bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Acquisition of Spoken and Signed English by Profoundly Deaf Children
Authors: Geers Ann , Moog Jean , Schick Brenda
Published: July 2014

A sample of 327 profoundly deaf children from oral/aural (OA) and total communication (TC) programs across the country was tested on the Grammatical Analysis of Elicited Language—Simple Sentence Level (GAEL-S), which measures production of selected English language structures. Results were analyzed separately for four different response modes: the oral productions of OA children, the oral productions of TC children, the manual productions of TC children, and the combined productions of TC children.

Percentage correct scores for the oral productions of TC children were substantially below scores for their manual productions and below the scores of OA children in all grammatical categories sampled on the GAEL-S. The percentage correct scores of OA children were significantly higher than the manual and combined production scores of TC children in more than 50% of the grammatical categories. The manual scores of TC children significantly exceeded the scores of OA children in less than 20% of the categories.

The gap between oral and manual production of the children in total communication programs indicates that spoken English did not develop simultaneously with manually coded English and that these children educated in programs using manually coded English did not develop competence with early developing English syntax at a rate faster than those not using signs.
Unusual and Subtle Phonological Behavior in the Speech of Phonologically Disordered Children
Authors: Leonard Laurence B.
Published: July 2014

Evidence is reviewed regarding three types of unusual and/or subtle phonological behaviors in the speech of phonologically disordered children. The models of child phonology that are compatible with these behaviors are then discussed. Considered are the nature of the child's stored forms for words, the types of rules operating on these forms as well as those responsible for the surface form of the words, and the nature of the phonological categories reflected in the child's usage. The paper concludes with the implications these considerations have for assessment and treatment.
Communication Apprehension in Esophageal and Tracheoesophageal Speakers
Authors: Byles Patricia L. , Forner Linda L. , Stemple Joseph C.
Published: July 2014

A comparison of communication apprehension levels between a group of esophageal speakers and a group of tracheoesophageal (TEP) speakers was undertaken. Ten esophageal speakers and 10 tracheoesophageal speakers were given the Personal Report of Communication Apprehension (McCroskey, 1978) and also were rated on their degree of intelligibility. Results indicated no Significant difference between the mean communication apprehension scores of the esophageal and TEP speakers. The majority of speakers in both groups were in the moderate to low range of communication apprehension. Results are compared with existing literature and related to clinical management considerations.
Relationship between Early Pronunciation Processes and Later Pronunciation Skill
Authors: Klein Harriet B.
Published: July 2014

Two boys who exhibited different early phonological processes for the maintenance of syllables in polysyllabic words were studied at two subsequent times during the phonology development period. At Time 1 (mean age 1:10) one child used assimilation and reduplication, while the other used glottal and glide replacement. At Time 2 (mean age 3:8) and Time 3 (mean age 6:0) the children maintained differences in types and frequencies of process use. The child using glottal and glide replacement lagged somewhat behind the other regarding the rate of process dissolution, especially for those processes affecting affricates and clusters. The longitudinal data suggest that early processes applied to polysyllabic words may be predictive of later pronunciation skill for the production of continuous speech.
Early Language Abilities of High-Risk Infants
Authors: Hubatch Leona M. , Johnson Cynthia J. , Kistler Doris J. , Burns William J. , Moneka Wynnette
Published: July 2014

Ten children with a history of prematurity and respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) were matched with 10 full-term controls on the single-word stage of language. Eleven dependent variables probed for qualitative differences between the groups. Measures of receptive language were based on two assessment procedures specifically designed for this study. Expressive language measures were taken from a parent-elicited language sample. Control subjects demonstrated superior performance on all receptive language and child verbosity measures despite their younger age.
Stuttering and Speech Naturalness
Authors: Ingham Roger J. , Gow Merrilyn , Costello Janis M.
Published: July 2014

Thirty listeners used the 9-point speech naturalness rating scale described by Martin, Haroldson, and Triden (1984) to score 1-minute spontaneous speaking samples from 15 normally fluent speakers and 15 stutterers who had completed the initial phases of a prolonged speech treatment program. The same listeners were later asked to judge whether each sample was from a stutterer or from a normal speaker. Reliable listeners identified almost identical numbers of samples from both speaker groups as "normal speakers," but the stutterers received significantly higher scores on the rating scale, indicating that their speech was judged more unnatural sounding. The speech samples incorporated those used in a related study by Ingham and Packman (1978), thus permitting a reevaluation of the findings of that study.
Relation between Frequency Selectivity and Speech Perception Following Glycerol-Induced Cochlear Changes
Authors: Stelmachowicz Patricia G. , Johnson Dawna E. , Larson Lori L. , Brookhouser Patrick E.
Published: July 2014

Changes in auditory threshold, psychophysical tuning curves, and speech perception (in both quiet and noise) were monitored over a 3-hr period following the ingestion of glycerol. All listeners had sensorineural hearing loss secondary to Menière's disease. Findings were characterized by large intersubject variability and in general did not show a clear relation between changes in threshold, frequency resolution, and speech perception.
Narrative Discourse
Authors: Roth Froma P. , Spekman Nancy J.
Published: July 2014

Spontaneously generated oral stories were obtained from 93 learning-disabled (LD) and normally achieving (NA) students, 14 to 16 each at 8:0–9:11, 10:0–11:ll, and 12:0–13:11 age levels. The stories were analyzed using an adapted version of Stein and Glenn's (1979) story grammar. The results showed significant group and age differences. The stories told by the LD subjects contained fewer propositions and complete episodes and contained significantly fewer Minor Setting statements than those of their NA peers. Within an episode, the LD subjects were less likely to include Response, Attempt, and Plan statements than the NA counterparts. Group differences were also found in the area of interepisode relations. The major age-related findings were an increased occurrence of complete episodes and a greater frequency of embedded episodes as a function of increasing age. Findings are discussed with regard to the development of oral narration abilities. Explanations are offered to account for the storytelling deficits exhibited by the LD subjects.
Impact of Tracheoesophageal Puncture Prosthesis Airway Resistance on In-Vivo Phonatory Performance
Authors: Weinberg Bernd , Moon Jerry B.
Published: July 2014

Substantial differences have been established among in-vitro airway resistance properties of tracheoesophageal (TE) puncture prostheses (Weinberg & Moon, 1984). In this report, the impact of these in-vitro differences on the actual, in-vivo process of TE voice production is made explicit. Variation in in-vitro airway resistance among TE puncture prostheses is shown to exert substantial effects upon in-vivo phonatory mechanism opposition to flow, aerodynamic power required to initiate and sustain TE voice production, and TE phonatory efficiency. Individuals responsible for defining TE puncture options for laryngectomized patients are encouraged to consider these effects in clinical practice.
Characteristics of Children with Phonologic Disorders of Unknown Origin
Authors: Shriberg Lawrence D. , Kwiatkowski Joan , Best Sharon , Terselic-Weber Barbara , Hengst Julie
Published: July 2014

Descriptive data are presented from three studies of children referred for assessment of a developmental speech disorder of unknown origin. Group findings indicate that these children have involvements in mechanism, cognitive, and psychosocial areas that warrant attention in theoretical explication of and early intervention for their communication deficits. The reliability, learnability, and efficiency of a diagnostic classification system that attempts to provide characteristic speech profiles for diagnostic subtypes is also considered.
A Hypothesis-Testing Approach to Treatment of a Child with an Idiosyncratic (Morpho)Phonological System
Authors: Fey Marc E. , Stalker Catherine H.
Published: July 2014

Evaluation of a 6-year-old language-impaired girl's phonological and morphophonological systems revealed several idiosyncratic characteristics. Three hypotheses regarding the nature of this child's impairment were developed and then tested by monitoring the child's progress in therapy. The results of the intervention program supported all three hypotheses in principle. It is concluded that phonologically impaired children must learn to communicate facing articulatory and linguistic constraints similar to but often greater than those influencing the performance of younger normally developing children. It can be expected, then, that these children often will use phonological rules commonly found among normal children. It should also be expected that they occasionally will be led to phonological and morphological solutions to their communication problems that are unusual, if not idiosyncratic. The hypothesis-testing approach used in this investigation is advocated as a useful step in the development of an efficient intervention program and as a means of gaining insight into the nature of children's phonological and morphological impairments.
Toward an Understanding of Developmental Language and Reading Disorders
Authors: Kamhi Alan G. , Catts Hugh W.
Published: July 2014

The primary purpose of this study was to compare the ability of language-impaired and reading-impaired children to process (i.e., encode and retrieve) phonological information. Four measures of phonological awareness and several measures of word and sentence repetition abilities were used to evaluate phonological processing skills. Two additional measures assessed children's awareness of lexical and morphological information. Subjects were 12 language-impaired (LI), 12 reading-impaired (RI), and 12 normal children between the ages of 6 and 8 years. The findings supported previous claims that children with reading impairments have difficulty processing phonological information. To our surprise, however, the LI children performed significantly worse than the RI children on only three measures, all involving word and sentence repetition. These findings raise questions about the distinctiveness of school-age children with a history of language impairment and poor readers with no history of language impairment.
Examination of Two Issues concerning Functional Gain Measurements
Authors: Hawkins David B. , Montgomery Allen A. , Prosek Robert A. , Walden Brian E.
Published: July 2014

The test-retest variability of aided sound-field thresholds and the feasibility of using corrected 2-cm
3
coupler gain values to predict individual functional gain were examined. Test-retest data were used to generate critical differences (in dB) for statistical significance between two aided sound-field thresholds. To be significantly different at the .05 level, two aided thresholds would have to differ by greater than 15 dB. Functional gain and 2-cm
3
coupler gain were compared for 20 subjects using careful measurement procedures. Individual variability in the difference between functional gain and 2-cm
3
coupler gain was reduced substantially from previous studies and indicates that corrected coupler gain measurements may have some clinical utility.
Clinical Assessment of Oropharyngeal Motor Development in Young Children
Authors: Robbins JoAnne , Klee Thomas
Published: July 2014

A clinical protocol was developed for the purpose of assessing the oral and speech motor abilities of children. An 86-item test was administered to 90 normally developing children aged 2:6–6:11. Evaluations of the structural integrity of the vocal tract did not show developmental change, although evaluations of oral and speech motor functioning changed significantly with age. The functional portion of the protocol was most sensitive to developmental change up to age 3:6, with an asymptote in performance thereafter. Clinical application of the protocol is discussed.
Voice Onset Time in Thai Alaryngeal Speech
Authors: Weinberg Bernd , Gandour Jack , Petty Soranee Holasuit , Dardarananda Rochana
Published: July 2014

The perception and production of voicing contrast was investigated in utterances spoken by Thai alaryngeal speakers. Thai exhibits a three-category voicing distinction for bilabial (/b, p, p
h
/) and alveolar (/d, t, t
h
/) stops and a two-eategory distinction for velar (/k, k
h
/) stops. Voice onset time (VOT) was measured in word-initial stops of words produced in isolation by 2 Thai esophageal speakers and 1 Thai user of an electronic artificial larynx. These measurements were compared with published VOT values for the same words spoken by 5 normal Thai speakers. Both esophageal speakers were capable of signaling voicing distinctions for/b, d/and/p, t, k/. The electrolaryngeal speaker was able to signal/p, t, k/only. Thai alaryngeal speakers were generally unsuccessful in signaling/p
h
, t
h
, k
h
/. A cross-linguistic comparison to VOT in English suggests that no more than two voicing categories can be distinguished in these two forms of alaryngeal speech. Findings are interpreted to illustrate that the realization of stop voicing contrasts in alaryngeal speech depends on the number of voicing categories in a language, the relative positions of the voicing categories on the VOT continuum, and the form of alaryngeal speech.
Response and Reinforcement in Operant Audiometry
Authors: Primus Michael A.
Published: July 2014

Variable success in audiometric assessment of young children with operant conditioning indicates the need for systematic examination of commonly employed techniques. The current study investigated response and reinforcement features of two operant discrimination paradigms with normal I7-month-old children. Findings indicated more responses prior to the onset of habituation when the response task was based on complex central processing skills (localization and coordination of auditory/visual space) versus simple detection. Use of animation in toy reinforcers resulted in more than a twofold increase in the number of subject responses. Results showed no significant difference in response conditioning rate or consistency for the response tasks and forms of reinforcement examined.
Specialized Cognitive Function and Reading Achievement in Hearing-Impaired Adolescents
Authors: Craig Helen B. , Gordon Harold W.
Published: July 2014

This study evaluated the performance of hearing-impaired adolescents on tests of specialized cognitive functioning and explored the linkage between cognitive profile and reading achievement. Other variables noted were mathematics achievement, speech production, etiology, and age of onset of hearing loss. Subjects were 62 severely-to-profoundly hearing-impaired students between 15 and 20 years of age, 31 "high readers" and 31 "low readers." Results indicated that, for this sample, cognitive function was below average for the verbal and sequential skills associated with the left hemisphere but above average for the "visuospatial" skills associated with the right hemisphere. Reading performance proved to be highly correlated with cognitive profile, as did mathematics performance and, to a lesser extent, speech and age of onset. Ramifications for instruction are discussed—in particular, development of strategies for using the right hemispheric cognitive strengths, as identified in this sample, to help overcome the deficits in "verbosequential" processing and reading achievement traditionally associated with hearing-impaired students.
Phonetic Inventories of 2- and 3-Year-Old Children
Authors: Dyson Alice Tanner
Published: July 2014

This report provides quasi-longitudinal independent analysis data on two groups of 10 children at 2:0 (years:months), 2:5, 2:9, and 3:3. The analysis included word-initial and word-final phonetic inventories of consonant singletons and clusters and a summary of the relative frequency of seven word shapes. The results indicated that these children were gradually "filling in the gaps" with sounds previously reported to be lacking in slightly younger children.
Cohesion in the Narratives of Good and Poor Readers
Authors: Norris Janet A. , Bruning Roger H.
Published: July 2014

Reading requires the ability to process language in a manner that is decontextualized from any ongoing event. One hundred and fifty high and low achieving kindergarten and first-grade children were evaluated for differences in the use of decontextualized language. Subjects were required to retell a story to a listener. The cohesion present in the stories was evaluated for (a) propositional completeness and relevance (unity) and (b) clarity (coherence). Results indicated that low achievers in reading, irrespective of grade level, exhibit less cohesion in their use of decontextualized language.
Proportional and Functional Analogical Reasoning in Normal and Language-Impaired Children
Authors: Nippold Marilyn A. , Erskine Barbara J. , Freed Donald B.
Published: July 2014

Teachers often use analogies in classroom settings to clarify new concepts for their students. However, analogies may inadvertently confuse the youngster who has difficulty identifying the one-to-one comparisons underlying them. Although analogical reasoning has been studied extensively in normal children, no information was available concerning this construct in children having a specific language impairment. Thus, it was unknown to what extent they might be deficient in analogical reasoning. Therefore, in the present study, 20 children ages 6--8 years (mean age = 7:6) having normal nonverbal intelligence but deficits in language comprehension were administered tasks of verbal and perceptual proportional analogical reasoning and a problem-solving task of functional analogical reasoning. Compared to a normal-language control group matched on the basis of chronological age and sex, the language-impaired group was deficient in all three tasks of analogical reasoning. However, when the factor of nonverbal intelligence was controlled statistically, the differences between the groups on each of the tasks were removed. Additional findings were that verbal proportional analogical reasoning was significantly correlated to perceptual proportional analogical reasoning and to functional analogical reasoning. Implications for assessment and intervention with young school-age language-impaired children are discussed.
Differentiating Alzheimer's Patients from the Normal Elderly and Stroke Patients with Aphasia
Authors: Bayles Kathryn A. , Boone Daniel R. , Tomoeda Cheryl K. , Slauson Thomas J. , Kaszniak Alfred W.
Published: July 2014

The performance of individuals with mild and moderate Alzheimer's disease (AD), normal age-matched elderly individuals, and stroke patients with fluent and nonfluent aphasia were compared on a group of neuropsychological tasks. The unique performance profiles associated with each subject group are discussed, and the best tasks for intergroup differentiation specified. Whereas the tasks employed were efficacious for discriminating early- and middle-stage AD patients from normal subjects and aphasic stroke patients, and early- from middle-stage AD patients, they were not efficacious for subtyping aphasia patients according to fluency. Generally, memory measures were best for intergroup differentiation.
Speech Production Deficits in Developmental Dyslexia
Authors: Catts Hugh W.
Published: July 2014

In this study, dyslexic and normal subjects rapidly repeated a series of phonologically complex and simple phrases. Dyslexic subjects repeated the phrases at a significantly slower rate and, in the complex condition, made significantly more errors. An examination of errors suggested that dyslexics may have difficulties in the planning stage of speech production. Findings are discussed in reference to other phonological deficits and oral reading problems in dyslexia.
One Measure of Supervisory Effectiveness in Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology
Authors: Shapiro David A. , Anderson Jean L.
Published: July 2014

This investigation developed and utilized a methodology for studying the follow-through of student clinicians from supervisory conferences to later activities. Based upon an earlier investigation in which 1,389 commitments made by 64 supervisees were identified and analyzed, completion of each commitment was measured in this investigation to determine if specific behaviors of clinicians occur after making commitments in supervisory conferences. Results indicated that clinicians demonstrate greater completion of commitments when structured accountability (i.e., written agreement) is introduced early into and subsequently faded from supervisory conferences, and that the written agreement is more beneficial for beginning clinicians than for experienced clinicians. Of utmost importance was the demonstration that specific behaviors of supervisees can be followed and measured over time, and that certain behaviors of clinicians occur as a direct result of commitments made during conferences with a supervisor.
Speech Naturalness Ratings of Treated Stutterers
Authors: Runyan Charles M. , Bell Julie N. , Prosek Robert A.
Published: July 2014

This investigation compared the speech naturalness ratings of perceptually fluent speech samples produced by nonstutterers and stutterers who had been treated in six different therapy programs. The treated stutterers were then divided into two groups based on ease of identification using stutterer/nonstutterers judgments. The fluent speech of one group of stutterers was easily recognized as being produced by stutterers. The second group produced fluent speech that was difficult to distinguish from that used by normal talkers. Finally, pretreatment severity ratings (i.e., mild, moderate, and severe) were compared with posttreatment naturalness scores. Results indicated that a statistically significant difference existed between the naturalness ratings of the nonstutterers and the treated stutterers. Also, a significant difference was found between the naturalness ratings of the easy-to-identify stutterers. Finally, no difference was found in the posttreatment naturalness ratings of stutterers rated as mild, moderate, and severe before treatment.
A Child with Signs of Developmental Apraxia of Speech with Whom a Palatal Lift Prosthesis was Used to Manage Palatal Dysfunction
Authors: Hall Penelope K. , Hardy James C. , Lavelle William E.
Published: July 2014

A client is described who exhibited a large number of characteristics consistent with developmental apraxia of speech (DAS). The exhibited symptoms included excessive nasal resonance and nasal emission of air due to velopharyngeal port dysfunction, for which successful management was achieved by use of a palatal lift prosthesis. The results of the client's use of the lift, in conjunction with her speech and language remedial programming, is presented.
Description of Laryngeal Pathologies in Children Evaluated by Otolaryngologists
Authors: Dobres Rachel , Lee Linda , Stemple Joseph C. , Kummer Ann W. , Kretschmer Laura W.
Published: July 2014

The purpose of this investigation was to describe the occurrence of laryngeal pathologies and their distribution across age, sex, and race in a pediatric sample. Data were collected on 731 patients seeking evaluation or treatment at a children's hospital otolaryngology clinic. The most frequent laryngeal pathologies were subglottic stenosis, vocal nodules, laryngomalacia, and vocal fold paralysis. For the total sample, laryngeal pathologies were significantly more common to males than females. Laryngeal pathologies were most common in the youngest patients. The distribution of pathologies within each race was similar to that found throughout the total sample. Comparisons with similar investigations are made. Implications for management are discussed.
Consonant-Vowel Interaction in an Unusual Phonological System
Authors: Wolfe Virginia I. , Blocker Suzanne D.
Published: July 2014

This paper presents information regarding the interactive effects of consonants and vowels in a disordered phonological system. Labial and labiodental consonants were produced as alveolar consonants before front vowels and labial consonants before back vowels. Motivation for the sound change is discussed in terms of assimilation and labial constraints. Implications for therapeutic intervention are discussed.
Some Factors That Influence Pure Tone Delayed Auditory Feedback
Authors: Ruhm Howard B. , Cooper William A.
Published: July 2014

Some of the major factors that might influence tapping changes induced by relatively short-term, pure tone delayed auditory feedback (DAF) were investigated. Stimulus frequency, subject, sex, sophistication, practice, physical fatigue, adaption to the task, and habituation to the task were considered. Only sophistication and habituation influenced performance significantly. The introduction of pure tone DAF within 5 dB SL, produced observable changes in tapping, thereby providing a sensitive means of extrapolating pure tone thresholds in a relatively objective manner.
The Evaluation of Contextual Speech Materials
Authors: Zerlin Stanley , Urban Beth
Published: July 2014

The energy level of contextual discourse (recorded lists of the CID Sentence Intelligibility materials) was measured by feeding the material into a speech-time analyzer. The energy levels of all 10 sentences contained in each list were integrated over 0.1 sec intervals by the analyzer, and counters displayed the amount of time that a given wave form fell below or exceeded certain arbitrary energy levels. Thus absolute energy level as well as absolute duration could be measured for each list.

Intensity measurements were compared to intelligibility functions of the lists obtained by presenting each list at five signal-to-noise (S/N) ratios. Twenty normal subjects heard all 10 lists at 40 dB sensation level. Results showed no relation between absolute duration and intelligibility.

Intelligibility curves for each list were evaluated in terms of the S/N ratio which yielded the 50% intelligibility point. Each list was compared in terms of its relative standing for absolute energy level and for S/N ratio at 50% intelligibility.

With the exception of two lists, there was good correspondence between the rankings for absolute energy level and intelligibility. It is suggested that this measurement of speech energy levels will give a good indication of the relative intelligibility of contextual test materials.
Some Considerations in the Use of Half-List Speech Discrimination Tests
Authors: Grubb Patti
Published: July 2014

Twenty-five word speech discrimination tests are discussed with respect to part-whole correlations, the interpretation of correlation coefficients, and the concept of validity. The assumptions underlying the interpretation of reliability coefficients are discussed. The conclusions are that the reliability of 25-word tests has not been demonstrated and that the 50-word list is being used as a sort of criterion but is a fallible measure subject to the same kind of error as the half-list.
Impedance Measurements at the Eardrum as an Aid to Diagnosis
Authors: Feldman Alan S.
Published: July 2014

The clinical measurement of acoustic impedance at the eardrum is described. Significant modifications of the traditional Schuster bridge by Zwislocki led to the development of an acoustic impedance bridge that permits a sufficiently reliable and rapid determination of absolute acoustic impedance. The results of clinical investigation with this instrument demonstrate the value of the acoustic method in the evaluation of the status of the middle ear mechanism. The presence of conductive hearing losses due to various middle ear conditions may be detected and differentiated by objective and quantitative impedance measurements.
Comparative Intelligibility of Word Lists and Continuous Discourse
Authors: Giolas Thomas G. , Epstein Aubrey
Published: July 2014

Intelligibility scores on Harvard Phonetically Balanced (PB-50) Word Lists, Central Institute for the Deaf (W-22) Monosyllabic Word Lists, and a sample of continuous discourse were compared. Speech samples were recorded on magnetic tape under seven high frequency filtering conditions. One-hundred and seventy-five normally hearing subjects were divided into seven groups, each group listening to all speech samples under one particular condition of filtering. Word lists were scored in terms of number of words correct and the continuous discourse in terms of items correct on a test covering information presented in the continuous discourse. The following results were obtained: (1) Consistently higher scores were achieved with the W-22 word lists than with the PB-50 word lists, even when the influence of dissimilar recordings was eliminated. Such differences were attributed to a combination of differences in list content and recording conditions. (2) Monosyllabic word lists and continuous discourse are affected in the same way by frequency distortion; that is, errors increase as distortion increases. (3) No accurate intelligibility score prediction for the continuous discourse could be made on the basis of scores obtained on the PB-50 and W-22 lists.
Loudness Tracking by Normal Hearers Via Bekesy Audiometer
Authors: Rintelmann William F. , Carhart Raymond
Published: July 2014

Bekesy audiometry employing the method of compensatory loudness tracking was used to investigate the levels at which 12 normal hearing subjects traced loudness configurations for interrupted and continuous tonal stimuli monaurally. Two types of task were given. One was the most comfortable loudness (MCL) task. Here, tracking was monitored entirely according to the subjects “internal standard” for a comfortable level of loudness. The second was the recalled loudness (RL) task in which the subject tracked based on his memory of the loudness of a 1 000 cps reference tone heard only once at the beginning of the task. Each subject participated in two sessions separated by about a week and during each session performed five auditory tasks. Statistical analysis of the data demonstrated that in both loudness tasks (MCL and RL) significantly greater intensity was required from interrupted than from continuous tonal stimuli to accomplish the tracking. This discrepancy, in a manner not explained by current information on auditory integration of energy at supra-threshold levels, implies that the two stimuli required different intensity levels to achieve equivalent loudness. However, the discrepancy is in the proper direction and of the magnitude which characterizes many Type V Bekesy audiograms encountered clinically.
Template for the EEG Response to Sound
Authors: Derbyshire A. J. , McCandless Geary A.
Published: July 2014

A working template representing an EEG response to auditory stimulation is presented. This template has arisen from the need of researchers and clinicians to relate finding among different laboratories.

The working EEG template for the response to sound presented here was extracted through the use of standard EEG techniques, summing computers and digital converters. A general description of the evoked response is presented and particular characteristics are labelled as to latency and relative amplitude.
Test Responses as Predictors of Free-Speech Characteristics in Aphasia Patients
Authors: Spiegel Douglas K. , Jones Lyle V. , Wepman Joseph M.
Published: July 2014

Fifty aphasic speakers were classified into six groups, defined by differences in characteristics of their spontaneous speech. A multiple discriminant analysis was performed upon scores on the Language Modalities Test for Aphasia. The findings provide evidence that it is possible to predict, from the performance of aphasia patients on a structured test of language disability, some general features of their spontaneous speech. Findings further attest to the inadequacy of a conception of aphasia as a unidimensional language disorder.
Audience Size, Perceived Situational Difficulty, and Stuttering Frequency
Authors: Young Martin A.
Published: July 2014

This experiment evaluated the hypothesis that variations in audience size, from one to four listeners, have no systematic effect on the frequency or severity of stuttering when speakers have no prior knowledge or expectation of audience size. Results support the hypothesis of no effect.
Hearing-Aid Performance and Hearing-Aid Selection
Authors: Jerger James , Speaks Charles , Malmquist Carolyn
Published: July 2014

A sentence intelligibility test was used to evaluate listener performance with three hearing aids differing substantially in physical characteristics. Thirty six hard-of-hearing listeners, representing various types and degrees of hearing loss, were tested. Results showed that, although the sentence intelligibility test reflected meaningful average differences among the aids, the rank ordering of aids was essentially equivalent for all listeners.
Protensity Estimates of Stutterers and Nonstutterers
Authors: Ringel Robert L. , Minifie Fred D.
Published: July 2014

The effects of certain productive and receptive communicative activities on the ability of stutterers and nonstutterers to estimate the passage of time (protensity estimates) were investigated. Three groups of subjects, normal speakers, mild stutterers, and moderate to severe stutterers, were asked to estimate the duration of a ten-second period while engaged in an activity such as: silence, oral reading, silent reading, listening, or spontaneous speech. For the three groups as a whole, the protensity estimates made during silence were significantly more accurate than those during the presence of communicatively oriented competitive stimuli. In addition, the performance of the mildly dysfluent group was closer to that of the normal speaking group than to that of the more severe stutterers. The difficulty in making protensity estimates appears not to be restricted to the block itself, but rather appears to pervade the entire communicative activity. The accuracy of such estimates appears to be related to the severity of the dysfluency.
The Averaged Evoked Response to Auditory Stimulation
Authors: Price Lloyd L. , Rosenblüt Benjamin , Goldstein Robert , Shepherd David C.
Published: July 2014

Evoked responses of 160 normal-hearing subjects to auditory stimuli (clicks) were recorded, and data related to the latency, amplitude, and frequency of occurrence of various late components were studied. Negative peaks (vertex referred to earlobe) at 85 and 260 msec and a positive peak at 160 msec occurred often enough and with sufficient amplitude to be useful as indicators of response to auditory stimulation. Frequency of occurrence and latency did not appear related to the race, sex, or age of the subject nor to the side of the head from which the recording was taken. The amplitudes are related to these variables. White subjects gave larger responses than colored subjects, females gave larger responses than males, younger and older subjects gave larger responses than those in between, and the responses from the contralateral side of the head (re stimulated ear) tended to be larger than those from the ipsilateral side. Thresholds for the evoked response to clicks are very near voluntary thresholds for the same stimuli in normal-hearing young adults.
Some Characteristics of the Peak Latency and Amplitude of the Acoustically Evoked Response
Authors: Rose Darrell E. , Ruhm Howard B.
Published: July 2014

This experiment explored some characteristics of peak latency and amplitude of the human evoked auditory response as functions of time and number of signals at two sensation levels (20 and 40 dB) in 10 subjects.

As signal intensity increased, the number of responses elicited increased, the amplitude of the responses increased, and the latency of the first two components of the response decreased. The amplitudes and latencies of any component of the evoked response did not change significantly as a function of number of signals presented.
Electroencephalographic Analysis During Stuttering and Nonstuttering
Authors: Fox Donna Russell
Published: July 2014

Thirteen male stuttering subjects were paired with thirteen male nonstuttering subjects by age, handedness, and stuttering pattern. Stuttered speech from nonstutterers was obtained by training them to mimic the stuttering pattern of their partners. Nonstuttered speech from stutterers was obtained by adaptation. Occipital EEGs were recorded during silence, stuttered speech, and nonstuttered speech for both groups of subjects. Electronic analyses which may indicate disruptions not apparent by visual inspection, indicate differences in the EEGs of stutterers and nonstutterers during stuttering with the eyes closed, but these differences are probably the result of behavior and not of neuronal dysfunction. Stuttered and nonstuttered speech behavior is sufficient to disrupt the EEG display, which suggests that differences may be the result of the type of behavior.
Effects of Delayed Auditory Feedback and Pronounceability on Immediate Recall and Key Pressing
Authors: Shearer William M. , Simon Seymore
Published: July 2014

Nonsense syllable trigrams representing three levels of verbal pronounceability were read by 84 subjects under conditions of either delayed or simultaneous auditory feedback. Results indicated that, consistent with previous research, DAF produced a general disruptive effect on key pressing rates as well as on recall scores. However, for all criterion measures, the interaction between pronounceability values of materials and DAF was found not to be statistically significant, indicating that the disruption was nonselective. Further, disruption from DAF was found to persist at equal levels for all syllables in the list.
The Spoken Syntax of Normal, Hard-of-Hearing, and Deaf Children
Authors: Brannon John B. , Murry Thomas
Published: July 2014

A spoken language sample of 50 sentences was obtained from 30 normal and 30 hearing-impaired children and quantified according to total output and syntactical accuracy. A total score of structural accuracy (syntax) was obtained by combining the errors of addition, omission, substitution, and word order. The hard-of-hearing subgroup resembled the control group in its total output of words, but the deaf subgroup was significantly lower in this measure. The differences between syntax scores were significant among all three groups. A moderate correlation was found between average hearing loss and total words uttered; a higher correlation resulted when hearing loss and measures of syntax were paired.
Acoustic Impedance Studies of the Normal Ear
Authors: Feldman Alan S.
Published: July 2014

Repeated measurements of the acoustic impedance at the eardrum were performed on 33 normal subjects. The data are analyzed from the standpoint of the development of criteria for the compliance and resistance parameters of normal impedance as well as ear canal volume measurements. The study also emphasizes the high reliability of repeated impedance measurements.
Binaural and Monaural Speech Intelligibility in Reverberation
Authors: Moncur John P. , Dirks Donald
Published: July 2014

Forty-eight subjects with normal hearing were tested to determine binaural and monaural near- and far-ear speech discrimination in various reverberant conditions. One half of the group listened to the recorded PB words in quiet, while the other half received the words with a competing message. Binaural superiority was maintained throughout the study, except in the anechoic-quiet condition. Interaural time differences make a significant contribution to speech intelligibility; and the monaural far ear supplies valuable aid to binaural listening.
Articulation Problems and Ability to Store and Process Stimuli
Authors: Smith Curtis R.
Published: July 2014

Twelve children with nonorganic articulation problems were matched in age, sex, and intelligence with 12 normal-speaking control children. Each subject’s recall of Single-, Sequential-, and Simultaneous-digit Sets was measured. There was also a Bead Pattern Recall Task. The children with nonorganic articulation problems were inferior to children with normal speech in tasks which required the recall of Single-, Sequential-, and Simultaneous-digit Sets. Meaningful differences between the two groups regarding short-term storage could not be found using a bead pattern recall task.
The Effects of Feedback and Positive Reinforcement on the Wepman Auditory Discrimination Test Scores of Lower-Class Negro and White Children
Authors: Berlin Charles I. , Dill Anne C.
Published: July 2014

Twenty-four Negro and 21 white lower-class children, 8 to 9 years old, received the Wepman Auditory Discrimination Test in two forms. The experimental group of 10 whites and 12 Negroes received special feedback and reinforcement, while the control group of 11 whites and 12 Negroes simply received a second trial. The special instructions and feedback improved the discrimination scores of the Negro experimental subjects only. No change was observed in the control group subjects who received an unadorned second trial.
Further Validation of Evoked Response Audiometry (ERA)
Authors: Davis Hallowell , Hirsh Shirley K. , Shelnutt Joyce , Bowers Clyde
Published: July 2014

For 162 pupils at Central Institute for the Deaf who had severe hearing impairment but whose thresholds lay within the limits of the audiometric equipment at 500, 1000, and 2000 Hz, comparisons were made between the “thresholds” estimated from the vertex (V) potentials, behavioral thresholds using the same audiometric equipment, and audiograms already on record.

The data for 46 children four to 10 years old tested in 1965–66 did not differ significantly from results previously reported with older children. Average estimates of threshold were in excellent agreement: the difference of means for the groups, V potential vs. behavioral, was 0.1 dB; V potential vs. clinical audiogram, 2.2 dB. The average deviation of estimates for a single trial at one frequency, V potential vs. behavioral, was 7.9 dB.

The children with impairments beyond the limits of the equipment were all identified as having very severe auditory impairment.

The method of average evoked response appears to be completely feasible for passive audiometry of school children four years of age or more.
Changes in Parameters of Averaged Auditory Evoked Potentials Related to Number of Data Samples Analyzed
Authors: Liebman Jerome , Graham James T.
Published: July 2014

Recorded data samples were analyzed by a computer in cumulative numerical segments of 25. Statistical analyses of these data revealed that latency does not change significantly, whereas response amplitude does change as a function of the number of computer-analyzed data samples.
A Cephalometric Study of Normal and Defective /s/ Articulation and Variations in Incisor Dentition
Authors: Weinberg Bernd
Published: July 2014

The purpose of this study was to define variation in /s/ articulation associated with differences in incisor dentition. Articulatory relationships, defined by cephalometric films, were studied in normal speakers with normal occlusion and complete dentition, normal speakers with normal molar relationships and missing maxillary incisors, and /s/ defective speakers with normal molar relationships and missing maxillary incisors. Adequacy of /s/ articulation for the total sample of 39 children was determined by two separate auditory ratings.

Significant differences between normal and defective /s/ articulation were related to the environmental characteristics of the anterior oral constriction. Speakers with defective /s/ articulation excessively fronted the tongue tip. Other differences were related to the antero-postero and vertical placement of the tongue tip, to the extent of mandibular protrusion-retrusion, and to the vertical position of the upper lip. There was no significant difference between children with normal and defective /s/ articulation in regard to the degree of vertical constriction between the midline of the tongue and dental-alveolar complex. These findings appear to be consistent with current physiological phonetic theory.
A Comparative Evaluation of Five Speech Discrimination Measures
Authors: Lovrinic Jean Hahn , Burgi Ernest J. , Curry E. Thayer
Published: July 2014

Five recorded auditory speech discrimination tests (Semi-Diagnostic Test, Rhyme Test, Harvard PB-50 Test, CID Auditory Test W-22, and Simultaneous Voices Test) were compared in 10 normal and 20 hard-of-hearing subjects at 10, 20, 30, and 40 dB SL. The Harvard PB-50 Test and the Simultaneous Voices Test were the most sensitive of the five measures to differences in discrimination ability among subjects.
Duration of Oral Port Constriction in Normal and Cleft Palate Speech
Authors: Warren Donald W. , Mackler Stephen B.
Published: July 2014

Duration of constriction, determined from measurements of intraoral pressure, was studied in 25 cleft palate and 20 normal subjects. The cleft palate group consisted of 15 subjects who achieved adequate velopharyngeal closure and 10 subjects who did not. All subjects were able to produce the test consonants intelligibily. Results reveal that the duration of oral port constriction is longest in cleft palate speakers with adequate closure and shortest in normals. It is possible that increasing the duration of constriction may reinforce sound generation and thereby improve consonant perception. The shorter intervals of constriction observed in the inadequate closure group may be due to the increase in nasal emission which presumably results when oral port constriction is prolonged. Within each palate group voiceless fricative consonants exhibited the longest intervals of oral port constriction. This is presumed to be due to the need for sufficient airflow through the oral port in order to provide the necessary acoustic cues for perception of these voiceless sounds.
Effects of Method of Measurement on Most Comfortable Loudness Level for Speech
Authors: Kopra Lennart L. , Blosser Dennis
Published: July 2014

Eighteen college men and 18 college women, all with normal hearing, were tested for the effects of three variables upon most comfortable loudness (MCL) level for speech. These variables were: (1) three measurement methods, (2) sex of listener, and (3) repeated testing. MCL levels for speech were measured in an initial test session and a retest session by the method of adjustment, the method of limits, and the Bekesy audiometer.

Results showed that: (1) all three measurement methods produced similar mean MCL levels in both test and retest, (2) mean MCL levels did not change significantly from test to retest for any single measurement method, (3) sex of listener did not significantly affect mean MCL level, (4) MCL levels as measured by the three methods were significantly correlated, (5) test-retest correlations for each measurement method were significant, and (6) Bekesy audiometer tracings of MCL level remained stable over the four and one-half minute test periods in both initial test sessions and in retest sessions.