Belowground allocation and dynamics of recently fixed plant carbon in a California annual grassland
Authors: Firestone Mary , Fossum Christina , Estera-Molina Katerina , Yuan Mengting , Herman Don , Chu-Jacoby Ilexis , Nico Peter , Morrison Keith , Pett-Ridge Jennifer 
Published: March 2022

&lt;p&gt;P&lt;span&gt;lant roots and the organisms that surround them are a primary source for stabilized soil organic carbon (SOC). While grassland soils have a large capacity to store organic carbon (C), few field-based studies have quantified the amount of plant-fixed C that moves into soil and persists belowground over multiple years. Yet this characteristic of the soil C cycle is critical to C storage, soil water holding capacity and nutrient provisions, and the management of soil health. We tracked the fate of plant-fixed C following a five-day &lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span&gt;13&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span&gt;CO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;labeling of a Northern California annual grassland, measuring C pools starting at the end of the labeling period, at three days, four weeks, six months, one year, and two years. Soil organic carbon was fractionated using a density-based approach to separate the free-light fraction (FLF), occluded-light fraction (OLF), and heavy fraction (HF). Using isotope ratio mass spectrometry, we measured &lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span&gt;13&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span&gt;C enrichment and total C content for plant shoots, roots, soil, soil dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and the FLF, OLF, and HF. The chemical nature of C in the HF was further analyzed by solid state &lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span&gt;13&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span&gt;C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy.&lt;br&gt;At the end of the labeling period, a substantial portion of the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span&gt;13&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span&gt;C (40%) was already found belowground in roots, soil, and soil DOC. By 4 weeks, the highest isotope enrichment and 27% of the total amount of &lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span&gt;13&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span&gt;C remaining in the system was associated with the mineral-rich HF. At the 6-month sampling&amp;#8212;after the dry summer period during which plants senesced and died&amp;#8212;the amount of label in the FLF increased to an amount similar to that in the HF. The FLF &lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span&gt;13&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span&gt;C then declined substantially by 1 year and further decreased in the 2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;nd&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;year. By the end of the 2-year experiment, 67% of remaining label was in the HF, with 19% in the FLF and 14% in the OLF.&lt;br&gt;While the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span&gt;13&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span&gt;C content in the HF was stable over the final year, the chemical forms associated with the HF evolved with time. The relative proportion of aliphatic/alkyl C functional groups declined in the newly formed SOC over the 2-years in the field; simultaneously, aromatic and carbonyl/carboxylic C functional groups increased and the proportion of carbohydrate (O-alkyl C) groups remained relatively constant.&lt;br&gt;Our results indicate that plant-fixed C moved into soil within days of its fixation and was associated with the soil mineral fraction within weeks. While most of the annual plant C input in these grasslands cycles rapidly (&lt;2-year timescale), a sizeable proportion (about 23% of the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span&gt;13&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span&gt;C present at day 0) persisted in the soil for longer than 2 years. While decadal studies would allow improved assessment of the long-term stabilization of newly fixed plant C, our 2-year field study reveals surprisingly rapid movement of plant C into the HF of soil, followed by subsequent evolution of the chemical forms of organic C in the HF.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;