights into the poor healing of diabetic foot ulcers
Authors: Meng Lanxia , Guo Xingchen , Yang Xilin , Liu Hongyue , Yu Mosheng , Wu Yingliang , Zhu Zhanyong
Published: June 2019

Sustained infection and chronic inflammation are the most common features and complex mechanisms of diabetic foot disease. In this study, we examined the expression and functional roles of human endogenous α defensins in diabetic foot ulcer. The expression levels of human α defensins HNP1, HNP3, and HNP4 were significantly higher in the wound center than the edge of diabetic foot ulcers. And the inflammatory cytokine interleukin IL‐8 (IL‐8) was also highly expressed in wound exudates. In human foreskin fibroblasts, these human α defensins were found only slightly to affect IL‐8 expression directly. hemoglobin A1C (HbA1c) is the main clinical indicator of diabetic foot disease. Advanced glycation end products of bovine serum albumin (AGE‐BSA), as HbA1c analogue, was found to promote IL‐8 expression. Human α defensins, in the presence of AGE‐BSA, further significantly promoted IL‐8 expression. These findings showed that human α defensins aggravated the inflammatory response in diabetic foot ulcers patients, providing new insights in to the poor healing of diabetic foot ulcers.
Who gets certified by the American Board of Professional Psychology and why: A diversity survey
Authors: Frost Joel C. , Molinari Victor , Dobbs Debra , Edgar Veronica B. , Jones Katherine S. , Pietz Christina , Badana Adrian N. S.
Published: June 2019

Objective

To measure the profile of diversity among specialists certified by the American Board of Professional Psychology (ABPP).

Method

A survey of ABPP specialists consisting of 18 demographic questions, and two questions regarding board certification and experience with diversity.

Results

Although ABPP specialists appear to be more diverse in certain aspects, especially regarding sex/gender (female, 43% vs 34% in prior survey), the majority remain non‐Hispanic, White in race/ethnicity (87%), followed by only 3% Black, and 3% Hispanic/Latinx representation. Recognition as a specialist, job requirement, and professional expectations were the top three reasons for board certification. The top three themes regarding specialists’ experiences with diversity were (a) Need for active outreach and mentoring, (b) ABPP does a good job regarding diversity, and (c) Make it more affordable.

Conclusion

With the need for a competent and diverse workforce, ABPP will continue to conduct this survey to determine the progress that has been made in increasing the diversity of certified specialists.
IGFBP‐2 stimulates calcium/calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase kinase 2 activation leading to AMP‐activated protein kinase induction which is required for osteoblast differentiation
Authors: Xi Gang , D'Costa Susan , Wai Christine , Xia Shalier K. , Cox Zach C. , Clemmons David R.
Published: June 2019

Insulin‐like growth factor‐I (IGF‐I) and insulin‐like growth factor binding proteins‐2 (IGFBP‐2) function coordinately to stimulate osteoblast differentiation. Induction of AMP‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) is required for differentiation and is stimulated by these two factors. These studies were undertaken to determine how these two peptides lead to activation of AMPK. Enzymatic inhibitors and small interfering RNA were utilized to attenuate calcium/calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase kinase 2 (CaMKK2) activity in osteoblasts, and both manipulations resulted in failure to activate AMPK, thereby resulting in inhibition of osteoblast differentiation. IGFBP‐2 and IGF‐I stimulated an increase in CaMKK2, and inhibition of IGFBP‐2 binding its receptor resulted in failure to induce CaMKK2 and AMPK activation. Injection of a peptide that contained the IGFBP‐2 receptor‐binding domain into IGFBP‐2−/− mice activated CaMKK2 and injection of a CaMKK2 inhibitor into normal mice inhibited both CamKK2 and AMPK activation in osteoblasts. We conclude that induction of CaMKK2 by IGFBP‐2 and IGF‐I in osteoblasts is an important signaling event that occurs early in differentiation and is responsible for activation of AMPK, which is required for optimal osteoblast differentiation.
Forecasting for remanufacturing: The effects of serialization
Authors: Goltsos Thanos E. , Syntetos Aris A. , van der Laan Erwin
Published: June 2019

Remanufacturing operations rely upon accurate forecasts of demand and returned items. Return timing and quantity forecasts help estimate net demand (demand minus returns) requirements. Based on a unique data set of serialized transactional issues and returns from the Excelitas Group and one of their defense contractors, Qioptiq, we assess the empirical performance of some key methods in the area of returns forecasting. We extend their application (for net demand forecasting), by considering that demand is also subject to uncertainty and thus needs to be forecast. Information on remanufacturing costs allows for an evaluation of the inventory implications of such forecasts under various settings. A foray into the literature on information technologies enables a discussion on the interface between information availability and forecast accuracy and utility. We find that serialization accounts for considerable forecast accuracy benefits, and that the accuracy of demand forecasts is as important as that of returns. Further, we show how the combined returns and demand forecast uncertainty affects the inventory performance. Finally, we identify opportunities for further improvements for the operations of Qioptiq, and for remanufacturing operations in general.
WHO: Being transgender no longer a mental health condition
Authors: Canady Valerie A.
Published: June 2019

The World Health Organization (WHO) is no longer recognizing transgender as a mental disorder. Gender incongruence, the term used to describe transgender people, will be moved from its chapter on mental disorders to its sexual health chapter in the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD‐11).
Pre‐Hispanic Maya fisheries and coastal adaptations in the northern lowlands from the Classic (500–900 AD) to Postclassic (900–1400 AD) periods
Authors: Jiménez Cano Nayeli G.
Published: June 2019

Recent studies of fish remains at Mayan settlements from the Classic (500–900 AD) and Postclassic (900–1400 AD) periods are examined. These analyses deepen our understanding of ancient Maya fishing practices and coastal ecosystems and call into question traditional paradigms of environmental stability in the northern Maya lowlands. The effects of droughts recorded during the Maya collapse (800–1000 AD) led to an overall reduction in freshwater inflow into the estuaries combined with episodic increases of sedimentary output. The latter fostered the development of muddy bottoms along the coast, in particular around estuaries formed by underwater river discharges. Ecological characterization and trophic level shifts of fish assemblages from the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean shores help elucidate environmental stress episodes. These findings set a preliminary baseline for pre‐Hispanic Maya fisheries, which can further our understanding of present day fisheries along the Maya coast.
Survival of children with endemic Burkitt lymphoma in a prospective clinical care project in Uganda
Authors: McGoldrick Suzanne M. , Mutyaba Innocent , Adams Scott V. , Larsen Anna , Krantz Elizabeth M. , Namirembe Constance , Mooka Peter , Nabakooza Susan , Ndagire Mariam , Mubiru Kelvin , Nabwana Martin , Nankinga Rose , Gerdts Sarah , Gordon‐Maclean Cristin , Geriga Fadhil , Omoding Abrahams , Sessle Erica , Kambugu Joyce , Uldrick Thomas S. , Orem Jackson , Casper Corey
Published: June 2019

Purpose

“Endemic” Burkitt lymphoma (BL) is a common childhood cancer in Africa. Social and treatment factors may contribute to poor survival. With the aim of improving BL outcomes in Uganda, we undertook a comprehensive project (BL Project) that provided diagnostic support, access to standard chemotherapy, nutritional evaluations, and case management. We evaluated survival of children with BL in the context of the project.

Patients and methods

Patients followed by the BL Project who consented to research were enrolled in this study. Children with a pathology diagnosis consistent with BL were eligible. Data were collected prospectively. First‐line chemotherapy generally consisted of six cycles of cyclophosphamide, vincristine, low‐dose methotrexate (COM). We used Kaplan–Meier and Cox regression analyses to evaluate factors associated with overall survival (OS).

Results

Between July 2012 and June 2017, 341 patients with suspected BL presented to the BL Project. One hundred eighty patients with a pathology‐based diagnosis were included in this study. The median age was seven years (interquartile range, 5–9), 74% lived ≥100 km from the Uganda Cancer Institute, 61% had late‐stage disease, 84% had ECOG performance status < 3, 63% reported B‐symptoms, and 22% showed neurologic symptoms. Fewer than 10% abandoned therapy. The four‐year OS rate was 44% (95% CI, 36%–53%). In a multivariate model, ECOG status was significantly associated with mortality.

Conclusion

The BL Project reduced effects of lacking supportive care and oncology resources, and allowed patients from Uganda to receive curative intent therapy with minimal loss to follow‐up. Nonetheless, OS remains unacceptably low. Improved therapeutic approaches to endemic BL are urgently needed in Africa.
The roles of spatial frequency in category‐level visual search of real‐world scenes
Authors: Zhang Qi , Li Sheng
Published: June 2019

Visual object recognition appears to be effortless and virtually instantaneous for humans. A number of previous investigations have suggested that visual perception follows a coarse‐to‐fine processing sequence in which low‐spatial‐frequency (LSF) information provides a coarse representation of an object for an initial guess and guides the fine processing of the object based on high‐spatial‐frequency (HSF) information. A category‐level visual search of real‐world scenes shares many aspects of processing mechanisms with object recognition. However, a key difference between them is the target template in visual search that is generally known in advance. In the present study, we investigated the role of spatial frequency information in the category‐level visual search of real‐world scenes with three behavioral experiments. In Experiment 1, we showed that the representation of the target template, which is held in short‐term memory, had biased attention more towards LSF information than HSF information in the probe trials. In Experiments 2 and 3, we further demonstrated that the near‐threshold LSF information could implicitly facilitate object recognition compared with HSF information, thereby providing supporting evidence that the LSF information of the target template implicitly facilitates target recognition and search performance. These findings support the role of the coarse‐to‐fine principle in rapid visual search performance of real‐world scenes.