bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Relevancia de las donaciones y los decomisos para las colecciones biológicas: los tejidos de aves como caso de estudio
Authors: Barone Laura , Vilacoba Elisabet , Davies Yolanda E. , Attiná Natalí , Estalles Cecilia , Tubaro Pablo L. , Lijtmaer Darío A.
Published: March 2023

In spite of their relevance, the contribution of donated and confiscated materials to biological collections has been poorly quantified. The objective of this analysis was to evaluate the significance of donated and confiscated ornithological materials in the National Ultra-frozen Tissue Collection of the Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia”. Out of the 10 288 avian tissues deposited at the collection since its establishment in 2003, over one third correspond to donations (22% in total, 13% from individuals and 9% from Institutions) and confiscated specimens (12%). These tissues belong to 28 avian orders and represent over 50% of the deposited samples in 15 of them. Passeriformes, Anseriformes, and Procellariiformes are the most represented groups in donated and confiscated material, but there are other orders for which this source of samples is also the main contribution to the collection because they are not commonly captured in the field. Of the 871 species present in the collection, 156 (18%) are represented only by samples that come from donations and confiscated material. In fact, over half of the donated tissues and more than one quarter of the samples that come from confiscated specimens have been used in at least 46 different research projects. This analysis visualizes the importance that donated and confiscated specimens have for biological collections and highlights the need for joint work with private and public organizations, as well as the awareness of the society regarding the significance of donating biological materials to museums.
New information of stopover sites for Chloephaga geese in central Patagonia: potential implications for Ruddy-headed Goose (Chloephaga rubidiceps) conservation
Authors: Giusti María Emilia , Martín Lucía B. , Buchanan Patrick , Gabarain Gabriela , Cossa Natalia A. , Krapovickas Juan , Fasola Laura , Roesler Ignacio
Published: March 2023

Three migratory species of sheldgeese (Chloephaga spp.) make seasonal movements across a large portion of the Argentine territory. All three of these species have been affected by anthropogenic actions which have caused dramatic population drops, especially for the Ruddy-headed Goose (Chloephaga rubidiceps). Although telemetry techniques have rapidly advanced, knowledge of the migratory routes of many Neotropical birds is still incipient. The study of migration routes should be a top priority, especially when conservation and management actions are necessary along the main migratory routes. The goal of this work is to present new evidence of important stopover sites and concentration areas of migratory sheldgeese in eastern Patagonia. We conducted fieldwork during the fall, winter and spring of 2017, all of 2018 and the summer of 2019 in Chubut province, Argentina. We identified one stopover area for sheldgeese within a recently created protected area, the Parque Interjurisdiccional Marino Costero Patagonia Austral (PIMCPA), that could be a key site for the protection of the three species, in particular for the Ruddy-headed Goose. Results will provide input for decision-making processes during the design of future infrastructure projects already planned in eastern Patagonia along the migratory route of several species.
Determinantes del movimiento en inmaduros de una especie de larga vida, el Cóndor Andino (Vultur gryphus)
Authors: Guido Jorgelina María
Published: March 2023

This article does not have an abstract.
Incubation behavior of the Masked Gnatcatcher (Polioptila dumicola) in Central Argentina
Authors: Schaaf Alejandro A. , Vergara-Tabares David L. , Rojas Tobías N. , Díaz Agustín , Peralta Giovana , Peluc Susana I.
Published: March 2023

We described parental behaviors at one nest during the incubation period of the Masked Gnatcatcher (Polioptila dumicola). The nest contained three eggs and both parents shared incubation duties for 14-15 days. The use of remote sensors allowed us to determine that adults spent 668.83 ± 40.86 min per day incubating, which resulted in approximately 80% of daylight hours to nest attentiveness. Lapses of incubation were on average 86.30 ± 51.67 min. We did not find significant differences in the duration or amount of incubation lapses or off-bouts among periods of the day (morning, midday, and afternoon).
Influencia de la intensidad de pastoreo sobre ensambles de aves en espartillares de la Bahía de Samborombón, Argentina
Authors: Codesido Mariano , Bilenca David
Published: March 2023

Changes in the structure of grasslands have been responsible for the decline of several avian species due to the reduction in the quality of available habitat. In the Flooding Pampas (Argentina), espartillares of Spartina densiflora are marginally productive areas for cattle rearing and show great variation in the intensity of their use by ranchers as grazing areas. In this work we compare the responses in abundance and richness of avifauna in espartillares with different stocking rates in the Samborombón Bay area. Our treatments were: 1) plots with low stocking rate (0.4 cows/ha), and 2) plots with high stocking rate (0.8 cows/ha). Our study covered three periods of the birds’ breeding cycle (early, late, post-reproduction) over two years (2011/2012, 2012/2013). The sites with high livestock rate had greater vegetation coverage in the stratum lower than 11cm and lower height with respect to the sites with low livestock loads. Species richness and total abundance of birds were 23% and 29.5% lower, respectively, in grasslands with high livestock rates. Also, species richness and abundance of tall grassland species were 60% and 61% lower, respectively, in grasslands with high livestock rates. High stocking grazing substantially affects the abundances of tall grass specialist species such as the Bay-capped Wren-spinetail (Spartonoica maluroides) and the Sedge Wren (Cistothorus platensis). We encourage to preserve espartillares with high structure (> 70 cm) and dense vegetation, keeping some paddocks or paddock areas in rest/exclusion, instead of a general adjustment of the animal stocking rates for the entire establishment.
La Bandurria Andina (Theristicus branickii), nueva especie para Argentina
Authors: Müller Gisela C. , Braslavsky Oscar H. , Chatellenaz Mario L.
Published: March 2023

We report the first documented record for Argentina of the Andean Ibis (Theristicus branickii) based on observations made in October 2020 in Los Toldos, a town in the Santa Victoria department, Salta province. This record, approximately 358 km south of the nearest locality in Bolivia, is the southernmost for the species.
Outbreak of type c botulism in aquatic birds on the Nahuel Huapi Lake and National Park area, Argentina
Authors: Rosciano Natalia G. , Cossa Natalia A. , Farace María Isabel , Ojeda Valeria , Seijas Susana
Published: March 2023

An outbreak of avian botulism type C occurred at the Kelp Gull (Larus dominicanus) colonies located at the Nahuel Huapi National Park and lake area in Argentina, at the end of the breeding season, during austral summer 2020. While conducting fieldwork, birds were observed with paralysis of the lower and upper limbs, and dead birds were found in a sitting down position with no signs of having been attacked. We collected blood and tissue samples from eight Kelp Gulls and one Ashy-headed Goose (Chloephaga poliocephala) for toxicological analysis. One sample of Ashy-headed Goose resulted positive for botulinum toxin type C. Diseases like botulism are usually lethal for wildlife and have important effects on bird populations. Though the impact on the Kelp Gull colonies did not seem to be of great concern (~2.3% of the population affected), specific research into the source of the toxin and the initiating conditions are required to understand the potential threats to the environment and to different bird populations that live in this area. This would be key for aquatic bird species such as the Ashy-headed and the Upland Goose (C. picta), both considered threatened in Argentina.
First record of parasitism of Scarlet-headed Blackbird (Amblyramphus holosericeus) by the specialized Screaming Cowbird (Molothrus rufoaxillaris)
Authors: Mermoz Myriam E. , Depalma Daniela M. , Charnelli Emilio M. , Zilli Cecilia
Published: March 2023

Screaming Cowbird (Molothrus rufoaxillaris) is highly specialized parasitizing only three species, making records of new hosts very informative. During 2017 we studied nesting success on roadsides in Argentine Pampas. Fifty-seven nests (46%) belonged to the known host Brown-and-yellow Marshbirds (Pseudoleistes virescens). Four nests belonged to Scarlet-headed Blackbird (Amblyramphus holosericeus); one contained a Screaming Cowbird nestling that fledged with two of the hosts. We discuss similarities and differences among the Scarlet-headed Blackbird and old hosts. More studies are needed to confirm the regular parasitism of Scarlet-headed Blackbird by Screaming Cowbird, and to better understand their high specificity in host selection.
Estudio de las propiedades mecánicas y estructurales del huevo de tordos parásitos de cría (Icteridae: Molothrus) y algunos de sus hospedadores
Authors: López Analía V.
Published: March 2023

This article does not have an abstract.
Fonolojia ya Nomino na Vitenzi katika Kimochi
Authors:   Shule ya sekondari ya Kiboriloni - Moshi, Moshi Clarah Nelson , Ismail Joseph Hokororo ,   Chuo cha Uongozi wa Mahakama Lushoto
Published: March 2023

Makala haya yamelenga katika kufafanua vipengele anuwai vya fonolojia vipande sauti vya lugha ya Kimochi. Miongoni mwa vipengele vya kifonolojia vilivyoangaziwa ni irabu, konsonanti, muundo wa silabi, na michakato ya kifonolojia kwa kutumia nadharia ya vipande sauti Huru, iliyoasisiwa na Chomsky na Halle (1968). Data zilizotumika zimekusanywa uwandani katika vijiji viwili vya Mori na Mbokomu vilivyo katika wilaya ya Moshi vijijini, mkoa wa Kilimanjaro. Kama ilivyo katika lugha nyingi za Kibantu, imeonekana kwamba Kimochi kina jumla ya irabu tano (5) na konsonanti thelathini na moja (31) na kwamba michakato mbalimbali inayojitokeza katika Kimochi ni majumui. Hivyo makala haya yatasaidia kwa wanaisimu linganishi kuona mfanano wa vipengele vilivyoshughulikiwa humu na vile vinavyojitokeza katika lugha nyingine za kibantu.
Utabirifu wa Kisemantiki wa Mofimu {Ji-} katika Vitenzi vya Kiswahili
Authors:   Chuo cha Kumbukumbu ya Mwalimu Nyerere, Gores Maria
Published: March 2023

Mofimu ni kipashio cha kimofolojia kinachobeba dhima za kisemantiki. Dhima hizo hutofautiana kutoka mofimu moja na nyingine kama mazingira ya utokeaji wa mofimu yanavyotofautiana. Katika lugha ya Kiswahili, baadhi ya vitenzi huwa na tabia ya kupachikwa mofimu ambazo hubeba dhima tofauti (Khamisi, 1985; Mgullu, 1999; McCarthy 2002; kwa kutaja wachache). Makala haya yanakusudia kuchunguza utabirifu wa kisemantiki wa mofimu {ji-] katika baadhi ya vitenzi vya Kiswahili ili kuona kama ni mara zote mofimu hiyo ikiambatana na vitenzi hivyo tunaweza kutabiri maana. Data iliyochambuliwa imekusanywa kutoka katika Kamusi ya Kiswahili Sanifu (Toleo la tatu) na Kamusi Kuu ya Kiswahili (Toleo la pili), kwa kutumia mbinu ya usampulishaji nasibu tabakishi, usampulishaji nasibu taratibishi na usampulishaji nasibu ulo rahisi. Katika Makala haya tumeanza kwa kuangazia mbinu zinazobainisha vitenzi vyenye mofimu {ji-} katika kamusi teule za Kiswahili. Pia, tumefafanua utabirifu wa kisemantiki wa mofimu {ji-} katika vitenzi vya Kiswahili. Vilevile, tumeelezea mazingira yanayosababisha utabirifu wa kisemantiki wa mofimu {ji-} katika vitenzi vya Kiswahili. Ili kufikia malengo hayo, Nadharia ya Maana kama Matumizi imetumika. Kwa kuhitimisha, makala haya yametoa mapendekezo kadhaa kuhusu kufanyika kwa uchunguzi zaidi katika kipengele cha mofimu.
Online and Social Media Presence (Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and YouTube) of Civil Associations, Mutual Associations, and Foundations in Argentine Nursing
Authors: Lepez Carlos Oscar , Galbán Patricia Alonso , Canova-Barrios Carlos , Machuca-Contreras Felipe
Published: March 2023

Social media has experienced an unprecedented boom in recent years and its impact on today's society is undeniable. Social media has changed the way people communicate, relate and inform themselves. In the academic world, social media has also acquired great relevance, especially in the field of scientific societies. This article aims to analyze the presence of Argentine organizations in the field of nursing on social media. The study included a list of Argentine organizations in the field of nursing obtained from official databases at Ministerio de Justicia y Derechos Humanos. Those organizations (Civil Associations, Mutual Association, and Foundations) whose keywords were related to nursing were selected. 95 organizations in the nursing field were registered, of which only 24 (25,2 %) had a website accessible from the internet. 95 organizations in the nursing field were registered, of which only 24 (25,2 %) had a website accessible from the internet. Only 39 organizations had a presence on at least 1 social network. The results of the study revealed that there is a low presence of these organizations on social media, with only a small percentage having profiles on Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and YouTube. Additionally, these organizations had a low number of followers on their social media profiles. This highlights the need for these organizations to enhance their social media strategies to increase their visibility, impact, and engagement with their audience. Improving their social media presence can also help these organizations to better promote their research, knowledge, and scientific developments, thus contributing to the advancement of the nursing field.
The Dilemma of Balancing Public Health and Economic Concerns: Benefit and Cost Analysis on China’s COVID-19 Policy Under Monte Carlo Simulation
Authors: Wu Yi
Published: March 2023

This study explores the dilemma of balancing public health and economic concerns during a pandemic through a cost-benefit analysis approach in public economics. To estimate the impact of public health policies during an epidemic, this research innovatively applies the Monte Carlo simulation algorithm, using both top-down and bottom-up methods to avoid double counting. The study focuses on zero-clearance public health policy, analyzing the value of lives saved and the economic output decline of the society as a whole during the pandemic as the benefit and cost of preserving lives, respectively. Additionally, the study examines the decreased infected population and medical expenses gained through reductions in mortality due to public health policies, estimating the costs and expenses associated with COVID-19 infection and unemployment using a bottom-to-up method. The study concludes with a discussion of the limitations in data comprehensiveness and authenticity, as well as the particularities of public health policies based on political attributes.
OBJECTIVES AND IMPORTANCE OF EU REGIONAL POLICY, WITH AN OVERVIEW OF THE SERBIAN POLICY OF REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Počuča Milan , Matijašević-Obradović Jelena
Published: March 2023

EU regional policy is among the most important common EU policies. The aims of EU cohesion policy for the period 2014-2020 are set out in the Europe 2020 Strategy, and they concern smart, sustainable and inclusive growth. Of special importance to Serbia are EU regional policy financial instruments, in particular, the European Regional Development Fund which, inter alia, also finances cross-border cooperation projects. The Law on Regional Development stipulates that regional development shall, besides other sources, be financed from EU pre-accession funds, in the context of which the Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance – IPA was very significant for Serbia and the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina in the period 2007-2013, while pre-accession support of IPA II Programme is expected for the period 2014-2020. Finally, the current direction of EU cohesion policy, expressed in the Europe 2020 Strategy, highlights the importance of this programme for the candidate member states, as well as for the neighbouring countries, indicating that the expansion of the area of implementation of EU rules will create new opportunities, both for the European Union, and for its neighbours.
PERANCANGAN SISTEM INFORMASI JASA LAUNDRY PADA SB LAUNDRY
Authors: Nugroho Prasetyo Adi , Susanti Sri
Published: March 2023

Currently, the development of information technology has progressed very rapidly. These technological developments cannot be separated from the role of humans who are constantly improving and looking for innovations so that technology can be used to help humans work. Information technology has been widely used in various organizations, both large and small organizations. SB Laundry is one of the businesses in laundry services, located at Jl. KH. Moh. Mansyur, Gg Alkap Market No. 5i. Based on the analysis carried out, the system that runs in business activities still uses a manual system, in this case, the laundry receipt transaction is recorded in the laundry receipt by hand, which allows for data errors in recording laundry service transactions activities. To overcome the weaknesses and threats contained in the laundry service information system, a strategy was chosen by making improvements and developing a computerized system. The new system is expected to improve the quality of laundry service performance and increase the number of customers who come to SB Laundry. By providing training to prospective system users, and providing hardware and software following the analysis of device requirements, so that the system can run as expected.
VOLATILITY SPILLOVER AND PANDEMIC – ANALYSIS OF SELECTED SECTORAL INDICES IN INDIA
Authors:   Finance, SDM Institute for Management Development (SDMIMD), Mysore, India, K. Riyazahmed K.
Published: March 2023

The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted economies worldwide, and it has been reflected in their stock markets, as well. The effect was evident in the Indian stock markets, yet the nature and level of this impact are not very clear. This paper examines the short- and long-term spillover in the volatility between coronavirus cases on the broader market index, Nifty 50, and the indices of selected sectors: information technology, healthcare, and pharmaceuticals. Data for the period from January 2020 to July 2022 has been analyzed. The Dynamic Conditional Correlation GARCH model was used for analyzing the volatility spillover of coronavirus cases on Nifty 50, Nifty IT, Nifty Healthcare, and Nifty Pharma. The results show that there has been a significant long-term volatility spillover of infections on the broader market index, Nifty 50. However, there is no long-term persistence of COVID-19 on the sectoral indices. Only Pharma and Healthcare have exhibited significant short-term persistence. All the indices were negatively correlated with case numbers. Even though the sectoral indices did not exhibit significant long-term volatility spillover, they were positively correlated with the broader market index, Nifty 50, which in turn showed the significant long-term persistence of COVID-19. The results of the study are useful to policymakers and investors to understand the level of market impact due to the pandemic.
FOUNDATIONS OF CONTEMPORARY ECONOMICS: EDWARD P. LAZEAR AND PERSONNEL ECONOMICS
Authors:   Anhalt University of Applied Sciences, Germany, Egbert Henrik , Sedlarski Teodor ,   Faculty of Economics and Business Administration of Sofia University „St. Kliment Ohridski“, B. Todorov Aleksandar ,   Department of General Economic Theory of University of Economics – Varna
Published: March 2023

Edward P. Lazear (1948-2020) is one of the most influential economists in the field of applied Labour Economics in modern time. He founded Personnel Economics, which applies an economic approach to Human Resources. His work linked traditional Labour Economics with the empirical analysis of behaviour in organizations (mostly private enterprises) and labour markets. He revolutionized thinking about Human Resources and integrated this field into economic analysis. His views stand in the tradition of the Chicago School of Economics. Besides his scientific work, Lazear was an influential political adviser. In this survey, we provide a short overview of some of his pathbreaking contributions. These include mandatory retirement, rank-order tournaments, incentive structures, and compensation schemes.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF PASSENGER AIR TRANSPORT IN AN ENVIRONMENT OF DYNAMIC CHANGES
Authors:   Department of Economics and Management of Commerce and Services, Varna University of Economics, Zhelyazkova Donka
Published: March 2023

The author’s primary goal is to present a number of features related to air transport – implemented by low-cost airlines and on the basis of an analysis of the current state of passenger air travel – and to outline some prospects for the development of aviation as a whole. To achieve such an objective, the advantages and deficiencies accompanying the transportation of passengers by low-cost airlines have been systematized. In accordance with these theoretical considerations, an analysis has been made of the current dimensions of this market segment’s development, based on the indicators that globally account for the market share of low-cost airlines in certain regions around the world, including Europe, as well as for the annual growth in demand for passenger air transport on a global level. On a national level, Sofia, Varna, and Burgas airports’ number of passenger movements have been monitored on a yearly basis, while the resort airports have monthly reports. In her conclusions, the author discovers a few prospects for development in air travel which are mainly associated with the symbiosis between transport alternatives and ecological transport solutions.
¿Por qué una justicia integral para adolescentes?
Authors: Hidalgo Murillo José Daniel
Published: March 2023

En este artículo se trata de responder a preguntas como es posible cumplir con los fines de la Justicia para Adolescentes desde un Modelo Tutelar, como antes de la reforma del 12 de diciembre de 2005; si es posible cumplir con tales fines desde un proceso mixto moderno, un proceso mixto inquisitivo o un proceso inquisitivo. ¿Son necesarios en un proceso integral los Mecanismos Alternativos de Solución de Controversias así como los Mecanismos Alternativos de Terminación del Proceso? ¿Los objetivos procesales de la justicia integral se pueden cumplir sin un proceso penal acusatorio?
Los sistemas acusatorios
Authors: De Luca Javier Augusto , Figueroa Francisco
Published: March 2023

En el presente artículo se  buscan resaltar las diferencias sustanciales entre los sistemas preponderantemente inquisitivos y los de inclinación hacia el acusatorio. Al mismo tiempo reflexionamos sobre algunos aspectos a  tener en consideración al momento de  diseñar un procedimiento penal y organizar los órganos encargados de administrar justicia.
Antecedente histórico del fiscal general
Authors: Gómez Huerta Suárez José
Published: March 2023

En este artículo se revisa el antecedente histórico del fiscal general en el Consejo Real de Castilla en España. El estudio de dicha figura permite hacerse una idea del México de los siglos XVI, XVII, XVIII y XIX; se destacan algunos rasgos comunes con la figura de los fiscales durante esos siglos y se examina su desarrollo.
Desafíos de la educación en las prisiones. El caso brasileño
Authors: Pizzio Alex , Gomes de Araújo Franco Adelaide , Silva Carreras Alejandra
Published: March 2023

Este artículo pretende mostrar los resultados obtenidos a partir de las prácticas realizadas como servidora pública donde se analizó la oferta educativa en el sistema penitenciario y se recorrió un largo camino teórico en temas de pobreza, exclusión social, marginalidad y oferta educativa como un derecho humano que debe ser garantizado en el ámbito de la prisión. Las observaciones y análisis que aquí se recogen fueron realizadas en la Escuela Estatal Nueva Generación de la Casa de Prisión Preventiva de Palmas, situada en el Estado de Tocantins en Brasil. Los autores realizan una observación participante como metodología, además de una investigación biográfica y documental con entrevistas semiestructuradas. Se concluye que las personas que se encuentran en estado de prisión viven en una situación de desprotección por parte del Estado, en tanto a que no se les garantiza de manera efectiva el derecho humano de educación de calidad, porque a pesar de contar con una escuela, la política pública no está siendo emprendida con eficiencia, toda vez que no se observa como un mecanismo que contribuye al desenvolvimiento de las capacidades substantivas de los internos.
¿Tiene la culpa el sistema penal acusatorio?
Authors: Ortiz Treviño Rigoberto Gerardo
Published: March 2023

El pasado 5 de julio, la Primera sala de la Suprema Corte de Justicia de la Nación resolvió una contradicción de tesis en la que estableció que los inculpados que se encuentran en proceso penal conforme a las reglas del anterior sistema inquisitivo, pueden acceder a ciertos beneficios del nuevo sistema en relación con sus derechos. El jefe de gobierno Miguel Ángel Mancera se manifestó en contra de la resolución porque permite que algunos internos sujetos a proceso lo continúen en libertad. De esta forma, el presente artículo analiza la figura de prisión preventiva y los términos de la resolución de la suprema corte
El error de tipo y de prohibición en los elementos normativos de los delitos electorales
Authors: Valdés Osorio Guadalupe
Published: March 2023

El presente artículo es un estudio en torno a los elementos normativos de valoración jurídica inscritos en los delitos electorales, y el tratamiento que debe darse de concurrir un error, or lo que se analiza su posible asunción como error de hecho, de derecho, error de tipo o error de prohibición.
El delito de violencia política por razones de género
Authors: Esparza Martínez Bernardino
Published: March 2023

La violencia política electoral por razones de género es un fenómeno común, en el marco de la política y las elecciones en México, que atenta contra la dignidad de las mujeres. El presente artículo pretende analizar los fundamentos jurídicos que dan sustento a las iniciativas presentadas en materia de violencia política de género como una respuesta del Estado ante la falta de igualdad entre hombres y mujeres en las contiendas electorales.
Cinco pendientes del sistema penal acusatorio
Authors: Laveaga Gerardo
Published: March 2023

El funcionamiento del Nuevo Sistema de Justicia Penal —que entró en vigor en 2016— ha suscitado opiniones contrapuestas: tanto detractores que piden que se abandone, como partidarios que pugnan por realizar ajustes que lo perfeccionen. El autor de este artículo, director del Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Penales (INACIPE), formula aquí cinco pendientes para que el sistema acusatorio opere con eficiencia.
El Sistema de Justicia Penal Internacional y la política de selección de persecusión
Authors: Ambos Kai
Published: March 2023

La Corte Penal Internacional (CPI) es un tribunal que tiene como función procesar y juzgar  los denominados core crimes. En ese sentido, el presente artículo expone la importancia de esta figura jurídica la cual tiene grandes desafíos en  la selección y priorización de casos los cuales deben ser tratados de un modo racional, justo y transparente ya que son elementos clave para el funcionamiento y legitimidad de este sistema penal internacional. El autor compara el sistema penal real con un planteamiento ideal, diferenciando la justicia retributiva de la justicia distributiva.
Protocolo de Estambul
Authors: Ortiz Beltrán Pablo Gonzálo
Published: March 2023

El Protocolo de Estambul es un documento que tradicionalmente ha sido referencia  obligada para evaluar, investigar y documentar la tortura; no obstante que refleja una acusada debilidad en cuanto a su efectiva evaluación  psicológica, cabe destacar que la acreditación jurídica de la tortura no puede depender, ni de una evaluación de corte clínico, y mucho menos de unos lineamientos técnicos “más difusos que básicos” como los que plasma y propone dicho Protocolo, esto conlleva per se, de una deficiente, —en el menor de los casos—, a una nula certificación a partir de él, en cuanto a lo que la evaluación psicológica de la tortura se refiere. Lo anterior por la clara influencia teoricista de corrientes positivistas clínicas que ignoran otras áreas de la psicología científica y la metodología propia de estas.
Cooperación en materia de seguridad en América del Norte en la era de Trump
Authors: Hristoulas Athanasios
Published: March 2023

La cooperación entre los tres países de América del Norte en materia de seguridad ha sido problemática. Si bien hubo momentos de cooperación internacional y en algunos casos ha sido proactiva: México, Estados Unidos y Canadá son tres Estados diferentes con agendas nacionales distintas.En este artículo se remarcan los problemas más significativos de la relación trilateral desde la firma del Tratado de Libre Comercio (1993) hasta los actuales retos que existen en materia de seguridad tras la victoria de Donald Trump, la cual ha impactado a toda América del Norte.
Cimbrando el modelo prohibicionista
Authors: Tarello Leal Cesar David
Published: March 2023

Los amparos en revisión 237/2014, 1115/2017 y 623/2017 resueltos por la Primera Sala de la Suprema Corte de Justicia han abierto el debate respectivo a la legalización de la marihuana y también han cuestionado los dogmas impuestos por el modelo prohibicionista que el Estado mexicano ha sostenido desde finales del siglo XIX. Estas resoluciones se han decantado por el valor de la libertad y la dignidad humana, a la par que revelan una práctica constitucional progresista que colocan a la Suprema Corte de Justicia de la Nación  como un órgano de estados que supo entender cómo ampliar los derechos previstos de manera expresa en el texto constitucional. Es así como el presente artículo incide en la historia prohibicionista del uso y consumo del cannabis, a la par que realiza un análisis de cómo se ha cimbrado la ideología que sustentó la prohibición del consumo de la marihuana.
El tráfico de drogas ilícitas en México. Apuntes para una política criminológica internacional
Authors: García Huitron Alan
Published: March 2023

A más de 100 años de iniciada la prohibición internacional del tráfico de drogas, las políticas criminales emprendidas por los gobiernos han revelado un rotundo fracaso tanto para disminuir el consumo y su disponibilidad como para reducir sus consecuencias secundarias, principalmente la violencia criminal. El presente texto discute por qué, a pesar de estos escenarios, la tendencia prohibicionista sigue manteniéndose por organismos internacionales y nacionales. Se apunta, como hipótesis de trabajo, la conservación de una política diferenciada de ganancias para unos cuantos países desarrollados y de pérdidas en la mayoría de países en desarrollo, entre ellos México y, en tal sentido, el capítulo muestra la necesidad de un debate interdisciplinario en torno a una política criminológica de carácter internacional donde confluyan sectores sociales, económicos, políticos y científicos.
Avances, parálisis y retrocesos en el proceso de regulación del uso del cannabis en México y la reforma pendiente
Authors: Belaunzarán Méndez Fernando , Gracia Rodríguez Aidee
Published: March 2023

Abordar el tema de la regulación del cannabis era prácticamente un tabú que muy pocos legisladores se atrevían a mencionar por temor al costo político y los que planteaban propuestas de reforma, muchas veces eran señalados de promover irresponsablemente el consumo de la marihuana. No fue sino hasta el amparo que promovieron los padres de Graciela para permitir que su hija consumiera un medicamento que estaba hecho a base de marihuana que la discusión el uso y consumo del cannabis se ha convertido en un tema de discusión en la agenda pública. Es así como el presente artículo realiza una revisión generalizada de los avances que se han desarrollado en la discusión política de la legalización de la marihuana.
Message - Fortunato T. de la Peña
Authors:   Secretary, Department of Science and Technology, de la Peña Fortunato
Published: March 2023

The Department of Science and Technology (DOST) has been committed to bring science closer to the people towards the improvement of the quality of life. Through our flagship programs, we were able to inspire our Filipino researchers and scientists to prove the value of their work not only to our fellow countrymen but also to the rest of the world. The COVID-19 pandemic brought out gaps in our healthcare system, but at the same time, presented opportunities for research and collaboration. At the DOST, through the research and development (R&D) councils, R&D institutes, S&T service institutes, regional offices, and provincial centers, and of course, NAST Philippines, we have lived up to our commitment. We supported research projects to help the government in its efforts to manage the risks and uncertainties brought by the COVID-19 pandemic. We collaborated with Filipino scientists and researchers to be able to produce products, technologies, and systems that address the needs brought about by the pandemic. With the COVID-19 pandemic still here, we are doing our best to learn and cope. We are continuously assessing that we have developed towards improvement and further innovations. It has been said that pandemics would become more and more frequent in our lifetime. We should therefore not stop collaborating with each other so that we will be more prepared in the future. NAST Philippines prepared a foresight document on science, technology, and innovation for the next 30 years, aptly titled PAGTANAW 2050. Let us study this document. I am sure that we will be able to pick up many interesting key points that we can use to manage our future better. Being concerned with our future and the future of our earth should always be kept in our consciousness. We must further advance “Science for the People” to everyone’s benefit.
3 - Sociology of Knowledge in the Era of Academic Dependency in Africa: Issues and Prospects
Authors: Ajani Oludele Albert
Published: March 2023

In recent years, sociology of knowledge – especially in terms of knowledge production, circulation and consumption – has been dominated by the global North, leaving the Third World, Africa included, in a dependent position. Many scholars have described this continued academic dependence as part of overall colonial and postcolonial relations between the centre and periphery, where the former is seen as the thinker, actor and speaker for the latter. There have been various critical agitations for the indigenisation of (social science) knowledge in order to liberate the Third World from the academic dependence that has been in force since the period of African colonisation. This critical review article summarises major contributions and different dimensions of the academic dependency paradigm within the social sciences. The relevance of social science on the continent of Africa, the nature and origin of academic dependence, as well as key areas that require adequate attention for the emancipation of social science knowledge in Africa are discussed. A reinvention of African scholarship is vitally important for epistemic freedom from intellectual dependence. African countries should not give up their exclusive local practices and norms, and must document and preserve them for the present and future generations. They must generate ideas, terminologies and research technologies that are amenable to African social realities.
1 - Enhancing the Digital Transformation of African Universities: Covid-19 as Accelerator
Authors: Zeleza Paul Tiyambe , Okanda Paul Mzee
Published: March 2023

The COVID-19 pandemic has had negative effects on virtually every sector of the global economy and educational institutions have not been spared. This has inevitably led to the need for African think tanks to consider ways through which the continent’s unprecedented youth bulge could be the cog around which growth and competitiveness of the African economy could be achieved. The first section introduces the paper and highlights how Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) have a key role to play towards ensuring the youth are adequately equipped with skills that are relevant to the twenty-first century’s digital transformation. The second section discusses the theories behind the mega trends of the twenty-first century by international agencies, consultancy firms, governments, academics, and pundits while the third section examines the digitalization of HEIs and cites various publications on higher education and its evolution in the digital era. The fourth section builds on the authors’ findings from previous sections to detail a twelve- point Digital Transformation Agenda for Africa. The fifth section highlights the technological infrastructure that is required to support Africa’s Digital Transformation Agenda and twenty-first century research and innovation before the authors draw conclusions.
Mediation between Linguistic Hegemony and Periphery Languages in the Nobel Prize for Literature
Authors: Nabea Wendo
Published: March 2023

This article explores the Nobel Prize for Literature as an embodiment of Western hegemony, despite its universal disposition. It demonstrates that the award is prestigious and canonises selected literary works as quintessential, as well as offering social and economic benefits to authors. However, the article contends that there are ideological and geopolitical considerations apart from quality that are addressed by the Swedish Academy to identify the winner every year, chief among them being the language of writing. The article demonstrates that literary works that are apt to win are generally those that are written in the dominant languages of the metropolis, especially English. It further cast doubts on the chances of winning for writers who use marginal languages, for example, African national languages, considering that even translations tend to misrepresent texts in the source language. The article avers that the Nobel Prize epitomises hegemony, language being a key component. Using postcolonial theory, the article further lays bare how writers use marginal languages to mediate with linguistic hegemony through appropriation, abrogation and evolution of argots. The article asserts that the Swedish Academy needs to rethink the question of language in awarding the Nobel Prize for Literature or else it can become displaced and parochialised as users of minor languages negotiate with it.
5 - Restore, Reform but do not Transform: The Gender Politics of Higher Education in Africa
Authors: Amina Mama
Published: March 2023

This paper uses gender analysis to reflect on the emergence and development of higher education in Africa. The available statistical picture indicates that despite the absence of formal exclusions, women’s entry into higher educational institu- tions—as students and as employees—has remained slow and uneven, suggesting the need to look beyond the numbers. The overall pattern of exclusion and marginalization is true for both administrative and academic tracks but is at its most extreme for senior academic and research positions. The persistence of extreme gender inequality is most easily and often attributed to external social and familial factors. Here, however, it is argued that there is sufficient evidence to suggest that, despite institutional and managerial claims of administrative neutrality, the institu- tional and intellectual cultures of African institutions are, in fact, permeated with sexual and gender dynamics.
Researching Gender Relations in Africa: Directions and Landmarks in Feminist Research Methodology
Authors: Ahikire Josephine
Published: March 2023

This article is a reflection on critical perspectives on researching gender relations. It is an overview of the landmarks in feminist methodology and the quest for greater inventiveness and sensibility in researching gender relations in Africa. Critical questions include: What milestones have been reached and why? What flaws do we need to correct and what will it take? The article was generated as part of feminist research methodology training at CODESRIA. It is designed to be a contribution to the ongoing African feminist conversation around the critical need for debunking colonial discourses and developmentalist buzzwords in researching gender relations, and the need for African realities to inform research and knowledge generation on gender relations on the continent.
8 - African Universities and the Challenge of Research Capacity Development
Authors: Akilagpa Sawyerr
Published: March 2023

Critical for Africa’s future is strengthening indigenous educational systems and institutions for generating and applying knowledge by assuring long-term public support with emphasis on research capacity. In addition to individual skills developed in research work, research capacity includes: quality of the research environment, funding, adequate infrastructure, research incentives, time available to the researcher, etc. In most African countries, conditions for research have been severely compromised as manifest by the generally poor remuneration, heavy teaching loads, inability to mentor young faculty, and in- adequate infrastructure. While the adequacy of public funding is a crucial con- dition, there are a number of concrete programmatic initiatives that could be taken by the higher education and research institutions themselves. These in- clude strengthening of graduate study, improvements in the management of research, provision of a “soft landing ” for young faculty, identification and concentration on “areas of strength, ” and pooling resources with other institu- tions. Special initiatives aimed at individual research capacity development include the Study Programme for Higher Education Management of the Asso- ciation of African Universities (AAU); the Working Groups and Institutes of the Council for the Development of Social research in Africa (CODESRIA); and the work of the National Mathematics Centre of Nigeria.
Human Capital Flight: Stratification, Globalization, and the Challenges to Tertiary Education in Africa1
Authors: Benno J. Ndulu
Published: March 2023

Development efforts in Africa are greatly hampered by the flight of both finan- cial capital and by human capital (brain drain). Even those professionals who remain frequently engage in less-skilled occupations because of weak national economies. The historic “push” factors of economic and demographic pres- sures are currently intensified by globalization, movement toward a knowledge-based economy, and global demographic trends. Given that a con- tinuation of fast-paced loss of the region’s talent is likely to continue for some time, the author urges the adoption of strategies to enhance the capacity of African nations for training, retaining skilled manpower, and reversing some brain drain. Tertiary education institutions are evolving to fill the quantity and quality deficiencies in the region, including the emergence of global educa- tion, new global knowledge-sharing mechanisms, information technology, net- working, and parallel systems such as independent certification and knowl- edge intermediaries. The article concludes with several recommendations for squarely addressing the underlying push factors toward emigration.
1 - Higher Education Finance and Accessibility: Tuition Fees and Student Loans in Sub-Saharan Africa*
Authors: D. Bruce Johnstone
Published: March 2023

* An earlier version of this paper was presented to a conference, “Improving Tertiary Education in Sub-Saharan Africa: Things that Work!” sponsored by the Association of African Universities and the World Bank, in Accra, Ghana, September 23–25, 2003.“Revenue supplementation” in higher education refers to shifting higher education costs away from relying mainly (sometimes virtually exclusively) on government, or the taxpayer, and toward parents, students, philanthropists, businesses, and other sources. “Cost-sharing” refers more specifically to requiring that parents and stu- dents pay all or most of tuition, lodging, and food costs, and other fees, as well as lessening the value of grants or raising the effective interest rate on student loans. This article identifies some of the historic resistance to cost sharing as well as its rationales—the most compelling of which is the sheer need for revenue, coupled with the increasing unlikelihood that African governments can raise enough rev- enue by taxation to meet currently underfunded social needs and simultaneously provide substantially more to meet the rising costs of higher education. The article identifies some limitations to the “dual-track” tuition policies in East Africa and some reasons for the many failures African countries have experienced with stu- dent loan programs. It cautions against the prevailing fascination with income- contingent loans and makes recommendations, drawn both from theory and from the few empirical examples of “things that work.”
3 - Privately Sponsored Students and Other Income-Generating Activities at the University of Nairobi*
Authors: Crispus Kiamba
Published: March 2023

* An earlier version of this paper was presented to a conference, “Improving Tertiary Education in Sub-Saharan Africa: Things That Work!” sponsored by the Association of African Universities and the World Bank, in Accra, Ghana, September 23–25, 2003.
Beginning in the 1994–1995 academic year, the government sharply cut university funds from the Kenyan exchequer, challenging the University of Nairobi to diver- sify its revenue sources. In response, the university adopted the concept of the “entrepreneurial university” and created a wholly owned, independent, profit-mak- ing holding company, the University of Nairobi Enterprises and Services Limited (UNESL). Those involved in the planning determined that the university should concentrate on its core competence, which was adding value to knowledge. The most fruitful—and radical—development was the addition of the Module II (or parallel) programs that accept privately sponsored students, thus embracing tuition fees and the concept of cost-sharing at least for these students but for the benefit of the entire university. Overcoming initial resistance, Model II and other income- generating activities have allowed the university to greatly enhance its financial base and increase access to its educational programs.
2 - The South African Experience with Developing and Implementing a Funding Formula for the Tertiary Education System
Authors: Pundy Pillay
Published: March 2023

The funding framework developed in South Africa for institutions of higher edu- cation during the apartheid era raises serious concerns related to equity (access, particularly of the disadvantaged black majority) and efficiency (of outputs and outcomes, particularly, but not only, at historically black institutions). The new funding framework proposed in the government’s 1997 White Paper re- conceptualises the relationship between institutional costs and government expen- ditures. This framework is seen as a distributive mechanism to allocate govern- ment funds to individual institutions in accordance both with the budget made available by government and with government’s policy priorities. Institutions now receive (a) block funds (research funds, teaching funds determined by student num- bers and outputs, and institutional funds for redress purposes), and (b) earmarked funds for specific purposes (e.g., student financial aid and research development). This framework has important implications for equity and efficiency including predictability; the recognition of a hard budget constraint; promoting institutional autonomy and equity; rewards for research outputs; rewards for graduate outputs that supply the country’s human development needs; and enhanced equity through capacity building, research development, and foundation programmes.