bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Complex analysis of the ionospheric response to operation of “Progress” cargo spacecraft according to the data of GNSS receivers in Baikal region
Authors: Ишин Артем , Ishin Artem , Воейков Сергей , Voeykov Sergey , Перевалова Наталья , Perevalova Natalia , Хахинов Виталий , Khakhinov Vitaliy
Published: December 2017

As part of the Plasma—Progress and Radar—Progress space experiments performed from 2006 to 2014, effects of Progress spacecraft engines on the ionosphere have been studied using data from Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receivers. 72 experiments have been carried out. All these experiments were based on data from the worldwide IGS network of GNSS receivers to record ionospheric plasma irregularities caused by engine operation. 35 experiments used data from the ISTP SB RAS SibNet network. The analysis of the spatio-temporal pattern of total electron content (TEC) variations has shown that the problem of identifying the TEC response to engine operation is complicated by a number of factors: 1) the engine effect on ionospheric plasma is strongly localized in space and has a relatively low intensity; 2) a small number of satellite—receiver radio rays due to the small number of GNSS stations, particularly before 2013; 3) a potential TEC response is masked with background ionospheric disturbances of various intensity. However, TEC responses are identified with certainty when a satellite—receiver radio ray crosses a disturbed region within minutes after exposure. TEC responses have been registered in 7 experiments (10 % of cases). The amplitude of ionospheric response (0.3–0.16 TECU) exceeded the background TEC variations (~0.25 TECU) several times. The TEC data indicate that the ionospheric irregularity lifetime is from 4 to 10 minutes. According to the estimates we made, the transverse size of irregularities is from 12 to 30 km.
Improving Nutritive Value of Maize-Ogi as Weaning Food Using Wheat Offal Addition
Authors: Ajanaku Kolawole , Ademosun Olabisi , Siyanbola Tolutope , Akinsiku Anuoluwa , Ajanaku Christiana , Nwinyi Obinna
Published: December 2017

The deficiency in affordable nourishing foods for neonates after weaning has been major concern in developing countries and this has contributed to increased malnutrition rate, illnesses and even children’s mortality rate. The addition of wheat offal to traditionally affordable ‘Ogi’ as an alternative approach for combating the threats of protein malnutrition in neonates was explored in this work. Wheat offal was added at increasing levels of 0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 w/w% as fortifying feed with prepared maize-Ogi as meal. Proximate analysis, pasting characteristics, sensory evaluation, nutritive and functional properties of the resulting blends was evaluated using standard methods. Results of proximate analysis showed an increased protein (2.787 – 34.064%), fat (2.282 – 9.015%) and ash (8.913 – 17.171%) contents with increased level of wheat offal from 20 to 100 w/w addition, while decreased carbohydrate content was observed with increased addition of wheat offal. The water absorption capacity increased also with level of wheat offal addition. The pasting characteristics result indicated up to 40% fortification of maize-Ogi with wheat offal as stable blend against retrogradation in terms of setback value and viscosity. The 40% level of fortification was preferred in terms of quality index of taste, texture, color, sourness and appearance. In conclusion, the nutritional indices investigated indicated addition level of wheat offal to 40% limit to solve protein-energy malnutrition and food security issues in neonates.
Understanding of Health Risks by the Use of Energy Drinks Among Millennial Generation of Karachi, Pakistan
Authors: Khan Auwais , Ali Tariq , Imran Muhammad , Ali Syed , Khan Madiha
Published: December 2017

Use of energy drink for quick resumption of energy level is very common these days. Aggressive marketing focus the youngsters as their main market segment. This study was designed to inquire about participants’ general awareness, consumption pattern and awareness of potential adverse effects associated with the use of energy drinks. Qualitative descriptive analysis was performed using a questionnaire comprising of 11 questions. Students were the main focus in this study. Questionnaire was circulated among 205 students of different schools, colleges, institutes and universities irrespective of their course of study and gender. A fairly high number (51%) of the participants regularly consume energy drinks, and majority of them (30%) take one drink per week. Most of the participants (92%) think that consuming high quantity of energy drinks may expose them severe health risk. A large number of participants were unaware and/or disagree with the risks that can be linked with the use (or overuse) of energy drinks. It is suggested to make strong regulations specifically for right ingredients composition and improve labeling requirements.
Optimization of Gelatin Extraction and Physico-chemical Properties of Fish Skin and Bone Gelatin: Its Application to Panna Cotta Formulas
Authors: Tinratat Sirikhwan , Sila-asna Monnipha
Published: December 2017

The utilization of fish processing waste for value-added by-products has attracted considerable attention. The present study aims to evaluate the gelatin extracted from fish skin and bone for application to Panna cotta products. The optimum conditions of gelatin extraction from Sea Bass, Nile tilapia and Red tilapia skin and bone were at 80 and 90 °C for 2.5 h, respectively. Nile tilapia skin and bone gelatins represent the most hydroxyproline content of 45.38 ±1.32 and 23.28±1.12 g, respectively (p0.05). Nile tilapia skin gelatin has the strength gel of 860.50 g which higher than Nile tilapia bone. The foaming ability normally increases at pH 3 to 6 and has emulsifier ability. Sodium chloride (NaCl) and activated carbon have effecting to remove the color and odor of extracted gelatin. Nile tilapia bone gelatin is the most suitable as an ingredient for Panna Cotta recipe. Panna Cotta milk mix berries has the maximum satisfaction levels in the female and male group of 4 to 5 (like very much to like extremely) for their flavor and texture by surveying satisfaction of customer in 5 points hedonic scale (30 persons). The average costs of production are between 0.56-0.71 US$/cup (200 g). Therefore, it can be concluded that fish gelatin can apply the ingredient in Panna Cotta Recipe or cook with another kind of foods. The extracted fish gelatin has desirable chemical and physical properties. It is suitable as a food ingredient which aspects as an alternative source of mammalian gelatin.
Physicochemical and Microbial Characteristics of Yogurt with Added Saccharomyces Boulardii
Authors: Niamah Alaa
Published: December 2017

The effect of adding Saccharomyces boulardii on yogurt quality was studied. Yogurt control was made using whole cow’s milk and classic starter culture. Other three treatments of yogurt were made by adding 1%,2% and 3% of Saccharomyces boulardii with yogurt starter. pH values and proteolytic activity of all yogurt treatments were determined during fermentation time. Changes in physicochemical and microbial properties of yogurt product were observed during storage time (21 days at 4°C). Yogurt samples with added yeast to starter cultures showed a slight increase in pH values during the 6 hours of fermentation. After fermentation time, pH and proteolytic activity of yogurt with 3% yeast were 4.05 and 250 μg/ml while control sample was 4.22 and 200 μg/ml respectively. pH, TN, WSN, TVFA and WHC values of yogurt with Saccharomyces boulardii were slightly increased whereas decreased the STS percentage compare with control yogurt without yeast during storage time. The addition of Saccharomyces boulardii improved the survivability of bacterial starter culture. After 21 day, Saccharomyces boulardii counts were 5.78, 6.01 and 6.31 Log. CFU/gm for yogurt with 1%,2% and 3% yeast respectively whereas Log. lactic acid bacteria of yogurt with 3% yeast was 7.53 and 7.55 for Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus.
Chemical Composition, Microbial Profile and Identification of Lactic Acid Bacteria of Moroccan Fermented Camel Milk “Lfrik”
Authors: Ismaili Maha Alaoui , Hamama Abed , Saidi Bouchta , Zahar Mohamed , Meryem Aklani
Published: December 2017

A total of 15 spontaneously fermented camel milk “Lfrik” samples were collected from 15 traditional dairies in the city of Laayoune and analyzed for their physicochemical composition and microbial profile. Theses samples were made from raw camel milk and kept to ferment spontaneously in a goat skin bag during about 12h at room temperature. The same fermentation process was observed in all the dairies. “Lfrik” samples showed the average respective values of 5.21, 0.42 % and 1.027 for pH, lactic acid content and density. Chemical composition average values were 9.55%, 0.84%, 3.41%, 3.80%, 2.46% and 0.22% for total solid, ash, fat, lactose, protein and NaCl contents, respectively. Microbiological analysis revealed the predominance of lactic acid bacteria, the presence of high numbers of coliforms and Enterococci and the absence of Salmonella and S.aureus in “Lfrik” samples analyzed. A major proportion of the 93 lactic acid bacteria isolated from these samples was identified as Lactobacilli (35%), the other isolates belonged to Lactococcus (25%), Enterococcus (17%), Leuconostoc (13%) and Streptococcus (10%). Among the identified lactic acid bacteria, the most dominant species were: Lactococcus lactis subsp lactis biovar diacetylactis, Lactobacillus brevis and Streptococcus salivarius subsp.thermophilus.
Application of Peanut Butter to Improve the Nutritional Quality of Cookies
Authors: Timbabadiya P. N. , Bheda S. B. , Gajera H. P. , Patatel S.V.
Published: December 2017

The study on Hydrogenated fat replaced with peanut butter to reduce saturated fatty acids in cookies was carried out. Cookies prepared with varied concentrations of hydrogenated fat and peanut butter (100:00, 80:20, 60:40, 40:60, 20:80 and 00:100) were analyzed to check fatty acid composition and textural characteristics. Palmitic acid, Myristic acid and Stearic acid (Saturated fatty acids) were higher in Control cookies, which level was reduced with increasing concentration of PB in different treatments. Linoleic acid and Oleic acid (Unsaturated fatty acids) were lower in control cookies, which were increased with increasing concentration of Peanut butter in different treatments. Oil stability index of experimental cookies increased up to 3.62% with increasing concentration of PB. Cookies hardness was also increased with increasing concentration of PB. Cookies with 40% PB had beneficial fatty acid composition with stable oil quality and also had a greater appreciable sensory quality by evaluation panel.
Objective:
Preparation of peanut butter
Preparation of cookies in different ratio of vegetable fat to peanut butter
Texture analysis and sensory quality
Fatty acid profiling
REFLECTIONS ON SCALES FROM MEASUREMENTS, NOT MEASUREMENTS FROM SCALES
Authors: Garuti Claudio
Published: December 2017

This essay will discuss the different kinds of scales that are frequently used, and what can and cannot be done with them. We will also explore what absolute numbers are and how to work with them to deal with quantitative and qualitative data. From my point of view, this is the starting point for everything else in the AHP/ANP; this knowledge is crucial to understanding why and how AHP was built. Indeed, it gives the key for knowing how to deal with the data that we have to face in real-life problems.https://doi.org/10.13033/ijahp.v9i3.522
THE LEGACY OF THE ANALYTIC HIERARCHY/NETWORK PROCESS
Authors: Vargas Luis G
Published: December 2017

There is no doubt that the Analytic Hierarchy Process is in itself a remarkable contribution to the field of decision making.  In this paper, I have tried to point out what I consider to be Tom Saaty’s three most important contributions within his Analytic Hierarchy Process: group decision making, conflict resolution and the fundamental equation of pairwise comparisons.  The third contribution occupied him most of his life in an attempt to connect pairwise comparisons with brain activity related to cognitive processes.  https://doi.org/10.13033/ijahp.v9i3.541
Curating and the End of the Professions
Authors: McTavish Lianne
Published: December 2017

The terms ‘curate’, ‘curating’ and ‘curation’ are used broadly in contemporary culture, associated with such activities as blogging and cooking, with an apparent disregard for the education and training of professional curators. This article argues, however, that ubiquitous references to curating do not simply appropriate the identity of the ‘real’ curator, but can be more fully understood in relation to the changing conceptions of work described by economists and legal scholars. In this light, re-articulations of curating attempt to negotiate both the declining status of the professions and the increasingly uncertain nature of employment.
Inside the Yellow Box: Cultural Exceptionalism and the Ideology of the Gallery Space
Authors: Gladston Paul , Howarth-Gladston Lynne
Published: December 2017

The ‘yellow box’ was developed during the early 2000s by the Hong Kong-based gallerist Chang Tsong-zung (Johnson Chang) – working in collaboration with others, including the academic, curator and critic Gao Shiming – as a critical alternative to the now internationally dominant mode of gallery display known as the ‘white cube’. The yellow box encompasses a range of enacted and proposed modes of display purportedly conducive to the public showing of artworks produced using ideas and techniques associated historically in China with neo-Confucian ‘literati’ ink-andbrush painting and calligraphy. This article begins with a discussion of the yellow box and how it can be understood to intervene critically in the curatorial paradigm of the white cube. It will then go on to present a critical appraisal of neo-Confucian literati culture and its relationship to the yellow box. It will be argued that while the yellow box is open to interpretation as a productive resistance to the international dominance of the white cube, its connection to a historically exclusory aristocraticpatriarchal neo-Confucianism remains highly problematic with regard to progressive cultural politics in the contemporary public sphere.
Mind the Gap: Distinguishing Between the Perception and Intention of Curatorial Education
Authors: Markopoulos Leigh
Published: December 2017

As the number of curatorial degree programmes has increased over the past thirty years, so too has the criticism about their methodology, pedagogy and overall worthiness. This article examines those critiques and exposes a variety of misconceptions voiced in the arguments made by the detractors of curatorial education. Drawing from experience in chairing a graduate programme, developing curricula, and mentoring students at the California College of the Arts, this article elucidates the practical, conceptual and relational aspects involved in teaching curating. In the contemporary context, the distrust of curatorial education is misplaced; rather than ‘flattening’ the profession of curating, the diverse and self-reflexive approach of curatorial programmes seek to provide students with a period of experimentation and discussion about the craft, history and methods of curating.
Edging Disciplines
Authors: Martinon Jean-Paul
Published: December 2017

For the past eighteen years, I have taught the practice, history, theory and ethics of curating. Throughout this time, one of the most recurrent themes has been the impossibility of ascribing a limit to curating. Where does it end and where does it begin? In order to teach curating, that is, in order to provide some kinds of limits to it, I had to borrow from many disciplines: art, philosophy, anthropology, psychology, history, political science, cultural studies, etc. In each case, I looked for what seemed pertinent to the task of framing curating within somewhat permeable boundaries. Now that the activity of curating extends to a wide range of practices not always related to either the visual or to culture, how am I to continue this teaching? This article provides both a personal trajectory and an analysis of this edging of disciplines at stake in curatorial studies.
Symposium Review
Authors: Davida Dena
Published: December 2017

STAY STILL, TRANSLATE: PERFORMANCE, PRESENTATION, CONSERVATION OF TABLEAU VIVANT IN CANADA Musée d’art contemporain de Montréal, Montreal, 17–18 February 2017
A dialética metafísico-ontológica como afirmação do divino em As Bacantes de Eurípides
Authors: Toledo Daniel
Published: December 2017

Tendo como temática As Bacantes, de Eurípides, o artigo tem como principal propósito deslocar o foco da tensão entre Penteu e Dioniso de um conflito tradicionalmente encerrado entre os planos político e religioso para uma confrontação em que a negação do deus, para além de seus modos possíveis, visaria conduzir à afirmação final do mesmo através de um incipiente horizonte metafísico em relação de transcendência com a dimensão ontológica do mortal.
Katabasis e autossalvação na recriação do orfismo no Banquete de Platão
Authors: Coutinho Luciano
Published: December 2017

A temática de salvação da alma no Hades é bastante recorrente na tradição órfica. Platão recria esta imagem órfica, no Banquete, com o intuito de alterar a ideia órfica de salvação/resgate de uma alma (que é dada por uma divindade, nomeadamente Orfeu) em uma imagem que reforça sua teoria da responsabilidade psíquica, com a ideia de que cada psyche só pode salvar-se a si própria. Para tanto, a famosa descida de Orfeu para resgatar sua amada Eurídice da morte no Hades é alterada por Platão por uma imagem de completo fracasso: os deuses do Hades oferecem a Orfeu apenas o fantasma de Eurídice e não sua psyche, como quem paga ilusão com decepção. Ao tentar enganar as instâncias divinas com meros encantamentos superficiais, Orfeu recebe dos deuses o maior dos enganos: uma imagem fantasmagórica de sua amada. Tentaremos, neste trabalho, demonstrar como essa recriação platônica da katabasis e da salvação órficas sustenta a ideia de que nenhum ente teria o poder de salvar um outro ente da obscuridade, pois cada psyche só é capaz de salvar-se a si própria.
A epigrafia como elemento didático (XXXV): a voz de Deus no lintel daquela porta
Authors: D'Encarnação José
Published: December 2017

Lê-se, interpreta-se e procura mostrar-se o alcance histórico de uma inscrição, gravada no lintel de uma porta, em zona tradicionalmente ocupada nos séculos XVI e seguintes por cristãos-novos. Trata-se de uma passagem do livro do profeta Habacuc, que assume aqui um carácter verdadeiramente apotropaico. Aproveita-se o ensejo para tecer considerações acerca da fidelidade das traduções.
Ensinar e aprender latim no séc. XXI
Authors: Ferreira Fátima
Published: December 2017

A aposta crescente a que se tem vindo a assistir recentemente na área das Línguas Clássicas, no Ensino Básico e Secundário em Portugal, requer uma revisão dos conceitos da sua didática específica, que traduza uma síntese entre as práticas do passado e as novas tendências dos métodos pedagógicos. A escola do século XXI necessita de entender o Latim como uma disciplina dinâmica, cuja metodologia de ensino se aproxime da metodologia ativa das línguas modernas, valorizando a oralidade, a compreensão textual, a aquisição de vocabulário e, sobretudo, a consciencialização de que esta disciplina representa um pilar imprescindível para muitas áreas de estudo, contribuindo para a formação integral e integradora dos alunos. A importância que o Latim assume nas Humanidades requer que se atualizem os métodos, nomeadamente a abordagem da gramática e a integração da cultura. Desta forma, o presente artigo pretende constituir uma reflexão acerca das perspetivas atuais do ensino das Línguas Clássicas, analisando, em retrospetiva, algumas opiniões de especialistas e acrescentando algumas sugestões metodológicas.
La difícil transposición didáctica. Un estudio comparativo de la construcción de estereotipos sociales desde la historiografía al aula (España-Francia)
Authors: Gómez Carrasco Cosme J. , García González Francisco
Published: December 2017

El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar la difícil transposición didáctica desde la historiografía al aula a través de una temática concreta: el mundo rural en la Edad Moderna en España y Francia. Para conseguir este objetivo se ha partido del estudio de la construcción historiográfica sobre el campesinado y el mundo rural en las principales revistas de investigación de esta temática. Posteriormente se ha comprobado la transmisión de este conocimiento en las aulas a través de las propuestas curriculares. Finalmente se ha analizado la percepción del alumnado sobre los estereotipos sociales ligados a esta temática. Los resultados muestran un desequilibrio importante entre la representación del mundo urbano y el mundo rural, fruto de la pervivencia de la teoría de la modernización en las explicaciones históricas.
Segregación escolar por origen nacional en España
Authors: Murillo F. Javier , Martinez-Garrido Cynthia , Belavi Guillermina
Published: December 2017

Esta investigación busca estimar la magnitud de la segregación escolar por origen nacional en España y sus Comunidades Autónomas en Educación Secundaria Obligatoria y contrastar estos resultados con los de los países de la Unión Europea. Para ello, se realiza una explotación especial de los datos PISA-2015 estimando el índice de Gorard. Los resultados indican que la magnitud de la segregación escolar por origen nacional en España es 0,45 (por debajo de la media europea). Sin embargo, los valores de la segregación neta reflejan una imagen menos optimista, de ser el tercer país con menos segregación de la Unión Europea, pasa a ser el séptimo.
Relaciones de poder y proceso de cambio. Formas de autoridad en la praxis y los imaginarios de jóvenes participantes del Taller de Formación Política en El Alto, Bolivia
Authors: Ortega-Senet Maria Belén
Published: December 2017

El siguiente trabajo presenta los resultados de una investigación social con metodologías participativas, que se fue conformando como un espacio de análisis y reflexión de las relaciones de poder de jóvenes participantes de Talleres de Formación Política en El Alto, Bolivia, en un contexto tan especial como lo ha sido la década 2006-2016 para el proceso de cambio. En el artículo, mostramos cómo seguimos un hilo deconstructivo de las relaciones de poder concebidas como dominación, para lograr ampliar el margen epistémico de análisis de la autoridad y llegar a la comprensión de tres formas de relaciones de poder: una horizontal, otra vertical y otra procesual, que se constituyen como redes paralelas y superpuestas que se despliegan y se practican por los jóvenes participantes en sus sistemas cotidianos de convivencia social y política. Estas formas de construcción de la autoridad y la toma de decisiones se consolidan como prácticas e imaginarios de los posibles cambios y de su propio papel como agentes en ellos, como actores de una histórica dinámica sociopolítica que tuvo un hito muy importante con la llegada de Evo Morales y el MAS al gobierno boliviano.
Rapunzel Syndrome in a Colombian Female Adolescent: A Case Study and Literature Review
Authors: Carvajal-Barrios Gustavo Adolfo , Del Río Sergio , Torres Yira
Published: December 2017

En este artículo se presenta un caso de síndrome de Rapunzel (tricobezoar gástrico con extensión al intestino delgado) en una adolescente con trastorno mixto de ansiedad, depresión y trastorno obsesivo-compulsivo. La paciente sufría de tricotilomanía asociada a disfunción familiar y matoneo escolar. A su llegada al departamento de urgencias, la paciente experimentaba dolor abdominal, aunque no se palpó ni se visualizó por ecografía ninguna masa abdominal, y sus niveles de amilasa y lipasa eran elevados. Debutó con pancreatitis aguda, por lo que requirió laparotomía. En adición al reporte de caso, se presenta una revisión de la literatura disponible sobre el tema.
EFECTO DE LA COBERTURA DE SUELO CON ACOLCHADOS PLÁSTICOS SOBRE EL COMPORTAMIENTO DEL CULTIVO DE ALCAUCIL (Cynara cardunculus var. scolymus L.)
Authors: MONDINO M. C. , BALABAN D. , CAVALIERI O. , GARCIA S. M.
Published: December 2017

Se evaluó el efecto de los polietilenos negros y bicapa sobre el comportamiento del cultivo de alcaucil en la zona de Rosario. Se utilizó el híbrido Madrigal y se evaluaron las variables Número de capítulos por planta, Peso de primer capítulo, Peso promedio de capítulos secundarios, Rendimiento total y por planta, Diámetro de primer capítulo y promedio de secundarios y Días a cosecha. No se encontraron diferencias signifi cativas entre los  tratamientos. Ninguno de los acolchados demostró adelanto en la producción. El uso de coberturas plásticas en épocas de altas temperaturas en la zona evaluada, se recomienda utilizar no con el objetivo de obtener primicias sino para facilitar el control de malezas y dado que la cobertura con plástico negro genera desventajas, en el caso de ser necesaria por alta presencia de malezas, sería  recomendable la utilización de polietileno bicapa.
Analysis of pre-service science teachers’ level of associating their chemistry knowledge with daily life and the relationship between these levels and their attitudes towards teaching science
Authors: Uğraş Mustafa , Aydemir Selçuk , Asiltürk Erol
Published: December 2017

The aim of this study is to determine science teacher candidates’ (PSTs) levels of associating their chemistry knowledge with daily life and to examine the relationship between these levels and their attitudes towards teaching science. The study is a descriptive study conducted through the survey method. This study was carried out with 30 PSTs in the part of science teacher education at the College of Education in their final semester. As the data collection tools, an open-ended questionnaire, which was developed by Kıyıcı and Aydoğdu (2011), was applied to determine the PSTs’ levels of associating their chemical knowledge with daily life. Also, the “Science Teaching Attitude Scale” developed by Thompson and Shringley (1986) and adapted into Turkish by Özkan, Tekkaya and Çakıroğlu (2002) was used to determine PSTs’ attitudes towards teaching science. The data obtained from the open-ended questionnaire analyzed based on the three categories that were used by Vazquez-Alanso and Manassero-Mas (1999). Findings obtained from the data showed that PSTs’ level of associating their chemistry knowledge with daily life was low. Results of the statistical analyses showed that there was a significant relations between level of associating their chemistry knowledge with daily and their attitudes towards teaching science.
Macroeconomic costs of gender gaps in a model with entrepreneurship and household production
Authors: Cuberes David , Teignier Marc
Published: December 2017

This paper examines the quantitative effects of gender gaps in entrepreneurship and workforce participation in an occupational choice model with a household sector and endogenous female labor supply. Gender gaps in workforce participation have a direct negative effect on market, while gender gaps in entrepreneurship affect negatively market output not only by reducing wages and labor force participation but also by reducing the average talent of entrepreneurs and aggregate productivity. We estimate the effects of these gender gaps for 37 European countries, as well as the United States, and find that gender gaps cause an average loss of 17.5% in market output and 13.2% in total output, which also includes household output. Interestingly, the total output loss would be similar (12%) in a model without household sector, since the market output loss is larger when the female labor supply is endogenous. Eastern Europe is the region with the lowest income fall due to gender gaps, while Southern Europe is the region with the largest fall. Northern Europe is the region with the largest productivity fall, which is due to the presence of high gender gaps in entrepreneurship.
Developmental Emergence of Phenotypes in the Auditory Brainstem Nuclei ofFmr1Knockout Mice
Authors: Rotschafer Sarah E. , Cramer Karina S.
Published: December 2017

Fragile X syndrome (FXS), the most common monogenic cause of autism, is often associated with hypersensitivity to sound. Several studies have shown abnormalities in the auditory brainstem in FXS; however, the emergence of these auditory phenotypes during development has not been described. Here, we investigated the development of phenotypes in FXS model [Fmr1knockout (KO)] mice in the ventral cochlear nucleus (VCN), medial nucleus of the trapezoid body (MNTB), and lateral superior olive (LSO). We studied features of the brainstem known to be altered in FXS orFmr1KO mice, including cell size and expression of markers for excitatory (VGLUT) and inhibitory (VGAT) synapses. We found that cell size was reduced in the nuclei with different time courses. VCN cell size is normal until after hearing onset, while MNTB and LSO show decreases earlier. VGAT expression was elevated relative to VGLUT in theFmr1KO mouse MNTB by P6, before hearing onset. Because glial cells influence development and are altered in FXS, we investigated their emergence in the developingFmr1KO brainstem. The number of microglia developed normally in all three nuclei inFmr1KO mice, but we found elevated numbers of astrocytes inFmr1KO in VCN and LSO at P14. The results indicate that some phenotypes are evident before spontaneous or auditory activity, while others emerge later, and suggest that Fmr1 acts at multiple sites and time points in auditory system development.
Homeostatic Changes in GABA and Acetylcholine Muscarinic Receptors on GABAergic Neurons in the Mesencephalic Reticular Formation following Sleep Deprivation
Authors: Toossi Hanieh , del Cid-Pellitero Esther , Jones Barbara E.
Published: December 2017

We have examined whether GABAergic neurons in the mesencephalic reticular formation (RFMes), which are believed to inhibit the neurons in the pons that generate paradoxical sleep (PS or REMS), are submitted to homeostatic regulation under conditions of sleep deprivation (SD) by enforced waking during the day in mice. Using immunofluorescence, we investigated first, by staining for c-Fos, whether GABAergic RFMes neurons are active during SD and then, by staining for receptors, whether their activity is associated with homeostatic changes in GABAAor acetylcholine muscarinic type 2 (AChM2) receptors (Rs), which evoke inhibition. We found that a significantly greater proportion of the GABAergic neurons were positively stained for c-Fos after SD (∼27%) as compared to sleep control (SC; ∼1%) and sleep recovery (SR; ∼6%), suggesting that they were more active during waking with SD and less active or inactive during sleep with SC and SR. The density of GABAARs and AChM2Rs on the plasma membrane of the GABAergic neurons was significantly increased after SD and restored to control levels after SR. We conclude that the density of these receptors is increased on RFMes GABAergic neurons during presumed enhanced activity with SD and is restored to control levels during presumed lesser or inactivity with SR. Such increases in GABAAR and AChM2R with sleep deficits would be associated with increased susceptibility of the wake-active GABAergic neurons to inhibition from GABAergic and cholinergic sleep-active neurons and to thus permitting the onset of sleep and PS with muscle atonia.
Evidence for Long-Timescale Patterns of Synaptic Inputs in CA1 of Awake Behaving Mice
Authors: Kolb Ilya , Talei Franzesi Giovanni , Wang Michael , Kodandaramaiah Suhasa B. , Forest Craig R. , Boyden Edward S. , Singer Annabelle C.
Published: December 2017

Repeated sequences of neural activity are a pervasive feature of neural networksin vivoandin vitro. In the hippocampus, sequential firing of many neurons over periods of 100–300 ms reoccurs during behavior and during periods of quiescence. However, it is not known whether the hippocampus produces longer sequences of activity or whether such sequences are restricted to specific network states. Furthermore, whether long repeated patterns of activity are transmitted to single cells downstream is unclear. To answer these questions, we recorded intracellularly from hippocampal CA1 of awake, behaving male mice to examine both subthreshold activity and spiking output in single neurons. In eight of nine recordings, we discovered long (900 ms) reoccurring subthreshold fluctuations or “repeats.” Repeats generally were high-amplitude, nonoscillatory events reoccurring with 10 ms precision. Using statistical controls, we determined that repeats occurred more often than would be expected from unstructured network activity (e.g., by chance). Most spikes occurred during a repeat, and when a repeat contained a spike, the spike reoccurred with precision on the order of ≤20 ms, showing that long repeated patterns of subthreshold activity are strongly connected to spike output. Unexpectedly, we found that repeats occurred independently of classic hippocampal network states like theta oscillations or sharp-wave ripples. Together, these results reveal surprisingly long patterns of repeated activity in the hippocampal network that occur nonstochastically, are transmitted to single downstream neurons, and strongly shape their output. This suggests that the timescale of information transmission in the hippocampal network is much longer than previously thought.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTWe found long (≥900 ms), repeated, subthreshold patterns of activity in CA1 of awake, behaving mice. These repeated patterns (“repeats”) occurred more often than expected by chance and with 10 ms precision. Most spikes occurred within repeats and reoccurred with a precision on the order of 20 ms. Surprisingly, there was no correlation between repeat occurrence and classical network states such as theta oscillations and sharp-wave ripples. These results provide strong evidence that long patterns of activity are repeated and transmitted to downstream neurons, suggesting that the hippocampus can generate longer sequences of repeated activity than previously thought.
Widespread infilling of tidal channels and navigable waterways in the human-modified tidal deltaplain of southwest Bangladesh
Authors: Wilson C. , Goodbred S. , Small C. , Gilligan J. , Sams S. , Mallick B. , Hale R.
Published: December 2017

Since the 1960s, ~5000 km2 of tidal deltaplain in southwest Bangladesh has been embanked and converted to densely inhabited, agricultural islands (i.e., polders). This landscape is juxtaposed to the adjacent Sundarbans, a pristine mangrove forest, both well connected by a dense network of tidal channels that effectively convey water and sediment throughout the region. The extensive embanking in poldered areas, however, has greatly reduced the tidal prism (i.e., volume of water) transported through local channels. We reveal that >600 km of these major waterways have infilled in recent decades, converting to land through enhanced sedimentation and the direct blocking of waterways by embankments and sluice gates. Nearly all of the observed closures (~98%) have occurred along the embanked polder systems, with no comparable changes occurring in channels of the Sundarbans (<2% change). We attribute most of the channel infilling to the local reduction of tidal prism in poldered areas and the associated decline in current velocities. The infilled channels account for ~90 km2 of new land in the last 40–50 years, the rate of which, ~2 km2/yr, offsets the 4 km2/yr that is eroded at the coast, and is equivalent to ~20% of the new land produced naturally at the Ganges-Brahmaputra tidal rivermouth. Most of this new land, called ‘khas’ in Bengali, has been reclaimed for agriculture or aquaculture, contributing to the local economy. However, benefits are tempered by the loss of navigable waterways for commerce, transportation, and fishing, as well as the forced rerouting of tidal waters and sediments necessary to sustain this low-lying landscape against rising sea level. A more sustainable delta will require detailed knowledge of the consequences of these hydrodynamic changes to support more scientifically-grounded management of water, sediment, and tidal energy distribution.
Estimation of equilibrium combustion products of diesel-biodiesel fuel blends using the developed solving process for CnHm and CαHβOg fuel blends
Authors: Yildiz Melih , Çeper Bilge Albayrak
Published: December 2017

This study investigates the combustion products of diesel-biodiesel fuel blends by considering its chemical equilibrium state. In order to determine the equilibrium combustion products involving 10 species, a solving scheme which can be used for different fuel blends consisting of CnHm and C HO generic structures was developed. The constituted solving scheme was then applied for four different mixtures which were diesel, 20 and 50 % biodiesel additions (by volume), and 100% biodiesel. The change in mole fraction of the fuels and their blends was determined as a function of temperature, pressure and equivalence ratio. Besides, mass-based combustion product rates of CO2, CO and NO for a unity of fuel mass were also investigated for different temperatures and equivalence ratios. The results show that the addition of biodiesel to diesel fuel does not have any significant effect on the change in the mole fraction of the combustion products. However, the addition of biodiesel reduces slightly the formation of CO and NO, while CO2 shows a slightly increasing trend. In terms of mass-based combustion product rates, the biodiesel addition reduces the amount of CO2, CO and NO products because it increases the molecular weight of the fuel blends.
Heat transfer enhancement using hybrid nanoparticles in ethylene glycol through a horizontal heated tube
Authors: M. Hussein Adnan , Noor M. M. , Kadirgama K. , Ramasamy D. , Rahman M. M.
Published: December 2017

Heating hybrid nanofluids by the mixing of solid nanoparticles suspended in liquid represents a new class of heat transfer enhancement. To enhance heat transfer for many  industrial applications, a computational fluid dynamics modelling simulation using the finite volume method and adopting the SIMPLE algorithm was performed. The mixture of aluminium nitride nanoparticles into ethylene glycol which acts as a base fluid is considered as a new concept of hybrid nanofluids that can increase heat transfer. The hybrid nanofluid was prepared experimentally with a volume fraction range of 1% to 4%. The size diameter of nanoparticles, heat flux around a horizontal straight tube, and Reynolds number is approximately 30 nm, 5000 w/m2 and 5,000 to 17,000, respectively. The computational method had been successfully validated using available experimental data reported in the literature. It was found that 1% to 3% Aluminum nitride hybrid nanofluids can significantly affect efficiency, while more than 3% volume fraction are insignificant as they obtain less than one efficiency. Results show that a combination of aluminium nitride nanoparticles with the EG base fluid tends to augment heat transfer performance significantly.
Genetic Evidence for Roles of Yeast Mitotic Cyclins at Single-Stranded Gaps Created by DNA Replication
Authors: Signon Laurence
Published: December 2017

Paused or stalled replication forks are major threats to genome integrity; unraveling the complex pathways that contribute to fork stability and restart is crucial. Experimentally, fork stalling is induced by growing the cells in presence of hydroxyurea (HU), which depletes the pool of deoxynucleotide triphosphates (dNTPs) and slows down replication progression in yeast. Here, I report an epistasis analysis, based on sensitivity to HU, between CLB2, the principal mitotic cyclin gene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and genes involved in fork stability and recombination. clb2Δ cells are not sensitive to HU, but the strong synergistic effect of clb2Δ with most genes tested indicates, unexpectedly, that CLB2 has an important role in DNA replication, in the stability and restart of stalled forks, and in pathways dependent on and independent of homologous recombination. Results indicate that CLB2 functions in parallel with the SGS1 helicase and EXO1 exonuclease to allow proper Rad51 recombination, but also regulates a combined Sgs1–Exo1 activity in a pathway dependent on Mec1 and Rad53 checkpoint protein kinases. The data argue that Mec1 regulates Clb2 to prevent a deleterious Sgs1–Exo1 activity at paused or stalled forks, whereas Rad53 checkpoint activation regulates Clb2 to allow a necessary Sgs1–Exo1 activity at stalled or collapsed forks. Altogether, this study indicates that Clb2 regulates the activity of numerous nucleases at single-stranded gaps created by DNA replication. A model is proposed for the function and regulation of Clb2 at stalled forks. These data provide new perspectives on the role of mitotic cyclins at the end of S phase.
Age at Menarche, Depression, and Antisocial Behavior in Adulthood
Authors: Mendle Jane , Ryan Rebecca M. , McKone Kirsten M. P.
Published: December 2017

BACKGROUND:

Early pubertal timing in girls is one of the best-replicated antecedents of a range of mental health problems during adolescence, but few researchers have examined the duration of these effects.

METHODS:

We leverage a nationally representative sample (N = 7802 women) managed prospectively from adolescence over a period of ∼14 years to examine associations of age at menarche with depressive symptoms and antisocial behaviors in adulthood.

RESULTS:

Earlier ages at menarche were associated with higher rates of both depressive symptoms and antisocial behaviors in early-middle adulthood largely because difficulties that started in adolescence did not attenuate over time.

CONCLUSIONS:

These findings indicate that the emotional sequelae of puberty extend further than documented in previous research, and suggest that earlier development may place girls on a life path from which it may be difficult to deviate. The American Academy of Pediatrics already provides guidelines for identifying and working with patients with early pubertal timing. Pediatricians and adolescent health care providers should also be attuned to early maturers’ elevated mental health risk and sensitive to the potential duration of changes in mental health that begin at puberty.
Idosos e Previdência Social: pedidos de auxílio-doença motivados pela depressão do segurado
Authors: Silva Valeska Braga , Terra Newton Luiz , Crippa Anelise
Published: December 2017

In Brazil, by contributing to Social Security, workers are supported in cases of old age, death, maternity, illness and disability through stipends. This article seeks answers about the possibility of granting sick pay due to depression of the Social Security insured. For this purpose, we analyzed how this fundamental right to social security works by granting the benefit on grounds of this illness. Firstly, the concept, history and legal provision of Social Security is addressed. Secondly, the benefit in question is investigated, and its concept, legal provision and requirements needed for getting it are presented. Lastly, a study of depression and its symptoms is conducted. This article is based on bibliographic and documentary research, with an exploratory and descriptive nature, through the collection of data from laws, legal articles, standards, resolutions, jurisprudence, on-line searches, among others dealing with the subject. It was demonstrated that it is possible to grant sick pay for depression, however, on a secondary basis, as the total disability of the worker must be proven and a medical examination is required. Nevertheless, even if in certain cases the benefit is denied, no affront to this fundamental right has been evidenced.
As variedades linguísticas no livro didático Português – linguagens: uma abordagem sociolinguística
Authors: De Oliveira Antônio Flávio Ferreira , Nascimento Ilderlândio Assis de Andrade
Published: December 2017

O livro didático (re)produz ideologias linguísticas, assumindo um papel importante, já que ele é utilizado como principal recurso de ensino de Língua Portuguesa. Neste trabalho, objetivamos analisar uma proposta de ensino da variação linguística no livro didático de língua portuguesa Português: Linguagens, dos autores William Roberto Cereja e Thereza Cochar Magalhães, atentando para o modo como as variedades linguísticas são trabalhadas. Para isso, dialogamos com estudos de Labov (2008), Tarallo (2005), Hernández Campoy e Almeida (2005), Fernández (1998), Bagno (2008), Lucchesi (2015), Milroy (2011), Faraco (2008) e Moita Lopes (2013). A análise revela que ainda há uma limitação no trato com as variedades linguísticas, focalizando apenas aquelas usadas pelas populações pobres. Ademais, a proposta de ensino parte de polarizações linguístico-sociais: certo e errado, padrão e não padrão, culto e caipira, assumindo a norma padrão da língua para, a partir dela, conceituar as demais como sendo desprestigiadas, vulgares e caipiras. Esse tratamento, (re)produz e fortalece preconceitos sociais e linguísticos, já que reproduz, sem questionamentos, certos paradigmas, naturalizando, assim, a polarização sociolinguística. Fica claro, portanto, que a força da ideologia da língua padrão cria uma imagem de língua da elite, uma língua que garante a aquisição de bens simbólicos.
A contemporaneidade em Budapeste
Authors: De Araujo Natalia Aparecida Bisio
Published: December 2017

O presente artigo tem como objetivo a análise da obra Budapeste, de Chico Buarque, a fim de se refletir como o texto é representativo do atual contexto literário brasileiro. Segundo estudiosos, a influência dos meios de comunicação promoveu a espetacularização e a superexposição do real, de modo que a literatura encarou a demanda do mercado, o gosto dos leitores e a ânsia de captar o contemporâneo. Porém, é possível destacar uma procura em se exprimir a realidade de nosso mundo atual com uma expressão diferente daquela esvaziada pela indústria do realismo midiático. Para isso, a linguagem literária tornou-se o grande diferencial, de modo que o efeito estético ganhou força e buscou envolver atrair ao leitor afetivamente na realidade da narrativa. Observando-se esses traços, este trabalho analisará como Chico Buarque conectou Budapeste à realidade de seu tempo, criou uma expressão artística e estética apreciável e, ao mesmo tempo, preocupou-se em chamar a atenção do público e inserir-se no mercado.
Monotongação de ditongos nasais finais átonos em Maceió/AL
Authors: De Mendonça Ana Maria Santos , Dias Crislaini Da Silva , De Oliveira Alan Jardel
Published: December 2017

Os ditongos nasais em sílaba átona final são passíveis de redução. Uma palavra como ‘jovem’ pode ser pronunciada como [ ], [v ], [i] ou []. Com base na sociolinguística variacionista, analisa-se o processo de monotongação dos ditongos nasais átonos finais em Maceió/ AL. Para tanto, foram analisados dados de fala espontânea de 36 informantes estratificados por sexo/gênero, faixa etária e escolaridade. Todos os dados foram submetidos à análise acústica. Para a análise estatística, utilizou-se o modelo de regressão multinível, tendo os indivíduos como nível mais agregado. Conclui-se que há interação entre as variáveis sociais sexo/gênero, faixa etária e escolaridade. Entre os homens, a monotongação é diretamente proporcional à idade; entre as mulheres, a faixa etária intermediária realiza mais o processo. Nessa faixa, a escolaridade não é significativa. Nas demais faixas, menos escolarizados monotongam mais. Em relação às variáveis linguísticas, conclui-se que a monotongação é diretamente proporcional ao tamanho da palavra e que o processo é mais frequente no ditongo [ ]. O processo é inibido em final de enunciados.