bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mathematizing the Human Soul
Authors: Feke Jacqueline
Published: May 2019

This chapter investigates the development of Ptolemy's psychological theory from On the Kritêrion to the Harmonics. It argues that Ptolemy composed the former before the latter, and that comparison of the two texts reveals Ptolemy's move from a less to a more restrictive model of the soul. This move follows from Ptolemy's effort to mathematize the soul, to analyze its parts and species in concordance with mathematical, specifically harmonic, ratios. When Ptolemy mathematized the soul he sought to improve his account of the soul's structure, to make it epistemically sound. This endeavor to improve and mathematize his psychology resulted in discernible incongruities between On the Kritêrion and the Harmonics.
Journalists and Freedom of Expression in the Twentieth Century
Authors: Berghahn Volker R.
Published: May 2019

This introductory chapter briefly reviews the lives of the three journalists under discussion—Marion Countess Dönhoff, Paul Sethe, and Hans Zehrer—and places them within the context of German history under the shadow of World War II. It shows that the three journalists were all anti-Nazis in the Weimar Republic who had been enjoying liberal press freedoms under Article 118 of the Constitution. According to this article, “every German” had “the right, within the limits of general laws, to express his opinions freely.” Their freedom became threatened when from 1930 onward they witnessed the rise of Nazism and then Adolf Hitler's seizure of power in January 1933. Sethe, Zehrer, and Dönhoff (though she was not yet a journalist) continued to keep their distance from the regime thereafter. Unlike millions of other Germans, they never became members of the Nazi Party, nor did they emigrate or join the early underground resistance. Instead, this chapter argues that these three journalists went into “inner emigration.”
Why Not Default?
Authors: Roos Jerome
Published: May 2019

The European debt crisis has rekindled long-standing debates about the power of finance and the fraught relationship between capitalism and democracy in a globalized world. This book unravels a striking puzzle at the heart of these debates—why, despite frequent crises and the immense costs of repayment, do so many heavily indebted countries continue to service their international debts? The book provides a sweeping investigation of the political economy of sovereign debt and international crisis management. It takes readers from the rise of public borrowing in the Italian city-states to the gunboat diplomacy of the imperialist era and the wave of sovereign defaults during the Great Depression. The book vividly describes the debt crises of developing countries in the 1980s and 1990s, and sheds new light on the recent turmoil inside the Eurozone—including the dramatic capitulation of Greece's short-lived anti-austerity government to its European creditors in 2015. Drawing on in-depth case studies of contemporary debt crises in Mexico, Argentina, and Greece, the book paints a disconcerting picture of the ascendancy of global finance. It shows how the profound transformation of the capitalist world economy over the past four decades has endowed private and official creditors with unprecedented structural power over heavily indebted borrowers, enabling them to impose painful austerity measures and enforce uninterrupted debt service during times of crisis—with devastating social consequences and far-reaching implications for democracy.
A Critical Political Economy Approach
Authors: Roos Jerome
Published: May 2019

In economics literature, competing explanations of debtor compliance have one thing in common, that is, they have so far largely sidestepped overtly social and political questions such as, who benefits from default? Who benefits from repayment? How do different groups assess whether they are likely to lose or win out? One can begin to craft a more nuanced understanding of the deeper dynamics behind the international regime of cross-border contract enforcement only by taking a closer look at the redistributive implications of default and repayment, and the resultant political struggles between different social groups over the appropriate course of action to be taken. This chapter presents the basic theoretical contours of a sociologically informed critical political economy perspective that foregrounds these underlying power differentials, and the related distributional conflicts over who gets to call the shots and who gets to bear the burden of adjustment in times of fiscal distress.
The IMF’s “Triumphant Return” in the 1980s
Authors: Roos Jerome
Published: May 2019

This chapter discusses how the second enforcement mechanism of official-sector intervention operated in practice. It shows how the large exposures of the big Wall Street banks to Mexico's highly concentrated debt greatly increased the risk of financial contagion, thus moving the U.S. government to intervene on its own banks' behalf and push for active IMF involvement. By coordinating the lending decisions of the private banks and disbursing emergency loans under strict policy conditionality, the Fund assumed a leading role as an international crisis manager and lender of last resort, serving both as a fiscal disciplinarian of the debtor governments and as the informal head of the private creditors' cartel. In this way, the creditors managed to keep the Mexican government in the lending game while at the same time freeing up domestic resources for foreign debt servicing. This not only prevented a disorderly default but also maximized the likelihood of full repayment.
From IMF Poster Child to Wayward Student
Authors: Roos Jerome
Published: May 2019

This chapter considers why the International Monetary Fund (IMF) did it not prevent Argentina's record default of 2001. It suggests that the IMF was both unable and unwilling to stop it. While the second enforcement mechanism of conditional IMF lending was initially fully operative, helping to enforce Argentina's compliance in the first years of the crisis, the outcome of the megaswap greatly reduced the risk of an Argentine default to the international financial system. Combined with mounting domestic opposition in the United States to further international bailout loans, this greatly weakened the IMF's capacity to impose fiscal discipline on Argentina, eventually leading the Fund to pull the plug on its own bailout program, causing the second enforcement mechanism to break down altogether. The chapter recounts the process through which this breakdown occurred.
The Socialization of Greece’s Debt
Authors: Roos Jerome
Published: May 2019

In March 2012, Greece opened a tender for a voluntary bond exchange in which its private bondholders could swap their securities for a variety of redenominated debt instruments. This chapter discusses the lead-up to and outcome of this debt restructuring, showing how the debt swap was specifically designed to spare the biggest private bondholders—EU banks—while leaving Greek taxpayers and pensioners to foot the bill for the subsequent hit taken by their own banks and pension funds. It shows how the debt restructuring of 2012 led to a radical shift in Greece's debt profile and creditor composition: from bonds held by private EU banks to official-sector loans from the EU member states and the IMF. By the end of private sector involvement, both the adjustment costs for the crisis and the risk of a future default had been fully socialized.
Conclusion
Authors: Teele Dawn Langan
Published: May 2019

This concluding chapter offers an account of the absence of women from theories of democratization, suggesting that three prominent features of this discourse exclude women almost by definition—the search for a “unified” theory of democratization, the primacy placed on “revolutionary” forms of mobilization for effecting political change, and the prominence of class politics in models of enfranchisement. Reliance on these concepts has meant not only that there are few competing ideas about how half of the world's population, in the majority of the world's countries, became voters, but also that one misses out on how democratization for men is fundamentally intertwined with democratization for women.
The Alexander Romances in the Middle Ages
Authors: Boardman John
Published: May 2019

This chapter examines how fantastic tales about Alexander's life and adventures after he had conquered the “known world,” were current soon after his death. Very possibly these were to some degree modelled on the early epic and heroic legends in Greek literature. The new stories seem to find their origin mainly in Ptolemaic Egypt, which is hardly surprising given Alexander's associations there in life and death. Such documents provide writers and artists with a corpus of tales about the mystic east which were to echo in later centuries through the works of Marco Polo, the stories of Sinbad the Sailor, and Sir John de Mandeville's record of imaginary journeys in the east, and much else.
Introduction
Authors: Carson Austin
Published: May 2019

This chapter argues that escalation control and a shared desire to limit war can motivate covert intervention up front, collusion by major powers that detect it, and official non-acknowledgment if it is widely exposed. Since World War I, large-scale escalation of war has become unacceptably costly, yet leader control of the escalation process has been simultaneously weakened. While a range of factors influence the escalation potential for war, this chapter focuses on two specific escalation-control problems: constraints created by domestic hawks and misunderstandings among adversaries about the value of limited war. It claims that backstaging military intervention allows rival leaders to insulate themselves and one another from domestic hawkish constraints. In addition, embracing the backstage communicates shared interest in keeping war limited. This basic relationship provides a unifying logic for the initial decision to intervene covertly, a detector's decision to collude after detection, and an intervener's continuing non-acknowledgment of a widely exposed intervention.
The Spanish Civil War (1936–1939)
Authors: Carson Austin
Published: May 2019

This chapter analyzes foreign combat participation in the Spanish Civil War. Fought from 1936 to 1939, the war hosted covert interventions by Germany, Italy, and the Soviet Union. The chapter leverages variation in intervention form among those three states, as well as variation over time in the Italian intervention, to assess the role of escalation concerns and limited war in the use of secrecy. Adolf Hitler's German intervention provides especially interesting support for a theory on escalation control. An unusually candid view of Berlin's thinking suggests that Germany managed the visibility of its covert “Condor Legion” with an eye toward the relative power of domestic hawkish voices in France and Great Britain. The chapter also shows the unique role of direct communication and international organizations. The Non-Intervention Committee, an ad hoc organization that allowed private discussions of foreign involvement in Spain, helped the three interveners and Britain and France keep the war limited in ways that echo key claims of the theory.
The One-Party South
Authors: Caughey Devin
Published: May 2019

This chapter develops a theory of electoral politics and representation in the one-party South, conceptualized as an exclusionary one-party enclave. It begins with a stylized description of the logic of electoral democracy and how it induces government to represent its citizens. Here, democracy is defined as a system for collective decision making that treats all participants as political equals. Next, the chapter considers the role of political parties, especially partisan competition, in democratic theory and practice. Having developed this framework with respect to democratic regimes, this chapter then proposes a modified version of it to describe electoral politics in the one-party South. It focuses on three important factors distinguishing the South from democratic regimes: its political exclusion of many citizens, its lack of partisan competition, and its status as a subnational enclave embedded in a national democratic regime. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the empirical implications of this theoretical framework and what we can learn through examination of the one-party South.
Building Citizens
Authors: Milam Erika Lorraine
Published: May 2019

This chapter explores the research behind Man: A Course of Study (MACOS). It provides insight into why, for the people involved, the curriculum project was so profoundly personal. Many of the researchers and teachers involved in its creation embraced the liberal aspirations of the decade. Anthropology promised a means by which students could come to appreciate the cultural patterns of communities vastly different from their own while recognizing the fundamental equality of all peoples. If education held the key to securing the nation's place in world, they imagined, it would also play a significant role in teaching students how to overcome any racial apprehensions they may have acquired from parents or peers. Making visible the careful labor that went into MACOS's creation at every level reveals the political and personal stakes inherent to the administrative vision, the ethnographic footage, and the finalized classroom booklets and films, where each sought to transform the way students thought about themselves and the society in which they lived.
Man and Beast
Authors: Milam Erika Lorraine
Published: May 2019

This chapter looks into the work of Desmond Morris, particularly his book, The Naked Ape: A Zoologist's View of the Human Animal (1967). Morris took a more light-hearted approach to human nature than had either Ardrey or Lorenz, choosing to emphasize the pleasure-seeking aspect of human nature and the resulting sexual dilemmas of modern man. According to Morris, “the naked ape is the sexiest primate alive.” More than in any other species, he suggested, human social bonding resulted from sexual attraction and interactions. In The Naked Ape, Morris provocatively suggested that humans lost the fur covering the bodies of most other mammals because it facilitated sexual caresses and made possible the development of other, now accessible, sexual signals.
Woman the Gatherer
Authors: Milam Erika Lorraine
Published: May 2019

This chapter considers the research of women anthropologists during this period. It shows how many anthropologists had fought to refute the picture of universal male authority implied by common narratives of human evolution were women, often at the very beginning of what turned out to be long, notable careers. Their research gave fuller form to a rhetorically powerful alternative to Man the Hunter in reconstructions of human origins—Woman the Gatherer. Like her partner, Woman the Gatherer found intellectual support in research on long-extinct human ancestors, studies of human cultures today, and animal behavior, with a new emphasis on field research among primates.
Moral Lessons
Authors: Milam Erika Lorraine
Published: May 2019

This chapter discusses the tensions between advocates of Christianity and those of Man: A Course of Study (MACOS). Throughout the 1970s, alternative Christian radio and television shows gained in popularity, as did Christian movies, sex manuals, textbooks, and universities. As a young ambitious lawyer, John Conlan sought to channel this energy, transforming his constituents' collective outrage into political action. When he entered the fray against MACOS in the early spring of 1975, trouble had already been brewing for the curriculum. The shifting political landscape of the early 1970s caught Man: A Course of Study (MACOS) designers by surprise. They had taken the progressive nature of humanity's deep history for granted, but this was precisely how critics of Man: A Course of Study (MACOS) attacked the curriculum's sincere embrace of anthropological cultural relativism and its secular undertones.
On Leaking
Authors: El-Ariss Tarek
Published: May 2019

This chapter explores leaking as bodily function, tying it to fiction and author function. Engaging the theoretical framework of the leaking body from The Arabian Nights onwards, it examines how leaks became WikiLeaks, thereby questioning their framing as an attempt to fix the empire or restore the violated subject of the liberal state whose rights and privacy have been suspended or tampered with. The chapter traces the transformation of the leaker into superstar traitor and hero, and the making of the leak as “true knowledge” or encyclopedic knowledge by adding “Wiki” to “Leaks.” It argues that as leakers occupy liminal states of juridical limbo such as embassies, airports, and solitary confinement, their bodies become marked and their subjectivity undone and reconstituted while simultaneously undoing and reconstituting the law that they purportedly violate.
Cyber-Raiding
Authors: El-Ariss Tarek
Published: May 2019

Focusing on the Internet as a space of regression and harassment following the Arab uprisings, this chapter traces the violence perpetrated against Arab authors, activists, and intellectuals online to the emergence of fiction as hyperreality principle. Investigating the relation between reading practices and knowledge production, and continuing the examination of the function of the author as leaking subject in the digital age, it focuses on the act of fragmenting the work itself through online campaigns and perverse literary performances. Specifically, it examines a hashtag campaign—in fact, a hashtag ghazwa (tribal raid)—launched on Twitter against a Saudi author, Badriah Albeshr [al-Beshr] (b. 1967), who was accused of apostasy for passages in her novel Hend and the Soldiers (2010).
Why Don’t Workers Run?
Authors: Carnes Nicholas
Published: May 2019

This chapter explores the personal or micro-level factors that discourage qualified workers from running for public office. Using surveys of citizens, candidates, and political party leaders, it shows that workers are less likely to run for public office because they do not have the free time or the economic security to do so, and because they are seldom encouraged by political and civic leaders. These factors differ from what people often hear: for instance, it is not just the high monetary costs of campaigns that discourage workers (those costs deter workers and professionals alike, actually), it is the high personal costs associated with campaigning—burdens like taking time off work and losing out on income during the race—that seem to make running for elected office impossible for many qualified workers.
Spatial Variety versus Centralization
Authors: Hoffman Philip T. , Postel-Vinay Gilles , Rosenthal Jean-Laurent
Published: May 2019

This chapter talks about how in the long buildup to the 1780s, the economy had been growing, along with the population, literacy rates, and inequality. At the same time, the volume of private lending had soared, particularly in cities, and more so in Paris than anywhere else. But lending in 1780 was not simply a city affair, for loans were made throughout France. In fact, in 1780, eighty percent of borrowers still got their loans in communities of fewer than five thousand inhabitants. The volume of new debt was centralized in cities, even though loans themselves were still dispersed across small towns and villages. In short, the credit market was diverse, and it was changing, in ways that affected the types of loan contracts that lenders and borrowers chose and the services that notaries provided.
Banks and Notaries
Authors: Hoffman Philip T. , Postel-Vinay Gilles , Rosenthal Jean-Laurent
Published: May 2019

This chapter shows that there were two conceivable ways that banks could have engaged in lending. First, they could have entered the mortgage market as lenders but not relied on a notary to do anything except draw up the loan contracts. At the other extreme, banks might not have competed at all with notaries; rather, their short-term commercial loans might have complemented the notaries' business in arranging mortgages. The chapter examines both possibilities, along with more realistic alternatives between the two extremes, including one in which notaries tried to compete with banks. Notaries, however, were not driven out of business by banks. Many notaries were in fact tempted to take money on deposit and start making short-term loans, at least until the 1880s, when the government enforced prohibitions on the practice.
The Genealogy of Arabic Modernism
Authors: Creswell Robyn
Published: May 2019

This chapter attempts to re-create the “internal dialogue” about their pasts as militants that the Shi'r poets chose not to make public. This narrative is centered on the career of Yusuf al-Khal, who as editor in chief played a leading role in determining the principles of the Shi'r movement. But the real protagonists of the story are institutions: the political party, the university, the Cénacle, and the little magazine. These settings constitute the backstory to al-Khal's engagement with the institutions of late modernism itself—the global network of actors and discourses examined in Chapter 1. This focus on institutional history is intended, in part, as a corrective to the Shi'r poets' insistence that modernist literature is the work of heroic, deracinated individuals.
Figuration and Disfiguration in The Songs of Mihyar the Damascene
Authors: Creswell Robyn
Published: May 2019

Among all the figures produced by the Arab modernists, it is Mihyar, the gloomy, many-sided hero of Adonis's Aghani Mihyar al-Dimashqi (The Songs of Mihyar the Damascene, 1961], who most powerfully represents the Shi'r poets' conception of man. This chapter tries to explain how collective defeat and the subsequent renunciation of political activity left its mark on a poetics that is avowedly “nonpartisan,” abstract, and universal. It argues that Mihyar's “turn” is not to be conceived of as a turn inward but rather as a series of turns away—first of all, from the commitment to nationalism. It further suggests that the figure of apostrophe or the Arabic iltifat, both words meaning “a turn away,” is the central trope in Adonis's canonical collection.
The Countercanon
Authors: Creswell Robyn
Published: May 2019

This chapter focuses on Adonis's Diwan al-shi'r al-'arabi [Anthology of Arabic Poetry], a three-volume florilegium published between 1964 and 1968 whose origins are in the dossiers of pre-Islamic poetry first published in Shi'r. The Diwan was the most consequential revision of the classical heritage undertaken by Adonis. It is a massive critical project that hews strictly to the original impetus of Shi'r, a movement based on the paired goals of literary autonomy and deprovincialization. How do these goals affect Adonis's decisions as an editor of the corpus of classical poetry? As a collection of citations from the turath, the Anthology is a work of internal translation in which source and target texts are exactly the same, though provided with a new context. The chapter suggests that while Adonis's countercanon seeks to restore those voices silenced by orthodoxy, his own choices, tailored to the needs of the present, impose their own exclusions and repressions.
The Role of Natural Resources
Authors: Pomfret Richard
Published: May 2019

This chapter examines the characteristics of the natural resources that are important for Central Asia. At independence, cotton was the most important commodity export from Central Asia, but cotton did not share in the commodity boom, never repeating the 1995 peak price of over a dollar per pound. In the twenty-first century, cotton has been displaced by oil and gas and minerals. However, all the governments have shown concern about ongoing dependence on primary product exports, whose importance increased after independence despite plans for economic diversification. The chapter then reviews the resource curse literature that highlights why primary product dependence may be harmful. Resource curse outcomes are not inevitable, but resource-abundant countries do face significant obstacles if they want to avoid such an outcome.
The Kyrgyz Republic
Authors: Pomfret Richard
Published: May 2019

This chapter looks at the national economy and transition strategies of the Kyrgyz Republic. The Kyrgyz Republic was the most explicit of the Central Asian countries in attempting a rapid transition from central planning. Economic performance was, however, disappointing due to limited resources and poor institutions. The country became highly dependent on revenues from a single goldmine, Kumtor, while other mineral and hydro resources remain poorly developed. The biggest symptom of economic distress was the rise in number of Kyrgyz migrating to Russia for work; by the end of the oil boom, the numbers were commonly thought to be around a million people and in 2014, the Kyrgyz Republic's remittances to GDP ratio was the third highest in the world. This left the country susceptible to Russian pressure to join the Eurasian Economic Union, which it did in 2015, and vulnerable to downturns in the Russian economy.
Central Asia at the Center of Eurasia
Authors: Pomfret Richard
Published: May 2019

This concluding chapter looks at the implications for Central Asia of new rail links between China and Europe, which foreshadow the region's return after half a millennium to being the central hub of Eurasia. A quarter century after independence, the hard infrastructure of roads, airports, border crossing points, and so forth, has been steadily improved. The hard infrastructure would be of limited value without substantial improvement in soft infrastructure, which has changed more slowly in Central Asia. However, there is evidence that this is starting to happen. Governments are beginning to undertake measures with the specific goal of trade facilitation. Indeed, the China–Europe Landbridge could signal a new opportunity for Central Asia. Connectivity will be improved, especially if there are multiple routes, which may be stimulated by Iran's reintegration into the global economy and Turkey's rail tunnel under the Bosporus.
A Framework for the Role of Time in Ecology
Authors: Post Eric
Published: May 2019

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the role of time in ecology. Generally speaking, time is considered as a conceptual axis, much like space, along which one can measure ecological events and their durations. In ecology, time also allows one to describe, ascribe rates to, and quantify differences in, for example, changes in abundance within and among populations of single species and interacting species. In such a framework, time is a measuring stick and half of the stage—the complementary half of which is space—upon which ecology plays out. Over the ensuing chapters, an argument will be constructed for the development of a framework for a novel way of thinking about time in ecology, using the study of phenology as an exemplar for doing so.
The Phenological Niche
Authors: Post Eric
Published: May 2019

This chapter discusses the concept of the phenological niche. This exposition distinguishes between describing the manner in which organisms use time in the expression of life history traits, in terms of absolutely early or late life history strategies, and the manner in which organisms use time in the expression of life history traits relative to their timing of expression by other organisms. Consequently, this distinction fosters an understanding of how the timing of expression of life history traits and the duration of life history stages bounded by them result in strategies for the use of absolute time and relative ecological time. The chapter then examines absolute phenological niche and relative phenological niche.
The Rise of Academic Innovationism
Authors: Brint Steven
Published: May 2019

This chapter discusses the analytical contrast between the two systems for organizing research and education, the system of academic professionalism and the system of academic innovationism. Under the impetus of academic innovationism, universities became more porous to the outside world and reciprocal relations of knowledge exchange grew denser. On balance, the new system contributed significantly and positively to the research prowess of universities. But it has also yielded a spotty record—some extraordinary successes but also many short-lived, troubled collaborations. Some universities invested heavily in the infrastructure to foster academic innovation and had little to show for their investments. For research universities, the challenge for the future will be to expand the possibilities to contribute more to the national innovation effort.
The Ends of Knowledge
Authors: Brint Steven
Published: May 2019

This chapter reviews the argument focusing on accommodation and conflict among three logics of practice influencing the development of contemporary universities. The first is the intellectual logic of disciplinary advance and education in the disciplines. The second is a market logic that encourages administrators and faculty members to pursue new sources of revenue wherever they can find them, so long as they can be justified on academic grounds. The third is a social inclusion logic that seeks to incorporate members of disadvantaged groups into the campus culture. The chapter shows how the book has been an investigation of the ways that colleges and universities have woven together these competing but ultimately compatible principles: the search for undiscovered knowledge, the pursuit of new market opportunities, and the movement for greater social inclusion.
Rimsky-Korsakov, Snegurochka, and Populism
Authors: Frey Emily
Published: May 2019

This chapter looks at Rimsky-Korsakov's Snegurochka (The Snow Maiden) in the political context of the era, namely within a particular branch of 1870s populism that extolled “harmonious communal ritual, agrarian prehistory, and the development of individual feeling.” Together, the Snegurochkas of Alexander Ostrovsky and Rimsky-Korsakov offer perhaps the clearest representations in art of the populist notion of the ideal past, depicting the prehistoric village as a site of social cooperation and humane politics. Indeed, in his adaptation of Snegurochka, Rimsky-Korsakov united an idealized vision of the past with the progress of private, inner feeling. Meanwhile, Russia's thick journals of the seventies brimmed with articles by populist thinkers like Nikolai Mikhailovsky and stories about village life by writers such as Gleb Uspensky and Nikolai Zlatovratsky.
Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov and His Orient
Authors: Issiyeva Adalyat
Published: May 2019

This chapter discusses Rimsky-Korsakov's last opera, The Golden Cockerel, in the context of his Orientalism, looking at its musical sources and more generally at the complexity of influences at work on an artist working in the capital of a Russian Empire that directed much of its energy and ingenuity to the task of keeping its Asian territories under control. Despite being raised on nineteenth-century Orientalist musical conventions, Rimsky-Korsakov's view of the East underwent a profound transformation and departed from Orientalism; it developed from simple imitation and reliance on the Orientalist truisms to the critique of these very truisms. His last opera's two most fantastic and undeniably eastern characters help to reveal not only the absurdity of Russia's political system but Rimsky-Korsakov's own skepticism vis-à-vis Eurocentric legitimations of colonial conquest.
Staging Defeat: The Golden Cockerel and the Russo-Japanese War
Authors: Frolova-Walker Marina
Published: May 2019

This chapter examines The Golden Cockerel as a pointed political satire, prompted and shaped by the concrete events of the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905. Indeed, Rimsky-Korsakov and his librettist saturated the libretto with direct and recognizable references to the recent war, turning the opera into a kind of topical political theater. Here, Rimsky-Korsakov appears as politically radical, and returns to the idioms of the Russian Style—not in a spirit of nostalgia, but with the aim of inventing and mocking his previous values, and also mocking the Russian state, whose hubris had led to a humiliating defeat. Ultimately, the Cockerel became a distorting mirror in which the previous seventy years of Russian opera and its nationalist preoccupations found an unflattering reflection.
How Stravinsky Stopped Being a Rimsky-Korsakov Pupil
Authors: Timofeev Yaroslav
Published: May 2019

This chapter focuses on a dramatic moment in the life of Igor Stravinsky when he was forced to choose between loyalty to the memory of his beloved teacher Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov on the one hand, and his new loyalty, both commercial and artistic, to Sergei Diaghilev on the other hand—a choice, in effect, between St. Petersburg and Paris. After Rimsky-Korsakov's death, Stravinsky's opinions on his teacher were rather odd. His comments were contradictory, his evaluations widely diverging, doubtless stemming from the fact that it was not always clear whether he was writing under the influence of Rimsky-Korsakov or in reaction to him. Stravinsky's active departure from his teacher's ways required no more than five years, and the end of this period was marked by a decisive full stop: Rimsky-Korsakov's completion of Modest Musorgsky's unfinished Khovanshchina was pushed aside when Stravinsky, together with Diaghilev and Maurice Ravel, issued a new version designed to correct all of Rimsky-Korsakov's “errors.”
In Search of Beauty: Autocracy, Music, and Painting in Rimsky-Korsakov’s Russia
Authors: Botstein Leon
Published: May 2019

This concluding chapter examines Rimsky-Korsakov in the context of Russian politics, philosophy, and aesthetics in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, drawing some persuasive parallels between the development of Russian music and Russian painting. Lyricism and poetic beauty defined great music for Rimsky-Korsakov. Music—and all art—was, in the end, about beauty. By the mid-1890s, beauty as Rimsky-Korsakov understood it seemed out of fashion. He hoped that future generations would rediscover classicist aesthetics, but he feared the historic inevitability of a progressive “degeneration” in the arts. Nevertheless, his project was to strengthen the role of music in Russia and assert its value as art. This required finding the right accommodation with the Russian state and the monarchy. Ultimately, it led Rimsky on a career that paralleled and intersected with developments in Russian painting and with the work of Russia's leading visual artists.
The Evolution of Intelligence
Authors: Laland Kevin N.
Published: May 2019

This chapter fleshes out the “cultural drive” hypothesis proposed by eminent scientist Allan Wilson. It first considers the question of exactly how social learning could drive brain evolution when some animals managed to copy with tiny brains. Greater specification of the feedback mechanism by which cultural processes fostered the evolution of cognition was required if the argument was to be compelling. Second, the chapter looks at how many variables (e.g., diet, social complexity, latitude) had been shown to be associated with brain size in primates. In order to evaluate the hypothesis that cultural processes had played a particularly central role in the evolution of the human mind, whether social learning was a genuine cause of brain evolution must first be established. Third, the chapter argues that talk of increases in “brain size” is rather simplistic. The brain is a complex organ with extensive substructure, and with particular features and circuitry known to be important to specific biological functions. How the brain had changed over evolutionary time, and whether the observed changes in size and structure were consistent with what the cultural drive hypothesis predicted, also had to be established.
Rousseau’s Repudiation of Machiavelli’s Democratic Roman Republic
Authors: McCormick John P.
Published: May 2019

This chapter contends that Jean-Jacques Rousseau's analysis and appropriation of the Roman Republic deliberately undermines Machiavelli's efforts to reconstruct and promote institutions that both maximize the participation of poor citizens in popular governments and facilitate their efforts to control or contain economic and political elites. Rousseau's radical revision of Machiavelli's appropriation of the ancient Roman Republic historically served to foreclose the possibility of an alternative, popularly participatory, and anti-elitist strand of modern republicanism that in subsequent centuries would have better served democratic theory and practice. Through the promulgation of sociologically anonymous principles like generality and popular sovereignty, and by confining elite accountability to elections alone, Rousseau's institutional analyses and proposals allow wealthier citizens and magistrates to dominate the politics of popular governments in surreptitious and unassailable ways.
Scandalous Writings, Dubious Readings, and the Virtues of Popular Empowerment
Authors: McCormick John P.
Published: May 2019

This concluding chapter entertains the idea of Niccolò Machiavelli possibly dismissing Leo Strauss, J.G.A. Pocock, Quentin Skinner, and even Jean-Jacques Rousseau, in much the same manner that he disdained “the writers” who comprised the Western tradition of ancient and medieval political thought—all of whom he considered pusillanimous propagandists for the enduring power of wealthy elites. Machiavelli often exposed the powerful forces operating throughout intellectual history that disparaged the political judgment of the people, hence prompting his own defiant, often uproarious, distancing of himself from that tradition. In this sense, the book's efforts to contest the influential interpretations of Machiavelli offered by Rousseau, the Straussian school, and the Cambridge School were intended to serve as a Machiavellian critique of Machiavelli scholarship itself.
Glimpses of Loptuq Folk Botany: Phytonyms and Plant Knowledge in Sven Hedin’s Herbarium Notes from the Lower Tarim River Area as a Source for Ethnobiological Research
Authors: Svanberg Ingvar , Hällzon Patrick , Ståhlberg Sabira
Published: May 2019

This interdisciplinary study discusses the vernacular phytonyms and other ethnobiological aspects of vegetation in the Loptuq (Loplik) habitat on the Lower Tarim River. This small Turkic-speaking group lived as fisher-foragers in the Lopnor (Lop Lake) area in East Turkestan, now the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region in China. Information about this unique group, and especially the folk knowledge of plants in the area, is scant. In 1900, Swedish explorer Sven Hedin collected plant voucher specimens for the Swedish Natural History Museum in Stockholm. He noted local names on herbarium labels, thus providing modern researchers a rare glimpse into the Loptuq world. As the traditional way of life is already lost and the Loptuq language almost extinct, every trace of the former culture is of significance when trying to understand the peculiarities of human habitats and survival in arid areas. The ethnobiological analysis can further contribute to other fields, such as climate change, and define the place of the Loptuq on the linguistic and cultural map of Central Asia.
Memahami Manajemen Islam Melalui Pendekatan Tafsir Metodologis
Authors: Aziz Fathul Aminudin
Published: May 2019

Qur'an is the answer and the solution of any problems existing in this Earth, including the answers and solutions toward understanding the field of management. Understanding Islamic managements can be conducted by implementing various approaches of interpretation (tafsir). One of the approaches is the methodological interpretation approach. This approach emphasizes on understanding â€œlafdziâ€ and â€œmaknawiâ€. Therefore, it is so rare or even there is no formula or method of management science has been found yet. This research elaborates new insight about understanding Islam through methodological interpretation approach by explaining some aspects that consist of: (a) communication, (b) minimal parameter, (c) leadership, (d) progressive, and (e) problem solving.
Five Feet Traders In The Cross Of Economic History
Authors: Hadi Nur
Published: May 2019

Street vendors (PKL) is a form of business that has a high entrepreneurial spirit and is able to compete amid economic competition. The existence of street vendors tends to be motivated by the problem of lack of employment provided by the government, survival efforts, lack of business capital in the formal sector, complicated rules and bureaucracy, temporary work and heredity and profession, making PKL business as an alternative that can be done by the community. Street vendors or in English also called street traders are always included in the informal sector. PKL is a person who trades using a cart or holds his wares on roadside or sidewalks of city streets around shopping centers / shops, markets, recreation / entertainment centers, office centers and education centers, either permanently or half-settled, unofficial status or semi-official and carried out both morning, afternoon, evening and night in order to meet the needs of life by not involving other parties in a binding manner. The term street vendor was first known in the era of the Dutch East Indies, precisely when Governor-General Stanford Raffles came to power. The development of street vendors in the economic history of humankind experienced progress and modernity. Dissatisfaction with government policies related to the allocation of street vendors, gave birth to traders who went to the community directly, which was called the shock market.
Pembiayaan Bermasalah Pada Bank Syariah: Strategi Penanganan Dan Penyelesaiannya
Authors: Ubaidillah Ubaidillah
Published: May 2019

Islamic banks in Indonesia are currently experiencing significant development, but this must also be balanced with good banking regulations and management, including handling problematic financing. Problematic financing has an unfavorable impact on Islamic law, the danger of financing problems, namely the non-repayment of financing given in part or in whole. The greater the problematic financing faced by the bank, the lower the level of operational health of the bank, the decrease in the quality of financing and the soundness of the bank affecting financial liquidity and solvency, ultimately affecting the trust of depositors or even prospective customers. The greater the amount of financing problematic, the greater the amount of reserve funds that must be provided, and the greater the bank's responsibility for holding a reserve fund, because the losses borne by the bank will reduce bank capital. The purpose of this paper is intended to be information or even input to Islamic bank academics and practitioners on how to deal with or strategies and also to resolve problematic financing.
PENGARUH MODEL PROJECT BASED LEARNING TERHADAP HASIL BELAJAR SISWA PADA MATERI POKOK FLUIDA STATIS
Authors: Simamora Pintor , Masitoh Masitoh
Published: May 2019

This study aims to determine the student learning outcomes and learning activities of students who are taught with a project-based learning models in the subject matter in a static fluid at Class XI Semester II in Madrasah Aliyah Negeri I Medan TP 2013/2014. This research is quasi-experimental. The study population was all students inclass XI Science Semester II Aliyah Negeri I Field which consists of 6 classes. Sampling was done by cluster random sampling, a class XI IPA1selected as the experimental class and the class as a class XI IPA 2 control. The instrument used is the achievement test in the form of multiple-choice and observation sheets that have done test requirements. Experimental class treatment given to the model project based learning and class room control with conventional learning models. Data on average 45.7 pretest experimental class and control class average of 43.8. pretest data testing showed that the ability of both classes of students at the beginning of the second class of the same. After completion of the study, the data obtained posttest with an average grade of 70.2 experimental and control class average of 65.4. Normality and homogeneity test showed that the two classes are normally distributed and homogeneous, then test the hypothesis that the data obtained post test tcount>t table(4.002>2.015) then His accepted that there is a significant difference due to the influence model of project-based learning on learning outcomes of students in the subject matter fluid static at class XI Semester II in Madrasah Aliyah Negeri I Medan TP 2013/2014. During the learning process, the average data of student learning activities in classes taught project-based learning modelis 77.5% with the active category. Keywords: project-based learning model, student learning outcomes
PENGARUH MODEL PEMBELAJARAN BERBASIS MASALAH TERHADAP HASIL BELAJAR SISWA PADA MATERI POKOK LISTRIK DINAMIS
Authors: Fitri Sundari , Simamora Pintor
Published: May 2019

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui  pengaruh model pembelajaran berbasis masalah terhadap hasil belajar dan aktivitas siswa pada materi pokok Listrik Dinamis. Jenis penelitian ini adalah quasi experiment dengan populasi seluruh siswa kelas IX MTs Negeri 2 Rantauprapat yang terdiri dari 6 kelas. Dengan teknik cluster random sampling terpilih kelas IXB sebagai kelas eksperimen dan kelas IXA sebagai kelas kontrol. Setelah dilakukan pretes, kedua kelas diberi perlakuan yang berbeda, aktivitas siswa selama pembelajaran di kelas eksperimen dikategorikan aktif.  Berdasarkan hasil uji hipotesis menggunakan uji t diperoleh bahwa ada perbedaan yang signifikan hasil belajar antara penerapan model pembelajaran berbasis masalah dengan pembelajaran konvensional dengan kata lain terdapat pengaruh model pembelajaran berbasis masalah terhadap hasil belajar siswa. Kata Kunci : Model pembelajaran berbasis masalah, hasil belajar, aktivitas siswa.
PENGARUH MODEL PEMBELAJARAN KOOPERATIF TIPE STAD BERBANTUAN MACROMEDIA FLASH
Authors: Panggabean Jonny H , Tambunan Mutiara O.
Published: May 2019

This study aims to knowing the student learning out comes and knowing the student activity by using Cooperative Learning Model Type STAD and Conventional Learning Model in the subject matter Dynamic Electricity In Class X Semester II SMA Negeri 6 Medan T.P 2013/2014.The study population was all student of class X SMAN 6 Medan consists of six classes and the sample consists of two classes, specifically control class and experimental class taken by cluster random sampling. The author  had applied model cooperative learning STAD type by macromedia flash in the experimental class and convensional in the control class. As from hipotesist by using uji-t so it can be concluded that there is a difference result for the effect by using STAD cooperative learning model for student learning outcomes. The activities of students in the experimental class in the calculation of n-Gain increased from the first meeting until the third meeting, with increased student learning activity was 1 with the high interpretation. Keywords: Activities, Learning Outcomes, Cooperative type STAD
THE EFFECT OF COOPERATIVE LEARNING MODEL TYPE TEAMS GAMES TOURNAMENT (TGT) ON STUDENT ACHIEVEMENT ON HEAT AND TEMPERATURE TOPIC IN CLASS X SMA N 1 BERASTAGI AT ACADEMIC YEAR 2012/2013
Authors: Situmorang Rita S , Sahyar Sahyar
Published: May 2019

This study set out to investigate cooperative learning effect on students’ achievement in Physics Topic. observation and hypothesis testing at 0.05 level of significance were formulated to guide the study. The study adopted a quasi-experimental design. Two hundred and eighty eight (288) students of the schools SMA N 1 Berastagi constituted the population. An achievement test items, 20 in number was used for data collection. Mean Standard Deviation and Activity of student’s were used to answer the research question while t-test was used to test the hypothesis and the average every meeting was used to test the activity. The result of the analysis of data collected on the research question showed that students of the Teams Games Tournament  group have better achievement than the Direct Instruction group.Keyword :  Teams Games Tournament , Student Achievement,  Activity,          Physics