bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bovine Viral Diarrhea
Authors: Donis Ruben O.
Published: March 2023

Bovine viral diarrhea virus is the most important viral pathogen of the bovine fetus. After birth it is responsible for two clinically dissimilar conditions: BVD and mucosal disease. It also causes significant losses as a result of its interaction with other pathogens, enhancing their morbidity in dual infections. Currently available prophylactic vaccines may be inadequate because they are not totally safe or afford incomplete protection; Our understanding of the pathogenesis of BVD virus infections in cattle is in a very dynamic state at the present time, as a result of work carried out by several groups (1-5). In contrast, progress in areas such as the molecular events of virus replication, the antigenic structure of the virus and the specificity of the immune response of the host has been slower.
Physiology and Pharmacology of the Postpartum Cow and Retained Fetal Membranes
Authors: Bretzlaff Katherine
Published: March 2023

Retained fetal membranes (RFM) in dairy cows are frequently associated with postpartum endometritis, delayed involution, delayed onset of cyclicity, and reduced reproductive performance. Numerous reports and recommendations for the treatment of RFM have been published, yet the search continues for a method to prevent the occurrence of the condition or at least reduce its effect on fertility.
Economic Aspects of Nutritional Monitoring on Dairy Herds
Authors: Galligan David T.
Published: March 2023

Veterinary nutritional services are an integral part of the herd health services offered to dairy clients (1). Nutrition plays a vital role influencing the production efficiency of the herd both on a disease and input cost level. Feeds form approximately 40-60% of the total input cost of milk production. More importantly the feeding program is a cost center that can be effectively controlled at minimal additional cost. The veterinarian can play the vital role in providing unbiased nutritional services at relatively low cost. The purpose of this talk is to go over the nature of this service.

A nutritional service can be broken down into three main areas of routine activity in which the veterinarian can play a vital role: I) Feed Selection, 2) Feed distribution, and 3) Monitoring production efficiency. Each of these areas will be discussed in detail.
Practical Heat-Stress Management
Authors: Johnson Paul E.
Published: March 2023

In many parts of the United States there are times in the year when environmental conditions pose many challenges to the dairyman. In my practice territory, from May through October, temperatures above 90° F and relative humidity above 80% are prevalent. During these periods of heat-stress, the dairyman must adapt his facilities and management practices to provide an environment for the cow that is conducive to profitable milk production. Environment directly and indirectly affects the survival and productivity of the dairy cow.1 Temperature, wind velocity, and solar radiation directly affect the cow, while environmental influences on feed quality and intake affect cows indirectly.
Culling Dairy Cows
Authors: Fetrow John
Published: March 2023

Culling decisions present a serious challenge, both for the dairyman and for the veterinarian who provides service to the farm. Culled cows represent a substantial expense to the producer. The cost of rearing youngstock averages approximately 20 percent of the overall operating expenses of a dairy. Rearing excess heifers to replace cows unavoidably lost from production addes a significant burden to the financial load borne by the dairyman.
Diagnosis of Colostrum Deprivation in Calves
Authors: Hunt Elaine
Published: March 2023

Colostrum is the primary source of passive natural protective antibody for the neonatal ruminant. Early ingestion of this immunoglobulin (lg) rich milk is critical for neonatal calf survival; colostrum deprivation results in neonatal failure of passive transfer of antibody (FPTA).1,2
Procedures for Collection and Shipment of Samples for Trichomonas and Campylobacter Culturing from Bulls
Authors: Cheney John M.
Published: March 2023

Equipment and Materials Needed1. Uterine infusion pipettes. Pipettes with flexible syringe adapters work much better that pipettes with bored syringe adapters.2. IO- I 2cc syringes.3. Large diameter plastic soft-drinking straws. Must be large enough to accomodate uterine infusion pipette.4. 5cc plastic or glass tubes containing . 2cc of USP Lactated Ringer's or 2cc USP Saline Solution. Tubes must be water tight. Red topped 5cc bleeding vacutainer tubes work well. Do not flush samples into bangs bleeding tubes.5. Insulate box to keep samples from excessive heat or cold during collection and transport to laboratory. Samples for Camypylobacter should be kept at around room temperature.6. Clark's media in sealed, rubber stopper vials.
"Superbill" Invoicing for the Mixed Practice
Authors: Anderson Mike
Published: March 2023

A superbill is a pseudonym for a style of invioce that lists all the services offered on a one page invoice and allows one to check-off only those services used. Coded services combined with a computer becomes a rapid method of charging all billable procedures; it insures consistency between doctors and lay staff, and the service history information is easily retrievable for summary review and adjustment.
Repairing Uterine Lacerations Due to Dystocia
Authors: Andreas John
Published: March 2023

What do you do when the uterus is severely lacerated as you correct a dystocia?

In the past in our practice, many of these cases were sent to slaughter. Some cases could be repaired by laparotomy and prolonged nursing care, but this was an expensive and time-consuming procedure. Now we have another option, prolapsing the uterus first and then repairing the laceration, a procedure I picked up from Dr. Maarten Drost from the University of Florida. In my experience with three recent cases, this option results in better prognosis and fewer complications than laparotomy.
Need for Organized Health Management Programs
Authors: Thiessen Ed
Published: March 2023

In the first years when I came home we ran a cow-calf operation and fed out our own calves. It amounted to about 100-120 per year. We rarely talked to or used a veterinarian other than with the yard calving situation, pregnancy testing, and a little bit of advice about implanting. In fact I recall I had a sick calf in one of the first years I was home and I put it on the pickup truck and took it to the veterinary clinic. It was diagnosed as pneumonia and they gave it a shot and told me to treat it for two more days and I brought it hume. Our facilities were such I fed and watered that calf on the pickup truck for two days so I could treat it for two more days.
Advances in Viral Vaccine Technology
Authors: Babiuk L. A.
Published: March 2023

Although the era of vaccination has seen major advances in controlling many important diseases of man and animals, only one viral disease, small pox, has been eliminated globally. Other infectious diseases have proven more resilient to control and therefore, a need exists for the development of better, more effective vaccines. The advent of various genetic and biochemical techniques, combined with the understanding of microbial pathogenesis and host responses of these infections during the last decade has led to the emergence of a variety of new approaches to development of better vaccines, as well as potential methods of delivery of these vaccines. Based on these developments, an attempt will be made at summarizing some of the unique strategies that are being used to combat viral infections. Approaches used to develop synthetic peptide vaccines, recombinant hybrid vaccines, deletion mutants and subunit viral vaccines will be discussed. Furthermore, the advantages and limitations of these approaches will be addressed, as will some of the potential ways of overcoming these limitations.
Practical Field Trials within a Private Practice
Authors: Dohoo Ian R.
Published: March 2023

Producers expect veterinary practitioners to be able to offer sound advice on the selection of prophylactic and therapeutic products for use in their herds. However, many of these products have never been thoroughly evaluated under field conditions. Even those that have been tested have often only been compared to no treatment at all, instead of against other available products. This leaves the practitioner with little information on which to base his/her recommendations.
Preconditioning Programs in the U.S.
Authors: Miksch Duane
Published: March 2023

Preconditioning is far from static in the United States. After 23 years of working with the concept, there are still more questions than answers. Preconditioning is a theoretically sound concept. Testimonials of the benefits abound, especially in the Northern Great Plains and in the Southeast. Nevertheless, many of the claims for preconditioning are not substantiated by controlled research data.
Controversy Surrounding the Role of the Bovine Virus Diarrhea Virus (B.V.D.V.) in the Pathogenesis of Pneumonic Pasteurellosis in Cattle
Authors: Radostits Otto M. , Townsend Hugh G.
Published: March 2023

This is a brief review and discussion of the evidence which has proposed for about the last 20 years that the bovine virus diarrhea virus (BVDV) has a role in the pathogenesis of pneumonic pasteurellosis of cattle which is one of the most common causes of acute undifferentiated bovine respiratory disease or the "shipping-fever complex." We propose to show that there is no substantive evidence to implicate the BVDV in the pathogenesis of acute respiratory disease in cattle.
Teat Dips and the Practitioner
Authors: Pankey J. Woodrow
Published: March 2023

Control of bovine mastitis is predicated on a reduction in the rate of udder infection and a decrease in duration of existing udder infections.10 The duration of udder infection is affected by therapy, spontaneous cure, death and culling. Rate of udder infection is affected by udder hygiene practices, milking procedures and milking machine function.10 Emphasis will be given to udder hygiene practices in this paper, particularly postmilking teat antisepsis.
Selenium and Mammary Resistance to Infectious Disease
Authors: Erskine R. J. , Eberhart R. J. , Grasso P. J. , Scholz R. W.
Published: March 2023

We designed an experimental mastitis trial to study, under more controlled conditions, the effect of Se on mammary resistance to disease. We divided twenty Holstein heifers into two groups of ten. One group was maintained on a Se deficient (Se-) diet with 0.04ppm Se on a total ration basis. The other group was fed a selenium adequate (Se+) diet that contained 0.14ppm Se. We fed both groups identical rations, except the Se+ group received an additional 2 mg of Se per head per day. All other nutrients, including Vitamin E, were fed at or above NRC recommended levels. We challenged the heifers at about 14 weeks post-partum with 30 colony forming units (cfu) of Escherichia coli in one quarter. Quarters selected for challenge had SCC <250,000 cells / ml and no prior infections.
Benchmark
Authors: Martin S. Wayne , McDermott John J. , Alves David M. , Anderson Neil G.
Published: March 2023

Our bias is that the system should be sufficiently decentralized to meet the major needs of a variety of producers, yet have sufficient centralized planning and data sharing to allow the manipulation and analyses of the volume of data necessary to identify factors influencing health status and to assist in indentifying optimal health management strategies. Indeed the monitoring system and the health management program should be closely integrated. Continuous monitoring can also reveal the extent to which the objectives of health management have been reached. Certainly, the monitoring system should incorporate production data as well as data on disease. It is essential to quantify the effects of disease on production, and it is equally important to realize that the level of production (production efficiency if available) is often the best screening test for health status. In this paper we would like to portray systems that can serve the major needs of individual herd owners and veterinarians, and by data sharing can also meet the needs of provincial and federal governments for large scale monitoring systems.
Ancillary (Nonantimicrobial) Therapy in the Treatment of Bovine Respiratory Disease
Authors: Breazile James E.
Published: March 2023

The respiratory system of mammals plays a critical role in external respiration; the exchange of gases between the ambient atmosphere and the blood. In addition to this function, the respiratory system is significantly involved in body temperature control, vocalization, immunity to inhaled antigens, antimicrobial action, detoxication, olfaction and a number of important metalbolic and endocrine functions. In considerations of the pathogenesis of respiratory disease and in the planning of therapeutic regimens, maintaining the primary function of gas exchange is of critical importance, but the effects on other respiratory functions must also be considered. In this review, therapeutic intervention in bovine respiratory disease will be reviewed with the goal of selecting therapetic agents that optimze respiratory and tissue defense mechanisms and minimizing damage produced by infectious agents or tissue reactions to these organisms.
Daily Income Over Feed Cost Value of an Open Day for Holstein Cows
Authors: Thorne James G. , Goodger William J. , Troutt H. Fred , Farver Thomas A. , Scott Jamon L.
Published: March 2023

The value of an open day for Holstein cows was determined using actual feed costs and detailed production and income records from seven large dry-lot, group-feeding dairies in Tulare County, California, which represent large scale dairy farm technology.
Monitoring Trends in Conception Rate
Authors: Seguin Bradley E.
Published: March 2023

Monitoring results of a breeding program, especially evaluating trends in conception rate, should be an integral part of a reproductive herd health program.1 "Conception rate" is defined here as the number of pregnancies resulting from a given number of services which when multiplied by 100 becomes a percentage. The number of services used as the denominator should be all services in a given period including those used in cows that ultimately leave the herd without conceiving. Counting only those services used in cows that eventually conceive gives an artificially high result and one that is unduly affected by culling. This policy also complicates and delays conception rate calculation as no decision can be made about the inclusion or exclusion of unsuccessful services in cows still being bred.
Ocular Surgery for Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Hull Bruce L.
Published: March 2023

In treating ocular squamous cell carcinoma in cattle, certainly enucleation or exenteration have been the time honored methods of choice. In many cases they may still be the methods of choice, however, as they leave a unilaterally blind animal, other less radical methods of therapy should be used whenever possible. Less radical therapeutic approaches should include: 1) immunotherapy, 2) cryosurgery, 3) radiofrequency hyperthermia, 4) Beta radiation, and 5) surgical removal of the tumor tissue without complete enucleation.
Tracheal Collapse and Stenosis of Calves
Authors: Kersting K. , Thompson J.
Published: March 2023

Tracheal collapse and/or stenosis on calves, while undoubtedly not a new condition is being more frequently recognized as a potential cause of severe respiratory distress. The condition is routinely associated with anterior rib fractures which have occurred during dystocia. The calves generally exhibit normal health until fracture healing is advanced. Bone callus formation at or near the thoracic inlet impairs development of the trachea or exerts sufficient pressure to cause collapse of the tracheal lumen.
Reproduction and Maternal Characteristics of Diverse Breeds of Cattle used for Beef production
Authors: Cundiff Larry V. , Gregory Keith E. , Koch Robert M.
Published: March 2023

Grading up or straightbreeding to Shorthorns, Herefords and Angus was the dominant system employed in beef production from the late 1800's until the 1960's in the United States. Although most cattlemen had their favorite breed, the adage that "there is more variation within breeds than between breeds" was generally accepted as a truism among beef cattle breeders throughout this period. As, Lush1 pointed out, stockmen were misled by this attitude into believing that genetic differences between breeds were "not real after all" or at least not very important. Recognition of the importance of heterosis (difference between mean for F1 crosses and mean for parental breeds) from diallel crossing experiments conducted in the 1960's and interest in increasing output components fo beef production, stimulated interest in crossbreeding to breeds with greater genetic potential for milk production, growth rate and mature size. As a result, a large number of breeds, introduced from Europe via quarantine facilities in Canada, became available to North American beef producers. Interest in the newly introduced breeds and in other breeds previously considered only for dairying coincided with the establishment of the Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center (MARC) in the late 1960's. The Germ Plasm Evaluation (GPE) Program was initiated in 1969 at MARC to characterize a broad spectrum of breeds that differed widely in genetic potential for growth rate, milk production, carcass composition and mature size. The purpose of this paper is to review results from the GPE program concerning genetic variation among breeds relative to that within breeds for reproduction and maternal traits important to beef production.
Direct Returns from IRM Implementation in Beef Practice
Authors: Walker Jack
Published: March 2023

I have been involved in IRM for the last seven years, both as a practicing veterinarian participating in local producer projects and as co-chairman of the Idaho IRM program. This involvement has given me the opportunity to see various types of IRM programs across the country, and I am very excited about the potential benefits for both veterinary medicine and the livestock industry. I would like to share with you my thoughts on the IRM concept and how our profession can function within IRM. I encourage each of you to become involved in your state's programs and judge for yourselves the value of IRM.
Udder Health and BST
Authors: Sears Philip M.
Published: March 2023

"Higher production will hurt the small producer, increase stress and enhance disease". These cliches are not new and have accompanied most major changes in the dairy industry dealing with milk production. They are not all untruths, and many management changes have affected exposure and risk to both metabolic and infectious diseases which challenge our traditional approach to disease control. Understanding the new sciences and using them properly are challenges we must face in our herd health programs. Historically, the elimination of Streptococcus agalactiae in a herd has not assured the control of mastitis unless combined with measures to reduce other sources of infections in the herd. Lowering the somatic cell count in a herd results in increased production, but without proper environmental controls, increased clinical mastitis can offset the benefits of reduced subclinical mastitis. Most of our management changes have resulted in improved production, better milk quality or positive cost-benefits ration for the producer. Bovine somatotropin (BST) is the most recent scientific advancement in the industry, offering benefits but sharing concerns as seen in the past. Unlike other new advances, few improvements have received as much publicity or as much scientific research evaluation.
Health Programs for Productivity Using Bovine Somatotropin (BST)
Authors: Weaver L. D.
Published: March 2023

Production medicine programs for Bovine Somatotropin (BST)-treated herds will be similar to programs in high producing herds. Veterinary activities will include reproductive health, nutrition, udder health and production monitoring services. Available research data indicate little effect on cow health or fertility in animals receiving BST at efficacious levels. Primary concerns are maintaining/restoring body condition, reproduction management options and consumer/marketing issues. This presentation will briefly discuss disease effects other than those associated with nutrition, reproduction and udder health, outline possible treatment strategies, describe dry cow and fresh cow management for BST treated herds and present a rationale for on-line production monitoring.
Consumer and Milk Marketing Concerns Because of BST Produced Milk
Authors: Keating Barbara
Published: March 2023

I am president of Consumer Alert (CA), a nationwide membership organization for consumers that advances free markets and competitive enterprise.

In addition, CA, as an education foundation, focuses on the advancement of safe technology and the dissemination of accurate scientific data enabling consumers to evaluate risks in their lives.

Those of us involved in the consumer alert organization are convinced that among the primary interests of American consumers are freedom from personal coercion, prudent government tax and spend policies, enhancement of competitive enterprise, the availability of foreign goods and accurate risk data so that individuals can make informed choices.
Necropsy Procedure for Cattle
Authors: Edwards Alvin J.
Published: March 2023

The key to disease control is the diagnosis. While history and clinical signs, possibly supplemented by laboratory tests, may lead to the diagnosis, it is often only the post mortem examination which can determine the nature of an animal's disease. Necropsies should therefore be regarded as standard diagnostic procedure, particularly in the case of herd problems. A skillfully conducted and intelligently interpreted post mortem examination will always give the stock owner a surprisingly high degree of satisfaction and will greatly enhance his confidence in the veterinarian.

The performance of a necropsy is both a science and an art. As a science, it requires a thorough knowledge of general and special pathology of organs and organ systems. It assumes a familiarity with the infections, metabolic and parasitic diseases of different species. It demands the ability to recognize normal and pathological tissues with or without post mortem changes.

As an art, it requires facility in standardized necropsy procedure to effectively illuminate pathological conditions so they may be studied accurately. It necessitates a concern for precision, neatness, and thoroughness so that a complete diagnosis can follow.

The necropsy examination looks easy when one watches an experienced prospector at work. Familiarity and repeated use of a procedure increases proficiency and dispels the useless pulling, cutting, and destruction of lesions which greatly reduce the possibility of arriving at a diagnosis. The veterinarian who learns and adheres to a definite necropsy protocol will be uniform, rapid, systematic, and complete.

Completeness facilitates diagnosis, or problem solving of cases, and is the key to consistent interpretation of lesions. Following a standard protocol assures that each organ system will be grossly observed in turn. Short cuts lead to a lack of thoroughness and a consequent missed diagnosis, or no diagnosis at all.
Overturning Turnover...
Authors: De Groff Terry
Published: March 2023

Each practice has its own personality or practice philosophy.

Your practice philosophy is defined by the way you conduct your business on a day to day basis and not by what you might write in a manual.

All veterinarians need to find their niche in a group practice... they need to feel that they contribute and are needed.

If they do not find this niche, they are not likely to stay long.
Balancing Carbohydrates for High Producing Cows
Authors: Hutjens Michael F.
Published: March 2023

With increasing milk production and emphasis on milk protein, meeting the nutrient needs of dairy cows is becoming a greater challenge. A balanced ration provides the correct amounts of nutrient for maximal microbial growth and end product yield (volatile fatty acids and microbial protein) plus undegraded nutrients (protein, carbohydrates, and fats) meeting the cow's productive needs (milk, growth, reproduction, and maintenance). Carbohydrates make up 70 percent of the ration and serve as the primary source of energy for lactating cows. This paper will discuss structural, non-structural, and functional carbohydrate components of the dairy ration (Table 1).
Protein, Bypass Protein and the Fate of Nitrogen
Authors: Sniffen C. J.
Published: March 2023

The price of feeds have increased significantly in the last few years. Farmers are continuing to try to find ways to cut feed costs. Several things have happened in ration formulation that are going to allow us to formulate rations less expensively. We are improving our knowledge on balancing for nonstructural carbohydrate, NDF, fat and protein fractions. This will allow us to improve our accuracy in formulating rations to optimize rumen fermentation and reduce the purchase of expensive protein and fat sources. The discussion of the protein system needs to be in terms of the carbohydrates consumed. We can then examine the opportunities to fine tune the protein fractions and save money.
N-Acetyl-B-D-Glucosaminidase as a Predictor of Milk Loss and Recovery Following Clinical Mastitis
Authors: Wilson D. J. , Bartlett P. C. , Mellenberger R. W. , Kirk J. H. , Mather E. C.
Published: March 2023

Clinical mastitis is becoming more important as management improvements have resulted in greater control of nonclinical pathogens (2,11). Economic losses due to clinical mastitis include decreased milk production, discarded milk, loss of animals due to culling or death, therapeutic costs, veterinary fees, and labor (1,5). Clinical mastitis cases vary greatly in lost milk production, duration of treatment, duration of clinical signs, and risk of culling from the herd. At the onset of signs, it is difficult to predict which cases will be most severe. Accurate early prognosis for mastitis has economic value. This study was conducted to assess the ability of a single milk NA Gase level (obtained at clinical onset) to predict severity of mastitis.
Bovine Gastric and Intestinal Cryptosporidiosis
Authors: Anderson Bruce C.
Published: March 2023

This writer intends to provide information which will be useful or may be useful, next week in the practices of cattle practitioners. Comments on epidemiology, control and zoonotic potential of Cryptosporidium parvum (intestinal pathogen) were solicited for an oral presentation at the recent meeting of the American Association of Bovine Practitioners. But, from day-to-day bovine practice standpoint, there isn't much to say about this intestinal pathogen, despite the publication of about 1000 articles on cryptosporidiosis in the past 10 years. In fact, William Current and Lynn Garcia stated recently in a review article1 (357 references) that, "Despite the large number of recent papers and the large number of laboratories throughout the world devoting significant effort in Cryptosporidium research, our present understanding of this protozoan parasite is very limited." Dubey, Speer and Fayer have published a complete reference book (1047 ref.) on cryptosporidiosis.2 Many of the details of the following may be found among the references in these two sources.

Some preliminary informaton on the newly-discovered gastric pathogen of cattle, Cryptosporidium muris was added to the above-mentioned talk and has been added to this paper. Our understanding about this gastric cryptosporidial parasite is also limited because it simply hasn't been studied. Mention of the parasite here and results of preliminary investigations should stimulate some interest in promoting further study of this possibly significant chronic parasitism of the stomach of production animals.

Cryptosporidia are coccidial protozoan parasites related to the well-known eimerial coccidia; in other words, they are in the suborder, Eimeriorina. The original definitions were of the gastric and intestinal forms, C. muris and C. parvum, respectively, isolated from mice. Today the C. parvum designation is applied to isolates which cause enteritis in numerous mammalian species including humans. The C. muris organism differs from the enteric C, parvum not only in location (stomach) but in size and shape of oocyst. (See section on C. muris).
Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy
Authors: Robinson Mark M.
Published: March 2023

Between November, 1986, and August, 1991, 35,100 clinical cases of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) were confirmed histopathologically by the staff of the Central Veterinary Laboratory (CVL) Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food in Weybridge, England. It is not known how many cases of BSE went unreported during this time period, but informal estimates range from several hundred to several thousand. These losses occurred within the prime production population of the United Kingdom's dairy and beef herds which number approximately four million adult animals (twelve million total cattle) in a geographic area approximately the size of Oregon. During the same period, novel spongiform encephalopathies were confirmed in nine zoo animals of various species, but all from the family bovidae. Also, spongiform encephalopathy was confirmed in nineteen domestic cats during the last sixteen months, and BSE was identified in native-born dairy cattle in Switzerland (7 cases confirmed) and France (4 cases confirmed) during the past ten months.

The advent of a novel, progressive, and transmissible spongiform encephalopathy in cattle and its rise to epidemic levels in the United Kingdom has caused substantial economic hardship for the dairy, beef, and rendering industries of that country. In addition, it has led to increased public concern about the quality of agricultural products in general and the effectiveness of the government agencies that regulate the production and consumption of those products. These concerns have been transmitted internationally such that a recurring question in Europe and the Americas is "Can BSE happen here?". A simple answer to this question is not available, but awareness on the part of U.S. bovine practitioners of the disease characteristics and the factors that contributed to the problem in the U.K. will help prevent a BSE-like epidemic from occurring in the United States.
Managing Body Condition Scores to Maximize Milk Yield and Reproduction
Authors: Weaver Leon D.
Published: March 2023

Careful management of body reserves of dairy cows is crucial to efficient production because body fat is a necessary and important energy source for lactation in the first few months after parturition. Furthermore, excessive body fat before calving is often associated with decreased feed intake in the presence of normal milk yield. This results in large energy deficits, metabolic diseases, decreased fertility and increased culling. Postpartum energy deficits are minimized by maximizing dry matter intake through various management strategies including selection of high quality forages and feeds, providing rations high in energy density and feedbunk management. Cows should be in moderate body condition at calving to ensure maximum feed consumption capacity during the first two months of lactation.
Farming the Dairy Cycles
Authors: Rogers Don R.
Published: March 2023

The decade of the '80s was primarily a down cycle for the dairy industry-a sorting out of those who really had the resources and the will to survive. Now, in the '90s, we have a wiser and better group of dairy farm managers. This group is demanding more professional services than ever from agribusiness, especially large animal veterinanans like you in the area of herd management and we in Farm Credit in farm management.

Today, I would like to address where I believe the dairy industry is going and how we can better serve their changing needs.
Considerations for Replacement Heifer Housing
Authors: Bickert William G.
Published: March 2023

The calves and heifers on a dairy farm represent the future of the milking herd. Beginning at birth, the replacement animals should be the best of the lot, genetically superior to the older animals. Accomplishing this is the result of a well-managed breeding program; taking advantage of the genetic superiority requires that nutrition, health and housing are part of the management program as well.

For healthy, potentially high producing replacement animals, the housing environment should provide adequate space for water, feed, resting and exercise. High humidities are especially detrimental to animal health requiring adequate ventilation to remove the moisture produced by the animals themselves. Adequate ventilation also removes other air pollutants so as to maintain suitable air quality.
Congenital Defects of Current Concern in Beef Cattle
Authors: Leipold H. W. , Steffen D. J. , Woollen N. , Hiraga T. , Dennis S. M.
Published: March 2023

Congenital defects are abnormalities of structure, formation of function present at birth. They may affect a single anatomical structure or function, an entire system, parts of several systems, or may involve several body systems, or combine functional and structural defects to form syndromes. Our consultancy program at Kansas State University utilizes a combination of clinical examination, pathology, genetics, research and a central congenital defects file, to assist breeders and the AI industry in the decision making process of breeding and defect monitoring programs. Congenital defects of current concern in beef cattle are reviewed here.
Calving Season Management
Authors: Mortimer Robert G. , Morris David L.
Published: March 2023

Optimizing calf crop weaned is a major goal of most producers. To accomplish this goal, a primary area of focus for management is reducing losses during the calving season. The objective of this paper is to discuss the economics of disease and losses and the prevention of losses through effective personnel training and records management.
Postmortem Examination of Feedlot Animals
Authors: Booker Calvin W. , Janzen Eugene D.
Published: March 2023

The discussion of information pertaining to postmortem examinations presented in this paper should provide food animal practitioners with an efficient and practical means of performing field necropsies. Moreover, these examinations should provide valuable data for assessing the effectiveness of current preventive and therapeutic programs. This knowledge should assist the food animal veterinarian in the rational development of new strategies for the control and prevention of feedlot diseases.
Conducting Field Trials in Your Practice
Authors: Saltman Roger L.
Published: March 2023

In recent years, there has been a continuing evolution in the professional roles assumed by the practicing dairy veterinarian. Decreasing cow and dairy farm numbers, as well as the increasing needs and expectations of remaining dairymen, have necessitated a broader involvement of the veterinarian in all aspects of the dairy operation. This approach, popularly known as Dairy Production Medicine, has been wholly embraced as a practice "modus operandi" by a growing number of dairy veterinarians and, even more commonly, most dairy practices incorporate at least some aspects of this practice philosophy in their services. While the list of potential services offered in a Dairy Production Medicine practice can be quite lengthy (e.g., ration formulation, performance records analysis, financial records analysis, milking equipment evaluation/mastitis prevention program, heifer raising evaluation, personnel training and management, sick cow treatment, etc.), it is the purpose of this paper to describe (albeit briefly due to time constraints) yet another service that could be included in a comprehensive Dairy Production Medicine program... the conducting of field trials on client dairies.
Mastitis Control Without A Slap In The Face
Authors: Johnson Andrew P.
Published: March 2023

The importance of quality milk has been known by our profession for years. As dairy farmers work to improve their milk quality, the level of environmental mastitis appears to be going up as somatic cell counts go down. As our producers do a better job, the contagious bacteria are under control and the only bacteria left are the environmentals.

Many new procedures have been introduced to the dairy industry to help dairy farmers reduce the level of environmental mastitis. Things such as predipping, not using water, clipping udders, keeping stalls clean and dry, lot and pasture management, vaccines and nutrition have all been introduced to dairy farmers to help them control environmental mastitis.
Heifer Co-op
Authors: Hilton W. Mark
Published: March 2023

In our area of the country (Eastern Iowa) we have many family farms that include beef cows as one of their many farming enterprises. Many of these producers find it difficult to justify saving back replacement heifers due to a variety of reasons, namely:1. One breeding pasture used.2. Only one bull used on the entire cow herd.3. Calving problems with heifers.4. Replacement heifers are sired by current herd bull.5. Too few heifers to successfully heat detect and A.I.6. Unable to identify top replacements due to a lackof records.7. Poor facilities to make A.I. practical.

So, many of these producers end up buying bred cows to replace their culls, and often times they are buying someone else's culls.
Formulating Anionic Dry Cow Rations
Authors: Byers David I.
Published: March 2023

Dry cow nutrition is one of the most neglected areas of dairy cattle management. This is a serious oversight in that this 60-day period sets the stage for subsequent lactational performance. Thus, inattention to dry cow diets can be very costly; conversely, properly formulated rations can be very rewarding. Dr. Dave Beede, dairy researcher, University of Florida, catches the impact of proper dry cow nutrition when he says, "It is an investment in the next lactation."
Herd Health for the Beef Cattle Operation!
Authors: Richey Ed , Hendry Ross , Cornwell Scott
Published: March 2023

To be able to use herd health programs effectively, they must be SIMPLE & FIT the cattle OPERATION. How do we keep herd (animal) health simple? Know what a HEALTHY HERD is! A healthy herd exists when the RESISTANCE LEVEL of the animals remain above the DISEASE CHALLENGE LEVEL.
Worms' World
Authors: Soulsby Lord E. J. L.
Published: March 2023

The development of veterinary parasitology is reviewed through the last 100 years. The age of discovery of species and their life cycles set the scene for studies of the biology, pathophysiology and immunological responses directed against them. Anthelmintics have undergone major developments, now have high efficacy but other issues such as the environmental impact are increasingly dominant necessitating considerations of genetic resistance to disease and the production of novel vaccines such as the use of hidden antigenic determinants of the gut of helminths. Future developments include the synthesis of T cell reactive polypeptides and the avoidance of immunosuppressive epitopes. Not withstanding developments in the immunological field it is recognised that major developments can flow from a deeper understanding of the biology and molecular biology of helminths.
Impact of Parasites on the Immune System of Cattle
Authors: Zimmerman Gary L.
Published: March 2023

All cattle have parasites. Even low worms burdens, often considered normal, can have an economic impact on productivity. The major effects of parasitism are not from competition for host nutrition, but rather from phenomenon such as damage to host tissues, alteration of physiological functions, host reaction to the parasites, and adverse immune interactions. Consequences of the interactions between the host immune system and parasites can be dramatic. In order to survive in immunocompetent hosts, parasites either modulate or avoid the host immune responses. When parasites actively modulate host immunity, the results can range from the inapparent to severe pathologic changes that compromise the heal th and survival of the animal. The majority of these changes have some adverse effects on productivity. Suppression of host immune responses can increase susceptibility to other parasites as well as bacteria and viruses. Parasite-induced suppression of host immune systems may reduce responses to vaccines, which can be misinterpreted as vaccine failure. A practical consequence of the immune response to parasites is the production of antibodies that can be detected by various techniques. The complex immune interactions and a wide diversity of parasite transmission patterns require more than a cursory consideration to achieve maximum production efficiency. The astute bovine practitioner must consider the overall parasite-host interface in order to develop a more integrated approach to herd health programs.
Immunology of the Host-Vector-Pathogen Interface
Authors: Wikel Stephen K. , Ramachandra Rangappa N.
Published: March 2023

Hematophagous arthropods and the diseases they transmit are of vast medical and veterinary public health importance. Ticks are the most important vectors of pathogens to domestic and wild animal species, and they are second only to mosquitoes as transmitters of disease causing agents to humans.1 The patterns, number and variety of tick-borne diseases continues to change.2 It is likely that this trend will continue into the future. This review will focus upon tick-host-pathogen interactions, due to the body of information available related to these associations.
Prospects for Salmonella Control in Cattle
Authors: Smith Bradford P. , House John
Published: March 2023

Salmonella infections appear to be increasing in animals and humans at a time in history when many other infectious diseases are being satisfactorily controlled (I). There have been large and well publicized outbreaks of human salmonellosis (2-5), and an increase in the number of isolations reported from both animals (6) and humans (7). While there are over 2200 serotypes of Salmonella recognized, the good news is that 5 or 6 serotypes consistently cause most of the problem in cattle. These serotypes are S. typhimurium, ,S. dublin, S. newport, S. montevideo, and S. anatum. A recent survey employing serologic methods found that over 70% of dairies in California had evidence of Salmonella infection (8). In order to examine the prospects for control of Salmonella in cattle, one must try to understand why this high prevalence rate of Salmonella infection exists
Evaluation of Danofloxacin in the Therapy of Pneumonia Associated With Pasteurella Species in Young Calves
Authors: Barthel H. , Giles C. J. , Roelants B. , Stellingwerf D. , Thomasson C. , Tolling S. T.
Published: March 2023

Acute pneumonia is an economically important disease afflicting young cattle world-wide. The disease develops as a complex interaction and the aetiology of any outbreak is often multifactorial (1). Pasteurella spp. are the most important bacteria involved causing fibrinous bronchopneumonia (2, 3), but more frequently they increase the severity of lung lesions inflicted by viruses and/or mycoplasmas. Transport, housing and mixing of animals are management factors contributing to outbreaks of acute pneumonia. This paper summarizes the results of seven studies conducted in Europe in which the efficacy of the fluoroquinolone antimicrobial danofloxacin* against naturally occurring outbreaks of acute pneumonia in calves was evaluated in comparison with trimethoprim/sulpha.
Effects in Calves of Mixed Infections With Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus and Several Other Bovine Viruses
Authors: Castrucci G. , Ferrari M. , Traldi V. , Tartaglione E.
Published: March 2023

The purpose of the present study therefore, was to determine whether the clinical response to BVDV infection might be altered by the intervention of other viral infections affecting cattle, such as those induced by infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR), parainfluenza-3 (PI-3) viruses, and bovid herpesvirus-4 (BHV-4).
Pharmacokinetics of Danofloxacin in Pneumonic Cattle
Authors: Apley Michael D. , Upson Dan
Published: March 2023

Two-hundred and two head of cross-bred steers and bulls were purchased in southwest Texas and shipped by truck approximately 13 hours to the study site in Manhattan, Kansas. The majority of the calves were freshly weaned and originated from numerous production units. No biologicals or pharmaceuticals were administered prior to or after shipping. Specific clinical criteria were used to select calves with acute respiratory disease.

The first 36 calves to meet clinical criteria were injected intramuscularly with danofloxacin* at a dose of 1.25 mg/kg and then sacrificed at one of 6 post-injection sample times. Two cranial-ventral and two caudal-dorsal tissue samples from each lung, as well as a plasma sample, were analyzed for danofloxacin concentration. The presence of bronchopneumonia was confirmed grossly, microbiologically, and histopathologically.

A computer generated line of best fit indicated the maximum cranial-ventral pneumonic lung tissue concentration of 1.17 μg/g occurred 1.8 hours after injection. Mean elimination halftime for pneumonic lung tissue was 5.2 hours. A trend towards slightly decreased danofloxacin concentrations in the pneumonic cranial-ventral lung samples, as compared to grossly normal caudal-dorsal lung tissue, was considered clinically insignificant.

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Non-Freemartin Rate in Holstein Heterosexual Twins
Authors: Buoen L. C. , Zhang T. Q. , Weber A. F. , Ruth G. R.
Published: March 2023

Bovine freemartinism is the sexual modification of a female twin by in utero exchange of blood from a male fetus. This condition was first described by Hunter in 17791 and was well known to result in sterility. The freemartin syndrome occurs in around 92% of bovine females born as a result of heterosexual twin pregnancies2, which indicates 8% of female heterosexual twins will be normal. The diagnosis of freemartinism can be established by one of the following methods: 1) clinical genital abnormalities; 2) presence of sex chromatin bodies in circulating leukocytes in male co-twin; 3) presence of sex chromosome chimerism (XX/XY) of hemopoietic cells; 4) blood typing; and 5) skin grafting. In order to promote the preservation of ideal genetic traits in newborn heterosexual co-twin heifer calves in the Holstein breed, the American Holstein Association authorized our laboratory to cytogenetically test calves for potential freemartinism. The purpose of this paper is to review the cytogenetical results of testing Holstein heifer heterosexual twins referred to our laboratory in the last 13 years.
Macroepidemiology As It Affects Decision Making In Animal Health
Authors: Hurd H. S. , Hueston W.
Published: March 2023

The purpose of this paper is to present the new concept of macroepidemiology, to draw parallels with herd health and clinical epidemiology, and to provide examples of macroepidemiology in action.
Promising Avenues in Mastitis Control
Authors: Sears Philip , Blackburn Peter
Published: March 2023

The control of bovine mastitis commonly relies on the use of antibiotics and chemical germicides to treat and prevent intramammary infections. The failure of antibiotics to eliminate mastitis pathogens in lactating cows can be attributed to microorganisms sequestered in microabcesses or within leukocytes where they lie dormant and inaccessible to antibiotics. There is an increasing consumer concern over the potential risk of residues in the milk supply from mastitis treatment. Advances in biotechnology have made available alternative compounds that can be used for the treatment and control of mastitis. Examples are the antimicrobial proteins, nisin and lysostaphin, that are bactericidal against dividing and dormant organisms, and against antibiotic resistant mastitis pathogens. These proteins are nontoxic and may be used in the prevention and therapy of mastitis infections while reducing the risk of hazardous milk residues.

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