bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
NATURE OF THE β‐ADRENORECEPTORS IN THE TRACHEAL SMOOTH MUSCLE OF THE ADULT PIG
Authors: AGARWAL O. P. , SHARMA J. N. , SIDDIQUI H. H. , GROVER J. K. , GUPTA S. P. , MANCHANDA S. C.
Published: January 2008

Relaxant responses to isoprenaline (ISO), adrenaline (ADR) and noradrenaline (NA) were investigated on carbachol‐contracted, isolated tracheal smooth muscle preparations of the adult pig to determine the nature of the β‐adrenoreceptors present.

The order of relaxant potencies of the catecholamines on this preparation was ISO>ADR>NA. The potency ratio at 37°C was 1:0.06:0.005. This suggests that β‐adrenoreceptors predominate in isolated tracheal smooth muscle of the adult pig.

Though the order of potency for the above catecholamines did not change, at the lower temperatures of 29° and 33°C, the potency ratios were slightly modified to 1:0.098:0.004 and 1:0.07:0.004 respectively.

pA values on pig tracheal smooth muscle were 8.65 and 9.13 respectively, for the non‐selective β‐blockers propranolol and alprenolol, and 5.63, 5.20 and 6.26 respectively, for the β, selective blockers practolol, atenolol and metoprolol and 6.82 for the β selective β‐blocker, H 35/25. The results suggest the existence and predominance of β2‐adrenoreceptors in tracheal smooth muscle of the adult pig.
Effects of DA‐1‐ and DA‐2‐dopamine antagonists on apomorphine‐induced inhibition of peripheral sympathetic neurotransmission
Authors: Hietala J.
Published: January 2008

1 Apomorphine, a dopamine receptor agonist, caused a dose‐dependent inhibition of the electrically induced increase in diastolic blood pressure in the pithed rat. The anti‐apomorphine effects of a range of dopamine antagonists with different DA‐1/DA‐2 selectivities were evaluated to characterize the dopamine receptor subtype(s) involved in this response.

2 Selective DA‐2 antagonists domperidone and (‐)‐sulpiride and combined DA‐2/DA‐1 antagonists haloperidol, fluphenazine and (+)‐sulpiride were active in this model, whereas the DA‐1 antagonist SCH 23390 and the a‐2 adrenoceptor antagonist idazoxan (RX‐781094) were inactive. The rank order of potency of the dopamine antagonists was domperidone > fluphenazine ≥ (‐)‐sulpiride‐haloperidol>(+)‐sulpiride>SCH 23390. (‐)‐Sulpiride was about 25 times more potent than the (+)‐isomer.

3 The observed antagonist profile suggests that the apomorphine‐induced inhibition of neurogenic vasoconstriction in the pithed rat is mediated via dopamine receptors of the DA‐2 subtype. The sympatho‐inhibitory dopamine receptors in the cat heart have similar pharmacological characteristics.

4 The dopamine antagonists were devoid of influences on the vasoconstrictor response to electrical stimulation in the absence of apomorphine, whereas idazoxan potentiated it. This provides evidence against the participation of dopamine receptors in the modulation of the vasoconstrictor response to sympathetic stimulation in the pithed rat model.
Prejunctional α2‐adrenoreceptors modulate the stimulated release of noradrenaline in isolated follicle strips from bovine ovaries
Authors: Kannisto P. , Owman Ch.
Published: January 2008

1 Strips from the follicle wall of bovine ovaries were incubated in Krebs‐Ringer solution containing 3H‐noradrenaline for measurement of transmitter liberation during electrical field stimulation (5 Hz frequency, 1 ms pulse duration, 10 V between the electrodes). The effects of noradrenaline as well as selective α‐adrenoreceptor agonists and antagonists were studied on the electrically induced efflux of radioactivity.

2 Noradrenaline (1 μM) inhibited the stimulated release of radioactivity. The α2‐adrenoreceptor agonist, oxymetazoline, significantly reduced the release of radioactivity in concentrations as low as 0.01 μM. The α1‐adrenoreceptor agonist, phenylephrine (0.01–1 μm), was without significant effect.

3 Phentolamine (0.01–1 μm) and the selective α2‐adrenoreceptor antagonist, idazoxan (0.01–1 μm) significantly enhanced the electrically evoked release. The α1‐adrenoreceptor antagonist, prazosin (0.01–1 μm), was without effect. Idazoxan (0.1 μm) reversed the inhibitory effect of oxymetazoline (0.1 μm).

4 It is concluded that administration of noradrenaline or the α2‐adrenoreceptor agonists reduces the release of labelled noradrenaline by acting on prejunctional α2‐adrenoreceptors in the noradrenergic nerves distributed in the wall of the bovine ovarian follicle. This is one of several prejunctional receptor mechanisms that modulate the activity of the sympathetic nerves innervating the smooth musculature of the follicle wall.
Interactions between calcium channel blockers and α‐adrenoceptors in the human coronary and mammary arteries: a radioligand binding study
Authors: Bronzetti E. , Felici L. , Polidori C. , Amenta F.
Published: January 2008

1 The study was designed to assess whether Ca2+ channel blockers of the dihydropyridine family (felodipine, nicardipine, nifedipine, nimodipine, nitrendepine and nisoldipine), and of the phenylalkylamine family (verapamil) have any effect on α‐adrenoceptor binding to sections of the human right coronary and mammary arteries, measured using [3H]‐dihydroergocryptine (DHT) as a ligand.

2 Increasing concentrations of nicardipine, verapamil and nitrendepine competed with [3H]‐DHT binding to sections of the human coronary and mammary arteries. The other compounds tested were without effect. Among the competitors of [3H]‐DHT binding, nicardipine was the most powerful, with a 50% inhibition (IC50) value of approximately 10 nM.

3 The pharmacological profile of competition with [3H]‐DHT binding by nicardipine, in the presence or in the absence of guanosine triphosphate and NaCl, is consistent with antagonist activity of the dihydropyridine derivative at the α‐adrenoceptor.

4 This property may account for the lower sympathetic stimulatory activity elicited by nicardipine, in comparison with other Ca2+ channel blockers used in cardiovascular therapy.
The effects of racemic cromakalim, BRL 38226 and levcromakalim on the membrane potential of the rat aorta and of BRL 38226 on the contractile activity of the rat aorta and portal vein
Authors: Bishop Brett E. , Doggrell Sheila A.
Published: January 2008

1 The effects of racemic cromakalim and the (+)‐3R,4S and (‐)‐3S,4R isomers, BRL 38226 and levcromakalim respectively, on the membrane potential of the rat aorta have been determined. In addition, preliminary studies of the effects of BRL 38226 on the contractility of the rat aorta and portal vein have been made.

2 The rat aorta is hyperpolarized by racemic cromakalim at 10 μm and by levcromakalim at 1 μm, but is depolarized by BRL 38226 at 1 μm.

3 In the presence of depolarization with 20 μm KCl, racemic cromakalim and levcromakalim, but not BRL 38226, reversed the depolarization of the rat aorta.

4 In the presence of hyperpolarization with isoprenaline at 1 μm or in a CaCl2‐free Krebs solution, racemic cromakalim and BRL 38226, but not levcromakalim reversed the hyperpolarization.

5 Glibenclarnide at 0.3 and 1 μm depolarized the rat aorta. Pretreatment with glibenclamide at 1 μm prevented the hyperpolarizing action of racemic cromakalim but did not alter the depolarizing action of BRL 38226. Pretreatment with BRL 38226 at 10 μm also prevented the hyperpolarizing action of racemic cromakalim.

6 Contractility studies demonstrated that BRL 38226 and glibenclamide have no effect on the resting tone of the rat aorta in normal Krebs solution. However in a CaCl2‐free Krebs solution, BRL 38226 and glibenclamide, 0.1–100 μm, caused small contractions. BRL 38226 and glibenclamide increased the spontaneous contractile activity of the rat portal vein in normal Krebs solution.

7 The present study illustrates that levcromakalim opens the ATP‐dependent potassium channels of the rat aorta to cause hyperpolarization. BRL 38226 and glibenclamide produce depolarization and contraction of the rat aorta and increase the contractile activity of the rat portal vein, possibly by blocking the ATP‐dependent potassium channels.
Contraction of the sheep middle cerebral, pulmonary and coronary arteries initiated by release of intracellular calcium
Authors: Drummond R. M. , Wadsworth R. M.
Published: January 2008

1 The aim of the study was to compare contraction initiated by intracellular Ca2+ release in the middle cerebral, coronary and pulmonary arteries of the sheep. With all three arteries from the sheep, incubation in Ca2+‐free physiological salt solution (PSS) reduced agonist‐induced contraction much more than occurred with the rabbit aorta. The intracellular Ca2+ store appeared to be of limited capacity, since contraction was transient in Ca2+‐free conditions with most agonists.

2 In the middle cerebral artery, contraction in Ca2+‐free conditions was much reduced if a previous contraction had been obtained (for 5‐hydroxytryptamine, 5‐HT, from 11 + 4 to 1 + 0.5% of control contraction in 2.5 mm Ca2+), suggesting that the previous contraction had partly discharged the intracellular Ca2+ store. Contraction was less affected in the pulmonary artery and almost unaffected in the coronary artery (for 5‐HT, from 15 + 1 to 11 + 1%) by a previous contraction in Ca2+‐free conditions.

3 Rings prepared from small branches of the pulmonary and coronary arteries were affected by Ca2+ deprivation in a similar manner to large diameter pulmonary and coronary artery rings.

4 In Ca2+‐free PSS, contraction induced by prostaglandin E2 was almost eliminated (3 + 1% of control contraction in 2.5 mm Ca2+), contractions induced by 5‐HT and noradrenaline were reduced, and contraction induced by the thromboxane mimetic U46619 was least affected (up to 73 + 8%).

5 Increasing agonist concentration from EC50 to the maximally effective concentration raised the percentage contraction remaining in the middle cerebral artery (for noradrenaline from 7 + 2% to 12 + 3%) but not in the pulmonary artery (for noradrenaline from 22 + 2% to 24 + 6%).

6 The present study has revealed notable differences, in coupling to intracellular Ca2+ release between the three vascular territories studied.
Tetraethylammonium selectively stimulates secretion from noradrenergic bovine chromaffin cells
Authors: Cahill Anne L. , Perlman Robert L.
Published: January 2008

1 The effects of tetraethylammonium chloride (TEA) on catecholamine secretion from primary cultures of noradrenaline‐rich (noradrenergic) and adrenaline‐rich (adrenergic) bovine chromaffin cells were studied. TEA stimulated catecholamine secretion from both cell types but was a much more effective secretory stimulus for noradrenergic cells.

2 TEA‐induced catecholamine secretion was dependent on extracellular Ca2+, was partially inhibited by nifedipine and by tetrodotoxin, and was potentiated by ouabain. Other K+ channel blocking agents including 4‐aminopyridine, glibenclamide, and tolbutamide did not stimulate catecholamine secretion.

3 TEA had no effect on Ca2+‐induced secretion from digitonin‐permeabilized chromaffin cells.

4 TEA presumably evokes secretion by inhibiting K+ channels, depolarizing chromaffin cells, and activating voltage‐gated Ca2+ channels in the cells. Noradrenergic cells appear to be more sensitive to K+ channel inhibition than are adrenergic cells.

5 The secretory response of the chromaffin cells to TEA increased with time in culture.

6 In addition to being a more effective secretagogue in noradrenergic cells, TEA was also more effective in stimulating catecholamine synthesis in these cells.
Dopamine‐induced inhibition of endogenous acetylcholine release from the isolated ileal synaptosomal preparations of guinea‐pig mediated via α‐adrenoceptors
Authors: Chang Shu‐Shi , Cheng Juei‐Tang
Published: January 2008

1 The effect of exogenous dopamine on the release of endogenous acetylcholine (ACh) from isolated ileal synaptosomal guinea‐pig preparations was examined by means of high pressure liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection.

2 Release of ACh was induced by substance P or by depolarization with high potassium (50 mM) in a medium containing atropine, propranolol and naloxone.

3 Dopamine produced a concentration‐dependent inhibition of the evoked ACh release induced by substance P or in samples depolarized by high potassium. This action of dopamine was not reversed by the dopamine receptor antagonists either for the DA2 subtype, domperidone, or for the DA1 subtype, SCH23390. Fenoldopam, the agonist of dopamine DA1 receptors, or quinpirole, the agonist of dopamine DA2 receptors, reduced the evoked ACh release, although only in high, non‐dopamine‐specific concentrations.

4 Failure of guanethidine or desipramine to inhibit this effect of dopamine ruled out mediation by endogenous noradrenaline.

5 Idazoxan and yohimbine reversed this dopamine‐induced inhibition at concentrations sufficient to abolish the action of clonidine. Influx of 45Ca stimulated by substance P or high potassium into synaptosomal preparations was attenuated in the presence of dopamine. This inhibition by dopamine was also reversed by idazoxan or yohimbine but not by dopamine receptor antagonists. Moreover, the dopamine‐induced inhibitions of both the ACh release and the influx of 45Ca disappeared in the samples treated with pertussis toxin at a dose sufficient to abolish the action of clonidine.

6 It is concluded that dopamine suppresses the influx of calcium ions into cholinergic nerve terminals via an activation of α2‐adrenoceptors coupled with a pertussis toxin‐sensitive GTP‐binding protein, resulting in the decrease of ACh release from ileal synaptosomes of guinea‐pigs.
Non‐adrenergic non‐cholinergic (NANC) excitatory response of the channel catfish intestine
Authors: Venugopalan C. S. , Holmes E. P. , Jarboe H. H. , Kleinow K. M.
Published: January 2008

1 Optimal parameters for electrical field stimulation (EFS) of catfish pyloric and middle intestinal segments were determined (15 Hz, 60 V) from a range of frequencies (5–45 Hz) and voltages (40–120 V) using a modified Magnus’method. Contractile responses were produced by EFS which were reproducible and showed no significant difference between the tissues.

2 The contractile cholinergic responses of the tissues to carbachol and acetylcholine (ACh) were blocked by atropine on an equimolar concentration, whereas, these responses were enhanced in the presence of neostigmine, an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.

3 Adrenergic responses were examined with noradrenaline (NA). NA produced contraction of the segments only, at a concentration of 10−4m. Among the various adrenoceptors, β ‐adrenoceptor stimulation produced a weak relaxation whereas, both α1‐ and α2‐adrenoceptor stimulation produced contractions, of which α2‐induced contraction was of greater magnitude. The β, α1 and α2 responses were blocked by their respective blocking agents propranolol, prazosin and yohimbine.

4 The autonomic components of the response to EFS were determined by using selected cholinergic and adrenergic antagonists separately or collectively. Cholinergic blockade with atropine did not produce a significant blockade of the EFS‐induced response. Similarly, blockade of β ‐adrenoceptors with propranolol did not modulate the contractile response to EFS to any significant level. Blockade by prazosin or yohimbine did not significantly change the contractile response to EFS. After a complete blockade of the adrenergic and cholinergic divisions, the intestinal segments still showed a contractile response to EFS which was not significantly different from the control response. This indicated the presence of a non‐adrenergic non‐cholinergic (NANC) response.

5 Tetrodotoxin, at 10−6m, significantly blocked the EFS‐induced NANC response suggesting a neurogenic origin for the response.

6 The present study indicated that the EFS‐induced response of the catfish intestinal segments is predominantly NANC‐e in nature suggesting an important role for it in the regulation of intestinal motility.
Mechanical and current responses to neurotensin in the smooth muscle of guinea‐pig intestine
Authors: Ohashi H. , Takewaki T. , Unno T. , Komori S.
Published: January 2008

1 The effects of neurotensin (NT) on the mechanical activity of the smooth muscle and membrane currents of enzymatically‐dispersed single smooth muscle cells of guinea‐pig intestine were investigated by the isometric tension recording method and the whole‐cell patch clamp technique, respectively.

2 NT (0.3–670 nm) produced an initial relaxation followed by a contraction in segment preparations of the jejunum and ileum. Atropine (0.2 μm) abolished the contraction. In 30% of ileal segments, NT produced a slowly‐developed contraction in the presence of atropine. The atropine‐resistant contraction was insensitive to tetrodotoxin (TTX, 0.2 μm). The relaxant effect of NT was unaffected by TTX (0.2 μm) and guanethidine (2 μm), but markedly reduced or abolished by apamin (67 nm).

3 In segment preparations of the colon and rectum, NT produced a biphasic response, similar to that in the small intestine, or a triphasic one (relaxation, contraction and relaxation). The contractile effect of NT was affected neither by atropine (0.2 μm) nor by TTX (0.2 μm). The first relaxation in response to NT was similar in pharmacological properties to that in the small intestine.

4 Responses to NT in longitudinal muscle strips were similar to those in segment preparations. The taenia caecum responded to NT with a contraction alone and the effect was unaffected by atropine (0.2 μm) and TTX (0.2 μm).

5 NT had little or no effect on the mechanical activity in the circular muscle of the small intestine. In the circular muscle of the large intestine, NT had a weak inhibitory effect on the spontaneous activity which was followed by a small rise in muscle tone. Apamin (67 nm) converted the biphasic response to a contraction.

6 In cells dialysed with a KCl‐based solution under voltage clamp at 0 mV, NT (5 μm) produced a brief, outward current in a very small fraction of cells (4 out of 40 cells). When cells were dialysed with a CsCl‐based solution under voltage clamp at – 50 or – 60 mV, no current response to NT (5 μm) was observed in all 37 cells, but NT increased inward Ca2+ currents evoked upon depolarization.

7 From these results, it appears that there is a regional difference in the mode of action of NT to contract and relax the smooth muscle of guinea‐pig intestine, and NT acts on its receptors on the smooth muscle to enhance activation of voltage‐dependent Ca2+ channels, which underlies the slow contraction in the longitudinal muscle of the intestine.
Effect of sympathetic denervation on the relaxing responses of rabbit arterial smooth muscle *
Authors: Villanueva M. M. , Soares‐da‐Silva P. , Osswald W.
Published: January 2008

1 The present study reports on the influence of chemical denervation by 6‐hydroxy‐dopamine (6‐OHDA) on the relaxing responses to carbachol, sodium nitroprusside, zaprinast, adenosine, forskolin and 3‐isobutyl‐l‐methylxanthine (IBMX) of ring preparations of rabbit renal and femoral arteries.

2 Carbachol was found to induce a complete abolition of the tone induced by 5‐hydroxytryptamine (0.1–1.0 μM), both in the renal and the femoral arteries. The profile of the carbachol‐induced relaxation in both the renal and femoral arteries obtained from 6‐OHDA‐treated rabbits was similar to that observed in control animals; relaxing responses obtained with some of the concentrations of carbachol were, however, found to be greater (P< 0.01) in denervated arteries. Sodium nitroprusside was also found to be an effective relaxant agent in both renal and femoral arteries, though more potent in the former but was unaffected by denervation. Zaprinast relaxed both renal and femoral artery ring preparations, and again, no significant difference was observed between control and denervated animals.

3 The cyclic AMP‐mediated relaxing responses to adenosine, forskolin and IBMX were found to be similar in renal and femoral arteries of control arteries, producing almost complete abolition of pre‐existing tone. The adenosine‐ and IBMX‐induced relaxing responses in renal and femoral arteries were found to be similar in control and denervated animals. However, the concentration–response curve to forskolin was shifted to the left by 2.5 and 1.5 log units in preparations of renal and femoral arteries of denervated rabbits, respectively.

4 The results presented here suggest that: (1) the basal production of cyclic GMP does not appear to be different in the two arteries, but differences in the generation of EDRF or in the activity of guanylate cyclase appear to exist; (2) the basal production of cyclic AMP is of about the same magnitude in the two arteries, and the same applies to adenylate cyclase activity, and finally, (3) sympathetic denervation increases the responses of arterial smooth muscle to activation of adenylate cyclase by forskolin, but not by adenosine.
Muscarinic M3 receptors mediate contractions in rabbit endothelium‐denuded aorta in vitro
Authors: Watson N. , Eglen R. M.
Published: January 2008

1 Muscarinic receptors mediating contraction of rabbit endothelium‐denuded aorta have been characterized functionally, in vitro, using a range of antagonists (atropine, pirenzepine, methoctramine, himbacine, 4‐diphenyl‐acetoxy‐N‐methyl piperidine methiodide (4‐DAMP) and para‐fluoro‐hexahydro‐siladifenidol (p‐F‐HHSiD).

2 The non‐selective muscarinic agonist, (+)cis‐dioxolane, induced concentration‐dependent contractions of endothelium‐denuded aortic rings. The potency (EC50) of (+)cis‐dioxolane was 1.0 ± 0.4 μM and the maximal increase in isometric tension was 944 ± 98 mg (mean ± SEM, n= 25). The concentration–effect curves to (+)cis‐dioxolane were shifted to the right in the presence of antagonists, in a concentration‐dependent manner. The following affinities (– log KB) were calculated; atropine, 9.4; pirenzepine, 6.6; methoctramine, 5.9; himbacine, 7.1; 4‐DAMP, 9.2; and p‐F‐HHSiD, 7.7.

3 It is concluded that muscarinic M3 receptors mediate contractions of endothelium‐denuded aorta. The low potency of (+)cis‐dioxolane, when compared to its potency in other M3 receptor assays, suggests that the efficiency of receptor coupling, associated with contraction of this tissue, is poor.
Release of endogenous ATP from the vasa deferentia of the rat and guinea‐pig by the indirect sympathomimetic tyramine
Authors: Kirkpatrick Karen A. , Burnstock G.
Published: January 2008

1 Adenosine 5′triphosphate (ATP) as well as [3H]‐noradrenaline ([3H]‐NA) is released by perfusion of the vas deferens with the indirect sympathomimetic tyramine (100 μM); this result is consistent with the concept of sympathetic cotransmission.

2 While tyramine produced a strong contraction in the vas deferens of the rat, it had little mechanical action in the guinea‐pig vas deferens. This appears to be largely because tyramine induces considerably lower levels of release of both ATP and NA from the guinea‐pig vas deferens compared to that of the rat. Furthermore, NA released by tyramine appears to release ATP from a secondary pool in the rat vans deferens, but not that of the guinea‐pig, since prazosin reduced the tryamine‐induced release of ATP in the rat vas deferens.

3 α, β ‐Methylene ATP (α, β ‐meATP) increased both the spontaneous release of ATP and the tyramine‐evoked efflux of ATP and [3H]‐NA. The basal and tyramine‐induced efflux of [3H]‐NA was also enhanced by the α1‐adrenoceptor antagonist, prazosin, suggesting that prejunctional α1‐adrenoceptors may modulate neurotransmitter release.
Regulation of gastrin release in the dog by α2‐adrenoceptors
Authors: Intorre L. , Blandizzi C. , Natale G. , Intorre D. , Mengozzi Grazia , Soldani G.
Published: January 2008

1 The purpose of the present study was to analyse the effects of the α2‐adrenoceptor agonist medetomidine and the antagonist yohimbine on gastrin release in conscious dogs.

2 Gastrin secretion was investigated under both basal conditions and stimulation by 2‐deoxy‐D‐glucose, food or bombesin.

3 Basal gastrin under fasting conditions was significantly reduced by medetomidine and increased by yohimbine.

4 2‐deoxy‐D‐glucose‐induced gastrin increase was fully inhibited by medetomidine; this effect was antagonized by yohimbine.

5 Medetomidine significantly inhibited food‐induced increase in plasma gastrin; under these conditions yohimbine was without effect per se, but significantly antagonized the inhibitory action of medetomidine.

6 Gastrin release induced by bombesin was not affected by medetomidine or yohimbine.

7 These results suggest that α2‐adrenoceptors play an inhibitory role under conditions in which gastrin release is mainly mediated through cholinergic and non‐cholinergic nervous pathways; in contrast, they do not indicate the presence of α2‐adrenoceptors on G cells of the dog stomach.
α1A‐adrenoceptor subtype mediates contraction of the rat urethra
Authors: Chess‐Williams Russell , Aston Nicky , Couldwell Caroline
Published: January 2008

1 The α1‐adrenoceptor‐mediated responses of the rat urethra to phenylephrine have been examined in vitro.Phenylephrine caused concentration‐dependent contractions of the isolated urethra which were antagonized by WB4101 (3–30 nM) and prazosin (10–100 nM) but not idazoxan (1.5 μM). Schild plot analysis of the antagonism by prazosin and WB4101 yielded straight lines with slopes not significantly different from unity. The pA2 value of 9.0 for WB4101 was significantly greater than the value previously obtained at the α18‐adrenoceptor of the rat spleen.

2 5‐Methylurapidil (30 nM) and abanoquil (1 nM) caused dextral shifts of concentration‐response curves yielding pKs values of 8.3 and 9.4 respectively. Maximal responses to phenylephrine were also reduced by this concentration of abanoquil.

3 Preincubation with chloroethylclonidine (25 μM for 40 min) failed to alter responses, but removing extracellular calcium or the presence of nifedipine (1 μM) almost abolished contractions to phenylephrine.

4 These results indicate that the responses of the rat urethra to phenylephrine are mediated via the α1A‐adrenoceptor subtype and are dependent on the influx of extracellular calcium.
Pharmacological characterization of the inhibitory effect of (R)‐α‐methylhistamine on sympathetic cardiopressor responses in the pithed guinea‐pig
Authors: Hutchison Robert W. , Hey John A.
Published: January 2008

1 The effect of (R)‐α‐methylhistamine (R‐α‐mHA), a selective histamine H3‐receptor agonist, on increases in blood pressure and heart rate mediated by activation of the sympathetic nervous system induced by electrical stimulation of the spinal cord, was characterized in the vagotomized, pithed guinea‐pig.

2 The frequency‐dependent nature of (R)‐α‐mHA's effect on sympathetic cardiopressor responses was studied at frequencies between 1 and 20 Hz. (R)‐α‐mHA (10–100 μg kg−1, i.v.) produced a dose‐dependent inhibition of the stimulated increase in both blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR). The inhibition was inversely related to frequency and maximum inhibition (BP, 61% at 1 Hz; HR, 50% at 1 Hz) was seen with 100 μg kg−1 of (R)‐α‐mHA. Treatment with the H3 receptor inactive stereoisomer, (S)‐α‐methylhistamine (300 αg kg−1, i.v.) did not inhibit the neurogenic sympathetic cardiopressor responses.

3 Pretreatment with thioperamide (1 mg kg−1, i.v.), a histamine H3 receptor antagonist, blocked (R) ‐α‐mHA's inhibitory effect on stimulation‐induced sympathetic cardiopressor responses.

4 Combined pretreatment with the H3‐receptor antagonist cimetidine (3 mg kg−1, i.v.) and the H1‐receptor antagonist chlorpheniramine (0.3 mg kg−1, i.v.) did not attenuate (R) ‐α‐mHA's inhibitory effects.

5 (R) ‐α‐mHA (100 μg kg−1) had no effect on the hypertensive or tachycardia effects induced by adrenaline (1 and 3 μg kg−1, i.v.).

6 Treatment with a combination of prazosin (1 mgkg−1, i.v.) and yohimbine (1.5 mg kg−1, i.v.) to block α1 and α2‐adrenoceptors, abolished the sympathetic hypertension without affecting the inhibition of sympathetic tachycardia induced by (R) ‐α‐mHA. Conversely, pretreatment with the β‐adrenoceptor antagonist propranolol (1 mg kg−1, i.v.), which blocked the sympathetic tachycardia, did not block (R)‐α‐mHA's inhibition of sympathetic hypertensive responses.

7 In adrenalectomized guinea‐pigs, (R) ‐α‐mHA (100μg kg−1, i.v.) also produced a frequency‐dependent inhibition of sympathetic hypertensive cardiopressor responses that was not significantly different from intact animals.

8 These results demonstrate that (R) ‐α‐mHA produces a frequency‐dependent inhibition of the cardiopressor responses due to activation of the sympathetic innervation to the resistance vessels and the heart. These effects of (R)‐α‐mHA are mediated by a prejunctional inhibitory H3‐receptor mechanism, and an intact CNS is not needed to elicit these effects. The most likely site of action is on the postganglionic sympathetic neuroeffector junction whereas a site in the adrenal medulla, unlike the sympathetic ganglia can be excluded. Furthermore, the inhibitory modulation of the sympathetic tachycardia responses with (R)‐α‐mHA is not affected by α1‐ and α2‐adrenoceptor blockade.
Influence of the baroreceptor reflex on the modulation of noradrenaline overflow through prejunctional receptors in the portal vein of freely moving rats
Authors: Coppes R. P. , Remie R. , Zaagsma J.
Published: January 2008

1 The effects of alterations in mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), as induced by vasoactive drugs, on heart rate (HR), basal noradrenaline concentration and electrically evoked noradrenaline overflow and on blood flow in the portal vein of freely moving rats, were investigated.

2 By infusion of sodium nitroprusside or phenylephrine (0.5, 1.0 and 2.5 μg kg−1 min−1), MAP was altered over a range of 50 to 150 mmHg. The resulting changes in HR showed a sigmoidal relationship with MAP. Noradrenaline overflow increased linearly when MAP was decreased; when MAP was increased, however, noradrenaline levels only decreased to 70% and reached a plateau from 125 mmHg onwards.

3 Nitroprusside (2.5 μg kg−1 min−1) and fenoterol (0.25 mg kg−1) decreased MAP to the same extent (– 46 mmHg). HR and basal noradrenaline concentration, however, were increased to a higher extent by fenoterol (+ 192 beats min−1; + 373 pg ml−1, respectively) than by nitroprusside (+ 78 beats min−1; + 206 pg ml−1, respectively). Electrically evoked overflow was not changed at all after nitroprusside, whereas fenoterol induced an increase to 206% of control.

4 Phenylephrine (2.5 μg kg−1 min−1) and angiotensin II (1 μg kg−1 min−1) increased MAP to the same extent (to 155 and 161 mmHg, respectively). Basal noradrenaline concentration decreased by 30% after phenylephrine, whereas angiotensin II increased noradrenaline levels to 226% of control. Evoked noradrenaline overflow was not changed after phenylephrine but was increased to 204% of control after angiotensin II.

5 Portal venous blood flow (15.3 ml min−1) was not affected after brisk changes in MAP induced by nitroprusside (2.5 μg kg−1 min−1), fenoterol (0.25 mg kg−1) or phenylephrine (2.5 μg kg−1 min−1).

6 The results showed that the electrically evoked overflow of endogenous noradrenaline in the portal vein of the freely moving rat is not influenced by baroreceptor reflex‐induced changes in basal noradrenaline overflow. As a consequence, the prejunctional effects of drugs on the electrically evoked overflow are only of local origin. Portal venous blood flow is not changed by brisk changes in MAP or electrical stimulation, therefore no changes in noradrenaline spillover from nerve terminals are expected. However, the enhancement of basal noradrenaline overflow from numerous peripheral sympathetic junctions as seen with fenoterol and angiotensin II, is augmented or dampened, respectively, by baroreceptor reflexmediated changes of sympathetic activity.
XXXII.:The Predominance of Diatoms in the Origin of Cod Liver Oil.
Authors: WEJDLING KNUT
Published: January 2008

Brief Summary

1. My attempts to find why non‐irradiated Cod Liver Oil coming from a fish living at a depth of 100 meters or more in the sea, where very few rays are acting‐, should have an antirachitic action comparable to that of ultra violet light, give reason to the following explanation.

2. The diatoms containing 8 % fat substances included in a shell of siliceous acid, that transmits the U.V.‐rays of the sun, are eaten of even big fish.

3. Phytosterol is stated in a considerable amount in the extracts of these diatoms, which are living in the brightest layers of the sea, where the U.V.‐rays of the sun predominate and are acting on the ergosterol (cholesterol combined with fat acid?). The action of irradiation on the lipoidal substances in the living cells was studed by me in an Ultramicroscope with photographic film. In 10 minutes the transformation is clompleted in dark cells, others are »activated» before. The fat substances shine then like silver; the diatoms multiply in that stage – or they die by too long irradiation, still shining after the death. (Vitamins for the deep‐sea fish!?)

4. The pigment fucoxanthin, peculiar to brown algae (Fucus, Diatoms) is suggested to be a sort of Bar for the 3 unsaturated carbon linkages in the activated ergosterol. The energy of the lipoid must then be liberated in the moment of depigmentation. The depigmentation is done in 10 minutes in extracts by U.V.‐rays or ozonisation in the dark. This is the time for the production of the effulgence stage of the living algae as well as of the maximal antirachitic action of C.L.O. The danger of too long“ irradiation is pointed out as concerne the antirachitic action. Inactive ozonids are formed (Saturation of unsaturated C‐atoms).

5. The presence of 3 unsaturated carbon linkages in antirachitic (and other biological) processes seems to have a deeper energetic value. The relation Ca: P in blood serum by the formation of new bone and in the principal inorganic constituent of the bone is the same, 2:1. If disturbed, this relation is, as stated by others, reestablished (without other alteration of the food) by activated ergosterol (Windaus, Euler).

6. The diatoms in question, in spite of being kept in the dark during 5 months possess a considerable antirachitic potency in contrast to green plants. The ev. vitamin D formation in fish is not confirmed.

7. The Cod fish must reasonably have a considerable amount of accumulated energy from the sun, because he lives in the dark (more than the little caplin).
Zur Kenntnis der Blutzuckerregulation bei akuter Neben‐niereninsuffizienz bei Kindern.1
Authors: MAGNUSSON Von J. HENNING
Published: January 2008

Drei Fälle von akuter Nebenniereninsuffizienz bei Kindern im Alter von 11—18 Monaten werden beschrieben. Zwei von diesen Kindern starben and wurden seziert. Beide diese Fälle, von denen der eine klinisch diagnostiziert wurde, zeigten eine ausgesprochene Hypoglycämie. Der dritte Fall wurde symptomenfrei entlassen. Auch hier wurde eine unzweideutige Hypoglycämie nachgewiesen. Ausserdem fand sich in diesem Falle eine sicher pathologische Blutzuckerreaktion für Adrenalin. Die in diesen Fällen nachgewiesene Störting des Kohlenhydratsstoffwechsels scheint mir von Bedeutung zu sein für die Stellung der Diagnose akute Nebenniereninsuffizienz.
Les enfants printaniers et les enfants d'automne. Leur évolution d'intelligence.
Authors: LOOFT CARL
Published: January 2008

L'évolution de l'intelligence d'un enfant ne dépend pas de la saison, oil it est né; c'est indifférent si in naissance a lieu an printemps ou en automne. Le développement d'un nouveauné est cependant mieux assuré pendant les mois de printemps et d'été, s'il fait beau temps avec des jours ensoleillés; mais comme j'ai envisagé an dessus le deuxième semestre est d'une grande importance pour le développement physique peutêAtre aussi pour l'évolution de l'intelligence, qui en partie dépend du développement physique. J'ai indiqué le rachitisme, seul ou joint aux convulsions spasmophiles, des états dépendants des saisons et des conditions météorologiques; ces maladies là ont peutêtre une influence sur un cerveau dune faible origine. Il faut toujours faire attention à la situation en arrière et en avant; non pas seulement à la saison, où l'enfant est né. L'hérédité est la cause prédominante de l'arriération; cela surtout s'il s'agit des formes légères.

Bergen, Norvège, le 15. mars 1934.
Zur Histopathologie des Erythema annulare von Lehndorff und Leiner
Authors: CAROL W. L. L. , van KRIEKEN J. A.
Published: January 2008

Beschrieben wird das histologische Bild eines Falles von Erythema annulare (Lehndorff und Leiner); das Bild ist das einer acuten Entzündung der oberen und mittleren Cutis. Es finden sich Differenzen mit dem histologischen Bilde des Erythema exsudativum multiforme Hebrae und der Urticaria annularis.
The influence of dietary restriction on body configuration
Authors: BAKWIN HARRY , BAKWIN RUTH MORRIS , MILGRAM LILLIAM
Published: January 2008

1. The body configurations of two groups of infants, of the same economic status and racial origin, were compared. One group, supervised in a special clinic, grew in length and weight as well as did supervised infants from a better economic environment. The unsupervised group was delayed in growth of both length and weight.

2. Accompanying the delay in growth of the unsupervised group, statistically reliable changes in body configuration occurred. The changes observed correspond to those which have been described as attributes of the linear type of body build.
Eine mehrere Tage dauernde Funktionsstörung des Grosshirns infolge schwerer Hypoglykämie. Von
Authors: RÄIHÄ C. E.
Published: January 2008

Es wird ein schwerer hypoglykämischer Anfall geschildert, an den sich ein 2 Tage dauernder Bewusstlosigkeitszustand anschliesst, während dessen die vegetativen Funktionen ganz normal sind. Der Zustand geht allmählich in einen unruhigen Verwirrtheitszustand über, und am fünften Tage kehren die psychischen Funktionen vollständig zurück. Als Ursache für den Bewusstlosigkeitszustand wird angenommen, dass in den Hirnzellen Kohlehydratmangel und infolgedessen Stoffwechselstörungen eingetreten sind.
Studies of latent scurvy in infants
Authors: BRÆSTRUP P. W.
Published: January 2008

Investigation of the content of ascorbic acid in 75 women and 79 children at birth demonstrates: —

1. that women in labour generally have a low content of ascorbic acid serum (average 0·36 mgr. %), if the season when the investigations were made is taken into consideration,

2. that the content in the umbilical blood is considerably higher, both in maturely and in prematurely born (average 0·90 mgr. %); it is dependent on the content in the mother's blood, and it is possible to produce a further increase (to an average of 1·71 mgr. %) by the administration of ascorbic acid before birth.
Heparin for Sedimentation Reaction in Pediatrics
Authors: MAGNUSSON J. HENNING , AHNSJÖ S.
Published: January 2008

A new method for sedimentation‐reaction by using heparin as anti‐coagulant is announced for use in pediatrics. This method requires a greater amount of blood than the usual citrate micro‐method, but, on the other hand, it offers several advantages.
Thrombopenische Purpura (Morbus maculosus Werlhofii) im ersten Lebensjahre. (Beschreibung zweier Fälle bei Säuglingen.)
Authors: STRÖM JUSTUS
Published: January 2008

Beschreibung zweier Fälle von thrombopenischer Purpura (M. Werlhofii) bei Säuglingen. Der erste betraf ein 4 Monate altes Kind mit Melaena sowie zahlreichen Petechien an Haut und Sehleimhäuten und einer Thrombopenie bis zu einer Mindestzahl von 48 000 Thrombozyten. Der Verlauf war gutartig; in 2 bis 3 Wochen waren alle Symptome verschwunden. Beim zweiten Fall handelte es sich um einen 7 Monate alten Säugling mit reichlichen Petechien, mit subkutanen Hämatomen und Melaena. Die geringste Thrombozytenzahl war 61 000. In diesem Fall war das Symptomenbild nach 1 1/2 Va Monaten noch unverändert. Wahrscheinlich wird es chronisch. Bei beiden Patienten fielen auch alle Proben vom Blut‐ und Gefässsystem in einer für die Werlhofsche Krankheit typischen Weise auf.

In der Literatur finden sich 5 kongenitale Fälle von thrombopenischer Purpura beschrieben. Bei zwei von diesen wies die Mutter M. Werlhofii auf, bei einem dritten Thrombopenie ohne Krankheitssymptome. Ein weiterer Fall von Werlhofscher Krankheit war in der Neugeborenenperiode (am 6. Tage), und was den Rest des 1. Lebensjahres betrifft, wurden früher 4 sichere Fälle der Krankheit beschrieben.
Zur Kenntnis der kongenitalen Tuberkulose.1
Authors: HAMNE BERTH , GELLERSTEDT NILS
Published: January 2008

Nach einer kurzen Übersicht über den heutigen Stand unserer Kenntnisse der kongenitalen Tuberkulose und einer Erörterung ihrer Diagnostik wird über einen einschlägigen Fall berichtet.

Das Kind wurde 4 Wochen zu früh geboren. Es war niemals mit seiner Mutter zusammen gewesen, sondern wurde unmittelbar nach der Geburt in die Abteilung für Prämaturen der pediatrischen Klinik des Karolinischen Institutes, Kranken‐haus Norrtull, übergeführt. Eine extrauterine Infektion ist ausgeschlossen. Es starb am 68. Lebenstage unter dem Bilde einer Peritonitis mit palpabler, stark vergrösserter Milz. (Die Mutter starb am 2. Tage nach dem Partus. Path. anat. Diagnose: Tbe. caseosa cavernosa et recens peribronchial, pulm. amb. + tbc. laryngis, intestini, lgl. mesent. et renis).

Im vorliegenden Falle musste die intrauterine Infektion amniogen und intestinal gewesen sein. Anatomisch lag näm‐lich ein typischer primärer Komplex im Darm (in der Ileocoe‐kalregion) vor. Von hier aus fand eine portagene Infektion der Leber und wahrscheinlich auch in retrograder Richtung der Milz statt. Sie verbreitete sich als eine spärliche Miliar‐tuberkulose weiter über die Leber auf die Lungen und über das Herz auf die sonstigen Organe. Der tuberkulöse Prozess war ausgeprägt exsudativer Art. Massen von Bazillen waren in den Herden nachweisbar.

Es wird die Möglichkeit einer intrauterinen Infektion sub partu erörtert.

Unter bislang bekannten zwischen 60 bis 70 Fällen von kongenitaler Tuberkulose ist dies der dritte mit einem sicher‐gestellten primären Komplex im Darme. Von den beiden früheren (MÖLIEK 1918 und GROSSER 1929 ist der Fall MÖL‐
Glycogenosis
Authors: KARLSTROÜM Dr. FRITZ
Published: January 2008

Description of a case of glycogenosis in a boy barely one year old. The signs characteristic of this disease, especially enlargement of the liver and disturbance of carbohydrate metabolism, were present to a striking degree. In addition to the usual examinations in cases of glycogenosis liver puncture was done and provided valuable information. The patient in question died and was autopsied, and the gross and microscopic findings were typical of glycogenosis. Chemical analysis of a number of organs showed that they were rich in glycogen 16 hours after death. On account of the lack of normal standards, it is, however, impossible to be certain whether the glycogen content was pathologically elevated. The microscopic and chemical findings together do, however, strongly suggest that such was the case.

A further case is described with tremendous enlargement of the liver in an infant of about 6 months. Aside from the large liver, nothing pathological could be found. It is suspected that this patient also suffered from glycogenosis, and that most of the symptoms had not yet come to light on account of the age.

The earlier cases of glycogenosis in the literature are reviewed and a summary is given of the symptoms, course, differential diagnosis, pathogenesis and etiology.
Four Cases of Congenital Cardiac Disease
Authors: MANNHEIMER EDGAR , NORDENFELT PER J.
Published: January 2008

.The authors report four cases of unusual types of congenital cardiac defect.

Cases I, II and III can undoubtedly be regarded as malformations of the heart. In ease IV the possibility of an etiology of foetal infection could not be wholly excluded.

The difficulty of making a detailed diagnosis of the different forms of congenital cardiac disease in vivo is stressed.

The electrocardiographic findings are discussed.
Courbe représentant l‘évolution de la teneur du sang en leucocytes durant la première année de l'existence
Authors: MAGNUSSON J. HENKING
Published: January 2008

Pour la totalité des leucocytes la courbe évolue parallèlement à celles des érythrocytes & du taux de l'hémoglobine aux mêmes âges; elle présente en général des caractères semblables à ceux des deux dernières courbes mentionnées.

La courbe des granuloeytes montre en somme les mêmes caractères. Ce sont les cellules granulocytaires qui donnent surtout à la courbe évolutive de la totalité des globules blancs la forme qu'elle présente.

Les Lymphocytes & les monocytes ne semblent contribuer que pour une modeste part à la forme de cette courbe évolutive de la totalité des leucocytes.
Investigations on the Pneumonia Diagnosis in early Childhood with special Reference to Serotherapy
Authors: FRIDERICHSEN C.
Published: January 2008

In order to be able to evaluate tbe influence of serum on pneumonia in very young‐ children it is necessary to know from what form of pneumonia the child under consideration suffers, as the different forms of bronchopneumonia have different prognoses.

On comparison of the X‐ray with the clinical picture (Fig. I) the bronchopneumonias can be divided into 2 main groups: (I) Primitive pneumonia: (a) hilufugal, b) miliary, c) primary abscess formation). This form is characterized by a great tendency of dissemination in the lung‐ field issuing from the hilus, following the configuration of vessels and bronchi fan‐like outward towards the periphery. (II) The transitionary form: (a) the focal, b) the marginal, c) the partly lobar, and d) the lobar form). It is characterized by a tendency to focal limitation of the process located to different places in the lung. The tendency to form a focus is considered an expression of an allergic defensive process.

Fig. I shows that the primitive forms are most frequently met with in children below 2 years of age, that the focal transitionary form is most frequent in children of from 2—4 years, and that the lobar and cronpous forms are most frequent in children above 4 years.
Die röntgenologische Frühdiagnose der Rachitis
Authors: KNUTSSON FOLKE
Published: January 2008

Bei Röntgenuntersuchung frühgeborener Kinder während des ersten Lebensjahres auf Rachitis wurden Hand— und Fussgelenk sowie die vorderen Rippenenden (rachitischer «Rosen—kranz») methodisch röntgenuntersucht. In 36 Fällen wurden rachitische Verändernngen gefunden, und bei 10 Fällen hiervon waren die Voränderungen ausschliesslich in den Rippenenden lokalisiert und die übrigen Metaphysen waren normal. In 18 Fällen traten die Rippenveränderungen früher anf als die anderer Methaphysen und in 17 Fällen ungefähr gleichzeitig mit Veränderungen der Ulnametaphyse, bisweilen auch anderer Metaphysen.

Die Rippenveränderungen sind oft völlig manifest, wenn die initialen Veränderungen an der Ulnametaphyse aufzutreten beginnen. Bei leichten Fällen, welche früh auslieilen, können die rachitischen Veränderungen ausschliesslich an den Rippenenden vorkommen und andere Metaphysen sich als normal erweisen, wodurch die Röntgendiagnose ganz von der Photographierung der Rippenenden abhängig wird.

Die Rippenveränderungen führen früh zur Deformation mit ausgeprägter Becherform. An der Ulna und Fibula besteht die früheste Veränderung in einer beginnenden schalenförmigen Vertiefung‐der Metaphysenoberfläche und Verwishung der Kontur derselben. An der Tibiametaphyse trat als erstes Symptom oft Spornbildung an der Kante und erst später Entwicklung der Becherforrn auf.
A Model Scheme for a Department for Children at a Central Hospital
Authors: LICHTENSTEIN A.
Published: January 2008

Drawn up by the executive committee of the Board of the Swedish Union of Pediatricians, A. Lichtenstein, C. Gyllen‐swärd, U. Nordwall, in cooperation with Civil Engineer Hj. Cederstböm.
Über Enzephalographie bei Kindern
Authors: PALMGREN ÅKE
Published: January 2008

An 68 Kindern mit manifesten oder suspekten zerebralen Affektionen wurden mittels subokzipitaler Lufteinblasung 74 Enzephalogramme ausgefiihrt. Die Methodik hierbei wird in Ktirze besprochen, desgleichen die Nebenwirkungen der Enzephalo‐graphie. Nach der Erörterung des Materials wird darauf hinge‐wiesen, wie die Enzephalographie bei unklaren Gehirnprozessen bedeutungsvolle Aufklärungen vermitteln kann und besonders hervorgehoben, dass dieselbe oft bei der Jacksonschen Epilepsie Klarheit bringen hat.