bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Utilisation du sperme congelé pour l’insémination artificielle chez le buffle au Brésil
Authors: Campanarut-Barnabé Renato
Published: December 2017

Utilization of frozen semen for artificial insemination of buffalo in Brazil

Te present aspect of buffalo breeding in Brazil is analysed. Production of milk, meat, by-products and work is emphasized. An artificial insemination field trial with frozen semen, carried out for the first time in six farms, showed that this techique can be used under brazilian farming conditions.
La tularémie chez le lièvre en France. Rétrospective sur les trois dernières années (septembre 1991 - juin 1994).
Authors: Vaissaire Josée , Dufrêne Mireille , Hermitte Patricia , Le Doujet Claudine , Mendy Christiane , Meunier François , Ballange Catherine
Published: December 2017

The authors described the number of tularemia cases in the hares during three years in France. An increase of the case appears in 1993 and in the same way appears an increase of human tularemia.
La "vaccination assurance" et la "vaccination éradication" : deux conceptions opposées. I - Définitions
Authors: Brémaud Olivier , Vindrinet Robert
Published: December 2017

“Insurance vaccination” and “eradication vaccination” :

tow opposite conception of.

In the cost-benefit study of FMD vaccination in the E.C. countries, it seems that the word “vaccination” was covering both senses of “insurance by vaccination” and “eradication by vaccination”. Only one disease was eradicated worldwide : smallpox in humans, and this result was achieved thanks to huge vaccination campaigns. It appeared important to us, to give definitions of the différend aspect of an eradication policy using vaccination, before presenting later the characteristics and application of the ideal vaccine for the “eradication concept”.
L’immuno-contraception : perspectives humaines et animales
Authors: Constantin André
Published: December 2017

Les réactions immunitaires peuvent contrarier certaines phases de la reproduction et être utilisées dans les contraceptions humaine et animale. Il faut retenir, à ce jour, chez la femme, les possibilités offertes par les préparations anti-spermatozoïdes empêchant la migration cervicale des gamètes mâles. Le blocage hormonal est riche d’espoir avec une préparation immunisante contre le 6HCG. De larges études ont été conduites en Inde, aux E.U., en France et surtout en Suède où se poursuivent d’importantes expérimentations.

Chez les animaux d’élevage, la maîtrise des cycles avec les progestatifs satisfait les propriétaires de ruminants.

Chez le chien, où les progestagènes ne donnent pas toujours les résultats escomptés, une préparation Anti-GnRH pourrait être utile. Affaire à suivre...
Les vices rédhibitoires chez le chien et le chat. Difficultés d’application
Authors: Seynave René Lucien , Nau Marylène
Published: December 2017

La possibilité d’action en garantie des vices rédhibitoire a été offerte aux acheteurs de chiens et chats par la loi du 22 juin 1989. Les auteurs examinent certaines difficultés soulevées par l’application des textes qui réglementent cette action.

Pour certaines maladies transmissibles du chien et du chat, la notion de diagnostic de suspicion a été introduite, et son application généralisée, sans tenir compte des conditions restrictives imposées par la loi. Par ailleurs, le délai prévu par décret en Conseil d’État pour intenter l’action et provoquer la nomination des experts, court à compter de la livraison de l’animal. Il peut, dans certains cas, se révéler incompatible avec les prescriptions de cette même loi.

Il s’avérera peut-être nécessaire de modifier les textes, afin de les rendre plus cohérents, pour une protection accrue des acheteurs.
Electrophorèse des protéines sériques chez le chien. Remarques sur les variations analytiques, proposition d’un modèle
Authors: Foulon Thérèse , Groslambert Paule , Groulade Paul
Published: December 2017

Pour que l’électrophorèse des protéines sériques chez le chien soit utile au Praticien, il est nécessaire que le résultat soit expressif et reproductible. Ce n’est pas le cas actuellement, comme le montrent une étude interlaboratoire et celle des résultats proposés en référence pour le sujet normal dans diverses publications. 3 causes principales sont mises en évidence. Pour remédier à cet état d’incohérence, il est proposé un modèle du tracé à obtenir.
L’animal dans les mots et expressions d’hier et d’aujourd’hui
Authors: Fédida Maurice
Published: December 2017

The animals in the yesterday and today words and expressions.

With examples taken in various fields -meteorology, botany, anthro-ponymy, sexuality, titles of films, marks of products, -the author shows the omnipresence of animals in words and expressions from the past and today. All grammatical and syntaxical forms are present, i.e. proverbs, common sayings or slang. Numerous expressions are sense empty, because the man of 20th century is a townman, without country roots. The goal of the author is to take a census, but especially to attempt to explain these animal expressions with veterinary or zoological knowledges. Ten Veterinary Doctorate thesis were piloted in this direction.
Estrogen treatment effects on rats soleus muscles' glycogen content, extracellular matrix and cross-sectional area
Authors: Severi M. , Durigan J. , Pereira E. , Batista e Silva L. , Martins W. , Vieira E. , Tibana R. , Prestes J. , Marqueti R. , Silva C.
Published: December 2017

Objective: To evaluate the effects of estrogen treatment of rats' soleus muscles after denervation on glucose metabolism, muscle mass, glycogen content, cross-sectional area and connective tissue density. Methods: Eighteen rats were divided into the following three groups of six animals: control, denervated for 7 days (denervated), and denervated with estradiol treatment for 7 days (denervated and treated). We measured glucose and insulin tolerance, muscle glycogen, mass, cross-sectional area and connective tissue content. Results: The denervated only and the denervated and treated groups displayed a significant reduction in glucose uptake (32% and 53% respectively compared with the control group; p<0.05). Soleus muscle denervation reduced muscle glycogen (0.25 ± 0.03 vs 0.43 ± 0.02 mg/100mg; p<0.05), muscle mass (0.33 ± 0.09 vs. 0.48 ± 0.06 mg/g; p<0.05) and cross-sectional area (1626 ± 352 vs. 2234 ± 349 μm2; p<0.05), and increased connective tissue content (35 ± 7 vs. 10 ± 5%; p<0.05) compared to controls. Estrogen treatment decreased connective tissue density in the denervated and treated group (24 ± 4%; p<0.05) compared to the denervated group. It also prevented alterations on muscle glycogen in denervated and trated group. However, estrogen treatment did not prevent muscle atrophy (1626 ± 352 vs. 1712 ± 319 μm2). Conclusion: Estrogen treatment of rats' soleus muscles after denervation increased muscle glycogen content and minimized connective tissue density increase, but it did not prevent muscle atrophy.
Unexpected diagnosis in a patient with a left ventricular assist device: rectal cancer
Authors: Aday Ulaş , Gündeş Ebubekir , Çetin Durmuş Ali , Çiyiltepe Hüseyin , Polat Erdal
Published: December 2017

Left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) are being increasingly utilized in end-stage cardiac failures. Long survival times provided by LVAD support increase the incidence of noncardiac surgical procedures in these patients. This study presents the case of a patient who received LVAD insertion while waiting for heart transplantation because of dilated cardiomyopathy followed by administration of multidisciplinary treatment because of rectal cancer.
High prevalence of dyslipidemia among primary care patients with hypertension and diabetes in Jamaica
Authors: Harris Michelle A. , Ferguson Trevor S. , Boyne Michael S. , Figueroa J. Peter
Published: December 2017

Introduction:  The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of dyslipidemia among primary care patients with hypertension and diabetes in Jamaica and the proportion of patients who achieve recommended targets.

Material and methods: An audit of 500 dockets of adult patients with chronic disease attending public primary care clinics in Jamaica was conducted between October and December 2013. Data were collected on patient characteristics including medical history, medications, anthropometry, and lipid profiles (since January 1, 2011). Lipid targets were based on the Ministry of Health 2007 management guidelines. Stepwise multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the predictors of achieving lipid targets.

Results: Four hundred and thirty-seven patient records had a lipid profile done and 90% of these had at least one abnormal lipid value. 15.3% of the patients achieved the low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) target, 63.2% high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), 85.1% triglycerides and 57.4% the total cholesterol target. Statins were prescribed for 49% and these patients were less likely to achieve LDL-C (OR = 0.57; 95% CI: 0.33–0.97; p = 0.04) or total cholesterol (OR = 0.21; 95% CI: 0.13–0.33; p < 0.001) targets. Patients over 80 years were more likely to achieve the LDL-C target (OR = 3.21; 95% CI: 1.64–6.28; p = 0.002) than those less than 50 years old. More men than women achieved total cholesterol targets (OR = 2.2; 95% CI: 1.4–3.6; p = 0.001).

Conclusions: Dyslipidemia is widespread among primary care patients with hypertension and diabetes. The proportion of patients who achieve the respective lipid targets must be documented and routinely monitored and appropriate medication and lifestyle changes implemented to improve this.
Misconceptions of the Deaf: Giving voice to the voiceless
Authors: Terry D. R. , Lê Q. , Nguyen H. B. , Malatzky C.
Published: December 2017

The Deaf usually do not see themselves as having a disability; however, discourses and social stereotyping continue to portray the Deaf rather negatively. These discourses may lead to misconceptions, prejudice and possibly discrimination. A study was conducted to identify the challenges members of the Deaf community experience accessing quality health care in a small Island state of Australia. Using a qualitative approach, semi-structured interviews and focus groups were conducted with service providers and the Deaf community. Audist discourses of deafness as deficiency, disability and disease remain dominant in contemporary society and are inconsistency with the Deaf community’s own perception of their reality. Despite the dominant constructions of deafness and their affect on the Deaf’s experience of health service provision, many Deaf have developed skills, confidence and resilience to live in the hearing world. The Deaf were pushing back on discourses that construct deafness as a disempowering impairment.
Resilience: Protective Factors for Depression and Post Traumatic Stress Disorder among African American Women?
Authors: Holden K. B. , Hernandez N. D. , Wrenn G. L. , Belton A. S.
Published: December 2017

There is a great need to carefully examine issues that may elevate one’s risk for mental illness and develop strategies to mitigate risk and cultivate resilience.  African Americans, specifically African American women (AAW), are disproportionately affected by mental illness, including depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).  Higher rates of PTSD among AAW may be explained by significant rates of trauma exposure.  Higher resiliency in individuals with mental illnesses is associated with better treatment response/outcomes.  An examination of two (2) promising psycho-educational curricula for AAW at risk for depression and PTSD supports consideration of resilience as a protective factor among this population.  Strengthening psychological resilience among diverse AAW at risk for depression and/or PTSD may serve as a protective factor for symptom severity.  Multidimensional prevention and intervention strategies should incorporate culturally-centered, gender-specific, and strengths-based (resilience) models of care to help encourage mental health help-seeking and promotion of wellness for AAW.
Learning to Work with Immigrant Families: An Experiment in Experiential Learning
Authors: Ali Mehrunnisa A. , Bishop Susan , Martin Beth
Published: December 2017

This study examined what students in three professional programs – Nursing, Social Work, and Early Childhood Studies – could learn about working with immigrant families using narrative inquiry as a heuristic device. Data collected from the students in focus groups demonstrated their capacity for ethical caring by recognizing individual characteristics of immigrant families, becoming more self-aware in interactions with them, and noticing institutional practices from the families’ perspectives. The students also began to realize the uncertainties of professional practice, which could help promote the habit of reflection. Findings suggest that the experiment was worthwhile, albeit limited by self-reported data, a small sample, and a short duration.
Dans cette étude, nous examinons ce que les étudiants inscrits dans trois programmes professionnels – soins infirmiers, travail social et études de la petite enfance – pourraient apprendre sur le travail avec des familles d’immigrants par le biais de l’enquête narrative en tant qu’instrument heuristique. Les données recueillies auprès des étudiants réunis en groupes de discussion ont indiqué que ceux-ci avaient prouvé leur aptitude à l’empathie éthique en reconnaissant les caractéristiques individuelles des familles d’immigrants, en devenant davantage conscients de leurs interactions avec ces familles et en prenant conscience des pratiques institutionnelles à partir du point de vue de ces familles. Les étudiants ont également commencé à comprendre les incertitudes de la pratique professionnelle, ce qui pourrait favoriser de meilleures habitudes de réflexion. Les résultats suggèrent que l’expérience était appréciable, bien qu’elle ait été limitée par des données auto-déclarées, un échantillon limité et une courte durée.
DIÁLOGO SEM DISTÂNCIA: REFLEXÕES SOBRE A TUTORIA DE UM CURSO VIRTUAL DE LÍNGUA INGLESA
Authors: Bohrz Rafaela
Published: December 2017

Este artigo objetiva refletir acerca da assiduidade do diálogo como elemento formativo no processo de tutoria de um curso de Língua Inglesa na modalidade a distância. Trata-se de uma pesquisa bibliográfica e de campo. Inicialmente foi realizado um estudo sobre a concepção de diálogo para Paulo Freire, relacionando-a com a sua compreensão na EaD e, ainda, com o documento “Referenciais de qualidade para educação superior a distância”. Posteriormente, foram analisadas as interações dos tutores de um curso de Língua Inglesa da rede e-Tec com vistas a verificar de que forma ocorreu a assiduidade do diálogo. Como conclusão da pesquisa, o que se vislumbra é que teoricamente as ações delegadas aos tutores estão bem definidas, todavia a prática tutorial traz à tona aspectos que podem ser revistos pelas coordenações dos programas e devem ser enfatizados nos encontros de formação de tutores.Palavras-chave: diálogo, tutoria, Língua Inglesa, Educação a Distância.
TRABALHO, AGRICULTURA CAMPONESA E PRODUÇÃO DO CONHECIMENTO AGROECOLÓGICO
Authors: Da Silva Marcio Gomes
Published: December 2017

Esse texto tem como objetivo analisar a produção do conhecimento relacionado à agricultura de base agroecológica a partir das contradições históricas do campo brasileiro. Para tanto, são analisadas as mudanças ocorridas no campo, especificamente com a expansão da agricultura capitalista e suas implicações para a agricultura camponesa. Na conformação das relações de trabalho e da relação ser humano - natureza estabelecidas na agricultura camponesa é que se edificam as condições materiais sob as quais se erguem as bases para a produção do conhecimento agroecológico. A produção do conhecimento agroecológico se dá por meio da agricultura camponesa, do conhecimento tradicional e pela produção da ciência que se estabelece em relação direta com o conhecimento tradicional.
A EDUCAÇÃO NO CONTEXTO DA QUESTÃO AGRÁRIA BRASILEIRA E AS POLÍTICAS DO ESTADO PARA A EDUCAÇÃO NO/DO CAMPO
Authors: Amorim Franciel Coelho Luz de , Sousa Raimunda Áurea Dias de
Published: December 2017

O artigo centra-se nas políticas de educação criada pelo Estado no Brasil, a partir dos interesses da expansão do sistema do capital, especialmente, para o espaço rural que, na contradição, contribui para criação de uma educação que caminha na contramão do sistema – a Educação do campo. Essa construída nas lutas dos movimentos sociais, no momento em que a questão agrária ganha grande evidência justamente pelo escasseamento de alternativas de reinculusão dos expulsos da terra. Nesse sentido, o objetivo consiste em analisar as políticas do Estado para a educação no/do campo no contexto da questão agrária brasileira. Assim, buscou-se desvelar as políticas educacionais implementadas pelo Estado, em acolhimento às demandas do capital e a caracterização nos significados do projeto alternativo de Educação do Campo, emergido nas bases dos movimentos de luta pela terra.
SABERES E PROCESSOS EDUCATIVOS NAS EXPERIÊNCIAS DE TRABALHO EM TERRITÓRIOS INSULARES.
Authors: Silva Maria Graça
Published: December 2017

Busca analisar saberes e processos educativos inscritos em experiências de trabalho dinamizadas por mulheres e homens que integram a Associação dos Moradores e Pequenos Produtores Rurais de João Pilatos (AMPPRJP), que no cotidiano social informam relações com a biodiversidade local, examinando perspectivas de diálogo com práticas educativas escolar do campo. Trata-se de uma comunidade insular amazônida, cujas territorialidades guardam memórias de uma ancestralidade que se efetiva por meio de uma relação intensa e sistemática com a natureza, nem sempre reconhecida e considerada pelas políticas públicas. Metodologicamente opta pelo materialismo histórico, com uso de entrevistas semi-estruturadas.  Os resultados da pesquisa indicam a centralidade do trabalho como um meio de sobrevivência do grupo familiar, cujas práticas produtivas são permeadas por princípios educativos e se constituem em espaços de circulação de saberes, de vivências e sociabilidades dos grupos sociais da comunidade e promovem impacto positivo nas suas realidades e  aproximação e diálogo com a escola local.Palavras-chave: Saberes do Trabalho, Processos Educativos, Territorialidade Ancestral. Biodiversidade.
O MOVIMENTO DOS TRABALHADORES SEM-TERRA E A EDUCAÇÃO EMANCIPATÓRIA EM TEMPOS DE CRISE SOCIOAMBIENTAL
Authors: Oliveira Renan Dias
Published: December 2017

O Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem-Terra (MST) tem, desde sua origem, uma atenção especial para os espaços pedagógicos em sua dinâmica de atuação. Um importante local de formação do MST é a Escola Nacional Florestan Fernandes (ENFF), que existe desde 2005, na cidade de Guararema-SP. O objetivo deste trabalho foi pesquisar os cursos oferecidos na ENFF num recorte temporal de cinco anos (2011-2015), a partir do método da observação participante a fim de compreender a leitura que o MST faz neste momento de crise socioambiental, e, por conseguinte, sua proposta de formação educativa voltada para questões amplas da vida dos alunos e também para o mundo do trabalho. Concluiu-se que o MST tem estruturado cursos com essa temática específica e projetado novos cursos para os próximos anos. Palavras-chave: MST, formação, crise, trabalhadores.
Training vascular access surgeons: technicians or specialists?
Authors: Inston Nicholas , Singh Tej M.
Published: December 2017

Internationally, vascular access (VA) surgery is delivered in a varied and diverse fashion and subsequently, training in vascular access is poorly defined. Experience of VA during surgical training has implications on future practice. The scope of VA procedures is increasing, yet the focus in vascular training remains largely in the technical aspects of surgery rather than the more comprehensive aspects of surgery applied to dialysis and renal care. To achieve special skills in vascular access surgery may require a change to traditional training with an additional focus on developing an extended portfolio of knowledge and skills. A small number of specialized courses and training facilities are developing to address these issues.
Rehabilitation targeted late adverse effects after radiotherapy for cervical cancer – Different gains in different settings
Authors: Dieperink Karin B. , Sigaard Lene , Larsen Helle Mona , Mikkelsen Tina Broby
Published: December 2017

Many cervical cancer survivors experience late adverse effects, and rehabilitation may alleviate symptoms. This study describes participants’ experiences with late adverse effects in daily living and with experiences of perceived rehabilitation in hospital, municipal, and a residential setting. Twenty-one cervical cancer survivors aged 40-72 years, curatively treated with concomitant radio-chemotherapy, with moderate/severe incontinence and sexual problems, participated in a 5-day residential rehabilitation intervention. Three focus group interviews were conducted and analyzed. Late adverse effects like incontinence, sexual problems, tinnitus and pain severely restricted everyday life. The participants described rehabilitation in hospital settings as fragmented, but several of the participants benefitted from the physical rehabilitation in municipal settings; however, no participants were offered sexual rehabilitation. In the residential setting, they gained a sense of connectedness and confidence in association with peers. More time to reflect and the anonymity gave opportunity to work with sensitive issues e.g. sexuality. Increased knowledge about late adverse effects and tools to alleviate these made the participants prepared to regain command of their lives. In conclusion, incontinence and tinnitus had especially impact on social life and every day activities. The participants benefitted especially from rehabilitation in two settings (municipal and residential). Intensively psychosocial interventions allowed participants to work with underlying problems. Women with sexual and/or incontinence problems favored the residential rehabilitation due to anonymity.
Perceived Teacher Self-Efficacy of Teacher Candidates Enrolled in the Pedagogical Formation Certificate Program
Authors: Gungor Sabri , Ozdemir Yalcin
Published: December 2017

This study aims to determine the variables affecting teacher candidates’ perceived self-efficacy levels. The study was conducted with 560 students who attended the pedagogical formation programs, a type of teacher training program, run by two different universities in Turkey during the academic year of 2016-2017. The data was obtained by Teachers’ Sense of Efficacy Scale, developed by Tschannen-Moran and Hoy (2001) and adopted to Turkish by Çapa, Çakıroğlu and Sarıkaya (2005). SPSS package program was used for data analysis, and percentage, arithmetic mean, standard deviation, independent groups t-test, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and LSD test were used for the analysis of data. According to the study findings, candidates’ views on self-efficacy differ according to their ages, sexes, universities, settlements they have lived the longest, faculties and mother’s education level while their self-efficacy views did not differ according to their own and father’s education level. As the teacher candidates’ ages increased, their self-efficacy also increased. Males compared to females, Kafkas University’s students compared to Niğde Ömer Halisdemir University’s students, the students who have lived in metropolises the longest compared to others, students from faculties who accept students with ability exams compared to other faculties considered themselves more efficacious about teaching.
Does organic management of agroecosystems contribute to the maintenance of the richness of ants?
Authors: Holdefer Daniela Roberta , Lutinski Junir Antonio , Garcia Flávio Roberto Mello
Published: December 2017

Does organic management of agroecosystems contribute to the maintenance of the richness of ants? This study assessed the richness of ant species in organically farmed crop agroecosystems of different ages located in the southern state of Paraná, Brazil. During the sampling, the pitfalls that were active during May/August 2009 and from October 2009 to February 2010 were used. A total of 11,874 ants belonging to five subfamilies was sampled, comprising 18 genera and 48 species. The subfamily Myrmicinae (S = 27) had the highest richness, followed by the genera Pheidole (S = 10), Solenopsis (S = 7), Formicinae (S = 3), Camponotus (S = 5), and Brachymyrmex (S = 5). The average difference between the observed richness (Sobs) and the estimated richness (Chao2) was 10.9%. Ant assemblages belonging to agroecosystems under organic management for long times presented the greatest richness, indicating that this system contributes to the maintenance of ant diversity.
Vigor tests in assessing the quality of signal grass seeds
Authors: Melo Paulo Alexandre Fernandes Rodrigues de , Jeromini Tatiane Sanches , Affonso Carlos Eduardo , Alves Edna Ursulino , Martins Cibele Chalita
Published: December 2017

The correct assessment of the physiological quality of seed lots is necessary for the quality control program of companies. For such purpose, tests that detect differences in the physiological potential of seed lots and that meet the minimum market requirements. Thus, the study was conducted towards assessing the efficiency of laboratory tests in differentiating the quality of Brachiaria brizantha cv. Xaraés seed lots. Seeds from nine lots were assessed regarding water content, germination, first germination count, electrical conductivity and seedling emergence in sand in the laboratory (normal seedlings, first count and germination rate index), and the results were compared with those from the seedling emergence test conducted in the field. The experimental design used was completely randomized, with four replicates, and the Pearson correlation coefficient between the values from the germination, vigor and field seedling emergence tests was determined. The germination and seedling emergence in sand tests and the seedling emergence rate index efficiently assess the physiological quality of Brachiaria brizantha cv. Xaraés seed lots, providing data similar to those from seedling emergence in the field.
Proliferative activity of oocytes in multi-oocyte follicles of bovine ovary
Authors: Oliveira Reginaldo Luis , Silva-Santos Katia Cristina , Gonzalez Suellen Miguez , Bizarro-Silva Camila , Machado Fernanda Zandonadi , Bracarense Ana Paula Frederico Rodrigues Loureiro , Seneda Marcelo Marcondes
Published: December 2017

We characterized the proliferative activity of multi-oocyte follicles with anti-nuclear antigen of proliferating cells (PCNA). Ovaries (n = 12) from heifers were processed for histology. From 789 multi-oocytes follicles observed, only 11 were considered appropriated for immunostaining, since they presented all nuclei of the oocytes clearly visible. All multi-oocyte follicles were positive for PCNA, but some oocytes showed no proliferative activity. We conclude that oocytes in multi-oocyte follicles seem to be in different stages of the cell cycle.
Sexual behavior of 'morada nova' breeding sheep under semi-intensive rearing during the mating season in the brazilian semiarid
Authors: Santos Luana de Fátima Damasceno dos , Pimenta Filho Edgard Cavalcanti , Saraiva Edilson Paes , Furtado Dermeval Araújo , Pereira Walter Esfrain , Costa José Henrique Souza
Published: December 2017

This study aimed to evaluate the sexual behavior of 'Morada Nova' breeding sheep reared in the Brazilian semi-arid during dry and rainy seasons in a semi-intensive system. The behavioral data were gathered from 4 rams and 114 ewes, among which 55 during the rainy season and the other 59 females in the dry season. The behavioral observations were conducted from 6 am to 5 pm, during both periods. The observations were carried out continuously and split into 'event' (execution frequency) and 'state' (execution time). During the rainy season, the breeding sheep showed the most efficient sexual behavior, with a shorter reaction time (RT) and less frequent mount attempts (MA), being of 122 sec and 2.97, respectively. However, throughout the dry period, some sexual behaviors such as sniffing the urogenital of females (SUF), penis exposure (EXP), head tossing (HT), and courting of females (FC) became more frequent, mainly in the afternoon, as with the flehmen response (FR). Male courting behavior was more evident in the rainy season during the end of the day, remaining less active during the dry period. Sexual behavior intensity in 'Morada Nova' sheep varies throughout the day, especially in the dry season.
Growth and yield of corn forage intercropped with marandu grass in an agrosilvopastoral system with eucalyptus
Authors: Domingues Miguel Sales , Andrighetto Cristiana , Lupatini Gelci Carlos , Mateus Gustavo Pavan , Aranha Aline Sampaio , Ono Rafael Keith , Shiguematsu Mayara Mayumi dos Santos , Giacomini Polyana Vellone , Sekiya Bianca Midori Souza
Published: December 2017

Corn and grass intercropping is an interesting practice, and forage plants belonging to the genus Urochloa are the most commonly used in these situations. These plants show excellent adaptation to low-fertility soil, easy establishment, considerable biomass production, as well as being an important competitor with weeds. In agrosilvopastoral systems, the yield of corn crops grown together with trees is hindered due to the reduced radiation incidence caused by tree shading. This study aimed to evaluate corn growth, light interception, and chlorophyll content when intercropped with marandu grass in an agrosilvopastoral system with one and three eucalyptus rows, and compare them with plants under full sun. The experiment was conducted in Andradina - SP (Brazil). Treatments consisted of intercropping with no eucalyptus (plants under full sun: control), one system with one eucalyptus row and another with three rows. We also assessed the effect of five distances between corn plants and eucalyptus trees (2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 m). Between eucalyptus rows, corn plants were intercropped with marandu grass. The analyzed variables were corn plant height, ear height, chlorophyll content index, light interception, dry matter, and fresh and dry forage weights. The experimental design was a randomized block in a factorial scheme plus a control, with four repetitions. Tree arrangements had no influence on corn forage, dry matter, plant height, or ear height. Lower results of yield, dry matter, plant height, and ear height were observed for plants spaced 2 m from trees. In the first two evaluations, significant differences of light interception were found for the different distances. Neither tree arrangements (one and three rows) nor the distances from the trees had any impact on corn heights, with no difference between control and the agrosilvopastoral systems. Neither plant distances from trees nor tree arrangements had an influence on chlorophyll content index of corn plants, with no difference between control and the treatments. As a result, corn growth and forage yield under agroforestry systems are similar in arrangements of 1 and 3 eucalyptus rows (15-month-old trees) and under full sun. However, corn dry matter contents were lower in systems containing trees. Intercropping corn and marandu grass in a system without trees increased light interception at harvest time, indicating a larger soil coverage. Corn forage yield and dry matter content were lower when plants were 2 m apart from eucalyptus trees since this condition provided a lower amount of light and greater competition for water and nutrients.
Animal performance, production, and quality of Tanzania grass fertilized with nitrogen
Authors: Cecato Ulysses , Almeida Junior Josmar , Rego Fabíola Cristine de Almeida , Galbeiro Sandra , Paris Wagner , Scapim Carlos Alberto , Rodrigues Augusto Manoel , Fakir Glauber Marcelo
Published: December 2017

This study aimed to assess forage production, animal performance, and the chemical composition of Tanzania grass pasture fertilized with 50, 100, 200, and 400 kg ha-1 of nitrogen. The variables analyzed were: leaf mass, daily accumulation rate, leaf/stem ratio, average daily gain, stocking rate, live weight gain per unit of area crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, and in vitro dry matter digestibility of leaves. The pasture management maintained the pasture height at 50 cm by using a continuous grazing method with the adjustment of stocking rate. The experimental design was a randomized block with three replicates. The leaf mass increased linearly in response to nitrogen, with an increase of 1003 kg (34%) observed between a nitrogen content of 50 and 400 kg ha-1. Nitrogen did not affect the average daily gain, but increased the stocking rate and live weight gain ha-1. The value of crude protein and neutral detergent fiber were higher with increased nitrogen levels, whereas the leaf digestibility did not affect nitrogen use. The comparison of 50 and 400 kg ha-1 levels indicated that there was an average increase of 19.2% in the leaf crude protein. The increased application of nitrogen fertilizer in Tanzania grass improved the chemical composition and animal performance; with regard to studied variables, the dose of 200 kg ha-1 resulted in the greatest improvement.
Presence of anti-Leishmania spp. antibodies in slaughter horses in Brazil
Authors: Evers Fernanda , Ferreira Fernanda Pinto , Navarro Italmar Teodorico , Mitsuka-Breganó Regina , Pagliari Sthefany , Monica Thais Cabral , Nino Beatriz De Souza Lima , Freire Roberta Lemos
Published: December 2017

The objective of this study was to investigate the presence of anti-Leishmania spp. antibodies using an indirect immunofluorescence technique in the serum of equidae slaughtered in two slaughterhouses registered with the Federal Inspection Service. Titers greater than 40 were considered reagents. Blood samples were collected from 398 animals of both sexes, with different ages, and coming from six Brazilian states, of which 46.0% (183/398) were reactive, indicating that these animals were exposed to the leishmaniasis agent that is widely distributed in Brazil.
Social Media Contribution to the Promotion of Digital Citizenship among Female Students at Imam Mohammed bin Saud Islamic University in Riyadh
Authors: Alturki Khaled Ibrahim , Alharbi Wafa Owaydhah
Published: December 2017

The study aimed to identify the degree of social media contribution to reinforcing digital citizenship meaning from the viewpoint of female students at Imam Mohammed bin Saud Islamic University in Riyadh. The study was an attempt to answer the following two questions in order to achieve the objectives of the study: To which extent does SnapChat site reinforce digital citizenship meaning as the female students of Imam Mohammed bin Saud Islamic University in Riyadh understand? What degree of contribution does Twitter site strengthen digital citizenship meaning as the female students of the same University understand? The researcher used the survey descriptive method to answer these questions. The tool of this study was a questionnaire, and the society of the study was the female students of Imam Mohammed bin Saud Islamic University in Riyadh understand and the study was applied on 100 female students. Using the proper statistical tools to analyze the collected data, the study revealed that the SnapChat site as well as the Twitter site contribute to reinforce digital citizenship meaning as the female students of Imam Mohammed bin Saud Islamic University in Riyadh understand. Both sites have added technology skills to the students such as publishing quickly, expression, freedom to express an opinion, and communicate quickly with all over the world. The SnapChat and Twitter have no digital security feature in terms of positioning, ease of penetration and save the private clips. The study concluded with a set of recommendations and suggestions.
Antioxidant Activity of a Oryzanols Concentrate by Differential Scanning Calorimetry
Authors: Irigaray Bruno , Jachmanian Ivan , Grompone Maria A.
Published: December 2017

Oryzanols are natural antioxidants that are found in appreciable amounts in rice bran oil. However, by chemically refining the crude rice bran oil they are lost during the chemical neutralization step leaving the oil refined with very little oryzanols. The chemical neutralization leaves a residue called "soapstocks" where most of these antioxidants are found. From the soapstocks and by relatively simple procedures it is possible to obtain a oryzanols concentrate which may contain 33% of them. However, its antioxidant power has been little studied in oils compared to other natural antioxidants. Therefore, the present work gives information about the antioxidant power of a concentrate of oryzanols compared to natural antioxidants such as tocopherol and synthetic antioxidants such as butylhydroxytoluene (BHT) added in oils with different degrees of unsaturation and without antioxidants. The results determined by the differential scanning calorimetry method show that the antioxidant power was variable according to the method used. The tocopherol protected the oils from the oxidation at 130°C (soybean and high oleic sunflower) better than the oryzanols concentrate by the isothermal method. When the non-isothermal method was used it was found that the-tocopherol protected soybean oil better than oleic high sunflower oil compared to the oryzanols concentrate. However, when comparing BHT with oryzanols concentrate, BHT generally had a lower protection in both oils and both methods. These results show that the oryzanols concentrate has a protective effect of the oxidation of the studied oils, however, this could depend on the degree of the oil unsaturation.
Optical and electrochemical detection of a verotoxigenic E. coli gene using DNAzyme-labeled stem-loops
Authors: Longinotti Gloria , Ybarra Gabriel , Montserrat Javier
Published: December 2017

The activity of a peroxidase-mimicking DNAzyme was optimized to be used as a catalytic label in a stem-loop genosensor construction for quantifying the gene sequence Shiga-like toxin I of verotoxigenic E. coli. Experimental conditions such as pH, buffer composition, potassium ion concentration, and hemin-to-oligonucleotides ratio, were analyzed to maximize optical and electrochemical responses using microvolumes. Different stem-loop constructions were evaluated to obtain the optimum response against the target concentration. Linear ranges of 0.05-0.5 µM and limits of detection of 174 nM and 144 nM were estimated for the optical and electrochemical measurements, respectively. Selectivity was proved by assaying other verotoxigenic, enterotoxigenic and enteroinvasive sequences. The results show that, if a combination of small-volume electrochemical cells and low-cost untreated screen-printed electrodes with a relatively high geometric area is used, electrochemical measurements present similar sensitivity and limits of detection to the more usual optical ones, allowing the development of low-cost electrochemical biosensors based on the use of soluble DNAzymes as labels.
Semi -Markov Reliability Model of Two Different Units Cold Standby System
Authors: Grabski Franciszek
Published: December 2017

A semi-Markov stochastic process is used for solving in a reliability problem in the paper. The problem concerns of two different component cold standby system and a switch. To obtain the reliability characteristic and parameters of the system we construct so called an embedded semi-Markov process in the process describing operation process of the system. In the model the conditional time to failure of the system is represented by a random variable denoting the first passage time from the given state to the specified subset of states. We apply theorems of the Semi-Markov processes theory concerning the conditional reliability functions to calculate the reliability function and mean time to failure of the system. Often an exact reliability function of the system by using Laplace transform is difficult to calculate, frequently impossible. The semi-Markov processes perturbation theory, allows to obtain an approximate reliability function of the system in that case.
Coherent Microwave Scattering Model of Marsh Grass
Authors: Duan Xueyang , Jones Cathleen E.
Published: December 2017

In this work, we developed an electromagnetic scattering model to analyze radar scattering from tall‐grass‐covered lands such as wetlands and marshes. The model adopts the generalized iterative extended boundary condition method (GIEBCM) algorithm, previously developed for buried cylindrical media such as vegetation roots, to simulate the scattering from the grass layer. The major challenge of applying GIEBCM to tall grass is the extremely time‐consuming iteration among the large number of short subcylinders building up the grass. To overcome this issue, we extended the GIEBCM to multilevel GIEBCM, or M‐GIEBCM, in which we first use GIEBCM to calculate a T matrix (transition matrix) database of “straws” with various lengths, thicknesses, orientations, curvatures, and dielectric properties; we then construct the grass with a group of straws from the database and apply GIEBCM again to calculate the T matrix of the overall grass scene. The grass T matrix is transferred to S matrix (scattering matrix) and combined with the ground S matrix, which is computed using the stabilized extended boundary condition method, to obtain the total scattering. In this article, we will demonstrate the capability of the model by simulating scattering from scenes with different grass densities, different grass structures, different grass water contents, and different ground moisture contents. This model will help with radar experiment design and image interpretation for marshland and wetland observations.
H
ughes,
E
verett
C
Authors: Bakker J. I. (Hans)
Published: December 2017

Everett C. Hughes (1897–1983), a minister's son from Ohio, was a major figure in the social sciences. He contributed to the Chicago School of Sociology and influenced many graduate students. He also taught at McGill and Brandeis Universities and Boston College. He never wrote a systematic, general sociology or sociological theory text, but his work was insightful and contained pearls of wisdom about social relations. He was more of a fox than a hedgehog. An early essay on “Good People and Dirty Work” had an impact.
Men and Their Work
was also significant. He is best known for his influence on the sociology of medicine and of race. He influenced Erving Goffman's approach to research and style of writing.
Sexual Violence and Rape
Authors: Anderson Irina
Published: December 2017

This entry discusses rape and sexual violence – its definitions, prevalence, sequelae, major etiological theories, and how it can be reduced. One of the most significant etiological explanations for rape is feminist. Feminist theories content that rape is a part of a rape‐supportive culture, a societal understanding of gender relations based on sexism, hegemonic masculinity, widespread gender inequality, and the socialization of children into traditional gender roles. It is argued that measures, which may equalize men and women along economic, sociopolitical, and cultural lines may help alleviate the burden of rape.
A
ron,
R
aymond
Authors: Adair‐Toteff Christopher
Published: December 2017

Raymond Aron (1905–1983) was a twentieth‐century philosopher, sociologist, and political thinker. Author of more than 40 books, he was also a university professor and journalist commentator. Perhaps the most important influence on Aron's thinking was Max Weber. Aron shared Weber's distrust of simple solutions to complex problems as well as a belief in the power of reason.
Anthropology, Social and Cultural
Authors: Scerri Andy
Published: December 2017

The academic discipline of anthropology aims to increase knowledge of human society as both a moral community and a feature of the “natural” world. In general, anthropologists have sought to understand how and why some things are valued over others and to interpret what this implies for those communities and for the human community overall. In the second half of the twentieth century, a tension arose between social and cultural anthropologists, but by the first decade of the twenty‐first century, these tensions had largely given way to a hybrid sociocultural approach to work in the discipline.
Barthes,Roland
Authors: Campbell Elaine
Published: December 2017

Long before Roland Barthes (1915–1980) became recognized as a major thinker of the French intellectual left, he had enjoyed popularity during the 1950s among the general public, becoming well known for his readable and critically insightful articles on popular culture. An ongoing engagement and dialogue with different communities of readers and writers, and the modes of communication which connect them, was to become the hallmark of Barthes's scholarship. Barthes's early works position him within a tradition of structuralist approaches to culture, exemplified by his Saussurean reading of everyday life. Yet, as his scholarship advanced, he moved increasingly toward a poststructuralist perspective and rejected, if not virtually abandoned, the formalism of his earlier studies. Indeed, Barthes's shifting and constantly evolving position makes it difficult to talk of a Barthesian school of thought. Encompassing contributions to existentialist, structuralist, semiotic, Marxist, and poststructuralist ways of thinking, Barthes's legacy can be traced across fields as diverse as literary theory, social theory, linguistics, photography, film studies, cultural studies, social anthropology, media, and communication studies.
Left Realism
Authors: Hall Steve
Published: December 2017

Left realism is a criminological position that appeared in the 1980s to offer a left‐wing alternative to the two dominant schools of left idealism and right realism. It tried to construct a more realistic picture of crime and victimization, thus getting back in touch with everyday people in the troubled times of deindustrialization and rising crime rates to reclaim the principle of law and order on their behalf.
Ecological Footprint
Authors: Scerri Andy
Published: December 2017

The concept of the “ecological footprint” represents an empirical assessment of the amount of biologically productive land and sea area that is necessary to supply the resources consumed by a human population, and to assimilate the waste associated with that consumption, and to relate these to an assessment of global resources stocks and waste sinks. Developed by Dr. William Rees and Dr. Mathis Wackernagel at the University of British Columbia, Canada, in the late 1990s, measurements of the ecological footprint are today carried out at different scales, to assess the “footprint” left by individuals, local communities, regions, nations, and the entire global society.
Darwin, Charles (1809–1882)
Authors: Workman Lance
Published: December 2017

Charles Darwin (1809–1882) was the leading naturalist of the nineteenth century. He transformed the way that we conceive of the natural world by providing evidence that organic evolution had taken place and by providing a principle to explain how this change occurs. Darwin called this principle natural selection or “survival of the fittest” which he likened to the artificial selection animal breeders utilize in order to alter features of their livestock. In addition to works on geology and marine life Darwin published three important books on evolution which introduced a whole raft of new evolutionary concepts. Such concepts included the notion of continuity of emotional expression between humans and other species and a second driving force for evolutionary change known as sexual selection. Whilst Darwin's ideas have always been controversial when applied to human behavior, Darwinism remains the widely accepted theory to explain evolutionary change and the diversity of life on earth.