bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Scene Exploration with Fourier-Filtered Peripheral Information
Authors: van Diepen Paul M J , Wampers Martien
Published: January 2007

In a previous moving-window study it was found that scene exploration benefits more from peripheral information of high spatial frequency than of low spatial frequency. In the present study, degraded versions of realistic scenes were presented peripherally during the initial 150 ms of fixations, while the undegraded scene was presented foveally. The undegraded version of the scene was visible both foveally and peripherally during the later part of fixations. During the initial 150 ms, the peripheral part of scenes was low-pass, bandpass, or high-pass filtered, blanked, or decreased in luminance. In a no-change condition, the undegraded scene was presented throughout the whole fixation. Participants freely explored the scenes in the context of an object-decision task. It was found that degrading peripheral information during the initial part of fixations had minimal effect on scene exploration. No reliable differences were found among the three filter types. The results indicate that, in the context of an object-search task, peripheral information is of minor importance during the initial part of fixations.
Analysis of seed-bank data confirms suitability of international seed-storage standards for the Australian flora
Authors: Crawford Andrew D. , Steadman Kathryn J. , Plummer Julie A. , Cochrane Anne , Probert Robin J.
Published: January 2007

The suitability of applying international standards for long-term seed storage to the Australian flora was examined by reviewing seed-storage data from the Western Australian Threatened Flora Seed Centre. The 375 collections examined represented 176 taxa from 44 genera and 16 families. A high proportion of collections, representative of some of the most common genera in Australia, maintained viability in the short (<5 years) and medium (5–12 years) term. Declines in germination were evident for a small number of collections, representing 10 taxa, stored for 5–12 years. However, many of the declines were collection-specific and other collections of the same taxon did not decline. Five taxa showing germination declines were represented by a single collection so it was not possible to determine whether the germination decline was directly related to the taxa, storage conditions or to other factors. Only the closely related Stylidium coroniforme and S. amabile exhibited germination declines in all collections, but cut tests of seeds remaining from germination testing indicated that viability of the collections had not declined, just the proportion to germinate; for these species a change in germination conditions is a more likely explanation for the reduction in germination. The results illustrate the successful application of these seed-storage standards to threatened flora in Western Australia and highlight their suitability for the Australian flora.
Persistence of winter-active phalaris breeding populations, cultivars and other temperate grasses in diverse environments of south-eastern Australia
Authors: Culvenor R. A. , Boschma S. P. , Reed K. F. M.
Published: January 2007

Three winter-active populations of phalaris (Phalaris aquatica L.), selected over two generations for improved persistence under grazing, were evaluated with commercial cultivars of phalaris and other temperate perennial grasses from 1999–2003 in three environments of south-eastern Australia as part of a program to develop a cultivar for more sustainable pastures and to assess genotype × environment interaction. Grazed sites were located at Bulart in western Victoria, and Rye Park on the Southern Tablelands and Tamworth on the North West Slopes of New South Wales. At the conclusion of the experiment, the frequency of live plant base was highest at Rye Park despite soil acidity and drought. Significant variance among half-sib families in each population was also observed most frequently at this site. Frequency was intermediate at Bulart but lower than expected considering high soil fertility, probably because of high grazing pressure. Frequency was lowest at Tamworth where severe drought occurred from 2001 onwards. There was significant genotype × environment interaction for frequency among half-sib families. Significant common family variance for frequency across the Bulart and Rye Park sites was demonstrated, but not between Tamworth and either of the other sites in later years. The relationship between winter herbage mass potential and persistence differed with population and site, and was negative for one population at Bulart but positive for another population at Tamworth. Mean persistence of all families was 30% higher than winter-active controls at Rye Park and at least 40% higher at Bulart. Phalaris generally persisted better than cultivars of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.), cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L.) and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) with some exceptions, particularly at Bulart. Development of a winter-active phalaris cultivar with improved persistence under grazing was considered possible for the Southern Tablelands and western Victorian environments with these populations but a separate program using additional germplasm will be needed for the North West Slopes environment.
Estimation of the rate of killing by cytotoxic T lymphocytesin vivo
Authors: Regoes Roland R. , Barber Daniel L. , Ahmed Rafi , Antia Rustom
Published: January 2007

Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) help control virus infections by killing virus-infected (target) cells. How fast do CTL find and kill target cellsin vivo? Experiments allow us to follow populations of labeled target cells after their transfer into immune mice where they are killed by CTL. Here, we develop models of the migration and killing processes involved in these experiments and use them to quantitatively analyze thein vivokilling data. These models allow us to estimate the rate constant for killing of target cells by CTL.
SecY alterations that impair membrane protein folding and generate a membrane stress
Authors: Shimohata Nobuyuki , Nagamori Shushi , Akiyama Yoshinori , Kaback H. Ronald , Ito Koreaki
Published: January 2007

We report on a class of Escherichia coli SecY mutants that impair membrane protein folding. The mutants also up-regulate the Cpx/σE stress response pathways. Similar stress induction was also observed in response to a YidC defect in membrane protein biogenesis but not in response to the signal recognition particle–targeting defect or in response to a simple reduction in the abundance of the translocon. Together with the previous contention that the Cpx system senses a protein abnormality not only at periplasmic and outer membrane locations but also at the plasma membrane, abnormal states of membrane proteins are postulated to be generated in these secY mutants. In support of this notion, in vitro translation, membrane integration, and folding of LacY reveal that mutant membrane vesicles allow the insertion of LacY but not subsequent folding into a normal conformation recognizable by conformation-specific antibodies. The results demonstrate that normal SecY function is required for the folding of membrane proteins after their insertion into the translocon.
Structure of the human β‐ketoacyl [ACP] synthase from the mitochondrial type II fatty acid synthase
Authors: Christensen Caspar Elo , Kragelund Birthe B. , von Wettstein‐Knowles Penny , Henriksen Anette
Published: January 2007

Two distinct ways of organizing fatty acid biosynthesis exist: the multifunctional type I fatty acid synthase (FAS) of mammals, fungi, and lower eukaryotes with activities residing on one or two polypeptides; and the dissociated type II FAS of prokaryotes, plastids, and mitochondria with individual activities encoded by discrete genes. The β‐ketoacyl [ACP] synthase (KAS) moiety of the mitochondrial FAS (mtKAS) is targeted by the antibiotic cerulenin and possibly by the other antibiotics inhibiting prokaryotic KASes: thiolactomycin, platensimycin, and the α‐methylene butyrolactone, C75. The high degree of structural similarity between mitochondrial and prokaryotic KASes complicates development of novel antibiotics targeting prokaryotic KAS without affecting KAS domains of cytoplasmic FAS. KASes catalyze the C2 fatty acid elongation reaction using either a Cys‐His‐His or Cys‐His‐Asn catalytic triad. Three KASes with different substrate specificities participate in synthesis of the C16 and C18 products of prokaryotic FAS. By comparison, mtKAS carries out all elongation reactions in the mitochondria. We present the X‐ray crystal structures of the Cys‐His‐His‐containing human mtKAS and its hexanoyl complex plus the hexanoyl complex of the plant mtKAS from Arabidopsis thaliana. The structures explain (1) the bimodal (C6 and C10–C12) substrate preferences leading to the C8 lipoic acid precursor and long chains for the membranes, respectively, and (2) the low cerulenin sensitivity of the human enzyme; and (3) reveal two different potential acyl‐binding‐pocket extensions. Rearrangements taking place in the active site, including subtle changes in the water network, indicate a change in cooperativity of the active‐site histidines upon primer binding.
Covalent heme attachment in Synechocystis hemoglobin is required to prevent ferrous heme dissociation
Authors: Hoy Julie A. , Smagghe Benoit J. , Halder Puspita , Hargrove Mark S.
Published: January 2007

Synechocystis hemoglobin contains an unprecedented covalent bond between a nonaxial histidine side chain (H117) and the heme 2‐vinyl. This bond has been previously shown to stabilize the ferric protein against denaturation, and also to affect the kinetics of cyanide association. However, it is unclear why Synechocystis hemoglobin would require the additional degree of stabilization accompanying the His117–heme 2‐vinyl bond because it also displays endogenous bis‐histidyl axial heme coordination, which should greatly assist heme retention. Furthermore, the mechanism by which the His117–heme 2‐vinyl bond affects ligand binding has not been reported, nor has any investigation of the role of this bond on the structure and function of the protein in the ferrous oxidation state. Here we report an investigation of the role of the Synechocystis hemoglobin His117–heme 2‐vinyl bond on structure, heme coordination, exogenous ligand binding, and stability in both the ferrous and ferric oxidation states. Our results reveal that hexacoordinate Synechocystis hemoglobin lacking this bond is less stable in the ferrous oxidation state than the ferric, which is surprising in light of our understanding of pentacoordinate Hb stability, in which the ferric protein is always less stable. It is also demonstrated that removal of the His117–heme 2‐vinyl bond increases the affinity constant for intramolecular histidine coordination in the ferric oxidation state, thus presenting greater competition for the ligand binding site and lowering the observed rate and affinity constants for exogenous ligands.
Role of aspartate 400, arginine 262, and arginine 401 in the catalytic mechanism of human coproporphyrinogen oxidase
Authors: Stephenson Jason R. , Stacey Julie A. , Morgenthaler Justin B. , Friesen Jon A. , Lash Timothy D. , Jones Marjorie A.
Published: January 2007

Coproporphyrinogen oxidase (CPO) is the sixth enzyme in the heme biosynthetic pathway, catalyzing two sequential oxidative decarboxylations of propionate moieties on coproporphyrinogen‐III forming protoporphyrinogen‐IX through a monovinyl intermediate, harderoporphyrinogen. Site‐directed mutagenesis studies were carried out on three invariant amino acids, aspartate 400, arginine 262, and arginine 401, to determine residue contribution to substrate binding and/or catalysis by human recombinant CPO. Kinetic analyses were performed on mutant enzymes incubated with three substrates, coproporphyrinogen‐III, harderoporphyrinogen, or mesoporphyrinogen‐VI, in order to determine catalytic ability to perform the first and/or second oxidative decarboxylation. When Asp400 was mutated to alanine no divinyl product was detected, but the production of a small amount of monovinyl product suggested the Km value for coproporphyrinogen‐III did not change significantly compared to the wild‐type enzyme. Upon mutation of Arg262 to alanine, CPO was again a poor catalyst for the production of a divinyl product, with a catalytic efficiency <0.01% compared to wild‐type, including a 15‐fold higher Km for coproporphyrinogen‐III. The efficiency of divinyl product formation for mutant enzyme Arg401Ala was ∼3% compared to wild‐type CPO, with a threefold increase in the Km value for coproporphyrinogen‐III. These data suggest Asp400, Arg262, and Arg401 are active site amino acids critical for substrate binding and/or catalysis. Possible roles for arginine 262 and 401 include coordination of carboxylate groups of coproporphyrinogen‐III, while aspartate 400 may initiate deprotonation of substrate, resulting in an oxidative decarboxylation.
Topical application of F991, an immunoglobulin free light chain antagonist, prevents development of contact sensitivity in mice
Authors: Van Houwelingen A. H. , Kaczynska K. , Kraneveld A. D. , Kool M. , Nijkamp F. P. , Redegeld F. A.
Published: January 2007

Background
Exposure to reactive chemicals or environmental allergens can lead to hypersensitivity reactions in the skin of predisposed people. Most of these reactions are of atopic origin, but a subgroup of patients exhibits skin hypersensitivity reactions without features of atopy.

Objective
This study was undertaken to examine the effect of inhibiting the action of Ig‐free light chains in a murine model for non‐atopic skin hypersensitivity by dermal application of the free light chain antagonist F991.

Methods
To study the efficacy of F991, BALB/c mice were either passively immunized with trinitrophenyl (TNP)‐specific immunoglobulin light chains (IgLC) and challenged with the hapten picryl chloride (PCl) or actively skin‐sensitized and challenged with dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB). The effect of F991 or control treatment was investigated by measuring local edema formation and the production of pro‐inflammatory cytokines.

Results
Passive immunization with TNP‐specific IgLC resulted in an increase in ear swelling 2 h after PCl challenge. F991 inhibited this enhanced ear swelling in a dose‐dependent manner when applied 4 h before the sensitization with IgLC. F991 also inhibited DNFB‐induced contact hypersensitivity reaction in the mouse skin 2 and 24 h after challenge when applied before challenge. Besides the prophylactic action, F991 when applied 2 h after DNFB‐challenge, it was also able to attenuate symptoms of the DNFB‐induced hypersensitivity reaction at 24 h after challenge. We showed that the beneficial effects of F991 are restricted to the side of application.

Conclusion
F991 is able to effectively alleviate symptoms of contact sensitivity in mice. Our study suggests that local interference with IgLC‐induced allergic symptoms may be attractive in the treatment of hypersensitivity responses.
Effective population size of steelhead trout: influence of variance in reproductive success, hatchery programs, and genetic compensation between life‐history forms
Authors: ARAKI HITOSHI , WAPLES ROBIN S. , ARDREN WILLIAM R. , COOPER BECKY , BLOUIN MICHAEL S.
Published: January 2007

The effective population size is influenced by many biological factors in natural populations. To evaluate their relative importance, we estimated the effective number of breeders per year (Nb) and effective population size per generation (Ne) in anadromous steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in the Hood River, Oregon (USA). Using demographic data and genetic parentage analysis on an almost complete sample of all adults that returned to the river over 15 years (> 15 000 individuals), we estimated Nb for 13 run years and Ne for three entire generations. The results are as follows: (i) the ratio of Ne to the estimated census population size (N) was 0.17–0.40, with large variance in reproductive success among individuals being the primary cause of the reduction in Ne/N; (ii) fish from a traditional hatchery program (Htrad: nonlocal, multiple generations in a hatchery) had negative effects on Nb, not only by reducing mean reproductive success but also by increasing variance in reproductive success among breeding parents, whereas no sign of such effects was found in fish from supplementation hatchery programs (Hsupp: local, single generation in a hatchery); and (iii) Nb was relatively stable among run years, despite the widely fluctuating annual run sizes of anadromous adults. We found high levels of reproductive contribution of nonanadromous parents to anadromous offspring when anadromous run size is small, suggesting a genetic compensation between life‐history forms (anadromous and nonanadromous). This is the first study showing that reproductive interaction between different life‐history forms can buffer the genetic impact of fluctuating census size on Ne.
Hepatic Lipogenesis in Broiler Chickens with Different Fat Deposition during Embryonic Development
Authors: Zhao S. , Ma H. , Zou S. , Chen W. , Zhao R.
Published: January 2007

In order to identify the genes involved in the fatness variability, we studied the expression of several genes implicated in the hepatic lipid metabolism of broiler chickens with different fat deposition patterns during embryonic development. The mRNA expression of acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACC), fatty acid synthase (FAS), malic enzyme (ME) and apolipoprotein B100 (apoB100) genes were determined using reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR). Samples of livers were collected from Arbor Acres (AA) and Sanhuang (SH) chickens on day 9, 14 and 19 of embryonic development as well as at hatching. This study showed that hepatic triglyceride (TG) level was found to increase suddenly during day 14 of embryonic development, to gradually increase thereafter, and to remain relatively constant at hatching. FAS gene expression in AA and SH broilers occurred prior to hatching and at hatching. The gene was expressed more in the former breed. ACC gene expression was observed beginning at the earlier development stage of days 9. No breed difference was observed in ME and apoB gene expression. This study indicated that the expression of lipogenic enzyme genes of the liver in broiler chickens exhibited scheduling during embryogenesis. The ACC gene started to express earlier than the FAS gene during embryonic development. This suggested that embryonic liver synthesized fatty acid, and breed difference was noticed prior to hatching.
Dydrogesterone and norethisterone regulate expression of lipoprotein lipase and hormone‐sensitive lipase in human subcutaneous abdominal adipocytes
Authors: Palin S. L. , McTernan P. G. , McGee K. C. , Sturdee D. W. , Barnett A. H. , Kumar S.
Published: January 2007

Aim:  In premenopausal women, hyperandrogenicity is associated with central obesity and an increased cardiovascular risk. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of dydrogesterone (DYD) (a non‐androgenic progestogen) and norethisterone (NET) (an androgenic progestogen) on lipoprotein lipase (LPL), hormone‐sensitive lipase (HSL) and glycerol release in adipocytes isolated from subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue.

Methods:  Adipose tissue was obtained from 12 non‐diabetic women, mean age 51 years (range 37–78) and mean body mass index 25.4 kg/m2 (range 20.3–26.4). Adipocytes were treated with increasing doses of DYD and NET for 48 h prior to protein extraction. Effects on lipogenesis and lipolysis were assessed using western blotting to determine the expression of key enzymes, LPL (56 kDa) and HSL (84 kDa) respectively. Measurement of glycerol release into the medium provided an assessment of lipolytic activity.

Results:  Expression of LPL was increased by DYD and NET (mean protein expression relative to control ± s.e.), with greatest effect at 10−8 M for DYD: 2.32 ± 0.51 (p < 0.01) and 10−8 M for NET: 2.06 ± 0.19 (p < 0.01). In contrast, HSL expression was reduced by all concentrations of DYD, with maximal effect at 10−9 M : 0.49 ± 0.02 (p < 0.001). NET reduced HSL expression at all concentrations from 10−9 M : 0.62 ± 0.06 (p < 0.001) to 10−7 M : 0.69 ± 0.08 (p < 0.001). Glycerol measurements supported the HSL expression studies although they were not statistically significant (p > 0.05).

Conclusions:  DYD and NET significantly increased LPL expression relative to control, while significantly reducing HSL expression. At the concentrations studied, similar effects were observed with the androgenic NET and the non‐androgenic DYD despite differing effects on the lipid profile when taken orally in combination with oestrogen. Further work examining the effects of different progestogens on body fat distribution may enable progestogen use to be tailored to maximize benefits and minimize potential harm.
Connecting Asians in global perspective: Special Issue on past contributions, current status and future prospects for Asian social psychology
Authors: Liu James H. , Ng Sik Hung
Published: January 2007

This Special Issue (SI), which marks the 10th anniversary of the Asian Journal of Social Psychology, carries the triple roles of taking stock of the past, scouting the present, and envisioning the future. In so doing, it connects with the 6th biennial conference of the Asian Association of Social Psychology held in 2005, in which several keynote speakers (Atsumi, Hofstede, Leung, and Ward) addressed the same troika of concerns. Together with invited commentary from Chiu and Matsumoto they form the substance of this SI. As SI Editors, we read the papers several times, for what they were and, just as enlightening, for what they were not. In the process, we reflected on what is social about Asian social psychology and, equally intriguing, on what is Asian about it. The (tentative) conclusion that we have reached is that a practical and creative social psychology that is in, of, and for Asia, and defines itself as a network of like‐minded collaborators gathered around a central purpose rather than as a geographic or genetic entity will have the best chance of realizing the potential of Asian social psychology.
Thrombotic occlusion of the common carotid artery (CCA) in acute ischemic stroke treated with intravenous tissue plasminogen activator (TPA)
Authors: Sharma V. K. , Tsivgoulis G. , Lao A. Y. , Flaster M. , Frey J. L. , Malkoff M. D. , Alexandrov A. V.
Published: January 2007

Although common carotid artery (CCA) occlusions are rare, acute clinical presentations vary from mild to devastating strokes primarily due to tandem occlusions in the intracranial arteries. Three patients with acute CCA occlusions were treated with systemic tissue plasminogen activator (TPA). Blood pressures were kept at the upper limits allowed with TPA therapy with fluid balance and the ‘head‐down’ position. Recanalization occurred in intracranial vessels only. Marked early neurological improvement occurred in two of three patients. CCA occlusions should not be considered contra‐indication to systemic thrombolysis.
Up‐regulation of plasma membrane‐associated redox activities in neuronal cells lacking functional mitochondria
Authors: Hyun Dong‐Hoon , Hunt Nicole D. , Emerson Scott S. , Hernandez Joe O. , Mattson Mark P. , Cabo Rafael de
Published: January 2007

Mitochondria‐deficient cells (ρo cells) survive through enhanced glycolytic metabolism in the presence of pyruvate and uridine. The plasma membrane redox system (PMRS) contains several NAD(P)H‐related enzymes and plays a key role in maintaining the levels of NAD+/NADH and reduced coenzyme Q. In this study, ρo cells were used to investigate how the PMRS is regulated under conditions of mitochondrial dysfunction. ρo cells exhibited a lower oxygen consumption rate and higher levels of lactate than parental cells, and were more sensitive to glycolysis inhibitors (2‐deoxyglucose and iodoacetamide) than control cells. However, they were more resistant to H2O2, consistent with increased catalase activity and decreased oxidative damage (protein carbonyls and nitrotyrosine). PM‐associated redox enzyme activities were enhanced in ρo cells compared to those in control cells. Our data suggest that all PMRS enzymes and biomarkers tested are closely related to the ability of the PMs to maintain redox homeostasis. These results illustrate that an up‐regulated PM redox activity can protect cells from oxidative stress as a result of an improved antioxidant capacity, and suggest a mechanism by which neurons adapt to conditions of impaired mitochondrial function.
Adapting the voice‐centred relational method of data analysis: reading trainees’ accounts of their learning on a pilot programme for practitioners working with parents
Authors: Fairtlough Anna C.
Published: January 2007

In this paper, the author reflects on the process of analysing and interpreting what trainees said about their learning during an external evaluation of an innovative training programme for practitioners working in the emerging field of parenting education and support. Applying the ‘voice‐centred relational’ method of qualitative analysis to a training evaluation context, qualitative accounts from trainees were read through four different lenses: the plot and evaluator responses to the narrative; the voice of the ‘I’; relationships; and placing people within cultural contexts and social structures. The use of this framework is then illustrated by an analysis of an interview with one trainee. The importance of the evaluator being emotionally and intellectually reflexive and aware of the impact of the content and process of the learning on the trainees is stressed.
Older donor allografts are associated with poor patient survival after living donor liver transplantation for hepatitis B virus‐related liver diseases
Authors: Kim Do Young , Choi Moon Seok , Lee Joon Hyoek , Koh Kwang Cheol , Paik Seung Woon , Yoo Byung Chul , Joh Jae Won , Lee Suk Koo , Rhee Jong Chul
Published: January 2007

Background and Aims: The significance of donor age in living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) for hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection has not been fully evaluated.

Methods: We analyzed the data of 136 patients who underwent LDLT for HBV‐related liver diseases from January 1999 to April 2004. The recipients were divided into an older donor group (donor age ≥40) and a younger donor group (donor age <40). Posttransplant clinical outcomes and survival were compared between two groups, and predictors of survival after LDLT were evaluated.

Results: Baseline characteristics were not different between the two groups, except for more number of female donors and higher positive donor anti‐HBc rate in the older group. The frequencies of acute rejection and early mortality after transplantation were similar in the two groups. The long‐term survival rates for the older donor group were significantly lower than those of the younger donor group (1‐, 3‐, 5‐year survival rate=84%, 75%, 46% vs. 92%, 86%, and 83%, P=0.03). Multivariate analysis showed that older donor age was the only independent risk factor associated with survival after LDLT (HR=2.3; 95% CI=1.1–5.6, P=0.04).

Conclusions: Our study suggests that older donor allografts would be associated with poor patient survival after LDLT for HBV‐related liver diseases.
Simultaneous concentration of platelets and marrow cells: A simple and useful technique to obtain source cells and growth factors for regenerative medicine
Authors: Nishimoto Soh , Oyama Tomoki , Matsuda Ken
Published: January 2007

Platelet‐rich plasma (PRP) has attracted attention as a safe and cost‐effective source of growth factors that stimulate cells to regenerate tissue. Bone marrow aspirate was processed with the same protocol to obtain PRP from peripheral blood. This concentrate contained condensed nucleated bone marrow cells, which are useful for regenerative medicine, as well as condensed platelets. In PRP derived from bone marrow aspirate, the density of platelets and levels of growth factors (platelet‐derived growth factor and transforming growth factor‐β) were the same as in PRP derived from peripheral blood. Condensation of nucleated cells, especially small‐sized cells, was confirmed. With a simple and cost‐effective technique, source cells and growth factors can be obtained at the same time. This simultaneous concentration of platelets and bone marrow cells has great potential as a source of materials for regenerative medicine.
Clinical impact of FDG‐PET/CT in the planning of radiotherapy for early‐stage Hodgkin lymphoma
Authors: Hutchings Martin , Loft Annika , Hansen Mads , Berthelsen Anne Kiil , Specht Lena
Published: January 2007

Background: Early‐stage Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) has excellent survival rates but carries a high risk of late treatment‐related adverse effects. Modern, individualised therapeutic strategies require an accurate determination of the extent of the disease. This study investigated the potential impact of 2‐[18F]‐fluoro‐2‐deoxy‐d‐glucose positron emission tomography/computerised tomogrpahy (FDG‐PET/CT) in the planning of involved field radiotherapy (IFRT). Patients and methods: Thirty patients received staging FDG‐PET/CT before therapy, and IFRT after a short course of ABVD (adriamycin, bleomycin, vinblastine, dacarbazine) chemotherapy. IFRT planning was performed using only the CT data from the FDG‐PET/CT scan. Later, the IFRT planning was performed anew using the FDG‐PET/CT data as basis for contouring. Results: In 20 out of 30 patients, the radiotherapy (RT) course was unaffected by the addition of FDG‐PET/CT. FDG‐PET/CT would have increased the irradiated volume in seven patients where the volume receiving a minimum of 90% of the target dose was increased by 8–87%. FDG‐PET/CT decreased the volume in two patients where the volume was reduced by 18% and 30%. Conclusions: When used for RT planning, FDG‐PET/CT results in larger IFRT treatment volumes. If FDG‐PET/CT is introduced to RT planning, the method should be accompanied by a change in RT treatment strategy, aiming at more targeted therapy in order to best avoid radiation to normal tissues.
Reduced‐intensity allogeneic transplantation in patients with refractory or progressive Hodgkin's disease after high‐dose chemotherapy and autologous stem cell infusion
Authors: Todisco Elisabetta , Castagna Luca , Sarina Barbara , Mazza Rita , Anastasia Antonella , Balzarotti Monica , Banna Giuseppe , Tirelli Umberto , Soligo Davide , Santoro Armando
Published: January 2007

Background: We analysed the feasibility and efficacy of allogeneic stem cell transplantation (allo‐SCT) with reduced‐intensity conditioning (RIC) in patients with refractory or progressive Hodgkin's disease (HD) after high‐dose chemotherapy (HDCT). Patients and methods: Fourteen patients with HD received allo‐SCT with RIC: eleven patients had a human leucocytes antigen‐identical related donor and three a matched unrelated donor. Six had chemoresistant disease and eight had chemosensitive one at the time of transplantation. All patients received a fludarabine‐based RIC. Results: All patients engrafted and full donor chimerism was achieved in all patients. Grade II acute graft‐vs.‐host disease (GvHD) developed in six of the 14 patients (43%). Chronic GvHD developed in eight of the 13 patients (61%). There was neither early nor late treatment‐related mortality (TRM). With a median follow‐up of 21 months (range 3–74), 10 of the 14 patients were alive (71%). Estimated overall survival at 1 and 2 yr was 93% and 73%, respectively, for the whole population, 83% and 44% respectively for patients with chemoresistant disease and 100% for those with chemosensitive disease. Estimated progression‐free survival at 1 yr was 36%; 62.5% for chemosensitive patients and 0% for those with chemoresistant disease. Conclusions: In conclusion, allo‐SCT with fludarabine‐based RIC is a feasible procedure, without TRM in HD patients relapsed and refractory after HDCT. Even if several questions are still open, this approach should proposed for these poor prognosis patients.
LIGHT‐EMITTING‐DIODE CURING LIGHTS—REVISITED
Authors: Leonard Daniel L. , Swift Edward J.
Published: January 2007

The Critical Appraisal of light‐emitting‐diode (LED) curing lights published in 2003 found that early first‐generation LED curing lights did not meet manufacturers’ claims and required exposure times twice as long as conventional quartz‐tungsten‐halogen (QTH) curing lights to adequately polymerize resin composites. This Critical Appraisal reviews a sample of the recently published research on the performance of the latest generation of LED curing lights.
Views from the Other Side: Transatlantic Literature and Cultural Exchange
Authors: Macpherson Heidi Slettedahl
Published: January 2007

This article explores a range of literary texts, including novels and travel memoirs, to examine how transatlantic literature engages with issues of reading and misreading in relation to both national and individual identity. It explores self‐consciously transatlantic texts and maps the emergence of critical debates around transatlantic literature.
The Victorian Literature of Fear
Authors: Briefel Aviva
Published: January 2007

This article examines the prolific field of literary criticism on the Victorian gothic. It begins by offering a brief history of the genre and by delineating differences between its eighteenth‐ and nineteenth‐century manifestations. The article then isolates major critical discussions on the important triad of anxiety, monstrosity, and identity, focusing primarily on the last fifteen years. Among the most promising developments are recent interventions from queer theory, postcolonial studies, and economic theory. The final part of the article offers suggestions for future research, calling for a balance between a particularizing and expansive approach to the gothic.
The Segregation of Black Students at Oberlin College after Reconstruction
Authors: Waite Cally L.
Published: January 2007

The community of Oberlin, Ohio, located in the northeast corner of the state, holds an important place in the history of the education of Black Americans. In 1834, one year after its founding, the trustees of Oberlin College agreed to admit students, “irrespective of color.” They were the only college, at that time, to adopt such a policy. Oberlin's history as the first college to admit Black students and its subsequent abolitionist activities are crucial to the discussion of Black educational history. Opportunities for education before the Civil War were not common for most of the American population, but for Blacks, these opportunities were close to nonexistent. In the South, it was illegal for Blacks to learn to read or write. In the North, there was limited access to public schooling for Black families. In addition, during the early nineteenth century there were no Black colleges for students to attend. Although Bowdoin College boasted the first Black graduate in 1827, few other colleges before the Civil War opened their doors to Black students. Therefore, the opportunity that Oberlin offered to Black students was extraordinarily important. The decision to admit Black students to the college, and offer them the same access to the college curriculum as their white classmates, challenged the commonly perceived notion of Blacks as childlike, inferior, and incapable of learning.
The Problem of the Past in the Modern University: Catholics and Classicists, 1860-1900
Authors: Mahoney Kathleen A. , Winterer Caroline
Published: January 2007

Between 1860 and 1900 Americans witnessed a revolution that ushered in a new type of university and a new academic order. During those years, the increasingly nonsectarian, scientific, and utilitarian university supplanted the denominationally affiliated liberal arts college as America's preeminent institution of higher learning. Many of the architects of this new university, whose ranks included university presidents, faculty, and civic leaders, christened it a “modern” institution of higher education, wrapping their academic innovations in the rhetoric of progress. Conversely, they often depicted their opponents and those associated with older collegiate traditions as academic relics wedded to retrograde practices and enamored of past ages. The popularity of the idea of progress in the late nineteenth century and its formative role in the rise of the modern university are well known. Less clear is the fate of representatives and elements of the older academic order during this period. If indeed the universities of the late nineteenth century were “modern” and “progressive,” what was to be the fate of the past—and educators and scholars committed to the wisdom of the past—within those institutions and higher education more generally?
Getting a Purchase on “The School of Tomorrow” and its Constituent Commodities: Histories and Historiographies of Technologies
Authors: Petrina Stephen
Published: January 2007

“The School of Tomorrow,” as envisioned by psychologists Otis Caldwell and Stuart Courtis in 1924, “will pay far more attention to individuals than the schools of the past. Each child will be studied and measured repeatedly from many angles, both as a basis of prescriptions for treatment and as a means of controlling development. The new education will be scientific in that it will rest on a fact basis. All development of knowledge and skill will be individualized, and classroom practice and recitation as they exist today in conventional schools will largely disappear.” “The School of Tomorrow,” would use mechanical equipment, radios, and movies to reveal a world beyond the limits of books and recitations. Textbooks would be constructed for individual success and to underwrite a program of self-rehabilitation. Psychologists, through “experiments in laboratories and in schools of education” would discover “what everyone should know and the best way to learn essential elements.” In the surveillant spaces of “The School of Tomorrow,” hygienically regulated students would learn essential items under “psychologically right conditions.” John and Evelyn Dewey'sSchools of Tomorrow(1915) can be read similarly, where psychology and apparatus of individualization underwrite the new pedagogy. Hybrids of buildings, machines, media, and psychologies in a popularized, “modern” culture, promised distinction, excitement, health, hygiene, leisure, and prosperity.
Struggling Toward Success: Jesuit Education in Italy, 1540–1600
Authors: Carlsmith Christopher
Published: January 2007

In a letter to his Jesuit superior in the spring of 1558, John Paul Nicolas, S.J., described a recent argument with the bishop of Perugia:

The other day, Tuesday, I breakfasted with his Reverence the Bishop of Perugia; and he said to me that it was important to him and to everyone in Perugia that our school read the Latin grammar book of Christopher Sasso [a professor of rhetoric at the University of Perugia], because when they had seen that we read this and other grammars, they would be very friendly to us and in this way much rancor would be avoided. I responded to him: “Monsignor, being that there are so many grammar books as good as that of Sasso, it does not seem necessary to me to change, especially if Sasso's is no different than the others.” He said: “So much the better that they are not different, it will not be troublesome to you.” I repeated to him that such changes did not seem to me to be a good idea. He said: “Look, it will not be disliked,” adding that he had had experience with it in the past.
“A favored child of the state”: Federal Student Aid at Ohio Colleges and Universities, 1934–1943
Authors: Bower Kevin P.
Published: January 2007

Higher education scholars are familiar with the close relationship between American higher education and the federal government after World War II. The G.I. Bill and Cold War concerns for maintaining the nation's technological advantage made the federal government the major benefactor of postsecondary growth. The seismic shifts of that era, though, tend to overshadow earlier developing ties between the federal government and the colleges and, more specifically, the roots of direct federal aid to college students. This article seeks to redress that problem by exploring the subtle ways that federal aid became integrated into the visions and plans of the leaders of American higher education in the years prior to World War II. By examining New Deal Era college aid at a variety of institutions of higher education in the state of Ohio, we can uncover how the earlier courtship between the federal government and the colleges helped clear the way for later, more profound changes.
Rhetoric vs. Reality: The Fundraising Messages of the United Negro College Fund in the Immediate Aftermath of theBrownDecision
Authors: Gasman Marybeth
Published: January 2007

When the Supreme Court handed down its historic decision in the Spring of 1954, there was a rash of predictions and advocacies of the demise of Negro institutions of higher education. Relaxed and sober discussion and analysis have brought more sophistication relative to this group of colleges and universities.

—Robert C. Weaver, 1960
Brown, Black, and Yellow: Desegregation in a Multi-Ethnic Context
Authors: Williamson Joy Ann
Published: January 2007

The Brown decisions have become part of our collective American memory. Students know that the 1954 decision ended legalized segregation in elementary and secondary schools and rightly understand it as a benchmark in educational history. However, when pressed for information on the decisions, few have ever read the original court documents and even fewer realize there were two separate decisions, that four states and the District of Columbia were involved, and that the South fought aggressively for years to nullify their effect on school attendance. To teach Brown is to deconstruct simple notions of Civil Rights Movement triumphs and visions of a country eager to right historical wrongs. I incorporate Brown into three of my courses, but for the purposes of this piece I will focus on my Education for Liberation class since I believe that its comparative approach to Brown—as well as the entire class syllabus—teaches the worth of looking at educational reform through a variety of lenses.
Richard Kluger'sSimple Justiceafter 29 Years: Simple Justice
Authors: Lowe Robert
Published: January 2007

Although it is obligatory to mark the anniversary ofBrown v. Board of Education, why it deserves to be commemorated is not necessarily obvious at a distance of fifty years. The decision itself, Richard Kluger made clear inSimple Justice, was unprepossessing and unassertive. Delivered in pedestrian language, “the only soaring sentence,” he rightly pointed out, claimed that segregation could affect Black children's “hearts and minds in a way unlikely to be ever undone” (p. 705). The decision, in fact, emphasized the psychological damage African Americans putatively experienced rather than exposed the hypocrisy ofPlessyv.Ferguson's contention that racial classifications were not designed to impose an inferior standing on Black people. Additionally, this emphasis on psychological damage was supported by social science citations which gave top billing to Kenneth Clark, whose dubious research on African-American children's doll preferences had been persuasively critiqued by opposing counsel John W. Davis, and, according to Kluger, had even been “the source of considerable derision” among some of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) lawyers (p. 321). Finally, an implementation decision was deferred untilBrown II, which a year later required that desegregation proceed “with all deliberate speed,” limited relief to plaintiffs in the offending districts, left the nature of that relief to the district judges who had ruled against desegregation, and unleashed vigorous white resistance across much of the South.
Not SoSimple Justice
Authors: Urban Wayne
Published: January 2007

Five or so years ago, I sat down to write a proposal to fund the writing of a history of school desegregation. This was not easy to write, since I had to account for the legal history of the process since theBrowndecision, as well as the actual amount and kind of school desegregation that had taken place in that period, and come up with a definitive, overarching theme by which these two accounts would be tied together. Though the proposal was finished and submitted for funding, I was dissatisfied with my ability to say anything thematically novel or convincing about what had transpired in the forty-five or so years since the decision had been rendered. The funding agency evidently agreed with my own view of the proposal as it was not approved. So, I put my interest in school desegregation on the back burner, where it has rested until now. Once again, I get to confront the issue of whether or not I have anything interesting to say aboutBrownand its aftermath.
Teaching Quantum Physics Without Paradoxes
Authors: Hobson Art
Published: January 2007

Although the resolution to the wave-particle paradox has been known for 80 years,1,2 it is seldom presented. Briefly, the resolution is that material particles and photons are the quanta of extended spatially continuous but energetically quantized fields. But because the resolution resides in quantum field theory and is not usually spelled out in ordinary language, it is neither generally understood nor generally taught, especially not in the context of nonrelativistic quantum physics. The purpose of this paper is to provide that resolution and to suggest that we teach introductory quantum physics from this viewpoint.
High Genetic Stability of Integrons in Clinical Isolates of
Shigella
spp. of Worldwide Origin
Authors: Dubois Véronique , Parizano Marie-Pierre , Arpin Corinne , Coulange Laure , Bezian Marie-Christine , Quentin Claudine
Published: January 2007

Over a 12-year period, 68
Shigella
strains (31
S. sonnei
, 30
S. flexneri
, 4
S. dysenteriae
, and 3
S. boydii
strains) were collected in a French University Hospital from the stools of patients who generally had a recent history of travel to various parts of the world (91%), particularly Africa (67%). These strains were often resistant (streptomycin, spectinomycin, trimethoprim, tetracycline, and sulfonamides, 66 to 84%; ampicillin and chloramphenicol, 34 to 38%; nalidixic acid, 4%) and even multiresistant (87%), and they generally carried integrons (81%) of class 1 (21%), class 2 (47%), or both (13%). Class 1 integrons were associated with ampicillin resistance due to the production of an OXA-30 β-lactamase in
S. flexneri
and
S. dysenteriae
. Class 2 integrons were associated with trimethoprim resistance in
S. sonnei
. Class 1 and class 2 integrons were inserted within transposons Tn
21
and Tn
7
, respectively, themselves located on the bacterial chromosome, except in one strain. Class 1 integrons showed an atypical organization consisting of the insertion sequence IS
1
at the 3′ end instead of the typical 3′ conserved segment and two
bla
OXA-30
and
aadA1
gene cassettes, despite the absence of epidemiological relationships between the strains, and an apparently functional integrase. Class 2 integrons showed the same albeit classical organization with the three
dfrA1
,
sat
, and
aadA1
gene cassettes. Occasionally, the 3′ end was deleted and the
aadA1
gene cassette was unexpressed. Thus, integrons contributed only in part to the multidrug resistance of the
Shigella
strains. The highly conserved organization of integrons might be related to their location within mobile genetic superstructures.