bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Three-Dimensional Modeling of Single-Lap Joints with Variable Interfacial Crack Length
Authors: Xu Shi Xian , Zhang Yu , Duan Meng Lan , Dai Bing
Published: September 2015

This paper investigated the performance of single-lap joints with interfacial crack through the finite element method. The finite element method was validated by the G-R solutions at first. And then the influence of geometric parameter of the joint as well as the length of the interfacial crack were discussed. Results showed that the presence of a spew fillet can reduced the stress intensity factors (SIF).The relationship of the crack length ratio and SIF, adhesive thickness ratio and SIF were built.
Interfacial Fracture Strength of Micro-Scale Si/Cu Components with Different Free-Edge Shape
Authors: Takahashi Yoshimasa , Kondo Hikaru , Aihara Kazuya , Takuma Masanori , Saitoh Kenichi , Arai Shigeo , Muto Shunsuke , Yamamoto Yuta , Higuchi Kimitaka , Tanaka Nobuo
Published: September 2015

The strength against interfacial fracture initiation from a free-edge of Si/Cu micro-components was evaluated. The micro-scale cantilever specimens containing dissimilar interfaces were fabricated with a focused-ion-beam (FIB) technique, and they were loaded with a quantitative nanoindenter holder operated in a transmission electron microscope (TEM). The specimens were successfully fractured along the Si/Cu interface, and the critical loads at fracture were measured. The critical stress distribution near the free-edge was evaluated with the finite element method (FEM). The near-edge stress distributions of 90°/90°-shaped specimens were scattered while those of 135°/135°-shaped specimens were in good agreement despite the difference in specimen dimensions. Such a difference was discussed in terms of the relation between the magnitude of stress singularity and the microstructures of material.
Experimental Analysis of Ti6Al4V Orthogonal Cutting
Authors: Korlos Apostolos , Friderikos Orestis , Sagris Dimitrios , David Kostas , Mansour Gabriel
Published: September 2015

The chip formation mechanism in orthogonal cutting is a phenomenon that attracts the attention of many researchers. This paper investigates experimentally the orthogonal cutting of Ti6Al4V at different cutting conditions aiming at the understanding of the chip formation mechanism. Serrated chip formation is obtained during orthogonal cutting of Ti6Al4V in a wide range of cutting speeds. The results are analyzed in order to extract useful indices relevant to chip geometry, as the adiabatic zone angle and other dimensions that describe the serrated chip. The cutting forces and the acoustic emission are measured. Finally, by the aid of 3D Computed Tomography (CT) the chip morphology is analyzed to better understand the segmentation process.
Study on the Physical Properties of Recycled Cold Asphalt Using Cementless Binders
Authors: Lee Byung Jae , Kim Jeong Su , Jang Yong Il
Published: September 2015

In this study, the optimal mixing conditions for recycled cold asphalt, which recycled waste asphalt and used cementless binders, was assessed through verification of the performance. The cementless binder mixing ratio of 6% desulfurization gypsum substitution rate for blast furnace slag was found to have the most outstanding properties. For the Marshall stability, 4% filler mixing brought about a 1.92 times strength increase effect compared to OPC. The flow value testing showed that an increase in the use of asphalt emulsion resulted in an increased flow value while it decreased with the increase in filler substitution rate. The optimal mixing condition that satisfied mechanical performance and durability among the test conditions assessed in this study was found to be 4% filler mixed.
Experimental Study on the Microstructure of Cementless Concrete through the SEM and XRD Analysis
Authors: Jang Yong Il , Lee Jong Won , Lee Byung Jae , Bae Jun Yong , Kim Jeong Su , Park Wan Shin
Published: September 2015

This study examined the results of SEM and XRD analyses of cementless concrete mixed with chemical gypsum, a byproduct of oil refineries. The results suggest that cementless concrete at early age creates ettringite, calcium hydroxide, and C-S-H gel more slowly than does OPC concrete, but at the age of 28 days, it was found to have similar fine structures and densification level of structures. In addition, it was observed that ettringite and other crystalline structures were more actively produced at curing temperature of 40°C compared to 20°C.
Numerical Simulation of Strain Localization of Rock-Like Material Containing Single Flaw
Authors: Jin Jin , Cao Ping , Pu Cheng Zhi , Hao Rui Qing
Published: September 2015

The uniaxial compression tests are conducted for the specimens with single pre-existing flaw. Numerical simulations using PFC (Particle Flow Code) are carried out to investigate the localization phenomenon. The formation and evolution of deformation localization are studied with PFC models, including the one of intact and different flaw inclination. The dips change from 0 ̊ to 75 ̊. Based on the simulation results, the effects of pre-existing flaw on the macro shear zone are analyzed. Compared with the intact specimen, the deformation localization is more likely to occur in the pre-flawed specimen, because the flaws accelerate the development of localization phenomenon. The flaw advances the micro-crack emergence and accelerates their increase. It is also found that the flaw inclination has an effect on the formation and evolution of the shear zone. By affecting the distribution of micro-cracks, the flaw changes the macro shear zone of specimens.
Unable to Detect Burial Defective Rubber Sheet in Digital Image Correlation Method
Authors: Li Dong Chang , Chao Huang , Jia Qu
Published: September 2015

Rubber material is non-linear, hyper-elastic and incompressible. Its complex mechanical properties increase the difficulties of the theoretical calculation in large deformation. As the development of computing capacity and optical sensors, DIC (Digital Image Correlation) method has become an important method in measuring large deformation of rubber material. In this paper, DIC method was used to measure different depth of burial defective rubber in tensile test, the result, however, failed to test the burial defects of rubber sheet. In order to explore the failure mechanism, the finite element simulation test is completed using Mooney-Rivlin material model of two parameters. The undetected phenomenon is caused by rubber’s hyper elasticity and low-rigidity. The results show that DIC method can be effectively applied to the measurement and evaluation of mechanical properties of rubber-like material’s surface defects, but not its burial defects. The fact that DIC method is unable to detect the burial defects of rubber sheet should be paid more attention.
Ductility of Ultra-High Performance Concrete and its Correlation with Tensile Strength Increase
Authors: Bae B.I. , Choi Hyun Ki , Choi Chang Sik
Published: September 2015

In this study, ductility of members with ultra-high performance concrete was investigated using moment-curvature analysis for the verification of safety under large deformation of ultra-high performance concrete structural members. For the analysis of members with ultra-high performance concrete, mathematical stress-strain model was selected among the results conducted by other researchers on the compressive and tensile behavior of high strength concrete and fiber reinforced concrete. According to the investigation on ductility of members with ultra-high performance concrete, decrease of ductility was observed with increase of tensile strength of concrete under the same reinforcement ratio. Members with 2~3% of reinforcement ratio, which usually be used in the field engineering, show the decrease of ductility with increase of fiber volume fraction. As a results of parametric study, limitation of maximum reinforcement ratio ( or limitation of net tensile strain ) suggested by current design code is not safe when using ultra-high performance concrete.
Research on the Variation of Residual Stress in the Rail Caused by the Wheels Repeated Rolling
Authors: Song H. , Yang J. , Song L.B. , Li K.X. , Li W.
Published: September 2015

Considering the initial straightened residual stress of rail and the actual geometrical , we established a three-dimensional contact model of real wheel-rail rolling using ANSYS software. The variation of internal residual stress effected by the wheel repeated rolling was numerically simulated and computed by the explicit dynamic software ANSYS/LS-DYNA, and the variation rules of residual stress during the manufacturing process are obtained. Results show that The longitudinal residual stress decrease with the increase of rolling times, which changed significantly in rail head after 5 repeats, and reached a stable state after 10 repeats
An Effect of Laser Hardening on Contact and Bending Fatigue of a 42CrMo4 Steel
Authors: Černý Ivo , Fürbacher Ivan , Mikulová Dagmar , Sís Jiří
Published: September 2015

The paper deals with an investigation of surface laser hardening characteristics on contact and bending fatigue resistance of a 42CrMo4 steel, being often used for manufacture of gear wheels. The aim of the experimental programme was to simulate the complex service loading of fairly large gears by two separate investigations, namely contact fatigue performed on a special, so called analogon machine and bending fatigue performed on high cycle fatigue resonance machines using three-point-bend (3PB) fairly large specimens. It was shown that after optimising the methodology and parameters of the laser hardening technology, contact fatigue resistance is very good, comparable with very expensive and time consuming thermochemical high-depth surface treatments. Bending endurance limit can be increased. The role of residual stresses resulting from the laser treatment was shown as decisive.
Failure Susceptibility in Thin Films with Extensive Incompatibility in Thermo-Elastic Material Properties
Authors: Dobovšek Igor
Published: September 2015

We discuss the impact of residual stresses, caused by variation in external temperature fielddue to mismatch in thermal and elastic material properties in dissimilar two-phase system composedof a thin film and a flexible substrate, on failure behavior of the system. In the process of modeling, arepresentative volume element of the system is defined as a heterogeneous two-phase layered elementbonded at an interface in a sense of coherent bi-layer with classical interface conditions, which canbe described as a sharp interface. We use a spatial averaging technique in transversal direction ofthe element with particular form of strain field that satisfies compatibility equations in the bulk andat the interface. With developed methodology we are able to determine residual stress distributionthrough thickness of the representative volume element. With known distribution of the stress field,we formulate a corresponding failure criterion in the form of characteristic failure surfaces.
Study of Reticulated Vitreous Carbon Foam as a Quasi-Brittle Material
Authors: Heard P.J. , Flewitt Peter E.J.
Published: September 2015

Quasi-brittle materials are those where the addition of specific microstructural features such as porosity can lead to departure from linear elastic behaviour prior to maximum force, followed by graceful failure. A simple example of a quasi-brittle material is reticulated vitreous carbon foam; an open-cell structure consisting of brittle ligaments connected in a three-dimensional array. Tensile testing measurements have been made on foams with various pore and ligament dimensions; force - displacement combined with acoustic monitoring together with the evaluation of the associated elastic moduli and fracture strengths. These tests give insights into the mechanisms of quasi-brittle failure, and the results are explored using simple considerations of elastic energy storage throughout process zones.
Effect of Voids on a Magistral Crack in Piezoelectric Brittle Materials
Authors: Sladek Jan , Sladek Vladimir , Krahulec Slavomir , Young Der Liang
Published: September 2015

A large (magistral) crack is analyzed in a voided piezoelectric solid. The representative volume element (RVE) is analyzed for determination of influence of voids on material properties. The whole domain is divided into two subdomains. At the crack tip vicinity it is considered a subdomain with the crack tip and circular voids. Material properties correspond to the piezoelectric skeleton there. The rest part of analyzed domain is modeled by effective material properties obtained from analyses on the RVE. The scaled boundary finite element method (SBFEM) is applied to solve all boundary value problems.
Fracture Events Localization by Numerical Simulations of Cementitious Composites
Authors: Sobek Jakub , Štafa Michal , Veselý Václav
Published: September 2015

This paper presents a numerical study of failure behavior of cementitious composite materials differing in their composition (aggregate size). A set of four different materials was tested in atypical splitting test geometry. During these tests, apart from the typical outputs such as the load–displacement curves, signals from failure events causing acoustic emission (AE) were recorded. However, reliability of the procedures of the failure events localization might seem questionable in some cases – therefore, the test evaluation procedures were accompanied by analyses using 3D numerical simulation tools based on nonlinear fracture-mechanics approach and propagation of fracture events in the specimens are performed using two computational codes. One is a commercial non-linear FEM code with implementation of cohesive crack model (in the smeared cracks formulation). The second one is an own developed discrete lattice-type model. The comparison of AE records from the tests with the results of the performed numerical simulations can answer questions on the distribution and magnitude (and possibly the energy dissipation amount) of the recorded failure events and generally help in the interpretation and exploitation of AE in the research of failure of non-electric building materials.
Energy Dissipation during Quasi-Brittle Fracture Associated with the Crack and the Fracture Process Zone Progression
Authors: Klon Jiří , Veselý Václav
Published: September 2015

The paper presents an analysis with an attempt to capture the phenomenon of quasi-brittle fracture based on the record of the fracture test on a notched specimen via separation the energy amounts released for the crack advance and dissipated within the volume of the sizeable nonlinear zone at the crack tip – the fracture process zone (FPZ). The described approach is tested on selected data of published experimental campaigns accompanied with own conducted numerical simulations.
A Dual Boundary Element Model for Electromechanical Impedance Based Damage Detection Applications
Authors: Zou F. , Aliabadi M.H.
Published: September 2015

In this paper, a boundary element method (BEM) for the time-harmonic analysis of electromechanically (EM) coupled 3D structures is presented. Among the two components of an EM coupled structure, the piezoelectric transducer is modelled by a semi-analytical finite element method (FEM), and the host structure is formulated by the dual boundary element method (DBEM). The analysis of the coupled structure is performed in the Fourier domain. The electromechanical impedance (EMI) of the system is used for the purpose of detecting damages.
Optimal Sensor Placement for Damage Detection Based on Ultrasonic Guided Wave
Authors: Thiene Marco , Sharif-Khodaei Z. , Aliabadi M.H.
Published: September 2015

In this work a methodology for effective positioning of sensors and actuators for damage detection and characterisation is described. The novelty of the proposed methodology is that the fitness function to be optimised does not contain probability of detection (POD) which needs to be obtained for every possible sensor combination. The proposed fitness function is to provide the maximum coverage of the structure via Lamb waves and reduce the negative effects of boundary reflections. Once the fitness function is defines, genetic algorithm (GA) is used as an optimisation strategy to result in optimal sensor positioning.
Analytical Tool for the Preliminary Design of an Adhesively Bonded T Joint
Authors: Riccio Aniello , Sellitto Andrea
Published: September 2015

Several different methodology for the study of adhesively bonded joints can be found in literature. However, most of those methods are joint-specific. One of the most interesting joint case is the bonding between the skin and the stringer of an aeronautical panel. Unfortunately, this case is one of the less studied, due to the complexity of the load conditions. In this paper, the problem of the skin stringer debonding under a T-pull load condition is analyzed. The analysis is performed by means of the methodology developed by Bigwood and Crocombe, that differs from other bonding technique because it is not joint-specific. Indeed, this method allows to solve any type of joints for which it is possible to specify the end loading values on every adherends’ sides. The results, in terms of peel and shear stress, are compared with the ones obtained via finite element methods, in order to validate the results for the specific load case considered.
Experimental Tensile Tests on Bone Cement: Effect of Test Sample Shape
Authors: Nes Cristian Sorin , Bogdan Lucian , Patrascu Jenel Marian
Published: September 2015

Objectives: The mechanical characteristics of bone cement depend on the chemical composition, mixing technique, polymerization period and temperature. Additionally, the shape of the cement mantle can also lead to variations in the mechanical properties of the material, as thicker walls are significantly more non-homogeneous and less permeable for the body fluids. This paper presents experimental tensile tests on bone cement focused on the study of the influence of the test specimen shape on the obtained results.Methods: High viscosity bone cement, produced and supplied as polymer powder and monomer liquid portions was used. The mixed cement was inserted during the working time into two types of silicon molds: one with the shape and size according to ISO 527 (“dogbone” shape with rectangular cross section area) and other with the shape and size according to ASTM F 2118 (“dogbone” shape with circular cross section area). Both types of test specimens have approximately the same value of the cross sectional gauge area. All samples were polished with grit abrasive paper in the longitudinal direction and soaked in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) solution. The specimens were subjected to a tensile test on a hydraulic machine. To avoid the occurrence of critical stress areas on the specimen, special fixing devices were manufactured.Results and conclusions: The stress–strain curves of all specimens tested exhibited similar linear elastic regime followed by brittle fracture. However, different values of the ultimate tensile strength and elastic modulus of tested samples were recorded.
Light Alloys Structural Behaviour in Severe Environmental Conditions
Authors: Baragetti Sergio , Gerosa Riccardo , Villa Francesco
Published: September 2015

High strength-to-mass ratio light alloys, such as 7075-T6 aluminium alloys and Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloys, are commonly adopted for high performance structural components in the aeronautic, automotive and maritime sectors. For this reason, it is crucial to investigate the effects of the external environment on their mechanical properties, to avoid dramatic component failure. In the present work, experimental tests were performed on Ti-6Al-4V and 7075-T6 light alloys. Ti-6Al-4V notched flat dogbone specimens, with Kt = 1.18, were tested for quasi-static and SCC effects in a methanol-water aggressive environment at different concentrations. Rotating bending R = -1fatigue tests were performed on 7075-T6 in air and methanol environment, to evaluate the effects of an aggressive environment on the fatigue strength at 200’000 cycles. The influence of DLC and WC/C PVD coatings on fatigue limit at 200’000 cycles has been evaluated in air and aggressive environment, to assess their mechanical and protective effects on the 7075-T6 substrate
Boundary Element Analysis of Stiffened Panels with Repair Patches
Authors: Di Pisa Corrado , Aliabadi M.H.
Published: September 2015

In this paper BEM for analysis of fractured stiffened panels repaired with riveted patches is presented. Several boundary element formulations involving the membrane and bending of displacement, and, stress resultants are coupled together to analyse the model. The Crack Opening Displacements (COD) method and the J-integral are implemented to evaluate the required fracture parameters.
Different Inclusion Contents in H13 Steel: Effects on VHCF Response of Gaussian Specimens
Authors: Tridello A. , Paolino D.S. , Chiandussi G. , Rossetto Massimo
Published: September 2015

The effect of different inclusion contents on the VHCF strength of H13 tool steels is presented. Two different H13 tool steels were investigated: the Uddeholm Orvar® 2 Micronized obtained by conventional casting, and the Uddeholm Orvar® Supreme obtained by electroslag remelting (ESR). Ultrasonic tests were performed on Gaussian specimens (risk volume about 2300 mm3) up to 1010 cycles or up to failure and fracture surfaces were investigated with SEM in order to analyze the inclusions from which VHCF crack nucleated. Experimental results show that the VHCF strength estimated by using the Murakami’s model of the H13 Uddeholm Orvar® Supreme steel is about 15% larger than that of the H13 Uddeholm Orvar® 2 Micronized steel.
Influence of Small Cavity Existing in the Vicinity of 3D Crack Front
Authors: Hasib Md. Abdul , Saimoto Akihide
Published: September 2015

In this paper, the interference between arbitrary shaped 3D planar crack and cavity existing in the vicinity of the crack front is evaluated. It is assumed that the treated region is unbounded and subjected to uniaxial tension at infinity. The interaction between crack and cavity is treated by body force method. The surface of the crack and cavity is modeled by number of small triangular elements and the density of body force and weight function of the force doublet is assumed at a constant on each triangle. Numerical stress analyses are examined by changing the radius of cavity and the distance between the cavity and crack front systematically. Numerical results are presented for the stresses along the centerline between cavity and crack. To validate the current analysis, numerical results are compared with the results in the literature and found good agreement.
Mixed-Mode Crack Patterns in Ordinary State-Based Peridynamics
Authors: Sarego Giulia , Zaccariotto Mirco , Galvanetto Ugo
Published: September 2015

A new nonlocal theory of continuum, called Peridynamics, was introduced in 2000. While the classical theory of solid mechanics employs spatial derivatives in order to solve the motion equation and consequently requires the derivability of the displacement field, Peridynamics employs an integral formulation of the equation of motion which leads to the possibility to analyze structures without specific techniques whenever discontinuities, such as cracks or inhomogeneities, are involved. Peridynamics has proven to be able to handle several phenomena concerning crack propagation. There are two variants of the theory, bond-based and state-based. The former is a particular case of the latter, which can also be found in two versions, the ordinary, in which the interaction force between two nodes is aligned with their current relative position, and the non-ordinary, in which interaction forces can have different directions and classical models can be directly introduced in the formulation, even though in this variant numerical integration problems arise (spurious mode deformation). In this study, fracture patterns for mixed-mode crack propagation cases are investigated while varying two fundamental parameters of Peridynamics, the maximum length of interaction, called horizon, and the ratio between the grid spacing and the horizon, called m-ratio. An ordinary state-based Peridynamics formulation is adopted and numerical results are compared with experimental evidences.
A Micro-Mechanical Model for Grain-Boundary Cavitation in Polycrystalline Materials
Authors: Gulizzi Vincenzo , Milazzo Alberto , Benedetti Ivano
Published: September 2015

In this work, the grain-boundary cavitation in polycrystalline aggregates is investigated by means of a grain-scale model. Polycrystalline aggregates are generated using Voronoi tessellations, which have been extensively shown to retain the statistical features of real microstructures. Nucleation, thickening and sliding of cavities at grain boundaries are represented by specific cohesive laws embodying the damage parameters, whose time evolution equations are coupled to the mechanical model. The formulation is presented within the framework of a grain-boundary formulation, which only requires the discretization of the grain surfaces. Some numerical tests are presented to demonstrate the feasibility of the method.
High Temperature Low Cycle Fatigue Characteristics of Grit Blasted Polycrystalline Ni-Base Superalloy
Authors: Šulák Ivo , Obrtlík Karel , Čelko Ladislav
Published: September 2015

The present work is focused on the study of low cycle fatigue behavior of grit blasted nickel-base superalloy Inconel 713LC (IN 713LC). Grit blasting parameters are obtained. Button end specimens of IN 713LC in as-received condition and with grit blasted surface were fatigued under strain control with constant total strain amplitude in symmetrical cycle at 900 °C in air. Hardening/softening curves, cyclic stress-strain curve and fatigue life data of both materials were obtained. Both materials exhibit the same stress-strain response. It has not been observed any improvement or reduction of low cycle fatigue life in representation of total strain amplitude versus number of cycles to failure of grit blasted material in comparison with as-received material. Surface relief and fracture surface were observed in SEM. The little effect of surface treatment on fatigue characteristics is discussed.
Numerical Fracture Analysis of Compact Tension Shear (CTS) Specimens with Tortuous Crack Fronts
Authors: Horníková Jana , Žák Stanislav , Šandera Pavel
Published: September 2015

The aim of the contribution is to assess the influence of the microstructure of materials on the effective values of stress intensity factors. In this paper some results of 3D-finite element analyses of a CTS-specimen with a tortuous crack are presented. The specimen is subject to an in-plane shear remote loading (mode II) and tortuous crack flanks simulate rough cracks in polycrystalline materials. Finite element calculation by using the commercially available FE-code ANSYS has been carried out to determine stress/strain distribution in the vicinity of crack front and the local values of stress intensity factors are evaluated along the crack front. The existence of friction forces generated by sliding of crack wake asperities is included into calculations. Respective effective values are determined in dependence of the roughness of crack flanks. Results achieved allows to characterize the influence of microstructure to crack growth.
Inelastic Dynamic Seismic Response of 15-Story and 25-Story RC Buildings with and without Shear Walls Designed with the Mexico City Building Code
Authors: Avila Jorge A. , Avila-Haro Jorge Arturo
Published: September 2015

The inelastic seismic behavior of two reinforced concrete buildings of 15-story and 25-story is compared with and without shear-walls. The resistance-seismic design and vertical loads is made according to the requirements of the Mexico City Building Code, RCDF-2004, satisfying the limit states of service and resistance: compressible seismic area, group B. Inelastic dynamic seismic responses are determined with step-by-step analysis under SCT-EW-85 record with the nominal resistance and over-resistance effects. Results show the importance of the participation of the shear-walls to help to reduction of the magnitude of structural damages during severe seismic future events. The shear walls located in adequate form inside the structure provide an excellent additional lateral stiffness to solve the common flexibility problems in the soft soil zone of the Valley of Mexico and therefore to avoid severe additional torsion problems. In the shear wall constructions we should pay special attention to the foundation design. It was verified that the shear strengths of the structural elements selected were higher than the seismic demands. In the cases of over-strengths considered, it can be concluded that had a minor incursion in the interval of inelastic performance compared with the inelastic performance presented in the cases of nominal strengths.
Description of Strengthening Mechanism in Layered Ceramic Composites
Authors: Štegnerová Kateřina , Náhlík Luboš , Hutař Pavel
Published: September 2015

The aim of this paper is to describe specific crack behaviour in the layered alumina-zirconia ceramic composite with strong interfaces and its strengthening mechanism. Different coefficients of thermal expansion of individual constituents of ceramic composite cause high residual stresses inside the layers during the sintering process. Compressive residual stresses can significantly influence the crack propagation through the laminate hereby improve the resistance of the material to the crack propagation. Estimation of crack behaviour in laminate was performed assuming the validity of linear elastic fracture mechanics using the criterion based on the strain energy density factor derived by Sih. This paper describes the strengthening mechanism in layered ceramic composites and prediction of their failure which contributes to better understanding of the fracture behaviour of the layered ceramic composites.
Sexual abuse: A practical theological study, with an emphasis on learning from transdisciplinary research
Authors: Human Heidi , Müller Julian C.
Published: September 2015

This article illustrates the practical usefulness of transdisciplinary work for practical theology by showing how input from an occupational therapist informed my understanding and interpretation of the story of Hannetjie, who had been sexually abused as a child. This forms part of a narrative practical theological research project into the spirituality of female adult survivors of childhood sexual abuse. Transdisciplinary work is useful to practical theologians, as it opens possibilities for learning about matters pastors have to face, but may not have knowledge about. A short retelling of Hannetjie’s story is given to provide information about the context of the research. Next, the transdisciplinary process that was followed is mentioned, and the questions that the transdisciplinary team had to respond to are discussed. Following that, I focus more specifically on the occupational therapist’s answers, and the knowledge gained from her contribution, as an example of how a co-researcher from a divergent discipline can inform a theological study. In this case, knowledge was shared about sensory integration and how the brain processes traumatic stimuli, such as sexual abuse. Lastly, the interrelationship between Hannetjie’s body stories, mind stories and spirit stories is discussed to show how the learning received from occupational therapy affected my thinking about Hannetjie’s stories and the relationships between them. Thus, it is concluded that transdisciplinary work has great value for practical theology, especially in the pastor’s daily work with people who are struggling with difficult stories, because we cannot listen to people’s spirit stories in isolation. They are inextricably intertwined with all our stories about ourselves.
HIV and/or AIDS-related deaths and modifiable risk factors: A descriptive study of medical admissions at Oshakati Intermediate Hospital in Northern Namibia
Authors: Mgori N.K. , Mash Robert
Published: September 2015

Background: High rates of HIV infection have decreased life expectancy in many African countries. Regardless of worldwide efforts to escalate treatment, care and prevention strategies, the number of deaths due to AIDS-related disorders is still high. Local healthcare workers suspect that there are modifiable factors in the care of HIV and/or AIDS patients which can be identified and improved.Aim: To describe the HIV and/or AIDS-related causes of adult mortality and identify modifiable factors amongst patients admitted to Oshakati Intermediate Hospital, northern Namibia.Methods: Data was extracted retrospectively and coded using the modified CoDe protocol for AIDS. Modifiable factors relating to the patient, health system or clinical care were identified using a standardised data collection tool.Results: A total of 177 HIV and/or AIDS patients were identified, 94 (53.1%) were male and 120 (68%) had a CD4 count of less than 200 cells/mL. The common HIV-related causes of death were tuberculosis (25.9%), renal failure (15.8%), Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (11.3%), cryptococcal meningitis (9%), HIV wasting syndrome (7.9%) and AIDS-defining malignancy (7.9%). The analysis revealed 281 modifiable factors; patient-related factors were the most common (153 [54.4%]), followed by health system factors (97 [34.5%]) and healthcare personnel factors (31 [11%]).Conclusion: Our findings have highlighted the challenges in overall HIV and/or AIDS inpatient care and surrounding primary care facilities. The identification of specific modifiable factors can be used to reduce mortality by providing training as well as rational monitoring, planning and resource allocation.
O Processo de Implementação das Estratégias: o caso do Ministério Público de Santa Catarina (MPSC)
Authors: Neis Dyogo , Fernandes Pereira Maurício , Soares Marison Luiz , Vicente Gomes Filho Walter
Published: September 2015

Este artigo tem por objetivo analisar o processo de implementação das estratégias na realidade do Ministério Público de Santa Catarina (MPSC). A pesquisa se configura a partir da estratégia de pesquisa de estudo de caso único, e os dados foram coletados por meio dos seguintes instrumentos: pesquisa bibliográfica, pesquisa documental, entrevista semiestruturada e observação sistemática. A conclusão destaca determinadas práticas que tendem a promover a implementação das estratégias, como o engajamento da coalizão dominante da Instituição com o processo de implementação das estratégias formuladas a partir do planejamento estratégico e emprega processos legais já existentes para incorporar novas diretrizes na cultura organizacional; e determinadas práticas que tendem a dificultar o processo de implementação, como o distanciamento entre os planejadores e os executores das estratégias e a falta da visão simultânea entre o planejamento e a execução.
Marketing de Relacionamento e Customer Relationship Management: uma análise da produção científica nacional à luz do componente “recursos humanos”
Authors: Souza Freitas Wesley Ricardo , Cunico Eliana , Pedron Cristiane Drebes
Published: September 2015

Esta pesquisa procurou verificar se a componente “recursos humanos” está sendo considerada na produção acadêmica brasileira sobre Marketing de Relacionamento e Customer Relationship Management (CRM). Foram analisados artigos publicados nas revistas de Administração, com Qualis A2 a B1, incluindo apenas um B2, no período de 2008 a 2013. Por meio da pesquisa bibliográfica e da análise de conteúdo dos artigos, constatou-se que ainda é embrionário o esforço nesta temática. Dos 23 artigos que trataram sobre Marketing de Relacionamento e CRM, apenas sete mencionaram o papel das pessoas nessas iniciativas organizacionais.
NO2 seasonal evolution in the north subtropical free troposphere
Authors: Gil-Ojeda M. , Navarro-Comas M. , Gómez-Martín L. , Adame J. A. , Saiz-Lopez A. , Cuevas C. A. , González Y. , Puentedura O. , Cuevas E. , Lamarque J.-F. , Kinninson D. , Tilmes S.
Published: September 2015

Abstract. Three years of multi-axis differential optical absorption spectroscopy (MAXDOAS) measurements (2011–2013) have been used for estimating the NO2 mixing ratio along a horizontal line of sight from the high mountain subtropical observatory of Izaña, at 2370 m a.s.l. (NDACC station, 28.3° N, 16.5° W). The method is based on horizontal path calculation from the O2–O2 collisional complex at the 477 nm absorption band which is measured simultaneously to the NO2 column density, and is applicable under low aerosol-loading conditions. The MAXDOAS technique, applied in horizontal mode in the free troposphere, minimizes the impact of the NO2 contamination resulting from the arrival of marine boundary layer (MBL) air masses from thermally forced upwelling breeze during middle hours of the day. Comparisons with in situ observations show that during most of the measuring period, the MAXDOAS is insensitive or very slightly sensitive to the upwelling breeze. Exceptions are found for pollution events during southern wind conditions. On these occasions, evidence of fast, efficient and irreversible transport from the surface to the free troposphere is found. Background NO2 volume mixing ratio (vmr), representative of the remote free troposphere, is in the range of 20–45 pptv. The observed seasonal evolution shows an annual wave where the peak is in phase with the solar radiation. Model simulations with the chemistry–climate CAM-Chem model are in good agreement with the NO2 measurements, and are used to further investigate the possible drivers of the NO2 seasonality observed at Izaña.
Motion-correlated flow distortion and wave-induced biases in air–sea flux measurements from ships
Authors: Prytherch J. , Yelland M. J. , Brooks I. M. , Tupman D. J. , Pascal R. W. , Moat B. I. , Norris S. J.
Published: September 2015

Abstract. Direct measurements of the turbulent air–sea fluxes of momentum, heat, moisture and gases are often made using sensors mounted on ships. Ship-based turbulent wind measurements are corrected for platform motion using well established techniques, but biases at scales associated with wave and platform motion are often still apparent in the flux measurements. It has been uncertain whether this signal is due to time-varying distortion of the air flow over the platform or to wind–wave interactions impacting the turbulence. Methods for removing such motion-scale biases from scalar measurements have previously been published but their application to momentum flux measurements remains controversial. Here we show that the measured motion-scale bias has a dependence on the horizontal ship velocity and that a correction for it reduces the dependence of the measured momentum flux on the orientation of the ship to the wind. We conclude that the bias is due to experimental error and that time-varying motion-dependent flow distortion is the likely source.
The role of ice nuclei recycling in the maintenance of cloud ice in Arctic mixed-phase stratocumulus
Authors: Solomon A. , Feingold G. , Shupe M. D.
Published: September 2015

Abstract. This study investigates the maintenance of cloud ice production in Arctic mixed-phase stratocumulus in large eddy simulations that include a prognostic ice nuclei (IN) formulation and a diurnal cycle. Balances derived from a mixed-layer model and phase analyses are used to provide insight into buffering mechanisms that maintain ice in these cloud systems. We find that, for the case under investigation, IN recycling through subcloud sublimation considerably prolongs ice production over a multi-day integration. This effective source of IN to the cloud dominates over mixing sources from above or below the cloud-driven mixed layer. Competing feedbacks between dynamical mixing and recycling are found to slow the rate of ice lost from the mixed layer when a diurnal cycle is simulated. The results of this study have important implications for maintaining phase partitioning of cloud ice and liquid that determine the radiative forcing of Arctic mixed-phase clouds.
Strong aerosol–cloud interaction in altocumulus during updraft periods: lidar observations over central Europe
Authors: Schmidt J. , Ansmann A. , Bühl J. , Wandinger U.
Published: September 2015

Abstract. For the first time, a liquid-water cloud study of the aerosol–cloud-dynamics relationship, solely based on lidar, was conducted. Twenty-nine cases of pure liquid-water altocumulus layers were observed with a novel dual-field-of-view Raman lidar over the polluted central European site of Leipzig, Germany, between September 2010 and September 2012. By means of the novel Raman lidar technique, cloud properties such as the droplet effective radius and cloud droplet number concentration (CDNC) in the lower part of altocumulus layers are obtained. The conventional aerosol Raman lidar technique provides the aerosol extinction coefficient (used as aerosol proxy) below cloud base. A collocated Doppler lidar measures the vertical velocity at cloud base and thus updraft and downdraft occurrence. Here, we present the key results of our statistical analysis of the 2010–2012 observations. Besides a clear aerosol effect on cloud droplet number concentration in the lower part of the altocumulus layers during updraft periods, turbulent mixing and entrainment of dry air is assumed to be the main reason for the found weak correlation between aerosol proxy and CDNC higher up in the cloud. The corresponding aerosol–cloud interaction parameter based on changes in cloud droplet number concentration with aerosol loading was found to be close to 0.8 at 30–70 m above cloud base during updraft periods and below 0.4 when ignoring vertical-wind information in the analysis. Our findings are extensively compared with literature values and agree well with airborne observations.
Thermodynamics of the formation of sulfuric acid dimers in the binary (H2SO4–H2O) and ternary (H2SO4–H2O–NH3) system
Authors: Kürten A. , Münch S. , Rondo L. , Bianchi F. , Duplissy J. , Jokinen T. , Junninen H. , Sarnela N. , Schobesberger S. , Simon M. , Sipilä M. , Almeida J. , Amorim A. , Dommen J. , Donahue N. M. , Dunne E. M. , Flagan R. C. , Franchin A. , Kirkby J. , Kupc A. , Makhmutov V. , Petäjä T. , Praplan A. P. , Riccobono F. , Steiner G. , Tomé A. , Tsagkogeorgas G. , Wagner P. E. , Wimmer D. , Baltensperger U. , Kulmala M. , Worsnop D. R. , Curtius J.
Published: September 2015

Abstract. Sulfuric acid is an important gas influencing atmospheric new particle formation (NPF). Both the binary (H2SO4–H2O) system and the ternary system involving ammonia (H2SO4–H2O–NH3) may be important in the free troposphere. An essential step in the nucleation of aerosol particles from gas-phase precursors is the formation of a dimer, so an understanding of the thermodynamics of dimer formation over a wide range of atmospheric conditions is essential to describe NPF. We have used the CLOUD chamber to conduct nucleation experiments for these systems at temperatures from 208 to 248 K. Neutral monomer and dimer concentrations of sulfuric acid were measured using a chemical ionization mass spectrometer (CIMS). From these measurements, dimer evaporation rates in the binary system were derived for temperatures of 208 and 223 K. We compare these results to literature data from a previous study that was conducted at higher temperatures but is in good agreement with the present study. For the ternary system the formation of H2SO4·NH3 is very likely an essential step in the formation of sulfuric acid dimers, which were measured at 210, 223, and 248 K. We estimate the thermodynamic properties (dH and dS) of the H2SO4·NH3 cluster using a simple heuristic model and the measured data. Furthermore, we report the first measurements of large neutral sulfuric acid clusters containing as many as 10 sulfuric acid molecules for the binary system using chemical ionization–atmospheric pressure interface time-of-flight (CI-APi-TOF) mass spectrometry.
Towards understanding the variability in biospheric CO2 fluxes: using FTIR spectrometry and a chemical transport model to investigate the sources and sinks of carbonyl sulfide and its link to CO2
Authors: Wang Y. , Deutscher N. M. , Palm M. , Warneke T. , Notholt J. , Baker I. , Berry J. , Suntharalingam P. , Jones N. , Mahieu E. , Lejeune B. , Campbell J. E. , Wolf A. , Kremser S.
Published: September 2015

Abstract. Understanding carbon dioxide (CO2) biospheric processes is of great importance because the terrestrial exchange drives the seasonal and inter-annual variability of CO2 in the atmosphere. Atmospheric inversions based on CO2 concentration measurements alone can only determine net biosphere fluxes, but not differentiate between photosynthesis (uptake) and respiration (production). Carbonyl sulfide (OCS) could provide an important additional constraint: it is also taken up by plants during photosynthesis but not emitted during respiration, and therefore is a potential mean to differentiate between these processes. Solar absorption Fourier Transform InfraRed (FTIR) spectrometry allows for the retrievals of the atmospheric concentrations of both CO2 and OCS from measured solar absorption spectra. Here, we investigate co-located and quasi-simultaneous FTIR measurements of OCS and CO2 performed at three selected sites located in the Northern Hemisphere. These measurements are compared to simulations of OCS and CO2 using a chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem). The OCS simulations are driven by different land biospheric fluxes to reproduce the seasonality of the measurements. Increasing the plant uptake of Kettle et al. (2002a) by a factor of three resulted in the best comparison with FTIR measurements. However, there are still discrepancies in the latitudinal distribution when comparing with HIPPO (HIAPER Pole-to-Pole Observations) data spanning both hemispheres. The coupled biospheric fluxes of OCS and CO2 from the simple biosphere model (SiB) are used in the study and compared to measurements. The CO2 simulation with SiB fluxes agrees with the measurements well, while the OCS simulation reproduced a weaker drawdown than FTIR measurements at selected sites, and a smaller latitudinal gradient in the Northern Hemisphere during growing season. An offset in the timing of the seasonal cycle minimum between SiB simulation and measurements is also seen. Using OCS as a photosynthesis proxy can help to understand how the biospheric processes are reproduced in models and to further understand the carbon cycle in the real world.