bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Salmon Tagging at Cape Charles, Labrador
Authors: Blair A. A.
Published: April 2011

Salmon from the commercial fishery at Cape Charles, southern Labrador, were tagged in 1948. During the short tagging period of June 30 to July 10, 35 salmon and 24 grilse were tagged. Due to delays in reaching Labrador the peak of the salmon run was missed, and it was difficult to get salmon in good condition for tagging because of storms. Salmon returns consisted of 5 taken in commercial gear in Labrador and 1 angled in a west coast Newfoundland river, giving a total recovery of 17.1%. Only 2, or 8.3%, of the tagged grilse were recaptured, both being caught in commercial gear in Labrador.
Some Factors Influencing the Distribution of Pelagic Copepods in the Queen Charlotte Islands Area
Authors: Cameron Frances Ella
Published: April 2011

The distribution of certain copepod species of the north coast of British Columbia suggests that breeding is restricted to limited regions of well-defined temperature and salinity characteristics. Currents are responsible for the spread of juveniles and adults from these areas. Probable water circulation patterns in the vicinity of the Queen Charlotte Islands are inferred from the plankton collections.
The Physical Oceanography of Bute Inlet, British Columbia
Authors: Tabata Susumu , Pickard George L.
Published: April 2011

Distributions of salinity, temperature, and oxygen of Bute Inlet based on twelve oceanographic surveys between the period August 1950 to July 1953 have been examined. The salinity structures of the shallow water during the various seasons can be classified under two main groups, one occurring at periods of small river runoff and the other at periods of large river runoff. In general, the surface salinity increases to seaward and with depth during all seasons. The surface water along the western shore is almost always observed to be less saline than along the eastern shore. The salinity of the deep water is 30.6 to 30.8‰ during both periods. The seasonal fluctuation of salinity at the surface is well marked but below a depth of 60 feet no obvious cycle exists. The temperature distributions can be divided into two main groups, winter and summer. During both seasons the surface temperature generally increases to seaward. The temperature gradient in the upper layers during the winter is positive (increasing vertically downward) and during the summer is negative (decreasing vertically downward). From early spring to late autumn, a well-defined temperature minimum, in the middle and upper reaches of the inlet, is evident in the intermediate depths. The water in the greater depths has a temperature of 8.0 to 8.2 °C. and remains almost unchanged throughout the seasons. A seasonal temperature variation is observed down to a depth of 150 feet and is in phase with the air temperature cycle, but below this it is less noticeable. Insolation and cold runoff water from the rivers are predominant factors in determining the fluctuation in the sea temperature. The concentration of dissolved oxygen is usually high in the surface layer. The water at the greater depth is not stagnant as evidenced by the oxygen concentration.Values from 0.2 to 1.5 g./cm./sec. for the eddy coefficient of conductivity have been determined for the intermediate depths.
The Qualitative and Quantitative Distribution of Plankton in the Strait of Georgia in Relation to Certain Oceanographic Factors
Authors: Henri Légaré Joseph Eugène
Published: April 2011

In order to gain some picture of the seasonal variations in the plankton communities two cruises were made in the Strait of Georgia, one in June 1955, and the other in November 1955; 165 plankton collections were taken, also surface temperatures.The correlation of these data have resulted in a number of conclusions concerning the distribution of plankton in the Strait of Georgia. The chief factor affecting the general distribution of plankton is the salinity gradient. The inflow of fresh water from the Fraser River forms zones of varying properties, and leads to the development of different plankton communities. The extent to which physical and chemical factors may determine the presence or absence of certain organisms from the zones described is discussed.
Fresh Water Transport Determination from the Heat Budget with Applications to British Columbia Inlets
Authors: Pickard G. L. , Trites R. W.
Published: April 2011

Fresh water entering British Columbia inlets moves seaward, mixing with and entraining salt water from below. A new method, based on a heat budget analysis, is developed to determine the mean seaward movement of the brackish layer. The method is also applied to gain information on the mixing process and to determine the depth from which salt water is entrained into the surface layer.The values of mean transport calculated in this way are found to be in good agreement with those derived from other methods. The method offers some distinct advantages over direct methods for determining fresh water inflow and circulation, since results can be obtained quickly, with little effort, and without the necessity for anchoring a ship.
Squid, Illex illecebrosus (LeSueur), in the Newfoundland Fishing Area
Authors: Squires H. J.
Published: April 2011

Data from incidental trawl catches of squid by the research vessel, Investigator II, showed that distribution of Illex in the Newfoundland area was marked by a seasonal migration over the Grand Banks in early May, and northward and westward as far as Hamilton Inlet, Labrador, and inshore Newfoundland by August. Earliest occurrence inshore was in late June, earlier in recent years than heretofore. Comparative numbers taken on the Grand Bank in May and June in different years appear to indicate the abundance to arrive inshore later in each year. Annual abundance inshore varies, but years of scarcity do not appear to be cyclical nor need they indicate year-class failure. A correlation between abundance inshore and weather conditions may exist. Measurements during the inshore migration showed a regular and large increment of length and weight monthly until October. Female squid reached a greater size than males in the late season but weighed less than males at the same mantle length. Fin length was 35 to 40% of mantle length in Illex, compared with 53 to 63% in Loligo pealii. Many males taken in the late season had reached sexual maturity, but only two females captured on the Grand Bank in May, 1953, had reached equivalent maturity: these females had greatly enlarged nidamental glands.Small squid taken offshore in 1946 to 1952 had been feeding mostly on euphausids, but larger squid taken inshore had been feeding mostly on fish. In females 44% of the stomachs were empty, and in males, 50%.Parasites found were tapeworm plerocercoids of Phyllobothrium sp. and Dinobothrium (sensu lato) sp., and occasionally a small larval nematode.
Herring Gulls and Common Terns as Possible Predators of Lobster Larvae
Authors: Mills D. H.
Published: April 2011

Herring gulls (Larus argentatus) and common terns (Sterna hirundo) were collected in the southern Gulf of St. Lawrence when lobster larvae were abundant. No lobster larvae were found in 36 herring gull stomachs and only one in 15 common tern stomachs.
Results from Tagging Experiments on a Spawning Stock of Petrale Sole, Eopsetta jordani (Lockington)
Authors: Alverson Dayton L. , Chatwin Bruce M.
Published: April 2011

A review is made of the historical development of the petrale sole (Eopsetta jordani) fishery off the State of Washington (U.S.A.) and British Columbia (Canada), with statistical records of catches. A shift in recent years in the depth of trawl fishing from shallow water over the continental shelf to deeper water on the continental slope resulted in the discovery of dense concentrations of petrale sole at depths from 170–250 fathoms off the west coast of Vancouver Island. Tagging was carried out in the early spring of 1954 and 1955 on these deep-water stocks. Recoveries to May 30, 1956, from some 3,800 tags released showed that the male segment of the stock moved north and inshore along the Vancouver Island coast after spawning and at least part of the stock moved eventually into Hecate Strait, British Columbia. The tagged population contributed mainly to the fisheries adjacent to the northwest coast of Vancouver Island and in the Queen Charlotte Sound area. Subsequent recoveries from the Esteban Deep during the spawning seasons of 1955 and 1956 and the absence of the stock on this ground at other seasons, strongly suggest a homing tendency for this species. A discussion is given of the possible directive factors in the spawning migration. However, at the present time the actual factors involved remain unknown.
Variation in the Incidence of Larval Nematodes in Atlantic Cod Fillets along the Southern Canadian Mainland
Authors: Scott D. M. , Martin W. R.
Published: April 2011

The incidence of larval nematodes, Porrocaecum decipiens, in fillets from three size-groups (scrod, market and steak) of Atlantic cod, Gadus callarias, has been analyzed. The analysis was based on about 73,000 fillets from cod caught between 1946 and 1956 in about 20 areas off the southern Canadian mainland.Geographic variation in the percentage of fillets infected was found in all size-groups of cod. For market cod the incidence ranged from a low of 6% on the offshore Nova Scotian Banks to a high of 35 to 91% in the southwestern Gulf of St. Lawrence. Intermediate values of 14% and 22% were observed respectively in the inshore fisheries of western Nova Scotia and Cape Breton Island. Similar patterns of geographic variation were present in scrod and steak cod. The main geographic differences in incidence were related to the distribution of the harbour seal (Phoca vitulina), the harp seal (Phoca groenlandica) and the gray seal (Halichoerus grypus).Incidences of infection and the number of nematodes per fillet usually varied directly with the size of the cod. The number of nematodes per pound of fillet was usually inversely related to the size of cod. It was concluded that cod could become infected throughout life and that the highest rate of infection occurred in small cod.Local variations, as distinct from broad geographic variations, were observed in the areas of Lockeport, of Cape Breton Island and of the southwestern Gulf of St. Lawrence. In these areas, the cod caught closest to shore were usually the most heavily infected.Seasonal variations in incidence occurred in the Cape Breton and Lockeport fisheries. The highest incidences occurred in the spring and fall in Cape Breton cod and in the summer in Lockeport cod. The variation in the Cape Breton fishery was attributed to seasonal migrations of the cod comprising the fishery. Increased use by fishermen of shallow inshore areas in the summer accounted for the higher summer incidences at Lockeport.Annual fluctuations in incidence were great in all areas. A trend of declining incidences was noted in the southwestern Gulf of St. Lawrence where the incidence dropped from 91% in 1946 to 35% in 1956. This decline was apparently related to extensive contemporary changes in the cod fishery in the Gulf of St. Lawrence.
Sea Water Intrusion into the Fraser River and its Relation to the Incidence of Shipworms in Steveston Cannery Basin
Authors: Tabata Susumu , LeBrasseur Robin J.
Published: April 2011

The presence of shipworms (Bankia setacea) in Steveston Cannery Basin in the Fraser River estuary is attributed to sea water intrusion. River discharge, tides, geometry of the river channel and basin, and density of the intruding sea water are factors affecting intrusion, which in turn influence larval settlement. Settlement may occur at depths where salinity is less than 15‰ but the larvae fail to survive. However, they will continue to develop where salinity exceeds 20‰. Dredging the channel to a continuous grade would eliminate permanent salt-water "pools" along the bottom and prevent infestation.
Incidence of the Ascarid Porrocaecum decipiens in the Stomachs of Three Species of Seals along the Southern Canadian Atlantic Mainland
Authors: Scott D. M. , Fisher H. D.
Published: April 2011

Identifications were made of ascarids collected from 1948 to 1956 from the stomachs of 318 harbour seals (Phoca vitulina), 812 harp seals (P. groenlandica), and 127 grey seals (Halichoerus grypus) killed in several localities along the Atlantic coast of Canada. Porrocaecum and 2 other genera of ascarids, tentatively identified as Anisakis and Contracaecum, were present in each species of seal. All 112 male Porrocaecum that were identified to species were P. decipiens.Almost all stomachs of harbour and grey seals at all seasons and in all localities contained P. decipiens. Considering all localities, the overall average incidence was about 20 adult P. decipiens in harbour seals and about 100 in grey seals.P. decipiens was normally much rarer in the stomachs of harp seals than in the other seals. It appeared most frequently in harp seals taken around the Magdalen Islands in April and May. The incidence of adult P. decipiens was much lower during the breeding season of the seals and during their southward and northward migrations within the Gulf of St. Lawrence. The incidence of P. decipiens in harp seals from the east coast of Newfoundland was very low.The relative importance of each species of seal as a vector of P. decipiens is as follows. The harbour seal is the most important in the Bay of Fundy and along the southwestern coast of Nova Scotia. Elsewhere harbour and grey seals occur in approximately equal numbers. In such localities the grey seal is probably more important than the harbour seal. The harp seal is about 100 to 200 times as numerous, while in the southwestern Gulf of St. Lawrence, as the combined populations of harbour and grey seals there. Despite this great numerical superiority the harp seal does not appear to be more important than the other seals as a host of P. decipiens.The relation between each species of seal and the incidence of larval P. decipiens in Atlantic cod (Gadus callarias) is discussed.
The Effect of Various Lighting Conditions on the Efficiency of "Candling" Cod Fillets for Detection of Parasites
Authors: Power H. E.
Published: April 2011

The efficiency of candling cod fillets was studied using various values and colours of light transmitted through the cod flesh and various values of incident light. It was found that there was no advantage gained in using other than white light for transmission through the fillet. It was also found that a low level of incident light was desirable if the maximum number of parasites is to be detected.
Toleration of Fish to Toxic Pollution
Authors: Beak T. W.
Published: April 2011

not available
The Effect of Temperature on the Cruising Speed of Young Sockeye and Coho Salmon
Authors: Brett J. R. , Hollands M. , Alderdice D. F.
Published: April 2011

The cruising speeds of underyearling and yearling sockeye and coho salmon were determined in a rotating annular trough, for acclimation temperatures ranging from 1° to 24 °C. Variation in swimming speed characterized the first 40 to 50 minutes; subsequently a relatively steady state was obtained.Optimum cruising speeds occurred at 15 °C. for sockeye and 20 °C. for coho. Maximum sustained levels fell mainly between 1.0 and 1.5 ft. per second (30 and 45 cm. per sec.).Exercised young coho showed improved performance over those raised in standard hatchery troughs.The significance of the relative swimming capacities of the two species, and the effect of temperature, is discussed in relation to their ecology.
Grading Fish for Quality. 1. Trimethylamine Values of Fillets Cut from Graded Fish
Authors: Castell C. H. , Greenough Maxine F. , Rodgers R. S. , MacFablane A. S.
Published: April 2011

Whole and gutted cod and haddock were divided into three grades of quality by panels of plant foremen and experienced Department of Fisheries personnel. It was found that there was a close correlation between the degree of freshness, as judged by these men, and the trimethylamine values of the fillets cut from the fish. This correlation was less significant when the fish were graded by Department personnel inexperienced in handling and grading of fresh fish.It would appear from these results that the trimethylamine value of cod and haddock muscle may be used with certain limitations, as an objective measure of spoilage in support of an organoleptic system of grading these fish.
Grading Fish for Quality. 2. Statistical Analysis of the Results of Experiments Regarding Grades and Trimethylamine values
Authors: Hoogland P. L.
Published: April 2011

The results of recent work at this station regarding the organoleptic grade of cod and haddock and the trimethylamine content of these fish were subjected to statistical treatment. It was established that there is a relation between grade and trimethylamine content which may be represented by a linear regression equation, if the trimethylamine content is expressed as log (1 + TMA value). The confidence with which this TMA index may be used to estimate grade was also determined. Based on these findings, a scale of TMA values for use in practical grading was set up; the suggested values are grade I: TMA value 0.00 to 1.00; grade II: TMA value 1.01 to 7.00 and grade III: TMA value 7.01 and higher. Finally, a method is suggested by means of which the ability of a grader to judge the quality of fish may be assessed.
Reminiscences of a Director
Authors: Clemens W. A.
Published: April 2011

not available
The Resistance of Cultured Young Chum and Sockeye Salmon to Temperatures Below 0 °C.
Authors: Brett J. R. , Alderdice D. F.
Published: April 2011

Recent efforts to establish Pacific salmon in Hudson Bay posed the question of low temperature tolerance in these species. A series of lethal temperature tests at −0.5, −1.0 and −1.5 °C. demonstrated that resistance to temperatures slightly below 0 °C. was limited. Freezing of the blood and aqueous humour occurred at temperatures of −1.0 and −1.5 °C.
Mortality Rates and Estimates of Theoretical Yield in Relation to Minimum Commercial Size of Lingcod (Ophiodon elongatus) from the Strait of Georgia, British Columbia
Authors: Chatwin Bruce M.
Published: April 2011

Strap tags on the operculum of lingcod were recovered almost as frequently as celluloid rings around the upper jaw during their first year at large, but they were retaken much less frequently than celluloid tags in later years; after two years the rate of decrease in return of the two types of tags was about the same. For 1944–47, approximately, the total instantaneous rate of disappearance of tags from fish in the size range 66–90 cm. (56–85 cm. or ages 3–8 when tagged) was 0.46 for a combined calculation, and 0.43 as an average for individual calculations; corresponding apparent survival rates are 63% and 65%. Larger fish have a somewhat larger mortality rate; for smaller fish mortality cannot be measured because they are incompletely recruited. A survival rate for age 6–7, estimated from age and length composition, pertains to an earlier period (1935–40) and is somewhat larger (0.70). For the central range of sizes, instantaneous rate of fishing (1944–47) is estimated to lie between 0.15 and about 0.22, and instantaneous rate of natural mortality between 0.28 and 0.18, depending on what allowance should be made for non-return of tags and wandering of tagged fish. Graphs of yield against rate of fishing and minimum size limit indicate that the present limit (58 cm., 3 lb. dressed) permits greatest yield per age 1 recruit from the present rate of fishing. Increasing the rate of fishing, even when the size limit is adjusted to the best corresponding value, results in relatively small increases in equilibrium yield per age 1 recruit, and a relatively rapid decrease in yield per unit of effort.
FISHERIES RESEARCH BOARD OF CANADA
Authors: Hart J. L.
Published: April 2011

not available
Effects of High Temperature on Survival of the Giant Scallop
Authors: Dickie L. M.
Published: April 2011

Upper lethal temperatures of scallops are raised 1 °C. by each increase of 5 °C. in acclimation temperature. Acclimation upwards is fairly rapid (average 1.7 °C. per day over part of the range). Loss of acclimation to high temperature is slow, and appears to take as long as 3 months. There is a winter-to-summer decline in lethal temperature. It appears that naturally occurring water temperatures over 23.5 °C. will be lethal to scallops and directly responsible for mortalities. Temperatures over 21 °C. may also be a direct cause of mortalities but only in special circumstances could mortalities occur as a direct result of temperatures below this. In the "sub-lethal" temperature range, sudden temperature changes upward or downward may so reduce scallop mobility as to make them easier prey to enemies. In this way sudden temperature change could be an indirect cause of increased mortality.
Zooplankton of the Inner Bay of Fundy
Authors: Jermolajev E. G.
Published: April 2011

The inner Bay of Fundy and Minas Channel are practically devoid of locally produced zooplankton. The few plankters present are either estuarine species from Minas Basin and Chignecto Bay or immigrants from the Gulf of Maine. The former (Acartia tonsa, Eurytemora herdmani, Centropages hamatus, Pseudodiaptomus coronatus and Canuella canadensis) are abundant inland with shallowing and heavy river discharge. The latter (Calanus finmarchicus, Sagitta elegans, Pseudocalanus minutus, Oithona similis and Parafavella gigantea) all show a similar distribution, being abundant in the mouth of the Bay, but declining greatly going inward. Also, Calanus specimens from the inner Bay have little or no fat, which indicates a lack of food there.The extreme paucity of all zooplankton in Minas Channel is apparently caused by heavy and deep turbulence, which prevents development of phytoplankton on which the animals depend for food.
Spoilage of Fish in the Vessels at Sea: 6. Variations in the Landed Quality of Trawler-caught Atlantic God and Haddock During a Period of 13 Months
Authors: Castell C. H. , Dale Jaqueline , Greenough Maxine F.
Published: April 2011

A study has been made of the landed quality (i.e. the quality at the time of discharge from the vessels) of trawler-caught, gutted and iced market cod and large haddock. The rate of deterioration, as indicated by the rise in TMA values, varies with the time of the year. Poorer quality fish are landed during the colder months of November and December and also during the warmer summer months of June, July, and August. The best quality fish are landed during the months of February, March, April, May and September.This seasonal spoilage pattern is similar for cod and for haddock and has been observed in the landed quality of the fish from eight individual trawlers over a period of 13 months.Some of the probable factors that bring about this seasonal pattern in the spoilage rate of these fish are discussed.
Distribution and Movements of a Predator, the Rainbow Trout, and its Prey, the Redside Shiner, in Paul Lake, British Columbia
Authors: Crossman E. J.
Published: April 2011

Predatory rainbow trout, while not confined to any part of the lake, appear to move into areas of greatest shoal development at a time when their prey, redside shiners, are most heavily concentrated there. A complex movement pattern apparently governed by shoal water temperature leads to a seasonal distribution of shiners which brings the prey into contact with the predator in midsummer.Distribution of the prey on the shoals around the lake shows prey to be most heavily concentrated over areas of extensive shoal and only small numbers present along steep shore areas. In areas of heavy concentration shiners show a definite vertical and horizontal distribution of sizes; the larger prey always found farther from shore or deeper than smaller shiners. In addition, there are vertical seasonal movements of shiners at shoal edge and a diurnal pattern of movement from shoal to deep water after dark.The effect of the movement patterns of predator and prey are manifested in the diet of the trout. In August, shiners constitute over 90% of the diet of predatory trout (those over 10 inches in length), but shiners are a negligible item in the winter diet.
Station List of the 1955–58 Field Investigations of the Arctic Unit of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada
Authors: Grainger E. H. , Hunter J. G.
Published: April 2011

A list is given of 180 stations where marine biological, oceanographic and fishing observations or collections were made by the Calanus and land-based investigations of the Arctic Unit between Labrador and the Yukon–Alaska boundary from 1955 to 1958.
The Effect of Sodium Chloride on Proteolysis and on the Fate of Amino Acids Present in the Muscle of Codfish (Gadus callarias)
Authors: Bilinski E. , Fougère H.
Published: April 2011

The rate of proteolysis and the deamination of free amino acids in cod muscle treated with 4, 8, 12 and 16% sodium chloride varies with the sodium chloride content and temperature. Proteolysis of the fish muscle protein is completely inhibited at concentrations of 16 and 12% sodium chloride. Trimethylamine formation is inhibited by 16% sodium chloride for at least 15 days. Both inhibitions take place at either 15 or 25 °C. In salted muscle deamination can occur in the absence of trimethylamine formation. The reaction appears to be hardly influenced by salt. Indole formation is completely inhibited by 8% salt at either 15 or 25 °C.
A Record of the Anomuran Crustacean Emerita analoga (Stimpson) from British Columbia
Authors: Butler T. H.
Published: April 2011

not available
Estimating Abundance from Longline Catches
Authors: Murphy Garth I.
Published: April 2011

The various factors that enter into the catch of fish by a baited longline are combined into equations that permit using the information afforded by the catches to compute linear estimates of abundance, providing that all rates can be estimated reasonably accurately, and assuming they are linear. The equations also serve to show the catches of a baited longline have a maximum in contrast to the asymptote of gill net catches. In practice, application of the suggested methods may not result in precise estimates of abundance, but they will serve to indicate the degree of confidence to be placed on the catch data and what precautions must be observed in interpreting the data, and they may serve to develop knowledge of the behaviour of a species. This knowledge, together with the knowledge of the several rates involved, may serve as a basis for examining fishing tactics.
An Anomalous Increase of Temperature in the Ocean off the Pacific Coast of Canada through 1957 and 1958
Authors: Tully J. P. , Dodimead A. J. , Tabata S.
Published: April 2011

The temperature increase extended from the surface to nearly 500 m depth. Its progress is shown by temperature distribution on the isopycnal surface, σt = 26.60, which is in the halocline, immediately below the depth of seasonal influence. During this period the currents veered northward and strengthened. The spawning migration of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) in the ocean was shifted northward and delayed in association with these anomalous oceanographic conditions.
Herring Fishery in Southern New Brunswick
Authors: McKenzie R. A. , Tibbo S. N.
Published: April 2011

Most of the herring taken in the Passamaquoddy area of southern New Brunswick are caught in stationary weirs built close to shore. Analyses of weir catches show no significant relationships between average catches inside Passamaquoddy Bay and catches in outside areas for the same year. Weirs inside Passamaquoddy Bay are more efficient and catch about twice as many herring per weir as those outside the Bay.Seasonal and annual variations both in individual weir catches and in total catches in the various statistical districts of Charlotte County are far greater now than any changes that can be forecast as resulting from the installation of the proposed Passamaquoddy tidal power dams.
Predicted Effects of Proposed Tidal Power Structures on Groundfish Catches in Charlotte County, N.B.
Authors: Martin W. R.
Published: April 2011

It is predicted that the construction of power structures will have no measurable effect on Charlotte County groundfish landings as a whole. It is expected that the 1,700,000 lb or 12% of the Charlotte County groundfish catch, taken in 1958 inside the dam sites, will be greatly reduced. Specifically, it is forecast that the pollock line fishery in Head Harbour Passage, which yielded 1,500,000 lb in 1958, will be greatly reduced, the haddock dragger fishery will be reduced or eliminated in the high pool, and the flounder fishery in Passamaquoddy and Cobscook Bays will probably increase.
Note on Pontonema vacillatum Leidy 1855 (Nematoda: Oncholaimidae) from Soft-shell Clams (Mya arenaria)
Authors: Anderson Roy C. , Bourne Neil
Published: April 2011

not available
A Biochemical Study of Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) Maturing Sexually in an Aquarium
Authors: MacLeod Robert A. , Jonas R. E. E. , Onofrey E.
Published: April 2011

Migrating coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) captured at a point near their entry into fresh water underwent sexual maturation when confined in an aquarium. Maturation was characterized by the development of secondary sex characters in the male and a considerable increase in the proportion of the body weight that could be accounted for as eggs in the female. Fish were sacrificed at intervals over the maturation period. Analyses of skeletal muscle, lateral line muscle, kidney, liver, heart, milt and roe for fat, protein and water, and skeletal muscle for sodium and potassium were made. Blood was analysed for total protein, non-protein nitrogen, amino acids, glucose, sodium and potassium. With some exceptions, the changes observed exhibited the same general trends as have been found in fish migrating under natural conditions. The extent of the changes, however, was considerably less.Respiratory rates and glycolytic activities of the tissues analysed were also determined. No significant change in these measurements could be detected over the maturation period.
Characteristics of Water and Variations of Salinity, Temperature, and Dissolved Oxygen Content of the Water at Ocean Weather Station "P" in the Northeast Pacific Ocean
Authors: Tabata Susumu
Published: April 2011

Vertical distributions of salinity, temperature, and dissolved oxygen content of the water at Ocean Weather Station "P" (lat. 50°N, long. 145°W) in the northeast Pacific Ocean have been examined for water characteristics, and deviations about their mean values. They are based on surveys made every alternate 6-week period during the 2 years between August 1956 and July 1958, and include data above the depth of 1500 metres. Temperature and salinity data are presented in two-dimensional frequency distribution on a temperature–salinity diagram. Variations at each depth during the 6-week periods are expressed in terms of standard deviations and ranges. Causes of these variations, when ascertainable, are discussed briefly.
The Role Of Electrical Conductivity Of Water In Shocking Lampreys (Petromyzon marinus)
Authors: McCauley R. W.
Published: April 2011

A plot of the critical voltage gradient required to immobilize a sea lamprey in water of 15 °C, against the logarithm of the conductivity of the water, was described accurately by a rectangular hyperbola normal to the axes. The region of rapid change in critical gradient lies below a conductivity of 100 micromhos per centimetre cube. The average conductivity of a live lamprey at 15° was 2700 micromhos per centimetre cube.
Marine Sterols. VII. The Synthesis of 29-Isofucosterol and the Attempted Synthesis of 17-Dehydrocholesterol
Authors: Fagerlund U. H. M. , Idler D. R.
Published: April 2011

not available
Removal of Free Chlorine from Running Water by Sodium Thiosulphate
Authors: McCauley R. W. , Scott D. P.
Published: April 2011

not available
A History of the Lake Winnipeg Fishery for Whitefish, Coregonus clupeaformis, With Some Reference to its Economics
Authors: Hewson L. C.
Published: April 2011

The evolution of the Lake Winnipeg whitefish fishery with respect to location, catch, boats and gear is traced from 1883 to 1958. Economic factors affecting fishing techniques and which have implications in management are indicated.
Maturity and Breeding of the Pacific Edible Crab, Cancer magister Dana
Authors: Butler T. H.
Published: April 2011

The breeding procedure of C. magister is described. Contact between the male and female in the pre-mating embrace causes marks on the exoskeletons. These "mating marks" are used as an indicator of breeding activity of male crabs. Differences in intensity of mating marks are discerned, and these are interpreted as evidence of polygamy under natural conditions.Examination of vasa deferentia and sampling of male breeding crabs has indicated that onset of maturity in the Queen Charlotte Islands occurs at a carapace width of about 110 mm, or at approximately three years of age. However, sexual activity is not appreciable until the width is about 140 mm.Female crabs are mature at a carapace width of 100 mm, at about two years.
Effects of Proposed Passamaquoddy Power Project on Anadromous Fishes in Canadian Waters
Authors: Kerswill C. J.
Published: April 2011

Atlantic salmon, smelt, alewives, shad, eastern brook trout, and introduced brown trout occur in waters that will be affected by the Passamaquoddy power project. The first four species are taken occasionally in herring weirs but total annual landed values did not exceed $6,000 in the period 1937 to 1956. Salmon and trout have high potential value for angling, subject to improvements in local river management.Construction of tidal power dams should overcome the present lack of typical estuarine conditions in the Passamaquoddy area and favour production of anadromous species. An improved sport fishery for sea-run trout could develop. Realization of the potential production of Atlantic salmon, alewives and shad, but possibly not sea-run trout, would depend on satisfactory access from the Bay of Fundy to the impounded areas.
Comparison of Growth Rates for Native and Hatchery-stocked Populations of Esox masquinongy in Nogies Creek, Ontario
Authors: Muir Barry S.
Published: April 2011

Recent techniques have contributed to a more accurate determination of age by the scale method and a new growth curve for the maskinonge in Nogies Creek has been constructed. Hatchery fish, planted as fingerlings, show similar growth for 4 summers after which their growth rate rapidly falls away from that for the native fish. The hatchery fish require 3 years more than the native fish to reach legal length.A reduction in the annual growth increment for tagged fish ranges from 25% (age IV) to 80% (age VI) of that attained by untagged fish.No significant divergence in the length–weight relationship was observed in the slower growing hatchery fish.
Probable Effects of Proposed Passamaquoddy Power Project on Oceanographic Conditions
Authors: Trites R. W.
Published: April 2011

The proposed Passamaquoddy power project involves the construction of a series of dams across the mouth of Passamaquoddy and Cobscook Bays. Passamaquoddy Bay, the proposed high pool, will be filled near high water by 90 filling gates, and Cobscook Bay, the proposed low pool, will be emptied near low water by 70 emptying gates. Water will flow continuously from the high pool to the low pool, through a 30-turbine powerhouse. Tidal range will be reduced to approximately 4 and 8 ft in the high and low pools respectively. The effect of this proposed installation on oceanographic conditions in the region has been considered. It is concluded that currents, within the impounded bays and in the area lying inside the Bliss Island–Head Harbour region, will be altered markedly. In the outer Quoddy Region, tidal stream directions will be altered only slightly, while the changes in speed will probably not exceed 20% of their present value. No significant change in residual flow is expected outside the Quoddy Region. Not more than a 1% increase in tidal range is anticipated for the entire Bay of Fundy. Inside the impounded bays, there will be increased stratification. Seasonal variations in temperature of the surface layer will be increased. The summer maximum is expected to reach 20 °C and the winter minimum will be less than 0 °C. Ice cover is expected to occur over part of the impounded waters. Salinities at the surface will be reduced. Only minor changes in temperature and salinity of the deep layer are anticipated. No significant changes are expected in temperature or salinity in the outer Quoddy Region.
Herring Movements in the Bay of Fundy and Gulf of Maine, 1957 and 1958
Authors: McKenzie R. A. , Tibbo S. N.
Published: April 2011

During 1957 and 1958, 137,469 herring were tagged in the southern part of the Bay of Fundy and the western part of the Gulf of Maine. These fish were immature and ranged in mean total length from 9.9 to 20.0 cm and in age from 1 to 3 years. Recovery of 3,582 (2.6%) tagged individuals showed that herring moved in and out of Passamaquoddy Bay irregularly throughout the summer and autumn with some tendency to concentrate at the head of this bay. Outward movement reached a peak in July when there was a considerable movement eastward towards Point Lepreau. Herring moved into Passamaquoddy from as far south as Grand Manan and from as far east as Point Lepreau. Little interchange of herring took place between the Passamaquoddy area and the coasts of Maine and Nova Scotia. The greatest straight-line distance from release to recovery points was 55 miles. More than half of the recaptures were made within 2 miles of the tagging sites and nearly two-thirds within 5 miles. About 28% of the recaptures were made within 1 week after tagging and 63% within 2 weeks. The average time before recapture was 12 days in 1957 and 17 days in 1958. The longest time between release and recapture for both years was 165 days. Drift bottles released with tagged herring showed no apparent relationship between herring movements and surface drift. The results of tagging support a general conclusion that the proposed Passamaquoddy tidal power structures will have no significant effect on the herring fisheries of the Passamaquoddy area.
Occurrence of Two Species of Juvenile Rockfish in Queen Charlotte Sound
Authors: Hitz C. R.
Published: April 2011

not available
Decay of Hexachlorocyclohexane in Sea Water
Authors: Werner A. E. , Waldichuk M.
Published: April 2011

not available
Spoilage of Fish in the Vessels at Sea 7. Further Studies on Seasonal Variations in the Landed Quality of Gutted, Trawler-Caught Atlantic Cod and Haddock
Authors: Castell C. H. , Giles Jacqueline G.
Published: April 2011

The same seasonal variations in the landed quality of trawler-caught Atlantic cod and haddock observed in 1956/57 have been found to occur during similar observations made in 1959.The poorest quality, at the time of landing, were the fish caught in the summer and in November and early December. The better quality fish were landed during late winter, spring, and early fall.These results were confirmed by independent observations made on trawler-caught fish at another Nova Scotian fishing port.
Grading Fish for Quality 4. Variations in the Relation Between Trimethylamine Values and Grades for Gutted, Trawler-Caught Atlantic Cod and Haddock
Authors: Castell C. H. , Elson Maxine F. , Giles Jacqueline G.
Published: April 2011

The accuracy of the trimethylamine (TMA) grade probability curve, developed in 1958 by Hoogland for gutted, trawler-caught Atlantic cod and haddock has been verified by tests made on 3170 cod and haddock.It has also been shown that the relation between TMA and grade is not the same for cod as it is for haddock. For a given TMA level, haddock show greater deterioration.The relation between grade and TMA also changes with the season. For a given level of TMA, fish caught in the summer and late fall usually show more deterioration than those caught during the spring months.
Surface Temperature and Salinity off the Washington and British Columbia Coasts, August, 1958 and 1959
Authors: Favorite Felix
Published: April 2011

Oceanographic data collected off the Washington and British Columbia coasts during August, 1958 and 1959, through Canadian and United States research programs provide the best synoptic coverage attained in this area. Comparison of August surface data for the two years shows that the effects of local runoff can be traced over several hundred miles offshore. This implies, but does not necessarily confirm, the absence of any appreciable net surface current parallel to the coast northward of the Strait of Juan de Fuca to Dixon Entrance, in summer.The 1958 observations were made at the time of the anomalous Fraser River sockeye run through Johnstone Strait and provide a good picture of the existing coastal and offshore oceanographic conditions. It is suggested that the seaward extent of dilute surface water may determine the location where homeward migrating salmon enter coastal waters.
Observations on Post mortem Biochemical Changes in Fish Muscle in Relation to Rigor mortis
Authors: Tomlinson N. , Arnold E. S. , Roberts Eve , Geiger S. E.
Published: April 2011

The influence of the degree of exhaustion of fish at death and their subsequent storage temperature on the relationship between rigor mortis, lactic acid formation and changes in certain acid-soluble phosphorus-containing fractions in muscle have been examined. The fish used were rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) and starry flounders (Platichthys stellatus) killed under controlled conditions in an aquarium and sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) caught by gill net or seine net under commercial conditions. The majority of the fish contained little or no molybdate-labile P (phosphocreatine) at death, but in those that did (chiefly unexercised fish) the P of this fraction, sometimes after a short period of increase post mortem, decreased to a very low value. Acid-labile P (adenosine-triphosphate) decreased later post mortem than did phosphocreatine, and rigor developed during this period of decrease. Onset of rigor was detected at. higher concentrations of acid-labile P at 20 than at 0 °C. Acid-stable P decreased post mortem, but without showing the rather sudden disappearance from the muscle exhibited by the two labile fractions, the decrease continuing throughout rigor.In unexercised fish the relationship between the course of rigor and lactic acid formation was distinctly different at 0 and 20 °C. At 20 °C the lactic acid concentration reached a maximum in the muscle by the time rigor was fully established or very soon thereafter. At 0 °C accumulation was much slower and had only reached about 50% of its maximum concentration when rigor was fully established. Evidence was presented that the duration of full rigor is related to the continued production of lactic acid in the muscle, rather than to the quantity of lactic acid accumulated.
Variability in Aerial Counts of Spawning Salmon
Authors: Bevan Donald E.
Published: April 2011

A study of spawning ground surveys for pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) was made in two streams on Kodiak Island. An experimental design is described which permits replication of observers' counts of spawning salmon. The variance in an observer's estimate was found to be proportionate to the size of the estimate. The experiments indicated that an observer will detect differences in population size of plus or minus 50%. The relationship between counts of one observer and another changes within different streams, but within each river the observations of one observer were correlated with those of another. The results of the experiments are summarized in recommendations for aerial surveys of spawning salmon.
The Annual Oceanographic Cycle at Igloolik in the Canadian Arctic: II. The Phytoplankton
Authors: Bursa Adam S.
Published: April 2011

Phytoplankton populations near Igloolik, northern Foxe Basin, began to increase in late April, and reached their climax in mid-August. The rapid late-August decline of the phytoplankton populations coincided with diminishing light. Diatoms were the main biomass producers in Igloolik and the principal food for the marine fauna. The succession of spring Pennatae and summer Centriceae apparently was caused by light and ice conditions. Taxonomic composition of the Igloolik phytoplankton was influenced by the fast ice and by the shallowness and hydrographic uniformity of the adjacent areas. Descriptions are given of two new species of dinoflagellates, Gyrodinium arcticum and Gymnodinium intercalaris, and the new coccolithine flagellate Pontospkaera ditrematolitha.
Oceanography of Saanich Inlet in Vancouver Island, British Columbia
Authors: Herlinveaux R. H.
Published: April 2011

Saanich Inlet is a fjord (24 km long) having a submerged (75-m) sill at the entrance, behind which there is a deep (234-m) basin. The properties of the water have been observed from time to time from 1927 through 1960. The resulting data are reviewed to provide representative values and structures of temperature, salinity, density (σt), dissolved oxygen content and sound velocity for each month throughout the year. Above the sill depth the properties of the water are normal and continuous with those in the approaches which connect with the Strait of Georgia. The waters below the sill depth are isolated, oxygen-deficient, and usually contain hydrogen sulphide. There is considerable ambient variation in the structures because the currents are too weak to disperse or mix the locally generated concentrations.The runoff into the head of the inlet is negligible. The major source of fresh water is in the approaches. It intrudes the inlet and provides a weak estuarine flushing mechanism above the sill depth. The waters below the sill are flushed only when the water in the approaches becomes sufficiently dense to cascade over the sill into the deep basin.The sound-ranging conditions are far from ideal. From March through July there is a major sound channel at mid-depths above the sill. This vanishes in August and a sound divergence zone develops and persists until December. In addition, the ambient variations provide anomalous transmission conditions.During the autumn (September through November) high concentrations of fish have been observed at the sill depth, associated with the oxycline. Probably the fish are attracted to the area by very large concentrations of zooplankton (Euphausids) that have been observed there at the same time.
A Review of the Temperature and Salinity Structures in the Approaches to Vancouver Island, British Columbia
Authors: Lane R. K.
Published: April 2011

Oceanographic data gathered along the west coast of Vancouver Island since 1933 have been examined in an effort to derive an appreciation of oceanographic processes in this region.One area, which was the source of most data, was chosen as representative for the study, principally to satisfy continuity and partly to offset the tendency to use isolated sets of data as examples of "typical" coastal structure under rather general circumstances.The temperature and salinity structures and distributions are revealed as basically being functions of fresh water input, insolation, wind, and the ocean influence. The local climate is outlined, and some pertinent physical processes are reviewed, prior to a generalized description of the coastal oceanographic system.Predominant northwest winds and local runoff result in a shallow (20 to 40 m) springtime halocline in coastal waters. Summer insolation and the resulting stability of the thermocline, coincident with the halocline, limit the depth of mixing so that the summer runoff from mainland sources is mainly preserved in the shallow (10 to 20 m) upper zone of the salinity structure.Intermittent wind-induced divergence and an entrainment demand is offered as reason for the occurrence of cold, saline bottom water in this region during the summer.Autumnal cooling and southeasterly winds destroy the vertical structures and result in a near-shore accumulation of dilute surface water in winter. Relatively warm bottom temperatures offer evidence of a winter convergence, or relaxation of the divergence mechanism.Coastal oceanographic structures are often dominated by short-term variabilities. The significance of these is demonstrated by the ranges of variation obtained during time-series observations.