bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Advances in Asymmetric Diels—Alder Reactions
Authors: Miller Jonathan P.
Published: November 2013

Review: 62 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Three‐dimensional Structure of Xanthones
Authors: Gales Luis , Damas Ana M.
Published: November 2013

Review: 79 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: X‐Ray Structural Behavior of Some Significant Bioactive Steroids and Their Chemistry in the Crystal Packing and Related Matters
Authors: Gupta Vivek K.
Published: November 2013

Review: 78 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Metal‐Free Oxidative Carbon‐Heteroatom Bond Formation Through C—H Bond Functionalization
Authors: Samanta Rajarshi , Matcha Kiran , Antonchick Andrey P.
Published: November 2013

Review: 99 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Interpretation of the Kinetic Compensation Effect in Heterogeneous Reactions: Thermochemical Approach
Authors: L'vov Boris V. , Galwey Andrew K.
Published: November 2013

Review: 192 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Support Effects of Carbon on Pt Catalysts
Authors: Nakamura Junji , Kondo Takahiro
Published: November 2013

Review: 43 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Hydrogen Storage: Beyond Conventional Methods
Authors: Dalebrook Andrew F. , Gan Weijia , Grasemann Martin , Moret Severine , Laurenczy Gabor
Published: November 2013

Review: 410 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Ordered Mesoporous Materials Based on Interfacial Assembly and Engineering
Authors: Li Wei , Yue Qin , Deng Yonghui , Zhao Dongyuan
Published: November 2013

Review: 249 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Progressive Macromolecular Self‐Assembly: From Biomimetic Chemistry to Bio‐Inspired Materials
Authors: Zhao Yu , Sakai Fuji , Su Lu , Liu Yijiang , Wei Kongchang , Chen Guosong , Jiang Ming
Published: November 2013

Review: 219 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Amorphous Photonic Crystals with Only Short‐Range Order
Authors: Shi Lei , Zhang Yafeng , Dong Biqin , Zhan Tianrong , Liu Xiaohan , Zi Jian
Published: November 2013

Review: 55 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Research Progress in Developing Metal‐Doped Porous Matrices for Hydrogen Storage
Authors: Fan Dengsen , Wang Li , Huo Jia , Yu Haojie
Published: November 2013

Review: 71 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Carbon Nanotubes: An Example of Multiscale Development — A Mechanistic View from the Subnanometer to the Meter Scale
Authors: Mleczko Leslaw , Lolli Giulio
Published: November 2013

Review: 110 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: 4‐Hydroxyphenylpyruvate Dioxygenase Inhibitors in Combination with Safeners: Solutions for Modern and Sustainable Agriculture
Authors: Ahrens Hartmut , Lange Gudrun , Mueller Thomas , Rosinger Chris , Willms Lothar , van Almsick Andreas
Published: November 2013

Review: 42 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Sulfoximines: A Neglected Opportunity in Medicinal Chemistry
Authors: Luecking Ulrich
Published: November 2013

Review: 59 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Electroactive Polymers: Developments of and Perspectives for Dielectric Elastomers
Authors: Danielmeier Karsten , et al. et al.
Published: November 2013

Review: 101 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Polyurethanes: Versatile Materials and Sustainable Problem Solvers for Today′s Challenges
Authors: Engels Hans‐Wilhelm , Pirkl Hans‐Georg , Albers Reinhard , Albach Rolf W. , Krause Jens , Hoffmann Andreas , Casselmann Holger , Dormish Jeff
Published: November 2013

Review: 103 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Hollow‐Shelled Nanoreactors Endowed with High Catalytic Activity
Authors: Perez‐Lorenzo Moises , Vaz Belen , Salgueirino Veronica , Correa‐Duarte Miguel A.
Published: November 2013

Review: 114 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Kinetics and Mechanism of Reactions of Aliphatic Stable Nitroxide Radicals in Chemical and Biological Chain Processes
Authors: Pliss Eugene M. , Tikhonov Ivan V. , Rusakov Alexander I.
Published: November 2013

Review: 40 refs.
Chiral 3D Open‐Framework Material Ni(D‐cam)(H2O)2 Used as GC Stationary Phase
Authors: Xie Shengming , Wang Bangjin , Zhang Xinhuan , Zhang Junhui , Zhang Mei , Yuan Liming
Published: November 2013

Metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) have been explored for analytical applications because of their outstanding properties such as high surface areas, flexibility and specific structure features, especially for chromatography application in recent years. In this work, a chiral MOF Ni(D‐cam)(H2O)2 with unusual integration of molecular chirality, absolute helicity, and 3‐D intrinsic chiral net was chosen as stationary phase to prepare Ni(D‐cam)(H2O)2‐coated open tubular columns for high‐resolution gas chromatographic (GC) separation. Two fused‐silica open tubular columns with different inner diameters and lengths, including column A (30 m × 250 µm i.d.) and column B (2 m × 75 µm i.d.), were prepared via a dynamic coating method. The chromatographic properties of the two columns were investigated using n‐dodecane as the analyte at 120 °C. The number of theoretical plates (plates/m) of the two metal–organic framework (MOF) columns was 1300 and 2750, respectively. The racemates, isomer and linear alkanes mixture were used as analytes for evaluating the separation properties of Ni(D‐cam)(H2O)2‐coated open tubular columns. The results showed that the columns offered good separations of isomer and linear alkanes mixture, especially racemates. Chirality 26:27–32, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Simulation of Reaction Integrated Adsorption of Trienzymatic Synthesized Laminaribiose
Authors: Waluga Thomas , Zein Marwan , Jördening Hans‐Joachim , Scholl Stephan
Published: November 2013

Ausgehend von drei individuellen enzymatischen Kinetiken sowie von Gleichgewichtsdaten aus Reinstoffmessungen wurde eine Simulation für die reaktionsintegrierte Adsorption von trienzymatisch produzierter Laminaribiose erstellt. Dabei steigert eine diskontinuierliche Überlagerung von Reaktion und Adsorption die Ausbeute um ein Drittel. Für eine kontinuierliche Adsorption mit zyklischem Ausschleusen des beladenen und Ersatz durch frisches Adsorbens lässt sich die Ausbeute sogar um das 2,4fache steigern. Ein zu kurzer Austauschzyklus des Adsorbens führt jedoch zum Austrag von Intermediaten, so dass weniger Produkt gebildet wird.
Development of Solubility Selective Mixed Matrix Membranes for Gas Separation
Authors: Mushardt Heike , Kramer Verena , Hülagü Deniz , Brinkmann Torsten , Kraume Matthias
Published: November 2013

A new kind of gas permeation membrane is developed to separate higher hydrocarbons (C3+) from permanent gases. State of the art for such gas permeation applications are membranes based on solubility selective, rubbery polymers, which offer high permeances but relatively low selectivities. The new membrane is designed to improve selectivity, and therefore, significantly reduce energy demand and size of a gas separation plant. The membrane is based on the mixed matrix concept and consists of a rubbery polymer matrix with incorporated activated carbon particles. This two phase separation layer forms a solubility selective mixed matrix membrane by combining the advantages of both materials. The separation of n‐C4H10/CH4 mixtures is investigated. Based on experimental results a new concept for a transport model for mixed matrix membrane is introduced.
Adhesion‐dependent modulation of actin dynamics in Jurkat T cells
Authors: Lam Hui King , Kwak Sae In , Upadhyaya Arpita
Published: November 2013

Contact formation of T cells with antigen presenting cells results in the engagement of T cell receptors (TCRs), recruitment and aggregation of signaling proteins into microclusters and ultimately, T cell activation. During this process, T cells undergo dramatic changes in cell shape and reorganization of the cytoskeleton. While the importance of the cytoskeleton in T cell activation is well known, the dynamics of the actin cytoskeleton and how it correlates with signaling clusters during the early stages of spreading is not well understood. Here, we used total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy to study the dynamics of actin reorganization during Jurkat T cell spreading and the role of integrin ligation by the adhesion molecule, vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM), in modulating actin dynamics. We found that when T cells spread on anti‐CD3 antibody‐coated glass surfaces, the cell edge exhibited repeated protrusions and retractions, which were driven by wave like patterns of actin that emerged from signaling microclusters. Addition of VCAM on the activating substrate altered the dynamics of actin both globally and locally, leading to a smooth expansion of the cell edge and the disappearance of waves. Our results suggest that the actin cytoskeleton in Jurkat cells is capable of organizing into spatial patterns initiated by TCR signaling and regulated by integrin signaling. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Taxol in ovarian cancer
Authors: Runowicz Carolyn D. , Wiernik Peter H. , Einzig Avi I. , Goldberg Gary L. , Horwitz Susan B.
Published: November 2013

Taxol is a structurally complex natural plant product with a novel mechanism of action. The supply of this drug is limited by its low abundance in the bark of the slow‐growing yew tree from which it is extracted. The chemical complexity of taxol has hampered the development of a feasible process to synthesize large quantities. Analogues are being made from a precursor found in the needles of the yew tree. However, there is a need to develop a more efficient method to provide adequate supplies of this drug. This review article summarizes the preclinical and clinical studies of taxol in ovarian cancer. Phase I studies have identified the drug's toxicities. Neutropenia has been the dose‐limiting toxicity in most trials, and premedications and longer infusion schedules have been used to reduce the incidence and severity of hypersensitivity reactions. The intraperitoneal administration of taxol in Phase I studies showed a pharmacologic advantage with acceptable toxicity. Its activity in ovarian cancer was noticed first in Phase I trials at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Johns Hopkins University. These observations led to Phase II testing, which documented response rates of 20–35% in patients with relapsed or refractory ovarian cancer. Phase III trials of taxol and cisplatin versus cyclophosphamide and cisplatin in untreated patients with ovarian cancer are in progress. Studies combining taxol with colony‐stimulating factors and cisplatin are ongoing. Taxol is an important new drug in ovarian cancer. Its unique mechanism of action and toxicities make it an attractive agent to use in combination with currently active drugs. Future studies will determine the role of taxol in the management of this disease, but the widespread availability of this drug will depend on the development of a feasible synthetic process.
The eyes of lanternfishes (Myctophidae, Teleostei): Novel ocular specializations for vision in dim light
Authors: de Busserolles Fanny , Marshall N. Justin , Collin Shaun P.
Published: November 2013

Lanternfishes are one of the most abundant groups of mesopelagic fishes in the world's oceans and play a critical role in biomass vertical turnover. Despite their importance, very little is known about their physiology or how they use their sensory systems to survive in the extreme conditions of the deep sea. In this study, we provide a comprehensive description of the general morphology of the myctophid eye, based on analysis of 53 different species, to understand better their visual capabilities. Results confirm that myctophids possess several visual adaptations for dim‐light conditions, including enlarged eyes, an aphakic gap, a tapetum lucidum, and a pure rod retina with high densities of long photoreceptors. Two novel retinal specializations were also discovered. The first specialization is a fundal pigmentation in adult eyes, found within an isolated retinal region (typically central retina) composed of modified pigment epithelial cells, which we hypothesize to be the remnant of a more pronounced visual specialization important in larval stages. The second specialization is an aggregation of extracellular microtubular‐like structures found within the sclerad region of the inner nuclear layer of the retina. We hypothesize that the marked interspecific differences in the hypertrophy of these microtubular‐like structures may be related to inherent differences in visual function. A general interspecific variability in other parts of the eye is also revealed and examined in this study. The contribution of both ecology and phylogeny to the evolution of ocular specializations and vision in dim light are discussed. J. Comp. Neurol. 522:1618–1640, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Strain‐Engineered Modulation on the Electronic Properties of Phosphorous‐Doped ZnO
Authors: Lu Ying‐Bo , Dai Ying , Wei Wei , Zhu Yingtao , Huang Baibiao
Published: November 2013

The modulation of strain on the electronic properties of ZnO:P is investigated by density functional theory calculations. The variation of formation energy (Ef) and band structure with strains ranging from −0.1 to 0.1 are considered. Although both the conduction band minimum (CBM) and the valence band maximum of ZnO are antibonding states, the CBM is more sensitive to strain, reducing the band gap with an increase in strain. P‐substituted O (PO) defects show poor p‐type conductivity due to a smaller Ef and lower lying acceptor levels as a consequence of lattice expansion. The Ef of P‐substituted Zn (PZn) defects decreases under tension, owing to the release of strong repulsive stress induced by excess electrons from PZn. The donor energy band of PZn broadens under tensile strain, which benefits n‐type conductivity. For Zn vacancies (VZn) and PZn–2VZn complexes, the distances between the O atoms around VZn are so large that repulsive and attractive interactions become weak, which results in an easy release of the strain. We herein present for the first time that the Ef values of VZn and PZn–2VZn complexes decrease under both tension and compression, or in the high‐pressure rock‐salt phase. Under a strain of 0.1 the PZn–2VZn complex shows the smallest Ef. Under −0.07 strain the wurtzite/rock‐salt phase transition occurs and the direct band gap becomes an indirect one. The variation of band structures in the rock‐salt phase is similar to that in the wurtzite phase. Consequently, the p‐type conductivity of ZnO:P can be improved with an increase in solubility of PZn–2VZn or VZn defects.
A Rapid Freeze‐Quench Setup for Multi‐Frequency EPR Spectroscopy of Enzymatic Reactions
Authors: Pievo Roberta , Angerstein Brigitta , Fielding Alistair J. , Koch Christian , Feussner Ivo , Bennati Marina
Published: November 2013

Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy in combination with the rapid freeze‐quench (RFQ) technique is a well‐established method to trap and characterize intermediates in chemical or enzymatic reactions at the millisecond or even shorter time scales. The method is particularly powerful for mechanistic studies of enzymatic reactions when combined with high‐frequency EPR (ν≥90 GHz), which permits the identification of substrate or protein radical intermediates by their electronic g values. In this work, we describe a new custom‐designed micro‐mix rapid freeze‐quench apparatus, for which reagent volumes for biological samples as small as 20 μL are required. The apparatus was implemented with homemade sample collectors appropriate for 9, 34, and 94 GHz EPR capillaries (4, 2, and 0.87 mm outer diameter, respectively) and the performance was evaluated. We demonstrate the application potential of the RFQ apparatus by following the enzymatic reaction of PpoA, a fungal dioxygenase producing hydro(pero)xylated fatty acids. The larger spectral resolution at 94 GHz allows the discernment of structural changes in the EPR spectra, which are not detectable in the same samples at the standard 9 GHz frequency.
Spectroscopic Properties and Upconversion Studies in Ho3+/Yb3+ Co‐doped Calcium Scandate with Spectrally Pure Green emission
Authors: Li Jing , Zhang Jiahua , Hao Zhendong , Zhang Xia , Zhao Jihong , Luo Yongshi
Published: November 2013

The optical properties of a Ho3+/Yb3+ co‐doped CaSc2O4 oxide material are investigated in detail. The spectral properties are described as a function of doping concentrations. The efficient Yb3+→Ho3+ energy transfer is observed. The transfer efficiency approaches 50 % before concentration quenching. The concentration‐optimized sample exhibits a strong green emission accompanied with a weak red emission, showing perfect green monochromaticity. The results of the spectral distribution, power dependence, and lifetime measurements are presented. The green, red, and near‐infrared (NIR) emissions around 545, 660, and 759 nm are assigned to the 5F4+5S2→5I8, 5F5→5I8, and 5F4+5S2→5I7 transitions of Ho3+, respectively. The detailed study reveals the upconversion luminescence mechanism involved in a novel Ho3+/Yb3+ co‐doped CaSc2O4 oxide material.
Two CoII Metal–Organic Frameworks Based on a Multicarboxylate Ligand as Electrocatalysts for Water Splitting
Authors: Gong Yun , Hao Zhi , Meng Jiangping , Shi Huifang , Jiang Penggang , Zhang Miaomiao , Lin Jianhua
Published: November 2013

By using a rigid multicarboxylate ligand, 4,5‐di(4′‐carboxylphenyl)phthalic acid (H4L), two CoII complexes formulated as [Co4L2(4,4′‐bpy)(H2O)6]⋅3.5 H2O (4,4′‐bpy=4,4′‐bipyridine) (1) and [Co2L(azene)(H2O)3]⋅DMF (azene=(E)‐1,2‐di(pyridin‐4‐yl)diazene, DMF=dimethylformamide) (2) have been synthesized and structurally characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. Complex 1 features a novel three‐nodal (4,5,6)‐connected 2 D framework with an unusual (32.42.5.63.7.8)(32.42.5.6)(32.46.52.64.7) topology. Complex 2 exhibits a novel two‐nodal (4,7)‐connected 3 D framework with an unusual (43.5.62)(45.55.69.7.8) topology. Ligand L4− displays different coordination modes in the two complexes. The complexes both exhibit electrocatalytic activities toward generating H2 and O2 from water with lowered overpotentials and enhanced currents. The different electrocatalytic properties of the two complexes are related to their different ligands and frameworks.
Enhancement of peripheral nerve regeneration due to treadmill training and electrical stimulation is dependent on androgen receptor signaling
Authors: Thompson Nicholas J. , Sengelaub Dale R. , English Arthur W.
Published: November 2013

Moderate exercise in the form of treadmill training and brief electrical nerve stimulation both enhance axon regeneration after peripheral nerve injury. Different regimens of exercise are required to enhance axon regeneration in male and female mice (Wood et al.: Dev Neurobiol 72 (2012) 688–698), and androgens are suspected to be involved. We treated mice with the androgen receptor blocker, flutamide, during either exercise or electrical stimulation, to evaluate the role of androgen receptor signaling in these activity‐based methods of enhancing axon regeneration. The common fibular (CF) and tibial (TIB) nerves of thy‐1‐YFP‐H mice, in which axons in peripheral nerves are marked by yellow fluorescent protein (YFP), were transected and repaired using CF and TIB nerve grafts harvested from non‐fluorescent donor mice. Silastic capsules filled with flutamide were implanted subcutaneously to release the drug continuously. Exercised mice were treadmill trained 5 days/week for 2 weeks, starting on the third day post‐transection. For electrical stimulation, the sciatic nerve was stimulated continuously for 1 h prior to nerve transection. After 2 weeks, lengths of YFP+ profiles of regenerating axons were measured from harvested nerves. Both exercise and electrical stimulation enhanced axon regeneration, but this enhancement was blocked completely by flutamide treatments. Signaling through androgen receptors is necessary for the enhancing effects of treadmill exercise or electrical stimulation on axon regeneration in cut peripheral nerves. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 74: 531–540, 2014
The Role of Sdf‐1α signaling in Xenopus laevis somite morphogenesis
Authors: Leal Marisa A. , Fickel Sarah R. , Sabillo Armbien , Ramirez Julio , Vergara Hernando Martínez , Nave Ceazar , Saw Daniel , Domingo Carmen R.
Published: November 2013

Background: Stromal derived factor‐1α (sdf‐1α), a chemoattractant chemokine, plays a major role in tumor growth, angiogenesis, metastasis, and in embryogenesis. The sdf‐1α signaling pathway has also been shown to be important for somite rotation in zebrafish (Hollway et al., 2007). Given the known similarities and differences between zebrafish and Xenopus laevis somitogenesis, we sought to determine whether the role of sdf‐1α is conserved in Xenopus laevis. Results: Using a morpholino approach, we demonstrate that knockdown of sdf‐1α or its receptor, cxcr4, leads to a significant disruption in somite rotation and myotome alignment. We further show that depletion of sdf‐1α or cxcr4 leads to the near absence of β‐dystroglycan and laminin expression at the intersomitic boundaries. Finally, knockdown of sdf‐1α decreases the level of activated RhoA, a small GTPase known to regulate cell shape and movement. Conclusion: Our results show that sdf‐1α signaling regulates somite cell migration, rotation, and myotome alignment by directly or indirectly regulating dystroglycan expression and RhoA activation. These findings support the conservation of sdf‐1α signaling in vertebrate somite morphogenesis; however, the precise mechanism by which this signaling pathway influences somite morphogenesis is different between the fish and the frog. Developmental Dynamics 243:509–526, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Developmental expression and role of Kinesin Eg5 during Xenopus laevis embryogenesis
Authors: Fernández Juan P. , Agüero Tristán H. , Vega López Guillermo A. , Marranzino Gabriela , Cerrizuela Santiago , Aybar Manuel J.
Published: November 2013

Background: The neural crest is a transient multipotent migratory cell population unique to vertebrates. These cells undergo an epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition and migrate extensively through the embryo. They differentiate into numerous diverse derivatives including the peripheral nervous system, melanocytes,and craniofacial cartilages. The development of the neural crest is mediated by complex interactions of multiple signals and transcription factors. The kinesin Eg5 is a plus end–directed microtubule‐based motor protein that is essential for bipolar spindle formation during mitosis and meiosis, axon growth, and mammal embryonic development. Results: We analyzed in detail the expression pattern of eg5 and established that it is expressed at the prospective neural fold, in the premigratory and migratory neural crest. Functional analysis revealed that in Xenopus, early embryogenesis eg5 function is required during neural crest induction, specification, and maintenance. eg5 is also required during neural crest migration and for derivatives formation. Moreover, we demonstrated a hierarchical relationship with the Indian Hedgehog signaling pathway. Conclusions: Our results show that eg5 is essential for the specification and maintenance of neural crest progenitors during Xenopus early embryogenesis rather than cell proliferation and survival. Developmental Dynamics 243:527–540, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Confronting fear using exposure and response prevention for anorexia nervosa: A randomized controlled pilot study
Authors: Steinglass Joanna E. , Albano Anne Marie , Simpson H. Blair , Wang Yuanjia , Zou Jingjing , Attia Evelyn , Walsh B. Timothy
Published: November 2013

Objective

Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a severe illness with high rates of relapse. Exposure and Response Prevention for AN (AN‐EXRP) is a new approach that specifically addresses maladaptive eating behavior by targeting eating‐related fear and anxiety. The aim of this study was to evaluate AN‐EXRP as an adjunctive strategy to improve eating behavior during weight restoration, at a pivotal moment when treatment goals shift toward relapse prevention.

Method

A randomized controlled trial was conducted to compare AN‐EXRP with a comparison condition, Cognitive Remediation Therapy (CRT). Hospitalized patients with AN (n = 32) who had achieved weight restoration to a BMI > 18.5 kg/m2 received 12 sessions of either AN‐EXRP or CRT. Outcome was assessed by change in caloric intake in an objective assessment of eating behavior.

Results

The average test meal caloric intake of participants who received AN‐EXRP increased from 352 ± 263 kcal at baseline to 401 ± 215 kcal post‐treatment, while that of participants who received CRT decreased from 501 ± 232 kcal at baseline to 424 ± 221 kcal post‐treatment [t(28) = 2.5, p = .02]. Improvement in intake was significantly associated with improvement in eating‐related anxiety (Spearman's ρ = 0.40, p = .03).

Discussion

These data demonstrate that AN‐EXRP, compared to a credible comparison intervention, is associated with better caloric intake in a laboratory meal over time in AN. Additional studies are required to determine whether incorporation of these techniques into a longer treatment program leads to enduring and clinically significant change. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2014; 47:174–180)
Enantioselective Synthesis of Spirooxindoles: Asymmetric [3+2] Cycloaddition of (3‐Isothiocyanato)oxindoles with Azodicarboxylates
Authors: Jiang Yu , Pei Cheng‐Kui , Du Dan , Li Xiao‐Ge , He Ya‐Nan , Xu Qin , Shi Min
Published: November 2013

The catalytic asymmetric [3+2] cycloaddition of (3‐isothiocyanato)oxindoles with azodicarboxylates has been explored in the presence of (DHQD)2PHAL. It affords spirooxindoles having two heterocycles at their C3′‐position in excellent yields, with high enantioselectivities, and under mild conditions within 5 min. Moreover, another spirooxindole derived from the reaction of (3‐isothiocyanato)oxindole with two molecules of azodicarboxylate could also be formed in excellent yields with the same high enantioselectivities under the standard conditions.
Capillary electrophoresis‐mass spectrometry using a flow‐through microvial interface for cationic metabolome analysis
Authors: Lindenburg Petrus W. , Ramautar Rawi , Jayo Roxana G. , Chen David D. Y. , Hankemeier Thomas
Published: November 2013

The application of CE‐MS in the field of metabolomics is underrepresented, even though it is in principle highly suited for the analysis of small charged compounds, as many metabolites are. Moreover, a robust coupling, using the sheath liquid (SL)‐assisted interface was already presented more than a decade ago. A lack of concentration sensitivity is often mentioned as a reason for the underrepresentation of CE‐MS in metabolomics. This is caused by postcolumn dilution of the sample with SL, which is typically delivered at a flow rate of 1–10 μL/min. In this study, we investigated the performance of the flow‐through microvial (MV) assisted CE‐MS interface for cationic metabolomics. With this interface, only a little liquid is added postcolumn, that is, typically 100–500 nL/min. For the evaluation, we used a metabolite mix comprising 45 important cationic metabolites and compared the sensitivity and LOD of both devices. The performance of the CE‐MS system was significantly improved by using the MV‐assisted interface; the sensitivity was increased more than three times and the LOD decreased more than five times. Then, we analyzed single zebrafish embryos to demonstrate the method on a volume‐limited biological sample. In comparison with SL‐assisted CE‐MS, twice as many molecular features were found, of which several could be identified. These results demonstrate the good potential of the MV interface for enhancing the coverage of the metabolome.
Good practice in authoring manuscripts on geomorphology
Authors: Lane Stuart N.
Published: November 2013

This article aims to help potential authors of geomorphological articles to get their work published. It identifies the basic characteristics of a good manuscript in geomorphology in terms of: (a) originality and significance; and (b) rigour. It uses these characteristics to define how an author should structure a ‘conventional’ manuscript in geomorphology by successfully identifying and justifying the motivation for the research; clearly and fully explaining the methods used; and presenting and discussing the results obtained. The article considers the importance of published literature in sustaining all elements of a manuscript in geomorphology. It also presents the natural symmetry that should exist between parts of a manuscript. These practical elements regarding the form and content of a manuscript are then developed through: (a) flagging some of the common mistakes made by authors drawing upon my experience as Managing Editor of the journal Earth Surface Processes and Landforms; (b) discussing the ethical and legal issues, including plagiarism, that relate to manuscript submission; (c) exploring the review process from the perspective of an author, including guidance on how best to respond to review comments in revising a manuscript. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Selecting best mapping strategies for storm runoff modeling in a mountainous semi‐arid area
Authors: Sanchez‐Moreno Juan Francisco , Jetten Victor , Mannaerts Chris M. , de Pina Tavares Jacques
Published: November 2013

Accurate runoff and soil erosion modeling is constrained by data availability, particularly for physically based models such as OpenLISEM that are data demanding, as the processes are calculated on a cell‐by‐cell basis. The first decision when using such models is to select mapping units that best reflect the spatial variability of the soil and hydraulic properties in the catchment. In environments with limited data, available maps are usually generic, with large units that may lump together the values of the soil properties, affecting the spatial patterns of the predictions and output values in the outlet. Conversely, the output results may be equally acceptable, following the principle of equifinality. To studyhow the mapping method selected affects the model outputs, four types of input maps with different degrees of complexity were created: average values allocated to general soil map units (ASG1), average values allocated to detailed map units (ASG2), values interpolated by ordinary kriging (OK) and interpolated by kriging with external drift (KED). The study area was Ribeira Seca, a 90 km2catchment located in Santiago Island, Cape Verde (West Africa), a semi‐arid country subject to scarce but extreme rainfall during the short tropical summer monsoon. To evaluate the influence of rainfall on runoff and erosion, two storm events with different intensity and duration were considered. OK and KED inputs produced similar results, with the latter being closer to the observed hydrographs. The highest soil losses were obtained with KED (43 ton ha− 1for the strongest event). To improve the results of soil loss predictions, higher accurate spatial information on the processes is needed; however, spatial information of input soil properties alone is not enough in complex landscapes. The results demonstrate the importance of selecting the appropriate mapping strategy to obtain reliable runoff and erosion estimates. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modeling cadmium and nickel toxicity to earthworms with the free ion approach
Authors: Qiu Hao , Vijver Martina G. , van Gestel Cornelis A.M. , He Erkai , Peijnenburg Willie J.G.M.
Published: November 2013

The use of the free ion approach to quantify the toxic effects of Cd and Ni to the earthworms Lumbricus rubellus and Aporrectodea longa exposed in soils of different types was explored. Median lethal concentration (LC50) of Cd (expressed as the total concentration in soil) varied by approximately 11-fold and 28-fold for L. rubellus and A. longa, respectively. For Ni, these values were 50-fold and 38-fold, respectively. For the 2 earthworm species, no significant influence of cations (H+, Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, and Na+) on Cd2+ toxicity was observed, while Mg2+ was found to significantly alleviate Ni2+ toxicity. The free ion activity model, which is a special case of the free ion approach with no impact of cations, sufficiently described the variability in Cd2+ toxicity across soils but failed in predicting Ni2+ toxicity. The free ion approach, in which the protective effects of Mg2+ were included, explained 89% and 84% of the variations in LC50{Ni2+} (expressed as free ion activity) for L. rubellus (log LC50{Ni2+} = 1.18log{Mg2+}−0.52) and A. longa (log LC50{Ni2+} = 0.51log{Mg2+}−2.16), respectively. Prediction error was within a factor of 2 for both Cd2+ and Ni2+ toxicity, indicating the applicability of the free ion approach for predicting toxicity of these 2 metals. Although extrapolation of the free ion approach across metals still needs more research efforts, this approach, as an alternative to the biotic ligand model, provides a feasible framework for site-specific risk assessment. Environ Toxicol Chem 2014;33:438–446. © 2013 SETAC
Effects of Microstructural Functional Layers on Flat‐Tubular Solid Oxide Fuel Cells
Authors: Choi B. H. , Jang I. W. , Sung H. J.
Published: November 2013

The functional layer of a flat‐tubular solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) is examined using a three‐dimensional microscale electrode model. SOFC electrodes essentially include two types of layers: a structural layer and a functional layer. The structural layers, which are the anode support layer and the cathode current collector layer, are composed of large particles with a high porosity that facilitates gas diffusion. The functional layers consist of small particles with a low porosity that increases the triple phase boundary (TPB) reaction area and reduces the activation overpotential. In the model, the particle diameter and functional layer thickness are adjusted and analyzed. The effects of the two parameters on the performance of the functional layer are monitored in the contexts of several multilateral approaches. Most reactions occurred near the electrode–electrolyte interface; however, an electrode design that included additional TPB areas improved the electrode performance. The role of the functional layer in a flat‐tubular SOFC is examined as a function of the functional layer particle size and thickness. The performance of a cell could be enhanced by preparing a functional layer using particles of optimal size and thickness, and by operating the device under conditions optimized for these parameters.
Steam Reforming of Methanol in a Compact Copper Microchannel Foam Reactor
Authors: Shen C.‐C. , Jian T.‐Y. , Wang Y.‐T.
Published: November 2013

Hydrogen production via steam reforming of methanol over a rare earth‐promoted Cu‐based catalyst washcoated on a microchannel foam reactor (MFR) was investigated. A low reforming temperature of 242 °C at a weight hourly space velocity for the methanol/catalyst of 10 h–1 was observed in the MFR, which is lower than the 270 °C reforming temperature observed in a traditional packed‐bed reactor (PBR). According to a measurement of the reforming temperature distribution, the MFR made of Cu foam in this study exhibits extraordinary heat conductivity. The heat rate supplied from the external heating source can be transferred instantly to the reaction sites of the washcoated catalyst layer through a three‐dimensional framework of Cu microchannels. As a result, the cold spots normally encountered in a PBR are minimized effectively so that a high conversion of steam reforming of methanol is obtained. Moreover, the use of a high performance compact MFR with a volume of 4 mL as a portable hydrogen source is suggested. A hydrogen production rate of 280 mL min–1 with a CO fraction of 1.5% was obtained, which can yield a practical power output of 25 W using a commercial proton exchange membrane fuel cell with an operational efficiency of 50%.
In Situ Measurements on Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Cathodes – Simultaneous X‐Ray Absorption and AC Impedance Spectroscopy on Symmetrical Cells
Authors: Woolley R. J. , Ryan M. P. , Skinner S. J.
Published: November 2013

A solid oxide fuel cell in operando is a complex multiphasic entity under electrical polarization and operating at high temperatures. In this work, we reproduce these conditions while studying transition metal redox chemistry in situ at the cathode. This was achieved by building a furnace that allowed for X‐ray absorption near‐edge structure and AC impedance spectroscopy data to be obtained simultaneously on symmetrical cells while at operating temperatures. The cell electrodes consisted of phases from the Ruddlesden–Popper family; La2NiO4+δ, La4Ni3O10–δ, and composites thereof. The redox chemistry of nickel in these cathodes was probed in situ through investigation of changes in the position of the X‐ray absorption K‐edge. An oxidation state reduction (Ni3+ to Ni2+) was observed on heating the cells; this was correlated to changing concentrations of ionic charge carriers in the electrode. Polarizing the cells resulted in dramatic changes to their electrical performance but not to the bulk redox chemistry of the electrode. The implications of this with respect to explaining the polarization behavior are discussed.
Robotic modified radical neck dissection by bilateral axillary breast approach for papillary thyroid carcinoma with lateral neck metastasis
Authors: Seup Kim Byung , Kang Kyung Ho , Park Sung Jun
Published: November 2013

Background

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the safety of robotic modified radical neck dissection compared to open modified radical neck dissection.

Methods

We enrolled 78 patients who were diagnosed with papillary thyroid cancer and underwent total thyroidectomy, bilateral central neck dissection, and modified radical neck dissection between March 2011 and February 2013. Of these patients, 65 underwent an open procedure and 13 underwent a robotic procedure using the bilateral axillary breast approach (BABA). These 2 groups were retrospectively compared.

Results

The mean age, sex, body mass index (BMI), and tumor size were not significantly different between groups. There were no differences in the number of retrieved lymph nodes, metastatic lymph nodes, or stimulated thyroglobulin level between the 2 groups. The operation time was longer in the robotic group than in the open group.

Conclusion

Robotic modified radical neck dissection using BABA is safe and shows oncologic and postoperative outcomes comparable to those of the open procedure. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 37: 37–45, 2015
Passive sampling methods for contaminated sediments: State of the science for metals
Authors: Peijnenburg Willie JGM , Teasdale Peter R , Reible Danny , Mondon Julie , Bennett William W , Campbell Peter GC
Published: November 2013

“Dissolved” concentrations of contaminants in sediment porewater (Cfree) provide a more relevant exposure metric for risk assessment than do total concentrations. Passive sampling methods (PSMs) for estimating Cfree offer the potential for cost-efficient and accurate in situ characterization of Cfree for inorganic sediment contaminants. In contrast to the PSMs validated and applied for organic contaminants, the various passive sampling devices developed for metals, metalloids, and some nonmetals (collectively termed “metals”) have been exploited to a limited extent, despite recognized advantages that include low detection limits, detection of time-averaged trends, high spatial resolution, information about dissolved metal speciation, and the ability to capture episodic events and cyclic changes that may be missed by occasional grab sampling. We summarize the PSM approaches for assessing metal toxicity to, and bioaccumulation by, sediment-dwelling biota, including the recognized advantages and limitations of each approach, the need for standardization, and further work needed to facilitate broader acceptance and application of PSM-derived information by decision makers. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2014;10:179–196. © 2014 The Authors. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of SETAC.

Key Points

Passive sampling methods (PSMs) offer the potential for cost-efficient and accurate in situ characterization of the dissolved concentrations for inorganic sediment contaminants. PSMs are useful for evaluating the geochemical behavior of metals in surficial sediments, including determination of fluxes across the sediment-water interface, and post-depositional changes in metal speciation. Few studies have tried to link PSM responses in sediments to metal uptake and toxicity responses in benthic organisms. There is a clear need for further studies. Future PSMs could be designed to mimic saturable kinetics, which would fill the gap between the kinetic and the equilibrium regime samplers currently used, and may improve prediction of metals accumulation by benthic organisms.
Passive sampling methods for contaminated sediments: State of the science for organic contaminants
Authors: Lydy Michael J , Landrum Peter F , Oen Amy MP , Allinson Mayumi , Smedes Foppe , Harwood Amanda D , Li Huizhen , Maruya Keith A , Liu Jingfu
Published: November 2013

This manuscript surveys the literature on passive sampler methods (PSMs) used in contaminated sediments to assess the chemical activity of organic contaminants. The chemical activity in turn dictates the reactivity and bioavailability of contaminants in sediment. Approaches to measure specific binding of compounds to sediment components, for example, amorphous carbon or specific types of reduced carbon, and the associated partition coefficients are difficult to determine, particularly for native sediment. Thus, the development of PSMs that represent the chemical activity of complex compound–sediment interactions, expressed as the freely dissolved contaminant concentration in porewater (Cfree), offer a better proxy for endpoints of concern, such as reactivity, bioaccumulation, and toxicity. Passive sampling methods have estimated Cfree using both kinetic and equilibrium operating modes and used various polymers as the sorbing phase, for example, polydimethylsiloxane, polyethylene, and polyoxymethylene in various configurations, such as sheets, coated fibers, or vials containing thin films. These PSMs have been applied in laboratory exposures and field deployments covering a variety of spatial and temporal scales. A wide range of calibration conditions exist in the literature to estimate Cfree, but consensus values have not been established. The most critical criteria are the partition coefficient between water and the polymer phase and the equilibrium status of the sampler. In addition, the PSM must not appreciably deplete Cfree in the porewater. Some of the future challenges include establishing a standard approach for PSM measurements, correcting for nonequilibrium conditions, establishing guidance for selection and implementation of PSMs, and translating and applying data collected by PSMs. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2014;10:167–178. © 2014 The Authors. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of SETAC.

Key Points

This manuscript reviews 90 recent citations on passive sampling methods (PSMs) that target the freely dissolved concentration (Cfree) of a contaminant in sediment. PSMs employing various polymers and configurations have been used in lab and field applications to quantify Cfree, a better proxy for bioaccumulation and toxicity than bulk sediment (“total”) concentration. Standardization and guidance on proper selection and application of PSMs is needed to expand their utility in assessment and management of contaminated sediments.
The PI3K/AKT pathway promotes gefitinib resistance in mutant KRAS lung adenocarcinoma by a deacetylase‐dependent mechanism
Authors: Jeannot Victor , Busser Benoît , Brambilla Elisabeth , Wislez Marie , Robin Blaise , Cadranel Jacques , Coll Jean‐Luc , Hurbin Amandine
Published: November 2013

To select the appropriate patients for treatment with epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR‐TKIs), it is important to gain a better understanding of the intracellular pathways leading to EGFR‐TKI resistance, which is a common problem in patients with lung cancer. We recently reported that mutant KRAS adenocarcinoma is resistant to gefitinib as a result of amphiregulin and insulin‐like growth factor‐1 receptor overexpression. This resistance leads to inhibition of Ku70 acetylation, thus enhancing the BAX/Ku70 interaction and preventing apoptosis. Here, we determined the intracellular pathways involved in gefitinib resistance in lung cancers and explored the impact of their inhibition. We analyzed the activation of the phosphatidyl inositol‐3‐kinase (PI3K)/AKT pathway and the mitogen‐activated protein kinase/extracellular‐signal regulated kinase (MAPK/ERK) pathway in lung tumors. The activation of AKT was associated with disease progression in tumors with wild‐type EGFR from patients treated with gefitinib (phase II clinical trial IFCT0401). The administration of IGF1R‐TKI or amphiregulin‐directed shRNA decreased AKT signaling and restored gefitinib sensitivity in mutant KRAS cells. The combination of PI3K/AKT inhibition with gefitinib restored apoptosis via Ku70 downregulation and BAX release from Ku70. Deacetylase inhibitors, which decreased the BAX/Ku70 interaction, inhibited AKT signaling and induced gefitinib‐dependent apoptosis. The PI3K/AKT pathway is thus a major pathway contributing to gefitinib resistance in lung tumors with KRAS mutation, through the regulation of the BAX/Ku70 interaction. This finding suggests that combined treatments could improve the outcomes for this subset of lung cancer patients, who have a poor prognosis.
Quantifying nanoscale biochemical heterogeneity in human epithelial cancer cells using combined AFM and PTIR absorption nanoimaging
Authors: Kennedy Eamonn , Al‐Majmaie Rasoul , Al‐Rubeai Mohamed , Zerulla Dominic , Rice James H.
Published: November 2013

Subcellular chemical heterogeneity plays a key role in cell organization and function. However the biomechanics underlying the structure‐function relationship is governed by cell substructures which are poorly resolved using conventional chemical imaging methods. To date, advances in sub‐diffraction limited infrared (IR) nanoscopy have permitted intracellular chemical mapping. In this work we report how image analysis applied to a combination of IR absorption nanoimaging and topographic data permits quantification of chemical complexity at the nanoscale, enabling the analysis of biochemical heterogeneity in mammalian cancer cells on the scale of subcellular features. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH &Co. KGaA, Weinheim)