bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Toward a Posthuman Perspective: Feminist Rhetorical Methodologies and Everyday Practices
Authors: Hallenbeck Sarah
Published: March 2012

This article considers the emergence of methodological patterns, or “sanctioned narratives,” within feminist rhetorical historiography, arguing that with just a few exceptions these patterns have anchored our work to conceptions of the woman-as-rhetor exercising deliberate, strategic agency against her world, rather than within it. While this conception has been enormously productive in redefining what “counts” in the history of rhetoric, it also constrains our attempts to pursue broader methodological projects that take as their subject the interworkings of rhetoric, power, and gender. After describing the ways that existing methodological patterns have become entrenched, this article offers one method for shifting our commitments, a feminist-materialist methodology. Influenced by theories of posthuman agency and by actor-network theory, this method can help feminist rhetoricians pursue broader conceptions of rhetoric that will allow us to intervene more effectively in the rhetorical production and transformation of gender relations and power dynamics.
Rethinking Feminist Rhetoric and Historiography in a Global Context: A Cross-Cultural Perspective
Authors: Wang Bo
Published: March 2012

Over the past three decades, feminist scholars have collectively produced a coherent and substantial body of research and established feminist rhetoric as a discipline. This article argues for linking feminist rhetoric with comparative rhetoric so as to open up conversations about theories, methodologies, and processes between the two fields. Examining a hybrid feminist discourse through early-twentieth-century Chinese women's texts, the author suggests that we rethink feminist rhetoric and historiography from a cross-cultural perspective and that Chinese women's rhetorical practices—negotiating cultural flux in contact zones—can be used as a model for current feminist scholarship. As the discipline moves toward a new dialogic paradigm, such a cross-cultural frame can help us examine our assumptions, reconsider our priorities, and discover and develop multiple local terms and concepts in reading texts across various historical periods and social, cultural, and geopolitical boundaries.
Googling the Archive: Digital Tools and the Practice of History
Authors: Solberg Janine
Published: March 2012

This article argues the digital tools and search environments that increasingly support historical scholarship in rhetoric and composition have material and epistemological implications for how we discover, access, and make sense of the past. In light of these changes, I suggest that more explicit reflection and discipline-specific conversation around the uses and shaping effects of these technologies is needed. Tracing my own digitally enabled search for information about an early-twentieth-century advice writer named Frances Maule, I describe how mass digitization has shifted conditions of findability. I conclude by outlining a heuristic for critical reflection—a “principle of proximity”—and urging rhetoric and composition historians to take a more active role in shaping the emerging landscape of digital research.
Decreased Resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa with Restriction of Ciprofloxacin in a Large Teaching Hospital's Intensive Care and Intermediate Care Units
Authors: Lewis G. Jonathan , Fang Xiangming , Gooch Michael , Cook Paul P.
Published: March 2012

Objective.

To examine the effect of restricting ciprofloxacin on the resistance of nosocomial gram-negative bacilli, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, to antipseudomonal carbapenems.

Design.

Interrupted time-series analysis.

Setting.

Tertiary care teaching hospital with 11 intensive care and intermediate care units with a total of 295 beds.

Patients.

All nosocomial isolates of P. aeruginosa.

Intervention.

Restriction of ciprofloxacin.

Results.

There was a significant decreasing trend observed in the percentage (P = .0351) and the rate (P = .0006) of isolates of P. aeruginosa that were resistant to antipseudomonal carbapenems following the restriction of ciprofloxacin. There was also a significant decreasing trend observed in the percentage (P = .0017) and the rate (P = .0001) of isolates of ciprofloxacin-resistant P. aeruginosa. The rate of cefepime-resistant P. aeruginosa isolates declined (P = .004 ) but the percentage of cefepime-resistant P. aeruginosa isolates did not change. There were no significant changes observed in the rate or the percentage of piperacillin-tazobactam-resistant P. aeruginosa isolates. There were no significant changes observed in the susceptibilities of nosocomial Enterobacteriaciae or Acinetobacter baumannii isolates that were resistant to carbapenems. Over the study period there was a significant increase in the use of carbapenems (P = .0134); the use of ciprofloxacin decreased significantly (P = .0027). There were no significant changes in the use of piperacillin-tazobactam or cefepime.

Conclusion.

Restriction of ciprofloxacin was associated with a decreased resistance of P. aeruginosa isolates to antipseudomonal carbapenems and ciprofloxacin in our hospital's intermediate care and intensive care units. There were no changes observed in the susceptibilities of nosocomial Enterobacteriaciae or A. baumannii to carbapenems, despite increased carbapenem use. Reducing ciprofloxacin use may be a means of controlling multidrug-resistant P. aeruginosa.
Parenteral to Oral Conversion of Fluoroquinolones: Low-Hanging Fruit for Antimicrobial Stewardship Programs?
Authors: Jones Makoto , Huttner Benedikt , Madaras-Kelly Karl , Nechodom Kevin , Nielson Christopher , Goetz Matthew Bidwell , Neuhauser Melinda M. , Samore Matthew H. , Rubin Michael A.
Published: March 2012

Objective.

To estimate avoidable intravenous (IV) fluoroquinolone use in Veterans Affairs (VA) hospitals.

Design.

A retrospective analysis of bar code medication administration (BCMA) data.

Setting.

Acute care wards of 128 VA hospitals throughout the United States.

Methods.

Data were analyzed for all medications administered on acute care wards between January 1, 2006, and December 31, 2010. Patient-days receiving therapy were expressed as fluoroquinolone-days (FD) and divided into intravenous (IV; all doses administered intravenously) and oral (PO; at least one dose administered per os) FD. We assumed IV fluoroquinolone use to be potentially avoidable on a given IV FD when there was at least 1 other medication administered via the enteral route.

Results.

Over the entire study period, 884,740 IV and 830,572 PO FD were administered. Overall, avoidable IV fluoroquinolone use accounted for 46.8% of all FD and 90.9% of IV FD. Excluding the first 2 days of all IV fluoroquinolone courses and limiting the analysis to the non-ICU setting yielded more conservative estimates of avoidable IV use: 20.9% of all FD and 45.9% of IV FD. Avoidable IV use was more common for levofloxacin and more frequent in the ICU setting. There was a moderate correlation between avoidable IV FD and total systemic antibiotic use (r= 0.32).

Conclusions.

Unnecessary IV fluoroquinolone use seems to be common in the VA system, but important variations exist between facilities. Antibiotic stewardship programs could focus on this patient safety issue as a “low-hanging fruit” to increase awareness of appropriate antibiotic use.
Demonstration of the Weighted-Incidence Syndromic Combination Antibiogram: An Empiric Prescribing Decision Aid
Authors: Hebert Courtney , Ridgway Jessica , Vekhter Benjamin , Brown Eric C. , Weber Stephen G. , Robicsek Ari
Published: March 2012

Objective.

Healthcare providers need a better empiric antibiotic prescribing aid than the traditional antibiogram, which supplies no information on the relative frequency of organisms recovered in a given infection and which is uninformative in situations where multiple antimicrobials are used or multiple organisms are anticipated. We aimed to develop and demonstrate a novel empiric prescribing decision aid.

Design/Setting.

This is a demonstration involving more than 9,000 unique encounters for abdominal-biliary infection (ABI) and urinary tract infection (UTI) to a large healthcare system with a fully integrated electronic health record (EHR).

Methods.

We developed a novel method of displaying microbiology data called the weighted-incidence syndromic combination antibiogram (WISCA) for 2 clinical syndromes, ABI and UTI. The WISCA combines simple diagnosis and microbiology data from the EHR to (1) classify patients by syndrome and (2) determine, for each patient with a given syndrome, whether a given regimen (1 or more agents) would have covered all the organisms recovered for their infection. This allows data to be presented such that clinicians can see the probability that a particular regimen will cover a particular infection rather than the probability that a single drug will cover a single organism.

Results.

There were 997 encounters for ABI and 8,232 for UTI. A WISCA was created for each syndrome and compared with a traditional antibiogram for the same period.

Conclusions.

Novel approaches to data compilation and display can overcome limitations to the utility of the traditional antibiogram in helping providers choose empiric antibiotics.
Antimicrobial Stewardship at a Large Tertiary Care Academic Medical Center: Cost Analysis Before, During, and After a 7-Year Program
Authors: Standiford Harold C. , Chan Shannon , Tripoli Megan , Weekes Elizabeth , Forrest Graeme N.
Published: March 2012

Background.

An antimicrobial stewardship program was fully implemented at the University of Maryland Medical Center in July 2001 (beginning of fiscal year [FY] 2002). Essential to the program was an antimicrobial monitoring team (AMT) consisting of an infectious diseases-trained clinical pharmacist and a part-time infectious diseases physician that provided real-time monitoring of antimicrobial orders and active intervention and education when necessary. The program continued for 7 years and was terminated in order to use the resources to increase infectious diseases consults throughout the medical center as an alternative mode of stewardship.

Design.

A descriptive cost analysis before, during, and after the program.

Patients/Setting.

A large tertiary care teaching medical center.

Methods.

Monitoring the utilization (dispensing) costs of the antimicrobial agents quarterly for each FY.

Results.

The utilization costs decreased from $44,181 per 1,000 patient-days at baseline prior to the full implementation of the program (FY 2001) to $23,933 (a 45.8% decrease) by the end of the program (FY 2008). There was a reduction of approximately $3 million within the first 3 years, much of which was the result of a decrease in the use of antifungal agents in the cancer center. After the program was discontinued at the end of FY 2008, antimicrobial costs increased from $23,933 to $31,653 per 1,000 patient-days, a 32.3% increase within 2 years that is equivalent to a $2 million increase for the medical center, mostly in the antibacterial category.

Conclusions.

The antimicrobial stewardship program, using an antimicrobial monitoring team, was extremely cost effective over this 7-year period.
Antimicrobial Stewardship: A Collaborative Partnership between Infection Preventionists and Healthcare Epidemiologists
Authors: Moody Julia , Cosgrove Sara E. , Olmsted Russell , Septimus Edward , Aureden Kathy , Oriola Shannon , Patel Gita Wasan , Trivedi Kavita K.
Published: March 2012

Misuse and overuse of antimicrobials, primarily involving therapeutic agents used to treat infection in humans, is considered one of the world's most pressing public health problems. Not only does such inappropriate use diminish the therapeutic benefit of essential medications, it also facilitates the development and spread of multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs). Antimicrobial resistance and the rise in MDROs globally are associated with increased morbidity and mortality, cross-transmission within and between healthcare settings, and increased consumption of limited patient-care resources. Despite elevated awareness, publication of guidelines on antimicrobial stewardship, and several initiatives, the proportion of resistant strains causing both health care- and community-associated infections continues to increase and the number of new antimicrobials continues to decline.
Formation and growth of nanocavities and cavities induced by He+ implantation in silicon
Authors: Nguyen My Anh , Ruault Marie-Odile , Fortuna Franck
Published: March 2012

Nanocavities and cavities are known to be efficient gettering sites for metallic impurities in silicon. Here, we report results from implanted 〈100〉 silicon at room temperature with 50 keV helium ions at a dose of 3×1016 
cm
−2. Due to its low solubility, He segregates in gas-vacancy complexes and forms nanobubbles. Then, during an N
2 ambient annealing at 800 °C using either rapid thermal annealing (RTA) or conventional furnace annealing, nanobubbles grow and He is released from the nanobubbles by gas exodiffusion, leading to (nano)cavities’ formation. (Nano)cavities and residual defects were observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The fraction of retained helium was shown to decrease with annealing time according to the first-order gas release model. Two nucleation-growth mechanisms involved in the growth of these (nano)cavities have been studied. A remarkable result shows evidence about the balance-time dependence of the two mechanisms involved in the growth process of (nano)cavities. At the very beginning (30 s) of the annealing, the main mechanism is the migration-coalescence including nanobubbles and vacancy-helium complexes leading to the cavities’ formation. Then, the Ostwald ripening mechanism, related to the helium exodiffusion, between the nanocavities and cavities appeared.
Nd–Fe–B-based anisotropic nanocrystalline hard magnetic alloys
Authors: Nguyen Huy Dan , Nguyen Hai Yen , Pham Thi Thanh , Huyen Nguyen Thi Thanh , Nguyen Huu Duc , Duong Dinh Thang , Dinh Hoang Long , Nguyen Van Duong , Tran Dang Thanh , Vu Hong Ky , Do Khanh Tung , Luu Tien Hung
Published: March 2012

Nd
10.5
Fe
83.5−x

Ga

x

B
6 (x=1.5, 3 and 4.5) ribbons were prepared by melt-spinning method with various wheel speeds from 5 to 40 m 
s
−1. Strong crystallographic texture with c-axis of Nd
2
Fe
14
B crystallites along normal of the ribbon surface was observed. The texture degree can be enhanced by decreasing the quenching rate during solidification of the melt and by increasing the concentration of Ga. Preferred orientation of the nanocrystallites with their size of 10–30 nm is obtained not only by controlling the quenching rate of the melt during solidification but also by appropriately annealing the over-quenched ribbons. The texture of microstructure clearly affects magnetic anisotropy of the ribbons. With increasing concentration of Ga, the magnetic anisotropy of the ribbons is considerably increased. The coercivity above 6.5 kOe and maximum energy products larger than 15 MGOe can be achieved on the ribbons with Ga-concentration of 1.5%.
Crystallization and magnetic properties of amorphous iron–chromium oxide nanoparticles synthesized by sonochemistry
Authors: Nguyen Dang Phu , Tran Quoc Tuan , Trinh Xuan Sy , Hoang Thanh Cao , Nguyen Hoang Nam , Nguyen Hoang Hai
Published: March 2012

Amorphous iron–chromium oxide Fe
2−x

Cr

x

O
3 (x=0, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20) nanoparticles were synthesized by sonochemical method at 80 °C. Crystallization process of the annealed samples showed a strong ferromagnetic behavior due to the existence of the maghemite phase. The effect of chromium replacing iron in the crystallization process of Fe
2−x

Cr

x

O
3 nanoparticles was systematically studied by adjusting initial concentration of Cr
3+. The activation energy of the samples deduced from thermal analysis and increased with doping chromium showed that the existence of chromium can significantly slow down the ageing effect of the amorphous iron oxide.
Screening to prevent heart failure (STOP‐HF): expanding the focus beyond asymptomatic left ventricular systolic dysfunction
Authors: Murtagh Gillian , Dawkins Ian R. , O'Connell Ronan , Badabhagni Mallikarjuna , Patel Anil , Tallon Elaine , O'Hanlon Rory , Ledwidge Mark T. , McDonald Kenneth M.
Published: March 2012

Aims

We evaluated the extent to which left ventricular diastolic dysfunction (LVDD) contributes to the high false‐positive rates observed when natriuretic peptides (NPs) are used to screen for left ventricular systolic dysfunction (LVSD), and the use of NPs in combination with electrocardiogram (ECG) to screen for pre‐clinical ventricular dysfunction (PCVD).

Methods and results

Eight hundred and fourteen patients over 40 years of age and with at least one cardiovascular risk factor were recruited. Screening strategies for LVSD included brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) alone at cut‐offs of 20, 50, and 100 pg/mL, and BNP and abnormal ECG combined. Systolic and diastolic function was assessed by Doppler echocardiography. A left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of <50% was present in 33 (4.1%) of subjects, while 11 (1.4%) had LVEF <40%. At a cut‐off of 20, 50, and 100 pg/mL, sensitivity for BNP alone when screening for LVSD was 88, 70, and 45%, and specificity 46, 77, and 90%, respectively. Of those labelled ‘false positive’ in the 20, 50, and 100 pg/mL cut‐off groups, 26, 46, and 65%, respectively, were found to have significant LVDD (left atrial volume index >34 mL/m2). Optimal sensitivity (80%) and specificity (72%) for PCVD was obtained when BNP at a cut‐off of 50 pg/mL or an abnormal ECG were defined as a positive screen so that only this group would be sent for Doppler echocardiography.

Conclusions

A significant number of patients at risk for LVSD and labelled false positive with screening were found to have LVDD. Identifying this at‐risk cohort may improve outcomes, but the clinical and economic benefit of this screening strategy requires formal assessment.
Effector-Triggered Immunity Signaling: From Gene-for-Gene Pathways to Protein-Protein Interaction Networks
Authors: Gassmann Walter , Bhattacharjee Saikat
Published: March 2012

In its simplicity and testability, Flor's gene-for-gene hypothesis has been a powerful driver in plant immunity research for decades. Once the molecular underpinnings of gene-for-gene resistance had come into sharper focus, there was a reassessment of Flor's hypothesis and a name change to effector-triggered immunity. As implied by the name change and exemplified by pioneering studies, plant immunity is increasingly described in terms of protein rather than genetic interactions. This progress leads to a reinterpretation of old concepts of pathogen recognition and resistance signaling and, of course, opens up new questions. Here, we provide a brief historical overview of resistance gene function and how a new focus on protein interactions can lead to a deeper understanding of the logic of plant innate immunity signaling.
Electroencephalographic Recovery, Hypnotic Emergence, and the Effects of Metabolite after Continuous Infusions of a Rapidly Metabolized Etomidate Analog in Rats
Authors: Pejo Ervin , Ge Rile , Banacos Natalie , Cotten Joseph F. , Husain S. Shaukat , Raines Douglas E.
Published: March 2012

Background

Methoxycarbonyl etomidate is an ultrarapidly metabolized etomidate analog. It is metabolized to methoxycarbonyl etomidate carboxylic acid (MOC-ECA), which has a hypnotic potency that is 350-fold less than that of methoxycarbonyl etomidate. The authors explored the relationships between methoxycarbonyl etomidate infusion duration, recovery time, metabolite concentrations in blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and methoxycarbonyl etomidate metabolism in brain tissue and CSF to test the hypothesis that rapid metabolism of methoxycarbonyl etomidate may lead to sufficient accumulation of MOC-ECA in the brain to produce a pharmacologic effect.

Methods

A closed-loop system with burst suppression ratio feedback was used to administer methoxycarbonyl etomidate infusions of varying durations to rats. After infusion, recovery of the electroencephalogram and righting reflexes were assessed. MOC-ECA concentrations were measured in blood and CSF during and after methoxycarbonyl etomidate infusion, and the in vitro half-life of methoxycarbonyl etomidate was determined in rat brain tissue and CSF.

Results

Upon termination of continuous methoxycarbonyl etomidate infusions, the burst suppression ratio recovered in a biexponential manner with fast and slow components having time constants that differed by more than 100-fold and amplitudes that varied inversely with infusion duration. MOC-ECA concentrations reached hypnotic concentrations in the CSF with prolonged methoxycarbonyl etomidate infusion and then decreased during a period of several hours after infusion termination. The metabolic half-life of methoxycarbonyl etomidate in brain tissue and CSF was 11 and 20 min, respectively.

Conclusion

In rats, methoxycarbonyl etomidate metabolism is sufficiently fast to produce pharmacologically active MOC-ECA concentrations in the brain with prolonged methoxycarbonyl etomidate infusion.
Postmastectomy Breast Reconstruction in the Irradiated Breast
Authors: Lindegren Anna , Halle Martin , Docherty Skogh Ann-Charlott , Edsander-Nord Åsa
Published: March 2012

Background:

Autologous tissue transfer is often indicated to achieve improved tissue quality during breast reconstruction after radiotherapy. The authors evaluated satisfaction with postmastectomy breast reconstruction among irradiated patients. The aim was to compare deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) and latissimus dorsi flaps regarding satisfaction with aesthetic outcome between patients and plastic surgeons.

Methods:

Patients who underwent reconstruction with 24 consecutive DIEP flaps and 21 consecutive latissimus dorsi flaps in combination with prostheses were reviewed retrospectively. They received the Michigan Outcomes Study 36-Item Short Form Health Survey and a complementary form regarding patient satisfaction. They were photographed, and aesthetic results were evaluated by an independent board of plastic surgeons.

Results:

There was no significant difference between the groups regarding demographic data or 36-Item Short Form Health Survey results. Plastic surgeons found the DIEP flap superior regarding size (p = 0.024) and shape (p = 0.039), whereas patients were more satisfied with the size (p = 0.046) and shape (p = 0.017) of the latissimus dorsi flap when patients' and surgeons' opinions were compared. Discrepancy between patients' and surgeons' opinions was verified with weighted kappa analysis. Regarding the donor scar, the latissimus dorsi flap was favored compared with DIEP flap reconstruction by both patients (p = 0.036) and surgeons (p = 0.001).

Conclusions:

There is a difference between patients' and plastic surgeons' opinions regarding breast reconstruction outcomes in the irradiated breast. The patients were more satisfied with latissimus dorsi flap reconstruction, which may relate to the donor-site scar. Surgeons favored DIEP flap reconstruction with regard to the size and shape of the breast.

CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:

Therapeutic, III.
Correcting Upper Eyelid Retraction by Means of Pretarsal Levator Lengthening for Complications following Ptosis Surgery
Authors: Cho In Chang , Kang Jong Hwa , Kim Kenneth K.
Published: March 2012

Background:

Eyelid retraction is a condition in which the upper eyelid ascends past its ideal position, 1 to 2 mm below the upper limbus of the cornea. This condition can be a result of overcorrecting ptosis, hyperthyroidism, and other causes. The authors present studies conducted on eyelid retraction caused by ptosis overcorrection. An innovative approach for levator lengthening using the pretarsal tissue as a spacer flap is introduced as a method to correct the retraction.

Methods:

A series of 60 patients over a 6-year period underwent 71 eyelid procedures to correct upper lid retraction following upper blepharoplasty and ptosis repair. All eyelid retractions ranged from 1 to 3 mm above its ideal position. All eyelids were corrected with the authors' technique of lengthening the levator with pretarsal tissue. Twelve cases that required further lengthening were completed by creating a superiorly based rotation flap.

Results:

Of the 71 cases, 61 (86 percent) observed favorable results, six (8 percent) attained mild ptosis after surgery, and four (6 percent) regained upper eyelid retraction. All of the unsuccessful cases were corrected through early revision surgery, more advancement for the ptosis, and further recess or rotation flap for the retraction. No other complications were observed, except formation of supratarsal fold asymmetry, which was corrected through minor revision surgery.

Conclusions:

It is very difficult to correct eyelid retraction caused by tissue fibrosis and muscle degeneration. Correction of the retraction by levator lengthening using the pretarsal tissue is simpler to execute, measurable during surgery, and easy to adjust, and offers high predictability in its result.

CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:

Therapeutic, IV.
Climbing the Ladder from Novice to Expert Plastic Surgeon
Authors: Weber Robert A. , Aretz H. Thomas
Published: March 2012

This article reviews the nature of novice and expert thinking and shows how pattern recognition is a key distinction between the two. The article also discusses the ladder that learners climb as they move from medical student to senior staff surgeon and suggests ways of viewing surgical trainees as they progress through the process so that learning activities can be adopted that best fit them.
Cryptic asymmetry: unreliable signals mask asymmetric performance of crayfish weapons
Authors: Angilletta Michael J. , Wilson Robbie S.
Published: March 2012

Animals commonly use their limbs as signals and weapons during territorial aggression. Asymmetries of limb performance that do not relate to asymmetries of limb size (cryptic asymmetry) could substantially affect disputes, but this phenomenon has not been considered beyond primates. We investigated cryptic asymmetry in male crayfish (Cherax dispar), which commonly use unreliable signals of strength during aggression. Although the strength of a chela can vary by an order of magnitude for a given size, we found repeatable asymmetries of strength that were only weakly related to asymmetries of size. Size-adjusted strength of chelae and the asymmetry of strength between chelae were highly repeatable between environmental conditions, suggesting that asymmetries of strength stemmed from variation in capacity rather than motivation. Cryptic asymmetry adds another dimension of uncertainty during conflict between animals, which could influence the evolution of unreliable signals and morphological asymmetry.
Single-atom active sites on metal-organic frameworks
Authors: Ranocchiari Marco , Lothschütz Christian , Grolimund Daniel , van Bokhoven Jeroen Anton
Published: March 2012

Single-site heterogeneous catalysis has been recently accepted as a novel branch of heterogeneous catalysis. Catalysts with single-atom active sites (SAHCs) allow the design and fine-tuning of the active moiety, and can potentially combine the advantages of heterogeneous and homogeneous catalysis. This study illustrates how porous metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) can be synthesized with homogeneous distribution of SAHCs. The catalytic potential of MIXMOFs is shown. A short overview of catalysis with mesoporous silica materials is described to demonstrate their importance in SAHC.
Alternative mechanisms alter the emergent properties of self-organization in mussel beds
Authors: Liu Quan-Xing , Weerman Ellen J. , Herman Peter M. J. , Olff Han , van de Koppel Johan
Published: March 2012

Theoretical models predict that spatial self-organization can have important, unexpected implications by affecting the functioning of ecosystems in terms of resilience and productivity. Whether and how these emergent effects depend on specific formulations of the underlying mechanisms are questions that are often ignored. Here, we compare two alternative models of regular spatial pattern formation in mussel beds that have different mechanistic descriptions of the facilitative interactions between mussels. The first mechanism involves a reduced mussel loss rate at high density owing to mutual protection between the mussels, which is the basis of prior studies on the pattern formation in mussels. The second mechanism assumes, based on novel experimental evidence, that mussels feed more efficiently on top of mussel-generated hummocks. Model simulations point out that the second mechanism produces very similar types of spatial patterns in mussel beds. Yet the mechanisms predict a strikingly contrasting effect of these spatial patterns on ecosystem functioning, in terms of productivity and resilience. In the first model, where high mussel densities reduce mussel loss rates, patterns are predicted to strongly increase productivity and decrease the recovery time of the bed following a disturbance. When pattern formation is generated by increased feeding efficiency on hummocks, only minor emergent effects of pattern formation on ecosystem functioning are predicted. Our results provide a warning against predictions of the implications and emergent properties of spatial self-organization, when the mechanisms that underlie self-organization are incompletely understood and not based on the experimental study.
Implementing Evidence‐Based Parenting Programmes in a Small Sample of English Urban Local Authorities: Eligibility, Fidelity and Intensity
Authors: West Anne , Mitchell Louisa , Murphy Tony
Published: March 2012

This article focuses on the implementation of evidence‐based parenting programmes (EBPPs) in a small sample of urban local authorities in England. The first part discusses the development of government policy, guidance and implementation issues. The second part presents findings from an exploratory study, which focused on the implementation of EBPPs in terms of programme eligibility, fidelity and intensity in six urban local authorities. Implementation was not necessarily in line with policy or guidance. Issues associated with programme fidelity along with concerns about sustainability as a result of cuts in funding are discussed and implications for policy and future research considered.
Survivin and laryngeal carcinoma prognosis: nuclear localization and expression of splice variants
Authors: Marioni Gino , Agostini Marco , Bedin Chiara , Blandamura Stella , Stellini Edoardo , Favero Giovanni , Lionello Marco , Giacomelli Luciano , Burti Silvia , D’Angelo Edoardo , Nitti Donato , Staffieri Alberto , De Filippis Cosimo
Published: March 2012

Marioni G, Agostini M, Bedin C, Blandamura S, Stellini E, Favero G, Lionello M, Giacomelli L, Burti S, D’Angelo E, Nitti D, Staffieri A & De Filippis C  (2012) Histopathology 61, 247–256

Survivin and laryngeal carcinoma prognosis: nuclear localization and expression of splice variants

Aims:  Aberrant survivin expression in cancer cells has been associated with tumour progression, radiation/drug resistance and shorter patient survival. The aim of the present study was to investigate survivin expression in laryngeal carcinoma (LSCC) tissue and – for the first time at this site – the expression of survivin splice variants. P53 was also studied.

Methods and results:  Survivin and p53 expression was determined immunohistochemically in 86 consecutive patients operated for LSCC. Survivin mRNA expression was assessed by quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Hot‐spot mutations in exons 5, 6, 7 and 8 of the TP53 gene were studied by sequencing analysis. A nuclear localization for survivin predominated. There was a significant association between a higher nuclear survivin expression and LSCC recurrence (P = 0.046). Disease‐free survival (DFS) for LSCC patients with a nuclear survivin expression >7.0% was shorter than in cases whose expression was ≤7.0% (P = 0.05). Wild‐type survivin correlated significantly with nuclear survivin expression (P = 0.02). p53 expression was associated with the co‐expression of wild‐type survivin and survivin‐2B (P = 0.01).

Conclusions:  Nuclear expression of survivin appears to influence LSCC aggressiveness, a higher nuclear survivin expression correlating with a higher recurrence rate and a shorter DFS. Wild‐type survivin was the most frequently detected splice variant in LSCC tissues.
Endocytotic uptake of nutrients in carnivorous plants
Authors: Adlassnig Wolfram , Koller‐Peroutka Marianne , Bauer Sonja , Koshkin Edith , Lendl Thomas , Lichtscheidl Irene K.
Published: March 2012

Carnivorous plants trap, digest and absorb animals in order to supplement their mineral nutrition. Nutrients absorbed by the plant include different nitrogen species, phosphate, potassium, trace elements and small organic compounds. Uptake is usually thought to be performed via specific channels, but this study provides evidence that endocytosis is involved as well. Traps of the carnivorous plants Nepenthes coccinea, Nepenthes ventrata, Cephalotus follicularis, Drosophyllum lusitanicum, Drosera capensis, Dionaea muscipula, Aldrovanda vesiculosa, Genlisea violacea × lobata, Sarracenia psittacina and Sarracenia purpurea were stained with methylene blue in order to identify possible sites of uptake. The permeable parts of the traps were incubated with fluorescein isothiocyanate labelled bovine serum albumin (FITC‐BSA) and other fluorescent endocytosis markers, combined with the soluble protein BSA or respiratory inhibitors. Uptake was studied by confocal microscopy. In Nepenthes, small fluorescent vesicles became visible 1 h after incubation with FITC‐BSA. These vesicles fused to larger compartments within 30 h. A similar behaviour was found in the related genera Drosera, Dionaea, Aldrovanda and Drosophyllum but also in Cephalotus with glands of different evolutionary origin. In Genlisea and Sarracenia, no evidence for endocytosis was found. We propose that in many carnivorous plants, nutrient uptake by carriers is supplemented by endocytosis, which enables absorption and intracellular digestion of whole proteins. The advantage for the plant of reducing secretion of enzymes for extracellular digestion is evident.
Lichen planus and lichenoid drug‐induced eruption: a histological and immunohistochemical study
Authors: Lage Denise , Juliano Priscila Bianchini , Metze Konradin , Souza Elemir Macedo de , Cintra Maria Letícia
Published: March 2012

Introduction  Lichenoid drug eruption (LDE) shares similar features with lichen planus (LP), that could reflect the same pathogenesis. In LP, an autoimmune attack is accepted and cytotoxic T‐lymphocytes (CD8+) predominate, especially in late lesions. Apoptosis of keratinocytes may be mediated by CD8+ T and NK cells in two distinct ways: by the release of cytotoxic molecules such as perforin and granzyme B or by the Fas/FasL system. The immunological mechanisms involved in LDE are not yet fully established.

Objectives  Investigate immunohistological features in LP and LDE to add clues to better understand their pathogenesis.

Material and methods  Twenty‐two patients fulfilled all clinical, laboratory, histopathological, and follow‐up features of lichen planus (n = 16) and lichenoid drug eruption (n = 6). Classic histological features favoring LP or LDE were evaluated by two observers. HAM56, MAC387, UCHL‐1, OPD4, CD8, Granzyme B, Perforin, and ICAM‐1 antibodies were used to decorate the immune infiltrate. Results were analyzed through Pearson correlation, Student’s t‐test, and linear discriminant analysis.

Results  A higher number of necrotic keratinocytes as well as plasma cells and eosinophils within inflammatory cells were associated with LDE diagnosis. Only in LDE, a correlation was found between the number of T and CD8+ cells and between the number of granzyme B+ cells and apoptotic keratinocytes.

Conclusion  Our findings suggest a more important role of CD8+ granzyme B‐containing cells in LDE group, being its synthesis associated with more intense apoptosis. So, LP and LDE may have a somewhat distinct pathogenesis.
False‐negative anti‐treponemal immunohistochemistry in secondary syphilis
Authors: Putri Inge , Mercer Stephen E. , Phelps Robert G. , Levitt Jacob O.
Published: March 2012

Background  While serological studies are the primary tool used to confirm the diagnosis of secondary syphilis, skin biopsies are often performed to control for potential false positives and negatives. Immunohistochemistry using anti‐T. pallidum specific antibodies has proven to have a very high sensitivity and specificity for identification of spirochetes in biopsy specimens, but can occasionally fail to identify organisms in clinically and serologically confirmed cases.

Methods  We report two cases of apparently negative biopsy specimens in which rare organisms were subsequently identified by detailed study of multiple additional sections.

Results  Our experience suggests that the sensitivity of immunohistochemistry for syphilitic spirochetes may be improved by repeat immunostaining.
Effect of tea catechins on regulation of cell proliferation and antioxidant enzyme expression in H2O2‐induced primary hepatocytes of goat in vitro
Authors: Zhong R. Z. , Xiao W. J. , Zhou D. W. , Tan C. Y. , Tan Z. L. , Han X. F. , Zhou C. S. , Tang S. X.
Published: March 2012

Tea catechins (TC) are polyphenols that have potent antioxidant activity. The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of TC on antioxidant status of hepatocytes challenged with H2O2. Primary hepatocytes of goat were exposed to 1 mm H2O2 without or with 5, 50 and 500 μg/ml TC. The cells were harvested at 48 h post‐treatment to determine effects of TC on proliferation, apoptotic features and membrane integrity of cells, and expression of genes and activities of antioxidant enzymes. H2O2 exposure caused damage to cells (p < 0.001). A lower concentration of TC (5 μg/ml) displayed a protective effect by inhibiting exorbitant cell proliferation and DNA degradation. Both H2O2 exposure and TC pre‐incubation affected expression of antioxidant enzymes at mRNA and protein levels (p < 0.001). The activities of catalase (CAT) (p = 0.027), CuZn‐superoxide dismutase (CuZn‐SOD) (p < 0.001) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) (p < 0.001) increased with TC pre‐incubation followed by H2O2 challenge. Changes of CuZn‐SOD activity induced by H2O2 and TC basically paralleled the changes in the corresponding mRNA and protein levels, but the correlation in CAT and GPx expression displayed slightly different patterns at different concentrations of TC. These findings infer that oxidative stress can induce deleterious cellular responses and this unfavourable condition may be alleviated by treatment with TC.
Application of fat‐ and water‐soluble component trace detection in filial generation selection in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] seeds using high‐performance liquid chromatography
Authors: Wang Shaodong , Wang Hao , Kanamaru Kyohei , Liu Wei , Jiang Yan , Li Yuan‐ming
Published: March 2012

With 2 figures and 2 tables

An extraction and detection method was reported for fat‐ and water‐soluble components in primary soybean seed. The HPLC retention times were 10 min for lutein, 23 min for δ‐tocopherol, 27 min for γ‐tocopherol, 30 min for α‐tocopherol, 33 min for α‐carotene and 39 min for β‐carotene. The retention times of the isoflavones were 7 min for daidzin, 11 min for genistin, 15 min for malonyldaidzin and 20 min for malonylgenistin. Linear regression and two‐way anova analysis were performed, and the test results indicated that there was a significant correlation (r2 = 0.9973, P < 0.0001) and no significant difference (P = 0.8862 > 0.05) between the traditional method and the proposed method. Moreover, the strain ‘07–27’, which has high α‐tocopherol and isoflavone contents in the F2 : 3 lines (F2‐derived lines in F3), was screened and then crossed between a high‐isoflavone soybean variety, ‘Toiku 241’, and a high‐α‐tocopherol soybean variety, ‘Keszthelyi A.S.’ (pollen parent). The contents of α‐tocopherol and total isoflavones were 8.91 and 622.96 mg/100 g DW, respectively.
The Current Value of Frozen–Thawed Boar Semen for Commercial Companies
Authors: Knox RV
Published: March 2012

Contents

Opportunities for use of frozen–thawed semen (FTS) must address genetic advancement and fertility for developing practical models for use. Concerns about slowed genetic gains, lowered fertility and additional costs may limit use of FTS. However, FTS is presently used for international exchange among nucleus farms to help maintain genetic diversity. Use of FTS beyond several days can provide increased flexibility for on‐farm use and allow additional time for disease tests. There may be potential for use of FTS for short‐term banking during periods of low demand and while sires await breeding value tests. Opportunities exist for FTS use in long‐term banking of sire lines, creation of semen pools for genetic progress evaluation and for use in emergencies. Advancing FTS technology will require the following: (i) more efficient production of doses; (ii) improved fertility with single sire or pooled matings; (iii) education and training; and (iv) models for FTS use and economics for use under various scenarios.
Assessment of storage effects in liquid preserved boar semen
Authors: Waberski D , Henning H , Petrunkina AM
Published: March 2012

Contents

Fertility of extended boar semen declines within the first 72 h of storage in vitro. Standard semen assessment, such as motility and membrane integrity, allows detection of lethal damage of spermatozoa. However, conventional sperm assessment often lacks standardization and does not allow identification of sub‐lethal changes of sperm quality during the initial 72 h of storage. In the present brief review, recent strategies for quality assessment of liquid preserved boar semen are discussed and basic implications for experiments designed to detect storage effects are given.
Plenary Contribution to International Conference on Boar Semen Preservation 2011. Genetic Selection for Freezability and its Controversy with Selection for Performance
Authors: Safranski TJ , Ford JJ , Rohrer GA , Guthrie HD
Published: March 2012

Contents

Little data are available in the literature regarding freezability of boar sperm or its relationship with other traits. Existing data suggest the trait would respond favourably to selection, and information is available from other species suggesting components that might have changed. Genetic parameters are estimated for boar sperm freezability including heritability and correlations with other production traits. Sperm freezability is an ideal candidate for marker assisted‐selection or selection for favourable alleles.
Field Data Analysis of Boar Semen Quality
Authors: Broekhuijse MLWJ , Feitsma H , Gadella BM
Published: March 2012

Contents

This contribution provides an overview of approaches to correlate sow fertility data with boar semen quality characteristics. Large data sets of fertility data and ejaculate data are more suitable to analyse effects of semen quality characteristics on field fertility. Variation in fertility in sows is large. The effect of semen factors is relatively small and therefore impossible to find in smaller data sets. Large data sets allow for statistical corrections on both sow‐ and boar‐related parameters. Remaining sow fertility variation can then be assigned to semen quality parameters, which is of huge interest to AI (artificial insemination) companies. Previous studies of Varkens KI Nederland to find the contribution to field fertility of (i) the number of sperm cells in an insemination dose, (ii) the sperm motility and morphological defects and (iii) the age of semen at the moment of insemination are discussed in context of the possibility to apply such knowledge to select boars on the basis of their sperm parameters for AI purposes.
The Potential Risk of Infectious Disease Dissemination Via Artificial Insemination in Swine
Authors: Althouse GC , Rossow K
Published: March 2012

Contents

Artificial insemination (AI) is one of the most widely used assisted reproductive technologies in swine. To maintain a healthy semen trade, it is crucial that diligence be given to managing and minimizing the chance of extended semen playing an epidemiological role in the transmission of infectious disease. In swine, pathogens of primary importance, which may be transmitted through semen include Aujeszky’s disease, brucellosis, chlamydophilosis, porcine circovirus type 2, classical swine fever, Japanese encephalitis, leptospirosis, parvovirus, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome, rubulavirus, foot‐and‐mouth disease and swine vesicular disease. This paper will summarise the current state of knowledge pertaining to these pathogens in relation to swine AI.
Colloid Centrifugation of Boar Semen
Authors: Morrell JM , Wallgren M
Published: March 2012

Contents

Colloid centrifugation of boar semen has been reported sporadically for at least the last two decades, beginning with density gradient centrifugation (DGC) and progressing more recently to single layer centrifugation (SLC). Single layer centrifugation through a species‐specific colloid has been shown to be effective in selecting the best spermatozoa (spermatozoa with good motility and normal morphology) from boar sperm samples. The method is easier to use and less time‐consuming than DGC and has been scaled‐up to allow whole ejaculates from other species, e.g. stallions, to be processed in a practical manner. The SLC technique is described, and various scale‐up versions are presented. The potential applications for SLC in boar semen preservation are as follows: to improve sperm quality in artificial insemination (AI) doses for ‘problem’ boars; to increase the shelf‐life of normal stored sperm samples, either by processing the fresh semen before preparing AI doses or by processing the stored semen dose to extract the best spermatozoa; to remove pathogens (viruses, bacteria), thus improving biosecurity of semen doses and potentially reducing the use of antibiotics; to improve cryosurvival by removing dead and dying spermatozoa prior to cryopreservation; to select spermatozoa for in vitro fertilization. These applications are discussed and practical examples are provided. Finally, a few thoughts about the economic value of the technique to the boar semen industry are presented.
Maternal Communication with Gametes and Embryo: A Personal Opinion
Authors: Fazeli A
Published: March 2012

Contents

Maternal communication with gametes and embryo remains to be an important research subject in reproductive biology. This is mainly because of the central role that events taking place during this period play in establishment of pregnancy and creation of an offspring. The benefits of understanding how gametes and embryo communicate with maternal tract are not limited to improving conception rates or better fertility. It is apparent that gametes and embryo interactions form the basis of the periconceptional environment. These events play a major role in forming the epigenetic profile of an individual, influencing its development and health in adulthood. In this paper, I will describe some ideas and opinions on the new strategies and tools needed for further understanding of maternal communication with gametes and embryo.