bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Medical Aspects of Scuba Diving
Authors: Becker Gary D. , Parell G. Joseph
Published: August 2007

Educational objectives: To more fully understand how the underwater environment affects the scuba diver and to diagnose and treat common medical disorders resulting from scuba diving.
Surgical Treatment of Pediatric Airway Lesions
Authors: Cotton Robin
Published: August 2007

Educational objectives: To diagnose pediatric lesions that are amenable to surgical treatment and use modern effective surgical methods to treat simple and complicated airway diseases.
How to Malpractice Suit Proof Your Practice
Authors: Howard Matthew L.
Published: August 2007

Educational objectives: To understand some of the principles underlying malpractice suits and both behaviors to avoid and precautions to take to prevent suit.
Three Dimensional Imaging and Surgical Planning
Authors: Carrasco Vincent N. , Mukherji Suresh K. , Pillsbury Harold C.
Published: August 2007

Educational objectives: To discuss the value of CT and MR imaging for preoperative surgical planning and to discuss computerized three‐dimensional imaging, multimodality image fusion, and appreciate their role in surgical preoperative planning.
Noise‐Induced Hearing Loss Compensation and Controversies
Authors: Touma Joseph B.
Published: August 2007

Educational objectives: To be more conversant in noise‐induced hearing loss and areas of controversy and to be able to handle compensation hearings, reporting, and legal aspects of it.
Stapedectomy: Problems and Revisions
Authors: Lippy William H.
Published: August 2007

Educational objectives: To understand, anticipate, recognize, and solve surgical problems in stapedectomy and revision stapedectomy.
Management of Subglottic Stenosis
Authors: Strome Marshall
Published: August 2007

Educational objectives: To integrate an endoscopic classification with specific therapeutic modalities and to have a complete understanding of the AP split—indications, procedure, and postoperative management.
Pediatric Nasal Airway Obstruction: Diagnosis and Management
Authors: Brown Orval E. , Manning Scott C. , Mabry Richard
Published: August 2007

Educational objectives: To diagnose and differentiate common and unknown pediatric nasal problems and to become familiar with current treatment recommendations for such entities.
Endoscopic Management of Vocal Fold Atypia and Early Cancer
Authors: Zeitels Steven M. , Koufman James
Published: August 2007

Educational objectives: To manage early glottic cancer by means of a variety of surgical treatment options and to understand the impact on vocal outcome from the variety of procedures.
Microsurgical Tonsillectomy Bipolar Dissection
Authors: Andrea Mario
Published: August 2007

Educational objective: To perform this surgical technique.
Problem Solving in Endoscopic Sinus Surgery
Authors: Sonkens Jerry W. , Miller Ronald
Published: August 2007

Educational objectives: To recognize potentially complicated sinus pathology and learn what to do when complications occur and to choose FESS options in treating sinus disease that specifically respond to CT findings and clinical history.
Pitfalls in Cochlear Implant Surgery: Early and Late
Authors: Hoffman Ronald A. , Cohen Noel L.
Published: August 2007

Educational objectives: To better diagnose and treat complications of cochlear implant surgery and to prevent complications through improved surgical technique.
Endonasal Frontal Sinus Surgery
Authors: May Mark , Schaitkin Barry
Published: August 2007

Educational objectives: To select appropriate candidates for endonasal frontal surgery and to understand the endonasal approach to the frontal sinus.
Management of Patients with Incurable Head and Neck Cancer
Authors: Kidder Thomas M.
Published: August 2007

Educational objectives: To understand the rationale and need for the head and neck surgeon to provide continuing and terminal care for patients dying of incurable head and neck malignancy and to effectively and confidently relieve pain and manage other distressing symptoms afflicting patients with incurable head and neck cancer.
Decision Making in Managing the Pediatric Airway
Authors: Rodney P. Lusk
Published: August 2007

Educational objectives: To understand the importance of good judgment in managing the pediatric airway and to identify the most likely factors to cause poor judgment and poor judgment chains.
Management of Airway and Esophageal Foreign Bodies
Authors: Holinger Lauren D.
Published: August 2007

Educational objectives: To have a systematic approach to the evaluation of a child with a potential foreign body and to understand the details of the mechanical aspects of foreign body extraction.
Management of Hemagiomas and Angiofibromas
Authors: Panje William R.
Published: August 2007

Educational objectives: To better understand how to differentiate the various types of vascular neoplasms and identify those that will need subsequent treatment and to gain insight into what is currently available for the treatment of head and neck hemangiomas.
Management of the Difficult Mandible
Authors: Wetmore Stephen J. , Key J. Michael
Published: August 2007

Educational objectives: To understand the difficulties involved in the management of complex mandibular trauma and to familiarize the participant with the decision making options with common difficult mandible fractures.
Practical Pediatric Audiology
Authors: Littman Thomas A. , Duncan Newton O.
Published: August 2007

Educational objectives: To develop an awareness of the effectiveness of behavioral audiologic testing in children under 3 years of age and to develop an understanding of advances in ABR and otoacoustic emissions and their role in testing of young children.
Pathological Basis of Ear and Skull Base Surgery
Authors: Belal Aziz , Sanna Mario
Published: August 2007

Educational objectives: To define a better surgical strategy based on pathologic variants of ear and skull‐base diseases and to understand what happens in the human temporal bone after different surgical approaches.
Triple-point shear layers in gaseous detonation waves
Authors: MASSA L. , AUSTIN J. M. , JACKSON T. L.
Published: August 2007

Recent experiments have shown intriguing regions of intense luminescence or ‘hotspots’ in the vicinity of triple-point shear layers in propagating gaseous detonation waves. Localized explosions have also been observed to develop in these fronts. These features were observed in higher effective activation energy mixtures, but not in lower effective activation energy mixtures. The increased lead shock oscillation through a cell cycle in higher activation energy mixtures may result in a significantly increased disparity in the induction time on either side of the triple-point shear layer, and thus an enhanced mixing between reacted and non-reacted streams supported by Kelvin–Helmholtz instability. The relation between the shear-layer instability and the mixture effective activation energy is analysed by carrying out a spatial linear stability study for three mixtures with different activation energies and injection conditions that correspond to the experimental conditions. The role of vortical structures associated with Kelvin–Helmholtz instability in the formation of localized ignition is investigated by performing two-dimensional Navier–Stokes simulations with detailed chemical kinetics and transport. In the low activation energy mixture, large-scale vortical structures are observed to occur downstream of the induction distance; these structures do not have a noticeable effect on the reaction. In higher effective activation energy mixtures, a thin transverse ignition front develops near the interface between the two gas streams and results in a combustion structure decoupled from the entrainment region. The decoupling leads to attenuation of the instability growth rate when compared to frozen calculations, and a reduced heat release in the high vorticity region. The analysis indicates the instability plays a modest role in ignition events for high activation energy mixtures. The formation of localized explosions observed in high activation energy systems is instead linked to the impossibility of a one-dimensional reactive combustion wave supported by the injection conditions. In the absence of curvature effects and stream-tube divergence, a system of shock waves is formed which spreads the ignition to the cold gas stream.
Long-wave-induced flows in an unsaturated permeable seabed
Authors: LIU PHILIP L.-F. , PARK YONG SUNG , LARA JAVIER L.
Published: August 2007

We present both analytical and numerical solutions describing seepage flows in an unsaturated permeable seabed induced by transient long waves. The effects of compressibility of pore water in the seabed due to a small degree of unsaturation are considered in the investigation. To make the problem tractable analytically, we first focus our attention on situations where the horizontal scale of the seepage flow is much larger than the vertical scale. With this simplification the pore-water pressure in the soil column is governed by a one-dimensional diffusion equation with a specified pressure at the water–seabed interface and the no-flux condition at the bottom of the seabed. Analytical solutions for pore-water pressure and velocity are obtained for arbitrary transient waves. Special cases are studied for periodic waves, cnoidal waves, solitary waves and bores. Numerical solutions are also obtained by simultaneously solving the Navier–Stokes equations for water wave motions and the exact two-dimensional diffusion equation for seepage flows in the seabed. The analytical solutions are used to check the accuracy of the numerical methods. On the other hand, numerical solutions extend the applicability of the analytical solutions. The liquefaction potential in a permeable bed as well as the energy dissipation under various wave conditions are then discussed.
Intrusive gravity currents propagating along thin and thick interfaces
Authors: SUTHERLAND BRUCE R. , NAULT JOSHUA T.
Published: August 2007

Inviscid gravity currents released from a finite-length lock are known to propagate at a constant speed to a predicted finite distance before decelerating. By extension this should occur in a two-layer fluid with equal upper- and lower-layer depths for an intrusion having the average density of the ambient. The experiments presented here show this is not necessarily the case. The finite-depth thickness of the interface non-negligibly influences the evolution of the intrusion so that it propagates well beyond the predicted constant-speed limit; it propagates without decelerating beyond 22 lock lengths in a rectilinear geometry and beyond 6 lock radii in an axisymmetric geometry. Experiments and numerical simulations demonstrate that the intrusion speed decreases to half the two-layer speed in the circumstance in which the interface spans the domain. The corresponding long mode-2 interfacial wave speed increases rapidly with interfacial thickness, becoming comparable with the intrusion speed when the interfacial thickness is approximately one-quarter the domain height. For somewhat thinner interfacial thicknesses, the intrusion excites solitary waves that move faster than the long-wave speed. The coupling between intrusions and the waves they excite, together with reduced mixing of the current head, result in constant-speed propagation for longer times.
A simple theism for a mixed world: response to Bradley
Authors: SWINBURNE RICHARD
Published: August 2007

In response to Michael Bradley, I summarize my account of the criteria by which the various data of natural theology increase the probability of theism and together make it probable. I explain the sense in which a simpler theory leaves less to be explained, justify my claim that God's perfect goodness is entailed by his other divine properties, and show that not merely is theism simpler than Bradley's ‘Epicurean hypothesis’, but that the ‘mixed’ data of natural theology are more to be expected given theism than given the ‘Epicurean hypothesis’.
Gospel Truth? Howard Brenton's Paul and the Bible
Authors: Baker John H.
Published: August 2007

In his play Paul, first staged at the National Theatre in 2005, Howard Brenton attempted a dramatic portrayal of one of the most influential and controversial figures in human history, the man many regard as the ‘founder’ of Christianity. In this article John Baker explores the complex relationship between Brenton's Paul and his Biblical counterpart, and asks what drew an avowed atheist and socialist to a dramatic consideration of a religious leader often condemned as authoritarian, anti-Semitic and misogynistic. John Baker was awarded his PhD by the University of Manchester in 1999. He currently teaches English Literature at the University of Westminster.
Stability of wooded patches in a South African nutrient-poor grassland: do nutrients, fire or herbivores limit their expansion?
Authors: Mourik Anja A. , van Langevelde Frank , van Tellingen Esther , Heitkönig Ignas M. A. , Gaigher Ian
Published: August 2007

Patches of wooded vegetation in nutrient-poor grassland characteristically contain high soil moisture and nutrient availability compared with surrounding grassland. These ‘islands of fertility’ appear stable in size, suggesting that tree recruitment at the patch boundary is limited. We hypothesize that tree establishment in adjacent grassland is limited by (1) competition for resources, (2) fire or (3) herbivory. In a South African grassland, we measured moisture availability and conducted a bioassay experiment to analyse whether soil nutrient limits tree recruitment at the patch boundary. We thus measured nutrient concentrations of maize plants grown in patch, boundary and grassland soil. To investigate whether browsing or fire affected tree seedlings at the patch boundary, we burned plots including patches, and used fences to exclude browsers. Neither soil moisture nor nutrient availability at the boundary differed from inside the patches, suggesting that tree recruitment at the boundary is not resource limited. Both fire and browsing combined caused a significantly lower tree seedling growth at the patch boundary, suggesting that these two factors can impede tree recruitment. The balance between positive feedback mechanisms facilitating tree recruitment, and the negative impact of fire and browsing can explain the apparent stability of these islands of fertility.
THE MOON PYRAMID PROJECT AND THE TEOTIHUACAN STATE POLITY
Authors: Sugiyama Saburo , Cabrera Castro Rubén
Published: August 2007

The Moon Pyramid is the second largest monument at Teotihuacan and represents a key source of information regarding the state polity and its underlying ideology. It was little known archaeologically until now. Extensive excavations around the pyramid and tunnel operations within its nucleus have discovered an elaborate architectural sequence, including seven overlapping monumental constructions and five burial complexes of sacrificed individuals and sacred animals associated with rich offerings. The excavations in nearby structures and the three-dimensional mapping of the Moon Plaza complex provide valuable new data relevant to better understanding the ancient city, including its foundation and urbanization processes and the ideology of leadership that was materialized by successive monumental constructions.
THE SCRIBES WHO PAINTED THE MATRÍCULA DE TRIBUTOS AND THE CODEX MENDOZA
Authors: Rosado Juan José Batalla
Published: August 2007

This article presents an analysis of the tlacuiloque (scribes) who participated in the production of the Matrícula de Tributos and the Codex Mendoza. I show the relevance of palaeographic analysis for documents in which the writing system is logosyllabic or hieroglyphic and most of the information is iconographic. The Matrícula de Tributos is a pre-Columbian document that recorded the tribute paid to the Mexica empire by conquered towns. It was probably painted during the last decade of Moctezuma's II rulership, although some of its pages may have been produced earlier. Its production shows the work of at least six scribes. Its content was copied by a single artist around 1542 as the second part of the Codex Mendoza, a document created to be sent to the Spanish emperor. I provide evidence of the work of the six scribes in the pages preserved of the Matrícula. I also show that the scribe responsible for folios 6r–11v of the Matrícula painted the entire Codex Mendoza at least 20 years later. I demonstrate these interpretations through comparative analysis of some elements of the iconography and logosyllabic writing in the Matrícula and the Codex Mendoza.
INTRODUCTION
Authors: Fowler William R.
Published: August 2007

This is the twenty-fifth Special Section published in Ancient Mesoamerica, and therefore it represents something of a milestone in the history of the journal. The goal has been to present in each special section a collection of related papers from a single project or region or on a selected topic to provide readers a tightly integrated summary of current research and interpretations. Certainly one of the most compelling and provocative special sections we have published was “Urban Archaeology at Teotihuacan” which appeared in vol. 2, no. 1 (1991). This collection of papers featured two stunning articles on the Feathered Serpent Pyramid, then often referred to as the Temple of Quetzalcoatl. Constructed in the early third century A.D., the Feathered Serpent Pyramid, along with the Sun Pyramid and the Moon Pyramid, was one of the three most powerful monuments in the sacred urban landscape of Teotihuacan. Rubén Cabrera Castro, Saburo Sugiyama, and George L. Cowgill (1991) reported on excavations in the 1980s of the Feathered Serpent Pyramid and the investigation of more than 137 sacrificial burials, including more than 70 males identified as soldiers because of associated offerings, discovered at the base of and underneath the pyramid. In the second article, Alfredo López Austin, Leonardo López Luján, and Saburo Sugiyama (1991) presented their brilliant iconographic analysis of the sculptural facades of the Feathered Serpent Pyramid, arguing that the monumental structure was dedicated to the myth of the origin of time and calendric succession, a tangible cosmogonic proclamation that Teotihuacan was “the place where time began.”
The Spirit of the Time: Revise the European Constitution to Protect National Parliamentary Democracy
Authors: Herzog Roman , Gerken Lüder
Published: August 2007

Without doubt, the European Union has come to a crossroads. Following the failure of the proposed Constitution in the referendums in France and The Netherlands, it is now vital to take stock of the situation in order to develop an overall concept for how European integration can and should progress from this point. Germany's EU Council Presidency provides an opportunity to hold this discussion. However, the fair-weather talk about Europe, currently being heard from all political sides, is no help at all. People are ill-at-ease and increasingly reserved and sceptical about the European Union, because they can no longer make sense of the integration process, because they can't shake off the feeling of an ever stronger, increasingly inappropriate centralisation of competencies, and because they cannot see who is responsible for which policies. These concerns must be taken very seriously, particularly because they are not simply imaginary.
The European Arrest Warrant: Between Trust, Democracy and the Rule of Law: The Implementation of the European Arrest Warrant in England and Wales
Authors: Padfield Nicola
Published: August 2007

Review of the implementation of the European Arrest Warrant in England and Wales – Introduction to the Extradition Act 2003 – The European Arrest Warrant in practice – Assessing the Extradition Act 2003.
Naher und weiter Transfer eines Unterrichtsprogramms zur Förderung der Lesekompetenz in der Sekundarstufe I
Authors: Mokhlesgerami Judith , Souvignier Elmar , Rühl Katja , Gold Andreas
Published: August 2007

Zusammenfassung: Ein Unterrichtsprogramm zur Vermittlung von Lesestrategien wurde in den regulären Deutschunterricht der 5. Jahrgangsstufe implementiert. Untersucht wurden Effekte auf das Wissen über Lesestrategien sowie ein Transfer auf Situationen außerhalb des Unterrichtsprogramms. Hierfür kamen ein standardisierter Leseverstehenstest sowie einfache mathematische Textaufgaben zum Einsatz. An der Untersuchung nahmen insgesamt 24 Schulklassen (n = 617 Schüler) aus fünf Gymnasien und einer Gesamtschule teil. In 15 Klassen (n = 387 Schüler) wurde das Unterrichtsprogramm durchgeführt, neun Kontrollklassen (n = 230 Schüler) erhielten regulären Deutschunterricht. Während für das Lesestrategiewissen deutliche Effekte des Programms zu beobachten waren, gab es beim Leseverstehen und beim Lösen von Textaufgaben keine signifikanten Unterschiede zwischen Experimental- und Kontrollklassen. Es liegt jedoch ein spezifischer Transfereffekt vor: Diejenigen Schüler der Experimentalgruppe, die sich zwischen Prä- und Posttest im Leseverstehenstest verbessert haben, zeigen im Anschluss an die Programmdurchführung beim Lösen von Textaufgaben signifikant höhere Zuwächse.
Fragebogen zur Arbeit im Team (FAT)
Authors: Mojzisch Andreas
Published: August 2007

Zusammenfassung. Der Fragebogen zur Arbeit im Team (FAT, Kauffeld, 2001 ) ist ein psychometrisch überprüftes Verfahren zur Messung der Arbeitsatmosphäre in Teams. Der FAT ist als Diagnoseinstrument zur Ableitung des Teamentwicklungsbedarfs konzipiert, indem er die Stärken und Schwächen eines Teams zu identifizieren hilft. Er kann sowohl zur Evaluation von Teamentwicklungsmaßnahmen als auch zum Vergleich des Arbeitsklimas verschiedener Teams eines Unternehmens eingesetzt werden. Insgesamt kann der FAT dem Anwender aufgrund seiner hohen Praxisnähe und der überwiegend positiven empirischen Befundlage empfohlen werden. Die Konstruktvalidität und die prädiktive Validität bedürfen jedoch noch weiterer empirischer Überprüfung.
Selbstreguliertes Lernen mit einer Mathematiklernsoftware
Authors: Haugwitz Marion , Dresel Markus
Published: August 2007

Zusammenfassung. Um den Einsatz von Selbstregulationsstrategien beim computerbasierten Lernen und dabei auftretende Abhängigkeiten von der Lernmotivation zu untersuchen, wurde eine Studie mit 160 Schüler/inne/n der 6. Jahrgangsstufe durchgeführt, die mehrere Unterrichtsstunden mit einer Mathematiklernsoftware arbeiteten. Per Fragebogenerhebung wurden die Nutzung von vier metakognitiven Selbstregulationsstrategien und die beiden Motivationskomponenten Erwartung und Wert sowohl in Bezug auf die Bearbeitung der Lernsoftware als auch in Bezug auf einen Referenzkontext (Mathematiklernen im Allgemeinen) erfasst. Für das computerbasierte Lernen wurde eine weniger umfangreiche Nutzung von Selbstregulationsstrategien festgestellt. Analysen erbrachten einen substanziell geringeren Einsatz der beiden metakognitiven Strategien “Planen“ und “Anpassen“. Weiterhin zeigte sich, dass sowohl das absolute Ausmaß der Strategienutzung als auch deren Abweichung gegenüber dem Referenzkontext von der Motivation der Lernenden abhingen. Der Wertkomponente kam dabei größeres Gewicht zu als der Erwartungskomponente.
Tests und Tools
Authors: Marcus Bernd
Published: August 2007

Zusammenfassung. In diesem Beitrag werden neuere Befunde insbesondere zur kriterienbezogenen Validität des Inventar berufsbezogener Einstellungen und Selbsteinschätzungen (IBES, Marcus, 2006a ) vorgestellt. Diese beruhen auf gegenüber dem Manual (je nach Kriterium bis zu N = 676) deutlich erweitertem Datenmaterial (je nach Kriterium bis zu N = 1784), das mehrheitlich mit berufstätigen Teilnehmern im Feld erhoben wurde. Es zeigen sich konsistente Befunde, die von Stichproben- und anderen Situationsspezifika unabhängig sind und weitgehend mit metaanalytischen Befunden zu nordamerikanischen Integrity Tests übereinstimmen.
Influences of Introverted/Extraverted Personality Types on P300 Amplitude Across Repeated Stimulation
Authors: Lindín Mónica , Zurrón Montserrat , Díaz Fernando
Published: August 2007

Abstract. Subjects with high and low scores on Eysenck's extraversion scale were presented with a block of 500 tones which was then divided into five subblocks. The subjects' task was to identify a higher-pitched tone (target tones) in a series of lower-pitched tones (standard tones), and to quickly press a button when they were sure that the tone they had heard was the target. In both extraverts and introverts, P300 amplitude was lower in the first than in the second subblock; it then showed a gradual decrease from the second subblock onward but only in extraverts. There were no differences in P300 latency between the groups. Differences in personality affect the intrablock changes of P300 amplitude when the target stimulus is repeated, and reflect that introverts and extraverts use different processing strategies in response to monotonous stimulation. The results are interpreted in the context of Eysenck's arousal theory and the cognitive-energetical approaches.
Does Strategic Memory Training Improve the Working Memory Performance of Younger and Older Adults?
Authors: Carretti Barbara , Borella Erika , De Beni Rossana
Published: August 2007

Abstract. The paper examines the effect of strategic training on the performance of younger and older adults in an immediate list-recall and a working memory task. The experimental groups of younger and older adults received three sessions of memory training, teaching the use of mental images to improve the memorization of word lists. In contrast, the control groups were not instructed to use any particular strategy, but they were requested to carry out the memory exercises. The results showed that strategic training improved performance of both the younger and older experimental groups in the immediate list recall and in the working memory task. Of particular interest, the improvement in working memory performance of the older experimental group was comparable to that of the younger experimental group.
Seasonal correlations of SST, water vapor, and convective activity in tropical oceans: A new hyperspectral data set for climate model testing
Authors: Aumann Hartmut H. , Gregorich David T. , Broberg Steven E. , Elliott Denis A.
Published: August 2007

The analysis of the response of the Earth Climate System to the seasonal changes of solar forcing in the tropical oceans using four years of the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) and Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (AMSU) data between 2002 and 2006 gives new insight into amplitude and phase relationships between surface and tropospheric temperatures, humidity, and convective activity. The intensity of the convective activity is measured by counting deep convective clouds. The peaks of convective activity, temperature in the mid‐troposphere, and water vapor in the 0–30 N and 0–30 S tropical ocean zonal means occur about two months after solstice, all leading the peak of the sea surface temperature by several weeks. Phase is key to the evaluation of feedback. The evaluation of climate models in terms of zonal and annual means and annual mean deviations from zonal means can now be supplemented by evaluating the phase of key atmospheric and surface parameters relative to solstice. The ability of climate models to reproduce the statistical flavor of the observed amplitudes and relative phases for broad zonal means should lead to increased confidence in the realism of their water vapor and cloud feedback algorithms. AIRS and AMSU were launched into a 705 km altitude polar sun‐synchronous orbit on the EOS Aqua spacecraft on May 4, 2002, and have been in routine data gathering mode since September 2002
Thermal characteristics and impact of climate change on mountain permafrost in Iceland
Authors: Farbrot Herman , Etzelmüller Bernd , Schuler Thomas V. , Guðmundsson Águst , Eiken Trond , Humlum Ole , Björnsson Helgi
Published: August 2007

This study contains the first quantitative description of mountain permafrost in Iceland, obtained through analysis of four ground temperature time series from recently established shallow boreholes at high altitude (∼900 m above sea level) in central and eastern Iceland. Permafrost is present at three of the four boreholes, where temperatures range from −2° to 0°C. During the data‐logging period, 2004–2006, the thickness of the active layer at the individual sites varied between less than 2 m and more than 5 m, mainly owing to differences in near‐surface ice content. The ground temperature profiles are nonlinear, with near‐surface temperature perturbations considered to be related to a recent warming of the ground surface. At the one nonpermafrost site the insulating influence of winter snow cover is more pronounced. A one‐dimensional heat‐conduction model was calibrated using ground temperature measurements and driven by surface temperature time series. The model results reproduce the measured ground temperature pattern well. This simplified model, simulating the results of possible future climate scenarios, indicates that permafrost degradation will occur at these sites within decades, depending on climate scenarios chosen and subsurface ice content.
Significant differences in the cloud droplet effective radius between nonprecipitating and precipitating clouds
Authors: Kobayashi Takahisa
Published: August 2007

We examined the cloud‐precipitation interaction by a combined use of radar and a solar/infrared radiometer onboard the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM). We found sudden changes in the cloud droplet effective radius in marine water clouds, and significant differences in the effective radius between nonprecipitating clouds and precipitating clouds in which clouds and precipitation coexist. The largest radius was limited to between 15 and 20 μm for nonprecipitating clouds, whereas it increased discontinuously to 30 μm for precipitating clouds. Detailed analysis suggests that the differences are likely due to the rapid growth of cloud drops into raindrops. The radius in nonprecipitating clouds indicates that threshold sizes exist below which precipitation hardly forms. This study revealed that the threshold sizes are clearly observed and are consistent on a global scale, which improves our understanding of the second indirect effects of aerosols.
Relationships between CCN and cloud microphysics variations in clean maritime air
Authors: Hudson James G. , Mishra Subhashree
Published: August 2007

Flight‐averaged CCN concentrations during the Rain in Cumulus over the Ocean (RICO) field project varied by a factor of four. This was sufficient to provide correlations with flight‐averaged total cloud droplet concentrations (Nc) and mean diameters (MD) that showed greater influence of CCN than updraft velocity (w) on Nc and especially MD. The product of CCN and w produced even stronger correlations with Nc and MD. An earlier RICO study had shown an inverse relationship of Nc and giant nuclei (GN) with large cloud droplet concentrations (NLD). These two RICO studies now show that the aerosol with the most influence on NLD (MD) is CCN. The results of the present study are similar to earlier studies in more polluted clouds that also showed more influence of CCN than GN on MD/NLD/drizzle. The present study indicates that variations in CCN concentrations even within maritime air masses modulate precipitation.
Radon variability at the Elat granite, Israel: Heteroscedasticity and nonlinearity
Authors: Barbosa S. M. , Steinitz G. , Piatibratova O. , Silva M. E. , Lago P.
Published: August 2007

The basic statistical features of radon time series from continuous radon monitoring at the Elat granite, Israel are analysed. A similar analysis is carried out for ancillary and possibly related geophysical parameters for the Elat area. The results show that air temperature, precipitable water and long‐wave radiation time series exhibit constant variance over the analyzed period, while radon time series, atmospheric pressure, short‐wave radiation and total electron content exhibit heteroscedasticity. Furthermore, for radon and short‐wave radiation the variability is associated with the overall mean level, while for atmospheric pressure such an association is not present. The analyzed radon time series not only are non‐stationary but also nonlinear, reflecting the complex dynamics of radon emanation and transport in natural subsurface systems.
Calculating Antarctic stratospheric temperature from Special Sensor Microwave Imager and Sounder
Authors: Liu Quanhua , Kazumori Masahiro , Han Yong , Weng Fuzhong
Published: August 2007

This study demonstrates that the upper‐atmosphere air sounding channels of the Special Sensor Microwave Imager and Sounder (SSMIS) can be used to estimate the stratospheric temperature. The constant viewing angle of the conical scanning sensor enables us to qualitatively analyze the stratospheric temperature without performing any retrieval or radiance assimilation. A snapshot of the SSMIS multi‐channel brightness temperatures realistically characterizes the Antarctic stratospheric temperature, a key contributing factor to photochemical ozone depletion. Using a linear regression technique, we show that retrieved stratospheric temperatures are consistent with those from radiosondes. Finally, the direct SSMIS radiance assimilation within the National Center for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Gridpoint Statistical Interpolation system improves the analysis of stratospheric temperatures.
Effects of spatial and temporal variations in aerosol properties on mean cloud albedo
Authors: Wang Jian
Published: August 2007

The mean cloud albedo over a spatial or temporal domain depends not only on the mean cloud condensation nucleus (CCN) spectrum but also on the CCN spectrum variation. When the variation of CCN spectrum is neglected, cloud albedo calculated using the mean CCN spectrum is positively biased. The CCN spectrum variation due to either variation in size distribution or chemical composition, as well as its corresponding effect on mean cloud albedo, was investigated using data collected at Pt. Reyes, California, during the July 2005 Marine Stratus Experiment (MASE). Even when the variation in chemical composition during the entire 28‐day project is neglected, the error in mean cloud albedo is small, and the corresponding error in mean upwelling irradiance is less than 0.5 W/m2. This small and nonsystematic error over such an extended period suggests that for study of mean cloud albedo and upwelling irradiance, the CCN spectrum can be parameterized using the average particle chemical composition or particle activation diameter based on location or air mass type. In contrast, neglecting the variation in aerosol size distribution or CCN spectrum results in positive bias in mean cloud albedo. The bias increases superlinearly with the relative standard deviation of CCN concentration over the domain of interest. On the basis of the MASE data, the average bias in mean upwelling irradiance within grid cells of typical global models ranges 0.4–0.5 W/m2 when only the variation of aerosol size distribution is neglected and increases to 0.5–0.7 W/m2 when the variation of CCN spectrum is neglected. The bias in mean upwelling irradiance can potentially, albeit infrequently, reach 12 W/m2 within grid cells of typical global models if the mean cloud albedo is derived using the mean size distribution or mean CCN spectrum. This suggests accurate evaluation of mean cloud albedo requires the variation of CCN spectrum or aerosol size distribution be taken into consideration, at least for high variability of CCN concentration.
THYROID HORMONE BINDING TO PUTATIVE NUCLEAR RECEPTORS IN HUMAN MONONUCLEAR BLOOD CELLS
Authors: Maberly GF , Eastman CJ , Smith HC , Waite K , Wilke TJ
Published: August 2007

Nuclear protein extracts from mononuclear cells in normal subjects, subjects with the clinical syndrome of thyroid hormone resistance and cultured B lymphocytes bound thyroxine (T4) (Ka; 1·3–3·5 × 109 m−1) and triiodothyronine (T3) (Ka; 1·2–3·9 × 109 m−1) with similar affinities. When an extra wash step was introduced, the maximum specific binding of T4 and T3 was reduced by 75% and binding was abolished by three washes. These data suggest binding is to a serum protein contaminant present in the mononuclear cell preparation.
HOST AGE DETERMINES THE EFFECTS OF HELMINTHIC PARASITE INFESTATION UPON EXPRESSION OF ALLERGIC REACTIVITY IN RATS
Authors: Turner KJ , Fisher EH , Holt PG
Published: August 2007

Comparisons were drawn between the effects of Nippostrongylus brasilensis infestation upon IgE synthesis and the in vivo expression of allergic reactions to ovalbumin OV) in weanling, juvenile and adult rats. Parameters examined included total and antigen (OV)‐specific IgE levels in serum and the relationship between serum levels of antigen‐specific IgE in individual parasitized rats and the magnitude of their subsequent reaction to intravenous or intradermal antigenic challenge. On the basis of parallel trials employing non‐infested age‐mulched controls, parasitized adult and juvenile animals manifested allergic reactivity to the full potential of their individual specific antibody levels. In contrast, the magnitude of allergic reactions in parasitized weanlings was markedly depressed below that expected from their IgE antibody scores. The most notable additional feature distinguishing parasitized weanling rats from infested animals of other ages was the presence in their serum of extremely high levels of ‘irrelevant’ IgE.
RESISTANCE OF ESTABLISHED ISLET ALLOGRAFTS TO REJECTION BY ANTIBODY AND COMPLEMENT
Authors: Agostino Michael , Prowse Stephen J , Lafferty Kevin J
Published: August 2007

Using preliminary in vitro culture in an oxygen‐rich atmosphere to facilitate survival of the graft, long term survival (> 100 days) of mouse pancreatic islet allografts was obtained subsequently in non‐immunosuppressed diabetic animals. When anti‐donor alloantiserum was transferred to these animals, the grafts were not rejected despite the fact that circulating cytotoxic antibody was demonstrated up to 7 days after injection of alloantiserum. Similarly, there was no graft rejection following the injection of anti‐donor alloantiserum and complement. These results show that cultured islet allografts are not susceptible to antibody and complement.
EFFECT OF DNA‐BINDING DRUGS ON THE ACTIVITY OF DNA METHYLASE FROM EHRLICH'S ASCITES TUMOUR CELLS
Authors: Tanaka M , Hibasami H , Nagai J , Ikeda T
Published: August 2007

DNA methylase from Ehrlich's ascites tumour cells preferentially methylates DNA with high GC content. The methylase activity was not affected by the presence of the oligonucleotides, dCdG or dCdCdGdG, which are known to be part of the methyl‐acceptor sequence for mammalian DNA methylase. DNA from 5‐azacytidine‐treated ascites cells was a good methyl acceptor Actinomycin D, ethydium bromide and quinacrine inhibited the methylase activity. Distamycin A also inhibited the methylation of DNA from 5‐azacytidine‐treated ascites cells, but did not inhibit the methylation of (dG.dC)n. The inhibitory effect of all these drugs was overcome by increasing the DNA concentration. Non‐competitive type inhibition in regard to S‐adenosylmethionine was observed with all the DNA‐binding drugs.
NON‐SPECIFIC FACTORS CAN INDUCE s‐IgD ON THE INTERMEDIATE, “PRE‐PROGENITOR” B CELLS THAT GIVE ADOPTIVE PRIMARY RESPONSES
Authors: Shortman Ken , Wilson Anne , Baker Julie , Layton Judith
Published: August 2007

The intermediate or “pre‐progenitor” B‐cell subpopulation giving primary adoptive responses has been found by this laboratory to be s‐IgD−, whereas other laboratories have reported the progenitors of primary adoptive responses to be s‐IgD+. This difference appears to depend on the recent history of environmental stimuli received by the mice. Deliberate administration of a complex non‐specific stimulus, designed to mimic the effects of infection or certain types of experimental manipulation, shifted “pre‐progenitor” activity from the s‐IgD− compartment to the s‐IgD+ compartment within 24 h. Neither horse erythrocytes (HRC) nor lipopolysaccharide (LPS) alone produced a reproducible effect, but the combination of HRC with low doses of LPS produced a marked shift to s‐IgD+ activity. Some earlier experiments from this laboratory suggesting a striking effect with HRC alone probably resulted from suspension of HRC in saline contaminated by LPS‐like material. Priming with HRC alone, under conditions which did not induce s‐IgD, nevertheless stimulated the “pre‐progenitors” to enter cell cycle. Three conclusions are drawn: (1) The stimulus for induction of s‐IgD is not identical with the non‐specific stimulus which selectively induces cell division in this intermediate B‐cell subset; (2) the presence of IgD on the surface per se does not prevent the non‐specific activation of these cells into division; (3) the absence of s‐IgD is only a useful marker of the “pre‐progenitor” subset if the mice are maintained under specific pathogen‐free conditions and exogenous stimuli are controlled.
SKIN TESTS FOR COELIAC DISEASE EMPLOYING FRACTIONS OF A GLIADIN DIGEST
Authors: Cornell HJ , Burns E , Hill DJ
Published: August 2007

Gliadin sub‐fractions have been tested by intradermal injection in 19 adult patients with coeliac disease in remission and in 19 healthy adult controls. Fraction 3, obtained by SP Sephadex chromatography of a peptic‐tryptic digest of gliadin, produced strong reactions (areas of erythema greater than 1 cm2) in 13 of the patients.

Weak or negative reactions to fraction 3 were produced in the remaining patients, including 2 patients who were currently on prednisolone therapy in addition to a gluten‐free diet. There was no correlation between time on a gluten‐free diet and severity of reaction in the patients not on prednisolone therapy. A strong reaction was observed with only one control and in the remaining controls all reactions were negative. Other fractions produced strong reactions in comparatively few patients. Skin tests using Fraction 3 could thus form part of the diagnosis for coeliac disease and could lead to a knowledge of the composition of the peptides which are important in the aetiology of this disease.
A MONOCLONAL ANTI‐IDIOTOPE ANTIBODY REACTING WITH A DETERMINANT OF THE CROSS‐REACTIVE IDIOTYPE ON ANTI‐p‐AZOBENZENEARSONATE ANTIBODIES OF A/J MICE
Authors: Morahan Grant
Published: August 2007

A hybrid cell line, 14A1, was produced that secretes antibodies reading with a monoclonal A/J anti‐p‐azobenzenearsonate (ABA) antibody. 7.1.3, previously shown to have all of the determinants of the cross‐reactive idiotype (CRI) defined by rabbit anti‐idiotype sera. 14A1 was detected using a sensitive assay that is specific for antibodies against idiotypic, but not allotypic nor isotypic, determinants. This was confirmed by demonstrating that 14A1 antibodies bind 7.1.3 but not other A/J monoclonal antibodies of the same class or CRI− monoclonal anti‐ABA antibodies. The idiotypic determinant recognized by 14A1 is located at or near the hapten‐binding site of 7.1.3, as ABA‐conjugated tyrosine is capable of blocking this interaction. Rabbit anti‐CRI antibodies are prevented from binding to 7.1.3 by the addition of 14A1, demonstrating the spatial proximity of the 14A1 idiotope with determinant(s) of the CRI. All A/J anti‐ABA antibodies that have the 14A1 idiotope are also CRI−, while anti‐ABA antibodies from other strains of mice do not express this idiotope. Furthermore, antibodies from A/J mice immunologically suppressed for the CRI also fail to interact with 14A1 antibodies. These results have implications both for the nature of the CRI and for the regulation of the immune response by anti‐idiotype antibodies.
THE ISOLATION AND TRANSPLANTATION OF FOETAL MOUSE PROISLETS
Authors: Simeonovic Charmaine J , Lafffrty Kevin J
Published: August 2007

A method is described for the isolation of ‘proislets’ from mouse foetal pancreas. Histologically, isolated proislets are composed of undifferentiated tissue which does not slain with aldehyde fuchsin. Following isotransplantation. proislets develop into well differentiated islets with β cell granulation. In addition, isografts consisting of proislets harvested from 8 foetal mouse pancreases have the functional capacity to reverse Streptozotocin‐induced diabetes. Proislets appear to represent foetal precursor islet tissue.
RABBIT ANTISERA TO CELL LINES RC2a AND U937: ANTIGENS EXPRESSED ON HUMAN LEUKAEMIC CELLS OF MYELOID, MONOCYTE AND T‐LYMPHOCYTE LINEAGE
Authors: Pilkington Glenn , Jacobs Diana , Mackenzie Susan , Bradley Ray , Hunter Steven , Jose David
Published: August 2007

Rabbit antisera have been produced to an acute myelomonocytic leukaemia (AMML)‐derived cell line (RC2a) and a histiocytic lymphoma derived cell line (U937) having macrophage characteristics. The antisera were screened by complement‐mediated cytotoxicity and immunofluorescence (cytofluorograph analysis) against separated leukaemic (122 patients plus 13 cell lines) and normal haematologic cell populations (60 preparations from 20 donors plus 10 B‐lymphoblastoid cell lines). The sera were absorbed with pooled B‐lymphoblastoid cell lines including the autologous B‐lymphoblastoid cell line to RC2a (CESS‐B) or alternatively with B‐CLL and T‐CLL cells. All leukaemic cell populations were confirmed using the markers SIg, E‐rosette receptor, cALL antigen, α‐naphthyl butyrate esterase and mydoperoxidase.

Rabbit anti‐RC2a (Adherent cells) (RARC2a(Ad)) and rabbit anti‐U937 (RAU937) recognised antigens common to immature myeloid monocyte and T‐lymphocyte lineage but did not react by cytotoxicity, absorption or cytofluorographic analysis with cells of B‐lymphocyte lineage (B‐lymphoblastoid or B‐CLL) and reacted only occasionally with cALL patients' cells (includes pre B phenotype). These sera reacted with peripheral blood monocytes but not with other mature blood leucocytes. RAU937 reacted with a major mononuclear population from normal marrow and with more differentiated myeloid leukaemia cells. RARC2a(Ad) and RAU937 detected overlapping subgroups of myeloid leukaemia (AMoL, AMML, AML and CML) patients and Null‐ALL and T‐ALL patients. These subgroups are now being examined for prognostic significance.
The plateau outward current in canine ventricle, sensitive to 4‐aminopyridine, is a constitutive contributor to ventricular repolarization
Authors: Sridhar A , da Cunha D N Q , Lacombe V A , Zhou Q , Fox J J , Hamlin R L , Carnes C A
Published: August 2007

Background and purpose:

IKur (Ultra‐rapid delayed rectifier current) has μM sensitivity to 4‐aminopyridine (4‐AP) and is an important modulator of the plateau amplitude and action potential duration in canine atria. Kv1.5 encodes IKur and is present in both atria and ventricles in canines and humans. We hypothesized that a similar plateau outward current with μM sensitivity to 4‐AP is present in canine ventricle.

Experimental approach:

We used established voltage clamp protocols and used 4‐AP (50 and 100 μM) to measure a plateau outward current in normal canine myocytes isolated from the left ventricular mid‐myocardium.

Key results:

Action potential recordings in the presence of 4‐AP showed significant prolongation of action potential duration at 50 and 90% repolarization at 0.5 and 1 Hz (P<0.05), while no prolongation occurred at 2 Hz. Voltage clamp experiments revealed a rapidly activating current, similar to current characteristics of canine atrial IKur, in ∼70% of left ventricular myocytes. The IC50 of 4‐AP for this current was 24.2 μM. The concentration of 4‐AP used in our experiments resulted in selective blockade of an outward current that was not Ito or IKr. β‐Adrenergic stimulation with isoprenaline significantly increased the 4‐AP sensitive outward current density (P<0.05), suggesting a role for this current during increased sympathetic stimulation. In silico incorporation into a canine ventricular cell model revealed selective AP prolongation after current blockade.

Conclusions and implications:

Our results support the existence of a canine ventricular plateau outward current sensitive to micromolar 4‐AP and its constitutive role in ventricular repolarization.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2007) 152, 870–879; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707403; published online 13 August 2007