bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Treatment of Deep Overbite
Authors: Clark William J.
Published: December 2014

An inter-incisal appliance is described which uses the vertical forces of occlusion to correct deep overbite and to apply inter-incisal torque. It is suggested that reduction of overbite may facilitate antero-posterior correction of arch relationships during the second stage of treatment. An incisor torquing appliance with a segmented base plate and extra-oral traction is used to apply lingual root torque to the upper incisor teeth and simultaneously to correct the disto-occlusion. A final stage of treatment established an improved inter-incisal occlusion.
Some Orthodontic Problems associated with Cleft Lip and Palate
Authors: Hall A. M.
Published: December 2014

The problems encountered when planning and managing the orthodontic treatment of cases of cleft lip and palate are discussed and suggestions about subsequent restorative procedures made.
An Electromyographic Investigation of the Perioral Musculature in Class II Division 1 Malocclusion
Authors: Simpson Mary McF.
Published: December 2014

The changes in lip activity associated with retraction of the upper labial segment during treatment of Class II division 1 malocclusion were investigated electromyographically.

In the lip seal position muscle activity of the circumoral muscles was much reduced after treatment, but the amount of reduction appeared to be unrelated to the amount of incisor retraction.

In some cases lips which were judged to be incompetent before treatment were competent after treatment.

Activity in the suprahyoid muscle group associated with upper incisor inclination and overjet when the lips were sealed was eliminated during swallowing.
A Mobile Orthodontic Laboratory
Authors: Parkhouse R. C.
Published: December 2014

A new approach to the problem of obtaining continuity of laboratory technical support at peripheral clinics is described.
An Evaluation of Different Methods of Canine Retraction
Authors: Farrant Susan D.
Published: December 2014

A Variety of different methods (17 in all) of retracting a canine tooth using fixed appliances with edgewise brackets are discussed in detail. The methods have been divided into two groups involving sliding the tooth along the archwire and moving the tooth with the archwire. The advantages and disadvantages of each method have been outlined.
Bilateral Congenital Fistulae of the Lower Lip
Authors: Bowden D. E. J.
Published: December 2014

A case of bilateral congenital fistulae of the lower lip is reported and the condition briefly reviewed.
The Flexibility of ‘Box-Loop’, ‘Cross Loop’ and ‘Vertical Loop’ Systems in the Vertical Plane
Authors: Brown I. D.
Published: December 2014

The flexibility, under intrusive and extrusive loadings, of three types of loop system were investigated. A typodont was used to simulate the conditions when these arches are used to align a vertically displaced Upper central incisor.
Problems of Accuracy and Reliability in Cephalometric Studies with Implants in Infants with Cleft Lip and Palate
Authors: Shaw W. C.
Published: December 2014

A simulated trial was carried out to assess the accuracy of cephalometric radiography with the aid of implants in infants receiving cleft lip and palate orthopaedic treatment. The stability of the implants is also discussed.

It was concluded that the technique is of limited value since the implants may be disturbed by the developing teeth and because slight inaccuracy in head positioning may lead to substantial errors of interpretation.
Crown Modification using Composite Resin to Achieve Incisor Overbite
Authors: Stephens C. D. , Jenkins C. B. G.
Published: December 2014

A case is described in which a lack of incisor overbite has been corrected by the addition of a filled composite resin. This orthodontic use of the acid-etch technique has proved satisfactory for 2 years.
Differential Rapid Maxillary Expansion in Cleft Palate
Authors: Foster T. D. , Chinn D.
Published: December 2014

Conventional methods of rapid maxillary expansion using rigid mechanisms are not appropriate to patients with cleft lip and palate in whom there has been severe growth deficiency in the lateral dimension. In such patients, much more expansion is usually needed in the canine regions than in the molar regions. A method is described for producing differential rapid maxillary expansion in such patients.
An Unusual Transposition
Authors: Barnett D. P.
Published: December 2014

A case is reported of a lower canine transposed across the midline and erupted next to the opposite lower canine.
At the Crossroads: A Discussion Paper
Authors: Robertson N. R. E.
Published: December 2014

This paper has been written to stimulate discussion on the future development of orthodontic treatment and teaching in the United Kingdom. It is the author's opinion that we are standing at a crossroads and ought, therefore, to choose between two pathways. In the paper the present situation in relation to teaching and treatment is summarized, and the two alternatives discussed.
The Face Mask: A New Form of Reverse Head-gear
Authors: Cooke Michael S. , Wreakes Glyn
Published: December 2014

Definite clinical situations arise for which reverse head-gear is the treatment of choice. The current techniques are reviewed and their shortcomings considered.

A new form of reverse head-gear was devised (the ‘face mask’) and its use described. The advantages of the face mask are discussed.
Loop Systems: A Method of Analyzing their Flexibility in Extrusion and Intrusion
Authors: Brown I. D.
Published: December 2014

A method of analyzing the flexibility, in the vertical plane, of fixed appliance loop systems is described.

An investigation using enlarged loops showed that the box-loop, when considered in isolation, was more flexible during extrusion than during intrusion. The converse was true for the cross-loop.
The Effect of Presurgical Treatment on Palatal Tissue Area in Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate Subjects
Authors: Huddart A. G. , Crabb J. J.
Published: December 2014

The investigation measures the area of palatal tissue at birth and at four months in three groups of subjects: (1) 30 complete unilateral cleft lip and palate cases who received presurgical maxillary orthopaedic treatment; (2) 15 similar cases who did not receive such treatment and were used as controls; (3) 30 normal children with intact palates.

The changes occurring in the three groups of cases over the four month period are compared. In particular it was noted that presurgical treatment retarded the growth of palatal tissue. The significance of this in relation to the other findings and presurgical treatment generally is discussed.
Hypodontia and Supernumerary Tooth: Report of a Case and its Management
Authors: Low T.
Published: December 2014

A case of the occurrence of both hypodontia or congenital absence of teeth and supernumerary tooth in the mandibular labial segment is reported. The supernumerary to simulate the lower central incisor, both for aesthetic purpose and for the maintenance of space. The orthodontic management of the patient was discussed.
A Method for Constructing Acrylic Teaching Models Incorporating Radiopaque Teeth
Authors: Titshall M. J.
Published: December 2014

A method is described for the construction of an acrylic model, intended to assist in teaching the interpretation of postero-anterior and lateral skull radiographs. The base and alveolus of the model are constructed from clear but tinted acrylic and the buried canine and other teeth are made radiopaque. It is, therefore, possible to compare the visual appearance of the buried teeth with its radiographic appearance.
An Investigation into Methods used to Clean and Sterilize Orthodontic Instruments and Bands
Authors: Thompson Robin P. J. , Bogues Winston H. J. P.
Published: December 2014

The problem of whether to sterilize orthodontic instruments and pliers is discussed. The orthodontist, his assistant and the patients being treated are at risk from instrument borne cross-infection. A questionnaire was sent to orthodontists enquiring about the methods they use to sterilize orthodontic instruments and pliers. Sterility is an absolute term and disinfectants cannot be be relied upon to sterilize. Heat sterilization causes rusting and stiffness of orthodontic instruments. It is recommended that heat sterilization should be used for orthodontic instruments and bands. However, when instruments are not blood or saliva contaminated chemical disinfection although not ideal may be acceptable.
Tymodonts
Authors: Richardson Andrew , Mercer Hill
Published: December 2014

The development of the tymodont—the time saving typodont—is described.
Direct Traction applied to Unerupted Teeth using the Acid-etch Technique
Authors: Hunt N. P.
Published: December 2014

The acid-etch technique for direct bonding as a means of applying traction to unerupted teeth, has been utilized for some time. This paper presents practical advice for treatment of unerupted teeth employing surgical exposure, direct bonding of orthodontic attachments for the application of traction and subsequent replacement of the soft tissue flap.
The Eruption of Lower Third Molars following the Loss of Lower Second Molars: A Longitudinal Cephalometric Study
Authors: Huggins D. G. , McBride L. J.
Published: December 2014

In the orthodontic assessment of mild malocclusion of the lower arch, the impaction of lower third molars is often ignored. In such cases lower arch alignment is frequently, later, compromised by the continued presence of the impacted third molars. The authors have produced a simple geometric procedure, to be applied to rotated cephalograms, which will enable clinicians to forecast accurately those lower third molars which will reach occlusion, after the extraction of lower second molars. In addition, such extractions will correct mild buccal arch crowding without the use of appliances. Results of the eruptive progress of 50 lower third molars, over a 7 year period, are presented to support the theory.
A Review of Anterior Open Bite
Authors: Mizrahi E.
Published: December 2014

Anterior open bite malocclusion is reviewed under the headings of aetiology, morphology and treatment. The aetiology is discussed within the classification originally described by Dockrell in 1952. The morphological differences between skeletal and dental open bite together with the extra oral, intra oral, and cephalometric characteristics are described. Recognition is given to the recent developments in maxillo facial surgery and the importance of a combined surgical and orthodontic approach to the treatment of skeletal open bite. The merits of the palatal crib either on a fixed or removable appliance to break a thumb sucking habit are discussed in relation to the dental open bite. The relationship of post treatment stability to the adequate removal or modification of the aetiological factor is stressed.
Treatment following Loss of Second Premolars
Authors: Tulloch J. F. Camilla
Published: December 2014

The indications for extracting second premolars are discussed. A progressively banded technique is described, demonstrating the various modifications required to handle cases ranging from space closure to maximum anchorage problems. The advantages of this technique are outlined, and some difficulties that may be encountered are discussed.
The Management of Spacing in the Maxillary Incisor Region
Authors: Clark J. D. , Williams J. K.
Published: December 2014

The aetiology and treatment of spacing in the maxillary permanent incisor region is discussed and illustrated.
Long Term Results of Premolar Extractions in Orthodontic Treatment
Authors: Crossman I. G. , Reed R. T.
Published: December 2014

An assessment of the long-term results of a series of first and second premolar extractions. First premolar extractions produced a higher proportion of satisfactory upper contacts and buccal occlusions, but second premolar extractions, were more often associated with space closure. Approximately 40 per cent of lower contacts were unsatisfactory. There was little difference between the premolars in this or with regard to residual lower incisor crowding. No association between the presence of third molars and space closure was found.
Prefabrication of round and Edgewise Arches using Wax Bites
Authors: Orton H. S. , Dunlop D. R. , Birnie D. J.
Published: December 2014

The principles of prefabricating round and edgewise archwires using a wax bite technique and their specific application to prescriptions for upper and lower archwire designs are described. The technique has proved particularly useful both in teaching beginners the elements of fixed appliance therapy and in reducing the length of patient appointments.
A Remarkable Spontaneous Occlusal Change
Authors: Reynolds Lesley M.
Published: December 2014

A case is described in which an overjet reduced spontaneously from 9 mm to 5 mm without orthodontic treatment.
Patterns of Child Rearing in Relation to Thumb Sucking
Authors: Golden A.
Published: December 2014

A survey of 612 kibbutz children from 7 to 12 years of age indicated a very high prevalence and prolonged persistence of the thumb sucking habit. Several psychological and social factors related to community living were investigated and are discussed as possible aetiological factors.
‘Orthodontic’ Decalcification, the Ultrasonic Instrument, and the Premade Positioner. A New Orthodontic Triad
Authors: Cooke Michael S. , Wreakes Glyn
Published: December 2014

A case of severe decalcification following fixed orthodontic therapy is used to illustrate how the Ultrasonic Instrument and the Premade Positioner may help treat the aesthetic problem. The use of the Orthodontic Positioner to concurrently close spaces and to treat both the gingival hypertrophy and decalcification is described in the same case.

Some newer solutions to the decalcification problem are discussed.
A Comparison of some Features of the Indonesian Occlusion with those of two other Ethnic Groups
Authors: Johnson J. S. , Soetamat Anggraini , Winoto Nini S.
Published: December 2014

A sample of 184 randomly selected Indonesian children aged from 7 to 13 years from Surabaya, Java was examined for the prevalence of dental malocclusion. The examination was supported by cephalometric and photographic records and dental casts. Results showed a high prevalence of incisor crowding, bimaxillary prognathism, and a class I molar relationship. While crowding was very common, there appeared to be few antero-posterior, vertical or lateral discrepancies.
May Fast Screen-Film Combinations be used for Cephalometry?
Authors: Halse Agnar , Hedin Måns
Published: December 2014

Five fast screen-film combinations were tested and compared with a conventional high-definition system. A phantom head was radiographed using different tube voltages. One linear distance and four angles were measured on films with the same density. All the combinations were subjectively judged to be qualitatively inferior to the reference system. The loss in definition had little influence on the reliability of the cephalometric measurements as estimated from duplicate readings on identical films. The exposure required to obtain adequate film density was low, especially for the systems based on salts of rare earth metals.
Molar Derotation with a Modified Palatal Arch: An Improved Technique
Authors: Cooke Michael S. , Wreakes Glyn
Published: December 2014

An improved method of derotating upper molars is described which utilizes a modified palatal arch. Its principal advantages are threefold: No wires are visible from the front of the mouth; the great flexibility of the arch minimizes the adjustments (and thus patient visits) necessary to maintain an ideal rotating force; and torque may be applied to the molars if required. Clinical experience has shown the arch to be well tolerated and very robust.
The Current Status of Facial Growth Prediction: A Review
Authors: Houston W. J. B.
Published: December 2014

Facial growth has an important bearing on orthodontic treatment and on its stability. However, despite much research in this field, the prediction of facial growth is subject to considerable inaccuracies. The best that can be done is to base treatment on the existing facial pattern with an allowance for average growth according to age and sex. In view of the uncertainty of prediction, treatment planning should be based on facial and dental relationships that change least with growth.
The Skeletal and Dental Effects of Rapid Maxillary Expansion
Authors: Linder-Aronson S. , Lindgren J.
Published: December 2014

The investigation is a continued examination of the dental and skeletal changes accompanying rapid maxillary expansion on 23 patient. It also examines the stability of these changes 5 years post retention The results show that the final increase in width between the upper first molars recorded 5 years post retention Was 45 percent of that initially achieved by rapid maxillary expansion. The mean final increase in the inter canine width was only 23 percent of the expansion achieved initially. The results do not support the common belief that rapid maxillary expansion increases the overjet and reduces the overbite. No unfavourable skeletal and dental side effects of rapid maxillary expansion could be found.
A Method of Treatment for Incisor Crowding
Authors: Betteridge Margaret Ann
Published: December 2014

A method for the assessment and treatment of late incisor crowding is described. An index for the crowding is determined and from this the lack of space is calculated in millimetres. If the discrepancy is less than 4 mm, treatment by removal of approximal enamel may be recommended. An index for lower incisor tooth shape is also discussed. A case history demonstrates alignment of upper and lower labial segments by interdental stripping and the use of simple appliances.
The Transplantation of Canines using Direct Bonded Orthodontic Bracket Fixation: An Improved Technique
Authors: Wreakes Glyn , Cooke Michael S.
Published: December 2014

A technique of transplanting canines using orthodontic bracket fixation is described. The extracted tooth has its root suspended in the patient's own blood whilst the dried isolated crown is freely accessible for the direct bonding of an edgewise bracket at a predetermined position. A special bottle with rubber and clamp in the lid is needed for this procedure and is described.

Advantages of the technique include the following: Ideal positioning of the canine under direct vision; the possibility of forming a canine eminence and the easy assessment at intervals, of the firmness of the transplant. Therefore, the fixation may be removed, in many cases, before the usual 6 week period.
Concomitant Hypo-hyperodontia
Authors: Gibson A. C. L.
Published: December 2014

The incidence of this combined numerical defect of the dentition is assessed by a survey of 4598 orthodontic patients. The factors which may influence the reported incidence are considered. A subdivision into premaxillary, maxillary, mandibular and bimaxillary varieties is suggested on the grounds of the distribution of the teeth involved.
Orthodontic Treatment of Malocclusion Associated with Repaired Complete Clefts of the Lip and Palate
Authors: Shaw W. C.
Published: December 2014

The literature concerning orthodontic treatment of malocclusion associated with cleft lip and palate has been reviewed. The aims of treatment and a number of skeletal, soft tissue, dento-alveolar and general care factors which influence treatment planning are discussed. The effect of early orthopaedic treatment, examined solely on the grounds of eventual arch form in the deciduous dentition, reveals a prophylactic benefit in some, but not all reports. There would appear to be little benefit in carrying out orthodontic treatment in the deciduous dentition but it is suggested that the progressive development of severe overclosure during the mixed dentition phase should be intercepted using simple appliances. The most important phase of treatment follows eruption of the permanent dentition and appliances are described which are capable of substantial radial and vertical corrections in preparation for a permanent prosthesis.
A Longitudinal Cephalometric Study of Dento-facial Growth from 5 to 15 Years
Authors: Kerr W. J. S.
Published: December 2014

Analysis of serial lateral cephalometric films for 85 subjects at 5, 10 and 15 years revealed that the behaviour of nine mean angular dimensions was variable, indicating a change in facial shape. However, the range of individual variation was considerable.
A Method for the Preliminary Correction of Severely Rotated Teeth
Authors: Clark J. D.
Published: December 2014

A method, using a removable appliance with elastic traction, is described for the initial alignment and, if required, subsequent over-correction of severely rotated anterior teeth.
Prediction of the Timing of the Adolescent Growth Spurt from Ossification Events in Hand—Wrist Films
Authors: Houston W. J. B. , Miller J. C. , Tanner J. M.
Published: December 2014

The prediction of the timing of the pubertal growth spurt could be helpful in planning some types of orthodontic treatment. It has been suggested that information from hand—wrist radiographs could be used for this purpose. Insufficient attention has been paid to the distinction between ossification events and bone stages. In the present paper it is shown that the uncertainty of prediction of the timing of the peak height Velocity from ossification events in the hand and wrist, is generally large and so they are of limited value for this purpose.
The Production of Pretorqued Arch Blanks Using an 0·018 in. Loper Turret
Authors: Birnie D. J. , Orton H. S.
Published: December 2014

Some factors affecting the transmission of torque from a rectangular archwire to the tooth are discussed. Arch blanks from two 0·018 in. Loper turrets were measured to assess the reliability of the turrets. One turret produced clinically unacceptable results, due to the effects of wear. The use of a table of deviation angles is advocated in order to estimate more accurately the torque applied through the bracket.
A Quantitative Study of General Dental Practitioner Orthodontic Care in Scottish Health Board Areas (1966–1975)
Authors: Haynes Sydney
Published: December 2014

A quantitative assessment of the true dental practitioner contribution to orthodontic care in Scottish Health Board areas during the period 1966–1975, shows that the amount of orthodontic treatment given by general dental practitioners in Scotland has diminished in the 10 year period studied.

A wide variation was observed in respect of the mean number of orthodontic treatments per year per practitioner, and there was also a lack of uniformity in the proportion of practitioners providing an orthodontic service relative to the different area health boards.

The findings have also shown that between 1966–1975, a considerable reduction has occurred in the mean number of practitioner orthodontic treatments commenced each year in the Greater Glasgow and Lothian Health Board areas.

The evidence of this study also suggests that orthodontics should become recognized as a postgraduate dental specialty and that it would be appropriate to introduce specialist registration as a means of improving the quality and quantity of orthodontic care within the National Health Service. This should also be accompanied by certain administrative changes, as the present anomalous situation whereby specialist practitioners are permitted to practise within the general dental service should be discontinued.
The Assessment of Cranio-facial Angles Using Polarized Light
Authors: Minors C. J.
Published: December 2014

A technique is described for measuring various angles used in orthodontic cephalometry without the use of radiography. This new method utilizes the properties of polarized light to transfer the data required from the patient to the apparatus, where it is stored and displayed electronically. Some preliminary results indicate that the method is potentially of sufficient accuracy to merit further development.
The Southend Clasp
Authors: Stephens C. D.
Published: December 2014

The Southend clasp has proved itself to be a highly satisfactory alternative to more conventional incisor clasps used in removable appliance treatment. Its design and properties are described.
The Expectations of Orthodontic Patients in South Wales and St Louis, Missouri
Authors: Shaw W. C. , Gabe M J. , Jones B. M.
Published: December 2014

A questionnaire survey of the expectations of orthodontic treatment was conducted among 200 orthodontic patients and parents in South Wales. The results were compared with those of a similar study in St Louis, Missouri. The central finding was the high expectations of the effects of treatment shared by both groups.
Serial Growth Changes in the Lips
Authors: Burke P. H.
Published: December 2014

This study is based upon annual serial observation of six pairs of like-sexed twins who were observed for various periods between the ages of 9 and 18 years. It is introduced by similar observations at more frequent intervals of a baby between the ages of 3 weeks and 2 years who was then also observed annually until the age of 7 years. The records consist of stereoscopic pairs of photographs recorded with a stereometric camera, which were subsequently used to plot contour maps of the face, including the mouth, with the outline of the vermilion borders of the lips and a contour interval of 2 mm. The landmarks used to study antero-posterior change were the mid points of the upper and lower vermilion borders of the lips relative to a line joining the right and left angles of the mouth. Local changes were measured in terms of lip shape, using the same reference line. The differing growth velocities by which the shape of the mouth changes so much in the first 2 years of life are examined and contrasted with the low rates of growth found later. The long-term changes in the older twins are examined in terms of changes in antero-posterior displacement of one lip relative to the other with any changes of shape, and are related to dental changes, as recorded on study models of the dentition.
Are the Soft Tissues of Significance?
Authors: Brenchley M. L.
Published: December 2014

An appraisal of the significance of soft tissues in orthodontics has been attempted by examining the range of malocclusions found in a small series of patients, all of whom exhibited high Frankfort-mandibular planes angles and moderately severe Class II dental base relationships.
Asymmetry of the Cranio-facial Skeleton
Authors: Cook J. T.
Published: December 2014

The normal cranio-facial skeleton may demonstrate varying degrees of asymmetry, ranging from sub-clinical asymmetry compatible with normal dental occlusion to gross asymmetry arising from traumatic, pathological or developmental causes. An intermediate group has clinical cranio-facial asymmetry associated with dental malocclusion but with no apparent pathological cause. There may be compensatory development of the dento-alveolar structures which reduces the effect of the skeletal asymmetry on the dental occlusion.

Radiographic analysis of the location of the asymmetry is unsatisfactory but some individuals in the intermediate group show curvature or distortion of the skull base which can be demonstrated although not quantified on SMV x-rays.

Skull deformation can arise in utero, during birth or in infancy. One form of skull and facial obliquity (plagiocephaly) can occur a few weeks after birth in infants who were symmetrical at birth. There may be associated asymmetry of the axial skeleton and plagiocephaly was a constant feature in one survey of infantile scoliosis.

An association exists between facial asymmetry, skull base asymmetry, plagiocephaly and asymmetry of the axial skeleton.
Orthodontic Surveys—A Critical Appraisal
Authors: Foster T. D.
Published: December 2014

Surveys of the occlusion in population groups usually include in their objectives the academic assessment of occlusal features, the planning of resources for public health treatment programmes, the comparison of differing populations and the screening of groups for orthodontic treatment. The requirements for these purpose differ. While occlusal features are readily measured by any trained observer, the need for treatment is a largely subjective judgement and the difficulty and practicability of treatment are aspects which can only realistically be assessed by clinical orthodontists. The use of an occlusal index, while standardizing the measurement of the occlusion, still retains the subjectivity of the assessment of treatment need, though this subjectivity is also standardized. No occlusal index at present includes any measure of the difficulty or practicability of treatment.

Reports of orthodontic surveys on UK populations in the past 30 years reflect the difficulties of making comparable assessments without standardized criteria, as well as secular changes in judgment of treatment need. If surveys are to be of value either in resource planning, screening or comparison of populations there seems to be a need to develop a suitable index which would use measurements rather than classifications as far as possible.
A Comparison of the Frequency of General Practitioner Orthodontic Treatments in Scotland 1966 and 1975. Should the Present System be Reviewed?
Authors: Haynes Sydney
Published: December 2014

In both 1966 and 1975, a relatively high proportion of general dental practitioners in Scotland failed to provide orthodontic treatment in the General Dental Service (35 and 38 per cent respectively), and the majority of those practitioners providing an orthodontic service commenced treatment for no more than ten patients in each of these years, i.e. 56 per cent (1966) and 61 per cent (1975).

These findings indicate that an urgent review of the present system is required if the quantity and quality of orthodontic treatment provided by the British National Health Service is to be improved. The present system has remained virtually unchanged since 1947, and it can now be seen to be both inefficient and uneconomic.

The anomaly of specialist orthodontists acting as ‘general dental practitioners’ in practices ‘limited to orthodontics’ in the General Dental Service is also discussed. It is suggested that those dental specialties requiring prolonged postgraduate training should receive formal specialist recognition and status in the United Kingdom, and that the most satisfactory method of providing a more comprehensive service is by the recognition of orthodontics as a true specialty and by the simultaneous expansion of the hospital service to play a more positive role in the provision of treatment.
Correction of Anterior and Lateral Crossbite by a Removable/Fixed Appliance Combination
Authors: Clark William J.
Published: December 2014

A removable/fixed appliance technique is described for treatment of Class III malocclusion by inter-maxillary traction. A variation is described for correction of lateral crossbite.
A Modified Direct Bond Lingual Retainer Technique
Authors: Eade Peter
Published: December 2014

An indirectly constructed lingual retainer secured by bonding is described with the advantage of positive location.
Changes in Molar Occlusion after Extraction of All First Pre-molars: A Follow-up Study of Class II Division 1 Cases Treated with Removable Appliances
Authors: Stephens C. D. , Lloyd T. G.
Published: December 2014

Spontaneous improvement in molar occlusion is often assumed to accompany orthodontic treatment of the Class II Division I case where all pre-molars have been removed. The investigation shows that while the buccal occlusion generally improves after the completion of removable appliance treatment this is seldom enough to correct a Class II molar relationship.
The Mechanics of Tooth Mobility
Authors: Sutcliffe W. J. , Atherton J. D.
Published: December 2014

The mechanical principles involved in tooth mobility have been described and applied to derive a formula for the position of the centre of rotation of a tooth. Conclusions about the effects of relevant variables such as load position and root taper are drawn.
The ‘Wits’ Appraisal of a Sample of the South Wales Population
Authors: Robertson N. R. E. , Pearson C. J.
Published: December 2014

The ‘Wits’ appraisal of a sample of a South Wales population was undertaken. The material was 25 headplates of 15-year-old males and a similar number of X-rays from 15-year-old females. The results were very similar to those first reported by Jacobson.
The Effect of Third Molar Removal on the Size of Pre-molar Extraction Spaces in the Lower Arch
Authors: Stephens C. D.
Published: December 2014

A method is described for the accurate measurement of space closure at lower pre-molar extraction sites. A case report illustrates the method and gives support to the view that mandibular third molars influence the rate of mesial drift in the lower arch.
Frames of Reference for the Measurement of Occlusal Change and the Integration of Data from Orthodontic Models and Cephalometric Radiographs
Authors: Jones M. L. , Ang S. , Houston W. J. B.
Published: December 2014

The problems of establishing a suitable basis for the measurement of tooth movements from models is discussed, together with the ways in which such measurements of the occlusion can be related to data from cephalometric radiographs.
The Lower Incisor Bonded Retainer in Clinical Practice: A Three Year Study
Authors: Lee Robert T.
Published: December 2014

A technique of locating a lower incisor bonded retainer is demonstrated. The technique was used in 46 selected cases over a period of 3 years, the retainer coming adrift in nine cases. The main problem found was plaque control and the retainer did not prevent axial inclination changes of the lower incisors. The use of rectangular ribbon arch wire is recommended for the control of corrected rotations.
Retraction and Alignment of Upper Incisors with a Sliding Labial Arch
Authors: Davis H. D.
Published: December 2014

The article describes the retraction and alignment of incisors by means of a labial arch activated by elastics and sliding through tubes on the molar cribs of a removable appliance. As necessary, extra-oral components may be incorporated.
Direct Bonding with Lee Unique
Authors: Demuth Paul R.
Published: December 2014

The following account gives a description of the chemical nature and clinical handling of one of the recent bonding agents, Lee Unique.
The Bionator
Authors: Eirew H. L.
Published: December 2014

The article describes the Bionator appliance, its clinical background and construction.
Long-term Planning of Orthodontic Manpower
Authors: Prahl-Andersen Birte , Hof Martin van't
Published: December 2014

The use of a mathematical model for the planning of long-term orthodontic manpower needs is described. The effects of varying parameters such as the number of newly trained orthodontists and the number of new patients accepted by each practice, is described.
Use of the ‘Tip-back Arch’ in Modern Edgewise Technique
Authors: Jones M. L. , Orton H. S.
Published: December 2014

A method is suggested by which to achieve bite opening and en masse movements in those edgewise cases where overbite reduction has proved difficult using modern techniques.
Movement of an Upper Central Incisor across the Midline
Authors: Cookson A. M.
Published: December 2014

A case is described in which an upper central incisor was moved across the midline. The median suture distorted as the tooth moved.
Mandibular Rotation and Class III Malocclusion
Authors: Bryant P. M. F.
Published: December 2014

The purpose of this investigation was to examine Class III cases with reverse overjet and low maxillo-mandibular planes angle, before, during and following treatment. Several methods, including Björk's structural method, are used to assess any rotation occurring and the effects of such rotation on vertical facial dimension and antero-posterior jaw relationship. From these observations comments are made on the possible existence of overclosure in these cases.
Cleft Lip and Palate: A Prediction of Psychological Disfigurement?
Authors: Lansdown Richard
Published: December 2014

The literature on the psychological effects of a cleft lip and/or palate is considered within the context of findings on facial abnormalities in general and the relationship between appearance and attitude formation. It is suggested that predictions from the general to the particular case of the cleft child are not always in the direction that might be anticipated, for there is little evidence of specific or severe psychological sequaelae to clefts. Nevertheless, there are indications of possible areas of difficulty and an outline for further research is put forward.
An Improved Method for the Yield in Bending of Straight Orthodontic Wires
Authors: Waters N. E.
Published: December 2014

An improved test is described for assessing the propensity of straight orthodontic wires to distortion when subject to bending stresses. The test is simple and quick, shows good discrimination between different types of wire and excellent between-operator reproducibility.
Some Further Observations on Submerging Deciduous Molars
Authors: Brown I. D.
Published: December 2014

34 females and 20 males, all with one or more submerging deciduous molars, were compared with 30 female and 30 male controls. When groups were matched for sex, age and occlusion no conclusive evidence could be found to support the hypothesis that subjects with submerging deciduous molars have different facial proportions. There was a higher prevalence of developmentally absent pre-molar teeth in the submerging group (p < 0·001). When males and females were compared, no significant differences were found in the number of submerging deciduous molars per patient, the location of those teeth or the number of quadrants involved.
Eight Methods of Analysing a Cephalogram to Establish Anteroposterior Skeletal Discrepancy
Authors: Brown Moira
Published: December 2014

Eight of the more commonly used cephalometric analyses are presented in their basic form and used to assess the antero-posterior skeletal discrepancy of an individual. Tables of results and an appraisal for each method are provided. An attempt has been made to itemize the salient features of each.
The Flautist's Shield
Authors: Crawford Peter J. M.
Published: December 2014

A lip shield is described for use by wind instrument players undergoing multiband orthodontic treatment.

The value to the wind instrumentalist of freedom from malocclusion or dental irregularities is discussed. There would seem to be a real conflict between the need for practice and the desirability of orthodontic treatment for these patients.
Quantitative Assessment of the Occlusal Features
Authors: Kinaan B. K. , Burke P. H.
Published: December 2014

There is no widely accepted quantitative method for assessing occlusion. The wide variation in epidemiological studies is due to the use of quantitative terms, which are subjective and allow a broad range of interpretation.

A new, simple reproducible and valid quantitative method of assessing occlusion which is suitable for epidemiological and clinical use is described. Four instruments are used for direct measurement of occlusal traits. An overbite gauge has been devised and three other measuring instruments have been modified to measure overjet and crowding of the teeth. Each dental arch is divided into three segments, an incisal segment and two buccal segments. Each segment is assessed in terms of intra-arch alignment and inter-arch relationship (in occlusion).

The method has been field tested and proved to be practical and valid.
Multiple Delayed Eruption—A Case Report
Authors: Rudge S. J.
Published: December 2014

An interesting case is presented of multiple delayed eruption in a male aged 17 years 1 month, in whom no other abnormalities were detected.
Clinical Crown Length in 9-, 11- and 13-year-old Children with and without Finger-sucking Habit
Authors: Larsson Erik , Rönnerman Assar
Published: December 2014

Continuing finger-sucking often leads to an anterior open bite. The object of the present study was to attempt to illustrate whether this open bite is caused by an arrested eruption of incisors or primarily by inhibited growth of the alveolar processes. A comparison is made between 9-, 11- and 13-year-old children with continuing finger-sucking habits or who ceased finger-sucking only after 8 years of age, and children of the same ages without sucking habits in respect of the clinical crown length of central and lateral incisors in the upper and lower jaws. In all measurements the clinical crown length among children in the finger-sucking groups was greater than among children in the control groups (Table 1). The anterior open bite of the finger-suckers was therefore probably not caused by arrested eruption of incisors but rather by inhibited vertical growth of the anterior part of the alveolar processes.
The Fraenkel Appliance—Avoidance of Lower Incisor Proclination
Authors: Eirew H. L. , McDowell F. , Phillips J. G.
Published: December 2014

A common error in the construction and use of the Fraenkel appliance, which can lead to proclination of lower incisors in Class II cases is discussed.
The Effects of Interdental Stripping on the Labial Segments Evaluated One Year Out of Retention
Authors: Betteridge Margaret Ann
Published: December 2014

A series of cases presenting with crowding of the lower labial segment have been treated by interdental stripping. This is shown to be a moderately good method of treatment with minimal adverse effects on the incisor relationship and a trend towards improving the health of the gingivae.
Tooth Surface Appearance after Debonding
Authors: Sandison R. M.
Published: December 2014

The microscopic and clinical appearance of enamel after removal of orthodontic brackets is discussed. The possibility that residual adhesive particles may become discoloured is examined.
Tongue Posture
Authors: Mew John
Published: December 2014

Orthodontists have never agreed as to whether the tongue plays a primarily adaptive role in dental abnormalities or whether, at times, it can create a malocclusion. An hypothesis is put forward suggesting that, in the short term, the former is true but that, in the long term, bone will respond to posture. Some clinical cases are presented to illustrate various points and attention is drawn to the changes in lip form that can result from muscle activity.
Mesial Migration and Lower Third Molar Tilt
Authors: Tait R. V.
Published: December 2014

The angulation of lower third molars is compared in two groups of radiographs of children aged 10·1–13·0 years, one group showing lower second deciduous molars present, the other showing mesial migration of lower first permanent molars and impaction of second premolars following early extraction of lower second deciduous molars. The lower third molar crypts are significantly less tilted in the group where deciduous molars had been removed, the difference between the means of the two groups being 12·5° (p < 0·001). The findings are discussed in relation to the hypothesis that early mesial migration improves the orientation of third molar crypts by enabling them to develop further forward. There is some evidence that the mean angle of tilt may be reduced by about 20° when mesial migration occurs before third molar crypts begin to form.
Two Stage Maxillary Canine Transplantation
Authors: McBride L. J. , Rudge S. J.
Published: December 2014

Two case reports are described in which the two stage canine transplantation technique was found to be necessary in order to undertake orthodontic tooth movements in preparation of the transplantation sites.
An Orthodontic Survey of Libyan Schoolchildren
Authors: Gardiner J. H.
Published: December 2014

There are many orthodontic surveys available of Western populations but those of older cultures make an interesting comparison.
An Investigation into the Validity and Reliability of the Marking of Students' Orthodontic Practical Work
Authors: Brown I. D. , James P. , Stephens C. D.
Published: December 2014

The performance of three examiners when marking students' orthodontic practical work was investigated. It was found that agreement between examiners can sometimes be tenuous and that an examiner's ‘pass’ standard varies from one occasion to another. The study confirms the importance of marking unnamed Work to ensure that the examiner remains uninfluenced by the student's past record.
The Undergraduate Course in Orthodontics at University College Dental School, London
Authors: Cohen A. M.
Published: December 2014

A brief account is given of the undergraduate training in Orthodontics at University College Dental School, London.
The Undergraduate Orthodontic Course at Cardiff
Authors: Robertson N. R. E.
Published: December 2014

This short paper outlines the present undergraduate orthodontic course given in the Dental School at Cardiff, together with the reasons for changes made to the previous format.
Uprighting Molars as an Adjunct to Restorative and Periodontal Treatment of Adults
Authors: Tulloch J. F. Camilla
Published: December 2014

The interrelationship between form, function and stomatologic health is unclear. However, tooth positions that prevent bacterial plaque removal may predispose towards periodontal disease. A frequent problem in adults is loss of posterior teeth with subsequent tip and drift of the molars. Occlusal trauma, if superimposed on gingival inflammation, can result in rapid tissue destruction. Therefore, an indication for orthodontic treatment is the restoration of normal axial inclination and tooth position so that bacterial plaque control may be effected. Simple orthodontic appliances may be used to restore the position of tipped molars. The benefits of orthodontic treatment, prior to the restoration of the posterior occlusion, are improvement in occlusal loading, improvement of periodontal health and simplification of prosthetic design and fabrication.
Morphogenetic Classification of Malocclusion as a Basis for Growth Prediction and Treatment Planning
Authors: Lavergne J.
Published: December 2014

Different groups, defined as morphogenetically homogeneous display an homogeneous morphology, grow alike and seem to respond alike to a given type of treatment.
The Use of the Activator to Achieve Molar Correction and Accelerate Lower Premolar Extraction Space Closure
Authors: Stephens C. D.
Published: December 2014

A case is reported in which a modified activator has been used to correct a post-normal molar occlusion following removal of all four first premolars in a Class I (incisor) malocclusion
An Assessment of Andresen Therapy on Class II Division 1 Malocclusion
Authors: Calvert F. J.
Published: December 2014

The cephalometric radiographs of 29 Class II division 1 cases treated with the Andresen appliance were assessed and compared with those of 19 untreated Class II division 1 cases. The findings do not support the opinion that the Andresen appliance influences the growth of the skeletal structures of the maxilla and mandible. The overjet was reduced by lingual tipping of the maxillary incisors, whilst the overbite was reduced by increased eruption of both the maxillary and mandibular molars. Associated with this was a small improvement in molar relationship. The amount of lower incisor proclination was also small, presumably due to the effectiveness of the acrylic capping in controlling their axial inclination.