bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
65 Evaluation of Calcium to Phosphorus Ratio in Spot Urine Samples as a Practical Method to Monitor Phosphorus Intake Adequacy in Sows
Authors: Capdeville Mariola Grez , Crenshaw Tom D
Published: May 2021

The reliability of spot urinary Ca to P ratio (uCa:P) to assess P intake adequacy in sows was evaluated. Thirty-six multiparous sows were fed one of six concentrations of dietary total P (0.40, 0.48, 0.56, 0.64, 0.72, and 0.80%), with a constant Ca to total P ratio (1.25:1), from day 7.5+1 after breeding until the end of lactation (day 26.6+1). Total 24-hour urine samples were collected in mid (day 77.1+2) and late gestation (day 112.4+1), and early (day 4.5+1 and late (day 18.2+1) lactation. In parallel to 24-hour collections, spot urine samples were collected at three times (early morning, late morning, and late afternoon) in late gestation and late lactation. Urine Ca and P concentrations were measured and uCa:P was calculated. Sows were classified as P-adequate or P-deficient according to dietary P intake. Sows fed P-deficient diets had greater uCa:P than sows fed P-adequate diets (P < 0.001). Receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curves were used to determine cut-off values for uCa:P to predict P intake adequacy. The area under the ROC for uCa:P was 0.88 (95% CI 0.81–0.95). Best cut-off value of uCa:P was 1.5 (sensitivity 94% and specificity 68%) to identify sows fed P-deficient diets, and 0.5 for P-excessive diets (sensitivity 82% and specificity 82%). A strong relationship between uCa:P in 24-hour and spot urine samples was determined (r = 0.93, P < 0.01), independent of physiological state and collection time of spot samples (adjusted-R2 = 0.86, P < 0.01). The degree of agreement between spot and 24-hour urine for P intake adequacy, assessed by Cohen’s weighted kappa analysis, was substantial (0.78, 95% CI 0.69–0.88). Measurements of uCa:P in spot urine samples provide a reliable prediction of the adequacy of P intake in reproducing sows. Values of uCa:P > 1.5 were associated with P-deficient diets, whereas uCa:P < 0.5 reflected excessive P intake.
66 Strategies to Improve Phosphorus Utilization in Growing Pigs: Depletion-repletion Protocols
Authors: Lautrou Marion , Pomar Candido , Schmidely Philippe , Létourneau-Montminy Marie-Pierre
Published: May 2021

To optimize the use of dietary P by pigs, 5 feeding strategies were studied in a 3-phase feeding trial on 240 pigs (initial bodyweight (BW) of 31 kg): 1) C-C-C providing 100% of digestible phosphorus (Pdig, 4.3 g/kg STTD) and calcium (Ca, 9.7 g/kg) requirement to maximize bone mineralization, 2) L-L-L 60% of the Pdig and Ca requirements of C-C-C, 3) Phyt-Phyt-Phyt (phosphate-free, with phytase, 750, 686, 390 FTU/kg), providing 60% of Pdig and Ca requirements in phase 1, then 100%, 4) and 5) C in phases 1 and 3, and 60% of the need for Pdig in phase 2, associated with 65% of the requirements for Ca (N) or 80% (H), namely C-N-C and C-H-C. The BW and bone mineral content (BMC) were measured at the beginning and end of each phase. The BMC gain (gBMC), average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) were calculated by phase. In phase 1, ADG was lower in the Phyt group than the C group (1.05 vs 1.10 kg/d, P < 0.01) and the BMC of group C and gBMC were higher than those of the Phyt and B groups (P < 0.05). In phase 2, C-C and Phyt-Phyt groups had similar BMC due to higher gBMC in the Phyt-Phyt (27.1 vs 18.4 g/d, P < 0.01). At the end of phases 2 and 3, C-C-C, C-N-C and C-H-C groups had similar BMC. The Phyt and B groups showed an increased phosphorus-use efficiency during phases 1 and 2 (+20% vs C). Phosphorus retention was also higher in the C-N-C and C-H-C groups, during the depletion in phase 2 (+24% vs C, P< 0.05). These results showed the potential of a depletion-repletion strategy including free phosphate diet to reduce phosphorus intake and excretion without affecting final growth performance and bone mineralization because of increased minerals utilization efficacies.
62 Growth Performance and Mineral Status of 6 Kg Piglets Fed Reduced Levels of Dietary Calcium
Authors: Merriman Laura A , Wyatt Craig , Létourneau-Montminy Marie-Pierre , Rousseau Xaviere , Bussières Dan
Published: May 2021

Imbalances between calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) impair growth performance and bone mineralization. However, reducing dietary limestone may change the buffering capacity of feed in early nursery piglets, which may help prevent post-weaning diarrhea. An experiment was conducted to evaluate the impact of reducing Ca post weaning compared to recommendations outlined by NRC (2012) or a low P diet. Dietary treatments consisted of 1) Low Ca (LCa; Phase 1, 0.51% Ca and 0.47% STTD P), 2) NRC recommendations (NRC; Phase 1, 0.85% Ca and 0.42% STTD P), and 3) a recommendation lower in phosphorus (LP; Phase 1, 0.65% Ca and 0.36% STTD P). Each diet was fed over 4 phases. Piglets (n = 953; 276/275 Fast X PIC 800 genetics) were blocked by room, sex, and initial BW (6 kg). Feed intake and pig weights were recorded weekly. At 12 d and 41 d, blood was collected and Dual-X ray (DXA) measurements were taken using 8 piglets per treatment. Fecal scores were evaluated during wk 4 and 5. Data were analyzed using MIXED procedure of SAS (SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC). There were no differences observed in mortality, overall growth performance, plasma Ca and P, and scour scores at either time point. At 12 d, the bone mineral content was reduced (P = 0.001) in LP pigs compared to LCa and NRC. At 41 d, bone mineral content was reduced in NRC in comparison to LCa while LP was intermediate (P = 0.001). Plasma parameters showed an increased magnesium (Mg) and Ca:Mg in LCa (P < 0.01) that can be related to bone resorption to face Ca hypocalcemia. Pigs were healthy with no enteric challenges, limiting the ability to observe a benefit in fecal scores. In conclusion, piglets can maintain growth and bone mineralization through a short-term limestone removal program.
63 Effect of a Novel Consensus Bacterial 6-phytase Variant on Mineral Digestibility and Bone Ash in Young Growing Pigs Fed Diets with Low and High Soluble Limestone
Authors: Velayudhan Deepak E , Kumar Arun , Dersjant-Li Yueming
Published: May 2021

The effect of a novel consensus bacterial 6-phytase variant (PhyG) on total tract digestibility (ATTD) of minerals and bone ash was evaluated in piglets fed diets with low and high soluble limestone (LSLM and HSLM, 69 and 92% solubility at 5 min). For each limestone, 8 diets were formulated: an inorganic phosphate-free negative control (NC) diet based on wheat, corn, soybean-meal, canola-meal and rice-barn [0.18% standardized total tract digestible (STTD) P and 0.58% Ca], NC supplemented with 250, 500, 1,000 or 2,000 FTU/kg of PhyG, or with monocalcium phosphate (MCP) to formulate 3 positive controls with 0.21, 0.27, 0.33% STTD P, and 0.64, 0.70 and 0.75% Ca, respectively. In total 128 pigs (12.8 ± 1.33 kg, n=8) were adapted for 14 d followed by 4 d of fecal collection. Femurs were collected on the last day. Data were analyzed as one-way ANOVA and means separated by Tukey test. In addition, a 2 × 4 factorial analysis was performed to test the effect of limestone solubility at different MCP levels in control diets, a 2 × 5 factorial analysis was performed to determine the effect of limestone solubility at different phytase levels. Phytase dose-response was analyzed by orthogonal polynomial. Across phytase diets, HSLM reduced (P < 0.05) ATTD Ca and P compared with LSLM. A consistent negative effect on ATTD P was also observed with HSLM in control diets. Across limestones, increasing phytase increased (P < 0.05) ATTD Ca and P in a linear or exponential manner. Limestone solubility had no impact (P = 0.69) on bone ash. PhyG linearly increased (P < 0.05) bone ash and 250 FTU/kg of PhyG maintained bone ash compared to PC. In conclusion, limestone solubility showed a negative impact on ATTD P and Ca, the novel consensus phytase improved ATTD P and Ca regardless of limestone.
64 Total Replacement of Inorganic Phosphorus by a Novel Consensus Bacterial 6-phytase Variant in Grower Pigs Fed Corn-soybean Meal-based Diets
Authors: Velayudhan Deepak E , Gracia Marta , Marchal Leon , Dersjant-Li Yueming
Published: May 2021

The efficacy of a novel consensus bacterial 6-phytase variant (PhyG) to totally replace dietary inorganic phosphorus (Pi) was evaluated in grower pigs fed diets with reduced net energy (NE) and digestible amino acids (AA), using growth performance and total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients as outcome measures. A total of 352 growing pigs (23.4 ± 1.3 kg) were randomized to 4 dietary treatments with 8 pigs/pen and 11 pens/treatment. Diets were corn, soybean meal, distiller’s dried grains with solubles and wheat middlings based, formulated by phase (Grower 1, 25 to 50 kg and Grower 2, 50 to 75 kg). The positive control (PC) diet provided adequate energy and nutrients. A negative control diet was formulated without Pi (0.12% STTD P) and reduced Ca (-0.12 to -0.13 percentage points), NE (-32 kcal/kg) and essential AA (-0.15 to 0.3 percentage points) vs. PC. The NC was supplemented with 500 or 1,000 FTU/kg of PhyG. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance and orthogonal polynomial were used for linear response to increasing PhyG. Nutrient reductions in the NC reduced (P < 0.05) average daily gain (ADG) during both phases and overall, increased (P < 0.05) feed conversion ratio (FCR) and tended to reduce (P < 0.1) feed intake during Grower 1 and overall, vs. PC. Supplementation of PhyG showed linear improvement (P < 0.05) in FCR during Grower 1 and ADG during Grower 2 and PhyG at 1,000 FTU/kg maintained a similar growth performance compared to PC. Addition of PhyG improved (P < 0.001) ATTD P and tended to improve ATTD of DE (P < 0.1) in linear manner. In conclusion, the novel consensus phytase can replace Pi and compensate for the reduction of Ca, NE and digestible AA in grower pig diets with equal performance compared to the nutrients adequate positive control.
61 Effects of Reducing the Concentration of Ca and P and Increasing Microbial Phytase on Gastric Ph, Fecal Score, Growth Performance, and Bone Ash of Weanling Pigs
Authors: Lagos Vanessa , Bedford Mike R , Stein Hans H
Published: May 2021

An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that lowering dietary Ca and P reduces gastric pH and diarrhea of weanling pigs, but microbial phytase overcomes negative effects of low Ca and P on growth performance and bone ash. A total of 320 weanling pigs (6.35 ± 0.87 kg) were allotted to 8 corn-soybean meal-based diets in a randomized complete block design with 5 pigs/pen. Two phase 1 (d 1 to 14) control diets contained 100 or 50% of total Ca and digestible P relative to the requirement, and 6 diets in which 500, 2,000, or 16,000 units/kg of phytase was added to each control diet were formulated. Common diets were fed in phases 2 (d 15 to 27) and 3 (d 28 to 42). Fecal scores were recorded in phase 1 and growth performance data were recorded within each phase. Gastric pH was measured in 1 pig/pen on d 14; on d 14 and 42, the right femur of 1 pig/pen was collected. Data were analyzed using contrast statements in SAS. Results indicated that during phase 1, lowering Ca and P did not reduce gastric pH or fecal score, but the 50%-diets reduced (P < 0.05) average daily gain and average daily feed intake of pigs compared with the 100%-diets (Table 1). Phytase above 500 units/kg increased (P < 0.05) gain:feed ratio and tended (P < 0.10) to decrease gastric pH. Pigs fed the 50%-diets had reduced (P < 0.05) bone ash at d 14 and 42 compared with pigs fed the 100%-diets regardless of phytase inclusion level. In conclusion, reducing Ca and P in diets for weanling pigs does not decrease gastric pH or fecal score, but compromises growth performance and bone mineralization. However, super-dosing of phytase increases G:F of pigs regardless of dietary Ca and P concentration.
98 Buttiauxella Phytase Improves Growth Performance of Weanling Pigs Fed Corn, Soybean Meal, and Canola Meal Based Diets
Authors: Rundle Carly M , Dersjant-Li Yueming , Hillen Barthold , Oliveira Maryane S Sespere Faria , Stein Hans H
Published: May 2021

An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that a Buttiauxella phytase expressed in T. reesei can compensate the reduction in standardized total tract digestible (STTD) P, Ca, digestible energy (DE), and standardized ileal digestible (SID) AA in diets for pigs without impaired growth performance. A positive control diet (PC) was formulated to meet the requirement for STTD P and total Ca (0.33% STTD P and 0.60% Ca). A negative control diet (NC) was formulated with 0.18% STTD P and 0.45% Ca and with reduction of DE by 43 kcal/kg and SID AA by 0.01–0.02% vs. PC. Adding 250, 500, or 1,000 phytase units (FTU) per kg to the NC diet for a total of 5 experimental diets formulated three additional diets. A total of 155 pigs (BW: 8.77 ± 1.38 kg) were allotted to the 5 treatments, and there were 8 replicate pens per treatment. The experiment was conducted for 21 d. Pigs were weighed at the beginning and conclusion of the experiment, and daily feed allotments were recorded. Average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and gain: feed ratio (G:F) were calculated for each treatment. Data were analyzed using contrast statements to compare PC and NC, PC and phytase, and to determine linear and quadratic effects of phytase. Results indicated that pigs fed the NC diet had reduced (P < 0.05) ADG and G:F compared with pigs fed the PC diet (Table 1). Adding phytase to NC increased ADFI (linear, P < 0.05) and ADG (quadratic, P < 0.05) with the greatest values for the 1,000 FTU treatment. Including phytase in the diet also resulted in a quadratic increase (P < 0.05) in G:F. In conclusion, Buttiauxella phytase may be included in diets with reduced nutrients and energy for weanling pigs without compromising pig growth performance.
96 Nutrient Digestibility of Toasted Soybean Meal and Untoasted Soybean Meal Extruded at Different Temperatures by Weanling Pigs
Authors: Milani Natália C , Paula Vinicius R C , Azevedo Cândida P F , Sedano Anderson A , Junior Hélio Moreira , Duarte Dave H A , Ruiz Urbano S Santos
Published: May 2021

The apparent and standardized ileal digestibility (AID and SID) of AA and CP and the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of toasted soybean meal (SBM) and untoasted soybean meal (USM) extruded at 86°C (USM86), 120°C (USM120) and 149°C (USM149) were evaluated. USM was extruded mixed with corn starch (396.5g/kg USM and 603.5g/kg corn starch) in a single-screw extruder (MEX 250, Manzoni, Campinas, Brazil). Thirty-six barrows (7.69±0.89 kg BW) were fed a N-free diet, or four diets composed of 30% of each ingredient, as the only source of N, substituting for starch in N-free diet. Pigs were fed at 2.8 x maintenance (2.8 x 106 kcal digestible energy/kg BW0.75) for 10 days (5 d adaptation, 5 d feces collection), and on day 11 piglets were euthanized for ileal digesta collection. A randomized block design was used, with 8 replicates, using the pig as the experimental unit. ANOVA was performed and means were separated using Tukey test (5%). Increasing extrusion temperatures reduced trypsin inhibitors concentrations from 28.24 in USM to 3.51, 1.37, and 1.12 mg/g CP in USM86, USM122, and USM137, respectively, and 2.37 mg/g CP was found in SBM. USM86 showed lower (P < 0.05) ATTD of DM (8–13%), GE (2–4%), and CP (12–16%) compared to SBM, USM120 and USM149, which did not differ (P >0.05). The ATTD of EE of SBM was 17–19% higher (P < 0.05) than of USM86 and USM120, which were similar (P > 0.05) to each other and greater (P < 0.05) than that of USM149. Extrusion at 86oC was insufficient to inactivate anti-nutritional factors and resulted in reductions (P < 0.05) of 25–29% and 27–31% in CP and AA AID and SID compared to SBM, USM120, and USM149, which were, in general, similar (P > 0.05). Soybean meal extruded at 120 and 139°C presented a similar nutritional value to toasted soybean meal.
99 Evaluation of IFTA NBS Alone and in Combination with Zinc Oxide on Antibiotic Free Programs During Nursery
Authors: Silva Gustavo , Knopf Brandon , Peterson Beau A , Pie Julia , Domenech Carlos , Díez David , Tesouro Anna
Published: May 2021

The objective was to evaluate the effect of IFTA NBS on productive performance in pigs from nursery until the end of 1st grow-finish phase. Total of 1,200 pigs (PIC 337 x 1050; PIC, Hendersonville, TN) were allotted in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) and assigned to blocks based on weight and sex, random allocated to pens with 25 pigs/pen. Diet changes occurred in 4 phases: N1 lasting 7 days, N2 14 days, N3 21 days and F1 21 days. Animals were random assigned to 4 treatments: T1) zinc oxide (ZnO) during N1 (3000 ppm) and N2 (2500 ppm) with no antibiotics; T2) carbadox at 50 g/ton in N1 and N2; T3) IFTA NBS at 500 g/ton during N1, N2 and N3; and T4) IFTA NBS at 500 g/ton during N1, N2 and N3 along with ZnO in N1 (3000 ppm) and N2 (2500 ppm). Treatments were fed a common diet during F1. Outcomes were analyzed as RCBD using SAS PROC GLIMMIX with pen as experimental unit, treatment as main effect and block as random effect. There were significant differences (P < 0.05) in weights and average daily gain (ADG) between T2 and T3 during N2. Significant differences on average daily feed intake (ADFI) were observed between T1 and T2 vs. T3 during N2, and between T2 and T3 during N3. During nursery period (N1-N3), ADG and ADFI were different (P < 0.05) between T2 and T3. By the end of the trial, a significant difference in gain:feed between T2 and T3 was detected. Under the conditions of this study, IFTA NBS in combination with ZnO could replace carbadox as it obtained similar weight and FCR during nursery. In addition, the response on gain:feed during the first grow-finish phase deserves further investigation since suggests a beneficial residual effect of IFTA NBS.
125 Effects of Dietary Fiber Supplementation in Late Gestation on Farrowing Characteristics and Sows and Litters Performance
Authors: Valadares Willian R , Leal Leonardo A , de Almeida Kevin , Perondi Dani , Kummer Rafael , Vier Carine M , Lu Ning , Orlando Uislei A , Ulguim Rafael R , Bortolozzo Fernando P , Mellagi Ana Paula G
Published: May 2021

Our objective was to evaluate the effects of dietary fiber supplementation in late gestation on farrowing characteristics and sow and piglet’s performance. On d 105 of gestation, a total of 420 sows were selected according to body condition score, caliper units and parity (0 to 6), and randomly assigned to one of two treatments in a completely randomized design. Treatments included 1) Low fiber diet (LF) with 2.02% crude fiber; and 2) High fiber diet (HF) with 5.12% crude fiber. The LF diet was based on corn and soybean meal with 3.26 Mcal of ME/kg and 0.60% SID Lys. The HF diet was corn-soybean meal-based with 10% soy hulls, containing 3.13 Mcal/kg and 0.60% SID Lys. Sows in both treatments were fed 1.8 kg/d. Fecal score was daily evaluated until farrowing. Farrowing duration and birth weight of born alive and stillborn piglets were recorded. The farrowing was manually assisted when the birth interval was longer than 30 min. Data were analyzed by the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS, and comparisons were performed with Student’s t-test at 5% of significance. Sows fed HF diet had fewer days with dry feces compared to those fed LF diet (P = 0.008). No evidence for treatment effects were observed on farrowing duration (P = 0.25) and farrowing assistance (P = 0.09). Sows fed HF diet had greater number of total piglets born (P = 0.01), but there was no evidence (P > 0.05) for treatment differences on the percentage of piglets born alive, stillborn piglets, or mummified fetuses. Piglets from sows fed LF diet had a greater birth weight than those from sows fed HF diet (P = 0.04). No evidence for differences were observed between treatments for pre-weaning mortality, number and weight of weaned pigs (P > 0.05). In conclusion, the HF diet did not show positive effects on farrowing duration, farrowing assistance, and sow and piglet performance.
122 A Mechanistic Model of Growth and Amino Acid Deposition in the Pregnant Sow: Model Development, Evaluation, and Application
Authors: Ramirez-Camba Christian D , Levesque Crystal L
Published: May 2021

A mechanistic model was developed with the objective to characterize weight gain and essential amino acid (EAA) deposition in the different tissue pools that make up the pregnant sow: placenta, allantoic fluid, amniotic fluid, fetus, uterus, mammary gland, and maternal body were considered. The data used in this modelling approach were obtained from published scientific articles reporting weights, crude protein (CP), and EAA composition in the previously mentioned tissues; studies reporting not less than 5 datapoints across gestation were considered. A total of 12 scientific articles published between 1977 and 2020 were selected for the development of the model and the model was validated using 11 separate scientific papers. The model consists of three connected sub-models: protein deposition (Pd) model, weight gain model, and EAA deposition model. Weight gain, Pd, and EAA deposition curves were developed with nonparametric statistics using splines regression. The validation of the model showed a strong agreement between observed and predicted growth (r2 = 0.92, root mean square error = 3%). The proposed model also offered descriptive insights into the weight gain and Pd during gestation. The model suggests that the definition of time-dependent Pd is more accurately described as an increase in fluid deposition during mid-gestation coinciding with a reduction in Pd. In addition, due to differences in CP composition between pregnancy-related tissues and maternal body, Pd by itself may not be the best measurement criteria for the estimation of EAA requirement in pregnant sows. The proposed model also captures the negative maternal Pd that occurs in late gestation and indicates that litter size influences maternal tissue mobilization more than parity. The model predicts that the EAA requirements in early and mid-gestation are 75, 55 and 50% lower for primiparous sows than parity 2, 3 and 4+ sows, respectively, which suggest the potential benefits of parity segregated feeding.
120 Impact of a Two-phase Lactation Feeding Program on Farrowing and Weaning Performance of Sows
Authors: Blomme Allison K , Weihs Nick , Jolliff James , Kellner Trey A
Published: May 2021

The U.S. Pork Industry uses a one-phase lactation feeding program based on logistical constraints and ease. The objective of this experiment was to quantify the sow performance differences between a one-phase and two-phase lactation feeding program to allow pork producers to calculate the economics of switching to a two-phase lactation feeding program. 257 gilts and sows (PIC 1050; Hendersonville, TN) were randomly assigned to a two-phase or one-phase lactation feeding program. Animals on the one-phase treatment were fed a typical lactation diet (2.55 Mcal/kg NE, 12.7% NDF, 0.99% SID Lys) for the duration of the experiment. Animals on the two-phase treatment were fed a high-fiber, lower-lysine transition diet (2.35 Mcal/kg NE, 18.5% NDF, 0.65% SID Lys) from the time they were loaded into the farrowing room until switching to the lactation diet on d 3 post-farrowing. From loading to farrowing, animals on both treatments were fed 1.82 kg/d, split between 2 meals at 630 and 1530 h. Daily feed amount was increased on the farrowing day and the 2 subsequent days (2.73, 4.09, 5.45 kg) until allowed ad libitum access to the lactation feed for both treatment groups on the third day after farrowing. Data were analyzed using Proc MIXED (SAS 9.4; Cary, NC) with treatment as the main effect and sow as the experimental unit. Comparing treatments, no significant differences on total born (one-phase = 16.2 vs. two-phase = 16.0, pigs/litter), live born (one-phase = 14.6 vs. two-phase = 14.4, pigs/litter), stillborn rate (one-phase = 8.1% vs. two-phase = 7.4%), number weaned (one-phase = 12.1 vs. two-phase = 11.9, pigs/litter), or weaning weight (one-phase = 5.67 vs. two-phase = 5.71, kg/pig; P ≥ 0.37) were detected. In conclusion, a two-phase lactation feeding program did not impair sow performance can be utilized to reduce lactation feed costs by $0.42/female/lactation cycle.
165 Effects of Digestible Lysine Level on Growth Performance and Economics of Grow-finish Pigs
Authors: Becker Larissa L , Scholtz Emily E , DeRouchey Joel M , Tokach Mike D , Woodworth Jason C , Goodband Robert D , Gebhardt Jordan T , De Jong Jon A , Wu Fangzhou , Gourley Kiah M , Neill Casey R
Published: May 2021

A total of 2,124 barrows and gilts (PIC 1050′DNA 600, initially 48.9 kg) were used in a 32-d study to determine the optimal dietary standardized ileal digestibility (SID) Lys level in a commercial setting. Pigs were randomly allotted to 1 of 5 dietary treatments with 24 to 27 pigs/pen and 16 replications/treatment. Similar number of barrows and gilts were placed in each pen. Diets were fed over 3 phases (48.9 to 58.6, 58.6 to 70.9, and 70.9 to 80.8 kg respectively). Dietary treatments were corn-soybean meal-based and contained 10 (phase 1 and 2) or 5% (phase 3) distillers dried grains with solubles. Diets were formulated to 85, 95, 103, 110, or 120% of the current Pig Improvement Company (PIC, Hendersonville, TN) SID Lys gilt recommendations with phase 1 SID Lys levels of 0.90, 1.01, 1.09, 1.17 and 1.27%, phase 2 levels of 0.79, 0.87, 0.94, 1.03, and 1.10%, and phase 3 levels of 0.71, 0.78, 0.85, 0.92, and 0.99%, respectively. Dose response curves were evaluated using linear (LM), quadratic polynomial (QP), broken-line linear (BLL), and broken-line quadratic (BLQ) models. For each response variable, the best-fitting model was selected using the Bayesian information criterion. Overall (d 0 to 32), increasing SID Lys increased (linear, P< 0.001) BW, ADG, G:F, Lys intake/d, and Lys intake/kg of gain. Modeling margin over feed cost (MOFC), BLL and QP estimated the requirement at 105.8% and 113.7% respectively. In summary, while growth increased linearly up to 120% of the PIC current feeding level, the optimal MOFC was 106% to 114% depending on the model used.
169 The Effect of Standardized Ileal Digestible isoleucine:lysine in Diets Containing 20% Dried Distillers Grains with Solubles on Finishing Pig Performance and Carcass Characteristics
Authors: Clizer David A , Samuel Ryan S , Cline Paul M
Published: May 2021

Previous research suggests an increase of the isoleucine (Ile) requirement for late finishing pigs. Diets containing dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) provide excess leucine which can lead to changes in available Ile due to the antagonistic relationship of branched chain amino acids. Therefore, the Ile requirement in finishing diets containing DDGS deserve to be re-evaluated. A finishing study was conducted to determine the standardized ileal digestible (SID) Ile:Lysine (Lys) requirement in diets containing 20% DDGS. Pigs (n = 2,268; 82.3 ± 0.39 kgs) were used in a 56-d trial (14 replicates per treatment). Pens were assigned to one of six dietary treatments balancing for previous treatment. Treatments consisted of a corn-soybean meal diet (CS) or diets containing 20% DDGS with a SID Ile:lys ratio of 55, 60, 65, 70, or 75%. Data was analyzed as a randomized complete block, pair-wise comparisons and single degree of freedom orthogonal polynomials (DDGS diets only) were used to evaluate treatment responses, and pen was the experimental unit. Increasing the SID Ile:Lys did not impact cumulative performance of pigs fed diets containing 20% DDGS (P > 0.175). Pigs fed CS had improved (P < 0.010) ADFI compared to pigs fed SID Ile:Lys of 65 and 75% and tended (P = 0.084) to have greater ADG than 55 and 75% Ile:Lys treatments. Feed efficiency did not differ due to treatment (P = 0.427). Increasing the SID Ile:Lys to 65% in 20% DDGS diets decreased back fat and increased loin depth (quadratic; P < 0.029) and tended to increase percent lean (quadratic; P = 0.076), but did not alter hot carcass weight (P > 0.428). Pigs fed CS diets had greater hot carcass weights (P < 0.031) compared to pigs fed DDGS diets except for pigs fed 60% Ile:Lys diets. These data suggest a SID Ile:Lys of 60% is required to maximize growth performance and SID Ile:Lys of 65% increases carcass traits in diets containing 20% DDGS.
171 Effects of Dietary Valine, Isoleucine, and Tryptophan Supplementations to Diets Containing Excess Leucine on Nitrogen Balance of Growing Pigs
Authors: Kwon Woongbi Bi , Soto Jose A , Stein Hans H
Published: May 2021

An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that increasing concentrations of dietary Val, Ile, or Trp alone or in combination will alleviate negative effects of excess dietary Leu on N balance of growing pigs. Seventy-two barrows (initial body weight: 33.9 ± 2.6 kg) were housed in metabolism crates and randomly assigned to 1 of 8 diets and 3 blocks with 3 pigs per diet in each block in a 12-d experiment. Treatments were arranged in a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial with the main effects of L-Val (0 or 0.1%), L-Ile (0 or 0.1%), and L-Trp (0 or 0.05%) that were added to a basal diet containing corn and a high-protein corn product (48% crude protein; 5.9% Leu). The basal diet contained 1.00 % standardized ileal digestible (SID) Lys and 171% SID Leu:Lys. Data were analyzed using the PROC MIXED of SAS with concentrations of Val, Ile, and Trp, and all interactions as main effects and replicate as a random effect. No 3-way interactions were observed (Table 1). Results indicated that fecal N output increased if Ile was added to diets without added Val, but that was not the case if Val was added (interaction, P < 0.05). Addition of Ile to diets reduced N retention, but N retention increased with Trp addition to diets without Val addition, but not if Trp was added to diets with added Val (interaction, P < 0.05). The biological value of protein increased if Trp was added to diets without addition of Ile, but if Ile was added, Trp addition did not increase the biological value of protein (interaction, P < 0.05). In conclusion, adding Ile to a diet with excess Leu reduced N retention, but if Trp was added alone or in combination with Ile or Val, N retention increased.
199 Effect of the Pelleting Process on Diet Formulations with Varying Levels of Crystalline Amino Acids and Reducing Sugars on Digestibility in Growing Pigs
Authors: Dunmire Kara M , Lopez Diego A , Fiehler Chance J , Zhang Yiqin , Jones Cassandra K , Li Yonghui , Woodworth Jason C , Goodband Robert D , Tokach Mike D , Stark Charles R , Stein Hans H , Paulk Chad B
Published: May 2021

The objective of this study was to determine effects of pelleting on the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) in diets with or without increased concentrations of free AA and reducing sugars (RS). Eight individually housed, ileal cannulated barrows (initially 69.2 kg) were allotted to a replicated 8×8 Latin square with 8 diets and eight 7-d periods with ileal digesta collected on d 6 and 7. Treatments were arranged in a 2×2×2 factorial with main effects of diet form (mash vs. pellet), crystalline AA (low vs. high), or reducing sugars (low vs. high) provided by dried distillers grains with solubles and bakery meal. Diets were pelleted to achieve a hot pellet temperature of 85 to 88°C. Data were analyzed as a completely randomized Latin square using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS. A feed form×RS interaction (P < 0.026) for SID of tryptophan was observed. Feeding pelleted low RS diets improved SID of tryptophan compared with mash high and low RS diets, and pelleted high RS diets. For main effects of feed form, the SID of total AA, CP, and indispensable AA increased (P < 0.042) in pigs fed pelleted diets compared with mash diets. For main effects of crystalline AA, pigs fed high crystalline AA had increased (P = 0.007) SID of tryptophan and decreased (P = 0.050) SID of histidine compared with those fed low crystalline AA diets. For main effects of RS diets, pigs fed high RS diets had decreased (P < 0.05) SID of total AA, CP and indispensable AA. In conclusion, pelleting diets with increased crystalline AA or RS did not affect the improvement in AA digestibility from pelleting. Pelleting diets improved AA digestibility. Diets formulated with high crystalline AA had increased SID of tryptophan. Formulating diets with high RS resulted in decreased AA digestibility compared with corn-soybean meal-based diets.
201 Impact of Water Flow Rate on Finishing Pig Performance
Authors: Miller Hannah E , Perez-Palencia Jorge Y , Levesque Crystal L , Thaler Robert C
Published: May 2021

A survey of South Dakota pork producers in 2019 demonstrated that water flow rate for nipple drinkers was highly variable among barns. Sixty-eight percent had water flow rates above the recommended rate of 500–1,000 mL/min (NSNG, 2010). The objective of this study was to determine the impact of water flow rate on finishing pig performance during the summer months. A total of 396 mixed-sex pigs, in two groups, were utilized in a 77-day trial (34.55 to103.8 kg BW) with 6 pigs/pen. Pens were assigned to one of three water flow rates (high, medium, low) based on the 3-hole diameters of the commercial water nipples used in the facility (2.0, 1.0, 0.80 mm; n = 22 pens/treatment). Daily water usage was recorded for each treatment along with room temperature, outside temperature, and relative humidity. Individual pen water flow rate was recorded every two weeks. At every diet phase change (26± 2.6 days), feed disappearance and individual pig body weight were recorded. Water flow rates averaged 1846±188, 906±214, 508±100 mL/min for high, medium, and low flow rates, respectively. Daily water disappearance for high, medium, and low treatments were 6.8, 2.3, 1.7±3.2 liters/pig, respectively. Final body weight (BW; 103.8±7.4 kg) did not differ. Daily gain (ADG) from 34.5±4.5 to 55.5±4.6 kg BW was greatest (P < 0.05) for high treatment. Daily intake (ADFI) and gain:feed (G:F) from 55.5±4.6 to 79.1±5.3 kg BW were greatest (P < 0.05) for high treatment. Cumulative ADFI was 2.27, 2.18, 2.16±0.16 kg (P < 0.05) in high, medium, and low flow ranges, respectively. There was no differences in cumulative ADG or G:F. Water flow rate had a significant impact on ADFI although there was minimal impact on gain and G:F. Water nipples should be regularly checked as part of normal barn maintenance to ensure adequate, but not excessive, water is available.
133 Influence of Particle Size of Enogen Feed Corn and Conventional Yellow Dent Corn on Nursery and Finishing Pig Performance, Carcass Characteristics and Stomach Morphology
Authors: Williams Hadley , Tokach Mike D , Woodworth Jason C , Goodband Robert D , DeRouchey Joel M , Dritz Steve S , Wecker Haley , Calderon Hilda I
Published: May 2021

Two studies evaluated the effect of particle size of Enogen® Feed corn (Syngenta Seeds, LLC, Downers Grove, IL) and conventional yellow dent corn on nursery and finishing pig performance, carcass characteristics and stomach morphology. In Exp. 1, 360 nursery pigs (DNA 200×400, Columbus, NE; initially 6.6±0.1 kg BW) were used with 5 pigs per pen and 12 pens per treatment. Treatments were arranged in a 2×3 factorial with main effects of corn source (Enogen Feed corn or conventional yellow dent corn) and ground corn particle size (300, 600, or 900 µm). Overall, there was a corn source×particle size interaction (linear, P = 0.027) for G:F ratio. There was no difference due to particle size when pigs were fed conventional yellow dent corn, but in pigs fed Enogen Feed corn, G:F increased with decreasing particle size. Neither corn source nor particle size affected (P > 0.05) ADG or ADFI. In Exp. 2, 323 finishing pigs (241′600; DNA, Columbus, NE; initially 50.0±1.3 kg) were used with 8 or 9 pigs per pen and 6 pens per treatment. Treatments were arranged identical to Exp. 1. Overall, corn source did not elicit differences in ADG, ADFI or G:F (P > 0.05). For corn particle size, ADG and G:F increased (linear, P ≤ 0.014) and ADFI decreased (P = 0.043) as particle size decreased. For carcass characteristics, there was a tendency (linear, P = 0.093) for increased HCW and increased (linear, P = 0.023) carcass yield as corn particle size decreased. For stomach morphology, there was a tendency for a corn source×particle size interaction (P = 0.055) for keratinization score with keratinization increasing linearly (P = 0.001) as particle size decreased for yellow dent corn with no change in keratinization score as particle size decreased for Enogen Feed corn. In summary, reducing corn particle size improved G:F with no major differences observed between corn sources for overall pig performance.
132 Lack of Randomization and Its Impact on Statistical Power and Validity of Statistical Analyses
Authors: Serão Nick V , Neto José Braccini , Tempelman Robert J
Published: May 2021

Allocation of treatments to experimental units (EUs) is done at random. In the presence of a concomitant variable (e.g., initial body weight; iBW), one strategy is to block WUs into iBW groups. However, in some scientific manuscripts, EUs are sorted by iBW and then allocated to treatments (e.g., treatments “A” and “B”) based on iBW, such that the lightest EU receives “A,” the second and third lightest receive “B,” etc. Although this strategy guarantees similar iBW between treatments, this ignores the random process required for statistical analysis of the data. We aimed to quantify the impact of lack of randomization on the statistical power and type I error of completely randomized designs (CRD). Data were simulated for ADG using two treatments (“A” having 50 g/d more than “B,” and MSE=1250 g2/d2). Data were simulated for different replicates per treatment (RepsPerTreat; from 3 to 18, every 3). We used two scenarios for the correlations between iBW and ADG (ρ ADG,iBW): 0 and 0.5. Treatments were allocated to EUs at random (CRD) or according to the order of EUs based on iBW (completely non-randomized design; CNRD). The model included the fixed-effects of intercept and treatment. For ρ ADG,iBW=0, results showed that CRD had greater statistical power (POW) than CNRD for RepsPerTreat from 3 to 9, whereas CNRD had greater from 12 to 18. For ρ ADG,iBW=0.5, CNRD had an even greater POW than CRD starting at 9 RepsPerTreat. Although the type I error (ERROR) of CRD were close to 5% across all scenarios with different RepsPerTreat, CNRD had consistently greater and lower ERROR than CRD with =0 and 0.5, respectively. Having ERROR deviating from 5% is not expected. Visual inspection of the F-values of these models when the null hypothesis was true showed that a distribution other than the theoretical F-distribution, indicating that the statistical test is not valid. Sorting EUs by iBW does not guarantee greater statistical power but results in invalid F-tests.
192 Application of Hemicell HT™ – a β-mannanase Enzyme – Retains Post-weaned Piglet Performance in the Presence of Challenging Protein Sources
Authors: Vangroenweghe Frédéric A , Poulsen Karl
Published: May 2021

β-Mannans are strongly anti-nutritive polysaccharide fibres found in most vegetable feed ingredients. The objective of the study was to compare piglet performance and antibiotic use between a Control group, fed a conventional 3-phase diet, and an Enzyme treated group, fed an adapted 3-phase diet including a β-mannanase enzyme (Hemicell™ HT; Elanco). A seven weeks feeding trial was conducted with 896 pigs in two rotations of 448 piglets in 32 replicate pens of 14 pigs. Two different 3-phase diets were compared: a standard 3-phase control diet and an adapted 3-phase diet including a β-mannanase enzyme included at 300 g/tonne. The following adaptations were made: Phase-1 (weeks 1–2): 1.14% potato protein concentrate and 1.00% Forcital (extruded soya product) were replaced with soybean meal. Phase-2 (weeks 3–4): 0.46% potato protein concentrate and 0.68% Forcital were replaced with soybean meal. Phase-3 (weeks 5–7): β-mannanase was formulated to replace 63 kcal/kg NE. Standard piglet performance parameters (ADWG, ADFI, FCR) and antibiotic use were recorded. All data analyses were performed using R version 3.6.3 (R Core Team, 2020). All tests were performed at the 5% level of significance. When multiple testing was involved, the nominal 5% Familywise Error Rate (FWER) was used. Throughout the trial and within each phase, ADWG, ADFI and FCR were not significantly different (P > 0.05) between Control and Enzyme group. Mortality was significantly (P < 0.001) lower (-0.90 %) in the Enzyme treated group. Antimicrobial use was significantly (P < 0.01) lower (-56%) in the Enzyme treated group as compared to the Control group. Inclusion of a β-mannanase to nursery diets with an adapted formulation by replacing expensive protein sources by soybean meal, or reducing the NE content by 63 kcal/kg, resulted in similar piglet performance post-weaning with reduced mortality and less antimicrobials used.
193 Substitution of Expensive Protein Sources by Soybean Meal Supplemented with a β-mannanase Enzyme Results in Improved General Clinical Health Score During the Post-weaning Period
Authors: Vangroenweghe Frédéric A , Poulsen Karl
Published: May 2021

β-Mannans are strongly anti-nutritive polysaccharide fibres found in most vegetable feed ingredients. The objective of the study was to compare piglet performance and antibiotic use between a Control group, fed a conventional 2-phase diet, and an Enzyme treated group, fed an adapted 2-phase diet including a β-mannanase enzyme (Hemicell™ HT; Elanco). A seven-week feeding trial was conducted with 320 pigs in two rotations of 160 piglets in 20 replicate pens of 8 pigs. Two different 3-phase diets were compared: a standard 3-phase control diet and an adapted 3-phase diet including a β-mannanase enzyme included at 300 g/tonne. The following adaptation were made: Phase-1 (weeks 1–3): 0.15% potato protein concentrate and 2.00% Danex [extruded soybean meal (SBM)], was replaced with SBM 48%, Phase-2 (weeks 4–7): β-mannanase was formulated to replace 63 kcal/kg NE. Standard piglet performance parameters (ADWG, ADFI, FCR) and antibiotic use were recorded. All data analyses were performed using R version 3.6.3 (R Core Team, 2020). All tests were performed at the 5% level of significance. When multiple testing was involved, the nominal 5% Familywise Error Rate (FWER) was used. Throughout the trial and within each phase, ADWG, ADFI and FCR were not significantly different (P > 0.05) between Control and Enzyme group. No mortality occurred and no antimicrobials were used in either of the treatment groups. Inclusion of a β-mannanase in nursery diets with an adapted formulation, by replacing expensive protein sources by soybean meal, or reducing the NE content by 63 kcal/kg, resulted in similar piglet performance post-weaning with reduced mortality and less antimicrobials used.
195 Does Feeding a Protease and Probiotic (Bacillus Subtilis) Combination (Syncra® SWI) Result in Improved Growth Performance and Mortality in a Commercial Wean-to-finish Swine Feeding Program?
Authors: Kellner Trey A , Ellingson Josh , de Souza Ana L P , Remus Janet C
Published: May 2021

The response to probiotics and enzymes is often documented in research facilities with a high degree of control and via pigs with no insults to health or feed intake. However, in commercial conditions, the response to feed additives promoting advanced gut health and improved digestion must be consistent and defined over a wide range of health statuses, stocking densities, feed intakes, environments, and diet formulations. The objective of this experiment was to determine if a combined feed protease and probiotic system (Syncra® SWI 201, DuPont, Wilmington, DE) would improve growth performance and mortality under commercial conditions. A total of 127,092 pigs (6.0 ± 0.1 kg; PIC 337 sired, Hendersonville, TN) from a sow farm producing porcine reproductive and respiratory virus and rotavirus positive weaned pigs were placed in 53 2,400-head commercial wean-to-finish barns that were alternated to 1 of 2 treatments (a control treatment without Syncra® SWI (SSWI) or with SSWI included at 72.6 g/ton of finished feed from 22.7 kg of BW to harvest) in a rolling allotment over a 12-month period. Pigs were on the experiment for an average of 162 ± 1.0 days (until harvest). Throughout the 12-month experimental period, diets (outside of the SSWI inclusion) could change in order to maximize return over feed costs. Data were analyzed using Proc MIXED (SAS 9.4; Cary, NC) with treatment as the main effect and barn as the experimental unit. Compared to the control, adding SSWI improved mortality by 1.9% and percent grade 1 marketed pigs by 2.2% (P ≤ 0.025). Compared to the control, SSWI did not improve ADG (control = 0.75 vs. SSWI = 0.78 kg) or gain:feed (control = 0.401 vs. SSWI = 0.396). In conclusion, the inclusion of the SSWI combined feed protease and probiotic system can improve mortality and grade 1 marketed pigs, but not growth performance under commercial conditions.
197 Supplementation of Bacillus Amyloquefaciens on Growth Performance and Diarrhea Score of Weaned Pigs Experimentally Infected with a Pathogenic E. coli
Authors: Jinno Cynthia , Wong Braden T , Kluenemann Martina , Li Xunde , Liu Yanhong
Published: May 2021

The objective of this experiment was to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of Bacillus amyloquefaciens on diarrhea and growth performance of weaned pigs experimentally infected with a pathogenic E. coli. A total of 50 weaned pigs (7.41 ± 1.35 kg) were individually housed in disease containment rooms and randomly assigned to one of the 5 treatments: sham control (CON-), sham B. amyloquefaciens (BAM-), challenged control (CON+), challenged B. amyloquefaciens (BAM+) and challenged carbadox (CAR+). The experiment lasted 28 days with 7 days’ adaptation and 21 days after the first E. coli inoculation. The doses of F18 E. coli inoculum were 1010 CFU/3 mL oral dose daily for 3 consecutive days. Pigs were weighed on d -7, and d 0, 7, 14, and 21 PI and feed intake was recorded weekly to calculate growth performance. Diarrhea score was recorded twice daily ranging score from 1 (normal feces) to 5 (watery diarrhea). Fecal swabs were performed on each pig on d 2, 7, 14, and 21 PI to test the percentage of β-hemolytic coliforms in total coliforms. All data were analyzed with PROC MIXED of SAS. E. coli challenge reduced (P < 0.05) growth rate through the entire experiment. However, supplementation of CAR enhanced (P < 0.05) growth performance, while inclusion of BAM tended (P < 0.10) to increase growth performance of weaned pigs. No differences were observed in growth performance of pigs between BAM+ and CAR+ throughout the experiment. E. coli challenge did not change the percentage of β-hemolytic coliforms but increased (P < 0.05) frequency of diarrhea. However, no difference was observed in diarrhea among 3 dietary treatments. In conclusion, supplementing B. amyloquefaciens tended to enhance growth performance but had limited effects on diarrhea of weaned pigs challenged with E. coli.