bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Long-term effects of vagus nerve stimulation on EEG aperiodic components in patients with drug-resistant epilepsy
Authors: Yang Yujiao , Wang Jing , Wang Xiongfei , Tang Chongyang , Deng Jiahui , Yan Zhaofen , Deng Qinqin , Chen Dong , Zhou Jian , Guan Yuguang , Wang Mengyang , Li Tianfu , Luan Guoming
Published: September 2024

Background:

Drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE) affects approximately one-third of epilepsy patients who do not achieve adequate seizure control with medication. Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is an adjunctive therapy for DRE, but its long-term effects on cortical excitability remain unclear.

Objectives:

This study aims to elucidate the long-term effects of VNS on electroencephalography (EEG) aperiodic components in patients with DRE. Our objective is to identify biomarkers that can serve as indicators of therapeutic efficacy and provide mechanistic insights into the underlying neural processes.

Design:

This longitudinal observational study focused on patients with DRE undergoing VNS therapy at Sanbo Brain Hospital. The reduction in seizure frequency rates was quantified over short-term (⩽1 year), medium-term (1–3 years), and long-term (⩾3 years) intervals to assess the therapeutic efficacy of VNS. Both the periodic and aperiodic components of EEG data were analyzed.

Methods:

Advanced signal processing techniques were utilized to parameterize the periodic and aperiodic components of EEG data, focusing particularly on “offset” and “exponent.” These measures were compared before and after VNS therapy. Correlation analyses were conducted to explore the relationship between these EEG parameters and clinical outcomes.

Results:

In all, 18 patients with DRE participated in this study. During the long-term follow-up period, the responder rate was 55.56%. Significant decreases were observed in aperiodic offset ( p = 0.022) and exponent ( p = 0.039) among responders. The impact of age on these results was not significant. Correlation analyses revealed a negative association between therapeutic efficacy and a decrease in offset ( R = −0.546, p = 0.019) and exponent ( R = −0.636, p = 0.019).

Conclusion:

EEG aperiodic parameters, including offset and exponent, have the potential to serve as promising biomarkers for evaluating the efficacy of VNS. An understanding of the regulatory influence of VNS on cortical excitability through these aperiodic parameters could provide a basis for the development of more effective stimulation parameters and therapeutic strategies.
A peer-to-peer infection prevention and control programme in neglected settings: The case of home care and nursing homes in North Italy
Authors: Ronco Monica , Odasmini Bruna , Chiappinotto Stefania , Palese Alvisa
Published: September 2024

Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) are an increasing concern and educational programmes may increase healthcare professionals’ adherence to infection prevention and control (IPC) guidelines. However, despite evidence regarding the effectiveness of peer-to-peer educational programmes, to our knowledge, no studies have been conducted in non-hospital settings. A post-intervention pilot study based on peer-to-peer meetings on HAI topics in home care and nursing homes was conducted. A survey was administered to eligible nurses willing to participate, collecting socio-demographic data, the perceived effectiveness and quality of the programme, and the topics for future meetings. Twelve ‘ Pills of Prevention’ seminars were held, enrolling 115 nurses and nursing aides. Of the 115 participants, 81 (70.4%) were eligible and 31 (38.2%) completed the survey. Participants found tangible changes in the clinical settings mostly at the individual level, with bundles/checklists delivered during the meetings mostly being used in everyday practice. Regarding the perceived quality, the overall satisfaction with the programme was high due to the opportunity to ‘freely share own opinions’ and the ‘appropriateness of selected topics’. ‘Bundles/checklists’ were seen as the most interesting topics to prioritize in the future among home care nurses, while HAIs in COVID-19 patients were the least. A community-based peer-to-peer programme, still neglected in terms of HAIs’ continuing education strategies, is appreciated and may produce benefits both at the individual and the group level.
Characterization of human lightness discrimination thresholds for independent spectral variations
Authors: Reynolds Devin , Singh Vijay
Published: September 2024

The lightness of an object is an intrinsic property that depends on its surface reflectance spectrum. The visual system estimates an object's lightness from the light reflected off its surface. However, the reflected light also depends on object extrinsic properties of the scene, such as the light source. For stable perception, the visual system needs to discount the variations due to the object extrinsic properties. We characterize this perceptual stability for variation in two spectral properties of the scene: the reflectance spectra of background objects and the intensity of light sources. We measure human observers’ thresholds of discriminating computer-generated images of 3D scenes based on the lightness of a spherical target object in the scene. We measured change in discrimination thresholds as we varied the reflectance spectra of the objects and the intensity of the light sources in the scene, both individually and simultaneously. For small amounts of extrinsic variations, the discrimination thresholds remained nearly constant indicating that the thresholds were dominated by observers’ intrinsic representation of lightness. As extrinsic variation increased, it started affecting observers’ lightness judgment and the thresholds increased. We estimated that the effects of extrinsic variations were comparable to observers’ intrinsic variation in the representation of object lightness. Moreover, for simultaneous variation of these spectral properties, the increase in threshold squared compared to the no-variation condition was a linear sum of the corresponding increase in threshold squared for the individual properties, indicating that the variations from these independent sources combine linearly.
There is no one size fits all: Elements of implementing virtual bike rides to address loneliness in people living with dementia
Authors: Budak Kübra Beliz , Heins. Pascale , Uribe Franziska Laporte , Felding Simone Anna , Roes Martina
Published: September 2024

Objective

This study aimed to identify factors that hinder or facilitate the implementation of an exergaming technology, SilverFit Mile, which offers virtual cycling, for nursing home residents with dementia in and its potential impact on feelings of loneliness.

Methods

The study followed a descriptive qualitative approach using semi structured interviews with eight care professionals in nursing homes in the Netherlands and based on the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR). Thematic text analysis was used to analyze the interviews.

Results

We identified three main themes and twelve subthemes based on the CFIR. The main themes were residents’ personal characteristics, implementation factors, and loneliness. SilverFit Mile was more suitable for those familiar with cycling and those who enjoyed more solitary activities. Organizational factors such as staff's low digital literacy, lack of time, and need for training were found barriers to implementation, while facilitators included fostering social interaction.

Conclusions

SilverFit Mile was considered positively by care staff based on observations of persons living with dementia. We identified loneliness as a relevant outcome of SilverFit Mile implementation. We argue that SilverFit Mile can foster social interaction between residents and staff through reminiscence or the physical aspect of cycling. However, a better understanding of the connection between loneliness and the use of SilverFit Mile is needed. Overall, our research provides initial ideas about how exergaming technology might address loneliness in dementia.
Empowering Perpetrators and Letting Down Victims? Social Media and Gender-Based Violence in Zimbabwe During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Ndawana Enock , Chisambiro Tinotenda
Published: September 2024

This article examines how digital technology, especially social media platforms, shaped the risk of gender-based violence (GBV) in Zimbabwe during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. Informed by the social identity model of deindividuation effects theory and based on both primary and secondary sources, it argues that the use of social media influenced GBV in Zimbabwe in both negative and positive ways. The study mainly found that positively, social media was used to raise awareness, report GBV cases, and mobilize social, financial, and emotional support, as well as sharing survival strategies by GBV survivors and those who support them. Negatively, the use of social media empowered online GBV perpetrators by awarding them anonymity. It also promoted and propagated multiple cases of GBV, and perpetuated gender inequality. Another negative effect is that social media was inaccessible to all victims of GBV. The article concludes that the relationship between social media and GBV remains strong and complex. Therefore, there is a need to strengthen the opportunities offered by social media platforms in the fight against GBV and end the Zimbabwean experience during COVID-19 whereby social media empowered the perpetrators at the expense of the victims.
Platform Training and Learning by Doing and Gig Workers’ Incomes: Empirical Evidence From China’s Food Delivery Riders
Authors: Zheng Qi , Zhan Jing , Xu Xinying
Published: September 2024

This study focuses on the different impacts of platform training and learning by doing on gig workers’ platform income. Based on survey data of China’s delivery riders on the platform in 2020, via quantitative methods combined with the case study, it is found that the platform training is negatively correlated with riders’ incomes, while learning by doing is positively correlated with their incomes. Workers with a high level of platform-income dependence earn more than those with an average level of dependence under the same platform training, or learning by doing. Overall, the incomes of the former are significantly lower than those of the latter, where the difference is mainly due to unobservable factors. Both platform training and learning by doing significantly reduce the income gap. In addition, the instrumental variable and the propensity score matching approaches are introduced to handle the endogeneity problem, and robust results are obtained.
Dynamic Planes: A Classroom Competition as an Introduction to Leadership
Authors: Cotton-Nessler Natalie C. , Knott Melissa J.
Published: September 2024

This article provides an in-person class exercise for demonstrating key behavioral approaches to leadership (e.g., participative leadership and directive leadership) as well as transformational leadership. The exercise is an easy-to-administer and creative class competition, which many students enjoy and remember, and is suitable for all undergraduate class levels. Students learn to diagnose specific behaviors as illustrating leadership styles and can witness firsthand the resulting advantages and disadvantages of those leadership behaviors for teamwork. The exercise can also be used with other management concepts, such as problem solving. This article provides instructions and handouts for the exercise, a debrief guide for eliciting conceptual learning in leadership classes, and guidance for problem-solving classes.
Public Periodontal Screening Increases Subsequent Regular Dental Visits: The Life Study
Authors: Tamada Y. , Kusama T. , Maeda M. , Murata F. , Osaka K. , Fukuda H. , Takeuchi K.
Published: September 2024

Introduction:

A public oral health screening, periodontal disease screening, has been implemented in Japan, but it remains unclear whether screening encourages subsequent regular dental visits. This study aimed to examine whether people who underwent periodontal disease screening were more likely to regularly visit dentists after undergoing the screening than before using a difference-in-differences (DID) approach.

Methods:

This study used health care claims data of municipality residents who underwent periodontal disease screening in 2017 or 2018. For each screening recipient, 4 individuals were extracted from those who did not undergo screening as controls. In the DID analysis, we assessed the change in the proportion of dentist visits at least once every 180 d after undergoing screening.

Results:

A total of 4,050 participants were included in the analysis. The proportion of participants visiting dentists was consistent throughout the study period (approximately 45%) among the participants who did not undergo the screening. However, among the participants who underwent the screening, while the proportion who visited dentists was consistent before screening (approximately 60%), the proportion was higher after screening (1–180 d after, 81.2%). DID analysis indicated that the proportion increased by 12.9% after the screening. In addition, the age-subgroup DID estimates were higher in the younger population (aged 20–35 y, 13.9%; 40–55 y, 12.8%; 60 y, 12.6%).

Conclusions:

Among people who underwent periodontal disease screening, a higher proportion visited dentists after undergoing the screening than before, suggesting that periodontal disease screening was associated with an increase in subsequent regular dental visits.

Knowledge Transfer Statement:

Our results provide evidence that a public oral health screening could increase regular dental visits, which has the potential to improve and maintain people’s oral health, especially in the younger population.
Evaluation and Correlation of Radiological and Pathological Response Following Neoadjuvant Short-course Radiotherapy Followed by Chemotherapy Followed by Surgery in Resectable Locally Advanced Adenocarcinoma of the Rectum
Authors: Maulik Pansuriya , Sethi Jaskaran Singh , Pahuja Anjali K. , Antony Varghese , Bhushan Manindra , Singh Shivendra , Goyal Sumit
Published: September 2024

Background

The aim of this article is to evaluate radiological and pathological response rates and correlate them after neoadjuvant short-course radiotherapy (SCRT) followed by chemotherapy in resectable locally advanced adenocarcinoma of the rectum (LARC).

Materials and Methods

It is a single institutional, prospective observational study from January 2021 to March 2022 including 45 patients with resectable adenocarcinoma of the rectum. Radiotherapy was delivered to a dose of 25 Gy in 5 Gy per fraction using image-guided radiotherapy followed by mFOLFOX-based chemotherapy. After completion of 4–8 cycles of chemotherapy, tumor regression grade (TRG) was evaluated using magnetic resonance imaging and whole-body positron emission tomography. In case of a satisfactory response on imaging (mrTRG), patients underwent appropriate locoregional surgery. Histopathological examination of the surgical specimen was carried out and response to neoadjuvant treatment was assessed (pTRG).

Results

A significant downstaging of T and N stages (60% and 72%, respectively, p < .0001) was observed after neoadjuvant therapy with a pathological complete response rate of 16%. Conversion of positive circumferential resection margin (CRM) to negative CRM was observed in 71.4% patients. A poor agreement between mrTRG and pTRG ( k 0.133, p .16) was noted.

Conclusion

Preoperative SCRT in LARC is feasible and well-tolerated with encouraging radiological and pathological response rates. A significant number of patients achieve negative CRM, thereby improving the chances of R0 resection. Significant relief in pain and bleeding can be achieved rapidly leading to an improved quality of life.
Multidisciplinary management of adult patients with chylothorax: a consensus statement
Authors: Agrawal Abhinav , Chaddha Udit , Shojaee Samira , Nadolski Gregory , Liberman Moishe , Lee Y.C. Gary , Rahman Najib , Reisenauer Janani S. , Ferguson Mark K. , DeCamp Malcolm M. , Gillaspie Erin A. , Bedawi Eihab O. , Currie Brian , Feller-Kopman David J. , Desai Ajinkya , Yasufuku Kazuhiro , Bishay Vivian , Gesthalter Yaron , Grosu Horiana , Chick Jeffrey Forris Beecham , Lentz Robert , Kolli K. Pallav , Kaufman Andrew , Mehta Ravindra M. , Desai Kush , Davis Heather , Ghori Uzair K. , Maldonado Fabien
Published: September 2024

The management of chylothorax remains challenging given the limited evidence and significant heterogeneity in practice. In addition, there are no practical guidelines on the optimal approach to manage this complex condition. We convened an international group of 27 experts from 20 institutions across five countries and four specialties (pulmonary, interventional radiology, thoracic surgery and nutrition) with experience and expertise in managing adult patients with chylothorax. We performed a literature and internet search for reports addressing seven clinically relevant PICO (Patient, Intervention, Comparison and Outcome) questions pertaining to the management of adult patients with chylothorax. This consensus statement, consisting of best practice statements based on expert consensus addressing these seven PICO questions, was formulated by a systematic and rigorous process involving the evaluation of published evidence, augmented with provider experience. Panel members participated in the development of the final best practice statements using the modified Delphi technique. Our consensus statement aims to offer guidance in clinical decision making when managing patients with chylothorax while also identifying gaps in knowledge and informing future research.
Global Lung Function Initiative reference values for multiple breath washout indices
Authors: Ramsey Kathryn A. , Stanojevic Sanja , Chavez Luis , Johnson Noah , Bowerman Cole , Hall Graham L. , Latzin Philipp , O'Neill Katherine , Robinson Paul D. , Stahl Mirjam , Weiner Daniel J. , Zwitserloot Annelies M. , Horsley Alex
Published: September 2024

Background

Multiple breath washout is a lung function test based on tidal breathing that assesses lung volume and ventilation distribution. The aim of this analysis was to use the Global Lung Function Initiative methodology to develop all-age reference equations for the multiple breath washout indices lung clearance index (LCI) and functional residual capacity (FRC).

Methods

Multiple breath washout data from healthy individuals were collated from sites. Data were re-analysed using the latest software versions. Reference equations were derived using the lambda-mu-sigma method using the generalised additive models of location shape and scale programme in R. The impact of equipment type, inert tracer gas and equipment dead space volume on the derived reference ranges were investigated.

Results

Data from 23 sites (n=3647 test occasions) were submitted. Reference equations were derived from 1579 unique observations from participants between the ages of 2 and 81 years. Equipment type, inert tracer gas and equipment dead space volume did not significantly affect the prediction equations for either LCI or FRC. Reference equations for LCI include age as the only predictor, whereas sex-specific reference equations for FRC included height and age.

Conclusions

Global Lung Function Initiative reference equations for multiple breath washout variables provide a standard for reporting and interpretation of LCI and FRC.
Digital kiosks and inclusivity: a novel perspective on mobility hubs
Authors: Martinez Lluis , Garritsen Kelt , Baguet Jelten , Grigolon Anna , Münzel Karla , Keserü Imre , Geurs Karst
Published: September 2024

Mobility hubs facilitate multimodal transport and have the potential to improve the accessibility and usability of new mobility services. However, in the context of increasing digitalisation, using mobility hubs requires digital literacy or even owning a smartphone. This constraint may result in the exclusion of current and potential users. Digital kiosks might prove to be a solution, as they can facilitate the use of the services found at mobility hubs. Nevertheless, knowledge of how digital kiosks may improve the experience of disadvantaged groups remains limited in the literature. As part of the SmartHubs project, a field test with a digital kiosk was conducted with 105 participants in Brussels (Belgium) and Rotterdam (The Netherlands) to investigate the intention to use it and its usability in the context of mobility hubs. This study adopted a mixed methods approach, combining participant observation and questionnaire surveys. Firstly, participants were asked to accomplish seven tasks with the digital kiosk while being observed by the researchers. Finally, assisted questionnaire surveys were conducted with the same participants, including close-ended, open-ended and socio-demographic questions. The results offer insights into the experience of the users of a digital kiosk in a mobility hub and the differences across specific social groups. These findings may be relevant for decision-makers and practitioners working in urban mobility on subjects such as mobility hubs and shared mobility, and for user interface developers concerned with the inclusivity of digital kiosks.
Comparative immunohistochemical expression of Beta catenin and CD163 between dysplastic / non-dysplastic oral lichen planus and lichenoid lesions (EX-VIVO STUDY)
Authors: Saleh Heba Ahmed , Nabil Ghada , Badawy Sarah Ahmed Mohammed Mahmoud
Published: September 2024

Background

Oral lichen planus is a well-known chronic inflammatory mucocutaneous disorder, which has clinical and histological presentation that mimics oral lichenoid reaction. According to the fifth edition of WHO, both conditions are considered as oral potentially malignant disorders. Recent studies on oral potential disorders documented deregulation of some signaling molecules related to the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Therefore this study aimed to compare the immune expression of β-catenin & CD163 in dysplastic /non-dysplastic cases of Oral lichen planus & oral lichenoid lesion. In addition, a statistical correlation between both immune markers was done regardless of the type of the study group.

Methods

Four study groups were designated as 2 groups of Oral lichen planus (one dysplastic & one non –dysplastic) and the other 2 groups were oral lichenoid lesions (one dysplastic & one non –dysplastic). Ten cases in each group were collected and investigated by immunohistochemistry. The area percent of beta catenin and also counting of m2 macrophages expressing + CD163 marker was calculated in the study groups.

Results

The Statistical analysis highlighted a statistically significant difference between the studied groups. Moreover, Pearson correlation test reported a significant moderate positive correlation between beta catenin & CD163 expression in the studied cases.

Conclusion

Our findings supported new perceptions of the mechanism by which tumor associated macrophage specific β-catenin signaling promotes the aggressive behavior of oral potential malignant disorders.

Clinical relevance

Evidence of the relationship between beta catenin and M2 macrophages (+ CD163) may enhance the development of macrophage-based strategies for treatment and improve the prognosis of such cases.
A SRC-slug-TGFβ2 signaling axis drives poor outcomes in triple-negative breast cancers
Authors: Angel Charlotte Zoe , Beattie Shannon , Hanif Ezanee Azlina Mohamad , Ryan Micheal P. , Guerra Liberal Francisco D. C. , Zhang Shu-Dong , Monteith Scott , Buckley Niamh E. , Parker Emma , Haynes Shannon , McIntyre Alexander J. , Haddock Paula , Sharifova Madina , Branco Cristina M. , Mullan Paul B.
Published: September 2024

Background

Treatment options for the Triple-Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC) subtype remain limited and the outcome for patients with advanced TNBC is very poor. The standard of care is chemotherapy, but approximately 50% of tumors develop resistance.

Methods

We performed gene expression profiling of 58 TNBC tumor samples by microarray, comparing chemosensitive with chemoresistant tumors, which revealed that one of the top upregulated genes was TGFβ2. A connectivity mapping bioinformatics analysis predicted that the SRC inhibitor Dasatinib was a potential pharmacological inhibitor of chemoresistant TNBCs. Claudin-low TNBC cell lines were selected to represent poor-outcome, chemoresistant TNBC, for in vitro experiments and in vivo models.

Results

In vitro, we identified a signaling axis linking SRC, AKT and ERK2, which in turn upregulated the stability of the transcription factors, Slug and Snail. Slug was shown to repress TGFβ2-antisense 1 to promote TGFβ2 signaling, upregulating cell survival via apoptosis and DNA-damage responses. Additionally, an orthotopic allograft in vivo model demonstrated that the SRC inhibitor Dasatinib reduced tumor growth as a single agent, and enhanced responses to the TNBC mainstay drug, Epirubicin.

Conclusion

Targeting the SRC-Slug-TGFβ2 axis may therefore lead to better treatment options and improve patient outcomes in this highly aggressive subpopulation of TNBCs.
Factors affecting the accuracy of prehospital triage application and prehospital scene time in simulated mass casualty incidents
Authors: Carenzo Luca , Gamberini Lorenzo , Crimaldi Federico , Colombo Davide , Ingrassia Pier Luigi , Ragazzoni Luca , Della Corte Francesco , Caviglia Marta
Published: September 2024

Background

The contemporary management of mass casualty incidents (MCIs) relies on the effective application of predetermined, dedicated response plans based on current best evidence. Currently, there is limited evidence regarding the factors influencing the accuracy of first responders (FRs) in applying the START protocol and the associated prehospital times during the response to MCIs. The objective of this study was to investigate factors affecting FRs’ accuracy in performing prehospital triage in a series of simulated mass casualty exercises. Secondly, we assessed factors affecting triage-to-scene exit time in the same series of exercises.

Methods

This retrospective study focused on simulated casualties in a series of simulated MCIs Full Scale Exercises. START triage was the triage method of choice. For each Full-Scale Exercise (FSEx), collected data included exercise and casualty-related information, simulated casualty vital parameters, simulated casualty anatomic lesions, scenario management times, and responder experience.

Results

Among the 1090 casualties included in the primary analysis, 912 (83.6%) were correctly triaged, 137 (12.6%) were overtriaged, and 41 (3.7%) were undertriaged. The multinomial regression model indicated that increasing heart rate (RRR = 1.012, p = 0.008), H-AIS (RRR = 1.532, p < 0.001), and thorax AIS (T-AIS) (RRR = 1.344, p = 0.007), and lower ISS (RRR = 0.957, p = 0.042) were independently associated with overtriage. Undertriage was significantly associated with increasing systolic blood pressure (RRR = 1.013, p = 0.005), AVPU class (RRR = 3.104 per class increase), and A-AIS (RRR = 1.290, p = 0.035). The model investigating the factors associated with triage-to-scene departure time showed that the assigned prehospital triage code red (TR = 0.841, p = 0.002), expert providers (TR = 0.909, p = 0.015), and higher peripheral oxygen saturation (TR = 0.998, p < 0.001) were associated with a reduction in triage-to-scene departure time. Conversely, increasing ISS was associated with a longer triage-to-scene departure time (TR = 1.004, 0.017).

Conclusions

Understanding the predictors influencing triage and scene management decision-making by healthcare professionals responding to a mass casualty may facilitate the development of tailored training pathways regarding mass casualty triage and scene management.
Sex differences in symptoms following the administration of BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine in children below 5 years of age in Germany (CoVacU5): a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Moor Jeanne , Toepfner Nicole , von Meißner Wolfgang C. G. , Berner Reinhard , Moor Matthias B. , Kublickiene Karolina , Strumann Christoph , Chao Cho-Ming
Published: September 2024

Background

Sex differences exist not only in the efficacy but also in adverse event rates of many vaccines. Here we compared the safety of BNT162b2 vaccine administered off-label in female and male children younger than 5 years in Germany.

Methods

This is a retrospective cohort study, in which we performed a post-hoc analysis of a dataset collected through an authentication-based survey of individuals having registered children aged 0-<5 years for vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 in six private practices and/or two lay person-initiated vaccination campaigns. We analyzed the safety profiles of the first 3 doses of 3–10 µg BNT162b2. Primary outcome was comparison in frequencies of 4 common post-vaccination symptom categories such as local, general, musculoskeletal symptoms and fever. Data were analyzed according to sex in bivariate analyses and regression models adjusting for age, weight, and dosage. Interaction between sex and BNT162b2 dosage was assessed. An active-comparator analysis was applied to compare post-vaccination symptoms after BNT162b2 versus non-SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.

Results

The dataset for the present analysis consisted of 7801 participants including 3842 females (49%) and 3977 males (51%) with an age of 3 years (median, interquartile: 2 years). Among individuals receiving 3 µg BNT162b2, no sex differences were noted, but after a first dose of 5–10 µg BNT162b2, local injection-site symptoms were more prevalent in girls compared to boys. In logistic regression, female sex was associated with higher odds of local symptoms, odds ratio (OR) of 1.33 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.15–1.55, p < 0.05) and general symptoms with OR 1.21 (95% CI: 1.01–1.44, p < 0.05). Following non-BNT162b2 childhood vaccinations, female sex was associated with a lower odds of post-vaccination musculoskeletal symptoms (OR: 0.29, 95% CI: 0.11–0.82, p < 0.05). An active comparator analysis between BNT162b2 and non-SARS-CoV-2 vaccinations revealed that female sex positively influenced the association between BNT162b2 vaccine type and musculoskeletal symptoms.

Conclusions

Sex differences exist in post-vaccination symptoms after BNT162b2 administration even in young children. These are of importance for the conception of approval studies, for post-vaccination monitoring and for future vaccination strategies (German Clinical Trials Register ID: DRKS00028759).
Effects of different loads of Pinus pinaster Ait. litter and ash on the germination and growth of Cistus ladanifer L
Authors: Piñas-Bonilla Paula , Zavala Gonzalo , Pérez Beatriz , Luna Belén
Published: September 2024

Key message

Cistus ladanifer L. shows an extraordinary plasticity of germination and growth. Fire promotes the regeneration of C. ladanifer by triggering its germination through thermal shock as well as by enhancing its seedling growth through the addition of ashes. On the contrary, stacking of Pinus pinaster Ait. leaf litter may hinder seedling establishment, at least in the first months after germination.

Context

Pinus pinaster Ait. is affected by forest fires in the Mediterranean basin. Its extreme flammability is due to the high spatial continuity together with the massive accumulation of leaf litter. Cistus ladanifer L. is a species which is widely distributed in the west Mediterranean region where it can form vast shrublands and flourish under these pinewoods. Although high temperatures associated with the occurrence of fire trigger germination of C. ladanifer, knowledge on how other factors, such as the presence of litter on the forest floor or the ash left after the fire, influence germination and seedling growth is essential to improve land management plans.

Aims

The main objective of this study was to determine the effects of different loads of litter from P. pinaster and ash from their combustion on the germination and growth of seedlings of C. ladanifer.

Methods

Two experiments were carried out to assess the effect of heat shock (100 °C for 10 min) and two loads of litter and ash from P. pinaster (control, high and low loads of litter, high and low loads of ash) on the germination and growth after 2 and 4 months of C. ladanifer.

Results

Heat shock significantly increased the germination of C. ladanifer. In contrast, the addition of litter and ash had no effect on total germination but affected the growth of the seedlings coming from seeds exposed to heat shock. Litter treatments reduced biomass of 2 months seedlings and ash increased biomass of 4 months seedlings.

Conclusion

C. ladanifer is a species favoured by fire in different ways depending on the stage of regeneration. Germination is promoted by heat shock while seedling growth is favoured by ash nutrients. In contrast, pine leaf litter hinders seedling growth, although this effect disappears 4 months after germination. Alternative forest management practices to prescribed fires are recommended if preventing the spread of Cistus is a priority.
Coping with COVID-19: a prospective cohort study on young Australians' anxiety and depression symptoms from 2020–2021
Authors: Orozco Ana , Thomas Alexander , Raggatt Michelle , Scott Nick , Eddy Sarah , Douglass Caitlin , Wright Cassandra J. C. , Spelman Tim , Lim Megan S. C.
Published: September 2024

Background

Studies have shown that the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic negatively impacted the mental health of young Australians. However, there is limited longitudinal research exploring how individual factors and COVID-19 related public-health restrictions influenced mental health in young people over the acute phase of the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aimed to identify risk and protective factors associated with changes in individual symptoms of anxiety and depression among young Australians during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Methods

This prospective cohort study collected data on anxiety and depression symptoms of young Australians aged 15–29 years old using the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale short form (DASS-21). We delivered four online questionnaires from April 2020 to August 2021 at intervals of 3, 6, and 12 months after the initial survey. We implemented linear mixed-effects regression models to determine the association among demographic, socioeconomic, lifestyle and COVID–19 public health restrictions related factors and the severity of anxiety and depression symptoms over time.

Results

Analyses included 1936 young Australians eligible at baseline. There was a slight increase in DASS-21 anxiety mean scores from timepoint 3 to timepoint 4. DASS-21 depression scores showed slight fluctuations across timepoints with the highest mean score observed in timepoint 2. Factors associated with increases in anxiety and depression severity symptoms included LGBTQIA + identity, financial insecurity both before and during the pandemic, higher levels of loneliness, withdrawal or deferral of studies, spending more time on social media, and difficulties to sleep. Risk factors for only depression symptoms include unemployment during COVID-19 pandemic and being in lockdown. Living with someone was a protective factor for both anxiety and depression symptoms, pre-COVID-19 unemployment for depression symptoms, and older age and unemployment during the pandemic for anxiety symptoms.

Conclusion

These findings indicate that during the first year of the pandemic in Australia, there were significant changes in young people’s mental health which were associated with multiple demographic, socioeconomic, lifestyle, and lockdown factors. Hence, in future public health crises, we suggest more inclusive guidelines that involve young people in their development and implementation ensuring that their unique perspectives and needs are adequately considered.
Gender differentials in primary processing and market participation by mopane worm harvesters in Zimbabwe: insights from the COVID-19 pandemic phase
Authors: Musara Joseph P. , Bahta Yonas T. , Mapuranga Rangarirai , Musiniwa Fredy , Abu Hatab Assem , Owusu-Sekyere Enoch
Published: September 2024

Background

Gender disparities in access to inputs, markets, financial inclusion, and participation in strategic value chains are major developmental challenges in emerging economies. Participation in the edible insect value chain has become an essential source of income, food, and nutrition in some African countries. This paper uses a bivariate probit model to examine the gender differentials for primary mopane worm harvesters’ participation in primary processing and market participation during COVID-19 in Southeastern Zimbabwe. Using a structured questionnaire, the data were gathered from 393 primary harvesters in five purposively selected wards in the Gwanda District of Zimbabwe. This study examines the gender differentials for primary mopane worm harvesters’ participation in primary processing and market participation during COVID-19 in Southeastern Zimbabwe.

Results

Results show that women are likelier to participate in primary value addition to preparing for the lean season opportunities. There are gender differentials in the participation in markets during COVID-19. Results show a significant negative relationship between participants' ages and female engagement in mopane processing and a positive correlation with female involvement in lean COVID-19 season marketing. Male harvesters’ participation in the lean market during the COVID-19 pandemic was significantly correlated positively with age and education level, while the choice to participate in the lean market was negatively correlated with the dependency ratio.

Conclusions

Collaborative, community-centric, and gender-accommodative development of the mopane worm value chain is important. Focal issues are on supporting primary value addition for lean season market participation and during market shocks such as COVID-19. This can be a leap towards gender equality and improving livelihoods of women and men in mopane harvesting areas. The study recommends marketing and district-specific policies explicitly addressing mopane worm harvesting and marketing affects market participation and primary value-addition decisions.
Protection and Heat Insulation Performance Comparison using Insulation Formwork in Winter
Authors: Lim Myung-Kwan , Nam Kyung-Yong , Choi Hyeonggil
Published: September 2024

Concrete pouring in winter is critical to both concrete manufacturers and end users owing to the possibility of concrete damage due to cold weather. In this context, various methods have been used to prevent frost damage to concrete in winter, including adjusting the concrete mix using a chemical admixture and heat-curing with tents. Of these methods, the insulated-gang-form approach does not require concrete-mix adjustment via a chemical-admixture addition. Furthermore, its positive effect on the initial quality of concrete during concrete construction in winter has previously been confirmed. In this study, the power consumption of the conventional gang form was compared with that of the insulated gang form to evaluate the efficiency of the two protection methods. A thermal vision camera was used to examine the surface heat loss of the gang forms after concrete pouring. The insulated gang form significantly outperformed the conventional one through its significantly reduced power consumption and reduced surface heat loss. These findings can contribute to the standardization of insulated gang form application to concrete protection in cold-weather conditions.
Translation, cultural adaptation and validation of the Tamil version of the Cardiff Acne Disability Index (CADI) in Sri Lanka
Authors: Prathapan Shamini , Liyanage Achala , Logeeswaran Sailakshmi , Ratnayake Wathsala , Devapriya Lilangi , Perera Jennifer
Published: September 2024

Background

Assessment of QoL has become an essential component in the holistic care of patients with acne. The Cardiff Acne Disability Index (CADI) is used globally to assess quality of life (QoL) in patients with acne. This study was done to validate CADI in Tamil, as 90 million of the global population are native speakers and Tamil is an official language of several countries.

Methods

CADI was translated and validated into Tamil according to published guidelines. The Tamil versions of both CADI and Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI), was administered to 150 Sri Lankan young adults with acne. The clinical severity was assessed using the Global Acne Grading System (GAGS). Discriminant validity was tested by comparing the results of CADI with those of GAGS and DLQI, using reliability, validity, Cronbach’s alpha, and Spearman’s correlation coefficient measurements. Construct validity was assessed by factor analysis.

Results

70% were female, and the mean age was 25.1 (SD, 5.2). The majority (91.3%) had acne of mild to moderate severity when measured by GAGS. CADI-Tamil showed high internal consistency and reliability (Cronbach’s alpha coefficient = 0.83). The CADI total score showed a strong correlation (0.86) with that of DLQI. The correlation between CADI and GAGS was low, whereas CADI had a high and significant correlations with the DLQI. The construct validity explained 61% of the variability.

Conclusions

The CADI-Tamil is a reliable and valid tool for assessing the QoL of Tamil speaking patients with acne. This tool will help clinicians understand the patient’s perspective on acne.
Radiation dose in cardiac CT for preoperative diagnosis of children with congenital heart disease
Authors: Shahid Samreen , Ahmad Mehtab , Abqari Shaad , Shah Mudasir Ashraf , Masood Syed Yusuf
Published: September 2024

Background

One of the most common congenital conditions detected globally, congenital heart diseases, and CT techniques provide a high-quality and thorough presentation of heart anatomy, thoracic vasculature, and extracardiac structures, and hence, it is becoming a more popular non-invasive diagnostic imaging method for congenital heart disease. The drawbacks with CT imaging are the radiation exposure from repeated scans is also rising, especially in young patients. The present study is aimed to evaluate the radiation dose in gated and non-gated cardiac CT for preoperative diagnosis of pediatric patients with congenital heart diseases.

Results

A total of 111 pediatric patients with mean age of 7.47 years were prospectively included in the study. The mean value of “Effective dose (E)” for gated CT at $$100\;{\text{kV}}_{{\text{p}}}$$

100

kV
p

was found to be $$4.71\;{\text{mSv}}$$

4.71

mSv

which is higher than mean “E” of $$3.95\;{\text{mSv}}$$

3.95

mSv

observed for gated CT at $$80\;{\text{kV}}_{{\text{p}}}$$

80

kV
p

. The average value of “E” for non-gated technique was observed less than that of gated technique at both $$100\;{\text{kV}}_{{\text{p}}}$$

100

kV
p

and $$80\;{\text{kV}}_{{\text{p}}}$$

80

kV
p

. The multiple regression analysis shows that “E” is significantly dependent on $${\text{DLP}}\left( {{\text{mGy}}\;{\text{cm}}} \right)$$

DLP

mGy

cm

for both gated and non-gated techniques at 95% level of significance $$\left( {p < 0.05} \right)$$

p
<
0.05

. The Student’s t-test verifies that the mean value of “E” for both the techniques at $$100\;{\text{kV}}_{{\text{p}}}$$

100

kV
p

and $$80\;{\text{kV}}_{{\text{p}}}$$

80

kV
p

are significantly different at 95% level of significance $$\left( {p < 0.05} \right)$$

p
<
0.05

.

Conclusions

The effective dose received by pediatric patients is much higher when using ECG-gated acquisition with an average value of $$4.71\;{\text{mSv}}$$

4.71

mSv

and $$3.95\;{\text{mSv}}$$

3.95

mSv

at $$100\;{\text{kV}}_{{\text{p}}}$$

100

kV
p

, and at $$80\;{\text{kV}}_{{\text{p}}}$$

80

kV
p

respectively. Because low-voltage X-rays are more sensitive to high atomic number iodinated contrast media, the mean “E” for non-gated cardiac CT imaging at $$80\;{\text{kV}}_{{\text{p}}}$$

80

kV
p

  is $$2.26\;{\text{mSv}}$$

2.26

mSv

, and results in significant reduction of effective dose.
Contemporary management of traumatic cardiac arrest and peri-arrest states: a narrative review
Authors: Carenzo Luca , Calgaro Giulio , Rehn Marius , Perkins Zane , Qasim Zaffer A. , Gamberini Lorenzo , ter Avest Ewoud
Published: September 2024

Trauma is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide across all age groups, with traumatic cardiac arrest (TCA) presenting a significant economic and societal burden due to the loss of productive life years. Despite TCA’s high mortality rate, recent evidence indicates that survival with good and moderate neurological recovery is possible. Successful resuscitation in TCA depends on the immediate and simultaneous treatment of reversible causes according to pre-established algorithms. The HOTT protocol, addressing hypovolaemia, oxygenation (hypoxia), tension pneumothorax, and cardiac tamponade, forms the foundation of TCA management. Advanced interventions, such as resuscitative thoracotomy and resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta (REBOA), further enhance treatment. Contemporary approaches also consider metabolic factors (e.g. hyperkalaemia, calcium imbalances) and hemostatic resuscitation. This narrative review explores the advanced management of TCA and peri-arrest states, discussing the epidemiology and pathophysiology of peri-arrest and TCA. It integrates classic TCA management strategies with the latest evidence and practical applications.
Independent Media, Propaganda, and Religiosity: Evidence from Poland
Authors: Grosfeld Irena , Madinier Etienne , Sakalli Seyhun Orcan , Zhuravskaya Ekaterina
Published: September 2024

Exploring a drastic change in media landscape in Poland, we show that mainstream media can significantly affect religious participation. After nationalist populist party PiS came to power in 2015, news on state and private independent TV diverged due to propaganda on state TV, resulting in a switch of some of its audience to independent TV. Municipalities with access to independent TV continued to follow a long-term secularization trend, while municipalities with access only to state TV experienced a reversal of this trend. An online experiment sheds light on the mechanisms underlying the effect of exposure to independent news on religiosity. (JEL D12, D83, L82, Z12)
Working Remotely? Selection, Treatment, and the Market for Remote Work
Authors: Emanuel Natalia , Harrington Emma
Published: September 2024

How does remote work affect productivity and how productive are workers who choose remote jobs? We decompose these effects in a Fortune 500 firm. Before COVID-19, remote workers answered 12 percent fewer calls per hour than on-site workers. After offices closed, the productivity gap narrowed by 4 percent, and formerly on-site workers' call quality and promotion rates declined. Even with everyone remote, an 8 percent productivity gap persisted, indicating negative selection into remote jobs. A cost-benefit analysis indicates savings in reduced turnover and office rents could outweigh remote work's negative productivity impact but not the costs of attracting less productive workers. (JEL D22, J22, J24, J63, L84, M12, M54)
Unintended Consequences of Welfare Cuts on Children and Adolescents
Authors: Dustmann Christian , Landersø Rasmus , Andersen Lars Højsgaard
Published: September 2024

This paper studies the effects of a large welfare benefit reduction on the children in the affected families. The welfare cut targeted adult refugees who received residency in Denmark, and it reduced their disposable income by 30 percent on average over the first five years. We show that children exposed to the welfare cut during preschool and school-age obtained lower GPAs, experienced reduced well-being and overall education levels, and suffered lower employment and earnings as adults. Children in their teens at exposure faced large increases in conviction probabilities for violent and property crimes. (JEL I26, I31, I38, J13, J15, J31, K42)