bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Archetypes of Footfall Context: Quantifying Temporal Variations in Retail Footfall in relation to Micro-Location Characteristics
Authors: Philp Susie , Dolega Les , Singleton Alex , Green Mark
Published: July 2021

The UK retail sector is constantly changing and evolving. The increasing share of online sales and the development of out-of-town retail provision, in conjunction with the 2008–09 economic crisis, have disproportionately impacted high streets and physical retail negatively. Understanding and adapting to these changes is fundamental to the vitality, sustainability and prosperity of businesses, communities and the economy. However, there is a need for better information to support attempts to revitalise UK high streets and retail centres, and advances in sensor technology have made this possible. Footfall provides a commonly used heuristic of retail centre vitality and can be increasingly estimated in automated ways through sensing technology. However, footfall counts are influenced by a range of externalities such as aspects of retail centre function, morphology, connectivity and attractiveness. The key contribution of this paper is to demonstrate how footfall patterns are expressed within the varying context of different retail centre architypes providing both a useful tool for benchmarking and planning; but also making a theoretical contribution to the understanding of retail mobilities. This paper integrates a range of contextual data to develop a classification of footfall sensor locations; producing three representations of sensor micro-locations across Great Britain: chain and comparison retail micro-locations, business and independent micro-locations and value-orientated convenience retail micro-locations. These three groups display distinct daily and weekly footfall magnitudes and distributions, which are attributed to micro-locational differences in their morphology, connectivity and function.
An Easy-to-Fabricate Cell Stretcher Reveals Density-Dependent Mechanical Regulation of Collective Cell Movements in Epithelia
Authors: Hart Kevin C. , Sim Joo Yong , Hopcroft Matthew A. , Cohen Daniel J. , Tan Jiongyi , Nelson W. James , Pruitt Beth L.
Published: July 2021

Introduction

Mechanical forces regulate many facets of cell and tissue biology. Studying the effects of forces on cells requires real-time observations of single- and multi-cell dynamics in tissue models during controlled external mechanical input. Many of the existing devices used to conduct these studies are costly and complicated to fabricate, which reduces the availability of these devices to many laboratories.

Methods

We show how to fabricate a simple, low-cost, uniaxial stretching device, with readily available materials and instruments that is compatible with high-resolution time-lapse microscopy of adherent cell monolayers. In addition, we show how to construct a pressure controller that induces a repeatable degree of stretch in monolayers, as well as a custom MATLAB code to quantify individual cell strains.

Results

As an application note using this device, we show that uniaxial stretch slows down cellular movements in a mammalian epithelial monolayer in a cell density-dependent manner. We demonstrate that the effect on cell movement involves the relocalization of myosin downstream of Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK).

Conclusions

This mechanical device provides a platform for broader involvement of engineers and biologists in this important area of cell and tissue biology. We used this device to demonstrate the mechanical regulation of collective cell movements in epithelia.
Pediatric interfacility transport effects on mortality and length of stay
Authors: Shinozaki Rod M. , Schwingshackl Andreas , Srivastava Neeraj , Grogan Tristan , Kelly Robert B.
Published: July 2021

Background

We aimed to evaluate the effects of interfacility pediatric critical care transport response time, physician presence during transport, and mode of transport on mortality and length of stay (LOS) among pediatric patients. We hypothesized that a shorter response time and helicopter transports, but not physician presence, are associated with lower mortality and a shorter LOS.

Methods

Retrospective, single-center, cohort study of 841 patients (< 19 years) transported to a quaternary pediatric intensive care unit and cardiovascular intensive care unit between 2014 and 2018 utilizing patient charts and transport records. Multivariate linear and logistic regression analyses adjusted for age, diagnosis, mode of transport, response time, stabilization time, return duration, mortality risk (pediatric index of mortality-2 and pediatric risk of mortality-3), and inotrope, vasopressor, or mechanical ventilation presence on admission.

Results

Four hundred and twenty-eight (50.9%) patients were transported by helicopter, and 413 (49.1%) were transported by ambulance. Physicians accompanied 239 (28.4%) transports. The median response time was 2.0 (interquartile range 1.4–2.9) hours. Although physician presence increased the median response time by 0.26 hours (P = 0.020), neither physician presence nor response time significantly affected mortality, ICU length of stay (ILOS) or hospital length of stay (HLOS). Helicopter transports were not significantly associated with mortality or ILOS, but were associated with a longer HLOS (3.24 days, 95% confidence interval 0.59–5.90) than ambulance transports (P = 0.017).

Conclusions

These results suggest response time and physician presence do not significantly affect mortality or LOS. This may reflect the quality of pre-transport care and medical control communication. Helicopter transports were only associated with a longer HLOS. Our analysis provides a framework for examining transport workforce needs and associated costs.
The Role of the Sense of Belonging During the Alarm Situation and Return to the New Normality of the 2020 Coronavirus Pandemic (COVID-19) in Spain
Authors: Saiz Jesús , González-Sanguino Clara , Ausín Berta , Castellanos Miguel Ángel , Abad Ana , Salazar María , Muñoz Manuel
Published: July 2021

In this study we intend to understand the impact of the COVID-19 crisis and the subsequent stay-at-home orders, on the Spanish population's sense of belonging at three moments in time: at the beginning of the lockdown, after one month of lockdown and with the return to the “new normality”. A cross-sectional study was conducted through an online survey (N0 = 3480; N1 = 1041; N2 = 569). The sense of belonging was evaluated by means of four Likert-type items. These questions included membership in different groups: work/studies, friends, family and neighborhood or community. Sociodemographic and COVID-19-related data were collected. Additionally, mental health, spiritual well-being, loneliness, social support and discrimination were assessed. Descriptive analyses were carried out and linear regression models compiled. The sense of belonging increased significantly during confinement, dropping dramatically with the start of the return to the “new normality” process. The only variable that showed interaction with time and sense of belonging was discrimination. Work condition (not working providing the lowest sense of belonging scores), social support from friends and loneliness were the main predictors of the sense of belonging. The impact caused by the pandemic and the actions adopted during the first weeks regarding the sense of belonging is evident. It has been a key variable in dealing with COVID-19. Actions are now needed to increase our sense of belonging to face the post-epidemic crisis and avoid a greater impact in other areas.
Semiregular and strongly irregular boundary points for p-harmonic functions on unbounded sets in metric spaces
Authors: Björn Anders , Hansevi Daniel
Published: July 2021

The trichotomy between regular, semiregular, and strongly irregular boundary points for $$p$$
p
-harmonic functions is obtained for unbounded open sets in complete metric spaces with a doubling measure supporting a $$p$$
p
-Poincaré inequality, $$1<p<\infty $$

1
<
p
<
∞

. We show that these are local properties. We also deduce several characterizations of semiregular points and strongly irregular points. In particular, semiregular points are characterized by means of capacity, $$p$$
p
-harmonic measures, removability, and semibarriers.
Chemical vapor treatment to improve surface finish of 3D printed polylactic acid (PLA) parts realized by fused filament fabrication
Authors: Lavecchia Fulvio , Guerra Maria Grazia , Galantucci Luigi Maria
Published: July 2021

Fused filament fabrication (FFF) is one of the most extensively used 3D printing process for its several advantages and the possibility to obtain complex geometries. Different materials can be processed and polylactic acid (PLA), a thermoplastic biodegradable cost-effective material, is widely used for consumer FFF. Typically, PLA printed parts have high surface roughness, due to the staircase effect, the slice-to-slice construction texture and the filament deposition. In this work, authors propose a quantitative analysis of the effects of a chemical treatment based on ethyl acetate vapors, to improve the surface finish of PLA printed parts. The solvent was selected for its low toxicity, easy availability, and low cost. To validate the treatment, a 23 full factorial plan was designed and a roughness analysis before and after the chemical treatment was performed to highlight the influence of each parameter involved.
A Low Mach Number IMEX Flux Splitting for the Level Set Ghost Fluid Method
Authors: Zeifang Jonas , Beck Andrea
Published: July 2021

Considering droplet phenomena at low Mach numbers, large differences in the magnitude of the occurring characteristic waves are presented. As acoustic phenomena often play a minor role in such applications, classical explicit schemes which resolve these waves suffer from a very restrictive timestep restriction. In this work, a novel scheme based on a specific level set ghost fluid method and an implicit-explicit (IMEX) flux splitting is proposed to overcome this timestep restriction. A fully implicit narrow band around the sharp phase interface is combined with a splitting of the convective and acoustic phenomena away from the interface. In this part of the domain, the IMEX Runge-Kutta time discretization and the high order discontinuous Galerkin spectral element method are applied to achieve high accuracies in the bulk phases. It is shown that for low Mach numbers a significant gain in computational time can be achieved compared to a fully explicit method. Applications to typical droplet dynamic phenomena validate the proposed method and illustrate its capabilities.
XStar: a software system for handling taxi trajectory big data
Authors: Li Xiang , Mango Joseph , Song Jiajia , Zhang Di
Published: July 2021

Advances in positioning and communicating technologies make it possible to collect large volumes of taxi trajectory data, quickly providing a complete picture of the ground traffic systems and thus being applied to different fields. However, there are still challenges for data users to handle such big data. In view of this, we have developed a software system named XStar to deal with trajectory big data. Its core is a scalable index and storage structure. Based on it, raw data can be saved in a more compact scheme and accessed more efficiently. A real taxi trajectory dataset is employed to demonstrate its performance. In general, XStar facilitates processing and analyzing trajectory data affordably and straightforwardly. Since its release in Jan. 2019, it has received downloads of over 4000 by May 2021. More analytical functions are being developed.
Interactive Web-Based Annotation of Plant MicroRNAs with iwa-miRNA
Authors: Zhang Ting , Zhai Jingjing , Zhang Xiaorong , Ling Lei , Li Menghan , Xie Shang , Song Minggui , Ma Chuang
Published: July 2021

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are important regulators of gene expression. The large-scale detection and profiling of miRNAs have been accelerated with the development of high-throughput small RNA sequencing (sRNA-Seq) techniques and bioinformatics tools. However, generating high-quality comprehensive miRNA annotations remains challenging due to the intrinsic complexity of sRNA-Seq data and inherent limitations of existing miRNA prediction tools. Here, we present iwa-miRNA, a Galaxy-based framework that can facilitate miRNA annotation in plant species by combining computational analysis and manual curation. iwa-miRNA is specifically designed to generate a comprehensive list of miRNA candidates, bridging the gap between already annotated miRNAs provided by public miRNA databases and new predictions from sRNA-Seq datasets. It can also assist users in selecting promising miRNA candidates in an interactive mode, contributing to the accessibility and reproducibility of genome-wide miRNA annotation. iwa-miRNA is user-friendly and can be easily deployed as a web application for researchers without programming experience. With flexible, interactive, and easy-to-use features, iwa-miRNA is a valuable tool for the annotation of miRNAs in plant species with reference genomes. We also illustrate the application of iwa-miRNA for miRNA annotation using data from plant species with varying genomic complexity. The source codes and web server of iwa-miRNA are freely accessible at http://iwa-miRNA.omicstudio.cloud/.
Evolutionary antagonisms and the progress of three categories of traits
Authors: Zakariya Nasser
Published: July 2021

Darwin inThe Descent of Mandeliberates over the question of progress in relation to three categories of traits – aesthetic, moral and intellectual – attending to their interplay. The later formulations of Thomas Henry Huxley and Alfred Russel Wallace shift and reframe the terms for weighing together progress and the relationship across these traits, downplaying the role of aesthetic assessments. Huxley and Wallace invoke ‘antagonisms’ countering, respectively, ‘ethical progress’ and ‘cosmic process’, ‘humanity – the essentiallyhumanemotion’ and ‘physical and even intellectual race-improvement’. Thereafter, evolutionary antagonisms reappear – whether to endorse, dismiss or overcome them – and they remain relevant in evolutionary arguments, whether made explicit or left implicit. Following a thread of ongoing appeals to this interplay of traits and corresponding antagonisms invoking Huxley's 1893 lecture ‘Evolution and ethics’, implicit differences appear in the treatment of aesthetic, moral and intellectual development. These treatments maintain the progress that their own ethical systems represented, even while granting moral variation and conceding independent/alternative notions of the beautiful. They generally took as granted the uniformity of intellectual judgements, where evolutionary progress was both ethical and intellectual/scientific, even when speculating on the development of different types of mind. As characteristic of future-oriented visions of progress by the first decades of the twentieth century, sexual selection was subsumed under natural selection.
Generalizations of Douady’s magic formula
Authors: EPSTEIN ADAM , TIOZZO GIULIO
Published: July 2021

We generalize a combinatorial formula of Douady from the main cardioid to other hyperbolic components H of the Mandelbrot set, constructing an explicit piecewise linear map which sends the set of angles of external rays landing on H to the set of angles of external rays landing on the real axis.
A new species of Sclerocephalus with a fully ossified endocranium gives insight into braincase evolution in temnospondyls
Authors: Schoch Rainer R. , Sobral Gabriela
Published: July 2021

The late Paleozoic temnospondyl Sclerocephalus formed an aquatic top predator in various central European lakes of the late Carboniferous and early Permian. Despite hundreds of specimens spanning a wide range of sizes, knowledge of the endocranium (braincase and palatoquadrate) remained very insufficient in Sclerocephalus and other stereospondylomorphs because even large skulls had unossified endocrania. A new specimen from a stratigraphically ancient deposit at St. Wendel in southwestern Germany is recognized as representing a new taxon, S. concordiae new species, and reveals a completely ossified endocranium. The sphenethmoid was completely ossified from the basisphenoid to the anterior ethmoid region, co-ossified with the parasphenoid, and the basipterygoid joint was fully established. The pterygoid bears a slender, S-shaped epipterygoid, which formed a robust pillar lateral to the braincase. The massive stapes was firmly sutured to the parasphenoid. In the temnospondyl endocranium, character evolution involved various changes in the epipterygoid region, which evolved distinct morphologies in each of the major clades.

UUID: http://zoobank.org/5e6d2078-eacf-4467-84cf-a12efcae7c0b
Flight to Safety: COVID-Induced Changes in the Intensity of Status Quo Preference and Voting Behavior
Authors: BISBEE JAMES , HONIG DAN
Published: July 2021

The relationship between anxiety and investor behavior is well known enough to warrant its own aphorism: a “flight to safety.” We posit that anxiety alters the intensity of voters’ preference for the status quo, inducing a political flight to safety toward establishment candidates. Leveraging the outbreak of the novel coronavirus during the Democratic primary election of 2020, we identify a causal effect of the outbreak on voting, with Biden benefiting between 7 and 15 percentage points at Sanders’s expense. A survey experiment in which participants exposed to an anxiety-inducing prompt choose the less disruptive hypothetical candidate provides further evidence of our theorized flight to safety among US-based respondents. Evidence from 2020 French municipal and US House primary elections suggests a COVID-induced flight to safety generalizes to benefit mainstream candidates across a variety of settings. Our findings suggest an as-yet underappreciated preference for “safe” candidates in times of anxiety.
Unlimiting Unlimited Liability: Legal Equality for Swedish Banks with Alternative Shareholder Liability Regimes, 1897–1903
Authors: Kenny Seán , Ögren Anders
Published: July 2021

This article examines the aftermath of the 1897 Riksbank Act in Swedish banking. The act placed banks with unlimited liability and those with limited liability on equal footing, removing the note-issuing privileges of the former. We consider whether changes in risk preferences occurred subsequent to the act, or whether extended liability was a sufficient deterrent. We conclude that when legal differences were removed, lower transaction costs for unlimited liability banks (ULBs) spurred aggressive competition, reflected in narrower interest spreads relative to limited liability banks (LLBs). ULBs also took on greater leverage and held less liquidity, which supports the Coasean interpretation that the shareholder liability regime mattered little. After 1897, ULB shareholders continued to receive higher dividends, enjoyed substantially superior returns on equity, and maintained an array of corporate governance controls to shield themselves against their additional risk.
Plebiscitarianism Revisited: A Typology of Independence Referendums
Authors: Sanjaume-Calvet Marc
Published: July 2021

This article explores the strategic functions of independence referendums. These referendums are normally framed as popular decisions on statehood over a certain territory. However, I argue that the popular will does not always have the decisory function that plebiscitarian theories suggest. In fact, actual decision referendums are rare; often independence referendums are instead used strategically as a leverage and signalling tactic. The article is structured as follows. First, I propose two key criteria to classify independence referendums regarding actors and timing. Through the application of these criteria, I build a typology proposing four main uses of referendums: leverage, signalling, decision and ratification. Second, I focus on the specific case of leverage referendums. I argue that analyzing the outcomes of leverage referendums can provide some clues about why secessionists still call for these referendums even though they almost never result in internationally recognized statehood. Finally, I conclude by discussing the implications of my findings.
Linear dispersion relation of geodesic acoustic modes driven by trapped and circulating energetic particles
Authors: Chavdarovski I. , Schneller M. , Biancalani A.
Published: July 2021

We derive the local dispersion relation of energetic-particle-induced geodesic acoustic modes (EGAMs) for both trapped and circulating ion beams with single pitch angle slowing-down and Maxwellian distributions, as well as a bump-on-tail distribution in tokamak plasmas. For slowing-down and Maxwellian particles, the solutions of the local dispersion relation give the spectrum, growth rate and thresholds of excitation as functions of the pitch angle, beam density and frequency of the energetic particles bounce motion. For circulating ions there is only one unstable branch with frequency below the GAM continuum and a threshold of excitation in the pitch angle, for both the slowing-down and single pitch Maxwellian distributions. Trapped particles cause no excitation of a mode for neither slowing-down nor Maxwellian ion beams, but they can excite a mode with a bump-on-tail distribution when the mean velocity of the beam is larger than the threshold and the energetic particle bounce frequency is high enough.
Feminist foreign policies (FFPs) as strategic narratives: Norm translation in Sweden, Canada, France, and Mexico
Authors: Zhukova Ekatherina , Rosén Sundström Malena , Elgström Ole
Published: July 2021

Drawing on the IR theories of norm translation and strategic narratives, this article focuses on how states translate international norms to their own advantage by producing strategic narratives to advance their soft power ambitions abroad. Using the example of feminist foreign policy (FFP), the article compares Sweden, Canada, France, and Mexico in their attempts to translate international feminist norms into their countries’ strategic narratives. This comparison is based on three strategic narrative types (issue, national, and international system narratives) and two types of feminism (liberal, intersectional). Issue narratives reveal that Sweden and Mexico give more priority to social policies, while France and Canada emphasise the role of the market in addressing gender inequality. International system narratives demonstrate that Sweden and Mexico perceive global challenges as drivers of gender inequality, while France and Canada see gender inequality as a cause of global problems. National narratives show that Sweden and Mexico refer to other FFP countries to ‘back up’ their feminist initiatives, while France and Canada do not relate to other states. Finally, while liberal feminism dominates all four FFPs, each state either prioritises particular aspects of it (legal, market, security, rights-based) or incorporates elements from intersectional feminism.
Voice and the Sleepwalking Body
Authors: GROVER-FRIEDLANDER MICHAL
Published: July 2021

This article explores the relation between body and voice in the performance of a contemporary opera, Ficarra and Whittington's The Empress's Feet, based on a Chinese tale relating the origin of the practice of foot binding. The tale relates the ancient practice to cure a queen from bouts of sleepwalking that afflicted her. I initially explore the opera's complex formal structure, its central themes and the way it transforms the original tale. I will then develop some of the significant aspects, imaginary as well as factual, of both the practice of foot binding and the phenomenon of sleepwalking. I suggest that the opera not only relates itself thematically to the tale and through it to the practice of foot binding, but also suggests a further parallel between foot binding and a form of bodily mutilation that is associated with the development of the medium of opera in the West, namely the phenomenon of the castrato. The threefold consideration of foot binding, sleepwalking and the voice of the castrato will serve to reveal a moment of liberation, at the heart of the opera – call it the agency or voice given to the feet ‘unbound’. I will conclude with an account of a production of The Empress's Feet which I directed in 2014, based on the interpretation suggested in this article.
Grammatical Gender and Declension Class in Language Change: A Study of the Loss of Feminine Gender in Norwegian
Authors: Rodina Yulia , Westergaard Marit
Published: July 2021

In this paper, we investigate an ongoing change in the grammatical gender system of Norwegian. Previous research has shown that the feminine form of the indefinite article is quickly disappearing from several dialects, which has led to claims that the feminine gender is being lost from the language. We have carried out a study of the status of the feminine in possessives across five age groups of speakers of the Tromsø dialect. Our findings show that the prenominal possessives are affected by the change to the same extent as the indefinite article, while forms that have been argued not to be exponents of gender (the definite suffix and the postnominal possessive) are generally unaffected.
Culture and institutions: a review of Joel Mokyr'sA Culture of Growth
Authors: Hodgson Geoffrey M.
Published: July 2021

This is a review of Joel Mokyr's fascinating book entitledA Culture of Growth.The work is summarized, noting its focus on Darwin-style evolutionary explanations of cultural change. But Mokyr's emphasis on cultural entrepreneurs and positive feedbacks in the procreation of ideas is insufficient to explain the origins of modern economic growth. Too much explanatory weight is placed on too few extraordinary people. It is argued that Mokyr's analysis should be extended, to bring the evolution of institutions, as well as the evolution of culture, into the picture at an additional level. The role of inter-state rivalry and exogenous shocks has also to be underlined. This kind of analysis can be developed within the framework of generalized Darwinism, which Mokyr himself adopts. This is a major and highly stimulating book.
Multiple input multiple output (MIMO) and fifth generation (5G): an indispensable technology for sub-6 GHz and millimeter wave future generation mobile terminal applications
Authors: Ishteyaq Insha , Muzaffar Khalid
Published: July 2021

The in-depth exploration in the future 5G technology symbolizes a revolution in technology for antenna designers to encounter the all time increasing need as well as demand for higher data rate wireless communications. The paper gives out an exhaustive review of the evolution and characteristics of the 5G spectrum allocations, the MIMO antenna design with regard to mutual coupling reduction techniques and safer user applications. It precisely covers almost all the aspects of 5G which mainly include the types of antenna designs and their performance parameters related to MIMO design. The paper also presents a brief description of massive MIMO technology for base station applications. The main aim of the paper is: (1) to emphasize the frequencies allocated for the 5G including sub-6 Ghz and mm-wave bands; (2) to underline the suitable antenna designs for MIMO applications for mobile devices and base stations; (3) to highlight the mutual coupling effects in MIMO designs and its reduction techniques; (4) to consider the gaps in the literature and the challenges for reducing SAR effects for the safety of the users. This review paper has been an attempt to explore the evolution of 5G bands and antenna designs for 5G applications, comparison based on the literature, and the techniques implemented for enhancing the MIMO antenna performances.
Narrative Expositionstherapie (NET)
Authors: Neuner Frank , Catani Claudia , Schauer Maggie
Published: July 2021

Die Narrative Expositionstherapie (NET) ist eine kurze, prag­matische, evidenzbasierte Methode zur Behandlung der Posttraumatischen Belastungsstörung bei Opfern komplexer Traumatisierungen, wie z. B. Überlebende von Flucht, Folter und Kindesmisshandlung. Im Unterschied zu anderen Therapie­formen wird in der NET die gesamte Biografie der Patientinnen und Patienten berücksichtigt und aufgearbeitet. Der Band gibt einen Überblick über die Methode, geht auf kritische Situationen in der Therapie ein und veranschaulicht das Vorgehen anhand eines Fallbeispiels. Grundlage des Vorgehens ist die psychobiologische Gedächtnis­theorie der Posttraumatischen Belastungsstörung, die ein Verständnis für extreme Reaktionsformen ermöglicht. Darauf aufbauend wird der Therapieprozess Schritt für Schritt dar­gestellt und durch ein Fallbeispiel illustriert. Eingegangen wird außer­dem auf die zahlreichen Herausforderungen und Fall­stricke in der Therapie, wie beispielsweise den Umgang mit extremen Gefühlen und körperlichen Zuständen, Dissoziation und Vermeidungsverhalten. Der Band liefert für Therapeutinnen und Therapeuten mit Vorerfahrungen in Traumatherapie oder mit einer Fortbildung in Narrativer Expositionstherapie einen praxisorientierten Leitfaden zur Durchführung der NET.
Wave, Tide and Topographical Controls on Headland Sand Bypassing
Authors: King E. V. , Conley D. C. , Masselink G. , Leonardi N. , McCarroll R. J. , Scott T. , Valiente N. G.
Published: July 2021

Embayed beaches separated by irregular rocky headlands represent 50% of global shorelines. Quantification of inputs and outflows via headland bypassing is necessary for evaluating long‐term coastal change. Bypassing rates are predictable for idealized headland morphologies; however, it remains to test the predictability for realistic morphologies, and to quantify the influence of variable morphology, sediment availability, tides and waves‐tide interactions. Here we show that headland bypassing rates can be predicted for wave‐dominated conditions, and depend upon headland cross‐shore length normalised by surf zone width, headland toe depth and spatial sediment coverage. Numerically modeled bypassing rates are quantified for 29 headlands under variable wave, tide and sediment conditions along 75 km of macrotidal, embayed coast. Bypassing is predominantly wave‐driven and nearly ubiquitous under energetic waves. Tidal elevations modulate bypassing rates, with greatest impact at lower wave energies. Tidal currents mainly influence bypassing through wave‐current interactions, which can dominate bypassing in median wave conditions. Limited sand availability off the headland apex can reduce bypassing by an order of magnitude. Bypassing rates are minimal when cross‐shore length >5 surf zone widths. Headland toe depth is an important secondary control, moderating wave impacts off the headland apex. Parameterisations were tested against modeled bypassing rates, and new terms are proposed to include headland toe depth and sand coverage. Wave‐forced bypassing rates are predicted with mean absolute error of a factor 4.6. This work demonstrates wave‐dominated headland bypassing is amenable to parameterization and highlights the extent to which headland bypassing occurs with implications for embayed coasts worldwide.
Seasonal Variations in Molecular Size of Chromophoric Dissolved Organic Matter From the Lower Changjiang (Yangtze) River
Authors: Zhao Lingbin , Gao Lei , Guo Laodong
Published: July 2021

Large world rivers and their dissolved organic matter (DOM) fluxes could regulate ecosystem function and biogeochemical processes in coastal marine environments. Knowledge about the seasonal variations in composition and molecular size of DOM remains scarce but is important to a better understanding of the role of river fluxes. Monthly time‐series (July 2018 to June 2019) surface water samples were collected from the lower Changjiang (Yangtze) River, one of the largest world rivers, for the measurements of both dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) to elucidate seasonal changes in their abundance, optical properties, and molecular size distributions among the <1 kDa, 1–3 kDa, 3–10 kDa, and 10 kDa–0.7 μm size fractions. On average, the <1 kDa low‐molecular weight DOM made up about two thirds of the bulk CDOM, leaving the other one third in the 1 kDa–0.7 μm size fraction. Optical properties and molecular size of DOM transported by the Changjiang River had an evident seasonality. In general, DOM exported from the Changjiang River can be characterized as lower DOC, lower aromaticity, and lower colloidal abundance compared to other world rivers. Together with available literature data, our results show that world rivers with higher/lower DOC concentrations and higher/lower aromaticity also contain more/less colloidal (>1 kDa) DOM. Our year‐long time‐series study provides additional valuable baseline data for a better understanding of seasonal changes in the abundance, composition, and molecular weight distribution of DOM from the lower Changjiang River and the potential impacts on the biogeochemical cycling of DOM in the adjacent estuarine, coastal, and shelf areas.
Testing on the Tundra: NASA Snow Program Heads North
Authors: Besl J.
Published: July 2021

With infrastructure, experience, and a slice of the world’s largest snow biomes, Alaska is an essential research destination for NASA’s multiyear SnowEx campaign.
Forecasting the Gulf Stream Path Using Buoyancy and Wind Forcing Over the North Atlantic
Authors: Silver Adrienne , Gangopadhyay Avijit , Gawarkiewicz Glen , Taylor Arnold , Sanchez‐Franks Alejandra
Published: July 2021

Fluctuations in the path of the Gulf Stream (GS) have been previously studied by primarily connecting to either the wind‐driven subtropical gyre circulation or buoyancy forcing via the subpolar gyre. Here we present a statistical model for 1 year predictions of the GS path (represented by the GS northern wall—GSNW) betweenW andW incorporating both mechanisms in a combined framework. An existing model with multiple parameters including the previous year's GSNW index, center location, and amplitude of the Icelandic Low and the Southern Oscillation Index was augmented with basin‐wide Ekman drift over the Azores High. The addition of the wind is supported by a validation of the simpler two‐layer Parsons‐Veronis model of GS separation over the last 40 years. A multivariate analysis was carried out to compare 1‐year‐in‐advance forecast correlations from four different models. The optimal predictors of the best performing model include: (a) the GSNW index from the previous year, (b) gyre‐scale integrated Ekman Drift over the past 2 years, and (c) longitude of the Icelandic Low center lagged by 3 years. The forecast correlation over the 27 years (1994–2020) is 0.65, an improvement from the previous multi‐parameter model's forecast correlation of 0.52. The improvement is attributed to the addition of the wind‐drift component. The sensitivity of forecasting the GS path after extreme atmospheric years is quantified. Results indicate the possibility of better understanding and enhanced predictability of the dominant wind‐driven variability of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation and of fisheries management models that use the GS path as a metric.
Causes of the Northern Gulf of Guinea Cold Event in 2012
Authors: Da‐Allada C. Y. , Agada J. , Baloïtcha E. , Hounkonnou M. N. , Jouanno J. , Alory G.
Published: July 2021

Particularly cool sea surface temperatures (SSTs) were observed in 2012 along the Northern Gulf of Guinea coast. This strong cooling event was seen from February to June and reached maxima in the coastal upwelling areas: SST anomalies of −1°C were observed in Sassandra Upwelling area in Côte d'Ivoire (SUC, situated east of Cape Palmas) and SST anomalies of −0.5°C were observed in Takoradi Upwelling area in Ghana (TUG, located east of Cape Three Points). In SUC and TUG regions, the 2012 decrease in SST was the coldest event recorded over the 1990–2018 period (29 years). From the analysis of regional simulations, we show that the mechanisms behind this SST decrease differ in the two regions. In the SUC region, we identify changes in both zonal advection (related to zonal SST gradient changes) and increased vertical mixing as the main drivers of the anomalous cooling. The anomalous vertical mixing is linked to increased vertical shear of the zonal current in response to the Guinea Current strengthening. In the TUG region, acceleration of the southward advection of the surface water, due to the intensification of the meridional Ekman current generated by the strengthening of the zonal wind stress, was identified as the major cause of the SST anomalous cooling.
Unraveling negative biotic interactions determining soil microbial community assembly and functioning
Authors: Romdhane Sana , Spor Aymé , Aubert Julie , Bru David , Breuil Marie-Christine , Hallin Sara , Mounier Arnaud , Ouadah Sarah , Tsiknia Myrto , Philippot Laurent
Published: July 2021

Microbial communities play important roles in all ecosystems and yet a comprehensive understanding of the ecological processes governing the assembly of these communities is missing. To address the role of biotic interactions between microorganisms in assembly and for functioning of the soil microbiota, we used a top-down manipulation approach based on the removal of various populations in a natural soil microbial community. We hypothesized that removal of certain microbial groups will strongly affect the relative fitness of many others, therefore unraveling the contribution of biotic interactions in shaping the soil microbiome. Here we show that 39% of the dominant bacterial taxa across treatments were subjected to competitive interactions during soil recolonization, highlighting the importance of biotic interactions in the assembly of microbial communities in soil. Moreover, our approach allowed the identification of microbial community assembly rule as exemplified by the competitive exclusion between members of Bacillales and Proteobacteriales. Modified biotic interactions resulted in greater changes in activities related to N- than to C-cycling. Our approach can provide a new and promising avenue to study microbial interactions in complex ecosystems as well as the links between microbial community composition and ecosystem function.
miR-526b-3p inhibits lung cancer cisplatin-resistance and metastasis by inhibiting STAT3-promoted PD-L1
Authors: Chen Kuan-bing , Yang Wei , Xuan Ying , Lin Ai-jun
Published: July 2021

Chemotherapy remains the primary treatment of advanced solid cancer, including lung cancer. However, as first-line treatment, cisplatin-based therapy is restricted by the frequent development of drug resistance. Increasing data showed that the programmed cell death protein ligand 1 (PD-L1) plays a vital role in regulating cisplatin resistance. However, the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. We found that miR-526b-3p expression declined while PD-L1 was elevated in cisplatin-resistant lung cancer compared to that in cisplatin-sensitive lung cancer by analyzing clinical samples. Significantly, miR-526b-3p was associated with response to cisplatin negatively. We further demonstrated that miR-526b-3p reversed cisplatin resistance, suppressed metastasis, and activated CD8+ T cells in a STAT3/PD-L1-dependent manner. Thus, our findings extended the knowledge of PD-L1-mediated cisplatin resistance of lung cancer. In addition, the introduction of miR-526b-3p provided a new clue to improve the anti-tumor effects of the combination of immunotherapy and chemotherapy.
Anthropogenic forcing and response yield observed positive trend in Earth’s energy imbalance
Authors: Raghuraman Shiv Priyam , Paynter David , Ramaswamy V.
Published: July 2021

The observed trend in Earth’s energy imbalance (TEEI), a measure of the acceleration of heat uptake by the planet, is a fundamental indicator of perturbations to climate. Satellite observations (2001–2020) reveal a significant positive globally-averaged TEEI of 0.38 ± 0.24 Wm−2decade−1, but the contributing drivers have yet to be understood. Using climate model simulations, we show that it is exceptionally unlikely (<1% probability) that this trend can be explained by internal variability. Instead, TEEI is achieved only upon accounting for the increase in anthropogenic radiative forcing and the associated climate response. TEEI is driven by a large decrease in reflected solar radiation and a small increase in emitted infrared radiation. This is because recent changes in forcing and feedbacks are additive in the solar spectrum, while being nearly offset by each other in the infrared. We conclude that the satellite record provides clear evidence of a human-influenced climate system.
Large linear non-saturating magnetoresistance and high mobility in ferromagnetic MnBi
Authors: He Yangkun , Gayles Jacob , Yao Mengyu , Helm Toni , Reimann Tommy , Strocov Vladimir N. , Schnelle Walter , Nicklas Michael , Sun Yan , Fecher Gerhard H. , Felser Claudia
Published: July 2021

A large non-saturating magnetoresistance has been observed in several nonmagnetic topological Weyl semi-metals with high mobility of charge carriers at the Fermi energy. However, ferromagnetic systems rarely display a large magnetoresistance because of localized electrons in heavy d bands with a low Fermi velocity. Here, we report a large linear non-saturating magnetoresistance and high mobility in ferromagnetic MnBi. MnBi, unlike conventional ferromagnets, exhibits a large linear non-saturating magnetoresistance of 5000% under a pulsed field of 70 T. The electrons and holes’ mobilities are both 5000 cm2V−1s−1 at 2 K, which are one of the highest for ferromagnetic materials. These phenomena are due to the spin-polarised Bi 6p band’s sharp dispersion with a small effective mass. Our study provides an approach to achieve high mobility in ferromagnetic systems with a high Curie temperature, which is advantageous for topological spintronics.
SUMOylation of SAMHD1 at Lysine 595 is required for HIV-1 restriction in non-cycling cells
Authors: Martinat Charlotte , Cormier Arthur , Tobaly-Tapiero Joëlle , Palmic Noé , Casartelli Nicoletta , Mahboubi Bijan , Coggins Si’Ana A. , Buchrieser Julian , Persaud Mirjana , Diaz-Griffero Felipe , Espert Lucile , Bossis Guillaume , Lesage Pascale , Schwartz Olivier , Kim Baek , Margottin-Goguet Florence , Saïb Ali , Zamborlini Alessia
Published: July 2021

SAMHD1 is a cellular triphosphohydrolase (dNTPase) proposed to inhibit HIV-1 reverse transcription in non-cycling immune cells by limiting the supply of the dNTP substrates. Yet, phosphorylation of T592 downregulates SAMHD1 antiviral activity, but not its dNTPase function, implying that additional mechanisms contribute to viral restriction. Here, we show that SAMHD1 is SUMOylated on residue K595, a modification that relies on the presence of a proximal SUMO-interacting motif (SIM). Loss of K595 SUMOylation suppresses the restriction activity of SAMHD1, even in the context of the constitutively active phospho-ablative T592A mutant but has no impact on dNTP depletion. Conversely, the artificial fusion of SUMO2 to a non-SUMOylatable inactive SAMHD1 variant restores its antiviral function, a phenotype that is reversed by the phosphomimetic T592E mutation. Collectively, our observations clearly establish that lack of T592 phosphorylation cannot fully account for the restriction activity of SAMHD1. We find that SUMOylation of K595 is required to stimulate a dNTPase-independent antiviral activity in non-cycling immune cells, an effect that is antagonized by cyclin/CDK-dependent phosphorylation of T592 in cycling cells.
Stearic acid blunts growth-factor signaling via oleoylation of GNAI proteins
Authors: Nůsková Hana , Serebryakova Marina V. , Ferrer-Caelles Anna , Sachsenheimer Timo , Lüchtenborg Christian , Miller Aubry K. , Brügger Britta , Kordyukova Larisa V. , Teleman Aurelio A.
Published: July 2021

Covalent attachment of C16:0 to proteins (palmitoylation) regulates protein function. Proteins are also S-acylated by other fatty acids including C18:0. Whether protein acylation with different fatty acids has different functional outcomes is not well studied. We show here that C18:0 (stearate) and C18:1 (oleate) compete with C16:0 to S-acylate Cys3 of GNAI proteins. C18:0 becomes desaturated so that C18:0 and C18:1 both cause S-oleoylation of GNAI. Exposure of cells to C16:0 or C18:0 shifts GNAI acylation towards palmitoylation or oleoylation, respectively. Oleoylation causes GNAI proteins to shift out of cell membrane detergent-resistant fractions where they potentiate EGFR signaling. Consequently, exposure of cells to C18:0 reduces recruitment of Gab1 to EGFR and reduces AKT activation. This provides a molecular mechanism for the anti-tumor effects of C18:0, uncovers a mechanistic link how metabolites affect cell signaling, and provides evidence that the identity of the fatty acid acylating a protein can have functional consequences.
An umbrella review of the evidence associating diet and cancer risk at 11 anatomical sites
Authors: Papadimitriou Nikos , Markozannes Georgios , Kanellopoulou Afroditi , Critselis Elena , Alhardan Sumayah , Karafousia Vaia , Kasimis John C. , Katsaraki Chrysavgi , Papadopoulou Areti , Zografou Maria , Lopez David S. , Chan Doris S. M. , Kyrgiou Maria , Ntzani Evangelia , Cross Amanda J. , Marrone Michael T. , Platz Elizabeth A. , Gunter Marc J. , Tsilidis Konstantinos K.
Published: July 2021

There is evidence that diet and nutrition are modifiable risk factors for several cancers, but associations may be flawed due to inherent biases. Nutritional epidemiology studies have largely relied on a single assessment of diet using food frequency questionnaires. We conduct an umbrella review of meta-analyses of observational studies to evaluate the strength and validity of the evidence for the association between food/nutrient intake and risk of developing or dying from 11 primary cancers. It is estimated that only few single food/nutrient and cancer associations are supported by strong or highly suggestive meta-analytic evidence, and future similar research is unlikely to change this evidence. Alcohol consumption is positively associated with risk of postmenopausal breast, colorectal, esophageal, head & neck and liver cancer. Consumption of dairy products, milk, calcium and wholegrains are inversely associated with colorectal cancer risk. Coffee consumption is inversely associated with risk of liver cancer and skin basal cell carcinoma.
Cardiac-specific deletion of voltage dependent anion channel 2 leads to dilated cardiomyopathy by altering calcium homeostasis
Authors: Shankar Thirupura S. , Ramadurai Dinesh K. A. , Steinhorst Kira , Sommakia Salah , Badolia Rachit , Thodou Krokidi Aspasia , Calder Dallen , Navankasattusas Sutip , Sander Paulina , Kwon Oh Sung , Aravamudhan Aishwarya , Ling Jing , Dendorfer Andreas , Xie Changmin , Kwon Ohyun , Cheng Emily H. Y. , Whitehead Kevin J. , Gudermann Thomas , Richardson Russel S. , Sachse Frank B. , Schredelseker Johann , Spitzer Kenneth W. , Chaudhuri Dipayan , Drakos Stavros G.
Published: July 2021

Voltage dependent anion channel 2 (VDAC2) is an outer mitochondrial membrane porin known to play a significant role in apoptosis and calcium signaling. Abnormalities in calcium homeostasis often leads to electrical and contractile dysfunction and can cause dilated cardiomyopathy and heart failure. However, the specific role of VDAC2 in intracellular calcium dynamics and cardiac function is not well understood. To elucidate the role of VDAC2 in calcium homeostasis, we generated a cardiac ventricular myocyte-specific developmental deletion of Vdac2 in mice. Our results indicate that loss of VDAC2 in the myocardium causes severe impairment in excitation-contraction coupling by altering both intracellular and mitochondrial calcium signaling. We also observed adverse cardiac remodeling which progressed to severe cardiomyopathy and death. Reintroduction of VDAC2 in 6-week-old knock-out mice partially rescued the cardiomyopathy phenotype. Activation of VDAC2 by efsevin increased cardiac contractile force in a mouse model of pressure-overload induced heart failure. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that VDAC2 plays a crucial role in cardiac function by influencing cellular calcium signaling. Through this unique role in cellular calcium dynamics and excitation-contraction coupling VDAC2 emerges as a plausible therapeutic target for heart failure.