bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Solidarity in Three Acts: Narrating US black freedom movements in China, 1961–66
Authors: DUAN RUODI
Published: May 2019

The political campaigns and events that comprised the US civil rights movement, as well as the urban race riots that coloured the 1960s, garnered widespread public attention and press coverage within the People's Republic of China (PRC). In the years between the Sino-Soviet Split in 1961 and the beginning of the Cultural Revolution in 1966, China strove to substantiate its commitment to US black liberation in three key respects: consistent news reporting, sentimental receptions of visiting black activists, and local gatherings that publicized up-to-date information on US anti-racist struggles and featured ordinary citizens sharing notes of empathy. This multidimensional Chinese engagement of US black freedom struggles helped to cement both intra-national and international solidarities. The party state, its mouthpieces, and everyday students and workers echoed Mao Zedong's dictum that racial discrimination was a matter of class struggle. Embedded within their observations was a critical analysis of African American history and social movements in relationship to US capitalism. Their narrations of black resistance and Afro-Asian solidarity, while intimately bound up with nation-state interests, shed light on the intricate nexus of race, revolution, and international class struggle that defined the global Cold War.
Canada Thistle (Cirsium arvense) Response to Simulated Insect Defoliation and Plant Competition
Authors: Ang Ban N. , Kok Loke T. , Holtzman Golde I. , Wolf Dale D.
Published: May 2019

The combined influence of plant competition and defoliation on development of Canada thistle was investigated in a 2-yr field study. Plant competition was induced by seeding tall fescue and crown vetch. Artificial defoliation was used to simulate various levels of leaf removal by insects. Both defoliation and induced competition reduced biomass of Canada thistle but their impact varied with environmental conditions. Defoliation had a greater detrimental influence than induced competition on thistle biomass in a dry year when growth of the plant competitors was suppressed. In a wet year, induced competition was more important in suppressing Canada thistle than defoliation, and moderate levels of defoliation (25%), applied once when the thistles were 12 to 15 cm in diam, stimulated root weight within the top 20 cm of soil. Reduction in thistle biomass increased with level of defoliation and was greatest when defoliation was applied repeatedly at 14-d intervals in the presence of induced competition. Crown vetch showed very little growth in one season and tall fescue was the primary source of competition for the thistles. The results confirm the hypothesis that combined stresses can substantially reduce biomass development of Canada thistle plants.
Effect of Thifensulfuron Concentration and Droplet Size on Phytotoxicity, Absorption, and Translocation in Pea (Pisum sativum)
Authors: Al-Khatib Kassim , Gealy David R. , Boerboom Chris M.
Published: May 2019

Greenhouse experiments were conducted to evaluate phytotoxicity, absorption, and translocation of thifensulfuron when applied to pea at different rates, droplet sizes, and as dry particles. Thifensulfuron rates that reduced shoot dry weight by 25% were 0.46, 0.59, 0.98, and 1.21 g ai ha-1for droplet diameters of 110, 155, 300, and 450 μm, respectively. The14C-thifensulfuron absorption as percent of applied increased twofold, whereas translocation decreased 36% as herbicide concentration increased from 18 to 146 mg L-1in 980-μm droplets. Small droplets (50 μm) that dried to particles before contact with leaves did not damage pea plants. However, under dew conditions, dry particles damaged peas to a similar degree as liquid droplets. We concluded that small and concentrated droplets of thifensulfuron can damage peas more than large and diluted droplets as a result of increased herbicide absorption.
Effects of Clomazone on IPP Isomerase and Prenyl Transferase Activities in Cell Suspension Cultures and Cotyledons of Solanaceous Species
Authors: Scott Jon E. , Weston Leslie A. , Chappell Joseph , Hanley Kathleen
Published: May 2019

Laboratory assays were conducted to determine the sensitivity of tomato and tobacco cell suspension cultures and tomato and pepper cotyledons to clomazone. A comparison of fresh weight and carotenoid content indicated up to a three-fold difference between the clomazone-tolerant tobacco and clomazone-susceptible tomato cell suspension cultures. In contrast, an approximate 60-fold difference between the tolerant pepper and susceptible tomato cotyledons was observed when total chlorophyll and carotenoid contents were measured. The effect of clomazone and its possible metabolites on in vivo and in vitro extractable IPP isomerase (EC 5.3.3.2) and prenyltransferase (EC 2.5.1.29) activity was investigated. There was no clear inhibitory effect of clomazone or possible clomazone metabolites upon enzyme activity in tomato or tobacco cell suspension cultures or on light or dark grown tomato or pepper cotyledons. No specific enzymatic target site of clomazone was identified in correlation with the reduction in total chlorophyll or carotenoid content.
A Model for Predicting Large Crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis) Emergence as Influenced by Temperature and Water Potential
Authors: King Charles A. , Oliver Lawrence R.
Published: May 2019

Experiments were conducted to evaluate the influence of temperature and water potential on water uptake, germination, and emergence of large crabgrass in order to predict emergence in the field. Water uptake of seed soaked in polyethylene glycol solutions of 0 to −1400 kPa underwent an initial imbibition phase followed by a lag phase and subsequent increase in water content when radicles emerged from the seed. Maximum germination at 15 C was 12% at 0 kPa and 60% at 25 C at 0 to −200 kPa osmotic potential. In the growth chamber, large crabgrass emergence from soil began 2 to 3 d after planting at 30 or 35 C and within 9 to 10 d at 15 C. Maximum emergence of 77 % occurred at 25 C and at a soil water potential of −30 kPa. Emergence percentage decreased as water potential decreased or as temperature increased or decreased. A logistic equation described emergence of large crabgrass at each combination of temperature and soil water potential at which emergence occurred, and a predictive model was developed and validated by field data. In the field, there was little or no emergence at soil temperatures below 15 C or water potentials below −50 to −60 kPa. The model predicted the time of onset of large crabgrass emergence and the time to reach maximum emergence to within 2 to 4 d of that recorded in field experiments. The model also predicted the correct number of flushes of emergence occurring in the field in three of four experiments.
Inheritance of Bentazon Susceptibility in a Corn (Zea mays) Line
Authors: Bradshaw Laura D. , Barrett Michael , Poneleit Charles G.
Published: May 2019

Greenhouse experiments were conducted to determine if the inheritance of bentazon susceptibility in the corn inbred ‘GA209’ is a recessive single gene trait Bentazon was applied at 4.4 kg ai ha-1plus 1% by vol crop oil concentrate in all experiments. This treatment caused 96 and 30% visual injury and 86 and 50% dry weight loss for corn inbreds GA209 and ‘Ky226,’ respectively. Corn inbreds ‘B73,’ ‘T61,’ Mo17,’ ‘Pa91,’ and ‘CI66’ showed less than 18% injury and 10% dry weight loss and were considered tolerant of bentazon. Single crosses and reciprocal single crosses of GA209 with the other inbreds were considered bentazon tolerant with approximately 10% stunting and tissue necrosis and 20% dry weight reduction resulting from bentazon. Bentazon susceptibility was not maternally inherited. Apparent single recessive gene control of bentazon susceptibility of GA209 was observed for F2 and backcross segregations. However, subsequent analyses of F3 and selfed-backcross populations indicated that two genes, probably located on the same chromosome, controlled the bentazon susceptibility. Duplicate dominant epistasis provided the best fit for injury and dry weight reduction segregations in populations derived from the cross of inbreds GA209 and B73.
Influence of Organosilicone Surfactants and Spray Nozzle Types on the Fate and Efficacy of Clopyralid on Honey Mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa)
Authors: Bovey Rodney W. , Franz Eric , Whisenant Steven G.
Published: May 2019

Greenhouse and laboratory experiments were conducted to evaluate the influence of two organosilicone surfactants and spray nozzle types on the spray deposition, absorption, translocation, and efficacy of the monoethanolamine salt of clopyralid on honey mesquite. Sylgard 309 or Silwet L-77 added to the spray solution at 0.1, 025 and 0.5% by vol did not increase spray deposition, absorption, translocation, or phytotoxicity of clopyralid applied at 140 g ae ha-1on honey mesquite compared to no surfactant An air-assist spray nozzle at 9.4 L ha-1by vol resulted in greater initial clopyralid deposit on honey mesquite than hydraulic nozzles at 9.4 or 187 L ha-1by vol, but air-assist application did not increase phytotoxicity compared to hydraulic nozzles.
Glyphosate Absorption and Translocation in Rust-Infected Quackgrass (Elytrigia repens)
Authors: Wallace Russell W. , Bellinder Robin R.
Published: May 2019

Puccinia coronatainfection increased absorption of14C-glyphosate in quackgrass 3 days after inoculation (DAI) when compared to 0,6,9, or 12 DAI. Days after inoculation had no effect on glyphosate translocation out of treated leaves until 9 to 12 DAI when 89% of the absorbed14C-glyphosate was retained within the infected leaf. In contrast, only 43% was retained in leaves treated at 0 DAI. In other studies,14C-glyphosate absorption increased linearly from 21 to 35% 12 to 96h after treatment (HAT). Differences between control and rust-infected plants were not significant. Sixty-three percent of absorbed14C-glyphosate translocated out of control leaves by 96 HAT, while only 10% translocated out of rust-infected leaves. Additionally, 28 and 4% of the14C absorbed was recovered from the rhizomes of control and rust-infected plants, respectively.
Picloram Uptake, Translocation, and Efficacy in Relation to Water Status of Russian Knapweed (Acroptilon repens)
Authors: Morrison Robert G. , Lownds Norman K. , Sterling Tracy M.
Published: May 2019

Picloram uptake, translocation, and efficacy were studied using greenhouse-grown Russian knapweed plants. Uptake of14C-picloram, applied as discrete droplets to adaxial leaf surfaces of well-watered plants, averaged less than 10% of that applied. Most uptake occurred within 30 min of application. Uptake increased linearly with external picloram concentrations from 6.2 to 74.5 mM and was proportional to picloram concentration. Only about 10% of absorbed picloram was translocated out of the treated leaf of well-watered plants within 96 h, with approximately equal acropetal and basipetal translocation. Water stress before, at the time of, and after picloram application did not affect picloram uptake, but reduced total translocation and increased the relative amount translocated basipetally. Water stress also reduced picloram efficacy. Although Silwett L-77 increased picloram uptake into Russian knapweed leaves, it did not increase efficacy under water stress conditions.
Effect of Sodium Bisulfate on the Phytotoxicity, Retention, Foliar Uptake, and Translocation of Imazamethabenz on Wild Oats (Avena fatua L.)
Authors: Liu Shu Hua , Hsiao Andrew I. , Quick William A. , Wolf Thomas M. , Hume Judith A.
Published: May 2019

Studies determined the effect of sodium bisulfate (NaHSO4) on the phytotoxicity, retention, uptake, and translocation of the suspension concentrate formulation of imazamethabenz in wild oats. NaHSO4 completely solubilized this herbicide formulation when added in an equimolar concentration and did not affect herbicidal activity at NaHSO4 concentrations below 28 mM when used in a carrier volume of 100 L ha−1. NaHSO4 improved phytotoxicity at a carrier volume of 33 L ha−1. NaHSO4 at 28 mM increased the efficacy of imazamethabenz applied as individual drops on growth chamber-grown wild oats. The herbicide retention was not changed but foliar absorption and acropetal translocation were increased, while basipetal translocation was decreased. The increase in phytotoxicity of imazamethabenz with NaHSO4 was related to absorption of imazamethabenz by the target plants.
Plant Movement and Seed Dispersal of Russian Thistle (Salsola iberica)
Authors: Stallings George P. , Thill Donald C. , Mallory-Smith Carol A. , Lass Lawrence W.
Published: May 2019

Russian thistle plant movement and seed dispersal were studied in 1991 and 1992 by placing Russian thistle plants in the center of wheat fields in eastern Washington. Three adjacent site treatments, with 24 plants on each site, were used each year; wheat stubble, summerfallow planted to winter wheat, and a “stationary” site. Plants in the “stationary” site were anchored to the ground to prevent tumbling. Plants in the stubble and summerfallow sites were allowed to tumble naturally. Individual plant movement was monitored and recorded weekly by satellite global positioning systems technology. Average estimated seed number per plant at the beginning of the experiment was 57,400 in 1991 and 66,000 in 1992. The direction plants moved correlated highly with wind direction. Some plants moved a maximum distance of 4069 m in 6 wks, while other plants moved only 60 m because of variable winds and being compressed by snow or frozen into wheat stubble. Average percentage seed loss in 1991 and 1992 for stationary plants was 15 and 26%, and for tumbling plants was 48 and 66%, respectively.
Wild Poinsettia (Euphorbia heterophylla) Germination and Emergence
Authors: Brecke Barry J.
Published: May 2019

Wild poinsettia germination was at least 95% when exposed to solution pH of 2.5 to 10 or solution osmotic potential of up to −0.8 MPa. No germination was observed at pH 12 or osmotic potential of −1.5 MPa. Light was not required for germination. Seed germinated at temperatures ranging from 20 to 40 C with maximum germination of 97% at 35 C. Wild poinsettia had the highest emergence (80%) from seed placed 2 to 4 cm below the soil surface, while 20% of the seed planted at 14 cm emerged. Wild poinsettia germinated over a wide range of conditions, which explains why it is becoming an increasingly serious problem.
An Overview of Nosocomial Infection Control in Brazil
Authors: Pannuti Claudio S. , Grinbaum Renato S.
Published: May 2019

Brazil is the largest country in Latin America, with a population of 146 million people. The socioeconomic development and the distribution of population and health services varies widely within the country. There are approximately 1.2 million hospital admissions per month, 80% of them paid by a government healthcare program that follows the diagnosis-related groups (DRGs) model. The Ministry of Health has been trying to establish a nationwide nosocomial infection control program since 1983. Most Brazilian hospitals now have some kind of infection control activity, but only a few of them have complete programs. Infrastructural deficiencies, the scarcity of well-trained healthcare workers, and the widespread occurrence of multiresistant Staphylococcus aureus and gram-negative bacteria are some of the challenges faced by Brazilian hospitals in the control of nosocomial infection.
Population axiology and the possibility of a fourth category of absolute value
Authors: Gustafsson Johan E.
Published: May 2019

Critical-Range Utilitarianism is a variant of Total Utilitarianism which can avoid both the Repugnant Conclusion and the Sadistic Conclusion in population ethics. Yet Standard Critical-Range Utilitarianism entails the Weak Sadistic Conclusion, that is, it entails that each population consisting of lives at a bad well-being level is not worse than some population consisting of lives at a good well-being level. In this paper, I defend a version of Critical-Range Utilitarianism which does not entail the Weak Sadistic Conclusion. This is made possible by what I call ‘undistinguishedness’, a fourth category of absolute value in addition to goodness, badness, and neutrality.
The emigration of British lacemakers to continental Europe (1816–1860s)
Authors: Bensimon Fabrice
Published: May 2019

Between 1815 and 1870, thousands of British artisans emigrated to the continent. Among them, hundreds of lacemakers from the East Midlands went to work in northern France, especially Calais. Thanks to the ‘bobbin-net’ technology, they had a competitive lead. By emigrating, they could sell in French markets without paying duties or smuggling costs. They maintained close connections with the East Midlands, where they bought machinery and cotton thread, hired their workforce, and obtained first-hand information on patterns and techniques. These migrant artisans played a decisive part in boosting continental industrialisation and in creating a unified zone of production in north-western Europe.
Study of CoxPt1−x nanoalloy formation mechanism via single-source precursors
Authors: Filatov E. Yu. , Zadesenets A. V. , Komogortsev S. V. , Plyusnin P. E. , Chepurov A. A. , Korenev S. V.
Published: May 2019

This paper is devoted to the study of formation mechanism of metal solid solutions during the thermolysis of single-source precursors in Co–Pt systems with a wide range of superstructural ordering. It is shown that the thermal decomposition of [Pt(NH3)4][Co(C2O4)2(H2O)2]·2H2O salt in helium is critically different from that under hydrogen atmospheres. Thermal degradation under the helium atmosphere is followed by a gradual reduction of platinum and cobalt, and at each thermolysis temperature only one phase is present. At 380 °C an equiatomic Co0.50Pt0.50 solid solution is formed (a = 3.749 (4) Å, Fm−3m space group, V/Z = 13.17 Å3, crystallite size: 5–7 nm). When the precursor is decomposed under a hydrogen atmosphere, the process proceeds mainly through the simultaneous reduction of the platinum and cobalt atoms, and at each temperature section two metal phases are present. The formation of the close to equiatomic Co0.50Pt0.50 solid solution (a = 3.782 (4) Å, Fm−3m space group, V/Z = 13.52 Å3, crystallite size: 7–9 nm) occurs at 450 °C. The calculations of crystallite sizes are confirmed by transmission electron microscopy data.
THE CRAB AS COSMIC YUX: A SYMBOL OF POWER AND CREATION IN COTZUMALHUAPA
Authors: Moreira Fernando A.
Published: May 2019

Crab iconography in Mesoamerica is a novelty, often ignored academically while its meaning remains a mystery. In Cotzumalhuapa, the crab appears as either a base or a headdress in monumental art, but why? Why is the crab singled out in the creation portion of thePopol Vuh, establishing an unexplained precedent? The following work attempts to answer these questions. The decapod itself was not arbitrarily chosen for its role aspaxil, or as a feminine symbol of creation, with links to the moon and rain. Rather, its biology and behavior mirrored the existing Mesoamerican worldview. Unfortunately, the linguistic and cultural affinities of Cotzumalhuapa are unknown. Thus, I analyze other objects from other regions/cultures and compares zoological, linguistical, and ethnohistorical data to conclude that the crab was conceptually feminine, a cognate to the moon goddess and the surface of the earth, representing creation. Furthermore, rulers of Cotzumalhuapa wore regalia that include crab imagery, which provided them the power of creation and propagated belief in the legitimacy of their rule.
Different Words, Same Song: Advice for Substantively Interpreting Duration Models
Authors: Jones Benjamin T. , Metzger Shawna K.
Published: May 2019

The use of duration models in political science continues to grow, more than a decade after Box-Steffensmeier and Jones (2004). However, several common misconceptions about the models still persist. To improve scholars’ use and interpretation of duration models, we point out that they are a type of regression model and therefore follow the same rules as other more commonly used regression models. In this article, we present four maxims as guidelines. We survey the various duration model interpretation strategies and group them into four categories, which is an important organizational exercise that does not appear elsewhere. We then discuss the strengths and weaknesses of these strategies, noting that all are correct from a technical perspective. However, some strategies make more sense than others for nontechnical reasons, which ultimately informs best practices.
The Effects of Radiation and Sex Differences on Adaptive Functioning in Adult Survivors of Pediatric Posterior Fossa Brain Tumors
Authors: Panwala Tanya F. , Fox Michelle E. , Tucker Tiffany D. , King Tricia Z.
Published: May 2019

Objective: Radiation therapy (RT) improves rates of survival of patients with childhood brain tumors but increases deficits in cognition and independent living skills. Previous literature has studied difficulties in basic cognitive processes, but few explore impairment in higher-order skills such as adaptive functioning. Some studies identify females as at risk for cognitive deficits due to RT, but few investigate sex differences in adaptive functioning. It was hypothesized that females would exhibit poorer long-term independent living skills and core cognitive skills relative to males following RT. Methods: Forty-five adult survivors of posterior fossa childhood brain tumors (24 females) completed the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence (WASI-II), Wechsler Memory Scale, Third Edition (WMS-III) Digit Span Forward (DSF) and Backward (DSB), and Oral Symbol Digit Modalities Test (OSDMT). Informants completed the Scales of Independent Behavior-Revised (SIB-R). Results: DSF and OSDMT were positively correlated with all five SIB-R domains, full-scale IQ (FSIQ) was positively correlated with four SIB-R domains, and DSB was positively correlated with three SIB-R domains. There was an interaction between sex and RT for OSDMT and community living skills with trend level interactions for personal living skills and broad independent living skills, where females without RT had higher scores than females with RT. Conclusions: Female survivors were more affected by RT than males across the community living skills domain of adaptive functioning as well as processing speed. Processing speed deficits may have a cascading impact on daily living skills. Future studies should investigate how clinical and biological factors may contribute to personalized treatment plans between sexes. (JINS, 2019, 25, 729–739)
Relationship between mid-upper arm circumference and BMI for identifying maternal wasting and severe wasting: a cross-sectional assessment
Authors: Kumar Praveen , Sinha Rajesh , Patil Narendra , Kumar Virendra
Published: May 2019

Objective:

To assess the strength of correlation and agreement between mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) and BMI, and determine suitable MUAC cut-offs, to detect wasting and severe wasting among non-pregnant adult women in India.

Design:

Cross-sectional studies were conducted in five high-burden pockets of four Indian states.

Setting:

Prevalence of malnutrition among women and children is very high in these pockets and the government plans to implement community-based pilot projects to address malnutrition in these areas.

Participants:

Anthropometric measurements were carried out on 1716 women with children <5 years of age. However, analyses were conducted on 1538 non-pregnant adult women.

Results:

The results showed a strong correlation between MUAC and BMI in the non-pregnant women, with correlation coefficient of 0·860 (95 % CI 0·831, 0·883;P< 0·001). Cohen’sκof 0·812 and 0·884 also showed good agreement between MUAC and BMI in identifying maternal wasting and severe wasting, respectively. The univariate regression model between MUAC and BMI explained 0·734 or 73 % of the variation in BMI. The MUAC cut-offs for wasting (BMI < 18·5 kg/m2) and severe wasting (BMI < 16·0 kg/m2) were calculated as 232 and 214·5 mm, respectively.

Conclusions:

MUAC is a strong predictor of maternal BMI among non-pregnant women with children <5 years in high-burden pockets of four Indian states. In a resource-constrained setting where BMI may not be feasible, the MUAC cut-offs could reliably be used to screen wasting and severe wasting in non-pregnant women for providing appropriate care.
CONSTANCY OF NEWTON POLYGONS OF -ISOCRYSTALS ON ABELIAN VARIETIES AND ISOTRIVIALITY OF FAMILIES OF CURVES
Authors: Tsuzuki Nobuo
Published: May 2019

We prove constancy of Newton polygons of all convergent$F$-isocrystals on Abelian varieties over finite fields. Applying the constancy, we prove the isotriviality of proper smooth families of curves over Abelian varieties. More generally, we prove the isotriviality over projective smooth varieties on which any convergent$F$-isocrystal has constant Newton polygons.
Resistance of different host plants and cultivars of cassava to the mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti: Effect of infestation on leaf extract composition
Authors: Tertuliano M. , Rü B. Le
Published: May 2019

The effect of a 2-month infestation by the cassava mealybug (Phenacoccus manihoti Mat. Ferr.) on the metabolism of nitrogen (amino acids) and carbon (carbohydrates), leaf area and total dry weight of five cassava varieties (Manihot esculenta Crantz), faux-caoutchouc (a hybrid of M. esculenta and M. glaziovii Muell, Arg.), poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima Wild) and talinum (Talinum triangulare Jack) was studied. Free amino acid and free sugar contents as well as relative free amino acid composition in the leaf extracts, although found to be very different from one plant to another, were not significantly modified by P. manihoti infestation, except for the total amino acid contents of the cassava variety 30M7. Variations in one particular amino acid induced by mealybug infestation were not linked to the antibiotic resistance of these plants. Infestation by the cassava mealybug did not modify the total dry weight but reduced the total leaf area although this reduction was only significant in cassava varieties 59M2, 30M7 and M'pembe, and in faux-caoutchouc. Within the genus Manihot, the reduction in leaf area was strongly correlated (r= -0.878, P≤0.05) to the degree of antibiotic resistance and was coupled to an increase in the ratio of sugars to amino acids, suggesting a similarity between the effects of water stress and those of mealybug infestation.
Impact of the groundnut leafminer, Aproaerema modicella (Deventer) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) on growth and yield of two groundnut cultivars
Authors: Shanower T.G. , Gutierrez A.P. , Wightman J.A.
Published: May 2019

The impact of larval defoliation by Aproaerema modicella (Deventer) on the growth, development and yield of two groundnut cultivars (Kadiri 3 and NC Ac 17090) was studied under a naturally occurring, high density infestation. Defoliation by leaf-mining larvae did not increase plant mortality in either cultivar. In both cultivars, leaf and stem production were significantly lower in untreated plots than in the treated plots. Unsprayed plants of both cultivars produced fewer flowers, pegs, and pods per plant compared to plants of the same cultivar protected with monocrotophos. Fruit growth rates, however, were marginally higher in control plots than in treated plots. Pod yields were 35 and 44% lower, and haulm yields 25 and 20% lower, in Kadiri 3 and NC Ac 17090, respectively in untreated control plots compared to plots treated with insecticide. A linear relationship between leafminer density and pod and haulm yields was observed, and differences between cultivars were not significant.
GENERIC LARGE CARDINALS AS AXIOMS
Authors: ESKEW MONROE
Published: May 2019

We argue against Foreman’s proposal to settle the continuum hypothesis and other classical independent questions via the adoption of generic large cardinal axioms.
Association between Salivary Alpha-Amylase and Executive Functioning in Healthy Children
Authors: Maldonado Enrique F. , Nislin Mari , Marín Laura , Martín-Escribano Ana , Enguix Alfredo , López Cristina , Magarín Alba , Álamo Ana , Ortíz Paula , Muñoz Marina , García Silvia
Published: May 2019

The main aim of this study was to confirm the relationship between executive performance and salivary alpha-amylase (SAA) activity in a sample of 64 healthy children (39 boys), and compare it to the association of SAA output and salivary flow rate (SFR). Executive functioning was assessed viafluency, trail-making, ringsandinhibitiontasks from the Batería de Evaluación Neuropsicológica de la Función Ejecutiva en Niños [Battery of Neuropsychological Assessment for Executive Function in Children] (ENFEN), merged into an ENFEN total score. SAA activity, output, and SFR were measured at baseline, one minute before, and one minute after the end of a neuropsychological testing session. Our results confirmed a direct, linear and significant association between SAA activity and executive functioning,r(64) = .351,p< .05, and extended it to SAA output,r(64) =.431,p< .05. The mean level of SAA output was the best predictor of executive functioning (β = .431,p< .05) and explained 18.2 % of the variance in ENFEN total score. In sum, and compared to SAA activity, measuring SAA output may be a more precise and indirect marker to assess executive functioning in children.
Common carpetgrass (Axonopus fissifolius) control with POST herbicides
Authors: Henry Gerald , Johnston Christopher , Hoyle Jared , Straw Chase , Tucker Kevin
Published: May 2019

Reductions in MSMA use for weed control in turfgrass systems may have led to increased common carpetgrass infestations. The objective of our research was to identify alternative POST herbicides for control of common carpetgrass using field and controlled-environment experiments. Field applications of MSMA (2.2 kg ai ha−1) and thiencarbazone + iodosulfuron + dicamba (TID) (0.171 kg ai ha−1) resulted in the greatest common carpetgrass control 8 wk after initial treatment (WAIT): 94% and 91%, respectively. Thiencarbazone + foramsulfuron + halosulfuron (TFH) (0.127 kg ai ha−1) applied in the field resulted in 77% control 8 WAIT, whereas all other treatments were ≤19% effective at 8 WAIT. All treatments resulted in greater common carpetgrass control when applied in the greenhouse. Applications of MSMA, TFH, and TID resulted in the highest common carpetgrass control in the greenhouse 8 WAIT: 94%, 94%, and 91%, respectively. Control with nicosulfuron (0.035 kg ai ha−1) and trifloxysulfuron (0.028 kg ai ha−1) (81% and 75%, respectively) was greater in the greenhouse than observed in the field 8 WAIT. Sequential applications of foramsulfuron (0.058 kg ai ha−1) resulted in only ≤11% common carpetgrass control 8 WAIT, regardless of application site. All herbicide treatments in the greenhouse resulted in reduced aboveground common carpetgrass biomass 8 WAIT compared to the nontreated control (12.9 g). Aboveground biomasses of common carpetgrass in response to MSMA, TID, TFH, nicosulfuron, and trifloxysulfuron were 1.6 to 2.1 g, regardless of treatment. Reduced efficacy of foramsulfuron was reflected in greater biomass (4.7 g) in response to treatments. Thiencarbazone + iodosulfuron + dicamba may be an alternative to MSMA for common carpetgrass control; however, long-term assessment may be warranted to evaluate treatment effectiveness. Further investigation into application timing may be necessary to enhance the efficacy of TFH for the control of common carpetgrass.
Multiple herbicide-resistant horseweed (Conyza canadensis) dose response to tolpyralate and tolpyralate plus atrazine and comparison to industry standard herbicides in corn
Authors: Metzger Brendan A. , Soltani Nader , Raeder Alan J. , Hooker David C. , Robinson Darren E. , Sikkema Peter H.
Published: May 2019

Horseweed biotypes resistant to glyphosate and ALS-inhibiting herbicides are becoming more prevalent in Canada and the United States and present a significant management challenge in field crops. Tolpyralate is a recently commercialized herbicide for use in corn that inhibits 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD), and there is little information regarding its efficacy on horseweed. Six field experiments were conducted in 2017 and 2018 at four locations in Ontario, Canada, to determine the biologically effective dose of tolpyralate and tolpyralate + atrazine and to compare label rates of tolpyralate and tolpyralate + atrazine to currently accepted herbicide standards for POST control of glyphosate and cloransulam-methyl resistant (MR) horseweed. At 8 wk after application (WAA), tolpyralate at 4.8 and 22.6 g ha–1provided 50% and 80% control, respectively. When applied with atrazine at a 1:33.3 tank-mix ratio, 22.3 + 741.7 g ha–1provided 95% control of MR horseweed. The addition of atrazine to tolpyralate at label rates improved control of MR horseweed to 98%, which was similar to the control provided by dicamba:atrazine and bromoxynil + atrazine. The results of this study indicate that tolpyralate + atrazine provides excellent control of MR horseweed POST in corn.
Ecohydrology: What’s in a Name?
Authors: Mackay D.
Published: May 2019

Scientists were studying ecohydrology for decades before it became an official ‘ology’. Find out how this field has evolved over the past century.
Controls on the Transport of Meltwater From the Southern Greenland Ice Sheet in the Labrador Sea
Authors: Castelao Renato M. , Luo Hao , Oliver Hilde , Rennermalm Asa K. , Tedesco Marco , Bracco Annalisa , Yager Patricia L. , Mote Thomas L. , Medeiros Patricia M.
Published: May 2019

Coastal waters in the Labrador Sea are influenced by the seasonal input of meltwater from the Greenland ice sheet, which is predicted to more than double by the end of the century. Mechanisms controlling the offshore export of meltwater can have a significant effect on stratification and vertical stability in the Labrador Sea, being particularly important if the meltwater is transported toward the interior of the basin where winter convection occurs. Here we use a high‐resolution ocean model to show that coastal upwelling winds play a critical role transporting the meltwater offshore to about 150 km from the coast, where increased eddy activity and mean circulation can then transport the meltwater farther offshore. While meltwater discharged from West Greenland is either transported to Baffin Bay or circumnavigates the basin flowing mostly along isobaths, meltwater from East Greenland can reach the interior of the basin where it may influence stratification and winter convection whenever winds are anomalously upwelling favorable in late summer and early fall.
Early Cenozoic Decoupling of Climate and Carbonate Compensation Depth Trends
Authors: Greene S. E. , Ridgwell A. , Kirtland Turner S. , Schmidt D. N. , Pälike H. , Thomas E. , Greene L. K. , Hoogakker B. A. A.
Published: May 2019

Our understanding of the long‐term evolution of the Earth system is based on the assumption that terrestrial weathering rates should respond to, and hence help regulate, atmospheric CO2 and climate. Increased terrestrial weathering requires increased carbonate accumulation in marine sediments, which in turn is expected to result in a long‐term deepening of the carbonate compensation depth (CCD). Here, we critically assess this long‐term relationship between climate and carbon cycling. We generate a record of marine deep‐sea carbonate abundance from selected late Paleocene through early Eocene time slices to reconstruct the position of the CCD. Although our data set allows for a modest CCD deepening, we find no statistically significant change in the CCD despite >3 °C global warming, highlighting the need for additional deep‐sea constraints on carbonate accumulation. Using an Earth system model, we show that the impact of warming and increased weathering on the CCD can be obscured by the opposing influences of ocean circulation patterns and sedimentary respiration of organic matter. From our data synthesis and modeling, we suggest that observations of warming, declining δ13C and a relatively stable CCD can be broadly reproduced by mid‐Paleogene increases in volcanic CO2 outgassing and weathering. However, remaining data‐model discrepancies hint at missing processes in our model, most likely involving the preservation and burial of organic carbon. Our finding of a decoupling between the CCD and global marine carbonate burial rates means that considerable care is needed in attempting to use the CCD to directly gauge global carbonate burial rates and hence weathering rates.
Correction to: HnRNPA2 is a novel histone acetyltransferase that mediates mitochondrial stress-induced nuclear gene expression
Authors: Guha Manti , Srinivasan Satish , Guja Kip , Mejia Edison , Garcia-Diaz Miguel , Johnson F Brad , Ruthel Gordon , Kaufman Brett A , Rappaport Eric F , Glineburg M Rebecca , Fang Ji-Kang , Klein-Szanto Andres J , Nakagawa Hiroshi , Basha Jeelan , Kundu Tapas , Avadhani Narayan G
Published: May 2019

The original version of this article unfortunately contained a mistake. The given and family name of Andres Klein Szanto is incorrect. The correct name is Andres J Klein-Szanto.
Computational strategies for design and discovery of nanostructured thermoelectrics
Authors: Hao Shiqiang , Dravid Vinayak P. , Kanatzidis Mercouri G. , Wolverton Christopher
Published: May 2019

The contribution of theoretical calculations and predictions in the development of advanced high-performance thermoelectrics has been increasingly significant and has successfully guided experiments to understand as well as achieve record-breaking results. In this review, recent developments in high-performance nanostructured bulk thermoelectric materials are discussed from the viewpoint of theoretical calculations. An effective emerging strategy for boosting thermoelectric performance involves minimizing electron scattering while maximizing heat-carrying phonon scattering on many length scales. We present several important strategies and key examples that highlight the contributions of first-principles-based calculations in revealing the intricate but tractable relationships for this synergistic optimization of thermoelectric performance. The integrated optimization approach results in a fourfold design strategy for improved materials: (1) a significant reduction of the lattice thermal conductivity through multiscale hierarchical architecturing, (2) a large enhancement of the Seebeck coefficient through intramatrix electronic band convergence engineering, (3) control of the carrier mobility through band alignment between the host and second phases, and (4) design of intrinsically low-thermal-conductivity materials by maximizing vibrational anharmonicity and acoustic-mode Gruneisen parameters. These combined effects serve to enhance the power factor while reducing the lattice thermal conductivity. This review provides an improved understanding of how theory is impacting the current state of this field and helps to guide the future search for high-performance thermoelectric materials.
Reduced FcRn-mediated transcytosis of IgG2 due to a missing Glycine in its lower hinge
Authors: Stapleton Nigel M. , Brinkhaus Maximilian , Armour Kathryn L. , Bentlage Arthur E. H. , de Taeye Steven W. , Temming A. Robin , Mok Juk Yee , Brasser Giso , Maas Marielle , van Esch Wim J. E. , Clark Mike R. , Williamson Lorna M. , van der Schoot C. Ellen , Vidarsson Gestur
Published: May 2019

Neonatal Fc-receptor (FcRn), the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-like Fc-receptor, transports immunoglobuline G (IgG) across cell layers, extending IgG half-life in circulation and providing newborns with humoral immunity. IgG1 and IgG2 have similar half-lives, yet IgG2 displays lower foetal than maternal concentration at term, despite all known FcRn binding residues being preserved between IgG1 and IgG2. We investigated FcRn mediated transcytosis of VH-matched IgG1 and IgG2 and mutated variants thereof lacking Fc-gamma receptor (FcγR) binding in human cells expressing FcRn. We observed that FcγR binding was not required for transport and that FcRn transported less IgG2 than IgG1. Transport of IgG1 with a shortened lower hinge (ΔGly236, absent in germline IgG2), was reduced to levels equivalent to IgG2. Conversely, transport of IgG2 + Gly236 was increased to IgG1 levels. Gly236 is not a contact residue between IgG and FcRn, suggesting that its absence leads to an altered conformation of IgG, possibly due to a less flexible Fab, positioned closer to the Fc portion. This may sterically hinder FcRn binding and transport. We conclude that the lack of Gly236 is sufficient to explain the reduced FcRn-mediated IgG2 transcytosis and accounts for the low maternal/fetal IgG2 ratio at term.
A universal transcriptomic signature of age reveals the temporal scaling of Caenorhabditis elegans aging trajectories
Authors: Tarkhov Andrei E. , Alla Ramani , Ayyadevara Srinivas , Pyatnitskiy Mikhail , Menshikov Leonid I. , Shmookler Reis Robert J. , Fedichev Peter O.
Published: May 2019

We collected 60 age-dependent transcriptomes for C. elegans strains including four exceptionally long-lived mutants (mean adult lifespan extended 2.2- to 9.4-fold) and three examples of lifespan-increasing RNAi treatments. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) reveals aging as a transcriptomic drift along a single direction, consistent across the vastly diverse biological conditions and coinciding with the first principal component, a hallmark of the criticality of the underlying gene regulatory network. We therefore expected that the organism’s aging state could be characterized by a single number closely related to vitality deficit or biological age. The “aging trajectory”, i.e. the dependence of the biological age on chronological age, is then a universal stochastic function modulated by the network stiffness; a macroscopic parameter reflecting the network topology and associated with the rate of aging. To corroborate this view, we used publicly available datasets to define a transcriptomic biomarker of age and observed that the rescaling of age by lifespan simultaneously brings together aging trajectories of transcription and survival curves. In accordance with the theoretical prediction, the limiting mortality value at the plateau agrees closely with the mortality rate doubling exponent estimated at the cross-over age near the average lifespan. Finally, we used the transcriptomic signature of age to identify possible life-extending drug compounds and successfully tested a handful of the top-ranking molecules in C. elegans survival assays and achieved up to a +30% extension of mean lifespan.
Experimental loss of generalist plants reveals alterations in plant-pollinator interactions and a constrained flexibility of foraging
Authors: Biella Paolo , Akter Asma , Ollerton Jeff , Tarrant Sam , Janeček Štěpán , Jersáková Jana , Klecka Jan
Published: May 2019

Species extinctions undermine ecosystem functioning, with the loss of a small subset of functionally important species having a disproportionate impact. However, little is known about the effects of species loss on plant-pollinator interactions. We addressed this issue in a field experiment by removing the plant species with the highest visitation frequency, then measuring the impact of plant removal on flower visitation, pollinator effectiveness and insect foraging in several sites. Our results show that total visitation decreased exponentially after removing 1–4 most visited plants, suggesting that these plants could benefit co-occurring ones by maintaining high flower visitor abundances. Although we found large variation among plant species, the redistribution of the pollinator guild affected mostly the other plants with high visitor richness. Also, the plant traits mediated the effect of removal on flower visitation; while visitation of plants which had smaller inflorescences and more sugar per flower increased after removal, flower visitors did not switch between flower shapes and visitation decreased mostly in plants visited by many morpho-species of flower visitors. Together, these results suggest that the potential adaptive foraging was constrained by flower traits. Moreover, pollinator effectiveness fluctuated but was not directly linked to changes of flower visitation. In conclusion, it seems that the loss of generalist plants alters plant-pollinator interactions by decreasing pollinator abundance with implications for pollination and insect foraging. Therefore, generalist plants have high conservation value because they sustain the complex pattern of plant-pollinator interactions.
mGluR1 in cerebellar Purkinje cells is essential for the formation but not expression of associative eyeblink memory
Authors: Nakao Harumi , Kishimoto Yasushi , Hashimoto Kouichi , Kitamura Kazuo , Yamasaki Miwako , Nakao Kazuki , Watanabe Masahiko , Kano Masanobu , Kirino Yutaka , Aiba Atsu
Published: May 2019

Classical eyeblink conditioning is a representative associative motor learning that requires both the cerebellar cortex and the deep cerebellar nucleus (DCN). Metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 1 (mGluR1) is richly expressed in Purkinje cells (PCs) of the cerebellar cortex. Global mGluR1 knock-out (KO) mice show a significantly lower percentage of conditioned response (CR%) than wild-type mice in eyeblink conditioning, and the impaired CR% is restored by the introduction of mGluR1 in PCs. However, the specific roles of mGluR1 in major memory processes, including formation, storage and expression have not yet been defined. We thus examined the role of mGluR1 in these processes of eyeblink conditioning, using mGluR1 conditional KO (cKO) mice harboring a selective and reversible expression of mGluR1 in PCs. We have found that eyeblink memory is not latently formed in the absence of mGluR1 in adult mouse PCs. However, once acquired, eyeblink memory is expressed even after the depletion of mGluR1 in PCs. We thus conclude that mGluR1 in PCs is indispensable for the formation of eyeblink memory, while it is not required for the expression of CR.
A biological function based biomarker panel optimization process
Authors: Lee Min Young , Kim Taek-Kyun , Walters Kathie-Anne , Wang Kai
Published: May 2019

Implementation of multi-gene biomarker panels identified from high throughput data, including microarray or next generation sequencing, need to be adapted to a platform suitable in a clinical setting such as quantitative polymerase chain reaction. However, technical challenges when transitioning from one measurement platform to another, such as inconsistent measurement results can affect panel development. We describe a process to overcome the challenges by replacing poor performing genes during platform transition and reducing the number of features without impacting classification performance. This approach assumes that a diagnostic panel reflects the effect of dysregulated biological processes associated with a disease, and genes involved in the same biological processes and coordinately affected by a disease share a similar discriminatory power. The utility of this optimization process was assessed using a published sepsis diagnostic panel. Substitution of more than half of the genes and/or reducing genes based on biological processes did not negatively affect the performance of the sepsis diagnostic panel. Our results suggest a systematic gene substitution and reduction process based on biological function can be used to alleviate the challenges associated with clinical development of biomarker panels.