bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and Raman investigation of sol–gel‐derived relaxor ferroelectric thin films
Authors: Kumar Ashok , Katiyar R. S.
Published: June 2007

Pb(Fe2/3W1/3)O3 (PFW) thin films were deposited on platinized silicon substrate by a chemical solution deposition technique. Room‐temperature X‐ray diffraction (XRD) revealed a pure cubic crystal structure of the investigated material. The microstructure indicated good homogeneity and density of the thin films. A Raman spectroscopic study was carried out on PFW to study the polar nano‐regions in the temperature range 85–300 K. The Raman spectra showed a change in the peak intensity and a shift towards the lower wavenumber side with temperature. The Raman spectra also revealed the transition from the relaxor to the paraelectric state of PFW. There was no evidence of a soft mode in the low‐temperature region, in contrast to the normal ferroelectric behavior. The polar nano‐regions tend to grow and join at low temperatures (∼85 K), which become smaller with increase in temperature. The presence of strong Raman spectra in the cubic phase of the material is due to the presence of distributed Fm3m(Z = 2) symmetry nano‐ordered regions in the Pm3m(Z = 1) cubic phase. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of Nd:YAG laser‐mediated thermal damage in rabbit nasal septal cartilage
Authors: Li Chao , Protsenko Dmitry E. , Zemek Allison , Chae Yong‐Seok , Wong Brian
Published: June 2007

Background and Objectives

Laser cartilage reshaping (LCR) involves the use of photo‐thermal heating to reshape cartilage. Its clinical relevance depends on the ability to minimize thermal injury in irradiated regions. The present study seeks to understand the safety of LCR by determining shape change and resultant tissue viability as a function of laser dosimetry.

Study Design/Materials and Methods

Rabbit nasal septal cartilage were irradiated using a Nd:YAG laser (λ = 1.32 µm, 5.4 mm spot diameter) with different exposure times of 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 16 seconds and powers of 4, 6, and 8 W. Temperature on the cartilage surface in the laser‐irradiated region was collected using infrared thermography, this data was then used to predict tissue damage via a rate process model. A Live/Dead viability assay combined with fluorescent confocal microscopy was used to measure the amount of thermal damage generated in the irradiated specimens.

Results

Considerable thermal injury occurred at and below the laser‐reshaping parameters that produced clinically relevant shape change using the present Nd:YAG laser. Confocal microscopy identified dead cells spanning the entire cross‐sectional thickness of the cartilage specimen (about 500 µm thick) at laser power density and exposure times above 4 W and 6 seconds; damage increased with time and irradiance. The damage predictions made by the rate process model compared favorably with measured data.

Conclusions

These results demonstrate that significant thermal damage is concurrent with clinically relevant shape change. This contradicts previous notions that there is a privileged laser dosimetry parameter where clinically relevant shape change and tissue viability coexist. Lasers Surg. Med. 39:451–457, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Orientation of uniaxially stretched poly(ethylene naphthalene 2,6‐dicarboxylate) films by polarized infrared spectroscopy
Authors: Hakme C. , Stevenson I. , Voice A. , Lespinasse G. , Seytre G. , David L.
Published: June 2007

Poly(ethylene naphthalene‐2,6‐dicarboxylate) has been uniaxially stretched at different draw ratios and at two different temperatures below and above its glass transition (Tg ∼ 120 °C) respectively, at 100 and 160 °C. Crystallinity has been evaluated from calorimetric analyses and compared to the values deduced by FTIR spectroscopic data. As expected, the obtained results are quite similar and show that films stretched at lower temperature (100 °C) are more crystalline than those stretched at 160 °C. Optical anisotropy associated with orientation has been evaluated by birefringence and show that films stretched at 100 °C are more birefringent than those stretched at 160 °C as a result of a higher chain relaxation above Tg. Polarized FTIR was also performed to evaluate the individual orientation of amorphous and crystalline phases by calculating dichroic ratios R and orientation functions 〈P2(cos θ)〉 and also show that amorphous and crystalline phases are more oriented in the case of films stretched below Tg. Nevertheless, the orientation of the amorphous phase is always weaker than that of the crystalline phase. Films stretched at 100 °C show a rapid increase in orientation (and crystallinity) with draw ratio and 〈P2(cos θ)〉 reaches a limit value when draw ratio becomes higher than 3.5. Films drawn at 160 °C are less oriented and their orientation is increasing progressively with draw ratio without showing a plateau. A careful measurement of the IR absorbance was necessary to evaluate the structural angles of the transition moments to the molecular chain axis. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 45: 1950–1958, 2007
Lamellar structural changes in miscible crystalline polymer blends during melting and crystallization processes, as studied by real‐time small‐angle X‐ray scattering measurements
Authors: Kaito Akira , Shimomura Masaki , Akaba Michiaki , Nojima Shuichi
Published: June 2007

Real‐time small‐angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS) measurement using synchrotron radiation was applied to study the lamellar structural changes in miscible crystalline polymer blends of poly(1,4‐butylene succinate) (PBSU) and poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) during melting and crystallization processes. The lamella of PBSU is either included in the interlamellar region of PVDF (interlamellar inclusion structure), or rejected from the interlamellar region of PVDF (interlamellar exclusion structure). The two lamellar structures coexists in the melt‐quenched samples of the PBSU/PVDF = 30/70 blend. Only the interlamellar exclusion structure exists in the drawn films of the PBSU/PVDF = 30/70 blend. The real‐time SAXS results show that the interlamellar exclusion structure in these samples is irreversibly transformed into the interlamellar inclusion structure by heating the sample above the melting temperature of PBSU and that the PBSU chains are crystallized between the lamellae of PVDF during the cooling process. The factors controlling the lamellar structural changes are possibly a balance of the miscibility and the chain exclusion by tie‐molecules and/or the chain diffusion under confinement by the lamellae of PVDF with higher melting temperature. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 45: 1959–1969, 2007
Joseph M. Juran, a perspective on past contributions and future impact
Authors: Godfrey A. Blanton , Kenett Ron S.
Published: June 2007

This paper combines presentations by the authors in a special session dedicated to the work of Joseph M. Juran at the sixth annual conference of the European Network for Business and Industrial Statistics in Wroclaw, Poland. The paper offers an historical perspective of the contributions of J. M. Juran to management science emphasizing aspects of cause and effect relationships and Integrated Models. Specifically, the paper presents the Juran concepts of Management Breakthrough, the Pareto Principle, the Juran Trilogy® and Six Sigma. The impact of these contributions, put in an historical perspective of key thinkers who investigated cause and effect relationships, is then discussed. The impact of these contributions to modern Integrated Models is then assessed. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Density and distribution of epiphytic invertebrates on emergent macrophytes in a floodplain billabong
Authors: Balcombe Stephen R. , Closs G. P. , Suter P. J.
Published: June 2007

The abundance of epiphytic invertebrates living on both submerged and emergent macrophytes in lentic systems is influenced by a range of environmental features at both spatial and temporal scales. Such features include water chemistry, habitat complexity, hydrology and external influences such as climatic cycles. Dugays 2 billabong is a floodplain lake on the highly regulated, mid‐upper Murray River in southeastern Australia. Giant rush (Juncus ingens N.A. Wakefield) is the dominant habitat feature in this billabong. This plant is a simple, single‐stemmed, densely packed emergent macrophyte that fringes the littoral margins. The macrophyte habitat available to epiphytic invertebrates in this billabong is highly variable through time largely due to the variable water levels imposed by the regulated river channel for downstream irrigation needs, particularly through summer. To investigate both spatial and temporal patterns in the epiphytic invertebrates of Dugays 2 billabong, invertebrates were sampled within giant rush stands on five occasions over one year. Spatial variability in epifaunal density was generally low, while temporal densities were highly variable through time. Spatial patterns of invertebrate abundance revealed few associations with habitat structure or water quality, apart from those associated with water depth, particularly when sampling had been preceded by fluctuating water levels. High temporal variability in assemblage structure of the epifauna reflects the high background environmental variation that occurs in this system. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Flow of vegetable oil‐pesticide blank‐formulation mixtures through agricultural spray nozzles
Authors: Whitney R. W. , Roth L. O. , Underwood T. L.
Published: June 2007

Properties of specific gravity, viscosity and flow rate were measured for cottonseed and soybean oil mixed with selected blank pesticide formulations without the active ingredient, i.e., blank‐formulations. Fluid temperature ranged from 5 to 70 C for the measurements. Specific gravity of soybean oil mixtures was found to vary approximately 5% inversely with temperature over the temperature range. Above 65 C the mixtures exhibited approximately the same viscosity. Cottonseed oil viscosity remained less than the soybean oil viscosity over the entire range of temperatures studied. Addition of blank‐formulation materials resulted in more reduction in viscosity at lower temperatures. Flow rates were measured over the temperature range for selected mixtures through different sizes and types of hydraulic spray nozzles. Fitted equations were derived to predict the necessary pressure correction for temperature for each nozzle and mixtures tested.
Mass transfer and scale‐up in fat hydrogenation
Authors: Bern L. , Lidefelt J. O. , Schöön H. N.
Published: June 2007

The mass transfer of hydrogen in fat hydrogenation was studied in two geometrically similar reactors of 30 and 500 liter capacity equipped for hydrogen recirculation. A scale‐up rule was formulated on the basis of the experiments and checked in industrial hydrogenations with a 24 m3 reactor. The scale‐up rule found was similar to the equal mixing time rule.
Nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry as a quick method of determination of oil content in rapeseed
Authors: Madsen Erik
Published: June 2007

A comparison of results obtained by the traditional extraction method for determination of oil content in rapeseed and those achieved by a commercial nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometer revealed a very high correlation (r=0.987) between the results. The advantage of the NMR method, in relation to the extraction method, is the shorter time needed for a test: the result will be available in the course of a few minutes. Moreover, no inflammable chemicals are needed for the test, and the apparatus does not take up much room. On the other hand the NMR spectrometer must be placed in a room with a constant temperature, the seed samples must have the same temperature as the adjustment samples, and the oil content must be determined on dry matter basis.
Rapid colorimetric determination of free fatty acids
Authors: Lowry Robert R. , Tinsley Ian J.
Published: June 2007

In 1964, a method was described for the determination of free fatty acids (FFAs) in vegetable oil. This paper describes an expansion of that work, improving the sensitivity and reproducibility of the method, as well as examination of solubilities of the copper soaps as a function of chain length and unsaturation. Involvement of the micellar structure was reviewed. Finally, a procedure is described that permits very rapid determination of FFA at the 2.0–14.0 µmol (0.5–4.0 mg oleic acid) level, and the results with several oils are given. Particular attention was given to evaluation of solvent systems which would extract the copper complexes.
Stability of edible oils and fats to fluorescent light irradiation
Authors: Sattar Abdus , Deman J. M. , Alexander J. C.
Published: June 2007

Butter, butterfat, and corn, coconut, rapeseed, and soybean oils were exposed to 500 ft‐c of fluorescent light at varying time‐temperature conditions. Oxidation rates were measured by the peroxide values. Vitamin A and β‐carotene content of butterfat were estimated. The effect of wavelength on the relative rates of oxidation was determined. The light transmitting properties of the samples at 15 and 30 C over a spectral range of 380–750 nm were measured. It was observed that there was no increase in oxidation rate when the light was switched off. The stability of the oils as shown by the oxidation rates did not correlate well with the ratios of C18:2 to C18:1 or C18:3 to C18:2 nor with the degree of unsaturation. Increase in temperature alone had minimal effect; however, in the presence of light the rate of oxidation increased considerably with a corresponding decrease in the content of Vitamin A and β‐carotene. β‐Carotene provided strong protective properties. After the photobleaching of β‐carotene in butterfat, there was a rapid increase in peroxide values. With coconut oil, the oxidation rate was greater at 15 C than at 30 C due to greater light absorption at 15 C over the entire spectrum. The rate of oxidation decreased at higher wavelengths, and this effect was more pronounced in the vegetable oils than in butterfat, where the β‐carotene was considered to serve as a filter for light of low wavelength.
Triglyceride composition ofAmoora rohituka seed oil
Authors: Sengupta A. , Mazumder U. K.
Published: June 2007

The fatty acid composition ofAmoora rohituka seed oil was determined by gas‐liquid chromatography. The mole percentages of individual acids were found to be palmitic, 24.8; stearic, 12.4; oleic, 20.9, linoleic, 28.5; and linolenic, 13.4. Triglyceride composition was calculated from the fatty acid composition of the native oil and of the monoglyceride produced from it by pancreatic lipase hydrolysis. This calculation gave 2.2, 28.6, 48.1, and 21.1% GS3, GS2U, GSU2, and GU3, respectively.
Determination of Fe, Cu, Ni, and Mn in fats and oils by flameless atomic absorption spectroscopy
Authors: Olejko John T.
Published: June 2007

The determination of Fe, Cu, Ni, and Mn is performed by flameless atomic absorption spectroscopy. The procedure is applicable to oils, including crudes, and also fats such as hydrogenated oils. A solution of the sample is analyzed directly, and absorbance values are compared to standards. Matrix‐matching is not required, and virtually any concentration of metal can be analyzed since both sample concentration and aliquot volume are variable. Solvent selection is based on the results of a stability study and includes methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK) for Cu and Mn determinations and MIBK with a small amount of HNO3 added for Fe and Ni. Sensitivity approximated 80 picograms for Fe, 100 pg for Cu, 525 pg for Ni, and 30 pg for Mn. Absorbance values of appropriate aliquots, each having the equivalent of 0.10 ppm Fe, are compared to determine the effect of variation of pipette size on response. Pipette size ranged from 5 µl to 50 µl. Responses using multiple 50 µl volumes are also recorded. Sources of error in procedure, error analyses, and proper pipetting technique are given.
Removal of waxes from sunflower seed oil by miscella refining and winterization
Authors: Morrison W. Herbert , Thomas J. K.
Published: June 2007

Miscella refining and winterization produced a sunflower seed salad oil that did not cloud on refrigeration for 7 days. Refining reduced phospholipid content, and this facilitated wax removal during winterization.
Metal‐requiring and non‐metal ‐ requiring catalysts in the autoxidation of methyl linoleate
Authors: Morita M. , Tanaka M. , Takayama Y. , Yamamoto Y.
Published: June 2007

During the autoxidation of methyl linoleate, peroxide‐containing substances are formed which, when added to unoxidized methyl linoleate, will catalyze oxygen uptake. Materials active only in the presence of added metal ions (MCs) were not inactivated during aerobic thin‐layer chromatography on silicic acid or alumina but were selectively inactivated by treatment with triphenylphosphine. Catalysts not requiring added metal ions for activity (NCs) are not affected by triphenylphosphine, but the catalytic activity is lost during aerobic thin‐layer chromatography. Autoxidized methyl linoleate was separated into four peroxide‐containing fractions by elution from a silicic acid column with hexane‐diethyl ether mixtures. Each fraction was found to contain both MCs and NCs.
Lipid‐oxidation catalyses by substances in water on lipid‐water interface
Authors: Morita M. , Mukunoki M. , Okubo F. , Tadokoro S.
Published: June 2007

Methyl linoleate and water containing heme, ferrous sulfate, cysteine, or ascorbic acid were shaken, and the oxidation was measured by means of a Warburg manometer. In spite of a small area of the interface between the lipid and water, oxidation was greatly accelerated by these catalysts. The catalyses occurred limitedly in the interface region, except for cysteine. Triphenylphosphine added to the lipid phase inhibited the catalyses completely. A small amount of Tween 20 (0.2%) almost completely inhibited these catalyses, with the exception of that by cysteine. It is suggested that trace amounts of some active peroxides react with the catalysts and supply radicals on the interface.
Substitutability of fractionated beef tallow for other fats and oils in the food and confectionery industries: An economic evaluation
Authors: Taylor Harold H. , Luddy F. E. , Hampson J. W. , Rothbart H. L.
Published: June 2007

The United States is the most important beef tallow producer in the world, supplying ca. 5.5 billion pounds annually. Approximately half of this beef tallow is exported at relatively low prices when compared to other fats and oils. Only ca. 10% of the total is used in domestic edible products. On the other hand, cocoa butter, coconut oil, palm oil, and palmkernel oil are imported oils whose demand for use in food and confectionery products has been increasing over the past few years. The first of these is the most expensive fat in the world. Beef tallow contains specific triglycerides which are also contained in these imported fats and oils. Through modern technology, beef tallow has been fractionated into products which are compatible with or superior to the imported fats and oils. It is visualized that products from fractionated beef tallow can be used as substitutes and extenders to cocoa butter, palm oil, and other fats and oils in the food and confectionery industries. The economic evaluation in this paper, analyzed through time series data and multiple regression techniques, established the past relationships between per capita consumption of confectionery food fat, beef tallow, cocoa butter, adjusted per capita disposable income, and adjusted costs of confectionery, beef tallow, and cocoa butter from 1956 to 1973. The substitutability of fats and oils was evaluated and the potential uses of fractionated beef tallow investigated.
Correlation of gas chromatographic profiles and organoleptic scores of different fats and oils after simulated deep fat frying
Authors: Blumenthal Michael M. , Trout J. Richard , Chang Stephen S.
Published: June 2007

Five oils and a fat were subjected to simulated deep fat frying using moist cotton balls. The used oils were evaluated by an expert organoleptic panel. Statistically significant differences were found in the odors and flavors of the used oils. Volatile decomposition products of the used oils were quantitatively isolated by high vacuum cryogenic entrainment and then analyzed by gas‐liquid chromatography. The volatiles from each used oil yielded a gas chromatogram which was qualitatively and quantitatively different from the others. A statistical analysis was used to correlate the organoleptic scores with the profile gas chromatograms from the used oils. Excellent correlations between gas chromatographic peak areas and organoleptic scores were established. However, limitations in the number of samples tested and limitations in the statistical design do not permit drawing conclusions of cause and effect.
Variability associated with testing cottonseed for aflatoxin
Authors: Whitaker T. B. , Whitten M. E. , Monroe R. J.
Published: June 2007

The sampling, subsampling, and analytical variance associated with testing cottonseed for aflatoxin were estimated by use of 4.54 kg samples, 100 g subsamples, and the Velasco method of analysis. Regression analysis indicated that each of the above variance components is a function of the concentration of aflatoxin in the populations tested. Functional relationships are presented to determine the sampling, subsampling, and analytical variance for any size sample, subsample, and number of analyses.
Nickel‐catalyzed hydrogenation: A study of the poisoning effect of halogen‐containing compounds
Authors: Mørk P. C. , Norgård D.
Published: June 2007

The poisoning effect of various halogen compounds on a nickel‐based hydrogenation catalyst has been investigated. While alkyl monochlorides did not affect the catalyst activity, alkyl monobromide and‐iodide had a strong poisonous effect. Vicinal dichlorides, 1,1‐dichlorides, and HC1 also poisoned the catalyst. It is shown that with chlorine containing compounds, the poisoning mechanism involves a fission of the carbon‐chlorine bond with the formation of HC1, while bromine and iodine compounds adsorb to the catalyst surface as such in a simple equilibrium reaction. A mackerel oil previously shown to exhibit three kinetically distinguishable poisoning effects has been further examined, and it is shown that its content of halogens can probably account for the observed poisoning pattern.
Sperm oil replacements from selectively hydrogenated soybean and linseed esters: Special lubricants
Authors: Bell E. W. , Cowan J. C. , Gast L. E. , Koos R. E.
Published: June 2007

Soybean and linseed oils were selectively hydroenated with copper‐on‐silica gel catalyst. The linolenate content of the oils was reduced to diene and monoene with no appreciable increase in saturates. Hydrogenated soybean oils contained 68–76% monoene, 11–18% diene, 0% conjugated diene and triene, 1–6% conjugatable diene, 0–0.3% conjugatable triene, and 23–40% isolatedtrans double bonds. Hydrogenated linseed oils contained 44–54% monoene, 35–45% diene, 0% conjugated diene and triene, 0–7% conjugatable diene, 0–02% conjugatable triene, and 44–59% isoaltedtrans double bonds. Esters of fatty acids, derived from these selectively hydrogenated oils, were prepared with trimethylolethane, trimethylolpropane, trimethylolbutane, pentaerythritol, ethylene glycol, C18 saturated cyclic alcohols, primary C12–C18 saturated (nC12, nC14, nC16, nC18) alcohol, and primary C16–C18 saturated (nC16, nC18) alcohol blends. Measurements of viscosities and of smoke, flash, and fire points indicate that these esters are possible replacements for sperm oil. Certain of them, after sulfurization, also have potential as extreme pressure lubricant additives.
Paper chromatographic separation of aliphatic lactones
Authors: Keeney P. G.
Published: June 2007

Paper chromatographic procedures are described, whereby a homologous series of n‐aliphatic gamma lactones from butyrolactone through dodecalactone can be resolved as hydroxamic acid derivatives. Similar resolutions can be obtained with a series of n‐aliphatic delta lactones from nonalactone through dodecalactone. Procedures also are described, whereby lactones in the presence of ester or glyceride material can be identified using a modified hydroxylamine reagent. Analyses of commercial synthetic peach extracts demonstrate the practical use of these procedures.
Determination of hydroxyls in mono‐ and diglycerides
Authors: Jensen R. G. , Sampugna J.
Published: June 2007

A method for the analysis of hydroxyls employing esterification with 3,5‐dinitrobenzoyl chloride, followed by titration with tetrabutylammonium hydroxide, has been applied to mono‐ and diglycerides. Pure mono‐ and dipalmitins were recovered quantitatively. A commercial glyceryl dioleate was analyzed by this method and the A.O.C.S. pyridine‐acetic anhydride procedure with similar results.
Tempering triglycerides by mechanical working
Authors: Feuge R. O. , Landmann W. , Mitcham D. , Lovegren N. V.
Published: June 2007

The tempering of fat products to convert their components to stable polymorphs is an important and a sometimes troublesome problem in the manufacture of these products, particularly chocolate and chocolate‐type confections. It has been found that a solid‐to‐solid transformation to the stable polymorphs can be effected by mechanical working consisting of extrusion under pressure. With a fat of relatively few components, such as cocoa butter, evidence of the transformation can be obtained from X‐ray diffraction patterns. For more complex fats, hardness and melting characteristics must be considered. There is evidence that mechanical working is also effective in the transformation of a cocoa butter‐like fat made from hydrogenated cottonseed oil and olive oil, and in the transformation of highly hydrogenated cottonseed oil. Mechanical working to effect polymorphic transformation is also effective with products containing the fats mentioned.
Solubilities of cottonseed oil and the phase distribution of fatty acids in methyl alcohol at elevated temperature and pressure
Authors: Harris W. B.
Published: June 2007

A study was made to determine whether methyl alcohol could be used for the selective extraction of fatty acids from crude cottonseed oil under high temperature and high pressure conditions. Equilibrium data and phase relationships were obtained at several temperatures, and corresponding triangular phase diagrams were prepared. From these, it was concluded that the proposed process would not be commercially attractive inasmuch as excessive amounts of solvent would be needed.
The influence of temperature, heating time, and aeration upon the nutritive value of fats
Authors: Poling C. E. , Warner W. D. , Mone P. E. , Rice E. E.
Published: June 2007

In order to determine the biological significance of the changes which occur when fats are heated to high temperatures in air, cottonseed oils were heated and aerated under several controlled conditions. In general, the data indicate that the changes induced are proportional to the severity of the conditions and that treatments more severe than those usually encountered in processing or cooking are necessary to produce detectable damage.

Oils which had been subjected to prolonged aeration at 60C (16 days or more) or exposed to air in thin layers maintained at 180舑220C supplied less available energy and caused development of larger livers than untreated samples when compared in rat feeding tests. Heating in deep layers caused less damage than heating to the same temperatures in thin films, indicating that exposure to oxygen accelerates nutritional impairment.

The cooking of food in fats changes condition so greatly that direct extrapolation of data obtained in tests using fat alone is not justified. Fat extracted from foods has not been found to contain harmful substances by the tests used.
Fatty acids, fatty alcohols, and wax esters fromLimnanthes douglassi (Meadowfoam) seed oil
Authors: Miwa T. K. , Wolff I. A.
Published: June 2007

Limanathes douglasii seed oil glycerides contain fatty acids which predominantly (97%) have 20 or more carbon atoms. Fatty acids were prepared by saponification; fatty alcohols, by sodium reduction of the glycerides; and liquid wax esters, byp‐toluenesulfonic acid‐catalyzed reaction of the fatty acids with the fatty alcohols. Solid waxes were prepared by hydrogenation of the glyceride oil and of the wax esters. Chemical and physical constants were determined forLimnanthes douglasii seed oil and its derivatives. The liquid wax esters had properties very similar to those of jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis) seed oil. The solid hydrogenated wax ester was identical in physical appearance and melting point to hydrogenated jojoba seed oil.
Soybean unsaponifiables: Chromatographic separations and characterization
Authors: Hoffmann R. L. , Moser H. A. , Evans C. D. , Cowan J. C.
Published: June 2007

Unsaponifiables extracted from 10 different lots of refined soybean oil were subjected to liquidliquid chromatographic separations. Three major fractions were obtained. The least polar hydrocarbon fraction constituted 15 to 30% of the unsaponifiables; the most highly polar fraction contained the steroids constituting 35 to 45% of the unsaponifiables. The fraction of intermediate polarity varied in composition from lot to lot, but usually it contained more than 50% of the unsaponifiables. These basic fractions were analyzed by thin layer, gas‐liquid chromatography, and by chemical tests for functional groups.

To determine the effects of soybean unsaponifiables on the oxidative and organoleptic stability of edible fats, various concentrations of the extracted and fractionated materials were examined in cottonseed oil. Effects of extraction methods on yields, fractionation characteristics, and composition of the different lots of soybean unsaponifiables are discussed.
The effect of germination upon the fat of the soybean
Authors: Brown B. E. , Meade E. M. , Butterfield Jean R.
Published: June 2007

Soybeans of the Chippewa variety of two crops, 1956 and 1957, were germinated in the dark at 25C and the levels of total dry matter and crude fat of both the seedling axis and cotyledons were determined at various periods up to 12 days. The fatty acid content, neutral fat content of the crude fats of the cotyledons, and the fatty acid composition of neutral fat were determined. The fatty acid composition was measured by the ultraviolet spectrophotometric method.

There was a continuous decrease in the total dry matter and crude fat of the cotyledons and whole seedlings of soybeans during 12 days of germination, contrary to observations of some of the earlier workers. Although there was a preferential utilization of the non‐fat dry matter during the first two days of germination, there was a slight but significant loss of fat, which gradually increased with the germination time.

Surprisingly little change in the fatty acid composition of the reserve triglycerides occurred even during their most rapid loss from the cotyledons. However, observed changes were statistically significant. No loss of oleic acid occurred until after the second day of germination and its more rapid loss; compared to the other fatty acids, occurred during the period of most rapid fat loss.

The significance of this observation and its relationship to oleic acid as the key intermediary in fat metabolism in plants is discussed.
Analysis of the geometric isomers of methyl linoleate by gas chromatography
Authors: Litchfield Carter , Isbell A. F. , Reiser Raymond
Published: June 2007

The four geometric isomers of methyl linoleate have been quantitatively determined by gas chromatography on Apiezon L and DEGS polyester capillary columns. Three peaks were eluted from the Apiezon L column: (a) the 9‐cis, 12‐cis isomer; (b) the 9‐cis, 12‐trans isomer; and (c) the 9‐trans, 12‐cis and 9‐trans, 12‐trans isomers combined. The DEGS polyester column also resolved three peaks: (a) the 9‐trans, 12‐trans isomer; (b) the 9‐cis, 12‐cis and 9‐cis, 12‐trans isomers combined; and (c) the 9‐trans, 12‐cis isomer. Since the separation of isomers was different on each column, the content of each of the four isomers could be determined from the combined results. Quantitative results agreed closely with the per centtrans bonds as determined by infrared analysis.
Vernonia anthelmintica (L.) Willd. trivernolin, 1,3‐divernolin and vernolic (Epoxyoleic) acid from the seed oil
Authors: Krewson Charles F. , Ard Jesse S. , Riemenschneider Roy W.
Published: June 2007

The epoxy fatty acid components isolated from the seed oil ofV. anthelmintica, Indian ironweed, where the seed had been allowed to undergo lipolysis after grinding, were trivernolin, 1,3‐divernolin, and vernolic acid. By inactivation of the hydrolytic enzyme system present in the seed, oil containing more than 50% trivernolin may be obtained. This species has potentialities as a replacement crop for those now in surplus; its seed contains 20 to 26% of an oil rich in epoxyoleic (vernolic) acid combined as glycerides amounting to 70 to 75%.
The nature of the C18 polyethenoic fatty acids of butter fat
Authors: Sambasivarao K. , Brown J. B.
Published: June 2007

Methyl C18 polyenoate concentrates were prepared from two samples of butter fat by low temperature crystallization and fractional distillation. The concentrates were fractionated on a silicic acid column and the resulting fractions were analyzed by ultraviolet and infrared spectrophotometric methods. About 42 and 30% repectively, of the non‐conjugated dienoate in the two samples were shown to have thecis,trans configuration. Fractions rich in dienoate and trienoate were prepared from the C18 polyene concentrates by silicic acid chromatography and the nature of these acids was studied by bromination, lipoxidase enzyme methods, and by alkali isomerization for varying periods of time. About 65 and 73%, respectively, of the non‐conjugated dienoate in the two samples investigated were found to consist of linoleic acid while 79 and 71% of the trienoate were linolenic acid. Linoleic and linolenic acids were identified by preparing the characteristic tetra‐ and hexabromostearic acids. Atrans,trans isomer of linoleic acid does not seem to be present in butter fat. A major proportion of the non‐conjugated dienoic acid other than linoleic acid was found to have widely separated double bonds withcis,trans configuration. Occurrences of a C15 saturated acid, a branchedchain C17 saturated acid, and a heptadecenoic acid were indicated by gas chromatography.
Provitamin a activity and stability of β‐carotene in margarine
Authors: Marusich W. , De Ritter E. , Bauernfeind J. C.
Published: June 2007

Samples of synthetic β‐carotene have been assayed for vitamin A activity by the rat‐curative, growth method against vitamin A acetate and compared with natural carotene. The U.S.P. XIV diet was modified by the addition of vitamin B12 and α‐tocopherol, which have been reported to enhance carotene utilization. Doses of vitamin A and carotene were given in cottonseed oil and in margarine; but, contrary to the report of Deuelet al. (13), no significant increase was observed in the utilization of carotene fed in margarine. The samples tested include crystalline all‐trans β‐carotene, micropulverized all‐trans β‐carotene in an oil suspension, and a series of 10 commercial margarines fortified with vitamin A. and carotene in a ratio of about 2 I.U. of vitamin A to 1 I.U. of carotene.

In terms of vitamin A activity in the rat bioassay, the average potency of β‐carotene in three separate bioassays of crystalline carotene was found to be 1,730,000 I.U. per gram with a standard error of ±3.5%. Thus in these assays 1 I.U. of vitamin A activity was found to be equivalent to 0.58 mcg. of all‐trans β‐carotene, a value in essential agreement with 0.6 mcg., the presently accepted International Standard. For margarine samples containing vitamin A and β‐carotene, the average vitamin A activity in 2 bioassays was found to be very close to that calculated from the colorimetric assays, using the factor for β‐carotene, 0.6 mcg.=1 I.U. The fact that other workers have reported higher provitamin A activity for β‐carotene in the rat bioassay indicates the dependence of the results on the particular conditions of the bioassay.

The stability of vitamin A and β‐carotene in commercially prepared margarines stored at 40°F. and 75°F. was studied by accepted colorimetric procedures. Average retention values of 94% or better were obtained in margarines stored two months when the vitamin activity was supplied either from β‐carotene or from vitamin A.
Physical properties of aceto‐ and butyro‐oleins, mono‐olein, and diolein
Authors: Gros Audrey T. , Feuge R. O.
Published: June 2007

A series of six oleoglycerides: 1,2‐diaceto‐3‐olein, 1,2‐dibutyro‐3‐olein, 1‐aceto‐3‐olein, 1‐butyro‐3‐olein, 1,3‐diolein, and 1‐mono‐olein, was prepared and purified, and some of their physical properties were determined.

Data on densities and refractive indices of the compounds revealed that substitution of short‐chain acyl groups for one or both of the hydroxyl groups in 1‐mono‐olein increases the density and decreases the refractive index. The effect is more pronounced for the aceto than the butyro groups.

By the capillary tube method, melting‐ and transition‐point data were determined for each glyceride. For the triglycerides, 1,2‐diaceto‐3‐olein and 1,2‐dibutyro‐3‐olein, one melting point and two transition points for each were found. For the diglycerides, 1‐aceto‐3‐olein and 1‐butyro‐3‐olein, two melting points and two transition points for each were found. Two melting points and one transition point each for 1,3‐diolein and 1‐mono‐olein were found. These melting and transition points were substantiated by heating‐curve data.

Where possible, dilatometric measurements were made for the various polymorphic forms of the glycerides. From the data were calculated expansibilities in the solid and liquid states, melting dilations or volume changes accompanying transformations, and dilatometric melting points.
Reactions of unsaturated fatty alcohols. II. Polymerization of vinyl ethers and film properties of polymers
Authors: Schneider W. J. , Gast L. E. , Melvin E. H. , Glass C. A. , Teeter H. M.
Published: June 2007

Vinyl ethers of stearyl, soybean, and linseed fatty alcohols have been prepared and polymerized in solution in hydrocarbon or chlorinated solvents at temperatures down to −30°C. with several Lewis‐acidtype catalysts. Stearyl polyvinyl ether was a white, waxy solid melting at 44°–50°C. while soybean and linseed polyvinyl ethers were colorless, viscous liquids. Molecular weights of these polymers range from 1,500 to 15,000 and higher, depending on the conditions of polymerization.

Films of soybean and linseed polyvinyl ethers containing driers were cast from toluene solution. Hard films were obtained with cobalt drier by baking at 150°C. while softer films were obtained under these conditions when lead driers were used.

Soybean films containing cobalt drier and baked on Pyrex glass dissolved completely in 5% aqueous alkali. A fatty acid coresponding to the fatty alcohol side chain was isolated from this solution along with a material that appeared to be partially oxidized polyvinyl alcohol. Baked films of soybean polyvinyl ether with lead drier did not dissolve in alkali. Some improvement of alkali resistance was obtained with cobalt films by adding aromatic amines as antioxidants. Soybean polymer films containing cobalt and baked on soft glass or metal surfaces were resistant to 5% aqueous alkali for at least three days.

Soybean polyvinyl ether was emulsified with an equal weight of water, using ammonium salts of fatty acids as emulsifiers. Films were prepared from this emulsion that appeared to be continuous.
Note on acetone‐soluble material in cottonseed meals
Authors: King W. H. , Frampton Vernon L. , Altschul A. M.
Published: June 2007

In connection with a study of methods of eliminating traces of “free” gossypol from cottonseed meals a procedure for isolation of gossypol from the 70% acetone extracts of the meals by transfer to benzene solution has ben developed. A procedure is also given for quantitative determination of the isolated gossypol. Analysis of four samples of cooked cottonseed meats and meal by the method showed that in each instance substances other than gossypol are measured by the A.O.C.S. method for “free” gossypol in meals containing low concentrations of residual “free” gossypol. This procedure promises to provide another analytical tool for the study of residual material in processed cottonseed meal that causes egg discoloration when fed to laying hens.
A comparison of alkylated phenols as antioxidants for lard
Authors: Miller G. J. , Quackenbush F. W.
Published: June 2007

Tests with 24 substituted phenols showed that position was more important than the nature of the alkyl group in influencing antioxidant potency for lard. The most active compound tested was 2,6‐di‐tert‐butyl‐4‐methylphenol.
Apparatus for determination of the wiley melting point
Authors: Marmor Ralph A. , Ferm Robert L.
Published: June 2007

A mechanically stirred Wiley Melting Point bath apparatus is described, which makes the Wiley Melting Point more accurate and reproducible, permits more determinations to be run at one time, and is less time‐consuming than the hand‐agitation procedure of the A.O.C.S. Method.
The state of dispersion of detergent additives in lubricating oil and other hydrocarbons
Authors: Peri J. B.
Published: June 2007

Ultracentrifugation and viscosity data indicate that the sulfonate type of detergents normally exists in hydrocarbon solvents as small micelles approximately two molecular lengths in diameter, ranging in shape from nearly spherical to rodlike. The micellar size is shown, in the case of calcium petroleum sulfonate, to change with concentration and temperature. Analysis of the sedimentation patterns shows that, while Aerosol O.T. appears essentially monodisperse, calcium petroleum sulfonate shows a marked distribution of micellar weights. Ultracentrifugation and electron microscopy show that larger aggregates sometimes exist in solution together with small micelles. These aggregates may result from association of various polar compounds with the detergent micelles.
Bleaching of drying oils by ionizing radiation
Authors: Lavigne J. B.
Published: June 2007

(1) Changes in the absorption spectra of drying oils, especially safflower, on exposure to ionizing radiation were followed.

(2) Bleaching of the oil was plotted as a linear function of the logarithm of the absorption in the visible spectrumversus the dose.

(3) Oxygen inhibited radiation bleaching.

(4) The cost of bleaching safflower and similar oils by electrons was estimated to be about 4 cents/pound.

(5) The mechanism of radiation bleaching was postulated to involve hydrogenation of the pigments by hydrogen atoms. These were obtained by dehydrogenation of the oils or by decarboxylation of fatty acids.
The determination of the unsaponifiable matter of tall oil distillates
Authors: Bauer S. T. , Price R. E. , Gill Patricia R.
Published: June 2007

A comparison has been made of extraction efficiency of ethyl ether or petroleum ether in the removal of unsaponifiable matter of tall oil distillates, using the analytical procedures of A.S.T.M. or A.O.C.S. It has been shown that solvents can be used interchangeably. Results were within reasonable accuracy. Synthetic mixtures containing added abietic acid and rosin impurities, when heated at 300°C., increased in unsaponifiable content. Examination of the unsaponifiable extract from several tall oil, fatty acid fractions indicated that it was composed essentially of decarboxylated products of rosin and fatty acids.
The relationship of polymorphism to the texture of margarine containing soybean and cottonseed oils
Authors: Merker D. R. , Brown L. C. , Wiedermann L. H.
Published: June 2007

A correlation of the organoleptic and physical properties of hydrogenated soybean oil, blends of this oil with hydrogenated cottonseed oil, and their corresponding margarines has been made by comparing samples crystallized under tempered and essentially untempered conditions. Margarine, which is usually processed under the latter condition and which contains a high percentage of hydrogenated soybean oil, will at times show a strong tendency to develop grain. This graininess was characterized by the presence of high meltingbeta polymorphs, formed by a slow rate of crystal growth.

Thus the difference in the polymorphic behavior of highly hydrogenated cottonseed and soybean oil observed by Bailey still prevails in the partially hydrogenated oils but to a lesser extent. The tendency for hydrogenated soybean oil to formbeta crystals can be reduced or eliminated by conditions which promote faster crystal growth and/or the incorporation ofbeta prime stable triglycerides, which control crystal growth through mixed crystal or solid solution formation.
Brown‐colored oxypolymers of unsaturated fats
Authors: Venolia A. W. , Tappel A. L.
Published: June 2007

The oxypolymerization of unsaturated fat in the presence of protein and amino acid was studied to determine whether the active carbonyl‐amine‐browning reaction is a dominant mechanism for the formation of brown‐colored polymers. A highly reactive system of menhaden oil‐aqueous egg albumin emulsion was studied in greatest detail. Three types of studies: activation energy of formation of brown color, inhibition analysis of the mechanism leading to formation of brown color, and measures of amino acid reaction in the oxidizing unsaturated fats, all gave evidence that active carbonyl‐amine browning was not a dominant mechanism.
Surface active N‐acylglutamate: III. Physicochemical properties of sodium long chain N‐acylglutamates
Authors: Takehara M. , Moriyuki H. , Arakawa A. , Yoshimura I. , Yoshida R.
Published: June 2007

The physicochemical properties of sodium long chain N‐acylglutamate (AGSn) are described. The wetting power, emulsifying power, dispersing power and calcium ion stability were measured. Monosodium N‐lauroyl‐l‐glutamate (l‐LGS) had good wetting and emulsifying properties, but disodium N‐acylglutamate (AGS2) was inferior tol‐LGS in those properties. In the dispersing power using carbon black as powder,l‐LGS was inferior but AGS2, having a palmitoyl or stearoyl radical, was excellent. The AGSn with a few exceptions had good calcium ion stabilities.
Extraction and methanolysis of oil from whole or crushed rapeseed for fatty acid analysis
Authors: Hougen F. W. , Bodo V.
Published: June 2007

Three methods are described for extraction of oil from rapeseed for routine determinations of fatty acid composition. In the “whole‐seed method,” ca. 50% of the total seed oil is extracted, without prior crushing of the seeds, by soaking the dried seeds in petroleum ether and benzene at room temperature for 2 days. For certain types of rapeseed with a “less permeable seed coat,” a presoaking in water is required to rupture the seed coat. The extracted oil has practically the same fatty acid composition as the total seed oil, and can therefore be used as a representative sample for determination of the fatty acid composition of the total seed oil. In the “crushing method,” the seeds are lightly crushed before the oil is extracted. In the “half‐seed method,” the outer cotyledon of a single seed is dissected from the embryo; the oil is extracted from this cotyledon for fatty acid analysis, while the remaining part of the embryo can be germinated and planted to produce the progeny of the seed. In all three methods the extracted oil is converted to fatty acid methyl esters by a rapid reaction with sodium in methanol at room temperature.