bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Punitive Operations Carried out by Lithuanian Partisans in Alytus County in 1944–1952
Authors: Zagreckas Rimantas
Published: September 2024

To compare with guerrilla wars in the 20th century in Europe, participants of Lithuanian partisan movement after the WW II were particularly involved in fighting collaborationism; they were struggling to overcome challenges related to support showed by their fellow citizens to the Soviet authorities. In the majority of cases, the punitive operations were precalculated actions, by which it was sought not to allow the Soviets to entrench deeply their authority in this country; yet, in part, it had been spontaneous responses towards substantial reforming of social relations and world view norms prevailing in Lithuania (especialy in the countryside). New norms had to comply with the bolshevist communist ideology version.
In the beginning, fighting collaborationism had not been the most important part of partisan activity, yet, under conditions of increasing involvement of local people in the schemes of repressive structures (first of all, those of NKVD and MGB), the number of counter-punitive operations increased. Especially violent fight of this kind broke out in South Lithuania, first of all, in Dzūkija, as in this region, Dainava and Tauras military districts of partisans were established. Those two military districts were stronger and resisted longer to compare with other ones. It is likely that earlier, the leaders of first military groups of partisans acted spontaneously, they were following their own understanding of ethics. Although a part of them had to have access to the Order of 10th November 1944 of Headquarters of Lithuanian Freedom Army formally functioning across Lithuania. The Order contained information related to citizens behaviour concerning collaborationism. Later, the leaders of partisan military districts drafted legal acts, more or less adapted to war time conditions, regulating partisan fight tactics and methods against collaborations.
Statistics collected when preparing this article shows that in 1941 – 1952, in the biggest Dzūkija county, Alytus county, Lithuanian partisans claimed the lives of more than 1 450 people (this number includes victims of clashes with the NKVD and MGB units). About 300 (21 per cent) of them were killed during mass assaults on one or several villages; later these events were named Bartholomew‘s Day Massacre. The majority of the victims were people who contributed more or less to entrenchment of Soviet system in Lithuania, although it is problematic to determine the exact number of such people, because, when investigating concrete cases, frequently, one is not able to reconstruct all circumstances of the event. Those cases when entire families were killed together with underage children are to be considered criminal offences unambiguously – no justification documents have been found concerning such actions in the written legacy of the partisans (several concerete cases demonstrate that partisan leaders considered a person of 14 years of age fully responsible for his / her actions).
USA CIA activity in the western part of USSR. Declissified archives and possibilities to research history of post war Lithuania
Authors: Jurkutė Mingailė
Published: September 2024

Since the beginning of the guerrilla fights, since the Atlantic Charter, there has been a general belief that ‘America supports us’. Although the operations of the United States Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) were classified as ‘secret’, the facts of cooperation with the secret services of Europe and the United States were well-known in the relevant circles of the diaspora. Although the CIA operations were a well-known fact from the very beginning, there is almost no information in Lithuanian historiography about their nature, specifics and details. The reconstruction of the resistance organisations’ links or cooperation with the Western secret services has so far mainly relied on two groups of sources: the personal archives of diaspora figures and, to some extent, the documents of Soviet repressive structures. There is almost nothing about US military plans or preparations for war, although there are various considerations of ‘war hopes’, ‘high’ or ‘futile’, sometimes equivalent to the terminology of the ‘war myth’.
Genocide and resistance Nr. 42(2)
Authors: Rukšėnas Alfredas , Braslauskas Justinas , Pocius Mindaugas , Stravinskienė Vitalija , Ereminas Gintautas
Published: September 2024

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Organized labour migration of residents of Lithuania to the USSR in the sixth–ninth decades of the 20th century
Authors: Stravinskienė Vilija
Published: September 2024

Referring to archive and historiographic materials, in this paper problematics of labour migration to the USSR from Lithuania in 1953-1984 is analysed. Attention is drawn to migration directions, motivation of residents, quantitative indices, territorial aspects related to persons participating in labour migration process and social picture.
Residents of Lithuania became participants of the campaign for organized all Soviet Union-wide labour force migration to participate in implementation of large and important land, forestry and industry projects. By the way, the residents of our Republic joined this campaign later than residents from other Republics – in 1953 only. Organized labour force migration from Lithuania to the USSR was of lower level that it had been planned in Moscow.
The main directions of labour force migration were: 1) agriculture intensification program (virgin lands campaigns in Kazakhstan and Russia); 2) Russian forestry development program; 3) program of construction of gigantic transport and industrial objects in Russia (Siberia, etc.); 4) the “Third Semester” program – season-based works of students in industry and agriculture sectors of Russia, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan and other Soviet Republics.
In 6th-9th decades of the 20th century, about 75 thousand residents of Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic were sent to work in other regions of the Soviet Union; labour migrants worked on industrial objects, farms and forestry units. Mostly, they were men from urban areas, by ethnic composition – Russians and Lithuanians. The most intensive time period of sending to work as labour migrants was the 1953-1965 period, as at that time in Kazakhstan and Russia huge programs of economic development had been implemented (virgin lands campaign, forestry development). Namely during this period, over 80 per cent of residents of Lithuania who participated in this campaign were sent to labour destinations. Although in later years the migration campaign covered entire Lithuania, its scale diminished markedly.
Due to certain national traits of Lithuanians (sedentary life, attachment to the land) and social-economic situation in the Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic (fast and intensive industry development ensuring quite good wages, well-developed social infrastructure, etc.), the residents of Lithuania liked to conclude short-term employment agreements, and after termination of these agreements made efforts to return to Lithuania and stay there not attracted by labour migration campaign anymore.
Activity of Lithuanian people‘s militia in neutral territory (1920-1923)
Authors: Ereminas Gintautas
Published: September 2024

The subject of the article is the protection of civilians, their property and the neutral zone itself by the Lithuanian People’s Militia in the neutral zone established between the Republic of Lithuania and the Polish-occupied Vilnius region during the politically difficult period (1920–1923). Based on the documents of the Chief Headquarters of the People’s Militia of the neutral zone, an attempt is made to reconstruct the activities of the unit that performed the functions of the Border Police of the Republic of Lithuania and fought against the Polish partisans operating in the neutral zone.
Genocide and resistance Nr. 43(1)
Authors: Pocius Pocius , Zagreckas Rimantas , Kareniauskaitė Monika , Girkontas Robertas , Burinskaitė Kristina
Published: September 2024

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A role played by the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) Central Committee Bureau for Lithuania in suppressing resistance of partisans (November 1944–March 1947)
Authors: Pocius Mindaugas
Published: September 2024

By a decision of the Organisational Bureau of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) Central Committee, Mikhail Suslov was dismissed as chairman of the ACP(B) CC Bureau for Lithuanian Affairs and appointed a member of the Organisational Bureau, which had an impact on changes in the distribution of power within the Communist Party of Lithuania and in its relations with Moscow. The changes in the composition of the Bureau for Lithuanian Affairs in the summer of 1946 affected the organisation of the fight against the guerilla movement, which was gradually taken over by the professional security officers of the centre.
The concepts of a deportee and deportation in Lithuanian during the period of Soviet occupation: legal, ideological, administrative and social aspects
Authors: Kareniauskaitė Monika
Published: September 2024

The subject of the article is the phenomenon of population transfer organized by the Soviets – deportations. The aim is to analyse and deconstruct the concepts of a deportee, deportation and exile using insights and methods of different scientific disciplines (sociology, history, law). The phenomenon of Soviet deportations is viewed from the perspective of a variety of sources and through examination of different source groups: Soviet sources of criminal law, administrative documents of the Lithuanian Communist Party, criminal court files and files of deportees, diaries and memoirs of the deportees themselves. The main question raised by the article is whether the legal status and actual situation of a deportee differed from that of a political prisoner. Could there a strict distinction be drawn between these two groups of repressed people in the Soviet system? In what circumstances the legal and factual situation of a “deportee” and “political offender” was similar?
Function of Russin words Ideologime – to strenthen imperialistic identity
Authors: Girkontas Robertas
Published: September 2024

In 2013–2014, Russian President Vladimir Putin and other government officials started increasingly using the term ‘Russian world’ in public statements. However, they all avoided giving a precise definition of the term. The vagueness and obscurity of the concept of the Russian world makes it possible to unite all those who believe in Russia’s exceptionalism and its messianic role – communists and monarchists, globalists and eurasianists, nationalists and internationalists, even though their views are completely incompatible on other issues. The ideology of the Russian world, whether the term will be used or abandoned, is and will remain at the core of Putin’s ‘ideology’, which legitimises authoritarianism and justifies Russia’s claim to a special role in the creation of a new world order.
Genocide and resistance Nr. 44(2)
Authors: Pocius Mindaugas , Tumavičius Andrius , Staveckaitė-Notari Ramona , Allanijazov Turganbek , Banionis Juozas , Kaczmarek Ryszard , Lučinskas Gintaras
Published: September 2024

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Collectivisation in Lithuania 1947–1952: Decisions and Control by the CC of the All-Union CP
Authors: Pocius Mindaugas
Published: September 2024

Referring to documents from the Russian State Archive of Socio-Political History and other sources, the article aims to reveal little-known aspects of the collectivisation policy of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) Central Committee and the Communist Party of Lithuania (Bolsheviks) Central Committee in Lithuania, showing the issues that have received constant attention and control from the ACP(B) CC, the decisions taken and the cooperation with the CPL(B) CC.
Model of activity of Mayor Aleksey Sokolov and agents stormtroopers under his leadership
Authors: Tumavičius Andrius
Published: September 2024

In the public narrative on partisan warfare, an extremely important role is played by agents stormtroopers under Mayor Aleksey Sokolov leadership. Many have heard that this person was “the leader of all-Ukrainian agents stormtroopers”, who was sent to Lithuania to organize the activity of agents stormtroopers. Yet, the information known about this person has been scarce so far. By this article it is sought to provide some facts on the biography of A. Sokolov and highlight the principles of activity of special groups under his leadership.
A. Sokolov was a specialist in the specific agency-operational area. He was a recipient of various insignia and other honorary awards, which demonstrated appreciation of his activity by the All-Russian Extraordinary Commission (Cheka) authorities. On the other hand, legality of methods used by A. Sokolov and stormtroopers under his leadership raised doubts. It is likely that namely this problem prevented him from awarding the title of the Hero of the Soviet Union.
It took to A. Sokolov less than one year of working with the special group in order to create a model of stormtroopers usage adapted to fighting the Ukrainian partisans. In doing this, A. Sokolov consulted the stormtroopers themselves. While being on secondment in Lithuania, he reformed the special group of the Ministry of Internal Affairs (MVD) of Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic (LSSR) according to the Ukrainian model. The operation that took place in Grendavė village of Onuškis Rural District in Trakai County was in line with the model of operations carried out in Ukraine: on the basis of operational data, a legend had been created, a list of persons to be detained and interrogated compiled, the stormtroopers, dressed and equipped as the Red Army soldiers, prepared bunkers for future interrogations, wrote minutes containing evidence of the persons detained, etc.
A. Sokolov’s expertise and methodical guidance laid the foundation for practical activity of special groups in Lithuania. Further on, the stormtroopers actually employed the tactics, created by A. Sokolov.
Armed resistance of partisans in 1944–1953 and its suppression in Skapiškis rural district
Authors: Staveckaitė-Notari Ramona
Published: September 2024

There were similarities and differences between armed resistance activities of partisans that took place in various regions of Lithuania in 1944–1953. Still, irrespective of several regional peculiarities, three main periods of the partisan warfare may be distinguished as characteristic of all Lithuania: 1944–1946 – a period of spontaneous fighting, 1946–1948 – a period of organized fighting and 1949–1953 – the end of partisan warfare. Therefore, if you look closely at armed resistance of partisans and tactics they used in the rural district of Skapiškis, you will see a reduced image of all armed activities against occupants across Lithuania.
Like everywhere in Lithuania, in Skapiškis rural district, first platoons featuring great numbers of partisans were formed spontaneously. The partisans here used to apply the tactics of attacking the towns. Therefore, on November the 7th 1944, the town of Skapiškis, the centre of the rural district itself, was assaulted. Like everywhere in Lithuania, in this rural district as well, the very first battles of the partisans brought huge losses – the forces of the People’s Commissariat of Internal Affairs (NKVD) attacked numerous platoons of partisans and frequently destroyed them immediately. The young people from Skapiškis land boycotted mobilization to the Red Army. After the call for legalization appeared, a lot of fighters left the forests and hid they relationship with the partisans. The partisans used to hinder the occupants’ authorities from organizing the local elections.
During the second part of fighting, in 1946–1948, the issues of uniting the partisan units and transition to organized fighting became the focus of attention of partisan commanders. At that time, the county of Kupiškis was established and Skapiškis rural district became a part of this county. On May 1st 1947, Algimantas Military District was established, and all partisans of Kupiškis land became subordinate to Šarūnas Special Team of that Military District.
The last period of fighting stood out from those above by completing the formation of centralized structures of partisans as well as by their destruction. Refined combinations of agencies, activity of the agents, treacheries, destruction of headquarters and military structures and greatly reduced numbers of partisans were the main causes of defeat of both Skapiškis land partisans and those operating all over Lithuania. It has been estimated that during entire period of partisan warfare (1944–1953), in Skapiškis rural district, 40 partisans, their liaisons and supporters lost their lives.
Lithuanians among prisoners of other ethnic groups in special-purpose camps of USSR MGB
Authors: Allanijazov Turganbek
Published: September 2024

Turganbek Allanijazov (the Republic of Kazakhstan, O. A. Baikonurov Zhezkazgan University), the author of this article, explores main statistical data related to the number of Lithuanians in special purpose camps of The Chief Administration of Corrective Labour Camps (GULAG) under the Ministry of State Security (MGB) of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), located in the territories of the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic and Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR), in 1950–1954. Quantitative dynamics of Lithuanians is presented by years and camps. Tendencies and trends of quantitative change are shown. Camps with the greatest number of Lithuanians are specified, as well as those with the least number. The date within the lifetime period of camps known for the greatest number of Lithuanians as prisoners is indicated.
Mobilisation of polish into german army from occupies polish territory in Second world war
Authors: Kaczmarek Ryszard
Published: September 2024

At the outbreak of the Second World War, some of the local population of the territory annexed to the German Reich were granted partial or full German citizenship by Heinrich Himmler’s decree on the Deutsche Volksliste (German People’s List). At the same time, men of draft age, like other Reich citizens, became subject to military service. However, the first mass conscriptions to the German army in the annexed territory took place even earlier, in the spring of 1940. At the time, a rather strange term Deutsch-Polen (German Pole) was used in German internal correspondence to describe conscripts from the annexed part of Poland
Temporary internment camp in Alytus in 1941 june-july
Authors: Lučinskas Gintaras
Published: September 2024

After the Germans occupied Alytus, the Germans set up a temporary internment camp on the square used for horse riding by the uhlans next to the former Garrison Church (now St. Casimir Church). The aim of this article is to convey the atmosphere of the time, based on memoirs and documents, and to describe the people who were imprisoned there.
Genocide and resistance Nr. 45(1)
Authors: Grickevičius Artūras , Rukšėnas Alfredas , Pocius Mindaugas , Burinskaitė Kristina , Indrišionis Darius , Jasiewicz Krzysztof , Sereičikas Mindaugas
Published: September 2024

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Collectivisation in Lithuania 1947–1952: Decisions and Control by the CC of the All-Union CP
Authors: Pocius Mindaugas
Published: September 2024

The profound Soviet economic, social and cultural transformation of the rural life was supposed to take place in agrarian Lithuania as well, but in the first post-war years it was postponed for some time because of the strong anti-Soviet armed resistance and the weakness of the communist government in the province. By the beginning of 1949, the guerrilla movement had already weakened considerably, the authorities in the rural areas had become stronger, the radical land reform of 1944–1948 had been completed, and in 1948 the buožės (wealthy farmers) were exiled from the villages. The conditions were favourable for the big break, i.e. the general forced collectivisation.
KGB Agents: their Types, Functions and Objectives
Authors: Burinskaitė Kristina
Published: September 2024

KGB agents are one of its pillars and sources of power since on the basis of the information they provided, the operative work was organized, which ensured that the atmosphere of fear and obedience pervade society. The goal of this research is to name and define the types of agents, the tasks they had to carry out, the goals to be achieved as well as in what segments of the population they were most active. The definition of an agent in KGB documents is a Soviet citizen, a foreign country national (subordinate) or an individual who has no citizenship, who collaborated secretly with the KGB organs and fulfilled its tasks ensuring internal security in the USSR. The committee’s apparatus consisted of agents, residents, owners of apartments for secret meetings, and owners of conspiracy apartments who were not on the staff of the agency. KGB secret agents are divided into certain types by the nature of their activities and the tasks they were to carry out. Agents infiltrated into the clergy controlled the Church and seminaries’ activities, attempted to exert influence on anti-Soviet priests as well as to form a positive position of the Vatican and the community of the devout that was in favour of the Soviet regime. Among the émigré communities their goal was to harm the organisations of the diaspora and discredit the cause of Lithuania’s liberation for which they fought. The objective of the agents who were in charge of monitoring resistance activities was to uncover anti-Soviet schemes, especially the ways and organizers of samizdat. They aimed to influence people so that they avoided resistance, and those who got involved would abandon it. Agents using various instruments such as spreading disinformation about individuals, compromising them, trying to “reeducate” them took efforts to discredit non-conformists in the eyes of the public. The role of agents was particularly important for explaining the activities of resistance both in Lithuania and the West.
After 1953, requirements for agents were more demanding than before. However, constant search for secret collaborators demonstrates that the work was complicated and the results could not satisfy the KGB although separate individuals suffered harm.
Do not Punish, Show Mercy: Clemency for the Condemned in Soviet Lithuania in 1954–1990
Authors: Indrišionis Darius
Published: September 2024

The article is concerned with the process of granting mercy to prisoners on death row in Soviet Lithuania. The Group for Granting Mercy consisting of members of the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the LSSR and other Soviet institutions (the Supreme Court of the LSSR, Public Prosecutor’s Department etc.) had the right to grant (or not to grant) mercy to convicts. From 1954 the group deliberated on a permanent basis requests for mercy of condemned criminals; from 1957 it deliberated clemency requests of political prisoners sentenced to death.
Every individual facing the death penalty had the right to request for clemency. Besides, such requests were often submitted by his/her family, lawyers or other persons interested in the case. The strategy of clemency requests is different for different categories of the condemned: criminals sentenced to death were inclined to appeal to feelings, wrote about their young age, no criminal past, and being under the influence; economic criminals employed legal motifs and collaboration with the investigators; condemned to death political prisoners used a certain period of time (most often the time when they were in hiding) when their attitude to the Soviet regime was not hostile and it could serve as an evidence that they could be pardoned, could improve their behaviour and become “Soviet people”.
Mostly clemency requests of condemned to death criminals (31.2 % of women) were granted; requests of economic (15.4 %) or political (7.1%) prisoners with capital sentences were fewer. Over the period under discussion, the Group for Granting Mercy of the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the LSSR deliberated a total of 301 requests for mercy submitted by the condemned to death, out of whom 77 individuals were pardoned. Seven more persons were absolved by the Presidium of the supreme Council of the USSR, which had more powers. Consequently, a total of 84 persons sentenced to death had their sentence commuted in the LSSS (27.9 % of all persons under death sentence).
Victims of the NKVD Katyn Operation from among Lithuanians and Residents of the Former Wilna Province of the Second Polish Republic
Authors: Jasiewicz Krzysztof
Published: September 2024

The German Treaty of Non-Aggression of 23 August 1939, signed in Moscow by Joachim von Ribbentrop and Vyacheslav Molotov, defined the spheres of influence of the contracting parties and effectively signalled the beginning of World War II. At the same time, the Pact initiated the tragedy of millions of Central and Eastern Europeans, including the people of Lithuania and Poland. The Soviet government wanted to eradicate those who did not fit the Soviet model, so they were deported en masse and exterminated in Soviet-occupied Poland and Lithuania. One of the greatest symbols of such crimes is Katyn massacre. The fate of these people was determined by the Soviet military imperialist doctrine.
Activities of St Casimir’s Society for Education and Care of Young People in Vilnius District (1925–1936)
Authors: Sereičikas Mindaugas
Published: September 2024

On 8 October 1920, a group of Polish soldiers led by Gen. Lucjan Żeligowski, who officially became rebels, organised an anti-Lithuanian uprising and crossed the demarcation line provided for in the Suwałki Agreement and captured the city of Vilnius and its surroundings on 9 October 1920. Gen. Želigowski announced the creation of a new state, Central Lithuania (Pol. Litwa Środkowa), with Vilnius as its capital and himself as its leader. After the military offensive by Gen. Želigowski, which began during the occupation, Vilnius and the Vilnius region were isolated from Lithuania physically and culturally. Separated from Lithuania, the Lithuanians of Vilnius joined various organisations and societies to pursue national, cultural and political goals. One of the most massive organisations operating in Vilnius and Vilnius region during the occupation was the Lithuanian Society of St. Casimir for the education and care of young people.
Genocide and resistance Nr. 46(2)
Authors: Bubnys Arūnas , Grickevičius Artūras , Miknevičius Gintautas , Zagreckas Rimantas , Jurkutė Mingailė , Kareniauskaitė Monika , Klumbys Valdemaras
Published: September 2024

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Lukiškės remand Prison-closed prison during the Nazi occupation period (1941–1944)
Authors: Bubnys Arūnas
Published: September 2024

On July the 2nd 2019, the activity of Lukiškės Remand Prison-Closed Prison came to an end officially. It was a prison situated in the centre of Vilnius for 115 years. The article focuses on the historical events, tragical even for the history of Lukiškės prison – the period of the Nazi occupation (1941–1944). This subject has not attracted attention of the researchers-historians so far. No Lithuanian historiography methods have been applied to this topic specifically. The history of this institution is investigated here at the following angles: the stats of prisoners (changes in prisoner numbers, imprisonment and release of detainees), composition of inmates by nationality, gender, offence type (political or criminal prisoners), system of punishments, imprisonment conditions, catering and health problems of the detainees, behaviour of prison employees against detainees and prison escape events.
Reprisal Actions of Partisans in Kaunas County (1944–1952), Part 1
Authors: Miknevičius Gintautas
Published: September 2024

This research focuses on the punitive operations of Lithuanian partisans in Kaunas County. The data covers the voloks that belonged to Kaunas County before the administrative-territorial reform of 1946, after which the territory of the county changed. During the administrative-territorial reform of 1950, instead of the abolished voloks, regions and districts were formed, so there may be some inaccuracies in the attribution of the dead to Kaunas County, but they are minor, as the partisans did not actually carry out punitive operations from 1950 on. The number of casualties between 1950 and 1952 is very small and does not affect this research. All violent deaths are investigated. The research aimed to find out which cases were partisan actions and which were criminal offences attributed to the partisans during the Soviet era.
Punitive Operations of Lithuanian Partisans in Lazdijai County in 1944–1952 (an example of Leipalingis rural district)
Authors: Zagreckas Rimantas
Published: September 2024

Judging by the whole of military conflicts that had taken place in Central Europe in the 20th century, the 1944–1952 resistance in Lithuania against the Soviet Union occupation distinguishes itself by relatively high indicators of collaborationism fighting. The tactics of mass annihilation of the real or alleged collaborators was especially characteristic of South Lithuania partisan movement. At the time, in Alytus county, which was the largest county in this region, approximately 1450 people were killed by partisans (including clashes with NKVD and MGB squads), while in the other county of this region, Lazdijai, during the same period – about 1800 people.
Unlike Central European countries, where during the period of the Second World War, people, who collaborated with the Nazi Germany, more likely were so called right-wing people or fascism supporters, among the post-war Lithuania collaborators with the Soviet Union that had occupied the country more visible were so-called left-wing folks or people supporting the Communist ideology.
The statistics of attacks, described in this article, organized by partisans against collaborators in 1944–1952 in the southernmost region of Lithuania – Lazdijai county, and especially in detail in Leipalingis rural district – suggests, that sharpness of the fight against collaborationism differed in Lithuania’s regions. The reason for this was not only different reaction of ordinary inhabitants towards the actions of their fellow citizens (i.e., cooperation with the occupant), but it depended as well on the tactics of the fight against sovietisation of the region chosen differently by resistance leaders. In Lazdijai county, partisan platoons of two large units – Tauras and Dainava military districts – were acting. Statistical indicators speak of obvious differences in the methods of fighting collaborationism in these military districts.
Like in West Europe (for example, in France during the Second World War), in Lithuania as well, the most hated social groups were armed platoons, formed from local people by the occupying authorities, and aiming at fighting fellow citizens.
Bronius Liesis-Naktis
Authors: Jurkutė Mingailė
Published: September 2024

Although “the life of Salomėja Nėris is better documented than that of any other Lithuanian woman (and better than that of any other writer)”, this is far from meaning that everything is known about her biography. On the contrary, it sometimes seems that her image, the almost mythical figure of the poet, shaped by the times, hinders the recognition of Nėris as a real person, a historical personality. We will probably never know exactly why this active member of the Lithuanian Catholic Federation Ateitis suddenly embraced leftist ideas, nor will we ever know what her true attitude to Soviet reality was, especially after the deportations in June 1941. Perhaps she herself would not have been able to give an unequivocal answer.
“Actually, they used to pay no notice of”: Soviet Law Enforcement and Gender-Related Violence Problem in Historical Sources
Authors: Kareniauskaitė Monika
Published: September 2024

After occupation and annexation of Lithuania, soviet government started to reorganize such institution like police and courts. Repressed former juridical elite, qualified independent jurist were changes by unqualified immigrants or by other loyal to soviets persons. Soviet law enforcement bodies became marionette of system, tool of repressions and one of the institution that generated traumas. Precisely, this process is subject of our research and touches to the complex problem of soviet and nowadays- coersion against women-, let us to understand how subtile and unvisibly soviet terror mechanism worked. It incalcultated atrophy of humanism and civilness and indifferent to others pain.
Unknow biography of Salomėja Neris. Critical publication.
Authors: Klumbys Valdemaras
Published: September 2024

Although “the life of Salomėja Nėris” is better documented than that of any other Lithuanian woman (and better than that of any other writer)”, this is far from meaning that everything is known about her biography. On the contrary, it sometimes seems that her image, the almost mythical figure of the poet, shaped by the times, hinders the recognition of Nėris as a real person, a historical personality. We will probably never know exactly why this active member of the Lithuanian Catholic Federation Ateitis suddenly embraced leftist ideas, nor will we ever know what her true attitude to Soviet reality was, especially after the deportations in June 1941. Perhaps she herself would not have been able to give an unequivocal answer.
Pengaruh Variabel Dependen Return Saham Perusahaan Manufaktur terhadap Laba Akuntansi, Arus Kas Operasi dan Arus Kas Pendanaan
Authors: Emanila Sukmarini  , Iwan Noor Suhasto  , Hamim Tohari
Published: September 2024

Abstract : This study aims to examine the effect of accounting profit, operating cash flow and funding cash flow on stock returns either partially or simultaneously. The population of this study is companies with the consumer goods industry sector listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX). The sample used is companies with the consumer goods industry sector that have been listed on the IDX before 2018. The purposive sampling method was used in determining the sample, which then resulted in 47 companies. Data were analyzed using SPSS 29. Based on the partial test results (t test), it is known that accounting profit has no effect on stock returns. Operating cash flow affects stock returns, but otherwise funding cash flow has no effect on stock returns. Simultaneous test results (f test) show that accounting earnings, operating cash flow and funding cash flow affect stock returns. Test the coefficient of determination (Adjusted R Square) of 0.030, it can be interpreted that accounting earnings, operating cash flow and funding cash flow can affect stock returns by 3%. While 97% is influenced by other variables not used in this study.
Abstrak : Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji pengaruh laba akuntansi, arus kas operasi dan arus kas pendanaan terhadap return saham baik secara parsial ataupun simultan. Populasi penelitian ini yaitu perusahaan-perusahaan dengan sektor industri barang konsumsi yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia (BEI). Adapun sampel yang digunakan yakni perusahaan dengan sektor industri barang konsumsi yang telah terdaftar di BEI sebelum tahun 2018. Metode purposive sampling digunakan dalam penentuan sampel, yang kemudian menghasilkan sebanyak 47 perusahaan. Data dianalisis dengan menggunakan SPSS 29. Berdasarkan hasil uji parsial (uji t), diketahui bahwa laba akuntansi tidak berpengaruh terhadap return saham. Arus kas operasi berpengaruh terhadap return saham, namun sebaliknya arus kas pendanaan tidak berpengaruh terhadap return saham. Hasil uji simultan (uji f) menunjukkan bahwa laba akuntansi, arus kas operasi dan arus kas pendanaan berpengaruh terhadap return saham. Uji koefisien determinasi (Adjusted R Square) sebesar 0,030, maka dapat diartikan bahwa laba akuntansi, arus kas operasi dan arus kas pendanaan dapat mempengaruhi return saham sebesar 3%. Sedangkan 97% dipengaruhi oleh variabel lain yang tidak digunakan dalam penelitian ini.
Pengaruh Profitabilitas,Ukuran Perusahan dan Komite Audit terhadap Audit Delay pada Perusahaan Property dan Real Estate yang Terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia Periode 2019-2021
Authors: Irvan Noormansyah  , Syahrul Munawar
Published: September 2024

Abstract : This study aims to determine the effect of profitability, company size and audit committee on audit delay in property and real estate companies listed on the Indonesian stock exchange in the 2019-2021 period. This research uses an associative quantitative approach, measured using a panel data regression-based method with Eviews version 12. The population of this research is property and real estate companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) from 2019 to 2021. The sample is determined based on purposive sampling method, with a total sample of 25 companies so that the total observations in this study were 75 observations. The data used in this research is secondary data. The data collection technique uses the documentation method through the websites: www.idx.co.id, www.idnfinancials.com, and the company's official website. Hypothesis testing using the t test. The results of the study prove that, (1) Profitability has no effect on audit delay, (2) Company size has an effect on audit delay, (3) Audit Committee has no effect on audit delay.
Abstrak : Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh profitabilitas, ukuran perusahaan dan komite audit terhadap audit delay pada perusahaan property dan real estate yang terdaftar di bursa efek Indonesia pada periode 2019-2021. Penelitian ini menggunakan jenis penelitian asosiatif pendekatan kuantitatif, diukur dengan menggunakan metode berbasis regresi data panel dengan Eviews versi 12. Populasi dari penelitian ini adalah perusahaan property dan real estate yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia (BEI) tahun 2019 sampai dengan tahun 2021. Sampel ditentukan berdasarkan metode purposive sampling, dengan jumlah sampel sebanyak 25 perusahaan sehingga total observasi dalam penelitian ini sebanyak 75 obeservasi. Data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini berupa data sekunder. Teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan metode dokumentasi melalui situs: www.idx.co.id, www.idnfinancials.com, dan website resmi perusahaan. Pengujian hipotesis menggunakan uji t. Hasil penelitian membuktikan bahwa, (1) Profitabilitas tidak berpengaruh terhadap audit delay, (2) Ukuran Perusahaan berpengaruh negatif terhadap audit delay, (3) Komite Audit tidak berpengaruh terhadap audit delay.
Métodos de rehabilitación motora y cognitiva en pacientes con Enfermedad de Huntington
Authors: Inmediato Martín , Villalba Gabriela , Vera Ruth
Published: September 2024

Huntington's disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive motor, cognitive, and psychiatric symptoms. This study aimed to identify rehabilitation methods for motor and cognitive functions in HD patients in private and public rehabilitation centers. A literature review was conducted using databases such as SciELO, PubMed, Google Scholar, and PEDro. Studies published between 2019 and 2024 were included. The review highlighted the importance of early and comprehensive rehabilitation in managing HD symptoms. Physical therapy, including aerobic exercise, strength training, and balance exercises, was found to improve motor function, quality of life, and cognitive function in HD patients. Cognitive rehabilitation strategies, such as memory training and problem-solving techniques, were also beneficial. Rehabilitation plays a crucial role in improving the quality of life of individuals with HD. A multidisciplinary approach, involving physical therapists, occupational therapists, speechlanguage pathologists, and neuropsychologists, is recommended to address the diverse needs of HD patients.
Rehabilitación en pacientes con vértigo, una revisión de la literatura
Authors: Inmediato Martín , Villamayor Marcos , Staller Daniel
Published: September 2024

Vertigo is an illusory sensation of rotation caused by an asymmetry in neural activity between the left and right vestibular nuclei. It can also be triggered by a sudden unilateral destruction of a normal vestibular organ, nerve, nucleus, or vestibulocerebellum. In the last decade, population-based epidemiological studies, complemented by previous publications from specialized settings, have provided evidence for the prevalence of dizziness and vertigo in the population. Dizziness (including vertigo) affects between 15% and 20% of adults annually, according to large-scale population studies. Vestibular vertigo accounts for a quarter of dizziness complaints and has a 12-month prevalence of 5% and an annual incidence of 1.4%. Prevalence increases with age and is about 2 to 3 times higher in women than in men. Imbalances more frequently associated with a recurrent complaint, particularly affecting healthy older adults, have been studied. Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo (BPPV) and Vestibular Migraine (VM) are often underdiagnosed, while Meniere’s Disease, which is 10 times less common than BPPV, appears to be over diagnosed. Studies on risk factors are only beginning, but have already provided some interesting observations, such as the consistent association between vertigo and migraine, which has greatly contributed to the recognition of vestibular migraine as a distinct vestibular syndrome.
Anesthesia and Operating Room Waste Management
Authors: Warda George
Published: September 2024

Introduction

Operating rooms (ORs) are associated with high waste generation that contribute significantly to the overall hospital waste production, costs, and environmental impact. Hence, this study sought to explore the impact of the revision of single-use surgical packs in waste reduction and hospital cost savings.

Methods

A systematic review with meta-analysis was conducted to assess waste reduction strategies in operating rooms. A search was conducted on databases to evaluate the impacts of interventions on anesthesia waste reduction and cost savings. The search was limited to studies conducted between 2014 and 2024.

Results

The findings of the systematic review indicate that the revision of single-use surgical packs was associated with significant reductions in OR and anesthesia waste production and hospital costs.

Conclusion

The findings show that waste reduction initiatives could be effective in enhancing the sustainability of surgical procedures. The study underscores the role of simple but sustainable practices in addressing persistent environmental and financial challenges in the healthcare sector.
PIXE Analysis for Elemental Composition and Concentrations of Tantalite Samples from Oke-Ogun, Oyo State, Nigeria
Authors: Ajetunmobi Abayomi E. , Ishola Sakirudeen A. , David Timothy W. , Talabi Adetoro T. , Biere Peter E.
Published: September 2024

The elemental composition and concentrations of heavy metals in solid mineral may be a reflection of their economic value and their effects on the environment. Tantalite samples from Oke-Ogun were subjected to elemental analysis using Particle Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE) technique. Twelve samples of tantalite ore [(Fe, Mn) Ta2O6], were obtained from the mining sites. 500 mg of the pulverized samples were pelletized for their elemental composition and concentrations using the PIXE technique. The total number of elements found in the selected (Komu, Eluku, Gbedu and Sepenteri) falls within the range of 16  ̶ 27 elements.  Na, Mg, Si, S, K, Ca, Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Zn, As, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ta, W, Bi, Pb. V, P, Mo, Hf, Al, and Rb were reported for the study. Harmful elements like Pb, Cr, As, Zn and Sr were found in samples from the sites with concentrations in the range of (240 ̶ 3000) ppm which is greater than the limits specified by the abundance elements in average crustal rock (2 ̶ 311) ppm. The range of tantalite concentrations in all the sites falls within the range of (111,000 ̶ 370,000) ppm and comparing the range with tantalite samples from other nations reveals that the tantalite from the selected sites are more enriched in tantalite content and by inference will be more of economic values than those from compared nations.
Incandescent Lamp from Black Body Perspective
Authors: Aigba Paul I. , Oriaku Chijioke I. , Ohaegbuchu Henry E. , Joseph Ugochukwu , Amos-Uhegbu Chukwunenyoke
Published: September 2024

The incandescent lamp from black body perspective was investigated using commercial lamps of various watts. The major component of the incandescent lamp is the tungsten filament. The resistance of the tungsten filament was measured using a digital multimeter at an initial laboratory temperature. Light produced from lamp was separated into visible colours by an equilateral triangular glass prism. Deduced resistances were used to obtain equivalent temperatures by power-law parameterization. The Wien’s displacement law was used to estimate Peak wavelengths at different temperatures. The diameter of the tungsten was measured after dissecting the lamp, and this was used to determine its cross-sectional area. Both Wien’s displacement law and Stefan-Boltzmann expressions were applied in determining the filament’s spectral emissive power (SEP) in comparison with that of the visible spectrum. Planck’s graph of intensity using peak wavelength of tungsten filament as reference was juxtaposed with the intensity of visible spectrum using OriginPro 2016 SR0 b9.3.226. The maximum temperature attained was 2852.87 K with (SEP) of 1478955.24 Wm-2 for the 200W lamp. For the 100W lamp, the (SEP) obtained was 749347.9078 Wm-2 at 2489.14 K. Both temperatures, and even as low as 1250 K, were in agreement with Wien’s displacement law. The percentage estimation of visible spectrum in the radiation was about fourteen percent (14 %) while the rest was infra red radiation. This low visible light produced may be as a result of the non-ideal black body nature of the tungsten filament; and so, the incandescent lamp may be considered a quasi-black body.
BIG DATA APPLICATIONS IN REMOTE PATIENT MONITORING AND TELEMEDICINE SERVICES: A REVIEW OF TECHNIQUES AND TOOLS
Authors:   Master in Management  Information Systems, College of Business, Lamar University, Beaumont, USA, Shorna Sadia Afrin , Sultana Rebeka ,   Master in Management Information Systems, College of Business, Lamar University, Beaumont, USA, Rakib  ,   Master in Management Information Systems, College of Business, Lamar University, Beaumont, USA
Published: September 2024

This systematic review explores the application of big data in remote patient monitoring (RPM) and telemedicine services, following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. A total of 52 articles were selected from an initial pool of 85, focusing on the role of enabling technologies such as cloud computing, artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning, and the Internet of Things (IoT). The findings indicate that big data significantly enhances healthcare outcomes by enabling predictive analytics, improving personalized care, and reducing operational costs. Cloud-based platforms facilitate the integration and real-time analysis of large datasets, while AI-driven models improve early detection and intervention for chronic diseases. However, challenges such as data privacy and security concerns, interoperability between healthcare systems, and scalability limitations persist. Additionally, gaps remain in the application of big data for mental health monitoring and underserved populations. This review underscores the need for future research to address these challenges and expand the benefits of big data to diverse healthcare settings.