bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Generalized Hydrodynamics Beyond Navier–Stokes
Authors: Succi Sauro
Published: June 2018

The work of Chapman and Enskog opened a long period, lasting about three decades, in which most of the activity in kinetic theory was directed to the computation of the transport coefficients for different types of intermolecular potentials. Seeking the solution of the full Boltzmann equation itself was not much in focus, mostly on account of its daunting complexity. This situation took a sharp turn in 1949, with the publication of Harold Grad’s thesis. This Chapter presents the derivation of generalized hydrodynamics beyond the realm of the Navier-Stokes description, with special reference to Grad’s thirteen-moment formulation.
Lattice Gas-Cellular Automata
Authors: Succi Sauro
Published: June 2018

This chapter discusses the ancestor of the Lattice Boltzmann, the Boolean formulation of hydrodynamics known as lattice Gas Cellular Automata. In 1986, Uriel Frisch, Brosl Hasslacher and Yves Pomeau sent big waves across the fluid dynamics community: a simple cellular automaton obeying nothing but conservation laws at a microscopic level was able to reproduce the complexity of real fluid flows. This discovery spurred great excitement in the fluid dynamics community. The prospects were tantalizing: around free, intrinsically parallel computational paradigm for fluid flows. However, a few serious problems were quickly recognized and addressed with great intensity in the following years.
LBE for Generalized Hydrodynamics
Authors: Succi Sauro
Published: June 2018

This chapter presents the main techniques to incorporate the effects of external and/or internal forces within the LB formalism. This is a very important task, for it permits us to access a wide body of generalized hydrodynamic applications whereby fluid motion couples to a variety of additional physical aspects, such as gravitational and electric fields, potential energy interactions, chemical reactions and many others. It should be emphasized that while hosting a broader and richer phenomenology than “plain” hydrodynamics, generalized hydrodynamics still fits the hydrodynamic picture of weak departure from suitably generalized local equilibria. This class is all but an academic curiosity; for instance, it is central to the fast-growing science of Soft Matter, a scientific discipline which has received an impressive boost in the past decades, under the drive of micro- and nanotechnological developments and major strides in biology and life sciences at large.
Lattice Boltzmann for Non-Ideal Fluids
Authors: Succi Sauro
Published: June 2018

This chapter deals with the extension of the LB methodology to the case of non-ideal fluids, i.e., fluids in which potential energy can no longer be neglected as compared to kinetic energy. The macroscopic consequences are major, primarily phase-transitions and attendant interface formation, which lie at the heart of the physics of multiphase and multicomponent flows, a branch of the physics of fluids with numerous applications in modern science and engineering.
The Novel in English in Australasia to 1950
Authors: Moffat Kirstine
Published: June 2018

This chapter examines English-language novels in Australasia. The history of the pre-1950 novel in Australasia is a history of two distinct emerging literary experiences: the Australian novel and the New Zealand novel. Interrogating the divergences and convergences between the pre-1950 novels of these nations, the chapter concentrates on five broadly chronological and overlapping literary themes: encounters; settlement; social, moral and political agendas; cultural nationalism; interior lives. It is important to note that the Australian and New Zealand novelists writing before 1950 were all of European heritage: the first Aboriginal novel, Mudrooroo's Wild Cat Falling, was not published until 1965, with Witi Ihimaera's collection of stories Pounamu Pounamu following in 1972 and his novel Tangi, the first by a Māori writer, in 1973.
The Anglo-Indian Novel to 1947
Authors: Crane Ralph
Published: June 2018

This chapter explores the Anglo-Indian novel. The history of British writing on India stretches back almost as far as the Indo-British imperial encounter and includes travel writing, missionary letters, military memoirs, and scholarly accounts of Indian history and culture, all of which were published in great numbers in the eighteenth century. Literary texts followed, and included short prose narratives depicting Anglo-Indian life, missionary tales, descriptions of the landscape, and stories of native life. While all these forms were well received in their day, none was to prove as popular as the novel, which during the nineteenth century became the dominant form of Anglo-Indian literature. In the early nineteenth century, India was also used as an exotic setting for early fictions by a number of writers who would go on to rank amongst the best-known novelists of the Victorian period.
The Persistence of Kim
Authors: Ricketts Harry
Published: June 2018

This chapter discusses Rudyard Kipling's novel Kim, which was published in 1901. The novel tells the story of an Indian-raised Lahore street urchin who becomes both the disciple of a Tibetan Buddhist Lama and a crack British spy. One reason for Kim 's likeability, as Abdul R. JanMohamed puts it, is that ‘the narrator seems to find as much pleasure in describing the varied and tumultuous life of India as Kim finds in experiencing it’. Even the unwilling and the unlikely have—with some notable exceptions—been won over by Kim. However, in 1941, the Argentinian writer Jorge Luis Borges and the American critic Edmund Wilson both expressed strong divided feelings about Kim and particularly about its patriotic imperialism. Wilson's evident desire for a different outcome to the novel and his disgust at its endorsement of Kim's imagined future as a spy have both found echoes in the responses of Indian writers.
Thin Objects via Criteria of Identity
Authors: Linnebo Øystein
Published: June 2018

An approach to thin objects is developed by exploring and developing some Fregean ideas—regardless of whether Frege himself would have agreed with this development. This approach is structured around three concepts central to philosophical logic and metaphysics—object, reference, and criterion of identity. Frege sought to connect these three concepts. First, to be an object is just to be a possible referent of a singular term. An undemanding account of reference will thus ensure an undemanding form of existence, i.e. thin objects. Next, reference can be constituted by providing a criterion of identity for the would-be referent. This is an undemanding account of reference. In this way we obtain a Frege-inspired approach to thin objects.
Reference by Abstraction
Authors: Linnebo Øystein
Published: June 2018

According to Frege, criteria of identity have an important role to play in the explanation of reference. This chapter develops a version of this Fregean idea in detail. A language community is described whose speakers behave precisely as if they were referring to abstract letter types. The speakers should, it is argued, be interpreted as making and achieving such reference. This semantic interpretation is permissible because this sort of reference should be accepted in the metalanguage as well. The most distinctive aspect of the account is its emphasis on the idea that the abstract objects in question are “metaphysically lightweight” or thin.
Visual Awareness and Visual Appearances
Authors: Dokic Jérôme
Published: June 2018

Many philosophers from the traditions of both phenomenology and analytic philosophy have observed that our perceptual (e.g. visual) experience involves a certain duality. In the terminology used in this chapter, we seem to be visually aware of more than what is visually apparent to us. Such duality is present in various cases, from the perception of opaque volumetric objects to that of natural kinds, artefacts, and familiar persons. This chapter offers a general account of the duality, according to which visual appearances supervene on low-level visual facts while the scope of visual awareness depends on context-sensitive cognitive habits or heuristics based on visual appearances.
Theoretical Framework
Authors: Cheng Christine
Published: June 2018

Chapter 2 provides an in-depth treatment of the extralegal groups framework. It sets out the post-conflict conditions in which the framework will be applied, and discusses the three stages of emergence, development, and entrenchment, and how a group transitions between them. The framework lays out a causal logic for how ex-combatants seeking employment can transform in response to local opportunity structures. It shows how and why these groups become enmeshed in webs of local corruption over time and argues that the key factor that determines whether an extralegal group engages in statebuilding depends on how far into the future the group believes it can control its enclave. Statebuilding need not be state-led and weak states in particular, are not always in the strongest position to build robust local institutions or to provide local public goods. Instead, extralegal groups may be better positioned to provide basic governance functions.
Diamonds
Authors: Cheng Christine
Published: June 2018

In Liberia’s diamond sector, the dynamics of the BOPC Group show how diamond mines remain vulnerable to takeover long after war has ended. From mining to taxing to exporting, West African governments have long struggled to control the supply of diamonds within their territories and the physical and social isolation of diamond mining areas has meant that they effectively govern themselves. This geographical buffer gives extralegal groups room to grow, develop organizational structures, and build up local networks of influence. Yet their claims to legitimacy are ultimately rooted in whether their mining activities are classified as legal or illegal, formal or informal, legitimate or illegitimate. Characterizing artisanal diamond mining as an “illicit” activity also feeds into the international community’s desire to sanitize the industry—even at the expense of miners’ livelihoods. This chapter demonstrates that these categorizations are not simply claims of law, but claims of power.
Conclusion
Authors: Cheng Christine
Published: June 2018

After war, rebuilding the state’s presence—or building it up for the first time—is both a physical and social endeavor requiring new norms of compliance and cooperation. Local authority is deeply contested and the state typically has minimal presence. These conditions are akin to those described in the state of nature. To escape these conditions, Hobbes and Locke argued for the necessity of a sovereign to impose order and impartial justice to form what I call the kernel of the state. Extralegal groups orient societies in that direction by performing a set of visible and hidden functions in contemporary post-conflict environments. But they are not intentionally state-making. Rather, extralegal groups are driven by the need to create a stable trading environment and state-making is a by-product of this imperative. In the contemporary era, the motivation that drives extralegal groups to begin state-making is trade, not war.
Introduction
Authors: Howells Coral Ann , Sharrad Paul , Turcotte Gerry
Published: June 2018

THE Oxford History of the Novel in English concludes with the present volume, which focuses on the novels written in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the South Pacific since 1950. A sequel of sorts to Volume 9, The World Novel in English to 1950, the present work examines the literary production of a set of diverse writings from a geographically varied and extensive region. Its component cultural entities are connected by historical networks of trading and colonialism and by contemporary systems of global production and circulation. The fiction covered in this volume emanates from countries either bordering on the Pacific Ocean or surrounded by it. For at least one century they were all interconnected by sailing ships, and they have all faced the crisis of reinventing themselves as postcolonial nations since the Second World War. In that regard, this volume—allowing for many differences in historical and sociological circumstances—also serves as a companion to studies of Asian and African fiction in Volumes 10 and 11. At the same time, each zone of literary production surveyed here retains specific differences of temporal, political, and ethnic formations that cannot be contained within one neat comparative frame. This fact is reflected in the structure of the volume: a mix of comparative surveys centred on genres or modes, a section on book history, another providing sociocultural contexts focused on the notion of shifting identities, a series of regional analyses with more detailed discussion of key figures from each zone, and concluding with chapters on the periodicals supporting literary production and on literary histories across the entire area....
Note on Currency
Authors: Howells Coral Ann , Sharrad Paul , Turcotte Gerry
Published: June 2018

UNLESS indicated, all dollar amounts are in the currency of the countries being discussed. In the Pacific, Kiribati, Nauru, and Tuvalu use the Australian dollar, while the Cook Islands, Niue, and Tokelau use the New Zealand dollar. Fiji has its own dollar, shifting from the pound in 1969. In the kingdom of Tonga, the pound was replaced by the pa’anga in 1967. Samoa moved from the New Zealand pound to a decimal system of tala and sene in 1962. Papua New Guinea operated with a local version of Australian pounds and shillings until independence in 1975, when it adopted a decimal system of kina and toea....
Children’s and Young Adult Novels
Authors: Bradford Clare
Published: June 2018

This chapter examines the history of children's and young adult fiction in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the South Pacific. During the mid-twentieth century, fiction for the young in Australia, Canada, and New Zealand did not yet occupy a prominent place. In Australia, most children's fiction was produced and imported by British publishers. In Canada, markets and children's reading practices were dominated by American and (to a lesser extent) British imports until 1975. In Australia and New Zealand, children's novels began to gather strength in the late 1950s and 1960s. The chapter shows how the significance of children's fiction in the project of nation-building became to be recognised as a result of the growth of the educational publishing industry following World War II. It also considers the transnational relationships that pervade children's and young adult novels from Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the South Pacific.
Multicultural and Transnational Novels
Authors: SuÁRez Isabel Carrera
Published: June 2018

This chapter examines the history of multicultural and transnational novels in Canada. Several decades after multiculturalism was established as a political structure and defining feature of the Canadian nation, the term is no longer appropriate to designate all writing outside the former Anglo-Protestant norm without evoking a hierarchy that belies Canadian self-definition, as sanctioned by the Multiculturalism Act of 1988. Canadian literature is therefore multicultural in its national dimension while, individually, authors and novels are Canadian. The term ‘transnational’, by contrast, raises altogether different questions, as it aims to transcend the nationalist project underpinning multiculturalism. The chapter first considers Canadian multicultural novels published during the period 1950–1970, a time of nation-building, before discussing the accelerated pace at which Canadian fiction began to evolve and diversify in the 1980s. It also analyses how the rhetoric of Canadianness changed in the 1980s and 1990s, embracing transnationalism and new intersectional theories of post-national and individual indentity.
Popular Fiction
Authors: Sloniowski Jeannette , Rose Marilyn
Published: June 2018

This chapter examines the history of popular fiction in Canada. In Canada, popular culture reflects not only Canadian experience but also cultural anxieties as they have permeated and shaped the national imaginary since the days of settlement. The most significant component of that national imaginary in relation to popular narrative is probably what might be called an evolving Gothic sensibility. Gothicism refers to the portrayal of strange or frightening experiences in mysterious and daunting places and spaces. The chapter considers a number of earlier Canadian novels that stand out in the Canadian popular imagination, including L. M. Montgomery's Anne of Green Gables (1908), Margaret Laurence's The Diviners (1974). It also discusses genre fiction in the modern and contemporary periods, such as Harlequin Enterprises (founded Winnipeg 1949) and women's romances, crime fiction, fantasy, and speculative fiction, notably William Gibson's cyberpunk novel Neuromancer (1984).
Māori Novels in English
Authors: Prentice Christine
Published: June 2018

This chapter discusses the history of Maōri novels written primarily in English and for adult readers, taking as its definitional starting point the self-identification of the author as Maōri. Critics have variously situated Maōri fiction in terms of international literary trends or regionally, as part of Pacific literature. The question that arises is whether it is most productive to read the Maōri novel in a comparative framework with other Indigenous literatures. The chapter considers English-language novels published in four different periods: the 1970s, the 1980s, the 1990s, and the 2000s; the last period has seen the glocalization of the Maōri novel as writers have ventured into fantasy, magic realism, and Maōri sci-fi. Major Maōri novelists include Keri Hulme, Patricia Grace, Alan Duff, Witi Ihimaera, and Paula Morris.
Genre Fiction since 1950
Authors: Lawn Jennifer
Published: June 2018

This chapter discusses the history of genre fiction in New Zealand since 1950. Crime writers such as Vanda Symon and Paul Cleave exploit the phenomenon of ‘glocalization’ by locating an international genre in distinctively local settings. Others, like Nalini Singh and Phillip Mann, embrace the alternative worlds of science fiction and fantasy without any sense that a local referent is necessary or desirable. The chapter first considers how New Zealand crime writers add distinctively Kiwi twists to their work before turning to crime thrillers by Paul Thomas and others. It also examines fiction featuring female detectives, including those written by Vanda Symon, as well as genre hybrids such as historical crime and domestic fiction. Finally, it analyses examples of literary noir by Charlotte Grimshaw, Carl Nixon, and Chad Taylor and political dystopias from C. K. Stead to Bernard Beckett.
Global Health Governance Problems
Authors: Prah Ruger Jennifer
Published: June 2018

Global health institutions, including the World Health Organization and other United Nations organizations, the World Bank, the vast numbers of foundations, civil society organizations and other actors, and nations themselves have been unable to address global health problems sufficiently. Health actors have proliferated dramatically, and the global health enterprise has become kaleidoscopically fragmented and incoherent. The modus vivendi underlying the activities and interrelationships of these actors arguably works against resolving the world’s health challenges. Decades-old international problems in health governance still persist today. These problems present serious ethical questions and demand a normative theoretical foundation as we seek their solutions.
Personality and Psychological Well-Being in Emerging Adulthood
Authors: Pratt Michael W. , Matsuba M. Kyle
Published: June 2018

Chapter 10 reviews the literature on personality development and adjustment during the transition to adulthood, using the McAdams and Pals model. The authors especially draw on the growing literature on the life story and positive adaptation by contemporary narrative researchers. Certain styles or qualities, such as optimistic and redemptive themes, may be important resources in helping young adults cope with difficult issues in their lives. The authors then describe some of their own research evidence on narratives of life experiences and adjustment in the Futures Study. The chapter ends with a case study of Ishmael Beah, who, during his emerging adulthood, wrote a book on his life as an African child soldier and described the difficult process of redemptive change and recovery from this traumatic experience.
Conclusions
Authors: Pratt Michael W. , Matsuba M. Kyle
Published: June 2018

Chapter 11 summarizes the reviews of evidence and research across the various life domains covered in the previous chapters. It covers all three levels of the McAdams and Pals model of personality, but focuses most intensively on the life story. The authors discuss their preliminary longitudinal work from the Canadian Futures Study sample around a series of issues that have been of interest to the field of personality development, such as the “social investment” model of Roberts and colleagues regarding the impact on personality of the transition into adulthood roles, the relations between earlier family life and the developing adult life story, and the integration of the life story into the broader personality as depicted in the McAdams and Pals model. Finally, the chapter ends with some reflections on directions for future research and theory on personality development in emerging adulthood and beyond.
MSN Students’ Self-Assessed Use of the Knowledge, Skills, and Attitudes of Scholarly Writing
Authors: Gazza Elizabeth A. , Shellenbarger Teresa , Hunker Diane F.
Published: June 2018

AIM

This study explored master of science in nursing students’ self-assessed use of the evidence-based knowledge, skills, and attitudes (KSAs) of scholarly writing.

BACKGROUND

Understanding MSN students’ self-assessed use of the KSAs of writing can help faculty better prepare MSN graduates to advance the science of nursing through scholarly writing.

METHOD

A descriptive correlational design was used to determine how a national sample of 76 MSN students assessed their ability to demonstrate the KSAs of scholarly writing and to determine associations between select demographic variables and the self-assessment results.

RESULTS

Participants were familiar with the KSAs of scholarly writing and used them with varying frequency. No associations were identified between demographic variables and the KSA self-assessment ratings.

CONCLUSION

Additional writing opportunities and inclusion of a variety of writing assignments could increase use of the KSAs and therefore facilitate the development of scholarly writing abilities needed to advance nursing.
Primary care management of obesity
Authors: Hensley Rhonda D.
Published: June 2018

Obesity is a growing epidemic in the United States. This article explores the popular diet trends in the country and analyzes their potential for use among patients with comorbid conditions. The American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American College of Endocrinology guidelines for obesity management are used as a framework for comparison of obesity management options.
Evaluation of Key Factors Impacting Feeding Safety in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Matus Bethany A. , Bridges Kayla M. , Logomarsino John V.
Published: June 2018

Background:

Individualized feeding care plans and safe handling of milk (human or formula) are critical in promoting growth, immune function, and neurodevelopment in the preterm infant. Feeding errors and disruptions or limitations to feeding processes in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) are associated with negative safety events. Feeding errors include contamination of milk and delivery of incorrect or expired milk and may result in adverse gastrointestinal illnesses.

Purpose:

The purpose of this review was to evaluate the effect(s) of centralized milk preparation, use of trained technicians, use of bar code-scanning software, and collaboration between registered dietitians and registered nurses on feeding safety in the NICU.

Methods/Search Strategy:

A systematic review of the literature was completed, and 12 articles were selected as relevant to search criteria. Study quality was evaluated using the Downs and Black scoring tool.

Findings/Results:

An evaluation of human studies indicated that the use of centralized milk preparation, trained technicians, bar code-scanning software, and possible registered dietitian involvement decreased feeding-associated error in the NICU.

Implications for Practice:

A state-of-the-art NICU includes a centralized milk preparation area staffed by trained technicians, care supported by bar code-scanning software, and utilization of a registered dietitian to improve patient safety. These resources will provide nurses more time to focus on nursing-specific neonatal care.

Implications for Research:

Further research is needed to evaluate the impact of factors related to feeding safety in the NICU as well as potential financial benefits of these quality improvement opportunities.
Validated Pediatric Functional Outcomes of All-epiphyseal ACL Reconstructions: Does Reinjury Affect Outcomes?
Authors: Ranade Sheena C. , Refakis Christian A. , Cruz Aristides I. , Leddy Kelly L. , Wells Lawrence , Lawrence John Todd , Ganley Theodore J.
Published: June 2018

Background:

Greater frequency and intensity level of sports participation may be contributing to an increasing incidence of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears in skeletally immature athletes. Prior studies have assessed the functional outcomes of physeal-respecting ACL reconstruction in this patient population based on adult functional outcomes scoring systems; however, there is only sparse literature evaluating functional outcomes of this specific patient population. This study aimed to retrospectively evaluate a cohort of pediatric patients who had undergone all-epiphyseal ACL reconstruction (AEACLR) with a set of clinically validated, pediatric-specific patient-reported functional outcomes scores (PRFOS). We hypothesized that patients who had rerupture would have significantly lower outcomes scores compared with those who did not rerupture.

Methods:

This was a retrospective evaluation of AEACLR patients at a single, tertiary care, children’s hospital within a period of 2 years and had >6 months of initial clinical postoperative follow-up. Those who consented to participation were provided an online combined survey including questions relating to demographics and rerupture as well as 3 validated pediatric PRFOS. Statistical analysis of the cohort demographics, PRFOS, and subgroup analysis of the rerupture group compared with the ACL intact patients was performed.

Results:

The mean functional outcome scores at a mean of 48.6 months from surgery demonstrated excellent return to functional activity (Mean International Knee Documentation Committee, 93.8; Pedi-Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System, 98.8; Pedi- Functional Activity Brief Score, 21.6). There was a 13% rerupture rate and rerupture patients had a significantly decreased Pedi-International Knee Documentation Committee (94.9 intact vs. 86.0 rerupture; P=0.001) and Pedi-Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (99.4 intact vs. 95.4 rupture; P=0.001) scores.

Conclusions:

AEACLR patients have excellent outcomes based on pediatric-specific PRFOS. Rerupture patients demonstrated a decrease in functional outcomes scores compared with intact ACL patients. The results demonstrate the efficacy of AEACLR as measured by pediatric-specific functional outcome scores for the treatment of ACL rupture in skeletally immature athletes.

Level of Evidence:

Level III—retrospective comparative study.
A National Analysis on Predictors of Discharge to Rehabilitation After Corrective Surgery for Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis
Authors: De la Garza Ramos Rafael , Nakhla Jonathan , Echt Murray , Schulz Jacob F. , Gomez Jaime A. , Cho Woojin , Yassari Reza
Published: June 2018

Study Design.

Retrospective study of a national database.

Objective.

To identify the incidence and risk factors for discharge to a rehabilitation facility after corrective surgery for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS).

Summary of Background Data.

The vast majority of patients who undergo surgery for AIS are discharged home, with limited data on rates and causes for discharge to a rehabilitation facility.

Methods.

The United States National Inpatient Sample (NIS) database was queried for the years 2012 to 2014. Inclusion criteria were children aged 10 to 18 who underwent surgery for idiopathic scoliosis. Studied data included patient demographics, operative parameters, length of stay, and hospital charges. Perioperative complications were also examined, along with their association with discharge to an inpatient rehabilitation facility. Statistical analysis was performed via chi-squared testing and multivariate analysis, with significance defined as a P-value <0.05.

Results.

A total of 17,275 patients were included (76.3% female, mean age 14 yr). Out of the entire cohort, 4.8% of patients developed a complication and 0.6% were discharged to a rehabilitation facility. The most common complications included respiratory failure (2.3%), reintubation (0.8%), and postoperative hematoma (0.8%). Following multivariate analysis, male sex (Odds ratio (OR) 4.7; 95% Confidence Interval (CI), 1.8–12.2; P = 0.002), revision surgery (OR 29.6; 95% CI, 5.7–153.5; P < 0.001), and development of a perioperative complication (OR 12.3; 95% CI, 4.7–32.4; P < 0.001) were found to be significant predictors of discharge to rehabilitation. Average length of stay was 8 ± 6 versus 5 ± 3 days and hospital charges were $254,425 versus $186,273 in the complication and control groups, respectively (both P < 0.001).

Conclusion.

Discharge to rehabilitation after AIS surgery is uncommon. However, patients who are male, undergo revision procedures, or develop a complication may have a higher risk of a non-routine discharge. Complication occurrence also resulted in significantly longer lengths of stay and healthcare costs.

Level of Evidence: 3
Prenatal air pollution exposure, smoking, and uterine vascular resistance
Authors: Contreras Zuelma A. , Heck Julia E. , Lee Pei-Chen , Cui Xin , Hobel Calvin J. , Janzen Carla , Lurmann Fred , Ritz Beate
Published: June 2018

Background:

Prenatal exposure to air pollution and smoking increases the risk of pregnancy complications and adverse birth outcomes, but pathophysiologic mechanisms are still debated. Few studies to date have examined the influence of air pollution on uterine vascular resistance, and no studies have examined the independent impact of these exposures. We aimed to assess the impact of prenatal exposure to traffic-related air pollution and smoking on uterine vascular resistance.

Methods:

Our study included 566 pregnant women recruited between 1993 and 1996 in Los Angeles who completed visits at three gestational ages. Information on smoking was collected, and uterine vascular resistance was measured at each visit by Doppler ultrasound. We calculated three resistance indices: the resistance index, the pulsatility index, and the systolic/diastolic ratio. We estimated exposure to NO2 at the home address of the mother using a land use regression model and to nitrogen oxides using CALINE4 air dispersion modeling. We used generalized linear mixed models to estimate the effects of air pollution and smoking on uterine vascular resistance indices.

Results:

Land use regression–derived NO2 and CALINE4-derived nitrogen oxides exposure increased the risk of high uterine artery resistance in late pregnancy. Smoking during pregnancy also increased the risk of higher uterine resistance and contributed to bilateral notching in mid-pregnancy.

Conclusion:

Our results suggest that uterine vascular resistance is a mechanism underlying the association between smoking and air pollution and adverse birth outcomes.
A Controlled Clinical Trial on the Effects of Exercise on Cognition and Mobility in Adults With Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Felippe Lilian Assunção , Salgado Pedro Rippel , de Souza Silvestre Diego , Smaili Suhaila Mahmoud , Christofoletti Gustavo
Published: June 2018

Objective

The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of a 6-mo exercise program on cognition and mobility in participants with multiple sclerosis.

Design

This is a prospective, single-blind, controlled clinical trial.

Setting

A community rehabilitation program within a large metropolitan health service.

Participants

Twenty-eight patients with multiple sclerosis were referred for outpatient rehabilitation.

Interventions

Participants were allocated to one of two groups and undertook a cognitive-motor exercise program or monitoring (control group).

Main Outcome Measures

Cognition and mobility were the main outcome measures. Cognition was evaluated using the Mini-Mental State Examination and the Frontal Assessment Battery. Mobility was assessed with the Timed Get Up and Go test, applied with and without dual task distractors.

Results

The findings showed benefits provided by exercise on cognition and mobility. Differently, participants of the control group did not have significant changes in cognition scores after 6 mos of follow-up and had a worse performance in mobility tests.

Conclusion

Six months of exercise provided benefits to cognition and mobility in adults with multiple sclerosis. This trial was registered prospectively with the Brazilian Clinical Trials Register, ID: RBR-9gh4km (http://www.ensaiosclinicos.gov.br/rg/?q=RBR-9gh4km).

To Claim CME Credits

Complete the self-assessment activity and evaluation online at http://www.physiatry.org/JournalCME

CME Objectives

Upon completion of this article, the reader should be able to: (1) Recognize the physical and cognitive decline in multiple sclerosis; (2) Identify the importance of exercise on cognition and mobility in patients with multiple sclerosis; and (3) Appreciate the potential benefit of dual tasking in the rehabilitation of individuals with multiple sclerosis.

Level: Advanced

Accreditation

The Association of Academic Physiatrists is accredited by the Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education to provide continuing medical education for physicians.

The Association of Academic Physiatrists designates this Journal-based CME activity for a maximum of 1.0 AMA PRA Category 1 Credit(s)™. Physicians should only claim credit commensurate with the extent of their participation in the activity.
Validation of an index of Sensitivity to Movement-Evoked Pain in patients with whiplash injuries
Authors: Wan Alan K. , Rainville Pierre , O'Leary Shaun , Elphinston Rachel A. , Sterling Michele , Larivière Christian , Sullivan Michael J.L.
Published: June 2018

Introduction: Sensitivity to Movement-Evoked Pain is a pain summation phenomenon identified in various chronic pain populations.

Objectives: This study investigated the validity of a procedure used to assess pain summation in response to a repeated lifting task in individuals with whiplash injuries.

Methods: Sixty-five participants completed measures of pain severity and duration, Temporal Summation (TS) of pinprick pain, pain catastrophizing and fear of movement, and work-related disability before lifting a series of 18 weighted canisters. An index of Sensitivity to Movement-Evoked Pain was computed as the increase in pain reported by participants over successive lifts of the weighted canisters. An index of TS was computed by dividing the pain reported in response to the final pinprick by the pain reported in response to the 1st pinprick in a train of 10 pinpricks.

Results: Analyses replicated previous findings showing a repetitive lifting task–induced pain summation in approximately 20% to 25% of a sample of individuals with whiplash injuries. Analyses also revealed significant correlations between SMEP, TS, and pain-related psychological variables. Hierarchical regression analyses showed that TS and pain catastrophizing made significant unique contributions to the prediction of SMEP. These findings join a growing body of research on movement-evoked pain in persistent spinal pain conditions.

Conclusion: The repeated lifting task used in this study successfully induced pain summation in a group of patients with whiplash injuries.
Phagophobia Successfully Treated With Low-Dose Aripiprazole in an Adolescent: A Case Report
Authors: Çolak Sivri Rukiye , Hizarcioğlu Gülşen Hayriye , Yilmaz Arzu
Published: June 2018

Phagophobia is a condition characterized by an avoidance of swallowing foods and an intense fear of choking while eating solid foods in the absence of physiological and anatomical abnormalities. Phagophobia is mentioned in theDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth EditionandInternational Classification of Diseases, 11th Editionin the new diagnostic category of avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder. The literature concerning phagophobia is sparse, and there is no specific treatment modality for this life-threatening condition. We describe a case of phagophobia in a 15-year-old girl who was treated successfully with low-dose aripiprazole as an augmentation therapy after she witnessed her father choking while eating chicken. To our knowledge, this is the first report showing that phagophobia was successfully treated with aripiprazole.
Extensively drug-resistant (XDR) Pseudomonas aeruginosa identified in Lima, Peru co-expressing a VIM-2 metallo-β-lactamase, OXA-1 β-lactamase and GES-1 extended-spectrum β-lactamase
Authors: Ríos Paul , Rocha Claudio , Castro William , Vidal Maria , Canal Enrique , Bernal Manuela , Reynolds Nathanael D. , Tilley Drake H. , Simons Mark P.
Published: June 2018

Introduction.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa has the ability to acquire plasmids and other mobile genetic elements that confer resistance to antibiotics. Bacterial genes encoding different β-lactamases (bla), such as metallo-β-lactamases (MBLs) and extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL), can confer resistance to multiple classes of β-lactam antibiotics.

Case presentation. An 83 year old female was admitted in 2012 to the Peruvian Naval Hospital, Centro Médico Naval ‘Cirujano Mayor Santiago Távara’ (CEMENA), in Lima, Peru. A midstream urine sample was collected and sent to the local CEMENA laboratory for routine urine culture. P. aeruginosa was isolated and initial antibiotic susceptibility testing showed it to be sensitive to imipenem. The clinicians started a course of meropenem, but the patient did not improve. After 5 days, a second urine culture was performed and a P. aeruginosa was isolated again, but this time the strain showed resistance to imipenem. The treatment course was changed to fosfomycin and the patient improved. Phenotypic and molecular laboratory testing to characterize the antibiotic resistance were performed, demonstrating the presence of both MBL and ESBL genes.

Conclusion. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a P. aeruginosa XDR clinical isolate that co-expresses an MBL (VIM-2), OXA-1 beta-lactamase and the ESBL (GES-1) in Peru. It is also the first report of a VIM carbapenemase in Peru.
Memote: A community driven effort towards a standardized genome-scale metabolic model test suite
Authors: Lieven Christian , Beber Moritz E. , Olivier Brett G. , Bergmann Frank T. , Ataman Meric , Babaei Parizad , Bartell Jennifer A. , Blank Lars M. , Chauhan Siddharth , Correia Kevin , Diener Christian , Dräger Andreas , Ebert Birgitta E. , Edirisinghe Janaka N. , Faria Jose P. , Feist Adam , Fengos Georgios , Fleming Ronan M. T. , García-Jiménez Beatriz , Hatzimanikatis Vassily , van Helvoirt Wout , Henry Christopher S. , Hermjakob Henning , Herrgård Markus J. , Kim Hyun Uk , King Zachary , Koehorst Jasper J. , Klamt Steffen , Klipp Edda , Lakshmanan Meiyappan , Le Novère Nicolas , Lee Dong-Yup , Lee Sang Yup , Lee Sunjae , Lewis Nathan E. , Ma Hongwu , Machado Daniel , Mahadevan Radhakrishnan , Maia Paulo , Mardinoglu Adil , Medlock Gregory L. , Monk Jonathan M. , Nielsen Jens , Nielsen Lars Keld , Nogales Juan , Nookaew Intawat , Resendis-Antonio Osbaldo , Palsson Bernhard O. , Papin Jason A. , Patil Kiran R. , Poolman Mark , Price Nathan D. , Richelle Anne , Rocha Isabel , Sanchez Benjamin J. , Schaap Peter J. , Malik Sheriff Rahuman S. , Shoaie Saeed , Sonnenschein Nikolaus , Teusink Bas , Vilaça Paulo , Vik Jon Olav , Wodke Judith A. , Xavier Joana C. , Yuan Qianqian , Zakhartsev Maksim , Zhang Cheng
Published: June 2018

Several studies have shown that neither the formal representation nor the functional requirements of genome-scale metabolic models (GEMs) are precisely defined. Without a consistent standard, comparability, reproducibility, and interoperability of models across groups and software tools cannot be guaranteed.

Here, we present memote (https://github.com/opencobra/memote) an open-source software containing a community-maintained, standardized set of metabolic model tests. The tests cover a range of aspects from annotations to conceptual integrity and can be extended to include experimental datasets for automatic model validation. In addition to testing a model once, memote can be configured to do so automatically, i.e., while building a GEM. A comprehensive report displays the model’s performance parameters, which supports informed model development and facilitates error detection.

Memote provides a measure for model quality that is consistent across reconstruction platforms and analysis software and simplifies collaboration within the community by establishing workflows for publicly hosted and version controlled models.
Habitual Stone-Tool Aided Extractive Foraging in White-Faced Capuchins,Cebus Capucinus
Authors: Barrett Brendan J , Monteza-moreno Claudio M , DOGANDŽIĆ Tamara , Zwyns Nicolas , IBÁÑEZ Alicia , Crofoot Margaret C
Published: June 2018

ABSTRACT

Habitual reliance on tool use is a marked behavioral difference between wild robust (genusSapajus) and gracile (genusCebus) capuchin monkeys. Despite being well studied and having a rich repertoire of social and extractive foraging traditions,Cebus sphave rarely been observed engaging in tool use and have never been reported to use stone tools. In contrast, habitual tool use and stone-tool use bySapajusis widespread. We discuss factors which might explain these differences in patterns of tool use betweenCebusandSapajus. We then report the first case of habitual stone-tool use in a gracile capuchin: a population of white-faced capuchins (Cebus capucinus imitator) in Coiba National Park, Panama who habitually rely on hammerstone and anvil tool use to access structurally protected food items in coastal areas includingTerminalia catappaseeds, hermit crabs, marine snails, terrestrial crabs, and other items. This behavior has persisted on one island in Coiba National Park since at least 2004. From one year of camera trapping, we found that stone tool use is strongly male-biased. Of the 205 unique camera-trap-days where tool use was recorded, adult females were never observed to use stone-tools, although they were frequently recorded at the sites and engaged in scrounging behavior. Stone-tool use occurs year-round in this population, and over half of all identifiable individuals were observed participating. At the most active tool use site, 83.2% of days where capuchins were sighted corresponded with tool use. Capuchins inhabiting the Coiba archipelago are highly terrestrial, under decreased predation pressure and potentially experience resource limitation compared to mainland populations– three conditions considered important for the evolution of stone tool use. White-faced capuchin tool use in Coiba National Park thus offers unique opportunities to explore the ecological drivers and evolutionary underpinnings of stone tool use in a comparative within- and between-species context.
Ultralarge Modulation of Single Wall Carbon Nanotube Fluorescence Mediated by Neuromodulators Adsorbed on Arrays of Oligonucleotide Rings
Authors: Beyene Abraham G. , Alizadehmojarad Ali A. , Dorlhiac Gabriel , Streets Aaron M. , Král Petr , Vuković Lela , Landry Markita P.
Published: June 2018

Non-covalent interactions between single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) oligonucleotides and single wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) have provided a unique class of tunable chemistries for a variety of applications. However, mechanistic insight into both the photophysical and intermolecular phenomena underlying their utility is lacking, resulting in obligate heuristic approaches for producing ssDNA-SWNT based technologies. In this work, we present an ultrasensitive “turn-on” nanosensor for neuromodulators dopamine and norepinephrine with strong ΔF/F0 of up to 3500%, a signal appropriate for in vivo imaging, and uncover the photophysical principles and intermolecular interactions that govern the molecular recognition and fluorescence modulation of this nanosensor synthesized from the non-covalent conjugation of (GT)6 ssDNA strands on SWNTs. The fluorescence modulation of the ssDNA-SWNT conjugate is shown to exhibit remarkable sensitivity to the ssDNA sequence chemistry, length, and surface density, providing a wealth of parameters with which to tune nanosensor dynamic range and strength of fluorescence turn-on. We employ classical and quantum mechanical molecular dynamics simulations to rationalize our experimental findings. Calculations show that (GT)6 ssDNA form ordered loops around SWNT, inducing periodic surface potentials that modulate exciton recombination lifetimes. Further evidence is presented to elucidate how analyte binding modulates SWNT fluorescence. We discuss the implications of our findings for SWNT-based molecular sensing applications.
Coordinated electrical activity in the olfactory bulb gates the oscillatory entrainment of entorhinal networks in neonatal mice
Authors: Gretenkord Sabine , Kostka Johanna K. , Hartung Henrike , Watznauer Katja , Fleck David , Minier-Toribio Angélica , Spehr Marc , Hanganu-Opatz Ileana L.
Published: June 2018

While the developmental principles of sensory and cognitive processing have been extensively investigated, their synergy has been largely neglected. During early life, most sensory systems are still largely immature. As a notable exception, the olfactory system reaches full maturity during intrauterine life, controlling mother-offspring interactions and neonatal survival. Here, we elucidate the structural and functional principles underlying the communication between olfactory bulb (OB) and lateral entorhinal cortex (LEC) – the gatekeeper of limbic circuitry – during neonatal mouse development. Combining optogenetics, pharmacology, and electrophysiologyin vivowith axonal tracing, we show that mitral cell-dependent discontinuous theta bursts in OB drive network oscillations and time the firing in LEC via axonal projections confined to upper cortical layers. Pharmacological silencing of OB activity diminishes entorhinal oscillations. Moreover, odor exposure boosts OB-entorhinal coupling at fast frequencies. Thus, early OB activity shapes the maturation of entorhinal circuits.