bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Peripheral Neurostimulation in Supraorbital Neuralgia Refractory to Conventional Therapy
Authors: Asensio‐Samper Juan M. , Villanueva Vicente L. , Pérez Alfonso V. , López María D. , Monsalve Vicente , Moliner Susana , De Andrés Jose
Published: March 2008

▪ Abstract:  Supraorbital neuralgia has been identified as an infrequent cause of headache that may prove very difficult to control pharmacologically. Peripheral nerve stimulation using electrodes to stimulate the nerve segmentally responsible for the zone of pain may constitute a management alternative in such cases. We present the case of a patient with headache because of posttraumatic supraorbital neuralgia, refractory to medical treatment, with good analgesic control after peripheral nerve stimulation.

Peripheral nerve stimulation may be considered a safe, reversible treatment for patients with headache secondary to supraorbital neuralgia who respond poorly to pharmacological treatment, thus avoiding irreversible alternatives such as surgery. ▪
Median Arcuate Ligament Syndrome—A Novel Treatment Using an Intrathecal Morphine Pump to Relieve Intractable Visceral Pain
Authors: Guttman Oren T. , Rosenblatt Meg A. , Mims Timothy
Published: March 2008

▪ Abstract  Purpose:  Median arcuate ligament syndrome, which presents with intractable visceral pain, is difficult to both diagnose and treat. This case report describes the first use of an intrathecal morphine pump as an effective therapeutic intervention.

Clinical features:  We describe a 39‐year‐old female who presented with a four‐year history of misdiagnosed debilitating abdominal pain. After multiple failed attempts at medical management and surgeries, a trial of intrathecal narcotics provided significant relief. Six months after insertion of an intrathecal morphine pump, the patient was pain‐free and had resumed all activities of daily living.

Conclusion:  The use of an intrathecal narcotic pump should be considered for treatment of patients with intractable visceral pain secondary to median arcuate ligament syndrome. ▪
Treatment of Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Type I With Oral Phenoxybenzamine: Rationale and Case Reports
Authors: Inchiosa Mario A. , Kizelshteyn Grigory
Published: March 2008

▪ Abstract:  The nonselective α‐adrenergic antagonist, phenoxybenzamine, has been used in the treatment of neuropathic pain syndromes, specifically, complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) types I and II. This agent has also previously been used in intravenous regional peripheral blocks for treatment of CRPS I; however, an intravenous preparation of phenoxybenzamine is not currently available in the U.S.A. In this case series, systemic administration was more appropriate for three of the four patients, as their syndromes had spread beyond the initial area of surgery or trauma. We report an apparent clinical benefit in three of the four patients following oral administration. We postulate that this may be due to the noncompetitive (irreversible) blockade of α1‐ and α2‐adrenergic receptors. We further hypothesize that this blockade could reduce stimulation of an increased population of adrenergic receptors in hyperalgesic skin, blunt the stimulation by norepinephrine of α2‐adrenergic receptors on macrophages, and ultimately reduce the release of proinflammatory cytokines from cellular elements. ▪
On the Therapeutic Viability of Peripheral Nerve Stimulation for Ilioinguinal Neuralgia: Putative Mechanisms and Possible Utility
Authors: Rauchwerger Jacob J. , Giordano James , Rozen Dima , Kent Joel L. , Greenspan Joshua , Closson Carey‐Walter F.
Published: March 2008

▪ Abstract:  Injury to the ilioinguinal nerve commonly follows during lower abdominal and pelvic surgery, especially with inguinal hernia repair, appendectomy, and hysterectomy. Other potential causes include low abdominal blunt trauma, iliac crest bone graft, psoas abscess, Pott's disease, and prolonged wearing of abdominally constrictive clothing. The actual incidence of ilioinguinal neuralgia is uncertain, as reported percentage ranges between 12% and 62%. Prompt and accurate diagnosis is critical, and appropritate treatments range from conservative pharmacologic management with nonopioid (eg, gabapentin, topiramate) as well as opioid agents, to surgical neurectomy of the proximal portion of the ilioinguinal nerve. Pharmacological treatment is frequently unsuccessful (particularly if delayed) and while surgery is successful in approximately 73% of cases, it can result in problematic paresthesias, and pain may continue to persist in some patients. Thus, minimally invasive techniques, such as peripheral nerve stimulation, may be viable in those patients who are refractory to pharmacological management, as an option to surgery, and who have not gained satisfactory pain relief through surgical intervention. We present three cases of successful pain control of ilioinguinal neuralgia with peripheral nerve stimulation. These cases demonstrate the potential benefits of neurostimulation including durable effective pain relief and decreased use of medication. Putative mechanisms of effect(s) and caveats for continued research to inform prudent employment of this technique are presented. ▪
Hepatitis C virus window‐phase infections: closing the window on hepatitis C virus
Authors: Tuke Philip W. , Grant Paul R. , Waite James , Kitchen Alan D. , Eglin Roger P. , Tedder Richard S.
Published: March 2008

BACKGROUND: The detection of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is of major importance for the prevention of transfusion‐transmitted hepatitis. The testing of donations by nucleic acid testing (NAT) techniques may not be feasible or economic. Combined antigen and antibody assays are now available, and the performance of two combined assays on window‐phase donations is evaluated.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Three panels of antibody‐negative plasma samples from HCV NAT‐only–positive donors were characterized for HCV status by quantitative reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction, a commercial third‐generation HCV antibody assay (Ortho), and combined antigen and antibody assays (Bio‐Rad MONOLISA and Murex).

RESULTS: All 142 plasma samples were antibody negative by Ortho third‐generation HCV. A total of 112 samples (79%) were found to contain HCV RNA; 32 were detected by the Bio‐Rad assay (29%), whereas 56 (50%) were detected by the Murex assay. Of 45 samples with viral loads of greater than 106, 32 (71%) were positive in the Bio‐Rad combination assay and 44 (98%) were positive in the Murex assay. Interestingly none of the 3a genotypes were detected by the Bio‐Rad MONOLISA, including eight donations that were greater than 106 IU per mL.

CONCLUSIONS: Combined antigen and antibody testing provides a useful improvement on the sole reliance on antibody testing for detection of HCV infection; however, it remains less sensitive than NAT for detecting viremic donors and may be genotype susceptible.
Evaluation of an automated closed fluid management device for processing expanded cytokine‐induced killer cells to use in immunotherapy programs for cancer
Authors: Giancola Raffaella , Olioso Paola , Di Riti Maria , Capone Anita , Contento Alessandro , Pompetti Franca , Iacone Antonio
Published: March 2008

BACKGROUND: Cytokine‐induced killer (CIK) cells are a heterogeneous population of immune cells derived from peripheral blood lymphocytes with a high proliferative potential ex vivo. This study shows a rapid and reproducible protocol for adoptive immunotherapy with CIK cells in patients with hematologic malignancies. For this purpose a new automatic cell processing device (CytoMate, Baxter Oncology) was tested to improve extensive manipulations of these cells.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Twenty CIK expansions obtained from healthy donors and patients with hematologic malignancies were washed and refilled with fresh medium during culture with the CytoMate. Recovery, viability, and cytotoxic activity were evaluated. Six cryopreserved CIK procedures were thawed and processed for washing out dimethyl sulfoxide automatically. Recovery of cells, viability, and early apoptosis were measured immediately after washing, and cytotoxic activity against target cell lines K562 and Daudi was tested after short culture.

RESULTS: Prewash volume of CIK cultures was 3600 mL (range, 1970‐6000 mL). After automatic wash, the total CIK cell recovery was 85.3 percent (range, 78.5%‐97.5%), and living cells were greater than 95 percent. After thawing, the median recoveries of total nucleated cells and natural killer T (NKT) cells were, respectively, 80.7 percent (range, 65%‐95.5%) and 90.5 percent (range, 70.5%‐98.5%). Thawed cells preserved their cytotoxic activity after cryopreservation (approx. 50% lysis at effector:target ratio of 40:1).

CONCLUSION: The automatic wash with the CytoMate showed a good recovery of viable CIK cells during expansion and allowed an efficient manipulation of thawed cells. The use of this simple and efficient washing technique is suitable for clinical‐grade processing in cellular therapy protocols.
Apheresis donors and platelet function: inherent platelet responsiveness influences platelet quality
Authors: Garner Stephen F. , Jones Chris I. , Stephens Jonathan , Burns Philippa , Walton Jill , Bernard Adam , Angenent Will , Ouwehand Willem H. , Goodall Alison H. ,   BLOODOMICS Consortium
Published: March 2008

BACKGROUND: Process‐induced platelet (PLT) activation occurs with all production methods, including apheresis. Recent studies have highlighted the range and consistence of interindividual variation in the PLT response, but little is known about the contribution of a donors' inherent PLT responsiveness to the activation state of the apheresis PLTs or the effect of frequent apheresis on donors' PLTs.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: The relationship between the donors' PLT response on the apheresis PLTs was studied in 47 individuals selected as having PLTs with inherently low, intermediate, or high responsiveness. Whole‐blood flow cytometry was used to measure PLT activation (levels of bound fibrinogen) before donation and in the apheresis PLTs. The effects of regular apheresis on the activation status of donors' PLTs were studied by comparing the in vivo activation status of PLTs from apheresis (n = 349) and whole‐blood donors (n = 157), before donation. The effect of apheresis per se on PLT activation was measured in 10 apheresis donors before and after donation.

RESULTS: The level of PLT activation in the apheresis packs was generally higher than in the donor, and the most activated PLTs were from high‐responder donors. There was no significant difference in PLT activation before donation between the apheresis and whole‐blood donors (p = 0.697), and there was no consistent evidence of activation in the donors immediately after apheresis.

CONCLUSION: The most activated apheresis PLTs were obtained from donors with more responsive PLTs. Regular apheresis, however, does not lead to PLT activation in the donors.
Storage of platelet concentrates from pooled buffy coats made of fresh and overnight‐stored whole blood processed on the novel Atreus 2C+ system: in vitro study
Authors: Sandgren Per , Callaert Martine , Shanwell Agneta , Gulliksson Hans
Published: March 2008

BACKGROUND: The Atreus 2C+ system (Gambro BCT) automatically separates whole blood (WB) into buffy coat (BC), red blood cells (RBC), and plasma and transfers the components into separate containers. After processing with the Atreus, 4 to 6 BC units can be pooled and processed into leukoreduced platelets (PLTs) by use of the automated OrbiSac BC system (Gambro BCT). The aim of our in vitro study was to investigate the effects of holding either WB or BC overnight before preparation of PLTs by use of the Atreus 2C+ system for BC preparation. A standard routine procedure involving conventional blood containers for the preparation of BC combined with the OrbiSac process (top‐and‐top system; Terumo) was used as a reference.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: WB was either processed within 8 hours after collection (“fresh blood”) or stored overnight before processing. WB units were separated into BC, RBC, and plasma units and transferred into individual containers. Either the BC or the WB units rested overnight at 22 ± 2°C. Six ABO‐identical BCs, obtained from either fresh or overnight‐stored WB, were pooled and processed with the OrbiSac BC system to obtain leukoreduced PLTs. In total, 20 Atreus and 10 reference (leukoreduced PLTs) samples were analyzed for various in vitro variables during the 7‐day storage period.

RESULTS: No significant difference in glucose consumption, lactate production, mean PLT volume, LDH activity, bicarbonate, ATP, RANTES, and the expression of CD62p and CD42b between groups was detected. pH was maintained at greater than 7.0 (Day 7). Swirling remained at the highest levels (score, 2) for all units throughout storage.

CONCLUSION: PLTs derived from BCs, obtained from either fresh or overnight‐stored WB processed on the novel automated Atreus 2C+ system, were equivalent to control PLTs with regard to PLT in vitro characteristics during 7 days of storage. Stable recovery of PLTs and satisfactory PLT content according to current standards were also found.
Rapid detection of anti‐Lub with recombinant Lub protein and the particle gel immunoassay
Authors: Seltsam Axel , Agaylan Ashraf , Grueger Daniela , Meyer Oliver , Blasczyk Rainer , Salama Abdulgabar
Published: March 2008

BACKGROUND: Until now, it was not possible to identify antibodies to red blood cells (RBCs) except with pretyped RBCs. Here, a novel method with particles coated with recombinant Lub protein for detection of anti‐Lub is described.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Prokaryotic recombinant Lub proteins were generated and coupled onto superparamagnetic particles coated with streptavidin. The coated particles were tested in the presence of different serum and plasma samples (13 anti‐Lub, 6 anti‐Lua, 20 other antibodies, and 35 serum samples from blood donors) with the particle gel immunoassay (ID‐PaGIA).

RESULTS: Lub‐coated particles reacted with all 13 samples containing anti‐Lub, but not with any samples lacking anti‐Lub. In addition, the anti‐Lub titers were higher with Lub‐coated particles than with Lu(a–b+) RBCs in almost all cases.

CONCLUSION: Recombinant blood group proteins may be able to dispense with the need for RBCs for identification of certain RBC alloantibodies.
A pool of repeat blood donors can be generated with little expense to the blood center in sub‐Saharan Africa
Authors: Allain Jean‐Pierre , Sarkodie Francis , Boateng Peter , Asenso Kwame , Kyeremateng Ernest , Owusu‐Ofori Shirley
Published: March 2008

BACKGROUND: In sub‐Saharan Africa, most collected blood originates from accessible and cheaper replacement donors while recruiting and retaining volunteers requires considerable costs not all countries can afford. The Kumasi Teaching Hospital Blood Center and a local FM radio station developed a partnership calling three times a year for donation at the radio station where music, entertainment, and token gifts were available.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: To assess the program's impact, attendance, deferral, age, sex, identification, and viral test results of donors attending 12 consecutive sessions in 2003 through 2006 were analyzed, and this donor population was compared to other types of donors in Kumasi, Ghana.

RESULTS: A total of 3801 donors attended the program and 92 percent of the potential FM donors were eligible to donate compared to 85.5 and 70.3 percent of other volunteer and replacement donors, respectively. Ninety percent of donors were male (median, 25 years) and 4.9 percent were hepatitis B surface antigen–positive compared to 11 and 15 percent in other volunteer and replacement donors. This reflected 63.6 percent spontaneous repeat donations from donors responding to the radio appeal compared to 15 to 30 percent in other volunteer donors.

CONCLUSIONS: It has been demonstrated that the use of a culturally and socially adapted environment to make the gift of blood a pleasurable and festive experience generated a new pool of blood donors spontaneously repeating donations. This program indicates that retaining Ghanaian blood donors is possible at little extra cost to the blood center and that such an approach may represent a substantial help in the efforts of sub‐Saharan Africa to collect volunteer blood.
Blood donor satisfaction and intention of future donation
Authors: Nguyen Dorothy D. , DeVita Deborah A. , Hirschler Nora V. , Murphy Edward L.
Published: March 2008

BACKGROUND:New regulatory requirements for donor eligibility challenge blood centers to recruit and retain enough donors. This study evaluated correlations between overall satisfaction with the donation process and donor demographics and the effect of both on a donor's intent to return.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS:An anonymous, self‐administered questionnaire was given to donors at multiple sites of one blood center over a 3‐week period. First‐time and repeat donors were asked questions on demographic characteristics, satisfaction with the current donation process, motivation for current and future donations, and intent to return.

RESULTS:More than 75 percent of donors rated the overall donation process at 9 or 10 on a scale of 10 (mean, 9.19; standard deviation, 1.09), with female, high school–educated, and first‐time donors giving higher satisfaction ratings than male, college‐educated, and repeat donors, respectively (all p < 0.001). Donor satisfaction was correlated with intent to return for another donation (p = 0.002). For the current donation, donors rated altruistic motivations most highly. Medical testing was the most highly rated incentive for future donations, followed by frequent donor programs and convenient donation times and locations; preferences varied by demographic subgroup.

CONCLUSIONS:Blood donor satisfaction varies among demographic and donation history subgroups and is positively correlated with the intent to return for future donation. Although the primary motivation among all donors was altruism, incentives to future donation may need to be tailored according to demographic subgroups.
The effect of a standardized protocol for iron supplementation to blood donors low in hemoglobin concentration
Authors: Magnussen Karin , Bork Nanna , Asmussen Lisa
Published: March 2008

BACKGROUND: Iron deficiency leading to low hemoglobin concentration (cHb) is a common problem for blood donors as well as for blood banks. A standardized protocol offering iron supplementation based on P‐ferritin determination may help to reduce the problem and retain donors.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: This was a prospective study where 879 blood donors, presenting with cHb at or below the limit of acceptance for donation, were included. The predonation cHb result was read after donation. The donors received 50 iron tablets (JernC or Ferrochel, 100 or 25 mg elemental iron, respectively), and samples for P‐ferritin, mean corpuscular volume, and control of cHb were secured. Based on a P‐ferritin level of less than 60 μg per L, 20 iron tablets were offered after all following donations.

RESULTS: Mean cHb was 7.6 mmol per L (122 g/L) and 8.2 mmol per L (132 g/L) in women and men, respectively. In 80 percent of the women and 48 percent of the men, iron stores were low (P‐ferritin ≤ 30 μg/L). In the donors returning once or twice, an increase in cHb and P‐ferritin was seen. Fifteen donors were permanently deferred due to disease and 36 due to low cHb, but 2 years after the start of the study, 79 percent of the women and 85 percent of the men were still active donors.

CONCLUSION: A standardized protocol offering iron supplementation and simple oral and written advice based on P‐ferritin measurements is effective in normalizing cHb and retaining donors presenting with cHb at or below the limit of acceptance for donation.
Overnight or fresh buffy coat–derived platelet concentrates prepared with various platelet pooling systems
Authors: Dijkstra‐Tiekstra Margriet J. , Kuipers Willeke , Setroikromo Airies C. , De Wildt‐Eggen Janny
Published: March 2008

BACKGROUND: For logistic reasons, possibilities to produce both platelet (PLT) concentrates prepared from fresh or overnight‐stored whole blood (fresh and o/n PCs, respectively) are convenient. The consequences of both possibilities are not well described. The PLT pooling system used might also influence the condition of PCs. Our aim was to compare fresh and o/n PCs with different PLT pooling systems.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Fresh and o/n PCs were prepared from buffy coats and plasma in PLT pooling systems of Baxter, Fresenius, Terumo, or Pall (n = 5). PCs were stored for 9 days. The in vitro quality was determined by the PLT count, pH, glucose, lactate, pO2, pCO2, CD62P expression, and annexin V binding.

RESULTS: The o/n PCs showed higher PLT count (approx. 460 × 109/PC vs. approx. 310 × 109/PC), pCO2, and lactate concentration and lower pH, pO2, glucose concentration, CD62P expression (until Day 5), and annexin V binding (until Day 7) compared with fresh PCs (p < 0.05). Only for o/n PCs in the Baxter and Fresenius systems did the pH and glucose concentration remain higher, and the lactate concentration and CD62P expression remained lower than that of o/n PCs in the Pall and Terumo systems. The pH for fresh PCs in the Baxter and Fresenius systems was more often greater than 7.4 than for fresh PCs in the Terumo or Pall systems.

CONCLUSION: The quality of PCs depended on whether PCs were prepared from fresh or overnight‐stored whole blood and on the used PLT pooling system. The main difference between fresh and o/n PCs was the PLT count.
Patient‐Specific Dose Finding Based on Bivariate Outcomes and Covariates
Authors: Thall Peter F. , Nguyen Hoang Q. , Estey Elihu H.
Published: March 2008

Summary A Bayesian sequential dose‐finding procedure based on bivariate (efficacy, toxicity) outcomes that accounts for patient covariates and dose‐covariate interactions is presented. Historical data are used to obtain an informative prior on covariate main effects, with uninformative priors assumed for all dose effect parameters. Elicited limits on the probabilities of efficacy and toxicity for each of a representative set of covariate vectors are used to construct bounding functions that determine the acceptability of each dose for each patient. Elicited outcome probability pairs that are equally desirable for a reference patient are used to define two different posterior criteria, either of which may be used to select an optimal covariate‐specific dose for each patient. Because the dose selection criteria are covariate specific, different patients may receive different doses at the same point in the trial, and the set of eligible patients may change adaptively during the trial. The method is illustrated by a dose‐finding trial in acute leukemia, including a simulation study.
Influences of ZnO on the Properties of SrZr0.9Y0.1O2.95 Protonic Conductor
Authors: Peng Zhenzhen , Guo Ruisong , Yin Ziguang , Li Juan
Published: March 2008

The effects of ZnO additive on the microstructure, phase formation, and electrical conduction of yttrium‐doped strontium zirconate were investigated. The sintering temperature of SrZr0.9Y0.1O2.95 can be lowered to 1350°C by addition of ZnO. The electrical conduction is found to be strongly correlated with the ZnO contents. When the ZnO content is <5 mol%, the electrical conductivity increased with an increase in the ZnO contents. Electromotive force measurements under fuel cell conditions indicated a pure ionic conduction over this range of ZnO contents. However, it had a detrimental effect on the electrical conduction when the ZnO content was more than 6 mol%. The main reason for this is discussed according to the defect chemistry and microstructure.
The Role of Acetic Acid in Magnesium Oxide Preparation via Chemical Precipitation
Authors: Wang Wei , Qiao Xueliang , Chen Jianguo
Published: March 2008

The role of acetic acid in magnesium oxide (MgO) preparation through a chemical precipitation process was investigated in this work. The as‐synthesized precursors and MgO powders were characterized by X‐ray powder diffraction, Fourier‐transformed infrared spectroscopy, and differential thermal analysis. Compared with the samples without using acetic acid, the addition of acetic acid as a chemical modifier can enhance the crystal growth of the precursor Mg(OH)2 in (001) orientation, and significantly lower the transition temperature from Mg(OH)2 to MgO, which could be due to the formation of a bidentate coordination compound of carboxyl groups with magnesium hydroxide.
Gelcasting and Pressureless Sintering of Translucent Alumina Ceramics
Authors: Mao Xiaojian , Shimai Shunzo , Dong Manjiang , Wang Shiwei
Published: March 2008

Gelcasting is a very useful technique for producing ceramic parts with complex shapes. In this work, gelcasting in air and pressureless sintering in hydrogen were applied to manufacture translucent alumina ceramics. A stable suspension with 75 wt% solids was prepared by ball milling. Trapped bubbles were removed completely before casting to obtain homogeneous green bodies. Final sintering was carried out in a hydrogen furnace at 1850°C for 3 h. Homogeneous microstructures of both calcined and sintered bodies were obtained. The in‐line transmission of the sample with a thickness of 0.5 mm increased gently from 9% to 10% in the wavelength range of 190–1100 nm.
Preparation and Cathodoluminescence of Mg‐Doped and Zn‐Doped GaN Powders
Authors: Li Hui‐Li , Xie Rong‐Jun , Hirosaki Naoto , Dierre Berjamin , Sekiguchi Takashi , Yajima Yoshiyoki
Published: March 2008

In this paper, undoped, Mg‐ and Zn‐doped gallium nitride powders were prepared by direct nitridation of Ga2O3 under a flowing NH3 gas. The phase purity, morphology and cathodoluminescence spectra were presented. The Ga2O3 powders can be completely nitridized to GaN at 1000°C. The resultant GaN powders agglomerated together with submicron‐sized polyhedral crystals. At room temperature, the Mg‐ and Zn‐doped powders exhibit bright blue‐violet emission at around 3.05 and 2.81 eV, respectively. This provides clear evidence that magnesium or zinc is incorporated into the GaN powders as an acceptor and suggests that the luminescent materials are promising candidates for optoelectronic applications.
Corrosion of ZrB2 Powder During Wet Processing – Analysis and Control
Authors: Lee Sea‐Hoon , Sakka Yoshio , Kagawa Yutaka
Published: March 2008

Corrosion behavior of ZrB2 powder during wet processing in water or ethyl alcohol was studied both with and without an organic additive. Incorporation of oxygen and pH change did not intensively occur during static aging of aqueous slurries, but corrosion was enhanced when stirring the slurries. The oxygen content of the powder increased rather rapidly with milling time in ethyl alcohol. The molecular weight of polyethylenimine effected the pH change and oxygen content of ZrB2 powder, after corrosion in water for 18 months. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis informed that the surface of both the pristine and corroded powders was mainly covered with ZrOH, but a certain amount of Zr–B bonding remained at the powder surface after the wet processing.
An Ecological Framework for Evaluating Relationship‐Functional Aspects of Youth Mentoring1
Authors: Chan Charles C. , Ho Wing Chung
Published: March 2008

The present research examined what is necessary to make youth mentoring effective. Central to the discussion is mentee–mentor relationship quality in relation to program effectiveness. Data were drawn from an ongoing youth mentoring program organized in Hong Kong using a conceptual framework derived from ecological psychology to guide analysis. Data analysis followed a multistage process. Quantitative factor analysis was computed to identify the principal components of the mentee–mentor relationship. Then, to explore subjective meanings of the quantitative findings, in‐depth interviews were conducted with 48 mentees who were randomly selected from the respondents. Further statistical associations and qualitative categorizations were conducted with this subsample to examine the complex relations between the relationship outcomes and the program (functional) outcomes.
Local Identity and the Role of Individual Differences in the Use of Natural Resources: The Case of Water Consumption1
Authors: Bonaiuto Marino , Bilotta Elena , Bonnes Mirilia , Ceccarelli Manuela , Martorella Helga , Carrus Giuseppe
Published: March 2008

A field study assessed the role of social value orientation (SVO) and identification with the local community on water conservation behavior in Italy. Participants (N = 758) completed a self‐reported questionnaire, during summer and Easter time. It was expected that SVO and local identification would affect cooperation in conserving water resources. Consistent with the hypotheses, the highest levels of voluntary cooperation were detected among prosocial persons with high local identity, while the lowest levels of cooperation were detected among proself persons with low local identity. Other factors (e.g., perception of local authority's legitimacy, place of residence, severity of water scarcity condition) did not affect the hypothesized interaction. The theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed.
Weight‐Based Discrimination in Occupational Hiring and Helping Behavior1
Authors: Swami Viren , Chan Flora , Wong Vivien , Furnham Adrian , Tovée Martin J.
Published: March 2008

This study explored weight‐based discrimination using a range of weight categories, as represented by images of real women with known body mass index (BMI). In the first study, 30 men rated each image according to likelihood of occupational hiring for a managerial post. In the second study, 28 men rated the same images for likelihood of helping behavior following a minor accident. Study results showed that individuals with a slender body weight (BMI = 19–20) were most likely to be hired and helped, while obese (BMI > 30) participants were least likely to be hired and helped. However, results also showed that emaciated (BMI < 15) individuals were likely to be discriminated against. Implications for real‐life settings are discussed.
Inequity in Hindu–Muslim Riots: A Test of Two Biases1
Authors: Ruback R. Barry , Singh Purnima
Published: March 2008

During the past 50 years, substantially more Muslims than Hindus have died in riots in India. This study examined and found support for 2 possible individual‐level reasons that are consistent with this disproportionate number of deaths. First, Hindus, compared to Muslims, considered historical incidents to be more important for contemporary Hindu–Muslim relations. Second, Hindus showed an ultimate group bias in that they generally valued Hindu lives more than Muslim lives, whereas Muslims showed no difference in the valuation of Hindu and Muslim lives. Together, these results are consistent with an equity notion that Hindus consider as relevant input factors both historical incidents and perceptions that in‐group members’ lives are more valuable than are out‐group members’ lives.
Attributional Beliefs About the Controllability of Stigmatized Traits: Antecedents or Justifications of Prejudice?1
Authors: Hegarty Peter , Golden Anne M.
Published: March 2008

Correlational studies show that prejudiced people attribute stigmatized traits to controllable causes, and blame stigmatized groups for their own fate. Attribution theory argues that causal attributions cause prejudice, and that changes in attributional beliefs produce changes in attitudes. In contrast, the justification–suppression model describes attributions to controllable causes as justifications of pre‐existing prejudices. Study participants reported their attitudes toward 1 of 4 stigmatized groups, read information that manipulated their attributional beliefs, listed their thoughts, and reported their attitudes again. Supporting the suppression–justification model, initially prejudiced participants spontaneously produced more thoughts about the controllability of stigmatized identities. Refuting attribution theory, manipulating attributional beliefs had no effect on attitudes. Implications for applications of attribution theory to reduce prejudice are discussed.
Two protagonists on aphidophagous patches: effects of learning and intraguild predation
Authors: Jazzar Chantal , Meyhöfer Rainer , Ebssa Lemma , Poehling Hans‐Michael
Published: March 2008

In aphidophagous systems, trophic interactions between parasitoids and predators, termed intraguild predation, are frequently asymmetric. To mitigate predation risk for themselves and their offspring, intraguild prey may exploit associative learning to gain accurate information about patch quality. Therefore, costs of unnecessary escape behavior are avoided. We used sweet pepper patches (Capsicum annuum L., cv. ‘Mazurka’) (Solanaceae), sustaining Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas) or Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Homoptera: Aphididae) aphids, as a model system to quantify the foraging behaviors of the parasitoid Aphelinus abdominalis (Dalman) (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), when confronted with predatory second instar Chrysopa carnea (Stephens) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). The behavior of predator‐naive or predator‐experienced A. abdominalis foraging in a patch with or without C. carnea was recorded and analyzed using a multiple video observation system. We investigated (i) whether A. abdominalis could learn to detect the presence of a predator in a patch, (ii) the impact of the predator presence on the learning and motor learning of the parasitoid, and (iii) the effects of the aphid species on the guild interactions. Results showed that the presence of, or experience with the predator does not affect A. abdominalis learning or motor learning. We discuss the behavioral and ecological implications of our finding. Overall, predator‐induced aphid mobility increased the frequency and allocation time of Aphelinus oviposition activities, especially when Ma. euphorbiae was the host. The predator imposed indirect fitness costs on the parasitoid. Aphelinus abdominalis searched more often and longer, resulting in a tendency towards reduced Ma. euphorbiae parasitism rate in patches harboring C. carnea.
Contributions of integrin‐linked kinase to breast cancer metastasis and tumourigenesis
Authors: Hinton Cimona V. , Avraham Shalom , Avraham Hava Karsenty
Published: March 2008

Introduction

Integrin‐linked kinase (ILK)

ILK in breast cancer

VEGF‐ and HER2‐associated cross‐talks with ILK

Conclusion

Metastasis contributes to more than 90% of mortality in breast cancer. Critical stages in the development of aggressive breast cancer include growth of the primary tumours, and their abilities to spread to distant organs, colonize and establish an independent blood supply. The integrin family of cell adhesion receptors is essential to breast cancer progression. Furthermore, integrin‐linked kinase can ‘convert’ localized breast cancer cells into invasive and metastatic cells. Upon stimulation by growth factors and chemokine ligands, integrin‐linked kinase mediates the phosphorylation of Akt Ser473, and glycogen synthase kinase‐3. The current notion is that overexpression of integrin‐linked kinase resulted in an invasive, metastatic phenotype in several cancer model systemsin vivoandin vitro, thus, implicating a role for integrin‐linked kinase in oncogenic transformation, angiogenesis and metastasis. Here, we will review the role of integrin‐linked kinase in breast cancer metastasis. Elucidation of signalling events important for breast tumour metastasis should provide insights into successful breast cancer therapies.
Epigenetic effects of lung cancer predisposing factors impact on clinical diagnosis and prognosis
Authors: Piperi Christina , Vlastos Fotis , Farmaki Elena , Martinet Nadine , Papavassiliou Athanasios G.
Published: March 2008

Introduction

Tobacco smoke

Radiation

Viruses and hormones

Implication of gene methylation in clinical diagnosis and prognosis

Conclusions – Outlook

Lung carcinogenesis is a complex process requiring the acquisition of genetic mutations that confer the malignant phenotype as well as epigenetic alterations that may be both manipulated in the course of therapy. Aberrant gene function and transcriptional silencing by CpG island hypermethylation has become a critical component in the initiation and progression of lung cancer. Growing evidence shows that acquired epigenetic abnormalities participate with genetic alterations to cause this dysregulation. Human and animal studies have fostered significant advances in elucidating the role of gene‐specific methylation in cancer initiation and progression, the modulation of DNA methylation by carcinogen exposure and the ability of pharmacologic agents to reverse promoter hypermethylation, making it an attractive target to pursue for prevention of lung cancer. This review focuses on how lung cancer predisposing factors participate in epigenetic alterations of lung neoplasia, and discusses the growing implications of these alterations for strategies to control cancer.
TNFα blockade prevents the development of inflammatory bowel disease in HLA‐B27 transgenic rats
Authors: Milia Anna Franca , Manetti Mirko , Generini Sergio , Polidori Lucia , Benelli Gemma , Cinelli Marina , Messerini Luca , Ibba‐Manneschi Lidia , Matucci‐Cerinic Marco
Published: March 2008

Rats transgenic for HLA‐B27 and human β2microglobulin (B27TR) develop a multi‐systemic disease resembling inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and spondyloarthritis. TNFα has a crucial role in chronic inflammation. Our objective was to evaluate the effect of anti‐TNFα treatment on spontaneous IBD in B27TR. Nine‐week‐old B27TR received monoclonal anti‐TNFα or an isotypic IgG2a,k up to age of 18 weeks. A second group was monitored up to 18 weeks and then randomly assigned to anti‐TNFα or IgG2 a,k treatment. Each rat was monitored for clinical IBD manifestations. After sacrifice, the colon was examined for pathological changes. TNFα receptors (TNF‐R1, TNF‐R2), Fas/Fas‐L expression and apoptosis were evaluated. IgG2a,k‐treated and untreated B27TR presented signs of IBD at 11 weeks, whereas in anti‐TNFα‐treated B27TR no IBD signs were detected. In the late treatment, IBD signs improved after 1 week. Histopathological analysis of IgG2a,k‐treated B27TR colon showed inflammatory signs that were widely prevented by early anti‐TNFα treatment. Late treatment did not significantly reduce inflammation. TNF‐R1 was weakly expressed in intestinal epithelial cells of IgG2a,k‐treated B27TR, while it was comparable to controls in anti‐TNFα‐treated animals. TNF‐R2 immunopositivity was strongly evident in IgG2a,k‐treated B27TR, whereas was absent in anti‐TNFα‐treated rats. RT‐PCR confirmed these results. IgG2a,k‐treated B27TR showed, at 18 weeks, few Fas‐positive cells and an increase of Fas‐L‐positive cells. At 27 weeks, Fas‐/Fas‐L‐positive cell number was significantly low. Anti‐TNFα treatment increased Fas‐L expression, whereas Fas increased only with the early treatment. TNFα blockade is effective in preventing inflammation in early phase of IBD, maintaining the homeostatic balance of apoptosis.
Temporal PTEN inactivation causes proliferation of saphenous vein smooth muscle cells of human CABG conduits
Authors: Mitra Amit K. , Jia Guanghong , Gangahar Deepak M. , Agrawal Devendra K.
Published: March 2008

Internal mammary artery (IMA) coronary artery bypass grafts (CABG) are remarkably resistant to intimal hyperplasia (IH) as compared to saphenous vein (SV) grafts following aorto‐coronary anastomosis. The reason behind this puzzling difference still remains an enigma. In this study, we examined the effects of IGF‐1 stimulation on the PI3K‐AKT/PKB pathway mediating proliferation of smooth muscle cells (SMCs) of IMA and SV origin and the specific contribution of phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN) in regulating the IGF‐1‐PI3K‐AKT/PKB axis under these conditions. Mitogenic activation with IGF‐1, time‐dependently stimulated the phosphorylation of PI3K and AKT/PKB in the SV SMCs to a much greater extent than the IMA. Conversely, PTEN was found to be significantly more active in IMA SMCs. Transient overexpression of PTEN in SMCs of SV and IMA inhibited AKT/PKB activity and upstream of AKT/PKB, caused a reduction of IGF‐1 receptors. Downstream, PTEN overexpression in SV SMCs induced the transactivation of tumour suppressor protein p53 by down‐regulating the expression of its inhibitor MDM2. However, PTEN overexpression had no significant effect on MDM2 and p53 expression in IMA SMCs. PTEN overexpression inhibited IGF‐1‐induced SMC proliferation in both SV and IMA. PTEN suppression, induced by siRNA transfection of IMA SMCs diminished the negative regulation of PI3K‐PKB signalling leading to greater proliferative response induced by IGF‐1 stimulation. Thus, we show for the first time that early inactivation of PTEN in SV SMCs leads to temporally increased activity of the pro‐hyperplasia PI3K‐AKT/PKB pathway leading to IH‐induced vein graft occlusion. Therefore, modulation of the PI3K‐AKT/PKB pathway via PTEN might be a novel and effective strategy in combating SV graft failure following CABG.
The induction of bone formation by smart biphasic hydroxyapatite tricalcium phosphate biomimetic matrices in the non‐human primate Papio ursinus
Authors: Ripamonti U. , Richter P. W. , Nilen R. W. N. , Renton L.
Published: March 2008

Long‐term studies in the non‐human primate Chacma baboon Papio ursinus were set to investigate the induction of bone formation by biphasic hydroxyapatite/p‐tricalcium phosphate (HA/β‐TCP) biomimetic matrices. HA/β‐TCP biomimetic matrices in a pre‐sinter ratio (wt%) of 40/60 and 20/80, respectively, were sintered and implanted in the rectus abdominis and in calvarial defects of four adult baboons. The post‐sinter phase content ratios were 19/81 and 4/96, respectively. Morphological analyses on day 90 and 365 showed significant induction of bone formation within concavities of the biomimetic matrices with substantial bone formation by induction and resorption/dissolution of the implanted matrices. One year after implantation in calvarial defects, 4/96 biphasic biomimetic constructs showed prominent induction of bone formation with significant dissolution of the implanted scaffolds. The implanted smart biomimetic matrices induce de novo bone formation even in the absence of exogenously applied osteogenic proteins of the transforming growth factor‐β(TGF‐β) superfamily. The induction of bone formation biomimetizes the remodelling cycle of the cortico‐cancellous bone of primates whereby resorption lacunae, pits and concavities cut by osteoclastogenesis are regulators of bone formation by induction. The concavities assembled in HA/β‐TCP biomimetic bioceramics are endowed with multifunctional pleiotropic self‐assembly capacities initiating and promoting angiogenesis and bone formation by induction. Resident mesenchymal cells differentiate into osteoblastic cell lines expressing, secreting and embedding osteogenic soluble molecular signals of the TGF‐β superfamily within the concavities of the biomimetic matrices initiating bone formation as a secondary response.
Cheilitis granulomatosa associated with allergic contact dermatitis to betel quid
Authors: Chiu Cheng‐Sheng , Tsai Yi‐Lun
Published: March 2008

Cheilitis granulomatosa (CG) is a rare disorder of unknown origin, which is characterized clinically by painless, recurrent or persistent swelling of 1 or both lips. Betel quids, composed of betel nuts (seeds of the Areca catechu), slake lime, and Piper betel leaf/or Piper betel inflorescence, are widely used in Asia and strongly associated with oral mucosal disease. It has also been found to be a cause of contact leukomelanosis because of its ingredients of various chemicals. We describe a case of CG induced by betel quid chewing.
Can the reporting of adverse skin reactions to cosmetics be improved? A prospective clinical study using a structured protocol
Authors: Berne Berit , Tammela Monica , Färm Gunilla , Inerot Annica , Lindberg Magnus
Published: March 2008

Background:  The use of cosmetics is rising, and adverse reactions to these products are increasing. In Sweden, the Medical Products Agency (MPA) keeps a voluntary reporting system for such adverse reactions. However, the reporting is sparse, consisting almost only of cases with test‐proven allergic contact dermatitis, thus under‐reporting the more common irritant reactions.

Objective:  The aim of the study was to try to improve the reporting system.

Patients and Methods:  Dermatologists at 3 dermatology departments used a structured protocol during the clinical investigation of 151 consecutive patients reporting skin reactions to cosmetics. The protocol included symptoms, signs, affected body site, suspected products, and final diagnosis after patch testing. Based on clinical data and patch test results, a causality assessment for each product was made according to a protocol used at the MPA.

Results:  Allergic contact dermatitis was found in 28% of the patients, and irritant reactions were equally common at 27%.

Conclusions:  Using this structured protocol, the cases of irritant dermatitis were also reported, and it is recommended that such a protocol is used as a standard to improve the reporting of adverse reactions to skin care products.
Skin conditions in instrumental musicians: a self‐reported survey
Authors: Gambichler Thilo , Uzun Akin , Boms Stefanie , Altmeyer Peter , Altenmüller Eckart
Published: March 2008

Background:  Instrumental musicians are a risk group for a variety of skin conditions.

Objectives:  To determine the frequency and risk factors of instrument‐related skin disorders in musicians.

Method:  We mailed an 11‐item survey to 19 German universities of music and performing arts.

Results:  412 musicians returned the completed questionnaire, of whom 21.6% (89/412) had an instrument‐related skin disorder including callosities (52/89; 58.4%), contact dermatitis (CD; 17/89; 19.1%), fiddler’s neck (17/89; 19.1%), and erosion (3/89; 3.4%). Allergic CD (13/17; 76.5%) was most frequently reported in violinists and violists. Of 116 violinists and violists, 17 (14.7%) suffered from fiddler’s neck. String and plucking instrumentalists most frequently reported callosities (61/89; 68.5%) and skin problems (32/37; 86.5%). Instrument‐related skin disorders were significantly associated with high practice frequencies (P = 0.022) and a professional status (P = 0.001).

Conclusions:  Callosities and CD were the most commonly reported skin changes in the respondents. Both callosities and skin problems such as CD and fiddler’s neck are significantly associated with high practice frequencies and professional status. Our data indicate that among those returning the questionnaires, string players and plucking instrumentalists seem to be at highest risk of developing skin problems when compared with players of other musical instruments.