bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Using Mobile Device Data to Understand the Effect of Stay-at-Home Orders on Residents’ Mobility
Authors: Wang Guihua
Published: November 2021

Problem definition: This study addresses three important questions concerning the effectiveness of stay-at-home orders and sociodemographic disparities. (1) What is the average effect of the orders on the percentage of residents staying at home? (2) Is the effect heterogeneous across counties with different percentages of vulnerable populations (defined as those without health insurance or who did not attend high school)? (3) If so, why are the orders less effective for some counties than for others? Academic/practical relevance: To combat the spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a number of states in the United States implemented stay-at-home orders that prevent residents from leaving their homes except for essential trips. These orders have drawn heavy criticism from the public because whether they are necessary and effective in increasing the number of residents staying at home is unclear. Methodology: We estimate the average effect of the orders using a difference-in-differences model, where the control group is the counties that did not implement the orders and the treatment group is the counties that did implement the orders during our study period. We estimate the heterogeneous effects of the orders by interacting county features with treatment dummies in a triple-difference model. Results: Using a unique set of mobile device data that track residents’ mobility, we find that, although some residents already voluntarily stayed at home before the implementation of any order, the stay-at-home orders increased the number of residents staying at home by 2.832 percentage points (or 11.25%). We also find that these orders are less effective for counties with higher percentages of uninsured or less educated (i.e., did not attend high school) residents. To explore the mechanisms behind these results, we analyze the effect of the orders on the average number of work and nonwork trips per person. We find that the orders reduce the number of work trips by 0.053 (or 7.87%) and nonwork trips by 0.183 (or 6.50%). The percentage of uninsured or less educated residents in a county negatively correlates with the reduction in the number of work trips but does not correlate with the reduction in the number of nonwork trips. Managerial implications: Our results suggest that uninsured and less educated residents are less likely to follow the orders because their jobs prevent them from working from home. Policy makers must take into account the differences in residents’ socioeconomic status when developing new policies or allocating limited healthcare resources.

History: This paper has been accepted for the Manufacturing & Service Operations Management Special Section on Responsible Research in Operations Management.

Supplemental Material: The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/msom.2021.1014 .
A Systematic Review of Flipped Learning Approach in Improving Speaking Skills
Authors: Santhanasamy Cassandra , Yunus Melor Md
Published: November 2021

Speaking skills had always been the most challenging skill among the pupils in language learning. The flipped learning approach is an innovative teaching and learning pedagogy that creates better learning experiences in order to improve pupils’ speaking skills. Therefore, this systematic literature review focuses on flipped learning approach in improving pupils’ speaking skills. This analysis is done based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) review methodology. A total of 39 articles related to flipped learning in improving speaking skills published between 2017 to 2020 were identified from Scopus, Google Scholar and ERIC databases. Based on the results, self-regulated learning, interaction, motivation and achievement were the key themes that promotes the benefit of flipped learning to improve pupils’ speaking skills. Hence, this paper is beneficial to policy makers, educators and students in utilizing flipped learning approach to improve pupils’ speaking skills from various levels of education.
Facing the Inevitable: The Effects of Coronavirus Disease Pandemic and Online Teaching on Teachers’ Self-Efficacy, Workload and Job Satisfaction
Authors: Szabó Éva , Kóródi Kitti , Szél Erzsébet , Jagodics Balázs
Published: November 2021

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) preventive measures influenced teachers directly. The sudden shift to new teaching environment emerged unknown challenges influencing teachers’ work differently. As self-efficacy is a key factor of successful teaching, the goal of our study was to examine the relationship among teachers’ efficacy-related experiences, work satisfaction and workload during the pandemic. 769 teachers (55 men and 677 female, 32 undefined) completed the online version of the Norwegian Teacher Self-Efficacy Scale and the Relative Self-Efficacy Scale. Findings indicated significant positive correlation between job satisfaction and self-efficacy as well as job satisfaction and the sense of competency. Kruskal-Wallis Test proved higher level of self-efficacy among teachers with more experience in online teaching in the past. According to SEM analysis, job satisfaction is predicted by efficacy beliefs concerning the sense of competence, motivation, coping and conflict resolution. Our findings indicate that experience in online teaching methods can enhance self-efficacy, which contributes to higher job satisfaction.
Perspectives on Lessons From the COVID-19 Outbreak for Post-pandemic Higher Education: Continuance Intention Model of Forced Online Distance Teaching
Authors: Dolenc Kosta , Šorgo Andrej , Ploj-Virtič Mateja
Published: November 2021

The response of most universities to the Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic was Online Distance Teaching (ODT), which was a new experience for many educators and students. The aim of the study was to investigate the response of university teachers to ODT. A questionnaire was sent to all university teachers (N = 914). We received 290 usable responses. To create a Continuance Intention Model of Forced Online Distance Teaching (CIMoFODT), Confirmatory Factorial Analysis (CFA) and Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) were used in addition to descriptive and inferential statistics. The main findings were as follows: (i) during the closure, use of the videoconferencing system MS Teams was the only item that increased significantly, owing to mandatory use; (ii) the increase in the use of other applications (e.g., Moodle, email) was minimal; (iii) after the reopening of the university, email, Moodle, and supplementary online materials will be used for ODT; MS Teams will be used for small group teaching and individual consultations; (iv) CIMoFODT can be applied to explain the intention to continue ODT. The main conclusion is that teachers will return to traditional teaching when classrooms reopen.
Desperate measures in desperate times : DIY PPE WITH RESPIRATOR (in areas with minimum resources)
Authors: Venkataramana Mahanti , Sireesha Ejjapureddi , Babu K. Janaki , Saroj P.
Published: November 2021

COVID 19, is a novel disease in the humans which is terrorising the whole world and blew up to become a pandemic in just a span of few months. The virus because of its rapid spread & infectivity is giving the healthcare system of every country a tough time. In India, though not fully blown yet, it will be very difficult to face the situation because of dire lack in the infrastructure and resources. Not just the ventilators but we may even run out of proper masks and PPE as well. Proper PPE, giving complete protection i.e, including a respirator, is the right of every healthcare worker especially during aerosol generating procedures. But unfortunately neither the technology nor the resources in our country will be adequate to cater to the present rising demand. So, in order to protect ourselves to the best of our ability and with the minimum resources, we have come up with this little innovation.
Perioperative Anesthetic Management for Surgical Repair of an Adult with Supracardiac Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Communication and Pulmonary Hypertension: A case report and Mini Review
Authors: Datt Vishnu , Wadhwa Rachna , Kumar Manish , Sharma Varun , Chaudhary Ripon , Virmani Sanjula
Published: November 2021

The total anomalous pulmonary venous communication [TAPVC] is a rare cyanotic congenital cardiac defect accounting for 1.5-3% of the congenital heart disease, in which pulmonary venous [PV] blood drains directly into the right side of the heart or into the systemic veins. Neonates with obstructive TAPVC may present with cyanosis, metabolic acidosis, respiratory failure, and shock. A subset of patients with unobstructed TAPVC may remain symptoms free and attain adulthood, or present with pulmonary congestion, pulmonary arterial hypertension [PAH]. The anesthetic management of either obstructed TAPVC or unobstructed with PAH can be quite challenging. The described patient is a 23-year male who presented with self – limiting single episode of chest pain, palpitations and dyspnea, diagnosed as supracardiac unobstructed TAPVC with ostium secundum atrial septal defect [OS – ASD] and PAH, who underwent successful intracardiac repair under cardiopulmonary bypass [CPB]. The protocol for the cardiac surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic for perioperative considerations and triage recommendations was strictly followed to reduce the risk of exposure to patients and healthcare workers. The objective of this case report and review is to recognize the spectrum of various clinical presentations in TAPVC, and to describe the diagnosis and perioperative management of TAPVC.
Key Words: Adult Supra cardiac TAPVC, unobstructed, PAH, cardiopulmonary bypass, corrective surgery, balanced general anesthesia
Speckleless color dynamic three-dimensional holographic display based on complex amplitude modulation: erratum
Authors: Pi Dapu , Liu Juan , Yu Shuang
Published: November 2021

We present an erratum to our recent work [Appl. Opt.
60, 7844–7848
(2021)APOPAI0003-693510.1364/AO.433422] that corrects errors in
Eqs. (5)
and (8). All the
simulations and experiments in the original paper were performed using
the correct equations, and therefore, the corrections do
not affect the results and conclusions of the original paper.
Highly efficient symmetrical dual-channel D-type photonic crystal fiber surface plasmon resonance sensor
Authors: Fang Hairui , Wei Chenjing , Jiang Wenjuan , Wang Dong , Li Jing
Published: November 2021

In order to improve the efficiency and accuracy of analytes’ refractive index (RI) detection, a symmetrical dual-channel D-type photonic crystal fiber surface plasmon resonance sensor is proposed. Dependent on the characteristics of dual-channel structure, the analytes are filled in both sides of the channel at the same time. The full vector finite-element method is adopted for numerical analysis to optimize the structural parameters of the sensor. The results show that when the silver (Ag) and titanium dioxide (

T
i

O

2

) layer thickness are 50 nm and 10 nm, respectively, the Ag-

T
i

O

2

microgratings number in one side channel is 50, and the spacing is 30 nm. The maximum wavelength sensitivity is 14,000 nm/RIU for both channels for the RI changing from 1.33 to 1.40. It is proved that it can detect analytes’ RI in two channels at the same time. And the use scene of the sensor is explained in detail. As a result, it can not only reduce the time cost of cleaning the detection channel and checking the symmetry of two channels, but also be used to judge whether the RI of analytes in two channels is the same, which improves the detection efficiency and accuracy in biology and chemistry.
Vision ray metrology for freeform optics
Authors: Ramirez-Andrade Ana Hiza , Shadalou Shohreh , Gurganus Dustin , Davies Matthew A. , Suleski Thomas J. , Falaggis Konstantinos
Published: November 2021

Vision ray techniques are known in the optical community to provide low-uncertainty image formation models. In this work, we extend this approach and propose a vision ray metrology system that estimates the geometric wavefront of a measurement sample using the sample-induced deflection in the vision rays. We show the feasibility of this approach using simulations and measurements of spherical and freeform optics. In contrast to the competitive technique deflectometry, this approach relies on differential measurements and, hence, requires no elaborated calibration procedure that uses sophisticated optimization algorithms to estimate geometric constraints. Applications of this work are the metrology and alignment of freeform optics.
High-efficiency, continuous-wave Fe:ZnSe mid-IR laser end pumped by an Er:YAP laser
Authors: Li Enhao , Uehara Hiyori , Yao Weichao , Tokita Shigeki , Potemkin Fedor , Yasuhara Ryo
Published: November 2021

Fe:ZnSe lasers operating in the mid-IR spectral region have gained widespread attention due to their numerous potential applications. This study presents a high-efficiency, continuous-wave Fe:ZnSe laser end pumped by an Er:YAP laser at 2920 nm. The Er:YAP laser was home-constructed and generated an output power of 3.6 W and an average slope efficiency of 36.6% with a good beam quality (M2 ≤ 2). The Fe:ZnSe laser produced a maximum output power of 1 W at 4.06 µm for 2.1 W of absorbed pump power, corresponding to an average slope efficiency of 48%. Theoretical modeling of the continuous-wave Fe:ZnSe laser is presented to determine the prospects for further power scaling.
Multicore fibers with 10 and 16 single-mode cores for the visible spectrum
Authors: Azadeh Saeed Sharif , Stalmashonak Andrei , Bennett Kevin W. , Chen Fu-Der , Sacher Wesley D. , Poon Joyce K. S.
Published: November 2021

We report multicore fibers (MCFs) with 10 and 16 linearly distributed
cores with single-mode operation in the visible spectrum. The average
propagation loss of the cores is 0.06 dB/m at

λ

 = 445 nm and <
0.03 dB/m at wavelengths longer than 488 nm. The low inter-core
crosstalk and nearly identical performance of the cores make these
MCFs suitable for spatial division multiplexing in the visible
spectrum. As a proof-of-concept application, one of the MCFs was
coupled to an implantable neural probe to spatially address
light-emitting gratings on the probe.
High-dynamic imaging system for real-time detection of illuminance by vehicle head lamps
Authors: Lin Shih-Kang , Hsiao Li-Wei , Wu Chi-Shou , Nguyen Quang-Khoi , Sun Ching-Cherng , Yang Tsung-Hsun , Yu Yeh-Wei
Published: November 2021

In this paper, we propose an imaging system for quick detection of high-dynamic illumination with a high-contrast cutoff line. A digital camera is used to capture the image of the light pattern from a vehicle headlamp. After having image processing and calibration, we can accurately obtain the illuminance of the measurement plane while different exposure times are used to increase the dynamic range of the system measurement. Two representative regulations are mainly discussed, one is K-mark and the other is ECE R113 Class B. Results show that the measurement errors of our imaging system are within ±5% when the values are more than 2 lx, and have a difference of 0.1 lx when the values are less than 2 lx.
Substrate effect on scattering by a chiral sphere
Authors: Zamani Hasan
Published: November 2021

The effect of stratified substrates on scattering from a chiral sphere is analytically and numerically examined. A combination of vector Mie solution and the field transformations between vector spherical functions (VSFs) and plane waves (PWs) is used to determine the scattered fields of different orders. The generalized reflection coefficients of the stratified half-space and vector Mie solution for the chiral sphere are used to calculate successive interactions of the sphere and the interface and a series solution is obtained. Commercial software FEKO is used to numerically validate the derived expressions for the multilayered substrate. Various numerical results are presented and discussed. Specifically, a slab with exponential profile is considered as an example of an inhomogeneous substrate and its scattering coefficients are compared with the homogeneous case.
Single-scan polarization-resolved degenerate four-wave mixing spectroscopy using a vector optical field
Authors: Yuan Jiaqi , Cheng Xuemei , Wang Xing , Jiao Tengfei , Ren Zhaoyu
Published: November 2021

We report on a new method to achieve the single-scan polarization-resolved degenerate four-wave mixing (DFWM) spectroscopy in a Rb atomic medium using a vector optical field, in which two pump beams are kept linearly polarized and a vector beam is employed as the probe beam. As the polarization and intensity of the DFWM signal are closely dependent on the polarization state of the probe beam, a vector probe beam with space-variant states of polarization is able to generate a DFWM signal with space-variant states of polarization and intensity across the DFWM image. Accordingly, the polarization-resolved spectra can be retrieved from a single DFWM image. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that the single-scan polarization-resolved spectrum detection has been realized experimentally with a vector beam. This work provides a simple but efficient single-scan polarization-resolved spectroscopic method, which would be of great utility for the samples of poor light stability and fast optical processes.
Estimating repeat spectra and genome length from low-coverage genome skims with RESPECT
Authors: Sarmashghi Shahab , Balaban Metin , Rachtman Eleonora , Touri Behrouz , Mirarab Siavash , Bafna Vineet
Published: November 2021

The cost of sequencing the genome is dropping at a much faster rate compared to assembling and finishing the genome. The use of lightly sampled genomes (genome-skims) could be transformative for genomic ecology, and results using k-mers have shown the advantage of this approach in identification and phylogenetic placement of eukaryotic species. Here, we revisit the basic question of estimating genomic parameters such as genome length, coverage, and repeat structure, focusing specifically on estimating the k-mer repeat spectrum. We show using a mix of theoretical and empirical analysis that there are fundamental limitations to estimating the k-mer spectra due to ill-conditioned systems, and that has implications for other genomic parameters. We get around this problem using a novel constrained optimization approach (Spline Linear Programming), where the constraints are learned empirically. On reads simulated at 1X coverage from 66 genomes, our method, REPeat SPECTra Estimation (RESPECT), had 2.2% error in length estimation compared to 27% error previously achieved. In shotgun sequenced read samples with contaminants, RESPECT length estimates had median error 4%, in contrast to other methods that had median error 80%. Together, the results suggest that low-pass genomic sequencing can yield reliable estimates of the length and repeat content of the genome. The RESPECT software will be publicly available at
https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__github.com_shahab-2Dsarmashghi_RESPECT.git&d=DwIGAw&c=-35OiAkTchMrZOngvJPOeA&r=ZozViWvD1E8PorCkfwYKYQMVKFoEcqLFm4Tg49XnPcA&m=f-xS8GMHKckknkc7Xpp8FJYw_ltUwz5frOw1a5pJ81EpdTOK8xhbYmrN4ZxniM96&s=717o8hLR1JmHFpRPSWG6xdUQTikyUjicjkipjFsKG4w&e=.
Intriguing effects of selection intensity on the evolution of prosocial behaviors
Authors: McAvoy Alex , Rao Andrew , Hauert Christoph
Published: November 2021

In many models of evolving populations, genetic drift has an outsized role relative to natural selection, or vice versa. While there are many scenarios in which one of these two assumptions is reasonable, intermediate balances between these forces are also biologically relevant. In this study, we consider some natural axioms for modeling intermediate selection intensities, and we explore how to quantify the long-term evolutionary dynamics of such a process. To illustrate the sensitivity of evolutionary dynamics to drift and selection, we show that there can be a “sweet spot” for the balance of these two forces, with sufficient noise for rare mutants to become established and sufficient selection to spread. This balance allows prosocial traits to evolve in evolutionary models that were previously thought to be unconducive to the emergence and spread of altruistic behaviors. Furthermore, the effects of selection intensity on long-run evolutionary outcomes in these settings, such as when there is global competition for reproduction, can be highly non-monotonic. Although intermediate selection intensities (neither weak nor strong) are notoriously difficult to study analytically, they are often biologically relevant; and the results we report suggest that they can elicit novel and rich dynamics in the evolution of prosocial behaviors.
JNK and Yorkie drive tumor malignancy by inducing L-amino acid transporter 1 in Drosophila
Authors: Cong Bojie , Nakamura Mai , Sando Yukari , Kondo Takefumi , Ohsawa Shizue , Igaki Tatsushi
Published: November 2021

Identifying a common oncogenesis pathway among tumors with different oncogenic mutations is critical for developing anti-cancer strategies. Here, we performed transcriptome analyses on two different models of Drosophila malignant tumors caused by Ras activation with cell polarity defects (RasV12/scrib-/-) or by microRNA bantam overexpression with endocytic defects (bantam/rab5-/-), followed by an RNAi screen for genes commonly essential for tumor growth and malignancy. We identified that Juvenile hormone Inducible-21 (JhI-21), a Drosophila homolog of the L-amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1), is upregulated in these malignant tumors with different oncogenic mutations and knocking down of JhI-21 strongly blocked their growth and invasion. JhI-21 expression was induced by simultaneous activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and Yorkie (Yki) in these tumors and thereby contributed to tumor growth and progression by activating the mTOR-S6 pathway. Pharmacological inhibition of LAT1 activity in Drosophila larvae significantly suppressed growth of RasV12/scrib-/- tumors. Intriguingly, LAT1 inhibitory drugs did not suppress growth of bantam/rab5-/- tumors and overexpression of bantam rendered RasV12/scrib-/- tumors unresponsive to LAT1 inhibitors. Further analyses with RNA sequencing of bantam-expressing clones followed by an RNAi screen suggested that bantam induces drug resistance against LAT1 inhibitors via downregulation of the TMEM135-like gene CG31157. Our observations unveil an evolutionarily conserved role of LAT1 induction in driving Drosophila tumor malignancy and provide a powerful genetic model for studying cancer progression and drug resistance.
The genome variation and developmental transcriptome maps reveal genetic differentiation of skeletal muscle in pigs
Authors: Yang Yalan , Yan Junyu , Fan Xinhao , Chen Jiaxing , Wang Zishuai , Liu Xiaoqin , Yi Guoqiang , Liu Yuwen , Niu Yongchao , Zhang Longchao , Wang Lixian , Li ShuaiCheng , Li Kui , Tang Zhonglin
Published: November 2021

Natural and artificial directional selections have resulted in significantly genetic and phenotypic differences across breeds in domestic animals. However, the molecular regulation of skeletal muscle diversity remains largely unknown. Here, we conducted transcriptome profiling of skeletal muscle across 27 time points, and performed whole-genome re-sequencing in Landrace (lean-type) and Tongcheng (obese-type) pigs. The transcription activity decreased with development, and the high-resolution transcriptome precisely captured the characterizations of skeletal muscle with distinct biological events in four developmental phases: Embryonic, Fetal, Neonatal, and Adult. A divergence in the developmental timing and asynchronous development between the two breeds was observed; Landrace showed a developmental lag and stronger abilities of myoblast proliferation and cell migration, whereas Tongcheng had higher ATP synthase activity in postnatal periods. The miR-24-3p driven network targeting insulin signaling pathway regulated glucose metabolism. Notably, integrated analysis suggestedSATB2andXLOC_036765contributed to skeletal muscle diversity via regulating the myoblast migration and proliferation, respectively. Overall, our results provide insights into the molecular regulation of skeletal muscle development and diversity in mammals.
A mixed methods analysis of the magnitude and associated factors of time management practice among primary hospital employees in North Gondar, Ethiopia
Authors: Chanie Muluken Genetu , Feleke Amsalu , Mekonnen Solomon , Alemu Mamo Dereje , Ewunetie Gojjam Eshetie
Published: November 2021

Time management contributes to work efficiency, maintaining balance, and job satisfaction by promoting productivity and success. Most people believe they have so much to do and not enough time, and they attribute their unmet expectations, poor results, and low productivity to a lack of time. The aim of this study was to determine the magnitude and associated factors of time management practice among primary hospital employees in North Gondar, Ethiopia.From March 15 to April 28, 2017, a hospital-based cross-sectional mixed methods (both quantitative and qualitative) study design was conducted in North Gondar Zone. For the quantitative part, pre-tested, standardized questionnaires; as well as an interviewer guide for the qualitative part of the study were used for data collection. Using a random sampling technique, 391 employees were completed the questionnaires. A multivariate and bi-variate logistic regression analysis at AOR with a 95% CI and a p-value of < 0.5 were used to identify significant factors of the study. For qualitative data, thematic content analysis was performed. A total of 391 participants (a response rate of 92.6%) took part in the study. The number of participants who practice time management was 56.4% (95% CI: 49.3%, 61.7%). Organizational policies (AOR: 2.16; 95% CI: 1.02, 4.68), performance appraisal systems (AOR: 2.11; 95% CI: 1.32, 4.66), compensation and benefits system (AOR: 4.18; 95% CI: 2.18, 7.99), employee planning experience (AOR: 2.86; 95% CI: 1.42, 5.75), and residence (AOR: 2.08; 95% CI: 1.08, 4.01) were found predictors of time management practice among primary hospital employees. Overall, there was a moderate level of time management practice in the study area. Significant factors found were organizational policies, compensation and benefits packages, performance appraisal systems, planning experience, and residency. Therefore, managers need to develop an intervention to address all the above factors in order to improve time management practice of primary hospital employees at work.
Diagnostics to support elimination of lymphatic filariasis—Development of two target product profiles
Authors: Won Kimberly Y. , Gass Katherine , Biamonte Marco , Dagne Daniel Argaw , Ducker Camilla , Hanna Christopher , Hoerauf Achim , Lammie Patrick J. , Njenga Sammy M. , Noordin Rahmah , Ramaiah Kapa D. , Ramzy Reda , Scholte Ronaldo G. Carvalho , Solomon Anthony W. , Souza Ashley A. , Tappero Jordan , Toubali Emily , Weil Gary J. , Williams Steven A. , King Jonathan D.
Published: November 2021

As lymphatic filariasis (LF) programs move closer to established targets for validation elimination of LF as a public health problem, diagnostic tools capable of supporting the needs of the programs are critical for success. Known limitations of existing diagnostic tools make it challenging to have confidence that program endpoints have been achieved. In 2019, the World Health Organization (WHO) established a Diagnostic Technical Advisory Group (DTAG) for Neglected Tropical Diseases tasked with prioritizing diagnostic needs including defining use-cases and target product profiles (TPPs) for needed tools. Subsequently, disease-specific DTAG subgroups, including one focused on LF, were established to develop TPPs and use-case analyses to be used by product developers. Here, we describe the development of two priority TPPs for LF diagnostics needed for making decisions for stopping mass drug administration (MDA) of a triple drug regimen and surveillance. Utilizing the WHO core TPP development process as the framework, the LF subgroup convened to discuss and determine attributes required for each use case. TPPs considered the following parameters: product use, design, performance, product configuration and cost, and access and equity. Version 1.0 TPPs for two use cases were published by WHO on 12 March 2021 within the WHO Global Observatory on Health Research and Development. A common TPP characteristic that emerged in both use cases was the need to identify new biomarkers that would allow for greater precision in program delivery. As LF diagnostic tests are rarely used for individual clinical diagnosis, it became apparent that reliance on population-based surveys for decision making requires consideration of test performance in the context of such surveys. In low prevalence settings, the number of false positive test results may lead to unnecessary continuation or resumption of MDA, thus wasting valuable resources and time. Therefore, highly specific diagnostic tools are paramount when used to measure low thresholds. The TPP process brought to the forefront the importance of linking use case, program platform and diagnostic performance characteristics when defining required criteria for diagnostic tools.
Challenges for China to achieve carbon neutrality and carbon peak goals: Beijing case study
Authors: Hu Junfeng , Wu Jiang , Zhao Chuan , Wang Peng
Published: November 2021

China has set a goal to achieve peak CO2 emissions before 2030 and carbon neutrality by 2060. To achieve the goals of carbon peak and carbon neutrality, China needs to address the challenge of the large and still growing CO2 emission base. This paper investigated the energy consumption and CO2 emission in Beijing from 2020–2035 based on the energy elasticity coefficient and contribution value of the sub-energy increment (CVSI) method. Beijing is one of the first cities in China to propose the "carbon peak” target as of 2020. From 2020 Beijing will strive to achieve the goal of carbon neutrality. The results show that in 2035 the CO2 emission in Beijing may drop to 50% of 2020. This decline would be affected by economic growth, energy efficiency and the proportion of renewable energy use. Beijing’s energy supply mainly comes from outside the region. Therefore, for Beijing, in addition to increasing the proportion of renewable energy sources outside the region, its own energy acceptance also needs to be strengthened, including strengthening energy storage construction, actively researching and promoting carbon capture and utilization of gas-fired units, which are effective ways to achieve carbon neutrality target.
The role of fragrance and self-esteem in perception of body odors and impressions of others
Authors: Croijmans Ilja , Beetsma Daniel , Aarts Henk , Gortemaker Ilse , Smeets Monique
Published: November 2021

Human sweat odor serves as social communication signal for a person’s traits and emotional states. This study explored whether body odors can also communicate information about one’s self-esteem, and the role of applied fragrance in this relationship. Female participants were asked to rate self-esteem and attractiveness of different male contestants of a dating show, while being exposed to male participant’s body odors differing in self-esteem. High self-esteem sweat was rated more pleasant and less intense than low self-esteem sweat. However, there was no difference in perceived self-esteem and attractiveness of male contestants in videos, hence explicit differences in body odor did not transfer to judgments of related person characteristics. When the body odor was fragranced using a fragranced body spray, male contestants were rated as having higher self-esteem and being more attractive. The finding that body odors from male participants differing in self-esteem are rated differently and can be discriminated suggests self-esteem has distinct perceivable olfactory features, but the remaining findings imply that only fragrance affect the psychological impression someone makes. These findings are discussed in the context of the role of body odor and fragrance in human perception and social communication.
Adaptor protein XB130 regulates the aggressiveness of cholangiocarcinoma
Authors: Poosekeaw Pirawan , Pairojkul Chawalit , Sripa Banchob , Sa Ngiamwibool Prakasit , Iamsaard Sitthichai , Sakonsinsiri Chadamas , Thanan Raynoo , Ungarreevittaya Piti
Published: November 2021

Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a group of heterogenous malignancies arising from bile duct epithelium with distinct pathological features. Adaptor proteins have implicated in cell proliferation, migration, and invasion of different cancer cells. The objective of this study was to assess whether the adaptor protein XB130 (AFAP1L2) is a critical biological determinant of CCA outcome. XB130 expression levels were investigated in four CCA cell lines compared to an immortalized cholangiocyte cell line by Western blotting. Small interfering (si) RNA-mediated XB130 gene silencing was conducted to evaluate the effects of reduced XB130 expression on cell proliferation, migration, and invasion by MTT, transwell migration and cell invasion assay. The immunohistochemical quantification of XB130 levels were performed in surgically resected formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded specimens obtained from 151 CCA patients. The relationship between XB130 expression and the clinicopathological parameters of CCA patients were analyzed. Our results showed that XB130 was highly expressed in KKU-213A cell line. Knockdown of XB130 using siRNA significantly decreased the proliferation, migration, and invasion properties of KKU-213A cells through the inhibition of PI3K/Akt pathway, suggesting that XB130 plays an important role in CCA progression. Moreover, elevated XB130 expression levels were positive relationship with lymphovascular space invasion (LVSI), intrahepatic type of CCA, high TNM staging (stage III, IV), high T classification (T3, T4), and lymph node metastasis. We provide the first evidence that the overexpression of XB130 is associated with tumorigenic properties of CCA cells, leading to CCA progression with aggressive clinical outcomes.
A simulation study of drone delivery of Automated External Defibrillator (AED) in Out of Hospital Cardiac Arrest (OHCA) in the UK
Authors: Rees Nigel , Howitt Jeremy , Breyley Nigel , Geoghegan Phil , Powel Carl
Published: November 2021

Background

Drones are increasingly used in healthcare, and feasibility studies of deployment of Automated External Defibrillators (AED) in Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) have been conducted. Despite the potential contribution of drones to healthcare, regulatory barriers exist, including limits on flights beyond visual line-of-sight (BVLOS). The aim of this project was to deliver an AED BVLOS in Wales.

Methods

We developed of a Concept of Operations (CONOPS) to identify requirements, constraints, organisation and roles and responsibilities associated with deploying a drone to deliver an AED BVLOS. We equipped a Penguin B drone with satellite-enabled technology to enhance situational awareness and safety for the remote pilot. A BVLOS Operating Safety Case and three-week flight test programme was conducted with an AED attached directly to parachute for deployment to simulated OHCA.

Results

We completed six flights totalling 92km, 1:02.5 hours of flight time and four successful parachute payload drops. We conducted a successful end-to-end flight demonstration of an AED delivered via BVLOS by drone to a simulated OHCA and resuscitation by lay responder’s in a remote location; the final delivery of 4.5km was completed in 2:50 minutes.

Conclusion

We have delivered an AED by parachute, from fixed wing drone BVLOS in the UK in simulated OHCA. This project adds to the body of knowledge required for regulatory assurance on drone use BVLOS. Further research is needed before routine use of this technology.
Development, evaluation and application of a novel markerless motion analysis system to understand push-start technique in elite skeleton athletes
Authors: Needham Laurie , Evans Murray , Cosker Darren P. , Colyer Steffi L.
Published: November 2021

This study describes the development, evaluation and application of a computer vision and deep learning system capable of capturing sprinting and skeleton push start step characteristics and mass centre velocities (sled and athlete). Movement data were captured concurrently by a marker-based motion capture system and a custom markerless system. High levels of agreement were found between systems, particularly for spatial based variables (step length error 0.001 ± 0.012 m) while errors for temporal variables (ground contact time and flight time) were on average within ± 1.5 frames of the criterion measures. Comparisons of sprinting and pushing revealed decreased mass centre velocities as a result of pushing the sled but step characteristics were comparable to sprinting when aligned as a function of step velocity. There were large asymmetries between the inside and outside leg during pushing (e.g. 0.22 m mean step length asymmetry) which were not present during sprinting (0.01 m step length asymmetry). The observed asymmetries suggested that force production capabilities during ground contact were compromised for the outside leg. The computer vision based methods tested in this research provide a viable alternative to marker-based motion capture systems. Furthermore, they can be deployed into challenging, real world environments to non-invasively capture data where traditional approaches are infeasible.
Feasibility of two screen media reduction interventions: Results from the SCREENS pilot trial
Authors: Rasmussen Martin G. B. , Pedersen Jesper , Olesen Line Grønholt , Kristensen Peter Lund , Brønd Jan Christian , Grøntved Anders
Published: November 2021

Background

Advancements in screen media devices has transformed the way families engage with screen media. Although these modern devices offer many opportunities, e.g. communication and research online, an in-depth understanding of how these devices affect our health, is lacking. Before a definite randomized controlled trial, the SCREENS pilot study was conducted to assess compliance to and feasibility of two interventions, a measurement protocol, and a survey-based recruitment strategy. Also, the potential of the interventions to impact leisure time spent non-sedentary in children six-to-ten years of age was explored.

Methods

Families (N = 12) were recruited through a population-based survey sent out in October of 2018 to adults (N = 1,675) in the Municipality of Middelfart, Denmark. Families were randomized to one of two two-week interventions; an Evening Restriction intervention (no screen media use after six pm) and a General Restrict intervention (limit entertainment-based screen media to three hours/week/person). Intervention compliance was assessed objectively by measuring household TV usage, smartphone and tablet activity via an application, and via screen media diaries. During baseline and follow-up, as part of larger protocol, family members wore two triaxial accelerometers for seven consecutive days. The potential of the interventions to impact non-sedentary time was explored based on means and standard errors (SEs).

Results

Despite almost 85% and 75% reductions in leisure screen media use 0% and 50% of families were compliant in the Evening Restrict group and General Restrict group, respectively, based on strict a priori criteria. Participant feedback indicated that the General Restrict intervention generally was feasibly. Compliance to the accelerometry wear protocol was high (median non-wear was <1 hour/week). Moreover, the recruitment strategy was implemented and was feasible. The General restrict intervention might increase children’s non-sedentary time (mean (SE): 36.6 (23) min/day, N = 6).

Conclusions

The General Restriction intervention, the accelerometer wear protocol and recruitment strategy, appeared feasible.

Trial registration

NCT03788525 at https://clinicaltrials.gov [Retrospectively registered; 27th of December, 2018].
Validation of the three-chamber strategy for studying mate choice in medaka
Authors: Kaneko Ena , Sato Hinako , Fukamachi Shoji
Published: November 2021

The three-chamber experiment, in which one test animal can choose between two animals placed in physically inaccessible compartments, is a widely adopted strategy for studying sexual preference in animals. Medaka, a small freshwater teleost, is an emerging model for dissecting the neurological/physiological mechanisms underlying mate choice for which intriguing findings have been accumulating. The three-chamber strategy has rarely been adopted in this species; therefore, here we investigated its validity using medaka colour variants that mate assortatively. First, a total of 551 movies, in which a test male and two choice females interacted for 30 min under a free-swimming condition, were manually analysed. The sexual preference of the males, calculated as a courtship ratio, was highly consistent between human observers (r > 0.96), supporting the objectivity of this manual-counting strategy. Second, we tested two types of three-chamber apparatuses, in which choice fish were presented in either a face-to-face or side-by-side location. Test fish (regardless of sex) spent most of the time associating with choice fish in the compartments. However, their sexual preference, calculated as an association ratio, was poorly reproduced when the locations of the choice fish were swapped. Third, the sexual preferences of males quantified using the manual-counting and either of the three-chamber strategies did not correlate (r = 0.147 or 0.297). Hence, we concluded that, even for individuals of a species like medaka, which spawn every day, sexual preference could not be reliably evaluated using the three-chamber strategy. Optimization of the protocol may solve this problem; however, the explanation for the observation that animals that are ready for spawning persist with never-accessible mating partners must be reconsidered.
Optimization of exogenous carbohydrases supplemented in broiler diets using in vitro simulated gastrointestinal digestion and response surface methodology
Authors: Liu Yang , Liu Shengli , Jiang Guitao , Dai Qiuzhong
Published: November 2021

The present study aimed to explore the optimal zymogram of combination of 6 carbohydrases (glucoamylase, pullulanase, maltase, thermostable α-amylase, medium temperature α-amylase, and cold-active α-amylase) supplemented in corn-soybean based diet of broilers aged 1 to 3 wk for the maximum starch digestibility, by using in vitro simulated gastrointestinal digestion and response surface method. The third generation of simulated monogastric animal digestion system was used for in vitro digestion experiment. By using single factor completely random design, the optimal supplement levels of single carbohydras were determined by the reducing sugar release amount and improved dry matter digestibility, which were the parameters representing the starch digestibility of the diet. Additionally, Box-Behnken response surface method was used to predict the optimal combination of 6 carbohydrases. The results showed that the optimistic zymogram of 6 carbohydrases in corn-soybean based diet for broilers aged 1 to 3 wk were 297.39 U/g glucoamylase, 549.72 U/g pullulanase, 3.01 U/g maltase, 1,455.73 U/g thermostable α-amylase, 278.64 U/g medium temperature α-amylase, and 1,985.97 U/g cold-active α-amylase, and the associated reduced sugar release amount and improved dry matter digestibility were 215.98 mg/g, and 6.23%, respectively. Furthermore, we conducted in vitro digestion experiments with diets supplemented with the predicted optimistic zymogram and found that the experimental reduced sugar release amount and improved dry matter digestibility were 219.26 mg/g and 6.31% respectively, whose errors to the predicted optimistic reducing sugar release amount and the improved dry matter digestibility were 1.05% and 1.02%. To sum up, the predicted optimal zymogram of 6 carbohydrases in the present study were capable to improve the starch digestibility in diet for broilers aged 1 to 3 wk, which were represented by increased reduced sugar release amount and improved dry matter digestibility.
There’s no smoke without fire: Smoking in smoke-free acute mental health wards
Authors: Jenkin Gabrielle , McIntosh Jacqueline , Hoek Janet , Mala Krishtika , Paap Hannah , Peterson Debbie , Marques Bruno , Every-Palmer Susanna
Published: November 2021

Background

People who smoke with serious mental illness carry disproportionate costs from smoking, including poor health and premature death from tobacco-related illnesses. Hospitals in New Zealand are ostensibly smoke-free; however, some mental health wards have resisted implementing this policy.

Aim

This study explored smoking in acute metal health wards using data emerging from a large sociological study on modern acute psychiatric units.

Methods

Eighty-five in-depth, semi-structured interviews were conducted with staff and service users from four units. Data were analysed using a social constructionist problem representation approach.

Results

Although high-level smoke-free policies were mandatory, most participants disregarded these policies and smoking occurred in internal courtyards. Staff reasoned that acute admissions were not the time to quit smoking, citing the sceptres of distress and possibly violence; further, they found smoking challenging to combat. Inconsistent enforcement of smoke-free policies was common and problematic. Many service users also rejected smoke-free policies; they considered smoking facilitated social connections, alleviated boredom, and helped them feel calm in a distressing environment – some started or increased smoking following admission. A minority viewed smoking as a problem; a fire hazard, or pollutant. No one mentioned its health risks.

Conclusion

Psychiatric wards remain overlooked corners where hospital smoke-free policies are inconsistently applied or ignored. Well-meaning staff hold strong but anachronistic views about smoking. To neglect smoking cessation support for people with serious mental illness is discriminatory and perpetuates health and socioeconomic inequities. However, blanket applications of generic policy are unlikely to succeed. Solutions may include myth-busting education for service users and staff, local champions, and strong managerial support and leadership, with additional resourcing during transition phases. Smoke-free policies need consistent application with non-judgemental NRT and, potentially, other treatments. Smoking cessation would be supported by better designed facilities with more options for alleviating boredom, expressing autonomy, facilitating social connections, and reducing distress.