bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
School Problems and Other Factors in Childhood Headache Syndromes
Authors: Z. Nealis James G.w , Miller Susan
Published: December 2008

School-age children with headache disorders require the interdisciplinary attention of both educators and physicians. When school problems accompany other significant headache factors, a simple prescription is not an effective treatment. This article examines ten headache factors pertinent to a school-age population. Emphasis is placed on school problems and the need for professional collaboration on a disorder with both academic and medical manifestations.
Use of Haptic Training to Modify Impulse and Attention Control Deficits of Learning Disabled Children
Authors: Locher Paul J.
Published: December 2008

The purpose of this research was to determine if an haptic training program to teach impulse and attention control to 12 children diagnosed communications handicapped with a secondary classification of neurological impairment could modify their encoding strategies and performance on an haptic discrimination task in the direction of increased reflectivity. The degree to which the effects of haptic training generalized to the educationally more relevant visual modality, and the durability of results for both modalities, were also examined. Significant improvements in scanning and processing times, attention deployment strategies, and response accuracy on the haptic and visual discrimination tasks observed at posttesting and at follow-up, coupled with posttraining increases in reflectivity as measured by the Matching Familiar Figures test, demonstrate the effectiveness, durability, and generalizability of haptic training. Reasons for the intervention's effectiveness in modifying LD children's impulsive cognitive tempo and attention deficits, and the practical advantages of haptic as compared to visual training, are discussed.
Mnemonic Strategy Instruction with Learning Disabled Adolescents
Authors: Mastropieri Margo A. , Scruggs Thomas E. , Levin Joel R.
Published: December 2008

In two experiments, students were taught the hardness levels of minerals according to either a keyword-pegword mnemonic, a questioning procedure, or free study. In Experiment 1, 90 ninth-grade learning disabled students were classified as relatively higher or lower reading achievers. Mnemonic students significantly outrecalled both questioning and free-study students regardless of students' achievement level. In Experiment 2, 45 nondisabled seventh-grade students participated and again, mnemonic students significantly outperformed questioning and free study students. Both present and potential benefits of mnemonic instruction for learning disabled students are discussed.
Adaptive Behavior
Authors: Weller Carol , Strawser Sherri , Buchanan Mary
Published: December 2008

This paper suggests that a continuum of severity can be observed within the learning disabled population and that this continuum is functionally related to the ease with which learning disabled individuals adapt to the environment. The paper reviews the research related to severity and adaptive behavior, the precedents for using adaptive behavior to determine severity, and the behaviors associated with different severity levels of learning disabled individuals. Based on this review, it is suggested that adaptive criteria can be used to determine homogeneous subgroups among the learning disabled population functionally as well or better than criteria based on traditional diagnostic methods.
An Attribution Training Program with Learning Disabled Children
Authors: Shelton Terri L. , Anastopoulos Arthur D. , Linden James D.
Published: December 2008

Based on the success of attribution training programs in alleviating learned helplessness and upon current research suggesting that some learning disabled children may be experiencing learned helplessness, it was the purpose of the present investigation to determine whether altering causal attributions for failure would enable helpless learning disabled children to deal more effectively with failure in an experimental reading situation. Sixteen “helpless” learning disabled students were assigned to an attribution training group or to an assessment control group. The results revealed that following training, the subjects in the attribution training group demonstrated greater reading persistence, showed significant increases in effort attributions for failure as well as more internal attributions for achievement situations when compared to subjects in the control group. Treatment gains for effort attributions and for reading persistence were maintained at follow—up. Implications for remedial programs are discussed.
Nutrition, Environmental Toxins and Computerized EEG: A Mini-Max Approach to Learning Disabilities
Authors: Thatcher R. W. , Lester M. L.
Published: December 2008

Although many different types of information are important to a complete science of learning disabilities, information about “alterable variables” is of particular value as we attempt to apply our science to helping children. This month's Topical Review addresses a set of environmental and diet variables that are clearly alterable and that may have an important impact on the way children think and learn. The studies reviewed here have employed advanced technology to assess the effects of these “alterable variables” on both brain functioning and cognitive performance. Although the subjects employed in the studies are not formally diagnosed as learning disabled, the implications of the findings for children who experience special learning problems are nevertheless quite clear.—JKT
Cognitive Strategies of Children with Reading Disability and Normal Readers in Visual Sequential Memory
Authors: Bayliss Janet , Livesey P. J.
Published: December 2008

Primary school boys with reading disability were divided into two groups (dysphonetics and dyseidetics) on the basis of learning style defined by an analysis of spelling errors. Dysphonetics and dyseidetics clearly differed in their cognitive strategies in visual sequential memory tasks, yet were able to remember items presented sequentially provided that the nature of the stimulus was congruent with learning style. In memory for order tasks incorporating both spatial and serial formats, dysphonetics chose spatial order in preference to serial order whereas preferences of dyseidetics were in the opposite direction. When they were required to recognise both spatial order and serial order, dysphonetics made more correct spatial order responses than dyseidetics. The converse was the case for correct serial order responses. As a composite group, children with reading disability were shown to be no less competent in these tasks than normal readers who also revealed strong strategy preferences and little flexibility in switching strategies.
Appraisal Practices in the Public Schools
Authors: C. Smith Tom E. , Lewis Arleen Casto
Published: December 2008

Federal and state regulations require that learning disabled children receive a free appropriate education. In order to determine the appropriateness of a child's program, comprehensive assessment information must be gathered and made available to the committee developing individual education programs. The current study surveyed assessment practices used in public schools. All special education supervisors in one state were sent questionnaires to determine specific assessment procedures used. Results indicated that (1) schools are satisfied with appraisal services provided, (2) the majority of school districts contract for some if not all appraisal services, (3) employed examiners are more involved in the total assessment process than examiners on contract, and (4) examiners do not participate in evaluation and placement meetings on a regular basis.
Stimulus-Control Factors in Search Performance of Hyperactive Children
Authors: Zentall Sydney S.
Published: December 2008

Added stimulation, both biochemical and environmental, has been used to improve the sustained attention but less frequently the search-attention performance of hyperactive children. In the present study a search task was used that differed from sustained-attention tasks only in an additional requirement for visual scanning. The performance of hyperactive and control children on a noncolored version of this task was compared with a version to which color stimulation had been presented that reduced the area to be scanned or that required a wide area to be scanned in a mixed design counterbalanced for stimulation order and level of search. Findings were that hyperactive children omitted more signals than controls on most of the noncolored search task. In the color condition, only during the last third of performance did the hyperactive children crossover with a greater increase in errors than controls. This increase, however, was attributed to the narrow-focus search condition that reduced overall visual access to task and color stimuli, effectively making that color condition less stimulating. Conclusions were that performance on search-attentional tasks, like sustained attentional performance, is normalized for hyperactive children by added color, especially during early task performance; but that the performance gains produced by color wear off more rapidly for hyperactive children, especially when a narrow focus of attention is required.
Strategy Transformations in Learning Disabled Children's Math Performance
Authors: Swanson H. L. , Rhine Barbara
Published: December 2008

The hypothesis explored was that learning disabled children's poor math performance was related to their ability to make strategy transformations. The present experiment used simple arithmetic operations that allowed for seven transformations. Nondisabled children were superior in performance to disabled on transformations that required reordering or the abandoning of previously learned strategies. For the majority of transformation tasks, significant ability group differences occurred on the encoding and retrieval stage of processing. The results suggest that learning disabled children use an inefficient algorithm to transform previously learned strategies. Three implications of the results are discussed.
Book Reviews
Authors: Chandler Harry N.
Published: December 2008

The Clinical Teaching Model, Selma G. Sapir, New York: Brunner/Mazel Inc., 1985, 203 pages.
Group Cohesion, Collective Efficacy, and Motivational Climate as Predictors of Conductor Support in Music Ensembles
Authors: Matthews Wendy K , Kitsantas Anastasia
Published: December 2008

In the present study, we examined whether collective efficacy, group cohesion (task and social), and perceived motivational climate (task-involving and ego-involving orientations) in a music ensemble predict instrumentalists' perceived conductor support. Ninety-one (N = 91) skilled high school instrumentalists participated in the study. To assess the variables, participants responded to a number of surveys during rehearsals. It was hypothesized that instrumentalists' perceptions of collective efficacy, group cohesion, and a task-involving motivational climate cultivated by the conductor would predict conductor support. Results showed that, collectively, these variables accounted for 46% of the variance in instrumentalist perceptions of a supportive conductor. Findings of this study may provide guidance on how conductors can create learning environments that instill a strong sense of support for their instrumentalists.
Influence of Primary Performance Instrument and Education Level on Music Performance Evaluation
Authors: Hewitt Michael P.
Published: December 2008

The purpose of this study was to examine the impact that education level and primary performance instrument have on the evaluation of music performances. Participants (N = 423) in the study were middle school (n = 187), high school (n = 113), and college (n = 123) musicians who performed on either a brass (n = 115) or a nonbrass (n = 301) instrument. They listened to six junior high trumpet performances by players of various abilities. Results indicated statistically significant findings on six of seven performance subareas for the interaction of education level and performer, and significant main effects for performance instrument, education level, and performer. For many subarea-by-performer interactions, middle and high school students rated performances lower than did college students. In all performance areas (except melodic accuracy), there was a strong lack of influence for instrument (brass, nonbrass) on evaluation. The results suggest that it may be prudent to incorporate activities that help develop evaluation skills in middle and high school instrumental rehearsals.
Alice Carey Inskeep (1875-1942): A Pioneering Iowa Music Educator and MENC Founding Member
Authors: Hedden Debra Gordon , Heller George N. , Humphreys Jere T. , Slattery Valerie A.
Published: December 2008

The purpose of this study was to examine the professional contributions of Alice Carey Inskeep (1875-1942), who contributed significantly to music education through her positive and effective teaching, supervising, community service, and leadership in music education. Inskeep was born in Ottumwa, Iowa, and taught for five years in that city's school system after graduating from high school. She served as music supervisor in Cedar Rapids, Iowa, for most of the remainder of her career, where she provided progressive leadership to the schools and community. She was one of three people appointed to plan the initial meeting in Keokuk, Iowa, for what eventually became MENC: The National Association for Music Education, and she was one of sixty-nine founding members of the organization in 1907. The Keokuk meeting served as an impetus for Inskeep to travel to Chicago, where she studied with several notable music educators. Later, she sat on the organization's nominating committee, the first Educational Council (precursor to the Music Education Research Council) board of directors, and provided leadership to two of the organization's affiliates, the North Central Division and the Iowa Music Educators Association. She served as a part-time or summer faculty member at Iowa State Normal School and Coe College in Cedar Falls and Cedar Rapids, Iowa, respectively, and the American Institute of Normal Methods in Evanston, Illinois, and Auburndale, Massachusetts.
Content Analysis of Four National Music Organizations' Conferences
Authors: Orman Evelyn K. , Price Harry E.
Published: December 2008

We examined the content of the 2002 and 2004 National Biennial In-Service Conferences of MENC: The National Association for Music Education; the 2002 and 2004 Midwest Clinic: An International Band and Orchestra Conferences; the 2002 and 2004 Orff-Schulwerk Conferences; and the 2003 and 2005 American Choral Directors Association Conventions. Each of the 2,302 sessions was examined and classified according to category, subject area, and focus. The largest proportion of categories of sessions at the MENC (74.2%), Midwest (4 7.5%) and Orff-Schulwerk (80.3%) conferences was education, while performance (56.9%) was the largest proportion at ACDA. The predominant subject areas within education were performance for ACDA (53.3%) and Midwest (42.8%), general music (47.1 %) for Orff-Schulwerk, and industry (42.3%) for MENC. The proportion of industry to non-industry sessions at MENC was more than double any of the other conferences examined.
Adolescents' Expressed Meanings of Music in and out of School
Authors: Campbell Patricia Shehan , Connell Claire , Beegle Amy
Published: December 2008

This study aimed to determine the significance of music and music education to middle and high school adolescents, including those enrolled and not enrolled in school music programs. Of particular interest were their expressed meanings of music both in and out of school, with attention to adolescent views on the role of music in identity formation, the musical and nonmusical benefits for adolescents of their engagement with music, the curricular content of secondary school music programs, and the qualities of music teachers in facilitating music-learning experiences in middle and high school classes. An examination of essays, statements, and reflections in response to a national essay content was undertaken using an inductive approach to analyze content through the triangulation of interpretations by the investigators. Five principal themes were identified within the expressed meanings of music by adolescents: (a) identity formation in and through music, (b) emotional benefits, (c) music's life benefits, including character-building and life skills, (d) social benefits, and (e) positive and negative impressions of school music programs and their teachers. Overwhelming support was expressed for music as a necessary component of adolescent life, with support for and comments to probe concerning the work of music educators in secondary school programs.
An Examination of the Reliabilities of Two Choral Festival Adjudication Forms
Authors: Norris Charles E. , Borst James D.
Published: December 2008

The purpose of this study was to compare the reliability of a common school choral festival adjudication form with that of a second form that is a more descriptive extension of the first. Specific research questions compare the interrater reliabilities of each form, the differences in mean scores of all dimensions between the forms, and the concurrent validity of the forms. Analysis of correlations between all possible pairs of four judges determined that the interrater reliability of the second form was stronger than that of the traditional form. Moderate correlations between the two forms further support the notion that the two forms measured the dimensions in somewhat different ways, suggesting the second form offered more specific direction in the evaluation of the choral performances. The authors suggest continued development of language and descriptors within a rubric that might result in increased levels of interrater reliability and validity in each dimension.
Development and Validation of an Orchestra Performance Rating Scale
Authors: Smith Bret P. , Barnes Gail V.
Published: December 2008

The purpose of this study was to develop a factor-derived measure of orchestra performance achievement and to test its validity and reliability for the evaluation of secondary school orchestras. We assembled a pool of 49 statements used in evaluating middle and high school orchestra performance, paired them with a 9-point Likert-type scale, and asked 63 experienced orchestra teachers to evaluate 63 secondary school orchestras. Factor analyses on data from the 189 completed rating sheets identified seven factors: Ensemble, Left Hand, Position, Rhythm, Tempo, Presentation, and Bow. For the reduced scale, we chose 25 items with factor loadings greater than . 64, which showed Cronbach's alphas ranging from . 73 to . 91. Two rounds of validation showed high correlations with MENC's adjudication form and a ranking task; the initial factor structure was not exactly duplicated, indicating directions for future research.
"Charts and Other Paraphernalia"
Authors: Volk Terese M.
Published: December 2008

Materials to assist instruction have a long history in music education. Charles H. Congdon was the director of music education in St. Paul, Minnesota, from 1885 to 1898. He ceased classroom teaching and began his own music publishing company around 1900. He remained active in music education and was one of the charter members of MENC. Congdon is best known for the six songbooks in The Congdon Music Readers series. To assist the classroom teacher, he devised a series of large song scrolls to accompany his textbooks. He later developed a system to store and display these scrolls, and designed the first chromatic pitch pipe for school use. Congdon's texts, scrolls, scroll holders, storage cabinets, and pitch pipes all led the way for the commercialization of music materials today.
Performer, Rater, Occasion, and Sequence as Sources of Variability in Music Performance Assessment
Authors: Bergee Martin J.
Published: December 2008

This study examined performer, rater, occasion, and sequence as sources of variability in music performance assessment. Generalizability theory served as the study's basis. Performers were 8 high school wind instrumentalists who had recently performed a solo. The author audio-recorded performers playing excerpts from their solo three times, establishing an occasion variable. To establish a rater variable, 10 certified adjudicators were asked to rate the performances from 0 (poor) to 100 (excellent). Raters were randomly assigned to one of five performance sequences, thus nesting raters within a sequence variable. Two G (generalizability) studies established that occasion and sequence produced virtually no measurement error. Raters were a strong source of error. D (decision) studies established the one-rater, one-occasion scenario as unreliable. In scenarios using the generalizability coefficient as a criterion, 5 hypothetical raters were necessary to reach the .80 benchmark. Using the dependability index, 17 hypothetical raters were necessary to reach .80.
Cosmopolitanism, Political Obligation, and the Welfare State
Authors: Klosko George
Published: December 2008

While we generally take it for granted that governments should provide social welfare and other benefits to their citizens, justification of these services depends on special moral requirements people owe to their compatriots, as opposed to inhabitants of other countries, who may be far more needy. While widely discussed defenses of compatriot preferences can be seen to be flawed, the latter may be justified through a public goods argument. Security and other public goods are not only necessary for acceptable lives but are provided through the cooperative activity of compatriots, coordinated and enforced by the state. Because the necessary public goods require general cooperation throughout society, all individuals who are required to comply should have rights to participate in decisions about the form in which they are provided. Because these political rights must be substantive rather than merely formal, they justify requirements of distributive justice and so compatriot preferences.
Defensive Distancing from Victims of Serious Illness: The Role of Delay
Authors: Pyszczynski Tom , Greenberg Jeff , Solomon Sheldon , Cather Corinne , Gat Irit , Sideris John
Published: December 2008

Defensive distancing from victims of serious illness was investigated by providing subjects with personality profiles of a target person who had either a serious life-threatening illness (stomach cancer) or a less serious health problem (sprained ankle). Either immediately after learning of the target person's illness or after a 3-min delay, subjects rated themselves on the same set of personality traits. A significant Illness x Delay interaction was found on a composite measure of distancing from the victim. Subjects distanced themselves from the cancer victim by rating their own personalities as discrepant from this person in the delay but not in the immediate condition. Immediate but not delay subjects indicated greater liking for the cancer victim than the sprained ankle victim. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
My Relationship is Better than- and Not as Bad as--Yours is: The Perception of Superiority in Close Relationships
Authors: Van Lange Paul A. M. , Rusbult Caryl E.
Published: December 2008

This research studies naturally occurring thoughts about relationships to test hypotheses regarding the tendency to perceive one 's own relationship as superior to others' relationships. Using a thought-listing technique, four experiments conducted in the United States and two experiments conducted in the Netherlands demonstrated that subjects hold more positive beliefs about their own relationships than other relationships (positive superiority) and hold fewer negative beliefs about their own relationships than other relationships (negative superiority). Also, subjects' beliefs about their own relationships are composed of far more positive than negative information (own relationship positivity), whereas perceptions of other relationships are dominated by negative information (other relationships negativity). These findings were obtained when subjects listed positive and negative thoughts regarding global features of relationships; parallel findings emerged for descriptions of constructive and destructive reactions to specific dissatisfying incidents.
Prototype Perception Predicts (Lack of) Pregnancy Prevention
Authors: Gibbons Frederick X. , Gerrard Meg , McCoy Sue Boney
Published: December 2008

This research examined the relation between adolescents' perceptions of the prototypical unwed pregnant teenager (or her boy-friend) and their willingness to engage in unprotected sexual intercourse. Two samples of 13- to 15-year-old adolescents were asked how willing they were to engage in unprotected sex with their boy/girlfriend (the criterion variable), their perceptions of the prototypical person who has engaged in the risky behavior, and their intention to use effective contraception. Perceptions of the unwed-parent prototype and perceived similarity to that prototype significantly predicted willingness to engage in unprotected sex, independent of intentions to use effective contraception. A prototype-based model of onset and cessation of risky behavior is discussed.
Elements of the Competitive Situation that Affect Intrinsic Motivation
Authors: Reeve Johnmarshall , Deci Edward L.
Published: December 2008

Effects on intrinsic motivation of three elements of the competitive situation (viz., competitive set, competitive outcome, and inter-personal context) were explored. Participants solved puzzles with a same-sex confederate under one of five experimental inductions, and intrinsic motivation was assessed by subsequent free-choice behavior and self-reports of interest/enjoyment. As predicted by cognitive evaluation theory, competitive outcome(viz., winning vs. losing) and interpersonal context (viz., pressured vs. nonpressured) affected intrinsic motivation. Path analyses showed that (a) winning (relative to losing) increased intrinsic motivation by enhancing perceived competence and (b) a pressured (relative to nonpressured) interpersonal context decreased intrinsic motivation by diminishing perceived self-determination. Further, competence valuation-the importance one places on doing well-related positively to perceived competence, perceived self-determination, and intrinsic motivation.
Substance Use as Impression Management
Authors: Sharp Mark J. , Getz J. Greg
Published: December 2008

This investigation examined the function of substance use as an impression management tactic. Using a model linking self-monitoring to self-esteem via perceived success in impression management and interaction anxiety, it was hypothesized that (a) self-monitoring, perceived success in impression management, and interaction anxiety predict self-esteem; (b) self-monitoring, perceived success in impression management, interaction anxiety, and self-esteem discriminate alcohol initiators from noninitiators, and (c) the same four variables discriminate cigarette initiators from noninitiators. Introductory psychology students (n = 377) responded to a survey instrument measuring the aforementioned variables. Hierarchical regression and discriminant function analyses produced results supportive of the first two hypotheses but not the third. Results suggest that alcohol use may serve an impression management function.
The Effect of Medical Socialization on Medical Students' Need for Power
Authors: Kressin Nancy R.
Published: December 2008

Although power-seeking and controlling behaviors on the part of physicians have been well documented, the source of these behaviors on the individual psychological level has not yet been identified. This study examined whether the individual personality characteristic of power motivation, one indicator of desires for power and control, increases during medical school and whether this process varies by race or sex. Transcripts of interviews with a diverse group of medical students at two time points were coded for power motivation. The results showed that White students' power motivation decreased, whereas minority students' levels remained the same, suggesting race-linked differences in the medical socialization experience.
Self-Definition in Thought Action, and Life Path Choices
Authors: Jenkins Sharon Rae
Published: December 2008

Self-definition, a personality style associated with internally developed identity and behavior is differentiated from social definition, the tendency to adopt social category definitions of self. These personality patterns, sampled in imaginative thought, were related to plans, actions, rationales, and life outcomes both cross-sectionally and longitudinally over 14 years in a sample of 118 women first studied as college seniors. Self-defining women showed more autonomy in relation to personal relationships and the traditional female role, took more instrumental initiatives, sought excellence in multiple roles with less role conflict, and took more social system initiatives (starting and leading organizations and goal-oriented family-formation activities). Socially defined women chose more traditionally female careers initially, reported more career goal indecision and compromises, changed to more role-innovative careers, reported more role conflict, and gave more social rationales for actions.
In-Group Favoritism and Perceived Similarity: A Look at Russians' Perceptions in the Post-Soviet Era
Authors: Henderson-King Eaaron , Henderson-King Donna , Zhermer Natalya , Posokhova Svetlana , Chiker Vera
Published: December 2008

Using social identity theory, belief congruence theory, and optimal distinctiveness theory as frameworks, the authors examined whether perceived threat would moderate the relationship between perceived out-group similarity and group evaluations. Russian undergraduates evaluated Russians, Ukrainians, Moldavians, and Georgians on a number of dimensions. It was expected that when an out-group was seen as a severe threat, perceived similarity would result in in-group bias. However, when an out-group was viewed as nonthreatening, perceived similarity was expected to be negatively related to in-group bias. As hypothesized, although perceived similarity and in-group bias were negatively related for those who felt unthreatened by Georgians, a nonsignificant positive relationship existed for those feeling threatened.
Cues to Infidelity
Authors: Shackelford Todd K. , Buss David M.
Published: December 2008

This research sought to identify cues to a long-term partner's sexual infidelity and emotional infidelity. In Study 1, 204 participants nominated acts that evoke suspicions of sexual or emotional infidelity. In Study 2, 230 participants evaluated these acts on how diagnostic each was of sexual and emotional infidelity. Factor analysis revealed 14 factors of cues, including Anger and Argumentativeness, Exaggerated Affection, Sexual Boredom, and Relationship Dissatisfaction. Twelve factors were differentially diagnostic of sexual versus emotional infidelity. Sexual Boredom, for example, was more diagnostic of sexual infidelity, whereas Relationship Dissatisfaction was more diagnostic of emotional infidelity. Men and women provided higher diagnosticity ratings for acts performed by an opposite-sex versus same-sex target. For ratings collapsed across sex of target, however, women provided higher diagnosticity ratings than did men. Discussion integrates results with previous research on infidelity and suggests important directions for future research on the cues to infidelity.
Perceived Consensus, Uniqueness, and Terror Management: Compensatory Responses to Threats to Inclusion and Distinctiveness Following Mortality Salience
Authors: Simon Linda , Greenberg Jeff , Arndt Jamie , Pyszczynski Tom , Clement Russell , Solomon Sheldon
Published: December 2008

An experiment assessed the proposition that competing motives for inclusion and individuation both function to control concerns about mortality. Combining ideas from terror management theory and optimal distinctiveness theory, the authors hypothesized that mortality salience would increase the tendency of participants given feedback that they had strong conformist tendencies to underestimate social consensus for their attitudes and the tendency of participants given feedback that they were deviant to exaggerate social consensus for their attitudes. Participants were given either one or the other type of feedback, responded to open-ended questions about either their own death or their next important exam, completed a measure of social projection in which they indicated their own attitudes, and then estimated the percentage of the general population that shared their opinions. Results on a social projection measure consisting of the partial correlation between own and others' attitudes, controlling for social desirability, provided strong support for the hypotheses.
The Relationships among Momentary Emotion Experiences, Personality Descriptions, and Retrospective Ratings of Emotion
Authors: Barrett Lisa Feldman
Published: December 2008

In psychological research, respondents often make retrospective ratings of their emotional experiences after an extended period of time. The present study sought to determine whether such memory-based ratings are influenced by respondents' descriptions of their own emotionality, over and above a summary of their momentary emotion ratings. Participants completed self-report measures of neuroticism and extraversion and made momentary ratings of their emotions across 90 days. At the end of the study, participants recalled what their emotions had been during the course of the study. Findings indicated that retrospective ratings of emotion contained accurate information about momentary emotion reports. Also, the retrospective ratings were influenced in the direction of respondents' personality descriptions. Individuals who described themselves as neurotic remembered experiencing more negative emotion than they reported on a momentary basis; individuals who described themselves as extraverted displayed a trend to remember more positive emotion than they reported on a momentary basis.
The Effects of Time Pressure and Task Differences on Influence Modes and Accuracy in Decision-Making Groups
Authors: Kelly Janice R. , Jackson Jay W. , Hutson-Comeaux Sarah L.
Published: December 2008

This study explores the effects of time pressure and task differences on group decision accuracy and on the emergence and effectiveness of normative and informational influence. Three person groups completed one of two ranking tasks under high or low-time-pressure conditions. Although both were intellective, one task was perceived by subjects as judgmental, and one was perceived as intellective. Group discussions were coded for statements reflecting normative influence, informational influence, or other processes. In general, normative influence emerged and was more effective for groups working under time pressure. Informational influence emerged and was more effective for groups working on an intellective task and for groups working under low time pressure. Accuracy of the solution was related to amount of information influence used and was greater for groups working on the intellective task. Results were consistent with Kaplan's model of group influence processes and Karau and Kelly's attentional focus model.
Attachment Styles, Self-Esteem, and Patterns of Seeking Feedback from Romantic Partners
Authors: Brennan Kely A. , Morris Kathryn A.
Published: December 2008

Previous research indicates that persons with secure or dismissing attachment styles differ dramatically in their tolerance of and appreciation for intimacy; despite these differences, both types of individuals display high self-esteem. The two groups' interpersonal orientations suggest that their sources of self-esteem may differ. Secure individuals should derive self-esteem from warm associations with others, whereas dismissing individuals, lacking such associations, may learn to compensate by deriving self-esteem from alternative sources. To test these ideas, the authors related attachment styles to two distinct components of self-esteem-self-liking and self-competence. Overall, security was associated with self-liking, whereas dismissing avoidance was associated with self-competence. The former results were qualified somewhat by gender: Although females' security was associated solely with self-liking, males' security was associated with both self-liking and self-competence. Discussion focuses on the role of relationships in the maintenance of self-worth.
Are Americans more Optimistic than the Chinese?
Authors: Lee Yueh-Ting , Seligman Martin E.P.
Published: December 2008

A total of 613 subjects, including257 White American students, 312 mainland Chinese students, and 44 Chinese American students, completed the Attributional Style Questionnaire. It was found that (a) mainland Chinese were more pessimistic than Chinese Americans, who were more pessimistic than White Americans, (b) mainland Chinese were less self-blaming (i.e., attributed their failure less internally than the traditional Chinese culture expects) and attributed their success to other people or circumstances, and (c) White Americans had more lopsidedness or self-serving bias than Chinese Americans and mainland Chinese-that is, White Americans attributed their success to themselves and their failure to others or circumstances more often than did mainland Chinese. The authors also found that mainland Chinese optimism was associated more with academic and financial accomplishment, psychological confidence and persistence, and physical health.
Postdecisional Dissonance and the Commodified Self-Concept: A Cross-Cultural Examination
Authors: Murphy Patricia L. , Miller Carol T.
Published: December 2008

By observing the dissonance-arousing capabilities of product selection in two countries (United States and Finland), the authors examine the supposition that the pervasive consumerism in modern society has implications for people's self-conceptions. Participants were 18-to 22-year-old students of both sexes. Subjects were forced to select between two magazines they initially indicated were less desirable. Dissonance was measured by the change in magazine evaluations from pre-to post choice. For the American subjects, postdecisional dissonance was more consistent for image magazines (which contain more consumerism relevant information) than for news magazines. In addition, postdecisional dissonance for the image magazines was greater for the American sample than for the Finnish sample, and it was positively correlated with measures of consumer orientation only for the American sample.
Sexual Harassment: An Experimental Test of Sex-Role Spillover Theory
Authors: Burgess Diana , Borgida Eugene
Published: December 2008

This experimental study examined the ways in which knowledge of a woman's occupation type influenced how different types of sexual harassment were perceived. A total of 53 male and 58 female undergraduates were asked to evaluate six scenarios describing three types of harassment (unwanted sexual attention, gender harassment, and sexual coercion) at two levels of severity (nonphysical and physical) toward women in two different types of occupations (traditional and nontraditional). The results indicated that participants were less likely to perceive incidents of sexual coercion as harassing when a woman is in a nontraditional occupation. The results also provided evidence of a perceptual gap between men and women for incidents of unwanted sexual attention and gender harassment but not for incidents of sexual coercion. Results provide support for the sex-role spillover model of sexual harassment proposed by Gutek. Theoretical and legal implications of this research are discussed.
Personality and Judgment Heuristics: Contextual and Individual Difference Interactions in Social Judgment
Authors: Moore Stan R. , Smith Ronald E. , Gonzalez Richard
Published: December 2008

Research on judgment heuristics has shown the importance of context in influencing the information used (and that ignored) in making judgments. The authors tested the hypothesis that personality differences also affect susceptibility to heuristic reasoning processes. Participants scoring high and low on the Sociable scale of the Personality Adjective Checklist were given problems like those used by Kahneman and Tversky to study the representativeness heuristic under experimental conditions that differed in the extent to which contextual cues intended to activate theoretically relevant motives and concerns about approval and rejection were present. Significant differences between sociability groups were found only in a sociability-relevant condition in which the judgment problem dealt with a theme of rejection and abandonment. Results are discussed in terms of the priming of relevant schemas by contextual cues and resulting effects on attentional deployment and judgmental processes.
Selective Use of Heunrstic and Systematic Processing Under Defense Motivation
Authors: Giner-Sorolila Roger , Chaiken Sheily
Published: December 2008

Recent versions of the heuristic-systematic model predict that defense-motivated people will process heuristic cues selectively in two ways: (a) Heuristic cues will be subject to biased evaluation, and (b) heuristic, rather than systematic, processing will predominate when cues support, rather than threaten, defensive concerns. This experiment presented college students with a proposed mandatory essay-exam program, giving opinion poll results as a heuristic cue, followed either by arguments both for and against essay exams, or by no arguments. Cues congenial to students' preferred test type were judged as more reliable than hostile cues when no arguments were presented. Systematic processing mediated attitude judgment only when the cue was hostile; when the cue was congenial, attitude judgment was more influenced by vested interest. This influence may represent a low-effort heuristic processing strategy specific to defense motivation.
Blasphemous Allusion
Authors: Gournelos Ted
Published: December 2008

Through an examination of narrative developments in South Park and a deeper textual analysis of two of the television show's episodes in particular, this article discusses the ramifications of anarchic and aggressive critiques of reified gender identity in popular culture. It draws primarily on Haraway and Butler, engaging gender precisely through its performative or blasphemous potential for oppositional culture. The episodes discussed demonstrate the possibility for a fluid conception of gender and a highly inter-textual approach to gender development. Rather than asserting a coherent political position, South Park examines and disrupts gender norms precisely through multiplicity and fragmentation, demonstrating an emergent paradigm for social activism.
Why the Low Success Rate of Research Dedicated To New Technologies? Tolstoy May Have Had the Answer
Authors: Prevorsek Dusan C.
Published: December 2008

The view of American industrial research from the perspective of the general public, the practicing scientist as professor or teacher or university researcher is very fuzzy. But in general it may be perceived as quite successful. Quite the contrary, as the recent wholesale cuts in industrial research have shown, the track record of communicating discoveries into technologies, the cost efficiency is dismal. The problem is that the cost efficiency of research based on the average cost per project tells nothing about the enormous differences in the success rate that exist among various laboratories. Based on the experiences of one laboratory, some general observations are made about the multiplicity of factors that can cause a development effort to fail and suggestions are made how the research efficiency could be improved.
The Tie That Binds
Authors: Odom Samuel L.
Published: December 2008

A primary effort in early intervention and early childhood special education (EI/ECSE) is to use science to discover the most effective approaches for promoting positive outcomes for infants and young children with disabilities and their families. Syntheses of the literature are identifying practices having empirical support, but a gap still exists between evidence-based practice and the actual practices practitioners use in EI/ECSE programs. In this article, implementation is proposed as the link between evidence-based practices and positive outcomes. Strategies for promoting implementation through “enlightened professional development” are proposed.
Household Strategies for Securing Clean Water
Authors: Spencer James H.
Published: December 2008

To date, there have been relatively few studies of small-scale providers of water in developing countries, though they are seen to be important players in peri-urban water supply systems. This paper uses the case of small-scale providers in Can Tho, Vietnam, to examine competition in local water markets, and how piped water compares with a range of lower-quality traditional sources. Although previous studies have usefully employed contingent valuation to estimate the demand for low quality, the evidence provided here estimates demand based on actual household choices regarding water of differing qualities and prices. Using an original household survey, the paper assesses the comparative advantages regarding costs, uses, and perceived advantages/challenges of each source. Findings suggest that household demand for piped water exists, but not on a sufficient scale to obviate more traditional sources, even though it is surprisingly affordable when compared to what residents pay for natural sources. Findings also suggest that the main perceived advantage of the piped system is not for its hygienic quality, but for aesthetic characteristics such as taste, smell, and color. Scholars might continue to pursue research in situations where households are not limited in their ability to choose water sources of varying qualities.
Comparing Rural and Urban Children's Perceptions of an Ideal Community
Authors: Machemer Patricia Lynn , Bruch Sissi Patricia , Kuipers Rachel
Published: December 2008

While there is research on children's participation, what is needed are investigations on how children perceive community design and whether the geographic location in which the children live has an effect on their perceptions of an ideal community. The objectives of this study are to (1) identify children's ideal community elements and (2) determine if there are any differences in rural and urban children's perceptions. Models of an ideal community are created by ninety-three rural children and fifty urban children in a design charrette. Model content is analyzed using multivariate statistics to identify element and pattern preferences. Principal component analysis of the resultant thirty-eight models reveals that for the rural children, six components are considered significant dimensions and explain 67 percent of the variance, with the first component accounting for nearly 27 percent of the variance. For the urban children, four components are significant and explain 51 percent of the variance, with the first component accounting for nearly 15 percent of the variance. Spatial diagrams indicate that there is a difference between the rural and urban models. Furthermore, discriminant analysis reveals that there is a statistical difference between the content of the urban and rural models at a significance level of .007.