bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On following a liturgical script
Authors: Wolterstorff Nicholas
Published: March 2018

In Chapter 1, the nature of liturgical scripts was explained in no more detail than was necessary to explain the nature of liturgy; here it is the main topic of discussion. Among the questions discussed is, how is the script for a particular liturgy established. The answer proposed is twofold: always there is some person or body of persons with authority to determine prescriptions for that particular enactment; but always, in addition, some of the prescriptions are embedded in the relevant liturgical practice. Another question discussed is how one can follow a liturgical script even though one doesn’t know, except in the most general way, what the script prescribes at certain points. Hilary Putnam’s concept of “division of linguistic labor” proves helpful here. Following a liturgical script is a form of submitting to authority; the chapter concludes with a discussion of the good of such submission.
With one accord
Authors: Wolterstorff Nicholas
Published: March 2018

To enact a liturgy, the participants must not only follow the script but must also respond to each other so as to enact the liturgy together; in many ways, this is like participating in a musical performance. Borrowing from the relevant philosophical literature, this chapter opens with a substantial analysis of the phenomenon of acting together. The communal dimension of liturgy is not only exhibited in acting together; it is also exhibited in speaking for each other, as when the people say, “We ask for your [God’s] forgiveness.” But is it not presumptuous to speak in this way for one’s fellow participants? And the communal dimension is exhibited when the people “pray in peace.” The chapter concludes with a discussion of what is meant here by “peace.”
On the liturgical reading and singing of Scripture
Authors: Wolterstorff Nicholas
Published: March 2018

Chapters 6–9 analyze some of the ways in which Scripture is evoked in Christian liturgical enactments. One of the most obvious of these is the reading aloud by a lector of a passage from Scripture. This proves considerably more complex than would appear at first glance, especially when the passage includes first-person pronouns. What, for example, is the lector doing or saying when she reads, from the opening of Luke’s Gospel, “I too decided … to write an orderly account for you, most excellent Theophilus”? To whom does the “I” refer (and the “you”) when the lector reads this passage? Various alternatives are explored. And how does the liturgical voicing of a Psalm differ from reading aloud a Shakespeare sonnet—as surely it does? These are among the questions addressed in Chapter 6.
Liturgical commemoration
Authors: Wolterstorff Nicholas
Published: March 2018

At his last supper Jesus said, “Do this as a memorial (in remembrance) of me.” It is frequently said by liturgical scholars and biblical theologians that the concept used by Jesus, of doing something as a memorial or in remembrance—a concept used often in the Old Testament—was a concept peculiar to the ancient Israelites, or, more generally, to the ancient Semites. This chapter argues against that claim, suggesting instead that the concept used is familiar to all of us: we commonly speak of doing or making something as a memorial. Our lives are filled with memorial actions and with memorial objects. After analyzing in some detail the phenomenon of doing or making something as a memorial, the chapter highlights the important role of memorial actions in the liturgy.
God’s liturgical activity
Authors: Wolterstorff Nicholas
Published: March 2018

It is typical of Christian liturgical enactments for the people to pray and take for granted that God will act in the course of the enactment. This chapter first identifies and analyzes a number of ways in which God might act liturgically and then discusses at some length what might be meant when the people say, in response to the reading of Scripture, “This is the word of the Lord.” After suggesting that what might be meant is either that the reading presented what God said in ancient times or that, by way of the reading, God speaks anew here and now, the chapter suggests a third possibility by going beyond speech-act theory to introduce the idea of a continuant illocution in distinction from an occurrent illocution. Perhaps the reference is to one of God’s continuant illocutions.
Consent
Authors: Krzywdzinski Martin
Published: March 2018

This chapter deals with the dependent variable of the study: consent. It analyses workplace consent in Russia and China using three indicators that refer to the core requirements of the production systems in automotive companies regarding employee behavior: first, standardized work; and second, compliance with expectations in terms of flexibility, cooperation, and a commitment to improving processes. The third indicator of consent (or the lack of it) is the absence or presence of open criticism, resistance, and labor disputes. The chapter reveals significant and unexpected differences between the Chinese and Russian sites on all three indicators. While the Chinese factories exhibit (with some variance between the companies), a relatively high level of consent, the Russian plants have problems with standardized work, the acceptance of performance expectations, and to some extent with labor disputes.
Stephen Batman, Edmund Spenser, and Myth as an Art of Discernment
Authors: Hartmann Anna-Maria
Published: March 2018

Stephen Batman’s Golden Booke of the Leaden Goddes (1577) was the first English Renaissance mythography. It consists of three sections on false gods: the first on pagan deities, the second on Catholic saints, and the third on Protestant sectarians. Batman calls Roman mythology a ‘straunge entermixed strategeme’, which unites two aspects of the ancient past usually seen as contradictory: exemplary Roman virtue and the worship of idols. In contrast with the pagans, the Catholic and Protestant idols become increasingly more pernicious and more difficult to identify. The most dangerous form of idolatry is that of the Family of Love, and Batman’s Golden Booke was regarded as a work aimed at their founder in the years after its publication. The final section of this chapter looks at how Spenser’s use of mythology in Book II, Canto xii of The Faerie Queene is directly analogous to Batman’s in The Golden Booke.
While the Winds Breathe, Adore Echo
Authors: Hartmann Anna-Maria
Published: March 2018

Henry Reynolds’s Mythomystes (1632) is a dynamic response to the tensions between Neo-Platonic claims for the divinity of ancient poetry and a Protestant poetics that rejected syncretism and sought to set the truth of Christianity apart. Reynolds draws on Pico della Mirandola to emphasize the divine knowledge of the ancient pagan poets, who were ‘iointrunners’ with Moses and used fables for the secret communication of wisdom. But in other parts of the book Reynolds carefully separates the pagan and Christian traditions in everything but natural knowledge. These different perspectives can be explained by the rising and falling rhetorical pitch of the mythography and can be compared to Philip Sidney’s practice in his Defence of Poetry. In the end, Reynolds’s mythography returns to a Neo-Platonic conception of the ancient fables, and offers a version of the Narcissus myth that rests upon a Pythagorean symbol.
Conclusion
Authors: Ristuccia Nathan J.
Published: March 2018

Slowly, from about 1100 onward, the Rogation Days waned. Multiple causes contributed to the holiday’s senescence: its lack of apostolic authority, competition from new holidays such as Corpus Christi, and fear of abuses. But perhaps the most important was the systemization of the parish and, with it, the exaltation of a different symbol of the community: the Eucharistic host. This new model for church organization gradually supplanted the ritually defined communities of the early Middle Ages. Contemporary paradigms of Christianization, which treat Christianity as a fixed system of doctrines and practices, continue to impose later norms on early medieval people. The early medieval Rogation Days were Christianization before religion.
Working-Class Autobiography, c.1970–1985
Authors: Sutcliffe-Braithwaite Florence
Published: March 2018

This chapter examines working-class autobiographies and oral history testimonies created in the 1970s by the ‘history from below’, oral history, and community publishing movements. It finds that most working-class autobiographers felt that class divisions had weakened and changed radically in the post-war years: they identified improvements in housing, the NHS, education, and the power of workers as key alterations. The disappearance of live-in domestic service was a particularly powerful symbol of the changes that had taken place. Though none thought class had disappeared, many thought class divides were less powerful. While some working-class autobiographers wrote that their experiences made them instinctive socialists, in fact political activism did not flow straightforwardly from experience, but was the result of political education and context. Working-class experience was highly diverse, and as this became clear to many in the community publishing movement, it led to changes in their activist practice in the 1980s.
Class in Thatcherite Ideology and Rhetoric
Authors: Sutcliffe-Braithwaite Florence
Published: March 2018

This chapter examines Thatcherite rhetoric about class and individualism. Thatcher needed to distance herself from her own, narrow, upper-middle-class image; she also wanted to rid politics of class language, and thought that class was—or should be—irrelevant in 1980s Britain because of ‘embourgeoisement’. For Thatcher, ‘bourgeois’ was defined by particular values (thrift, hard work, self-reliance) and she wanted to use the free market to incentivize more of the population to display these values, which she thought would lead to a moral and also a prosperous society. Thatcherite individualism rested on the assumption that people were rational, self-interested, but also embedded in families and communities. The chapter reflects on what these conclusions tell us about ‘Thatcherism’ as a political ideology, and how these beliefs influenced Thatcherite policy on the welfare state, monetarism, and trade unionism. Finally, it examines Major’s rhetoric of the ‘classless society’ in the 1990s.
Conclusion
Authors: Sutcliffe-Braithwaite Florence
Published: March 2018

The conclusion summarizes the overall arguments of the book, examining how vernacular discourses of class changed between 1968 and 2000, and what the implications were for politics. It argues that rather than searching for a decline or persistence of class identities in this period, it is more important to look at how discourses of class changed, and how class identities and political attitudes were transformed by the decline of deference. It also examines how the themes traced in the book played out in politics between 2000 and 2017, a period which saw two key changes—the expansion of the EU in 2004, and the global financial crisis of 2008—which transformed politics and society.
Expansion Everlasting
Authors: Vigdor Steven E.
Published: March 2018

Chapter 5 presents experiments illuminating the cosmological evolution of the universe and its energy budget, accounting for its longevity. The observations establishing the Hubble’s Law linear relationship between intergalactic distances and recession speeds, and their interpretation in terms of the expansion of cosmic space, are reviewed. The evidence for big bang cosmology from nucleosynthesis and the cosmic microwave background (CMB) is presented. The measurements that establish the ongoing acceleration of the cosmic expansion are reviewed: distant supernova recession speeds, tiny CMB anisotropies, baryon acoustic oscillations, and gravitational lensing. Excellent model fits to these data, assuming general relativity, cold dark matter, and a cosmological constant, lead to precise determinations of both the age of the universe and the energy budget of the universe. The cosmic history of the expansion rate and the energy budget are inferred, along with the remarkable flatness of cosmic space within the observable portion of the universe.
The Edge of the Abyss
Authors: Vigdor Steven E.
Published: March 2018

Chapter 8 deals with the apparent perching of the physical vacuum state in the universe on the edge between stability and meta-stability, at least within the standard model, in light of the mass of the recently discovered Higgs boson. Standard model calculations mapping vacuum stability as a function of Higgs boson and top quark masses are presented. The dramatic unveiling of the Higgs boson signal by the enormous detectors at the Large Hadron Collider is reviewed. Possible interpretations and implications of meta-stability, including unlikely doomsday scenarios, are discussed. The hierarchy problem is presented as a theoretical conundrum arising from the vast gap between the Higgs boson mass and the Planck mass scale at which an as-yet undeveloped theory of quantum gravity becomes essential. Various speculative theoretical approaches, including supersymmetry, to physics beyond the standard model that might address the hierarchy problem and other outstanding particle physics mysteries are mentioned.
Portrait of a Human Smuggler
Authors: Sanchez Gabriella E.
Published: March 2018

The hypervisibility of contemporary migration flows has generated significant interest in human smugglers, and reports of their activities are ubiquitous. Smugglers as facilitators of irregular migration are most often characterized as young and violent men from the Global South organized in criminal networks who are responsible for the tragic journeys of migrants around the world. Yet despite their frequent appearance in dramatic migration accounts, smugglers have hardly been the subject of empirical inquiry, which has led to the prevalence of male-centred, racialized, and classist characterizations of their activities. This chapter, drawing from structured interviews and participant observation conducted among twelve women charged with human smuggling offences and twenty-five women who travelled with smuggling facilitators in the US states of Arizona and Utah, situates the narratives of smuggling and its intersections with race, class, and gender in the facilitation of border crossings along the US–Mexico border.
Racism, Immigration, and Policing
Authors: Bowling Ben , Westenra Sophie
Published: March 2018

This chapter explores the ways in which racism shapes immigration policing. Focusing on the developing roles of constables and immigration officers in immigration policing in the UK, it contributes to a wider investigation of the emergence of a ‘crimmigration control system’ arising from the convergence of criminal and immigration law. Drawing on Weber and Bowling’s (2004) ‘sites of enforcement’ model, the chapter examines the research evidence on the ways in which racism shapes immigration policing within domestic space, at the border, and extraterritorially. Immigration policing tends to invoke racial characteristics in ways that define ‘suspect communities’ and focus enforcement activities on specific people based on what is imputed to be their national, ethnic, or racial origin. This, we argue, leads to racialized restrictions on the enjoyment of fundamental rights—such as the freedom of movement—consistent with Richmond’s claim that a system of global apartheid is being created.
Race, Gender, and Border Control in the Western Balkans
Authors: Milivojević Sanja
Published: March 2018

This chapter looks at the intersection of race, gender, and migration in the Western Balkans. Immobilizing mobile bodies from the Global South has increasingly been the focus of criminological inquiry. Such inquiry, however, has largely excluded the Western Balkans. A difficult place to research, comprising countries of the former Yugoslavia and Albania, the region is the second-largest route for irregular migrants in Europe (Frontex 2016). Indeed, EU expansion and global developments such as wars in Syria, Afghanistan, and Iraq have had a major impact on mobility and migration in the region. The chapter outlines racialized hierarchies in play in contemporary border policing in the region, and how these racialized and gendered practices target racially different Others and women irregular migrants and asylum seekers. Finally, this chapter maps the impact of such practices and calls for a shift in knowledge production in documenting and addressing such discriminatory practices.
The Analogical Turn (1884–1887)
Authors: Darrigol Olivier
Published: March 2018

This chapter recounts how Boltzmann reacted to Hermann Helmholtz’s analogy between thermodynamic systems and a special kind of mechanical system (the “monocyclic systems”) by grouping all attempts to relate thermodynamics to mechanics, including the kinetic-molecular analogy, into a family of partial analogies all derivable from what we would now call a microcanonical ensemble. At that time, Boltzmann regarded ensemble-based statistical mechanics as the royal road to the laws of thermal equilibrium (as we now do). In the same period, he returned to the Boltzmann equation and the H theorem in reply to Peter Guthrie Tait’s attack on the equipartition theorem. He also made a non-technical survey of the second law of thermodynamics seen as a law of probability increase.
Making and Worshipping Idols
Authors: Morton Jonathan
Published: March 2018

This chapter offers an account of the Rose’s ethical project based around the principle of misrecognition as it relates both to the psychology of desire and to the poem’s unreliable textuality. Its ethics, which cannot be distilled into a series of definitive sentences, are understood to depend on the hermeneutic process that the deceptive poem itself demands. The shifting uses of figures idols and idolatry in the poem are used to illustrate how the poem’s productive polysemy allow concepts to be dislodged from one field, such as theology, and repurposed for another, such as psychology or satire. Considering Pauline theology, medieval optical theory, and psychology as they inform the iconic episodes of Narcissus and Pygmalion in the Rose, this chapter shows how the poem presents the mental projections of fantasy simultaneously as dangerous traps and as fundamental tools for the negotiation of desire.
Conclusion
Authors: Morton Jonathan
Published: March 2018

The conclusion argues for seeing the poem’s philosophical and poetic project as fundamentally erotic drawing on Leo Bersani’s account of Freudian jouissance in which excessive excitement causes a shattering of the self. The text’s indeterminacy is understood to offer its readers an erotic intellectual exercise, a philosophical game that depends on the pleasurable unpleasurable tension between certainty and uncertainty and in which it is not always clear whether the aim is knowledge (‘profit’) or pleasure (‘delit’). The text promises truth coupled with the absence of definitive authorial sentences so that it turns the obligation of authority away from the author and reflects it back at the reader who must assume an interpretative autonomy.
The Diffusion of Product Innovations
Authors: Stoneman Paul , Bartoloni Eleonora , Baussola Maurizio
Published: March 2018

This chapter explores the patterns of adoption and use of original and new-to-market product innovations. Three levels of diffusion are identified: (i) the spreading of first use across countries (the extensive margin); (ii) the spreading of first use across users within countries (the intensive margin); and (iii) increasing intensity of use by adopters (firms or households). The principal finding is that diffusion often takes a considerable period of time, both across and within countries. Movement on the intensive margin continues for many years after diffusion on the extensive margin is completed. Intra-firm or household diffusion is also time-intensive, differs by industry sector, country, and technology, and continues even after inter-firm or household diffusion is complete. In addition, the diffusion of the production of product innovations may eventually mean that countries that were early producers are eventually replaced by countries that were late producers.
Product Innovation and Firm Performance
Authors: Stoneman Paul , Bartoloni Eleonora , Baussola Maurizio
Published: March 2018

This chapter explores the impact of product innovation on firm performance, encompassing both economic and managerial literatures. It is found that product innovation has positive and significant short-term and long-run effects on firm profitability, which, however, vary across industries. The role of complementarities in improving firms’ performance is also stressed. The analysis of the impact of R&D and patents (to which product innovation is closely related) on firm market value indicates an impact from 2.5 per cent to 8 per cent. The impact of product innovation on productivity is indicated by the estimate that the responsiveness of a firm’s productivity to its share of innovative sales ranges from 0.04 to 0.29. How much and with what success firms compete in foreign markets is also found to be positively related to product innovation. Positive and significant impacts on the companies’ market value from information concerning its new products are also found.
Product Innovation and Welfare
Authors: Stoneman Paul , Bartoloni Eleonora , Baussola Maurizio
Published: March 2018

This chapter addresses the impact of product innovation on economic welfare, initially defined as the sum of consumer and producer surpluses. In a static framework, it is shown how product innovation can increase welfare via additions to consumer surplus and increased firm profits; and an estimate that the value of the increase for a typical product innovation might equal 2.5 per cent of the innovator’s revenue is reported from the literature. Problems with measuring welfare by the sum of consumer and producer surplus are raised, especially because of changes in the producers’ incentives to innovate. In an intertemporal framework, it is further shown that the optimal diffusion path could arise under either monopoly supply or competitive supply, depending on buyers’ price expectations formation processes. It is also argued that variety itself may generate welfare, and whether free markets would generate optimal variety is discussed. The literature suggests not.
Cabinet Authority and Coalition Management
Authors: Chaisty Paul , Cheeseman Nic , Power Timothy J.
Published: March 2018

This chapter examines how presidents manage coalitions through the allocation of cabinet portfolios to their party supporters. It discusses the ways in which presidents seek to mitigate the costs of cabinet portfolio allocation—such as policy and agency loss—and the system-level factors (electoral incentives, party system structuration, political democracy), coalition-level factors (‘Day One’ decisions, and the fragmentation and heterogeneity of the coalition), and conjunctural factors (time and crisis) that affect these costs. It also explores cases of cabinet tool deployment in Kenya, Benin, and Ecuador. Finally, it presents evidence from surveys of MPs to illustrate the significance of cabinet tools in coalition management, and to infer the motivation of parties (votes, policy, and the spoils of office) when seeking cabinet posts.
Legal Acts and the Challenges of Democratic Accountability
Authors: Curtin Deirdre
Published: March 2018

Increasing the role of the European Parliament in legislative and executive rule-making was a key objective of the Lisbon Treaty reformers in their endeavours to enhance the democratic legitimacy of the EU. Yet, the Lisbon reform leaves much room for improvement with respect to accountability in the new system of legal acts. The analysis reveals the wide discrepancy between the formal rules and informal practices of the institutions post-Lisbon, giving rise to further accountability concerns. The main problems are the inadequacy of democratic checks over the Council, limited resources and powers of the European Parliament, increased reliance on trilogues at the expense of open dialogue and deliberation, and insufficient public access to institutions’ documents. In conclusion, it is suggested that even in the absence of formal Treaty reform, values such as publicity and participation could be crucial normative standards to be included in the further design of EU decision-making procedures.
The 1990s
Authors: Gillespie Alexander
Published: March 2018

The 1990s were very significant for the idea of sustainable development. This was the decade in which much of the ideological rhetoric which had marred a common view during most of the twentieth century subsided. The big push was towards free markets, minimal international restraints on transnational corporations, and free trade. On the environmental side, great progress was made in the formation of many new agreements and understandings, covering everything from population growth, to climate change, to ocean and air pollution. The difficultly that stretched across all areas, apart from the continual failure to control habitat loss effectively, was in implementing the new promises, as either the sources, constituents, or responsibilities were transformed into brand new types of difficulties that were fundamentally different to those which had gradually emerged during the previous century.
Gender as a Social Structure
Authors: Risman Barbara J.
Published: March 2018

The chapter reviews the social scientific research on gender beginning with biological theories and then moving on to psychological ones. Attention then moves to sociological theories developed as alternatives to understanding gender as a personality trait. The chapter then covers the “doing gender” and structuralist theories developed in the 20th century. Risman suggests that integrative frameworks, including her own, emerged toward the end of the 20th century. In this chapter, Risman offers a revision to her framework conceptualizing gender as a social structure with consequences for individual selves, interactional expectations of others, and institutions and organizations. With this revision, Risman differentiates between the material and cultural elements of each level of the gender structure.
Boy Dancer
Authors: Winkler Kevin
Published: March 2018

This chapter explores the foundation of Bob Fosse’s dance style through his years as a young performer in the waning days of vaudeville, his teenage appearances in Chicago area nightclubs and burlesque houses, and the dance act he formed with his first wife, Mary Ann Niles. Fosse appeared in three films at MGM, the last of which, Kiss Me, Kate, featured a short sequence of his choreography that displayed aggressive jazz stylings, burlesque traces, and witty comic touches. It also showed the influence of Jack Cole, the American dancer and choreographer who had created his own dance idiom incorporating movement from Middle Eastern, Indian, Afro-Cuban, and other ethnic dance traditions into an athletic, sexually charged jazz dance style that was highly influential.
Willkommen
Authors: Winkler Kevin
Published: March 2018

This chapter describes the international success of Bob Fosse’s film version of Cabaret in 1972, which kicked off the busiest, most productive decade of his career. The mood of the decade was reflected in both his life and his work. Fosse’s film jettisoned most of Cabaret’s score for numbers performed only onstage, thus refining the show’s use of performance to comment on dramatic reality. The hyperactive camerawork he was criticized for in Sweet Charity was refined and focused. Cabaret found parallels between the chaos and national crisis of identity in pre-Nazi Germany and contemporary anxieties over the continuing Vietnam War. Liza with a Z, starring Liza Minnelli and filmed by multiple cameras before a live audience in a Broadway theater, brought the kinetic energy of a live performance to this musical concert for television.
Introduction
Authors: Cook Nicholas
Published: March 2018

Is there anything new to be said about the creative

act—anything really new, I mean? I rather doubt it.

—Aaron Copland (1952: 40)

Whether it is a classical symphony or stadium rock, fascination with music is tied up with fascination about its creation. We hear a Beethoven symphony not just as sound but as the powerful voice of its long dead creator, and the sense of its createdness—that it was ...
Rethinking the garret
Authors: Cook Nicholas
Published: March 2018

This second chapter of Music as Creative Practice develops an approach to musical imagination in opposition to the traditional creation myths according to which composers ‘hear’ music in their heads and simply write it down. Drawing an analogy with the creation of perfumes, it shows how imagining music involves representing it in terms of notational and other objects that enable it to be purposefully manipulated in such a way as to bring new sound conceptions into existence. Composition involves a rich ecology in which creators interact with sound images that talk back to them, resulting in an imaginative analogue to the social interaction of real-time musical creativity. The argument proceeds through case studies that range from popular songwriting to concert music, and from sixteenth-century polyphony through Beethoven to contemporary classical composition. The aim is to penetrate through analysis of style to the modes of creative thinking that underlie them.
Educational Blueprint
Authors: Boudreau J. Donald , Cassell Eric J. , Fuks Abraham
Published: March 2018

We provide the overall framework for the Physicianship Curriculum. It is based on common clinical presentations, as described in the medical literature. We develop the fundamental questions and issues that are likely to be in the minds of a patient and physician during a medical encounter. These issues frame clinical thinking with respect to assessment and treatment and inform the content of the educational program. The primary objectives of each curricular phase are outlined. We articulate the specific roles of teachers and mentors and propose a set of teaching methods, adopted, in part, from the broader literature in educational research.
“So Poignant a Memory of the Past”
Authors: Porterfield Amanda
Published: March 2018

European trade, political order, and religious institutions deteriorated after 500 until kings emerged in the eighth century to command support as restorers of ancient Roman glory. Aided by principles of Christian kingship derived from Benedict’s Rule for monasteries, Charlemagne and his successors expanded the imagined reach of Pauline corporatism. Despite ongoing violence and disarray, the ideal of membership in Christ served as the basis for numerous forms of medieval organization, as well as for the imagined unity of Christendom. As written laws came increasingly to the fore to determine accountability to this ideal in the eleventh and twelfth centuries, cities developed their own systems of corporate governance, and appeals to corporate membership in Christ stimulated reform, innovation, and economic growth.
“The Hearty Hand of Friendship”
Authors: Porterfield Amanda
Published: March 2018

Innovations in church organization and commercial enterprise developed together in seventeenth-century New England as leaders established congregational systems of governance and merchants exploited loopholes in British regulation to dominate intercolonial trade. A century later, new appeals to consumers of both material and spiritual goods invigorated colonial towns and challenged conservative colonial institutions. Meanwhile, slavery grew to stimulate trade but also to create problems for institutions that relied on corporate spirit and its demand for willing cooperation. Desire for American independence intensified as organizational networks anchored in corporate institutions generated practical procedures for a new government of the people, along with rhetoric condemning British efforts to enslave American colonies.
Epilogue
Authors: Porterfield Amanda
Published: March 2018

AT CHRISTMASTIME ACROSS America, hundreds of nonprofit companies mount performances of The Nutcracker, the Franco-Russian ballet originally choreographed by Lev Ivanov and Marius Petipa in 1892 to music composed by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky. The Russian emigré George Balanchine reinterpreted the ballet for American audiences in 1954, centering it around a magically growing Christmas tree, with spectacular success. Broadcast nationwide by CBS in 1957 and 1958, performances by Balanchine’s New York City Ballet introduced millions of American children and adults to the world of classical ballet. In recognition of its achievement, the Ford Foundation awarded the company $6 million in 1963, enabling a bigger and more lavish production of ...
Descriptive Research Design
Authors: Miksza Peter , Elpus Kenneth
Published: March 2018

This chapter presents two of the most prominent approaches to the design of descriptive research in music education. Simply creating depictions of music teaching and learning experiences that are organized and illustrative of the variation that can exist in any given setting is a worthwhile scientific endeavor in and of itself. Descriptive research is most typically an exploration of what is, what exists, and/or the status of any given topic of interest. The first section deals with basic steps in observational research designs, and the second section outlines critical features of survey designs. These fundamental research design options are excellent entry points for emerging scholars and when employed imaginatively can yield many benefits for the profession.
Causation and Causal Claims
Authors: Miksza Peter , Elpus Kenneth
Published: March 2018

This chapter explores the philosophy of science surrounding warrants for causal claims, how researchers can use quantitative data to create causal knowledge, and how to evaluate the validity of causal knowledge generated through research. In music education, carefully answered causal questions can provide insights that improve both teaching and learning in music at all levels and in all contexts. In this chapter, details are provided on the kinds of experimental and quasi-experimental research designs most commonly employed for causal research, the challenges that researchers using these methods often face, and specific threats to validity that commonly occur in those designs.
Master Tara Singh in Indian History
Authors: Grewal J.S.
Published: March 2018

This is the first comprehensive study of Master Tara Singh (1885–1967), placed in the wider context of Indian history. It is based on a large volume and variety of source materials in English and Punjabi, revealing many new facts, ideas, and perspectives, and questioning several assumptions. The book is divided into two parts, the first dealing with Master Tara Singh’s activity in colonial India with special reference to his patriotism and anti-British attitude, and the second part dealing with Master Tara Singh’s pursuit of a unilingual Punjab state, called the Punjabi Suba. What lends unity to the two parts is Master Tara Singh’s politics based on Sikh identity. It was a source of inspiration as well as confrontation with the colonial state and the Congress leadership, particularly Mahatma Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru. Master Tara Singh played a key role in the partition of British Punjab and formation of a Punjabi-speaking state which were essentially in consonance with his view of Sikh interests. His vision of the Indian national state was fundamentally different from that of Jawaharlal Nehru and the Congress. Master Tara Singh stood firmly for a large measure of pluralism in free India. This book throws fresh light also on the freedom struggle, the Akali Movement, and the politics of partition.
The Akali–Congress Compromise
Authors: Grewal J.S.
Published: March 2018

Authorized by a convention of all Sikh parties, Master Tara Singh, with four other Sikh leaders, met Jawaharlal Nehru on 24 October 1955. Maulana Azad and G.B. Pant were also present. The talks were ‘friendly but rather vague’. On 8 February 1956, a plan, generally known as the Regional Formula, was discussed by the Sikh leaders. In his address to the All-India Akali Conference on 11 February, Master Tara Singh dwelt on Punjabi Suba as the real solution for the Punjab problem. But the Akali Dal accepted the Regional Formula in March 1956. Furthermore, the Akali Dal Working Committee resolved in September 1956 to implement the Formula. The constitution of the Akali Dal was suitably amended and the Akali legislators joined the Congress party.
The Second Battle
Authors: Grewal J.S.
Published: March 2018

In May 1960, Master Tara Singh declared that the Sikhs would win or die in the battle for ‘Punjabi Suba’. Arrested two days later, he was released on 4 January 1961 for consultation with Sant Fateh Singh who was on fast. After Master Tara Singh’s assurance that the demand had been accepted in principle, Sant Fateh Singh broke his fast. But nothing came out of his talks with Nehru. Now Master Tara Singh went on fast on 15 August 1961. After his meeting with Jai Prakash Narayan, he was willing to accept arbitration. Three names suggested for a commission were acceptable to him and he broke his fast on 1 October. The Das Commission, instituted by the government with totally different personnel, was boycotted by the Akalis. Its verdict came in February 1962 that there was no discrimination against the Sikhs.
The Last Year
Authors: Grewal J.S.
Published: March 2018

The unpopularity of Master Tara Singh’s idea of a Sikh homeland was reflected in the elections of 1967 when his candidates won only two seats. Master Tara Singh denounced the United Front ministry of the Akalis for shielding Sant Fateh Singh who was keen on preserving the firepit (havan kund) as a symbol of his willingness to sacrifice his life for the Sikh Panth. By contrast, Master Tara Singh praised the deliberate self-immolation of Bhai Nand Singh as genuine martyrdom. It seems that Master Tara Singh’s own decision to break his fast unto death due to weakness or a mistaken view of his situation remained a heavy burden on his mind. He died on 22 November 1967 with the hope that the lapses of his life would be condoned by his death in firm faith.
Introduction
Authors: Rao Koneru Ramakrishna
Published: March 2018

This book is an attempt to provide a synthetic overview of Gandhi’s person, philosophy, and practices. In the Introduction, the author mentions that the objective of the book is to make Gandhi and his thought relevant to contemporary life. The volume does not discuss his ideas in an abstract format but attempts to present them as issues that relate to actual life. Wherever possible, Gandhi’s ideas have been located with the native as well as other philosophical traditions, including those that seem to conflict with Gandhi’s. In the Introduction the author discusses how philosophy in India grew along with religion, science, and other human endeavours. In India, philosophy is not limited to logic and argument, even though they do play a significant role in philosophical discussions.
Satyagraha
Authors: Rao Koneru Ramakrishna
Published: March 2018

This chapter focuses on Gandhi’s principle of satyagraha, what it meant to Gandhi, and how it operated in the field of politics. The chapter also discusses satyagraha and how it is related to psychoanalysis. Satyagraha is central to Gandhi’s thought and practices. It essentially involves truth-centric, non-violent action. Gandhi characterized satyagraha variously as generating ‘truth-force’, ‘love-force’, and ‘soul-force’. Satyagraha, which aims at spiritual transformation of the opponent with love and self-suffering, is Gandhi’s creative contribution to conflict resolution. In a significant sense, Gandhi’s satyagraha is a kind of yoga. Like Sankara’s jnana yoga and Patanjali’s dhyana yoga, Gandhi’s is ahimsa yoga.
Eco-casteism
Authors: Sharma Mukul
Published: March 2018

This chapter examines some of the significant lines of environmental conceptions in India since the 1980s. It pays critical attention to caste and its expression or marginalization in environmental discourses. It attempts to show how Brahmanical religious traditions and their arguments have had a powerful resonance in India’s dominant environmental leanings. It intermeshes these with some of the recent criticisms made by Dalit scholars regarding India’s environmental thought. Through the particular case study of Sulabh International (founded by Bindeshwar Pathak), a prominent organization working on sanitation and rural development, the chapter further shows how a noteworthy, well-intentioned, and much celebrated environmental initiative for the abolition of scavenging (which is deeply related to the Hindu caste system) in India assumes a Hindu religious ecology.
Ambedkar and Environmental Thought
Authors: Sharma Mukul
Published: March 2018

Building on the previous chapter, which deals with a wide range of Dalit materials and writers, this chapter focuses primarily on Ambedkar’s views, and their relationship to Indian agrarian and environment traditions. While the previous chapter provided a mosaic of Dalit voices, this chapter concentrates on one figure, and his significance in the modern environment movement of the country. A deeply perceptive thinker, a trenchant opponent of caste Hinduism, and a fighter of Dalit liberation, Ambedkar’s environmental perspectives are central to Dalit ecological visions.
The Cultural Soil of Organic Farming
Authors: Barton Gregory A.
Published: March 2018

The movement to maintain the influence of the countryside and of farmers in particular dominated political thought in England and the United States throughout most of the nineteenth century, and still influenced millions into the mid-twentieth century. Aspects of agrarianism, romantic farm literature, and its many variants on the continent of Europe—including biodynamics and German biological farming—all can be seen as building blocks that merged with the organic farming protocols pioneered by Albert Howard (discussed further in later chapters). The reaction against industrialism must be understood as both a cultural and a political movement. This explains why—though socialist and leftist thinkers of all stripes also shared agrarian ideals—the main arguments against the effects of industrialism were from those on the right of the political spectrum.
The Compost Wars
Authors: Barton Gregory A.
Published: March 2018

After the death of Gabrielle Howard from cancer, Albert married her sister Louise. Louise had been pressured to leave Cambridge as a classics lecturer as a result of her pro-peace writings during the First World War. After working for Virginia Wolf, she then worked for the League of Nations in Geneva. Louise was herself an expert on labor and agriculture, and helped Albert write for a popular audience. Albert Howard toured plantations around the world advocating the Indore Method. After the publication of the Agricultural Testament (1943), Albert Howard focused on popularizing his work among gardeners and increasingly connected his composting methods to issues of human health.
To the Empire and Beyond
Authors: Barton Gregory A.
Published: March 2018

This chapter traces the expansion of industrial agricultural methods after the Second World War. Western governments and the Food and Agriculture Organization pushed for increased use of chemical fertilizers to aid development and resist Soviet encroachment. Meanwhile small groups of organic farmers and gardeners adopted Howard’s methods in the Anglo-sphere and elsewhere in the world. European movements paralleled these efforts and absorbed the basic principles of the Indore Method. British parliament debated the merits of organic farming, but Howard failed to persuade the government to adopt his policies. Southern Rhodesia, however, did implement his ideas in law. Desiccation theory aided his attempts in South Africa and elsewhere, and Louise Howard, after Albert’s death, kept alive a wide network of activists with her publications.
Data at the Lhc
Authors: Campbell John , Huston Joey , Krauss Frank
Published: March 2018

Cross sections have been measured over 14 orders of magnitude at the LHC, with good agreement in general with predictions from QCD and the Standard Model. The only grain of salt of this success story is that, up to now, no unambiguous signs of new physics has been spotted. The most visible discovery of the LHC (to date) has been that of the Higgs boson. In this book, the theoretical and experimental knowledge built up over the first 8 chapters is applied to physics at the LHC, and especially to measurements of the Higgs boson, and interpretations of its properties. Precision Standard Model measurements are used to search for, and constrain, the presence of new physics.
An Elective Empire
Authors: Lee Alexander
Published: March 2018

This chapter explores how the humanists’ dualism affected their understanding of the Empire’s constitutional disposition. Setting the humanists’ views in the context of contemporary struggles over the sources and nature of the emperor’s authority, it will demonstrate that—despite a flirtation with Roman popular sovereignty on at least two separate occasions, and a residual uncertainty about the significance of papal coronations—they were broadly willing to view the electoral college as the ultimate source of imperial authority. But though they followed—and sometimes even anticipated—their coevals’ political thought in some respects, it is striking that the humanists never sought to justify their understanding of the electoral college’s role in terms comparable to those used either in developing wider theories of political representation, or in defending communal government.
The SOX and Dodd-Frank Acts—Modern Federal Corporate Governance Initiatives
Authors: Steinberg Marc I.
Published: March 2018

In response to several corporate scandals, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (SOX) implemented substantive corporate governance mandates that were adopted as federal law. It focused on restoring financial disclosure transparency and revitalizing investor confidence in the financial markets’ integrity. A few years thereafter, the 2008 financial crisis precipitated the enactment of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010 (Dodd-Frank Act). This Act aimed at forestalling another financial crisis through enhanced corporate governance regulation and placing meaningful restraints on undue risk-taking conduct. The chapter focuses on several key provisions of the SOX and the Dodd-Frank Acts, as well as SEC rules and regulations promulgated thereunder. Among these provisions as covered in this chapter are: CEO and CFO certifications, audit committees, executive clawback provisions, director independence, nominating and corporate governance committees, codes of ethics, corporate governance disclosures, say-on-pay and golden parachute provisions, loans to insiders, and equitable relief.
The Impact of Stock Exchange Rules on the Federalization of Corporate Governance
Authors: Steinberg Marc I.
Published: March 2018

This chapter focuses on the important role that the national stock exchanges play in the federalization of corporate governance. Responding to federal legislative and SEC directives and, at times, acting on their own initiative, the stock exchanges have promulgated meaningful rules that comprise a significant component of the corporate governance landscape. Although technically not government regulation, the national stock exchanges play a central role in the enhancement of sound corporate governance practices and policies. Examples include the emphasis by the exchanges on independent directors, board committees (including audit, compensation, and nominating committees), and corporate codes of ethics. Hence, when addressing the federalization of corporate governance, stock exchange regulation is to be given prominent status.