bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sense of Coherence, Self-Efficacy and Locus of Control as Predictors of the Level of Achievement Motivation of People with Dyslexia During Adolescence
Authors: Kucharczyk Izabella
Published: September 2024

The purpose of the article is to learn about and analyse personal resources such as self-efficacy, sense of locus of control, sense of coherence in students with dyslexia in adolescence and their achievement motivation. Four tools were used: KBPK-R Questionnaire for the Study of Sense of Control – revised version, KompOs – Personal Competence Scale SOC-13M Life Orientation Questionnaire and the LMI Achievement Motivation Inventory – short version. This research was carried out from January to June 2023 in Poland. The research sample (n = 225) consisted of adolescents with dyslexia (n = 112) and without dyslexia (n = 113). The results were analysed using hierarchical regression analysis. The study showed that overall sense of coherence correlated positively with sense of strength (r=0.255). Sense of self-efficacy correlated positively with sense of resourcefulness (r=0.196) and sense of strength (r=0.713) and perseverance (r=0.724) All indicators of sense of control correlated positively with each other. Sense of control in the area of success (r=0.374) and overall sense of control (r=0.472) also correlated positively with achievement motivation. The research analyses show that a predictor of achievement motivation is a sense of comprehension and a sense of locus of control on success scale. Students with dyslexia on the self-efficacy scale score low, the sense of locus of control is external, and the sense of coherence ranks low. Students’ knowledge of their own resources is crucial as it allows for increasing motivation for work and adequate response in difficult and stressful situations. These resources are also necessary for determining both shortterm and long-term goals, the achievement of which will depend precisely on motivation.
Tooth Eruption Disorders: Literature Review and Clinical Case Reports
Authors: Wojda Martyna , Wielgosz Aleksandra
Published: September 2024

Introduction and purpose: Tooth eruption disorders are complex issues that can affect both primary and permanent teeth. The process of tooth eruption is a natural stage of development, but it can sometimes be disrupted. Common eruption disorders include delayed eruption, tooth impaction, premature eruption, and abnormalities in the location and direction of eruption. In each case, consultation with a specialist is required, along with early diagnosis and subsequent planning of appropriate treatment. 
State of knowledge: Impacted teeth are a common occurrence in dentistry and they occur in 0.8–3.6% of the general population The most frequently impacted teeth, in decreasing order of prevalence, are third molars, maxillary canines, mandibular premolars, and maxillary central incisors. Factors contributing to tooth impaction can be general, local, or genetic. Impacted teeth and difficulties with eruption may be associated with complications such as follicular cysts and a variant of these cysts known as eruption cysts.
Summary: Tooth eruption disorders require an individualized diagnostic and therapeutic approach. Depending on the issue, treatment may involve observation, orthodontic interventions, and in some cases, surgical procedures. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment are crucial to prevent complications such as malocclusion, damage to adjacent teeth, or unsatisfactory aesthetics. Radiographs can help confirm the presence of impacted teeth or in some cases, CBCT may be used for more detailed imaging.
Rare Abdominal Desmoid Tumor: Case Report and Review of Literature
Authors: Sitarek Gracjan , Żerek Marta , Płonka Wojciech , Chruścicki Damian , Bednarczyk Paulina , Pelc Marcin
Published: September 2024

A desmoid tumor is a clonal fibroblast proliferation, occurring in deep soft tissues with a significant recurrence tendency. Aggressive fibromatosis is a rare disease. The prevalence in the population ranges from 2 to 4 cases per million. Mentioned neoplasms are highly unpredictable in terms of development. Typically, in the course of desmoid tumors, metastases do not occur, but they often infiltrate the surrounding tissues, which may be associated with numerous complications. There are currently no randomized standards of therapy designated, which is undoubtedly a challenge when referring to treatment.
To a 37 year old patient, due to a pathological mass in the abdomen, the MR examination was performed. It showed the presence of an irregular, heterogeneous structure on the right side of the abdominal cavity. A laparotomy was performed. During the procedure adhesions were released and the giant abdominal tumor was removed in one block with part of the duodenum, caecum, ascending colon and part of ileum. End-to-end duodenal anastomosis and stapled, side-to-side ileo-transverse anastomosis were used. The surgical field was being drained. The postoperative course was uneventful. Tissue material was collected for a routine, histopathological examination in which the intra-abdominal form of fibromatosis was diagnosed. The macroscopic image describes a tumor with dimensions of 25.0 cm x 25.0 cm x 20.0 cm.
Does Exposure to More Women in Male-Dominated Fields Render Female Students More Career-Oriented?
Authors: Borges Bruna , Estevan Fernanda
Published: September 2024

The underrepresentation of women in traditionally male-dominated fields of study can generate a lack of role models for female students, influencing their career choices. We investigate whether having higher shares of female professors and classmates throughout undergraduate studies in economics affects female students’ labor market outcomes up to five years after graduation. To deal with self-selection into professors and peers, we exploit the assignment rule of students to course sections at the prestigious University of Sao Paulo and focus on mandatory courses. Our findings suggest that having more female peers and professors can positively impact female students’ labor outcomes by increasing their participation rates in the workforce and accumulated experience, particularly in course sections in which female students are underrepresented. We also investigate potential channels driving our results. We show that a higher share of female classmates can help female students stay attached to the job market early on by securing internships or formal work during university. Moreover, female students are more likely to choose higher paying and male-dominated occupations if they have access to more female peers. Overall, our study highlights the importance of gender diversity in male-dominated academic settings and its potential positive impact on female students’ career outcomes.

This paper was accepted by Dorothea Kübler, behavioral economics and decision analysis.

Funding: This work was supported by Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo [Grants 2015/21640-3, 2017/23593-8, 2019/07424-7, 2019/25033-5, 2021/08880-6], Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, and Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES - Finance Code 001).

Supplemental Material: The online appendix and data files are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2023.01422 .
Sweet syndrome presenting with features of cellulitis shortly after femoral angioplasty
Authors: Wang Qi , Sinclair John , Amaravadi Ayyappa , Aroriode Onovughe
Published: September 2024

Neutrophilic dermatosis, or Sweet syndrome, is a cutaneous disorder caused by neutrophilic infiltration in the upper dermis. It has been associated with medications, infections and malignancies but to date it has not been associated with femoral arterial angioplasty or stenting. We present the case of a 75-year-old female who, after angioplasty and stent placement of the right superficial femoral artery, developed right heel pain with ulceration that did not respond to broad antibiotics. She underwent incision and drainage twice without improvement; both times produced negative cultures. She then underwent a punch biopsy by dermatology, which was consistent with acute spongiotic and other neutrophilic dermatoses. She was started on prednisone with immediate improvement of her symptoms. She was discharged to a rehabilitation centre with a prednisone taper and antibiotics. This report highlights the importance of maintaining Sweet syndrome on the differential for cellulitis as it is a rare mimicry of other infectious and non-infectious aetiologies, which are common in the perioperative space. Early treatment is crucial to improve symptoms, outcomes, healthcare cost and potentially the length of stay.
Spontaneous pneumomediastinum in a patient with marijuana use
Authors: Horugsa Nutthakorn , Kim Jiyeon , Kim Samuel , Lalmuanpuii Judy
Published: September 2024

The Macklin effect plays an essential role in the pathogenesis of spontaneous pneumomediastinum. It is the process by which is there is a blunt alveolar rupture that leads to air dissection through the bronchopulmonary sheaths and spreads into the mediastinum. Theoretically, marijuana use can cause spontaneous pneumomediastinum indirectly by inducing rigorous vomiting. We report a case of a healthy 22-year-old male with a history of recent marijuana use who presented with pneumomediastinum and rhabdomyolysis concurrently. After a thorough investigation, we concluded that this patient had spontaneous pneumomediastinum due to the Macklin effect from severe vomiting.
Percutaneous endoscopic colostomy to relieve malignant bowel obstruction
Authors: Schwingel Jérôme , Casper Markus , Lutz Manfred
Published: September 2024

Background: Malignant bowel obstruction due to peritoneal carcinomatosis is a common problem. When surgery is not feasible in the context of a high intraperitoneal tumour burden, other techniques are required. Case report: We report the case of a 67-year-old female with malignant obstruction of the ascending colon. Following an unsuccessful surgical attempt, decompression was successfully achieved via percutaneous endoscopic colostomy using a lumen-apposing metal stent. The patient was able to resume a full oral diet within 2 days. However, local inflammatory complications arose due to faecal contamination of the sutures. Once the sutures were removed, no further interventions were required. Conclusion: Percutaneous endoscopic colostomy is a safe and viable alternative for decompression in malignant bowel obstruction when surgery is not feasible. However, limitations include the risk of local infection due to sutures and its applicability only in cases with distal stenosis.
Social and artistic project in Poltava: historical background and modern embodiment
Authors:   State Institution Luhansk Taras Shevchenko National University, Aroian Artur
Published: September 2024

The article examines the prerequisites for the emergence of the artistic community of Poltava and the organization of the first socio-artistic projects in the city. An analogy is drawn with modern cultural and educational projects that have been implemented over the past 10 years, in particular, such as “Kadetarium”, “Poltava Art Territory”, “Local History Art Weekend”. The prerequisites for the formation of the artistic community in Poltava, the characteristic features of artistic groups and their influence on the further cultural context of the city are revealed. The background and factors that influenced the emergence of a modern artistic community in the city are analyzed. The spheres of interest of the artists of this community and the methods of their implementation are considered. The increasing of professional strengthening and acquisition of exhibition experience by students of the Faculty of Architecture of the Poltava National Technical University are described in detail. Attention is focused on the relationship between social events in Ukraine in 2013–2014 and the activation of exhibition projects of the Poltava community. It was determined that the key role was played by oneday exhibitions of modern art “Kadetariums”, which were actually large city festivals. They focused on saving an outstanding architectural monument – the building of the Cadet Corps. The diversity and democracy of these events had a significant social effect, which is why the term “social and artistic project” was born. The “Poltava Art Territory” movement was formed, based on these exhibitions, which was realized in subsequent festivals during 2016–2017 at a different location, but with the same emphasis on the value of the city’s architectural heritage. The department of fine art and decorative art of Taras Shevchenko Luhansk National University played a significant role in it. After a two-year break, an active public initiative created a new festival format “Local History Art Weekend”, which was embodied in four festivals in 2019, 2020, 2023 and 2024.
August Aichhorn educational centers for delinquent adolescents as an example successful extrapolation of psychoanalytic theory into the practice of social and pedagogical work
Authors:   Sumy State Pedagogical University named after A. S. Makarenko, Vertel Anton
Published: September 2024

August Aichhorn educational centers for delinquent adolescents as an example successful extrapolation of psychoanalytic theory into the practice of social and pedagogical work The article is devoted to a topical and little-studied issue – the extrapolation of psychoanalytic theory into the practice of social and pedagogical work with delinquent teenagers on the example of the educational centers of the Austrian psychoanalyst and pedagogue August Aichhorn. The article examines the methodological foundations of A. Aichhorn’s pedagogical activity, shows the influence of S. Freud’s classical psychoanalysis, A. Adler’s individual psychology, and European reform pedagogy. The similarities and differences of his psychoanalytic pedagogy from representatives of European schools of “free education” and representatives of “humanistic pedagogy” are analyzed. The specifics of the work of A.Aichhorn and his colleagues with delinquent teenagers in the “Youth House” educational center are revealed, and the requirements for pedagogical staff are considered. The psychoanalytic concept of juvenile delinquency developed by A. Aichhorn, namely the concept of latent and overt child delinquency, is analyzed in detail, its causes and consequences, the main unconscious psychological motives that encourage illegal behavior are analyzed. The influence of the family on the formation of a delinquent personality is highlighted. Special attention is paid to modern psychoanalytic concepts of delinquency, namely: the psychoanalytic concept of internal regulation of behavior (W. Reckless), the concept of neutralization (in-depth analysis of the protective mechanisms of the psyche, which are the basis of delinquent motivation (G. Sykes and D. Matza), psychoanalytical concept of criminal behavior (J. Coleman). The psychoanalytical methods and techniques used in penitentiary practice on offenders (including juveniles) are explained. The importance of A. Aichhorn’s psychoanalytical pedagogy for modern pedagogical science is proved. The article analyzes the activities of the “August Aichhorn Center for Adolescent Residential Care” (New York, USA), which specializes in work with delinquent and antisocial children and adolescents.
Peculiarities of studying color gamut and color tonality with students of art universities
Authors:   State Institution Luhansk Taras Shevchenko National University, Dihtyar Nataliia
Published: September 2024

The article is devoted to the actual problem of training specialists in fine and decorative arts, in particular, the study of painting and color science by students of higher primary institutions. The author examines such basic concepts of visual literacy as color gamut, color tonality and the peculiarities of their study by future artists. It was found that the problem of studying the characteristics of color by students of art universities is not sufficiently presented in modern science. However, in teaching painting and color science, it is important to form a holistic perception of color in students, to understand tone, the shape of objects through color, the ability to create color harmonies, mastering the plane of the work, and the ability of students to convey their ideas to the viewer by means of color. It is emphasized that in painting classes, students of art universities get acquainted with the basic concepts of color science – color gamut and color tonality – from the very first classes. Various characteristics of color, common and different in the concepts of “color gamut” and “color tonality” have been studied. Examples of practical tasks are given that contribute to the best possible study of the color gamut and color tonality by future artists. It is emphasized that the color scale and color tonality are one of the main tools for creating an image in artistic works and are used by artists depending on the author's intention. It is emphasized that the variety of color gamuts and tonalities in painting depends on the saturation, lightness, lighting of objects, arrangement of colors in the composition, etc. It was found that solving the issues of color contrast, the harmonious system of color series, the ratio of colors in color gamuts, and color tonality by students of art universities will help in the future in practice to use the acquired knowledge for the high-quality performance of one’s own artistic works.
Peculiarities of the technique of sculpting a copy of a human head from a plaster cast by students of specialty 023 "Fine art, decorative art, restoration" in sculpture classes
Authors:   State Institution Luhansk Taras Shevchenko National University, Korshunov Dmytro , Gurzhiy Inna ,   State Institution Luhansk Taras Shevchenko National University
Published: September 2024

The article presents important aspects that help in studying the peculiarities of the anatomical structure of the head and the process of its sculpting from a plaster model. Special attention was paid to the construction of the head, its shape and proportions. It is noted that the human head is the most complex element of the human body, its study is mandatory not only in sculpture classes, but also for drawing and painting. Studying the human head in sculpture classes is a multi-level process that has a theoretical and practical direction. The authors note that the process of sculpting a human head from a plaster model requires the use of complex equipment and tools, such as sculpting machines, frames and stacks. And they also need equipped, spacious, well-lit workshops. The article examines the basic concepts of “sculpture” and “sculpting”. It is noted that before starting work on a plaster model, it is necessary to analyze the shape, make several life-size sketches on different models and process plaster models of facial details: eyes, lips, nose. Working on a plaster model of a human head develops spatial thinking and a sense of proportion. The equipment and tools needed to complete the task are listed. It is emphasized that a sculpting compass should be used to measure the general shapes and details of the head. The article describes in detail the process of creating a frame for a sculpture and the materials used for this. It is also stated that for sculpting a sculpture from a plaster model, it is necessary to have two machines – for the model and the frame of the work, observing the distance between them. It is emphasized that the plaster model and the student’s work should be placed at the same height, namely at eye level. This will help to follow the proportions of the sculpture and constantly compare the work with the plaster model. The process of sculpting from a plaster model of a human head is described in detail, from the preparation of clay and the frame to the completion of the sculpture. The article provides an image of the formation process, which allows you to understand the described methods, equipment and tools. It is emphasized that the smoothing of the working surface is not a criterion of completeness. The main thing is not the texture of the surface, but the transfer of volumes and proportions, knowledge of anatomy and identification of the character of the model.
Exploring the values of democracy in the foreign language classroom
Authors:   State Institution Luhansk Taras Shevchenko National University, Fedicheva Nataliia , Belik Maryna ,   State Institution Luhansk Taras Shevchenko National University
Published: September 2024

Methodological approaches to the integration of democratic values into the process of teaching foreign languages are considered in the article. It explores how language teaching and learning can be used to promote civic awareness, critical thinking, and tolerance among students. The main attention is paid to the analysis of pedagogical strategies that allow to effectively include elements of democracy in the curriculum. The importance of using authentic materials and interactive learning methods that contribute to the understanding and assimilation of democratic values, are emphasized. Attention is focused on the fact that learning a foreign language can become a platform for discussing such important topics as human rights, equality, freedom of speech and social responsibility. The study provides examples of successful educational programs and specific tasks that were implemented in the educational process and demonstrated good results in the formation of democratic values among students. Challenges that educators may face are also discussed and recommendations for overcoming them are offered. The article aims to encourage teachers to more actively use the principles of democracy in their classrooms and to show teachers that a foreign language is not only a means of communication, but also a tool for educating conscious and responsible citizens. The proposed methods and approaches can be useful for teachers of different levels of education and specialties who seek to integrate democratic values into their pedagogical practice.
Briefing: custody restraint ban
Authors: Hayes Derren
Published: September 2024

Painful restraint on children in secure settings to be banned except in exceptional circumstances
Maureen McKenna
Authors: Simpson Fiona
Published: September 2024

Fiona Simpson speaks to the education expert on her role advising London's VRU
The dos and don'ts Of case recording
Authors: Pierre Rebekah
Published: September 2024

Care records can help make sense of difficult childhood experiences but vary widely in quality. Drawing on her own experiences, Rebekah Pierre provides key pointers on sensitive case recording
Advocacy and school inclusion
Authors: Harris Anna
Published: September 2024

Dr Anna Harris, clinical psychologist at Coram's Creative Therapies team and Qaisar Sheikh, head of education law at Coram Children's Legal Centre, outline an approach to tackling school exclusion
Care: a protected characteristic?
Authors: Broome Ellen
Published: September 2024

Ellen Broome, managing director of CoramBAAF, explains how making care a protected characteristic would place a duty on organisations to take the needs of care-experienced people into account
Graham Chatterley
Authors: Hayes Derren
Published: September 2024

Derren Hayes speaks to the educationalist about his new book on children's behaviour
Trends in care commissioning
Authors: Rome Andrew
Published: September 2024

Andrew Rome, director of Revolution Consulting, which conducted a financial analysis of the largest children's social care providers, assesses the implications for commissioners of council care services
Childminder payment plans
Authors: Hayes Derren
Published: September 2024

Cash inducements for new childminders are insufficient to tackle the sector's decline, say experts
SPECIAL EDUCATIONAL NEEDS AND DISABILITIES
Authors: Hayes Derren
Published: September 2024

As the government plans to reform the special educational needs and disabilities system, CYP Now examines the key challenges facing the sector and assesses how improvements could help children
Practice examples: College provides alternative career pathways
Authors: Ali Evren
Published: September 2024

IN SUMMARY

Alternative provision in Bromley run by an academy trust helps pupils with SEND struggling in mainstream settings to achieve vocational qualifications
Main contents and revision direction of the Urban Complex Development Act
Authors: Kang Shin Eun
Published: September 2024

The Act on Support for Urban Complex Development was enacted and promulgated on February 6, 2024. It is scheduled to take effect on February 7, 2025. This new law encourages private project implementers to actively participate in urban complex development, unlike the urban public housing complex project (under the public housing special law) that was introduced in accordance with the government’s plan to drastically expand the supply of 3080+ publicly led metropolitan housing announced on February 4, 2021. The urban public housing complex project is a system designed to establish a new business model for station areas, semi-industrial areas, and low-rise residential areas that are underutilized and aging because of difficulties with redevelopment and reconstruction projects. Public institutions have become project implementers instead of existing cooperative-centered redevelopment and reconstruction projects. The urban public housing complex project is a development project that utilizes comprehensive acquisition (including land expropriation) to quickly promote the project and supply new buildings in the form of compensation in kind if the landowner so desires. However, the complex development project introduced in the Act on Support for Urban Complex Development differs significantly from the plan described above in that the private sector, including landowners, trustees, and real estate investment trusts (REITs), become the main project implementers, promoting the project by utilizing management, disposal plans, and sales claims. In this article, I examine the concept and characteristics of complex development projects, procedures, and special provisions for these projects and identify problems and revision directions for relevant laws. Since complex development projects utilize management, disposal plans, and sales claims as business methodsand the project target is an urban area with a high concentration of old and substandardbuildings, I describe such projects by comparing them with the provisions of the Urban and Housing Environment Improvement Act, which regulates redevelopment and reconstruction projects. Finally, I suggest that necessary actions to smoothly implement complex development projects include securing differentiation from other development projects, supplementing specific provisions on REITs as the newly introduced project implementers, and improving the sales claim system and consent rate centered on land area.
Planning, Discretion, and Judicial Intervention: Recent Discussions and Institutional Changes in the UK and Role of Court on Planning
Authors: Jeon Jinwon
Published: September 2024

In many jurisdictions, the planning authority has considerable discretion at all stages of the interpretation, implementation, and application of urban planning. The courts or judiciaries of many countries take a deferential view of administrative agencies’planning judgments or decisions for reasons such as a lack of expertise in policy judgments on urban planning. However, planning is not free from judicial or statutory review from the perspective of the rule of law, and it is necessary to secure the legitimacy of urban planning and related administrative actions or decisions. Nevertheless, it is not easy to consider the extent to which the courts or judiciary can intervene in urban planning and policy-related issues and what institutional processes can be conceived for that. The relatively recent trends in the UK in the 2010s can be referred to for these issues. First, in terms of the substantial aspect, the UK Supreme Courtin its 2012 Tesco v Dundee ruling ruled that the interpretation of urban planning should be conducted from an objective perspective, considering the appropriate context, and explicitly declared that the interpretation of urban planning or planning policies was also a matter of law. Considering the characteristics of the UK planning law system, which is often represented by discretionary planning permission and the nationalization of development rights, this change in the court’s position has had a considerable impact on the trend of appeals against planning decisions and has prompted subsequent discussions on the scope and legal principles of court intervention in urban planning. Second, in terms of the procedural aspect, the UK introduced the Planning Court under the High Court in 2014, which has shortened the hearing timetable for important planning cases and has specialized planning judges hear them. This attempt is evaluated positively to some extent. Such discussions have not yet been fully introduced outside of the UK, not only in Korea but also in other countries. Hence, this study critically examines these discussions in the UKand derives implications that can be referenced from our perspective and system.
The Type and Function of Floor Area Ratio Relaxation in South Korea
Authors: Park Jee Youn
Published: September 2024

We live in a world where floor area ratio(“FAR”) dominate. Floor area ratio is expressed as a percentage and is regarded as technical, but the difference in that percentage determines the price of the land, the height and shape of the building that can be built, and the success or failure of various construction projects. However, it is difficult for us to grasp the meaning of relaxing floor area ratio to 400%, and how far it can be relaxed. Large cities with limited land area have reached the limits of their horizontal expansion. High-rise buildings have become a low-cost solution to housing problems by vertically expanding scarce land. The method of solving housing problems through high-rise buildings has been used worldwide and is welcomed as a way to accommodate large-scale populations at low cost. The policy of easing floor area ratio in South Korea played an important role in solving housing problems. The government have been utilizing the policy of relaxing FAR to supply high-quality housing to the metropolitan area, stimulate the construction economy, and improve outdated urban infrastructure. Relaxing FAR is widely used in Korea because the interests of the major players in the dynamics surrounding FAR are consistent. Ordinary people without a house have the opportunity to obtain a new house in the space created through an increase in FAR. In addition, landowners can benefit from increase land prices by increasing their FAR. For business operators in reconstruction or redevelopment, FAR increase works as a factor that determines the profitability of the project. While the government uses FAR as a tool to realize a comfortable residential space, it is possible to balanced development and sustainable growth. Local governments can revive the economy in their jurisdiction by raising FAR and securing the necessary facilities, such as expanding infrastructure. This paper aims to examine the history of laws and regulations on how the relaxation of FAR has been introduced and developed in our legal system. The types of FAR relaxation were classified into four types; under the Building Act and the Urban Planning Act, district unit planning type, Zoning type, and other legislative type. The function of FAR relaxation for each type is to provide a clue for inferring the legal nature of FAR and predicting the future of FAR. This paper makes a contribution to understanding urban planning by providing a new case study of relaxing FAR focused in South Korea.
Parallel Stem Cell Niche in Bone Marrow and Oral Cavity – Key to Extramedullary Hematopoiesis and Support of Hematological Malignancies on Oral Tissues
Authors: Rojas Darling , Eljarrah Adam , Singh Gagandeep , Sherman Lauren S. , Tsolaki Ioanna
Published: September 2024

This review article addresses an area of the literature with unanswered questions; although relevant to future treatment of leukemias. The literature describes bone marrow stromal microenvironment as support of leukemias. A key stromal support is mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), which are similar to those identified in oral tissues, including the dental pulp (DPSC). Hematopoiesis has been reported in oral tissues, although the described activity seems to be distinct from extramedullary hematopoiesis at other sites when there is bone marrow dysfunction such as myelofibrosis. Another parallel between the bone marrow and oral tissues is the survival of leukemia cells. This review describes cases in which the dentist diagnoses leukemia, in particular acute myeloid leukemia (AML). The literature showed AML and other hematological malignancies in gingiva, leaving the question of the source of leukemia. We propose that this question is relevant considering the similar stromal support in bone marrow and oral tissues. It is difficult to determine if current treatments can target leukemia in oral tissues. This article consists of information to argue for continued research in this field.
Chrono-Nutrition: Understanding the Interplay Between Circadian Rhythms and Personalized Nutrition
Authors: Saplontai Liliana C , Najar Ahmed , Lynch Kara , Geere Mimansa
Published: September 2024

Chrono-nutrition, a concept emerging from the integration of chronobiology and nutrition sciences, investigates the timing of food intake in alignment with the body’s circadian rhythms. This interplay between dietary patterns and biological rhythms has garnered significant attention in recent years due to its potential implications for health and disease. In this comprehensive review, we explore the key findings from studies in the last decade on chrono-nutrition, focusing on its role in cardiovascular health, diabetes management, glucose metabolism, and the influence of sex, socioeconomic factors, and cultural diversity. The intricate dance between the molecular circadian clock and the gut microbiome is a fascinating area of study in modern biology. Both systems are integral to the regulation of metabolic processes, responding to dietary inputs and environmental cues to optimize the host’s adaptability and survival. This review delves into the dynamic interplay between circadian rhythms and the gut microbiome, exploring their mutual influence and the implications for human health.
The Dogs in Almaty
Authors: Edwards Kate
Published: September 2024

Abstract: The essay reflects on the lives of stray dogs in Almaty, focusing on one whose patient waiting captures a sense of abandonment and unfulfillment. The story compares the dog's experience to how historical events are remembered. By linking the dog's patience to a painting by Vardges Yakolevich Sureniants, the essay highlights how individual suffering is often overlooked by institutions, which focus more on maintaining stability.
Wire Nanosecond
Authors: Sheffer Marguerite
Published: September 2024

Abstract: A pregnant woman, recovering from a car accident, contemplates her hopes and fears in the hospital. Facing the uncertainty of her fifth pregnancy and past miscarriages, she finds comfort in her husband's presence and her unborn child's heartbeat. She is reassured by computer scientist Grace Hopper's "wire nanoseconds," symbols of light's constancy and reality, as she waits to learn the fate of her baby.
Cages
Authors: Lhamon Ashlee
Published: September 2024

Abstract: The story discusses a woman struggling with the pressures of a tumultuous marriage to a man dealing with mental illness and financial hardship. She frequently tries to escape from reality, demonstrating her exhaustion and frustration. As her husband's behavior escalates, she is forced to confront their relationship. She grapples with the decision to leave, torn between guilt and a sense of liberation.
Demonstration of a directly modulated laser achieving bandwidth exceeding 50  GHz with an integrated active feedback waveguide
Authors: Ban Dechao , Chen Jia , Jin Ya , Zhang Renheng , Cao Keqi , Wang Jian , Chen Bei , Liu Yu , Bai Jinhua , Fu Mengbo , Li Ming , Zhu Ninghua
Published: September 2024

With the significant expansion of communication capacity in fiber-optic networks, the directly modulated laser serves as a viable candidate due to its low cost and small footprint. In recent years, distributed feedback (DFB) lasers with an integrated passive feedback waveguide were demonstrated to enhance bandwidth by introducing a photon–photon resonance or detuned-loading effect. However, the butt-joint regrowth process between the active layer and passive waveguide complicates the fabrication. Here we propose and demonstrate a DFB laser with an integrated active feedback waveguide, utilizing identical active layer technology to simplify the fabrication process, achieving a bandwidth of exceeding 50 GHz. Additionally, transmission experiments with 55 Gbps NRZ and 70 Gbps PAM4 signals are also demonstrated.
Language models outperform cloze predictability in a cognitive model of reading
Authors: Lopes Rego Adrielli Tina , Snell Joshua , Meeter Martijn
Published: September 2024

Although word predictability is commonly considered an important factor in reading, sophisticated accounts of predictability in theories of reading are lacking. Computational models of reading traditionally use cloze norming as a proxy of word predictability, but what cloze norms precisely capture remains unclear. This study investigates whether large language models (LLMs) can fill this gap. Contextual predictions are implemented via a novel parallel-graded mechanism, where all predicted words at a given position are pre-activated as a function of contextual certainty, which varies dynamically as text processing unfolds. Through reading simulations with OB1-reader, a cognitive model of word recognition and eye-movement control in reading, we compare the model’s fit to eye-movement data when using predictability values derived from a cloze task against those derived from LLMs (GPT-2 and LLaMA). Root Mean Square Error between simulated and human eye movements indicates that LLM predictability provides a better fit than cloze. This is the first study to use LLMs to augment a cognitive model of reading with higher-order language processing while proposing a mechanism on the interplay between word predictability and eye movements.
Persistent transmission of soil-transmitted helminths despite 16 years of uninterrupted Mebendazole- and ivermectin-based preventive chemotherapy in the Lomie Health District (East Region, Cameroon): The emergency of complementary control strategies
Authors: Efon-Ekangouo Arnauld , De-Gaulle Virtue F. , Emalio Yannick , Orish Verner N. , Djune-Yemeli Linda , Simo-Simo Michèle L. , Tsasse Martine A. , Mbakam Laetitia , Nana-Djeunga Hugues C. , Kamgno Joseph
Published: September 2024

Background

The control of the Soil-Transmitted Helminths (STH) infections primarily relies on the school-based Preventive Chemotherapy (PCT) with mebendazole. Given the efficacy of ivermectin on STH, the control of the latter is expected to be potentialized in areas where ivermectin is also distributed for onchocerciasis and/or lymphatic filariasis control/elimination. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and intensity of STH in the Lomie Health District where annual school-based deworming campaigns and community-directed treatments with Ivermectin have been underway for almost two decades.

Methodology/principal findings

A quantitative cross-sectional study was conducted in 10 schools of the Lomie Health District, East Region, Cameroon. Stool samples were collected from school-aged children and analysed using the Kato-Katz technique. Semi-structured questionnaires were administered to enrolees to assess compliance with water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH). Of the 491 children (median age: 9 years; IQR: 7–10) enrolled, 83.9% (95% CI: 80.3–87.1) were infected with at least one STH species. Trichuris trichiura was the predominant species (78.5%), and no hookworm was found. The prevalence trend slightly decreased between 1987 and 2010 (~8%) and remained unchanged since 2010 (p-value = 0.05). Overall, 46.8% and 41.8% of children were heavy-to-moderately infected with Ascaris lumbricoides and T. trichiura. Poor hand hygiene (OR: 2.24, 95% IC: 1.4–3.4, p-value = 0.0002) and the use of river as a source of drinking water (OR: 14.8, 95% IC: 6.9–33.3, p-value = 0.0001) were the main risk factors associated with the STH infection in Lomie Health District.

Conclusions/significance

The persistent high prevalence and intensity of STH infection despite 16 years of mebendazole-based PCT and expected collateral impact of ivermectin mass distribution, points to plausible implementation gaps, poor compliance to WASH or sub-optimal efficacy of the anthelminthics used. This study highlights the need to further assess the cause of the persistent high prevalence and implement context-adapted control measures in order to curb STH transmission.
Sand flies and Toscana virus: Intra-vector infection dynamics and impact on Phlebotomus perniciosus life-history traits
Authors: Laroche Lison , Bañuls Anne-Laure , Charrel Rémi , Fontaine Albin , Ayhan Nazli , Prudhomme Jorian
Published: September 2024

Toscana virus (TOSV) is a leading cause of summer viral meningitis in Southern Europe (Central Italy, south of France, Spain and Portugal) and can cause severe neurological cases. Within the Mediterranean basin, it is transmitted by hematophagous sand flies belonging to the Phlebotomus genus. Despite the identification of the primary TOSV vectors, the viral developmental cycle in vector species remains largely unknown. Limited research has been conducted on transmission dynamics and the vector competence and vectorial capacity of the principal TOSV vector, Phlebotomus perniciosus. In this context, we investigated the intra-vector TOSV infection dynamics in Ph. perniciosus, as well as its impact on the vector life history traits. Female sand flies were experimentally infected with TOSV through an artificial blood meal. Systemic dissemination of the virus was observed approximately three days post-infection, potentially resulting in a short extrinsic incubation period. Moreover, the study revealed a longer hatching time for eggs laid by infected females. This research brought additional experimental insights regarding the vector competence of Ph. perniciosus but also provided the first insight into TOSV developmental cycle and its impact on the vector. These findings prompt further exploration of TOSV transmission dynamics, raise new hypotheses on the virus transmission and highlight the importance of follow-up studies.
Environmental effects on explosive detection threshold of domestic dogs
Authors: Fernandez Lauren S. , Kane Sarah A. , DeChant Mallory T. , Prada-Tiedemann Paola A. , Hall Nathaniel J.
Published: September 2024

Detection canines are deployed to detect explosives in a wide range of environmental conditions. These environmental conditions may have negative impacts on canine capabilities as a sensor. This study leveraged an air dilution olfactometer to present controlled odor concentrations of four different energetic materials (double base smokeless powder, Composition C4, ammonium nitrate, and flake Trinitrotoluene) to dogs working in a range of high temperature, standard, and low temperature conditions with high and low humidity conditions. The air dilution olfactometer controlled concentrations independent of environmental condition. Dogs’ detection threshold limits were measured using a descending staircase procedure. We measured dogs’ threshold twice for each energetic under each environmental condition. Results indicated heterogeneity in effects based on energetic, but all odors were detected at their lowest concentrations under standard conditions. Smokeless powder detection was reduced under all environmental conditions compared to standard and was least detectable under high temperature and humidity conditions. AN detection was poorest under high temperature high and low humidity conditions. C4 in contrast, was least detectable at low temperatures with high humidity. TNT detection was difficult under all conditions, so decrements due to environmental conditions were not statistically detectable. Additional measures were also found to be associated with detection limits. Under high temperature conditions, correlations were observed between canine mean subcutaneous temperature and detection limits, such that dogs experiencing greater temperature increases showed poorer detection limits. In addition, dog’s latency to sample the odor port from the onset of a trial was longest in the high temperature conditions. Longer latencies were also predictive of poorer detection performance. Overall, dogs showed deficits in detection sensitivity limits under all environmental conditions for at least one energetic material when the concentration of that energetic material was not directly impacted by the environmental conditions. These results suggest that behavioral factors related to environmental exposure can have important impacts on canine detection sensitivity and should be considered in operational environments.
Examination of factors that impact mask or respirator purchase and usage during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Bertges Nicole , Shearman Sachiyo , Imai Satomi , Balanay Jo Anne G. , Sousan Sinan
Published: September 2024

Understanding the motivations and barriers populations face in respiratory protection during a pandemic is key to effective primary prevention. The goal of this study was to identify the impact of various motivational factors on individual choice of masks or respirators during the COVID-19 pandemic. The survey study included a sample of 619 participants between the ages of 18 to 75 years old and English speaking, who were asked about factors that affected their choice of masks or respirators between the months of April 2020 and May 2021. Participants showed a positive association between choice of respirator and being male, perceived comfort and trust in respirators, importance of personalization, and trust in information from family or friends. In addition, positive associations were found between income, education, and the amount of trust in CDC, WHO, and local/state health departments. Results indicate the need for increased education on attributes of each mask or respirator, review of respirator fit, research into specific areas of discomfort, and outreach efforts to vulnerable populations.