bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Digitally Mediated Identity in the Cases of Two Sámi Artists
Authors: Werner Ann
Published: July 2017

This chapter explores identity issues in commercial streaming services, which have grown steadily in the 2010s to become the dominant form of music consumption in the Nordic countries, with about 60% of all Internet users in 2015. The chapter offers an alternative to the dominant trend in music industry studies by focusing not on the industry’s interests but instead on broader cultural issues. The chapter presents case studies of two female Sámi artists and their representations on Spotify, YouTube, MySpace, and artists’ websites, taking various aspects of the services into account, including the interface and the algorithm-based recommendations. Informed by feminist cultural studies, the argument is that the industry continues a history of reinforcing stereotypes of ethnicity, indigeneity, and femininity. Thus, commercial streaming is not only making music available to global audiences, it is also selling images of Otherness within an unequal capitalist global media system.
Nordic Modernity and the Structure of the Musical Landscape
Authors: Holt Fabian
Published: July 2017

This chapter outlines macro structural changes in the Nordic music landscape, drawing from sociological theory of modernity. The chapter identifies popular music in wider tensions in Nordic modernity, particularly in relation to shifting hegemonic cultures to uncover the underlying dynamics of tensions between shifting mainstream formations and their alternatives. Following this logic, musical style and taste involve positionings in relation to issues of capitalism, nationalism, and mass media. The chapter analyzes changes in the region’s music landscape within the region’s evolving modernity, particularly in the transition from a national to a more global modernity. This is illustrated by the declining status of Stockholm’s Anglo pop music industry as the region’s center into a more decentralized and networked transnational cultural geography.
Music and Environmentalism in Iceland
Authors: Dibben Nicola
Published: July 2017

This chapter is a scholarly response to environmental degradation in Iceland. In recognizing the scope of the crisis, the chapter questions conventional wisdom in musical geography and offers a new vision for music’s potential in transnational futures. The chapter offers an argument for eco-cosmopolitanism as an alternative to place-centered approaches to the analysis of contemporary spatial experiences, suggesting that recorded music might help people see themselves as part of a global biosphere. The analysis includes a discussion of musical activism in response to the Kárahnjúkar Hydropower Project and offers two case studies, illustrating a topophilic and a biophilic conception of the national environment. The first case study is the 2007 documentary Heima (Homeland) about a free, unannounced concert tour by Sigur Rós and the second is Björk’s 2011 album Biophilia.
Rock Art Tourism
Authors: Duval Mélanie , Gauchon Christophe , Smith Benjamin
Published: July 2017

Rock art tourism facilities at publicly accessible sites range widely from a total absence of purpose-built infrastructure to multimillion-dollar interpretation centres, and from free and unrestricted visitation to full fee-paying, highly mediated visitation experiences run by tourism professionals. This chapter addresses questions surrounding the principles and practices of rock art tourism development in conjunction with issues of heritage management and conservation; each site is different, and development practices in one area cannot simply be transferred to another, although common methodologies may be followed. The most appropriate developments are constructed by first understanding the significance of places through genuine consultative processes that include all interested parties. Using examples from around the world, the authors provide an historical overview of rock art tourism in caves and open-air sites and discuss integrated rock art tourism management with a focus on conservation, interpretation, territoriality, and cultural connectivities.
Love and Literature
Authors: Higgins Kathleen
Published: July 2017

Drawing on Ronald de Sousa’s account of emotional learning through paradigm scenarios, this article argues that literature is an important means through which we develop our conception of romantic love. Milan Kundera’s novel The Unbearable Lightness of Being serves as an example of a literary work that helps to shape our understanding of this kind of love. The narrator offers theoretical observations about love and its preconditions, but the novel also educates us about love through vignettes and scenarios that explore relationships between particular characters. Significantly, the imaginative, often metaphoric views that the characters have of themselves and other characters have a powerful impact on whether incipient romantic relationships proceed to flourish or to wither. The essay concludes with an analysis of the means through which fictional narratives educate us about romantic love, with illustrations from Kundera’s novel.
Federal Judicial Tenure
Authors: Yoon Albert
Published: July 2017

When an Article III federal judge concludes their active service on the bench, she effectively abdicates her seat and enables the president and Senate to choose her successor. Some judicial scholars argue that political factors motivate this decision. More recent scholarship, however, provide strong evidence that judicial pensions largely explain how long a judge maintains active status. By comparison, political and institutional factors do not have a meaningful effect. At the same time, judges, when ending active status, remain on the bench as senior judges notwithstanding the small financial incentives to chose it over full retirement. Taken together, judges’ behave rationally, while at the same time exhibiting strong institutional commitment to the federal bench.
Gatekeeping and Filtering in Trial Courts
Authors: Boyd Christina L.
Published: July 2017

Trial courts and their actors play critical gatekeeping and filtering roles within the judicial hierarchy. As this chapter discusses, the decisions made by litigants and judges in the millions of criminal and civil trial court cases in the United States each year affect things like what cases get filed, how cases develop, what cases settle or plea bargain and when, whether losing litigants will appeal, and, if they do, how the appellate courts will respond. This chapter proceeds by first examining the selection of disputes and charges that takes place by parties, prosecutors, and other lawyers prior to a case being filed in a trial court. Next, the chapter details the decision-making of trial court parties, lawyers, and judges. As the chapter concludes, it discusses the unique set of challenges present for interdisciplinary research on trial courts.
Agenda-Setting on the U.S. Supreme Court
Authors: Owens Ryan J. , Sieja James
Published: July 2017

Understanding the conditions under which the Supreme Court sets its agenda is crucial to understanding Supreme Court behavior. After all, before the justices make any decision on the merits of a case, they must first decide whether to hear it at all. This chapter analyzes Supreme Court agenda-setting. It begins by describing the process justices employ to select cases to review. It examines how parties file certiorari petitions, the certiorari pool used to provide guidance to the justices, and the conferences in which justices vote to grant or deny review to cert petitions. The chapter then discusses four explanations political scientists have provided to explain the conditions under which justices set the agenda. The article concludes by examining limitations of existing scholarship and providing suggestions for future scholarship.
Courtroom Proceedings in U.S. Federal Courts
Authors: Johnson Timothy R.
Published: July 2017

This article discusses courtroom proceedings in U.S. federal courts. It begins by examining how federal district courts conduct trials. To make clear how these proceedings run it compares what really happens in most trials compared to how Hollywood portrays trials. In addition, it considers several key rights associated with trial proceedings. From there, it considers how federal circuit courts conduct business in open court. A key aspect of this section is how circuit proceedings differ across the country because each circuit has different rules governing arguments. Finally, it assesses the oral arguments in the U.S. Supreme Court as well as how these proceedings may affect the decisions justices make. In each section it provides a descriptive overview of the processes and then discusses current research and direction for future analyses.
Covering the Courts
Authors: Solberg Rorie
Published: July 2017

Scholarly examination of the media coverage of the Supreme Court occurs for both intrinsic and instrumental purposes. Scholarly study of media coverage of the Court examines the content, frame, and magnitude of the coverage. Pushing further, these examinations provide critical information about the relationship between media coverage and the institutional credibility of the Court. Studies of media coverage are also instrumental as they provide metrics useful in the explication of judicial behavior. Despite the usefulness of the work explored here, the knowledge gained may be expiring. As social networks usurp traditional and online media sources as the conduit for information, our focus on the relationship of the mass media, its coverage of the Court, and various questions of judicial legitimacy or public knowledge may be expiring.
Judicial Impact
Authors: Hall Matthew E.K.
Published: July 2017

For decades, research on judicial impact has supported two seemingly contradictory propositions. Courts are persistently viewed as weak institutions that lack implementation tools and powerful political actors that influence numerous social outcomes. This schizophrenic state of the literature is propelled by ambiguity over the meaning of judicial impact. A narrow conceptualization of judicial impact as the causal effect of judicial rulings on others’ behavior offers conceptual clarity and analytical rigor. Studies in this vein often disagree about whose behavior to examine (judges, bureaucrats, or private actors), but there is considerable agreement regarding the factors that shape impact: opinion clarity, agency preferences, institutional context, and external pressure. Impact researchers should heed the admonishments of earlier scholars and strive to resolve the conceptual ambiguities that pervade the field.
Cognition in the Courts
Authors: Braman Eileen
Published: July 2017

This chapter critically evaluates how experiments are used to study cognitive processes involved in legal reasoning. Looking at research on legal presumptions, heuristic processing, and various types of bias in judicial decision-making, the analysis considers how experiments with judges, lay participants, and other legally trained populations have contributed to our understanding of the psychological processes involved in fact-finding and legal decision-making. It explores how behavioral economics, dual process models, cultural cognition, and motivated reasoning frameworks have been used to inform experimental research. The chapter concludes with a discussion of what findings add to our normative understanding of issues like accuracy and neutrality in decision-making and a call to better integrate knowledge gained through experimental methods across disciplinary boundaries.
New Measurement Technologies
Authors: Ho Daniel E. , Morse Michael
Published: July 2017

This chapter reviews measurement technologies that have rapidly invigorated the study of judicial behavior, examining the standard approach to measuring judicial “ideal points” and discussing how such measures have facilitated broad new lines of inquiry in understanding judicial decision-making. But the measures, as this chapter explains, are no panacea. Proper use and interpretation depend critically on qualitative assumptions and understanding of underlying case law. This chapter argues that the way forward combines jurisprudentially meaningful data collection with advances in measurement technologies. These concepts are illustrated by empirically informing a long-standing debate about the effect of the Nuremberg trial on Justice Jackson’s jurisprudence.
The Legacy of the ‘Caroline Divines’, Restoration, and the Emergence of the High Church Tradition
Authors: Starkie Andrew
Published: July 2017

The promotion of conciliarist ideas in the reign of James I created a space for both liberal Arminian and conservative Laudian ideas to shape the Church of England’s self-identity under regal patronage, whilst largely excluding the influence of both Puritans and Roman Catholics. The Restoration Church after 1660 inherited these conciliarist ideas, while the conservative heirs of Laud emerged as the High Church party, a party which continued to articulate its ecclesiological vision into the eighteenth century and beyond, most notably in the writings of Henry Dodwell, George Bull, George Hickes, and William Law. However, conservative conciliarism failed to survive the demise of the ancient regime, and this can be seen in the affinity of some of the Tractarians with French ultramontanists.
The Tracts for the Times
Authors: Cooper Austin
Published: July 2017

The Oxford Movement began by contributing to theological discourse through a series of numbered tracts entitled Tracts for the Times, which provided the popular designation of the Movement—Tractarian. The series of Tracts for the Times was occasioned by the passage of the Church Temporalities (Ireland) Act of 1833 which, in an effort to assuage hostile Irish attitudes, dismantled aspects of the established (Anglican) Church of Ireland, including the reduction of the number of dioceses from 22 to 12. Inspired by the writings of the Fathers of the Church, and bolstered by leading Anglican divines, the Tracts began in the form of frequent, short, and pithy statements which by 1836 gave way to much longer, erudite, and less frequent publications.
Newman’s ‘Anglican Deathbed’
Authors: Gilley Sheridan
Published: July 2017

In Tract 90 (1841) John Henry Newman attempted to reconcile the Thirty-Nine Articles with Catholic teaching. Severely attacked by the bishops of the Church of England, Tract 90 brought the series of Tracts to an end. Newman then let the leadership of the Movement pass to radicals like William George Ward, whose insistence that he rejected not one Roman doctrine led to his degradation from his degrees. Newman resigned his parish of St Mary the Virgin in 1843 and his orders in 1845, when he became a Roman Catholic. His submission to Rome became the ‘type’ of such Anglican conversions, which became part of the controversial pattern of English religious life.
The Evangelical Background
Authors: Carter Grayson
Published: July 2017

Did Evangelicalism influence the beginnings—and nature—of the Oxford Movement? There were, in fact, a number of close associations between the two movements, and several of the leading personalities of the Oxford Movement were raised in Evangelicalism, but eventually came to reject the more extreme ‘gospel religion’ found in Oxford during the 1820s and 1830s. As this chapter illustrates, there were powerful political, spiritual, and social forces and counter-forces at work in England at the time, propelling young men and women in different ecclesial directions. The Evangelical background to the Oxford Movement is an important, but often overlooked, feature of the history of the Church of England during the nineteenth century.
Ireland, Wales, and Scotland
Authors: Brown Stewart J.
Published: July 2017

In this chapter the author demonstrates that while the Oxford Movement was an English development, it also exercised a significant influence upon the other nations within the United Kingdom. In Ireland and Wales, where the established United Church of England and Ireland held the allegiance of only a minority of the population, small but influential groups of High Churchmen embraced Tractarian principles as a form of Church defence. In Scotland, Tractarian principles contributed to the modest revival of the small Scottish Episcopal Church, and also had unexpected consequences in promoting a Scoto-Catholic movement within the late nineteenth-century established Presbyterian Church of Scotland.
The Oxford Movement and Missions
Authors: Strong Rowan
Published: July 2017

This chapter examines four initial facets of mission that emerged from the Oxford Movement as dimensions of later Anglo-Catholicism in the Anglican Communion. These were first, Anglo-Catholic infiltration of the High Church Society for the Propagation of the Gospel; second, colonial missions to settler communities in the British Empire; third, institutional missions to India, such as the Oxford Mission to Calcutta; and fourth, a unique and early example of an enculturated mission in India associated with the Society of St John the Evangelist. The use of religious communities is highlighted, including an example of indigenous non-British mission in the Melanesian Brotherhood.
Conflicts in Oxford
Authors: Nockles Peter
Published: July 2017

The Oxford Movement had a profound academic and educational as well as theological and spiritual dimension. Its leaders and protagonists emerged as staunch upholders of Oxford’s doctrinal orthodoxy in the face of the challenge of external Whig political interference from without and theological heterodoxy from within. The so-called Oriel Noetics, whom Newman and others had owed so much, became regarded as the enemy. The controversies over Subscription and the admission of Dissenters to the university, the Hampden affair and issues of collegiate statute reform, which pitted both sides against each other, illustrated the extent to which the Tractarians regarded the battle for the soul of the university as a microcosm of the wider battle for the soul of the Church.
Paul the Apostle
Authors: Moser Paul K.
Published: July 2017

This chapter shows that the apostle Paul had a distinctive epistemology regarding human knowledge of God. It is a pneumatic wisdom epistemology, owing to its role, in human knowledge of God, for the Spirit of God and for a special kind of wisdom linked to Jesus Christ. Paul’s epistemology is centrally Christological, because the aforementioned Spirit and wisdom are the Spirit and wisdom of Jesus Christ. The chapter explains how Paul’s epistemology is grace-oriented given its implication that God relates to humans in a way that undermines the human earning of divine favour. It identifies how ‘cognitive grace’ and a filial relation figure in Paul’s account of knowing God. The filial relation requires one’s participating in divine agapē as God self-manifests to one. The chapter identifies this participating as having a volitional component, whereby people cooperate with the will of God in a way that is cognitively important.
Realism and Anti-realism
Authors: Insole Christopher J.
Published: July 2017

The chapter argues that the search for a single construal of the realism/anti-realism distinction is misguided. There are more or less apt versions of the distinction, each framed with a specific set of interests. The terms of art, ‘realist’ and ‘anti-realist’, are not helpfully construed as applying across whole domains (‘science’, ‘religion’, ‘ethics’), or thinkers, but at the level of particular statements. As such, the distinction has less in common with categorizations such as ‘theist/atheist’, or ‘empiricist/rationalist’, and more in common with (contestable, but still useful for many) terms of art such as ‘a priori/a posteriori’ and ‘analytic/synthetic’. The chapter explores four alternative construals of the distinction: cognitivist, ontological, epistemological, and semantic. When we get to the more subtle construals of semantic anti-realism/realism, it is unclear what precisely (if anything) is at stake in the debate.
Introduction
Authors: Abraham William J. , Aquino Frederick D.
Published: July 2017

It has been commonplace in epistemology to give careful attention not just to epistemology as a general enterprise but also to explore in detail the epistemology of particular academic disciplines. The level of scholarly engagement within and around epistemology and theology has grown sufficiently to permit and justify a volume on the epistemology of theology. As a result, this Handbook provides a critical and constructive investigation of appropriate epistemic concepts and theories in or related to theology. It focuses on standard epistemic concepts that are usually thought of as questions about norms and sources of theology (e.g. reason, experience, tradition, scripture, revelation) and on some general epistemic concepts that can be related to theology (e.g. wisdom, understanding, virtue, evidence, testimony, scepticism, disagreement). However, no uniform epistemological or theological approaches are synonymous with the epistemology of theology. Instead, this Handbook includes a broad range of perspectives and methodological assumptions.
Continental Philosophy
Authors: Simmons J. Aaron
Published: July 2017

This chapter attempts to outline possible contributions that continental philosophy can make to the epistemology of theology. It begins with an extended engagement with Nicholas Wolterstorff in order to argue that continental philosophy need not be viewed as inherently hostile to philosophical theology. Indeed, there are reasons to think that continental philosophy should be understood as an important resource for philosophical theology and philosophy of religion. With this meta-philosophical framework in place, possible specific ways in which continental philosophy might contribute to discussions concerning the epistemology of theology are then discussed. In particular, the chapter focuses on debates concerning foundationalism, experience, revelation, and realism/anti-realism.
Understanding
Authors: Kvanvig Jonathan L.
Published: July 2017

Among our purely intellectual achievements are things like knowledge, understanding, and finding good reasons or evidence for some claims and against others. The drive to reduce and simplify then appears, asking which of these great epistemic goods is fundamental. Does knowledge come first, with good evidence being a derivative idea (maybe because your evidence is what you know)? Or does the evidence we get from experience or rational intuition dominate, with knowledge involving an especially laudatory amount or degree of such? Where do the great intellectual achievements of wisdom and understanding fit into the story? If understanding, for example, is the goal of enquiry rather than knowledge or rational opinion, the question arises of whether either of the two approaches can explain or accommodate such a central role. This chapter explores the relationships between these three central elements in a complete epistemology.
Reason and Faith
Authors: Buchak Lara
Published: July 2017

Faith is a central attitude in Christian religious practice. The problem of faith and reason is the problem of reconciling religious faith with the standards for our belief-forming practices in general (‘ordinary epistemic standards’). In order to see whether and when faith can be reconciled with ordinary epistemic standards, we first need to know what faith is. This chapter examines and catalogues views of propositional faith: faith that p. It is concerned with the epistemology of such faith: what cognitive attitudes such faith requires, what epistemic norms govern these attitudes, and whether Christian faith can ever adhere to them.
Scepticism
Authors: Dunaway William , Hawthorne John
Published: July 2017

To what extent are theological questions knowable? This chapter outlines some tools for addressing this question by first giving some plausible structural constraints on knowledge. These constraints include the absence of false beliefs in nearby worlds, connections to other mental states, and the relationship between knowledge and rationality and moral worth. Then it uses these constraints to explore the relationship between the possibility (or impossibility) of theological knowledge and various issues including private interpretation, faith, the problem of evil, religious diversity, and morally good action. Even with these relatively simple structural features of knowledge in hand, we can outline some potential difficulties for familiar discussions in the epistemology of theology, and point to some new considerations that bear on familiar questions. Thus we hope to show that careful thinking about the structural constraints on knowledge, especially as related to sceptical concerns, is of interest to familiar epistemological debates in theology.
Teresa of Ávila
Authors: Payne Steven
Published: July 2017

Teresa of Ávila is often cited in Anglo-American philosophical discussions of the epistemic significance of mysticism. Until recently, however, these typically involved quoting her selectively to bolster some particular view regarding which unusual transitory experiences count as truly ‘mystical’, whether they are ‘the same everywhere’, and what support they might provide for belief in God. This chapter suggests a broader approach that recognizes Teresa’s potential contribution to many other topics related to theological epistemology, including: the epistemic benefits of the ‘Teresian’ virtues; mystical growth as involving a fundamental transformation of one’s epistemic capacities; and mysticism as a complementary mode of knowing ‘through experience’ the same divine realities approached more indirectly by theological study.
The Experiential Grounding of Religious Belief
Authors: Senor Thomas D.
Published: July 2017

The phenomenon of religious experience is widespread. People of many different faiths have what they believe to be encounters with the divine. About the pervasiveness of religious experience, there can be no doubt. What is controversial is the epistemic significance of these purported encounters. Sceptics claim that there is no reason to think such experience is veridical, and so it can offer no justification for the religious beliefs that are grounded in it. However, there are others who note important parallels between the experience we have through our five senses and the experience some religious believers report having of God. This chapter will discuss the work of philosopher William P. Alston on the epistemology of theology. Alston argues that there can be literal perception of God and that such perception adds to the rational credibility of faith in God.
Foundationalism
Authors: Bergmann Michael
Published: July 2017

Foundationalism, a theory about the structure of epistemic justification, is often criticized for certain excesses despite the fact that these excesses are actually not a part of foundationalism itself but are, instead, unnecessary additions that have on occasion been combined with it. But when correctly understood, its main tenets (most prominently the claim that there can be properly basic beliefs) are virtually undeniable. The best way to get at the heart of foundationalism is to focus not on Descartes but on Aristotle and his famous regress argument. The chapter’s first main section unpacks that foundationalist argument. Its second main section addresses some objections to foundationalism. The third main section considers how foundationalism bears on topics in the epistemology of theology—topics such as Reformed epistemology, natural theology, biblical criticism, and post-foundationalism.
The Silicon Tide: Relations between Things Epistemic and Things of Function in the Semiconductor World
Authors: Shinn Terry
Published: July 2017

This article explores the changing interactions between fundamental physics and the learning and skills situated near engineering and enterprise as related to microelectronics and in particular to semiconductors that occurred over the span of the twentieth century. The discussion draws on selected episodes in the silicon tide with reference to an understanding of semiconducting to the invention of transistors and their development. The focus is on theories, experiments, models, invention, materials, products, manufacturing markets, and management from Guglielmo Marconi’s introduction of Hertzian communication to the 1947 invention of the transistor by John Bardeen, William Shockley, and Walter Brattain, the development of the microprocessor in 1970, and the launch in 2011 of the nanoscale Finfet transistor family by the Intel company.
Experimentation in the Physical Sciences of the Seventeenth Century
Authors: Meli Domenico Bertoloni
Published: July 2017

This article examines experimentation in the physical sciences during the seventeenth century. It first provides an overview of some features and problems of seventeenth-century experimentation before discussing experiments on the science of motion, with particular emphasis on falling bodies, the inclined plane and projectiles, and the pendulum. It then considers barometric experiments associated with Torricelli and their aftermath, including Florin Périer’s Puy-de Dôme experiment in 1648 to test whether the mercury in the barometer was lower at the top, Adrien Auzout’s void-in-the-void experiment, and Gilles de Roberval’s carp-bladder experiment. It also describes the experiments of Otto von Guericke and Robert Boyle, along with optical experiments designed to investigate the behaviour and nature of light, including Isaac Newton’s prismatic experiments.
Liberty, Fairness and the ‘Contribution Model’ for Non-medical Vaccine Exemption Policies: A Reply to Navin and Largent
Authors: Giubilini Alberto , Douglas Thomas , Savulescu Julian
Published: July 2017

In a paper recently published in this journal, Navin and Largent argue in favour of a type of policy to regulate non-medical exemptions from childhood vaccination which they call ‘Inconvenience’. This policy makes it burdensome for parents to obtain an exemption to child vaccination, for example, by requiring parents to attend immunization education sessions and to complete an application form to receive a waiver. Navin and Largent argue that this policy is preferable to ‘Eliminationism’, i.e. to policies that do not allow non-medical exemptions, because Inconvenience has been shown to maintain exemption rates low while not harming parents by forcing them to do something that goes against their beliefs. We argue that it is at least doubtful that Inconvenience is ethically preferable to Eliminationism: while the latter disregards the value of liberty, Inconvenience disregards the value of fairness in the distribution of the burdens entailed by the preservation of a public good like herd immunity. We propose a variant of Inconvenience, which we call ‘Contribution’, which we think is preferable to the versions of Inconvenience discussed by Navin and Largent in that it successfully strikes a balance between the values of parents’ liberty, fairness and expected utility.
Computer Vision for High-Throughput Quantitative Phenotyping: A Case Study of Grapevine Downy Mildew Sporulation and Leaf Trichomes
Authors: Divilov Konstantin , Wiesner-Hanks Tyr , Barba Paola , Cadle-Davidson Lance , Reisch Bruce I.
Published: July 2017

Quantitative phenotyping of downy mildew sporulation is frequently used in plant breeding and genetic studies, as well as in studies focused on pathogen biology such as chemical efficacy trials. In these scenarios, phenotyping a large number of genotypes or treatments can be advantageous but is often limited by time and cost. We present a novel computational pipeline dedicated to estimating the percent area of downy mildew sporulation from images of inoculated grapevine leaf discs in a manner that is time and cost efficient. The pipeline was tested on images from leaf disc assay experiments involving two F1 grapevine families, one that had glabrous leaves (Vitis rupestris B38 × ‘Horizon’ [RH]) and another that had leaf trichomes (Horizon × V. cinerea B9 [HC]). Correlations between computer vision and manual visual ratings reached 0.89 in the RH family and 0.43 in the HC family. Additionally, we were able to use the computer vision system prior to sporulation to measure the percent leaf trichome area. We estimate that an experienced rater scoring sporulation would spend at least 90% less time using the computer vision system compared with the manual visual method. This will allow more treatments to be phenotyped in order to better understand the genetic architecture of downy mildew resistance and of leaf trichome density. We anticipate that this computer vision system will find applications in other pathosystems or traits where responses can be imaged with sufficient contrast from the background.
Inheritance and Bulked Segregant Analysis of Leaf Rust and Stem Rust Resistance in Durum Wheat Genotypes
Authors: Aoun Meriem , Kolmer James A. , Rouse Matthew N. , Chao Shiaoman , Bulbula Worku Denbel , Elias Elias M. , Acevedo Maricelis
Published: July 2017

Leaf rust, caused by Puccinia triticina, and stem rust, caused by P. graminis f. sp. tritici, are important diseases of durum wheat. This study determined the inheritance and genomic locations of leaf rust resistance (Lr) genes to P. triticina race BBBQJ and stem rust resistance (Sr) genes to P. graminis f. sp. tritici race TTKSK in durum accessions. Eight leaf-rust-resistant genotypes were used to develop biparental populations. Accessions PI 192051 and PI 534304 were also resistant to P. graminis f. sp. tritici race TTKSK. The resulting progenies were phenotyped for leaf rust and stem rust response at seedling stage. The Lr and Sr genes were mapped in five populations using single-nucleotide polymorphisms and bulked segregant analysis. Five leaf-rust-resistant genotypes carried single dominant Lr genes whereas, in the remaining accessions, there was deviation from the expected segregation ratio of a single dominant Lr gene. Seven genotypes carried Lr genes different from those previously characterized in durum. The single dominant Lr genes in PI 209274, PI 244061, PI387263, and PI 313096 were mapped to chromosome arms 6BS, 2BS, 6BL, and 6BS, respectively. The Sr gene in PI 534304 mapped to 6AL and is most likely Sr13, while the Sr gene in PI 192051 could be uncharacterized in durum.
Penetrating aortic ulcer leading to aortic dissection
Authors: Giri Smith , Dhakal Prajwol , Hwang Inyong , Siwakoti Krishmita , Alsafwah Shadwan
Published: July 2017

Rarely, penetrating atherosclerotic ulcers can rupture into the wall of the aorta, resulting in acute aortic dissection. This article describes a woman with an incidental diagnosis of type A aortic dissection secondary to a penetrating atherosclerotic ulcer of the ascending aorta. Although surgical repair of the aortic root was recommended, the patient refused treatment and left against medical advice.
Best practices in PA development
Authors: Ballweg Ruth , Kerlen Ando
Published: July 2017

As the PA profession moves into its 50th year and develops globally, its flexibility and underlying principles make it adaptable to a wide range of healthcare needs and governmental priorities. A key feature of effective PA development is adapting the profession to the needs of each country rather than adopting it exactly as it has developed in the United States. The successful adaptation of new PA models must assure that the new profession meets a societal need, such as increasing healthcare access for specific populations or geographic areas.
Biomechanical Properties of First Dorsal Extensor Compartment Regarding Adequacy as a Bone-Ligament-Bone Graft
Authors: Jakubietz Michael G. , Jakubietz Rafael G. , Meffert Rainer H. , Schmidt Karsten , Zahn Robert K.
Published: July 2017

Background:

Bone-ligament-bone grafts for reconstruction of the scapholunate ligament are a valuable tool to prevent disease progression to carpal collapse. Locally available grafts do not require an additional donor site. The first extensor compartment was evaluated biomechanically regarding its possible use as an autograft.

Methods:

Twelve native fresh-frozen, human cadaver specimens were tested by applying axial tension in a Zwick Roell machine. Load to failure, transplant elongation, and bony avulsion were recorded. The load to failure was quantitated in newtons (N) and the displacement in length (millimeters). Parameters were set at distinct points as start of tension, 1 mm stretch and 1.5 mm dissociation, failure and complete tear, and were evaluated under magnified visual control. Although actual failure occurred at higher tension, functional failure was defined at a stretch of 1.5 mm.

Results:

Mean load at 1 mm elongation was 44.1 ± 28 N and at 1.5 mm elongation 57.5 ± 42 N. Failure occurred at 111 ± 83.1 N. No avulsion of the bony insertion was observed. Half the transplants failed in the central part of the ligament, while the rest failed near the insertion but not at the insertion itself. Analysis of tension strength displayed a wide range from 3.8 to 83.7 N/mm at a mean of 33.4 ± 28.4 N/mm.

Conclusions:

The biomechanical tensile properties of the first dorsal extensor compartment are similar to those of the dorsal part of the scapholunate ligament. A transplant with a larger bone stock and a longer ligament may display an advantage, as insertion is possible in the dorsal, easily accessible part of the carpal bones rather than in the arête-like region adjacent to the insertion of the scapholunate ligament. In this study, 1.5 mm lengthening of the bone–ligament–bone transplant was defined as clinical failure, as such elongation will cause severe gapping and is considered as failure of the transplant.
Rhinoplasty Setsquare Device: A Novel Instrument to Verify Columellar and Nasal Dorsal Position at the Midsagittal Line
Authors: Çerçi Özkan Aret
Published: July 2017

Even a mild degree of postoperative deviation of the nasal dorsum and/or columella from the midsagittal plane could be enough to displease a patient. Postoperative judgment of the nasal dorsum and the columellar positioning on the midsagittal plane is somewhat of a subjective decision determined by the surgeons’ naked eye. Most innovations tend to evolve from necessities. The risk and reality of misjudging the positioning for both the nasal dorsum and/or the columella led me to develop a device for the objective measurement of the midsagittal axis of the nose. I have called it the rhinoplasty setsquare device. This device is made from 316 quality stainless chrome. It is completely sterilizable. It consists of 4 main parts. During the finishing touches of the operation, the correct placement of the rhinoplasty setsquare device will provide the surgeon with an objective decision that will help make the positioning of the nasal dorsum and the columella more precise. When I conducted my research on literature and device catalogs for possible devices designed for measurement in rhinoplasty operations, I ran into devices such as the Castroviejo caliper, calibrated lateral crus stabilizer, Joseph measuring rod, and Thorpe Marchac caliper. All of them are unique in their function and design. However, as far as I could see, there is no device similar in form and function to my rhinoplasty setsquare device. I have been using this device for 8 months for all my rhinoplasty patients. I am more confident now in my postoperative results due to its objective measurement of the midsagittal line.
Donor-Site Morbidity After DIEAP Flap Breast Reconstruction—A 2-Year Postoperative Computed Tomography Comparison
Authors: Ingvaldsen Christoffer Aam , Bosse Gerhard , Mynarek Georg Karl , Berg Thomas , Tindholdt Tyge Tind , Tønseth Kim Alexander
Published: July 2017

Background:

The study was undertaken to provide a more complete picture of donor-site morbidity following the deep inferior epigastric artery perforator (DIEAP) flap harvest in breast reconstruction. Most studies evaluating this subject have been performed using ultrasonography. Computed tomography (CT) might provide valuable information.

Methods:

In 14 patients who were reconstructed with a DIEAP flap, donor-site morbidity was assessed by comparing routine preoperative CT abdomen with CT abdomen performed 2 years postoperatively. The anteroposterior diameter and transverse diameter (TD) of the rectus muscle were measured bilaterally within 4 standardized zones. Diastasis recti abdominis (DRA) was measured in the same zones. The abdominal wall was assessed for hernias, bulging, and seromas.

Results:

The operated rectus muscle had a significantly increased anteroposterior diameter in 2 zones and decreased TD in 1 zone compared with preoperative measurements. Comparing the operated and nonoperated rectus muscles, the former had a significantly decreased TD in 1 zone. Supraumbilical DRA was significantly decreased with surgery, whereas infraumbilical DRA was significantly increased. No new hernias or bulging were found. Two patients had seroma formation in the abdominal wall.

Conclusions:

Symmetry of the 2 hemiabdomens is well preserved after DIEAP flap harvest; however, significant changes to the rectus muscles and DRA were observed. Hernia formation does not seem to be a postoperative complication of importance. The study indicates that DIEAP flaps result in limited donor-site morbidity, which for most patients does not outweigh the benefits of free perforator flap breast reconstruction.
Periauricular Keloids on Face-Lift Scars in a Patient with Facial Nerve Paralysis
Authors: Aoki Masayo , Akaishi Satoshi , Matsumoto Noriko M. , Tsuge Takuya , Kubomura Ken , Nishikawa Midori , Nomoto Shunichi , Ogawa Rei
Published: July 2017

Keloids are caused by excessive scar formation that leads to scar growth beyond the initial scar boundaries. Keloid formation and progression is promoted by mechanical stress such as skin stretch force. Consequently, keloids rarely occur in paralyzed areas and areas with little skin tension, such as the periauricular region. Therefore, periauricular incision is commonly performed for face lifts. We report a rare case of keloids that arose from face-lift scars in a patient with bilateral facial nerve paralysis. A 51-year-old Japanese man presented with abnormal proliferative skin masses in bilateral periauricular scars. Seventeen years before, he had a cerebral infarction that resulted in permanent bilateral facial nerve paralysis. Three years before presentation, the patient underwent face-lift surgery with periauricular incisions. We diagnosed multiple keloids. We removed the masses surgically, closed the wounds with sutures in the superficial musculoaponeurotic system layer to reduce tension on the wound edges, reconstructed the earlobes with local skin flaps, and provided 2 consecutive days of radiotherapy. The wounds/scars were managed with steroid plasters and injections. Histology confirmed that the lesions were keloids. Ten months after surgery, the lesions did not exhibit marked regrowth. The keloids appeared to be caused by the patient's helmet, worn during his 3-hour daily motorcycle rides, which placed repeated tension on the periauricular area. This rare case illustrates how physical force contributes to auricular and periauricular keloid development and progression. It also shows that when performing surgery with periauricular incisions, care should be taken to eliminate wound/scar stretching.
A Case of Everolimus-Induced Eyelid Edema
Authors: Schear Matthew J. , Rodgers Rand
Published: July 2017

Everolimus is a newer generation mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor approved for immunosuppressive use in a number of advanced medical conditions. The authors report a unique case of persistent eyelid edema believed to be related to the immunosuppressive therapy. The therapy was being well tolerated despite the persistent eyelid edema, so the patient underwent a bilateral upper eyelid blepharoplasty. The patient responded well with resolution of her eyelid dermatochalasis and markedly decreased edema. Everolimus-induced eyelid edema should be recognized by clinicians as a potential side effect of the medication. Surgical excision of excess eyelid tissue by blepharoplasty can be a successful way to manage this side effect.

Everolimus (zortress) was initially approved as an immunosuppressive agent for renal transplantation patients.
1
Approval for the treatment of subependymal giant cell astrocytomas associated with tuberous sclerosis, progressive metastatic pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 negative breast cancer in postmenopausal woman, liver transplantation patients, and well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors of gastrointestinal or pulmonary origin has followed.
2,3
Everolimus is a derivative of sirolimus (rapamune), and similar to sirolimus acts as an inhibitor of mammalian target of rapamycin.
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Few prior studies have reported eyelid edema from sirolomus.
4–6
Many prior medications have been implicated in eyelid edema formation.
4–11
To date, periocular edema has not been reported as a side effect of everolimus. We report a patient with bilateral upper eyelid edema associated with everolimus therapy requiring surgical intervention to ameliorate the significant skin redundancy and the visual field defect. This report complies with the Declaration of Helsinki and Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act regulations.
Politics in the Consulting Room
Authors: PLAKUN ERIC M. , STEELE THOMAS E.
Published: July 2017

The recent presidential campaign and election have had a strong impact on many patients and clinicians. This guest column and its introduction by Dr Eric Plakun, who edits the psychotherapy section of the journal, note the inevitability that we will all self-disclose, while describing some of the pros and cons and impacts of self-disclosure of a clinician’s political perspectives.
Targets for the Treatment of Insomnia in Veterans With Serious Mental Illness
Authors: KLINGAMAN ELIZABETH A. , MCCARTHY JULIE M. , SCHWARTZ ELANA K. , GEHRMAN PHILIP R. , BENNETT MELANIE E.
Published: July 2017

Study Objectives:

Insomnia is pervasive among people with serious mental illnesses (SMI) and has a profound negative impact on their psychiatric symptom management and recovery. However, little is known about the factors that affect severity of insomnia in those with SMI. In addition, very few studies have explored whether evidence-based interventions developed for those without SMI are appropriate for or applicable to individuals with SMI. The purpose of this study was to test the role of arousal, dysfunctional cognitions about sleep, and sleep-related behaviors in predicting severity of insomnia in a sample of 60 Veterans who were receiving care in Veterans Health Administration mental health and psychosocial rehabilitation programs and who reported subjective insomnia. In addition, information was collected regarding the types of insomnia treatments provided to these Veterans.

Methods:

Participants completed assessments of insomnia severity and sleep-related arousal, behaviors, and cognitions. Medical records were reviewed to determine whether participants had been screened/assessed for insomnia and whether treatments for insomnia were provided before the date of referral to the study. Multiple regression was used to predict insomnia severity on the basis of these factors.

Results:

Most participants (81.7%) reported moderate to severe insomnia, although only 3.3% had a diagnosis of insomnia in their medical records. Worry and helplessness about sleep were predictive of insomnia severity; better self-reported sleep hygiene and higher levels of arousal were also associated with greater severity of insomnia. Education about sleep hygiene and medication were the only types of insomnia treatment received.

Conclusions:

Similar to insomnia among individuals without SMI, insomnia in Veterans with SMI is associated with dysfunctional sleep-related behaviors and cognitions. Many of the Veterans also lacked access to settings and resources conducive to healthy sleep. Veterans with SMI should be regularly assessed for insomnia. Research is needed concerning optimal evidence-based insomnia interventions for addressing behaviors and cognitions in this population in the context of these challenges.