bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
What type of relationship do college campus police forces have with the surrounding low-income neighborhoods?
Authors:   , Jackmon Kennedy Marie , Zitcer Andrew
Published: February 2022

Due to recent events such as the killings of George Floyd, Ahmaud Arbery, and Breonna Taylor, law enforcement all over the country is reassessing their limits of force. This moment offers a chance to educate one another on campus police departments and how they operate, a look at a revision of policies, embracing training opportunities, and their use-of-force. This study consisted of 20 people who were either a student of Drexel or Temple University, a resident of either institution, or a police officer from either institution. The ages ranged from 19 to 64 years old. Everyone filled out a demographics survey and a Zoom interview. The DU PD and the TU PD do have numerous issues to work on in both departments to ensure positive opinions for both departments. It is too early in the research stage to determine whether the relationships are strictly positive or negative, however, there is enough opinions and concerns from the students and residents to recognize what needs to be fixed and how to fix it. For example, language was a factor in fixing how the residents and areas are perceived in West Philadelphia by the Drexel police. The departments are not perfect, as all police departments are not, but they are doing what they can with what they can. This could be the starting point to creating community policing that could be implemented in neighborhoods outside of college campuses. They could lay the blueprint that changes the face of policing because it is implemented on a small scale. The findings to this could also bring insight to actual police forces in lower income neighborhoods.
Social Interaction as a Functional Marker of Cognitive Decline in Older Adults
Authors:   , Split Molly , Schultheis Maria Teresa
Published: February 2022

Approximately 15% to 20% of individuals over the age of 60 are diagnosed with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) worldwide and this number continues to grow (Petersen, 2016). Recent investigations have focused on the early detection of MCI, as a better understanding of this stage may be useful for predicting the development of dementia. To date, most studies focus on early detection of Alzheimer's disease (AD); however, findings from this research are primarily relevant to those with AD biological markers. As a result, individuals who do not have evidence of biomarkers, lack resources or access to biological marker analyses, or who have clinical features related to other dementia etiologies are not being supported by this research. Thus, investigations involving functional markers of cognitive decline that can be universally relevant regardless of the underlying etiology is warranted. Cognitive and functional abilities are key components for making a diagnosis of cognitive impairment, including MCI and dementia; yet, evidence suggests that the current measurements tools used to quantify these abilities may not approximate real-world functioning. Furthermore, these tools may not be sensitive to early signs of cognitive decline. To address this gap, naturalistic assessments have been investigated, however, only a few studies have evaluated their utility in assessing early or subtle signs of cognitive decline amongst older adults. The primary aim of the proposed study is to create an innovative task to detect subtle cognitive and functional deficits that may characterize early signs of MCI. Specifically, the current study will examine the utility of a naturalistic social interaction task for objective assessment of functional deficits and examine the relationship between task performance and cognition in older adults. The results of this study will represent the first investigation of a social interaction task for subtle cognitive and functional deficits in older adults.
Causalidad y regulación: algunas dificultades de los ensayos controlados aleatorizados
Authors: Bautista Bengoetxea Juan
Published: February 2022

The article focuses on the key importance of causality in regulatory activities in the social sciences and especially in nutrition. After a brief presentation (Sec. 1), the text proposes several ways of examining the notion of cause and of conceiving it from a philosophical perspective (Sec. 2). Section 3 particularly discusses the counterfactual way, understood as a broad approach to conceiving causation in terms of its relationship to randomized controlled trials (RCT) and, by derivation, to the objective character of the latter. Section 4 examines the evidence underlying RCTs and the role they play in regulation. Evidences are linked to causal statements that are usual in RCTs and whose nature is not exempt from a criticism in areas such as the evidence-based medicine (EBM) (Sec. 5) and, above all, nutritional sciences (Sec. 6). In Section 7, it is claimed a plural methodological perspective that would improve the production of results in nutrition that would act as a basis for making regulatory decisions. The last section closes the argument of the article.
Evolution and Trends of Industrial Control System Cyber Incidents since 2017
Authors: Grubbs Robert , Stoddard Jeremiah , Freeman Sarah , Fisher Ron
Published: February 2022

The industrial control systems (ICSs) that manage our critical infrastructure are increasingly converging with corporate networks and the Internet as technology and businesses prioritize digital connectivity. These connections make them more vulnerable and available to malicious cyber actors who traditionally targeted the companies' more public‐facing information technology (IT) networks. This paper will review select publicly reported cyber incidents to highlight the continued and growing threat to ICS devices and operational technology (OT) environments. It will summarize the incident and when available, will provide information on the cyber actors, the vulnerabilities they exploited, and any publications the U.S. Government (USG) provided in response. Data belonging to the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) will be used to highlight quantitative trends concerning ICS incidents. This paper builds on “History of Industrial Control System Cyber Incidents” (Hemsley & Fisher 2018), a paper that highlighted select noteworthy threats and incidents to ICS systems up to 2017. This paper will similarly review select incidents occurring after the last previously reviewed incident, Triton/HatMan, December 2017, and will note ICS incident trends including IT/OT convergence and advances in cyber‐threat actors' capabilities in observed in the examined incidents.
Large Transformer Criticality, Threats, and Opportunities
Authors: Baker George , Webb Ian , Burkes Klaehn , Cordaro Joseph
Published: February 2022

Large power transformers (LPTs) represent a critical “tent‐pole” in national electric power grid, and national resiliency. They are essential to both the generation and transmission sectors of our electric power grid. They are known to be targets in adversaries' plans to debilitate our critical infrastructures. Their high cost and supply chain issues involving months to years of replacement times dictate the importance of survivability assurance. Transformer vulnerability and protection are addressed for physical attacks, cyber, and electromagnetic effects, including solar weather geomagnetic disturbance (GMD) and high altitude burst nuclear electromagnetic pulse (EMP) effects. Programs have been underway to improve transformer and transformer substation cyber and physical resiliency. Similar programs are lagging for electromagnetic threats. Transformer vulnerability to EMP remains a subject of conjecture since no large power transformer has undergone threat‐level EMP testing. Prevalent claims that LPTs are immune to EMP are premature.

The Savannah River National Laboratory has developed a test program and designed a test bed to complete testing on LPTs including physical set‐up, injection sources, and measurement equipment to enable transformer testing under real load conditions without harming the larger power grid. The SNRL test bed will enable tests to determine both transformer vulnerability thresholds and the effectiveness of protection devices. A concerted national effort is needed to determine LPT vulnerabilities and to expeditiously develop and certify effective EMP and GMD protection approaches.
The problem of objectivity in the Social Sciences: an introduction
Authors: Martin Jose Garcia , Kralik Roman , Tvrdon Miroslav , Jenisova Zita , Pekarcik Lubomir
Published: February 2022

The aim of this paper is to clarify why objectivity in the social sciences is a problem, what it consists of and to refer to some specific cases of authors who deal with it. Another aim of the presented paper is to address the problem of measurement in the social sciences. Finally, we present our own conclusions and opinions. In any case, it is not intended to be exhaustive or to give a definitive answer, but rather to encourage reflection on analysed problem.
Some discussions between Confucianism and Catholicism in Vietnamese history
Authors: Nguyen Dong Tai
Published: February 2022

When Catholicism was introduced into Vietnam, there was also a tendency toward differentiation and even confrontation with Vietnamese culture, including Vietnamese Confucianism. This article focuses on the discussion between Confucianism and Catholicism from the Ideological perspective, on the most basic concepts about belief related to God, the most popular religious activity, which is worshipping activities, and the social-moral code encompassing the two most basic aspects during that time: loyalty and piety.
Integrated promotion model of the European culture in the global world: a socio-philosophical analysis
Authors: Absattarov Raushanbek , Absattarov Galimzhan , Absattarov Marat , Karimova Zhanna , Seisen Nailya
Published: February 2022

The article analyzes the problem of the integrated model of the promotion of European culture. The paper shows that the crisis trends in the development of culture are a natural process, which is a necessary stage of the movement of culture to progressive development in the given ontological foundations of the culture system. At the same time, crises are divided into structural and systemic. The latter, according to the author, is a socio-cultural transformation. The author analyzes the concepts of “culture” and characterizes the features of the technogenic civilization of the West. In the context of civilization, culture is subject to technogenic influences, which is concretized when considering the transition from modern to postmodern, when art and cultural values are transformed into industrial production. The concepts of late capitalism and globalization are related. They characterize the interaction processes between postmodern and traditional cultures, which leads to their destruction and unification. The symbolic aspects of culture in Kant’s theory of knowledge are considered, and the general principles of understanding the symbolism of culture are formulated. The features of understanding the relationship between culture, symbol, and person are shown. The directions of understanding the symbolism of European culture are revealed. The author analyzed the peculiarities of understanding the symbolism of culture in the framework of symbolic anthropology.
Leveraging Shared Governance to Build a Healthier Work Environment in a NICU
Authors: Gordon Deborah Ward , Smith Anita M.
Published: February 2022

Purpose

A unit-shared governance model was established in the NICU at Tampa General Hospital to enhance nursing autonomy and improve job satisfaction, teamwork, and patient outcomes.

Significance

Shared governance models have been introduced within health systems to shape healthy work environments.

Strategy and Implementation

The NICU experienced an extended hiring freeze that led to a significant nursing shortage and staff dissatisfaction. A unit-shared governance model was established to address key areas of concern. This led to the development of the new employee orientation committee. Their goal was to make significant changes in the onboarding and precepting process, including: (1) revising the Registered Nurse Competency-Based Orientation tool to align with a 3-phased orientation process, (2) incorporating a systems approach throughout the orientation period, (3) embedding references to best practices and policies, (4) creating a reference list of recommended reading materials, and (5) developing a skills checklist to guide in selection of patient assignments. The final step was developing a NICU preceptor course to increase consistency between preceptors and standardize orientation.

Outcomes

Recent engagement survey results revealed significant improvements in employee satisfaction, validating key improvements made in the onboarding process.
Características Circadianas del sueño en Personas Adultas de Panamá
Authors: Araúz- Arauz Biseth , Medianero-Araúz Gabriel
Published: February 2022

La importancia de los estudios cronobiológicos y homeostáticos está asociada a la importancia de describir los patrones de comportamiento de los organismos de acuerdo a los cambios geofísicos de la tierra en su ciclo de 24 horas. El presente trabajo se enfoca en los patrones de sueño de jóvenes estudiantes universitarios panameños, lo que permite conocer sus periodos de sueño y el índice de somnolencia de este grupo por sexo. El cuestionario se administró a 350 estudiantes de pregrado dentro del rango de edad de 26 años. El 74% de los participantes eran mujeres, el 26% eran hombres y el 67% tenían entre 17 y 25 años de edad. Se aplicó una batería de pruebas compuesta por la prueba de somnolencia de Stanford (SSS) y la escala de somnolencia de Epworth (ESS). Además, se extrajeron algunas preguntas del cuestionario de Pittsburg (PSQI). Se obtuvo un índice de somnolencia (ESS) de 6.83 y 8.16 para estudiantes de 17 a 20 años y estudiantes de 21 a 24 años, respectivamente. Los resultados sugieren diferencias significativas entre los patrones de sueño por sexo y edad.

The importance of chronobiological and homeostatic studies is associated with the importance of describing the behavioural patterns of organisms according to the geophysical changes of earth in its 24 hours cycle. This paper focuses on the sleep patterns of young Panamanian undergraduate students, which makes it possible to know their sleeping periods and the sleepiness index of this group by sex. Questionnaire was administered to 350 undergraduate students within the age range of 26 years. 74% of participants were women, 26% were men, and 67% were between the age range of 17 to 25 years. A battery of test was applied consisting of the Stanford sleepiness test (SSS) and the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS). Questions were extracted from the Pittsburg questionnaires (PSQI). A sleepiness index (ESS) of 6.83 and 8.16 was obtained for students from 17 to 20 years and students from 21 to 24 years old, respectively. The results suggest significant differences between the sleep patterns by sex and age.
¿De la casa a la plaza? Agencia y politicidad en las trayectorias de Adelina Dematti y Aída Bogo antes de su constitución en Madres de Plaza de Mayo
Authors: Nieto María Emilia
Published: February 2022

Este trabajo tiene como objetivo reflexionar en torno a lastrayectorias y las experiencias de participación política de las mujeres que conformaron el movimiento de Madres de Plaza de Mayo (MPM), centrándose en el periodo previoa la incorporación a la organización; a partir de los casos de dos de sus integrantes: Adelina Dematti y Aída Bogo. Recuperamos sus experiencias de participación en diferentes ámbitos de la esfera pública y analizamos la politicidad de sus trayectorias ligadas a las esferas privadas y al mundo del trabajo. En segundo lugar, identificamos cómo narran la experiencia de incorporación a la organización. Este abordaje permitirá poner de relieve que aun cuando estas mujeres han sido reconocidas como un agente central y protagonista de la resistencia a la dictadura, se han invisibilizado trayectorias de participación política previas; así como permitirá dar cuenta de las dimensiones políticas de las esferas denominadas socialmente como «privadas». Adoptamos un enfoque de tipo cualitativo para indagar en los sentidos y significados que ambas construyeron acerca de los acontecimientos vividos, a partir de la realización y el análisis de entrevistas. Recurrimos también al Fondo documental de Adelina Dematti de Alaye, integrante de Madres de Plaza de Mayo-La Plata.
Los publicistas colombianos ante la Revolución Francesa de 1848, durante la segunda mitad del siglo XIX
Authors: Becerra Mora José Camilo
Published: February 2022

La Nueva Granada a mediados del siglo XIX emprendió una nueva etapa de su experiencia democrática caracterizada por el surgimiento de los partidos políticos, Liberal y Conservador. Enfrentados a este nuevo escenario político, los escritores públicos neogranadinos vinculados a esos partidos buscaron enriquecer sus intervenciones políticas a través de la lectura de acontecimientos políticos extranjeros. Pero también a travésde esa vía buscaron estructurar sus identidades partidistas. Este artículo estudia diferentes lecturas sobre la Revolución Francesa de 1848 en el escenario político colombiano de la segunda mitad del siglo XIX. A través del análisis de la prensa periódica y otros impresos como libros, folletos y panfletos, se reconstruyen las distintas nociones sobre el acontecimiento revolucionario francés en Colombia durante la segunda mitad del siglo XIX. El texto está divido en tres secciones. La primera examina la atención prestada por la prensa neogranadina durante 1848 al acontecimiento revolucionario. El segundo acápite reconstruye los planteamientos conservadores sobre elvínculo entre liberales neogranadinos y socialistas franceses. Por último, son exploradas las interpretaciones liberales sobre el pensamiento socialista francés. Este análisis ha permitido demostrar la riqueza y originalidad del pensamiento político colombiano del siglo XIX, aún muy inexplorado en varios aspectos.
Efecto de la concentración de proteína y nitrógeno ureico sobre el rendimiento de proteína de la leche
Authors: Govea-Luciano Alejandra , Gómez-Vázquez Armando , Pinos-Rodrígez Juan Manuel , Lorenzo-Rodríguez Jose Manuel , Martínez-Martínez Ricardo , Rojas-García Adelaido Rafael
Published: February 2022

El objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar el efecto del nivel de producción sobre las concentraciones de proteína (%) y nitrógeno ureico en leche (mg dL−1), sobre el rendimiento de proteína de la leche (kg día−1) en vacas Bos taurus x Bos indicus. Treinta vacas fueron asignadas de acuerdo con el nivel de producción diaria de leche: bajo (5.0 ± 1.4 kg), medio (7.5 ± 1.0 kg) y alto (10.0 ± 1.4 kg). La concentración de proteína de la leche disminuyó linealmente (p < 0.05) al aumentar el nivel de producción. Contrariamente, el rendimiento de proteína de la leche (kg día−1) aumentó linealmente (p < 0.05) a medida que aumentó el nivel de producción. La concentración de nitrógeno ureico en leche (NUL) disminuyó cuadráticamente (p <0.05) al aumentar el nivel de producción. Las concentraciones de proteína y NUL de vaca están asociadas negativamente con los niveles de producción.
Degradabilidad de carotenoides totales en alfalfa (Medicago sativa L) en cultivo in vitro con líquido ruminal
Authors: Vera-Vázquez Francisco J. , López-Garrido Serafín , Guerrero-Legarreta Isabel , Mota-Rojas Daniel , Bautista-Martínez Yuridia , Cruz-Monterrosa Rosy G.
Published: February 2022

El objetivo del trabajo fue evaluar la degradabilidad de la materia seca (MS) y de carotenos de la alfalfa (Medicago sativa L) in vitro. Las muestras se incubaron a 39 °C a 0, 12, 24, 48 y 72 h. Los datos se procesaron con un análisis de varianza, prueba de Tukey (p < 0.05). Los resultados del análisis de la alfalfa fueron (%): MS = 24.42, MO = 96.79, PC = 21.22, FDA = 29.11, FDN = 36.24, Cenizas = 3.21 y Carotenos totales = 254.6 mg g−1. El 43% de MS desapareció a las 12 h (P < 0.001), mientras de 12 a 72 h, la MS alcanzó una degradación de 62% (P < 0.001). La degradación de los carotenos de la alfalfa está asociada con el ritmo de la degradación de la MS, el estudio permitió obtener una simulación del rumen de bovinos indicando que la mayor parte de los carotenos desaparecen en menos de 12 h de incubación.
Inibidores da PARP: do mecanismo de ação à prática clínica
Authors: Branco Cátia , Paredes Joana
Published: February 2022

A reparação dos danos que ocorrem na molécula de ADN é fundamental para manter a integridade do genoma e a viabilidade celular. Défices nos mecanismos de reparação desta molécula cursam com um aumento do risco para instabilidade genética e contribuem para a transformação neoplásica. As poly (ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARP) são um grupo de enzimas que apresentam um papel chave na sinalização e reparação dos erros no ADN. A inibição da sua atividade é uma estratégia terapêutica que tira partido do mecanismo de letalidade sintética e que pode ser usada no tratamento de tumores com defeitos específicos nas vias de reparação de ADN, nomeadamente em tumores com mutações nos genes supressores tumorais BRCA1 e BRCA2. Existem vários inibidores das PARP (iPARP) já aprovados pela Food and Drug Administration dos Estados Unidos da América e pela Agência Europeia do Medicamento e utilizados no tratamento do cancro da mama, ovário, pâncreas e próstata. No entanto, tal como acontece com outras terapias alvo, a resistência aos iPARP é comum apesar de bem tolerados e amplamente utilizados na prática clínica, e pode desenvolver-se através de vários mecanismos moleculares. Neste artigo, pretendemos realizar uma revisão atualizada sobre os iPARP e o seu principal modo de ação em células tumorais, dando a conhecer os vários mecanismos de resistência que têm sido recentemente revelados, assim como as atuais aplicações clínicas e a toxicidade associada a esta terapia alvo.
Carta ao Editor Referente a “Problemas de Saúde Durante e Após a Viagem: Um Estudo Observacional Prospetivo Numa Consulta de Viajante em Portugal”
Authors: Prazeres Filipe
Published: February 2022

N/a.
Improving Structure of the SLMHM on the Base of the PDCA Cycle
Authors: Gakh Dmitriy
Published: February 2022

Simple Learning Motivations Hierarchy Model (SLMHM) is a theory that attempts to structure the path of learning “growth” with 16 levels where each next level corresponds to higher aims, motives, results, and satisfaction of needs. The SLMHM has been developed to simplify design, control, and evaluate the learning processes. The SLMHM was first presented at IES-2020 Conference (Gakh, 2020). More detailed research including analysis of internal structure shows that the model should be corrected. The “Plan-Do-Check-Act” cycle (PDCA Cycle) is popular in management. This paper describes the SLMHM improvements based on analyses of its similarities with the PDCA Cycle. The description of this research makes SLMHM more comprehend.
Hybrid HCNN-KNN Transfer Learning Model Enhances Age Estimation Accuracy in Orthopantomography
Authors: Sharifonnasabi Fatemeh , Jhanjhi Noor , John Jacob , Obeidy Peyman , Shamshirband Shahab , Alinejad Rokny Hamid
Published: February 2022

Age estimation in dental radiographs Orthopantomography (OPG) is a medical imaging technique that physicians and pathologists utilise for disease identification and legal matters. For example, for estimating post-mortem interval, detecting child abuse, drug trafficking, and identifying an unknown body. Recent development in automated image processing models improved the age estimation's limited precision to an approximate range of +/- one year. While this estimation is often accepted as accurate measurement, age estimation should be as precise as possible in most serious matters, such as homicide. Current age estimation techniques are highly dependent on manual and time-consuming image processing. Age estimation is often a time-sensitive matter in which the image processing time is vital. Recent development in Machine learning-based data processing methods has decreased the imaging time processing; however, the accuracy of these techniques remains to be further improved. We proposed an ensemble method of image classifiers and transfer learning techniques to enhance the accuracy of age estimation using OPGs from one year to a couple of months (1-3-6). This hybrid model is based on convolutional neural networks (CNN) and K nearest neighbours (KNN). The hybrid (HCNN-KNN) model was used to investigate 1,922 panoramic dental radiographs of patients aged 15 to 23. These OPGs were obtained from the various teaching institutes and private dental clinics in Malaysia. To minimise the chance of overfitting in our model, we used the principal component analysis (PCA) algorithm and eliminated the features with high correlation. To further enhance the performance of our hybrid model, we performed systematic image pre-processing. We applied a series of classifications to train our model. We have successfully demonstrated that combining these innovative approaches has improved the classification and segmentation and thus the age-estimation outcome of the model. Our findings suggest that our innovative model, for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, successfully estimated the age in classified studies of one year old, six months, three months and one-month-old cases with accuracies of 99.98, 99.96, 99.87, and 98.78 respectively.
Cocoa Extract Exerts Sex-Specific Effects in an Aggressive Hyper-Glycemia Model: A Pilot Study
Authors: Racine Kathryn C. , Iglesias-Carres Lisard , Herring Jacob A. , Ferruzzi Mario G. , Kay Colin D. , Tessem Jeffery S. , Neilson Andrew P.
Published: February 2022

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is characterized by hyperglycemia and insulin resistance. Cocoa may slow T2D development and progression. This study employed male and female BTBR.Cg-Lepob/ob/WiscJ and wild type (WT) controls to assess the potential for cocoa to ameliorate progressive T2D and compare responses between sexes. Mice received diet without (WT, ob/ob) or with cocoa extract (ob/ob + c) for 10 weeks. Glucose and insulin tolerance tests (GTT/ITT) were conducted at weeks 1, 5 and 2, 6, respectively. Cocoa provided mild non-significant protection against weight gain vs. ob/ob control in males but not females. Male ob/ob + c had increasing fasting glucose at weeks 1 and 5 GTTs, with significantly higher levels of fasting glucose than ob/ob control at week 5. This was not seen in females. Cocoa protected against elevated 4-hour fasting glucose in week 2, but not week 6, ITTs. Cocoa partly suppressed hyperinsulinemia in males but significantly amplified it in females and protected against loss of beta cell area in females only. The mechanisms of these sex-specific effects remain to be elucidated. This study informs additional experiments with larger sample sizes and demonstrates that sex differences must be considered when designing dietary interventions for T2D.
The Complex Universe
Authors: Laforet Christopher
Published: February 2022

In this paper, it is proposed that the correct metric for relativistic cosmology is one which has not only spatial curvature, but time curvature as well, and that it is the curvature of the time dimension that is the source of the accelerated expansion. It is argued that the FRW metric, whose time dimension is uncurved, is effectively a Newtonian approximation to the true cosmological metric and that the internal Schwarzschild metric is the true cosmological metric describing the 3D space of the Universe falling through the time dimension. The unknowns in the internal Schwarzschild metric are solved for using cosmological data and it is shown that the predictions it gives match observations without the need for a cosmological constant. The entire Schwarzschild metric in Kruskal-Sezekeres coordinates is examined and we see that it describes two CPT symmetric Universes moving in opposite directions in the time dimension. One Universe contains matter while the other contains antimatter. It is then shown that due to the sign of the angular term in the internal Schwarzschild metric, the time dimension is the imaginary counterpart of the spatial dimension in the external metric. At the singularity, the geodesics reverse their direction in time and begin to re-collapse toward each other. The matter and antimatter Universes annihilate with each other when they collide at the end of collapse, ultimately decaying into two new matter and antimatter Universes. Finally, we look at the external Schwarzschild solution and find that gravitational event horizons cannot be formed or reached until the end of the re-collapse. We find that all the gravitational event horizons in the Universe represent the same point which is the annihilation event at the end of re-collapse.
Ransomware Family Classification With Ensemble Model Based On Behavior Analysis
Authors: Tasnim Nowshin , Sarker Iqbal H.
Published: February 2022

Ransomware is one of the most dangerous types of malware, which is frequently intended to spread through a network to damage the designated client by encrypting the client’s vulnerable data. Conventional signature-based ransomware detection technique falls behind because it can only detect known anomalies. When it comes to new and non-familiar ransomware traditional system unveils huge shortcomings. For detecting unknown patterns and sorts of new ransomware families,behavior-based anomaly detection approaches are likely to be the most efficient approach. In the wake of this alarming condition, this paper presents an ensemble classification model consisting of three widely used machine learning techniques that include Decision Tree (DT), RandomForest (RF), and K-nearest neighbor (KNN). To achieve the best outcome ensemble soft voting and hard voting techniques are used while classifying ransomware families based on attack attributes. Performance analysis is done by comparing our proposed ensemble models with standalone models on behavioral attributes based ransomware dataset..
A Classical Revival: Human Satellite DNAs Enter The Genomics Era
Authors: Altemose Nicolas
Published: February 2022

The classical human satellite DNAs, also referred to as human satellites 1, 2 and 3 (HSat1, HSat2, HSat3, collectively HSat1-3) constitute the largest individual arrays of tandemly repeated DNA sequences in the genome. Even though they were among the first human DNA sequences to be isolated and characterized at the dawn of molecular biology, HSat1-3 have been left behind in the genomics era and remain among the most enigmatic sequences in the human genome. Although HSat1-3 total roughly 3% of the genome on average, they were almost entirely missing from the human genome reference assembly for 20 years. Recently, the Telomere-to-Telomere Consortium produced the first truly complete assembly of a human genome, including the enormous HSat1-3 arrays, opening them up for a new wave of discovery. Towards this end, here, I provide an account of the history and current understanding of HSat1-3 genomics, evolution, and roles in disease.
The Unmet Need for Orthopaedic Services Among American Indian and Alaska Native Communities in the United States
Authors: Ottesen Taylor D. , Amick Michael , Kapadia Ami , Ziatyk Elizabeth Q. , Joe Jennie R. , Sequist Thomas D. , Agarwal-Harding Kiran J.
Published: February 2022

Historic and present-day marginalization has resulted in a high burden of disease and worse health outcomes for American Indian and Alaska Native (AI/AN) communities in the United States. Musculoskeletal disease is the leading cause of disability for the general population in the U.S. today. However, few have examined musculoskeletal disease burden and access to orthopaedic surgical care in the AI/AN communities. A high prevalence of hip dysplasia, arthritis, back pain, and diabetes, and a high incidence of trauma and road traffic-related mortality, suggest a disproportionately high burden of musculoskeletal pathology among the AI/AN communities and a substantial need for orthopaedic surgical services. Unfortunately, AI/AN patients face many barriers to receiving specialty care, including long travel distances and limited transportation to health facilities, inadequate staff and resources at Indian Health Service (IHS)-funded facilities, insufficient funding for referral to specialists outside of the IHS network, and sociocultural barriers that complicate health-system navigation and erode trust between patients and providers. For those who manage to access orthopaedic surgery, AI/AN patients face worse outcomes and more complications than White patients. There is an urgent need for orthopaedic surgeons to participate in improving the availability of quality orthopaedic services for AI/AN patients through training and support of local providers, volunteerism, advocating for a greater investment in the IHS Purchased/Referred Care program, expanding telemedicine capabilities, and supporting community-based participatory research activities.
Risk Factors for Delayed Hospital Admission and Surgical Treatment of Open Tibial Fractures in Tanzania
Authors: Holler Jordan T. , Cortez Abigail , Challa Sravya , Eliezer Edmund , Hoanga Billy , Morshed Saam , Shearer David W.
Published: February 2022

Background:

Open fractures, especially of the tibia, require prompt intervention to achieve optimal patient outcomes. While open tibial shaft fractures are common injuries in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), there is a dearth of literature examining delays to surgery for these injuries in low-resource settings. This study investigated risk factors for delayed management of open tibial fractures in Tanzania.

Methods:

We conducted an ad hoc analysis of adult patients enrolled in a prospective observational study at a tertiary referral center in Tanzania from 2015 to 2017. Multivariable models were utilized to analyze risk factors for delayed hospital presentation of ≥2 hours, median time from injury to the treatment hospital, and delayed surgical treatment of ≥12 hours after admission among patients with diaphyseal open tibial fractures.

Results:

Two hundred and forty-nine patients met the inclusion criteria. Only 12% of patients used an ambulance, 41% were delayed ≥2 hours in presentation to the first hospital, 75% received an interfacility referral, and 10% experienced a delay to surgery of ≥12 hours after admission. After adjusting for injury severity, having insurance (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 0.48; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.24 to 0.96) and wounds with approximated skin edges (aOR = 0.37; 95% CI = 0.20 to 0.66) were associated with a decreased risk of delayed hospital presentation. Interfacility referrals (2.3 hours greater than no referral; p = 0.015) and rural injury location (10.9 hours greater than urban location; p < 0.001) were associated with greater median times to treatment hospital admission. Older age (aOR = 0.54 per 10 years; 95% CI = 0.31 to 0.95), single-person households (aOR = 0.12 compared with ≥8 people; 95% CI = 0.02 to 0.96), and an education level greater than pre-primary (aOR = 0.16; 95% CI = 0.04 to 0.62) were associated with fewer delays to surgery of ≥12 hours after admission.

Conclusions:

Prehospital network and socioeconomic characteristics are associated with delays to open tibial fracture care in Tanzania. Reducing interfacility referrals and implementing surgical cost-reduction strategies may help to reduce delays to open fracture care in LMICs.

Level of Evidence:

Prognostic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Pectoralis Major Injuries
Authors: Brown Symone M. , Cole Wendell W. , Provencher Matthew T. , Mulcahey Mary K.
Published: February 2022

» In the past 20 years, there has been a substantial increase in the prevalence of pectoralis major injuries, largely related to the rising popularity of weight-lifting and participation in contact sports.

» Treatment options are influenced by the severity of the injury, patient age, and the amount and type of physical activity.

» Although there is no consensus as to which treatment method is most effective, previous studies have demonstrated increased satisfaction among patients who undergo operative treatment.

» The average length of time from surgery to return to activity ranges from 6 to 24 months.
Electrical Resistivity Tomography of Alluvial Deposits during Prospecting for Placer Gold
Authors: Olenchenko V.V. , Osipova P.S.
Published: February 2022

—Electrical resistivity tomography has been widely applied in prospecting and exploring gold deposits, but its potential for studying placers has not been sufficiently revealed. It is shown on the basis of numerical simulation and the example of field studies that linear anomalies with high electrical resistivity identified in floodplains correspond to gold-promising stream pool and riffle facies. It is concluded from working with alluvial placers in Kamchatka, Altai, and the Baikal Region that electrical resistivity tomography has a high resolution for solving geological problems, which means that it can be used as the main method for prospecting and exploring placers.
Middle and Upper Miocene Deposits and Facies of Northern Ustyurt (Western Kazakhstan)
Authors: Popov S.V. , Pronin V.G.
Published: February 2022

—We present data on the most complete Neogene sections and wells of northern Ustyurt and the Cis-Aral area. Miocene deposits in the northern chinks and the North Ustyurt depression are composed of sediments of the Tarkhanian, Chokrakian, Karaganian, Konkian, and Sarmatian regional stages of the Eastern Paratethys, which are overlapped by lower Pontian beds. The distribution of thickness and facies shows that the North Ustyurt depression remained the main synclinal structure of the region, along which the waters of all Miocene transgressions were spread. Sandy material was brought by the rivers from the north: A sandy lens of Chokrakian age is traced along the Shomishtykol Sor almost to the axial part of the depression. Transgressions were pulsating, and the lower and middle Sarmatian deposits were most widespread. These data are presented as a geological profile near Beineu Village and as schematic maps of facies for the middle Miocene regional stages.
Three-Dimensional Model of Oil and Gas Reservoirs Based on Gaussian Beam Processing of Scattered Seismic Waves
Authors: Cheverda V.A. , Protasov M.I. , Lisitsa V.V. , Reshetova G.V. , Petrov D.A. , Mel’nik A.A. , Shilikov V.V. , Mel’nikov R.S. , Volyanskaya V.V.
Published: February 2022

—The efficiency of the development of an oil and gas field is largely determined by the knowledge of its geologic structure. In the recent decade, complex fractured carbonate reservoirs have attracted more and more attention. This paper is concerned with a new technology for constructing 3D images of complex reservoirs, based on Gaussian beam processing of scattered seismic waves. This technology was developed at OOO RN-KrasnoyarskNIPIneft’ in cooperation with the Trofimuk Institute of Petroleum Geology and Geophysics. To test it, a special synthetic model was constructed, which is analogous to one of the licensed objects of PAO NK Rosneft’. For this purpose, a full-scale 3D seismic was performed, which provided us with synthetic wave fields and made it possible to carry out well-controlled numerical experiments for reconstructing the geologic structure of the object of study. One of the distinctive features of the constructed digital model (digital twin) is the presentation of faults not as some ideal slip surfaces but as 3D geologic bodies filled with tectonic breccias. A series of numerical experiments was performed to simulate such breccias, the geometry of these bodies, and the geomechanical processes of fault formation. To select the parameters of the used method of discrete elements, we used the information obtained by geophysical studies in horizontal wells crossing the fault within the geologic prototype of the constructed digital model.
The First Data on the Mineralogy and Geochemistry of the Suspension of Lake Onego
Authors: Strakhovenko V.D. , Belkina N.A. , Efremenko N.A. , Potakhin M.S. , Subetto D.A. , Frolova L.A. , Nigamatzyanova G.R. , Ludikova A.V. , Ovdina E.A.
Published: February 2022

—This paper presents the first data on the mineralogy, geochemistry, and quantitative distribution of suspension determined with the use of sedimentation traps installed in Lake Onego (the exposure time was one year (2019)). The obtained data on the mineralogic and geochemical composition of the recent suspension of the Onego water column are compared with the data for the surface layer of the lake bottom sediments (0–10 cm). Data on the sedimentation rates for the substance determined with the sedimentation traps have been obtained for the first time for Lake Onego. The estimates of the sedimentation rates differ slightly from the results of calculation of the sedimentation rates by radioisotope dating based on the distribution of 210Pb activity in the upper layer of bottom sediments in combination with the data on 137Cs. It has been established that the mineral part of the dispersed sedimentary matter that entered the lake reaches the bottom sediment without significant changes. The geochemistry of the sedimentation traps is similar in many respects to the geochemistry of the upper part of the bottom sediments (0–10 cm) in different areas of Lake Onego. The dispersed sedimentary material and the bottom sediment differ in the amount of the biogenic part (in the bottom sediment layer (0–10 cm), the biogenic part loses a significant part of organic matter). The bottom sediments are characterized by a strong predominance of the ferruginous varieties of illite and chlorite, in contrast to the suspension with the prevailing Mg–Fe varieties of these minerals. Degraded mica minerals brought by rivers are regenerated to normal ferruginous illites and chlorites directly in the uppermost part of the bottom sediments. The bottom sediments are characterized by higher manganese and molybdenum contents, and the material from the sedimentation traps, by high mercury contents.
Surveillance cultures as a tool for choosing empirical antibiotic therapy
Authors: Silva Alice Ramos Oliveira , Oliveira Camila , Lopes Luis Phillipe Nagem , Salgado Diamantino Ribeiro , Lima Elisangela da Costa
Published: February 2022

Background

A daily challenge for the multidisciplinary team in intensive care units (ICUs) is balancing broad-spectrum antibiotics with the appropriate empirical antibiotic therapy.
Aim

To establish the carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacilli screening cultures predictives values.
Methods

We conducted a retrospective study. We included patients admitted to the intensive care unit for at least 48 hours. We measured carbapenem-resistant negative and positive predictive values, sensitivity, and specificity in Gram-negative bacilli screening cultures.
Results

We included 331 infected patients. We found high negative predictive values in Gram-negative carbapenem-resistant bacilli screening cultures: A. baumannii: 95% (91- 97); P. aeruginosa: 86% (82 - 92); Enterobacteriaceae spp.: 93% (89 - 95). On the other hand, low positive predictive values were found: A. baumannii 27% (15 – 43); P. aeruginosa 35% (15 – 43) and Enterobacteriaceae spp.: 22% (9 – 42). In the same way, screening culture's sensibility was 41% (24 – 61) for A. baumannii, 27% (16 – 41) for P. aeruginosa, and 21% (8 – 41) for Enterobacteriaceae spp. The specificity for A. baumannii was 89% (85 – 93).
Conclusions

If uncolonized patients, screening cultures effectively predict that patients will rarely be infected with carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacilli. Despite previous colonization being an infection factor risk by these pathogens, most colonized patients, when they developed an infection, were not caused by carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacilli. So, screening cultures can be an important tool for pharmacist intervention. Thus, we suggest starting empirical antibiotics aimed at carbapenems-resistant Gram-negative bacilli only in cases where infected patients previously colonized by these pathogens with signs of organ dysfunction.
The Role of Apoptosis and Autophagy in the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) Axis After Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)
Authors: Taheri Serpil , Karaca Zuleyha , Mehmetbeyoglu Ecmel , Hamurcu Zuhal , Yılmaz Zeynep , Dal Fatma , Cınar Venhar , Ulutabanca Halil , Tanriverdi Fatih , Unluhizarci Kursad , Rassoulzadegan Minoo , Kelestimur Fahrettin
Published: February 2022

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the major health problems affecting millions of people worldwide leading to death or permanent damage. TBI affects the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis either by primary injury to the hypothalamic-hypophyseal region or by secondary vascular damage, brain, and/or pituitary edema, vasospasm, and inflammation. Neuroendocrine dysfunctions after TBI have been clinically described in all hypothalamic-pituitary axes. In this study, we focused on the HPA axis-related tissues in the acute and chronic phases of TBI to determine the role of autophagy and apoptosis in the development of endocrine disturbances after TBI.We established a mild TBI (mTBI) in rats using the controlled cortical impact (CCI) model. The hypothalamus, pituitary, and adrenal tissues were collected in the acute (24 hours) and chronic (30 days) groups after TBI; and we investigated autophagy (Lc3, Bcln1, P150, Ulk, and Atg5 ) and apoptosis (pro-caspase-3, cleaved caspase-3) markers in the HPA axis-related tissues using RT-PCR and Western blotting assays.The present data showed that after mTBI, P150 and Atg5 transcripts showed a stable decrement from the acute to chronic phases in the hypothalamus, pituitary, and adrenal glands. In contrast, Bcln1 transcripts were found to be only affected in the adrenal glands, with a prominent increase during the chronic phase. We also evaluated the levels of TNF-α and corticosterone by western blot in the HPA axis-related tissues in the acute and chronic phases after TBI. The increased corticosterone levels in the adrenal glands pointed out the activation of the HPA axis, while high TNF-α levels in the hypothalamus, pituitary, and adrenal glands suggested neuroinflammation.As a result, transcripts related to autophagy were reduced in the hypothalamus, pituitary, and adrenals after TBI; but this was not reflected in autophagy-related protein levels. In contrast, protein markers related to apoptosis increased in the adrenal glands during the acute phase and in the pituitary during the chronic phase. TBI seems to trigger apoptosis by inducing inflammation that can also affect the adrenals in the acute phase; and this situation may lead to an impairment of communication through the hypothalamus, pituitary and adrenal glands. This may explain the permanent damage to the pituitary with increased apoptosis and inflammation in the chronic phase. These findings may contribute to the elucidation of the underlying mechanisms of endocrine dysfunctions such as pituitary and adrenal insufficiency that occur after TBI. Although adrenals are not directly affected by TBI, we suggest that the role of the adrenals together with the hypothalamus and pituitary should not be ignored in the acute phase after TBI.