bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK AND POSITIVE EVIDENCE IN TASK-BASED INTERACTION
Authors: Iwashita Noriko
Published: May 2008

This study examines the role of task-based conversation in second language (L2) grammatical development, focusing on the short-term effects of both negative feedback and positive evidence on the acquisition of two Japanese structures. The data are drawn from 55 L2 learners of Japanese at a beginning level of proficiency in an Australian tertiary institution. Five different types of interactional moves made by native speaker interlocutors during task-based interaction were identified, by way of which learners received implicit negative feedback and positive evidence about the two target structures. The relative frequency of each interactional move type was calculated, and associated changes in the learners' performance on immediate and delayed posttests were examined. It was found that, although native speaker interactional moves containing positive evidence about the two target structures were 10 times more frequent during task-based language learning than those containing implicit negative feedback, only learners who had an above-average score on the pretest benefited from the positive evidence provided. Implicit negative feedback, on the other hand, had beneficial effects on short-term development of the grammatical targets regardless of the learner's current mastery of the target structures. Moreover, recasts were found to have a larger impact than other conversational moves on short-term L2 grammatical development.
RECASTS AND SECOND LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Leeman Jennifer
Published: May 2008

Recasts have figured prominently in recent SLA research, with studies documenting significant advantages for learners exposed to this type of negative feedback. Although some researchers have suggested that such findings imply a beneficial role for negative evidence (i.e., information regarding the impossibility of certain utterances in the language being learned), the source of these benefits has not been explored directly, as multiple variables are conflated in recasts. Specifically, recasts not only offer implicit negative evidence, but they also provide positive evidence. Moreover, recasts are believed to make this positive evidence especially salient. In the present study, 74 learners of L2 Spanish engaged in communicative interaction with the researcher in one of the following conditions: (a) recasts (i.e., negative evidence and enhanced salience of positive evidence), (b) negative evidence, (c) enhanced salience of positive evidence, and (d) unenhanced positive evidence (control). Only the recast and enhanced-salience groups performed significantly better than the control group on posttreatment measures, which suggests that the utility of recasts is derived at least in part from enhanced salience of positive evidence and that the implicit negative evidence they seem to provide may not be a crucial factor.
LINGUISTICS OF AMERICAN SIGN LANGUAGE: AN INTRODUCTION (3rd ed.). Clayton Valli and Ceil Lucas. Washington, DC: Gallaudet University Press, 2001. Pp. xvi + 493. $60.00 cloth.
Authors: Reagan Timothy
Published: May 2008

There are still people, including some who should know better, who believe that American Sign Language is in some sense not a “real” language. Such a position, though perhaps at least debatable 40 years ago, is simply no longer credible. There has been a vast amount of very sophisticated and competent linguistic, psycholinguistic, and sociolinguistic research conducted on American Sign Language since the publication of William Stokoe's landmark book, Sign language structure (1960/1992). Although there are many areas of debate about specific features of the phonology, morphology, syntax, and so on of American Sign Language, as indeed is the case with every language, its fundamental status as a fully developed human language is now well beyond reasonable doubt. Since its first edition appeared in 1992, Valli and Lucas's Linguistics of American Sign Language: An introduction has been the premier work for students of the structure of American Sign Language. Written for students of linguistics who already have at least some knowledge of American Sign Language, this third edition includes sections introducing students to basic linguistic concepts, phonology, morphology, syntax, and semantics as well as issues related to language change, language variation, bilingualism, discourse, language contact, and “language as art.” Each section is designed to provide students with a general introduction to the linguistic concepts and then to the specific case of American Sign Language, including exercises focusing on American Sign Language. Finally, more than half of the volume is devoted to both classic and recent seminal articles about different aspects of the linguistics of American Sign Language. As has been true of both of the earlier editions, this third edition is accompanied by a well-made videotape providing additional support for the written text.
CRITICAL ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSES: THEORY, POLITICS, AND PRACTICE. Sarah Benesch. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum, 2001. Pp. xiv +162. $39.95 cloth, $18.50 paper.
Authors: Swales John M.
Published: May 2008

In this short volume, Benesch makes a timely and useful contribution to emerging debates about future directions for English for Academic Purposes (EAP) and for ESL classes in university settings. The book is divided into two parts. The first, consisting of the opening four chapters, deals with historical, theoretical, and political issues; the second, entitled “Practice,” offers four case studies of Benesch's attempts to develop a critical EAP pedagogy in the New York area, followed by a closing “Implications” chapter.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF PAST TENSE MORPHOLOGY IN L2 SPANISH. M. Rafael Salaberry. Amsterdam: Benjamins, 2000. Pp. x + 210. $76.00 cloth.
Authors: Shirai Yasuhiro
Published: May 2008

This book is a revised and updated version of the author's 1997 Cornell University dissertation, which investigated the acquisition of Spanish past-tense morphology by classroom learners whose L1 was English. Based on three main studies, the author argues against the Aspect Hypothesis (e.g., Bardovi-Harlig, 2000), the dominant view in SLA research, which predicts strong associations between lexical aspect and tense-aspect morphology at the early stages of acquisition.
The Nilpotent filtration and the action of automorphisms on the cohomology of finite p-groups
Authors: KUHN NICHOLAS J.
Published: May 2008

We study H*(P), the mod p cohomology of a finite p-group P, viewed as an $\F_p[Out(P)]$–module. In particular, we study the conjecture, first considered by Martino and Priddy, that, if e ∈ $\F_p[Out(P)]$ is a nonzero idempotent, then the Krull dimension of eH*(P) equals the rank of P. We prove this for all p-groups when p is odd, and for many 2–groups.
Rearing in different photic and chromatic environments modifies
spectral responses of cone horizontal cells in adult fish retina
Authors: KRÖGER RONALD H.H. , BRAUN SIBYLLE C. , WAGNER HANS-JOACHIM
Published: May 2008

We investigated chromatic processing in the outer retina of
the cichlid fish Aequidens pulcher. Intracellular
recordings from cone-specific horizontal cells (CHCs) revealed
that the two morphologically identified types (H1 and H2) also
have different spectral responses. H1-L cells hyperpolarize
to all wavelengths (“luminosity”). H2-Cb cells
depolarize to long wavelengths and hyperpolarize to short
wavelengths (“chromaticity”, biphasic). Furthermore,
we verified by immunocytochemistry that H2-Cb cells of A.
pulcher predominantly contact the middle-wavelength-sensitive
(MWS) members of double cones. Developmental plasticity in the
cone–CHC networks was induced by rearing fish under
conditions of spectral deprivation and different levels of white
light. H1-L spectral responses were unaffected by the rearing
conditions. Different intensity levels of white light and
deprivation of long wavelengths during rearing both induced
changes in the spectral responses of H2-Cb. Deprivation of short
and middle wavelengths had no effect. Our results indicate that
spectral processing in the outer retina of fishes can be modulated
in response to different visual experiences and suggest that
developmental fine tuning of the color-vision system occurs
at early levels of visual processing.
Relating cone signals to color appearance: Failure of
monotonicity in yellow/blue
Authors: KNOBLAUCH KENNETH , SHEVELL STEVEN K.
Published: May 2008

Observers performed red–green and yellow–blue hue
cancellation tasks for a 0.8-deg circular test field on a dark
surround, by manipulating the excitation level of one cone class
while the other two classes were held constant. The results
of the red–green judgments conformed to classical opponent
color theory in that both L- and S-cone excitation levels were
antagonistic to M-cone signals. The yellow–blue judgments
revealed a nonmonotonic nonlinearity in which the S-cone signal
could act either antagonistically or synergistically with M-
and L-cone signals. These results demonstrate that fixed hue
sensations should not be associated with a given class of cone,
even at the level of opponent neural coding.
Temporal properties of optic flow responses in the ventral
intraparietal area
Authors: GABEL S.F. , MISSLISCH H. , SCHAAFSMA S.J. , DUYSENS J.
Published: May 2008

The ventral intraparietal area (VIP) is located at the end
of the dorsal stream. Its neurons are known to have receptive-field
characteristics similar to those of MT and MST neurons, but
little is known about the temporal characteristics of VIP
cells' responses. How fast are directionally selective
responses evoked in the ventral intraparietal area after viewing
optic flow patterns, and what are the temporal properties of
these neuronal responses? To examine these questions, we recorded
the activity of 37 directionally selective ventral intraparietal
area (VIP) neurons in two awake macaque monkeys in response
to optic flow stimuli with presentation times ranging from 17
ms to 2000 ms. We found a minimum response latency of 45 ms,
and a median latency of 152 ms. Of all neurons, 10% showed early
response components only (response latency < 150 ms and no
activity in 500–2000 ms interval after stimulus onset),
55% only late response components (response latency >150
ms and sustained activity in 500–2000 ms interval), and
35% both early and late response components. Early responses
appeared to very brief stimulus presentations (33-ms duration),
while the late responses required longer stimulus durations.
The directional selectivity was independent of optic flow duration
in all cells. These results suggest that only a subset of neurons
in area VIP may contribute to the fast processing of optic flow,
while showing that the temporal properties of VIP responses
clearly differ from the temporal characteristics of neurons
in areas MT and MST.
The Hubble hypothesis and the developmentalist's dilemma
Authors: RICHTERS JOHN E.
Published: May 2008

Developmental psychopathology stands poised at the close of the 20th century on the horns of a major scientific dilemma. The essence of this dilemma lies in the contrast between its heuristically rich open system concepts on the one hand, and the closed system paradigm it adopted from mainstream psychology for investigating those models on the other. Many of the research methods, assessment strategies, and data analytic models of psychology's paradigm are predicated on closed system assumptions and explanatory models. Thus, they are fundamentally inadequate for studying humans, who are unparalleled among open systems in their wide ranging capacities for equifinal and multifinal functioning. Developmental psychopathology faces two challenges in successfully negotiating the developmentalist's dilemma. The first lies in recognizing how the current paradigm encourages research practices that are antithetical to developmental principles, yet continue to flourish. I argue that the developmentalist's dilemma is sustained by long standing, mutually enabling weaknesses in the paradigm's discovery methods and scientific standards. These interdependent weaknesses function like a distorted lens on the research process by variously sustaining the illusion of theoretical progress, obscuring the need for fundamental reforms, and both constraining and misguiding reform efforts. An understanding of how these influences arise and take their toll provides a foundation and rationale for engaging the second challenge. The essence of this challenge will be finding ways to resolve the developmentalist's dilemma outside the constraints of the existing paradigm by developing indigenous research strategies, methods, and standards with fidelity to the complexity of developmental phenomena.
When is development disordered? Developmental psychopathology and the harmful dysfunction analysis of mental disorder
Authors: WAKEFIELD JEROME C.
Published: May 2008

One goal of developmental psychopathology is to understand the origins and course of mental disorders. I argue that pursuit of this goal requires a valid conceptual understanding of disorder and that this understanding can be provided by the “harmful dysfunction” analysis of the concept of disorder. The harmful dysfunction analysis holds that a disorder is a condition that is both harmful according to social values and caused by an internal dysfunction, that is, by a failure of an internal mechanism to perform a function for which it was naturally selected. This analysis explains why many of the distinctive features of developmental psychopathology are appropriate to the study of disorder. It is argued that the harmful dysfunction analysis is a necessary supplement to other proposed criteria for disorder, such as developmental deviation or predictive validity.
Conceptualizing psychopathology: The importance of developmental profiles
Authors: KAGAN JEROME
Published: May 2008

This paper examines critically four habits of social scientists: a reliance on constructs for processes that do not specify the class of agent or the context of action, skepticism toward empirical truths that are inconsistent with political or social goals, a reluctance to use profiles or characteristics that have different weights to classify persons, and an aversion to treating subjects with extreme values as representing special categories. These points are made in the context of the author's research on temperaments in children.
Conceptualizing and scaling the developmental structure of behavior disorder: The Lifetime Alcohol Problems Score -as an example
Authors: ZUCKER ROBERT A. , DAVIES W. HOBART , KINCAID STEPHEN B. , FITZGERALD HIRAM E. , REIDER EVE E.
Published: May 2008

We contrast the current, clinically based framework for behavior disorder against a life course framework, as an alternative structure upon which to map the variations in onset and stability of clinical symptomatology known to take place in adult life. This alternative developmental framework is used as a base around which to understand known variations in rates of alcohol abuse/dependence over the life course and to review existing schemes for the evaluation of developmental variation in “caseness.” From this work, it was proposed that symptom structure be regarded as a mass of greater or lesser breadth, with properties of extensiveness in time and life course invasiveness, as a function of where in the life course the symptomatology first emerged, and the degree to which the mass sustained itself in developmental time. This framework guided the construction of a time-based measure of alcohol related symptomatology, called the Lifetime Alcohol Problems Score (LAPS). The LAPS discriminated among a variety of alcohol-specific and nonalcohol-specific measures of alcohol-related difficulty, including diagnosis of alcohol dependence, having been in treatment, level of other psychopathology, and measures of family disorganization. The measure has potential applicability for prospective studies, and in estimating clinical prognosis. The utility of the paradigm as a framework within which to conceptualize the emergence, ebb, and flow of other behavior disorders is also discussed.
The White House Interview Program
Authors: Kumar Martha Joynt
Published: May 2008

White House transitions and operations are the focus of our
transition preparation program because of the central position of
staff in governing. A year prior to coming onto the presidential
ticket with Governor Bush, Richard Cheney spoke of the critical
importance of the White House staff to whatever it is a president
does: “It's crucial in terms of how he's going to function as
president, whether or not he's effective. His reach, his ability to
sort of guide and direct the government, to interact with the
cabinet, to deal effectively with the Congress, to manage his
relationship with the press, all of those are key ingredients to his
success.” It is the White House staff that on a daily basis manages
those crucial relationships.
To Seek Out the Best
Authors: Light Paul C. , Plowfield Carole M. , Stencel Sandra L.
Published: May 2008

Attracting the most talented citizens to public service has been a
challenge for America's leaders since the inception of our nation.
Thomas Jefferson expressed concerns about finding honest and capable
public servants for his administration, pledging “to seek out the
best through the whole Union.” No executive duty “excites more
anxious concern…” Jefferson wrote. “No duty, at the same time, is
more difficult to fulfill.”
The Transition to Governing Project
Authors: Ornstein Norman , Fortier John
Published: May 2008

Our Transition to Governing Project is dedicated to understanding and
improving the transition from campaigning to governing. Started in
1998, the project is an American Enterprise Institute project in
conjunction with the Brookings Institution and the Hoover
Institution funded by The Pew Charitable Trusts. Norman Ornstein,
AEI, and Thomas Mann, Brookings, are codirectors, and John Fortier,
AEI, manages the effort. The project has addressed the transition in
three broad areas: (1) facilitation of the transition of a new
administration into office; (2) scholarly analysis of the blurring
of the lines between campaigning and governing, sometimes referred
to as the “permanent campaign”; (3) improvement of the quality of
the presidential campaign by focusing media attention on the
governing qualities of the candidates.
The Bush Transition in Historical Context
Authors: Burke John P.
Published: May 2008

At one level, George W. Bush's transition to the presidency was
unique and without much precedent as a guide. Unlike the situation
facing his predecessors, Bush's “official” postelection transition
did not begin until December 14, the day after Al Gore's concession
speech. Roughly half the time of a “normal” transition had been lost
as the controversy over the Florida vote dragged on.
Recruiting and Organizing the White House
Staff
Authors: Kumar Martha Joynt
Published: May 2008

When terrorists struck on September 11, 2001, President Bush's
responses would develop from information and decision-making
channels established well before he entered the White House.
Organizational work during the transition and people he brought into
his administration shaped the structure he needed to respond. While
transitions color the start of an administration and its goodwill,
they are even more significant for how the administration
operates.
Strategic Choices and the Early Bush Legislative
Agenda
Authors: Edwards George C.
Published: May 2008

The early months of a new presidency represent the most important
period for establishing the tone and character of the White House's
relationship with Congress. It is the time of closest scrutiny and
the greatest vulnerability to making major mistakes. Taking the
right steps early and avoiding errors can lay the foundation for a
productive working relationship. Actions taken early create lasting
impressions.
The 2000–01 Presidential Transition: Planning, Goals and
Reality
Authors: Johnson Clay
Published: May 2008

The circumstances of the 2000–2001 presidential transition will never
be repeated, or at least I hope not for the sake of all concerned.
Nevertheless, what we planned and what actually happened are highly
relevant to future transition efforts. Most observers agree that the
Bush-Cheney Administration got off to a strong start in large part
because it made good use of the time available to it during the
abbreviated transition period. Understanding this may help future
presidents-elect plan their own transitions.
Postcards from Sisyphus: What I Saw During the
Confirmation Wars
Authors: Andres Gary J.
Published: May 2008

They called me Sisyphus at the White House. While bearing no
resemblance to the Greek king of Corinth who rolled boulders up a
mountain in Hades, I pushed nominees up Capitol Hill, helping them
win Senate confirmation. And like Sisyphus, my work often came
cascading back over me, in the form of delayed hearings, stalled
nominees and requests for additional information from Congress.
The Dynamics of Latino Political Incorporation: The 2001
Los Angeles Mayoral Election as Seen in Los Angeles
Times Exit Polls
Authors: Sonenshein Raphael J. , Pinkus Susan H.
Published: May 2008

With the 2000 census showing very large increases in Latino urban
populations, the issues of minority incorporation and interracial
coalition are becoming more complicated than politics in black and
white. Will Latino participation resemble the patterns of African
Americans, in which minority mobilization relied in part on the
support of ideological liberals? Or will the path taken by Latinos
be qualitatively different from that of African Americans?
Women, Gender, and Nonviolence in Political
Movements
Authors: Beckwith Karen
Published: May 2008

Although “the ties between women's rights movements and nonviolence
have been deep and enduring,” women's movements are not the only
movements to rely upon nonviolent collective action. The Indian
nationalist movement with Gandhi innovated with passive resistance;
the U.S. black civil rights movement employed nonviolent civil
disobedience as its major collective action; and peace and
environmental movements in the 1980s and 1990s have employed
nonviolent tactics. The ties between women's movements and
nonviolence, however, are notable insofar as nonviolent tactics
predominate in the collective action repertoires of women's
movements (Rucht forthcoming). Because nonviolent tactics prevail,
they are more visibly connected to those movements.
Why Is There Still a Controversy About Adjusting the
Census for Undercount?
Authors: Anderson Margo , Fienberg Stephen E.
Published: May 2008

We appear to agree with Brunell on four factual matters:

“Census 2000 is over; the
debate over adjusting the census is
not”.

The computer coding error
in 1990 would not have erroneously shifted any
congressional seats has adjusted data been used for
reapportionment.

In March
2001, the Census Bureau announced that it was “unable to
conclude … that the adjusted Census 2000 data are more
accurate for
redistricting.”

The Census
Bureau has refused to release the adjusted 2000 census
data.

Otherwise we find Brunell's arguments against census adjustment
either distorted or confused.
Why There Is Still a Controversy About Adjusting the
Census
Authors: Brunell Thomas L.
Published: May 2008

There is still a controversy over adjusting the census because the
statistical adjustment of the census did not work in 1990, nor did
it work in 2000. The adjustment process, in both theory and
practice, is complicated and flawed. The chance of it working in
future censuses without major changes is small. Anderson and
Fienberg continue to twist language and report partial results in
order to confuse the debate.
Enthusiasm in Teaching
Authors: Baum Lawrence
Published: May 2008

All teachers develop their own ideas about teaching and learning, but
most of us have too few opportunities to focus directly on those
ideas. Over the past few years, teaching a course on college
teaching for graduate students has given me such an opportunity. Two
years ago, my participation in a panel at the Midwest Political
Science Association meetings provided a chance to pull together some
of my thoughts about the role of the teacher. This essay presents
some of those thoughts.
Advice to New Teachers: Turn It Inside
Out
Authors: O'Leary Rosemary
Published: May 2008

While I have won eight teaching awards—two of them national—the
thought that I am capable of conveying pearls of wisdom about
teaching seems as ridiculous today as it did when I started teaching
12 years ago. I do, however, feel comfortable sharing one “secret”
of my success. My advice to new teachers is always as follows. Turn
it inside out: Focus on the students as great learners, not on
yourself as a great teacher.
Technology and Teaching: Reacting to 9/11
Authors: Hauss Charles , Miller Jed , Samuel Alexandra
Published: May 2008

Academics often treat political crises as “teachable moments.” They
step back from their syllabi and use breaking events in the “real
world” to spark classroom discussions that engage their students and
also help them see aspects of the planned course material more
clearly.
Shaking Things Up? Thoughts about the Future of Political
Science: An Introduction
Authors: Monroe Kristen Renwick
Published: May 2008

This symposium presents the remarks from a roundtable at the 2001
APSA Annual meeting. Originally conceptualized as a discussion in
which political theorists would speak with political scientists of a
more empirical orientation, the roundtable broadened its purview to
tap into the richness of the debate engendered by the Perestroika
communications that spread hroughout the discipline of political
science throughout 2000–2001. The panelists hoped to encourage
public discussion about the future of political science.
Whither Political Science?
Authors: Hardin Russell
Published: May 2008

The current debate in political science over methods and fundamental
theoretical stances recalls similar debates in other fields. Part of
the debate focuses on the merits of the use of statistical methods
or the use of mathematics and quasi-mathematical reasoning, as in
game theory and much of rational choice. Among the critics of those
who use these approaches are many who focus more on interpretive
approaches to understanding social institutions and behavior. In
some ways, the debate seems dated in that the largest and most
compelling body of quasi-economic work is broad studies of the
relationships between political and economic development. Such work,
often with relatively sharply defined statistical models, spans more
than two generations of scholars in political science. Such work has
given compelling answers to many questions about the workings and
workability of democracy. It typically abstracts from culture and it
fits congenially with rational choice theory in its focus on
microfoundations for various claims.
Politics, Political Science, and
Specialization
Authors: Jervis Robert
Published: May 2008

Contemporary political science is specialized, deeply concerned with
its methods, and politicized. It also remains peripheral to most
public debates. But the relationships among these characteristics
are ambiguous and each yields advantages as well as costs.
A Plea for Academic Pluralism (and a Little More
Intellectual Humility)
Authors: Smiley Marion
Published: May 2008

Changing the Subject (Ever So Slightly)

Let me begin with five basic points about scientific inquiry and
methodological rigor that ground my own sense of what is to be done
in the wake of current methodological battles in the fields of
political science and political theory.
Interdisciplinary Work and a Search for Shared Scientific
Standards
Authors: Monroe Kristen Renwick
Published: May 2008

I wish to address four related themes that run throughout our
discussions. In doing so, I find much about which I agree with the
other panelists although I might modify certain propositions in ways
that may alter these propositions so significantly as to be
critical.
The West Wing as a Pedagogical
Tool
Authors: Beavers Staci L.
Published: May 2008

For those who study and teach politics or history for a living,
The West Wing unsheathes a double-edged sword.
A great strength of the series is its ability to put a human face on
engaging political discussions, demonstrating that politics can be
accessible and enjoyable. However, this fictional White House also
presents potential dangers. The purpose of The West
Wing is to entertain rather than to educate, and the
program deliberately plays the emotions of viewers through such
techniques as background music and sophisticated camera work.
Shakespeare's Coriolanus in the
Political Science Classroom
Authors: Wudel Darcy
Published: May 2008

In my course, I have students read the Federalist
and some of the antifederalist writings. And I require them to read
as much of Tocqueville's Democracy in America as
possible. But I begin with Shakespeare's
Coriolanus. This choice of text is peculiar, and I
here address myself to that peculiarity. My aim is to show that
Coriolanus fits with these other works and to
show, given the depth and breadth of its themes, that it might also
profitably be read and studied in other political science courses.
To put it in the briefest compass: the more prominent themes of
Coriolanus—the nature of ancient politics,
political expertise, regimes, and the interplay of honor and
ambition—make it well suited to the exploration of politics in
general.
Indicators of the Increase of Political Science
Scholarship on Teaching and Learning in Political
Science
Authors: Kehl Jenny
Published: May 2008

What evidence can be found of political science scholarship on
teaching and learning? What questions are being asked and what
methodologies are being used by political scientists engaged in this
work? This article identifies and discusses six transformative
trends in STL, specific to the discipline of political science. The
most prominent trends are the dramatic increases in:

democratic and civic
education

the use of
technology in the
classroom

curriculum
development and innovation in teaching
strategies.

There is also evidence of
the continuing importance of diversity, experimentation with service
learning, and attention to professional development.
Virtual Regime: A New Actor in the Geopolitical Arena
Authors: Thompson Joseph E.
Published: May 2008

American foreign policy decision makers altered their understanding of the sovereign territorial state on September 11, 2001. The loss of lives and property in New York City, Washington, DC, and Pennsylvania reversed America's general belief that the oceans and superpower status guaranteed “home security.” That dramatic act of violence against civilians and symbols of U.S. culture crystallized the distinction between the ideologies of democracy and terrorism, which in turn forced geopolitical horizons to expand beyond traditional thinking.
American News Consumption during Times of National Crisis
Authors: Althaus Scott L.
Published: May 2008

This article looks at changes in the size of American news audiences during the 1990–91 Persian Gulf Crisis and the more recent period surrounding the 9/11 attacks. Like the current situation, the Persian Gulf crisis started suddenly, when Iraq launched a surprise invasion of Kuwait on August 2, 1990. Since there are clear starting points for both national crises, comparing the percentage of adults watching television news broadcasts before and after each precipitating event should show whether the respective crises prompted changes in levels of popular attention to the news.
Where's the Rally? Approval and Trust of the President, Cabinet, Congress, and Government Since September 11
Authors: Gaines Brian J.
Published: May 2008

There has been much debate over whether the United States has changed in any lasting and fundamental manners since September 11, 2001. Immediately following the carnage, editorialists and pundits proclaimed a national loss of innocence, the end of American exceptionalism, the new globalization of terror, and other cataclysmic shifts. One year later, it is still too early to be certain which claims will stand the test of time, and which will eventually come to seem overblown or simply off the mark. Our concern in this symposium is limited to civic engagement in the aftermath of the assaults, and this note will be narrower still in focus. Here, I attempt an early, mid-rally assessment of public approval of, and trust in, government and political figures.
Will 9/11 and the War on Terror Revitalize American Civic Democracy?
Authors: Skocpol Theda
Published: May 2008

Observers of American life have seen a silver lining in the dark clouds that billowed from the Twin Towers and the Pentagon on September 11, 2001. Along with the horror wrought by the terrorist attacks came an outpouring of solidarity and patriotism—a sudden change of heart for many Americans who, prior to that fateful day, had seemed to be drifting inexorably toward individualism, self-absorption, and cynical disinterest in public affairs. As Stanley Greenberg (2001) aptly puts it, suddenly the “we” mattered more than the “me.” People reached out to family members, neighbors, and friends, while proudly declaring their membership in the American national community.
Civil Liberties and the Moderate Thought Police
Authors: Dow Erin , Lendler Marc
Published: May 2008

Since the mid-1980s, academic communities have hosted an ongoing debate about the relationship between speech rights and hate speech. Many colleges established codes prohibiting speech ranging from displays of old fashioned racial bigotry to “inappropriately directed laughter” (Heyman 1996; Schiell 1998). These codes soon grew to prohibit other forms of offensive expression, including vilification based on gender, sexual preference, and some other categories comprising those described as historical victims. Stigmatizing or “assaultive” words were described as civil rights violations. Abstract rights of free expression had to be tempered with “the principle of anti-subordination;” that is, rights had to be weighed against harms to the most disadvantaged (Delgado and Stefancic 1997; Lawrence 1995).
The Isle of Ted Simulation: Teaching Collective Action in International Relations and Organization
Authors: Thomas G. Dale
Published: May 2008

The Isle of Ted Simulation is a successful teaching tool that is disarmingly simple yet repeatedly captivates participants. Although I originally designed the simulation to explain collective-action problems in American politics, almost all recent uses of the simulation have been in international relations and international organization classes. The simulation is an effective teaching tool for a wide variety of issues including:

collective goods and free riders (e.g., Olson 1971)

international organizations versus international organization and global governance versus global government (e.g., Rosenau and Czempiel 1992)

regimes and the effects of transparency (e.g., Keohane 1982, 1984; Krasner 1982; Mitchell 1994; Young 1989, 1994)

relative and absolute gains (e.g., Grieco 1988)

constructivist approaches to international relations (e.g., Wendt 1992)

rational choice models of decision making (e.g., Bueno de Mesquita 2000; Lave and March 1993; Monroe 1991)

and how the shadow of the future can engender cooperation in the present (e.g, Axelrod 1984; Hardin 1982; Shubik 1970).
Does the Wording of Syllabi Affect Student Course Assessment in Introductory Political Science Classes?
Authors: Ishiyama John T. , Hartlaub Stephen
Published: May 2008

In this article, we examine the impact of syllabi wording on how students assess a hypothetical instructor for an introductory political science course at a medium-sized state institution. Student participants were recruited from political science classes at this institution and randomly assigned to two groups. The groups were asked to review a sample syllabus from an introductory political science class and answer a number of questions regarding the instructor, as well as a few demographic questions. The syllabi were identical except for the wording of the requirements. For one group, the requirements were expressed in “rewarding” terms; for the other, the requirements were expressed in “punishing” terms.
Civic Skill Building: The Missing Component in Service Programs?
Authors: Kirlin Mary
Published: May 2008

This paper suggests one reason for the weak empirical results relative to civic engagement is that many service and volunteer programs have failed to sufficiently address development of fundamental civic skills such as expressing opinions and working collectively to achieve common interests as part of their design. As a result, while some studies of service learning participants show enhanced compassion and interest in social problems generally, those attitudinal changes do not consistently translate into behavioral changes (Eyler, Giles, and Braxton 1997; Perry and Katula 2001). This paper reviews recent empirical studies of community service, service learning, and volunteering, and then frames the consistently strong evidence that participation in clubs and organizations during adolescence leads to higher levels of civic engagement during adulthood within the political participation model developed by Verba, Schlozman, and Brady (1995).
Why Political Scientists Aren't Public Intellectuals
Authors: Stark Andrew
Published: May 2008

In a New Republic cover story published three years ago entitled “Irrational Exuberance: When Did Political Science Forget about Politics?” the journalist Jonathan Cohn (1999) lamented the disappearance of a certain kind of academic—typified by the Harvard professors James Q. Wilson, Samuel Huntington and Stanley Hoffmann—from contemporary political science departments. Wilson “was more than just a scholar,” Cohn wrote, “he was a public intellectual” whose “byline was as apt to appear on some policy-related article in the New York Times (or The New Republic) as it was on a peer-reviewed paper in the American Political Science Review.” Huntington, “arguably his generation's most influential student of international relations,” helped to start a popularly read foreign-policy journal. And Hoffmann, whose scholarship spanned “political theory, comparative government and international relations,” still found “time to write regularly for the New York Review of Books.”
Surviving the Ph.D.: Hints for Navigating the Sometimes Stormy Seas of Graduate Education in Political Science
Authors: Cohen David B.
Published: May 2008

The scene is a familiar one: two graduate students, alike in most respects, but headed down divergent paths. Both students entered the Ph.D. program in political science at the same time with similar credentials and similar goals. While having coffee one day, the two reminisced about their graduate experiences and their respective futures. Graduate Student X was lamenting that after four full years in the Ph.D. program, he still hadn't reached the dissertation stage. Graduate Student Y, on the other hand, was in very good spirits—she had finished the dissertation and secured the job of her choice. What distinguishes these two very similar individuals who achieved very different results?
Congressional Fellowship Program celebrates 50 years with 2002-2003 Class of Fellows
Authors: Dougherty Sarah Mi Ra
Published: May 2008

As the APSA Congressional Fellowship Program enters its fiftieth year, it welcomes the 2002-2003 class of fellows, who will join more than 1900 alumni since 1953 in gaining a “hands-on” understanding of Congress. While the fellowship was first founded so that political scientists and journalists could transmit their legislative experiences to the classroom and to the public, it has since expanded to share the benefits of such study to other professional fields. These are represented by the Federal Executive and Foreign Affairs fellows, Robert Wood Johnson health policy fellows, Native American Hatfield fellows, Carl Albert fellows, American Sociological Association fellows, and by the international scholars sponsored by the Senior Fulbright Scholars program, the Asia Foundation, and the German Marshall Fund of the United States. Now half a century old, the Congressional Fellowship Program continues to benefit from the generosity of Congressional Quarterly, Inc., the John S. and James L. Knight Foundation, and MCI.
IPSA Goes to Africa, 2003
Authors: McClain Paula D. , Gibson James L.
Published: May 2008

The 2003 World Congress of the International Political Science Association will be held in Durban, South Africa, in June/July 2003. The overall theme for the congress is “Democracy, Tolerance, Justice: Challenges for Political Change.” The Congress promises to be one of the most intellectually stimulating and exciting meetings IPSA has ever hosted. The meeting is also historic since IPSA has never held a World Congress in Africa.
The White House 2001 Project
Authors: Kumar Martha Joynt , Sullivan Terry
Published: May 2008

The White House 2001 Project includes two programs designed to ease
the entry into office of new administration members. The two are the
White House Interview Program (WHIP) and Nomination Forms
Online (NFO).
THE RESULT MODEL OF PRECEDENT
Authors: Horty John F.
Published: May 2008

The result model of precedent holds that a legal precedent controls a fortiori cases—those cases, that is, that are at least as strong for the winning side of the precedent as the precedent case itself. This paper defends the result model against some objections by Larry Alexander, drawing on ideas from the field of Artificial Intelligence and Law in order to define an appropriate strength ordering for cases.
SPEECH AND OTHER ACTS
Authors: Brison Susan J.
Published: May 2008

In an article published in 2001, Charles W. Collier raises a number of objections to my article “Speech, Harm, and the Mind-Body Problem in First Amendment Jurisprudence,” beginning with an implicit objection embedded in the subtitle of his article: “Hate Speech and the Mind-Body Problem: A Critique of Postmodern Censorship Theory.” Since I advocate neither postmodernism nor censorship, and since I would have thought that “postmodern censorship” was an oxymoron, I found this characterization of my position surprising, to say the least. Collier does not define “postmodern censorship theory” or even “postmodernism,” but he helpfully includes a note citing Steven Gey's article, “The Case against Postmodern Censorship Theory.” Gey, in turn, claims to have picked up the terminology from an article by Kathleen Sullivan, “Free Speech Wars.” Curiously, though, Sullivan nowhere uses the phrase “postmodern censorship theory” in the article cited, although she does discuss a group of leftist legal theorists she dubs “the new speech regulators,” arguing that they:
demand a response from those who would leave speech mostly deregulated; and they deserve a response that goes beyond the rote and reflexive invocation of free speech as an article of faith. The appeal to the First Amendment as self-evident truth may be no more effective, as Professor Henry Louis Gates Jr. recently cautioned, than Samuel Johnson's attempt to refute Bishop Berkeley merely by kicking a stone.
CONDITIONAL INTENT AND MENS REA
Authors: Yaffe Gideon
Published: May 2008

There are many categories of action to which specific acts belong only if performed with some particular intention. Our commonsense concepts of types of action are sensitive to intent—think of the difference between lying and telling an untruth, for instance—but the law is replete with clear and unambiguous examples. Assault with intent to kill and possession of an illegal drug with intent to distribute are both much more serious crimes than mere assault and mere possession. A person is guilty of a crime of attempt—attempted murder, for instance, or attempted rape—only if that person had the intention to perform a crime. Under the federal carjacking law, an act of hijacking an automobile counts as carjacking only if performed with the intention to kill or inflict serious bodily harm on the driver of the car. In all of these cases, the question of whether or not a particular defendant had the precise intention necessary for the crime can make a huge difference, often a difference of years in prison, but sometimes literally a difference of life or death; sometimes whether the crime is one for which the death penalty can be given turns solely on the question of whether or not the actor had the relevant intention.
Crossover is not a consequence of neglect: A test of the
orientation/estimation hypothesis
Authors: MENNEMEIER MARK , VEZEY ELSIE , LAMAR, MELISSA , JEWELL GEORGE
Published: May 2008

Most patients with neglect demonstrate a crossover effect on
line bisection. Crossover refers to a pattern of performance
in which long lines (>10 cm) are bisected ipsilateral to
brain injury and short lines (<2 cm) are bisected contralateral
to brain injury. Crossover bisections on short lines are of
interest because they are not predicted by contemporary theories
concerning neglect. However, we propose that the effect depends
on two independent factors that normally influence bisection
performance but are merely exaggerated in neglect—a tendency
to overestimate the length of short lines and underestimate
long lines and a tendency to orient attention preferentially
in one spatial direction. We predicted that both patients with
unilateral left and right hemisphere injury would demonstrate
crossover on line bisection and that they would overestimate
short lines and underestimate long lines upon direct visual
inspection. Further, the 2 groups were predicted to demonstrate
crossover in opposite directions owing to different lesion-induced
biases in attentional orientation. Testing 5 patients with right
hemisphere injury and 7 patients with left hemisphere injury
confirmed each prediction. Additionally, errors in length
estimation were exaggerated among patients with right hemisphere
injury, most of whom had neglect. It is concluded that while
crossover is accentuated in cases of neglect, it is not a
consequence of neglect per se. As such, crossover
bisections are not at odds with contemporary neglect theory.
(JINS, 2002, 8, 107–114.)
OPTIMAL GROWTH, DEBT, CORRUPTION, AND R&D
Authors: Dimaria Charles-Henri , Le Van Cuong
Published: May 2008

This paper analyzes optimal paths in a one-sector growth model when the technology is not convex. In such a case, we prove that optimal paths converge to the upper steady state iff the initial wealth is above a critical level. Then, we first show that, thanks to debt and/or R&D, the poverty trap may be avoided. Second, we introduce a distortion: corruption that mostly has dramatic consequences on growth, but may have a beneficial effect if it is not high and if it improves productivity (incentive effect).
UNIT ROOTS, TREND BREAKS, AND TRANSITORY DYNAMICS: A MACROECONOMIC PERSPECTIVE
Authors: Kilian Lutz , Ohanian Lee E.
Published: May 2008

It is common to interpret rejections of the unit-root null hypothesis in favor of a trend stationary process with possible trend breaks as evidence that the data are better characterized as stationary about a broken trend. This interpretation is valid only if the model postulated under the alternative hypothesis is the only plausible alternative to the model postulated under the null. We argue that there are economically plausible models that are not well captured under either the null hypothesis or the alternative hypothesis of these tests. We show that applied researchers who ignore this possibility are likely to reject the unit-root null with high probability in favor of a trend stationary process with possible breaks. Our evidence shows that this potential pitfall is both economically relevant and quantitatively important. We explore the extent to which applied users may mitigate inferential errors by using finite-sample and bootstrap critical values.