bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Improving participation outcomes and interventions in neurodisability: co‐designing future research
Authors: McAnuff J. , Brooks R. , Duff C. , Quinn M. , Marshall J. , Kolehmainen N.
Published: October 2016

There is an urgent, agreed need to improve participation outcomes and interventions for children and young people with neurodisability. We worked together with service users and providers to design research into participation outcomes and interventions in neurodisability. We built on existing evidence about participation outcomes and interventions and the WHO International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health. We: (1) specified seven participation outcome categories for measurement; (2) prioritized these for improvement: self‐care, friends and social, and physical activity ranked the highest; (3) identified 11 potential intervention categories for targeting the top priority, self‐care, through eight hypothesized change mechanisms and agreed for the interventions to be delivered as a ‘Menu of Interventions’ for personalized self‐care support; and (4) designed a before‐and‐after mixed methods feasibility study to evaluate the Menu with children and young people (0–12 years) and their parents and therapists.
Implant survival following sinus membrane elevation without grafting and immediate implant installation with a one‐stage technique: an up‐to‐40‐month evaluation
Authors: Stefanski Sebastian , Svensson Börje , Thor Andreas
Published: October 2016

Purpose

Various augmentation procedures involving the maxillary sinus, using bone substitutes or bone, have been used to enhance bone support for dental implants. The aim of this study was to retrospectively evaluate the status of implants in patients who had undergone a maxillary sinus lift and immediate implant placement without the addition of graft material.

Materials and Methods

Nineteen patients who had required bone augmentation of their maxillary sinus floor were evaluated in this study. After a bone window in the lateral wall of the sinus has been prepared and the Schneiderian membrane had been carefully elevated, dental implants were inserted in the residual bone, creating a membrane elevation. Resorbable collagenous membrane was used to seal the lateral access window of the maxillary sinus after implant placement. Clinical and radiological follow‐up was carried out up to 40 months after implant installation.

Results

A total of 28 implants in lengths of 10 and 12 mm were placed in a one‐stage healing protocol, with an average residual bone height of 5.25 mm (SD = 1.48). All implants remained stable, with a survival rate of 100%. An increase in mean bone height of 4.75 mm (SD = 1.13) was gained. The marginal bone levels relative to the coronal aspect of the implant shoulder exhibited a mean change of 1.01 mm (SD = 0.49) from the baseline. Of the 19 patients, none showed a plaque index or gingival index greater than 2, and 14 patients showed no presence of plaque.

Conclusion

The findings of the study regarding the immediate placement of implants without the use of bone grafts or other bone substitute materials demonstrate a successful approach for new bone formation around implants in the posterior part of the maxilla, when the preoperative height of the subantral bone is moderate and enough to achieve primary stability.
A roadmap for knowledge exchange and mobilization research in conservation and natural resource management
Authors: Nguyen Vivian M. , Young Nathan , Cooke Steven J.
Published: October 2016

Scholars across all disciplines have long been interested in how knowledge moves within and beyond their community of peers. Rapid environmental changes and calls for sustainable management practices mean the best knowledge possible is needed to inform decisions, policies, and practices to protect biodiversity and sustainably manage vulnerable natural resources. Although the conservation literature on knowledge exchange (KE) and knowledge mobilization (KM) has grown in recent years, much of it is based on context‐specific case studies. This presents a challenge for learning cumulative lessons from KE and KM research and thus effectively using knowledge in conservation and natural resources management. Although continued research on the gap between knowledge and action is valuable, overarching conceptual frameworks are now needed to enable summaries and comparisons across diverse KE‐KM research. We propose a knowledge‐action framework that provides a conceptual roadmap for future research and practice in KE/KM with the aim of synthesizing lessons learned from contextual case studies and guiding the development and testing of hypotheses in this domain. Our knowledge‐action framework has 3 elements that occur at multiple levels and scales: knowledge production (e.g., academia and government), knowledge mediation (e.g., knowledge networks, actors, relational dimension, and contextual dimension), and knowledge‐based action (e.g., instrumental, symbolic, and conceptual). The framework integrates concepts from the sociology of science in particular, and serves as a guide to further comprehensive understanding of knowledge exchange and mobilization in conservation and sustainable natural resource management.
Fractions We Cannot Ignore: The Nonsymbolic Ratio Congruity Effect
Authors: Matthews Percival G. , Lewis Mark R.
Published: October 2016

Although many researchers theorize that primitive numerosity processing abilities may lay the foundation for whole number concepts, other classes of numbers, like fractions, are sometimes assumed to be inaccessible to primitive architectures. This research presents evidence that the automatic processing of nonsymbolic magnitudes affects processing of symbolic fractions. Participants completed modified Stroop tasks in which they selected the larger of two symbolic fractions while the ratios of the fonts in which the fractions were printed and the overall sizes of the compared fractions were manipulated as irrelevant dimensions. Participants were slower and less accurate when nonsymbolic dimensions of printed fractions were incongruent with the symbolic comparison decision. Results indicated a robust basic sensitivity to nonsymbolic ratios that exceeds prior conceptions about the accessibility of fraction values. Results also indicated a congruity effect for overall fraction size, contrary to findings of prior research. These findings have implications for extending theory about the nature of human number sense and mathematical cognition more generally.
Do Bilinguals Automatically Activate Their Native Language When They Are Not Using It?
Authors: Costa Albert , Pannunzi Mario , Deco Gustavo , Pickering Martin J.
Published: October 2016

Most models of lexical access assume that bilingual speakers activate their two languages even when they are in a context in which only one language is used. A critical piece of evidence used to support this notion is the observation that a given word automatically activates its translation equivalent in the other language. Here, we argue that these findings are compatible with a different account, in which bilinguals “carry over” the structure of their native language to the non‐native language during learning, and where there is no activation of translation equivalents. To demonstrate this, we describe a model in which language learning involves mapping native language phonological relationships to the non‐native language, and we show how it can explain the results attributed to automatic activation of translation equivalents.
Prioritization of Marine Turtle Management Projects: A Protocol that Accounts for Threats to Different Life History Stages
Authors: Klein Carissa J. , Beher Jutta , Chaloupka Milani , Hamann Mark , Limpus Colin , Possingham Hugh P.
Published: October 2016

Project prioritization protocols are an important tool for allocating conservation resources efficiently, and have been applied to a range of species and ecosystems. Current approaches are inadequate when applied to species with distinct threats impacting different and/or multiple life history stages, such as sea turtles. We develop a model that integrates the benefit of any management project on a population by way of its expected population growth rate, including projects targeting different and/or multiple life history stages. To illustrate its utility, we prioritize projects for investment relevant to Australia's eastern population of Flatback turtle (Natator depressus). We rely upon expert‐elicitation to estimate individual benefit parameters, feasibility, and cost, and calculate the cost‐effectiveness of each project. The most cost‐effective project was not the most feasible, cheapest, or most beneficial. Our approach will help managers make efficient decisions that account for the full range of threats operating on a population.
Temporal course of avascular femoral head necrosis in patients with pemphigus vulgaris
Authors: Balighi Kamran , Daneshpazhooh Maryam , Aghazadeh Nessa , Saeidi Vahide , Shahpouri Farzam , Hejazi Pardis , Chams‐Davatchi Cheyda
Published: October 2016

Background and objectives

Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) is typically treated with systemic corticosteroids and immunosuppressive agents. Avascular necrosis (AVN) of the femoral head is a well‐recognized major complication of corticosteroid therapy. The characteristics of this serious complication in PV remain unknown.

Patients and methods

Uncontrolled, retrospective study of all PV‐related AVN cases diagnosed at an Iranian autoimmune bullous disease clinic between 1985 and 2013.

Results

Of the 2,321 medical records of PV patients reviewed, 45 (1.93 %) cases showed femoral AVN, with 30 (66.7 %) individuals being male. The mean age at diagnosis of AVN was 47.4 ± 14.2 years. The mean interval between the diagnosis of PV and the onset of AVN was 25.3 ± 18.3 months. With the exception of eight cases (17.8 %), the majority of patients developed AVN within three years after the diagnosis of PV. The mean cumulative dose of prednisolone in patients with AVN was 13,115.8 ± 7041.1 mg. There was a strong correlation between the total prednisolone dose and the time of onset of AVN (p = 0.001). In patients with a history of alendronate intake, that interval was significantly shorter (p = 0.01).

Conclusions

Occurring in about 2 % of patients, AVN is a serious complication of corticosteroid treatment in patients with PV, predominantly in the first three years of treatment. In individuals receiving higher doses of prednisolone, AVN tends to occur earlier.
Zeitlicher Verlauf der avaskulären Nekrose des Hüftkopfes bei Patienten mit Pemphigus vulgaris
Authors: Balighi Kamran , Daneshpazhooh Maryam , Aghazadeh Nessa , Saeidi Vahide , Shahpouri Farzam , Hejazi Pardis , Chams‐Davatchi Cheyda
Published: October 2016

Hintergrund und Ziele

Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) wird in der Regel mit systemischen Corticosteroiden und Immunsuppressiva behandelt. Avaskuläre Nekrose (AVN) des Hüftkopfes ist eine gut bekannte schwerere Komplikation einer Corticosteroid‐Therapie. Die Charakteristika dieser schweren Komplikation bei PV sind nach wie vor unbekannt.

Patienten und Methoden

Nicht kontrollierte, retrospektive Untersuchung aller PV‐bedingten AVN‐Fälle, die in einer iranischen Klinik für bullöse Autoimmunerkrankungen zwischen 1985 und 2013 diagnostiziert wurden.

Ergebnisse

Anhand der Krankenakten von 2321 untersuchten PV‐Patienten wurden 45 Fälle (1,93 %) von femoraler AVN identifiziert. Dreißig davon waren Männer. Das mittlere Alter bei der Diagnose der AVN betrug 47,4 ± 14,2 Jahre. Der mittlere Zeitraum zwischen der Diagnose des PV und dem Einsetzen der AVN lag bei 25,3 ± 18,3 Monaten. Mit Ausnahme von acht Fällen (17,8 %) setzte die AVN bei der Mehrheit der Patienten innerhalb von drei Jahren nach Diagnose des PV ein. Die mittlere kumulative Dosis von Prednisolon bei Patienten mit AVN betrug 13.115,8 ± 7041,1 mg. Zwischen der Prednisolon‐Gesamtdosis und dem Zeitraum bis zum Einsetzen der AVN bestand eine starke Korrelation (p = 0,001). Bei Patienten mit Alendronateinnahme in der Vorgeschichte war dieser Zeitraum signifikant kürzer (p = 0,01).

Schlussfolgerungen

Die AVN ist eine schwere Komplikation einer Corticosteroid‐Behandlung bei Patienten mit PV. Sie wird bei 2 % der Patienten beobachtet und tritt vor allem in den ersten drei Behandlungsjahren auf. Bei Patienten, die höhere Dosen von Prednisolon erhalten, setzt die AVN tendenziell früher ein.
Inzidenz von bullösen Autoimmunerkrankungen in Serbien: eine retrospektive Studie über 20 Jahre
Authors: Milinković Mirjana , Janković Slavenka , Medenica Ljiljana , Nikolić Miloš , Reljić Vesna , Popadić Svetlana , Janković Janko
Published: October 2016

Hintergrund und Ziele

Die meisten früheren Arbeiten zu den klinisch‐epidemiologischen Merkmalen von bullösen Autoimmunerkrankungen (AIBD) konzentrierten sich vor allem auf eine einzige Krankheitsentität oder nur eine Krankheitsgruppe; nur in wenigen Studien wurde die Inzidenz verschiedener AIBD untersucht. Bei der vorliegenden Studie war es unser Ziel, das gesamte Spektrum der AIBD zu betrachten, die Inzidenz der häufigsten AIBD zu ermitteln und die zeitlichen Trends ihres Auftretens in Zentralserbien über einen Zeitraum von 20 Jahren zu untersuchen.

Methoden

Wir rekrutierten retrospektiv 1161 AIBD‐Fälle, die in Zentralserbien von Januar 1991 bis Dezember 2010 neu diagnostiziert wurden. Die Diagnose stützte sich auf eine strikte klinische, histologische und immunhistologische Beurteilung.

Ergebnisse

Folgende Inzidenzraten wurden für die einzelnen Erkrankungen ermittelt: 4,35 pro eine Million Einwohner/Jahr (pME/Jahr) für Pemphigus, 4,47 pME/Jahr für Pemphigoid, 1,42 pME/Jahr für Dermatitis herpetiformis (DH), 0,25 pME/Jahr IgA‐Dermatose und 0,08 pME/Jahr für Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita. Im betrachteten Zeitraum stieg die altersbereinigte Inzidenzrate für Pemphigus und insbesondere für Pemphigoid signifikant an, während sie für DH, allerdings nicht signifikant, abnahm.

Schlussfolgerungen

Unsere Studie befasst sich zum ersten Mal mit den Inzidenzraten des gesamten Spektrums der AIBD in Serbien und untersucht die zeitlichen Trends ihres Auftretens über einen Zeitraum von 20 Jahren. Nach unserem besten Wissen wurde ein ähnlicher Befund wie der unsere, dass nämlich die Inzidenzraten von Pemphigus und Pemphigoid vergleichbar sind, bisher noch nicht publiziert.
Wells‐Syndrom
Authors: Weins Andreas Benedikt , Biedermann Tilo , Weiss Tina , Weiss Johannes Martin
Published: October 2016

Das Wells‐Syndrom, auch als eosinophile Zellulitis bezeichnet, ist eine seltene, sporadisch auftretende eosinophile Dermatose mit polymorphem klinischem Bild. Als typisch gelten entzündliche Erytheme oder Plaques an den Extremitäten, die initial als Erysipel imponieren können, unter antimikrobieller Behandlung aber persistieren. Die eosinophile Zellulitis ist eine Ausschlussdiagnose, die in Zusammenschau von klinischem Befund und charakteristischem histologischem Bild (Flammenfiguren) nur im Verlauf gestellt werden kann. Mit einer Vielzahl möglicher Triggerfaktoren ist die Ätiologie nicht geklärt. Die Beteiligung abnormer Th2‐Zellen, des Zytokins IL‐5 und aktivierter eosinophiler Granulozyten lässt eine unspezifische Hypersensitivitätsreaktion auf exo‐ und endogene Stimuli vermuten. Die häufiger vorkommenden chronisch‐ rezidivierenden Formen lassen sich durch Glukokortikoide günstig beeinflussen. Der Verlauf ist meist selbstlimitierend, ohne Residuen. Aufgrund von Übergängen in hämatoonkologische Erkrankungen sind Verlaufskontrollen angezeigt.
Quality of life after paediatric ischaemic stroke
Authors: Kornfeld Salome , Studer Martina , Winkelbeiner Stephanie , Regényi Mária , Boltshauser Eugen , Steinlin Maja ,   the Swiss Neuropediatric Stroke group
Published: October 2016

Aim

Paediatric arterial ischaemic stroke can lead to reduced quality of life (QoL). It is important to identify predictors of QoL to support recovery. We examined long‐term QoL after arterial ischaemic stroke concerning different variables.

Method

Children registered in the Swiss Neuropediatric Stroke Registry and suffering from arterial ischaemic stroke between 2000 and 2008 were included. Two years post‐stroke, assessments included intelligence quotient tests for cognitive impairment and modified Rankin Scale (mRS) for neurological impairment; 5 years post‐stroke, the Kidscreen‐27 was used for QoL, DSM‐IV criteria screening was used for attention deficits, and the ABILHAND‐Kids was used for manual motor skills. Age at stroke, sex, socioeconomic status, lesion characteristics, neuropsychological and motor outcome, and mRS were correlated with QoL measures.

Results

Seventy children were examined (49 males, 21 females; mean age 7y 2wks). Age at stroke, sex, socioeconomic status, and lesion characteristics did not influence QoL; IQ below average and attention deficits partially influenced QoL. The highest predictive value for QoL was found for manual motor impairment (p=0.002) and mRS scores (p=0.013). Combined motor, cognitive, and attention impairment negatively affected QoL (p=0.001).

Interpretation

Neurological and cognitive impairments after paediatric arterial ischaemic stroke negatively influence QoL. Children with motor and neurological problems, as well as those with combined motor, cognitive, and attention problems, are at higher risk for low QoL.
Effects of once‐weekly dulaglutide on kidney function in patients with type 2 diabetes in phase II and III clinical trials
Authors: Tuttle Katherine R. , McKinney T. Dwight , Davidson Jaime A. , Anglin Greg , Harper Kristine D. , Botros Fady T.
Published: October 2016

Dulaglutide is a once‐weekly glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonist approved for the treatment of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Integrated data from 9 phase II and III trials in people with T2D (N = 6005) were used to evaluate the effects of dulaglutide on estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR [Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration]), urine albumin‐to‐creatinine ratio (UACR) and kidney adverse events (AEs). No significant differences in eGFR were observed during treatment for dulaglutide vs placebo, active comparators or insulin glargine (mean ± standard deviation values: dulaglutide vs placebo: 87.8 ± 17.7 vs 88.2 ± 17.9 mL/min/1.73 m2, P = .075; dulaglutide vs active comparators: 89.9 ± 16.7 vs 88.8 ± 16.3 mL/min/1.73 m2, P = .223; and dulaglutide vs insulin glargine: 85.9 ± 18.2 vs 83.9 ± 18.6 mL/min/1.73 m2, P = .423). Lower UACR values were observed for dulaglutide vs placebo, active comparators and insulin glargine (at 26 weeks, median [Q1‐Q3] values were: dulaglutide vs placebo: 8.0 [4.4‐20.4] vs 8.0 [4.4‐23.9] mg/g, P = .023; dulaglutide vs active comparators: 8.0 [4.4‐21.2] vs 8.9 [4.4‐27.4] mg/g, P = .013; and dulaglutide vs insulin glargine: 8.9 [4.4‐29.2] vs 12.4 [5.3‐50.5] mg/g, P = .029). AEs reflecting potential acute renal failure were 3.4, 1.7 and 7.0 events/1000 patient‐years for dulaglutide, active comparators and placebo, respectively. In conclusion, dulaglutide treatment of clinical trial participants with T2D did not affect eGFR and slightly decreased albuminuria.
The Turnover‐Reducing Effects of the Minimum Wage may Harm the Economy
Authors: Geloso Vincent
Published: October 2016

This article surveys the literature on the effects of the minimum wage and argues that the observed reduction in turnover rates is not necessarily desirable. If a curvilinear relationship exists between firm productivity and turnover, the effects of the minimum wage on reducing turnover may create a distance between the actual turnover rate and the optimal rate. Consequently, even if we accept the proposition that minimum wages have little impact on employment, they may reduce productivity or job growth in sectors not directly affected by the minimum wage.
Pollution Havens and Their Relationship to the Environmental Kuznets Curve: The Case of the us Tyre Industry
Authors: McCollough John , He Miao , Bayramoglu Arzu Tay
Published: October 2016

The Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis suggests that, as a country's national income grows, environmental degradation subsides as the population demands a cleaner environment. On the other hand, critics of the Environmental Kuznets Curve claim that many polluting industries simply relocate offshore, where environmental compliance is less costly. They then export their products back to their previous home countries. This is known as the Pollution Haven hypothesis. This article demonstrates how pollution havens can falsely give the appearance of an Environmental Kuznets Curve by analysing lead emissions from the US automotive tyre manufacturing industry.
Predictors of left ventricular systolic function recovery in the setting of sinus tachycardia in patients with cancer
Authors: Hassan Saamir A. , Yusuf Syed Wamique , Sharma Jyoti , Khan Jasmine , Guindani Michele , Valero Vicente , Chavez‐McGregor Mariana , Banchs Jose
Published: October 2016

Objectives

To identify unique echocardiographic features that could be used to reliably predict LVEF recovery upon resolution of sinus tachycardia in patients with cancer.

Background

Sinus tachycardia may be a manifestation of underlying cardiomyopathy or can lead to a reversible form of dilated cardiomyopathy known as tachycardia‐mediated cardiomyopathy. While distinguishing the two can be challenging, predicting recovery regardless of cause can be of significant clinical importance in the cancer population.

Methods

Results of echocardiograms performed were collected. Patients with a repeat echocardiogram within 6 months of the initial echocardiogram were included. Patients with structural heart disease, acute coronary syndrome, sepsis, and pericardial disease were excluded. A comparison between baseline echocardiogram and subsequent echocardiogram was made to determine whether specific echocardiographic parameters predicted LVEF recovery. Two groups of patients were defined at the outset of the study. The recovered group was comprised of patients with reduced LVEF in the setting of sinus tachycardia and normal LVEF with resolution of tachycardia to normal sinus rhythm (NSR). The unrecovered group was comprised of subjects with low LVEF in the setting of both sinus tachycardia and NSR.

Results

A total of 40 patients were included in the study. LVEF in the recovered group (n=18) was 42.8% with sinus tachycardia and increased to 58.3% with NSR. Average LVEF in the unrecovered group (n=22) was 35.1% with tachycardia and improved to 38.5% with NSR. Medial TDI (E′) was significantly greater in the recovered group with both tachycardia (7.95 cm/s versus 4.56 cm/s, P<.001) and NSR (8.11 cm/s versus 5.13 cm/s, P<.001). Similarly, lateral TDI (E′) was significantly greater in the recovered group than in the unrecovered group during tachycardia (8.97 cm/s versus 5.13 cm/s, P<.001) and NSR (9.05 cm/s versus 5.13 cm/s, P<.001). Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that medial TDI >6.5 cm/s (OR=30.9, P=.001) and lateral TDI >7.8 cm/s (OR=52.5, P=.002) are positively associated with the probability of LVEF recovery.

Conclusions

In conclusion, TDI (medial E′>6.5 cm/s; lateral E′>7.8 cm/s) appears to predict LVEF recovery in patients with sinus tachycardia upon resolution of the tachycardia in patients with cancer.
THE TIMING OF WELFARE PAYMENTS AND INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE
Authors: Hsu Lin‐Chi
Published: October 2016

I examine transfer schedules for the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) program and find a causal relationship between the time directly after welfare payments and intimate partner violence against women. This study supports the hypothesis that the husband uses threats of violence as an instrument to gain control over the allocation of household resources, and suggests that the increased incidence in physical violence after welfare payments is associated with alcohol use. Additionally, I find that states that pay TANF recipients twice a month do not have this effect on threats of violence. This suggests that smaller, more frequent payments may reduce the husband's incentive to use verbal violence as a bargaining tool. (JEL I38, J18, J12)
Corporate Governance and Capital Structure: A Spanish Study
Authors: Granado‐Peiró Noelia , López‐Gracia José
Published: October 2016

This study explores the relationship between capital structure and corporate governance using a data panel of Spanish listed firms over the period 2005 to 2011. Specifically, two notable conflicts in the area of corporate governance have been analysed: (i) managerial ownership; and (ii) controlling shareholders ownership. Our findings confirm a non‐monotonic relationship between both managerial ownership and ownership concentration, and capital structure. In order to mitigate endogeneity concerns, a number of robustness tests have been performed. The empirical evidence obtained yields a number of implications such as the shareholders' need to monitor entrenched managers, the insufficient protective legislation to prevent the expropriation of minority shareholders and the desirability of examining corporate governance factors in order to better understand a firm's financial policy.
Individual, Group, and Environmental Influences on Helping Behavior in a Social Carnivore
Authors: Ausband David E. , Mitchell Michael S. , Bassing Sarah B. , Morehouse Andrea , Smith Douglas W. , Stahler Daniel , Struthers Jennifer
Published: October 2016

Variation in group composition and environment can affect helping behavior in cooperative breeders. Understanding of how group size, traits of individuals within groups, food abundance, and predation risk simultaneously influence helping behavior is limited. We evaluated pup‐guarding behavior in gray wolves (Canis lupus) to assess how differences in individuals, groups, and environment affect helping behavior. We used data from 92GPS‐collared wolves in North America (2001–2012) to estimate individual pup‐guarding rates. Individuals in groups with low helper‐to‐pup ratios spent more time guarding young than those in groups with more helpers, an indication of load‐lightening. Female helpers guarded more than male helpers, but this relationship weakened as pups grew. Subset analyses including data on helper age and wolf and prey density showed such factors did not significantly influence pup‐guarding rates. We show that characteristics of individuals and groups have strong influences on pup‐guarding behavior in gray wolves, but environmental factors such as food abundance and predation risk from conspecifics were not influential.
Fluid chemistry in the Solitaire and Dodo hydrothermal fields of the Central Indian Ridge
Authors: Kawagucci S. , Miyazaki J. , Noguchi T. , Okamura K. , Shibuya T. , Watsuji T. , Nishizawa M. , Watanabe H. , Okino K. , Takahata N. , Sano Y. , Nakamura K. , Shuto A. , Abe M. , Takaki Y. , Nunoura T. , Koonjul M. , Singh M. , Beedessee G. , Khishma M. , Bhoyroo V. , Bissessur D. , Kumar L. S. , Marie D. , Tamaki K. , Takai K.
Published: October 2016

Fluid chemistry and microbial community patterns in chimney habitats were investigated in two hydrothermal fields located at the Central Indian Ridge. Endmember hydrothermal fluid of the Solitaire field, located ~3 km away from the spreading center, was characterized by moderately high temperature (307°C), Cl depletion (489 mm), mildly acidic pH (≥4.40), and low metal concentrations (Fe ≤ 105 μm and Mn = 78 μm). Chloride depletion indicates that the subseafloor source fluid had undergone phase separation at temperatures higher than ~390°C while the metal depletion was likely attributable to fluid alteration occurring at a venting temperature of around 307°C. These different temperature conditions suggested from fluid chemistry might be associated with an off‐spreading center location of the field that allows subseafloor fluid cooling prior to seafloor discharge. The microbial community in the chimney habitat seemed comparable to previously known patterns in typical basalt‐hosted hydrothermal systems. Endmember hydrothermal fluid of the Dodo field, standing on center of the spreading axis, was characterized by high H2 concentration of 2.7 mm. The H2 enrichment was likely attributable to fresh basalt–fluid interaction, as suggested by the nondeformed sheet lava flow expansion around the vents. Thermodynamic calculation of the reducing pyrite–pyrrhotite–magnetite (PPM) redox buffer indeed reproduced the H2 enrichment. The quantitative cultivation test revealed that the microbial community associated with the hydrothermal fluid hosted abundant populations of (hyper)thermophilic hydrogenotrophic chemolithoautotrophs such as methanogens. The function of subseafloor hydrogenotrophic methanogenic populations dwelling around the H2‐enriched hydrothermal fluid flows was also inferred from the 13C‐ and D‐depleted signature of CH4 in the collected fluids. It was observed that the hydrothermal activity of the Dodo field had ceased until 2013.
Job polarization in European industries
Authors: CIRILLO Valeria
Published: October 2016

Job polarization instead of pure upgrading is emerging in European industries. This article focuses on polarization of the employment structure and contributes empirical evidence to explain patterns of occupational change in relation to four major groups: managers, clerks, craft workers and manual workers. Building on the structural approach, the author aims to analyse employment dynamics at the sectoral level and shed light on job polarization trends in Europe. Job polarization clearly emerges, mainly in service sectors, and in some European countries it is leading to a rejection of the hypothesis of skill upgrading sustained by the skill‐biased technical change paradigm.
Low Blood Pressure Is Associated With Greater Risk for Cardiovascular Events in Treated Adults With and Without Apparent Treatment‐Resistant Hypertension
Authors: Egan Brent M. , Kai Bo , Wagner C. Shaun , Fleming Douglas O. , Henderson Joseph H. , Chandler Archie H. , Sinopoli Angelo
Published: October 2016

Apparent treatment‐resistant hypertension (aTRH) may confound the reported relationship between low blood pressure (BP) and increased cardiovascular disease (CVD) in treated hypertensive patients. Incident CVD was assessed in treated hypertensive patients with and without aTRH (BP ≥140 and/or ≥90 mm Hg on ≥3 medications or <140/<90 mm Hg on ≥4 BP medications) at three BP levels: 1: <120 and/or <70 mm Hg and <140/<90 mm Hg; 2: 120–139/70–89 mm Hg; and 3: ≥140 and/or ≥90 mm Hg. Electronic health data were matched to emergency and hospital claims for incident CVD in 118 356 treated hypertensive patients. In adults with and without aTRH, respectively, CVD was greater in level 1 versus level 2 (multivariable hazard ratio, 1.88 [95% confidence interval [CI], 1.70–2.07]; 1.71 [95% CI, 1.59–1.84]), intermediate in level 1 versus level 3 (hazard ratio, 1.32 [95% CI, 1.21–1.44]; 0.99, [95% CI, 0.92–1.07]), and lowest in level 2 versus level 3 (hazard ratio, 0.70 [95% CI, 0.65–0.76]; 0.58, [95% CI, 0.54–0.62]). Low treated BP was associated with more CVD than less stringent BP control irrespective of aTRH.
Twenty Years of the EU‐Turkey Customs Union: A Synthetic Control Method Analysis
Authors: Aytuğ Hüseyin , Kütük Merve Mavuş , Oduncu Arif , Togan Sübidey
Published: October 2016

The paper studying the 1995 EU–Turkey Customs Union (CU) delivers a quantitative assessment of trade and GDP per capita effects of the CU on the Turkish economy. Our Synthetic Control Method based analysis reveals, contrary to the results of most studies in the literature, that the CU's effects have been substantial by any standards. In particular, the paper shows that in the absence of the EU–Turkey CU, Turkish exports to the EU and GDP per capita would have been 38 per cent and 13 per cent less, respectively.
Long‐term clinical response to treatment and maintenance of localized aggressive periodontitis: a cohort study
Authors: Miller Karina A. F. S. , Branco‐de‐Almeida Luciana S. , Wolf Sandra , Hovencamp Nicole , Treloar Tina , Harrison Peter , Aukhil Ikramuddin , Gong Yan , Shaddox Luciana M.
Published: October 2016

Aim

To evaluate long‐term clinical response to periodontal therapy and maintenance in localized aggressive periodontitis (LAP).

Materials and Methods

One hundred forty‐one African Americans diagnosed with LAP, aged 5–25 years, were enrolled. Patients underwent periodontal mechanical debridement plus 1 week of amoxicillin/metronidazole. Mechanical therapy was repeated as needed and clinical parameters were recorded at baseline, 3, 6, 12, 18 and 24 months, and two additional annual follow‐up visits after treatment. Radiographs from primary dentition of patients with LAP in permanent dentition, and additional healthy siblings (HS) were analysed retrospectively.

Results

Periodontal therapy significantly improved probing depth and clinical attachment level up to 4 years (mean reductions: 2.18 ± 1.03 and 2.80 ± 1.43 mm, respectively). Percentage of affected sites was reduced at all time points and maintained up to 4 years. Non‐compliance with antibiotics/appointments negatively affected the treatment response. Ninety per cent of LAP patients in permanent dentition and 32% of HS presented radiographic bone loss in primary dentition.

Conclusions

Mechanical debridement with 1 week of systemic antibiotics along with proper periodontal maintenance was effective in the treatment and successful maintenance of LAP for up to 4 years. LAP in permanent dentition may be preceded in the primary dentition. Clinicaltrials.gov #NCT01330719.
Design of a polyherbal mix by supercritical carbon dioxide extraction and its encapsulation by spray drying: Phytochemical properties and shelf‐life study of the encapsulate
Authors: Ghosh Sudip , Dutta Sayantani , Kumar Ghosh Probir , Bhattacharjee Paramita , Das Satadal
Published: October 2016

A polyherbal mix of tulsi leaves, bay leaves, and small cardamom seeds powder was subjected to supercritical carbon dioxide (SC‐CO2) extraction. Highest yield of the extract along with the maximum antioxidant potency was obtained with a 20 g powdered mix (optimized) of 1:1:2 of tulsi leaf:bay leaf:small cardamom seed at extraction conditions of 60 °C, 300 bar, 90 min at a flow rate of 2.5 L/min of gaseous CO2. The optimized condition of microencapsulation of the same was achieved at an inlet air temperature of 140 °C with 60:40 of maltodextrin:gum arabic as wall material. Storage stability study established this herbal encapsulate to be a promising novel natural antioxidant for food and pharmaceutical applications.

Practical applications

A new method for design of polyherbal mixes using supercritical carbon dioxide (SC‐CO2) extraction and microencapsulation has been reported. This methodology can be adopted for formulation of newer polyherbal mixes from herbs and spices, to arrive at novel Ayurceuticals with potent therapeutic properties. The SC‐CO2 extract of powdered tulsi leaves, bay leaves, and small cardamom seeds is a classic example of an Ayurceutical with remarkably enhanced antioxidant potency than that of the individual botanicals. The microencapsulated extract of the polyherbal mix can be marketed as a “finished herbal product,” having higher storage stability than the native extract and allows controlled release of the antioxidants. Both the extract and its microencapsulate have promising applications as natural antioxidants in soybean oil, replacing the most commonly used commercial antioxidants (Ghosh, Chatterjee, Mishra, & Bhattacharjee, ).
Response surface optimization for hot air‐frying technique and its effects on the quality of sweet potato snack
Authors: Abd Rahman N. A. , Abdul Razak S. Z. , Lokmanalhakim L. A. , Taip F. S. , Mustapa Kamal S. M.
Published: October 2016

Response surface methodology was employed to obtain the optimum process conditions for frying sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) via hot‐air frying technique. Sweet potato samples were fried at different frying temperature (140–160°C) and time (4–12 min). These variables were used as independent variables whose effects on fat and moisture contents; hardness and color were evaluated. The experimental results were fitted with a second‐order polynomial equation by a multiple regression analysis. From the response surface methodology analysis, the recommended frying condition from the study was found to be 150°C for 12 min. Optimized sweet potato samples were compared with deep fat‐fried samples; where the former had very low fat content i.e. decreased by 90.1%, lighter color and harder texture. Panellist selected the optimized air‐fried samples for several sensory attributes which relates to quality. Frying sweet potatoes via hot air‐frying technique can be considered as a healthier alternative to prepare fried food for consumption.

Practical applications

This article describes an optimization study on frying sweet potato snack via hot air‐frying technique. The aim was to produce a healthier snack food with low fat content and high acceptability. This work recommends an alternative technique to prepare fried food material to be utilized for domestic use and in food industry.
Effects of bisphosphonates on mandibular condyle of ovariectomized osteoporotic rats using micro‐ct and histomorphometric analysis
Authors: Jiang Liting , Shen Xing , Wei Li , Zhou Qi , Gao Yiming
Published: October 2016

Objective

To evaluate microarchitectural changes in condylar cartilage and associated subchondral bone after bisphosphonates treatment using an ovariectomized (OVX) osteoporosis rat model.

Methods

Thirty six‐month‐old female Sprague‐Dawley rats were randomly divided into sham, OVX, and risedronate (RIS)‐treated groups. Both OVX and RIS groups received bilateral ovariectomy. OVX group was treated subcutaneously with saline, whereas RIS group received risedronate treatment (2.4 μg/kg) subcutaneously for 3 months. At the end of 3 months, animals were sacrificed and the entire condyles were harvested for micro‐CT and histological analyses. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed to assess the expression of type I/II collagen protein by semiquantitative imaging analysis.

Results

Micro‐CT analysis showed OVX group had significant condylar subchondral bone loss compared to sham as shown by significant decrease in bone volume fraction (P = 0.028), trabecular thickness (P = 0.041), and significant increase in trabecular spacing (P = 0.003). In RIS group, partial inhibition of OVX‐induced bone loss was detected. HE staining showed proliferative layer of condylar cartilage reduced, while hypertrophic chondrocyte layer increased significantly in RIS group compared to sham and OVX groups. IHC showed reduced expression of Col I in both the OVX and RIS groups, whereas expression of Col II was reduced in the OVX group but increased in the RIS group.

Conclusion

Our findings suggest that systemic bisphosphonate treatment influences the structure and ossification of condylar cartilage and it has a dual action on condyle in a postmenopausal osteoporosis rat model which raises the concerns for the potential side effects of BPs on condyle to elder patients.
Morphology and phylogeny of a new wall‐less freshwater volvocalean flagellate, Hapalochloris nozakii gen. et sp. nov. (Volvocales, Chlorophyceae)
Authors: Nakada Takashi , Tomita Masaru
Published: October 2016

New strains of a wall‐less unicellular volvocalean flagellate were isolated from a freshwater environment in Japan. Observations of the alga, described here as Hapalochloris nozakii Nakada, gen. et sp. nov., were made using light, fluorescence, and electron microscopy. Each vegetative cell had two flagella, four contractile vacuoles, and a spirally furrowed cup‐shaped chloroplast with an axial pyrenoid, and mitochondria located in the furrows. Based on the morphology, H. nozakii was distinguished from other known wall‐less volvocalean flagellates. Under electron microscopy, fibrous material, instead of a cell wall and dense cortical microtubules, was observed outside and inside the cell membrane, respectively. Based on the phylogenetic analyses of 18S rRNA gene sequences, H. nozakii was found to be closely related to Asterococcus, Oogamochlamys, Rhysamphichloris, and “Dunaliella” lateralis and was separated from other known wall‐less flagellate volvocaleans, indicating independent secondary loss of the cell wall in H. nozakii. In the combined 18S rRNA and chloroplast gene tree, H. nozakii was sister to Lobochlamys.
Invasive fungal infections in pediatric patients treated with tumor necrosis alpha (TNF‐α) inhibitors
Authors: Tragiannidis Athanasios , Kyriakidis Ioannis , Zündorf Ilse , Groll Andreas H.
Published: October 2016

Macromolecular immunosuppressive monoclonal antibodies and fusion proteins directed against molecules or cells involved in inflammation and immunity represent a recent and important addition to our therapeutic armamentarium. Tumor necrosis alpha (TNFα) is a cytokine involved in systemic inflammation and clinical utilization of its antagonists has revolutionized treatment of juvenile rheumatoid and psoriatic arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, and plaque psoriasis. Clinical utility has also been demonstrated for use against steroid‐refractory graft‐vs‐host disease and other immune‐mediated conditions. Currently, five anti‐TNFα agents are approved by the European Medicines Agency (EMA), including the monoclonal anti‐TNF antibodies infliximab, adalimumab, golimumab and certolizumab pegol along with etanercept, a TNFα‐receptor/IgG‐Fc fusion protein. Theoretical considerations related to their mode of action and clinical observations suggest that opportunistic infectious complications should be seriously considered as possible adverse events of macromolecular immunosuppressants. The purpose of this review is to critically analyze the literature on invasive fungal infections (IFIs) occurring in association with TNFα inhibitors alone or in combination with other immunosuppressive agents, with a focus on pediatric patients, and to provide a framework of evaluating the risk for IFIs in this population.
Celebrating the Work of Jeanne M. Brett: Building Bridges and Making Connections
Authors: Adair Wendi L. , Behfar Kristin J. , Olekalns Mara , Shapiro Debra L.
Published: October 2016

In this tribute to the 2009 recipient of the International Association for Conflict Management Lifetime Achievement Award Winner, we celebrate the work of Jeanne M. Brett. Each of us highlights a few unique contributions from four areas of Jeanne's research: (a) getting disputes resolved (Debra Shapiro); (b) negotiating globally (Wendi Adair); (c) illuminating the shadow box of negotiation process (Mara Olekalns); and (d) managing team processes (Kristin Behfar). Together we identify common themes across these areas of Jeanne's research and invite Jeanne to reflect on future research opportunities and impart her words of wisdom to doctoral students and young scholars.
A new method to estimate photosynthetic parameters through net assimilation rate−intercellular space CO2 concentration (A−Ci) curve and chlorophyll fluorescence measurements
Authors: Moualeu‐Ngangue Dany P. , Chen Tsu‐Wei , Stützel Hartmut
Published: October 2016

Gas exchange (GE) and chlorophyll fluorescence (CF) measurements are widely used to noninvasively study photosynthetic parameters, for example the rates of maximum Rubisco carboxylation (Vcmax), electron transport rate (J), daytime respiration (Rd) and mesophyll conductance (gm).

Existing methods for fitting GE data (net assimilation rate−intercellular space CO2 concentration (A−Ci) curve) are based on two assumptions: gm is unvaried with CO2 concentration in the intercellular space (Ci); and light absorption (α) and the proportion of quanta absorbed by photosystem II (β) are constant in the data set. These may result in significant bias in estimating photosynthetic parameters.

To avoid the above‐mentioned hypotheses, we present a new method for fitting A−Ci curves and CF data simultaneously. This method was applied to a data set obtained from cucumber (Cucumis sativus) leaves of various leaf ages and grown under eight different light conditions.

The new method had significantly lower root mean square error and a lower rate of failures compared with previously published methods (6.72% versus 24.1%, respectively) and the effect of light conditions on Vcmax and J was better observed. Furthermore, the new method allows the estimation of a new parameter, the fraction of incoming irradiance harvested by photosystem II, and the dependence of gm on Ci.
Therapeutics for tendon regeneration: a multidisciplinary review of tendon research for improved healing
Authors: Paredes J.J. , Andarawis‐Puri Nelly
Published: October 2016

Tendon injuries, known as tendinopathies, are common musculoskeletal injuries that affect a wide range of the population. Canonical tendon healing is characterized by fibrosis, scar formation, and the loss of tissue mechanical and structural properties. Understanding the regenerative tendon environment is an area of increasing interest in the field of musculoskeletal research. Previous studies have focused on utilizing individual elements from the fields of biomechanics, developmental biology, cell and growth factor therapy, and tissue engineering in an attempt to develop regenerative tendon therapeutics. Still, the specific mechanism for regenerative healing remains unknown. In this review, we highlight some of the current approaches of tendon therapeutics and elucidate the differences along the tendon midsubstance and enthesis, exhibiting the necessity of location‐specific tendon therapeutics. Furthermore, we emphasize the necessity of further interdisciplinary research in order to reach the desired goal of fully understanding the mechanisms underlying regenerative healing.
Leonard Cockayne's surveys of New Zealand's offshore islands, 1901–1908
Authors: Braund James
Published: October 2016

This article examines a series of extended botanical surveys conducted by the botanist Leonard Cockayne on several of New Zealand's main offshore islands between 1901 and 1908 and considers their implications for the country's ecological and conservation history. Three dominant features arising from the surveys are discussed: (i) Cockayne's examination of the ecology of the islands visited and his identification of biogeographical connections between island, mainland and more distant ecosystems; (ii) his conspicuous reference to German‐language specialist literature; and (iii) his criticism of environmental damage on these offshore islands and his recommendations for their future conservation.
Joint problem solving and organizational learning capacity in new product innovation
Authors: Ning Lutao , Li Jian
Published: October 2016

There is a growing need for firms to acquire knowledge externally, but the process has become increasingly complicated. This article studies the mediating roles of the three process dimensions of organizational learning capacity (OLC), namely, knowledge acquisition, transformation, and application capabilities, in the context of a joint problem solving (JPS) arrangement with external collaborators for new product innovation. They employed the structural equation modelling method and analyse a sample of 331 high‐tech manufacturers in China. Their results supported a conceptual model that shows (i) JPS exerts a positive impact on knowledge acquisition and transformation capabilities; (ii) these two capabilities promote knowledge application capacity; (iii) knowledge acquisition alone, and the combination of application and transformation capabilities, mediate the effect of JPS on both innovation efficacy and efficiency. Knowledge acquisition and application capabilities also jointly mediate the effect of JPS on innovation efficacy. They added to the existing literature by highlighting the need to consider the mediating roles of different OLC dimensions and the external context of JPS for learning capacity acquisition. Our model provides a practical framework for managers to better understand and influence OLC dimensions to improve innovation when engaging in JPS.