bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Abstract P116: Induction of Human Endothelin-1 Overexpression for 3 Months Increases Plasma Aldosterone
Authors: Berillo Olga , Coelho Suellen C , Mahjoub Nada , Ferreira Nathanne , Offermanns Stefan , Paradis Pierre , Schiffrin Ernesto L
Published: December 2018

Background:
The mechanisms of blood pressure (BP) regulation by endothelin (ET)-1 produced by endothelial cells are complex and remain unclear. Long-term exposure to endothelial human ET-1 overexpression causes sustained blood pressure elevation via ETA receptors. ET-1 has been shown to stimulate the release of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex. Whether aldosterone plays a role in ET-1 endothelium overexpression-induced BP elevation is still unknown.

Methods and Results:
Nine to 12-week-old male ieET-1 mice and control ieCre mice expressing a tamoxifen-inducible Cre recombinase (CreER
T2
) under the control of EC-specific
Tie2
promoter, were treated with tamoxifen (1 mg/kg/day, SC) for 5 days and studied 3 months later. Plasma aldosterone level measured by ELISA was higher in ieET-1 compared with ieCre mice (1.21±0.14 vs. 0.70±0.09 ng/mL,
P
<0.05). Sodium and water excretion determined by saline challenge tests done every 2 weeks for 3 months were unaffected by ET-1 overexpression. Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) did not reveal changes in mRNA expression of renin, mineralocorticoid receptor (MR), epithelial sodium channel 1 alpha subunit (
Scnn1a
), TSC22 domain family member 3 (
Rsc22d3
), serum- and glucocorticoid-induced kinase 1 (
Sgk1
), and ET type A and B receptors in the kidney or adrenal glands. The mRNA expression of aldosterone synthase (
Cyp11b2
, fold change: 0.52±0.06 vs 1.00±0.16,
P
<0.01), but not the hydroxy-delta-5-steroid dehydrogenase 3 beta- and steroid delta-isomerase 1 (
Hsd3b1)
and 6
(Hsd3b6)
or steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (
Star
), were decreased in the adrenal cortex of ieET-1 compared with ieCre mice. CYP11B2 and HSD3B1 protein levels measured by Western Blotting were unchanged. Treatment of ieET-1 mice with MR antagonist eplerenone (100 mg/kg per day) during the last 2 weeks decreased systolic BP more during the day (128±2 vs. 134±3 mm Hg) than during the night (137±2 vs. 140±2 mm Hg) compared to untreated ieET-1 mice.

Conclusions:
These results showed that aldosterone contributes at least in part to the BP elevation caused by endothelial human ET-1 overexpression.
Abstract P158: Sulforaphane Rich Broccoli Powder Attenuates the Augmented Angiotensin II Induced Renal Inflammation and Injury in GSTM1 Deficient Mice
Authors: Pourafshar Shirin , Cechova Sylvia , Sung Sun-Sang J , Ruiz Phillip , Yang Guang , Le Thu
Published: December 2018

Glutathione-
S
-transferase μ-1 (
GSTM1
) enzyme belongs to the superfamily of phase II antioxidant glutathione-
S
-transferases (GSTs) that are downstream targets of the Nrf2 antioxidant transcription factor. In humans, a common
GSTM1
gene deletion variant, the null allele
GSTM1(0)
, results in decreased or complete absence of GSTM1 enzymatic activity and is associated with higher levels of oxidative stress. We reported that
GSTM1(0)
is associated with accelerated kidney disease progression in the African Americans Study of Kidney Disease (AASK) participants. To understand the direct impact of
GSTM1
deficiency on renal inflammation and oxidative stress, we generated
Gstm1
deficient mice (KO) to determine their response to angiotensin II, delivered @ 1000 ng/kg/min for 4 weeks via mini-osmotic pump. Blood pressure (BP) was measured by radiotelemetery. Kidney histopathology was assessed by a renal pathologist blinded to genotype and experimental conditions. Renal leukocyte populations were analyzed quantitatively by flow cytometry.
Gstm1
KO mice had significantly higher levels of baseline systolic BP (SBP) and ~ 17 mmHg higher SBP after 4 weeks of Ang II-HTN, compared to WT mice.
Gstm1
KO mice have increased renal superoxide levels by nearly 3 folds - independent of activation of Nox2 and Nox4 NADPH oxidases or alteration in superoxide dismutase - and worse kidney injury. These changes were associated with significantly increased renal expression of genes involved in inflammation - chemokine ligand 1 (CXCL-1), monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1), Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-6 (
P
<0.05). By flow cytometry,
Gstm1
KO mice displayed ~ two fold increases in all leukocyte populations in the kidney, with the exception of the numbers of B cells that were not significantly different between groups. This increased renal inflammation was attenuated by dietary administration of broccoli powder that is rich in sulforaphane, a phytochemical that increases Nrf2 expression, independent of BP. In Ang II-hypertension, loss of GSTM1 enzyme may be deleterious by augmenting oxidative stress and inflammation in the kidney. Stimulation of the Nrf2 pathway in hypertension may be a novel therapeutic approach to prevent kidney disease progression in GSTM1 deficiency.
Two new species of Cis Latreille (Coleoptera: Ciidae) from Chile
Authors: LOPES-ANDRADE CRISTIANO
Published: December 2018

Two new ciid species of Cis Latreille are described, C. andersoni sp. nov. and C. peckorum sp. nov., both known only from localities in Chile. Images of the holotypes and male genitalia of paratypes are provided, together with brief diagnoses for the species, descriptions of the external morphology of the holotypes, measurements and ratios of the type series, and comments on the observed variations of external features. A provisional key to the Chilean Cis is also provided.
A taxonomic revision of the tarantula spider genus Coremiocnemis Simon 1892 (Araneae, Theraphosidae), with further notes on the Selenocosmiinae
Authors: WEST RICK C. , NUNN STEVEN C.
Published: December 2018

The selenocosmiine genus Coremiocnemis Simon 1892 is revised for the first time with six new species included. Five new species are from West Malaysia: C. brachyramosa sp. nov. from Gunung Ledang, Johor; C. gnathospina sp. nov. and C. hoggi sp. nov. from Fraser’s Hill, Selangor; C. jeremyhuffi sp. nov. from Tapah, Perak, Fraser’s Hill, Selangor to Pahang and C. obscura sp. nov. from Taiping, Perak to Cameron Highlands, Pahang. C. kotacana sp. nov. is described from Aceh Teneggara, Sumatra, being the first record of this genus outside Malaysia or Australia. A lectotype and paralectotype are designated for C. cunicularia (Simon 1892). All but two of Abraham’s non-type C. valida Pocock 1895 (Abraham 1924) specimens held in both the NHM and RMBR are newly transferred to C. cunicularia. Abraham’s two remaining specimens are removed from Coremiocnemis. C. valida is redescribed, its former dubious locality is resolved. Zoogeographic considerations of all species are discussed and resolved. Ontogenetic variation within Coremiocnemis is discussed. Several new characters are introduced. Subfamilial relationships with proposed sister genera Selenocosmia Ausserer 1871 and Lyrognathus Pocock 1895 are discussed. A key to species is provided.
Description of the preimaginal instars of Nerthra gaucha Estévez-Schnack (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Gelastocoridae)
Authors: ESTÉVEZ ANA LÍA , RUF M. L. LÓPEZ , HERNÁNDEZ E. P.
Published: December 2018

The current knowledge of postembryonic development of Gelastocoridae is scarce. All instars of gelastocorids are known only for two species, Gelastocoris oculatus oculatus (Fabricius) (Hungerford 1922, Brown & Mc Pherson 1994) (Gelastocorinae), and Nerthra ranina (Herrich-Schäffer) (Estévez & Schnack 1978) (Nerthrinae).
The nomenclatural status of the nomina of amphibians and reptiles created by Garsault (1764), with a parsimonious solution to an old nomenclatural problem regarding the genus Bufo (Amphibia, Anura), comments on the taxonomy of this genus, and comments on some nomina created by Laurenti (1768)
Authors: DUBOIS ALAIN , BOUR ROGER
Published: December 2018

The nomenclatural consequences of the recent rediscovery of the works of Garsault (1764, 1765, 1767) in amphibians and reptiles are examined in detail. The 13 new nomina of these two groups created by Garsault (1764) distribute in three categories: (1) three of these nomina (Lacertus, Rana viridis, Testudo marina) cause no problem, being just junior synonyms of senior nomina created by Linnaeus (1758); (2) four of them (Bufo, Salamandra, Scincus, Vipera) become the valid nomina of taxa, in replacement of identical nomina created later by Laurenti (1768), thus entailing no change in the nomina of their included species and subspecies but changes in their complete nominal-complexes (including their authors and dates); (3) six of these nomina are here rejected as invalid senior synonyms (Ranetta, Serpens, Lacertus aquatilis, Lacertus terrestris) or homonyms (Lacertus viridis, Testudo terrestris) of nomina in current use, by virtue of Article 23.9.1 of the Code. A very positive result of the rediscovery of these works is that it allows to solve for the best an old nomenclatural problem, concerning the nucleospecies (type-species) of the genus Bufo: whereas the nucleospecies (type-species) of Bufo Laurenti, 1768 is Bufo viridis Laurenti, 1768, we hereby designate Rana bufo Linnaeus, 1758 as nucleospecies of Bufo Garsault, 1764. This case shows that it is sometimes possible, even in complex nomenclatural situations, to solve them through a proper use of the Rules of the Code, without having to appeal to the ICZN for the use of its Plenary-Powers. From a taxonomic point of view, we think the data published so far do not allow currently to stabilise the generic taxonomy of the BUFONIDAE. Pending additional data, we support a conservative attitude, maintaining in the genus Bufo most species traditionally referred to this genus. In particular, we think all Eurasian species of this family, which include several pairs of species known to be able to produce viable adult hybrids, should be kept in this genus, but in three distinct subgenera: Bufo Garsault, 1764 for the group including Bufo bufo (Linnaeus, 1758); Bufotes Rafinesque, 1815 for the group including Bufo viridis (Laurenti, 1768); and Epidalea Cope, 1864 for the group including Bufo calamita (Laurenti, 1768). This survey also allows to discuss the appropriateness of the current Article 11.9.5 dealing with specific trinomina, especially as they appear in Laurenti (1768), and to point again to the need to implement more drastic Rules regarding the conditions required for a nomen being compliant for protection through Article 23.9.1 of the Code.
A new genus and three new species of Nothopodinae (Acari: Eriophyidae) from Guangxi, China
Authors: LI DE-WEI , WANG GUO-QUAN , WEI SUI-GAI
Published: December 2018

A new genus and three new species of eriophyid mites from Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, South China are described and illustrated: Calliparus lanceolarus n. gen., n. sp. infesting Glochidion lanceolarium (Roxb.) Voigt (Euphorbiaceae); Colopodacus glochidion n. sp. infesting Glochidion sp. (Euphorbiaceae) and Neocosella laurifolia n. sp. infesting Genianthus laurifolius (Roxb.) Hook.f. (Asclepiadaceae). All species described here are vagrants on the undersurface of host leaves.
A revision on the generic status of three species of the genus Chacella Bruce, 1986 described by Li & Poupin (2009) (Crustacea: Decapoda: Palaemonidae)
Authors: MARIN IVAN
Published: December 2018

The pontoniine genus Chacella Bruce, 1986 was designated for Dasycaris kerstitchi (Wicksten, 1983) from Sonora, Mexico, the Eastern Pacific. Later, two newly described species, C. tricornuta Hendrickx, 1990 and C. mclaughlinae Li, 2006 were added to the genus (Hendrickx, 1990; Li, 2006). Recently revised (Marin, 2009) the genus became monotypic again with single species, C. kerstitchi (Wicksten, 1983), while two remaining species were transferred to newly designated genus Sandyella Marin, 2009 which can be distinguished by the dorsal ornamentation of the carapace (see Marin, 2009).
Redescription of Neelus fimbriatus Bretfeld & Trinklein, 2000 (Collembola: Neelidae) from Colombia
Authors: MARÍN ELIDA P. , PALACIOS-VARGAS JOSÉ G.
Published: December 2018

Neelus fimbriatus is redescribed using specimens from Colombia. Drawings and phase contrast microscope photos of the species are used. New characters are used as tibiotarsal tuberculate setae and abdominal ventral acetabula.
Exploiting the Abrupt 4 × CO2 Scenario to Elucidate Tropical Expansion Mechanisms
Authors: Chemke Rei , Polvani Lorenzo M.
Published: December 2018

Future emissions of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere are projected to result in significant circulation changes. One of the most important changes is the widening of the tropical belt, which has great societal impacts. Several mechanisms (changes in surface temperature, eddy phase speed, tropopause height, and static stability) have been proposed to explain this widening. However, the coupling between these mechanisms has precluded elucidating their relative importance. Here, the abrupt quadrupled-CO2 simulations of phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) are used to examine the proposed mechanisms. The different time responses of the different mechanisms allow us to disentangle and evaluate them. As suggested by earlier studies, the Hadley cell edge is found to be linked to changes in subtropical baroclinicity. In particular, its poleward shift is accompanied by an increase in subtropical static stability (i.e., a decrease in temperature lapse rate) with increased CO2 concentrations. These subtropical changes also affect the eddy momentum flux, which shifts poleward together with the Hadley cell edge. Transient changes in tropopause height, eddy phase speed, and surface temperature, however, were found not to accompany the poleward shift of the Hadley cell edge. The widening of the Hadley cell, together with the increase in moisture content, accounts for most of the expansion of the dry zone. Eddy moisture fluxes, on the other hand, are found to play a minor role in the expansion of the dry zone.
Intercomparison of Mixing Layer Heights from the National Weather Service Ceilometer Test Sites and Collocated Radiosondes
Authors: Hicks Micheal , Demoz Belay , Vermeesch Kevin , Atkinson Dennis
Published: December 2018

A network of automated weather stations (AWS) with ceilometers can be used to detect sky conditions, aerosol dispersion, and mixing layer heights, in addition to the routine surface meteorological parameters (temperature, pressure, humidity, etc.). Currently, a dense network of AWSs that observe all of these parameters does not exist in the United States even though networks of them with ceilometers exist. These networks normally use ceilometers for determining only sky conditions. Updating AWS networks to obtain those nonstandard observations with ceilometers, especially mixing layer height, across the United States would provide valuable information for validating and improving weather/climate forecast models. In this respect, an aerosol-based mixing layer height detection method, called the combined-hybrid method, is developed and evaluated for its uncertainty characteristics for application in the United States. Four years of ceilometer data from the National Weather Service Ceilometer Proof of Concept Project taken in temperate, maritime polar, and hot/arid climate regimes are utilized in this evaluation. Overall, the method proved to be a strong candidate for estimating mixing layer heights with ceilometer data, with averaged uncertainties of 237 ± 398 m in all tested climate regimes and 69 ± 250 m when excluding the hot/arid climate regime.
Reading entrepreneurial power in small Gulf states: Qatar and the UAE
Authors: Ennis Crystal A.
Published: December 2018

Qatar and the United Arab Emirates (UAE) have become crucial players in the Middle East North Africa regional order. Few would have expected such a transformation even 20 years ago. This paper examines the constitution of Qatari and Emirati power. It demonstrates how understanding the entrepreneurial power of states is central to explanations of growth, strength, and position in regional and global orders. The analysis argues that the entrepreneurial powerhood of Qatar and the UAE is constituted by their development narrative and pursuit of status, which is facilitated by their material capabilities and their governance style characterized by flexible autocracy.
In search of international influence: Mexico as an entrepreneurial power
Authors: Covarrubias Ana , Schiavon Jorge A.
Published: December 2018

This article argues that the concept of entrepreneurial state is useful for analyzing Mexican foreign policy during recent decades. It argues that Mexico has behaved as an entrepreneurial state, following a limited foreign policy agenda to address national priorities, with important restrictions in terms of resources and agency, but seeking to obtain international recognition as a relevant global player that has influence on world affairs. This entrepreneurial behaviour is analyzed in Mexico's participation in international organizations (UN) and negotiations (climate change), mini-lateral mechanisms (MIKTA), and regional affairs (Central and Latin America). These cases show that, due to its limited capacities and agency, but its desire to become a relevant regional and global player to advance its national interest, Mexico has created coalitions with like-minded countries, pursued limited but domestically relevant global objectives, and invested its scarce foreign policy resources in an entrepreneurial manner.
Leitourgia: The Missing Link in Evangelii Gaudium
Authors: McGregor Peter John
Published: December 2018

Some especially insightful and challenging passages in Evangelii Gaudium are those on the importance of a personal encounter with Jesus, the evangelizing power of popular piety, person to person witness, and the need for the power of the Holy Spirit. However, in order to do full justice to the mission of the Church, the document requires more on the priestly aspect of this mission. This element is substantially absent, in part, because of Francis’s veneration of Evangelii Nuntiandi. However, this absent element can be obtained from the missiology of Lumen Gentium, John Paul II, and the Catechism of the Catholic Church. Based on an analysis of the meaning of leitourgia in the New Testament, this article concludes that this missing element can serve as a link between Pope Francis’s kerygma and diakonia, enabling a harmony which has been missing, to greater or lesser degrees, from the Church’s mission in the 20th and 21st centuries.
Parents and the Pupil's Home Work
Authors: Myers Garry C.
Published: December 2018

One of a series of letters which Uncle Sam asked Dr. Myers to write to parents eager to help their children succeed in school.
Summer Schools Missing the Mark
Authors: Baldwin W. A.
Published: December 2018

In this challenging article the author calls for a reconsideration of the aims and results of summer school instruction. Do teachers return to their tasks with fresh vigor of mind and body, or have they received but little of the expected benefit? In a subsequent article Mr. Baldwin will offer possible remedies.
Economic and Marketing Predictions for 1960
Authors: Schweiger Irving , Sprinkel Beryl W.
Published: December 2018

The authors predict that …

The economy should reach new peaks in 1960, but with less of an improvement than in 1959. Total disposable personal income should reach the record total of $354 billion. Prices will increase only slightly. Personal consumption expenditures will also reach new heights, with spending on durable goods leading the way. Demand for credit will be heavy. Some shrinkage of the housing market is expected. A recession seems unlikely before the latter part of 1960 at the earliest.
Decision Making in Industrial Marketing
Authors: Hirsch Werner Z.
Published: December 2018

In industrial marketing, decision making has been moving from “intuitive judgment” to “considered opinion” to “scientific decisions.” Some examples are developed here of the scientific approach in relation to industrial marketing—especially linear programming, empirical demand projections, and input-output analysis.
Would you Want Your Son to Marry a Marketing Lady?
Authors: Farmer Richard N.
Published: December 2018

Here's how Farmer closed his article on “Would You Want Your Daughter to Marry a Marketing Man?” ten years ago:

If that nice young man who has dates with your daughter turns out to be a marketing major, what would you do? I would chase him off the premises fast. Who wants his daughter to marry a huckster?

Now, what do you think the ending of this article will be?
Marketing in the New International Economic Order
Authors: van Dam André
Published: December 2018

New challenges for marketing management.
Innovation Diffusion and New Product Growth Models in Marketing
Authors: Mahajan Vijay , Muller Eitan
Published: December 2018

This paper assesses the state-of-the-art of the diffusion models of new product acceptance. A number of issues related to the further development and validation of these models are discussed.
A Cost-Benefit Approach to Market Segmentation
Authors: Winter Frederick W.
Published: December 2018

It is important to include cost-benefit issues in the determination of the appropriate level of aggregation in market segmentation plans. This paper offers an alternative view of normative segmentation and suggests some modifications to standard segmentation practice that are necessary for decision making.
Marketing Issues
Authors: Boe Archie R.
Published: December 2018

Each quarter, business and government leaders discuss issues of concern to marketers. This time, Archie R. Boe discusses rising insurance costs and creating a better industry image. A. J. Martin discusses marketing's application to the volunteer military.
Bargaining in an Asymmetrical Power Structure
Authors: Dwyer F. Robert , Walker Orville C.
Published: December 2018

This study utilized a gaming experiment to compare the bargaining processes and outcomes in an asymmetrical power structure against those of a more balanced setting. Bargaining in the unbalanced condition was more “efficient,” but terms of agreement were much less predictable, and some weak members failed to obtain valued resources.
Carrots, Sticks, and Promises: A Conceptual Framework for the Management of Public Health and Social Issue Behaviors
Authors: Rothschild Michael L.
Published: December 2018

The author presents a framework that considers public health and social issue behaviors and is based on self-interest, exchange, competition, free choice, and externalities. Targets that are prone, resistant, or unable to respond to the manager's goal behave on the basis of their motivation, opportunity, and ability and on a manager's use of the strategies and tactics inherent in education, marketing, and law.
Charting New Directions for Marketing
Authors: Day George S. , Montgomery David B.
Published: December 2018

Four fundamental issues serve to establish the identity of the field of marketing, distinguish it from other fields and disciplines, and compel further research inquiry. These issues ask (1) How do customers and consumers really behave? (2) How do markets function and evolve? (3) How do firms relate to their markets? and (4) What are the contributions of marketing to organizational performance and societal welfare? These issues also serve as the organizing framework for this special issue

Although the questions posed by these fundamental issues are durable, new answers will need to be sought to accommodate the following trends and disruptions that are shaping the direction of marketing: (1) the connected knowledge economy; (2) globalizing, converging, and consolidating industries; (3) fragmenting and frictionless markets; (4) empowered customers and consumers; and (5) adaptive organizations. These new directions challenge academic marketing to provide meaningful measures, inferences, and calibration; understand functional interfaces; and rethink the role of theory.
Consumers’ Processing of Persuasive Advertisements: An Integrative Framework of Persuasion Theories
Authors: Meyers-Levy Joan , Malaviya Prashant
Published: December 2018

In this article, the authors propose an integrative model of advertising persuasion that orders the major theories and empirically supported generalizations about persuasion that have been offered in the information-processing literature. The authors begin by reviewing this literature, placing particular emphasis on the assorted processes or mechanisms that have been suggested to mediate persuasion. To consolidate this material, the authors propose a framework that delineates three alternative strategies that people may use to process persuasive communications and form judgments, in which each strategy represents a different level of cognitive resources that is employed during message processing. In addition, the framework identifies a judgment correction stage that allows people to attempt to correct their initial judgments for biases that they perceive may have affected such judgments. The authors add to this by identifying particular processes that appear to mediate when and how these judgment formation and judgment correction processes operate. They also attempt to foster growth by specifying some of the critical issues and gaps in the knowledge that appear to impede further progress. Finally, the authors clarify how the proposed framework can inform the decisions advertising practitioners make about advertising execution and media factors.
Understanding Institutional Designs within Marketing Value Systems
Authors: Carson Stephen J. , Devinney Timothy M. , Dowling Grahame R. , John George
Published: December 2018

The authors show how institutional arrangements, which consist of contracting, ownership, and social elements, tie together the joint profits, or efficiency, of the marketing system. They use a criterion of remediable efficiency to develop a design framework for institutional arrangements and illustrate the process by designing a recycling system for newspapers. The authors close with an empirical research agenda and extract five institutional design principles for managers.
Marketing's Contributions to Society
Authors: Wilkie William L. , Moore Elizabeth S.
Published: December 2018

At this unique point in time, it is appropriate to step back and deliberate on the scope of the marketing field and the contributions it offers to society. The authors adopt several perspectives to do this, looking across time, across societies, and into the operations and structure of the aggregate marketing system itself, which emerges as a huge and complex human institution. A large number of contributions to society are illustrated, ranging from aggregate inputs to the nation's economic health to individual benefits felt by some consumers. However, the system is not perfect; a range of criticisms and system problems also is summarized. The article closes with a look at lessons learned and future challenges in the century ahead.
Effects of Competitive Context and of Additional Information on Price Sensitivity
Authors: Huber Joel , Holbrook Morris B. , Kahn Barbara
Published: December 2018

Previous marketing research on the effects of price has tended to ignore the role of such moderating variables as competitive context and the availability of additional information. The authors presented subjects with forced-choice decisions in several product categories. Using a multinomial logit formulation to measure price sensitivity, they find relatively lower price sensitivity (1) when a brand is placed at the upper price-quality boundary of a choice set rather than in the middle, (2) when only brand names are provided as opposed to only quality ratings, and (3) when quality information is added to available brand-name information. They discuss the theoretical and managerial implications of these findings.
Checking the Success of Manipulations in Marketing Experiments
Authors: Perdue Barbara C. , Summers John O.
Published: December 2018

The authors discuss several issues in the timing, construction, and analysis of manipulation and confounding checks in marketing experiments. A review of 34 experiments involving latent independent variables reported in the Journal of Marketing Research over the past decade suggests that most researchers are familiar with the concept of manipulation checks but few systematically evaluate potential sources of confounding in experimental manipulations. Three alternative approaches for assessing the construct validity of experimental manipulations also are discussed.
Intervention Analysis of a Field Experiment to Assess the Buildup Effect of Advertising
Authors: Krishnamurthi Lakshman , Narayan Jack , Raj S. P.
Published: December 2018

The authors study the buildup effect of increased advertising using time series intervention analysis. The data are from an ADTEL field experiment with test and control panels connected to a split-cable TV system. Use of the control series in the analysis depends on the nature of the relevant external factors. If these factors are purely unmeasured, the control series is included as a covariate, resulting in a single-input transfer function–intervention model. If there are also measured external factors, a multiple-input model results. A careful analysis of the increased advertising shows that the buildup effect is immediate with a duration of the order of the purchase cycle.
Estimating Parameters of the Autocorrelated Current Effects Model from Temporally Aggregated Data
Authors: Kanetkar Vinay , Weinberg Charles B. , Weiss Doyle L.
Published: December 2018

The authors briefly review the literature associated with the autocorrelated current effects model and present a simple procedure that recovers its parameters from time-aggregated data when the level of aggregation is known. The procedure is based partly on the estimation of a first-order autocorrelation coefficient. The procedure is illustrated and its properties are compared with those of a GLS procedure by means of a Monte Carlo experiment. In many of the tested cases, there is good recovery of the microparameters with aggregated data.
Latent Class Models for the Analysis of Behavioral Hierarchies
Authors: Feick Lawrence F.
Published: December 2018

The author develops and describes latent class models useful for the analysis of behavioral hierarchies. The latent class models investigated are generalizations of the Guttman scale model and consider probabilistic relationships of item response to scale type and multiple hierarchical orderings of item responses. In addition, the author develops models for hierarchies that are present at the level of sets of items rather than at the level of individual items. He calls them “characteristics models” and examines their relationship to models for hierarchies of items. The models are illustrated on consumer complaint data gathered from a cross-sectional survey.
Cross-Validation for Prediction
Authors: Cooil Bruce , Winer Russell S. , Rados David L.
Published: December 2018

The authors review and critically evaluate three major approaches to cross-validation in the context of predictive validity: (1) sample-splitting, (2) resampling plans such as bootstrapping, and (3) a method that simultaneously estimates parameters and cross-validates. Because of the information loss involved and the availability of shrinkage formulas, they argue that data-splitting is inferior to the simultaneous approach. An empirical example illustrates how the simultaneous approach can be used in conjunction with bootstrap resampling to construct prediction intervals that are superior to classical prediction intervals.
Estimating Elasticities with PIMS Data: Methodological Issues and Substantive Implications
Authors: Hagerty Michael R. , Carman James M. , Russell Gary J.
Published: December 2018

Though the PIMS data have been used extensively to relate profitability both to specific firm marketing actions and to market conditions, no attempt has been made to estimate directly the magnitudes of marketing mix elasticities. The authors propose and evaluate a simple cross-sectional time series regression method that recovers unbiased estimates of the elasticities despite the presence of firm-specific disguise factors in the database. Though measurement error creates instability for certain variables, the recovered elasticities compare favorably with those found in previous research and have predictable relationships with market characteristics.
Sources of Market Pioneer Advantages: The Case of Industrial Goods Industries
Authors: Robinson William T.
Published: December 2018

In a broad cross-section of industrial goods businesses, market pioneers tend to have substantially higher market shares than late entrants. A stronger product in relation to competitors’ products and certain industry characteristics help explain these pioneer share advantages. Though pioneering a new industrial market is not easy, the findings indicate that many pioneers develop important and sustainable competitive advantages.
Advertising Exposure, Loyalty, and Brand Purchase: A Two-Stage Model of Choice
Authors: Tellis Gerard J.
Published: December 2018

Information processing theory and findings on advertising response suggest a nonlinear response to repetitive ad exposure, mediated by brand loyalty. The response can occur in either or both of the hypothesized stages of purchase: brand choice and quantity choice. A tobit-type analysis of scanner purchases (with TV exposures) of a mature product category appears to support these hypotheses. The effect of advertising is generally nonlinear and its impact on volume purchased is mediated by brand loyalty. Advertising seems to reinforce preference for current brands rather than stimulate brand switching. However, features, displays, and especially price have a stronger impact on response than does advertising. The effect of brand loyalty dominates that of the other variables.
A Least Squares Procedure for Benefit Segmentation with Conjoint Experiments
Authors: Kamakura Wagner A.
Published: December 2018

A popular procedure for benefit segmentation based on conjoint experiments has been to estimate individual-level part worths and then form nonoverlapping clusters of consumers with similar estimates. Rather than using these estimates as the criteria for clustering, the least squares procedure discussed in the article attempts to group consumers into homogeneous segments so their stated preferences are explained maximally by their group-level preference functions. This procedure also provides a measure of the expected predictive accuracy that will help the researcher in choosing an adequate aggregation level.
An Updated Paradigm for Scale Development Incorporating Unidimensionality and Its Assessment
Authors: Gerbing David W. , Anderson James C.
Published: December 2018

The authors outline an updated paradigm for scale development that incorporates confirmatory factor analysis for the assessment of unidimensionality. Under this paradigm, item-total correlations and exploratory factor analysis are used to provide preliminary scales. The unidimensionality of each scale then is assessed simultaneously with confirmatory factor analysis. After unidimensional measurement has been acceptably achieved, the reliability of each scale is assessed. Additional evidence for construct validity beyond the establishment of unidimensionality then can be provided by embedding the unidimensional sets of indicators within a nomological network defined by the complete structural model.
When Choice Models Fail: Compensatory Models in Negatively Correlated Environments
Authors: Johnson Eric J. , Meyer Robert J. , Ghose Sanjoy
Published: December 2018

Linear compensatory models, which involve tradeoffs between product attributes, have been argued to provide reasonably good predictions of choices made by noncompensatory heuristics, which do not involve tradeoffs. This robustness to misspecification of functional form may fail, however, when there are negative correlations among attributes in a choice set. A Monté Carlo simulation demonstrates that certain noncompensatory rules are poorly fit by linear models, even in orthogonal environments, and that this fit diminishes further in nonorthogonal environments. Two laboratory experiments assess the extent to which such model failure might arise in natural contexts. The first, a process-tracing analysis, examines the decision strategies consumers use in nonorthogonal choice environments. The second explores the ability of a compensatory choice model calibrated on actual choices to predict decisions made in orthogonal and nonorthogonal contexts. The authors conclude with a discussion of the work's implications for current research in applied choice modeling.
On the Use of Structural Equation Models in Experimental Designs
Authors: Bagozzi Richard P. , Yi Youjae
Published: December 2018

New procedures are developed and illustrated for the analysis of experimental data with particular emphasis on MANOVA and MANCOVA designs. The authors begin with one-way designs, including overall tests of significance, step-down analyses, and the use of latent variables. Next they describe a general test of homogeneity and consider a procedure that is applicable even under conditions of heterogeneity. Two-way designs then are derived as special cases of the more general n-way case. Finally, advantages and disadvantages of the new methods are considered.
Cross-Validation Assessment of Alternatives to Individual-Level Conjoint Analysis: A Case Study
Authors: Green Paul E. , Helsen Kristiaan
Published: December 2018

Recently, both Hagerty and Kamakura have proposed insightful suggestions for improving the predictive accuracy of conjoint analysis via various types of averaging of individual responses. Hagerty uses Q-type factor analysis (i.e., optimal weighting) and Kamakura a hierarchical cluster analysis that optimizes predictive validity. Both approaches are compared with conventional conjoint and self-explicated utility models using real datasets. Neither the Hagerty nor the Kamakura suggestions lead to higher predictive validities than are obtained by conventional conjoint analysis applied to individual response data.
The Effect of Price, Brand Name, and Store Name on Buyers’ Perceptions of Product Quality: An Integrative Review
Authors: Rao Akshay R. , Monroe Kent B.
Published: December 2018

The authors integrate previous research that has investigated experimentally the influence of price, brand name, and/or store name on buyers’ evaluations of product quality. The meta-analysis suggests that, for consumer products, the relationships between price and perceived quality and between brand name and perceived quality are positive and statistically significant. However, the positive effect of store name on perceived quality is small and not statistically significant. Further, the type of experimental design and the strength of the price manipulation are shown to significantly influence the observed effect of price on perceived quality.
Unbundling of Industrial Systems
Authors: Wilson Lynn O. , Weiss Allen M. , John George
Published: December 2018

The authors examine the bundling options of a firm that sells a multicomponent industrial system. A system is described by individual component attributes and by its “integration” and its “modularity.” Customers have heterogeneous preferences. Competing firms offer components that can be mixed and matched with the firm's components if it unbundles. If new systems added by unbundling are more modular or have a superior component, the market may grow. Growth is the key to making the unbundling option attractive.
Modeling Purchase-Timing and Brand-Switching Behavior Incorporating Explanatory Variables and Unobserved Heterogeneity
Authors: Vilcassim Naufel J. , Jain Dipak C.
Published: December 2018

The authors use a continuous-time semi-Markov approach to analyze in a single framework the purchase-timing and brand-switching decisions of households for a frequently purchased product. The analysis provides more insights into the dynamics of household purchase behavior than could be obtained from conventional discrete choice models such as logit or probit. The authors find that the probability distribution of interpurchase times is not the same for various switching between brands, revealing extra information about the purchase-timing decisions. Further, they find that though the marketing mix and household demographic variables explain a large part of the variation in the brand-switching rates, they account for only a small part of the variation in the repeat purchase rates. Another finding from the analysis is that the rates of switching between brands due to promotional activities such as special displays and price reductions are in reverse order to the share of purchases of the various brands.
Gender Differences in the Use of Message Cues and Judgments
Authors: Meyers-Levy Joan , Sternthal Brian
Published: December 2018

Data from two experiments suggest that the genders differ in how they make judgments. In comparison with men, women appeared to have a lower threshold for elaborating on message cues and thus made greater use of such cues in judging products. These differences were eliminated both when the message cues prompted so little attention that they were below men's and women's thresholds for message elaboration and when they prompted so much attention that both genders’ thresholds were exceeded. The origins and implications of these differences are discussed.
Cross-Validation and Information Criteria in Causal Modeling
Authors: Homburg Christian
Published: December 2018

Many applications of causal modeling in marketing involve selection among several competing causal models. The author investigates whether common criteria for model selection such as cross-validation indices and information criteria are likely to lead to discovery of the correct population model. Guidance on the use of these selection criteria in practice is provided for substantive marketing researchers. Results indicate that the adequacy of cross-validation depends critically on the method used for sample-splitting. The author suggests the application of Snee's DUPLEX algorithm in this context. For situations in which the assumption of multinormally distributed variables is justified, information criteria are found to be highly appropriate for model selection, outperforming cross-validation methods in several respects.
Primary Demand for Beer in the Netherlands: An Application of ARMAX Model Specification
Authors: Franses Philip Hans
Published: December 2018

The central issue in the application of econometric and time series analysis (ETS) to market response models is the model-building process. The author proposes a specification strategy for ETS modeling and applies it to the primary demand for beer in The Netherlands.
Collinearity, Power, and Interpretation of Multiple Regression Analysis
Authors: Mason Charlotte H. , Perreault William D.
Published: December 2018

Multiple regression analysis is one of the most widely used statistical procedures for both scholarly and applied marketing research. Yet, correlated predictor variables—and potential collinearity effects—are a common concern in interpretation of regression estimates. Though the literature on ways of coping with collinearity is extensive, relatively little effort has been made to clarify the conditions under which collinearity affects estimates developed with multiple regression analysis—or how pronounced those effects are. The authors report research designed to address these issues. The results show, in many situations typical of published cross-sectional marketing research, that fears about the harmful effects of collinear predictors often are exaggerated. The authors demonstrate that collinearity cannot be viewed in isolation. Rather, the potential deleterious effect of a given level of collinearity should be viewed in conjunction with other factors known to affect estimation accuracy.
A Canonical Expansion Model for Multivariate Media Exposure Distributions: A Generalization of the “Duplication of Viewing Law”
Authors: Danaher Peter J.
Published: December 2018

A multivariate media exposure model consisting of a truncated canonical expansion of the joint exposure probability is developed. The first term of the expansion is the product of the univariate marginal probabilities, resulting in a model that is a generalization of Goodhardt and Ehrenberg's “duplication of viewing law.” The proposed model is compared on the basis of estimation accuracy and computation speed with an accurate and quick “approximate” loglinear model and the popular Metheringham beta-binomial model. For large schedules the canonical expansion is more accurate than the approximate loglinear model but the reverse is true for small schedules. In addition, the proposed model is shown to be six times faster than the approximate loglinear model and much more accurate than Metheringham's model.
A Clusterwise Regression Method for Simultaneous Fuzzy Market Structuring and Benefit Segmentation
Authors: Wedel Michel , Steenkamp Jan-Benedict E. M.
Published: December 2018

A generalized algorithm for fuzzy clusterwise regression (GFCR) is proposed that incorporates both benefit segmentation and market structuring within the framework of preference analysis. The method simultaneously estimates the models relating preferences to product dimensions within each of a number of clusters, and the degree of membership of brands and of subjects in those clusters. The performance of GFCR is assessed in a Monté Carlo study. An application to data on preferences for brands of margarine and butter is reported, the cross-validity of GFCR is assessed, and it is compared empirically with Kamakura's method. Managerial and research implications are discussed.
Pulsing in a Discrete Model of Advertising Competition
Authors: Park Sehoon , Hahn Minhi
Published: December 2018

To investigate the effects of pulsing for a firm responding to its competitor's even or pulsed advertising, the authors use a discrete version of the Lanchester model. They show that pulsing can be superior to the even strategy even if the change in market shares is a concave function of advertising. Also, if the advertising response is linear or convex, (1) pulsing is superior to the even strategy and (2) it is more beneficial for the firm to advertise at the high (low) level when its rival advertises at the low (high) level if the firm has stronger brand power, greater net pulsing effect, or a more convex advertising response than its rival firm.
Developing and Testing a Contingency Paradigm of Group Choice in Organizational Buying
Authors: Wilson Elizabeth J. , Lilien Gary L. , Wilson David T.
Published: December 2018

The authors develop a contingency paradigm involving two situational factors (the nature of the buying task and the degree of perceived risk) to explain the predictive abilities of seven formal models of group choice and to see how the mechanism of buying center choice is affected by situational factors. In an empirical test of the models and the paradigm involving 104 procurement decisions made by buying centers, they found that the paradigm does significantly better than any single model in terms of predicting group choice. The contingency paradigm predicted accurately in 49% of the cases whereas the best alternative single model predicted correctly in only 20% of the cases. The results provide empirical support for several propositions in the organizational buying behavior literature.