bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Compressibility factor and the second virial coefficient of boron trifluoride from 0 to 225 °C and for pressures up to 250 bar
Authors: Waxman Meyer , Hilsenrath Joseph , Chen William T.
Published: February 2004

The isothermal compressibility factor of boron trifluoride has been determined from a regression analysis of Burnett PVT measurements to an accuracy of 0.1% at 13 temperatures from 0 to 225°C and for pressures up to 250 bar. The analysis has also yielded the second virial coefficient for each temperature. A correction for the presence of sorption has been included in the data reduction.
Charge neutralization of He+ ion beams
Authors: Moran T. F. , Conrads R. J.
Published: February 2004

Total charge transfer cross sections for neutralization of He+ ion beams have been measured for 1.0–3.0 keV ions. Time-of-flight methods have been used to identify the forward scattered He0 products from He+ interactions with Ar, H2, N2, O2, NO, CO, CO2, CH4, C2H4 and C2H6 targets. Both elastic and inelastic processes were included in the measurement of fast He0 products. Total charge transfer cross sections are typically 5–15 Å2 for most of the target gases with the exception of H2 where cross sections are smaller. In the few cases where overlap exists, cross sections measured in the present investigation are in general agreement with previous measurements that have used apparatus designed to collect slow product ions with high efficiency.
Raman line shapes in liquid CH3I and CD3I
Authors: Goldberg H. S. , Pershan P. S.
Published: February 2004

The six fundamental bands of CH3I and CD3I, both as pure liquids and in solution with CS2, have been studied in order to obtain information about the molecular rotational and vibrational dynamics. Emphasis was placed on the features of the spectra that can be interpreted independent of a particular model. An examination for Boltzmann asymmetry in the A1 and E bands indicates that the former, being symmetric, are amenable to classical description, while the latter, being asymmetric, definitely require quantum mechanical interpretations. With respect to the validity of the assumption that rotation-vibration coupling can be ignored, we give evidence of substantial coupling effects in a nondegenerate A1 mode (v1) as well as in the doubly degenerate E modes. We emphasize that, in attempting to obtain dynamical information, several bands of any given liquid must be studied and compared in order to decide which can be used with confidence in a detailed analysis. The consistency of the rotational diffusion model for describing the tumbling motion of the methyl iodide molecules has been confirmed.
Effect of the straight path approximation and exchange forces on vibrational energy transfer
Authors: Dillon T. A. , Stephenson J. C.
Published: February 2004

A wide variety of theories exist for calculating fundamental molecular collision processes such as line broadening or energy transfer rates. All of these theories involve evaluation of a ``phase'' integral or Fourier transform of the intermolecular potential. In this paper we consider two major sources of error that can occur in the evaluation of phase integrals. ``Universal'' phase integrals calculated in a straight path model are compared with calculations based on trajectories determined by solution of classical orbit equations. Serious discrepancies are pointed out and practical computational alternative is suggested. A simple empirical model for exchange forces is introduced in calculations of linewidths and V–V transfer for hydrogen halides in a CO2 atmosphere. These calculations show that exchange forces can have a large effect but that the simple procedure of adding ``a short range'' contribution to a cross section calculated from attractive multipolar forces gives a totally incorrect picture.
Thermal energy ion condensation reactions in benzene vapor
Authors: Stockdale J. A. D.
Published: February 2004

A pulsed electron beam coupled to a time-of-flight mass spectrometer has been used to study bimolecular reactions of C6Hx+ ions with the benzene molecule. Rate constants for formation of the complexes C12H10+, C12H11+, and C12H12+ have been obtained for electron impact energies of 20, 30, and 50 eV. Rate constants of several reactions involved in the decay of the C12H10+ and C12H11+ complexes have also been obtained. A measurement of the lifetime against decay of the C12H11+ complex yielded an upper limit of 150±50 μsec for an electron impact energy of 40 eV.
Some further studies of nonlinear oscillations in chemical systems
Authors: Tyson John J.
Published: February 2004

That chemical reactions can exhibit all of the interesting and well known behavior of nonlinear oscillators is shown by collecting the scattered results in the literature for a simple reaction mechanism, supplementing them with some new results, and analyzing the behavior of the single chemical oscillator using the method of isoclines. Furthermore, two oscillators coupled in series illustrate the phenomena of synchronization, multiply periodic and almost-periodic oscillations, and subharmonic resonance. Finally the reaction mechanism is modified to a form which is biochemically realistic and still behaves similarly to the original scheme.
Dephytinisation of soyabean protein isolate with low native phytic acid content has limited impact on mineral and trace element absorption in healthy infants
Authors: Davidsson Lena , Ziegler Ekhard E. , Kastenmayer Peter , van Dael Peter , Barclay Denis
Published: February 2004

Infant formulas based on soyabean protein isolate are often used as an alternative to cows'-based formulas. However, the presence of phytic acid in soya formulas has raised concern about the absorption of trace elements and minerals from these products. The aim of the present study was to evaluate mineral and trace element absorption from regular and dephytinised soya formula in healthy infants. Soyabean protein isolate with a relatively low native content of phytic acid was used for production of a regular soya formula (300 mg phytic acid/kg liquid formula) and an experimental formula was based on dephytinised soya protein isolate (<6 mg phytic acid/kg liquid formula). Using a crossover study design, apparent mineral and trace element absorptions were measured by a stable isotope technique based on 72 h faecal excretion of non-absorbed stable isotopes (Zn, Fe, Cu and Ca) and by the chemical balance technique (Mn, Zn, Cu and Ca) in nine infants (69–191 d old). Fe absorption was also measured by erythrocyte incorporation 14 d after intake. The results from the present study demonstrated that Zn absorption, measured by a stable isotope technique, was significantly greater after dephytinisation (mean value 16·7 v. 22·6 %; P=0·03). No other statistically significant differences between the two formulas were observed. The nutritional benefit of dephytinisation was marginal in the present study. Based on these results, the use of soyabean protein isolate with low native content of phytic acid should be promoted for production of soya formulas and adequate addition of ascorbic acid to enhance Fe absorption should be ensured in the products.
Digital reference services for young library users: a comparison of four services
Authors: Henley Caroline
Published: February 2004

Reports on a study comparing the performance of four digital reference services: Ask Bob; Ask a Librarian; Ask Zach and IPL Youth Ask a Question. Posing as a primary seven pupil in a Scottish school (aged 10 to 11), ten questions were submitted to each of the four services. Findings show a varying degree of quality in the services used. The results certainly suggest that improvements in the design of the question form and services geared towards certain sections of society, such as children in particular, would improve the nature of the service offered. Enhancements would exploit the potential to provide instruction in information searching as well as encourage greater use of the Web.
Topography and tribological behaviour of lubricating greases – an experimental study
Authors: Kuhn E. , Holweger W.
Published: February 2004

Greases are non‐Newtonian fluids with a special rheological and tribological behaviour. They have a wide range of applications, for example, ball bearings and gears. This paper reports a study of the reaction of model greases in a tribological contact. The influence of the grease topography has been measured in several tests and the tribological process is modelled. All investigations were done from an energy point of view.
Who is not sleeping with whom?
Authors: Trehan Kiran
Published: February 2004

Human resource development (HRD) occupies some interesting educational territory. Given the rapid pace of development and innovation in education and in the practice of HRD, coupled with alternative approaches to learning, a re‐evaluation of HRD might be expected to be a prominent feature within discussions of the future practice of HRD. However, while there has been a growing demand in the academic literature of the last few years for management educators to engage more critically with their subject than has been the tradition in business schools. The case has been argued for strengthening the critical perspectives in contributory disciplines within management and for a revision of management more generally. Yet, while examples of critical pedagogies are accumulating, they seldom exhibit corresponding changes in HRD practices. Where HRD does depart from mainstream practices, alternatives are typically based on humanistic student‐centred aspirations for social equality, rather than on an analysis of HRD in terms of power, politics and social dynamics. The intention of this paper is to highlight what is not being talked about in HRD in order to illuminate the importance of power to the study of HRD. The paper will explore the significance of power in HRD, drawing on ideas from critical and post modern perspectives. By illuminating social and power relations embedded within HRD practices, the aim is to present a more contextualised and processual account than the proceduralist recipes that currently dominate the study of this vital aspect of educational and organisational practice.
For services, the play’s (still) the thing
Authors: Solomon Michael R.
Published: February 2004

A service is an interactive experience very similar to a theatrical performance complete with actors, props and costumes. And, this is a show that often demands proactive participation by the audience. These performances occur in a marketspace where managers must pay close attention to contextual cues to insure that the meanings they convey are consistent with the desired service persona. The process of engineering a captivating marketspace demands meticulous attention to the physical evidence consumers will encounter there, whether the service is offered offline or online. Although the delivery of service quality is necessary to prosper in today’s competitive market, it is not sufficient. The rewards of success will accrue to those managers who understand that people do not consume services for what they do, but rather for what they mean.
The ASP‐Qual model: measuring ASP service quality in Greece
Authors: Sigala Marianna
Published: February 2004

Service quality is argued to be a crucial success factor for application service providers (ASPs), but yet an empirically validated instrument for measuring the service quality of ASP vendors needs to be developed. This paper aimed to fill in this gap. After synthesising previous literature on the service quality construct within the context of IS, e‐commerce, ICT outsourcing and ASP effectiveness, the paper proposes a set of dimensions and model for measuring ASP service quality. The model is tested by surveying and analysing data from Greek companies using ASP for developing and maintaining their Web stores. Directions for future research, as well as suggestions for improving the practices of ASP suppliers and users’ are also provided.
Combining Economic and Conjoint Analysis to Determine Optimal Academic Services
Authors: Howard Mona Whitley , Sobol Marion G.
Published: January 2004

In today's era of global competition, organizations must manage their functions and activities in a manner such that they are responsive to customers' needs and can provide excellence in service to the customer while also being efficient and cost conscious. These issues are extremely common in corporate organizations, but such concerns are equally relevant in service industries, including institutions of higher education. This study is conducted at a private, undergraduate institution of higher education. We utilize focus group evaluation and conjoint analysis combined with economic analysis in the form of a newly designed preferred utility economic cost diagram to pick the ideal services that should be provided to enrolled students at the institution. The package of ideal services accounts for preferred utility expressed by students and a new methodology (preferred utility function) to balance these against financial considerations to optimize services and financial gains for a college adult education program. This combination of focus groups and mathematical techniques can be easily employed by educational institutes.
Host plant, host plant chemistry and the polyembryonic parasitoidCopidosoma sosares: indirect effects in a tritrophic interaction
Authors: J. Ode Paul , R. Berenbaum May , R. Zangerl Arthur , C. W. Hardy Ian
Published: January 2004

Host plant identity and host plant chemistry have often been shown to influence host finding and acceptance by natural enemies but comparatively less attention has been paid to the tritrophic effects of host plant and host plant chemistry on other natural enemy fitness correlates, such as survivorship, clutch size, body size, and sex ratio. Such studies are central to understanding both the selective impact of plants on natural enemies as well as the potential for reciprocal selective impact of natural enemies on plant traits. We examined the effects of host plant and host plant chemistry in a tritrophic system consisting of three apiaceous plants (Pastinaca sativa,Heracleum sphondyliumandH. mantegazzianum), the parsnip webworm (Depressaria pastinacella) and the polyembryonic parasitic waspCopidosoma sosares. All of these plants produce furanocoumarins, known resistance factors for parsnip webworms. Furanocoumarin concentrations were correlated neither with the presence nor the number of webworms on a given plant. Concentrations of two furanocoumarins were negatively associated withC. sosaresfitness correlates: isopimpinellin with the likelihood that a given webworm would be parasitized and xanthotoxin with both within‐brood survivorship (of all‐male and mixed‐sex broods) and clutch size. Brood sex ratio and body sizes of individual wasps were not correlated with furanocoumarin chemistry. Because additive genetic variation exists inP. sativafor furanocoumarin chemical traits, these are subject to selection by webworms through herbivory. Third trophic level selective impacts on furanocoumarin traits may include selection for reduced production of those chemicals that affect parasitoid survivorship yet do not influence host plant choice by the herbivore. That such might be the case is suggested by patterns of furanocoumarin production in populations ofP. sativawith different histories of infestation; in the Netherlands, where parasitism rates of webworms byC. sosaresare high, plants produce lower levels of all linear furanocoumarins and proportionately less isopimpinellin than do midwestern U.S. populations ofP. sativa, where natural enemies of the webworm are effectively absent.
Litter effects of two co‐occurring alpine species on plant growth, microbial activity and immobilization of nitrogen
Authors: Bowman William D. , Steltzer Heidemarie , Rosenstiel Todd N. , Cleveland Cory C. , Meier Courtney L.
Published: January 2004

We measured the litter chemistry of two co‐dominant alpine species, Acomastylis rossii, a forb characterized by a low growth rate and N uptake capacity, and Deschampsia caespitosa, a grass characterized by a high growth rate and N uptake capacity, and examined the effect litter of these two species had on the growth of Deschampsia phytometers in a greenhouse. We also examined the influence of litter from the two species on microbial respiration and immobilization of N, in two separate laboratory microcosm experiments and in the field. We hypothesized that Acomastylis litter would reduce plant growth more than Deschampsia litter, corresponding with either 1) suppression of microbial activity and thus a decrease in N mineralization, or 2) by stimulation of microbial biomass and increasing microbial immobilization of N. Relative to Deschampsia litter, Acomastylis litter had higher total water soluble organic carbon (DOC), and higher total phenolic concentration. Deschampsia litter had 30 times higher carbohydrate (primarily glucose and fructose) concentrations than Acomastylis litter. Soil respiration, microbial biomass N, and consumption of DOC and N were higher with the Acomastylis litter treatment than the Deschampsia litter treatment in experimental microcosms, and both respiration and microbial biomass N were higher in field soils under canopies dominated by Acomastylis relative to those dominated by Deschampsia. These results indicate that phenolics in Acomastylis are a C source for soil microorganisms, rather than an inhibitor of microbial activity. Deschampsia phytometers grew significantly less, had higher root: shoot biomass ratios, and acquired less nitrogen in the Acomastylis litter treatment relative to the control and Deschampsia litter treatments. The results of these experiments indicate that Acomastylis litter influences soil N cycling by increasing microbial activity and N immobilization, which may influence N supply to neighboring plants. This mechanism has the potential to influence competitive interactions between Acomastylis and its neighbors.
Latent Ghosts and the Manifesto: Baya, Breton and reading for the future
Authors: Khanna Ranjana , Singer Julie
Published: January 2004

Framing this article is an interest in post‐colonial theory's impact on art history, and the ethical demands it has placed on that history. It explores the ways in which post‐colonial studies have situated the development of disciplines in terms of their complicity with nationalist and colonialist agendas. Post‐colonial theory's political intervention into art history also raises the question of the ethical limits of partisan reading and foregrounds an ethics of looking. The essay considers Surrealism and its manifesto, reading for its latent ghosts. It discusses André Breton's relation to three women: Hélène Smith, Nadja and the artist Baya Mahieddine. A responsibility to the work of this haunting figure involves an understanding of French colonial contexts, and an ethical response to this over‐scripted and over‐determined painter, who tends to disappear from view as her signature is tied to the art‐historical terms of naivety and primitivism, the colonialist terms of Arabian mysteriousness and childishness, the psychoanalytic terms of primitive mentality, and post‐independence nationalist terms of nativist representation. The demands made by Baya's paintings argue for an understanding of her as haunting yet material – a Surrealist conundrum.
‘Out of it’: drunkenness and ethics in Martha Rosler and Gillian Wearing
Authors: Hopkins David
Published: January 2004

This essay examines two significant representations of drunkenness by women: Martha Rosler's conceptualist 24‐panel photo installation The Bowery in Two Inadequate Descriptive Systems (1974) and Gillian Wearing's recent 23‐minute video Drunk (1997–9). In line with her own critical writings, Rosler's photo installation problematizes the ‘documentary’ ethos in photography. The work resists any straightforward depiction of alcoholics and attempts instead to set up a ‘poetics of drunkenness’ in terms primarily of its text panels. By contrast, Wearing is shown to return to an almost forensic representation of the phenomenon of drunkenness. The ethical problems raised by this are the main concern of the essay. In the final analysis, it is argued that Wearing's work is best understood in the context of a very specific gendered discourse around drug dependency and rudery in the production of the so‐called ‘yBas’ of the 1990s. Risking appearing to be ethically insensitive or aesthetically anachronistic, her work mobilizes the inarticulacy of its drunken subjects in order to allegorize processes of social mourning.
Hybrid Histories: Alice Maher
Authors: Barber Fionna
Published: January 2004

This interview with the Irish artist Alice Maher raises questions around issues of Irishness, gender and hybridity in contemporary practice. Shifts in Maher's work from Neo‐Expressionist painting in the mid‐1980s to a more inclusive range of practices such as drawing, object‐making or installation are also situated in relation to an ongoing project of the deconstruction of reductive tropes of Irish ethnicity. Her early work in Belfast involved a confrontation of the difficulties for a Southern Irish Catholic to position herself in relation to the ongoing political conflict in Northern Ireland. Neo‐Expressionism is discussed as a strategy for the resistance to the oppressive treatment of Irish women by the Catholic Church. Maher's concern with female identity in this context then involved a shift towards an oblique engagement with Irish ethnicity through a concern with the multi‐layered significance of landscape, focused around a series of site‐specific works executed in France in the mid‐1990s. These works have, in turn, for Maher, developed into a hybrid practice as a means of articulating more nuanced readings of Irish identity. The materials used in recent work – hair, tears, lambs' tongues – however, represent both a selective engagement with the abject and a performance of the primitive – a problematic area in terms of the ethnocentric categorizations of Irish femininity, yet one of whose contradictions Maher is fully aware.
Abjection Sustained: Goya, the Chapman brothers and the Disasters of War
Authors: Shaw Philip
Published: January 2004

Today the title the Disasters of War refers to at least three works. The first a set of engravings etched by Francisco Goya, c. 1810–20, published posthumously in 1863 as Los Desastres de la guerra, the second and third are a set of miniature dioramas and a suite of engravings produced by Dinos and Jake Chapman in the 1990s. All three works take as their subject the horrors of war. Goya's is based on his first‐hand experience of the sufferings of the Spanish people during and immediately after the Napoleonic occupation. The Chapmans' are born out of a desire ‘to virally infect or be contagious to’ the artist's ‘association with humanism’. These latter Disasters attempt, in other words, to reanimate the founding trauma of Goya's work, to reveal the indivisible remainder, the abject object, that art criticism, wedded as it is to the ideology of humanism, seeks to repress. Drawing on Lacanian psychoanalysis, this essay takes a critical look at the nature and significance of this desire, asking whether or not the Chapmans' fascination with the founding trauma of Goya's Disasters of War marks a reinvention of, rather than a retreat from, the ethics of humanism.
Educating children and young people with medical needs: effective provision and practice
Authors: Harris Karen , Farrell Peter
Published: January 2004

In December 2001 the Department for Education and Skills (DIES) published the Access to Education document setting out minimum standard guidelines for the education of children and young people with medical needs Following this they commissioned a research project that aimed to identify examples of effective practice in this area and provide recommendations for local education authority (LEA) officers and for staff in mainstream and hospital schools/services In this article Karen Harris and Peter Farrell present the main findings of this research project and discuss its implications for improving services for this potentially marginalised group of young people.
Conductive education: links with mainstream schools
Authors: Lambert Mike
Published: January 2004

Conductive education is a distinctive style of teaching and learning for pupils with physical difficulties. It is practised in the UK in some maintained, non‐maintained and independent special schools and centres (here collectively termed ‘conductive‐education schools’). In this article Mike Lambert investigates the extent to which these conductive‐education schools have links with mainstream schools, and the purposes and nature of such links It discusses what conductive‐education schools may need to do if they are to develop effective and valuable roles in respect to mainstream schooling This report has relevance for all schools, but particularly for those special schools with an interest in, or practising, conductive education and for mainstream schools interested in working with them.
Changes in Neutrophil Surface‐Receptor Expression After Stimulation with FMLP, Endotoxin, Interleukin‐8 and Activated Complement Compared to Degranulation
Authors: Videm V. , Strand E.
Published: January 2004

Neutrophil activation induces changes in the expression of surface receptors and may lead to degranulation. Surface expression of β2‐integrins, l‐selectin, complement receptor 1 (CR‐1), decay‐accelerating factor (DAF), C5a receptor, intercellular adhesion molecule‐1 (ICAM‐1) and ICAM‐3 was compared by flow cytometry on isolated neutrophils stimulated with phorbol 12‐myristate 13‐acetate (PMA), N‐formyl‐methionyl‐leucyl‐phenylalanine (FMLP), endotoxin or interleukin‐8 and on neutrophils in whole blood anti‐coagulated with the thrombin inhibitor lepirudin and stimulated with cobra venom factor to induce complement activation. Myeloperoxidase and lactoferrin in the supernatants were quantified in enzyme immunoassays. With high enough doses, all stimulants induced significant upregulation of β2‐integrins, CR‐1 and DAF and downregulation of l‐selectin. ICAM‐3 was either unchanged or somewhat downregulated. Only FMLP and PMA induced significant upregulation of ICAM‐1. Combined measurement of β2‐integrins and l‐selectin permitted graded evaluation of early neutrophil activation. Measurement of degranulation showed no differences compared to unstimulated controls due to substantial spontaneous degranulation of isolated neutrophils by rewarming from 4 °C and incubation at 37 °C. Spontaneous activation was less in ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid‐anti‐coagulated blood, but calcium chelation may also inhibit the stimulated responses. There was large activation of unstimulated neutrophils in lepirudin‐anti‐coagulated blood at 37 °C, obscuring changes induced by stimulation, which may render this anti‐coagulant unsuitable for studies of neutrophils.
CD47 Ligation Induces a Rapid Caspase‐Independent Apoptosis‐Like Cell Death in Human Monocytes and Dendritic Cells
Authors: Johansson U. , Higginbottom K. , Londei M.
Published: January 2004

CD47 is a versatile cell‐surface molecule expressed on nearly all haematopoietic cells. In its capacity as a thrombospondin‐1 (TSP‐1) receptor, CD47 has recently been shown to mediate cell death in certain cells, for example, activated but not resting T cells. Here, we have investigated the possibility that human monocytes and dendritic cells (DCs) undergo cell death, following CD47 ligation. Using the TSP‐1‐derived CD47‐binding peptide 4N1K, we found that both freshly isolated monocytes and monocyte‐derived DCs underwent a rapid, caspase‐independent cell death. This was characterized by the simultaneous presence of phosphatidylserine exposure, plasma membrane permeability, reduced mitochondrial membrane potential and highly fragmented DNA. Not all cells were sensitive to 4N1K‐induced apoptosis; a plateau of cell death reached at an average of 38% of the monocyte and DCs populations. The results presented here, thus, show that CD47 can mediate a rapid apoptosis‐like cell death of human monocytes and DCs.
Dichotomies and directions in acid‐related disorders
Authors: Peura D. A. , Malfertheiner P.
Published: January 2004

Presentations by international experts from old and new worlds bordering the Atlantic Ocean revealed surprising similarities with respect to the diagnosis and management of patients with upper gastrointestinal disorders. It was agreed that Helicobacter pylori infection continues to play a key role in gastroduodenal disease and has a great impact on clinical management. However, testing and treatment strategies vary in patients affected by functional dyspepsia and those receiving nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drug (NSAID) therapy including aspirin. Among patients with gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease (GERD), it was clear that we need to re‐evaluate the validity of the classical concept of GERD as a progressive spectrum and instead focus on the pathophysiologic mechanisms responsible for producing the common symptom of heartburn and complications that occur in the three principle subsets of GERD patients: those with endoscopic negative reflux disease, erosive oesophagitis and Barrett's oesophagus. In addition, we need to be increasingly aware of the concept of extra‐oesophageal manifestations of gastro‐oesophageal reflux and the fact that GERD in adults often originates in childhood. In all these gastrointestinal disorders, proton pump inhibitor therapy has become the common thread either as a diagnostic tool or an effective short‐term or long‐term management strategy.
The role of the anterior cingulate cortex in pitch variation during sad affect
Authors: Barrett Jennifer , Pike G. Bruce , Paus Tomáš
Published: January 2004

We examined neural activity, in the frontal lobes, associated with speech production during affective states. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), the blood oxygen level‐dependent (BOLD) response to the overt reading of emotionally neutral sentences was measured before and after a happy or sad mood induction. There was no explicit demand to produce affect‐congruent speech and a cover story was used to de‐emphasize the significance of the speech task in light of our experimental aims. Each fMRI measurement was acquired 6 s after the onset of sentence presentation so that speech could be recorded while the scanner noise was minimal; speech parameters (e.g. pitch variation) were extracted from the sentences and regressed against fMRI data. In the sad group we found the predicted changes in affect and pitch variation. Further, the fMRI data confirmed our hypothesis in that the ‘reading effect’ (i.e. the BOLD response to reading minus the BOLD response to baseline stimuli) in the supracallosal anterior cingulate cortex covaried negatively with both pitch variation and affect. Our results suggest that the anterior cingulate cortex modulates paralinguistic features of speech during affective states, thus placing this neural structure at the interface between action and emotions.
Neuronal protein kinase Cγ‐dependent proliferation and hypertrophy of spinal cord astrocytes following repeated in vivo administration of morphine
Authors: Narita Minoru , Suzuki Masami , Narita Michiko , Yajima Yoshinori , Suzuki Ryusuke , Shioda Seiji , Suzuki Tsutomu
Published: January 2004

Repeated administration of morphine induced a time‐dependent inhibition of the morphine‐induced antinociceptive action, indicating the development of tolerance to morphine. We demonstrated that mice tolerant to morphine exhibited a significant increase in the level of protein kinase Cγ‐like immunoreactivity (PKCγ‐IR) in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. The PKCγ‐IR was exclusively colocalized with the neuron‐specific markers neuronal nuclei (NeuN) and microtubule associated protein 2ab (MAP2ab). Here we found a dramatic increase in reactive astrocytes in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord following repeated treatment with morphine, as characterized by the increase and morphological changes in glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)‐positive cells. Furthermore, transgenic mice that express enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) under the control of the mouse GFAP promoter displayed enhanced levels of EGFP expression after repeated treatment with morphine. Under these conditions, mice lacking the PKCγ gene failed to show any changes in astroglial hypertrophy or proliferation after repeated treatment with morphine. These findings strongly support the idea that the sustained activation of neuronal PKCγ is implicated in the increased levels of reactive astrocytes in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord following repeated treatment with morphine. This neuron–glia communication may lead to the development of tolerance to morphine‐induced antinociception.
Efficacy of doublecortin as a marker to analyse the absolute number anddendritic growth of newly generated neurons in the adult dentate gyrus
Authors: Rao Muddanna S. , Shetty Ashok K.
Published: January 2004

Doublecortin (DCX), a microtubule‐associated phosphoprotein, has been recently utilized as a marker of newly born neurons in the adult dentate gyrus (DG). Nonetheless, it is unknown whether DCX exclusively labels newly formed neurons, as certain granule cells with the phenotype of differentiated neurons express DCX. We addressed the authenticity of DCX as a marker of new neurons in the adult DG by quantifying cells that are positive for 5′‐bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU), DCX and both BrdU and DCX in hippocampal tissues of adult rats treated with daily injections of BrdU for 12 consecutive days. We provide new evidence that neurons visualized with DCX immunostaining in the adult rat DG are new neurons that are predominantly born during the 12 days before euthanasia. This is confirmed by the robust expression of BrdU in 90% of DCX‐positive neurons in the DG of animals injected with BrdU for 12 days. Furthermore, DCX expression is specific to newly generated healthy neurons, as virtually all DCX‐positive cells express early neuronal antigens but lack antigens specific to glia, undifferentiated cells or apoptotic cells. As DCX expression is also robust in the dendrites, DCX immunocytochemistry of thicker sections facilitates quantification of the dendritic growth in newly born neurons. Thus, both absolute number and dendritic growth of new neurons that are generated in the adult DG over a 12‐day period can be quantified reliably with DCX immunostaining. This could be particularly useful for analysing changes in dentate neurogenesis in human hippocampal tissues as a function of ageing or neurodegenerative diseases.
Cyclin S: a new member of the cyclin family plays a role in long‐term memory
Authors: Edelheit Sarit , Meiri Noam
Published: January 2004

Memory is thought to be subserved by structural and functional alteration in synaptic connectivity. But although neuronal plasticity requires gene expression, the identity of the proteins involved is largely unknown. Using the chick 1‐day‐old passive avoidance learning paradigm and differential display RNA fingerprinting, we identified 13 candidate genes which are upregulated in the intermediate medial hyperstriatum ventrale (IMHV), an area that has been correlated with the initial processing of memory formation. One of the induced genes is a new member of the cyclin family, with high homology to cyclin L (ania‐6a). Analysis of the expression pattern of this gene after training revealed two time waves of induction: the first correlated with learning and initial memory process in the IMHV; the second correlated with memory consolidation, first in the IMHV, and then in the lobus paraolefactoris. There is a correlation between methylanthranilate (MeA) concentrations (the malaise substrate in the passive avoidance training procedure), the duration of memory and the expression level of cyclin S. While training chicks on low concentrations of MeA causes short‐term memory and low expression level of cyclin S, high concentration of MeA induces long‐term memory and high expression level of cyclin S in the IMHV. The role of cyclins in the regulation of neuronal‐plasticity‐related gene expression was overlooked, and it might serve as a key step in long‐term memory formation.
Glutamatergic clock output stimulates melatonin synthesis at night
Authors: Perreau‐Lenz Stéphanie , Kalsbeek Andries , Pévet Paul , Buijs Ruud M.
Published: January 2004

The rhythm of melatonin synthesis in the rat pineal gland is under the control of the biological clock, which is located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus (SCN). Previous studies demonstrated a daytime inhibitory influence of the SCN on melatonin synthesis, by using γ‐aminobutyric acid input to the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN). Nevertheless, a recent lesion study suggested the presence of a stimulatory clock output in the control of the melatonin rhythm as well. In order to further investigate this output in acute in vivo conditions, we first measured the release of melatonin in the pineal gland before, during and after a temporary shutdown of either SCN or PVN neuronal activity, using multiple microdialysis. For both targets, SCN and PVN, the application of tetrodotoxin by reverse dialysis in the middle of the night decreased melatonin levels. Due to recent evidence of the existence of glutamatergic clock output, we then studied the effect on melatonin release of glutamate antagonist application within the PVN in the middle of the night. Blockade of the glutamatergic input to the PVN significantly decreased melatonin release. These results demonstrate that (i) neuronal activity of both PVN and SCN is necessary to stimulate melatonin synthesis during the dark period and (ii) glutamatergic signalling within the PVN plays an important role in melatonin synthesis.
Activity‐dependent persisting modification of polysynaptic neural circuits involving layer V pyramidal neurons in rat auditory cortex in vitro
Authors: Kitaura Hiroki , Hishida Ryuich , Kudoh Masaharu , Shibuki Katsuei
Published: January 2004

Synaptic plasticity in polysynaptic neural circuits permits modulation of the dynamic properties of these circuits. We investigated the properties of polysynaptic potentiation in pyramidal neurons in layer V of rat auditory cortex (AC) slices using the perforated patch clamp technique. The GABAA receptor inhibitor bicuculline was used to facilitate polysynaptic activity. The amplitude and duration of the polysynaptic activity were both gradually potentiated with repetitive stimulation (RS) at 12 s intervals. Potentiation was saturated within 10 min of the onset of RS. After the cessation of RS, the polysynaptic responses returned to control levels within 30 min. RS‐induced potentiation was confirmed by fluorescence imaging of slices loaded with the Ca2+ indicator rhod‐2. Such potentiation was not induced by stimulation at 60 s intervals. The magnitude of the RS‐induced potentiation in layer V pyramidal neurons in the AC was greater than that in either layer II/III pyramidal neurons in the AC or layer V pyramidal neurons in the visual cortex. The NMDA receptor antagonist APV (100 µm), inhibited RS‐induced potentiation. When stimulated at 1 Hz, the potentiated response appeared rapidly. In the absence of bicuculline, RS consisting of five pulses at 30 ms intervals, repeated at 12 s intervals for 10 min, elicited potentiation of firing activity, suggesting that the potentiation is independent of bicuculline. The present study demonstrates the dynamic properties of polysynaptic circuits involving layer V pyramidal neurons in the AC are strongly affected by activity‐dependent synaptic potentiation.
Serum Testosterone Levels in Males with Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Pennanen C. , Laakso M. P. , Kivipelto M. , Ramberg J. , Soininen H.
Published: February 2004

This study aimed to investigate whether there are differences in serum testosterone levels between male patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and cognitively normal male controls. Testosterone and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) levels were measured from 14 patients with mild to moderate AD and 16 age‐matched control males. The AD patients had higher levels of serum total (P = 0.02) and free testosterone (P < 0.001), and higher free androgen index (FAI) (P = 0.02) compared to controls. No differences were found for the SHBG levels. These data provide no support for hypotheses of (disproportionally) decreased levels of serum testosterone in AD. These data also show that all cognitively normal controls had an FAI below the normal range.
Portfolio Construction for Tests of Asset Pricing Models
Authors: Vaihekoski Mika
Published: January 2004

Portfolios are commonly used in finance literature to study asset‐pricing models. In business practice portfolios are used to detect abnormal performance in certain asset groups or to construct reference assets. However, analyses on practical issues related to portfolio construction are surprisingly few. This paper presents and discusses issues related to portfolio return calculation from theoretical and practical perspectives. Special attention is given both to smaller and emerging stock markets. These stock markets often share common features like low liquidity, multiple stock series, and changes in foreign ownership restrictions that greatly affect portfolio construction.
‘Dominant ethnicity' and the ‘ethnic‐civic’ dichotomy in the work of A. D. Smith
Authors: Kaufmann Eric , Zimmer Oliver
Published: February 2004

Abstract.This article considers the way in which the work of Anthony Smith has helped to structure debates surrounding the role of ethnicity in present‐day nations. Two major lines of enquiry are evident here. First, the contemporary role of dominant ethnic groups within ‘their’ nations and second, the interplay between ethnic and civic elements in nationalist argument. The two processes are related, but maintain elements of distinctiveness. Smith's major contribution to the dominant ethnicity debate has been to disembed ethnicity from the ideologically‐charged and/or anglo‐centric discourse of ethnic relations and to place it in historical context, thereby opening up space for dominant group ethnicity to be considered as a distinct phenomenon. This said, Smith's work does not adequately account for the vicissitudes of dominant ethnicity in the contemporary West. Building on the classical works of Hans Kohn and Friedrich Meinecke, Anthony Smith has also made a seminal contribution to the debate on civic and ethnic forms of national identity and nationalist ideology. As well as freeing this debate from the strong normative overtones which it has often carried, he has continued to insist that the terms civic and ethnic should be treated as an ideal‐typical distinction rather than a scheme of classification.
Mammalian septin Sept2 modulates the activity of GLAST, a glutamate transporter in astrocytes
Authors: Kinoshita Nagatoki , Kimura Kazushi , Matsumoto Naoya , Watanabe Masahiko , Fukaya Masahiro , Ide Chizuka
Published: January 2004

Sept2 is a member of the septin family of GTPases. Septins form filaments in a GTP‐form dependent manner, and are involved in cytokinesis from yeast to mammals; however, some mammalian septins, including Sept2, are expressed in the brain, a tissue in which almost all the cells are postmitotic. Recently, some functions of mammalian septin other than cytokinesis such as vesicle transport have been reported. However, mammalian septin's physiological functions are still unclear. The present study revealed that Sept2 co‐localizes with the astrocyte glutamate transporter GLAST in the Bergmann glial processes facing axons and synapses. Biochemical analyses demonstrated that Sept2 bound directly to the carboxy‐terminal region of GLAST in a GDP‐form dependent manner. Expression of constitutive GDP‐form Sept2 mutant reduced the glutamate uptake activity of GLAST via internalization of GLAST from cell surface. Thus Sept2 may regulate GLAST‐mediated glutamate uptake by astrocytes, which is important for appropriate transmitter signalling in the cerebellum.
Power to detect trends in ecological indicators in the East Usambara Mountains, Tanzania
Authors: Newmark William D. , Senzota R. B. M.
Published: January 2004

We evaluated the statistical power of monitoring protocols to detect, over a 10‐year period, trends in indices of abundance of primates, hornbills and forest interior dung beetles and growth rates of epiphytic ferns in the Amani Nature Reserve, in the East Usambara Mountains, Tanzania. Local technicians are responsible for the day‐to‐day gathering of data. The existing monitoring protocols for blue monkey, silver‐cheeked hornbills, trumpeter hornbills, forest interior dung beetles and Asplenium nidus have sufficient statistical power (>0.80) to detect trends of 65% or less over a 10‐year period. Monitoring protocols for black and white colobus and Asplenium holstii have lower statistical power (<0.80). We therefore conclude that the majority of monitoring protocols of the East Usambara Ecological Monitoring Project have the capacity both logistically and statistically to detect long‐term trends in important functional groups in the East Usambara Mountains.
The influence of esmolol on the dose of propofol required for induction of anaesthesia*
Authors: Wilson E. S. , McKinlay S. , Crawford J. M. , Robb H. M.
Published: January 2004

Cardiac output may be an important determinant of the induction dose of intravenous anaesthetic. Esmolol is known to reduce cardiac output, and we examined its effect on the propofol dose required for induction of anaesthesia. The size of the effect seen with esmolol was compared with midazolam co‐induction. Sixty patients were randomly allocated to placebo (saline), esmolol (1mg.kg−1 bolus, followed by an infusion at 250 µg.kg−1min−1) or midazolam (0.04 mg.kg−1) groups. Induction of anaesthesia commenced 3 min following the administration of the study drug, using a Diprifusor set to achieve plasma propofol concentrations of 10 µg.ml−1 at 5 min. The primary end point used was the propofol dose per kg at loss of response to command. The mean (SD) propofol dose for each group was 2.38 (0.48) mg.kg−1 for placebo, 1.79 (0.36) mg.kg−1 for esmolol and 1.34 (0.35) mg.kg−1 for midazolam (all means significantly different; p < 0.0005). We found that predosing with esmolol reduces the propofol requirements for induction of anaesthesia by 25%.
Comparison of the Williams Airway Intubator and Ovassapian Fibreoptic Intubating Airway for fibreoptic orotracheal intubation
Authors: Greenland K. B. , Lam M. C. , Irwin M. G.
Published: January 2004

A randomised study was carried out in 60 anaesthetised patients with no evidence of airway difficulties, to compare the Williams Airway Intubator and the Ovassapian Fibreoptic Intubating Airway for bronchoscopic view and ease of railroading a tracheal tube during fibreoptic orotracheal intubation. The Williams Airway Intubator provided a better view of the glottis (41 (68.3%) unobstructed views) than the Ovassapian Fibreoptic Intubating Airway (15 (25%) unobstructed views; p < 0.0001) and a shorter time was needed to complete bronchoscopy (median (95% CI) difference 4 s (1–7); p = 0.01). Four (6.7%) bronchoscopies failed using the Williams Airway Intubator compared with 26 (43.3%) using the Ovassapian Fibreoptic Intubating Airway (p < 0.0001). Both airways provided similar intubating conditions when the glottis was visible.