bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Homeodomain-interacting protein kinases (Hipks) promote Wnt/Wg signaling through stabilization of β-catenin/Arm and stimulation of target gene expression
Authors: Lee Wendy , Swarup Sharan , Chen Joanna , Ishitani Tohru , Verheyen Esther M.
Published: December 2008

The Wnt/Wingless (Wg) pathway represents a conserved signaling cascade involved in diverse biological processes. Misregulation of Wnt/Wg signal transduction has profound effects on development. Homeodomain-interacting protein kinases (Hipks) represent a novel family of serine/threonine kinases. Members of this group (in particular Hipk2) are implicated as important factors in transcriptional regulation to control cell growth, apoptosis and development. Here, we provide genetic and phenotypic evidence that the sole Drosophila member of this family, Hipk, functions as a positive regulator in the Wg pathway. Expression of hipk in the wing rescues loss of the Wg signal, whereas loss of hipk can enhance decreased wg signaling phenotypes. Furthermore, loss of hipk leads to diminished Arm protein levels, whereas overexpression of hipkpromotes the Wg signal by stabilizing Arm, resulting in activation of Wg responsive targets. In Wg transcriptional assays, Hipk enhanced Tcf/Arm-mediated gene expression in a kinase-dependent manner. In addition,Hipk can bind to Arm and Drosophila Tcf, and phosphorylate Arm. Using both in vitro and in vivo assays, Hipk was found to promote the stabilization of Arm. We observe similar molecular interactions between Lef1/β-catenin and vertebrate Hipk2, suggesting a direct and conserved role for Hipk proteins in promoting Wnt signaling.
Gata2is a tissue-specific post-mitotic selector gene for midbrain GABAergic neurons
Authors: Kala Kaia , Haugas Maarja , Lilleväli Kersti , Guimera Jordi , Wurst Wolfgang , Salminen Marjo , Partanen Juha
Published: December 2008

Midbrain GABAergic neurons control several aspects of behavior, but regulation of their development and diversity is poorly understood. Here, we further refine the midbrain regions active in GABAergic neurogenesis and show their correlation with the expression of the transcription factor Gata2. Using tissue-specific inactivation and ectopic expression, we show that Gata2 regulates GABAergic neuron development in the mouse midbrain, but not in rhombomere 1, where it is needed in the serotonergic lineage. Without Gata2, all the precursors in the embryonic midbrain fail to activate GABAergic neuron-specific gene expression and instead switch to a glutamatergic phenotype. Surprisingly, this fate switch is also observed throughout the neonatal midbrain, except for the GABAergic neurons located in the ventral dopaminergic nuclei, suggesting a distinct developmental pathway for these neurons. These studies identify Gata2 as an essential post-mitotic selector gene of the GABAergic neurotransmitter identity and demonstrate developmental heterogeneity of GABAergic neurons in the midbrain.
Sneezing induced by sexual ideation or orgasm: an under-reported phenomenon
Authors: Bhutta Mahmood F , Maxwell Harold
Published: December 2008

Summary

We describe a hitherto under-recognized curious response in some individuals: of sneezing in response either to sexual ideation or in response to orgasm. Our review suggests that it may be much more common than expected. We surmise that an indiscrete stimulation of the parasympathetic nervous system may be an underlying mechanism to explain this and other reported unusual triggers of sneezing.
The Role of Feedback in Managing the Internet-Based Volunteer Work Force
Authors: Moon Jae Yun , Sproull Lee S.
Published: December 2008

This paper explores a new phenomenon at the intersection of digital networks and organizations—the Internet-based volunteer work force—people who use Internet applications to pursue a personal interest through volunteering contributions of time and talent that may create value for organizations and their customers or members. This work force is not centrally organized, managed, or measured. It is an emergent phenomenon resulting from discretionary small actions taken by large numbers of people, enabled by technology and human initiative. This paper proposes a general framework for understanding the phenomenon and offers an empirical investigation of one component of it—the role of feedback in producing and sustaining high-quality contributions from this work force. In a comparative study of Internet-based voluntary technical support groups for software problems, we found that in groups who implement systematic quality feedback systems (compared to those that do not), question askers return over a longer duration, answer providers contribute more often, and technical problem resolution is more effective. We also found that with systematic feedback, volunteers who produce higher quality contributions have longer participation duration, and participation duration is positively associated with community maintenance contributions.
The long-term outcome of the cemented Weber acetabular component in total hip replacement using a second-generation cementing technique
Authors: de Jong P. T. , de Man F. H. R. , Haverkamp D. , Marti R. K.
Published: December 2008

We report the long-term outcome of a modified second-generation cementing technique for fixation of the acetabular component of total hip replacement. An earlier report has shown the superiority of this technique assessed by improved survival compared with first-generation cementing. The acetabular preparation involved reaming only to the subchondral plate, followed by impaction of the bone in the anchorage holes.

Between 1978 and 1993, 287 total hip replacements were undertaken in 244 patients with a mean age of 65.3 years (21 to 90) using a hemispherical Weber acetabular component with this modified technique for cementing and a cemented femoral component.

The survival with acetabular revision for aseptic loosening as the endpoint was 99.1% (95% confidence interval 97.9 to 100 after ten years and 85.5% (95% confidence interval 74.7 to 96.2) at 20 years. Apart from contributing to a long-lasting fixation of the component, this technique also preserved bone, facilitating revision surgery when necessary.
Modular endoprosthetic replacement for tumours of the proximal femur
Authors: Chandrasekar C. R. , Grimer R. J. , Carter S. R. , Tillman R. M. , Abudu A. , Buckley L.
Published: December 2008

Endoprosthetic replacement of the proximal femur may be required to treat primary bone tumours or destructive metastases either with impending or established pathological fracture. Modular prostheses are available off the shelf and can be adapted to most reconstructive situations for this purpose. We have assessed the clinical and functional outcome of using the METS (Stanmore Implants Worldwide) modular tumour prosthesis to reconstruct the proximal femur in 100 consecutive patients between 2001 and 2006. We compared the results with the published series for patients managed with modular and custom-made endoprosthetic replacements for the same conditions.

There were 52 males and 48 females with a mean age of 56.3 years (16 to 84) and a mean follow-up of 24.6 months (0 to 60). In 65 patients the procedure was undertaken for metastases, in 25 for a primary bone tumour, and in ten for other malignant conditions. A total of 46 patients presented with a pathological fracture, and 19 presented with failed fixation of a previous pathological fracture. The overall patient survival was 63.6% at one year and 23.1% at five years, and was significantly better for patients with a primary bone tumour than for those with metastatic tumour (82.3% vs 53.3%, respectively at one year (p = 0.003)). There were six early dislocations of which five could be treated by closed reduction. No patient needed revision surgery for dislocation. Revision surgery was required by six (6%) patients, five for pain caused by acetabular wear and one for tumour progression. Amputation was needed in four patients for local recurrence or infection.

The estimated five-year implant survival with revision as the endpoint was 90.7%. The mean Toronto Extremity Salvage score was 61% (51% to 95%). The implant survival and complications resulting from the use of the modular system were comparable to the published series of both custom-made and other modular proximal femoral implants.

We conclude that at intermediate follow-up the modular tumour prosthesis for proximal femur replacement provides versatility, a low incidence of implant-related complications and acceptable function for patients with metastatic tumours, pathological fractures and failed fixation of the proximal femur. It also functions as well as a custom-made endoprosthetic replacement.
Fractures of the upper transthoracic cage
Authors: Labbe J.-L. , Peres O. , Leclair O. , Goulon R. , Scemama P. , Jourdel F.
Published: December 2008

We have reviewed our experience in managing 11 patients who sustained an indirect sternal fracture in combination with an upper thoracic spinal injury between 2003 and 2006. These fractures have previously been described as ‘associated’ fractures, but since the upper thorax is an anatomical entity composed of the upper thoracic spine, ribs and sternum joined together, we feel that the term ‘fractures of the upper transthoracic cage’ is a better description. These injuries are a challenge because they are unusual and easily overlooked. They require a systematic clinical and radiological examination to identify both lesions. This high-energy trauma gives severe devastating concomitant injuries and CT with contrast and reconstruction is essential after resuscitation to confirm the presence of all the lesions. The injury level occurs principally at T4–T5 and at the manubriosternal joint. These unstable fractures need early posterior stabilisation and fusion or, if treated conservatively, a very close follow-up.
Alterations in femoral strain following hip resurfacing and total hip replacement
Authors: Deuel C. R. , Jamali A. A. , Stover S. M. , Hazelwood S. J.
Published: December 2008

Bone surface strains were measured in cadaver femora during loading prior to and after resurfacing of the hip and total hip replacement using an uncemented, tapered femoral component. In vitro loading simulated the single-leg stance phase during walking. Strains were measured on the medial and the lateral sides of the proximal aspect and the mid-diaphysis of the femur. Bone surface strains following femoral resurfacing were similar to those in the native femur, except for proximal shear strains, which were significantly less than those in the native femur. Proximomedial strains following total hip replacement were significantly less than those in the native and the resurfaced femur.

These results are consistent with previous clinical evidence of bone loss after total hip replacement, and provide support for claims of bone preservation after resurfacing arthroplasty of the hip.
Unicompartmental or total knee replacement
Authors: Newman J. , Pydisetty R. V. , Ackroyd C.
Published: December 2008

Between 1989 and 1992 we had 102 knees suitable for unicompartmental knee replacement (UKR). They were randomised to receive either a St Georg Sled UKR or a Kinematic modular total knee replacement (TKR). The early results demonstrated that the UKR group had less complications and more rapid rehabilitation than the TKR group. At five years there were an equal number of failures in the two groups but the UKR group had more excellent results and a greater range of movement.

The cases were reviewed by a research nurse at 8, 10 and 12 years after operation. We report the outcome at 15 years follow-up. A total of 43 patients (45 knees) died with their prosthetic knees intact. Throughout the review period the Bristol knee scores of the UKR group have been better and at 15 years 15 (71.4%) of the surviving UKRs and 10 (52.6%) of the surviving TKRs had achieved an excellent score. The 15 years survivorship rate based on revision or failure for any reason was 24 (89.8%) for UKR and 19 (78.7%) for TKR. During the 15 years of the review four UKRs and six TKRs failed.

The better early results with UKR are maintained at 15 years with no greater failure rate. The median Bristol knee score of the UKR group was 91.1 at five years and 92 at 15 years, suggesting little functional deterioration in either the prosthesis or the remainder of the joint. These results justify the increased use of UKR.
The Long Oblique Revision component in revision arthroplasty of the hip
Authors: Landor I. , Vavrik P. , Jahoda D. , Pokorny D. , Tawa A. , Sosna A.
Published: December 2008

Migration of the acetabular component may give rise to oval-shaped bone defects in the acetabulum. The oblong implant is designed to fill these defects and achieve a stable cementless anchorage with no significant bone loss. We prospectively reviewed 133 oblong long oblique revision components at a mean follow-up of 9.74 years (0.6 to 14). All had been used in revisions for defects of type IIB to IIIB according to Paprosky. Aseptic loosening was the reason for revision in 11 cases (8.3%) and deep infection in seven (5.3%). The probability of implant survival over a 12-year follow-up estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method gave a survival rate of 0.85% respectively 0.90% when deep infection was excluded as the endpoint.

Our study supports the use of these components in defects from IIB to IIIA. The main precondition for success is direct contact of more than half of the surface of the implant with the host acetabular bone.
Posterolateral rotatory laxity following surgery to the head of the radius
Authors: Charalambous C. P. , Stanley J. K. , Siddique I. , Aster A. , Gagey O.
Published: December 2008

The lateral ligament complex is the primary constraint to posterolateral rotatory laxity of the elbow, and if it is disrupted during surgery, posterolateral instability may ensue. The Wrightington approach to the head of the radius involves osteotomising the ulnar insertion of this ligament, rather than incising through it as in the classic posterolateral (Kocher) approach. In this biomechanical study of 17 human cadaver elbows, we demonstrate that the surgical approach to the head can influence posterolateral laxity, with the Wrightington approach producing less posterolateral rotatory laxity than the posterolateral approach.
Surgical aspects of the diabetic foot
Authors: Robinson A. H. N. , Pasapula C. , Brodsky J. W.
Published: December 2008

A comprehensive review of the literature relating to the pathology and management of the diabetic foot is presented. This should provide a guide for the treatment of ulcers, Charcot neuro-arthropathy and fractures involving the foot and ankle in diabetic patients.
A Systematic Review of Upper Limb Rehabilitation for Adults With Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Lannin Natasha A. , McCluskey Annie
Published: December 2008

Objective:To summarise the effect of upper limb rehabilitation interventions on motor function in adults with traumatic brain injury.Data sources:Databases were last searched on August 2, 2008. Sources included the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL); Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, the Database of Effectiveness Reviews; MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro), Occupational Therapy Systematic Evaluation of Evidence database (OTseeker); Google Scholar; and reference lists of included studies.Review methods:Two reviewers determined whether retrieved abstracts met the inclusion criteria: systematic reviews and randomised controlled trials (RCTs); English language; adult participants; ≥ 50% of study participants with a brain injury; interventions designed to improve upper limb motor function. Included papers were appraised for: study design, participants, therapy approach, therapy protocol (indications, contra-indications, intensity and duration), safety and adverse events, and outcomes. The methodological quality of RCTs was rated using the PEDro scale (1–10 highest). Methodology of systematic reviews was rated using the QUOROM criteria.Results:Of the 333 references identified, six were appraised: three systematic reviews and three RCTs. Methodological quality was high for two RCTs, and moderate for one, based on the PEDro scale score. Interventions included upper limb casting, electrical stimulation, and coordination training using meal preparation tasks (making a sandwich and hot drink). In the latter trial, practice of functional kitchen tasks improved fine motor coordination speed on one of four Jebsen-Taylor hand function subtests by 9.38 seconds (95% CI, 1.1 to 17.7). Remaining trials reported non-significant effects for hand function. Small sample sizes and limited reporting of results reduce the interpretability of two RCTs.Conclusion:No conclusive evidence was found on which to base upper limb motor rehabilitation after brain injury, however, lack of evidence does not equate to evidence of no effect.
Managing Challenging Behaviour of People With Acquired Brain Injury in Community Settings: The First 7 Years of a Specialist Clinical Service
Authors: Kelly Glenn , Parry Ann
Published: December 2008

This article provides a review of the development and clinical practice of the ABI Behaviour Consultancy (the ‘Consultancy’), a specialist clinical service that provides outreach behaviour management support across the state of Victoria, Australia, to people with acquired brain injury (ABI) and their social network (i.e., family members, friends, support workers, and therapists). The Consultancy is a small, unique service that has developed ways of providing behaviour management strategies in community settings, despite the difficulties presented by changing and uncontrolled environments. The aim of this article is to provide a detailed account of this service. Information from the first 7 years of full operation, 1998 to 2004, is presented, during which a small number of psychologists saw more than 800 clients. A detailed description is given of behaviours referred and associated risks, assessment procedures, intervention approaches, and research activity. A variety of key service aspects are detailed, including the qualifications required of specialised staff, the service funding levels, and funding and service issues. These detailed accounts of service delivery are placed in the context of several major themes: specialist versus generalist services, the deployment of targeted interventions throughout the lifespan of a brain-injured individual, the role of specialist behaviour management services in the continuum of brain-injury support services, and broader equity issues.
Interaction of the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus nucleocapsid protein with the inhibitor of MyoD family-a domain-containing protein
Authors: Song Cheng , Lu Ray , Bienzle Dorothee , Liu Hsiao-Ching , Yoo Dongwan
Published: December 2008

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus is an RNA virus that replicates in the cytoplasm, but the viral nucleocapsid (N) protein localizes specifically in the nucleus and nucleolus of virus-infected cells. Nuclear localization of N is non-essential for PRRSV replication in cultured cells but has been shown to modulate the pathogenesis of virus in pigs, suggesting that N plays an accessory role in the nucleus during infection. We identified by yeast two-hybrid screening the inhibitor of MyoD family-a (I-mfa) domain-containing protein (HIC) as a cellular partner for PRRS virus (PRRSV) N protein. This protein is a homolog of human HIC, a recently identified cellular transcription factor. The specific interaction of PRRSV N with HIC was confirmed in cells by mammalian two-hybrid assay and co-immunoprecipitation and in vitro by GST pull-down assay. HIC is a zinc-binding protein and confocal microscopy demonstrated co-localization of N with the HIC-p40 isomer in the nucleus and nucleolus, and in the cytoplasm with HIC-p32, which is the N-terminal truncation of HIC-p40. The porcine homolog of HIC is universally expressed in pig tissues including alveolar macrophages. The interaction of viral capsid with the cellular transcription factor implicates a possible regulation of host cell gene expression by the N protein during PRRSV infection.
Spontaneous High-Frequency (10–80 Hz) Oscillations during Up States in the Cerebral CortexIn Vitro
Authors: Compte Albert , Reig Ramon , Descalzo Vanessa F. , Harvey Michael A. , Puccini Gabriel D. , Sanchez-Vives Maria V.
Published: December 2008

High-frequency oscillations in cortical networks have been linked to a variety of cognitive and perceptual processes. They have also been recorded in small cortical slicesin vitro, indicating that neuronal synchronization at these frequencies is generated in the local cortical circuit. However,in vitroexperiments have hitherto necessitated exogenous pharmacological or electrical stimulation to generate robust synchronized activity in the β/γ range. Here, we demonstrate that the isolated cortical microcircuitry generates β and γ oscillations spontaneously in the absence of externally applied neuromodulators or synaptic agonists. We show this in a spontaneously active slice preparation that engages in slow oscillatory activity similar to activity during slow-wave sleep. β and γ synchronization appeared during the up states of the slow oscillation. Simultaneous intracellular and extracellular recordings revealed synchronization between the timing of incoming synaptic events and population activity. This rhythm was mechanistically similar to pharmacologically induced γ rhythms, as it also included sparse, irregular firing of neurons within the population oscillation, predominant involvement of inhibitory neurons, and a decrease of oscillation frequency after barbiturate application. Finally, we show in a computer model how a synaptic loop between excitatory and inhibitory neurons can explain the emergence of both the slow (<1 Hz) and the β-range oscillations in the neocortical network. We therefore conclude that oscillations in the β/γ range that share mechanisms with activity reportedin vivoor in pharmacologically activatedin vitropreparations can be generated during slow oscillatory activity in the local cortical circuit, even without exogenous pharmacological or electrical stimulation.
Deficiency in Complement C1q Improves Histological and Functional Locomotor Outcome after Spinal Cord Injury
Authors: Galvan Manuel D. , Luchetti Sabina , Burgos Adrian M. , Nguyen Hal X. , Hooshmand Mitra J. , Hamers Frank P. T. , Anderson Aileen J.
Published: December 2008

Although studies have suggested a role for the complement system in the pathophysiology of spinal cord injury (SCI), that role remains poorly defined. Additionally, the relative contribution of individual complement pathways in SCI is unknown. Our initial studies revealed that systemic complement activation was strongly influenced by genetic background and gender. Thus, to investigate the role of the classical complement pathway in contusion-induced SCI, male C1q knock-out (KO) and wild-type (WT) mice on a complement sufficient background (BUB) received a mild-moderate T9 contusion injury with the Infinite Horizon impactor. BUB C1q KO mice exhibited greater locomotor recovery compared with BUB WT mice (p< 0.05). Improved recovery observed in BUB C1q KO mice was also associated with decreased threshold for withdrawal from a mild stimulus using von Frey filament testing. Surprisingly, quantification of microglia/macrophages (F4/80) by FACS analysis showed that BUB C1q KO mice exhibited a significantly greater percentage of macrophages in the spinal cord compared with BUB WT mice 3 d post-injury (p< 0.05). However, this increased macrophage response appeared to be transient as stereological assessment of spinal cord tissue obtained 28 d post-injury revealed no difference in F4/80-positive cells between groups. Stereological assessment of spinal cord tissue showed that BUB C1q KO mice had reduced lesion volume and an increase in tissue sparing compared with BUB WT mice (p< 0.05). Together, these data suggest that initiation of the classical complement pathway via C1q is detrimental to recovery after SCI.
Effects of Prior Information and Reward on Oculomotor and Perceptual Choices
Authors: Liston Dorion B. , Stone Leland S.
Published: December 2008

Expectations about the environment influence motor behavior. In simple tasks, for example, prior knowledge about which stimulus event will likely occur or which response will likely be rewarded induces a tendency to take the favored action (i.e., a motor or response bias), especially when sensory information is sparse or ambiguous. Models of choice behavior account for this bias by weighting decision alternatives unequally, either at an early sensory-input stage or at a downstream motor-output stage. These two alternatives can be distinguished empirically; the former predicts an altered percept that correlates with motor bias, the latter predicts no perceptual effect. By varying the prior probability of target or reward location, we induced biased oculomotor responses in a brightness selection task with human subjects. We found that the induced motor bias was correlated with an amplification of both the sensory signals and internal noise underlying brightness perception, without a systematic change in perceived overall brightness. We also found that the magnitude of the sensory amplification was correlated with the amount of noise in the brightness percept, consistent with a multiplicative weighting factor located downstream from the limiting internal sensory noise. Our data demonstrate that prior knowledge (about target location or reward) shapes visual signals for perception and action in parallel but does not improve the quality (i.e., signal-to-noise ratio) of sensory processing.
Sequential Changes in AMPA Receptor Targeting in the Developing Neocortical Excitatory Circuit
Authors: Brill Julia , Huguenard John R.
Published: December 2008

Many principal neurons undergo an early developmental switch from GluR2-lacking to GluR2-containing synaptic glutamate receptors. We tested the generality and timing of the GluR2 switch in excitatory neurons of rat somatosensory cortex. Previous studies show that the switch occurs between postnatal day 14 (P14) and P16 in layer 5 pyramidal neurons. We show, using sensitivity to intracellular spermine, that a similar switch occurs between P12 and P14 in layer 2/3 pyramidal cells and between P7 and P8 in layer 4 stellate cells. The presence of GluR2-lacking receptors in layer 2/3 pyramidal cells before P12 was confirmed by demonstrating sensitivity to blockade by 1-naphthyl-acetyl-spermine and large single-channel conductances. GluR2 and the postsynaptic protein PSD95 show progressive colocalization in tissue from P10, P14, and P24 rats, mirroring electrophysiological developments. To distinguish whether changes in GluR2 expression or targeting underlie the switch, we characterized dendritic AMPA receptor responses using focal photolysis of caged glutamate. Contrary to synaptic responses, dendritic responses at all ages studied (P6–P40) were characteristic of GluR2-containing receptors. In addition, dendritically and synaptically evoked responses showed a corresponding decrease in NMDA/AMPA ratios in pyramidal cells, suggesting parallel mechanisms that regulate neuronal calcium levels. These data suggest that the GluR2 switch results from changes in AMPA receptor targeting during early postnatal development, and that rather than following the laminar sequence of cortical development, it proceeds sequentially from layer 4 to layer 2/3 and finally to layer 5b.
Dorsal Medial Prefrontal Cortex Plays a Necessary Role in Rapid Error Prediction in Humans
Authors: Modirrousta Mandana , Fellows Lesley K.
Published: December 2008

Activity in human dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) is correlated with errors, near-misses, and response conflict. Based on these observations, this region has been cast as playing a central role in models of error processing, conflict monitoring, and cognitive control. However, clear evidence that this region of the brain is necessary for these processes has been elusive. We studied the effects of damage to this region on four different error-related measures in five patients, and 19 healthy participants. Most error-related indices were not affected by such damage: patients had intact post-error slowing, and were able to report and to correct errors after they were made with accuracies comparable with the control group. However, all five patients were notably slow to correct errors, suggesting a deficit in on-line error prediction. This slowing was associated with impairment in the conscious prediction of error likelihood before a response. This finding constitutes important converging evidence for a critical role for human dACC in error monitoring, and sheds light on the selectivity and timing of the error-related process affected by dACC damage.
Regional Variation in Interhemispheric Coordination of Intrinsic Hemodynamic Fluctuations
Authors: Stark David E. , Margulies Daniel S. , Shehzad Zarrar E. , Reiss Philip , Kelly A. M. Clare , Uddin Lucina Q. , Gee Dylan G. , Roy Amy K. , Banich Marie T. , Castellanos F. Xavier , Milham Michael P.
Published: December 2008

Electrophysiological studies have long demonstrated a high degree of correlated activity between the left and right hemispheres, however little is known about regional variation in this interhemispheric coordination. Whereas cognitive models and neuroanatomical evidence suggest differences in coordination across primary sensory-motor cortices versus higher-order association areas, these have not been characterized. Here, we used resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data acquired from 62 healthy volunteers to examine interregional correlation in spontaneous low-frequency hemodynamic fluctuations. Using a probabilistic atlas, we correlated probability-weighted time series from 112 regions comprising the entire cerebrum. We then examined regional variation in correlated activity between homotopic regions, contrasting primary sensory-motor cortices, unimodal association areas, and heteromodal association areas. Consistent with previous studies, robustly correlated spontaneous activity was noted between all homotopic regions, which was significantly higher than that between nonhomotopic (heterotopic and intrahemispheric) regions. We further demonstrated substantial regional variation in homotopic interhemispheric correlations that was highly consistent across subjects. Specifically, there was a gradient of interhemispheric correlation, with highest correlations across primary sensory-motor cortices (0.758, SD = 0.152), significantly lower correlations across unimodal association areas (0.597, SD = 0.230) and still lower correlations across heteromodal association areas (0.517, SD = 0.226). These results demonstrate functional differences in interhemispheric coordination related to the brain's hierarchical subdivisions. Synchrony across primary cortices may reflect networks engaged in bilateral sensory integration and motor coordination, whereas lower coordination across heteromodal association areas is consistent with functional lateralization of these regions. This novel method of examining interhemispheric coordination may yield insights regarding diverse disease processes as well as healthy development.
Organization and Postembryonic Development of Glial Cells in the Adult Central Brain ofDrosophila
Authors: Awasaki Takeshi , Lai Sen-Lin , Ito Kei , Lee Tzumin
Published: December 2008

Glial cells exist throughout the nervous system, and play essential roles in various aspects of neural development and function. Distinct types of glia may govern diverse glial functions. To determine the roles of glia requires systematic characterization of glia diversity and development. In the adultDrosophilacentral brain, we identify five different types of glia based on its location, morphology, marker expression, and development. Perineurial and subperineurial glia reside in two separate single-cell layers on the brain surface, cortex glia form a glial mesh in the brain cortex where neuronal cell bodies reside, while ensheathing and astrocyte-like glia enwrap and infiltrate into neuropils, respectively. Clonal analysis reveals that distinct glial types derive from different precursors, and that most adult perineurial, ensheathing, and astrocyte-like glia are produced after embryogenesis. Notably, perineurial glial cells are made locally on the brain surface without the involvement ofgcm(glial cell missing). In contrast, the widespread ensheathing and astrocyte-like glia derive from specific brain regions in agcm-dependent manner. This study documents glia diversity in the adult fly brain and demonstrates involvement of different developmental programs in the derivation of distinct types of glia. It lays an essential foundation for studying glia development and function in theDrosophilabrain.
Chronic Gαs Signaling in the Striatum Increases Anxiety-Related Behaviors Independent of Developmental Effects
Authors: Favilla Christopher , Abel Ted , Kelly Michele P.
Published: December 2008

Current research in the field of anxiety disorders is largely receptor-centric, leaving intracellular pathways largely unexplored. Gαs, the G-protein which stimulates adenylyl cyclase and L-type voltage-gated calcium channels, may be one intracellular molecule regulating anxiety-related behaviors as increased efficacy of Gαs signaling has been noted in patient populations that suffer from anxiety. We report here anxiety-related behaviors in two lines of transgenic mice expressing a constitutively active isoform of Gαs (or Gαs*). The first line expressed Gαs* throughout postnatal forebrain neurons, while the second line of mice conditionally expressed Gαs* selectively in the striatum (Gαs*strmice). In the open field, both lines of mice showed a significant preference for the periphery suggesting that expression of Gαs* in the striatum alone was sufficient to produce an anxiogenic phenotype. In the light/dark box,Gαs*strmice exhibited longer latencies to enter the light and spent significantly less time in the lit compartment. Similarly,Gαs*strmice showed longer latencies to enter the open quadrants and spent less time in the open quadrants of the elevated zero maze. Interestingly, these anxiety-related phenotypes were largely unrelated to developmental effects as mice expressing theGαs*strtransgene during development, but not at testing, were normal on most measures. These observations show that chronic Gαs signaling in the striatum is sufficient to trigger anxiety-related behaviors largely independent of developmental effects and suggest the cAMP pathway or L-type voltage-gated calcium channels may be viable targets for future pharmacological intervention in the treatment of anxiety disorders.
Leukemia Inhibitory Factor Extends the Lifespan of Injured PhotoreceptorsIn Vivo
Authors: Joly Sandrine , Lange Christina , Thiersch Markus , Samardzija Marijana , Grimm Christian
Published: December 2008

Survival and death of photoreceptors in degenerative diseases of the retina is controlled by a multitude of genes and endogenous factors. Some genes may be involved in the degenerative process itself whereas others may be part of an endogenous defense system. We show in two models of retinal degeneration that photoreceptor death strongly induces expression of leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) in a subset of Muller glia cells in the inner nuclear layer of the retina. LIF expression is essential to induce an extensive intraretinal signaling system which includes Muller cells and photoreceptors and is characterized by an upregulation of Edn2, STAT3, FGF2 and GFAP. In the absence of LIF, Muller cells remain quiescent, the signaling system is not activated and retinal degeneration is strongly accelerated. Intravitreal application of recombinant LIF induces the full molecular pathway including the activation of Muller cells in wild-type andLif–/–mice. Interruption of the signaling cascade by an Edn2 receptor antagonist increases whereas activation of the receptor decreases photoreceptor cell death. Thus, LIF is essential and sufficient to activate an extensive molecular defense response to photoreceptor injury. Our data establish LIF as a Muller cell derived neuronal survival factor which controls an intrinsic protective mechanism that includes Edn2 signaling to support photoreceptor cell survival and to preserve vision in the injured retina.
Trafficking and Fusion of Neuropeptide Y-Containing Dense-Core Granules in Astrocytes
Authors: Ramamoorthy Prabhu , Whim Matthew D.
Published: December 2008

It is becoming clear that astrocytes are active participants in synaptic functioning and exhibit properties, such as the secretion of classical transmitters, previously thought to be exclusively neuronal. Whether these similarities extend to the release of neuropeptides, the other major class of transmitters, is less clear. Here we show that cortical astrocytes can synthesize both native and foreign neuropeptides and can secrete them in a stimulation-dependent manner. Reverse transcription-PCR and mass spectrometry indicate that cortical astrocytes contain neuropeptide Y (NPY), a widespread neuronal transmitter. Immunocytochemical studies reveal NPY-immunoreactive (IR) puncta that colocalize with markers of the regulated secretory pathway. These NPY-IR puncta are distinct from the synaptic-like vesicles that contain classical transmitters, and the two types of organelles are differentially distributed. After activation of metabotropic glutamate receptors and the release of calcium from intracellular stores, the NPY-IR puncta fuse with the cell membrane, and the peptide-containing dense cores are displayed. To determine whether peptide secretion subsequently occurred, exocytosis was monitored from astrocytes expressing NPY–red fluorescent protein (RFP). In live cells, after activation of glutamate receptors, the intensity of the NPY–RFP-labeled puncta declined in a step-like manner indicating a regulated release of the granular contents. Because NPY is a widespread and potent regulator of synaptic transmission, these results suggest that astrocytes could play a role in the peptidergic modulation of synaptic signaling in the CNS.
Effort‐Reward Imbalance and Depression in Japanese Medical Residents
Authors: Sakata Yumi , Wada Koji , Tsutsumi Akizumi , Ishikawa Hiroyasu , Aratake Yutaka , Watanabe Mayumi , Katoh Noritada , Aizawa Yoshiharu , Tanaka Katsutoshi
Published: December 2008

Effort‐Reward Imbalance and Depression in Japanese Medical Residents: Yumi Sakata, et al. Department of Occupational Mental Health, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kitasato University—The effort‐reward imbalance is an important psychosocial factor which is related to poor health among employees. However, there are few studies that have evaluated effort‐reward imbalance among medical residents. The present study was done to determine the association between psychosocial factors at work as defined by the effort‐reward imbalance model and depression among Japanese medical residents. We distributed a questionnaire to 227 medical residents at 16 teaching hospitals in Japan at the end of August 2005. We asked participants to answer questions which included demographic information, depressive symptoms, effort‐reward imbalance, overcommitment and social support. Depression was evaluated using the Japanese version of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies‐Depression (CES‐D) scale. The effort‐reward imbalance and overcommitment were assessed by the Effort‐Reward Imbalance (ERI) questionnaire which Siegrist developed. Social support was determined on a visual analog scale. Logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the associations between effort‐reward imbalance and depressive symptoms. Depressive symptoms were found in 35 (29.2%) 1st‐year residents and 21 (27.6%) 2nd‐year residents. The effort‐reward ratio >1 (OR, 8.83; 95% CI, 2.87–27.12) and low social support score (OR, 2.77, 95% CI, 1.36–5.64) were associated with depressive symptoms among medical residents. Effort‐reward imbalance was independently related to depression among Japanese medical residents. The present study suggests that balancing between effort and reward at work is important for medical residents' mental health.
Lipid Peroxidation and Oxidative Status Compared in Workers at a Bottom Ash Recovery Plant and Fly Ash Treatment Plants
Authors: Liu Hung‐Hsin , Shih Tung‐Sheng , Chen I‐Ju , Chen Hsiu‐Ling
Published: December 2008

Lipid Peroxidation and Oxidative Status Compared in Workers at a Bottom Ash Recovery Plant and Fly Ash Treatment Plants: Hung‐Shin Liu, et al. Department of Occupational Safety and Health, Chung Shan Medical University, Taiwan—Fly ash and ambient emissions of municipal solid waste incinerators contain polychlorinated dibenzo‐p‐dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), other organic compounds, metals, and gases. Hazardous substances such as PCDD/Fs, mercury vapors and other silicates, and the components of bottom ash and fly ash elevate the oxidative damage. We compared oxidative damage in workers exposed to hazardous substances at a bottom ash recovery plant and 3 fly ash treatment plants in Taiwan by measuring their levels of plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) and urine 8‐hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8‐OH‐dG). Significantly higher MDA levels were found in fly ash treatment plant workers (3.20 µM) than in bottom ash plant workers (0.58 µM). There was a significant association between MDA levels in workers and their working environment, especially in the fly ash treatment plants. Levels of 8OH‐dG varied more widely in bottom ash workers than in fly ash workers. The association between occupational exposure and 8‐OH‐dG levels may be affected by the life style of the workers. Because more dioxins and metals may leach from fly ash than from bottom ash, fly ash treatment plant workers should, as much as possible, avoid exposing themselves to fly ash.
O uso das pastilhas de paraformaldeído pelas instituições de saúde do Brasil: parte I
Authors: Graziano Kazuko Uchikawa
Published: December 2008

Um levantamento nacional foi realizado junto às 6907 Instituições de Saúde, por meio de um questionário com o objetivo de reconhecer e descrever o uso das pastilhas de Paraformaldeído como agente microbicida. Houve um retorno de 443 (6,41%) correspondências das quais 253 (57,89%) afirmaram fazer uso deste agente químico. Vários artigos de uso médico-hospitalares com indicação de esterilização por autoclavação, são processados por meio das pastilhas de Paraformaldeído nas Instituições pesquisadas, demonstrando critérios norteadores inadequados na escolha do processo. Considerando-se a baixa difusibilidade do gás em questão, um outro uso inadequado detectado das pastilhas de Paraformaldeído foi no processamento de artigos com lúmens e os de densidade. A percepção das enfermeiras quanto às perspectivas do uso das pastilhas de Paraformaldeído, como agente químico esterilizante, em condições ambientais é de desuso, apontando para uma busca de tecnologias mais seguras.
Assistência domiciliaria ao idoso: perfil do cuidador formal - parte I
Authors: Kawasaki Kozue , Diogo Maria José D'Elboux
Published: December 2008

O idoso fragilizado, mantido em seu domicílio, requer cuidados específicos, os quais são realizados muitas vezes por pessoas contratadas, pelas famílias, sem necessariamente terem formação específica e são comumente denominadas cuidadores formais. Frente o aumento da oferta de trabalho destas pessoas e a escassez de literatura sobre seu perfil, desenvolvemos um estudo com 41 anunciantes que ofereceram seus serviços em dois jornais de maior circulação no município de Campinas, São Paulo, com os seguintes objetivos: 1. caracterizar estes cuidadores e 2. verificar as atividades propostas para a assistência ao idoso. No presente trabalho são apresentados os dados referentes as características dos cuidadores quanto: ao sexo, a idade, a formação e experiência anterior, disponibilidade de horário e remuneração exigida.
Considerações sobre as ocorrências iatrogênicas na assistência à saúde: dificuldades inerentes ao estudo do tema
Authors: Padilha Katia Grillo
Published: December 2008

Tecendo considerações a respeito das ocorrências iatrogênicas na assistência à saúde, a autora aborda as principais dificuldades inerentes ao estudo do tema em foco. Os problemas incluem não só a conceituação do termo propriamente dito, como também as dificuldades relativas às abordagens metodológicas para o desenvolvimento de pesquisas.
O alivio da dor de pacientes no pós-operatório na perspectiva de Enfermeiros de um centro de terapia intensiva
Authors: Carvalho Vila Vanessa da Silva , Mussi Fernanda Carneiro
Published: December 2008

O presente estudo teve como objetivo identificar como os enfermeiros aliviam a dor de pacientes durante o pós-operatório, no Centro de Terapia Intensiva de um hospital geral, de grande porte, localizado no município de São Paulo-SP Participaram 14 enfermeiros, com idade entre 20 e 40 anos, em que 78,6% eram do sexo feminino e 42,9% tinham de 1 a 5 anos de atuação profissional. Os dados foram coletados através de entrevista semi-estruturada, gravada e analisados qualitativamente, utilizando-se as etapas da análise de conteúdo, propostas por Bardin(1). Duas categorias principais foram evidenciadas: avaliação da dor e condutas tomadas para alívio da dor. Os resultados mostraram que os enfermeiros utilizam tanto a terapêutica medicamentosa como a complementar para o alívio da dor e consideram a sua avaliação como conduta inicial para estabelecer ações de prevenção e alívio deste desconforto.
Caracterizaçao de um grupo de idosas hospitalizadas e seus cuidadores visando o cuidado pós alta hospitalar
Authors: Marin Maria José Sanches , Angerami Emilia Luigia Saporiti
Published: December 2008

No presente estudo foram estudadas 50 idosas internadas em unidade de clínica médica e seus respectivos cuidadores. Verificou-se que a maioria das idosas apresentavam dependências diversas e, portanto, necessitavam da presença de um cuidador para sua sobrevivência. Os cuidadores, em sua maioria, eram do sexo feminino, pertenciam à família da idosa, tinham algum grau de escolaridade e apontaram diversas dificuldades no cuidado da mesma. Constata-se, portanto, que durante a hospitalização, há necessidade de se adotarem medidas visando ao preparo do cuidador para assumir a complexa assistência requerida pelo idoso, principalmente após a alta hospitalar.
Contradições no discurso e na prática do trabalho de enfermagem nos serviços-dia de saúde mental
Authors: Kirschbaum Débora Isane Ratner , Paula Flora Karina Correa de
Published: December 2008

Atualmente, observa-se que os enfermeiros ainda não consolidaram uma nova identidade profissional na maioria das instituições de saúde mental, comprometidas com a implementação da Reforma Psiquiátrica. Por isso, o presente artigo tem por objetivo caracterizar o trabalho de enfermagem realizado em dois serviços-dia do município de Campinas-SP, por meio de um estudo exploratório e descritivo de natureza qualitativa. Depreende-se da análise dos dados que as atividades de enfermagem visam principalmente as necessidades de cuidado dos clientes relacionadas ao campo da Reabilitação Psicossocial, embora sua implementação apresente certas contradições que evocam a presença de traços compatíveis com o modelo assistencial anterior.