bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Highly Elevated Serum Hepcidin in Patients with Acute Myeloid Leukemia prior to and after Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation: Does This Protect from Excessive Parenchymal Iron Loading?
Authors: Eisfeld Ann-Kathrin , Westerman Mark , Krahl Rainer , Leiblein Sabine , Liebert Uwe Gerd , Hehme Marianne , Teupser Daniel , Niederwieser Dietger , Al-Ali Haifa Kathrin
Published: May 2011

Hepcidin is upregulated by inflammation and iron. Inherited (HFE genotype) and treatment-related factors (blood units (BU), Iron overload) affecting hepcidin (measured by C-ELISA) were studied in 42 consecutive patients with AML prior to and after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT).Results. Elevated serum ferritin pre- and post-HCT was present in all patients. Median hepcidin pre- and post-HCT of 358 and 398 ng/mL, respectively, were elevated compared to controls (median 52 ng/mL) (P<.0001). Liver and renal function, prior chemotherapies, and conditioning had no impact on hepcidin. Despite higher total BU after HCT compared to pretransplantation (P<.0005), pre- and posttransplant ferritin and hepcidin were similar. BU influenced ferritin (P=.001) and hepcidin (P=.001). No correlation of pre- or posttransplant hepcidin with pretransplant ferritin was found. HFE genotype did not influence hepcidin.Conclusions. Hepcidin is elevated in AML patients pre- and post-HCT due to transfusional iron-loading suggesting that hepcidin synthesis remains intact despite chemotherapy and HCT.
Deflection and Vibration Control of Laminated Plates Using Extension and Shear Actuated Fiber Composites
Authors: Raja S. , Ikeda Tadashige , Dwarakanathan D.
Published: May 2011

The use of surface bonded and embedded piezoelectric composite actuators is examined through a numerical study. Modelling schemes are therefore developed by applying the isoparametric finite element approach to idealise extension-bending and shear-bending couplings due to piezoelectric actuations. A modal control based linear quadratic regulator is employed to perform the active vibration control studies. Influence of shear actuation direction and its width has been examined and interesting deflection patterns are noticed. The through width SAFC develops a constant deflection beyond its length along the laminated plate length. In contrast, segmented SAFC produces a moderate to linearly varying deflection pattern. MFC actuators have shown promising features in vibration control performances. Nevertheless, closed loop damping presents the efficiency of SAFC in the vibration control application. It is therefore envisaged that optimally actuated smart laminates can be designed using MFC and SAFC to efficiently counteract the disturbance forces.
Galli-Galli Disease: A Rare Acantholytic Variant of Dowling-Degos Disease
Authors: Gomes J. , Labareda J. , Viana I.
Published: May 2011

Galli-Galli disease is a rare acantholytic variant of Dowling-Degos disease, with few cases reported in the literature. We describe a case of Galli-Galli disease and review the literature.
Nickel(II) Selective PVC‐Based Membrane Sensor Using a Schiff Base
Authors: Rezaei B. , Hadadzadeh H. , Azimi A.
Published: May 2011

A polyvinylchloride
(PVC) membrane optode was prepared by using
1,2‐di(o‐salicylaldiminophenylthio)ethane
(H2DSALPTE) as a chelating reagent
for selective determination of Ni(II) ions. The
optimized membranes incorporating
H2DSALPTE as an ionophore, sodium
tetraphenylborate (NaTPB) as an anion excluder,
and tributyl phosphate (TBP) as a solvent
mediator were prepared and applied for
determination of Ni(II) ions. The membrane
responded to Ni(II) ion by changing the color
from yellow to green in an acetate buffer
solution at pH 6.0. The best performance was
observed when the membrane having a composition
of 3.17% ligand, 31.64% PVC, 63.29% TBP, and 1.90% NaTPB. The membrane can be worked well over a wide concentration range from 1.0 × 10−5 to 5.0 × 10−3 M. The membrane exhibited a detection limit of 8.51 × 10−6 M, and the response time of the membrane was
within 7–12 min depending on the concentration of
Ni(II) ions. The selectivity of the probe towards nickel
determination was found to be very good. Experimental results
showed that the probe could be used as an effective tool in
analyzing the Ni(II) content of water samples.
Pointing Sensors and Sun Tracking Techniques
Authors: Fontani D. , Sansoni P. , Francini F. , Jafrancesco D. , Mercatelli L. , Sani E.
Published: May 2011

Every optical system for sunlight concentration requires following the sun in its movement. The sun tracking method is essentially chosen on the base of collection geometry and optical system configuration. A simple, useful, and original technique to realise sun tracking is proposed. It is based on a double guiding system using two complementary procedures. A passive tracking device performs a preliminary collector orientation. Then an active tracking system realises its fine positioning and adjustments exploiting an optical pointing sensor. The core of this active tracking device is the sun finder. Pointing sensors for fibre-coupled, CPV (Concentrating Photo voltaic), and linear collectors are presented, illustrating in detail the working principle and practical use. All sensors were optically characterised in laboratory, under controlled and reproducible conditions. Some field tests completed the experimentation evaluating the sensors performance in outdoor working conditions.
The Prevalence of Pain in Patients Attending Sarcoma Outpatient Clinics
Authors: Kuo P. Y. , Yen J. T. C. , Parker G. M. , Chapman S. , Kandikattu S. , Sohanpal I. , Barbachano Y. , Williams J. E.
Published: May 2011

The prevalence of pain in patients with sarcoma is not well documented. We investigated this in outpatients at a tertiary cancer referral centre, assessing the adequacy of pain control and for risk factors leading to higher prevalence and severity of pain. 149 patients were surveyed. Patients with pain within the previous 7 days completed pain assessment tools (BPI, S-LANSS, PMI). 53% of patients had pain within the previous 7 days, and 25% had significant pain. Of those with pain, 63% was inadequately controlled and neuropathic pain was identified in 36%. Age, gender, tumour type, and the type of cancer treatment were not significant predictors of the prevalence or severity of the pain. Based on our results, patients with sarcoma should be actively screened for pain and have regular reviews of their analgesic requirements.
Solifenacin in Multiple Sclerosis Patients with Overactive Bladder: A Prospective Study
Authors: van Rey Farida , Heesakkers John
Published: May 2011

Objective. To assess the efficacy and the effect on Qol of solifenacin for the treatment of OAB in MS patients.Patients and Methods. Thirty MS patients suffering from OAB were treated with solifenacin 5/10 mg for 8 weeks. The first 4 weeks patients received solifenacin 5 mg. At week 4 patients could request a dose increase to 10 mg. The efficacy was evaluated at 8 weeks.Results. After 4 weeks of treatment, 28 patients reported acceptable or no side effects. 17 continued the study with the 10 mg dosage, and 11 stayed on 5 mg solifenacin. Two patients withdrew from the study due to side effects. Solifenacin 5/10 mg for 8 weeks resulted in a significant decrease in number of micturitions and number of pads used per day compared to baseline. Also the severity of urgency prior to voiding decreased significantly, and an increase was seen in the volume per void. Twenty out of 30 patients chose to continue solifenacin therapy after termination of the study. The majority of patients reported global QoL improvement.Conclusions. Solifenacin is effective in the treatment of MS patients with OAB symptoms. This is the first study with solifenacin in a specific neurogenic patient group with a neurogenic disease-specific QoL outcome measure (MS-QoL 54).
Obesity and Prostate Cancer Aggressiveness among African and Caucasian Americans in a Population-Based Study
Authors: Su L. Joseph , Arab Lenore , Steck Susan E. , Fontham Elizabeth T.H. , Schroeder Jane C. , Bensen Jeannette T. , Mohler James L.
Published: May 2011

Background: This study evaluated obesity and prostate cancer aggressiveness relationship in a population-based incident prostate cancer study.

Methods: The North Carolina–Louisiana Prostate Cancer Project includes medical records data for classification of prostate cancer aggressiveness at diagnosis by using clinical criteria for 1,049 African American (AA) and 1,083 Caucasian American (CA) participants. An association between prostate cancer aggressiveness and obesity, measured using body mass indices (BMI) and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), was assessed using ORs and 95% CIs adjusted for confounders.

Results: A significantly positive association was found between prostate cancer aggressiveness and obesity. The ORs for high aggressive prostate cancer among prediagnosis obese and severely obese were 1.48 (95% CI = 1.02–2.16) and 1.98 (95% CI = 1.31–2.97), respectively, compared with normal weight research subjects. Race-stratified results suggested the association is stronger among CAs. Interaction model showed that normal weight AAs had more aggressive prostate cancer than normal weight CAs (OR = 2.69, 95% CI = 1.36–5.30); severe obesity was associated with aggressive disease in AAs (OR = 3.90, 95% CI = 1.97–7.75). WHR > 0.98 among all research subjects adjusted for race was significantly associated with high aggressive prostate cancer (OR = 1.42, 95% CI = 1.00–2.00) when compared with WHR < 0.90. The stratified result is less clear among AAs.

Conclusions: This study shows a positive association between obesity and aggressive prostate cancer. AAs have more aggressive prostate cancer in general than CAs even at normal weight. Therefore, the association between obesity and aggressiveness is not as evident in AAs as in CAs.

Impact: This study provides a unique opportunity to examine impact of race on obesity and high aggressive prostate cancer relationship. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 20(5); 844–53. ©2011 AACR.
What If I Don't Treat My PSA-Detected Prostate Cancer? Answers from Three Natural History Models
Authors: Gulati Roman , Wever Elisabeth M. , Tsodikov Alex , Penson David F. , Inoue Lurdes Y.T. , Katcher Jeffrey , Lee Shih-Yuan , Heijnsdijk Eveline A.M. , Draisma Gerrit , de Koning Harry J. , Etzioni Ruth
Published: May 2011

Background: Making an informed decision about treating a prostate cancer detected after a routine prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test requires knowledge about disease natural history, such as the chances that it would have been clinically diagnosed in the absence of screening and that it would metastasize or lead to death in the absence of treatment.

Methods: We use three independently developed models of prostate cancer natural history to project risks of clinical progression events and disease-specific deaths for PSA-detected cases assuming they receive no primary treatment.

Results: The three models project that 20%–33% of men have preclinical onset; of these 38%–50% would be clinically diagnosed and 12%–25% would die of the disease in the absence of screening and primary treatment. The risk that men age less than 60 at PSA detection with Gleason score 2–7 would be clinically diagnosed in the absence of screening is 67%–93% and would die of the disease in the absence of primary treatment is 23%–34%. For Gleason score 8 to 10 these risks are 90%–96% and 63%–83%.

Conclusions: Risks of disease progression among untreated PSA-detected cases can be nontrivial, particularly for younger men and men with high Gleason scores. Model projections can be useful for informing decisions about treatment.

Impact: This is the first study to project population-based natural history summaries in the absence of screening or primary treatment and risks of clinical progression events following PSA detection in the absence of primary treatment. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 20(5); 740–50. ©2011 AACR.
Evaluating the Efficacy of Lay Health Advisors for Increasing Risk-Appropriate Pap Test Screening: A Randomized Controlled Trial among Ohio Appalachian Women
Authors: Paskett Electra D. , McLaughlin John M. , Lehman Amy M. , Katz Mira L. , Tatum Cathy M. , Oliveri Jill M.
Published: May 2011

Background: Cervical cancer is a significant health disparity among women in Ohio Appalachia. The goal of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a lay health advisor (LHA) intervention for improving Papanicolaou (Pap) testing rates, to reduce cervical cancer, among women in need of screening.

Methods: Women from 14 Ohio Appalachian clinics in need of a Pap test were randomized to receive either usual care or an LHA intervention over a 10-month period. The intervention consisted of two in-person visits with an LHA, two phone calls, and four postcards. Both self-report and medical record review (MRR) data (primary outcome) were analyzed.

Results: Of the 286 women, 145 and 141 were randomized to intervention and usual care arms, respectively. According to MRR, more women in the LHA arm had a Pap test by the end of the study compared with those randomized to usual care (51.1% vs. 42.0%; OR = 1.44, 95% CI: 0.89–2.33; P = 0.135). Results of self-report were more pronounced (71.3% vs. 54.2%; OR = 2.10, 95% CI: 1.22–3.61; P = 0.008).

Conclusions: An LHA intervention showed some improvement in the receipt of Pap tests among Ohio Appalachian women in need of screening. Although biases inherent in using self-reports of screening are well known, this study also identified biases in using MRR data in clinics located in underserved areas.

Impact: LHA interventions show promise for improving screening behaviors among nonadherent women from underserved populations. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 20(5); 835–43. ©2011 AACR.
Genetic Polymorphisms in Inflammation Pathway Genes and Prostate Cancer Risk
Authors: Kwon Erika M. , Salinas Claudia A. , Kolb Suzanne , Fu Rong , Feng Ziding , Stanford Janet L. , Ostrander Elaine A.
Published: May 2011

Background: Chronic inflammation is an important mechanism for the development and progression of prostate cancer (PC). To better understand the potential relationship between genes in the inflammation pathway and PC risk, we evaluated variants in 16 candidate genes.

Methods: A total of 143 tagging and amino acid altering single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were genotyped in Caucasian and African American men participating in one of two population-based, case–control studies (n = 1,458 cases and 1,351 controls). The relative risk of PC was estimated using logistic and polytomous regression models.

Results: Ten SNPs in seven genes (CXCL12, IL4, IL6, IL6ST, PTGS2, STAT3, and TNF) were nominally associated (P < 0.05) with risk of PC in Caucasians. The most significant effect on risk was seen with rs11574783 in the interleukin 6 signal transducer (IL6ST) gene (OR = 0.08, 95% CI: 0.01–0.63). Cumulatively, four SNPs in genes interleukin 4 (IL4), IL6ST, PTGS2, and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) conferred a three-fold elevation in PC risk among men carrying the maximum number of high-risk alleles (OR = 2.97, 95% CI: 1.41–6.25, Ptrend = 0.0003). Risk estimates for seven SNPs varied significantly according to disease aggressiveness (Phomogeneity < 0.05), with SNPs in AKT1, PIK3R1, and STAT3 independently associated with more aggressive PC; OR = 5.1 (95% CI: 2.29–11.40, Ptrend = 3.8 × 10−5) for carriers of all high-risk genotypes.

Conclusions: These results suggest that variants in genes within the inflammation pathway may play a role in the development of PC, however, further studies are needed to replicate our findings.

Impact: These results underline the potential importance of the inflammation pathway in PC development and progression. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 20(5); 923–33. ©2011 AACR.
Healthy Lifestyle on the Risk of Breast Cancer
Authors: Sánchez-Zamorano Luisa María , Flores-Luna Lourdes , Ángeles-Llerenas Angélica , Romieu Isabelle , Lazcano-Ponce Eduardo , Miranda-Hernández Hernando , Mainero-Ratchelous Fernando , Torres-Mejía Gabriela
Published: May 2011

Background: Many studies have analyzed the effect of behavioral risk factors such as common lifestyle patterns on the risk of disease. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of a healthy lifestyle index on the risk of breast cancer.

Methods: A population-based case–control study was conducted in Mexico from 2004 to 2007. One thousand incident cases and 1,074 controls, matched to cases by 5-year age category, region, and health institution, participated in the study. A healthy lifestyle index was developed by means of principal components by using dietary pattern, physical activity, alcohol consumption, and tobacco smoking. A conditional logistic regression model was used to assess this association.

Results: The healthy lifestyle index was defined as the combined effect of moderate and/or vigorous-intensity physical activity, low consumption of fat, processed foods, refined cereals, complex sugars, and the avoidance of tobacco smoking and alcohol consumption. Results showed a protective effect on both pre- (OR = 0.50, 95% CI: 0.29–0.84) and postmenopausal women (OR = O.20, 95% CI: 0.11–0.37) when highest versus lowest index quintiles were compared.

Conclusions: Healthy lifestyle was associated with a reduction in the odds of having breast cancer. Primary prevention of this disease should be promoted in an integrated manner. Effective strategies need to be identified to engage women in healthy lifestyles.

Impact: This study is the first to assess a healthy lifestyle index in relation to the risk of breast cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 20(5); 912–22. ©2011 AACR.
Soy Food Consumption and Breast Cancer Prognosis
Authors: Caan Bette J. , Natarajan Loki , Parker Barbara , Gold Ellen B. , Thomson Cynthia , Newman Vicky , Rock Cheryl L. , Pu Minya , Al-Delaimy Wael , Pierce John P.
Published: May 2011

Background: Contrary to earlier clinical studies suggesting that soy may promote breast tumor growth, two recent studies show that soy-containing foods are not adversely related to breast cancer prognosis. We examined, using data from the Women's Healthy Eating and Living (WHEL) study, the effect of soy intake on breast cancer prognosis.

Methods: Three thousand eighty-eight breast cancer survivors, diagnosed between 1991 and 2000 with early-stage breast cancer and participating in WHEL, were followed for a median of 7.3 years. Isoflavone intakes were measured postdiagnosis by using a food frequency questionnaire. Women self-reported new outcome events semiannually, which were then verified by medical records and/or death certificates. HRs and 95% CIs representing the association between either a second breast cancer event or death and soy intake were computed, adjusting for study group and other covariates, using the delayed entry Cox proportional hazards model.

Results: As isoflavone intake increased, risk of death decreased (P for trend = 0.02). Women at the highest levels of isoflavone intake (>16.3 mg isoflavones) had a nonsignificant 54% reduction in risk of death.

Conclusion: Our study is the third epidemiologic study to report no adverse effects of soy foods on breast cancer prognosis.

Impact: These studies, taken together, which vary in ethnic composition (two from the United States and one from China) and by level and type of soy consumption, provide the necessary epidemiologic evidence that clinicians no longer need to advise against soy consumption for women with a diagnosis of breast cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 20(5); 854–8. ©2011 AACR.
MET Expression and Amplification in Patients with Localized Gastric Cancer
Authors: Janjigian Yelena Y. , Tang Laura H. , Coit Daniel G. , Kelsen David P. , Francone Todd D. , Weiser Martin R. , Jhanwar Suresh C. , Shah Manish A.
Published: May 2011

Background: MET, the receptor for hepatocyte growth factor, has been proposed as a therapeutic target in gastric cancer. This study assessed the incidence of MET expression and gene amplification in tumors of Western patients with gastric cancer.

Methods: Tumor specimens from patients enrolled on a preoperative chemotherapy study (NCI 5700) were examined for the presence of MET gene amplification by FISH, MET mRNA expression by quantitative PCR, MET overexpression by immunohistochemistry (IHC), and for evidence of MET pathway activation by phospho-MET (p-MET) IHC.

Results: Although high levels of MET protein and mRNA were commonly encountered (in 63% and 50% of resected tumor specimens, respectively), none of these tumors had MET gene amplification by FISH, and only 6.6% had evidence of MET tyrosine kinase activity by p-MET IHC.

Conclusions: In this cohort of patients with localized gastric cancer, the presence of high MET protein and RNA expression does not correlate with MET gene amplification or pathway activation, as evidenced by the absence of amplification by FISH and negative p-MET IHC analysis.

Impact: This article shows a lack of MET amplification and pathway activation in a cohort of 38 patients with localized gastric cancer, suggesting that MET-driven gastric cancers are relatively rare in Western patients. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 20(5); 1021–7. ©2011 AACR.
Dietary Fat, Fiber, and Carbohydrate Intake in Relation to Risk of Endometrial Cancer
Authors: Cui Xiaohui , Rosner Bernard , Willett Walter C. , Hankinson Susan E.
Published: May 2011

Background: Macronutrients such as fat and fiber have been hypothesized to play a role in the etiology of endometrial cancer.

Methods: To investigate these associations, the authors analyzed data from the Nurses' Health Study. From 1980 to 2006, 669 invasive adenocarcinoma cases were identified over 1.3 million person-years of follow-up. Dietary intake was assessed in 1980 and updated every 2–4 years. Cox proportional hazard models were used to calculate relative risks (RRs), controlling for total energy and other risk factors.

Results: Overall, the authors found no significant associations between most dietary factors and endometrial cancer risk. Total fat was associated with a borderline significant decreased risk (top vs. bottom quintile RR = 0.78; 95% CI = 0.60–0.99; Ptrend = 0.18). Findings for animal fat were similar. No inverse associations between dietary fibers and cancer risk were observed. Cereal fiber was modestly positively associated with risk (top vs. bottom quintile RR = 1.38, 95% CI = 1.07–1.79; Ptrend = 0.05). The inverse association with animal fat intake and a positive association with carbohydrate intake were observed among premenopausal but not among postmenopausal women.

Conclusions: In this large prospective study, no overall association was observed between dietary fat, fiber, and carbohydrates with endometrial cancer risk, although several of the relationships may vary by menopausal status.

Impact: Dietary fat and fiber intake do not seem to play a major role in endometrial cancer etiology overall. However, further evaluation of these associations, particularly in premenopausal women, is needed. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 20(5); 978–89. ©2011 AACR.
Meta-Analyses of Vitamin D Intake, 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Status, Vitamin D Receptor Polymorphisms, and Colorectal Cancer Risk
Authors: Touvier Mathilde , Chan Doris S.M. , Lau Rosa , Aune Dagfinn , Vieira Rui , Greenwood Darren C. , Kampman Ellen , Riboli Elio , Hercberg Serge , Norat Teresa
Published: May 2011

Background: Our objective was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies on colorectal cancer (CRC) and vitamin D intake and 25-hydroxyvitamin D status, as part of the World Cancer Research Fund Continuous Update Project. We also aimed at conducting meta-analysis of all studies on CRC and vitamin D receptor (VDR) single-nucleotide polymorphisms.

Methods: Relevant studies were identified in PubMed (up to June 2010). Inclusion criteria were original and peer-reviewed publications with a prospective design (for studies on vitamin D intake or status). Random effects of dose-response meta-analyses were performed on cancer incidence.

Results: We observed inverse associations of CRC risk with dietary vitamin D [summary relative risk (RR) per 100 IU/day = 0.95, 95% CI: 0.93–0.98; 10 studies; range of intake (midpoints) = 39–719 IU/day] and serum/plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D (RR per 100 IU/L = 0.96, 0.94–0.97; 6 studies; range = 200–1,800 IU/L), but not with total vitamin D (5 studies). Supplemental (2 studies; range = 0–600 IU/day) and total (4 studies; range = 79–732 IU/day) vitamin D intake and 25-hydroxyvitamin D status (6 studies; range = 200–1,800 IU/L) were inversely associated with colon cancer risk. We did not observe statistically significant associations between FokI, PolyA, TaqI, Cdx2, and ApaI VDR polymorphisms and CRC risk. The BsmI polymorphism was associated with a lower CRC risk (RR = 0.57, 0.36–0.89 for BB versus bb, 8 studies).

Conclusions: These meta-analyses support the evidence of an inverse association between vitamin D intake, 25-hydroxyvitamin D status, and the BsmI VDR polymorphism and CRC risk.

Impact: Improving vitamin D status could be potentially beneficial against CRC incidence. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 20(5); 1003–16. ©2011 AACR.
Complex Genotype Sarcomas Display Familial Inheritance Independent of Known Cancer Predisposition Syndromes
Authors: Jones Kevin B. , Schiffman Joshua D. , Kohlmann Wendy , Randall R. Lor , Lessnick Stephen L. , Cannon-Albright Lisa A.
Published: May 2011

Background: The low incidence of sarcomas in the general population makes heritable contribution to disease risk difficult to discern beyond highly penetrant Mendelian syndromes.

Methods: The Utah Cancer Registry (UCR) and Utah Population Database were interrogated for sarcoma diagnostic codes grouped by genetic type, either complex genotype/karyotype sarcoma or balanced translocation-associated sarcoma. The genealogic index of familiality (GIF) was calculated and relative risks (RR) of disease estimated for first-, second-, and third-degree relatives of sarcoma probands. Cancer patterns in pedigrees of sarcoma probands were examined to rule out known hereditary cancer syndromes.

Results: A total of 229 balanced translocation type and 1,161 complex genotype type sarcomas with at least three generations of ancestral genealogy data were identified in the UCR. There was no evidence for excess relatedness for the balanced translocation group by using the GIF test (P = 0.657) and no significantly elevated RRs. In the complex genotype group, we observed significantly elevated GIF (P = 0.03). Modest RRs corroborated the GIF analysis, in which excess relatedness existed in distant relationships. No recognized cancer syndromes were identified among high-risk pedigrees.

Discussion: We identified strong familiality among complex genotype sarcomas, independent from known cancer predisposition syndromes. In the absence of significantly elevated RRs for close relatives, the high GIF argues for a strong genetic—rather than environmental—component to complex genotype sarcoma risk. We observed no significant familial risk of developing balanced translocation-associated sarcomas, but the sample was small.

Impact: There exists yet to be deciphered heritable risk for developing complex genotype sarcomas. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 20(5); 751–7. ©2011 AACR.
Dietary Patterns and the Risk of Colorectal Adenomas: the Black Women's Health Study
Authors: Makambi Kepher H. , Agurs-Collins Tanya , Bright-Gbebry Mireille , Rosenberg Lynn , Palmer Julie R. , Adams-Campbell Lucile L.
Published: May 2011

Background: Colorectal adenomas are benign lesions that may be precursors to colorectal cancer. No studies of African American women have investigated dietary patterns and the risk of developing colorectal adenomas. We examined data from the Black Women's Health Study to determine whether dietary patterns are associated with the risk of developing colorectal adenomas.

Methods: This is a prospective cohort study of 59,000 participants followed biennially since 1995. During 155,414 person-years of follow-up from 1997 to 2007 among women who had had at least one screening colonoscopy, 620 incident cases of colorectal adenomas were identified. By using Cox regression models, we obtained incidence rate ratios (IRR) for colorectal adenoma in relation to quintiles of each of two dietary patterns, adjusting for other colorectal adenoma risk factors.

Results: Two dietary patterns, Western and prudent, were utilized to assess the association between dietary intake and adenoma risk. The highest quintile of prudent diet, relative to the lowest quintile, was significantly associated with 34% lower colorectal adenoma risk overall (IRR = 0.66; 95% CI, 0.50–0.88; Ptrend < 0.01). Higher scores on the Western pattern were associated with a higher risk of developing colorectal adenoma (IRR = 1.42; 95% CI, 1.09–1.85 for the highest quintile relative to the lowest; Ptrend = 0.01).

Conclusion: Our findings suggest that African American women may be able to reduce their risk of developing colorectal adenomas by following a prudent dietary pattern and avoiding a more Western pattern.

Impact: A dietary modification could have a strong impact in colorectal adenoma prevention in African American women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 20(5); 818–25. ©2011 AACR.
A Prospective Study of Inflammation Markers and Endometrial Cancer Risk in Postmenopausal Hormone Nonusers
Authors: Wang Tao , Rohan Thomas E. , Gunter Marc J. , Xue Xiaonan , Wactawski-Wende Jean , Rajpathak Swapnil N. , Cushman Mary , Strickler Howard D. , Kaplan Robert C. , Wassertheil-Smoller Sylvia , Scherer Philipp E. , Ho Gloria Y.F.
Published: May 2011

Background: It is hypothesized that inflammation may mediate the relationship between obesity and endometrial cancer risk. We examined the associations of three inflammation markers, C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, with risk of endometrial cancer.

Methods: A case-cohort study was nested within the Women's Health Initiative, a cohort of postmenopausal women. Baseline plasma samples of 151 incident endometrial cancer cases and 301 subcohort subjects not using hormones were assayed.

Results: CRP, but not IL-6 or TNF-α, was positively associated with endometrial cancer risk after adjusting for age and BMI [HR comparing extreme quartiles (HR q4-q1) = 2.29; 95% CI = 1.13–4.65; Ptrend = 0.012). After additional adjustment for estradiol and insulin, this association was attenuated (HRq4-q1 = 1.70; 95% CI = 0.78–3.68; Ptrend = 0.127). Obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) was associated with endometrial cancer risk in an age-adjusted model. The obesity effect was reduced by 48%, 67%, and 77% when either estradiol, CRP, or insulin, respectively, was included in the model, and it became null when all three factors were adjusted for simultaneously.

Conclusions: The association between inflammation, as indicated by a relatively high level of CRP, and endometrial cancer risk may partially be explained by hyperinsulinemia and elevated estradiol. Nevertheless, all three factors contribute to and mediate the link between obesity and endometrial cancer in postmenopausal women not using hormones.

Impact: The association between obesity and endometrial cancer risk in postmenopausal women may be attributed to inflammation, insulin resistance, and elevated estrogen. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 20(5); 971–7. ©2011 AACR.
Prospective Study of Self-Reported Diabetes and Risk of Upper Gastrointestinal Cancers
Authors: Lin Shih-Wen , Freedman Neal D. , Hollenbeck Albert R. , Schatzkin Arthur , Abnet Christian C.
Published: May 2011

Background: Although gastric noncardia adenocarcinoma (GNCA) incidence rates in the United States have decreased, the rates of gastric cardia adenocarcinoma (GCA) and esophageal adenocarcinoma (EADC) have increased. Obesity increases the risks of GCA and EADC, and the associations may be partially mediated by insulin resistance. A few case-control studies have shown an association between diabetes and an increased risk of EADC.

Methods: We prospectively examined the association between diabetes and upper gastrointestinal (UGI) cancers in a cohort of 469,448 people in the United States, ages 50 to 71 at baseline. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to estimate the HR and 95% CI for diabetes and UGI cancers, controlling for multiple potential confounders, including body mass index (BMI).

Results: We observed no association of self-reported diabetes with risk of EADC, HR (95% CI) = 0.98 (0.73–1.31), esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), HR (95% CI) = 1.02 (0.60–1.74), or GNCA, HR (95% CI) = 0.98 (0.70–1.37). However, diabetes was significantly associated with an increased risk of GCA, HR (95% CI) = 1.89 (1.43–2.50). The significant association between diabetes and risk of GCA remained after adjustment for BMI, HR (95% CI) = 1.70 (1.28–2.26) and did not differ by BMI strata (Pinteraction = 0.83). The significant association was unchanged when restricting to only overweight subjects (BMI 25 to ≤30), HR (95% CI) = 1.83 (1.18–2.85).

Conclusions: We found a significant association between self-reported diabetes and increased risk of GCA.

Impact: Our results suggest that the metabolic and hormonal changes related to diabetes may play a role in the etiology of GCA independently from BMI. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 20(5); 954–61. ©2011 AACR.
ABO Blood Group and Risk of Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Khalili Hamed , Wolpin Brian M. , Huang Edward S. , Giovannucci Edward L. , Kraft Peter , Fuchs Charles S. , Chan Andrew T.
Published: May 2011

Background: Recent studies have shown an association between non-O blood group and risk of pancreatic cancer. It is unclear whether this association is observed with other gastrointestinal malignancies, including colorectal cancers.

Methods: We examined the relationship between ABO blood group and the risk of incident colorectal cancer in two large prospective cohorts. We calculated HR using Cox proportional hazard modeling while adjusting for known risk factors of colorectal cancer.

Results: During 996,779 person-years of follow-up, we documented 1,025 incident cases of colorectal cancers. Compared to individuals with blood group O, the multivariate-adjusted HR were 1.08 (95% CI, 0.94–1.24) for blood group A, 1.20 (95% CI, 1.00–1.45) for blood group B, and 1.08 (95% CI, 0.85–1.36) for blood group AB.

Conclusion: In two large prospective cohorts, we did not observe a statistically significant association between ABO blood group and risk of colorectal cancer.

Impact: These results do not support an association between ABO blood group and risk of colorectal cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 20(5); 1017–20. ©2011 AACR.
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Genotypes in Women with Cervical Precancer and Cancer at Kaiser Permanente Northern California
Authors: Castle Philip E. , Shaber Ruth , LaMere Brandon J. , Kinney Walter , Fetterma Barbara , Poitras Nancy , Lorey Thomas , Schiffman Mark , Dunne Anne , Ostolaza Janae M. , McKinney Sharod , Burk Robert D.
Published: May 2011

Background: The human papillomavirus (HPV) Persistence and Progression Cohort is a natural history study of carcinogenic HPV positive women. Here, we present the HPV genotypes found in first ∼500 cases of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 3 (CIN3) or more severe disease (CIN3+) diagnosed at the study baseline.

Methods: Women aged 30 and older were screened for cervical cancer using Pap smears and tested for carcinogenic HPV using Hybrid Capture 2 (HC2; Qiagen). We randomly selected women who tested HPV positive and were diagnosed with CIN3+ (n = 448) or without CIN3+ (<CIN3; n = 830). Residual cervical Pap specimens were HPV genotyped using a MY09/11 L1-targeted PCR method.

Results: Among HC2-positive women, HPV16 (48.9%), HPV31 (9.2%), and HPV18 (8.5%) were the most common HPV genotypes in CIN3+. There was a decrease at older ages in the fraction of CIN3 (Ptrend = 0.006), adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS) (Ptrend = 0.08), and CIN3/AIS (Ptrend = 0.002) associated with HPV16. Compared to the other carcinogenic HPV genotypes in aggregate, HPV18 was strongly associated with CIN3+ in women with a normal Pap [odds ratio (OR) = 5.7, 95% CI = 1.2–26] but not in women with abnormal Pap (OR = 1.3, 95% CI = 0.74–2.3).

Conclusions: HPV16 is more strongly associated with cervical precancer diagnosed in younger women (vs. older women). HPV18 infections were linked to precancerous lesions that were missed by cytology.

Impact: The progression timeline of HPV16 differs from other carcinogenic HPV genotypes, which may impact the use of HPV16 detection in the management of HPV-positive women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 20(5); 946–53. ©2011 AACR.
Dietary Fiber, Carbohydrates, Glycemic Index, and Glycemic Load in Relation to Breast Cancer Prognosis in the HEAL Cohort
Authors: Belle Fabiën N. , Kampman Ellen , McTiernan Anne , Bernstein Leslie , Baumgartner Kathy , Baumgartner Richard , Ambs Anita , Ballard-Barbash Rachel , Neuhouser Marian L.
Published: May 2011

Background: Dietary intake of fiber, carbohydrate, glycemic index (GI), and glycemic load (GL) may influence breast cancer survival, but consistent and convincing evidence is lacking.

Methods: We investigated associations of dietary fiber, carbohydrates, GI, and GL with breast cancer prognosis among n = 688 stage 0 to IIIA breast cancer survivors in the Health, Eating, Activity, and Lifestyle (HEAL) study. Premenopausal and postmenopausal women from Western Washington State, Los Angeles County, and New Mexico participated. Usual diet was assessed with a food frequency questionnaire. Total mortality, breast cancer mortality, nonfatal recurrence, and second occurrence data were obtained from SEER (Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results) registries and medical records. Cox proportional hazards regression estimated multivariate-adjusted hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CI).

Results: During a median of 6.7 years follow-up after diagnosis, n = 106 total deaths, n = 83 breast cancer-specific deaths, and n = 82 nonfatal recurrences were confirmed. We observed an inverse association between fiber intake and mortality. Multivariate-adjusted hazard rate ratios (HRR) comparing high to low intake were 0.53 (95% CI 0.23–1.23) and 0.75 (95% CI 0.43–1.31). A threshold effect was observed whereby no additional benefit was observed for intakes of 9 g/d or more. Fiber intake was suggestively inversely associated with breast cancer-specific mortality (HRR = 0.68, 95% CI 0.27–1.70) and risk of nonfatal recurrence or second occurrence (HRR = 0.68, 95% CI 0.27–1.70), but results were not statistically significant.

Conclusion: Dietary fiber was associated with a nonsignificant inverse association with breast cancer events and total mortality. Further studies to assess and confirm this relationship are needed in order to offer effective dietary strategies for breast cancer patients.

Impact: Increasing dietary fiber may an effective lifestyle modification strategy for breast cancer survivors. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 20(5); 890–9. ©2011 AACR.
Common Genetic Variants Associated with Breast Cancer in Korean Women and Differential Susceptibility According to Intrinsic Subtype
Authors: Han Wonshik , Woo Jung Hoon , Yu Jong-Han , Lee Min-Ju , Moon Hyeong-Gon , Kang Daehee , Noh Dong-Young
Published: May 2011

Background: Recently identified genetic variants from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) on breast cancer have not been validated in Asian populations, except in China. In this study, we sought to confirm the association between known variants and breast cancer in Korean women and further evaluate the associations of individual single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) with different intrinsic subtypes of breast cancer.

Methods: In total, 3,321 invasive breast cancer patients and 3,500 healthy controls were genotyped for five SNPs by using the TaqMan assay. The SNPs genotyped included rs2046210 (6q25.1), rs2981582 (FGFR2), rs889312 (MAP3K1), rs3803662 (TOX3/TNRC9), and rs4973768 (SLC4A7). Tumors were classified into four intrinsic subtypes based on estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor, HER2, and Ki67 expression.

Results: All five SNPs were significantly associated with risk of breast cancer in dominant, recessive, and additive models. ORs per risk allele (95% CI) were 1.29 (1.16–1.43), 1.40 (1.18–1.68), 1.22 (1.06–1.41), 1.52 (1.30–1.77), and 1.20 (1.08–1.33) for rs2046210, rs2981582, rs889312, rs3803662, and rs4973768, respectively. A multigene logistic regression risk model was generated with the SNPs. In subtype analysis, all 5 SNPs were associated with the Luminal A subtype. Two SNPs (rs2046210 and rs3803662) were linked to the ER−HER2+ subtype, and only rs2046210 SNP was associated with the triple-negative subtype.

Conclusions: The five SNPs from GWAS were significantly associated with breast cancer risk in Korean women. Associations were heterogeneous according to the intrinsic subtype of breast cancer.

Impact: Our result is an important contribution to the literature about genetic susceptibility for breast cancer in nonwhite populations. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 20(5); 793–8. ©2011 AACR.
Associations Between Physical Activity and Quality of Life in a Population-Based Sample of Kidney Cancer Survivors
Authors: Trinh Linda , Plotnikoff Ronald C. , Rhodes Ryan E. , North Scott , Courneya Kerry S.
Published: May 2011

Background: Physical activity (PA) improves quality of life (QoL) in several cancer survivor groups, but no study to date has focused on kidney cancer survivors (KCS). The purpose of this study was to estimate the prevalence of PA in KCS and determine any associations with QoL.

Methods: All 1,985 KCS diagnosed between 1996 and 2010 identified through a Canadian provincial Registry were mailed a survey that consisted of the Godin Leisure Time Exercise Questionnaire and several Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy QoL scales. Standard demographic and medical variables were also reported.

Results: Completed surveys were received from 703 (43%) of the 1,654 KCS that received the survey. Over half (56.3%) were completely sedentary (CS), 17.6% were insufficiently active, 11.9% were active within public health guidelines, and 14.1% exceeded public health guidelines. After adjustment for key demographic and medical covariates, analyses of covariance indicated a dose–response association between PA and most QoL outcomes from CS to within guidelines (WG) with no further improvements for exceeding guidelines. For the primary QoL outcome of patient-reported physical functioning, the overall difference between CS and WG was 8.6 points (95% CI: 4.2–12.9, P < 0.001) which exceeds the minimally important difference of 5.0 points for this scale. Few associations were moderated by demographic or medical variables.

Conclusion: Over half of KCS are CS; however, even some PA may be beneficial for QoL.

Impact: PA is a modifiable lifestyle factor that may have implications for QoL and disease outcomes in KCS. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 20(5); 859–68. ©2011 AACR.
Comparison of Standard Methods for Assessing Dietary Intake of Benzo[a]pyrene
Authors: Deziel Nicole C. , Strickland Paul T. , Platz Elizabeth A. , Abubaker Salahaddin , Buckley Timothy J.
Published: May 2011

Background: Inconsistent presence and strength of associations between dietary benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) exposure and cancers may be due to differences in exposure assessment methods. Thus, we determined correlations of usual meat and BaP intake among three methods: food frequency questionnaires (FFQ), diet diaries, and a biomarker.

Methods: Thirty-six nonsmokers were recruited in Baltimore, MD during 2004–2005. Meat and BaP intake estimated from baseline and follow-up FFQs combined with a BaP residue database (FFQ-RD), mean meat and BaP intake estimated from three diet diaries coupled with the residue database (Diary-RD), and mean of three urinary 1-hydroxypyrene glucuronide (1-OHPG) measurements were compared using Spearman correlations. Collections spanned approximately nine months.

Results: BaP intakes from meat from the baseline [median = 6.4, interquartile range (IQR) = 13.9 ng/d] and follow-up FFQ-RD (median = 7.3, IQR = 35.7 ng/d) were higher than the Diary-RD (median = 1.1, IQR = 7.4 ng/d). Mean 1-OHPG concentration was weakly correlated with mean meat intake (r = 0.33, P = 0.05) and BaP intake from meat (r = 0.27, P = 0.11) from the Diary-RD. Mean BaP intake estimated from the Diary-RD was positively correlated with the follow-up (r = 0.35, P = 0.04) but not baseline (r = 0.20, P = 0.24) FFQ; the converse was true for meat intake.

Conclusions: Diary-RD estimates were supported by biomarker measurements, but considerable unexplained variability remained. Limited correlation among the dietary BaP exposure assessment methods could be due to differences in timeframes covered by the assessments, interpersonal variability in metabolism, deficiencies in the residue database, or nondietary exposures to BaP.

Impact: Limited correlation in estimated BaP intake among standard methods may contribute to inconsistent epidemiology of BaP and cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 20(5); 962–70. ©2011 AACR.
Prostate Cancer Susceptibility Polymorphism rs2660753 Is Not Associated with Invasive Ovarian Cancer
Authors: Amankwah Ernest K. , Kelemen Linda E. , Wang Qinggang , Song Honglin , Chenevix-Trench Georgia , Beesley Jonathan , Webb Penelope M. , Pearce Celeste L. , Wu Anna H. , Pike Malcolm C. , Stram Daniel O. , Chang-Claude Jenny , Wang-Gohrke Shan , Ness Roberta B. , Goode Ellen L. , Cunningham Julie M. , Fridley Brooke L. , Vierkant Robert A. , Tworoger Shelley S. , Whittemore Alice S. , McGuire Valerie , Sieh Weiva , Gayther Simon A. , Gentry-Maharaj Aleksandra , Menon Usha , Ramus Susan J. , Rossing Mary Anne , Doherty Jennifer A. , Goodman Marc T. , Carney Michael E. , Lurie Galina , Wilkens Lynne R. , Krüger Kjær Susanne , Høgdall Estrid , Cramer Daniel W. , Terry Kathryn L. , Garcia-Closas Montserrat , Yang Hannah , Lissowska Jolanta , Anton-Culver Hoda , Ziogas Argyrios , Schildkraut Joellen M. , Berchuck Andrew , Pharoah Paul D.P.
Published: May 2011

Background: We previously reported an association between rs2660753, a prostate cancer susceptibility polymorphism, and invasive epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC; OR = 1.2, 95% CI=1.0–1.4, Ptrend = 0.01) that showed a stronger association with the serous histological subtype (OR = 1.3, 95% CI = 1.1–1.5, Ptrend = 0.003).

Methods: We sought to replicate this association in 12 other studies comprising 4,482 cases and 6,894 controls of white non-Hispanic ancestry in the Ovarian Cancer Association Consortium.

Results: No evidence for an association with all cancers or serous cancers was observed in a combined analysis of data from the replication studies (all: OR = 1.0, 95% CI = 0.9–1.1, Ptrend = 0.61; serous: OR = 1.0, 95% CI = 0.9–1.1, Ptrend = 0.85) or from the combined analysis of discovery and replication studies (all: OR = 1.0, 95% CI = 1.0–1.1, Ptrend = 0.28; serous: OR = 1.1, 95% CI = 1.0–1.2, Ptrend = 0.11). There was no evidence for statistical heterogeneity in ORs across the studies.

Conclusions: Although rs2660753 is a strong prostate cancer susceptibility polymorphism, the association with another hormonally related cancer, invasive EOC, is not supported by this replication study.

Impact: Our findings, based on a larger sample size, emphasize the importance of replicating potentially promising genetic risk associations. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 20(5); 1028–31. ©2011 AACR.