bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Method for Dynamically Identifying Equivalent Mathematical Model Parameters of Power Electronic System Based on Digital Filter
Authors: Peng Huiming , Maksim Popov G , Li Feng , Lu Zhiyu
Published: January 2022

In practice, most mathematical calculations and analysis methods to study the transients of power electrical equipment are based on the use of its idealized mathematical description and, as a result, do not adequately reflect the real dynamic characteristics of the combined power systems. One of the reasons, the use of unreliable initial parameters of the mathematical model during numerical experiments. In this article, a method is developed, the synthesis of equivalent models of a given structure is carried out using methods of parametric identification of dynamic systems. Digital filters designed to increase the reliability of the measurement and information part of modern microprocessor systems are described. There is also an assessment of their speed and error in the numerical solution of the problem of restoring useful and primary electrical signals, as well as methodological and practical recommendations for choosing the sampling frequency of analog-digital transformations in time are given.
Principle of Distributed Bus Protection Based on Directional Impedance Component Comparison
Authors: Zhang Hong , Shiping E , Gong Xiao , Wang Zuowei , Liu Dongchao , Zhang Kanjun , Li Hengxuan , Ding Jie
Published: January 2022

Distributed bus protection is one of the main tasks of smart substation construction to improve the secondary system because it is economical, simple, easy to layout, and easy to realize double. This paper mainly considers that distributed current differential protection is limited by high precision synchronization and high bandwidth and a distributed bus protection based on the directional impedance element comparison principle is proposed. The bus impedance protection constructed by reverse current calculation is proposed, which the impedance protection with positive sequence polarization and the impedance protection with memory polarization are the main components. Further considering the influence of system oscillation, the power frequency variable distance protection is introduced to form a distributed bus protection system, and the setting and time setting principles are given. The principle of the protection system is simple and the action is reliable. The effectiveness of the protection system is verified based on PSCAD simulation software.
Numerical Simulation and Optimal Design of Air Cooling Heat Dissipation of Lithium-ion Battery Energy Storage Cabin
Authors: Xu Song , Wan Tao , Zha Fanglin , He Zhiqiang , Huang Haibo , Zhou Ting
Published: January 2022

Lithium-ion battery energy storage cabin has been widely used today. Due to the thermal characteristics of lithium-ion batteries, safety accidents like fire and explosion will happen under extreme conditions. Effective thermal management can inhibit the accumulation and spread of battery heat. This paper studies the air cooling heat dissipation of the battery cabin and the influence of guide plate on air cooling. Firstly, a simulation model is established according to the actual battery cabin, which divided into two types: with and without guide plate. Then, at the environment temperature of 25°C, the simulation air cooling experiment of the battery cabin was carried out. The working condition of module was 1C, and the air speed was set to 4m/s. The results show that the average temperature, maximum temperature and temperature difference in the battery cabin reduced by 4.57°C, 4.3°C and 3.65°C respectively when guide plate added. The air cooling effect of battery cabin was improved by adding guide plate. There is better consistency between the modules and the modules can operate at more appropriate environment temperature.
Dynamic Identification of Equivalent Parameters of Mathematical Models of Power Electrical Equipment of Electromechanical Power Systems
Authors: Peng Huiming , Maksim Popov G , Li Feng , Lu Zhiyu
Published: January 2022

The article describes a method for dynamic identification of AC and DC hybrid power network parameters. The inaccuracy of the parameters of the electromechanical transient simulation model of the power system has caused the obvious difference between the simulation results and the actual measurement, which has restricted its online application. Over the years, the dynamic parameter identification technology based on field test and test has made great progress, but it is far from satisfactory and accurate. There is still a long research journey for the requirements of performance. The online identification method based on the actual dynamic parameters of the power system is a way to solve the problem. The article includes the main microprocessor modules for system parametric identification of load (SIP L) and an overhead power transmission line (SIP TL). The article will analyze the active electrical network and passive electrical network
Research on Distributed PV Monitoring System Based on Ubiquitous Power IOT Architecture
Authors: Wang Dingmei , Zhou Qiang , Du Yuze , Dong Haiying
Published: January 2022

There are problems of low intelligent management and automatic maintenance of traditional distributed PV power plants. This paper designs a distributed PV monitoring system based on ubiquitous power IoT architecture. LoRa edge computing terminal, Storm data stream processing strategy and Spark in-memory programming model are introduced to meet the needs of distributed PV power plants for fast access and storage, analysis and mining of big data. This system improves the real-time and security of power plant data cloud-edge collaboration, and can efficiently perform status monitoring, maintenance management and data analysis of distributed PV power plants. It is of practical significance to improve the whole life cycle management of distributed photovoltaic power generation equipment and promote the transformation of operation and maintenance mode to automation, intelligence and intensification.
Research on Simulation Method of UHVDC Corona Discharge
Authors: Li Zhuqing , Qin Zhimin , Li Xiaoguang , Liu Yingyi , Hui Huang , Feng Huang , Liu Yuanqing
Published: January 2022

Ultra high voltage direct current (UHVDC) transmission has took a significant part in power grid. However, the increase of transmission efficiency hindered by electromagnetic environment problems caused by its corona discharge. Therefore, the corona discharge of UHVDC transmission line has been spotlighted. Considering the complex reaction of microscopic particles in the air during the discharge process, this paper integrates each split conductor as a discharge source located on the split centerline, and simplifies the discharge of the transmission line into a one-dimensional model of a coaxial cable. The study can help us to explore the physical process and microscopic particle motion characteristics of corona discharge deeply. Besides, it is an important guideline for studying and preventing electromagnetic environment problems from the root cause.
Study on Ground Potential Distribution Caused by Subway Operation
Authors: Tang Yuhang , Ni Yanru , Yu Kun , Zeng Xiangjun , Zhuo Chao , Han Wei
Published: January 2022

Urban rail transit has become an important basic public transport facility, is of great significance to urban development and economic construction. During the operation of subway locomotive, stray current will flow into the earth, resulting in the change of soil potential. Thus, it will lead to the neutral point grounded transformer DC bias and buried metal corrosion. Firstly, based on COMSOL finite element simulation software, a composite layered soil model was constructed to simulate the real soil environment. Secondly, according to the rail current distribution of two-terminal power supply, the stray current distribution model was constructed with locomotive position changing. Finally, the potential changes of grounded transformer and buried metal during subway operation was simulated. The research showed that the soil potential distribution change rate is related to the subway locomotive location. When the locomotive position is determined, the induced potential changes more rapidly in the higher soil resistivity, and there is a step change of potential at the soil layer boundary.
Method for Line Selection of Single-phase Arc Grounding Fault in Distribution Network Based on Extracting Fault Arc Characteristics
Authors: Li Shilong , Su Xueneng , Gao Yiwen , Long Cheng , Yang Yongbo
Published: January 2022

Single-phase arc grounding fault is the most important fault form of the medium voltage in distribution network. Once the arc grounding fault occurs, the faulty point generates an arc, and the system generates an arc grounding over-voltage, so it is very necessary to analyze the faulty arc. The faulty arc current has obvious “zero rest phenomenon” at the zero point, and the voltage at this time rises suddenly. This characteristic can be used to analyze the fault. This paper analyzes the current of the faulty arc in MATLAB/Simulink, and extracts transient information of arc current through wavelet transform. According to the singular characteristics, the line selection is carried out by comparing the maximum value of the fourth scale of zero-sequence current of fault line and non-fault line under different “zero rest ratio”. The result shows that the extraction of the arc feature is participating in the arc grounding fault to correctly select the fault line, and the principle is reliable, accurate and suitable for distribution networks in different grounding methods.
Design and Research on the Automatic Online and Offline System of Live Working Robot on Transmission Lines
Authors: Zou Dehua , Fan Shaosheng , Peng Shasha , Liu Lanlan , Jiang Zhipeng , Jiang Wei
Published: January 2022

It has important theoretical significance and practical application value to improve the work efficiency and reduce the hazard of personnel work through the assistance of the robot for the live work of the transmission line instead of manual work. However, in the actual application process of the robot, it takes a lot of time, manpower and material resources to go online and offline, and the overall efficiency of the robot is greatly reduced. In view of the above problems, this article proposes a design scheme for an automated online and offline system for a live working robot. First, the principle of robot online and offline is analyzed in detail, the basic configuration and physical model of the automatic online and offline system are designed, and the operation motion plan of the robot online and offline system is given. Finally, through the system integration design, a physical prototype system for the automatic online and offline of the live working robot was developed, and the feasibility and effectiveness of the device application and the automatic online and offline of the power transmission line robot were verified. Compared with the traditional way of online and offline, the research in this article has broken through a bottleneck problem that restricts the application of robots and it has a powerful role in promoting the practical process of live working robots.
Electromagnetic Radiation Monitoring and Rescue Equipment Based on Communication
Authors: Chen Shuona
Published: January 2022

In case of electromagnetic radiation pollution caused by an accident, it is necessary to monitor the accident site at to facilitate rescue personnel to carry out rescue operations in time according to the site conditions. The technical problem to be solved in this paper is to overcome the defects of the existing technology and provide an electromagnetic radiation monitoring and rescue equipment based on communication. We connect the control host with the remote to observe the rescue area remotely. When an abnormality is found, a reminder will be sent to ensure the life safety of rescue personnel. When an injured person is found, the on-site rescue workers can be notified to facilitate the rescue work.
Research on Batteries Equalization Method for Power Grid Energy Storage
Authors: Zhao Guangjin , Hu Yuxia , Dong Ruifeng , Zhao Dawei , Lyu Nawei , Zhang Wenfei
Published: January 2022

In recent years, with the continuous promulgation of relevant national energy storage strategies and policies and the rapid development of electrochemical energy storage technology, energy storage systems are being used more and more widely in power grids. Lithium-ion batteries have become the main battery for energy storage system applications by virtue of their high energy density, high cycle times, low self-discharge rate and low environmental pollution. In grid energy storage applications, it is often necessary to connect a large number of batteries in series and parallel to meet capacity and voltage requirements, which can lead to the amplification of very small differences in parameters between individual batteries and accumulate during charging and discharging work, eventually causing a decrease in the energy efficiency of the battery pack, a decrease in service life, and even explosive accidents. The equalization technology can well improve the imbalance problem caused by the inconsistent performance parameters between single cells, and has become a hot spot for research in recent years. In this paper, based on the analysis of battery characteristics and the characteristics of energy storage applications, we design an equalization current algorithm for battery pack under charging and discharging conditions, and design a bi-directional equalization circuit for single battery equalization, and use a modular structure and combine the current equalization algorithm to give a design scheme for a series battery pack equalization system.
Research on Explosion Characteristics of Prefabricated Cabin type Li-ion Battery Energy Storage
Authors: Tao Fengbo , Yin Kangyong , Liang Wei , Huang Haosheng , Lin Yuandi , Song Yuhang
Published: January 2022

Lithium iron phosphate batteries have become the main choice for energy storage units in electrochemical energy storage due to their high safety, excellent electrochemical performance, long cycle life, and environmental friendliness. However, lithium-ion batteries inherently have safety risks. The thermal runaway of a single battery in a closed space may cause a chain reaction of surrounding batteries, and may ignite the generated combustible gas, causing serious explosion accidents. In this paper, the explosion characteristics under different initiation points of pressure relief plates are studied. The results show that the peak overpressure variation range of different detonation points in the prefabricated chamber is 1∼1.6 times the hatch opening pressure, where the peak overpressure of the detonation at the near end of the hatch is lower than that of the detonation at the distal end, reflecting the role of the detonation when the explosion energy is released to the outside of the chamber earlier. The above study can provide a reference basis for the safe operation of prefabricated cabin type energy storage power plant and the promotion of its application.
Structural Analysis and Optimization of Steel Pin on Cylindrical Head Suspension Porcelain Insulators
Authors: Xu Hua , Zhou Yangyang , Yin Jungang , Zhang Ruiqing , Li Chao , Wang Senlin , Yi Fuming
Published: January 2022

There is no essential difference in theory between the inner and outer insulating properties of cylindrical and conical head disc suspension porcelain insulators. Compared with a conical head porcelain insulator, a cylindrical head porcelain insulator is significantly lighter in weight, which can effectively reduce the mechanical load of the tower and wire; and it has better dispersion and adjustment capabilities for changes in material properties over time, so that the product is not subject to excessive and uneven stress over a long-term. In order to improve the mechanical performance of cylindrical head insulator products, this paper establishes a parameterized fine simulation model of the steel pin without changing the geometry of the insulator iron cap and porcelain body. The finite element method is used to calculate and analyze how the geometric parameters of the steel pin influence insulator mechanical properties, which can provide design reference for further product optimization.
Research on Optimization of Tube Structure of Phase Change Heat Storage Device
Authors: Bai Haojiang
Published: January 2022

In view of the low heat transfer efficiency of the phase-change heat storage device and the inability to quickly respond to temperature changes, the fluid tube structure in the heat storage device was optimized, and four types of structures: circular structure, square structure, regular hexagon structure and regular triangle structure were compared and studied. Numerical simulation and optimization analysis are carried out on the pipes with the same thermal fluid circulation area but different sizes. The simulation results show that the triangular structure has the highest heat transfer efficiency in the initial stage of heat transfer due to the longest perimeter, and the heat transfer efficiency is positively correlated with the perimeter under the heat transfer mode in which heat conduction is the main body. Under the heat transfer mode dominated by convective heat transfer in the later stage of melting, the time required for the complete melting of phase change materials outside the square tube is the shortest.
Research on Ultra-short term Forecasting Technology of Wind Power Output Based on Wake Model
Authors: Wang Yiying , Shen Runjie , Ma Yanhong , Ma Ming , Zhou Qiang , Lu Qingquan , Zhang Jianmei
Published: January 2022

The concept of sustainable development promotes the development of new energy power generation industry. At the same time, in the field of wind power, wind curtailment and power limit gradually appear, and the output prediction of power plants has become one of research hotspots. Because of the wake effect between wind farms, the wind speed of the wind tower can not represent the real numerical value. Therefore, in this paper, we established various wake models of wind farm group under different wind direction to modify the wind speed of wind tower and get more accurate results. We also used the Long Short-Term Memory network (LSTM) to forecast the wind farm output, and finally obtained excellent forecast results. Compared with traditional prediction algorithm, it had improved the prediction accuracy.
A Review on Decision-making Methods for Restoration Control of Transmission and Distribution Systems
Authors: Yuan Guichuan , Li Ze , Zheng Yuxin , Su Fu , He Zhihua , Yu Chen
Published: January 2022

Power system blackouts can’t be avoided fundamentally, so it is of great significance to realize the adaptive and collaborative restoration control of transmission and distribution system to improve the power system blackout defense capability. In this paper, the existing researches are summarized from three aspects, i.e., decision-making of transmission system restoration control, decision-making of distribution system restoration control, decision-making of transmission and distribution coordinated restoration control, the research difficulties are expounded, and the future research directions are prospected. In view of the characteristics of multi-level, cross-regional, multi-stage and strong uncertainty of collaborative restoration control of transmission and distribution systems, it is pointed out that the establishment of restoration decision support system by comprehensive application of optimization algorithms, expert rules and numerical simulation programs is an important mean to realize adaptive restoration control.
Feasible Region Evaluation of Urban Industry Development for Achieving the Carbon Peak and Neutrality
Authors: Li Bingjie , Hu Xiaoyan , Li Hu , Wang Sheng , Chen Hao , Ma Yahui , Zou Fenghua
Published: January 2022

The carbon peak/neutrality is one of the most concerning matters recently for both government and energy enterprises. With the establishment of new low-carbon-orientated policies, the development of urban industries should be comprehensively reviewed. For achieving the carbon peak and neutrality, this paper proposes techniques to forecast the carbon emission for the industry sector, and evaluate the feasible region of the urban industry development. First, an improved STIRPAT model is developed to analyze the relations between carbon emission and various impact factors. Then, the carbon emission of the industrial sector is forecast. Moreover, an optimization model is developed to analyze the feasible region of different factors around the forecast point. Finally, the industries in Suzhou are analyzed as an example to validate the proposed technique.
Analysis of the Application and Control of the Distributed Energy Storage System in Microgrid
Authors: Zhang Shishuai , Xia Binqiang , Zhang Dongchen , Zhang Chengbing , Liu Yuhang , Zhou Mingzhen , Wan Peng , Lu Liping
Published: January 2022

Because of the intermittence and randomness of renewable energy and the continuous variability of load. By configuring a certain capacity of energy storage in microgrid, the active and reactive power throughput can be flexibly and quickly adjusted to smooth load fluctuations and reliability of power supply improvement. It can improve the power quality and keep the system stable. Therefore, the application potential of distributed energy storage system in microgrid and distribution system is huge. In terms of give full play to the performance advantages of energy storage through distribution system, it is necessary to study the core technologies of modular integration, topology, capacity design and control of energy storage through distribution system. The feasibility and value of energy storage through distribution system in power system engineering are demonstrated. Based on the analysis of relevant requirements, a energy storage through distribution system based on micro energy storage unit is proposed in this paper. This structure is very suitable for energy storage components to be connected to the micro-grid to achieve plug and play, high efficiency, high reliability and high flexibility of energy storage system applications.
Carbon Emision Accounting Model and Multi-dimensional Evaluation of Power System with High Proportion of New Energy
Authors: Yue Yunli , Wang Quan , He Lei , Yue Hao
Published: January 2022

The construction of novel power system with high proportion of new energy is considered to be an important way to achieve carbon reduction. In this paper, the carbon emission accounting model and multi-dimensional evaluation are proposed to promote the establishment of power system with high proportion of new energy. Firstly, the STIRPAT (Stochastic Impacts by Regression on Population, Affluence, and Technology) carbon emission accounting model is established in this paper to analyze the influencing factors of energy carbon emission in a certain region. Then the basic characteristics of the novel power system with new energy is presented. Finally, the multi-dimensional evaluation model of power system with high proportion of new energy is put forward to clearly assess the construction process of the novel power system.
Equipment Modeling Technology in Power Internet of Things
Authors: Qiao Zhu , Meng Jie , Zhang Haoqi , Hou Jixin , Ma Dechao , Liu Xiaohu , Liu Chen
Published: January 2022

With the advancement of smart IoT system, equipment modeling technology that adapts to the power Internet of Things becomes more and more important. In the power grid system, various types of equipment access processes are not standardized, the collected data format is not uniform, and the data is difficult to share. There is an urgent need to build a set of equipment modeling methods suitable for the power Internet of Things. By comparing traditional equipment modeling methods, we propose the static modeling structure of equipment in the power Internet of Things, and constructs a description method of terminal equipments on the cloud platform; combined with the construction requirements of the smart IoT system, design the Cloud-side collaborative dynamic modeling technology which based on equipment online status management, resource status management, alarm management and application management. At the same time, integrated equipment management methods for static modeling and dynamic modeling are realized in combination with application cases, providing technologies basis for unified device access, unified data transmission, and open sharing of data.
Research on Main-auxiliary Combination Technology of New Generation Smart Substation
Authors: Yang Shanglin , Liang Xudong , Pan Hongxiang , Zhou Bin
Published: January 2022

Combined with the development status of smart substation secondary systems, this paper introduces and analyzes the future development direction of substation secondary system intelligence. Based on the evolution of the main and auxiliary control function and structure of substation, the main and auxiliary combination control structure and control process are described. At the same time, from the perspective of the main auxiliary integrated control architecture of the next generation smart substation, this paper summarizes the different types and mothod of main auxiliary linkage, as well as the improvement effect of main auxiliary combination on substation intelligence.
Leakage Detection Based on CEEMDAN Analysis for Hydraulic Cylinder Using Acoustic Emission Technique
Authors: Zhang Peng , Chen Xinyuan , Cheng Zhiwen
Published: January 2022

The early internal leakage fault characteristics in hydraulic cylinder are very weak and vulnerable to environmental noise, which makes the early internal leakage fault detection very difficult. In comparison with internal leakage detection by the pressure signal, internal leakage by Acoustic emission (AE) signal has higher sensitivity and accuracy. So this paper adapts the algorithms combining complete ensemble empirical mode decomposition with adaptive noise (CEEMDAN) and auto regressive (AR) spectrum. Comparing with the mean value of first intrinsic mode function (IMF1) instantaneous amplitude based on EEMD, The experimental results verify the proposed algorithms based on CEEMDAN distinguish different internal leakage levels obviously and has better performance.
Synthesis of zeolite catalyst for palm oil cracking process by means of microwave induced local kaolin leaching
Authors: Shoelarta S , Haryati A F , Suminar D R
Published: January 2022

Kaolin mined in Belitung Indonesia mostly consists of SiO2 and Al2O3 and is better off calcined at a temperature of about 700 °C for at least 2 hours to be reactive. This research is conducted to observe the effect of implementing microwave irradiation in the leaching process as the most crucial step in the hydrothermal synthesis of a zeolite catalyst, using a leached metakaolin (LMK) as the source of SiO2. The irradiation of microwave certainly outperforms the conventional leaching process of Metakaolin, as expected in the hypothesis. The modification of the microwave oven with the addition of a hole on the top chamber and alteration of the waveguide is conducted to improve the focusing of electromagnetic radiation onto the extraction column. Installation of the faraday cage gives rise to better polarization, not to mention a safer procedure. The conventional leaching of 25 grams of Metakaolin undertaken in the previous year takes 45 minutes to complete, while microwave-assisted leaching takes only 30 minutes or 30% more efficiently. The acid solution used in leaching undergoes electromagnetic influence that increases the dipole and polar reactivity and raises the acidity of the raffinate or catalyst by more than 15%, which is necessary for the cracking process catalyst. The starting materials consist of silica, alumina, Na2O, distilled water with a quantity of silica in the seed smaller than silica in the LMK and the minute amount of impurities, mainly common dirt of soil. The power consumed by the magnetron to irradiate the microwave was set at 450, 600, and 800 W, respectively. The appearance and size characterization of the produced zeolite catalyst was conducted using SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope). Meanwhile, the acidity characterization as the highlighted focus is carried out by applying Hammett’s indicator titration of ammonium solution. A rise of acidity up to 25% or 0,71 (mmol NH3/gr) from 0.63 (mmol NH3/gr) in conventional method.
Thermogravimetric analysis kinetic study of Spirulina platensis residue pyrolysis
Authors: Jamilatun S , Aktawan A , Budiman A , Mufandi I
Published: January 2022

Bio-oil from microalgae pyrolysis has excellent potential to be developed as a renewable, sustainable, and environmentally friendly energy fuel. Using pyrolysis technology to use the solid waste from microalgae extraction of spirulina platensis as an energy source is a solution for pollution due to biomass extraction. The solid residue is known as Spirulina Platensis Residue (SPR). SPR pyrolysis will produce liquid fuel (bio-oil), gas, and biochar. This paper discusses the study of the pyrolysis kinetics of SPR with Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) by flowing nitrogen, the settlement method using Kissinger - Akahira - Sunose (KAS) and Flynn -Wall - Ozawa (FWO). The samples were heated at a temperature ranging from 30°C to 1000°C with three different heating levels, namely 10, 30, and 50°C/min yang injected 20 mL/min Nitrogen (N2). The results obtained from the thermal decomposition process show three main stages, namely dehydration, active and passive pyrolysis. The activation energy (Ea) and the pre-exponential factor (A) obtained by the KAS method were around 42.241 kJ/mol, 51.290 kJ/mol, 54.556 kJ/mol, and 61.604 kJ/mol with conversion of 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, while the estimation of activation energy from FWO 48.963 kJ/mol, 58.107 kJ/mol, 61.498 kJ/mol, and 68.457 kJ/mol with conversion of 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, and 0.5% respectively. the kinetic parameter can be described by using this method. The experimental results show that the kinetic parameters obtained from the two methods are slightly different. However, the KAS and FWO methods are quite efficient in explaining the mechanism of the degradation reaction.
Superhydrophobic coating based on silica derived from bagasse modified with vinyltriethoxysilane and copper (Cu) as antibacterial agent
Authors: Silviana S , Sa’adah A N , Saputra K B , Naftalina B E , Kroon C R , Catherine G N , Subianto L , Annisa M E , Maghfira R U , Azzahra T D , Febriansyah Y M
Published: January 2022

Prevention of material degradation can be achieved through the coating. Surface coating is an economically advantageous method in producing desired characteristics and auxiliary aesthetics of surface material. Modern coating processes usually use nanomaterial technology made from silica. Silica can be taken from various sources, such as bagasse waste. Bagasse has high silica content up to 88%. Coating material from silica has good adhesion, good protective properties that allow it to withstand the diffusion of water vapor, ions, and oxygen to metal surfaces. Modified silica can be used to produce superhydrophobic surfaces. The addition of vinyl groups to silica can improve the elastic and mechanical properties without much variation in density or thermal conductivity. The addition of vinyltriethoxysilane can create uniform distribution of nanoparticles. Modification of silica can be done to procure anti-bacterial properties. Copper (Cu) is often used as a high activity anti-bacterial with a fairly affordable cost. With the supplementary anti-bacterial properties, material damages attributed to bacteria may be prevented or reduced. This review aims to provide an overview of the production of superhydrophobic coatings using different methods, analyze the characteristics of synthesized materials, and choose suitable methods for producing superhydrophobic coatings. This review proposes the fabrication of silica superhydrophobic coating with the sol-gel method modified through the addition of vinyl and Cu as an anti-bacterial. This recommendation is based on the literature study that has been carried out.
Synthesis of palm oil-base zinc stearate and its application on manufacture of rubber component
Authors: Setianto W B , Yohanes H , Astuti  , Maisaroh  , Atmaji G
Published: January 2022

Palm oil-based zinc stearate synthesis process has been developed. Palm oil-based stearic acid and zinc oxide were used as material. The synthesis was performed using an oil-jacketed reactor with a capacity of 50 kg per batch. The reaction was occurring at 950C with atmospheric pressure and it took place about 10 minutes. The product characteristics was powder with a white appearance, 0.0 - 0.3 % fatty acid content, 0.2 - 1% moisture content, 118 – 1250C melting point and 0.5 - 1.1 g/cm3 specific gravity. The product of zinc stearate was also examined on an application of rubber component production process. Effects of using the zinc stearate to characteristics of the rubber component were tested. The characteristics included elongation, hardness and tensile strength of the rubber component. Application of 5 phr of zinc stearate on rubber component formulation showed that the rubber component processed using the zinc stearate has basic characteristic that meet the standard of rubber component of American Chemical Society (ACS) 1.
Biomethanization technology application on slaughterhouse in Indonesia
Authors: Ginting N
Published: January 2022

At small community slaughterhouses/TPH in Indonesia, waste is discharged into the environment. On the government side, waste from small slaughterhouses/RPH is channeled into facultative ponds, while solid waste from big slaughterhouses is disposed of in a landfill, while liquid waste is dumped into wastewater treatment using the activated sludge method. The research objective is to prove that biomethanization technology could be used to treat liquid waste in Indonesian slaughterhouses. The study used a 2x3x5 factorial randomized block design. The first factor was stirred substrate/rumen; P0 = not stirred, P1 = stirred 10 minutes and P2 = stirred 20 minutes. The second factor was addition of urine; U0 = no urine, U1 = 20% urine and U2 = 40% urine and there were five replications. The parameters were Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), biogas production, temperature, pH and sludge Carbon/Nitrogen ratio (C/N ratio). The results showed a decrease in BOD by 72%, and 20 minutes of stirring treatment resulted in 170.26 liters of methane gas per kg of rumen. The average temperature of the research substrate was 26.43°C with a pH around 7, and sludge C/N was 9.01. The results of the study are worth considering for application on Indonesian slaughterhouses because they prove that with the biomethanization technology, besides eliminating waste, other benefits can also be obtained, such as renewable energy and sludge.
Nitrate (NO3-) removal from wastewater by adsorption using modified kaolin
Authors: Lubis L H , Husin A , Masyitah Z
Published: January 2022

This study aims to determine the effect of the initial concentration and pH conditions of the nitrate solution on the removal of nitrate in water, which was carried out in batch. The raw material used is kaolin, which is firstly mashed and sieved with a size of 120 mesh, then activated by immersing it in a 0.5 M HCl solution for 24 hours, followed by modification of the surfactant by immersion in a 0.5 M cetyltrimethyllammonium bromide (CTABr) solution for 120 minutes, and accompanied by stirring using a magnetic stirrer at a speed of 150 rpm. Before being used as an adsorbent, kaolin CTABr-modified was analyzed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) to determine the surface morphology of the material. Batch adsorption test was carried out by adding 1 gram of kaolin CTABr-modified to 100 mL of a solution containing nitrate with various concentrations of 10; 20; 30 mg/L and the pH of the solution is 5; 7; 8. The experiment was carried out for 180 minutes, where every 30 minutes the solution was sampled and analyzed for nitrate content using a spectrophotometer UV-Vis. The conclusion of this study is that kaolin CTABr-modified can be used as an adsorbent, where the SEM test results show that the surface morphology of kaolin CTABr-modified is denser and more compact than the prepared kaolin and kaolin HCl-activated. Based on the experimental results according to the Langmuir isotherm equation, the constant value was 0.78. The mechanism of nitrate removal includes ion exchange, hydrogen bonding, and intermolecular interactions. The maximum adsorption capacity was 0.72 mg/g, found under acidic conditions (pH 5) and with a contact time of 180 minutes.
Modeling of extraction of silica rendemen husk rice (Oryza sativa l.) by microwave extraction assisted (MAE) using response surface methodology (RSM)
Authors: Indriani D W , Wardhani T R
Published: January 2022

Nutrient immobilization technology in plants has been developed to increase the ability of the soil to grow plants. Immobilization is a technique to trap compounds in tablets so that they can be used to retain nutrients in the soil, especially in paddy fields. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the use of synthetic fertilizer concentration from rice husk in the manufacture of tablets, as well as to optimize the yield response with the independent variables of KOH concentration and time using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The result of this research is that the highest organic matter content contained in the material after extraction is 52.54%. Optimization was carried out using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) with the Central Composite Design (CCD) method on Design-Expert software with the independent variables being KOH concentration (2.5%, 5%, 7.5%) and time (5 minutes, 7.5 minutes, 10 minutes while) the response variable is the result. The summary statistics data model suggested by the software is linear where the lowest standard deviation value is 0.6130, the highest R2 value is 0.8469, the highest adjusted R2 value is 0.8341, the highest R2 predicted value is 0.8063, and the PRESS value (the lowest prediction error sum of square) was 11.41. Then the result of the response from the software is 5.033%.
Simple mass transfer simulation using a single-particle heterogeneous reaction approach in rice husk combustion and rice husk ash extraction
Authors: Steven S , Restiawaty E , Bindar Y
Published: January 2022

Rice husk conversion to silica is usually carried out through combustion to produce ash and then continued with ash extraction to obtain silica. There is a model to simulate the single-particle combustion, which abandoned the simplification. However, the model is complex and seems complicated for early beginners. This study, hence, aims to discuss the simple mass transfer simulation using a single-particle heterogeneous reaction approach. The shrinking core model was targeted for rice husk combustion time prediction, whereas mass transfer effectiveness analysis was used in rice husk ash extraction simulation. According to this study, a shorter combustion time is reached under smaller particle diameter, more spherical particle, and higher oxygen concentration. The result showed that a combustion time of 133 minutes is obtained for oxygen diffusion to rice husk with diameter 5.8 mm, sphericity 0.5, and oxygen concentration 21%-vol. Besides, in order to improve the rice husk ash extraction overall mass transfer effectiveness from 0.01 to 0.1, extraction should be done under particle diameter of 0.2 mm, sphericity of 0.8, and agitator tip velocity of 5 cm/s. All of the parameters lessen the mass transfer limitation due to diffusion, and in consequence, intrinsic kinetic becomes a major factor.
Batch electrocoagulation system using aluminum and stainless steel 316 plates for hospital wastewater treatment
Authors: Muttaqin R , Ratnawati R , Slamet S
Published: January 2022

Hospital wastewater is one of the most dangerous types of pollution that contaminates rivers due to the presence of pharmaceutical compounds and dyes. Antibiotic ciprofloxacin and methylene blue dyes, a hospital wastewater model, were investigated using the electrocoagulation method. This study aims to determine the optimum initial pH and time in electrolysis using the electrocoagulation method in a batch reactor system. The electrode that used is aluminum and stainless steel 316 plates. The DC power supply was set at 50 volts. Initial pH variations were 5, 7, 10, and contact time intervals were 1, 2, 3, and 4 hours. The results showed that the optimum conditions were obtained at the initial pH of 10 with a processing time of 4 hours. This condition has significant efficiency in pollutant removal from wastewater with the highest percentage of 84.60% and 68.19% for methylene blue and ciprofloxacin, respectively. A precipitated of Al(OH)3coagulant was obtained as much as 4.77 grams. The findings in this research would be helpful for the removal of organic pollutants simultaneously in complex wastewater.
Calculation of the strength of objects of water management of the environment
Authors: Gureeva N A , Kiseleva R Z , Nikolaev A P , Kiselev A P , Ryabukha V V
Published: January 2022

The article discusses the objects of water management of the environment. An algorithm for forming a matrix of the stress-strain state of a prismatic finite element with a triangular cross-section in a mixed formulation is proposed to take into account the physical nonlinearity of water management objects in the form of rotation shells. The basic relations of the flow theory for arbitrary loading are used. The desired displacements and stresses of the inner point of the finite element were approximated by linear functions in terms of their nodal values. The stress-strain state matrix was formed using a functional expressing the equality of the actual work of external and internal work of external and internal forces, in which the actual work of internal forces was represented by the difference between the total and additional work of these forces.
Theoretical substantiation of the principle of operation of the rod flow meter of irrigation canals
Authors: Pakhomov A A , Khodyakov E A , Bocharnikov V S , Grin V G , Kolobanova N A , Vorontsova E S
Published: January 2022

The paper presents a theoretical substantiation of the developed design of a rod flow meter for open canals of irrigation systems. The design features of the lattice elements are revealed, the methods of their hydraulic calculation are given. It was found that the lattices were not used as sensitive elements for measuring water flow rates. A feature of the hydraulic calculation of lattice elements is that it is necessary to take into account the following pressure losses: from the degree of restriction of the living section of the flow, from the ratio of the rod width to the size of the gap, from the rod width, from the rod thickness, from the shape of the cross section of the rod. The operability of the proposed flow meter is theoretically substantiated. It is found that with a significant change in the angle α of the lattice deviation, the degree of tension of the elastic element (angle β) increases by 1-3% from the nominal position. An analytical dependence for determining the value of the hydrodynamic pressure is also obtained.
Development of new ways to preserve the water content of lake basins in the natural park of the Volga-Akhtuba floodplain
Authors: Solovyeva O A , Loboiko V F , Ovcharova A Y , Loboiko A V
Published: January 2022

The article presents new modern ways to increase the receiving capacity and preserve the water content of lake basins on the territory of the Volga-Akhtuba floodplain natural Park. The main factor that caused the need for rehabilitation of the rivers and lakes of the Volga-Akhtuba floodplain is the change in the hydrological and ecological situation that arose as a result of the change in the hydrological regime by regulating the flow of the Volga River after the construction of the Volga hydroelectric power station. The rehabilitation of water objects is aimed at preserving and restoring the water objects to a state that provides environmentally favorable living conditions for the population; ensuring the protection of the population from low water (water scarcity), for the restoration and environmental rehabilitation of the water objects and the adjacent territory.
Influence of the water and food regime of the soil on the yield of rice varieties during sprinkling in the Lower Volga region
Authors: Rodin K A , Nevezhina A B
Published: January 2022

In the Russian Federation, as in most countries of the world, rice is cultivated under artificial irrigation by flooding the field with a layer of water, which is maintained during almost the entire growing season. Unfortunately, within the rice-growing zone in the Russian Federation, water resources are limited and this limits the expansion of sown areas under flooded rice. At the same time, judging by the biological characteristics of this plant, a fundamentally different method of rice cultivation is also possible, when the field occupied by it is not flooded. The rice’s water demand is met by using the soil moisture reserves, which are maintained at a certain level by irrigation.
The effect of mineral complexes on the growth intensity of young bulls for sustainable agriculture
Authors: Nikolaev S I , Randelin A V , Karapetyan A K , Kupriyanov S N , Chekhranova S V , Morozova E A
Published: January 2022

The article presents the material on the study of the influence of mineral granular complexes developed from mineral raw materials at the enterprise of JSC “United Chemical Company “URALCHEM” according to different recipes on the growth intensity, clinical-physiological and hematological parameters of Ayshir bulls. It was found that the young animals that received a mineral granular complex, developed according to four recipes, surpassed the analogues from the control in live weight by 7.17, 5.44, 6.01 and 8.56%, average daily growth by 17.61, 13.19, 14.74 and 19.82%. In the blood of young animals of the experimental groups, in comparison with analogues from the control, an increase in the content of erythrocytes by 0.53-5.74% and hemoglobin by 2.8, 0.4, 1.6 and 3.3 g/l were noted. The total protein in their blood serum contained more by 4.79, 1.67, 2.47 and 8.97% and albumins, respectively, by 10.15, 6.25, 3.82 and 17.02%. The use of mineral granular complexes in the feeding of bulls is economically expedient. Additional products for 32844-49368 rubles were obtained for groups of bulls who consumed mineral granular complex. The complexes developed according to recipes No. 1 and 4 showed the highest efficiency.
The influence of biologically active substances on safety of pigs
Authors: Polozyuk O N , Zabelina M V , Polozyuk E S , Rubanova M E , Kulagina O V , Stupina L V
Published: January 2022

The results of the influence of the biologically active substance “Amylocin” on nonspecific factors of protection of the organism of sows in the second half of gestation and in the first decade after farrowing are presented. It was found that the cellular indications of the natural resistance of the organism throughout the experiment were higher in the experimental group of the lactating sows, that received the biologically active substance, in comparison with the gestating and lactating sows of the control group. Humoral indications of natural resistance of the organism: lysozyme activity of blood serum was higher in the experimental group of the lactating sows in comparison with gestating and lactating sows of the control group by 12.5 and 5.2%; On the contrary, bactericidal activity of blood serum was higher in group of sows during the second half of gestation by 18.9 and 24.9% than in the experimental and control groups of farrowing sows. There were no postpartum complications in the experimental group of sows, the safety of the obtained young growth was higher by 8.6% in comparison with the control group.