bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Research on Fast Face Feature Points Detection on Smart Mobile Devices
Authors: Li Xiaohe , Zhang Xingming , Wang Haoxiang
Published: February 2018

We explore how to leverage the performance of face feature points detection on mobile terminals from 3 aspects. First, we optimize the models used in SDM algorithms via PCA and Spectrum Clustering. Second, we propose an evaluation criterion using Linear Discriminative Analysis to choose the best local feature descriptions which plays a critical role in feature points detection. Third, we take advantage of multicore architecture of mobile terminal and parallelize the optimized SDM algorithm to improve the efficiency further. The experiment observations show that our final accomplished GPC‐SDM (improved Supervised Descent Method using spectrum clustering, PCA, and GPU acceleration) suppresses the memory usage, which is beneficial and efficient to meet the real‐time requirements.
Outcomes of Different Methods for Analysis of Biliary Brush Cytology and of Factors Associated with Positive Diagnosis in an Age-Dependent Retrospective Review
Authors: Costa Mariana , Canena Jorge , Mascarenhas-Lemos Luís , Loureiro Rafaela , Silva Mário , Carvalho Diana , Capela Tiago , Russo Pedro , Ramos Gonçalo , Mateus-Dias António , Ferraz-Oliveira Mário , Veiga Pedro Mota , Coimbra João
Published: February 2018

Background and Aims: Brush cytology during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is the most frequently used strategy for obtaining a tissue sample from an indeterminate biliary stricture. A recent study reported that age is a factor associated with positive yields, but further analysis of how age influences the results was lacking. We aimed to evaluate clinical effectiveness of biliary cytology and prognostic factors for a positive outcome, especially age. Methods: This study was a single-center, retrospective, clinical study of 77 consecutive patients who underwent brush cytology during ERCP to obtain a diagnosis of an indeterminate biliary stricture. We compared 2 routine cytology techniques: A (smear); B (centrifugation of the cytological material collected and the cut-off brush + cell block when sufficient amount of material was available). The data were collected aiming to compare the accuracy of the different techniques used and the prognostic factors affecting the outcome, with a particular focus on age. The yield for brush cytology was compared with the gold standard defined as either definitive histology or the long-term clinical course. Results: The overall accuracy of the 2 used methods was 75.3%. Sensitivity was 52.5%, specificity was 100%, positive predictive value was 100%, and negative predictive value was 66.1%. Although not statistically significant, there was a trend toward accuracy for method B compared with method A (80.4 vs. 65.4%; p = 0.153). Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that younger age was the only independent prognostic factor associated with a positive diagnosis (OR 0.95; 95% CI 0.90–0.99; p = 0.039). Receiver operating characteristic curves for age yielded an area under the curve value of 68.2%. On the basis of the Youden index, 69 years was found to be the optimal cutoff for age. Conclusions: In this series, the accuracy of routine biliary brush cytology was not equal for all methods and ages; in particular, younger patients (below 69 years) tended to have a higher probability of a correct diagnosis.
Palmitic Acid-Induced Podocyte Apoptosis via the Reactive Oxygen Species-Dependent Mitochondrial Pathway
Authors: Liu Ting , Chen Xue-mei , Sun Ji-ye , Jiang Xu-shun , Wu Yue , Yang Shan , Huang Hui-zhe , Ruan Xiong-zhong , Du Xiao-gang
Published: February 2018

Background/Aims: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is often accompanied by hyperlipidemia, which accelerates progression of the disease. Podocyte injury can lead to dysfunction of the glomerular filtration barrier, which is associated with proteinuria, a risk marker for the progression of CKD. Our previous studies demonstrated that palmitic acid (PA) can induce podocyte apoptosis; however, the underlying mechanisms are unclear. In the present study, we investigated the specific molecular mechanisms of PA-induced apoptosis in cultured podocytes. Methods: We cultured mouse podocytes and treated them with PA. Then, cell viability was measured using the Cell Counting Kit-8 colorimetric assay, lipid uptake was assessed by Oil Red O staining and boron-dipyrromethene staining, apoptosis was measured by flow cytometry, mitochondrial injury was assessed by JC-1 staining and transmission electron microscopy, and mitochondrial production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was evaluated by fluorescence microscopy using the MitoSOX Red reagent. The effects of PA on the mitochondria-mediated caspase activation pathway were investigated by examining the expression of caspase-8, cleaved caspase-9, cleaved caspase-3, cleaved poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), Bax, Bid, cytochrome c, and Fas-associated protein with death domain (FADD) using western blotting. The translocation of Bax and cytochrome c were detected by immunofluorescence. Results: PA treatment significantly increased lipid accumulation and induced podocyte apoptosis. We investigated whether the two primary apoptosis signaling pathways (death receptor-mediated pathway and mitochondria-mediated pathway) were involved in the execution of PA-induced podocyte apoptosis, and found that the levels of FADD, caspase-8, and Bid did not significantly change during this process. Meanwhile, PA treatment induced an increase in Bax protein expression and a decrease in Bcl-2 protein expression, with Bax translocation to the mitochondria. Furthermore, PA treatment induced mitochondrial impairment, and triggered the release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria to cytosol, with a concomitant dose-dependent increase in the levels of cleaved caspase-9, cleaved caspase-3, and PARP. Meanwhile, PA treatment increased mitochondrial production of ROS, and the mitochondria-targeted antioxidant mitoTEMPO significantly ameliorated PA-induced podocyte apoptosis. Conclusion: Our findings indicated that PA induced caspase-dependent podocyte apoptosis through the mitochondrial pathway, and mitochondrial ROS production participated in this process, thus potentially contributing to podocyte injury
Slow Gait Speed and Cardiac Rehabilitation Participation in Older Adults After Acute Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Flint Kelsey , Kennedy Kevin , Arnold Suzanne V. , Dodson John A. , Cresci Sharon , Alexander Karen P.
Published: February 2018

Background

Lack of participation in cardiac rehabilitation (
CR
) and slow gait speed have both been associated with poor long‐term outcomes in older adults after acute myocardial infarction (
AMI
). Whether the effect of
CR
participation on outcomes after
AMI
differs by gait speed is unknown.

Methods and Results

We examined the association between gait speed and
CR
participation at 1 month after discharge after
AMI
, and death and disability at 1 year, in 329 patients aged ≥65 years enrolled in the
TRIUMPH
(Translational Research Investigating Underlying Disparities in Recovery From Acute Myocardial Infarction: Patients' Health Status) registry. Among these patients, 177 (53.7%) had slow gait speed (<0.8 m/s) and 109 (33.1%) participated in
CR
. Patients with slow gait speed were less likely to participate in
CR
compared with patients with normal gait speed (27.1% versus 40.1%;
P
=0.012). In unadjusted analysis,
CR
participants with normal gait speed had the lowest rate of death or disability at 1 year (9.3%), compared with those with slow gait speed and no
CR
participation (43.2%). After adjustment for cardiovascular risk factors and cognitive impairment, both slow gait speed (odds ratio, 2.30; 95% confidence interval, 1.30–4.06) and non‐
CR
participation (odds ratio, 2.34; 95 confidence interval, 1.22–4.48) were independently associated with death or disability at 1 year. The effect of
CR
on the primary outcome did not differ by gait speed (
P
=0.70).

Conclusions

CR
participation is associated with reduced risk for death or disability after
AMI
. The beneficial effect of
CR
participation does not differ by gait speed, suggesting that slow gait speed alone should not preclude referral to
CR
for older adults after
AMI
.
Patient‐Reported Outcomes in Relation to Continuously Monitored Rhythm Before and During 2 Years After Atrial Fibrillation Ablation Using a Disease‐Specific and a Generic Instrument
Authors: Björkenheim Anna , Brandes Axel , Magnuson Anders , Chemnitz Alexander , Edvardsson Nils , Poçi Dritan
Published: February 2018

Background

Atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation improves patient‐reported outcomes, irrespective of mode of intermittent rhythm monitoring. We evaluated the use of an AF‐specific and a generic patient‐reported outcomes instrument during continuous rhythm monitoring 2 years after AF ablation.

Methods and Results

Fifty‐four patients completed the generic 36‐Item Short‐Form Health Survey and the AF‐specific AF6 questionnaires before and 6, 12, and 24 months after AF ablation. All patients underwent continuous ECG monitoring via an implantable loop recorder. The generic patient‐reported outcomes scores were compared with those of a Swedish age‐ and sex‐matched population. After ablation, both summary scores reached normative levels at 24 months, while role‐physical and vitality remained lower than norms. Responders to ablation (AF burden <0.5%) reached the norms in all individual 36‐Item Short‐Form Health Survey domains, while nonresponders (AF burden >0.5%) reached norms only in social functioning and mental component summary. All AF6 items and the sum score showed moderate to large improvement in both responders and nonresponders, although responders showed significantly greater improvement in all items except item 1 from before to 24 months after ablation. Higher AF burden was independently associated with poorer physical component summary and AF6 sum score.

Conclusions

The AF‐specific AF6 questionnaire was more sensitive to changes related to AF burden than the generic 36‐Item Short‐Form Health Survey. Patients improved as documented by both instruments, but a higher AF burden after ablation was associated with poorer AF‐specific patient‐reported outcomes and poorer generic physical but not mental health. Our results support the use of an AF‐specific instrument, alone or in combination with a generic instrument, to assess the effect of ablation.

Clinical Trial Registration

URL:
https://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT00697359.
Transient Alpha and Beta Synchrony Underlies Preparatory Recruitment of Directional Motor Networks
Authors: Rhodes Edward , Gaetz William C. , Marsden Jonathan , Hall Stephen D.
Published: February 2018

Modulations in motor cortical beta and alpha activity have been implicated in the preparation, execution, and termination of voluntary movements. The functional role of motor cortex beta activity is yet to be defined, though two opposing theories prevail. The idling cortex theory suggests that large-scale motor networks, in the absence of input, revert to an intrinsic oscillatory state. The alternative theory proposes that beta activity promotes postural tone at the expense of voluntary movement. These theories are primarily based on observations of event-related desynchronization associated with movement onset. Here, we explore the changes in alpha and beta oscillatory activity associated with the specific behavioral patterns during an established directional uncertainty paradigm. We demonstrate that, consistent with current proposals, alpha and beta desynchronization reflects a process of disengagement from existing networks to enable the creation of functional assemblies. We demonstrate that, following desynchronization, a novel signature of transient alpha synchrony underlies the recruitment of functional assemblies required for directional control. Although alpha and beta desynchronization are dependent upon the number of cues presented, they are not predictive of movement preparation. However, the transient alpha synchrony occurs only when participants have sufficient information to prepare for movement and shows a direct relationship with behavioral performance measures.
Mid-Atlantic AERAs Conduct Second Annual Hazardous Weather Conference
Authors: Smith David R. , Krayer William A. , Ginger Kathryn M. , Rosenthal Michael A. , Mulvany Jo Ann P. , Sanford Walter , Matkins Juanita J. , Harrell Loisteen E. , Smith Bonnie , Koester G. Jayne , Lees Richard L. , Moore John D. , Vann Frankie C.
Published: February 2018

Project ATMOSPHERE Atmospheric Education Resource Agents (AERAs) from the mid-Atlantic states conducted their second annual regional workshop for teachers. The focus of this conference was hazardous weather. Over 150 educators from 10 states and the District of Columbia attended this one-day event held in Silver Spring, Maryland. The workshop included presentations by meteorologists and scientists from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the Environmental Protection Agency, private corporations, and universities as well as by the AERAs themselves. The presentations were designed to develop basic understandings about hazardous weather and to provide guidance about how to deal with its effects. The orientation of the program was hands on, including a number of activities for teachers to implement in the classroom. This conference demonstrates how educators and scientists can form partnerships to improve science education.
Seasonal Dependence of Coupling between Storm Tracks and Sea Surface Temperature in the Southern Hemisphere Midlatitudes: A Statistical Assessment
Authors: Zhang Li , Gan Bolan , Wu Lixin , Cai Wenju , Ma Hao
Published: February 2018

Two-way coupling between sea surface temperature (SST) variations in the midlatitude southern oceans and changes of synoptic-scale (2–8 day) eddy activities in the lower and upper troposphere throughout the year is investigated based on lagged maximum covariance analysis using reanalysis datasets from 1951 to 2000. Results show a strong seasonal dependence of the coupling, as characterized by the most prominent one in austral midsummer (January). On one hand, SST variations in austral late spring (primarily October) are likely to influence storm tracks in the following January. That is, significant warm SST anomalies in the western midlatitude areas of South Atlantic and south Indian Ocean could result in the systematic strengthening of the low-level and upper-level eddy activities, which is presumably attributed to the coherent intensification of the SST front and the lower-tropospheric baroclinicity. Particularly, interannual variability (a spectral peak at 4 yr) of SST in the western midlatitude South Atlantic in October could play a predominant role in driving the corresponding variability of the Southern Hemisphere storm tracks three months later. The timing of the discernible response of storm tracks is also discussed based on the preliminary results of sensitivity experiments. On the other hand, the strengthened eddy activities in January continue to induce the dipolelike patterns of SST anomalies in the midlatitude southern oceans. Those SST response patterns are, to the first order, determined by changes of the net surface heat flux. The anomalous Ekman advections in part driven by the storm-track changes also contribute to SST anomalies in the southern subtropical South Atlantic and the western midlatitude South Pacific.
The Effect of a Rhythmic and Sensory Motor Activity Program on Perceptual Motor Spatial Abilities of Kindergarten Children
Authors: Painter Genevieve
Published: February 2018

The twenty lowest functioning children in a normal kindergarten class were divided into an experimental and a control group. The experimental group was given a systematic rhythmic and sensory motor activity program based on nine movement areas of Barsch's Movegenic theory and on suggestions from Kephart. Significant mean gains were made by the experimental group in the expected areas of remediation, thus demonstrating the efficacy of such a program in a group setting within a regular public school kindergarten and suggesting the use of these methods in the amelioration of certain types of learning disabilities.
Experiences in Historical Research and Changes in Self Evaluations of Gifted Children
Authors: Werblo Dorothy , Torrance E. Paul
Published: February 2018

At the beginning of a short course on how to do research, three classes of gifted, high achieving sixth graders (35 girls and 34 boys) were asked to estimate their developmental curves on height, reading speed, size of vocabulary, and curiosity and to estimate the average for their grade and sex on each of these four variables. They were then taught some of the concepts of historical research and were asked to collect data from witnesses and records and to reestimate their developmental curves and the average for their grade and sex. Self evaluations of height were initially rather accurate and did not change significantly as a result of the investigatory experience. Self evaluations of reading speed, size of vocabulary, and curiosity were initially characterized by underevaluation. Self evaluations in all three variables reflected greater accuracy and favorableness following the experience in historiography.
A Diagnostically Based Curriculum for Psychosocially Deprived, Preschool, Mentally Retarded Children: Interim Report
Authors: Spicker Howard H. , Hodges Walter L. , McCandless Boyd R.
Published: February 2018

The development of a diagnostically based curriculum for a group of five year old, psychosocially deprived, mentally retarded children is described. The effects of the treatment on personal and social adjustment and on changes in intelligence and language are presented for the first year experimental and control groups following both their kindergarten and first grade experiences.
Assessment: Beyond Psychometry
Authors: Weiner Bluma B.
Published: February 2018

Traditional approaches to the evaluation of mentally retarded children have had limited usefulness, especially in the estimation of educability. A point of view is needed that can accommodate a continuum of relevant characteristics which obtain from childhood through adulthood and that are translatable into modifiable behaviors.
Training the Mentally Retarded in the Production of a Complex Product: A Demonstration of Work Potential
Authors: Tate Bobby G. , Baroff George S.
Published: February 2018

Mildly and moderately retarded residents of a state institution for the mentally retarded were trained to assemble relay panels and similar psychological apparatus in a sheltered workshop. The function of the shop, training techniques, and some problems encountered, are discussed.
Mental Retardation and Blindness: A Complex and Relatively Unexplored Dyad
Authors: Guess Doug
Published: February 2018

Aspects of the multiple disability of mental retardation and blindness are reviewed. Discussion includes assessment, prevalence estimates, some typical behavioral characteristics, theoretical interpretations of their behavior, treatment considerations, and implications for future research and program development.
Reading Readiness and Eye Hand Preference Patterns in First Grade Children
Authors: Stephens Wyatt E. , Cunningham Ernest S. , Stigler B. J.
Published: February 2018

To assess the idea that mild neurological dysfunction, as evidenced by crossed eye hand preference patterns, interferes with the learning of reading skills, comparisons were made of reading readiness test results for 89 first grade children. Comparisons on the basis of sex and of eye hand preference patterns yielded no significant differences in levels of reading readiness. Findings suggest that minimal brain dysfunction theories may be unsuitable for explaining reading disability.
Recreation for the Mentally Retarded: A Summary of Major Activities
Authors: Sengstock Wayne L. , Stein Julian U.
Published: February 2018

Platform statements, objectives, activities, and special projects of the National Association for Retarded Children, American Association for Health, Physical Education and Recreation, Joseph P. Kennedy, Jr. Foundation, National Recreation and Park Association, American Association on Mental Deficiency, Boy Scouts of America, and Information Center—Recreation for the Handicapped are discussed in terms of their contributions to recreation and physical education programs for the mentally retarded.
Educating Intelligence: Determinants of School Behavior of Disadvantaged Children
Authors: Blatt Burton , Garfunkel Frank
Published: February 2018

This report discusses the effects of a two year intervention on preschool disadvantaged children, as found in a one year follow up. Research and experimental variables of a more or less controllable nature tend to obscure any clear cut conclusion as to the extent and quality of change in these children. It is certainly questionable whether existing standardized tests are appropriate with regard to either the intervention or the socioeconomic status of the children involved.
Short-Term Retention as a Function of Associative Strength and Retention Intervals
Authors: Hom George L.
Published: February 2018

The effects of association strength, retention intervals, and repetition of task on paired-associate acquisition by retardates were studied. 30 retardates with an MA range of 5.6 to 9.8 were divided randomly into 3 groups of 10 subjects each, corresponding to each of the retention intervals—zero seconds, 2 seconds, and 4 seconds delay of recall. 12 paired-associate pictures representing high, medium, and low association value were presented randomly to each subject. After each presentation, subjects were required to recall the response picture associated with each stimulus picture. The results showed that associative strength and retention intervals have a significant effect on mentally retarded children's retentive process. This study suggests that the factor of immediate feedback and the use of meaningful materials should play an important role in the educational curriculum and the teaching method with exceptional children.
Preparation of the Clinical Teacher for Special Education: 1866-1966
Authors: Schwartz Louis
Published: February 2018

Although the concept of clinical teaching is a persistently recurring educational theme today, reflecting the heritage of special education, it is hidden in the pattern of teacher education programs. In order to prepare the clinician educator for membership in a multidisciplinary and interagency team, it is necessary for the academic community to innovate an approach to teacher education curricula design and to modify academic administrative structure. Basic assumptions and requirements for implementation of a clinical teacher training program are presented.
Assessment of Children with Learning Disabilities
Authors: Lovitt Thomas C.
Published: February 2018

A behavioral method for the evaluation of children with learning disabilities is outlined within a four point assessment procedure: (a) baseline assessment, (b) assessment of behavioral components, (c) assessment based on referral, and (d) generalization of assessment. It is suggested that the reporting of behavioral information in a reliable, valid, and functional manner is of crucial importance. Only when assessment and subsequent remediation are based on direct and continuous observation of observable behavior can pupil and/or programing efficiency be accurately and immediately measured.
How to Make a Token System Fail
Authors: Kuypers David S. , Becker Wesley C. , O'Leary K. Daniel
Published: February 2018

A token system was instituted in an adjustment class of six third and fourth graders. The aim of the study was to examine aspects of token systems critical in making them effective. The results indicated a significant degree of improvement in behavior attributable to the token program, but when compared to the highly effective program reported by O'Leary and Becker (1961), it is apparent that an effective program requires more than tokens and back up reinforcers.
Transfer of Training in the Mentally Retarded: A Review
Authors: Drew Clifford J. , Espeseth Vernon K.
Published: February 2018

The research reviewed herein suggests that an increase in the efficiency of transfer occurs when (a) the retardate is relatively young; (b) a high similarity exists between tasks, such that a substantial amount of the training task can be transferred as a unit; and (c) meaningful pretraining of a general and varied nature is provided. The general nature of the verbal instructions provided the retardate also seems to influence transfer performance.
Temporal Sequence and Expressive Language Disorders
Authors: Monsees Edna K.
Published: February 2018

The performance of 28 children selected on the basis of poor intelligibility of oral language expression was compared with the performance of two groups of normally speaking children on ability to imitate isolated phonemes and on 6 additional tasks. The groups showed no significant differences in ability to imitate isolated phonemes. The language impaired group showed inferior performance on the 6 tasks, which involved repetition and blending of sequences of phonemes, words, and nonwords, and the making of same-different judgments of phonemes embedded in pairs of nonsense syllables. A qualitative difference in performance involving ability to perceive and utilize linguistic structural information was Shown.
Is off Campus Work Placement Necessary for All Educable Mentally Retarded?
Authors: Howe Clifford E.
Published: February 2018

A comparison was made of the postschool adjustment of two comparable groups of educable retarded persons; one group had off campus work experience and the other had a program limited to the school setting including on campus work experience. The results of the study indicated that those without off campus work experience were achieving as well as those who had been placed in work situations in the community as part of their high school program. The majority of both groups were making an adequate adjustment. It is suggested that on campus work experience may be adequate for the majority of the educable mentally retarded. The multiply handicapped and those who test in the lower IQ range of the educable retarded may be the ones who most need more intensive work experience.
Improved Learning Conditions in the Establishment of Reading Skills with Disabled Readers
Authors: Haring Norris G. , Hauck Mary Ann
Published: February 2018

Learning conditions were individually programed in a group setting to provide sequential arrangement of reading material and systematic presentation of reinforcing events to optimize each child's performance. Arrangements of reinforcing events were designed first to accelerate performance rate, then to maintain the high rate. When learning conditions were individually appropriate, each child averaged between 100 and 200 more correct responses every day and spent very few minutes avoiding reading. The students not only made more correct responses daily and worked longer, but also progressed in instructional reading levels from one and one-half to 4 years over 5 months of instruction.
Merits of Special Class, Resource, and Itinerant Plans for Teaching Partially Seeing Children
Authors: Stephens Thomas M. , Birch Jack W.
Published: February 2018

A review of pertinent literature concerning advantages and disadvantages of three organizational schemes for the education of partially seeing children is presented. Advocates of each plan have given arguments and pronouncements but little research evidence in support of their favored arrangement. Findings of recent studies are compared with the stated advantages for each pattern.
The Uniformity of Children's Attitudes toward Physical Disabilities
Authors: Alessi Daniel F. , Anthony William A.
Published: February 2018

A study by Richardson, Goodman, Hastorf, and Dornbusch (1961), reporting remarkable uniformity of children's attitudes toward physical disability, was in part replicated by the study reported in this article. The subjects, 42 physically handicapped boys and girls attending a summer camp, were asked to give their preference rankings of six drawings of children displaying the presence or absence of various types of disability. When the data were analyzed according to the statistical methods used by Richardson et al. (1961), the results of this study seemed to support their conclusions. However, additional analyses carried out on the present data suggest that the attempt to posit a basic cultural uniformity in the ranking of these six pictures may have been in error.
Color Blindness in Mentally Retarded Children
Authors: Schein Jerome D. , Salvia John A.
Published: February 2018

Recent studies of mentally retarded children have found substantially higher rates of color blindness than are usually reported for the general population. In 2 of these studies, sex differences in color blindness, invariably found in intellectually normal children, do not appear. Reanalysis of data from one of the studies of retarded children suggests the possibility that the high rates arise from the difficulty in comprehending the test and following the directions rather than from faulty color vision. However, even if the number of color blind retarded children is actually lower than these studies show, the need for research on this topic seems apparent. Using color dependent instructional materials with color blind, mentally retarded children may be detrimental.
Correlative Study between Reading, Laterality, Mobility, and Binocularity
Authors: Taylor Raymond G. , Van L. Nolde S.
Published: February 2018

The relationships among standardized reading scores and Delacato's measures of laterality, mobility, and binocularity in a group of 50 children from his clinic are presented in this article. Relationships are described for both the static condition at the onset of treatment and the extent of change during approximately 5 months of treatment. Significant static relationships were not observed; however, as mobility and laterality improved, reading also improved significantly. A brief discussion of the premises of therapy and the measures followed by Delacato is included.
The Affective/Cognitive Attitude Dimension of Teachers of Educable Mentally Retarded Minors
Authors: Schmidt Leo J. , Nelson Calvin C.
Published: February 2018

From one school district 40 men and 40 women teachers of educable mentally retarded students, grades 7 to 12, were randomly selected. Each teacher completed the Preferred Student Characteristic Scale which permitted the ascertainment of teacher attitude in terms of affective and cognitive goals. The purpose was to determine the effects of and interactions between teachers’ years of classroom experience, different secondary levels and experience with EMR's, and sex differences on cognitive/affective attitudes of teachers. Results were treated by analysis of variance. This study supports the view that special class teachers consider personal and social adjustment aspects of the educative process of major importance when compared to subject matter acquisition.
Evaluating Programs for Preparing Teachers of Emotionally Disturbed Children
Authors: Haring Norris G. , Fargo George A.
Published: February 2018

The premises from general education that have important implications for direct evaluation of professional trainees, teachers, and training programs in special education are presented in this article. They include the following: (a) the focus of professional training programs should be on the teaching process; (b) specific training objectives and evaluation procedures are 2 requisites for any training program; (c) direct evaluation of the teaching process is feasible; and (d) specific statements of criteria are prerequisites to research in teacher education.
Responses of Retarded Children on Three and Two Dimensional Visual Tasks
Authors: Bradley Betty Hunt
Published: February 2018

This study attempted to evaluate the performance of two groups of mentally retarded children on 3 dimensional objects and 2 dimensional colored pictures. A total of 30 mentally retarded children residing at the Columbus State Institute were divided into 2 groups paired on perceptual functioning in relation to visual motor tasks. The groups were also paired on CA, MA, and IQ. In random order, 180 objects and colored pictures (90 of each) were presented. Results showed that subjects with severe visual motor handicaps scored significantly lower than those who had minimal visual motor handicaps on identification of 3 dimensional objects and total scores. There were no significant differences on the picture scores between the 2 groups. Implications of these results in terms of the Gellner theory are discussed.
The Origins of Behavior Modification with Exceptional Children
Authors: Forness Steven R. , MacMillan Donald L.
Published: February 2018

The behavior modification movement has a noteworthy history in the education of exceptional children. Although the formal beginnings of the movement can be pinpointed in the first quarter of this century, its origins and techniques can be traced to much earlier periods. The efforts of several behavior modification practitioners in and peripheral to the field of special education are described in an attempt to put present day behavior modification programs in historical perspective.
A Review of Research: Reading and the Educable Mentally Handicapped
Authors: Cegelka Patricia A. , Cegelka Walter J.
Published: February 2018

This paper reviews the literature dealing with the importance of reading to educable mentally handicapped (EMH) children, the characteristics of EMH children which influence the acquisition of reading skills, and current approaches to teaching reading to the mentally handicapped. The implications of this research to the teaching of reading are summarized.
Behavior Modification: Limitations and Liabilities
Authors: Macmillan Donald L. , Forness Steven R.
Published: February 2018

The discussion concerns limitations inherent in the behavior modification paradigm and common misuses of the strategy by naive practitioners. The behavioristic explanation of learning often oversimplifies the human situation. Some pure behaviorists view motivation as extrinsic to learning and commonly separate the reward from the behavior. The separation may be justifiable in early stages of a shaping program, but desired behavior must come under the control of natural reinforcers as soon as possible. Various programs have been adapted to incorporate some of the evidence presented herein. Others have been less flexible, in which cases one can only speculate about the benefits derived by those whose behavior was modified.
Sense of clubhouse community belonging and empowerment
Authors: Tanaka Kimiko , Davidson Larry , Craig Thomas J
Published: February 2018

Background:

While the neighborhood community literature well documents a link between participation in supportive and effective community groups or activities and empowerment, there is as yet little empirical evidence of this relationship in the context of community mental health programs.

Aim:

The primary purpose of the study was to examine the relationship between sense of community belonging and empowerment among members of mental health clubhouses.

Methods:

A secondary analysis using a hierarchical regression model was conducted on cross-sectional structured interview data collected through a self-report questionnaire from 102 clubhouse members from six clubhouses in the United States and Finland.

Results:

The results indicated that members’ sense of clubhouse community belonging positively contributes to their empowerment.

Conclusion:

Fostering sense of community belonging appears to be a valid approach to catalyze empowerment. Study limitations and future research agendas were discussed.
The Ethics of Fee Practices: An Analysis of Presuppostitions and Accountability
Authors: Danco Jeffrey C.
Published: February 2018

Psychotherapists, both inside and outside of the Christian community, have neglected discussion on the ethics of fee practices. Few ethical or practical guidelines exist to regulate therapists. In this article, the notion of financial sacrifice as a means to stimulate client interest in therapy is dismissed with empirical evidence, and the fixed fee schedule is compared to sliding scale payment. In addition, a preliminary attempt is made to integrate Christian principles with issues of professional practice: Therapists and churches bear a responsibility to minister to those in need, regardless of the ability to pay for services. One method of arranging equal availability of services and solvency of practice is discussed.
Double Standards in Frontline Decision Making: A Theoretical and Empirical Exploration
Authors: Raaphorst Nadine , Groeneveld Sandra
Published: February 2018

Drawing on status characteristics and double standards theory, this study explores how social categories may affect the standards tax officials use in evaluating citizen-clients’ trustworthiness, leading to differential evaluation. Whereas the street-level bureaucracy literature mainly focuses on the direct effect of social categories on officials’ judgments, this study shows how stereotyping in the public encounter could be much subtler and more pervasive than is hitherto studied. Based on semistructured interviews containing 40 stories of tax officials who inspect entrepreneurs’ tax returns, this study suggests that similar signals may indeed be interpreted differently for different social groups.
Coagulation Abnormalities in Fatal Cerebral Lupus Erythematosus1
Authors: Paterson A , Timperley W , Slater D
Published: February 2018

Two cases of fatal systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) with cerebral involvement are described. Both showed widespread microinfarction of the brain secondary to platelet and fibrin thrombi. There was no evidence of vasculitis. Anticoagulants and antiplatelet drugs may have an important role in the management of cerebral SLE.
Nutritional Status and General Immune Competence in Patients with Head and Neck Cancer
Authors: Brookes Gerald B , Clifford Peter
Published: February 2018

Anergy to 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) has been reported as a highly significant adverse prognostic immunological factor in several studies of patients with squamous cell carcinomas involving the head and neck. Patients with these tumours often present with concurrent nutritional deficiencies. This paper reports the findings of a prospective study into both the nutritional status and general immune competence of 53 such patients.

Analysis of the results has demonstrated a statistically highly significant positive correlation between nutritional status and both the delayed hypersensitivity response to DNCB, and the pretreatment total lymphocyte count levels. It is suggested that nutritional deficit may be a primary adverse prognostic factor in this disease group, with immunoincompetence a secondary phenomenon, and supporting evidence is presented. The consequent probable importance of nutritional status with regard to clinical trials, and the necessity for controlled studies to determine the possible beneficial effect of nutritional support on ‘cure’ rates, are discussed.
Arterial Sounds by Phases: An Object Lesson in Terminological Confusion?
Authors: Carlisle Raymond
Published: February 2018

Korotkov's name is justly attached to the arterial sounds but it was Krylov who described their variations as phases. Ettinger added a fourth phase and denoted the lower region in which sounds are absent, as well as the boundary between, as a fifth. Thus strictly ‘Korotkov phase 4’ and ‘Korotkov phase 5’ are incorrectly attributed. Further, the variable meaning of ‘phase’ has been perpetuated so that numbering it gives a false impression of precision. Aside from the, unambiguous, systolic pressure, we could better refer to ‘pressures at muffling or at disappearance of sounds’ and indicate which of them is measured - by the use of two strokes in recording readings, e.g. as 180/120/ mmHg or 180//110 mmHg respectively. Better still would be to measure routinely all 3 relevant acoustic divisions of the occluding pressure; and record in the form 180/120/110 mmHg for the example given.
Oral Complaints Related to Climacteric Symptoms in Oöphorectomized Women
Authors: Ferguson M M , Carter Julie , Boyle P , Hart D McK , Lindsay R
Published: February 2018

Numerous oral complaints have been attributed to the female climacteric including altered taste, a burning sensation and xerostomia. However, the data relating these symptoms to the climacteric require elucidation as there have been no adequately controlled studies. In the present investigation, a group of 145 oöphorectomized women were followed for one year. Approximately half were treated with oestrogen replacement and the remainder with a placebo. The results indicate that the hormone had no direct effect upon the oral symptoms but that there was a general increase in somatic complaints which appeared to be related to the degree of neurosis experienced. This is turn can be attributed to vasomotor changes which are under the control of oestrogen.
Abdominal Wound Closure: Choice of Suture
Authors: Bucknall T E
Published: February 2018

Experiments were designed to test suture materials for their use in potentially infected abdominal wound closure. The nearest to the ideal, at present available, is a monofilament nonabsorbable suture, the one tested being monofilament nylon. The suture retained adequate strength in the infected and noninfected state over a 70-day period. This is particularly important as infection has been shown to result in low wound strength in the early phases of healing. The monofilamentous nature of this suture represented an advantage when sutures were examined electronmicroscopically. Infected, braided sutures viewed for the first time by electronmicroscopy were shown to contain bacteria and polymorphonuclear cells, even after 70 days implantation. The normal absorption and encapsulation of these sutures was delayed by the presence of infection. Polyglycolic acid had marked strength when new but rapidly weakened after implantation. This together with slowed absorption in the infected state is a disturbing feature in terms of wound failure and sinus formation respectively.
Franco-British Disparities in Medicine
Authors: Reisner Colin , Andrews James
Published: February 2018

A questionnaire in French and English was sent to physicians practising geriatric medicine in France and the UK concerning certain aspects of their clinical practice. It also enquired of the doctors their place of practice, year of qualification, present position held, and in which part of the respective country they worked. Most of the answers reflect major divergencies in methods of clinical practice between the two countries. These answers are reported, highlighted, commented on, and speculation made of the possible reasons for the differences. We feel that international questionnaires are a useful way of alerting doctors to areas of practice which are falsely assumed to be correct; they may also reveal the possible basic solutions to common clinical problems.
Effect of Inhaled Alpha-Blocker on Airflow Obstruction in Asthma1
Authors: Britton John , Ayres Jon , Cochrane G M
Published: February 2018

A controlled study of the effect on airflow obstruction of 30 mg of the alpha-blocker thymoxamine given by inhalation is reported in 10 patients with chronic stable asthma. No significant change in peak expiratory flow rate was seen with either thymoxamine or placebo in any patient. Alpha-adrenergic receptors are therefore unlikely to contribute significantly to resting bronchomotor tone in chronic stable asthma.
Early Management of Laryngeal Injuries
Authors: Maran A G D , Murray J A M , Stell P M , Tucker A
Published: February 2018

The results of acute laryngeal trauma sustained by 44 patients are reported. Three major aetiological groups are identified: road traffic accidents, blunt injury and penetrating injury. Road traffic accidents appear to produce severe injury, but the long-term follow-up results are similar to those laryngeal injuries which were not recognized initially and who developed a chronic stenosis. The blunt injury group sustained less forceful trauma; 14 of the 18 were treated conservatively and all patients had a good result. The majority of the penetrating injury group developed good breathing and a good voice following operation. Some of the technical expertise normally used to treat chronic laryngeal stenosis has been included in this series to good effect.
Clinical Transplantation of the Heart: A Review of 13 Years’ Personal Experience1
Authors: Barnard Christiaan N , Cooper D K C
Published: February 2018

The results of the heart transplantation operations performed personally by one surgeon (CNB) at Groote Schuur Hospital between 1967 and 1980 are reviewed. Of 9 orthotopic transplants performed between 1967 and 1973, 4 survived for more than one year and 2 remain alive today twelve and ten years later. Of 11 heterotopic transplants performed since 1974, one-year patient survival has been 82%, though one patient survived on his own heart after irreversible graft rejection. Three of the original 4 patients remain alive over five years later. These results are rather better than the overall results of our unit, where a total of 37 heterotopic transplants has been performed; the possible reasons for this are discussed. One patient, previously unreported, who underwent transplantation of the heart and both lungs in 1971, died after 23 days from pulmonary complications. Heterotopic transplantation using a xenograft (baboon or chimpanzee heart) has been performed on two occasions as a means of temporary circulatory support in patients with acutely failing hearts when no human donor was available. The chimpanzee heart supported the circulation satisfactorily for four days.
Experience with Single-Layer Rectal Anastomosis1
Authors: Khubchandani Moti , Upson James
Published: February 2018

Anastomotic dehiscence following resection of the large intestine is a serious complication. Satisfactory results of single-layer anastomosis depend upon meticulous technique and a scrupulously clean colon. Out of 65 single-layer anastomoses involving the rectum, significant leakage occurred in 4 patients. The results are reported in order to draw attention to the safety and efficacy of one-layer anastomosis.
Analysis of all New Cases Seen in a Busy Regional Centre Ophthalmic Casualty Department during 24-Week Period
Authors: Vernon Stephen A
Published: February 2018

A prospective study to record numerical data pertaining to diagnosis, aetiology, modes of referral and disposal of all new cases presenting to a busy city-centre ophthalmic casualty department was carried out between February and July 1981. No restrictions of access were imposed on individuals seeking medical advice. Of the 10 575 patient visits, 7113 were classified as new cases, of which 45% were traumatic in origin, 35% the result of inflammatory processes and 6% of an iatrogenic nature; many of this last group had contact lens-induced disease. An average of 63 patients was seen daily during the study period, although the variation was from 33 to 141. It is suggested that such a service can be highly efficient in terms of man hours per patient in the management of acute ophthalmic problems.
Effects of Anterior Temporal Lobectomy Apart from the Relief of Seizures: A Study of 40 Patients
Authors: Polkey C E
Published: February 2018

The effect of temporal lobectomy, apart from the relief of seizures, is described in 40 patients undergoing the operation and followed up for between 2 and 6 years. Changes in their intellectual performance and mental state are described, and the possible mechanisms of these changes are discussed.
Atypical (Endometrial) Carcinoma of the Prostate
Authors: Jurewicz W A , Whitaker R H , Brough W A , Wheeler T K
Published: February 2018

Three cases of atypical (endometrial) carcinoma of the prostate are reported. In the light of the uncertain response to oestrogen therapy, all three patients were treated with radical radiotherapy.