bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A scalable anomaly detection and mitigation architecture for legacy networks via an OpenFlow middlebox
Authors: Giotis Kostas , Androulidakis George , Maglaris Vasilis
Published: October 2015

In this paper, we investigate the applicability of inserting an OpenFlow middlebox to enhance the remotely triggered black hole routing mechanism, to mitigate distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks in legacy networks. Specifically, we propose a modular architecture that exploits the network programmability of software‐defined networking within the context of network functions virtualization, deploying on‐demand virtualized network functions (VNFs) capable to manipulate and filter malicious traffic. Leveraging on the OpenFlow control functionality, we match and handle traffic on a per‐flow level, preserving connectivity to/from the victim while pushing the mitigation process upstream, towards the edge of the affected network. To that end, a multilevel anomaly detection and identification mechanism was developed, pinpointing the victim in case an attack is detected. Subsequently, a virtualized network function instructs the edge router to forward all traffic destined to the victim to an OpenFlow switch, acting as a middlebox capable to filter malicious traffic identified by an OpenFlow controller, while preserving benign flows. The proposed architecture was implemented and evaluated based on the combination of datasets containing traces of real DDoS attacks and normal background traffic from our university campus network. Our analysis illustrated a clear clustering of Internet protocol prefixes used by malicious sources; thus, we implemented a longest common prefix aggregation algorithm to enable scaling of the proposed mitigation process, overcoming constraints due to hardware limitations of OpenFlow devices. Our analysis verifies that the proposed modular and scalable schema can efficiently identify DDoS attack victims and filter malicious traffic, without exhausting system and network resources. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Developmental expression of Kir4.1 in astrocytes and oligodendrocytes of rat somatosensory cortex and hippocampus
Authors: Moroni Ramona Frida , Inverardi Francesca , Regondi Maria Cristina , Pennacchio Paolo , Frassoni Carolina
Published: October 2015

Kir4.1 is the principal K+ channel expressed in glial cells. It has been shown that it plays a fundamental role in K+‐spatial buffering, an astrocyte‐specific process where excess extracellular concentration of K+ ions, generated by synaptic activity, is spatially redistributed to distant sites via astrocytic syncytia. Experimental and clinical evidence suggested that abnormality of Kir4.1 function in the brain is involved in different neurological diseases such as epilepsy, dysmyelination, and Huntington's disease. Although it has been shown that Kir4.1 is expressed predominantly in astrocytes in certain areas of the rat brain and its transcript is present in the rat forebrain as early as embryonic day E14, no information is available concerning the temporal sequence of Kir4.1 protein appearance during embryonic and post‐natal development.

Aim of this work was to study the expression pattern of Kir4.1 channel in rat somatosensory cortex and hippocampus during development and to examine its cellular localization with the glial and oligodendroglial markers S100‐β, GFAP, and Olig‐2. Kir4.1 protein was detected since E20 and a gradual increase of Kir4.1 expression occurred between early postnatal period and adulthood. We showed a gradual shift in Kir4.1 subcellular localization from the soma of astrocytes to distal glial processes. Double immunofluorescence experiments confirmed the cellular localization of Kir4.1 in glial cells. Our data provide the first overview of Kir4.1 developmental expression both in the cortex and hippocampus and support the glial role of Kir4.1 in K+ spatial buffering.
THE IWASAWA MAIN CONJECTURE FOR HILBERT MODULAR FORMS
Authors: WAN XIN
Published: October 2015

Following the ideas and methods of a recent work of Skinner and Urban, we prove the one divisibility of the Iwasawa main conjecture for nearly ordinary Hilbert modular forms under certain local hypotheses. As a consequence, we prove that for a Hilbert modular form of parallel weight, trivial character, and good ordinary reduction at all primes dividing$p$, if the central critical$L$-value is zero then the$p$-adic Selmer group of it has rank at least one. We also prove that one of the local assumptions in the main result of Skinner and Urban can be removed by a base-change trick.
Generational Differences Are Real and Useful
Authors: Campbell W. Keith , Campbell Stacy M. , Siedor Lane E. , Twenge Jean M.
Published: October 2015

We propose that generational differences are meaningful despite some theoretical and methodological challenges (cf. Costanza & Finkelstein, 2015). We will address five main issues: operationalizing generations, measuring generational differences, theoretical models of generations, mechanisms of generational change, and the importance of science versus stereotypes.
Belief in Generational Stereotypes: Why There Is a There There
Authors: Riggio Ronald E. , Saggi Karan
Published: October 2015

Belief in generational differences is nothing new. In ancient times, generational differences were seen as a threat to productivity, and efforts were made to change them. Bertman (1976) writes, “as early as the twenty-fifth century BC, the older generation in authoritarian Egypt had to ‘work at it’ to mold the younger generation in its own image.” Yet, Costanza and Finkelstein (2015) point out that “there is minimal empirical evidence actually supporting generationally based differences” and “no sufficient explanation for why such differences should even exist.” One explanation for the prevailing belief in generation-based differences is systematic biases in social perception.
Generational Differences in the Workplace: There Is Complexity Beyond the Stereotypes
Authors: Lyons Sean , Urick Michael , Kuron Lisa , Schweitzer Linda
Published: October 2015

The topic of generational differences in the workplace has been immensely popular over the past decade, spawning a large number of academic publications and a far greater number of consulting reports, popular press books, magazine articles, media reports, blogs, and infographics. Indeed, a new industry of consultants and public speakers seems to have emerged primarily to capitalize on the popularity of this topic. As Costanza and Finkelstein (2015) note, the research on this “hot topic” has often seemed opportunistic, lacking rigor and depth. The relative ease of cutting existing cross-sectional data by age and calling it a generation study has tempted researchers to hop on the bandwagon, resulting in a large number of empirical studies with nearly identical literature reviews that overrely on popular press and opinion-based literature. There has been a lamentable tendency toward blind empiricism with little or no connection to theory, as has been stated elsewhere (Lyons & Kuron, 2014; Parry & Urwin, 2011).
What Are the Benefits of Focusing on Generation-Based Differences and at What Cost?
Authors: Cadiz David M. , Truxillo Donald M. , Fraccaroli Franco
Published: October 2015

We agree with and expand on the points made by Costanza and Finkelstein (2015) regarding the definition of “generation” and its measurement, the lack of theory in this area; the harmful effects of propagating generationally based differences to organizations, society, and individuals; and the future directions to make this line of research more applicable to organizations and the workplace. Examining age differences at work through the lens of well-established within-person changes in physical ability (e.g., Maertens, Putter, Chen, Diehl, & Huang, 2012), cognition (e.g., Schaie, 1994), motivation (e.g., Kooij, De Lange, Jansen, Kanfer, & Dikkers, 2011), personality (e.g., Roberts, Walton, & Viechtbauer, 2006), and lifespan development theories (e.g., Baltes & Baltes, 1990; Carstensen, Isaacowitz, & Charles, 1999) would likely be more productive than using loose, relatively atheoretical generational stereotypes to understand age differences at work.
An Alternative Approach to Understanding Generational Differences
Authors: Wang Yi , Peng Yisheng
Published: October 2015

According to Costanza and Finkelstein (2015), the definition and measurement of generational membership could be two major problems inherent in the literature on generational differences. So far, researchers have defined generation in terms of groups of people belonging to the same cohorts, age groups, and experience of certain common events (Joshi, Dencker, & Franz, 2011). In this vein, generational difference is operationalized mostly as a categorical variable, and most researchers assign participants into generational categories based on date of birth. For instance, people born in 1958–1959 and 1973–1974 are typically divided into Boomers and Gen X, respectively (Twenge, Campbell, Hoffman, & Lance, 2010).
Positive Industrial and Organizational Psychology: Designing for Tech-Savvy, Optimistic, and Purposeful Millennial Professionals’ Company Cultures
Authors: Graen George , Grace Miriam
Published: October 2015

The purpose of this rebuttal to Costanza and Finkelstein (2015) is (a) to examine the findings surrounding the new generations at work, (b) to suggest the risks of not responding to change in generations with new talent strategies, and (c) to propose a new theory about the development of a new millennial culture and how practitioners and researchers may capitalize on the promise of a more positive and joyful workplace culture. We propose to accomplish these points by (a) citing recent global findings showing that Millennials (born after 1980) are turning away from companies with cultures that were designed for 20th century workers, (b) presenting a theory on the development of an emerging millennial culture that is based on positive industrial and organizational psychology, and (c) recommending that the method of innovation design teams be used to render workplaces compatible with the emerging culture.
All General Factors Are Not Alike
Authors: Campbell John P.
Published: October 2015

In their focal article, Ree, Carretta, and Teachout (2015) argue that a large general factor (DGF), defined as the first component of an unrotated principal components solution, is characteristic of many different domains. In their view, ignoring the DGF in assessment and prediction in industrial and organizational (I-O) psychology is counterproductive. They readily acknowledge that the existence of a DGF does not preclude the existence of distinguishable specific factors. Their message is simply that the general factor (unrotated) frequently accounts for over half the reliable variance, and rather than ignore it, the reasons for it and the usefulness of it should be investigated. Further, the general factor is a construct, and all constructs must be supported by the various kinds of evidence that demonstrate construct validity. The DGF is no exception.
How Data Analysis Can Dominate Interpretations of Dominant General Factors
Authors: Wiernik Brenton M. , Wilmot Michael P. , Kostal Jack W.
Published: October 2015

A dominant general factor (DGF) is present when a single factor accounts for the majority of reliable variance across a set of measures (Ree, Carretta, & Teachout, 2015). In the presence of a DGF, dimension scores necessarily reflect a blend of both general and specific factors. For some constructs, specific factors contain little unique reliable variance after controlling for the general factor (Reise, 2012), whereas for others, specific factors contribute a more substantial proportion of variance (e.g., Kinicki, McKee-Ryan, Schriesheim, & Carson, 2002). We agree with Ree et al. that the presence of a DGF has implications for interpreting scores. However, we argue that the conflation of general and specific factor variances has the strongest implications for understanding how constructs relate to external variables. When dimension scales contain substantial general and specific factor variance, traditional methods of data analysis will produce ambiguous or even misleading results. In this commentary, we show how several common data analytic methods, when used with data sets containing a DGF, will substantively alter conclusions.
Latest Permian deep-water foraminifers from Daxiakou, Hubei, South China
Authors: Zhang Muhui , Gu Songzhu
Published: October 2015

A latest Changhsingian (latest Permian) foraminiferal fauna composed of 19 species (belonging to 10 genera) was recovered from the Daxiakou section in Xingshan County, Hubei Province, South China. Compared to contemporaneous faunas in South China, the Daxiakou fauna displays unique features: (1) nodosariids are the dominant forms in abundance and diversity; and (2) the most abundant forms have elongate and flattened tests, and includeGeinitzina,Howchinella, andIchthyolaria. The predominance of flattened elongate tests and their smaller size suggest that these foraminifers possibly lived in an oxygen-depleted, deep-water environment. Seven new species,Nodosaria quinquecostatan. sp.,Howchinella inflatan. sp.,H. hubeiensisn. sp.,H. complanatan. sp.,H. xiangxiensisn. sp.,Ichthyolaria celsan. sp., andPseudotristix elongatan. sp. are described.
New records of Burgess Shale-type taxa from the middle Cambrian of Utah
Authors: Conway Morris Simon , Selden Paul A. , Gunther Glade , Jamison Paul G. , Robison Richard A.
Published: October 2015

Cambrian strata of the Laurentian craton contain numerous examples of Burgess Shale–type faunas. Although displaying a more or less concentric distribution around the cratonal margin, most faunal occurrences are in present-day western North America, extending from the Northwest Territories to California. Nevertheless, the soft-bodied and lightly skeletalized fossils in most of these Lagerstätten are highly sporadic. Here, we extend knowledge of such Middle Cambrian occurrences in Utah with reports of four taxa. An arthropod from the Marjum Formation,Dytikosicula desmataegen. et sp. nov., is a putative megacheiran. It is most similar toDicranocaris guntherorum, best known from the younger Wheeler Formation, but differs primarily in the arrangement of pleurae and overall size. Along with a specimen of ?Yohoiasp, a new species ofYohoia,Y. utahanasp. nov., is described. It differs from the type and only known species,Y. tenuis, principally in its larger size and shorter exopods; it is the first description of this genus from outside the Burgess Shale. A new species of a stem-group lophotrochozoan from the Spence Shale,Wiwaxia herkasp. nov., possesses a palisade of dorso-lateral spines that are more robust and numerous than the type species ofWiwaxia,W. corrugata. Another notable taxon isEldonia ludwigifrom the Marjum Formation, which is interpreted as a primitive ambulacrarian (assigned to the cambroernids) and a new specimen of the ?cnidarianCambrorhytiumfrom the Wheeler Shale is illustrated.
ON THE NUMBER OF DIVISORS OF
Authors: DUDEK ADRIAN W.
Published: October 2015

We prove an asymptotic formula for the sum $\sum _{n\leq N}d(n^{2}-1)$, where $d(n)$ denotes the number of divisors of $n$. During the course of our proof, we also furnish an asymptotic formula for the sum $\sum _{d\leq N}g(d)$, where $g(d)$ denotes the number of solutions $x$ in $\mathbb{Z}_{d}$ to the equation $x^{2}\equiv 1~(\text{mod}~d)$.
ON THE BRÜCK CONJECTURE
Authors: CAO TINGBIN
Published: October 2015

The Brück conjecture states that if a nonconstant entire function $f$ with hyper-order ${\it\sigma}_{2}(f)\in [0,+\infty )\setminus \mathbb{N}$ shares one finite value $a$ (counting multiplicities) with its derivative $f^{\prime }$, then $f^{\prime }-a=c(f-a)$, where $c$ is a nonzero constant. The conjecture has been established for entire functions with order ${\it\sigma}(f)<+\infty$ and hyper-order ${\it\sigma}_{2}(f)<{\textstyle \frac{1}{2}}$. The purpose of this paper is to prove the Brück conjecture for the case ${\it\sigma}_{2}(f)=\frac{1}{2}$ by studying the infinite hyper-order solutions of the linear differential equations $f^{(k)}+A(z)f=Q(z)$. The shared value $a$ is extended to be a ‘small’ function with respect to the entire function $f$.
CATULLIANA
Authors: Dominicy Marc
Published: October 2015

In the following, I will propose and/or defend new or previous emendations for a set of passages in Catullus, most of which are deemed corrupt or even beyond repair by many, if not all, philologists. For the sake of simplicity, I will first quote Mynors's OCT text, except for possible changes in punctuation that will be justified, either implicitly or in their own terms, in the ensuing discussion. Those sections I consider incorrect I will put between obeli (which, on several occasions, are also Mynors's ones). In addition, I will reproduce the relevant manuscript readings recorded in Mynors's apparatus, checked against Thomson's more complete collations. In each case, I will begin with summarizing the state of the question; nevertheless, owing to the vast amount of corrections or conjectures to be examined for many passages, I will concentrate on the most significant proposals. Next, I will try to show that the correction suggested conforms to the constraints of metre and language, and (in some cases at least) sheds some light on the symbolic or intertextual dimension of the poem at hand. Finally, I will provide an account of the corruption process that presumably operated, with the aim of establishing the palaeographical verisimilitude of my proposal.
The Puzzle of Alfarabi's Parallel Works
Authors: Galston Miriam
Published: October 2015

Scholars disagree about the correct interpretation of Alfarabi'sPolitical RegimeandVirtuous City, treatises that have striking similarities, yet notable differences. For some, the treatises encapsulate Alfarabi's philosophy; for others, they express only politically salutary opinions. Both interpretations fail to explain why he wrote parallel works. If both reflect Alfarabi's genuine philosophic doctrines, why did he compose separate but parallel treatises, both written when his philosophy was mature? Alternatively, if the treatises are political or rhetorical, why did Alfarabi compose two versions, and why did he choose these two accounts rather than others? To answer these questions, I discuss several overarching differences between the treatises, concluding that each work has an inner coherence and develops a distinctive narrative. I offer suggestions to account for the works’ distinctive orientations, both to persuade doubtful readers of their philosophic significance and to suggest to both groups of scholars reasons for their systematic differences.
Two Concepts of Monism: Axiomatic and Asymptotic
Authors: MacInnis Luke
Published: October 2015

According to Isaiah Berlin's influential characterization, value monism holds that there are discoverable, axiomatic ethical principles from which all ethical knowledge may be derived, that ethical reasoning is algorithmic and mechanical, and that it seeks permanent, “final solutions” to all ethical conflicts. Berlin's account of monism oversimplifies and distorts the idea of monism and its relation to liberal values. There is a fundamentally distinct conception of monism, “asymptotic” monism, that is not only compatible with liberty and liberal toleration but is required by these values. I present this alternative through an exposition and defense of Immanuel Kant's monistic conception of ethics and public law, where it finds full expression. Berlin's warnings that monism tends to support political despotism ignore the distinctive character of Kant's asymptotic monism.
Foucault on Freedom and Trust
Authors: Luxon Nancy
Published: October 2015

Charles Taylor opens the essay “Foucault on Freedom and Truth” with the stark claim: “Foucault disconcerts.” Foucault disconcerts, on Taylor's reading, because he appears to repudiate both freedom and truth. Where other Western thinkers have sought to “[make] ordinary life the significant locus of the issues that distinguish the good life,” the Foucault of Discipline and Punish seems to refuse this Enlightenment valuation. After puzzling alongside Foucault, and the implications of his thought for freedom and truth, Taylor finally queries what drives Foucault to adopt a Nietzschean model of truth and argues to the contrary that we can trust in progressive change from one form of life to another because its politics intuitively derive from our personal discovery of “our sense of ourselves, our identity, of what we are.” These changes entail that “we have already become something. Questions of freedom can arise for us in the transformations we undergo or project.” For Taylor, the link between personal and political discovery is so tight, so intuitive, and such a clear barometer for progress and change, that the insistence on incommensurability, let alone its use to challenge Enlightenment values, simply is perverse. And so Taylor concludes his essay by asking of the late Foucault two questions: “Can we really step outside the identity developed in Western civilization to such a degree that we can repudiate all that comes to us from the Christian understanding of the will?” and “Is the resulting ‘aesthetic of existence’ all that admirable?”
Perspectives on Plurality: Redhead on Arendt
Authors: Dietz Mary G.
Published: October 2015

I begin with an observation of Hannah Arendt's about metaphor that bears significantly, I think, upon Redhead's endeavor to come to terms with her in chapter 3, “Hannah Arendt on Reasoning without Banisters.” “The metaphor,” writes Arendt, “bridging the abyss between inward and invisible mental activities and the world of appearances, was certainly the greatest gift language could bestow on thinking and hence on philosophy, but the metaphor itself is poetic rather than philosophic in origin.”
Reasoning Democratically with Who We Are
Authors: Redhead Mark
Published: October 2015

Thanks to all the commentators for providing a series of well-reasoned and challenging comments. Many of these concerns are at once a product of stuff left on the cutting room floor, while others have been indirectly addressed in some recent publications. What I want to briefly do is highlight some of the criticisms that I agree with and engage a few salient points of contention.
The Sixth Giant? Environmental Policy and the Labour Government, 1945–51
Authors: FITZPATRICK TONY
Published: October 2015

The connections between social and environmental policies have a longer and more fertile history than is often appreciated. Ignoring that history is not just unfortunate in its own terms but may mean that we deprive ourselves of resources that could be useful in the future. Unfortunately, social policy histories avoid discussion of the natural environment, just as environmental histories avoid discussion of welfare services. This article therefore seeks to open up new debates and a new field of research. It focuses upon one of the key periods in the development of UK state welfare, the Labour government of 1945–51. It argues that Labour displayed an ambivalence toward the natural environment. Land nationalisation had long been an aspiration, but Labour drew back from its more radical ambitions. In policy terms, this gave rise to a dualism. Town and country planning became one of its enduring legacies, but more socialistic, redistributive measures fell by the wayside.
Geographic measures of retail food outlets and perceived availability of healthy foods in neighbourhoods
Authors: Barnes Timothy L , Freedman Darcy A , Bell Bethany A , Colabianchi Natalie , Liese Angela D
Published: October 2015

Objective

To examine associations between geographic measures of retail food outlets and perceived availability of healthy foods.

Design

Cross-sectional.

Setting

A predominantly rural, eight-county region of South Carolina, USA.

Subjects

Data from 705 household shoppers were analysed using ordinary least-squares regression to examine relationships between geographic measures (presence and distance) of food outlets obtained via a geographic information system and perceived availability of healthy foods (fresh fruits and vegetables and low-fat foods).

Results

The presence of a supermarket within an 8·05 km (5-mile) buffer area was significantly associated with perceived availability of healthy foods (β=1·09,P=0·025) when controlling for all other food outlet types. However, no other derived geographic presence measures were significant predictors of perceived availability of healthy foods. Distances to the nearest supermarket (β=−0·16,P=0·003), dollar and variety store (β=−0·15,P=0·005) and fast-food restaurant (β=0·11,P=0·015) were all significantly associated with perceptions of healthy food availability.

Conclusions

Our results suggest that distance to food outlets is a significant predictor of healthy food perceptions, although presence is sensitive to boundary size. Our study contributes to the understanding and improvement of techniques that characterize individuals’ food options in their community.
BATCH PROCESSING IN A GLASS FURNACE
Authors: FOWKES NEVILLE D. , BASSOM ANDREW P.
Published: October 2015

In a glass furnace solid batches of material are fed into a chamber and radiation heating applied. An individual batch is melted over the course of several minutes to form molten glass. A travelling front within the batch designates the progress of the melting, a process characterized by multiple radiation reflections. This results in an effective conductivity within the melting zone that is significantly larger than that in the unmelted batch. Approximations based on these disparate conductivities enable accurate explicit expressions for the almost constant melting front speed and the associated temperature profile to be derived. Our results compare favourably with existing numerical simulations of the process, with the advantage of being both analytic and relatively simple. These predictions may be useful in suggesting how a furnace might be most effectively controlled under varying batch conditions, as well as ensuring the quality of the glass sheets produced.
WHERE HAVE YOU GONE, JOSEPH SCALIGER?
Authors: O’BRIEN MICHAEL
Published: October 2015

It is said we are in trouble, we humanists. “The humanities are under pressure all over the world, Rens Bod begins (xii). James Turner ends, “Without question, the humanities now face greater flux than they have routinely endured in the past century” (385). The trouble and the flux seem to take two forms. There is the usual business of intellectual disciplines forming and re-forming, of new paradigms restructuring institutions, a process that one might regard as discomforting but sometimes healthy. But there is the other business of universities being governed by anti-intellectuals, aficionados of the spreadsheet, counted beans, and the alumni dinner. These predators roam campuses, sneer at libraries, abolish departments, and plan the day when, the cost-effective triumphant, scholarship will be little more than a digital ghost. At the University of Essex, lately Marina Warner was coldly informed of this new order, defined by a “Tariff of Expectations” (seventeen targets to be met) and a “workload allocation” handed down from on high. There was an indifference to what had gone before, what creative people had once hoped for for Colchester. “That is all changing now,” the executive dean for humanities briskly explained. “That is over.” The past, that is. Fed up, Warner resigned, hearing too loudly “the tick of the deathwatch beetle” in the fabric of the house she wished to inhabit, a university that valued scholarship and the life of the mind, as it once had.
ENLIGHTENED CONVERSATIONS: THE CAREER AND CONTRIBUTIONS OF ANTHONY J. LA VOPA
Authors: MARCHAND SUZANNE
Published: October 2015

If you have never had a conversation with Tony La Vopa—and I mean a serious, four-hour conversation, in which topics range from Rousseau to the Final Four to marzipan to Kant—you have missed out on one of academia's great pleasures. Tony is one of intellectual history's most beloved conversationalists: because he knows many things, because he loves to tell stories, because he listens, because he argues. He also, incidentally, has mastered the pithy, but somehow personal, email: he once wrote me, simply “You’re not resting,” and another time: “I’m alarmed about your porcelain addiction.” Those readers who know Tony only from his work on this journal or his published works will know the clarity, deep intelligence, and admirable density of his research and his editing, but may not know much about the conversations that he has sustained and that have sustained him across his career, and haven't caught the impish glint in his eye when he launches into a story about his own current fetishes (photography, gooseberryKüchen), or lightly, invitingly, teases you about your own (according to Tony, mine include “loony men in gray suits”). And so, having had the pleasure of being a friend, coconspirator, and conversation partner of Tony's for several decades now, I have gladly accepted the honor of further acquaintingModern Intellectual History's readership with the career and contributions (so far!) of Anthony J. La Vopa, whose work has done so much to make intellectual history the thriving field it is today.
DISORDERLY DOCTRINES: RELIGION, RACE, AND THE FOUNTAINGROVE SEX SCANDAL OF 1891–1892
Authors: Paddison Joshua
Published: October 2015

In 1891, a moral reformer named Alzire Chevaillier launched an aggressive crusade to destroy Fountaingrove, a spiritualist utopian colony in Northern California with white and Japanese members. Chevaillier accused the colony's leader, Thomas Lake Harris, of promoting “disorderly doctrines” with sexual practices “worse than those of Mormonism.” This essay uses the little-known Fountaingrove scandal to examine the interrelationship of religion, race, and sexuality in California. As a mixed-race new religious movement accused of sexual immorality, Fountaingrove transgressed prevailing norms in multiple ways. The colony became Orientalized in the public imagination, showing how new religions and non-normative sexual practices were coded as racially other. Yet media representations of Fountaingrove reflected more than straightforward “yellow peril.” The Japanese members of Fountaingrove inhabited several unstable categories at once, viewed as neither “heathen” nor Christian, neither adults nor children, neither white nor Chinese, shedding light on the uncertain religio-racial status of early Japanese immigrants to the United States. The scandal also reveals the racist dimensions of white female reformers' attacks on male dominance. The wide range of public response to Chevaillier's campaign, from moral disgust to amusement to apathy, gives evidence of the cultural fissures beginning to break open in fin de siècle America.
THE BIRTH OF A NATION, POLICE BRUTALITY, AND BLACK PROTEST
Authors: Caddoo Cara
Published: October 2015

On September 21, 1915, shortly before 10 p.m., a brick crashed through the glass window above the entrance of Philadelphia's Forrest Theatre. Instantly, the streets erupted into a “bloody scene” of the “wildest disorder.” Police charged with batons and revolvers. The crowd, which consisted mostly of black demonstrators, scattered. A few dashed for the building's main entrance. Hundreds more fled up Broad and Walnut Streets, the police at their heels. “Those who could not run fast enough to dodge clubs received them upon their heads.” Two protesters threw milk bottles at the patrolmen pursing them. At the corner of Walnut and Broad, someone hurled a brick at Officer Wallace Striker. On Juniper Street, either a rioter or a police officer fired shots into the air. By night's end, more than a score were injured, several arrested, and the theater defaced. Nineteen-year old Arthur Lunn, a farmer from Worcester County, Maryland, was charged with inciting the riot. Dr. Wesley F. Graham, pastor of Trinity Baptist, sustained “severe injuries.” Lillian Howard, a caterer; William A. Sinclair, the financial secretary of Douglass Hospital; and a thirty-three-year-old laborer named Lee Banks received severe lacerations.
Advisory opinions under Protocol No. 16 to the European Convention on Human Rights
Authors: Paprocka Ada , Ziółkowski Michał
Published: October 2015

European Court of Human Rights – Protocol No. 16 to the European Convention on Human Rights – Protocol No. 16 as part of the European Court of Human Rights reform – Advisory opinions under Protocol No. 16 – Authority requesting an advisory opinion – The subject matter of an advisory opinion – Legal consequences of advisory opinions
The future of the European Union’s accession to the European Convention on Human Rights after Opinion 2/13: is it still possible and is it still desirable?
Authors: Lock Tobias
Published: October 2015

EU Accession to the European Convention on Human Rights – Hurdles erected by Opinion 2/13 of 18 December 2014 – Analysis of soundness of the ECJ’s reasoning – Discussion of necessary changes to the Draft Accession Agreement – Criticism that not all obstacles can be removed by amending the Draft Agreement – Treaty change may be necessary – Question whether accession is worth it from a human rights perspective under these conditions
Personality and Leadership Intention
Authors: Stiehl Sibylle , Gatzka Magdalena , Elprana Gwen , Felfe Jörg
Published: October 2015

Abstract. Although personality traits have long been established as important predictors for leadership, the mechanisms that mediate the relation are relatively unclear. The present studies investigated Motivation to Lead as a multifaceted construct describing an individual’s striving for leadership. In two studies, employees and students (n1= 380, n2= 176) were assessed for personality traits, Motivation to Lead, and their leadership intentions. Applying multiple mediation analyses, indirect effects for two facets were identified: affective Motivation to Lead and avoidance of leadership. The results suggested that extraverted, emotionally stable, and open individuals aspire to be leaders because they enjoy leading others and they associate less fear of failure with the role. Further support was lent to theoretical models of leadership emergence and development. In terms of practical implications, the relevance of motives for promotion and training is illustrated. Motives may change with training and coaching, whereas traits remain relatively stable.
Inflammational Animal Models for Schizophrenia
Authors: Juckel Georg
Published: October 2015

Abstract. Inflammational-immunological processes within the pathophysiology of schizophrenia seem to play an important role. Early signals of neurobiological changes in the embryonal phase of brain in later patients with schizophrenia might lead to activation of the immunological system, for example, of cytokines and microglial cells. Microglia then induces – via the neurotoxic activities of these cells as an overreaction – a rarification of synaptic connections in frontal and temporal brain regions, that is, reduction of the neuropil. Promising inflammational animal models for schizophrenia with high validity can be used today to mimic behavioral as well as neurobiological findings in patients, for example, the well-known neurochemical alterations of dopaminergic, glutamatergic, serotonergic, and other neurotransmitter systems. Also the microglial activation can be modeled well within one of this models, that is, the inflammational PolyI:C animal model of schizophrenia, showing a time peak in late adolescence/early adulthood. The exact mechanism, by which activated microglia cells then triggers further neurodegeneration, must now be investigated in broader detail. Thus, these animal models can be used to understand the pathophysiology of schizophrenia better especially concerning the interaction of immune activation, inflammation, and neurodegeneration. This could also lead to the development of anti-inflammational treatment options and of preventive interventions.
Weller Receives 2015 Study of the Earth's Deep Interior Focus Group Graduate Research Award
Authors:   AGU
Published: October 2015

Matthew Weller will receive the 2015 Study of the Earth's Deep Interior Focus Group Graduate Research Award at the 2015 American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting, to be held 14–18 December in San Francisco, Calif.
Rate of CRL4CRBN substrate Ikaros and Aiolos degradation underlies differential activity of lenalidomide and pomalidomide in multiple myeloma cells by regulation of c-Myc and IRF4
Authors: Bjorklund C C , Lu L , Kang J , Hagner P R , Havens C G , Amatangelo M , Wang M , Ren Y , Couto S , Breider M , Ning Y , Gandhi A K , Daniel T O , Chopra R , Klippel A , Thakurta A G
Published: October 2015

Recent discoveries suggest that the critical events leading to the anti-proliferative activity of the IMiD immunomodulatory agents lenalidomide and pomalidomide in multiple myeloma (MM) cells are initiated by Cereblon-dependent ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of substrate proteins Ikaros (IKZF1) and Aiolos (IKZF3). By performing kinetic analyses, we found that the downregulation or proteasomal degradation of Ikaros and Aiolos led to specific and sequential downregulation of c-Myc followed by IRF4 and subsequent growth inhibition and apoptosis. Notably, to ensure growth inhibition and cell death, sustained downregulation of Ikaros and Aiolos, c-Myc or IRF4 expression was required. In addition, we found that the half-maximal rate, rather than the final extent of Ikaros and Aiolos degradation, correlated to the relative efficacy of growth inhibition by lenalidomide or pomalidomide. Finally, we observed that all four transcription factors were elevated in primary MM samples compared with normal plasma cells. Taken together, our results suggest a functional link between Ikaros and Aiolos, and the pathological dysregulation of c-Myc and IRF4, and provide a new mechanistic understanding of the relative efficacy of lenalidomide and pomalidomide based on the kinetics of substrate degradation and downregulation of their downstream targets.
Novel β-carbolines against colorectal cancer cell growth via inhibition of Wnt/β-catenin signaling
Authors: Li X , Bai B , Liu L , Ma P , Kong L , Yan J , Zhang J , Ye Z , Zhou H , Mao B , Zhu H , Li Y
Published: October 2015

Wnt signaling pathway is aberrantly activated in a variety of cancers, especially in colorectal cancer (CRC), because of mutations in the genes encoding adenomatous polyposis coli (APC), β-catenin and Axin. Small-molecule antagonists of Wnt/β-catenin signaling are attractive candidates for developing effective therapeutics for CRC. In this study, we have identified a novel Wnt signaling inhibitor, isopropyl 9-ethyl-1- (naphthalen-1-yl)-9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole-3- carboxylate (Z86). Z86 inhibited Wnt reporter activities and the expression of endogenous Wnt signaling target genes in mammalian cells and antagonized the second axis formation of Xenopus embryos induced by Wnt8. We showed that Z86 treatment inhibits GSK3β (Ser9) phosphorylation, leading to its overactivation and promoting the phosphorylation and degradation of β-catenin. In vitro, Z86 selectively inhibited the growth of CRC cells with constitutive Wnt signaling and caused obvious G1-phase arrest of the cell cycle. Notably, in a nude mouse model, Z86 inhibited dramatically the xenografted tumor growth of CRC. Daily intraperitoneal injection of Z86 at 5 mg/kg resulted in >70% reduction in the tumor weight of HCT116 cell origin that was associated with decreased GSK3β (Ser9) phosphorylation and increased β-catenin phosphorylation. Taken together, our findings provide a novel promising chemotype for CRC therapeutics development targeting the canonical Wnt signaling.
BH3-Only protein bmf is required for the maintenance of glucose homeostasis in an in vivo model of HNF1α-MODY diabetes
Authors: Pfeiffer S , Halang L , Düssmann H , Byrne MM , Prehn JHM
Published: October 2015

Heterozygous loss-of-function mutations in the hepatocyte nuclear factor 1α (HNF-1α) gene can lead to diminished amounts of functional HNF-1α, resulting in the onset of a particularly severe form of maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY). We have previously shown that induction of a dominant-negative mutant of HNF-1α (DNHNF-1α) results in the activation of the bioenergetic stress sensor AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), preceding the onset of apoptosis and the induction of pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 homology domain-3-only protein Bmf (Bcl-2-modifying factor) as a mediator of DNHNF-1α-induced apoptosis. Through the knockout of bmf in a transgenic mouse model with DNHNF-1α suppression of HNF-1α function in pancreatic beta-cells, this study aimed to examine the effect of loss-of-function of this BH3-only protein on the disease pathology and progression, and further elucidate the role of Bmf in mediating DNHNF-1α-induced beta-cell loss. Morphological analysis revealed an attenuation in beta-cell loss in bmf-deficient diabetic male mice and preserved insulin content. Surprisingly, bmf deficiency was found to exacerbate hyperglycemia in both diabetic male and hyperglycemic female mice, and ultimately resulted in a decreased glucose-stimulated insulin response, implicating a role for Bmf in glucose homeostasis regulation independent of an effect on beta-cell loss. Collectively, our data demonstrate that Bmf contributes to the decline in beta-cells in a mouse model of HNF1A-MODY but is also required for the maintenance of glucose homeostasis in vivo.
Discordant temporal development of bacterial phyla and the emergence of core in the fecal microbiota of young children
Authors: Cheng Jing , Ringel-Kulka Tamar , Heikamp-de Jong Ineke , Ringel Yehuda , Carroll Ian , de Vos Willem M , Salojärvi Jarkko , Satokari Reetta
Published: October 2015

The colonization pattern of intestinal microbiota during childhood may impact health later in life, but children older than 1 year are poorly studied. We followed healthy children aged 1–4 years (n=28) for up to 12 months, during which a synbiotic intervention and occasional antibiotics intake occurred, and compared them with adults from the same region. Microbiota was quantified with the HITChip phylogenetic microarray and analyzed with linear mixed effects model and other statistical approaches. Synbiotic administration increased the stability of Actinobacteria and antibiotics decreased Clostridium cluster XIVa abundance. Bacterial diversity did not increase in 1- to 5-year-old children and remained significantly lower than in adults. Actinobacteria, Bacilli and Clostridium cluster IV retained child-like abundances, whereas some other groups were converting to adult-like profiles. Microbiota stability increased, with Bacteroidetes being the main contributor. The common core of microbiota in children increased with age from 18 to 25 highly abundant genus-level taxa, including several butyrate-producing organisms, and developed toward an adult-like composition. In conclusion, intestinal microbiota is not established before 5 years of age and diversity, core microbiota and different taxa are still developing toward adult-type configuration. Discordant development patterns of bacterial phyla may reflect physiological development steps in children.
Magnetic-optical nanohybrids for targeted detection, separation, and photothermal ablation of drug-resistant pathogens
Authors: Ondera Thomas J. , Hamme II Ashton T.
Published: October 2015

Magnetic nanoparticles – popcorn-shaped gold nanostructure attached carbon nanotube hybrids were synthesized and used as SERS-based immunoassays for the targeted detection, separation, and photothermal ablation of drug-resistant pathogens.
Label-free biosensors based on in situ formed and functionalized microwires in microfluidic devices
Authors: Xing Yanlong , Wyss Andreas , Esser Norbert , Dittrich Petra S.
Published: October 2015

Label-free biosensors based on in situ formed and functionalized TTF–Au wires were developed using an integrated microfluidic system.
Analysis of diarylmethylamine compounds using electrospray mass spectrometry: formation mechanisms of radical ions and dehydro cations
Authors: Cai Tian , Xu Xiao-Ying , Wu Zhi-Jun
Published: October 2015

Unexpected ions, M+˙ and [M − H]+, were detected in the analysis of diarylmethylamine compounds using ESI-MS and the rules for the ratio change of I[M]+˙/I[M−H]+ were explicated.
The spontaneous formation and plasmonic properties of ultrathin gold–silver nanorods and nanowires stabilized in oleic acid
Authors: Crespo Julian , López-de-Luzuriaga José M. , Monge Miguel , Elena Olmos M. , Rodríguez-Castillo María , Cormary Benoît , Soulantica Katerina , Sestu Matteo , Falqui Andrea
Published: October 2015

Mild reduction of the complex [Au2Ag2(C6F5)4(OEt2)2]n in oleic acid leads to the formation of ultrathin Au–Ag nanorods and nanowires displaying length-dependent longitudinal surface plasmon resonance absorptions in the NIR-IR region.
Covalent functionalization of N-doped graphene by N-alkylation
Authors: Barrejón M. , Primo A. , Gómez-Escalonilla M. J. , Fierro José Luis G. , García H. , Langa F.
Published: October 2015

N-Functionalization of N-graphene is described by the first time. It can be efficiently achieved combining phase transfer catalysis and microwave irradiation. The influence of functionalization on the optical band gap is studied.
On-surface derivatisation of aromatic molecules on graphene: the importance of packing density
Authors: Winters Sinéad , Berner Nina C. , Mishra Rohit , Dümbgen Kim C. , Backes Claudia , Hegner Martin , Hirsch Andreas , Duesberg Georg S.
Published: October 2015

We present the production of high packing density molecular monolayers on graphene through a modified transfer process and demonstrate their increased stability during derivatisation.
Structure of P3HT crystals, thin films, and solutions by UV/Vis spectral analysis
Authors: Böckmann Marcus , Schemme Thomas , de Jong Djurre H. , Denz Cornelia , Heuer Andreas , Doltsinis Nikos L.
Published: October 2015

The shift in the absorption spectrum of P3HT when comparing solution, spin-coated thin films, and the bulk crystal can be reproduced by multiscale simulation and explained in terms of the degree of intramolecular torsion.
Formation of Li3O4nano particles in the discharge products of non-aqueous lithium–oxygen batteries leads to lower charge overvoltage
Authors: Shi L. , Xu A. , Zhao T. S.
Published: October 2015

Li3O4nano particles can be formed and exist stably as byproducts during discharge of a non-aqueous lithium–oxygen battery.
Intermediate photofragment distributions as probes of non-adiabatic dynamics at conical intersections: application to the Hartley band of ozone
Authors: Picconi David , Grebenshchikov Sergy Yu.
Published: October 2015

Quantum dynamics at a reactive two-state conical intersection lying outside the Franck–Condon zone is studied for a prototypical reaction of ultraviolet photodissociation of ozone in the Hartley band.
Interfacial charge-transfer transitions in a TiO2-benzenedithiol complex with Ti–S–C linkages
Authors: Fujisawa Jun-ichi , Muroga Ryuki , Hanaya Minoru
Published: October 2015

A visible light response of TiO2 due to interfacial charge-transfer transitions was obtained by the addition of benzenedithiol at room temperature.
Organobase catalysis using 1-(2-pyrimidyl)piperazine in micellar medium: an approach for better performance and reusability of organobase
Authors: Vashishtha Manu , Mishra Manish , Shah Dinesh O.
Published: October 2015

An efficient and reusable organobase–surfactant micellar catalytic system was formulated for alkali/metal free base catalysis. The 1-(2-pyrimidyl) piperazine (2-PP) base solubilized in the SDS micellar system was demonstrated to be higher in activity as compared to the neat/biphasic/cationic micellar system for the Knoevenagel condensation.
Oxidative esterification via photocatalytic C–H activation
Authors: Verma Sanny , Baig R. B. Nasir , Han Changseok , Nadagouda Mallikarjuna N. , Varma Rajender S.
Published: October 2015

Direct oxidative esterification of alcohol via photocatalytic C–H activation has been developed using VO@g-C3N4 catalyst; expeditious esterification of alcohol occurs under neutral conditions using visible light.