bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Social Empiricism and Science Policy
Authors: Rolin Kristina , Wray K. Brad
Published: January 2021

Miriam Solomon’s *Social Empiricism* is an exceptional work in contemporary philosophy of science in that it aims to contribute to science policy, and not merely to a philosophical debate about the social nature of scientific knowledge. In an attempt to contribute to science policy, Solomon proposes a novel theory of scientific rationality. She claims that we should evaluate scientific communities on the basis of how well they succeed in distributing research effort, instead of evaluating the reasoning and decision-making of individual scientists. We argue that Solomon’s anti-individualist theory of scientific rationality does not provide an adequate account of epistemic responsibility. We argue also that social empiricism fails to be relevant to science policy because science policy makers are not capable of identifying the kind of factors that social empiricism deems as relevant to science policy.
Sustainable Architecture in Context
Authors: Moore Steven A. , Karvonen Andrew
Published: January 2021

There has been little emphasis in STS scholarship to date on the design of the built environment. This paper attempts to address this oversight by examining alternative design practices in the growing field of sustainable architecture. We propose a geohistorical framework that includes three design dispositions?"context-bound, context-free, and context-rich?"and illustrate each with a prominent sustainable building practice. The principal argument of the paper is that each of these dispositions embodies distinct assumptions and attitudes about how to improve social and material conditions of the built environment, and as such, offers unique opportunities for STS scholars to shape the sociotechnical aspects of cities through intervention in design activities.
Funeral embalming
Authors: Trompette Pascale , Lemonnier Mélanie
Published: January 2021

This paper studies the trajectory of modern embalming, considered as a technical innovation in the treatment of dead bodies, across time and societies. Tracing the history of technical innovations, it examines the evolution of embalming from the fi eld of medical science to its re-appropriation by a secular sphere (funeral sector). The central role of material culture in the spread of innovative embalming techniques is underlined, and notably the leading role of commercial networks and industrial actors as they support the growth of embalmers while products, equipment and technical know-how are normalized. On the basis of the contemporary funeral organization, the analysis explores how embalming has become part of the cooperative chain surrounding death. It describes how embalming innovation entails a set of ‘alignments’ (Strauss, 1988) in the management of corpse care, supporting various standardization processes, which are both practical and symbolic. Finally, the establishment of a professional body of embalmers points to a new inter-professional interpretation of the corpse and of death care, radically changing the interface between the medical world and the funeral world.
Lessening the Evils, Online
Authors: Leibing Annette
Published: January 2021

Virtual communities are an especially rich subject for social scientists studying the dynamic and multifaceted ways that groups negotiate health-related knowledge. What are the forces shaping the health information that virtual community members circulate, evaluate and incorporate? This article explores health information circulating on an international, though mainly North American, email list for people suffering from Parkinson’s disease. The dual purpose of the list?"of support and knowledge exchange?"is shaped by a particular politics of hope, which channels knowledge and projects it into the future. This politics of hope is, at least partly, based on what I want to call “embodied molecules”?"the effectiveness of medications created by the list’s “cyberbody.” Cyberbodies, in this article, are created through the virtual community members’ embodied learning.
Medicine at a Distance in Sweden: Spatiotemporal Matters in Accomplishing Working Telemedicine
Authors: Petersson Jesper
Published: January 2021

This paper examines the accomplishment of making technology work, using the discourse around telemedicine in Swedish healthcare during 1994-2003. The paper will compare four projects launched in the mid-1990s and policymakers’ visions of healthcare through telemedicine. I will employ a sociotechnical approach developed within Actor-Network Theory that understands functioning technology not as something intrinsic but as an outcome of an ongoing process of negotiations. In the paper, I will extend the sociotechnical approach of what constitutes working technology to include spatiotemporal matters. I will also approach the closely related issue of space that has become a concern of Actor-Network Theory scholars interested in the accomplishment and continued workings of technology as it travels. In this discussion, an emphasis on fixed relations (network space) has been challenged by investigations into changing relations (fluid space). This paper suggests that in order to travel well, technology must be both fixed and fluid.
Enrolling Men, their Doctors, and Partners
Authors: Johnson Ericka , Åsberg Cecilia
Published: January 2021

Using the Pfizer funded Swedish informational site about erectile dysfunction (ED), www.potenslinjen.se, we examine how potential users, their partners, and medical doctors are enrolled in the process of creating the Swedish Viagra user. Contextualized against other critical work on Viagra, our analysis shows how the commercial discourse embeds the ED patient into a network of actors. Three separate actors are co-constituted and enrolled by this erectile dysfunction information discourse, comprising Viagra marketing material in a country which forbids direct to consumer advertising of prescription medication. Doctors are enrolled to produce the cultural authority of expert medical knowledge, whereas partners are given responsibility for the emotional aspects of a man’s sexuality and encouraged to direct the man toward the relationship-saving Viagra. Throughout, though, the man is the patient responsible for taking Viagra to fix his dysfunctioning penis. We problematize this individualised solution by contrasting it with the social aspects of the discourse and examining other qualitative and historical studies of impotence. We then ask if the enrolment presented by the Swedish Viagra website could be (mis)used to expand the circle of actors involved in ED, redefi ning the ‘problem’ and opening for a wider variety of treatments.
Ethnographic Stories as Generalizations that Intervene
Authors: Winthereik Brit Ross , Verran Helen
Published: January 2021

Located within classic and more recent works in STS the paper grapples with the question of how to write ethnographic stories that generalize particular spacetime places, and simultaneously generalize about their own modes of existence. Growing as a prolonged, cross-generational, and transcontinental conversation between the two authors the paper discusses the capacities of ethnographic stories to work as generative interventions. We begin with the situation in which most ethnographers of science and technology find themselves: navigating a passage in projects in which ethnographic analyses are obliged to work instrumentally in relation to organizational or technological change. Developing with an ethnographic description of monitoring work in an environmental NGO and Latour’s analysis of a Holbein painting, we draw on Strathern’s notion of partiality and Haraway’s articulation of double vision.
The Emergence of Niche Protection through Policies
Authors: Temmes Armi , Räsänen Rami-Samuli , Rinkinen Jenny , Lovio Raimo
Published: January 2021

The literature of Strategic Niche Management has rarely discussed how the SNM policies come to amend the existing policies. Through an in-depth study on the development of electric vehicles field in Finland, we show, fi rstly, how niche actors mobilize protection by policies for their technology through systematic expectations work, and, secondly, how the politicians strategically select technologies to be protected. By zooming in on the emergence and impact of two major policy initiatives, we show that systematic expectations work is characterized by the credibility of enactors and expectations, as well as systematic advocacy and publicity work. We contribute to the SNM literature by showing how policy actions develop through systematic expectations work, as well as continued interaction between enactors and selectors within well-functioning public-private arenas.
Technology Planning for Energy and Climate in the US and EU
Authors: Gjefsen Mads Dahl
Published: January 2021

Emerging technologies are not simply pursued out of economic interests, but also on the basis of assumptions about the societies and publics that technologies will serve. This paper compares how carbon dioxide capture and storage – a technology for sustainable energy generation – has been supported in the United States and European Union over the last decade. Distinct land ownership laws and market structures have helped legitimate different groups of actors as stakeholders in the technology, and CO2 has been redefined in relation to different policy narratives and legal ontologies in the two sites. Climate change mitigation might appear to depend on international cooperation founded on a shared epistemic basis. However, this article suggests that mitigation options should not simply be assessed as functions of technical qualities, but also be understood in relation to how political actors articulate and pursue the societal implications of technological futures.
The Success and Failure of Combined Heat and Power (CHP) in the UK, Germany and the Netherlands: Revisiting Stewart Russell’s Perspective on Technology Choices in Society
Authors: Weber K Matthias
Published: January 2021

Stewart Russell’s research work on combined heat and power / district heating (CHP/DH) in the UK was among the first empirical contributions to demonstrate that technological change is not just determined by seemingly objective technical and economic performance characteristics, but rather the result of social choices. His rich conceptual thinking is reconstructed in a coherent framework, and its explanatory power explored by analysing the innovation diff usion paradox of CHP/DH: in spite of very similar technical and economic characteristics, the patterns of innovation and diff usion diff er signifi cantly across countries. To this end, the evolution of CHP/DH in the UK, Germany and the Netherlands is compared. Russell’s ideas can be regarded as a predecessor of recent multi-level approaches to the analysis of socio-technical change. He put much emphasis on studying power relations for explaining the (non-) occurrence of socio-technical change; an issue that is still debated today.
Knowing and Loving: Public Engagement beyond Discourse
Authors: Davies Sarah R
Published: January 2021

This article builds on STS scholarship on public engagement with science to refl ect on the role of the non-discursive, arguing that this has been under-studied in analyses of engagement. I make this point in three stages: I review literature that has analysed public engagement, suggesting that it can be understood as focusing on process, eff ects, framing or context, and has therefore largely ignored features such as site, materiality and aff ect; I draw on recent work in political theory to emphasise the importance of the emotional and creative within deliberation; and I present an example of what it might look like to be attentive to emotion in public participation by exploring the role of pleasure in engagement activities. As a whole this discussion is used to point to a lacuna in studies of public engagement, and to suggest some implications for both practice and empirical research.
Not in Anyone’s Backyard? Civil Society Attitudes towards Wind Power at the National and Local Levels in Portugal
Authors: Delicado Ana , Junqueira Luís , Fonseca Susana , Truninger Mónica , Silva Luís
Published: January 2021

This article attempts to explain the swift development of renewable energy, in particular wind energy, in Portugal, by assessing the socio-political, community and market acceptance of renewables. We examine, on the one hand, the institutional and policy framework, the approaches to planning, and the ownership of facilities, and, on the other hand, the attitudes of Environmental Non-Governmental Organisations and citizens towards renewable energy in general and local windfarms in particular. Results show that a highly attractive feed-in tariff system and a system of planning decisions at the national level has led to an expansion of wind power, regardless of a less than enthusiastic public opinion and a sceptical environmental movement.
The Meanings of Practices for Energy Consumption – a Comparison of Homes and Workplaces
Authors: Palm Jenny , Darby Sarah J
Published: January 2021

We examine how building and appliance technologies relate to their use by occupants through practices at home and at work. The aim is to analyse how practices are influenced by buildings and other technologies and by social requirements and to add to ongoing research on how to contribute to a transition to more sustainable everyday practices. Interview, quantitative and observational material are used to compare experiences of occupying and using two different types of buildings, passive housing and large modern research laboratories. We apply the practice theory approach. The passive house case showed that the main project of a liveable, low-impact new building was on a fairly manageable scale, with a viable design and occupants who were prepared to adapt to it. The research lab study showed, however, that the configuration of unsustainable technologies and practices can occur at the design stage, and that most actors had very limited room for manoeuvre.
The Governance of Innovations in the Energy Sector
Authors: Fuchs Gerhard
Published: January 2021

The field of electricity supply has slowly evolved over a long period of time. Electricity supply constitutes an example of a large technical system resistant to sudden changes or reorientations. The essential incentives for changes have come from the so called oil-price shocks in the mid ninety-seventies of the last century, the Chernobyl accident and the resulting critical attitude towards nuclear energy in many countries, the liberalization of markets driven forward by the European Commission, discussions about climate change and finally the Fukushima catastrophe. Such external events can lead to changes in governance structures. The standard operating procedure is to have the incumbent actors deal with external challenges in the established way of doing things (structures and actors). We assume that changes in the governance structure are not an immediate reaction to external shocks, but rather these external shocks have to be interpreted, mediated by new, skilled actors and perceived as a chance to see things differently and organize and build coalitions around these new frames. For a successful transformation, a change in the relevant power constellations which supports the incumbent governance structure is required. Processes of change in the end deal with the following question: which actors can achieve what aims under what conditions? The article will analyze four prominent cases in the energy sector to illustrate this point: the governance of the carbon dioxide capture & storage technology in Germany and Norway and the governance of photovoltaics development in Japan and Germany.
Pilot Users and Their Families: Inventing Flexible Practices in the Smart Grid
Authors: Nyborg Sophie
Published: January 2021

Households are increasingly the centre of attention in smart grid experiments, where they are dominantly framed in a role as ‘flexible consumers’ of electricity. This paper reports from the Danish smart grid demonstration project eFlex, which aimed to investigate the ‘flexibility potential’ of households, and it shows how householders are far from just ‘consumers’ in the system. Drawing on empirical material from ethnographic fieldwork in 49 households that tested smart grid equipment, the paper firstly demonstrates how eFlex users were also creative innovators. Secondly, by integrating user innovation literature, domestication theory and practice theory, the paper illustrates how the eFlex equipment interacted with a variety of collectively shared everyday practices in the household and argues that this unique family context accordingly had implications for the ‘innovative capacity’ of these pioneer users. The paper thus calls for smart grid stakeholders to begin taking the ‘innovator role’ of smart home users seriously, but equally calls for a more contextual and situated perspective when involving innovative users – their families have an equal part to play in the development of the smart grid.
Involving Patients with E-health – The Dialogic Dynamics of Information Filtration Work
Authors: Nielsen Karen Dam
Published: January 2021

With e-health technologies, patients are invited as co-producers of data and information. The invitation sparks new expectations, yet often results in disappointments. With persistent ambitions to involve patients by means of e-health, it seems crucial to gain a better understanding of the nature, sources and workings of the expectations that come with being invited. I analyse the use of an e-health system for ICD-patients, focusing on how patients sought to serve as information providers. Continuing STS-research on invisible work in technology use, I show how using the system involved complex work of filtering information. I argue that this ‘filtration work’ was inherently dialogic, that is, characterized by receiver-orientation and the anticipation of response and guided by different communicative projects. For the patients, filtration work thus, first of all, required certain skills and knowledge about the infrastructure of care. Secondly, it entailed the expectation that the system?" for better or for worse?"would facilitate not just information sharing but open up a dialogue, which glaringly contrasted with the clinicians’ expectations of being able to better manage dialogue. I suggest that understanding the dialogic dynamics and ‘overflows’ of information filtration work can help unpack the challenges of facilitating (patient) participation with e-health and other filtration devices.
Money, Money, Money? Politico-Moral Discourses of Stem Cell Research in a Grant Allocation Process
Authors: Mulinari Shai , Holmberg Tora , Ideland Malin
Published: January 2021

Concerns have been raised about the marketization of science through the prevailing funding regime. However, the present article will discuss how it comes that the potentially marketable stem cell science is not more commercialized than what is currently the case. We approach this question by analysing discursive pluralism in defining the value of stem cells within a grant allocation process. More specifically, we focus on how the commercial imperative is challenged by other cherished values surrounding stem cell research. The case study used to discuss this is the Swedish Government’s funding of stem cell research within so-called strategic research programmes. The analysis focuses on the co-existence of what we refer to as entrepreneurial, translational and basic research politico-moral discourses. How the co-existence of politico-moral discourses is possible, despite potential tensions, is investigated by drawing on the theoretical framework of bio-objectification. Specifically, we highlight how the relationship between various bio-identities and values was reorganized along the research grant allocation trajectory. We argue that there are obvious signs of temporally specific discursive shifts away from the commercial imperative in the grant allocation process. This suggests the need to study located processes, in order to understand the work of politico-moral discourses in the grant allocation process. This work contributes to an understanding of the uneven and varied impact of neoliberal policies on biomedicine.
Moninaistuva väestö ja ikääntyminen
Authors: Wrede Sirpa , Tiilikainen Marja , Vartiainen Päivi
Published: January 2021

8
Sairaalasielunhoitotyön asiantuntijuus sairaalasielunhoitajan näkökulmasta
Authors: Sipola Virpi Anneli , Karvinen Ikali , Huhtala Heini , Åstedt-Kurki Päivi , Aho Anna-Liisa
Published: January 2021

Tutkimuksessa kuvataan sairaalasielunhoitajan asiantuntijuutta ja siihen yhteydessä olevia tekijöitä.

Tutkimusaineisto kerättiin sairaalasielunhoitajilta (n=83) sähköisellä kyselylomakkeella, joka sisälsi Likert-asteikollisia sielunhoitotyön asiantuntijuuteen liittyviä kysymyksiä ja niihin liittyviä taustatietoja.

Keskustelussa potilaan kanssa sairaalasielunhoitajat käsittelivät pääasiassa sairastumista, elämänkriisejä ja surua. He työskentelivät enimmäkseen kuunnellen, myötäeläen, ottamalla vastaan potilaan tunteita ja keskustellen. Keskeiset tavoitteet sielunhoitotyössä olivat toivon ylläpitäminen ja ihmisarvon vahvistuminen, sekä potilaan turvallisuuden tunteen lisääntyminen. Työssään tärkeimmiksi asioiksi potilaalle sairaalasielunhoitajat arvioivat mahdollisuuden keskustella, mahdollisuuden keskustella peloista sekä tuen surussa ja hoitajille mahdollisuuden kriisitukeen, hengellisen asiantuntija-avun ja sielunhoidollisen tuen potilaalle. Keskeiset työtehtävät olivat keskusteluapu, tuki kuoleman kohtaamisessa ja surevien tukeminen. Sairaalasielunhoitajat arvioivat olevansa luotettavia, rauhallisia ja asiakaslähtöisiä. Heille tärkeimmät arvot työssä olivat sielunhoidettavan kunnioittaminen, itsemääräämisoikeuden ja vakaumuksen tukeminen. Terveydenhuollon yksikkö tai lisäkoulutus ei vaikuttanut merkittävästi sairaalasielunhoitajien työmenetelmiin, tavoitteisiin tai käsitykseen työtehtävistä. Potilaan tukeminen tunteiden tunnistamiseen ja käsittelyyn sekä eettisten kysymysten käsittely lisääntyivät työkokemuksen kasvaessa.
Yksilöllisyyden politiikka Elina Hirvosen dokumenttielokuvassa Kiehumispiste
Authors: Moffat Kate
Published: January 2021

Kiehumispiste (Hirvonen, 2017) tarkastelee maahanmuuton aiheuttamaa jyrkkenevää polarisaatiota suomalaisessa yhteiskunnassa. Elokuvassa kohtaavat kansalliset, poliittiset ja globaalit teemat, joita lähestytään identiteettipolitiikan tarjoaman prisman läpi. Kiehumispiste asettuu osaksi suomalaisen dokumenttielokuvan trendiä, jossa tunteet nostetaan poliittista kontekstia, tosiasioita tai analyysiä keskeisemmiksi. Hirvosen mukaan yhteiskunnan jakaantumista käsiteltäessä ei ylipäätään pidä tavoitella konsensusta, vaan keskeisenä tavoitteena tulisi olla dialogi.

Kyseenalaistan artikkelissani elokuvan lähestymistavan hyödyntämällä analyysissäni Susanna Helken teoriaa suomalaisen dokumenttielokuvan emotiivisesta käänteestä sekä Slavoj Žižekin teoriaa politiikan kulturalisaatiosta. Esitän, että valitessaan dialogisen lähestymistavan Kiehumispiste korostaa tunteiden ja yksilöllisen valinnan roolia. Tämä näkökulma ei kuitenkaan huomioi niitä laajempia poliittisia ja taloudellisia rakenteita, jotka vaikuttavat ihmisten valintoihin.

 

Politics of individuality in Elina Hirvonen’s documentary film Boiling Point

 

Boiling Point (Hirvonen, 2017) explores a Finnish society that is increasingly polarised by immigration. The film is a meeting of national, political and globally relevant themes but they are explored through the prism of identity politics. The results are a documentary that speaks to the emerging ‘emotive’ trends in Finnish documentary film culture. Hirvonen’s diagnosis is that consensus should not be the overall objective when tackling social division. Rather, dialogue should occupy the fundamental role.

However, I challenge the documentary’s approach by drawing on the work of Susanna Helke and Slavoj Žižek and their respective theories on the emotive turn in Finnish documentary film culture and the culturalization of politics. I claim that Kiehumispiste emphasises the role of emotion and personal choice when engaging in this dialogue. However, this approach does not account for the role of wider political and economic structures in influencing people’s choices.
Videomeemit ja vernakulaari auktoriteetti
Authors: Ahlgren Tero
Published: January 2021

Videomeemit yhtenä internetmeemien muotona ovat keino osallistua ajankohtaiseen yhteiskunnalliseen ja poliittiseen keskusteluun. Artikkelissani tarkastelen kahden tunnetun videomeemin, Hitler kuulee ja El Risitas, suomenkielisiä toisintoja. Aineistonani on 13 videota, joiden julkaisut ajoittuvat vuosille 2012–2020. Käytän internetmeemin käsitettä Limor Shifmanin määritelmän mukaisesti digitaalisen kulttuurin tarkasteluun sopivana analyyttisenä työkaluna.

Monien käyttäjien jakamat ja omaehtoisesti muokkaamat meemit ovat vernakulaaria kulttuuria, ja meemeihin liitetään usein myös spontaanisuus ja reagointi ajankohtaisiin ja arkisiin tilanteisiin. Toisaalta meemien vernakulaarisuus on hybridistä, sillä sen lisäksi, että niiden pohjana käytetään usein tuotetun populaarikulttuurin materiaalia, myös monet viralliset toimijat ovat ottaneet meemit osaksi viestintäänsä. Meemien taitavalla käytöllä on vernakulaaria auktoriteettia, ja niiden vastaanottoon esimerkiksi osana internetissä käytäviä keskusteluja vaikuttaa muun muassa sisältöjen ja käyttökontekstien toimivat valinnat. Meemit mahdollistavat myös julkiseen keskusteluun verrattuna sopimattoman kielenkäytön esimerkiksi seksuaalissävytteisinä tai avoimen rasistisina ja seksistisinä sananvalintoina.

 

Video memes and vernacular authority: Hitler finds out and El Risitas memes as societal commentary

 

Video memes as a type of memes are a way to participate in contemporary societal and political discussion. In this article I study the Finnish versions of two well-known memes, Hitler Finds Out and El Risitas: my material consists of 13 videos that have been published between 2012 and 2020. I refer to the concept of meme as defined by Limor Shifman to be a useful tool to analyze digital culture.

Shared by many different users, and freely modified, memes are an example of vernacular culture. Memes are also often associated with being spontaneous and a reaction to current and everyday affairs. The vernacularity of memes is also hybrid: memes often use officially produced material from popular culture as their basis but have also become an addition to official communication by different organizations. Skillful use of memes has vernacular authority, and the way memes are responded to as a part of discussion online relies on e.g. proper use of content and context. Videos also offer a chance to choose words that would be deemed improper in public discussion, including openly racist and sexist ones.
Epämuotoiset kehot maan ja taivaan rajalla
Authors: Mättö Vilma
Published: January 2021

Suomen keskiaikaisissa kirkkomaalauksissa esiintyy joukko kuvamotiiveja, jotka esittävät eri eläinlajien ruumiinosia yhdistelemällä luotuja hahmoja eli hybridejä. Tässä artikkelissa keskitytään kahteen 1400-luvun loppupuoliskolla tehtyyn ihmiskasvoiseen hybridimaalaukseen, jotka koristavat Laitilan Pyhän Mikaelin kirkon arkadikaaria. Artikkelin tavoitteena on hahmottaa, kuinka kiinteä osa hybridiaiheiset maalaukset ovat olleet juuri Laitilan kirkon kuvaohjelmassa ja millä tavoin ne kytkeytyvät osaksi maalauskokonaisuuden välittämää sanomaa.
Taide tekemisen prosessina
Authors: Mäkelä Maarit
Published: January 2021

Kirja-arvio teoksesta Katve-Kaisa Kontturi, Ways of Following. Art, Materiality, Collaboration (London: Open humanities press, 2018), 268 s.
Uusi näkökulma alttaritaulujen Kristus-kuvaan
Authors: Pirinen Hanna
Published: January 2021

Väitöskirja-arvio teoksesta Ringa Takanen, Laupeus ja inhimillisyys. Naisten ääni, affektiiviset elemuodot ja ikonografinen murros suomalaisissa alttaritauluissa vuosina 1870–1920. Turun yliopiston julkaisuja, sarja C, 494 (Turku: Turun yliopisto, 2020).
Düsseldorf tieteen ja taiteen risteyksessä
Authors: Häyrynen Maunu
Published: January 2021

Väitöskirja-arvio teoksesta Anne-Maria Pennonen: In Search of Scientific and Artistic Landscape: Düsseldorf Landscape Painting and Reflections of the Natural Sciences as Seen in the Artworks of Finnish, Norwegian and German Artists, Finnish National Gallery Publications 3. Kansallisgalleria, Helsinki 2020. 247 s.
Lionello Venturi and The Taste of the Primitives
Authors: Perna Antonella
Published: January 2021

Lectio praecursoria
Numerical simulation of laser welded joints: modern fatigue analysis methodology
Authors: Kokko Rami Markus , Vaara Joona , Kuivaniemi Teemu , Frondelius Tero
Published: January 2021

Welding always induces discontinuities and imperfections in the structure that allows for potential fatigue cracks. Welding eﬀects thermal strains, which yield to residual stresses of the structure that have a noticeable eﬀect on the fatigue behaviour of the structure. Welding inexorably leads to microstructure and geometry changes in the welding region. Material internal changes, residual stresses and microstructural changes can be simulated numerically, and the simulation results can be used in cyclic loading analysis in FEA.
Virtuaalisesta siirtymästä
Authors: Salonen Eero-Matti , Reivinen Mika
Published: January 2021

Artikkelissa tarkastellaan ainefaasien välisen faasipinnan käsittelyä virtuaalisen työn periaatteen avulla. Virtuaalisen siirtymän käsite vaatii tällöin tavanomaisesta poikkeavan tulkinnan.
Laivojen pohjien likaantumisen vaikutus kulkuvastukseen Itämerellä: Chow-Liu-puulla täydennetyn Naiivi Bayes -mallin soveltaminen aluksen kulun analysointiin
Authors: Altarriba Elias
Published: January 2021

COMPLETE-hankkeen tavoitteena on ehkäistä haitallisten vieraslajien leviämistä Itämeren alueella. Leviämistä on tapahtunut merkittävästi laivojen painolastivesien mukana, mutta lajikkeita kulkeutuu merialueilta toisille myös vedenalaisiin runkorakenteisiin tarttuneina. Lisäksi biolikaantuminen kasvattaa aluksen kulkuvastusta ja sitä myötä polttoaineen kulutusta sekä hiilidioksidipäästöjä. Tällä hetkellä likaantumista rajoitetaan puhdistamalla pohjia sään­nölli­sesti kesäkaudella. Puhdistusajankohdat valitaan laivakohtaisesti pääsääntöisesti kokemukseen pe­rus­tuen. Myös puhdistuksilla usein koetaan olevan havaittavaa vaikutusta aluksen kulkuun ve­den halki, mutta mittauksiin perustuvia tietoja ei laivaväen käytössä ole. Nykyään laivojen järjes­tel­mistä on mahdollista tallentaa kulkudataa enenevissä määrin. Luotettavien johtopäätösten teke­mi­nen massadatasta vaatii kuitenkin asiaan soveltuvia työkaluja ja systeemin monien sekoittajien omi­nai­suuksien tuntemista. Tässä artikkelissa perehdytään Chow–Liu-puulla täydennetyn Naiivi Bayes -mallin hyödyntämiseen aluksen kulun analysointiin. Menetelmän etuina ovat las­ken­nal­li­nen tehokkuus ja luotettavuus kulkuvastuksen kausaatioiden tunnistamiseksi, vaikka käy­tettä­vis­sä olevaa dataa olisikin vain rajoitetusti.
Perceived organisational justice among academic employees at a selected higher learning institution
Authors:   University of Limpopo, South Africa, Andani Nethavhani, , Rivalani Maluka Harriet ,   University of Limpopo, South Africa
Published: January 2021

Organisations depend on employees as crucial resources to execute duties aimed at realisation of organisational objectives. Organisational justice has been found to be a major predictor of employees’ performance and wellbeing. Studies found that employees tend to view justice in a different manner and that majority of employees tend to enjoy their work when they perceive that organisational justice exist within their organisation. The objective of this study was to examine the academic employees’ perceptions of organisational justice at a selected higher learning institution. A descriptive quantitative research approach was adopted in this study. A structured questionnaire developed by Colquitt (2001) was used to collect data from a convenient sample of 50 academic employees. The questionnaire consists of 20 items measuring three dimensions of organisational justice (procedural justice, distributive justice, and interactional justice) rated on a 7-point Likert scale. The collected data was analysed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) 26.0 published by the International Business Machines (IBM). The research findings revealed that in general, a slight majority of the respondents perceived some form of organisational justice to exist within their organisation (mean of 4.64). Although similar results were found in terms of the three dimensions of perceived organisational justice (4.19 for procedural justice, 5.14 for distributive justice and 4.78 for interactional justice), some form of injustice was reported to exist in relation to procedural justice. The study recommends that future researchers should continue to explore all the prospects of organisational justice in higher institutions of education.
Students’ perceptions on the effectiveness of product placements: A case study of a private higher education institution in Durban
Authors:   University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, South Africa, Koopman A. , Perumal S. ,   University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, South Africa, Perumal K. ,   University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, South Africa, Williamson M. ,   University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, South Africa, Cebisa Z.E. ,   University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, South Africa
Published: January 2021

The aim of the study was to investigate students’ perceptions of the effectiveness of product placements and to determine whether they are aware of product placements, whether they pay any attention to product placements and whether the exposure to product placements has influenced their purchasing behaviour in any way. This study adopted a quantitative research approach and employed the case study design; hence, the main focus of this study is on how students, based at private higher institution in Durban, perceive the effectiveness of product placement. The study was conducted at a private higher education institution with an estimated population of 1000; the sample size was 135. The form of non-probability convenience sampling method was employed. Although the form of non-probability sampling techniques is not common in quantitative studies, sufficient representation was ensured. Hence, the research results were able to be generalised from a sample to a population. Quantitative data was collected using the questionnaire method. SPSS statistical package was used to capture numerical data. The study also employed both descriptive and inferential statistics in order to infer the sample results to the entire population. The quantitative data analysis results indicated that product placements are similar to traditional advertising in terms of capturing the audience’s attention, developing positive feelings towards the product and recall when faced with a purchase decision. The study has also contributed immensely to the digital and social media advertising theory and practice.
Multinational tax avoidance: An application of controlled foreign companies and royalty payments in South African legislation
Authors:   College of Accounting, University of Cape Town, South Africa, Brown Nicholas , Parsons Shaun ,   College of Accounting, University of Cape Town, South Africa, Carpenter Riley ,   College of Accounting, University of Cape Town, South Africa
Published: January 2021

This paper seeks to determine whether South African tax legislation would limit the effectiveness of tax avoidance schemes used by multinational enterprises to avoid their tax liabilities. The paper reviews two commonly used multinational tax avoidance schemes, namely, disregarding controlled foreign companies (‘check box’ regulations) and royalty payments. Using a doctrinal research methodology, the paper considers the application of these schemes within the context of South African legislation. The findings indicate that the effectiveness of the schemes is somewhat curtailed. However, the South African tax base remains at risk, and efforts to combat base erosion are still necessary.
Effect of value-added services on transactional behaviour
Authors:   University of Johannesburg, Mthembu Zoleka ,   South Africa, Bronkhorst Seugnet ,   University of Johannesburg; South Africa
Published: January 2021

Traditional banking methods evolved and include services as a method of differentiation, reducing operating costs, and providing additional benefits to the customer. Banks re-invented themselves and provide innovative solutions to remain competitive. This research explores whether using value added services contributed to changes in transactional banking behaviour and was done in one of the largest banks in South Africa over a period of four months. Two banking products in the youth customer segment were selected. The control group received one treatment at the beginning of the four-month period, and the experimental group received a further three treatments at different times of each month. Two data sets (1) VAS usage and (2) bank transactions were analysed. The results showed that the intervention had a positive effect on transactional banking behaviour. Additional causative factors were identified that increased the usage of value-added services and increased transactional banking behaviour.
КОНЦЕПЦИЯ ИННОВАЦИОННОГО КОНВЕРГЕНТНОГО МЕТОДА ТРАНСПЕРСОНАЛЬНОЙ МЕТАПСИХОТЕРАПИИ ДЛЯ РЕАБИЛИТАЦИИ БОЛЬНЫХ С ОГРАНИЧЕННЫМИ ВОЗМОЖНОСТЯМИ ЗДОРОВЬЯ (ОВЗ)
Authors: Гаврилов Владимир , Власов Ян , Ипатов Олег , Клименко Екатерина
Published: January 2021

В данной работе предлагаются на рассмотрение концептуальные основы инновационного, конвергентного метода трансперсональной метапсихотерапии для реабилитации больных с ограниченными возможностями здоровья (ОВЗ) и инвалидов больных рассеянным склерозом. Концепция рассмотрена на примере частного сценария по приготовлению сцепленных (запутанных) состояний в рамках энтомотерапии (прямого визуального и кинестетического контакта с живыми и ручными тропическими бабочками). Каскад сцепленных макроскопических психосоматических состояний (рефлекторная цепь) в динамике выглядит следующим образом:

• психологическая сказка релаксация и аффирмации на ремиссию с текстом, где ведущая роль отводится бабочке - уводящей пациента в мир где он легко управляет своим состоянием здоровья;

• контакт с живыми и ручными тропическими бабочками;

• понимание пациентом того факта, что любая его фантазия может быть реализована в реальности;

• мотивация уверенности в своих силах и возможностях.
The relationship between self-concept and level of physical performance in Hungarian adolescent athletes
Authors: Négele Zalán , Pápai Júlia , Tróznai Zsófia , Nyakas Csaba , Tóth László
Published: January 2021

One’s self-concept is the representation of one’s self-knowledge developing during physical and mental maturation. It has unquestionable importance in sport performance as a motivational factor. This study assessed and analyzed the self-concept of secondary students aged 14 to 18 assigned to three groups of elite athletes, non-elite athletes and non-athletes. The research focused on the following questions: (1) Are there any differences between males’ and females’ self-concept? (2) Are there any differences in various components of the self-concept according to the level of physical performance? Components of the self-concept were assessed with the Tennessee Self-Concept Scale. Gender differences were tested by independent samples t tests and the effects of athletic activity and gender on various self-concept components by a multivariate analysis of variance. The results showed that males had a more positive self-concept than females. Regarding the level of athletic activity, non-athletes reported the least positive self-concept in both genders. According to the level of athletic performance, no difference was found between the three male groups, while the most positive self concept was clearly reported by non-elite athletes among females. The multivariate analysis of variance revealed that both gender and the level of athletic activity had an effect on self-concept components. Finally, the findings show that an optimally positive self-concept enhances performance in everyday life as well as in sports.
A serial path model between autonomous motivation, behavioral intention, action planning, and after school physical activity of university students participating in Physical Education classes
Authors: Yang Jae Young
Published: January 2021

University students in the international regions show reduced physical activity levels compared to previous generations. Lack of physical activity in college population is a growing problem of modern society because over half of the population is faced with serious health problems, such as obesity, diabetes, and high blood pressure. An emphasis point of physical activity research is to get detailed information of motivational process for engaging in physical activity. This study tested a serial path model that the relationship between autonomous motivation and after school physical activity was proposed to be mediated by behavioral intention and the existence of action planning. A total of 203 students participating in physical education classes of two universities located at a metropolitan city in South Korea were selected. The participants completed four well-validated questionnaires at the end of the classes in one semester. The results of data analyzed using a structural equation modeling revealed that after school physical activity could be positively advanced by the sequential mediation effects of behavioral intention and action planning if students were internalized with autonomous motivation in the physical education classes. The findings highlighted that the action planning played as an effective strategy in leading to engagement in after school physical activity and provided useful information for university physical educators to increase physical activity levels of university students during out of school hours.
Development and validation of a new ability-based measure of emotional intelligence: Cluj Emotional Intelligence Scale CEIS
Authors: Călinici Mirela Simona , Călinici Tudor , Balaszi Robert , Miclea Mircea
Published: January 2021

Theoretical models of ability-based emotional intelligence (EI) present the ability to regulate other’s emotion as part of the emotion regulation facet, but in existing ability-based self-report EI measures, this ability is often not evaluated (e.g., Wong and Law Emotional Intelligence Scale, WLEIS, 2004) or is evaluated as a separate facet, in the work context (e.g., Workgroup Emotional Intelligence Profile WEIP-3, 2002). This consideration led to the development of a new self-report EI measure to assess EI abilities (Cluj Emotional Intelligence Scale, CEIS); the process of development and validation is presented in the current paper, across four different studies. Study 1 (n = 218) used item- analysis and exploratory factor analysis to select relevant items. Study 2 (n = 215) tested the factorial structure, convergent and discriminant validity and test-retest reliability (in sub-sample n = 75). Study 3 (n = 164) cross-validates the factorial structure and assesses concurrent validity of new instrument with well-being. Study 4 (n= 136) presents the translation of the new instrument from its original Romanian language into English and the evaluation of its psychometric properties.
The Role of Extracurricular Activities within Children's Palaces and Clubs in the Development Of Key Competences
Authors: Kerekes Jenő
Published: January 2021

The extracurricular educational activities within the Children’s Palaces and Clubs are carried out on the basis of goals that are implemented through a student-centred educational strategy. The content, methods and tools used are studentcentred, differentiated according to the abilities and interests of the children. The activities are flexible, optional, and complementary to formal education and help to develop personality, creativity and competencies. The extracurricular activities are student-centred and focus on the formative side of learning by identifying effective ways of organizing and guiding student activity. The teacher must become a facilitator, a mentor – through his activities students will acquire knowledge, develop competencies and skills, aptitudes, attitudes through which the theoretical knowledge can be transposed into practical knowledge and helps in the integration into contemporary society. This questionnaire investigates the role, importance and complementarity of extracurricular activities. It studies the factors that influence the participation of the students in the extra-curricular activities offered by the Children’s Palaces and Clubs. The study was conducted on a national level among children, an online questionnaire with 19 questions was applied (N = 3945). The results show us the important role of non-formal activities, activities that together with formal education help to improve results and are complementary in the development of competencies. The study helps to analyze the strengths and weaknesses of extracurricular education, the results shed light on the children’s needs children, and to what extent the use of the student-centred educational strategy will help to achieve better results in education, and probably to reduce school dropout.
Educational Communication under the Influence of Digital Changes
Authors: Manea Adriana Denisa
Published: January 2021

The reforming dynamism that the technological revolution supports has influenced the educational system. The reform of educational systems as innovative, coherent and flexible entities also meant digital transformations, educational technology systems aimed both at the educational space and the means/instruments of learning. Computerised systems have allowed for emphasised digital communication within the educational field, for mediated learning, self-control and self-adjustment. Consequently, education and self-education in the digital society have urgently called for the building of digital skills, technological abilities for all learners.
Hábitos alimentarios y composición corporal de los estudiantes de Cultura Física, Deporte y Recreación durante las cohortes 2017 I al 2019 II
Authors: Gálvez Pardo Angela Yazmín
Published: January 2021

En la etapa universitaria se presenta un cambio en hábitos de vida y, en la mayoría de casos, las conductas adquiridas en esta época se mantienen en edad adulta. El objetivo fue identificar la relación entre la composición corporal y el consumo de alimentos ricos en fibra y grasa, entre los estudiantes de Cultura Física, Deporte y Recreación en Bogotá, Colombia. La investigación tuvo un enfoque cuantitativo, no experimental, transversal. A una muestra de 91 estudiantes se les evalúo la composición corporal y se les aplicó un cuestionario de alimentos. Los resultados indicaron un porcentaje graso óptimo, un IMC y grasa visceral dentro del rango saludable. El promedio de puntuación para la ingesta de grasa de 22.2 reveló un consumo moderado de grasa, con relación al consumo de fibra el puntaje fue bajo; no se encontró una relación estadísticamente significativa entre la composición corporal y el consumo de alimentos. Se sugiere aumentar consumo de frutas y verduras, disminuir la ingesta de alimentos fritos y comidas rápidas pues, como futuros profesionales que tienen que promover hábitos de vida saludable, deben iniciar la generación de esos hábitos en el ámbito personal.