bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Gleinalm Motorway Tunnel – 2nd tube logistical challenges / Gleinalmtunnel – Neubau der zweiten Röhre
Authors: Sellner Peter J. , Sonnleitner Herbert
Published: October 2016

In 2013 Asfinag published the tender for the construction of the second tube of the Gleinalm Tunnel. The tunnel is situated in hard rocks (gneiss) and the tender design contained excavation works realized by “drill and blast” in a top heading, bench and invert sequence. Additionally to this tender design, technical alternatives were allowed. One of the tenderers, the later contractor, offered both, a concept according to the tender and an alternative excavation concept including full face excavation by drill and blast. This alternative was based on considerations and experience the tenderer had gained from the construction works of the first tube in the early 1970s presuming optimal full face excavation conditions over wide areas of the tunnel and thus reducing time and costs. Due to these economic advantages and the low cost risk the owner finally commissioned the alternative. Minimizing the blasting vibration of the full face excavation on the nearby running tube, which was operated without any disturbance, was only one of the challenges of the project. In terms of logistics the supply of the excavation works with air and support materials as well as the huge mucking volume to be transported were identified as limiting factors.

Das im Jahr 2013 ausgeschriebene Vortriebskonzept für die zweite Röhre des Gleinalmtunnels hat den Ausbruch grundsätzlich als Sprengvortrieb in den Teilquerschnitten Kalotte, Strosse und Sohle vorgesehen, jedoch auch technische Alternativen zugelassen. Durch die später beauftragte Bietergemeinschaft wurde neben dem Hauptangebot auch eine Alternative eingereicht, die über weite Bereiche des Tunnels den Sprengvortrieb im Vollausbruch beinhaltet, und auf geologischen und geotechnischen Überlegungen beruht. Aufgrund der Wirtschaftlichkeit und Kostensicherheit wurde die Alternative beauftragt. Die Minimierung von Sprengerschütterungen im Zuge des Vollausbruchs im Zusammenhang mit der parallel verlaufenden und in Betrieb befindlichen Bestandsröhre stellt nur eine Herausforderung dar, die es zu bewältigen galt. Logistisch gesehen befand sich die Versorgung der Vortriebe im Grenzbereich des Machbaren.
How do we enhance undergraduate healthcare education in dementia? A review of the role of innovative approaches and development of the Time for Dementia Programme
Authors: Banerjee Sube , Farina Nicolas , Daley Stephanie , Grosvenor Wendy , Hughes Leila , Hebditch Molly , Mackrell Sophie , Nilforooshan Ramin , Wyatt Chris , de Vries Kay , Haq Inam , Wright Juliet
Published: October 2016

Objectives

Traditional healthcare education, delivered through a series of time‐limited clinical placements, often fails to deliver an understanding of the experiences of those with long‐term conditions, a growing issue for healthcare systems. Responses include longitudinal integrated clerkships and senior mentor programmes allowing students' longer placements, continuity of contact and opportunities to learn about chronic illness and patient experience. We review their development and delivery in dementia and present the Time for Dementia (TFD) Programme, a novel 2‐year interdisciplinary educational programme.

Design

The study design involves a scoping review of enhanced placements in dementia for healthcare professionals in training including longitudinal integrated clerkships and senior mentor programmes and a case study of the development of TFD and its evaluation.

Results

Eight enhanced programmes in dementia were identified and seven in the USA. None were compulsory and all lasted 12 months. All reported positive impact from case study designs but data quality was weak. Building on these, TFD was developed in partnership between the Alzheimer's Society, universities and NHS and made a core part of the curriculum for medical, nursing and paramedic students. Students visit a person with dementia and their family in pairs for 2 h every 3 months for 2 years. They follow a semi‐structured interaction guide focusing on experiences of illness and services and complete reflective appraisals.

Conclusions

We need interprofessional undergraduate healthcare education that enables future healthcare professionals to be able to understand and manage the people with the long‐term conditions who current systems often fail. TFD is designed to help address this need. © 2016 The Authors. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Human myeloid inhibitory C‐lectin: a highly specific and stable acute myeloid leukemia marker
Authors: Eissa Deena Samir , Kandeel Eman Zaghloul , Ghareeb Mohamed
Published: October 2016

The prognosis of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is poor because of relapses occurring on conventional chemotherapy. The distinction between leukemic and normal stem cells relies on the expression of antigen combinations defining leukemia‐associated immunophenotypes (LAIPs), which are absent or extremely infrequent in normal bone marrow. However, LAIPs are very different from patient to patient and are not necessarily stable over the course of the disease. Accordingly, we addressed the applicability of human myeloid inhibitory C‐lectin (hMICL) by flow cytometry as a specific leukemic myeloid stem cell marker for the diagnosis of AML in CD34+ and CD34− cases and evaluated the stability of hMICL during the course of the disease. hMICL expression was assessed in 78 bone marrow aspirate specimens obtained from AML patients at diagnosis (n = 40), complete remission (CR) (n = 28), and relapse (n = 10). AML patients at diagnosis were compared to 20 newly diagnosed acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) patients and 20 healthy controls. hMICL was reevaluated in CR and relapse specimens. hMICL was expressed in 100% AML patients at diagnosis (mean ± standard deviation [SD], 60.3 ± 19.9%), both CD34+ and CD34−, but not in ALL (mean ± SD, 3.3 ± 1.9%) or healthy controls (mean ± SD, 3.4 ± 2.6%) (P < .001). hMICL median fluorescence intensity ratio was higher in AML (mean ± SD, 15.9 ± 11.7) compared to ALL (mean ± SD, 4.5 ± 1.4) and healthy controls (mean ± SD, 4.4 ± 1.6) (P < .001). hMICL was expressed in all studied AML morphologic subtypes. Preserved stable expression of hMICL was found in CR and relapse specimens with no antigen loss. hMICL is a robust pan‐AML‐associated antigen with excellent diagnostic impact, extreme specificity to AML blasts, and stability throughout the course of the disease. hMICL could be incorporated into the routine flow cytometry setting within the initial diagnostic work‐up and follow‐up of AML.
Testing the use of an image‐based technique to measure gully erosion at Sparacia experimental area
Authors: Di Stefano Costanza , Ferro Vito , Palmeri Vincenzo , Pampalone Vincenzo , Agnello Fabrizio
Published: October 2016

The first part of this investigation was aimed at testing the use of a three‐dimensional (3D) digital terrain model and a quasi‐tridimensional (2.5D) digital elevation model obtained by a large series of oblique images of eroded channels taken from consumer un‐calibrated and non‐metric cameras. For two closed earth channels having a different sinuosity, the ground measurement of some cross sections by a profilometer (P) was carried out and their real volume was also measured. The comparison among the three methods (3D, 2.5D, and P) pointed out that a limited underestimation of the total volume always occurs and that the 3D method is characterized by the minimum difference between measured and real volume. For this reason, 3D model can be used as benchmark. In the subsequent part of the investigation, the three ground measurement methods were applied for surveying of an ephemeral gully (EG) channel at the Sparacia area. The morphological and hydraulic variable values of the 24 surveyed cross sections determined by both 2.5D model and profilometer were compared. This comparison showed that the estimate error is generally less than ±10%. The EG measurements carried out by the three methods supported the applicability both of the empirical relationship between EG length and its eroded volume and the theoretical dimensionless relationship among the morphological variables describing the channelized erosion process. Finally, it was demonstrated that the effect of the distance interval on the EG volume measurement by 3D and 2.5D models is negligible for the investigated EG.
Dynamics of dissolved major (Na, K, Ca, Mg, and Si) and trace (Al, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, and Cr) elements along the lower Orinoco River
Authors: Mora Abrahan , Mahlknecht Jürgen , Baquero Juan Carlos , Laraque Alain , Alfonso Juan A. , Pisapia Daniel , Balza Laura
Published: October 2016

This study addresses the changes in dissolved major and trace element concentrations along the Orinoco River, including the mixing zone between the Orinoco and Apure Rivers. Water samples from the Apure and Orinoco Rivers were collected monthly in four sectors over a period of 15 months. Auxiliary parameters (pH, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, and temperature), total suspended sediments, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and major (Na, K, Ca, Mg, and Si) and trace (Al, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, and Cr) element concentrations were measured in all sectors. The relative contribution of both rivers after the Apure–Orinoco confluence was determined using Ca as a tracer. Moreover, a mixing model was developed to determine whether dissolved species exhibit a conservative behavior during mixing. The results indicate that DOC is removed from waters during the Apure–Orinoco mixing, probably due to absorption of DOC on mineral phases supplied by the Apure River. Dissolved Na, Ca, and Mg behave conservatively during the mixing processes, and their concentrations are controlled by a dilution process. The anomaly in the temporal pattern of K in the Orinoco is caused by the input of biogenic K originating from the Apure River during the high‐water stage. The loss of dissolved Si during the low‐water stage can be explained by the uptake of Si by diatoms. Dissolved Mn, Zn, Al, and Fe showed a non‐conservative behavior during the Apure–Orinoco mixing. The removal of Mn and Zn from the dissolved phase can be explained by the formation of Mn‐oxyhydroxides and the scavenging of Zn onto Mn oxides. Dissolved Fe is controlled by redox processes, although the removals of Fe and Al due to the preferential adsorption of large organometallic complexes by mineral surfaces after the Apure–Orinoco confluence can affect the mobility of both elements during transport. The conservative behavior shown by Cu and Cr can be related to the tendency of both elements to be complexed with small organic colloids, which are not preferentially adsorbed by clays.
Application of ecosystem services in natural resource management decision making
Authors: Moore David W , Booth Pieter , Alix Anne , Apitz Sabine E , Forrow David , Huber-Sannwald Elisabeth , Jayasundara Nishad
Published: October 2016

An ecosystem services (ES) approach to natural resource management (NRM) can provide the framework for balancing economic, ecological, and societal drivers in decision making. The efficacy of such an approach depends on the successful execution of several key activities, from early and continuous engagement with relevant stakeholders, to development and application of ecological production functions (EPFs), to explicit recognition of uncertainty in the process. Although there are obstacles to the implementation of an ES approach in NRM, including unclear regulatory and policy frameworks and the paucity of useful EPFs, many of the tools are currently available or sufficiently developed. An ES approach can and, in some cases, should involve qualitative rather than quantitative assessment when the stakes are not very high or when quantitative approaches would not be cost effective because of highly uncertain results. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2017;13:74–84. © 2016 SETAC.

Key Points

We provide practical guidance for application of ecosystem services (ES) in natural resource management (NRM) decision making. We summarize the current state of the science and provide case study examples of the application of ES approaches in NRM decision making. We identify data gaps and potential impediments to be addressed to facilitate broader, more routine application of ES in NRM decision making.
Hsp90 inhibition ameliorates CD4+ T cell‐mediated acute Graft versus Host disease in mice
Authors: Berges Carsten , Kerkau Thomas , Werner Sandra , Wolf Nelli , Winter Nadine , Hünig Thomas , Einsele Hermann , Topp Max S. , Beyersdorf Niklas
Published: October 2016

Introduction

For many patients with leukemia only allogeneic bone marrow transplantion provides a chance of cure. Co‐transplanted mature donor T cells mediate the desired Graft versus Tumor (GvT) effect required to destroy residual leukemic cells. The donor T cells very often, however, also attack healthy tissue of the patient inducing acute Graft versus Host Disease (aGvHD)—a potentially life‐threatening complication.

Methods

Therefore, we used the well established C57BL/6 into BALB/c mouse aGvHD model to evaluate whether pharmacological inhibition of heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) would protect the mice from aGvHD.

Results

Treatment of the BALB/c recipient mice from day 0 to +2 after allogeneic CD4+ T cell transplantation with the Hsp90 inhibitor 17‐(dimethylaminoethylamino)‐17‐demethoxygeldanamycin (DMAG) partially protected the mice from aGvHD. DMAG treatment was, however, insufficient to prolong overall survival of leukemia‐bearing mice after transplantation of allogeneic CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Ex vivo analyses and in vitro experiments revealed that DMAG primarily inhibits conventional CD4+ T cells with a relative resistance of CD4+ regulatory and CD8+ T cells toward Hsp90 inhibition.

Conclusions

Our data, thus, suggest that Hsp90 inhibition might constitute a novel approach to reduce aGvHD in patients without abrogating the desired GvT effect.
Antitumor effects of 4‐methylumbelliferone, a hyaluronan synthesis inhibitor, on malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor
Authors: Ikuta Kunihiro , Ota Takehiro , Zhuo Lisheng , Urakawa Hiroshi , Kozawa Eiji , Hamada Shunsuke , Kimata Koji , Ishiguro Naoki , Nishida Yoshihiro
Published: October 2016

Hyaluronan (HA) has been shown to play important roles in the growth, invasion and metastasis of malignant tumors. Our previous study showing that high HA expression in malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNST) is predictive of poor patient prognosis, prompted us to speculate that inhibition of HA synthesis in MPNST might suppress the tumorigenicity. The aim of our study was to investigate the antitumor effects of 4‐methylumbelliferone (MU), an HA synthesis inhibitor, on human MPNST cells and tissues. The effects of MU on HA accumulation and tumorigenicity in MPNST cells were analyzed in the presence or absence of MU in an in vitro as well as in vivo xenograft model using human MPNST cell lines, sNF96.2 (primary recurrent) and sNF02.2 (metastatic). MU significantly inhibited cell proliferation, migration and invasion in both MPNST cell lines. HA binding protein (HABP) staining, particle exclusion assay and quantification of HA revealed that MU significantly decreased HA accumulation in the cytoplasms and pericellular matrices in both MPNST cell lines. The expression levels of HA synthase2 (HAS2) and HA synthase3 (HAS3) mRNA were downregulated after treatment with MU. MU induced apoptosis of sNF96.2 cells, but not sNF02.2 cells. MU administration significantly inhibited the tumor growth of sNF96.2 cells in the mouse xenograft model. To the best of our knowledge, our study demonstrates for the first time the antitumor effects of MU on human MPNST mediated by inhibition of HA synthesis. Our results suggest that MU may be a promising agent with novel antitumor mechanisms for MPNST.
Childhood body mass index growth trajectories and endometrial cancer risk
Authors: Aarestrup Julie , Gamborg Michael , Tilling Kate , Ulrich Lian G. , Sørensen Thorkild I.A. , Baker Jennifer L.
Published: October 2016

Previously, we found that excess weight already in childhood has positive associations with endometrial cancer; however, associations with changes in body mass index (BMI) during childhood are not well understood. Therefore, we examined whether growth in childhood BMI is associated with endometrial cancer and its sub‐types. A cohort of 155,505 girls from the Copenhagen School Health Records Register with measured weights and heights at the ages of 6–14 years and born 1930–1989 formed the analytical population. BMI was transformed to age‐specific z scores. Using linear spline multilevel models, each girl's BMI growth trajectory was estimated as the deviance from the average trajectory for three different growth periods (6.25–7.99, 8.0–10.99, 11.0–14.0 years). Via a link to health registers, 1,020 endometrial cancer cases were identified, and Cox regressions were performed. A greater gain in BMI during childhood was positively associated with endometrial cancer but no differences between the different growth periods were detected in models adjusted for baseline BMI. The hazard ratios for the associations with overall growth during childhood per 0.1 z score increase were 1.15 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.07–1.24) for all endometrial cancers, 1.12 (95% CI: 1.04–1.21) for estrogen‐dependent cancers, 1.16 (95% CI: 1.06–1.26) for endometrioid adenocarcinomas and 1.46 (95% CI: 1.16–1.84) for non‐estrogen‐dependent cancers. Growth in BMI in early life is positively linked to later endometrial cancer risk. We did not identify any sensitive childhood growth period, which suggests that excess gain in BMI during the entire childhood period should be avoided.
Exploring posttraumatic growth in Tamil children affected by the Indian Ocean Tsunami in 2004
Authors: Exenberger Silvia , Ramalingam Panch , Höfer Stefan
Published: October 2016

Few studies explore posttraumatic growth (PTG) in children from Eastern cultures. To help address this gap, the present study examined PTG among 177 South Indian children aged 8–17 years who were affected by the 2004 Tsunami. The study identifies the underlying factor structure of the Tamil version of the Revised Posttraumatic Growth Inventory for Children (PTGI‐C‐R), and aims to explore the prevalence of PTG, the relationship between distress and growth, and gender and age differences in PTG. The results of the principal component analysis indicated a two‐factor structure with an interpersonal and a person‐centred dimension of growth. The total scores of the Tamil PTGI‐C‐R were positively associated with posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) and age. Moreover, there was a significant relationship between age and the person‐centred growth subscale. Non‐parametric tests found no gender differences in perceived growth. The role of socio‐cultural factors on the nature of PTG is discussed.
Immunomodulatory effects of metal salts at sub‐toxic concentrations
Authors: Steinborn Carmen , Diegel Christoph , Garcia‐Käufer Manuel , Gründemann Carsten , Huber Roman
Published: October 2016

Because different metals are used in complementary medicine for the treatment of diseases related to a dysfunction of the immune system, this study aimed at determining the immunomodulatory potential of Pb(NO3)2, AuCl3, Cu(NO3)2, HgCl2, AgNO3, SnCl2, AsCl3 and SbCl3 at sub‐toxic concentrations and at assessing possible toxic side effects of low‐concentrated metal preparations. The influence of the metal salts on primary human mononuclear cells was analyzed by measuring cell viability using the water‐soluble tetrazolium salt assay, apoptosis and necrosis induction by annexin V/propidium iodide staining and proliferation by carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester staining and flow cytometry. Effects on T‐cell activation were assessed with CD69 and CD25 expression using flow cytometry whereas CD83, CD86 and CD14 expression was measured to evaluate the influence on dendritic cell maturation. Alterations of interleukin‐2 and interferon‐γ secretion were detected by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay and genotoxic effects were analyzed using the comet assay. At sub‐toxic concentrations retardation of T‐cell proliferation was caused by Pb(NO3)2, AuCl3 and Cu(NO3)2 and inhibitory effects on interleukin‐2 secretion were measured after incubation with Pb(NO3)2, AuCl3, Cu(NO3)2, HgCl2 and AsCl3. Cu(NO3)2 had immunosuppressive activity at dosages within the serum reference range for copper. All other metal salts showed effects at dosages above upper serum limits of normal. Therefore, only low‐concentrated copper preparations are promising to have immunomodulatory potential. Toxic side effects of metal preparations used in complementary medicine are improbable because upper limits of metals set in the drinking water ordinance are either not exceeded or the duration of their application is limited. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of a cell‐free method using collagen vitrigel incorporating TGF‐β1 on articular cartilage repair in a rabbit osteochondral defect model
Authors: Maruki Hideyuki , Sato Masato , Takezawa Toshiaki , Tani Yoshiki , Yokoyama Munetaka , Takahashi Takumi , Toyoda Eriko , Okada Eri , Aoki Shigehisa , Mochida Joji , Kato Yoshiharu
Published: October 2016

We studied the ability of collagen vitrigel material to repair cartilage in vivo when used alone or with transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β). We measured the time course and quantity of TGF‐β1 released from the collagen vitrigel in vitro to quantify the controlled release of TGF‐β1. Over 14 days, 0.91 ng of TGF‐β was released from the collagen vitrigel. Osteochondral defects were made in the femoral trochlear groove in 36 Japanese white rabbits, which were divided into three groups: untreated group (group A), collagen vitrigel‐implanted group (group B), and TGF‐β1‐incorporated collagen vitrigel‐implanted group (group C). The weight distribution ratio between the affected and unaffected limbs served as an indicator of pain. Animals were sacrificed at 4 and 12 weeks after surgery, and their tissues were assessed histologically. The weight distribution ratio increased in all groups and did not differ significantly between groups at 12 weeks. Group A needed 6 weeks to attain maximum improvement, and groups B and C showed near‐maximum improvement at 4 and 2 weeks, respectively. The International Cartilage Repair Society II score improved significantly in group C relative to the other groups. These findings suggest that sustained, slow release of TGF‐β caused early pain mitigation and cartilage repair. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 105B: 2592–2602, 2017.
Pharmacologically Inactive Bisphosphonates as an Alternative Strategy for Targeting Osteoclasts: In Vivo Assessment of 5-Fluorodeoxyuridine-Alendronate in a Preclinical Model of Breast Cancer Bone Metastases
Authors: Schem Christian , Tower Robert J , Kneissl Philipp , Rambow Anna-Christina , Campbell Graeme M , Desel Christine , Damm Timo , Heilmann Thorsten , Fuchs Sabine , Zuhayra Maaz , Trauzold Anna , Glüer Claus C , Schott Sarah , Tiwari Sanjay
Published: October 2016

Bisphosphonates have effects that are antiresorptive, antitumor, and antiapoptotic to osteoblasts and osteocytes, but an effective means of eliciting these multiple activities in the treatment of bone metastases has not been identified. Antimetabolite-bisphosphonate conjugates have potential for improved performance as a class of bone-specific antineoplastic drugs. The primary objective of the study was to determine whether an antimetabolite-bisphosphonate conjugate will preserve bone formation concomitant with antiresorptive and antitumor activity. 5-FdU-ale, a highly stable conjugate between the antimetabolite 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine and the bisphosphonate alendronate, was tested for its therapeutic efficacy in a mouse model of MDA-MB231 breast cancer bone metastases. In vitro testing revealed osteoclasts to be highly sensitive to 5-FdU-ale. In contrast, osteoblasts had significantly reduced sensitivity. Tumor cells were resistant in vitro but in vivo tumor burden was nevertheless significantly reduced compared with untreated mice. Sensitivity to 5-FdU-ale was not mediated through inhibition of farnesyl diphosphate synthase activity, but cell cycle arrest was observed. Although serum tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) levels were greatly reduced by both drugs, there was no significant decrease in the serum bone formation marker osteocalcin with 5-FdU-ale treatment. In contrast, there was more than a fivefold decrease in serum osteocalcin levels with alendronate treatment (p < 0.001). This finding is supported by time-lapse micro–computed tomography analyses, which revealed bone formation volume to be on average 1.6-fold higher with 5-FdU-ale treatment compared with alendronate (p < 0.001). We conclude that 5-FdU-ale, which is a poor prenylation inhibitor but maintains potent antiresorptive activity, does not reduce bone formation and has cytostatic antitumor efficacy. These results document that conjugation of an antimetabolite with bisphosphonates offers flexibility in creating potent bone-targeting drugs with cytostatic, bone protection properties that show limited nephrotoxicity. This unique class of drugs may offer distinct advantages in the setting of targeted adjuvant therapy and chemoprevention of bone diseases. © 2016 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Efficient pole‐search algorithm for dynamic polarizability: Toward alternative excited‐state calculation for large systems
Authors: Nakai Hiromi , Yoshikawa Takeshi , Nonaka Yutaro
Published: October 2016

This study presents an efficient algorithm to search for the poles of dynamic polarizability to obtain excited states of large systems with nonlocal excitation nature. The present algorithm adopts a homogeneous search with a constant frequency interval and a bisection search to achieve high accuracy. Furthermore, the subtraction process of the information about the detected poles from the total dynamic polarizability is used to extract the undetected pole contributions. Numerical assessments confirmed the accuracy and efficiency of the present algorithm in obtaining the excitation energies and oscillator strengths of all dipole‐allowed excited states. A combination of the present pole‐search algorithm and divide‐and‐conquer‐based dynamic polarizability calculations was found to be promising to treat nonlocal excitations of large systems. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Electrochemical Behavior of Polypyrrole‐modified SnS2 for Use as Anode Material in Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Luo Dawei , Lin Feng , Xiao Wangdong , Li Zhijun , Luo Chaoyun , Li Xue
Published: October 2016

SnS2/polypyrrole (PPy) composites were successfully synthesized by PPy modification of SnS2
via a simple and effective solvothermal and chemical method. The microstructure, morphology, electrical conductivity, PPy content, and electrochemical properties of these materials were characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), four‐point probe technique, thermogavimetry (TG), and constant‐current charge/discharge tests, respectively. The results demonstrate that PPy is tightly coated on the 3D flower‐like SnS2
and that the conductivity of SnS2
/PPy composites can be greatly improved by the PPy modification. The electrochemical results indicate that PPy is not involved in the electrode reaction, but it can dramatically improve the reversible capacity and cyclic performance. The recharge capacity retention after 30 cycles remained at 523 mAh/g, which is significantly higher than that of SnS2
without modification by PPy. The better cycling performance compared to SnS2
nanoparticles should be due to the 3D nano‐flower‐like SnS2
particles and the modification of SnS2 by PPy.
Indispensable Role of Ion Channels and Transporters in the Auditory System
Authors: Mittal Rahul , Aranke Mayank , Debs Luca H. , Nguyen Desiree , Patel Amit P. , Grati M'hamed , Mittal Jeenu , Yan Denise , Chapagain Prem , Eshraghi Adrien A. , Liu Xue Zhong
Published: October 2016

Ear is a complex system where appropriate ionic composition is essential for maintaining the tissue homeostasis and hearing function. Ion transporters and channels present in the auditory system plays a crucial role in maintaining proper ionic composition in the ear. The extracellular fluid, called endolymph, found in the cochlea of the mammalian inner ear is particularly unique due to its electrochemical properties. At an endocochlear potential of about +80 mV, signaling initiated by acoustic stimuli at the level of the hair cells is dependent on the unusually high potassium (K+) concentration of endolymph. There are ion channels and transporters that exists in the ear to ensure that K+ is continually being cycled into the stria media endolymph. This review is focused on the discussion of the molecular and genetic basis of previously and newly recognized ion channels and transporters that support sensory hair cell excitation based on recent knock‐in and knock‐out studies of these channels. This article also addresses the molecular and genetic defects and the pathophysiology behind Meniere's disease as well as how the dysregulation of these ion transporters can result in severe defects in hearing or even deafness. Understanding the role of ion channels and transporters in the auditory system will facilitate in designing effective treatment modalities against ear disorders including Meniere's disease and hearing loss. J. Cell. Physiol. 232: 743–758, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Induction of peptidylarginine deiminase 2 and 3 by dibutyryl cAMP via cAMP‐PKA signaling in human astrocytoma U‐251MG cells
Authors: Masutomi Hirofumi , Kawashima Saki , Kondo Yoshitaka , Uchida Yoshiaki , Jang Byungki , Choi Eun‐Kyoung , Kim Yong‐Sun , Shimokado Kentaro , Ishigami Akihito
Published: October 2016

Peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs) are posttranslational modification enzymes that citrullinate (deiminate) protein arginine residues in a calcium‐dependent manner, yielding citrulline residues. Enzymatic citrullination abolishes positive charges of native protein molecules, inevitably causing significant alterations in their structure and function. Previously, we reported the abnormal accumulation of citrullinated proteins and an increase of PAD2 content in hippocampi of patients with Alzheimer disease. In this study, we investigated PAD expression by using dibutyryl cAMP (dbcAMP) in human astrocytoma U‐251MG cells. Under normal culture conditions, PAD2 and PAD3 mRNA expression is detectable with quantitative PCR in U‐251MG cells. The addition of dbcAMP in a dose‐dependent manner significantly increased this mRNA expression and protein levels. Moreover, PAD enzyme activity also increased significantly and dose‐dependently. Furthermore, the expression of PAD2 and PAD3 mRNA was inhibited by the cAMP‐dependent PKA inhibitor KT5720, suggesting that such expression of dbcAMP‐induced PAD2 and PAD3 mRNA is mediated by the cAMP‐PKA signaling pathway in U‐251MG cells. This is the first report to document the PAD2 and PAD3 mRNA expression induced by dbcAMP and to attribute the induction of these genes to mediation by the cAMP‐PKA signaling pathway in U‐251MG cells. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Chronic odorant exposure upregulates acquisition of functional properties in cultured embryonic chick olfactory sensory neurons
Authors: O'Neill Grace , Musto Christa , Gomez George
Published: October 2016

Neuronal development and differentiation is modulated by activity‐dependent mechanisms that stimulate endogenous neurogenesis and differentiation to promote adaptive survival of the organism. Studies on bird odor imprinting have shown how sensory stimuli or environmental influences can affect neonatal behavior, presumably by remodeling the developing nervous system. It is unclear whether these changes originate from the sensory neurons themselves or from the brain. Thus, we attempted to address this by using an in vitro system to separate the peripheral neurons from their central connections. Olfactory neurons from embryonic day 17 Gallus domesticus chicks were isolated, cultured, and exposed to 100 µM amyl acetate or phenethyl alcohol in 12‐hr bouts, alternated with periods of no‐odor exposure. On days 4 and 5 in vitro, cells were immunostained for olfactory marker protein, neuron‐specific tubulin, and olfactory GTP‐binding protein, and tested for odorant sensitivity using calcium imaging. While odorant exposure did not result in a significant increase in the overall number of neurons, it promoted neuron differentiation: a larger proportion of odorant‐exposed cells expressed olfactory marker protein and the olfactory GTP‐binding protein. When cell responsiveness was tested using calcium imaging, a greater proportion of odorant‐exposed cells responded to stimulation with 100 µM amyl acetate or phenethyl alcohol. Thus, odorant exposure during development modulated the developmental trajectories of individual neurons, resulting in changes in protein expression associated with odorant signaling. This suggests that the neuronal changes in the periphery have an important contribution to the overall long‐term functional changes associated with odor imprinting. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effect of high hydrostatic pressure on the polyphenols and antioxidant activity of plantain pulp (Musa paradisiacaAAB)
Authors: Jiménez‐Martínez Miriam C , Montalvo‐González Efigenia , Sáyago‐Ayerdi Sonia G , Mercado‐Mercado Gilberto , Ramírez‐de León José A , Paz‐Gamboa Ernestina , Vivar‐Vera Maria A
Published: October 2016

BACKGROUND

The impact of high‐pressure processing (HPP) on the polyphenol (PP) content and antioxidant activity (AOX) of plantain pulp was evaluated. Pressures of 400, 500 and 600 MPa were applied to plantain pulp for 90 and 180 s at room temperature (25 °C). Polyphenoloxidase activity, extractable (EPP) and non‐extractable PP (NEPP) contents, flavonoid content and AOX (FRAP, ABTS•+) were evaluated. In addition, PP identification was performed using high‐performance liquid chromatography.

RESULTS

Polyphenoloxidase activity was inhibited after HPP under all of the conditions studied. Increases of 110.80% and 137.40% in EPP content under conditions of 500 MPa/180 s and 600 MPa/90 s were observed with a simultaneous improvement in the AOX with increments of up to 128.71%. The treatment under conditions of 500 MPa/90 s had the highest total PP content, including the highest content of flavonoids (0.22 g ellagic acid equivalents kg−1 dry weight) and the proportion of NEPP that contained hydrolysable PPs (91.12 g gallic acid equivalents kg−1 dry weight with high AOX. The identified PPs included catechin, quercetin, gallic and hydroxybenzoic acids.

CONCLUSION

HPP performed at a room temperature can be used for improving the total content of PP compounds in plantain pulp under specific pressure and time conditions. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Facile preparation of polydopamine‐coated imprinted polymers on the surface of SiO2 for estrone capture in milk samples
Authors: Zheng Penglei , Zhang Bilin , Luo Zhimin , Du Wei , Guo Pengqi , Zhou Yulan , Chang Ruimiao , Chang Chun , Fu Qiang
Published: October 2016

Estrone molecularly imprinted polymers were synthesized through the self‐polymerization of dopamine on the surface of silica gels, which had the characteristics of mild polymerization conditions, simple reaction procedure and good specific recognition ability for estrone. The estrone molecularly imprinted polymers were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, elemental analysis and nitrogen adsorption–desorption tests. The characterization confirmed that the imprinted polymers were successfully grafted on the surface of silica gels. Through investigating the adsorption performance, the prepared estrone molecularly imprinted polymers exhibited high adsorption capacity, fast mass transfer, as well as excellent selectivity toward estrone. The estrone molecularly imprinted polymers as the solid‐phase extraction adsorbent coupled with high‐performance liquid chromatography was developed to determine estrone from the milk samples. The developed estrone molecularly imprinted polymer solid‐phase extraction with high‐performance liquid chromatography method exhibited satisfactory specificity, precision, accuracy and good linearity relationship in the range of 0.2–20 μg/mL. The developed method is simple, fast, effective and high specificity method and it provides a new method to detect the residues of estrone in animal foods.
Trace determination of organophosphate esters in environmental water samples with an ionogel‐based nanoconfined ionic liquid fiber coating for solid‐phase microextraction with gas chromatography and flame photometric detection
Authors: Pang Long , Pang Rong , Ge Liming , Zheng Liqing , Zhao Jihong , Zhang Hongzhong
Published: October 2016

Organophosphate esters, widely used as flame retardants and plasticizers, are regarded as a class of emerging pollutants. In this work, a novel approach was developed for the fabrication of a solid‐phase microextraction fiber by using hybrid silica‐based materials with immobilized ionic liquids with sol–gel technology, and the prepared solid‐phase microextraction fiber was then coupled with gas chromatography and flame photometric detection for the analysis of six organophosphate esters. The high loading of 1‐hexadecyl‐3‐methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide was confined within the hybrid network. The developed solid‐phase microextraction fiber possesses a coating thickness of ∼35 μm with good thermal stability and long lifetime. The parameters affecting the extraction efficiency such as extraction time, temperature, pH, and ionic strength of the sample solution were optimized. Under the optimized conditions, the limits of detection were in the range of 0.04−0.95 μg L−1, and the precision of the method assessed with repeatability and reproducibility of (RSD%) ˂13 and ˂29%, respectively. The proposed method was successfully applied to determine the six organophosphate esters in three real water samples, with recoveries in the range of 64.8−125.4% at two different spiking concentration levels. As a result, the proposed method demonstrated its potential for application in trace determination of organophosphate esters in actual water samples.
Is the cause of sensorineural hearing loss in patients with facial schwannomas multifactorial?
Authors: Remenschneider Aaron K. , Gaudin Robert , Kozin Elliott D. , Ishai Reuven , Quatela Olivia , Hadlock Tessa A. , McKenna Michael J.
Published: October 2016

Objectives

Facial nerve schwannomas (FNSs) and vestibular nerve schwannomas (VNSs) may occupy similar locations in the internal auditory canal (IAC). Risk factors for hearing loss in patients with FNS are unknown. Similar to VNSs, we hypothesize that the size and location of FNSs do not correlate with hearing loss.

Study Design

Retrospective cohort study and otopathology case review.

Methods

A single institution retrospective review of all patients diagnosed with FNS was performed. Demographic data, tumor size and location, severity and type of hearing loss, and facial nerve function were analyzed. Otopathologic review of a case of FNS was also performed.

Results

Thirty‐three patients with FNS were identified. Mean age was 44 years, and 61% (n = 21) were female. Nine patients had tumors involving the IAC facial nerve, whereas 24 had distal tumors without IAC involvement. Eleven patients (33%) had hearing loss, and 55% of patients with sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) had tympanic segment tumors without IAC involvement. The presence of SNHL was not associated with IAC tumor location (P = 0.21). Maximal dimensions of FNSs were 3 mm to 42 mm, without correlation between size and SNHL severity (r = −0.017, P = 0.926). Otopathologic review of an untreated 5‐mm IAC FNS demonstrated disproportionate spiral ganglion and hair cell loss within the ipsilateral cochlea compared to the contralateral ear.

Conclusion

Tympanic segment FNS without IAC involvement may result in SNHL. Tumor size is not associated with the presence or severity of SNHL. Otopathologic review suggests degenerative cochlear changes in FNS. Mechanisms for SNHL in schwannomas are likely multifactorial and may be unrelated to cochlear nerve compression.

Level of Evidence

4. Laryngoscope, 127:1676–1682, 2017
Cycling exercise classes may be bad for your (hearing) health
Authors: Sinha Sumi , Kozin Elliott D. , Naunheim Matthew R. , Barber Samuel R. , Wong Kevin , Katz Leanna W. , Otero Tiffany M. N. , Stefanov‐Wagner Ishmael J. M. , Remenschneider Aaron K.
Published: October 2016

Objectives/Hypothesis

1) Determine feasibility of smartphone‐based mobile technology to measure noise exposure; and 2) measure noise exposure in exercise spin classes.

Study Design

Observational Study.

Methods

The SoundMeter Pro app (Faber Acoustical, Salt Lake City, UT) was installed and calibrated on iPhone and iPod devices in an audiology chamber using an external sound level meter to within 2 dBA of accuracy. Recording devices were placed in the bike cupholders of participants attending spin classes in Boston, Massachusetts (n = 17) and used to measure sound level (A‐weighted) and noise dosimetry during exercise according to National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) guidelines.

Results

The average length of exposure was 48.9 ± 1.2 (standard error of the mean) minutes per class. Maximum sound recorded among 17 random classes was 116.7 dBA, which was below the NIOSH instantaneous exposure guideline of 140 dBA. An average of 31.6 ± 3.8 minutes were spent at >100 dBA. This exceeds NIOSH recommendations of 15 minutes of exposure or less at 100 dBA per day. Average noise exposure for one 45‐minute class was 8.95 ± 1.2 times the recommended noise exposure dose for an 8‐hour workday.

Conclusions

Preliminary data shows that randomly sampled cycling classes may have high noise levels with a potential for noise‐induced hearing loss. Mobile dosimetry technology may enable users to self‐monitor risk to their hearing and actively engage in noise protection measures.

Level of Evidence

NA Laryngoscope, 127:1873–1877, 2017
Pantopaque contrast mimicking intracanalicular vestibular schwannoma
Authors: Deep Nicholas L. , Patel Ameet C. , Hoxworth Joseph M. , Barrs David M.
Published: October 2016

Pantopaque (iophendylate) is an oily contrast medium historically used during spine imaging. Due to its persistence in the subarachnoid space and the potential to lead to severe arachnoiditis, it is no longer used today. We present a 40‐year‐old male with new‐onset headaches, imbalance, and vertigo. Brain magnetic resonance imaging revealed a 2‐mm T1 ‐hyperintense intracanalicular lesion. Numerous hyperdense foci were scattered throughout the subarachnoid space on computed tomography. Further history revealed the patient received Pantopaque 30 years prior, after sustaining spinal trauma. Remnant Pantopaque contrast is an important differential when evaluating a patient with a suspected intracranial tumor in order to avoid unwarranted surgical intervention. Laryngoscope, 127:1916–1919, 2017
An association of type 1 diabetes mellitus with auditory dysfunction: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Teng Zhi‐Pan , Tian Rui , Xing Fen‐Li , Tang Hui , Xu Jin‐Jing , Zhang Bing‐Wen , Qi Jian‐Wei
Published: October 2016

Objective

To establish the relationship between the presence of type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM) and auditory dysfunction in clinical settings by a systematic review and meta‐analysis of currently available published data.

Data Sources and Review Methods

The electronic databases PubMed, Embase, and Wanfang Data were searched for eligible relevant studies up to May 2016, and the reference lists of the retrieved articles were used for additional manual search. All the articles included in this pooled analysis were determined according to the preset inclusion and exclusion criteria. Meta‐analysis of pooled data was performed using Review Manager 5.3.

Results

A total of 15 studies were included for further combined analysis. The results showed that patients with type 1 diabetes had a significantly higher prevalence of hearing loss than controls (odds ratio = 49.08, 95% confidence interval = 12.03–200.31, P < 0.00001); standardized mean of differences (SMD) of pure tone audiometry at 4,000 Hz between diabetes and controls was 0.87 (Z = 2.22, P = 0.03, I2 = 95%); SMD of the latency time was 0.54 (Z = 2.69, P = 0.007, I2 = 78%) for waves III and 0.61 (Z = 2.38, P = 0.02, I2 = 86%) for wave V, respectively; and SMD of the interpeak latency time was 0.41 (Z = 2.84, P = 0.005, I2 = 39%) for waves I to III and 0.61 (Z = 2.67, P = 0.008, I2 = 81%) for waves I to V, respectively, between diabetics and controls.

Conclusion

Our study reveals that there is relationship between the presence of type 1 DM and an increased risk for developing mild and subclinical hearing impairment.

Level of Evidence

NA. Laryngoscope, 127:1689–1697, 2017
Scapular flap for maxillectomy defect reconstruction and preliminary results using three‐dimensional modeling
Authors: Modest Mara C. , Moore Eric J. , Abel Kathryn M. Van , Janus Jeffrey R. , Sims John R. , Price Daniel L. , Olsen Kerry D.
Published: October 2016

Objectives/Hypothesis

Discuss current techniques utilizing the scapular tip and subscapular system for free tissue reconstruction of maxillary defects and highlight the impact of medical modeling on these techniques with a case series.

Study Design

Case review series at an academic hospital of patients undergoing maxillectomy + thoracodorsal scapula composite free flap (TSCF) reconstruction. Three‐dimensional (3D) models were used in the last five cases.

Methods

3D modeling, surgical, functional, and aesthetic outcomes were reviewed.

Results

Nine patients underwent TSCF reconstruction for maxillectomy defects (median age = 43 years; range, 19–66 years). Five patients (55%) had a total maxillectomy (TM) ± orbital exenteration, whereas four patients (44%) underwent subtotal palatal maxillectomy. For TM, the contralateral scapula tip was positioned with its natural concavity recreating facial contour. The laterally based vascular pedicle was ideally positioned for facial vessel anastomosis. For subtotal‐palatal defect, an ipsilateral flap was harvested, but inset with the convex surface facing superiorly. Once 3D models were available from our anatomic modeling lab, they were used for intraoperative planning of the last five patients. Use of the model intraoperatively improved efficiency and allowed for better contouring/plating of the TSCF. At last follow‐up, all patients had good functional outcomes. Aesthetic outcomes were more successful in patients where 3D‐modeling was used (100% vs. 50%). There were no flap failures. Median follow‐up >1 month was 5.2 months (range, 1–32.7 months).

Conclusions

Reconstruction of maxillectomy defects is complex. Successful aesthetic and functional outcomes are critical to patient satisfaction. The TSCF is a versatile flap. Based on defect type, choosing laterality is crucial for proper vessel orientation and outcomes. The use of internally produced 3D models has helped refine intraoperative contouring and flap inset, leading to more successful outcomes.

Level of Evidence

4. Laryngoscope, 127:E8–E14, 2017
The new era of the university press: The critical role of established presses
Authors: Hill Mandy
Published: October 2016

Key points

Cambridge University Press is the oldest and one of the largest university presses.

CUP's mission is to unlock people's potential with the best research and learning solutions by working closely with academic communities and delivering high‐quality products.

Our environment is changing and so must publishers, including established university presses.

CUP's heritage and position in the academic community enables it to provide answers and new ways of supporting scholarly communication needs.