bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Chemical Composition and Network of Fly Ash Glass on the Hydration Process and Properties of Portland-Fly Ash Cement
Authors: Tkaczewska Ewelina
Published: August 2021

In the experiment, the aluminosilicate glasses with aluminum saturation index (ASI), defined as the Al2O3/(Na2O+K2O+2CaO), equal to 0.74, 1.72. 2.52, or 4.05 were synthesized. The spectroscopy tests (MIR and 27Al MAS-NMR) confirm that in glass with ASI < 1, the aluminum ions occur in the [AlO4]5- only. In glasses with ASI > 1, the aluminum ions create mainly [AlO4]5-, but part of them occurs in the form of [AlO6]9-. The content of [AlO6]9- octahedrons increases successively for ASI from 1.72 to 4.05. Glass with ASI equal to 4.05 demonstrates the highest content of pozzolanic active Al2O3. Model ashes were prepared by mixing 70 wt.% of glass, 20 wt.% of synthetic mullite and 10 wt.% of SiO2 as an equivalent of quartz. Then Portland cement CEM I 42.5R was milled together with 20 wt.% of each of model ashes to Blaine’s specific surface area of 4,200±50 cm2 g-1. It was found that the addition of ash with higher content of [AlO6]9- octahedrons in the structure of glass accelerates the hydration process of cement blend, which, in turn, positively affects its usable features (heat of hydration, initial setting time and compressive strength). According to the requirements of PN-EN 197-1:2012 standard, the introduction of ash with ASI coefficient equal to 4.05 gives cement blend of strength class of 52.5N. Cement blends with the ash of ASI value equal to 1.72 and 2.52 correspond to strength class of 32.5R, whereas the cement blend with the ash of ASI value equal to 0.74 does not achieve the minimum value of strength for any cement strength class. Results show that the change in chemical composition of fly ash glass and resulting from this diversified structure are essential from the point of view of hydration and properties of cement containing fly ashes in its composition.
On the Nielsen root theory of n-valued maps
Authors: Brown Robert F.
Published: August 2021

Let $$\phi :X \multimap Y$$

ϕ
:
X
⊸
Y

be an n-valued map of connected finite polyhedra and let $$a \in Y$$

a
∈
Y

. Then, $$x \in X$$

x
∈
X

is a root of $$\phi $$
ϕ
at a if $$a \in \phi (x)$$

a
∈
ϕ
(
x
)

. The Nielsen root number $$N(\phi : a)$$

N
(
ϕ
:
a
)

is a lower bound for the number of roots at a of any n-valued map homotopic to $$\phi $$
ϕ
. We prove that if X and Y are compact, connected triangulated manifolds without boundary, of the same dimension, then given $$\epsilon > 0$$

ϵ
>
0

, there is an n-valued map $$\psi $$
ψ
homotopic to $$\phi $$
ϕ
within Hausdorff distance $$\epsilon $$
ϵ
of $$\phi $$
ϕ
such that $$\psi $$
ψ
has finitely many roots at a. We conjecture that if X and Y are q-manifolds without boundary, $$q \ne 2$$

q
≠
2

, then there is an n-valued map homotopic to $$\phi $$
ϕ
that has $$N(\phi : a)$$

N
(
ϕ
:
a
)

roots at a. We verify the conjecture when $$X = Y$$

X
=
Y

is a Lie group by employing a fixed point result of Schirmer. As an application, we calculate the Nielsen root numbers of linear n-valued maps of tori.
Data integration and participatory process in developing integrated coastal zone management (ICZM) in the northern Baltic Sea
Authors: Hietala Reija , Ijäs Asko , Pikner Tarmo , Kull Anne , Printsmann Anu , Kuusik Maila , Fagerholm Nora , Vihervaara Petteri , Nordström Paulina , Kostamo Kirsi
Published: August 2021

The Maritime Spatial Planning (MSP) Directive was ratified (2014/89/EU) along the Strategy of the European Union (EU) on the Blue Economy to contribute to the effective management of maritime activities and resources and incorporate the principal elements of Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) (2002/413/EC) into planning at the land-sea interface. There is a need to develop the ICZM approach throughout Europe to realise the potential for both socio-economic and environmental targets set by the EU and national legislations. In this study, we co-developed different approaches for land-sea interactions in four case areas in Estonia and Finland based on the defined characteristics and key interests derived from local or regional challenges by integrating spatial data on human activities and ecology. Furthermore, four ICZM drafts were co-evaluated by stakeholders and the public using online map-based assessment tools (public participatory GIS). The ICZM approaches of the Estonian cases ranged from the diversification of land use to the enhancement of community-based entrepreneurship. The Finnish cases aimed to define the trends for sustainable marine and coastal tourism and introduce the ecosystem service concept in land use planning. During the project activities, we found that increased communication and exchange of local and regional views and values on the prevailing land-sea interactions were important for the entire process. Thereafter, the ICZM plans were applied to the MSP processes nationally, and they support the sustainable development of coastal areas in Estonia and Finland.
Community perceptions of long-term mangrove cover changes and its drivers from a typhoon-prone province in the Philippines
Authors: Quevedo Jay Mar D. , Uchiyama Yuta , Kohsaka Ryo
Published: August 2021

Mangrove forests are among the most productive ecosystems with important services such as food and livelihood provisions, recreations, and regulations (e.g., coastal protection) in local scales. At global scale, they are gaining salience for their carbon sequestration capacities, currently conceptualized as “blue carbon.” However, their essential benefits are reduced or lost when degraded. There is, therefore, a need to explore long-term mangrove cover change (MCC) and its underpinning drivers to develop sustainable management strategies. MCC has been analyzed extensively, including satellite images and field surveys, with drivers of changes frequently embedded in local contexts. Thus, in this study, MCC and the causal factors are evaluated at the local scale by gathering community perceptions in Eastern Samar, a typhoon-prone province in the Philippines, with a timeframe since the 1970s until the present. Results show that mangrove cover loss was observed following the occurrence of Typhoon Agnes in 1984 and Typhoon Haiyan in 2013 while conversion of mangrove areas to residential spaces was identified as a recurring driver of mangrove depletion from the early 1970s to 1990s. Study participants perceived that natural threats and lack of law enforcement were the leading proximate and underlying drivers of degradation, respectively. Respondents perceived that mangrove cover is increasing mainly due to successive reforestation programs coupled with stricter implementation of local ordinances in the sites. The results indicate the increased role of mangrove forests in disaster risk reduction and climate change mitigation strategies, while the perceptions of drivers change in long terms.
Effect of root and butt rot uncertainty on optimal harvest schedules and expected incomes at the stand level
Authors: Aza Ana , Kangas Annika , Gobakken Terje , Kallio A. Maarit I.
Published: August 2021

• Key message

Root and rot (RBR) caused byHeterobasidion parviporumNiemelä & Korhonen andHeterobasidion annosum(Fr.) Bref. damages Fennoscandian spruce stands. In case the rot infection and its severity are unknown, the mere risk of infection should seldom affect the harvest timing. When it does, the gains by harvesting earlier are minimal.

• Context

It has been suggested that stands infected by RBR should be harvested earlier than the healthy ones. Yet, we must decide on harvest timing decisions without reliable information on the infection.

• Aims

We studied if harvesting earlier pays off under RBR uncertainty.

• Methods

We structured the uncertainty with a decision tree and calculated the optimal rotations based on expected net present values. We compared rotation lengths to those of healthy stands and calculated gains from earlier harvesting.

• Results

The inclusion of RBR-related uncertainty in the model changed the rotation length of only 14–23% of the stands. The average reduction was 1.3–4.7 years. Yet, the gain from harvesting earlier was too low to be considered.

• Conclusion

In the absence of information on the extent and severity of RBR, it seldom pays off to advance harvests. The value growth in healthy trees tends to compensate for the value reduction due to rot.
Anti-inflammatory and Anti-arthritic Activities of Glycosylated Flavonoids from Syzygium jambos in Edematogenic Agent-Induced Paw Edema in Mice
Authors: Apaza Ticona Luis , Souto Pérez Beatriz , Martín Alejano Vanesa , Slowing Karla
Published: August 2021

Two glycosylated flavonoids, the quercetin-3-O-β-d-xylofuranosyl-(1 → 2)-α-l-rhamnopyranoside and myricetin-3-O-β-d-xylofuranosyl-(1 → 2)-α-l-rhamnopyranoside, were isolated from the CH2Cl2/MeOH fraction of Syzygium jambos (L.) Alston, Myrtaceae. The structures of these compounds were elucidated by spectroscopic means. The cytotoxicity of the compounds was evaluated against the RAW 264.7 cell lines by the lactate dehydrogenase assay. All analyzed compounds were less cytotoxic than the positive control (actinomycin D, CC50 = 0.008 μM). The anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic activities were evaluated by measuring inflammatory parameters in murine models. The two glycosylated flavonoids inhibited the production of tumor necrosis factor-α in RAW 264.7 cell line with IC50 of 1.68 and 1.11 μM, respectively. In addition, all flavonoids decreased the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α, C-reactive protein, and fibrinogen at a dose of 5 mg/kg in murine models.

Graphical abstract
Crisis Containment: Tools for Harm Mitigation in Surgery
Authors: Gogalniceanu Petrut , Kessaris Nicos , Karydis Nikolaos , Loukopoulos Ioannis , Sevdalis Nick , Mamode Nizam
Published: August 2021

Background

Surgical crises represent unrecognized opportunities for improving patient safety and adding value in healthcare. The first step in a crisis response is to contain and mitigate harm. While the principles of damage control are well established in surgery, methods of containing harm on broader clinical and organizational levels are not clearly defined.

Study design

A multimethods qualitative study identified crisis containment strategies and tools in commercial aviation. These were translated and clinically adapted in 3 stages: semi-structured observational fieldwork with commercial airlines, interviews with senior pilots, and focus groups with both healthcare and aviation safety experts. Thematic analysis and expert consensus methods were used to derive a framework for crisis containment.

Results

Fieldwork with 2 commercial airlines identified 2 crisis containment concepts: the detrimental impact of surprising or startling events on operator performance; and the use of prioritization tools to take basic but critical actions (Aviate, Navigate and Communicate model). Twenty-two experts in aviation and healthcare practice informed the topic of crisis containment in 17 interviews and 3 focus groups. Three strategies were identified and used to form a crisis containment algorithm:

1. Manage the operators’ startle response to facilitate meaningful mitigating actions (STOP tool);

2. Take priority actions to secure core functions. These included managing patients’ physiologic shock, optimizing environmental risks, and mobilizing resources (Perfuse, Move and Communicate tool);

3. Deploy well-rehearsed drills targeting case-specific harms or errors (Memory Actions). This model requires validation in clinical practice.

Conclusions

Crisis containment can be achieved by controlling operators’ startle response, applying prioritization tools, and deploying drills against specific failures. The application of this model may extend to healthcare areas outside surgery.

Visual Abstract
Self-similarity in particle accumulation on the advancing meniscus
Authors: Chen Yun , Luo Rui , Wang Li , Lee Sungyon
Published: August 2021

When a mixture of viscous oil and non-colloidal particles displaces air between two parallel plates, the shear-induced migration of particles leads to the gradual accumulation of particles on the advancing oil–air interface. This particle accumulation results in the fingering of an otherwise stable fluid–fluid interface. While previous works have focused on the resultant instability, one unexplored yet striking feature of the experiments is the self-similarity in the concentration profile of the accumulating particles. In this paper, we rationalise this self-similar behaviour by deriving a depth-averaged particle transport equation based on the suspension balance model, following the theoretical framework of Ramachandran (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 734, 2013, pp. 219–252). The solutions to the particle transport equation are shown to be self-similar with slight deviations, and in excellent agreement with experimental observations. Our results demonstrate that the combination of the shear-induced migration, the advancing fluid–fluid interface and Taylor dispersion yield the self-similar and gradual accumulation of particles.
Working with(in) kinship: value in Italian family businesses
Authors: Crossland-Marr Lauren Virginia
Published: August 2021

In Italy, living close to or even within a place of business is not in and of itself unusual. Forms of housing in Italy are similar to many other European countries in that people primarily live in mixed-use spaces. It is common to have an apartment above cafés, bars, and bakeries. In this article, I examine how this form of mixed-use residence shapes market practices, decision-making, and labour relations among owners and workers. I argue that the spaces in which employees participate in the market economy also mirror their commitments to family. By examining workspaces across two food certifications in Milan, Italy – a Made in Italy certification (Food Italy) and a halal certification (Halal Italia) – I argue that Italian kinship networks structure how workers in each business operate. This intervention contributes to a larger literature on the cultural dimensions of capitalism.
The association between meat consumption and the metabolic syndrome: a cross-sectional study and meta-analysis
Authors: Hidayat Khemayanto , Zhu Wan-Zhan , Peng Si-Min , Ren Jin-Jin , Lu Meng-Lan , Wang Hai-Peng , Xu Jia-Ying , Zhou Hui , Yu Lu-Gang , Qin Li-Qiang
Published: August 2021

The findings regarding the associations between red meat, fish and poultry consumption, and the metabolic syndrome (Mets) have been inconclusive, and evidence from Chinese populations is scarce. A cross-sectional study was performed to investigate the associations between red meat, fish and poultry consumption, and the prevalence of the Mets and its components among the residents of Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, China. A total of 4424 participants were eligible for the analysis. A logistic regression model was used to estimate the OR and 95 % CI for the prevalence of the Mets and its components according to red meat, fish and poultry consumption. In addition, the data of our cross-sectional study were meta-analysed under a random effects model along with those of published observational studies to generate the summary relative risks (RR) of the associations between the highestv. lowest categories of red meat, fish and poultry consumption and the Mets and its components. In the cross-sectional study, the multivariable-adjusted OR for the highestv. lowest quartiles of consumption was 1·23 (95 % CI 1·02, 1·48) for red meat, 0·83 (95 % CI 0·72, 0·97) for fish and 0·93 (95 % CI 0·74, 1·18) for poultry. In the meta-analysis, the pooled RR for the highestv. lowest categories of consumption was 1·20 (95 % CI 1·06, 1·35) for red meat, 0·88 (95 % CI 0·81, 0·96) for fish and 0·97 (95 % CI 0·85, 1·10) for poultry. The findings of both cross-sectional studies and meta-analyses indicated that the association between fish consumption and the Mets may be partly driven by the inverse association of fish consumption with elevated TAG and reduced HDL-cholesterol and, to a lesser extent, fasting plasma glucose. No clear pattern of associations was observed between red meat or poultry consumption and the components of the Mets. The current findings add weight to the evidence that the Mets may be positively associated with red meat consumption, inversely associated with fish consumption and neutrally associated with poultry consumption.
The role of a Mediterranean diet and physical activity in decreasing age-related inflammation through modulation of the gut microbiota composition
Authors: Clark Jessie S. , Simpson Bradley S. , Murphy Karen J.
Published: August 2021

Chronic inflammation is known to be a predominant factor in the development of many age-related conditions including CVD, type II diabetes and neurodegenerative diseases. Previous studies have demonstrated that during the ageing process there is an increase in inflammatory biomarkers, which may be partially brought about by detrimental changes in the gut microbiota. The Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) and physical activity (PA) are protective against inflammation and chronic disease, and emerging evidence has shown that these effects may be partially mediated through favourable changes in the gut microbiota. In this review, we have evaluated the published literature on the effect of a MedDiet and PA on the gut microbiota. We also discuss the relationship between the gut microbiota and inflammation with a focus on healthy ageing. While inconsistent study designs make forming definitive conclusions challenging, the current evidence suggests that both a MedDiet and PA are capable of modifying the gut microbiota in a way that is beneficial to host health. For example, the increases in the relative abundance of SCFA producing bacteria that are considered to possess anti-inflammatory properties. Modification of the gut microbiota through a MedDiet and PA presents as a potential method to attenuate age-related increases in inflammation, and additional studies utilising older individuals are needed to fill the knowledge gaps existing in current literature.
THE PROFINITE COMPLETION OF A PROFINITE PROJECTIVE GROUP
Authors: BAR-ON TAMAR
Published: August 2021

We prove that the profinite completion of a profinite projective group is projective.
Therapeutic indications for sinonasal topical steroid treatment and its effects on eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis after endoscopic sinus surgery
Authors: Saito T , Okazaki K , Hamada Y , Hashimoto K , Tsuzuki K
Published: August 2021

Objective

This study evaluated the post-operative indications for sinonasal topical steroid treatment using a corticosteroid (steroid)-eluting, sinus-bioabsorbable device and its effects in patients with eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis.

Method

Post-operative courses were investigated in two groups: group A with patients who underwent sinonasal topical steroid treatment, and group B with control patients who did not.

Results

Group A was significantly younger than group B (p < 0.01), and the pre-operative computed tomography score was significantly higher in group A than in group B (p < 0.05). In the post-operative stage, the nasal symptoms questionnaire component of olfactory loss and the post-operative endoscopic appearance score were significantly worse in group A than in group B (p < 0.01).

Conclusion

These data suggest that younger age, more severe rhinosinusitis and post-operative olfactory loss led to the need for sinonasal topical steroid treatment to prevent relapsing inflammation after functional endoscopic sinus surgery in patients with eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis.
Nasal chondromesenchymal hamartoma: an update
Authors: Saunders T F C , Bruijnzeel H , Ahmed S , Paruleka M , McDermott A-L
Published: August 2021

Objective

Nasal chondromesenchymal hamartoma is a rare pathology that can present with a myriad of symptoms to ENT, maxillofacial and ophthalmology departments. This study reviewed the literature on nasal chondromesenchymal hamartoma as well as adding three new cases to the reported literature.

Method

This study was an up-to-date review of the world literature with the addition of three new cases to provide the most comprehensive review to date.

Results

A total of 56 patients with nasal chondromesenchymal hamartoma were identified, ranging from children to adults. Nasal symptoms and ocular symptoms were most common, and surgical resection was the most frequent treatment modality.

Conclusion

This study advocates for increased awareness of the condition associations for nasal chondromesenchymal hamartoma, multi-specialty treatment and the role for the ENT surgeon in treatment of the condition.
South Africa and Portugal
Authors: Davidson Basil
Published: August 2021

A central element in the story of southern Africa during the early 1970s is the quietly persistent penetration in to neighboring countries of dominant interests—whether economic, political or even military—of the Republic of South Africa. As the motives for this expansion have become clearer, so too has the crucial nature of the importance to the South African system of the Portuguese colonialist positions in Angola and Mozambique, and, by an inseparable extension, in Guinea-Bissau and the Cape Verde archipelago.

This significance to South Africa of the “Portuguese territories” is now observable in all major fields of public policy and action, and ranges from the military-logistical to the very interstices of the South African economic structure. An understanding of the South African government's relations with these territories, as well as of its relations with the Portuguese regime in Lisbon, must therefore be essential to a realistic estimate of likely developments in the subcontinent, and bears, accordingly, a direct meaning for the policies and intentions of the United Nations.
Black Initiatives for Change in Southern Africa
Authors: Carter Gwendolen M.
Published: August 2021

For generations, Blacks in southern Africa have tried one expedient after another to promote change in the highly discriminatory conditions under which they live. In choosing to concentrate in this lecture on certain specific approaches made in recent years by African and American Blacks to achieve this purpose, there is no intention of underrating these long and persistent attempts made in earlier periods and also by many others. Insofar as this paper is infused with a basic assumption, however, it is that Blacks must unite their efforts within and across national and continental boundaries and use the widest range of pressures if there is to be a chance of creating basic change in colonial and minority-ruled southern Africa.
Law, Race and Color in South Africa
Authors: Rubin Neville
Published: August 2021

The word "apartheid" does not appear anywhere in the South African statute book, and a keen observer would be hard put to discover its existence anywhere in the formal texts which make up the law. Yet apartheid is deeply embedded in the law of South Africa.

In a country in which neither the content nor the administration of the law has ever been free from racial overtones, twenty-five years of continuous rule by the National Party Government have seen to it that the ideology of segregation has been translated into a formidable pattern of legalized racial discrimination. This pattern is to be observed throughout the entire apparatus of the South African legal system. It is written into the constitution and reflected in the legislature. It is a major constituent of the statute law of the country, and decisions as to the manner in which legislation is to be implemented make up a significant proportion of the case law. Apartheid has involved and influenced both the composition and the conduct of the courts, just as it has affected the legal profession and the teaching of law.
The African Studies Association: Priority Issues
Authors: Njisane Mlahleni
Published: August 2021

Thinking about the African Studies Association – what it could do, ought to be doing, or should have done – brings to mind the suggestion once offered by some prominent academic group that the priority of their university African studies program should be Phonetics.
Southern Africa Policy for the Seventies
Authors: Bowman Larry
Published: August 2021

The phrase communication for change is now entering the lexicon of America's Southern African policy makers with about the same regularity that President Nixon promises us that his foreign policy will lead to a full generation of peace. Both policies call for support as an article of faith since the payoffs – change and peace – will not be realized until Nixon, Secretary of State Rogers, Assistant Secretary for African Affairs Newsom, and most other current policy makers have moved on to corporate law practices and foundation presidencies. The mere fact that we are urged to accept policies by those who will not be around to be held accountable for them should concern us and perhaps give us cause for a healthy degree of skepticism. This article is intended to briefly assess the current state of American foreign policy toward Southern Africa and to consider how (if at all) current policy offers promise to the millions of Africans who live under racist regimes.
Settlement of the Southern Sudanese Problem: Its Significance and Implications for the Future
Authors: El-Ayouty Yassin
Published: August 2021

On 27 and 28 February 1972, the news media carried reports from Addis Abada that the Government of the Sudan and the South Sudan Liberation Front had reached an agreement settling the problem of the southern Sudan. The importance of this news to the Sudan, Africa, the Organization of African Unity, the Arab world, and the United Nations lies in the fact that an armed uprising in the largest state in Africa seems to have come to an end by peaceful means.
Tensions in Burundi
Authors: Weinstein Warren
Published: August 2021

The 10,739 square miles which make up Burundi constitute one of the smallest countries in Africa. Burundi's population of between 3.5 and 5 million experienced six governments during the three years between independence in 1962 and the eruption of major ethnic violence in 1965. In 1966 the army took power in a coup that proclaimed Burundi to be a presidential republic. The change was not sufficient to resolve ethnic tensions, however, and by 1969 these were further complicated by regional divisions. During that year ethnic violence erupted once again but received little notice in the foreign press. The violence has pitted factions of the Hutu majority against factions of the Tutsi minority. Burundi's pre-colonial social system (which was grounded in a traditional monarchy) and its particular colonial experience account for the fact that the Hutu have had very little power over the country's political and economic affairs.
Statement on the Proclamation of Independence of the Republic of Guinea-Bissau
Authors: Diggs Charles C.
Published: August 2021

In 1976 we will celebrate the 200th anniversary of the Declaration of Independence, the formal birth of our country. In our protracted war for independence, the freedom loving people of the United States were engaged in a bitter struggle against the greatest world power of that time. The war was not over at the time of independence. But that declaration symbolized both the beginning of the end of colonialism in America and the coming into the world community of a new state, the United States of America. The British neither recognized our right to self-determination, nor the declaration of independence, nor did they voluntarily hand over power to us. We seized it because it was our inalienable right.
The Two Options Now Facing Burundi
Authors: Greenland Jeremy
Published: August 2021

Burundi politics is still preoccupied with the maintenance of Tutsi supremacy and therefore necessarily the continued subjection of the Hutu. There would seem to be substantial evidence for this view. Government spending on “national security” has risen from 13.2 percent of the total budget in 1971 to 22.6 percent in 1974; it is now the largest single item, having passed education for the first time; despite considerable recruitment to the army since 1972 there are no Hutu soldiers at any level of real responsibility; the army’s tactical priority is the waging of small-scale guerrilla-type operations in the border areas.
Statement on Angola
Authors: Marcum John A.
Published: August 2021

After a fifteen year colonial struggle, Angolan nationalists are on the verge of realizing or destroying an independent Angolan state. With the collapse and exit of the old colonial regime, three rival liberation movements have been left to compete for political ascendancy. It may be useful therefore to focus briefly on (1) the genesis and character of this political tripolarity, on (2) the tendency for it to encourage extensive external intervention and on (3) some thoughts concerning what, under the circumstances, might constitute an appropriate American response.
Testimony on Namibia
Authors: Landis Elizabeth S.
Published: August 2021

Mr. Chairman, Members of the Subcommittee:

I want to congratulate you for holding this series of hearings on southern Africa at a time when change is occurring fast and furiously in that part of the world and when it is vital for our government to respond knowledgeably and sympathetically. I also want to thank you for the opportunity to speak to you about Namibia, which has been of special concern to me for many years now. I speak here in my personal capacity, of course, and my views do not necessarily reflect UN positions.
The Political Economy of African International Relations
Authors: Shaw Timothy M.
Published: August 2021

Our understanding of the international political economy of Africa is underdeveloped; we have inadequate data and theories about the development of underdevelopment on the continent. Even the orthodox study of international politics and foreign policy in Africa is largely a recent phenomenon, stimulated by the rise of new states in the last twenty years. This essay, then, can be no more than a review of the field and a lament over its deficiencies. In particular, we are concerned about: i) the relative inattention afforded the impact of international politics on the rate and direction of social change in African states; ii) the need for a new conceptual framework to advance our understanding of the linkage politics between African elites and external interests; and iii) the related growth and international inequalities on the continent. This essay proceeds therefore from a critical review of analyses of the international political economy of Africa to a tentative presentation of a new typology of states and regimes, regions and behavior, in Africa which reflects the importance of those variables on which students of political economy focus.
Confronting Southern Africa Solidarity Work
Authors: Danaher Kevin
Published: August 2021

The history of US policy in Southern Africa has been depressingly consistent. Because US government agencies and major corporations were so closely tied to the ruling white minorities of the region, it was only when majority forces rose up in armed rebellion and seized power that some members of the US elite were willing to accept the fait accompli of majority rule. But even then, there were powerful conservative forces that sought to “roll back” the advance of popular movements in countries like Angola and Mozambique. The Reagan administration sought to hold back the tide of leftist victories in southern Africa by giving Pretoria the international protection it needed to bring its neighbors to their knees.
Montreal in 1969: A Personal View
Authors: Gutkind Peter
Published: August 2021

When I took on the job as local arrangements chairman (what we would now call chairperson) for the 1969 annual meeting of our association, held in Montreal, I did not expect to cater for the largest meeting in our history. Nor was I really prepared for the historic occasion that it was. Of course there had been rumblings the previous year, for after all that was the time when we were still involved with various confrontations. Today the excitement has gone, we are now all very inward looking, and it is rather difficult to tell what, if anything, lingers from those days. But historic occasion it was, of that there is no doubt. Almost eighteen hundred people registered, and the program we published for the occasion is now a collector’s item. I was recently offered twenty-five dollars for a copy!
Teaching in the Nigerian University System
Authors: Beckett Paul A.
Published: August 2021

Fueled by oil money and the powerful belief of its people in the transforming power of education, the Nigerian university system may be expanding proportionately faster than any major system in the world. Consisting of only five universities (Ibadan, Nsukka, Ife, Lagos, and Ahmadu Bello in Zaria) during most of the first decade of independence, the 1970s have seen successive additions until the current projected number of universities is thirteen (spread among the twelve states that existed until 1976). The Nigerian government has indicated that it will try to hold the line at thirteen and not go through another round of new university creation so that each of the present nineteen states would have its own university. But even granting the leaders’ success in this resolve, the present commitments themselves mean that the university system will double in size between 1977 and the first years of the 1980s.
The Breakdown of the Arms Embargo against South Africa
Authors: Gervasi Sean
Published: August 2021

Mr. Chairman, Members of the Subcommittee,

As you know, the United Nations Security Council called for an arms embargo against South Africa in 1963. Its objective was to prevent South Africa’s acquiring foreign weapons with which to build a modern military machine. South Africa did not have then, and lacks even now, the capacity to produce sophisticated modern arms economically. The Council reasoned at the time that if South Africa were denied supplies of modern arms it would find it difficult to resist the growing internal demands for dismantling apartheid. Many states saw the arms embargo as the best way to ensure peaceful change in southern Africa. And the call for an embargo was issued with that explicit purpose in mind.
“Escola Nova”: The New Secondary School in Mozambique
Authors: Searle Chris
Published: August 2021

Our schools, our syllabuses, our independence—without which we would not be here—are the fruit of scarifice, of the struggle of generations of our ancestors, of our grandparents, of our parents. They are the fruit of Revolution.

To the students we say: you are those who continue the Revolution. We leave in you all our hopes, the hopes of the future of our country. But in order that you can continue the Revolution, you must assume the deep significance of your mission as students. You must understand that the school where you study is the fruit of the blood of sacrifice of our People.
What Rough Beast: Neo-African Literature and the Force of Social Change
Authors: Cook William
Published: August 2021

The Second Coming

Turning and turning in the widening gyreThe falcon cannot hear the falconer;Things fall apart; the centre cannot hold;Mere anarchy is loosed upon the world,The blood-dimmed tide is loosed, and everywhere 5The ceremony of innocence is drowned;The best lack all conviction, while the worstAre full of passionate intensity.Surely some revelation is at hand;Surely the Second Coming is at hand. 10The Second Comingl Hardly are those words outWhen a vast image out of Spiritus MundiTroubles my sight: somewhere in sands of the desertA shape with lion body and the head of a man,A gaze blank and pitiless as the sun, 15Is moving its slow thighs, while all about itReel shadows of the indignant desert birds.The darkness drops again; but I knowThat twenty centuries of stony sleepWere vexed to nightmare by a rocking cradle, 20And what rough beast, its hour come round at last,Slouches towards Bethlehem to be born?William Butler Yeats

Chinua Achebe in 1959 turned to the above poem by Yeats, with its prophecy of the approach of a new age, for the title to his first novel. Ezekiel Mphalhlele in the same year chose lines seven and eight of the same powm as the epigraph to his autobiographical Down Second Avenue. This convergence upon one of the most foreboding images in modern poetry is not an accident. Both writers saw their own experiences of loss of order and future debilitation confirmed within the lines of Yeat’s apocalyptic poem. Viewed within the context of Yeats’ theory of 2000-year gyres, this vision becomes even more ominous.
Imperialism and the Liberation Struggle in Southern Africa
Authors: Ntalaja Nzongola
Published: August 2021

After the victories of the Front for the Liberation of Mozambique (FRELIMO) and the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) against Portuguese colonialism, the liberation struggle in Southern Africa today consists of the heroic efforts being made by the black and brown peoples of South Africa, Namibia, and Zimbabwe to destroy the system of racial oppression established in these countries by white settlers. This system, known in its extreme form of economic explotation and political and cultural oppression as apartheid in South Africa and Namibia, is closely tied to the survival of imperialist interests in Southern Africa. This is why any analysis of the difficulties being faced by the liberation movements of Southern Africa must include a discussion of the specific articulation of imperialism and settler colonialism in this area. For it provides the context in which the African liberation struggle must be understood.
Is there any Justification for Economic Pressure against South Africa?
Authors: Chettle John
Published: August 2021

Henry Kissinger is supposed to have said that the situation in Southern Africa was the most complex in the world today, and I sometimes wonder which of us has more of a problem dealing with it–we South Africans in trying to solve the sometimes intractable dilemmas of a divided and heterogeneous society, or Americans in trying to work out what on earth is going on down there.
Institutional Roles and the Brain Drain
Authors: Mutiso Gideon-Cyrus
Published: August 2021

Historically, the intelligentsia—originally the clergy and later men of letters—played a significant role in the development of the Western world. Their importance derived from their function as the critics of society and guardians of its conscience. Institutionally, the intelligentsia were found in the churches and on the margins of society. Later, they moved to schools and colleges that subsequently developed into universities as we know them today. As a class, bureaucrats and technocrats—engineers, doctors, etc.—evolved much later. Their institutional role in society was to implement the ideas of the intelligentsia, particularly those ideas relating to the solidification of the nation-state and the creation of the wealth of the nation. Thus, the bureaucrats and technocrats were much closer to the nation and its historical development than the intelligentsia proper.
Ethnicity and the Brain Drain
Authors: Chukunta N. K. Onuoha
Published: August 2021

The purpose of this study was to ascertain if any relationship exists between ethnic membership and the brain drain, defined as expatriation or indefinite delay of return. It was hypothesized generally that such a relationship exists and that the Nigerian subjects of the study would differentiate themselves markedly on the questionnaire items based on their ethnic group membership. Specifically, it was hypothesized that Igbo respondents would be the least disposed to early return to Nigeria.
The Brain Drain from Zimbabwe to Canada: The Issue of Compensation Payments
Authors: Sinclair Michael
Published: August 2021

This paper discusses the complex issue of compensation payments in the brain drain as it relates to the Rhodesia/ Zimbabwe-Canada axis. It examines the available immigration figures and focuses on the circumstances and method of payment. In the contexts of the need for compensation and the numerous issues and complications in implementing such a scheme, the paper also discusses the brain drain income tax and the proposed international fund to be set up by Western governments to help facilitate the transition to majority rule in Zimbabwe. Discussion of the issue is timely because many professionals have already emigrated to Canada from Rhodesia owing to the prolonged and increasingly bloody liberation struggle, and many more may leave because of apprehension about the forthcoming Zimbabwean independence. Although most of the immigrants are likely to be whites, they could also include Asians, coloreds (persons of mixed color), and possibly Africans as well.
The Nigerian Brain Drain: The Case for Return
Authors: Nwaochei Ben Nnaemeka
Published: August 2021

The brain drain phenomenon has been a topical issue for quite some time. It has been argued by some writers that there are definite benefits derived by both donor and receiving nations as well as the individual involved (Chukunta, 1976; Oh, 1973; Adams, 1968). It can be said that the loss suffered by the donor-nation by far outweighs the attendant benefits. This becomes obvious when one considers the following facts: (1) the donor-nations are generally the developing nations which are suffering from acute shortage of high level manpower desperately needed for accelerated economic development; and (2) the individuals involved (that is, the nationals of the donor-nations who have left their countries to reside in foreign countries either permanently or indefinitely) belong to the very small group of intellectuals and high level manpower most needed in those developing countries. Many studies have been conducted to find out why the phenomenon does exist (Adams, 1968;Okediji and Okediji, 1973; Oh, 1977; Chukunta, 1976).
The Concept of the Absurd and the Brain Drain
Authors: Chukunta N. K. Onuoha
Published: August 2021

On the surface, it would appear far-fetched to link the concept of the absurd with the brain drain. The connection, however, exists. For, the brain drain, which here will sometimes be referred to as expatriation, is the logical extension of a process that begins with alienation and which, in its extreme case, manifests itself in the form of the Camusian absurd. After all the ink has been spilt on the economic “causes” of the brain drain, the concept of the absurd may turn out to provide new insights into the phenomenon and may be the foundation on which the “causes” rest.
Preservice Teacher Education: An Opportunity for Area Center Involvement
and Leadership
Authors: Wojtan Linda S.
Published: August 2021

Preservice teachers, especially those actually engaged in student
teaching, face a barrage of daily challenges. In many cases these challenges
are new and unique. How does one cope with the needs and wants of
thirty-plus students while simultaneously responding to the pervasive school
time sequence affectionately known as “the bell”? Further, how does one
maintain classroom order and harmony and inspire confidence when teaching a
subject for the first time, often an unknown subject?
Nigerian Foreign Policy and Southern Africa: a Choice for the West
Authors: Spiliotes Nicholas J.
Published: August 2021

In the decade since Nigeria ended its civil war. Southern Africa has become the paramount concern of Nigerian foreign policy. No other foreign-relations issue generates such a unified Nigerian response as does opposition to White supremacy in the Southern redoubt. At the same time, extraordinary wealth from petroleum exports has provided a new capability to influence developments in Southern Africa and, ultimately, the outcome of the confrontation between Black and White in South Africa. With its strategic impact on the economies of the United Kingdom and the United States, Lagos has demonstrated a willingness to use its leverage to attain policy goals in the region. The Nigerian government appears to be offering the West a choice. It expects the Western nations to be more attentive to Nigerian concerns and demands on African issues if they are not to face economic retaliation. During the past four years Lagos began to define this choice in its relations with Great Britain. A consideration of these relations would be instructive for the United States; the political and economic implications of this policy should be clear to London and Washington as they piece together parallel approaches to Southern Africa.
Zimbabwe Urged to Close Rich-Poor Gap: Riddell Commission Would Raise Minimum Wages, Taxes on Rich
Authors: Hawkins Tony
Published: August 2021

Major structural changes in the Zimbabwean economy to alleviate poverty and reduce income inequalities are recommended in the bold and forward-looking report of the Riddell commission of inquiry into incomes, prices, and conditions of service.

The 330-page report of the nine-member commission published here recently offers a broadly-based package of policy recommendations, including higher minimum wages, increased taxes on companies and better-paid individuals, reform of the industrial relations system, substantially more land and better credit and marketing facilities for peasant farmers, the squeezing of pay differentials, and a gradual phasing out of food subsidies.
Human Rights Violations in Ethiopia: The Case for Permanent Adjustment of Immigration Status for Ethiopians in the United States
Authors:   The Ethiopian Committee on Immigration
Published: August 2021

Ethiopia is one of the oldest countries in the world. Except for a brief five year period of Italian occupation (1936-41), Ethiopia, in the span of its thousands of years of existence, was never conquered and administered by a foreign power. Therefore, the tradition of permanent emigration or seeking asylum in foreign countries is an alien concept to the Ethiopian people.

Ancient and medieval Ethiopia is depicted as having existed in isolation from contemporaneous states and empires. This attribution of isolationism, compactly expressed by Edward Gibbon’s oft quoted statement that “the Ethiopians slept nearly a thousand years, forgetful of the world by whom they were forgotten,” is not at all borne by historical facts.
International Law and Self-Determination: The Case of Eritrea
Authors: Serapiao Luis B.
Published: August 2021

Writing about the Eritrean conflict in the Horn of Africa is a difficult task, because it involves the issue of dismembership of a state. From the Greek Empire to the Roman, from the feudal era to the colonial times, and now in the post-colonial era, dismembership of the state has been a highly controversial and emotional issue. From the colonial era to decolonization, Africans did not have to face this problem. In fact, not only did they applaud the dismembership of the colonial empire, they worked hard to insure the disintegration of the colonies. In their optimism for the future of Africa, they developed a rhetoric that went beyond cooperation among future independent states to continental political unity. “Africa must unite” said the vibrant and dynamic leader of Ghana, Nkrumah.
Global Incorporation, Ideology, and Public Policy in Zimbabwe
Authors: Cyrus Reed Wm.
Published: August 2021

Six years after independence, Zimbabwe is viewed by its admirers as having adopted a pragmatic approach to a broad range of socialist oriented policies. A massive expansion and re-direction of services in the areas of education, health, and agricultural extension services, in addition to the creation of one of the world’s largest resettlement programs, are often cited as evidence of how the government of Prime Minister Robert Mugabe is working for socialist transformation in Zimbabwe. In addition, under Mugabe’s Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU) government, the Zimbabwean economy has been able to maintain a real expansion in production averaging near 4.6% per annum-perhaps the highest rate in Africa--while the government has reversed a tremendous balance of payments deficit.