bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Acoustic scattering cancellation via ultrathin pseudo-surface
Authors: Chen Pai-Yen , Farhat Mohamed , Guenneau Sébastien , Enoch Stefan , Alù Andrea
Published: November 2011

We propose the use of an ultrathin cloak made of an acoustic surface impedance that leads to invisibility for acoustic waves. Unlike current acoustic cloaks that require volumetric metamaterials and a significant shell thickness, the mantle cloak presented here is based on a patterned acoustic metasurface that produces similar effects in a thinner geometry. We show that by covering a cylindrical obstacle by a specific acoustic surface impedance, the total scattering may be significantly reduced in the near- and the far-field, thus suppressing its overall acoustic signature. Potential applications lie in low-detectability, camouflaging, and non-invasive acoustic probing.
The challenge of success: allowing leaders to lead
Authors: VanVactor Jerry D.
Published: November 2011

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to present a collaborative communications model and relate information to succession planning for organizations facing imminent change.

Design/methodology/approach

Using a review of existent literature, this work examines and expounds upon the impact of planning effectively for transitions between entities.

Findings

The paper presents a collaborative communications model for a manager that is based on four tenets – condition setting, planning, execution, and process evaluation. Within each of these tenets are elements of communication, mentorship, leader development, and acceptance (trust) among stakeholders to ensure two entities transition appropriately.

Practical implications

Key tenets of leadership are often missed when developing strategies for organizational transition. This work examines how communicating collaboratively is linked to succession management and can aid managers in understanding some implications of ill‐developed planning efforts.

Social implications

In an applied sense, this model provides health care managers with concepts related to effective change at both the individual and organizational levels. While this work is directed toward managing transition among health care organizations and personnel, the information is equally applicable to a broader audience.

Originality/value

While there is a dearth of literature examining succession management in a variety of industries, little information is directed specifically toward health care leadership. This paper provides concepts related to effective risk mitigation in succession management.
Who leads?
Authors: Dacombe Rod
Published: November 2011

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to examine the implications of recent local government reform for political leadership in local authorities. In particular, it investigates the role played by local government officers in shaping and directing the work of politicians serving on overview and scrutiny committees.

Design/methodology/approach

Drawing on data from five case studies of local councils in England and Wales, the paper suggests that recent reform has done little to clarify decision making and leadership in local government.

Findings

The paper suggests that local councillors need to define their roles under the new system in order to reflect the changing requirements of their work.

Originality/value

The paper investigates the impact of the introduction of overview and scrutiny on the relations between councillors and local government officers. Research on leadership in local government is well established, but this literature needs updating in the light of recent reforms. The paper suggests a complex pattern of leadership in local democratic processes, and suggests that more work needs to be done to ensure that local councillors adapt to their new roles.
An uncertain regression model
Authors: Guo Renkuan , Guo Danni , Cui YanHong
Published: November 2011

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to propose an uncertain regression model with an intrinsic error structure facilitated by an uncertain canonical process.

Design/methodology/approach

This model is suitable for dealing with expert's knowledge ranging from small to medium size data of impreciseness. In order to have a rigorous mathematical treatment on the new regression model, this paper establishes a series of new uncertainty concepts sequentially, such as uncertainty joint multivariate distribution, the uncertainty distribution of uncertainty product variables and uncertain covariance and correlation based on the axiomatic uncertainty theoretical foundation. Two examples are given for illustrating a small data regression analysis.

Findings

The uncertain regression model is formulated and the estimation of the model coefficients is developed.

Practical implications

The paper is devoted to a regression model to handle a small amount of data with mathematical rigor.

Originality/value

The theory and the methodology of the uncertain canonical process regression is proposed for the first time. It addresses the practical challenges of small data size modelling.
Dynamic analysis of Bayesian audit strategies with tests of controls and reliability modeling
Authors: Chen Wei , Menzefricke Ulrich , Smieliauskas Wally J.
Published: November 2011

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to summarize a simulation study that analyzed the performance of Bayesian audit strategies in a novel fashion – dynamically and with varying sample sizes depending on the extent of an auditor's prior information.

Design/methodology/approach

The prior information for the Bayesian strategies arises from a set of control tests that are evaluated making use of reliability theory. The entire audit strategy is simulated under systematically different control reliabilities and related amounts of total misstatements in an accounting population.

Findings

The major finding is that robust Bayesian audit strategies that have recently been developed in auditing research are more sensitive to non‐sampling errors than existing strategies of audit practice.

Practical implications

The authors find that there are differential effects of sampling error vs non‐sampling error on the Bayesian strategies and that controls testing does not need to be extensive to get full internal control reliance.

Originality/value

The paper adds to existing research by examining the performance of various Bayesian audit strategies under more realistic audit conditions of sampling and non‐sampling uncertainty.
Kin encounter rate and inbreeding avoidance in canids
Authors: GEFFEN ELI , KAM MICHAEL , HEFNER REUVEN , HERSTEINSSON PALL , ANGERBJÖRN ANDERS , DALÈN LOVE , FUGLEI EVA , NORÈN KARIN , ADAMS JENNIFER R. , VUCETICH JOHN , MEIER THOMAS J. , MECH L. D. , VonHOLDT BRIDGETT M. , STAHLER DANIEL R. , WAYNE ROBERT K.
Published: November 2011

Mating with close kin can lead to inbreeding depression through the expression of recessive deleterious alleles and loss of heterozygosity. Mate selection may be affected by kin encounter rate, and inbreeding avoidance may not be uniform but associated with age and social system. Specifically, selection for kin recognition and inbreeding avoidance may be more developed in species that live in family groups or breed cooperatively. To test this hypothesis, we compared kin encounter rate and the proportion of related breeding pairs in noninbred and highly inbred canid populations. The chance of randomly encountering a full sib ranged between 1–8% and 20–22% in noninbred and inbred canid populations, respectively. We show that regardless of encounter rate, outside natal groups mates were selected independent of relatedness. Within natal groups, there was a significant avoidance of mating with a relative. Lack of discrimination against mating with close relatives outside packs suggests that the rate of inbreeding in canids is related to the proximity of close relatives, which could explain the high degree of inbreeding depression observed in some populations. The idea that kin encounter rate and social organization can explain the lack of inbreeding avoidance in some species is intriguing and may have implications for the management of populations at risk.
Improving care for families where children and parents have concurrent mental health problems
Authors: Robson Julia , Gingell Kate
Published: November 2011

Background:  When mental illness affects children and parents within the same family there is a need for close professional collaboration between the respective psychiatric teams. However, there is no nationally established precedence for this, and the area has not been investigated within the published literature.

Method:  Retrospective case note study of 322 child psychiatric patients to estimate the prevalence of parental mental illness and analyse the degree of professional liaison taking place.

Results:  Twenty‐eight children had parents with concurrent mental health problems. Only four of these cases (14.2%) contained evidence of ongoing professional liaison between child and adult mental health teams.

Conclusion:  Inadequate liaison between child and adult services is a problem within the UK mental health system and detrimental to patient care. Recent national interest in establishing a more integrated family‐focused service is encouraging, but will take time to implement and will not replace the need for separate specialist services. Efficient clinical collaboration must be developed at local levels to create a more comprehensive management strategy for children and parents with concurrent mental health problems.
A Fenomenologia como retorno à ontologia em Martin Heidegger
Authors: Zuben Newton Aquiles von
Published: November 2011

A elaboração de uma ontologia fenomenológica era uma possibilidade inscrita no próprio projeto filosófico husserliano. Em que sentido, no entanto, o espírito da máxima da "volta às coisas mesmas" serviu de inspiração ao retorno à questão do ser? Em que medida as elaborações ontológicas que se atribuíram o título de fenomenológicas permaneceram fiéis ao espírito geral e às diretrizes formais do pensamento de Husserl? É na tentativa de responder a essas questões que nos propomos examinar a posição especial de Heidegger face ao problema da articulação da ontologia com a fenomenologia. Nossa preferência é ditada pela própria originalidade do emprego da fenomenologia, no autor de Ser e Tempo. O exame do sentido que assume a fenomenologia enquanto ontologia da compreensão, cujo instrumento é a hermenêutica da existência fáctica do homem, exige previamente o delineamento do projeto filosófico fundamental heideggeriano.
Absorção de IgG via colostro em leitões biológicos e adotados após a uniformização da leitegada
Authors: Heim G , Mellagi A.P.G , Bierhals T , Piuco P , Souza L.P , Gava D , Canal C.W , Bernardi M.L , Wentz I , Bortolozzo F.P
Published: November 2011

Nove fêmeas de quinto parto (OP5) foram imunizadas com 4mg e 2mg de albumina sérica bovina (BSA) aos 70 e 100 dias de gestação, respectivamente. A uniformização da leitegada foi realizada 4,9±1,9h após o nascimento, antes de os leitões efetuarem a primeira mamada. As leitegadas foram compostas por cinco leitões biológicos (LB) e cinco leitões adotados (LA), com pesos semelhantes ao nascimento. Foram coletadas amostras de sangue dos leitões ao nascimento e 24h após, das fêmeas ao pós-parto e de colostro de cada grupo de tetos ao parto e 24h após. As amostras de soro e colostro foram quantificadas para IgG pelo ELISA indireto. A densidade ótica de IgG anti-BSA (DOIgG-BSA) dos leitões (24h de vida) foi correlacionada com a das fêmeas. A DOIgG-BSA entre LB e LA foi semelhante, assim como entre os grupos de tetos, ao parto e 24h após. Entretanto, ocorreu redução na DOIgG-BSA do parto até 24h após. LB e LA absorveram a mesma quantidade de IgG via colostro, quando a uniformização foi realizada até 5h pós-parto, independentemente do teto em que os leitões mamaram, uma vez que esses possuem a mesma concentração de IgG.
Ecocardiografia de cães da raça Yorkshire Terrier clinicamente normais
Authors: Castro M.G , Tôrres R.C.S , Araújo R.B , Muzzi R.A.L , Silva E.F
Published: November 2011

Determinaram-se os parâmetros ecocardiográficos em modo-M normais de cães da raça Yorkshire Terrier. Foram utilizados 30 cães clinicamente sadios, com peso médio de 2,42±0,64kg e idades entre um e seis anos. O diâmetro do átrio esquerdo e da aorta, a dimensão interna do ventrículo esquerdo na diástole e na sístole, a espessura do septo interventricular na diástole e na sístole, e a espessura da parede posterior do ventrículo esquerdo na diástole e na sístole correlacionaram-se com o peso corporal. As demais variáveis do modo-M não se correlacionaram com peso corporal, sexo ou idade. Os valores ecocardiográficos obtidos neste estudo podem ser utilizados como referência para cães dessa raça.
Transference in vitro of the resistance to the antimicrobials between Escherichia coli, Lactobacillus spp. and Salmonella enteritidis isolated from chickens
Authors: Okamoto A.S , Andreatti Filho R.L , Rocha T.S , Milbradt E.L
Published: November 2011

The objective of this work was to verify the possibility of transference of resistance to the antimicrobials between bacteria that are in the present normal microbiota of chickens and Salmonella Enteritidis. Samples of Lactobacillus spp. (L. spp.), Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) and Escherichia coli (E. coli) previously isolated from chickens, selected after the test of sensitivity antimicrobial in vitro according the standard method (National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards) utilizing those with resistance and sensibility to the antimicrobials inductors, named donor and receptor bacteria, respectively were used. Antimicrobials inductors were utilized to stimulate the transference of resistance to the antimicrobials between the bacteria. The possibility of transference was verified from the E. coli resistant to the SE and L. spp. Transference of a sample of L. spp resistant to the antimicrobials inductors to the SE was also verified. It was only possible to verify the transference of the resistance to the antimicrobials inductor when the donor bacteria was the E. coli and the bacteria receptor was SE. In the present study we conclude that the transference of resistance to the antimicrobials between bacteria is possible, however, not all bacteria participate in that trial, not transmitting and neither acquiring this resistance.
Chemical composition of atmospheric particulate matter soluble fraction and meteorological variables in São Paulo state, Brazil
Authors: Bourotte Christine Laure Marie , Sanchéz-Ccoyllo Odon Roman , Forti Maria Cristina , Melfi Adolpho José
Published: November 2011

The objective of this work was to characterize and compare the chemical composition of the PM10 soluble fraction in relation to meteorological variables such as wind direction and air masses backward trajectories. The PM10 was collected during winter of 1999 in two contrasting sites: the São Paulo city and the State Park of Serra do Mar (Cunha) inside the Atlantic Forest Reserve. The aqueous extracts of PM10 were analyzed by Ion Chromatography for major ions (Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, NH4+, Cl-, NO3-, SO4(2-)) and by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) for trace elements (Al, Mn, Fe, Pb, Zn, etc.). In São Paulo, the dominant chemical species were SO4(2-), NO3-, NH4+, Zn, Fe, Al, Ba, Cu, Pb, Mn and Ni while in Cunha, Na+, K+, Cl-, SO4(2-), Zn and Ni were dominant. The chemical composition related to the wind direction during sampling reflected short-range influence due to soil occupation and anthropic activities.
Distribuição regional do suor durante exercício progressivo até a fadiga
Authors: Ferreira Júnior João Batista , Oliveira Kenya Paula Moreira , Fonseca Michele Atalla da , Coelho Leonardo Gomes Martins , Magalhães Flávio de Castro , Costa Valéria França , Martini Angelo Ruediger Pisani , Passos Renata Lane de Freitas , Coelho Francisco Teixeira , Rodrigues Luiz Oswaldo Carneiro
Published: November 2011

A partir da hipótese evolutiva de que a cabeça humana precisa ser resfriada de forma especial, o objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar se a sudorese seria maior na testa do que nas demais regiões do corpo durante o exercício progressivo até a fadiga (EPF). Em 17 voluntários (23 ± 2 anos, 76,93 ± 7,74 kg, 179 ± 7 cm e 1,9 ± 0,1 m²) foram medidos a taxa de sudorese local (TSlocal), o número de glândulas de suor ativas (GSA) e taxa de suor por GSA (TSlocal.GSA-1) em oito regiões do corpo (testa, costas, peito, braço, antebraço, mão, coxa e perna) durante o EPF em cicloergômetro. A TSlocal da testa foi maior que todas as outras regiões e a TSlocal do peito foi maior apenas que a da coxa. O número de GSA da testa foi maior do que em todas as outras regiões, e a GSA da mão foi maior que do peito, braço, coxa e perna. A TSlocal.GSA-1 da testa foi maior do que as do braço, antebraço, mão e coxa, e a TSlocal.GSA-1 das costas e do peito foram maiores que do antebraço e mão. A produção de suor da parte superior do corpo (testa, costas, peito, braço, antebraço, mão) foi maior que a inferior (coxa e perna). Concluiu-se que o EPF desencadeou um padrão de produção de suor maior na cabeça que pode estar relacionado à maior convecção nas regiões mais altas do corpo.
Associação dos fatores de risco para doenças cardiovasculares e qualidade de vida entre servidores da saúde
Authors: Barel Matheus , Louzada Juliana Cavalcante de Andrade , Monteiro Henrique Luiz , Amaral Sandra Lia do
Published: November 2011

Inúmeros problemas de saúde pública são atribuídos aos fatores induzidos pelo ambiente de trabalho que, associados ao estilo de vida sedentário, contribuem para deteriorar a qualidade de vida do trabalhador. Neste sentido, procuramos descrever o perfil, avaliar a condição física e o risco cardiovasculares dos funcionários da saúde. Foram avaliados 198 funcionários (46 ± 10 anos) que responderam uma anamnese e foram submetidos a avaliações bioquímicas, antropométricas e funcionais. Os valores foram apresentados como média ± desvio padrão da média. Foram utilizados testes de qui-quadrado (x²), taxa de "odds" e correlações de Pearson (p < 0,05). Dos avaliados, 54% apresentaram peso corporal elevado, 33% pressão arterial (PA) elevada e 56% eram sedentários. Colesterol total (CT), lipoproteína de baixa densidade e triglicerídeos (TG) acima da normalidade foram encontrados em 49%, 41% e 24% dos servidores, respectivamente e, 75% apresentaram taxas reduzidas de lipoproteína de alta densidade. As análises de x² e taxa de "odds" apontaram que os valores de TG e PA foram significativamente maiores para homens comparados às mulheres. Capacidade cardiorrespiratória ruim foi verificada em 56% dos homens e 23% das mulheres, além disso, a flexibilidade apresentou-se com níveis insatisfatórios para homens e mulheres. Observou-se que o índice de massa corporal se correlacionou positivamente com PA, CT e TG. Constatou-se, também que a idade foi fator agravante para PA, flexibilidade, CT e glicemia nas mulheres. Dessa forma, a prevalência de múltiplos fatores de risco nestes trabalhadores demonstra tratar-se de população não assistida pela saúde, motivo pelo qual sugere-se conscientização sobre sua própria saúde evitando a aposentadoria precoce
Avaliação das ações em saúde mental na estratégia de saúde da família: necessidades e potencialidades
Authors: Cossetin Andiara , Olschowsky Agnes
Published: November 2011

O artigo tem como objetivo apontar necessidades e potencialidades das ações em saúde mental na Estratégia Saúde da Família, avaliadas por atores sociais engajados a um Conselho Local de Saúde. Os métodos utilizados foram Avaliação de Quarta Geração e Método Comparativo Constante. Foram realizadas observações e entrevistas com oito participantes. As informações que emergiram do estudo convergiram no núcleo temático avaliação participativa das ações em saúde mental, salientando necessidades e potencialidades. As ações de saúde mental têm como necessidades o acolhimento orientador-sensível, o benefício da Previdência Social e o Programa Bolsa Família e como potencialidades, o apoio matricial e o controle social. A avaliação das ações em saúde mental fortalece a cidadania e a participação nos espaços decisórios, reconhecendo os usuários-atores e as redes de solidariedade no território.
Consommation de substances psychoactives et degré de gravité du crime
Authors: Sun Fu , Cousineau Marie-Marthe , Brochu Serge , White Noé
Published: November 2011

Cet article vise à saisir les liens entre la consommation de substances psycho-actives et le degré de la gravité du crime. Trois aspects sont plus spécialement étudiés : la gravité du crime en lien avec (1) les types de substances consom-mées; (2) l'intensité de la consommation; et (3) la dépendance ou non du consommateur à la substance consommée. La gravité du crime est basée sur le crime le plus grave pour lequel la sentence a été prononcée. L'étude s'effectue à partir d'une banque de données du Service correctionnel du Canada comptant 8 211 individus ayant répondu au Questionnaire informatisé sur le mode de vie (QIMV) lors de leur admission initiale en pénitencier, entre 1993 et 1995.

L'étude montre que les consommateurs d'alcool ont commis des crimes plus graves que les consommateurs d'autres types de substances et que les non-con-sommateurs le jour du crime. Les consommateurs de drogues illicites ont pour leur part commis des crimes moins graves que les autres types de consommateurs et que les non-consommateurs. Le changement de l'intensité de la con-sommation semble avoir peu d'effets sur la gravité du crime. Toutefois, les usagers de drogues illicites qui ont consommé plus que d'habitude le jour du crime ont commis des crimes significativement plus graves que les autres. Quant aux analyses sur la dépendance, seule une relation linéaire, soit entre le niveau de dépendance à l'alcool et la gravité du crime s'est avérée significative.
Conferencing in the Youth Criminal Justice Act of Canada: Policy Developments in British Columbia
Authors: Hillian Doug , Reitsma-Street Marge , Hackler Jim
Published: November 2011

The Youth Criminal Justice Act encourages but does not mandate conferencing. Conferencing is a process that brings people together to give advice regarding a decision required following the commission of a harmful, illegal act by a young person. It draws upon practices from diversion and restorative justice movements in juvenile justice. The article presents recent developments in conferencing policies and practices in British Columbia that may be used at various stages of judicial proceedings, and the roles played by different participants. The authors discuss several key issues that need to be evaluated as conferencing develops: the support required to encourage use of conferencing; its focus on minor or serious crimes; and the paradoxical initiatives that promote and restrict community participation in conferencing.
Classification without Validity or Equity: An Empirical Examination of the Custody Rating Scale for Federally Sentenced Women Offenders in Canada
Authors: Webster Cheryl , Doob Anthony
Published: November 2011

In order to fulfil its legal mandate to assign an initial security classification of minimum, medium, or maximum to all federally sentenced women offenders, the Correctional Service of Canada (CSC) has used the Custody Rating Scale (CRS) - an objective statistical tool - for more than a decade. Despite CSC's numerous claims of this tool's validity and the equity of its outcomes, it has been repeatedly suggested that the CRS misclassifies women in general, and Aboriginal women in particular. This article extends the (theoretical) debate surrounding the applicability of the CRS for these two sub-groups of the inmate population. Using actual findings published by CSC, this article empirically demonstrates that the overall scale, one of its two sub-scales, and many of the individual items making up the classification tool have weak or no predictive validity for Aboriginal and/or non-Aboriginal women. Further, it provides evidence that the CRS introduces a systematic bias against Aboriginal (relative to non-Aboriginal) offenders whereby a substantial proportion of these minority women are unjustly over-classified in higher levels of security. The article concludes with a discussion of several of the broader theoretical and policy implications of these findings.
Rise of the Rent-a-Cop: Private Security in Canada, 1991-2001
Authors: Sanders Trevor
Published: November 2011

This article provides answers to questions about the size of the security and investigation services industry in Canada. Using Statistics Canada data sources, a profile of the industry is developed. The private security industry in Canada grew dramatically between 1991 and 2001. Employment increased by 69%, from 46,651 in 1991 to 78,919 in 2001. Growth was strongest in the latter years of the study period. All provinces for which data were available experienced growth in employment. Most security employees are men. Revenues in 2000 for security and investigation services were approximately $2.7 billion.
Prevention and Security: A New Governance Model for France through a Contract-Based Territorial Approach
Authors: Roché Sebastian
Published: November 2011

In the traditional organizational model for public security and crime preven-tion, the central government and its agents at the local level play a dominant role. As we analyse the current situation, it becomes clear that the state's role is diminishing while approaches and stakeholders have become more numer-ous and diverse (citizens, municipalities, central government, Europe, busi-ness, insurance companies). This observation leads to the conclusion that the state is losing its monopoly in this field, that it can no longer impose its "top-down" approach, and that a new form of security governance using a contract-based territorial model has now become the norm.
Adolescent Delinquency and Health
Authors: Wade Terrance , Pevalin David
Published: November 2011

Do risks experienced by adolescents in their socio-structural environment cascade to create individuals who are more susceptible to a multitude of adverse outcomes? From a control theory perspective, we examine whether risk factors predict a broad range of delinquent and health outcomes over time and examine to what extent these outcomes are temporally related to one another. We use data from the first two waves of the publicly available National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (N = 4,834). Results indicate that delinquent behaviours such as violence, aggression, and property damage are similarly predicted by the same risk factors as depression and perceived health and tobacco, alcohol, marijuana, and hard drug use. Most outcomes were associated with one another, suggesting that they may be comorbid manifestations of risk exposure. We identify temporal associations between tobacco use and depression; between tobacco and marijuana use and hard drug use; between perceived health and alcohol, marijuana, and hard drug use; and between nuisance delinquency and both alcohol and marijuana use.
Commentary: Gone But Not Forgotten: Should Judges Be Allowed to Remedy by Re-sentencing?
Authors: Campbell Mary
Published: November 2011

Justice Louise Arbour made 14 omnibus recommendations in her 1996 Report on Certain Events at the Prison for Women in Kingston. While many of the recommendations have been accepted and implemented, one in particular has been neither conclusively rejected nor accepted. This commentary will review the reasons for Recommendation 8, explore possible reasons for the lack of uptake, and comment on what its future might now be.
Reflections on Risk Analysis, Screening, and Contested Rationalities
Authors: Manning Peter
Published: November 2011

The concept of risk and modelling it (imagining possible outcomes with negative consequences) has a long history in social science and crisis management. Risk lies in the shadow between the known and the unknown. This article reflects discussions of low-probability, high-cost events such as those reflected in the conventional tactics associated with terrorism. Risks and fear of them are shaped extraordinarily by "big bang events" such as 9/11, and these shape imagined future deciding, prevention tactics, and organizational routines. Short-time crisis deciding is guided inordinately by "group effects," pressure for consensus, and action over cogitation, difference, and muddling through. The attraction of risk analysis to security matters is clear: It makes simple decisions that are not. It easily fits with the technological conceit that assumes electronic-computer-based surveillance, artifice, and models can reduce human judgement to questions easily answered by a computer with a database. It enables a front stage of statistical rational planning and execution of policies that fail but permit backstage manipulations, profit taking, and obfuscation of matters of human judgement.
The Use of Custody for Failing To Comply with a Disposition Cases under the Young Offenders Act
Authors: Sprott Jane
Published: November 2011

Throughout the 1990s there were increases in bringing "failing to comply with a disposition" cases into youth court and sentencing them to custody. This study investigated how the nature of these cases affected their sentencing. All cases in Canada that were disposed of in 2002/2003 and had a conviction (or convictions) for "failing to comply with a disposition" (FTC) were identified, and their previous convictions and sentences were gathered. Results revealed that if the previous conviction was an administration of justice offence, the current sentence was significantly harsher than if the previous conviction was for any other type of offence, even serious violence. Thus, it appears that judges see these sorts of cases - in which a youth has violated an order of the court - as particularly serious. The implications for the Youth Criminal Justice Act, if these sentencing patterns persist, are discussed.
Critical Criminology and Possibility in the Neo-liberal Ethos
Authors: Hogeveen Bryan , Woolford Andrew
Published: November 2011

This article calls for a criminology of possibility. It highlights the epistemological and ontological conditions of contemporary criminological practice, which, we suggest, has bifurcated academic praxis into “administrative complicity” and “self-inflicted irrelevance.” We argue for an art of critique that destabilizes seemingly well-anchored social relations. This critical reflexivity does not pander to established ontology or rely upon foundational judgements. We encourage critical criminologists not to multiply judgements about existing policy, programmes, institutions, or societal structures but to summon logics of being from beyond well-established limits.
History Journals and the Online World: Some Findings from a Recent Survey and Some Observations
Authors: Speck Vicky
Published: November 2011

The decision whether to go online may be critical to the survival of a history journal. In November 2004, ABC-CLIO surveyed over 1100 history journals to determine if they had made a decision to go online and what driving factors helped make that decision. The initial findings were presented at the annual meeting of the Conference of Historical Journals in January 2005.
SET‐LRP of acrylonitrile in ionic liquids without any ligand
Authors: Ma Jing , Chen Hou , Zhang Min , Yu Mengmeng
Published: November 2011

Use of ionic liquids as reaction media was investigated in the design of an environmentally friendly single electron transfer‐living radical polymerization (SET‐LRP) for acrylonitrile (AN) without any ligand by using Fe(0) wire as catalyst and 2‐bromopropionitrile as initiator. 1‐Methylimidazolium acetate ([mim][AT]), 1‐methylimidazolium propionate ([mim][PT]), and 1‐methylimidazolium valerate ([mim][VT]) were applied in this study. First‐order kinetics of polymerization with respect to the monomer concentration, linear increase of the molecular weight, and narrow polydispersity with monomer conversion showed the controlled/living radical polymerization characters. The sequence of the apparent polymerization rate constant of SET‐LRP of AN was kapp ([mim][AT]) > kapp ([mim][PT]) > kapp ([mim][VT]). The living feature of the polymerization was also confirmed by chain extensions of polyacrylonitrile with methyl methacrylate. All three ionic liquids were recycled and reused and had no obvious effect on the controlled/living nature of SET‐LRP of AN. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011
Synthesis of peroxide‐curable butyl rubber via suzuki–miyaura coupling of halogenated butyl rubber with 4‐vinylphenylboronic acid
Authors: Takenaka Katsuhiko , Suzuki Masumi , Takeshita Hiroki , Miya Masamitsu , Shiomi Tomoo , Tamamitsu Kenji , Konda Toshihiro
Published: November 2011

The Suzuki–Miyaura coupling reaction of brominated butyl rubber (BIIR) and/or chlorinated butyl rubber with a mixture of 4‐vinylphenylboronic acid and phenylboronic acid was carried out in THF under various conditions using a di‐μ‐chlorobis [5‐hydroxy‐2‐[1‐(hydroxyimino‐κN)ethyl]phenylκC] palladium(II) dimer, which is a type of cyclopalladated complex, as a catalyst. When BIIR and a small amount (Pd/Br ≈ 1/1000) of complex were used as the substrate and catalyst, respectively, a 4‐vinylphenyl and phenyl group could be introduced to butyl rubber in a high yield. Isomerization of the exo carbon–carbon double bond in BIIR was observed during the coupling reaction to give a cis and trans endo structure. The peroxide curing behavior of the resulting polymer at 170 °C indicated that the polymer could be cured by dicumyl peroxide, and the maximum torque of the resulting material, which reflects the crosslink density, was controllable by the composition of the boronic acids used. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2012
Analysis of the associations between lung function and clinical features in preschool children with Cystic Fibrosis
Authors: Ren Clement L. , Rosenfeld Margaret , Mayer Oscar H. , Davis Stephanie D. , Kloster Margaret , Castile Robert G. , Hiatt Peter W. , Hart Meeghan , Johnson Robin , Jones Paul , Brumback Lyndia C. , Kerby Gwendolyn S.
Published: November 2011

Objective

To analyze cross‐sectional and longitudinal associations between lung function measures and clinical features in a cohort of preschool children with cystic fibrosis (CF).

Methods

Longitudinal eight‐center observational study of children with CF aged 36–60 months at enrollment, who underwent semiannual pulmonary function tests (PFTs) for up to 2 years consisting of spirometry (all 8 sites), forced oscillometry (FO, 5 sites), and measures of thoracoabdominal asynchrony using respiratory inductive plethysmography (IP, 5 sites).

Results

Ninety‐three subjects were enrolled; 181 acceptable spirometry measurements from 71 subjects, 128 FO from 47 subjects, and 142 IP from 50 subjects were available for analysis. Cross sectional analyses did not detect an association between any PFT parameter at enrollment and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Pa) status, CF gene mutation class, Wisconsin cough score, Shwachman score, environmental tobacco smoke exposure, family history of asthma, or nutritional indices. In longitudinal analyses, Pa infection within 6 months preceding enrollment was associated with a significantly greater rate of decline in z‐scores for forced expiratory flow between 25 and 75% of forced vital capacity (FEF25–75) (−1.3 vs. −0.4 Z scores/year, P = 0.024) and greater thoracoabdominal asynchrony measured by IP (mean phase angle difference 4.6°, P = 0.004). No other significant longitudinal associations were observed.

Conclusions

Prior Pa infection is associated with a greater rate of decline in FEF25–75 z‐score and mild thoracoabdominal asynchrony in preschool children with CF. In this multicenter US study, significant associations between other lung function measures and clinical features were not detected. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2012; 47:574–581. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Characteristics of Raman spectra for graphene oxide from ab initio simulations
Authors: Wang Lu , Zhao Jijun , Sun Yi-Yang , Zhang Shengbai B.
Published: November 2011

The Raman spectra of several locally stable structures of the graphene oxide (GO) have been simulated by ab initio calculations. Compared to graphite, the G band of GO is broadened and blueshifted due to the emergence of a series of new Raman peaks. The Raman intensities and positions of the D and G bands depend sensitively on the local atomic configurations. In addition to the normal epoxy and hydroxyl groups, other oxidation groups such as epoxy pairs are also studied. Epoxy pairs induce large blueshift of G band with respect to that of the graphite.
Average output entropy for quantum channels
Authors: King Christopher , Moser David K.
Published: November 2011

We study the regularized average Renyi output entropy $\overline{S}_{r}^{\mathrm{reg}}$S¯r reg of quantum channels. This quantity gives information about the average noisiness of the channel output arising from a typical, highly entangled input state in the limit of infinite dimensions. We find a closed expression for $\beta _{r}^{\mathrm{reg}}$βr reg , a quantity which we conjecture to be equal to $\overline{S}_{r}^{\mathrm{reg}}$S¯r reg . We find an explicit form for $\beta _{r}^{\mathrm{reg}}$βr reg for some entanglement-breaking channels and also for the qubit depolarizing channel Δλ as a function of the parameter λ. We prove equality of the two quantities in some cases, in particular, we conclude that for Δλ both are non-analytic functions of the variable λ.
Making human enamel and dentin surfaces superwetting for enhanced adhesion
Authors: Vorobyev A. Y. , Guo Chunlei
Published: November 2011

Good wettability of enamel and dentin surfaces is an important factor in enhancing adhesion of restorative materials in dentistry. In this study, we developed a femtosecond laser surface texturing approach that makes both the enamel and dentine surfaces superwetting. In contrast to the traditional chemical etching that yields random surface structures, this approach produces engineered surface structures. The surface structure engineered and tested here is an array of parallel microgrooves that generates a strong capillary force. Due to the powerful capillary action, water is rapidly sucked into this engineered surface structure and spreads even on a vertical surface.
Effect of anisotropic strain on the charge ordering behavior in Bi0.4Ca0.6MnO3 films
Authors: Ding Y. H. , Wang Y. Q. , Cai R. S. , Chen Y. Z. , Sun J. R.
Published: November 2011

Anisotropic strain has a significant influence on the charge ordering (CO) behavior in Bi0.4Ca0.6MnO3 (BCMO) films on (110) SrTiO3 substrates. Effect of film thickness on the CO behavior in BCMO films was investigated at 103 K using transmission electron microscopy. It was found that the film has undergone a structural transformation with the increase of film thickness, i.e., from no modulation to a localized incommensurate modulation and further to a commensurate modulation. The distinctive thickness-dependent CO transition has a close relationship with the anisotropic strain relaxation process. Structural models are proposed to explain the modulated structures in the films.
Vapor-liquid-solid and vapor-solid growth of self-catalyzed GaAs nanowires
Authors: Ambrosini S. , Fanetti M. , Grillo V. , Franciosi A. , Rubini S.
Published: November 2011

We report on the morphological and structural properties of GaAs nanowires nucleated by self-catalyzed vapor-liquid-solid processes by molecular beam epitaxy on Si-treated GaAs substrates. We found that GaAs nanowires display zincblende and/or wurtzite phase depending on the As/Ga abundance ratio at the growth front, that determines the size and supersaturation of the Ga nanoparticles at the nanowire tip. We also found that even when growth conditions lead to the disappearance of such Ga nanoparticles, preferential one-dimensional growth continues through a vapor-solid mechanism. The nanowire portions grown by vapor solid mechanism display zincblend structure.
Challenges of sustainable environmental programs of foreign multinational enterprises in China
Authors: Lai‐Ling Lam Maria
Published: November 2011

Purpose

This paper aims to explore possible internal and external challenges of foreign multinational enterprises (MNEs) from developed countries to develop sustainable environmental development programs in China.

Design/methodology/approach

The research is based on the author's five years' field work (2006‐2010) in China. A total of 30 Chinese executives from 20 different foreign MNEs were interviewed about their companies' corporate social responsibility (CSR) programs.

Findings

The focus of 19 companies' environmental programs (95 percent) is internal production and operation efficiency. Only one of 20 companies is committed to increasing the capacity of local Chinese suppliers to comply with the environmental code of conducts listed in their CSR programs and to enable the entire global supply chain to fulfill the international environment standards. The key challenges for foreign companies not to have “holistic and integrated” approaches in their environmental programs are many: keen price competition among Chinese suppliers that are at the low end of global supply chains, some local governments prefer to have economic growth at the expense of environmental welfare, some companies prefer to pay an environmental fee for polluting the local environment as the fee is not high enough to reflect the cost, and the message given by CSR managers to Chinese suppliers are not implemented by their companies' purchasers.

Originality/value

This paper is the first attempt to examine how foreign MNEs balance their CSR requirements internally while managing the performance of their Chinese suppliers to be up to the CSR standards in the global supply chain.
The effects of cultural factors on innovation in a Thai SME
Authors: Rujirawanich Panida , Addison Ramzi , Smallman Clive
Published: November 2011

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to look at a Thai manufacturing small to medium‐sized enterprise (SME) in order to develop a basic understanding of the innovation concept and process in Thailand, and to investigate how the five factors associated with innovation interact with Hofstede's five cultural dimensions to influence the innovation process.

Design/methodology/approach

This study employs a qualitative methodology, using a case‐study approach.

Findings

All the studies of national culture and innovation potential use Hofstede's dimensions but this study suggests that in Thailand there may be cultural factors other than Hofstede's that influence innovation and that modify the effects of Hofstede's model on innovation. Allied to this, it appears that the traditional cultural values could be shifting, as younger people absorb an increasing amount of influence from Western media. The first finding from this study suggests that Thai SMEs may tend to more effectively produce or adopt incremental innovations rather than radical ones. The second finding is that, if the research company is typical of Thai SMEs, Thai SMEs are likely to experience difficulties with adopting completely novel innovations effectively. This is because four (except the dimension of long versus short‐term orientation) of Hofstede's five Thai cultural dimensions were clearly found to obstruct the innovation process. Also there are some cultural factors peculiar to Thailand, not mentioned by Hofstede, that impact on the innovation process.

Research limitations/implications

The paper underlines the need to understand local culture and environment, which play a crucial role in the success or failure of innovation activities of firms, particularly SMEs.

Originality/value

There have been very few studies on innovation with reference to Thai SMEs.
Investigating the effect of pH on the surface chemistry of an amino silane treated nano silica
Authors: Rostami Mehran , Mohseni Mohsen , Ranjbar Zahra
Published: November 2011

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of different PHS on the surface chemistry of fumed silica treated with aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (APTMS).

Design/methodology/approach

The reaction conditions involved variation of pH ranging from acidic to alkaline. Different analytical techniques including FT‐IR spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), CHN and Zeta potential analyses were employed to investigate the surface chemistry of treated particles. In addition, the stability of silanised silica dispersions were studied using turbidimetric and rheometric measurements.

Findings

It was revealed that in all conditions silica was more or less chemically grafted by the silane. When the pH of treating bath was adjusted to 1‐2 prior and during the reaction, 58 percent grafting was observed, as obtained by CHN and TGA analyses. At very alkaline conditions, however, the grafting content declined to 29 percent. The variations in grafting were dependent on the silane hydrolysis and its further condensation with the silica surface. Zeta potential measurements showed a drastic change from −7.1 mv to +18.01 mv (at pH 7) for the untreated particle and the one with the highest grafting, respectively. The dispersion stability of differently treated particles varied in solvents with different Hansen solubility parameters (HSP). Moreover, due to the variations of surface chemistry of particles, their rheological behaviours were significantly influenced.

Originality/value

The results obtained in this work showed that the surface chemistry of fume silica could be tuned with treating method. The highest content of grafting led to a better dispersion in solvents having greater hydrogen bonding component and to an inferior dispersion in solvents with higher polar component.
Modeling of solid phase sedimentation during directional solidification in a side cooled cavity
Authors: Chakraborty Prodyut , Dutta Pradip
Published: November 2011

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to present a new numerical approach for modeling the multi‐phase flow during an alloy solidification process. In many solidification processes, advection of solid may have a dramatic effect on bulk convection field as well as on the solid front growth and hence on the macro‐segregation pattern. In the present work, a numerical model is developed to simulate directional solidification in presence of melt convection as well as solid advection in the form of sedimentation. A 2D cavity filled with hyper‐eutectic aqueous ammonium chloride solution (25 wt.% of ammonium chloride) being chilled from one of the side walls has been chosen as the model problem for the numerical simulation.

Design/methodology/approach

A fixed grid volume averaging technique has been used for solving mass, momentum, energy, and species equation while taking into account the solid phase advection and local re‐melting. Two different criteria have been identified for the solid particles in the mushy zone to be mobile. These two criteria are represented by a critical solid fraction, and a critical velocity. Based on these two criteria, the mushy zone has been subdivided into two different regions namely, an immobile coherent zone consisting of packed equiaxed crystals and a mobile non‐coherent zone where the solid crystals are able to move.

Findings

The numerical results are compared with corresponding experimental observations.

Originality/value

The solid advection velocity and source terms dealing with solid velocity have been calculated using an explicit scheme, whereas the main conservation equations are solved using an implicit scheme.