bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Co‐ordinated Changes in Temperature Thresholds for Thermoregulatory Reflexes
Authors: von EULER CURT , SÖDERBERG ULF
Published: December 2008

1. In lightly anaesthetized cats and rabbits the threshold temperatures for several temperature regulating reactions, i. e., onset and cessation of shivering and cutaneous vasoconstriction, were repeatedly determined when stimulating the animals in different ways

2. It was found that various stimuli, such as nociceptive stimulation, pinna reflex, and electrical stimulation of the midbrain tegmentum which all activated the electroencephalogram and the gamma motor system, tended to raise the temperatures at which both heat‐producing and heat‐dissipating reflexes are brought into action with a rise in body temperature as a consequence.

3. Similar shifts of the temperature for thermo‐balance were obtained by systemic infusion of adrenaline and noradrenaline. Changing the composition of the inspired gas was also found to influence thermoregulation.

4. Stimuli which inhibited the activity of the gamma motor system and evoked a synchronized cortical activity, e. g. stroking the back of the animal, lowered the threshold temperatures with as light fall in body temperature as a result.

5. The results support the view that the body temperature is set at different levels in different states of activity.
Enzymic Systems Involving Adenosinephosphates in the Adrenaline and Noradrenaline Containing Granules of the Adrenal Medulla
Authors: HILLARP NILS‐ÅKE
Published: December 2008

1. The ATP that is stored in large amounts, together with the sympathomimetic amines, in the specific granules of the adrenal medulla is rapidly broken down to AMP when the granules are ruptured in hypotonic media. This breakdown is brought forth by a true ATP‐ase, removing only the terminal phosphate group of ATP, and by an adenylate kinase.

2. There is good evidence that the ATPase activity is localized to the specific granules. The adenylate kinase activity probably belongs to these granules but the evidence is not conclusive.

3. The ATPase activity is exclusively localized to the water insoluble residue obtained at lysis of the granules and probably to a main part consisting of granule membranes. This residue also shows an ADP transphosphorylase activity which is not removed by repeated washings and is heat‐stable in acid. A soluble adenylate kinase is released from the granules at lysis in water or in dilute salt solutions. There is no further evidence, however, that there really are two different ADP transphosphorylases in the granules.

4. The adenylate kinase activity is activated by Mg++ and inhibited by NaF. The ATPase activity is inhibited by p‐chloromercuribenzoate and salyrgan but not by stibophen and it is relatively insensitive to NaF at pH 6 where maximal activity is found. Under other conditions NaF may give appreciable inhibition.

5. ATP and ADP seem readily to penetrate to the sites of enzyme activity from the outside of intact granules. No transphosphorylation between the intragranular ATP and AMP penetrating from the outside could be demonstrated, however, and the stored ATP is in some way protected from the ATPase under “resting” conditions. It may thus be that the ATPase and the ADP transphosphorylase are present in an outer zone separated from the ATP stored within an inner part of the granules.

6. The intimate connections between the catechol amines and the ATP stored in the granules and a possible role of the ATPase in the amine release are discussed.
The Influence of Tobacco Smoking, and Increased Initial Carbon Monoxide Concentration on Results of Sjöstrand's Method of Total Hemoglobin Determination
Authors: DAHLSTRÖM HANS , NORDSTRÖM‐ÖHRBERG GUNVOR , ROTHSCHILD AGNES
Published: December 2008

1. Determinations of total hemoglobin according to Sjöstrand's modification of the CO method were carried out in three groups of experiments: A. On smokers on consecutive days, when the subjects had stopped smoking before the first test. B. On smokers, with additional O2 breathing immediately before the test. C. On non‐smokers with two determinations separated by some 10 minutes. In a part of this group venous blood samples were drawn during the procedure and analyzed for CO.

2. It was observed that the effect of smoking upon results of total hemoglobin determinations can be eliminated by a 20 minute period of O2 breathing from an open system, and that increased initial COHb, as obtained in repeated determinations, does not substantially influence the results.

3. The results are discussed and interpreted with regard to the influence of the distribution of the ventilation/perfusion ratios of the alveoli.
Effect of Heart Rate on Cardiac Work, Myocardial Oxygen Consumption and Coronary Blood Flow in the Dog
Authors: BERGLUND ERIK , BORST HANS G. , DUFF FRANK , SCHREINER GÜNTHER L.
Published: December 2008

1. The effects of variations in heart rate on ventricular function, myocardial oxygen consumption, and coronary blood flow were studied in anesthetized, open‐chest dogs. The heart rate was held at desired rates by electrical stimulation.

2. The following changes occurred when the rate was increased in steps from 33—80 per min. to 200—280 per min.: cardiac output increased 0 to 73 per cent and reached a maximum at rates varying from 90 to 180 per min.; above these rates there was usually a decrease. Stroke volume decreased progressively. Mean aortic pressure rose slightly, and the pulse pressure was diminished. Myocardial oxygen consumption and left coronary flow increased, even at the high rates when ventricular work was constant or decreasing; there was a marked fall in coronary resistance.

3. Ventricular function curves, i. e. ventricular stroke work plotted against the respective mean atrial pressure, were obtained at the various rates. The curves were always lower at higher than at lower rates.

4. Myocardial oxygen consumption per unit of mechanical work was greater at higher rates, probably because of the larger amount of “isometric work” per min. Coronary blood flow per unit of work increased similarly with rate. Coronary vascular resistance was always much lower at high heart rates than at low, indicating coronary vasodilation.

5. It is concluded that during normal circumstances myocardial oxygen consumption is a major determinant of coronary blood flow.

6. Effects of heart rate during abnormal circulatory conditions were illustrated and discussed.
Effect of a Catechol Amine Blocking Agent (Dibenzyline) on Organ Content and Urine Excretion of Noradrenaline and Adrenaline
Authors: SCHAPIRO. SHAWN
Published: December 2008

1. The urinary excretion of noradrenaline and adrenaline was determined in normal rats and rats receiving dibenzyline. The effect of this blocking agent on the catechol content of the adrenals, heart and spleen was also observed.

2. Dibenzyline caused an increased excretion of noradrenaline, and a decreased organ content of catechols. Urinary adrenaline remained unchanged.

3. The significance of these findings is discussed in the light of the effector catechol receptor theory. It is suggested that dibenzyline may interfere with the metabolism of catechols in areas not contiguous to their site of production.
On the Regulation of‘ Bile Acid Formation in the Rat Liver
Authors: BERGSTRÖM S. , DANIELSSON H.
Published: December 2008

Bile fistula rats, ranging in weight from 200 to 300 g, were continuously injected into the intestine with 2.6, 5, 7.5, 10 and 15 mg sodium taurochenodesoxycholate (NaTCD) per hour. The excretion of cholic acid was determined, and it was found, that injection of 5–10 mg XaTCD per hour, depending on the weight of the rat, brought about a very appreciable decrease in the formation of cholic acid as compared to non‐injected bile fistula rats. In the case of rats weighing approx. 200 g, the values found are of the same order of magnitude as is calculated for the synthesis of cholic acid in the intact rat.

It is concluded, that the concentration of bile acids supplied to the liver via the portal blood, influences the rate of synthesis of bile acids in the liver.
The “Desensitizing” Effect of Acetylcholine on the Mammalian Motor End‐Plate.
Authors: AXELSSON J. , THESLEFF S.
Published: December 2008

A micro‐application technique has been used to study the desensitization which acetylcholine produces at the mammalian motor end‐plate. Acetylcholine was released by ionophoresis from a twin pipette near sensitive spots in the end‐plate region of a single muscle fibre, and the resulting potential changes were recorded by an intracellular electrode. Isolated muscles mounted in a constant temperature bath from the following mammalian species were used: guinea‐pig, rat, rabbit and cat.

In all the investigated muscles a steady release of acetylcholine produced a loss of sensitivity in the end‐plate membrane. The degree and the speed of onset of desensitization was graded and increased with the applied concentration of acetylcholine while the rate of recovery was relatively constant.

Marked species variations were observed in the intensity and time course of desensitization. In the guinea‐pig and the rabbit it was necessary to have a steady efflux of acetylcholine producing an initial depolarization of a few millivolts during several seconds to obtain desensitization. In the rat and the cat the same effect was generally achieved within a few tenths of a second by concentrations of acetylcholine producing less depolarization. The half‐times of recovery varied in a similar way.

In the tenuissimus muscle of the cat a conditioning pulse of 10–20 msec duration causing only a few millivolts depolarization frequently produced an almost immediate desensitization lasting for more than one second. No desensitization was observed after single conditioning pulses of 1–2 msec duration but when several such pulses n‐ere given at a frequency of 3–6/sec considerable desensitization developed.

It is suggested that the concentrations of acetylcholine which produce desensitization are, at least in certain mammalian muscles, within the range of concentrations normally produced at the end‐plate by a motor nerve impulse, and that consequently desensitization may develop during repetitive motor nerve stimulation.
Influence of Dietary Hydrogenated Peanut Oil and Cholesterol on Cholesterol and Polyenoic Fatty Acids in Tissues of Chicks
Authors: DAM HENRIK , JART AAGE , KRISTENSEN GUNHILD , NIELSEN GUNHILD KOFOED , SØNDERGAARD EBBE
Published: December 2008

The influence of dietary hydrogenated peanut oil and cholesterol on cholesterol aid polyerioic acids in various tissues of chicks was examined aid compared with the results of earlier studies with unhydrogenated peanut oil.
The Effect of Soybean Phosphiltides on the Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate.
Authors: EDGREN BO
Published: December 2008

Intravenous infusion of fat emulsions, containing cottonseed oil, soybean phosphatides and Pluronic F 68 was found to lower the erythrocyte sedmientation rate in dogs. This effect was shown to be entirely due to the soybean phosphatides.
A Percutaneous Method for Catheterization of the Rental Vein in Dogs.
Authors: HELANDER CARL‐GUSTAF , ÅSHEIM ÅKE , ÖDMAN PER
Published: December 2008

Catheterization of a renal vein in dogs is described. The method is based on Seldinger's method for catheter replacement in intra‐vascular catheterization, and the use of a premodelled radio‐opaque plythene catheter.
Membrane and Action Potentials of Spinal Interneurons in the Cat
Authors: HAAPANEN L. , KOLMODIN G. M. , SKOGLUND C. R.
Published: December 2008

Intracellular recordings have been performed from interneurons in the lumbar segments of the spinal cord of non‐anesthetized spinal cats. A full account is given of the experimental technique used in this and other investigations in the same series.

Section I. Continuous inkwriter recordings of the membrane potential level obtained from interneurons in various parts of the cord cross section are presented and compared with records from afferent fibres and motoneurons. Data of the average amplitude values and recording times for the different types of units are given.

Various factors influencing the values of the recorded membrane potential are discussed and an attempt has been made to find a relation hetween the degree of injury, cell size and recorded membrane potential.

Section II. The most common types of interneuron discharges in response to synchronous afferent volleys are described and typical variations in prepotential configuration are illustrated.

The firing level at which an impulse is set up by afferent single shock stiniulation has been analysed in some detail in an experiment in which physiological variations in the membrane potential level were induced by natural sensory stimulation. It was found that the firing level is not constant but is reduced with lowering of the membrane potential value in an approximately linear way.

The spike repolarization level was also found to vary with the nienibrane potential level in a similar way which may result in levels of increased or decreased polarization as compared with the pre‐spike level.

Records of spontaneous and naturally induced activity are presented showing the relation between slow depolarization processes and spike discharges.

In experiments including both natural and artificial activation records have been obtained showing no distinct prepotentials. In such recordings the spikes have usually been of short duration (average 0.8 msec as compared with 1.3 msec for spikes accompanied by slow potentials). Some of these cases may represent axon recordings, but possible explanations of an absence of recordable prepotentials from soma are also discussed.

In the majority of interneuron recordings the spike amplitude has been 10–20 per cent lower than the membrane potential value; overshooting has only been observed in about 10 per cent of the recordings. Some factors influencing the spike amplitude have been taken up for discussion.

Special attention has been given to variations in spike configuration in the form of pronounced notches and a splitting up into sub‐spikes; these variations have been interpreted as signs of a fractionated function of the cell membrane.
A Study of Rumination Induced by Milking in the Goat.
Authors: ANDERSSON B. , KITCHELL R. , PERSSON N.
Published: December 2008

Milking is frequently seen to elicit rumination in cows and goats. The nature of this reflex was studied experimentally in lactating goats. Milking generally induced rumination within a few seconds and caused an increase of reticulo‐ruminal motility. Similar to what has previously been observed for the milk‐ejection reflex it was found that the milking situation could develop into a conditioned stimulus which in itself was sufficient to elicit rumination, and further that discomfort and irritation inhibited the milking‐rumination reflex.

Amphetamine, atropine and small doses of apomorphine did not block the milking‐rumination reflex. Milking performed after the administration of large doses of apomorphine, however, no longer induced rumination but caused intense licking. The observations made are discussed in the light of present knowledge of central regulation of rumination and of reticulo‐ruminal motility.
Studies on Renal Function in Dogs.: Extraction values for PAH obtained by percutaneous catheterization and clearance studies on single kidneys
Authors: ÅSHEIM Å. , HELANDER C. G. , PERSSON. F.
Published: December 2008

Inulin and PAH clearances and extraction values for PAH have been used to study the function of itidiviclual kidneys in dogs. A technique is described for collecting urine without catheterizing the ureter. Percutaneous catheterization of the renal veins has been utilised to determine both unilateral and bilateral extraction values for PAH. No significant difference from normal values was produced by the operation of one ureter. The values were practically equal for both sides. Extraction of PAH was somewhat lower in dogs than in humans.

Much of this work was carried out during the time Professor B. Carlström was head of the department of medicine, Veterinärhögskolan. We should like to thank him for the generous support and helpful advice he has given us.
Failure of Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibition by Acetnazolamide to Alter Tonicity of the Aqueous Hiumour1
Authors: AURICCHIC GIAClNTO , WISTRAND. PER
Published: December 2008

The carbonic anhydrase inhibitor acetazolamide affects the production of aqueous humour in rabbits without changing the steady state osmotic pressure gradient between aqueous and plasma.
Species Differences in the Taste Qualities Mediated through the Glossopharyngeal Nerve.
Authors: APPELBERG BO
Published: December 2008

Taste solutions, distilled water, touch and thermal stimuli were applied to the tongue of monkey, cat, dog, rabbit and rat, and the effects on the impulse discharge in the glossopharyngeal nerve were recorded.

Salt‐, bitter‐ and acid taste was found in all the animals investigated.

Response to sweet‐tasting solutions was obtained in all these animals except the cat. Only the monkey did, however, respond to saccharine.

Water taste was found only in the monkey.

Effects to warm and cold were seen in all the animals investigated except in the rat where warm solutions gave no response.

A tactile response was found in all species.

The findings were compared with those previously obtained from the chorda tympani (Table I).
On the State of the Catechol Amines of the Adrenal Medullary Granules
Authors: CARLSSON ARVID , HILLARP NILS‐ÅKE
Published: December 2008

Catechol amine containing granules of the cow adrenal medulla were isolated and resuspended in solutions of varying ionic composition. Analyses of the intragranular fluid indicated that the granule membrane is permeable to sodium, potassium, sucrose, and catechol amines. It was concluded that the catechol amines occur in the granules in an osmotically inactive form, probably in combination with an equivalent amount of adenosine triphosphate.
Components of the Human Electroretinogram. The Photopic Electroretinogram in Normal Eyes, in Deuteranopia and in Deuteranomdy
Authors: RENDAHL ILMARI
Published: December 2008

A photopic electroretinogram (ERG) with two negative and four positive humps was recorded earlier (heck and Rendahl 1957). In the course of dark adaptation, an ERG has now been recorded which appears to contain one additional negative wave and one positive one, evidently the scotopic components.

It has been found possible to suppress the various components of the ERG successively by increasing the light adaptation.

On examination of six deuteranopes, an ordinary photopic ERG was obtained. On adaptation to green light, the fourth component was unaffected in two cases. A markedly decreased sensitivity to green light was observed in a similar way in three subjects with deuteranomaly (a fourth exhibited the same variations as in subjects with normal colour sense).

In the four other deuteranopes, the fourth component was suppressed on adaptation to green light, exactly as in normal eyes; the sensitivity to green light was perhaps increased.

On the basis of this and other investigations of colour blindness, the suggestion is put forward that the first type of deuter‐anopia is due to a lack of “green receptors” in the retina, whereas the second type is to be ascribed to the impulses from retinal receptors with different oolour sensitivity being coupled to the same nerve paths.
Influence of Dietary Cholesterol, Cod Liver Oil and Linseed Oil on Cholesterol and Polyenoic Fatty Acid in Times from Fasted and Non‐Fasted Chicks
Authors: DAM HENRIK , KRISTENSEN GUNHILD , NIELSEN GUNHILD KOFOED , SØNDERGAARD EBBE
Published: December 2008

Dam, Henrik, Gunhild Kristensen, Gunhild Kofoed Nielsen and Ebbe Søndergaard. Influence Of dietary cholesterol, cod liver oil and linseed oil on cholesterol and polyenoic fatty acids in tissues from fasted and non‐fasted chicks. Acta physiol. scand. 1959. 45. 31–42. — The deposition of cholesterol and polyenoic fatty acids after feeding diets with no fat, 10 % cod liver oil or 10 % linseed oil with or without 1 % dietary cholesterol for a 4 week period was determined in various tissues of chicks. About half of the chicks examined had no access to food during the last 16 or 18 hours before they were killed. Data for cholesterol in plasma, aorta, heart, liver, brain and fat tissue and for polyenoic fatty acids in heart, liver, brain and fat are presented.
A Method for Continuous Recording of Movement
Authors: MÄAKELÄ PAAVO , ÖSTERLUND KALLE , WALLGREN ERIC IVAR
Published: December 2008

Mäkelä, P., E. I. Wallgren and K. Öterlund. A method for continuous recording of movement. Acta physiol. scad. 1959.45. 43–47. — Mechanical methods have proved to be unsatisfactory for recording breathing movements in newborn. The authors have used for this purpose an electrometrical recorder, which is capable of recording movements on the basis of the changes of electrical capacitance. A few examples prove that the device is suitable for recording the pattern and frequency of various movements, e. g. pulse, breathing and the apex beat.
A Spectrophotometric Method for Determination of Diamine Oxidase (DAO) Activity
Authors: BOLMSTEDT BO , THAM RICKARD
Published: December 2008

If diamine oxidase is allowed to act upon the diamine putrescine, a cyclic compound, δl‐pyrroline, will be formed, which in turn reacts with o‐aminobenzaldehyde to form a yellow compound. These reactions have been taken as a starting point for a photometric method for determination of diamine oxidase. If a solution containing o‐aminobenzaldehyde, putretrcine and a diamine oxidase preparation is incubated at 37° C a characteristic yellow colour is obtained. The intensity of the colour can be measured spectrophotometrically. The influence of pH and of the concentration of putrescine and o‐aminobenzaldehyde on the reaction has been tested. The wavelength which gives a maximal extinction has been determined. The variation of the extinction with increasing time of incubation has been studied. On the basis of these investigations a standard procedure is suggested. Simultaneously determinations of diamine oxidase in different dilutions have been carried out using this colorimetric method and the Warburg technique.
Relaxation and Yisco‐Elastic Bchaviour of GIycerol‐extracted Musclc Fibre Bundles in the Presence of Zinc and ATP
Authors: EDMAN K. A. PAUL
Published: December 2008

Zinc‐induced relaxation in glycerol‐extracted rabbit psoas fibre bundles was studied under strictly iso‐tonic and isometric conditions and compared with the effects of zinc on the visco‐elastic behaviour of resting fibre bundles subjected to quick stretch. 0.a mM zinc + 1 mM magnesium + 0. 4 mM ATP does not affect the visco‐elastic properties but induces relaxation of isometrically and isotonically contracted fibre bundles. Isotonic relaxation is complete only when the previous shortening does not exceed 25 percent of initial fibre length; the relaxing effect is practically absent when the bundle has shortened about 75 percent of its initial length. 2 mM zinc + 1 mM magnesium + 6 mM ATP and 4 mM EDTA + 4 mM magnesium + 4 mM ATP, which markedly decrease the visco‐elastic resistance in the fibre bundle produces a pronounced isotonic relaxation even after extreme shortening of the bundles. Thus, the isotonic relaxation of glycerol extracted fibre bundles is dependent upon a decrease in the visco‐elastic resistance. The isometric relaxation, on the other hand, does not need any pronounced visco‐elastic change.
Effect of Benzoate and Salicylate on the Acetylation of p‐Aminobenzoic Acid in Ox Kidney in vitro
Authors: KOIVUSALO YARTTI , LUUHKAINEN TAPANI
Published: December 2008

The effect of benzoate and salicylate on the acetylation of p‐aminobenzoic acid in aitro has been studied in the ox kidney cortex. Both salicylate and benzoate inhibited the formation of acetyl‐p‐aminobenzoic acid when their concentration was 10‐‐2 M or more.
The Effect of D‐Lactic Acid on the Oxygen Consumption and Lactic Acid Content of the Blood in Rabbits
Authors: LUNDHOLM LENNART
Published: December 2008

The effect of D‐ and L‐lactic acid on the lactid acid content of the blood and the oxygen consumption was compared in tests on unanesthetized rabbits. The rise in the lactic acid content after intravenous infusion of 11.5 mg D‐lactid acid per kg per min for 60 min was twice that after the same dose of the L,‐isomer. The total increasz of the oxygen consumption was about the same after D‐ and L‐lactic acid. It was calculated that at identical blood concentrations the L‐isomer stimulated the oxygen consumption about four times stronger than the D‐isomer.
Notes on Rectal Temperatiire Varintiom in Dogs During Nembutal Annesthesin
Authors: KROG JOHN
Published: December 2008

The body temperature of 25 mongrel dogs under Nembutal anaesthesia was recorded at different environmental temperatures. It was found that at a temperature of about 20–25deg; C smaller dogs had a tendency to cool off, while larger had a tendency to warm up. The findings are tentatively being explained as being due to impairment of the heat dissipation system of the animals during anaesthesia.
Determination of ‘Cholinesterme in the Cellular Components of Neurones
Authors: GIACOBINI EZIO
Published: December 2008

The procedure for the determination of cholinesterase activity in μμl samples of cytoplasm and nucleoplasm of isolated nerve cells is described. The method is an application and modification of the Cartesian diver technique of Linderstrom‐Lang, which allows quantitative determinations in the order of 1× 10‐‐8 μl CO2/hour with ± 15 % accuracy. By means of this method acetyl‐cholinesterase activity could be demonstrated in the cytoplasm and the nucleus of anterior horn cells of the spinal cord of the rat.
Changes in Free Amino Acids and Proteins during Cell Growth and Synchronous Division in Mass Cultures of Tetrahymena Pyriformis
Authors: CHRISTENSSON ERIK
Published: December 2008

The cellular divisions in mass cultures of the ciliate Tetrahymena pyriformis were synchronized through heat shocks. Changes in the protein metabolism during the heat treatment and the subsequent first synchronous division have been analysed by aid of one‐dimensional paper chromatography of the free amino acids and nitrogen estimation of the soluble and insoluble proteins. Both the free amino acids and the total protein content increased about 3 times during shock treatment. Most individual free amino acids varied in amount in the same manner. At the higher temperature the protein synthesis showed to be blocked and as a result the synthetic activity proceeded in distinct waves corresponding to the individual shocks. The synthesis of soluble proteins showed a lag in time compared to the synthesis of the insoluble proteins. The protein synthesis was found to stop before division.
The Phagocytic Activity of the Reticulo‐endothelial System in Alloxan‐diabetic Rabbits
Authors: JUHLIN LENNART
Published: December 2008

The functional activity of the reticulo‐endothelial system in alloxan‐diabetic rabbits has been measured by studying its ability to eliminate intravenously injected spherical particles from the blood stream. The distribution of the particles in different organs was also studied after they had left the blood. It was found that the particles disappeared more slowly from the blood stream in alloxan‐diabetic animals than in the controls. The distribution of particles in different organs was the same in both groups. The decreased phagocytic activity of the reticulo‐endothelial cells in diabetic animals may contribute to the decreased resistance to infections of diabetics.
Halide Transport in Red Blood Cells.
Authors: TOSTESON D. C.
Published: December 2008

A flow tube for the measurement of rapid transport processes in red cells is described. The method is applicable to the measurement of transport processes with half‐times between 0.05 and 1 sec in suspensions of cells which have an average diameter greater than 1 micron. The rate constants for outflux of Cl38, Br82, F18 and I131 from washed beef and human red cells suspended in chloride‐phosphate medium at room temperature were measured under conditions of equilibrium of total halide in the system. The values of the rate constant were 3.1, 0.6, 0.3 and 0.06 sec‐1 respectively for both beef and human cells. The ratios of cell to medium concentrations of the various halides at equilibrium were measured by isotope dilution and found to be 0.58, 0.63, 0.50 and 1.06 for Cl38, Br82, F18 and I131 respectively in beef red cells. Similar ratios were observed in human cells. The rate constants for Cl38 outflux from beef red cells washed and suspended in bromide‐phosphate and iodide‐phosphate media were 1.8 and 0.6 sec‐1 respectively, both much lower than the value of 3.1 observed in chloridephosphate medium.
Quantitative Aspects of the Elimination of Neutral Violet by the Stomach.
Authors: BILSKI RYSZARD , ÖBRINK KARL JOHAN
Published: December 2008

It was shown in Heidenhain dogs that neutral violet was readily excreted from the blood. This excretion depended on the secretion rate of the gastric juice. Through experiments on isolated stomachs from mice, it appeared probable that the elimination of the dye was due to a partition depending on the pH of the two sides of the niucosal niembraue. At equal pH on both sides of the niucosa the final concentrations of the dye became equal on both sides. Part of the dye was captured in the mucosa itself, apparently depending on the state of activity of the mucosa. It is suggested that the accumulation of neutral violet in the gastric juice of dogs could also be a pH partition.
Oxygen Uptake and Working Capacity in Man During Work on the Bicycle Ergometer With One and Both Legs.
Authors: DUNER HANS
Published: December 2008

In healthy men the oxygen uptake, working capacity and lactic acid concentration in the blood have been determined during work on the cycle ergometer up to a pulse rate of 170 in steady state with the subject using both legs and each leg separately. The physical working capacity, expressed in kpm/min was with one leg 73–80% of that using both legs together. The right and left leg gave approximately the same value. The oxygen uptake at pulse rate 170 during work with one leg was 91–100% of that with both legs. It is presumed that the principal limiting factor in this type of work using large muscle groups is the capacity of the circulation to deliver oxygen to the muscles rather than the amount of muscles taking part in the work.
Pulse Pattern and Artificial Wave Pattern in the Arterial Tree of the Dog.
Authors: WEHN PER S.
Published: December 2008

Central and peripheral arterial pulse curves in dogs have been recorded synchronously during normal circulation. The peripheral increase in pulse pressure may attain 200 per cent. It is concluded that this increase cannot be due to wave reflection and interference together with a Bernoulli effect and a water hammer effect. The existence of a pulsatory activity of the peripheral muscular arteries must therefore be assumed. Pressure recordings from a large artificial arteriovenous fistula seem to indicate that peripheral wave reflection does not influence the pulse pressure to any greater extent. Central and peripheral pressure curves recorded during extracorporeal circulation clearly demonstrate essential differences between artificial wave motions and the pulse pattern. It is concluded that the physiological pulse cannot be regarded as an ordinary wave motion in the arteries.
Phasic Stretch and ‘Spindle Constant’ in Slow and Fast Rabbit Muscle.
Authors: GRANIT RAGNAR , HOMMA SABURO
Published: December 2008

The aim of this paper is to find a mathematical expression for the inherent properties of muscle spindles as indicators of phasic changes. Rate of change of muscle extension and rate of change of interval between two successive spindle discharges have been measured and plotted, one against the other. Their ratio has been found constant at different rates of stretch. This is the spindle constant, defined in the paper.
The Binding of Zinc to Glycerol‐extracted Muscle, and Its Relaxing Effect.
Authors: EDMAN K. A. PAUL
Published: December 2008

The binding of zinc to glycerol‐extracted rabbit psoas muscle has been correlated with the zinc + ATP‐induced relaxation. The minimum amount of zinc that must be absorbed by the glycerol‐extracted fibres for complete isometric relaxation is about 3–4 mmoles per kg dry weight, which is close to the amount lost during glycerol‐extraction. The extracted fibres are able to absorb zinc in great excess of the concentration necessary for complete relaxation. The pH‐dependence of the contraction‐inhibiting effect of zinc and of the binding of zinc in high concentrations to the muscle shows that groups with a pK‐value of about 7, probably imidazole groups, are involved in both cases. The finding of an additive synergism between the effects of zinc and mersalyl suggests that also SH‐groups may be involved in the functionally relevant coupling of zinc to the contractile element.
Polarographic Determination of Intravascular Oxygen Tensions in Vivo.
Authors: JOHANSEN KJELL , KROG JOHN
Published: December 2008

The polarographic method for determination of tissue oxygen tension in vivo is discussed. Data concerning construction and characteristics of a teflon covered, catheter mounted oxygen electrode is reported.
Bile Acids in Rat Portal Blood. Bile Acids and Steroids 77.
Authors: OLIVECRONA THOMAS , SJÖVALL JAN
Published: December 2008

Tritium‐labelled cholic acid was given to four rats and radioactive bile acids in the portal blood were analyzed with reversed phase partition chromatography after two days. One tenth to two tenths per cent of the radioactivity mixed with the bile acid pool was present in one ml of portal blood. About 15 per cent of the radioactive portal bile acids were unconjugated, approximately 50 per cent of which was deoxycholic acid as judged by its chromatographic behaviour. These figures have been used for rough calculations of the extent of enterohepatic circulation and cecal absorption of cholic acid and its metabolites, and for the estimation of the daily conversion of cholic acid into deoxycholie acid by intestinal microorganisms.
On the Biological Assay of Gholecystokinin and Its Dosage in Cholecystography
Authors: Jorpes Erik , Mutt Viktor , Olbe Lars
Published: December 2008

The methods applied in assaying the biological activity of cholecystokinin are reviewed. The authors recommend the technique of Ivy as described in detail by Ivy and Janecek 1959. One Ivy dog unit of cholecystokinin per kg body weight is recommended as a suitable dose to be given intravenously in man in connection with cholecystographies. No better response will be obtained with larger doses. This calculated dose agrees well with the dose found empirically to be clinically sufficient as applied in about 2,000 cholecystographies performed in different Swedish clinics.
The Effect of Functionally Induced Changes of Wall/Lumen Ratio on the Vasoconstrictor Response to Standard Amounts of Vasoactive Agents
Authors: Folkow Björn , ÖBerg Bengt
Published: December 2008

It has recently been suggested that the functionally induced increase in wall/lumen ratio, obtained whenever vascular tone is increased, might explain the vascular ‘hyperresponsiveness’ seen in hypertensive disease. The present experiments indicate, however, that this is not the case, presumably because the smooth muscle shortening to a given excitatory stimulus gets smaller the higher the initial tone is. To create a structurally based vascular ‘hyperresponsiveness’ a true increase of the wall mass of the resistance vessels is a necessary prerequisite.
Comparison of Slow Potentials Evoked in the Frog's Nasal Mucosa and Olfactory Bulb by Natural Stimulation
Authors: Ottoson D.
Published: December 2008

A comparative study has been made of the slow potential changes induced in the frog's olfactory bulb and nasal mucosa. It was found that the bulb response closely reproduced the slow potential changes in the receptor organ. Thus, changes in stimulus strength brought about identical changes in height of the two potentials. The response of the bulb was sensitive to asphyxia while the receptor response remained unaltered for hours after arrest of circulation. Antidromic stimulation of secondary olfactory pathways blocked the induced waves of the bulb but left the slow potential unaffected. Strong stimulation sometimes gave rise to oscillations superimposed upon the receptor potential. The frequency of the bulbar waves was not influenced by these oscillations. When the olfactory nerve was stimulated antidromically a diphasic spike potential could be recorded from the nasal mucosa. This potential exhibited the same distribution pattern as the receptor response. Repetitive maximal antidromic stimulation of the nerve did not affect the response evoked in the mucosa by natural stimulation.
Total Hemoglobin in the Chick Embryo Developing in Different Oxygen Tensions
Authors: Astola Erva , Jalavisto Eeva , Mustala O. , Solanterä L.
Published: December 2008

The total hemoglobin of chicken embryos incubated 3– 11 days in varying oxygen pressures (15–17, 21 and 40–50 per cent oxygen) and in different temperatures (38d̀ and 40|dG C) was determined with the aid of a benzidine‐peroxidase‐reaction. In the youngest embryos the size of the area vasculosa was measured, and embryos more than 4 days old were weighed. It could be shown that the amount of hemoglobin was approximately one per cent of the weight of the embryo whatever the conditions. However, although the hemoglobin formation obviously did not respond to low oxygen pressure, the area vasculosa reacted to the lack of oxygen by increasing its size.
Enzymic Properties of Cholinesterases in Subcellular Fractions From Rat Brain
Authors: Holmstedt B. , Tqschi G.
Published: December 2008

Mitochondria, microsomes and a soluble fraction, prepared from rat brain homogenate by differential centrifugation, were assayed for cholinesterase (ChE) activity with different substrates. The activity of true ChE is higher in mitochondria and microsomes than in the whole homogenate, whereas pseudo‐ChE activity is more concentrated in the soluble fraction. The association of true ChE with membrane‐rich fractions is stressed.
Distribution of Acetocholinesterase in the Ganglion Cells of Various Sympathetic Ganglia
Authors: Holmstedt Bo , Sjöqvist Folke
Published: December 2008

The purpose of the present investigation has been to find out if differences exist between the acetocholinesterase activity of different ganglia and different ganglion cells. The histochem‐ical study has been carried out with the modified thiocholine method, and control experiments of total cholinesterase activity have been performed with an electrometric technique. Three groups of ganglion cells with respect to staining intensity can be distinguished, group I heavily stained cells, group II moderately to faintly stained cells and group III unstained cells. Group I has been predominantly found in the stellate ganglion (7 %). The total number of stained cells (group I + group II) was: sup.cerv.gangl. 21.3 %, stellate gangl. 14.9 %, sup.mes. ganglion 6.8 % and coeliac gangl. 4.8 %. The electrometric method gave the following values of total acetocholinesterase activity: 71.5 × 10‐3, 51.5 × 10‐3, 29.5 × 10‐3 and 30.0 × 10‐3 μoles HAc per mg dry weight per min. The differences found between the sup.cerv.gangl. and the stellate gangl. on one hand and the abdominal ganglia on the other are highly significant. The influence of different incubation times has been studied. Different possibilities to explain these histochemical and biochemical results, suggestive of at least a dual type of ganglion cells, are discussed.
The Cell Migration in the Adrenal Cortex of Rats Studied with Tritiated Thymidine
Authors: DIDERHOLM HANS , HELLMAN Bo
Published: December 2008

Changes in position of the adrenal cortical cells of the rat were studied by autoradiography using tritiated thymidine. Four hours after the thymidine injection, the labelled cells were localised to the capsule, zona glomerulosa and the outer parts of the zona fasciculata. After one month, many strongly labelled cells were found as far down as the transition region of the zona fasciculata and the zona reticularis, while after two months, they were found within the zona reticularis. In the discussion of the results, it was taken into account that each zone of the adrenal cortex is considered to produce its own kinds of hormones.
Central Connections and Functions of Muscle Nerves in the Kitten
Authors: Skoglund Sten
Published: December 2008

In this paper the postnatal development of the afferent terminals of muscle nerves is studied by means of the two‐neuron arc, in kittens from birth to 45 days. The experimental findings support earlier histological evidence for a postnatal development of the dorsal root collaterals of muscle nerves. Evidence is also presented that the afferent terminals in the newborn and young animals have properties different from those in the adult animal. Facilitation is found to be lacking in the newborn animal while inhibition of extensors from flexors has been found extremely potent and longlasting. The results presented throw new light on earlier findings regarding the postnatal development of postural reflexes.
The Influence of Anoxia on 48/80‐Induced Histamine Release from Cat Skin
Authors: Westerholm Barbro
Published: December 2008

The investigation reported here was designed to determine whether oxidative energy is necessary for histamine liberation in the cat as in the guinea pig and the rat. The experiments were performed in vitro on finely chopped cat skin which was incubated with the histamine liberator, compound 48/80, during oxygenation and during anoxia. From the results it is evident that anoxia inhibits histamine release from cat skin, while glucose abolishes the inhibition. The findings suggest that histamine release from such tissue is a process requiring energy from oxidative or glycolytic processes.
Analysis of Spinal Interneurons Activated by Tactile and Nociceptive Stimulation
Authors: Kolmodin G. M. , Skoglund C. R.
Published: December 2008

The functional organization of spinal interneurons in the 6th and 7th lumbar segments responding exclusively to exteroceptive stimulation was studied in decapitate cats by means of intracellular technique. Seventy‐six neurons were classified according to their responses to three types of skin stimuli, viz. touch/pressure, movement of hairs and nociceptive stimulation, into one main group responding to only one, and a second main group responding to two modalities of skin sensation. Neurons responding to all three types of skin stimulation showed also proprioceptive influence and were not included. For each modality subgroup the excitatory and inhibitory response types, receptive fields, convergence patterns, discharge patterns and histological localization of the cells are described. The dorsal region of the spinal cord showed a predominance of neurons of more simple convergence and modality type, while the medial and ventral regions contained more complex cells with contralateral and suprasegmental connections. The receptive fields were generally larger for interneurons than for afferent fibers. Convergence of various types of tactile and nociceptive inflow both from the same field and from different, often widely separated areas was demonstrated. The discharge patterns, analyzed by means of a counting rate meter, showed characteristic features for various modalities of skin sensation, excitatory as well as inhibitory responses being determined mainly by the peripheral receptor discharges. Typical phenomena of postsynaptic activity, such as spatial summation, afterdischarges and inhibitory rebound, have been exemplified and one type of selective inhibition has also been described. The various types of convergence patterns observed in neurons influenced by tactile stimulation of the paws are schematically represented in a diagram.
A Study of the Anaphylactic Mast‐Cell Reaction in vivo Following Desensitization of Sensitized Guinea Pigs
Authors: Boréus Lars Olof
Published: December 2008

The sensitivity of mast cells to antigen was studied quantitatively in the nasal mucosa of sensitized guinea pigs under pentobarbital anaesthesia. The typical anaphylactic mast‐cell “disappearance”, provoked by i. a. challenge injections of the antigen, could be inhibited with preceding S.C. antigen injections. This desensitization of mast cells was found to have developed within 1 hour following an appropriate S.C. injection and to last for about 2 weeks. Its effectiveness was proportional to the size of the preceding dose of the antigen. The desensitization was never absolute, since high challenge doses could still produce some degree of mast‐cell disappearance. Injections of antigen during the period of sensitization postponed the development of mast‐cell sensitivity to the antigen. Weekly injections of the antigen could maintain the desensitized state. Desensitization with one antigen (egg albumin) did not influence the sensitivity of the mast cells to another antigen (horse serum) and vice versa in double‐sensitized animals. In all experiments the inhibition of mast‐cell reactivity to antigen corresponded to an inhibition of the general anaphylactic symptoms.
Interhippocampal Impulses I. Origin, Course and Distribution in Cat, Rabbit and Rat
Authors: Andersen Per
Published: December 2008

Andersen, P. — Interhippocampal impulses. I. Origin, Course and Distribution in Cat, Rabbit and Rat. Acta physiol. scand. 1959. 47. 63—90. — The present study is the first in a series concerned with the activation of the hippocampal fields CA1 and CA3 by interhippocampal impulses. A point‐to‐point connection was found between homotopic points in these fields. In both fields the stimulus thresholds were lowest in the pyramidal cell body and the apical dendritic shaft layers. This suggests electrical excitability of part of the dendritic membrane. The CA1 commissural response consisted of a surface positive/negative wave with a spike on the positive wave. The CA3 response was a diphasic spike followed by a negative wave with a spike superimposed.
Some Responses of the Lateral Geniculate Body of the Rabbit to Flickering Light Stimuli
Authors: Arden Geoffrey , Liu Yu‐Ming
Published: December 2008

Arden, G. and Y.‐M. Liu. Some responses of the lateral geniculate body of the rabbit to flickering light stimuli.

The response of geniculate cells to flickering light shows differences from the responses of retinal ganglion cells. The evoked discharge is usually only loosely synchronised with the flicker and consists of a burst of impulses similar to a resting burst. In most cells both excitatory and inhibitory processes determine this discharge. Cells may follow a flicker by rhythmic inhibition of their resting activity. Alteration of the intensity of the stimulus does not greatly affect the number or frequency of the evoked spikes, but considerably alters the degree to which the spikes are synchronised with the flicker. These findings are discussed in relation to retinal electrophysiology and the way information is transmitted by the geniculate body.
Cholinesterases and Innervation of Skeletal Muscles
Authors: Häggqvist Gösta
Published: December 2008

Häggqvist, G. Cholinesterases and innervation of skeletal muscles.

This investigation is directed to the possibility of a relationship between the behaviour of “specific cholinesterase” (AcChE), “non‐specific butyrylcholinesterase” (BuChE), the two types of nerve endings known to occur in muscles and the number of phasic and tonic fibres in muscle nerves. It has been shown that muscles predominantly innervated by delicate tonic fibres have endings of a “grappe type” and stain heavier for BuChE. Muscles innervated principally by coarse fibres with endings of a “plaque type” stain for AcChE. Muscles innervated by mixed coarse and thin fibres possess both kinds of endings and show centres for AcChE as well as BuChE. It seems probable that the “en plaque” endings of the phasic fibres contain AcChE, whereas the “en grappe” endings of the tonic nerves, contain BuChE.