bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On validity of the Schottky-Mott rule in organic semiconductors: Sexithiophene on various substrates
Authors: Ivanco J. , Netzer F. P. , Ramsey M. G.
Published: May 2007

The energy level alignment of sexithiophene monolayer and multilayer films grown on a variety of well-defined substrates with different work functions is presented in this study. The ionization potential of the films as measured by valence band photoemission is found to have two distinct values that differ by ∼0.8 eV depending on substrate and/or growth conditions of the films. The results suggest the necessity of considering the variance of the ionization potential for the correct interpretation of energy level alignment obtained by photoemission; we demonstrate that the commonly reported absence of the relation between the band alignment and the substrate work function is partly determined by extrinsic effects. These are induced by varying electronic properties of solid films in addition to the intrinsic effects of the interfaces.
Charge injection mechanism across the Au-poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) interface
Authors: Thakur A. K. , Mukherjee A. K. , Preethichandra D. M. G. , Takashima W. , Kaneto K.
Published: May 2007

The nature of charge injection has been investigated across the Au-poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT) interface of two kinds: P3HT on Au (bottom contact) and Au on P3HT (top contact). The J-V characteristics of a Au(bottom)/P3HT/Au(top) sandwich cell are analyzed by using the Fowler–Nordheim model and the hole barrier height at the top and bottom contacts has been estimated. The top contact showed a higher barrier height in comparison to the bottom contact. The quenching of photoluminescence spectra and the disappearance of characteristic P3HT peaks from the absorption spectra for the top contact supports that the ionically sputtered gold atoms on the polymer give rise to greater density of interfacial trap sites than those at bottom interface.
On the helix-coil transition in alanine based polypeptides in gas phase
Authors: Wei Yanjie , Nadler Walter , Hansmann Ulrich H. E.
Published: May 2007

Using multicanonical simulations, the authors study the effect of charged end groups on helix formation in alanine based polypeptides. They confirm earlier reports that neutral polyalanine exhibits a pronounced helix-coil transition in gas phase simulations. Introducing a charged Lys+ at the C terminal stabilizes the α helix and leads to a higher transition temperature. On the other hand, adding the Lys+ at the N terminal inhibits helix formation. Instead, a more globular structure was found. These results are in agreement with recent experiments on alanine based polypeptides in gas phase. They indicate that present force fields describe accurately the intramolecular interactions in proteins.
Temperature, composition, and hydrogen isotope effect in the hydrogenation of CO on amorphous ice surface at 10–20K
Authors: Hidaka H. , Kouchi A. , Watanabe N.
Published: May 2007

An experiment on the addition reaction of a D atom (deuteration) to CO on a cold ice surface is performed by deuterium atom exposure of three types of samples (pure solid CO, CO-capped H2O ice, and CO–H2O mixed ice) at 10–20K. The variation of IR absorption spectra for the samples was measured by a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer during exposure to deuterium atoms. Reactions on pure solid CO were observed only at 10K, while reactions on CO-capped H2O ice and CO–H2O mixed ice were observed to proceed even at 20K. This indicates that the coexistence of H2O at the surface raises the reactive temperature. In addition, the experiment on H atom exposure was also carried out at 15K to compare the reaction rate constant between the H and D atoms. The ratio of reaction rate constant kD∕kH obtained is about 0.08 at 15K. The authors provide information on the potential energy for the H+CO reaction at the surface by using the ratio kD∕kH and by a model calculation of the potential tunneling with the asymmetric Eckart potential.
Nonexponential polymer segmental motion in the presence and absence of ions: H2 NMR multitime correlation functions for polymer electrolytes poly(propylene glycol)-LiClO4
Authors: Vogel M. , Torbrügge T.
Published: May 2007

The authors measure H2 NMR multitime correlation functions to investigate the segmental motion of poly(propylene glycol) containing various amounts of the salt LiClO4. H2 NMR two-time correlation functions indicate that addition of salt affects not only the time scale of the segmental motion, but also the degree of the nonexponential relaxation behavior. To quantify the origin of the nonexponential segmental motion, the authors analyze H2 NMR three-time correlation functions. In general, nonexponential relaxation can result from homogeneous dynamics, i.e., intrinsic nonexponentiality, and from heterogeneous dynamics, i.e., existence of a distribution of correlation times G(lnτ). For the studied high and low salt concentrations, including neat poly(propylene glycol), the analysis shows that both homogeneous and heterogeneous contributions are important. H2 NMR four-time correlation functions allow the authors to measure the lifetime of the dynamical heterogeneities. For the studied salt concentrations, the rate exchange occurs on the same time scale as the segmental motion, indicating short-lived dynamical heterogeneities. To arrive at these results, the authors reconsider the interpretation of H2 NMR three-time correlation functions. Results of analytical calculations and computer simulations show that it is necessary to extend the previous way of analysis so as to include effects due to correlated back-and-forth jumps.
Unforced translocation of a polymer chain through a nanopore: The solvent effect
Authors: Wei Dongshan , Yang Wen , Jin Xigao , Liao Qi
Published: May 2007

The authors have performed the Langevin dynamics simulation to investigate the unforced polymer translocation through a narrow nanopore in an impermeable membrane. The effects of solvent quality controlled by the attraction strength λ of the Lennard-Jones cosine potential between polymer beads and beads on two sides of the membrane on the translocation processes are extensively examined. For polymer translocation under the same solvent quality on both sides of the membrane, the two-dimensional and three-dimensional simulations confirm the scaling law of τtrans∼N1+2υ for the translocation in the good solvent, where τtrans is the translocation time, N is the chain length, and υ is the Flory exponent. For the three-dimensional polymer translocation under different solvent qualities on two sides of the membrane, the translocation efficiency may be notably improved. The scaling law between τtrans and N varies from τtrans∼N1+2υ to τtrans∼N with the increase of the difference of solvent qualities, and the crossover occurs at the θ temperature point, where a scaling law of τtrans∼N1.27 is found. The simulation results here also show that the translocation time changes from a wide and asymmetric distribution with a long tail to a narrow and symmetric distribution with the increase of the difference of the solvent qualities.
An examination of facet formation during solid phase epitaxy of line-shaped amorphized regions in (001) and (011) Si
Authors: Saenger K. L. , Fogel K. E. , Ott J. A. , Sadana D. K. , Yin H.
Published: May 2007

The shapes of the recrystallization fronts observed during solid phase epitaxy (SPE) in line-shaped amorphized Si (a-Si) regions in single-crystal (001) and (011) Si are shown to exhibit a complex time evolution inconsistent with simple models in which regrowth behavior is determined exclusively by the competition between fixed-growth-rate lateral and vertical SPE. We find that the main features of our data for ⟨110⟩-aligned a-Si lines may be explained by the propensity of the lateral and vertical growth fronts to form stable a-Si∕{111} interfaces at their edges. These same a-Si∕{111} interfaces have been previously implicated as the root cause of the trench-edge defects produced during the recrystallization of patterned a-Si regions bounded laterally by oxide-filled trenches. An extension of a nanofacet model recently developed to explain the trench-edge defects is shown to explain many of the observed recrystallization behaviors.
Magnetic field propagation in a two ion species planar plasma opening switch
Authors: Strauss H. R. , Doron R. , Arad R. , Rubinstein B. , Maron Y. , Fruchtman A.
Published: May 2007

Three fluid plasma evolution equations are applied to the problem of magnetic field propagation in a planar plasma opening switch. For certain initial conditions in which Hall parameter H∼1, magnetic field penetration due to the Hall field, initially, as expected, either opposes or adds to the hydromagnetic pushing, depending on the polarity of the magnetic field relative to the density gradient. Later, however, the plasma pushing by the magnetic field is found in the case studied here to modify the plasma density in a way that the density gradient tends to align with the magnetic field gradient, effectively turning off the Hall effect. The penetration of the magnetic field then ceases and plasma pushing becomes the dominant process.
Air plasma jet with hollow electrodes at atmospheric pressure
Authors: Hong Yong Cheol , Uhm Han Sup
Published: May 2007

Atmospheric-pressure plasma jet with air is produced through hollow electrodes and dielectric with a hole of 1mm diam. The plasma jet device is operated by injecting pressurized air into the electrode hole. The air plasma jet device at average powers less than 5W exhibits a cold plasma jet of about 2cm in length and near the room temperature, being low enough to treat thermally sensitive materials. Preliminary studies on the discharge characteristics and application tests are also presented by comparing the air plasma jet with the nitrogen and argon plasma jet.
Instability of electromagnetic waves in a self-gravitating rotating magnetized dusty plasma with opposite polarity grains
Authors: Shukla Nitin , Moslem W. M. , Shukla P. K.
Published: May 2007

By using the two fluid and Maxwell equations, the properties of electromagnetic waves in a rotating positive-negative dusty magnetoplasmas are investigated. It is found that the cross-coupling between the equilibrium dust flows and the perturbed magnetic field produces a Lorentz force that separates positive and negative dust grains. A new dispersion relation is derived and analyzed numerically. The effects of the dust grain radius, the equilibrium streaming speed, Jeans frequency, and the rotational frequency on the behavior of the real and imaginary parts of the wave frequency are examined. It is found that for small dust grain radius, the growth rate (the real frequency) increases (decreases) with the increase of the streaming dust speed and Jeans frequency. However, the dust rotational frequency does not have an important role in this case. For large dust grain radius, only the imaginary part of the wave frequency is presented. It is found that the rotational frequency (Jeans frequency and dust streaming speed) decreases (increase) the growth rate.
A special class of rank 10 and 11 Coxeter groups
Authors: Henneaux Marc , Leston Mauricio , Persson Daniel , Spindel Philippe
Published: May 2007

In the course of investigating regular subalgebras of E10(10) related to cosmological solutions of 11-dimensional supergravity supporting an electric 4-form field, a class of rank 10 Coxeter subgroups of the Weyl group of E10(10) was uncovered (M. Henneaux et al., e-print hep-th/0606123). These Coxeter groups all share the property that their Coxeter graphs have incidence index 3, i.e., that each node is incident to three and only three single lines. Furthermore, the Coxeter exponents are either 2 or 3, but never ∞. We here go beyond subgroups of the Weyl group of E10(10) and classify all rank 10 Coxeter groups with these properties. We find 21 distinct Coxeter groups of which 7 were already described by M. Henneaux et al., (e-print hep-th/0606123). Moreover, we extend the classification to the rank 11 case and we find 252 inequivalent rank 11 Coxeter groups with incidence index 4, of which at least 28 can be regularly embedded into E11(11).
In situ treatment of a scanning gate microscopy tip
Authors: Gildemeister A. E. , Ihn T. , Sigrist M. , Ensslin K. , Driscoll D. C. , Gossard A. C.
Published: May 2007

In scanning gate microscopy, where the tip of a scanning force microscope is used as a movable gate to study electronic transport in nanostructures, the shape and magnitude of the tip-induced potential are important for the resolution and interpretation of the measurements. Contaminations picked up during topography scans may significantly alter this potential. The authors present an in situ high-field treatment of the tip that improves the tip-induced potential. A quantum dot was used to measure the tip-induced potential.
Selective toxicity of zinc oxide nanoparticles to prokaryotic and eukaryotic systems
Authors: Reddy K. M. , Feris Kevin , Bell Jason , Wingett Denise G. , Hanley Cory , Punnoose Alex
Published: May 2007

We report on the toxicity of ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) to gram-negative and gram-positive bacterial systems, Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), and primary human immune cells. ZnO NP (∼13nm) showed complete inhibition of E. coli growth at concentrations ⩾3.4mM, whereas growth of S. aureus was completely inhibited for ⩾1mM. Parallel experiments using flow cytometry based assays clearly demonstrated that growth inhibitory properties of ZnO NP were accompanied by a corresponding loss of cell viability. Identical ZnO NP had minimal effects on primary human T cell viability at concentrations toxic to both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Collectively, these experiments demonstrate selectivity in the toxic nature of ZnO NP to different bacterial systems and human T lymphocytes. Developing selective toxicity to biological systems and controlling it by NP design could lead to biomedical and antibacterial applications.
Two-fluid physics and field-reversed configurations
Authors: Hakim A. , Shumlak U.
Published: May 2007

In this paper, algorithms for the solution of two-fluid plasma equations are presented and applied to the study of field-reversed configurations (FRCs). The two-fluid model is more general than the often used magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) model. The model takes into account electron inertia, charge separation, and the full electromagnetic field equations, and it allows for separate electron and ion motion. The algorithm presented is the high-resolution wave propagation scheme. The wave propagation method is based on solutions to the Riemann problem at cell interfaces. Operator splitting is used to incorporate the Lorentz and electromagnetic source terms. The algorithms are benchmarked against the Geospace Environmental Modeling Reconnection Challenge problem. Equilibrium of FRC is studied. It is shown that starting from a MHD equilibrium produces a relaxed two-fluid equilibrium with strong flows at the FRC edges due to diamagnetic drift. The azimuthal electron flow causes lower-hybrid drift instabilities (LHDI), which can be captured if the ion gyroradius is well resolved. The LHDI is known to be a possible source of anomalous resistivity in many plasma configurations. LHDI simulations are performed in slab geometries and are compared to recent experimental results.
Effect of electrode composition on the tunnel magnetoresistance of pseudo-spin-valve magnetic tunnel junction with a MgO tunnel barrier
Authors: Lee Y. M. , Hayakawa J. , Ikeda S. , Matsukura F. , Ohno H.
Published: May 2007

The authors investigate the effect of electrode composition on the tunnel magnetoresistance (TMR) ratio of (CoxFe100−x)80B20∕MgO∕(CoxFe100−x)80B20 pseudo-spin-valve magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs). TMR ratio is found to strongly depend on the composition and thicknesses of CoFeB. High resolution transmission electron microscopy shows that the crystallization process of CoFeB during annealing depends on the composition and the thicknesses of the CoFeB film, resulting in different TMR ratios. A TMR ratio of 500% at room temperature and of 1010% at 5K are observed in a MTJ having 4.3nm and 4-nm-thick (Co25Fe75)80B20 electrodes with a 2.1-nm-thick MgO barrier annealed at 475°C.
Powerful polymeric thermal microactuator with embedded silicon microstructure
Authors: Lau G. K. , Goosen J. F. L. , van Keulen F. , Chu Duc T. , Sarro P. M.
Published: May 2007

A powerful and effective design of a polymeric thermal microactuator is presented. The design has SU-8 epoxy layers filled and bonded in a meandering silicon (Si) microstructure. The silicon microstructure reinforces the SU-8 layers by lateral restraint. It also improves the transverse thermal expansion coefficient and heat transfer for the bonded SU-8 layers. A theoretical model shows that the proposed SU-8/Si composite can deliver an actuation stress of 1.30MPa∕K, which is approximately 2.7 times higher than the unconstrained SU-8 layer, while delivering an approximately equal thermal strain.
Metamorphic InAsyP1−y (y=0.30–0.75) and AlδIn1−δAsyP1−y buffer layers on InP substrates
Authors: Bui Steven S. , Lee Henry P. , Yu Kin Man
Published: May 2007

The authors report the growth and characterization of InAsyP1−y and AlδIn1−δAsyP1−y buffer layers on InP by metal-organic vapor phase epitaxy. Under optimized growth conditions, they achieved sheet resistances of 2.8×105 and 4.8×104Ω∕sq for single layer InAs0.44P0.56 (0.5μm) and step-graded InAs0.75P0.25∕InAs0.42P0.58 (0.075∕0.5μm) layers, respectively. A bowing parameter for InAsyP1−y of −0.22eV is found based on photoreflectance measurement. When 0.5μm thick Al0.11In0.89As.62P.38 is grown, they obtain sheet resistance and sheet carrier concentration of 7.76×105Ω∕sq and 7.92×109cm−2, respectively. This opens interesting possibilities for realizing high-performance metamorphic field-effect transistors based on strained InAs or InAsyP1−y (0.5<y<0.75) channel and AlInAsP buffer.
Paperlike thermochromic display
Authors: Liu Liyu , Peng Suili , Wen Weijia , Sheng Ping
Published: May 2007

The authors report the design and implementation of a paperlike, thermally activated display fabricated from thermochromic composite and embedded conductive wiring patterns, shaped from mixture of metallic nanoparticles in polydimethylsioxane using soft lithography. The display exhibits good image quality and ease of control. Use of electric heating pulses is shown to reduce energy consumption while improving image quality control. The display has excellent mechanical bending flexibility.
Microscale memory characteristics of virus-quantum dot hybrids
Authors: Portney Nathaniel G. , Tseng Ricky J. , Destito Giuseppe , Strable Erica , Yang Yang , Manchester Marianne , Finn M. G. , Ozkan Mihrimah
Published: May 2007

An electrical multi stability effect was observed for a single layer device fabricated, comprising a hybrid virus-semiconducting quantum dot (CdSe∕ZnS core/shell Qds) assembled onto icosahedral-mutant-virus template (CPMV-T184C). A substrate based bottom-up pathway was used to conjugate two different color emitting Qds for fluorescence visualization and to insert a charging/decharging factor. Pulsed wave measurements depicted distinct conductive states with repeatable and nonvolatile behavior as a functioning memory element.
High mobility bottom gate InGaZnO thin film transistors with SiOx etch stopper
Authors: Kim Minkyu , Jeong Jong Han , Lee Hun Jung , Ahn Tae Kyung , Shin Hyun Soo , Park Jin-Seong , Jeong Jae Kyeong , Mo Yeon-Gon , Kim Hye Dong
Published: May 2007

The authors report on the fabrication of thin film transistors (TFTs), which use an amorphous indium gallium zinc oxide (a-IGZO) channel, by rf sputtering at room temperature and for which the channel length and width are patterned by photolithography and dry etching. To prevent plasma damage to the active channel, a 100-nm-thick SiOx layer deposited by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition was adopted as an etch stopper structure. The a-IGZO TFT (W∕L=10μm∕50μm) fabricated on glass exhibited a high field-effect mobility of 35.8cm2∕Vs, a subthreshold gate swing value of 0.59V∕decade, a thrseshold voltage of 5.9V, and an Ion∕off ratio of 4.9×106, which is acceptable for use as the switching transistor of an active-matrix TFT backplane.
All MgB2 tunnel junctions with Al2O3 or MgO tunnel barriers
Authors: Shim Heejae , Yoon K. S. , Moodera J. S. , Hong J. P.
Published: May 2007

All MgB2 thin film tunnel junctions with Al2O3 or MgO tunnel barriers were fabricated in situ on Si substrates in a molecular beam epitaxy system and their tunneling characteristics were investigated. In the quasiparticle tunneling spectra of the junction with Al2O3 tunnel barrier, we observed both superconducting gaps of MgB2, while only a small gap was seen with MgO tunnel barrier. Using a microscopic structural analysis, we found that the difference in the spectra is due to the crystal orientation difference of the MgB2 films: the film grown on Al2O3 was polycrystalline whereas the film grown on MgO was c-axis oriented.
Robust functionalization of amorphous cadmium sulfide films using z-lift amplitude modulated atomic force microscopy-assisted electrostatic nanolithography
Authors: Dolog Ivan , Mallik Robert R. , Lyuksyutov Sergei F.
Published: May 2007

A robust technique, based on vertical (z-lift) manipulation of a negatively biased oscillating atomic force microscope cantilever, is developed which creates raised columnar nanostructures with high aspect ratios (up to 40nm high/150nm wide) on amorphous CdS thin films. The nanostructures’ height (8–40nm) is proportional to z-lift of the tip and correlates with CdS film thickness. An in-house modified electric force microscopy is used to record the associated surface charge distribution which is found to be opposite to that of the tip.
Increased nanopore filling: Effect on monolithic all-solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells
Authors: Han Hongwei , Bach Udo , Cheng Yi-Bing , Caruso Rachel A.
Published: May 2007

A vacuum pore-filling method is described to fabricate solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) based on nanocomposite polymer electrolytes. Scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive x-ray spectrometry analyses suggest that incomplete pore filling of the nanostructured TiO2 electrodes is a major efficiency-limiting factor in the fabrication process of solid-state DSSC. Application of the vacuum method resulted in DSSC with much improved energy conversion efficiencies when compared to devices made via conventional drop-casting technique. The energy conversion efficiency gain increased steadily with increasing TiO2 film thicknesses. It is expected that the vacuum pore-filling technique will be applicable to a wide range of hole-transport materials.
Photoperiod reverses the effects of estrogens on male aggression via genomic and nongenomic pathways
Authors: Trainor Brian C. , Lin Shili , Finy* M. Sima , Rowland Michael R. , Nelson Randy J.
Published: May 2007

Despite recent discoveries of the specific contributions of genes to behavior, the molecular mechanisms mediating contributions of the environment are understudied. We demonstrate that the behavioral effects of estrogens on aggression are completely reversed by a discrete environmental signal, day length. Selective activation of either estrogen receptor α or β decreases aggression in long days and increases aggression in short days. In the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, one of several nuclei in a neural circuit that controls aggression, estrogen-dependent gene expression is increased in long days but not in short days, suggesting that estrogens decrease aggression by driving estrogen-dependent gene expression. Estradiol injections increased aggression within 15 min in short days but not in long days, suggesting that estrogens increase aggression in short days primarily via nongenomic pathways. These data demonstrate that the environment can dictate how hormones affect a complex behavior by altering the molecular pathways targeted by steroid receptors.
(Re)development, Complexity and Networks: A Framework for Research
Authors: Doak Joe , Karadimitriou Nikos
Published: May 2007

This paper presents a conceptual framework for the examination of land redevelopment based on a complex systems/networks approach. The agents and networks involved in property development can be seen as constituents of structures that perform complex processes. These structures interact, forming new more complex structures and networks. Redevelopment then can be conceptualised as a process of transformation: a complex system, involving developers, planners, landowners, investors, community groups, etc., through which a previously used site is transformed into new network space. Analysis of network relations points towards the 'duality' of structure and agency in these processes of system transformation and change. Insights from actor network theory can be conjoined with notions of complexity and chaos to build an understanding of the ways in which actors actively seek to shape these structures and systems, whilst at the same time being recursively shaped by them in their strategies and actions. Better understanding of the interactions between actors and the emergent qualities of the networks they form can improve our comprehension of the complex socio-spatial phenomena that redevelopment comprises.
Right Answers, Wrong Questions: Environmental Justice as Urban Research
Authors: Schweitzer Lisa , Stephenson Max
Published: May 2007

Environmental justice, a term that incorporates 'environmental racism' and 'environmental classism,' captures the idea that different racial and socioeconomic groups experience differential access to environmental quality. This article explores what previous studies have established about environmental justice as an urban phenomenon and critiques the focus and methodologies of those efforts within the larger context of urban inquiry. After assaying the concepts that have guided most of the research, the paper considers the arguments that analysts have offered for the causes of environmental injustice. The review of the literature reveals significant problems of focus, measurement, specification and research design. Nonetheless, environmental justice research raises critical concerns about how citizens should be treated and what constitutes a just distribution of collective urban goods in a democratic society. It is the authors' view that due consideration of these matters can enlighten urban and environmental inquiry and policy.
European Cities in the Knowledge Economy: Towards a Typology
Authors: van Winden Willem , van den Berg Leo , Pol Peter
Published: May 2007

The shift towards a knowledge-based economy seems to favour some well-endowed urban areas. However, not all cities benefit equally. This paper discusses the shift towards a knowledge-based economy in different types of European city, and derives policy conclusions for local and national governments. An integrative frame of analysis is developed and applied to a number of cities in north-west Europe. The paper reveals large differences in the ability of cities to benefit from the shift towards a knowledge economy and describes and comments on current policy responses.
Regional Spatial Policy for Economic Growth: Lessons from the Deployment of Collaborative Planning in Northern Ireland
Authors: Blair Neale , Berry James , McGreal Stanley
Published: May 2007

Regional spatial planning in Northern Ireland is directly linked to the transition from conflict to peace, as identified in the Belfast Agreement of 1998. Political consensus, a rare commodity, was secured in the Northern Ireland Assembly for a regional development strategy (RDS), the first spatial planning document of its kind in the UK. This paper explores the deployment of collaborative planning in creating the RDS. Given Northern Ireland's divided socio-political context, the paper seeks to ascertain the influence on meaningful policy debate and strategy-making arising from the collaborative planning approach. The paper investigates the application of collaborative planning measures in Northern Ireland through an analysis of spatial policy relating to economic development. Evidence presented in this paper suggests that socio-political cohesion was given primacy above potentially contentious physical growth patterns necessary for regional economic development, the result of an inability by institutions to grapple with troublesome issues.
Regulatory Responses to Large-format Transnational Retail in South-east Asian Cities
Authors: Mutebi Alex M.
Published: May 2007

Aggressive internationalisation by transnational chains is changing the face of the urban environment in much of emerging Asia. In south-east Asia, the period following the Asian financial crisis of 1997 provided an opportunity for the penetration of these transnational chains, particularly in the large-format retail sector-a development that has since presented planners and policy-makers with some difficult choices. This article inventories the differing policy responses of the governments of Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand in the wake of the rapid spread of these transnational retail chains into their urban areas, with the aim to understand better the relative import and impact of these nascent regulatory frameworks.
The Information Requirements for an Effective Regional Policy: A Critique of the Allsopp Review
Authors: McVittie Eric , Swales J. Kim
Published: May 2007

This paper considers the recommendations of the Allsopp Review on the adequacy of UK regional economic statistics. It raises general concerns over the philosophy underpinning the review and specific questions as to whether the review's recommendations are sufficient to operate effectively the present UK regional policy regime. In particular, the institutional arrangements that make up the 'new localism' in UK regional policy have data requirements that are more extensive than simply monitoring performance against government targets. Many of these in formational requirements were simply not considered or were given an inappropriately low weight in the Review's deliberations.
Do Two-earner Households Base Their Choice of Residential Location on Both Incomes?
Authors: Mok Diana
Published: May 2007

This article focuses on the role of individual incomes in the residential location decisions of two-earner households. Conventional studies often treat households as a black box and describe them by a single utility function. The article raises the question, "Is the household utility paradigm an adequate framework for understanding the location decisions of two-earner households?". It tests an implication of the household utility paradigm-the income-pooling hypothesis for location decisions. The results provide evidence for rejecting the hypothesis among childless families, but fail to provide evidence for rejecting it when children are present. The results raise the need to address intrahousehold dynamics in modelling location decisions.
Social Capital and Localised Learning: Proximity and Place in Technological and Institutional Dynamics
Authors: Lorenzen Mark
Published: May 2007

This conceptual paper analyses why social capital is important for learning and economic development, how it is created and its geography. It argues that with the rise of globalisation and learning-based competition, social capital is becoming valuable because it organises markets, lowering business firms' costs of co-ordinating and allowing them flexibly to connect and reconnect. The paper defines social capital as a matrix of various social relations, combined with particular normative and cognitive social institutions that facilitate co-operation and reciprocity, and suggests that social capital is formed at spatial scales lower than the national or international, because the density of matrices of social relations increases with proximity. The paper also offers a discussion of how national and regional policies may be suited for promoting social capital.
The Impact of Terrorism on Italian Employment and Business Activity
Authors: Greenbaum Robert T. , Dugan Laura , LaFree Gary
Published: May 2007

Despite the growth in research examining direct economic impacts of terrorism, the indirect impact of terrorism on the stability of local economies has generally been overlooked. Using panel data regression models and the most comprehensive open source database on terrorism currently available to researchers, the paper examines the impact of terrorism on employment and business outcomes in Italy from 1985 to 1997. It is found that terrorist attacks reduce the number of firms and employment in the year following an attack. By disaggregating net outcomes into their component gross flows, it is also found that these impacts are primarily attributable to reduced business formations and expansions.
Spaces of Resistance: Informal Settlement, Communication and Community Organisation in a Cape Town Township
Authors: Skuse Andrew , Cousins Thomas
Published: May 2007

This paper examines struggles for urban permanency in an informal settlement on the fringes of Cape Town in the run up to the South African national election of 2004. It focuses on the rapid emergence of the settlement of Nkanini (Forceful) and the key social, cultural, political and communicative dynamics that framed the ensuing bitter struggle between residents and local City of Cape Town authorities over claims to occupy the land. Analysis frames this struggle in terms of a local appropriation of basic human rights legislation that informs community action and therein claims to residential formality.
From 'Event-led' to 'Event-themed' Regeneration: The 2002 Commonwealth Games Legacy Programme
Authors: Smith Andrew , Fox Tim
Published: May 2007

Hosting large events has long been associated with the physical regeneration of cities. To supplement these 'hard' impacts, cities are now attempting to use events to stimulate 'softer' social and economic regeneration. This paper evaluates the impacts of the Legacy Programme adopted in conjunction with the 2002 Commonwealth Games held in Manchester, UK. Alongside its emphasis on social and economic regeneration, this programme was unusual in that the projects were games-themed, rather than being directly linked to the event. Despite some concerns about the organisational structures employed and the sustainability of impacts, target beneficiaries have received valuable assistance from the programme. Thus it appears that there are valuable lessons that other cities can learn from this example of event-themed regeneration.
Understanding Social Capital in Recently Restructured Urban Neighbourhoods: Two Case Studies in Rotterdam
Authors: Kleinhans Reinout , Priemus Hugo , Engbersen Godfried
Published: May 2007

In the major Dutch cities, social rented housing in post-war neighbourhoods has been demolished and largely replaced by more expensive owner-occupied and rental housing. Through residential mobility, these measures can trigger substantial population changes. This paper studies residents' social capital in two recently restructured neighbourhoods in the city of Rotterdam. It distinguishes between the stayers, movers and newcomers. In a neighbourhood context, social capital refers to the benefit of cursory interactions, shared norms, trust and collective action of residents. Survey data show that social capital is not only an asset of long-term stayers, but that in particular newcomers are relatively rich in social capital. Factors associated with higher levels of social capital are a higher net income, presence of households with children, stronger place attachment, higher perceived neighbourhood quality, homeownership and single-family dwellings. The expected future length of residence in the area appears of little importance for social capital.
Urban Growth in Nepal: Does Location Matter?
Authors: Portnov Boris A. , Adhikari Madhav , Schwartz Moshe
Published: May 2007

Between 1952 and 2001, the number of urban settlements in Nepal grew from 10 to 58, while their share in the country's population increased from 2.6 to 14.4 per cent. However, the spatial distribution of urban growth was uneven. To find out how this unevenness was structured, a GIS-assisted analysis matched spatial reference data (such as distances between individual municipalities and major rivers, roads, international borders and major population centres) against several socioeconomic performance indexes, such as annual population growth, per capita income and expenditures of local municipalities, telephone ownership, number of primary schools and number of industrial plants. The fastest-growing urban localities were found to be close to major population centres, to highways and to the Indian border. The rest exhibited poor socioeconomic performance.
The phonological loop: Some answers and some questions
Authors: Baddeley Alan D. , Larsen Janet D.
Published: May 2007

Jones, Hughes, and Macken (2007) claim that their data and our own are inconsistent with a multicomponent working-memory model. We explain in greater detail how the model can account for the data and can address their more specific criticisms. Both sides accept that data relating to the presence of a phonological similarity effect throughout the list depend on list length. We accept that, at this point, all explanations of their interaction are speculative and require further empirical investigation. We examine J, H, & M's interpretation of their and our results in terms of an auditory modality effect, observing that their interpretation of this effect is not well supported by the literature. We suggest that their account assumes a very narrow basis for a general theory of short-term retention, in contrast to a phonological loop interpretation, which forms part of a well-developed and articulated model of working memory.
Instrument specificity in experienced musicians
Authors: Drost Ulrich C. , Rieger Martina , Prinz Wolfgang
Published: May 2007

Previous studies have shown that experienced pianists have acquired integrated action–effect (A–E) associations. In the present study, we were interested in how specific these associations are for the own instrument by investigating pianists and guitarists. A–E associations were examined by testing whether the perception of a “potential” action–effect has an influence on actions. Participants played chords on their instrument in response to visual stimuli, while they were presented task-irrelevant auditory distractors (congruent or incongruent) in varying instrument timbre. In Experiment 1, pianists exhibited an interference effect with timbres of their own instrument category (keyboard instruments: piano and organ). In Experiment 2 guitarists showed an interference effect only with guitar timbre. Thus, integrated A–E associations primarily seem to consist of a specific component on a sensory-motor level involving the own instrument. Additionally, categorical knowledge about how an instrument is played seems to be involved.
Optional-shift behaviour in rats: A novel procedure for assessing attentional processes in discrimination learning
Authors: Duffaud Anaïs M. , Killcross Simon , George David N.
Published: May 2007

A novel, optional-shift procedure was used to assess changes in the attention paid to stimuli that occur over the course of discrimination learning. In Phase 1, rats were trained on a conditional instrumental discrimination using audiovisual stimulus compounds; one stimulus dimension (auditory or visual) was relevant to the solution of the discrimination, the other was irrelevant. In Phase 2, all animals received three sessions of training with novel audiovisual compounds where both dimensions were equally diagnostic. Results from probe test trials indicated that, during Phase 2, animals learnt most about cues belonging to the stimulus dimension that was relevant during Phase 1. These results suggest that over the course of discrimination learning there was an increase in the amount of attention paid to relevant stimuli and/or a decrease in the attention paid to irrelevant stimuli.
Tracking recognition of spoken words by tracking looks to printed words
Authors: Mcqueen James M. , Viebahn Malte C.
Published: May 2007

Eye movements of Dutch participants were tracked as they looked at arrays of four words on a computer screen and followed spoken instructions (e.g., “Klik op het woord buffel”: Click on the word buffalo). The arrays included the target (e.g., buffel), a phonological competitor (e.g., buffer, buffer), and two unrelated distractors. Targets were monosyllabic or bisyllabic, and competitors mismatched targets only on either their onset or offset phoneme and only by one distinctive feature. Participants looked at competitors more than at distractors, but this effect was much stronger for offset-mismatch than onset-mismatch competitors. Fixations to competitors started to decrease as soon as phonetic evidence disfavouring those competitors could influence behaviour. These results confirm that listeners continuously update their interpretation of words as the evidence in the speech signal unfolds and hence establish the viability of the methodology of using eye movements to arrays of printed words to track spoken-word recognition.
Questions versus statements: Challenging an assumption about semantic illusions
Authors: Caroline Büttner Anke
Published: May 2007

In previous semantic-illusion research the tacit assumption has been that questions and statements-to-be-verified of similar semantic content lead to a similar proportion of semantic illusions. This assumption was made despite the fact that questions are thought to have different processing demands from those of statements. This paper presents empirical evidence that questions tend to lead to more semantic illusions than do statements-to-be-verified. Two experiments were carried out to provide a direct comparison between the semantic-illusion rates for statements and for questions. In Experiment 1, open-ended questions led to significantly more semantic illusions than did true/false statements. Experiment 2 replicated this effect using multiple-choice response options in the question condition. It is concluded that the syntactic form of a sentence affects the way in which semantic information is processed, and the implications of the findings are discussed.
Contingency judgements on the fly
Authors: Crump Matthew J. C. , Hannah Samuel D. , Allan Lorraine G. , Hord Lauren K.
Published: May 2007

The present research was conducted to establish the validity of a novel procedure for measuring human contingency judgements aimed at shortening the length of conventional procedures. Cues and outcomes were simple geometric shapes that were presented in a rapid streaming fashion, reducing the length of a block of trials from several minutes to a few seconds. We establish the reliability of the procedure by replicating two central findings in the contingency judgement literature, and we elaborate on the importance of this method for future research.
Eventfulness of Architecture: Teaching about Sacred Architecture Is Teaching about Ritual
Authors: Jones Lindsay
Published: May 2007

In this chapter the author uses architecture as the medium with which to explore ritual. The chapter's author demonstrates the ability of defined spaces to be performative events in themselves. Using comparative analysis, he explains his experiments with two different course structures and projects. Real-world constraints on his students dictated the more successful one for investigating the phenomenon of the ritual eventfulness, apprehensive effect, and even abundant autonomy of buildings, all ways in which our own creations come to structure our reality.
The Multiethnic Church in Society
Authors: Garces-Foley Kathleen
Published: May 2007

This chapter speculates on the future development of multiethnic churches by looking at the factors that propelled Evergreen Baptist Church to its new identity. It is argued that the new Evergreen reflects changing American attitudes toward diversity and a shift toward local engagement within evangelicalism. It is predicted that young adults will continue to play a pivotal role in the success of multiethnic churches. Lastly, after arguing throughout this volume for the influence of society on the development of multiethnic churches, the potential significance of multiethnic churches for societal race relations in light of the Evergreen case study is considered.
The Eagle Returns
Authors: Virani Shafique N.
Published: May 2007

As their wave of devastation swept through the Near East, Mongol hordes led by Hulagu Khan sought the complete extermination of the Ismailis and the destruction of their state centered at Alamut. Misled by the writings of Hulagu's courtier Juwayni, many of the Persian historians and later Western authors believed that the community had indeed been annihilated. While the continued survival of the Ismailis has now become clear, what has hitherto remained largely underestimated — if not completely unnoticed — is the persistence of their activities in the South Caspian regions of Gilan, Daylam, and Mazandaran, including at the fort of Alamut itself in the wake of the Mongol invasions.
Veiling the Sun
Authors: Virani Shafique N.
Published: May 2007

Taqiyya, precautionary dissimulation, is a significant feature of Islam, and particularly of Shi'i Islam. For the Ismaili Shi'a — a minority within a minority whose creed emphasized the paramount importance of the esoteric dimension of the revelation — this need was even more pronounced. The destruction of their network of fortresses ushered in a period in which, more than ever, dissimulation was required for survival. Ismaili tradition maintains that when Alamut was vanquished, the Imam Shams al-Din Muhammad was smuggled away to safety. This chapter is about the life of this Imam and that of one of his disciples, the poet Nizari Quhistani, whose life and writings shed light on the practice of taqiyya.
The Way of the Seeker
Authors: Virani Shafique N.
Published: May 2007

The celebrated Iranian poet, philosopher, and traveler Nasir-i Khusraw was moved by a dream to abandon his carefree ways and search for truth. His quest led him to swear his allegiance to al-Mustansir bi'llah, the Ismaili Imam and sovereign of a mighty empire. Centuries later, a Muslim scholar by the name of Bu Ishaq Quhistani had a similar crisis of faith, which led him to pledge his fealty to the Ismaili Imam of his time, coincidentally also named Mustansir bi'llah, who, however, was in concealment. This chapter follows the spiritual pilgrimage of Bu Ishaq, explores the conduct of the da'wa in this period, and explores the concept and context of taqiyya in greater depth. It also reassesses the relationship between Sufism and Ismailism in the wake of the Mongol invasions.