bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cervical Spine Pain and the Impact on the Quality of Life of Patients with Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Odzimek Martyna , Lipiński Hubert , Błaszczyk Małgorzata , Strózik Patrycja , Zegarek Julia , Dubiński Piotr , Michalska Agata , Klusek Justyna , Żak Marek , Brola Waldemar
Published: November 2024

Background and Objectives: The main aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of cervical pain on the quality of life of patients with multiple sclerosis in comparison with a group of healthy people (without diseases of the Central Nervous System). Materials and Methods: Data were collected at the Specialist Hospital St. Łukasz in Końskie (Poland) in the period from November 2023 to August 2024. The inclusion criteria for this study were as follows: age (20–50 years), women and men, healthy people (without diseases of the Central Nervous System) and people suffering from multiple sclerosis. People from the study group were diagnosed according to the McDonald criteria and tested with the EDSS. The mobility of the cervical spine was measured, and neck pain was assessed using the following: Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), Laitinen Scale and the Neck Disability Index (NDI). All participants self-assessed their quality of life using EuroQol 5D-5L (EQ-5D-5L). Results: 80 people took part in this study, the vast majority of whom were women (71.3%). The most common form of multiple sclerosis was relapsing-remitting (75.0%), and the average EDSS score was higher in the male group (1.6 ± 1.8). Cervical spine pain was reported by 27 people from the study group (67.5%) and 16 people from the control group (40.0%). In both groups, the cervical spine mobility was lower in people with neck pain. The level of cervical spine pain was statistically significantly (p < 0.05) higher in women, people living in small towns and in people with multiple sclerosis, depending on the type of disease and its duration. Cervical spine pain in people with multiple sclerosis was higher in all three scales (VAS mean = 5.7, ES = 0.79; Laitinen Scale mean = 10.1, ES = 0.60; and NDI Scale mean = 21.1, ES = 0.89). The study group obtained significantly higher scores on the EQ-5D scale (mean = 15.3; ES = 0.79) and EQ-VAS (mean = 53.2; ES = 0.94). Conclusions: This study proved that cervical spine pain is more common among people with multiple sclerosis. In these people, this problem is rarely diagnosed and properly treated.
Investigating Antibacterial Activity of Copper-Silver-Cerium Alloys
Authors: Su Chen-Ying , Kameoka Satoshi , Tsai Yu-Cheng , Cheng Qiao-Ping , Wu Shu-Hsuan , Liu Yi-Xin , Fang Hsu-Wei
Published: November 2024

Antibacterial alloys are widely applied to reduce the incidence of medical-implant-associated infection. Copper (Cu) and silver (Ag) are commonly used in antibacterial alloys; however, rare earth elements, such as Cerium (Ce), are now gaining attention because their low trace is sufficient for killing bacteria. Accordingly, the antibacterial activity of Copper48-Silver48-Cerium4 (CuAgCe4) alloys with different crystalline structures was investigated. The immersion approach was employed for alloys cultured with Escherichia coli, and a direct contact method was used for alloys cultured with Staphylococcus aureus. Surface morphology was observed when alloys were made, and the crystalline structures of alloys were examined before and after being cultured with bacteria. The immersion method revealed that all the CuAgCe4 alloy samples could inhibit the growth of Escherichia coli, and the crystallized structures were distorted after the alloys were cultured with bacteria. Conversely, the direct contact approach showed the crystalline structures of CuAgCe4 alloys remained unchanged after the culture with Staphylococcus aureus, thereby indicating that the antibacterial activity did not correspond to the crystalline structures. Despite the lack of clarity surrounding the possible antibacterial mechanisms of CuAgCe4 alloy, the current findings demonstrate the potential antibacterial effects of CuAgCe4 alloy in medical implants.
Interkingdom Communication via Extracellular Vesicles: Unraveling Plant and Pathogen Interactions and Its Potential for Next-Generation Crop Protection
Authors: Li Fei , Lu Yuntong , Xi Kuanling , Li Yuke , Chen Xiaoyan , Wang Puchang , Huang Xiaolong
Published: November 2024

Recent advancements in the field of plant–pathogen interactions have spotlighted the role of extracellular vesicles (EVs) as pivotal mediators of cross-kingdom communication, offering new vistas for enhancing crop protection strategies. EVs are instrumental in the transport of small regulatory RNAs (sRNAs) and other bioactive molecules across species boundaries, thus playing a critical role in the molecular warfare between plants and pathogens. This review elucidates the sophisticated mechanisms by which plants utilize EVs to dispatch sRNAs that silence pathogenic genes, fortifying defenses against microbial threats. Highlighting both eukaryotic and prokaryotic systems, this review delves into the biogenesis, isolation, and functional roles of EVs, illustrating their importance not only in fundamental biological processes but also in potential therapeutic applications. Recent studies have illuminated the significant role of EVs in facilitating communication between plants and pathogens, highlighting their potential in host-defense mechanisms. However, despite these advancements, challenges remain in the efficient isolation and characterization of plant-derived EVs. Overcoming these challenges is critical for fully harnessing their potential in developing next-generation crop protection strategies. This review proposes innovative strategies for utilizing RNA-based interventions delivered via EVs to bolster plant resilience against diseases. By integrating the latest scientific findings with practical applications in agriculture, this review aims to enhance the connection between fundamental plant biology and the development of innovative crop management technologies.
Optimizing Ultrasound Probe Disinfection for Healthcare-Associated Infection Control: A Comparative Analysis of Disinfectant Efficacy
Authors: Ferrara Gaetano , Cangelosi Giovanni , Morales Palomares Sara , Mancin Stefano , Melina Marianna , Diamanti Orejeta , Sguanci Marco , Amendola Antonella , Petrelli Fabio
Published: November 2024

Background/Aims: Ultrasound is a key diagnostic tool in modern medicine due to its ability to provide real-time, high-resolution images of the internal structures of the human body. Despite its undeniable advantages, there are challenges related to the contamination of ultrasound probes, with the risk of healthcare-associated infections. The aim of this review was to identify the most effective disinfectants for disinfecting ultrasound probes to prevent the transmission of pathogens between patients. Methods: A narrative review was conducted using the PubMed, CINAHL, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases, resulting in the inclusion of 16 studies from an initial 1202 records. Results: Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was the most effective disinfectant, especially in automated systems, achieving a >5-log10 reduction in viral load, including that of resistant pathogens like Human Papillomavirus. Chlorhexidine gluconate (4%) demonstrated strong antibacterial efficacy, eliminating 84.62% of bacterial contamination, but was less effective against viral pathogens. Glutaraldehyde was effective in some cases, though its use carried a higher risk of probe damage. The use of sodium hypochlorite varied across guidelines; some endorsed it for COVID-19 prevention, while others cautioned against its application due to potential probe damage. Conclusions: This study highlights the importance of advanced disinfection technologies and strict adherence to protocols in improving infection control. Automated systems utilizing H2O2 strike an ideal balance between antimicrobial efficacy and equipment preservation. Future research should focus on developing disinfection methods that prioritize safety, cost-effectiveness, and environmental sustainability in various clinical environments.
Quantifying the Impurity Distribution in Spherical Graphite: The Limitation of Flotation for Graphite Purification Explained
Authors: Dong Huazhong , Qiu Yangshuai , Mai Yigan , Liu Jilin , You Dahai , Sun Kangkang
Published: November 2024

Spherical graphite (SG) is a crucial raw material for the preparation of lithium-ion battery anodes. The rapid advancement of Li-ion battery materials has imposed rigorous demands on the production of ultrapure SG materials. However, SG derived from natural flake graphite (FG) via spheronization often fails to meet these quality requirements. This study investigates the physical and chemical properties of SG and the natural FG used in its production, employing techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis, and various microscopy techniques. Results reveal that FG purified via flotation retains significant impurities, and the spheronization process yields only marginal improvements in SG quality. Most impurities are distributed in the intercalation of the graphite flakes, while a smaller fraction is contributed by flotation entrainment. These distributions were visualized using FIB-SEM-EDS analysis and quantified through additional flotation tests in highly dilute solutions. This study offers a promising strategy for determining the distribution of impurities in graphite minerals and explains the limitations of flotation in upgrading graphite materials from a more microscopic perspective. Furthermore, it provides practical guidance for further SG purification using hydrometallurgical leaching techniques.
Laccase Production Optimization from Recombinant E. coli BL21 Codon Plus Containing Novel Laccase Gene from Bacillus megaterium for Removal of Wastewater Textile Dye
Authors: Mustafa Zannara , Haq Ikram ul , Nawaz Ali , Alessa Abdulrahman H. , Aftab Muhammad Nauman , Alsaigh Ahmad A. , Rehman Aziz ur
Published: November 2024

The aim of the present research was the efficient degradation of industrial textile wastewater dyes using a very active cloned laccase enzyme. For this purpose, potent laccase-producing bacteria were isolated from soil samples collected from wastewater-replenished textile sites in Punjab, Pakistan. The laccase gene from locally isolated strain LI-81, identified as Bacillus megaterium, was cloned into vector pET21a, which was further transformed into E. coli BL21 codon plus. The optimized conditions for the increased production of laccase include fermentation in a 2% glucose, 5% yeast extract and 250 mg/L CuSO4 medium with pH 7.5; inoculation with 5% inoculum; induction with 0.1 mM IPTG at 0.5 O.D.; and incubation for 36 h at 37 °C. The crude enzyme produced was employed for the removal of commercially used textile dyes. The dyes were quickly precipitated under optimized reaction conditions. Rose bengal, brilliant green, brilliant blue G, Coomassie brilliant blue R and methylene blue were precipitated at rates of 10.69, 54.47, 84.04, 78.99 and 7.40%, respectively. The FTIR and UV–Vis spectroscopic analyses of dyes before and after confirmed the chemical changes brought about by the cloned laccase that led to the dye removal.
Osmotic Dehydration of Japanese Quince (Chaenomeles japonica) Fruits in Erythritol Solutions: Impact of Processing Conditions on the Kinetic Parameters and on Physicochemical and Antioxidant Properties of the Fruits
Authors: Wojtyś Angelika , Pietrzyk Sławomir , Bogacz Sylwia , Witkowicz Robert
Published: November 2024

The present work aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of erythritol as an osmotic agent in the osmotic dehydration (OD) process of Japanese quince fruits and to assess its effects on their physicochemical and antioxidant properties. The efficiency of the OD process was determined by examining its kinetics and comparing the results to those from a sucrose solution. In selected osmotically dehydrated fruits, the following parameters were determined: dry matter content, total acidity, pH, sugar profile, color parameters, total phenolic and flavonoid content, antioxidant activity (DPPH and ABTS assays), and vitamin C content. Moreover, principal component analysis (PCA) was also performed. Generally, the OD process using a 40% erythritol solution demonstrated the most efficient kinetics among all osmotic agents tested; however, fruits dehydrated in this solution also showed the most significant changes in physicochemical and antioxidant properties compared to fresh fruits. Remarkably, Japanese quince fruits dehydrated in a 30% erythritol solution exhibited higher levels of total phenolic, flavonoid, vitamin C, and antioxidant activity than those treated with a 50% sucrose solution, despite displaying similar dehydration kinetics. The use of erythritol solutions also led to a decrease in sugar content. In turn, PCA analysis confirmed a correlation between pH values and the L* color parameter, with the highest L* value observed in fruits dehydrated with the sucrose solution. Thus, erythritol may be utilized as a low-calorie alternative to sucrose as an osmotic agent while simultaneously minimizing the loss of antioxidant compounds.
Review of the Integrated Approaches for Monitoring and Treating Parabens in Water Matrices
Authors: Ramutshatsha-Makhwedzha Denga , Munonde Tshimangadzo S.
Published: November 2024

Due to their antibacterial and antifungal properties, parabens are commonly used as biocides and preservatives in food, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals. Parabens have been reported to exist in various water matrices at low concentrations, which renders the need for sample preparation before their quantification using analytical techniques. Thus, sample preparation methods such as solid-phase extraction (SPE), rotating-disk sorptive extraction (RDSE), and vortex-assisted dispersive liquid–liquid extraction (VA-DLLE) that are commonly used for parabens extraction and preconcentration have been discussed. As a result of sample preparation methods, analytical techniques now detect parabens at trace levels ranging from µg/L to ng/L. These compounds have been detected in water, air, soil, and human tissues. While the full impact of parabens on human health and ecosystems is still being debated in the scientific community, it is widely recognized that parabens can act as endocrine disruptors. Furthermore, some studies have suggested that parabens may have carcinogenic effects. The presence of parabens in the environment is primarily due to wastewater discharges, which result in widespread contamination and their concentrations increased during the COVID-19 pandemic waves. Neglecting the presence of parabens in water exposes humans to these compounds through contaminated food and drinking water. Although there are reviews that focus on the occurrence, fate, and behavior of parabens in the environment, they frequently overlook critical aspects such as removal methods, policy development, and regulatory frameworks. Addressing this gap, the effective treatment of parabens in water relies on combined approaches that address both cost and operational challenges. Membrane filtration methods, such as nanofiltration (NF) and reverse osmosis (RO), demonstrate high efficacy but are hindered by maintenance and energy costs due to extensive fouling. Innovations in anti-fouling and energy efficiency, coupled with pre-treatment methods like adsorption, help mitigate these costs and enhance scalability. Furthermore, combining adsorption with advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) or biological treatments significantly improves economic and energy efficiency. Integrating systems like O₃/UV with activated carbon, along with byproduct recovery strategies, further advances circular economy goals by minimizing waste and resource use. This review provides a thorough overview of paraben monitoring in wastewater, current treatment techniques, and the regulatory policies that govern their presence. Furthermore, it provides perspectives that are critical for future scientific investigations and shaping policies aimed at mitigating the risks of parabens in drinking water.
Core–Shell Chitosan Particles Targeting Membrane-Bound Heat Shock Protein 70 for Cancer Therapy
Authors: Svirshchevskaya Elena V. , Kostenko Valentina V. , Boyko Anna A. , Shevtsov Maxim , Kholodenko Roman V. , Grechikhina Maria V. , Gracheva Iuliia A. , Fedorov Alexey Yu. , Sapozhnikov Alexander M.
Published: November 2024

Anti-cancer targeted therapy is a promising approach. However, the identification of target molecules over-expressed in a wide range of tumors remains a significant challenge. The aim of this study was to analyze the expression of cell membrane-exposed heat shock protein 70 kDa (mHSP70) on different tumor cells and to develop a nanoscale delivery system based on a monoclonal antibody (mAb) that recognizes mHSP70 and uses chitosan core–shell nanoparticles (NPs). Several types of tumor cells (breast, pancreas, colon, prostate cancers, and some lymphomas) expressed mHSP70 as was determined by flow cytometry and confocal microscopy both in 2D and 3D cultures. Core NPs were formed by chitosan (C) conjugated to allocolchicinoid, which was used as a model drug (D). mAbs (A) targeting mHSP70 were complexed with succinylchitosan and used as NP shells forming final CAD-NPs. These NPs were characterized by size, charge, and functional activity. CAD-NPs were shown to have additional toxicity in comparison with CD-NPs in mHSP7-positive cells. Taken collectively, this study shows that mAb to mHSP70 can be used as a targeting vector in antitumor therapy.
Biocompatibility Analysis of the Silver-Coated Microporous Titanium Implants Manufactured with 3D-Printing Technology
Authors: Shevtsov Maxim , Pitkin Emil , Combs Stephanie E. , Yudintceva Natalia , Nazarov Denis , Meulen Greg Van Der , Preucil Chris , Akkaoui Michael , Pitkin Mark
Published: November 2024

3D-printed microporous titanium scaffolds enjoy good biointegration with the residuum’s soft and bone tissues, and they promote excellent biomechanical properties in attached prostheses. Implant-associated infection, however, remains a major clinical challenge. Silver-based implant coatings can potentially reduce bacterial growth and inhibit biofilm formation, thereby reducing the risk of periprosthetic infections. In the current study, a 1-µm thick silver coating was prepared on the surface of a 3D-printed microporous titanium alloy with physical vapor deposition (PVD), with a final silver content of 1.00 ± 02 mg/cm2. Cell viability was evaluated with an MTT assay of MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts and human dermal fibroblasts cultured on the surface of the implants, and showed low cytotoxicity for cells during the 14-day follow-up period. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis of the relative gene expression of the extracellular matrix components (fibronectin, vitronectin, type I collagen) and cell adhesion markers (α2, α5, αV, β1 integrins) in dermal fibroblasts showed that cell adhesion was not reduced by the silver coating of the microporous implants. An RT-PCR analysis of gene expression related to osteogenic differentiation, including TGF-β1, SMAD4, osteocalcin, osteopontin, and osteonectin in MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts, demonstrated that silver coating did not reduce the osteogenic activity of cells and, to the contrary, enhanced the activity of the TGF-β signaling pathway. For representative sample S5 on day 14, the gene expression levels were 7.15 ± 0.29 (osteonectin), 6.08 ± 0.12 (osteocalcin), and 11.19 ± 0.77 (osteopontin). In conclusion, the data indicate that the silver coating of the microporous titanium implants did not reduce the biointegrative or osteoinductive properties of the titanium scaffold, a finding that argues in favor of applying this coating in designing personalized osseointegrated implants.
Application of Polyvinyl Alcohol–Ethylene Glycol Hydrogel Technology for Removing Animal Glue in Book Restoration Based on Fluorescent Labeling Evaluation
Authors: Wang Jia , Xu Yuting , Tian Canxin , Yu Yunjiang , Zou Changwei
Published: November 2024

This study developed a novel material based on polyvinyl alcohol–ethylene glycol (PVA-EG) hydrogel and systematically evaluated its potential application in the removal of animal glue from book surfaces. The microstructure, surface properties, and mechanical characteristics of the PVA-EG hydrogel were analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), contact angle measurements, a universal testing machine, and a dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). The introduction of ethylene glycol (EG) could weaken hydrogen bonding interactions between PVA chains to enhance the molecular chain flexibility of the hydrogel. Notably, the 10% PVA-EG hydrogel shows better crystallinity, higher hydrophilicity, and optimal balance between mechanical strength and flexibility compared to pure PVA, which is conducive to improving the efficiency of the removal of animal glue. Additionally, the effectiveness of the process of removing animal glue was verified by real-time monitoring using europium nitrate at a concentration of 0.4% (w/v) as a fluorescent marker. Such hydrogels with high mechanical properties, strong surface hydrophilicity, good removal efficiency, and gentle treatment characteristics have potential applications in the restoration of cultural heritage.
Versatile Porphyrin Arrangements for Photodynamic Therapy—A Review
Authors: Glowacka-Sobotta Arleta , Czarczynska-Goslinska Beata , Ziental Daniel , Wysocki Marcin , Michalak Maciej , Güzel Emre , Sobotta Lukasz
Published: November 2024

Nanotechnology is an emerging field that involves the development of nanoscale particles, their fabrication methods, and potential applications. From nanosized inorganic particles to biopolymers, the variety of nanoparticles is unstoppably growing, offering huge opportunities for drug delivery. Various nanoformulations, such as nanoparticles, nanocomposites, and nanoemulsions, have been developed to enhance drug stability, solubility, and tissue penetration. Moreover, nanocarriers can be specifically engineered to target diseased cells or release the drug in a controllable manner, minimizing damage to surrounding healthy tissues and reducing side effects. This review focuses on the combinations between porphyrin derivatives and nanocarriers applied in photodynamic therapy (PDT). PDT has emerged as a significant advance in medicine, offering a low-invasive method for managing infections, the treatment of tumors, and various dermatoses. The therapy relies on the activation of a photosensitizer by light, which results in the generation of reactive oxygen species. Despite their favorable properties, porphyrins reveal non-specific distribution within the body. Nanotechnology has the capability to enhance the PS delivery and its activation. This review explores the potential improvements that are provided by the use of nanotechnology in the PDT field.
Ketogenic Diet and Neuroinflammation: Implications for Neuroimmunometabolism and Therapeutic Approaches to Refractory Epilepsy
Authors: Guerreiro Daniela , Almeida Anabela , Ramalho Renata
Published: November 2024

Refractory epilepsy, characterized by seizures that do not respond to standard antiseizure medications, remains a significant clinical challenge. The central role of the immune system on the occurrence of epileptic disorders has been long studied, but recent perspectives on immunometabolism and neuroinflammation are reshaping scientific knowledge. The ketogenic diet and its variants have been considered an important medical nutrition therapy for refractory epilepsy and may have a potential modulation effect on the immune system, specifically, on the metabolism of immune cells. In this comprehensive review, we gathered current evidence-based practice, ketogenic diet variants and interventional ongoing clinical trials addressing the role of the ketogenic diet in epilepsy. We also discussed in detail the ketogenic diet metabolism and its anticonvulsant mechanisms, and the potential role of this diet on neuroinflammation and neuroimmunometabolism, highlighting Th17/Treg homeostasis as one of the most interesting aspects of ketogenic diet immune modulation in refractory epilepsy, deserving consideration in future clinical trials.
Enhancing the Impact of Individualized Nutrition Therapy with Real-Time Continuous Glucose Monitoring Feedback in Overweight and Obese Individuals with Prediabetes
Authors: Basiri Raedeh , Cheskin Lawrence J.
Published: November 2024

Background/Objectives: prediabetes is a significant risk factor for the development of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, chronic kidney disease, and other complications. Early diagnosis of prediabetes, coupled with education on lifestyle changes that support blood glucose management, are crucial for the prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes and related complications. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of incorporating real-time feedback from continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) into individualized nutrition therapy (INT) on blood glucose control in individuals with prediabetes who are overweight or obese. Methods: participants (mean age ± SD: 55 ± 6 years; BMI: 31.1 ± 4.1 kg/m²) were randomly assigned to either the treatment group (n = 15) or the control group (n = 15). Both groups received INT and CGM, but the control group was blinded to the CGM data until the end of this study. Participants were followed for 30 days and visited the lab every 10 days for CGM replacement, study measurements, and dietary consultations. Results: the treatment group showed a significant increase in the percentage of time spent in the target blood glucose range (p = 0.02) and a significant decrease in the mean blood glucose concentration (p < 0.05), glucose management indicator (p = 0.02), percent coefficient of variation for blood glucose (p = 0.01), and percent time spent in the high or very high blood glucose ranges (p = 0.04). These changes were not statistically significant for the control group. Conclusions: adding CGM feedback to INT resulted in better management of blood glucose levels in overweight or obese individuals with prediabetes.
Year-Long Prevalence and Antibiotic Resistance Profiles of Salmonella enterica Serogroups Isolated from a Wisconsin Dairy Farm
Authors: Deblois Courtney L. , Tu Andrew D. J. , Scheftgen Andrew J. , Suen Garret
Published: November 2024

Salmonella enterica infections can significantly impact the health and productivity of dairy cattle. Asymptomatic carriage of Salmonella can make it difficult to identify and monitor this pathogen across a herd. Therefore, a more focused Salmonella census on dairy farms is needed to better understand the dynamics of asymptomatic carriage. Here, we monitored the prevalence of Salmonella enterica on a dairy operation in Wisconsin, USA. Fecal samples were collected over 12 months from cattle and the farm environment, subjected to Salmonella isolation, serogrouped, and tested for antibiotic resistance. Salmonella was highly prevalent on this farm, with an average of 90% of the cattle being carriers. Total recovery of Salmonella from environmental samples ranged from 40 to 90%. Four serogroups were identified on the farm, with K being most common in cattle and C being most common in the environment. Antibiotic resistance was tested against eight antibiotics and was found to be highest for neomycin (44.5%) and sulfadimethoxine (86.3%). Our data show that serogroups associated with asymptomatic carriages are persistent and highly prevalent, with niche specificity to different locations. These results provide useful information for studying within-herd transmission of Salmonella and contributes to our understanding of transmission risks within the farm ecosystem.
Exploring 3D Printing in Drug Development: Assessing the Potential of Advanced Melt Drop Deposition Technology for Solubility Enhancement by Creation of Amorphous Solid Dispersions
Authors: Lamrabet Nabil , Hess Florian , Leidig Philip , Marx Andreas , Kipping Thomas
Published: November 2024

Background: Melt-based 3D printing technologies are currently extensively evaluated for research purposes as well as for industrial applications. Classical approaches often require intermediates, which can pose a risk to stability and add additional complexity to the process. The Advanced Melt Drop Deposition (AMDD) technology, is a 3D printing process that combines the principles of melt extrusion with pressure-driven ejection, similar to injection molding. This method offers several advantages over traditional melt-based 3D printing techniques, making it particularly suitable for pharmaceutical applications. Objectives: This study evaluates the AMDD printing system for producing solid oral dosage forms, with a primary focus on the thermo-stable polymer polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). The suitability of AMDD technology for creating amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) is also examined. Finally, the study aims to define the material requirements and limitations of the raw materials used in the process. Methods: The active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) indometacin and ketoconazole were used, with PVA 4-88 serving as the carrier polymer. Powders, wet granulates, and pellets were investigated as raw materials and characterized. Dissolution testing and content analyses were performed on the printed dosage forms. Solid-state characterization was conducted using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Degradation due to thermal and mechanical stress was analyzed using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). Results/Conclusions: The results demonstrate that the AMDD 3D printing process is well-suited for producing solid dosage forms. Tablets were successfully printed, meeting mass uniformity standards. Adjusting the infill volume from 30% to 100% effectively controlled the drug release rate of the tablets. Solid-state analysis revealed that the AMDD process can produce amorphous solid dispersions with enhanced solubility compared to their crystalline form. The experiments also demonstrated that powders with a particle size of approximately 200 µm can be directly processed using AMDD technology.
Tackling Pharmaceutical Pollution Along the Product Lifecycle: Roles and Responsibilities for Producers, Regulators and Prescribers
Authors: Parker Gillian , Miller Fiona A.
Published: November 2024

Pharmaceuticals produce considerable environmental harm. The industry’s resource-intensive nature, coupled with high energy costs for manufacturing and transportation, contribute to the “upstream” harms from greenhouse gas emissions and ecosystem pollution, while factors such as overprescription, overuse, and pharmaceutical waste contribute to the “downstream” harms. Effectively addressing pharmaceutical pollution requires an understanding of the key roles and responsibilities along the product lifecycle. In this commentary, we argue that three actors—producers, regulators, and prescribers—have unique and interdependent responsibilities to address these issues. Producers and market access regulators are upstream actors who can manage and mitigate harms by both shifting manufacturing, business practices, and regulatory requirements and producing transparent, robust data on environmental harms. By contrast, prescribers are downstream actors whose capacity to reduce environmental harms arises principally as a “co-benefit” of reducing inappropriate prescribing and overuse. Potentially complicating the prescriber’s role are the calls for prescribers to recommend “environmentally preferable medicines”. These calls continue to increase, even with the sparsity of transparent and robust data on the impact of pharmaceuticals on the environment. Recognizing the interdependencies among actors, we argue that, rather than being ineffectual, these calls draw needed attention to the critical responsibility for upstream actors to prioritize data production, reporting standards and public transparency to facilitate future downstream efforts to tackle pharmaceutical pollution.
Modeling of Complex Integrated Photonic Resonators Using the Scattering Matrix Method
Authors: Jin Di , Ren Sian , Hu Junkai , Huang Duan , Moss David J. , Wu Jiayang
Published: November 2024

We propose a universal approach for modeling complex integrated photonic resonators based on the scattering matrix method. By dividing devices into basic elements including directional couplers and connecting waveguides, our approach can be used to model integrated photonic resonators with both unidirectional and bidirectional light propagation, with the simulated spectral response showing good agreement with experimental results. A simplified form of our approach, which divides devices into several independent submodules such as microring resonators and Sagnac interferometers, is also introduced to streamline the calculation of spectral transfer functions. Finally, we discuss the deviations introduced by approximations in our modeling, along with strategies for improving modeling accuracy. Our approach is universal across different integrated platforms, providing a useful tool for designing and optimizing integrated photonic devices with complex configurations.
Prediction of Power Fluctuations of Gaussian Beams After Transmission Through Turbulent Atmosphere
Authors: Wan Zhihao , Zhu Jiayi , Huang Cheng , He Zhimin , Zeng Jun , Chen Fuchang , Yu Chaoqun , Li Yan , Chen Huanting , Zhang Yongtao , Pu Jixiong , Lin Huichuan
Published: November 2024

As laser beams propagate through free space, power fluctuation occurs due to atmospheric turbulence, which significantly increases the bit error rate of free-space optical communication. If the precise prediction of power fluctuations can be achieved, it will be of great benefit for improving communication efficiency. To achieve this goal, this paper proposes a novel Time Series Long Short-Term Memory Fully Connected Processing Network (TSLSTMFCPN), which consists of two long short-term memory (LSTM) network layers and a fully connected layer, for predicting the power fluctuations of laser beams caused by atmospheric turbulence. The experimental results show that the mean absolute percentage error of the TSLSTMFCPN in predicting laser power fluctuations is only 1.2%. This result indicates that this model can accurately predict the laser power fluctuations caused by atmospheric turbulence. Our results are expected to be applied in free-space optical communication systems and imaging laser radar system.
AtAUEs, a Small Family of ABA Up-Regulated EAR Motif-Containing Proteins Regulate ABA Responses in Arabidopsis
Authors: Wang Wei , Wang Xutong , Liu Xiaoyu , Wang Yating , Li Yingying , Hussain Saddam , Jing Xiaoxiao , Chen Siyu , Wang Shucai
Published: November 2024

The abscisic acid (ABA) signaling pathway is crucial for regulating downstream ABA-responsive genes, which influence plant responses to ABA and abiotic stresses. However, many ABA-responsive genes remain poorly characterized. This study reports on the identification and characterization of ABA up-regulated EAR motif-containing proteins (AtAUEs), a novel family of EAR motif-containing proteins in Arabidopsis thaliana. From a previous transcriptome dataset, AtAUEs were identified as a family of unknown-function ABA-response genes with only five members, and the up-regulation of AtAUEs by ABA was further confirmed by quantitative RT-PCR (qRT PCR). All AtAUEs contain at least one LxLxL EAR motif and can repress reporter gene expression in Arabidopsis protoplasts. We generated CRISPR/Cas9 gene-edited ataue1, ataue2 and ataue3 single, ataue1 ataue2 (ataue12) double, and ataue1 ataue2 ataue3 (ataue123) triple mutants, as well as transgenic plants overexpressing AtAUE1, and examined their ABA sensitivity. We found that the single and double mutants displayed wild-type responses to ABA treatment, while the ataue123 triple mutants showed increased sensitivity in seed germination and cotyledon greening assays but decreased sensitivity to ABA treatment in root elongation assays. Conversely, the 35S:AtAUE1 showed decreased sensitivity in seed germination and cotyledon greening assays but increased sensitivity to ABA treatment in root elongation assays. The qRT PCR results show that the expression level of ABI5 was increased in the ataue123 mutants and decreased in the 35S:AtAUE1 plants. These findings suggest that AtAUEs function redundantly to regulate ABA responses in Arabidopsis, likely by modulating the expression of key regulatory genes in ABA-signaling pathway.
Community Assembly Mechanisms of Populus euphratica in Northwest China and Their Relationship with Environmental Factors
Authors: Zhu Lijun , Wang Jie , Liu Houji , Zhai Juntuan , Li Zhijun
Published: November 2024

Populus euphratica is a key community-building species in the desert riparian forests of Northwest China, exhibiting exceptional resistance to stress and playing a vital role in soil and water conservation as well as maintaining ecological balance in arid regions. To investigate the ecological processes underlying the composition of P. euphratica communities and to identify their community construction mechanisms, this study analyses the species diversity and phylogenetic diversity of 58 P. euphratica communities, exploring their assembly processes and key influencing factors. This research aims to elucidate the relationship between community structure from the perspective of species evolution and analyse the construction mechanisms of P. euphratica communities across different clusters in arid environments. The results show that the species diversity of P. euphratica clusters in Northwest China is relatively low, and a significant correlation is noted with phylogenetic diversity (PD). The Shannon–Wiener and Margalef indices exhibit similar trends, whereas Simpson’s index show the opposite trends. Pielou’s index range from 0.7 to 0.85. Notably, the PD and species diversity of the P. euphratica–Haloxylon ammodendron association group (Group 4) is significantly higher (p < 0.05) compared to that of the other groups. Additionally, net relatedness index (NRI) and nearest taxon index (NTI) peaked in the P. euphratica–H. ammodendron association group (Group 4) and the Populus pruinosa–Tamarix ramosissima–Phragmites australis association group (Group 1) (p < 0.05). A Pearson correlation analysis indicated that PD was significantly positively correlated with Margalef’s index, Shannon–Wiener’s index, and Pielou’s index, but was significantly negatively correlated with Simpson’s index, while also being associated with environmental factors. Key factors influencing the diversity of P. euphratica communities in Northwest China include total phosphorus, pH, soil moisture content, total potassium, the mean temperature of the coldest quarter, precipitation of the wettest month, and precipitation seasonality. Soil factors primarily affected the Pielou and Simpson indices of species diversity, whereas climatic factors mainly influenced the Margalef and Shannon–Wiener indices. PD and structure were mainly influenced by climatic factors. The combined effects of soil and climatic factors play a crucial role in sustaining the diversity and ecological adaptation of these plant communities. In summary, P. euphratica communities may exhibit a significant ecological niche conservation in response to environmental changes, and competitive exclusion might be the primary process shaping community structure. Climatic factors were shown to be important regulators of community diversity and phylogenetic structure.
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi-Assisted Phytoremediation: A Promising Strategy for Cadmium-Contaminated Soils
Authors: Zhao Shaopeng , Yan Lei , Kamran Muhammad , Liu Shanshan , Riaz Muhammad
Published: November 2024

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) have been shown to play a major role in regulating the accumulation, transport, and toxicity of cadmium (Cd) in plant tissues. This review aims to highlight the current understanding of the mechanisms by which AMF alleviate Cd toxicity in plants. Cd accumulation in agricultural soils has become an increasing global concern due to industrial activities and the use of phosphatic fertilizers. Cd toxicity disrupts various physiological processes in plants, adversely affecting growth, photosynthesis, oxidative stress responses, and secondary metabolism. AMF alleviate Cd stress in plants through multiple mechanisms, including reduced Cd transport into plant roots, improved plant nutritional status, modulation of organic acid and protein exudation, enhanced antioxidant capacity, and maintenance of ion homeostasis. AMF colonization also influences Cd speciation, bioavailability, and compartmentalization within plant tissues. The expression of metal transporter genes, as well as the synthesis of phytochelatins and metallothioneins, are modulated by AMF during Cd stress. However, the efficacy of AMF in mitigating Cd toxicity depends on several factors, such as soil properties, plant species, AMF taxa, and experimental duration. Further knowledge of the intricate plant–AMF–Cd interactions is crucial for optimizing AMF-assisted phytoremediation strategies and developing Cd-tolerant and high-yielding crop varieties for cultivation in contaminated soils.
Novel Simple Approach for Production of Elastic Poly(propylene carbonate)
Authors: Trofimchuk Elena S. , Chernov Igor V. , Toms Roman V. , Rzhevskiy Sergey A. , Asachenko Andrey F. , Plutalova Anna V. , Shandryuk George A. , Chernikova Elena V. , Beletskaya Irina P.
Published: November 2024

The simple approach of increasing the elastic properties of atactic poly(propylene carbonate) (PPC) with Mn = 71.4 kDa, ĐM = Mw/Mn = 1.86, and predominantly carbonate units (>99%) is suggested by selecting the appropriate hot pressing temperature for PPC between 110 and 140 °C. Atactic PPC is synthesized through ring-opening copolymerization of (rac)-propylene oxide and CO2 mediated by racemic salen complex of Co(III). Hot pressing PPC results in the release of a small amount of propylene carbonate (PC), sufficient to lower the glass transition temperature from 39.4 to 26.1 °C. Consequently, increasing the pressing temperature from 110 to 140 °C generates materials with a reduced modulus of elasticity (from 1.94 to 0.09 GPa), yield strength (from 38 to 2 MPa) and increased tensile elongation (from 140 to 940%). Thermomechanical analysis has shown a significant expansion in sample volume by hundreds of percent within the 80–130 °C range. PPC also displays large, reversible deformations, which can be utilized by creating shape memory materials.
Kinematic Analysis of Plasticization and Transportation System of Tri-Screw Dynamic Extruder
Authors: Xue Bin , Li Jun , Yang Qu , Wu Guiting , Wei Danxiang , Ding Yijie , Du Zhenbin , Huang Mingshi
Published: November 2024

With the growing demand for high-performance polymer composites, conventional single- and twin-screw extruders often fall short of meeting industrial requirements for effective mixing and compounding. This research investigates the kinematic behavior of the plasticization and transport mechanisms in tri-screw extruders when subjected to a vibrational force field. The study specifically examines how applying vibrational force technology can improve the efficiency of polymer mixing. Vibration force field means that in a three-screw mechanism, an axial vibration is applied to the middle screw to produce a vibration force field. Through the development of mathematical and physical models, this study analyzed the motion dynamics of the screw and the influence of a vibrational force field on polymer transport and mixing efficiency. The findings indicate that, in comparison to traditional twin-screw extruders, tri-screw systems can achieve higher shear and elongational rates, leading to enhanced polymer mixing uniformity. Furthermore, applying an axial vibrational force field significantly influenced the shear and elongational strain rates of the material, thereby optimizing its rheological behavior and processing quality. This research not only establishes a theoretical foundation for the design and optimization of tri-screw extruders but also opens new pathways for the efficient processing of high-viscosity composite materials.
The Use of a Trichoderma reesei Culture for the Hydrolysis of Wheat Straw to Obtain Bioethanol
Authors: Ciobanu Maria , Rusănescu Carmen Otilia , Dinculoiu Raluca Lucia
Published: November 2024

To reduce environmental pollution, a renewable source of energy that we may utilize is bioethanol obtained from wheat straw. Wheat straw was ground to 40–50 mm in size and heat-treated with high-pressure steam to release lignocelluloses, making them accessible to enzymes during saccharification. Through mechanical pretreatment, a substrate was obtained, which contains toxic components in concentrations that do not diminish the performance of the enzymes in the enzymatic hydrolysis phase. Through the thermal pretreatment of wheat straw, its acidity was improved, influencing the amounts of glucose, xylose, and other components emitted. Following enzymatic hydrolysis, very small concentrations of sugars were released. In order to increase the efficiency of the transformation of sugars into ethanol during the fermentation process, a strain of yeast, Trichoderma reesei multiplied in the laboratory, was added, under the conditions of temperature—28 degrees and stirring—800 rpm. Trichoderma reesei penetrated the wheat straw substrate, facilitating the subsequent hydrolysis process. The improved biodegradation of the pretreated straws was highlighted by the electron microscopy analysis.
Deep Neural Network Optimization for Efficient Gas Detection Systems in Edge Intelligence Environments
Authors: Dehnaw Amare Mulatie , Lu Ying-Jui , Shih Jiun-Hann , Yao Cheng-Kai , Bitew Mekuanint Agegnehu , Peng Peng-Chun
Published: November 2024

This paper introduces an optimized deep neural network (DNN) framework for an efficient gas detection system applicable across various settings. The proposed optimized DNN model addresses key issues in conventional machine learning (ML), including slow computation times, convergence issues, and poor adaptability to new data, which can result in increased prediction errors and reduced reliability. The proposed framework methodology comprises four phases: data collection, pre-processing, offline DNN training optimization, and online model testing and deployment. The training datasets are collected from seven classes of liquid beverages and environmental air samples using integrated gas sensor devices and an edge intelligence environment. The proposed DNN algorithm is trained on high-performance computing systems by fine-tuning multiple hyperparameter optimization techniques, resulting in an optimized DNN. This well-trained DNN model is validated using unseen new testing datasets in high-performance computing systems. Experimental results demonstrate that the optimized DNN can accurately recognize different beverages, achieving an impressive detection accuracy rate of 98.29%. The findings indicate that the proposed system significantly enhances gas identification capabilities and effectively addresses the slow computation and performance issues associated with traditional ML methods. This work highlights the potential of optimized DNNs to provide reliable and efficient contactless detection solutions across various industries, enhancing real-time gas detection applications.