bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
De zoektocht naar de bevoegde rechter bij besluiten van de centrale overheid
Authors: Gierveld H.A.J. (Henk)
Published: November 2020

De zoektocht naar de bevoegde rechter bij besluiten van de centrale overheid

In dit artikel gaat auteur in op het leerstuk van de relatieve competentie bij een door de minister vastgesteld beheerplan op grond van de Wet natuurbescherming en een door de minister vastgesteld peilbesluit op grond van de Waterwet
Performance Study of Spread Spectrum Systems with Hard Limiters
Authors:   State University of Telecommunications, Kiev, Ukraine, Pliushch Oleksandr , Vyshnivskyi Viktor , Tolubko Volodymyr , Mukhin Vadym , Ishcheryakov Serhii , Okhramovych Mykhailo , Loza Vitalii
Published: November 2020

Use of spread spectrum systems in telecommunications is studied. It is shown that spread spectrum techniques can substantially enhance noise and interference immunity in the currently deployed information transmission networks. Primitive polynomials are proposed to obtain respective spreading codes. A spreading code consisting of 1023 chips is synthesized and its characteristics are studied. It is deduced that powerful interferences can exceed dynamic range of the receiving part of the system and, as a result, deteriorate information transmission. To overcome this problem, utilization of limiters is proposed, in which limitation level equals that of the internal noise of the receiving part. Computer simulation is employed to test the performance of the proposed solution. Performance of the spread spectrum system for information transfer is studied both without the limiter and with the limiter. Research results show that, for binary modulation, performance of the system with limitation and without limitation is nearly identical while limiters can substantially reduce requirements for the dynamic range. Compared to the existing approaches, it is proposed to use the synthesized spreading coding sequence with the limitation technique in practical implementations of those telecommunication networks, in which noise immunity and transmission concealment are required, such as in unmanned aerial vehicles. This can replace currently used approaches, such as frequency hopping, transmission power adjustment and antenna pattern changes.
Finding K Shortest Paths in a Network Using Genetic Algorithm
Authors:   MRIIRS/FET/CSE/Faridabad,Haryana,121003, Moza Meenakshi , Kumar Suresh
Published: November 2020

With the advent of new applications, different service needs come up. These needs could be in the form of reliability in delivering data, capacity amount in a particular range and certain amount of permissible delay. In order to provide high Quality of service to Networks, it is essential to provide a path between a given source and multiple destinations which satisfy certain constraints. For a domain catering to high QoS, there is a request of resources with certain constraints by all the applications. Speed and Scalability which are not flexible in terms of Network size and Topology are the basic issues to be considered here. Multimedia applications in general make use of k shortest paths whenever communication is to be carried out between a single source and one or more than one destination. In this paper, a genetic algorithm is used, which helps in determination of k shortest paths from a source node to more than one destination node, with bandwidth constraint. The algorithm makes use of the connection matrix as well as link bandwidth for determination of k shortest paths. The significance of using K shortest paths in a network is to increase Throughput and Packet delivery ratio.
Helicopter Control Using Fuzzy Logic and Narma-L2 Techniques
Authors:   Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, School of Engineering, Design and Physical Science, Brunel University London, UK, Al-Fallooji Noor Salam , Abbod Maysam
Published: November 2020

Helicopter instability is one of the most limitations that should be addressed in a nonlinear application. Accordingly, researchers are invited to design a robust and reliable controller to obtain a stable system and enhance its overall performance. The present study focuses on the use of the intelligent system in controlling the pitch and yaw angles. This lead to controlling the elevation and the direction of the helicopter. Further to the application of the Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR) controller, this research implemented the Proportional Integral Derivative (PID), Fuzzy Logic Control (FLC), and Artificial Neural Network (ANN). The results show that FLC achieved a good controllability for both angles, particularly for the pitch angle in comparison to the nonlinear auto regressive moving average (NARMA-L2). Moreover, NARMA-L2 requires further improvement by using, for example, the swarm optimization method to provide better controllability. The PID controller, on the other hand, had a greater capability in controlling the yaw angle in comparison to the other controllers implemented. Accordingly, it is suggested that the integration of PID and FLC may lead to more optimal outcomes.
Data Mining Methods for Detecting the Most Significant Factors Affecting Students’ Performance
Authors:   Department of Computer Science, College of Computer, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia, Al-Hagery Mohammed Abdullah , Alzaid Maryam Abdullah , Alharbi Tahani Soud , Alhanaya Moody Abdulrahman
Published: November 2020

The field of using Data Mining (DM) techniques in educational environments is typically identified as Educational Data Mining (EDM). EDM is rapidly becoming an important field of research due to its ability to extract valuable knowledge from various educational datasets. During the past decade, an increasing interest has arisen within many practical studies to study and analyze educational data especially students’ performance. The performance of students plays a vital role in higher education institutions. In keeping with this, there is a clear need to investigate factors influencing students’ performance. This study was carried out to identify the factors affecting students’ academic performance. K-means and X-means clustering techniques were applied to analyze the data to find the relationship of the students' performance with these factors. The study finding includes a set of the most influencing personal and social factors on the students’ performance such as parents’ occupation, parents’ qualification, and income rate. Furthermore, it is contributing to improving the education quality, as well as, it motivates educational institutions to benefit and discover the unseen patterns of knowledge in their students' accumulated data.
Mask R-CNN for Geospatial Object Detection
Authors:   Faculty of Engineering, Sana’a University, Sana’a, Yemen, AL-Alimi Dalal , Shao Yuxiang , Alalimi Ahamed , Abdu Ahmed
Published: November 2020

Geospatial imaging technique has opened a door for researchers to implement multiple beneficial applications in many fields, including military investigation, disaster relief, and urban traffic control. As the resolution of geospatial images has increased in recent years, the detection of geospatial objects has attracted a lot of researchers. Mask R-CNN had been designed to identify an object outlines at the pixel level (instance segmentation), and for object detection in natural images. This study describes the Mask R-CNN model and uses it to detect objects in geospatial images. This experiment was prepared an existing dataset to be suitable with object segmentation, and it shows that Mask R-CNN also has the ability to be used in geospatial object detection and it introduces good results to extract the ten classes dataset of Seg-VHR-10.
Targeted Next-Generation Sequencing Identifies Molecular and Genetic Events in Dedifferentiated Chondrosarcoma
Authors: Lucas Calixto-Hope G. , Grenert James P. , Horvai Andrew
Published: November 2020

Context.—

Dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma is a rare adult bone tumor with a dismal prognosis and is composed of a conventional chondrosarcoma juxtaposed to high-grade nonchondrogenic sarcoma. Dedifferentiated chondrosarcomas may represent tumor progression from a differentiated to a primitive histotype.

Objective.—

To determine the genetic and molecular events that drive progression from a conventional chondrosarcoma to high grade nonchondrogenic sarcoma.

Design.—

We analyzed the genomic landscape of paired conventional and dedifferentiated components of 11 dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma using targeted next-generation DNA sequencing with immunohistochemical validation. Clinical, radiographic, and pathologic features of tumors were reviewed. Capture-based DNA sequencing targeting the coding regions of 479 cancer genes and select introns was performed.

Results.—

The tumors arose in the femur (n = 4; 36%), scapula (n = 3; 27%), pelvis (n = 3; 27%), and humerus (n = 1; 9%) of 7 men (64%) and 4 women (36%; median age, 61 years). DNA was adequate for sequencing from all 11 dedifferentiated components (100%) and 9 paired conventional chondrosarcoma components (82%). All tumors (100%) harbored either IDH1 p.R132 or IDH2 p.R172S hotspot mutations. Seven tumors (64%) displayed COL2A1 alterations. TERT promoter mutations were present in 5 of 9 pairs (56%) and 2 (22%) additional unpaired dedifferentiated components. IDH1/2, COL2A1, and TERT mutations were identical in both components of the paired samples. Pathogenic missense or truncating mutations in TP53 and large-scale copy number alterations were more common in dedifferentiated components than in those of matched conventional components.

Conclusions.—

The results support IDH1/2, COL2A1, and TERT promoter mutations being common in dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma and as likely early events in progression, whereas inactivating mutation of TP53 and high-level copy number alterations may be later events in the dedifferentiated phenotype.
Smart autonomous agricultural system for improving yields in greenhouse based on sensor and IoT technology
Authors: Đorđević Miloš , Paunović Vesna , Danković Danijel , Jovičić Branislav
Published: November 2020

With a special focus on the now widespread Internet of Things (IoT) technology, it offers a convenient solution for smart agriculture. This paper will introduce a smart greenhouse monitoring and control data logger system as part of a smart farm. The system is based on: a group of built-in sensors, a microcontroller with a peripheral interface (PIC) as a core and a server system and a wireless Internet using the Global System of Mobile Telecommunications (GSM) module with General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) as a communication protocol. It is possible to implement a smart agricultural service, in which the realized smart data logger system could be implemented, which enables automatic control of the greenhouse at the farm.
Resiliency and the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Hidden Strengths of Those with Lived Experience of Mental Health Conditions
Authors: Leahy-Lind Sharon , Simons Gillian
Published: November 2020

To keep the spread of the novel coronavirus down people are asked to continue following social distancing guidelines, which can impact employment and feelings of connectedness. Many people have not seen loved ones in-person for months. These are all very difficult on one’s mental health. Building or strengthening resiliency can help one adapt to the new challenges each of us are facing. We can look to persons with lived experience of mental health conditions as examples of how to develop resiliency.
First principle calculations of interface interactions and photoelectric properties of perovskite CsPbX3 (X=Cl, Br, I) and penta-graphene van der Waals heterostructures
Authors: Wu Tian , Yao Meng-Li , Long Meng-Qiu ,   School of Physics and Electronics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China,   Institute of Super-microstructure and Ultrafast Process in Advanced Materials, Changsha 410083, China
Published: November 2020

Heterostructure engineering is an effective strategy to improve the optoelectronic properties of semiconductor materials. We propose a van der Waals (vdW) heterostructure based on perovskite CsPbX3 (X = Cl, Br, I) and two-dimensional penta-graphene (PG), and investigate the stabilities of two kinds of interface contacts (Pb-X and Cs-X) by first-principles calculations. And we also study the electronic structures and optoelectronic properties of CsPbX3-PG heterostructures with stabler Pb-X interface. Our results show that all the CsPbX3 (X = Cl, Br, I)-PG heterostructures possess the type-II band arrangement, that the energy level gap is gradually narrowed from Cl to I, and that there are good photogenerated carrier separation ability and charge transport property. Moreover, the absorption spectrum of CsPbX3-PG heterostructures can be broadened and the optical absorption ability is effectively improved. The power conversion efficiency (PCE) of CsPbX3-PG can increase up to 21% given by theoretical estimation. These results indicate that the optoelectronic properties of the all-inorganic metal halide perovskite CsPbX3-PG heterostructures can be effectively improved, which would become a potential candidate for high-performance photoelectric conversion devices.s.
Enhancement of near-field thermal radiation of semiconductor vanadium dioxide covered by graphene
Authors: Wang Bo , Zhang Ji-Hong , Li Cong-Ying ,   School of Electromechanical and Automotive Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
Published: November 2020

Near-field thermal radiation refers to the radiation produced by two radiators in a narrow gap that is smaller than the characteristic wavelength. The studies of near-field thermal radiation began in the 1960s and 1970s. Some researchers have reported that near-filed thermal radiation can be enhanced by orders of magnitude higher than that of far-field radiation by photon tunneling and surface polariton. With the development and application of nanotechnology, the near-field heat radiation has developed into a research hotspot in the field of heat radiation. Recent studies have shown that the properties of near-field thermal radiation can be enhanced by optimizing the structures of radiators (covered by two-dimensional (2D) materials, such as graphene and black phosphorus), choosing radiation materials (hexagonal boron nitride, silicon dioxide, vanadium dioxide), and selecting appropriate physical parameters (chemical potential, vacuum distance, film thickness) of the radiator materials. According to the fluctuation dissipation theory and by solving the Maxwell equation and the green's function, in this article we report the near-field thermal radiation of the two half-infinite flats, including vanadium dioxide V/V, vanadium dioxide covered by graphene GV/GV and vanadium dioxide film covered by graphene GV0/GV0. The near-field thermal radiations in these structures are influenced by physical parameters, such as vacuum spacing, thickness of vanadium dioxide film and chemical potential of graphene. The results show that near-field thermal radiation of GV0/GV0 (38088.43 W/m2) is 8.6 times stronger than that of GV/GV (4426.73 W/m2, vacuum distance is 10 nm, chemical potential is 0.1 eV), and near-field thermal radiation of GV/GV (4426.73 W/m2) is 35 times stronger than that of V/V (127.21 W/m2, vacuum distance is 10 nm, chemical potential is 0.1 eV). For these three structures, thermal radiation decreases gradually by widening the vacuum distance. Moreover, thermal radiation also decreases by thickening vanadium dioxide film. While thermal radiation of GV0/GV0 decreases 3.34 times as chemical potential of graphene increases from 0.1 (38088.43 W/m2) to 0.6 eV (11399.80 W/m2). In this paper, the near-field heat radiation between vanadium dioxide and graphene is systematically investigated, which will give the guidance in the relevant experiment and practical applications of near-field heat radiation between vanadium dioxide and graphene.
Magneto-electronic property in zigzag phosphorene nanoribbons doped with transition metal atom
Authors: Zhang Hua-Lin , He Xin , Zhang Zhen-Hua ,   School of Physics and Electronic Science, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha 410114, China
Published: November 2020

The magneto-electronic properties of zigzag phosphorene nanoribbons (ZPNRs) doped, respectively, with iron (Fe), cobalt (Co) and nickel (Ni) atoms are investigated by the first-principles method based on density functional theory. The calculated results show that the structures of doped and undoped ZPNR are stable because their binding energy and Gibbs free energy are negative, and the Forcite annealing dynamics simulation shows that the thermal stabilities of all doped ZPNRs are extremely high. The ground states of pristine ZPNRs and ZPNRs doped with Co atoms are nonmagnetic states, while the ground states of ZPNRs doped with Fe or Ni atoms are ferromagnetic states. When they are in the nonmagnetic states, the pristine ZPNRs and ZPNRs doped with Co atoms turn into semiconductors, while the ZPNRs doped with Fe or Ni atoms become metals. The undoped ZPNRs are direct band gap semiconductors, while the ZPNRs doped with Co atoms are indirect band gap semiconductors, and the band gaps of the latter are smaller than those of the former. The changes of the properties of the ZPNRs are due to the introduction of impurity energy band into the energy band structures. The spin-polarized calculation displays that the pristine ZPNRs and ZPNRs doped with Co atoms are non-magnetic, and the ZPNRs doped with Fe or Ni atoms are magnetic but only in the ferromagnetic state. In the ferromagnetic state, the ZPNRs doped with Fe atoms are spin semiconductors, while the ZPNR doped with Ni atoms are spin half-metals. This means that the half-metal feature can be realized by doping Ni atom into ZPNR. The magnetism of ZPNRs doped with Fe or Ni atoms is mainly contributed by impurity atoms, and the occurrence of magnetism is due to the existence of unpaired electrons in ZPNR. The doping position has a certain influence on the electromagnetic properties of ZPNR. In the ferromagnetic state, the ZPNRs are half-metals when the Ni atoms are doped near the edge of the nanoribbons, while the ZPNRs are spin semiconductors as the Ni atoms are doped near the symmetric center of the nanoribbons. These results might be of significance for developing the phosphorene based electronic nanodevices
Mortality of native and invasive ladybirds co-infected by ectoparasitic and entomopathogenic fungi
Authors: Haelewaters Danny , Hiller Thomas , Kemp Emily A. , van Wielink Paul S. , Shapiro-Ilan David I. , Aime M. Catherine , Nedvěd Oldřich , Pfister Donald H. , Cottrell Ted E.
Published: November 2020

Harmonia axyridisis an invasive alien ladybird in North America and Europe. Studies show that multiple natural enemies are usingHa. axyridisas a new host. However, thus far, no research has been undertaken to study the effects of simultaneous infection by multiple natural enemies onHa. axyridis. We hypothesized that high thallus densities of the ectoparasitic fungusHesperomyces virescenson a ladybird weaken the host’s defenses, thereby making it more susceptible to infection by other natural enemies. We examined mortality of the North American-nativeOlla v-nigrumandHa. axyridisco-infected withHe. virescensand an entomopathogenic fungus—eitherBeauveria bassianaorMetarhizium brunneum. Laboratory assays revealed thatHe. virescens-infectedO. v-nigrumindividuals are more susceptible to entomopathogenic fungi, butHa. axyridisdoes not suffer the same effects. This is in line with the enemy release hypothesis, which predicts that invasive alien species in new geographic areas experience reduced regulatory effects from natural enemies compared to native species. Considering our results, we can ask howHe. virescensaffects survival when confronted by other pathogens that previously had little impact onHa. axyridis.
Prognostic model of invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast based on differentially expressed glycolysis-related genes
Authors: Li Xiaoping , Yu Qihe , Chen Jishang , Huang Hui , Liu Zhuangsheng , Wang Chengxing , He Yaoming , Zhang Xin , Li Weiwen , Li Chao , Zhao Jinglin , Long Wansheng
Published: November 2020

Background

Invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) is a common pathological type of breast cancer that is characterized by high malignancy and rapid progression. Upregulation of glycolysis is a hallmark of tumor growth, and correlates with the progression of breast cancer. We aimed to establish a model to predict the prognosis of patients with breast IDC based on differentially expressed glycolysis-related genes (DEGRGs).

Methods

Transcriptome data and clinical data of patients with breast IDC were from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Glycolysis-related gene sets and pathways were from the Molecular Signatures Database (MSigDB). DEGRGs were identified by comparison of tumor tissues and adjacent normal tissues. Univariate Cox regression and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression were used to screen for DEGRGs with prognostic value. A risk-scoring model based on DEGRGs related to prognosis was constructed. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis and calculation of the area under the curve (AUC) were used to evaluate the performance of the model. The model was verified in different clinical subgroups using an external dataset (GSE131769). A nomogram that included clinical indicators and risk scores was established. Gene function enrichment analysis was performed, and a protein-protein interaction network was developed.

Results

We analyzed data from 772 tumors and 88 adjacent normal tissues from the TCGA database and identified 286 glycolysis-related genes from the MSigDB. There were 185 DEGRGs. Univariate Cox regression and LASSO regression indicated that 13 of these genes were related to prognosis. A risk-scoring model based on these 13 DEGRGs allowed classification of patients as high-risk or low-risk according to median score. The duration of overall survival (OS) was longer in the low-risk group (P < 0.001), and the AUC was 0.755 for 3-year OS and 0.726 for 5-year OS. The results were similar when using the GEO data set for external validation (AUC for 3-year OS: 0.731, AUC for 5-year OS: 0.728). Subgroup analysis showed there were significant differences in OS among high-risk and low-risk patients in different subgroups (T1-2, T3-4, N0, N1-3, M0, TNBC, non-TNBC; all P < 0.01). The C-index was 0.824, and the AUC was 0.842 for 3-year OS and 0.808 for 5-year OS from the nomogram. Functional enrichment analysis demonstrated the DEGRGs were mainly involved in regulating biological functions.

Conclusions

Our prognostic model, based on 13 DEGRGs, had excellent performance in predicting the survival of patients with IDC of the breast. These DEGRGs appear to have important biological functions in the progression of this cancer.
A new nurse frog (Anura: Allobates) from Brazilian Amazonia with a remarkably fast multi-noted advertisement call
Authors: Souza Jesus R.D. , Ferrão Miquéias , Hanken James , Lima Albertina P.
Published: November 2020

Nurse frogs (Aromobatidae: Allobates) are probably the most extensively studied genus by taxonomists in Brazilian Amazonia. The southwestern portion of Amazonia is the most species-rich: as many as seven species may occur in sympatry at a single locality. In this study, we describe a new species of nurse frog from this region. The description integrates data from larval and adult morphology, advertisement calls and DNA sequences. Allobates velocicantus sp. nov. is distinguished from other Allobates mainly by the absence of hourglass-shaped dark marks on the dorsum and dark transverse bars on the thigh; a throat that is white centrally and yellow marginally; basal webbing on toes II and III; finger I longer than finger II; and an advertisement call composed of 66–138 pulsed notes with a note duration of 5–13 ms, inter-note intervals of 10–18 ms and a dominant frequency of 5,512–6,158 Hz. Tadpoles of the new species have 3–4 short, rounded papillae on the anterior labium, 16–23 papillae on the posterior labium, and a labial keratodont row formula 2(2)/3(1). This is the fifth species of Allobates described from the state of Acre, southwestern Brazilian Amazonia.
HYPOTHETICAL APPROACH ON EXTRACTION PROCESSES IN AYURVEDA: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW
Authors:   ,, Jaiswal Archana , Goyal Manisha , Shukl Govind Sahay , Agarwal Rajaram
Published: November 2020

Extraction is the first and foremost step towards the preparation of any herbal formulation and plant-based medicines are being used from the Stone Age to date for alleviation and mitigation from various ailments. In Ayurvedic therapeutics under the roof of Bhaishajya Kalpana extraction techniques have been employed since time immemorial. In the present scenario Extraction of herbal drugs is recognized by modern science due to its huge therapeutic utility in a number of disorders and the field of cosmetics and so many techniques have been invented and developed to separate extracts from plant materials. In Ayurveda, various Kalpanas were offered by our acharyas to extract out the active principle of herbs or plant materials in the form of medicines e.g. kwatha, hima, Phanta, ksheera paka, Sandhana, and Sneha Kalpana, etc. The present paper aims to highlight the significance of ancient extraction techniques so that the basic concept behind these formulations is understood, explaining their possible correlations with modern pharmaceutics alongside.
Interaction of amyloid beta with humanin and acetylcholinesterase is modulated by ATP
Authors: Atali Sarah , Dorandish Sadaf , Devos Jonathan , Williams Asana , Price Deanna , Taylor Jaylen , Guthrie Jeffrey , Heyl Deborah , Evans Hedeel Guy
Published: November 2020

Humanin (HN) is known to bind amyloid beta (Aβ)‐inducing cytoprotective effects, while binding of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) to Aβ increases its aggregation and cytotoxicity. Previously, we showed that binding of HN to Aβ blocks aggregation induced by AChE and that HN decreases but does not abolish Aβ‐AChE interactions in A549 cell media. Here, we set out to shed light on factors that modulate the interactions of Aβ with HN and AChE. We found that binding of either HN or AChE to Aβ is not affected by heparan sulfate, while ATP, thought to reduce misfolding of Aβ, weakened interactions between AChE and Aβ but strengthened those between Aβ and HN. Using media from either A549 or H1299 lung cancer cells, we observed that more HN was bound to Aβ upon addition of ATP, while levels of AChE in a complex with Aβ were decreased by ATP addition to A549 cell media. Exogenous addition of ATP to either A549 or H1299 cell media increased interactions of endogenous HN with Aβ to a comparable extent despite differences in AChE expression in the two cell lines, and this was correlated with decreased binding of exogenously added HN to Aβ. Treatment with exogenous ATP had no effect on cell viability under all conditions examined. Exogenously added ATP did not affect viability of cells treated with AChE‐immunodepleted media, and there was no apparent protection against the cytotoxicity resulting from immunodepletion of HN. Moreover, exogenously added ATP had no effect on the relative abundance of oligomer versus total Aβ in either cell line.
Far‐Ultraviolet Spectroscopy in the Solid and Liquid States, Principle, Instrumentation, and Application
Authors: Morisawa Yusuke , Tanabe Ichiro , Ozaki Yukihiro
Published: November 2020

This article outlines the recent progress inultraviolet(UV) spectroscopy in the 140–280 nm region of solid and liquid phases. In this article, we refer to the 120–200 nm region as thefar ultraviolet(FUV) region. The word ‘vacuum UV region’ is not appropriate any more at least for the 120–200 nm region because a vacuum evaporation system is not always required, but a nitrogen gas‐purged system is often sufficient. FUV spectroscopy is concerned with electronic transitions of a molecule, but the absorptivity is very high in the FUV region, and therefore, this region has been employed to investigate mainly for the electronic states and structure of gas molecules. To observe the spectra of solid samples in the FUV region, reflection spectroscopy has been used. However, for liquid samples, in general, it is very difficult to use either absorption spectroscopy or reflection spectroscopy. Accordingly, FUV spectroscopy for liquid samples has almost been an undeveloped research area. To solve these difficulties in FUV spectroscopy, we have recently developed a totally new FUV spectrometer based on theattenuated total reflection(ATR) technique that enables us to measure the spectra of liquid and solid samples in the 140–280 nm region. This spectrometer has opened up a new era of FUV spectroscopy. This article consists of seven parts: (i) introduction to FUV spectroscopy, (ii) characteristics and advantages of FUV spectroscopy for the study of liquids and solids, (iii) development of new FUV spectrometers, (iv) FUV studies of liquid water and aqueous solutions, (v) FUV spectra of organic molecules in the liquid states, (vi) Classification of polymer thin films using FUV spectroscopy, (vii) FUV spectroscopy applied for photocatalysis, (viii) Structure of water adsorbed on an aluminum surface studied by variable angle‐ATR–FUV technique, and (ix)time‐resolved(TR) FUV spectroscopy. This article demonstrates that FUV holds considerable promise not only in basic science but also in applications such as qualitative and quantitative analyses, online monitoring, environmental geochemical analysis, and surface analysis.
Curse of Dimensionality
Authors: Hao Ning
Published: November 2020

The term “curse of dimensionality” has been widely used in research articles to refer to the technical difficulties caused by increasing dimensions. This short note gives a brief introduction to this term in various subfields of statistics.
Measure Phrases
Authors: Scontras Gregory
Published: November 2020

Language provides the means to count, parcel, and reference both concrete and abstract elements of the world that surrounds us. At the core of this process is measurement – the mapping of individuals onto scales. Here we survey the way that languages encode measurement using a specific yet heterogeneous class of constructions: measure phrases. This survey considers what it takes to count as a measure expression, and how the meaning of these expressions compares with other quantizing nouns and classifiers.
Counterfactuals
Authors: Arregui Ana
Published: November 2020

Counterfactuals sit at the crossroads of a wide set of theoretical interests in linguistics, philosophy, and psychology. Current linguistic debates on counterfactuals address problems in compositionality and the syntax–semantics interface, theories of context change, crosslinguistic variation in the construction of modal meanings, presupposition projection, scalar implicatures, and the interaction between temporal meanings and modal meanings, among other things. This chapter offers a brief overview of some of the central debates in the linguistic literature. The aim is to provide the reader with a preliminary panorama and a starting point for later excursions. The chapter offers a discussion of the criteria called upon to identify counterfactuals, a brief review of some aspects of their logic, and an overview of foundational theoretical proposals in the field.
Family Resemblance and Prototypes
Authors: Sassoon Galit W.
Published: November 2020

This chapter reviews phenomena suggesting that concepts like ‘bird’ or ‘game’ have a family resemblance structure, and the debates these phenomena have ignited concerning the meanings of linguistic labels (predicates) likebirdandgame. Conceptual semanticists have embraced family resemblance, modeling predicate meaning through mental conceptual representations, such as clusters of properties, prototypes, and similarity functions. To this end, they rejected classical logic as a basis for reasoning with natural language. By contrast, considering the advantages of classical logic, typically, formal semanticists have refrained from adopting the family resemblance view. Nonetheless, the chapter focuses on the less typical cases, where family resemblance structures are incorporated into referential semantic accounts assuming minimal deviation from classical logic (using the supervaluation technique). More recent nonclassical developments using vector semantics are briefly described as well.
Distributivity, Collectivity, and Cumulativity
Authors: Champollion Lucas
Published: November 2020

This chapter provides an overview of the major empirical phenomena discussed in connection with the theoretical concepts of distributivity, collectivity, and cumulativity. Topics include: an operational definition of distributivity; the difference between lexical and phrasal distributivity; atomic vs nonatomic distributivity; collectivity and thematic entailments; two classes of collective predicates (exemplified bybe numerousvsgather); how to distinguish between cumulative and collective readings; interactions of distributivity and collectivity; and a list of other relevant review papers and handbook articles. Typological generalizations and examples from a wide range of languages are discussed throughout the chapter.
Presuppositional Binding
Authors: van der Sandt Rob
Published: November 2020

This chapter discusses the notion of variable binding in theories of presupposition and focuses in particular on the so‐called binding problem of presuppositions. This problem was first formulated by Karttunen and Peters in 1979, discussed by various authors, and subsequently taken up by Heim 1983. The binding problem arises in pragmatic and two‐dimensional approaches, that is in theories that divorce the presuppositional contribution and the content of natural language sentences, and treat them along separate dimensions. The first part of this chapter discusses the fact that presuppositions are a prerequisite for interpretation by binding into open content expressions. In the second part we go into the binding problem in more detail and discuss in particular the two‐dimensional account of Karttunen and Peters, Heim's suggestions about local accommodation, and the way the problem is treated in the anaphoric account of presupposition. It transpires that on the latter account the binding problem does not arise. This is due to a quite intuitive and semantically motivated constraint known as trapping. Presuppositions have internal structure and may embed further presuppositions. Such embedded presuppositions may already be bound at some level of discourse structure. The trapping constraint assures that when such an embedded presupposition has been bound, its embedder can never be accommodated at any higher level of discourse. The reason is that accommodation of the embedder at any higher level would give rise to free variables that cannot access their antecedent anymore, and the resulting structure would thus lack an interpretation.
Imperfectivity
Authors: Deo Ashwini
Published: November 2020

This chapter explores the notion of imperfectivity – an aspectual property associated with natural language sentences that finds clear linguistic encoding crosslinguistically. I suggest that imperfectivity may be semantically understood to be the presence of the subinterval property at the sentential level. I survey the literature that analyzes the exponents of imperfective operators – notably progressive and imperfective marking – focusing on deriving the readings associated with such marking.
Lexical Aspect (Aktionsart)
Authors: Filip Hana
Published: November 2020

Lexical aspect (also Aktionsart) concerns classification of lexical items, mainly verbs, into aspectual classes. The two dominant taxonomies are Vendler's accomplishments, achievements, activities, and states, adapted with substantial modifications by Dowty; and the tripartition into events, processes, and states by, for example, Mourelatos and Bach. This contribution focuses on the aspectually relevant properties lexicalized in (root) verbs (e.g., change‐of‐state, temporal extent, limit or boundary of some sort, incrementality, scalarity) and their relation to aspectual classes. The properties have grammatical consequences showing that they are lexicalized in overlapping clusters which characterize aspectual classes that are not neatly aligned with either of the dominant taxonomies. They influence the ways in which verbs are integrated into complex predicates and their aspectual class. Krifka's mereological approach to aspectual composition provided a foundation for much of the work on (non‐)compositional processes that motivate the aspectual interpretation of complex predicates.
Ellipsis and Identity
Authors: Hardt Daniel
Published: November 2020

The literature on ellipsis is notable for its contentiousness and diversity of viewpoints. We argue, however, that this literature can be viewed as an orderly series of insights, beginning with the notion of abstract identity of the Sag–Williams account, and moving ultimately to a view of ellipsis as a discourse phenomenon.
Concealed Questions
Authors: Frana Ilaria
Published: November 2020

Concealed questions (CQs) are determiner phrases that are interpreted as if they were embedded questions. For instance,Eve's phone numberinAdam knows Eve's phone numberis interpreted as having the meaning of the questionwhat Eve's phone number is. CQs raise two preliminary challenges. First, it is not clear how such cases should be integrated into a uniform analysis of predicates that select for questions, canonically realized by CPs, not DPs. Second, it has to be explained how a definite description that would normally be used to pick out an entity in the world acquires this question‐like meaning. More generally, since it is not obvious how the truth conditions of CQ sentences should be computed, this construction raises a challenge for theprinciple of compositionality, according to which the literal meaning of a sentence is a function of the meanings of its parts and of the way they are syntactically combined.
Spatial Prepositions and Locatives in Formal Semantics
Authors: Kracht Marcus
Published: November 2020

The chapter offers a representative overview of issues in the formal semantics of spatial prepositions and cases, including both the cross linguistic and the form–meaning dimension. Special attention is paid to the interaction of locative prepositions and cases in the compositional derivation of spatial meaning and reference, drawing on material from various languages including Finnish and Tsez.
Graded Modality
Authors: Lassiter Daniel
Published: November 2020

Obligation, goodness, certainty, likelihood, knowledge, belief, and ability are examples of modal concepts – concepts whose conditions for application depend not only on how the real world is, but also on various non‐actual ways that the world could be.Ought,good,certain,likely,know,believe, andbe ableare examples of modal words whose meaning is closely related to the modal concepts just mentioned. Is there graded structure underlying (at least some) modal concepts – are they all‐or‐nothing, or can they come in degrees? To the extent that there is, how should semanticists model the meanings of modal expressions whose meanings make reference to graded concepts? Modals are usually thought of as (non‐graded) quantificational expressions, but there is also a tradition of treating some modal concepts – such as goodness, likelihood, and obligation – on the analogy of graded concepts like height, weight, and temperature. Recently there has been increased attention to scalar aspects of the meanings of modal expressions, but there are still many interesting open questions about how far modal gradation extends, and how it relates to grammatical gradability of the type studied in the extensive literature on degree expressions.
Clausal vs Phrasal Comparatives
Authors: Lechner Winfried
Published: November 2020

This chapter on clausal comparatives (Ann is taller than Ben is) and their phrasal variants (Ann is taller than Ben) pursues three interrelated objectives. First, it provides an overview of the central phenomena that have guided the research on the semantics of these constructions from the 1970s on, also taking into consideration aspects of crosslinguistic variation. A second goal consists in tracing the development of the strategies that have been employed in the compositional analysis of comparatives and the derivation of their underlying LF‐representations. Third, the chapter elaborates on two strands of analyses toward phrasal comparatives – the reduction analysis and the direct analysis – which disagree on the amount of abstract syntactic structure they assign to the constituent followingthan. Special attention is given to the formal tools for interpreting the LFs posited by these two competing theoretical choices, and to the diagnostics that have been developed to discriminate between them. The debate has important repercussions, among others, for the organization of the functional lexicon; the limits of crosslinguistic variation; the division of labor between the syntactic and the semantic component; and the nature of the operations implicated in translating surface syntactic trees into transparently interpretable LF‐representations.
The Partee Paradox
Authors: Löbner Sebastian
Published: November 2020

The chapter explains the “Partee paradox” – the observation that
the temperature is rising
and
the temperature is ninety
does not entail
ninety is rising
– and the solution it received in formal semantics. It is shown that the predication in
the temperature is rising
takes an “individual concept” argument and involves an “intensional verb” of a kind; it states a change of the value of a time‐dependent function. Constructions known as “concealed questions” – for example
know the price
– are shown to be closely related. Partee's observation and the phenomenon of concealed questions are taken as the point of departure into taking a closer look at the three components of the constructions: intensional verbs, individual concept nouns, and the definite article. The construction provides a bridge to a general theory of types of noun and their interaction with definiteness. In addition, the particular class of functional nouns and concepts figures in the center of Barsalou's cognitive theory of concept modeling. Thus the understanding of the puzzle is connected to fundamental issues of semantics and cognition.
Mixed Quotation
Authors: Maier Emar
Published: November 2020

The central challenge posed by mixed quotation is that it exhibits both regular semantic use and metalinguistic reference, simultaneously. Semanticists disagree considerably on how to capture the interplay between these two meaning aspects. In this case study I present the various semantic approaches to mixed quotation and compare their predictions with respect to empirical phenomena like indexical shifting, projection, and non‐constituent mixed quotation.
Nominalizations: The Case of Nominalizations of Modal Predicates
Authors: Moltmann Friederike
Published: November 2020

Nominalizations have received considerable interest in linguistics, and certain types of nominalizations have also received interest in philosophy, namely nominalizations that stand for “philosophical entities” (to use Montague's term). These include nominalizations describing events, tropes, and facts, which have been widely discussed in the semantic and philosophical literature, present and past. This chapter will focus on those nominalizations and the ways in which they are able to denote entities. It will moreover give a case study of nominalizations of modal predicates, which have received little, if any, attention in the literature so far, nominalizations of the sortneed,possibility,permission,obligation, andability. The chapter will argue that nominalizations of modal predicates require recognizing a novel ontological category of modal objects, entities that are closely related to attitudinal objects, the semantic values of nominalizations of attitude verbs (belief,claim,decision,request). The chapter will give a general characterization of modal objects and discuss three semantic nominalization strategies by which modal objects can be introduced.
The Interpretation of Tense
Authors: Ogihara Toshiyuki , Kusumoto Kiyomi
Published: November 2020

This chapter examines Partee's celebrated claim that tenses are not existential quantifiers but pronouns. In the first half of the chapter, we show that this proposal successfully accounts for the behavior of tense morphemes regarding deixis, anaphora, and presupposition. It is also compatible with cases where tense morphemes behave like bound variables. In the second half of the chapter, we turn to the syntax–semantics interface and propose some concrete implementations based on three different assumptions about the semantics of tense: (i) quantificational; (ii) pronominal; (iii) relational. Finally, we touch on some tense‐related issues involving temporal adverbials and crosslinguistic differences.
Negative Indefinites and Negative Concord
Authors: Penka Doris
Published: November 2020

Negative indefinites likenobodyandnothingare traditionally analyzed as negative quantifiers. The crosslinguistic validity of this analysis is challenged by the phenomenon of negative concord, where negative indefinites co‐occur with other items expressing negation in the same clause and nevertheless the meaning of the sentence involves only one negation. After giving a short overview of the main patterns of negative concord, this chapter critically discusses the most influential approaches. The first type of analysis assumes that negative indefinites in negative concord languages are lexically ambiguous between inherently negative quantifiers and nonnegative indefinites. The second type of approach maintains the standard analysis of negative indefinites as negative quantifiers. The third line of approach holds that negative indefinites in negative concord languages are semantically nonnegative. These approaches either assume that negative indefinites in negative concord languages are negative polarity items or analyze the relation between negative indefinites and sentential negation as a form of syntactic agreement.
Index‐Dependence and Embedding
Authors: Percus Orin
Published: November 2020

In cases where one sentence embeds another, sometimes it is natural to see the embedding context as effecting a shift in the index of evaluation. A problem for this view comes from sentences where embedded predicates do not make the semantic contribution we would thereby expect them to. We review different ideas as to how these sentences arrive compositionally at their interpretation. According to one, the structure that gets interpreted is one where the troublemaking predicate is actually outside the syntactic scope of the expression that serves to shift indices. All the approaches have an important difficulty to face. That one also has to deal with a German football team.
Type Shifting
Authors: Hendriks Herman
Published: November 2020

This chapter deals with syntactic categories, semantic types, and their relationship. It discusses proposals for associating the various natural language expressions in a syntactic category with interpretations of different semantic types, and shows that such a setup enables one to account for so‐called derivational or scope ambiguities. In the proposed flexible grammars, these interpretations are systematically related by means of so‐called type‐shifting principles. The chapter also addresses the question of whether such flexibility is in keeping with the principle of compositionality of interpretation.
Indicative Conditionals
Authors: van Rooij Robert , Schulz Katrin
Published: November 2020

In this chapter on indicative conditionals, we focus on two central challenges that any analysis of indicative conditionals must meet, instead of writing (yet another) general overview. The first is the challenge of accounting for the non‐monotonic inference pattern that conditionals in general display. The second is that of accounting for the interaction with probability claims (and adverbs of quantification in general) and the related triviality results.