bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reflections on the Business History Tradition: Where has it Come from and Where is it Going to?
Authors: Keneley Monica
Published: October 2020

The question of what constitutes the discipline of business history has been the focus of ongoing debate for several decades. The output of business history researchers is diverse ranging from company histories to the application of theoretical frameworks used to interpret the many facets of business development. This article, in introducing this special edition of theAustralian Economic History Review, provides an overview of the development of the business history discipline and the contribution it has made to understanding the operation of business enterprises and the markets in which they operate.
Self‐reported visual difficulties in Europe and related factors: a European population‐based cross‐sectional survey
Authors: Leveziel Nicolas , Marillet Simon , Braithwaite Tasanee , Peto Tunde , Ingrand Pierre , Pardhan Shahina , Bron Alain M. , Jonas Jost B. , Resnikoff Serge , Little Julie‐Anne , Bourne Rupert R.A.
Published: October 2020

Purpose

There is a relative paucity of self‐reported vision problems data in European countries.

Methods

In this context, we investigated self‐reported vision problems through European Health Interview Survey 2, a cross‐sectional European population survey based on a standardized questionnaire including 147 medical, demographic and socioeconomic variables applied to non‐institutionalized individuals aged 15 years or more in 28 European countries, in addition to Iceland and Norway.

Results

The survey included 311 386 individuals (54.18% women), with overall crude prevalence of self‐reported vision problems of 2.07% [95% CI; 2.01–2.14]. Among them, 1.70 % [1.61–1.78] of men, 2.41% [2.31–2.51] of women and 4.71% [4.53–4.89] of individuals aged 60 or more reported to have a lot of vision problems or to be not able to see. The frequency of self‐reported vision problems was the highest in Eastern European countries with values of 2.43% [2.30–2.56]. In multivariate analyses, limiting long‐standing illness, depression, daily smoking, lack of physical activity, lower educational level and social isolation were associated with self‐reported vision problems with ORs of 2.66 [2.42–2.92], 2.16 [2.01–2.32], 1.11 [1.01–1.23], 1.31 [1.21–1.42], 1.29 [1.19–1.40] and 1.45 [1.26–1.67], respectively, while higher income was associated with less self‐reported vision problems with OR of 0.80 [0.73–0.86].

Conclusions

This study demonstrated inequalities in terms of prevalence of self‐reported vision problems in Europe, with higher prevalence in Eastern European countries and among women and older individuals.
Funding of prostate magnetic resonance imaging leads to fewer biopsies and potential savings to health systems in the management of prostate cancer
Authors: Whish‐Wilson Thomas , Costello Daniel , Finch Sue , Sutherland Tom , Wong Lih‐Ming
Published: October 2020

Objectives

To assess the impact of the introduction of multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging of the prostate (mpMRIp) on the number of prostate biopsies performed in Australia.

Methods

Australian Medicare published statistics from 1 July 2007 to 30 June 2019 were obtained from publically available databases for prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) testing, prostate biopsy, and mpMRIp. Analysis was divided into three time periods broadly based on availability of mpMRI to the Australian public: 2007–2012 (no mpMRIp), 2012–2018 (mpMRIp available, privately funded), and 2018–2019 (mpMRIp available with Medicare funding). Introduction of mpMRIp was hypothesised to reduce the number of prostate biopsies performed. PSA testing numbers were used as a control. The economics model, proposed by the Medical Services Advisory Committee (MSAC), was analysed for cost savings.

Results

Accounting for variations in PSA testing, the introduction of mpMRIp from 2012 coincided with a reduction in the number of prostate biopsies by an average of 354.7/month (95% CI 175, 534.4; P < 0.001). Whilst the number of mpMRIp performed for the initial 12 months was underestimated by the MSAC at 38 470 vs 20 149 (+$8.3 million Australian dollars), we estimate the annual savings from reduced number biopsies and biopsy‐associated complications to be $13.2 ± 9.6 million.

Conclusion

Availability of mpMRIp in Australia has correlated with a significant reduction in prostate biopsy rates, with an estimated annual saving of $13.2 ± 9.6 million. Government funding of this diagnostic service has the potential to improve health equity and save on health expenditure.
Tracking the response of industrial fishing fleets to large marine protected areas in the Pacific Ocean
Authors: White Timothy D. , Ong Tiffany , Ferretti Francesco , Block Barbara A. , McCauley Douglas J. , Micheli Fiorenza , De Leo Giulio A.
Published: October 2020

Large marine protected areas (MPAs) of unprecedented size have recently been established across the global oceans, yet their ability to meet conservation objectives is debated. Key areas of debate include uncertainty over nations’ abilities to enforce fishing bans across vast, remote regions and the intensity of human impacts before and after MPA implementation. We used a recently developed vessel tracking data set (produced using Automatic Identification System detections) to quantify the response of industrial fishing fleets to 5 of the largest MPAs established in the Pacific Ocean since 2013. After their implementation, all 5 MPAs successfully kept industrial fishing effort exceptionally low. Detected fishing effort was already low in 4 of the 5 large MPAs prior to MPA implementation, particularly relative to nearby regions that did not receive formal protection. Our results suggest that these large MPAs may present major conservation opportunities in relatively intact ecosystems with low immediate impact to industrial fisheries, but the large MPAs we considered often did not significantly reduce fishing effort because baseline fishing was typically low. It is yet to be determined how large MPAs may shape global ocean conservation in the future if the footprint of human influence continues to expand. Continued improvement in understanding of how large MPAs interact with industrial fisheries is a crucial step toward defining their role in global ocean management.
Up to 50% of portal vein thrombosis remains undiagnosed until liver transplantation
Authors: Bert Josephine , Geerts Anja , Vanlander Aude , Abreu de Carvalho Luis , Degroote Helena , Berrevoet Frederik , Rogiers Xavier , van Vlierberghe Hans , Verhelst Xavier
Published: October 2020

Background

Impact of portal vein thrombosis (PVT) on the clinical course in liver transplant candidates remains unclear. This study aims to identify prevalence and risk factors for PVT, assess outcome after liver transplantation (LT) in patients with PVT and study the effect of anticoagulation.

Methods

This single‐center retrospective cohort study was performed from January 2006 until June 2016. Patients were stratified according to presence of PVT. Risk factors and outcome were assessed using logistic regression and survival analysis.

Results

Among 390 adults who underwent orthotopic LT, PVT occurred in 40 (10.3%). In, respectively, 10 (25%), 7 (17.5%), and 23 (57.5%) patients, PVT was identified at time of evaluation for transplantation, on the waiting list and during transplantation. A beneficial trend was present favoring the use of anticoagulation for PVT resolution (n = 3/7 vs 0/9; p = .062). Patient and graft survival were similar between the groups after a median follow‐up of 5 years. However, 1‐year patient survival was significantly lower (p = .031) in patients with PVT.

Conclusion

Portal vein thrombosis occurred in 10% of patients awaiting LT was undiagnosed in 50% until moment of LT and had a deleterious effect on 1‐year survival. Anticoagulation showed a beneficial trend on recanalization of PVT and survival rate.
Borrelia burgdorferi in primary cutaneous lymphomas: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Travaglino Antonio , Varricchio Silvia , Pace Mirella , Russo Daniela , Picardi Marco , Baldo Antonello , Staibano Stefania , Mascolo Massimo
Published: October 2020

Background

The association between Borrelia burgdorferi and primary cutaneous lymphoma is still unclear. This systematic review and meta‐analysis aims to define the association of Borrelia burgdorferi with primary cutaneous lymphoma and its different entities.

Methods

Electronic databases were searched for all studies that assessed the presence of Borrelia burgdorferi DNA in specimens of primary cutaneous lymphoma. The association between Borrelia and primary cutaneous lymphomas was assessed with an odds ratio (significant p < 0.05); cutaneous specimens with no lymphoproliferative disorders were used as controls. A secondary analysis was performed to assess the prevalence of Borrelia infection in different lymphoma entities.

Results

Ten studies with 506 primary cutaneous lymphomas and 201 controls were included. The prevalence of Borrelia DNA positivity was highly heterogeneous among studies from different regions. Borrelia DNA positivity was significantly associated with primary cutaneous lymphomas (odds ratio = 10.88; p < 0.00001). The prevalence of Borrelia DNA positivity was similar among different entities (marginal zone: 7.3 %; follicular: 8.1 %; diffuse large B‐cell: 7.5 %; mycosis fungoides: 8 %).

Conclusions

Borrelia burgdorferi is significantly associated with primary cutaneous lymphomas, with no differences among the several lymphoma entities (both B‐cell and T‐cell), but with strong geographical differences. Molecular testing for Borrelia would be justified in patients with primary cutaneous lymphoma from endemic areas.
A dimmer shade of pale: revealing the faint signature of local assembly processes on the structure of strongly filtered plant communities
Authors: López‐Angulo Jesús , de la Cruz Marcelino , Pescador David S. , Sánchez Ana M. , Escudero Adrián
Published: October 2020

Trait‐based ecology suggests that abiotic filtering is the main mechanism structuring the regional species pool in different subsets of habitat‐specific species. At more local spatial scales, other ecological processes may add on giving rise to complex patterns of functional diversity (FD). Understanding how assembly processes operating on the habitat‐specific species pools produce the locally observed plant assemblages is an ongoing challenge. Here, we evaluated the importance of different processes to community assembly in an alpine fellfield, assessing its effects on local plant trait FD. Using classical randomization tests and linear mixed models, we compared the observed FD with expectations from three null models that hierarchically incorporate additional assembly constraints: stochastic null models (random assembly), independence null models (each species responding individual and independently to abiotic environment), and co‐occurrence null models (species responding to environmental variation and to the presence of other species). We sampled species composition in 115 quadrats across 24 locations in the central Pyrenees (Spain) that differed in soil conditions, solar radiation and elevation. Overall, the classical randomization tests were unable to find differences between the observed and expected functional patterns, suggesting that the strong abiotic filters that sort out the flora of extreme regional environments blur any signal of other local processes. However, our approach based on linear mixed models revealed the signature of different ecological processes. In the case of seed mass and leaf thickness, observed FD significantly deviated from the expectations of the stochastic model, suggesting that fine‐scale abiotic filtering and facilitation can be behind these patterns. Our study highlights how the hierarchical incorporation of ecological additional constraints may shed light on the dim signal left by local assembly processes in alpine environments.
Adult survival probability and body size affect parental risk‐taking across latitudes
Authors: Oteyza Juan C. , Mouton James C. , Martin Thomas E.
Published: October 2020

Parents faced with a predator must choose between their own safety versus taking care of their offspring. Each choice can have fitness costs. Life‐history theory predicts that longer‐lived species should be less willing than shorter‐lived species to return to care for their offspring after a predator disturbance because they have more opportunities to reproduce in the future. We increased adult predation risk during incubation for 40 bird species in north temperate, tropical, and south temperate latitudes. We found that species with higher adult survival probabilities were more cautious, waiting longer before returning to the nest to provide care. Contrary to other studies, we also found that parents were more risk averse and waited longer to return in smaller than larger species, likely reflecting greater vulnerability of smaller species. Ultimately, the relative risk a predator poses to a species and the probability of future reproduction predict parental risk taking across the world.
Upper body movement analysis of multiple limb asymmetry in 367 clinically lame horses
Authors: Phutthachalee Suphannika , Mählmann Kathrin , Seesupa Suvaluk , Lischer Christoph
Published: October 2020

Background

Compensatory lameness is common in horses and evaluation can be challenging.

Objectives

To investigate patterns of compensatory movements in clinical cases with fore‐ or hindlimb lameness before and after diagnostic analgesia.

Study design

Retrospective clinical study.

Methods

Multiple limb lameness of 367 horses was characterised by type (push‐off, impact or mixed), limb (fore‐ or hindlimb in predominant lameness) and side (ipsi‐ or contralateral in concurrent lameness) using a body‐mounted inertial sensor (BMIS). Diagnostic analgesia was performed until the percentage improvement of the vector sum in forelimb lameness and the mean difference of the maximum or minimum pelvic height (PDmaxor PDmin) in hindlimb lameness was ≥50%. Linear mixed model and post‐estimation of effects were performed by contrast command with multiple comparisons adjusted by Bonferroni method. Correlation of pre‐ and post‐analgesia of all head and pelvis asymmetry parameters was tested with Spearman's rank correlation.

Results

Improvement in vector sum per mm after diagnostic analgesia in forelimb impact lameness positively correlated with decrease in PDmax in contralateral mixed lameness (0.187 mm,r = .58,P < .05). Improvement in PDminper mm after diagnostic analgesia in hindlimb mixed and PDmaxin hindlimb push‐off lameness decreased vector sum in ipsilateral forelimb impact lameness by 0.570 and 0.696 mm, respectively (P < .05), with no positive correlation.

Main limitations

A variety of cases with inhomogeneous distribution of lameness patterns was investigated retrospectively, therefore, it is impossible to distinguish between true multiple limb lameness and compensatory lameness in this clinical material.

Conclusions

Various asymmetry patterns of concurrent lameness were seen in horses with naturally occurring primary forelimb impact lameness with contralateral compensatory hindlimb lameness with a mixed component being the most common. In horses with hindlimb lameness, compensatory movements were seen in ipsilateral forelimbs, mostly as an ipsilateral impact lameness during straight line trot.
Advancing frost dates have reduced frost risk among most North American angiosperms since 1980
Authors: Park Isaac W. , Ramirez‐Parada Tadeo , Mazer Susan J.
Published: October 2020

In recent decades, the final frost dates of winter have advanced throughout North America, and many angiosperm taxa have simultaneously advanced their flowering times as the climate has warmed. Phenological advancement may reduce plant fitness, as flowering prior to the final frost date of the winter/spring transition may damage flower buds or open flowers, limiting fruit and seed production. The risk of floral exposure to frost in the recent past and in the future, however, also depends on whether the last day of winter frost is advancing more rapidly, or less rapidly, than the date of onset of flowering in response to climate warming. This study presents the first continental‐scale assessment of recent changes in frost risk to floral tissues, using digital records of 475,694 herbarium specimens representing 1,653 angiosperm species collected across North America from 1920 to 2015. For most species, among sites from which they have been collected, dates of last frost have advanced much more rapidly than flowering dates. As a result, frost risk has declined in 66% of sampled species. Moreover, exotic species consistently exhibit lower frost risk than native species, primarily because the former occupy warmer habitats where the annual frost‐free period begins earlier. While reducing the probability of exposure to frost has clear benefits for the survival of flower buds and flowers, such phenological advancement may disrupt other ecological processes across North America, including pollination, herbivory, and disease transmission.
Contrast‐enhanced micro‐CT to assess dental pulp tissue debridement in root canals of extracted teeth: a series of cascading experiments towards method validation
Authors: De‐Deus G. , Belladonna F. G. , Cavalcante D. M. , Simões‐Carvalho M. , Silva E. J. N. L. , Carvalhal J. C. A. , Zamolyi R. Q. , Lopes R. T. , Versiani M. A. , Dummer P. M. H. , Zehnder M.
Published: October 2020

Aim

To validate a new method for the evaluation of pulp tissue debridement in the root canals of extracted teeth using an impregnation protocol involving potassium triiodide, a radiocontrast solution known as Lugol’s, combined with micro‐computed tomographic (micro‐CT) imaging.

Methodology

The impact of NaOCl on the radiopacity of Lugol’s solution was assessed using a two‐fold dilution series of Lugol in distilled water and 5.25% NaOCl, which were then pipetted into transparent dishes and radiographed. To verify the influence of Lugol on the proteolytic effect of NaOCl, a dissolution test was performed using fresh bovine meat. Ten slices did not undergo any tissue processing, whilst twenty slices were fixed in formaldehyde for 24 h. After that, 10 of them were immersed in Lugol for another 24 h. Then, all specimens were placed in NaOCl and the time required for a complete tissue dissolution was recorded. For the last experiments (histological validation and micro‐CT assessment), 8 extracted mandibular premolars with formerly vital pulps were immersed in buffered formalin, scanned in a micro‐CT device, accessed, immersed in Lugol for 7 days and scanned again. Then, the root canals of 5 teeth were prepared and scanned, and the volume of remaining pulp tissue identified and quantified, whilst 3 teeth were histologically processed. The same specimens were subjected to histological assessment, and the images of the histologic sections were registered with the corresponding micro‐CT images to verify whether the pulp tissue in the histological sections matched its counterpart in the Lugol‐impregnated tissues identified in the micro‐CT slices.

Results

There was no discernible effect on radiopacity when NaOCl was mixed with Lugol’s solution. Tissue processing did not affect the time required for the complete dissolution of fresh bovine meat. Histological evaluation revealed a correlation between micro‐CT and histological images confirming the identification of Lugol‐impregnated pulp tissue in micro‐CT images.

Conclusions

The radiocontrast Lugol’s solution was unaffected by NaOCl and did not interfere with its soft tissue dissolution capability. The impregnation protocol using Lugol’s solution allowed the visualization of pulp tissue on the micro‐CT images and the identification of pulp remnants after chemical–mechanical canal procedures.
What are the Main Factors Associated with Immigrants’ Subjective Well‐being in Italy? Evidence from Self‐reported Life Satisfaction
Authors: Ambrosetti Elena , Paparusso Angela
Published: October 2020

Using data from the survey on “Social Condition and Integration of Foreign Citizens” collected by the Italian National Institute of Statistics (ISTAT) in 2011–2012, the aim of this paper is to study immigrants’ subjective well‐being in Italy, evaluating the main individual factors associated with self‐reported life satisfaction among first‐generation immigrants regularly residing in Italy. The multivariate analysis is based on ordinary least squares regression (OLS) and includes various kinds of factors: demographic, human capital, immigration, transnationalism and sense of belonging variables. We found that demographic and human capital variables have a strong positive impact on life satisfaction. In addition, country of origin and immigration variables also have an impact on life satisfaction. Transnationalism and gender attitudes are positively associated with life satisfaction. Our study concludes that, despite several shortcomings, the “Southern European model of immigration” does not hamper immigrants’ self‐reported life satisfaction.
On fast LuAG:Ce scintillation ceramics with Ca2+ co‐dopants
Authors: Ma Wanqiu , Jiang Benxue , Feng Xiqi , Huang Xin , Wang Wei , Sreebunpeng Krittiya , Zhang Long
Published: October 2020

“Defect engineering” was a valid strategy to modify the performance of LuAG:Ce scintillator, usually realized by Me2+/Me+ co‐doping. To investigate the effects of Ca2+ co‐doping on the scintillation properties of LuAG:Ce, a set of LuAG:Ce ceramics with Ca2+ concentrations ranging from 0 to 0.5 at.% were manufactured. The absorption spectra, radioluminescence spectra (RL spectra), light yield, RL spectra as a function of temperature, decay time, and TSL curves of the ceramic products were carefully measured. With Ca2+ co‐doping, the scintillation performance of LuAG:Ce ceramics was greatly improved. Especially for the 0.2 at.% Ca2+ co‐doped one, it has a high light yield value of 24, 400 ph/MeV, a fast scintillation decay time of 48 ns, and a small slow component contamination. And the role of Ca2+ in the scintillation mechanism of LuAG:Ce ceramics was also discussed in this paper.
Mind the gap: CEO–employee pay ratios and shareholder say‐on‐pay votes
Authors: Crawford Steven S. , Nelson Karen K. , Rountree Brian R.
Published: October 2020

We examine the Securities and Exchange Commission's assertion in the pay ratio disclosure rule that the ratio of Chief Executive Officer to employee pay is useful to shareholders for say‐on‐pay (SOP) voting decisions. Using an estimated pay ratio for a broad panel of commercial banks from 2010 to 2017, we find that voting dissent on SOP proposals is significantly higher in the top pay ratio decile, particularly when institutional ownership is high. Results are robust to controlling for a number of other determinants of voting dissent, including proxy advisor recommendations and executive compensation. Additionally, inferences using the first year of disclosed pay ratios in 2017 for S&P 1500 firms are consistent. However, we do not find similar results in the other deciles of the pay ratio in either sample, calling into question whether a cost‐benefit analysis would support the disclosure requirement imposed by Dodd‐Frank and implemented by the SEC.
Immunogenicity of biologic therapies in psoriasis: Myths, facts and a suggested approach
Authors: Tsakok T. , Rispens T. , Spuls P. , Nast A. , Smith C. , Reich K.
Published: October 2020

With biologic drugs dominating the therapeutic space for severe immune‐mediated inflammatory disease, it is critical for clinicians to be familiar with the concept of drug immunogenicity, with the potential for our patients to develop antidrug antibodies (ADA) of clinical relevance. Whilst there are clear differences between different therapeutic biologics in terms of reported ADA rates, there is no accepted dermatology guideline or grouping of drugs by risk of clinically relevant ADA, nor a consensus on approach to ADA management. This is partly because making valid comparisons of immunogenicity across drugs is fundamentally flawed: the differing types of ADA assay, trial design and included patient population – as well as the molecular structure of the biologic molecules themselves – are all highly influential on reported ADA prevalence and impact on clinical response. Therefore, the first part of this article aims to give an overview of ADA that also clarifies common misconceptions on the subject, whilst the second part of this article outlines Phase III immunogenicity data on commonly used biologics for psoriasis, the most common dermatological indication. Based on this, and acknowledging current limitations in available evidence, we propose a working categorization of biologics together with a broad approach to management: Group 1 – biologics with higher risk of clinically relevant ADA; Group 2 – biologics with lower risk of clinically relevant ADA; and Group 3 – biologics with no established risk of clinically relevant ADA. However, these groupings represent a working concept only; more research is required, using comparable ADA assays and consistent reporting of related outcomes. Finally, there is an urgent need for better characterization of individuals at particular risk of developing ADA to inform future clinical decision‐making.
Cutaneous malignant melanoma mortality in Spain from 1979 to 2018. Trends and new perspectives in the immunotherapy era
Authors: Durán‐Romero A.J. , Sendín‐Martin M. , Conejo‐Mir J. , Pereyra‐Rodriguez J.J.
Published: October 2020

Background

Recent studies suggest that cutaneous melanoma mortality rates in Spain are stabilizing and even decreasing in younger cohorts.

Objectives

To analyse mortality rates of melanoma from the last 40 years, focusing on changes related with the development of new therapeutic approaches.

Methods

Death records and mid‐year population data were collected from the National Statistics Institute. By using the direct method, age‐standardized mortality rates were calculated for overall population and for each sex and age group. Significant changes in mortality trends were identified by Joinpoint regressions. The independent effects of age, period and cohort (APC) and potential years of life lost (PYLL) due to melanoma were also analysed.

Results

Age‐standardized melanoma mortality rates rose in Spain from 0.78 to 2.13 deaths per 100 000 from the first to the last quinquennium of the study (1979–1983 to 2014–2018) for the overall population. After a marked increase until 1995, mortality rates levelled off. Following this stabilization, from 2015 to 2018 there was a decrease in mortality rates for the overall population (average annual per cent change (AAPC): −4.3, not significant), more accused in males over 64 years old (yo). A period effect was observed from the beginning of 21st century, with mortality rates dropping to date.

Conclusions

There is a decrease in melanoma mortality rates from 2015 in all age groups that confirms previous trends in mortality in younger cohorts. Improvement in diagnosis and development of new therapies for advanced melanoma may have a crucial role in this event. Close monitoring of melanoma mortality rates is necessary to confirm these trends.
Association Between Patient‐Reported Frailty and Non‐Home Discharge Among Older Adults Undergoing Surgery
Authors: Sokas Claire M. , Cowan Jane , Dalton Michael K. , Coogan Kathleen , Bader Angela , Bernacki Rachelle , Orkaby Ariela R. , Cooper Zara
Published: October 2020

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES

Identifying surgical patients at risk for discharge to a post‐acute facility has the potential to reduce hospital length of stay, improve postoperative planning, and increase patient satisfaction. We sought to examine the association between a positive response to a preoperative patient‐reported frailty screen and non‐home discharge (NHD).

DESIGN

Prospective cohort.

SETTING

Urban tertiary academic preoperative evaluation center.

PARTICIPANTS

Convenience sample of patients aged 60 and older evaluated from November 2018 to August 2019) undergoing one of 14 major elective general and vascular operations with an expected length of stay of 3 days or longer.

METHODS

Items from the previously validated Fatigue, Resistance, Ambulation, Illnesses, Loss of weight (FRAIL) screen were modified, and patients were queried on fatigue, activity against resistance, ambulation, and weight loss. Multivariable logistic regression adjusting for age and sex was used to determine the association between patient‐reported items and NHD.

RESULTS

A total of 230 patients were included for analysis. The average age of the cohort was 70.1 (standard deviation = 7.1); 91.7% were White, and 52.4% were female. There were 24 patients (10.4%) who were not discharged home. They were more likely to report fatigue (54% vs 29%; P = .01), weight loss (58% vs 21%; P < .01), and difficulty with activity against resistance (33% vs 7%; P < .01) before surgery. In adjusted analysis, patients who self‐reported frailty (FRAIL screen ≥2) were significantly more likely to have an NHD (odds ratio [OR] = 4.5; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.7–11.7; P < .01), as were patients who responded “yes” to any question from the FRAIL screen (OR = 2.5; 95% CI = 1.7–3.5; P < .01). A positive response to difficulty with activity against resistance or recent weight loss showed similar odds of NHD (OR = 7.6; 95% CI = 2.6–23.9; P < .01; and OR = 7.9; 95% CI = 2.9–21.6; P < .01, respectively).

Conclusion

Patient response to screening questions on the FRAIL screen identified those at highest risk of NHD. The FRAIL screening tool is practical, easy to apply, and could be used during preoperative counseling to identify patients likely to have increased discharge planning needs.
Growth of cosmetic procedures in millennials: A 4.5‐year clinical review
Authors: Wang Jordan V. , Akintilo Lisa , Geronemus Roy G.
Published: October 2020

This commentary examines the rise of cosmetic procedures in millennials. With the increasing popularity of aesthetic treatments and the growing share of patients who are millennials, it is important for physicians to understand the current trends, which can offer insights to better forecast patient demand and optimize practice management. Although it has been anecdotally reported that the popularity of cosmetic procedures has increased with millennials, available data on consumer behavior is limited. Our data fills this gap in the literature by examining the patterns of cosmetic procedures in millennials and discussing reasons for these findings. Our data proves an overall upward trend and also breaks down these trends for various individual procedures. Physicians can utilize this information to optimize marketing strategies for millennials in order to capture greater market share and potentially increase practice revenues.
Oral health‐related quality of life and associated factors in patients with burning mouth syndrome
Authors: Choi Jee‐Hye , Kim Moon‐Jong , Kho Hong‐Seop
Published: October 2020

Objective

The purpose of this study was to assess oral health‐related quality of life (OHRQoL) in patients with burning mouth syndrome (BMS) and to identify clinical factors associated with OHRQoL.

Methods

Fifty‐seven patients with BMS (56.4 ± 10.7 years) participated in the study. Patients underwent oral examination, laboratory tests, psychological evaluation, measurement of salivary flow rates and evaluation of clinical characteristics using a BMS questionnaire. The OHRQoL of patients was assessed using the Oral Health Impact Profile‐14 (OHIP‐14).

Results

The OHIP‐14 score for patients with BMS was 38.6 ± 12.8. Patients had higher scores for the psychological discomfort and physical pain dimensions of the OHIP‐14. The intensity of taste disturbance or xerostomia symptoms (β = 0.464, P < .001), worry about symptoms (β = 0.307, P = .020), and results of psychological evaluation (β = 0.311, P = .026) were significantly associated with OHIP‐14 score. Multiple linear regression showed that the intensity of taste disturbance or xerostomia symptoms was significantly associated with decreased OHRQoL (β = 0.637, P = .026).

Conclusions

This study suggests that severity of taste disturbance or xerostomia is an important factor that influences OHRQoL in patients with BMS.
The experience of psychosis and recovery from consumers' perspectives: An integrative literature review
Authors: Alyahya Norah M. , Munro Ian , Moss Cheryle
Published: October 2020

Accessible summary

What is known on the subject?

Since the first decade of this century, few qualitative studies and literature reviews have reported consumers' experiences of psychosis and recovery. The findings from these studies need further exploration.

What does the paper add to existing knowledge?

New insights into consumers' experiences of psychosis were generated. Additionally, understanding of consumers' conceptions and experiences of recovery were reported. Consumers' insights into the enablers and barriers to recovery that they encountered were also identified. Gaps in the literature remain, particularly those related to the effects of gender and culture on consumers' experiences of and recovery from psychosis.

What are the implications for practice?

Nurses' understanding of consumers' perspectives and experiences of psychosis is vital to enhancing the quality of mental health nursing when caring for people living with psychosis.

To support user‐based recovery, mental health nurses need to incorporate person‐centred approaches and reduce their preferencing of medical understandings of recovery.

Introduction

Psychosis is a distressing disorder. Consumers' perspectives about their experiences of psychosis and recovery are essential aspects of mental health nursing.

Aims

To review contemporary evidence related to consumers' experiences of and recovery from psychosis.

Method

An integrative review was the method used; six databases were systematically searched. Of the 157 articles screened, 14 met the inclusion criteria and were assessed for quality using Joanna Briggs Institute Appraisal tools. Data were compared, classified and integrated.

Results

Findings revealed that consumers' experiences of psychosis included issues with self‐expression and language, psychosocial problems and stigma. Also, consumers' experiences associated with their recovery were reported, and this included their perspectives on the enablers and barriers that they encountered.

Discussion

Consumer's experiences of and recovery from psychosis provide an essential basis for managing and working with people experiencing psychosis. Further research identifying the potential effects of gender and culture into consumers' lived experiences is required.

Implications for practice

Exploring the experience of someone with psychosis will help nurses to understand the impacts of this condition. This understanding can guide nurses to apply recovery‐oriented practices. Specific aspects of psychosis experience, including gender and culture, should inform nurses' practices towards recovery.
Validation of risk prediction scores for hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with chronic hepatitis B treated with entecavir or tenofovir
Authors: Chang Jin Won , Lee Jae Seung , Lee Hye Won , Kim Beom Kyung , Park Jun Yong , Kim Do Young , Ahn Sang Hoon , Seo Yeon Seok , Lee Han Ah , Kim Mi Na , Lee Yu Rim , Hwang Seong Gyu , Rim Kyu Sung , Um Soon Ho , Tak Won Young , Kweon Young Oh , Park Soo Young , Kim Seung Up
Published: October 2020

Several prediction scores for the early detection of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are available. We validated the predictive accuracy of age, albumin, sex, liver cirrhosis (AASL), RESCUE‐B, PAGE‐B and modified PAGE‐B (mPAGE‐B) scores in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients treated with entecavir (ETV) or tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF). Between 2007 and 2014, 3171 patients were recruited (1645, ETV; 1517, TDF). The predictive accuracy of each prediction score was assessed. The mean age of the study population (1977 men; 1194 women) was 48.8 years. Liver cirrhosis was present in 1040 (32.8%) patients. During follow‐up (median, 58.2 months), 280 (8.8%) patients developed HCC; these patients were significantly older; more likely to be male; had significantly higher proportions of liver cirrhosis, hypertension and diabetes; and had significantly higher values for the four risk scores than those who did not develop HCC (all P < .05). Older age (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.048), male sex (HR = 2.142), liver cirrhosis (HR = 3.144) and prolonged prothrombin time (HR = 2.589) were independently associated with an increased risk of HCC (all P < .05), whereas a higher platelet count (HR = 0.996) was independently associated with a decreased risk of HCC (P < .05). The predictive accuracy of AASL score was the highest for 3‐ and 5‐year HCC predictions (areas under the curve [AUCs] = 0.818 and 0.816, respectively), followed by RESCUE‐B, PAGE‐B and mPAGE‐B scores (AUC = 0.780‐0.815 and 0.769‐0.814, respectively). In conclusion, four HCC prediction scores were assessed in Korean CHB patients treated with ETV or TDF. The AASL score showed the highest predictive accuracy.
Interactive effects of stocking density and dietary supplementation with Nano selenium and garlic extract on growth, feed utilization, digestive enzymes, stress responses, and antioxidant capacity of grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella
Authors: Adineh Hossein , Naderi Mahdi , Nazer Afieh , Yousefi Morteza , Ahmadifar Ehsan
Published: October 2020

The effects of dietary Nano selenium (Se) and garlic extract on the performance of grass carp under different stocking densities were examined. Fish (2.10 ± 0.09 g) were stocked into 18 tanks: fish were fed a diet supplemented with 1 mg Nano Se and 1 g garlic kg−1 diet (Diet1) or a diet supplemented with 2 mg Nano Se and 2 g garlic kg−1 diet (Diet2) and reared at low (LD, 24 fish per tank), medium (MD, 48 fish per tank), and high (HD, 96 fish per tank) stocking densities. After 60 days, growth was highest in Diet2‐LD and Diet2‐MD groups and lowest in Diet1‐HD group. Results showed an extreme low or high density induced stress responses. At all densities, serum cortisol and glucose levels were significantly lower and amylase and lipase activities were higher in fish fed diet 2. The protease, catalase, and GPx activities were highest in the Diet2‐MD group. The highest SOD activity was observed in medium‐density groups. The serum malondialdehyde level was lowest in Diet2‐LD and Diet2‐MD groups. Thus, higher dietary levels of Nano Se and garlic are recommended to suppress stress and improve growth, digestive activity, and antioxidant capacity in grass carp. In addition, farming fish at medium density is the most optimal aquaculture practice.
Therapeutic Borderlands: Austerity, Maternal HIV Treatment, and the Elusive End of AIDS in Mozambique
Authors: Chapman Rachel R.
Published: October 2020

“End of AIDS” requires ambitious testing, treatment, and adherence benchmarks, like UNAIDS’ “90‐90‐90 by 2020.” Mozambique's efforts to improve essential maternal/infant antiretroviral treatment (ART) exposes how austerity‐related health system short‐falls impede public HIV/AIDS service‐delivery and hinder effective maternal ART and adherence. In therapeutic borderlands—where household impoverishment intersects with health‐system impoverishment—HIV+ women and over‐worked care‐providers circumnavigate scarcity and stigma. Worrisome patterns of precarious use emerge—perinatal ART under‐utilization, delayed initiation, intermittent adherence, and low retention. Ending HIV/AIDS requires ending austerity and reinvesting in a public sector health workforce to ensure universal health coverage as household and community safety nets.
Seabed mining could come at a high price for a unique fauna
Authors: Leray Matthieu , Machida Ryuji J.
Published: October 2020

The deep seafloor is teeming with life, most of which remains poorly known to science. It also constitutes an important reserve of natural resources, particularly minerals, that mining companies will start harvesting in the next few years (Nat Rev Earth Environ, 1, 2020, 158). In this context, broad biodiversity assessments of deep‐sea ecosystems are urgently needed to establish a baseline prior to mining. However, significant gaps in our taxonomic knowledge and the high cost of sampling in the deep sea limit the effectiveness of conventional morphology‐based surveys. In this issue of Molecular Ecology, Laroche et al. (Mol Ecol, 2020) capitalize on high throughput molecular methods to conduct one of the most detailed and rigorous surveys of the composition and biogeography of deep‐seafloor metazoan communities to date. The authors show that deep seamounts in the Clarion Clipperton Zone are inhabited by rich metazoan communities that are distinct from those of the surrounding abyssal plains. These results have important conservation implications: if communities on deep seamounts were to persist after large‐scale industrial mining operations on the surrounding plains, the seamounts would not serve as appropriate reservoirs to repopulate impacted areas.
Combining machine learning and human reflective process for teaching communication skills
Authors: Karnieli‐Miller Orit , Neufeld‐Kroszynski Galit
Published: October 2020

Teaching communication skills requires feedback that combines new techniques with old‐fashioned human reflective processes to help trainees maintain authenticity and express their own voice while adjusting to patient needs.
A hybrid deep learning model for predictive flood warning and situation awareness using channel network sensors data
Authors: Dong Shangjia , Yu Tianbo , Farahmand Hamed , Mostafavi Ali
Published: October 2020

The objective of this study is to create and test a hybrid deep learning (DL) model, FastGRNN‐FCN (fast, accurate, stable and tiny gated recurrent neural network‐fully convolutional network), for urban flood prediction and situation awareness using channel network sensors data. The study used Harris County, Texas, as the testbed, and obtained channel sensor data from three historical flood events (e.g., 2016 Tax Day Flood, 2016 Memorial Day Flood, and 2017 Hurricane Harvey Flood) for training and validating the hybrid DL model. The flood data are divided into a multivariate time series and used as the model input. Each input comprises nine variables, including information of the studied channel sensor and its predecessor and successor sensors in the channel network. Precision‐recall curve and F‐measure are used to identify the optimal set of model parameters. The optimal model with a weight of 1 and a critical threshold of 0.59 are obtained through 100 iterations based on examining different weights and thresholds. The test accuracy and F‐measure eventually reach 97.8% and 0.792, respectively. The model is then tested in predicting the 2019 Imelda Flood in Houston and the results show an excellent match with the empirical flood. The results show that the model enables accurate prediction of the spatial–temporal flood propagation and recession and provides emergency response officials with a predictive flood warning tool for prioritizing the flood response and resource allocation strategies.
Aquinas on the Nature of Christ's Punishment and its Role in His Work of Satisfaction
Authors: Waldow Daniel
Published: October 2020

The purpose of this work is to explicate Thomas Aquinas' teaching regarding the nature of satisfaction, punishment, and the relation between the two in the Passion of Christ. This task is undertaken as a response to recent treatments of Aquinas' soteriology that misinterpret his understanding of the penal nature of Christ's work of satisfaction. I argue that Aquinas' explication of Christ's ‘satisfactory punishment’ on the cross does not reduce the salvific significance of the Passion to the mere endurance of a penalty in order to fulfill an arbitrary legal requirement, nor does it reflect a notion of God as wrathful and delighting in human suffering. Rather, the punishment that constitutes the Passion is a complex reality that is willed by God and chosen by Christ as a fitting means of attaining the end of his saving mission, namely, the healing and elevation of sinners.
Respiratory movement in Ondine’s curse after unilateral medullary infarction: A case report
Authors: Hirayama Takuro , Tateishi Yohei , Kanamoto Tadashi , Matsuoka Ryutaro , Kutsuna Fumiya , Hayashi Nobutaka , Yamashita Kairi , Shima Tomoaki , Ota Rie , Nagaoka Atsushi , Yoshimura Shunsuke , Miyazaki Teiichiro , Horie Nobutaka , Izumo Tsuyoshi , Tsujino Akira
Published: October 2020

Ondine's curse secondary to unilateral medullary infarction has been reported. However, the mechanism remains unclear. This case of a patient with an infarction extending from the right side of the medulla oblongata to the spinal cord at the C1 level showed absence and decrease of respiratory movement on the right and left sides of the chest, respectively, during automatic respiration. The physiological respiratory findings implied that Ondine's curse due to unilateral medullary infarction could be caused by both the impaired regulation of automatic respiration and the disconnection of the projection to ipsilateral phrenic motoneurons.
The budding and depth of invasion model in oral cancer: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Wahab Awais , Onkamo Oona , Pirinen Matti , Almangush Alhadi , Salo Tuula
Published: October 2020

Background

Tumour budding (B) and depth of invasion (D) have both been reported as promising prognostic markers in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). This meta‐analysis assessed the prognostic value of the tumour budding and depth of invasion combination (BD model) in OSCC.

Methods

Databases including Ovid MEDLINE, PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science were searched for articles that studied the BD model as a prognosticator in OSCC. PICO search strategy was “In OSCC patients, does BD model have a prognostic power?” We used the reporting recommendations for tumour marker prognostic studies (REMARK) criteria to evaluate the quality of studies eligible for systematic review and meta‐analysis.

Results

Nine studies were relevant as they analysed the BD model for prognostication of OSCC. These studies used either haematoxylin and eosin (HE) or pan‐cytokeratin (PCK)‐stained resected sections of OSCC. Our meta‐analysis showed a significant association of BD model with OSCC disease‐free survival (hazard ratio = 2.02; 95% confidence interval = 1.44–2.85).

Conclusions

The BD model is a simple and reliable prognostic indicator for OSCC. Evaluation of the BD model from HE‐ or PCK‐stained sections could facilitate individualized treatment planning for OSCC patients.
When does transparency improve public services? Street‐level discretion, information, and targeting
Authors: Bauhr Monika , Carlitz Ruth
Published: October 2020

Transparency has been widely promoted as a tool for improving public service delivery; however, empirical evidence is inconclusive. We suggest that the influence of transparency on service provision is contingent on the nature of the service. Specifically, we argue that transparency is more likely to improve the quality of service provision when street‐level discretion is high. Discretion increases information asymmetries, and, in the absence of transparency, allows officials to target public services in suboptimal ways. Using finely grained data from the Vietnam Provincial Governance and Public Administration Performance Index between 2011 and 2018, we show that communes that experience increases in transparency also experience improved quality of education and health (services characterized by greater discretion), while the quality of infrastructure provision (characterized by less discretion) bears no relation to increased transparency. The findings help us understand when transparency can improve service provision, as well the effects of transparency reforms in non‐democratic settings.