bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Common treatments with indigenous Iranian plants for routine pediatric diseases and disorders
Authors: Sherkatolabbasieh H. , Bahmani M. , Hamidi M.
Published: July 2021

Children, especially newborns, are the most vulnerable human subpopulation. They may develop important and routine disorders and diseases, such as abdominal pain and upset stomach, diarrhea, constipation, headache, fever, skin inflammation, cough, pain, and restlessness. To date, the use of medicinal plants and herbal products in the treatment of diseases in children and infants has not yet been adequately studied.  Hence, in the present study, we tried to report medicinal plants used in cultures and traditions of different regions of Iran to treat common diseases of children.  The information in this review article was obtained by searching for relevant articles by the keywords ethnobotany, traditional medicine, medicinal plants, pediatrics, neonates, diseases and disorders indexed in databases such as ISI, PubMed, Scopus, Google scholar, and also SID, Magiran as the most important Iranian databases. The articles were screened, and relevant articles were reviewed. Irrelevant articles were excluded. Related articles were reviewed based on the title, abstract and results section of that article. According to Iranian ethnobotanical evidence, medicinal plants such as Cichorium pumilium, Anethum graveolens, Amaranthus refroflexus, Olea europaea L., Ziziphus jujuba, Cotoneaster persicus, Artemisia annua, Alhagi persarum, Nigella sativa, Astragalus adscendens, Adiantum capillus-veneris L. are among the most promising medicinal plants used in Iranian traditional medicine for treatment of neonatal disorders. Based on the results, the most used herbal family belonged to the Asteraceae. Also, the plant organ of the leaf with 31% was the highest organ used in the ethnobotanical knowledge of Iran for common neonatal diseases.
Possibility of Using Ballistic Missile Launchers in the Study of Shock-Compressed Substance Properties
Authors: Gerasimov S. I. , Erofeev V. I. , Zanegin I. V. , Kikeev V. A. , Kalmykov A. P. , Kosyak E. G. , Kuznetsov P. G. , Lapichev N. V.
Published: July 2021

The paper describes ballistic test site equipment used for studying the physical and mechanical properties of materials exposed to intense dynamic loads. To study the properties of shock-compressed substances, explosive shock wave generators based on powerful condensed explosives are used. The methods of dispersal of the used strikers in different throwing modes with different types of guns are briefly described. The methodological development in cannon experiments on light-gas guns is given, in which the conditions of safe acceleration of the strikers in the barrels of the guns and the loading parameters of the latter which provide the required collision speeds of the striker and the target are confirmed. Numerical and experimental results of testing the selected throwing modes are presented.
The Application of Potential Theory for Neutron Field Configuration Analysis of Isotropic Sources
Authors: Shpicer V. Ya. , Krivin V. V. , Tolstov V. A. , Khegay L. S. , Ishigov I. O.
Published: July 2021

The article deals with the one-group approximation to the problem of parametric identification of the distribution of isotropic sources, providing the required configuration of the neutron field in vacuum.
The Main Directions of Formation and Development of Safety Culture in the Russian Federation
Authors: Lyskova I. E.
Published: July 2021

The article actualizes the political, legal, socio-economic and socio-cultural aspects of safety culture in the Russian Federation. The article offers a general analysis of the current regulatory framework that defines the conceptual foundations for the formation and development of a culture of life safety, a culture of economic security and environmental culture in the Russian Federation.
Is Common Sense neither Compatibilist nor Incompatibilist?
Authors:   , Becklloyd Dan
Published: July 2021

In the debate between the compatibilist and the incompatibilist, there has been significant dispute about who has the burden of proof. While both sides often agree that the burden lies on those who argue against commonsense belief, they disagree on what those beliefs actually are. Kadri Vihvelin takes the rare position that there is actually no commonsense belief about the compatibility question. This is derived from the claim that there is no commonsense belief about whether or not determinism is true. And from this, Vihvelin concludes that both sides have an argumentative burden. She then applies a burden according to the modal claims made by each side of the debate, issuing the verdict that the higher burden is on the incompatibilist because they make an impossibility claim. Though Vihvelin clearly makes empirical claims about commonsense beliefs related to free will and determinism, she also presents a critique of philosophical intuitions that suggests scepticism with regard to empirical results bearing on such beliefs. She suggests that the materials may produce intuitions that do not reflect beliefs held prior to the experiment. But this betrays a dilemma: either we can use experiments to answer these empirical questions, in which case we should look at the best available evidence, or we can’t use experiments to answer such questions, in which case we should remain silent on them. Ultimately, the current state of research does provide answers, albeit incomplete. There is still room for improved materials and wider studies, but there is nonetheless strong evidence against Vihvelin’s empirical claims. This has implications not only for Vihvelin’s arguments, but for burden of proof claims regarding the compatibilism/incompatibilism debate more generally and emphasises the need for philosophers of free will to take the empirical results more seriously.
Clinical efficacy of plasma exchange therapy for treatment of autoimmune bullous skin disease
Authors: Shi Xiaoxu , Qin Lanying , Peng Jun , Zhao Zishen , Zhang Haixiang
Published: July 2021

Objective: To investigate the clinical efficacy of plasma exchange therapy for autoimmune bullous skin disease. METHODS: Fifty patients with autoimmune bullous skin disease enrolled in our hospital from January 2018 to January 2019 were selected. The patients were grouped by treatment method: 25 control group patients were given conventional hormone therapy, while 25 experimental group patients were treated with plasma exchange therapy; efficacy of treatment was compared between two groups of patients. RESULTS: Initial dose, maximum dose, and cumulative dose of glucocorticoids were lower in experimental group patients than those in control group (P<0.05). Incidence of complication was lower in experimental group patients than those in control group (P<0.05); the difference was significant. There was no significant difference in short-term efficacy between the two groups (P>0.05). Conclusion: The application of plasma exchange therapy was effective for treatment of autoimmune bullous skin disease. It could reduce dosage amount of glucocorticoids and incidence of complications; its application can be promoted.
Pendidikan Politik Bagi Pemilih Menjelang Pemilu Serentak 2019
Authors: Irawan Anang Dony
Published: July 2021

The existence of the Constitutional Court Decision Number 14 / PUU-XI / 2013 in the trial case of Law Number 42 Year 2008 concerning General Elections of the President and Vice President whose decisions are final states that the holding of the 2019 General Elections and the subsequent General Elections shall be held simultaneously. The idea of holding a simultaneous General Election in 2019 certainly had a political impact, both nationally and regionally. The ruling of the Constitutional Court gave birth to Law Number 7 of 2017 concerning General Elections. This has had a huge impact and challenge for the Indonesian people in improving the electoral system and implementing a better democracy. The purpose of this study is to find out how to realize political education for voters ahead of the 2019 simultaneous elections. This study is a juridical normative approach to legislation. From the results of the study there is a legal vacuum that requires the General Election Commission to conduct Socialization, Voter Education, and Community Participation in the 2019 Election. In the Regional Head Election process there are technical rules governing the Socialization, Voter Education, and Community Participation, but do not include the threat of sanctions if it does not carry out the said activity. The resulting conclusion is that political education for voters ahead of the 2019 concurrent elections is very important to carry out, as an effort to realize the Sovereignty of a Strong State. The resulting recommendation is to make a legal rule regarding the obligation to carry out political education for voters ahead of the 2019 simultaneous elections as an effort to realize the Strong Sovereign State Voters in the 2019 Election along with the threat of sanctions for election administrators in an Act.Keywords: 2019 Election, Voter Education, Strong Sovereign State Voters.
Improving The Quality of Learning through Lesson Study Model Based on Innovation Class in SMPN 2, Menganti Gresik District
Authors: Supriyono Supriyono
Published: July 2021

This study aims to determine the improvement of the quality of learning through the innovation-based class lesson study model school program. Research was conducted in three stages, namely: plan, do, see, for students in grades 7, 8, and 9. Techniques for collecting data through observation, and reporting. Data analysis was done in a qualitative, discrete manner. The results of the study showed the involvement of students, model teachers, teacher observers, Dispendik supervisors, committees and principals, parents / guardians of students and invitations from other schools were very active. Thus, improving the quality of learning through the innovation class based lesson study model school program has been very successful in improving the quality of expected learning.
Indonesian Legal Remedies Againts Tiongkok and Vietnam Dumping in Indonesia
Authors: Tektona Rahmadi Indra , Sari Nuzulia Kumala , Mukti Amru Hanifa
Published: July 2021

Indonesia has a problem increasing the number of iron and steel imports from year to year, but Tiongkok and Vietnam are highlighted differently by government because they have experienced a significant increase, so they are suspected of dumping. And than, what the legal remedies should be taken against the alleged dumping carried out by Tiongkok and Vietnam by competent institutions and related parties and what the legal consequnces are. This research will be analyzed with normative legal research principles, legal doctrines, and international agreements with the law approach and conceptual approach.The Antidumping Code is the basis of Indonesia’s efforts towards Tiongkok and Vietnam given that the three countries are remembers of the World Trade Organization with General Agreement on Tariff and Trade. The Indonesian Anti-Dumping Committee is an institution that is given the authority to conduct dumping investigations, both offensively or defensively wich is inisiated based on initiatives or requests from the majority of the Domestic Industry of the similar goods. If the investigation process carried out by KADI is proven to be found dumping it will be subject sanctions in the form of the imposition of Anti-Dumping Import Duty according to the amount of dumping margin and if it is not found or deministic margin then the investigation process is terminated. And it is unfortunate because dumping specifically has not been regualated in a law in Indonesia.
Animated Video of National Exam Subject Matter as An Online Learning Innovation for Elementary School Students in Sidokumpul Sub-District, Gresik
Authors: Achmad Zainal Abidin , Fanani Muhammad Iqbal Dwi , Wali Ghifari Zaka , Nadhifah Rizkiyatul , Nurdiyana Nadya Aisyah , Anastasia Marizka Distya
Published: July 2021

This article's background is the impact of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on the process of implementing school learning that has turned online. This article contains the process of making animated video learning media using the Powtoon application. Animated video material is the National Examination subject (Indonesian, Science, and Mathematics) for elementary school students in grades one to six. The data collection method used interviewing students, parents, teachers, village heads, PKK administrators, and youth organizations. By analyzing the problems then accomplished by making animated videos that suitable to the syllabus for each subject. The animated video is uploaded to the Sidokumpul Village Community Service Program's official Youtube channel to be accessed by all target elementary students and the wider community. Making animation is to provide learning innovation for elementary school teachers and students in Sidokumpul village and attract interest in learning. The stages of making animated videos consist of pre-production, production, and post-production. Animated videos can accelerate elementary students' understanding of the subject matter. Moreover, parental involvement in online learning provides many positive things for relationships between family members and student personality development.
Indonesian Government’s Effort to Defend Children from Abuse
Authors: Bilqisti Sabrina , Zahira Alya , Muttaqien Hisyam Ihza , Ernawati Ernawati
Published: July 2021

This journal is done through observations of pressing issues surrounding human rights for children and their protection. It is aimed to look deeper into the condition of children in Indonesia which is said to be protected by the Indonesian government under human rights laws. The violations around children consist of  children carrying the burden to provide for their families under harsh circumstances. Everyday, children on the streets ask for money, teenagers working in the cities as maids, when they all are supposed to be in school. Child labor revolves around pedophilia, child labor, and child physical and mental abuse. These are mostly done by adults for their personal needs and children are not taken as seriously as they are seen as minors, thus disregarding their feelings. Indonesia government should further investigate on this matter to prevent more child abuse happening in Indonesia. Awareness of child abuse are further observed through surveys from Indonesian general public to determine the perspective towards their consciousness towards this issue. Children should be the main priority as they are the future, thus protection should be more advanced.
Karakteristik Kerupuk Bawang Dengan Variasi Jenis Tepung
Authors: Diniari Azza , Khaqiqi Taib , Chilmiati Mely , Muflihati Iffah
Published: July 2021

Kerupuk bawang merupakan makanan ringan (snack) yang terbuat dari tepung terigu dengan tambahan bawang putih sehingga memiliki rasa bawang putih, gurih, dan lezat. Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk mengetahui pengaruh penggunaan jenis tepung terhadap kadar air dan uji organoleptik kerupuk bawang. Penelitian ini menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap dengan 3 perlakuan jenis tepung yang berbeda yaitu tepung singkong, tepung beras dan tepung ketan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan rerata kadar air yaitu 2,14 – 2,17%. Uji deskriptif tertinggi adalah parameter gurih 3.80 perlakuan tepung singkong. Uji hedonik diperoleh kerupuk bawang yang paling disukai oleh panelis yaitu perlakuan tepung singkong.
Retensi Kadar Gluten Cookies Substitusi Tepung Mocaf (Modified Cassava Flour)
Authors: Masrikhiyah Rifatul
Published: July 2021

Cookies atau kue kering merupakan salah satu jenis biskuit yang terbuat dari adonan lunak, berkadar lemak tinggi, relatif renyah bila dipatahkan dan bertekstur padat.Tepung yang digunakan dalam pembuatan cookies biasanya menggunakan tepung terigu, harga yang mahal dan merupakan komoditi impor maka harus dilakukan substitusi tepung terigu dengan tepung mocaf. Tujuan penelitian ini yaitu untuk mengetahui retensi kadar gluten dan kadar air cookies substitusi tepung mocaf. mengenai kadar inulin, serat dan sifat organoleptik cookies sebagai alternatif produk pangan tinggi serat. Penelitian ini menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap dengan satu faktor yang dicoba, yaitu proporsi tepung terigu dengan tepung mocaf yang terdiri dari 6 taraf yaitu: M1 = 100 : 0; M2 = 90 : 10; M3 = 80 : 20; M4 = 70 : 30; M5 = 60 : 40; M6 = 50 : 50. Data yang diperoleh dianalisis menggunakan Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) pada taraf keyakinan (level of confidence) 95% apabila menunjukkan pengaruh nyata dilanjutkan dengan uji jarak berganda Duncan’s (Duncan’s Multiple Range Test) dengan tingkat keyakianan 95%. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa substitusi tepung mocaf berpengaruh terhadap kadar gluten (p<0,05) dan kadar air cookies (p<0,05). Retensi kadar glutendari produk cookies sebesar 88,477 - 94,802%.
Literature review of spontaneous subarachnoid haemorrhage: treatment management and prevention (Part II)
Authors: Grigaitė J. , Rutkauskaitė G. , Piliponis L. , Ščerbak J. , Jatužis D. , Valaikienė J.
Published: July 2021

The most effective treatments for intracranial aneurysms are surgical clipping and endovascular coiling. Endovascular treatment has a lower risk of early death and complications, especially in the case of posterior circulation aneurysms, whereas the risk of recanalization and rupture of the aneurysm remains high therefore long-term follow-up is needed. Meanwhile, the long-term benefits of clipping are very important for younger patients, and in some cases it is a first-line treatment option. Interventional treatment of aneurysms is recommended as early as feasible. To avoid complications, all patients with spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage are recommended to undergo transcranial dopplerography daily or every other day, as well as head computed tomography, computed tomography angiography (CTA), computed tomography perfusion or digital subtraction angiography on the day of hospitalization, 3-5 and 7-10 days. For the prevention of late cerebral ischemia, it is recommended to administer calcium channel blocker nimodipine and to maintain euvolemia. If cerebral vasospasm occurs, euvolemic-induced hypertension and, in some cases, endovascular treatment such as intra-arterial vasodilator therapy or/and angioplasty are recommended. The choice of treatment tactics for unruptured intracranial aneurysms depends on the natural course of the disease and the risk of rupture, which can be assessed using various scales. Following monitoring tactics, it is recommended to repeat CTA or magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) in 6 to 12 months after the aneurysm is detected to evaluate changes over time. CTA and MRA are also recommended for people with two or more family members with unruptured intracranial aneurysms or the diagnosis of SAH and other risk factors. Patients who are accidentally diagnosed with an unruptured aneurysm are recommended to quit smoking, have their blood pressure measured periodically, and avoid heavy weights.
Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis
Authors: Čemerkaitė J. , Kaukėnaitė I. , Liutkevičienė R.
Published: July 2021

Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is a rare acute inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS) predominantly affecting the optic nerve and the spinal cord. The main pathogenetic mechanism of NMOSD is the interaction of aquaporin-4 (AQP4), an integral astrocyte plasma membrane protein, and antibodies against aquaporin-4 (AQP4-IgG). The incidence of NMOSD ranges from 0.039 to 0.73 per 100,000 adult population, and the highest incidence estimates are associated with African and Asian ethnicities. The median age at presentation is 32-45 years, the disease affects women more often than men. Clinical manifestations of the disease depend on lesions in those areas of the CNS where AQP4 is most pronounced: spinal cord, optic nerves, dorsal medulla, brainstem, thalamus, and hypothalamus. Initially, NMOSD typically presents with optic neuritis or transverse myelitis, or, less commonly, a combination of both. Diagnosis of NMOSD is based on clinical symptoms, MRI findings, and detection of AQP4-IgG antibodies in serum. All acute attacks should be treated with high-dose intravenous methylprednisolone, i.e., 1 gram per day for three to five consecutive days. Maintenance treatment to prevent NMOSD relapses includes azathioprine, mycophenolate mofetil, and rituximab. Recent results of randomised clinical trials with monoclonal anti- bodies such as inebilizumab, satralizumab, tocilizumab, and eculizumab have proved their efficacy and safety in maintenance treatment of NMOSD. Factors leading to a worse prognosis include the severity of the first attack, higher number of relapses in the first two years, older age at the disease onset, and association with other autoimmune disorders. The overall 10-year mortality after diagnosis is 20-25%. Challenges in treating NMOSD during the COVID-19 pandemic include clinical relapses, susceptibility to infection, and disease management during this critical period.
Serum neurofilament heavy chains as a biomarker of neuronal damage in multiple sclerosis relapse
Authors: Beliaziūnas P. , Godelienė R. , Malcienė L. , Natkevičius V. , Gintauskienė V. , Šitkauskienė B. , Malciūtė M.
Published: July 2021

Introduction. One of the newest methods that could facilitate the diagnosis and treatment of multiple sclerosis is the measurement of neurofilament levels in the blood and spinal fluid. Neurofilament chains can be found not only in multiple sclerosis but also in other neurodegenerative diseases. Latest research findings have revealed that neurofilament levels in serum along with magnetic resonance imaging and clinical evaluation could help evaluate disease relapses and prognosis. No research on neurofilament levels in multiple sclerosis patients has been done in Lithuania so far.Methods. Permit No. BE-2-73 was obtained from Kaunas Regional Biomedical Research Ethics Committee. Using random sampling we examined 28 patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis who were treated for relapse in the Multiple Sclerosis Centre of Klaipėda University Hospital. Demographic and clinical data and disease modifying therapies were evaluated. Neurofilament heavy chains levels in the blood were measured using ELISA immunoenzyme assay.Results. The research involved 28 patients: 64.3% women and 25.7% men. Neurofilament heavy chains levels in the blood were higher in patients with 3 or more functional systems affected, compared with patients with only pyramidal or cerebellar systems damaged but the difference was not statistically significant. Significantly higher neurofilament heavy chains levels were found in patients with hyperintense magnetic resonance imaging T2 lesions in both brain and spinal cord areas and with contrast-enhanced lesions. Higher neurofilament heavy chains levels were associated with positive oligoclonal bands and prolonged visual evoked potentials. No significant correlation between disease duration, age, disability, and neurofilament heavy chains levels was found. Patients with no disease modifying treatment had higher serum neurofilament heavy chains levels but the difference was not statistically significant.Conclusion. We found higher serum neurofilament heavy chains levels in patients with 3 and more functional systems affected, radiological disease activity, positive oligoclonal bands, and prolonged visual evoked potentials. These results support the hypothesis that neurofilaments could be a promising biomarker for evaluation of multiple sclerosis relapse and disease prognosis in clinical practice.
Peran Manajemen Kemasyarakatan Dalam Usaha Pengembangan Madrasah Ibtidaiyah Swasta
Authors: Hanani Hanif , Giyoto Giyoto , Rohmadi Yusuf
Published: July 2021

The role of madrasas as models of Islamic education today is growing quite rapidly. It has even become an alternative institution for some Muslim families in educating their children. This is because madrasas are considered to provide two dimensions of Muslim scientific life between worldly and hereafter needs. Community participation in education development is an important issue in the National Education System Law no. 20 of 2003, a policy that involved the community in education programs and the birth of a school-based management (SBM) offer that gave relatively broad autonomy to schools and communities. In Chapter III article 8 it is stated that "the community has the right to participate in the planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of educational programs". This indicates that the existence and participation of the community is increasingly recognized and needed in the development and development of education, especially Islamic education. This research method is a qualitative method with a phenomenological approach. The research results of the current school Public Relations Program are very important, related to changes in the social, political, legal, and economic framework of the community. Management of competency development in educators is part of a human resource development strategy which is a basic need in an organization, both formal and non-formal. . This is an investment for the organization in this case the madrasa, which will have implications for the development of a nation's human resources. In Increasing Public Interest In Islamic Educational Institutions. The results of the study: the function of public relations in educational institutions is to grow and develop harmonious relationships through communication using media between schools and the community, both internally (lecturers / teachers, employees, students / students) and externally (parents, communities, and institutions). .
Interaksi Investasi, Dana Pihak Ketiga dan Pembiayaan Perbankan Syariah Terhadap Pertumbuhan Ekonomi di Sumatera Utara
Authors: Sugianto Sugianto , Yafiz Muhammad , Khairunnisa Anita
Published: July 2021

Economic growth is a picture to see the progress of economy a country or region, as measured with the amount of data on Gross Domestic Product (GDP) or data on Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP). The purpose of this study is to analyze the independence of the variables that affect economic growth, such as Domestic Investment (DI), Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), Third Party Funds (TPF) and Islamic Banking Financing. The research method uses a quantitative approach with secondary data in time series with the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) methods and uses the help of Eviews 9 program. This study uses a sample from 2010 to 2020. The results of this study indicate that in the long run the variables of DI, FDI and Financing Islamic Banking have a positive and significant effect on the GRDP of North Sumatra, while the TPF Islamic Banking variable has a negative effect on the GRDP of North Sumatra. In the short term, the DI variable significantly affects the FDI. This study suggests that in order to advance the economy of a region, North Sumatra government should encourage and support activities carried out by DI and FDI, as well as financial institutions such as Islamic banking, which are primarily activities in the form of Third Party Funds and financing. The existence of financing disbursed by Islamic banking can provide capital assistance to business actors, so as to increase economic growth.
Dampak Penggabungan Tiga Bank Syariah di Indonesia
Authors: Ulfa Alif
Published: July 2021

Bank Syariah Indonesia (BSI) was born from the merger of 3 state-owned Islamic banks (BUMN), namely PT Bank BRI Syariah Tbk (BRIS), PT Bank BNI Syariah (BNIS), and PT Bank Syariah Mandiri (BSM). BSI is the government's strategy to make Indonesia one of the world's Islamic financial centers. This study focuses on aspects affected by the merger of 3 Islamic banks, such as customers, employees, and the community. This study uses a qualitative method with a library research approach. The data used is secondary data, namely data sourced from existing literature or references. The results of the merger have an impact on several elements such as customers, employees, and the community. a) Customers can still transact using card-based electronic money. Customers only need to do bank migration, b) Employee status from BNI Syariah, BRI Syariah, and Bank Syariah Mandiri remains an employee of Bank Syariah Indonesia and there will be no termination of employment, c) Bank Syariah Indonesia (BSI) educates the public by launching a Sharia Economics literacy program and accelerating the completeness of the halal value chain in the development of the halal industry, financing UMKM supporting it, and participating in financing large-scale projects using sharia schemes.
Model Manajemen Pembelajaran Dari Rumah Untuk Pendidikan Berkarakter (Studi Pada TK Islam Makarima Dan TK Inklusi Saymara Sukoharjo)
Authors: Winanti Ria , Purwanto Purwanto , Khuriyah Khuriyah
Published: July 2021

The current state of education has drastically changed, maintaining virtual learning and teaching, educators adapting to utilizing existing technology by implementing information transformation. The fact shows that educators face problems to be able to present interesting learning for students, and interactive learning, especially learning for early childhood aged 3-4 years (Play Group) and 4-6 years (Kindergarten), so creative teachers are needed. and innovative (Ahmed et al., 2020). The implementation of online learning in PAUD is better known as PAUD from home (PFH). PFH is an early childhood activity held at home by families with children with remote teacher guidance and assistance. Of course, PFH is different from online learning at the elementary, junior high, high school, and university levels. Previously, PAUD services focused more on the relationship between families and schools, then Covid-19 teaches all parties to implement real PAUD by paying attention to the reciprocal relationship between institutions, families, and the environment. This research is carried out with a qualitative approach, with the type of case study, because the research carried out examines one field of study or variables in depth, namely learning management from home. The results of the study show that online learning at the Kindergarten level is not necessarily carried out without careful planning, following the stages of implementing PFH which are carried out in three stages: 1. Preparation stage; this stage starts from checking the condition of the students' families, then choosing the type of learning whether online, offline, or blended learning. Furthermore, preparing children, preparing parents, preparing themed lesson plans, and preparing communication guides between teachers and students' families. 2. Implementation stage; families discuss with children about the activities to be sent, families also look for various learning resources (books, videos, pictures related to themes, etc.), children are free to follow the teacher's ideas or their own ideas, there is interaction, children play, and documentation of activities. 3. Post-implementation stage; families report PFH results by documenting children's activities.
TOWARDS THE REALISATION OF JUSTICE IN THE NIGER DELTA: A SOCIO-LEGAL PERSPECTIVE
Authors: Fagbayibo Babatunde
Published: July 2021

Apart from the brutal Nigerian civil war (1967 - 1970), nothing else has captured the conscience of the people of the world, vis-à-vis the Nigerian Federation, more than the plight of the people of Niger Delta. It remains the open sore (to borrow Wole Soyinka’s phrase) of the Nigerian Federation. The devastating impact of oil exploration in the area has wreaked havoc of immeasurable proportions on the health, socio-economic and environmental conditions of the people. From the short-lived armed struggle of the late Isaac Adaka Boro in the 1960’s, to the civil resistance method of the late Kenule Saro Wiwa in the early 1990’s, and the present guerrilla tactics of the Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND), the issue of the Niger Delta continues to beg for more constructive attention. This paper aims to ascertain the (in)justice in the Niger Delta through an examination of the concept of justice, and subsequently to recommend strategies for redressing the inherent anomalies.
MAY THE ACCUSED (MINISTER OF SAFETY AND SECURITY) PLEASE RISE BEFORE THE COURT: POLICE LIABILITY VERSUS PARTIAL IMMUNITY
Authors: Sithebe Kenneth K.
Published: July 2021

This article is written in light of the increasing number of civil actions brought against the South African Police Service (SAPS). Among the most recent cases is that of a Witbank woman and her daughter who instituted an action for damages because an escaped prisoner shot and killed the woman’s husband with a service pistol that the prisoner had stolen from the police. Another related claim is that of Mr Gerber who was shot during an armed robbery at his home in a security complex. Mr Gerber claimed R5.6 million from the Minister of Safety and Security for failing to protect South African citizens. In this article I analyse cases brought against the SAPS. I further illustrate that the state is liable for any delictual act committed by the SAPS, and that the state has a legal duty to protect its citizens and prevent them from harm or any form of violence. However, this does not justify the increasing number of civil actions instituted against the SAPS. My submission investigates whether there is any form of defence on which the state can rely – not to escape liability, but to uphold the functions, duties and reputation of the SAPS. I will argue that the monetary amounts claimed in these civil actions are not in the best interest of the public or that of the SAPS.
STREET LAW AND ITS ROLE IN ENSURING ACCESS TO JUSTICE AND FURTHERING OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN DEMOCRACY
Authors: Mahlangu Mlungisi
Published: July 2021

It has always been with a bit of introspection and guilt that I have considered this statement by the great statesman. However to what extent is this statement still relevant, given the backdrop against which Kenyatta made these infamous words? Surely, Kenyatta spoke of some sort of intense political battle, waging between coloniser and the rebellious or guerilla political movements of the colonised. Surely this analogy that Kenyatta spoke of decades ago ceases to exist in modern times, as the concretisation of rights has occurred, and no such battle can even exist in modern society. The above conceptions, although ideologically ideal are practically flawed. A new form of battle is waging war. A new form of battle is waging war. As a consequence of the worldwide acceptance of the political philosophies of democracy and democratic governance, ancillary philosophies like the economic philosophy of capitalism have become intrinsic in society. What we have experienced is rather a shift from this fight for democracy between the colonisers and indigenous African people, to a fight for supremacy between those who advocate individual and those who articulate communal interests.
FACING BACK TO MOVE FORWARD: EVALUATING THE CONTRIBUTION OF THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL TRIBUNAL OF RWANDA ON THE EVOLUTION OF INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL LAW
Authors: Ngabirano Dan
Published: July 2021

The 1994 Rwanda genocide is one of the worst human catastrophes to have befallen mankind since World War II. The genocide left over 800 000 people dead, 1.7 million displaced, 400 000 widowed, and 130 000 arrested on suspicion of committing acts of genocide. The consequences of this genocide are still felt today. Despite the fact that the causes of this genocide were apparent, no commendable steps were taken by the international community, in particular the United Nations, to avert it. Having established that ‘genocide and other systematic, widespread and flagrant violations of international humanitarian law committed in Rwanda constituted a threat to international peace and security’ the UN adopted Resolution 955 which established the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR). The ICTR was largely inspired by the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY), a similar institution established for bringing those responsible for similar atrocities committed in the former Yugoslavia to justice. The ICTR has been largely criticised for taking too long when trying to dispose of the cases before it. At an international level, it is said that many funds are being spent on the ICTR without showing any results. These criticisms do not take the logistical, political and social challenges faced by the ICTR into account. At the time of its establishment, the ICTR faced mainly infrastructural challenges, thus it took almost three years for the ICTR to decide its first case. Most of its time was spent on putting an ICTR facility with three chambers in place. The wide-ranging criticisms tend to overshadow the achievements of the ICTR, which are highlighted in this paper.
‘N REGSFILOSOFIESE SOEKE NA POLITIEKE GEOORLOOFDHEID: DIE SPANNING TUSSEN PROSEDURE EN SUBSTANSIE
Jan-Harm de Villiers
Authors: de Villiers Jan-Harm
Published: July 2021

This article examines the conflict between procedure and substance. Substance should be favoured above procedure because where substance is at the heart of a legitimacy mechanism, collective decision-making can take place that makes a positive contribution and constructs an ethical society. Lawfulness and morality should be connected to give practical effect to such a model. Apartheid laws were collective decisions that were procedurally lawful, but were morally unsatisfactory. When a citizen faces a law that is immoral, and in terms of Aquinas irrational, it is not a law at all, and it should be resisted.
DIFFERENT WORLDS, DIFFERENT LANGUAGES: BRIDGING THE LAW-ECONOMICS DIVIDE IN COMPETITION LAW
Authors: Osiemo Lynette
Published: July 2021

‘The challenge for South African lawyers is to understand the relation between law and economics, to grasp the economic consequences of decisions taken in terms of the Act’. This, Davis J says, ‘become[s] important if South African competition law is to develop into a coherent body’. The interaction between law and economics is fundamental to the nature of competition law and a deep understanding of the two disciplines is a prerequisite for decisions that would meet the objectives of competition law. Competition law concerns the regulation of markets; competition policy seeks to ‘remove or reduce the distorting effects of excessive economic concentration and corporate conglomeration, collusive practices, and the abuse of economic power by firms in a dominant position’. This in itself calls for an economic analysis of market situations to assess the fairness of trade, and the evaluation of economic concepts such as dominance, market power, and market share, that define the relationship between players in the market.
WHY WRITE?
Authors: van Marle Karin
Published: July 2021

How to respond to the question why write? And the question, I hasten to add, why read? And maybe the most pertinent one, why think? For me these questions are members of the same family, and like most if not all families live together in precarious and sometimes troubling ways. Writing, without reading and thinking, could end up in one of those over-simplified presentations of family life, falsely portraying the home as a one-dimensional, unreflective, necessarily safe and uncritical entity. However, as a diligent student I will keep to my task at hand and attempt a contemplation of the first question.
THE GREAT MOVE TOWARDS OPENNESS IN ADOPTION
Authors: Da Rocha N
Published: July 2021

Many noteworthy changes have occurred in South African adoption law in the recent past: With the enactment of the Children’s Act, various new concepts have been provided for. A post-adoption agreement is one such concept. This provision allows the Children’s Court to grant an order confirming an agreement whereby the biological parent/s or guardian/s of a child would have the benefit of either communication or contact with the adopted child, or the right to be provided with certain information concerning such child. An application for judicial approval of a post-adoption agreement is brought before the court simultaneously alongside the adoption order. This is a major step towards the concept widely known in the international community as ‘openness’ in the adoption process, and away from the secrecy which dominated adoptions in the past. Currently in South Africa, adoption may be described as an ‘... order [which] has the effect of creating a legal relationship between the adoptive parent and the adopted child in the interests of the child.’ This involves the severing of legal ties between the birth parents and their child, relinquishing all parental rights and responsibilities and handing them over to the adoptive parents. Therefore in the eyes of the law, the adopted child is, for all purposes, the child of the adoptive parent/s. Due to the fact that this is the first time the South African legislature has sought to provide for and regulate post-adoption contact, this article serves as an exploration into the new possibilities and struggles South Africa may face in this regard.
ON BECOMING A PASSIONATE LAWYER
Authors: Carstens Pieter
Published: July 2021

As a lecturer, however, I have come to the realisation that the hallowed halls of academia have, of late, become hollow with the apparent lack of interest in the law by many law students. Many of them have become disengaged, disinterested, and dare I say, disenchanted with the study of law. Very few ‘live and study law deliberately’ and certainly only the exceptional students ‘suck out the marrow of the law’! Why is this so? Why has the study of law apparently become institutionalised, monotonous and, ultimately, mediocre? What has happened to the ‘starry-eyed’-first year student who enrolled for law ‘in the pursuit of justice and the truth’, who, fuelled by an undaunted idealism, wanted to study law ‘for the greater good of society’? This idealism seemingly evaporates over the years of the study of law, and many senior law students are reduced to credit-collecting, minimalist survivors who resist attendance of lectures, the research of case law and materials, lamenting about time tables, and only thriving on the memorising of previous test and examination-papers. Why, on a dramatic note, have they become so disillusioned? The answer in my opinion is simple: it is a matter of passion (or rather the lack thereof)!
OSAMA BIN LADEN: A WAR WAGED WITHIN THE GAPS IN INTERNATIONAL LAW
Authors: Cronjé Reuben , McGibbon Sarah
Published: July 2021

The recent demise of arch-terrorist Osama bin Laden at the hands of United States (US) Navy Seals has given rise to furious debate as to the legality thereof. The broadest question to ask is whether bin Laden’s killing can be justified in terms of international law. Indeed, it is not even clear which legal paradigm should be utilised to answer this conundrum. In this article it will be shown that the American term, ‘war on terror’, does not fit neatly into the definition of either an international or non-international armed conflict and is therefore not comfortably governed by the rules of either. The concept of selfdefence, desperately needing clarification, will then be proposed as something which operates outside these two paradigms. The aforementioned discussions will lead to an analysis of whether the correct over-arching legal system to apply is international humanitarian law (the law of war) or international human rights law; or whether these two can legitimately operate concurrently. Finally, some brief thoughts will be added regarding the legality of the actual killing of bin Laden.
STOP THE BEACH RENOURISHMENT, INC. v FLORIDA DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION: AN AVULSION OF LITTORAL RIGHTS
Authors: Partlow Jeffrey
Published: July 2021

This note analyses the United States Supreme Court’s decision in Stop the Beach Renourishment, Inc. v Florida Department of Environmental Protection. This note focuses on whether the Beach and Shore Preservation Act constitutes an unconstitutional taking of littoral owners’ right to accretions through authorisation of beach restoration projects. Part II of this note provides background information on littoral rights, the Beach and Shore Preservation Act, and the Court’s decision in Stop the Beach Renourishment, Inc. v Florida Department of Environmental Protection. Part III analyses the Court’s decision and concludes with a finding that the Beach and Shore Preservation Act constitutes an unconstitutional taking of littoral owners’ vested right to accretions. After a careful analysis of the three main cases relied on in the Court’s decision, the real background principles of Florida property law come to light; the state does not have a right to fill sovereign submerged lands adjacent to littoral property it does not own, and littoral property owners have a vested right to accretions. This vested right to accretions is found not only in common law but in the Florida Constitution and in Florida Statutes. By setting a fixed erosion control line as the boundary between private and sovereign lands, the Act unconstitutionally eliminates the littoral owners’ vested right to accretions without the occurrence of a justifying avulsive event. The purpose of this article is to stress that the Florida Supreme Court and the United States Supreme Court severely misinterpreted Florida property law. I am compelled, based on my conclusions regarding the underlying property law, to state that the Supreme Court should have resolved the judicial takings issue. My interest, however, is in water law and showing that two important courts made a fundamental mistake in categorising the underlying property law. Judicial takings are an issue in this case, but many other scholars have discussed it and I reserve the issue for another day.
TRANSBOUNDARY ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION: UNDERSTANDING THE INTRICACIES OF INTERNATIONAL LAW
Authors: Bansal Kshitij
Published: July 2021

Faced with the enormity and urgency of international environmental problems the world has experienced a political awakening. Although environmental issues are not new for international relations, world leaders have increasingly brought environmental issues from the sidelines to the centre of their negotiation agendas. International conferences and treaties regarding global warming and ozone depletion are but few signs that the world has entered a new age of environmental diplomacy in which environmental issues will share centre-stage with more traditional economic and military concerns. In response to this concern governments, legislatures, and the courts have produced a labyrinth of draft bills, amendments to existing legislation, regulations, drafts of international treaties, and judicial decisions, all creating legal controls of pollution. In order to ascertain scientific information and technological data royal commissions, presidential enquiries, governmental departments, and international agencies have undertaken extensive research programs. Paralleling these developments, international environmental law has started to become a new and an emerging academic discipline. A growing number of commentators, diplomats, and practitioners are concentrating on transboundary and global environmental issues. There has also been a significant increase in the number of law schools all over the world that have started focussing towards this subject. The regime of international environmental law is mainly composed of treaties, customs; general principles of international law and opinio juris. In an attempt to use customary international law to protect the environment, commentators have spent the last two decades in elaborating the rules of state responsibility and liability specifically to address the issues related to transboundary pollution. States have begun to build on this liability regime towards the development of international agreements designed to prevent harmful environmental activity.