bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Realising the value of knowledge resources and capabilities: an empirical study
Authors: Nguyen Thi Nguyet Que , Ngo Liem Viet , Northey Gavin , Siaw Christopher Agyapong
Published: October 2018

Purpose

Drawing upon the resource-based view of the firm, this paper aims to develop and empirically validate a model that examines the relationships between technical knowledge management infrastructure (TKMI), social KM infrastructure (SKMI) and competitive advantage provided by KM (CAPKM). The authors argue that KM process capabilities account for the direct effects of TKMI and SKMI on CAPKM.

Design/methodology/approach

The study used partial least squares —structural equating modelling (SEM) to empirically test the hypotheses using a sample of 251 firms from an emerging economy. The results were then confirmed using the bias-corrected bootstrap procedure. The study also conducted two robustness checks including examining a competing moderation model and performing fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA), a set–theoretic method that examines how causal conditions combine into all possible configurations of binary states to explain the desired outcome.

Findings

The findings show that TKMI and SKMI have positive effects on CAPKM. In addition, KM process capabilities mediate the direct effects of TKMI and SKMI on CAPKM.

Originality/value

This paper complements and advances previous research in several ways. Firstly, the paper develops a conceptual model that depicts the interrelationships between TKMI, SKMI, KM process capabilities and CAPKM. Secondly, this paper suggests the critical role of the “action” component (i.e. KM process capabilities) that capitalises on the KM resources in the creation of CAPKM.
Increasing consumers’ intention to use location-based advertising
Authors: Schade Michael , Piehler Rico , Warwitz Claudius , Burmann Christoph
Published: October 2018

Purpose

This study aims to investigate the influence of advertising value and privacy concerns on consumers’ intention to use location-based advertising. It also explores if brand trust toward location-based advertising providers and consumers’ privacy self-efficacy reduce privacy concerns.

Design/methodology/approach

Based on the privacy calculus and expectancy theory, a conceptual model is developed and empirically tested through structural equation modeling using cross-sectional data of 1,121 actual smartphone users from Germany.

Findings

Advertising value positively and privacy concerns negatively affect consumers’ intention to use location-based advertising. As expected, brand trust and consumers’ privacy self-efficacy can reduce consumers’ privacy concerns.

Research limitations/implications

Further research should test and validate the proposed framework in other cultures to gain insights into the culturally specific relevance of privacy concerns and their antecedents. The current study includes sociodemographics as potential moderators; additional studies could investigate other potential moderators (e.g. personality, values).

Practical implications

To reduce consumers’ privacy concerns, location-based advertising providers should make their offers transparent and give consumers control, to increase their privacy self-efficacy. They also should work to strengthen their brand, monitor brand trust trends and avoid any trust-damaging behavior.

Originality/value

This study introduces brand trust toward location-based advertising providers and privacy self-efficacy as factors to reduce consumers’ privacy concerns. It also encompasses a broader, general sample of consumers, which increases the generalizability and practical relevance of the results and supports an initial investigation of sociodemographic factors as potential moderators in this context.
Effects of committee overlap on the monitoring effectiveness of boards of directors: a meta-analysis
Authors: Sassen Remmer , Stoffel Miriam , Behrmann Maximilian , Ceschinski Willi , Doan Hanh
Published: October 2018

Purpose

One group of risk governance actors that recently came into focus for empirical studies is the board of directors. In this context, the increasing number of directors that work on more than one board committee (committee overlap) as well as its effects on monitoring effectiveness has become a prevalent subject of discussion. In this context, this paper aims to investigate the current status of empirical research on how committee overlap affects monitoring effectiveness.

Design/methodology/approach

A meta-analytical approach is used, encompassing a total sample of 167,449 observations. The authors consider several determinants of monitoring effectiveness such as reporting quality, executive compensation, pay for performance-sensitivity, CEO turnover, audit fees, qualified audit opinion and investment/overinvestment.

Findings

The authors’ meta-analysis proves that research on the effects of committee overlap yielded highly controversial results. Although there is no correlation between overlap and monitoring effectiveness at the general level, the presence of their relationship is still confirmed in a few subcategories. The authors also verify that the legal requirements regarding board structure and committee overlap has a certain influence, particularly in the common law system.

Originality/value

The meta-analytical insights help to derive statements that are more comprehensive and go beyond the results of the investigated primary studies. Furthermore, the insights offer implications for firms, theory and new opportunities regarding future empirical research to address unresolved questions.
Quality evaluation of functional carabeef cookies incorporated with guar gum (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) as fat replacer
Authors: Goswami Meena , Sharma B.D. , Mendiratta S.K. , Pathak Vikas
Published: October 2018

Purpose

This study aims to evaluate the quality characteristics of low-fat functional carabeef cookies incorporated with different levels of guar gum.

Design/methodology/approach

Meat cookies were incorporated with 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 per cent guar gum powder to replace 20, 30 and 40 per cent hydrogenated vegetable fat, respectively. The formulation of low-fat carabeef cookies was maintained by addition of water.

Findings

There was a significant difference (p < 0.02) between control and treatments for all physico-chemical properties, except pH and thickness. The cooking yield increased significantly (p < 0.04) at 1.5 per cent level of guar gum. Moisture, protein and ash percentage increased significantly (p < 0.02) while there was significant (p < 0.00) reduction in fat percentage. The diameter and spread ratio of cookies decreased significantly (p < 0.03) with incorporation of guar gum. The sensory scores were not significantly affected with respect to color and appearance, flavor, texture, crispiness, aftertaste and overall acceptability at 1.5 per cent level. There was no significant difference in hardness and adhesiveness values, as well as color parameters.

Research limitations/implications

The experiment can be further carried out to evaluate complete product profile and storage stability of product under different packaging conditions.

Originality/value

Fat imparts richness and tenderness, improving flavor and mouth feel to processed meat products, but higher fat consumption may lead to various life style diseases. Reducing fat content with fat replacers in meat cookies without affecting the sensory characteristics may be a significant challenge. Guar gum powder may be an excellent option at 1.5 per cent level to replace 40 per cent of hydrogenated vegetable fat without compromising quality attributes.
Fabrication of PLA incorporated chitosan nanoparticles to create enhanced functional properties of cotton fabric
Authors: Ali Raza Zulfiqar , Anwar Faiza , Hussain Irshad , Abid Sharjeel , Masood Rashid , Shahzad Maqsood Hafiz
Published: October 2018

Purpose

This study aimed to present fabrication of novel poly(lactic acid) (PLA) mediated chitosan nanoparticles (CNPs) and their impregnation on cotton fabric for enhanced antibacterial and physical properties.

Design/methodology/approach

The PLA-CNPs were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and zeta size analysis. The prepared PLA-CNPs were impregnated on cotton fabric via pad-dry-cure method. The finished cotton fabric was then characterized for its antibacterial activity, functional and other physical textile properties.

Findings

The spectral and optical properties demonstrate that the NPs expressed spherical morphologies with an average particle diameter of 88.02 nm. The antibacterial activity of treated fabrics ranged between 75 and 90 per cent depending on the concentration of PLA-CNPs.

Practical implications

Because of enhanced awareness and desire for ecofriendly products, the use of sustainable and functional textiles is increasing day by day. For the said purpose, industries are using different chemical treatments to achieve desired end functionality. Currently, different synthetic antibacterial agents are in practice, but they lack sustainable approach to save the environment. In this study, the researchers have developed PLA mediated CNPs for sustainable antibacterial and physical properties of treated cotton fabric.

Originality/value

To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is first attempt to fabricate PLA-incorporated CNPs for application on cotton fabric followed by a detailed characterization.
High-growth firms and scale-ups: a review and research agenda
Authors: Monteiro Guilherme Fowler A.
Published: October 2018

Purpose

This paper aims to conduct an extensive review and advances a framework for the literature of high-growth firms (HGFs) and scale-ups.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper takes the form of a literature review.

Findings

The author makes three specific contributions. First, he presents a broad review of high growth in firms, shedding light on the different levels of analysis. Second, he advances a characterization of scale-up companies to enable a better basis for discussion. Finally, he identifies gaps in the existing literature and suggest paths for future research.

Originality/value

The interest in HGFs and those referred to as scale-ups has increased considerably in recent years. Despite this trend, existing studies still have conceptual divergences and a gap separating theoretical inputs from the actual experiences of entrepreneurs.
Transcriptomic and proteomic insight into the mechanism of cyclooctasulfur‐ versus thiosulfate‐oxidation by the chemolithoautotroph Sulfurimonas denitrificans
Authors: Götz Florian , Pjevac Petra , Markert Stephanie , McNichol Jesse , Becher Dörte , Schweder Thomas , Mussmann Marc , Sievert Stefan M.
Published: October 2018

Chemoautotrophic bacteria belonging to the genus Sulfurimonas (class Campylobacteria) were previously identified as key players in the turnover of zero‐valence sulfur, a central intermediate in the marine sulfur cycle. S. denitrificans was further shown to be able to oxidize cyclooctasulfur (S8). However, at present the mechanism of activation and metabolism of cyclooctasulfur is not known. Here, we assessed the transcriptome and proteome of S. denitrificans grown with either thiosulfate or S8 as the electron donor. While the overall expression profiles under the two growth conditions were rather similar, distinct differences were observed that could be attributed to the utilization of S8. This included a higher abundance of expressed genes related to surface attachment in the presence of S8, and the differential regulation of the sulfur‐oxidation multienzyme complex (SOX), which in S. denitrificans is encoded in two gene clusters: soxABXY
1Z
1 and soxCDY
2Z
2. While the proteins of both clusters were present with thiosulfate, only proteins of the soxCDY
2Z
2 were detected at significant levels with S8. Based on these findings a model for the oxidation of S8 is proposed. Our results have implications for interpreting metatranscriptomic and ‐proteomic data and for the observed high level of diversification of soxY
2Z
2 among sulfur‐oxidizing Campylobacteria.
New Food Products for Sensory‐Compromised Situations
Authors: Abdel‐Moemin Aly R. , Regenstein Joe M. , Abdel‐Rahman Manal K.
Published: October 2018

This review provides possible guidelines for the food science community to design special foods to meet the needs of consumers with sensory‐ compromised situations (SCS). Smell and taste losses create challenging clinical situations with few proven therapeutic options. Recent experimental results with people who have SCS suggest that offering special foods as a novel therapy may be an effective intervention for people with smell and taste dysfunctions of multiple etiologies. Therefore, a food with an aroma and taste appealing to the SCS patient would encourage eating it while creating new business opportunities for food companies. This article reviews food characteristics that can be considered when designing special foods for SCS consumers, such as colors, flavors, textures, packaging, labeling, and nutrients.
Structural Control on the Salmas Geothermal Region, Northwest Iran, from Fractal Analysis and Paleostress Data
Authors: BEHYARI Mahdi , NOURALIEE Javad , EBRAHIMI Davar
Published: October 2018

The Salmas geothermal field is located in NW Iran. Subduction of Neo‐Tethys oceanic crust beneath the Iranian microcontinent caused to propagation of the magmatic‐Arc. Fractures and faults in the convergent zone have created path‐ways for the circulation of geothermal fluid. Fracture concentration in the Salmas geothermal field has been characterized using of the fractal method and creation of a fracture density map that shows the highest concentration in the central part of the study area. The permeability of fractures has been evaluated by analyzing their orientation in respect to the paleostress axes. Also, the fractal analyzing result indicates the maximum fractal dimension (1.96) is around the thermal spring outlet. Paleostress analyzing revealed that in the central part of the study area, σ1 axes orientation is S90°W/10° and the σ2 dip is near to the vertical in this stress field, where strike slip faults can be propagated. In the SE part near the recharge of the thermal springs, the σ3 plunge increases to 70° and σ1 orientation is N15°E/20°, in this local tectonic regime thrust fault developed. Fractures have an important role in the circulation of fluid and the fractal dimension increases near the thermal springs in the Salmas geothermal field. Regarding the paleostress data fracture with N‐S direction such as the F1 fault zone (parallel to the σ1 axes), a suitable pathway for deep circulation of geothermal fluid flow has been created.
Deep Structural Framework and Genetic Analysis of Gold Concentration Areas in the Northwestern Jiaodong Peninsula, China: A New Understanding based on High‐Resolution Reflective Seismic Survey
Authors: YU Xuefeng , SHAN Wei , XIONG Yuxin , GENG Ke , SUN Yuqin , CHI Naijie , GUO Baokui , LI Dapeng , LI Hongkui , SONG Yingxin , YANG Deping
Published: October 2018

The gold concentration areas in the northwestern Jiaodong Peninsula constituted an important gold metallogenetic region in Eastern China during the Mesozoic. The deep geological bodies' texture characteristic is important for exploring the resources thoroughly and understanding the metallogenic process. The detailed textures were revealed using high‐resolution seismic profiles through the three major ore‐controlling structures‐Sanshandao fault zone, Jiaojia fault zone and Zhaoping fault zone. This study aims to establish a deep structural framework of this area. Based on their formation mechanism, the fault structures developed in the area can be divided into regional and local fault structures. The structural styles are characterised by superimposing their compressional, strike‐slip and extensional multi‐stage activities. The crust is cut by vertical structures corresponding to a left‐lateral strike‐slip fault system on the surface. Nearby these structures are the arc‐shape structures formed by multi‐stage magma intrusions into the upper crust. Bounded by the Tancheng–Lujiang and Muping–Jimo fault zones, the current Jiaodong block, developed a series of NE‐trending strike‐slip fault systems, was probably formed by the assemblage of several obliquely aligned blocks. The intensive magmatism and hydrothermal activity between the blocks induced large‐scale mineralisation. It provides a new angle of view for understanding the cratonic destruction and large ore‐concentration formed during the Mesozoic.
Evolution of Tectonic Uplift, Hydrocarbon Migration, and Uranium Mineralization in the NW Junggar Basin: An Apatite Fission‐Track Thermochronology Study
Authors: QIN Mingkuan , HUANG Shaohua , HE Zhongbo , XU Qiang , SONG Jiye , LIU Zhangyue , GUO Qiang
Published: October 2018

The Mesozoic–Cenozoic tectonic movement largely controls the northwest region of the Junggar Basin (NWJB), which is a significant area for the exploration of petroleum and sandstone‐type uranium deposits in China. This work collected six samples from this sedimentary basin and surrounding mountains to conduct apatite fission track (AFT) dating, and utilized the dating results for thermochronological modeling to reconstruct the uplift history of the NWJB and its response to hydrocarbon migration and uranium mineralization. The results indicate that a single continuous uplift event has occurred since the Early Cretaceous, showing spatiotemporal variation in the uplift and exhumation patterns throughout the NWJB. Uplift and exhumation initiated in the northwest and then proceeded to the southeast, suggesting that the fault system induced a post spread‐thrust nappe into the basin during the Late Yanshanian. Modeling results indicate that the NWJB mountains have undergone three distinct stages of rapid cooling: Early Cretaceous (ca. 140–115 Ma), Late Cretaceous (ca. 80–60 Ma), and Miocene–present (since ca. 20 Ma). These three stages regionally correspond to the Lhasa‐Eurasian collision during the Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous (ca. 140–125 Ma), the Lhasa‐Gandise collision during the Late Cretaceous (ca. 80–70 Ma), and a remote response to the India‐Asian collision since ca. 55 Ma, respectively. These tectonic events also resulted in several regional unconformities between the J3/K1, K2/E, and E/N, and three large‐scale hydrocarbon injection events in the Piedmont Thrust Belt (PTB). Particularly, the hydrocarbon charge event during the Early Cretaceous resulted in the initial inundation and protection of paleo‐uranium ore bodies that were formed during the Middle–Late Jurassic. The uplift and denudation of the PTB was extremely slow from 40 Ma onward due to a slight influence from the Himalayan orogeny. However, the uplift of the PTB was faster after the Miocene, which led to re‐uplift and exposure at the surface during the Quaternary, resulting in its oxidation and the formation of small uranium ore bodies.
The hippo pathway effector Yes‐associated protein promotes epithelial proliferation and remodeling in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps
Authors: Deng Huiyi , Sun Yueqi , Wang Weihao , Li Meijiao , Yuan Tian , Kong Weifeng , Huang Xuekun , Long Zijie , Chen Zhuanggui , Wang Deyun , Yang Qintai
Published: October 2018

Background

Hippo‐Yes‐associated protein (YAP) pathway plays an important role in epithelial cell proliferation and development. However, its possible role in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) remains unknown. We aim to investigate it on nasal epithelial proliferation and remodeling in CRSwNP.

Methods

The expressions of hippo pathway components as well as Ki‐67 and E‐cadherin in the sinonasal mucosa and nasal epithelial cells were analyzed in 14 controls, 14 eosinophilic CRSwNP, and 14 noneosinophilic CRSwNP. Nasal epithelial cells from 6 controls, 6 eosinophilic CRSwNP, and 6 noneosinophilic CRSwNP were cultured and treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), Poly(I:C), or a selective YAP inhibitor verteporfin (VP).

Results

The hippo pathway components MST1, LATS1/2, YAP, and TEAD1 were increased in both eosinophilic and noneosinophilic CRSwNP, particularly in nasal epithelial cells, along with upregulation of Ki‐67 and downregulation of E‐cadherin. The mRNA levels of YAP positively correlated with the Ki‐67 mRNA levels, and negatively associated with the E‐cadherin mRNA levels in polyp tissues and epithelial cells from nasal polyps (NPECs). LPS and Poly(I:C) upregulated the YAP expression in nasal epithelial cells accompanied by increased TEAD1 and Ki‐67 expression. Conversely, YAP inhibition by VP decreased TEAD1 and Ki‐67 expression in NPECs.

Conclusions

Hippo pathway components are abnormally upregulated in NPECs, and its effector YAP promotes nasal epithelial cells proliferation and remodeling in CRSwNP. It provides a rationale to explore inhibition of YAP as a novel therapeutic strategy for reducing the epithelial proliferation and remodeling in CRSwNP.
Keeping your cool – a simple reusable neck cooler in orthopaedic surgery: a pilot randomized controlled trial
Authors: Wertheimer Adam , Kirzner Nathan , Olaussen Alexander , Abetz Jeremy , Martin Catherine , Jones Chris
Published: October 2018

Background

Infection in orthopaedic surgery can be catastrophic. Increased perspiration from theatre staff has been associated with higher rates of wound contamination. Wearing lead safety gowns, which is often done during surgery to allow the use of image intensifier, may result in heavy perspiration. This study aimed to determine the feasibility of wearing a neck cooling device during surgery and whether it reduced surgeons’ subjective discomfort and perspiration levels during orthopaedic procedures requiring the use of lead gowns.

Methods

A pilot randomized controlled trial was conducted. Surgeons were randomized to either wearing the neck cooling device (intervention) or not wearing the device (control). Procedure duration, theatre temperature, humidity and perceived technical difficulty of operation were recorded. After the procedure, surgeons completed a questionnaire documenting how the temperature and humidity had a negative effect on their comfort and perceived level of perspiration. Multilevel mixed effects linear regression with random effects, adjusting for potential confounders was performed. Alfred Ethics Committee approved the study and the trial was registered (ACTRN12618000976280).

Results

A total of 29 cases (44.6%) were randomized to the intervention group and 36 to the control group. Adjusting for operating room temperature and perceived difficulty of surgery, the neck cooler reduced surgeons’ level of discomfort by 1.9 points (95% CI 1.1–2.8, P < 0.001), as well improved on their self‐reported perspiration by approximately 1.9 points (95% CI 1.0–2.8, P = 0.04).

Conclusions

Wearing a neck cooling device during surgery is feasible, reduces perceived levels of perspiration and decreases the negative impact of temperature and humidity on surgeons’ comfort levels.
The influence of resilience and coping strategies on suicidal ideation among Chinese undergraduate freshmen in Hong Kong
Authors: Cheung Vanessa H. M. , Chan Chui Yi , Au Ricky K. C.
Published: October 2018

Introduction

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between resilience and suicidal ideation, with coping strategies regarded as a mediator.

Methods

A total of 422 Hong Kong undergraduate students were recruited with convenience sampling.

Results

Simple linear regression was used to verify the negative relationship between resilience and suicidal ideation (P < 0.001). The results revealed that two out of four tested mediation models were accepted, with the coping strategies of approach and reappraisal acting as mediators (P < 0.001); the other two models were rejected when the coping strategies of emotional regulation and avoidance were the mediators. Regression analysis was performed to explore the effectiveness in reducing suicidal ideation in terms of the reappraisal coping strategy and the approach coping strategy, and the results indicated that the reappraisal coping strategy had greater effects than the approach coping strategy.

Discussion

Overall, the results of this study confirmed previous findings in the literature that resilience can alleviate the degree of suicidal ideation. Additionally, these results suggest further implications that adopting the approach and reappraisal coping strategies might make significant contributions to reducing the number of suicidal cases in society.
Decreased blood cell counts were not observed in cattle living in the “difficult‐to‐return zone” of the Fukushima nuclear accident
Authors: Sato Itaru , Sasaki Jun , Satoh Hiroshi , Deguchi Yoshitaka , Chida Hiroyuki , Natsuhori Masahiro , Otani Kumiko , Okada Keiji
Published: October 2018

White blood cells, especially lymphocytes, are susceptible to radiation exposure. In the present study, red blood cell, total white blood cell, and lymphocyte counts were repeatedly measured in cattle living on three farms located in the “difficult‐to‐return zone” of the Fukushima nuclear accident, and compared with two control groups from unaffected areas. Blood cell counts differed significantly between the two control groups, although almost all the values fell within the normal range. The blood cell counts of the cattle in the “difficult‐to‐return zone” varied across sampling times even on the same farms, being sometimes higher or lower than either of the two control groups. However, neither a statistically significant decrease in blood cell counts nor an increase in the rate of cattle with extremely low blood cell counts was observed overall. The estimated cumulative exposure dose for the cattle on the most contaminated farm was within a range of 500–1000 mSv, exceeding the threshold for the lymphopenia. Because of the low dose rate on these farms, potential radiation damages would have been repaired and have not accumulated enough to cause deterministic effects.
Semiparametric Bayesian Latent Variable Regression for Skewed Multivariate Data
Authors: Bhingare Apurva , Sinha Debajyoti , Pati Debdeep , Bandyopadhyay Dipankar , Lipsitz Stuart R.
Published: October 2018

For many real-life studies with skewed multivariate responses, the level of skewness and association structure assumptions are essential for evaluating the covariate effects on the response and its predictive distribution. We present a novel semiparametric multivariate model and associated Bayesian analysis for multivariate skewed responses. Similar to multivariate Gaussian densities, this multivariate model is closed under marginalization, allows a wide class of multivariate associations, and has meaningful physical interpretations of skewness levels and covariate effects on the marginal density. Other desirable properties of our model include the Markov Chain Monte Carlo computation through available statistical software, and the assurance of consistent Bayesian estimates of the parameters and the nonparametric error density under a set of plausible prior assumptions. We illustrate the practical advantages of our methods over existing alternatives via simulation studies and the analysis of a clinical study on periodontal disease.
Bagging and Deep Learning in Optimal Individualized Treatment Rules
Authors: Mi Xinlei , Zou Fei , Zhu Ruoqing
Published: October 2018

An ENsemble Deep Learning Optimal Treatment (EndLot) approach is proposed for personalized medicine problems. The statistical framework of the proposed method is based on the outcome weighted learning (OWL) framework which transforms the optimal decision rule problem into a weighted classification problem. We further employ an ensemble of deep neural networks (DNNs) to learn the optimal decision rule. Utilizing the flexibility of DNNs and the stability of bootstrap aggregation, the proposed method achieves a considerable improvement over existing methods. An R package “ITRlearn” is developed to implement the proposed method. Numerical performance is demonstrated via simulation studies and a real data analysis of the Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia data.
Valence‐related impairments in the retrieval of specific autobiographical memories amongst patients with schizophrenia
Authors: Barry Tom J. , Del Rey Francisco , Ricarte Jorge J.
Published: October 2018

Objectives

People with schizophrenia have difficulty recalling specific autobiographical events from their past. However, the nature of this difficulty (e.g., whether these problems are only for memories that are negative or positive) and the mechanisms associated with it remain poorly understood.

Methods

The present investigation asked patients with schizophrenia (n = 91) and healthy controls (n = 109) to recall memories related to several positive and negative cue words. Participants also completed self‐report measures of rumination and depressive symptoms and a measure of verbal fluency to assess executive functioning. Participants' memories were coded for specificity (whether or not they referred to a specific event lasting <24 hr) and valence (positive vs. negative).

Results

Patients recalled fewer specific memories than controls and they showed particular difficulty recalling specific negative memories cued by negative words. For healthy controls, impoverished verbal fluency was associated with recall of fewer specific memories and particularly recall of fewer positive specific memories. These variables were unrelated to specificity amongst patients. Rumination was not associated with specificity in either group.

Conclusions

These findings are discussed with reference to other mechanisms that might contribute towards reduced specificity in schizophrenia, such as the tendency to avoid negative affect, and the implications of this for interventions for schizophrenia and memory specificity problems.

Practitioner points

The experience of schizophrenia is associated with problems recalling specific events from one's past.

In particular, patients have difficulty recalling specific negative memories from their past.

These memory problems are independent of executive functioning difficulties, ruminative tendencies, and also depression symptoms.

Interventions for memory problems in schizophrenia must target the difficulty people have in recalling specific negative events.
Design, synthesis, molecular modelling, and in vitro evaluation of tricyclic coumarins against Trypanosoma cruzi
Authors: Coelho Gleicekelly Silva , Andrade Josimara Souza , Xavier Viviane Flores , Sales Junior Policarpo Ademar , Rodrigues de Araujo Barbara Caroline , Fonseca Kátia da Silva , Caetano Melissa Soares , Murta Silvane Maria Fonseca , Vieira Paula Melo , Carneiro Claudia Martins , Taylor Jason Guy
Published: October 2018

Chagas disease is caused by infection with the parasite protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi and affects about 8 million people in 21 countries in Latin America. The main form of treatment of this disease is still based on the use of two drugs, benznidazole and nifurtimox, which both present low cure rates in the chronic phase and often have serious side‐effects. Herein, we describe the synthesis of tricyclic coumarins that were obtained via NHC organocatalysis and evaluation of their trypanocidal activity. Molecular docking studies against trypanosomal enzyme triosephosphate isomerase (TIM) were carried out, as well as a theoretical study of the physicochemical parameters. The tricyclic coumarins were tested in vitro against the intracellular forms of Trypanosoma cruzi. Among the 18 compounds tested, 10 were more active than the reference drug benznidazole. The trypanocidal activity of the lead compound was rationalized by molecular docking study which suggested the strong interaction with the enzyme TIM by T. cruzi and therefore indicating a possible mode of action. Furthermore, the selectivity index of eight tricyclic coumarins with high anti‐T. cruzi activity was above 50 and thus showing that these lead compounds are viable candidates for further in vivo assays.
Epidemiology of ocular trauma in the Indigenous vs non‐Indigenous population in the Top End
Authors: Kennedy Morgan S. , Robinson James , Whist Eline , McCallum Gabrielle B. , Mahendrarajah Tharmalingam
Published: October 2018

Importance

Epidemiological data on visually significant ocular trauma in the Top End of the Northern Territory.

Background

Our main objective is to determine whether Indigenous patients are disproportionately affected by visually significant ocular trauma as compared to non‐Indigenous patients.

Design

This was a retrospective audit at the Royal Darwin Hospital in the Top End of the Northern Territory during January 2013 to June 2015.

Participants

A total of 104 ocular trauma patients were included; 43 were Indigenous and 61 were non‐Indigenous.

Methods

Medical records of patients with ocular trauma between January 2013 and June 2015 (except simple, non‐penetrating corneal foreign bodies and abrasions) were reviewed. Vision loss was defined by visual acuity: mild ≥6/18, moderate 6/18‐6/60, severe ≤6/60 following World Health Organization standards.

Main Outcome Measures

The study included the incidence of ocular trauma patients by ethnicity (Indigenous vs non‐Indigenous). Our secondary outcome included vision loss, mechanism of injury, open vs closed injury, age, remoteness and alcohol involvement.

Results

A total of 104 patient charts were reviewed; 43 (41%) were Indigenous and 61 (59%) were non‐Indigenous. Alleged assault was the greatest contributor to ocular trauma in both groups (74% in Indigenous vs 39% non‐Indigenous). Severe vision loss was more prevalent in the Indigenous vs non‐Indigenous patients (30% vs 16%).

Conclusions and Relevance

Indigenous patients were disproportionately affected by visually significant ocular trauma compared to non‐Indigenous patients. This research provides important data on ocular trauma in the Northern Territory. Further prevention strategies are needed to reduce vision loss in this population.
A multicentre, UK, retrospective, observational study to assess the effectiveness of insulin glargine 300 units/ml in treating people with Type 1 diabetes mellitus in routine clinical practice (SPARTA)
Authors: Pang T. , Bain S. C. , Black R. Neil A. , Boyle J. G. , Elliott J. , Holcombe A. , Lee K. C. S. , Mulligan C. , Saunders L. , Yousseif A. , Baxter M.
Published: October 2018

Aim

To conduct an open‐label study to provide UK real‐world evidence regarding the use of insulin glargine 300 units/ml (U300) in people with Type 1 diabetes mellitus.

Methods

People with Type 1 diabetes who had been prescribed U300 ≥6 months before data collection and had HbA1c levels recorded within 3 months prior to U300 (baseline) were included. The primary endpoint was change in HbA1c from baseline to month 6 after U300 initiation. Other endpoints included number of documented hypoglycaemic and diabetic ketoacidosis episodes, and change in daily basal insulin dose.

Results

A total of 298 people with Type 1 diabetes were included [mean age 42.1 years, mean HbA1c 79 mmol/mol (9.4%)]. After U300 initiation, the mean reduction in HbA1c from baseline to month 6 was –4 mmol/mol (–0.4%; P<0.001; n=188). The total daily basal insulin dose at 6 months was 1.3 units higher than at the time of U300 initiation (P<0.001; n=275) but was not significantly different from the prior basal insulin dose. There was no clinically significant difference in weight between baseline and month 6 [mean difference +0.7 kg, 95% CI –0.1, 1.5; P=0.084; n=115). During the 6 months before and after U300 initiation, severe hypoglycaemic episodes were documented for 6/298 and 4/298 participants. Diabetic ketoacidosis episodes requiring Accident and Emergency department visits or hospitalization were documented for 4/298 and 6/298 participants, before and after U300 initiation, respectively.

Conclusions

In people with Type 1 diabetes, a change in basal insulin to U300 was associated with clinically and statistically significant HbA1c improvements, without significant changes in basal insulin dose and weight. Documented severe hypoglycaemia episodes and diabetic ketoacidosis requiring Accident and Emergency department visits or hospitalization were low and similar before and after U300 initiation.
Evaluation of the long‐term cost‐effectiveness of once‐weekly semaglutide versus dulaglutide for treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus in the UK
Authors: Viljoen Adie , Hoxer Christina S. , Johansen Pierre , Malkin Samuel , Hunt Barnaby , Bain Stephen C.
Published: October 2018

Aims

Glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1) receptor agonists are appealing as glucose‐lowering therapy for individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) as they also reduce body weight and are associated with low rates of hypoglycaemia. This analysis assessed the long‐term cost‐effectiveness of semaglutide 0.5 and 1 mg vs dulaglutide 1.5 mg (two once‐weekly GLP‐1 receptor agonists) from a UK healthcare payer perspective, based on the head‐to‐head SUSTAIN 7 trial, to inform healthcare decision making.

Materials and Methods

Long‐term outcomes were projected using the IQVIA CORE Diabetes Model (version 9.0). Baseline cohort characteristics, changes in physiological parameters and adverse event rates were derived from the 40‐week SUSTAIN 7 trial. Costs to a healthcare payer were assessed, and these captured pharmacy costs and costs of complications. Utilities were taken from published sources.

Results

Once‐weekly semaglutide 0.5 and 1 mg were associated with improvements in quality‐adjusted life expectancy of 0.04 and 0.10 quality‐adjusted life years, respectively, compared with dulaglutide 1.5 mg. Clinical benefits were achieved at reduced costs, with lifetime cost savings of GBP 35 with once‐weekly semaglutide 0.5 mg and GBP 106 with the once‐weekly semaglutide 1 mg, resulting from fewer diabetes‐related complications due to better glycaemic control. Therefore, both doses of once‐weekly semaglutide were considered dominant vs dulaglutide 1.5 mg (improving outcomes and reducing costs).

Conclusions

Compared with treatment with dulaglutide, once‐weekly semaglutide represents a cost‐effective option for treating individuals in the UK with T2DM who are not achieving glycaemic control with metformin, projected to both improve clinical outcomes and reduce costs.
Teneligliptin versus sitagliptin in Korean patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled with metformin and glimepiride: A randomized, double‐blind, non‐inferiority trial
Authors: Kim Yonghyun , Kang Eun Seok , Jang Hak Chul , Kim Dong Jun , Oh Taekeun , Kim Eun Sook , Kim Nan‐Hee , Choi Kyung Mook , Kim Sung‐Rae , You JiYoung , Kim Se‐Jin , Lee Moon‐Kyu
Published: October 2018

Aim

To assess the efficacy and safety of add‐on therapy with the dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitor teneligliptin compared with sitagliptin in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) inadequately controlled with metformin and glimepiride.

Materials and Methods

This was a phase 3, randomized, double‐blind, non‐inferiority study of adult Korean subjects with T2DM (n = 201), with HbA1c ranging from 7.0% to 11.0%, on stable doses of metformin plus glimepiride. Subjects were randomized in a 1:1 fashion to receive either oral teneligliptin 20 mg or sitagliptin 100 mg for 24 weeks. The primary endpoint was change from baseline in HbA1c.

Results

At baseline, mean age was 60.56 ± 9.41 years, body mass index was 25.23 ± 2.85 kg/m2 and HbA1c was 8.11% ± 0.79%. At 24 weeks, both groups achieved significant reductions from baseline in HbA1c (teneligliptin, −1.03% ± 0.10% [P < 0.0001]; sitagliptin, −1.02% ± 0.10% [P < 0.0001]). The inter‐group difference was −0.01% (95% confidence interval [CI]: −0.28, 0.26; P = 0.9497); the upper limit of the 95% CI was within the preset limit for non‐inferiority (0.4%). There were no significant differences between groups in the proportion of patients achieving HbA1c targets, or changes from baseline in fasting plasma glucose, body weight or lipid levels at 24 weeks. Rates of adverse events (teneligliptin, n = 63 [61.76%]; sitagliptin, n = 61 [62.24%]; P = 0.9442) and hypoglycaemia (teneligliptin, n = 32 [31.37%]; sitagliptin, n = 28 [28.57%]; P = 0.6656) were similar.

Conclusion

Teneligliptin was non‐inferior to sitagliptin in the context of triple therapy for T2DM and is an important option in this setting.
Pharmacokinetics of clobazam oral soluble film
Authors: Heller Allen H. , Wargacki Stephen , Jung Cassie , Buan Carla V. , Wyatt David J. , Schobel A. Mark
Published: October 2018

Objective

Clobazam oral soluble film (COSF) is a novel dosage form under development for the adjunctive treatment of seizures associated with Lennox‐Gastaut syndrome. The present study was undertaken to assess the pharmacokinetics of clobazam administered as single doses of COSF 20 and 10 mg compared with clobazam tablets (CTAB) 20 and 10 mg in healthy adults. A secondary objective was to assess the safety and tolerability of single doses of COSF 20 and 10 mg.

Methods

A total of 51 adult volunteers were enrolled in a single‐dose, open‐label, randomized four‐sequence, four‐period, crossover study with treatments (A) COSF 20 mg, (B) CTAB 20 mg, (C) COSF 10 mg, and (D) CTAB 10 mg. Pharmacokinetic sampling for clobazam and N‐desmethylclobazam was carried out until 21 days postdose with a 28‐day washout. Subjects were monitored for adverse events (AEs) throughout the study. Visual inspections of the administration site were performed before and after COSF administration to monitor for mucosal irritation.

Results

COSF at single doses of 10 and 20 mg was bioequivalent to CTAB at equivalent doses for both clobazam and its active metabolite N‐desmethylclobazam. The pharmacokinetics of both formulations was dose‐proportional at doses of 10 and 20 mg. The number of AEs and the number of subjects experiencing AEs were dose‐related across the treatment groups, with somnolence the most common event. None of these events was severe or serious, and most were mild. There was no evidence for local irritation at the administration site following COSF.

Significance

COSF is a novel clobazam dosage form that is bioequivalent to CTAB. Because of its ease of administration, COSF may be expected to improve adherence, reduce likelihood of dosing error, and provide more accurate dosing than formulations of clobazam that are currently available.
Use of fibrin sealant in a horse with an intratracheal dorsal laceration
Authors: Coco L. , Dahmen K. , Bach N. , Fischer H. , Albanese V. , Dylewski L. , Muñoz E.
Published: October 2018

Dorsal intratracheal laceration was diagnosed in a horse with severe subcutaneous emphysema. Due to the size of the defect and the severity of the symptoms, different methods were attempted to close the laceration. The use of a fibrin sealant is described together with a discussion about other potential treatments and options for this rare condition in the horse.
Evaluation of dynamic testing for pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction diagnosis in donkeys
Authors: Mejia‐Pereira S. , Perez‐Ecija A. , Buchanan B. R. , Toribio R. E. , Mendoza F. J.
Published: October 2018

Background

Endocrine disorders are common in donkeys. Pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID) is thought to be a frequent disturbance in donkeys due to their longevity. However, information on PPID dynamic testing in donkeys is lacking.

Objectives

The objective of this study was to evaluate the previously described guidelines for PPID diagnosis in horses in donkeys with suspicion of PPID.

Study design

Prospective experimental study.

Methods

Eighty donkeys were evaluated for PPID suspicion based on clinical signs and baseline adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) concentrations. Six mix‐breed donkeys (one jack and five non‐pregnant jennies) fulfilling inclusion criteria were subjected to dexamethasone suppression test (DST), thyrotropin‐releasing hormone stimulation test (TRH) and combined DST–TRH challenge. Tests were interpreted according to guidelines for PPID diagnosis in horses.

Results

Donkeys fulfilling inclusion criteria were diagnosed with PPID by TRH stimulation test (six of six). Both DST (three of six) and DST–TRH (4/6) challenges failed to detect those animals and showed conflicting results. Similarly, cortisol basal concentrations were not consistent with PPID suspicion.

Main limitations

Characterisation of seasonal and geographical location effect on baseline ACTH concentrations and response to TRH is compelling in this species. Further studies with a larger number of donkeys are needed.

Conclusions

This is the first study in donkeys to evaluate common dynamic tests used for PPID diagnosis in horses. Preliminary results agree with the guidelines for PPID diagnosis in horses and baseline ACTH measurement followed by TRH challenge are recommended tests for diagnosis of PPID in donkeys.
Itching, chloroquine, and malaria: a review of recent molecular and neuroscience advances and their contribution to mechanistic understanding and therapeutics of chronic non‐histaminergic pruritus
Authors: Ajayi Adesuyi A. L.
Published: October 2018

Chloroquine (CQ) is an antimalarial drug that elicits severe pruritus in black Africans with malaria fever. This acute itching (2–7 days duration) exhibits age dependency and a racial and genetic predilection. CQ itch is non‐histaminergic, which makes it both a good model and a tool to probe the mechanisms of chronic itch. This review focuses on recently discovered mechanisms, neuroscience, mediators, and receptors that are implicated in molecular studies of CQ pruritus. CQ pruritus mechanisms are also compared to that of itching following other systemic diseases, such as chronic kidney disease, chronic liver disease, skin disorders, and burns. There are striking similarities between CQ itching pathways and other chronic itch secondary to systemic disease with or without skin lesions, which have not been previously highlighted. Prominent among these are the shared roles of skin, neural and spinal μ opiate receptors, kappa opiate receptor, nitric oxide, serotonin via 5HT1B/D receptors, cytokines, especially interleukins, and tumor necrosis factor. There is elaborate “cross talk” among the diverse mediators and receptors involved in CQ‐induced pruritus. CQ also binds to the mas‐related G protein coupled receptors MrgprA3/MrgprX1 present in a small proportion (4–5%) of dorsal root ganglion neurons and skin. The mrgprA3 CQ receptors are coupled to PLC‐β3 and a chloride channel to initiate skin itch action potentials in C nerve fibers. Mrgpra3/X1 couples to TRPA1 for calcium influx into neuronal cells at noncutaneous sites. Central CQ itch occurs via gastrin‐related peptide (GRP) and its receptor (GRPR) in the dorsal spinothalamic tracts, as well as glutamic mediated GRP projection to parabrachial nucleus. The possibility of chronic itch therapy based on personalized medicine, genetics, and transcriptomics or the use of itch “polypill/polycream” are discussed.