bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Elevated Remnant Cholesterol Causes Both Low-Grade Inflammation and Ischemic Heart Disease, Whereas Elevated Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Causes Ischemic Heart Disease Without Inflammation
Authors: Varbo Anette , Benn Marianne , Tybjærg-Hansen Anne , Nordestgaard Børge G.
Published: August 2013

Background—

Elevated nonfasting remnant cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol are causally associated with ischemic heart disease (IHD), but whether elevated nonfasting remnant cholesterol and LDL cholesterol both cause low-grade inflammation is currently unknown.

Methods and Results—

We studied 60 608 individuals from the Copenhagen General Population Study, the Copenhagen City Heart Study, and the Copenhagen Ischemic Heart Disease study, of whom 10 668 had IHD diagnosed between 1977 and 2011. We genotyped for variants affecting levels of nonfasting remnant cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, C-reactive protein by
CRP
alleles, and C-reactive protein by
IL6R
alleles. Using a multidirectional mendelian randomization design, we investigated possible causal associations between the lipoproteins and C-reactive protein and between the lipoproteins and IHD. A 1-mmol/L(39 mg/dL) higher level of nonfasting remnant cholesterol was associated observationally with a 37% (95% confidence interval, 35–39) higher C-reactive protein level and causally with a 28% (95% confidence interval, 10–48) higher level. For LDL cholesterol, a 1-mmol/L (39-mg/dL) higher level was associated observationally with a 7% (95% confidence interval, 6–7) higher C-reactive protein level, but we found no causal association. Likewise, higher levels of C-reactive protein did not associate causally with elevated nonfasting remnant cholesterol or LDL cholesterol. Finally, the causal risk ratio for IHD for a 1-mmol/L (39-mg/dL) higher level was 3.3 (95% confidence interval, 2.1–5.2) for nonfasting remnant cholesterol and 1.8 (95% confidence interval, 1.5–2.2) for LDL cholesterol. The causal associations for remnant cholesterol were present even in those without diabetes mellitus and obesity.

Conclusions—

Elevated nonfasting remnant cholesterol is causally associated with low-grade inflammation and with IHD, whereas elevated LDL cholesterol is associated causally with IHD without inflammation.
Effectiveness of Percutaneous Coronary Intervention With Drug‐Eluting Stents Compared With Bypass Surgery in Diabetics With Multivessel Coronary Disease: Comprehensive Systematic Review and Meta‐analysis of Randomized Clinical Data
Authors: Hakeem Abdul , Garg Nadish , Bhatti Sabha , Rajpurohit Naveen , Ahmed Zubair , Uretsky Barry F.
Published: August 2013

Background

Controversy persists regarding the optimal revascularization strategy for diabetic patients with multivessel coronary artery disease (
MVD
). Coronary artery bypass grafting (
CABG
) has been compared with percutaneous coronary intervention (
PCI
) using drug‐eluting stents (
DES
) in recent randomized controlled trials (
RCT
s).

Methods and Results

RCT
s comparing
PCI
with
DES
versus
CABG
in diabetic patients with
MVD
who met inclusion criteria were analyzed (protocol registration No.
CRD
42013003693). Primary end point (major adverse cardiac events) was a composite of death, myocardial infarction, and stroke at a mean follow‐up of 4 years. Analyses were performed for each outcome by using risk ratio (
RR
) by fixed‐ and random‐effects models. Four
RCTS
with 3052 patients met inclusion criteria (1539
PCI
versus 1513
CABG
). Incidence of major adverse cardiac events was 22.5% for
PCI
and 16.8% for
CABG
(
RR
1.34, 95%
CI
1.16 to 1.54,
P
<0.0001). Similar results were obtained for death (14% versus 9.7%,
RR
1.51, 95%
CI
1.09 to 2.10,
P
=0.01), and
MI
(10.3% versus 5.9%,
RR
1.44, 95%
CI
0.79 to 2.6,
P
=0.23). Stroke risk was significantly lower with
DES
(2.3% versus 3.8%,
RR
0.59, 95%
CI
0.39 to 0.90,
P
=0.01) and subsequent revascularization was several‐fold higher (17.4% versus 8.0%,
RR
1.85, 95%
CI
1.0 to 3.40,
P
=0.05).

Conclusions

These data demonstrate that
CABG
in diabetic patients with
MVD
at low to intermediate surgical risk (defined as EUROSCORE <5) is superior to
MVD PCI
with
DES
.
CABG
decreased overall death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, and repeat revascularization at the expense of an increase in stroke risk.
A Case Study of Patriarchy and Slavery: The Hermeneutical Importance of Qurʾānic Assumptions in the Development of a Values-Based and Purposive Oriented Qurʾān-sunna Hermeneutic
Authors: Duderija Adis
Published: August 2013

Abstract

It is the task of this paper to argue that the development of a new Qurʾān-sunna hermeneutic (and therefore Islamic legal theory) which hermeneutically privileges an ethico-religious and purposive approach to a Qurʾānic interpretation (based on ethically objectivist nature of ethical value) has the potential to engender a gender symmetrical Islamic law. In order for this to be achieved, it is argued further, that the hermeneutical importance of the mirroring of the various socio-cultural and ethico-moral assumptions prevalent in the Qurʾān’s revelatory milieu in the actual Qurʾānic text itself must be taken into account as evident in those passages pertaining to the patriarchal nature of socio-legal aspects of gender dynamics and existence of slavery, especially female concubinage. Additionally, in the first part of the paper, I briefly discuss one reason why I consider the classical Islamic scholarship failed to explore the hermeneutical significance of these assumptions and therefore did not engender a Qurʾānic hermeneutic and Islamic legal theory that hermeneutically privileges an ethico-religious and purposive based approach to interpretation of Qurʾān and sunna. I refer to this process as a hermeneutical shift from a Qurʾān-sunna interpretive dialogical approach to that of a sunna-ḥadith episteme.
The Destruction of Cultural Heritage in the Kingdoms of Pontus and Kommagene during the Roman Conquest
Authors: Polanski Tomasz
Published: August 2013

In 72-69 B.C., L. Lucullus successively captured the most important urban centres of the kingdom of Pontus, and Tigranocerta in Armenia. His army also operated in the kingdom of Commagene und in Upper Mesopotamia. Lucullus’ military campaign was continued by Pompey. We come across incidental information about the scale of robbery and destruction committed by the Roman army (the statue of Autolycus by Sthennis in Sinope, the temple of Ma in Comana, the secret archives of Mithradates VI, the Roman library of Lucullus, the treasures of Darius the Achaemenid). Some objects of the plundered art appeared in public at the triumphal shows of wealth in Rome, which was perfunctorily documented by Pliny the Elder, Appianus of Alexandria and Plutarch (63 and 61 B.C.). Artworks were also acquired by functionaries of the occupying administration from urban communities and private persons through extortion and blackmail. The Roman lawyers and intellectuals worked out a set of skilful legal formulas to justify and legalise the plunder of cultural goods (ius belli, monumentum imperatoris, ornamentum urbis). Cicero, Livy and Plutarch never condemn the robbery of artworks and libraries if they were committed in the name of the Roman state. The fragmentary evidence testifies to the once flourishing literary circles of the kingdoms of Pontus and Commagene (Methrodorus of Scepsis, Athenion, the anonymous authors of inscriptions from Commagene, the epitaphs of the Bosporan kingdom).
Morphological and taxonomic revision of species of Squatina from the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean (Chondrichthyes: Squatiniformes: Squatinidae)
Authors: VAZ DIEGO F. B. , DE CARVALHO MARCELO R.
Published: August 2013

The morphology and taxonomy of species of Squatina from the southwestern Atlantic Ocean are revised. Species previously considered valid, Squatina argentina (Marini, 1930), Squatina guggenheim Marini, 1936 and Squatina occulta Vooren and da Silva, 1991, are investigated and described in detail, including a morphometric and meristic study of specimens from their recorded range. The taxonomic status of the doubtful nominal species Squatina punctata Marini, 1936 was also evaluated. This species was previously considered a junior synonym of S. argentina, a junior synonym of S. guggenheim, or a senior synonym of S. occulta. Although there is much morphological similarity between Squatina species, significant differences in dermal denticle patterns, dorsal coloration, tooth formula, and size at maturity are reported, enabling the recognition of S. argentina, S. guggenheim and S. occulta as valid species, and relegating S. punctata to the synonymy of S. guggenheim. Differences in skeletal morphology between valid species are described and considered supportive of the taxonomic hypothesis, corroborating a previous study of neurocrania. Additionally, an unidentified specimen is reported, as Squatina sp., from the continental shelf of Bahia state, Brazil, recognized by having more vertebral centra and a conspicuous dermal denticle morphology on interspiracular region, features not present in other South America angelshark species. A report on the only known syntype of Squatina dumeril Le Sueur, 1818 is presented, describing features that are still preserved and designating it as lectotype. Lateral-line sensory canals, skeleton, and cranial and hypobranchial muscles for the three valid species of Squatina from the southwestern Atlantic, as well as the brain and cranial nerves of S. guggenheim, are described and illustrated.
Taxonomic exploration of Neotropical Microdontinae (Diptera: Syrphidae) mimicking stingless bees
Authors: REEMER MENNO
Published: August 2013

Several species of Neotropical Microdontinae (Diptera: Syrphidae) are mimics of stingless bees. Most of these species have previously been grouped in Ubristes Walker, 1852, with Carreramyia Doesburg, 1966, Hypselosyrphus Hull, 1937 and Stipomorpha Hull, 1945 treated as synonyms in recent literature. The species of the recently described genus Mermerizon Reemer, 2013 are also treated in the present paper. Recent evidence (Reemer and Ståhls 2013a, b) supports an independent origin for all of these taxa, which is why they are now treated as different genera. The present paper revises all specific taxa previously associated with these genera. A total number of 52 species is treated, 22 of which are described as new. These are divided among the genera as follows: Carreramyia (4 species, 2 new: C. megacera, C. tigrina), Ceratophya (5 species, 1 new: C. argentinensis), Hypselosyrphus (12 species, 6 new: H. helvus, H. marshalli, H. maurus, H. pingo, H. pseudorhoga, H. vexillipennis), Mermerizon (3 species, 2 new: M. mellosus, M. mesmerizus), Stipomorpha (25 species, 9 new: S. crematogastri, S. dichromata, S. elcopala, S. fallax, S. maculipennis, S. mendax, S. panamana, S. spuria, S. zophera), Ubristes (3 species, 2 new: U. ictericus, U. jaguarinus). Microdon scolopus Shannon, 1927, previously classified in Ubristes, was recently transferred to Ceratophya Wiedemann, 1824, which is why this genus is also treated in this paper. Ceratophya longicornis Wiedemann, 1824 is excluded from Ceratophya and treated as a species incertae sedis. Two other species are excluded, because they belong to other groups of Microdontinae not treated in the present paper: Microdon angulatus Hull, 1943 (now in Microdon subgenus Chymophila Macquart, 1834) and Ubristes chrysopygus Giglio-Tos, 1892 (now in Peradon Reemer, 2013). Three new synonyms are proposed: Microdon procteri Curran, 1941 syn. nov. = Microdon procedens Curran, 1941 syn. nov. = Ubristes flavitibia Walker, 1852; Microdon triangularis Curran, 1940 syn. nov. = Microdon lacteipennis Shannon, 1927. Two specific taxa previously considered as synonyms are rendered valid status: Ubristes litoralis Papavero, 1964 stat. rev. (placed in Stipomorpha) and Ubristes plaumanni Curran, 1940 stat. rev. (placed in Hypselosyrphus). One new name is introduced to replace a junior primary homonym: Hypselosyrphus amazonicus nom. nov. for Microdon scutellaris Shannon, 1927, preoccupied by Schummel (1842). Lectotypes are designated for Stipomorpha goettei (Shannon, 1927) and Stipomorpha lactipennis (Shannon, 1927). A key to the genus-groups and to the species is given. The genus Rhoga Walker, 1857 is included in the key to the genus-groups, but specific taxonomy is not worked out. The paper concludes with some considerations on mimicry as a possible drive for speciation, and on species of Stipomorpha visiting flowers.
Strong Down-Valley Low-Level Jets over the Atacama Desert: Observational Characterization
Authors: Muñoz Ricardo C. , Falvey Mark J. , Araya Marcelo , Jacques-Coper Martin
Published: August 2013

The near-surface wind and temperature regime at three points in the Atacama Desert of northern Chile is described using two years of multilevel measurements from 80-m towers located in an altitude range between 2100 and 2700 m MSL. The data reveal the frequent development of strong nocturnal drainage flows at all sites. Down-valley, nose-shaped wind speed profiles are observed, with maximum values occurring at heights between 20 and 60 m AGL. The flow intensity shows considerable interdaily variability and a seasonal modulation of maximum speeds, which in the cold season can attain hourly average values of more than 20 m s−1. Turbulent mixing appears to be important over the full tower layer, affecting the curvature of the nighttime temperature profile and possibly explaining the observed increase of surface temperatures in the down-valley direction. Nocturnal valley winds and temperatures are weakly controlled by upper-air conditions observed at the nearest aerological station. Estimates of terms in the momentum budget for the development and quasi-stationary phases of the down-valley flows suggest that the pressure gradient force due to the near-surface cooling along the sloping valley axes plays an important role in these drainage flows. A scale for the jet nose height of equilibrium turbulent down-slope jets is proposed that is based on surface friction velocity and surface inversion intensity. At one of the sites, this scale explains about 70% of the case-to-case observed variance of jet nose heights. Further modeling and observations are needed, however, to define better the dynamics, extent, and turbulence structure of this flow system, which has significant wind-energy, climatic, and environmental implications.
The Influence of Submeso Processes on Stable Boundary Layer Similarity Relationships
Authors: Acevedo Otávio C. , Costa Felipe D. , Oliveira Pablo E. S. , Puhales Franciano S. , Degrazia Gervásio A. , Roberti Débora R.
Published: August 2013

Previous observational studies in the stable boundary layer diverge appreciably on the values of dimensionless ratios between turbulence-related quantities and on their stability dependence. In the present study, the hypothesis that such variability is caused by the influence of locally dependent nonturbulent processes, referred to as submeso, is tested and confirmed. This is done using six datasets collected at sites with different surface coverage. The time-scale dependence of wind components and temperature fluctuations is presented using the multiresolution decomposition, which allows the identification of the turbulence and submeso contributions to spectra and cospectra. In the submeso range, the spectra of turbulence kinetic energy range increases exponentially with time scale. The exponent decreases with the magnitude of the turbulent fluctuations at a similar manner at all sites. This fact is used to determine the smaller time scale with relevant influence of submeso processes and a ratio that quantifies the relative importance of such nonturbulent processes with respect to turbulence. Based on that, values for the local stability parameter that are unaffected by nonturbulent processes are found. It is shown that the dimensionless ratios do not usually converge to a given value as the time scale increases and that it is as a consequence of the locally dependent submeso influence. The ratios and their stability dependence are determined at the time scales with least influence of nonturbulent processes, but significant site-to-site variability persists. Combining all datasets, expressions for the dependence of the dimensionless ratios on the local stability parameter that minimize the role of the submeso contribution are proposed.
Global and Regional Aspects of Tropical Cyclone Activity in the CMIP5 Models
Authors: Camargo Suzana J.
Published: August 2013

Tropical cyclone (TC) activity is analyzed in 14 models from phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5). The global TC activity in the historical runs is compared with observations. The simulation of TC activity in the CMIP5 models is not as good as in higher-resolution simulations. The CMIP5 global TC frequency is much lower than observed, and there is significant deficiency in the geographical patterns of TC tracks and formation. Although all of the models underestimate the global frequency of TCs, the models present a wide range of global TC frequency. The models with the highest horizontal resolution have the highest level of global TC activity, though resolution is not the only factor that determines model TC activity. A cold SST bias could potentially contribute to the low number of TCs in the models. The models show no consensus regarding the difference of TC activity in two warming scenarios [representative concentration pathway 4.5 (RCP4.5) and RCP8.5] and the historical simulation. The author examined in more detail North Atlantic and eastern North Pacific TC activity in a subset of models and found no robust changes across models in TC frequency. Therefore, there is no robust signal across the CMIP5 models in global and regional TC changes in activity for future scenarios. The future changes in various large-scale environmental fields associated with TC activity were also examined globally: genesis potential index, potential intensity, vertical wind shear, and sea level pressure. The multimodel mean changes of these variables in the CMIP5 models are consistent with the changes obtained in the CMIP3 models.
Imprint of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation on the South China Sea Throughflow Variability*
Authors: Yu Kai , Qu Tangdong
Published: August 2013

Analysis of the 62-yr hindcast outputs from an eddy-resolving ocean general circulation model reveals a prominent decadal variability in the upper-layer (0–745 m) Luzon Strait transport (LST), a key component of the South China Sea throughflow. This variability is in phase with the basin-scale wind stress anomalies associated with the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO). A composite analysis shows that during the positive phase of the PDO, the Aleutian low and its related positive wind stress curl anomalies intrude southward, reducing the trade winds and enhancing the westerly wind anomalies in the tropical North Pacific. In response, the North Equatorial Current bifurcation shifts northward, resulting in a weaker Kuroshio east of Luzon and consequently a stronger South China Sea throughflow in the upper 745 m.
Interoperability of SeaSondes and Wellen Radars in Mapping Radial Surface Currents
Authors: Martinez-Pedraja J. , Shay L. K. , Haus B. K. , Whelan C.
Published: August 2013

A dual-station high-frequency (HF) Wellen Radar (WERA) transmitting at 16 MHz has observed near-real-time surface currents over an approximate range of 100 km across the Florida Straits since July 2004. During a 10-day period in April 2005 (15–25 April), a pair of 12.6-MHz SeaSondes (SS) were deployed south of the WERAs sites by NOAA's Center for Operational Oceanographic Products and Services (CO-OPS). The resulting SS grid overlapped the southern portion of the WERA domain. During the same period of time, a bottom-mounted acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) acquired subsurface current measurements within these HF radar grids starting at 14 m below the surface in water of 86-m depth. The interoperability of beam-forming (WERA) and direction-finding (SS) HF radar technologies was examined. Comparisons of radial and vector currents for an 8-day concurrent time series suggested good agreement in current direction over both domains, where the surface currents' magnitudes were a maximum of 1.2 m s−1. In the core of the radar domains consisting of 108 cells, hourly vector currents were obtained by combining WERA and SS radials. Generally, this can be done in a relatively straightforward manner, considering the geometric dilution of precision (GDOP). A second key issue is downscaling the SS measurements from a 3-km grid to a 1.1-km grid to match the WERA output. This enhanced grid spacing is important along the western flank of the Florida Current, where energetic, small-scale surface features have been observed.
Household Preparedness for Tornado Hazards: The 2011 Disaster in DeKalb County, Alabama
Authors: Chaney Philip L. , Weaver Greg S. , Youngblood Susan A. , Pitts Kristin
Published: August 2013

This paper contributes to existing knowledge on factors that influence adoption of hazards adjustments for tornadoes. The Protective Action Decision Model provides the theoretical basis for the study, which was conducted after the 2011 disaster in DeKalb County, Alabama. Most of the 124 survey participants had received public safety information on how to prepare for a tornado, understood the definition of a tornado warning, had participated in a tornado drill, and had a plan for seeking shelter. Few owned a NOAA weather radio or had a tornado-resistant shelter on the premises. Demographic analysis found that older residents (60+ yr) and households without children were significantly less likely to have participated in a tornado drill, lower income residents were significantly less likely to have a tornado-resistant shelter on the premises or a plan for seeking shelter, and mobile home residents were significantly less likely to have a plan for seeking shelter. Locus of control and past experience were not significantly associated with adoption of hazards adjustments, but suspected reasons for these results are discussed. Many plans that involved evacuating to another location included excessively long travel distances, and several mobile home residents planned to seek shelter inside their residence. Failure to adopt effective preparedness actions in each of these areas could serve as a situational impediment to making an appropriate protective action decision when a tornado threatens the household. The results identify aspects of household preparedness where there is opportunity for improvement, which would reduce vulnerability and enhance community resilience.
Of warriors, poachers and peacekeepers: Protecting wildlife after conflict
Authors: Rotshuizen Saskia , Smith MLR
Published: August 2013

Much research on conflict and the environment in Africa emphasises the competition for energy resources and valuable minerals as a cause of war. Drawing on current environmental research on conflict in sub-Saharan Africa, this study demonstrates how the lack of adequate wildlife protection generates new sources of instability, notably between poachers and park guards and between local populations and refugees displaced by war. The article offers both an analysis of the important role that wildlife protection can play in the peace-building process after war and an agenda for future research. Effective policies on wildlife can provide a framework for communication between formerly conflicting parties; they can educate the population on the importance of sustainable resource management; and they can promote financial stability. All of these elements are crucial in preventing a renewed cycle of violence.
Nathanael and Thomas: Two Objectors, Two Confessors – Reading John 20:24-29 and John 1:44-51 in Parallel
Authors: Knights Chris
Published: August 2013

This article explores the similarities between John 1:44-51 and 20:24-29, the Nathanael and Thomas narratives, and proposes that the two accounts are so close to each other in structure and vocabulary that they can be profitably read in parallel with each other.
Revelatory Experiences and Religious Innovation in Earliest Christianity
Authors: Hurtado L. W.
Published: August 2013

Over a number of years I have contended that powerful religious experiences comprised a major factor in the religious innovations represented in earliest Christianity. These are experiences that strike the recipient with the force of new revelation, typically introducing new beliefs or a significant reconfiguring of previous beliefs. In this essay, I return to the topic, surveying more recent interest in religious experience and also proposing some of the specifics of the experiences that helped to generate innovations in earliest Christian circles, with special attention to the eruption of the remarkable Jesus-devotion that distinguished them.
‘The coastlands wait for me, and for my arm they hope’: The Sea and Eschatology in Deutero-Isaiah
Authors: Sargent Benjamin
Published: August 2013

The sea and the elusive term ’iyyîm (אִיִּים - ‘islands’, ‘coastlands’, ‘shores’) are important features of the eschatology of Isa 40-55. YHWH’s action in primal history (defeating the sea monsters Rahab and the dragon) as well as his action in Israel’s history (dividing the sea for Israel to pass through) ground the possibility of future salvation. This future action is understood to be good news for the ’iyyîm and will result in the sea offering praise to YHWH. The role played by the sea in Isaiah’s eschatology challenges the dominant caricature of the sea in the Hebrew scriptures as primarily symbolic of primal chaos. Furthermore, it might also stimulate theological responses to issues surrounding the future of the world’s oceans.
In-Disciplining Jwarasur: The Folk/Classical Divide and Transmateriality of Fevers in Colonial Bengal
Authors: Mukharji Projit Bihari
Published: August 2013

Extant scholarship on Jwarasur [the Fever-Demon] sees him as a colonial-era invention tied to the exigencies of colonial rule. Jwarasur is held to belong exclusively to the domain of Bengali ‘folk medicine’ rather than ‘classical Ayurveda’. We challenge both these contentions and draw four inter-related inferences. First, we posit that Jwarasur was not alien to classical Ayurvedic medicine. Second, we claim that Jwarasur was significant to the way Ayurvedic physicians negotiated fever. Third, we trace the invention of the folk/classical divide under colonial modernity. Finally, we posit that the divide inspired new reading strategies through which modernising Ayurvedists sought to expunge the transmateriality of Jwarasur. Jwarasur, we find, was constantly re-embedded into multiple heterogeneous traditions of medical and religio-moral practice. These diverse embeddings actively militate against the existence of any corpuscular ‘systems’ called ‘folk’ or ‘classical’ medicine. Rather Jwarasur is a common figure that networks a number of heterogeneous, amorphous domains. The extant disciplinary protocols of History, Anthropology, etc., however, are blind to this networked past and hence keep alive the colonial distinctions of ‘folk’ and ‘classical’. Our critical history contrapuntally, seeks to restore the promiscuity of these corpuscular fields and historicise the divisions that distinguish them.
Beyond the ‘Communal’ 1920s: The Problem of Intention, Legislative Pragmatism, and the Making of Section 295A of the Indian Penal Code
Authors: Nair Neeti
Published: August 2013

Late nineteenth–early twentieth century Punjab has been commonly regarded as a space for ‘competitive communalism’ whereby each of the province’s major religious communities participated in activities that increased hostilities between the communities. Such an assertion has been substantiated with reference to an increasing number of publications that were quickly deemed offensive to one or the other religious community of the Punjab and then banned. This article examines the controversies following the publication of one such pamphlet ‘Rangila Rasul’. These ultimately necessitated the addition of section 295A to the Indian Penal Code (IPC), a section that would punish those who, ‘with deliberate and malicious intention,’ insulted or attempted to insult ‘religious beliefs’ of any class of His Majesty’s subjects. Reading contemporary newspaper commentaries alongside debates in the legislative assembly, I show that legislators were able to rise above the interests of their religious communities (as Hindu or Muslim publicists) to speak for a larger putative ‘Indian’ community, collective, or nation. Far from being a textbook example of communalism, the debates bring into sharp relief an alternate moment in the making of an ‘Indian’ nation.
The Colonial Difference between Law and Fact: Notes on the Criminal Jury in India
Authors: Ramnath Kalyani
Published: August 2013

This article tracks the rise and fall of criminal jury in colonial India through official and non-official debates, discussions and interventions. The discussion on criminal juries in the Anglo-American system has typically focused on the division of legal labour between judge and jury. In colonial India, this conventional difference between ‘law’ and ‘fact’ were shaped by notions of belonging to a different race, religion and language. These were frequently articulated as the story of the ‘unreliable’ juror or the ‘religious’ native who feared eternal damnation. From the jurors who were allegedly intoxicated by the publicity over the infamous Nanavati trial to women jurors who claimed to be followed on the way home from court, to the religious Brahmin juror who would not swear an oath, the story of the criminal jury is peopled with anxieties over undesirable forms of influence, that impinge on legal impartiality. Using the criminal jury as a lens, I look at the claims of universal legal reform as particularly lending themselves to contestations over sovereignty.
Book Review: South India Under the Cholas
Authors: Cox Whitney
Published: August 2013

Y. Subbarayalu, South India Under the Cholas, Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2012, pp. 274.
Book Review: Empire and Environmental Anxiety: Health, Science, Art and Conservation in South Asia and Australasia, 1800–1920
Authors: Ford Caroline
Published: August 2013

James Beattie, Empire and Environmental Anxiety: Health, Science, Art and Conservation in South Asia and Australasia, 1800–1920, London: Palgrave, 2011. pp. 320.
Book Review: Materials and Medicine: Trade, Conquest, and Therapeutics in the Eighteenth Century
Authors: Kumar Prakash
Published: August 2013

Pratik Chakrabarti, Materials and Medicine: Trade, Conquest, and Therapeutics in the Eighteenth Century, Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press, 2010, pp. 259.
Book Review: Alibis of Empire: Henry Maine and the Ends of Liberal Imperialism
Authors: Ohnmacht Felix
Published: August 2013

Karuna Mantena, Alibis of Empire: Henry Maine and the Ends of Liberal Imperialism, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2010, pp. 269.
Characteristics of immigrant suicide completers in a sample of suicide victims from Greece
Authors: Paraschakis Antonios , Michopoulos Ioannis , Christodoulou Christos , Koutsaftis Filippos , Lykouras Lefteris , Douzenis Athanassios
Published: August 2013

Background:

Immigrants have higher rates of suicidal behaviour in comparison to the indigenous population.

Aims:

To describe the characteristics of foreign nationality suicide completers and search for differences between them and native Greeks. This is the first study focused on immigrant suicide victims in Greece.

Methods:

Data were collected for all recorded cases of completed suicide for the two-year period November 2007 to October 2009 at the Athens Department of Forensic Medicine, the largest, by far, of its kind in Greece covering approximately 35% of the country’s population. The material was collected using the method of psychological autopsy as well as from the victims’ forensic records.

Results:

Nearly 10% of Greece’s 11 million population are of foreign nationality. Approximately half of them live in Athens and its suburbs, an area where 35% of Greece’s population lives. In our sample, 15.8% of the suicide victims were of foreign nationality (53 cases): 41 men (77.4%) and 12 women (22.6%). Higher suicide rates were found for citizens of Kuwaiti (9.1%), Somali (6.7%) and Afghan (0.9%) nationality (immigrant communities with very few members); the lower suicide rates were for individuals of Egyptian (0.01%), Ukrainian (0.01%) and Albanian (0.006%) nationality (the Albanian immigrant community is the largest in Greece). In comparison to their Greek counterparts, immigrant victims were younger (mean age 38.7 vs 54.9 years, p < .001) more often unemployed ( p = .007) and with a history of alcohol abuse ( p < .001). The main suicide method used by immigrants was hanging ( p < .001) while for Greeks it was jumping from a height.

Conclusions:

Individuals who belong to small national communities seem to have the highest risk of dying by suicide. Immigrant suicide victims differ from the indigenous population in several parameters. Our data could help define the most vulnerable of them and apply more effective suicide prevention strategies.
Energy Conservation in Rural India: The Impact of Context and Attitudes on Behaviour
Authors: Ajit Prabhu V , Nair Sumesh R , Ahmed Pervaiz K , Ganesh C
Published: August 2013

The energy conservation behaviour of people is a significant issue given the growing global concern about environmental issues. The current study is part of a larger intervention project aimed at changing the energy use behaviour of people living in rural households in Kerala, India. Preliminary activities of the project started in early 1997. The management and administration of the project spread over a period of 8 years. The study explores the extent of energy saved by these rural households when awareness, availability and training about the technologies are present, and thereby examines the impact of attitudinal variables and contextual factors on the energy-saving behaviour of people. This paper revisits the theories of behavioural change in the context of energy-saving behaviour and investigates whether Attitude, Behaviour, Context theory can be used to predict environmentally significant human behaviour. Findings revealed that traditional habits and beliefs influenced attitude formation in rural households and hence should be treated as an important consideration in changing energy conservation behaviours in the future.
Sustainability of Bullying-Free Educational Institutions in Asia and the Role of Teachers
Authors: Capel Celine Marie
Published: August 2013

This paper develops a conceptual framework for increasing understanding of how teachers can contribute to a sustainable bullying-free learning environment in schools. Based on a review and analysis of extant literature, the paper argues for the facilitating roles of mindful social emotional learning implementation and teacher–student relationship quality in building and sustaining a bullying-free learning environment, which can impact the victim of a bullying act, the bully and their peers. The analysis leads to the research and practical implications that conclude the paper.
The Gains and Pains of the Amnesty Programme in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria, 2007–2012: A Preliminary Assessment
Authors: Ajayi Adegboyega Isaac , Adesote Adesola S
Published: August 2013

The amnesty programme initiated by the Yar’Adua/Jonathan administration to placate militants in the oil-rich Niger Delta region, though reactive – like previous governments’ strategies – has ensured relative peace in the region thereby bringing oil production to its maximum level thus far. But painfully this has not translated to a better life for the vast majority of those living in the Niger Delta who are not included in the amnesty programme. In this study, based on descriptive analysis, we aim to demonstrate: (i) the futility of the previous government’s strong-arm measures in the management of the Niger Delta crisis and how this led inadvertently to the evolution and radicalization of militant groups that needed to be placated in order to curtail their heightened disruptive activities; and (ii) the amnesty programme adopted for this purpose is a short term expediency that could not address the myriad problems confronting the Niger Delta comprehensively. This implies that more broad-based programmes, targeted at the rapid development of the area, creation of job opportunities, environmental restoration and robust support for sustainable socio-economic endeavours geared towards self-reliance, would have to be proposed in order to ensure lasting peace in the region.
Sustainable Internal Marketing and Internal Customer Motivation Model: An African Small- and Medium-sized Enterprise Perspective
Authors: Ndubisi Nelson Oly , Ndubisi Gibson C
Published: August 2013

This paper develops a conceptual model of sustainable employee motivation and enterprise performance (based on job characteristics) through the juxtaposition of the internal marketing, job characteristics, uncertainty and in/equity theories. It reasons that job characteristics and their effect on motivation and performance in African small- and medium-sized enterprises depends on the degree to which uncertainty in the business environment, perceived inequity and job insecurity resulting from migrant competition can be minimized. Theoretical, managerial and policy implications are elaborated.
Unpacking the Race Talk
Authors: Orelus Pierre W.
Published: August 2013

Race is one of the most contested topics. With the political victory of Barack Obama as the first African American president, discussions about racial issues in the United States have surfaced to the forefront of political debates. Yet, critics have argued that there is not much discussion about race given its significance in the history of this country. Informed by critical race theory, this paper examines the underlying reasons explaining the silence of many people about race. It goes on to examine race through a mosaic lens, pointing out various factors directly connected to it, such as racial identity politics, racism, multiracialism, and White hegemony. Finally, this paper analyzes the manner in which socially constructed racial stereotypes have contributed to and have been used to justify the poor socioeconomic situation and marginalization of People of Color, including linguistically and culturally diverse students.
An etching based axisymmetric solution for the determination of residual stresses in long fibre reinforced metal matrix composites
Authors: Durodola JF , Parikh TS , Fellows NA , Gungor S
Published: August 2013

Thermal residual stresses arise in long fibre reinforced composites such as metal matrix composites due to the mismatch of the thermal and mechanical properties of the constituents and the change in temperature during processing. This paper presents an inverse axisymmetric model that uses the fibre deformation obtained when the matrix is selectively etched away in order to back calculate the inherent residual stresses. The model is tested using finite element method simulation and also on published experimental data. Although, an approximate inverse solution exists in the literature, there is an ambiguity in the value of Poisson’s ratio to be used which can lead to large errors relative to the full solution presented in this paper. A sensitivity analysis is also carried out to quantify the effect of variability of material properties on the stress values obtained using the solution.
Norms, Diplomatic Alternatives, and the Social Psychology of War Support
Authors: Hoffman Aaron M. , Agnew Christopher R. , VanderDrift Laura E. , Kulzick Robert
Published: August 2013

Using experiments, we show that subjects who are asked about their support for war without being told about diplomatic strategies to deal with crises back military operations at levels consistent with people who are told that the alternatives to war are of low quality. In contrast, subjects who are told that diplomacy could work to resolve conflicts express less support for military operations. These results suggest that, in the absence of conflicting evidence, people premise their support for war on the assumption that leaders use force as a last resort. Implications for the study of success as an influence on public attitudes about US military operations are considered.
Til Work Do Us Part: The Social Fallacy of Long-distance Commuting
Authors: Sandow Erika
Published: August 2013

This paper focuses on the social implications of long-distance commuting on commuters and their spouses in Sweden. In a nation-wide study, the extent to which long-distance commuting increases the odds that couples will separate is investigated through event history analysis. Discrete-time logistic regression models were employed with longitudinal data on Swedish couples in 2000 to explore the odds of separation following long-distance commuting during 1995 to 2005. As expected, the results show that separation rates are higher among long-distance commuting couples compared with non-commuting couples. More complex results show that for men the odds of separating are highest if the commuting is on a temporary basis, and that women’s odds decrease when they continue commuting for a longer time-period. The long-distance commuting effect on relationships also varies depending on residential context.
Behavioral and Emotional Problem Scales of the Behavioral Assessment for Children of African Heritage (BACAH)
Authors: Lambert Michael Canute , Rowan George T. , Rowan Scott A. , Mount David L.
Published: August 2013

Using extensive African American community input, Black researchers developed the Behavioral Assessment for Children of African Heritage (BACAH). Information regarding its strength dimensions is published but not its behavioral and emotional problem scales. Rational (i.e., expert opinion and mathematical) procedures grouped BACAH problem item responses from 1,465 youth, parent, and teacher informants into eight cross-informant scales labeled Anxiety-, Attention/Hyperactive-, Conduct-, Depression-, Hypomania/Mania-, Oppositional-Defiance-, Self-Destructive-, and Reality-Contact-Problems. Data analyses showed no response bias across child gender, socioeconomic status, or age groupings, but bias emerged across informant type, referral status, and rating scale type (i.e., presence and magnitude vs. concern levels regarding problems). Item linking reduced this bias. Items on each BACAH scale discriminate well for problem levels they assess and capably measure children’s problem levels, ranging from moderately below to above the mean. This study’s foundation and findings provide professionals and their test respondents with culturally valid, user friendly, economical, and highly flexible, clinical/research tools to assess Black children’s functioning.
Black Immigrants and School Engagement
Authors: Coutinho Maria Teresa , Koinis-Mitchell Daphne
Published: August 2013

School engagement is an important contributor to students’ academic success; however, the available literature on the school engagement of Black immigrants is limited. This study examined the associations between school engagement, perceived ethnic discrimination, ethnic identity, and American identity in a sample of first- and second-generation immigrants of African descent. A total of 125 Cape Verdean high school students (aged 13-19 years) participated in the study. Results indicate that American identity moderated the association between perceived ethnic discrimination and school engagement. American identity buffered the effect of perceived ethnic discrimination on engagement in school. The findings highlight the need to consider Black immigrant students’ identification with American culture in developing interventions aimed at enhancing school engagement.
Wireless networked learning control system based on Kalman filter and biogeography-based optimization method
Authors: Ma Haiping , Fei Minrui , Yang Zhile , Wang Haikuan
Published: August 2013

This paper proposes a biogeography-based optimization (BBO) method augmented with a Kalman filter, which is called KFBBO, for PID parameter tuning in a wireless networked learning control system (WNLCS). Because of unreliable transmission of data and commands in wireless networks, the control system is noisy and prone to errors, which results in poor performance by the conventional PID method for wireless networked control in real-world applications. BBO as a new evolutionary optimization is proposed to solve this problem by dynamically optimizing the PID control parameters. Because the wireless network environment is noisy, we also use a Kalman filter to counteract the negative effects of noise and to improve the optimization ability of BBO. Simulation experiments are conducted to evaluate our proposed KFBBO, and the results indicate that the control performance obtained by the improved PID method is better than the conventional PID method. Furthermore, this proposed method is applied to a steam turbine power generation system based on a WNLCS, and the results show its feasibility and effectiveness.
Varieties of Power in Transnational Labor Alliances
Authors: Brookes Marissa
Published: August 2013

Workers exercise three distinct types of power when they cooperate in transnational campaigns: structural, institutional, and coalitional power. These power types entail the capacity to physically disrupt an employer’s operations, hold an employer accountable through legal or regulatory institutions, and mobilize nonlabor stakeholders to whom the employer must respond. In developing a framework for understanding workers’ power in the global economy, this article integrates significant works in labor geography, comparative institutional analysis, and union revitalization studies while demonstrating how workers’ embeddedness in global production networks, national institutional frameworks, and social networks enables them to challenge employers on the international scale.
Responding to Institutional Complexity: The Role of Identity
Authors: Kodeih Farah , Greenwood Royston
Published: August 2013

How organizations cope with multiple and sometimes conflicting institutional demands is an increasingly familiar yet little understood question. This paper examines how four French business schools responded to demands that they internationalize their management education whilst retaining their traditional identities. We trace the role played by field-level actors in pushing and articulating competing logics and the importance of institutional and organizational identity in how organizations respond. By highlighting the role of identity aspirations we show that what matters is not how an organization sees itself—i.e., what it is—but how it wants to see itself—i.e., what it wishes to become. Finally, we unpack and explain why status differences across organizations affect the nature of the opportunities that are perceived and the scale and format of the responses that are implemented.
Advancing Identity Theory
Authors: Carter Michael J.
Published: August 2013

This study advances identity theory by testing the impact of (moral) identity activation on behavior in different social contexts. At a large southwestern university, 343 undergraduate students completed a survey that measured meanings of their moral identity. Later they completed a laboratory task in which they were awarded more points than they deserved. Participants were given the opportunity to admit (or not admit) the improper point reward. Behavior during the task was examined in varying social contexts: when a participant’s moral identity was activated (or not activated) and when participants completed the task while alone, in a group, or in a group where a numeric majority pressured them to not admit being given extra points. Results show that individuals behave in accord with identity meanings across social contexts when an identity is activated. Implications for identity theory regarding identity activation and how identities influence behavior across social contexts are discussed.