bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of guided tissue regeneration in interproximal defects
Authors: Gouldin A. Garrett , Fayad Samia , Mellonig James T.
Published: December 2005

Abstract This study clinically evaluates the use of expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) membranes with or without the addition of decalcified freeze‐dried hone allograft (DFDBA) in the treatment of interproximal intraosseous defects, 25 patients (26 paired defects) diagnosed with advanced periodontitis and having at least 2 bilateral interproximal probing depths of s6 mm participated in the study. After the hygiene phase, measurements were made to determine soft tissue recession, pocket depth, and clinical attachment levels. Defects from each pair were randomly treated with either ePTFE alone (control), or ePTFE + DFDBA (experimental). Measurements were made during the surgery to determine crestal resorption, defect resolution and defect fill. Membranes were removed at 4 to 6 weeks. At 6 months, the soft and hard tissue measurements (surgical reentry) were repeated. Both groups showed statistically significant improvement when compared to baseline (p<0.001), but no difference was determined between groups. Control sites showed a 50% bone fill and experimental sites had 54% bone fill. The defect resolution changes were also similar between control and experimental groups, respectively (80%, 74%). For this short‐term study, it was concluded that either technique was beneficial for the treatment of intraosseous defects. Other studies are needed to assess the long‐term stability of the improvements rendered by these treatments.
Human histologic evaluation of HTR polymer and freeze‐dried bone allograft
Authors: Froum Stuart J.
Published: December 2005

Abstract This case report compares the results of placement of HTRTM (Hard Tissue Replacement Synthetic BoneTM) and freeze‐dried bone allograft (FDBA) in the same patient. 2 notches were made in each of 6 teeth, 1 at the gingival margin and the other at the most apical level of calculus. Soft tissue reponses with both materials included probing depth reduction, gingival shrinkage and gain in clinical attachment. Histological sections of block extraction sites 30 months after placement of either material showed no signs of new attachment. Little or no inflammation was present with both materials. There was also an absence of all FDBA particles which assumes complete resorption of this material prior to 30 months. Gingival shrinkage resulted in the exposure of the gingival and calculus notch in all FDBA treated sites. Gingival epithelium was found adjacent to the gingival notch in all HTRTM treated sites. The calculus notch in HTRTM treated sites was lined by junctional epithelium with connective tissue and bone opposing the adhesion. HTRTM particles were present and surrounded by connective tissue or bone. HTRTM appears to serve as a scaffold for new bone formation when in close contact with alveolar bone.
Prostaglandin E2 potentiates interleukin‐1β induced interleukin‐6 production by human gingival fibroblasts
Authors: Czuszak Charlene A. , Sutherland Donald E. , Billman Michael A. , Stein Sidney H.
Published: December 2005

Abstract Increased levels of cytokines and prostanoids have been detected in inflamed gingival tissue and may play an important role in periodontal pathogenesis. Recent studies suggest that monocytic products, such as interleukin (IL)‐1β, could stimulate IL‐6 production by human gingival fibroblasts (HGF). In this context, the production of local cytokines and inflammatory mediators could regulate the secretory capacity of resident gingival fibroblasts. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine if PGE2 induced by IL‐1β could potentiate the IL‐6 response by HGF. Utilizing an ELISA, it was determined that maximal IL‐6 occurred when HGF were stimulated with 0.10–10 nM IL‐1β. These concentrations of IL‐1β also induced a small, but significant increase in PGE2 production by HGF. Interestingly, the combination of ILγβ and PGE2 induced a synergistic rise in IL‐6 production by HGF. Moreover, inclusion of indomethacin caused a 20% reduction in IL‐6 production and totally eliminated PGE2 production. These findings provide additional rationale for the clinical use of NSAIDs in the management of periodontal disease due to their ability to attenuate production of both PGE2, and IL‐6. These results suggest the endogenous PGE2 induced by IL‐1β plays an important regulatory role in IL 6 production by HGF. Moreover, they support the concept that elevated PGE2 induced during inflammation can regulate HGF secretory function.
Topographic distribution of subgingival plaque along root surfaces of human periodontally diseased teeth
Authors: Crespi Roberto , Covani Ugo , Margarone Joseph E. , Andreana Sebastiano
Published: December 2005

Abstract The purpose of this study was to characterize the topographical distribution and organization of subgingival plaque in periodontally diseased teeth. 26 extracted teeth were fixed and processed for undecaicified histological evaluation. The sections were cut perpendicular to the long axis of the tooth and analyzed by phase‐contrast microscopy. The coronal portion of the analyzed roots showed a dense accumulation of filamentous forms, fusiform rods, coccoid forms and loosely aggregated spirochetes. The middle and apical portions showed a non‐uniform distribution of the microflora, with microorganisms representing all the known morphotypes. Furthermore, plaque was detected below undisturbed periodontal fibers, indicating that plaque not only forms apically, but also in a lateral direction, penetrating and colonizing below areas where periodontal fibers are inserted into the root surface.
Evaluation of the long‐term efficacy and safety of locally‐applied minocycline in adult periodontitis patients
Authors: Timmerman M. F. , van der Weijden G. A. , van Steenbergen T. J. M. , Mantel M. S. , de Graaff J. , van der Velden U.
Published: December 2005

Abstract The objectives of the present study were to establish in a long‐term investigation the safety as well as the clinical and microbiological efficacy of scaling and rootplaning combined with local application of 2% minocycline hydro‐chloride‐gel versus placebo‐gel in patients with moderate to severe chronic adult periodontitis. This was an 18 months, randomized, double‐blind, parallel, comparative study, in which 20 healthy patients with moderate to severe chronic periodontitis participated. At baseline, all patients received professional oral hygiene instruction and supra‐and subgingival scaling and root planing. The minocycline‐gel was applied subgingivally baseline, 2 weeks. 1, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months. Microbiological evaluation was carried out using DMDx to identify the following bacteria: Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans. Campylobacter rectus. Fusobacterium nucleatum and Treponema denticola. In addition standard microbiological techniques were used for the detection of P. gingivalis, P intermedia, P. micros, A. actinomycetemcomitans. C. rectus, F. nucleatum, C. albicans and Enterobacteriaceae. Results showed a statistically significant improvement for all clinical parameters irrespective of the treatment modality. No differences were observed between test and control with regard to probing depth and attachment level. The DMDx data showed a significant reduction in both the numbers and the prevalence over the 15 months period, but no significant difference between groups. Culture data showed that at baseline two–third were positive for P. gingivalis and P intermedia. Analysis over the 18 month period showed no significant difference between the two treatment modalities. C albicans and Enterobacteriaceae were detected only in small proportions at each time interval in a limited number of patients. No adverse reactions were observed during the trial period. The present patient group responded favourably to scaling and rootplaning, but did not benefit from an effect of local of minocycline. Subgingival debridement in combination with oral hygiene instruction by itself has been shown to be effective. It remains to be studied whether local application of minocycline can be effective as an adjunct to mechanical therapy in sites that respond poorly to conventional treatment.
Histopathologic alterations of periodontium in cyclosporin‐treated rats
Authors: Nieh Shin , Fu Earl , Chang Hou‐Li , Wang Shiao‐Long , Wikesjö Ulf M. E.
Published: December 2005

Abstract Gingival dimensions and histopathologic alterations in periodontium were examined in rats continuously exposed to cyclosporin‐A (CSA). 60 male Sprague‐Dawley rats were divided into 2 groups. Rats in the test group daily received CSA in mineral oil by gastric feeding at a dosage of 30 mg/kg body weight for 6 weeks. Rats in the control group received mineral oil only. 10 rats from each group were sacrified at 2‐week intervals, Gingival dimensions were assessed from stone models obtained from the maxillary and mandibular incisal regions. Horizontal, sagittal and frontal tissue sections were obtained from these regions as well. Gingival dimensions in the mandibular and maxillary incisal regions were significantly increased in rats exposed to CSA. Light‐microscopic observations revealed a granulation tissue formation at tooth‐gingiva interface and an irregular bony surface on dental alveoli in experimental animals. Because both soft and hard tissue of periodontium in experimental rats being significantly effected by CSA compared to control animals, we hypothesized that the periodontium is a target tissue for CSA.
The reproducibility and validity of furcation measurements using a pressure‐calibrated probe
Authors: Kim Ti‐Sun , Knittel Markus , Staehle Hans Jörg , Eickholz Peter
Published: December 2005

Abstract The furcation involvement of 100 molars in 25 patients suffering from moderate to advanced periodontitis was investigated. The horizontal probing attachment level (PAL‐H) within the furcations was assessed 2× within 2 weeks using the pressure‐calibrated (0.25 N) flexible plastic universal explorer version of the TPS probe (TPS). To determine the measurement error of PAL‐H assessments, the standard deviation of single measurements was calculated. The measurements were repeated using a colour‐coded Nabers probe and compared to the TPS assessments. 253 furcations were evaluated (100 buccal, 47 lingual, 53 mesiolingual and 53 distolingual, respectively). For buccale, lingual, mesiolingual and distolingual furcations, the standard deviations were 0.486 mm, 0.598 mm, 0.846 mm, 1.039 mm, respectively. Measurement error was less in buccal and lingual furcations than in mesiolingual and distolingual sites (p < 0.005). The agreement of replicate measurements of furcation degrees was excellent for buccal and lingual furcations (weighted κ [standard error] 0.824 [0.076] and 0.779 [0.107], respectively), but only moderate for mesiolingual and distolingual furcations (weighted κ 0.688 [0.096] and 0.544 [0.101). respectively). Only in distolingual sites there was a significant (p < 0.025: paired t‐test) underestimation of PAL‐H by the TPS as compared to the Nabers probe. At all locations the TPS underestimated furcation degrees significantly (p < 0.1; Stuart‐Maxwell's χ2) as compared to Nabers probe. Measurement error of mesiolingual and distolingual furcations was significantly higher than of buccal or lingual sites. The reproducibility of PAL‐H measurements in furcations using TPS is comparable to data published for scorings with colour‐coded Nabers probes. Through and through furcations are likely to be underestimated by using the flexible plastic version of the TPS probe. Hence, it seems to be unsuitable for a proper assessment of the degree of furcation involvement.
The effect of toothpaste containing triclosan on oral mucosal desquamation
Authors: Skaare A. , Eide G. , Herlofson B. , Barkvoll P.
Published: December 2005

Abstract SLS‐containing toothpaste has previously been shown to cause oral mucosal desquamations when used in an experimental cap splint model. The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of toothpastes containing SLS in combination with triclosan on oral mucosal desquamation in a similar cap splint model system. It has previously been shown that the antibacterial agent triclosan also may have anti‐inflammatory properties. The concentration of triclosan in the experimental toothpastes was 0.3%, while SLS varied from 1.5% to 3%. No oral mucosal desquamations were observed after use of a 1.5% SLS – 0.3% triclosan containing toothpaste, contrary to the positive control toothpaste that contained 1.5% SLS without triclosan. Furthermore, a statistically significant reduction in severe desquamations was observed after use of a toothpaste containing 3% SLS – 0.3% triclosan compared with the positive control. It may thus be suggested that triclosan exerts a moderating effect on desquamative reactions caused by SLS and that the effect is dependent on the relative amount of triclosan and SLS in the toothpastes.
Bone density changes after 1 year in periodontal lesions treated surgically with or without ePTFE membrane placement
Authors: Iversen B. , Albandar J. M. , Øydna J. , Gjermo P.
Published: December 2005

Abstract The present study was designed to quantitatively assess radiographic changes in alveolar bone density in intrabony defects treated with expanded polytetrafluorethylene membranes (ePTFE) or by conventional flap surgery alone. 15 patients with 2 periodontal defects of comparable morphology which could be depicted on a single radiograph made up the test panel. Standardized radiographs of the periodontal defects were taken immediately prior to surgery and 12 months later. The 2 defects were treated simultaneously using the modified Widman flap procedure and prepared for membrane placement. Then one of the lesions was randomly assigned for treatment with the membrane. All radiographs and surgical procedures were managed by one person. The radiographs were assessed by another person according to a blind design. Periodontal defects treated with ePTFE membranes (test), and sites treated by conventional flap procedures (control) were then analyzed using a computerized image analysis program. In 8 patients, the test site outcome was better than the outcome in the control site. 6 of the control sites indicated increased bone density, while 7 sites showed decreased values, and 2 sites were unchanged. The corresponding values from the test sites were 5, 6 and 4, respectively. In the present controlled clinical study, the use of an ePTFE membrane to cover the opening of a vertical bone defects during periodontal surgery did not predictably increase the bone density of the defects.
Value of some laboratory and clinical measurements in the treatment plan for advanced periodontitis
Authors: Nieminen Anja , Asikainen Sirkka , Torkko Heini , Kari Kirsti , Uitto Veli‐Jukka , Saxén Leena
Published: December 2005

Abstract In our previous study, we reported that only 13 of 46 adult patients with advanced periodontitis responded well to initial non‐surgical periodontal therapy. In the present follow‐up study, the remaining 33 patients were randomly treated further using either modified Widman flap surgery or systemic metronidazole. The patients responding unsatisfactorily to this 2nd treatment phase, received supplementary systemic chemotherapy or surgery, respectively. By using this study design, we determined which baseline clinical variables and/or laboratory findings predicted the treatment outcome in these study patients. Clinical variables included the assessment of bleeding, suppuration, probing pocket depth, furcation lesions, relative attachment level and radiographic infrabony defects. Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and Porphyromonas gingivalis were cultured from subgingival plaque samples. The specific IgG and IgA antibody levels against 5 serotypes of A. actinomycetemcomitans were determined in serum and saliva. Elastase‐like. trypsin‐like and general protease activities were assessed from saliva. The bivariate statistical analyses showed that the most pronounced difference between the patients responding well to initial non‐surgical therapy (group MC n=13), to either supplementary surgery or chemotherapy (group FT1, n=11). or those responding to the complex therapy (group FT2, n=17), was the prior extent of periodontal destruction expressed as the proportion of ≥6 mm deep periodontal pockets. When multiple linear regression was used to investigate the influence of clinical and laboratory findings on the variation of treatment response between the 3 groups, the most significant explanatory factor was the simultaneous presence of subgingival A. actinomycetemcomitans and multiple deep periodontal pockets. None of the immunological or biochemical variables used had any further influence in the model. Pretreatment microbiological examination, especially for the detection of A. actinomycetemcomtians. seems to be a valuable laboratory screening method for identifying complex treatment need in adult patients with advanced periodontitis. However, the evaluation of the extent and pattern of periodontal breakdown remains crucial for choosing the treatment strategy including surgery and/or chemotherapy in A. actinomycetemcomitans‐infected adult periodontitis patients.
Comparison of various modalities of “simple” periodontal therapy on oral cleanliness and bleeding
Authors: Lim L. P. , Davies W. I. R.
Published: December 2005

Abstract 550 Chinese employees of both sexes aged 25‐44 from an industrial organisation participated in a 16‐month longitudinal study. Subjects were divided into 4 groups: an oral hygiene group (group A), a scaling group (group B), an oral hygiene+scaling group (group C) and a control (group D). The experimental subjects were examined at baseline. 2 weeks, 4 months, 10 months and 16 months. After 10 months, group A received scaling while group B was given oral hygiene instruction for the 1st time. The control group did not receive any treatment until completion of the programme. At 16 months, all 3 experimental groups had significantly lower plaque and bleeding scores than the control. The plaque and bleeding levels of the experimental groups were lower at all review‐appointments when compared with baseline. Some variations in the clinical parameters were found between groups at 2 weeks, 4 months and 10 months. The scaling+oral hygiene group showed the best response. Although a proportion of subjects showed a substantial improvement in bleeding scores following scaling, the significant resource implications in providing such treatment has to be considered in planning community health programmes to promote periodontal health, wherein oral hygiene education must still have the highest priority.
Porphyromonas gingivaiis, Actinobacillus actinomycetemeomitans and Treponema denticola detection in oral plaque samples using the polymerase chain reaction
Authors: Watanabe Keiko , Frommel Thomas O.
Published: December 2005

Abstract Detection of putative pathogens is critical for delineating the etiology and progression of periodontitis. In the present study, we have used a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay utilizing primers specific for the Ikt A gene of Actinobacillus actinomycetemeomitans, the fimbrial gene of Porphyromonas gingivaiis. and tdp A gene of Treponema denticola in order to determine the presence of these pathogens in subgingival plaque samples from periodontitis sites. These gene specific primers were also used to assess the detection of different strains of bacteria m the PCR assays. Primers for P. gingivalis detected P. gingivalis strain 33277, but no product was detected when primers were used with extracts from 4 species of Capnocytophaga. 3 species of Prewtella. 2 species of Porphyromonas other than P. gingivalis, Bacteroides levii, Escherichia coli, 3 strains of A. actinomycetemeomitans and 3 strains of T. denticola. PCR analysis using primers for the Ikt A gene of A. actinomycetemeomitans also did not result in a product with any of these bacteria with the exception of a positive result with 3 different strains of A. actinomycetemeomitans. Primers selected from the tdp A gene of T. denticola did not identify any of the bacteria strains tested except T. denticola serovars a, b. and c. Thus, these primers were shown to amplify gene segments that are specific to either P. gingivalis (33277), A. actinomycetemeomitans (33384. 43717 and 43718) or T. denticola (35405. 33521 and 35404). The PCR assay may be used to rapidly detect the presence of periodontal pathogens in the future.
Long‐term periodontal maintenance in private practice
Authors: Nevins Myron
Published: December 2005

Abstract Adult periodontitis is a chronic disease suffered by the mainstream of the world's population. To date, its treatment consists of providing support, control, and stabilization of the disease rather than a cure. Although treatment modalities rely upon a maintenance program to preserve a controlled environment that has been established, it is painstakingly evident that total patient compliance does not exceed 40% in private practice. In addition, there is little evidence that any society is populated by plaque‐free patients. The important variables in private practice are the end point goals of treatment, manpower availability, patients. behavior, the size of the treatment facility and the economic pressures of the geographic location. Each of these has to be considered in its entirety to appreciate the difficulties encountered in managing this significant issue in a periodontal practice.
A short‐term clinical study design to investigate the chemical plaque inhibitory properties of mouthrinses when used as adjuncts to toothpastes: applied to chlorhexidine
Authors: Owens J. , Addy M. , Faulkner J. , Lockwood C. , Adair R.
Published: December 2005

Abstract The removal of plaque by toothbrushing with toothpaste is the most common form of plaque control in the developed world. However, the use of chemical adjuncts such as mouthrinses is increasing. In practice mouthrinses and toothpaste are used together, however, in many clinical trials, employed to assess mouthrinse activity, toothpaste use is suspended. This fails to measure the effect of chemical interactions which are known to occur between toothpaste ingredients and mouthrinses. The objective of this trial was to develop a methodology which would assess the adjunctive chemical plaque inhibitory action of mouthrinses, when used with toothpaste but without the indeterminate variable of toothbrushing. The study was a single blind, randomised, 7‐way crossover design, based on a variation of a 4 day plaque regrowth model. The 2×daily rinsing regimens produced increasing plaque scores in the following order: (1) water/chlorhexidine, (2) chlorhexidine/water, (3) chlorhexidine/toothpaste slurry. (4) toothpaste slurry/ chlorhexidine, (5) water/toothpaste slurry. (6) toothpaste slurry/water, (7) water/ water. Chlorhexidine and water or chlorhexidine and toothpaste slurry combinations produced significantly lower plaque scores than water alone. Slurry and water combinations resulted in less plaque than water alone, but differences were not significant. Toothpaste slurry and chlorhexidine produced significantly increased plaque scores compared to chlorhexidine and water. The study suggests that, outside the Hawthorne effect, chlorhexidine rinses would be less effective in reducing plaque when used with toothpaste than when used alone. The methodology could be employed as a screening tool for the evaluation of mouthrinses expected to be used as adjuncts to normal oral hygiene methods. The same could be used to optimise oral hygiene regimens which include the use of mouthrinses.
Effects of tetracycline hydrochloride and chlorhexidine gluconate on Candida albicans
Authors: MacNeill Simon , Rindler Eric , Walker Angela , Brown A. Richard , Cobb Charles M.
Published: December 2005

Abstract This study examined the effects of tetracycline hydrochloride (TCN) and chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX) on the growth and viability of Candida albicans. Subcultures of Candida albicans on Sabouraud's agar, were divided into 5 treatment groups: group 1, untreated control: group 2. 0.12% CHX: group 3. 3.0 mg/ml TCN adjusted to pH 4.5: groups 4 and 5, sodium azide free Tris buffer adjusted to pH 4.5 and pH 7.4, respectively. All groups were incubated for 10 days, and sampled and subcultured daily to determine the viability of each group. Additional samples from group 2 (day 4), group 4 (day 7) and all groups at day 10 were selected for SEM and TEM examination. Visual, SEM and TEM results showed that for groups 1, 3, 4, and 5 there was a heavy and constant uniform growth of Candida albicans throughout the period of the study. However, group 2 (CHX), showed decreasing viability and attachment from day 3 to day 10, with SEM and TEM revealing decreased blastospores and profound changes in the ultrastructural morphology, indicating inhibition of normal cell growth and replication. These results show that TCN even when used at high concentrations, in vitro, will allow uninhibited growth of Candida albicans whereas CHX inhibits cell growth and replication.
Enantiospecific inhibition of ligature‐induced periodontitis in beagles with topical (S)‐ketoprofen
Authors: Paquette D.W. , Fiorellini J.P. , Martuscelli G. , Oringer R.J. , Howell T. H. , McCullough J. R. , Reasner D.S. , Williams R.C.
Published: December 2005

Abstract Systemic and topical administration of non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) has been shown to reduce periodontal disease progression in both animal models and human subjects. Our present research focuses on single enantiomers of these agents to examine whether enantiospecific therapy will be efficacious in slowing periodontitis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the inhibitory effects of (S)‐ketoprofen on experimentally induced alveolar bone loss in beagle dogs. 16, 18‐month‐old, female beagles were brought to optimal periodontal health over a 2‐week pretreatment period. Experimental periodontitis was then induced by placing silk ligatures around premolar and molar teeth and by instituting a soft, plaque‐promoting diet. At baseline, animals were randomized to 1 of 4 groups, consisting of 2x daily administration of (1) placebo dentifrice. (2) 0.3% (S)‐ketoprofen dentifrice. (3) 3.0% (S)‐ketoprofen dentifrice, or (4) 10.0 mg (S)‐ketoprofen capsules (p.o.) over a 60 day treatment period. Standardized, periapical radiographs exposed at days 1 and 60 were analyzed by computer‐assisted digital radiography in order to assess the rate of alveolar bone loss. Secondary outcomes included technetium 99m‐tin‐diphosphonate (99mTc‐Sn‐MDP) uptake and the gingival index. At baseline, no differences were observed among the groups for linear bone height or 99mTc‐Sn‐MDP uptake ratios. From days I to 60, cohorts differed significantly in terms of bone loss rates (p<0.001). In particular, beagles treated with systemic or topical (S)‐ketoprofen (0.3% or 3.0% dentifrices) exhibited significantly lower mean rates of bone loss compared to placebo treated beagles (p<0.05). Group differences in mean radiopharmaceutical uptake ratio changes approached significance (ANOVA. p=0.07), where animals treated with topical 03% (S)‐ketoprofen demonstrated a reduction and other groups demonstrated elevations over the 60‐day dosing period. Treatment cohorts did differ significantly with respect to changes in mean gingival indices (p<0.05). Animals treated with 0.3% or 3.0% (S)‐ketoprofen dentifrice exhibited significantly reduced elevations in gingival index scores as compared to placebo treated animals. These data provide evidence that enantiospecific therapy with (S)‐ketoprofen. topically or systemically delivered, may alter the progression of periodontal disease in the beagle dog model.
Studies on stannous fluoride toothpaste and gel (2). Effects on salivary bacterial counts and plaque regrowth in vivo
Authors: Addy Martin , Greenman John , Renton‐Harper Paul , Newcombe Robert , Doherry Frances
Published: December 2005

Abstract There has been a resurgence of interest in stannous fluoride (SF) products in particular to provide oral hygiene and gingival health benefits. The aim of this study was to assess the persistence of antimicrobial action of a number of SF formulations in the mouth and relate these to plaque inhibitory activity. The formulations were 2 SF toothpastes (SF1, SF2). 2 SF plus stannous pyrophosphate toothpastes (SFSP1, SFSP2). a SF gel (G). a NaF toothpaste (C) and saline (S) as control. Both studies involve 2 different groups of 21 healthy dentate volunteers. The studies were single, blind, randomised, crossover designs balanced for residual effects, with a minimum 2 1/2 day washout period. Salivary bacterial counts were determined before and to 7 h after a single rinse with the formulations. Plaque regrowth from a zero baseline (day 1) was measured by index and area on day 5. after 2x daily rinsing with slurries of the formulations or saline. For bacterial counts, highly significant treatment differences were found. Bacterial counts were variably reduced by all treatments to 30 min then showed a variable rate of return towards baseline. All test agents were significantly better than S at some timepoints. The order for greatest persistence of action downwards was; (1) SFSP2: (2) SFSPI. G. and SFI: (3) SF2; (4) C; (5) S. Highly significant differences in plaque regrowth between treatments were found with similar mean ordering of efficacy as for salivary bacterial counts from most effective downwards namely: (1) SFSPI and SFSP2; (2) SFI; (3) SF2; G and C: (4) S. The results were consistent with a parallel study measuring tea staining in vitro. whereby formulations causing the most staining produced the greatest persistence of action and plaque inhibitory activity. This suggests the availability of stannous ions was important for the clinical effects. It is concluded that stannous ions can enhance the plaque inhibitory action of toothpaste via a persistent antimicrobial action
Does the nature of the solvent affect the anti‐inflammatory capacity of triclosan? An experimental study
Authors: Skaare Anne B. , Kjærheim Vibeke , Barkvoll Pål , Rölla Gunnar
Published: December 2005

Abstract The anti‐inflammatory properties of triclosan have been revealed in several recent studies, including an effect on histamine‐induced inflammation. In other studies, the nature of the solvent has been shown to be of importance for the plaque inhibiting as well as the antibacterial potential of triclosan. This study was aimed at examining whether the nature of the solvent also may influence the anti‐inflammatory capacity of triclosan and further to study a possible dose/response relationship. The study was performed as 3 separate, double‐blind experiments, comprising 10, 11 and 12 healthy females. In all 3 experiments, 5 sites on the lower part of the back of the volunteers were intradermally exposed to one drop of 1% histamine dihydrochloride for 15 min. The size of the resulting wheals was recorded before and after 40 min of triclosan treatment. In experiment I. 4 different concentrations of triclosan in 2‐fold dilutions in absolute alcohol (0.125%‐1%) were applied on the histamine‐induced wheals. In experiments 2 and 3, 4 different solutions containing 0.5% triclosan and a saline solution as negative control were used. The solvents in experiment 2 were as follows: (1) absolute alcohol (positive control). (2) propylene glycol (PG), (3) polyethylene glycol (PEG). (4) olive oil, and in experiment 3: (1) absolute alcohol (positive control). (2) Tween 80. (3) sodium carbonate, (4) soy oil. The results showed a dose/ response effect of triclosan and further that the solvent may be of importance for its anti‐inflammatory potential.
Types and dimensions of root trunk correlating with diagnosis of molar furcation involvements
Authors: Hou G.‐L. , Tsai C.‐C.
Published: December 2005

Abstract The objective of the present study was to investigate the possible correlation of dimension, location. prevalence, and types of root trunk with molar furcation involvement (FI). The samples used in the study include 166 maxillary molars (70 1st and 96 2nd molars) and 200 mandibular molars 1103 1st and 97 2nd molars). The dimensions of the root trunks and root lengths were measured with an electric caliper and their means and standard deviations calculated. The types of root trunks were identified by the ratio of root trunk dimension to root length and classified as types A, B. and C. The results may be summarized as follows. (1) Short‐root trunks were more commonly found buccally. whereas long‐root trunks were more commonly found mesially, in both maxillary molars. (2) Short‐root trunks were most commonly found buccally, whereas long‐root trunks were more commonly found lingually in both mandibular molars. (3) Long‐root trunks were more commonly found on the 2nd molars than on the 1st molars. (4) Long‐root trunks were associated with short root length. (5) There is a strong correlation between vertical length and type of root trunk and FI. The findings of the study indicated that an awareness of root trunk type together with horizontal and vertical attachment levels in molar FI may be helpful in the prognosis, diagnosis, and treatment of molar FI.
Cytokines modulate routes of collagen breakdown
Authors: van der Zee Erwin , Everts Vincent , Beertsen Wouter
Published: December 2005

In this paper, we review recent work on collagen degradation. 2 main routes of breakdown are described and their relevance during healthy and inflammatory conditions of the periodontium is discussed. Special attention is paid to the possible role of cytokines, in particular interleukin 1 (IL‐1) and transforming growth factor β (TGF‐β), on the modulation of collagen phagocytosis and metalloproteinase production. IL‐1 has been shown to have a dual function in collagen digestion. It inhibits the intracellular phagocytic pathway, but at the same time, it strongly promotes extracellular digestion by inducing the release of collagenolytic enzymes like collagenase. TGF‐β has an opposite effect on both pathways and antagonizes IL‐1. Collagenase is released in an inactive form, and a considerable fraction of the proenzyme may become incorporated in the extracellular matrix. This reservoir of latent enzyme can be activated (for instance by plasmin). leading to a sudden and extensive breakdown of the collagenous fibre meshwork. It is suggested that this phenomenon may also take place during progressive periodontitis and could explain an episodic nature of collagenolysis. clinically resulting in bursts of attachment loss (burst hypothesis).
Protein degradation by Prevotella intermedia and Actinomyces meyeri supports the growth of non‐protein‐cleaving oral bacteria in serum
Authors: Jansen H. J. , van der Hoeven J. S.
Published: December 2005

The proteolytic activities of oral bacteria are thought to play an important role in the aetiology of dental abscesses. Bacteria‐derived proteases may contribute to tissue destruction, and are likely to impair host defence by degrading immunoglobulins and complement. Degraded periodontal tissue and tissue fluid are likely to constitute essential sources of nutrients in the abscess. Tissue fluid, which is derived from serum, is rich in protein and poor in carbohydrate, suggesting that breakdown of protein and fermentation of amino acids is a crucial step to generate energy for growth of the microflora. The number of oral bacterial species that perform hydrolytic cleavage of protein into polypeptides, the first step in protein degradation, is relatively small compared to the large majority of peptidase‐producing species. In this study, we therefore investigated the growth‐promoting effect of proteinase‐producing species like Prevotella intermedia and Actinomyces meyeri on the growth of some non‐proteinase producing bacteria in mixed cultures. We used serum as a substitute for the supposed natural substrate of the abscess microflora. The breakdown of serum proteins was investigated using capillary electrophoresis. Poor growth was found in mono‐ and mixed cultures of non‐proteinase producing species Eubacterium lentum. Fusobacterium nucleatum, Peptostreptococcus micros, and Streptococcus intermedius. The presence of P. intermedia in mixed cultures strongly enhanced growth of these 4 species, according to the hypothesis that the growth of the mixed cultures was peptide‐limited. The enhanced growth of P. intermedia in pronase‐digested serum indicated peptide‐limited growth of this organism in serum, despite its production of proteinase. We found that growth of monocultures of Actinomyces meyeri was poor. In contrast, A. meyeri grew well in mixed cultures and its presence stimulated growth of F. nucleatum and P. micros, suggesting a synergistic relationship. The growth of mono‐ and mixed cultures was investigated using one representative strain of each species. Thus, there is a small risk of having selected unique strains. Proteinase inhibitors reduced the growth of Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella nigrescens, and P. intermedia in trypticase peptone‐yeast extract medium with, and without, IgG. Our study indicated that proteinase‐producing organisms play a key role in mixed cultures of oral bacteria in human serum by providing polypeptides for growth. This may explain their association with dental abscesses.
Monocytic TNFα secretion patterns in IDDM patients with periodontal diseases*
Authors: Salvi Giovanni E. , Collins John G. , Yalda Behnaz , Arnold Roland R. , Lang Niklaus P. , Offenbacher Steven
Published: December 2005

Abstract The aim of the present study was to identify whether monocytic TNFα secretion patterns could serve as a potential phenotypic discriminator for periodontal disease susceptibility within insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) patients. In 32 IDDM individuals the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated monocytic TNFα secretion dose‐response characteristics were analyzed and related to two different periodontal status categories. Diabetics were divided into group A (gingivitis or mild periodontal disease) and group B (moderate to severe periodontal disease). In addition, 17 non‐diabetic individuals with various degrees of periodontal disease served as control patients. Diabetics as a group had a significantly higher monocytic TNFα production in response to increasing Porphyromonas gingivalis A 7436 lipopolysaccharide concentrations (0, 0.003, 0.03, 0.3 and 3.0 μg/ml) as compared to non‐diabetic patients with gingivitis or adult periodontitis (p <0.05). A significant difference in the dose response was also noted in the level of TNFα secreted as a function of P. gingivalis LPS concentrations between group A and B diabetics, as determined by two‐way repeated measurements ANOVA (p <0.05). Furthermore, there was no significant difference in the mean HbA1C between the two diabetic groups, and the TNFα level was not significantly associated with the HbA1C level within diabetic patients. These data suggest that the diabetic state results in an upregulated monocytic TNFα secretion phenotype (4.6‐fold increase) which, in the presence of Gram‐negative bacterial challenge, is associated with a more severe periodontal disease expression. In addition, approximately 40% (10 of 24) IDDM periodontitis patients in group B demonstrated a 62‐fold elevation in TNFα secretion relative to non‐diabetic gingivitis or periodontitis patients and a 13.5‐fold increase relative to IDDM group A (gingivitis or mild periodontitis) patients.
Fetal ultrasonography: biometric data from four African primate species
Authors: Bourry Olivier , Ouwe‐Missi‐Oukem‐Boyer Odile , Blanchard Anne , Rouquet Pierre
Published: December 2005

Background  Nonhuman primates are raised in large numbers in research centers and zoos. Reproductive monitoring is required to improve breeding performances. Ultrasonography is a safe method to determine gestational age and to estimate the date of parturition. However only few data are available in nonhuman primates.

Methods Fetal biometric data were obtained throughout pregnancy on four African primate species, namely chimpanzee, gorilla, mandrill and patas monkey. Measurements included biparietal diameter, transverse abdominal diameter, femur and humerus length, external interorbital diameter, and fetal heart rate. Curves established from these data were compared with previously published data in chimpanzees and gorillas and with those for humans and other closely related primate species.

Results The curves for the different hominids were very similar, while those for mandrills more closely resembled baboons and data for patas monkeys were comparable to those for macaques.

Conclusions These data, by providing a tool to evaluate precise gestational age, will be useful for centers raising these four primate species.
The Ins and Outs of CD1 Molecules: Bringing Lipids Under Immunological Surveillance
Authors: Gumperz Jenny E.
Published: December 2005

An emerging area of investigation is the role of lipids as immunological antigens. CD1 glycoproteins comprise a family of molecules that are specialized for presenting lipids, glycolipids and lipopeptides to T lymphocytes. Variations in the cytoplasmic tail sequences of CD1 isoforms lead to differential association with adaptor proteins and consequently divergent routes of intracellular trafficking, resulting in surveillance of distinct cellular sites for binding lipid antigens. CD1 molecules efficiently gain access to lipids from intracellular microbial pathogens in endosomal compartments, and the trafficking and lipid‐binding specialization of CD1 isoforms may correlate with the endosomal segregation of structurally distinct lipids. Endosomal trafficking is also critical for CD1d molecules to load antigenic self‐lipids that are presented to autoreactive CD1d‐restricted natural killer (NK)T cells and is required for the positive selection of these unique T cells. Recent studies reveal a key role for accessory proteins that facilitate the uptake of lipid antigens by CD1 molecules. These include lysosomal lipid‐transfer proteins, such as the saposins, and apolipoprotein E, the major serum factor that binds and delivers extracellular lipids to antigen‐presenting cells. These advances in understanding the CD1 lipid antigen presentation system raise new considerations about the role of the immune response in lipid‐related diseases.
Molecular genetics of bipolar disorder
Authors: Hayden E. P. , Nurnberger J. I.
Published: December 2005

Bipolar disorder (BPD) is an often devastating illness characterized by extreme mood dysregulation. Although family, twin and adoption studies consistently indicate a strong genetic component, specific genes that contribute to the illness remain unclear. This study gives an overview of linkage studies of BPD, concluding that the regions with the best evidence for linkage include areas on chromosomes 2p, 4p, 4q, 6q, 8q, 11p, 12q, 13q, 16p, 16q, 18p, 18q, 21q, 22q and Xq. Association studies are summarized, which support a possible role for numerous candidate genes in BPD includingCOMT,DAT,HTR4,DRD4,DRD2,HTR2A,5‐HTT, theG72/G30complex,DISC1,P2RX7,MAOAandBDNF. Animal models related to bipolar illness are also reviewed, with special attention paid to those with clear genetic implications. We conclude with suggestions for strategies that may help clarify the genetic bases of this complex illness.
Corticotropin‐releasing factor receptor type 2‐deficient mice display impaired coping behaviors during stress
Authors: Coste S. C. , Heard A. D. , Phillips T. J. , Stenzel‐Poore M. P.
Published: December 2005

Two cognate receptors (CRF1and CRF2) mediate the actions of the stress‐regulatory corticotropin‐releasing factor (CRF) family of peptides. Defining the respective roles of these receptors in the central nervous system is critical in understanding stress neural circuitry and the development of psychiatric disorders. Here, we examined the role of CRF2in several paradigms that assess coping responses to stress. We report that CRF2knockout mice responded to a novel setting with increased aggressive behavior toward a bulbectomized conspecific male and show increased immobility during acute swim stress compared with wild‐type mice. In addition, CRF2‐deficient mice exhibited impaired adaptation to isolation stress as evinced by prolonged hypophagia and associated weight loss. Collectively, these results point toward a role for CRF2pathways in neural circuits that subserve stress‐coping behaviors.
Reducing Health Disparity in People with Intellectual Disabilities: A Report from Health Issues Special Interest Research Group of the International Association for the Scientific Study of Intellectual Disabilities1
Authors: Scheepers M. , Kerr M. , O'Hara D. , Bainbridge D. , Cooper S.‐A. , Davis R. , Fujiura G. , Heller T. , Holland A. , Krahn G. , Lennox N. , Meaney J. , Wehmeyer M.
Published: December 2005

Abstract  Disparities in the health status and care experienced by people with intellectual disabilities are increasingly being recognized. This special report presents the results of an international expert consensus workshop held under the auspices of the Health Issues Special Interest Research Group of the International Association for the Scientific Study of Intellectual Disabilities. The workshop's presentations were designed to identify domains of health disparity and identify examples of evidence‐based or good practice and from them define statements and recommendations that would form the basis of an agenda for change. The report recognizes the breadth of domains that impact on disparity in health among people with intellectual disabilities by highlighting the importance of classification and the direct recognition of the increased morbidity and reduced life expectancy that these people experience. The report also considers population‐based causes of disparity relating to social circumstances and inequalities in the provision of health and social services. Individual predispositions attributable to sex or genetic factors and potential solutions actualized through self‐determination are discussed.
Diversity and junction residues as hotspots of binding energy in an antibody neutralizing the dengue virus
Authors: Bedouelle Hugues , Belkadi Laurent , England Patrick , Guijarro J. Iñaki , Lisova Olesia , Urvoas Agathe , Delepierre Muriel , Thullier Philippe
Published: December 2005

Dengue is a re‐emerging viral disease, affecting approx. 100 million individuals annually. The monoclonal antibody mAb4E11 neutralizes the four serotypes of the dengue virus, but not other flaviviruses. Its epitope is included within the highly immunogenic domain 3 of the envelope glycoprotein E. To understand the favorable properties of recognition between mAb4E11 and the virus, we recreated the genetic events that led to mAb4E11 during an immune response and performed an alanine scanning mutagenesis of its third hypervariable loops (H‐CDR3 and L‐CDR3). The affinities between 16 mutant Fab fragments and the viral antigen (serotype 1) were measured by a competition ELISA in solution and their kinetics of interaction by surface plasmon resonance. The diversity and junction residues of mAb4E11 (D segment; VH‐D, D‐JH and VL‐JL junctions) constituted major hotspots of interaction energy. Two residues from the D segment (H‐Trp96 and H‐Glu97) provided > 85% of the free energy of interaction and were highly accessible to the solvent in a three‐dimensional model of mAb4E11. Changes of residues (L‐Arg90 and L‐Pro95) that statistically do not participate in the contacts between antibodies and antigens but determine the structure of L‐CDR3, decreased the affinity between mAb4E11 and its antigen. Changes of L‐Pro95 and other neutral residues strongly decreased the rate of association, possibly by perturbing the topology of the electrostatic field of the antibody. These data will help to improve the properties of mAb4E11 for therapeutic applications and map its epitope precisely.