bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Natural products for pest control: an analysis of their role, value and future
Authors: Gerwick B Clifford , Sparks Thomas C
Published: January 2014

Natural products (NPs) have long been used as pesticides and have broadly served as a source of inspiration for a great many commercial synthetic organic fungicides, herbicides and insecticides that are in the market today. In light of the continuing need for new tools to address an ever‐changing array of fungal, weed and insect pests, NPs continue to be a source of models and templates for the development of new pest control agents. Interestingly, an examination of the literature suggests that NP models exist for many of the pest control agents that were discovered by other means, suggesting that, had circumstances been different, these NPs could have served as inspiration for the discovery of a great many more of today's pest control agents. Here, an attempt is made to answer questions regarding the existence of an NP model for existing classes of pesticides and what is needed for the discovery of new NPs and NP models for pest control agents. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Interaction effects in magnetic nanostructures
Authors: Pardavi‐Horvath Martha
Published: January 2014

The magnetic properties and propagation of electromagnetic waves in magnetic nanoparticle systems strongly depend on the interactions between the nanosize elements having finite separation. Several aspects of the role of the dipolar and exchange interactions are reviewed on model periodic 2D and 3D magnetic nanostructures. Experiments and theory expose the critical role of proper calculation of dipole fields and statistical distributions. The control and optimization of interactions is illustrated on an example of hexagonal Permalloy ellipse arrays. The competing particle and array anisotropy, leading to a spin reorientation phase transition in Permalloy nanowires, is demonstrated. Finally, the effect of the system configuration on the interactions with electromagnetic waves is shown for ferrite and metal magnetic nanosphere arrays, demonstrating specific nanomagnetic effects, as a transition from insulator to metal, and early onset of nonlinearities.
Magnetic properties and crystal structure of solid‐solution Cu2MnxFe1−xSnS4 chalcogenides with stannite‐type structure
Authors: López‐Vergara F. , Galdámez A. , Manríquez V. , Barahona P. , Peña O.
Published: January 2014

New solid solutions Cu2MnxFe1−xSnS4 were prepared by direct combination of the corresponding elements at 850 °C. The crystal structure of Cu2Mn0.4Fe0.6SnS4 was determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. This phase is described in the space group where each cation is tetrahedrally coordinated to four sulfur anions in a sphalerite‐like arrangement. The XRD patterns of the solid solutions Cu2MnxFe1−xSnS4 were fully indexed in the space group and the values of the cell parameter for all phases obey the usual linear Vegard behavior. A progressive evolution of the magnetic moment in the paramagnetic state is observed when increasing the content of manganese. The negative values of the Curie–Weiss constant, θ, indicate an antiferromagnetic (AF) behavior with AF interactions, weaker by more than one order of magnitude compared to other diluted magnetic semiconductors (DMSs) with zinc‐blende or wurzite crystal structure.
Social Responsibility, Human Resource Management and Organizational Performance
Authors: Milfelner Borut , Potočnik Amna , Žižek Simona Šarotar
Published: January 2014

Every society is based on humans, being also essential factors of the social responsibility (SR), which is an important predecessor of the organizational performance. SR supports informal systemic behavior aimed at requisite holism of behavior of influential persons and their organizations; it leads towards creativity‐based well‐being (CBWB) of humans in organizations and in society. This matters: people with CBWB live and work better. Links between CBWB, SR and human resource management (HRM) and the influence of SR and HRM on organizational performance from aspects of growth, development and finances are demonstrated empirically. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Integrated Approach to Social Responsibility: a Model of Stakeholders Interaction in Russia and China
Authors: Belyaeva Zhanna , Kazakov Alexander
Published: January 2014

A changing and not always rewarding geopolitical reality forces major players of world economy to integrate sustainable principles and social responsibility in corporate and state strategy. These processes lead to a diverse institutionalization level of the overall social responsibility, particularly within politically and financially different systems of emerging markets economies. Some very clear examples of such systems are Russia and China where strategy of economic and social development is presumably based on principles of sustainable development. The balance of socio‐economic and political systems requires a complex mechanism grounded on absolutely diverse historical, mental and other peculiarities. We argue that the game theory methodology, and the Nash bargaining solution in particular, provides a solution for the key concepts. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Antitumor effects with apoptotic death in human promyelocytic leukemia HL‐60 cells and suppression of leukemia xenograft tumor growth by irinotecan HCl
Authors: Chen Yung‐Liang , Chueh Fu‐Shin , Yang Jai‐Sing , Hsueh Shu‐Ching , Lu Chi‐Cheng , Chiang Jo‐Hua , Lee Ching‐Sung , Lu Hsu‐Feng , Chung Jing‐Gung
Published: January 2014

Irinotecan HCl (CPT‐11) is an anticancer prodrug, but there is no available information addressing CPT‐11‐inhibited leukemia cells in in vitro and in vivo studies. Therefore, we investigated the cytotoxic effects of CPT‐11 in promyelocytic leukemia HL‐60 cells and in vivo and tumor growth in a leukemia xenograft model. Effects of CPT‐11 on HL‐60 cells were determined using flow cytometry, immunofluorescence staining, comet assay, real‐time PCR, and Western blotting. CPT‐11 demonstrated a dose‐ and time‐dependent inhibition of cell growth, induction of apoptosis, and cell‐cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase in HL‐60 cells. CPT‐11 promoted the release of AIF from mitochondria and its translocation to the nucleus. Bid, Bax, Apaf‐1, caspase‐9, AIF, Endo G, caspase‐12, ATF‐6b, Grp78, CDK2, Chk2, and cyclin D were all significantly upregulated and Bcl‐2 was down‐regulated by CPT‐11 in HL‐60 cells. Induction of cell‐cycle arrest by CPT‐11 was associated with changes in expression of key cell‐cycle regulators such as CDK2, Chk2, and cyclin D in HL‐60 cells. To test whether CPT‐11 could augment antitumor activity in vivo, athymic BALB/cnu/nu nude mice were inoculated with HL‐60 cells, followed by treatment with either CPT‐11. The treatments significantly inhibited tumor growth and reduced tumor weight and volume in the HL‐60 xenograft mice. The present study demonstrates the schedule‐dependent antileukemia effect of CPT‐11 using both in vitro and in vivo models. CPT‐11 could potentially be a promising agent for the treatment of promyelocytic leukemia and requires further investigation. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 30: 803–815, 2015.
Religion and climate change: varieties in viewpoints and practices
Authors: Haluza‐DeLay Randolph
Published: January 2014

Although religions are major social actors and institutions with considerable reach, relatively little social science research has focused specifically on the interaction of religious bodies and human‐induced climate change. Most of the current scholarship on the topic has been theological, pastoral, or normative, and specific to particular faiths; the focus of such scholarship is to draw on resources internal to the faith in order to make the case to adherents about the duty to attend to climate change. Only recently has empirical or social scientific research sought to examine what the world's religions and their adherents are actually saying or doing about climate change. Reviewing this research is the focus of this article. An essential first step is to conceptualize the problematic term ‘religion’ and to describe the extensive diversity of the world's religions. Religion includes beliefs, worldviews, practices, and institutions that cross borders, time, and scale from the level of individuals all the way to transnational and transhistorical movements. A summary of religious engagements with climate change is followed by two case studies that show the complexity of religion and religious engagement with climate change. The Pacific Islands are used as a geographic case. Buddhism is used as a case study of a specific faith tradition. Because the world's religions and faith groups are major social institutions and sites of collection action, greater attention to them by climate‐oriented social scientists is recommended.WIREs Clim Change2014, 5:261–279. doi: 10.1002/wcc.268

This article is categorized under:

Perceptions, Behavior, and Communication of Climate Change > Perceptions of Climate Change

Social Status of Climate Change Knowledge > Climate Science and Social Movements
Inverse design of horizontal axis wind turbine blades using a vortex line method
Authors: Lee Seongkyu
Published: January 2014

A new inverse design process for horizontal axis wind turbine blades is developed to account for three‐dimensional blade features such as non‐planar wing tip. The multidimensional Newton iteration method combined with a vortex line method is used to provide blade geometry parameters given desired aerodynamic behaviors such as lift coefficient and axial induction. The Jacobian matrix is visualized to show the effect of the change of the blade twist and chord on the change of the aerodynamic behaviors. The method is validated for a canonical straight blade with uniform lift coefficient and axial induction distributions. The results show an excellent agreement with those obtained by PROPID, which is a blade element momentum theory‐based inverse design code. The National Renewable Energy Laboratory Phase VI blade is used to validate the method for a straight blade with non‐uniform distributions of the lift coefficient and axial induction. The method is also applied successfully to a non‐straight blade design with a non‐planar wing tip. A noticeable change in the twist and chord for this non‐straight blade is seen compared with a straight blade. Finally, the inverse design code is used to make a large rotor blade, and the power output generated by this blade is computed. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Predictive control of an experimental wind turbine using preview wind speed measurements
Authors: Verwaal N. W. , van der Veen G. J. , van Wingerden J. W.
Published: January 2014

The development of a more reliable method of measuring the wind field upstream of a turbine (light detection and ranging) has enabled the implementation of feedforward‐related control strategies to enhance the control performance of wind turbines. By incorporating wind speed measurements, the controller is able to anticipate upon future events and thereby improve structural load mitigation and power regulation of the wind turbine. This work aims to experimentally verify the benefits of using predictive and feedforward‐based control strategies over industry standard control solutions. To achieve this, both a feedforward and a model predictive control strategy are presented, which have been validated on an experimental wind turbine in a wind tunnel. Both the model predictive controller and feedforward algorithm have shown superior performance over a baseline controller in terms of rotor speed regulation under wind speed disturbances. The experiment confirmed that a phase advantage in the control input of the predictive controller led to this performance increase. It has also been found that knowledge of just the current wind speed can already significantly increase the control performance. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
“Salted Silica”: Sol‐Gel Chemistry of Silica under Hypersaline Conditions
Authors: Nisticò Roberto , Magnacca Giuliana , Antonietti Markus , Fechler Nina
Published: January 2014

In a facile one‐step approach, high surface area mesoporous silica powders are synthesized using ordinary salts for pore and morphology control during the sol‐gel process. Applying tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) as a reference system, the addition of high salt loads such as NaCl and ZnCl2 results in highly increased surface areas of up to 750 m2 g–1, predominantly in the mesopore range Besides the surface area, the pore volume and the pore size can be controlled by the salt amount as well as the salt nature, reaching values of 1.1 cm3 g–1 and 14 nm, respectively. Compared to standard processes, the herein presented synthesis is extremely simple: it only comprises the dissolution of TEOS and the respective salt in 1 M HCl, followed by solvent evaporation, salt removal through simple washing with water and drying. This way, no special equipment is required, no organic templates are to be employed, and the overall approach is highly efficient and sustainable.
In situ pH management for microbial culture in shake flasks and its application to increase plasmid yield
Authors: Sanil Reenu , Maralingannavar Vishwanathgouda , Gadgil Mugdha
Published: January 2014

Shake flasks are widely used to culture microorganisms, but they do not allow for pH control without additional infrastructure. In the presence of a carbon source like glucose, culture pH typically decreases due to overflow metabolism and can limit the growth of microorganisms in shake flasks. In this study, we demonstrate the use of magnesium hydroxide-loaded pH managing hydrogels (m-pHmH) for in situ base release to counter the decrease in culture pH in shake flasks using Escherichia coli as a model organism, in both complex and mineral salts medium. Base release from m-pHmH is shown to increase with decreasing pH (22-fold increase in release rate from pH 8 to 5), thus providing feedback from culture pH. The addition of m-pHmH resulted in better pH maintenance and higher biomass yields of E. coli K12 in media containing glucose as a carbon source. The use of m-pHmH with additional buffer resulted in pH being maintained above 6.9 while pH decreases below 5 without m-pHmH. We demonstrate one application of such in situ pH management to increase the volumetric plasmid yield from E. coli in shake flask culture. In situ glucose release through a hydrogel to mimic fed-batch culture along with the addition of m-pHmH resulted in a 395 % increase in volumetric plasmid yield to 38 μg/ml in shake flask culture.
Understanding the Relationships Among HIV/AIDS‐Related Stigma, Health Service Utilization, and HIV Prevalence and Incidence in Sub‐Saharan Africa: A Multi‐level Theoretical Perspective
Authors: Williams Leslie D.
Published: January 2014

HIV‐positive individuals often face community‐wide discrimination or public shame and humiliation as a result of their HIV‐status. In Sub‐Saharan Africa, high HIV incidence coupled with unique cultural contexts make HIV‐positive individuals particularly likely to experience this kind of HIV/AIDS‐related (HAR) stigma. To date, there is a relatively small amount of high‐quality empirical literature specific to HAR stigma in this context, supporting the notion that a better understanding of this phenomenon is needed to inform potential interventions. This paper provides a thorough review of the literature specific to HAR stigma in Sub‐Saharan Africa, finding (a) qualitative support for the existence of important relationships between HAR stigma and health service utilization and barriers; (b) a need for more quantitative study of stigma and its relationships both to health service utilization and to HIV outcomes directly; and (c) a disconnect between methodological techniques used in this context‐specific literature and well‐known theories about stigma as a general phenomenon. This paper then draws from its empirical literature review, as well as from well‐known theoretical frameworks from multiple disciplines, to propose a theoretical framework for the ecological and multilevel relationships among HAR stigma, health service utilization, and HIV outcomes in this context.
Hierarchical Diagnostic Classification Models: A Family of Models for Estimating and Testing Attribute Hierarchies
Authors: Templin Jonathan , Bradshaw Laine
Published: January 2014

Although latent attributes that follow a hierarchical structure are anticipated in many areas of educational and psychological assessment, current psychometric models are limited in their capacity to objectively evaluate the presence of such attribute hierarchies. This paper introduces the Hierarchical Diagnostic Classification Model (HDCM), which adapts the Log-linear Cognitive Diagnosis Model to cases where attribute hierarchies are present. The utility of the HDCM is demonstrated through simulation and by an empirical example. Simulation study results show the HDCM is efficiently estimated and can accurately test for the presence of an attribute hierarchy statistically, a feature not possible when using more commonly used DCMs. Empirically, the HDCM is used to test for the presence of a suspected attribute hierarchy in a test of English grammar, confirming the data is more adequately represented by hierarchical attribute structure when compared to a crossed, or nonhierarchical structure.
Hierarchical Diagnostic Classification Models Morphing into Unidimensional ‘Diagnostic’ Classification Models—A Commentary
Authors: von Davier Matthias , Haberman Shelby J.
Published: January 2014

This commentary addresses the modeling and final analytical path taken, as well as the terminology used, in the paper “Hierarchical diagnostic classification models: a family of models for estimating and testing attribute hierarchies” by Templin and Bradshaw (Psychometrika, doi:10.1007/s11336-013-9362-0, 2013). It raises several issues concerning use of cognitive diagnostic models that either assume attribute hierarchies or assume a certain form of attribute interactions. The issues raised are illustrated with examples, and references are provided for further examination.
Occurrence of Tephra / Volcanic Tuff in the Tertiary Sediments of Himachal Himalaya from Tileli Area, Mandi District, H.P.: Implication for Stratigraphy and Uranium Mineralization
Authors: Pandey Pradeep , Chabbra Jyotsana , Joshi G. B. , Parihar P. S.
Published: January 2014

Presence of Early Tertiary pyroclastic material (tephra) has been documented petrographically, for the first time, in the Mandi-Bilaspur Sector from Tileli area, Dharamsala basin of Himachal Pradesh. The tephra is reported from the red shale, identified as tuffaceous siltstone belonging to lower Dharamsala Formation that lies above the uraniferous sandstone body and occurs as thin layers of over 300m along the strike, close to the contact of lower and upper Dharamsala formations. The tuffaceous material shows crude but preferred orientation of minerals like biotite, muscovite, chlorite, clay, hematite and specularite. Various features indicating presence of tephra are, glass shards altered to clay but retaining ‘U’ shaped outline, spindle-shaped hematite with preferred orientation, spherical to sub-spherical clay and altered Feoxide rich balls, clay groundmass with flow pattern, flaky minerals in association with clast depicting asymmetrical ramp structure. A zone of approximately 300 m length containing tuffaceous material has been established at Tileli overlying the uraniferous sandstone body.

Identification of tephra at Tileli has significant implications as it enabled in demarcating the boundary between the upper and lower Dharamsala formations in central part of the basin in Bilaspur-Mandi Sector of HP Himalaya and also in guiding the uranium exploration programme in the lower Dharamsala Formation.
Morphology and Textures of Komatiite Flows of J.C. Pura Schist Belt, Dharwar Craton
Authors: Prabhakar B. C. , Namratha R.
Published: January 2014

Study of komatiites for their structures and textures in cratonic blocks could provide more insights into the early Archaean volcanism, mantle processes and associated metallogeny. Jayachamarajapura (J.C.Pura) belt in Western Dharwar craton is a komatiitc milieu, where outcrop features display several flow characteristics and sub-volcanic emplacement features typical of well known komatiitic areas of the world. In spite of deformation, metamorphism and alterations the komatiites still preserve many of the primary cooling structures, which stand testimony for their extrusive volcanic nature. Distinct features like pillows, flow-top polyhedral joints, ocelli, vesicular, flow-top breccia and cumulate segregations and crude layering are observed. However, massive, undifferentiated nature of komatiitic flows is more predominant. Because of serpentinisation, carbonitization and chloritization, the original mineralogy and textures are obliterated and scantily preserved. Still, these observed features provide vital clues to imply the formation of komatiite sequences in a submarine to subaerial conditions when episodic pulses of komatiite lava piled up (about 3.35 Ga ago) to form the ultramafic milieu of J.C.Pura belt.
Religious Schools, Home Schools, and the Timing of First Marriage and First Birth
Authors: Uecker Jeremy E. , Hill Jonathan P.
Published: January 2014

The timing of individuals’ family formation is important for a number of socioeconomic and health outcomes. We examine the influence of religious schools and home schools on the timing of first marriage and first birth using data from the Cardus Education Study Graduate Survey ( N = 1,496). Our results from life tables and event-history regression models show that, on average, graduates of evangelical Protestant schools—but not Catholic school or homeschool graduates—have earlier marriages and births than public school graduates. Catholic school students have later first births on average than public school graduates. Models interacting schooling type with age and age-squared suggest that evangelical schoolers’ higher odds of marriage stem from higher odds of marrying at ages 21–30, and their higher odds of first birth stem from higher odds of births from ages 25–34. Catholic school and nonreligious private school students also have higher odds of marrying in the mid-20s and early-30s than do public school students. Evangelical, non-religious private, and Catholic school students all have lower odds of teenage births than public school students but higher odds of birth later in the life course. Homeschoolers do not differ on either outcome at any age. Our findings suggest that schools socialize their students with distinctive attitudes toward family formation that influence their behavior even many years after graduation, though these schools do not appear to be particularly harmful to life chances in terms of fostering marriage or childbearing at very young ages.
The role of the gap junction protein connexin43 in B lymphocyte motility and migration
Authors: Machtaler Steven , Choi Kate , Dang-Lawson May , Falk Letitia , Pournia Farnaz , Naus Christian C. , Matsuuchi Linda
Published: January 2014

The gap junction family of proteins is widely expressed in mammalian cells and form intercellular channels between adjacent cells, as well as hemichannels, for transport of molecules between the cell and the surrounding environment. In addition, gap junction proteins have recently been implicated as important for the regulation of cell adhesion and migration in a variety of cell types. The gap junction protein connexin43 (Cx43) regulates B lymphocyte adhesion, BCR‐ and LFA‐1‐mediated activation of the GTPase Rap1, and cytoskeletal rearrangements resulting in changes to cell shape and membrane spreading. We demonstrate here that the actin cytoskeleton is important for the distribution of Cx43 in the B cell plasma membrane and for other cell processes involving the cytoskeleton. Using shRNA knockdown of Cx43 in B lymphoma cells we show that Cx43 is also necessary for chemokine‐mediated Rap 1 activation, motility, CXCL12‐directed migration, and movement across an endothelial cell monolayer. These results demonstrate that in addition to its role in B cell spreading, Cx43 is an important regulator of B‐cell motility and migration, processes essential for normal B‐cell development and immune responses.
Regulation of pannexin channels by post‐translational modifications
Authors: Penuela Silvia , Simek Jamie , Thompson Roger J.
Published: January 2014

The large‐pore channels formed by the pannexin family of proteins have been implicated in many physiological and pathophysiological functions, mainly through their ATP release function. However, a tight regulation of channel opening is necessary to modulate their function in vivo. Post‐translational modifications have been postulated as some of the regulating mechanisms for Panx1, while Panx2 and Panx3 have not been as well characterized. Positive regulators include caspase cleavage to open Panx1 channels in apoptotic cells, and activation by Src family kinases via ionotropic receptors in neurons and macrophages. S‐nitrosylation of cysteines has been shown to both inhibit and activate the Panx1 channel in different cell types. All three pannexins are N‐glycosylated but to different levels of modification. Their diverse glycosylation appears to regulate cellular localization, intermixing, and may restrict their ability to function as inter‐cellular channels. It is clear that our understanding of pannexin post‐translational modification and their role in channel function regulation is still in its infancy even a decade after their discovery.
Crenactin from Pyrobaculum calidifontis is closely related to actin in structure and forms steep helical filaments
Authors: Izoré Thierry , Duman Ramona , Kureisaite-Ciziene Danguole , Löwe Jan
Published: January 2014

Polymerising proteins of the actin family are nearly ubiquitous. Crenactins, restricted to Crenarchaea, are more closely related to actin than bacterial MreB. Crenactins occur in gene clusters hinting at an unknown, but conserved function. We solved the crystal structure of crenactin at 3.2 Å resolution. The protein crystallises as a continuous right‐handed helix with 8 subunits per complete turn, spanning 419 Å. The structure of crenactin shows several loops that are longer than in actin, but overall, crenactin is closely related to eukaryotic actin, with an RMSD of 1.6 Å. Crenactin filaments imaged by electron microscopy showed polymers with very similar helical parameters.
Adverse Childhood Experiences and Disability in U.S. Adults
Authors: Schüssler‐Fiorenza Rose Sophia Miryam , Xie Dawei , Stineman Margaret
Published: January 2014

Objective

To assess relationships between adverse childhood experiences and self‐reported disabilities in adult life.

Design

Cross‐sectional, random‐digit‐dialed, state‐population‐based survey (Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System).

Setting

Fourteen states and the District of Columbia.

Participants

Noninstitutionalized adults ages ≥18 years surveyed in 2009 and/or in 2010 (n = 81,184).

Methods

The Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System Adverse Childhood Experience (ACE) Module asks about abuse (physical, sexual, emotional), family dysfunction (exposures to domestic violence, living with mentally ill, substance abusing, or incarcerated family member(s), and/or parental separation and/or divorce) that occurred before age 18 years. The ACE score sums affirmed ACE categories (range, 0‐8). We controlled for demographic characteristics (age, race, education, income, and marital status) and self‐reported physical health conditions (stroke, myocardial infarction, diabetes, coronary heart disease, asthma). Five states asked participants about mental health conditions (anxiety, depression). A subset analysis of participants in these states evaluated the effect of adjusting for these conditions.

Main Outcome Measurements

The primary outcome was disability (self‐reported activity limitation and/or assistive device use).

Results

More than half of participants (57%) reported at least 1 adverse childhood experience category, and 23.2% reported disability. The odds ratio (95% confidence interval) of disability increased in a graded fashion from odds ratio 1.3 (95% confidence interval, 1.2‐1.4) among those who experienced 1 adverse experience to odds ratio 5.8 (95% confidence interval, 4.6‐7.5) among those with 7‐8 adverse experiences compared with those with no such experiences when adjusting for demographic factors. The relationship between adverse experiences and disability remained strong after adjusting for physical and mental health conditions.

Conclusions

There is a strong graded relationship between childhood exposure to abuse and household dysfunction and self‐reported disability in adulthood, even after adjusting for potentially mediating health conditions. Greater clinician, researcher, and policymaker awareness of the impact of childhood adversity on disability is crucial to help those affected by childhood adversity lead more functional lives.
Quitting Without Reporting Having Tried: Findings From a National Survey
Authors: Brown Jamie , Vangeli Eleni , Fidler Jennifer A. , Raupach Tobias , West Robert
Published: January 2014

Background: It is assumed that smokers rarely quit without ‘attempting’ to do so but the assumption does not appear to have been adequately tested. This study assessed the prevalence of reporting having stopped without reporting a quit attempt and the reasons given for this discrepancy.

Methods: Data were collected from ex-smokers who said they had quit within the last 12 months during nationally representative household surveys conducted monthly between 2006–12.

Results: Of the 1,892 ex-smokers who said that they had quit within the last 12 months, 13.9% (95%CI = 12.4%–15.5%) reported having made no serious quit attempts in that period. In a sub-group of 24 smokers who were asked why they had reported stopping without also reporting an attempt, nine cited inconsistency over timing; three reported stopping without attempting to do so; four did not consider it an ‘attempt’ because they had succeeded; and six had not ruled out the occasional cigarette in the future.

Conclusions: A substantial minority of people who report having stopped in the past year may fail to report a corresponding quit attempt. However, quitting smoking without considering that one has tried appears to be rare. Instead, the most common reason for the discrepancy is inconsistent reporting of the timing of quit attempts.
HUMOUR, SATIRE, AND SEXUALITY IN THE CULTURE OF EARLY CHARTISM
Authors: SCRIVEN TOM
Published: January 2014

Histories of Chartism have tended to emphasize the hegemony of respectability within the movement, and with histories of the popular press have seen the 1830s as a decisive break with older radical traditions of sexual libertarianism, bawdy political culture, and a satirical, sometimes obscene print culture. However, the basis of this position is a partial reading of the evidence. Work on London Chartists has emphasized their moralistic politics and publications at the expense of their rich populist and satirical press and the clear survival of piracy and romantic literature well into the Chartist period. The neglect of an important early leader, Henry Vincent, has meant the bawdy, sensual, and sometimes scatological letters he sent to his cousin in London have been overlooked as a source on the moral life of the Chartist generation. This article will address this by studying Vincent's letters in the context of London's populist press, particularly the work of his friends John Cleave and Henry Hetherington. Vincent's humour and attitude towards sexuality clearly reflect a broader tendency in London radicalism, while his own efforts as a newspaper editor in Bath indicate that acerbic humour was an important aspect not just of Chartism's political critique, but of its appeal to the provincial working class.
Conventional PCR for molecular diagnosis of human strongyloidiasis
Authors: SITTA R. B. , MALTA F. M. , PINHO J. R. , CHIEFFI P. P. , GRYSCHEK R. C. B. , PAULA F. M.
Published: January 2014

Strongyloidiasis is frequently asymptomatic and diagnosis of latent infection is difficult due to limitations of current parasitological and serological methods. This study aimed to verify the use of conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay for molecular diagnosis ofStrongyloides stercoralisinfection. Fresh stool samples were obtained from 103 individuals: 33S. stercoralispositive, 30 positive for other parasites and 40 negative for parasitological methods. These samples were examined by the Lutz, Rugai and agar plate culture methods and conventional PCR assay. Two sets of primers (S. stercoralisspecies-specific and genus-specific sets), located in the 18S ribosomal RNA gene, were used for PCR. Of the 33 samples positive forS. stercoralisby parasitological methods, 28 (84·8%) were also detected by PCR assay using species-specific primers and 26 (78·8%) using genus-specific primers. Among the stool samples negative by parasitological methods, seven (17·5%) were positive by PCR using species-specific primers and two (5·0%) using genus-specific primers. In conclusion, the conventional PCR assay described in this study using a species-specific primer pair provided a molecular method forS. stercoralisdiagnosis in human stool samples.
Vaccine against scabies: necessity and possibility
Authors: LIU XIAOSONG , WALTON SHELLEY , MOUNSEY KATE
Published: January 2014

Scabies is an infectious disease that is endemic in poorly resourced communities, and also common in industrialized countries. Although the disease, which is caused by infestation ofSarcoptes scabiei, is generally mild, the need for a vaccine againstS. scabieiis proposed. The immunological mechanisms that controlS. scabieiinfection are discussed and the current status of scabies vaccine development reviewed. Future directions for scabies vaccine development are also addressed.
Patronage and Revolution: Edmund Burke'sReflections on the Revolution in Franceand His Theory of Legislative Corruption
Authors: Selinger William
Published: January 2014

Edmund Burke'sReflections on the Revolution in Franceis most famous and controversial for Burke's opposition to the philosophy behind the Revolution. This essay examines Burke's more practical criticisms of the French National Assembly which pervade the pamphlet, and shows their connection to his earlier arguments about corruption in the House of Commons. Burke's insight into the future course of the French Revolution is based in his distinctive approach to thinking about the pathologies of legislative assemblies, which he initially developed in the House of Commons, and later applied to the French National Assembly.
Saying what we mean: Making a case for ‘language acquisition’ to become ‘language development’
Authors: Larsen-Freeman Diane
Published: January 2014

As applied linguists know very well, how we use language both constructs and reflects our understanding. It is therefore important that we use terms that do justice to our concerns. In this presentation, I suggest that a more apt designation thanmultilingualorsecond language acquisition (SLA)ismultilingualorsecond language development (SLD).I give a number of reasons for why I think SLD is more appropriate. Some of the reasons that I point to are well known. Others are more current, resting on a view of language from a complex systems perspective. Such a perspective rejects the commodification of language implied by the term ‘acquisition’, instead imbuing language with a more dynamic quality, implied by the term ‘development’, because it sees language as an ever-developing resource. It also acknowledges the mutable and interdependent norms of bilinguals and multilinguals. In addition, this perspective respects the fact that from a target-language vantage point, regress in learner performance is as characteristic of development as progress. Finally, and most appropriately for AILA 2011, the termsecond language developmentfits well with the theme of the congress – harmony in diversity – because it recognizes that there is no common endpoint at which all learners arrive. For, after all, learners actively transform their linguistic world; they do not merely conform to it.
NSA Management Directive #424: Secrecy and Privacy in the Aftermath of Edward Snowden
Authors: Lucas George R.
Published: January 2014

Whatever else one might say concerning the legality, morality, and prudence of his actions, Edward Snowden, the former U.S. National Security Agency (NSA) contractor, is right about the notion of publicity and informed consent, which together constitute the hallmark of democratic public policy. In order to be morally justifiable, any strategy or policy involving the body politic must be one to which it would voluntarily assent when fully informed about it. This, in essence, was Snowden's argument for leaking, in June 2013, the documents that revealed the massive NSA surveillance program:

So long as there's broad support amongst a people, it can be argued there's a level of legitimacy even to the most invasive and morally wrong program, as it was an informed and willing decision. . . . However, programs that are implemented in secret, out of public oversight, lack that legitimacy, and that's a problem. It also represents a dangerous normalization of “governing in the dark,” where decisions with enormous public impact occur without any public input.
LEGALITY AND RATIONALITY: A COMMENT ON SCOTT SHAPIRO'S LEGALITY
Authors: Sherwin Emily
Published: January 2014

One key premise in Shapiro's book Legality is that rationality requires those who have accepted the master plan for a system of law to obey the system's rules. In this paper, I question this premise, arguing instead that although it may be rational for agents to commit to follow the system's rule in all (or most) cases to which they apply, it is not rational for agents to follow the rules in fact when the rules appear to require the wrong outcomes in particular cases. My argument is based largely on epistemic responsibility, which I view as an element of rationality.
9500 Nights of Mid-Infrared Observations of SN 1987A: the birth of the remnant
Authors: Bouchet Patrice , Danziger John
Published: January 2014

The one-in-a-life-time event Supernova SN 1987A, the brightest supernova seen since Kepler's in 1604, has given us a unique opportunity to study the mechanics of a supernova explosion and now to witness the birth of a supernova remnant. A violent encounter is underway between the fastest-moving debris and the circumstellar ring: shocks excite “hotspots”. ATCA/ANTF, Gemini, VLT, HST, Spitzer, Chandra, and recently ALMA observations have been so far organized to help understanding the several emission mechanisms at work. In the mid-infrared SN 1987A has transformed from a SN with the bulk of its radiation from the ejecta to a SNR whose emission is dominated by the interaction of the blast wave with the surrounding interstellar medium, a process in which kinetic energy is converted into radiative energy. Currently this remnant emission is dominated by material in or near the inner equatorial ring (ER). We give here a brief history of our mid-infrared observations, and present our last data obtained with the SPITZER infrared satellite and the ESO VLT and Gemini telescopes: we show how together with Chandra observations, they contribute to the understanding of this fascinating object. We argue also that our imaging observations suggest that warm dust is still present in the ejecta, and we dispute the presence of huge amount of very cold dust in it, as it has been claimed on the basis of data obtained with the HERSCHELl satellite.
Core Collapse Supernova Models and Nucleosynthesis
Authors: Nomoto Ken'ichi
Published: January 2014

After the Big Bang, production of heavy elements in the early Universe takes place in the first stars and their supernova explosions. The nature of the first supernovae, however, has not been well understood. The signature of nucleosynthesis yields of the first supernovae can be seen in the elemental abundance patterns observed in extremely metal-poor stars. Interestingly, those abundance patterns show some peculiarities relative to the solar abundance pattern, which should provide important clues to understanding the nature of early generations of supernovae. We review the recent results of the nucleosynthesis yields of massive stars. We examine how those yields are affected by some hydrodynamical effects during the supernova explosions, namely, explosion energies from those of hypernovae to faint supernovae, mixing and fallback of processed materials, asphericity, etc. Those parameters in the supernova nucleosynthesis models are constrained from observational data of supernovae and metal-poor stars.
Recent developments in supernova research with VLBI
Authors: Bartel Norbert , Bietenholz Michael F.
Published: January 2014

Very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) observations during the last 30 years have resolved many supernovae and provided detailed measurements of the expansion velocity and deceleration. Such measurements are useful for estimating the radial density profiles of both the ejecta and the circumstellar medium left over from the progenitor. VLBI measurements are also the most direct way of confirming the relativistic expansion velocities thought to occur in supernovae associated with gamma-ray bursts. Well-resolved images of a few supernovae have been obtained, and the interaction of the ejecta as it expands into the circumstellar medium could be monitored in detail. We discuss recent results, for SN 1979C, SN 1986J, and SN 1993J, and note that updated movies of the latter two of the supernovae from soon after the explosion to the present are available from the first author's personal website.
Light Curve Modeling of Superluminous Supernovae
Authors: Moriya Takashi , Blinnikov Sergei I. , Tominaga Nozomu , Yoshida Naoki , Tanaka Masaomi , Maeda Keiichi , Nomoto Ken'ichi
Published: January 2014

Origins of superluminous supernovae (SLSNe) discovered by recent SN surveys are still not known well. One idea to explain the huge luminosity is the collision of dense CSM and SN ejecta. If SN ejecta is surrounded by dense CSM, the kinetic energy of SN ejecta is efficiently converted to radiation energy, making them very bright. To see how well this idea works quantitatively, we performed numerical simulations of collisions of SN ejecta and dense CSM by using one-dimensional radiation hydrodynamics code STELLA and obtained light curves (LCs) resulting from the collision. First, we show the results of our LC modeling of SLSN 2006gy. We find that physical parameters of dense CSM estimated by using the idea of shock breakout in dense CSM (e.g., Chevalier & Irwin 2011, Moriya & Tominaga 2012) can explain the LC properties of SN 2006gy well. The dense CSM's radius is about 1016 cm and its mass about 15 M⊙. It should be ejected within a few decades before the explosion of the progenitor. We also discuss how LCs change with different CSM and SN ejecta properties and origins of the diversity of H-rich SLSNe. This can potentially be a probe to see diversities in mass-loss properties of the progenitors. Finally, we also discuss a possible signature of SN ejecta-CSM interaction which can be found in H-poor SLSN.
Supernova interaction with dense mass loss
Authors: Chevalier Roger A.
Published: January 2014

Supernovae of Type IIn (narrow line) appear to be explosions that had strong mass loss before the event, so that the optical luminosity is powered by the circumstellar interaction. If the mass loss region has an optical depth >c/vs, where vs is the shock velocity, the shock breakout occurs in the mass loss region and a significant fraction of the explosion energy can be radiated. The emission from the superluminous SN 2006gy and the normal luminosity SN 2011ht can plausibly be attributed to shock breakout in a wind, with SN 2011ht being a low energy event. Superluminous supernovae of Type I may derive their luminosity from interaction with a mass loss region of limited extent. However, the distinctive temperature increase to maximum luminosity has not been clearly observed in Type I events. Suggested mechanisms for the strong mass loss include pulsational pair instability, gravity-waves generated by instabilities in late burning phases, and binary effects.
Circumstellar interaction in Type IIn supernovae
Authors: Chandra Poonam , Chevalier Roger A. , Chugai Nikolai , Soderberg Alicia M. , Fransson Claes
Published: January 2014

Type IIn supernovae have bright optical emission and high bolometric luminosities. Due to their high mass loss, their are expected to have dense circumstellar interaction, thus produce bright radio and X-ray emission. We aim to carry out systematic study to understand their circumstellar interaction, mass loss properties. Here, I provide specific examples of two Type IIn supernovae, 2006jd and 2010jl.
Autopsy of the Supernova Remnant Cassiopeia A
Authors: Milisavljevic Dan , Fesen Robert A.
Published: January 2014

Three-dimensional kinematic reconstructions of optically emitting ejecta in the young Galactic supernova remnant Cassiopeia A (Cas A) are discussed. The reconstructions encompass the remnant's faint outlying ejecta knots, including the exceptionally high-velocity NE and SW streams of debris often referred to as ‘jets’. The bulk of Cas A's ejecta are arranged in several circular rings with diameters between approximately 30″ (0.5 pc) and 2′ (2 pc). We suggest that similar large-scale ejecta rings may be a common phenomenon of young core-collapse remnants and may explain lumpy emission line profile substructure sometimes observed in spectra of extragalactic core-collapse supernovae years after explosion. A likely origin for these large ejecta rings is post-explosion input of energy from plumes of radioactive 56Ni-rich ejecta that rise, expand, and compress non-radioactive material to form bubble-like structures.
Observations and discoveries of supernova remnants with GMRT
Authors: Roy Subhashis , Pal Sabyasachi
Published: January 2014

We have measured HI absorption distance to the youngest Galactic supernova remnant G1.9+0.3. Absorption by known anomalous velocity features near the Galactic centre (GC) puts a lower limit on its distance from Sun as 10 kpc, 2 kpc further away from the GC. We have found a small diameter (1.6′) shell like structure G354.4+0.0, that shows polarised emission in the NVSS. Based on its morphology, angular size, HI distance and its spectrum between 1.4 GHz and 330 MHz, it is perhaps the second youngest SNR in the Galaxy that is expanding in a dense environment of an HII region surrounding it. Our pilot observation of the inner Galactic 4th quadrant within 337° < l < 354° with a fixed Galactic latitude of 0.37° has confirmed G345.1−0.2 as an SNR.