bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Placas cerâmicas obtidas por colagem de fita
Authors: Dias Thiago , Souza Dulcina P. F. de
Published: November 2008

Placas cerâmicas densas, com espessuras variando entre 10 µm e ~ 1 mm, podem ser obtidas pela técnica de colagem fita que é uma técnica de conformação cerâmica, de custo relativamente baixo. A etapa mais crítica deste processo de conformação é a preparação de suspensões com elevado teor de sólidos, ~ 30% em massa, e, também, elevado teor de aditivos orgânicos, tais como ligante e plastificante. Dentre os vários produtos cerâmicos que podem ser produzidos pela técnica de colagem de fita, substratos eletrônicos e eletrólitos planares para pilhas a combustível de óxido sólido (PaCOS) destacam-se pelo elevado consumo e pelo valor agregado, respectivamente. Neste trabalho, a quantidade apropriada de aditivos em suspensões de alumina e suspensões de zircônia estabilizada com ítria (8 e 10% em mol) foi determinada através da avaliação do comportamento reológico das suspensões. Embora exista semelhança no tamanho médio de partículas das matérias primas, foi determinado que cada matéria prima necessita de quantidade específica de aditivos orgânicos para conferir às suspensões o comportamento pseudoplástico. Placas obtidas pela colagem das suspensões foram analisadas antes e após a sinterização. Os resultados obtidos mostram que a densidade, o tamanho de grão e a distribuição de poros são sensíveis ao teor de ligante. O tamanho de grão das placas é menor que os grãos desenvolvidos em peças obtidas por prensagem e, por conseqüência, a incidência de poros intragranulares também é muito menor.
Deposição de filmes de ZEI 8% em mol por sistema de spray pirólise modificado
Authors: Rodrigues C.H.M. , Toniato M. , Paes Jr H.R.
Published: November 2008

Neste trabalho, foram produzidos filmes de zircônia estabilizada com ítria com 8 % em mol (ZEI), que podem aplicados como eletrólitos para pilhas a combustível de óxido sólido (PaCOS), abrasivos e proteção anti-corrosiva, depositados em substrato de quartzo pela técnica de spray pirólise e tratados termicamente a 1000ºC. Para obtenção dos filmes, foi utilizado um sistema de deposição por spray-pirólise modificado segundo patente depositada no INPI, que se comparado ao sistema tradicional onde o bico atomizador fica estático durante o processo de deposição, resulta na produção de filmes de melhor homogeneidade, rugosidade e na redução dos defeitos morfológicos, como as trincas e fissuras. As melhorias no aparelho de deposição forneceram, também, melhor controle sobre os parâmetros de deposição quando comparado ao sistema tradicional, como a taxa e temperatura de deposição. A estrutura do filme foi analisada através de difração de raios X, que se apresentaram policristalinos e de acordo com a identificação realizada com o padrão JCPDS # 821246, os filmes de YSZ estão arranjados em uma estrutura cúbica de face centrada do tipo fluorita, e com orientação preferencial dos grãos no plano (111). A morfologia dos filmes foi analisada por imagens de microscopia ótica e microscopia de força atômica, sendo comparada às trincas, a rugosidade e distribuição de grãos, para os filmes após o tratamento térmico. Os melhores resultados foram obtidos para os filmes depositados pelo método de spray pirólise modificado quando comparado ao sistema tradicional.
Fibrose pulmonar idiopática simultânea a enfisema em pacientes tabagistas
Authors: Silva Denise Rossato , Gazzana Marcelo Basso , Barreto Sérgio Saldanha Menna , Knorst Marli Maria
Published: November 2008

OBJETIVO: Descrever os achados clínicos e funcionais de pacientes com enfisema em lobos superiores e fibrose pulmonar idiopática (FPI) em lobos inferiores, recentemente descrita na literatura. MÉTODOS: Um grupo de 11 pacientes com a presença simultânea de enfisema e FPI foi identificado retrospectivamente. Todos os pacientes realizaram tomografia computadorizada de tórax com alta resolução e provas de função pulmonar. RESULTADOS: Entre os 11 pacientes identificados, havia 8 homens e 3 mulheres, com média de idade de 70,7 ± 7,2 anos (variação, 61-86 anos). Todos os pacientes eram tabagistas (carga tabágica, 61,5 ± 43,5 anos-maço). As médias da capacidade vital forçada (CVF), do volume expiratório forçado no primeiro segundo (VEF1) e da relação VEF1/CVF foram 72,1% ± 12,7%, 68,2% ± 11,9% e 74,4 ± 10,8, respectivamente. Os volumes pulmonares foram normais em 7 pacientes. Um padrão restritivo foi observado em 3 pacientes e hiperinsuflação estava presente em um. A capacidade de difusão pulmonar apresentou redução moderada a grave em todos os pacientes (média, 27,7% ± 12,9% do previsto). No teste da caminhada de seis minutos, realizado por 10 pacientes, a distância caminhada média foi de 358,4 ± 143,1 m, ocorrendo dessaturação >4% em 9 pacientes. Achados ecocardiográficos sugestivos de hipertensão pulmonar estavam presentes em 4 pacientes (média da pressão sistólica da artéria pulmonar, 61,8 mmHg; variação, 36-84 mmHg). CONCLUSÕES: A presença simultânea de enfisema e FPI causa alterações características nas provas de função pulmonar. O achado mais importante é a discrepância entre a capacidade de difusão e a espirometria.
Hematopoese extramedular: achados em tomografia computadorizada do tórax de 6 pacientes
Authors: Marchiori Edson , Escuissato Dante Luiz , Irion Klaus Loureiro , Zanetti Gláucia , Rodrigues Rosana Souza , Meirelles Gustavo de Souza Portes , Hochhegger Bruno
Published: November 2008

OBJETIVO: Apresentar os achados na tomografia computadorizada do tórax indicativos de hematopoese extramedular de seis pacientes. MÉTODOS: Foram estudadas, retrospectivamente, as tomografias de seis pacientes adultos-cinco homens e uma mulher-com idade média de 36,5 anos. Os exames foram analisados por dois radiologistas, de forma independente, e as decisões finais foram obtidas por consenso. RESULTADOS: O achado mais freqüente nas tomografias foi o de massas paravertebrais inferiores, de conteúdo heterogêneo (quatro pacientes). As tomografias de dois pacientes mostravam uma massa solitária parietal e pleural. CONCLUSÕES: A hematopoese extramedular apresenta aspectos na tomografia computadorizada fortemente sugestivos do diagnóstico que, quando correlacionados com a presença de doença hematológica de base, permitem, na maior parte dos casos, dispensar a comprovação histopatológica.
Alterações da pressão de pico inspiratório e do volume corrente fornecidos por reanimadores manuais com balão auto-inflável em função do fluxo de entrada de oxigênio utilizado
Authors: Godoy Armando Carlos Franco de , Vieira Ronan José , De Capitani Eduardo Mello
Published: November 2008

OBJETIVO: Determinar possíveis alterações do volume corrente e da pressão de pico inspiratório fornecidos por sete modelos de reanimador manual com balão auto-inflável em função do fluxo de entrada de oxigênio utilizado. MÉTODOS: Os reanimadores testados foram: Oxigel, modelos A e B; CE Reanimadores; ProtecSolutions; Missouri; Axmed; e Narcosul. Para as aferições, acoplaram-se um fluxômetro de oxigênio de parede, um fluxômetro/respirômetro, um reanimador, um sensor (aparelho Tracer 5) e um pulmão-teste. Além disso, acoplou-se o aparelho Tracer 5 a um notebook. Utilizaram-se fluxos de entrada de oxigênio de 1, 5, 10 e 15 L/min. RESULTADOS: O volume corrente fornecido pelo reanimador Oxigel modelo A ao receber 15 L/min de oxigênio foi aproximadamente 99% maior que o fornecido ao receber 1 L/min de oxigênio. Da mesma forma, a pressão de pico inspiratório foi 155% maior. Nas mesmas condições, o volume corrente fornecido pelo reanimador Narcosul foi 48% maior, e a pressão de pico inspiratório foi 105% maior. Os demais reanimadores testados não apresentaram alterações significativas do volume corrente e da pressão de pico inspiratório fornecidos. CONCLUSÕES: Nas condições de resistência e complacência utilizadas, os reanimadores em que o fluxo de entrada de oxigênio é direcionado diretamente ao interior do balão tiveram a válvula do paciente presa em posição de inspiração ao receberem um fluxo > 5 L/min, aumentando significativamente o volume corrente e a pressão de pico inspiratório fornecidos. Isso não ocorreu nos reanimadores em que o fluxo de entrada de oxigênio é direcionado ao exterior do balão.
Doença pulmonar por Mycobacterium tuberculosis e micobactérias não-tuberculosas entre pacientes recém-diagnosticados como HIV positivos em Moçambique, África
Authors: Nunes Elizabete Abrantes , De Capitani Eduardo Mello , Coelho Elizabete , Panunto Alessandra Costa , Joaquim Orvalho Augusto , Ramos Marcelo de Carvalho
Published: November 2008

OBJETIVO: A micobacteriose é frequentemente diagnosticada entre pacientes infectados pelo HIV. Em Moçambique, onde apenas um pequeno número de pacientes encontra-se sob tratamento anti-retroviral, e a tuberculose tem alta prevalência, existe a necessidade de melhor caracterização destes agentes bacterianos, em nível de espécie, bem como de se caracterizar os padrões de resistência às drogas antituberculosas. MÉTODOS: Em uma coorte de 503 indivíduos HIV positivos suspeitos de tuberculose pulmonar, 320 apresentaram positividade para baciloscopia ou cultura no escarro e no lavado brônquico. RESULTADOS: Bacilos álcool-ácido resistentes foram detectados no escarro em 73% dos casos com cultura positiva. De 277 isolados em cultura, apenas 3 mostraram-se tratar de micobactérias não-tuberculosas: 2 Mycobacterium avium e uma M. simiae. Todos os isolados de M. tuberculosis inicialmente caracterizados através de reação em cadeia de polimerase (RCP) do gene hsp65 foram posteriormente caracterizados como tal através de RCP do gene gyrB. Resistência à isoniazida foi encontrada em 14% dos casos; à rifampicina em 6%; e multirresistência em 5%. Pacientes previamente tratados para tuberculose mostraram tendência a taxas maiores de resistência às drogas de primeira linha. O padrão radiológico mais freqüente encontrado foi o infiltrado intersticial (67%), seguido da presença de linfonodos mediastinais (30%), bronquiectasias (28%), padrão miliar (18%) e cavidades (12%). Os pacientes infectados por micobactérias não-tuberculosas não apresentaram manifestações clínicas distintas das apresentadas pelos outros pacientes. A mediana de linfócitos CD4 entre todos os pacientes foi de 134 células/mm³. CONCLUSÕES: Tuberculose e AIDS em Moçambique estão fortemente associadas, como é de se esperar em países com alta prevalência de tuberculose. Embora as taxas de resistência a drogas sejam altas, o esquema isoniazida-rifampicina continua sendo a escolha apropriada para o início do tratamento.
Bank erosion process and bank material loss potential in Manahara River, Kathmandu, Nepal
Authors: Shrestha Pramila , Tamrakar Naresh Kazi
Published: November 2008

The Manahara River, one of the largest tributaries of the Bagmati River has been suffering from bank erosion problem and lateral shifting. Several erosional processes have been observed. Bank erosion causes loss of large amount of sediment from the watershed. The river has been assessed to find out major erosional processes to determine the relative annual sediment displaced from bank and recession rate of bank, the annual riverbank material loss was calculated using data from cross-sectional surveys of two runoff periods one is in 2005 and another is 2006, and using the factors related to bank material, bank vegetation and bank morphology. The major erosional processes identified are rill erosion, gully erosion, sheet erosion, parallel flow erosion and impinging flow erosion and slumping. Absolute bank material loss estimated from cross-sectional survey indicates that percent loss of sediment per cross-section correlates positively with downstream distance. With increase in distance from the origin, sediment gain or loss from transects also increases. The percent gain in downstream portion exceeds percent loss, therefore the river is aggrading. Contrarily, there is no correlation between distance and bank material loss. This indicates that bank material loss at the sites probably depends on local factors (riparian vegetation, bank material, bank morphology and sinuosity) other than the distance of origin of the river. Relative bank material loss assessed at 24 banks undergoing erosion results, 705 m3 sediment depleted annually from banks and mass of displaced material (TDM) is 1243 tons. The total volume and weight of sediment displaced from the Manahara River must be much higher than this value.   doi: 10.3126/bdg.v10i0.1418   Bulletin of the Department of Geology, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal, Vol. 10, 2007, pp. 33-44
Dynamic analysis of foundation of Bir Hospital Trauma Centre, Kathmandu, Nepal
Authors: Adhikari Ajay Raj , Adhikary Prakash Chandra
Published: November 2008

The rapid incrase in population of Kathmandu metropolitan city in last two decades has demanded the construction of multistoried buildings. As the height of building increases, variation in moments and force along the height of the structure becomes vulnerable and is more pronounced when the structure rests in soft fluvio-lacustrine sediments like in the Kathmandu Valley. Similarly, the amplitude of vibration causes bending of rebars which can damage the foundation and ultimately the building, if proper care is not taken during the design phase. Therefore, this paper aims in calculating the amplitude of vibration at natural frequency, seismic interial force and its change for the height of the Bir Hospital Trauma Centre, Kathmandu. The elastic parameter, modulus of elasticity needed for analysis was estimated from a graphical method. Shear modulus was calculated using empirical ralation. Density of strate was estimated in the laboratory and load of the structure was referred from Indian Standard of design loads. The maximum amplitude of vibration calculated was 12 mm at 19.3 Hz whereas it was 1.5 mm at the natural frequency for all portions avoiding coupling effect. The variation in seismic horizontal force and moment was largest at the height of 9-15 m showing the possibility of failure at such height at the time of earthquake.   doi: 10.3126/bdg.v10i0.1420 Bulletin of the Department of Geology, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal, Vol. 10, 2007, pp. 55-62
Engineering hydrology of Kodku Khola Basin, Lalitpur, Nepal
Authors: Maharjan Laxmi Devi , Dangol Vishnu
Published: November 2008

Not only in rural areas but also in urban areas, vast number of people lack access to safe drinking water. The city of Lalitpur is in severe deficit of drinking water for its population. Hydrological study of the Kodkhu Khola Basin near the Lalitpur City was carried out in pre-feasibility level. Rainfall data were analysed to estimate future rainfall trend that would determine the rainfall intensity, frequency, maximum and minimum rainfalls. The discharge of the river was estimated by float method. About 70% of flow in the river occurred in monsoon from June to September. The mean yearly rainfall of ten years of record was 1238 mm in the Khumaltar Station and 1494 mm in the Godawari Station. The intensity of the maximum rainfall in a day of each of ten years fell in the heavy category and most of the years fell in the normal year category. Maximum rainfall of 100 year's recurrence interval will have magnitude of 1595 mm. The discharge ranged from 17.35 m3/s to 56.94 m3/s in the upstream reaches. The amount of rainfall and discharge is thought to be sufficient for maintaining the reservoir for drinking water supply in Lalitpur city and the Kodku Khola is appreciable for the drinking water source.   doi: 10.3126/bdg.v10i0.1426 Bulletin of the Department of Geology, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal, Vol. 10, 2007, pp. 107-116
Opportunities for a Bio-based Economy in the Netherlands
Authors: Sanders Johan , Van der Hoeven Diederik
Published: November 2008

The shift to a bio-based economy for the Netherlands is not only required because of climate change, but also for industrial strategy reasons. Traditional strongholds of the Dutch economy like the Rotterdam harbour, the agricultural sector (including the greenhouse sector, and food and feed industries) and the petrochemical industry will be affected by the new economic realities, and it is precisely to these sectors that a bio-based economy will offer new opportunities.
A Combination of Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor and Stem Cell Factor Ameliorates Steroid- Associated Osteonecrosis in Rabbits
Authors: WU XINGHUO , YANG SHUHUA , DUAN DEYU , LIU XIANZHE , ZHANG YUKUN , WANG JING , YANG CAO , JIANG SONG
Published: November 2008

Objective

Bone marrow-derived stem cells (BMSC) have been highlighted for the treatment of osteonecrosis (ON) before collapse of the femoral head. In our study, the potential of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor/stem cell factor (G-CSF/SCF)-mobilized BMSC to repair steroid-associated ON was assessed in rabbits.

Methods

ON was induced by low-dose lipopolysaccharide and subsequent pulsed high-dose methylprednisolone. Rabbits in the treated group were subjected to subcutaneous injections of GCSF at a dose of 100 μg/kg and SCF 25 μg/kg per day for 5 days; rabbits in the control group were given saline. Blood samples were collected and serum osteocalcin was detected by ELISA. Radiological analysis was performed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Then bilateral femora and humeri were harvested and processed to paraffin sections and hard-tissue sections for immunohistochemical, histologic, and histomorphometric analysis.

Results

The mean number of leukocytes and relative numbers of mononuclear cells increased significantly after mobilization. All rabbits displayed a marked increase in osteocalcin protein expression in response to G-CSF/SCF. MRI scans showed a reactive interface between the necrotic and reparative zones after G-CSF/SCF administration. Quantitative analysis showed that new vessel formation was 3.3-fold greater and vessel density was 2.6-fold greater in the treatment group than the control group. The histologic and histomorphometric analysis revealed that the new bone volume was significantly higher in the G-SCF/SCF group than in the control group at 4 weeks.

Conclusion

G-CSF/SCF-induced mobilization of BMSC in the necrotic foci may represent a promising strategy for promoting functional bone repair of early-stage ON.
Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Blockade Leads to Decreased Peripheral T Cell Reactivity and Increased Dendritic Cell Number in Peripheral Blood of Patients with Ankylosing Spondylitis
Authors: PANG LIPING , WANG LISHA , SUO TALIN , HAO HUIQIN , FANG XIANFENG , JIA JUNYING , HUANG FENG , TANG JIE
Published: November 2008

Objective

To study the effect of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) antagonist (etanercept) treatment on the peripheral T cell reactivity of patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS).

Methods

Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were collected from 40 patients with AS at baseline, after 2 and 6 weeks of etanercept treatment or placebo treatment, and from healthy controls. The number of cells secreting various cytokines was detected by enzyme linked immunospot. Serum soluble interleukin 2 (IL-2) receptor level was measured by ELISA. T cell proliferation was assayed with the WST-1 live cell-staining method. The myeloid dendritic cell (mDC) and regulatory T cell (Treg) levels were analyzed by fluorescence activated cell sorting.

Results

After 2 and 6 weeks of etanercept treatment, the number of TNF-α-secreting monocytes decreased. Although the T cell proliferation rate remained stable, the number of T cells secreting IL-2 and interferon-γ under anti-CD3/anti-CD28 stimulation was significantly decreased. The level of serum soluble IL-2R (sIL-2R), a T cell activation marker, also declined. The changes in T cell reactivity were correlated with a significant increase in MHC Class II-positive mDC cells in circulation. An increase in Treg cell numbers was also observed.

Conclusion

The anti-TNF-α therapy blockaded MHC Class II-positive mDC maturation, enhanced regulatory T cell levels, and suppressed the functions of effector T cells. The reduced T cell reactivity could contribute to the efficacy of the TNF-α antagonist therapy in patients with AS.
Antiphospholipid Antibody-Associated Chorea
Authors: ORZECHOWSKI NICOLE M. , WOLANSKYJ ALEXANDRA P. , AHLSKOG J. ERIC , KUMAR NEERAJ , MODER KEVIN G.
Published: November 2008

Objective

To describe the clinical features, treatment, and outcomes of patients with antiphospholipid antibody (aPL)-associated chorea.

Methods

The study cohort consisted of consecutive patients with chorea evaluated between 1990 and 2005 with documented aPL at time of their neurologic diagnosis.

Results

Eighteen patients were identified, 4 with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The 14 non- SLE patients experienced 1.6 vascular thromboses/pregnancy losses per person, while patients with SLE experienced 0.5 events/person. Four non-SLE patients (29%) and no SLE patients met criteria for antiphospholipid antibody syndrome (APS). None of these 4 tested positive for IgM anticardiolipin antibody (aCL). In contrast, 10 (71%) non-APS patients tested positive for IgM aCL. Chorea was most often bilateral, mild to moderate, and occurred once with a median age at onset of 44 and 33 years in non-SLE and SLE patients, respectively. Therapy included immunosuppression in 3 (21%) non-SLE patients and in all SLE patients. Antidopaminergic agents were used in 7 (39%). All patients responded to treatment. Five patients received anticoagulation for thrombosis and 2 died of bleeding complications, both non-SLE patients.

Conclusion

aPL-associated chorea occurs most often in women and severity is mild to moderate. Clinical expression of chorea does not differ between those with and without SLE. Anticoagulation should be reserved for thrombosis treatment and not simply for chorea in the presence of aPL, as 2 patients died of bleeding. The absence of IgM aCL in patients with APS supports prior evidence that IgG aCL and lupus anticoagulant may be the more clinically relevant antibodies for thrombosis. However, IgM aCL may be important in patients with chorea
The active pleasures of expression and communication
Authors: Lull James James
Published: November 2008

Based on Lull’s recent book «Culture-on-Demand: Communication in a Crisis World» (2007) and on the author’s view of audiences as active participants in all forms of human communication, this article argues for the place of human expression and symbolic power in contemporary media and cultural studies. It also discusses how modern communication technology reinforces and extends the expressive potential of ordinary citizens in the normative contexts of everyday life. This contribution introduces the concept of cultural open sourcing as fundamental to the increasing democratization of communication processes and distribution of social power ona global scale.

Adaptado a partir del más reciente libro de su autor, «Culture-on-demand: communication in a crisis world», y continuando con la visión que el autor tiene de la participación activa de los espectadores en todas las formas de comunicación humana, este artículo defiende el lugar de la expresión humana y del poder del símbolo en los medios de comunicación contemporáneos y en el mundo de la cultura. Discute cómo la moderna tecnología de la comunicación refuerza y extiende el potencial expresivo de los ciudadanos de a pie en los contextos normativos de la vida cotidiana e introduce el concepto de cultural «open sourcing», concepto fundamental para incrementar la democratización de los procesos de la comunicación y la distribución del poder social a escala global.
Books, screens and audiences: what is changing
Authors: García-Canclini Néstor
Published: November 2008

How do new screens –like iPhone or mobile phone’s– interact with their technological ancestors, such as television, cinema or video? Recent research activities in many countries reveal that audiovisual circulation and consumption habits let us argue that new media are not substituting the older ones. In fact, audience diversification exists, industries merge and even a new relationship is established with literate culture. We still read but in many different ways, and new connections emerge among readers, spectators and internet users.

¿Cómo interactúan las pantallas de anteriores transformaciones comunicacionales –las de salas de cine, las de televisión y vídeo– con las de celulares y iPhone? La investigación en muchos países sobre los cambios de circulación de productos audiovisuales y de hábitos de los consumidores no permite hablar de sustitución de unos medios por otros. Hay diversificación de las audiencias, reestructuración de la oferta por las fusiones empresariales y hasta una nueva relación con la cultura letrada: se sigue leyendo, pero de otras maneras, y surgen nuevas articulaciones y diferencias entre lectores, espectadores e internautas.
The formative relevance of screens
Authors: Huergo Jorge A.
Published: November 2008

This article presents the limits of an education for reception, from a notion of training that allows an analysis of the formative character of screens. Television interpellations are analyzed as textual contexts, as well as the recognition and subjective identifications they create. Finally, some clues for a pedagogical intervention centred on the promotion of autonomous ways of reading and writing the world are briefly presented.

En el artículo se presenta, a partir de los límites de la educación para la recepción, una noción de formación que permite analizar el carácter formativo de las pantallas. Se analizan las interpelaciones televisivas en las pantallas como conjuntos textuales, así como los reconocimientos y las identificaciones subjetivas que suscitan. Finalmente, se exponen brevemente algunas claves para una intervención pedagógica centrada en la promoción de modos autónomos de leer y escribir el mundo.
TV channels social responsibility: self-regulation on TV contents during special protected schedule
Authors: Ruiz-San-Román José Antonio , Salguero-Montero Marta
Published: November 2008

National TV channels in Spain signed a self-regulation code to protect rights of children on December 2004. This code developed a special protected schedule for children from 8.00 am to 9.00 am and 17.00 pm to 20.00 pm. This article studies this measure as a social responsibility action to protect children as stakeholders. We also offer the results of an analysis content made in four different periods that measures how often TV channels have ignored the code.

Las cadenas españolas de televisión firmaron, en diciembre de 2004, un código de autorregulación para proteger los derechos de la infancia. Este código estableció un horario de especial protección para con la infancia de 8 a 9 de la mañana y de 5 a 8 de la tarde. El artículo estudia esta medida como una acción de responsabilidad social para proteger, tanto a los niños como a los diferentes grupos de interés involucrados. Ofrecemos también los resultados de un análisis de contenido hecho en cuatro períodos diferentes para medir con cuánta frecuencia las cadenas de televisión han incumplido dicho código.
Oral-gestural, writing, audio, audiovisual and… digital? The five degrees of communication in education
Authors: Perceval-Verde José María , Tejedor-Calvo Santiago
Published: November 2008

This article portrays an overview of the five degrees of comunication in education: oralgestural, writing, audio, audiovisual and digital. It highlights the changes introduced by the on-line scenario in the educational process, reflecting on the character of the student, the teacher and the relationship between them.

En el marco del presente artículo se presenta un recorrido a través de cinco grados de la comunicación en educación: el oral-gestual, la escritura, el audio, el audiovisual y el digital. El texto destaca los cambios que el escenario on-line introduce en el proceso educativo reflexionando sobre la figura del estudiante, del docente y de las relaciones entre ambos.
The process of TV reception as contextual interaction
Authors: Marta-Lazo Carmen
Published: November 2008

The process of reception cannot be equated to visualisation. Many factors are involved in the act of looking; the subject’s background, their level of communicative competence, code knowledge, modus operandi and different ways of interpreting and deepening in messages. Dynamics of interaction with the screen are varied, but to achieve a significant degree of autonomy and activity, direct involvement in the creative process will be necessary. Hence, it is of major importance to foster a responsible use of television and educate society in matters of communication. This is, beyond any doubt, the challenge that the present educative system has to face.

El proceso de recepción televisiva se circunscribe al mero acto de visionado. Son muchos los factores que afectan al ejercicio de mirar, entre otros el «background» con el que cuente el sujeto, su grado de competencia comunicativa, el conocimiento de códigos, modos de operar y maneras de interpretar y profundizar en los mensajes. Las dinámicas de interacción con la pantalla son muy diversas, pero para conseguir un grado de autonomía y actividad significativo, será necesaria la construcción de mensajes o la participación directa en el proceso creativo. En consecuencia, es importante despertar unos hábitos responsables de consumo televisivo y educar en materia de comunicación. Éste es, sin duda, el reto que se le plantea al sistema educativo actual.
Adolescents’ television viewing habits and its relation with values
Authors: Aierbe-Barandiaran Ana , Medrano-Samaniego Concepción
Published: November 2008

The aim of this study was to analyze whether television viewing habits themselves contribute to defining the gender significance in a sample of 577 adolescents (270 boys and 307 girls) from the Basque Autonomous Region. Using responses to the CTV (Television Habits Questionnaire), the authors found several groups of people according to various indicators. Results indicate that television reproduces social gender stereotypes and may contribute to their perpetuation. Furthermore, the group most exposed to contents is the adolescent girls, in which an explicit lack of distinction between private and public life, and between more conventional and personal values can be found.

En este trabajo se ha tratado de relacionar la dieta televisiva de los adolescentes, recogida a través de diferentes índices con sus valores personales y los valores percibidos en los programas de televisión que más les gustan. Con una muestra de 823 adolescentes del País Vasco, se han empleado instrumentos como un cuestionario de hábitos televisivos, para conocer su dieta y una escala de dominios de valores, para conocer sus valores personales y los valores percibidos en los programas de televisión que más les gustan. Los resultados indican que existen correlaciones entre algunos índices (permanencia, covisionado y preferencias por asistir a determinados programas) y algunos valores personales como poder, benevolencia y tradición. Estos datos, en la misma línea que otras investigaciones internacionales, no nos permiten concluir sobre una relación clara entre la dieta de los adolescentes y sus valores.
Co-educating the gaze against gender stereotypes in TV
Authors: Belmonte-Arocha Jorge , Guillamón-Carrasco Silvia
Published: November 2008

TV serials analyzed in this paper show a representation of stereotyped gender. These cultural products, despite its apparent modernity, reproduce inequalities in the representation of the feminine and masculine through gender stereotypes which are sexist models for the construction of gender identity among its young viewers. Besides, a gender and co-education approach for an audiovisual alphabetization should be a good way against inequality.

Se analizan en este trabajo un conjunto de series de televisión que plantean una representación estereotípica de los géneros. Pese a su aparente modernidad, múltiples productos culturales-televisivos siguen siendo portadores de discursos que reproducen la desigualdad en la representación de lo femenino y lo masculino, a través de estereotipos de género que actúan como modelos de desigualdad para la construcción de identidad de sus jóvenes espectadores. Frente a ellas, una alfabetización audiovisual, desde un enfoque coeducativo, podría ser un buen instrumento contra la desigualdad.
Watching movies at home: an overview to family socialization
Authors: Loscertales-Abril Felicidad , Núñez-Domínguez Trinidad
Published: November 2008

What does watching a movie mean? In the first place the spectator places itself facing to a constructed reality, a story and a plot. In addition s/he also sees the elements used by professionals to build such story. Watching movies is one of the ways in which people learn, reflect and acquire values. Due to the fact that movies offer a wide field to obtain human knowledge, our proposal is that watching movies in family and using the TV will enrich the personal relations, giving them consistency, and thus contributing to the socialization of child and the adolescents within the familiar group.

¿Qué significa ir al cine y ver una película? La persona observadora se sitúa ante la narración audiovisual que ofrece la gran pantalla viendo ante todo la vida construida, la historia, el argumento, y luego, en un segundo plano, los elementos con los que los profesionales elaboraron el relato narrado. De esta forma, se aprende, se reflexiona y se adquieren valores. El cine ofrece un amplio campo al conocimiento humano y por ello, las autores proponen en este trabajo el visionado de este arte audiovisual en familia, usando la TV, dado que de esta forma se enriquecerá las relaciones personales, adquiriendo mayor consistencia, y además contribuirá a la socialización de la infancia y la adolescencia dentro del grupo familiar.
Observations on the female internal reproductive organs of the brown howler monkey (Alouatta guariba clamitans)
Authors: Veras Mariana Matera , do Valle Marques Karina , Miglino Maria Angélica , Caldini Elia Garcia
Published: November 2008

Alouatta guariba clamitans(brown howler monkey) is an endemic primate from the southeastern Brazil tropical forests, classified as near threatened by the IUCN Red List 2007. The genusAlouattais one of the most difficult New World monkeys to breed and rear in captivity. In this study we examined the macroscopic and histological aspects of the female genital tract of wild brown howler monkeys to provide baseline information for future reproduction research. The anatomical relationship between the vagina, uterus, broad ligament, oviducts and ovaries are those of a typical primate reproductive tract. The fundic portion of the uterus is globoid, the cervix is well developed, which confers to the uterus an elongated shape, and the vagina is a long flattened channel. Histological analysis conducted in females in the follicular phase revealed large quantities of interstitial luteinized tissue in the ovaries, a stratified nonkeratinized vaginal epithelium, lack of glands in the vaginal mucosa and simple tubular endometrial glands. The observed anatomical features should be considered in the adaptation and application of assisted reproductive techniques aimed at improving captive reproduction for species conservation. Am. J. Primatol. 71:145–152, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Proton/Hydrogen‐Transfer Coordinate of 2,5‐Dihydroxybenzoic Acid Investigated in a Supersonic Beam: Combined IR/UV Spectroscopy in the S0, S1, and D0 States
Authors: Fricke Holger , Bartl Kristina , Funk Andreas , Gerlach Andreas , Gerhards Markus
Published: November 2008

As a model system for intramolecular proton/hydrogen‐transfer coordinates, the structure of 2,5‐dihydroxybenzoic acid is investigated for the ground, first electronically excited and also the ionic state. Combined IR/UV spectroscopy in molecular‐beam experiments is applied and the experimental results are interpreted by the application of DFT and CASPT2 methods. No proton or hydrogen transfer is observed, but evidence is given for a hydrogen dislocation of the intramolecular hydrogen bond in the S1 state and to lesser extent in the D0 state. To obtain direct information on the proton/hydrogen‐transfer coordinate, IR spectra are recorded both in the region of the OH and especially the CO stretching vibrations by also applying two new variants of combined IR/UV spectroscopy for the S1 and D0 states. The CO groups are directly involved in the hydrogen bond and, in contrast to the hydrogen‐bonded OH groups, the CO stretching frequencies can be observed in all electronic states.
FPGA implementation of a coupled‐map‐lattice‐based cryptosystem
Authors: Li Ping , Zhang Wei , Li Zhong , Liu Wenbo , Halang Wolfgang A.
Published: November 2008

In this paper, a multimedia cryptosystem is first proposed and then implemented by a field programmable gate array (FPGA). A stream cipher is designed for the cryptosystem based on a coupled map lattice (CML), which can exhibit extremely complex spatiotemporal chaos. To improve the encryption speed, it is digitized and implemented in the FPGA. A user‐friendly interface is designed for users to input data from a PC, to manipulate the cryptosystem to encrypt/decryt and to observe the results. The data communication between a user's PC and the FPGA is realized via an enhance parallel port. The performance of the cryptosystem, i.e. statistical properties, security and speed, are quantitatively analyzed to be satisfactory. Further, the effectiveness of applying the cryptosystem in a text file, an audio file and an image file is verified by investigating the distributions and correlations of a plain‐media (i.e. plain‐text, plain‐audio or plain‐image) and its cipher‐media (i.e. cipher‐text, cipher‐audio or cipher‐image), and the diffusion with respect to a plain‐media. It is shown that the cryptosystem has high security, high speed, low cost and easy‐to‐use property, and can be widely applied for encrypting multimedia. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of Ethyl 5‐Hydroxyisoxazolidine‐4‐carboxylates via Michael Addition/Intramolecular Hemiketalisation
Authors: Benfatti Fides , Bottoni Andrea , Cardillo Giuliana , Gentilucci Luca , Monari Magda , Mosconi Elisa , Stenta Marco , Tolomelli Alessandra
Published: November 2008

The 1,4‐addition of N,O‐bis(trimethylsilyl)hydroxylamine to alkylideneacetoacetates gave, in high yield, new 5‐hydroxyisoxazolidine‐4‐carboxylates. The results of the accurate computational investigation on the mechanism at the DFT level are in complete agreement with the experimental evidence and the crystallographic data. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Using Capsaicin Modified Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube Based Electrodes and p‐Chloranil Modified Carbon Paste Electrodes for the Determination of Amines: Application to Benzocaine and Lidocaine
Authors: Kachoosangi Roohollah T. , Wildgoose Gregory G. , Compton Richard G.
Published: November 2008

The utilization of the capsaicin modified carbon nanotube modified basal‐plane pyrolytic graphite electrode or p‐chloranil modified carbon paste electrodes are presented for the determination of pharmaceutical compounds containing amine functionality, such as benzocaine and lidocaine. In detection of benzocaine at a capsaicin modified electrode, the guaiacol functional group is irreversibly electrochemically oxidized to form the o‐quinone derivative which then undergoes nucleophilic attack by the aromatic amine group in benzocaine via a 1,4‐Michael addition mechanism forming a catechol‐amine adduct. The electrochemically initiated formation of the capsaicin‐benzocaine adduct causes a linear decrease in the voltammetric signal corresponding to capsaicin which correlates to the added concentration of benzocaine.
Probing Second Harmonic Components of pH‐Sensitive Redox Processes in a Mesoporous TiO2‐Nafion Film Electrode with Fourier‐Transformed Large‐Amplitude Sinusoidally Modulated Voltammetry
Authors: Milsom Elizabeth V. , Bond Alan M. , O'Mullane Anthony P. , Elton Darrell , Lee Chong‐Yong , Marken Frank
Published: November 2008

Electrochemical processes in mesoporous TiO2‐Nafion thin films deposited on indium tin oxide (ITO) electrodes are inherently complex and affected by capacitance, Ohmic iR‐drop, RC‐time constant phenomena, and by potential and pH‐dependent conductivity. In this study, large‐amplitude sinusoidally modulated voltammetry (LASMV) is employed to provide access to almost purely Faradaic‐based current data from second harmonic components, as well as capacitance and potential domain information from the fundamental harmonic for mesoporous TiO2‐Nafion film electrodes. The LASMV response has been investigated with and without an immobilized one‐electron redox system, ferrocenylmethyltrimethylammonium+. Results clearly demonstrate that the electron transfer associated with the immobilized ferrocene derivative follows two independent pathways i) electron hopping within the Nafion network and ii) conduction through the TiO2 backbone. The pH effect on the voltammetric response for the TiO2 reduction pathway (ii) can be clearly identified in the 2nd harmonic LASMV response with the diffusion controlled ferrocene response (i) acting as a pH independent reference. Application of second harmonic data derived from LASMV measurement, because of the minimal contribution from capacitance currents, may lead to reference‐free pH sensing with systems like that found for ferrocene derivatives.
Interleukin‐6 promotes 2‐deoxyglucose uptake through p44/42 MAPKs activation via Ca2+/PKC and EGF receptor in primary cultured chicken hepatocytes
Authors: Suh Han Na , Lee Yu Jin , Han Ho Jae
Published: November 2008

Interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) is involved in a variety of biological responses, including the glucose metabolism and cell growth, which is a critical physiological function requiring multiple metabolic pathways. Therefore, in the present study, we examined the effect of IL‐6 on 2‐deoxyglucose (2‐DG) uptake and the related signaling pathways in primary cultured chicken hepatocytes. IL‐6 increased 2‐DG uptake in a time‐ (≥4 h) and a dose ‐(≥5 ng/ml) dependent manner. Indeed, IL‐6 increased GLUT‐2 mRNA and protein expression as well as 2‐DG uptake, which were blocked by actinomycin D (AD, transcription inhibitor) and cycloheximide (CHX, translation inhibitor). IL‐6 (10 ng/ml) increased the level of IL‐6Rα and glycoprotein (gp) 130 (IL‐6Rβ) protein expressions. IL‐6 increased Janus Kinase (JAK)‐2, signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)‐3 phosphorylation, intracellular Ca2+ concentration, and PKC phosphorylation. IL‐6‐induced increase of 2‐DG uptake and GLUT‐2 protein expression were blocked by JAK2‐specific siRNA, a STAT3 inhibitor, staurosporine, and bisindolylmaleimide I (PKC inhibitors). In addition, IL‐6 increased EGFR/src/FAK, PI3K/Akt phosphorylation and 2‐DG uptake as well as GLUT‐2 protein expression, which were blocked by AG 1478 (EGF receptor inhibitor), PP2 (src family of tyrosine kinase inhibitor), PI3K‐specific siRNA, and a Akt inhibitor. Furthermore, IL‐6 increased p44/42 MAPKs phosphorylation and p44 and p42 MAPK‐specific siRNA mixture blocked IL‐6‐induced increase of 2‐DG uptake and GLUT‐2 protein expression. In conclusion, IL‐6 stimulates the 2‐DG uptake through p44/42 MAPKs activation via Ca2+/PKC and EGF receptor in primary cultured chicken hepatocytes. J. Cell. Physiol. 218: 643–652, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Studies on the solvent extraction of rare earths from nitrate media with a combination of di‐(2‐ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid and sec‐octylphenoxyacetic acid
Authors: Jia Qiong , Li Zhiying , Zhou Weihong , Li Hongfei
Published: November 2008

BACKGROUND: Di‐(2‐ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid (D2EHPA, H2A2) has been used extensively in hydrometallurgy for the extraction of rare earths, but it has some limitations. Synergistic extraction has attracted much attention because of its enhanced extractabilities and selectivities. In the present study, sec‐octylphenoxyacetic acid (CA12, H2B2) was added into D2EHPA systems for the extraction and separation of rare earths. The extraction mechanism of lanthanum with the mixtures and the separation of lanthanoids and yttrium were investigated.

RESULTS: The synergistic enhancement coefficient for La3+ extracted with D2EHPA + CA12 was calculated as 3.63. La3+ was extracted as La(NO3)2H2A2B with the mixture. The logarithm of the equilibrium constant was determined as 0.80. The thermodynamic functions, ΔH, ΔG, and ΔS were calculated to be 4.03 kJ mol−1, − 1.96 kJ mol−1, and 20.46 J mol−1 K−1, respectively. The mixtures have synergistic effects on Ce3+, Nd3+, and Y3+, with an especially strong synergistic effect on Y3+. Neither synergistic nor antagonistic effects on Dy3+ and weak antagonistic effects on Lu3+ were found.

CONCLUSION: Mixtures of D2EHPA and CA12 exhibit evident synergistic effects when used to extract La3+ from nitric solution. The stoichiometries of the extracted complexes have been determined by graphical and numerical methods to be La(NO3)2H2A2B with the mixture. The extraction is an endothermic process. The mixture exhibits different extraction effects on rare earths, which provides possibilities for the separation of Y3+ from Ln3+ at a proper ratio of D2EHPA and CA12. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
Co‐chaperonin GroES as a modulator of proteasomal activity
Authors: Cuccioloni Massimiliano , Montecchia Francesca , Amici Manila , Mozzicafreddo Matteo , Eleuteri Anna Maria , Angeletti Mauro
Published: November 2008

The proteasome has a crucial part in the degradation of normal, damaged, mutant or misfolded proteins within both the ubiquitin ATP‐dependent and the ubiquitin ATP‐independent pathways. Proteasome‐mediated proteolysis is modulated by diverse factors, and in this regard, chaperonins have been attracting great interest. The investigation on the role of a co‐chaperonin, namely GroES, in the modulation of proteasomal activity was the focus of this work. Our study reports on an analytical approach based on combined fluorimetric, chromatographic (applied to the enzymatic activity evaluation), surface plasmon resonance techniques and molecular modelling, addressed to the assessment and characterization of the interaction. Globally, we described a high affinity interaction between GroES and two different 20 S (immuno‐ and constitutive) proteasomes, uncovering new scenarios on their possible physio‐pathological role, specifically on the ability of proteasomes to interact both with unfolding and folding‐ assisting macromolecules. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Local discretization error bounds using interval boundary element method
Authors: Zalewski B. F. , Mullen R. L.
Published: November 2008

In this paper, a method to account for the point‐wise discretization error in the solution for boundary element method is developed. Interval methods are used to enclose the boundary integral equation and a sharp parametric solver for the interval linear system of equations is presented. The developed method does not assume any special properties besides the Laplace equation being a linear elliptic partial differential equation whose Green's function for an isotropic media is known. Numerical results are presented showing the guarantee of the bounds on the solution as well as the convergence of the discretization error. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.