bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Polymorphism in the Gene Encoding the Insulin Receptor Binding Protein ENPP-1 Is Associated with Decreased Glomerular Filtration Rate in an Under-Investigated Indigenous African Population
Authors: Cave Eleanor M. , Prigge Katherine L. , Crowther Nigel J. , George Jaya A. , Padoa Carolyn J.
Published: December 2020

Introduction: The C allele of the ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1 (ENPP-1) rs1044498 polymorphism has previously been associated with increased binding of ENPP-1 to the insulin receptor (IR), resulting in decreased IR signalling and enhanced insulin resistance. It has also been associated with reduced kidney function in participants with diabetes of predominantly European and Asian descent. The association of this polymorphism with kidney disease in healthy Black South African participants has yet to be ascertained. Objective: This study, therefore, aimed to determine whether the K121Q polymorphism is associated with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in a Black South African cohort. Methods: Black South African participants (n = 348) from an existing cohort with known eGFR levels were genotyped for the K121Q polymorphism using PCR-RFLP and assessed for any statistical association between genotype and kidney function. Results: Individuals with the A allele had significantly lower eGFR levels than individuals with the CC genotype (86.52 ± 18.95 vs. 93.29 ± 23.55 mL/min; p = 0.022). The association of the A allele with lower eGFR levels remained after controlling for sex, blood pressure, insulin resistance, age, smoking, thyroid-stimulating hormone, insulin-like growth factor-1, and BMI (R2 = 0.030, p < 0.001). Conclusion: The rs1044498 A allele was significantly associated with lower eGFR levels in a cohort of apparently healthy Black South Africans, through an unknown mechanism that was independent of insulin resistance. It is possible that the rs1044498 polymorphism affects kidney function by altering the role of ENPP-1 in endothelial wound healing, podocyte signalling, or oxidative stress. Thus, the presence of this polymorphism may predispose individuals to a greater risk of CKD even in the absence of diabetes.
Developing an Alternative Version of the Epworth Sleepiness Scale to Assess Daytime Sleepiness in Adults with Physical or Mental Disabilities
Authors: Gronewold Janine , Lenuck Michelle Chantal Isidora , Gülderen Isra , Scharf Anne-Carina , Penzel Thomas , Johns Murray W. , Frohnhofen Helmut , Hermann Dirk M.
Published: December 2020

Introduction: Excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) is a frequent symptom with many possible causes, and many of these can be treated. EDS and its underlying causes have been associated with various negative health consequences. Recognition of EDS is thus an important public health concern. The concept of EDS is, however, not yet well defined, and different measures are used to diagnose EDS. The Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) is the most widely used tool to assess daytime sleepiness in a broad range of populations. Its applicability in patients exhibiting physical or mental disabilities, like older multimorbid patients, is limited, since the ESS was not developed and validated in this patient group. Methods: Within an expert study with 35 sleep medicine experts and a pilot study with 52 geriatric in-patients, who frequently exhibit physical or mental disabilities, and patients’ close relatives, we adapted the original ESS to develop an alternative version to assess daytime sleepiness in adults with physical or mental disabilities (ESS-ALT). Results: In this adapted version, items 3 (sitting inactively in a public place) and 8 (sleepy in traffic) were replaced by 2 new items (sitting in a waiting room, sitting and eating a meal) and an interview format was used. This ESS-ALT achieved fewer missing responses (23 vs. 73%) and a higher level of internal consistency (Cronbach’s α = 0.64 vs. 0.23) than the original ESS while keeping its somnificity structure. Conclusion: The ESS-ALT achieves better psychometric properties than the original ESS for individuals with physical or mental disabilities.
Persistent Hypoglycemia with Polycystic Kidneys: A Rare Combination – A Case Report
Authors: Prasher Priya , Redmond Katherine , Stone Hillarey , Bailes James , Nehus Edward , Preston Deborah , Werthammer Joseph
Published: December 2020

We present the case of an infant referred to our NICU born at 39 weeks’ gestation with persistent hypoglycemia with elevated insulin levels (HI) requiring diazoxide to maintain normoglycemia. Additionally, polycystic kidney disease (PKD) was detected by ultrasound. Molecular genetic testing revealed pathogenic variants in the PMM2gene, i.e., a variant in the promoter region and a missense variant in the coding region. The precoding variant was recently described in 11 European families with similar phenotypes, either in a homozygous state or as compound heterozygous with a pathogenic coding variant. In neonates with HI associated with PKD, this rare recessive disorder should be considered.
Antibiotic Stewardship in Premature Infants: A Systematic Review
Authors: Rajar Polona , Saugstad Ola D. , Berild Dag , Dutta Anirban , Greisen Gorm , Lausten-Thomsen Ulrik , Mande Sharmila S. , Nangia Sushma , Petersen Fernanda C. , Dahle Ulf R. , Haaland Kirsti
Published: December 2020

Introduction: Antibiotic treatment in premature infants is often empirically prescribed, and practice varies widely among otherwise comparable neonatal intensive care units. Unnecessary and prolonged antibiotic treatment is documented in numerous studies. Recent research shows serious side effects and suggests long-term adverse health effects in prematurely born infants exposed to antibiotics in early life. One preventive measure to reduce unnecessary antibiotic exposure is implementation of antibiotic stewardship programs. Our objective was to review the literature on implemented antibiotic stewardship programs including premature infants with gestational age ≤34 weeks. Methods: Six academic databases (PubMed [Medline], McMaster PLUS, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, UpToDate, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and National Institute for Health and Care Excellence) were systematically searched. PRISMA guidelines were applied. Results: The search retrieved 1,212 titles of which 12 fitted inclusion criteria (11 observational studies and 1 randomized clinical trial). Included articles were critically appraised. We grouped the articles according to common area of implemented stewardship actions: (1) focus on reducing initiation of antibiotic therapy, (2) focus on shortening duration of antibiotic therapy, (3) various organizational stewardship implementations. The heterogeneity of cohort composition, of implemented actions and of outcome measures made meta-analysis inappropriate. We provide an overview of the reduction in antibiotic use achieved. Conclusion: Antibiotic stewardship programs can be effective for premature newborns especially when multifactorial and tailored to this population, focusing on reducing initiation or on shortening the duration of antibiotic therapy. Programs without specific measures were less effective.
Congenital Dermal Sinus Elements in Each Tethering Stalk of Coexisting Thoracic Limited Dorsal Myeloschisis and Retained Medullary Cord
Authors: Morioka Takato , Murakami Nobuya , Ichiyama Masako , Kusuda Takeshi , Suzuki Satoshi O.
Published: December 2020

Introduction: The embryogenesis of limited dorsal myeloschisis (LDM) likely involves impaired disjunction between the cutaneous and neural ectoderms during primary neurulation. Because LDM and congenital dermal sinus (CDS) have a shared origin in this regard, CDS elements can be found in the LDM stalk. Retained medullary cord (RMC) is a closed spinal dysraphism involving a robust, elongated, cord-like structure extending from the conus medullaris to the dural cul-de-sac. Because the RMC is assumed to be caused by impaired secondary neurulation, concurrent RMC and CDS cannot be explained embryologically. In the present article, we report a case in which CDS elements were noted in each tethering stalk of a coexisting LDM and RMC. Case Presentation: A 2.5-month-old boy with left clubfoot and frequent urinary and fecal leakage had 2 tethering tracts. The upper tract, which ran from the thoracic tail-like cutaneous appendage, had CDS elements in the extradural stalk and a tiny dermoid cyst in the intradural stalk immediately after the dural entry. In the lower tract, which ran from the lumbosacral dimple, the CDS as an extradural stalk continued to the RMC at the dural cul-de-sac. Both stalks were entirely resected through skip laminotomy/laminectomy at 1 stage to untether the cord and resect the CDS elements. Conclusion: Surgeons should be aware that CDS elements, in addition to LDM, may coexist with RMC that extends out to the extradural space.
Can the Human Tail Cause Arteriovenous Hemangioma?
Authors: Aydin Ozturk Pinar , Kaya Seyhmus
Published: December 2020

Introduction: “Human tail” is a congenital, benign anomaly in which a protrusion in the lumbosacrococcygeal caudal region is covered with skin. Arteriovenous hemangioma is a benign vascular lesion that may be congenital or acquired. We present a case in which a human tail was present with pathological findings of arteriovenous hemangioma. Case Report: A 6-month-old girl was born with a curved tail-shaped protrusion along her waistline. The distal portion was purple and had a solid consistency; the proximal portion was of normal skin color and had a soft consistency. No other abnormality was observed in the spinal area. Microscopic examination revealed congested, proliferated vascular structures in the fibrous stroma distally located under the multilayered squamous epithelium. In the proximal area, mature lipomatous tissue was observed. The lesion was diagnosed as arteriovenous hemangioma. Conclusion: Our patient presented with the classic “human tail” appearance at an early age and in the lumbosacral region. Because of the pathological findings, surgery for the congenital anomaly had to be performed with extra caution.
Evaluation of Elafin Immunohistochemical Expression as Marker of Cervical Cancer Severity
Authors: Longatto-Filho Adhemar , Fregnani José Humberto , Mafra da Costa Allini , de Araujo-Souza Patricia Savio , Scapulatempo-Neto Cristovam , Herbster Suellen , Boccardo Enrique , Termini Lara
Published: December 2020

Introduction: The main risk factor for the development of cervical cancer (CC) is persistent infection by human papillomavirus (HPV) oncogenic types. In order to persist, HPV exhibits a plethora of immune evasion mechanisms. PI3/Elafin (Peptidase Inhibitor 3) is an endogenous serine protease inhibitor involved in epithelial protection against pathogens. PI3/Elafin’s role in CC is still poorly understood. Materials and Methods: In the present study, we addressed PI3/Elafin protein detection in 123 CC samples by immunohistochemistry and mRNA expression in several datasets available at Gene Expression Omnibus and The Cancer Genome Atlas platforms. Results: We observed that PI3/Elafin is consistently downregulated in CC samples when compared to normal tissue. Most of PI3/Elafin-positive samples exhibited this protein at the plasma membrane. Besides, high PI3/Elafin expression at the cellular membrane was more frequent in in situ stages I + II than in invasive cervical tumor stages III + IV. This indicates that PI3/Elafin expression is gradually lost during the CC progression. Of note, advanced stages of CC were more frequently associated with a more intense PI3/Elafin reaction in the nuclei and cytoplasm. Conclusion: Our results suggest that PI3/Elafin levels and subcellular localization may be used as a biomarker for CC severity.
A Frameshift Variant in KIAA0825 Causes Postaxial Polydactyly
Authors: Bilal Muhammad , Ahmad Wasim
Published: December 2020

Postaxial polydactyly (PAP) is characterized by counterproductive 5th digit (pinky finger) duplication on hands and/or feet which often leads to functional complications. To date, at least 11 genes involved in causing various types of nonsyndromic polydactylies have been reported. In the present study, a consanguineous family of Sindhi origin with a segregating nonsyndromic form of PAP in an autosomal recessive manner was clinically and genetically evaluated. Genotyping, using polymorphic microsatellite markers, established linkage in the family on chromosome 5q15 harboring the KIAA0825 gene (MIM 617266). Sequence analysis of the gene revealed a novel frameshift variant leading to a premature stop codon [c.143delG, p.(Cys48Serfs*28)]. This is only the 4th novel variant in the KIAA0825 gene that leads to PAP type A10 (PAPA10) (MIM 618498). Identification of variants in the PAP causative gene will support the diagnosis of patients with limb malformations in the Pakistani population.
Recent Advances in Molecular Imaging of Colorectal Tumors
Authors: Kashihara Takanori , Muguruma Naoki , Fujimoto Shota , Miyamoto Yoshihiko , Sato Yasushi , Takayama Tetsuji
Published: December 2020

Background: Recent endoscopic studies have revealed that small colorectal tumors are often overlooked during colonoscopy, indicating that more sensitive detection methods are needed. Summary: Molecular imaging has received considerable attention as a new endoscopic technique with high sensitivity. It generally employs a fluorescence-labeled compound that specifically binds to a molecule on the tumor. Fluorescent probes for molecular imaging are largely classified as 2 types: a fluorescence-labeled antibody targeting a molecule specifically expressed on the tumor cell surface such as epidermal growth factor receptor or vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF); and a fluorescence-labeled small molecule compound targeting a molecule specifically expressed in tumor cells including c-Met, glutathione S-transferase, γ-glutamyltranspeptidase, cathepsin, or endothelin A receptor. These probes successfully detected colorectal tumors in several animal studies. Moreover, 3 recent human clinical trials evaluating endoscopic molecular imaging for colorectal tumors have been reported. In one study, a Cy5-labeled synthetic peptide against c-Met was developed, and fluorescent endoscopic observation with this probe detected a greater number of colorectal adenomas than with white light observation. Another trial used IR800-labeled anti-VEGF antibody, which sensitively detected human colorectal adenomas by fluorescent endoscopy. Last, a fluorescent probe with synthetic peptide against BRAF-positive cells was able to visualize sessile serrated lesions. The fluorescent probes accumulated at very high levels in colorectal tumor cells but at lower levels in surrounding nonneoplastic mucosa. Key Messages: We expect that molecular imaging techniques with fluorescent probes will soon lead to the establishment of a highly sensitive endoscopic method for colorectal tumor detection.
Clinical Role of Lung Ultrasound for the Diagnosis and Prognosis of Coronavirus Disease Pneumonia in Elderly Patients: A Pivotal Study
Authors: Recinella Guerino , Marasco Giovanni , Tufoni Manuel , Brizi Mara , Evangelisti Eleonora , Maestri Lorenzo , Fusconi Marco , Calogero Pietro , Magalotti Donatella , Zoli Marco
Published: December 2020

Background: Lung ultrasound (LUS) showed a promising role in the diagnosis and monitoring of patients hospitalized for novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19). However, no data are available on its role in elderly patients. Aims: The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic and prognostic role of LUS in elderly patients hospitalized for severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) pneumonia. Methods: Consecutive elderly patients (age >65 years) hospitalized for COVID-19 were enrolled. Demographics, laboratory, comorbidity, and the clinical features of the patients were collected. All patients underwent LUS on admission to the ward. LUS characteristics have been analyzed. Uni- and multivariate analyses to evaluate predictors for in-hospital death were performed. Results: Thirty-seven hospitalized elderly patients (19 men) with a diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection were consecutively enrolled. The median age was 82 years (interquartile range 74.5–93.5). Ultrasound alterations were found in all patients enrolled; inhomogeneous interstitial syndrome with spared areas (91.9%) and pleural alterations (100%) were the most frequent findings. At univariate analysis, LUS score (hazard ratio [HR] 1.168, 95% CI 1.049–1.301) and pleural effusions (HR 3.995, 95% CI 1.056–15.110) were associated with in-hospital death. At multivariate analysis, only LUS score (HR 1.168, 95% CI 1.049–1.301) was independelty associated with in-hospital death. The LUS score’s best cutoff for distinguishing patients experiencing in-hospital death was 17 (at multivariate analysis LUS score ≥17, HR 4.827, 95% CI 1.452–16.040). In-hospital death was significantly different according to the LUS score cutoff of 17 (p = 0.0046). Conclusion: LUS could play a role in the diagnosis and prognosis in elderly patients hospitalized for SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Comunidades de mulheres ceramistas e a longa trajetória de itinerância da cerâmica paulista
Authors: Noelli Francisco Silva , Sallum Marianne
Published: December 2020

A Cerâmica Paulista resultou da conexão de tecnologias, práticas, significados e memórias. Ela foi produzida inicialmente pelas tupiniquins, em uma aliança com os portugueses na área de São Vicente e continuada por diversas gerações de mulheres, incluindo as que vieram de fora. No contexto dessas relações, materialidades e alimentos foram usados, apropriados e transformados, através de escolhas que entrelaçaram tecnologias antigas com novidades e mudanças culturais e identitárias. O exame de vasilhas inteiras, de fragmentos e dados publicados, mostra que a Cerâmica Paulista foi produzida desde o século XVI com algumas variações. A persistência das comunidades de práticas levou adiante maneiras de fazer e usar vasilhas cerâmicas, moldando valores e relações sociais que definiram a identidade Paulista.
Endothelial Rap1 (Ras-Association Proximate 1) Restricts Inflammatory Signaling to Protect From the Progression of Atherosclerosis
Authors: Singh Bandana , Kosuru Ramoji , Lakshmikanthan Sribalaji , Sorci-Thomas Mary G. , Zhang David X. , Sparapani Rodney , Vasquez-Vivar Jeannette , Chrzanowska Magdalena
Published: December 2020

Objective:

Small GTPase Rap1 (Ras-association proximate 1) is a novel, positive regulator of NO release and endothelial function with a potentially key role in mechanosensing of atheroprotective, laminar flow. Our objective was to delineate the role of Rap1 in the progression of atherosclerosis and its specific functions in the presence and absence of laminar flow, to better define its role in endothelial mechanisms contributing to plaque formation and atherogenesis.

Approach and Results:

In a mouse atherosclerosis model, endothelial Rap1B deletion exacerbates atherosclerotic plaque formation. In the thoracic aorta, where laminar shear stress–induced NO is otherwise atheroprotective, plaque area is increased in Athero-Rap1B
iΔEC
(atherogenic endothelial cell–specific, tamoxifen-inducible Rap1A+Rap1B knockout) mice. Endothelial Rap1 deficiency also leads to increased plaque size, leukocyte accumulation, and increased CAM (cell adhesion molecule) expression in atheroprone areas, whereas vascular permeability is unchanged. In endothelial cells, in the absence of protective laminar flow, Rap1 deficiency leads to an increased proinflammatory TNF-α (tumor necrosis factor alpha) signaling and increased NF-κB (nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells) activation and elevated inflammatory receptor expression. Interestingly, this increased signaling to NF-κB activation is corrected by AKTVIII—an inhibitor of Akt (protein kinase B) translocation to the membrane. Together, these data implicate Rap1 in restricting Akt-dependent signaling, preventing excessive cytokine receptor signaling and proinflammatory NF-κB activation.

Conclusions:

Via 2 distinct mechanisms, endothelial Rap1 protects from the atherosclerosis progression in the presence and absence of laminar flow; Rap1-stimulated NO release predominates in laminar flow, and restriction of proinflammatory signaling predominates in the absence of laminar flow. Our studies provide novel insights into the mechanisms underlying endothelial homeostasis and reveal the importance of Rap1 signaling in cardiovascular disease.
Experiences and Beliefs of Low‐Income Patients With Hypertension in Louisiana and Mississippi During the COVID‐19 Pandemic
Authors: Mills Katherine T. , Peacock Erin , Chen Jing , Zimmerman Amanda , He Hua , Cyprian Alecia , Davis Gerrelda , Fuqua Sonja R. , Gilliam Darie S. , Greer Angelique , Gray‐Winfrey Lea , Williams Shondra , Wiltz Gary M. , Winfrey Keith L. , Whelton Paul K. , Krousel‐Wood Marie , He Jiang
Published: December 2020

Background

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic disproportionately affects individuals with hypertension and health disparities.

Methods and Results

We assessed the experiences and beliefs of low‐income and minority patients with hypertension during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Participants (N=587) from the IMPACTS‐BP (Implementation of Multifaceted Patient‐Centered Treatment Strategies for Intensive Blood Pressure Control) study completed a telephone survey in May and June of 2020. Participants were 65.1% Black and 59.7% female, and 57.7% reported an income below the federal poverty level. Overall, 2.7% tested positive and 15.3% had lost a family member or friend to COVID‐19. These experiences were significantly more common in Black (3.9% and 19.4%, respectively) than in non‐Black participants (0.5% and 7.8%, respectively). In addition, 14.5% lost a job and 15.9% reported food shortages during the pandemic. Most participants complied with stay‐at‐home orders (98.3%), social distancing (97.8%), and always wearing a mask outside their home (74.6%). Participants also reported high access to needed health care (94.7%) and prescription medications (97.6%). Furthermore, 95.7% of respondents reported that they continued to take their regular dosage of antihypertensive medications. Among the 44.5% of participants receiving a healthcare appointment by telehealth, 96.6% got the help they needed, and 80.8% reported that the appointment quality was as good as or better than in‐person visits. Finally, 88.9% were willing to return to their primary care clinic.

Conclusions

These data suggest that low‐income patients, especially Black patients, were negatively impacted by COVID‐19. However, most patients were able to access needed healthcare services and were willing to return to their primary care clinic for hypertension management.

Registration

URL:
https://www.clinicaltrials.gov
; Unique identifier: NCT03483662.
Genetic diversity and gene flow decline with elevation in the Near Eastern fire salamander (Salamandra infraimmaculata) at Mount Hermon, Golan Heights
Authors: Preißler Kathleen , Küpfer Eliane , Löffler Fabian , Hinckley Arlo , Blaustein Leon , Steinfartz Sebastian
Published: December 2020

The Near Eastern fire salamander (Salamandra infraimmaculata) reaches its southern distribution range in Israel. Although the population structure has been analysed in central Israel and at the southern distribution limit, we lack knowledge on populations in the northern area, such as along Mount Hermon. S. infraimmaculata occurs at Mt. Hermon along an altitudinal gradient and appears to be fragmented by urban and agricultural landscape. We studied the genetic structure of four populations based on microsatellite loci and the mitochondrial D-loop to determine the genetic diversity and connectivity between populations. We observed moderate gene flow at lower parts, i.e. from Tel Dan and Nimrod Castle to Banias indicating extant but limited connectivity. Genetic diversity and gene flow declined along the altitudinal gradient at Mt. Hermon, reaching rock-bottom levels in the highest located population of Nimrod Pool. The observed isolation-by-elevation gradient might induce a higher extinction risk for the highland populations of S. infraimmaculata.
The Authority of “Precedent” in International Adjudication: the Contentious Case of the WTO Appellate Body’s Practice
Authors: Sacerdoti Giorgio
Published: December 2020

One of the reasons adduced by the U.S. for paralyzing the WTO Appellate Body (AB) through the non-replacement of its outgoing members has been that the AB has developed a doctrine of binding precedent based on its previous decisions, thus allegedly departing from what had been agreed in the original negotiations. This article, based also on the author’s past experience as a member of the AB, intends to show that this criticism is groundless. The AB has not followed such a doctrine but has developed a consistent interpretation of the multilateral trade agreements in accordance with the WTO objectives of promoting stability and predictability of the system. The AB statement that past interpretation of the WTO agreements provisions should be followed by Panels “absent cogent reasons” is in line with the practice of other international courts and tribunals.
The Stellenbosch Consensus on Legal National Responses to Public Health Risks
Authors: Habibi Roojin , Hoffman Steven J. , Burci Gian Luca , de Campos Thana Cristina , Chirwa Danwood , Cinà Margherita , Dagron Stéphanie , Eccleston-Turner Mark , Forman Lisa , Gostin Lawrence O. , Meier Benjamin Mason , Negri Stefania , Ooms Gorik , Sekalala Sharifah , Taylor Allyn , Yamin Alicia Ely
Published: December 2020

The International Health Regulations (ihr), of which the World Health Organization is custodian, govern how countries collectively promote global health security, including prevention, detection, and response to global health emergencies such as the ongoing covid-19 pandemic. Countries are permitted to exercise their sovereignty in taking additional health measures to respond to such emergencies if these measures adhere to Article 43 of this legally binding instrument. Overbroad measures taken during recent public health emergencies of international concern, however, reveal that the provision remains inadequately understood. A shared understanding of the measures legally permitted by Article 43 is a necessary step in ensuring the fulfillment of obligations, and fostering global solidarity and resilience in the face of future pandemics. In this consensus statement, public international law scholars specializing in global health consider the legal meaning of Article 43 using the interpretive framework of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties.
Pseudocercospora dypsidis sp. nov. (Mycosphaerellaceae) on Dypsis lutescens leaves in Thailand

Authors: CHEN YI-JYUN , JAYAWARDENA RUVISHIKA S. , BHUNJUN CHITRABHANU S. , HARISHCHANDRA DULANJALEE L. , HYDE KEVIN D.
Published: December 2020

A cercosporoid fungus associated with leaf lesions of Dypsis lutenscens (Arecaceae) was observed in Chiang Rai, Thailand. This study describes the new species Pseudocercospora dypsidis based on morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analyses from three gene regions, ITS, TEF-1α, and ACT. Single gene analyses are generally insufficient for identification of Pseudocercospora species, or for segregation of other genera in the Pseudocercospora complex. A list is provided of all Pseudocercospora species known from Thailand and the need to confirm their identifications by a polyphasic approach is stressed.
New combinations in Potentilla for taxa originally validated or treated in Ivesia, Horkelia, and Horkeliella (Rosaceae: Potentilleae)
Authors: MOSYAKIN SERGEI L. , ERTTER BARBARA , SHIYAN NATALIA M.
Published: December 2020

Nineteen new combinations (eight species-rank and 11 variety-rank ones) in Potentilla (Rosaceae, Potentilleae) are proposed for North American taxa that were originally validated or treated in Ivesia, Horkelia, and Horkeliella. These combinations are needed for those researchers and users of botanical nomenclature who prefer to subsume these taxa in Potentilla in its updated monophyletic (holophyletic) circumscription. That circumscription is mainly based on recent molecular phylogenetic results that demonstrated that the three ivesioid genera form a monophyletic lineage (ivesioid clade) that is phylogenetically rooted in the core clade of Potentilla. Nomenclatural comments are provided, and the rationale of those preferring the continued recognition of Ivesia, Horkelia, and Horkeliella is explained.
Allium gilanense, a new species of Allium sect. Codonoprasum (Amaryllidaceae) from Iran: evidence from morphological and molecular data

Authors: BAGHERI ALI , BLATTNER FRANK R. , FRITSCH REINHARD M.
Published: December 2020

As a result of recent botanical expeditions to the north of Iran, we describe here a new endemic Allium species from Gilan province named Allium gilanense. Molecular and morphological data indicate that it belongs to Allium sect. Codonoprasum. We provide a morphological description, comparing Allium gilanense with the closest relative taxa A. lenkoranicum and A. paniculatum, the preliminary karyotype of the new species, and molecular phylogenetic data derived from the nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacers (ITS) and the chloroplast intergenic spacer trnH-psbA. The chromosome number of the new species is 2n = 16 with 0-3 B chromosomes.
A new species of Nordenstamia (Compositae, Senecioneae) from central Peru

Authors: BELTRÁN HAMILTON , CALVO JOEL
Published: December 2020

Nordenstamia valenzuelae sp. nov. is described from the Pui Pui Protection Forest in central Peru. It is a shrub characterized by opposite leaves (upper ones sessile), adaxial leaf surfaces and young stem parts covered by short-stipitate, basic T-shaped, golden-yellow trichomes, and densely white lanate abaxial leaf surfaces. The new species is compared with the morphologically closest taxa and useful characters for their proper identification are provided. A dichotomous key including the Nordenstamia species with consistently opposite phyllotaxy is also presented.
New species and records of Paraphloeostiba Steel, 1960 from China and Laos, and descriptions of four new species of related genera (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Omaliinae: Omaliini)
Authors: SHAVRIN ALEXEY V.
Published: December 2020

New taxonomic and faunistic data for eight species of Paraphloeostiba Steel, 1960 (Omaliini) from China and Laos are provided. Three new species are described and illustrated: P. ampliata sp.n. (China: Yunnan), P. brancuccii sp.n. (Laos), and P. cooteri sp.n. (China: Zhejiang). A new synonymy is established: P. formosana Shavrin & Smetana, 2016 = P. amooraphila Shavrin, 2017 syn.n. Paraphloeostiba opacicollis Steel, 1960 is redescribed, illustrated, and recorded from Laos for the first time. A key to the species of Paraphloeostiba of China and Laos is presented. Previous records of P. apicalis (Cameron, 1925) from China are doubtful; additional material from Indonesia and the Philippines is reported. Paraphloeostiba sulcicollis (Fauvel, 1904) is recorded from China for the first time. New records of Paraphloeostiba are reported: P. apicalis from Mindanao (Philippines), P. formosana Shavrin & Smetana, 2016 from mainland China and Vietnam, P. gayndahensis (MacLeay, 1873) from Yunnan, and P. sonani (Bernhauer, 1943) from Myanmar. In addition, four new species of Omaliini are described and illustrated: Nipponophloeostiba longilobata sp.n., Omalium khmericum sp.n., and Phloeostiba assingi sp.n. from northern Laos, and Phloeonomus (Phloeonomus) rougemonti sp.n. from China (Yunnan).
Three new species of Gelechiidae (Lepidoptera) from Panama
Authors: CHANG PATRICIA ESTHER CORRO , BIDZILYA OLEKSIY
Published: December 2020

Aristotelia barriosi sp. nov. (Veraguas Province, Santa Fe NP), Agnippe tarakanovi sp. nov. (Herrera Province, Sarigua NP) and Chionodes sariguaensis sp. nov. (Herrera Province, Sarigua NP) are described from Panama. Adults and the genitalia of both sexes for all species and the habitats of two latter species are illustrated.
An Evaluation of the Performance of the Twentieth Century Reanalysis Version 3
Authors: Slivinski L. C. , Compo G. P. , Sardeshmukh P. D. , Whitaker J. S. , McColl C. , Allan R. J. , Brohan P. , Yin X. , Smith C. A. , Spencer L. J. , Vose R. S. , Rohrer M. , Conroy R. P. , Schuster D. C. , Kennedy J. J. , Ashcroft L. , Brönnimann S. , Brunet M. , Camuffo D. , Cornes R. , Cram T. A. , Domínguez-Castro F. , Freeman J. E. , Gergis J. , Hawkins E. , Jones P. D. , Kubota H. , Lee T. C. , Lorrey A. M. , Luterbacher J. , Mock C. J. , Przybylak R. K. , Pudmenzky C. , Slonosky V. C. , Tinz B. , Trewin B. , Wang X. L. , Wilkinson C. , Wood K. , Wyszyński P.
Published: December 2020

The performance of a new historical reanalysis, the NOAA–CIRES–DOE Twentieth Century Reanalysis version 3 (20CRv3), is evaluated via comparisons with other reanalyses and independent observations. This dataset provides global, 3-hourly estimates of the atmosphere from 1806 to 2015 by assimilating only surface pressure observations and prescribing sea surface temperature, sea ice concentration, and radiative forcings. Comparisons with independent observations, other reanalyses, and satellite products suggest that 20CRv3 can reliably produce atmospheric estimates on scales ranging from weather events to long-term climatic trends. Not only does 20CRv3 recreate a “best estimate” of the weather, including extreme events, it also provides an estimate of its confidence through the use of an ensemble. Surface pressure statistics suggest that these confidence estimates are reliable. Comparisons with independent upper-air observations in the Northern Hemisphere demonstrate that 20CRv3 has skill throughout the twentieth century. Upper-air fields from 20CRv3 in the late twentieth century and early twenty-first century correlate well with full-input reanalyses, and the correlation is predicted by the confidence fields from 20CRv3. The skill of analyzed 500-hPa geopotential heights from 20CRv3 for 1979–2015 is comparable to that of modern operational 3–4-day forecasts. Finally, 20CRv3 performs well on climate time scales. Long time series and multidecadal averages of mass, circulation, and precipitation fields agree well with modern reanalyses and station- and satellite-based products. 20CRv3 is also able to capture trends in tropospheric-layer temperatures that correlate well with independent products in the twentieth century, placing recent trends in a longer historical context.
Characteristics and Outcomes in Head and Neck Sarcomatoid Squamous Cell Carcinoma: The Cleveland Clinic Experience
Authors: Mingo Katie M. , Derakhshan Adeeb , Abdullah Neelab , Chute Deborah J. , Koyfman Shlomo A. , Lamarre Eric D. , Burkey Brian B.
Published: December 2020

Objectives:

To analyze characteristics, treatment outcomes, and prognostic factors of sarcomatoid squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck.

Study Design:

Retrospective chart review.

Setting:

Tertiary care center.

Subjects and Methods:

Fifty-five patients were treated for sarcomatoid squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck between 1996 and 2018. Data collection included clinical history, tumor characteristics, pathology, treatment modality, and outcomes. Mean follow up was 17.1 months. Cox univariate analysis was used to evaluate for associations with locoregional recurrence, distant metastasis, and overall survival.

Results:

Most patients were white males with a smoking history and median age 66 years (range 41-92) at diagnosis. Twenty-two percent had prior head and neck radiation. Tumor site was most frequently oral cavity (41.8%), followed by larynx (29.1%), and oropharynx (16.4%). Half presented with early T stage disease (15.5% T0, 12.7% T1, 30.9% T2) and the remainder with late stage disease (16.4% T3, 34.5% T4). Locoregional recurrence rate was 60.0%, metastatic recurrence was rate 21.8%, with median time to recurrence of 4 months and mean overall survival of 20 months. Presence of lymphovascular space invasion was statistically associated with locoregional recurrence ( P = .018, HR 3.55 [95% CI 1.24, 10.14]) and poorer overall survival ( P = .015, HR 2.92 [95% CI 1.23, 4.80]). Treatment with multimodality therapy was associated with decreased locoregional recurrence ( P = .039, HR 0.39 [95% CI 0.16, 0.95]) but did not impact overall survival.

Conclusion:

Sarcomatoid squamous cell carcinoma remains a rare and aggressive disease variant with high recurrence rates and high mortality. High risk features such as lymphovascular space may indicate the need for more aggressive therapy.
Too Afraid to Stay: Measuring the Relationship between Criminal Victimization in Central America and the Intent to Migrate
Authors: Roth Benjamin , Huffman Amanda , Brame Robert
Published: December 2020

Rising crime in Central America and on-going emigration have reinvigorated concerns about the relationship between criminal victimization and international migration. Analyzing data from a crime prevention intervention in this region, we examine measures related to criminal victimization to assess corresponding changes in the propensity for international migration. We find that individuals who reported a crime victimization were more likely to express their intention to migrate, but this pattern was less consistent for those who perceived their neighborhood to be unsafe. These descriptive patterns are important on their own, but this paper also advances our methodological understanding of how to address the problem of item nonresponse using a partial identification framework.
How citizens’ dissatisfaction with street-level bureaucrats’ exercise of discretion leads to the alternative supply of public services: the case of Israeli marriage registrars
Authors: Golan-Nadir Niva , Cohen Nissim , Rubin Aviad
Published: December 2020

Can street-level bureaucrats’ exercise of discretion lead to clients’ dissatisfaction with policy implementation? If so, under what conditions could such disaffection lead to the alternative supply of public services? Building on Albert Hirschman’s model of exit, voice, and loyalty, this article contributes to the literature by pointing to street-level bureaucrats’ exercise of discretion as influencing citizens’ dissatisfaction with policy implementation. We identify three main elements—personal, organizational, and environmental—influencing discretion informally, causing clients’ dissatisfaction. We also point to a combination of three conditions triggering the creation of an alternative supply of services: (1) citizens’ dissatisfaction with policy implementation; (2) street-level bureaucrats’ monopoly over policy implementation because only one supplier exists; and (3) clients’ perceptions of participation channels as blocked. Using a qualitative case study approach, we test our claims by analyzing the case of Israeli marriage registrars. We demonstrate how Israeli citizens’ dissatisfaction with how government bureaucrats implement marriage regulations led to the creation of the Tzohar non-governmental organization that provides alternative marriage services.

Points for practitioners

In situations in which street-level bureaucrats have a monopoly over policy implementation and citizens feel they cannot exercise their voice about that implementation, their dissatisfaction with how street-level bureaucrats use their discretion in implementing the policy may eventually lead to the creation of alternative sources of public services.
How to Rename a Campus Building in Just A Quarter Century: Benjamin Morgan Palmer, Rhodes College, and Palmer Hall
Authors: Haynes Stephen R.
Published: December 2020

Benjamin Morgan Palmer (1818–1902) was one of the leading voices in the Southern Presbyterian Church between the 1850s and his death in 1902. Part of Palmer’s “principal legacy” was his career-long commitment to interpreting Genesis 9–11 in a way that endorsed racial hierarchy and Black subordination. Nevertheless, it has been far from easy to repudiate Palmer’s legacy in the institutions that honor him.
Biblical Interpretation, Race, and Union Presbyterian Seminary
Authors: Sweetser William B.
Published: December 2020

Chattel slavery in the United States was never foreordained. The deliberate misinterpretation of Scripture predisposed people to accept what the Bible condemned. The development of the Biblical Theology movement, by emphasizing the plain sense of Scripture over cultural assumptions and discredited scientific theories, led Union Presbyterian Seminary to repudiate the immorality that was slavery and segregation.
Mobilizing the Temporary Organization: The Governance Roles of Selection and Pricing
Authors: Ghazimatin Elham , Mooi Erik A. , Heide Jan B.
Published: December 2020

Many marketing transactions between buyers and suppliers involve short-term collaborations or so-called temporary organizations. Such organizations have considerable value-creation potential but also face challenges, as evidenced by their mixed performance records. One particular challenge involves relationship governance, and in this respect, temporary organizations represent a conundrum: On the one hand, they pose significant governance problems due to the need to manage numerous independent specialists under time constraints. On the other hand, temporary organizations lack the inherent governance properties of other organizational forms such as permanent organizations. The authors conduct an empirical study of 429 business-to-business construction projects designed to answer two specific questions: First, how are particular selection and pricing strategies deployed in response to monitoring and coordination problems? Second, does the joint alignment between the two mechanisms and their respective attributes help mitigate cost overruns? The authors follow a formal hypothesis test with a series of in-depth interviews to explore and to gain insight into the validity of the key constructs, explanatory mechanisms, and outcomes. Managerially, the authors answer the long-standing question of how to mobilize a temporary organization. Theoretically, they develop an augmented “discriminating alignment” heuristic for relationship management involving multiple governance mechanisms and attributes.
Gentrifying Neighborhoods, Gentrifying Schools? An Emerging Typology of School Changes in a Gentrifying Urban School District
Authors: Green Terrance L. , Germain Emily , Castro Andrene J. , Latham Sikes Chloe , Sanchez Joanna , Horne Jeremy
Published: December 2020

An increasing number of central cities across the U.S. are experiencing a growth in white middle-class population, which is associated with gentrification in historically disinvested and racially segregated urban neighborhoods. These changing neighborhood dynamics are starting to shift the context of urban schooling in some districts across the nation. While we know that racial and socioeconomic demographic shifts are associated with neighborhood and school gentrification, there is little conceptual clarity about how school gentrification unfolds over time and the varying conditions of schools in gentrified neighborhoods. To advance scholarship on the topic, researchers need an organizing framework. This study addresses this gap by drawing on existing research, 16 years of Census and American Community Survey data, and 6 years of district data in Austin, Texas. Highlighting Austin, an urban city with growing neighborhood gentrification, we put forth a typology to explain the experiences of schools in the district. We conclude with implications for future research.
The Life, Death, and Legacy of the Toronto Bureau of Municipal Research, 1914-1983
Authors: Eidelman Gabriel , Hoke Maya
Published: December 2020

The Toronto-based Bureau of Municipal Research published over 800 bulletins and reports on urban issues in Canada between 1914 and 1983. Much has been written about its parent organization, the New York Bureau of Municipal Research. But the history of the Toronto chapter has all but been ignored. This article is a step toward understanding the history of the Toronto Bureau, and its impact on urban policy and local government in the Greater Toronto area. The article proceeds in three parts. First, we tell the story of the Bureau’s genesis, the evolution of its mission and leadership over time, and its eventual demise. Next, we analyze the Bureau’s body of work, identifying two common themes—efficiency and informed citizenship—found across the complete catalog of Bureau documents housed at the City of Toronto Archives. Finally, we examine the Bureau’s tangible achievements, most apparent in areas of municipal finance and administrative reform in the 1910s, 1920s, and 1930s, as well as the Bureau’s enduring legacy, including the lessons its work holds for modern-day urban policy debates in Greater Toronto and elsewhere.
The Search for a Permanent Channel: Environmental Transformation of the Dagu Bar, 1897-1928
Authors: Wang Ai
Published: December 2020

In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the Haihe Conservancy Commission conducted a series of Western-style engineering projects to create a permanent bar channel in the Chinese city of Tianjin. Driven by modernist and imperialist conceptualizations of environment, these Western-style water projects transformed the Dagu sandbar with a wide scale of human intervention. This article traces historical trajectories of the Dagu Bar and argues that modern imaginations and practices of environmental transformation departed from Chinese imperial mode of water conservancy. Two twentieth-century engineering schemes, with successes and failures, transformed the coastal environment and played a pivotal role in creating a modern city port.
Recent advances in treatment of haemodialysis
Authors: Burton James O. , Corbett Richard W. , Kalra Philip A. , Vas Prashanth , Yiu Vivian , Chrysochou Constantina , Kirmizis Dimitrios
Published: December 2020

Haemodialysis remains the most widely used treatment for patients with end-stage renal disease. Despite the progress that has occurred in the treatment of end-stage renal disease over the last six decades, there has been a failure to translate this into the desired clinical benefits, with morbidity and mortality rates among patients on haemodialysis remaining unacceptably high. Recently, however, there have been expectations that the significant advances that took place over the last few years may result in improved outcomes. New medications for the treatment of anaemia and secondary hyperparathyroidism, as well as novel trends in the areas of iron therapy, diabetes management and physical exercise are among the most important advances which, taken together, are changing the standards of care for patients on haemodialysis. The latest advances, of relevance not only to specialists in Renal Medicine but also to general practitioners caring for these patients, are reviewed in this collaborative paper.
Gas hydrate in-situ formation and dissociation in clayey-silt sediments: An investigation by low-field NMR
Authors: Sun Xiaoxiao , Qin Xuwen , Lu Hongfeng , Wang Jingli , Xu Jianchun , Ning Zijie
Published: December 2020

The hydrate reservoir in the Shenhu Area of the South China Sea is a typical clayey-silt porous media with high clay mineral content and poor cementation, in which gas hydrate formation and dissociation characteristics are unclear. In this study, the CO2 hydrate saturation, growth rate, and permeability were studied in sandstone, artificial samples, and clayey-silt sediments using a custom-built measurement apparatus based on the low-field NMR technique. Results show that the T2 spectra amplitudes decrease with the hydrate formation and increase with the dissociation process. For the artificial samples and Shenhu sediments, the CO2 hydrate occupies larger pores first and the homogeneity of the sandstone pores becomes poor. Meanwhile, compared with the clayey-silt sediments, CO2 hydrate is easier to form and with higher hydrate saturation for the sandstone and artificial samples. In hydrate dissociation process, there exists a protection mechanism, i.e. the dissociation near the center of hydrates grain is suppressed when gas pressure drops suddenly and quickly. For permeability of those samples, it decreased with hydrate forms, and increases with hydrate dissociation. Meanwhile, with the same hydrate saturation, permeability is higher in hydrate formation than in dissociation.