bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Whitetracks Design, Inc.
Authors: Grove Hugh , Cook Tom
Published: July 2011

Whitetracks Design, Inc. is one of the leading U.S. manufacturers of snowshoes. The business is owned by three individuals who are contemplating whether it should be sold now or continue to be operated for a later sale at a potentially enhanced business value. All the Whitetracks owners are now in their early 60s and are hoping for a comfortable retirement. Whether they retire sooner or later is dependent upon the proceeds from selling the business. Prior to selling, the owners want an accurate determination of the firm's value to ensure proper returns for years of hard work and personal investment. From an entrepreneurial standpoint, this case raises the issues of how private companies can be valued so that they can be subsequently managed for value creation. This is important as a 2005 survey found that only 60% of private company managers had at least some idea of their firms’ value, and two thirds of these managers said that such firms’ value was based upon management estimates or wishful thinking. To assist with determining the value of their business, the Whitetracks owners hired a merger and acquisition consultant, who is a coauthor of this case. The consultant will assist the owners in valuing the business and in making the decision to sell now or continue to operate the business.
The New Faces of Endocytosis in Signaling
Authors: Hupalowska Anna , Miaczynska Marta
Published: July 2011

It is becoming clear that intracellular signaling events are intimately linked with the membrane transport processes. In addition to the long known role of endocytosis in downregulating plasma membrane receptors, more recent data uncover several sophisticated modes by which endocytosis affects the type and duration of signals. Particularly striking are various roles of endocytic compartments as membrane platforms for compartmentalized assembly or sequestration of specific signaling complexes. Here we review some recent examples illustrating how endosomes may mediate ligand‐stimulated apoptotic signaling and how multivesicular bodies affect Wnt signaling by regulated sequestration of signaling molecules or their secretion in exosomes. We also discuss evidence documenting the involvement of endocytic proteins in the regulation of p53 activity and stability, which suggests a possible cross‐talk between endocytic processes and transcriptional responses.
Design, Synthesis, and Cytotoxicity of Novel 3‐Arylidenones Derived from Alicyclic Ketones
Authors: Satam Vijay , Bandi Ravi K. , Behera Ajaya K. , Mishra Bijay K. , Tzou Samuel , Brockway Olivia , Babu Balaji , Zeller Matthias , Westbrook Cara , Mooberry Susan L. , Lee Moses , Pati Hari
Published: July 2011

Forty‐four novel chalcone‐inspired analogs having a 3‐aryl‐2‐propenoyl moiety derived from alicyclic ketones were designed, synthesized, and investigated for cytotoxicity against murine B16 and L1210 cancer cell lines. The analogs belong to four structurally divergent series, three of which (series g, h, and i) contain differently substituted cyclopentanone units and the fourth (series j) contains a 3,3‐dimethyl‐4‐piperidinone moiety. Of these, the analogs in series j showed potential cytotoxic activity against murine B16 (melanoma) and L1210 (lymphoma) cells. The most active compounds 5j, 11j, 15j, and 12h produced IC50 values from 4.4 to 15 μm against both cell lines. A single‐crystal X‐ray structure analysis and molecular modeling studies confirmed that these chalcones have an E‐geometry about the alkene bond and possess a slightly ‘twisted’ conformation similar to that of combretastatin A‐4. At a concentration of 30 μm, compounds 5j, 11j, and 15j did not cause microtubule depolymerization in cells, suggesting that they have a different mechanism of action.
Prey DNA detection success following digestion by intraguild predators: influence of prey and predator species
Authors: GAGNON A.‐È. , DOYON J. , HEIMPEL G. E. , BRODEUR J.
Published: July 2011

Intraguild predation (IGP) has been increasingly recognized as an important interaction in ecological systems over the past two decades, and remarkable insights have been gained into its nature and prevalence. We have developed a technique using molecular gut‐content analysis to compare the rate of IGP between closely related species of coccinellid beetles (lady beetles or ladybirds), which had been previously known to prey upon one another. We first developed PCR primers for each of four lady beetle species: Harmonia axyridis, Coccinella septempunctata, Coleomegilla maculata and Propylea quatuordecimpunctata. We next determined the prey DNA detection success over time (DS50) for each combination of interacting species following a meal. We found that DS50 values varied greatly between predator–prey combinations, ranging from 5.2 to 19.3 h. As a result, general patterns of detection times based upon predator or prey species alone are not discernable. We used the DS50 values to correct field data to demonstrate the importance of compensation for detection times that are specific to particular predator–prey combinations.
Analysis of Liquid-Cooled Heat Sink Used for Power Electronics Cooling
Authors: Hu Hemin , Zhang Jiahui , Du Xiaoze , Yang Lijun
Published: July 2011

Liquid-cooled heat sink (cold plate) used for power electronics cooling is numerically studied. Thermal performance and hydraulic resistance are analyzed, with emphasis on geometric construction of cooling channels. Two heat transfer enhancing channel shapes are investigated, such as alternating elliptical channel and alternating rectangular channel (AR-C). Their performances are compared with that of three traditional straight channel shapes, as straight circular channel, straight elliptical channel, and straight rectangular channel. A heat sink with uniform and discrete heat sources is studied. Thermal and hydraulic characteristics in the heat sink are simulated using computational fluid dynamics approach, with water as coolant. The results show that the AR-C has the highest thermal performance with a little penalty on pressure drop, considering fixed channel hydraulic diameter and coolant volumetric flow rate. Geometry optimization is investigated for the AR-C, as well as the effect of channel density. It is found that higher channel density can improve both thermal performance and hydraulic resistance. It is concluded that alternating channel can improve cold plate performance and should be taken into application to power electronics cooling.
Science Translational Medicine
Podcast: 13 July 2011
Authors: Rappuoli Rino , Smith Orla
Published: July 2011

A conversation with Rino Rappuoli about engineering a single chimeric vaccine antigen that protects against all strains of meningococcus B.
Proliferation and Protection of Pancreatic β Cells
Authors: Gesty-Palmer Diane
Published: July 2011

A multitasking neurotransmitter targets the underlying cause of type 1 diabetes.
O-013 Targeted treatment of bleeding source in arteriovenous malformations presenting with hemorrhage
Authors: Taylor A , Mjoli N , Lefeuvre D
Published: July 2011

Introduction

50% of symptomatic cerebral arteriovenous malformations (AVM) present because of intracranial hemorrhage. The future bleeding risk in these patients is higher than that for patients presenting with seizures, headaches or neurological deficit for at least 2 years. The reason for this higher risk may be related to partial healing of the initial rupture site.

Purpose

We sought first to determine if the angiographic source of hemorrhage could be identified in patients with intracranial bleeding. Second if the bleeding point was visualized could we safely exclude this weakness using endovascular treatment.

Method

A database of AVM patients was examined and all patients presenting with intracranial hemorrhage were included in the study. Demographic and clinical information was obtained from clinical notes. All scans and angiograms were reviewed by the investigators. Where the hemorrhage coincided anatomically with an angiographic weakness such as intranidal false aneurysm, proximal flow related aneurysm or venous pouch the bleeding point was recorded as identified. In the patients where no angiographic weakness could be seen or it was not correlated with the bleed, the bleeding source was recorded as not discovered. Treatment of the AVM weak point was recorded as successful if it could be endovascularly excluded.

Results

Over a 6-year period 99 new patients presented because of a cerebral AVM and of these 42 presented with hemorrhage. In 19 out of the 42 patients (45%) the source of bleeding was identified and treatment was performed (Abstract O-013 table 1). In all but two patients were able to treat the weak area. Of the 42 patients presenting with hemorrhage 38 had endovascular therapy and there were two minor procedure related complications (5%).

Abstract O-013 Table 1

Bleeding source

Bleeding sourceNumber of patientsBleeding point treatedFailed treatmentFlow related aneurysm541Intranidal false aneurysm12120Associated aneurysm101Venous pouch110

Conclusion

In 45% of AVM's presenting with hemorrhage we were able to identify the bleeding point on digital subtraction angiography. Targeted treatment of these weak areas is possible in most cases at an acceptable risk.
O-015 Cost-effectiveness of vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty vs non-surgical management for symptomatic vertebral compression fractures in the USA
Authors: Win S , Do H
Published: July 2011

Introduction and Purpose

Vertebroplasty (VP) and Kyphoplasty (KP) are minimally invasive surgical procedures which can relieve the pain of osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures (VCFs) and increase the functionality of patients, as supported by a number of recent randomized controlled trials. VCFs can present with debilitating back pain, uncontrolled by pain medications, that can seriously impede activities of daily living and lead to additional morbidity and mortality. The purpose of this study is to perform a cost-effectiveness analysis comparing VP, KP, and non-surgical management (NSM or conservative medical therapy) for US patients with painful VCFs.

Materials and Methods

A Markov transition state model was created with three treatment strategies: VP, KP, and NSM. A hypothetical cohort of 70-year-old men and women was followed for 30 years or until death. Inputs for the model originated from the published medical literature. Health outcomes were measured in quality-adjusted life years. The economic outcome measure of the model was the difference in healthcare costs among the three treatment strategies. Deterministic 1-way and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were performed to test the robustness of the model.

Results

VP and KP both dominated NSM. When VP and KP were compared, VP was preferred with an incremental cost savings of US$75 000 per quality-adjusted life years gained. Overall, VP was the preferred treatment strategy for symptomatic VCFs. 1-way sensitivity analyses comparing NSM to VP and NSM to KP showed that the cost of physical therapy after NSM was the variable most sensitive to the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio. At willingness to pay of US$50 000, VP was the preferred strategy with probability of 100%. This preference extended to willingness to pay US$25K and US$100K, respectively.

Conclusion

The balance of costs and effectiveness favors Vertebroplasty. This favors, from a societal perspective, VP as the preferred treatment strategy for painful osteoporotic VCFs.
O-002 Solitaire FR revascularization device: a European retrospective study as a first line device for acute ischemic stroke
Authors: Mendes pereira V , Gralla J , Bonafe A , Chapot R , Anderson T , Castano C
Published: July 2011

Retrospective data collection from European sites experienced with the use of the Solitaire FR, when used as 1st choice device to treat patients with ischemic stroke and restore blood flow. Six European centers treated 141 patients for acute ischemic stroke using the Solitaire FR, as first intention device, in relation to their own clinical practice which involved the use of mechanical thrombectomy devices and pharmacologic agents from March 2009 to June 2010. The centers involved were Germans Trias Hospital in Barcelona, Geneva University Hospital, Inselspital University Hospital of Bern, Hôpital Gui de Chauliac in Montpellier, Karolinska sjukhuset in Stockholm, AKK Hospital in Essen.Of the 141 patients, 44% were female and 89% of the occlusions were in the anterior anatomy. The median baseline NIHSS score was 18. The revascularization success (TICI≥2b) was 89.4%. The median procedure time from groin puncture to revascularization was 45 min. Good Clinical Outcome (mRS ≤2) at 90 days was 54.6%.
O-023 Pre-clinical model of porcine arterial tortuosity for in vivo testing of neuroendovascular devices
Authors: Carniato S , Mehra M , King R , Wakhloo A , Gounis M
Published: July 2011

Introduction

Preclinical testing of endovascular devices in an in-vivo environment provides a more realistic simulation of critical vessel viscoelastic and physiologic responses. In comparison, in-vitro and cadaveric models, though indispensible, can only assess structural and mechanical responses. Replicating the tortuosity of the carotid siphon in an in vivo model is a challenging endeavor. Models created by complex surgical maneuvers have previously been described1, often requiring the expertise of a skilled surgical team and considerable expense. We describe a novel porcine model of arterial tortuosity with a quantitative comparison of its geometric features with a population representative carotid siphon acquired from a patient dataset.

Materials and Methods

Three Yorkshire swine (sex: male, mean weight 46.6 kg) were used for the purposes of the study. The animals were anesthetized and femoral artery access was obtained through a 6F sheath. The microcatheter was successfully navigated to the brachial branch of the axillary artery and a selective digital subtraction angiogram was acquired in both extended and flexed right and left forelimb positions. Three dimensional rotational angiograms (3DRA) were also acquired. The vessel segmentation and centerline was generated using Mimics (Materialise, Leuven, Belgium) and a quantitative measurement of the geometric parameters was obtained as previously described. This was compared with a realistic population representative human carotid siphon model.2

Results

The mean average curvature (AC), length and diameter calculated for the arterial segments (average±SE of the mean) in the extended (0.28±0.06 mm−1, 13.99±1.66 mm and 2.60±0.19 mm) and the flexed (0.29±0.02 mm−1, 17.59±0.77 mm and 2.59±0.12 mm) position are similar. In comparison, the values calculated for the population representative carotid siphon are 0.34±0.02 mm−1, 22.60±0.79 mm and 4.15±0.09 mm, respectively. However, positioning the forelimb in the flexed position (Abstract O-023 figure 1A, arrows) increased the number of tortuous bends in comparison to the extended position (Abstract O-023 figure 1B, arrow).

Abstract O-023 Figure 1

Conclusion

We have described a reproducible in vivo model of arterial tortuosity in the brachial artery in the flexed forelimb position in the swine. This model offers a challenging target for the assessment of guidewires, microcatheters and endovascular implants since it closely mimics the curvature experienced at the carotid siphon.
P-012 A mathematical model of vascular tortuosity using optimality analysis
Authors: Hathout L , Do H
Published: July 2011

Introduction/Purpose

Although vascular tortuosity is a ubiquitous phenomenon, no mathematical models exist to describe its shape. Given that the shape of tortuous vessel curves seems fairly uniform across great variations in vessel size and anatomic substrata, it is hypothesized that tortuosity is not purely random, but is governed by physical principles. We develop a mathematical model based on optimality principles, and show how it can potentially be used to distinguish physiologic from abnormal tortuosity.

Materials/Methods

A model is developed which minimizes average curvature per unit length; it produces a “sine-generated” curve. Thirty-four tortuous vessel segments (from retinal, superficial temporal, coronary and splanchnic vessels) are analyzed and compared to the results of the model. Curve shapes are characterized by the parameters L/R and L/l, where L is curve length, l is wavelength, and R is radius of curvature. These parameters are measured for each vessel segment and calculated for the corresponding theoretical curves. The accuracy of the model is compared with that of a standard sine curve in trying to model vessel tortuosity. Also, six retinal vessel segments from a case of Fabry's disease (which produces abnormal tortuosity) are analyzed and compared to the model.

Results

Comparison between measured and predicted values produces average percent errors of 5.8% in L/R and 5.5% in L/l. Also, sine-generated curves produce a significantly better fit than standard sine curves (p=0.001). For the case of Fabry's disease, there is a significant deviation from the theoretical model, with average percent errors of 21% in L/l and 33% in L/R.

Conclusions

The theoretical model provides a good fit for normal vessel tortuosity. This suggests that blood vessels obey optimality principles, and curve in such a way as to minimize average curvature. This makes physical sense, as it would minimize shear stress against vessel walls and the energy needed to accelerate blood through the vessel. Although anecdotal, the case of Fabry's disease differed significantly from theoretical results, suggesting that these vessels deviate from the normal pattern of tortuosity. The model may be useful in distinguishing physiologic tortuosity from the abnormal tortuosity which may occur in disease states.

Abstract P-012 Figure 1
P-018 A novel new large lumen/hyper flexible intracranial access and aspiration device: preliminary animal study and initial clinical experience
Authors: Tateshima S , Pereira V Mendes , Lopez D
Published: July 2011

Purpose

To evaluate the performance of a new large lumen//hyper flexible intracranial access and aspiration device (ReFlexTM, Reverse Medical, Irvine, California, USA) for endovascular use in a swine thrombo-embolic model, cadaver model, and initial clinical settings, and to compare its efficacy to other available devices.

Method

We investigated the use of Reflex 058 and 072 devices for endovascular access and focal thrombus aspiration treatment in a swine model, cadaver model, and initial clinical settings. These new devices employ a combination of Nitinol and a special tertiary polymeric composite which results in a larger lumen, thin walled device, possessing extreme flexibility and kink resistance. 10 carotid artery branches (lingual, maxillary, or ascending pharyngeal) in swine were prepared with prophylactic papaverine and occluded with radiopacified blood thrombi. Once the occlusion was confirmed, ReFlex or a control device was advanced proximal of the target thrombi. Only localized aspiration was applied through the ReFlex or control device. No flow arresting means were utilized. Parameters collected for this assessment study were the ability to access target vessels, TICI score, number of aspiration attempts, % clot retrieved, and thrombus fragmentation and/or thrombus loss at the tip of the device. Since the swine model is much less tortuous than humans, a perfused cadaver model was utilized to confirm intracranial accessibility performance against control devices. Initial clinical evaluations were performed in conjunction with commercially available mechanical thrombectomy devices.

Result

We found slightly better TICI scores, and % clot retrieved with ReFlex, and superiority over the control devices in the ability access distal anatomy within both the swine and cadaver models. No vessel dissections or device failures were encountered during this study. Additionally, histopathologic safety testing was conducted, and revealed lower intimal damage compared to the control devices. Lastly, since ReFlex device has a slightly larger lumen over the control devices, the ability to injection contrast was noticeable easier. Initial clinical use demonstrated the devices ability to aspirate thrombus in conjunction with mechanical thrombectomy devices. Initial clinical use demonstrated aspiration thrombus capabilities from the middle cerebral artery territories.

Conclusion

Large lumen, hyper flexible ReFlex device is an effective tool for the treatment of acute stroke as an aspiration device and coaxial supporting catheter.

Abstract P-018 Figure 1
P-023 Endovascular treatment of tandem occlusions of the anterior cerebral circulation
Authors: Machi P , Lobotesis K , Maldonado I , Bonafe A
Published: July 2011

Background and purpose

The optimal treatment in the acute phase of cervical internal carotid artery (CICA) occlusion associated with carotid “T” or middle cerebral artery obstruction is a matter of debate. In this study, we report our experience using endovascular mechanical thrombectomy and synchronous intravenous fibrinolysis.

Patients and Methods

we examined all cases of tandem occlusion treated in our institution between November 2009 and November 2010. The proximal occlusion was treated using manual thromboaspiration without stenting in order to achieve intracranial recanalization as rapid as possible. When necessary, stenting was performed after the reconstitution of the intracranial vessel. Morphological and clinical results were recorded in the immediate post-operative phase and at the 3-month follow-up. Clinical success was defined as final NIHSS=1 or improvement of ≥10 points from the baseline score.

Results

Four men and six women were treated (mean age 66 years). Three patients underwent standalone MTB because of contra-indications to intravenous fibrinolysis. The cervical internal carotid artery was recanalized in all cases and the intracranial vessel (TICI≥2b) in eight. Adverse events were recorded in four patients of which three were asymptomatic. These included 2 cases of subarachnoid hemorrhage, one case of traumatic dissection and collateral artery embolism, and one case of fatal intra-cerebral hemorrhage 7 days after the procedure. At the 3-month follow-up a mRS≤2 was observed in four patients.

Conclusion

The described approach for the treatment of tandem occlusions is effective with regard to morphological and clinical assessments and thus may be considered as a valid tool in acute stroke.
P-027 Management of intracranial artery dissections with stents: a series of 49 patients
Authors: Alexander M , Choulakian A , Chowdhary A , Schievink W
Published: July 2011

Introduction

Arterial dissections may be spontaneous or related to trauma, and patients with certain conditions, such as fibromuscular dysplasia or collagen vascular diseases, may be more pre-disposed to develop dissections. Arterial dissections in the intracranial vasculature are relatively rare and are less likely to be traumatic. When they do occur, they may lead to ischemic or embolic symptoms when there is a dissection flap or stenosis, or to subarachnoid hemorrhage or discovery of a non-ruptured, dissecting intracranial aneurysm.

Methods

This was a retrospective analysis of a prospectively collected database of patients with intracranial arterial dissections, who were treated with intracranial stents by a single operator over 11 years, without or with coil embolization. Patient presentation, procedural results, type of stent, clinical outcome, and delayed imaging findings were reviewed. In cases of dissection with an intimal flap, stenting alone was performed. In patients with dissecting aneurysms, a stent was used in all cases, and only those cases that had a significant saccular component had the placement of coils, in addition to the intracranial stent.

Results

A total of 49 patients were treated with intracranial arterial dissections. 19 of the patients presented with a dissection flap and arterial narrowing, 27 presented with a dissecting aneurysm (14 with subarachnoid hemorrhage and 13 with non-ruptured aneurysms), and three patients had a dissecting aneurysm and vessel narrowing. The average patient age was 34 years of age. The dissection location included 21 intracranial internal carotid artery (ICA), 12 vertebral artery, 6 posterior cerebral artery, 5 middle cerebral artery, 4 basilar artery, and 1 anterior cerebral artery. Patients were more likely to present with subarachnoid hemorrhage with ICA or vertebral artery dissections, and patients were more likely to present with ischemic symptoms with middle cerebral artery or basilar artery dissections. There were two thromboembolic complications (4%) related to the embolization procedure, there was one subsequent re-hemorrhage (2%) in a patient with a ruptured, blister-type, dissecting ICA aneurysm, and 1 groin access complication. Of the 30 patients who had an associated dissecting aneurysm, imaging follow-up was available in 25 patients. Of these, the recurrence rate was 20% (5 aneurysms), and all five were re-treated.

Conclusions

Stenting without or with coils is an effective treatment option for patients with intra-cranial arterial dissections. We recommend treatment in patients with dissection flaps that are enlarging on imaging or refractory to medical therapy, and in patients with dissecting intracranial aneurysms, due to the high rate of subarachnoid hemorrhage. Our overall complication rate was 8% for treatment, and there was a high propensity for aneurysm re-growth, with a 20% re-treatment rate.
P-031 Endovascular treatment in young adults with acute ischemic stroke: a single center experience
Authors: Mehta S , Sharma J , Masoud H , Chowdhry S , Nanda A , Sila C , Blackham K
Published: July 2011

Objective

To assess the safety and efficacy of different endovascular treatment modalities in young adults with acute ischemic stroke (AIS).

Background

Stroke in young adults is less common compared to the elderly but forms a significant burden in terms of morbidity and mortality. Endovascular therapies for AIS are relatively new modalities showing great promise. Data regarding their efficacy in this population is scant.

Design/Methods

Retrospective chart review was performed in 188 consecutive patients who underwent endovascular treatments for acute ischemic stroke at our center between 2005 and 2009, and the patients between the ages of 18–45 were selected for further review (n=11). Their demographics were studied and the outcomes measured were post intervention rates of recanalization, asymptomatic and symptomatic hemorrhages and mortality.

Results

Of the 11 patients age 18–45 (mean age 38.63±8.26), 54%(n=6) were female, 27.2% (n=3) were hypertensive and 9% (n=1) patients were diabetic. The mean NIHSS on admission was 15 and that on discharge was 6.5. The majority of the patients (n=9) had lesions in the anterior circulation, 5 of which were in the internal carotids, 2 were proximal MCA and 3 were distal MCA (M2/M3) branches. Vertebral and basilar artery occlusions were found in one patient each. All of these patients received a combination of intravenous and intra-arterial tPA. In addition, three patients received mechanical thrombectomy with MERCI (n=2) or Penumbra (n=1) retrieval devices. Complete recanalization (TIMI 3) was achieved in 27.2% (n=3) patients; partial recanalization (TIMI 2) was achieved in 54.5% (n=6) patients and no recanalization in 18.1% (n=2) patients. 18.1% (n=2) patients had asymptomatic and none(n=0) of the patients had symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhages detected on follow-up CT scans at 24 h post procedure.There were no mortalities.

Conclusions

Combined intravenous and endovascular therapies proved to be a relatively safe and efficacious treatment modality for young patients with acute ischemic stroke, and these patients tended to have better outcomes than those reported for the general population.
E-007 Spontaneous post-partum cervical carotid artery dissection in a patient with reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome
Authors: Soltanolkotabi M , Ansari S , Shaibani A , Singer T , Hurley M
Published: July 2011

Postpartum cervicocephalic artery dissection (pp-CAD) is a rare and poorly understood condition. To our knowledge, only 21 cases have been reported. Reversible cerebral segmental vasoconstriction was first described by Call and Fleming in 1988, and its association with pp-CAD has only been reported in three cases. However, in those cases it is unclear whether the pp-CAD may have been caused by straining during labor and therefore merely coincidental to the intracranial arteriopathy. We report a 42-year-old right handed African-American woman who developed the syndrome of pp-CAD (headaches, trace sub-arachnoid hemorrhage and diffuse cerebral arteriopathy on angiogram) 2 weeks after delivery. In this unique case, the patient had fortuitously undergone an MR study twice over a 4-day period which included the carotid bifurcations. During that time the patient was an inpatient, on bed rest and subject to continuous cardiac monitoring. The interval studies documented a true spontaneous right internal carotid artery dissection occurring without obvious cause. The patient had noted moderate right neck pain developing between the two MR studies but experienced no neurological deficits. Subsequent conventional angiography confirmed the presence of postpartum cerebral arteriopathy and the cervical dissection. The patient was managed conservatively with antiplatelet medication and had an otherwise uneventful course. We hypothesize whether transient arterial wall abnormalities, postpartum hormonal changes or subtle connective tissue aberrations play a similar role in the pathogenesis of these two associated conditions.

Abstract E-007 Figure 1

Image A: Angiogram of the right carotid bifurcation demonstrates a focal stenosis (arrow) of the right ICA distal to the bulb due to an incompletely thrombosed dissection with partial opacification of the pseudo-lumen origin (arrowhead). Image B: Cerebral angiogram shows multifocal arteriopathic beading in all territories (arrows).
E-019 Preoperative cortical localization by magnetic source imaging for endovascular treatment of arterial venous malformations in eloquent brain tissue
Authors: Cho A , Pakbaz S , Bykowski J , Green D , Lee R
Published: July 2011

Introduction

Preoperative localization of functionally eloquent brain tissue helps plan and tailor the extent of endovascular embolization and surgical resection of AVMs. Combined magnetoencephalography and MR data can be used to localize functional somatosensory, auditory, and motor cortical organization.

Materials and Methods

Retrospective review of all AVMs treated (both endovascular and surgical) at our institution over the past 2 years. We identified 4 cases of AVMs involving eloquent cortical brain tissue with associated magnetic source imaging for localization of cortical organization. Case records were reviewed for patient outcome and impact of cortical organization localization of treatment and management.

Results

Combined magnetoencephalography and MR data had a high degree of reliability in localizing motor cortex in areas adjacent to and incorporated by AVMs. Localization of motor cortex affected AVM treatment plans focusing on preservation of motor cortex function.

Conclusion

Functional mapping of the cortex is indispensable for optimal treatment of AVMs involving eloquent brain tissue. The cases outlined demonstrate the capability of preoperative spatiotemporal functional brain mapping using MEG.
E-020 Endovascular treatment of cranio-cervical vascular trauma
Authors: Le Feuvre D
Published: July 2011

Introduction

Cranio-cervical trauma carries a high morbidity and mortality. Because of the vital structures and inaccessibility surgical treatment of these injuries is often high. Endovascular intervention lends itself to the treatment of vascular injuries. This in mind we reviewed our endovascular treatment of cranio-cervical injuries over a 1-year period.

Methods

Between September 15, 2008 and September 14, 2009 we reviewed the patients we had been asked to treat endovasculary by the trauma surgeons or who had been referred directly to our neurosurgical unit. The demographic profile and the mode of injury was reviewed and the vascular injury was anatomically and pathologically assessed using the DSA. Next the specific treatment for the different vascular injuries was reviewed.

Results

We identified 22 patients 64% sustaining penetrating injuries and 36% from blunt trauma. 50% of the injuries were false aneurysms, 36% CCFs, 9% were AVFs and 5% were dissections. Treatment used balloons, glue or coils depending on the injury. There was one asymptomatic complication.

Conclusions

Endovascular treatment offers a viable safe and often better alternative to surgical injuries to cranio-cervical injuries.
k-FOLD (2k + 1)-COLORING OF PLANAR GRAPHS
Authors: BU YUEHUA , WU YUDIE
Published: July 2011

A k-fold n-coloring of a graph G is an assignment of k distinct colors to each vertex of G from n colors, such that adjacent vertices receive no colors in common. If G has a k-fold n-coloring, then say G is k-fold n-colorable. Denote the kth chromatic number of G by χk(G), i.e. χk(G) = min {n : G is k- fold n- colorable }. We show that every planar graph with odd girth at least 6k + 1(k = 3) or 6k - 1(k = 2) can be k-fold (2k + 1)-colorable.
Bilateral Gonadal Cysts and Late Diagnosis of Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome Treated by Laparoscopic Gonadectomy
Authors: Tourlakis D. , Schnabel J. , Fersis N.
Published: July 2011

Background. Complete androgen insensitivity syndrome is a rare syndrome in which the uterus is absent and testes rather than ovaries are present. Patients usually visit a gynecologist due to primary amenorrhea.Case. A forty-eight-year-old woman with lower abdominal pain and anamnesis of uterus agenesis was operated on due to bilateral cystic masses. A 5 × 3 × 1.2 cm left adnexal cyst revealed the presence of a serous cyst with a hypoplastic ductus deferens. A smaller cyst of the right adnexa revealed immature testis tissue with Leydig-cell hyperplasia. After karyotype and hormonal examinations, laparoscopic gonadectomy was performed.Conclusion. Attention should be paid in all cyst-removing operations in cases of uterus agenesis, due to the high incidence of malignancy. Not of less importance is the issue of informing the patient in the most appropriate way.
CMR Features in Cardiac Sarcoidosis
Authors: Prasher Sparsh , Lee Phong T. , Dweck Marc , Payne John R.
Published: July 2011

Sarcoidosis is a multisystemic disorder of unknown aetiology characterised by the formation of noncaseating epithelioid cell granuloma involving various organ systems. Cardiac involvement has an important prognostic factor as it can present with life-threatening arrythmias and sudden death. Here, we present a case of cardiac sarcoidosis in a 46-year-old gentleman who presented with nonspecific signs and symptoms. We also discuss diagnostic difficulties especially when cardiac involvement is the only clinical sign. In this case, cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) played an important role in the diagnosis and followup of our patient.
Pathological Features of New Animal Models for Primary Biliary Cirrhosis
Authors: Tsuneyama Koichi , Moritoki Yuki , Kikuchi Kentaro , Nakanuma Yasuni
Published: July 2011

Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) is an autoimmune liver disease characterized by immune mediated biliary damage and frequent appearance of autoantibodies against mitochondrial enzymes. There is almost no useful animal model that is globally recognized and routinely used, however, several unique animal models manifested the characteristic clinical and pathological features of human PBC within the last 5 years. Herein, we compare the pathological features of previously reported and newly introduced novel animal models of PBC. Knowledge and understanding of the strengths and the limitations of each animal model have led to the development of promising therapies and novel tools to characterize these clinical conditions. Moreover, suitability of the model for the intended purpose should be confirmed by further research and analysis.
Drusen Characteristics Revealed by Spectral-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography and Their Corresponding Fundus Autofluorescence Appearance in Dry Age-Related Macular Degeneration
Authors: Landa Gennady , Rosen Richard B. , Pilavas John , Garcia Patricia M.T.
Published: July 2011

Purpose: To analyze the relationship between drusen morphology revealed by spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) and corresponding fundus autofluorescence (FAF) features of the same drusen using the Heidelberg Retina Angiograph 2 (HRA2), in patients with dry age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Methods: Dry AMD patients were imaged with SD-OCT and HRA2 on the same day. SD-OCT B scans were then precisely overlaid onto the HRA2 images, and the SD-OCT morphological characteristics of the drusen were correlated with the corresponding FAF appearance. The analyzed morphological features of the drusen included: size, status of the inner segment/outer segment (IS-OS) junctional layer above the drusen, shape of the drusen, internal reflectivity, homogeneity and presence of overlaying hyperreflective foci. The FAF characteristics of each druse were rated as hyperautofluorescent, hypoautofluorescent or normally autofluorescent. Spearman’s correlation coefficient was used to analyze the correlation between the 2 primary outcomes: SD-OCT morphology of the drusen and their autofluorescent appearance. Results: 431 drusen in 32 eyes of 16 dry AMD patients were evaluated. Of the 7 morphological characteristics assessed by SD-OCT, only drusen size and the status of the IS-OS layer above the drusen were strongly correlated with the autofluorescent appearance (r = 0.78, p < 0.001, and r = 0.58, p < 0.001, respectively). The strength of correlation with other features appeared less robust: homogeneity (r = 0.38; p = 0.001), shape (r = 0.29; p = 0.004), reflectivity (r = 0.28; p = 0.004) and presence of overlaying foci (r = 0.25; p = 0.12). Conclusions: Autofluorescent changes most strongly correlate with drusen size and disruption of the IS-OS layer and may be useful as an additional functional-morphological feature by which drusen and their impact upon overlying photoreceptors may be judged.
Spatter in laser welding
Authors: Kaplan A. F. H. , Powell J.
Published: July 2011

Spatter, the ejection of melt from a weld pool, is a major problem whenever it occurs in a welding process. The ejection of droplets from the weld metal results in a weld with underfill, undercuts, craters, blowholes, or blowouts—all of which can have a detrimental effect on the mechanical properties of the weld. This paper presents a systematic description of the different types of spatter phenomena which occur during laser welding. A categorization system is proposed to facilitate the comparison and combination of research findings on spatter. This should allow researchers in this area to act as a more effective team in future.
Observations regarding the flight biology and behaviour of the Common buzzard (Buteo Buteo) in the Râul Doamnei hydrographical basin (Romania)
Authors: Mestecăneanu Adrian , Mestecăneanu Florin
Published: July 2011

Observations regarding the flight biology and behaviour of the Common buzzard (Buteo Buteo) in the Râul Doamnei hydrographical basin (Romania)

In this paper, the authors analyse the flight biology and behaviour of the Common buzzard (Buteo buteo) observed in the Râul Doamnei hydrographical basin, depending on the environmental conditions and ecological seasons. Along three years, during the 3031 observations, 4549 individuals were observed.
Steady State–Hopf Mode Interactions at the Onset of Electroconvection in the Nematic Liquid Crystal Phase V
Authors: Acharya Gyanu , Dangelmayr Gerhard , Gleeson James , Oprea Iuliana
Published: July 2011

We report on a new mode interaction found in electroconvection experiments on the nematic liquid crystal mixture Phase V in planar geometry. The mode interaction (codimension two) point occurs at a critical value of the frequency of the driving AC voltage. For frequencies below this value the primary pattern-forming instability at the onset voltage is an oblique stationary instability involving oblique rolls, and above this value it is an oscillatory instability giving rise to normal traveling rolls (oriented perpendicular to and traveling in the director direction). The transition has been confirmed by measuring the roll angle and the dominant frequency of the time series, as both quantities exhibit a discontinuous jump across zero when the AC frequency is varied near threshold. The globally coupled system of Ginzburg–Landau equations that qualitatively describe this mode interaction is constructed, and the resulting normal form, in which slow spatial variations of the mode amplitudes are ignored, is analyzed. This analysis shows that the Ginzburg–Landau system provides the adequate theoretical description for the experimentally observed phenomenon. The experimentally observed patterns at and higher above the onset allow us to narrow down the range of the parameters in the normal form.
Perspective et point de vue
Authors: Rabatel Alain
Published: July 2011

L’article plaide pour une approche continuiste des relations entre perspective et point de vue à partir des approches picturales et narratologiques. La perspective est une problématique générale englobant le point de vue en tant que technique : point de fuite, point de l’oeil, point de vue actoriel ou auctoriel, point de vue représenté, raconté, asserté… Les modalités du point de vue dépendent de la nature des phénomènes pris en compte, mais le point de vue, lui, toujours référé à une source énonciative qui est celle d’où les choses sont envisagées (à tous les sens du terme), reste soumis à l’injonction pragmatique de faire voir, faire penser.
Human Patient Simulation Evaluation Rubrics for Nursing Education: Measuring
The Essentials of Baccalaureate Education for Professional Nursing Practice
Authors: Davis Alison H. , Kimble Laura P.
Published: July 2011

With the call for curriculum that meets the educational needs of nurses in the 21st century, the American Association of Colleges of Nursing provided nine essentials for baccalaureate nursing education in
The Essentials of Baccalaureate Education for Professional Nursing Practice
, which serves as a critical guide to inform and shape baccalaureate nursing program curricula. Nursing programs must demonstrate program outcomes that reflect all of the essentials. Human patient simulation was specifically acknowledged as an appropriate educational tool for meeting these needs. This article identifies and assesses six rubrics purported to measure outcomes of human patient simulation and evaluates how these rubrics measure outcomes reflecting the baccalaureate essentials. Psychometric data were limited for the majority of the rubrics, especially validity data. The rubrics consistently failed to measure Essentials V and VII. Suggestions for how these Essentials might be integrated into the existing rubrics are provided.
Agricultural phosphorus balance trends in Ontario, Michigan and Ohio
Authors: Bruulsema T. W. , Mullen R. W. , O'Halloran I. P. , Warncke D. D.
Published: July 2011

Bruulsema, T. W., Mullen, R. W., O'Halloran, I. P. and Warncke, D. D. 2011. Agricultural phosphorus balance trends in Ontario, Michigan and Ohio. Can. J. Soil Sci. 91: 437–442. Agriculture is one of the sources of phosphorus (P) that feeds into Lake Erie, impacting water quality. A substantial proportion of the agriculture in Ontario, Michigan and Ohio falls in the Lake Erie drainage basin. We examine trends in the balance of the major inputs and outputs of P to the soils of this region. Only a few decades ago, recommended rates of P application for optimum crop nutrition amounted to considerably more P than crops removed. In recent years, actual P applications have come much closer to balancing removals, while crop yields have increased. This trend has positive implications for both crop productivity and water quality. The P balance serves as an appropriate performance indicator for P management reflecting both economic and environmental aspects of sustainability. Depending on assumptions regarding the recoverability of manure and the current implementation of reduced-P feeding strategies in the livestock industry, estimates of the P balance for the region in 2008 range from a surplus equivalent to 1% of crop removal to a deficit amounting to 23% of the amount of P removed by crops.
Torelli theorem for stable curves
Authors: Caporaso Lucia , Viviani Filippo
Published: July 2011

We study the Torelli morphism from the moduli space of stable curves to the moduli space of principally polarized stable semi-abelic pairs. We give two characterizations of its fibers, describe its injectivity locus, and give a sharp upper bound on the cardinality of finite fibers. We also bound the dimension of infinite fibers.
ChemInform Abstract: Crystal Structure of Ba2InTaO6 as Determined by the Rietveld Refinement.
Authors: Hammink T. S. , Fu W. T. , Ijdo D. J. W.
Published: June 2011

The crystal structure of the title compound is determined by powder XRD in the temperature range between 82 and 723 K.
ChemInform Abstract: Self‐Assembled 3D Flowerlike Hierarchical Fe3O4@Bi2O3 Core—Shell Architectures and Their Enhanced Photocatalytic Activity under Visible Light.
Authors: Wang Yang , Li Shikuo , Xing Xianran , Huang Fangzhi , Shen Yuhua , Xie Anjian , Wang Xiufang , Zhang Jian
Published: June 2011

Three‐dimensional flowerlike hierarchical Fe3O4@Bi2O3 core—shell particles are solvothermally synthesized from Bi(NO3)3 and magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles in a mixture of ethylene glycol and EtOH (autoclave, 160 °C, 5 h).
ChemInform Abstract: χ‐Octamolybdate [MoV4MoVI4O24] 4‐: An Unusual Small Polyoxometalate in Partially Reduced Form from Nonaqueous Solvent Reduction.
Authors: Wang Longsheng , Yin Panchao , Zhang Jin , Hao Jian , Lv Chunlin , Xiao Fengping , Wei Yongge
Published: June 2011

The reduced octamolybdate (II) crystallizes in the triclinic space group P$\bar 1$ with Z = 2 (single crystal XRD).
ChemInform Abstract: Oxidation Reactions in Segmented and Continuous Flow Chemical Processing Using an N‐(tert‐Butyl)phenylsulfinimidoyl Chloride Monolith.
Authors: Lange Heiko , Capener Matthew J. , Jones Alexander X. , Smith Catherine J. , Nikbin Nikzad , Baxendale Ian R. , Ley Steven V.
Published: June 2011

Oxidant Ph‐SCl=NtBu on a polystyrene‐based monolithic support (Ia) is successfully applied to the oxidation of a variety of alcohols and an secondary amine.
ChemInform Abstract: Pd‐Catalyzed Dehalogenation of Aromatic Halides under Solvent‐Free Conditions Using Hydrogen Balloon.
Authors: Chang Fei , Kim Hakwon , Lee Byeongno , Park Hoon Gyu , Park Jaiwook
Published: June 2011

An effective and environmentally friendly dehalogenation of solid aromatic halides using Pd/AlO(OH) as catalyst under solvent‐free conditions is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Mild and Efficient Barbier Allylation Reaction Mediated by Magnesium Powder under Solvent‐Free Conditions.
Authors: Li Shunxi , Wang Jin‐Xian , Wen Xiaoliu , Ma Xiaofang
Published: June 2011

Aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes or ketones are converted to the corresponding homoallylic alcohols by reaction with allyl bromide.
ChemInform Abstract: Wittig Reaction with Ion‐Supported Ph3P.
Authors: Shimojuh Naoya , Imura Yumi , Moriyama Katsuhiko , Togo Hideo
Published: June 2011

PPh3 derivatives (II), (VII), (X), and (XIII) bearing at one phenyl ring an ammoniomethyl moiety undergo the Wittig reaction with aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes to provide the corresponding alkenes with good yields and high purities by simple filtration of the reaction mixture and subsequent removal of the solvent from the filtrate.
ChemInform Abstract: TBAF‐Mediated Reactions of 1,1‐Dibromo‐1‐alkenes with Thiols and Amines and Regioselective Synthesis of 1,2‐Heterodisubstituted Alkenes.
Authors: Xu Hui , Gu Shaojin , Chen Wanzhi , Li Dacheng , Dou Jianmin
Published: June 2011

An efficient, regio‐ and stereoselective method to prepare (Z)‐bromovinyl sulfides and amines and other 1,2‐heterodisubstituted alkenes is reported.