bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Le principe de la rétroactivité des lois pénales plus douces : une rupture de l'égalité devant la loi entre délinquants ?
Authors: Moumouni Ibrahim
Published: January 2013

Résumé Le principe de la rétroactivité in mitius - « les lois pénales moins sévères, qui suppriment ou adoucissent une pénalité, s’appliquent aux délinquants qui ne seront pas jugés d’après la loi en vigueur au moment où l’infraction a été commise, dès lors qu’une condamnation définitive n’était pas intervenue » 1 - puise ses racines dans la philosophie humaniste qui a donné naissance aux droits de l’homme. Le rapport entre le droit pénal et les droits humains 2 , loin d’être antinomique, est caractérisé par une interdépendance et une complémentarité 3 . Dès lors, on peut affirmer que le principe de la rétroactivité in mitius n’est qu’une des conséquences de l’influence des droits de l’homme sur le droit pénal 4 . Toutefois, si le fondement juridico-philosophique du principe de la rétroactivité in mitius s’avère humaniste et cohérent dans sa logique, il recèle une injustice dans son application concrète entre délinquants en ce qu’il ne respecte toujours pas le principe de l’égalité des citoyens – délinquants – devant la loi.
Oral et écrit dans la communication politique au XIX e siècle : complémentarité, échanges, contaminations
Authors: Huard Raymond
Published: January 2013

La communication politique au XIX e siècle revêt un intérêt particulier par suite des progrès techniques qui la favorisent et de l’essor plus ou moins contrarié selon les époques d’une vie politique de masse. Dans ce vaste domaine, les rapports entre l’oral et l’écrit ont été jusqu’ici peu étudiés. Sans négliger les aspects techniques et matériels de ces rapports, on observera tant les formes de passage de l’oral à l’écrit (publication des discours, des plaidoyers, des chansons, des toasts) que la démarche opposée (criage des journaux, lecture à haute voix dans les cercles) ainsi que l’évolution de ces rapports dans le temps. L’oral contamine aussi l’écrit sur le plan rhétorique et stylistique. Au final, on s’interrogera avec des contemporains sur l’impact de la diffusion plus large de l’écrit sur l’échange des opinions entre les individus.
Une communication supérieure : l'électricité romantique à la croisée des savoirs
Authors: Beaulieu Étienne
Published: January 2013

Dans le passage de la littérature entendue comme discours à la littérature devenue texte, le romantisme recourt à différentes stratégies rhétoriques afin de fonder une communication nouvelle. C’est en transformant l’image préscientifique de l’électricité, héritée du siècle de Lumières, en une force de langage que s’invente la métaphore électrique, qui traverse le romantisme comme le courant d’une énergie renouvelée.
Hydrochemic Characteristics and Tectonic Situation of Selected Springs in Central and NW Yunnan Province, China
Authors: Šebela Stanka , Kogovšek Janja
Published: January 2013

The Yunnan Province lies on the eastern rim of the collision zone between the Indian plate and Eurasia. This region is characterized by complex Cenozoic structures and active seismotectonics. In the year 2004 the areas north from Kunming and the NW part of Yunnan were studied. The measurements of the temperature, conductivity and the analyses of carbonate, phosphate and nitrate were performed in Quinglongtan spring and in the accumulation lake that is situated lower than the spring. The springs are situated in the wider zone of the Xiaojiang fault along which left horizontal movements are taking place. Along the wider zone of the Zhongdian fault between the town of Zhongdian and the Yangtze River on the south there are more springs. Tiansheng Qiao (T = 57.5ºC) and Xiageiwenquan (T = 48,3 − 66.8ºC) are thermal springs along which tufa is deposited. The Baishuitai spring has high mineralization and lower temperature (T = 11.1 − 13.3ºC) and deposits calcium carbonate in the form of gours. All studied springs are connected with active fault zones. The studied areas mostly represent the contact areas between carbonate and non-carbonate rocks.
Monitoring the Flood Pulses in the Epiphreatic Zone of Karst Aquifers: The Case of Reka River System, Karst Plateau, SW Slovenia
Authors: Gabrovšek Franci , Peric Borut
Published: January 2013

The Reka river sinking into Škocjan caves (Škocjanske jame) is the main allogenic input into the aquifer of Classical Karst. So far the subsurface flow of the Reka river between Škocjan caves and the spring of Timava in Italy has been reached in five caves. Two were recently discovered in Slovenia. Continuous logging of water levels and temperatures in four of these caves was established in spring 2005. The paper presents and briefly discusses the first results obtained in three of them. The results are indicating a fast passage of a flood wave along a well developed conduit system.
Physico-Chemical Properties of Travertine Deposition − The Case of Podstenjšek (Slovenia)
Authors: Kogovšek Janja
Published: January 2013

The basic physico-chemical properties of the karst spring Podstenjšek, depositing carbonates in the past shown by travertine blocks in its riverbed are given. Measurements and analyses of the spring and its water flow downwards at several sampling points showed that during the whole year the water precipitates calcium carbonate. The intensity of deposition depends on discharge and warming or cooling of water. From one litre of water at the distance of one kilometre from some to 36 mg CaCO3/l are deposited, the majority at the first 400 m.
Lakes in Gypsum Karst: Some Examples in Alpine and Mediterranean Countries
Authors: Nicod Jean
Published: January 2013

Numerous lakes of varying types have been studied in these areas. Their origin proceeds from the geomorphological processes in the gypsum karst: land subsidence or collapses in relation with the active dissolution of the gypsum and other evaporites, particularly in depth, at the groundwater level. Most are small lakes, often ephemeral ponds in the alpine gypsum karsts, or flooded sinkholes in alluvial plains, in keeping with the fluctuations of the water-table. However, in the Mediterranean lands and Central Europa, some lacustrine basins are more important expanse; they arise from a complex evolution, and put various environmental problems. So are particularly studied the case of the lake of Besse in Provence, and in comparison the problems of the lakes of Pergusa (Sicily) and Banyoles (Catalonia).
Peculiar Minerogenetic Cave Environments of Mexico: The Cuatro Ciénegas Area
Authors: Forti Paolo , Galli Ermanno , Rossi Antonio
Published: January 2013

The karst area of Quatro Ciénegas (Coahuila, Mexico) represents an ideal site to study cave mineralogy, because it hosts caves of different age and genesis (karst, thermal, mine caves). Among the speleothems studied is worth to mention a nest of aragonite cave pearls found deep inside the Reforma mine characterized by the total absence of growing layers inside them. Despite only few studied caves (8), some 32 different cave minerals have been detected, one of which is new for the cavern environment (kingsmountite) and another one, still under study, which probably will result new for science. Due to the scientific interest of their chemical deposits it should be very important to protect in the future the natural cavities of the karst systems of Cuatro Ciénegas in order to preserve a scientific patrimony, actually only partially known.
Lithological and Morphological Characteristics and Rock Relief of the Lao Hei Gin Shilin-Stone Forest (Lunan, SW China)
Authors: Knez Martin , Slabe Tadej
Published: January 2013

The Lao Hei Gin stone forest is yet one more of the diverse and famed Lunan stone forests created from subcutaneous karren. The initial morphogenesis of the stone pillars started along almost horizontal bedding planes and mostly sub-vertical faults and cracks already covered by thick layers of sediments and soil. The forest’s stone pillars stand individually or in groups. The dominant and most characteristic shape of the pillars is mushroom-like, with alternating lithological characteristics of the carbonate beds expressed in a vertical direction.
Protection of Karst in the Philippines
Authors: Restificar Sonata Dulce F. , Day Michael J. , Urich Peter B.
Published: January 2013

The article presents an overview of the current status of karst protection in the Philippines. Prior studies indicate that of the 35,000km2 of karst landscape in the country, about 29% is protected . However, protection of karst has not to date been a priority of the Philippine government, and the country has no existing legislation that is directly decreed for protection and conservation of karstlands. Most contemporary karst protection is indirect, in that the karst is located within protected areas established for other, although often related reasons, such as ecological conservation, water supply protection and tourism. However, it appears that the Philippine government is gradually recognizing explicitly the need to protect karst landscapes. The establishment of the National Caves and Cave Resources Management and Protection Act in 2001 and the inclusion of karst water resources in the country’s National Action Plan (NAP) under the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) are significant steps towards explicit protection of karst areas. Although the existing legislation only addresses specific facets of karst landscape, it may stimulate additional programs and legislation that will more broadly protect karst landscapes nationally.
El Torcal de Antequera, un ejemplo de estructura formada por un importante sistema transcurrente dextrorso
Authors: Sanz de Galdeano C. , López Garrido A. C.
Published: January 2013

El Torcal de Antequera está situado en el Penibético (parte de la Zona Externa Bética) cercano a la Zona Interna. Tiene una forma ahusada en la dirección E-O y corresponde a una estructura monoclinal, rodeada y levantada por grandes fallas de desgarre dextrorsas. En su interior existen innumerables fallas, la mayoría de las cuales pueden explicarse dentro de un sistema de desgarre dextrorso a gran escala. Las estructuras menores medidas, ligadas a las fallas, son consistentes con este sistema de cizalla y con su progresiva evolución. La dirección predominante de s1 deducida es NO-SE. En esta área, el sistema de cizalla está ligado a los desplazamientos de la Zona Interna en relación con el Penibético; el área del Torcal corresponde a una de las megaestructuras formadas en él.
La delimitación del ámbito rural: una cuestión clave en los programas de desarrollo rural
Authors: Sancho Comíns José , Reinoso Moreno Daniel
Published: January 2013

La delimitación del ámbito rural ha sido, tradicionalmente, un tema de notable preocupación científica. Los contrastes entre el mundo urbano y rural, bien visibles en el paisaje y no menos elocuentes en las características sociales y económicas de ambos, han despertado el interés por definir un límite que no siempre ha sido fácilmente detectable. Unas veces, mediante criterios cuantitativos y, otras, cualitativos, incluso una mezcla de ambos, se han etiquetado territorios con denominaciones no siempre dicotómicas que han dado a entender más bien la gradación que existe entre la ciudad y lo rural profundo. Los organismos internacionales no han sido ajenos a esta preocupación y, consiguientemente, han propuesto metodologías para catalogar los espacios y las gentes que los habitan según criterios de ruralidad. A ello se une el interés de los Programas de Desarrollo Rural que en el marco de la Unión Europea se vienen aplicando en los últimos veinticinco años y que tienen en el denominado «enfoque territorial » uno de los pilares sustanciales; ello ha motivado un nuevo impulso en la indagación de este tema que tiene un indudable interés operativo.

[fr] La délimitation du domaine rural a été traditionnellement un sujet remarquable d’étude scientifique. Les contrastes entre le monde urbain et le monde rural, facilement visibles dans le paysage et non moins évidents dans les caractéristiques sociales et économiques de chacun d’entre eux ont éveillé l’intérêt sur la définition d’une limite qui n’a pas toujours été facilement détectable. Avec des critères parfois quantitatifs, parfois qualitatifs, voire avec un mélange des deux, des territoires ont été étiquetés avec des dénominations pas forcément dichotomiques qui ont permis surtout de comprendre la gradation existante entre la ville et le milieu profondément rural. Les organisations internationales ont participé aussi de cette préoccupation, et ils ont donc proposé des méthodologies pour cataloguer les espaces et les populations qui les habitent selon des critères de ruralité. À cela s’ajoute l’intérêt des Programmes de développement rural appliqués les vingt-cinq dernières années dans le cadre de l’Union Européenne et dont un des éléments essentiels est «l’approche territoriale»; cela a donné lieu à un nouvel essor des recherches sur ce sujet, dont l’intérêt opérationnel est hors de question.
L'apprentissage des langues médiatisé par les technologies (ALMT) – Étude d'un domaine de recherche émergent à travers les publications de la revue Alsic
Authors: Guichon Nicolas
Published: January 2013

Dans cette étude, il est postulé que l'apprentissage des langues médiatisé par les technologies (ALMT) est un domaine de recherche qui s'intéresse au développement et à l'intégration des technologies dans l'enseignement-apprentissage d'une langue. Ce domaine étant émergent, la présente recherche vise tout d'abord à comprendre comment s'est formée la communauté de chercheurs autour de cet objet. Puis, à travers l'analyse critique de 79 articles publiés dans la revue en ligne francophone Alsic entre 1998 et 2010, la présente contribution s'emploie à définir les contours épistémologiques de ce domaine en étudiant les moyens de production de connaissance.
La médiation de l'interaction pédagogique sur une plateforme de visioconférence poste à poste
Authors: Codreanu Tatiana , Combe Celik Christelle
Published: January 2013

Cet article se donne pour but de décrire les pratiques tutorales dans un environnement multimodal de deux populations de tuteurs en ligne : de futurs enseignants en formation universitaire professionnalisante et des enseignants confirmés de français langue étrangère (FLE). Cette étude a pour cadre un enseignement de FLE à destination d'un groupe d'étudiants américains de l'université de Californie à Berkeley, donné en 2009-2010 sur une plateforme d'apprentissage vidéographique synchrone. À travers la micro-analyse d'une tâche dans la configuration qui place un tuteur devant deux apprenants, nous tentons d'observer comment les tuteurs suscitent et régulent le discours des apprenants. Nous étudions notamment l'utilisation qu'ils font des différents outils textuels de communication ainsi que de la caméra. Nous discutons les résultats qualitatifs en vue de mettre au jour les compétences sémio-pédagogiques et l'ethos des tuteurs en ligne.
African indigenous knowledge and research
Authors: Owusu-Ansah Frances E. , Mji Gubela
Published: January 2013

This paper seeks to heighten awareness about the need to include indigenous knowledge in the design and implementation of research, particularly disability research, in Africa. It affirms the suitability of the Afrocentric paradigm in African research and argues the necessity for an emancipatory and participatory type of research which values and includes indigenous knowledge and peoples. In the predominantly Western-oriented academic circles and investigations, the African voice is either sidelined or suppressed because indigenous knowledge and methods are often ignored or not taken seriously. This paper posits that to be meaningful and empowering, African-based research must, of necessity, include African thought and ideas from inception through completion to the implementation of policies arising from the research. In this way the work is both empowering and meaningful for context-specific lasting impact.
Does Festuca hallii (Vasey) Piper produce and display more leaves on tillers after defoliation?
Authors: Romo J. T.
Published: January 2013

Romo, J. T. 2013. Does Festuca hallii (Vasey) Piper produce and display more leaves on tillers after defoliation? Can. J. Plant Sci. 93: 161–164. Leaves per tiller produced and displayed following June, July, or August defoliation was determined for Festuca hallii. Two to three leaves per tiller were produced and displayed annually, and leaves per tiller did not vary among defoliation treatments. June defoliation reduced green leaves per tiller; leaf senescence increased after June and July defoliation.
AAC Peace River field pea
Authors: Bing Deng-Jin , Beauchesne Don , McLaren Debra , Vera Cecil , Gehl David
Published: January 2013

Bing, D. J., Beauchesne, D., McLaren, D., Vera, C. and Gehl, D. 2013. AAC Peace River field pea. Can. J. Plant Sci. 93: 337–339. AAC Peace River is a semi-leafless, yellow cotyledon field pea (Pisum sativum L.) cultivar developed at Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe Research Centre, Lacombe, Alberta, Canada. It is an early-maturing cultivar and is resistant to powdery mildew caused by Erysiphe pisi Syd. AAC Peace River is adapted to all field growing regions in western Canada, and is especially suited to regions with short growing seasons.
CO449 corn inbred line
Authors: Reid L. M. , Voloaca C. , Woldemariam T. , Wu J. , Zhu X.
Published: January 2013

Reid, L. M., Voloaca, C., Woldemariam, T., Wu, J. and Zhu, X. 2013. CO449 corn inbred line. Can. J. Plant Sci. 93: 331–335. CO449 is a short-season corn (Zea mays L.) inbred line with excellent combining ability and superior resistance to gibberella ear rot as well as intermediate resistance to several other ear, stalk and leaf diseases. Excellent yields and performance data were achieved with stiff stalk inbreds such as MBS1236 and MBS1130.
Impact of growing conditions on the competitive ability of Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz (Camelina)
Authors: Davis Phillip B. , Maxwell Bruce , Menalled Fabian D.
Published: January 2013

Davis, P. B., Maxwell, B. and Menalled, F. D. 2013. Impact of growing conditions on the competitive ability of Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz (Camelina). Can. J. Plant Sci. 93: 243–247. It has been claimed that Camelina sativa, a recently introduced crop in the northern Great Plains, is a highly competitive species. However, this issue has not been formally tested. Utilizing replacement series diagrams, we assessed the importance of growing conditions in the competitive ability of C. sativa. Results indicated that canola and Bromus tectorum were superior competitors in both loam and sandy soils, thus providing evidence that C. sativa may not be as competitive as previously indicated.
The Stock Market, Monetary Policy, and Economic Development
Authors: Ghossoub Edgar A. , Reed Robert R.
Published: January 2013

In this article, we examine the impact of financial market development on the level of economic development. In particular, we explore this issue in a setting where individuals face idiosyncratic risk. Incomplete information also provides a transaction role for money so that monetary policy can be studied. While an active banking sector promotes risk sharing, we incorporate a market for equity by allowing individuals to trade capital across generations. In this manner, each asset and financial market in our model fulfills a distinct economic function. Consistent with recent empirical work, we find that the impact of access to a stock market may be indeterminate—the economy may respond with significant gains in capital accumulation and risk sharing, or there may be relatively little impact. We also show that the effects of monetary policy vary across the level of financial development. In economies with small stock markets, increasing the amount of liquidity will cause capital accumulation to decline. By comparison, in advanced economies, capital accumulation improves.
Provision versus Appropriation in Symmetric and Asymmetric Social Dilemmas
Authors: Cox James C. , Ostrom Elinor , Sadiraj Vjollca , Walker James M.
Published: January 2013

Social dilemmas characterize decision environments in which individuals' exclusive pursuit of their own material self‐interest can produce inefficient allocations. Social dilemmas are most commonly studied in provision games, such as public goods games and trust games, in which the social dilemma can be manifested in foregone opportunities to create surplus. Appropriation games are sometimes used to study social dilemmas that can be manifested in destruction of surplus, as is typical in common‐pool resource extraction games. A central question is whether social dilemmas are more serious for inhibiting creation of surplus or in promoting its destruction. This question is addressed in this study with an experiment involving three pairs of payoff‐equivalent provision and appropriation games. Some game pairs are symmetric, whereas others involve asymmetric power relationships. We find that play of symmetric provision and appropriation games produces comparable efficiency. In contrast, power asymmetry leads to significantly lower efficiency in an appropriation game than in a payoff‐equivalent provision game. This outcome can be rationalized by reciprocal preference theory but not by models of unconditional social preferences.
Radical loss in the atmosphere from Cu-Fe redox coupling in aerosols
Authors: Mao J. , Fan S. , Jacob D. J. , Travis K. R.
Published: January 2013

Abstract. The hydroperoxyl radical (HO2) is a major precursor of OH and tropospheric ozone. OH is the main atmospheric oxidant, while tropospheric ozone is an important surface pollutant and greenhouse gas. Standard gas-phase models for atmospheric chemistry tend to overestimate observed HO2 concentrations, and this has been tentatively attributed to heterogeneous uptake by aerosol particles. It is generally assumed that HO2 uptake by aerosol involves conversion to H2O2, but this is of limited efficacy as an HO2 sink because H2O2 can photolyze to regenerate OH and from there HO2. Joint atmospheric observations of HO2 and H2O2 suggest that HO2 uptake by aerosols may in fact not produce H2O2. Here we propose a catalytic mechanism involving coupling of the transition metal ions Cu(I)/Cu(II) and Fe(II)/Fe(III) to rapidly convert HO2 to H2O in aqueous aerosols. The implied HO2 uptake and conversion to H2O significantly affects global model predictions of tropospheric OH, ozone, carbon monoxide (CO) and other species, improving comparisons to observations in the GEOS-Chem model. It represents a previously unrecognized positive radiative forcing of aerosols through the effects on the chemical budgets of major greenhouse gases including methane and hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs).
The validity of the kinetic collection equation revisited – Part 3: Sol–gel transition under turbulent conditions
Authors: Alfonso L. , Raga G. B. , Baumgardner D.
Published: January 2013

Abstract. Warm rain in real clouds is produced by the collision and coalescence of an initial population of small droplets. The production of rain in warm cumulus clouds is still one of the open problems in cloud physics, and although several mechanisms have been proposed in the past, at present there is no complete explanation for the rapid growth of cloud droplets within the size range of diameters from 10 to 50 μm. By using a collection kernel enhanced by turbulence and a fully stochastic simulation method, the formation of a runaway droplet is modeled through the turbulent collection process. When the runaway droplet forms, the traditional calculation using the kinetic collection equation is no longer valid, since the assumption of a continuous distribution breaks down. There is in essence a phase transition in the system from a continuous distribution to a continuous distribution plus a runaway droplet. This transition can be associated to gelation (also called sol–gel transition) and is proposed here as a mechanism for the formation of large droplets required to trigger warm rain development in cumulus clouds. The fully stochastic turbulent model reveals gelation and the formation of a droplet with mass comparable to the mass of the initial system. The time when the sol–gel transition occurs is estimated with a Monte Carlo method when the parameter ρ (the ratio of the standard deviation for the largest droplet mass over all the realizations to the averaged value) reaches its maximum value. Moreover, we show that the non-turbulent case does not exhibit the sol–gel transition that can account for the impossibility of producing raindrop embryos in such a system. In the context of cloud physics theory, gelation can be interpreted as the formation of the "lucky droplet" that grows at a much faster rate than the rest of the population and becomes the embryo for runaway raindrops.
High concentrations of biological aerosol particles and ice nuclei during and after rain
Authors: Huffman J. A. , Pöhlker C. , Prenni A. J. , DeMott P. J. , Mason R. H. , Robinson N. H. , Fröhlich-Nowoisky J. , Tobo Y. , Després V. R. , Garcia E. , Gochis D. J. , Harris E. , Müller-Germann I. , Ruzene C. , Schmer B. , Sinha B. , Day D. A. , Andreae M. O. , Jimenez J. L. , Gallagher M. , Kreidenweis S. M. , Bertram A. K. , Pöschl U.
Published: January 2013

Abstract. Bioaerosols are relevant for public health and may play an important role in the climate system, but their atmospheric abundance, properties and sources are not well understood. Here we show that the concentration of airborne biological particles in a forest ecosystem increases dramatically during rain and that bioparticles are closely correlated with atmospheric ice nuclei (IN). The greatest increase of bioparticles and IN occurred in the size range of 2–6 μm, which is characteristic for bacterial aggregates and fungal spores. By DNA analysis we found high diversities of airborne bacteria and fungi, including human and plant pathogens (mildew, smut and rust fungi, molds, Enterobacteraceae, Pseudomonadaceae). In addition to known bacterial and fungal IN (Pseudomonas sp., Fusarium sporotrichioides), we discovered two species of IN-active fungi that were not previously known as biological ice nucleators (Isaria farinosa and Acremonium implicatum). Our findings suggest that atmospheric bioaerosols, IN and rainfall are more tightly coupled than previously assumed.
A comparison of rainfall measurements by multiple instruments
Authors: Liu X. C. , Gao T. C. , Liu L.
Published: January 2013

Abstract. Simultaneous observations of rainfall collected by a tipping bucket rain gauge, a weighing bucket rain gauge, an optical rain gauge, a present weather detector, a Joss–Waldvogel disdrometer, and a 2-D video disdrometer during January to October 2012 were analyzed to evaluate how accurately they measure rainfall and drop size distributions (DSDs). For the long-term observations, there were different discrepancies in rain amounts from six instruments in the order of 0 to 27.7%. The ORG, JWD, and 2DVD underestimated, and the TBRG overestimated the rain rate when R < 20 mm h−1; the TBRG agreed well with the reference values, while the PWD and 2DVD overestimated, WRG and JWD underestimated the rain rate when R > 20 mm h−1. The TBRG and WRG underestimated more than 50% of rainfall duration substantially in the light rainfall, ORG underestimated the rainfall duration for about 12.7%, while the JWD and 2DVD overestimated the rainfall duration for more than 30%. The overall DSDs of JWD and 2DVD agreed well with each other, while the JWD had a higher volume mean diameter, lower raindrop numbers and liquid water content than that of 2DVD. The overestimation of small-size drops (D < 1 mm) and underestimation of very large-size drops (D > 4 mm) by JWD suggests the JWD's inaccuracy of measurement of small-size drops and very large-size drops; the underestimation of small raindrops by 2DVD suggested that DSDs in the heavy rainfall by 2DVD should be handled carefully.
Sensitivity of the RMI's MAGIC/Heliosat-2 method to relevant input data
Authors: Demain C. , Journée M. , Bertrand C.
Published: January 2013

Abstract. Appropriate information on solar resources is very important for a variety of technological areas. Based on the potential of retrieving global horizontal irradiance from satellite data, an enhanced version of the Heliosat-2 method has been implemented at the Royal Meteorological Institute of Belgium to estimate surface solar irradiance over Belgium from Meteosat Second Generation at the SEVIRI spatial and temporal resolution. In this contribution, sensitivity of our retrieval scheme to surface albedo, atmospheric aerosol and water vapor contents is investigated. Results indicate that while the use of real-time information instead of climatological values can help to reduce to some extent the RMS error between satellite-retrieved and ground-measured solar irradiance, only the correction of the satellite-derived data with in situ measurements allows to significantly reduce the overall model bias.
Biological soil crusts on initial soils: organic carbon dynamics and chemistry under temperate climatic conditions
Authors: Dümig A. , Veste M. , Hagedorn F. , Fischer T. , Lange P. , Spröte R. , Kögel-Knabner I.
Published: January 2013

Abstract. Numerous studies have been carried out on the community structure and diversity of biological soil crusts (BSCs) as well as their important functions on ecosystem processes. However, the amount of BSC-derived organic carbon (OC) input into soils and its chemical composition under natural conditions has rarely been investigated. In this study, different development stages of algae- and moss-dominated BSCs were investigated on a~natural (<17 yr old BSCs) and experimental sand dune (<4 yr old BSCs) in northeastern Germany. We determined the OC accumulation in BSC-layers and the BSC-derived OC input into the underlying substrates for bulk materials and fractions <63 μm. The chemical composition of OC was characterized by applying solid-state 13C NMR spectroscopy and analysis of the carbohydrate-C signature.14C contents were used to assess the origin and dynamic of OC in BSCs and underlying substrates. Our results indicated a rapid BSC establishment and development from algae- to moss-dominated BSCs within only 4 yr under this temperate climate. The distribution of BSC types was presumably controlled by the surface stability according to the position in the slope. We found no evidence that soil properties influenced the BSC distribution on both sand dunes. 14C contents clearly indicated the existence of two OC pools in BSCs and substrates, recent BSC-derived OC and lignite-derived "old" OC (biologically refractory). The input of recent BSC-derived OC strongly decreased the mean residence time of total OC. The downward translocation of OC into the underlying substrates was only found for moss-dominated BSCs at the natural sand dune which may accelerate soil formation at these spots. BSC-derived OC mainly comprised O-alkyl C (carbohydrate-C) and to a lesser extent also alkyl C and N-alkyl C in varying compositions. Accumulation of alkyl C was only detected in BSCs at the experimental dune which may induce a~lower water solubility of BSC-derived extracellular polymeric substances when compared to BSCs at the natural sand dune indicating that hydrological effects of BSCs on soils depend on the chemical composition of the extracellular polymeric substances.
Macropore flow of old water revisited: experimental insights from a tile-drained hillslope
Authors: Klaus J. , Zehe E. , Elsner M. , Külls C. , McDonnell J. J.
Published: January 2013

Abstract. The mechanisms allowing the rapid release of stored water to streams are poorly understood. Here we use a tile-drained field site to combine macroporous soils at the hillslope scale with the advantage of at least partly controlled lower boundary conditions. We performed a series of three irrigation experiments combining hydrometric measurements with stable isotope and bromide tracers to better understand macropore–matrix interactions and stored water release processes at the hillslope scale. Stable isotope concentrations were monitored in the irrigation water, the tile-drain discharge and the soil water before and after the experiment. Bromide was measured every 5–15 min in the tile-drain hydrograph. Different initial conditions for each experiment were used to examine how these influenced flow and transport. Different amounts of irrigation water were necessary to increase tile-drain discharge above the baseflow level. Hydrograph separation based on bromide data revealed that irrigation water contributions to peak tile-drain discharge were on the order of 20%. Oxygen-18 and deuterium data were consistent with the bromide data and showed that pre-event soil water contributed significantly to the tile-drain event flow. However, the isotopic composition of soil water converged towards the isotopic composition of irrigation water through the course of the experiment. Mixing calculations revealed that by the end of the irrigation experiments 20% of the soil water in the entire profile was irrigation water. The isotopic data showed that the pre-event water in the tile drain was mobilized in 20–40 cm soil depth where the macropore–matrix interaction leads to an initiation of macropore flow after a moisture threshold is exceeded.
Analysis of asymmetries in propagating mode-2 waves
Authors: Olsthoorn J. , Baglaenko A. , Stastna M.
Published: January 2013

Abstract. Using numerical simulations performed with a pseudo-spectral incompressible Navier–Stokes solver, we describe the asymmetries that arise in the recirculating core of mode-2 internal, solitary-like waves. The waves are generated in a manner consistent with many laboratory studies, namely via the collapse of a region of mixed fluid. Analysis of the simulations reveals that asymmetries across both the wave crest and the pycnocline centre develop in the spatial distribution of density, kinetic energy and a passive tracer transported by the mode-2 waves. The simulations are extended to three-dimensions to allow for the formation of spanwise instabilities. We find that three-dimensionalization modifies the structure and energetics of the core, but that the majority of the results obtained from two dimensional simulations remain valid. Taken together, our simulations demonstrate that the cores of solitary-like mode-2 waves are different then their counterparts for mode-1 waves and that their accurate characterization on both lab and field scales should account for the core asymmetry across the pycnocline centre.
DPJ Editorial: Launching the new journal
Authors: Matusov Eugene , Marjanovic-Shane Ana , Ben-David Kolikant Yifat
Published: January 2013

We welcome and invite new readers, authors, reviewers and editors to the new journal.  A short history of the journal foundation is given along with the reasons for launching this publication. A long, but not finished, list is provided of important and interesting themes and areas of interest for dialogic educational practice, research and theory.
Water Circulation, Sediment Transport, and Pollutant Dynamics in Southern Iberia Waters: A Review on Numerical Modelling Studies
Authors: Periáñez R.
Published: January 2013

Southern Iberian Peninsula coastal waters have a high ecologic and economic value. The objective of this work has consisted of describing numerical models which simulate the dispersion of particle-reactive tracers in these waters and reproducing measured concentration levels in water and bed sediment samples. Additionally, information on suspended matter concentration distributions and sedimentation rates
is obtained. In the Alboran Sea, the model has been applied to simulate the transport of radionuclides introduced from atmospheric fallout. Transport pathways of heavy metals discharged from three rivers draining a large mining area have been obtained for the Gulf of Cadiz. It has been found that these rivers constitute a source of trace elements to the Mediterranean through the Strait of Gibraltar. Some characteristic times have been calculated, as well as fluxes of isotopes through the Strait of Gibraltar, as additional results of environmental interest.
Effects of Malting and Fermentation on Anti-Nutrient Reduction and Protein Digestibility of Red Sorghum, White Sorghum and Pearl Millet
Authors: Onyango C. A. , Ochanda S. O. , Mwasaru M. A. , Ochieng J. K. , Mathooko F. M. , Kinyuru J. N.
Published: January 2013

Sorghum and millet and their products require specialized treatment in order to improve their nutritive value, organoleptic properties and shelf-life. They contain anti-nutrients which are the major phytochemicals which negatively affects their nutritive values. The phytochemicals of concern include tannins and phytates, which interfere with mineral absorption, palatability and protein digestibility. Malting and fermentation treatments were applied to reduce the anti-nutrients, improve protein digestibility, and acidity to increase the products shelf life. The effects of malting and fermentation on the cereals nutritive value and anti-nutrient reduction were studied and evaluated for a period of 8 days. A treatment combining malting for 3 days and fermentation for 2 days respectively both at room temperatures (25°C) was employed. Tannins and phytates were significantly reduced (p ? 0.05) by malting and fermentation. Protein digestibility was significantly (p ? 0.05) improved by malting and fermentation treatments; malted cereals digestibility ranged between 34.5-68.1% while the fermented flours protein digestibility range was 97.4-98.3%. The pH values were lowered to below 4.0, a level at which they could effectively inhibit spoilage microorganisms at the end of the fermentation period. A combination of optimum time treatments of malting and fermentation for 3 days and 2 days respectively were effective in reducing tannins and phytates and improving protein digestibility of the cereals.
Applicability of Nixtamalization in the Processing of Millet-based Maasa, a Fermented Food in Ghana
Authors: Owusu-Kwarteng James , Akabanda Fortune
Published: January 2013

Maasa is a spontaneously fermented millet-based fried cake in Ghana. Nixtamalization, a process of cooking and soaking cereals (usually maize) in lime solution, was applied in the traditional processing of the Ghanaian millet-based fermented maasa. During the processing, Lime cooked millet dough (LCMD) and water soaked millet dough (WSMD) samples were analyzed for proximate composition, pH, total titratable acidity and microbial counts were assessed for fermenting millet dough samples. Finally, maasa prepared from nixtamalized and non-nixtamalized fermented millet dough samples were assessed for consumer sensory acceptability on a five-point hedonic scale. Nixtamalization improved crude protein and ash contents of millet dough samples whereas fat and fiber contents decreased. During fermentation, a reduction in pH and increase in total titratable acidity was observed for both nixtamalized and non-nixtamalized millet dough samples. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and yeasts count reached 9.4 and 8.0 logcfu/g respectively for non-nixtamalized millet after 14 hours of fermentation, whereas for nixtamalized millet samples, LAB and yeasts count reached 7.6 and 7.5 logcfu/g respectively. Consumer sensory evaluation of Maasa produced from nixtamalized fermented millet had improved texture, colour and overall acceptability as compared to the traditional non-nixtamalized fermented millet-based maasa. Nixtamalization can thus be applied in the production of Ghanaian millet-based maasa to improve nutritional quality and acceptability as well as maintain the benefits associated with traditional cereal fermentation.
Validation of Whole Slide Imaging for Primary Diagnosis in Surgical Pathology
Authors: Bauer Thomas W. , Schoenfield Lynn , Slaw Renee J. , Yerian Lisa , Sun Zhiyuan , Henricks Walter H.
Published: January 2013

Context.—High-resolution scanning technology provides an opportunity for pathologists to make diagnoses directly from whole slide images (WSIs), but few studies have attempted to validate the diagnoses so obtained.

Objective.—To compare WSI versus microscope slide diagnoses of previously interpreted cases after a 1-year delayed re-review (“wash-out”) period.

Design.—An a priori power study estimated that 450 cases might be needed to demonstrate noninferiority, based on a null hypothesis: “The true difference in major discrepancies between WSI and microscope slide review is greater than 4%.” Slides of consecutive cases interpreted by 2 pathologists 1 year prior were retrieved from files, and alternate cases were scanned at original magnification of ×20. Each pathologist reviewed his or her cases using either a microscope or imaging application. Independent pathologists identified and classified discrepancies; an independent statistician calculated major and minor discrepancy rates for both WSI and microscope slide review of the previously interpreted cases.

Results.—The 607 cases reviewed reflected the subspecialty interests of the 2 pathologists. Study limitations include the lack of cytopathology, hematopathology, or lymphoid cases; the case mix was not enriched with difficult cases; and both pathologists had interpreted several hundred WSI cases before the study to minimize the learning curve. The major and minor discrepancy rates for WSI were 1.65% and 2.31%, whereas rates for microscope slide reviews were 0.99% and 4.93%.

Conclusions.—Based on our assumptions and study design, diagnostic review by WSI was not inferior to microscope slide review (P < .001).
Bourdieu en la educación científica: consecuencias para la enseñanza y la investigación
Authors: Lima Junior Paulo , Pinheiro Nathan , Ostermann Fernanda
Published: January 2013

A lo largo de las últimas décadas, el desarrollo y la consolidación de un abordaje sociocultural a la educación científica han dado lugar a un creciente interés por referencias de ámbitos como la sociología de la ciencia y la sociología de la educación del sociólogo francés Pierre Bourdieu (1930 - 2002). Con el propósito general de contribuir al avance de la apropiación de la obra de Bourdieu por parte de la investigación en educación científica, el presente artículo presenta algunas de las ideas más importantes de este autor y discute sus consecuencias para la enseñanza de ciencias y su investigación.
¿Es posible un cambio de actitudes hacia un modelo de desarrollo sostenible?
Authors: Caurín Alonso Carlos , Morales Hernández Antonio José , Soláz Portolés Joan Josep
Published: January 2013

En la presente investigación se pretende conseguir que unos estudiantes que, en líneas generales, siguen las líneas de un desarrollismo o de un conservacionismo, modifiquen su actitud hacia un modelo más cercano al desarrollo sostenible; para ello se realizan actividades basadas en un taller ambiental y en conocimientos que fomentan el desarrollo sostenible, obteniendo resultados diversos que combinan los conocimientos sobre ciencias sociales y economía con los ambientales. Para realizarlo, seleccionamos estudiantes de distintas etapas de secundaria con características y contextos diferentes. Surge así una idea del desarrollo sostenible múltiple según las situaciones y contextos.
Análisis de las competencias de pensamiento crítico desde el aborde de las cuestiones sociocientíficas: un estudio en el ámbito universitario
Authors: Solbes Jordi , Torres Nidia
Published: January 2013

En este trabajo se presenta un análisis acerca de las competencias que promueven el pensamiento crítico a partir del aborde de una cuestión socio-científica, relacionada con la privatización de una empresa de energía eléctrica. En tal sentido, se hace un análisis de estas competencias que son abordadas desde distintas categorías de análisis lo cual permite evidenciar los enfoques que tienen los estudiantes y que influirían en el sentido dado a este tipo de pensamiento. Los resultados señalan la necesidad de implementar estrategias didácticas que favorezcan el desarrollo y fortalecimiento de este tipo de competencias críticas en estudiantes del ámbito universitario.
La educación ambiental en la agenda 21 local de Sagunto (Valencia)
Authors: Verdugo Perona José Javier , García Gómez Javier
Published: January 2013

La Agenda 21 surge en la Cumbre de la Tierra que tuvo lugar en Río de Janeiro en 1992 y es un plan de acción mundial con normas tendentes a la consecución de un desarrollo sostenible desde el punto de vista social, económico y ecológico. Plantea entre sus objetivos la participación ciudadana, pero para que ello sea posible, es necesaria la educación ambiental para generar en la población actitudes de respeto con el ambiente. Por ello es necesario establecer actuaciones que propicien la educación.La incorporación de las Agendas 21 locales ha sido muy heterogénea entre países y regiones y sus resultados no han sido suficientemente valorados.El presente trabajo forma parte de la investigación fin de Master realizada por el primer autor y dirigida por el segundo. En él se trata de analizar en qué medida en la ejecución de las Agendas locales 21 se incorpora la educación ambiental, para lo cual se investiga su realización en la población de Sagunto (Valencia-España).
La evaluación de la competencia educativa social y ciudadana desde la didáctica de las ciencias sociales. Un estado de la cuestión
Authors: Ortuño Molina Jorge , Gómez Carrasco Cosme Jesús , Ortiz Cermeño Eva
Published: January 2013

La educación fundamentada en la consecución de competencias es la principal característica del actual contexto educativo europeo. Si bien la consecución de cada una de las competencias se produce por la contribución de todas las áreas de conocimiento que recogen los currículos, es cierto que no todas las materias tienen un peso igual en cada una de dichas competencias. Este trabajo presenta un balance de los proyectos e innovaciones desarrollados en la didáctica de la geografía y la historia, al menos en el caso español, que muestra la decidida apuesta por orientar los contenidos y la evaluación de los mismos hacia el desarrollo de la competencia social y ciudadana.
Una revisión de los procesos de transferencia para el aprendizaje y enseñanza de las ciencias
Authors: Gómez Carlos B. , Sanjosé Vicent , Solaz-Portolés Joan Josep
Published: January 2013

En este trabajo se introduce el concepto de transferencia en el aprendizaje, se clasifican en sus diferentes tipos y se discute su importancia en la resolución de problemas de ciencias y matemáticas. Además se discute el papel de los procesos de transferencia y cómo se pueden mejorar en la enseñanza de las ciencias. A partir de todo ello, se recomiendan algunas medidas instruccionales que pueden ser aplicadas en el aula de ciencias.
La construcción del concepto de salud
Authors: Gavidia Catalán Valentín , Talavera Marta
Published: January 2013

El concepto de salud no es único y universal, como tampoco lo es el de enfermedad. Son cambiantes y dependen de las personas y de los contextos desde donde se conceptualizan. Cada época y cada contexto ha realizado su aportación con la que se ha construido el edificio actual que conocemos. El presente artículo trata de hacer un recorrido en esa construcción, dando a conocer los momentos principales que han supuesto un avance en el significado del binomio salud-enfermedad y deteniéndose en la evolución del concepto de salud y de su percepción, entendiendo por percepción la visión, el conocimiento, las sensaciones que inspira y el uso que se hace del término.