bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Consonant Clusters Across Morpheme Boundaries: Polish Morphonotactic Inventory and its Acquisition
Authors: Zydorowicz Paulina
Published: April 2011

Consonant Clusters Across Morpheme Boundaries: Polish Morphonotactic Inventory and its Acquisition

Morphonotactics is a term introduced by Dressler and Dziubalska-Kołaczyk (2006) to refer to the interaction of phonotactics and morphotactics. This paper examines the acquisition of phonotactics and morphonotactics, i.e. consonant clusters occurring within morphemes and across morpheme boundaries. It is hypothesized that morphonotactic clusters will be better retained in production than lexical clusters as they carry significant morphological information. Additionally, the acquisition of consonant clusters will be investigated in terms of markedness. With respect to markedness, two hypotheses have been put forward. Firstly, less marked (preferred) sequences will emerge earlier. Secondly, preferred clusters will be retained in production better.
Towards a New Approach for Disambiguation in NLP by Multiple Criterian Decision-Aid
Authors: Hoceini Youssef , Cheragui Mohamed , Abbas Moncef
Published: April 2011

Towards a New Approach for Disambiguation in NLP by Multiple Criterian Decision-Aid

The aim of this paper is to present a combination of NLP and Multiple Criteria Decision-Aid (MCDA) in order to reach an effective analysis when dealing with linguistic data from various sources. The coexistence of these two concepts has allowed us, based on a set of actions and criteria, to develop a coherent system that integrates the entire process of textual data analysis (no-voweled Arabic texts) into decision making in case of ambiguity. Our solution is based on decision theory and an MCDA approach with a TOPSIS technique. This method allows the multi-scenario classification of morphosyntactical ambiguity cases in order to come out with the best performance and reduce the number of candidate scenarios.
Suicide in Indigenous People in Queensland, Australia: Trends and Methods, 1994–2007
Authors: De Leo Diego , Sveticic Jerneja , Milner Allison
Published: March 2011

Objective: Suicide among Indigenous Australians is a well-recognized public health issue. Due to scarcity of epidemiological investigations in this area the exact size of this problem and its main characteristics remain uncertain. In this paper we present trends and methods of Indigenous suicides based on the Queensland Suicide Register for the period 1994–2007.

Methods: Trends of age-standardized suicide rates were calculated for Indigenous and non-Indigenous populations. Suicide methods were compared between the two groups, with particular focus on hanging. Discriminant analysis was used to ascertain the size of under-estimation of suicide rates due to a considerable number of cases with unknown ethnicity in the Queensland Suicide Register.

Results: Between 1994 and 2007, Indigenous populations had suicide rates 2.2 times higher than non-Indigenous Australians. Age-specific suicide rates for Indigenous men were highest in the 25–34 age group, while in women they were highest among 15–24 year olds. In children younger than 15 years, Indigenous suicide rate was almost ten times higher than of non-Indigenous counterparts. More than 90% of Indigenous suicides occurred by hanging. It was estimated that lack of information about ethnicity for 7% of suicide cases might have caused an under-estimation of Indigenous suicide mortality for 15.4% in men and 9.1% in women in the period 1994–2007.

Conclusions: Suicide mortality of Indigenous Australians has reached alarming levels, particularly among youths. The unique profile of Indigenous suicides indicates the need for specifically tailored preventative programmes.
Histopathological pattern of endometrial samples in abnormal uterine bleeding
Authors: Baral R , Pudasaini S
Published: March 2011

Background: Histological characteristics of endometrial biopsy material as assessed by light microscopy remain the diagnostic standard for the clinical diagnosis of endometrial pathology. Management of abnormal uterine bleeding is not complete without tissue diagnosis. The aim of the study was to find out the histopathological pattern of the endometrium in abnormal uterine bleeding. Materials and Methods: Endometrial biopsy specimens received from Jan 2007 to Nov 2010 were studied retrospectively in the Department of Histopathology, Helping Hands Community Hospital, Kathmandu. The specimens were routinely processed and the hematoxyllin and eosin stained slides were studied. Results: A total of 300 specimens were analyzed. In the group of patients less than 40 years of age, 73 (50%) were normal, 34(23%) had abnormal physiologic changes and 13 (9%) had pregnancy related complications and benign changes. In the age group between 40 – 55 years, abnormal physiological changes, benign conditions and normal physiological changes were 45 (32%), 41 (29%) and 37 (26%) respectively. In the age group > 55 years, there were 3(21%) malignant and 3(21%) benign conditions. There were 5(36%) unsatisfactory samples in this age group. Conclusion: It is important to know the histological pattern of the endometrium in abnormal uterine bleeding in different age groups since it will help in the management of the cases. In this study endometrial hyperplasias were seen in 55 cases (18.8%). The importance of studying the histological pattern of endometrium in abnormal uterine bleeding in different age group is to help in correctly managing the cases. Keywords: Endometrium; Simple hyperplasia; Complex hyperplasia; Endometritis; Endometrial Carcinoma. DOI: 10.3126/jpn.v1i1.4443 Journal of Pathology of Nepal (2011) Vol.1, 13-16
Histopathological pattern of central nervous system tumor: A three year retrospective study
Authors: Aryal G
Published: March 2011

Background: There is no documented data regarding the histopathological spectrum of the central nervous system (CNS) tumors in Nepal. The aim of this study was to establish the relative frequency of biopsy proven tumors of the CNS from a single university hospital in Nepal. Materials and Methods: In the period between1998-2000, we retrospectively analyzed data on 57 patients (28 male and 29 female) diagnosed with CNS tumors according to the World Health Organization’s diagnostic criteria. Patient data were retrieved from the archives of the department of Pathology, Nepal Medical College. Results: A total of 57 CNS tumors were diagnosed during a three year period. Of these, 49 (86%) were primary, and 8 (14%) were metastatic. The most frequent type of CNS tumors was astrocytoma (22 cases, 38.6%), followed by meningioma (8 cases, 14%) and metastatic tumor (8 cases, 14%). Among the 8 metastatic tumors, the most common histologic type was adenocarcinoma (7 cases, 87.5%). Conclusion: The most frequent type of CNS tumors in this study was astrocytoma, followed by meningioma and metastatic tumor. The ratio of male to female for all CNS tumors was 0.9:1. Female outnumbered male in meningioma (1:0.3). Keywords: Astrocytoma; Meningioma; Tumor; Nepal; Central nervous system   DOI: 10.3126/jpn.v1i1.4445 Journal of Pathology of Nepal (2011) Vol.1, 22-25
A path to renal transplantation in Nepal
Authors: Enns J , Aryal G
Published: March 2011

End Stage Renal Disease affects many people in the world. There are three methods of renal replacement therapy available to patients: Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis, haemodialysis and transplantation. Transplantation is the most viable and cost effective form of renal replacement therapy that is available for these patients. There are 3 factors required to help ensure a successful renal transplantation program: A well legislated donor and recipient program, Human Leukocyte Antigen testing (pre and post transplant), as well as a post transplant follow up program. Keywords: Renal Transplant; South Asia; Nepal; Human Leukocyte Antigen DOI: 10.3126/jpn.v1i1.4453 Journal of Pathology of Nepal (2011) Vol.1, 52-55
Negotiating the Religious Dimension in Foreign Policy
Authors: Geislerova Marketa
Published: April 2011

There has been a growing pressure on foreign policy-makers in Canada and other societies to pay more attention to religion as they study international relations, formulate policies, conduct diplomacy, and deliver programs abroad. This pressure is multifaceted and has both domestic and international sources. Yet, for a variety of reasons, “negotiating the religious dimension” abroad carries important caveats. The purpose of this paper is to review the rationale for including religion in the policy process and to work through some of the methodological and normative challenges this endeavour represents for scholars and practitioners. It argues for a modest facilitative approach to creating safe and inclusive forums within which ideas with religious dimensions could be broached and contested.
Chloride penetration and corrosion resistance of ground fly ash blended cement mortar
Authors: Rukzon Sumrerng , Chindaprasirt Prinya
Published: April 2011

This research studies the potential for using ground fly ash from the Mae Moh power plant in Thailand as a pozzolanic material. Three different fly ash finenesses, viz., coarse original fly ash, ground medium fly ash, and ground fine fly ash, were used for the study. Ordinary Portland cement was partially replaced with fly ash at 20 % and 40 % by weight of the fly ash. The water to binder ratio was kept constant at 0.5 and the flow of mortar was maintained at 110 ± 5 % with the aid of superplasticizer. Compressive strength, chloride penetration and corrosion resistance of mortars were determined. Fine fly ash has a high potential to be used as a good pozzolanic material. The resistance to chloride penetration and corrosion resistance of mortar improve substantially with partial replacement of Ordinary Portland cement with ground fly ash. The use of finer fly ash results in a stronger and denser mortar which is due to better dispersion and filling effect as well as an increase in the pozzolanic reaction.
A micromechanical analysis of local contact at die compaction of powder materials
Authors: Skrinjar Olle , Larsson Per-Lennart
Published: April 2011

The present investigation concerns a finite element study of the local contact behavior of spherical powders in unit cell arrangements. Numerical results related to die compaction of unit cells of regular body-centered cubic lattices have been compared to previous analytical and numerical findings describing especially local but also global contact at powder compaction. In particular, previously published results concerning self-similarity contact are of interest here. Results relevant for isostatic compaction are also presented for comparative reasons. The finite element calculations are continued up to full density of solid material in the unit cells. The powder assembly is assumed to be composed of monolithic powder material.
Intraoperative monitoring of motor evoked potentials in very young children
Authors: Fulkerson Daniel H. , Satyan Krishna B. , Wilder Lillian M. , Riviello James J. , Stayer Stephen A. , Whitehead William E. , Curry Daniel J. , Dauser Robert C. , Luerssen Thomas G. , Jea Andrew
Published: April 2011

Object

Neurophysiological monitoring of motor evoked potentials (MEPs) during complex spine procedures may reduce the risk of injury by providing feedback to the operating surgeon. While this tool is a well-established surgical adjunct in adults, clinical data in children are sparse. The purpose of this study was to determine the reliability and safety of MEP monitoring in a group of children younger than 3 years of age undergoing neurosurgical spine procedures.

Methods

A total of 10 consecutive spinal procedures in 10 children younger than 3 years of age (range 5–31 months, mean 16.8 months) were analyzed between January 1, 2008, and May 1, 2010. Motor evoked potentials were elicited by transcranial electric stimulation. A standardized anesthesia protocol for monitoring consisted of a titrated propofol drip combined with bolus dosing of fentanyl or sufentanil.

Results

Motor evoked potentials were documented at the beginning and end of the procedure in all 10 patients. A mean baseline stimulation threshold of 533 ± 124 V (range 321–746 V) was used. Six patients maintained MEP signals ≥ 50% of baseline amplitude throughout the surgery. There was a greater than 50% decrease in intraoperative MEP amplitude in at least 1 extremity in 4 patients. Two of these patients returned to baseline status by the end of the case. Two patients had a persistent decrement or variability in MEP signals at the end of the procedure; this correlated with postoperative weakness. There were no complications related to the technique of monitoring MEPs.

Conclusions

A transcranial electric stimulation protocol monitoring corticospinal motor pathways during neurosurgical procedures in children younger than 3 years of age was reliably and safely implemented. A persistent intraoperative decrease of greater than 50% in this small series of 10 pediatric patients younger than 3 years of age predicted a postoperative neurological deficit. The authors advocate routine monitoring of MEPs in this pediatric age group undergoing neurosurgical spine procedures.
Diffuse hemispheric dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor: a new radiological variant associated with early-onset severe epilepsy
Authors: Bird-Lieberman Georgina , Sethi Kaye , Childs Anne-Marie , Chumas Paul , Crimmins Darach , Ismail Azzam , Livingston John
Published: April 2011

The authors describe the clinical and radiological features in 3 children with a diffuse hemispheric dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor (DNET) presenting with severe epilepsy and a previously unreported and characteristic MR imaging appearance. The DNET is a well-recognized cause of focal epilepsy, usually with a very good response to resection. These tumors are usually intracortical, and most commonly arise in the temporal lobe or frontal lobes. Radiologically they are usually sharply demarcated, and show little contrast enhancement.

Three children (2 boys and 1 girl) presented at 14, 17, and 22 months of age with epileptic seizures. The seizures were focal motor or complex focal. One patient had epileptic spasms. The response to antiepileptic drug therapy was poor. Motor and cognitive development was delayed in all patients. One patient developed a severe epileptic encephalopathy, with regression of motor and cognitive skills. Her electroencephalogram obtained at that time showed hypsarhythmia. Admission MR imaging showed a diffuse unilateral abnormality involving frontal, temporal, and parietal lobes with little or no mass effect. There was involvement of both gray and white matter, with a striking sparing of the internal capsule in spite of apparent tumor throughout the basal ganglia and thalamus. In 2 patients there was prominent expansion of cortical gyri by tumor. In 1 child the initial radiological diagnosis was a middle cerebral artery infarct. On subsequent review the radiological diagnosis was thought to be low-grade glioma in all patients.

The first patient underwent 2 limited resections involving the temporal lobe. He has continued to have poorly controlled seizures and severe behavioral and cognitive problems. The other patients had subtotal resection to the level of the internal capsule. One patient is currently seizure free 24 months postsurgery, but remains cognitively impaired. The patient in Case 3 is having some seizures 3.5 years postsurgery and remains hemiplegic, but the regression has reversed and she is making steady developmental progress. The pathological specimens showed the typical features of a DNET in all cases.

This striking radiological pattern has not previously been described as a feature of a DNET. Recognition of this radiological pattern in young children with epilepsy will allow early consideration for resection, which may lead to improved long-term cognitive outcome.
Outcomes in pediatric patients with Chiari malformation Type I followed up without surgery
Authors: Benglis David , Covington Derek , Bhatia Ritwik , Bhatia Sanjiv , Elhammady Mohamed Samy , Ragheb John , Morrison Glenn , Sandberg David I.
Published: April 2011

Object

The natural history of untreated Chiari malformation Type I (CM-I) is poorly defined. The object of this study was to investigate outcomes in pediatric patients with CM-I who were followed up without surgical intervention.

Methods

The authors retrospectively reviewed 124 cases involving patients with CM-I who presented between July 1999 and July 2008 and were followed up without surgery. The patients ranged in age from 0.9 to 19.8 years (mean 7 years). The duration of follow-up ranged from 1.0 to 8.6 years (mean 2.83 years). Imaging findings, symptoms, and findings on neurological examinations were noted at presentation and for the duration of follow-up.

Results

The mean extent of tonsillar herniation at presentation was 8.35 mm (range 5–22 mm). Seven patients had a syrinx at presentation. The syrinx size did not change in these patients on follow-up imaging studies. No new syrinxes developed in the remaining patients who underwent subsequent imaging. The total number of patients with presenting symptoms was 81. Of those 81 patients, 67 demonstrated symptoms that were not typical of CM-I. Of the 14 patients with symptoms attributed to CM-I, 9 had symptoms that were not severe or frequent enough to warrant surgery, and surgery was recommended in the remaining 5 patients. Chiari malformation Type I was also diagnosed in 43 asymptomatic patients who had imaging studies performed for various reasons. No new neurological deficits were noted in any patient for the duration of follow-up.

Conclusions

The majority of patients with CM-I who are followed up without surgery do not progress clinically or radiologically. Longer follow-up of this cohort will be required to determine if symptoms or new neurological findings develop over the course of many years.
Computed tomography morphometric analysis for translaminar screw fixation in the upper thoracic spine of the pediatric population
Authors: Patel Akash J. , Cherian Jacob , Fulkerson Daniel H. , Fox Benjamin D. , Chern Joshua J. , Whitehead William E. , Curry Daniel J. , Luerssen Thomas G. , Jea Andrew
Published: April 2011

Object

Translaminar screw (TLS) fixation can be used safely and efficaciously for upper cervical fusion in children. No published studies have evaluated this technique in the thoracic spine of the pediatric population, and thus the authors undertook such an analysis.

Methods

The upper thoracic spines (T1–4) of 130 patients, consisting of 70 boys and 60 girls, were studied using CT scans. Laminar height and thickness, screw length, and screw angle were measured. Exclusion criteria included the following: patients older than 18 years of age, trauma or congenital abnormalities of the thoracic spine, or absent demographic information or imaging studies through T-4. Statistical analysis was performed using paired or unpaired Student t-tests (p < 0.05) and linear regression analysis.

Results

The mean laminar heights for T-1, T-2, T-3, and T-4 were as follows: 12.3 ± 3.4, 13.0 ± 3.5, 13.4 ± 3.8, and 14.7 ± 4.1 mm, respectively. The mean laminar widths were 6.5 ± 1.3, 6.6 ± 1.3, 6.6 ± 1.3, and 6.6 ± 1.4 mm, respectively. The mean screw lengths were 29.9 ± 4.1, 25.2 ± 3.5, 22.7 ± 3.2, and 21.6 ± 3.1 mm, respectively. The mean screw angles were 47° ± 4°, 48° ± 4°, 51° ± 4°, and 53° ± 5°, respectively. There were no significant differences between the right and left sides. However, significant differences were found when comparing patients younger than 8 years with those who were 8 years or older, and when comparing boys and girls.

Conclusions

Careful preoperative thin-cut CT with sagittal reconstruction is mandatory to determine if the placement of TLSs is feasible in the pediatric population. Based on CT analysis, the insertion of TLSs in the pediatric thoracic spine is possible in all patients older than 8 years and in many patients younger than 8 years. Boys could accept longer screws in the upper thoracic spine compared with girls.
Management of complex giant spinal arachnoid cysts presenting with myelopathy
Authors: Furtado Sunil V. , Thakar Sumit , Murthy Ganesh K. , Dadlani Ravi , Hegde Alangar S.
Published: April 2011

A giant spinal arachnoid cyst is an unusual cause of progressive epidural compressive syndrome. The authors describe 4 cases of a “complex” subtype of this lesion and discuss aspects of surgical management. The patients presented with progressive spastic paraparesis and were found to harbor extensive spinal extradural arachnoid cysts with multiple septations and significant paraspinal extensions. Extensive laminotomy and excision of the cyst along with its extensions were performed in all cases.

Compared with previously indexed cases of surgically managed extensive spinal extradural arachnoid cysts, the cases reported here are unique because of their complex nature. Curative treatment consists of radical excision inclusive of the paraspinal extensions as well as closure of a dural defect, if found. A laminotomy or laminoplasty should be performed to avoid postoperative instability related to the extensive exposure. Extended follow-up and instrumentation may be required in select cases.
Nail-gun injury of the cervical spine: simple technique for removal of a barbed nail
Authors: Nathoo Narendra , Sarkar Atom , Varma Gandhi , Mendel Ehud
Published: April 2011

Although nail-gun injuries are a common form of penetrating low-velocity injury, impalement with barbed nails has been underreported to date. Barbed nails are designed to resist dislodgment once embedded, and any attempt at removal may splay open the barbs along the path of entry, with the potential for significant soft-tissue and neurovascular injury. A 25-year-old man sustained a nail impalement of the cervical spine from accidental discharge of a nail gun. The patient was noted to be fully conscious with no neurological deficits. Cervical Zone 2 impalement was noted, with only the head of the nail visible. Angiography revealed the nail lying just anterior to the right vertebral artery (VA), with compression of the vessel. Preoperatively, analysis of a similar nail revealed that orientation of the head determined position of the barbs. A deep neck dissection was then performed to the lateral aspect of the C-3 body, using the nail as a guide. Prior to removal, the nail was turned 180° to change the position of the barbs, to prevent injury to the VA. Nail removal was uneventful. The authors present a simple technique for treatment of a nail-gun injury with a barbed nail. Prior to removal, radiographic analysis of the impaled nail must be performed to determine the presence of barbs. If possible, the surgeon should request a similar nail for analysis prior to surgery. Last, the treating surgeon must have knowledge of the barbs' position at all times during nail removal, to prevent damage to critical structures.
Biagio Bartalini's “Catalogo dei corpi marini fossili che si trovano intorno a Siena” (1776)
Authors: Manganelli Giuseppe , Benocci Andrea , Spadini Valeriano
Published: April 2011

In 1776, the Sienese botanist Biagio Bartalini (1750–1822) published a catalogue of wild plants growing around Siena, adding an appendix on fossils found in the same area, that is the first monograph on Sienese fossils and one of the first works of its kind in Italy. This paper provides tentative identifications of the species and an analysis of the value and meaning of Bartalini's work.

The catalogue reports 72 species, each denoted by a list of names applied to analogous living taxa. Identification of single entities is extremely problematical because it can only be attempted through analysis of the literature, since the original material cannot be traced.

The most interesting report is the first record of a Euro-Mediterranean Pliocene species of Sthenorytis (Gastropoda, Epitoniidae). Though important, the catalogue is incomplete, with oversights and mistakes, suggesting little familiarity with the subject. Shortcomings include some inconsistencies in the species sequence, the report of giant clams and the absence of molluscs ubiquitous in the Sienese Pliocene and sharks. Nor is it true that it is the first Italian palaeontological work in which binomial nomenclature was used, as sometimes claimed.
Development of microsatellite markers for Aulonemia aristulata (Poaceae) and cross‐amplification in other bamboo species
Authors: Abreu Aluana G. , Grombone‐Guaratini Maria T. , Monteiro Mariza , Pinheiro José B. , Tombolato Antonio F.C. , Zucchi Maria I.
Published: March 2011

• Premise of the study: Microsatellite primers were developed for Aulonemia aristulata, an endangered species of economic interest, to further describe its genetic variability and population structure. We also tested cross‐amplification in 18 other bamboo species.

• Methods and Results: Using an enrichment genomic library, 13 microsatellite loci were isolated and characterized in A. aristulata. Seven of these loci were polymorphic. Twelve markers were cross‐amplified in at least ten of the tested bamboo species.

• Conclusions: These markers will be useful for studies on the genetic diversity and structure of A. aristulata, which are important for future conservation, management and breeding programs of this species.
Challenges in Diagnosing Latent Tuberculosis Infection in Patients Treated with Tumor Necrosis Factor Antagonists
Authors: KEYSTONE EDWARD C. , PAPP KIM A. , WOBESER WENDY
Published: April 2011

Reactivation of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) is well recognized as an adverse event associated with anti-tumor necrosis factor-α (anti-TNF-α) therapy. The strengths and weaknesses of current techniques for detecting LTBI in patients with chronic inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and psoriasis have not been fully examined. T cell hyporesponsiveness due to immunosuppression caused by illness or drugs, referred to as anergy, may produce false-negative tuberculin skin test (TST) and interferon-γ release assay (IGRA) results. The literature suggests that anergy may influence screening performance of TST and IGRA tests in candidates for anti-TNF-α therapy. Conversely, the potential for false-positive TST and IGRA results must be considered, as treatment for LTBI may be associated with significant morbidity. This review examines the reliability issues related to LTBI diagnostic testing and provides practical direction to help prevent LTBI reactivation and facilitate successful anti-TNF-α treatment.
Development of Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Patients with Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis Treated with Etanercept
Authors: van DIJKEN TRUDY D. , VASTERT SEBASTIAAN J. , GERLONI VALERIA M. , PONTIKAKI IRENE , LINNEMANN KRISTINA , GIRSCHICK HERMANN , ARMBRUST WINEKE , MINDEN KIRSTEN , PRINCE FEMKE H.M. , KOKKE FREDDY T.M. , NIEUWENHUIS EDWARD E.S. , HORNEFF GERD , WULFFRAAT NICO M.
Published: April 2011

Objective.

With the increasing use of etanercept for juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) new possible adverse events are reported including new autoimmune diseases. Our purpose was to examine if the incidence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in patients with JIA using etanercept is higher than in the healthy age-matched population. We give the clinical characteristics of the IBD in patients with JIA using etanercept.

Methods.

The national JIA registries for etanercept of The Netherlands, Germany, Finland, Denmark, and Italy were searched for patients with JIA and IBD. The total number of patient-years was used to calculate incidence. The physicians of the identified patients were asked to give clinical details.

Results.

Thirteen cases of IBD in JIA patients were identified in the registries between 1999 and 2008. The IBD incidence in JIA patients while using etanercept was 362 per 100,000 patient-years under etanercept, about 43 times higher than in the general pediatric population. Clinical presentation of IBD in JIA patients using etanercept was similar to that in non-JIA patients. The median time between onset of JIA and onset of IBD was 6 years and 10 months. The time between the start of etanercept and the first appearance of IBD symptoms was between 9 days and 4.5 years.

Conclusion.

The incidence of IBD in JIA patients using etanercept seems to be markedly increased, analyzing data from European registries. This incidence of IBD in the etanercept registries cannot be compared to the incidence of IBD in JIA patients using other treatment without etanercept, because such registries do not exist yet in all European countries. These findings are in keeping with a report of 8 new IBD cases occurring in French children with JIA using etanercept. These findings illustrate the need for large international disease-specific registries focused on outcome and pharmacovigilance.
Alceste comme outil de traitement d'entretiens semi-directifs : essai et critiques pour un usage en sociologie
Authors: Dalud-Vincent Monique
Published: April 2011

Les logiciels d’analyse textuelle se multiplient et le sociologue est confronté à la question du bien-fondé de leur utilisation. Si, d’un côté, on peut voir une augmentation du volume de textes que l’on peut traiter et un gain de temps certain, de l’autre, on peut s’interroger sur la manière de traiter les données, les hypothèses implicites mises en œuvre dans de tels outils. Dans cet article, nous nous intéressons au logiciel Alceste et nous tentons de déconstruire sa manière de traiter du texte en général, des entretiens semi-directifs en particulier à partir d’une problématique particulière. En tenant compte essentiellement d’hypothèses sur les mots concentrant le sens d’un texte d’après leur nature grammaticale mais aussi d’hypothèses sur la manière de découper le texte en Unités de Contexte et en cherchant à se trouver dans les « bonnes » conditions d’applications de certains outils statistiques, Max Reinert construit un « résumé » (parmi tant d’autres possibles) du corpus pris comme « un tout ». Ce « résumé » et son traitement, basé sur les régularités, n’intègrent à aucun moment les hypothèses et le point de vue théorique du sociologue.
L'application du modèle de l'Imaginaire linguistique à des corpus écrits : le cas des chroniques de langage dans la presse québécoise
Authors: Remysen Wim
Published: April 2011

Cet article porte sur le modèle de l’Imaginaire linguistique, développé dès les années 1980 par Anne-Marie Houdebine. Il a pour objectif de montrer comment ce modèle, conçu dans le but de mieux comprendre le rôle que jouent les attitudes linguistiques des locuteurs dans l’évaluation de leurs usages et de ceux des autres, peut servir à analyser la façon dont sont construits les discours portant sur la norme en matière de langue. Nous montrerons plus précisément comment nous nous sommes servi du modèle pour analyser un type de discours normatif particulier, les chroniques de langage, c’est-à-dire des séries d’articles consacrés à la langue et publiés dans des journaux. Il s’agira d’illustrer comment le modèle d’Houdebine nous a permis d’établir une grille d’analyse permettant d’inventorier et d’étudier les différents arguments dont les chroniqueurs se servent pour évaluer l’acceptabilité des faits de langue qu’ils commentent. Par ailleurs, nous proposerons une réflexion critique au sujet du modèle à la lumière de notre analyse, notamment dans le but de l’enrichir. Notre analyse porte sur un corpus composé de 31 chroniques de langage publiées dans la presse québécoise entre 1865 et 1996.
Migrations des jeunes filles au Mali : exploitation ou émancipation ?
Authors: Lesclingand Marie
Published: March 2011

Résumé Les migrations féminines de nature économique en augmentation depuis plusieurs décennies sont fortement liées au marché domestique. Ainsi, au Mali, des jeunes filles originaires de zones rurales migrent vers les grands centres urbains où elles sont employées comme « petites bonnes » chez des particuliers. Dans une population rurale malienne, ce type de mobilité a connu un essor tout à fait spectaculaire depuis la fin des années 1980. Cet article analyse leur développement à partir de données d’enquêtes réalisées d’une part auprès de populations rurales du Mali mais également à Bamako, principale destination de ces migrations. La confrontation de différents points de vue et discours permet de relativiser une approche « misérabiliste » associant mobilité féminine et travail des enfants à des formes de prostitution et d’exploitation, en mettant en évidence l’aspect formateur et émancipateur de ces expériences migratoires.
Crise internationale et emploi industriel féminin au Mexique
Authors: Coubès Marie-Laure
Published: March 2011

Résumé La ségrégation sexuelle des emplois protège-t-elle les femmes en temps de crise ? Ou, au contraire, les femmes sont-elles considérées comme une traditionnelle armée industrielle de réserve, les plus vulnérables à la récession? À partir de l’exemple de l’emploi dans l’industrie maquiladora d’exportation au Mexique pendant la crise mondiale 2008-2009, l’article discute cette question de l’impact de la crise économique sur l’emploi des femmes dans un marché du travail inséré dans la globalisation. Les données mobilisées sont celles de l’enquête nationale d’emploi réalisée pour tous les trimestres de 2007 à 2010 qui permet une analyse fine de l’emploi des hommes et des femmes dans quatre secteurs principaux de l’industrie d’exportation.
Intraosseous Devices for Intravascular Access in Adult Trauma Patients
Authors: Day Michael W.
Published: April 2011

Three intraosseous devices have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration for use in adult trauma patients when intravenous access cannot be obtained. Sites of insertion are the sternum (FAST1), proximal tibia and humerus (Big Injection Gun), and proximal and distal tibia and humerus (EZ-IO). Insertion generally requires less than 1 minute, and flow rates up to 125 mL/min can be achieved. The devices are used for emergency resuscitation and should be removed within 24 hours of insertion or as soon as practical after peripheral or central intravenous access has been achieved. Contraindications include fractures or other trauma at the insertion site, prosthetic joints near the site, previous attempts to insert an intra osseous device at the same site, osteoporosis or other bone abnormalities, infections at the proposed site, and inability to identify pertinent insertion landmarks. Primary complications are extravasation of medications and fluids into the soft tissue, fractures caused by the insertion, and osteomyelitis.
Use of Peripherally Inserted Central Catheters As an Alternative to Central Catheters in Neurocritical Care Units
Authors: DeLemos Christi , Abi-Nader Judy , Akins Paul T.
Published: April 2011

Background

Patients in neurological critical care units often have lengthy stays that require extended vascular access and invasive hemodynamic monitoring. The traditional approach for these patients has relied heavily on central venous and pulmonary artery catheters. The aim of this study was to evaluate peripherally inserted central catheters as an alternative to central venous catheters in neurocritical care settings.

Methods

Data on 35 patients who had peripherally inserted central catheters rather than central venous or pulmonary artery catheters for intravascular access and monitoring were collected from a prospective registry of neurological critical care admissions. These data were cross-referenced with information from hospital-based data registries for peripherally inserted central catheters and subarachnoid hemorrhage.

Results

Complete data were available on 33 patients with Hunt-Hess grade IV–V aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Catheters remained in place a total of 649 days (mean, 19 days; range, 4–64 days). One patient (3%) had deep vein thrombosis in an upper extremity. In 2 patients, central venous pressure measured with a peripherally inserted catheter was higher than pressure measured concurrently with a central venous catheter. None of the 33 patients had a central catheter bloodstream infection or persistent insertion-related complications.

Conclusions

Use of peripherally inserted central catheters rather than central venous catheters or pulmonary artery catheters in the neurocritical care unit reduced procedural and infection risk without compromising patient management.
The PPE18 Protein of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Inhibits NF-κB/rel–Mediated Proinflammatory Cytokine Production by Upregulating and Phosphorylating Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 3 Protein
Authors: Nair Shiny , Pandey Akhilesh Datt , Mukhopadhyay Sangita
Published: March 2011

Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria are known to suppress proinflammatory cytokines like IL-12 and TNF-α for a biased Th2 response that favors a successful infection and its subsequent intracellular survival. However, the signaling pathways targeted by the bacilli to inhibit production of these cytokines are not fully understood. In this study, we demonstrate that the PPE18 protein of M. tuberculosis inhibits LPS-induced IL-12 and TNF-α production by blocking nuclear translocation of p50, p65 NF-κB, and c-rel transcription factors. We found that PPE18 upregulates the expression as well as tyrosine phosphorylation of suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3), and the phosphorylated SOCS3 physically interacts with IκBα–NF-κB/rel complex, inhibiting phosphorylation of IκBα at the serine 32/36 residues by IκB kinase-β, and thereby prevents nuclear translocation of the NF-κB/rel subunits in LPS-activated macrophages. Specific knockdown of SOCS3 by small interfering RNA enhanced IκBα phosphorylation, leading to increased nuclear levels of NF-κB/rel transcription factors vis-a-vis IL-12 p40 and TNF-α production in macrophages cotreated with PPE18 and LPS. The PPE18 protein did not affect the IκB kinase-β activity. Our study describes a novel mechanism by which phosphorylated SOCS3 inhibits NF-κB activation by masking the phosphorylation site of IκBα. Also, this study highlights the possible mechanisms by which the M. tuberculosis suppresses production of proinflammatory cytokines using PPE18.
Mapping of Conformational IgE Epitopes with Peptide-Specific Monoclonal Antibodies Reveals Simultaneous Binding of Different IgE Antibodies to a Surface Patch on the Major Birch Pollen Allergen, Bet v 1
Authors: Gieras Anna , Cejka Petra , Blatt Katharina , Focke-Tejkl Margarete , Linhart Birgit , Flicker Sabine , Stoecklinger Angelika , Marth Katharina , Drescher Anja , Thalhamer Josef , Valent Peter , Majdic Otto , Valenta Rudolf
Published: March 2011

Allergic inflammation is based on the cross-linking of mast cell and basophil-bound IgE Abs and requires at least two binding sites for IgE on allergens, which are difficult to characterize because they are often conformational in nature. We studied the IgE recognition of birch pollen allergen Bet v 1, a major allergen for >100 million allergic patients. Monoclonal and polyclonal Abs raised against Bet v 1-derived peptides were used to compete with allergic patients’ IgE binding to Bet v 1 to search for sequences involved in IgE recognition. Strong inhibitions of patients’ IgE binding to Bet v 1 (52–75%) were obtained with mAbs specific for two peptides comprising aa 29–58 (P2) and aa 73–103 (P6) of Bet v 1. As determined by surface plasmon resonance, mAb2 specific for P2 and mAb12 specific for P6 showed high affinity, but only polyclonal rabbit anti-P2 and anti-P6 Abs or a combination of mAbs inhibited allergen-induced basophil degranulation. Thus, P2 and P6 define a surface patch on the Bet v 1 allergen, which allows simultaneous binding of several different IgE Abs required for efficient basophil and mast cell activation. This finding explains the high allergenic activity of the Bet v 1 allergen. The approach of using peptide-specific Abs for the mapping of conformational IgE epitopes on allergens may be generally applicable. It may allow discriminating highly allergenic from less allergenic allergen molecules and facilitate the rational design of active and passive allergen-specific immunotherapy strategies.
TLR5-Deficient Mice Lack Basal Inflammatory and Metabolic Defects but Exhibit Impaired CD4 T Cell Responses to a Flagellated Pathogen
Authors: Letran Shirdi E. , Lee Seung-Joo , Atif Shaikh M. , Flores-Langarica Adriana , Uematsu Satoshi , Akira Shizuo , Cunningham Adam F. , McSorley Stephen J.
Published: March 2011

TLR5-deficient mice have been reported to develop spontaneous intestinal inflammation and metabolic abnormalities. However, we report that TLR5-deficient mice from two different animal colonies display no evidence of basal inflammatory disease, metabolic abnormalities, or enhanced resistance to Salmonella infection. In contrast, the absence of TLR5 hindered the initial activation and clonal expansion of intestinal flagellin-specific CD4 T cells following oral Salmonella infection. Together, these data demonstrate that a basal inflammatory phenotype is not a consistent feature of TLR5-deficient mice and document a novel role for TLR5 in the rapid targeting of flagellin by intestinal pathogen-specific CD4 T cells.
16S rRNA-Based Identification of a Glucan-HyperproducingWeissella confusa
Authors: Shukla Shraddha , Goyal Arun
Published: March 2011

A gram-positive, nonmotile, irregular, short, rod-shaped new strain ofWeissella confusabacterium was isolated from fermented cabbage. The isolate was physiologically and biochemically characterised. The 16S rDNA was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The isolate was identified asWeissella confusa(GenBank accession number: GU138518.1) based on nucleotide homology and phylogenetic analysis. The isolate produces glucansucrase when grown in sucrose-supplemented culture medium which catalyses glucan formation. This novel isolate possesses high capacity of industrial use due to its high productivity of glucan (34 mg/mL) as compared to other strains reported. The optimum temperature for glucansucrase production was 25°C. The shaking condition gave an enzyme activity of 6.1 U/mL which was 1.5 times higher than that given by static condition (4.1 U/mL). The temperature 35°C, pH 5.4, and ionic strength 10–20 mM were optimum for enzyme assay. This investigation unraveled the abundance of industrially valuable microflora of the north east India.
Illegal Passive Smoking at Work
Authors: Lesage François-Xavier , Deschamps Frédéric , Jurca Denisa
Published: March 2011

Introduction. Exposure to passive smoking at work has been forbidden for few years in France. This study's aim is to estimate the prevalence of passive smoking at work (PSW), the characteristics of illegal passive smoking and to identify eventual respiratory effects.Methods. Occupational practitioners (OPs) of a French county of 320,000 wage earners were contacted by mail. Then OP answered questions from a standardized questionnaire. These questions concerned the practised job, exposure features linked to PSW and health effects in relationship with second-hand smoke in workplace, and the focus on nonsmoker encountered by OP during the most recent occupational medical examination.Results. Ninety-five percent of a total group of 172 OP of Champagne county filled the postal questionnaire. More than 80% of OP's replies identified illegal PSW. The average prevalence of PSW exposure was 0.7% of the total working population. Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) levels were considered between low and medium for most passive smokers (71%). Main features exposure to ETS at work for non-smokers was associated with female gender (69.5%), age between 40 and 49 years (41.2%) and belonging to tertiary sector (75.6%). Environmental tobacco smoke exposures at work was firstly in the office for 49.7% of the subjects and secondly in the restroom for 18% of them. Main medical symptoms encountered by non-smokers were respiratory tractus irritation (81.7%). Eighty-three percent of OPs indicated solution to eradicate PSW. Illegal PSW is really weaker than fifteen years ago. However, the findings support a real ban on smoking in the workplace in order to protect all workers.
Does relaxation on a bed of nails (spike mat) induce beneficial effects? A randomized controlled pilot study
Authors: Kjellgren Anette , Erdefelt Kristin , Werngren Lena , Norlander Torsten
Published: April 2011

Self-care treatments with bed of nails or spike mats have gained increased popularity world-wide; advertised as a method for pain reduction and wellbeing. Scientific studies regarding effects are still lacking. The aim of the present study was to investigate if daily relaxation on a spike mat for three weeks could induce beneficial effects. Participants were 36 individuals suffering from muscle tension pains in their back or/and neck. They were randomly assigned to a control group or an experimental group, who were treated with 15 minutes daily rest during three weeks on the spike mat. Significant reduced experienced worst pain intensity was found. There were no effects on normal pain intensity, optimism, anxiety, depression, stress, energy, or sleep quality. The participants appreciated the treatment, but their enthusiastic verbal reports of experienced beneficial effects could not be verified in the statistical analyses. The reduction of worst pain may be explained by the gate-control theory, where competing stimuli applied over the affected area produce a pain reduction. It can also be an effect of placebo or the relaxation. More research on relaxation on a spike mat is needed before its possible effects can be confirmed. No negative effects were found in the present study, but it has to be remembered no studies investigating risks for treatment on spike mats exist.
Fentanyl Buccal Tablet for the Treatment of Breakthrough Pain: Pharmacokinetics of Buccal Mucosa Delivery and Clinical Efficacy
Authors: Darwish Mona , Hamed Ehab , Messina John
Published: March 2011

The treatment of breakthrough pain (BTP), a transitory exacerbation of pain that occurs on a background of otherwise-controlled, persistent pain, requires an opioid formulation and/or method of administration that can provide rapid and extensive systemic exposure. Fentanyl buccal tablet (FBT; FENTORA®, Cephalon, Inc.) employs OraVescent® drug delivery technology, which enhances the rate and extent of fentanyl absorption. OraVescent technology enhances the oral dissolution and buccal absorption of fentanyl, which facilitates rapid uptake of fentanyl into the bloodstream, reducing gastrointestinal absorption and minimizing extensive first-pass metabolism. The resulting pharmacokinetic profile of FBT is characterized by greater bioavailability and a higher early systemic exposure compared with the earlier oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate formulation. In clinical studies of opioid-tolerant patients with cancer-related and noncancer-related BTP, FBT has provided consistent and clinically relevant improvements in pain intensity and pain relief relative to placebo, with a safety and tolerability profile that is generally typical of that observed with other potent opioids. The pharmacokinetic properties of FBT allow for meaningful clinical efficacy, with an onset of action that closely matches the onset of BTP.