bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fire as a key driver of Earth's biodiversity
Authors: He Tianhua , Lamont Byron B. , Pausas Juli G.
Published: July 2019

Many terrestrial ecosystems are fire prone, such that their composition and structure are largely due to their fire regime. Regions subject to regular fire have exceptionally high levels of species richness and endemism, and fire has been proposed as a major driver of their diversity, within the context of climate, resource availability and environmental heterogeneity. However, current fire‐management practices rarely take into account the ecological and evolutionary roles of fire in maintaining biodiversity. Here, we focus on the mechanisms that enable fire to act as a major ecological and evolutionary force that promotes and maintains biodiversity over numerous spatiotemporal scales. From an ecological perspective, the vegetation, topography and local weather conditions during a fire generate a landscape with spatial and temporal variation in fire‐related patches (pyrodiversity), and these produce the biotic and environmental heterogeneity that drives biodiversity across local and regional scales. There have been few empirical tests of the proposition that ‘pyrodiversity begets biodiversity’ but we show that biodiversity should peak at moderately high levels of pyrodiversity. Overall species richness is greatest immediately after fire and declines monotonically over time, with postfire successional pathways dictated by animal habitat preferences and varying lifespans among resident plants. Theory and data support the ‘intermediate disturbance hypothesis’ when mean patch species diversity is correlated with mean fire intervals. Postfire persistence, recruitment and immigration allow species with different life histories to coexist. From an evolutionary perspective, fire drives population turnover and diversification by promoting a wide range of adaptive responses to particular fire regimes. Among 39 comparisons, the number of species in 26 fire‐prone lineages is much higher than that in their non‐fire‐prone sister lineages. Fire and its byproducts may have direct mutagenic effects, producing novel genotypes that can lead to trait innovation and even speciation. A paradigm shift aimed at restoring biodiversity‐maintaining fire regimes across broad landscapes is required among the fire research and management communities. This will require ecologists and other professionals to spread the burgeoning fire‐science knowledge beyond scientific publications to the broader public, politicians and media.
Poly(methyl methacrylate)/polysiloxane core‐shell latex as a deepening agent for dyed polyester fabric
Authors: Yu Chengbing , Lu Yilin , Chang Yixun , Yang Dan
Published: July 2019

Polyester fabrics are usually difficult to dye deeply due to their high refractive indexes. In this study, poly(methyl methacrylate)/polysiloxane core‐shell latex was used as a deepening agent in the colour‐deepening finishing of dyed polyester fabrics by lowering the refraction index and enhancing the diffuse reflection via the rough surface. Poly(methyl methacrylate)/polysiloxane core‐shell latex has a better shade‐deepening effect than polysiloxane latex on dyed polyester fabrics. The mass ratio of core/shell monomer and the finishing conditions of the polyester fabrics had a large influence on shade deepening. The optimum finishing conditions were obtained for a mass ratio of core/shell monomer of 1:2, a deepening agent concentration of 10 wt%, a pick‐up of 80%, and a curing temperature of 180°C. After a deepening finishing, the dyed polyester fabrics showed a small colour difference and the colour fastness barely decreased.
Early hypoglycaemia and adherence after basal insulin initiation in a nationally representative sample of Medicare beneficiaries with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Li Pengxiang , Geng Zhi , Ladage Vrushabh P. , Wu Jasmanda , Lorincz Ilona , Doshi Jalpa A.
Published: July 2019

Aims

To estimate risk factors associated with early hypoglycaemia and its impact on adherence to and persistence with therapy in Medicare Part D beneficiaries with type 2 diabetes who are initiating basal insulin (BI).

Materials and methods

This retrospective analysis used a 5% sample of Medicare files from 2007–2013, identifying beneficiaries with type 2 diabetes initiating BI from 1 January 2008 to 31 December 2012. Early hypoglycaemia was defined as ≥1 hypoglycaemic event ≤6 months postindex. Outcomes included medication adherence and persistence over 12‐ and 36‐month follow‐up. Multivariable logistic and Cox regression analyses were conducted to examine factors associated with early hypoglycaemia and BI adherence/persistence.

Results

Of the 14 466 included patients, 1315 (9.1%) experienced hypoglycaemia ≤6 months after initiating BI. Factors associated with early hypoglycaemia were female sex (odds ratio [OR] 1.16 [95% confidence interval [CI] 1.02–1.32]), receipt of a low‐income subsidy under Medicare Part D (OR 1.20 [95% CI 1.01–1.43]), high diabetes complication score index (OR 1.08 [95% CI 1.01–1.15]), and hypoglycaemia during the baseline period (OR 4.24 [95% CI 3.63–4.96]). At 12 months, patients with baseline hypoglycaemia were less likely to be adherent to (OR 0.81 [95% CI 0.70–0.93]) and more likely to discontinue (OR 1.33 [95% CI 1.07–1.66]) their insulin therapy. Results were similar at 36 months.

Conclusions

Within 6 months of BI initiation, almost 1 in 10 Medicare Part D beneficiaries experienced hypoglycaemia. Early hypoglycaemia was associated with decreased adherence to BI treatment over 12‐ and 36‐month follow‐up.
Physicochemical properties, digestibility and expected glycaemic index of high amylose rice differing in length‐width ratio in Sri Lanka
Authors: Gunaratne Anil , Wu Kao , Kong Xiangli , Gan Ren‐You , Sui Zhongquan , Kumara Kapila , Ratnayake Upul Kumari , Senarathne Kumuduni , Kasapis Stefan , Corke Harold
Published: July 2019

Gelatinization, pasting, digestibility and estimated glycaemic index of six high amylose rice varieties differing in length/width ratio were studied. Amylose content ranged narrowly (27.8–29.1%). Resistant starch content ranged from 0.44% to 1.4%. In contrast to gelatinisation enthalpy, gelatinisation temperature (GT) ranged narrowly (76.7–77.4 °C). For all rice varieties, melting temperature of amylose‐lipid complex I and II was around 99 °C and 110 °C, respectively. The enthalpy of amylose‐lipid complex I and II ranged between 0.18–0.87 and 0.23–0.55, respectively. Expected in vitro glycaemic index (GI) of all tested varieties was similar (88.2–92.4). The results showed that the size of the rice grain (length/width) and resistant starch content had no apparent impact on the GI of high amylose rice. The dominant factors determining the digestibility and glycaemic response of the tested high amylose rice varieties seemed to be amylose content and the GT. Besides the pasting temperature, other pasting properties varied significantly but were not correlated to starch digestibility and estimated GI among the six rice varieties. Thus, RVA pasting properties, except for pasting temperature, may not be good predictors for the GI of these high amylose rice.
Investigation of an in‐line prototype fluorescence and infrared backscatter sensor to monitor rennet‐induced coagulation of skim milk at different protein concentrations
Authors: Panikuttira Bhavya , Payne Fred A. , O'Shea Norah , Tobin John T. , O'Callaghan Donal J. , O'Donnell Colm P.
Published: July 2019

Coagulation of milk is one of the most important steps in cheese manufacture. Cutting the coagulum at optimum firmness is important to optimise the yield and quality of the cheese produced. The aim of this study was to investigate a prototype sensor to monitor rennet‐induced coagulation of skim milk at different protein concentrations (3.3%, 4.0% and 4.7%) and to develop a model to predict the coagulum cutting time at a desired storage modulus (G′). Fluorescence and infrared backscatter profiles were recorded at wavelengths of 350 and 880 nm, respectively. Rheological measurements were used as a reference method to determine the times required for the coagulum to reach G′ values of 0.5, 5 and 20 Pa. Time parameters extracted from the optical profiles generated during the coagulation process were used to develop a model to predict the cutting time at which the coagulum reaches selected G′ values. This study demonstrated that the investigated prototype sensor, combined with the developed prediction model, can be used as an in‐line PAT tool for real‐time monitoring of milk coagulation and prediction of cutting time in cheese manufacturing.
A novel topical therapy for resistant and early peristomal pyoderma gangrenosum
Authors: Pearson Wendy A. , Prentice David A. , Sinclair Deborah L. , Lim Lee Y. , Carville Keryln J.
Published: July 2019

Peristomal pyoderma gangrenosum (PPG) is an under‐recognised and difficult condition to treat. We describe a case series using a novel topical combination therapy that promotes wound healing and allows for adhesion of the stoma appliance. A crushed oral prednisolone tablet mixed with Stomahesive Protective Powder (ConvaTec) was applied topically to seven patients with PPG and resulted in pain relief and wound healing in six of seven patients. Only one patient experienced recurrence. The novel topical therapy we describe is cost‐effective, readily available, and easily applied in any inpatient or outpatient setting.
Microstructural, magnetic, and hyperfine characterizations of Cu‐doped cobalt ferrite nanoparticles
Authors: Ghosh Mritunjoy Prasad , Mukherjee Samrat
Published: July 2019

We have investigated the structural and magnetic properties of polycrystalline Cu‐substituted cobalt ferrite (CuxCo1−xFe2O4: x = 0.00, 0.15, 0.30, 0.45, 0.60) nanoparticles, synthesized via chemical coprecipitation method. The prepared samples were of single phase as confirmed by X‐ray diffraction analysis. The mean crystallite size ranged from 44 to 65 nm was obtained using Scherrer's formula. M‐T curves revealed that the Curie temperature of all the samples was above room temperature and it was found to decrease with increasing Cu concentration, which was supported by Mössbauer spectra. Field cooled (FC) hysteresis curves showed ferrimagnetic nature at 5 K and room temperature. It was observed that careful variation of Cu concentration in cobalt ferrite lead to weak A‐B interaction with tunable magnetic properties.
Revisiting Public Support for the Euro, 1999–2017: Accounting for the Crisis and the Recovery
Authors: Roth Felix , Baake Edgar , Jonung Lars , Nowak‐Lehmann D. Felicitas
Published: July 2019

This article explores the evolution and determinants of public support for the euro since its creation in 1999 until the end of 2017, thereby covering the pre‐crisis experience of the euro, the crisis years and the recent recovery. Using uniquely large macro and micro databases and applying up‐to‐date econometric techniques, the authors revisit the growing literature on public support for the euro. First, we find that a majority of citizens support the euro in nearly all 19 euro area member states. Second, we offer fresh evidence that economic factors are important determinants of change in the level of support for the euro: crisis reduces support while periods of recovery from unemployment bode well for public support. This result holds for both macroeconomic and microeconomic factors. Turning to a broad set of socioeconomic variables, we find clear differences in support due to education and perceptions of economic status.
Wavelength‐specific thresholds of artificially reared Japanese eel Anguilla japonica larvae determined from negative‐phototactic behaviours
Authors: Matsuda Keishi , Kamoshida Masaaki , Masuda Yoshitsugu
Published: July 2019

We report wavelength‐specific thresholds of leptocephali of Japanese eels Anguilla japonica determined from their negative‐phototactic behaviour. Leptocephali are most sensitive to wavelengths 400–500 nm and at very short wavelengths. Their visual sensitivity decreases more sharply at wavelengths >500 nm than it does at wavelengths <400 nm. The spectral sensitivity of leptocephali adapts to the optical conditions of their habitat. The mean visual sensitivity threshold of leptocephali is 7.22 × 10−4 μmol m−2 s−1 between 400 and 500 nm. Based on visual sensitivity thresholds of 475 nm, the most transparent wavelength in waters where these leptocephali occur, the daytime depth of occurrence of these larvae may exceed 250 m. LEDs emitting light of wavelength 625 nm in culture environments would minimise disturbance to leptocephali during facility maintenance.
Decoding the complex internal chemical structure of garnet porphyroblasts from the Zermatt area, Western Alps
Authors: Bucher Kurt , Weisenberger Tobias Björn , Klemm Oliver , Weber Sebastian
Published: July 2019

Garnet is a prototypical mineral in metamorphic rocks because it commonly preserves chemical and textural features that can be used for untangling its metamorphic development. Large garnet porphyroblasts may show extremely complex internal structures as a result of a polycyclic growth history, deformation, and modification of growth structures by intra‐ and intercrystalline diffusion. The complex internal structure of garnet porphyroblasts from garnet–phengite schists (GPS) of the Zermatt area (Western Alps) has been successfully decoded. The centimetre‐sized garnet porphyroblasts are composed of granulite facies garnet fragments overgrown by a younger generation of grossular‐rich eclogite facies garnet. The early granulite facies garnet (G‐Grt) formed from low‐P, high‐T metamorphism during a pre‐Alpine orogenic event. The late garnet (E‐Grt) is typical of high‐pressure, low‐temperature (HPLT) metamorphism and can be related to Alpine subduction of the schists. Thus, the garnet of the GPS are polycyclic (polymetamorphic). G‐Grt formation occurred at ~670 MPa and 780°C, E‐Grt formed at ~1.7 GPa and 530°C. The G‐Grt is relatively rich in Prp and poor in Grs, while E‐Grt is rich in Grs and poor in Prp. The Alm content (mol.%) of G‐Grt is 68 of E‐Grt 55. After formation of E‐Grt between and around fragmented G‐Grt at 530°C, the GPS have been further subducted and reached a maximum temperature of 580°C before exhumation started. Garnet composition profiles indicate that the initially very sharp contacts between the granulite facies fragments of G‐Grt and fracture seals of HPLT garnet (E‐Grt) have been modified by cation diffusion. The profiles suggest that Ca did not exchange at the scale of 1 µm, whereas Fe and Mg did efficiently diffuse at the derived maximum temperature of 580°C for the GPS at the scale of 7–8 µm. The Grt–Grt diffusion profiles resulted from spending c. 10 Ma at 530–580°C along the P–T–t path. The measured Grt composition profiles are consistent with diffusivities of log DMgFe = −25.8 m2/s from modelled diffusion profiles. Mg loss by diffusion from G‐Grt is compensated by Fe gain by diffusion from E‐Grt to maintain charge balance. This leads to a distinctive Fe concentration profile typical of uphill diffusion.
A case of lichen aureus successfully treated with 595 nm wavelength pulsed‐dye laser
Authors: Arreola Jauregui Ileana Elizabeth , López Zaldo Juan Basilio , Huerta Rivera Gabriel , Soria Orozco Manuel , Bonnafoux Alcaraz Mireille , Paniagua Santos Juan Enrique , Vázquez Huerta Minerva
Published: July 2019

Background

Lichen aureus (LA) is a variant of pigmented purpuric dermatosis (PPDs) that typically presents with the acute onset of a solitary, unilateral, purple to rust‐yellow colored lichenoid patch or plaque on lower extremities. Treatment remains challenging and is based on anecdotal case reports often with poor results.

Aims

Describe a case of LA successfully treated with 595 nm wavelength pulsed‐dye laser (PDL).

Patient/method

A 46‐year‐old woman with segmental LA was treated using a 595 nm PDL at a uniform spot size of 10 mm, with pulse durations of 10 milliseconds and fluence of 6 J/cm2. The patient had received previous treatments with no improvement.

Results

Clearance was archived after three sessions with PDL. Sessions were performed at intervals of 4 weeks, with no serious adverse events nor recurrence.

Conclusion

We hypothesize the favorable clinical outcome with PDL is due to the affinity of the wavelength for oxyhemoglobin (allowing uniform vessel penetration and energy delivery to fragile capillaries and intraluminal blood) and to its anti‐inflammatory profile. PDL seems to be an alternative for patients with progressive LA that have failed other therapies.
Teaching–learning partnership between nurses and long‐term patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis: A qualitative study
Authors: Radmore Nicole M.T. , Hyrkäs Kristiina
Published: July 2019

Background

People with end‐stage kidney disease (ESKD) receiving peritoneal dialysis (PD) have been found to alter their adherence to the renal therapeutic regimen following their initial teaching by PD nurses. Since alterations of adherence have been associated with poor health outcomes, this study focuses on persons receiving PD who rely on support and re‐education from their nurses.

Objectives

To explore the teaching–learning partnership between people receiving PD and PD nurses, and to compare and contrast shared perspectives.

Design

The study consisted of individual semi‐structured interviews of four people receiving PD and three PD nurses, using qualitative content analysis.

Findings

Four shared themes and nine sub‐themes emerged: “motivation” was characterised by perceptions of “staying healthy to avoid peritonitis pain and to qualify for a transplant”. One sub‐theme emerged exclusively in the interviewed people receiving PD: “motivation” to initiate PD through “finding meaning in life and situation”. The theme “acceptance” was comprised “of diagnosis and choosing to initiate PD” and the “modification and integration into daily life”. The presence of “support” arose from “personal support from family and friends”, “professional care and understanding of the individual” and “professional customised and re‐iterative education”. The evolving “partnership” was comprised of “exposure”, “personal rapport”, and the “necessity of working together” in order to maintain positive health outcomes.

Conclusion

The partnership between the PD nurse and people receiving PD for ESKD is crucial for successful health outcomes. Each partnership is unique and evolves over time. A successful partnership requires nurses to modify the educational content and teaching style to best meet the needs of people receiving PD and, most importantly, allow them to feel cared for and supported.
Parents' perspectives and experiences of kidney transplantation in children: A qualitative interview study
Authors: Walker Rachael C. , Naicker Derisha , Kara Tonya , Palmer Suetonia C.
Published: July 2019

Background and Objective

Kidney transplantation offers greater life expectancy, quality of life and participation compared with dialysis, in children with end stage kidney disease. This study explores the perspectives and experiences of parents of children undergoing kidney transplantation, as the experiences of parents in the process of transplantation is not completely understood.

Methods

Face‐to‐face semi‐structured interviews were conducted with parents of transplanted children across New Zealand. Data were analysed using thematic analysis to identify themes of participant experiences and perspectives.

Results

We interviewed 13 mothers and four fathers of the transplanted children. Four themes were identified: actively pursuing transplant (the urgency of transplant; needing to drive the transplantation process); lack of on‐going support (needing access to specialists; feeling unprepared for demands of transplantation, and vulnerability of unmet emotional concerns), pressure on the family unit (strain of distance; disrupting parent team; added burden of parent as donor; financial stress) and constant concern for the future (living with enduring uncertainty; pressure of responsibility; apprehension of teenage years).

Conclusions

Parents of children need to play an active role in advocating and driving the transplantation process. Transplantation leads to parental role disruption, emotional and financial stress, and insecurity about the future for their child. These findings suggest the need for greater communication and transparency in the transplantation process with parents, improved emotional and financial support for families during and after transplantation, and explicit assistance for parental roles in families when a caregiver is the donor.
Evaluation of a single‐flow continuous culture fermenter system for determination of ruminal fermentation and enteric methane production
Authors: Dillard S. Leanne , Roca‐Fernández Ana I. , Rubano Melissa D. , Soder Kathy J.
Published: July 2019

A 4‐unit, single‐flow continuous culture fermenter system was developed to assess in vitro nutrient digestibility, volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration and daily enteric methane (CH4) production of ruminant diets. The objective was to develop a closed‐vessel system that maintained protozoal populations and provided accurate predictions of total CH4 production. A diet of 50% orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) and 50% alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) was fed during 4, 10‐day periods (7‐day adaptation and 3‐day collection). Fermenters were fed 82 g of dry matter (DM)/day in four equal feedings. pH and temperature were taken every 2 min, and CH4 concentration was measured every 10 min. Samples for DM and protozoal counts were taken daily, and daily effluent samples were collected for determination of DM, VFA and NH3‐N concentrations. There was no effect (p > 0.17) of adaptation versus collection days on vessel and effluent DM, temperature or pH. Initial protozoal counts decreased (p < 0.01), but recovered to initial counts by the collection period. Total VFA, acetate, propionate and isobutyrate concentrations did not differ (p ≥ 0.13) among periods or days of the collection period. There was no difference (p ≥ 0.37) among days or periods in total daily CH4 production and CH4 production per g of OM, NDF, digestible OM or digestible NDF fed. Data collected throughout 4 experimental periods demonstrated that the system was able to reach a steady state in fermentation well within the 7‐day adaptation period and even typically variable data (i.e., CH4 production) were stable within and across periods. While further research is needed to determine the relationship between this system and in vivo data, this continuous culture fermenter system provides a valid comparison of in vitro ruminal fermentation and enteric CH4 production of ruminant diets that can then be further validated with in vivo studies.
Innovating “Traditional” Women’s Roles: Byzantine Insights for Orthodox Christian Gender Discourse
Authors: Purpura Ashley
Published: July 2019

Some contemporary hierarchically endorsed statements about gender within Orthodox Christianity appeal to “traditional roles” for women. Byzantine hagiographies about women, however, often confound the stability suggested by such rhetoric, and offer a more open “tradition” of Orthodox Christians celebrating diverse and boundary‐breaking forms of women’s sanctity (even if via negation of their womanhood). Although these texts betray an unabashedly historical patriarchal perspective, they also can be read as using gender, via an almost apophatic dialectic, to convey theological values that challenge essentialist associations between specific vocations, authoritative positions, and particular sexes. As hagiography is an influential genre for Orthodox beliefs and practices, the ways hagiographers negotiate and depict gender should inform understandings of gender in Orthodox “tradition.”
Genomic features and evolution of the conditionally dispensable chromosome in the tangerine pathotype of Alternaria alternata
Authors: Wang Mingshuang , Fu Huilan , Shen Xing‐Xing , Ruan Ruoxin , Rokas Antonis , Li Hongye
Published: July 2019

The tangerine pathotype of the ascomycete fungus Alternaria alternata is the causal agent of citrus brown spot, which can result in significant losses of both yield and marketability for tangerines worldwide. A conditionally dispensable chromosome (CDC), which harbours the host‐selective ACT toxin gene cluster, is required for tangerine pathogenicity of A. alternata. To understand the genetic makeup and evolution of the tangerine pathotype CDC, we isolated and sequenced the CDCs of the A. alternata Z7 strain and analysed the function and evolution of their genes. The A. alternata Z7 strain has two CDCs (~1.1 and ~0.8 Mb, respectively), and the longer Z7 CDC contains all but one contig of the shorter one. Z7 CDCs contain 254 predicted protein‐coding genes, which are enriched in functional categories associated with ‘metabolic process’ (55 genes, P = 0.037). Relatively few of the CDC genes can be classified as carbohydrate‐active enzymes (CAZymes) (4) and transporters (19) and none as kinases. Evolutionary analysis of the 254 CDC proteins showed that their evolutionary conservation tends to be restricted within the genus Alternaria and that the CDC genes evolve faster than genes in the essential chromosomes, likely due to fewer selective constraints. Interestingly, phylogenetic analysis suggested that four of the 25 genes responsible for the ACT toxin production were likely transferred from Colletotrichum (Sordariomycetes). Functional experiments showed that two of them are essential for the virulence of the tangerine pathotype of A. alternata. These results provide new insights into the function and evolution of CDC genes in Alternaria.
Population genomics of the facultatively asexual duckweed Spirodela polyrhiza
Authors: Ho Eddie K. H. , Bartkowska Magdalena , Wright Stephen I. , Agrawal Aneil F.
Published: July 2019

Clonal propagation allows some plant species to achieve massive population sizes quickly but also reduces the evolutionary independence of different sites in the genome.

We examine genome‐wide genetic diversity in Spirodela polyrhiza, a duckweed that reproduces primarily asexually.

We find that this geographically widespread and numerically abundant species has very low levels of genetic diversity. Diversity at nonsynonymous sites relative to synonymous sites is high, suggesting that purifying selection is weak. A potential explanation for this observation is that a very low frequency of sex renders selection ineffective. However, there is a pronounced decay in linkage disequilibrium over 40 kb, suggesting that though sex may be rare at the individual level it is not too infrequent at the population level. In addition, neutral diversity is affected by the physical proximity of selected sites, which would be unexpected if sex was exceedingly rare at the population level.

The amount of genetic mixing as assessed by the decay in linkage disequilibrium is not dissimilar from selfing species such as Arabidopsis thaliana, yet selection appears to be much less effective in duckweed. We discuss alternative explanations for the signature of weak purifying selection.
Unpacking the multiple dimensions and levels of responsibility of the charge nurse role in long‐term care facilities
Authors: Escrig-Pinol Astrid , Hempinstall Morgan , McGilton Katherine S.
Published: July 2019

Aim

The charge nurse in long‐term care facilities (LTCFs) performs a multiplicity of tasks that range from oversight of the entire facility to directly assisting residents in activities of daily living. In order to refine resident‐centred care strategies and to increase the quality of care provided in LTCFs, this study aims at gaining a more nuanced understanding of the different dimensions of the charge nurse role as a central figure in these institutions.

Methods

Data were generated through semi‐structured interviews. A purposive sample of ten Registered Nurses in a charge nurse role, diverse in experience, age, gender and background, was recruited from five LTCFs in Ontario, Canada. The study used a combination of conventional and direct qualitative content analyses.

Findings

All tasks performed by the charge nurses were categorised in four dimensions: clinical, supervisory, team support and managerial. Administration was a cross‐cutting sub‐dimension which has gained presence over the years. Depending on the shift worked and the organisational structure of the facility, each dimension gained or lost weight as part of the overall role.

Conclusion

These findings suggest that the charge nurse role is in a state of flux and lacking standardisation within and across facilities. LTCFs would benefit from increasing recognition of the role according to the wide range of tasks performed and responsibilities assumed, and by recruiting their charge nurses accordingly.

Implications for practice

The proposed conceptual framework could be used to map and assess charge nurses’ workloads and responsibilities, in order to enhance staff satisfaction and resident‐centred care in LTCFs.
How to recognize and approach psychiatric and psychosocial impairments in the pediatric dermatology patient with a primary dermatologic disease
Authors: Andrade Gabriela , Castelo‐Soccio Leslie
Published: July 2019

Significant psychiatric and psychosocial comorbidity in the pediatric dermatology patient was observed. This paper gives a realistic approach on how to approach these issues in the typical pediatric dermatology clinic. It will outline how to implement a validated screening process, how to discuss these issues with patients, and when and how to make an appropriate mental health referral.
Prevention of recurrent febrile urinary tract infection in infants: Ultrasonography‐oriented approach is more practical than a top‐down approach
Authors: Kawai Shina , Nakai Hideo , Kanai Takahiro , Tanabe Kazuya , Hyuga Taiju , Nakamura Shigeru , Betsui Hiroyuki , Aoyagi Jun , Saito Takashi , Ito Takane , Odaka Jun , Furukawa Rieko , Aihara Toshinori
Published: July 2019

Background

We previously reported that the top‐down approach (TDA) for infants with febrile urinary tract infections (fUTI) could prevent recurrent fUTI (r‐fUTI) but produced a high number of false‐positives on acute‐phase 99mTc dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) renal scintigraphy. Therefore we compared the ultrasonography‐oriented approach (USOA) with TDA from the viewpoint of prevention of r‐fUTI.

Methods

The TDA was applied between July 2010 and February 2014 and the USOA was applied between March 2014 and April 2017 in infants with first fUTI. In the USOA group, voiding cystourethrography (VCUG) was performed in the case of abnormality on acute‐phase renal bladder ultrasonography (RBUS) or on chronic‐ phase DMSA, which were performed in all cases. The frequency of r‐fUTI was compared between the TDA group and USOA group retrospectively.

Results

Seventy‐four infants (52 male) and 79 infants (60 male) received TDA or USOA, respectively. No significant differences were found between the TDA and USOA groups in male : female ratio, age in months at initial onset of fUTI, observation period, or number of cases of r‐fUTI (TDA group, n = 4; USOA group, n = 5). Seventy‐four DMSA scintigraphy and 25 VCUG were carried out in the USOA group, and 111 DMSA scintigraphy and 34 VCUG in the TDA group.

Conclusions

Both USOA and TDA were valid for prevention of r‐fUTI, but USOA was superior to TDA with regard to the reduced number of patients undergoing VCUG and DMSA.
Interplay of apple volatile organic compounds with Neofabraea vagabunda and other post‐harvest pathogens
Authors: Neri F. , Cappellin L. , Aprea E. , Biasioli F. , Gasperi F. , Spadoni A. , Cameldi I. , Folchi A. , Baraldi E.
Published: July 2019

Neofabraea vagabunda, causing bull’s eye rot, produces notable loss during cold storage of apples growing in cool humid regions. The infection initiates in the orchard, but the pathogen lives quiescently in fruit for some months before causing the symptoms of the disease. In vivo and in vitro assays were carried out to gain knowledge on the influence of fruit volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in N. vagabunda development and define volatile markers for pathogen detection, using SPME/GC‐MS, PTR‐ToF‐MS analysis and light microscopic observations. This study reports that: (i) the main VOCs of Cripps Pink apple (highly susceptible to bull’s eye rot) are degraded during the conidial germination of N. vagabunda, stimulating pathogen hyphal growth towards the host; (ii) first disease symptoms appear when fruit releases VOCs related to senescence, which also stimulate pathogen hyphal growth; (iii) VOCs typical of ripe‐senescent fruit are also emitted by infected fruit during N. vagabunda quiescence, and methanol and ethanol are the earliest markers of bull’s eye rot; and (iv) the in vitro volatile metabolism of Botrytis cinerea, Penicillium expansum and Colletotrichum fioriniae has similarities with that of N. vagabunda, but the volatile profile of each pathogen is distinguishable. Overall, this study provides novel knowledge on fruit–fungus interaction and insights for the development of tools for early disease detection in packing houses.
The Role of Age and Gender in Educational Expansion: The South Asian Experience in the Global Context
Authors: Sauer Petra
Published: July 2019

I calculate education Gini coefficients and decompose the overall degree of educational inequality into age, sex, and within‐group components for 171 countries from 1970 to 2010. Doing so enables me to analyze the distributional outcomes of educational expansion. I use South Asia as a case study, as the education distribution in the region is among the most unequal in the world. Generally, educational inequality is decreasing over the observed sample period around the globe. Yet, as improvements are initiated by enhancing the educational opportunities of the young, the gap between cohorts widens in transition phases but vanishes thereafter. Gaps between the sexes are reduced substantially, but widen if either males or females are the first to enter higher education levels. Also, gaps within population subgroups follow a similar trajectory. Instead of a Kuznets‐curve relation, I thus find evidence for educational inequality to evolve in waves as education expands.
Oral and aural problems in Australian Special Olympics athletes
Authors: Pradhan Archana , Stormon Nicole , Lalloo Ratilal
Published: July 2019

Background

Associations between oral and aural problems among children have been explored, but not among adults with intellectual disability (ID), where often, oral and ear pain can be difficult to diagnose.

Methods

Data included Special Smiles and Healthy Hearing screenings from two Special Olympics (SO) events held in Australia (2013‐2014).

Results

The SO athletes had poor oral health with a high prevalence (56.8%) of gingival signs and unmet dental needs (66.9%). Over one‐third (33.9%) had partially/completely blocked ear canals, over one‐fifth (20.7%) had possible middle ear problems, and almost one quarter (23.8%) had some hearing loss. No associations between oral and aural problems were found in the small sample (n = 130) of SO athletes.

Conclusions

Although SO athletes have unmet needs for both oral and aural health, access to appropriate hygiene care is an important preventive factor that athletes, families, and carers should be made aware of. Regular oral and aural screenings are recommended to identify problems early, because ability to communicate pain and discomfort can be different for this population. A larger sample of SO athletes with tooth and sextant level data could clarify the association between oral and aural problems in people with ID.
Perceptions and practices of community members relating to trachoma in Africa: a qualitative systematic review protocol
Authors: Tanywe Asahngwa Constantine , Matchawe Chelea , Fernandez Ritin , Lapkin Samuel
Published: July 2019

Objective:

The objective of this systematic review is to synthesize and present the best available evidence on community perceptions and practices relating to trachoma in Africa.

Introduction:

Globally, trachoma is the leading cause of blindness and is responsible for about 1.4% of all cases of blindness. The African continent is the worst affected, with about 1.9 million cases of trichiasis (61%). While interventions are currently being implemented to combat the disease in Africa, very little is known by decision makers about community perceptions and practices relating to trachoma, which may hinder successful implementation.

Inclusion criteria:

Studies with participants, regardless of their health status, gender, religion and ethnicity, aged 14 and over conducted in any African country, will be considered. Studies on Africans, conducted out of the continent and those involving healthcare professionals, will not be included in this review.

Methods:

Qualitative studies, published in English from 1996 onwards. will be considered. Databases to be searched will include, but not be limited to: PubMed, CINAHL, Embase and PsycINFO. Study selection, critical appraisal and data extraction will be conducted by two independent reviewers, using the appropriate JBI methodology and any disagreement will be resolved by discussion or with a third reviewer. Qualitative findings will be synthesized using the appropriate JBI methodology, following the meta-aggregation approach. Where textual pooling is not possible, the findings will be presented in narrative form. The ConQual approach will be used to grade synthesized findings, and these will be presented in a Summary of Findings.
Experiences of outdoor nature-based therapeutic recreation programs for persons with a mental illness: a qualitative systematic review protocol
Authors: Picton Caroline , Fernandez Ritin , Moxham Lorna , Patterson Christopher
Published: July 2019

Objective:

The objective of this review is to identify, appraise and synthesize the best available qualitative evidence on participation in outdoor therapeutic recreation programs for adults with a mental illness living in the community.

Introduction:

Therapeutic recreation is posited to be beneficial for persons living with a mental illness. Research indicates that therapeutic recreation programs can foster mental health recovery. It is necessary to understand how nature-based therapeutic recreation programs are beneficial from the perspective of persons living with mental illness.

Inclusion criteria:

The review will consider studies that have collected qualitative data on the experiences and perspectives of adults with a mental illness of their participation in nature-based therapeutic recreation programs.

Methods:

The databases PsycINFO, CINAHL, MEDLINE, Scopus and Informit and unpublished sources in gray literature databases (Google) will be searched and reference lists will be checked to locate any additional studies. Studies published in English will be considered with no date limit. Two reviewers will independently assess the methodological quality of the studies which meet the inclusion criteria using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) critical appraisal checklist for qualitative research. Data will be extracted by one reviewer using the standardized qualitative extraction tool and checked for accuracy by a second reviewer. The qualitative research findings will be pooled using JBI methodology. The JBI process of meta-aggregation will be used to identify categories and synthesized findings.
Percepciones en entornos vitivinícolas: análisis antropológico sobre los paisajes exhibidos desde bodegas élite en Valle de Uco, centro-oeste argentino
Authors: Saldi Leticia
Published: July 2019

El entorno ambiental y cultural se ha vuelto crucial a la hora de expresar y definir a un vino inserto en el mercado internacional. Valle de Uco, situado en el centro-oeste argentino, se convirtió en el epicentro de la producción de vinos en paisajes majestuosos. Ello en una provincia que hizo del desarrollo vitivinícola, la inmigración europea y el control sobre el agua, los ejes de su identidad. Con base en cuatro emprendimientos turístico-vitivinícolas analizo la articulación entre las distintas materialidades que conforman los paisajes promocionados en páginas web y los vivenciados en las visitas a las bodegas. Los conceptos paisaje, paisajes hídricos y paradigmas de naturaleza-cultura son centrales. Se concluye que a través de la conformación de entornos que articulan montañas, viñedos, flora nativa, diseño arquitectónico y logos étnicos, se establecen y validan criterios de ocupación del espacio y de relación con sus habitantes en donde se incorpora lo subalterno, pero en términos genéricos, subestimados, aplacados y controlados.
An electrically pumped phonon-polariton laser
Authors: Ohtani Keita , Meng Bo , Franckié Martin , Bosco Lorenzo , Ndebeka-Bandou Camille , Beck Mattias , Faist Jérôme
Published: July 2019

We report the direct observations of coherently emitted phonon polaritons via their photon, phonon, and polariton signatures.
Imaging Bell-type nonlocal behavior
Authors: Moreau Paul-Antoine , Toninelli Ermes , Gregory Thomas , Aspden Reuben S. , Morris Peter A. , Padgett Miles J.
Published: July 2019

We report the violation of a Bell inequality within full-field coincidence images of a phase object probed by entangled photons.
Spin fluctuation induced Weyl semimetal state in the paramagnetic phase of EuCd
2
As
2
Authors: Ma J.-Z. , Nie S. M. , Yi C. J. , Jandke J. , Shang T. , Yao M. Y. , Naamneh M. , Yan L. Q. , Sun Y. , Chikina A. , Strocov V. N. , Medarde M. , Song M. , Xiong Y.-M. , Xu G. , Wulfhekel W. , Mesot J. , Reticcioli M. , Franchini C. , Mudry C. , Müller M. , Shi Y. G. , Qian T. , Ding H. , Shi M.
Published: July 2019

Discovery of magnetic Weyl fermions: Dirac fermions split into pairs of Weyl fermions by slow magnetic fluctuations.
Optimal transport and colossal ionic mechano-conductance in graphene crown ethers
Authors: Sahu Subin , Elenewski Justin , Rohmann Christoph , Zwolak Michael
Published: July 2019

Minute strain flattens the free-energy terrain: Picometer deformations yield a colossal ionic conductance in graphene crown ethers.
Engineering nanoparticles to locally activate T cells in the tumor microenvironment
Authors: Wang Dangge , Wang Tingting , Yu Haijun , Feng Bing , Zhou Lei , Zhou Fangyuan , Hou Bo , Zhang Hanwu , Luo Min , Li Yaping
Published: July 2019

Engineered antibody nanoparticles overcome immunological tolerance to PDL1 blockade therapy.
Rapid and Easy Detection of Carbapenemases in
Enterobacterales
in the Routine Laboratory Using the New GenePOC Carba/Revogene Carba C Assay
Authors: Lucena Baeza Luis , Pfennigwerth Niels , Hamprecht Axel
Published: July 2019

The novel, real-time PCR-based GenePOC Carba assay on the microfluidic revogene platform (GenePOC, Québec, Canada; now Meridian Bioscience, Cincinnati, OH, USA) was recently designed for the detection of
bla
KPC
,
bla
NDM
,
bla
VIM
,
bla
OXA-48-like
, and
bla
IMP
.
A Novel Broad Allele-Specific TaqMan Real-Time PCR Method To Detect Triazole-Resistant Strains of Aspergillus fumigatus, Even with a Very Low Percentage of Triazole-Resistant Cells Mixed with Triazole-Susceptible Cells
Authors: Wang Qian , Kontoyiannis Dimitrios P. , Li Ruoyu , Chen Wei , Bu Dingfang , Liu Wei
Published: July 2019

Invasive aspergillosis caused by triazole-resistant strains of
Aspergillus fumigatus
is a growing public health concern, as is the occurrence of mixed infections with triazole-resistant and -susceptible
A. fumigatus
strains. Therefore, it is crucial to develop robust methods to identify triazole-resistant strains of
A. fumigatus
, even in mixtures of triazole-resistant and -susceptible strains of
A. fumigatus
.
Vaccine-Mediated Inhibition of the Transporter Associated with Antigen Processing Is Insufficient To Induce Major Histocompatibility Complex E-Restricted CD8+T Cells in Nonhuman Primates
Authors: Abdulhaqq Shaheed A. , Wu Helen , Schell John B. , Hammond Katherine B. , Reed Jason S. , Legasse Alfred W. , Axthelm Michael K. , Park Byung S. , Asokan Aravind , Früh Klaus , Hansen Scott G. , Picker Louis J. , Sacha Jonah B.
Published: July 2019

Due to the near monomorphic nature of MHC-E in the human population and inability of many pathogens to inhibit MHC-E-mediated peptide presentation, MHC-E-restricted T cells have become an attractive vaccine target. However, little is known concerning how these cells are induced. Understanding the underlying mechanisms that induce these T cells would provide a powerful new vaccine strategy to an array of neoplasms and viral and bacterial pathogens. Recent studies have indicated a link between TAP inhibition and induction of MHC-E-restricted T cells. The significance of our research is in demonstrating that TAP inhibition alone does not prime MHC-E-restricted T cell generation and suggests that other, currently unknown mechanisms regulate their induction.
Spontaneous regression of conjunctival keratoacanthoma
Authors: AlBayyat Ghada J , Venkateswaran Nandini , Arreaza Dan , Dubovy Sander R , Galor Anat , Karp Carol L
Published: July 2019

An 83-year-old white man presented with a rapidly growing conjunctival mass in his left eye over the course of 1 month. While awaiting surgical intervention, the tumour underwent partial, spontaneous regression to half its original size. The lesion was ultimately excised with wide margins using a no-touch technique and application of cryotherapy to the corneal and conjunctival margins and scleral bed. Histopathological analysis revealed a conjunctival keratoacanthoma. To our knowledge, this is the first case documenting the partial, spontaneous regression of a conjunctival keratoacanthoma over a 5 week time course from the time of diagnosis to surgical excision.
Earnings among people with multiple sclerosis compared to references, in total and by educational level and type of occupation: a population-based cohort study at different points in time
Authors: Wiberg Michael , Murley Chantelle , Tinghög Petter , Alexanderson Kristina , Palmer Edward , Hillert Jan , Stenbeck Magnus , Friberg Emilie
Published: July 2019

Objectives

To investigate earnings among people with multiple sclerosis (PwMS) before and after MS diagnosis compared with people without MS, and if identified differences were associated with educational levels and types of occupations. Furthermore, to assess the proportions on sickness absence (SA) and disability pension (DP) in both groups.

Design

Population-based longitudinal cohort study, 10 years before until 5 years after MS diagnosis.

Setting

Working-age population using microdata linked from nationwide Swedish registers.

Participants

Residents in Sweden in 2004 aged 30–54 years with MS diagnosed in 2003–2006 (n=2553), and references without MS (n=7584) randomly selected by stratified matching.

Outcome measures

Quartiles of earnings were calculated for each study year prior to and following the MS diagnosis. Mean earnings, by educational level and type of occupation, before and after diagnosis were compared using t-tests. Tobit regressions investigated the associations of earnings with individual characteristics. The proportions on SA and/or DP, by educational level and type of occupation, for the diagnosis year and 5 years later were compared.

Results

Differences in earnings between PwMS and references were observed beginning 1 year before diagnosis, and increased thereafter. PwMS had lower mean earnings for the diagnosis year (difference=SEK 28 000, p<0.05), and 5 years after diagnosis, this difference had more than doubled (p<0.05). These differences remained after including educational level and type of occupation. Overall, the earnings of PwMS with university education and/or more qualified occupations were most like their reference peers. The proportions on SA and DP were higher among PwMS than the references.

Conclusions

The results suggest that the PwMS’ earnings are lower than the references’ beginning shortly before MS diagnosis, with this gap increasing thereafter. Besides SA and DP, the results indicate that educational level and type of occupation are influential determinants of the large heterogeneity of PwMS’ earnings.