bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Energie für heute und morgen
Authors: Heinloth Klaus
Published: February 2013

Der vorliegende Bericht enthält eine übersicht aller Möglichkeiten der Energiegewinnung mit einer kurzen Erläuterung einiger wesentlicher Züge der wenigen großen Energiequellen und einen Vergleich dieser bezüglich ihrer Schadensrisiken. Daraus folgt ein Fazit für die zukünftige weltweite Energieversorgung.
Paulis Weg zum Ausschließungsprinzip, Teil II: Neue Erkenntnisse aus dem Briefwechsel des Physikers
Authors: von Meyenn Karl
Published: February 2013

Bald nach seiner Übersiedlung nach Hamburg im Jahre 1922 geht Pauli für ein Jahr zu Niels Bohr nach Kopenhagen. In intensivem Gedankenaustausch mit Kopenhagen, Göttingen und München gelangt er in der Folgezeit über seine Bemühungen zur Aufklärung der Schalenstruktur der Atomhüllen 1924 zu seinem Ausschließungsprinzip. (Teil I erschien in Heft 10/80, Seite 293–298.)
Ein Freier‐Elektronen‐Laser für den Berliner Speicherring BESSY?
Authors: Gaupp A. , Madey J. M. J.
Published: February 2013

In einem Freien‐Elektronen‐Laser (FEL) beruht der Verstärkungsmechanismus auf der Wechselwirkung zwischen einem relativistischen Elektronenstrahl und einem statischen, räumlich periodischen, transversalen Magnetfeld, und zwar vom fernen Infrarot bis zum Vakuumultraviolett. Der näheren allgemeinen Beschreibung folgt ein Entwurf für BESSY, in einem Ausblick werden die Möglichkeiten eines FEL mit denen eines herkömmlichen Lasers verglichen.
Voyager 1 photographierte Saturn — ein Bildbericht
Authors: Köhler Horst W.
Published: February 2013

Bildbericht mit einer Anzahl der im Oktober und November 1980 von Voyager 1 gewonnenen Nahaufnahmen des Planeten Saturn, seiner Ringe sowie seiner Trabanten, insbesondere der Saturnmonde Titan, Mimas, Rhea und Dione. Zu jedem Bild wird eine ausführliche Beschreibung gegeben.
Reaktionen zwischen schweren Atomkernen — gegenwärtige und künftige Entwicklungen
Authors: Specht Hans J.
Published: February 2013

Diese elementare Einführung in das Gebiet der Kernreaktionen zwischen schweren Ionen beschränkt sich im wesentlichen auf Energien in der Nähe der Coulombbarriere. Diskutiert werden Fusion, dissipative Stöße und Probleme der Synthese von Elementen mit Ordnungszahlen Z ≥ 100.
Elementarprozesse in der Elektronenstreuung an Atomen: II. Experimente mit spinpolarisierten Elektronen und Atomen
Authors: Kleinpoppen Hans
Published: February 2013

Im ersten Teil dieser Folge über Elementarprozesse in der Elektronenstreuung an Atomen (Heft 6/81, Seite 131–136) wurde gezeigt, wie die Anwendung einer Koinzidenztechnik zu einer neuartigen Analyse bei der Stoßanregung inelastisch gestreuter Elektronen und der als Folge eines optischen überganges emittierten Photonen führt.
Über die Voraussetzungen einer leistungsfähigen Hochschulforschung
Authors: Seibold Eugen
Published: February 2013

Die Verknappung der öffentlichen Mittel für die Forschung sollte ohne unnötige bürokratische Hemmnisse durch größere Flexibilität bei der sachgerechten Verwendung dieser Mittel so weit wie möglich aufgefangen werden, um Deutschland auch in der Spitzenforschung wieder einen angemessenen Platz im internationalen Vergleich zu sichern.
Drei Jahre IUE‐Observatorium
Authors: Weidemann Volker
Published: February 2013

Nach einer knappen Beschreibung des Weltraumteleskops IUE berichtet der Autor von der Arbeit in der Bodenstation Villafranca und teilt einige Ergebnisse seiner Beobachtungen des Weißen Zwerges L 97‐3 mit.
Der Eintritt von Physikern in das Berufsleben: Eine Untersuchung an der Universität Gießen
Authors: Schneider Fritz , Schalch Sowie Dirk , Scharmann Arthur
Published: February 2013

Noch bis vor wenigen Jahren konnte ein Physiker davon ausgehen, daß er nach seinem Studium eine Stelle in einem der „klassischen”︁ Bereiche Forschung, Entwicklung und Lehre bekommen würde. Heute trifft das nur noch für die Hälfte aller Absolventen zu. Bei der Erschließung neuer Arbeitsmärkte kommt den Physikern ihre breite Ausbildung zugute.
Kernenergie — Folgen für die Gesellschaft Antwort auf die Erklärung der Groupe de Bellerive
Authors: Rudloff Werner , Waas Ulrich
Published: February 2013

Unter dem Titel „Kernenergie — Folgen für die Gesellschaft”︁ wurde im September‐Heft 1981 der Physikalischen Blätter eine Erklärung der Groupe de Bellerive abgedruckt, die u. a. sieben kritische Fragen an die Industrie enthält. Die im folgenden wiedergegebene Stellungnahme steht stellvertretend für mehrere Zuschriften, die bei der Redaktion eingegangen sind.
Turbulenz: Durchbruch in einem lange ungelösten Problem? (Teil I): Die Ideen von Ruelle und Takens zur Entstehung der Turbulenz
Authors: Mayer Dieter H.
Published: February 2013

In den letzten Jahren hat das Problem der Turbulenz wieder breitere Aufmerksamkeit gefunden. Dazu trugen nicht zuletzt eine Reihe von experimentellen Untersuchungen bei, die neue theoretische Vorstellungen vom Zustandekommen dieses Phänomens zu bestätigen scheinen und in denen Turbulenz mit dem häufigen irregulären zeitlichen Verhalten nichtlinearer dynamischer Systeme in Verbindung gebracht wird. Ursache für solch ein chaotisches Verhalten können die von Ruelle und Takens gefundenen „seltsamen Attraktoren”︁ sein, die auch über das Problem der Turbulenz hinaus in Zukunft von großer Bedeutung sein dürften.
Strahlenexposition und Strahlenrisiko der Bevölkerung Teil I
Authors: Jacobi Wolfgang
Published: February 2013

Teil I gibt einen Überblick über die verschiedenen Quellen der natürlichen und künstlichen Strahlenexposition sowie über die biologische Strahlenwirkung und die Arten von Strahlenschäden; im Anhang zu diesem Teil werden die Dosisbegriffe und Dosiseinheiten erläutert. Teil II behandelt ausführlich das karzinogene und das strahlengenetische Risiko, er schließt mit einer zusammenfassenden Bewertung.
Unsere Aufgaben für die Zukunft
Authors: Schmidt‐Tiedemann K. J.
Published: February 2013

Der neue Präsident der DPG, Prof. Dr. K. J. Schmidt‐Tiedemann, hat sich auf der Mitgliederversammlung am 31. März 1982 in Münster mit einer kurzen Ansprache vorgestellt. Wir veröffentlichen hier eine von ihm überarbeitete Fassung dieser Rede.
Der Betazerfall neutronenreicher Kerne und Konsequenzen für die Kernphysik, Astrophysik und Kerntechnik
Authors: Klapdor Hans Volker
Published: February 2013

Es wird über die Berechnung der Betazerfallseigenschaften neutronenreicher Kerne berichtet. Die Ergebnisse sind von Bedeutung für die Elementsynthese in thermonuklearen Prozessen, die Auslegung von Notkühlsystemen für Leichtwasserreaktoren, die Bestimmung von Spaltbarrieren kalter Kerne, die Synthese schwerer Elemente im Universum, die Ermittlung des Alters der Galaxis sowie die Berechnung des Antineutrinospektrums von Reaktoren.
Polarlicht
Authors: Gustafsson Georg
Published: February 2013

Polarlichter zählen zu den eindrucksvollsten Erscheinungen am nächtlichen Himmel. Obwohl die Polarlichtforschung auf eine lange Tradition zurückblicken kann, gibt es für viele häufig zu beobachtende Polarlichtstrukturen noch keine befriedigende Erklärung.
Physikalische Untersuchungen der Bildung und Eigenschaften wäßriger Mikrophasen
Authors: Eicke Hans‐Friedrich
Published: February 2013

Bestimmte Tenside können in Gegenwart von Wasser thermodynamisch stabile und weitgehend monodisperse Mikrobereiche von etwa 5 bis 50 nm Durchmesser in flüssigen Dielektrika bilden. Diese kolloid‐dispersen Systeme besitzen eine Reihe von interessanten physikalisch‐chemischen Eigenschaften.
1982: Jubiläumsjahr der Kernspaltungsforschung
Authors: Hanle Wilhelm , Rechenberg Helmut
Published: February 2013

Vor vierzig Jahren — drei Jahre nach der Entdeckung der Kernspaltung — gelang Robert und Klara Döpel gemeinsam mit Werner Heisenberg der Beweis, daß sich mit einem Schichtensystem aus Uran und D2O die Zahl der Neutronen vermehren läßt. Ende des Jahres 1942 nahm Enrico Fermi in Chicago den ersten Uran‐Reaktor in Betrieb.
Der Weg zum Tokamakreaktor im Lichte neuer experimenteller Ergebnisse
Authors: Lackner K.
Published: February 2013

Der Tokamak ist das magnetische Einschlußprinzip, das auf dem Weg zum Fusionsreaktor bereits am weitesten fortgeschritten ist. Im folgenden wird versucht, den hierbei erreichten experimentellen Stand auf die Notwendigkeiten eines Reaktors zu projizieren.
The ABC transporters in Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus
Authors: Li Wenlin , Cong Qian , Pei Jimin , Kinch Lisa N. , Grishin Nick V.
Published: February 2013

Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (Ca. L. asiaticus) is a Gram‐negative bacterium and the pathogen of Citrus Greening disease (Huanglongbing, HLB). As a parasitic bacterium, Ca. L. asiaticus harbors ABC transporters that play important roles in exchanging chemical compounds between Ca. L. asiaticus and its host. Here, we analyzed all the ABC transporter‐related proteins in Ca. L. asiaticus. We identified 14 ABC transporter systems and predicted their structures and substrate specificities. In‐depth sequence and structure analysis including multiple sequence alignment, phylogenetic tree reconstruction, and structure comparison further support their function predictions. Our study shows that this bacterium could use these ABC transporters to import metabolites (amino acids and phosphates) and enzyme cofactors (choline, thiamine, iron, manganese, and zinc), resist to organic solvent, heavy metal, and lipid‐like drugs, maintain the composition of the outer membrane (OM), and secrete virulence factors. Although the features of most ABC systems could be deduced from the abundant experimental data on their orthologs, we reported several novel observations within ABC system proteins. Moreover, we identified seven nontransport ABC systems that are likely involved in virulence gene expression regulation, transposon excision regulation, and DNA repair. Our analysis reveals several candidates for further studies to understand and control the disease, including the type I virulence factor secretion system and its substrate that are likely related to Ca. L. asiaticus pathogenicity and the ABC transporter systems responsible for bacterial OM biosynthesis that are good drug targets. Proteins 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Thumb inhibitor binding eliminates functionally important dynamics in the hepatitis C virus RNA polymerase
Authors: Davis Brittny C. , Thorpe Ian F.
Published: February 2013

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) has infected almost 200 million people worldwide, typically causing chronic liver damage and severe complications such as liver failure. Currently, there are few approved treatments for viral infection. Thus, the HCV RNA‐dependent RNA polymerase (gene product NS5B) has emerged as an important target for small molecule therapeutics. Potential therapeutic agents include allosteric inhibitors that bind distal to the enzyme active site. While their mechanism of action is not conclusively known, it has been suggested that certain inhibitors prevent a conformational change in NS5B that is crucial for RNA replication. To gain insight into the molecular origin of long‐range allosteric inhibition of NS5B, we employed molecular dynamics simulations of the enzyme with and without an inhibitor bound to the thumb domain. These studies indicate that the presence of an inhibitor in the thumb domain alters both the structure and internal motions of NS5B. Principal components analysis identified motions that are severely attenuated by inhibitor binding. These motions may have functional relevance by facilitating interactions between NS5B and RNA template or nascent RNA duplex, with presence of the ligand leading to enzyme conformations with narrower and thus less accessible RNA binding channels. This study provides the first evidence for a mechanistic basis of allosteric inhibition in NS5B. Moreover, we present evidence that allosteric inhibition of NS5B results from intrinsic features of the enzyme free energy landscape, suggesting a common mechanism for the action of diverse allosteric ligands. Proteins 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Thermodynamic analysis of structural transitions during GNNQQNY aggregation
Authors: Osborne Kenneth L. , Bachmann Michael , Strodel Birgit
Published: February 2013

Amyloid protein aggregation characterizes many neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Creutzfeldt‐Jakob disease. Evidence suggests that amyloid aggregates may share similar aggregation pathways, implying simulation of full‐length amyloid proteins is not necessary for understanding amyloid formation. In this study, we simulate GNNQQNY, the N‐terminal prion‐determining domain of the yeast protein Sup35 to investigate the thermodynamics of structural transitions during aggregation. Utilizing a coarse‐grained model permits equilibration on relevant time scales. Replica‐exchange molecular dynamics is used to gather simulation statistics at multiple temperatures and clear energy traps that would aversely impact results. Investigating the association of 3‐, 6‐, and 12‐chain GNNQQNY systems by calculating thermodynamic quantities and orientational order parameters, we determine the aggregation pathway by studying aggregation states of GNNQQNY. We find that the aggregation of the hydrophilic GNNQQNY sequence is mainly driven by H‐bond formation, leading to the formation of β‐sheets from the very beginning of the assembly process. Condensation (aggregation) and ordering take place simultaneously, which is underpinned by the occurrence of a single heat capacity peak. Proteins 2013; 81:1141–1155. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Structural insight into the UNC‐45–myosin complex
Authors: Fratev Filip , Ósk Jónsdóttir Svava , Pajeva Ilza
Published: February 2013

The UNC‐45 chaperone protein interacts with and affects the folding, stability, and the ATPase activity of myosins. It plays a critical role in the cardiomyopathy development and in the breast cancer tumor growth. Here we propose the first structural model of the UNC‐45–myosin complex using various in silico methods. Initially, the human UNC‐45B binding epitope was identified and the protein was docked to the cardiac myosin (MYH7) motor domain. The final UNC45B–MYH7 structure was obtained by performing of total 630 ns molecular dynamics simulations. The results indicate a complex formation, which is mainly stabilized by electrostatic interactions. Remarkably, the contact surface area is similar to that of the myosin‐actin complex. A significant interspecies difference in the myosin binding epitope is observed. Our results reveal the structural basis of MYH7 exons 15–16 hypertrophic cardiomyopathy mutations and provide directions for drug targeting. Proteins 2013; 81:1212–1221. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Defects in Insulating Materials
Authors: Stanek Chris , Nikl Martin , Greulich‐Weber Siegmund , Kovács László
Published: February 2013

This issue of physica status solidi (c) is dedicated to papers submitted during the 2012 International Conference on Defects in Insulating Materials (ICDIM 2012), which was held in Santa Fe, NM USA on June 24–29, 2012. ICDIM 2012 is the 18th edition of a series that began in 1956 at Argonne, USA, with the meeting “Color Centers in Alkali Halides”. International conferences (ICDIM) take place every four years and are alternated with Europe‐specific conferences (EURODIM). The series is a broad international forum on the science and technology of defect‐related phenomena in crystalline and amorphous wide band‐gap materials. Recent ICDIM conferences were held in South Africa (2000), Latvia (2004) and Brazil (2008). ICDIM 2012 was held jointly with Computer Simulation of Radiation Effects in Solids (COSIRES), which is a biennial conference that focuses on advanced computer modeling of surface and bulk phenomena stimulated by all forms of irradiation. Both ICDIM and COSIRES were held at the Santa Fe Community Conventional Center, and the poster session was held jointly in order to promote cross‐pollination.

ICDIM 2012 received 142 abstracts from 131 reg‐istered attendees (from 21 countries), in the areas of luminescence, scintillation, fundamental modeling, nuclear fuel, radiation damage, nanostructures as well as several on specific materials such as LiNbO3 and carbides, nitrides and diamond. Three keynote lectures were given during the first technical session of each day in order to provide a historical perspective and context for the oral presentations that followed. In addition to the keynote presentations, 13 invited and 52 contributed talks were presented. Young Researcher Awards were presented for best talk and poster to Qi Li (Wake Forest University) for his presentation “First principles calculations and experiment predictions for iodine vacancy centers in SrI2” [Phys. Status Solidi B 250, 233 (2013)] (sponsored by pss) and Yury Deshko (CUNY) for his presentation “Effects of planar geometry on the inhomogeneous broadening of zero‐phonon lines of optical centers in diamond” [Phys. Status Solidi B 250, 278 (2013)] (sponsored by New Mexico Consortium), respectively.

We would not have been able to host ICDIM in Santa Fe without excellent organizational and technical support of the New Mexico Consortium and generous financial support from Los Alamos National Laboratory, Netzsch and Los Alamos National Bank.

The International Committee has selected Canterbury, Kent in England as the site of EURODIM 2014, to be held July 13–19, 2014 and chaired by Dr. Maria Alfredsson and Dr. Serena Corr of the School of Physical Sciences, University of Kent, and advised by members of the International Committee, Professor Alan Chadwick (University of Kent) and Dr. Rob Jackson (Keele University). Furthermore, the International Committee has also selected the place for ICDIM 2016 as Lyon, France, which will be chaired by Prof. Christophe Dujardin and Dr. Marie‐France Barthe. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Selected ion flow tube studies of several siloxanes
Authors: Langford Vaughan S. , Gray John D. C. , McEwan Murray J.
Published: February 2013

RATIONALE

People are using increasing amounts of siloxanes that ultimately end up in landfills and then in landfill gas and biogas digesters. Their presence poses difficulties for industries seeking to utilize the energy content of landfill and biogas, as the combustion process oxidises silicon to silicon dioxide that in turn damages engine parts. Rapid, efficient and accurate methods are needed to quantify their presence.

METHODS

Selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry (SIFTMS) is an emerging real‐time technique that has found application for monitoring trace volatiles in air. Samples containing the trace volatiles are simply drawn into the flow tube and convected in a stream of helium. Chemical ionization reactions from mass‐selected reagent ions with the volatiles ensue. To quantify the volatiles in the sample, the ion chemistry of the reagent ion with each volatile must be known.

RESULTS

Rate coefficients and product ion branching ratios were found for the compounds dodecamethylpentasiloxane, decamethylcyclopentasiloxane, decamethyltetrasiloxane, octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane, triethylsilanol, tetramethylsilane and hexamethyldisilazane.

CONCLUSIONS

The ion‐molecule reactions of the seven silicon‐containing compounds examined here were fast, occurring at or near the collision rate, thus allowing for detection at low levels. The very simple reaction chemistry found of proton transfer, electron transfer and methyl loss will enable easy quantitation of the siloxanes in landfill gas and biogas using the SIFTMS technique. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Toxicity of Silver Nanoparticles in Macrophages
Authors: Pratsinis Anna , Hervella Pablo , Leroux Jean‐Christophe , Pratsinis Sotiris E. , Sotiriou Georgios A.
Published: February 2013

Silver nanoparticles (nanosilver) are broadly used today in textiles, food packaging, household devices and bioapplications, prompting a better understanding of their toxicity and biological interactions. In particular, the cytotoxicity of nanosilver with respect to mammalian cells remains unclear, because such investigations can be biased by the nanosilver coatings and the lack of particle size control. Here, nanosilver of well‐defined size (5.7 to 20.4 nm) supported on inert nanostructured silica is produced using flame aerosol technology. The cytotoxicity of the prepared nanosilver with respect to murine macrophages is assessed in vitro because these cells are among the first to confront nanosilver upon its intake by mammals. The silica support facilitates the dispersion and stabilization of the prepared nanosilver in biological suspensions, and no other coating or functionalization is applied that could interfere with the biointeractions of nanosilver. Detailed characterization of the particles by X‐ray diffraction and electron microscopy reveals that the size of the nanosilver is well controlled. Smaller nanosilver particles release or leach larger fractions of their mass as Ag+ ions upon dispersion in water. This strongly influences the cytotoxicity of the nanosilver when incubated with murine macrophages. The size of the nanosilver dictates its mode of cytotoxicity (Ag+ ion‐specific and/or particle‐specific). The toxicity of small nanosilver (<10 nm) is mostly mediated by the released Ag+ ions. The influence of such ions on the toxicity of nanosilver decreases with increasing nanosilver size (>10 nm). Direct silver nanoparticle–macrophage interactions dominate the nanosilver toxicity at sizes larger than 10 nm.
Bioinspired Patterning with Extreme Wettability Contrast on TiO2 Nanotube Array Surface: A Versatile Platform for Biomedical Applications
Authors: Lai Yuekun , Lin Longxiang , Pan Fei , Huang Jianying , Song Ran , Huang Yongxia , Lin Changjian , Fuchs Harald , Chi Lifeng
Published: February 2013

Binary wettability patterned surfaces with extremely high wetting contrasts can be found in nature on living creatures. They offer a versatile platform for microfluidic management. In this work, a facile approach to fabricating erasable and rewritable surface patterns with extreme wettability contrasts (superhydrophilic/superhydrophobic) on a TiO2 nanotube array (TNA) surface through self‐assembly and photocatalytic lithography is reported. The multifunctional micropatterned superhydrophobic TNA surface can act as a 2D scaffold for site‐selective cell immobilization and reversible protein absorption. Most importantly, such a high‐contrast wettability template can be used to construct various well‐defined 3D functional patterns, such as calcium phosphate, silver nanoparticles, drugs, and biomolecules in a highly selective manner. The 3D functional patterns would be a versatile platform in a wide range of applications, especial for biomedical devices (e.g., high‐throughput molecular sensing, targeted antibacterials, and drug delivery). In a proof‐of‐concept study, the surface‐enhanced Raman scattering and antibacterial performance of the fabricated 3D AgNP@TNA pattern, and the targeted drug delivery for site‐specific and high‐sensitivity cancer cell assays was investigated.
Active Tundish Slag
Authors: Holappa Lauri , Kekkonen Marko , Louhenkilpi Seppo , Hagemann Rene , Schröder Christina , Scheller Piotr
Published: February 2013

The concept of “active tundish slag” aims definitely at improving of steel cleanliness by tailoring a proper tundish slag. In this project, active tundish metallurgy was investigated and assessed. Computation of phase diagrams was used as an approach to understand properties and behavior of tundish slags in casting conditions. Eventual reactions between steel and slag in the tundish were examined by equilibrium calculations. Interfacial phenomena controlling inclusion removal and dissolution into tundish slag were investigated by applying several experimental techniques. Dissolution of alumina and spinel inclusions into slag were studied by model experiments applying CLSM and DHTT methods. Viscosity of slags was measured at different temperatures. Interfacial tension between steel and slag was measured by drop weight method for several slag/steel systems. The study showed the complexity and multi‐disciplinarity in designing slags which can efficiently absorb macro‐ and micro‐inclusions from different steels and at the same time act as protective cover against reoxidation and thermal losses. The final conclusion was that slag optimization is a challenging issue on which favorable metallurgical and thermal properties should be combined with long‐lasting effect during sequential casting operation.
Response to Heck
Authors: Ripley David ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: February 2013

In Heck (2012), Richard Heck presents variants on the familiar liar paradox, intended to reveal limitations of theories of transparent truth. But all existing theories of transparent truth can respond to Heck’s variants in just the same way they respond to the liar. These new variants thus put no new pressure on theories of transparent truth.
Electromagnetic energy harvester for monitoring wind turbine blades
Authors: Joyce B. S. , Farmer J. , Inman D. J.
Published: February 2013

The long composite blades on large wind turbines experience tremendous stresses while in operation. There is an interest in implementing structural health monitoring (SHM) systems inside wind turbine blades to alert maintenance teams of damage before serious component failure occurs. This paper proposes using an energy harvesting device inside the blade of a horizontal axis wind turbine to power a SHM system. The harvester is a linear induction energy harvester placed radially along the length of the blade. The rotation of the blade causes a magnet to slide along a tube as the blade axis changes relative to the direction of gravity. The magnet induces a voltage in a coil around the tube, and this voltage powers the SHM system. This paper begins by discussing motivation for this project. Next, a harvester model is developed, which encompasses the mechanics of the magnet, the interaction between the magnet and the coil, and the current in the electrical circuit. A free fall test verifies the electromechanical coupling model, and a rotating test examines the power output of a prototype harvester. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Neutrino mixing from Wilson lines in warped space
Authors: von Gersdorff Gero , Quirós Mariano , Wiechers Michael
Published: February 2013

Abstract

We consider the generation of the hierarchical charged lepton spectrum and anarchic neutrino masses and mixing angles in warped extra dimensional models with Randall-Sundrum metric. We have classified all possible cases giving rise to realistic spectra for both Dirac and Majorana neutrinos. An anarchic neutrino spectrum requires a convenient bulk symmetry broken by boundary conditions on both UV and IR branes. We have in particular considered the case of Majorana neutrinos with a continuous bulk symmetry. To avoid unwanted massless extra gauge bosons the 4D group should be empty. If the 4D coset is not vanishing it can provide a Wilson Line description of the neutrino Majorana mass matrix. We have studied an example based on the bulk gauge group
$\mathrm{U}{(3)_{\ell }}\otimes \mathrm{U}{(3)_{\mathcal{N}}}{\otimes_i}\mathrm{U}{(1)_{{{\varepsilon^i}}}}$
with the Wilson Line in
$\mathrm{SO}{(3)_{\mathcal{N}}}$
satisfying all required conditions. A χ
2-fit to experimental data exhibits 95% CL region in the parameter space with no fine- tuning. As a consequence of the symmetries of the theory there is no tree-level induced lepton flavor violation and so one-loop processes are consistent with experimental data forKK-modes about a few TeV. The model is easily generalizable to models with IR deformed metrics with similar conclusions.
Proprioceptive performance of bilateral upper and lower limb joints: side-general and site-specific effects
Authors: Han Jia , Anson Judith , Waddington Gordon , Adams Roger
Published: February 2013

Superiority of the left upper limb in proprioception tasks performed by right-handed individuals has been attributed to better utilization of proprioceptive information by a non-preferred arm/hemisphere system. However, it is undetermined whether this holds for multiple upper and lower limb joints. Accordingly, the present study tested active movement proprioception at four pairs of upper and lower limb joints, after selecting twelve participants with both strong right arm and right leg preference. A battery of versions of the active movement extent discrimination apparatus were employed to generate the stimuli for movements of different extents at the ankle, knee, shoulder and fingers on the right and left sides of the body, and discrimination scores were derived from participants’ responses. Proprioceptive performance on the non-preferred left side was significantly better than the preferred right side at all four joints tested (overall F
1, 11 = 36.36, p < 0.001, partial η
2 = 0.77). In the 8 × 8 matrix formed by all joints, only correlations between the proprioceptive accuracy scores for the right and left sides at the same joint were significant (ankles 0.93, knees 0.89, shoulders 0.87, fingers 0.91, p ≤ 0.001; all others r ≤ 0.40, p ≥ 0.20). The results point to both a side-general effect and a site-specific effect in the integration of proprioceptive information during active movement tasks, whereby the non-preferred limb/hemisphere system is specialized in the utilization of the best proprioceptive sources available at each specific joint, but the combination of sources employed differs between body sites.
Early Predictor of Mortality due to Irreversible Posthepatectomy Liver Failure in Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Kim Sung Hoon , Kang Dae Ryong , Lee Jae Gil , Kim Do Young , Ahn Sang Hoon , Han Kwang‐Hyub , Chon Chae Yoon , Kim Kyung Sik
Published: February 2013

Background

Although mortality after liver resection has declined, posthepatectomy liver failure (PHLF) remains a major cause of operative mortality. To date there is not consensus on a definition for PHLF. However, there have been many efforts to define PHLF causing operative mortality. In the present study we sought to identify early predictors of death from irreversible PHLF.

Materials and methods

We retrospectively analyzed the medical records of 359 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma who underwent liver resection between March 2000 and December 2010. Various biochemical parameters from postoperative days (POD) 1, 3, 5, and 7 were analyzed and compared with the “50–50” criterion.

Results

Operative mortality was 4.7 %. Prothrombin time (PT) <65 % and bilirubin ≥38 μmol/L on POD 5 showed the only significant difference as compared with “50–50” criterion. The new combination of bilirubin level and the international normalized ratio showed higher sensitivity, area under the curve, as well as similar accuracy (sensitivity 78.6 vs. 28.6 %; p = 0.002; area under the curve 0.8402 vs. 0.6396; p = 0.00176; accuracy 88.6 vs. 93.4 %; p = 0.090). Multivariate analysis revealed the combination of PT <65 % and bilirubin ≥38 μmol/L on POD 5 to be the only independent predictive factor of mortality (odds ratio, 82.29; 95 % confidence interval 8.69–779.64; p < 0.001).

Conclusions

In patients with chronic liver disease who will undergo liver resection the combination of PT <65 % and bilirubin ≥38 μmol/L on POD 5 may be a more sensitive predictor than the “50–50” criterion of mortality from PHLF. Although it needs to validated by prospective study, this measure may be applied to select patients receiving artificial liver supports or liver transplantation.
Assembly stoichiometry of bacterial selenocysteine synthase and SelC (tRNAsec)
Authors: Manzine Livia Regina , Serrão Vitor Hugo Balasco , Lima Luis Maurício Trambaioli da Rocha e , de Souza Marcos Michel , Bettini Jefferson , Portugal Rodrigo Villares , van Heel Marin , Thiemann Otavio Henrique
Published: February 2013

In bacteria selenocysteyl–tRNAsec (SelC) is synthesized by selenocysteine synthase (SelA). Here we show by fluorescence anisotropy binding assays and electron microscopical symmetry analysis that the SelA–tRNAsec binding stoichiometry is of one tRNAsec molecule per SelA monomer (1:1) rather than the 1:2 value proposed previously. Negative stain transmission electron microscopy revealed a D5 pointgroup symmetry for the SelA–tRNAsec assembly both with and without tRNAsec bound. Furthermore, SelA can associate forming a supramolecular complex of stacked decamer rings, which does not occur in the presence of tRNAsec. We discuss the structure–function relationships of these assemblies and their regulatory role in bacterial selenocysteyl–tRNAsec synthesis.
The control of spindle length by Hsp70 and Hsp110 molecular chaperones
Authors: Makhnevych Taras , Houry Walid A.
Published: February 2013

Molecular chaperones are an essential group of proteins required to maintain proper protein homeostasis in the cell and include Hsp40, Hsp60, Hsp70, Hsp90, and Hsp100 among others. Hsp110 proteins form a subfamily of the Hsp70 family and seem to primarily function as nucleotide exchange factors for the Hsp70s. Data to date suggest that Hsp110 together with Hsp70 are required to ensure proper spindle assembly and nuclear distribution during cell division. More specifically, we propose that an Hsp110–Hsp70 complex modulates the activity and directionality of the kinesin‐5 motor, Cin8, which is required for spindle elongation. The modulation of spindle length by molecular chaperones might be a mechanism by which cell division can be controlled especially under proteostatic stress.
Stabilization of Cox1p intermediates by the Cox14p–Coa3p complex
Authors: McStay Gavin P. , Su Chen Hsien , Tzagoloff Alexander
Published: February 2013

Cox14p and Coa3p have been shown to regulate translation of the mitochondrial COX1 mRNA and to be required for assembly of cytochrome oxidase. We present evidence that Cox14p and Coa3p stabilize previously identified Cox1p intermediates and that in the absence of either protein, Cox1p aggregates with itself and other mitochondrial gene products, including cytochrome b, Var1p and Cox2p. Our evidence suggests that Cox1p assembly intermediates are in close proximity to other mitochondrially translated proteins and that an important function of Cox14p and Coa3p is to prevent Cox1 from entering into unproductive aggregation pathways.
Differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells to osteoblasts and chondrocytes: a focus on adenosine receptors
Authors: Carroll Shannon H. , Ravid Katya
Published: February 2013

Skeletogenesis, either during development, post-injury or for maintenance, is a carefully coordinated process reliant on the appropriate differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. Some well described, as well as a new regulator of this process (adenosine receptors), are alike in that they signal via cyclic-AMP (cAMP). This review highlights the known contribution of cAMP signalling to mesenchymal stem cell differentiation to osteoblasts and to chondrocytes. Focus has been given to how these regulators influence the commitment of the osteochondroprogenitor to these separate lineages.
Internet cognitive behavioural therapy for mixed anxiety and depression: a randomized controlled trial and evidence of effectiveness in primary care
Authors: Newby J. M. , Mackenzie A. , Williams A. D. , McIntyre K. , Watts S. , Wong N. , Andrews G.
Published: February 2013

Background

Major depressive disorder (MDD) and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) have the highest co-morbidity rates within the internalizing disorders cluster, yet no Internet-based cognitive behavioural therapy (iCBT) programme exists for their combined treatment.

Method

We designed a six-lesson therapist-assisted iCBT programme for mixed anxiety and depression. Study 1 was a randomized controlled trial (RCT) comparing the iCBT programme (n = 46)versuswait-list control (WLC;n = 53) for patients diagnosed by structured clinical interview with MDD, GAD or co-morbid GAD/MDD. Primary outcome measures were the Patient Health Questionnaire nine-item scale (depression), Generalized Anxiety Disorder seven-item scale (generalized anxiety), Kessler 10-item Psychological Distress scale (distress) and 12-item World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule II (disability). The iCBT group was followed up at 3 months post-treatment. In study 2, we investigated the adherence to, and efficacy of the same programme in a primary care setting, where patients (n = 136) completed the programme under the supervision of primary care clinicians.

Results

The RCT showed that the iCBT programme was more effective than WLC, with large within- and between-groups effect sizes found (>0.8). Adherence was also high (89%), and gains were maintained at 3-month follow-up. In study 2 in primary care, adherence to the iCBT programme was low (41%), yet effect sizes were large (>0.8). Of the non-completers, 30% experienced benefit.

Conclusions

Together, the results show that iCBT is effective and adherence is high in research settings, but there is a problem of adherence when translated into the ‘real world’. Future efforts need to be placed on developing improved adherence to iCBT in primary care settings.
Just War Thinking as a Social Practice
Authors: Kelsay John
Published: February 2013

The abstract for the International Studies Association panel that gave rise to this special section of Ethics & International Affairs referred to the “triumph” of just war theory. However, I think we ought rather to speak of just war discourse as occupying a particular niche. This is especially so with respect to discussions about policy: when and where governments should make use of military force, what type, and so on. In that context, appeals to the criteria of jus ad bellum and jus in bello complement (or sometimes compete with) thinking that draws on international law, various strategic doctrines (for example, counterinsurgency warfare, or COIN), notions of reciprocity between states, and a host of other considerations. The notion of “triumph” claims too much. At the same time, for advocates of the just war framework, the kind of recognition indicated by presidential and other official mentions of the idea is worthy of note. Some of these are due to constituency politics—that is, to the idea that “institutional” advocates of just war (say, the U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops) may influence blocs of voters. Other invocations are better interpreted as a recognition that the vocabulary of just war can serve (along with other ways of speaking) in the attempt to craft wise policy.
FromJus ad BellumtoJus ad Vim: Recalibrating Our Understanding of the Moral Use of Force
Authors: Brunstetter Daniel , Braun Megan
Published: February 2013

In the preface of the 2006 edition ofJust and Unjust Wars, Michael Walzer makes an important distinction between, on the one hand, “measures short of war,” such as imposing no-fly zones, pinpoint air/missile strikes, and CIA operations, and on the other, “actual warfare,” typified by a ground invasion or a large-scale bombing campaign. Even if the former are, technically speaking, acts of war according to international law, he proffers that “it is common sense to recognize that they are very different from war.” While they all involve “the use of force,” Walzer distinguishes between the level of force used: the former, being more limited in scope, lack the “unpredictable and often catastrophic consequences” of a “full-scale attack.” Walzer calls the ethical framework governing these measuresjus ad vim(the just use of force), and he applies it to state-sponsored uses of force against both state and nonstate actors outside a state's territory that fall short of the quantum and duration associated with traditional warfare. Compared to acts of war,jus ad vimactions present diminished risk to one's own troops, have a destructive outcome that is more predictable and smaller in scale, severely curtail the risk of civilian casualties, and entail a lower economic and military burden. These factors makejus ad vimactions nominally easier for statesmen to justify compared to conventional warfare, though this does not necessarily mean these actions are morally legitimate or that they do not have potentially nefarious consequences.
The 1973 Chilean coup and the origins of transnational human rights activism
Authors: Kelly Patrick William
Published: February 2013

The 1973 Chilean coup gave rise to an unprecedented growth in a global human rights consciousness. In its aftermath, transnational activists from a diverse array of political and ideological backgrounds found common cause – indeed, a common language of human rights – in campaigns to ameliorate the repressive acts of the Chilean military junta. This article focuses on two models of activism in particular: Amnesty International, whose 1973 investigative mission set the terms of the global debate about human rights in Chile; and transnational solidarity activists, especially Chilean exiles from leftist parties, whose vision of social activism narrowed as their interest in human rights surged. These campaigns – while not without tensions over the role of politics in the moral appeal to human rights – both articulated a transnational discourse of human rights and created new activist techniques to foment moral outrage by revealing the prevalence of torture through the power of personal testimony.
The Contribution of Two Categories of Parent Verbal Responsiveness to Later Language for Toddlers and Preschoolers on the Autism Spectrum
Authors: Haebig Eileen , McDuffie Andrea , Ellis Weismer Susan
Published: February 2013

Purpose

The authors examined longitudinal associations between 2 categories of parent verbal responsiveness and language comprehension and production 1 year later in 40 toddlers and preschoolers with a diagnosis of an autism spectrum disorder (ASD).

Method

Parent–child play samples using a standard toy set were digitally captured and coded for child engagement with objects and communication acts and for parent verbal responses to play and communication.

Results

After controlling for parent education, child engagement, and initial language level, only parent directives for language that followed into the child’s focus of attention accounted for unique variance in predicting both comprehension and production 1 year later. A series of exploratory analyses revealed that parent comments that followed into the child’s focus of attention also accounted for unique variance in later comprehension and production for children who were minimally verbal at the initial time period.

Conclusions

Child developmental level may warrant different types of linguistic input to facilitate language learning. Children with ASD who have minimal linguistic skills may benefit from parent language input that follows into the child’s focus of attention. Children with ASD who are verbally fluent may need more advanced language input to facilitate language development.
Toward Validation of a Minimal Competence Core of Morphosyntax for African American Children
Authors: Stockman Ida J. , Guillory Barbara , Seibert Marilyn , Boult Johanna
Published: February 2013

Purpose

The authors set out to determine (a) whether African American children's spontaneous spoken language met use criteria for a revised minimal competence core with original and added morphosyntactic patterns at different geographical locations, and (b) whether pass/fail status on this core was differentiated on other criterion measures of language maturity.

Method

The authors used a common set of activities and stimuli to elicit spontaneous speech samples from Head Start students, age 3;0 (years; months). The 119 participants were distributed at a northern (Lansing, MI) and a southern (Baton Rouge, LA) location.

Results

More than 80% of the children at each location met criteria for 10 core competencies. They included sentence length, type, complexity, and morphosyntactic elaborations of sentences at the lexical, phrasal, and clausal levels. The 2 most significant predictors of pass/fail outcomes in a regression analysis were (a) clinical referral status and (b) the number of different words (NDW100) spoken in a speech sample.

Conclusion

A minimal competence core analyses of spontaneous oral language samples may help to identify delayed spoken grammars in African American children.
Response to Dynamic Language Tasks Among Typically Developing Latino Preschool Children With Bilingual Experience
Authors: Patterson Janet L. , Rodríguez Barbara L. , Dale Philip S.
Published: February 2013

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to determine whether typically developing preschool children with bilingual experience show evidence of learning within brief dynamic assessment language tasks administered in a graduated prompting framework. Dynamic assessment has shown promise for accurate identification of language impairment in bilingual children, and a graduated prompting approach may be well-suited to screening for language impairment.

Method

Three dynamic language tasks with graduated prompting were presented to 32 typically developing 4-year-olds in the language to which the child had the most exposure (16 Spanish, 16 English). The tasks were a novel word learning task, a semantic task, and a phonological awareness task.

Results

Children’s performance was significantly higher on the last 2 items compared with the first 2 items for the semantic and the novel word learning tasks among children who required a prompt on the 1st item. There was no significant difference between the 1st and last items on the phonological awareness task.

Conclusions

Within-task improvements in children’s performance for some tasks administered within a brief, graduated prompting framework were observed. Thus, children’s responses to graduated prompting may be an indicator of modifiability, depending on the task type and level of difficulty.
Treatment for Acquired Apraxia of Speech: Examination of Treatment Intensity and Practice Schedule
Authors: Wambaugh Julie L. , Nessler Christina , Cameron Rosalea , Mauszycki Shannon C.
Published: February 2013

Purpose

The authors designed this investigation to extend the development of a treatment for acquired apraxia of speech (AOS)—sound production treatment (SPT)—by examining the effects of 2 treatment intensities and 2 schedules of practice.

Method

The authors used a multiple baseline design across participants and behaviors with 4 speakers with chronic AOS and aphasia. Accuracy of production of trained and untrained words in phrases served as the dependent measure. Participants received 4 permutations of SPT (i.e., intensive–blocked, intensive–random, traditional–blocked, and traditional–random) applied sequentially to different lists of words.

Results

Positive changes in accuracy of articulation were observed for all participants for all phases of treatment. Two participants had a slightly poorer response to the traditional–random application of treatment. However, no clinically meaningful differences were noted among treatment applications when follow-up data were considered.

Conclusions

Findings from this preliminary Phase II investigation suggest that similar outcomes may be achieved with SPT applied with different treatment intensities and different practice schedules. Extending treatment to achieve higher levels of accuracy may have improved maintenance effects, which may have revealed possible differences among conditions. In addition, overlap in methods used for random and blocked practice may have minimized distinctions between these conditions.