bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pay for Performance in the States
Authors: Ingraham Patricia W.
Published: March 2007

This research examines pay performance systems in the American states to determine the nature of policy diffusion and implementation patterns. Given the well-documented difficulties with pay for performance in the federal government and, increasingly, in the private sector, the research asks, Why do state governments continue to adopt the programs? The author's survey of those states with current pay for performance legislation or provisions finds that not all states with programs on the books have operational systems, nor do those with operational programs fund them consistently. A majority of personnel directors finds the systems to be somewhat effective, or as in improving manager-employee communication and overall direction of employees, but implementation problems occurred in nearly every state in the survey. Further, there was a significant gap between initial expectations for pay for performance and the reality of the programs. The author suggests that for future policy expansion and diffusion a set of decision criteria more closely linking policy expectations with personnel system's capability and support is necessary.
Managing Interdependencies through Program Structures: A Revised Paradigm
Authors: Mandell Myrna P.
Published: March 2007

Many studies deal with the implementation of public programs through networks. In this paper I view networks as formal, organized efforts, rather than as informal relations and/or linkages among organizations. I refer to these organized efforts as program structures. Although we know networks exist, the questions we ask about them are asked as if they do not exist as a separate structural arrangement. The purpose of introducing the concept of program structure is not to describe what we know exists, but rather to present a paradigm that will enable us to ask the right questions about what exists. Asking the right questions makes a difference in how we organize for action and subsequently how we make choices in managing public programs. To indicate that interorganizational programs are implemented through a distinctly different structural arrangement therefore implies not only a distinct way of organizing activities but also that management of these programs will be distinctly different. Several examples of program structures, based on empirical research, illustrate the importance of this paradigm.
NLRB Regional Office Decision Making: Independence, Partisanship, and Caseloads
Authors: Schmidt Diane E.
Published: March 2007

As part of an investigation of the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) regional office decision making, I examine decisions to dismiss cases or withdraw unfair labor practice complaints by unions against their employers by creating a cross-sectional time series data set from 1964 to 1986. I hypothesize that changes in economic conditions, traditional regional sympathies, and union membership coupled with the demise of the pro-labor coalition in the NLRB under the Reagan administration significantly increased the uncertainty by which decisions are made to dismiss or withdraw cases. In particular, regional offices with high caseloads or those who reside in states traditionally hostile to unions have higher withdrawal and dismissal rates. Further, changes in the NLRB under the Reagan administration influenced decisions to dismiss cases made by regional offices in economically declining areas and decisions by unions to withdraw cases. This suggests that regional offices may be reacting to environmental conflict and exhibiting independence from each other and the partisan preferences of the NLRB.
The Software Selection Process in Local Governments
Authors: Rocheleau Bruce
Published: March 2007

This work studies software selection in Illinois police departments to determine what factors are most important in making decisions, these factors' outcomes, and the nature of participation in decision making. The research finds that performance factors are far more important than cost considerations. Those organizations that emphasized performance factors in decision making were more likely to be satisfied, as well as benefit from greater affects of the system. Participation is dominated by the user department with people outside the department playing only a limited role in most cases. The nature of software selection encouraged geographical patterns in software acquisition.
Procedural Entrepreneurship: Enacting Alternative Channels to Administrative Effectiveness
Authors: Brower Ralph S. , Abolafia Mitchel Y.
Published: March 2007

What do administrators do when established procedures get in the way of getting work done? They change the procedures. Because procedures, however, may have been originally installed to impose controls that ensure neutrality and obedience to political masters or equity in the delivery of public services, such procedural entrepreneurship tends to be hidden.

To what extent to administrators engage in procedural entrepreneurship? What are the consequences of their actions? This investigation, surveying 71 managers, concludes that procedural entrepreneurship is the "everyday" practical activity of skilled and committed administrators who possess "ordinary competence" rather than heroic or deviant individual characterstics. Moreover, the analysis reveals that informal networks, which the procedural entrepreneur must mobilize to achieve success, provide the basis for legitimizing the actions they take and for protecting the public interest.
Local Government-Sponsored Community Development
Authors: Glaser Mark A. , Denhardt Kathryn G. , Grubbs Joseph W.
Published: March 2007

Local governments are increasingly turning to community-based organizations (CBOs) to support improvement in low-income neighborhoods. Perceptions of more than 70 community leaders and 120 citizens involved in the formation of a CBO in the Orlando, Florida, metropolitan area are used to illuminate relationships between community empowerment and community improvement. Congruent with expectations, findings suggest that both local government responsiveness and community involvement in decision making are linked to perceptions of community improvement. In contrast to expectations, findings suggest that in early stages of community development, citizen involvement in the development activities of the CBO is not strongly correlated with either the perception of community impact or the anticipation of positive change. As a result, local governments sponsoring similar ventures need to recognize the importance of information and communication as tools to secure citizen participation until such time as citizen volunteers are more fully engaged in the development process.
Practical Theory
Authors: Miller Hugh T. , King Cheryl Simrell
Published: March 2007

The supposed dichotomy between theory and practice is, like other dichotomies we have known, a false one. It is rooted in a paradigm in which theory is conceptualized as lawlike generalizations that cumulatively constitute an ever-growing body of knowledge. Practitioners/experts are supposedly then able to improve managerial effectiveness by applying such knowledge to practice. When public administration theory fails to produce relevant law like generalizations and instead produces abstract conjecture, a gap between theory and practice is perceived to exist. The authors propose practical theory wherein practice and theory are mutually constitutive. Although not the first to urge that public administration theory be grounded in experience, this article argues that the structuration theory of sociologist Anthony Giddens surpasses previous frameworks in addressing the theory/practice problem in public administration.
Ethical Marketing: Perceptions of Economic Goods and Social Problems
Authors: Laczniak Gene R. , Lusch Robert F. , Strang William A.
Published: March 2007

A methodology associated with experimental social psychology was used to ascertain whether there are different ethical overtones perceived in the marketing of different products despite all other aspects of the marketing situation being comparable. The methodology consisted of using four vignettes of marketing strategy with the product utilized being the only element varied across the scenarios. Results indicate that ethical evaluations are product dependent and are more severe for social goods than for traditional economic goods.
Empirical Evidence on Marketplace Alienation
Authors: Bearden William O. , Mason J. Barry
Published: March 2007

This article reports the results of a two-wave consumer panel study (n = 749) of the relationship between consumer alienation and a number of variables and issues reported in previous research to be of interest to consumer affairs theorists and practitioners. The results suggest that consumer alienation warrants consideration in subsequent explanations of consumer issues. Consumer complaints, however, do not appear to be necessarily manifestations of a general alienated consumer segment, as has been previously suggested.
Intellectualization in Macromarketing Revisited: A Reply to Hunt
Authors: Monieson D. D.
Published: March 2007

The title of Shelby Hunt's article (1989) is steeped in irony, given what follows in his text. His effort produces a caricature of reason and a surprising misunderstanding of the nature of reification in the social sciences. His is no critique; it is a diatribe pure and simple.

I will not respond to Hunt's article on a line-by-line basis. That would be too depressing an exercise. Rather, I will address what appear to be major allegations. All but his last two, his rigor-relevance issue and his reification-realism issue, are dispensed with summarily because they are superficial.
Task-Priority Based Redundancy Control of Robot Manipulators
Authors: Nakamura Yoshihiko , Hanafusa Hideo , Yoshikawa Tsuneo
Published: March 2007

In this paper, we describe a new scheme for redundancy control of robot manipulators. We introduce the concept of task priority in relation to the inverse kinematic problem of redundant robot manipulators. A required task is divided into subtasks according to the order of priority. We propose to determine the joint motions of robot manipulators so that subtasks with lower priority can be performed utilizing re dundancy on subtasks with higher priority. This procedure is formulated using the pseudoinverses of Jacobian matrices. Most problems of redundancy utilization can be formulated in the framework of tasks with the order of priority. The results of numerical simulations and experiments show the effectiveness of the proposed redundancy control scheme.
New Robot Adaptive Control Strategies Through Nonholonomic Transformations
Authors: Keqin Gu  , Tongue Benson H.
Published: March 2007

The design problem of model-based adaptive control of robots with unknown parameters is considered. By intro ducing a nonholonomic transformation of the error dynamics, a general class of adaptive algorithms is obtained, which includes some previously derived results as special cases. The algorithms can be implemented through fast recursive schemes such as the Newton-Euler formulation without requiring excessive feedback gains. By setting certain terms, it is also possible to obtain an exponential convergence of the joint errors.
Using Path Transforms to Guide the Search for Findpath in 2D
Authors: Zelinsky Alexander
Published: March 2007

This article will present a new approach to the 2D findpath problem for robots that have three degrees of freedom of move ment (3 DOF). This approach is based on a new extension to distance transform planning called the path transform. Path transforms have the desirable potential field property of taking into account clearance from obstacles without suffering the problem of local minima. Because path transforms guide the search for a 3-DOF path where solution paths are likely to lie, the computational burden of the new approach is low compared with that in previously reported results. The low computational burden is also due to efficient collision detection. A new hier archical collision checking based on distance space bubbles is presented. The new approach to findpath is guaranteed to find a solution path if it exists. Computer simulation results of solving the findpath problem in nontrivial environments are presented.
A Robotic Case Study: Optimal Design for Laparoscopic Positioning Stands
Authors: Faraz Ali , Payandeh Shahram
Published: March 2007

A positioning stand can help a surgeon with positioning and locking endoscopic tools, thereby avoiding the need foran assistant surgeon. The kinematic configuration of the positioning stand is comprised of two main parts: the arm (forpositioning), and the wrist (for orienting the tool). The main requirement of the wrist is to perform spherical movements around the incision point. A concentric multilink spher ical joint design has been developed for the wrist mechanism. The size synthesis is performed to minimize the overall size of the wrist, and also to maximize its range of angular movements. The type synthesis of the positioning arm has led to the use of a SCARA con figuration as a balanced and easily moved arm configuration. The size synthesis of the arm is carried out with the goal of minimizing its overall dimensions, based on the arm's reachable workspace and manipulability. The integration of the wrist and arm is performed by optimizing the orientation of the wrist in such a way that the in terference between the wrist and the workspace of the surgeon is minimized.
The Octave-Percept or Concept
Authors: Sergeant Desmond
Published: March 2007

Fifty-four children aged between four years and nine years were given a pitch task in which they were presented with an array of five tone bars differing in pitch within an octave range. They were then given a further bar which was pitched at the octave of one of the bars of the array, and asked to choose which of the five "sounded most like" their 6th matcher bar. Three categories of response to the task were possible: judged similarity on the basis of:

(i) Proximity of pitch (tone height).

(ii) Octaveness (tone chroma).

(iii) Neither of these (which would be interpreted as no perceived similarity).

Results showed a significant tendency for tonal similarity to be judged as proximity of pitch.

In a second experiment, the probability of judgement on the basis of pitch proximity was reduced by providing an array in which the five tones were clustered closely together in pitch. Of 108 trials, only 15 selections of two tones at the 8ve were observed. In a third experiment, an array of five tone bars was presented. Subjects were given a further five bars, being the same pitches as the array removed by an 8ve, and were asked to arrange their bars so that "they played the same tune" as the array. Although a small number of children completed the task with promptness and confidence, no significant ability to solve this octave transposition task was observed.

It is therefore concluded that a concept of "octaveness" is developed experientially, and is not of perceptual origin.
A Comparison between Young People's Privately and Publicly Expressed Musical Preferences
Authors: Finnas Leif
Published: March 2007

In two samples of Finland-Swedish comprehensive school pupils tage 12-14), some pupils made private preference ratings of items representing traditional (i.e. classical and folk) and rock music, while others rated the items publicly in front of their classmates. Analyses of covariance showed the results to agree with the assumption that the pupils would tend towardls lower preference ratings for the traditional types of music when announcinlg their ratings publicly than when making them privately. The assumption that publicly made preference ratings of rock music would exceed private ratings was not confirmed. Considering some earlier research and some secondary explorative data of the current study, it could be hypothesised that the pupils' public preference behaviour is influenced both by their beliefs about the typical preference level in the peer group and by the extent to whicth preference for a certain music is related to social status. poptolarits, Mud similar socio-psychological variables.
Intonation Variants of Musical Intervals in Isolation and in Musical Contexts
Authors: Rakowski Andrzej
Published: March 2007

A group of experiments is described concerning production alnd tmc perception of melodic musical intervals by musicians. In some of tht experiments subjects tuned variable-tone oscillators to produce best soundino intervals without or within a tonal context. The presence of the context was effective both in changing the mean values of tuned intervals and in diminishing the dispersion of adjustments. The measure of dispersion in) tuning an isolated interval was correlated with the difficulty of recognising that interval by music students. In other experiments two experienced violinists playcd short ielo(iic sequences and the sizes of intervals were measured. The results arc In agreement with previous findings and allow us to draw turthet coniclusioens. A perspective on melodic intonation is suggested in which factors oP acoustic, psychological and musical origin are considered. Attentioni is drawn to the similarity between the production of intonaition variants of musical intervals and phonetic variants in natural language
A Biographical Study of the Life-Span Development of Professional Musicians
Authors: Manturzewska Maria
Published: March 2007

A group of 165 Polish professional musicians ranging in age from 21 to 89 was interviewed in 1976-80. The research was designed as a longitudinal exploratory study of the life-span development of professional musicians and musical talents. The purpose of the study was to collect empirical data about the life course of the professional musicians and to learn about the structure of the musician's life (its stages and dimensions), as well as about the factors influencing the development and achievement of professional musicians in different stages of life, and different fields of music.

The results suggest that the professional development of the musicians is strongly influenced by both socio-cultural and biological factors.

Content analysis of the collected biographies suggests that the family environment and intrinsic motivation for musical activitv are the factors most influencing musical development. This analysis also reveals the importance of teachers, colleagues and the socio-emotional support in the development of talent over the life-span.

In the light of this content analysis the professional development of musicians seems to be a life-long process (in some cases going through several generations in the family) of enculturation and adjustment to changes in age and environment. It seems to consist of a sequence of developmental stages, different in the structure of musical behaviour and motivation, as well as in the structure of musical activity and achievemcnt.
An Investigation of Emotional Response to Music and Text
Authors: Gfeller Kate , Asmus Edward , Eckert Michael
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of musical and textual settings (text alone, commercial-type background music, commeicial-type background music with text, atonal music, atonal music with text) o1n affective response and mood of naive listeners. Non-musicians (N 1= U) enrolled in a large university were randomly assigned to one of the fivc experimental conditions. Affective response was measured bh semantic differential scales and the 9-Affective Di,ue,isiouz. Subjects were also asked to indicate mood prior to and following the experimental task. Analyses revealed significant differences across the five experimental conditions ftlo affective response and a significant differences in mood from preto posttesting. Further examination of the activity and evaluation semantic diffcrential scales indicated that the relationship of evaluation to activitv followed the curvilinear (U-shaped) relationship reported in many expei-imental aesthetics studies.
Kinaesthesia and Instrumental Music Instruction: Some Implications
Authors: Galvao Afonso , Kemp Anthony
Published: March 2007

This paper reflects on some aspects of research on kinaesthesia and how it relates to music education as a whole and instrumental music teaching in particular. It explores the problems of terminology that exist in the literature (kinaesthesia versus proprioception) and describes kinaesthesia as it relates to human physiology. The article contrasts the phenomenological approach of instrumental teachers with the more experimental view of psychological research on this topic and concludes that the current research on kinaesthesia/proprioception is still introductory. Notwithstanding, some ways of benefiting from what is already known on the subject are suggested through the paper.
Reconstructing the Past, Constructing the Present:
Authors: Jasanoff Sheila
Published: March 2007

Historical and contemporary social studies of science and technology have developed an asymmetrical relationship in recent years. While historical research has been regarded as crucial to the project of contemporary theorizing, science studies is still regarded by many as incompatible with history of science's mission of faithfully reconstructing the past. This Comment suggests that the two fields can usefully collaborate in the task of democratizing science and technology. They have in common an interest in making science and technology more transparent, resurrecting vanished actors and voices, representing the hybrid networks of science and society and, not least, educating students about the societal dimensions of science and technology.
The `Zilsel Thesis' in the Context of Edgar Zilsel's Research Programme
Authors: Krohn Wolfgang , Raven Diederick
Published: March 2007

Edgar Zilsel (1891-1944), historian and philosopher of science, arrived in America with what he called `two copious manuscripts': one on `the Social Roots of Science'; the other on `Natural and Historical Laws'. The first forms the basis for his historiographical essays written and published during World War II while in exile in America. These essays have given rise to the so-called `Zilsel Thesis', which holds that modern science came into being in the 16th century when the social barriers between three strata of intellectuals - university scholars, humanists and superior artisans - eroded because of the rise of free enterprise capitalism. The transformation of their intellectual capacities melded into a culturally unique endeavour called science. The other manuscript addresses the possibility of finding socio-historical laws. In this introductory Comment, we indicate how these two manuscripts are related, and how they continue a research programme which Zilsel had developed in his earlier work. We argue that the project on the social roots of science can be seen as a case-study substantiating the claim of the possibility of historical laws.
The Australian Rabbit Calicivirus Disease Program
Authors: Landström Catharina
Published: March 2007

This paper discusses the Australian Rabbit Calicivirus Disease (RCD) Program, an attempt at the biological control of wild rabbits, as an example of how technoscience in `Mode-2 society' works. My aim is to illuminate the variety of, and the connections between, the diverse activities that the technoscientific actors engage in. The RCD Program brought a new entity into Australia; it was pursued by a network of actors across institutional boundaries, and it produced a public image linked to widely accepted cultural knowledge. I argue that the research articulating `rabbit calicivirus' as a biological control agent, the extent of the supporting network and the alignment of the Program with cultural narratives about rabbits, were three aspects of the same process, and equally important. However, it also makes sense to understand each aspect in terms of both the audience addressed, and the temporal succession: hence, they can be distinguished as distinct aspects. Detailed study of projects like the RCD Program is necessary to further our understanding of the dynamics of technoscience in contemporary culture.
On the Diversity and Co-Evolution of Technological Multiples
Authors: Constant Edward W.
Published: March 2007

Conventional Interpretations of multiple Invention depend for their validity on the relative homogeneity of Individual multiples as well as on the homogeneity of all Instances of multiple Invention. Historical analysis of two specific cases of alleged multiple Invention suggests, however, that both types of identity are illusory. Four original steam turbine Inventions exhibit notable historical and technical diversity among themselves Moreover, the Invention of steam turbines differs significantly from another alleged instance of multiple Invention, Pelton water wheels. Additionally, the developmental paths of steam turbine technology and of Pelton water wheels each were Influenced critically by the selective pressure of other technologies with which each co-evolved. electrical power generation and distribution systems Perceived multiple Invention would thus seem likely to be a more diverse and complex phenomenon than heretofore widely acknowledged.
Popper's Epistemology and the Autonomy of Science
Authors: Krige John
Published: March 2007

Philosophical prejudice and political commitment have blinded Popper and his supporters to the internal contradictions within his epistemology On the one hand, his 'Three World' doctrine, founded on his anti-psychologism, is incompatible with the critical epistemological programme which he advocates On the other hand, his hostility to Marxism/planning is one factor which leads him to identify open mindedness with a willingness to accept conclusive disproof of theones — in violation of his view that the basic statements of science are themselves conjectural. Popper's articulation of the critical, rational attitude within a framework of anti-psychologism and anti-Marxism legitimates philosophically the autonomy of science An alternative conception of rationality underpins a less restrictive relationship between the scientific and the lay communities
The Origins of the American Scientific Debate over Fallout Hazards
Authors: Kopp Carolyn
Published: March 2007

The American scientific debate over fallout hazards during the 1950s was rooted in differing disciplinary, institutional, and political interests. These interests did not function independently, but rather were interconnected with one another. Scientists who expressed concern about fallout hazards were more likely to be from a biological disciplme, especially genetics; to have an academic position; to distrust US Atomic Energy Commission Chairman Lewis Strauss's role In the Oppenheimer case; and to support a partial or total ban on nuclear weapons testing. Scientists who argued that fallout hazards were small or insignificant were more likely to be from disciplines in the physical or medical sciences; to have institutional affiliations with the AEC; and to support continued nuclear weapons testing. This case study suggests that sociological analyses of scientific controversies need to take into account interrelations between interest groups.
Scientists and the Selection Task
Authors: Griggs Richard A. , Ransdell Sarah E.
Published: March 2007

Contrary to some recent findings reported in this journal by Tweney and Yachanin, the results for twenty scientists on the selection task reflected little understanding of the power of disconfirmatory data in assessing conditionals. In agreement with previous studies by Mahoney and Kimper, and by Kern, Mirels and Hinshaw, confirmatory data were sought more often. The results indicate that scientists' performance is similar to that of undergraduates, mainly influenced by the problem content, and do not support Tweney and Yachanin's claim of scientists' competence on the selection task. Memory-cueing plus reasoning-by-analogy is offered as an alternative explanation.
Exploring Socio-Technical Analysis: Monsieur Latour is not Joking!
Authors: Scott James K.
Published: March 2007

Actor-network theorists have generated a number of practical research tools to follow the dynamics of science and technology. Latour, Mauguin and Teil have now added to this tradition by proposing a method which they call `socio-technical analysis'. This technique develops new quantitative indicators and graphic representations; this paper explores its potential for future science studies. After a review of the method's origins, it is applied to the study of an ongoing controversy over the use of bovine somatotropin (bST). As a result, some possible modifications and implications are suggested.
Can Scientists Rationally Assess Conditional Inferences?
Authors: Tweney Ryan D. , Yachanin Stephen A.
Published: March 2007

Recent studies by Mahoney and Kimper, and by Kern, Mirels and Hinshaw, suggest that scientists do very poorly on a standard psychological task involving inferences about `If... then...' conditionals. More recently, Yachanin found that the nature of the task instructions greatly affected performance on such tasks. In the present study, results obtained from twenty research scientists using Yachanin's modified task are reported. Scientists performed at a very high level, in contrast to non-scientist subjects, displaying understanding of the power of disconfirmatory data in assessing conditionals, and of the possible error of affirming the consequent when only confirmatory data are sought. The results disconfirm the earlier claim that scientists are no more able to use such heuristics than are undergraduates.
Discussants' Comments
Authors: Noll Roger , Kruytbosch Carlos , Blume Stuart
Published: March 2007

[The papers in this Theme Section were originally presented as case studies at a Workshop on `Federal Funding and Knowledge Growth'. At the Workshop, several discussants were given the opportunity to comment on the papers as a group, evaluating the potential of studies of this kind to illuminate science policy issues, and suggesting further topics for research. Condensed versions of their comments appear here, with the exception of Daniel Sullivan's, which are excerpted in my Introduction to the Section (11-12). I have added Notes. SEC.]
A Well Ordered Reality: Aspects of the Development of Schlumberger, 1920-39
Authors: Bowker Geof
Published: March 2007

This paper takes a case study in the history of geophysics as an opportunity to develop a network analysis that unifies the description of the political economy of the oil industry and the content of the science produced to service that industry. The case study chosen is the history of electrical methods of prospecting for oil, as developed notably by Conrad and Marcel Schlumberger. The analysis is centred on a consideration of property relations in the oil industry — how these property relations involve severe constraints on the configurations of (social) space, time and energy within the oil networks, and how these configurations become translated into the content of the geophysical methods produced by geophysicists.
Changes in the Management and Finance of the Research System in Poland: A Survey of the Opinions of Grant Applicants
Authors: Jablecka Julita
Published: March 2007

Before World War II, the research management and funding system in Poland was based on freedom of research and the autonomy of science. During the communist regime, it was subordinated to the state's planned and command system of government. After the political turnover, the reforms undertaken in 1991 included the establishment of a Committee for Scientific Research which gave to democratically elected representatives of the scientific community (which constituted the majority of its members) the responsibility for elaborating and implementing science policy. A grant system was also introduced, with direct competition between all institutions and researchers applying for research money. This covers the whole research sphere, despite the subordination of research institutions to different administrative sectors — the Polish Academy of Sciences, higher education or government units. Four theoretical models of research coordination are introduced to help explicate these changes and the views surrounding them. How were the principal changes perceived by the community of grant applicants, and what factors differentiated their opinions? This paper presents results from a survey conducted in 1993, among more than 700 applicants.
Laughter Spreads: Another Perspective on Boundary Crossing in the Benveniste Affair
Authors: Fadlon Judith , Lewin-Epstein Noah
Published: March 2007

We suggest that comprehension of the nature of scientific controversy calls for analysis which extends beyond the confines of the professional scientific community. Linking theoretical concepts of contingent and constitutive forums with the idea of explicit and implicit rejection, we contend that the explanation for the shift between forums and modes of rejection in the course of scientific controversy can often be found outside the boundaries of the scientific community. For this reason, the interaction between the professional and lay communities and their respective concerns should be considered when analysing the intensity, duration and outcome of scientific controversy.
The Core Boundary: A Conceptual Analysis of Interspousal Violence from a Construct-Systems Perspective
Authors: Hallschmid Claus A. , Black Edward L. , Checkley Ken L.
Published: March 2007

A conceptual analysis is presented of anger and violence from the perspective of personal construct theory and systems theory. A beginning integration is made between concepts derived from both personal construct theory and systems theory. This leads to the recognition that anger can be defined as both a positive and negative emotion and violence is defined as the attempt to ward off or replace constructional emptiness with hostility constructs, leading to an inability or unwillingness to reconstrue core structure. The relationship between psychological distance (in terms of social control, social understanding) and violence is the major theoretical construct of the model.
Soccer Hooliganism in Black Africa
Authors: Igbinovia Patrick Edobor
Published: March 2007

Some incidents occurring in Black Africa during soccer matches are reported. Theories regarding causation are presented, as well as tendered suggestions for the lessening of violence and disorder for this phenomenon.
The Role of Manipulation in the Antisocial Personality
Authors: Hofer Paul
Published: March 2007

Rather than being ajustification for treatment termination, manipulation is a psychological defense which plays an essential identity-stabilizing role in the psychic economy of antisocial personalities. As a psychological defense, manipulation is interpretable, revealing the point offixation and the infantile object relations that remain pathologically activated in adulthood. It issuggested that the defense of manipulation emerges to compensateforfailure to complete essential identity-affirming steps in the separation-individuation process. It is suggested that two types of antisocial personality"primitive" borderline and "narcissistic"-manifest distinct manipulative styles. Put simply, failure to complete specific essential steps in the identity-formation process results in specific forms of distrust in self and others, leaving manipulative styles in place of normalfeelings and expressions of confidence, respect, and mutuality.
A Modification of the Kendall Wilcox Self-Control Scale for Delinquents
Authors: Lennings C. J.
Published: March 2007

Aggression is one of the major issues within custodial settings. Moreover, aggression has been shown to be a major diagnostic variable in attempting to determine the "delinquency career" of adolescents. The assessment and treatment suggestions of aggression need to take high priority in custodial settings. The studies reported describe a shortened variation of a well known scale for measuring self-control in children. The scale is specifically designed as both an assessment device and an outcome measure for treatment programs. This study reports satisfactory reliability and validity for the scale.
Diagnostic Efforts Regarding Women in Oregon's Prison System: A Preliminary Report
Authors: Birecree Elizabeth A. , Bloom Joseph D. , Leverette Mary D. , Williams Mary
Published: March 2007

This study examined 91 women entering Oregon's prison system using a combination of psychometric testing and clinical interviews, to assess their need for mental health care. The incidence of mental disorders was high in this population and rarely did the women receive only one diagnosis. Substance abuse/dependence (91%) and affective disorders (42%) were the most prevalent diagnoses that co-occurred in the majority of cases. Psychotic disorders were not often identified. Our study points to two overlapping groups of women who are need of treatment while in prison, those with affective and/or substance abuse problems.
Case Studies of Neuropsychological Assessment in a Correctional Setting
Authors: Iverson Grant L. , Demarest David S. , Franzen Michael D.
Published: March 2007

In most correctional settings, inmates with central nervous system dysfunction do not receive comprehensive neuropsychological evaluations. However, in some settings neuropsychological assessment data may contribute valuable information to decisions regarding an inmate's management and rehabilitation. Several case studies are reported to illustrate inmate disposition decisions affected by this additional information.
Dimensions of Psychopathy: A Factor Analytic Study of the MMPI Antisocial Personality Disorder Scale
Authors: Rogers Richard , Bagby R. Michael
Published: March 2007

We reviewed the current models of psychopathy that include both diagnostic systems (DSM-II, DSM-III, DSM-III-R, PCL) and psychometric methods (MCMI-II and MMPI). We focused on the recently developed ANT scale (Morey, Waugh, & Blashfield, 1985) and its importance to the assessment of psychopathy. We conducted two separate principal components analyses on samples of 289 nonforensic and 242 forensic patients. Two factor solutions evidenced moderate correspondence in factor loadings. For the nonforensic sample, the two factors (26.0% of the variance) were delinquency and dishonesty/dissatisfaction. For the forensic sample, the two factors (30.6% of the variance) were delinquency/substance abuse and dishonesty/contumacy. We discussed these findings in terms of larger conceptual issues posed by the DMS-I V revisions and offer recommendations for forensic evaluations.
Transient Population, Crime, and Solution: The Chinese Experience
Authors: Situ Yingyi , Liu Weizheng
Published: March 2007

A new social problem of transient population from countryside is associated with a significant increase in the crime rate and fear of crime in major Chinese cities. Based upon the findings from the researchers' field observations and interviews, this study found that the massive rural-urban migration has challenged the previously effective control system and raised a strong demand for change. The Chinese experience in dealing with transient population further supports the control perspective: Both internal and external control are critical for preventing crime as well as fostering law-abiding behaviors.
Constructing a Rehabilitative Reality in Special Religious Wards in Israeli Prisons
Authors: Timor Un
Published: March 2007

The traditional prison is not an institution fit for the rehabilitation of criminals. Its structural, social, and cultural realities suppress the ability and motivation of inmates to construct new, more positive perceptions of themselves and of their world, and thus greatly limit their prospects of undergoing an essential change and abandoning crime. In several prisons in Israel, there are special wards for religious rehabilitation. In the judgment of prison authorities, these wards enjoy significant success in the rehabilitation of their inmates. This study analyzes the special features of the prison wards for religious rehabilitation, such as the change in language, the new centering of the prisoners' world, the adoption of new social and self-images, and the moderation of the characteristics of the total institution. Thus, these religious wards facilitate construction of a new noncriminal reality. This study examines the wards `influence on the prisoners' perceptions of reality and their behavior in these wards.
Report on the Next Stages of Library Planning, based on the Unesco and IFLA Conferences
Authors: Vosper Robert
Published: March 2007

At the closing plenary session Robert Vosper, who acted as moderator of the gen eral theme of the 40th IFLA General Council meeting, gave the following consoli dated report, based on the Unesco Intergovernmental Conference on the Planning of National Documentation, Library and Archives Infrastructures and the sessions on the general theme at the Washington meeting. The speakers on the general theme were: F.H. Burkhardt, Joyce Robinson, H. T. Hookway, N. M. Sikorski and Celia Zaher. Their papers will be included in a separate monograph.
From Captain Swing to Pancho Villa. Instances of Peasant Resistance in the Historiography of Eric Hobsbawm
Authors: Löwy Michael
Published: March 2007

Eric Hobsbawm is a man of the Enlightenment: does he not define socialism as the last and most extreme heir of the eighteenth century's rationalism? So it is not surprising that the distinction between ‘modern’ and ‘primitive’ or ‘archaic’ has an important place in his work. However, examining some of his writings, and in particular the three books from the period 1959-69 devoted to so-called archaic forms of revolt, it is evident that his approach differs markedly from the ‘progressive’ orthodoxy in its interest, sympathy, even fascination - these are his own words - for ‘primitive’ movements of peasant antimodern (anti-capitalist) resistance and protest. I refer to Primitive Rebels (1959), Bandits (1969) and Captain Swing (1969).
From Orality to Writing: The Reality of a Conversion through the Work of the Jesuit Father José de Anchieta (1534-1597)
Authors: Laborie Jean-Claude
Published: March 2007

We are in 1563, somewhere on a Brazilian beach about 100 kilometres north of what is now São Paulo. A young man in a cowled robe alone on the beach is writing a poem on the sand with the point of his stick. The hostage of a savage tribe for weeks, he struggles daily against manifold carnal temptations, personified in the voluptuous native women who come to visit him every evening in his hammock, and addresses his Latin verses to the Virgin Mary in order to fortify his virtue. The threat of being killed and eaten by cannibals is nothing to him by comparison with the loss of his virginity. Recourse to his own original culture is the ultimate bulwark against contamination, the sign of resistance and strengthening of his identity. The definitive rejection of the Other is, in these circumstances, a survival reflex.
Brazil and the Cape Verde Islands: Some Aspects of Cultural Influence
Authors: Varela João Manuel
Published: March 2007

Pedro Alvares Cabral's ships left Portugal on 9 March 1500 en route for the territory that he first named Terra de Vera Cruz and that later came to be known as Brazil. On the 22 March they called at the island of São Nicolau [Caminha, 1500], one of the northernmost islands of the Cape Verde group; this was about forty years after the discovery of the archipelago in 1460-62 [Albuquerque, 1991]. It is known that Vasco da Gama had stopped at the island of Santiago in 1498 on his voyage to India, and also in 1499 on the return journey. Straight after the discovery of Brazil Cabral sailed for India and on the way back also dropped anchor at Santiago. Indeed, our archipelago, which is situated off Cape Verde in Senegal (the place from which it appears to take its name), was to become an important stopover point for maritime traffic between Europe, Asia and the Americas in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, both to allow crews to rest and to take on water, wood and some food supplies. It also became important as a holding point for slaves (a large number of whom came from around thirty Guinean ethnic groups and subgroups). They were dispatched from Santiago, known then as Cape Verde island, to territories such as Brazil from the early sixteenth century onwards, since these territories, which had only recently been discovered and were little known, needed people to work and populate them.
Brazilian Identities and Musical Performances
Authors: Araújo Samuel
Published: March 2007

… our faults do not allow our qualities to show themselves to best effect. That is why, at the moment, Brazilians are a people of intermittent qualities and permanent faults.

Mário de Andrade, Essai sur la musique brésilienne, 1928

This paper sets out to discuss the use and power of music in representing social identities, concentrating on the more specific case of the Brazilian nation, which has made itself a complex and all-embracing socio-political unit in spite of the great diversity and the great inequalities to be found within its borders. It is well known that what appears to be its most uniform feature, the use of a dominant language, is actually quite fragmented, due to the influence of various co-existing systems of production, cultural models and social hierarchies, which change on a daily basis. Although this diversity seems to be underwritten by daily practice and independent of debate and official encouragement, the same cannot be said of the search for national unity. It is obvious in the case of most of the action undertaken with this end in mind, that questions such as exclusion and the imbalance and arbitrariness of power have been eliminated. Besides, certain alert individuals are wary of this insistence on the construction of a nation, since the role of the old national states throughout the world seems to be disintegrating in the face of the proliferation and growing importance of social, economic and cultural relations at a supranational level. It is therefore hardly surprising that the twentieth century is considered to be a milestone in both the rise and fall of efforts to achieve Brazilian national unity. Amongst these efforts, music has played a prominent role, as I shall endeavour to show.
Challenges of Philosophy and Challenges to Philosophy
Authors: Kuçuradi Ioanna
Published: March 2007

During an interview on human rights in a TV programme, the interviewer all of a sudden said that, so far as he could understand, I was establishing a connection between philosophy and torture, and asked me what this connection was. I was shocked.

In a couple of seconds I tried to guess how he could have come to such a conclusion. My response was: there is no connection between philosophy and torture, still when you look at the fact of torture with philosophical-ethical knowledge, you can realize that torture does not damage, nor ‘degrade’, the human dignity of the victim of torture, as is usually accepted – e.g. in the formulation of the title of the ‘Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment’. It causes damage to the human dignity of the person who tortures. We protect or damage human dignity, but our own human dignity, by what we do and not by what we suffer, since we are responsible for what we do and not for what others do to us. What we do, or refrain from doing, depends on each of us, i.e. acting in accordance with human dignity in our relations with other human beings is a problem in our ethical relation with ourselves, in spite of the fact that our actions are directed to somebody else.
The View Held by the Other, the View Taken of the Other
Authors: Rouanet Sergio Paulo
Published: March 2007

I hope I will not be accused of mental colonialism by attributing to Europe the role which belongs to it historically: that of the Self, which leaves the position of the Other for us. Consequently, this text ought to begin with the view taken of the Other (the European view of the Brazilians) and continue with the view held by the Other (the Brazilian view of the Europeans).