bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Review of the genus Apterolarnaca Gorochov (Orthoptera: Gryllacrididae) with proposal of a new synonym and description two new species
Authors: XUN BIAN , RONG-SHENG LU , FUMING SHI
Published: February 2016

Apterolarnaca ovala Bian & Shi, 2015 is proposed as a synonym of Apotrechus truncatolobus Li & Liu, 2015 and transfers the species to the genus Apterolarnaca Gorochov, 2004. Meanwhile, based on the collection of the Museum of Hebei University, two new Chinese species of Apterolarnaca are described, Apterolarnaca nigrifrontis Bian & Shi sp. nov. and Apterolarnaca quadrimaculata Bian & Shi sp. nov..
A new species of anguilliform catfish (Actinopterygii: Siluriformes: Bagridae) from Bangladesh and northeastern India
Authors: NG HEOK HEE , FERRARIS CARL J. JR
Published: February 2016

We describe Olyra praestigiosa, a new anguilliform bagrid catfish, from the Brahmaputra River drainage in Bangladesh and northeastern India. The new species differs from congeners in having the following unique combination of characters: interorbital distance 30–37% HL; body depth at anus 6–9% SL; length of adipose-fin base 99–16% SL; adipose fin separate from upper principal caudal-fin rays; post-adipose distance 15–18% SL; 17–22 anal-fin rays; caudal peduncle length 14–19% SL; and caudal peduncle depth 6–8% SL.
Two new species of Cossinae (Lepidoptera: Cossidae) from Sindh Province of Pakistan
Authors: YAKOVLEV ROMAN V. , SALDAITIS AIDAS
Published: February 2016

The Cossidae fauna of Pakistan is still poorly studied, with only a few species reported: Eremocossus foedus (Swinhoe, 1884), Aholcocerus ronkayorum Yakovlev, 2006, Cossulus griseatellus Yakovlev, 2006 and Phragmataecia gurkoi Yakovlev, 2007. The carpenter moths of Zeuzera Latreille, 1804 (Zeuzera sp. and Z. multistrigata Moore, 1881) have been reported in pest management publications from Pakistan (Mushtaque & Baloch 1981; Gul & Wali-ur-Rehman 1999; Viqar et al. 2005). The distribution of known cossid species of Pakistan is treated by Yakovlev (2011) without indicating specific localities. Mushtaque and Baloch (1981) report Z. multistrigata caterpillars feeding on the roots of Cannabis sativa L. (Cannabidaceae), which needs to be confirmed. Otherwise Zeuzera species have been observed only feeding on woody plants (Yakovlev 2012).
A new species of the leafhopper genus Matsumuratettix Metcalf (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Deltocephalinae: Deltocephalini) from Thailand
Authors: DUAN YANI , DIETRICH CHRISTOPHER H. , ZHANG YALIN
Published: February 2016

Matsumura (1914) established Epitettix with the type species E. hiroglyphicus Matsumura, 1914 from Taiwan. Metcalf (1952) proposed the new name Matsumuratettix for Epitettix Matsumura, which was preoccupied by Epitettix Hancock, 1907. Dash & Viraktamath (1995) synonymised Pruthiorosius Ghauri with Matsumuratettix Metcalf. Currently, Matsumuratettix comprises a single species, M. hiroglyphicus (Matsumura, 1914). The genus is easily distinguished from other Old World Deltocephalini by the aedeagal shaft being strongly laterally compressed over the distal two-thirds and with asymmetrical distal spines. In this paper, a new species is described from Thailand and a key to distinguish the two known species is provided.
Evaluation of the Accuracy and Utility of Tropical Cyclone Intensity Estimation Using Single Ground-Based Doppler Radar Observations
Authors: Shimada Udai , Sawada Masahiro , Yamada Hiroyuki
Published: February 2016

Intensities (central pressures) of 28 cases of 22 tropical cyclones (TCs) that approached Japan were estimated by using single ground-based Doppler radar observations, and the accuracy and utility of the estimation method were evaluated. The method uses the ground-based velocity track display (GBVTD) technique, which retrieves tangential winds, and the gradient wind balance equation. Before application of the method to the 28 cases, a preliminary experiment was performed with pseudo-Doppler velocities obtained by numerical simulation to confirm that the method could reasonably estimate central pressures. Compared with best track data from the Regional Specialized Meteorological Center (RSMC) Tokyo, the estimated intensities of the 28 cases had a root-mean-square error of 8.37 hPa and showed a bias of 1.51 hPa. This level of accuracy is comparable to or better than the accuracies of Dvorak and satellite microwave-derived estimates. Two distance metrics are defined: 1) the distance between the TC center and the radar location and 2) the distance between the TC center and the weather station whose sea level pressure was used as an anchor for pressure measurement. In general, the accuracy of the Doppler radar estimates was higher when the distance metrics were shorter, as well as when wind retrieval accuracy was better and radar coverage was denser. For TCs with a radius of maximum wind of 20–70 km, the estimated central pressures had a root-mean-square error of 5.55 hPa. These results confirm that Doppler radar intensity estimates have sufficient accuracy and utility for operational use.
60th Anniversary Essay
Authors: Weick Karl E.
Published: February 2016

Jerry Davis’s (2015) question “What is organizational research for?” is ill-served by the narrow answer “settled science.” Constraints of comprehension may give the illusion that organizational research represents settled science. But the experience of inquiring actually comprises a greater variety of actions that increase the meaning of present research experience and the contributions it makes. I discuss acts of conjecture, differentiation, attachment, affirmation, complication, discernment, interruption, and representation to illustrate that meaningful contributions are generated by actions associated with connecting perceptions to concepts. ASQ’s 60th anniversary is an opportune time to make these interim contributions more explicit.
Detection of Explosives Using Differential Laser-Induced Perturbation Spectroscopy with a Raman-based Probe
Authors: Oztekin Erman K. , Burton Dallas J. , Hahn David W.
Published: February 2016

Explosives detection is carried out with a novel spectral analysis technique referred to as differential laser-induced perturbation spectroscopy (DLIPS) on thin films of TNT, RDX, HMX, and PETN. The utility of Raman spectroscopy for detection of explosives is enhanced by inducing deep ultraviolet laser perturbation on molecular structures in combination with a differential Raman sensing scheme. Principal components analysis (PCA) is used to quantify the DLIPS method as benchmarked against a traditional Raman scattering probe, and the related photo-induced effects on the molecular structure of the targeted explosives are discussed in detail. Finally, unique detection is observed with TNT samples deposited on commonly available background substrates of nylon and polyester. Overall, the data support DLIPS as a noninvasive method that is promising for screening explosives in real-world environments and backgrounds.
Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) for the Measurement of Spatial Structures and Fuel Distribution in Flames
Authors: Kotzagianni Maria , Kakkava Eirini , Couris Stelios
Published: February 2016

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is used for the mapping of local structures (i.e., reactants and products zones) and for the determination of fuel distribution by means of the local equivalence ratio ϕ in laminar, premixed air–hydrocarbon flames. The determination of laser threshold energy to induce breakdown in the different zones of flames is employed for the identification and demarcation of the local structures of a premixed laminar flame, while complementary results about fuel concentration were obtained from measurements of the cyanogen (CN) band Β2Σ+--Χ2Σ+, (Δυ = 0) at 388.3 nm and the ratio of the atomic lines of hydrogen (Hα) and oxygen (O(I)), Hα/O. The combination of these LIBS-based methods provides a relatively simple to use, rapid, and accurate tool for online and in situ combustion diagnostics, providing valuable information about the fuel distribution and the spatial variations of the local structures of a flame.
Climbing With a Head-Mounted Display
Authors: Woodham Alexander , Billinghurst Mark , Helton William S.
Published: February 2016

Objective:

We explored the dual-task costs of climbers performing a visual communication task using a head-mounted display (HMD) while simultaneously climbing along a vertical surface.

Background:

Climbing is affected by secondary auditory cognitive tasks, and climbing impairs later recall of secondary task information; the effects of visually presented tasks are less clear. Given that HMDs are projected to be adopted into emergency response work, questions are raised about the effects of HMD use during climbing or other physical tasks.

Method:

Climbers performed five conditions—a climbing-only condition, two dual-task climbing conditions (words presented on the HMD with and without auditory warnings while climbing), and two seated control conditions (words presented on the HMD with and without auditory warnings)—in a repeated-measures design. Motion data were also collected to examine participant motion around word presentation.

Results:

We found a decrease in both climbing performance and word recall under dual-task conditions, paralleling results found in previous research using auditory tasks. Participants slowed around word presentations on the HMD. Additional comparisons to previous research indicate that physical tasks may be more detrimental to word recall than are seated tasks and that visual stimuli might hinder climbing performance more than do audible stimuli.

Conclusion:

Complex physical activity, like climbing, is disruptive to memory rehearsal and later recall, and cognitive tasks disrupt physical performance.

Application:

Avoiding cognitive HMD tasks requiring later recall during complex physical activity is advisable. However, these systems may be developed to provide intelligent assistance, or memory augmentation, in these settings.
Effect of nanopaper coating on flexural properties of a fire-treated glass fiber reinforced polyester composite
Authors: Skovron Jamie D , Zhuge Jinfeng , Gou Jihua , Gordon Ali P
Published: February 2016

Rapid re-launch aerospace vehicles require materials with high specific strength to withstand thermal shock associated with repeated re-entry. Glass fiber reinforced polyester (GRP) composites have rapidly become preferred for high value structural components requiring high specific strength. Their ability to sustain high tensile and impact loads has allowed them to be used as light-transmitting panels and fuselages. Due to service conditions, heat flux strongly alters mechanical properties with exposure time. The effect of including a thermal-barrier coating, in the form of a carbon nanopaper, on the monotonic flexural properties of a GRP composite is analyzed. A series of three-point bend experiments was performed on specimen-sized samples of composites subjected to various levels of heat fluxes across numerous exposure times. Analysis of these experiments reveals trends in the deformation mechanisms of these materials near failure. Correlations of flexural modulus and critical load are used to develop associations to strength.
The Role of Error in Objecto in South African Criminal Law
Authors: Phelps Kelly
Published: February 2016

State v Pistorius provides an opportunity to consider error in objecto in the context of the broader approach to dolus in South African criminal law. For the last 60 years South Africa has taken a consistently subjective approach to assessing intention, evidenced through the courts’ rejection of versari, the presumption of intent and transferred malice. This upholds individual autonomy and assigns blame on a principled basis, thus it has achieved recognition from the Constitutional Court. By recognising foresight/knowledge of unlawfulness as a component of dolus, De Blom took subjectivity to its logical conclusion in 1977. Consequently, error in objecto likely only applies to dolus directus, is heavily influenced by the now defunct doctrine of transferred malice and has not become an entrenched principle in our law. It must thus yield to the basic principles of criminal law, including subjectivity and the putative defences flowing from De Blom. This was the manner in which it was correctly applied in State v Pistorius, although the reasoning was not evident in the judgment. Reviewing error in objecto in the broader scheme of dolus therefore shows that it is inaccurate to claim that the victim’s identity is always irrelevant to a charge of murder.
‘Dangerous Dogs’
Authors: Bleasdale-Hill Lydia , Dickinson Jill
Published: February 2016

Legislation governing the regulation of dangerous dogs is notoriously fraught with difficulties, in particular concerning the definitions incorporated within, and the enforcement and application of, the relevant provisions. This paper examines two aspects of the legislative framework; the regulation of ‘type-specific’ breeds of dogs, and the extension of regulations relating to the control of dogs from public to private spheres. These aspects afford an opportunity for two principal justifications in favour of controlling owners and their dogs to be analysed: the protection of the public and the need to responsibilise dog owners. This paper considers the extent to which type-specific provisions and the extension of dangerous dogs legislation to cover private spheres achieve those desired aims and concludes that these goals are not clearly met. The authors recommend a consolidated piece of legislation, alongside a more sophisticated approach (supported by further research) being adopted with respect to the nature of dog ownership.
So Near Yet So Far
Authors: Macaulay Michael , Gregory Robert
Published: February 2016

This article explores some of the implications that arise from New Zealand’s Organised Crime and Anti-Corruption Legislation Bill, (OCACL) which was passed into law on 5 November 2015 and comes into effect on 1 January 2016. As an Omnibus Bill, the OCACL makes amendments to twelve different Acts; chief among these are legislative changes pertaining to bribery and corruption. Despite New Zealand’s long-standing reputation for good governance it was one of the very few signatories that had still to ratify the United Nations Conventions Against Corruption (UNCAC). This article identifies a number of potential areas that potentially still do not meet UNCAC requirements, which begs questions not only of the Bill but of the utility of UNCAC itself. Furthermore the article explores a new offence of Trading in Influence, which we suggest has potentially far reaching consequences, in theory at least.
A Five-Country Survey on Ethics Education in Preservice Teaching Programs
Authors: Maxwell Bruce , Tremblay-Laprise Audrée-Anne , Filion Marianne , Boon Helen , Daly Caroline , van den Hoven Mariette , Heilbronn Ruth , Lenselink Myrthe , Walters Sue
Published: February 2016

Despite a broad consensus on the ethical dimensions of the teaching profession, and long-standing efforts to align teacher education with wider trends in professional education, little is known about how teacher candidates are being prepared to face the ethical challenges of contemporary teaching. This article presents the results of an international survey on ethics content and curriculum in initial teacher education (ITE). Involving five Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD) countries—the United States, England, Canada, Australia, and the Netherlands—the study’s findings shed light on teacher educators’ perspectives on the contribution of ethics content to the education of future teachers and provide a snapshot of how well existing programs line up with their aspirations. The results showed that 24% of the ITE programs surveyed contain at least one mandatory stand-alone ethics course. The meaning of the results vis-à-vis opportunities for expanding ethics education in preservice teaching programs is also discussed.
School travel modes and children’s spatial cognition
Authors: Fang Jo-Ting , Lin Jen-Jia
Published: February 2016

This study broadens understanding of how children’s travel modes influence the development of their spatial cognition, specifically the development of their spatial representation of home–school routes. Data were collected using a questionnaire survey and a cognitive mapping process at an elementary school in northern Taiwan. The sample, which comprised 521 Grades 1–6 children aged 7–12 years, was analysed through linear regressions. Empirical results indicate that the use of independent, active or non-motorised transportation modes improved the children’s spatial cognition regarding their home–school routes. This study not only provides new knowledge about the relationships between travel modes and the spatial cognition of children, but also identifies policy directions in relation to school transportation and the development of spatial cognition in children.
The Grammars of Close Apposition
Authors: Acuña-Fariña Juan Carlos
Published: February 2016

This paper addresses the notion of close apposition. It begins by analyzing the quintessential appositive construction the poet Burns, arguing that such strings do not have a stable internal structure. This conclusion can be applied to other so-called close appositions, such as we boys, but not to similar-looking structures like my friend Burns or a friend John in linguistics. Most close appositions are characterized by a strong degree of conventionalization and fixity, and remain relatively fossilized schemas, a fact that contributes to their recognizability as specific constructions. However, not all these seemingly binominal constructions have exactly the same constituency, but are rather relatively distinct symbols with distinct functions. The focus of this paper is thus to show how so-called close appositions do not constitute a fixed form. It will also be suggested—although due to space limitations not fully pursued—that both their similarities and the “taxonomic” and “inheritance” ties they share motivate an analysis of close apposition in general as a constructional “network,” understood in a way which is compatible with various forms of Construction Grammar.
Beyond “Just Being There”
Authors: Baldassar Loretta , McKenzie Lara
Published: February 2016

Study-abroad and international-student programs are commonly understood to transform their participants into “global citizens” possessing “cross-cultural competencies.” Similar benefits are anticipated from “internationalization at home”—defined as any on-campus, internationally related activity—whereby international students engage with and thus enrich the lives of domestic students. In this article, we reflect on a research project tied to two coursework units, in which largely domestic undergraduate students undertake qualitative research with or about international students. When developing the project, we postulated that the researcher–informant engagement that characterizes qualitative research mirrors that required for effective domestic–international student engagement. In describing engagement, we utilize research on experiential learning, which suggests that experiences can become knowledge only through reflection, analysis, and synthesis. We examine the ways that cross-cultural engagement and experiential learning gained through students’ qualitative research might lead to the realization of the anticipated benefits of internationalization at home.
Racial/Ethnic Discrimination and Prosecution
Authors: Wu Jawjeong
Published: February 2016

Unwarranted disparity taking place at the stage of prosecution has long been an interest for sentencing researchers. Research exploring the effect of offender race on prosecutorial decisions, however, has produced conflicting and inconclusive results. Some studies concluded that minority offenders faced more unfavorable outcomes than White offenders, whereas others found no significant impact of race/ethnicity in the prosecution process. Still others found a minority advantage. Given these inconsistencies, this research uses meta-analytic methodology to assess empirical findings from a body of scholarship that examined the relationship between race/ethnicity and prosecutorial outcomes. Analyses of homogeneity and moderator variables are also conducted to explore whether there are factors accounting for variability in effect sizes across studies. The result suggests that minority offenders face greater odds of being charged or fully prosecuted than White offenders. Moreover, several moderators, primarily methodologically relevant, account for variability across effect sizes.
The Role of Policy Makers in the Formulation and Implementation of Public Policy for Brazilian Agriculture
Authors: Pereira Leite Sergio
Published: February 2016

A processual approach to public policy analysis rather than the more common instrumental one can help us to understand the experience of policy makers involved in government programs related to rural Brazil and to evaluate the extent to which the implementation of rural policy is influenced by the networks and institutional environments in which administrators are engaged. A broader analytical framework for agrarian and agricultural policies, particularly those implemented during the two terms of the Lula administration (2003–2010), can be arrived at by examining the strategic political games in which public administrators were involved, the different forums in which these games were institutionalized (the spaces in which rural policies are created and implemented), and the institutional environments that structured and regulated the creation of these policies.

Este trabalho aborda a experiência e a participação de gestores de políticas públicas envolvidos em programas governamentais relacionados ao meio rural brasileiro, visando compreender em que medida o ambiente institucional e as redes nas quais os mesmos estão inseridos condicionam o processo de implementação das ações observadas setorialmente, reforçando o emprego das análises de políticas públicas centradas na sua dimensão processual e não necessariamente instrumental, como é mais comum na literatura especializada. Focalizando os jogos políticos nos quais o corpo administrativo e técnico esteve envolvido (marcados por conflitos, barganhas e/ou negociações e envolvendo diversas administrações, grupos de interesses e outros stakeholders), os diferentes fóruns onde estes jogos foram institucionalizados (constituindo-se em loci privilegiados da produção e condução das políticas agrárias), e o ambiente institucional que estrutura e regula a produção destas políticas buscou-se desenhar um quadro mais amplo da análise de políticas agrárias e agrícolas, particularmente aquelas implementadas durante os dois mandatos do governo Lula (2003–2010).
Photography and the Spatial Transformations of Ghent, 1840-1914
Authors: Jacobs Steven , Notteboom Bruno
Published: February 2016

During the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the photographic visualization of the Belgian city of Ghent is closely connected to its urban planning. On one hand, the city is transformed according to the logics of industrial modernization with its functional and spatial zoning. On the other hand, the city’s historical heritage is rediscovered and many medieval buildings were preserved and restored. The planning history of Ghent is usually described in two stages: first, the “Haussmannization” of the city, the creation of boulevards and vistas according to the model of Brussels and Paris, and second, the return to regionalism and a picturesque sensibility during the preparation of the 1913 World’s Fair. The photographic representation of the city seems to mirror this evolution, exchanging the image of the city as a series of isolated monuments for a more sensory and immersive experience. However, a close look at a broad range of images produced by both foreign and local photographers allows us to nuance this assumption. Particularly, the work of Edmond Sacré, who photographed Ghent over half a century, combines a “topographical” and a “picturesque” sensibility.
Physiological Dysregulation, Frailty, and Risk of Mortality Among Older Adults
Authors: Cornman Jennifer C. , Glei Dana A. , Goldman Noreen , Weinstein Maxine
Published: February 2016

This study examines whether frailty is associated with mortality independently of physiological dysregulation (PD) and, if so, which is the more accurate predictor of survival. Data come from the Social Environment and Biomarkers of Aging Study. We use Cox proportional hazard models to test the associations between PD, frailty, and 4- to 5-year survival. We use Harrell’s concordance index to compare predictive accuracy of the models. Both PD and frailty are significantly, positively, and independently correlated with mortality: Worse PD scores and being frail are associated with a higher risk of dying. The overall PD score is a more accurate predictor of survival than frailty, although model prediction improves when both measures are included. PD and frailty independently predict mortality, suggesting that the two measures may be capturing different aspects of the same construct and that both may be important for identifying individuals at risk for adverse health outcomes.
Introduction to the special section
Authors: Vitaro Frank , Brendgen Mara
Published: February 2016

Introduction to the Special Section entitled “Environmental effects on development: Concordance and discrepancies between genetically-controlled and non genetically-controlled studies.”
Children’s and adolescents’ conceptions of personhood
Authors: Komolova Masha , Pasupathi Monisha , Wainryb Cecilia , Lucas Sarah
Published: February 2016

Children’s and adolescents’ narratives of interpersonal experiences can inform our understanding of developmental shifts in the use of personhood concepts. We present results from two studies ( ns = 90, 112) with children aged five to 16 years. In the first study, children were asked to describe one positive and another negative experience with a friend, and in the second study, to describe a time when they were a victim and another time when they were a perpetrator of harm. Across both studies, results supported previous findings suggesting that psychological, relational, trait, and identity personhood conceptions become more prominent with age, whereas activity, physical, and material conceptions become less prominent with age. However, our results also revealed that, within the context of real-life experiences, psychological conceptions become evident at earlier ages than suggested by children’s responses to the structured tasks employed in previous research. In addition, we found age-related increases in the simultaneous use of psychological and relational conceptions of persons, especially in narratives of negative experiences. Findings are discussed in terms of their implications for social development.
Producing migrant encounter: Learning to be a British expatriate in Singapore through the Global Mobility Industry
Authors: Cranston Sophie
Published: February 2016

Culture shock is when the experience of difference is seen to emotionally overwhelm a migrant. In this paper, I look at how the Global Mobility Industry, an industry that acts as an outsourcer for international human resource management processes, seeks to treat culture shock in the corporate expatriate. Through arguing that different cultures become medicalised as a risk to the expatriate, the paper makes two key points. First, there is a need to understand the way in which migration industries play a role in producing how migrants experience migration, with the paper illustrating a way through which we can conceptually engage with how the Global Mobility Industry manages encounter. Second, through this I argue that there are spaces out with the ‘contact zone’ through which encounter is learnt, highlighting a need and providing a theoretical basis for how research on migrant identities can explore different sites through which migrant subjectivities are produced as part of their journey’s abroad.
Victimized as a child or youth
Authors: Cater Åsa K , Andershed Anna-Karin , Andershed Henrik
Published: February 2016

Being victimized as a child or youth increases the risk of emotional and behavioural problems, and may call for a report to authorities and professional support. This study investigates how often young adult males and females in a randomly selected general population in Sweden ( n = 2,500) reported different types of victimization as a child or youth and to whom, from whom they received professional support, whether it was more common to receive professional support among those victimized multiple times by different types of crime, and whether there was a connection between report and support. Analyses reveal that the participants more often responded that they had not reported their victimization, than that they had reported it. For those who had, the police was the most common institution to which the victimization was reported. It was significantly more common for victimized females to both report and receive professional support than for males. There was a trend towards a greater likelihood of receiving professional support after higher levels of victimization. In all however, of those whose victimization had been reported to the authorities, only 22.4% had received professional support to deal with their experiences of victimization. We conclude that the relatively low prevalence of reporting victimization and receiving support documented in this study calls for reflection upon how well society meets the needs of victims.
Is it all part of the game? Victim differentiation and the normative protection of victims of online antagonism under the European Convention on Human Rights
Authors: Enarsson Therese , Naarttijärvi Markus
Published: February 2016

This article analyses the issue of online antagonism (defined as antagonistic harassment, defamation, insults and threats online) and the positive obligations of states to counter such antagonism under the European Convention on Human Rights, from a legal and victimological perspective. The article illustrates how the necessary balancing between positive obligations to protect privacy under article 8, and the protection of freedom of speech under article 10, will result in different levels of protection depending on the victim and the type of victimisation in question. This may affect the possibilities for individual victims to gain legal redress, specifically access to the criminal justice system. By comparisons to the current Swedish legislative context, the article highlights some avenues for legislatures to enhance protection for certain groups without interfering with article 10. It also concludes that a failure to protect victims of online antagonism through criminal law may ipso facto weaken the foundations of public discourse that article 10 is supposed to protect, which should be taken into account in a balancing of the rights in question.
Digital Citizenship or Inequality? Linking Internet Use and Education to Electoral Engagement in the 2008 U.S. Presidential Election Campaign
Authors: Buente Wayne
Published: February 2016

This study examines the relationship among digital citizenship, digital inequality, education, and electoral engagement in the unprecedented 2008 U.S. presidential election. The 2008 presidential election was unique providing an African American candidate, a severe financial crisis, and an unusually unpopular sitting president. In this regard, the presidential election provides an unparalleled political moment to examine the impact of digital citizenship on electoral engagement. Digital citizenship represents the capacity to participate in society online through frequent Internet use leading to economic, civic, and political outcomes. Recent research on digital inequality questions the relationship between frequent Internet use and skill development. In addition, education is considered the “universal solvent” that makes citizens more active in political affairs. Accordingly, electoral engagement, which is strongly influenced by education, is the focal outcome for this study. Despite these concerns, digital citizenship is a significant predictor for electoral engagement in the 2008 election. However, a closer examination of digital citizens revealed that electoral engagement was differentiated by gender and education thus furthering digital inequality. Findings suggested that digital citizenship should be broadened to include a set of digital skills that are more likely to account for Internet activities that improve electoral engagement.
What you see is what you hear: The importance of visual priming in music performer identification
Authors: Mitchell Helen F. , MacDonald Raymond A. R.
Published: February 2016

Visual information plays a critical role in the assessment of music performance. Audiovisual integration is well recognised in person perception, and people readily match talking faces to speaking voices. This effect exists in identifying music performers, but its strength is untested. This study investigated the importance of visual or audio priming in identifying a music performer from a line-up. Half the participants saw a target saxophonist (no sound) and then heard a line-up (no visuals) of saxophonists playing (2 to 5 saxophonists). In contrast, half the participants heard a target saxophonist (no visuals) and then saw the line-up (no sound). Participants identified the target saxophonist in visual and audio line-ups at a rate above chance, although identification accuracy decreased as the line-up number increased. Those who saw the targets identified a significantly greater number of performers from the audio line-up than those who heard the targets and identified them from a visual line-up. As the task complexity and number of distractors increased, responses remained consistent and visual priming was robust and reliable in performer identification.
Neoliberal anti-racism
Authors: Nelson Jacqueline , Dunn Kevin
Published: February 2016

Racism cannot be treated as a spatially homogeneous phenomenon. This review reports on the merits of a localized approach to anti-racism, and delivers a frank assessment of the challenges faced when developing local responses to racism in a neoliberal era. Under neoliberalism, local actors are responsibilized, and for anti-racism this means action can potentially be closely aligned to local inflexions of racism. But localized responses to racism under neoliberalism are associated with deracialized and depoliticized policies on interethnic community relations. Neoliberal anti-racism promotes competition among local agencies rather than coalition building, and is associated with spatially uneven and non-strategic action.
Forced migration and the city
Authors: Darling Jonathan
Published: February 2016

This paper explores the relationship between forced migration and the city. The paper outlines four accounts of the city centred on: displacement and the camp-city, dispersal and refugee resettlement, the ‘re-scaling’ of borders, and the city as a sanctuary. Whilst valuable, these discussions maintain a focus on sovereign authority that tends to prioritize the policing of forced migration over the possibilities for contestation that also emerge through cities. Arguing for a fuller engagement with debates in urban geography, this paper considers how discussions of urban informality and the politics of presence may better unpack the urban character of forced migration.
Reversibility of Supraspinatus Muscle Atrophy in Tendon-Bone Healing After Arthroscopic Rotator Cuff Repair
Authors: Park Yong Bok , Ryu Ho Young , Hong Jin Ho , Ko Young Hoo , Yoo Jae Chul
Published: February 2016

Background:

To date, there are few reports of the definite reversibility of rotator cuff muscle atrophy after repair.

Purpose:

To evaluate the reversibility of rotator cuff muscle atrophy after successful arthroscopic repair.

Study Design:

Case series; Level of evidence, 4.

Methods:

Included in this study were 47 patients (mean age, 61.2 ± 7.3 years; range, 49-73 years) who underwent arthroscopic rotator cuff repair as well as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) preoperatively and at 6-month and last follow-up. Patients who had confirmed rotator cuff healing (grades 1-3 according to the Sugaya classification) on both series of postoperative MRI were enrolled in the study. The mean time from the onset of symptoms to surgery was 24.7 ± 25.6 months (range, 3-120 months). The minimum follow-up was 2 years, and the mean follow-up duration was 41.8 ± 14.4 months. Serial changes in the supraspinatus muscle area on the most matching MRI scans (sagittal-oblique view) were evaluated. The area was measured by 2 independent observers.

Results:

Both independent observers reported no significant difference in the area of the supraspinatus muscle between the preoperative time point and 6-month follow-up (observer 1: P = .135; observer 2: P = .189). However, there was a significant difference between the 6-month and last follow-up (mean, 41.8 months; observers 1 and 2: P < .001). The serial changes in the area preoperatively and at 6-month and last follow-up were 419.41 ± 122.97 mm2, 431.76 ± 104.27 mm2, and 466.73 ± 121.42 mm2, respectively (observer 1), and 421.01 ± 116.61 mm2, 432.56 ± 100.78 mm2, and 469.84 ± 113.80 mm2, respectively (observer 2). The intraclass correlation coefficient between the 2 observers was 0.988. At final follow-up, the area increase on the medial and lateral aspects of the sagittal-oblique view compared with preoperatively was 13.9% ( P < .001) and 11.3% ( P < .001), respectively. Fatty infiltration did not change from preoperatively to 6-month follow-up ( P > .999) or from 6-month to final follow-up ( P = .077).

Conclusion:

After successful arthroscopic rotator cuff repair, there was a slight (11.3%-13.9%) increase in muscle volume from preoperatively to final follow-up, as seen on serial MRI. Fatty infiltration according to the Goutallier grade was not reversed ( P = .077). Some reversibility of supraspinatus muscle atrophy may exist in tendon-bone healing after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair; further follow-up is needed to better elucidate this result.
The Involvement of the Anterolateral Ligament in Rotational Control of the Knee
Authors: Sonnery-Cottet Bertrand , Lutz Christian , Daggett Matt , Dalmay François , Freychet Benjamin , Niglis Lucas , Imbert Pierre
Published: February 2016

Background:

Rotational control of the knee is crucial for knee stability. The anterolateral ligament (ALL) has been identified as a potentially important structure involved in rotational control of the knee.

Purpose/Hypothesis:

The purpose of this study was to determine, utilizing a navigation system, the involvement of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), the iliotibial band (ITB), and the ALL in tibial internal rotational control of the knee. The hypothesis was that the ALL would be involved in rotational control of the knee at varying degrees of knee flexion.

Study Design:

Controlled laboratory study.

Methods:

Twelve fresh-frozen cadaveric knees were tested in internal rotation at 20° and 90° of flexion and then subsequently tested using a simulated pivot-shift test consisting of coupled axial rotation at 30° of flexion. Serial sectioning of the ACL, ALL, and ITB was performed. On the contralateral knee, sectioning was performed in the reverse order. Measurements were collected using a surgical navigation system before and after each sectioning.

Results:

After ACL sectioning, an incision of the ALL induced a significant increase in internal rotation (+19.2% [ P = .0002] at 20°; +21.8% [ P = .0029] at 90°) and in coupled axial rotation (+43.0%; P = .0035) compared with the intact knee as well as a significant increase in internal rotation at 90° (+13.4%; P = .009) and in coupled axial rotation (+30.8%; P = .0124) compared with the ACL-deficient knee. After ITB sectioning, an additional ALL section caused a significant increase in internal rotation (+39.0% [ P = .002] at 20°; +63.0% [ P = .0147] at 90°) and in coupled axial rotation (+59.7%; P = .0003) compared with the intact knee as well as a significant increase in internal rotation at 90° (+14.8%; P = .0067) in comparison to the ITB-deficient knee.

Conclusion:

The ALL is involved in rotational control of the knee at varying degrees of knee flexion and during a simulated pivot shift. Concomitant to an ACL or ITB transection, sectioning the ALL further increased rotational laxity.

Clinical Relevance:

This laboratory study demonstrated that the ALL provides rotational control of the knee in combination with the ACL and/or ITB.
Research Gaps in the Use of Dairy Ingredients in Food Aid Products
Authors: DiRienzo Douglas
Published: February 2016

Background:

Nutritional interventions to help prevent stunting, particularly in the first 1000 days from conception to 2 years of a child’s life, are a major focus of numerous food aid organizations worldwide. Dairy ingredients can play an important role in enhancing the nutritional value and effectiveness of food products used in food aid.

Objective:

This article addresses gaps in research on malnutrition from both a broad perspective and specific to dairy ingredients.

Methodology:

Narrative review.

Results and Conclusions:

From a broad perspective, there is a need for gaining a consensus by the research community and funders of research on best practices for protocol development, outcomes measured, and reporting of study outcomes. Identification of biomarkers and rapid screening methods and consistent application of their use would expedite future research. A better understanding of nutritional requirements for malnourished populations, including the effects of energy deficits and disease on those requirements, is needed. More specific to dairy ingredients, a key research question is: Does dairy protein or the package of nutrients provided by dairy ingredients have a unique impact on growth, and if so, how? Also, data on the optimal levels of dairy ingredients based on the effective cost of treatment are needed, particularly in the treatment and prevention of moderate acute malnutrition and during pregnancy.
The occupational division of labour as the foundation of class in a neo-Durkheimian approach
Authors: Tittenbrun Jacek Stanislaw
Published: February 2016

The article offers an in-depth analysis of a neo-Durkheimian class framework. Developed primarily by David Grusky, the research perspective in question stems from a critique of certain established class approaches, in particular those that are based on the so called by the exponents of the perspective under consideration, ‘big classes’. By contrast, the approach concerned aims to substitute microclasses (distinguished at an occupational level) for the said macroclasses, drawing to that end on some ideas of Emile Durkheim. The prime premise of the approach in question is demonstrated to be false: from a dialectical standpoint, there is no inevitable opposition between classes analysed at the different levels of overall societal structure. Grusky’s framework is plagued by other major weaknesses as well.
Innover via le crowdsourcing interactif: nécessité de penser objets-frontières ?
Authors: Djelassi Souad , Decoopman Isabelle
Published: February 2016

L’objectif de cette recherche est d’étudier la collaboration entreprise–consommateurs dans un processus d’innovation via la pratique du crowdsourcing interactif. Ce type de crowdsourcing s’inscrit dans une démarche de co-création et se caractérise par des interactions étroites entre les deux catégories d’acteurs. Pour répondre à cet objectif, le concept d’objet-frontière, développé en sociologie, a été mobilisé. L’objet-frontière est susceptible de faciliter la compréhension des dynamiques d’interactions et d’actions collectives entre acteurs disparates. Les résultats de cette recherche mettent en évidence que les objets-frontières et artefacts de négociation permettent de matérialiser la production des échanges de connaissance et de compétence entre le monde de l’entreprise et celui des consommateurs. Ils soulignent également le rôle de ces objets en tant que révélateurs de jeux d’influence et de pouvoir susceptibles de générer des déceptions et des tensions entre acteurs. Cette recherche apporte un regard nouveau sur les intérêts, limites et défis d’une démarche de co-création.
Factors Associated With Health-Related Quality of Life in Children With Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
Authors: Wei Yi , Speechley Kathy Nixon , Zou Guangyong , Campbell Craig
Published: February 2016

This study investigated clinical and family characteristics associated with health-related quality of life in children with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Families of 176 boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy were identified and mailed questionnaires via the Canadian Neuromuscular Disease Registry. Multiple linear regressions analyses were used to examine the relationship between clinical and family characteristics and child-self and parent-proxy reported health-related quality of life. Greater fatigue and use of wheelchairs were consistently associated with worse health-related quality of life independent of other factors. Higher household income and parent having a postsecondary degree were associated with better health-related quality of life in some of the measures. A greater clinical focus on and efforts to reduce fatigue could lead to improvement of health-related quality of life in the Duchenne muscular dystrophy population. This study also sets the ground for longitudinal studies where changes in health-related quality of life can be monitored over time.
Does Military Service Make the Experience of Prison Less Painful? Voices From Incarcerated Veterans
Authors: May David C. , Stives Kristen L. , Wells Makeela J. , Wood Peter B.
Published: February 2016

There are more than 100,000 military veterans incarcerated in prisons throughout the United States. Nevertheless, almost nothing is known about these veterans or their incarceration experiences. In this article, we present results from a survey of more than 1,100 inmates in a large state correctional system to determine how inmates who are military veterans compare with inmates who have not served in the military in terms of their willingness to serve alternative sanctions to avoid imprisonment. The data reveal that, with the exception of military service, inmates who are military veterans are significantly less likely than their counterparts who have not served in the military to accept a variety of community sanctions over prison. In addition, Black inmates who have not served in the military are somewhat different than White inmates who have served in the military in those choices. Implications of these findings for future research are discussed.
Hydrochlorothiazide Induced Lichen Planus in the Emergency Department
Authors: Sin Billy , Miller Morgan , Chew Edward
Published: February 2016

Lichen planus (LP) is a mucocutaneous inflammatory disease that involves papulosquamous eruption of the skin, scalp, nails, and mucous membranes. This uncommon condition has a higher prevalence in African Americans and females. Women accounts for 50% of cutaneous LP (CLP) and 60% to 75% of oral LP (OLP) cases. Diagnosis is centered around clinical presentation. Patient evaluation requires a comprehensive physical examination to identify any potential sites of involvement. LP is usually described by the “Six P’s”: planar, purple, polygonal, pruritic, papules, and plaques. Drug-induced LP, or lichenoid drug reactions, is uncommon and usually indiscernible from other forms of LP. Lichenoid drug reactions exhibit parakeratosis, dermal infiltrates of eosinophils, or perivascular lymphocytic infiltrates affecting the reticular dermis. An extended time interval between the initiation of drug to the onset of symptoms usually does not exclude potential diagnosis of a lichenoid drug reaction. We describe a case of hydrochlorothiazide-induced LP without prolonged exposure to sunlight diagnosed in the emergency department (ED). In this case, a pharmacist-conducted medication reconciliation played an integral role in accurately recognizing this adverse drug reaction. Our case report adds to the limited available literature on the topic, most of which originated more than 30 years ago.