bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PROBABILISTIC CAUSATION WITHOUT PROBABILITY
Authors: Holland Paul W.
Published: August 2014

The failure of Hume's ‘constant conjunction’ to describe apparently causal relations in science and everyday life has led to various ‘probabilistic’ theories of causation of which (Suppes 1970) is an important example. A formal model that was developed for the analysis of comparative agricultural experiments in the first quarter of this century can be used to give an alternative account of ‘probabilistic causality’ that does not take a stand as to the stochastic or deterministic nature of the causal connection. The approach has many applications in social, behavioral and medical science. This paper discusses the formal model in detail, applies it to ‘probabilistic causation’ and compares the resulting theory to Suppes' theory.
EMPIRICAL BAYES ANALYSIS OF FAMILIES OF SURVIVAL CURVES: APPLICATIONS TO THE ANALYSIS OF DEGREE ATTAINMENT
Authors: Braun Henry I. , Zwick Rebecca
Published: August 2014

We present a novel approach to the empirical Bayes analysis of aggregated survival data from different groups of subjects. The method is based on a contingency table representation of the data and employs transformations to permit the use of normal priors. In contrast to the case of a single survival curve, the empirical Bayes analysis of families of such curves leads to estimates which offer a qualitative improvement over classical estimates based on the ratio of occurrence to exposure rates. This method is illustrated with data on the attainment of the doctoral degree from three major universities.
TEST‐RETEST ANALYSES OF THE TEST OF ENGLISH AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE
Authors: Henning Grant
Published: August 2014

The present study provides two kinds of information that have not previously been available in a single research report on the Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL) with regard to its total and component scores. First, the study provides comparative global and component estimates of test‐retest, alternate‐form, and internal‐consistency reliability. This complies with the joint standards of the American Psychological Association, the American Educational Research Association, and the National Council for Measurement in Education by controlling for sources of measurement error that may be inherent both among the examinees and within the testing administration context, and not merely within the examination itself. Secondly, the study provides information about differential change in subtest difficulty on repeated application over a small interval of time (viz., eight days). This second concern is related to the phenomenon of “item bounce” and reflects the comparative stabilities of difficulty estimates within item type over repeated test administrations. This comparative stability information may provide useful insights into the functioning of particular TOEFL® subtest item types and the suitability of those item types for anchoring in test equating.

Although test‐length‐adjusted reliability estimates were found to be adequately high across reported component and total test scores, with raw score test‐retest coefficients ranging from .87 to .98 (with a mean of .93 over 22 total coefficients), raw score internal‐consistency coefficients ranging from .79 to .98 (with a mean of .94 over 88 total coefficients), and raw score alternate‐form coefficients ranging from .78 to .97 (with a mean of .90 over 22 total coefficients), the study contained several inherent limitations. Chief among these limitations was the comparatively small sample involved. Only 329 total subjects participated, and, due to attrition and design features, test‐retest reliability estimates were based on separate repeating subgroups of only 101 and 91 persons. Alternate‐form reliability estimates were based on separate repeating subgroups of only 52 and 25 persons. Although estimates were replicated across two TOEFL forms and at least two distinct samples, it was not possible within the existing project constraints to identify repeating samples that were perfectly representative of the current TOEFL examinee population in regard to language background and mean language proficiency.
The Epigenetic Regulation of SOX9 by miR‐145 in Human Chondrosarcoma
Authors: Mak Isabella W.Y. , Singh Shalini , Turcotte Robert , Ghert Michelle
Published: August 2014

Chondrosarcoma is the most common primary bone malignancy in the adult population with a high rate of pulmonary metastasis. Chondrosarcoma is managed with surgical excision as the tumors do not respond well to conventional chemotherapy or radiation therapy. Thus, there exists a dire need to develop systemic treatment options to target chondrosarcoma cells for metastatic spread. We hypothesized that the expression of miR‐145 is low in chondrosarcoma, leading to decreased transcriptional control of SOX9 (the master regulator of chondrogenesis), and downstream activation of the transcription factor ETV5. We have previously shown that ETV5 activates MMP‐2 expression in chondrosarcoma, which in turn increases local bone matrix resorption. In this study, we confirm high expression of SOX9 in human chondrosarcoma using real‐time PCR, Western blotting, and immunofluorescence. An ETV5 promoter–reporter plasmid was transfected into chondrosarcoma cells to determine if SOX9 directly regulates the expression of ETV5. Co‐transfection of the ETV5 promoter‐plasmid with SOX9 lentivirus significantly increased the luciferase activity derived from the ETV5 promoter, from which the regulatory relationship between SOX9 and ETV5 is established. MiR‐145 was found to be down‐regulated in chondrosarcoma cell lines, patient samples, and further confirmed with a public sarcoma database. After stable miR‐145 lentiviral transfection, the subsequent mRNA expression levels of SOX9, ETV5, and MMP‐2 were significantly decreased in chondrosarcoma cells. The results generated by this study may have important clinical significance in the treatment of patients with chondrosarcoma in that targeted miRNA may have the potential to downregulate the upstream activators of proteases such as MMP‐2. J. Cell. Biochem. 116: 37–44, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Structural modifications of dicationic acetylcholinesterase reactivators studied under ion‐pairing mechanism in reversed‐phase liquid chromatography
Authors: Radulescu Medeea , Kuca Kamil , Musilek Kamil , David Victor
Published: August 2014

A study focused on the chromatographic behavior of several acetylcholinesterase reactivators under ion‐pairing mechanism is reported. Among these reactivators, dicationic oximes and carbamoyl‐based pyridinium congeners were studied, which form ion pairs with alkylsulfonate anions. This mechanism was studied for some major experimental parameters, such as the chain length of the ion‐pairing agent added to the aqueous phase, its concentration, temperature, and nature of the organic modifier from mobile phase. Retention data showed one or two possibilities of forming ion pairs and the tautomerism of the studied reactivators, for different pH values of the aqueous component. Double sigmoid shapes were obtained for the studied compounds for the dependence between retention factor and pH, indicating the possibility of one or two tautomeric equilibria: at pH close to 7 these compounds are not stable as dicationic species and they participate in the retention process as nitroso forms, which are not able to form ion pairs with alkylsulfonates. The dependences of the retention factor on the organic modifier content from mobile phase were linear. Two complementary theoretical models were used to explain the functional dependences for the retention data on the experimental parameters.
Ultrasound‐enhanced and microwave‐assisted extraction of lipid from Dunaliella tertiolecta and fatty acid profile analysis
Authors: Qv Xiao‐Ying , Zhou Qin‐Fan , Jiang Jian‐Guo
Published: August 2014

Microalgal lipid is considered as a potential biodiesel resource due to its advantages compared to other bioresources. The production of biofuel from microalgae includes several stages like microalgae cultivation, biomass harvest, biomass treatment, lipid extraction, and the ultimate biodiesel synthesis. Lipid extraction is closely associated with the productivity and cost of energy production. In the present study, lipid of green algae Dunaliella tertiolecta was extracted by chemical agents with involvement of ultrasound and microwave. The optimization of experimental conditions was carried out by response surface methodology and orthogonal test design. Using the ultrasonic technique, an extraction rate of 45.94% was obtained under the optimum conditions of ultrasonic power 370 W, extraction time 5 min and liquid/solid ratio 125 mL/g. The extraction rate of 57.02% was obtained by the means of microwave assistance under the optimized conditions of extraction time 160 s, microwave power 490 W and liquid/solid ratio 100 mL/g. The comparison of the two results indicated microwave was more effective than ultrasound in extracting process. When the two techniques were utilized in combination, the optimized condition was ultrasonic power 320 W, ultrasonic time 4 min, microwave power 280 W, microwave time 120 s and liquid/solid ratio 100 mL/g, and the extraction rate was 49.97%.
Optimized determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers by ultrasound‐assisted liquid–liquid extraction and high‐performance liquid chromatography
Authors: He Kuang , Lv YuanCai , Chen YuanCai
Published: August 2014

A method based on ultrasound‐assisted liquid–liquid extraction and high‐performance liquid chromatography has been optimized for the determination of six polybrominated diphenyl ether congeners. The optimal condition relevant to the extraction was first investigated, more than 98.7 ± 0.7% recovery was achieved with dichloromethane as extractant, 5 min extraction time, and three cycles of ultrasound‐assisted liquid–liquid extraction. Then multiple function was employed to optimize polybrominated diphenyl ether detection conditions with overall resolution and chromatography signal area as the responses. The condition chosen in this experiment was methanol/water 93:7 v/v, flow rate 0.80 mL/min, column temperature 30.0°C. The optimized technique revealed good linearity (R2 > 0.9962 over a concentration range of 1–100 μg/L) and repeatability (relative standard deviation < 6.3%). Furthermore, the detection limit (S/N = 3) of the method were ranged from 0.02 to 0.13 μg/L and the quantification limit (S/N = 10) ranged from 0.07 to 0.35 μg/L. Finally, the proposed method was applied to spiked samples and satisfactory results were achieved. These results indicate that ultrasound‐assisted liquid–liquid extraction coupled with high‐performance liquid chromatography was effective to identify and quantify the complex polybrominated diphenyl ethers in effluent samples.
Wall thinning in carbon steel pipeline carrying pure water at high temperature
Authors: Matsumura M.
Published: August 2014

In the boilers of thermal and nuclear power plants, neutral pure water with low electric conductivity is generally used after de‐oxygenation, which is utilized to suppress the corrosiveness of the water. Nevertheless, a relatively high rate of wall thinning occurs on the inside surface of carbon steel pipes, in particular the downstream orifice meters and T‐junctions, sometimes leading to the rupture of the pipe. The generation of wall thinning has been attributed to FAC (flow accelerated corrosion), implying that the water flow must raise the corrosiveness of the boiler water. Contrary to this explanation, the macro‐cell corrosion theory, which was proposed by this author, regards this occurrence as merely localized corrosion. Under such circumstances, a case study was conducted on a burst carbon steel pipe from a high pressure steam line, and the cause was substantially proven to be water‐line corrosion. Because water‐line corrosion is a localized corrosion that can occur without water flow, the wall thinning damage that occurred in the carbon steel pipes must have been brought about by localized corrosion and not FAC.
Compatibilization of Protein Thermoplastics and Polybutylene Succinate Blends
Authors: Ku‐Marsilla K. I. , Verbeek C. J. R.
Published: August 2014

Reactive extrusion was used to prepare blends of Novatein thermoplastic protein (NTP) and poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) compatibilized with poly‐2‐ethyl‐2‐oxazoline (PEOX) and polymeric methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (pMDI). PEOX improved the dispersion of NTP in PBS and in conjunction with pMDI led to improved water resistance and a tensile strength exceeding that of NTP and PBS. The secant modulus, elongation as well as energy to break were also improved. The glass transition temperature (Tg) of compatibilized blends remained unchanged, however, the melting enthalpy and temperature decreased. This suggested that the crystalline structure of PBS has been disrupted by NTP as a result of compatibilization.
Conformational problem of alkanes in liquid crystals by NMR spectroscopy: a mini‐review
Authors: Weber Adrian C. J. , Chen Daniel H. J.
Published: August 2014

Recent discoveries of the role of alkane flexibility in determining liquid‐crystal behaviour are surveyed. With the impetus for understanding the alkane conformational problem established, recent model dependent 1H NMR work on the topic will be reviewed where progress is made but the need to circumvent models eventually becomes evident. A closer look at the rigid basic units of alkanes will provide the way forward where it is shown that the orientational ordering and anisotropic potentials of these molecules dissolved in liquid crystals scale with each other. Once this relationship is established, a series of works using anisotropic and isotropic 1H NMR spectroscopy to study alkane conformational statistics will be covered, wherein the influence of the gas, isotropic condensed and anisotropic condensed phases will be described. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dominant speed factors of active set methods for fast MPC
Authors: Herceg M. , Jones C. N. , Morari M.
Published: August 2014

The paper presents a review of active set (AS) algorithms that have been deployed for implementation of fast model predictive control (MPC). The main purpose of the survey is to identify the dominant features of the algorithms that contribute to fast execution of online MPC and to study their influence on the speed. The simulation study is conducted on two benchmark examples where the algorithms are analyzed in the number of iterations and in the workload per iteration. The obtained results suggest directions for potential improvement in the speed of existing AS algorithms. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and physicochemical studies of jute and glass composites of styrenated vinyl esters of multifunctional epoxy resin containing s‐triazine ring
Authors: Ghumara Rizwan Y. , Adroja Pooja P. , Parsania Parsotam H.
Published: August 2014

Acrylated and methacrylated resins of multifunctional epoxy resin of 2,4,6‐tris(4‐hydroxyphenyl)‐1‐3‐5‐triazine (ETPAA/ETPMA) have been synthesized and characterized by IR, NMR, and thermal techniques. Jute and glass composites of styrenated vinyl esters have been prepared by hand layup technique and characterized for their mechanical and electrical properties. Vinyl esters possess high solubility in common solvents and good thermal stability. Jute and glass composites ETPAASt and ETPMASt possess fairly good mechanical and electrical properties and excellent chemical resistance against harsh environmental conditions. Composites may be useful for low load bearing housing units and in electrical and electronic applications as well as in marine applications. POLYM. COMPOS., 279–287, 2016. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers
Solution‐based processing of Cu(In,Ga)Se2 absorber layers for 11% efficiency solar cells via a metallic intermediate
Authors: Berner Ulrich , Widenmeyer Markus
Published: August 2014

In this work, a low cost solution‐based method for the deposition of uniform Cu‐In‐Ga layers compatible with roll‐to‐roll processing is described. As ink system we use metal carboxylates dissolved in a mixture of a nitrogen containing base and an alcohol. This solution can be coated homogeneously under inert atmosphere using a doctor blade technique. With this method and appropriate precursor concentrations, crack‐free metal layers with dry‐film thicknesses of more than 700 nm can be deposited in one fast step. For the controlled film formation during the drying of the solvents a flow channel has been used to improve the evaporative mass transport and the convective gas flows of any unwanted organic species. Due to the absence of organic binders with high molecular weight, this step allows the formation of virtually pure metal layers. Elementary analyses of the dried thin films reveal less than 5 wt% of carbon residues at 200°C. In situ X‐ray diffraction data of the drying step show the formation of Cu‐In‐Ga alloys. The subsequent processing of Cu(In,Ga)Se2 chalcopyrites with evaporated elemental selenium takes place in a separate tube oven under inert atmosphere. Photoelectric measurements of cells with CdS buffer and ZnO window layer reveal a short‐circuit current of 29 mA/cm2, an open‐circuit voltage of 533 mV, and a fill factor of 0.69 under standard conditions. Thus efficiencies of up to 11% on 0.5 cm2 area without antireflective coating have been achieved. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and Properties of Hydrogen‐Free Detonation Diamond
Authors: Batsanov Stepan S. , Osavchuk Alexander N. , Naumov Stepan P. , Efimov Alexander E. , Mendis Budhika G. , Apperley David C. , Batsanov Andrei S.
Published: August 2014

Detonation‐prepared nanocrystalline diamond powders usually contain hydrogen. Herein, the synthesis of practically hydrogen‐free nanodiamond particles by detonation of benzotrifuroxan (BTF) and their comprehensive characterization by elemental analysis, X‐ray diffraction, electron microscopy, DSC/TGA, and BTE specific‐surface determination is described. The effects of the porosity of BTF and of various neutral or carbonic admixtures to the explosive on the reaction thermodynamics as well as the yield and properties of the product were explored theoretically and experimentally. Hydrogen contamination of nanodiamond was investigated using solid‐state NMR spectroscopy and possible sources of hydrogen explored. Admixing hygroscopic solids to the explosive introduced 0.1 to 0.6 % of hydrogen, as did purification in acidic (rather than neutral) media.
Real‐time risk assessment and decision support
Authors: Bolsover Andy
Published: August 2014

Managers and operators of major hazard facilities make complex decisions as a part of their daily work activity. These decisions are made against the background potential for a major accident. Such decisions may be required to account for daily changes in a large number of factors including plant condition and performance, operational status, knowledge and experience of personnel, interactions with other activities, and the effectiveness of processes. The information involved in the decision comes from multiple sources and may be difficult to assess. Technical risk assessments provide a useful picture of major accident risk but some widely accepted approaches suffer from some significant problems which limit their value as tools for operational decision making. The article describes investigations into an approach that addresses how these difficulties may be addressed in day‐to‐day assessments. It describes a method and tool in which risks can be monitored in real‐time and so enable safer decision making. The method is applicable to the assessment of a wide range of major accident hazard scenarios. The article will describe how the tool addresses problems in some alternative approaches. A significant feature of the approach is its ability to identify the most probable causes of risk. The speed of the assessment points to its potential use in real‐time detection and control systems. The method employs a Bayesian net to perform the risk assessment. Bayesian nets have been used to aid decision making in many different situations and industries, but have received relatively little attention as risk assessment and decision tools in major hazard industries. The article will include a description of the benefits offered by this technology as well as a view of its limitations. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog 34: 183–190, 2015
Merger of African easterly waves and formation of Cape Verde storms
Authors: Hankes Isaac , Wang Zhuo , Zhang Gan , Fritz Cody
Published: August 2014

There are two easterly wave tracks over West Africa, one to the south and the other to the north of the African Easterly Jet (AEJ). A northern wave sometimes merges with a southern wave near the coast of West Africa. The dynamic and thermodynamic evolution of the waves during the merger and the impacts of the merger on subsequent storm development are examined in this study. Three groups of storms are identified: non‐merger developers, merger developers and merger non‐developers. Relative to non‐merger developers, merger developers have a weaker circulation near the surface prior to the merger, but the merger leads to a stronger and deeper wave pouch, which is more conducive to tropical cyclogenesis. The dryness of the northern disturbances does not seem to hinder the storm development. Composite analysis shows that merger developers are associated with a warmer and broader heat low over West Africa and a more extensive AEJ, which helps to maintain the northern waves over the East Atlantic.

Merger developers and non‐developers resemble each other prior to the merger, but dry air intrusion west of the wave trough in the middle and upper troposphere contributes to the non‐development of some mergers. The dry air in non‐developers is related to a strong and broad upper‐tropospheric trough and the associated subsidence west of the low‐level wave pouch. The trough advects dry air from the extratropical Atlantic in the middle and upper troposphere and also induces a strong westerly vertical shear. Composites of aerosol optical depth suggest that the Saharan Air Layer has a limited contribution to the dryness in the vicinity of the non‐developers.
Verification of North Atlantic warm conveyor belt outflows in ECMWF forecasts
Authors: Madonna Erica , Boettcher Maxi , Grams Christian M. , Joos Hanna , Martius Olivia , Wernli Heini
Published: August 2014

A feature‐based approach is introduced to assess the quality of the representation of warm conveyor belts (WCBs) in high‐resolution forecasts of the European Centre for Medium‐range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). WCBs are moist ascending airstreams in extratropical cyclones, which transport boundary‐layer air within 1–2 days poleward to the upper troposphere. The WCB outflow is typically characterised by low potential vorticity (PV), amplifying upper‐level ridges and in turn modifying the jet stream and downstream Rossby wave evolution. Therefore the correct representation of WCBs can be essential for medium‐range weather prediction. A three‐component verification measure PAL is introduced, measuring errors in the WCB outflow's PV anomaly (P component), the amplitude of the WCB (A component), and the location of the outflow (L component). The PAL approach is applied to North Atlantic WCBs in ECMWF forecasts during three winters between 2002/2003 and 2010/2011. For the latest winter, the PAL results are also compared to the anomaly correlation coefficient (ACC) of upper‐level PV. It is shown that (i) the representation of WCBs improves for forecasts with a shorter lead time, (ii) PAL values are on average better for more recent forecasts, (iii) recent model versions show no systematic over‐ or underestimation of WCB intensity, (iv) individual medium‐range forecasts can be associated with large errors in particular in the amplitude of WCBs, and (v) the comparison of PAL and the ACC indicates that several poor forecasts in terms of ACC are indeed associated with significant errors in the representation of WCBs. Limitations of this study are also discussed.
Assessing partially outsourced processes—lessons learned from TIPA assessments
Authors: Cortina Stéphane , Renault Alain , Picard Michel
Published: August 2014

This paper presents three process assessments that took place in Luxembourg in 2012. It depicts the TIPA® process assessment framework and reports on its usage in three different partially outsourced contexts: a telecommunication service provider, a European institution, and a bank. Finally, this paper presents the lessons learned from these experimentations and some improvement perspectives. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A practical comparison of Alloy and Spin
Authors: Zave P.
Published: August 2014

Because potential users have to choose a formal method before they can start using one, research on assessing the applicability of specific formal methods might be as effective in encouraging their use as work on the methods themselves. This comparison of Alloy and Spin is based on a demanding project that exploited the full capabilities of both languages and tools. The study exposed issues not apparent from more superficial studies, and resulted in some unexpected conclusions. The paper provides tentative recommendations for two different classes of network protocol, a research agenda for solidifying the recommendations, and a few general lessons learned about research on selection of formal methods.
Quantitation of Metals During the Extraction of Virgin Olive Oil from Olives Using ICP‐MS after Microwave‐assisted Acid Digestion
Authors: Llorent‐Martínez Eulogio J. , Fernández‐de Córdova María Luisa , Ortega‐Barrales Pilar , Ruiz‐Medina Antonio
Published: August 2014

Trace metals such as Cu and Fe have negative effects on the oxidative stability of olive oils, and consequently, their concentrations are used as quality criterion. Also, maximum levels are established for heavy metals (As and Pb) in olive oils due to their high toxicity. Olive fruits can be contaminated with these metals from soil and air and from the use of pesticides or fertilizers, with the potential contamination of virgin olive oil (VOO) during its extraction from the fruits. This work presents two goals: (a) to optimize an analytical method for the determination of metals in raw olive fruits using an Abencor system; (b) to carry out a preliminary study of the fate of the metals during VOO extraction. The selected metals were quantified in raw olive fruits, and in the olive pomace and VOO obtained after their processing. The metal determination was performed by inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry after microwave‐assisted acid digestion with HNO3/H2O2. The results showed that most of the metals (at least 90 %) present in the olive fruits were retained by the olive pomace, so obtaining high‐quality VOO from the point of view of its metal content.
Analysis of Volatile Organic Compounds Liberated and Metabolised by Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells (HUVEC) In Vitro
Authors: Mochalski Paweł , Theurl Markus , Sponring Andreas , Unterkofler Karl , Kirchmair Rudolf , Amann Anton
Published: August 2014

Gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection combined with head-space needle trap extraction as the pre-concentration technique was applied to identify and quantify volatile organic compounds released or metabolised by human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Amongst the consumed species there were eight aldehydes (2-methyl 2-propenal, 2-methyl propanal, 2-methyl butanal, 3-methyl butanal,n-hexanal, benzaldehyde,n-octanal andn-nonanal) andn-butyl acetate. Further eight compounds (ethyl acetate, ethyl propanoate, ethyl butyrate, 3-heptanone, 2-octanone, 2-nonanone, 2-methyl-5-(methylthio)-furan and toluene) were found to be emitted by the cells under study. Possible metabolic pathways leading to the uptake and release of these compounds by HUVEC are proposed and discussed. The uptake of aldehydes by endothelial cells questions the reliability of species from this chemical class as breath or blood markers of disease processes in human organism. The analysis of volatiles released or emitted by cell lines is shown to have a potential for the identification and assessment of enzymes activities and expression.
Beyond Transmission: Intergenerational Patterns of Family Formation Among Middle-Class American Families
Authors: Fasang Anette Eva , Raab Marcel
Published: August 2014

Research about parental effects on family behavior focuses on intergenerational transmission: that is, whether children show the same family behavior as their parents. This focus potentially overemphasizes similarity and obscures heterogeneity in parental effects on family behavior. In this study, we make two contributions. First, instead of focusing on isolated focal events, we conceptualize parents’ and their children’s family formation holistically as the process of union formation and childbearing between ages 15 and 40. We then discuss mechanisms likely to shape these intergenerational patterns. Second, beyond estimating average transmission effects, we innovatively apply multichannel sequence analysis to dyadic sequence data on middle-class American families from the Longitudinal Study of Generations (LSOG; N = 461 parent-child dyads). The results show three salient intergenerational family formation patterns among this population: a strong transmission, a moderated transmission, and an intergenerational contrast pattern. We examine what determines parents’ and children’s likelihood to sort into a specific intergenerational pattern. For middle-class American families, educational upward mobility is a strong predictor of moderated intergenerational transmission, whereas close emotional bonds between parents and children foster strong intergenerational transmission. We conclude that intergenerational patterns of family formation are generated at the intersection of macro-structural change and family internal psychological dynamics.
Rural-to-Urban Migration and Sexual Debut in Thailand
Authors: Anglewicz Philip , VanLandingham Mark , Phuengsamran Dusita
Published: August 2014

Migration from one’s parents’ home and sexual debut are common features of the transition to adulthood. Although many studies have described both of these features independently, few have examined the relationship between migration and sexual debut in a systematic manner. In this study, we explore this link for young adults in Thailand. With relatively high rates of internal migration, rapid modernization, a moderate HIV epidemic, and a declining average age of sexual debut, Thailand presents an instructive environment in which to examine migration and sexual debut. We use two waves of a longitudinal data set (2005 and 2007) that includes a subsample of young adults who migrated to urban areas during that period. We identify characteristics and behaviors associated with sexual debut and examine the role of migration on debut. Our approach reduces several common sources of bias that hamper existing work on both migration and sexual debut: (1) the longitudinal nature of the data enables us to examine the effects of characteristics that predate both behaviors of interest; (2) the survey on sexual behavior employed a technique that reduces response bias; and (3) we examine differences in debut by marital status. We find that migrants have a higher likelihood of sexual debut than nonmigrants.
In Defense of Religion: The 2013 H. Paul Douglass Lecture
Authors: Warner R. Stephen
Published: August 2014

Originally presented as a lecture—with copious illustrations accompanying an abbreviated text—this article argues that the concept of “religion” retains its theoretical value despite claims that religion has been eclipsed by “spirituality.” Presupposing that both religion and spirituality are valuable concepts in themselves, the article begins by reviewing critical literature that examines recent claims on behalf of spirituality and the spiritual. The article then presents case studies based on three recent monographs to illustrate the continued viability of the concept of religion.
Nicht fakultativ, sondern obligat!
Authors: Meyer Gabriele , Balzer Katrin , Köpke Sascha
Published: August 2014

Evidenzbasierte Praxis in der Pflege und Gesundheitsversorgung ist zeitgemäß und alternativlos, so die These dieses Beitrages. Nicht die häufig thematisierten Barrieren der Implementierung gilt es hier zu diskutieren, sondern die sprachlichen Verwirrungen zum Begriff „evidenzbasiert“ und die Wortneuschöpfungen einzuordnen, sowie den Ressentiments und Vorbehalten gegenüber evidenzbasierter Gesundheitsversorgung und Pflege argumentativ zu begegnen.
Kritische Gesundheitsbildung
Authors: Steckelberg Anke
Published: August 2014

Kritische Gesundheitsbildung ist eine Voraussetzung für Partizipation und informierte Entscheidungen. Dieser Beitrag gibt einen Überblick über die Entwicklung und Evaluation von Kompetenztrainings zum Erwerb kritischer Gesundheitsbildung.
Zentrale Praxisanleiter(innen)
Authors: Baumann Tina , Lehmann Yvonne
Published: August 2014

Vielfach wird von ungünstigen Rahmenbedingungen in der Pflegepraxis berichtet. Diese können nicht zuletzt Einfluss auf die Gestaltung der Pflegeausbildung und die Tätigkeit von Praxisanleiter(inne)n haben. Eine Befragung zentraler Praxisanleiter(innen) liefert hierzu nähere Einblicke und Einschätzungen.
Informationsfilme für Patienten und Angehörige
Authors: Kocks Andreas , Abt-Zegelin Angelika
Published: August 2014

Im Folgenden werden Anregungen zu einer kritischen Auseinandersetzung mit gesundheitsbezogenen Filmen/DVDs gegeben. Aus Perspektive der Pflege erscheint die tägliche Alltagsbewältigung für Patienten und Angehörige besonders wichtig. Daher werden an dieser Stelle primär Filme fokussiert, die Informationen zum Umgang mit der Krankheit bereithalten. Neben Sachfilmen können auch Erfahrungsberichte von Betroffenen (Spielfilme, Reportagen) nützlich sein – diese sind aber hier nicht Gegenstand.
Trauer(-begleitung) ist sinnstiftend
Authors: Hecke Marcus
Published: August 2014

Da sitzt eine Frau weinend am Bett ihres eben verstorbenen Ehemanns. Ein Vater steht sechs Monate nach dem Tod seines Kindes täglich am Grab; schweigend, gedankenverloren und immer noch völlig fassungslos. Jeder Versuch diese Menschen zu trösten scheint wirkungslos und vergebens und wirft die Fragen auf: Wie soll ich mich verhalten? Was kann ich tun? Was kann ich sagen? Das „Handbuch Trauerbegegnung und -begleitung“ zeigt Wege auf, wie den häufig unfasslichen Fragen zu Leben, Tod und Trauer begegnet werden kann.
Silica-based surface molecular imprinting for recognition and separation of lysozymes
Authors: Zhang Cenjin , Wang Yuzhi , Zhou Yigang , Guo Junxia , Liu Yanjin
Published: August 2014

A highly selective surface molecularly imprinted inorganic polymer composed of tetraethoxysilane and 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane has been prepared by a sol–gel process on silica submicroparticles in aqueous solution under simple and mild conditions.
Stepwise radial complexation from the outer layer to the inner layer of a dendritic ligand: a phenylazomethine dendrimer with an inverted coordination sequence
Authors: Albrecht Ken , Sakane Noriko , Yamamoto Kimihisa
Published: August 2014

A meta-substituted phenylazomethine dendrimer was discovered as a dendritic ligand that sequentially coordinates to Lewis acids from the outer layer to the inner layer in a stepwise radial fashion.
Adamantane-based amphiphiles (ADAs) for membrane protein study: importance of a detergent hydrophobic group in membrane protein solubilisation
Authors: Chae Pil Seok , Bae Hyoung Eun , Das Manabendra
Published: August 2014

Adamantane-bearing agents showed enhanced efficiency in membrane protein solubilisation, indicating the favorable role of this ring in detergent behaviors.
A family of germanates constructed from Ge7 clusters co-templated by metal complexes and organic/inorganic species
Authors: Ren Xiaoyan , Pan Qinhe , Liu Jiancong , Li Yi , Wang Fuxiang , Li Jiyang , Xu Yan , Li Li
Published: August 2014

By using metal complexes and organic amine cations/inorganic anions as co-templates, four novel germanates JLG-n (n = 3, 6, 7, 8) have been prepared under solvothermal conditions. These compounds are all built up from Ge7 clusters and classified into two structural types: according to T2 connection mode of the Ge7 cluster for JLG-3 with a chain-like structure and to T4 connection mode for JLG-n (n = 6, 7, 8) with 2-D layered structures. Then numerous 2-D layered structures were designed by different arrangements of the R- and L-chains of JLG-3. In addition, two 3-D frameworks, H-F1 (16-rings) and H-F2 (24-rings), were designed on the basis of the sheets of JLG-6 and JLG-8, respectively, with the connection of the Ge7 clusters in T4P mode. Since Ge7 clusters display various connection modes, they are found to be effective for construction of novel open-framework germanates. A series of 2-D and even 3-D structures of germanates can be designed using Ge7 clusters as SBUs based on the concept of “Scale Chemistry”.
Tuning the functional sites in metal–organic frameworks to modulate CO2 heats of adsorption
Authors: Das Anita , D'Alessandro Deanna M.
Published: August 2014

Tuning the functional sites in metal–organic frameworks provides one strategy to vary the CO2 adsorption properties – this highlight article provides insight into modulation of another key performance criterion, namely the isosteric heat of adsorption, and its influence on CO2 capture.
Hydrogen and halogen bonding in a concerted act of anion recognition: F− induced atmospheric CO2 uptake by an iodophenyl functionalized simple urea receptor
Authors: Chutia R. , Das G.
Published: August 2014

Halogen bonding plays a key role in the fixation of atmospheric CO2 because air-stable crystals of HCO3− dimer by a simple urea based para-iodo substituted acyclic receptor in the presence of n-TBA salt of F− in MeCN solution.
Ruthenium(ii) complexes of N-heterocyclic carbenes derived from imidazolium-linked cyclophanes
Authors: Caramori Giovanni F. , Garcia Leone C. , Andrada Diego M. , Frenking Gernot
Published: August 2014

Metal–ligand bonds in ruthenium(ii) complexes of N-heterocyclic carbenes derived from imidazolium-linked cyclophanes with a remarkable covalent character are shown.
Synthesis and physical properties of layered BaxCoO2
Authors: Liu Jinfeng , Huang Xiangyang , Yang Danfeng , Xu Guisheng , Chen Lidong
Published: August 2014

A layered cobaltite BaxCoO2 (x = 0.19, 0.28, 0.30, 0.33) was synthesized by an ion exchange technique from the layered NaxCoO2 precursors.
The coexistence of interconnected and interweaved double helices in an octamolybdate-based compound: synthesis, structure, and photocatalytic properties
Authors: Sun Wenlong , Zhang Chunjing , Ma Huiyuan , Pang Haijun , Li Shaobin
Published: August 2014

Assembly and photocatalytic properties of an unprecedented helical compound based on polyoxometalates, with the coexistence of both interconnected and interweaved double helices, are reported.
Ferrocene-appended ligands for use in spin crossover-redox “hybrid” complexes of iron(ii) and cobalt(ii)
Authors: Scott Hayley S. , Gartshore Christopher J. , Guo Si-Xuan , Moubaraki Boujemaa , Bond Alan M. , Batten Stuart R. , Murray Keith S.
Published: August 2014

Structural, magnetic and electrochemical data are described for trans-[FeII(FTP)2(NCS)2], [CoII(FTTP)2](ClO4)2·2(MeCN) and [FeII(FTTP)2](ClO4)2·Et2O where FTP and FTTP are ferrocene-appended chelators.
Looped-oxide catalysis: a solar thermal approach to bio-oil deoxygenation
Authors: Hargus Cory , Michalsky Ronald , Peterson Andrew A.
Published: August 2014

With this perspective we introduce a two-step thermochemical cycle which harnesses concentrated solar radiation to drive bio-oil deoxygenation.
Efficient synthesis of quinoxalines from 2-nitroanilines and vicinal diols via a ruthenium-catalyzed hydrogen transfer strategy
Authors: Xie Feng , Zhang Min , Jiang Huanfeng , Chen Mengmeng , Lv Wan , Zheng Aibin , Jian Xiujuan
Published: August 2014

An efficient synthesis of quinoxalines from 2-nitroanilines and biomass-derived vicinal diols is demonstrated via a hydrogen transfer strategy.
Caging of plumbagin on silver nanoparticles imparts selectivity and sensitivity to plumbagin for targeted cancer cell apoptosis
Authors: Duraipandy N. , Lakra Rachita , Kunnavakkam Vinjimur Srivatsan , Samanta Debasis , K Purna Sai , Kiran Manikantan Syamala
Published: August 2014

Nano-caging of plumbagin for selective killing of cancer cells.
The role of particle-to-cell interactions in dictating nanoparticle aided magnetophoretic separation of microalgal cells
Authors: Toh Pey Yi , Ng Bee Wah , Ahmad Abdul Latif , Chieh Derek Chan Juinn , Lim JitKang
Published: August 2014

Successful application of a magnetophoretic separation technique for harvesting biological cells often relies on the need to tag the cells with magnetic nanoparticles.
Two-dimensional layered semiconductor/graphene heterostructures for solar photovoltaic applications
Authors: Shanmugam Mariyappan , Jacobs-Gedrim Robin , Song Eui Sang , Yu Bin
Published: August 2014

Schottky barriers formed by graphene (monolayer, bilayer, and multilayer) on 2D layered semiconductor tungsten disulfide (WS2) nanosheets are explored for solar energy harvesting.
The conquest of middle-earth: combining top-down and bottom-up nanofabrication for constructing nanoparticle based devices
Authors: Diaz Fernandez Yuri A. , Gschneidtner Tina A. , Wadell Carl , Fornander Louise H. , Lara Avila Samuel , Langhammer Christoph , Westerlund Fredrik , Moth-Poulsen Kasper
Published: August 2014

We present recent developments on the use of self-assembly methods to bridge the gap between sub-nanometer and micrometer length scales.
Tissue cell assisted fabrication of tubular catalytic platinum microengines
Authors: Wang Hong , Moo James Guo Sheng , Pumera Martin
Published: August 2014

Tubular microengines fabricated with the fruit tissue cell assisted method exhibit a fast motion of ∼100 bodylengths per s.
Magnetic photocatalysts with a p–n junction: Fe3O4 nanoparticle and FeWO4 nanowire heterostructures
Authors: Cao Xuan , Chen Yan , Jiao Shihui , Fang Zhenxing , Xu Man , Liu Xu , Li Lu , Pang Guangsheng , Feng Shouhua
Published: August 2014

Magnetic n-type semiconductor Fe3O4 nanoparticle and p-type semiconductor FeWO4 nanowire heterostructures were successfully synthesized without any surfactants or templates via a facile one-step hydrothermal process at 160 °C.
Synthesis of boron and phosphorus codoped all-inorganic colloidal silicon nanocrystals from hydrogen silsesquioxane
Authors: Sugimoto Hiroshi , Fujii Minoru , Imakita Kenji
Published: August 2014

We present a new route for mass-production of B and P codoped all-inorganic colloidal Si nanocrystals from hydrogen silsesquioxane. The NCs are dispersible in methanol without organic ligands due to the formation of heavily B and P doped hydrophilic shell on the surface of Si NCs.
Injectable small molecule hydrogel as a potential nanocarrier for localized and sustained in vivo delivery of doxorubicin
Authors: Singh Manish , Kundu Somanath , Reddy M Amarendar , Sreekanth Vedagopuram , Motiani Rajender K. , Sengupta Sagar , Srivastava Aasheesh , Bajaj Avinash
Published: August 2014

We report l-alanine based small molecule injectable hydrogel that can entrap doxorubicin and show in vivo anticancer effect due to sustained release of the drug.
An efficient Fe2O3/HY catalyst for Friedel–Crafts acylation of m-xylene with benzoyl chloride
Authors: Mu Manman , Chen Ligong , Liu Yunlong , Fang Wangwang , Li Yang
Published: August 2014

Iron oxide supported on HY zeolite was prepared and exhibited excellent catalytic performance in the acylation ofm-xylene with benzoyl chloride. It was characterized by XRD, BET, XPS, NH3-TPD and Py-IR. The catalytic activity of Fe2O3/HY is enhanced with the increase of Lewis acidic sites. Furthermore, the reaction parameters were optimized. Finally, the catalyst was easily separated reused for five runs without appreciable loss of catalytic activity.
Asymmetric transport of water molecules through a hydrophobic conical channel
Authors: Su Jiaye , Yang Keda , Guo Hongxia
Published: August 2014

Unlike macroscale systems, symmetry breaking could lead to surprising results for nanoscale systems.
Highly stable and active palladium nanoparticles supported on porous carbon for practical catalytic applications
Authors: Veerakumar Pitchaimani , Madhu Rajesh , Chen Shen-Ming , Veeramani Vediyappan , Hung Chin-Te , Tang Pi-Hsi , Wang Chen-Bin , Liu Shang-Bin
Published: August 2014

Superior performances of mesoporous carbon supported Pd nanoparticles during catalytic reduction of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP), C–C coupling, and sensitive detection of 4-NP.
Property modulation of benzodithiophene-based polymers via the incorporation of a covalently bonded novel 2,1,3-benzothiadiazole-1,2,4-oxadiazole derivative in their main chain for polymer solar cells
Authors: Agneeswari Rajalingam , Tamilavan Vellaiappillai , Song Myungkwan , Hyun Myung Ho
Published: August 2014

Two novel polymers incorporating two covalently bonded different acceptor units were prepared and their opto-electrical and photovoltaic properties were studied.
Comparison of 3D video subjective quality evaluated using polarisation and autostereoscopic displays
Authors: Wegner K. , Grajek T. , Domański M.
Published: August 2014

An important question, that is whether for the subjective evaluation of three‐dimensional (3D) video can be performed on one type of 3D monitor only or whether multiple types of displays are required in order to obtain reliable results, is answered. The experimental material used in this reported work includes mean opinion score (MOS) data collected on two types of monitors: polarisation and autostereoscopic. An analysis of this data is reported. The observed high correlation of the gathered quality metrics clearly indicates that the results obtained using the polarisation monitor are as statistically significant as the results obtained using the autostereoscopic one. Therefore, to save time, only one type of monitor can be used.
Frequency reconfigurable bow‐tie antenna array
Authors: Li Tong , Zhai Huiqing , Liang Chang‐Hong
Published: August 2014

A novel frequency reconfigurable bow‐tie antenna array for Bluetooth, worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX) and wireless local area network (WLAN) applications is presented. This array comprises four double‐sided bow‐tie elements and an ultra‐wideband feed network. By controlling the states of the pin diodes loaded on the radiators, the effective electrical lengths of bow‐tie elements can be changed, thus the operating band of the array can be electronically switched between three different frequency bands. A prototype was fabricated and measured, and the results are in good agreement with the simulations, which shows that this array is a good candidate for multi‐radio wireless applications.
Diamagnetic levitation of pyrolytic graphite over monolithic NdFeB magnet
Authors: Küstler G.
Published: August 2014

Recent developments in the technology of printing magnet field domains offer a whole new field of applications. Highly customised magnetisation patterns can now be generated which enhance significantly the magnetic properties and behaviour. Magnets with specific printed magnetic field patterns can also be used for enhancing diamagnetic levitation applications. This reported work demonstrates the diamagnetic levitation of pyrolytic graphite over a monolithic NdFeB cylinder magnet with printed magnetic field domains. Using monolithic magnets instead of magnet assemblies for diamagnetic levitation allows easier, faster and cheaper production of diamagnetic levitation tracks or diamagnetic bearings. Furthermore, one can build the diamagnetic levitation tracks, which otherwise are difficult or impossible to be realised using prior art technologies.