bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
GEORGE KEITH BATCHELOR
8 March 1920–30 March 2000
Founding Editor, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 1956
Authors: HUPPERT HERBERT E.
Published: July 2002

George Batchelor was one of the giants of fluid mechanics in the second half of the
twentieth century. He had a passion for physical and quantitative understanding of
fluid flows and a single-minded determination that fluid mechanics should be pursued
as a subject in its own right. He once wrote that he ‘spent a lifetime happily within its
boundaries’. Six feet tall, thin and youthful in appearance, George's unchanging attire
and demeanour contrasted with his ever-evolving scientific insights and contributions.
His strongly held and carefully articulated opinions, coupled with his forthright
objectivity, shone through everything he undertook.

George's pervasive influence sprang from a number of factors. First, he conducted
imaginative, ground-breaking research, which was always based on clear physical
thinking. Second, he founded a school of fluid mechanics, inspired by his mentor G. I.
Taylor, that became part of the world renowned Department of Applied Mathematics
and Theoretical Physics (DAMTP) of which he was the Head from its inception in
1959 until he retired from his Professorship in 1983. Third, he established this Journal
in 1956 and actively oversaw all its activities for more than forty years, until he
relinquished his editorship at the end of 1998. Fourth, he wrote the monumental
textbook An Introduction to Fluid Dynamics, which first appeared in 1967, has been
translated into four languages and has been relaunched this year, the year of his
death. This book, which describes the fundamentals of the subject and discusses
many applications, has been closely studied and frequently cited by generations of
students and research workers. It has already sold over 45 000 copies. And fifth, but not
finally, he helped initiate a number of international organizations (often European),
such as the European Mechanics Committee (now Society) and the biennial Polish
Fluid Mechanics Meetings, and contributed extensively to the running of IUTAM, the
International Union of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics. The aim of all of these
associations is to foster fluid (and to some extent solid) mechanics and to encourage
the development of the subject.
On inertial waves in a rotating fluid sphere
Authors: ZHANG KEKE , EARNSHAW PAUL , LIAO XINHAO , BUSSE F. H.
Published: July 2002

Several new results are obtained for the classical problem of inertial waves in a
rotating fluid sphere which was formulated by Poincaré more than a century ago.
Explicit general analytical expressions for solutions of the problem are found in a
rotating sphere for the first time. It is also discovered that there exists a special class of
three-dimensional inertial waves that are nearly geostrophic and always travel slowly
in the prograde direction. On the basis of the explicit general expression we are able to
show that the internal viscous dissipation of all the inertial waves vanishes identically
for a rotating fluid sphere. The result contrasts with the finite values obtained for
the internal viscous dissipation for all other cases in which inertial waves have been
studied.
Global linear stability analysis of thin aerofoil wakes
Authors: WOODLEY B. M. , PEAKE N.
Published: July 2002

We investigate the global linear stability properties of the

quasi-parallel flow in

the neighbourhood of the trailing edge of a thin aerofoil, using a WKBJ/multiple

scales formulation in the limit of large Reynolds number, as originally
developed by

Monkewitz, Huerre & Chomaz. We show that the wake is globally linearly
unstable

to second order in the asymptotic expansion parameter at all Reynolds numbers

provided the effective adverse pressure gradient at the trailing edge,
which

is related

to the aerofoil thickness distribution, is sufficiently large. For smaller

adverse pressure

gradients, there exists a critical Reynolds number above which the flow
is globally

linearly unstable, but below which it is globally stable. An asymptotic
analysis for

large wavenumber indicates that the double Blasius profile, corresponding
to a zero

adverse pressure gradient, may be absolutely unstable.
The initial value problem for Kelvin vortex waves
Authors: ARENDT STEVE , FRITTS DAVID C. , ANDREASSEN ØYVIND
Published: July 2002

We present a formal solution to the initial value problem for
small perturbations of a
straight vortex tube with constant vorticity, and show that any initial
perturbation to
such a tube evolves exclusively as a collection of Kelvin vortex waves. We then study
in detail the evolution of the following particular initial
states of the vortex tube:
(i) an axisymmetric pinch in the radius of the tube, (ii) a
deflection in the location
of the tube, and (iii) a flattening of the tube's cross-secton.
All of these initial states
are localized in the direction along the tube by weighting them with a Gaussian
function. In each case, the initial perturbation is decomposed into
packets of Kelvin
vortex waves which then propagate outward along the vortex tube. We discuss the
physical mechanisms responsible for the propagation of the wave packets, and study
the consequences of wave dispersion for the solution.
A note on isolated convection in a rotating
two-layer fluid
Authors: CHAPMAN DAVID C.
Published: July 2002

The approach of Visbeck, Marshall & Jones (1996)
is used to explain the primary
results of a recent laboratory study of isolated convection in a
two-layer fluid reported by Narimousa (1996).
Linear stability of rotating convection in an

imposed shear flow
Authors: MATTHEWS PAUL , COX STEPHEN
Published: July 2002

In many geophysical and astrophysical contexts, thermal convection

is influenced

by both rotation and an underlying shear flow. The linear theory for thermal

convection is presented, with attention restricted to a layer of

fluid rotating about a

horizontal axis, and plane Couette flow driven by differential motion of

the horizontal boundaries.

The eigenvalue problem to determine the critical Rayleigh number is
solved

numerically assuming rigid, fixed-temperature boundaries.

The preferred orientation of

the convection rolls is found, for different orientations of the rotation
vector with

respect to the shear flow. For moderate rates of shear

and rotation, the preferred roll

orientation depends only on their ratio, the Rossby number.

It is well known that rotation alone acts to favour rolls

aligned with the rotation

vector, and to suppress rolls of other orientations. Similarly, in a

shear flow, rolls

parallel to the shear flow are preferred. However, it is found that when
the rotation

vector and shear flow are parallel, the two effects lead counter-intuitively
(as in

other, analogous convection problems) to a preference for

oblique rolls, and a critical

Rayleigh number below that for Rayleigh–Bénard convection.

When the boundaries are poorly conducting, the eigenvalue problem is
solved

analytically by means of an asymptotic expansion in the aspect ratio of
the rolls.

The behaviour of the stability problem is found to be qualitatively

similar to that for fixed-temperature boundaries.

Fully nonlinear numerical simulations of the convection are also

carried out. These

are generally consistent with the linear stability theory, showing

convection in the form

of rolls near the onset of motion, with the appropriate orientation. More

complicated states are found further from critical.
Crescentic bedforms in the nearshore region
Authors: VITTORI G. , DE SWART H. E. , BLONDEAUX P.
Published: July 2002

A wave of small amplitude is considered which approaches a straight
beach normally
and which is partially reflected at the coastline. By assuming that the
local depth
is much smaller than the length of the incoming wave, the shallow water
equations
are used to determine the water motion. The surf zone width is assumed
to be small
compared to the length of the incoming wave and hence the effect of wave
breaking
is included only parametrically. The time development of the cohesionless
bottom is
described by the Exner continuity equation and by an empirical sediment
transport
rate formula which relates the sediment flux to the steady currents and
wave stirring.
It is shown that the basic-state solution, which does not depend on the
longshore
coordinate, may be unstable with respect to longshore bedform perturbations,
so that
rhythmic topographies form. The instability process is due to a positive
feedback
mechanism involving the incoming wave, synchronous edge waves and the bedforms.

The growth of the bottom perturbations is related to the presence of steady
currents
caused by the interaction of the incoming wave with synchronous edge waves
which
in turn are excited by the incoming wave moving over the wavy bed. For
natural
beaches the model predicts two maxima in the amplification rate: one is
related to
incoming waves of low frequency, the other to wind waves. Thus two bedforms
of
different wavelengths can coexist in the nearshore region with longshore
spacings of a
few hundred and a few tens of metres, respectively. To illustrate the potential
validity
of the model, its results are compared with field data. The overall agreement
is fairly
satisfactory.
An Overview of Election Studies in Africa
Authors: COWEN MICHAEL , LAAKSO LIISA
Published: July 2002

Since 1990, more than 30 sub-Saharan states have introduced

multi-party electoral systems to choose their national governments. This

development, normally understood as part of the post-cold war

‘wave of democratisation’,

has led many to think that there is something

intrinsically new about such a competitive process in Africa, which is

not the case. This article looks at some elections that have been held
in

various states and studied, both before and after their independence.
Measurements of striation formation time in
an N2 α RF discharge
Authors: DURRANI S. M. A. , VIDAUD P. , HALL D. R.
Published: July 2002

Measurements have been made of the striation formation time of
an
α-type RF
discharge in nitrogen as a function of pressure, RF frequency, electrode
separation
and input power. A theoretical model is proposed that yields electron energy
and
density and striation formation time, given the measured discharge parameters
of
interelectrode voltage and separation, gas pressure and RF frequency. It
is found
that increasing the pressure and the electrode separation increase the
striation
formation time, while increasing the power and the RF frequency decrease
the
striation formation time. The model predicts that striations in the RF
discharge
are formed when the plasma charge density reaches some critical value at
which
the space charge distorts the interelectrode field.
Turbulence in incompressible fluids and magnetic fields
Authors: PIÑA E.
Published: July 2002

The Hamiltonian dynamics of a two-degree-of-freedom system is shown
to
mimic the structure of an incompressible fluid if the fluid streamlines
are
considered instead of the pathlines used by many authors. This approach
is
formally equivalent to the determination of magnetic field lines, which
satisfy
the same mathematical equations. Turbulence in this case is seen as
Hamiltonian chaotic dynamics perturbed by time, which plays the role of
the
codimension parameter of such chaos. Any spatial Lie symmetry leads to
a
laminar flow, whereas stationary flow could be considered chaotic but not
turbulent. The transition from laminar to turbulent flow is associated
with the
destruction of KAM trajectories produced by time evolution.
Energy transfer from particles to low-frequency fields in a non-uniform

magnetized plasma
Authors: SOSENKO PETRO P.
Published: July 2002

Energy transfer from particles to low-frequency turbulent fields
in the non-uniform
magnetized plasma is studied. Sufficient conditions for plasma stability
are derived
taking account of magnetic field shear.
Nonlinear non-stationary Alfvén resonance
Authors: DMITRIENKO I. S.
Published: July 2002

For a cold plasma that is inhomogeneous (in the direction across an
external homogeneous magnetic field), the nonlinear equation describing the
spatial structure and temporal behaviour of a non-stationary disturbance in a
resonance layer is obtained. The matching conditions for a disturbance through
the resonance layer are obtained, and in the linear limit give a well-known linear
matching. It is shown that the spatial and temporal behaviour of the resonance
disturbance and the evolution of the resonant absorption in terms of nonlinear
theory are determined by the ratio of the nonlinear to linear non-stationary
spatial scales. The spatial–temporal profile of the disturbance in the resonance
layer and the resonant absorption for different values of this ratio are
calculated. A nonlinear decrease in the resonant absorption and a stratification
of the resonance disturbance are revealed.
Age and growth of the squid Todaropsis eblanae (Cephalopoda: Ommastrephidae) on the north-west African shelf
Authors: Arkhipkin Alexander I. , Laptikhovsky Vladimir V.
Published: July 2002

Length composition, maturation and growth of the ommastrephid squid Todaropsis eblanae were studied using length–frequency distributions (LFDs) and statoliths of squid caught off the north-west African coast. Length–frequency distributions were quite similar in all seasons studied, indicating all year round spawning. However, both high proportions of mature squid in the winter and the hatching peak of squid from our sample in spring suggested the winter–spring peak of spawning. Immature and maturing squid had rather high growth rates, attaining 140—150 mm of dorsal mantle length (ML) by the age of 160—170 d. Todaropsis eblanae is likely to have an annual life cycle on the north-west African shelf.
Rare records of Euchaeta species (Crustacea: Copepoda) in the Irish Sea
Authors: Nicholas Kirsty R. , Nash Richard D.M.
Published: July 2002

Specimens of Euchaeta norvegica and Euchaeta hebes (Crustacea: Copepoda) were collected west of the Isle of Man, Irish Sea, between February and April 1993. There are no previous records of these species in the plankton of the Irish Sea. It is thought that they were carried into the central southern Irish Sea by incursions of water through the St George's and North Channels.
Opponents of Appeasement: Western-educated Chinese Diplomats and Intellectuals and Sino-Japanese Relations, 1932-37
Authors: CRAFT STEPHEN G.
Published: July 2002

Many years ago, the eminent historian Gordon A. Craig wrote: ‘One of the recurring themes in those books on the
diplomatic pre-history of the Second World War which have come to us from the former enemy countries is the plight
of the professional diplomat, whose training and knowledge convinced him that the policy of his government was
leading straight to disaster but whose advice was seldom solicited and never followed.’ Craig went on to show that
this pattern of ‘the neglect and abuse of the resources of expert diplomacy’ occurred in the democratic countries of
the time. Professional Chinese diplomats (and intellectuals) fared little better than their counterparts, democratic or
totalitarian, in the 1930s when their leader, Chiang Kai-shek, pursued a policy of appeasement toward Japan. Chiang's
appeasement policy, or what some have referred to as a policy of accommodation or gradualism, has received much
treatment from historians.
Names and Numbers in Early Christianity
Authors: BOVON FRANÇOIS
Published: July 2002

Les premiers chrétiens recoururent aux noms et aux nombres pour organiser leur pensée théologique. Ce faisant, ils poursuivaient une habitude ancrée aussi bien dans la réflexion philosophique grecque que dans les Écritures hébraïques. Sans développer une ontologie du langage, ils articulaient les mots et les chiffres sur la réalité, laissant à Dieu la responsabilité des équivalences. Le nom de Dieu et le nom de Jésus constituaient, à leurs yeux, le noyau de leur confession de foi.
Myophilin of Echinococcus granulosus: isoforms and
phosphorylation by protein kinase C
Authors: MARTIN R. M. , CSAR X. F. , GASSER R. B. , FELLEISEN R. , LIGHTOWLERS M. W.
Published: July 2002

Myophilin is a muscle-associated antigen of the taeniid cestode
Echinococcus granulosus. This protein shows a high amino
acid sequence homology with calponins and calponin-like proteins, which
are
proposed to be associated with the regulation
of smooth muscle contraction. In order to provide supportive evidence for
a
relationship between these proteins, we
characterized myophilin using electrophoretic, biochemical and molecular
biological
approaches. Two-dimensional protein
electrophoretic separation of E. granulosus larval proteins defined
4 isoelectric isoforms of myophilin (α, β, γ and δ),
which
appeared to be a consequence of post-translational modification of a single
gene product. It was also demonstrated
biochemically that E. granulosus myophilin undergoes specific
phosphorylation in vitro by protein kinase C (PKC). Finally,
myophilin homologues were identified in extracts of Taenia hydatigena
and T. ovis by immunoblot. A partial cDNA of
the closely related species, E. multilocularis, was isolated by
cloning procedures and showed 99% homology with the E.
granulosus myophilin gene. The similarities of E. granulosus
myophilin with calponins in their tissue localization, protein
isoform patterns, ability to be phosphorylated in vitro by PKC,
and
the relatively conserved nature of the protein among
related parasites suggest that myophilin may be associated with smooth
muscle contraction.
Mutual exclusion of congeneric monogenean species in a space-limited
habitat
Authors: JACKSON J. A. , TINSLEY R. C. , HINKEL H. H.
Published: July 2002

Adults of the monogenean genus Protopolystoma infecting
Xenopus species occur in an extremely space-limited habitat,
the urinary bladder. Xenopus wittei, from a population in Rwanda
naturally infected with Protopolystoma fissilis and
Protopolystoma simplicis, were exposed to reinfection in captivity
(for 1–3 months post-capture) and then monitored in the
laboratory for up to 5 months in transmission-free conditions. The two
parasites co-occurred in individual bladders less
frequently than expected if they were dispersed randomly. Distribution
of bladder infections was significantly non-independent
(n=157) and gravid worms of both species were never found in the
same host. This pattern might be
explained by interference competition between the parasites or by genetic
differences in susceptibility within the host
species, which is of allopolyploid origin. Other distributional data for
sympatric polystomatid species pairs, including P.
fissilis and P. ramulosus, show concurrent infections at
frequencies consistent with random distributions (i.e. no evidence
of interspecific competition or variability in species-specific susceptibility
of the hosts). Interference between P. fissilis and
P. simplicis (assuming host genetic factors are not involved)
may therefore result from a mechanism specific to this species
pair. Observations on infection turnover in captive hosts suggest that
loss of adult worms may be related to the arrival of
juveniles (of either species) in the urinary bladder. Ectopic infection
of the host urinary ducts by adult and subadult P.
fissilis was observed in some single-species infestations and may
be density related. However, the use of an ectopic-site
‘refugium’ has never been observed in concurrent polystomatid
infections.
Periodate-sensitive immunological cross-reactivity between
keyhole limpet haemocyanin (KLH) and serodiagnostic
Schistosoma mansoni egg antigens
Authors: HAMILTON J. V. , CHIODINI P. L. , FALLON P. G. , DOENHOFF M. J.
Published: July 2002

Both CEF6, a cation-exchange fraction of soluble Schistosoma
mansoni egg antigens (SEA), composed of the 2 antigens,
alpha-1 and omega-1, and haemocyanin from the keyhole limpet, Megathura
crenulata, have shown potential for immunodiagnosis
of human schistosomiasis. Possible cross-reactivity between antigens in
SEA and keyhole limpet haemocyanin
(KLH) was explored by Western immunoblotting and enzyme-linked immunosorbent
assay (ELISA) using sera from
rabbits immunized with KLH, SEA, CEF6, alpha-1, omega-1, or egg antigen
k5. Both immunoassays revealed a high
degree of serological cross-reactivity between the schistosome egg antigens
and KLH, much of it due to sodium periodate-
sensitive epitopes. Cross-reactivity with schistosome antigens with proven
diagnostic efficacy may thus, in part, explain
the usefulness of KLH for the diagnosis of human schistosomiasis mansoni.
Glutathione protects macrophages and Leishmania major
against nitric oxide-mediated cytotoxicity
Authors: ROMÃO P. R. T. , FONSECA S. G. , HOTHERSALL J. S. , NORONHA-DUTRA A. A. , FERREIRA S. H. , CUNHA F. Q.
Published: July 2002

The aim of this investigation was to examine whether macrophage and Leishmania major glutathione were involved in
either host or parasite protection against NO cytotoxicity. Buthionine sulfoximine (BSO), an inhibitor of γ-glutamyl-cysteine synthase, caused a complete and irreversible depletion of macrophage glutathione, but only a 20% and reversible
decrease in L. major glutathione. Glutathione-depleted macrophages, when activated with IFN-γ/LPS, released less than
60% of the NO produced by untreated macrophages, resulting in a corresponding decrease in their leishmanicidal activity.
BSO-treated macrophages were more susceptible to the cytotoxic effects of the NO donor SNAP. Treatment of macrophages
with 1,3-bis(chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU), an inhibitor of glutathione reductase and trypanothione
reductase or with Br-Octane, a glutathione-S-transferase substrate, resulted in a transient decrease in glutathione levels
and did not increase the susceptibility of the macrophages to SNAP. Treatment of the promastigote forms of L. major
with BCNU resulted in an 80% decrease in total glutathione concentration with no concomitant change in viability.
However, this treatment rendered the parasites more susceptible to SNAP. Finally, macrophage glutathione protected the
internalized L. major from SNAP. Overall, these results demonstrate that glutathione is an essential protective component
against NO cytotoxicity on both macrophages and parasites.
The Intellectual Capacity of David Stove
Authors: Teichman Jenny
Published: July 2002

David Stove's essay “The intellectual capacity of women” was first published in 1990, in the Proceedings of a Sydney philosophical society. It has been re-published twice since his death. It seems though that during his lifetime Stove himself refused to agree to its being re-printed. This raises two questions: Did Stove believe his essay on women contains mistakes? And: does it contain mistakes?

The main flaws in the essay stem from a rash adoption of simplistic ideas about probability coupled with a question-begging definition of capacity. The work also contains contradictions and exaggerations and some unwise forays into social history. Stove was an intelligent man so it seems likely that he would have recognised those flaws.
Natural Domination: A Reply to Michael Levin
Authors: Wilson Catherine
Published: July 2002

The paper is adressed to Michael Levin's recent Philosophy article ‘Natural Submission, Aristotle on.’ Levin argues that rule by the naturally dominant is for the best and that the naturally submissive ought to accept it as just and even inevitable. I point out some confusions in his attempt to link merit-conferring traits in individuals with social and political dominance and question his conceptions of human welfare, inferiority, and criminality. Certain combinations of competence and forcefulness arise in real-world settings, and they produce a range of outcomes not all of which are either inevitable or desirable.
Latent class analysis of Temperance Board
registrations in Swedish male–male twin pairs born
1902 to 1949: searching for subtypes of alcoholism
Authors: KENDLER K. S. , KARKOWSKI L. M. , PRESCOTT C. A. , PEDERSEN N. L.
Published: July 2002

Background. Alcoholism is clinically heterogeneous. We
have
attempted to identify and validate
subtypes of broadly defined alcoholism.

Methods. Latent class analysis (LCA) was applied to data
on the number, age at onset and reasons
for temperance board registration (TBR) in all male–male twin pairs
of
known zygosity born in Sweden from 1902–1949.

Results. Of the five classes identified, two were relatively
common:
single-cause registrant – drunk
(SCR-D); and early-onset multiple-cause registrant (EO-MCR). In contrast

to the SCR-D class, the
EO-MCR class was characterized by: (i) earlier age at first TBR;

(ii) higher number of TBRs; (iii)
TBRs for drunk driving and alcohol-related crimes; (iv) much
higher risk for alcohol-related
imprisonment and hospitalization; (v) higher levels of neuroticism

and novelty-seeking; and (vi)
much greater risk for TBR in co-twins. In twin pairs concordant for TBR,

concordance for LCA-derived class assignment far exceeded chance expectation,

more so in monozygotic than in dizygotic pairs.

Conclusions. Alcoholism is aetiologically as well as
clinically heterogeneous. The two most common
subtypes identified in these analyses bear substantial but imperfect resemblance
to previously
proposed typologies.
Sibling aggregation for psychiatric disorders
in offspring at high and low risk for depression:
10-year follow-up
Authors: RENDE R. , WARNER V. , WICKRAMARANTE P. , WEISSMAN M. M.
Published: July 2002

Background. A unique way of determining patterns of parent–offspring transmission of risk to
affective disorders is to focus on aggregation within sibling pairs. We attempt to extend our previous
finding that sibling aggregation is notable for anxiety disorders in a 10-year follow-up of siblings
at high and low risk for depression, by virtue of parental diagnosis.

Methods. The sample, which included 173 unique sibling pairs in the high risk cohort, and 83 pairs
in the low risk cohort, had been assessed using semi-structured clinical interviews three times over
a 10-year period, spanning from childhood to adulthood. Sibling aggregation was quantified using
pairwise odds ratios.

Results. Sibling aggregation in the high risk cohort was greater than aggregation in the low risk
cohort for anxiety disorders, especially those that emerged in childhood, and later co-morbid
disorders, especially major depressive disorder and suicide attempts.

Conclusions. Familial liability to affective disorders may be reflected most strongly by a
developmental sequence of anxiety disorders in childhood followed by later depressive and suicidal
behaviour in adolescence and adulthood.
Differences in verbal behaviours of patients with and
without emotional distress during primary care consultations
Authors: DEL PICCOLO L. , SALTINI A. , ZIMMERMANN C. , DUNN G.
Published: July 2002

Background. In primary care consultations patients with emotional distress tend to give verbal cues
or symptom reports with psychological or psychiatric contents. This study examined the cue
behaviour defined not only by psychological, but also by medical, social and life episodes related
contents in patients with and without emotional distress, recognized and not by their GP. The GP's
verbal behaviour in relation to patients' cue emission was also investigated.

Method. For the six participating GPs two groups of matched pairs of patients (N = 238) were
created. The two groups comprised either patients considered by GPs as being without emotional
distress or patients considered as emotionally distressed. Within each pair, one patient was a case
(GHQ-12 score > 2) and the other was the matched control (GHQ-12 score < 3). The medical
interviews with these patients were transcribed and classified according to the Verona Medical
Interview Classification System (VR-MICS).

Results. GHQ positive patients of both groups gave more cues in terms of total proportion than
their matched controls (GHQ negative patients). The proportion of cues given by patients was
related also to GP's verbal behaviour, increasing with closed psychosocial questions and decreasing
with the use of active interview techniques. Attribution of emotional distress was more frequent
when patients were high attenders and had a past psychiatric history. The content of cues changed
in relation to GP's attribution: recognized patients gave more cues and more often with
psychological content, patients not recognized as distressed gave mainly cues related to their
lifestyle and life episodes.

Conclusions. To improve the recognition of those emotionally distressed patients most likely to be
missed GPs should increase their attention to cues related to life style and life episodes.
Mere addition and the best of all possible worlds
Authors: GROVER STEPHEN
Published: July 2002

The quantitative argument against the notion of a best possible world
claims that, no matter how many worthwhile lives a world contains, another world
contains more and is, other things being equal, better. Parfit's ‘Mere Addition
Paradox’ suggests that defenders of this argument must accept his ‘Repugnant
Conclusion’: that outcomes containing billions upon billions of lives barely worth
living are better than outcomes containing fewer lives of higher quality. Several
responses to the Paradox are discussed and rejected as either inadequate or
unavailable in a theistic context. The quantitative argument fails if some world is
such that addition to it is not possible, i.e., if it is intensively infinite, as Liebniz
claimed. If the notion of such a world is incoherent, then no world is quantitatively
best and the quantitative argument succeeds, but only at the cost of embracing the
Repugnant Conclusion.
Why restraint is religiously unacceptable
Authors: EBERLE CHRISTOPHER J.
Published: July 2002

I begin this essay by articulating an argument in support of the claim
that theistic citizens ought not to support coercive policies for which they lack an
adequate secular rationale. That argument employs various claims regarding God's
nature to show: (i) that theistic citizens should expect to discern secular corroboration
for each religiously grounded moral truth to which they adhere; and (ii)
theistic citizens should doubt any religiously grounded moral claim for which they
cannot discern an adequate secular rationale. I dispute both (i) and (ii) and conclude
that theistic citizens may reasonably reject the claim that they ought not to support
coercive policies for which they lack an adequate secular rationale.
NOTE
Authors: Bright William
Published: July 2002

Change of editorship. The present volume
of Language in Society (vol. 29, 2000) marks a
transition in the editorship of the journal; the newly
appointed editor is Jane H. Hill.

From the beginning of 2000, then, all manuscripts
submitted for publication, all books offered for review,
and all new editorial correspondence should be sent to
Prof. Jane H. Hill, Editor, Language in Society,
Dept. of Anthropology, University of Arizona, Tucson,
AZ 85721.
Stephen Hester & Peter Eglin (eds.), Culture
in action: Studies in membership categorization analysis.
Washington, DC: International Institute for Ethnomethodology
& Conversation Analysis and University Press of America,
1997. Pp. viii, 193. Hb.
Authors: Roth Andrew L. , Boyd Elizabeth A.
Published: July 2002

In the mid-1960s, the late sociologist Harvey Sacks
initially developed the concept of “membership categorization
devices” as a means of analyzing how people identify,
describe, and refer to one another. In his now canonical
treatment of a child's story, “The baby cried.
The mommy picked it up,” Sacks (1972) explored the
possibilities for formal analyses of references to and
descriptions of persons, as implemented in written texts
and talk-in-interaction.
Miwa Nishimura, Japanese/English code-switching:
Syntax and pragmatics. (Berkeley insights in linguistics
and semiotics, 24.) New York: Peter Lang, 1997. Pp. xx,
176. Hb $43.95.
Authors: Onodera Noriko O.
Published: July 2002

This book reminds us that code-switching is not
only a classic topic, but also an important and highly
challenging one. In distinction from previous studies,
this work reveals that a bilingual community of second-generation
Japanese Canadians (Niseis), in Toronto, has three distinct
types of bilingual speech: a basically Japanese variety,
a basically English variety, and a mixed variety. Nishimura
analyzes these three bilingual speech varieties and provides
an answer to the fundamental question in code-switching:
“Who speaks what language to whom, and on what occasions?”
That is, this research ascribes the motivation of this
variability to the “intended audience.” These
Niseis choose the basically Japanese variety when they
speak to native Japanese people; when they speak to fellow
Niseis who have always lived in Canada, they choose the
basically English variety; and when they speak to a group
comprising both native Japanese and Niseis, they use the
mixed variety, oscillating between Japanese and English.
They switch among these codes even in the middle of storytelling.
What is important here, for the bilingual speakers, is
to address two questions: “Who is present in the
audience of the ongoing conversational situation?”;
and more specifically, “To whom is the current production
of this utterance directed?”
Fixed versus flexible strategists: Individual differences in facultative responsiveness?
Authors: Belsky Jay
Published: July 2002

Gangestad & Simpson's central premise regarding individual differences is applied to their facultative-argument based on mating- strategy, for individual differences in susceptibility to contextual effects. Some individuals may be relatively fixed strategists who are rather unresponsive to context when it comes to mating, whereas others, perhaps most, may be, as G&S propose, flexible strategists.
A multidimensional approach to the mind-brain: Behaviour versus schemata versus cognition?
Authors: Foster Jonathan K.
Published: July 2002

Arbib, Érdi, and Szentágothai's book seeks to present a multidisciplinary, multistrategied approach to the study of the mind-brain, encompassing structural, functional, and dynamic perspectives. However, the articulated framework is somewhat underspecified at the cognitive level. The representational level of analysis will need to be fleshed out if the explanatory potential of Arbib et al.'s framework is to be fulfilled.
Why localist connectionist models are inadequate for categorization
Authors: French Robert M. , Thomas Elizabeth
Published: July 2002

Two categorization arguments pose particular problems for localist connectionist models. The internal representations of localist networks do not reflect the variability within categories in the environment, whereas networks with distributed internal representations do reflect this essential feature of categories. We provide a real biological example of perceptual categorization in the monkey that seems to require population coding (i.e., distributed internal representations).
Bottoms-up! A refreshing change in models
Authors: Snowdon Charles T.
Published: July 2002

Top-down models typically used to explain social behavior involve specific adaptations and higher level cognition. The Pavlovian conditioning model proposed can be extended to explain formation of dominance hierarchies and group structure, can replace a pheromonal model of reproductive suppression, and can be applied to language learning. This bottom-up approach based on general learning principles is a refreshing alternative to top-down models.
The amygdala – responsible for memories of reward as well as punishment?
Authors: Parker Amanda
Published: July 2002

Rolls's proposal that the amygdala is critical for the association of visual objects with reward is not consistent with recent ablation evidence. Stimulus-reward association learning is more likely to depend on basal forebrain efferents to the inferior temporal cortex, some of which pass through the amygdala. It is more likely that the amygdala is involved in rapid modulation of stimulus reward value.
Beyond “pardonable errors by subjects and unpardonable ones by psychologists”
Authors: Wang X. T.
Published: July 2002

Violations and biases relative to normative principles of rationality tend to occur when the structure of task environments is novel or the decision goals are in conflict. The two blades of bounded rationality, the structure of task environments and the computational capacities of the actor, can sharpen the conceptual distinctions between the sources of the normative and descriptive gap.
Implicit learning of (boundedly) rational behaviour
Authors: Zizzo Daniel John
Published: July 2002

Stanovich & West's target article undervalues the power of implicit learning (particularly reinforcement learning). Implicit learning may allow the learning of more rational responses–and sometimes even generalisation of knowledge–in contexts where explicit, abstract knowledge proves only of limited value, such as for economic decision-making. Four other comments are made.
One machinery, multiple cognitive states: The value of the AIM model
Authors: Portas C. M.
Published: July 2002

The AIM model represents an original and comprehensive example of how changes in conscious states can be reconciled with specific neurophysiological factors. However, further elucidation of the biological parameters necessary to define a specific space-state relationship should be considered.

[Hobson et al.; Solms]
Capacity limits in continuous old-new recognition and in short-term implicit memory
Authors: McKone Elinor
Published: July 2002

Using explicit memory measures, Cowan predicts a new circumstance in which the central capacity limit of 4 chunks should obtain. Supporting results for such an experiment, using continuous old-new recognition, are described. With implicit memory measures, Cowan assumes that short-term repetition priming reflects the central capacity limit. I argue that this phenomenon instead reflects limits within individual perceptual processing modules.
Memory must also mesh affect
Authors: MacDorman Carl F.
Published: July 2002

To model potential interactions, memory must not only mesh prior patterns of action, as Glenberg proposes, but also their internal consequences. This is necessary both to discriminate sensorimotor information by its relevance and to explain how go
als about the world develop. In the absence of internal feedback, Glenberg is forced to reintroduce a grounding problem into his otherwise sound model by presupposing interactive goals.
On the normalization of coherent contrast and the semantics of synchronization
Authors: Smyth Darragh
Published: July 2002

This commentary describes some extensions of the Phillips
& Singer model of contextual interactions to cater for the
contrast- and extent-dependency of surround facilitation and
suppression. I also comment briefly on some semantic problems with
what exactly the role of synchronization might be: input preprocessing
or output postprocessing?
ACT-R: A higher-level account of processing capacity
Authors: Anderson John R. , Lebiere Christian , Lovett Marsha , Reder Lynne
Published: July 2002

We present an account of processing capacity in the ACT-R
theory. At the symbolic level, the number of chunks in the current
goal provides a measure of relational complexity. At the subsymbolic
level, limits on spreading activation, measured by the attentional
parameter W, provide a theory of processing capacity, which has
been applied to performance, learning, and individual differences
data.
Prediction, inference, and the homunculus
Authors: Barlow Horace B.
Published: July 2002

Prediction, like filling-in, is an example of pattern
completion and both are likely to involve processes of statistical
inference. Furthermore, there is no incompatibility between
inference and neural filling-in, for the neural processes may
be mediating the inferential processes. The usefulness of the
“bridge locus” is defended, and it is also suggested
that the interpersonal level needs to be included when considering
subjective experience.
Self-organizing features and categories through attentive resonance
Authors: Grossberg Stephen
Published: July 2002

Because “people create features to subserve the
representation and categorization of objects” (abstract) Schyns
et al. “provide an account of feature learning in which the
components of a representation have close ties to the categorization
history of the organism” (sect. 1.1). This commentary surveys
self-organizing neural models that clarify this process. These models
suggest how “top-down information should constrain the search
for relevant dimensions/features of categorization” (sect.
3.4.2).
Innate talents: A psychological tautology?
Authors: Irvine Sidney H.
Published: July 2002

The tautological implications of “innate talents”
are outlined. Analogies are drawn between the present review and the
nature–nurture controversies of 40 years ago. Ferguson's
(1954; 1956) theoretical positions are proposed as a context in which
to consider present and future attempts to resolve this long-standing
issue.
Can features be created on the fly?
Authors: Lamberts Koen
Published: July 2002

It is argued that feature creation may not only depend on
categorical distinctions that are made during category learning, but
also on the choice set during subsequent categorization.
Digital computers versus dynamical systems: A conflation of distinctions
Authors: O'Brien Gerard
Published: July 2002

The distinction at the heart of van Gelder's target
article is one between digital computers and dynamical systems,
but this distinction conflates two more fundamental distinctions in
cognitive science that should be kept apart. When this conflation is
undone, it becomes apparent that the computational hypothesis is not
as dominant in contemporary cognitive science as van Gelder contends;
nor has the dynamical hypothesis been neglected.
Evolutionary conservation and ontogenetic emergence of neural algorithms
Authors: Wagner Hermann , Kautz Dirk
Published: July 2002

Neural algorithms are conserved during evolution. Neurons with
different shapes and using different molecular mechanisms can perform
the same computation. However, evolutionary conservation of neural
algorithms is not sufficient for claiming the realization of an
algorithm for a specific computational problem. A plausible scheme for
ontogenetic emergence of the structure of the algorithm must also be
provided.
Fully embodying the personal level
Authors: Varela Francisco J. , Vermersch Pierre
Published: July 2002

The target article concludes that it is essential to introduce
the personal level in cognitive science. We propose to take this
conclusion one step further. The personal level should consist of
first-person accounts of specific, contextualized experiences, not
abstract or imagined cases. Exploring first-person accounts at their
own level of detail calls for the refinements of method that can link
up with neural accounts.
Statistics without probability: Significance testing as typicality and exchangeability in data analysis
Authors: Vokey John R.
Published: July 2002

Statistical significance is almost universally equated with
the attribution to some population of nonchance influences as the
source of structure in the data. But statistical significance can be
divorced from both parameter estimation and probability as, instead,
a statement about the atypicality or lack of exchangeability over some
distinction of the data relative to some set. From this perspective,
the criticisms of significance tests evaporate.
The tension between “combinatorial” and “class-default” regularity
Authors: Carstairs-McCarthy Andrew
Published: July 2002

Clahsen shows that “combinatorial” inflection is processed differently from “irregular” inflection. However, combinatorially regular affixes need not coincide with “class-default” affixes, that is, affixes shared by more than one inflection class and all of whose rivals are peculiar to one class. This creates a tension that may help to explain the persistence of inflection class systems.
Spatial programming and the representation of salience
Authors: Edelman Jay A. , Gottlieb Jacqueline , Goldberg Michael E.
Published: July 2002

The posterior parietal cortex and frontal eye field contain maps of visual salience on which the decision to choose a saccade may be based. However, an averaging express saccade is not represented by a victorious unimodal representation in the superior colliculus. Normalization as described by Findlay & Walker is not necessary for the generation of saccades.
Neuropsychological assumptions and implications
Authors: Kapur Narinder
Published: July 2002

Some of the assumptions underlying the arguments
in Aggleton & Brown's target article are reviewed;
discrepancies/predictions are pointed out in relation to human
lesion studies. A&B's proposal is interesting, but it
may require harder, confirmatory evidence before it can be
considered to be all-encompassing.
Social influences on vocal development. Charles T. Snowdon and Martine
Hausberger (Eds.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997. Pp. 352.
Authors: Brown Lisa
Published: July 2002

I believe that I do not worry unduly about the animal in me, nor fear that what little humanity
I possess will be lost if I try to understand other animals better. (Stokoe, 1983)
Writing development: An interdisciplinary view. Clotilde Pontecorvo (Ed.).
Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1997. Pp. 367.
Authors: Titone Renzo
Published: July 2002

The present book, sponsored by the European Science Foundation, Strasbourg, is the result
of several workshops that have taken place since 1992 on the problems specific to literacy
acquisition, especially in young children. The editor, Clotilde Pontecorvo of the University of
Rome, has a worldwide reputation as an educational psychologist who has dealt with pivotal
problems of school learning and especially with the totality of literacy in its basic reading and
writing constituents.
Ergodic theory and rigidity on the symmetric space of non-compact type
Authors: KIM INKANG
Published: July 2002

In this paper we investigate the rigidity of symmetric spaces of non-compact type using ergodic theory such as Patterson–Sullivan measure and the marked length spectrum along with the cross ratio on the limit set. In particular, we prove that the marked length spectrum determines the Zariski dense subgroup up to conjugacy in the isometry group of the product of rank-one symmetric spaces. As an application, we show that two convex cocompact, negatively curved, locally symmetric manifolds are isometric if the Thurston distance is zero and the critical exponents of the Poincaré series are the same, and the same is true if the geodesic stretch is equal to one.
Topological stability and Gromov hyperbolicity
Authors: RUGGIERO RAFAEL OSWALDO
Published: July 2002

We show that if the geodesic flow of a compact analytic Riemannian manifold $M$ of non-positive curvature is either $C^{k}$-topologically stable or satisfies the $\epsilon$-$C^{k}$-shadowing property for some $k > 0$ then the universal covering of $M$ is a Gromov hyperbolic space. The same holds for compact surfaces without conjugate points.
Decline and Fall, Resilience and Regeneration: A Review Essay on Social Class
Authors: Kirk Neville
Published: July 2002

This review essay has three aims: First, it presents a critique of the
work of those scholars whose “primacy of politics” approach has
posited the fall of class. Second, it reviews a selection of traditional and
reworked defenses of class. Third, it indicates some of the fruitful ways in
which class can be employed in the new millennium.
Reply: Class and the Politics of History
Authors: Eley Geoff , Nield Keith
Published: July 2002

Our principal anxiety about the responses to “Farewell to the
Working Class?” concerns their strangely private character. In the
main—the response of Barbara Weinstein excepted—the respondents seem
to use the opportunity our article has provided simply to restate some of their
own previous positions. Often they engage neither with the substance of our
article nor, equally importantly, with its conciliatory tone. As a result, the
chance further to depolemicize these important debates has been lost or
otherwise evaded in a variety of reiterations.