bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Faculty Members Infusing Technology Across Teacher Education: A Mentorship Model
Authors: Smith Sean Joseph , O'Bannon Blanche
Published: November 2009

To support the integration of technology in the K-12 special education classroom, teacher preparation programs must infuse technology across existing special education curricula. Teacher preparation programs have been blamed for not modeling effective technology use in teacher preparation curricula. This study examined the effectiveness of a mentorship training program that employed special education graduate students to assist faculty members with their technology infusion efforts. Results suggest that one-on-one multiple session training supported by special education graduate students (with limited technology expertise) can support integration efforts. Implications for supporting faculty technology infusion are discussed.
The Effects of Reciprocal Peer Coaching on Preservice General Educators' Instruction of Students with Special Learning Needs
Authors: Mallette Barbara , Maheady Larry , Harper Gregory F.
Published: November 2009

Most students with special learning needs spend a good proportian of their time in school in general education classrooms. There is ample reason to suspect, however, that many general educators are not prepared adequately to meet their extensive instructional needs. This evidence becomes even more compelling when one considers the initial preparation of beginning teachers. In this study, we attempted to improve the instructional performance of three dyads ofpreservice teachers who were tutoring students with special learning needs through the use of reciprocal peer coaching procedures. Following systematic training as peer coaches, preservice general educators increased the frequency with which they engaged in relevant coaching interactions and improved the accuracy with which they implemented an innovative instructional strategy (i.e., Peabody Peer Assisted Learning Strategy) (PALS). More importantly, all three tutees demonstrated noticeable improvements in their daily reading comprehension as a function of increases in the accuracy with which tutors' used PALS procedures. Study results are examined in light of the contributions they make to the peer coaching and teacher preparation literatures.
Teachers Developing Assessments of Early Literacy: A Community of Practice Project
Authors: Perry Nancy E. , Walton Carol , Calder Kim
Published: November 2009

Our project offered general and special education teachers guided and sustained opportunities to design and implement assessments of young children's reading and writing that reflect contemporary approaches to literacy instruction. Fourteen teachers met 10 times over 15 months (April 1997-June 1998) to critically examine their current assessment practices, and to consider and design alternatives that they experimented with in their classrooms between meetings. This paper describes teachers' perceptions of the efficacy of our participatory approach to professional development, their learning, and changes in their assessment practices that reflect their learning. Overall, teachers valued opportunities to learn from one another, to set their own professional development agenda, and having time to plan, experiment, and reflect on their assessment practices. Teachers produced high quality assessments to reflect their teaching-learning contexts, and gained confidence in their ability to make professional judgments about children's learning.
Ethics, Power, and Privilege: Neglected Considerations in the Education of African American Learners with Special Needs
Authors: Patton James M. , Townsend Brenda L.
Published: November 2009

This article addresses issues of ethics, power, and privilege within the context of educating African American learners with disabilities and gifts and talent. After offering pertinent perspectives drawn from critical theory, the authors discuss selected salient critical issues in education, as these issues relate to ethics, power, and privilege. A discussion of special education teacher educators, teachers, and related personnel as change agents follows. Subsequent to this discussion, the authors offer an analysis of three ethical themes and suggest that their use could serve to guide the transformative education of African American learners with disabilities and gifts and talents. The article ends with a preview of subsequent articles of a planned series on ethics, power, and privilege.
Portfolio Theory and Nonprofit Financial Stability
Authors: Kingma Bruce R.
Published: November 2009

This article models and tests for the factors that influence financial predictability for a nonprofit organization. Financial portfolio theory is used to model a nonprofit organization's optimal combination of revenue streams in order to minimize financial risk. The optimal combination of funding from government and other sources depends on the variance and covariance between the sources of revenue. Data from nonprofit foster care organizations in New York State are used to show that nonprofit organizations that are more dependent on government funding as a source of revenue have more predictable revenues.
Stewardship Revisited: Secular and Sacred Views of Governance and Management
Authors: Jeavons Thomas H.
Published: November 2009

This article explores a concept central to much of the literature about trustees and managers of nonprofit organizations-stewardship. The concept's sacred origins show it to mean Jar more than just economic prudence. An exegesis of the biblical roots of stewardship shows how understanding of the tasks of contemporary trustees and managers in secular nonprofit organizations can be enriched and broadened.
Organizational Change in Theological Schools: Dilemmas of Ideology and Resources
Authors: Williams Rhys H.
Published: November 2009

Schools of theological education face a series of organizational dilemmas, arising both from their institutional contexts and their multiple constituencies and missions. This article explores these dilemmas and some of the ways in which theological schools have attempted to meet them.
A Longitudinal Case Study of Religious Congregations in Local Human Services
Authors: Wineburg Robert J.
Published: November 2009

Although the involvement of religious organizations in social service provision is increasingly widespread, it has been neglected by scholars. Along with providing important services to the community, involvement with social services is an important step in the development of a public presence for many congregations. This article documents the changing involvement of several mainline Greensboro, North Carolina, churches as they respond to current political events by assuming a collective public profile on community issues. In the terms developed by Roozen, McKinney, and Carroll (1984), they move from a civic mission orientation to a more activist mission orientation.
On the Development of Philanthropic Institutions in Ancient Judaism: Provisions for Poor Travelers
Authors: Loewenberg Frank M.
Published: November 2009

Philanthropic institutions were not invented in the nineteenth century but were already known in antiquity. Most ancient people displayed sentiments of love or pity for the unfortunate and expressed those feelings in organized ways, though different cultures followed various methods. Invariably, these concerns for others were at first on a person-to-person basis, but in time voluntary organizations arose to provide such services. At a still later date, community agencies began to supplement or replace these voluntary efforts. The chronology of this evolution usually remained imprecise, even elusive, but such a process did occur almost everywhere. The development of services for poor travelers permits a test of the general hypothesis that philanthropic institutions evolved from individual concern, that the initiation of voluntary organizations followed, and that an acceptance of communal responsibility for the welfare of various dependent groups came still later. The evolution of services for migrants and other poor travelers in Judea is traced during a thousand-year period from circa 800 B.C.E. to 200 C.E.
Catholic Elementary Schools in Chicago's Black Inner City: Four Modes of Adaptation to Environmental Change
Authors: Nelson Sheila
Published: November 2009

This article summarizes qualitative research on Catholic elementary schools in Chicago's black inner city. It describes jour categories of schools that emerged as a result of in-depth interviews with pastors and principals of thirty-three schools. These categories represent the basic approaches schools used as they attempted to adapt to radical changes in their populations and environments. The paper analyzes the factors influencing approaches to adaptation and examines the organizational effectiveness of each mode. Using an organizational framework, the author explores the relationship between resource dependency, autonomy, and institutional legitimacy.
Philanthropy in a Different Voice: The Women's Funds
Authors: Rose Marsha Shapiro
Published: November 2009

Benevolent work has proven especially attractive for women. An outgrowth of this tradition, and the focus of this paper, is the recent development of the women's funds—philanthropic organizations that were created to empower women and girls. These new organizations represent a change in the role that women have played in philanthropy. Moreover, the structure of these funds provides insights into the role of gender in organizational analysis. The women's funds represent gendered bureaucracies in which the interests of philanthropic women mitigate the tendency toward bureaucratization.
Promoting Volunteerism: An Empirical Examination of the Appeal of Persuasive Messages
Authors: Claiy E. Gil , Snyder Mark , Copeland John T. , French Simone A.
Published: November 2009

Two studies examined the persuasive appeal of messages that promote involvement in volunteer work. Four messages were created by combining two different strategies of argument (one providing reasons for volunteering, the other countering reasons for not volunteering) and two different forms of reasons for volunteering or not volunteering (abstract, value-based reasons versus concrete, specific reasons). In both studies, college students with and without current volunteer experience judged the counter-abstract-reasons-for-not-volunteering and provide-concrete-reasons-for-volunteering messages to be the most persuasive. However, the effectiveness of a message also depended on the goal of the appeal (that is, recruitment of new volunteers or retention of current volunteers). The implications of these findings for campaigns designed to promote volunteerism are discussed.
Semiformal Organizational Structure Among Social Movement Organizations: An Analysis of the U.S. Peace Movement
Authors: Edwards Bob
Published: November 2009

After twenty years of resource mobilization theory, the lack of systematic, empirical analyses of organizational diversity within and across social movement organizations (SMOs) remains an ironic weakness in the research literature. Survey data from a stratified, nationally representative sample of U.S. groups working for peace enables the demographic diversity, internal operations, and external relations of peace movement organizations (PMOs) to be described. Furthermore, a reliable scale of semiformal organizational structure capable of capturing empirically the range of SMO forms from named groups with a completely informal structure to a threshold of minimally formal structure is developed. Multiple regression analysis examines the relations between semiformal structures and aspects of PMO demographics, internal operations, and external relations. Formal structure among PMOs was found to be associated with surpassing threshold levels of budgetary size and, beneath that rather low $30,000 per year threshold, with increasingbudgetary size. Participation pressures as indicated by increased membership, staff size, and voluntarism failed to predict the presence of formal structure. Results are consistent with SMO adoption of culturally legitimate organizational templates and with state efforts to manage citizen protest through the tax code.
Organized Labor and Philanthropic Foundations: Partners or Strangers?
Authors: Magat Richard
Published: November 2009

Although labor unions have been among the most important categories of voluntary organizations in American society, little has been written about them in the nonprofits literature. This article examines the relationship between foundations and labor unions. That relationship has involved both approach and avoidance. Tied as they have been to corporate leaders, foundations often have opposed radicalism in the labor movement. However, foundations also have supported the union movement in a variety of ways. Particularly important is their support for research, education, and community reconstruction in the wake of plant closings.
Music as Philanthropy: Making Music and Building Community in Nineteenth-Century America
Authors: Plotinsky Anita H.
Published: November 2009

In nineteenth-century America, music was a form not only of entertainment, but also of philanthropy. Using Indianapolis as a model, this study demonstrates that musical performances raised money for needy people and worthwhile causes, but served an equally important function in helping to build a cohesive community, with both a national patriotism and a local civic pride. Music was a participatory activity, its performers and audiences drawn from the entire community without distinctions of class, wealth, or education. For its performers in particular, organized as they were in voluntary associations, music provided practical training in democracy. Evoking the philanthropic exertions of both musicians and patrons, capable of exercising a decisive moral influence over its listeners, music was explicitly understood to be an indispensable source of positive values.
Novel Funding for a Novel Nonprofit Sector: Latin America's Private Research Centers
Authors: Levy Daniel C.
Published: November 2009

Latin America's nonprofit research centers have a major impact on politics and society as well as on academia. Crucial to this impact is the central nonprofit challenge of attracting sufficient, stable income. The centers have done a remarkable job of building a novel and increasingly diversified income profile. This profile ruptures the region's statist tradition as it rests on voluntary giving, markets, an evolving private-public mix, and pluralism.
Volunteering and Charitable Giving: Do Religious and Associational Ties Promote Helping Behavior?
Authors: Jackson Elton F. , Bachmeier Mark D. , Wood James R. , Craft Elizabeth A.
Published: November 2009

Most research on helping behavior has concentrated on situational and personality effects on the decision to provide emergency aid; less work has dealt with social determinants of common, nonemergency helping. We investigated the effects of religious and associational ties on secular volunteering and charitable giving in a sample of 800 Indiana residents. We found that belonging to a range of voluntary associations increases volunteering and giving. Participation in church groups also increases both forms of secular helping, but attending church does not.
Do the Poor Pay More: Is the U-Shaped Curve Correct?
Authors: Schervish Paul G. , Havens John J.
Published: November 2009

We first show where the U-shaped curve of the relationship between income and charitable giving, which is often construed as evidence that the poor pay more than do the wealthy, comes from. We then recalculate the relationship between income and giving, showing why the data do not support the contention that the poor contribute a greater percentage of their income to philanthropy.
Latent Cosmopolitan and Local Orientation Among Rural Emergency Service Volunteers
Authors: Thompson Alexander M.
Published: November 2009

In rural regions, trained volunteer firefighters and medics provide emergency services, often with considerable personal risk and without financial reward. However, these Volunteers exhibit two different latent orientations: firefighters are more localistic in their outlook than medical volunteers. These latent orientations reflect the structural characteristics of the two emergency service agencies. These orientations are empirically demonstrated to persist in the volunteering and personal attributes of the volunteers themselves. Survey data are incorporated into a probit model to indicate the relative influence of orientational factors on where the volunteers offer their emergency services.
The Privilege of Privacy: Twenty-Five Years in the Public-Accountability Record of Foundations
Authors: McIlnay Dennis P.
Published: November 2009

The public accountability record of foundations is inadequate, despite efforts by Congress, philanthropic associations, and members of the foundation community to improve it. This article traces the public accountability record of foundations to 1936 but focuses on the twenty-five years since the Tax Reform Act of 1969, which has two provisions on the public accountability of foundations. The findings of studies are presented as well as the testimony of people inside and outside foundations. The article concludes with eight recommendations to improve the public accountability of foundations.
Leadership in Hard Times: Are Nonprofits Well-Served?
Authors: Adams Carolyn Teich , Perlmutter Felice Davidson
Published: November 2009

Resource shortages have stimulated a change in focus among leaders of social service agencies, moving them away from a mission and toward a professional orientation more concerned with self-preservation. This is manifested both in a greater concern about resource mobilization than mission and professional issues and in an inward orientation among administrators rather than an orientation to the environment. This represents a dramatic change since the 1970s, when organizational theory first came to recognize the environment us an important factor in organizational behavior, and when successful organizational strategy was understood to require moving beyond organizational boundaries. This article reports on a national survey of executive directors and board presidents of family service agencies in major cities. It shows substantial consensus between these two groups that resource issues are more important than mission and professional issues, and that solving resource problems involves strategies that emphasize organizational autonomy.
Philanthropy and Injustice in Mill and Addams
Authors: Fischer Marilyn
Published: November 2009

The idea that philanthropy has promoted social justice is historically well-established. Voluntary action, however, can also be used to perpetuate injustice. In this article I analyze criticisms of philanthropy given by John Stuart Mill and Jane Addams, two individuals who appreciated the value of philanthropic effort but were clearly aware of its potential to perpetuate injustice. Mill argues that injustice in philanthropy results when introduced from other areas of life (political and legal structures or common cultural assumptions, for example) and when philanthropists use poor judgment; Addams criticizes the principle of voluntarism itself.
Reputation as Collateral: An Economic Analysis of the Role of Trustees of Nonprofits
Authors: Handy Femida
Published: November 2009

The role of the board of trustees of nonprofits (NPs) is to legitimize the nonprofit by signaling to consumers that the nonprofit can be trusted and is able to supply the services it offers. Therefore, nonprofits invite people with appropriate attributes such as reputation and wealth to endorse the organization by lending their names to it. Such people provide their reputations to NPs as collateral. It is the exposure of trustees to the potential loss of this collateral that enhances consumer and donor trust in NPs. This article expands these ideas and yields several results on the attributes of desirable and willing trustees.
Financing Philanthropic Institutions in Biblical and Talmudic Times
Authors: Loewenberg Frank M.
Published: November 2009

In ancient Judea, support for the poor was the responsibility of individuals. The Bible commanded each Jewish farmer to set aside a small part of his harvest for the poor This arrangement reflected life in a simple agricultural society. When social, political, and economic conditions changed and poverty became a growing social problem. these arrangements were no longer adequate and others evolved in their place. The evolution of these new programs, us well as various innovative funding methods developed in the Second Temple and talmudic periods to support them, are reviewed.
The Economic Structure of the Charitable Sector in the United Kingdom
Authors: Osborne Stephen P. , Hems Les
Published: November 2009

This article reports the findings of a major research study of the income and expenditure of charitable organizations in the United Kingdom. It situates them within the existing literature on this topic and highlights key themes and conclusions.
Teenage Volunteers and Their Values
Authors: Sundeen Richard A. , Raskoff Sally A.
Published: November 2009

This article analyzes national survey data sponsored by the independent SECTOR and collected by the Gallup organization in 1991. The survey shows that values that favor charity and eschew material goals encourage volunteering, and also that youth from higher social classes are more likely to volunteer than those from lower socioeconomic backgrounds. Participation in religious activities and spiritual values are not related to the likelihood of volunteering. Although these findings help us to understand who volunteers, they also suggest strategies volunteer organizers may use to attract volunteers from underrepresented groups.
Ovarian necrotizing vasculitis in a patient with lupus
Authors: Pereira RMR , de Carvalho JF , de Medeiros AC , Silva CAA , Capelozzi V. , Bonfá E.
Published: November 2009

Ovarian vasculitis is a rare complication seen in the reproductive system and has been described in only one patient with lupus and a few patients with other rheumatic conditions (polyarteritis nodosa, giant cell arteritis, scleroderma). Three additional cases following gynecology procedures have also been reported. We report the second case of a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus, who developed ovarian vasculitis. The diagnosis was made at the age of 12 and confirmed by laparoscopy and histopathology in the presence of disease activity. She experienced late menarche at the age of 16, and she experienced a good clinical evolution after disease treatment with regular menstrual cycles and normal levels of sexual hormones. Lupus (2009) 18, 1313—1315.
Pregnancy outcome in different clinical phenotypes of antiphospholipid syndrome
Authors: Bramham K. , Hunt BJ , Germain S. , Calatayud I. , Khamashta M. , Bewley S. , Nelson-Piercy C.
Published: November 2009

Women with antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) may have diverse pregnancy outcomes. The objective of this study was to evaluate pregnancy outcome in women with APS according to their clinical phenotype, i.e. thrombotic and obstetric APS. Eighty-three pregnancies in 67 women with APS were included in the study, including 21 with recurrent miscarriage (Group 1), 21 with late fetal loss or early delivery due to placental dysfunction (Group 2) and 41 with thrombotic APS (Group 3). Group 3 had higher rates of preterm delivery (26.8% versus 4.7%, p = 0.05) than Group 1 and more small for gestational age (SGA) babies than Group 2 (39.5% versus 4.8%, p = 0.003). Group 2 had significantly longer gestations compared with their pretreatment pregnancies (38.4 [28.4—41.4] versus 24.0 [18—35] weeks, p < 0.0001) and 100% live birth rate after treatment with aspirin and low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH). In conclusion, women with thrombotic APS (Group 3) have higher rates of pregnancy complications than those with obstetric APS (Groups 1 and 2). Treatment with aspirin and LMWH is associated with improved outcomes for women with previous late fetal loss or early delivery due to placental dysfunction (Group 2). Lupus (2010) 19, 58—64.
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma of the central nervous system in mycophenolate mofetil-treated patients with systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Tsang HHL , Trendell-Smith NJ , Wu AKP , Mok MY
Published: November 2009

Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) are susceptible to the development of lymphoproliferative disorders and postulated causes include intrinsic defects in immune surveillance and iatrogenic administration of immunosuppressants. Since the introduction of mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) to the immunosuppressive regimen for the management of post-organ transplantation, there have been reports of primary lymphoma of the central nervous system (PCNSL). MMF has been widely used to treat active SLE patients with Class IV lupus nephritis. In addition to two previously reported cases of PCNSL among SLE patients on long-term MMF, we report a third patient who has been on treatment with MMF for 8 years. The histology showed features compatible with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma with strong immunohistochemical staining for CD20 and positive signal for Epstein—Barr virus (EBV)-encoded RNA by in-situ hybridization that is similar to other case reports, suggesting EBV driven B-cell lymphoproliferative disease. The patient responded to withdrawal of MMF, intravenous methotrexate, rituximab and whole brain radiotherapy. With the increasing use of MMF in active renal as well as non-renal exacerbations of SLE, PCNSL should be included in the differential diagnosis in patients who present with gradual onset of focal neurological deficit.
Treatment with dsDNA-anti-dsDNA antibody complexes extends survival, decreases anti-dsDNA antibody production and reduces severity of nephritis in MRLlpr mice
Authors: Burny W. , Lebrun P. , Cosyns J-P. , Saint-Remy J-MR
Published: November 2009

Lupus nephritis results from the deposition on the glomerular basement membrane of antibodies cross-reacting with dsDNA. In an attempt to suppress the production of such antibodies in the MRLlpr mouse strain, mice were treated by injections of dsDNA-anti-dsDNA antibody complexes formed in an excess of syngeneic polyclonal antibodies to increase the immunogenicity of idiotypes.

A first group of mice was treated after the onset of high-affinity anti-dsDNA IgG antibodies (3 months). We show here that fortnightly injections of dsDNA-anti-dsDNA antibody complexes significantly extend mouse survival over that of two control groups treated with either the carrier buffer or with sham complexes. Treated mice produced 5-fold less anti-dsDNA antibodies than control mice and presented a reduced nephritis activity index at the age of 7 months. Specific anti-idiotypic antibody levels were not modified in the treated group, while showing a sharp decrease in the control group between months 6 and 7.

Mice of a second group were started on injections of dsDNA-anti-dsDNA complexes at the age of 4 months when nephritis was already ongoing, and were followed until death while receiving fortnightly injections. Forty percent of the treated mice were still alive after one year, while none of the control mice survived.

dsDNA-anti-dsDNA complexes have therefore the potential of reducing the production of anti-dsDNA antibody production and the severity of nephritis in MRLlpr mice. These findings could be relevant for the treatment of human lupus.
The penetrating potential of autoantibodies into live cells in vitro coincides with the in vivo staining of epidermal nuclei
Authors: Golan TD , Sigal D. , Sabo E. , Shemuel Z. , Guedj D. , Weinberger A.
Published: November 2009

We have previously demonstrated that IgG autoantibodies derived from SLE patients are capable of penetrating into nuclei of living COLO-16 cells, in vitro. To address the possible correlation in Lupus Erythematosus (LE) between the in vivo ANA binding to nuclei of epidermal cells and the presence of intranuclear penetrating antibodies in sera of those patients, 25 consecutive patients were studied. Out of 25 skin biopsies, 11 specimens (8 of SLE and 3 of DLE) showed by immunofluorescent microscopy extensive in vivo presence of IgG in epidermal nuclei, whereas all sera of these patients stained nuclei of living COLO-16 cells, in vitro. Such penetration was also observed in additional 6/25 sera of patients, but with in vivo negative biopsies. This in vitro nuclear binding, which was unrelated to clinical symptoms of patients or their serological autoantibody profile and titer, was reproduced following cross-linking of intracellular protein by PLP fixation. Likewise, western blotting (immunoblotting) analysis, demonstrated the intranuclear presence of IgG in all in vitro intranuclear IgG staining sera. Furthermore, this in vitro presence, which neither affects cell viability nor DNA synthesis, is time-dependent and of a transient nature: nuclear staining disappears within 48 h following removal of the penetrating sera from medium. In conclusion, since the COLO-16 in vitro assay mirrors exactly the in vivo situation, and because of its higher sensitivity, it provides an excellent tool for the study of non-degraded autoantibody penetration into the nuclei of living cells.
Systemic lupus erythematosus: clinical expression and anti-Ro/SS—A response in patients with and without lesions of subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus
Authors: López-Longo FJ , Monteagudo I. , González CM , Grau R. , Carreño L.
Published: November 2009

Patients with subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus (SCLE) have recurrent annular and/or psoriasiphorm skin lesions, with or without systemic disease.

Objective: To analyse the clinical expression and the Ro/SS-A response associated with SCLE in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).

Methods: 128 consecutive patients with SLE were studied. Anti-Ro/SS-A antibodies were detected by ELISA, (anti-60 kD Ro/SSA antibodies), immunoblotting (anti-60 kD and anti-52 kD Ro/SS-A antibodies) and counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE).

Results: Seventeen patients (13.2%) showed SCLE lesions. Photosensitivity was more frequent in patients with SCLE (82%) than in patients without these cutaneous lesions (45%) (OR: 5.6). Arthritis (OR: 6.3), Raynaud's phenomenon (OR: 4.9), pleuritis (OR: 7.6), central nervous system disorder (OR: 6.4), renal disease (OR: 6.3), anemia (OR: 7.9), hypocomplementemia (OR: 6.1) and anti-dsDNA antibodies (OR: 12.7) were significantly more frequent in patients without SCLE. Anti-Ro/SS-A antibodies were detected in 15 (88.2%) patients with SCLE and 62 (55.8%) patients without SCLE by ELISA, in 10 (58.8%) and 34 (30.6%) patients by immunoblotting, and in 13 (76.4%) and 34 (30.6%) by CIE, respectively. Anti-60 kD-Ro/SS-A and anti-La antibodies, but not anti-52 kD-Ro/SS-A, were significantly more frequent in patients with SCLE than in patients without SCLE.

Conclusions: The presence of SCLE lesions in patients with SLE is associated with a more favourable prognosis. The major anti-Ro/SS-A response is directed against the native 60 kD Ro/SSA protein.
A subpopulation of WIL-2 cell calreticulin molecules is associated with RO/SS-A ribonucleoprotein particles
Authors: Lieu TS , Sontheimer RD
Published: November 2009

A subpopulation of human calreticulin (CR) molecules that is reactive with human Ro/SS-A autoimmune sera was identified in a nucleic acid- enriched Wil-2 cell fraction derived by anion exchange column chromatography. Further resolution of this fraction by gel filtration size separation demonstrated that the appearance of CR (true mol. weight 46 kD) coincided with the emergence of Ro/SS-A ribonucleoprotein (mol. weight> 250 kD) antigenic activity and increasing 260 nm ultraviolet absorbance. This high nucleic acid fraction could be further partitioned into four small RNA-containing Ro/SS-A antigenic subfractions by a second passage over the anion exchange column. CR was enriched in one subfraction and present in the other three subfractions as well. No CR was found in the RNA-free fraction of the repartition eluate. These results represent the first direct demonstration that CR, a high-affinity calcium binding protein, exists in a form that is directly associated with all four varieties of native, human Ro/SS-A ribonucleoprotein particles (hY1-5).
Abnormalities in CD69 expression, cytosolic pH and Ca2+ during activation of lymphocytes from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Portales-Pérez D. , González-Amaro R. , Abud-Mendoza C. , Sánchez-Armáss S.
Published: November 2009

Several immuno-regulatory abnormalities have been described in SLE patients. T cell dysfunction in SLE includes defective in vitro proliferative responses to several stimuli, reduced IL-2 production and a poor helper function. It has been widely proposed that this defective T cell immunoregulatory function has a key role in the hyperactivity of B cells and auto-antibody production in SLE. However, it has not been elucidated whether or not this cell dysfunction is intrinsic to lymphocytes or is due to other factors such as anti-lymphocyte auto-antibodies. In this study we have evaluated some important early cell activation events in T and non-T lymphocytes from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).

Peripheral blood lymphocytes from SLE patients and controls were isolated. The intracellular pH (pH i), cytosolic calcium (Ca2+i) and CD69 expression were determined by spectrofluorometry and flow cytometry. Modifications of these parameters in response to protein kinase C (PKC) activators, mitogenic lectins and calcium ionophores were also studied. We found a significant reduction in the increase of pHi in response to PKC activators (PMA) in SLE cells. In addition, the induction of CD69 expression by PMA was significantly lower in T cells from SLE patients. By contrast, freshly isolated non-stimulated SLE cells exhibited a significantly higher pHi, as well as an increased baseline expression of the early cell activation antigen CD69. On the other hand, the increase in Ca2+i in response to a Ca 2+ ionophore (4Br-A23187) or thapsigargin in Ca2+-free solutions, was smaller in SLE lymphocytes. We concluded that T cells from SLE patients exhibit abnormalities in several key early cell activation events (pH i, Ca2+i and CD69 expression). These abnormalities could have an important role in the T cell dysfunction observed in SLE. The presence of T cells with a preactivated phenotype in the peripheral blood of SLE patients, could be a reflection of the ongoing autoimmune phenomena that is occurring in these patients.
Relationship of anticardiolipin antibodies and antiphospholipid syndrome to HLA-DR7 in Mexican patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
Authors: Granados J. , Vargas-Alarcón G. , Drenkard C. , Andrade F. , Melín-Aldana H. , Alcocer-Varela J. , Alarcón-Segovia D.
Published: November 2009

We studied IgG and IgM anticardiolipin antibodies (aCL) by an ELISA method in 80 Mexican systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients and 378 of their first degree relatives. Sixty five percent of SLE patients and 16% of their relatives were positive for aCL. We also determined allele and haplotype frequencies of Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) genes (classes I, II and III) in both patients and relatives. MHC allele and haplotype frequencies of aCL positive and negative individuals were compared to those of normal ethnically matched controls. SLE patients with aCL had statistically significant increased corrected frequencies of HLA-DR3 (pC = 0.04, RR = 2.78); DR7 (pC = 0.005), RR = 3.42) and DQ2 (pC = 0.003, RR = 2.58) antigens. Their first degree relatives positive for aCL also had increased frequency of HLA-DR7 but it did not remain significant after correcting the P value. On the other hand, SLE patients negative for aCL had a moderate increased frequency of DR3 and DQ2 but not of DR7. These results suggest that DR7 associates with the presence of aCL. The distribution of MHC alleles in SLE patients positive for aCL resembles that found in their aCL positive first degree relatives.

Since the presence of the antibody is not sufficient to predict a clinical outcome, we studied those patients with reliable clinical data regarding the presence of the antiphospholipid syndrome (aPLS). SLE patients with aPLS had significantly increased frequency of DR7 (pC = 0.004), as did those with probable aPLS (pC = 0.05), while the frequency of DR7 in SLE patients in the doubtful or negative aPLS categories was no different from normal controls.

These data support a possible role of DR7 in the development of aCL in SLE patients and their relatives and suggest a contribution of this class II MHC antigen to the development of aPLS within SLE.
Ethnic differences in the clinical expression of systemic lupus erythematosus: A comparative study between African-Americans and Latin Americans
Authors: Molina JF , Molina J. , Garcia C. , Gharavi AE , Wilson WA , Espinoza LR
Published: November 2009

Since ethnic differences in the disease expression of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) have been recognized, we compared the clinical and serological features in two different ethnic groups of patients with SLE. The study population consisted of 222 African-American and 300 Latin American (Colombian) SLE patients. Clinical, demographic, and laboratory data were obtained by chart review using a standard data collection form. African-American patients more commonly manifested discoid skin lesions, pulmonary fibrosis, and pleuritis, and less commonly manifested photosensitivity, livedo reticularis, and vascular thrombosis than did Latin Americans. In addition, there was a higher frequency of anti-Sm, anti-RNP, and anti-Ro positivity among African-American patients compared with Latin Americans. These results are additional evidence for the presence of ethnic differences in the clinical expression of SLE.
Catastrophic haemorrhage in a case of paediatric primary antiphospholipid syndrome and factor II deficiency
Authors: Hudson N. , Duffy CM , Rauch J. , Paquin JD , Esdaile JM
Published: November 2009

The first case of primary antiphospholipid syndrome associated with recurrent life-threatening haemorrhages, due to the coexistence of acquired prothrombin deficiency, is described. Attention is drawn to the difficulty in diagnosing this situation, and therapeutic options are reviewed. Evidence is presented that implicates prothrombin as the protein cofactor for this lupus anticoagulant.
Indecent Theology: What F-ing Difference Does It Make?
Authors: Isherwood Lisa
Published: November 2009

This article is a response by a body theologian to Indecent Theology written by Marcella Althaus-Reid. The author takes Eve Ensler as a companion in a journey which attempts to spit out phallocentric meaning and engage with wicked and wordy cunning linguists as they move towards more honest telling-theology from the body. The author examines the divine masquerade, which is encouraged by some Christian theology and calls for a stripping away of such pretence and an acknowledgement of what play we are actually engaged in so that we may come closer to what it is we are attempting to express about the divine.
Theology as a Sexual Act?
Authors: Pui-lan Kwok
Published: November 2009

The article discusses the challenge of Indecent Theology to Latin American liberation theology and feminist theology in unmasking their implicit support for the binary, heterosexual norms of society. Althaus-Reid argues that theology is a sexual act, and provides rich metaphors and language for a vibrant sexual political theology. Her work undresses conventional Christian symbols by queering the intersection of theology, sexuality, and politics.
Panel Response to Marcella Althaus-Reid's Indecent Theology
Authors: Townes Emilie M.
Published: November 2009

Marcella Althaus-Reid puts in print a discussion of sex, gender, and politics. For womanist theologian and ethicist, Townes, black women's experiences have been left out of the theoretical and material constructs of both black and feminist theologies in the United States. Townes argues that Althaus-Reid casts the reader in the role of voyeur as she describes (and objectifies) the women lemon vendors in Indecent Theology. The reader observes them from the safety of their own cultural, economic, theo-ethical and sociopolitical mud huts in the same way as the Europeans who queued to view the so-called'Hottentot Venus' in the early 1800s. Nevertheless, Althaus-Reid offers an integrated, interstructured analysis that helps pry open the dynamics of oppressions.
A Response to Marcella Althaus-Reid's Indecent Theology: Theological Perversions in Sex, Gender, and Politics
Authors: Sands Kathleen M.
Published: November 2009

This essay applies the issues raised by Althaus-Reid to feminist theology, the Religious Left, and public policy in the US. Against many feminist theologies, it argues that an idealistic theology of eros has led feminist theologians to ask too much of sex. Particularly in the public arena, sexual ethics should be minimalist, focussing on the prevention of serious public harm and the promotion of sexual and reproductive freedom. The Religious Left, whether under the influence of old Christian anti-sexualism or the newer theologies of eros, has failed to stand for sexual freedom as such and has instead sought to bring abortion rights and gay rights into the realm of sexual decency. The most pernicious example is the Religious Left's tacit acceptance of new public policies that deny women, in particular poor black women, sexual and reproductive freedom outside patriarchal marriage.
On Non-Docility and Indecent Theologians: A Response to the Panel for Indecent Theology
Authors: Althaus-Reid Marcella
Published: November 2009

Althaus-Reid describes her work, Indecent Theology, as a reflection on sexuality from the perspective of an Argentinian liberation theology, critical queer theory and a theology of camp self-disclosure. As such, it is a diasporic, postcolonial theology concerned to critique accepted ideas of essentialism and to question theology's status as a universal discourse. Althaus-Reid responds to the suggestions and criticisms of the panel members and views her ongoing project as one of doing queer theology from a 'non-vanilla' Argentinian perspective and with a vision for queer holiness in theology.
Journeys out of the Victim Role: Male Violence and the Hebrew Scriptures
Authors: Rogers Sara
Published: November 2009

This article was a response to and completion of a Liturgy on Domestic Violence, marking the start of the UN's End Domestic Violence to Women Week, 2001. This article examines some of the causes and results of domestic violence from within a feminist theological viewpoint. Although domestic violence has deep roots in human culture, this article considers the possibilities for curbing this destructive form of human behaviour. The pattern of domestic violence that is found in contemporary societies has remarkable parallels with some of the stories of women found in the Hebrew Scriptures. These parallels are examined and the conclusion offered is that there are theological connections with domestic violence. Christianity could do more both to acknowledge its responsibility for the conditions that give rise to domestic violence, and to help to eradicate it.
Marriage: Haven or Hell? Twin Souls and Broken Bones
Authors: Isherwood Lisa
Published: November 2009

This article demonstrates the levels of domestic abuse in the UK and USA. The author argues that it is a mistake to see this as a purely private and therefore pastoral matter but it is rather a public and systematic problem and such is the stuff of public theological and ethical debate. The article demonstrates some ways in which Christian theology has been used to devalue women and thus create a climate in which abuse and death are both possible and even acceptable. The author considers how theology can be instrumental in the creation of more mutually empowering models of masculinity and femininity.
Speaking Out and Doing Justice: It's No Longer a Secret but What are the Churches Doing about Overcoming Violence against Women?
Authors: Macdonald Lesley Orr , Hood Helen , Stuart Penny
Published: November 2009

Some concerns raised by gender violence have been taken up by churches and individuals within them over the last ten years or so, but now the World Council of Churches has set up a project to work specifically on Overcoming Violence Against Women. The project has a three-fold task aimed at enabling constructive engagement with the issue of gender violence: (1) to support and encourage the churches' (2) to develop a network of concerned theologians; (3) to establish an accessible resource base. The prevalence of violence against women in all parts of society, including churches and Christian communities, raises theological questions. Some areas of language, doctrine and the interpretation of Scripture need to be examined and perhaps reconsidered, to provide theologies consistent with churches as communities of safety, respect and justice for women.
Sexual Abuse of Women by Priests and Ministers to Whom They Go for Pastoral Care and Support
Authors: Kennedy Margaret
Published: November 2009

This paper documents the growing awareness of the sexual exploitation of women who seek help from priests and ministers. Over the six years that MACSAS (Minister and Clergy Sexual Abuse Survivors) has been in existence, 100 women and three men have contacted the organisation concerning sexual abuse as adults by clergy and ministers. Typically leaders of Christian denominations to whom they have reported this abuse characterise it as 'an affair' and often blame women for seducing male clergy. Drawing from literature on the sexual abuse of clients by professionals, this paper vigorously calls for clergy and ministers to be regarded as professionals and for women and men who seek the pastoral help of clergy to be viewed as clients. Concepts of 'vulnerability' and 'consent' are also explored in order to clarify the nature of clergy abuse.
Questions & Answers
Authors: DeWitt Frances B.
Published: November 2009

Questions concerning reading and reading disability are an swered in each issue by Frances B. DeWitt. Send your question to her, care of Academic Therapy Quarterly.
Preparing Teachers for the Educationally Handicapped
Authors: Blackmore Dorothy S.
Published: November 2009

What type of course work and training should a teacher preparing for work with the neurologically handicapped child have? Programming based on quality of instruction rather than quantity is discussed.
Acquisition of the Auding Skills
Authors: Kimmell Geraldine M.
Published: November 2009

Articulatory techniques afford students crystallized concepts.
Suggested Approaches to Overcoming Reversals in Reading
Authors: Savage Elizabeth V.
Published: November 2009

A sampling of methods found to be particularly helpful for children with reversal problems is presented in this article.
Procedures in Visualization-Motor Retraining
Authors: Arena John I.
Published: November 2009

The way in which children draw may be an indication of laterality balance. It may be expressive of more subtle language problems. Procedures for remediation are suggested.
Identifying the Neurologically Handicapped Child the Parents' Viewpoint
Authors: Andersen Lauriel , Pedersen Mae , Randisi Elaine
Published: November 2009

Three different parents recall and describe the frustrations of attempting to discover the reasons for their child's behavior.
Sequential Reasoning and Categorical Organization
Authors: Glusker Peter
Published: November 2009

Notes toward a theoretical model and a generalized approach to problems in sequential reasoning and categorical organization.
Meeting the Needs of Dyslexic Children
Authors: Slingerland Beth H.
Published: November 2009

Recognition with understanding of Dyslexic children has come at last. How to prepare for their inclusion in the educational system is yet to be met.
The Identification and Evaluation of Learning Disabilities By the Classroom Teacher
Authors: Thomas Aletha P.
Published: November 2009

What constitutes a learning disability and how can early identification be facilitated?