bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Triumph in the palace of science
Authors: Hecht Jeff
Published: November 2023

THE NEW HUGHES RESEARCH LABORATORIES building in Malibu seemed “the palace of science” to physicist Bob Hellwarth who worked in Lyons’ department and moved in along with Maiman. Technology giants across the country were creating corporate research laboratories modeled loosely after Bell Labs, but the usual results were sprawling suburban office buildings surrounded by parking lots and landscaped green space—pleasant, but routine. Very little that involved Howard Hughes was routine.
Epilogue
Authors: Hecht Jeff
Published: November 2023

THE YEARS THAT FOLLOWED would bring many more types of lasers, but ruby and helium–neon soon became the mainstays of laser research and applications. The two nicely complemented each other. Maiman’s elegant design made ruby simple and robust; its short, powerful pulses were valuable in research and industry. Bennett, Javan, and Herriott’s helium–neon laser was also a winner, generating a few milliwatts of light in a continuous and highly-coherent beam that was useful in a variety of research situations and alluring for communications. Helium–neon lasers took off rapidly after two other Bell physicists, Alan D. White and J. Dane Rigden, in 1962, made a version that emitted a visible red beam. Red helium–neon lasers became the standard for laboratory demonstrations and were the first type mass-produced for use in supermarket checkout scanners. Both helium–neon and ruby lasers have passed their prime after more than forty years, but remain in use.
The Extended Projection Principle as a Condition on the Tense Dependency
Authors: Roberts Ian , Roussou Anna
Published: November 2023

The purpose of this chapter is to provide a unified account of two seemingly unrelated phenomena: what we call the ‘subject requirement,’ which corresponds to the Extended Projection Principle (EPP) of Chomsky 1982, 1995, and the ‘V2 requirement.’ We argue that they both reduce to properties of T, and, arguably, to a single property of T in connection to the position where T is spelled out. In particular, the ‘subject requirement’ arises when Tis realized in the IP domain, while the ‘V2 requirement’ arises when T is spelled out in the CP domain.
Cytoplasmic Signaling and Cell Cycle Control in the Mouse Egg and Embryo
Authors: Baluch D P , Pauken C M , Capco D G
Published: November 2023

Eggs have often been used for the analysis of cytoplasmic signal transduction events as well as the analysis of cell cycle events. This is because they have a distinct cell-cycle arrest point as they await fertilization by sperm. As a result of fertilization, there is a rapid transformation in the structure of the egg such that it becomes the zygote. These structural changes are often triggered by activation of cytoplasmic signaling pathways such as a calcium wave and/or propagation of a wave of kinase activity through the egg cytoplasm.
Parsing Objects into Categories
Authors: Younger Barbara A
Published: November 2023

How do infants form categories? Some time ago, Rosch and her colleagues (e.g., Rosch, 1978; Rosch, Mervis, Gray, Johnson, & Boyes-Braem, 1976) noted that natural object categories reflect the correlational structure of the environment. They pointed out that attributes are not randomly distributed across objects but that clusters of attributes occur with regularity. Thus, a category learner programmed in some sense to detect and utilize correlational information would tend to form distinctive categories (Medin, 1983). In this chapter, I summarize research focused on the infant as such a category learner. In contrast to the top-down or theory-driven approach to the use of correlated attributes typically presented for child and adult category learners (e.g., Barrett, Abdi, Murphy, & Gallagher, 1993; Medin, Altom, Edelson, & Freko, 1982), the view presented in this chapter is of an infant who is attuned to statistical regularities in the input (see Saffran, Aslin, & Newport, 1996). is presented indicating that infants (and preschool-aged children) are able to detect and utilize correlations among attributes in forming novel categories.
Prosody In The Study of Conversation
Authors: Wennerstrom Ann
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, I turn to the question of how prosody contributes to informal “ordinary” conversation. Several approaches to the analysis of conversation are touched on in the chapter, including those ofGumperz (1982), Fiksdal (1990), and Eggins and Slade (1997). The school of thought I draw from the most, however, is conversation analysis (CA), which stems from the work of sociologists Garfinkel (1967) and Sacks, Schegloff, and Jefferson (1974). In CA, a tradition of discourse analysis, everyday talk is regarded as a highly organized social achievement. By zeroing in on minute details of talk, preserved on audio- or videotape, conversation analysts attempt to discover how members of a culture display their knowledge of how to conduct daily affairs under their particular social order. Many conversation analysts consider conversation the most fundamental genre of speech; its very “ordinariness” makes it revealing as an object of study.
Prosody In Second-Language Discourse
Authors: Wennerstrom Ann
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, I consider the discourse of adult learners of English from other native-language backgrounds. As previous chapters have shown, prosody is involved in information structure, topic organization, turntaking, and other functions oflanguage at the discourse level. Therefore, for those nonnative speakers whose goal is to participate in Englishlanguage speech communities, an understanding of the English-specific aspects of prosody will be an enhancement. Researchers with a theoretical interest in second-language discourse would do well to take prosody into account along with other features of language.

If the English as a second language (ESL) textbook market is any indication of current interests among second-language educators, prosody is a favorite topic. During the 1990s, authors of pronunciation textbooks for ESL students raised the status of prosody by including core units on rhythm, stress, and intonation as central components of their books (Bradford, 1988; Dauer, 1993; Gilbert, 1993; Grant, 1993; Hagen & Grogan, 1992; Hahn & Dickerson, 1999; Morley, 1993; Wennerstrom, 1991).
Associated Fictions Dickens, Thackeray, and Mid-Century Fictional Autobiography
Authors: Dames Nicholas
Published: November 2023

Early in The History of Henry Esmond, William Makepeace Thackeray’s eponymous hero comes into possession of a troubling piece of paper: one that proves him to be the rightful, no longer illegitimate, heir of Lord Francis Castlewood, a paper that would at one blow divest the current Lord Francis, his sister Beatrix, and his mother Rachel—Esmond’s adopted family—of fortune and estate in favor of Esmond’s claims.1 Almost immediately Esmond decides to burn the proof of his identity and inheritance.
From Conspiracy to Total War
Authors: Connelly Matthew
Published: November 2023

On the morning of All Saints Day, November 1, 1954, french officials awoke to reports of assalts and ambushes across Algeria. The actual losses were slight, as inexperienced and ill-armed rebels bungled or aborted many of their operations. Altogether thirty attacks left seven dead and a dozen wounded. The FLN had been less concerned with thorough planning and preparation than with the danger of derectlon and I ri tthea delay. Even so, authorities immediately recognized that this was a coordinated operation with international implications. They worried that it was connected to the nascent insurgencies in Morocco and Tunisia and noted Egypt’s role in broadcasting the FLN’s first proclamation over the Voice of the Arabs, which declared among its aims the “Internationalization of the Algerian problem.”3
Receptors and Transduction Mechanisms I: Receptors Coupled Directly to Ion Channels
Authors: B.Levitan Irwin , Kaczmarek Leonard K
Published: November 2023

All of the neuroactive substances we discussed in the previous chapter alter some property of a target neuron. This effect on the target cell is highly specific for the particular neurotransmitter or neurohormone. How does a neuron know just which of the many possible chemical signals it is being tickled by, and how does it decide on a response appropriate for that signal? Obviously the answers to these questions are crucial for understanding intercellular communication in the nervous system. In this and the following chapter we will discuss the neurotransmitter and hormone receptors that recognize the signaling molecules, and the transduction mechanisms that convert the extracellular signal into a response, usually (but not always) electrical, in the target neuron. The focus of this chapter is on neurotransmitter receptors that are coupled directly to the ion channels whose activity they regulate (Fig. 11-1). In the next chapter we will discuss indirect receptor-channel coupling mechanisms (compare Fig. 12-1). We emphasize here, as we have previously, that these mechanisms are not restricted to nerve cells. Other cell types have receptors for intercellular signaling molecules and convert the signal into some biological response. Neurons are unusual in that their biological response is normally a change in voltage that ultimately alters transmitter release, allowing the signal to be passed along from one neuron to another in a multineuronal pathway.
Receptors and Transduction Mechanisms II: Indirectly Coupled Receptor/Ion Channel Systems
Authors: B.Levitan Irwin , Kaczmarek Leonard K
Published: November 2023

The recognition of extracellular signals by specific receptors on the target cell is not the final step in intercellular communication. Cells must also possess mechanisms to transduce the extracellular signal, to convert it into some biological response that is characteristic of the particular target cell. In neurons, the biological response is often the modulation of the properties of one or more membrane ion channels. We have seen that in the ligand-gated ion channel family, the tasks of recognition and transduction reside in a single protein complex. Other families of receptors alter neuronal excitability through more complicated changes in the biochemistry of the cell (Fig. 12-1).
Neuromodulation: Mechanisms of Induced Changes in the Electrical Behavior of Nerve Cells
Authors: B.Levitan Irwin , Kaczmarek Leonard K
Published: November 2023

A11 neurons are not created equal. Even neighboring nerve cells may be distinct in their electrical properties and exhibit very different patterns of endogenous electrical activity. As we know from the discussion in Part II of this book, these diverse patterns of activity reflect the complement of ion channels that are active under a given set of conditions. The fundamental issue that we address now is the fact that these patterns of electrical activity are not fixed, but are subject to modulation resulting from synaptic or hormonal stimulation. Neurons may undergo long-lasting changes in the shape and amplitude of their action potentials, in the temporal pattern of action potential firing, and in the ways they respond to synaptic stimulation (Fig. 13-1). Such modulation of neuronal electrical properties, mediated by transduction mechanisms, some of which are described in Chapters 11 and 12, not only allow the nervous system to adapt its output in the face of a continually changing environment but also are the basis for many long-lasting changes in behavior. Because neuromodulation underlies the choice of different patterns of behavior at different times, it is of critical importance for the proper functioning of the nervous system.
Learning and Memory
Authors: B.Levitan Irwin , Kaczmarek Leonard K
Published: November 2023

We saw in the previous chapter that animals exhibit different kinds of behavior. There are, for example, fixed-action patterns, behaviors that always occur in a fixed and stereotyped manner once they are triggered. The trigger for a particular fixed-action pattern may arise from within the animal, as, for example, in the case of a chemical cue that appears at a certain time during development. Alternatively, fixed-action patterns may be triggered by a specific set of environmental conditions. It is thought that the neural circuitry underlying these invariant behaviors is more-or-less hard wired, that it is specified by the genome and is only to a limited extent subject to modulation. Many, but by no means all, behaviors in invertebrates and lower vertebrates tend to fall into this hard-wired category. We have seen, however, that modulation by neurotransmitters allows a considerable variety of behavioral outputs to be generated by a single hard—wired circuit.
The Pragmatics of the Aesthetic
Authors: Gunn Giles
Published: November 2023

The correlation between the aesthetic and the pragmatic has been problematic ever since William James first hijacked-as Peirce later felt he had-the term pragmatism in his lecture on “Philosophical Conceptions and Practical Results” at the University of California at Berkeley in 1898.
Toward a Pluralist Aesthetics
Authors: Ickstadt Heinz
Published: November 2023

There is widespread agreement that, in our contemporary late-capitalist culture, the aesthetic has spilled over into all areas of life, connecting art and everyday experience, inciting to “living beauty,” as Richard Shusterman phrased it, from fashion to self-fashioning. This “general drift towards the aesthetic” is perhaps most strikingly confirmed in the area of philosophy, where, although “aesthetics” as an independent field of theoretical inquiry has lost the status and prestige it had acquired in the previous two centuries, the erasure of the metaphysical has nevertheless resulted in the “total aestheticization of the logos” ( Grabes, 1994, 4).
What Is the Nature of Human Nature? Our Ancestral Shadow
Authors: Waller James
Published: November 2023

In some unique ways, each of us is like no other human being. In other ways, each of us is like some other human beings. And, in yet some other ways, each of us is like all other human beings. The question of the nature of human nature is captured in this final statement. In what ways are we like every other person that has gone before us and will come after us? This question is particularly relevant to our discussion of extraordinary human evil. The issue is not whether we can do good or evil, because each of us is certainly capable of either in any given situation. Rather, the issue is what, by our nature, we are most prone to do.
Kinship Structure and Reproductive Skew in Cooperatively Breeding Primates
Authors: Dietz James M
Published: November 2023

The question of how and why reproduction is distributed in social groups has become one of the primary focuses of research on cooperatively breeding animals. Empirical evidence used to develop and support various models predicting allocation of reproduction has come from long-term studies on several species of social insects, birds, and a few mammals, but relatively little from work on primates. Field studies have demonstrated that marmosets and tamarins (Callitrichidae) live in a diverse array of social groupings. The majority of breeding groups contain one reproductive male and female, but polygyny and polyandry have also been reported (e.g., Goldizen 1987, 1988; Baker et al. 1993; Dietz & Baker 1993; Digby & Ferrari 1994; Garber 1994). Breeding groups usually contain adult helpers, but intrasexual aggression is often unidirectional, with socially dominant individuals doing most breeding (Baker et al. 1993, Digby 1995b).
Constraints on Kin Selection in Primate Groups
Authors: Chapais Bernard , Belisle Patrick
Published: November 2023

The central argument developed here is that kin selection theory (Hamilton 1964) describes what unconstrained individuals could potentially do to increase their inclusive fitness, not what they can actually do. Kin selection does not take into account the various constraints on nepotism that operate among individuals living with several kin. For this reason, although kin selection is a central and necessary component of a theory of kin favoritism, it can hardly predict how individuals should allocate their aid among their rela-tives in social groups.
Turning Points
Authors: Bremer Francis J
Published: November 2023

November 1604. John Winthrop rode with his friend William Forth of Nayland to visit the latter ‘s kin at Great Stambridge, a parish in Rochford Hundred in southeast Essex. It was an odd time of year for such a journey since the days were short, the weather cold, and the roads poor. Their progress was slow, but they were in no hurry and passed the time talking about many things that interested them—their university studies, family news, the policies of the new king, James I. Being young men, they sympathized with each other over the constraints placed upon them by their age and circumstances. And they likely discussed young women they knew and their hopes for marriage. The two broke their journey with a stay at Graces, the Chelmsford home of John Winthrop ‘s Mildmay kin. There they were warmly entertained with food and drink. Family news was exchanged and national news discussed again, this time with their elders. The Mildmays had important connections at the royal court, and the young men were eager to hear what they had to say. Refreshed by their stay at Graces, the travelers resumed their journey. As they continued to ride south the landscape flattened out. Eventually they reached the coastal marshlands in which Great Stambridge was located.
The Power Elite, Public Policy, and Public Opinion
Authors: Domhoff G William
Published: November 2023

Most theories concerning the structure and distribution of power in the United States accord public opinion at least a moderate degree of influence on policy outcomes, and some theories claim its impact is large. Many of the chapters in this volume are based primarily on correlational studies suggesting that changes in public opinion precede alterations in public policy. The presumed influence is said to occur through both direct lobbying by voluntary associations and, even more important, through the normal competitive pressures of the electoral process. However, these theories do not consider the possibility that public opinion on economic and foreign policy issues generally fluctuates within the narrow parameters shaped by wealthy and well-organized interests and thus matters only within these circumscribed limits.
Internal Medicine
Authors: Platt Frederic W
Published: November 2023

Mr. Arnold is a 60-year-old architect who lives with his wife, one dog, and one cat. He considers himself generally well, but has diabetes, hyperten-sion, and recurrent backache. Today, he comes to see his physician, Dr. Xavier, because of a 3-day illness that consists of fever, productive cough with yellow sputum, and pain in the right side of his chest when he coughs or breathes deeply. He has been working with this same physician for 12 years and believes that the doctor knows him well and has his best interests at heart. His wife has also consulted Dr. Xavier in the past.
Developmental Perspectives
Authors: Kagan Jerome
Published: November 2023

A deep understanding of adolescents or adults who have developed beliefs, habits, or moods that interfere with adaptation to their society is difficult because a large number of conditions make separate contributions to each particular in-dividual profile. Some conditions are biological; others are derivative of family experiences during the opening decade; still others are traceable to the social class of the child’s family, birth order, school performance, and the historical era during which the adolescent years are spent. And some events are unpredictable. If Justice Fortas had not been a member of the Supreme Court when Harry Truman was president, Lyndon Johnson would not have been elected to Congress; as a result, he probably would not have become president of the United States. If Charles Darwin’s uncle had not agreed to travel half a day to persuade Charles’s father to let his son go on the Beagle voyage, Al-fred Wallace might have been celebrated as the theorist of evolution.
Mindful Practice for Clinicians and Patients
Authors: Carson Shelley H , Langer Ellen J
Published: November 2023

The clinician in a primary care environment works in an atmosphere that rewards efficiency, speed, and productivity. Within this fast-paced environment with its multiple distractions and interruptions, it seems convenient and efficient for the therapist to rely on automatic or over-learned responses to oft-seen clinical symptoms. Overlearned responses, however, may be mindless in that they actually reduce efficiency by limiting the nature of the therapeutic intervention to mind-sets that may be stereotyped, repetitive, and contextually ineffective. In a similar vein, the patient may be responding mindlessly by inter-preting his or her current situation from a rigid and precategorized point of view that interferes with effective treatment. Increasing mindfulness rather than mindlessness can help patients recast their experiences in a different light as well as help clinicians approach patients’ problems from a different perspective.
Alcohol and Other Substance Use Disorders
Authors: Connors Gerard J , Stewart Scott H
Published: November 2023

Alcohol and other substance use disorders are among the most imposing problems facing health care systems today. This is particularly true in pri-mary care settings because alcohol and other sub-stance misuse is associated with a wide range of medical problems, including hypertension, diabe-tes, gastrointestinal disorders, sexually transmit-ted diseases, family violence, trauma, depression, anxiety, and thought disorders (Fleming & Man-well, 2000). Unfortunately, physicians and men-tal health professionals alike often fail to assess systematically for alcohol and other substance use disorders. Despite the lack of attention paid to addictive disorders in many clinical training pro-grams, psychologists are particularly well quali-fied to treat these problems (Miller & Brown, 1997); in particular, the primary care psycholo-gist can offer “low-threshold entry points” (Wash-burn, 2003) for patients who need alcohol or drug abuse treatment.
Dementia and Late-Life Depression
Authors: Callahan Christopher M , Austrom Mary G , Unverzagt Frederick W
Published: November 2023

Caring for older adults, particularly those suffer-ing from the common disorders of dementia and depression, presents a unique challenge to health care professionals for several reasons. First, older adults typically present with comorbid condi-tions. These comorbid conditions may include medical diseases such as heart disease, diabetes, or arthritis; nonspecific symptoms such as pain, fatigue, or insomnia; psychiatric conditions such as depression, anxiety, or substance abuse; or tak-ing multiple medications with multiple side ef-fects. Second, older adults are more likely to pre-sent with chronic rather than acute conditions. The chronic nature of these conditions renders them more complex and potentially less amena-ble to treatment. Third, the goals of care often are more appropriately focused on functional in-dependence than longevity or cure. Diagnostic strategies, intervention, and treatments that might be appropriate for younger patients may be inap-propriate for any given older adult if they lower current quality of life to obtain uncertain long-term benefits. Fourth, negotiating goals of care of-ten involves not only the patient, but also family caregivers, other health care professionals involved in the patient’s treatments, and even third-party payers.
Personality Disorders: Old Dilemmas and New Tools for the Primary Care Psychologist
Authors: Haas Leonard J , Magill Michael K , Duncan David
Published: November 2023

The well-trained psychologist has considerable experience in the assessment and treatment of personality-disordered (Axis II) patients. Indeed, it would not be surprising if the majority of long-term patients in the average psychologist’s prac-tice were suffering from some degree of personal-ity disorder because psychotherapy has long been considered the treatment of choice for Axis II conditions. Nonetheless, this chapter will be use-ful to the primary care psychologist because the evidence base for assessing and treating personal-ity disorders has been rapidly expanding and is changing dramatically (although some old prob-lems have not yet been resolved); because person-ality disorders are prevalent in primary care; and because an appreciation of personality disorders is necessary for effectively treating the complex comorbid cases that emerge in primary care.
Somatoform Disorders
Authors: Servan-Schreiber David , Tabas Gary , Kolb Randall E , Haas Leonard J
Published: November 2023

Although somatoform disorders are among the most common psychiatric conditions in primary care patient populations (Spitzer et al., 1994), they are not disorders that psychologists com-monly treat. This is largely because patients with these disorders resist considering their conditions as psychological; they are fixated on finding bio-logical causes for their suffering. When patients with somatoform disorders present themselves for mental health treatment, it is essential that the psychologist collaborate with the primary care clinician. This chapter explores the processes underlying somatoform disorders, reviews the ef-fective treatment of these disorders, and suggests ways in which the primary care psychologist can effectively collaborate with both the patient and the other clinicians involved in the patient’s care.
Anatomy of a Meteorological Monster
Authors: Emanuel Kerry
Published: November 2023

The early settlers of the New World were adept at describing the effects of hurricanes, but they were not able to form any conception of their structure. It was not until the early nineteenth century that naturalists began to accept the idea that hurricanes are vast vortices, or whirlwinds. In 1821, William Redfield, a New England saddler and amateur meteorologist, traveled through Connecticut to inspect the damage wrought by a hurricane that had raced northward through the mid-Atlantic states and New England. He noticed that although trees had fallen toward the northwest in the eastern part of the state, they pointed southeastward in the western part. He then hypothesized that hurricanes are giant whirlwinds, an idea that was soon supported by observations made by the British engineer William Reid, while surveying damage done by an 1831 hurricane in Barbados.
Hurricane Camille
Authors: Emanuel Kerry
Published: November 2023

On the night of Sunday, August 17, 1969, Hurricane Camille, one of the most violent storms ever to strike the United States, obliterated the Gulf coast of Mississippi, taking at least 150 lives and destroying whole towns and fishing fleets. Though the winds died down quickly after landfall, the circulation and its excessively wet core drifted northward and then eastward, where it encountered the Appalachian Mountains, precipitating a series of deluges that killed another 150 people. A close look at the meteorological circumstances suggests that, like many great disasters, Camille was the result of the confluence of several improbable events. On August 5, forecasters noticed an easterly wave moving off the coast of Africa. Over the next nine days, the wave tracked westward across the tropical Atlantic, with little change, but on the fourteenth, a Navy reconnaissance pilot recorded a central pressure of 999 mb (29.50’’) and surface winds of 25 m/s (55 mph). The next day the storm, now named Camille, reached hurricane strength, and late in the afternoon, as it approached Cuba, it was packing 50 m/s (115 mph) winds. Forecasters warned that Camille was the most intense Atlantic hurricane since Beulah of 1967. During the evening of the fifteenth, it crossed the western tip of Cuba, bringing 40 m/s (90 mph) winds and 25 cm (10 in) of rain.
Head-Final Languages
Authors: Julien Marit
Published: November 2023

In the preceding chapter, it was argued that complex words can be formed in syntax by head movement. For example, a verb root may head-move into its functional domain, so that functional morphemes end up as suffixes in a complex verbal word. It follows from this that if a complex verb form is built up by one or more applications of the head movement operation, the surface position of this verb must be at least as high as the head that represents the outermost morpheme in the verb form.
“Is Immortality True?”: Salvaging Faith in an Age of Upheavals
Authors: Eberwein Jane Donahue
Published: November 2023

For those considering Emily Dickinson’s reaction to changes in New England’s religious culture in the middle and late decades of the nineteenth century, one grotesquely memorable poem becomes the almost inevitable proof-text: Editors Thomas Johnson and R. W. Franklin date this poem to 1882, though it calls to mind Dickinson images from the mid-1860s envisaging “The Funeral of God” (Fr 1112) when he would be “borne away / From Mansion of the Universe / A lifeless Deity” (Fr 195).
Lexical Access in Bilingual Production
Authors: Costa Albert
Published: November 2023

What is the impact of the lexical and sublexical representations of the language not in use on the bilingual’s speech production? Do words from the nonresponse language interfere in language production? In this chapter, I address these issues by comparing two different views of speech production in bilingual speakers: the language-specific and the language-nonspecific views. I focus on how these two views make different claims regarding the extent to which activation flow and selection processes are restricted to one of the two languages of a bilingual. I also discuss the available empirical evidence supporting each hypothesis and propose a tentative explanation that reconciles the seemingly contrasting results.
Language Selection in Bilinguals: Mechanisms and Processes
Authors: Meuter Renata F I
Published: November 2023

One fruitful approach to the study of the processes underlying language selection in bilinguals is the analysis of the costs associated with the act of switching from one to the other language. This chapter reviews the experimental findings concerning the cognitive processes that enable the configuration of a switch of language, as well as those that allow a language, once selected, to be maintained. The effects of relative proficiency and language context are evaluated, as is the role of monitoring, and are discussed in the context of current models of bilingual language processing.
The Integrated Literary Tradition
Authors: Nadel Alan
Published: November 2023

Ellison’s connections to nineteenth-century American have been extensively discussed by numerous critics by Ellison himself. From his earliest days as a writer, as s collected essays make clear, Ellison was profoundly concerned with the literary canon and with his relation to it. The Collected Essays discusses at length, over a fifty-year period, the range of influences that forged Ellison’s personal canon out of canonical American literature. In “Twentieth-Century Fiction and the Mask of Black Humanity,” an essay written in 1946 just prior to his beginning work on Invisible Man, Ellison discusses the importance of Twain, Emerson, Thoreau, Whitman, and Melville from a perspective particularly unique in the 1940s: that these writers were significant because they understood, in the context of the social and political tensions of their times, that the Negro represented the call to their-and to their readers’-humanity. “This conception of the Negro as a symbol of Man,” Ellison explained, “-the reversal of what he represents in most contemporary thoughtwas organic to nineteenth-century literature” (CE 88). Thus “Huck Finn’s acceptance of the evil implicit in his ‘emancipation’ of Jim represents Twain’s acceptance of his personal responsibility for the condition of society” (CE 89).
Introduction: “The Republic for Which It Stands”
Authors: Hart Gary
Published: November 2023

“i pledge allegiance to the flag of the United States of America,” U.S. schoolchildren are taught to recite, “and to the Republic for which it stands.” Almost all can describe the flag, but few can describe the republic for which it stands. Nor, for that matter, can the students’ parents, In the aftermath of terrorist attacks against the American homeland, the renewal of patriotism invites an inquiry into “patriotism toward what.”
New Realities in Twenty-first-Century America: Economics, Politics, and Society
Authors: Hart Gary
Published: November 2023

among a number of unresolved issues in structuring an American federal system based upon representative government was the question of the locus of sovereignty. lhe new federal government would clearly be sovereign in certain matters, such as foreign policy, national defense, and even the general welfare. But to the degree powers were not delegated by the Constitution to the national government, sovereignty would remain in the States constituting the new union. But then, there were the people. Are not the people themselves sovereign in an authentic republic? And if they are, how should that core sovereignty be acknowledged and guaranteed? lhomas Jefferson, as we will see, came, ex post facto, to comprehend this conundrum and to seek to resolve it. lhe central question of this volume is whether the revolutionary tides of the early twenty-first century may not now make his revolutionary solution viable.
The Jeffersonian Republic in the Current Age
Authors: Hart Gary
Published: November 2023

given the new realities of the expanding impact of global economics and international finance on every society, the contracting authority of the nation-state, and the erosion of ideological cohesion, how should government be organized to realize the democratic values of social justice and equality and to encourage the republican values of civic duty and popular sovereignty? The Jeffersonian pyramid of republics—a national representative republic composed of a federation of States based upon democratic, participatory, assembly republics—offers one potential solution.
Rewarding Behaviors
Authors: Golden Bernard
Published: November 2023

Behavior management programs have been used to help children and adolescents in a variety of settings. In this chapter, I discuss the application of this approach for helping children and adolescents manage anger. As the term implies, the focus of this approach is on behavior rather than on the self-reflection needed to make sense of anger. A behavior management program involves the use of rewards, privileges, and consequences. These are presented to the child in such a way as to help increase desirable behaviors and reduce undesirable behaviors.
Disclosures
Authors: Nowak Achim
Published: November 2023

It is a gray afternoon in New York, the sort of gray that I know so well from the afternoons of my childhood in Germany, but a gray December sky in New York has a bleakness all its own, a steely cool that magnifies all that is charmless about the East Village, where I live. I’m walking down Fourth Street toward Avenue A, alongside an impossibly handsome man named Miguel. He has the smooth, chiseled profile of an upper-class Filipino, tipped by a lean, imperial nose, and he walks with the cocky stride of one who hasn’t been troubled by adversity. I have met Miguel only once before, inside the video booth of a gay bookstore, where we locked the door and tore off our clothes with the sort of surrender that seems so easy with a total stranger.
Life Without Mozart
Authors: Kuusisto Stephen
Published: November 2023

It was August and hot when Henry Cole fell down the stairs of his apartment building. His legs weren’t working correctly—and, as if that weren’t enough, he had no words for his state of affairs. He wasn’t ready for his new life—a life with multiple sclerosis and no job. He lay at the bottom of the stairs and thought he might stay for a while on the linoleum. Tall windows flanked the stairs. The building had once been a high school. He looked up at a rectangle of sunlight and heard starlings in the ivy and thought about getting to his feet. He would think his way through it by issuing commands to his arms and legs. “It’s like sending telegrams over a mountain,” he’d told his sister on the phone. “You send messages to outlying districts and wait for word to come back.” Getting to his feet, he saw construction workers climbing a scaffold. Inch forward, fall back—but keep something moving.
Cheaters And Copycats
Authors: O’Brien Ruth
Published: November 2023

I walked up to the metal detectors, my pupils adjusting from the glare of the June sun to the cool mosaic of marble in the dim foyer. I was headed for the Manuscript Division of the Library of Congress. Pulling back one of the doors to the reading room with some difficulty given the flesh-colored casts wrapped around both my forearms, I admired the way the brass outlined the thick panes of glass with a clean, modern design. I went toward the guard, registered, and received a key for a locker. Looking past him, I saw an airy room filled with desks, which was not too full yet. As I tried to open the locker, the hook from my right cast that wrapped around my thumb kept hitting the lock. Working at it, I remembered that the last time I’d used these lockers I was a graduate student. Then, suppressing this hint of vanity, I stashed my purse, keys, and a comb in the locker and approached a desk. I carried my new tool in hand, a slim metal arm with a rubber thumb, which helped me turn pages.
Structure and Dynamics of Euphydryas editha Populations
Authors: Hellmann Jessica J , Weiss Stuart B , McLaughlin John F , Ehrlich Paul R , Murphy Dennis D , Launer Alan E
Published: November 2023

The research reported in this volume began more than 40 years ago with studies of the Bay checkerspot butterfly, a subspecies of the widely distributed Edith’s checkerspot butterfly. Working initially with the populations on Stanford University’s Jasper Ridge Biological Preserve, Ehrlich and colleagues asked some fundamental questions: why does the Bay checkerspot butterfly inhabit the area that it does? Why does it not occur elsewhere? Why is it sometimes abundant and sometimes rare? How does population size relate to genetic variability? Are these populations evolving at a rate that can be detected on an ecological time scale? Answers to such questions from checkerspots and other well-selected systems have helped produce a comprehensive picture of how the world works at the population level. As research on the Bay checkerspot proceeded, however, many questions took on new applied and conservation significance. Work at Jasper Ridge and other sites established that Edith’s checkerspot butterfly populations were quite unstable and that many habitats were threatened by human development and habitat degradation. Most recently, the Jasper Ridge populations that were the focus of the Ehrlich group’s long-term study have become extinct.
1770–1774 “The Cause of Boston Now Is the Cause of America”
Authors: Ferling John
Published: November 2023

With the repeal of the Townshend Duties, Franklin was optimistic, even though, as he remarked, the “Duty on Tea . . . remains to continue the Dispute.” While the majority in the mother country was “zealous for maintaining” its “dignity and sovereignty over the colonies,” he said, most also wished “to be on good Terms with us” and merely hoped to preserve “the Dignity of Parliament.” As events soon demonstrated, Franklin’s optimism was misplaced. The ministry formed in January 1770 under Sir Frederick North—Lord North—was committed to the proposition that there must be no retreat from the premise of Parliamentary sovereignty. Every official feared that if Great Britain lost its political and economic control of the colonies, it would cease to be a great power. The great challenge that faced North’s government was to find a means of maintaining British sovereignty without provoking another uprising and perhaps even a war.
1778–1782 “This Wilderness of Darkness & Dangers”
Authors: Ferling John
Published: November 2023

Throughout 1778, many Americans thought peace was at hand. Congressman James Lovell predicted during the autumn that Britain, now at war with America’s new ally, France, would redeploy its troops to Canada and the Caribbean. The Hessians would remain, he forecast, but only to guard New York. Samuel Adams concurred. He expected that Spain would enter the war as France’s ally and that Britain would “be obligd to withdraw her Attention in a great Measure from America.”
1797–1799 “A Game Where Principles Are the Stake”
Authors: Ferling John
Published: November 2023

Adams took Washington’s exhilaration at leaving office as a foretokening of difficult days ahead, and after only a week on the job his suspicions were confirmed. He told a friend that the presidency was tantamount to a sentence of hard labor. Nevertheless, Adams was optimistic as he embarked on his new job and encouraged by the realization that he started with considerable public support. Even Bache’s Aurora, which so often had impugned Washington during the past couple years, lauded the new president as a “man of incorruptible integrity,” honor, and patriotism, and predicted that his considerable intelligence rendered him “equal to the duties of his station.”
The State of the Art in Community HIV Prevention Interventions
Authors: Kelly Jeffrey A
Published: November 2023

HIV infection is contracted through behavior practices, and primary prevention of the disease rests upon helping vulnerable persons to make and sustain changes in those practices that confer risk. Because the vast majority of HIV transmission occurs through unprotected sexual behaviors or needle sharing, sexual and drug injection risk practices are the major targets for change in most HIV prevention programs.
Phenotypic Integration as a Constraint and Adaptation
Authors: Merilä Juha , Björklund Mats
Published: November 2023

Despite the enormous diversity of living forms, it is quite clear that not all imaginable life forms-such as angels-have ever come into existence. There are two broad explanations for this. First, according to what can be called the genetic/epigenetic constraint view (e.g., Maynard Smith et al. 1985), organisms are to some degree victims of their own history: solutions available for a given organism or clade are constrained by its evolutionary history, as for instance dictated by its genetic architecture and/or ancestral developmental pathways. Second, according to what can be termed the functionalist/adaptationist view (Gould and Lewontin 1979), almost any solution to a problem posed by a selective environment is possible, insofar as it is not opposed by the laws of physics or by natural selection. Hence, organisms like angels might not exist either because of constraints of development, or because they are not fit for selective reasons. These two world views, although frequently polarized, are of course not mutually exclusive (Maynard Smith et al. 1985; Schlichting and Pigliucci 1998).
Studying Mutational Effects on G-Matrices
Authors: Pigliucci Massimo
Published: November 2023

Wagner and Altenberg (1996) introduced the concept of variability as distinct from variation in the study of the evolution of complex phenotypes, a concept that has parallels in complexity theory and that concerns the “genetic neighborhood” of a given genotype and its role in evolution on rugged adaptive landscapes (Kauffman and Levin 1987; Kauffman 1993). Their basic idea is that evolution depends not just on the extant genetic variation as studied by classical quantitative genetics, but also on the underlying genetic variability that quantifies the range of immediately possible genotypes that can occur in a given population in the not too distant future.
The Relativism of Constraints on Phenotypic Evolution
Authors: Schwenk Kurt , Wagner Gunter P
Published: November 2023

The evolution of complex phenotypes entails a central paradox. On the one hand, phenotypes must be mutable and therefore responsive to the constantly changing demands of the environment over evolutionary time. This is necessary for organisms to remain in harmony with their surroundings, a state of adaptation. On the other hand, phenotypes must be stable so that the complex dynamics of their developmental and functional systems are not disrupted. This is necessary for organisms to maintain functionality through evolutionary time, regardless of environment. It is this fundamental tension-between mutability and stability that much of current evolutionary theory seeks to explain.
Explaining Creativity
Authors: Sawyer R Keith
Published: November 2023

Explaining Creativity is an accessible introduction to the latest scientific research on creativity. In the last 50 years, psychologists, anthropologists, and sociologists have increasingly studied creativity, and we now know more about creativity than at any point in history. Explaining Creativity considers not only arts like painting and writing, but also science, stage performance, and business innovation. Until about a decade ago, creativity researchers tended to focus on highly valued activities like fine art painting and Nobel prize winning science. Sawyer brings this research up to date by including movies, music videos, cartoons, video games, hypertext fiction, and computer technology. For example, this is the first book on creativity to include studies of performance and improvisation. Sawyer draws on the latest research findings to show the importance of collaboration and context in all of these creative activities. Today's science of creativity is interdisciplinary; in addition to psychological studies of creativity Explaining Creativity includes research by anthropologists on creativity in non-Western cultures, and research by sociologists about the situation, contexts, and networks of creative activity. Explaining Creativity brings these approaches together within the sociocultural approach to creativity pioneered by Howard Becker, Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi, and Howard Gardner. The sociocultural approach moves beyond the individual to consider the social and cultural contexts of creativity, emphasizing the role of collaboration and context in the creative process.
Pathways to Healthy Development: Sources of Strength and Empowerment
Authors: Worell Judith
Published: November 2023

Women today are stronger, more hopeful, energetic, optimistic, and healthy than ever before in our history. But we know that major challenges to a safe and healthy existence still face many women globally, and in the United States, women continue to be the major consumers of health services. Across the life span, significant developmental changes occur for each person that present challenges in adaptation and effective coping; some people appear to accommodate to these changes more successfully than others. Additionally, most people will experience one or more stressful events or trauma, such as serious injury or illness, loss of a loved one, prolonged poverty, unemployment, or unpredictable violence. Many chapters in this Handbook document the gender-related conditions that persist for girls and women from diverse cultures in terms of threats to health, economic and social inequities, and physical or sexual assault.