bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Different Brain Responses to Hypoglycemia Induced by Equipotent Doses of the Long-Acting Insulin Analog Detemir and Human Regular Insulin in Humans
Authors: Rossetti Paolo , Porcellati Francesca , Ricci Natalia Busciantella , Candeloro Paola , Cioli Patrizia , Bolli Geremia B. , Fanelli Carmine G.
Published: December 2007

OBJECTIVE—The acylated long-acting insulin analog detemir is more lipophilic than human insulin and likely crosses the blood-to-brain barrier more easily than does human insulin. The aim of these studies was to assess the brain/hypothalamus responses to euglycemia and hypoglycemia in humans during intravenous infusion of equipotent doses of detemir and human insulin.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Ten normal, nondiabetic subjects (six men, age 36±7 years, and BMI 22.9±2.6 kg/m2) were studied on four occasions at random during intravenous infusion of either detemir or human insulin in euglycemia (plasma glucose 90 mg/dl) or during stepped hypoglycemia (plasma glucose 90, 78, 66, 54, and 42 mg/dl steps).

RESULTS—Plasma counterregulatory hormone response to hypoglycemia did not differ between detemir and human insulin. The glycemic thresholds for adrenergic symptoms were higher with detemir (51 ± 7.7 mg/dl) versus human insulin (56 ± 7.8 mg/dl) (P = 0.029). However, maximal responses were greater with detemir versus human insulin for adrenergic (3 ± 2.5 vs. 2.4 ± 1.8) and neuroglycopenic (4 ± 3.9 vs. 2.7±2.5) symptoms (score, P < 0.05). Glycemic thresholds for onset of cognitive dysfunction were lower with detemir versus human insulin (51 ± 8.1 vs. 47 ± 3.6 mg/dl, P = 0.031), and cognitive function was more deteriorated with detemir versus human insulin (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS—Compared with human insulin, responses to hypoglycemia with detemir resulted in higher glycemic thresholds for adrenergic symptoms and greater maximal responses for adrenergic and neuroglycopenic symptoms, with an earlier and greater impairment of cognitive function. Additional studies are needed to establish the effects of detemir on responses to hypoglycemia in subjects with diabetes.
Assessment of anemia as an independent predictor of response to chemotherapy and survival in dogs with lymphoma: 96 cases (1993–2006)
Authors: Abbo Andrew H. , Lucroy Michael D.
Published: December 2007

Objective—To determine whether the presence of anemia (Hct ≤ 37%) at the time of diagnosis of lymphoma is a negative prognostic indicator for response to treatment and survival time in dogs that are undergoing chemotherapy.

Design—Retrospective case series.

Animals—96 dogs with lymphoma that were receiving chemotherapy.

Procedures—Information regarding signalment, initial hematologic data, chemotherapy protocol, clinical response, and date of death was retrospectively collected from medical records of dogs with lymphoma. Univariate, multivariate, and survival analyses were performed to determine the effect of anemia on initial response to chemotherapy and on survival time.

Results—Overall, dogs without anemia (n = 56) were 4 times as likely as dogs with anemia (40) to have a complete response following chemotherapy. Anemic dogs had a significantly shorter median survival time (139 days), compared with survival time of nonanemic dogs (315 days). Subset analysis of dogs with multicentric lymphoma (matched for clinical stage and chemotherapy protocol) revealed that the dogs with anemia (n = 24) had a significantly shorter median survival time (101 days), compared with survival time of dogs without anemia (24; 284 days). Other variables were not associated with survival time.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—These findings suggested that anemia is a negative prognostic factor for dogs with lymphoma that are undergoing chemotherapy. Further investigation will be necessary to determine the impact of resolution of anemia on clinical outcome in dogs with lymphoma.
Prevalence, clinical features, and causes of epistaxis in dogs: 176 cases (1996–2001)
Authors: Bissett Sally A. , Drobatz Kenneth J. , McKnight Alexia , Degernes Laurel A.
Published: December 2007

Objective—To determine prevalence, clinical features, and causes of epistaxis in dogs.

Design—Retrospective case series.

Animals—176 dogs with epistaxis.

Procedures—Medical records were reviewed for information related to signalment, clinical features, diagnosis, and outcome.

Results—132 (75%) dogs were initially examined by the hospital's emergency service; prevalence of epistaxis was 0.3%. Dogs with epistaxis were more likely to be old (≥ 6 years), male, and large (≥ 26 kg [58.5 lb]) than were dogs in a reference population. In 109 (62%) dogs with epistaxis, an underlying cause was identified; 115 underlying disorders were identified, with 90 classified as local and 25 classified as systemic. Local causes of epistaxis included nasal neoplasia (n = 35), trauma (33), idiopathic rhinitis (20), and periapical abscess (2). Systemic causes included thrombocytopenia (12), thrombocytopathia (7), coagulopathy (3), hypertension (2), and vasculitis (1). Dogs with local causes were more likely to have unilateral than bilateral epistaxis, but 11 of 21 (52%) dogs with systemic disorders also had unilateral epistaxis. Dogs with systemic disorders were more likely to have clinical signs of systemic disease. Duration of epistaxis (acute vs chronic), severity, and duration of hospitalization were similar for dogs with local versus systemic disorders.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggested that epistaxis was a common disorder in dogs and frequently regarded as an emergency. Local causes of epistaxis were predominant, but clinical features traditionally thought to be helpful in distinguishing local versus systemic causes could not be reliably used for this purpose.
Hemangiosarcoma in cats: 53 cases (1992–2002)
Authors: Johannes Chad M. , Henry Carolyn J. , Turnquist Susan E. , Hamilton Terrance A. , Smith Annette N. , Chun Ruthanne , Tyler Jeff W.
Published: December 2007

Objective—To characterize the biological behavior and prognostic factors associated with hemangiosarcoma in cats.

Design—Retrospective case series.

Animals—53 cats with hemangiosarcoma.

Procedures—Data were retrieved from a state veterinary diagnostic laboratory, 3 veterinary colleges, and a private practice.

Results—Cutaneous and subcutaneous tumor locations were more common than visceral (abdominal and thoracic) and oral locations. Surgical excision was the primary treatment in 47 cats. Tumor-free surgical margins were more likely in cutaneous than subcutaneous lesions and were associated with longer survival times. Local recurrence was observed in 6 of 12 cats with subcutaneous lesions for which follow-up was available. Metastatic disease was detected in 5 of 13 cats with adequate staging at initial diagnosis. A sixth cat had pulmonary metastases at the time of euthanasia. In 4 of 10 cats with visceral hemangiosarcoma, the diagnosis was made at necropsy or they were euthanized at the time of diagnosis. Adjuvant therapy was uncommonly used. Eighteen of the 21 known deaths or euthanasias were tumor-related. Higher mitotic counts (> 3 in 10 hpfs) were associated with shorter survival times.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Subcutaneous hemangiosarcoma was more biologically aggressive than the cutaneous form and was more likely to recur locally and result in euthanasia or death of the cat. Metastatic potential of the cutaneous and subcutaneous forms may be greater than previously reported. Visceral hemangiosarcoma is associated with a grave prognosis.
A multicenter case-control study of risk factors for equine protozoal myeloencephalitis
Authors: Cohen Noah D. , MacKay Robert J. , Toby Ellen , Andrews Frank M. , Barr Bonnie S. , Beech Jill , Bernard William V. , Clark Carol K. , Divers Thomas J. , Furr Martin O. , Kohn Catherine W. , Levy Michel , Reed Stephen M. , Seahorn Thomas L. , Slovis Nathan M.
Published: December 2007

Objective—To identify risk factors for equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM) among horses examined at 11 equine referral hospitals.

Design—Case-control study.

Animals—183 horses with EPM, 297 horses with neurologic disease other than EPM (neurologic controls), and 168 horses with non-neurologic diseases (non-neurologic controls) examined at 11 equine referral hospitals in the United States.

Procedures—A study data form was completed for all horses. Data were compared between the case group and each of the control groups by means of bivariate and multivariate polytomous logistic regression.

Results—Relative to neurologic control horses, case horses were more likely to be ≥ 2 years old and to have a history of cats residing on the premises. Relative to non-neurologic control horses, case horses were more likely to be used for racing or Western performance.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results indicated that cats may play a role in the natural epidemiology of EPM, that the disease is less common among horses < 2 years of age relative to other neurologic diseases, and that horses used for particular types of competition may have an increased risk of developing EPM.
Effect of repeated administration of oxytocin during diestrus on duration of function of corpora lutea in mares
Authors: Vanderwall Dirk K. , Rasmussen Desirée M. , Woods Gordon L.
Published: December 2007

Objective—To determine whether IM administration of exogenous oxytocin twice daily on days 7 to 14 after ovulation blocks luteolysis and causes prolonged function of corpora lutea (CL) in mares.

Design—Prospective study.

Animals—12 mares.

Procedures—Beginning on the day of ovulation (day 0), jugular blood samples were collected every other day until day 40 for determination of progesterone concentration. On day 7, mares (n = 6/group) were treated with saline (0.9% NaCl) solution (control group) or oxytocin. Beginning on day 7, control mares received 3 mL of sterile saline solution every 12 hours, IM, and oxytocin-treated mares received 60 units of oxytocin every 12 hours, IM, through day 14. Mares were considered to have prolonged CL function if progesterone concentration remained > 1.0 ng/mL continuously through day 30.

Results—The proportion of mares with prolonged CL function was significantly higher in the oxytocin-treated group (6/6), compared with the control group (0/6). All control mares underwent luteolysis by day 16, at which time their progesterone concentrations were < 1.0 ng/mL. In contrast, all 6 oxytocin-treated mares maintained progesterone concentrations > 1.0 ng/mL continuously through day 30.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—IM administration of 60 units of oxytocin twice daily on days 7 to 14 after ovulation was an efficacious method of inhibiting luteolysis and extending CL function in mares. Disrupting luteolysis by administering exogenous oxytocin during diestrus appears to be a plausible and practical method of long-term suppression of estrus in mares.
Transendoscopic, laser-assisted ventriculocordectomy for treatment of left laryngeal hemiplegia in horses: 22 cases (1999–2005)
Authors: Henderson Cortney E. , Sullins Kenneth E. , Brown Jennifer A.
Published: December 2007

Objective—To determine long-term effects of transendoscopic, laser-assisted ventriculocordectomy (LAVC) on airway noise and performance in horses with naturally occurring left laryngeal hemiplegia.

Design—Retrospective case series.

Animals—22 horses with left laryngeal hemiplegia treated by means of LAVC.

Procedures—Medical records were reviewed and initial complaint, intended use of the horse, duration of abnormal airway noise, preoperative performance level, endoscopic findings, surgical procedure, postoperative treatment, and complications were recorded. Follow-up telephone interviews with owners and trainers were conducted to determine time for return to intended use, level of postoperative performance, and percentage reduction in airway noise.

Results—All horses were examined because of excessive airway noise; 10 (45%) had concurrent exercise intolerance. Left ventriculocordectomy was performed in all 22 horses; bilateral ventriculocordectomy (right ventriculocordectomy was done 1 year later) was performed in 1 horse (5%). Complications occurred in 3 (14%) horses. Twenty (91%) horses returned to their intended use. Excessive airway noise was eliminated after surgery in 18 (82%) horses; exercise intolerance improved postoperatively in 8 of 10 horses. Three racing Thoroughbreds returned to racing; 1 additional racehorse returned to racing but required a laryngoplasty 1 year later to continue racing.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggested that LAVC was an effective procedure for elimination of excessive airway noise and improvement of performance in horses with left laryngeal hemiplegia.
Effect of passive transfer status on preweaning growth performance in dairy goat kids
Authors: Massimini Genesio , Mastellone Vincenzo , Britti Domenico , Lombardi Pietro , Avallone Luigi
Published: December 2007

Objective—To evaluate the effect of passive transfer status (determined from measurements of serum IgG concentration at 24 hours after parturition [sIgG-24]) on preweaning growth performance in dairy goat kids.

Design—Prospective observational study.

Animals—20 healthy nursing dairy doe kids in a natural nonintensive breeding environment.

Procedures—For each kid, sIgG-24 was measured. Body weight was measured at birth and at the time of weaning 30 days (ie, 29 to 31 days) after birth; average daily gain from birth to day 30 and weight at day 30 were used as measures of preweaning growth performance. Regression analysis was used to evaluate associations between sIgG-24 and measures of preweaning growth performance.

Results—Mean ± SD sIgG-24 was 31.7 ± 10.3 mg/mL. Mean body weights at birth and weaning were 4.105 ± 0.981 kg (9.031 ± 2.158 lb) and 9.310 ± 2.554 kg (20.482 ± 5.619 lb), respectively; average daily gain was 0.174 ± 0.072 kg/d (0.383 ± 0.158 lb/d). No significant association was detected between sIgG-24 and birth weight. However, sIgG-24 was significantly associated with average daily gain (R2 = 0.48) and weight at day 30 (R2 = 0.56). Each increase in sIgG-24 of 1 mg/mL was associated with an increase in average daily gain of 0.005 kg/d (0.011 lb/d) and an increase in weight at day 30 of 0.185 kg (0.407 lb).

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results indicated that passive transfer status (determined as sIgG-24) was a significant source of variation in preweaning growth performance in dairy doe kids reared in this nonintensive breeding environment.
Naturally transmitted herpesvirus papio-2 infection in a black and white colobus monkey
Authors: Troan Brigid V. , Perelygina Ludmila , Patrusheva Irina , Wettere Arnaud J. van , Hilliard Julia K. , Loomis Michael R. , Voe Ryan S. De
Published: December 2007

Case Description—A 6.5-year-old female eastern black and white colobus monkey (Colobus guereza) was evaluated after acute onset of ataxia and inappetence.

Clinical Findings—The monkey was ataxic and lethargic, but no other abnormalities were detected via physical examination, radiography, or clinicopathologic analyses. During the next 2 days, the monkey's clinical condition deteriorated, and its WBC count decreased dramatically. Cytologic examination of a CSF sample revealed marked lymphohistiocytic inflammation.

Treatment and Outcome—Despite supportive care, the monkey became apneic; after 20 hours of mechanical ventilation, fatal cardiac arrest occurred. At necropsy, numerous petechiae were detected within the white matter tracts of the brain; microscopic lesions of multifocal necrosis and hemorrhage with intranuclear inclusions identified in the brain and adrenal glands were consistent with an acute herpesvirus infection. A specific diagnosis of herpesvirus papio-2 (HVP-2) infection was made on the basis of results of serologic testing; PCR assay of tissue specimens; live virus isolation from the lungs; and immunohistochemical identification of the virus within brain, spinal cord, and adrenal gland lesions. Via phylogenetic tree analysis, the colobus HVP-2 isolate was grouped with neuroinvasive strains of the virus. The virus was most likely transmitted to the colobus monkey through toys shared with a nearby colony of baboons (the natural host of HVP-2).

Clinical Relevance—To the authors' knowledge, this is the first reported case of natural transmission of HVP-2 to a nonhost species. Infection with HVP-2 should be a differential diagnosis for acute encephalopathy in primate monkeys and humans, particularly following exposure to baboons.
A new species of Philometra (Nematoda, Philometridae) from the gonads of the rock hind Epinephelus adscensionis (Osteichthyes) from the southern Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Moravec František , Salgado-Maldonado Guillermo
Published: December 2007

A new species of parasitic nematode, Philometra mexicana sp. nov. (Philometridae), is described based on males and females parasitizing the gonads of the marine perciform fish (rock hind) Epinephelus adscensionis (Osbeck) (Serranidae) off the coast of the southern Gulf of Mexico (reefs of the Enmedio Island, Veracruz), Mexico, collected on 10 April 1990. The new species is characterized mainly by very small males (body length 1.63–1.86 mm) with equally long, needle-like spicules (length 90–120 μm) and the gubernaculum (57–66 μm) without the usual dorsal barb on the distal end, the body length of gravid females (178–230 mm), the presence of a well-developed anterior bulbous inflation on the female oesophagus, and by the length of the first-stage larvae (420–435 μm). A comparison with other congeners parasitizing the gonads of marine fishes is provided. The cephalic end of the gravid female of Philometra margolisi Moravec, Vidal-Martínez et Aguirre-Macedo, 1995, another related species from the gonads of Epinephelus [E. morio (Valenciennes)] in Mexico, has been studied by SEM for the first time; it confirms the arrangement of the cephalic papillae as reported in the original species description. Philometra mexicana is the fifth species of Philometra reported from the gonads of marine fishes in the West Atlantic region.
Two new species of Pharyngodonidae (Nematoda, Oxyuroidea) in Gekko ulikovskii from Vietnam
Authors: Binh Tran , Bursey Charles , Goldberg Stephen
Published: December 2007

Pharyngodon duci sp. nov. and Spauligodon vietnamensis sp. nov. (Nematoda, Pharyngodonidae) from the large intestine of a gecko, Gekko ulikovskii (Sauria, Gekkonidae), from Vietnam are described and illustrated. Pharyngodon duci is the 35th species assigned to the genus and is separated from its congeners based upon the lack of a spicule, egg morphology, mouth morphology and cloacal lip morphology. Spauligodon vietnamensis is the 44th species assigned to the genus and is separated from its congeners by the lack of a spicule, egg morphology, and tail filament morphology.
Sarcocystis arctosi sp. nov. (Apicomplexa, Sarcocystidae) from the brown bear (Ursus arctos), and its genetic similarity to schizonts of Sarcocystis canis-like parasite associated with fatal hepatitis in polar bears (Ursus maritimus)
Authors: Dubey J. , Rosenthal Benjamin , Sundar Natarajan , Velmurugan G. , Beckmen Kimberlee
Published: December 2007

The tissues of herbivores are commonly infected with cysts of parasites belonging to the apicomplexan genus Sarcocystis, but such sarcocysts are rare in bears. Here, we describe a new species, Sarcocystis arctosi, based on the mature sarcocysts identified in two brown bears (Ursus arctos) from Alaska, USA. Microscopic sarcocysts (37–75 × 20–42 μm) had thin walls (<1 μm). The outer layer of the sarcocyst, the parasitophorous vacuolar membrane (pvm), was wavy in outline and had minute undulations that did not invaginate towards the sarcocyst interior; these undulations occurred at irregular intervals and measured up to 100 nm in length and up to 60 nm width. The ground substance layer beneath the pvm was smooth and lacked microtubules. Longitudinally cut bradyzoites measured 5.6–6.8 × 0.7–1.8 μm. A major portion of nuclear small subunit rDNA sequence obtained from these sarcocysts was similar to that previously obtained from the hepatic schizonts of a S. canis-like parasite from polar bears (Ursus maritimus).
New host and distribution records of Pelecitus fulicaeatrae (Diesing, 1861) (Nematoda, Onchocercidae)
Authors: Escudero Graciela , Diaz Julia , Notarnicola Juliana
Published: December 2007

The nematode Pelecitus fulicaeatrae (Diesing, 1861) (Onchocercidae, Dirofilariinae) was found in the leg of a silvery grebe Podiceps occipitalis (Garnot, 1826) (Aves, Podicipediformes) at Puerto Madryn, Argentina. The specimens redescribed in this note are based on 7 females and 3 males. This is the first Argentinean record for this species and the second for South America, and represents the southern-most record of a species from this genus.
Light Scattering from Randomly Rough Surfaces
Authors: Maradudin A.A. , méndez E.R.
Published: December 2007

A survey is given of a variety of effects that can arise in the scattering of electromagnetic waves from one- and two-dimensional randomly rough surfaces. The focus is primarily on multiple-scattering effects such as enhanced backscattering, enhanced transmission, satellite peaks, new features in speckle correlations and in second harmonic generation in reflection. Theoretical treatments of these phenomena are outlined, and experimental results illustrating them are presented.
Gardens as an Aid to the Conservation of some Butterfly Species
Authors: Vickery Margaret
Published: December 2007

The Butterfly Conservation national garden butterfly survey aimed to formulate the perfect butterfly garden. Adult butterflies feed on sugary substances whilst their larvae eat highly specific plants which vary according to butterfly species. Many male butterflies need territorial perches, while some species need places to hibernate for the winter and all need roosting sites at night and during bad weather. Being cold blooded, butterflies also need places where they can absorb energy from the sun. We needed to discover if gardens were providing these requirements and if not, how they could be provided.
Plastic Recycling
Authors: Goodship Vannessa
Published: December 2007

This review covers the options for recycling of plastic waste and provides a general overview of the main issues associated with plastic disposal. It provides a summary of the quantities and type of plastics in the waste stream and also the main effects of recycling on the plastic material itself. The four types of recycling: primary, secondary, tertiary and quarternary, the requirements each places on the feed stock, and the uses of each are given.
Nanomaterials for Medical Applications
Authors: Kumar Challa S. S. R
Published: December 2007

Nanomaterials are anticipated to revolutionize disease detection and treatment leading to the realization of a potential world market of medical nanotechnology estimated to be > $3 billion within the next 5 years. This article provides an up to date summary of the current research investigations on Nanomaterials for medical applications. Nanomaterials have been categorized based on their shape, and within each shape they have been further categorized based on their chemical composition. Similarly, the medical applications have been categorized into four main sections:medical diagnosis, medical treatment, medical devices, and tissue engineering. Prior to the discussion of medical applications, approaches to biofunctionalization of nanomaterials are also presented as it is very important that the nanomaterials are compatible in biological environment for their application in medicine.
In Search of the Wizard of Assessment
Authors: Piper Terry D.
Published: December 2007

At first, the shift in measurement of educational success from bodies in seats to learning outcomes sent student affairs educators at California State University, Northridge, into a panic. Persistence, support, and a clear framework for understanding learning led to the discovery that there was a little bit of assessment wizard in all of them.
Enantioselective CC Bond Ligation Using Recombinant Escherichia coli‐Whole‐Cell Biocatalysts
Authors: de María Pablo Domínguez , Stillger Thomas , Pohl Martina , Kiesel Michael , Liese Andreas , Gröger Harald , Trauthwein Harald
Published: December 2007

Thiamine diphosphate (ThDP)‐dependent enzymes like benzaldehyde lyase from Pseudomonas fluorescens (BAL) and benzoylformate decarboxylase from Pseudomonas putida (BFD) are versatile biocatalysts for the CC bond ligation of aldehydes to form enantiomerically pure 2‐hydroxy ketones. However, the large‐scale application of this enzyme class is often restricted by the required external addition of the expensive cofactor ThDP, as well as by the common use of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as a cosolvent, which leads to problems during the work‐up procedure. In the present paper we demonstrate that the addition of the excess cofactors, ThDP and magnesium ions (Mg2+), is not required when BAL or BFD are used in Escherichia coli resting cells. Furthermore, the combination of these resting cells with a biphasic reaction medium [methyl tert‐butyl ether (MTBE)/aqueous buffer] allows an increase of the substrate concentration up to 1 M, and an efficient extractive work‐up. As a practical example, e.g., the synthesis of (R)‐2‐hydroxy‐3,3‐dimethoxy‐phenylpropanone from benzaldehyde and 2,2‐dimethoxyacetaldehyde was optimized, achieving an isolated yield of 78 %, and an enantiomeric excess of 98 % ee in 24 h when operating at a substrate concentration of 0.4 M. The described reaction system in a biphasic medium is suitable for a wide range of aldehydes as substrates. The biphasic reaction medium minimizes also the formation of by‐products, which were observed when this reaction was performed in the conventional DMSO/buffer system.
Novel and Mild Route to Phthalocyanines and 3‐Iminoisoindolin‐1‐ones via N,N‐Diethylhydroxylamine‐Promoted Conversion of Phthalonitriles and a Dramatic Solvent‐Dependence of the Reaction
Authors: Luzyanin Konstantin V. , Kukushkin Vadim Yu. , Kopylovich Maximilian N. , Nazarov Alexey A. , Galanski Mathea Sophia , Pombeiro Armando J. L.
Published: December 2007

Refluxing a mixture of phthalonitrile C6R1R2R3R4(CN)2 1 (R1–R4=H), or its substituted derivatives 2 (R1, R3, R4=H, R2=Me), or 3 (R1, R4=H, R2, R3=Cl) (1 equiv.) and N,N‐diethylhydroxylamine, Et2NOH, (4 equivs.) in methanol for 4 h results (Route A) in precipitation of the symmetrical (6 and 8) and an isomeric mixture of unsymmetrical (7) phthalocyanines, isolated in good (55–65 %) yields. The reaction of phthalonitriles 1, 2, or 4 (R1, R3, R4=H, R2=NO2) (4 equivs.) with Et2NOH (8 equivs.) in the presence of a metal salt MCl2 (M=Zn, Cd, Co, Ni) (1 equiv.) in n‐BuOH or without solvent results in the formation of metallated phthalocyanine species (9–17). Upon refluxing in freshly distilled dry chloroform, phthalonitrile 1 or its substituted analogues 2, 3 or 5 (R1–R4=F) (1 equiv.) react with N,N‐diethylhydroxylamine (2 equivs.) affording 3‐iminoisoindolin‐1‐ones 18–21 (Route B) isolated in good yields (55–80 %). All the prepared compounds were characterized with C, H, and N elemental analyses, ESI‐MS, IR, and compounds 18–21 also by 1D (1H, 13C{1H}), and 2D (1H,15N‐HMBC and 1H,13C‐HMQC, 1H,13C‐HMBC) NMR spectroscopy.
Dendritic Chiral Phosphine Lewis Bases‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Aza‐Morita–Baylis–Hillman Reaction of N‐Sulfonated Imines with Activated Olefins
Authors: Liu Ying‐hao , Shi Min
Published: December 2007

A series of polyether dendritic chiral phosphine Lewis bases was synthesized, and successfully applied to the asymmetric aza‐Morita–Baylis–Hillman reaction of N‐sulfonated imines (N‐arylmethylidene‐4‐methylbenzenesulfonamides) with methyl vinyl ketone (MVK), ethyl vinyl ketone (EVK), and acrolein to give the adducts in good to excellent yields along with up to 97 % ee, which are more effective than our previously reported original chiral phosphine Lewis bases. In addition, the dendrimer‐supported chiral phosphine Lewis bases can be easily recovered and reused.
Synthesis of Bipyridine‐Stabilized Rhodium Nanoparticles in Non‐Aqueous Ionic Liquids: A New Efficient Approach for Arene Hydrogenation with Nanocatalysts
Authors: Léger Bastien , Denicourt‐Nowicki Audrey , Roucoux Alain , Olivier‐Bourbigou Hélène
Published: December 2007

A new approach to stabilize metal nanoparticles with polynitrogen ligands in ionic liquids (ILs) is described. Zerovalent metal nanospecies in the size range of 2.0 nm were easily prepared in various ionic liquids by chemical reduction of a rhodium salt with an excess amount of sodium borohydride (NaBH4) and efficiently stabilized by 2,2′‐bipyridine. The influence of the bipyridine ratio in various ILs according to the nature of the cation‐anion association was investigated. These nanocatalysts were evaluated in the hydrogenation of aromatic compounds in ILs under various catalytic conditions (P=1–40 bar, T=20–80 °C).
Polymer‐Supported Hantzsch 1,4‐Dihydropyridine Ester: An Efficient Biomimetic Hydrogen Source
Authors: He Rongjun , Toy Patrick H. , Lam Yulin
Published: December 2007

An efficient synthesis of a polymer‐supported Hantzsch 1,4‐dihydropyridine ester has been developed and its use in a variety of reduction reactions was studied using α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes, imines and an activated benzoquinone as substrates. Reductive amination using the polymer‐supported Hantzsch 1,4‐dihydropyridine ester and a catalytic amount of 1.5 M HCl was found to proceed rapidly and with good yields.
Brønsted Acid‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Pyrans via a Formal [3+3] Cycloaddition
Authors: Hubert Claudie , Moreau Julie , Batany Jessika , Duboc Agathe , Hurvois Jean‐Pierre , Renaud Jean‐Luc
Published: December 2007

Brønsted acids catalyze the addition of enolizable β‐keto esters to α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes leading to substituted 2H‐pyrans in good yields under mild conditions via a formal [3+3] cycloaddition.
Silver‐Catalyzed Rearrangement of Propargylic Sulfinates to Allenic Sulfones
Authors: Harmata Michael , Huang Chaofeng
Published: December 2007

Treatment of propargylic sulfinate esters with 2 mol % of silver hexafluoroantimonate results in the rapid formation of allenic sulfones in essentially quantitative yield.
Potential of dendritic cell immunotherapy for relapse after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, shown by WT1 peptide‐ and keyhole limpet hemocyanin‐pulsed, donor‐derived dendritic cell vaccine for acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: Kitawaki Toshio , Kadowaki Norimitsu , Kondo Tadakazu , Ishikawa Takayuki , Ichinohe Tatsuo , Teramukai Satoshi , Fukushima Masanori , Kasai Yasunari , Maekawa Taira , Uchiyama Takashi
Published: December 2007

Induction of leukemia‐specific immune responses is a promising treatment for acute myeloid leukemia. A 58‐year‐old woman received Wilms' tumor 1 (WT1) peptide‐ and keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH)‐pulsed, donor‐derived dendritic cell (DC) vaccination for AML relapse after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. The vaccination induced immune responses to the naïve antigen KLH, whereas definitive immune responses to WT1 were not detected. Leukemia gradually progressed despite of vaccination. This study indicates that DC vaccination can induce an antigen‐specific immune response in a patient after allogeneic stem cell transplantation, thus representing a viable strategy to induce antigen‐specific immune responses in such patients. Am. J. Hematol., 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A first stage genome‐wide screen for regions shared identical‐by‐descent in hutterite families with multiple sclerosis
Authors: Dyment David Alexandre , Cader M. Zameel , Datta Anita , Broxholme S. John , Cherny Stacey S. , Willer Cristen J. , Ramagopalan Sreeram , Herrera Blanca M. , Orton Sarah , Chao Michael , Sadovnick A. Dessa , Hader Mary , Hader Walter , Ebers George C.
Published: December 2007

The complexity of multiple sclerosis (MS) genetics has made the search for novel genes using traditional sharing methods problematic. In order to minimize the genetic heterogeneity present in the MS population we have screened the Canadian MS population for individuals belonging to the Hutterite Brethren. Seven Hutterites with clinically definite MS were ascertained and are related to a common founder by eight generations. Six of the 7 affected individuals and 21 of their unaffected family members (total = 27) were genotyped for 807 markers. Haplotypes were then inspected for sharing among the six MS patients. There were three haplotypes shared among all six MS patients. The haplotypes were located at 2q34‐35, 4q31‐32, and 17p13. An additional 15 haplotypes were shared among five of the six Hutterites MS patients. The HLA Class II region was one of the highlighted regions; however, the shared MHC haplotype bore the DRB1*04 allele and not the MS‐associated DRB1*15 allele providing further evidence of the complexity of the MHC. Additional genotyping to refine the haplotypes followed by screening for potential variants may lead to the identification of a novel MS susceptibility gene(s) in this unique population. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Linkage analysis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Authors: Faraone Stephen V. , Doyle Alysa E. , Lasky‐Su Jessica , Sklar Pamela B. , D'Angelo Eugene , Gonzalez‐Heydrich Joseph , Kratochvil Christopher , Mick Eric , Klein Kristy , Rezac Amy J. , Biederman Joseph
Published: December 2007

Results of behavioral genetic and molecular genetic studies have converged to suggest that both genes contribute to the development of ADHD. Although prior linkage studies have produced intriguing results, their results have been inconsistent, with no clear pattern of results emerging across studies. We genotyped 5,980 SNPs across the genome in 1,187 individuals from families with children diagnosed with ADHD. We then performed two nonparametric linkage analyses on ADHD families: (1) an affected sibling pair linkage analysis on 217 families with 601 siblings diagnosed with ADHD and (2) a variance components linkage analysis using the number of ADHD symptoms as the phenotype on 260 families with 1,100 phenotyped siblings. The affection status linkage analysis had a maximum LOD score of 1.85 on chromosome 8 at 54.2 cM. The maximum LOD score in the variance components linkage analysis was 0.8 on chromosome 8 at 93.4 cM. The absence of regions of significant or suggestive linkage in these data suggest that there are no genes of large effect contributing to the ADHD phenotype. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A loss‐of‐function mutation in the FTSJ1 gene causes nonsyndromic X‐linked mental retardation in a japanese family
Authors: Takano Kyoko , Nakagawa Eiji , Inoue Ken , Kamada Fumiaki , Kure Shigeo , Goto Yu‐ichi ,   Japanese Mental Retardation Consortium
Published: December 2007

Mental retardation (MR) is a common trait, affecting ∼2–3% of individuals in the general population. Although the etiology of MR remains largely unknown, genetics apparently play a major role. Recent molecular studies of X‐linked form of MR in European and North American countries have revealed 24 nonsyndromic X‐linked mental retardation (NS‐XLMR) genes including FTSJ1, a human homolog of the Escherichia coli 2′‐O‐rRNA methyltransferase FtsJ/RrmJ gene. Here we identified a novel FTSJ1 mutation in an XLMR family through mutation screening of a cohort of 73 unrelated Japanese male probands with MR. Sequence analysis of the proband and his mother revealed a G > A substitution at the consensus for the donor splicing site in intron 8 (c.571 + 1G > A) of FTSJ1. This mutation prevented the removal intron 8 from the pre‐mRNA, thereby leading to a frameshift in the mutant FTSJ1 mRNA and resulting in a premature termination in exon 9. Quantitative RT‐PCR showed a significant reduction of mutant FTSJ1 mRNA in the patient's lymphoblast cells, which was restored by treatment with cycloheximide, a potent inhibitor of nonsense‐mediated mRNA decay (NMD). Therefore, mRNAs carrying this mutation are likely subject to degradation by NMD. Together, loss‐of‐function of FTSJ1 may be a mechanism for the cognitive dysfunction observed in this family. Our study also suggested that the FTSJ1 mutation probably accounts for XLMR in Japanese at a similar frequency (1–2%) as in Europeans. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Up‐regulation ofADMandSEPX1in the lymphoblastoid cells of patients in monozygotic twins discordant for schizophrenia
Authors: Kakiuchi Chihiro , Ishiwata Mizuho , Nanko Shinichiro , Ozaki Norio , Iwata Nakao , Umekage Tadashi , Tochigi Mamoru , Kohda Kazuhisa , Sasaki Tsukasa , Imamura Akira , Okazaki Yuji , Kato Tadafumi
Published: December 2007

The contribution of genetic factors to schizophrenia is well established and recent studies have indicated several strong candidate genes. However, the pathophysiology of schizophrenia has not been totally elucidated yet. To date, studies of monozygotic twins discordant for schizophrenia have provided insight into the pathophysiology of this illness; this type of study can exclude inter‐individual variability and confounding factors such as effects of drugs. In this study we used DNA microarray analysis to examine the mRNA expression patterns in the lymphoblastoid (LB) cells derived from two pairs of monozygotic twins discordant for schizophrenia. From five independent replicates for each pair of twins, we selected five genes, which includedadrenomedullin(ADM) andselenoprotein X1(SEPX1), as significantly changed in both twins with schizophrenia. Interestingly,ADMwas previously reported to be up‐regulated in both the LB cells and plasma of schizophrenic patients, andSEPX1was included in the list of genes up‐regulated in the peripheral blood cells of schizophrenia patients by microarray analysis. Then, we performed a genetic association study of schizophrenia in the Japanese population and examined the copy number variations, but observed no association. These findings suggest the possible role ofADMandSEPX1as biomarkers of schizophrenia. The results also support the usefulness of gene expression analysis in LB cells of monozygotic twins discordant for an illness. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Association study for genes at chromosome 5p13‐q11 in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Authors: Laurin Nancy , Lee Jonghun , Ickowicz Abel , Pathare Tejaswee , Malone Molly , Tannock Rosemary , Kennedy James L. , Schachar Russell J. , Barr Cathy L.
Published: December 2007

Linkage of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) to the short arm‐centromeric region of chromosome 5 has been reported in multiple studies. The overlapping region (5p13‐q11) contains a number of strong candidate genes for ADHD, based on their role in brain function or neurodevelopment. The aim of this study was to investigate some of the top candidates among these genes in relation to ADHD in a sample of 245 nuclear families from the Toronto area. We investigated the genes for the glial cell‐derived neurotropic factor (GDNF), the fibroblast growth factor 10 (FGF10), islet‐1 (ISL1), the hyperpolarized potassium channel (HCN1) and the integrin alpha 1 (ITGA1). In addition to these genes, we assessed the 3′region of the SLC1A3 gene, a glutamate transporter implicated in ADHD by a previous association study. A total of 36 polymorphisms were selected across the six genes. We performed family‐based association and haplotype analyses. ADHD is a dimensional disorder, with symptoms of inattention and hyperactivity‐impulsivity therefore, we also conducted quantitative analysis in relation to symptom scores for both dimensions. Single marker and haplotype analyses yielded little evidence of association for any of the genes tested in this study. Moreover, we were unable to replicate the positive association findings reported for SLC1A3. Our results suggest that these six genes are unlikely to be susceptibility genes in the chromosome 5p13‐q11 region and other genes should now be considered for priority study. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nicht ganz unbeteiligt: der Einfluss von Olefinen auf übergangsmetallkatalysierte Kreuzkupplungen
Authors: Johnson Jeffrey B. , Rovis Tomislav
Published: December 2007

Olefine und Alkine sind in der Übergangsmetallkatalyse in vielfältiger Art vertreten, ob als Teil des Substrats oder des Katalysators oder als Additiv. Während der Einfluss von Metallen und Liganden relativ gut verstanden ist, wird der von Olefinen allgemein unterschätzt, obwohl zahlreiche Beispiele bekannt sind, in denen Olefine durch Steigerung der Aktivität, Stabilität oder Selektivität den Ausgang einer Reaktion beeinflussen. Dieser Aufsatz gibt eine Übersicht über die Wechselwirkung von Olefinen mit Übergangsmetallen und liefert Beispiele dafür, wie Olefine das Ergebnis von katalytischen Reaktionen, insbesondere Kreuzkupplungsreaktionen, beeinflussen. Er sollte damit die Grundlage für ein besseres Verständnis des Einflusses von Olefinen und Alkinen in übergangsmetallkatalysierten Reaktionen und für dessen Nutzung bieten.
“Diamonds are a chemist's best friend”: die großen Geschwister des Adamantans
Authors: Schwertfeger Hartmut , Fokin Andrey A. , Schreiner Peter R.
Published: December 2007

Marilyn Monroe wusste: “Diamonds are a girl's best friend”, aber auch Chemiker haben Diamanten als attraktive Forschungsobjekte entdeckt. Dabei sind diese Diamanten normalerweise recht klein (hier nanometergroße “Diamantoide”) und stellen durch ihre einzigartigen Strukturen äußerst ungewöhnliche Synthesebausteine dar. Da es seit wenigen Jahren möglich ist, die “niederen” Diamantoide (bis zum Triamantan) in großen Mengen aus Erdöl zu erhalten, und da die Isolierung der “höheren” Diamantoide (ab Tetramantan) aus Rohöl ebenfalls technisch machbar ist, stehen diese somit der Forschung zur Verfügung. Die Diamantoide zeichnen sich gegenüber anderen nanometergroßen Diamanten besonders durch ihre klar definierten Strukturen aus. Durch zielgerichtete Funktionalisierungen mit hohen Ausbeuten lassen sich Derivate für sehr unterschiedliche Anwendungen wie z. B. Polymere, Oberflächenbeschichtungen, Medizin, molekulare Elektronik usw. herstellen.
Supramolekulare Aggregate mit metallorganischen Chinon‐Linkern: eine neue Klasse von Koordinationsnetzwerken
Authors: Moussa Jamal , Amouri Hani
Published: December 2007

Ein derzeit sehr aktives Forschungsgebiet befasst sich mit der Synthese und Anwendung von Koordinationsnetzwerken, die im Allgemeinen aus organischen Linkern und Übergangsmetallen aufgebaut sind. Wir beschreiben hier eine neuartige Klasse von supramolekularen Strukturen mit metallorganischen Linkern in Form von Chinon‐ und Thiochinon‐Komplexen der allgemeinen Formel [Cp*M(η4‐Benzochinon)] (o‐ und p‐Benzochinon, Cp*=C5Me5, M=Rh, Ir) und [Cp*Ir(η4‐Thiobenzochinon)] (o‐ und p‐Thiobenzochinon), die mit ihren freien O‐ bzw. S‐Atomen an Metallionen wie CuI, AgI oder PtII binden und Koordinationsnetzwerke bilden. Hierbei fungieren die Chinon‐ oder Thiochinon‐Komplexe als Gerüste und die Metallzentren als Knotenpunkte. Eine Besonderheit dieser Strukturen sind die kurzen π‐π‐ und M⋅⋅⋅M‐Abstände, die zu nützlichen photophysikalischen Eigenschaften führen. Mit den hier beschriebenen Bausteinen ist eine Vielzahl supramolekularer Architekturen zugänglich, die sich zur Entwicklung funktioneller Materialen anbieten.
More than Bystanders: The Effect of Olefins on Transition‐Metal‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling Reactions
Authors: Johnson Jeffrey B. , Rovis Tomislav
Published: December 2007

Olefins and alkynes are ubiquitous in transition‐metal catalysis, whether introduced by the substrate, the catalyst, or as an additive. Whereas the impact of metals and ligands is relatively well understood, the effects of olefins in these reactions are generally underappreciated, even though numerous examples of olefins influencing the outcome of a reaction, through increased activity, stability, or selectivity, have been reported. This Review provides an overview of the interaction of olefins with transition metals and documents examples of olefins influencing the outcome of catalytic reactions, in particular cross‐coupling reactions. It should thus provide a basis for the improved understanding and further utilization of olefin and alkyne effects in transition‐metal‐catalyzed reactions.
Diamonds are a Chemist's Best Friend: Diamondoid Chemistry Beyond Adamantane
Authors: Schwertfeger Hartmut , Fokin Andrey A. , Schreiner Peter R.
Published: December 2007

Marilyn Monroe knew that “diamonds are a girl's best friend” but, in the meantime, many chemists have realized that they are also extremely attractive objects in contemporary chemistry. The chemist's diamonds are usually quite small (herein: nanometer‐sized “diamondoids”) and as a result of their unique structure are unusual chemical building blocks. Since lower diamondoids (up to triamantane) have recently become available in large amounts from petroleum and higher diamondoids (starting from tetramantane) are now also accessible from crude oil new research involving them has begun to emerge. Having well‐defined structures makes these cage compounds so special compared to other nanometer‐scale diamonds. Selective and high‐yielding synthetic approaches to the functionalization of diamondoids gives derivatives that can find applications in, for example, polymers, coating materials, drugs, and molecular electronics.
Erhaltungsmanagement der Wildbachverbauung
Authors: Rudolf‐Miklau Florian , Suda Jürgen , Sicher Philipp
Published: December 2007

Maßnahmen der Wildbachverbauung dienen dem Schutz von Menschenleben und Sachgütern (Gebäude, Verkehrswege). Schutzbauwerke in Wildbacheinzugsgebieten sind extremen Einwirkungen (Hochwasser, Muren) und Umweltbedingungen ausgesetzt und unterliegen daher einer besonders hohen Abnutzung. Bei der Erhaltung und Überwachung der Bauwerke sind daher besondere Sicherheitsstandards anzuwenden. Der Beitrag fasst die Ergebnisse der normativen Regelung des Erhaltungsmanagements der Wildbachverbauung in Österreich in der ONR 24803 zusammen und geht auf die für Wildbachschutzbauwerke spezifischen Konzepte, insbesondere Schädigungsmechanismen, Bauwerksversagen, Erhaltungsstrategien und Zustandsklassifikation, ein.
Runde Durchbrüche in Biegeträgern aus Brettschichtholz – Teil 2: Tragfähigkeit und Bemessung
Authors: Aicher Simon , Höfflin Lilian , Reinhardt Hans‐Wolf
Published: December 2007

Die Bemessung von unbewehrten Durchbrüchen in Biegeträgern aus Brettschichtholz (BSH) wird in den deutschen und europäischen Normen und Normentwürfen unterschiedlich gehandhabt. Die methodischen Defizite in der Bemessung nach DIN 1052:2004 und insbesondere das Fehlen eines Nachweises im Eurocode 5 waren Ausgangspunkte für ein Forschungsvorhaben mit umfangreichen BSH‐Bauteilversuchen und die Entwicklung eines neuen Bemessungsmodells. An 68 Biegeträgern in Bauteilabmessun‐gen wurden die Einflüsse der Parameter – Trägerhöhe, relative Durchbruchsgröße, Schnittgrößenverhältnis und Trägerkrümmung – untersucht. Wesentliche experimentelle Ergebnisse sind die Beschreibung und Klassifizierung der stufenweisen Schädigungsentwicklung sowie die Quantifizierung des Tragfähigkeitseinflusses der genannten Parameter. Es wurde ein erheblicher Maßstabseffekt bestätigt. Die Zugspannung rechtwinklig zur Faserrichtung wurde als primär rissinitiierende Einwirkung identifiziert. Die Lage des Anrisses an der Durchbruchsperipherie ist wesentlich durch die zylindrische Anisotropie des Werkstoffs festgelegt.

Es wurde ein einfach handhabbares, auf der Weibull‐Theorie basierendes Bemessungsverfahren entwickelt, welches die wesentlichen tragfähigkeitsrelevanten Einflüsse einschließlich des Maßstabseffekts und der inhomogenen Spannungsverteilung an der Durchbruchsperipherie berücksichtigt. Das neue, experimentell untermauerte Bemessungsverfahren liefert speziell für Durchbrüche in Trägern mit größeren Querschnittshöhen (1–2 m) zutreffendere Nachweise als DIN 1052:2004, der zufolge die Bauteiltragfähigkeit großer durchbrochener Träger zu hoch ermittelt wird.