bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Validation of distal limb mounted inertial measurement unit sensors for stride detection in Warmblood horses at walk and trot
Authors: Bragança F. M. , Bosch S. , Voskamp J. P. , Marin‐Perianu M. , Van der Zwaag B. J. , Vernooij J. C. M. , van Weeren P. R. , Back W.
Published: November 2016

Background

Inertial measurement unit (IMU) sensor‐based techniques are becoming more popular in horses as a tool for objective locomotor assessment.

Objectives

To describe, evaluate and validate a method of stride detection and quantification at walk and trot using distal limb mounted IMU sensors.

Study design

Prospective validation study comparing IMU sensors and motion capture with force plate data.

Methods

A total of seven Warmblood horses equipped with metacarpal/metatarsal IMU sensors and reflective markers for motion capture were hand walked and trotted over a force plate. Using four custom built algorithms hoof‐on/hoof‐off timing over the force plate were calculated for each trial from the IMU data. Accuracy of the computed parameters was calculated as the mean difference in milliseconds between the IMU or motion capture generated data and the data from the force plate, precision as the s.d. of these differences and percentage of error with accuracy of the calculated parameter as a percentage of the force plate stance duration.

Results

Accuracy, precision and percentage of error of the best performing IMU algorithm for stance duration at walk were 28.5, 31.6 ms and 3.7% for the forelimbs and −5.5, 20.1 ms and −0.8% for the hindlimbs, respectively. At trot the best performing algorithm achieved accuracy, precision and percentage of error of −27.6/8.8 ms/−8.4% for the forelimbs and 6.3/33.5 ms/9.1% for the hindlimbs.

Main limitations

The described algorithms have not been assessed on different surfaces.

Conclusions

Inertial measurement unit technology can be used to determine temporal kinematic stride variables at walk and trot justifying its use in gait and performance analysis. However, precision of the method may not be sufficient to detect all possible lameness‐related changes. These data seem promising enough to warrant further research to evaluate whether this approach will be useful for appraising the majority of clinically relevant gait changes encountered in practice.
Regulation of bacterial cell wall growth
Authors: Egan Alexander J. F. , Cleverley Robert M. , Peters Katharina , Lewis Richard J. , Vollmer Waldemar
Published: November 2016

During growth and propagation, a bacterial cell enlarges and subsequently divides its peptidoglycan (PG) sacculus, a continuous mesh‐like layer that encases the cell membrane to confer mechanical strength and morphological robustness. The mechanism of sacculus growth, how it is regulated and how it is coordinated with other cellular processes is poorly understood. In this article, we will discuss briefly the current knowledge of how cell wall synthesis is regulated, on multiple levels, from both sides of the cytoplasmic membrane. According to the current knowledge, cytosolic scaffolding proteins connect PG synthases with cytoskeletal elements, and protein phosphorylation regulates cell wall growth in Gram‐positive species. PG‐active enzymes engage in multiple protein–protein interactions within PG synthesis multienzyme complexes, and some of the interactions modulate activities. PG synthesis is also regulated by central metabolism, and by PG maturation through the action of PG hydrolytic enzymes. Only now are we beginning to appreciate how these multiple levels of regulating PG synthesis enable the cell to propagate robustly with a defined cell shape under different and variable growth conditions.
Silage and total mixed ration hygienic quality on commercial farms: implications for animal production
Authors: Cogan T. , Hawkey R. , Higgie E. , Lee M. R. F. , Mee E. , Parfitt D. , Raj J. , Roderick S. , Walker N. , Ward P. , Wilkinson J. M.
Published: November 2016

Implications of silage hygienic quality for animal production were investigated on forty‐five dairy farms in South West England. Samples of grass and maize silages and of total mixed rations (TMR) were obtained together with information on silage technology, herd size and animal production. Samples were analysed for mycotoxins, bacteria, yeasts, moulds and chemical composition. Thirteen mycotoxins were assayed, but none were detected in the samples of grass silage. However, mycotoxins were found in 0·9 of all maize and other silage samples, with deoxynivalenol and zearalenone predominating. There was no relationship between total mycotoxin concentration and mean lactation milk yield per cow. Enterobacteria counts tended to be higher in maize silage than in grass silage and higher still in TMR – a cause for concern. There were no relationships between mould counts and mycotoxin concentrations in silages, implying that mycotoxins may have been produced in the field pre‐ensiling.
The gender pay gap at labour market entrance: Evidence from Germany
Authors: BEHR Andreas , THEUNE Katja
Published: November 2016

The authors investigate wage differentials between German male and female graduates at labour market entrance at all percentiles of the wage distribution. The wage differentials are decomposed using the single‐index approach suggested by DiNardo, Fortin and Lemieux (1996) and Fortin and Lemieux (1998), and by endowment, price and returns‐to‐skill function effects. The results reveal higher starting salaries for men at all percentiles of the income distribution, with the pay gap varying in magnitude. The endowment and price effects are favourable for men throughout. The effect of the difference in the returns‐to‐skill function works in favour of female graduates.
Developing a prenatal nursing care International Classification for Nursing Practice catalogue
Authors: Liu L. , Coenen A. , Tao H. , Jansen K.R. , Jiang A.L.
Published: November 2016

Aim

This study aimed to develop a prenatal nursing care catalogue of International Classification for Nursing Practice.

Background

As a programme of the International Council of Nurses, International Classification for Nursing Practice aims to support standardized electronic nursing documentation and facilitate collection of comparable nursing data across settings. This initiative enables the study of relationships among nursing diagnoses, nursing interventions and nursing outcomes for best practice, healthcare management decisions, and policy development. The catalogues are usually focused on target populations. Pregnant women are the nursing population addressed in this project.

Methods

According to the guidelines for catalogue development, three research steps have been adopted: (a) identifying relevant nursing diagnoses, interventions and outcomes; (b) developing a conceptual framework for the catalogue; (c) expert's validation.

Results

This project established a prenatal nursing care catalogue with 228 terms in total, including 69 nursing diagnosis, 92 nursing interventions and 67 nursing outcomes, among them, 57 nursing terms were newly developed. All terms in the catalogue were organized by a framework with two main categories, i.e. Expected Changes of Pregnancy and Pregnancy at Risk. Each category had four domains, representing the physical, psychological, behavioral and environmental perspectives of nursing practice.

Implications for nursing practice

This catalogue can ease the documentation workload among prenatal care nurses, and facilitate storage and retrieval of standardized data for many purposes, such as quality improvement, administration decision‐support and researches. The documentations of prenatal care provided data that can be more fluently communicated, compared and evaluated across various healthcare providers and clinic settings.
A comparative study on the clinical decision‐making processes of nurse practitioners vs. medical doctors using scenarios in a secondary care environment
Authors: Thompson Stephen , Moorley Calvin , Barratt Julian
Published: November 2016

Aim

To investigate the decision‐making skills of secondary care nurse practitioners compared with those of medical doctors.

Background

A literature review was conducted, searching for articles published from 1990 ‐ 2012. The review found that nurse practitioners are key to the modernization of the National Health Service. Studies have shown that compared with doctors, nurse practitioners can be efficient and cost‐effective in consultations.

Design

Qualitative research design.

Methods

The information processing theory and think aloud approach were used to understand the cognitive processes of 10 participants (5 doctors and 5 nurse practitioners). One nurse practitioner was paired with one doctor from the same speciality and they were compared using a structured scenario‐based interview. To ensure that all critical and relevant cues were covered by the individual participating in the scenario, a reference model was used to measure the degree of successful diagnosis, management and treatment. This study was conducted from May 2012 ‐ January 2013.

Results

The data were processed for 5 months, from July to November 2012. The two groups of practitioners differed in the number of cue acquisitions obtained in the scenarios. In our study, nurse practitioners took 3 minutes longer to complete the scenarios.

Conclusion

This study suggests that nurse practitioner consultations are comparable to those of medical doctors in a secondary care environment in terms of correct diagnoses and therapeutic treatments. The information processing theory highlighted that both groups of professionals had similar models for decision‐making processes.
Mechanism of lipid‐lowering action of the dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitor, anagliptin, in low‐density lipoprotein receptor‐deficient mice
Authors: Yano Wataru , Inoue Noriyuki , Ito Shiori , Itou Takahiro , Yasumura Misako , Yoshinaka Yasunobu , Hagita Sumihiko , Goto Moritaka , Nakagawa Takashi , Inoue Keisuke , Tanabe Sohei , Kaku Kohei
Published: November 2016

Aims/Introduction

Dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitors are used for treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes. In addition to glycemic control, these agents showed beneficial effects on lipid metabolism in clinical trials. However, the mechanism underlying the lipid‐lowering effect of dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitors remains unclear. Here, we investigated the lipid‐lowering efficacy of anagliptin in a hyperlipidemic animal model, and examined the mechanism of action.

Materials and Methods

Male low‐density lipoprotein receptor‐deficient mice were administered 0.3% anagliptin in their diet. Plasma lipid levels were assayed and lipoprotein profile was analyzed using high‐performance liquid chromatography. Hepatic gene expression was examined by deoxyribonucleic acid microarray and quantitative polymerase chain reaction analyses. Sterol regulatory element‐binding protein transactivation assay was carried out in vitro.

Results

Anagliptin treatment significantly decreased the plasma total cholesterol (14% reduction, P < 0.01) and triglyceride levels (27% reduction, P < 0.01). Both low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol and very low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol were also decreased significantly by anagliptin treatment. Sterol regulatory element‐binding protein‐2 messenger ribonucleic acid expression level was significantly decreased at night in anagliptin‐treated mice (15% reduction, P < 0.05). Anagliptin significantly suppressed sterol regulatory element‐binding protein activity in HepG2 cells (21% decrease, P < 0.001).

Conclusions

The results presented here showed that the dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitor, anagliptin, exhibited a lipid‐lowering effect in a hyperlipidemic animal model, and suggested that the downregulation of hepatic lipid synthesis was involved in the effect. Anagliptin might have beneficial effects on lipid metabolism in addition to a glucose‐lowering effect.
Challenges to the validity of using medicine labels to categorize clinical behavior: An empirical and normative critique of “off‐label” prescribing
Authors: Ghinea Narcyz , Kerridge Ian , Little Miles , Lipworth Wendy
Published: November 2016

This study aimed to determine whether the label status of a medicine penetrates into the clinical reasoning of Australian medical practitioners and to explore the possible reasons for our findings using semistructured interviews with 14 Australian physicians. The interviews revealed 3 broad catalysts for off‐label prescribing. The first of these was lack of awareness or understanding of the regulatory process in general and labels more specifically. The second was the perception that labels are not meaningful guides for clinical practice. The third was the recognition of alternative mechanisms for ensuring safe, rational, and evidence‐based prescribing occurs. This research suggests that Australian physicians do not consider whether a medicine is off‐label to be a reliable measure of the appropriateness of their prescribing practices. Rather, the legitimacy of prescribing practices is determined by the abilities, skills, and knowledge base of particular prescribers by a culture that encourages and supports evidence‐based practice, and safe prescribing. Although labels are of minimal clinical significance, there are real conceptual, practical, and moral problems associated with conflating “good” or “better” practice with “on‐label” practice, and “bad” or “worse” practice with off‐label prescribing as often occurs. To ascribe greater meaning to the term “off‐label” than is warranted can have the unintended consequence of casting suspicion on and making it more difficult for physicians to provide appropriate clinical care. We conclude that labeling can, in some cases, provide assurances to both clinicians and patients that their medications have been demonstrated to be safe and effective, but that clinicians should be able to continue to prescribe responsibly off‐label without having any stigma attached to their practice.
Fisheries, low oxygen and climate change: how much do we really know?
Authors: Townhill B. L. , Pinnegar J. K. , Righton D. A. , Metcalfe J. D.
Published: November 2016

As a result of long‐term climate change, regions of the ocean with low oxygen concentrations are predicted to occur more frequently and persist for longer periods of time in the future. When low levels of oxygen are present, this places additional pressure on marine organisms to meet their metabolic requirements, with implications for growth, feeding and reproduction. Extensive research has been carried out on the effects of acute hypoxia, but far less on long‐term chronic effects of low oxygen zones, especially with regard to commercially important fishes and shellfishes. To provide further understanding on how commercial species could be affected, the results of relevant experiments must support population and ecosystem models. This is not easy because individual effects are wide‐ranging; for example, studies to date have shown that low oxygen zones can affect predator–prey relationships as some species are able to tolerate low oxygen more than others. Some fishes may move away from areas until oxygen levels return to acceptable levels, while others take advantage of a reduced start response in prey fishes and remain in the area to feed. Sessile or less mobile species such as shellfishes are unable to move out of depleted oxygen zones. Some species can tolerate low oxygen levels for only short periods of time, while others are able to acclimatize. To advance the knowledge‐base further, a number of promising technological and modelling‐based developments and the role of physiological data within these, are proposed. These include advances in remote telemetry (tagging) and sensor technologies, trait‐based analyses to provide insight into how whole assemblages might respond in the future, research into long‐term adaptability of species, population and ecosystem modelling techniques and quantification of economic effects. In addition, more detailed oxygen monitoring and projections are required to better understand the likely temporal and local‐scale changes in oxygen.
External validation of the non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease fibrosis score for assessing advanced fibrosis in Korean patients
Authors: Jun Dae Won , Kim Sang Gyune , Park Sang Hoon , Jin So‐Young , Lee Ji Sung , Lee Jin‐Woo , Kim Moon Young , Choi Dae Hee , Cho Yong Kyun , Yeon Jong Eun , Sohn Joo Hyun ,   Korean NAFLD study group (KNSG)
Published: November 2016

Background

The degree of liver fibrosis in non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a critical predictive factor for patient prognosis. This study was intended to perform external validation of the various fibrosis prediction models for assessing advanced fibrosis in Korean NAFLD patients.

Methods

A retrospective study of 412 patients with NAFLD confirmed by liver biopsy in hospitals affiliated with the Koran NAFLD study group was conducted and the predictive ability of existing liver fibrosis prediction models including NAFLD fibrosis score (NFS), BARD, and fibrosis‐4 were compared.

Results

Among 412 samples, 328 liver slides were suitable for evaluation. Advanced fibrosis was present in 60 (18.3%) of the patient samples. Univariate analysis found that the group with advanced fibrosis showed low alanine aminotransferase values and high aspartate aminotransferase/alanine aminotransferase ratios as well as a high incidence of diabetes. However, multivariate analysis showed that only the presence of diabetes and triglycerides was independent risk factors. The receiver operating characteristic was 0.64 in NFS, 0.58 in fibrosis‐4, and 0.594 in the BARD model. The NFS was found to be the best at predicting advanced fibrosis among the three prediction models. The negative predictive value which predicts advanced fibrosis using the low cutoff (<−1.455) was high (86.6%). However, the positive predictive value which predicts advanced fibrosis using the high cutoff (>0.676) was 50.0% when we applied the NFS.

Conclusion

Negative predictive value using the low cutoff value was high, but positive predictive value using the high cutoff value was low in a Korean NAFLD cohort using NFS.
Psychometric properties of the AIR Self‐Determination Scale: the Chinese version (AIR SDS‐C) for Chinese people with intellectual disabilities
Authors: Wong P. K. S. , Wong D. F. K. , Zhuang X. Y. , Liu Y.
Published: November 2016

Background

The construct of self‐determination has received considerable attention in the international field of intellectual disabilities (ID). Recently, there has been a rapid development of this construct in Chinese societies including Hong Kong. However, there is no locally validated instrument to measure self‐determination in people with ID. This article explains the validation process of the AIR Self‐Determination Scale – Chinese version (AIR SDS‐C) adapted from the 24‐item AIR Self‐Determination Scale, developed by Wolman and his colleagues, which is used in school setting.

Methods

People with mild/moderate ID aged 15 years or above were recruited from special schools and social services units in different regions of Hong Kong. Factor analysis and reliability tests were conducted.

Results

Data for a total of 356 participants were used for the analysis. A confirmatory factor analysis was performed to test the factorial construct, and Mplus 7.0 was used for the analysis. The factor structure proposed in the original English version was supported by the data, and all factor loadings were between 0.42 and 0.76. The whole scale achieved good reliability (Cronbach's α = 0.88 and ω = 0.90).

Conclusions

The AIR SDS‐C appears to be a valid and reliable scale. This study examined adult groups as well as student groups. The application of the scale can thus be extended to a wider population. The implications for theory building and practice are discussed.
Immunohistochemical expression of podoplanin (D2‐40), lymphangiogenesis, and neoangiogenesis in tooth germ, ameloblastomas, and ameloblastic carcinomas
Authors: Sánchez‐Romero Celeste , Bologna‐Molina Ronell , Mosqueda‐Taylor Adalberto , de Almeida Oslei Paes
Published: November 2016

Background

Ameloblastoma is a benign but locally aggressive odontogenic tumor, while ameloblastic carcinoma is its malignant counterpart. Angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis in malignancies have been correlated with higher aggressiveness and poor prognosis, as well as greater expression of podoplanin by tumoral cells.

Methods

Immunohistochemical expression of podoplanin, CD34, and CD105 (endoglin) was evaluated in 53 ameloblastomas and three ameloblastic carcinomas; additionally, immunohistochemistry for podoplanin was also performed in 10 tooth germs. Microvessel density of blood and lymphatic vessels was calculated and compared between ameloblastomas and ameloblastic carcinomas. Immunoexpression of podoplanin by ameloblastic cells was evaluated in tooth germs, ameloblastomas, and ameloblastic carcinomas.

Results

Podoplanin was similarly expressed by odontogenic epithelial cells of tooth germs and ameloblastomas, while its expression was lower in ameloblastic carcinomas. There was no difference in microvessel density assessed by CD34 between ameloblastomas and ameloblastic carcinomas; nevertheless, the latter presented higher amounts of lymphatic and new formed blood vessels.

Conclusions

Results suggest that podoplanin does not seem to be involved in invasion mechanisms of ameloblastic carcinomas, as its expression was decreased in the malignant tumoral cells. On the other hand, the increased lymphatic microvessel density and neoangiogenesis found in ameloblastic carcinomas could be related to its aggressiveness and potential for metastasis.
Assessing Variations in Developmental Outcomes Among Teenage Offspring of Teen Mothers: Maternal Life Course Correlates
Authors: Lee Jungeun Olivia , Gilchrist Lewayne D. , Beadnell Blair A. , Lohr Mary Jane , Yuan Chaoyue , Hartigan Lacey A. , Morrison Diane M.
Published: November 2016

This study investigated potential heterogeneity in development among offspring (age 17) of teen mothers and maternal life course as correlates of variation. Using latent class analysis, subgroups of developmental outcomes were identified. Maternal standing in two life course realms (i.e., socioeconomic and domestic) was considered as a potential explanation for heterogeneity in offspring's development. Offspring reported on measures assessing their psychological, academic, and behavioral development. Teen mothers reported on measures of life course realms. Three subgroups of developmental outcomes were identified: on track (52%), at risk (37%), and troubled (11%). Findings suggest that economic hardship and number of pregnancies among teen mothers distinguish developmental patterns among teenage offspring, whereas teen mothers' educational attainment and marital status do not.
Effects of localized interactions and surface properties on stability of protein-based therapeutics
Authors: Mills Brittney J , Laurence Chadwick Jennifer S
Published: November 2016

Objectives

Protein-based therapeutics garner significant attention because of exquisite specificity and limited side effects and are now being used to accomplish targeted delivery of small-molecule drugs. This review identifies and highlights individual chemical attributes and categorizes how site-specific changes affect protein stability based on published high-resolution molecular analyses.

Key findings

Because it is challenging to determine the mechanisms by which the stability of large, complex molecules is altered and data are sparse, smaller, therapeutic proteins (insulin, erythropoietin, interferons) are examined alongside antibody data. Integrating this large pool of information with the limited available studies on antibodies reveals common mechanisms by which specific alterations affect protein structure and stability.

Physical and chemical stability of therapeutic proteins and antibody drug conjugates (ADCs) is of critical importance because insufficient stability prevents molecules from making it to market. Individual moieties on/near the surface of proteins have substantial influence on structure and stability. Seemingly small, superficial modification may have far-reaching consequences on structure, conformational dynamics, and solubility of the protein, and hence physical stability of the molecule. Chemical modifications, whether spontaneous (e.g. oxidation, deamidation) or intentional, as with ADCs, may adversely impact stability by disrupting local surface properties or higher order protein structure.
Abiotic influences on bicarbonate use in the giant kelp, Macrocystis pyrifera, in the Monterey Bay
Authors: Drobnitch Sarah Tepler , Nickols Kerry , Edwards Matthew
Published: November 2016

In the Monterey Bay region of central California, the giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera experiences broad fluctuations in wave forces, temperature, light availability, nutrient availability, and seawater carbonate chemistry, all of which may impact their productivity. In particular, current velocities and light intensity may strongly regulate the supply and demand of inorganic carbon (Ci) as substrates for photosynthesis. Macrocystis pyrifera can acquire and utilize both CO2 and bicarbonate (HCO3−) as Ci substrates for photosynthesis and growth. Given the variability in carbon delivery (due to current velocities and varying [DIC]) and demand (in the form of saturating irradiance), we hypothesized that the proportion of CO2 and bicarbonate utilized is not constant for M. pyrifera, but a variable function of their fluctuating environment. We further hypothesized that populations acclimated to different wave exposure and irradiance habitats would display different patterns of bicarbonate uptake. To test these hypotheses, we carried out oxygen evolution trials in the laboratory to measure the proportion of bicarbonate utilized by M. pyrifera via external CA under an orthogonal cross of velocity, irradiance, and acclimation treatments. Our Monterey Bay populations of M. pyrifera exhibited proportionally higher external bicarbonate utilization in high irradiance and high flow velocity conditions than in sub‐saturating irradiance or low flow velocity conditions. However, there was no significant difference in proportional bicarbonate use between deep blades and canopy blades, nor between individuals from wave‐exposed versus wave‐protected sites. This study contributes a new field‐oriented perspective on the abiotic controls of carbon utilization physiology in macroalgae.
Grazing and temporal turnover in herbaceous communities in a Mediterranean landscape
Authors: Bar‐Massada Avi , Hadar Liat
Published: November 2016

Question

What are the direct and indirect effects of cattle grazing on temporal turnover in Mediterranean herbaceous communities, and are there differences between species (taxonomic) and functional turnover rates? Are turnover rates related to changes in precipitation patterns?

Location

The long term ecological research (LTER) station, Ramat Hanadiv Nature Park, Israel.

Methods

We used data from a Mediterranean LTER site to analyse temporal turnover in herbaceous communities under cattle grazing and control conditions, while accounting for the potential effects of precipitation and woody cover. We analysed two types of temporal turnover: taxonomic turnover (changes in species composition) and turnover in functional traits (changes in the relative abundance of species with different functional traits).

Results

We found that communities exhibited rapid taxonomic turnover between sampling years, which was mostly explained by changes in precipitation patterns. Furthermore, there was a strong and consistent directional trend in taxonomic turnover (21% per decade) throughout the study period, which was correlated with a long‐term trend of decreasing precipitation. This trend, however, was not significantly explained by grazing, woody cover change or their interaction. Grazing did have a significant effect on short‐term turnover rates, but its effects varied in both direction and magnitude among sites located in different habitats. Temporal turnover in functional traits was much slower than taxonomic turnover, and was also inconsistent among traits and sites. Grazing reduced the bi‐annual turnover rates in the composition of different life forms, and reduced the decadal turnover rate in the composition of different height groups in the community.

Conclusions

The results of this analysis suggest that the effect of cattle grazing on the temporal dynamics of herbaceous communities in Mediterranean ecosystems is habitat‐ and trait‐specific, and unrelated to changes in woody cover. In contrast, inter‐annual changes in precipitation patterns have a much stronger effect on turnover rates. The relationship between temporal species turnover and precipitation in these communities is therefore in line with modern co‐existence theory, by which fluctuating environmental conditions facilitate long‐term species co‐existence.
The emotional and practical experiences of formula‐feeding mothers
Authors: Fallon Victoria , Komninou Sophia , Bennett Kate M. , Halford Jason C.G. , Harrold Joanne A.
Published: November 2016

The majority of infant‐feeding research is focused on identifying mother's reasons for the cessation of breastfeeding. The experience of mothers who choose to use formula is largely overlooked in quantitative designs. This study aimed to describe the emotional and practical experiences of mothers who formula feed in any quantity, and examine whether these experiences would vary among different cohorts of formula‐feeding mothers according to prenatal feeding intention and postnatal feeding method. A total of 890 mothers of infants up to 26 weeks of age, who were currently formula feeding in any quantity, were recruited through relevant international social media sites via advertisements providing a link to an online survey. Predictors of emotional experiences included guilt, stigma, satisfaction, and defense as a result of their infant feeding choices. Practical predictor variables included support received from health professionals, respect displayed by their everyday environment, and main sources of infant feeding information. Descriptive findings from the overall sample highlighted a worryingly high percentage of mother's experienced negative emotions as a result of their decision to use formula. Multinomial logit models revealed that negative emotions such as guilt, dissatisfaction, and stigma were directly associated with feeding intention and method. The evidence suggests that the current approach to infant‐feeding promotion and support may be paradoxically related to significant issues with emotional well‐being. These findings support criticisms of how infant‐feeding recommendations are framed by health care professionals and policy makers, and highlight a need to address formula feeding in a more balanced, woman‐centered manner.
Prevalence of keds on city dogs in central Poland
Authors: SOKÓŁ R. , GAŁĘCKI R.
Published: November 2016

The aim of this study was to identify the species of ked infesting dogs in the cities of central Poland. A total of 510 dogs were observed between June and September 2015. The presence of keds was noted in 182 (35.7%) animals. Keds were more prevalent in female (38.0%) than in male (33.2%) dogs, and were more frequently found in animals younger than 1 year (46.2%) and in long‐haired dogs (36.6%). The body areas most heavily colonized by keds were the groin (35.4%) and neck (21.4%). A total of 904 keds were isolated from dogs, including Hippobosca equina (Diptera: Hippoboscidae) (17.2%), Lipoptena cervi (Diptera: Hippoboscidae) (32.0%), and two species not previously encountered in Poland: Hippobosca longipennis (45.0%) and Lipoptena fortisetosa (5.9%). Hippoboscidae may act as vectors of pathogens and any shifts in their geographic range may lead to the spread of new diseases affecting animals.
Second premolar agenesis as a subclinical phenotype of isolated cleft palate
Authors: Schwartz J. P. , Lauris R. C. M. C. , Dalbén G. , Garib D. G.
Published: November 2016

Structured Abstract

Objective

To compare the prevalence of dental anomalies in patients with isolated cleft palate with or without hypodontia of the second premolar.

Setting and Sample Population

A total of 653 patients with isolated cleft palate aged 8–12 years were divided into two groups: G1—subjects without hypodontia of second premolar (n = 546) and G2—subjects with hypodontia of at least one‐second premolar (n = 107). The control group consisted of 107 non‐cleft orthodontic patients.

Materials & Methods

Panoramic and periapical radiographs and dental casts were used to analyze the presence of dental anomalies. Intergroup comparisons were performed using the chi‐square test complemented by Proportion test and Bonferroni test.

Results

G2 presented higher prevalence of hypodontia of other permanent teeth compared to G1 and control. Ectopic eruption of the maxillary canine and tooth transposition were more frequent in patients with a cleft compared to patients without a cleft, without statistical differences. Deciduous molar infra‐occlusion and second premolar disto‐angulation were less prevalent in G1 and G2 compared to the control group. G2 showed a higher prevalence of complete cleft palate than G1.

Conclusion

Patients with cleft palate and second premolar agenesis showed increased prevalence of tooth agenesis and palatally displaced canines.
Maternal winter body mass and not spring phenology determine annual calf production in an Arctic herbivore
Authors: Veiberg Vebjørn , Loe Leif Egil , Albon Steve D. , Irvine R. Justin , Tveraa Torkild , Ropstad Erik , Stien Audun
Published: November 2016

Warming of the Arctic has resulted in earlier snowmelt and green‐up of plants in spring, potentially disrupting the synchrony between plant phenology and breeding phenology in herbivores. A negative relationship between offspring survival in West Greenland caribou and the timing of vegetation emergence was the first finding of such a mismatch in Arctic mammals. However, other studies indicate that the energy for foetal growth and early lactation is predominantly drawn from stored energy reserves typical of ‘capital’ breeders, suggesting that conditions well before spring influence calf production more than the timing of spring onset. Here we use 20 years of observations of marked Svalbard reindeer to evaluate determinants of annual recruitment, as measured by the presence of a calf at foot in mid‐summer. Spring temperatures and the enhanced vegetation index were used as proxies for spring onset, while data on body mass and pregnancy rates in late winter allowed us to determine maternal condition and the reproductive status before spring. Pregnancy rate, offspring survival and annual recruitment were all strongly correlated with average late winter adult female body mass (r = 0.87; r = 0.83; r = 0.92, respectively). Contrary to the findings in West Greenland, neither early calf survival nor annual recruitment were correlated with the two measures of annual variation in spring phenology (r = – 0.07, p = 0.8 and r = – 0.15, p = 0.6, respectively). We also revisit the Greenland data and reveal that the pattern of covariance between early and late measures of fecundity, as well as between early measures of fecundity and offspring survival, correspond with the results from Svalbard. Our results emphasize that conditions affecting maternal body mass during winter explain close to all the variation in recruitment, questioning the importance of the role of a mismatch between plant phenology and calving date.
“Spontaneous Twiddler's” Syndrome: The Importance of the Device Shape
Authors: GUL ENES E. , BOLES USAMA , HASEEB SOHAIB , GLOVER BENEDICT , SIMPSON CHRIS , BARANCHUK ADRIAN , MICHAEL KEVIN
Published: November 2016

Twiddler's syndrome is caused by patient manipulation of the cardiac implantable device (CID) around its central axis within the pocket, resulting in retraction and dislocation of the electrodes. There are, however, some reports that Twiddler's syndrome may occur spontaneously without the patient's manipulation. This remains contentious as it may be argued that patients may not want to admit to manipulating the CID or may have been unaware of their actions. Recently, we have observed three very similar cases with a “spontaneous” Twiddler's syndrome resulting in lead displacement. All of the three patients denied device manipulation and were not prone to somnambulism or repetitive involuntary motor behaviors. It, therefore, seems highly unlikely that all patients could have manipulated the device in exactly the same way to result in the same postrotational position within the implant pocket. The fact is that the same device was implicated in all these cases in a relatively similar time sequence from implant to recognition of the implantable cardiac defibrillator rotation. We postulate that the unique elongated decision of the Fortify Assura (St. Jude Medical, Minneapolis, MN, USA) ICD makes this device prone to spontaneous rotation as is exemplified by our case series.
Generation of marker‐free transgenic hexaploid wheat via an Agrobacterium‐mediated co‐transformation strategy in commercial Chinese wheat varieties
Authors: Wang Ke , Liu Huiyun , Du Lipu , Ye Xingguo
Published: November 2016

Genotype specificity is a big problem lagging the development of efficient hexaploid wheat transformation system. Increasingly, the biosecurity of genetically modified organisms is garnering public attention, so the generation of marker‐free transgenic plants is very important to the eventual potential commercial release of transgenic wheat. In this study, 15 commercial Chinese hexaploid wheat varieties were successfully transformed via an Agrobacterium‐mediated method, with efficiency of up to 37.7%, as confirmed by the use of Quickstix strips, histochemical staining, PCR analysis and Southern blotting. Of particular interest, marker‐free transgenic wheat plants from various commercial Chinese varieties and their F1 hybrids were successfully obtained for the first time, with a frequency of 4.3%, using a plasmid harbouring two independent T‐DNA regions. The average co‐integration frequency of the gus and the bar genes located on the two independent T‐DNA regions was 49.0% in T0 plants. We further found that the efficiency of generating marker‐free plants was related to the number of bar gene copies integrated in the genome. Marker‐free transgenic wheat plants were identified in the progeny of three transgenic lines that had only one or two bar gene copies. Moreover, silencing of the bar gene was detected in 30.7% of T1 positive plants, but the gus gene was never found to be silenced in T1 plants. Bisulphite genomic sequencing suggested that DNA methylation in the 35S promoter of the bar gene regulatory region might be the main reason for bar gene silencing in the transgenic plants.
Leptomeningeal dissemination and vertebral bone involvement in a child with pilocytic astrocytoma
Authors: Demirkaya Metin , Sevinir Betül , Güler Salih , Demiröz Candan , Taskapilioglu Özgür , Yilmazlar Selcuk , Palabiyik Figen , Tolunay Sahsine
Published: November 2016

In low‐grade glioma, metastasis is rarely seen. Few cases of leptomeningeal dissemination have been reported in children. Vertebral bone metastasis has not been reported so far. Herein is described the case of a pediatric patient with the diagnosis of pilocytic astrocytoma, and leptomeningeal dissemination detected at the time of diagnosis, who then received radiotherapy and chemotherapy upon development of vertebral bone metastasis during treatment.
Retail Food Store Access in Rural Appalachia: A Mixed Methods Study
Authors: Thatcher Esther , Johnson Cassandra , Zenk Shannon N. , Kulbok Pamela
Published: November 2016

Objective

To describe how characteristics of food retail stores (potential access) and other factors influence self‐reported food shopping behavior (realized food access) among low‐income, rural Central Appalachian women.

Design and Sample

Cross‐sectional descriptive. Potential access was assessed through store mapping and in‐store food audits. Factors influencing consumers' realized access were assessed through in‐depth interviews. Results were merged using a convergent parallel mixed methods approach. Food stores (n = 50) and adult women (n = 9) in a rural Central Appalachian county.

Results

Potential and realized food access were described across five dimensions: availability, accessibility, affordability, acceptability, and accommodation. Supermarkets had better availability of healthful foods, followed by grocery stores, dollar stores, and convenience stores. On average, participants lived within 10 miles of 3.9 supermarkets or grocery stores, and traveled 7.5 miles for major food shopping. Participants generally shopped at the closest store that met their expectations for food availability, price, service, and atmosphere. Participants' perceptions of stores diverged from each other and from in‐store audit findings.

Conclusions

Findings from this study can help public health nurses engage with communities to make affordable, healthy foods more accessible. Recommendations are made for educating low‐income consumers and partnering with food stores.
Comparative reproductive biology and pollinator specificity among sympatricGomesa(Orchidaceae: Oncidiinae)
Authors: Pansarin E. R. , Alves‐dos‐Santos I. , Pansarin L. M.
Published: November 2016

The incredible pollination mechanisms displayed by orchid flowers has inspired biologists over the centuries. Based on the intriguing flower structures, the relationship among orchid species and their pollinators has been frequently regarded as very specialised.

Given that visits on flowers pollinated by oil‐collecting bees are regularly rare, and in Oncidiinae the flowers frequently attractexclusively species that act as effective pollinators, the comparative reproductive biology and pollinator specificity of two sympatricGomesa(G. varicosaandG. montana; Oncidiinae) were analysedbased on records of floral morphology, production of floral rewards, pollinators and pollination mechanisms. Furthermore, experimental pollinations were carried out in order to examine the breeding systems.

The results have show that in the studied population, bothGomesaare visited by several bee species, but these orchids present a specific pollination system.Pollinaria are deposited on the head of Centridini (G. varicosaandG. montana) and Epicharitini (G. varicosa) bees when landed on the central callus of the labellumto collect lipoidal substances produced by glandular elaiophores on lateral lobes of the labellum. Both species are dependent on a biotic pollen vector to set fruits.Gomesamontanais completely self‐incompatible, whileG. varicosais partially self‐compatible.

Our results indicate that although the occurrence of self‐sterile species seems to be common in Oncidiinae, in partially self‐incompatible species, as is the case ofG. varicosa, self‐compatibility has been considered as an important factor favouring reproductive assurance in populations with low visitation frequencies, despite occurrence of inbreeding depression.
Art Auctions and Art Investment in the Golden Age of British Painting
Authors: Etro Federico , Stepanova Elena
Published: November 2016

We analyse the evolution of the price of paintings in London auctions with a unique data set of over 200,000 sales in the period 1780–1840. We build a price index for the representative painting through hedonic regressions controlling for the characteristics of auctions and paintings and for the artists’ fixed effects. The emergence of an efficient secondary art market was an important opportunity for portfolio diversification. Estimating a CAPM model for art investment suggests that British paintings could deliver a higher return compared to imported paintings and an attractive source of diversification relative to the contemporary stock market. This contributed to increase the demand for British art and, possibly, to promote the innovations of its Golden Age. While the representative painting of the British school was initially undervalued, new British painters reached foreign prices by the beginning of 1800s.
The Need to Have Something ‘Of Their Own’: Croat Parallel Institutions in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Authors: Zdeb Aleksandra
Published: November 2016

The asymmetrical, federal construction of Bosnia and Herzegovina has been contested by all groups, but it has particularly influenced a significant element of Croat politics in BiH – their need to create ‘their own’ entity. Not being able to form a separate territorial unit, Croats created parallel institutions following the Herzeg‐Bosna pattern: firstly in 2000, and again in 2011. This paper aims at analyzing the Croats’ autonomist and secessionist politics in Bosnia and Herzegovina with special emphasis on the formation of parallel structures as a replacement strategy derived from the Croat inability to bring about a constitutional unit of their own. Using the model suggested in the introduction to this special issue, the problem is analyzed from the perspective of center‐periphery dynamics in Bosnia and answers the question as to why territorial autonomy has been an impossible goal for Croats.
Effects of spent mushroom substrates and inorganic fertilizer on the characteristics of a calcareous clayey‐loam soil and lettuce production
Authors: Paredes C. , Medina E. , Bustamante M. A. , Moral R.
Published: November 2016

We evaluated the effects of the addition of two types of spent mushroom substrate (SMS),SMSfrom anAgaricus bisporuscrop (SMS1) and a mixture ofSMSs from anA. bisporuscrop and aPleurotuscrop (50% v/v each) (SMS2), on the characteristics of a calcareous clayey‐loam soil and the yield and nutritional status of lettuce (Lactuca sativaL.), relative to crops receiving mineral fertilizer (M) and a control (C) without amendment. The application ofSMS, especiallySMS1, improved soil fertility compared with C and M soils. Moreover, the use of these organic substrates as soil amendments did not harm the plants and gave yields similar to that obtained with mineral fertilizer. The nutritional contents of the lettuce plants were greater than or similar to those of the plants from treatment C or M, except for the plant tissue concentrations of K, Fe and Zn, which were significantly reduced bySMSapplication. However, this latter fact did not reduce the lettuce yield in the amended soils. Therefore, the use ofSMSs as organic amendments contributes to residue utilization, in an environmentally friendly way, and to improved soil fertility and crop yield.
Chern–Schwartz–MacPherson classes for Schubert cells in flag manifolds
Authors: Aluffi Paolo , Mihalcea Leonardo C.
Published: November 2016

We obtain an algorithm computing the Chern–Schwartz–MacPherson (CSM) classes of Schubert cells in a generalized flag manifold$G/B$. In analogy to how the ordinary divided difference operators act on Schubert classes, each CSM class of a Schubert class is obtained by applying certain Demazure–Lusztig-type operators to the CSM class of a cell of dimension one less. These operators define a representation of the Weyl group on the homology of$G/B$. By functoriality, we deduce algorithmic expressions for CSM classes of Schubert cells in any flag manifold$G/P$. We conjecture that the CSM classes of Schubert cells are an effective combination of (homology) Schubert classes, and prove that this is the case in several classes of examples. We also extend our results and conjecture to the torus equivariant setting.
Supernatural analogues of Beilinson monads
Authors: Erman Daniel , Sam Steven V
Published: November 2016

We use supernatural bundles to build$\mathbf{GL}$-equivariant resolutions supported on the diagonal of$\mathbb{P}^{n}\times \mathbb{P}^{n}$, in a way that extends Beilinson’s resolution of the diagonal. We thus obtain results about supernatural bundles that largely parallel known results about exceptional collections. We apply this construction to Boij–Söderberg decompositions of cohomology tables of vector bundles, yielding a proof of concept for the idea that those positive rational decompositions should admit meaningful categorifications.