bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Eliza Haywood’s The Fortunate Foundlings: A Jacobite Novel
Authors: Stewart Carol
Published: December 2012

Signs of Eliza Haywood’s Jacobite sympathies are scattered throughout her work, becoming pronounced in The Fortunate Foundlings (1744), a novel written on the eve of the ’45 Rebellion. There is a positive representation of the Stuart court in exile, an emphasis on loyalty, and unusual pro-French sentiment; Jacobite themes of exile and lost love are also present. Haywood glorifies the victories and conquests of Charles XII of Sweden, who was a Jacobite hero, and who acts as a surrogate for Charles Edward Stuart in the novel. In that part of the novel concerned with love and amorous intrigue, Haywood draws on the French salon romances that placed women in a position of power and influence. This aristocratic bias was friendly to Royalism. Jacobitism offered a home to women writers with an unconventional view of sexual morality and the politics of gender. Acknowledging the politics at the heart of Haywood’s work should advance recognition of the author as a figure worthy of serious and sustained interest.
“Voice and Accents”: Enthusiastic Characterization in Shaftesbury’s The Moralists
Authors: Hoover Shayda
Published: December 2012

The third Earl of Shaftesbury creates a “sociable enthusiast” in The Moralists (1708), published in his major work, Characteristicks of Men, Manners, Opinions, Times (1711). This sociable enthusiast embodies a refined form of enthusiasm in a respectable subject—a philosopher, presented as moderator of a dialogue. I argue that, for Shaftesbury, the special problems of recognizing a socially useful enthusiasm and employing it well were closely tied to ethical concerns about the culture of the philosopher’s character. These concerns led Shaftesbury to illustrate his own ideas about the dialogic personal practice of philosophy with the characters of three modern Socratics, producing an aestheticized theory of enthusiastic self-characterization in which the philosopher can only perform “true enthusiasm” by multiplying himself into different characters.
Tunisia’s Jasmine Revolution: Causes and Impact
Authors: El-Khawas Mohamed A.
Published: December 2012

Tunisians were the first in the region to oust a long-time dictator, one who had ruled the country for twenty-three years. It was a genuine popular revolution, started without a leader, and was nonpolitical, nonideological, and nonreligious. After toppling President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali’s regime, new political parties were established and free and fair multiparty elections were held, a giant step forward in the march toward democracy. The economy continues to be a deep source of discontent, however. Youth blame the government’s inaction for continued unemployment. The Ennahda-led coalition needs to get the right mix of resources to make progress in reducing unemployment. Tunisians cannot do it alone; external assistance is badly needed.
Between Rhetoric and Reality: The Decline of Russian Maritime Power in the Black Sea?
Authors: Sanders Deborah
Published: December 2012

As a powerful littoral state with important security interests in the Black Sea, Russia has the ability to use the maritime domain to advance and protect its interests, which will affect regional and international security. Using the currently available literature, this essay examines the three factors that shape and affect Russia’s maritime power in the Black Sea: quantitative factors such as the number and capability of maritime platforms as well as access to maritime infrastructure; qualitative factors such as the morale of maritime personnel; and the strategic context in which Russia exercises its maritime power. It argues that Russian maritime power is likely to decline significantly. Not only will Russia have significantly fewer maritime platforms in the future, but its ability to use the maritime domain will be compromised by qualitative problems and poor relations with the United States and littoral states such as Georgia and Romania.
Emotional Attachments and Secular Imaginings
Authors: Rastegar Mitra
Published: December 2012

Through an analysis of Western lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) activist responses to the executions of two youths in Iran in 2005, this article considers why an interpretation of the executions as a case of antigay persecution became predominant despite reasons for doubt. I argue that this interpretation gained power because of how it resonated emotionally with the activists' liberal, secular imagination. A story of homophobic persecution cast these victims as exemplars of a universal “gay” experience and of a “civilizational divide” between a violently intolerant Islam and a progressively more tolerant West. This dynamic of identification and differentiation was powerfully articulated through expressions of love, fear, and disgust. Furthermore, the Internet, which facilitated the rapid circulation of images of, stories about, and reactions to the case, also proliferated emotional and affective responses that further validated this interpretation as a kind of “felt truth.”
The Substance of Borders
Authors: Beauchamp Toby
Published: December 2012

This article analyzes the US congressional hearings leading up to the 1990 classification of testosterone as a controlled substance and the gendered, racial, and national stakes underlying debates about hormone circulation. The move to regulate synthetic testosterone reveals broader cultural anxieties about mobility at several levels: sex hormones' status as fluctuating chemicals in the body; their ability to alter the body and thus overtly demonstrate the fluidity of sex and gender categories; the shifting medicolegal investments in linking hormones with normative sexual, racial, and national characteristics; and the flow of hormones across national borders through production and consumption. Bringing a transgender studies critique to bear on state practices and discourses that may appear marginal to the field, I suggest that although the hearings never directly reference the category of transgender, they offer important insight into the biopolitical and geopolitical contexts through which gendered subjects are produced and maintained.
The armadillo: a model for neuropathy of leprosy and potentially other neurodegenerative diseases
Authors: Sharma Rahul , Lahiri Ramanuj , Scollard David M. , Pena Maria , Williams Diana L. , Adams Linda B. , Figarola John , Truman Richard W.
Published: December 2012

Leprosy (also known as Hansen's disease) is an infectious peripheral neurological disorder caused by Mycobacterium leprae that even today leaves millions of individuals worldwide with life-long disabilities. The specific mechanisms by which this bacterium induces nerve injury remain largely unknown, mainly owing to ethical and practical limitations in obtaining affected human nerve samples. In addition to humans, nine-banded armadillos (Dasypus novemcinctus) are the only other natural host of M. leprae, and they develop a systemically disseminated disease with extensive neurological involvement. M. leprae is an obligate intracellular parasite that cannot be cultivated in vitro. Because of the heavy burdens of bacilli they harbor, nine-banded armadillos have become the organism of choice for propagating large quantities of M. leprae, and they are now advancing as models of leprosy pathogenesis and nerve damage. Although armadillos are exotic laboratory animals, the recently completed whole genome sequence for this animal is enabling researchers to undertake more sophisticated molecular studies and to develop armadillo-specific reagents. These advances will facilitate the use of armadillos in piloting new therapies and diagnostic regimens, and will provide new insights into the oldest known infectious neurodegenerative disorder.
Applications of Normal Coordinates of Internal Vibrations to Generate Perturbed Structures: Dynamic Behavior of Weak to Strong Interactions Elucidated by Atoms-in-Molecules Dual Functional Analysis
Authors: Nakanishi Waro , Hayashi Satoko , Matsuiwa Kohei , Kitamoto Masayuki
Published: December 2012

Normal coordinates of internal vibrations (NIV) are employed to generate the perturbed structures necessary in the atoms-in-molecules (AIM) dual functional analysis for a wide range of weak to strong interactions. Hb(rc) are plotted versus Hb(rc) − Vb(rc)/2 [= (2/8m)∇2ρb(rc)] at bond critical points in the treatment, which incorporates the classification of interactions by signs of ∇2ρb(rc) and Hb(rc). The plots are analyzed using the polar (R, θ) representation. Each plot for an interaction shows a specific curve, which is expressed by (θp, κp): θp corresponds to the tangent line for the plot measured from the y-direction and κp is the curvature. While (R, θ) correspond to the static behavior of interactions at the fully optimized structures, (θp, κp) exhibit the dynamic nature. The (θp, κp) values evaluated employing the perturbed structures with NIV are shown to be very close to those obtained using perturbed structures partially optimized with the distances in question being fixed suitably (POM). The magnitudes of differences in θp and κp between those evaluated with NIV and POM are ≤2° and ≤2 au−1, respectively, for usual interactions. It is demonstrated that NIV is applicable to wide range of usual interactions, as well as POM.
Mass Spectrometric Studies of Silver Complexes with a Pyridine Dicarboxamide Ligand: Interconversion of Ag(I) and Ag(III) Oxidation States in the Gas Phase
Authors: Kumar Pramod , Roithová Jana
Published: December 2012

Electrospray ionization (ESI) enables the detection of highly unstable silver(III) complexes prepared in situ from the dicarboxamide ligand L (where L = N,N′-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-2,6-pyridinedicarboxamide) and Ag(CH3COO). The collision-induced dissociation of [AgIII(L–H)(CH3COO)]+ leads to the elimination of oxiranone. As well as the silver(III) complexes, various other silver(I) complexes generated in the positive as well as negative ionization mode were investigated.
Germyl Cations with Ge–S Bonds: An Experimental and Theoretical Study on the Gaseous FnGe(SH)+3–n (n = 0–2)
Authors: Antoniotti Paola , Benzi Paola , Operti Lorenza , Rabezzana Roberto , Borocci Stefano , Giordani Maria , Grandinetti Felice
Published: December 2012

The germyl cations F2Ge(SH)+, FGe(SH)2+ and Ge(SH)3+ were obtained from ionized mixtures of GeF4 and H2S. Ion trap mass spectrometry revealed the occurrence of three consecutive addition-HF elimination reactions between GeF3+, F2Ge(SH)+ and FGe(SH)2+ and H2S. The structure and the mechanism of formation of the observed F nGe(SH)+3– n ( n = 0–2) were investigated by ab initio calculations performed at the MP2 and coupled cluster level of theory. It was also possible to note regular trends in the geometries and Lewis acidities of the F nGe(SH)+3– n ( n = 0–3).
Sample Preparation for Measurement of Plasma Mycophenolic Acid Concentrations Using Chromatographically Functionalized Magnetic Micro-Particles
Authors: König Katrin , Vogeser Michael
Published: December 2012

Utilizing chromatographically modified magnetic micro-particles is an innovative principle of sample preparation for quantitative analysis of small molecules in complex biomedical samples by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Since no vacuum or pressure has to be applied—in contrast to cartridge based solid phase extraction protocols—the principle's main characteristics are potentially straightforward automation and a high extraction performance (in terms of μg of extraction material per μL of sample). Following first descriptions of the approach, this article reports, the validation of a magnetic particle-based, analytical method for the quantification of the immunosuppressant mycophenolic acid in plasma. This sample preparation technology has shown a good performance for this clinically relevant analyte. As a result, we conclude that further work towards the implementation of this technology in a multi-analyte approach on robotic systems, aiming towards a fully automated process, is justified.
Ion Cloud Model for a Linear Quadrupole Ion Trap
Authors: Douglas Don J. , Konenkov Nikolai V.
Published: December 2012

If large numbers of ions are stored in a linear quadrupole ion trap, space charge causes the oscillation frequencies of ions to decrease. Ions then appear at higher apparent masses when resonantly ejected for mass analysis. In principle, to calculate mass shifts requires calculating the positions of all ions, interacting with each other, at all times, with a self-consistent space charge field. Here, we propose a simpler model for the ion cloud in the case where mass shifts and frequency shifts are relatively small ( ca 0.2% and 0.4%, respectively), the trapping field is much stronger ( ca × 102) than the space charge field and space charge only causes small perturbations to the ion motion. The self-consistent field problem need not be considered. As test ions move with times long compared to a cycle of the trapping field, the motion of individual ions can be ignored. Static positions of the ions in the cloud are used. To generate an ion cloud, trajectories of N ( ca 10,000) ions are calculated for random times between 10 and 100 cycles of the trapping radio frequency field. The ions are then distributed axially randomly in a trap of length four times the field radius, r0. The potential and electric field from the ion cloud are calculated from the ion positions. Near the trap center (distances r < 0.1 r0), the potential and electric fields from space charge are not cylindrically symmetric, but are quite symmetric for greater values of r. Trajectories of test ions, oscillation frequencies and mass shifts can then be calculated in the trapping field, including the space charge field. Mass shifts are in good agreement with experiments for reasonable values of the initial positions and speeds of the ions. Agreement with earlier analytical models for the ion cloud, based on a uniform occupation of phase space, or a thermal (Boltzmann) distribution of ions trapped in the effective potential [D. Douglas and N.V. Konenkov, Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 26, 2105 (2012)]1 is quite good. All three models give similar electric fields to match experimental mass shifts.
Study of Quadrupole Mass Filter Supplied with a New Impulsional Potential
Authors: Chaharborj Sarkhosh Seddighi , Kiai Seyyed M. Sadat , Fudziah Ismail , Majid Zanariah A.
Published: December 2012

The paper reports on some theoretical studies concerning the impulsional mode of a quadrupole mass filter (QMF) supplied with a new periodic impulsional radio frequency voltage of the form Vaccos(ω t)⌊1 + kcos(⅓ω t)⌋/1 – √ kcos(2ω t) with 0 ≤ k < 1 (⌊.⌋ means floor function) and eventually compares it to the classical sinusoidal case, k = 0. The physical properties of the confined ions in the r and z directions are illustrated and the fractional mass resolutions m/Δ m of the confined ions in the first stability regions of both potential were analyzed for hydrogen isotopes and presented.
Un mercato accessibile
Authors: Lionetti Anna
Published: December 2012

Un mercato di e-book accessibili per utenti con disabilità visive porta benefici all'intera catena del valore. Stessi file, stesse informazioni, stesse modalità di accesso sugli stessi canali per tutti i lettori, vedenti e non vedenti.
Transferring the Retail Format Successfully into Foreign Countries
Authors: Swoboda Bernhard , Elsner Stefan
Published: December 2012

Research shows that most retailers expand abroad by transferring some elements of their format, and therefore their value chain, unchanged, while adapting other elements. However, little is known about how strongly a retail format's standardized or adapted elements affect performance in a foreign country. To shed light on this issue, this study focuses on the design of important processes and offerings, as both determine retailers’ efficiency and sales. This study proposes that successful retailers build on the unchanged know-how parts of the format by combining more standardized core elements with adapted peripheral elements. The authors draw from a survey of 102 international retailers and interviews with 126 executives conducted at their headquarters. The results show that retailers transfer offers (marketing programs) and processes (marketing and supply chain) differently and hierarchically; that is, peripheral elements are allowed to vary, whereas core elements are transferred in a more standardized manner. Furthermore, the relationship between marketing program elements and performance varies: the use of standardized core elements (e.g., store types, locations) and adapted peripheral elements (e.g., assortments, promotions) is advisable for increasing performance in another country. Processes are only indirectly associated with performance. These observations hold true for both psychically close and distant countries.
The Network Value of Products
Authors: Oestreicher-Singer Gal , Libai Barak , Sivan Liron , Carmi Eyal , Yassin Ohad
Published: December 2012

Traditionally, the value of a product has been assessed according to the direct revenues the product creates. However, products do not exist in isolation but rather influence one another's sales. Such influence is especially evident in e-commerce environments, in which products are often presented as a collection of web pages linked by recommendation hyperlinks, creating a large-scale product network. The authors present a systematic approach to estimate products’ true value to a firm in such a product network. Their approach, which is in the spirit of the PageRank algorithm, uses available data from large-scale e-commerce sites and separates a product's value into its own intrinsic value, the value it receives from the network, and the value it contributes to the network. The authors demonstrate their approach using data collected from the product network of books on Amazon.com . Specifically, they show that the value of low sellers may be underestimated, whereas the value of best sellers may be overestimated. The authors explore the sources of this discrepancy and discuss the implications for managing products in the growing environment of product networks.
Decomposing the Value of Word-of-Mouth Seeding Programs: Acceleration versus Expansion
Authors: Libai Barak , Muller Eitan , Peres Renana
Published: December 2012

In word-of-mouth seeding programs, customer word of mouth can generate value through market expansion; in other words, it can gain customers who would not otherwise have bought the product. Alternatively, word of mouth can generate value by accelerating the purchases of customers who would have purchased anyway. This article presents the first investigation exploring how acceleration and expansion combine to generate value in a word-of-mouth seeding program for a new product. The authors define a program's “social value” as the global change, over the entire social system, in customer equity that can be attributed to the word-of-mouth program participants. They compute programs’ social value in various scenarios using an agent-based simulation model and empirical connectivity data on 12 social networks in various markets as input to the simulation. The authors show how expansion and acceleration integrate to create programs’ social value and illustrate how the role of each is affected by factors such as competition, program targeting, profit decline, and retention. These results have substantial implications for the design and evaluation of word-of-mouth marketing programs and of the profit impact of word of mouth in general.
NODAL signaling components regulate essential events in the establishment of pregnancy
Authors: Park Craig B , Dufort Daniel
Published: December 2012

Successful mammalian reproduction is dependent on a receptive and nurturing uterine environment. In order to establish pregnancy in humans, the uterus must i) be adequately prepared to receive the blastocyst, ii) engage in a coordinated molecular dialog with the embryo to facilitate implantation, and iii) undergo endometrial decidualization. Although numerous factors have been implicated in these essential processes, the precise network of molecular interactions that govern receptivity, embryo implantation, and decidualization remain unclear. NODAL, a morphogen in the transforming growth factor β superfamily, is well known for its critical functions during embryogenesis; however, recent studies have demonstrated an emerging role for NODAL signaling during early mammalian reproduction. Here, we review the established data and a recent wave of new studies implicating NODAL signaling components in uterine cycling, embryo implantation, and endometrial decidualization in humans and mice.
Novel Use of Derived Genotype Probabilities to Discover Significant Dominance Effects for Milk Production Traits in Dairy Cattle
Authors: Boysen Teide-Jens , Heuer Claas , Tetens Jens , Reinhardt Fritz , Thaller Georg
Published: December 2012

The estimation of dominance effects requires the availability of direct phenotypes, i.e., genotypes and phenotypes in the same individuals. In dairy cattle, classical QTL mapping approaches are, however, relying on genotyped sires and daughter-based phenotypes like breeding values. Thus, dominance effects cannot be estimated. The number of dairy bulls genotyped for dense genome-wide marker panels is steadily increasing in the context of genomic selection schemes. The availability of genotyped cows is, however, limited. Within the current study, the genotypes of male ancestors were applied to the calculation of genotype probabilities in cows. Together with the cows’ phenotypes, these probabilities were used to estimate dominance effects on a genome-wide scale. The impact of sample size, the depth of pedigree used in deriving genotype probabilities, the linkage disequilibrium between QTL and marker, the fraction of variance explained by the QTL, and the degree of dominance on the power to detect dominance were analyzed in simulation studies. The effect of relatedness among animals on the specificity of detection was addressed. Furthermore, the approach was applied to a real data set comprising 470,000 Holstein cows. To account for relatedness between animals a mixed-model two-step approach was used to adjust phenotypes based on an additive genetic relationship matrix. Thereby, considerable dominance effects were identified for important milk production traits. The approach might serve as a powerful tool to dissect the genetic architecture of performance and functional traits in dairy cattle.
On the Statistical Interpretation of Site-Specific Variables in Phylogeny-Based Substitution Models
Authors: Rodrigue Nicolas
Published: December 2012

Phylogeny-based modeling of heterogeneity across the positions of multiple-sequence alignments has generally been approached from two main perspectives. The first treats site specificities as random variables drawn from a statistical law, and the likelihood function takes the form of an integral over this law. The second assigns distinct variables to each position, and, in a maximum-likelihood context, adjusts these variables, along with global parameters, to optimize a joint likelihood function. Here, it is emphasized that while the first approach directly enjoys the statistical guaranties of traditional likelihood theory, the latter does not, and should be approached with particular caution when the site-specific variables are high dimensional. Using a phylogeny-based mutation-selection framework, it is shown that the difference in interpretation of site-specific variables explains the incongruities in recent studies regarding distributions of selection coefficients.
Genetic Diversity and the Structure of Genealogies in Rapidly Adapting Populations
Authors: Desai Michael M , Walczak Aleksandra M , Fisher Daniel S
Published: December 2012

Positive selection distorts the structure of genealogies and hence alters patterns of genetic variation within a population. Most analyses of these distortions focus on the signatures of hitchhiking due to hard or soft selective sweeps at a single genetic locus. However, in linked regions of rapidly adapting genomes, multiple beneficial mutations at different loci can segregate simultaneously within the population, an effect known as clonal interference. This leads to a subtle interplay between hitchhiking and interference effects, which leads to a unique signature of rapid adaptation on genetic variation both at the selected sites and at linked neutral loci. Here, we introduce an effective coalescent theory (a “fitness-class coalescent”) that describes how positive selection at many perfectly linked sites alters the structure of genealogies. We use this theory to calculate several simple statistics describing genetic variation within a rapidly adapting population and to implement efficient backward-time coalescent simulations, which can be used to predict how clonal interference alters the expected patterns of molecular evolution.
A Connected Set of Genes Associated with Programmed Cell Death Implicated in Controlling the Hypersensitive Response in Maize
Authors: Olukolu Bode A , Negeri Adisu , Dhawan Rahul , Venkata Bala P , Sharma Pankaj , Garg Anshu , Gachomo Emma , Marla Sandeep , Chu Kevin , Hasan Anna , Ji Jiabing , Chintamanani Satya , Green Jason , Shyu Chi-Ren , Wisser Randall , Holland James , Johal Guri , Balint-Kurti Peter
Published: December 2012

Rp1-D21 is a maize auto-active resistance gene conferring a spontaneous hypersensitive response (HR) of variable severity depending on genetic background. We report an association mapping strategy based on the Mutant Assisted Gene Identification and Characterization approach to identify naturally occurring allelic variants associated with phenotypic variation in HR. Each member of a collection of 231 diverse inbred lines of maize constituting a high-resolution association mapping panel were crossed to a parental stock heterozygous for Rp1-D21, and the segregating F1 generation testcrosses were evaluated for phenotypes associated with lesion severity for 2 years at two locations. A genome-wide scan for associations with HR was conducted with 47,445 SNPs using a linear mixed model that controlled for spurious associations due to population structure. Since the ability to identify candidate genes and the resolution of association mapping are highly influenced by linkage disequilibrium (LD), we examined the extent of genome-wide LD. On average, marker pairs separated by >10 kbp had an r2 value of <0.1. Genomic regions surrounding SNPs significantly associated with HR traits were locally saturated with additional SNP markers to establish local LD structure and precisely identify candidate genes. Six significantly associated SNPs at five loci were detected. At each locus, the associated SNP was located within or immediately adjacent to candidate causative genes predicted to play significant roles in the control of programmed cell death and especially in ubiquitin pathway-related processes.
Genomic Prediction in Animals and Plants: Simulation of Data, Validation, Reporting, and Benchmarking
Authors: Daetwyler Hans D , Calus Mario P L , Pong-Wong Ricardo , de los Campos Gustavo , Hickey John M
Published: December 2012

The genomic prediction of phenotypes and breeding values in animals and plants has developed rapidly into its own research field. Results of genomic prediction studies are often difficult to compare because data simulation varies, real or simulated data are not fully described, and not all relevant results are reported. In addition, some new methods have been compared only in limited genetic architectures, leading to potentially misleading conclusions. In this article we review simulation procedures, discuss validation and reporting of results, and apply benchmark procedures for a variety of genomic prediction methods in simulated and real example data. Plant and animal breeding programs are being transformed by the use of genomic data, which are becoming widely available and cost-effective to predict genetic merit. A large number of genomic prediction studies have been published using both simulated and real data. The relative novelty of this area of research has made the development of scientific conventions difficult with regard to description of the real data, simulation of genomes, validation and reporting of results, and forward in time methods. In this review article we discuss the generation of simulated genotype and phenotype data, using approaches such as the coalescent and forward in time simulation. We outline ways to validate simulated data and genomic prediction results, including cross-validation. The accuracy and bias of genomic prediction are highlighted as performance indicators that should be reported. We suggest that a measure of relatedness between the reference and validation individuals be reported, as its impact on the accuracy of genomic prediction is substantial. A large number of methods were compared in example simulated and real (pine and wheat) data sets, all of which are publicly available. In our limited simulations, most methods performed similarly in traits with a large number of quantitative trait loci (QTL), whereas in traits with fewer QTL variable selection did have some advantages. In the real data sets examined here all methods had very similar accuracies. We conclude that no single method can serve as a benchmark for genomic prediction. We recommend comparing accuracy and bias of new methods to results from genomic best linear prediction and a variable selection approach (e.g., BayesB), because, together, these methods are appropriate for a range of genetic architectures. An accompanying article in this issue provides a comprehensive review of genomic prediction methods and discusses a selection of topics related to application of genomic prediction in plants and animals.
On the lower frequency of occurrence of Spanish verbal periphrases in translated texts as evidence for the unique items hypothesis
Authors: Vilinsky BÁrbara
Published: December 2012

This paper presents the results of a study on the frequencies of occurrence of Spanish verbal periphrases in Spanish original texts and Spanish translations from English. Tirkkonen-Condit (2004) found that certain typical elements of Finnish were not as frequent in texts translated from English into Finnish as in original Finnish texts, and suggested this could be a translation universal, the Unique Items Hypothesis. Our aim was to find out whether this under-representation of unique items in translation is also observed in translations from English into Spanish. A set of 27 verbal periphrases (e.g. soler + infinitive) was selected for this purpose and a comparable corpus of contemporary literary texts — composed of Spanish original texts and texts translated from English into Spanish — was built in order to compare the frequency of occurrence of the Spanish verbal periphrases in both subcorpora. The results of this study lend support to the conclusions of previous research conducted on the subject. Our analysis showed that more than half of these 27 periphrastic constructions show a lower frequency in translated texts than in non-translated texts and that in some cases their syntactic or collocational behavior in translated text differs from their use in non-translations.
The Glorious Disappearance of Vaishnavas
Authors: King Anna
Published: December 2012

This article examines accounts of the deaths of notable ISKCON devotees, beginning with that of the founder, and shows how these are presented as examples to other devotees. Death is understood as merely a transition, and the glorious death as the culmination of a process of conscious dying which takes place within the communion of devotees. Recollecting these glorious deaths, devotees learn how to die and how to mourn. From this perspective, pain and suffering are trials given by Krishna to purify his devotees. They are therefore never beyond the capacity of the individual bhakta (devotee) to endure, and can be welcomed and transcended. The final goal is an auspicious and joyful death, which may be far from the kind of instant death for which many now hope. This article argues that ISKCON’s understandings of dying, death and mourning are shaped by the Hindu/ Chaitanyite Vaishnava tradition, but are also being transformed in turn by the new globalized media, particularly the worldwide web, by biomedical models and by ‘Western’ approaches epitomized by the hospice movement. The glorious disappearance now therefore exhibits traditional, modern and postmodern features.
British Encounters with India, 1750–1830: A Sourcebook. Tim Keirn and Norbert Schürer (ed.)
Authors: Killingley Dermot
Published: December 2012

British Encounters with India, 1750–1830: A Sourcebook. Tim Keirn and Norbert Schürer (ed.). New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011. ISBN: 978-0-230231-43-6 (hbk), 978-0-230231-44-3 (pbk). $95/$32.
Brahmanical Temples, Mathas, Agraharas and a Buddhist Establishment in a Marshy and Forested Periphery of Two ‘Frontier’ States
Authors: Prasad Birendra Nath
Published: December 2012

This article aims to understand the socio-economic and religious changes in early mediaeval Surma valley, and the role of Brahmanical and Buddhist religious institutions in effecting them. This valley was the most forested and marshiest part of Bengal. It received very heavy rains and was under substantial tribal influence. At the beginning of the period under study, it was a peripheral part of two fringe states. By the eleventh century ce a local state evolved, resulting from centuries of agrarian expansion. Brahmanical religious institutions played a very important role in effecting this transition. Well before the arrival of Islam in the eastern/north-easternmost sector of the Bengal delta, local society had devised its own ways to tame the jungle, cope with fluvial volatility, and cultivate rice, even in the marshy areas. These developments force us to question those historiographical models which explain the Islamization of eastern Bengal in terms of Islam being the ‘religion of the plough’ and ‘the harbinger of rice revolution’ in the region.
Important note!
Authors: Oka Simeon
Published: December 2012

(retraction) By the error of the Editor-in-chief, paper: Prediction of
gas-particle partitioning of PAHs based on M5? model trees, Radonic Jelena,
Culibrk Dubravko, Vojinovic-Miloradov Mirjana, Kukic Branislav, Turk-Sekulic
Maja, Thermal Science, 2011 15(1):105-114, DOI:10.2298/TSCI100809005R was
published again in Vol. 16, No. 2, pp. 551 - 560, under the identical title
and with identical text, but with new DOI number: DOI:10.2298/TSCI1202551R
Please, accept, that from today we will exclude from our database version of
this paper published in Vol. 16, No. 2, having DOI number:
DOI:10.2298/TSCI1202551R This paper can be found and cited in his first
version: Prediction of gas-particle partitioning of PAHs based on M5? model
trees, Radonic Jelena, Culibrk Dubravko, Vojinovic-Miloradov Mirjana, Kukic
Branislav, Turk-Sekulic Maja, Thermal Science, 2011 15(1):105-114,
DOI:10.2298/TSCI100809005R

 Link to the retracted article 10.2298/TSCI1202551R
How Does the Incentive Effect of the Charitable Deduction Vary across Charities?
Authors: Yetman Michelle H. , Yetman Robert J.
Published: December 2012

We examine how taxes affect donations given to nonprofit organizations and how this varies across nonprofit types. Most prior studies constrained tax price elasticities to be constant across nonprofits, primarily because the data do not provide donations by nonprofit type. Using nonprofit-level data and average marginal tax rates that vary across years and states, we estimate tax price elasticities by nonprofit type. We find an aggregate public charity elasticity of approximately −1.0 and a private foundation elasticity of approximately −2.0. These results suggest that the cost of the charitable contribution deduction is roughly proportional to its benefit for public charities, but that the deduction stimulates significant giving for private foundations. When we partition our elasticities across 24 public charity types, we find significant elasticities of −1.0 or larger for six types. This result suggests that the effect of the charitable contribution deduction varies significantly across nonprofit types.

JEL Classifications: H2; H4; H7; L3; K34

Data Availability: The data are available from public sources identified in this study.
Client Risk Management: A Pecking Order Analysis of Auditor Response to Upward Earnings Management Risk
Authors: Krishnan Gopal V. , Sun Lili , Wang Qian , Yang Rong
Published: December 2012

This study examines Big N auditors' client risk management strategy in response to the risk of upward (i.e., income-increasing) earnings management in the post-SOX era. Specifically, we empirically study the relation between clients' signed discretionary accruals and subsequent audit pricing and auditor resignation decisions. We find that audit fees and resignations are positively associated with the risk of upward earnings management. We document a pecking order of auditor responses and find that auditors are more likely to respond in the order of charging higher abnormal audit fees if the trade-off between upward earnings management risk and return is within an acceptable level, and then resign if the risk is more severe and exceeds the auditors' tolerance level. Our results are robust to alternative accruals measures, controlling for clients' internal control quality and corporate governance characteristics.
Roger's Dilemma: A Situational Examination of Ethical Behavior in the Presence of Internal Control Deficiencies
Authors: Mellon Mark J. , Marley Robert
Published: December 2012

This case exposes students to decision making in an ethically and legally ambiguous situation. It also asks them to practice using their ethical sensitivity by identifying situations where ethical conflicts are present. Students will learn the Securities and Exchange Commission's definition of insider trading and gain an understanding of the Supreme Court's recent interpretations regarding the specifics of what constitutes insider trading. Students will also learn about the legal protection afforded to whistleblowers under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and learn about the code of ethics requirement applicable to public company's senior financial officers and the chief executive officer. Finally, students will be exposed to the definition of an internal control deficiency and learn how to identify two types of internal control deficiencies.
The IFRS Transition and Accounting Education: A Canadian Perspective Post-Transition
Authors: Hilton Sandy R. , Johnstone Nathalie
Published: December 2012

Canada transitioned to International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) in 2010–2011. In this commentary, we discuss the impact that the transition had from an accounting education perspective, particularly on undergraduate accounting programs. Our experience was that the transition was not a substantial hurdle but that it did provide opportunity for many formal and informal discussions of the accounting curriculum and pedagogy. Canada also introduced separate accounting standards for private enterprises at the same time as we transitioned to IFRS. Therefore, accounting educators were concerned with potential content overload and strategies for minimizing content overload. In this commentary we discuss both of those issues as well as a third common discussion topic in Canada during the transition—how to teach professional skills to accounting students. This commentary summarizes those three topics that were common in accounting education in Canada during the IFRS transition.
Timing and Duration of Obesity in Relation to Diabetes
Authors: The Natalie S. , Richardson Andrea S. , Gordon-Larsen Penny
Published: December 2012

OBJECTIVE

The influence on diabetes of the timing and duration of obesity across the high-risk period of adolescence to young adulthood has not been investigated in a population-based, ethnically diverse sample.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

A cohort of 10,481 individuals aged 12–21 years enrolled in the U.S. National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (1996) was followed over two visits during young adulthood (18–27 years, 2001–2002; 24–33 years, 2007–2009). Separate logistic regression models were used to examine the associations of diabetes (A1C ≥6.5% or diagnosis by a health care provider) in young adulthood with 1) obesity timing (never obese, onset <16 years, onset 16 to <18 years, onset ≥18 years) and 2) obesity duration over time (never obese, incident obesity, fluctuating obesity, and persistent obesity), testing differences by sex and race/ethnicity.

RESULTS

Among 24- to 33-year-old participants, 4.4% had diabetes (approximately half were undiagnosed), with a higher prevalence in blacks and Hispanics than whites. In multivariable analyses, women who became obese before age 16 were more likely to have diabetes than women who became obese at or after age 18 (odds ratio 2.77 [95% CI 1.39–5.52]), even after accounting for current BMI, waist circumference, and age at menarche. Persistent (vs. adult onset) obesity was associated with increased likelihood of diabetes in men (2.27 [1.41–3.64]) and women (2.08 [1.34–3.24]).

CONCLUSIONS

Diabetes risk is particularly high in individuals who were obese as adolescents relative to those with adult-onset obesity, thus highlighting the need for diabetes prevention efforts to address pediatric obesity.
Predictive Effects of Urinary Liver-Type Fatty Acid–Binding Protein for Deteriorating Renal Function and Incidence of Cardiovascular Disease in Type 2 Diabetic Patients Without Advanced Nephropathy
Authors: Araki Shin-ichi , Haneda Masakazu , Koya Daisuke , Sugaya Takeshi , Isshiki Keiji , Kume Shinji , Kashiwagi Atsunori , Uzu Takashi , Maegawa Hiroshi
Published: December 2012

OBJECTIVE

To improve prognosis, it is important to predict the incidence of renal failure and cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetic patients before the progression to advanced nephropathy. We investigated the predictive effects of urinary liver-type fatty acid–binding protein (L-FABP), which is associated with renal tubulointerstitial damage, in renal and cardiovascular prognosis.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Japanese type 2 diabetic patients (n = 618) with serum creatinine ≤1.0 mg/dL and without overt proteinuria were enrolled between 1996 and 2000 and followed up until 2011. Baseline urinary L-FABP was measured with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The primary end points were renal and cardiovascular composites (hemodialysis, myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, stroke, cerebral hemorrhage, and peripheral vascular disease). The secondary renal outcomes were the incidence of a 50% decline in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), progression to an eGFR <30 mL/min/1.73 m2, and the annual decline rate in eGFR.

RESULTS

During a 12-year median follow-up, 103 primary end points occurred. The incidence rate of the primary end point increased in a stepwise manner with increases in urinary L-FABP. In Cox proportional hazards analysis, the adjusted hazard ratio in patients with the highest tertile of urinary L-FBAP was 1.93 (95% CI 1.13–3.29). This relationship was observed even when analyzed separately in normoalbuminuria and microalbuminuria. Patients with the highest tertile of urinary L-FABP also demonstrated a higher incidence of the secondary renal outcomes.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results indicate that urinary L-FABP may be a predictive marker for renal and cardiovascular prognosis in type 2 diabetic patients without advanced nephropathy.
Insulin Clearance and the Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes in Hispanics and African Americans
Authors: Lee C. Christine , Haffner Steven M. , Wagenknecht Lynne E. , Lorenzo Carlos , Norris Jill M. , Bergman Richard N. , Stefanovski Darko , Anderson Andrea M. , Rotter Jerome I. , Goodarzi Mark O. , Hanley Anthony J.
Published: December 2012

OBJECTIVE

We aimed to identify factors that are independently associated with the metabolic clearance rate of insulin (MCRI) and to examine the association of MCRI with incident type 2 diabetes in nondiabetic Hispanics and African Americans.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

We investigated 1,116 participants in the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study (IRAS) Family Study with baseline examinations from 2000 to 2002 and follow-up examinations from 2005 to 2006. Insulin sensitivity (SI), acute insulin response (AIR), and MCRI were determined at baseline from frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance tests. MCRI was calculated as the ratio of the insulin dose over the incremental area under the curve of insulin. Incident diabetes was defined as fasting glucose ≥126 mg/dL or antidiabetic medication use by self-report.

RESULTS

We observed that SI and HDL cholesterol were independent positive correlates of MCRI, whereas fasting insulin, fasting glucose, subcutaneous adipose tissue, visceral adipose tissue, and AIR were independent negative correlates (all P < 0.05) at baseline. After 5 years of follow-up, 71 (6.4%) participants developed type 2 diabetes. Lower MCRI was associated with a higher risk of incident diabetes after adjusting for demographics, lifestyle factors, HDL cholesterol, indexes of obesity and adiposity, and insulin secretion (odds ratio 2.01 [95% CI 1.30–3.10], P = 0.0064, per one-SD decrease in loge-transformed MCRI).

CONCLUSIONS

Our data showed that lower MCRI predicts the incidence of type 2 diabetes.
No Difference in Small or Large Nerve Fiber Function Between Individuals With Normal Glucose Tolerance and Impaired Glucose Tolerance
Authors: Pourhamidi Kaveh , Dahlin Lars B. , Englund Elisabet , Rolandsson Olov
Published: December 2012

OBJECTIVE

To assess small and large nerve fiber function in people with normal glucose tolerance (NGT), impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), and type 2 diabetes (T2D).

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Participants were recruited consecutively from a population-based cohort: NGT (n = 39), IGT (n = 29), and T2D (n = 51). Electrophysiological measures included nerve conduction studies and thermal thresholds. Intraepidermal nerve fiber density (IENFD) in skin biopsies was calculated.

RESULTS

There was no difference between IGT and NGT in sural nerve conduction, IENFD, and thermal thresholds. IENFD was significantly lower in T2D (median = 2.8 fibers/mm [interquartile range 1.1–4.7 fibers/mm]) than NGT individuals (4.5 fibers/mm [3.4–6.1 fibers/mm]; P < 0.05). T2D participants had poorer nerve conduction and higher heat thresholds than NGT and IGT.

CONCLUSIONS

Large and small nerve function in people with IGT did not differ from those with NGT. Our finding does not support the existence of neuropathy in a prediabetic stage.