bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Abbau von Mischsubstraten durch Hefen I. Substrate der Sulfitablauge
Authors: Krauel Ute , Krauel H. H. , Weide H.
Published: July 2010

Two Candida strains were isolated from an industrial batch reactor for fermentation of waste sulfite liquor.

Pure cultures of these yeasts assimilate single substrates contained in waste sulfite liquor with different specific activity. The respiration rate is influenced by some induction substrates, too.

In a mixed substrate model corresponding to waste sulfite liquor the single substrates are metabolized by pure cultures in a specific sequential manner.

These sequences change during degradation of mixed substrates by mixed cultures. The spectrum of metabolized substrates, however, is not reduced. This fact is important for energy balance or for waste water contamination.
Genetic segregation in a high‐yielding streptomycin‐producing strain of Streptomyces griseus
Authors: Roth M. , Schwalenberg B. , Reiche R. , Noack D. , Geuther R. , Eritt I.
Published: July 2010

The streptomycin‐producing Streptomyces griseus HP spontaneously segregated non‐reverting derivatives with altered phenotypes. Clones characterized by increased spore formation and decreased streptomycin production were found. Two other types of derivatives were defective in aerial mycelium and streptomycin formation as well, but differed in the capacity to synthesize a yellow pigment. These derivatives were examined with respect to further properties.

The stability of S. griseus HP was investigated in relation to conditions of continuous culture. Both at 26 and 30°C, under glycerol and NH4Cl limitation a rapid segregation and enrichment of streptomycin‐non‐producing derivatives occurred. At 34°C and glycerol limitation segregation began only after about 35 generations of continuous culture. In NH4Cl‐limited chemostats the original strain was stable during 80 generations. In the course of the continuous culture experiments it was shown that the onset of genetic segregation with mycelia can be detected before it becomes obvious in colonies grown from the mycelia. This was achieved by fractionation of the mycelia by protoplast formation and subsequent plating on regeneration medium allowing colony growth and differentation.
Effects of freezing and thawing and storage by freezing on the biological and morphological properties of strain K‐9 of Klebsiella pneumoniae and its variants
Authors: Takahashi M. , Ito S. , Yoshida K.
Published: July 2010

Using strain K‐9 of Klebsiella pneumoniae and its variants A, B and C, which possess a large, small, or extra‐small capsule or are unencapsulated, and exhibit high, middle, or low mouse virulence or avirulence in the mouse, respectively, the effect of freezing and thawing on the protection and storage by freezing in 20% skim milk solution on their biological and morphological against freezing and thawing in the order variant C, the parent strain, variants A and B. 20% skim milk solution was the most favourable for survival of the organisms compared to trypticase soy broth and 10% glycerol. Their mouse virulence was similarly sensitive to freezing and thawing experiments although no alteration of their biochemical properties was observed. When the organisms were suspended in 20% skim milk solution and stored for 2 years at –70°C, their mouse virulence was not altered. When morphological features were tested electron microscopically, cellular injuries such as vacuola or fissions of cell walls were observed in the variants but not in the parent strain. However, it was evident that conversion to unencapsulation from capsulation occurred at a high frequency in the parent strain and in variant A when determined by the colonial morphologies in soft‐agar medium.
In vitro‐Einbau von 14C‐Hexose‐6‐phosphat in Mannan, β‐Glucan und Glycogen bei Candida spec. H und ihren Mutanten
Authors: Röber B. , Reuter G.
Published: July 2010

Mannose‐6‐p is an activator of the 14C‐mannose incorporation from GDP‐14C‐mannose in the mono‐ and oligosaccharides and in the mannopolymers of the cell wall proteophosphomannan produced by the food protein yeast Candida spec. H.

Moreover, mannose‐6‐p is a precursor of proteophosphomannan: 14C‐Mannose‐6‐p has been incorporated in absense of GTP. Corresponding behaviour shows glucose‐6‐p by synthesis of β‐glucan and glycogen. Mutants of Candida spec. H with different efficiency in the biosynthesis of mannan, β‐glucan and glycogen incorporate hexose‐6‐p in a different extent.
Yield coefficients in dependence on milieu conditions and cell states III. Induction of synchrony in continuous yeast cell cultivation by milieu changes
Authors: Stichel E. , Rogge G. , Bley T. , Heinritz B.
Published: July 2010

Induction of synchrony by various perturbations in continuous yeast cultivation on hydrocarbons of crude oil is described. Short‐time temperature and pH‐value shocks cause oscillations of budding cell percentage in the order of the cell cycle duration. An abrupt change of the phosphate ion concentration of the nutritional medium may also induce a synchronization of microbial growth. However, the frequency corresponds with the eigenfrequency of the fermentation process. The experimental values were investigated statistically using autocorrelation and spectral analysis.
Steroidumwandlung mit immobilisierten Mikroorganismen
Authors: Atrat P.
Published: July 2010

The application of immobilized microbial cells has been receiving increasing interest, in particular because of their potential for use in industrial fermentation processes and in analytical procedures. Since the first application of an immobilized microbial biocatalyst for steroid transformation in 1970 by MOSBACH and LARSSON many results have been published concerning the use of such type of biocatalyst in steroid biochemistry and steroid microbiology, respectively. The review deals with the present scientific state of the steroid transformations performed with immobilized biocatalysts, their applications and development trends. In particularly the following aspects are discussed: 1(2)‐dehydrogenation or hydrogenation, hydroxylation reactions, redox processes in 3,17‐ and 20‐oxogroups, side chain splitting of sterols, 5α‐reduction, modification of cholic acid derivatives and the use of immobilized plant cells. The possibility for application of microbial membrane electrodes in steroid analysis has been shown. Up to now, many results of fundamental research are known. There are possibilities for producing expensive steroid derivatives in laboratory apparatures using immobilized biocatalysts. Some of the processes, described here, are of practical interest, and some of them are said to be used industrially, respectively.
Gemeinsame Verwertung von Glucose und n‐Alkanen bei der Citronensäuresynthese durch Saccharomycopsis lipolytica
Authors: Franke‐Rinker D. , Behrens U. , Nöckel E. , Forner Ch. , Portnowa A.
Published: July 2010

Fermentations for the overproduction of citrate and isocitrate with S. lipolytica in media containing both glucose and n‐alkanes as mixed C‐source have been performed. Biomass and product yields strongly depend on the C‐source of the inoculation culture. If the inoculation culture had been taken from media containing glucose as sole C‐source both glucose and n‐alkanes were utilized for cell growth in the main culture whereas only glucose was utilized if the inoculation medium contained only n‐alkanes.

For idiophasic citrate and isocitrate production both glucose and n‐alkanes were consumed independently of the C‐source of the inoculum but that C‐source was preferentially utilized which has been the C‐source of the inoculation culture.

These findings are reflected by the activities of the isocitrate lyase and the pyruvate carboxylase, respectively. In S. lipolytica both anaplerotic pathways are coexisting but the C‐source of the inoculation culture determines the level of the specific activities even if the ratio of the cell‐mass of the inoculum to the cell‐mass of the main culture at the end of the growth phase is about 1:35.
Lytic enzyme activity in autolysing mycelium of Aspergillus niger
Authors: Lahoz R. , Reyes Fuensanta , Gómez P. , Martinez M. J.
Published: July 2010

We have studied changes in the activity of some lytic enzymes contained in mycelium of Aspergillus niger in cultures relative to the autolytic phase of growth. Acid phosphatase, polygalacturonidase and α‐amylase activity reached its highest level (40.7, and 8 U/sample, respectively) at the initiation of the autolytic phase of growth. 1,3‐ß‐Glucanase and ß‐N‐acetylglucosaminidase reached its highest level (3.5 and 2 U/sample, respectively) during the first days of autolysis.

Alkaline phosphatase, cellulase, invertase, esterase, chitinase and proteolytic activity is also present in autolysing mycelium of A. niger, though comparatively low. Their maximum activity coincided with the beginning of the autolytic phase of growth. In all enzymes studied here, as autolysis proceeded, enzyme activity decreased by about 90%. Only esterase activity remained nearly constant throughout the whole period of autolysis described here.
Water‐borne fungi in the River Inn, Innsbruck (Austria)
Authors: El‐Sharouny H. M. , Tiefenbrunner F.
Published: July 2010

Pythium, Saprolegnia and Achlya were the basic components of the river mycoflora. Occurrence and periodicity of the fungal genera and species exhibited three different patterns during the different months of this investigation.
Regulation der Citratsynthase bei fakultativ methylotrophen Bakterien
Authors: Müller‐Kraft Gabriele , Babel W.
Published: July 2010

Commonly the TCA cycle fulfils an anabolic and a catabolic function in case of aerobic chemo‐organoheterotrophic nutrition. In methylotrophic growth the TCA cycle is dispensable as a bioenergetic pathway. This is reflected by properties of citrate synthase in facultative methylotrophic bacteria. Two citrate synthases, a ‘chemoorganoheterotrophic’ one, which is inhibited by NADH (or ATP in Acetobacter MB 58), and a ‘methylotrophic’ one, which is not or less affected by energy indicators, were found in Pseudomonas oleovorans, Pseudomonas MS, Pseudomonas MA, and Acetobacter MB 58. The concentration of these citrate synthases depends on the manner of nutrition. Bacteria with ICL‐negative‐variant of the serine pathway and with ribulosebisphophate pathway seem to possess only a ‘chemoorganoheterotrophic’ citrate synthase. Possibly the anabolic function of this citrate synthase can be realized by metabolites.
Selection of yeasts for single cell protein production on media based on Jerusalem artichoke extracts
Authors: Apaire Véronique , Guiraud J. P. , Galzy P.
Published: July 2010

Several yeast strains can grow with good yield (0.16 to 0.19 mg protein/mg carbohydrate) on nitrogen supplemented Jerusalem artichoke extract. The most promising strain is Lipomyces starkeyi. Including by‐products (pulps, proteins of extract), protein production can reach 2 metric tons/ha.
Degradation of aniline and monochloroanilines by Rhodococcus sp. An 117 and a pseudomonad: A comparative study
Authors: Kaminski U. , Janke D. , Prauser H. , Fritsche W.
Published: July 2010

Two newly isolated aniline‐degrading bacterial strains were characterized with regard to their enzyme systems responsible for aniline catabolism. One of them identified as a Rhodococcus sp. metabolized aniline exclusively via the β‐ketoadipate pathway by means of inducible enzymes. The aniline‐degrading enzyme system of the second isolate, presumably a pseudomonad, was shown to consist of an inducible aniline‐converting enzyme and constitutive meta‐pathway enzymes. Both isolates failed to metabolize monochlorinated anilines in the absence of additional carbon sources. To explain this the ring‐cleaving enzymes of both isolates were examined for their substrate specificities. Furthermore, the effect of 4‐chlorocatechol on the enzymes catalyzing aniline conversion and catechol oxygenation was investigated.
Wirkungen von 5‐Bromuracil und 5‐Bromdesoxyuridin in Kombination mit 8‐Azaadenin auf die UV‐Empfindlichkeit von Bakterien
Authors: Jacob H.‐E. , Golovinsky E.
Published: July 2010

The presence of 5‐bromouracil (BU) as well as 5‐bromo‐2‐deoxyuridine (BUdR) in the cultivation media of bacteria results in the distinct increase of UV sensitivity. With the nucleic acid base analogue 8‐azaadenine (8‐AA) a similar effect was confirmed, however, not so pronounced. In the experiments reported here the combined action of BU or BUdR and 8‐AA on Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus cereus was investigated. The sensitization effect of BUdR does not increase if 8‐AA is present additionally during cultivation. On the contrary, a decrease of sensibilization occurs. This result may be caused by the protective effect of the adenine derivative against UV irradiation, if it is present in the cell, but not incorporated into the DNA.
Formation of additional contacts of chromosome with membrane in the process of DNA repair synthesis in bacterial cells
Authors: Bezlepkin V. G. , Malinovsky Yu. Yu. , Gaziev A. I.
Published: July 2010

An increase in the amount of membrane‐bound DNA was found in B. subtilis cells with UV‐induced DNA repair synthesis as compared to untreated cells. It was shown that DNA repair synthesis occurred in DNA membrane complexes (DMC) formed during UV‐irradiation. UV‐induced formation of DMC was observed in cells of wild type strains which were capable of repairing damaged DNA but not in a mutant defective in DNA‐polymerase I. It was demonstrated that DNA‐polymerase I is located on the membrane of B. subtilis cells. This suggested a participation of DNA‐polymerase I in binding of the chromosome to the membrane in UV‐irradiated cells. UV‐induced DMC did not dissociate when the cells were treated with inhibitors of DNA‐gyrase. It, therefore, was qualitatively different from the DMC found during replication. The mechanisms of binding of the damaged DNA to the membrane in UV‐irradiated cells of B. subtilis are discussed.
Intracytoplasmic membrane induction by hexadecane in Acinetobacter calcoaceticus
Authors: Müller H. , Naumann A. , Kleber H.‐P.
Published: July 2010

Acinetobacter calcoaceticus 69‐V is capable of utilizing n‐alkanes as the sole carbon source. By conventional and high voltage electron microscopy the fine‐structure of these bacteria grown on hexadecane (with or without addition of DL‐carnitine), succinate or yeast extract was analysed. A. calcoaceticus grown on hexadecane exhibited intracytoplasmic unit membrane aggregates in contrast to controls grown on the nonhydrocarbon substrates. Probably these aggregates are formed by the cytoplasmic membrane. Most of these membranes are surrounding and penetrating hexadecane inclusions. Ultrastructurally no essential difference caused by addition of carnitine could be seen. The results suggest that the membrane aggregates are the sites of enzymes which are required for the utilization of hexadecane.
Aufnahme und Oxidation von Monosacchariden bei Acinetobacter calcoaceticus
Authors: Kleber H.‐P. , Haferburg D. , Asperger O. , Schmidt M. , Aurich H.
Published: July 2010

Acinetobacter calcoaceticus 69‐V is not able to grow on carbohydrates or its derivatives and to use them as sole carbon sources. On the other hand, the partial oxidation of several monosaccharides (glucose, galactose, mannose, xylose, arabinose, ribose) by intact cells has been demonstrated by acid production and measurements of oxygen consumption.

Glucose and fructose are taken up by intact cells. Different transport systems exist for the uptake of both hexoses. The “apparent” KM‐values for the membrane transport amount to 1.5 · 10−3 and 1.7 · 10−4 moles/l for glucose and fructose, respectively. Gluconolacton only inhibits the transport of glucose, whereas the transport of both hexoses is inhibited by uranylacetate. Other monosaccharides and metabolic inhibitors are without effect. An exchange of intracellular against extracellular glucose has not been found.

Gluconate and CO2 have been identified as extracellular products of glucose oxidation after an incubation period of more than 5 min, whereas gluconate and 6‐phosphogluconate have been detected as intracellular products. No oxidation products have been found using fructose as substrate.

No activity of hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, pyruvate kinase, and 6‐phosphogluconate dehydrogenase have been detected in cell‐free extracts of sonicated cells. An aldose dehydrogenase coupled with an electron transport system occurs in the membrane fraction. The presence of this enzyme was demonstrated by the reduction of dichlorophenolindophenol as well as by oxygen consumption which is inhibited by cyanide.

The aldose dehydrogenase exhibits a broad substrate specificity against different aldohexoses and aldopentoses differing by their KM‐values. Cytochrome b and the terminal oxidase cytochrome o are components of the electron transport system. Neither hydrogen peroxide is formed, nor pyridine nucleotides participate in aldose dehydrogenation.
Comparison of protein patterns of Streptomyces griseus spores from surface and submerged cultures
Authors: Valu G. , Vitális S. , Békési I. , Szabó G.
Published: July 2010

Protein patterns of conidia produced by a Streptomyces griseus strain in submerged cultures and on solid media were compared. Cell‐free extracts (30000 X g supernatant) were prepared and analyzed on gradient SDS polyacrylamide gels. The protein patterns of both kinds of conidia were found to be practically identical, and they differed from protein patterns of the old vegetative hyphae in a characteristic way.
A new fluorimetric assay for streptothricins
Authors: Hesse G. , Römer W. , Miosga N.
Published: July 2010

In strongly acidic medium (70% HClO4) streptothricins form a fluorophore (λex = 312 nm; λem = 381 nm) with unknown structure. A fluorimetric determination of pure or crude products and cultures, respectively, was worked out based on this reaction. Concentrations for fluorescence measurements were in the range of 10−8 — 2 · 10−7 moles. Interferences of the assay are discussed, a statistical evaluation of results and a comparison between microbiological and fluorimetric findings are given.
Vimentin contributes to changes in chondrocyte stiffness in osteoarthritis
Authors: Haudenschild Dominik R. , Chen Jianfen , Pang Nina , Steklov Nikolai , Grogan Shawn P. , Lotz Martin K. , D'Lima Darryl D.
Published: July 2010

Actin and tubulin cytoskeletal components are studied extensively in chondrocytes, but less is known about vimentin intermediate filaments. In other cell types, vimentin is a determinant of cell stiffness and disruption of vimentin networks weakens the mechanical integrity of cells. Changes in vimentin organization correlate with osteoarthritis progression, but the functional consequences of these changes remain undetermined in chondrocytes. The objective of this study was to compare the contribution of vimentin to the mechanical stiffness of primary human chondrocytes isolated from normal versus osteoarthritic cartilage. Chondrocytes were embedded in alginate and vimentin networks disrupted with acrylamide. Constructs were imaged while subjected to 20% nominal strain on a confocal microscope stage, and the aspect ratios of approximately 1,900 cells were measured. Cytosolic stiffness was estimated with a finite element model, and live‐cell imaging of GFP‐vimentin was used to further analyze the nature of vimentin disruption. Vimentin in normal chondrocytes formed an inner cage‐like network that was substantially stiffer than the rest of the cytosol and contributed significantly to overall cellular stiffness. Disruption of vimentin reduced stiffness approximately 2.8‐fold in normal chondrocytes. In contrast, osteoarthritic chondrocytes were less stiff and less affected by vimentin disruption. This 3D experimental system revealed contributions of vimentin to chondrocyte stiffness previously not apparent, and correlated changes in vimentin‐based chondrocyte stiffness with osteoarthritis. © 2010 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 29:20–25, 2011
Spectroscopic and structural investigations of α‐, β‐, and γ‐AlH3 phases
Authors: Manciu F. S. , Reza L. , Durrer W. G. , Bronson A. , Lacina D. , Graetz J.
Published: July 2010

With its reputation as a high‐energy density fuel, aluminum hydride (AlH3) has received renewed attention as a material that is particularly suitable, not only for hydrogen storage but also for rocket propulsion. While the various phases of AlH3 have been investigated theoretically, there is a shortage of experimental studies corroborating the theoretical findings. In response to this, we present here an investigation of these compounds based primarily on two research areas in which there is the greatest scarcity of information in the literature, namely Raman and infrared (IR) absorption analysis. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of experimental far‐IR absorption results on these compounds. Two different samples prepared by broadly similar ethereal reactions of AlCl3 with LiAlH4 were analyzed. Both Raman and IR absorption measurements indicate that one sample is purely γ‐AlH3 and that the other is a mixture of α‐, β‐, and γ‐AlH3 phases. X‐ray diffraction confirms the spectroscopic findings, most notably for the β‐AlH3 phase, for which optical spectroscopic data are reported here for the first time. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantifying amino acid and protein substitution using Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Budhavaram Naresh K. , Barone Justin R.
Published: July 2010

Raman spectroscopy can be a powerful tool for the characterization of modified amino acids and proteins. In addition to the potential for quantitative results, it offers the advantage of not requiring any sample preparation. Modification of amines and thiols on amino acids and proteins are common reactions used for medical, biological, food, and agricultural purposes. We hypothesized that the Raman spectrum could be used to quantify the reactions and would be more informative than typical characterization techniques such as the ninhydrin test. To prove the hypothesis, the amino acids alanine, cysteine, and lysine were modified with ethyl vinyl sulfone (EVS) using a nucleophilic addition reaction known as the Michael addition and the product was characterized using Raman spectroscopy. The Raman spectroscopy results were compared with ultraviolet‐visible spectroscopy results based on ninhydrin analysis of the modified amino acids. The Raman spectroscopy analysis was able to discern site‐specific reactions on the amino acids and suggested that more amino acid moieties were substituted than predicted using the ninhydrin test alone. Substitution of the full protein ovalbumin with EVS showed similar results. The ninhydrin test showed the substitution of primary amines and thiols but could not detect substitution of secondary amines remaining after loss of the primary amine. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Automated detection and characterization of graphene and few‐layer graphite via Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Caridad J. M. , Rossella F. , Bellani V. , Grandi M. S. , Diez E.
Published: July 2010

Several processes have to be automated in order to use graphene in future industrial applications. One of these is the detection and characterization of graphene and few‐layer graphite (FLG) flakes on a substrate. Raman spectroscopy is an ideal tool for this purpose, as it allows not only the identification of these graphitic materials on arbitrary substrates but also monitoring the quality of flakes within the sample. In this paper, we report how graphene and FLG crystallites can be automatically detected and characterized by monitoring the evolution of Raman bands. We present an algorithm that achieves this purpose and thus has special potential in industrial applications of graphene. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Regression diagnostics applied in kinetic data processing: Outlier recognition and robust weighting procedures
Authors: Merli Marcello , Sciascia Luciana , Turco Liveri Maria Liria
Published: July 2010

An efficient protocol, based on advanced statistical diagnostics and robust fitting techniques applied to the least‐squares processing of kinetic data of chemical reactions, is presented and discussed. The procedure, which is aimed at obtaining highly accurate estimation of the fitting parameters, consists of the identification of the outliers that remarkably impair the fitting by means of the so‐called “leverage analysis” and some related diagnostics. This approach allows the elimination of the actually aberrant observations from the data set and/or their robust weighting to inhibit the negative effects induced on the data fitting, with consequent reduction of the bias introduced into the parameter estimates. It has been found that the proposed procedure, applied to experimental kinetic data, does yield to a significant improvement in the regression results. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 42: 587–607, 2010
Device fixation in cochlear implantation: Is bone anchoring necessary?
Authors: Molony Timothy B. , Giles Jerald E. , Thompson T. Luke , MD  , Motamedi Kevin K.
Published: July 2010

Objectives/Hypothesis:

To compare complication rates between patients whose cochlear implants were secured by a bony tie‐down technique versus those secured by a periosteal tie‐down technique.

Study Design:

A retrospective review of 302 consecutive patients undergoing cochlear implantation (327 implants), including both adults and children, at a single institution by a single surgeon.

Methods:

Cochlear implantation was performed in the standard fashion with bony securement of the device in the first subset of patients. The surgical technique was then modified to exclude the bony tie‐down step in favor of a periosteally placed suture tie‐down in the next subset of patients. The patient's medical records were then reviewed to determine complications, which were then compared between groups using χ2 testing.

Results:

The overall complication rate for the periosteally secured cochlear implant subset was 9.5%, with no significant difference noted when compared to the 12.2% overall complication rate seen with the bone‐secured implants. Minor complication rates were 9.5% versus 8.1%, respectively, with major complications occurring in 0% versus 4.1% of periosteally secured versus bone‐secured devices. There were no statistical differences between groups for major, minor, or any specific complications. There were no cases of device migration.

Conclusions:

Cochlear implant devices may be secured in place with periosteally anchored sutures in lieu of bone‐anchored sutures without any significant increases in perioperative complications. Laryngoscope, 2010
Applying erosion damage mapping to assess and quantify off‐site effects of soil erosion in Switzerland
Authors: Ledermann T. , Herweg K. , Liniger H. P. , Schneider F. , Hurni H. , Prasuhn V.
Published: July 2010

In order to fill existing knowledge gaps in the temporal and spatial distribution of soil erosion, its sources and causes, as well as in relation to its off‐site impacts, erosion damage mapping of all visible erosion features was carried out at three study sites in Switzerland. The data illustrate that about one‐quarter of the cultivated land was affected by water erosion. Observed mean annual soil loss rates are considered rather low (0.7–2.3 t ha−1 y−1) compared to other European countries. However, substantial losses of >70 t ha−1 were recorded on individual plots.

This paper focuses on the spatial aspects of soil erosion, by observing and comparing the study areas in a 1‐year period from October 2005 to October 2006. The analyses illustrate that the sites differ considerably in average soil loss rates, but show similar patterns of off‐site effects. In about one‐third of the damaged plots an external source of surface runoff upslope contributed to the damage (run‐on). Similarly, more than 50 per cent of the soil eroded on arable land deposited downslope on adjacent plots, roads, public/private infrastructure, etc., and 20 per cent of it reached open water bodies. Large amounts of eroded soil which deposit off‐site, often related to slope depressions, are considered muddy floods and were frequently observed in Switzerland.

Mapping, in conclusion, helps to sheds light on some of the important challenges of today, in particular: to comprehensively assess socio‐economic and ecological off‐site effects of soil erosion, to attribute off‐site impacts to on‐site causes, and to raise awareness of all stakeholders involved, in order to improve ongoing discussions on policy formulation and implementation at the national and international levels. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Potential for greenhouse gas emissions from soil carbon stock following biofuel cultivation on degraded lands
Authors: Nair P. K. R. , Saha Subhrajit K. , Nair Vimala D. , Haile Solomon G.
Published: July 2010

Consequent to the interest in converting degraded lands for cultivation of biofuel crops, concerns have been expressed about greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions resulting from changes in soil‐carbon (C) stock following land conversions. A literature‐based study was undertaken for estimating the magnitude of emission of GHGs, particularly carbon dioxide (CO2), following an assessment of the extent and causes of land degradation and the nature of CO2emission from soils. The study estimated the potential for CO2emission resulting from changes in soil‐carbon stock following land conversions, using oil palm (Elaeis guineensisJacq.) as a case study. The analysis indicated that, overall, the magnitude of CO2emission resulting from changes in soil C stockper sefollowing opening up of degraded land would be low compared with other potential sources of CO2emission. However, lack of data on critical aspects such as baseline soil C status was a limitation of the study. Soil respiration is the single best measure of GHG emission from soils. Fixation of C in additional biomass will compensate, over time, for C loss through soil respiration following a change in land use or land management, unless such changes involve conversion of existing large C stocks. Therefore, any net CO2emission from soils resulting from changes in soil C stock following opening up of degraded land is likely to be a short‐term phenomenon. The estimations used in the study are based on various assumptions, which need to be validated by experimental field data. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Irrigation effects of cooling tower effluent on soil chemistry and alfalfa in the Rio Grande river basin
Authors: Ganjegunte G. K. , Trostle C. L. , Braun R. J.
Published: July 2010

Development of alternative sources through wastewater reuse is important to meet water demands in arid regions. However, effects of wastewater irrigation on soil properties and crop performance must be evaluated before advocating its widespread use. Objectives of this study were to evaluate: (i) effects of prior evaporative disposal of saline‐sodic blowdown water (BW) on soil (fine‐loamy, mixed, and thermic Typic Calciorthods) properties in the disposal area, and (ii) effects of flood irrigation with three water qualities (control, BW 1X, and BW 2X) on soil salinity and alfalfa performance using a greenhouse soil column study (soil collected from same study area as objective (i)). Results indicated that although prior land disposal of BW had increased salinity and sodicity of soil, they were within the tolerance limits of the intended crop, alfalfa. Mass balance calculations indicated measured (15·6 Mg ha−1) and calculated (13·2 Mg ha−1) salt accumulation at the test site used for evaporative disposal were similar. Alfalfa grown using BW under greenhouse conditions produced prime quality hay and biomass yield similar to the control treatment (8·3 g column−1 vs. 10·5 g column−1 in control). Although 3·6 years equivalent of flood irrigation with BW 1X did not result in saline soil (BW 1X irrigated soils EC ranged from 2·2 to 3·5 dS m−1), BW 2X irrigation resulted in saline soils. Sodicities of irrigated soils were greater in fine textured deep soils than coarse textured surface soils (e.g., SAR of 6·1 at 0–5 cm vs. 19·5 mmol1/2 L−1/2 at 30–60 cm in BW 1X), indicating the need for high solubility Ca amendments for long‐term irrigation with BW on fine texture soils within the soil profile. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Acute liver failure due to antitubercular therapy: Strategy for antitubercular treatment before and after liver transplantation
Authors: Ichai Philippe , Saliba Faouzi , Antoun Fadi , Azoulay Daniel , Sebagh Mylène , Antonini Teresa Maria , Escaut Lélia , Valérie Delvart , Castaing Denis , Samuel Didier
Published: July 2010

The standard antitubercular treatment (ATT), which consists of isoniazid (INH), rifampicin (RIF), ethambutol, and pyrazinamide (PZA), is the best available treatment for tuberculosis (TB). However, the hepatotoxicity of INH and PZA can be severe, and even after drug withdrawal, patients may require liver transplantation (LT). In these cases, the strategy for the treatment of TB is poorly defined. Between 1986 and 2008, 14 patients presented at our department with severe hepatitis secondary to INH and PZA treatment. Four of these patients were immunosuppressed: 2 after renal transplantation and 2 because of human immunodeficiency virus infection. In seven of the 14 patients an alternative ATT was begun on admission, which was well tolerated. Hepatitis improved spontaneously in 5 patients, and alternative ATT was continued for 9.3 ± 4.2 months; 1 patient deteriorated and underwent LT, and 1 patient died. ATT was stopped definitively in 2 patients. Six patients required urgent LT, and alternative ATT was started after transplantation and was successful. Five patients receiving RIF had an episode of acute rejection. In conclusion, hepatitis secondary to ATT can be successfully treated with alternative anti-TB regimens. The use of RIF in LT patients may lead to acute rejection. RIF should therefore be avoided in these patients. Liver Transpl 16:1136–1146, 2010. © 2010 AASLD.
Carboxymethylchitosan/Poly(amidoamine) Dendrimer Nanoparticles in Central Nervous Systems‐Regenerative Medicine: Effects on Neuron/Glial Cell Viability and Internalization Efficiency
Authors: Salgado António J. , Oliveira Joaquim M. , Pirraco Rogério P. , Pereira Vitor H. , Fraga Joana S. , Marques Alexandra P. , Neves Nuno M. , Mano João F. , Reis Rui L. , Sousa Nuno
Published: July 2010

The applicability of CMCht/PAMAM dendrimer nanoparticles for CNS applications was investigated. AFM and TEM observations revealed that the nanoparticles possessed a nanosphere‐like shape with a size from 22.0 to 30.7 nm. The nanoparticles could be bound to fluorescent‐probe FITC for tracing purposes. Post‐natal hippocampal neurons and cortical glial cells were both able to internalize the FITC‐labeled CMCht/PAMAM dendrimer nanoparticles with high efficiency. The percentage of positive cells internalizing the nanoparticles varied, reaching a peak after 48 h of incubation. Further experiments for periods up to 7 d revealed that the periodical addition of FITC‐labelled CMCht/PAMAM dendrimer nanoparticles was needed to maintain the overall percentage of cells internalizing them. Finally, it was also observed that cell viability was not significantly affected by the incubation of dendrimer nanoparticles.

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Hydrogel Nanofilms for Biomedical Applications: Synthesis via Polycondensation Reactions
Authors: Pippig Falko , Holländer Andreas
Published: July 2010

A new technique for the production of nanoscale polymer networks on surfaces is presented. Bifunctional oligomeric building blocks react with trifunctional linkers and couple to activated polymer surfaces. PEG diamines were used as branch molecules in the network which were linked by either a trifunctional epoxide or a trifunctional acid chloride. The network with mesh size of 22 nm and more contains amino and hydroxy or carboxylic‐acid groups. The concentration can be varied by the preparation conditions and by adding other substances like amino acids or amine‐functionalized biotin to the reaction system. As an example, FITC‐tagged streptavidin was coupled to biotin in the network with a concentration of up to 37 pmol · cm−2.

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Influence of Solute Charge and Hydrophobicity on Partitioning and Diffusion in a Genetically Engineered Silk‐Elastin‐Like Protein Polymer Hydrogel
Authors: Dinerman Adam A. , Cappello Joseph , El‐Sayed Mohamed , Hoag Stephen W. , Ghandehari Hamidreza
Published: July 2010

The influence of solute hydrophobicity and charge on partitioning and diffusion in physically crosslinked networks of a genetically engineered SELP polymer was investigated. A series of fluorescent dyes were used to assess the impact of solute charge and hydrophobicity on release behavior. The mechanism of solute release from the SELP hydrogel appeared to vary as a function of dye hydrophobicity. The extent of FITC attachment to amine‐terminated G4 dendrimers influenced SELP hydrogel partitioning more than dendrimer diffusion properties. Results suggest the possibility of controlling solute release from SELP hydrogels by modifying the hydrophobicity and surface charge of drugs and drug/polymer conjugates as well as the possibility of “designing‐in” solute‐specific interactions.

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Recombinant Spider Silk Proteins for Applications in Biomaterials
Authors: Spiess Kristina , Lammel Andreas , Scheibel Thomas
Published: July 2010

Due to their extraordinary mechanical and biochemical properties, silks have long been in focus of research. In vivo, fibers are formed from silk proteins, in vitro, however, a variety of materials can be produced in addition to fibers including capsules, particles, films, foams, and gels. The versatility of silk proteins, along with their biocompatibility, biodegradability, and potential for processing in aqueous solution under ambient conditions make silk‐based materials good candidates for biomedical applications such as drug delivery systems and scaffolds for tissue engineering. Here, we summarize recent progress in research employing recombinantly produced engineered spider silk proteins with a focus on the fundamentals of silk protein processing. We highlight recombinant spider silk films and particles as morphologies that represent model systems with adjustable material properties controlled by process parameters.

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Progress in Depsipeptide‐Based Biomaterials
Authors: Feng Yakai , Lu Jian , Behl Marc , Lendlein Andreas
Published: July 2010

Polydepsipeptides – alternating copolymers of an α‐amino acid and an α‐hydroxy acid – are a group of biodegradable polymers. Versatile polydepsipeptides with or without pendant functional groups, as well as various polymer architectures, for example, providing alternative, random, diblock, triblock, multiblock or graft sequence structures, can be synthesized via ring‐opening copolymerization of various morpholine‐2,5‐dione derivatives. They are potential candidates for a wide range of biomedical applications. Polydepsipeptides are described in this review from the aspect of materials science, especially as biomaterials. We mainly focus on various techniques developed to synthesize polydepsipeptides and their copolymers, biodegradation behaviors, shape‐memory properties and possible biomedical applications.

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Synergistic Effect of Polyelectrolyte Multilayers and Osteogenic Growth Medium on Differentiation of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells
Authors: Liu Zhen‐Mei , Gu Qinyi , Xu Zhi‐Kang , Groth Thomas
Published: July 2010

Layer‐by‐layer assembly of biogenic polyelectrolytes (PEL) was carried out on the surface of poly (L‐lactide) to generate polyelectrolyte multilayers (PEM) that foster osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cell (hMSC). Gelatin (GEL), hyaluronic acid (HA) and heparin (HEP) were chosen as polyanions, while chitosan (CHI) was employed as polycation. Multilayer formation was monitored by surface plasmon resonance and water contact angle measurements showing that layer formation process and surface wetting properties depended on the type of polyanions. While HEP as strong PEL led to thicker and more hydrophilic PEM, layer mass was lower for weak polyanions GEL and HA. Short‐term adhesion studies with hMSC showed strong adhesion and spreading of cells on PEM composed of GEL/CHI and low spreading, motile phenotype and aggregation of hMSC on HEP/CHI or HA/CHI. Long term studies over three weeks were carried out to follow growth and differentiation of hMSC on the PEM. Weak osteogenic differentiation of hMSC was observed on GEL/CHI if cells were cultured in normal medium while no osteogenic phenotypes were observed on HEP/CHI or HA/CHI. When cells were cultured in osteogenic differentiation medium, however, PEM composed of HEP/CHI or HA/CHI promoted differentiation of hMSC towards osteoblasts, while PEM composed of GEL/CHI failed to do so. Overall, the composition of PEMs can be used as additional tool to control osteogenic differentiation of hMSC.

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Green Preparation Process, Characterization and Antitumor Effects of Doxorubicin–BSA–Dextran Nanoparticles
Authors: Deng Wei , Li Juan , Yao Ping , He Fen , Huang Chong
Published: July 2010

In this report, we developed a simple and green process of simultaneous formation of doxorubicin–BSA–dextran nanoparticles in aqueous solution and high‐effective encapsulation of doxorubicin. In the presence of BSA–dextran conjugates, which were produced by Maillard reaction, a binding of doxorubicin with BSA can suppress the self‐aggregation of unprotonated doxorubicin. After a heat treatment, the gelation of BSA results in a formation of the nanoparticles and the doxorubicin was fixed inside the nanoparticles. The dextran shell makes the nanoparticles dispersible in solution. The nanoparticles have a spherical morphology and a hydrodynamic radius of about 90 nm. Importantly, the nanoparticles can significantly prolong the life of murine ascites hepatoma H22 tumor‐bearing mice.

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Contemporary Mass Spectrometry and the Analysis of Synthetic Polymers: Trends, Techniques and Untapped Potential
Authors: Hart‐Smith Gene , Barner‐Kowollik Christopher
Published: July 2010

For many decades, the capacity for mass spectrometry (MS) to analyse matter in all of its forms was shackled by an inability to ionise large molecules into the gas phase. It was only in the late 1980s, when the capabilities of the ‘soft’ ionisation protocols of matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionisation (MALDI) and electrospray ionisation (ESI) became apparent, that these shackles were effectively removed. The emergence of soft ionisation methodologies acted as a driving force for significant advances in MS instrumentation; as a result, MS now represents one of the most potent means by which insights into the structural details of synthetic polymer samples can be obtained. However, despite MS being acknowledged to be a mainstream analytical tool in the field of polymer chemistry, the number of MS‐based studies into polymer systems remains significantly limited when compared to other analytical methods, and it would thus appear that MS is still being severely underutilised. In this Trend article, important fundamental concepts of soft ionisation MS are presented in a tutorial style fashion within the context of the analysis of polymer systems, and the remarkable breadth, power and versatility of these techniques is illustrated using selected examples. We suggest that MS‐based analyses represent one of the most promising areas of research in polymer science, and that the polymer chemistry community would be well served by utilising this analytical discipline in a more intensive manner.

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Grb2‐associated binder 1 (Gab1) genetic polymorphism, Helicobacter pylori infection, and chronic atrophic gastritis among older adults from Germany
Authors: Gao Lei , Weck Melanie N. , Nieters Alexandra , Brenner Hermann
Published: July 2010

Grb2‐associated binder 1 (Gab1) plays an important role in the regulation of cell growth and transformation. A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) (rs3805246) in the Gab1 gene has been suggested to be related to the risk of Helicobacter pylori infection and chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG) in a study from Japan. We aimed to assess the associations in a population‐based study from Germany. In the baseline examination of ESTHER, a population‐based study conducted in Saarland, serum pepsinogen I and II and H. pylori serostatus were measured by ELISA. The Gab1 SNP (rs3805246) was genotyped in 351 serologically defined CAG cases and 351 age‐ and sex‐matched non‐CAG controls. A nonsignificant association was observed between the Gab1 SNP and CAG, with an adjusted odds ratio of 1.15 (0.85–1.55) for AA/AG carriers compared to GG carriers. The magnitude of the association did not change when the analysis was restricted to H. pylori seropositive subjects. Furthermore, no significant relation was found between the SNP and H. pylori seropositivity among non‐CAG controls. We could not confirm a major association between Gab1 SNP (rs3805246) and the predisposition to H. pylori infection and CAG in this study population from Germany. Further studies with larger sample size are needed to clarify a potential modest effect of Gab1 genetic polymorphisms. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Major life events and risk of Parkinson's disease
Authors: Rod Naja Hulvej , Hansen Johnni , Schernhammer Eva , Ritz Beate
Published: July 2010

Major life events such as divorce, death of a spouse or a child, or long‐term unemployment are stressful to most people and animal models have suggested a link between stress and onset of parkinsonian symptoms. In a large case‐control study based on nationwide registries, we aim to address whether major life events are risk factors for Parkinson's disease. Between 1986 and 2006, we identified 13,695 patients with a (PD) primary diagnosis of PD in the Danish National Hospital Register. Each case was frequency matched by age and gender to five population controls. Information on major life events before onset of PD was ascertained from national registries. Among men, number of life events was associated with risk of Parkinson's disease in an inverse dose‐response manner (P < 0.0001). Compared to no events, three or more events were associated with a 42% lower risk of PD (OR = 0.58; 95 % CI: 0.34–0.99). Life events were not associated with PD in women. In contrast, a higher risk of PD was observed among women who had never been married (1.16; 1.04–1.29) and among men (1.47; 1.18–1.82) and women (1.30; 1.05–1.61) who have never been employees. The lower risk of Parkinson's disease among men who had experienced life events was unexpected but might suggest a general “risk avoidance behavior” in Parkinson's patients. © 2010 Movement Disorder Society