bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Relationships of mass properties and body proportions to locomotor habit in terrestrial Archosauria
Authors: Bishop Peter J. , Bates Karl T. , Allen Vivian R. , Henderson Donald M. , Randau Marcela , Hutchinson John R.
Published: October 2020

Throughout their 250 Myr history, archosaurian reptiles have exhibited a wide array of body sizes, shapes, and locomotor habits, especially in regard to terrestriality. These features make Archosauria a useful clade with which to study the interplay between body size, shape, and locomotor behavior, and how this interplay may have influenced locomotor evolution. Here, digital volumetric models of 80 taxa are used to explore how mass properties and body proportions relate to each other and locomotor posture in archosaurs. One-way, nonparametric, multivariate analysis of variance, based on the results of principal components analysis, shows that bipedal and quadrupedal archosaurs are largely distinguished from each other on the basis of just four anatomical parameters (p< 0.001): mass, center of mass position, and relative forelimb and hindlimb lengths. This facilitates the development of a quantitative predictive framework that can help assess gross locomotor posture in understudied or controversial taxa, such as the crocodile-lineBatrachotomus(predicted quadruped) andPostosuchus(predicted biped). Compared with quadrupedal archosaurs, bipedal species tend to have relatively longer hindlimbs and a more caudally positioned whole-body center of mass, and collectively exhibit greater variance in forelimb lengths. These patterns are interpreted to reflect differing biomechanical constraints acting on the archosaurianBauplanin bipedal versus quadrupedal groups, which may have shaped the evolutionary histories of their respective members.
The Academy of Ancient Music (1726–1802): Its History, Repertoire and Surviving Programmes
Authors: Johnstone H. Diack
Published: October 2020

It was way back in the mid-1960s that I first became interested in the Academy of Ancient Music, and I have been collecting stray scraps of information relating to them ever since. Fifty years on, methinks it’s high time I shared my findings with the world of eighteenth-century musical scholarship at large. Others meanwhile have dealt with various bits of the story, but no one so far as I know has yet attempted to bring it all together in one place. What follows here is in three self-contained parts and two appendices. The first part surveys the history of the society from cradle to grave so to speak, and deals with all the main personalities and events involved. The second, and by far the longest, part provides details of all the Academy programmes known to have survived together with various references to be found in diaries, letters and other manuscript material of the period; there is also, for the 1780s and 90s in particular, a good deal of supporting comment in the London newspapers. Also duly noted in this section are the present-day whereabouts of all those individual works that can be identified as having once formed part of its celebrated library. Part III is an editorial conflation of the 1761 and 1768 editions of The Words of such pieces as are most usually performed by the Academy of Ancient Music (plus a short and hitherto unnoticed addition to the latter to be found only in some copies), and keyed to it are the dates of all known performances tabled in Part II. Appendix A provides an annotated list of all those who were named as subscribers on 9 April 1730. This is the last such list to have survived, and here, for the first time, an attempt has been made to identify those various City merchants, clerics and others who are not among those well-known musicians usually named as being members. Appendix B refers to an interesting document now in the Lewis Walpole Library at Yale. It contains not only the names of the subscribers to the 1785–86 season but also a list of all those singers and instrumentalists who were employed by the Academy in 1786–87 (and how much they were paid). Only the latter, however, is reproduced here, and its content has been reordered in the interests of greater clarity. Standard RISM sigla are used for all but a very few library references.
The effect of cranberry consumption on lipid metabolism and inflammation in human apo A-I transgenic mice fed a high-fat and high-cholesterol diet
Authors: Caceres Christian , Kim Mi-Bo , Bae Minkyung , Pham Tho X. , Lee Yoojin , Hu Siqi , O’Neill Edward N. , Kim Bohkyung , Park Young-Ki , Lee Ji-Young
Published: October 2020

Lipid metabolism and inflammation contribute to CVD development. This study investigated whether the consumption of cranberries (CR; Vaccinium macrocarpon) can alter HDL metabolism and prevent inflammation in mice expressing human apo A-I transgene (hApoAITg), which have similar HDL profiles to those of humans. Male hApoAITg mice were fed a modified American Institute of Nutrition-93M high-fat/high-cholesterol diet (16 % fat, 0·25 % cholesterol, w/w; n 15) or the high-fat/high-cholesterol diet containing CR (5 % dried CR powder, w/w, n 16) for 8 weeks. There were no significant differences in body weight between the groups. Serum total cholesterol, non-HDL-cholesterol and TAG concentrations were significantly lower in the control than CR group with no significant differences in serum HDL-cholesterol and apoA-I. Mice fed CR showed significantly lower serum lecithin–cholesterol acyltransferase activity than the control. Liver weight and steatosis were not significantly different between the groups, but hepatic expression of genes involved in cholesterol metabolism was significantly lower in the CR group. In the epididymal white adipose tissue (eWAT), the CR group showed higher weights with decreased expression of genes for lipogenesis and fatty acid oxidation. The mRNA abundance of F4/80, a macrophage marker and the numbers of crown-like structures were less in the CR group. In the soleus muscle, the CR group also demonstrated higher expression of genes for fatty acid β-oxidation and mitochondrial biogenesis than those of the control. In conclusion, although CR consumption elicited minor effects on HDL metabolism, it prevented obesity-induced inflammation in eWAT with concomitant alterations in soleus muscle energy metabolism.
New host and geographical records for Parafilaroides normani (Nematoda: Filaroididae) Dailey, 2009 in South American fur seal, Arctocephalus australis, from southern Brazil
Authors: Echenique J. , Pereira E. , Prado J. , Schild A.L. , Valente A.L.
Published: October 2020

Lungworms are a common finding in seals and fur seals around the world. However, from existing records, the biogeographical distribution of filaroid helminths appears to be restricted, and these parasites are endemic in only certain areas and species, mainly in the Northern Hemisphere. The occurrence of infection in pinniped species in the Southern Hemisphere is scarce. The objective of this work is to verify the prevalence of lungworms in Arctocephalus australis in waters off the southern coast of Brazil. Twenty subadult specimens of A. australis found recently dead on the southern coast of Brazil were necropsied and their lungs were examined. Parasitic cysts were found in only one specimen (prevalence of 5%). The helminths were morphologically identified as Parafilaroides normani (Metastrongyloidea: Filaroididae). This helminth species has been reported in pinnipeds from Australia, New Zealand and South Africa. This is the first record of P. normani in A. australis and for the western South Atlantic, providing additional data regarding the biogeographic distribution of the parasite.
Race–gender bias in white Americans’ preferences for gun availability
Authors: Hayes Matthew , Fortunato David , Hibbing Matthew V.
Published: October 2020

We argue that Americans’ policy attitudes on firearm availability are influenced by the identity of the prospective owner. We use an experiment to demonstrate that attitudes towards gun control/availability are influenced by both race and gender; whether subjects are primed to think of African-Americans versus whites or men versus women has a substantial impact on the degree to which they support firearm access. We find that for many white Americans, Black men and white women stand on opposite poles – priming white Americans with the thought of a Black man decreases support for gun availability, whereas priming the thought of a white woman increases support for gun availability. Further, the magnitude of this effect is quite large – comparable to the difference between Democrats and Republicans. These findings underscore the importance of thinking about the complicated role identity groups play in understanding Americans’ preferences for government (in)action, even in policy areas with explicit Constitutional mandates.
Non-torsion non-algebraic classes in the Brown–Peterson tower
Authors: KAMEKO MASAKI
Published: October 2020

Generalising the classical work of Atiyah and Hirzebruch on non-algebraic classes, recently Quick proved the existence of torsion non-algebraic elements in the Brown–Peterson tower. We construct non-torsion non-algebraic elements in the Brown–Peterson tower for the prime number 2.
A small whale reveals diversity of the Eocene cetacean fauna of Antarctica
Authors: Davydenko Svitozar , Mörs Thomas , Gol'din Pavel
Published: October 2020

Cetacean fossils have been recorded from middle and late Eocene deposits on Seymour Island since the beginning of the twentieth century and include fully aquatic Basilosauridae and stem Neoceti. Here, we report a small cetacean vertebra tentatively referred to as Neoceti from the late Eocene of Seymour Island. It shows a mosaic of traits, some of which are characteristic of early Neoceti (anteroposteriorly long transverse processes; a ventral keel on the ventral side of the centrum; thin pedicles of the neural arch), whereas others are shared with Basilosauridae (low-placed bases of the transverse processes). However, some traits are unique and may be autapomorphic: presence of separate prezygapophyses on the vertebra at the thoracic/lumbar boundary and a proportionally short centrum. Both traits imply a fast swimming style, which is characteristic of modern dolphins rather than Eocene cetaceans. Thus, this specimen can be identified as Neoceti indet., with some hypothetical odontocete affinities. Along with a few other Eocene whale taxa, it seems to be among the earliest known members of Neoceti on Earth. The finding of small and fast-swimming Neoceti in Antarctica also demonstrates early diversification of cetaceans and ecological niche partitioning by them dating back as early as the late Eocene.
Impacts of climate shocks on household consumption and inequality in India
Authors: Aggarwal Raavi
Published: October 2020

This paper examines the impact of climate shocks, measured as temperature and precipitation variability, on real monthly per capita consumption expenditure of Indian households over the 1988–2012 period, utilising data from the National Sample Survey Organisation's Consumer Expenditure Surveys. The regression results show an increase in consumption by 1.2 per cent on average, in response to a one standard deviation rise in temperature, with heterogeneous impacts across economic sectors. While agricultural and industrial households experience consumption declines of 1.7 per cent and 8.3 per cent on average, service sector households exhibit consumption increases by 2.4–9.6 per cent on average across rural and urban regions, in response to a one standard deviation rise in temperature. The analysis suggests an increase in inequality of consumption across sectors due to climatic shocks, with implications for climate policy and sustainable development in India.
Secular trends in diet-related greenhouse gas emission estimates since 2000 – a shift towards sustainable diets in Sweden
Authors: Mehlig Kirsten , Blomqvist Irene , Klingberg Sofia , Bianchi Marta , Sjons Josefin , Hunsberger Monica , Lissner Lauren
Published: October 2020

Objective:

This study examines secular changes in diet-related greenhouse gas emissions (GHGE) in younger and older Swedish adults, since the turn of this century.

Design:

Two cross-sectional health examination surveys were conducted in 2001–2004 (T1) and 2014–2018 (T2). At both times, an eighty-six-item FFQ was embedded in the survey. From the food frequencies and age-standardised portion sizes, GHGE estimates (kg CO2e/year) were calculated. GHGE was modelled as a function of time period and covariates, for five distinct age groups.

Setting:

The municipality of Gothenburg, in western Sweden.

Participants:

Women and men aged 25–34, 35–44, 45–54, 55–64 and 65–75 years were randomly selected from the population registry and recruited for examinations. After exclusion of participants with incomplete dietary data, the analytic sample consisted of 2569 individuals at T1 and 2119 at T2.

Results:

Lower dietary GHGE scores were observed at T2 compared with T1, in each age group, adjusting for sex, BMI and education. The largest differences in GHGE were observed in the youngest age group (approximately 30 % reduction). Decreasing trends in GHGE from animal-based foods were observed at all ages and were accompanied by smaller increases from plant-based sources in younger groups only. At all ages, GHGE from discretionary foods decreased, and prevalence of overweight remained stable.

Conclusions:

Optimal dietary trends should support both human health and planetary health. Our results suggest that Swedish adults have moved in this direction, e.g. through less intake of red meat products and stable weight status.
Diagnostik im Vorschulalter (0 – 6 Jahre)
Authors: Bolten Margarete
Published: October 2020

Zusammenfassung. Verhaltensauffälligkeiten bzw. psychische Störungen können bereits bei sehr jungen Kindern auftreten und sind häufig mit erheblichem Leiden bzw. Beeinträchtigungen für das Kind aber auch seine Eltern verbunden. Deshalb ist eine frühzeitige Erkennung sinnvoll, um langfristige Folgen oder eine Chronifizierung zu vermeiden. Ziel dieses Überblickartikels ist eine Bestandsaufnahme über die aktuell für das Vorschulalter verfügbaren diagnostischen Instrumente. Dabei wird neben Fragebögen, Entwicklungs- und Leistungstest auch ein neuartiges klinisches Interview zur strukturierten Diagnostik im Vorschulalter (0 – 6 Jahre), das SIVA 0 – 6 vorgestellt. Diagnostiker sollten bei der psychopathologischen Beurteilung von Symptomen in der frühen Kindheit Normvarianten von Normabweichungen abgrenzen. Psychische Auffälligkeiten müssen dabei immer im interaktionellen Kontext des Kindes mit seinen Eltern oder anderen wichtigen Personen gesehen werden.
Das Strukturierte Interview für das Vorschulalter (SIVA: 0 – 6)
Authors: In-Albon Tina , Equit Monika , Gontard Alexander von , Schwarz Daniela , Müller Jörg M. , Bolten Margarete
Published: October 2020

Zusammenfassung. Ziel dieser Studie ist die Interrater-Reliabilität, Validität und Akzeptanz des Strukturierten Interviews für das Vorschulalter (SIVA: 0 – 6) zu ermitteln. Es wurden 117 Interviews mit Eltern durchgeführt. Die Akzeptanz wurde mit einem Fragebogen erfasst. Die Interrater-Reliabilität wurde durch zwei unabhängige Diagnostiker für die Klassifikationssysteme DC: 0 – 3R/DC: 0 – 5, ICD-10 und DSM-5 bestimmt. Mit prozentualer Übereinstimmung, Cohen’s Kappa und Yule’s Y wurde die Übereinstimmung der Diagnostiker berechnet. Die Validität des SIVA: 0 – 6 wurde mittels der Konstruktvalidität mit Fragebögen und der Kriteriumsvalidität überprüft. Das SIVA: 0 – 6 hat eine hohe Akzeptanz. Die Interraterreliabilität für externalisierende (κ > .82, > 91.9 %), internalisierende Diagnosen (κ > .72, 93.5 %) sowie den Ausschluss von Diagnosen (> 97 %) war gut bis sehr gut. Die Validität zeigte sich in der Unterscheidung von Kindern mit und ohne eine Diagnose sowie internalisierenden Störungen. Die Ergebnisse sprechen für eine gute Akzeptanz, Validität und Reliabilität des SIVA: 0 – 6 in Praxis und Forschung.
The Impact of Infectious Disease-Related Public Health Emergencies on Suicide, Suicidal Behavior, and Suicidal Thoughts
Authors: Zortea Tiago C. , Brenna Connor T. A. , Joyce Mary , McClelland Heather , Tippett Marisa , Tran Maxwell M. , Arensman Ella , Corcoran Paul , Hatcher Simon , Heise Marnin J. , Links Paul , O'Connor Rory C. , Edgar Nicole E. , Cha Yevin , Guaiana Giuseppe , Williamson Eileen , Sinyor Mark , Platt Stephen
Published: October 2020

Abstract. Background: Infectious disease-related public health emergencies (epidemics) may increase suicide risk, and high-quality evidence is needed to guide an international response. Aims: We investigated the potential impacts of epidemics on suicide-related outcomes. Method: We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycInfo, CINAHL, Scopus, Web of Science, PsyArXiv, medRxiv, and bioRxiv from inception to May 13–16, 2020. Inclusion criteria: primary studies, reviews, and meta-analyses; reporting the impact of epidemics; with a primary outcome of suicide, suicidal behavior, suicidal ideation, and/or self-harm. Exclusion criteria: not concerned with suicide-related outcomes; not suitable for data extraction. PROSPERO registration: #CRD42020187013. Results: Eight primary papers were included, examining the effects of five epidemics on suicide-related outcomes. There was evidence of increased suicide rates among older adults during SARS and in the year following the epidemic (possibly motivated by social disconnectedness, fears of virus infection, and concern about burdening others) and associations between SARS/Ebola exposure and increased suicide attempts. A preprint study reported associations between COVID-19 distress and past-month suicidal ideation. Limitations: Few studies have investigated the topic; these are of relatively low methodological quality. Conclusion: Findings support an association between previous epidemics and increased risk of suicide-related outcomes. Research is needed to investigate the impact of COVID-19 on suicide outcomes.
Response of the Pacific Sector of the Southern Ocean to Wind Stress Variability From 1995 to 2017
Authors: Menna M. , Cotroneo Y. , Falco P. , Zambianchi E. , Di Lemma R. , Poulain P.‐M. , Fusco G. , Budillon G.
Published: October 2020

Drifter, satellite, expendable bathythermograph (XBT), and Argo float data are used to study the response of the Pacific Sector of the Southern Ocean (PSSO) to the wind stress field in the period 1995–2017, in terms of eddy field, water mass transport, and heat fluxes at large and regional scales. Increasing wind stress over the PSSO in those two decades led to a growth of the Eddy Kinetic Energy (EKE) in the region of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC). Increases of the EKE occur with delays of 1–4 years with respect to peaks in the zonal component of the wind stress. The persistent ACC meander located south of New Zealand (between 150°E and 180°W and 50°S to 66°S) responds to the interannual wind variations earlier than the entire ACC branch in the PSSO. In the same area, an estimate of the ACC transport based on in situ data shows interannual variability but no significant decadal trend over the study period. The effects of the EKE variability on the meridional eddy heat fluxes are significant on interannual scales. The strengthening of the EKE field leads to a local increase in the poleward meridional eddy heat fluxes in the PSSO, especially in the ACC band. The weakening of the EKE field defines an area of equatorward meridional eddy heat fluxes in the middle of the PSSO (south of 40°S, between 130°W and 160°W) and prevalent poleward fluxes in the further western and eastern regions.
Toward a Self‐Consistent Characterization of Lithospheric Plates Using Full‐Spectrum Viscoelasticity
Authors: Lau Harriet C. P. , Holtzman Benjamin K. , Havlin Christopher
Published: October 2020

Determining the thickness of the lithosphere in any given setting combines uncertainty in both the observational method and laboratory‐derived understanding of mantle rheology. The many observational and modeling criteria across geophysical subfields for plate thickness lead to significant differences in plate thickness estimates depending on the process of interest, be it seismic wave propagation or relaxation in response to changes in loads—from earthquakes, ice sheets to volcanoes—or convection. This paper proposes a framework in which to model and interpret upper mantle mechanical structure smoothly across the full spectrum of geophysical timescales. We integrate viscous, elastic, and linear anelastic constitutive models and calculate the mechanical response from convective to seismic wave timescales (i.e., 0 to infinite frequency or, in practice, 10−15 to 1 Hz). We apply these calculations to 1‐D thermal structures and determine the normalized complex viscosity, a quantity that shows clearly the role of transient creep in weakening rock relative to the associated Maxwell rheology. Using various criteria for the lithosphere‐asthenosphere boundary, we show that the apparent plate thickness will be thicker at higher frequencies than at lower frequencies. Additional calculations for nonlinear Maxwell behavior (dislocation mechanisms) demonstrate significant changes in the apparent plate structure, decreasing the long‐term plate thickness, consistent with observations. Other effects such as dislocation damping (associated with a steady‐state dislocation structure), melt, water, major element composition, and grain size are not included here but, when incorporated into this framework, will significantly change the full‐spectrum plate thickness predictions.
Calving Event Led to Changes in Phytoplankton Bloom Phenology in the Mertz Polynya, Antarctica
Authors: Liniger Guillaume , Strutton Peter G. , Lannuzel Delphine , Moreau Sebastien
Published: October 2020

Polynyas are subject to variability in winds and ocean circulation and are important sites of ecological productivity. In February 2010, the B09B iceberg collided with the Mertz Glacier Tongue (MGT), calving a 78 × 40‐km giant iceberg which modified the icescape and primary productivity of the Mertz polynya. In this study, we use satellite ocean color and sea ice concentration to investigate the variability, trends, and drivers of phytoplankton blooms in the Mertz polynya since 1997. During the bloom, over 21 years, we found (i) a later ice retreat time, (ii) an increase in sea ice concentration, (iii) a decrease in open‐water period, (iv) a later bloom start, and (v) a decrease in bloom duration. Our results suggest that major postcalving changes in the physical characteristics of the polynya, mainly its icescape, are the primary drivers of phytoplankton phenology. More specifically, the MGT calving event resulted in significant seasonal and regional changes, with higher eastern chl‐a and mean summer chl‐a postcalving. While satellite data are useful to study long‐term variability in these inhospitable areas, they only focus on the ocean surface and are obscured by ice and clouds. Additional subsurface parameters from seal tags, gliders and moorings in the southernmost polar regions would strengthen our comprehension of phytoplankton and physical changes in ocean dynamics that may have far‐reaching consequences, from global circulation to carbon export.
An EnOI‐Based Data Assimilation System With DART for a High‐Resolution Version of the CESM2 Ocean Component
Authors: Castruccio Frederic S. , Karspeck Alicia R. , Danabasoglu Gokhan , Hendricks Jonathan , Hoar Tim , Collins Nancy , Anderson Jeffrey L.
Published: October 2020

An ensemble optimal interpolation (EnOI) data assimilation system for a high‐resolution (0.1° horizontal) version of the Community Earth System Model Version 2 (CESM2) ocean component is presented. For this purpose, a new version of the Data Assimilation Research Testbed (DART Manhattan) that enables large‐state data assimilation by distributing state vector information across multiple processors at high resolution is used. The EnOI scheme uses a static (but seasonally varying) 84‐member ensemble of precomputed perturbations to approximate samples from the forecast error covariance and utilizes a single model integration to estimate the forecast mean. Satellite altimetry and sea surface temperature observations along with in situ temperature and salinity observations are assimilated. This new data assimilation framework is then used to produce a global high‐resolution retrospective analysis for the 2005–2016 period. Not surprisingly, the assimilation is shown to generally improve the time‐mean ocean state estimate relative to an identically forced ocean model simulation where no observations are ingested. However, diminished improvements are found in undersampled regions. Lack of adequate salinity observations in the upper ocean actually results in deterioration of salinity there. The EnOI scheme is found to provide a practical and cost‐effective alternative to the use of an ensemble of forecasts.
A Comparison of the CMIP6midHoloceneandlig127kSimulations in CESM2
Authors: Otto‐Bliesner Bette L. , Brady Esther C. , Tomas Robert A. , Albani Samuel , Bartlein Patrick J. , Mahowald Natalie M. , Shafer Sarah L. , Kluzek Erik , Lawrence Peter J. , Leguy Gunter , Rothstein Mathew , Sommers Aleah N.
Published: October 2020

Results are presented and compared for the Community Earth System Model version 2 (CESM2) simulations of the middle Holocene (MH, 6 ka) and Last Interglacial (LIG, 127 ka). These simulations are designated as Tier 1 experiments (midHoloceneandlig127k) for the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 6 (CMIP6) and the Paleoclimate Modeling Intercomparison Project phase 4 (PMIP4). They use the low‐top, standard 1° version of CESM2 contributing to CMIP6 DECK, historical, and future projection simulations, and to other modeling intercomparison projects. ThemidHoloceneandlig127kprovide the opportunity to examine the responses in CESM2 to the orbitally induced changes in the seasonal and latitudinal distribution of insolation. The insolation anomalies result in summer warming over the Northern Hemisphere continents, reduced Arctic summer minimum sea ice, and increased areal extent of the North African monsoon. The Arctic remains warm throughout the year. These changes are greater in thelig127kthanmidHolocenesimulation. Other notable changes are reduction of the Niño3.4 variability and Drake Passage transport and a small increase in the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation from thepiControltomidHolocenetolig127ksimulation. Comparisons to paleo‐data and to simulations from previous model versions are discussed. Possible reasons for mismatches with the paleo‐observations are proposed, including missing processes in CESM2, simplifications in the CMIP6 protocols for these experiments, and dating and calibration uncertainties in the data reconstructions.
Regional Ionospheric Parameter Estimation by Assimilating the LSTM Trained Results Into the SAMI2 Model
Authors: Kim Jeong‐Heon , Kwak Young‐Sil , Kim Yong Ha , Moon Su‐In , Jeong Se‐Heon , Yun Jong Yeon
Published: October 2020

This paper presents a study on the possibility of predicting the regional ionosphere at midlatitude by assimilating the predicted ionospheric parameters from a neural network (NN) model into the Sami2 is Another Model of the Ionosphere (SAMI2). The NN model was constructed from the data set of Jeju ionosonde (33.43°N, 126.30°E) for the period of 1 January 2011 to 31 December 2015 by using the long‐short term memory (LSTM) algorithm. The NN model provides 24‐hr prediction of the peak density (NmF2) and peak height (hmF2) of the F2 layer over Jeju. The predicted NmF2 and hmF2 were used to compute two ionospheric drivers (total ion density and effective neutral meridional wind), which were assimilated into the SAMI2 model. The SAMI2‐LSTM model estimates the ionospheric conditions over the midlatitude region around Jeju on the same geomagnetic meridional plane. We evaluate the performance of the SAMI2‐LSTM by comparing predicted NmF2 and hmF2 values with measured values during the geomagnetic quiet and storm periods. The root‐mean‐square error values of NmF2 (hmF2) from Jeju ionosonde measurements are lower by 45% and 45% (30% and 11%) than those of the SAMI2 and IRI‐2016 models during the geomagnetic quiet periods. However, during the geomagnetic storm periods, the performance of the SAMI2‐LSTM model does not predict positive geomagnetic storms well. Comparing the quiet and storm periods for the SAMI2‐LSTM model, the root‐mean‐square error (RMSE) of the storm period was calculated to be 2.76 (3.2) times higher at Jeju (Icheon) than in the quiet period. From these results, we demonstrated that in this study, the combination of the NN‐LSTM model and physics‐based model could improve the ionosphere prediction of existing theoretical and empirical models for midlatitude regions, at least in geomagnetically quiet conditions. We strongly suggest that this attempt, which has not been reported before, could be used as one of the keys to advance the physics‐based model further.
Ionospheric Current Variations Induced by the Solar Flares of 6 and 10 September 2017
Authors: Owolabi Charles , Lei Jiuhou , Bolaji O. S. , Ren Dexin , Yoshikawa Akimasa
Published: October 2020

We examine the global ionospheric current in relation to X9.33 disk and X8.28 limb flares, which had significant differences in their solar X‐ray and extreme ultraviolet (EUV) fluxes using the ground‐based magnetometer data. At the peak of X9.33 flare, when X‐ray and EUV radiations were significantly enhanced, the northern current vortex was situated at (40°N, 12 LT), while the southern current vortex was found at (30°S, 13LT). In comparison to the X8.28 flare, the northern current vortex was seen at (16°N, 12LT), while the southern current vortex was situated at (35°S, 14LT), which was 2 hr earlier in local time compared to those observed in the X9.33 flare. The changes in the total current intensity of the X9.33 flare is about 16% less than that of the X8.28 flare, thus revealing that the current variations relative to both flares are due to solar flux and universal time variations. The daytime X9.33 flare northern current vortex is stronger, while the southern vortex is less intense than the corresponding vortex of X8.28 flare. Even though both flares happened in equinox, the current vortices are nearly symmetric. There were significant hemispheric changes in the focus position leading to the hemispheric asymmetry. Our results indicated that both the enhanced X‐ray and EUV fluxes during flares could have impacts on the ionospheric electric field and current, but their relative contributions and the underlying physics need further investigations.
Oblique Right‐Lateral Faulting Along the Northern Margin of the Ili Basin in the Northern Tian Shan, Northwest China
Authors: Wu Chuanyong , Ren Guangxue , Yu Jingxing , Zheng Wenjun , Li Xinnan , Liu Jinrui , Wang Siyu , Li Chuanyou , Zhang Zhuqi , Yang Huili , Zhang Dongli
Published: October 2020

The quantification of the geometry and kinematics of the boundary faults of an active orogenic belt is key to exploring its deformation pattern. The Kashihe fault (KSHF), which bounds the northern margin of the Ili Basin and is more than 400 km long, is a WNW‐striking fault in the northern Tian Shan. Although the KSHF displays active faulting and is the seismogenic fault of the 1812Ms 8 Nilka earthquake, the quantitative slip rate and its role in regional strain accommodation have not been reported. Here, we quantify the late Quaternary activity of the KSHF based on high‐resolution remote sensing image interpretations and detailed field investigations. Six field observation sites along a ~270 km active fault in the Chinese Tian Shan indicate that the KSHF is characterized by dextral strike‐slip faulting and N‐S thrusting. Based on the surveying of offset geomorphic surfaces with an unmanned drone and the dating of late Quaternary sediments using optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) and radiocarbon methods, we estimated a late Quaternary right‐lateral strike‐slip rate across the fault of 2.39 ± 0.55 mm/yr and a shortening rate of 0.62 ± 0.30 mm/yr. Analysis of field investigations and fault section exposing indicated that a young paleoearthquake event occurred on the western segment of the KSHF. Active tectonics around the Ili Basin imply that the rigid Ili block extrudes westward along its boundary strike‐slip faults and rotates counterclockwise. We propose that this block rotation driven by dextral faulting accommodates regional N‐S convergence and sinistral shearing.
Development of a Brittle Triaxial Deformation Zone in the Upper Crust: The Case of the Southern Mesa Central of Mexico
Authors: Del Pilar‐Martínez Alexis , Nieto‐Samaniego Angel F. , Alaniz‐Alvarez Susana A.
Published: October 2020

It is widely accepted that the polymodal fault patterns accommodate triaxial deformation. Multiphase extension and inherited structural fabrics have been counted as common features for the development of polymodal faults in extensional systems. This research documents the development of a polymodal normal fault system in the Mesa Central of Mexico, focusing on the evolution of the deformation field. The fault system comprises NW and NE grabens and N‐S and E‐W faults. These faults affected silicic volcanic rocks in two Oligocene extensional phases. In the Rupelian (~31 Ma), a NW trending domino fault system was formed, associated with fault domain boundaries (transfer or accommodation zones) oriented NW, NE, N‐S, and E‐W. The domino faults tilted the early Rupelian rocks, and the deformation was biaxial with the principal extension NE‐SW. Subsequently, the Rupelian structures were buried by the middle and late Rupelian volcanism. The second extensional phase occurred in the Chattian (after 28 Ma). In this phase, the Rupelian fault domain boundaries acted as faulting zones forming a polymodal fault system in the volcanic cover. The resulting deformation was triaxial with ENE and NNW horizontal principal extensions. From revision of cases in the literature and the deformation documented in the Mesa Central, we propose a general way to form a brittle triaxial deformation zone, requiring (1) the presence of planes of weakness in the upper crust, (2) the deposition of a cover, and (3) a subsequent faulting event reactivating the underlying anisotropies and producing new faults in the cover.
Lithospheric Strength and Rift Migration Controls on Synrift Stratigraphy and Breakup Unconformities at Rifted Margins: Examples From Numerical Models, the Atlantic and South China Sea Margins
Authors: Pérez‐Gussinyé M. , Andrés‐Martínez M. , Araújo M. , Xin Y. , Armitage J. , Morgan J. P.
Published: October 2020

Synrift stratigraphy and the distribution of breakup‐related erosional unconformities vary vastly between passive margins and cannot be explained by classical rifting models. Here we use numerical modeling to predict their spatiotemporal distribution. We show that synrift stratigraphy mimics rift architecture, which is controlled by lithospheric strength. Basinward rift migration during extension produces (1) oceanward younging, syntectonic and posttectonic sequences, (2) rift migration unconformities, RMUs, predating breakup, and (3) a breakup unconformity, BU, that only extends over the outermost margins, since breakup is not linked with a sudden stress drop. With small synrift sedimentation, the RMUs and BU laterally merge to form a margin‐wide unconformity. In symmetric, wide conjugate margins, which arise for weak lithospheres such as the South China Sea, a long phase of distributed deformation with little subsidence results in early synrift sediment over most of the margins. RMUs merge into a single event that marks the subsequent focusing of deformation into a narrow breakup area, which experiences short‐lived intense thinning and subsidence. In asymmetric conjugate margins, lateral rift migration transports shallowly deposited, early synrift sediments from the narrow to the wide, hyperextended margin, leading to a condensed syntectonic sequence and a single BU in the narrow margin and a series of RMUs in the wide one. For very weak lower crusts, lateral rift migration generates large synrift sag basins in the wide margin, as in Angola and Congo margins. Our models resemble the observed margins tectonic diversity and may be used as templates for interpreting their distal, unexplored areas.
Correction: P53-regulated miR-320a targets PDL1 and is downregulated in malignant mesothelioma
Authors: Costa Caterina , Indovina Paola , Mattioli Eliseo , Forte Iris Maria , Iannuzzi Carmelina Antonella , Luzzi Luca , Bellan Cristiana , De Summa Simona , Bucci Enrico , Di Marzo Domenico , De Feo Marisa , Mutti Luciano , Pentimalli Francesca , Giordano Antonio
Published: October 2020

Author Francesca Pentimalli was incorrectly associated with Histopathological Unit, IRCCS-Istituto Tumori “Giovanni Paolo II”, Viale Orazio Flacco 65, 70124 Bari, Italy. The author’s actual affiliation is Cell Biology and Biotherapy Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori-IRCCS-Fondazione G. Pascale, I-80131 Napoli, Italy.
Cordycepin enhances the chemosensitivity of esophageal cancer cells to cisplatin by inducing the activation of AMPK and suppressing the AKT signaling pathway
Authors: Gao Ying , Chen Dan-Lei , Zhou Mi , Zheng Zhou-san , He Mei-Fang , Huang Sheng , Liao Xiao-Zhong , Zhang Jia-Xing
Published: October 2020

Although cisplatin (cDDP), is a first-line chemotherapy drug for esophageal cancer, it still has the potential to develop drug resistance and side effects. There is increasing evidence that cordycepin can work synergistically with other chemotherapy drugs. Therefore, we investigated whether combination therapy of cordycepin and cDDP may enhance the therapeutic effect of cDDP. We performed a series of functional tests to study the effect of medical treatment on esophageal cancer cells. We then used GO analysis to examine the pathways affected by treatment with cordycepin and cDDP. Next, we observed changes in the abundance of the selected pathway proteins. The in vivo animal model supported the results of the in vitro experiments. Co-treatment with cordycepin and cDDP inhibited cell growth, migration, and metastasis, as well as induced apoptosis. Cordycepin was found to effectively enhance activation of AMPK and inhibited activity of AKT. In all treatment groups, the expression levels of p-PI3K, p-Akt, p-p70S6K, Caspase-3, and Bcl-2 were significantly reduced, while the expression levels of p-AMPK, cleaved Caspase-3, and Bax increased, and the total levels of Akt, PI3K, and p70S6K levels remained unchanged. Overall, cordycepin was found to enhance the chemical sensitivity of esophageal cancer cells to cisplatin by inducing AMPK activation and inhibiting the AKT signaling pathway. Combination therapy of cordycepin and cisplatin represent a novel potential treatment of esophageal cancer.
Long noncoding RNA PVT1 promoted gallbladder cancer proliferation by epigenetically suppressing miR-18b-5p via DNA methylation
Authors: Jin Longyang , Cai Qiang , Wang Shouhua , Wang Shuqing , Wang Jiandong , Quan Zhiwei
Published: October 2020

Gallbladder cancer (GBC) accounts for 85–90% malignancies of the biliary tree worldwide. Considerable evidence has demonstrated that dysregulation of lncRNAs is involved in the progression of cancer. LncRNA PVT1 has been reported to play important roles in various cancers, but its role in gallbladder cancer remains unknown. In the present study, we found that PVT1 was upregulated in GBC tissues and cells, and its upregulation was related with poor prognosis in GBC patients. PVT1 promoted GBC cells proliferation in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, PVT1 recruited DNMT1 via EZH2 to the miR-18b-5p DNA promoter and suppressed the transcription of miR-18b-5p through DNA methylation. Moreover, HIF1A was proved to be the downstream target gene of miR-18b-5p and PVT1 regulated GBC cells proliferation via HIF1A. In conclusion, our studies clarified the PVT1/miR-18b-5p/HIF1A regulation axis and indicated that PVT1 could be a potential therapeutic target for GBC.
Enolase 1 regulates stem cell-like properties in gastric cancer cells by stimulating glycolysis
Authors: Yang Ting , Shu Xiong , Zhang Hui-Wen , Sun Li-Xin , Yu Long , Liu Jun , Sun Li-Chao , Yang Zhi-Hua , Ran Yu-Liang
Published: October 2020

Recent studies have demonstrated that gastric cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a rare sub-group of gastric cancer (GC) cells and have an important role in promoting the tumor growth and progression of GC. In the present study, we demonstrated that the glycolytic enzyme Enolase 1 (ENO1) was involved in the regulation of the stem cell-like characteristics of GC cells, as compared to the parental cell lines PAMC-82 and SNU16, the expression of ENO1 in spheroids markedly increased. We then observed that ENO1 could enhance stem cell-like characteristics, including self-renewal capacity, cell invasion and migration, chemoresistance, and even the tumorigenicity of GC cells. ENO1 is known as an enzyme that is involved in glycolysis, but our results showed that ENO1 could markedly promote the glycolytic activity of cells. Furthermore, inhibiting glycolysis activity using 2-deoxy-d-glucose treatment significantly reduced the stemness of GC cells. Therefore, ENO1 could improve the stemness of CSCs by enhancing the cells’ glycolysis. Subsequently, to further confirm our results, we found that the inhibition of ENO1 using AP-III-a4 (ENOblock) could reduce the stemness of GC cells to a similar extent as the knockdown of ENO1 by shRNA. Finally, increased expression of ENO1 was related to poor prognosis in GC patients. Taken together, our results demonstrated that ENO1 is a significant biomarker associated with the stemness of GC cells.
Magnetocrystalline anisotropy imprinting of an antiferromagnet on an amorphous ferromagnet in FeRh/CoFeB heterostructures
Authors: Xie Yali , Zhan Qingfeng , Hu Yong , Hu Xiao , Chi Xiaodan , Zhang Chenyu , Yang Huali , Xie Wenhui , Zhu Xiaoyan , Gao Jianhua , Cheng Wenjuan , Jiang Dongmei , Li Run-Wei
Published: October 2020

Magnetic anisotropy is a fundamental key parameter of magnetic materials that determines their applications. For ferromagnetic materials, the magnetic anisotropy can be easily detected by using conventional magnetic characterization techniques. However, due to the magnetic compensated structure in antiferromagnetic materials, synchrotron measurements, such as X-ray magnetic linear dichroism, are often needed to probe their magnetic properties. In this work, we observed an imprinted fourfold magnetic anisotropy in the amorphous ferromagnetic layer of FeRh/CoFeB heterostructures. The MOKE and ferromagnetic resonance measurements show that the easy magnetization axes of the CoFeB layer are along the FeRh〈110〉 and FeRh〈100〉 directions for the epitaxially grown FeRh layer in the antiferromagnetic and ferromagnetic states, respectively. The combined Monte Carlo simulation and first-principles calculation indicate that the fourfold magnetic anisotropy of the amorphous CoFeB layer is imprinted due to the interfacial exchange coupling between the CoFeB and FeRh moments from the magnetocrystalline anisotropy of the epitaxial FeRh layer. This observation of imprinting the magnetocrystalline anisotropy of antiferromagnetic materials on easily detected ferromagnetic materials may be applied to probe the magnetic structures of antiferromagnetic materials without using synchrotron methods.
Photon-directed multiplexed enzymatic DNA synthesis for molecular digital data storage
Authors: Lee Howon , Wiegand Daniel J. , Griswold Kettner , Punthambaker Sukanya , Chun Honggu , Kohman Richie E. , Church George M.
Published: October 2020

New storage technologies are needed to keep up with the global demands of data generation. DNA is an ideal storage medium due to its stability, information density and ease-of-readout with advanced sequencing techniques. However, progress in writing DNA is stifled by the continued reliance on chemical synthesis methods. The enzymatic synthesis of DNA is a promising alternative, but thus far has not been well demonstrated in a parallelized manner. Here, we report a multiplexed enzymatic DNA synthesis method using maskless photolithography. Rapid uncaging of Co2+ ions by patterned UV light activates Terminal deoxynucleotidyl Transferase (TdT) for spatially-selective synthesis on an array surface. Spontaneous quenching of reactions by the diffusion of excess caging molecules confines synthesis to light patterns and controls the extension length. We show that our multiplexed synthesis method can be used to store digital data by encoding 12 unique DNA oligonucleotide sequences with video game music, which is equivalent to 84 trits or 110 bits of data.
Fusing subnational with national climate action is central to decarbonization: the case of the United States
Authors: Hultman Nathan E. , Clarke Leon , Frisch Carla , Kennedy Kevin , McJeon Haewon , Cyrs Tom , Hansel Pete , Bodnar Paul , Manion Michelle , Edwards Morgan R. , Cui Ryna , Bowman Christina , Lund Jessie , Westphal Michael I. , Clapper Andrew , Jaeger Joel , Sen Arijit , Lou Jiehong , Saha Devashree , Jaglom Wendy , Calhoun Koben , Igusky Kristin , deWeese James , Hammoud Kareem , Altimirano J. C. , Dennis Margaret , Henderson Chris , Zwicker Gill , O’Neill John
Published: October 2020

Approaches that root national climate strategies in local actions will be essential for all countries as they develop new nationally determined contributions under the Paris Agreement. The potential impact of climate action from non-national actors in delivering higher global ambition is significant. Sub-national action in the United States provides a test for how such actions can accelerate emissions reductions. We aggregated U.S. state, city, and business commitments within an integrated assessment model to assess how a national climate strategy can be built upon non-state actions. We find that existing commitments alone could reduce emissions 25% below 2005 levels by 2030, and that enhancing actions by these actors could reduce emissions up to 37%. We show how these actions can provide a stepped-up basis for additional federal action to reduce emissions by 49%—consistent with 1.5 °C. Our analysis demonstrates sub-national actions can lead to substantial reductions and support increased national action.
Standardization and harmonization of distributed multi-center proteotype analysis supporting precision medicine studies
Authors: Xuan Yue , Bateman Nicholas W. , Gallien Sebastien , Goetze Sandra , Zhou Yue , Navarro Pedro , Hu Mo , Parikh Niyati , Hood Brian L. , Conrads Kelly A. , Loosse Christina , Kitata Reta Birhanu , Piersma Sander R. , Chiasserini Davide , Zhu Hongwen , Hou Guixue , Tahir Muhammad , Macklin Andrew , Khoo Amanda , Sun Xiuxuan , Crossett Ben , Sickmann Albert , Chen Yu-Ju , Jimenez Connie R. , Zhou Hu , Liu Siqi , Larsen Martin R. , Kislinger Thomas , Chen Zhinan , Parker Benjamin L. , Cordwell Stuart J. , Wollscheid Bernd , Conrads Thomas P.
Published: October 2020

Cancer has no borders: Generation and analysis of molecular data across multiple centers worldwide is necessary to gain statistically significant clinical insights for the benefit of patients. Here we conceived and standardized a proteotype data generation and analysis workflow enabling distributed data generation and evaluated the quantitative data generated across laboratories of the international Cancer Moonshot consortium. Using harmonized mass spectrometry (MS) instrument platforms and standardized data acquisition procedures, we demonstrate robust, sensitive, and reproducible data generation across eleven international sites on seven consecutive days in a 24/7 operation mode. The data presented from the high-resolution MS1-based quantitative data-independent acquisition (HRMS1-DIA) workflow shows that coordinated proteotype data acquisition is feasible from clinical specimens using such standardized strategies. This work paves the way for the distributed multi-omic digitization of large clinical specimen cohorts across multiple sites as a prerequisite for turning molecular precision medicine into reality.