bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Magnetotelluric Data Analysis Using Phase Tensor and Tipper Strike to Determine Geoelectrical Strike in “DKH” Geothermal Field
Authors: Maswah Fauziah , Suryantini  , Srigutomo Wahyu , Fajri Reza Jamil , Pratama Angga Bakti , Pratomo Prihandhanu M.
Published: April 2021

The magnetotelluric (MT) method is passive geophysical method that measures natural electromagnetic field to estimate the subsurface resistivity structure. Before conducting 2D MT data inversion, data analysis, dimensionality, including determining the direction of the geoelectrical strike must be performed. It is needed to fulfill the assumption of 2D MT modeling. 2D modeling of magnetotelluric data is an important part because the results can determine the quality of the subsurface interpretation. Therefore, this paper describes the determination of the dimensonality and geoelectrical strike using the phase tensor and tipper strike parameters. The invariant parameters of phase tensor including skew angle (β) and ellipticity are used to get the information about the dimensionality and geoelectrical strike. The results from the phase tensor are plotted in a rose diagram to determine the main direction of the geoelectrical strike. The phase tensor analysis contains ambiguity 90°, therefore tipper strike used to validate the analysis. From the analysis, the result shows the 1D or 2D structures of the MT data in high frequency, meanwhile the lower frequency, the majority of the data show 3D structures. The dominant geoelectrical strike is around N15°E and it is confirmed with the regional structure of the area. Determination of dimensionality and geoelectrical strike are applied to MT data from the geothermal field.
Performance Evaluation of Geothermal Power Production Using EES (Case Study Ulumbu Geothermal Power Production Unit 4 East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia)
Authors: Ediatmaja Prajamukti , Darmanto Prihadi Setyo , Maulana Dimas Taha
Published: April 2021

Ulumbu geothermal working area (GWA) is in Ruteng district, East Nusa Tenggara province, Indonesia. Ulumbu GWA is owned by PLN. There are four geothermal power plants (GPP) in Ulumbu, which capacity 4 x 2.5 MW. It has operated since 2013. Steam used to generate electricity comes from ULB-2 production well. Wellhead temperature and pressure were 180-200°C and 11 bar. Ulumbu GPP Unit 4 uses a condensing type turbine. It has specific steam consumption (SSC) during commissioning around 9.8 T/MW. After 6 (six) years of operation, SSC becomes 10.04 T/MW on average. It gives a chance to perform optimization in the GPP’s equipment. Before performing optimization, evaluation for every equipment based on as-built data is done by modeling using EES software. The method of evaluation is performed by thermodynamics analysis in each GPP’s equipment. EES is chosen due to its simplicity to arrange many equations in a single window. EES could communicatively display calculation results through a parametric table, solution window, and diagram window. Operation data give information that turbine inlet pressure is operated under its specification. Turbine inlet pressure is operated under its specification because of the change of operating wellhead pressure. Non-Condensable Gas (NCG) content also decreases based on the last ULB-2 well fluid sampling. Using EES, parameter changes in turbine inlet pressure and NCG content are simulated to get optimum power generation value. The simulation results indicate that optimum turbine inlet pressure is obtained at 9.3 bar with SSC 9.17 T/MW. Ulumbu GPP Unit 4 that operated in that condition could reach cycle efficiency of about 10.39%.
The Implementation of Flow Performance Test to Monitor Well Performance in Geothermal Field
Authors: Sugiharto Mochamad Permadi , Marastio Fadiel Evan , Fanani Ahmad Fahmi , Pasaribu Fernando , Silaban Marihot , Maulana Dimas Taha , Saptadji Nenny Miryani
Published: April 2021

Reservoir monitoring of a geothermal field has an important role in determining the direction of company policies in managing a geothermal field, one of which needs to be monitored is by looking at changes in the pattern of the deliverability curve so that it can determine changes in the characteristics and performance of production wells. In order to update the deliverability curve, it is necessary to conduct periodic production tests. However, this cannot be done due to limited steam reserves. This research was conducted to determine the performance of production wells using the Flow Performance Test (FPT) method. This method is an alternative solution that can update the production well deliverability curve without leaving the gathering system. The FPT is applied to UBL-DL5 and JL2, UBL-JL3 is shown to validate the equations used. The data obtained were validated with TFT data and production test data where the deviation of the data obtained for UBL-DL5 was 1.42%, UBL-JL2 was 2.7%, and UBL-JL3 was 2.74%. The comparison of the UBL-DL5 and JL3 models based on time shows a significant production decline, and this is possible because the wells have only been operating within a period of 4 months – 1 year where the condition of production wells are still looking for stable condition, while the UBL-JL2 have not been seen there is a change in characteristic. The FPT is reliable enough to be used as an alternative method in monitoring production wells compared to the TFT method and the horizontal lip pressure production test. The FPT program should be conducted periodically and synchronized with the company’s operational activities plan. The delivery curve modeling as FPT result is used to monitor production wells’ condition as the basis for the company to develop a dynamic five-year work plan.
Approach for Pre-Feasibility Study of Medium Enthalpy Geothermal Field, Case Study: Danau Ranau, Indonesia
Authors: Rera Gladiez Florista , Pratama Heru Berian , Saptadji Nenny Miryani
Published: April 2021

The development of geothermal fields in Indonesia is carried out under the provisions of the applicable laws and regulations, namely Geothermal Law No. 21 of 2014 and Environmental Protection and Management Law No. 32 of 2009. Based on Law No. 21 of 2014, geothermal business activities consist of preliminary surveys, exploration, and exploitation. After the exploration phase (a detailed geological, geochemical, and geophysical study), a pre-feasibility study is needed to determine the feasibility of exploration drilling. The pre-feasibility study is done to manage project risks. Danau Ranau geothermal field is one of the 166 medium enthalpy geothermal prospects in Indonesia. Activities carried out in this field were geoscience studies. This research was conducted to determine how feasible the Danau Ranau medium enthalpy geothermal field was developed for direct and indirect utilization by looking at the acceptance of technical, financial, environmental, and risk studies. The study can be a tool for the developer to decide whether to continue the next development stage. The result shows that applying the approach for Danau Ranau Geothermal Field is feasible to develop with consideration. Plant of Development by cascade model with leveling utility of energy for Danau Ranau Geothermal Field shows optimal value both in the operational and financial sides. The first level is technically designed for electricity with ORC conversion technology and the cascade level for indirect use by Lindal Diagram and community empowerment in economic and social. In financial analysis, the cascade model has optimum profitability value expressed in NPV and equity IRR.
Application of Artificial Intelligence in Forecasting Geothermal Production
Authors: Wardoyo Galih Kusumo , Pratama Heru Berian , Sutopo  , Ashat Ali , Yudhistira Yodha
Published: April 2021

A reservoir is the main asset of a geothermal business. Decreasing reservoir performance affects the sustainability of production in the future. In planning future production strategies, forecasting production projections are used with the assumption of particular parameter values. A reservoir is a porous media with a heterogeneous nature with a high degree of uncertainty, so using a specific production forecasting method’s assumption parameter becomes inaccurate. This study aims to develop alternative methods for optimizing and estimating geothermal production by eliminating assumptions. Artificial intelligence (AI) is an alternative method that can be used to predict reservoir productions that has properties with a high degree of uncertainty and can be used to optimize production. The AI model was created using measurement data of production parameters at the steam dominated geothermal field in Patuha, Indonesia. AI models in estimating geothermal reservoir production are more accurate in calculating production projections because they use real field data and eliminate assumptions.
Study of Increase Geothermal Well Production Rate by Downhole Pump Installation for Utilization in Power Plant
Authors: Prabowo Ricky , Saptadji Nenny Miryani , Maulana Dimas Taha , Nusiaputra Yodha Yudhistra
Published: April 2021

A geothermal well is one of the main components in the geothermal field. The well is essential for geothermal utilization and connecting between reservoir and surface. Based on the condition to discharge fluid toward the surface, wells are categorized as self-discharge wells (able to discharge naturally to surface) and non-self-discharge wells (not able to discharge naturally to surface). For wells categorized as non-self-discharge with low pressure and low-medium temperature, an artificial method needs to be implemented, which is the use of downhole pump technology, namely electrical submersible pump (ESP) or line shaft pump (LSP). This condition occurs in well in Tulehu geothermal field (X-1). Downhole pump technology has been developed in several geothermal fields in other countries and has been proven to increase geothermal well production. The purpose of this research is to determine the appropriate engineering design for the implementation of a downhole pump in X-1 well and the net power output that can be produced. The research method was carried out analytically from evaluating and analyzing well-testing results, including completion test and production test to determine the condition and characteristics of the well, performing technical design calculation for downhole pump implementation, and calculating the binary cycle analysis of power plant obtain net power generated. Optimum pump setting depth in 600 meters depth that can produce mass flow rate 48.28 kg/s, and optimum model is ORC power plant with Butane working fluid that can produce Net Power Output 1.382 MW for ORC power plant model combined with ESP-2.
Updated Numerical Model of Mataloko Geothermal Field
Authors: Jatmiko Bambang Wahyu , Pratama Heru Berian , Sutopo
Published: April 2021

Data collection and further geoscience studies have been carried out in the Mataloko area at the end of 2019. In general, the results of the study showed significant differences compared to previous studies. Therefore, it is necessary to update the Mataloko geothermal field’s numerical model following the latest studies’ data and analysis. In this research, numerical modeling will be performed using a TOUGH2 V.2 simulator and graphical interface software. The model will be built and validated at the natural state phase. It is expected that the model can complement existing geoscience studies and can be used by developers in planning field development.
Updated Conceptual Model and Resource Assessment using Numerical Reservoir Simulation of Danau Ranau Geothermal Field Indonesia
Authors: Afiat  , Idianto Onny , Rera Gladiez Florista , Wardoyo Galih Kusumo , Sutopo  , Pratama Heru Berian , Hamdani Muhammad Ridwan
Published: April 2021

Danau Ranau geothermal field is located in Lampung and South Sumatra province, Indonesia. It is classified as a high terrain volcanic hydrothermal system controlled by the Sumatran fault as the permeability zone. The study aims to characterize the Danau Ranau reservoir, update the conceptual model, and assess the geothermal power capacity coupled with Monte Carlo simulation. Therefore, the numerical reservoir simulation is performed using TOUGH2 software to achieve a natural state model based on geoscience interpretation data. The numerical reservoir models’ output matches the geological, geochemical, and geophysical interpretation, thus becoming important information (3D pressure and temperature, heat and mass flow, location of heat source, boundary condition, reservoir geometry) in the updated conceptual model. The probabilistic heat stored method results based on the natural state model’s output show that Danau Ranau geothermal field can generate up to 30 MW.
Boundary extension as mental imagery
Authors: Nanay Bence
Published: April 2021

When we remember a scene, the scene’s boundaries are wider than the boundaries of the scene we saw. This phenomenon is called boundary extension. The most important philosophical question about boundary extension is whether it is a form of perceptual adjustment or adjustment during memory encoding. The aim of this paper is to propose a third explanatory scheme, according to which the extended boundary of the original scene is represented by means of mental imagery. And given the similarities between perception and mental imagery, the memory system encodes both the part of the scene that is represented perceptually and the part of the scene that is represented by means of mental imagery.
Innovations for the future of breast surgery
Authors: Vidya R , Leff D R , Green M , McIntosh S A , St John E , Kirwan C C , Romics L , Cutress R I , Potter S , Carmichael A , Subramanian A , O’Connell R , Fairbrother P , Fenlon D , Benson J , Holcombe C
Published: April 2021

Background

Future innovations in science and technology with an impact on multimodal breast cancer management from a surgical perspective are discussed in this narrative review. The work was undertaken in response to the Commission on the Future of Surgery project initiated by the Royal College of Surgeons of England.

Methods

Expert opinion was sought around themes of surgical de-escalation, reduction in treatment morbidities, and improving the accuracy of breast-conserving surgery in terms of margin status. There was emphasis on how the primacy of surgical excision in an era of oncoplastic and reconstructive surgery is increasingly being challenged, with more effective systemic therapies that target residual disease burden, and permit response-adapted approaches to both breast and axillary surgery.

Results

Technologies for intraoperative margin assessment can potentially half re-excision rates after breast-conserving surgery, and sentinel lymph node biopsy will become a therapeutic procedure for many patients with node-positive disease treated either with surgery or chemotherapy as the primary modality. Genomic profiling of tumours can aid in the selection of patients for neoadjuvant and adjuvant therapies as well as prevention strategies. Molecular subtypes are predictive of response to induction therapies and reductive approaches to surgery in the breast or axilla.

Conclusion

Treatments are increasingly being tailored and based on improved understanding of tumour biology and relevant biomarkers to determine absolute benefit and permit delivery of cost-effective healthcare. Patient involvement is crucial for breast cancer studies to ensure relevance and outcome measures that are objective, meaningful, and patient-centred.
Plasma Microbial Cell-free DNA Next-generation Sequencing in the Diagnosis and Management of Febrile Neutropenia
Authors: Benamu Esther , Gajurel Kiran , Anderson Jill N , Lieb Tullia , Gomez Carlos A , Seng Hon , Aquino Romielle , Hollemon Desiree , Hong David K , Blauwkamp Timothy A , Kertesz Mickey , Blair Lily , Bollyky Paul L , Medeiros Bruno C , Coutre Steven , Zompi Simona , Montoya Jose G , Deresinski Stan
Published: April 2021

Background

Standard testing fails to identify a pathogen in most patients with febrile neutropenia (FN). We evaluated the ability of the Karius microbial cell-free DNA sequencing test (KT) to identify infectious etiologies of FN and its impact on antimicrobial management.

Methods

This prospective study (ClinicalTrials.gov; NCT02912117) enrolled and analyzed 55 patients with FN. Up to 5 blood samples were collected per subject within 24 hours of fever onset (T1) and every 2 to 3 days. KT results were compared with blood culture (BC) and standard microbiological testing (SMT) results.

Results

Positive agreement was defined as KT identification of ≥1 isolate also detected by BC. At T1, positive and negative agreement were 90% (9/10) and 31% (14/45), respectively; 61% of KT detections were polymicrobial. Clinical adjudication by 3 independent infectious diseases specialists categorized Karius results as: unlikely to cause FN (N = 0); definite (N = 12): KT identified ≥1 organism also found by SMT within 7 days; probable (N = 19): KT result was compatible with a clinical diagnosis; possible (N = 10): KT result was consistent with infection but not considered a common cause of FN. Definite, probable, and possible cases were deemed true positives. Following adjudication, KT sensitivity and specificity were 85% (41/48) and 100% (14/14), respectively. Calculated time to diagnosis was generally shorter with KT (87%). Adjudicators determined real-time KT results could have allowed early optimization of antimicrobials in 47% of patients, by addition of antibacterials (20%) (mostly against anaerobes [12.7%]), antivirals (14.5%), and/or antifungals (3.6%); and antimicrobial narrowing in 27.3% of cases.

Clinical Trials Registration

NCT02912117

Conclusion

KT shows promise in the diagnosis and treatment optimization of FN.
The Lived Experiences of African American Centenarians: Narrative Exploration From a Life Course Theory Perspective
Authors: Heinz Melinda , Bishop Alexander J , Finchum Tanya
Published: April 2021

Background and Objectives

The purpose of this study was to examine examples of inequality experienced by African American centenarians throughout the life course.

Research Design and Methods

Data were derived from 111 oral history transcripts from the Oklahoma Oral History Project. A subsample of all centenarians who identified as African American (n = 12) was utilized. An interpretive phenomenological approach and thematic analysis were used to review and code each narrative.

Results

Findings revealed 2 themes: (a) historical time and place with subthemes on family lineage, segregation, discrimination, and racism, and societal changes; (b) resource buffers against inequality with subthemes on multigenerational transmission, support and cultural connectedness, religion and spirituality, and self-reliance. Several centenarians acknowledged having grandparents who were slaves and others reported hidden family lineage due to complicated mixed-race dynamics. Work histories were affected by the historical era, with limited “domestic” positions for women. Experiences with education varied, with one centenarian commenting on his legacy of teaching at historically Black schools whereas others expressed difficulty in keeping up with school and regret for not finishing.

Discussion and Implications

This is one of the first studies to explore life course experiences specific to African American centenarians. Centenarians in this study possessed survival skills and various support systems including community and religious/spiritual support, perhaps buffering against the impact of cumulative racial inequality.
Genome-wide gene–diet interaction analysis in the UK Biobank identifies novel effects on hemoglobin A1c
Authors: Westerman Kenneth E , Miao Jenkai , Chasman Daniel I , Florez Jose C , Chen Han , Manning Alisa K , Cole Joanne B
Published: April 2021

Diet is a significant modifiable risk factor for type 2 diabetes (T2D), and its effect on disease risk is under partial genetic control. Identification of specific gene–diet interactions (GDIs) influencing risk biomarkers such as glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) is a critical step towards precision nutrition for T2D prevention, but progress has been slow due to limitations in sample size and accuracy of dietary exposure measurement. We leveraged the large UK Biobank (UKB) cohort and a diverse group of dietary exposures, including 30 individual dietary traits and 8 empirical dietary patterns, to conduct genome-wide interaction studies in ~340 000 European-ancestry participants to identify novel GDIs influencing HbA1c. We identified five variant-dietary trait pairs reaching genome-wide significance (P < 5 × 10−8): two involved dietary patterns (meat pattern with rs147678157 and a fruit & vegetable-based pattern with rs3010439) and three involved individual dietary traits (bread consumption with rs62218803, dried fruit consumption with rs140270534 and milk type [dairy vs. other] with 4:131148078_TAGAA_T). These were affected minimally by adjustment for geographical and lifestyle-related confounders, and four of the five variants lacked genetic main effects that would have allowed their detection in a traditional genome-wide association study for HbA1c. Notably, multiple loci near transient receptor potential subfamily M genes (TRPM2 and TRPM3) interacted with carbohydrate-containing food groups. These interactions were further characterized using non-European UKB subsets and alternative measures of glycaemia (fasting glucose and follow-up HbA1c measurements). Our results highlight GDIs influencing HbA1c for future investigation, while reinforcing known challenges in detecting and replicating GDIs.
Intraovarian injection of platelet-rich plasma in assisted reproduction: too much too soon?
Authors: Atkinson Lloyd , Martin Francesca , Sturmey Roger G
Published: April 2021

The prospect of ovarian rejuvenation offers the tantalising prospect of treating age-related declines in fertility or in pathological conditions such as premature ovarian failure. The concept of ovarian rejuvenation was invigorated by the indication of the existence of oogonial stem cells (OSCs), which have been shown experimentally to have the ability to differentiate into functional follicles and generate oocytes; however, their clinical potential remains unknown. Furthermore, there is now growing interest in performing ovarian rejuvenation in situ. One proposed approach involves injecting the ovary with platelet rich plasma (PRP).

PRP is a component of blood that remains after the in vitro removal of red and white blood cells. It contains blood platelets, tiny anucleate cells of the blood, which are responsible for forming athrombus to prevent bleeding. In addition, PRP contains an array of cytokines and growth factors, as well as a number of small molecules.The utility ofPRP has been investigatedin a range of regenerative medicine approaches and has been shown to induce differentiation of a range of cell types, presumably through the action of cytokines.

A handful ofcasereports have described the use of PRP injections into the ovaryin the human, and while these clinical data report promising results, knowledge on the mechanisms and safety of PRP injections into the ovary remain limited.In this article, we summarise some of the physiological detail of platelets and PRP, before reviewing the existing emerging literature in this area. We then propose potential mechanisms by which PRP may be eliciting any effects before reflecting on some considerations for future studies in the area. Importantly, on the basis of our existing knowledge, we suggest that immediate use of PRP in clinical applications is perhaps premature and further fundamental and clinical research on the nature of ovarian insufficiency, as well as the mechanism by which PRP may act on the ovary, is needed to fully understand this promising development.
Hyper-localized measures of air pollution and risk of preterm birth in Oakland and San Jose, California
Authors: Riddell Corinne A , Goin Dana E , Morello-Frosch Rachel , Apte Joshua S , Glymour M Maria , Torres Jacqueline M , Casey Joan A
Published: April 2021

Background

US preterm-birth rates are 1.6 times higher for Black mothers than for White mothers. Although traffic-related air pollution (TRAP) may increase the risk of preterm birth, evaluating its effect on preterm birth and disparities has been challenging because TRAP is often measured inaccurately. This study sought to estimate the effect of TRAP exposure, measured at the street level, on the prevalence of preterm birth by race/ethnicity.

Methods

We linked birth-registry data with TRAP measured at the street level for singleton births in sampled communities during 2013–2015 in Oakland and San Jose, California. Using logistic regression and marginal standardization, we estimated the effects of exposure to black carbon, nitrogen dioxide and ultrafine particles on preterm birth after confounder adjustment and stratification by race/ethnicity.

Results

There were 8823 singleton births, of which 760 (8.6%) were preterm. Shifting black-carbon exposure from the 10th to the 90th percentile was associated with: 6.8%age point higher risk of preterm birth (95% confidence interval = 0.1 to 13.5) among Black women; 2.1%age point higher risk (95% confidence interval = –1.1 to 5.2) among Latinas; and inconclusive null findings among Asian and White women. For Latinas, there was evidence of a positive association between the other pollutants and risk of preterm birth, although effect sizes were attenuated in models that co-adjusted for other TRAP.

Conclusions

Exposure to TRAP, especially black carbon, may increase the risk of preterm birth for Latina and Black women but not for Asian and White women.
On the Universal Extensions in Tannakian Categories
Authors: D’Addezio Marco , Esnault Hélène
Published: April 2021

We use the notion of universal extension in a linear abelian category to study extensions of variations of mixed Hodge structure and convergent and overconvergent isocrystals. The results we obtain apply, for example, to prove the exactness of some homotopy sequences for these categories and to study $F$-able isocrystals.
Food and feeding habits of the land crabCardisoma armatum(Herklots, 1851) (Decapoda: Brachyura: Gecarcinidae) in Côte d’Ivoire, West Africa
Authors: N’zi Konan G , Coulibaly Lèfoungognon
Published: April 2021

The food and feeding habits of Cardisoma armatum Herklots, 1851 was investigated in Ehotile Islands National Park from January to December 2018. A total of 355 cardiac stomachs were examined, and the diet studied according to size, sex, and seasons. The relationship between the length of the intestine (Li) and carapace (Lc) was found to be log Li = –0.3203 + 1.0064 × log Lc. The relative importance of food (RIF) showed that C. armatum has an omnivorous diet with insectivorous tendency. Macrophytes, insects, crustaceans, molluscs, fishes, and oligochaete worms were the major feed. Macrophytes (RIF 64.17%) was the main prey, insects (RIF33.6%) a secondary prey, while molluscs (RIF 1.26%), crustaceans (RIF 0.7), fishes (RIF 0.14%), and oligochaetes (RIF 0.13%) were incidental prey. Macrophytes and insects were respectively the primary (RIF 59.35% and 57.79%) and secondary (RIF 37.51% and 39.33%) prey consumed by juveniles (Lc ˂ 64.44 mm) and adults (Lc ≥ 64.44 mm). There was a significantly different diet between males and females (P ˃ 0.05), between rainy and dry seasons (P ˃ 0.05) and a similar diet composition between juveniles (P ˂ 0.05) and adults (P ˂ 0.05).
Optimizing high-redshift galaxy surveys for environmental information
Authors: Looser Tobias J , Lilly Simon J , Sin Larry P T , Henriques Bruno M B , Maiolino Roberto , Cirasuolo Michele
Published: April 2021

We investigate the performance of group finding algorithms that reconstruct galaxy groups from the positional information of tracer galaxies that are observed in redshift surveys carried out with multiplexed spectrographs. We use mock light-cones produced by the L-Galaxies semi-analytic model of galaxy evolution in which the underlying reality is known. We particularly focus on the performance at high redshift, and how this is affected by choices of the mass of the tracer galaxies (largely equivalent to their co-moving number density) and the (assumed random) sampling rate of these tracers. We first however compare two different approaches to group finding as applied at low redshift, and conclude that these are broadly comparable. For simplicity we adopt just one of these, ‘Friends-of-Friends’ (FoF) as the basis for our study at high redshift. We introduce 12 science metrics that are designed to quantify the performance of the group-finder as relevant for a wide range of science investigations with a group catalogue. These metrics examine the quality of the recovered group catalogue, the median halo masses of different richness structures, the scatter in dark matter halo mass and how successful the group-finder classifies singletons, centrals, and satellites. We analyse how these metrics vary with the limiting stellar mass and random sampling rate of the tracer galaxies, allowing quantification of the various trade-offs between different possible survey designs. Finally, we look at the impact of these same design parameters on the relative ‘costs’ in observation time of the survey using as an example the potential MOONRISE survey using the MOONS instrument.
Race, Latinidad, and Latin Pop
Authors: Rivera-Rideau Petra R.
Published: April 2021

Popular music is one site where the contributions of Afro-Latinos are widely recognized. However, few Afro-Latino musicians reach the top of the Latin music charts. Several authors have argued that music like mambo or salsa, which began with strong Afro-Latino representation, “whitened” once it entered the mainstream Latin music market. This whitening involved both a shift in aesthetics and in the prevalence and popularity of white Latino artists. This chapter examines the contemporary pop phenomenon reggaetón as the latest iteration of this shift. The author pays particular attention to the rise and popularity of CNCO, the “first reggaetón boyband” that emerged from a television show called La Banda on Univision. Through an analysis of CNCO’s self-presentation, performance, and music videos, the author examines the current trend toward whitening in reggaetón that has helped facilitate the genre’s growth in Latin and global pop music.
What Does DNA Tell Us about Past Connections and the Settlement of Sahul?
Authors: Matisoo-Smith Elizabeth , Gosling Anna L.
Published: April 2021

Archaeological evidence indicates that the continent of Sahul has been continuously settled for almost as long as modern humans have lived outside of Africa. The relative isolation of the continent, and the difficulty involved in getting there, have meant that the populations have not been subject to the large-scale population replacement seen in other parts of the world. Recent advances in DNA sequencing technology, including the ability to sequence full genomes in both ancient and modern populations, have revealed that the genomes of the Indigenous peoples of Australia and New Guinea, and the local fauna, can contribute significantly to our understanding of early human migrations from Africa, human impacts on environments, as well as human evolution more broadly. Given the power of genomic data, it is of the utmost importance that genomic research of ancient and modern samples is conducted ethically, with full community consultation and engagement at all stages.
Juárez, Maximilian, and the French Occupation of Mexico
Authors: Hogan Michael
Published: April 2021

A tumultuous period in Mexican history began with the Reform Movement of President Benito Juárez, followed by the French invasion and installation of Maximillian as emperor, the defeat of his troops by the liberal army, and the restoration of the Mexican Republic in 1877. Although most of the basic facts of these events are not in dispute, the narrowness of the lens used to examine them is. Some data have been systematically ignored by national historians, and there are also contradictory interpretations of the published historical data. One common reflection on this period is the depiction of Maximilian as liberal whom some argue contributed in a positive way to Mexico. However, some Mexican scholars dispute this. The other widely held belief is that Benito Juárez can be credited with the restoration of the republic and the betterment of the working poor and indigenous. Although criticism of Juárez is uncommon in official circles, where he is idolized, some Mexican scholars are more skeptical of these claims. The missing or generally ignored data concern the contribution of the United States to the defeat of the French and Austrian armies, which is not mentioned in any survey texts and is minimized in most articles. The fuller inclusion of these data coupled with a closer look at the contributions and failures of both the Maximilian and Juárez regimes provides a clearer picture of the epoch and generates new insights.
Human Resource Management in Asia
Authors: Cooke Fang Lee , Supangco Vivien T. , Rupidara Neil
Published: April 2021

This chapter reviews key characteristics and developments of human resource management (HRM) in Asian countries against the backdrop of their rich historical features and the rapidly changing landscape on many fronts. It takes stock of what has been researched in the HRM field and the theoretical perspectives underpinning it. There is a growing trend for positivist HRM studies of hypothesized organizational conditions and individual behaviors, at the expense of in-depth qualitative studies of the motivations, actions, and interactions of social groups, and outcomes in specific organizational settings. It is clear that Asian countries are advancing at a rapid pace in their economic development, powered by growing technological competences. However, each nation-state is confronted with a different set of HRM challenges, ranging from skills shortage to workforce aging, informalization of employment, changing expectations, behavior of the workforce, and so forth. We argue that the understanding of people management in workplaces must take into account a range of institutional, cultural, organizational, and individual factors. We also argue that HRM research needs to be engaged with real and live issues that are confronting employing organizations and individuals, with the aim of adding social value and extending our intellectual horizon.
Resale Markets for Digital Music
Authors: Perzanowski Aaron
Published: April 2021

This chapter considers the ways in which the shift to digital distribution of copyrighted works alters the legal status of secondary markets for music. For centuries, the principle of exhaustion and the first sale doctrine have permitted owners of copies to resell or otherwise transfer their purchases. In a market largely defined by licensed digital downloads and streaming services, the application of those legal principles is uncertain. As a threshold matter, consumers may not count as owners for first sale purposes. Moreover, the transfer of digital files may entail acts of reproduction beyond the scope of the statutory first sale doctrine.
Natural Resources, Sustainability, and Intergenerational Ethics
Authors: Armstrong Chris
Published: April 2021

This chapter examines a variety of views about the nature of society’s putative duty to conserve natural resources for the future, with a focus on the contested idea of sustainability. This chapter examines competing conceptions of sustainability and their implications for natural resource conservation across generations. Sustainability is a very popular concept, but there are many different positions on what might be called the “sustainability of what?” question. The chapter examines a number of competing views and shows how controversy here has informed the debate between so-called weak and strong conceptions of sustainability. It concludes with an examination of the politics of sustainability, and in particular the connections and possible tensions between goals of natural resource conservation and of global justice.
Selecting Charges
Authors: Barno Matt , Lynch Mona
Published: April 2021

Prosecutorial discretion in charge selection has far-reaching consequences throughout the criminal adjudication process. Through their initial charging decisions, prosecutors not only determine who will be subject to the state’s penal power—they also define the terms under which defendants will strategize and negotiate to mitigate their potential punishment. This chapter provides an overview of the criminal charging process, including the legal parameters within which prosecutors exercise their charging discretion and how that discretion is exercised in practice. The chapter begins with a discussion of constitutional limits on the power to initiate criminal charges, as well as limits on the severity of charges. We describe how formal legal structures governing criminal sentencing interact with prosecutors’ power and incentives at the charging stage. We then review both the empirical literature documenting variations in charging practices and the key theoretical explanations for those variations. Finally, we summarize recent research suggesting that prosecutorial charging decisions may be a key driver of the carceral trends that define mass incarceration. The chapter concludes with reflections and recommendations regarding future lines of research on prosecutorial charging practices.
Transnational Mining Law
Authors: Seck Sara L.
Published: April 2021

The rise of transnational law in the global mining context has led to legitimacy concerns. This chapter introduces international sustainable mineral development law, then explores resistance to global mining expressed by local communities of the Global South. Ideal host state regulation for sustainable mining is examined as proposed in a Mining Policy Framework developed by the Intergovernmental Forum on Mining, Minerals, Metals and Sustainable Development. International standards of business conduct developed through multistakeholder processes are then introduced, before turning to the role of home states in the prevention and remedy of harm, comparing developments in Canada and China.
The Problem of the Enterprise and the Enterprise of Law: Multinational Enterprises as Polycentric Transnational Regulatory Space
Authors: Backer Larry Catá
Published: April 2021

In the multinational enterprise (MNE) one encounters entity, connections, and linkages, and functionally differentiated production chains. Each aspect of the MNE is partially and simultaneously subject to layers of regulatory governance. This chapter explores the effects of these regulatory interventions on shifting constructions of the MNE. To that effect it examines first the relationship between emerging transnational law and an objectified MNE. It then considers the way that the focus and context of transnational law shifts as the regulatory focus moves from MNE as object to the MNE as a set of linkages and connections, and then to the regulation of production through which is itself the object of MNE function. This reconsideration of the character of the MNE produces a substantial effect on the way in which transnational law is understood and applied, matching polycentricity in the construction of law with polycentricity in the construction of the MNE itself.
Translations
Authors: McLaughlin Martin
Published: April 2021

This chapter deals with versions of Dante’s Commedia in English, confining itself to translations of either the whole poem or of at least one cantica. It notes that English translations of the Commedia appear later than those of other European languages, and that it is only after 1900 that English versions start to outnumber those in French. It charts the history of these translations over two centuries from Henry Boyd’s version in 1802 to Clive James’s translation in 2013 and to Alasdair Gray’s Inferno of 2018. The chapter also offers an analysis of a number of excerpts across all three cantiche, illustrating the adequacy or otherwise of the translations, and commenting on metrical solutions. The statistics are striking: since 1850 there have been an average of thirty-three English versions of the poem or of one cantica every half century, and even in the nineteen years since the millennium there have been twenty-seven such versions, so the enthusiasm of anglophone writers and readers for Dante even seems to be increasing.
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Lamotrigine, Lacosamide, and Levetiracetam in Dried Capillary Blood—Determination of Conversion Factors for Serum-Based Reference Ranges
Authors: Klimpel Dennis , Hagemann Anne , Bien Christian G. , Dufaux Bertin , May Theodor W. , Brandt Christian
Published: April 2021

Background:

Drug concentrations of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) are routinely determined from blood serum or plasma at trough levels (before intake of morning dose). In capillary blood collection, blood is taken from the fingertip with the aid of a disposable tool and dried on absorbent material. The volumetric absorptive microsampling technique offers several advantages over the use of filter paper cards. The aim of this study was to determine conversion factors for the estimation of AED serum concentrations from capillary blood concentrations.

Methods:

Venous and capillary blood samples were collected from adult inpatients with epilepsy who were treated with lacosamide (LCM, n = 30), lamotrigine (LTG, n = 40), and/or levetiracetam (LEV, n = 36). A validated liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) method for dried blood samples for these AEDs was compared with routine serum laboratory methods. Method agreement was evaluated using different regression techniques, and the conversion factors were calculated.

Results:

Regression analyses revealed a linear relationship between serum and capillary blood concentrations for all 3 AEDs (r ≥ 0.95). For LTG, the regression intercept was significantly different from 0, indicating that the relationship was linear, but not necessarily proportional. Although LEV and LCM concentrations tended to be lower in capillary blood than in serum (mean ratio of serum concentration to capillary blood concentration: 1.14 and 1.22, respectively), LTG concentrations were higher in capillary blood (mean ratio = 0.85).

Conclusions:

The estimation of serum concentrations from measured capillary blood concentrations is feasible for LCM, LTG, and LEV. A simple ratio approach using the mean ratio and Passing–Bablok regression showed the best results for all 3 AEDs. The volumetric absorptive microsampling technique facilitates the quantitative sample collection of capillary blood and overcomes the drawbacks associated with the classical dried blood spot technique.
Cost of Health Care–Associated Infections in the United States
Authors: Forrester Joseph D. , Maggio Paul M. , Tennakoon Lakshika
Published: April 2021

Background

Health care–associated infections (HAIs) are costly, and existing national cost estimates are out-of-date.

Methods

We retrospectively analyzed the Agency for Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project’s 2016 National Inpatient Sample, the largest all-payer U.S. inpatient database. We included all inpatient encounters with primary or secondary International Classification of Disease, 10th Revision Clinical Modification diagnosis codes corresponding to infection with catheter-associated urinary tract infections (T85.511), catheter- and line-associated blood stream infections (T80.211), surgical site infections (SSIs; T81.49), ventilator-associated pneumonias (J95.851), and Infection with Clostridioides difficile (CDI; A04.7). We combined HAI incidence data from the National Inpatient Sample with additional hospital inpatient HAI cost estimates to create national cost estimates for HAI individually and collectively.

Results

In 2016, 7.2 to 14.9 billion U.S. dollars were spent on HAIs in the United States. For admissions with any diagnosis of HAI, the frequencies of HAI in descending order were as follows: CDI (n = 356,754 [56%]), SSI (n = 196,215 [31%]), catheter- and line-associated blood stream infection (n = 42,811 [7%]), catheter-associated urinary tract infection (n = 23,546 [4%]), and ventilator-associated pneumonia (n = 16,767 [3%]). Collectively, CDI and SSI accounted for 79% of the cost of HAI in the United States.

Conclusions

Health care–associated infections remain a significant economic burden for health care systems in the United States.
Microbiome analysis of feline odontoclastic resorptive lesion (FORL) and feline oral health
Authors: Thomas Sheeba , Lappin David F. , Nile Christopher J. , Spears Julie , Bennett David , Brandt Bernd W. , Riggio Marcello P.
Published: April 2021

Introduction. Feline odontoclastic resorptive lesion (FORL) is one of the most common and painful oral diseases of the cat. It is characterised by tooth resorption due to destructive activity of odontoclasts. FORL can result in tooth loss. While the aetiology of FORL is not clearly understood, it is thought to be multifactorial and bacteria are likely to play a major role.

Hypothesis. Dysbiosis of the normal feline oral microbiota leads to an alteration in commensal bacteria populations, which results in the development of FORL.

Aim. The purpose of the current study was to determine the composition of the microbiomes associated with feline oral health and FORL.

Methodology. Supragingival plaque was collected from 25 cats with a healthy oral cavity and 40 cats with FORL. DNA was extracted from each sample, the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene amplified by polymerase chain reaction and amplicons sequenced. Diversity and species richness analyses were performed, principal component analysis was used to explore differences between the oral microbiomes of healthy cats and those with FORL, and linear discriminant analysis effect size was used to assess differences between the groups.

Results. The six most abundant bacterial genera identified were

Bergeyella

, Capnocytophaga, Lampropedia, Morexella,

Porphyromonas

and

Treponema

. Two-step cluster analysis of the data identified two FORL sub-groups (FORL-1, FORL-2). The FORL-2 sub-group was very similar to the healthy group, whilst the FORL-1 sub-group was clearly different from both the FORL-2 sub-group and the healthy groups. In this analysis,

Capnocytophaga

(P <0.001) and

Lampropedia

(P <0.01) were found at significantly lower levels and

Porphyromonas

at a slightly higher level in the FORL-1 sub-group compared to the healthy and FORL-2 sub-groups. Microbial diversity was found to be less in the FORL-1 sub-group than in the healthy group.

Lampropedia

sp., a phosphate-accumulating oral commensal species, was significantly lower in the FORL-1 sub-group.

Conclusion. The oral microbiota associated with the FORL-1 sub-group is distinct from that found in the healthy group and FORL-2 sub-group.

Lampropedia

species may influence the local calcium-phosphate ratio, which could be a factor in tooth and bone resorption observed in FORL.