bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Two Cases and Policy Implications
Authors: Cowhey Peter F. , Aronson Jonathan D.
Published: August 2017

This chapter examines how two major firms, Monsanto and Qualcomm, in two distinct sectors are innovating in response to information and production disruptions. The Monsanto example shows how these disruptions are transforming the management of the farm field. The Qualcomm example shows how a digital technology leader is adapting to the next generation of innovation. Their choices illuminate how governance and innovation strategies come up against critical challenges. Policy makers must modernize how they organize global economic governance regarding digital innovation, provide cross-border market access for digital innovations, and advance good conduct with regard to public interest concerns such as digital privacy and cybersecurity where market forces alone will not achieve satisfactory outcomes. National policies do not require global harmonization, but they do require a common baseline of strategic consistency.
Strategy and International Governance Regimes
Authors: Cowhey Peter F. , Aronson Jonathan D.
Published: August 2017

Regime theory and policy precedents are used to propose a strategy for international governance reform. Bargaining issues tied to international “coordination” and “cooperation” are contrasted, suggesting a strategy to link coordination and cooperation mechanisms to reduce policy frictions. A regime design that relies on achieving a minimum baseline of authoritative international agreements mixing “soft” and “hard” government commitments is proposed. Soft rules are binding on governments, creating specific policy capabilities, not narrowly defining solutions. These baseline agreements reinforce confidence in good-faith conduct by countries while setting parameters that reduce divergence among varied national policies to achieve quasi-convergence of national policies. Governance, not policy, is the focus because private innovations by industry and civil society must complement government decisions and rules. Incorporating expert multistakeholder organizations from civil society into governance is needed to implement a strategy that stresses experimentation and flexibility in response to rapidly changing technological and economic circumstances.
Global Policy for the Cloud
Authors: Cowhey Peter F. , Aronson Jonathan D.
Published: August 2017

Part III tests the international governance regime strategy against three hard problems raised by the information and production disruption. Chapter 6 focuses on the political economy and governance of cloud computing, including its reliance on transborder data flows. It analyzes the major economic implications of the cloud for competition and innovation. Civil society innovations are changing the “facts on the ground” even as negotiators grope for consensus on formal trade rules to respond to growing national restrictions on global cloud services and data flows. Further complications involve debates over appropriate competition policies for cloud-based services, especially because these services take revenues away from many traditional businesses with influential political supporters. Cloud policy also must confront questions about creating a trusted digital environment for privacy and cybersecurity. To demonstrate the dimensions of the debate, the political economic interests of the United States, Japan, Korea, China, and the European Union are examined.
Creating an International Governance Regime for the Digital Economy
Authors: Cowhey Peter F. , Aronson Jonathan D.
Published: August 2017

The concluding chapter lays out a strategy for creating an international governance regime for the digital economy. It identifies a core “club” of nations that could champion new digital trade agreements linked to stronger international agreements to advance a trusted digital environment—the Digital Economy Agreement. This agreement would revamp trade policy to adjust to the impact of the information and production disruption by improving rules for digital market integration and would create a foundation that simplifies and strengthens the ability to forge significant pacts advancing the goals of improving privacy and cybersecurity while safeguarding against protectionist trade risks. The design of these agreements emphasizes binding “soft rules” that allow significant variations in national policy trade-offs while establishing a minimum common baseline of policy through the soft rules. Expert multistakeholder organizations drawn from civil society loom large in the design for implementation of the soft rules through such avenues as mutual recognition schemes for certifying compliance with privacy and security objectives. If trade agreements prove unworkable as a starting point, such agreements could be anchored to other types of binding policy agreements. However, trade is the first best option for consideration before there is any decision to resort to second-best strategies.
Does God Care?
Authors: Wright Almeda M.
Published: August 2017

This chapter relates the work of young Black spoken word poets with Black liberationist, humanist, and Womanist religious scholars. It is easier for many Black youth to have “no expectation” that God should work in their lives than to wrestle with theodicy. This disconnection is reflected in youth performances of spoken word poetry, which invites their interpretations of overwhelming and absurd experiences of evil and suffering. The voices of young people in the heart of urban communities (like, but also beyond Chicago) reflect a desire for change within their communities and a condemnation of the role of political or religious leaders—or even God—in bringing that change to fruition. The young poets advance fierce correctives to many African American religious and scholarly attempts at making sense of evil and suffering in the presence of God. Nonetheless, Christian communities have a role to play in helping youth counter fragmented spirituality.
Being Young, Active, and Faithful
Authors: Wright Almeda M.
Published: August 2017

Chapter 5 continues exploring alternatives to fragmented spirituality by drawing connections between historical and contemporary models of American public theology and activism. Is Black youth activism “replacing the church” as a locus for social analysis, community building, and change? Many scholars have suggested dramatic discontinuities between historical and contemporary streams of Black religion and activism. Yet, most who would argue that the church is irrelevant or dead are in fact revealing that dominant ways of theorizing “the Black church” have been debunked and must be transcended. The work of young Black activists and public theologians today both reveals their commensurability with historical movements and offers clues to the necessity of their transcendence. Despite challenges and continued barriers to youth activism within churches, Black public theology continues to be an essential resource to counter individualism and fragmentation and to sustain youth activism for the long haul.
Choosing Life with Youth
Authors: Wright Almeda M.
Published: August 2017

Death, violence, oppression, and racism have become part of the narratives of all young African Americans. Parents and youth workers are challenged in navigating these realities alongside youth. This chapter asks, What type of vision calls young people out of the cycles of death and violence and into esteemed roles in co-creating lives of abundance? What might a practice of choosing life look like for young people? Considering the theological insights, public ministry, and prophetic vision of one young person, this chapter leads the reader through one example of listening and discernment with youth, highlighting the theological insights and practical strategies that emerge. The chapter then moves to outline the work of key religious educators and religious critics, and contemporary resources and limitations of religious education in the Black church. Finally, this chapter suggests goals, methods, and strategies of critical pedagogy for integrating spirituality and abundant life with Black youth.
Conclusion
Authors: Wright Almeda M.
Published: August 2017

Fragmented spirituality among African American adolescents has been fostered and shaped in US society and African American churches, amid sometimes inadequate theology and pedagogy. However, the text concludes with the assertions that young African Americans are both in need of a vision of abundant life and capable of integrating spirituality. These young people have not given up on churches or on the importance of spirituality in their lives. However, many still do not know or believe that churches exist that value their voices and their lived realities. Therefore, churches and concerned adults must respond by working with youth to live life abundantly.
Principlism
Authors: Arras John D. , Childress James , Adams Matthew
Published: August 2017

This chapter provides a survey and critical evaluation of the theory of principlism, as expounded by Tom Beauchamp and James Childress in their increasingly authoritative work The Principles of Biomedical Ethics (editions 1979, 1983, 1989, 1994, 2001, 2009, 2013). It explains the main elements of the theory and how Beauchamp and Childress’s conception of principlism evolved through different editions of their book, as they assimilated their responses to criticisms into an increasingly expansive account. The chapter ends with a discussion of two criticisms of principlism that remain outstanding: the first concerns the interpretation of principles and their application to actual cases, while the second questions the source and justification of principles.
A Common Morality for Hedgehogs
Authors: Arras John D. , Childress James , Adams Matthew
Published: August 2017

This chapter is an exposition and assessment of Bernard Gert’s arguments for a conception of common morality as the keystone of ethics. It begins by outlining the moral rules, ideals, and decision procedures that Gert defines as constitutive of the content of common morality. It explains how Gert’s appeal to common morality differs from the role that it plays in the work of Beauchamp and Childress. The chapter then canvasses two objections to Gert’s position. The first raises doubts about whether his description of the content of common morality is accurate, particularly given that it is not supported by any rigorous empirical evidence, and the second challenges his claim that common morality does not change over time.
Getting Down to Cases
Authors: Arras John D. , Childress James , Adams Matthew
Published: August 2017

This chapter outlines and critically evaluates the “new casuistry” account of Albert Jonsen and Stephen Toulmin. It begins by explaining the core elements of casuistical analyses of this kind, such as the theoretical primacy they place on actual cases as opposed to principles. In doing so, it clarifies how the “new casuistry” differs from the method of casuistry pioneers in the Middle Ages who brought abstract and universal ethico-religious precepts to bear on particular moral situations. The chapter then outlines some advantages of the method before uncovering some of its problems. In particular, problems arise from trying to separate out which cases are morally significant, and there are concerns about casuistry’s handling of the issues of indeterminacy and consensus.
A Method in Search of a Purpose
Authors: Arras John D. , Childress James , Adams Matthew
Published: August 2017

This chapter examines the “internal morality” approach to medicine. According to this method, a medical ethic can be derived entirely from the contemplation of medicine’s proper nature, goals, and practice. The chapter outlines the central features of the internal morality view and distinguishes between the different versions of it that have developed, such as “essentialism” and the “practical precondition account.” The chapter then gives consideration to some objections that have been leveled against the internal morality approach. The conclusion of the chapter is that, rather than rejecting the method altogether, we should revise our expectations by assigning it a role that is more modest than that of its original, overly ambitious goal of solving substantive moral problems.
Sharecropping, Risk, Time, and Agency
Authors: Simon Julia
Published: August 2017

This chapter delves into the ways in which sharecropping, as a ubiquitous structuring principle in the Jim Crow South, affected the perception and understanding of time, particularly for sharecroppers. Uncovering the simultaneous evocation of cyclical, vectored, and punctual forms of time in the blues reveals the radical effect that disparate yet interrelated conceptions of time have on the perception of agency. A close reading of Bumble Bee Slim’s “Fattening Frogs for Snakes” highlights the economic subtext of exploitation shaped by the temporal forms associated with sharecropping as they manifest themselves in form and content. This and other songs point to the ways in which time, as it was experienced under sharecropping, came to be reflected and represented in the blues, both formally and lyrically.
Waiting
Authors: Simon Julia
Published: August 2017

This chapter examines the phenomenon of waiting and, in particular, the extreme experience of prison time doing hard labor in the Jim Crow South. The forms of waiting that are created musically echo the tension experienced both by loved ones waiting for someone’s return and by the prisoner enduring the unbearable cruelty of time at Parchman Farm or as a leased convict. The discussion culminates in an analysis of the “extreme present” of enduring physical and emotional pain echoed in blues that depict the experience of addiction and withdrawal, tying together the temporality of waiting with attempts to limit suffering by dwelling in the present. Key to the argument are analyses of Muddy Waters’s “Long Distance Call,” Bessie Smith’s “In the House Blues,” and Tommy Johnson’s “Canned Heat Blues.”
Tense, Mood, and Aspect
Authors: Simon Julia
Published: August 2017

The verbal characteristics of tense, mood, and aspect are used in this chapter to examine the structuring of narratives in the blues. Arguing that the blues articulate an unconventional story arc marked by a timeline that both reaches back retrospectively into the past and gestures toward a future, Simon argues that the temporal structure approximates Jim Crow and migration narratives in its open-endedness. The discussion of tense, mood, and aspect reveals an unstable, resonant, and oscillating system of temporalities and subject positions. Beginning with explorations of Memphis Minnie’s “In My Girlish Days” and Freddie King’s “Someday, After Awhile,” the chapter culminates in a close reading of Freddie King’s guitar solo in “Have You Ever Loved a Woman.” Through musical analysis, musical correlates to tense, mood, and aspect demonstrate the musical narrative’s reliance on structures similar to those that underpin the lyric content.
Objects, Fragments, Scenes, and the Construction of Narrative
Authors: Simon Julia
Published: August 2017

This chapter interrogates the construction of narrative out of lyrical and musical fragments and scenes. Tracing displacements and condensations in the blues reveals a metonymic structure underpinning narrative articulations. Close examination of the contexts of reception—including the minstrel show, the juke joint, and most especially the print advertising of race record labels—unearths a system that guides listeners to construct narrative cohesion out of fragments and pieces. Analyzing Charley Patton’s “High Water Everywhere,” Blind Lemon Jefferson’s “Competition Bed Blues,” and Robert Johnson’s “Hellhound on my Trail” uncovers an unstable oscillation between synchronic and diachronic understandings of time that is foregrounded by the blues’ fundamentally fragmentary structure.
Concluding Remarks
Authors: Simon Julia
Published: August 2017

The conclusion provides a summary of the central arguments of the book concerning time in the blues and, specifically, the temporal fields explored in the analysis. A defense of the archive covered in the analyses—the inclusive and capacious understanding of the blues as a genre—asserts the interconnection between the historical context of origin and aesthetic production. The book concludes with a consideration of how sympathy enters into music reception, raising the possibility of an ethical dimension to listening to the blues.
The Realistically Deceptive, or the Deceptively Real? Ron Mueck and the Internal Illusion
Authors: Friedlander Jennifer
Published: August 2017

This chapter explores the hyperrealist, yet eerily distorted, sculptural figures created by Australian artist Ron Mueck. It argues that Mueck’s use of scale to disrupt the impression of perfected reality lures spectators into an illusion which challenges them to question the symbolic system’s guarantee that fiction and reality can be unequivocally adjudicated. An engagement with his work in relationship to other art and media pieces (in particular, the 2007 film Lars and the Real Girl; the stand-up comedy of New Zealand duo Flight of the Conchords; the BBC sitcom Love Soup; and Mark Jenkins’s public art figures) helps point to ways in which realism may contribute to a political aesthetic project.
The Faux and the Schmo
Authors: Friedlander Jennifer
Published: August 2017

This chapter engages with the reality TV show parody The Joe Schmo Show, whose premise rests upon a cast of actors convincing an earnest participant that he is competing in a Big Brother–style reality. It compares The Joe Schmo Show with a series of made-for-TV movies based around “true events” and “real people,” with which it aired contemporaneously. It argues that, unlike docu-dramas which enable viewers to “see through” the fictionalized scene, The Joe Schmo Show functions in an unexpectedly disruptive way. Through setting up a seemingly irresistible scene for “seeing through” the ruse and then exploiting its attendant traps, the show accomplishes the subversive task of undermining the power of the ideological call of mastery associated with the realist form.
Conclusion
Authors: Friedlander Jennifer
Published: August 2017

This chapter considers the claims of the book in terms of Jacques Lacan’s famous dictum that “the non-duped err.” It explores the political possibilities afforded to those who, rather than seek to overcome the duplicity of the Symbolic order by “seeing through” its deceit, allow themselves to be taken in, to be duped by it. It then examines this view via Roland Barthes’ distinction between two sorts of subjects, the cynic and the fool (or dupe) and suggests that fool is wise in avoiding the trap of believing that he or she can outsmart the efficiency of the symbolic ruse.
Regret, Resentment, and Transgression
Authors: Ing Michael D. K.
Published: August 2017

This chapter builds on the previous chapter by further exploring regret as it relates to resentment and transgression. Specifically, this chapter challenges the dominant understanding of resentment in Confucian thought. It argues that, from an early Confucian perspective, resentment is a sign that we require the care of significant others and that we are vulnerable to their concern or neglect. The chapter then connects resentment with frustrated desire and the production of literature designed to channel this desire to future others who might realize the Confucian dao道‎. It shows that this act of releasing pent up desire is often associated with the transgression of social norms, as in the case of Kongzi composing the Chunqiu《春秋》‎. In short, the chapter demonstrates that early Confucians saw these kinds of transgressions as valid responses to value conflicts.
The Conflictual World of the Sages
Authors: Ing Michael D. K.
Published: August 2017

This chapter explores irresolvable value conflicts with regard to sages. It begins with portrayals of early sages such as Yao and Shun as compromised figures in a broad array of early Chinese texts. This serves as a context for understanding how early Confucians stressed the virtuous nature of sages on the one hand and accepted portions of the broader discourse of compromise on the other. To illustrate this the chapter looks more closely at the case of Wu Wang 武王‎ and shows that early Confucian texts were ambivalent about his violent overthrow of the Shang dynasty. This chapter also looks at Kongzi and builds off the notion of transgression discussed in chapter 4 to show that he was also understood as a conflicted figure.
Shared Identities
Authors: Hughes Aaron
Published: August 2017

This controversial study breaks with received opinion that imagines two distinct religions, Judaism and Islam, interacting in the centuries immediately following the death of Muhammad in the early seventh century. Tradition describes these relations using the trope of “symbiosis.” This book instead argues that various porous groups—neither fully Muslim nor Jewish—exploited a shared terminology to make sense of their social worlds in response to the rapid process of Islamicization. What emerged as normative rabbinic Judaism, and Sunni and Shiʿi Islam were ultimately responses to such marginal groups. Even the development and spread of rabbinic Judaism, especially in the hands of Saadya Gaon (882–942 CE), was articulated Islamically. The emergence of the so-called golden age in places such as Muslim Spain and North Africa continued to see the articulation of this “Islamic” Judaism in the writings of luminaires such as Bahya ibn Paquda, Abraham ibn Ezra, Judah Halevi, and Moses Maimonides. Drawing on social theory, comparative religion, and original sources, this book presents a compelling case for rewriting our understanding of Jews and Muslims in their earliest centuries of interaction. Not content to remain solely in the past, however, it also examines the continued interaction of Muslims and Jews, now reimagined as Palestinians and Israelis, into the present.
Symbiosis
Authors: Hughes Aaron W.
Published: August 2017

This chapter examines the various constructions that have been used to account for Jewish–Muslim relations in the modern period. These constructions range from the irenic (“things were better back then”), perhaps best epitomized by the “golden age” trope, to the more critical (“Muslims have always treated Jews poorly”). Rather than be accurate descriptors, the chapter suggests that such models say more about those doing the interpreting than they do about the actual historical record. They are, in other words, motivated by politics as opposed to history. If the relations between Jews and Muslims in the premodern period are to be systematically rethought, then such paradigms must be transcended or, at the very least, shown for what they are.
Re-frame
Authors: Hughes Aaron W.
Published: August 2017

Chapter 6 seeks to re-frame or redescribe this so-called golden age by arguing that Islam provided the intellectual and religious context for the florescence of Judaism at a formative moment in its development. In this, the context was little different from what went on in the late antique period. The chapter argues that the border separating Jew from Muslim in this period may still be more retrofitted from the present than real. It examines some key Jewish thinkers—Judah Halevi, Baḥya ibn Paqūda, Abraham ibn Ezra, Moses Maimonides—with the aim of showing how they continued to destabilize the line between Judaism and Islam. Even in the late twelfth century, “Islamic Judaism” existed subsequent to that fact that rabbinic Judaism had been historically overdetermined as normative. Indeed, so much so that rabbinic Judaism continued to absorb many elements of Islam to change not only its margins but also its center.
Honest Bodies
Authors: Kosstrin Hannah
Published: August 2017

Honest Bodies: Revolutionary Modernism in the Dances of Anna Sokolow argues that Sokolow’s choreography circulated American modernism among Jewish and communist channels of the international Left from the 1930s to the 1960s in the United States, Mexico, and Israel. Integrating archival materials, interviews, and theories from dance, Jewish, and gender studies, this book illuminates Sokolow’s choreography for social change alongside her teaching of Martha Graham’s technique. Tracing dances with her companies Dance Unit, La Paloma Azul, Lyric Theatre, and Anna Sokolow Dance Company, along with presenters and companies including the Negro Cultural Committee, the New York State Committee for the Communist Party, Nuevo Grupo Mexicano de Clásicas y Modernas, and Inbal Dance Theater, this book highlights Sokolow’s work among developments in ethnic definitions, diaspora, and nationalism in the United States, Mexico, and Israel. Critical reception documented Sokolow’s career from a leading proletarian choreographer to one of modernist alienation, and reflected the assimilation of her generation of Jews, children of Eastern European immigrants, from the marginalized working class to the American middle-class mainstream. Equally affected by the Holocaust and the Second Red Scare, Sokolow’s choreography evidences her political–aesthetic statements that resonate as clearly in today’s political climate as they did then. Sokolow’s kinesthetic imprints circulated American corporeality through modern dance training, as her students in New York, Mexico City, and Tel Aviv fit their bodies into Graham’s codified shapes. Honest Bodies details how cultural ideologies circulate internationally through choreography and dancers’ physicalities and how American modernism influenced and was influenced by this circulation’s physical residue.
Use of a crossed high alcohol preferring (cHAP) mouse model with the NIAAA-model of chronic-binge ethanol intake to study liver injury
Authors: Thompson Kyle J , Nazari Shayan S , Jacobs W. Carl , Grahame Nicholas J , McKillop Iain H
Published: August 2017

Aims

This study sought to compare mice bred to preferentially consume high amounts of alcohol (crossed-high alcohol preferring, cHAP) to c57BL/6 (C57) mice using a chronic-binge ethanol ingestion model to induce alcoholic liver disease (ALD).

Methods

Male C57 and cHAP mice were randomized to a Lieber-DeCarli control (LDC) diet, Lieber-DeCarli 5% (v/v) ethanol (LDE) diet or free-choice between 10% (v/v) ethanol in drinking water (EtOH-DW) and DW. After 4 weeks mice were gavaged with either 9 g/kg maltose-dextrin (LDC+MD) or 5 g/kg EtOH (LDE+Binge, EtOH-DW+Binge). Nine hours later tissue and serum were collected and analyzed.

Results

cHAP mice on EtOH-DW consumed significantly more ethanol than cHAP or C57 mice maintained on LDE. However, cHAP and C57 mice on the LDE+Binge regiment had greater hepatosteatosis and overall degree of liver injury compared to EtOH-DW+Binge. Changes in pro-inflammatory gene expression was more pronounced in cHAP mice than C57 mice. Analysis of liver enzymes revealed a robust induction of CYP2E1 in C57 and cHAP mice maintained on EtOH-DW+Binge or LDE+Binge. However, while C57 mice exhibited higher basal hepatic glutathione than cHAP mice, these mice appeared more susceptible to oxidative stress following LDE+Binge than cHAP counterparts.

Conclusions

Despite cHAP mice consuming more total ethanol prior to gavage when maintained on EtOH-DW, LDE followed by gavage created a more severe model of ALD in both C57 and cHAP mice. These data suggest factors other than total amount of alcohol consumed affect degree of ALD development in the chronic-binge model in cHAP mice.

Short Summary

cHAP mice voluntarily consume high amounts of ethanol and exhibited hepatic injury when subject to chronic-binge ethanol feeding with the Lieber-DeCarli diet. However, hepatic injury was reduced in cHAP mice in a chronic-binge model following voluntary high ethanol consumption in drinking water.
Transhiatal Approach to Filum Terminale Externum Sectioning in Adult Patient With Tethered Cord Syndrome: Case Report
Authors: Veronesi Vanni , Sacco Carlo , Mastronicola Cristina , Staffa Guido
Published: August 2017

BACKGROUND AND IMPORTANCE

An adult patient was referred to our department for tethered cord syndrome. A lumbar magnetic resonance imaging showed a conus medullaris at the S2 level and the caudal part of the dural sac at the S3 level. We present a minimally invasive spine surgery procedure at the hiatus level for the treatment of tethered cord syndrome by the surgical section of the filum terminale externum, which avoids bone demolition.

CLINICAL PRESENTATION

A 65-yr-old Caucasian man was referred for dysesthesia and a burning sensation in his lower limbs, which was both spontaneous and triggered by contact with his clothes. He had been unable to walk for 5 mo due to severe pain and stiffness in his legs. He suffered from minimal, occasional urinary incontinence and complained about muscle cramps in the supine position that prevented him from sleeping; he was only able to sleep when sitting in a wheelchair. Informed patient consent was obtained for the procedure; no opinion was requested from the Ethics Committee. A minimally invasive transhiatal approach with the sectioning of the superficial dorsal sacrococcygeal ligament without the removal of bone tissue allows access to the sacral canal, after which it is possible to section the filum terminale externum using a microsurgical technique.

CONCLUSION

After a 6-mo follow-up period, the patient no longer had dysesthesia and pain in his legs, and was able to walk, albeit just a few meters. This surgical technique has the advantage of minimally invasive spine surgery, has few complications, and avoids risk of retethering.
Central Banks into the Breach
Authors: Siklos Pierre L.
Published: August 2017

The book covers the global economy and the various pressures faced by central banks. It also provides some ideas for reforming existing monetary policy strategies. The events of the past fifteen years in monetary policy are essentially the story of two mistakes, one triumph, and the real possibility of another mistake to come. Prior to the global financial crisis, many central bankers were glib about the connection between finance and the real economy. This is partly because the last three decades saw many financial crises with apparently little lasting impact on the global economy. Another mistake was the failure to adequately appreciate how interconnected the world’s financial systems had become. The triumph was the recognition that price stability is a desirable objective. Whether low and stable inflation is the cause or the consequence of economic performance during the past three decades remains hotly debated, however. There is also the prospect of another financial shock to come. The outlook at the end of 2016 is clouded by at least three sets of forces. On the domestic front, central banks face a difficult and protracted exit from ultra-loose monetary policies; it is largely a problem of their own making. There is also an unwillingness to implement needed structural economic reforms that lie outside the scope of monetary policy. On the international front, there is limited appetite for cooperation and differences in views about the proper role and function of central banks. Central banking is not broken, but it is in need of repair.
Moderation Before the Storm
Authors: Siklos Pierre L.
Published: August 2017

This chapter provides an overview of the macroeconomic environment since 2000. The era is broken down into three periods: 2000–2006, 2007–2010, and 2011–present. Warnings of an imminent crisis were present before 2007, but generally they were ignored by self-satisfied policymakers. Pre-crisis, inflation control was the once rising and, seemingly, preeminent monetary policy strategy. A review, both pre- and post-GFC, of a wide variety of macroeconomic and financial indicators is included, with discussion of lesser known variables such as proxies for central bank communication and balance sheet indicators. These clearly enable us to identify interventions by central banks while also highlighting areas of continuing concern. In some respects (e.g. concerns about financial stability), everything has changed post-crisis, but in other respects (e.g. monetary policy strategy) fewer changes are apparent. The chapter concludes by arguing that there are reasons to be apprehensive about the current state of monetary policy and central banking.
Disquiet on All Fronts?
Authors: Siklos Pierre L.
Published: August 2017

The state of central banking is fragile and fraught with reasons to take a dim view of their stature. Low economic growth, an insufficiently unsubstantiated expansion of central bank responsibilities, and worries over future financial instability are sources of concern. Institutional and other objective measures point to a loss of confidence in the monetary authorities around the globe. Several central banks are unable to match words with deeds. The willingness of policymakers and central banks to take accountability seriously remains in doubt, at least in some of the most systematically important regions of the world. The financial crisis has awakened a desire to find a way to have central banks find a proper mix for conducting monetary policy and macroprudential policies. A decade after the crisis, no coherent new framework has emerged, and reforms have hardly dented an overall impression of disquiet about the state of central banking.
Trust, But Verify: The Road Ahead
Authors: Siklos Pierre L.
Published: August 2017

Taking stock of the past fifteen years in monetary policy leads to some conclusions and suggestions for reform. Contrary to the claims of some observers, price stability remains an unassailable goal of central banks. Reforms are needed in their governance, however. In particular, legislation ought to include more directives to make clear the conditional relationship between government and the central bank. Unconventional central bank policies are no longer so unconventional. While they should be included in the toolkit of policy instruments, they should be used with more care. Some central banks have overreached and have confused the need to put a floor on economic downturns with the need for economic growth to rise to levels deemed normal. Data dependence as a policy stance reflects one of the biggest failures of central banking. After more than a decade of explaining the forward-looking nature of monetary policy, a backward-looking perspective seems to dominate policy discussions.
Buildings
Authors: Gallagher Sally K.
Published: August 2017

Chapter 2 explores the ways in which local congregations embody and reflect particular sets of religious goods—whether a distinctive sense of history, structure of worship services, or basic beliefs. The embodiment of faith traditions in structures, programs, and clergy goals for congregational life suggest that although denomination itself may be declining as a marker of religious identity, the subcultural distinctives that are the foundations of that identity are more enduring. They present themselves as threads of belief, practice, and a sense of community, embodied and reflected in the buildings themselves, that are the “stuff” of congregational culture.
Belonging
Authors: Gallagher Sally K.
Published: August 2017

Chapter 4 assesses gender differences in the beliefs, practices, and ideas of community that draw women and men toward belonging. We tracked groups of individuals who were visiting or considering joining each congregation and interviewed most of them several times as they worked through the process of considering greater commitment to these congregations. We focus on three aspects of that process—the personal and religious history of prospective members, motivations for church shopping, and the substance that attracted women and men to these congregations. Gender differences in the experience of becoming a member are often less substantial or work in different directions than we might expect, given normative ideals around masculinity and femininity.
Changing
Authors: Gallagher Sally K.
Published: August 2017

Chapter 7 extends the analysis to questions of how becoming a member has affected women’s and men’s sense of self, relationships with family and friends, and, for some, was associated with experiences of personal and relational change that eventually led them to no longer attend. We find that experiences of change vary across congregations, with greater sense of change among those joining congregations that have higher subcultural boundaries or whose teachings emphasize change as a goal of religious life. We find gender differences in the experience of change, and the degree and direction of change across congregations—underscoring, in particular, the broadening of gender experience for men within these congregations.
Gender and Congregational Culture
Authors: Gallagher Sally K.
Published: August 2017

Chapter 8 draws these themes together by reflecting on gender, congregational culture, and the persistence of religion in the contemporary United States. We highlight how our analysis demonstrates that denomination, or broad historic tradition, continues to be embodied in the buildings and programs as well as specific teachings and ethos of congregations. For both women and men, connecting to congregations offers a venue in which to experience additional dimensions of personhood that are broader than current cultural gender scripts. The fact that these themes appear in congregations located at very different points across the religious field underscores the salience of formal religious affiliation in the formation of adult personhood.
Africa’s Endangered Languages
Authors: Kandybowicz Jason , Torrence Harold
Published: August 2017

This chapter provides an overview of language endangerment in sub-Saharan Africa, highlighting previous efforts to document the continent’s endangered languages and ascertain their threat levels, the unique state of language endangerment in Africa as compared to other parts of the world, and the challenges to documentation and revitalization efforts posed by Africa’s endangered languages. As a consequence of these challenges, a disproportionately low amount of research and funding is devoted to the study of endangered African languages when compared to any other linguistically threatened region in the world. We propose nurturing synergistic partnerships between documentary and theoretical linguists researching endangered African languages to stimulate and enhance the depth, visibility, and impact of endangered African language research in the hope of reversing this trend.
Tongue Root Harmony in Nata
Authors: Gambarage Joash J. , Pulleyblank Douglas
Published: August 2017

An examination of vowel harmony in Nata (Bantu, E45), reveals a fairly straightforward pattern of harmony in tongue root values for adjacent mid vowels. A problem arises, however, when we look at the behavior of harmony in prefixes. In some nouns, the class prefixes are retracted when the initial root vowel is retracted and advanced when the initial root vowel is advanced. Problematic, however, are other forms in which roots with initial retracted vowels condition the appearance of high vowels in the noun class prefixes. In earlier work, Gambarage argued that to account for the distinction between cases where mid vowels retract and cases where mid vowels raise to high, it is necessary to invoke two distinct co-phonologies. It is argued that the two patterns observed in Nata are readily accounted for within an “allomorphy account,” without the need to invoke multiple co-phonologies. The integration of general phonotactics governing vowel harmony with allomorphy appropriate for particular roots derives the two patterns in a unified fashion.
Nominal and Verbal Tone in Nata
Authors: Anghelescu Andrei , Gambarage Joash J. , Lam Zoe Wai-Man , Pulleyblank Douglas
Published: August 2017

This chapter examines core tonal properties of Nata, a Lacustrine Bantu language (Guthrie E-45) spoken in the Mara region of Tanzania. In most instances, both in nouns and verbs, a Nata word exhibits a single high tone, which is restricted to a small number of locations. Though Nata’s tone system might appear simple, close examination of nouns and verbs uncovers considerable complexity in the system. Nouns exhibit lexically encoded distinctions; verb roots exhibit no lexical distinctions, but inflected verbs differ tonally depending on tense/aspect/mood. The sparse distribution of high tones follows from simple edge effects whereby tones are located relative to well-motivated morphosyntactic boundaries. The analysis, framed in a lexical allomorphy approach, crucially depends on correct identification of the macrostem, with a novel aspect being the extension of the macrostem to nouns. This extension is adopted on the grounds that nouns and verbs share similar surface patterns, captured by reference to a common domain.
Documenting Ekegusii
Authors: Nash Carlos M
Published: August 2017

This chapter illustrates the implementation of a model of collaboration between community and linguists in which the practical goals of the community and the research goals are viewed as complementary to each other and not in competition. The goal of this project was the construction of a dictionary of the Ekugusii (Narrow Bantu) language. Compiling the dictionary involved consultation and collaboration with the Abagusii community, detailed documentation of linguistic patterns, and practical planning about how the project could be completed. The chapter outlines the steps taken in the course of the project to encourage community input and participation, ensure the creation of a product useful to both community and researchers, and establish a relationship with the community in which long-term collaboration is a desired outcome.
On (Ir)realis in Seenku (Mande, Burkina Faso)
Authors: McPherson Laura
Published: August 2017

This article explores the cyclic interplay of documentation and linguistic theory, focusing on the case study of Southern Seenku (Gbene Ku) verbal morphology. Southern Seenku is a hitherto undocumented Mande language of Burkina Faso. Preliminary fieldwork on the language revealed that all verbs have two stem forms, each used in a variety of constructions. It was hypothesized that this division is based on an irrealis/realis distinction. Theoretical predictions of where realis and irrealis forms should be found were tested in subsequent fieldwork, and it is shown that the results of this fieldwork uphold the original analysis. The chapter concludes by considering how the Seenku data patterns fit into the broader context of Mande verbal morphology and the typology of (ir)realis.
Fragmentation
Authors: Bruce Tricia Colleen
Published: August 2017

Fragmentation is an inherent consequence of specialist adaptations in organizational structures. Catholics worship together, but apart in personal parishes. From below, individual Catholics make parish choices that enable them to live out their Catholicism in a way that is meaningful to them. Traditionalist Catholics may gather in Traditional Latin Mass personal parishes. Progressive Catholics may gather in personal parishes with a social mission. From above, Catholic leaders necessarily grapple with the tension of homophily: like-minded Catholics clustering into like-minded parishes. Personal parishes enable bishops to manage and control how this happens among local religious organizations. Personal parishes represent Catholicism’s structural accommodation of religious agency from the top: how leaders (as opposed to individual Catholics doing culture work on the ground) make room for choice and difference, organizationally. Personal parishes represent the cultural work of the Catholic Church as an institution.
Community
Authors: Bruce Tricia Colleen
Published: August 2017

This chapter looks at the implications of personal parishes for building community across difference. It explores how community works within the context American Catholics’ increased mobility, choice, and differentiation. Personal parishes build local religious community upon similarity. They encourage bonding capital. Bridging capital, or links between dissimilar others, arises out of the interconnections among all parishes in a diocese. Parish matters, but so, too, does diocese. This chapter advances an approach to local religion that is necessarily interdependent and viewed across wider conceptions of space (here, the diocese). Both social and territorial boundaries circumscribe Catholics’ community. This means that Catholic leaders view community across a diocese rather than isolated within individual parishes. Religious institutions make room for diversity by expanding notions of community beyond a single congregation.
Introduction
Authors: Porterfield Amanda , Corrigan John , Grem Darren E.
Published: August 2017

Beginning with the intertwining of commerce and Christianity in the colonial era, the Introduction offers a historical framework for understanding the evolving relationship between American religious organizations and consumer capitalism. From the move toward parity between religious and commercial organizations under the aegis of contract law in the early American republic to the infusion of business practices into religious organizations beginning in the nineteenth century, and finally to recent equations of religion and prosperity and the strategic use of religion as a marketing tool for business growth, this chapter identifies business practices and economic theories embedded within the history of American religious organizations. The chapter calls for more attention to the business side of religion as not only a neglected aspect of American religious history but also a new way of understanding that history.
Godly Work for a Global Christianity
Authors: King David P.
Published: August 2017

This chapter explores American Christians’ engagement with global Christianity through the movement of money and the institutional evolution of mission societies, faith-based humanitarianism, and markets. Missions, international development, and other mediating forms of international engagement have often served as the place for American Christians’ encounter with the world and a broader global Christianity. These institutional forms have changed rapidly alongside rapid global Christian growth. Yet these evolving institutional and financial relationships not only impact people, profits, and power dynamics overseas but also affect the global outlooks of Americans at home as they envision the world and their own role in it.
From Men of Letters to Political Actors
Authors: Ricketts Mónica
Published: August 2017

As per the Bourbons’ vision of government, men of letters were to write a whole new legislation for the monarchy, as well as implement and lead in the reform of education and old privileges. Yet these plans faced a constant opposition. Rooted elites in both Spain and Peru resisted any attempts at curtailing their power or prerogatives, and undermined the reform of education and the church. As a result, men of letters were limited in exercising their new authority. For the most part, they operated in state-protected spheres, such as the new associations and press, in independent schools and academies, and in the newly empowered secular branch of the church. Yet in the era of the Enlightenment and Atlantic revolutions some aimed for more and began to design and imagine new social orders in which they could take the lead.
Abascal and the Problem of Letters in Peru, 1806–1816
Authors: Ricketts Mónica
Published: August 2017

The focus turns to Peru in this chapter, which offers an ideal case study for understanding the power struggles between the royal military and the republic of letters. One of the most successful military officers and viceroys of the empire, Fernando de Abascal, was vehemently committed to expanding his prerogatives and the military’s, while quashing efforts to implement liberal measures in his jurisdiction. With the support of one of the largest armies of the Spanish Empire, Abascal succeeded in both undertakings. Only a weak liberal opposition developed in Peru, a liberalism mainly concerned not to declare independence from Spain or claim autonomy within the Spanish Empire but to overcome the overwhelming power of the viceroy and his army. Abascal ruled as a virtual military dictator, confirming Liberals’ protests against him and establishing a model for future military caudillos.