bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Outcomes of Noninvasive Positive Pressure Ventilation in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome and Their Predictors: A National Cohort
Authors: Taha Ahmed , Larumbe-Zabala Eneko , Abugroun Ashraf , Mohammedzein Assad , Naguib M. Tarek , Patel Manish
Published: September 2019

Rationale. Although noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) is increasingly used in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) to avoid invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV), the data supporting its benefit for this indication are lacking. Objectives. To analyze the all-cause in-hospital mortality rate and length of stay (LOS) for ARDS patients who received NIPPV in the United States (US) compared to those who were initially intubated. Our secondary outcome of interest was to determine the predicting factors for NIPPV failure. Methods. We used the 2016 National Inpatient Sample database to identify 4,277 adult records with ARDS who required positive pressure ventilation. We divided the cohort into initial treatment with IMV or NIPPV. Then, the NIPPV group was further subdivided into NIPPV failure or success. We defined NIPPV failure as same-patient use of NIPPV and IMV either on the same day or using IMV at a later date. We analyzed the in-hospital mortality, LOS, and NIPPV failure rate. Linear regression of log-transformed LOS and logistic regression of binary outcomes were used to test for associations. Results. The NIPPV success group had the lowest mortality rate (4.9% [3.8, 6.4]) and the shortest LOS (7 days [6.6, 7.5]). The NIPPV failure rate was 21%. Sepsis, pneumonia, and chronic liver disease were associated with higher odds of NIPPV failure (adjusted OR: 4.47, 2.65, and 2.23, respectively). There was no significant difference between NIPPV failure and IMV groups in-hospital mortality (26.9% [21.8, 32.8] vs. 25.1% [23.5, 26.9], p=0.885) or LOS (16 [14, 18] vs. 15.6 [15, 16.3], p=0.926). Conclusions. NIPPV success in ARDS exhibits significantly lower hospital mortality rates and shorter LOS compared with IMV, and NIPPV failure exhibits no significant difference in hospital mortality or LOS compared with patients who were initially intubated. Therefore, an initial trial of NIPPV may be considered in ARDS. Sepsis, pneumonia, and chronic liver disease were associated with higher odds of NIPPV failure; these factors should be used to stratify patients to the most suitable ventilation modality.
Remote Sensing Landslide Recognition Based on Convolutional Neural Network
Authors: Wang Yu , Wang Xiaofei , Jian Junfan
Published: September 2019

Landslides are a type of frequent and widespread natural disaster. It is of great significance to extract location information from the landslide in time. At present, most articles still select single band or RGB bands as the feature for landslide recognition. To improve the efficiency of landslide recognition, this study proposed a remote sensing recognition method based on the convolutional neural network of the mixed spectral characteristics. Firstly, this paper tried to add NDVI (normalized difference vegetation index) and NIRS (near‐infrared spectroscopy) to enhance the features. Then, remote sensing images (predisaster and postdisaster images) with same spatial information but different time series information regarding landslide are taken directly from GF‐1 satellite as input images. By combining the 4 bands (red + green + blue + near‐infrared) of the prelandslide remote sensing images with the 4 bands of the postlandslide images and NDVI images, images with 9 bands were obtained, and the band values reflecting the changing characteristics of the landslide were determined. Finally, a deep learning convolutional neural network (CNN) was introduced to solve the problem. The proposed method was tested and verified with remote sensing data from the 2015 large‐scale landslide event in Shanxi, China, and 2016 large‐scale landslide event in Fujian, China. The results showed that the accuracy of the method was high. Compared with the traditional methods, the recognition efficiency was improved, proving the effectiveness and feasibility of the method.
Study on Relationship between UCS of Cemented Tailings Backfill and Weight Losses of Hydration Products
Authors: Wang Bingwen , Gao Lijing , Xiong Tingyong , Cui Xiangyu , Li Yanan , Lei Kai
Published: September 2019

The weight losses of cement‐based material samples were often used to characterize the content of their hydration products and explain the strength changes of cement‐based materials. However, the quantitative relationship has not been studied between the weight loss of hydration products and strength of cement‐based materials. This paper studied the relationship between the strengths of cemented tailings backfills (CTBs) and the weight losses of its hydration products. The CTB samples have been done, especially on different binders, cement‐tailing ratios, mass concentrations, and different curing ages. The uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) experiments were used to test the mechanical strength of samples; X‐ray diffraction (XRD) experiments were used to test the crystalline phases of hydration products by samples; thermal analyses (thermogravimetric and differential thermogravimetric (TG/DTG)) experiments were used to test the weight losses of hydration products. By means of regression analysis, the relationship model was established between the UCS of CTB and the weight losses of hydration products at different concentrations. The results show that there is a strong linear correlation between the UCS and the weight loss of the hydration product calcium silicate hydrate (C‐S‐H) for the CTB made of glue powder, while the UCS is related to the weight losses of C‐S‐H and Ca(OH)2 for the CTB made of ordinary Portland cement. The results acquired by this paper provide a scientific basis for studying hydration products by thermal analyses and explaining the strength changes of cement‐based materials.
Factors That Influence Habitual Activity in Mild Cognitive Impairment and Dementia
Authors: Mc Ardle Ríona , Del Din Silvia , Donaghy Paul , Galna Brook , Thomas Alan , Rochester Lynn
Published: September 2019

Background: Reduced engagement with habitual activity (HA) is associated with greater risk and progression of cognitive decline and falls in older adults and people with dementia. Understanding external and intrinsic factors that affect HA may provide novel targets for non-pharmacologic interventions. Objective: This study primarily aims to identify factors that influence HA in normal ageing and cognitive impairment, such as cognitive and motor problems and disease subtype. Methods: 108 older adults participated in this study; 36 with cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer’s disease (AD), 30 with dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), 16 with Parkinson’s disease dementia (PDD), and 26 controls. A tri-axial accelerometer recorded continuous data of volume, variability, and pattern of HA over 7 days. Participants undertook a battery of cognitive and neuropsychological assessments. Results: One-way analysis of variance controlling for age and gender shows that people with DLB and PDD engage less with HA than controls (p ≤ 0.01), but there were no significant differences between AD and controls (p ≥ 0.01). Multivariate analysis demonstrated motor disease and impairments in activities of daily living (ADLs) independently explained 10–26% of volume, variability, and pattern of HA in people with cognitive impairment. Conclusion: People with cognitive impairment have reduced HA engagement compared to controls. Motor disease and impairments in ADLs most strongly contribute to these findings and may be important to consider for disease management. Wearable technology can provide a personalised picture of an individual’s daily behaviours and may be a useful tool for person-centred care.
Primary Episcleral Melanoma Consistent with Uveal Melanoma Mutations Treated by Excision and Gamma Knife Stereotactic Radiosurgery
Authors: Langevin Spencer T. , Chang Eileen , Wang Tony J.C. , Deutsch Israel , Otten Marc , Marr Brian P.
Published: September 2019

Ocular melanocytosis has traditionally been associated with increased risk of developing uveal melanoma; however, rarely primary episcleral melanoma has been reported in the literature. Herein, we present the third case of primary episcleral melanoma treated by complete excision and cryotherapy. In contrast to previous cases, we obtained molecular genetic testing which revealed a GNA-11 mutation, and gene expression profiling resulted in a Class 2 PRAME positive tumor diagnosis. These two tests which have never been performed on previous cases, support lineage similar to uveal melanoma. In addition, we are the first case to report treatment of the surgical bed and surrounding orbital tissue with Gamma Knife stereotactic radiotherapy to both treat residual tissue and decrease risk of recurrence.
An Alternative Approach to Measuring Reliability of Transcription in Children’s Speech Samples: Extending the Concept of Near Functional Equivalence
Authors: Seifert Miriam , Morgan Lydia , Gibbin Sarah , Wren Yvonne
Published: September 2019

Aim: To explore a novel and efficient way of calculating transcription reliability of connected speech data using the concept of near functional equivalence. Using this approach, differences between two transcribed phonemes that are nearly phonetically equivalent are disregarded if both reflect two plausible and acceptable pronunciations for the word produced. Method: The study used transcriptions of connected speech samples from 63 five-year-olds who participated in a large-scale population study. Each recording was phonetically transcribed by two speech and language therapists. Two independent researchers then examined agreement ­between the two sets of transcripts, marking differences in vowels, consonants and diacritics and identifying segments which represented near functional equivalence. Results: Overall percentage agreement between the transcripts was 77%. One quarter of the differences between the two transcripts were identified as showing near functional equivalence. When this category was excluded, the transcripts showed 82% reliability. Conclusions: This study demonstrates the issues to consider when calculating transcription reliability. Other methods are often time-intensive and may highlight differences between transcribed units which are audibly very similar and would be negligible in ordinary conversation. Inclusion of the concept of “near functional equivalence” can result in higher reliability scores for transcription, without loss of rigour.
Electrical Vestibular Stimulation in Humans: A Narrative Review
Authors: Sluydts Morgana , Curthoys Ian , Vanspauwen Robby , Papsin Blake Croll , Cushing Sharon Lynn , Ramos Angel , Ramos de Miguel Angel , Borkoski Barreiro Silvia , Barbara Maurizio , Manrique Manuel , Zarowski Andrzej
Published: September 2019

Background: In patients with bilateral vestibulopathy, the regular treatment options, such as medication, surgery, and/or vestibular rehabilitation, do not always suffice. Therefore, the focus in this field of vestibular research shifted to electrical vestibular stimulation (EVS) and the development of a system capable of artificially restoring the vestibular function. Key Message: Currently, three approaches are being investigated: vestibular co-stimulation with a cochlear implant (CI), EVS with a vestibular implant (VI), and galvanic vestibular stimulation (GVS). All three applications show promising results but due to conceptual differences and the experimental state, a consensus on which application is the most ideal for which type of patient is still missing. Summary: Vestibular co-stimulation with a CI is based on “spread of excitation,” which is a phenomenon that occurs when the currents from the CI spread to the surrounding structures and stimulate them. It has been shown that CI activation can indeed result in stimulation of the vestibular structures. Therefore, the question was raised whether vestibular co-stimulation can be functionally used in patients with bilateral vestibulopathy. A more direct vestibular stimulation method can be accomplished by implantation and activation of a VI. The concept of the VI is based on the technology and principles of the CI. Different VI prototypes are currently being evaluated regarding feasibility and functionality. So far, all of them were capable of activating different types of vestibular reflexes. A third stimulation method is GVS, which requires the use of surface electrodes instead of an implanted electrode array. However, as the currents are sent through the skull from one mastoid to the other, GVS is rather unspecific. It should be mentioned though, that the reported spread of excitation in both CI and VI use also seems to induce a more unspecific stimulation. Although all three applications of EVS were shown to be effective, it has yet to be defined which option is more desirable based on applicability and efficiency. It is possible and even likely that there is a place for all three approaches, given the diversity of the patient population who serves to gain from such technologies.
Perfluorocarbon Liquid-Assisted Neurosensory Retinal Free Flap for Complicated Macular Hole Coexisting with Retinal Detachment
Authors: Chen San-Ni , Yang Chung-May
Published: September 2019

Purpose: To report the surgical results and technique of perfluorocarbon-assisted neurosensory retinal flap transplantation into macular hole for concomitant macular hole and complicated retinal detachment. Method: This is a retrospective, consecutive case series of 7 cases with concomitant macular hole and complicated retinal detachment with proliferative vitreoretinopathy. All eyes had previous vitrectomy and internal limiting membrane peeling, or very large (>1,000 μm) macular holes. Perfluorocarbon liquid-assisted free neurosensory retinal flap transplantation into the macular hole, and subretinal fluid drainage through iatrogenic retinectomy/retinotomy were performed, followed by air-fluid exchange with gas or silicone oil tamponade. Results: All eyes had retina reattached. Macular hole was closed in all eyes, with the graft visualized by optical coherence tomography. The best corrected visual acuity in logarithm of minimal angle of resolution improved from 2.80 ± 0.45 preoperatively to 1.40 ± 0.51 postoperatively (p < 0.01). Conclusions: Neurosensory retinal flap may be a good option in closing macular holes in eyes with concomitant macular hole and complicated retinal detachment. Because of its specific properties, the flap is easy to handle during the operation. Retinectomy or retinotomy serves to release traction, drain subretinal fluid, and provide retinal flap tissue.
Differences in Susceptibility of Human and Mouse Macrophage Cell Lines to Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection
Authors: Heykers Annick , Leemans Annelies , Van der Gucht Winke , De Schryver Marjorie , Cos Paul , Delputte Peter
Published: September 2019

Objectives: Differences have been observed in the susceptibility of macrophage cell lines to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection. In this study, we evaluated whether the type of macrophage cell line and RSV strain used have an influence on the infectivity and production of progeny virus. Methods: Both human and murine macrophage-like cell lines were infected with different RSV strains, both lab strains as well as clinical isolates. The infection was evaluated after 24 and 72 h by immunofluorescence staining and microscopic analysis, and the production of new virus particles was determined by plaque assay. Results: Susceptibility of macrophages to RSV was influenced by the RSV strain used but was mostly dependent on the macrophage cell line. Numbers of infected cells and virus production were generally very low or absent in murine cell lines. In human cell lines, clear infection was observed associated with production of new virus particles. Conclusion: Differences in susceptibility of macrophage cell lines to RSV infection are primarily related to the species of origin of the cell line but are also influenced by the RSV strain.
Increased Preauricular Wrinkles in Frontal Fibrosing Alopecia Compared to Age-Matched Controls: A Prospective Study of 64 Patients
Authors: Nanda Sonali , De Bedout Valeria , Hirt Penelope A. , Castillo David E. , Mesquita Thais , Scott Laura , Miteva Mariya
Published: September 2019

Introduction: Frontal fibrosing alopecia (FFA) is a scarring alopecia affecting mainly postmenopausal females. Associated clinical signs include facial papules, glabellar red dots, depression of frontal veins, and lichen planus pigmentosus. Our objective was to establish the validity of increased preauricular lines as another clinical marker of FFA. Materials and Methods: Thirty-two females with FFA were compared to 32 age-matched females with either androgenetic alopecia or chronic telogen effluvium. Bilateral images of the preauricular area were taken, and disease severity was calculated in all FFA patients using the FFA severity scale (FFASS). The average number of preauricular lines were determined and compared based on group, age, and severity. Results: Patients with FFA had a significantly higher mean number of preauricular lines than controls (p = 0.002). Intergroup analysis among the FFA patients revealed no significant difference between FFASS and the number of wrinkles or the number of wrinkles in patients ≥60 years old. Discussion and Conclusion: Females with FFA have increased preauricular lines compared to age-matched controls regardless of age, and disease severity was not correlated to increased lines. Although the cause is unknown, atrophy and loss of elastic fibers in biopsies of the preauricular area in diseased patients may contribute. These findings reveal another potential clinical marker of FFA.
Fluorescent Immunosorbent Assay for Chikungunya Virus Detection
Authors: Nguyen Huu Chien , Park Hyun , Shin Ho-Joon , Nguyen Ngoc Minh , Nguyen Anh Thi Viet , Trinh Thuy-Tien Thi , Duong Thi Hai Yen , Tuong Hien Thi , Hoang Vui Thi , Seo Ga-Eun , Sohn Hae-Jin , Yeo Seon-Ju
Published: September 2019

Background: When infected with the chikungunya virus (CHIKV), 3% to 28% of CHIKV-infected individuals remain asymptomatic, necessitating the development of improved high-throughput screening methods to overcome the limitations of molecular diagnostics or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). Objective: In this study, two novel monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) targeting envelope 1 (E1) of CHIKV were developed and applied in a fluorescence-linked immunosorbent assay (FLISA) using coumarin-derived dendrimer as the fluorophore. Methods: The performance of the FLISA was compared with that of ELISA. Results: Using the two novel mAbs (2B5 and 2C8), FLISA could detect 1 × 105 PFU/mL of CHIKV, exhibiting a 2-fold lower limit of detection (LOD) compared to ELISA. The LOD of FICT corresponded to a comparative threshold value of 23.95 and 4  ×  106 of RNA copy number/µL. In the presence of human sera and blood, virus detection by FLISA was 3-fold better than ELISA, with an LOD of 2 × 105 PFU/mL. Sera and blood interfered with the ELISA, resulting in 6 × 105 PFU/mL as the LOD. Conclusions: FLISA using two novel mAbs and coumarin-derived dendrimer is a superior diagnostic assay for detecting CHIKV in human sera and blood, compared to conventional ELISA.
Glutamine Blocks Interleukin-13-Induced Intestinal Epithelial Barrier Dysfunction
Authors: Li Min , Oshima Tadayuki , Ito Chiyomi , Yamada Mayumi , Tomita Toshihiko , Fukui Hirokazu , Miwa Hiroto
Published: September 2019

Introduction: Impaired intestinal epithelial barrier function is a hallmark of a variety of pathological conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). IBD patients with IBS-like symptoms show higher interleukin-13 (IL-13) serum levels and poor psychological well-being. Supplementary glutamine reduced the daily bowel movement frequency, improved the stool form, and normalized intestinal hyperpermeability. This study was aimed at assessing the effects of IL-13 and supplementary glutamine on human intestinal epithelial function in vitro. Methods: Caco-2 cells were grown on TranswellTM inserts. ­IL-13 was added to the basolateral compartment, and transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) labeled-dextran permeability measured. Effects of glutamine or the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase inhibitor LY294002 were assessed. Involvement of tight junction proteins was assessed using Western blotting and immunofluorescence staining. Results: IL-13 significantly decreased TEER and increased FITC labeled-dextran epithelial permeability. IL-13 stimulation decreased the claudin-1 expression and increased the claudin-2 expression. Glutamine alleviated IL-13-induced decrease of TEER and increase of FITC labeled-dextran permeability. Further, the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase inhibitor showed this alleviating effect while the signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 inhibitor did not. Conclusions: IL-13 induced barrier integrity impairment by decreasing claudin-1 and increasing claudin-2. Glutamine alleviated IL-13-induced barrier dysfunction by increasing claudin-1 expression, via disruption of the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/Akt signaling pathway.
Reestructuración, calidad y relaciones sociales: transformaciones en el vínculo productor vitivinícola – agroindustria en Mendoza, Argentina
Authors: Brignardello María
Published: September 2019

En el marco de un mundo globalizado, el agro ha sufrido numerosas reestructuraciones, como la creciente incorporación de la producción agropecuaria a la dinámica del capital industrial. En este contexto las agroindustrias redefinen su lógica productiva y plantean nuevas configuraciones, entre ellas una profundización del proceso de vinculación vertical con la producción primaria. Esta relación muchas veces se encuentra mediada por la noción de calidad. El complejo agroindustrial vitivinícola de la zona de Maipú y Luján de Cuyo, Mendoza, se ha hecho eco de estos procesos. Así, resulta necesario el estudio de las formas de relación social de los productores vitivinícolas y las bodegas, específicamente en el sector hegemonizado por la producción 'de calidad'. Para lograr este objetivo, se recurrió al análisis cualitativo de entrevistas en profundidad a agentes involucrados en la agroindustria. Se intentará reflexionar acerca de las implicancias concretas de estas formas de vinculación para la producción primaria, observando el papel que juega 'la calidad' en esta relación social.
Geographic Trends, Patient Characteristics, and Outcomes of Infective Endocarditis Associated With Drug Abuse in the United States From 2002 to 2016
Authors: Kadri Amer N. , Wilner Bryan , Hernandez Adrian V. , Nakhoul Georges , Chahine Johnny , Griffin Brian , Pettersson Gosta , Grimm Richard , Navia Jose , Gordon Steven , Kapadia Samir R. , Harb Serge C.
Published: September 2019

Background

There has been an increase in the prevalence of drug abuse (
DA
) in the national opioid epidemic. With increasing
DA
, there is an increased risk of infective endocarditis (
IE
). There are limited recent data evaluating national trends on the incidence and geographical distribution of
DA
‐
IE
. We aim to investigate those numbers as well as the determinants of outcome in this patient population.

Methods and Results

Hospitalized patients with a primary or secondary diagnosis of
IE
based on the
International Classification of Diseases
,
Ninth and Tenth Revisions (ICD‐9, ICD‐10)
were included. We described the national and geographical trends in
DA
‐
IE
. We also compared
DA
‐
IE
patients’ characteristics and outcomes to those with
IE
, but without associated drug abuse (non‐
DA
‐
IE
) using Poisson regression models. Incidence of
DA
‐
IE
has nearly doubled between 2002 and 2016 All
US
regions were affected, and the Midwest had the highest increase in
DA
‐
IE
hospitalizations (annual percent change=4.9%). Patients with
DA
‐
IE
were younger, more commonly white males, poorer, had fewer comorbidities, and were more likely to have human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis C, concomitant alcohol abuse, and liver disease. Their length of stay was longer (9 versus 7 days;
P
<0.001) and were more likely to undergo cardiac surgery (7.8% versus 6.2%;
P
<0.001), but their inpatient mortality was lower (6.4% versus 9.1%;
P
<0.001).

Conclusions

DA
‐
IE
is rising at an alarming rate in the United States. All regions of the
United States
are affected, with the Midwest having the highest increase in rate. Young‐adult, poor, white males were the most affected.
Catalysts for Achieving Sustained Improvement in the Quality of Undergraduate STEM Education
Authors: Coleman Mary Sue , Smith Tobin L. , Miller Emily R.
Published: September 2019

Promoting excellence in undergraduate STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) education at major research universities is necessary to ensure that we have the STEM-literate workforce and general population required to propel the nation forward into the twenty-first century and beyond. This essay provides a brief contextual history of the Association of American Universities' (AAU) effort to improve the effectiveness of undergraduate STEM education at member campuses and delineates the specific goals of this initiative. The essay then illuminates the essential role of the academic department and department chair in achieving long-lasting change and improving the quality of undergraduate education. It also discusses critical strategies and approaches for promoting the most effective methods for undergraduate STEM teaching and learning, with numerous examples from AAU member universities. The essay concludes with an acknowledgment of key challenges and opportunities that continue to face undergraduate education at research universities.
“Now Is the Time”: Civic Learning for a Strong Democracy
Authors: Hurtado Sylvia
Published: September 2019

Cultivating citizens for American democracy has historically been a key purpose of higher education, yet today's college students are in contact with more divergent worldviews, increasing demographic diversity sometimes accompanied by fear of “the other,” and resulting conflict in policies amid rising inequality. Now is the time to recenter civic learning within and across all institutions and disciplines, as well as undertake more critical approaches to this work in terms of pedagogy that prepares students for a diverse and unequal society. Colleges' collective efforts have already resulted in critical community engagement, curricula reform, and better ways of articulating and assessing civic learning practices. Extending civic learning to reflect how we teach will result in more engaged citizens capable of understanding differences, conflict as an opportunity to learn, and community-building processes characteristic of a strong democracy.
Toward a 2.0 Compact for the Liberal Arts
Authors: Lewis Earl
Published: September 2019

New demands on learning coupled with new concerns about a changing world have resulted in a new focus on what constitutes a durable learning experience in a liberal arts setting. While the noise of a crisis in the liberal arts can be distracting at times, what we learn is that different types of schools continue to answer the question of why the liberal arts remain an effective educational option. This essay argues that they are only beginning to address what is durable and adaptable about the liberal arts in the face of automation. While many have endorsed the LEAP (Liberal Education and America's Promise) framework developed by the American Association of Colleges & Universities, which called for the liberal arts to be in the nation's service, the original framework did not fully anticipate the rate, scale, and far-reaching impact of automation. What is needed is a liberal arts 2.0, one that prepares learners to become robot-proof in a world in which many will find themselves with robotic helpers.
The Human Factor: The Promise & Limits of Online Education
Authors: Baum Sandy , McPherson Michael
Published: September 2019

The idea that online learning might revolutionize higher education, lowering the cost of high-quality learning opportunities for students with limited access to traditional higher education, follows similar hopes for earlier technologies, including radio and television. If such a revolution is to come, it is still far from a reality. Strong evidence indicates that students with weak academic backgrounds and other risk factors struggle most in fully online courses, creating larger socioeconomic gaps in outcomes than those in traditional classroom environments. The central problem appears to be the lack of adequate personal interaction between students and instructors, as well as among students. Hybrid learning models do not exhibit the same problems and there is potential for online learning to develop strategies for overcoming these difficulties. Meanwhile, narrowing gaps in educational opportunities and outcomes requires considerable skilled human interaction.
Education and Reconfiguring Lebanese Shiʿi Muslims into the Nation-State during the French Mandate, 1920-43
Authors: Sayed Linda
Published: September 2019

This article explores how educational reform became a primary concern for Shiʿi scholars and religious leaders as a means of integrating the Shiʿa of Lebanon into the broader national project during the French Mandate (1920-43). According to these Shiʿi writers, the lack of education contributed to their political and social marginalization as a community. This was the impetus for the development of the ʿĀmiliyya school in Beirut and the Jaʿfariyya school in Tyre. Based on archives from the ʿĀmiliyya and the Jaʿfariyya schools, this paper reflects on the pedagogical approaches taken by both schools to educate and “modernize” Shiʿi children during the French Mandate and early independence periods. Although each school had differing, and at times contrasting, objectives, their calls for educational advancement demonstrate Shiʿi efforts of inclusion into the new “modern” Lebanese nation-state. The establishment of the ʿĀmiliyya and the Jaʿfariyya schools demonstrates the growing sectarian and national underpinnings of the period.
The Business of Relocating Stranded Americans and Belgian Refugees during the First World War
Authors: Feys Torsten
Published: September 2019

This article provides a business perspective of the role of transport companies in directing transatlantic refugees during the First World War. It details the financial, administrative and logistical barriers that stranded Americans faced at the outbreak of the war. It discusses how authorities, NGOs and especially shipping companies organised the transportation of approximately 150,000 people in a matter of weeks along the well-oiled business networks which transported millions of migrants across the Atlantic. This is compared with the attempts to transfer Belgian refugees across the Atlantic throughout the war. Shipping companies used, in part, strategies similar to those of NGOs to gain authority in directing refugees, yet they saw them as a business opportunity which also explains the differences. It highlights that the dynamics between refugees, authorities, NGOs and transport companies shape migration policies, and argues that those companies should be integrated much more into migration governance studies. The article concludes that transport companies’ expert and logistical know-how made them indispensable actors in implementing migration policies, even when their business interests were severely threatened by wartime mobility restrictions.
Swedish Refugee Relief NGOs in the Shadow of Nazi Germany: Possibilities and Restraints in ‘the People’s Home’
Authors: Frohnert Pär
Published: September 2019

NGOs were established in Sweden to help refugees from Nazi Germany. The government, dominated by Social Democrats, pursued a restrictive refugee policy and refugees were dependent on NGOs for support. The Labour Movement Refugee Relief, founded by the Social Democrats and the Trade Unions, used insider tactics and had strong expert and logistical authority. The Communist Red Aid pursued outsider tactics and relentlessly criticised the government. The Subscription for Exiled Intellectuals was an independent organisation that was critical of the official policy and yet had government ties. Important conclusions are that NGOs contributed to shape legislation and succeeded in securing state subsidies from 1939, but were unable to stop the increased restrictiveness from 1938 caused by the international refugee crisis. From 1943 onwards, many more refugees arrived and the state took financial responsibility. NGOs lost their crucial role. In general, the NGOs show very different characteristics due to their specific preconditions.
Western NGOs and Refugee Policy in the Twentieth Century
Authors: Gatrell Peter
Published: September 2019

This article addresses the role played by Western non-governmental organisations (NGOs) in managing migration, with particular regard to refugees and refugee policy in the modern era. A commitment to the support and welfare of refugees has been a core component of the activity of many NGOs since the late nineteenth century. But this humanitarian purpose cannot be divorced from the prevailing refugee regime. The state acted as gatekeeper, determining who was recognised and protected as a refugee. The issue of funding available to NGOs is also closely linked to state-driven priorities. Nevertheless, NGOs are significant humanitarian actors in their own right. This article considers the proliferation of NGOs and their activities in the broad field of refugee relief. A focus on the evolution, rationale and differentiation of NGOs suggests that we can usefully think of them as enterprises of a distinct kind. Although they are not driven by profit motives, this article suggests that NGOs do have a business strategy in which their efficacy, innovation and accountability to donors are important considerations. It concludes by reaffirming the fundamental point that only in exceptional circumstances were NGOs seeking to assist refugees able to escape the fundamental constraints imposed by the state.
New Species of Cirratulidae (Annelida, Polychaeta) from the Caribbean Sea
Authors: BLAKE JAMES A. , DEAN HARLAN K.
Published: September 2019

Fifteen species in seven genera of Cirratulidae are reported from shallow-water collections in the Caribbean Sea primarily as part of the Caribbean I expedition of the research vessel Alpha Helix in 1977 and smaller separate collections from Panama and Venezuela. Thirteen species, all bitentaculates, are new to science. New species include Aphelochaeta caribbeanensis n. sp.; six species of Caulleriella: C. angusticrista n. sp., C. convexacapa n. sp., C. microbidentata n. sp., C. parapicula n. sp., C. parvinasa n. sp., and C. quadrata n. sp.; Chaetozone dossena n. sp.; three species of Kirkegaardia: K. filiformis n. sp., K. panamaensis n. sp., and K. playita n. sp.; and two species of Dodecaceria: D. alphahelixae n. sp. and D. dibranchiata n. sp. Additionally, two multitentaculate cirratulids, Cirriformia sp. from Panama and Timarete punctata (Grube, 1859) from Nicaragua are reported.
On the identity of Cyphonoxia maljuzhenkoi Zaitzev, 1928 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae)
Authors: BEZDĚK ALEŠ , KALASHIAN MARK , GHREJYAN TIGRAN
Published: September 2019

The melolonthine species Cyphonoxia maljuzhenkoi Zaitzev, 1928 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae: Melolonthini) was described from three specimens collected by Dmitriy M. Maljuzhenko, a physician by profession, while he was working in the former Erivan Governorate from 1906 to at least 1914 (Anonymous 1914). Type series was cited by Zaitzev (1928) differently in the Russian and in German versions of the primary description. In the Russian version, Zaitzev stated on p. 393 in Cyrillic script: “Arm. Alishar u Araksa (3 ekz. Maljuzhenko, koll. Muz. Eriv. univ. i Muz. Gruzii)”, while in the German version, he mentioned on p. 397: “Nachkraj: Alishar, distr. Sharur (3 ♀♀, dr. Maljuzhenko, Koll. d. Museen Georgien und Armenien)”. At the time of collecting the type specimens (no later than 1914 when Maljuzhenko finished his collecting activity in the region (S.M. Iablokoff-Khnzorian, personal communication to M.K. in 1993)), the locality was a part of the Erivan Governorate of the Russian Empire. Currently, it is situated in the Nakhichevan Autonomous Republic of Azerbaijan.
A new species of Behningia Lestage, 1929 (Ephemerotera: Behningiidae) from China
Authors: ZHOU XIONGDONG , BISSET MIKE , XU MENGZHEN , WANG ZHAOYIN
Published: September 2019

A new species of sand-burrowing mayfly (Ephemeroptera: Behningiidae), Behningia nujiangensis Zhou & Bisset, is described based on more than 50 nymphs collected from the Nujiang River in Yunnan Province, P.R. China. This is the first species of the family Behningiidae discovered in China. It is also the second species of genus Behningia, and the third species of the family Behningiidae collected from the Oriental biogeographic region. The shapes of the labrum and the labium in B. nujiangensis are markedly different from those found in other species of Behningia. Differences in the mandibles, the galea-lacina of maxillae, and both the prothoracic and metathoracic legs differentiate B. nujiangensis from both B. baei and B. ulmeri. The biology of and conservation challenges for B. nujiangensis are also briefly discussed.
A contribution to the taxonomy of the genus Pentacentrus Saussure (Orthoptera: Gryllidae: Pentacentrinae)
Authors: LI RUOTONG , XU FEI , LIU HAO-YU
Published: September 2019

A key and a distribution map of the Chinese species of the genus Pentacentrus Saussure are provided. Pentacentrus dulongjiangensis sp. nov. is described from Yunnan, China. The new species is similar to P. medogensis Zong, Qiu & Liu, 2017 from Xizang, China, but differs from the latter by the shape of male genitalia and the color of the tegmina.
Areas of endemism for Anablepidae (Teleostei: Cyprinodontiformes): A monophyletic family of freshwater fishes in the Neotropics
Authors: FROTA AUGUSTO , PAVANELLI CARLA SIMONE , DA GRAÇA WEFERSON JÚNIO
Published: September 2019

Knowledge on the hydrological evolution of the Neotropical region was used along with the current distribution of the anablepid species to investigate the historical biogeography of this family. Areas of endemism were delimited by endemicity analysis resulting in seven individual areas of endemism and three consensus areas located in northwestern Argentina, southern Brazil, and northern South America. These areas were discussed in the context of anablepid species diversification, especially for the genus Anableps and the subgenera Jenynsia and Plesiojenynsia. The existence of areas of endemism for the family analyzed reveals an intimate association with historical events that occurred in the geological evolution of South America, which can be associated with the main diversification patterns and historical hypotheses in the context of Neotropical freshwater fishes biogeography.
A new Ischnomera of the I. xanthoderes (Mulsant, 1858) complex (Coleoptera: Oedemeridae) from Sicily
Authors: BOLOGNA MARCO A. , POLONI RICCARDO , VÁZQUEZ XAVIER A.
Published: September 2019

A new Ischnomera from northern Sicily is described. Besides this species, in the western Mediterranean I. xanthoderes complex were distinct one species from the Iberian peninsula and southern France (I. xanthoderes), and one from northwestern Africa (I. tenietensis). All species are figured and a key to the species is published.
The mitochondrial genome of Leuctra sp. (Plecoptera: Leuctridae) and its performance in phylogenetic analyses
Authors: SHEN YUE , DU YU-ZHOU
Published: September 2019

The nearly complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of Leuctra sp. (Plecoptera: Leuctridae) was sequenced. The 14,585-bp long mitogenome of L. sp. contained 37 genes including 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer RNA genes (tRNAs), two ribosomal RNA genes (rRNAs), and a control region (CR). The mitochondrial gene arrangement of L. sp. was identical with other stoneflies and the putative ancestral mitogenome of Drosophila yakuba Burla. Most PCGs used standard ATN start codons and TAN termination codons. Twenty-one of the 22 tRNAs in each mitogenome exhibited the cloverleaf secondary structures, while the dihydrouridine (DHU) arm of trnSer (AGN) was reduced. Phylogenetic analyses using our new Leuctra sp. genome and all other publicly available genomes for Plecoptera and Bayesian inference (BI) and maximum likelihood methods (ML) generated identical topologies, both supporting the monophyly of all stonefly families for which tests were possible and the infraorder Systellognatha. Scopuridae and Gripopterygidae were grouped with the infraorder Euholognatha. The final relationships within Plecoptera were recovered as (((((Perlodidae + Chloroperlidae) + Perlidae) + Pteronarcyidae) + Peltoperlidae) + Styloperlidae) + (((((Capniidae + Taeniopterygidae) + Nemouridae) + Scopuridae) + Leuctridae) + Gripopterygidae).
A Parameterization with a Constrained Potential Energy Conversion Rate of Vertical Mixing Due to Langmuir Turbulence
Authors: Reichl Brandon G. , Li Qing
Published: September 2019

In this study we develop a new parameterization for turbulent mixing in the ocean surface boundary layer (OSBL), including the effect of Langmuir turbulence. This new parameterization builds on a recent study (Reichl and Hallberg 2018, hereafter RH18), which predicts the available energy for turbulent mixing against stable stratification driven by shear and convective turbulence. To investigate the role of Langmuir turbulence in the framework of RH18, we utilize data from a suite of previously published large-eddy simulation (LES) experiments (Li and Fox-Kemper 2017, hereafter LF17) with and without Langmuir turbulence under different idealized forcing conditions. We find that the parameterization of RH18 is able to reproduce the mixing simulated by the LES in the non-Langmuir cases, but not the Langmuir cases. We therefore investigate the enhancement of the integrated vertical buoyancy flux within the entrainment layer in the presence of Langmuir turbulence using the LES data. An additional factor is introduced in the RH18 framework to capture the enhanced mixing due to Langmuir turbulence. This additional factor depends on the surface-layer averaged Langmuir number with a reduction in the presence of destabilizing surface buoyancy fluxes. It is demonstrated that including this factor within the RH18 OSBL turbulent mixing parameterization framework captures the simulated effect of Langmuir turbulence in the LES, which can be used for simulating the effect of Langmuir turbulence in climate simulations. This new parameterization is compared to the KPP-based Langmuir entrainment parameterization introduced by LF17, and differences are explored in detail.
Lagrangian Evolution of the Northeast Pacific Marine Boundary Layer Structure and Cloud during CSET
Authors: Mohrmann Johannes , Bretherton Christopher S. , McCoy Isabel L. , McGibbon Jeremy , Wood Robert , Ghate Virendra , Albrecht Bruce , Sarkar Mampi , Zuidema Paquita , Palikonda Rabindra
Published: September 2019

Flight data from the Cloud System Evolution over the Trades (CSET) campaign over the Pacific stratocumulus-to-cumulus transition are organized into 18 Lagrangian cases suitable for study and future modeling, made possible by the use of a track-and-resample flight strategy. Analysis of these cases shows that 2-day Lagrangian coherence of long-lived species (CO and O3) is high (r = 0.93 and 0.73, respectively), but that of subcloud aerosol, MBL depth, and cloud properties is limited. Although they span a wide range in meteorological conditions, most sampled air masses show a clear transition when considering 2-day changes in cloudiness (−31% averaged over all cases), MBL depth (+560 m), estimated inversion strength (EIS; −2.2 K), and decoupling, agreeing with previous satellite studies and theory. Changes in precipitation and droplet number were less consistent. The aircraft-based analysis is augmented by geostationary satellite retrievals and reanalysis data along Lagrangian trajectories between aircraft sampling times, documenting the evolution of cloud fraction, cloud droplet number concentration, EIS, and MBL depth. An expanded trajectory set spanning the summer of 2015 is used to show that the CSET-sampled air masses were representative of the season, with respect to EIS and cloud fraction. Two Lagrangian case studies attractive for future modeling are presented with aircraft and satellite data. The first features a clear Sc–Cu transition involving MBL deepening and decoupling with decreasing cloud fraction, and the second undergoes a much slower cloud evolution despite a greater initial depth and decoupling state. Potential causes for the differences in evolution are explored, including free-tropospheric humidity, subsidence, surface fluxes, and microphysics.
Populism and Public Administration: Confronting the Administrative State
Authors: Peters B. Guy , Pierre Jon
Published: September 2019

Populism has been perhaps the most popular explanation for the difficulties that have been besetting contemporary governments. But despite the intense interest in populism as a political phenomenon, very little has been written assessing the implications for governance and even less on the implications for public administration. Focusing on the United States, but adding some comparative analysis, this article examines the implications of populist politics for public administration and the role of the bureaucracy in governance.
Deformability enhancement of fiber-reinforced cementitious composite by incorporating recycled powder
Authors: Yu Jiangtao , Jiang Fangming , Yu Kequan , Dong Fangyuan , Duan Xinzhi
Published: September 2019

Recycled powder (RP) from construction and demolish waste was used to replace fly ash and silica sand to enhance the tensile behavior of engineered cementitious composite (ECC) in the research. The average diameter of RP is less than 45 μm. Four mixtures of RP-ECCs were prepared, in which 50% and 100% of fly ash or silica sand were replaced by RP. The tensile strain-hardening and multiple cracking behaviors of RP-ECC specimens were extensively observed with the increasing tensile load. Results demonstrate that the replacement of fly ash and sand by RP promote the strain capacity of ECC specimens. Moreover, specimens with 50% RP showed superior tensile and compressive strength over those with 100% replacement ratio and the reference specimens. The analyses at micro-scale and meso-scale indicate that the replacement of fly ash by RP does not change the fracture toughness of the cementitious matrix, but significantly enhanced the fiber bridging capacity. While the replacement of sand by RP lowers the matrix fracture toughness and has a negligible effect on the fiber bridging capacity. Finally, the superior tensile strain capacity of RP-ECC is well-explained by the pseudo-strain hardening index.
On what basis should we select treatment in clinical psychiatry: a question too obvious to ask?
Authors: Restifo Sam , Tan Lemuel Y H
Published: September 2019

Objective:

Given the differences between our profession and the broader set of medical disciplines, a review of the factors to be considered in treatment planning was conducted.

Conclusion:

Treatment planning in psychiatry is inherently more complicated than in other medical disciplines for various reasons including: a broader range of conceptual models of mental illness and treatment; greater complexities around nosology and diagnosis; the greater limitations of the research evidence base and clinical practice guidelines; and the more substantial impacts of patients’ subjectivity and contextual aspects. Diagnosis is generally neither a sufficient nor necessarily the most useful criterion for treatment planning in psychiatry, with a number of other considerations to help guide treatment being outlined.