bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
International legal standards and practices of European countries in combating domestic and gender-based violence
Authors: Vartyletska Inna , Shapovalova Anna
Published: October 2024

The relevance of this study lies in the need to improve the legal mechanisms for combating gender-based violence against the background of the increasing number of military conflicts in the world, which create favourable conditions for the latter. The purpose of this study was to analyse the regulatory provisions of international legislation and the practices of certain European countries in preventing manifestations of hatred based on sex and gender and combating domestic violence through criminal law measures. It was stated that legal standards defined by the regulations of international organisations, international treaties, and conventions underlie national and regional standards for combating domestic and gender-based violence. International legal principles of gender equality are defined by the regulatory framework of the United Nations, the Council of Europe, the European Union, and the Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe, and other global and European organisations. Human rights provisions recognised by the member states of these organisations through bilateral and multilateral treaties and implemented through ratification are the basis for the formation of national internal standards of the rights of women, children, and persons of all genders. The study concluded that national standards for guaranteeing and protecting human rights in the field of gender equality constitute an implementation of international standards and pan-European provisions, and their implementation in Ukrainian legislation can ensure sufficiently complete and effective implementation of legal measures to combat domestic and gender-based violence. The ideas formulated in this study are aimed at finding more effective criminal law means in lawmaking and law enforcement activities
Legal reservations in fulfilling the purpose of the European principle of legal certainty on the example of Ukrainian legislation
Authors: Vlasenko Valerii
Published: October 2024

The relevance of this study lies in the fact that the legal systems of states that recognise and enforce the rule of law are increasingly subject to integration influence: the general requirements of rule-making are unified and ensured by the common obligations of the member states of international communities. The purpose of this study was to conduct a logical and legal analysis of legal reservations as a means of designing (constructing) legal norms to fulfil the purpose of the principle of legal certainty in national legislation. The study employed various methods of scientific cognition, including axiological, analytical, systemic, special legal, hermeneutical, logical, modelling, etc. The use of these methods has provided the basis for the scientific hypothesis regarding the composition of the principle of legal certainty and the nature of legal reservations. The study summarised that the principle of legal certainty as a component of the rule of law is based on the concept of predictability, which is achieved by ensuring clarity, unambiguity, and comprehensibility of legal provisions, and completeness of their content in the normative forms of national legislation. It was found that the requirements of the legal certainty principle can be met by applying a unified technique of rule-making, structuring, and formulation of regulatory provisions, where legal reservations are given a significant importance. The study identified and characterised the crucial features of legal reservations through understanding them as an element of rule- making technique in fulfilling the purpose of the European principle of legal certainty. The study outlined the essential properties of legal reservations and general requirements to them. The legal reservations are defined in the rules of law of national legislation as an element of rule-making technique, the content of which is determined by the social purpose of law. The study proved that they take the form of linguistic constructions, specify the purpose of a legal provision and the limits of its effect, and ensure the accuracy and predictability of a regulatory prescription. The findings of this study are of practical significance, as they can be used in research – for further investigation of topical issues of rulemaking technique, in lawmaking work – in the development of regulations
Atmospheric Mediation
Authors: Andrejevic Mark , Volcic Zala
Published: October 2024

The ambition of automated mediation is to become atmospheric: to serve as the medium through which we move, interact, and live. This ambition manifests itself literally in the form of media devices small enough to float through the air and figuratively as in the form of “ubiquitous” computing. This chapter approaches atmospheric media as a “backend” because of its ambition to recede into the infrastructure of lived environments. Mediation perfected, in this respect, becomes immediate, invisible: the background condition for forms of control and governance that rely on modulating the conditions of planetary activity. This chapter draws out the link between environmental information capture and the reconfiguration of the material environment in the service of a customizable form of postdisciplinary governance.
Black Living Data Booklet
Authors: Day Faithe J.
Published: October 2024

The Black Living Data Booklet (BLDB) is a manual and manifesto at the intersection of art, activism, and academic work. As a manifesto, this project defines and articulates the intents and purposes of Black Living Data, including the data history that led to its definition. This articulation of Black Living Data is then used to inform the collection, curation, and critique of data collection and community engagement. Therefore, the booklet is a resource for scholars, educators, and community members to better understand and engage with media and data utilizing ethical and social justice–oriented practices.
On Meaning and Exploitation
Authors: Lomborg Stine
Published: October 2024

Digital self-tracking for health, productivity, and wellbeing has entered the workplace, for instance through corporate wellness programs and data-driven decision-support systems that nudge specific work behaviors and cultivate attention to employees’ so-called work-life balance. In doing so, the corporate gaze seeks to reach beyond the domain of work and well into the personal lives of employees. This chapter emerges from an exploratory empirical study of self-tracking at work, such as the use of Microsoft’s MyAnalytics for white-collar workers, which operates seamlessly and guides its user toward optimizing work and personal wellbeing with data. With examples from the study, the chapter discusses the intricate relations between workplace surveillance, workers’ communicative agency and meaning-making in datafied work, and the infrastructural power of Big Tech.
Repairing Algorithms, Rebuilding Data Paths
Authors: Nikunen Kaarina
Published: October 2024

This chapter develops the idea of material solitaries and digital media as a public good to think about alternatives to the commercial platformed media environment. It does so in a European context where a long tradition of public service media that followed the logic of the welfare state exists. The chapter draws on three examples from the “fair data” research project that interviewed various European actors in media, activism, and policymaking to explore the struggles for a material solidarity, rooted in media backends. Exploring the importance of thinking about “public service algorithms,” creating “open” rather than “commercial” digital media spaces, and finally, “new policies” at the European level, it explores how attempts to feed public values of solidarity need to be included in digital infrastructures, in automated media operations, but also in the human labor and materialities that build digital media environments.
Curses from God
Authors: Austin Michael
Published: October 2024

The chapter examines the etiological function of curse narratives in the Bible (the curse of Cain and the curse of Canaan) and in the Book of Mormon (the curse of Laman and Lemuel). Such narratives were common explanations for different racial characteristics in Joseph Smith’s time. While the Book of Mormon does use the cursing of Laman and Lemuel as an explanation for the appearance of contemporary Native Americans, it also renarrates a biblical curse as something that is not necessarily permanent and not indicative of God’s pleasure or displeasure.
Introduction
Authors: Nicole Green Deidre , Huntsman Eric D.
Published: October 2024

This introduction offers an overview of the Latter-day Saint view on atonement by situating it within the broader historical context of nineteenth-century American religion and discusses its development over time. Additionally, it discusses the concept of atonement etymologically and summarizes the traditional Christian theories of atonement as a backdrop for the explorations that follow. A brief explanation of each chapter appears as well.
Saving the House of Israel
Authors: Harris Sharon J.
Published: October 2024

Because the Book of Mormon presents an account of salvation through communal covenants, this chapter explores how belief in Christ and his atonement is at play with that larger covenant schema. After laying out how a remnant of Lehites will survive into the future and bring that branch of the family back into Israel’s covenant, a reading of the allegory of the olive trees in Jacob 5 examines the interdependent group dynamic of that covenant process. Tragically, in the Book of Mormon, belief or lack of belief in Christ becomes politicized among the Lehites, fracturing the branch’s ability to stay in their communal covenant. As such, it offers a warning and injunction to modern Christians to not allow their belief in Christ to mistakenly lead to a sense of superiority but instead to recognize how their salvation also depends on others outside their faith.
Notes on Life, Grace, and Atonement
Authors: Miller Adam S.
Published: October 2024

This chapter presents, in schematic form, an original approach to a Latter-day Saint theory of atonement, focusing on the intersections among life, grace, and atonement. Working in a broadly phenomenological vein, it offers an existential account of atonement (or at-one-ment) in relation to the grace or “givenness” of life in terms of: (1) resurrection, (2) repentance, and (3) gathering and sealing. Mythological or “sequential” approaches to theology are distinguished from phenomenological or “ nonsequential ” approaches to theology. The latter are privileged. Sin is fundamentally defined as a refusal of grace or “givenness,” especially in terms of fear and boredom, and atonement is fundamentally defined in terms of a forgiving or redemptive response to what is unconditionally given.
Atonement and Retributive Justice
Authors: Givens Fiona
Published: October 2024

This chapter discusses the similarities and dissimilarities between Latter-day Saint and Calvinist atonement theories. The questions it addresses include: the bases for retributive justice as atonement theology; how they are manifest in the American penal system; how language affects past and contemporary understanding of atonement; whether a change in language would facilitate a movement toward a more optimistic view of atonement; given these shifts in language, is it possible to create a theology that eventuates in universal Zion in lieu of global apocalypse?
One Prophet’s Vision of a Nonviolent Atonement
Authors: Spencer Joseph M.
Published: October 2024

This chapter attempts two things simultaneously. First, it provides an exposition of a Latter-day Saint theory of nonviolent atonement, derived from a text in the Book of Mormon. Second, it outlines an argument for why and how the Book of Mormon might serve as an especially useful theological resource within, and also beyond, the Latter-day Saint tradition. In pursuing both ends, the chapter emphasizes the importance of thinking theologically along with (rather than abstracted from) scriptural narratives. Only in this way might this particular tradition yield a theory of nonviolent atonement.
Human Communities
Authors: Pegg Carole
Published: October 2024

Chapter 2. Human Communities demonstrates how Indigenous peoples sound place by connecting to pre-Soviet Middle World human communities as they grapple with the contradictions of nationhood, state subordination and global influences. Ethnicity and Indigeneity are performed in epics, tales and oral narratives of ancient khanates and empires. Musicking sounds place in relation to Altaian clans, nomadism, and the spirits of landscape; Khakas clans, ancestry, pilgrimage, rural settlement, and Indigenous status; and Tyvan clans and posthumous spirits in shamanic rituals. The festive nation’s musical soul, displayed in clan festivals as secularized public demonstrations of unity within newly created “nations,” is challenged by those seeking local diversity and adherence to ritual practices. Finally, it compares soundings of local place with the global sonic projections of shamans and musicians.
Ancestors and Archaeology
Authors: Pegg Carole
Published: October 2024

Chapter 4. Ancestors and Archaeology explores how Altaian musicians, epic performers, shamans, and elders connect sonically to the 2500-year-old “Ice Maiden,” reconstruct a harp from Scytho-Siberian burials, and encounter ancestors from Bronze Age slab burial art. In Khakassia, the Sunduki mountain range—an astronomical observatory with epic narrative as rock art—inspires shamanic rituals and an international festival; ancestral heroes of the War-Stones of Uibat Steppe are musically respected; with-spirit places necessitate silence; instrument-makers facilitate soundings of archaeological art; and a multi-sensory shamanic ritual is performed at the sacred Valley of the Khans. In Tyva, Royal Arzhan Scytho-Siberian burials provoke debates on ancestry, belonging and culture and, at an annual International Festival of Living Music and Faith in the ruined Üstüü Khüree Buddhist monastery, shamanic and Buddhist rituals are performed.
Hedged
Authors: Susca Margot
Published: October 2024

Behind the tired trope of failing newspapers are billion-dollar hedge funds and private equity firms harvesting profits from an industry in transition. Through an analysis of bankruptcy court documents and exhibits, congressional reports and corporate documents, government filings, and trade reports, alongside 106 hours of in-depth interviews, this book charts the modern history and contemporary practices of a small, elite corps of financial firms operating in the newspaper marketplace. It is, like many other political-economic critiques that preceded it, fundamentally a study of influence, money, and power. This book combines critical political-economic production research with investigative reporting techniques to illustrate the impacts of a small, elite corps of private investment funds dominating the US newspaper market and leaving a trail of neglected audiences in its wake. We have a local newspaper system owned and influenced by the ultrawealthy dismantling the very institution meant to give voice to average citizens in a democracy. Newspaper chains beholden to institutional investors were late to innovate, and mergers and acquisitions were chosen as the core business strategy to move into the new millennium. That left chains in debt and vulnerable to different private investment influence. Latching on to the mythology that the internet was the sole disrupter–the only reason audiences checked out and profits sagged–also suggests that our only solutions are technological and platform-dependent. That fails to address the real problem in our democracy: private investment profit harvesting and hedge fund takeovers that slash local news.
What Crisis?
Authors: Susca Margot
Published: October 2024

While the legal system for years put guardrails on a Federal Communications Commission intent on relaxing rules meant to protect against consolidation that harms the public interest, a US Supreme Court decision in 2021 allowed for the elimination of those rules. Consolidation deepened. Yet the internet became an explanation for the destruction of local newspapers. This chapter provides the book’s political economy of media theoretical and methodological lens and explains the databases and investigative reporting techniques used for the book as it orients readers to the current local journalism crisis. It shifts blame from the internet alone to put more blame for the newspaper crisis where it belongs: on the private investment funds that for years have gutted local newspapers in the name of profit.
Layoffs
Authors: Susca Margot
Published: October 2024

This chapter features the fourth tenet of the private investment era: layoffs. Through three dozen interviews with reporters and editors, this chapter explores how accountability journalism has changed, given the influence of private investment funds. The interviews are complemented by a review of US Securities and Exchange Commission filings, trade reports, union documents, and US Department of Labor records obtained through the Freedom of Information Act. These documents together reveal how private investment funds pose new labor challenges as layoffs continue to threaten the role of newspapers in communities. As hedge funds circle, this period’s labor issues also are marked by reporters unionizing.
Neglected Audiences
Authors: Susca Margot
Published: October 2024

The cuts and layoffs influencing the newspaper chains outlined in previous chapters take us to the final feature of the private investment era: its neglected audiences. Corporate chains that had long treated news as a product also stopped generating something audiences in small towns and cities nationwide wanted to pay for. It’s no shock that readers fed up with a loss of local news turned away, and it wasn’t only because of the internet. Readers watched as stories about their children’s schools, crime, local commissions, and elected boards disappeared from print and digital pages. Corporate newspapers left readers, and readers paid attention. This chapter maps that frustration through in-depth interviews with eighty-five former and current newspaper subscribers from twenty-four states.
Ending the Era
Authors: Susca Margot
Published: October 2024

At a time when government accountability, trust, and truth are at a crucial nexus, news organizations in the private investment era have failed citizens. Our local newspaper system is less equipped to tell important stories of government wrongdoing and others that provided important community connections and a venue for civilized disagreements. It is less equipped because of an ownership and investment oligarchy that privileges profit over citizen knowledge in our democracy. This investment and ownership over the last twenty years has created a newspaper plutocracy, an elite, wealth-driven oligopoly destabilizing and eroding the constitutionally protected entity entrusted with informing citizens in a democracy. By tracking through investigative reporting campaign contributions and lobbying dollars, this conclusion further maps that influence in stark contrast to a system set up to benefit citizens in our democracy. Increasingly, these firms with influence over newsroom staffing levels are spending tens of millions of dollars annually lobbying for their omnibus business interests and laying off staff that covered these issues. Two strategies are examined to remove these funds from the US newspaper marketplace. The first examines antitrust enforcement of oligopolies through the Clayton Act. The second looks at the rise of nonprofit newsrooms nationwide operating in the void left by private investment funds.
Two Cents
Authors: Wohl Patrick
Published: October 2024

When the Supreme Court upholds a Missouri law restricting abortion, Rosemary Mulligan is recruited to speak at a raucous pro-choice rally and persuaded to run against conservative incumbent Penny Pullen in the Republican primary.
Goldwater Girls
Authors: Wohl Patrick
Published: October 2024

Hillary Clinton, a former high school classmate of Penny Pullen, comes to the district to campaign with her husband during the 1992 Democratic primary for president. Mulligan and Pullen finish off their rematch with no accusation left unslung. In the end, Mulligan pulls off a decisive victory.
Epilogue
Authors: Wohl Patrick
Published: October 2024

Illinois Governor Rod Blagojevich visits State Representative Rosemary Mulligan. This epilogue then discusses what became of both Penny Pullen and Rosemary Mulligan following their campaigns in 1990 and 1992.
What Work Is
Authors: Bruno Robert
Published: October 2024

Our physical and social world is a product of the collective work we do. Work is arguably the most consequential human activity. This book is about the ways that a person’s work—the making, buying, or selling of goods or services—manifests itself in the world and is then realized by the worker. It explores how the worker understands his or her paid labor to uncover the phenomenology of work. Importantly, it examines work from the worker’s point of view and explores why it matters to society. It privileges a worker’s meaning of work above the views of corporate owners, bosses, media heads, and politicians who use their power to not only exploit workers but to define them. More to the point, it shifts what we think we know about work away from the self-serving narratives of those who most benefit from other’s labor. The book articulates a vision of how largely wage workers define themselves in terms relevant to their class relations. Here they are dignified rational agents and not costs of production, objects of recruitment, observation, evaluation, and discipline. Drawing on thousands of personal worker essays and diverse academic and philosophical sources, including music and poetry, the author presents a rich tapestry of how workers become conscious actors in their working-class lives.
Introduction
Authors: Bruno Robert
Published: October 2024

Derived from thousands of six-word essays written by workers who are students in the author’s labor studies class at the University of Illinois, the introduction describes thematically “what work is.” Organized around the concepts of time, space, impact, purpose, and subject, the book chapters describe the applied and felt nature of labor. The introduction also explains how a National Public Radio project on race and the award-winning poetry of Philip Levine titled “What Work Is” were inspirations for the book. The chapter further notes that the author’s own experiences growing up in a working-class household are used throughout the text to emphasize what the class writing exercises revealed. Finally, the substance of work is discussed in terms of creating quality and meaningful jobs.
The Purpose of Work
Authors: Bruno Robert
Published: October 2024

Chapter 4 explores the reality that there always was a purpose for the work people do. In fact, in nearly all cases there are more than one. This chapter identifies the following four forms of purpose for work: to provide, to build society, to be free, and to be fulfilled. Work had extrinsic rewards and intrinsic benefits. Workers did their jobs faithfully and seemingly without need for daily justification but never without intent. Something motivated them to get out of bed every day to arrive at work. Much of their labor felt compelled. If work was difficult, poorly paid, and disrespected then work was sacrifice. But workers wanted more from their honest labors. They worked for bread and, yes, for roses too.
Advertising Revolutionary
Authors: Chambers Jason P.
Published: October 2024

The introduction provides an overview of the text. It introduces the general chronology of the story and sets the broad background of Burrell’s matriculation through the advertising industry.
Growing Up in Chicago
Authors: Chambers Jason P.
Published: October 2024

Growing up on the South Side of Chicago, Tom Burrell witnessed black entrepreneurship all around him, particularly his father. His relationship with his father bordered on abuse, but his father’s example of entrepreneurship stimulated his efforts to work for himself. Consequently, it also catalyzed within him a desire to one day own his own business. Also, during these years, Burrell got his first introduction to the advertising industry. He majored in advertising at Roosevelt University.
Into the Advertising Industry
Authors: Chambers Jason P.
Published: October 2024

A series of interpersonal relationships brought Burrell into the advertising industry. He worked first at Wade Advertising and later at Leo Burnett, the London offices of Foote, Cone, and Belding, and Needham, Harper, and Steers. The eleven years that he spent in the advertising industry included ups and downs, and at one point, nearly drove him out of the industry. Nonetheless, he persevered and built a level of professional advertising agency experience few African Americans could match. The experience at various agencies also convinced Burrell that he should start an agency of his own.
First in the Nation
Authors: Chambers Jason P.
Published: October 2024

During the 1980s, the agency grew steadily in size and client billings. Regardless of its size, Burrell remained in charge of the agency’s creative output for clients like McDonald’s, Coca-Cola, and Brown-Foreman. The agency’s work on television expanded, and Burrell won general market work for brands like Martell cognac. The impressive gains were among the first such opportunities for a black-owned advertising agency. Yet, Burrell’s clients, like Coca-Cola, became the target of public scrutiny from African American leaders like Reverend Jesse Jackson. These men and women pressed American corporations on the contributions of black consumers to their profits and to do even more to build black businesses throughout the country.
Overcoming a Crisis
Authors: Chambers Jason P.
Published: October 2024

In the early 1980s, the agency’s growth led Burrell to lease enough space to be named “The Burrell Building.” This impressive marker placed him above other recognized African American business leaders like John H. Johnson. Yet it was followed by an economic recession that severely curtailed Burrell’s business growth. The downturn led the agency into a period of near insolvency that would have forced its closure without a combination of cost-cutting, loans, and business leadership. After emerging from the difficult economic period, the agency won new business opportunities with the Sprite brand. In award-winning work for the brand, the agency demonstrated the efficacy of hip-hop culture for brand visibility.
Epilogue
Authors: Chambers Jason P.
Published: October 2024

In retirement, Burrell continued to write and speak to audiences across the country. He took piano and singing lessons and indulged a lifelong interest in music. He also remarried and published a well-received book, Brainwashed: Challenging the Myth of Black Inferiority. He and his wife, Madeleine Moore-Burrell, traveled the world and eventually moved to Florida.
The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly
Authors: Angell Diane
Published: October 2024

Despite the growth of STEM fields, many PhDs find themselves as long-term postdocs or non-tenure track faculty (NTT). This chapter focuses on the challenges for a woman graduate student completing field work in ecology as well as the difficulties of seeking work-life balance while teaching as an NTT at a liberal arts college. NTT STEM faculty face unique pressures but share the instability that other NTTs encounter. In addition to feeling alienated from tenured and tenure track colleagues and uncertainty about being re-hired each year, NTTs are often assigned to teach large introductory survey courses and have limited access to the equipment and support needed for scholarly research in our field. Such hurdles make these positions unsustainable for both contingent faculty and higher education.
Talking Back against Ableism, Ageism, and Contingency as a Latinx Instructor and First-Generation Scholar
Authors: Juárez Miguel
Published: October 2024

In this chapter, first-generation Latinx scholar Miguel Juárez, who is older and has disabilities, compares his experiences working at two Hispanic Serving Institutions (HSIs). Because contingent faculty are often hired part-time, they cobble together positions among various institutions, navigating differing levels of precarity in employment. Juárez describes the stigma which contingency brings, compounded by marginalization incurred due to ageism and ableism. He also explores the challenges of contingent faculty during the COVID-19 pandemic. Committed to teaching underserved and underrepresented Latinx students (most of whom do not realize he is not a tenure-track faculty member), Juárez discusses the career tradeoffs he has made and his efforts to define his work as a scholar and teacher, within the context of contingency.
From Community of Interest to Imagined Communities
Authors: Mcleer Anne
Published: October 2024

This essay is a reflection drawn from personal experience on the origins of contingent faculty unionization and mobilization in Washington, D.C. and Maryland. It explores new approaches to the unionization and collective bargaining efforts of university contingent faculty in the context of the contemporary gig economy. The essay examines the evolving and enduring successes of, as well as the challenges to, creating solidarity and an “imagined community” for contingent faculty. The organizing campaigns of SEIU Local 500 changed many of the traditional union organizing tactics. Constructing imagined communities out of a recognition of disempowerment and the acknowledgement that teaching in a prestigious university constituted “work” rather than a position of status, allowed contingent faculty to become collectively empowered.
Building Labor Solidarity across Tenure Lines
Authors: Williams Naomi R , Park Jiyoon
Published: October 2024

This chapter examines the effectiveness of faculty organizing in higher education, across employment sectors, to improve contingent faculty working conditions and job security for all faculty. It considers the ways higher education organizing can bolster the profession, build labor solidarity across all faculty lines, and protect student learning. Using interviews with diverse faculty and labor organizers as well as data from bargaining contracts, organizing campaigns, and work experiences, we illustrate how faculty members have had success in cases where faculty are in both broad or narrow bargaining units. The chapter concludes with opportunities for tenure-track faculty to support contingent faculty across institutions.
Speed Carnivals
Authors: Ingrassia Brian M.
Published: October 2024

This chapter explores the first two 500-mile races, in 1911 and 1912, alongside Carl Fisher’s other space-annihilating enterprises, especially the Lincoln and Dixie Highways. The Indianapolis Motor Speedway’s grandstands were a place for pop-culture consumerism and for fostering motor-sport celebrity—a celebrity based on a masculinity that excluded female drivers. It was also at this time that Fisher started building suburban enclaves based on automobility, industry, and leisure, including Speedway City, Indiana, and Miami Beach, Florida.
Finest Flying Field in America
Authors: Ingrassia Brian M.
Published: October 2024

During World War I (1917–18), no races were held at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway. Carl Fisher offered the track to the federal government as an aviation field, and it served as a place where wartime technology was developed by an Italian airplane firm (Pomilio Brothers) and Liberty Bond drives were launched. Fisher hoped to turn Indianapolis into an aviation center. Spectators developed nostalgia for racing, and when racing returned in 1919 it was more dangerous than ever before because of wartime technological advances that augmented speeds beyond what 1909-era bricks bay have been able to handle.
Sports of Titans
Authors: Ingrassia Brian M.
Published: October 2024

This chapter argues that the 1920s was a Golden Age of Sports, yet it has to be understood alongside urban development and racial segregation. Spectators had more opportunities for consumerism than ever before, especially with the building of massive stadiums, and leisure activities became an important part of American welfare capitalism. But drivers and spectators in Black motor sport did not have the same opportunities as white counterparts, especially in a state (Indiana) that had a strong Ku Klux Klan presence. Indianapolis auto racing was almost legally banned in 1923, but it continued despite challenges from traditionalists.
Union Divided
Authors: Miller Leta E.
Published: October 2024

This book exposes the little-known history of racial segregation in the American Federation of Musicians. In the mid-twentieth century, more than fifty independent Black locals operated throughout the country. They formed at the urging of the African American musicians themselves, who felt that segregated locals would enable them to set competitive pay scales, diversify audition repertory, and gain representation at conventions. Overlapping jurisdictions with white locals, however, predictably led to conflicts and even to lawsuits. In 1953 the Black and white locals in Los Angeles merged, launching a slow amalgamation process. A 1957 proposal at the national convention to mandate mergers in all cities, however, met with opposition from Blacks unionists, who legitimately feared submergence within white-dominated organizations. The AFM thus faced a choice between condoning segregation or eliminating it in opposition to the wishes of its African American members. The federation chose the latter course and by 1971 all locals had merged. The benefits of amalgamation, however, led to losses for Black members, prompting the AFM to institute corrective policies.
This book also addresses the difficult racial history of the American Federation of Labor and the often imperfect efforts to achieve racial equality essayed by other labor organizations. The AFM’s struggle to honor difference while promoting unity continues today in its evolving search for inclusivity.
Early Black Locals
Authors: Miller Leta E.
Published: October 2024

This chapter fleshes out the motivations for the formation of Black AFM locals through examination of three specific cases: Local 208 in Chicago (which became the largest Black local in the federation); Local 648 in San Francisco (which eventually instituted a lawsuit against its white counterpart); and Local 458 in Seattle. In Chicago, Black musicians faced overt discrimination by white Local 10. San Francisco’s Local 6 was at first racially integrated, but the audition requirement—which was geared to Western classical music and sight-reading—proved a stumbling block for some Black applicants. The history of the Seattle locals demonstrates the problems posed by competing pay scales and work rules. Demographics are important as well. In Chicago, Local 208 was able to secure meaningful employment for its members because the large Black population and the overall segregation of the housing market promoted the establishment of a lively, independent, successful Black music scene. In San Francisco and Seattle, however, the more integrated housing scenes ironically led to more direct competition between Black and white musicians for the same jobs (and therefore to more direct conflict).
After Chicago
Authors: Miller Leta E.
Published: October 2024

Following the rancorous negotiation process for the Chicago merger, AFM officials hammered out merger terms individually with the more than fifty surviving segregated locals. Agreements were generally patterned after the Chicago model but differed in detail from city to city. This chapter describes the merger process in several representative cities: Washington, DC, New Orleans, Boston, and Buffalo.
Bitch Feminism
Authors: Nguyen Kim Hong
Published: October 2024

This chapter explores how white recuperations of the term Bitch perpetuate anti-Blackness and simultaneously make feminism intelligible by entrenching imperialist, white supremacist, capitalist cis-heteropatriarchy. It examines three key examples that explore Bitch performativity: Joreen (Jo Freeman)’s The Bitch Manifesto, the viral video “Bitchy Resting Face,” and the comedy series Great News, coproduced by Tina Fey. Collectively, these texts argue that the label and attitude are worth reclaiming because those who have been labeled bitch refuse to be “enslaved,” are meaner, and are therefore intellectually superior to those who have subjected themselves to womanhood. Grounded in enslavism and fetishization of Black women, the resignification politics of bitch is a form of blackface that mimes a disempowered, resistant performativity while positioning white women as better masters of power and its institutions.
Power Couple Feminism
Authors: Nguyen Kim Hong
Published: October 2024

By analyzing recent media that centers the romantic relationships of mean girls and women, this chapter considers how white heterosexual love domesticates women as supportive ladies of their husbands and also renders patriarchy both vulnerable and redeemable. Taking a cue from the popular television drama Gossip Girl and the media’s framing of Hillary and Bill Clinton, this chapter argues that the moniker “power couple” marks feminism’s benefits for conventional white heterosexual partnerships. Power couple feminism obscures the violence of imperialist, white supremacist, capitalist cis-heteropatriarchy by rendering violent white men as lovable and redeeming mean white women as their saviors. Loving aggressive white masculinity does not absolve white mean girls from ethical judgment, but it does precisely underscore how feminist ethics entail safeguarding and preserving white heteronormative family values. The power couple feminist is positioned as a better and more benevolent master because she recognizes white male violence and offers her love as affective control.
Bootlegging the Airwaves
Authors: Patterson Eleanor
Published: October 2024

This book offers a cultural history of the informal distribution of radio and television content across transnational boundaries, with a focus on the 1960s through the 1980s. These accounts are contextualized within the longer history of home recording technologies and the domestication of media cultures during the first half of the twentieth century. Specific historical fan communities are then used as case studies to examine how broadcasting’s distinct official distribution via the scheduled flow of content fostered the formation of unofficial radio and television bootlegging networks. This book traces out how fan networks developed to trade radio and television by laying out the material practices and audience labor involved in bootlegging broadcast content. Thus, this work puts forth a new paradigm for conceptualizing the distributive labor of audiences circulating radio and television programming, a form of work often overlooked in historical and contemporary audience and industry studies. Moreover, this book posits that bootlegging has played a constitutive role in audience interpretation, identity formation, and the industrial reconfiguration of these protocols within today’s broadcast distribution strategies.
Introduction
Authors: Patterson Eleanor
Published: October 2024

The introduction outlines the hitherto dominant paradigm for understanding the distribution of radio and television in broadcast history as the output of an ongoing ephemeral flow of content used to gather and measure a commodity audience for sponsors. It then sets forth a framework for understanding broadcasting, historically, as a physical commodity formed through what the author terms as embodied distributive labor. This framework builds on four areas of media scholarship: cultural history; industry studies; fan studies; and material culture. After establishing the theoretical intervention of this book to broadcast history, the introduction discusses the methodological implications of doing research on bootlegging, arguing for the legitimacy of grassroots approaches to historiography that include using fanzines, chatrooms, interviews, and other alternative research practices. The introduction then ends with a chapter overview.
Hello Again
Authors: Patterson Eleanor
Published: October 2024

Chapter 2 uses the case study of radio collectors as a model of an informal bootlegging network for broadcast commodities. Nostalgia culture, inexpensive audio home recording and the rise of organized fan culture in the late 1960s led to the formation of a network of radio bootleggers invested in connected with each other through local clubs, fanzines, and conventions. This chapter challenges previous definitions of the term network in broadcasting distribution, reconceptualizing tape trading as networked distribution, and then considers how distribution impacts interpretation. To that end, this chapter ends with a focused analysis of the controversy amongst radio collectors about collecting the radio program Amos ‘n’ Andy. In this case study, we can see how the reformatting of Amos ‘n’ Andy as a broadcast commodity, circulated through tape trading networks over time, pushed “Old-time Radio” fans to reevaluate the program’s racial representations in a post-Civil Rights America and designate it the program as an ambivalent problematic object within the radio collector community.
We Had to Do It the Hard Way
Authors: Patterson Eleanor
Published: October 2024

The transnational dimensions of bootlegging broadcast content are considered across this book; however, it is the central focus of Chapter 4. Australia presents a significant case study for histories of bootlegging television because its position in US broadcast windowing schedules has delayed the official distribution of programs like Star Trek. After briefly outlining the history of Star Trek’s official syndication in Australia, this chapter examines the varying factors that led to a culture of bootlegged communal viewing. This chapter then demonstrates how bootlegged facilitated communal viewing in Australia would play a role in the growth of a large Star Trek fan community, while also instigating Paramount’s crack down on communal viewing Down Under in the 1990s, which ultimately led to the demise of these grassroots clubs across the country.
Integrating Well-being and Intersectional Equity across a Revised Music History and Culture Curriculum
Authors: Spilker John
Published: October 2024

This chapter presents an overview of four sequential courses required for music majors, and the integrated well-being and equity scholarship key to each course (“World Music Cultures,” “Music History 1: Gender & Sexuality,” “Music History 2: Antiracist Liberation,” and “Senior Capstone Seminar”). Despite the problematic and exclusionary nature of music history and culture surveys, through curriculum revision they are indeed the very site of radical transformation for students, colleagues, and our discipline. Care-based content and processes support skill development with discipline-specific content and provide a foundation for intersectional equity. Rooted in the work of bell hooks, Paolo Freire, Kevin Gannon, and Bianca Williams, care-based approaches are inextricably linked to acknowledging, resisting, and dismantling the “imperialist white-supremacist capitalist patriarchy” operating in higher education and music departments.
Connecting Students and Artistic Communities
Authors: Katz Mark
Published: October 2024

This chapter discusses the benefits and challenges of connecting university students with artistic communities outside the university, particularly through the practice of inviting professional musicians into the classroom as guests. It argues for the value of treating such guests like coteachers, making their perspectives and involvement integral to one’s pedagogy. This approach, when practiced collaboratively and with mutual respect, can promote among students a more nuanced understanding of personal agency, hone their empathic faculties, and enhance diversity and representation in the classroom.
Listening with Care to Nonhuman Musicality and Material Culture
Authors: Galloway Kate
Published: October 2024

This chapter examines examines what listening with care to the nonhuman communicates about notions of musicality that extend beyond the human. At stake in the consideration of the ethical dimensions of nonhuman perspectives and listening to strategies used to represent, embody, and stage animals in musical materials and performances is the ability to articulate and identify the complex connections between humans and animals through music, and human understandings of animals in music-making. The case studies in this chapter, the materiality of musical instruments and the sonic culture of bird field guides, are pedagogical explorations that promote kinesthetic and embodied learning with the vibrant nonhuman musicality and matter of music practices.
New Waters in Music
Authors: Soto Amanda Christina
Published: October 2024

This essay unpacks the challenges of being a Tejana (Texas-Mexican) music faculty member at a school of music in the southern United States. Drawing from personal and professional experiences, the author explores and considers the ways her past influenced and continues to influence her teaching and research in higher education. She considers the inherent trauma she has been carrying as a result of these experiences. Finally, through a recounting of both the challenges and successes of the establishment of a mariachi specialization within a school of music, she considers strategies for an intersectional reenvisioning of inclusion and diversity that include acts of care for both faculty and students who find themselves as outsiders in their schools of music.
Lessons in Student- and Self-Care from Trauma
Authors: Pruett Laura Moore
Published: October 2024

This chapter offers reflections on the development of a personal teaching toolkit in care pedagogy, acquired through physical and mental trauma and recovery. These tools—teaching from a space of radical honesty, providing flexible accommodations, and offering opportunities for the practice of vulnerability in group work—make manifest simple but profound lessons: in sum, we must care for ourselves and for our students to be effective pedagogues. Taking care to teach, learn, and embody such compassionate wisdom is ever more crucial to identifying and upholding the most important reasons why we do what we do as academics and professors.
Mental Health and the Pedagogy of Self-Disclosure
Authors: Natvig Mary
Published: October 2024

Anxiety and depression are occurring at increasingly high rates among teens and college students. Furthermore, depression rates among musicians in general are as high as 60-70 percent. We can deduce, then, that music students are experiencing similar mental health concerns. Music faculty are often “first responders” when students reveal these issues. While directing students to campus mental health professionals is the most important action, some faculty, especially those who have experienced mental health issues themselves, may choose to “self-disclose,” a pedagogical tool used in feminist studies since the 1980s. Revealing one’s own experiences can destigmatize mental health problems for students and provide an environment of care and inclusivity.