bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Changes on the Development of Rigor Mortis in Cultured Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Fed with a Mixture of Plant Proteins
Authors: Montoya Camacho Nathaly , Márquez Ríos Enrique , Castillo Yáñez Francisco Javier , Ruíz Cruz Saúl , Arvizu Flores Aldo Alejandro , Torres Arreola Wilfrido , Cárdenas López Jose Luis , Valdéz Hurtado Santiago , Ocaño Higuera Víctor Manuel
Published: June 2020

In recent years it has been pointed out that the feed of farmed fish has an effect on the quality of the final product. Therefore, this study evaluated the effect of fishmeal (FM) replacement by a mixture of plant protein (MPP) on the development of rigor mortis of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). One hundred and twenty fish at an initial average weight of 123 ± 6.3 g were fed with three extruded isonitrogenous and isolipidic 6.2% crude lipids experimental diets, in which FM were replaced by 0% (D0), 50% (D50), and 100% (D100) of MPP (soybean meal, corn meal, wheat meal, and sorghum meal). A reference diet (DC) containing FM as the main protein source was used as a control. The fish were divided into triplicate groups per dietary treatment. The experiment was conducted in a tank system at 26.8°C water temperature for 67 days. The chemical composition of experimental diets and muscle were determined. The glycogen, adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP) and related compounds, pH, shear force, and rigor index (RI%) were monitored during storage on ice for 48 h. The results indicated that FM replacement affected (p≤0.05) the muscle composition, where the fish fed with D100 presented the higher content of lipids and ash. Fish fed with D0 and DC presented a more pronounced onset of rigor mortis and also showed a higher IR%, a lower content of glycogen, ATP, adenosine 5′-diphosphate (ADP), adenosine 5′-monophosphate (AMP), pH, and shear force. The changes in chemical composition of muscle and other parameters evaluated indicated that FM replacement increases energy reserves (glycogen, ATP, ADP, and AMP) which delayed the onset of rigor mortis, as well as a lower pH and shear force in the muscle of tilapia. Therefore, the substitution of FM by MPP could contribute to delaying the onset of rigor mortis and with this, the quality and shelf life of tilapia could be increased.
Performance Comparison of Bow and Stern Rudder for High-Speed Supercavitating Vehicles
Authors: Huang Chuang , Luo Kai , Qin Kan , Li Daijin , Dang Jianjun
Published: June 2020

To predict the hydrodynamic characteristics and supercavity shape of supercavitation flows, the numerical model including VOF, cavitation model, and turbulence models is presented and validated by a well-established empirical correlation. The numerical method is then employed to simulate the high-speed supercavitating vehicles with two different types of control surfaces: bow rudders and stern rudders. The hydrodynamic characteristics and influences on the supercavity are compared. By contrast with the stern rudder, the bow rudder with the same wetted area is capable of generating a larger control force and moment. Also, the bow rudder introduces a considerable deformation to the forepart of the supercavity, while the stern rudder provides a negligible influence on the supercavity before it. In addition, the bow rudder is fully wetted, and the lift force only changes with the rudder angle. However, the stern rudder is partly wetted; the lift force is not only determined by the rudder angle but also related to the actual wetted status.
Bioadsorption of Basic Blue Dye from Aqueous Solution onto Raw and Modified Waste Ash as Economical Alternative Bioadsorbent
Authors: Alene Adugna Nigatu , Abate Gietu Yirga , Habte Adere Tarekegne
Published: June 2020

Background. Dyes are one of the most hazardous materials in industrial effluents which can cause several health problems in living organisms. The removal of dye from colored effluents has attracted increasing attention in the last decade. In this study, raw, beneficiated, and activated waste ash were evaluated as adsorbents for removal of methylene blue (MB) from aqueous solution by the batch adsorption method. Comprehensive characterization studies were carried out on each bioadsorbent, such as proximate analyses, bulk density, specific surface area, point of zero charge, pH, and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy (which shows functional groups on adsorbents surface). The effects of pH, adsorbent dosage, initial dye concentration, and contact time were determined in order to know the optimum condition and adsorption potential of the adsorbents. The methylene blue (MB) removal efficiency of raw, beneficiated, and activated bioadsorbents from aqueous solutions was found to be 95.212%, 89.172%, and 84.504%, respectively. It is reported that adsorption efficiency of MB on each adsorbent was quite different due to electrostatic and dispersion interaction between the dye molecules and the surface property of the adsorbents. The obtained results were well fitted with the Freundlich isotherm model, and the adsorption process follows the pseudo-second-order kinetics model for all adsorbents. In fact, the results showed that raw, beneficiated, and activated waste ash bioadsorbents could be employed as effective and economical alternative material in the near future.
Study on Genotyping Polymorphism and Sequencing of N‐Acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2) among Al‐Ahsa Population
Authors: Zahra Mohammad Abu , Kandeel Mahmoud , Aldossary Sara A. , Al-Taher Abdulla
Published: June 2020

One of the well‐studied phase II drug metabolizing enzymes is N‐acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2) which has an essential role in the detoxification and metabolism of several environmental toxicants and many therapeutic drugs like isoniazid (antituberculosis, TB) and antimicrobial sulfonamides. According to the variability in the acetylation rate among different ethnic groups, individuals could be classified into slow, intermediate, and fast acetylators; these variabilities in the acetylation rate are a result of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the coding sequence of NAT2. The variety of NAT2 acetylation status is associated with some diseases such as bladder cancer, colorectal cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, and diabetes mellitus. The main objectives of this research are to describe the genetic profile of NAT2 gene among the people of the Al‐Ahsa region, to detect the significant SNPs of this gene, to determine the frequency of major NAT2 alleles and genotypes, and then categorize them into fast, intermediate, and slow acetylators. Blood samples were randomly collected from 96 unrelated people from Al‐Ahsa population, followed by DNA extraction then amplifying the NAT2 gene by polymerase chain reaction (PCR); finally, functional NAT2 gene (exon 2) was sequenced using the Sanger sequencing method. The well‐known seven genetic variants of NAT2 gene are 191G>A, 282C>T, 341T>C, 481C>T, 590G>A, 803A>G, and 857G>A were detected with allele frequencies 1%, 35.4%, 42.7%, 41.1%, 29.2%, 51%, and 5.7%, respectively. The most common NAT2 genetic variant among Al‐Ahsa population was 803A>G with a high frequency 0.510 (95% confidence interval 0.44‐0.581) followed by 341T>C 0.427 (95% confidence interval 0.357‐0.497). The most frequent two haplotypes of NAT2 were NAT2 ∗ 6C (25.00%) and NAT2 ∗ 5A (22.92%) which were classified as a slow acetylators. According to trimodal distribution of acetylation activity, the predicted phenotype of Al‐Ahsa population was found to be 5.21% rapid acetylators, 34.38% intermediate acetylators, and 60.42% were slow acetylators. In addition, this study found four novel haplotypes NAT2 ∗ 5TB, NAT2 ∗ 5AB, NAT2 ∗ 5ZA, and NAT2 ∗ 6W which were slow acetylators. This study revealed a high frequency of the NAT2 gene with slow acetylators (60.42%) in Al‐Ahsa population, which might alter the drug’s efficacy and vulnerability to some diseases.
In silico exploration of mouse brain dynamics by focal stimulation reflects the organization of functional networks and sensory processing
Authors: Spiegler Andreas , Abadchi Javad Karimi , Mohajerani Majid , Jirsa Viktor K.
Published: June 2020

Resting-state functional networks such as the default mode network (DMN) dominate spontaneous brain dynamics. To date, the mechanisms linking brain structure and brain dynamics and functions in cognition, perception, and action remain unknown, mainly due to the uncontrolled and erratic nature of the resting state. Here we used a stimulation paradigm to probe the brain’s resting behavior, providing insights on state-space stability and multiplicity of network trajectories after stimulation. We performed explorations on a mouse model to map spatiotemporal brain dynamics as a function of the stimulation site. We demonstrated the emergence of known functional networks in brain responses. Several responses heavily relied on the DMN and were suggestive of the DMN playing a mechanistic role between functional networks. We probed the simulated brain responses to the stimulation of regions along the information processing chains of sensory systems from periphery up to primary sensory cortices. Moreover, we compared simulated dynamics against in vivo brain responses to optogenetic stimulation. Our results underwrite the importance of anatomical connectivity in the functional organization of brain networks and demonstrate how functionally differentiated information processing chains arise from the same system.
Frequently cocited publications: Features and kinetics
Authors: Devarakonda Sitaram , Bradley James R. , Korobskiy Dmitriy , Warnow Tandy , Chacko George
Published: June 2020

Cocitation measurements can reveal the extent to which a concept representing a novel combination of existing ideas evolves towards a specialty. The strength of cocitation is represented by its frequency, which accumulates over time. Of interest is whether underlying features associated with the strength of cocitation can be identified. We use the proximal citation network for a given pair of articles ( x, y) to compute θ, an a priori estimate of the probability of cocitation between x and y, prior to their first cocitation. Thus, low values for θ reflect pairs of articles for which cocitation is presumed less likely. We observe that cocitation frequencies are a composite of power-law and lognormal distributions, and that very high cocitation frequencies are more likely to be composed of pairs with low values of θ, reflecting the impact of a novel combination of ideas. Furthermore, we note that the occurrence of a direct citation between two members of a cocited pair increases with cocitation frequency. Finally, we identify cases of frequently cocited publications that accumulate cocitations after an extended period of dormancy.
Revision of the Costa Rican species of Myoxanthus (Pleurothallidinae: Orchidaceae)
Authors: Alvarado Gustavo Rojas , KARREMANS ADAM P.
Published: June 2020

The ten Costa Rican species of Myoxanthus are discussed, described and illustrated based mainly on native living material. A key for the species, notes on history, ecology, diagnostic features, taxonomy and distribution maps are included. Each species is illustrated with a line drawing and a Lankester composite dissection plate. Photographs of the morphological variation of flowers and lips are provided. The identity of M. exasperatus is clarified and recircumscribed to include M. speciosus. Myoxanthus parahybunensis is reconsidered, and a lectotype is selected.
A Taxonomic Revision of Nearctic Conostigmus (Hymenoptera: Ceraphronoidea: Megaspilidae)
Authors: TRIETSCH CAROLYN , MIKÓ ISTVÁN , EZRAY BRIANA , DEANS ANDREW R.
Published: June 2020

We revise the species of Conostigmus Dahlbom, 1858 (Hymenoptera: Ceraphronoidea: Megaspilidae) found in North America, north of Mexico. We describe the following 12 new species: Conostigmus dessarti Trietsch & Mikó sp. nov.; C. duncani Trietsch sp. nov.; C. franzinii Trietsch & Mikó sp. nov.; C. johnsoni Trietsch & Mikó sp. nov.; C. lepus Trietsch sp. nov.; C. longiharpes Trietsch sp. nov.; C. michaeli Trietsch sp. nov.; C. minimus Trietsch & Mikó sp. nov.; C. muratorei Trietsch sp. nov.; C. musettiae Trietsch & Mikó sp. nov.; C. rosemaryae Trietsch sp. nov.; and C. washburni Trietsch sp. nov. We also redescribe the following 12 species: Conostigmus abdominalis (Boheman, 1832); C. bipunctatus Kieffer, 1907; C. dimidiatus (Thomson, 1858); C. erythrothorax (Ashmead, 1893); C. laeviceps (Ashmead, 1893); C. muesebecki Dessart & Masner, 1965; C. nigrorufus Dessart, 1997; C. obscurus (Thomson, 1858); C. orcasensis (Brues, 1909); C. pulchellus Whittaker, 1930; C. quadratogenalis Dessart & Cooper, 1975; and C. triangularis (Thomson, 1858). We report specimens of C. abdominalis (Boheman, 1832) and C. bipunctatus Kieffer, 1907 from the Nearctic for the first time, expanding the range from Palearctic to Holarctic for both species. We regard the following 19 species as having uncertain status due to reasons such as missing type specimens: Conostigmus ambiguus (Ashmead, 1893); C. bacilliger (Kieffer, 1906); C. bakeri Kieffer, 1908; C. californicus (Ashmead, 1893); C. canadensis (Ashmead,1888); C. crawfordi (Mann, 1920); C. harringtoni (Ashmead, 1888); C. hyalinipennis (Ashmead, 1887); C. inermis (Kieffer, 1906); C. integriceps (Kieffer, 1906); C. marylandicus (Ashmead, 1893); C. nevadensis (Kieffer, 1906); C. nigripes (Kieffer, 1906); C. ottawensis (Ashmead, 1888); C. pergandei (Ashmead, 1893); C. popenoei (Ashmead, 1893); C. rufoniger (Provancher, 1888); C. schwarzi (Ashmead, 1893); and C. trapezoidus Kieffer, 1908. We transfer Conostigmus arietinus (Provancher, 1887) to Dendrocerus Ratzeburg, 1852, and consider Conostigmus subinermis (Kieffer, 1907) to be absent from the Nearctic and limited to the Palearctic. The Nearctic species C. timberlakei Kamal, 1926 remains incertae sedis. We provide the name Conostigmus fulgidus Mikό and Trietsch to replace the junior homonym Conostigmus lucidus Mikό and Trietsch 2016. We provide a key for the identification of Nearctic Conostigmus species, and provide comments on their natural history. Finally, we infer evolutionary relationships within Megaspilinae using male genitalia and other morphological characters. This work represents the first in-depth study and revision of Conostigmus in North America, and contributes the first annotated identification key to Nearctic Conostigmus species.
Revision of the Nepalese genus Microplinthus Zherichin, 1987 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Molytinae), with description of 25 new species
Authors: MEREGALLI MASSIMO
Published: June 2020

The Nepalese genus Microplinthus Zherichin, 1987 is revised. The following 25 new species are described (type locality in parentheses): M. annapurnae (Annapurna Himal, Rambrong Danda, 28°23’N 84°13’E), M. arunensis (Khandbari Distr., forest S. Mansimgma, 27°30’N 87°20’E), M. brevipennis (Manaslu Himal, Bhara Pokhari, 28°18’N 84°28’E), M. durga (W Pokhara, near Ghorepani, 28°24’N 83°42’E), M. franzi (Kaligandakhi valley, between Lethe and Tukuche, 28°36’N 83°38’E), M. ganesha (Ganesh Himal, Rupchet, 28°05’N 85°09’E), M. godawaricus (Kathmandu, Phulchowki, 27°34’N 85°24’E), M. gupta (Helambu Himal, upper Chipling, 27°53’N 85°28’E), M. helambuensis (Central Nepal, between Mulkharka and Thare Pati, 28°08’N 85°22’E–28°02’N 85°29’E), M. jaegeri (W Pokhara, Mt. Panchase, 28°13’N 83°48’E), M. karnalicus (Karnali Distr. 5 km E Charta, 29°18’N 82°20’E), M. kaskianus (Kaski Distr., above Pothana, 28°19’N 83°51’E), M. kaumarya (Karnali Distr., Gotichaur valley, 29°12’10”N 82°18’56”E), M. khandbariensis (Khandbari Distr., above Seduwa, 27°34’N 87°15’E), M. koshianus (Koshi Prov., SW Chichilla, 27°27.01’N 87°13.13’E), M. letheensis (Kaligandakhi valley, between Lethe and Tukuche, 28°36’N 83°38’E), M. longipennis (Manaslu Himal, Bhara Pokhari lekh, 28°18’24”N 84°28’06”E), M. messneri (Panchtar Distr., Dhorpar Kharka, 27°05’N 87°55’E), M. newarorum (Phulchowki Distr., Lalitpur, 27°34’N 85°24’E), M. phulchowkianus (Kathmandu, Phulchowki, 27°34’N 85°24’E), M. rugosus (Solokhumbu Distr., Lamiura Danda, 27°34’N 86° 30’E), M. schmidti (Manaslu Himal, Dudh Pokhari lekh, 28°20’N 84°35’E), M. sherpa (Khandbari Distr., Bakan, 27°38’N 87°12’E), M. tamanus (Rolwaling Himal, upper Simigau, 27°51’N 86°15’E), M. yeti (Hinku Distr., Drangka Khola bridge, 27°35’N 86°47’E). A key for the identification of all species of Microplinthus is given. A phylogenetic analysis based on morphological characters of the species referable to the genera Falsanchonus, Microniphades and Microplinthus was carried out, implementing Bayesian Inference and Maximum Parsimony. Results indicate that the genera Falsanchonus and Microniphades are paraphyletic and are here treated as junior synonyms of Microplinthus.
Social and Political Aspects of Drought
Authors: Linsley Ray K.
Published: June 2020

In the technical sense, drought is a period of deficient precipitation. The social and economic impact of drought results from the effect of this precipitation deficiency on activities within the affected region. Thus, the way in which water is used and water resources are managed has much to do with the frequency of drought as it is viewed by the population. Prudent water management can greatly reduce the impact of meteorological drought, while poor management can make water shortages a frequent occurrence.
Meta-Characteristics of Islamic Ethics and Moral Consistency in Islamic Banking
Authors: Ahmad M. Ghufran , Syed Jawad
Published: June 2020

This article presents a theory of how the consumption of Islamic products may promote morally consistent behavior over time. We identify and examine three unique meta-characteristics (MCs) of Islamic ethics: ubudiyah (subservience to God), akhirah (focus on the hereafter or the long-term), and tawado (being modest while doing an ethical act). In four experiments, we show that after consumption of an Islamic banking product, MCs produce moral consistency or repeat ethical behavior, which is one major objective of an ethical system. We also show that the absence of MCs results in moral inconsistency, that is, unethical behavior follows earlier consumption of an Islamic banking product due to the mediating psychological mechanism of moral licensing. Hence, it is not only the enactment of general ethical practices, rather the enactment of ethical practices in the specific context set by the MCs through which Islamic ethical system promotes ethical conduct and prevents unethical conduct. The findings have implications for Islamic ethical system and Islamic banking.
St Edmund versus St Francis? Saints and Religious Conflict in Medieval Bury St Edmunds
Authors: Young Francis
Published: June 2020

Between 1233 and 1258, Franciscan friars attempted to establish themselves in the town of Bury St Edmunds, which was jealously guarded by the Benedictine monks of St Edmunds abbey. In the ensuing conflict (which sometimes spilled over into acts of violence), the monks invoked St Edmund as the protector of the abbey. Although the monks eventually managed to eject the friars from the town in 1263, they were forced to grant the friars a friary site just outside Bury. This article examines how the monks deployed the figure of St Edmund in their battle with the friars, while also exploring the friars’ less well-documented responses. By calling on the saints, both sides elevated the clash between new and old religious orders to the heavenly plane, but the popularity of the new saint, Francis, complicated the monks’ efforts and produced a nuanced response from the Benedictines that eventually accommodated the friars.
Determinants of Gender Differences in Change in Pay among Job-Switching Executives
Authors: Groysberg Boris , Healy Paul , Lin Eric
Published: June 2020

The authors investigate what determines differences in change in pay between men and women executives who move to new employers. Using proprietary data of 2,034 executive placements from a global search firm, the authors observe narrower pay differences between men and women after job moves. The unconditional gap shrinks from 21.5% in the prior employer to 15% in the new employer. After controlling for typical explanatory factors, the residual gap falls by almost 30%, from 8.5% at the prior employer to 6.1% in the new placement. This change reflects a relative increase in performance-based compensation for women and a lower level of unexplained pay inequality generally in external placements. Controlling for individual fixed effects, observed women have higher pay raises than do men. Finally, the authors find suggestive evidence that pay differences may also be moderated by differences in the supply and demand for women executives.
Xi Jinping’s liberal birdcage: Democracy’s form and future in Hong Kong
Authors: Holloway Steven
Published: June 2020

As street demonstrations remain unresolved in Hong Kong (HK) and continue into 2020, this paper assesses the protesters’ demand for universal suffrage and governance reform in general. It recounts the path to the current stalemate on political rights for HK’s liberal authoritarian regime and, using Freedom House data, traces the growing threat to civil liberties posed by Beijing’s covert extra-legal activities. Finally, the paper enumerates the restraints that make direct military intervention unlikely, and suggests how the current demonstrations might end in the coming months. One innovation of this analysis is to add in the forgotten political variable of the Chinese Communist Party’s leadership, especially the role of the 2012 transition from Hu Jintao to Xi Jinping.
Spatio temporal smoke detection using hybrid deep Q learning classifier for educating engineering students
Authors: Matlani Princy , Shrivastava Manish
Published: June 2020

In this paper, we propose a deep learning based smoke detection method which overcomes drawbacks of the conventional smoke detection method. Real-time smoke detection via machine-based identification method in the area of surveillance system has been of great advantage in recent era. An effective smoke detection strategy is necessary to avoid the hazard resulting from fire. The conventional smoke detection method lacks in accuracy, therefore, deep learning based smoke detection is adopted for the same purpose. However, a lot of video smoke detection approach involves minimum lighting and it can be required for the cameras to discover the existence of smoke particles in a scene. Eliminating such challenges, our proposed work introduces a novel concept like hybrid reinforcement deep Q learning classifier of smoke detection. This work takes the correct decision about the smoke particles via reinforcement deep Q learning and classifies the smoke particle with the deep convolutional neural network. The proposed real-time algorithm is aimed to provide proper education for the engineers to detect moving objects for the purpose of developing surveillance systems. This method is also helpful for the beginners who have keen interest in the field of deep learning to control fire. Here, to observe the temporal variance of fire smoke, spatial analysis is identified in the present frame and in the subsequence of the video, spatio-temporal analysis has been taken into account. Finally, smoke particles are classified with the novel reinforcement Q learning-based classifier and experimental results show a better performance regarding classification accuracy. So we can detect smoke successfully with the novel method. The main purpose of this work is to describe and formalize a machine learning -based smoke detection algorithm that can be used by students.
Suicide among Black Children: An Integrated Model of the Interpersonal-Psychological Theory of Suicide and Intersectionality Theory for Researchers and Clinicians
Authors: Opara Ijeoma , Assan Maame Araba , Pierre Kimberly , Gunn John F. , Metzger Isha , Hamilton Jahi , Arugu Eileen
Published: June 2020

Recently, research has reported that the rates of suicide among Black children between the ages of 5 to 12-years-old are increasing as they are now more likely to commit suicide than White children. Yet, there are very few, if any, frameworks being used by researchers to explain the risks of suicide among Black children. Suicide research has overwhelmingly been focused on White youth thus leaving a critical gap in suicide research. This conceptual paper provides an integrated framework using the Interpersonal-Psychological Theory of Suicide and Intersectionality theory, as a guide for researchers, clinicians, and practitioners to incorporate culturally appropriate techniques in their work as a way to prevent suicide among Black children. This framework highlights racial discrimination, mental health, socioeconomic status, and sexual/gender minority status to be the most preeminent, yet understudied factors leading to suicide risk among Black children in the United States.
Progressive Politics and Humanistic Psychology in the Trump/Coronavirus Era
Authors: Benjamin Elliot
Published: June 2020

In this article, the author discusses the relationship of progressive politics to humanistic psychology in the Trump/Coronavirus era. The harsh realities of personal fears and severe challenges to our mental health evoked by both the United States presidency of Donald Trump and the coronavirus pandemic are described initially. Then, a number of self-care practices that are consistent with the basic values of humanistic psychology and that we can undertake to help us meet these harsh realities are illustrated. Next, the author describes his own personal engagement and self-care in the world of progressive politics and humanistic psychology in the context of the Resisting Trump movement. The article concludes with the author suggesting that perhaps it may be worthwhile for politically like-minded others to also consider finding ways of merging their progressive politics with humanistic psychology in order to enhance their self-care through these turbulent times in the Trump/Coronavirus era.
Providers Versus Platforms: Marketing Communications in the Sharing Economy
Authors: Costello John P. , Reczek Rebecca Walker
Published: June 2020

Peer-to-peer (P2P) business models have become increasingly prevalent in the marketplace. However, little is known about what factors influence consumer perceptions of purchases from firms using these models. The authors propose that features inherent to the P2P model lead consumers to perceive high provider–firm independence, where providers are viewed as relatively independent from the platform on which they offer goods/services. Across a series of studies, the authors show that when P2P brands use provider-focused (vs. platform-focused) marketing communications, consumers perceive a purchase as helping an individual provider to a greater extent, which increases consumers’ willingness to pay and their likelihood of both making a purchase and downloading the brand’s app. This is because provider-focused marketing communications in this context lead consumers to think about their purchase from the provider’s perspective, thus adopting an “empathy lens.” The authors further show that this effect does not extend to other business models. This work thus identifies provider- (vs. platform-) focused marketing communications as a way for marketing managers of P2P brands to drive important purchase-related outcomes.
Design, modeling, and performance analysis of a new dispensing system based on compliant mechanism
Authors: Hu Junfeng , Zhao Xinying
Published: June 2020

Jet dispenser is widely used in microelectronic packaging, semiconductor industry, life science, and rapid manufacturing fields. As the requirement for dispensing accuracy and speed become higher and higher, especially for viscous materials, the traditional mechanisms cannot meet the high precision dispensing. This paper presents a new jetting dispenser using the complaint mechanism with amplifier components to design the dispenser, which gain the motion and force from the elastic deformation of flexible hinges. To describe the mechanical property of the jetting dispenser, the model of the jetting dispenser was built by employing a pseudo-rigid-body method. To predict accurately droplet volume, we established the model by describing the forming process of droplet. Furthermore, the errors of the droplet volume were analyzed based on the model. The prototype of the dispenser was built and the effects of driving voltage, radius of spray chamber, glue supply pressure, glue viscosity, and turn-on time of hammer on the droplet were analyzed experimentally. The analytical results are in good agreement with experimental results, which the advantages of the presented jetting dispenser with a new design concept are validated. This research provided a new idea and modeling method for the future application of the dispensing system.
Research on the elastic–plastic external contact mechanical properties of cylinder
Authors: Guo TieNeng , Hua Xu , Yan ZhiJie , Bai Chunsheng
Published: June 2020

Based on Hertz contact theory, an elastic-plastic contact mechanics model of outer cylinder under different contact angles of axis is proposed. The relationship among contact angle, load and contact deformation, contact stiffness and contact area is established. The finite element method is used to simulate the elastic-plastic contact process of the cylinder. The influence of the load and radius of the cylinder model on the contact deformation and the contact stiffness is compared and analyzed under different contact angles. The error of the analysis results of the finite element and the mechanical model is within 9%. On this basis, the influence of contact deformation, contact area and contact angle on the contact stiffness of the outer cylinder in elastic and plastic stage is explored. The results show that in the stage of elastic and plastic deformation, the amount of contact deformation and contact area increase with the increase of load. The contact stiffness decreases with the increase of contact angle and increases with the increase of cylinder radius. The amount of contact deformation decreases with the increase of cylinder radius, and tends to constant gradually. In the elastic stage, the contact stiffness increases with the increase of load. The contact area decreases with the increase of contact angle and increases with the increase of cylinder radius. In the plastic stage, the contact stiffness is constant with the increase of load, and the contact area is independent of contact angle and cylinder radius.
Ethnic, Religious and Gender Differences in Intragenerational Economic Mobility in England and Wales
Authors: Karlsen Saffron , Nazroo James Yzet , Smith Neil R
Published: June 2020

This study uses data from consecutive England and Wales censuses to examine the intragenerational economic mobility of individuals with different ethnicities, religions and genders between 1971 and 2011, over time and across cohorts. The findings suggest more downward and less upward mobility among Black Caribbean, Indian Sikh and Muslim people with Bangladeshi, Indian and Pakistani ethnicities, relative to white British groups, and more positive relative progress among Indian Hindu people, but also some variation in the experiences of social mobility between individuals even in the same ethnic groups. For some groups, those becoming adults or migrating to the UK since 1971 occupy an improved position compared with older or longer resident people, but this is not universal. Findings suggest that these persistent inequalities will only be effectively addressed with attention to the structural factors which disadvantage particular ethnic and religious groups, and the specific ways in which these affect women.
Imagining the World: Conceptions and Determinants of Internationalization in Higher Education Curricula Worldwide
Authors: Zapp Mike , Lerch Julia C.
Published: June 2020

Cross-national analyses of university curricula are rare, particularly with a focus on internationalization, commonly studied as impacting higher education through the mobility of people, programs, and campuses. By contrast, we argue that university knowledge shapes globalization by producing various sociopolitical conceptions beyond the nation-state. We examine variants of such a globalized society in 442,283 study programs from 17,129 universities in 183 countries. Three variants stand out, which vary across disciplines: an interstate model (prevalent in business and political science), a regional model (in political science and law), and a global model (in development studies and natural sciences). Regression models carried out on a subset of these data indicate that internationalized curricula are more likely in business schools, in universities with international offices, in those with a large number of social science offerings, and in those with membership in international university associations. We discuss these findings and their links to changes in universities’ environment, stressing the recursive relationship between globalization and higher education.
Interpersonal Perceptions and Interviewer Effects in Face-to-Face Surveys
Authors: Kühne Simon
Published: June 2020

Survey interviewers can negatively affect survey data by introducing variance and bias into estimates. When investigating these interviewer effects, research typically focuses on interviewer sociodemographics with only a few studies examining the effects of characteristics that are not directly visible such as interviewer attitudes, opinions, and personality. For the study at hand, self-reports of 1,212 respondents and 116 interviewers, as well as their interpersonal perceptions of each other, were collected in a large-scale, face-to-face survey of households in Germany. Respondents and interviewers were presented with the same questions regarding their opinions and mutual perceptions toward social and political issues in Germany. Analyses show that interviewer effects can be largely explained by how an interviewer is seen by respondents. This indicates that some respondents adjust their answers toward anticipated interviewer opinions. Survey practitioners ought to acknowledge this in their survey design and training of interviewers.
International Reverse Transfer Students: A Critical Analysis Based on Field, Habitus, and Social and Cultural Capital
Authors: Chen Yu “April” , Li Ran , Hagedorn Linda Serra
Published: June 2020

Objective: International reverse transfer students are international students who begin their postsecondary journey at a four-year institution but subsequently transfer to a community college. In this qualitative study, we examine the lived experiences of international reverse transfers to understand the reasons for reverse-transfer and to understand the students’ learning experiences. Methods: Using a phenomenological approach, we recruited 10 international reverse transfer students attending one four-year university or one of the two community colleges. We conducted individual interviews with all participants and analyzed transcript data through Bourdieu’s sociological theory of field, habitus, and social and cultural capital. Results: We identified three types of international reverse transfer students: undergraduate reverse transfers, temporary reverse transfers, and postbaccalaureate reverse transfers. Each type reported different reasons for reverse transfer but shared similar influential factors of the reverse transfer process as well as the learning experiences while enrolled at the community colleges. Contributions: This study helps to fill an information and research gap regarding international reverse transfer students. We present the academic, social, and cultural challenges faced by international students and offer practical implications for higher education practitioners for improved understandings and better processes to serve international students from diverse cultural backgrounds.
Optimal IMC-PID controller design for large-scale power systems via EDE algorithm-based model approximation method
Authors: G Vasu , M Sivakumar , M Ramalingaraju
Published: June 2020

In this paper, the authors propose an optimal IMC-PID controller design for the Load Frequency Control (LFC) of large-scale power system via model approximation method. The model approximation method uses the Enhanced Differential Evolution (EDE) algorithm to determine an optimal Reduced Order Model (ROM) for the considered large-scale power system by minimizing the performance measure called Integral Square Error (ISE) between their step responses. Later, the LFC design is carried out using an optimal ROM instead of processing with the large-scale power system model. Thus, this simplifies the design, reduces the computational efforts and also helps in determining the lower order controller. An optimal IMC design methodology is proposed by minimizing ISE between the actual output and the reference input responses of the large-scale power system using EDE algorithm. Further, PID controller gains are acquired by least square model matching with the optimal IMC transfer function. The proposed IMC-PID controller design allows a satisfied reference input tracking performance, robustness in disturbance rejection and improves the dynamic stability of the power system. The proposed method is validated by applying it to a single area power system of third-order SISO model and also extended to a centralized two-area thermal–thermal non-reheated power system of a seventh-order MIMO model. The simulation results and the comparison of error performance indices show the efficacy of the proposed method over the significant methods available in the literature.
Stable control of the high-speeding magnetically suspended rotor based on extended state observer and two-degree freedom internal model control for control moment gyros with serious moving-gimbal effects
Authors: Tang Jiqiang , Wei Tongkun , Lv Qichao , Cui Xu
Published: June 2020

For a magnetically suspended control moment gyro (MSCMG), which is an ideal attitude actuator for its large outputting control moment and fast response, the moving-gimbal effects due to the coupling between the moving gimbal and high-speeding rotor will make the magnetically suspended rotor (MSR) unstable. To improve control precision, both the dynamic model of MSR and the feedback linearization control are done to decouple tilting motion, and poles of the system are reconfigured to reduce control error. To suppress the varying disturbance moments caused by moving-gimbal effects, an extended state observer (ESO) is originally designed to estimate and compensate them timely and accurately. To improve system robustness, a two-degree freedom internal model control (2-DOF IMC) is researched to suppress model error. Compared with existing proportional integral derivative (PID) control method, simulations done on a single gimbal MSCMG with 200 N.m.s angular momentum indicated that this presented control method with ESO and 2-DOF IMC can suppress the moving-gimbal effects more effectively and make the rotor suspension more stable.
Estimating monthly latent cooling demands
Authors: Hitchin Roger
Published: June 2020

Methods of estimating monthly cooling loads in buildings are usually confined to sensible demands only, with latent loads either ignored or added as an arbitrary proportion of sensible cooling demands. This note describes an extension of an existing monthly method for estimating sensible cooling demands that takes account of latent cooling. It reflects the effects of climate, ventilation rate and indoor moisture gains and also of some less widely appreciated impacts of system design. These are illustrated by an example typifying UK office conditions. In order to be workable, the methodology contains a number of simplifications, where precise estimates are needed, and more sophisticated methods should be used.

Practical application: Estimates of annual cooling energy demand made with existing monthly procedures do not account for the size of latent cooling loads or the ways these vary between different forms of air conditioning systems. This note shows how this can be done though, where this is a critical design parameter more complex methods are recommended.
Current Treatment Options for Patulous Eustachian Tube: A Review of the Literature
Authors: Koltsidopoulos Petros , Skoulakis Charalampos
Published: June 2020

Objective:

Patulous Eustachian tube (PET) is a clinical condition that is associated with troublesome aural symptoms and is difficult to be treated successfully. The purpose of this review is to examine the published literature regarding the therapeutic value of the current treatment options for PET.

Methods:

We searched Web of Science, PubMed and Medline from 1999 to 2019. The search focused on papers concerning the clinical evaluation of treatment methods in PET patients. Statistical techniques were not used.

Results:

Prospective and retrospective case series were the types of trials available for review. We included 28 articles that evaluated the efficacy of various conservative and surgical therapeutic options. The recovery rates ranged from 50% to 100%. In most studies the assessment of efficacy was based on the subjective improvement of patient symptoms as there is no validated outcome tool available. No severe adverse events were observed in any study.

Conclusion:

On the basis of the available literature, it seems that conservative treatments can be considered as a primary therapeutic option for PET. Concerning the surgical interventions they seem to be a safe and valuable solution in patients with refractory disease. Finally, given the low level of evidence, prospective case–control studies with long follow-up and robust setting looking into the therapeutic approach of PET are required. The need for establishment of standard criteria of PET recovery should be underlined.
Following an Uneven Lead: Trickle-Down Effects of Differentiated Transformational Leadership
Authors: Bormann Kai C. , Diebig Mathias
Published: June 2020

Drawing from conservation-of-resources theory, we examine a trickle-down model of differentiated transformational leadership (leaders treating followers differently) across three hierarchical levels (i.e., managers, supervisors, and supervisors’ followers). Specifically, we develop a model in which manager differentiated transformational leadership increases department unit stress (i.e., the managers’ group of followers), which then translates into increased differentiated supervisor transformational leadership. The latter then again positively predicts team unit stress (i.e., the supervisors’ group of followers) and, eventually, results in decreased team helping behavior of supervisors’ followers. We tested this model using data from a large, multisource field study. The results provide support for our trickle-down model in that department managers’ differentiated transformational leadership decreased team helping behavior two hierarchical levels below the manager via increasing department unit stress (Stage 1 mediator), supervisor differentiated transformational leadership (Stage 2 mediator), and team unit stress (Stage 3 mediator).
Refugees: The politically oppressed
Authors: Bender Felix
Published: June 2020

Who should be recognized as a refugee? This article seeks to uncover the normative arguments at the core of legal and philosophical conceptions of refugeehood. It identifies three analytically distinct approaches grounding the right to refugee status and argues that all three are normatively inadequate. Refugee status should neither be grounded in individual persecution for specific reasons (classical approach) nor in individual persecution for any discriminatory reasons (human rights approach). It should also not be based solely on harm (humanitarian approach). Rather, this article argues, it should be based on political oppression – on persons lacking public autonomy, formally expressed as a lack of legal–political status. The normative foundation for a claim to refugee status lies in the inability of a person to control, amend and seek recourse to the specific situation she faces. It lies in the lack of public autonomy expressed as a lack of legal–political rights. What matters for a claim to refugee status is thus the legal–political disenfranchisement of a person, ultimately leaving her with no recourse to the particular situation she faces other than flight. Refugees, then, are not only those who fear harm or persecution, but those who are politically oppressed.
Where Are You From? An Investigation Into the Intersectionality of Accent Strength and Nationality Status on Perceptions of Nonnative Speakers in Britain
Authors: Birney Megan E. , Rabinovich Anna , Morton Thomas A.
Published: June 2020

We explore how interpersonal and intergroup perceptions are affected by a nonnative speaker’s accent strength and the status of their home country. When nationality information was absent (Study 1), natives who heard a strong (vs. weak) accent rated the speaker as warmer but immigrants as a group as more threatening. This result was replicated when the speaker’s nationality was familiar (Study 2) but in this study, country status further shaped accent-based perceptions: the strong (vs. weak) accented speaker evoked more positive interpersonal perceptions when her country status was low, but more negative intergroup perceptions when her country status was high. When the status of the speaker’s nationality was manipulated (Study 3), we replicated the interpersonal perceptions found in Study 1 and the intergroup perceptions found in Study 2. Findings support a holistic approach to investigating perceptions of nonnative speakers: one that considers nationality as well as accent strength.
Do People Remember What Is Prototypical? The Role of Accent–Religion Intersectionality for Individual and Category Memory
Authors: Rakić Tamara , Steffens Melanie C. , Sazegar Atena
Published: June 2020

Evidence suggests that accents can be typically more powerful in activating ethnicity categorization than appearance. Concurrently, some social categories, such as ethnicity, can be linked with other categories, such as religion. We investigate how people categorize those who belong to a (mis)matching pair of categories? In the present study, we investigated Germans’ categorization of women either wearing a headscarf (Muslim religious symbol), or not, and speaking either standard German or German with an Arabic accent. The “Who Said What?” paradigm and multinomial modelling yielded that category memory, indicative of subtyping, was best for nonprototypical targets (i.e., headscarf and standard German accent, no headscarf and Arabic accent). In contrast, in-group targets (no headscarf and standard German accent) were individually remembered better than all other targets, whereas nonprototypical targets (no-headscarf and Arabic accent) were not remembered individually at all. These findings are discussed in terms of intersectionality and category prototypicality.
Perceptions of Gender Norm Violations Among Middle School Students: An Experimental Study of the Effects of Violation Type on Exclusion Expectations
Authors: Masters Stephanie Laura , Hixson Kristin , Hayes Amy Roberson
Published: June 2020

The purpose of this study was to examine the factors that influence the perceived social costs of interacting with gender-atypical peers. Our study examined the relationship between peer processes and gender socialization by exploring situational and individual-level factors that could affect the relationship. Middle school students ( N = 107) completed surveys containing items pertaining to gender identity, egalitarian attitudes, and social support. In addition, participants were asked to rate a series of questions regarding hypothetical peer rule violations. We hypothesized that different domains of gender identity would predict adolescents’ perceptions and cognitions about gender-atypical behaviors and traits. Results revealed that early adolescents perceive higher social costs for male peers who violate an appearance-based gender norm violation when compared with female peers.