bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mapping the neutral atomic hydrogen gas outflow in the restarted radio galaxy 3C 236
Authors: Schulz R. , Morganti R. , Nyland K. , Paragi Z. , Mahony E. K. , Oosterloo T.
Published: June 2018

The energetic feedback that is generated by radio jets in active galactic nuclei (AGNs) has been suggested to be able to produce fast outflows of atomic hydrogen (H I) gas, which can be studied in absorption at high spatial resolution. We have used the Very Large Array (VLA) and a global very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) array to locate and study in detail the H I outflow discovered with the Westerbork Synthesis Radio Telescope (WSRT) in the restarted radio galaxy 3C 236. Based on the VLA data, we confirm a blueshifted wing of the H I with a width of ~1000 km s−1. This H I outflow is partially recovered by the VLBI observation. In particular, we detect four clouds with masses of 0.28 − 1.5 × 104M⊙ with VLBI that do not follow the regular rotation of most of the H I. Three of these clouds are located, in projection, against the nuclear region on scales of ≲40 pc, while the fourth is cospatial to the southeast lobe at a projected distance of ~270 pc. Their velocities are between 150 and 640 km s−1 blueshifted with respect to the velocity of the disk-related H I. These findings suggest that the outflow is at least partly formed by clouds, as predicted by some numerical simulations, and that it originates already in the inner (few tens of pc) region of the radio galaxy. Our results indicate that the entire outflow might consist of many clouds, possibly with comparable properties as those clearly detected, but distributed at larger radii from the nucleus where the lower brightness of the lobe does not allow us to detect them. However, we cannot rule out a diffuse component of the outflow. Because 3C 236 is a low-excitation radio galaxy, it is less likely that the optical AGN is able to produce strong radiative winds. This leaves the radio jet as the main driver for the H I outflow.
20 Jahre Viagra®
Authors: Sigusch Volkmar
Published: June 2018

Das Potenzpräparat Viagra® der Firma Pfizer ist in diesen Monaten seit 20 Jahren auf dem Markt. Der Beitrag soll einen Überblick geben hinsichtlich der physiologischen und biochemischen Wirkungsweise des Präparates, der Verträglichkeit und Wirksamkeit sowie der Relevanz aus sexualsoziologischer Sicht. Die Fachliteratur wird kritisch durchgesehen einschließlich neuerer Ideen hinsichtlich andersartiger Potenzmittel. Nach Angaben von Pfizer, das bis Mitte 2013 mit dieser blauen Pille 24,8 Milliarden US-Dollar umgesetzt hat, sollen 65 Millionen Männer über drei Milliarden Viagra®-Pillen eingenommen haben. Die Wirksamkeit war abhängig von den persönlichen Umständen. Diese Potenzpille passte hinsichtlich der Prozesse der Dissoziation, Dispersion und Diversifikation im Zuge der neosexuellen Revolution in unserer armseligen Sexualkultur wie die Faust aufs Auge. Fehlende Liebesbeziehungen kann sie aber ebensowenig ersetzen wie gestörte Intimbeziehungen reparieren.
Sexualität lernen? Eine Annäherung aus der Perspektive Jugendlicher und pädagogischer Fachkräfte
Authors: Beck Mirja , Henningsen Anja
Published: June 2018

Einleitung: Sexualität als eines der zentralen Lernfelder in der Jugend bedarf angesichts der damit verbundenen bedingungsreichen Entwicklungsaufgaben
besonderer pädagogischer Beachtung.

Forschungsziele: Ziel dieses Beitrags ist es, unter Bezugnahme auf die transformatorische Bildungstheorie, sexuelle Lern- und Bildungsprozesse zu
definieren und sie in der Lebensphase Jugend exemplarisch darzustellen. Zudem ist zu klären, wie Sexualpädagog*innen das sexuelle Erfahrungslernen professionell
begleiten können.

Methoden: Zwei empirische Forschungsarbeiten bringen die Perspektiven der Jugendlichen und der Fachkräfte auf sexuelle Bildungsarbeit zusammen.
Biografisch-narrative Interviews illustrieren Sexualität als biografischen Lernprozess, indem mehr oder weniger transformierte Sicht- und Handlungsweisen
analysiert werden. Mittels einer schriftlichen Befragung unter sexualpädagogischen Expert*innen wurde deren Professionalitätsverständnis ausgewertet.

Ergebnisse: Die Ergebnisse liefern Einblicke in krisendurchwachsene sexuelle Bildungsbiografien und deren herausfordernde Komplexität für Jugendliche. Um
sexuelle Kompetenzen zu erlangen, fehlen vielfach anregende Impulse. Wer sexuelle Bildung professionell begleitet, muss zwingend über sexuelle Kompetenzen
verfügen. Die Verwobenheit von Sexualität mit Selbstreflexions-, Interaktions- und Sachkompetenz wird in der Expert*innenbefragung deutlich.

Schlussfolgerung: Im Zusammenschluss liefern diese Forschungsergebnisse einen konstruktiven Impuls, Sexualität und Partnerschaft in der Jugend als
hochindividuellen Lernprozess zu begreifen, der in pädagogischen Bildungssettings begleitet werden kann.
Free Platelet Count and Size Distribution During C1q Inhibition of Collagen-Induced Platelet Aggregation
Authors: Csako Gyorgy , Suba Eva A
Published: June 2018

Electronic free platelet counting was more sensitive than turbidimetry to detect collagen-induced platelet activation in human platelet-rich plasma. Purified human Clq exhibited a greater inhibitory effect on collagen-induced platelet aggregation in turbidimetry than free platelet counting. Because the change from small to large platelet aggregates is responsible for the continuing increase in light transmission, Clq was likely more capable of blocking the formation of large platelet aggregates than the formation of small aggregates from single platelets. The iattr uf change by cullagcn in light tiansmissiun and fiec platelet count was reduced in the presence of Clq but the timing of the peak response remained the same. Electronic platelet sizing revealed that the volume of single platelets transiently increased during the turbidimetric “lag phase”. The mean, mode and median volume of the remaining free platelets then decreased, suggesting a selective loss of large, functionally more active platelets and/or platelet degranulation. Clq had no effect on the volume increment during the “lag phase”, but reduced the subsequent fall in the volume of free platelets.
A Simple Method for Analyzing Factor IX Activation in the Patients with Hemophilia B Variants
Authors: Yoshioka Akira , Sakai Toshiyuki , Yamamoto Kazukuni , Ohkubo Yoshiaki , Fukui Hiromu
Published: June 2018

A simple method for analyzing the activation mechanism of FIX in patients with hemophilia B variants is described. The procedure consists of rapid partial purification of FIX by BaCl2 adsorption-elution from only 3 ml of plasma, incubation with FXIa/Ca2+, SDS-PAGE, western blotting and subsequent autoradiography using monoclonal anti-FIX antibody. Abnormal FIX from the plasma of 7 unrelated patients with hemophilia BR, B+ or BM was investigated. A time course study showed that FIX in the patient with hemophilia BM (Nagoya I), BM (Nagoya II) and B Kawachinagano seemed not to be cleaved by FXIa, FIX in the patient with hemophilia B Kashihara was partially cleaved, FIX in the patient with hemophilia BM (Takatsuki) showed delayed cleavage, and that FIX in the patient with hemophilia BM (Niigata) and BM (Kiryu) was cleaved completely at a rate similar to normal FIX. These findings were identical to those previously observed for the respective factors in a purified system. The procedure used here is useful for screening for a defective activation mechanism of abnormal FIX.
Platelet Deposition at Angioplasty Sites and Platelet Survival Time After PTA in lliac and Femoral Arteries: Investigations with Indium-111-Oxine Labelled Platelets in Patients with ASA (1.0 g/Day)-Therapy
Authors: Minar E , Ehringer H , Ahmadi R , Dudczak R , Porenta G
Published: June 2018

In this study we have assessed the deposition of 111-In-oxine-labelled platelets - using a dual radiotracer method - at angioplasty sites of the lower extremities in 20 patients (14 male, 6 female; median age: 60 years) with ASA (1.0 g/day)-therapy. The platelet survival time (PST) - using the multiple hit model -was evaluated before and after percutaneous transluminal angio-plasry, and we also measured the plasma levels of β-thrombo-globulin (β TG) and platelet fuetui 4 (PF 4) before and after PTA.

Before PTA, scintigraphy was positive in only one patient, while 24 hours after PTA a positive scintigraphic result was observed in 16/20 patients. The median target/non target-ratio was 1.0 (0.66-1.3) before PTA, and this ratio increased significantly (p <0.0005) to 1.53 (1.0-3.3) after PTA.

The median PST decreased significantly (185.0 hours before PTA → 145.2 hours after PTA; p <0.001), while the median platelet turnover increased from 34,000/μl/day to 47,900/μl/day(p<0.01).

The median plasma levels of the platelet specific proteins increased significantly immediately after PTA (p <0.001), but one day later they were not significantly different from the pretreatment values.

The quantitative methods used in this study seem a valuable tool to evaluate the effects of different therapeutical - especially antiplatelet - interventions after PTA in humans, thus helping to find the best antithrombotic regimen for this widely used therapeutical procedure.
Detection of Activation of the Contact System of Coagulation In Vitro and In Vivo: Quantitation of Activated Hageman Factor-C1-Inhibitor and Kallikrein-C1-Inhibitor Complexes by Specific Radioimmunoassays
Authors: Nuijens J H , Huijbregts C C M , Cohen M , Navis G O , de Vries A , Eerenberg A J M , Bakker J C , Hack C E
Published: June 2018

Radioimmunoassays (RIAs) for the detection of C1-inhihitor (C1-Inh) complexed to either kallikrein or activated Hageman factor (factor XIIa) are described. Kallikrein-C1-Inh or factor XIIa-C1-Inh complexes were bound to Scpharosc to which monospecific antibodies against (pre)kallikrein or factor XII, respectively, were coupled. Bound complexes were subsequently detected by an incubation with affinity purified 125I-labeled antibodies against Ci-Inh. These RIAs were used to detect activation of the contact system of coagulation in vitro and in vivo. Addition of dextran sulfate (DXS) (20 μg/ml) to fresh plasma resulted at 37° C in the rapid generation of amidolytic kallikrein activity, which was maximal after 1 to 2 min of incubation and subsequently decreased within a few minutes. The generation of kallikrein activity coincided with the appearance of both kallikrein-C1-Inh and factor XIIa-C1-Inh complexes. However, in contrast to kallikrein activity, both types of complexes remained detectable in the incubation mixtures during the incubation period. Experiments with purified kallikrein, C1-Inh and partly purified β-factor XIIa, and activation experiments in plasmas deficient in either factor XII or prekallikrein, demonstrated the specificity of both RIAs. The minimal amount of DXS that resulted in the generation of measurable amounts of both types of complexes in plasma was 2-3 μg per ml. Similar experiments with kaolin showed that with limiting amounts of activator (1-2 mg/ ml), only kallikrein-C1-Inh complexes were detected in plasma. When larger amounts of kaolin were added to plasma, factor XIIa-C1-Inh complexes were additionally detected in plasma. In plasma samples obtained from healthy donors under conditions that prevented activation of the contact system in vitro, very low levels of both factor XIIa-C1-Inh and kallikrein-C1-Inh complexes were measured, representing approximately 0.3% activation of both factor XII and prekallikrein. In serial plasma samples from a patient with adult respiratory distress syndrome, increased levels of both types of complexes were detected. The radioimmunoassays described in this paper provide useful tools to detect activation of the contact system in vitroas well as in vivo.
Adhesiveness of Blood Platelets in Uremia
Authors: Salzman E. W , Neri Lena L.
Published: June 2018

Platelet adhesiveness, measured by an in vitro technique, has been found abnormal in 21 of 24 patients with chronic renal failure. This abnormality was strongly correlated with prolongation of the Ivy bleeding time, with abnormal prothrombin consumption, and with clinical bleeding.

The possible pathogenesis of this defect is discussed.
Comparison of Caseinolytic and Fibrinolytic Assays for Plasmin (Fibrinolysin) in “Fibrinolytic Agents”
Authors: Moser K. M , Frey Mary Belle
Published: June 2018

1. Caseinolytic and fibrinolytic systems for assay of plasmin in fibrinolytic agents are described which are based upon the determinations of AE/min during the linear portion of the casein-plasmin and fibrin-plasmin reaction curves respectively. A " caseinolytic-rate " unit and “fibrinolytic-rate " unit of ÄE/min × 103 during the linear portion of the respective curves are proposed.

2. Data are presented indicating that a reliably linear relationship exists between plasmin concentration and these caseinolytic - and fibrinolytic-rate units.

3. Data comparing results obtained with the proposed assay techniques and previously-used casein and fibrinolytic techniques are presented.

4. Formulae by which caseinolytic-rate and fibrinolytic-rate units can be roughly converted into Remmert-Cohen type plasmin units are offered.

5. The theoretical and practical problems which have influenced development of assays for fibrinolytic components are discussed.

6. The advantages of the plasmin “rate unit” techniques vis a vis existing assays are delineated.

7. The potential application of the techniques to measurements other than the plasmin content of fibrinolytic agents is discussed.
The Effect of Adrenaline Infusions on Blood Coagulation in Normal and Haemophilia B Dogs
Authors: Özge A.H , Rowsell H.C , Downie H.G , Mustard J.F
Published: June 2018

The addition of trace amounts of adrenaline to whole blood in plasma in vitro increased factor VIII, factor IX and whole plasma activity in the thromboplastin generation test. This was dose dependent.

Adrenaline infusions less than 22 (μg/kg body weight in normal dogs accelerated clotting, increased factor IX, factor VIII and whole plasma activity in the thromboplastin generation test and caused a fall in blood pH. In a factor IX deficient dog, there was no increase in factor IX activity. After adrenaline infusions, however, the other changes occurred and were of the same order of magnitude as in the normal. Adrenaline in doses greater than 22 μg/kg body weight did not produce as great an effect on clotting in normal or factor IX deficient dogs. The platelet count in the peripheral blood was increased following the infusion of all doses of adrenaline. These observations suggest that the accelerating effect of adrenaline on clotting is not mediated through increase in activity of a specific clotting factor.
A Modified Two-Stage Assay Method for Tissue-Thromboplastin (TPLN)
Authors: Kale N. R
Published: June 2018

A two-stage method employing purified clotting factors for the assay of tissue-TPLN is described in detail. The rate of prothrombin activation is determined in the presence of optimum amounts of factors V, VII, X and Ca++. The activation of prothrombin is arrested by addition of EDTA or STI, and the thrombin formed is assayed by the clotting method. The method is rapid, sensitive, reproducible and can differentiate between the tissue-TPLN activity of intact lipo-protein and the procoagulant activity of the phospholipids.
The Clot-Promoting Effect of Adenosine-5’- Diphosphate (ADP). I. Mechanisms of Action
Authors: Pizzuto J , Giorgio A.J , Didisheim P
Published: June 2018

1. ADP accelerates blood coagulation by at least two mechanisms. One is by causing release of coagulant phospholipids from platelets. The other is by activation of a plasma coagulation factor whose action is early in thromboplastin generation.

2. Possible mechanisms of ADP’s effect on blood coagulation are discussed.

3. These findings suggest that ADP may play a more significant role in the mechanisms of hemostasis and in the pathophysiology of thrombosis than has heretofore been supposed.
The Use of the Fragiligraph for Analysis of Clot Fomation and Lysis
Authors: Rimon A , Danon D
Published: June 2018

These experiments demonstrate that the Fragiligraph may be used for those blood coagulation tests usually performed in a diagnostic haematological laboratory. The reproducibility of the tests and the individual variations in different human plasma have been determined. In thrombolytic therapy, where adequate control of the fibrinolytic level in the patient’s blood is requested, the importance of a fast and convenient method for its estimation, in view of individual variations of activity among patients and differences in reactivity to the treatment, cannot be over-emphasised.
Activation of Platelet Factor 3 by Adenosine 5’Diphosphate
Authors: Horowitz H. I , Papayoanou M. F
Published: June 2018

Adenosine 5’diphosphate activates platelet factor 3 of intact platelets in citrated, heparinized or native plasma. PF-3 activation is dependent on the dose of ADP, and is achieved with sufficient speed to suggest that it can play a physiological role in blood coagulation. ADP-induced platelet aggregation is inhibited by AMP (but not ATP), 2-chloro adenosine, phosphoenol pyruvate and phosphoenol pyruvate kinase, and diguanidinodiphenyl sulfone. Other agents which aggregate platelets induce PF-3 activation; the effects of norepinephrine, serotonin, low doses of trypsin and thrombin, and endotoxin in the human can be inhibited by AMP but the action of latex or celite particles cannot be fully inhibited by AMP. PF-3 activation requires higher ADP concentrations than does ADP-induced platelet aggregation. Guanidinosuccinic acid blocks the action of ADP on PF-3 activation without affecting its action on aggregation. ADP-induced PF-3 activation is unrelated to activation of factors XII and XI. Though PF-3 activation usually occurs in parallel with platelet aggregation the two actions of ADP of platelets may occur independently.
A Hitherto not Described Enzyme Defect in Thrombasthenia: Glutathionreductase Deficiency
Authors: Moser K , Lechner K , Vinazzer H
Published: June 2018

Two cases of thrombasthenia in the same family are described in which a deficiency of glutathionreductase and a reduction of reduced glutathion was found in the platelets, but no in the erythrocytes.
Observations on the Lysis of Artificial Thrombi by Urokinase
Authors: Ogston C. M , Ogston D , Fullerton H. W
Published: June 2018

1. The extent of lysis of artificial thrombi by urokinase is dependent on their fibrin content and on the plasminogen concentration of the plasma from which they are made.

2. The lysis of thrombi in the presence of plasma increases with increasing concentrations of urokinase, but very high urokinase concentrations are inhibitory to thrombolysis.

3. It is postulated that incomplete thrombolysis is due to insufficient plasmin formation within the thrombus, but that plasminogen-containing plasma can diffuse into a thrombus allowing lysis to continue until complete dissolution.
Urokinase Activation of Plasminogen and Spontaneous Inactivation of the Plasmin Formed
Authors: Berg W
Published: June 2018

The kinetics of the activation of plasminogen into plasmin with urokinase and the inactivation rate of the plasmin formed are studied.

As a first order reaction is obtained with low plasminogen concentrations and a zero-order reaction is obtained with high concentrations, the activation seems to follow the Michaelis-Menten’s law. The reaction does not go to completion, however. Different activity levels, which are dependent on the urokinase concentration, can be observed.

The activation rate increases with temperature. A maximum can be seen at about 42° C.

Between 4° C and 15° C, the inactivation of the plasmin formed is minimal, but it increases rapidly at higher temperatures. The inactivation follows approximately a first order reaction with respect to time. If the plasminogen concentration is low, the over-all reaction will be that of two consecutive first order reactions.
Theoretical Basis and Standardization of the One-Stage Lysis Time Method for Determination of Urokinase
Authors: Berg W , Korsan-Bengtsen K , Ygge J
Published: June 2018

The theroretical basis for the use of a one-stage lysis time method for determination of urokinase is outlined. The calculations are based on experiments with purified plasminogen, fibrinogen, and thrombin preparations.

The following correlation between the lysis time and the urokinase, plasminogen, and fibrinogen concentrations was found :

This correlation is valid onyl for a certain range of plasminogen and urokinase concentrations. This validity has been verified experimentally.

A method has been proposed for determination of urokinase in which the curve of the standard graph always is rectilinear and has the slope –0.5. The method is very sensitive and its accuracy is great.
Clottable Protein in Limulus: Its Localization and Kinetics of Its Coagulation by Endotoxin
Authors: Levin J , Bang F. B
Published: June 2018

When blood is withdrawn from Limulus, the horseshoe crab, a cellular clot composed of amebocytes quickly forms. Amebocytes are the only type of cell in Limulus blood. During coagulation, Limulus amebocytes undergo morphological changes that are strikingly similar to those seen when mammalian platelets undergo aggregation and viscous metamorphosis. The clottable protein in Limulus blood is derived entirely from amebocytes, and gelation does not require extracellular factors. Cell free Limulus plasma is incoagulable. The cellular localization of clottable protein in Limulus blood provides a precedent for the presence of fibrinogen in mammalian platelets.

The clottable protein in lysates of amebocytes has a spectral absorption pattern with a maximum at 270-275 mμ, appears to have a low sedimentation coefficient, is stable at –20° C for 1 week, and is destroyed by heating at 56° C for 30 min. The protein gels upon exposure to endotoxin; and the rate of gelation is related to the concentration of endotoxin but is independent of the concentration of protein in the range tested. The kinetics of this reaction are consistent with the concept that an enzymatic system mediates the conversion of the cellular protein into a gel by endotoxin. Increase in light scattering during the reaction detects as little as 0.004 μg of E. coli endotoxin/ml. This conversion will perhaps provide insight into one of the biological activities of endotoxins.
The Hypercoagulability in Mercury Chloride Intoxicated Dogs
Authors: Worowski K
Published: June 2018

Experimental acute mercury chloride intoxication has been produced in the dog by subcutaneous injection of HgCl2 in a daily dose of 3 mg/kg of weight for 3 days. The following features of hypercoagulability of dog blood have been found: increase of fibrinogen level, increase of factors II and VII, shortening of the thrombin and prothrombin times, shortening of the thromboelastographic “r” and “k” values, increase of “ma” and “me” values, increase of platelet adhesiveness. On the other hand plastic clotting time was slightly prolonged.

It has been postulated that hypercoagulability in the dog during mercury chloride intoxication is caused by the increase of inactive clotting factors. This may be connected with disturbances in the plasma protein balance in nephrosis.
Der Einfluß von Heparin auf die akute Verbrauchskoagulopathie und die nachfolgende Hyperkoagulämie
Authors: Vinazzer H
Published: June 2018

Es wurde der Einfluß von Thromboplastin- und Thrombininfusionen auf heparini-sierte Kaninchen untersucht. Folgende Befunde wurden erhoben:

1. Die Verbrauchskoagulopathie nach Infusion von Thromboplastin wird nur dann verhindert, wenn Heparin in extrem hohem Überschuß vorhanden ist.

2. Der überschießende Anstieg der Faktoren I, V und VIII in der Erholungsphase kann durch Heparin auch in höchster Konzentration nicht verhindert werden, wenn Thromboplastin infundiert wird.

3. Durch Thrombininfusion kann im ausreichend heparinisierten Plasma keine Verbrauchskoagulopathie hervorgerufen werden. Ein extremer Heparinüberschuß ist dafür nicht erforderlich.

4. Die Thrombininfusion erzeugt am heparinisierten Tier keinen nachfolgenden überschießenden Anstieg von Gerinnungsfaktoren.

5. Diese Ergebnisse lassen die Wirksamkeit geringer Heparinmengen in der Behandlung der akuten Verbrauchskoagulopathie zweifelhaft erscheinen.
Eine quantitative Bestimmung von Faktor XIII mit Anti-Faktor-XIII-Serum
Authors: Bohn H , Haupt H
Published: June 2018

Eine neue Methode zur quantitativen Bestimmung von Faktor XIII wird beschrieben. Sie beruht auf der Verwendung von Anti-Faktor-XIII-Serum als Inhibitor in einem Hemmtest. Die Wirkung des Inhibitors ist spezifisch; aus der zur vollständigen Hemmung der Enzymaktivität notwendigen Menge an Antiserum läßt sich auf einfache Weise der Gehalt an Faktor XIII relativ zu einem als Standard gewählten normalen Mischplasma ermitteln.

Als Beispiel für die Anwendung wird das Ergebnis einer Untersuchung von 25 normalen Plasmen gesunder Einzelspender mitgeteilt. Die Werte der Faktor-XIII-Aktivität lagen zwischen 50% und 150% des Durchschnittswertes.
Über den Einfluß von Fibrinogenspaltprodukten auf die Entstehung plättchenreicher Abscheidungsthromben
Authors: Poliwoda H , Lill J , Wolf R , Christl H. L
Published: June 2018

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird über den Einfluß von Fibrinogenspaltprodukten auf die Entstehung von plättchenreichen Abscheidungsthromben berichtet.

Die Spaltprodukte wurden durch Inkubation von Fibrinogen mit Plasminogen-Proaktivator-Komplex und Streptokinase gewonnen.

Es wird gezeigt, daß die Fibrinogenspaltprodukte das Wachstum der Abscheidungs-thromben signifikant hemmen.
Intravascular Coagulation with Generalized Shwartzman Reaction Induced by Liquoid: Lack of Protection by Extreme Thrombocytopenia
Authors: Evensen S. A , Jeremic M
Published: June 2018

The role of platelets in the triggering of intravascular coagulation has been studied by comparing the effects of Liquoid in normal and in thrombocytopenic rabbits. Thrombocytopenia was induced by intraperitoneal injections of the alkylating agent Busulphan. The mean platelet count in a group of 16 thrombocytopenic animals was 9,000/mm3 (range 0–25,000/mm3).

An intravenous injection of 20 mg Liquoid/1500 g body weight produced in both groups a progressive depletion of fibrinogen and factor V, a transient fall of factor VII, and the generalized Shwartzman reaction. In the thrombocytopenic animals, however, the clotting defects and the kidney lesions were less severe than in the controls.

We conclude that the triggering effect of Liquoid is not mediated through release of clot-initiating activity from platelets alone. Platelets – at least in this experimental model – appear to accelerate intravascular coagulation, but not to initiate it.
In Vitro Studies on the Mechanism of the Antifibrino-lytic Action of E-Aminocaproic Acid (EACA)
Authors: Lukasiewicz Hanna , Niewiarowski S
Published: June 2018

Summary and Conclusion

1. It has been found that EACA does not inhibit activation of human plasminogen into plasmin by SK and UK in a concentration of 5 × 10–2 M. The activation of bovine plasminogen by SK and UK is inhibited by this concentration of EACA but not by a lower one.

2. EACA in concentrations of 1,5 × 10–1 – 10–4 M does not inhibit casein proteolysis by plasmin. The proteolysis of fibrinogen and fibrin measured by the release of TCA soluble tyrosine is inhibited by EACA in concentrations of 1,5 × 10–1 – 10–2 M.

3. The lysis of non-stabilized clots by plasmin measured in a test tube was inhibited by an EACA concentration of 5 × 10–3 – 5 × 10–4 M. The lysis of stabilized clots by plasmin was inhibited by an EACA concentration of 10–5 M.

4. On the basis of experimental findings and data given in literature the authors postulate that the mechanism of the antifibrinolytic effects of EACA consists mainly in a modification of plasmin action on fibrin. These effects are dependent on the structure of the fibrin clots.
Turnover Rate of Autologous Plasma Fibrinogen-14C in Subjects with Coronary Thrombosis
Authors: Pilgeram L. O
Published: June 2018

The plasma concentration of fibrinogen increases as a statistical function of the occurrence of coronary heart disease. This increase in concentration is associated with a grossly enhanced rate of turnover of the molecule. A mean turnover rate of 0.260 mg/ ml/day of plasma fibrinogen in the young normal subject increases to 0.378 at 53 yrs of age in the normal group and to 0.466 in the same age group with coronary artery disease. The increased rate of turnover signifies an increase in both the rate of biosynthesis and the rate of utilization of the soluble precursor of the clot forming protein, fibrin.

An increase in the concentration of plasma fibrinogen and in the rate of turnover also occur as a statistical function of age. Occurrence of occlusive vascular phenomenon in the same age group served to further enhance these changes. The regression data indicate that the metabolic changes are progressive and that the normal subject will eventually display, in association with the development of coronary thrombosis, a metabolic abnormality equivalent to the patient with coronary heart disease.

Evidence is discussed which indicates that part or all of the enhanced utilization of fibrinogen may be attributed to an increase in the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin. The relationship of the enhanced rate of turnover of fibrinogen to atherogenesis and thrombosis is reviewed.
Detection of Soluble Fibrin Monomer Complexes in Blood by Means of Protamine Sulphate Test
Authors: Lipiński B , Worowski K
Published: June 2018

In the present paper described is a simple test for detecting soluble fibrin monomer complexes (SFMC) in blood. The test consists in mixing 1% protamine sulphate with diluted oxalated plasma or serum and reading the optical density at 6190 Å. In experiments with dog plasma, enriched with soluble fibrin complexes, it was shown that OD read in PS test is proportional to the amount of fibrin recovered from the precipitate. It was found that SFMC level in plasma increases in rabbits infused intravenously with thrombin and decreases after injection of plasmin with streptokinase. In both cases PS precipitable protein in serum is elevated indicating enhanced fibrinolysis. In healthy human subjects the mean value of OD readings in plasma and sera were found to be 0.30 and 0.11, while in patients with coronary thrombosis they are 0.64 and 0.05 respectively. The origin of SFMC in circulation under physiological and pathological conditions is discussed.
Modification of the Fibrin Agar Plate for Measurements of the Components of the Fibrinolytic System
Authors: Wolf P
Published: June 2018

Human fibrinogen solutions were heat coagulated in 1 % agar solution at 85° C. The salt and pH of the medium was varied and the conditions found in which plasminogen and plasminogen activator originally present in the fibrinogen were completely heat inactivated. The resultant fibrin agar plates only showed lysis when plasminogen and plasminogen activators were re-introduced simultaneously. A pH 8.5 sequestrene saline buffer proved to be the most sensitive medium for both streptokinase and urokinase activation of human plasminogen. Plasminogen estimations on these Type I plates gave the following results :

1. Alteration in some M. R. C. standard plasminogen preparations resulting in a selective loss of response to SK activation in specimens stored in solution at —30° C.

2. Irreversible plasminogen inactivation by mixing euglobulin or purified plasminogen with high SK concentrations.

3. Normal numerical mean plasma and serum plasminogen levels of 12 casein u/ml confirming earlier results of a lysis time method. The factor leading to underestimation of plasma plasminogen by a caseinolytic estimation were investigated and discussed.
Untersuchungen über den In-vitro-Einfluß der kationischen Polypeptide Protaminsulfat und Trasylol auf Aggregation und Retraktion menschlicher Blutplättchen
Authors: Schneider W , Kübler W , Gross R
Published: June 2018

Basische Polypeptide wie Polylysin, Protaminsulfat, Trasylol oder Lysozym können konzentrationsabhängig die Blutplättchenaggregation auslösen. Die Reaktion läuft im 2,7 mmol EDTA-Plasma ebenso wie in synthetischen Medien ab, ist also offenbar von der Anwesenheit zweiwertiger Kationen oder plasmatischer Kofaktoren weitgehend unabhängig. Eine Temperaturabhängigkeit ließ sich zwischen 4 und 37° C nicht feststellen, trotzdem konnten wir Stoffwechselsteigerungen in den aggregieren-den Plättchen nachweisen, die nach Art und Ausmaß etwa den durch Ca++- oder Mg++-auslösbaren Veränderungen entsprachen. Die Befunde könnten die bei der Heparinneutralisierung nach extrakorporaler Zirkulation in Form von Thrombo-embolien oder verstärkter Blutungsneigung auftretenden Komplikationen erklären.
Effect of Venous Occlusion on Coagulation and Fibrinolytic Components in Normal Subjects
Authors: Nilsson Inga Marie , Robertson B
Published: June 2018

The components of the coagulation and fibrinolytic systems were studied before and during venous occlusion for 20 min of the arm and of the leg in 30 healthy volunteers. For comparison total serum proteins, α2-macroglobulin and albumin were also determined. The values recorded after venous occlusion were corrected according to the changes in the haematocrit.

The fibrinolytic activity induced by venous occlusion was markedly higher (4 to 6 times) in the arms than in the legs. In 2 of the subjects, however, venous occlusion was not followed by any increase of fibrinolysis.

After venous occlusion total serum proteins increased by 15% but albumin only by 2%. The P & P, AHF, haemophilia B-factor and fibrinogen increased by 5-20%. The factor V-level remained unchanged. The AHF and factors XI and XII increased by about 20% in the legs but by about 40% in the arms. In other respects the upper and lower limbs showed the same type of coagulation changes.

The plasminogen level increased in both arms and legs by 10%. The inhibitors of urokinase activation and the α2M remained unchanged, which means that these inhibitors compared with the increase in total serum proteins had decreased by about 10%.

The 2 normals, in whom venous occlusion failed to produce any increase of fibrinolysis, had no signs of Hageman trait and after venous stasis the same coagulation changes occurred as in the individuals who developed high fibrinolytic activity.

The findings argue against the Hageman factor playing an essential role in the activation of the fibrinolytic system during venous occlusion and indicate that the increase in fibrinolysis is due to release of activators from the vessel walls.
Hematological Studies during Endotoxin Infusion in Rabbits
Authors: Graeff H , Beller F. K
Published: June 2018

Endotoxin was infused over 14 hrs into rabbits at a rate of 30-50 μg/kg/hr. During the infusion of endotoxin the following parameters were observed:

a) The leukocytes declined in the early phase of the experiment but increased after 2 hrs despite continuation of the infusion.

b) Hemolysis in a range of 130-180 mg% plasma hemoglobin was present in animals at the time glomerular fibrin deposition was observed.

c) Platelets declined steadily until the end of the infusion.

d) Factor V declined during the infusion and reached levels below 10% of baseline (normal) levels.

e) The thrombelastogram revealed an increase in the r value and a decrease in mε.

f) Fibrinogen

g) plasminogen and

h) streptokinase inhibitor decreased initially reaching a plateau after 6 hrs.

i) Plasmin inhibitor and

j) urokinase inhibitor did not change during the period of observation.

k) Fibrin split products were demonstrated in 4 out of 7 serum samples taken 14 hrs following the initiation of the infusion.

I) C’activity decreased during infusion of endotoxin.
Acute and Chronic “Defibrination” in Obstetrical Practice
Authors: Verstraete M , Vermylen J
Published: June 2018

In case thromboplastic material (amniotic fluid, tissue fragments, activated coagulation factors or certain bacterial products) enters the maternal circulation, excessive and diffuse intravascular coagulation often with secondary fibrinolysis will occur in a sufficient degree to decrease the fibrinogen concentration in the blood below the hemostatic level. If this disseminated coagulation is precipitous, blockade of the microcirculation and quick defibrination will result with shock and a definitive bleeding syndrome (amniotic fluid embolism, premature separation of placenta, septic abortion). In subacute and chronic situations (foeto-maternal blood passage in hetero-specific pregnancy, retention of death foetus, hydatiform mole) external bleeding is not necessarily overt and the correct diagnosis often remains undiscovered.

The laboratory diagnosis is difficult and more so as the clinical situation requires urgent therapy. The finding of reduced levels of some coagulation factors (factors IV, VIII) a low platelet count and the detection of products of fibrinolysis (fibrin split products) in the serum indicate the occurrence of disseminated intravascular coagulation.

Treatment will be different in chronic and acute cases but aims in both to eliminate rapidly the source of thromboplastin release. In acute cases of premature separation of the placenta, fibrinogen under cover of heparin can be administered and shock combated with agents increasing cardiac output and causing peripheral vasodilatation. In septic abortion immediate administration of antibiotics and hysterectomy are probably the best advice.
The Coagulation Abnormalities in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: Gonyea L , Herdman R , Bridges R. A
Published: June 2018

An anticoagulant occurring in 4 of 6 patients with SLE has been demonstrated by a sensitive assay utilizing an ammonium sulfate fraction of serum. The anticoagulant functions as an inhibitor of the activation of prothrombin. No species specificity was demonstrable. The inhibitor behaves clinically and chromatographically as an immunoglobulin, although an attempt to demonstrate directly the antibody nature of the inhibitor was not successful.

A severe, apparently independent, decrease in the level of prothrombin was observed in the patient with hemorrhagic symptoms. In contrast to the anticoagulant activity, the low prothrombin has persisted during treatment.
The Effects of Infusing Thrombin and Its Acetylated Derivative
Authors: Bennett J. M , Yu Dinah , Suyemoto J , Pechet L
Published: June 2018

Summary and Conclusions

In conjunction with experiments designed to test the effects of infusing acetylated thrombin (Thrombin E) and Clotting thrombin (Thrombin C) into dogs, the occurrence of hemolysis was noted. Serial observations on its magnitude, its relationship to thrombin-induced defibrination, and the formation of thrombi were made. The findings suggest a unique role for thrombin in inducing “in vivo” intravascular hemolysis in short term experiments, possibly via an indirect action on red blood cells.
New Families with Hereditary Hemorrhagic Trait due to Deficiency of Fibrin Stabilizing Factor (F. XIII)
Authors: Egeberg O
Published: June 2018

Severe hemorrhagic disorder due to congenital factor XIII deficiency is described in two unrelated Norwegian girls.

Plasma cephalin time was for both patients extraordinarily short during episodes of bleeding and hematomas. No such hyperactivity reaction was demonstrable in unaffected condition some months later.

Estimations of blood factor XIII levels revealed a partial defect in the parents of both children, and also in some other family members, consistent with an autosomal incompletely recessive inheritance of the defect. Some of the presumptive heterozygotes had a history of light bleeding phenomenons; whether this was related to their partial lack of factor XIII is so far uncertain.
Comparison between the Changes in the Plasma Fibrinogen and Plasminogen Levels Induced by a Moderate or High Initial Dose of Streptokinase
Authors: Amery A , Donati M. B , Vermylen J , Verstraete M
Published: June 2018

Patients with thrombo-embolic diseases received a maintenance infusion of 0.1 × 106 u streptokinase (SK) h for at least 24 h; the infusion was started either with an initial dose of 0.25 × 106 u SK or an initial dose of 1.2 × 106 u SK.

Before the infusion no significant differences were found betv/een the groups studied here in regard to the plasma fibrinogen and plasminogen levels.

The fibrinogen and plasminogen levels were significantly more depressed immediately after the high initial dose than immediately after the moderate initial dose.

However, 24 h later, as a maintenance dose of 0.1 × 108 u SK was given in both groups, the number of patients with a plasma plasminogen level below 5% was not significantly (P more than 0.1) different. The subsequent evolution of the plasminogen level in the patients treated for 72 h was independent of the initial dose used. After 24 h infusion, the fibrinogen level was already raised in the patients receiving a high initial dose, while it was further decreased in the patients with a moderate initial dose. The subsequent evolution of the fibrinogen level, followed in the patients treated for 72 h, showed that at 48 h the fibrinogen level was not significantly higher in the group receiving 1.2 × 108 u SK as initial dose than in the other group. At 72 h the fibrinogen level was nearly identical for both groups.
Die Wirkung der trypsinähnlichen Protease aus Astacus leptodactylus (Crustacea) auf die Blutgerinnung
Authors: Zwilling R , Moizeszowicz-Podzun I , Breddin K
Published: June 2018

Eine trypsinähnliche Protease aus dem Verdauungstrakt des Krebses Astacus leptodactylus, welche von uns kürzlich gereinigt und charakterisiert wurde, hat auf die Blutgerinnung einen erheblich anderen Effekt als Rindertrypsin. Im Gegensatz zum Säugertrypsin verhindern bereits geringe Mengen der Invertebratenprotease in vitro jede Blutgerinnung. Dieser Effekt wird hauptsächlich durch die rasche proteolytische Zerstörung von Thrombin in physiologischen Medien verursacht. Es wurden ebenfalls die Wirkungen von Krebsprotease und Rindertrypsin auf einzelne Gerinnungsphasen vergleichend untersucht.
Aggregation of Cat Platelets in Vitro
Authors: Tschopp Th. B
Published: June 2018

Aggregation of cat platelets in the citrated plasma is examined by means of Born’s absorptiometer. A marked tendency of the platelets of this species to spontaneous aggregation necessitated first of all the development of an improved technique of blood collection.

A hypothesis according to which 5-HT is released from the platelets, explains the absence of oscillations on the base line of the absorptiometer, the absence of platelet swelling, when ADP is added, and the effect of stirring on the aggregation curves in cat PRP. The average volume of cat platelets amounts to 10.46 μ3 when directly fixed in the blood, when fixed from PRP to 12.17 μ3, when fixed from stirred PRP to 13.51 μ3.

In low concentrations (0.3-2 μM) ADP produce reversible aggregation; in narrowly restricted, individually dissimilar mean concentrations irreversible aggregation in two phases and in high concentrations, irreversible aggregation in one phase. Like ADP serotonin produces 2 phase irreversible aggregation in concentrations of 3-10 μM, but unlike ADP, the aggregation velocity decreases again with high 5-HT concentrations (>100 μM). Adrenaline does not produce aggregation and it is likely that adenosine and adenosine monophosphate inhibit the aggregation by serotonin but not by ADP. Species differences in the aggregation of human, rabbit and cat platelets are discussed.
Hemostasis as a Total Physiological Function
Authors: Jaques L. B
Published: June 2018

The hemostasis is due to the combined action of several systems, blood composition, blood flow and vessels. The author reviews the factors which determine the vessel integrity and promote the repair after trauma.
Diagnostik der tiefen Beinund Beckenvenenthrombose durch Phlebographie und Duplex-Sonographie
Authors: Hach-Wunderte Viola , Hach W.
Published: June 2018

Phlebographie und Duplex-Sonographie haben in der Diagnostik der tiefen Beinund Beckenvenenthrombose annähernd die gleiche Bedeutung. Nur beim symptomenlosen Patienten ergeben die Ultraschallverfahren weniger verläßliche Resultate, ebenso bei ungünstigen äußeren Voraussetzungen wie Adipositas, schweren Ödemen oder entsprechenden Krankheiten. Die speziellen Informationswerte der beiden Verfahren ergänzen sich in einer optimalen Weise. Wenn es auf den Einsatz von differenzierten Behandlungsmethoden ankommt, empfiehlt sich eine gemeinsame Anwendung im Sinne der Golden Partnership. Die Entwicklung der modernen nichtionischen Kontrastmittel hat das Risiko der Phlebographie auf ein Minimum reduziert, so daß ihr Einsatz unter Anwendung der schmerzfreien Technik in einem breiten Rahmen gerechtfertigt erscheint. Ohne Phlebographie und/oder Sonographie ist eine Thrombosediagnostik nicht mehr möglich.
Hämostasestörungen bei Malignomen
Authors: Bruhn H.D. , Zurborn K.-H.
Published: June 2018

Malignome setzen verstärkt gerinnungsaktive Substanzen frei (Tumorzellenthromboplastine), welche bei Tumorpatienten zu einer erhöhten Frequenz thromboembolischer Erkrankungen führen. Chemotherapie und Strahlentherapie erhöhen das Risiko thromboembolischer Komplikationen durch verstärkten Tumorzellzerfall weiterhin. Das durch Tumorzellenthromboplastine vermehrt entstehende Thrombin ist darüber hinaus als Mitogen bei der Tumorzellproliferation bedeutsam. Vor diesem Hintergrund ist zu verstehen, daß in tierexperimentellen und in klinischen Studien versucht wurde, durch eine gerinnungshemmende Behandlung nicht nur die thromboembolischen Komplikationen, sondern auch das Tumorwachstum zu beeinflussen.
Untersuchungen mit einem Plasmin-Präparat unter Verwendung des Kaseinspaltungstestes: Die Aktivität von Plasmin-Novo und seine Hemmbarkeit durch Epsilonaminocapronsäure und Trasylol
Authors: Berghoff A , Glatzel H
Published: June 2018

Im Kaseinspaltungstest wurde die Wirksamkeit von Plasmin-Novo geprüft ; dabei wurde die Aktivität-Zeit-Kurve aufgestellt und die Auswirkung zusätzlicher Zugabe von SK registriert. In Reihenversuchen wurde anhand von Dosis- Wirkungskurven die Inhibitoraktivität der beiden Antiplasmine EACS und Trasylol gegenüber dem Plasminpräparat »Plasmin-Novo« in definiertem Test verglichen: Trasylol erwies sich zahlenmäßig als der bei weitem wirksamere Plasmin-Inhibitor. Im gewählten Testsystem kam es bei gleichzeitiger Anwendung beider Präparate zu einer additiven Wirksamkeit beider Antiplasmine.
Studies on the Pathogenesis of the Generalized Shwartzman Reaction
Authors: Rodríguez-Erdmann F
Published: June 2018

The rôle of the clotting system in the pathogenesis of the generalized Shwartzman reaction (gSr) has been stressed in recent years. The clotting system is activated ubiquitously and as a result of it, fibrin is deposited intravascularly and a haemorrhagic diathesis develops. Evidence is presented herein, that endotoxin does not activate purified prothrombin, nor does endotoxin influence the convertion of prothrombin when it is activated in the presence of purified platelet-factor 3 (or caephalin) purified Ac-G (factor V) and Ca-ions.

The trigger mechanism of the gSr also seems to be in the so-called prephase of clotting mechanism. Data are presented, which show that endotoxin activates the Hageman factor in vitro. The importance of this clotting factor and of platelet-factor 3 is discussed. Also the rôle played by the RES and cardiodynamic and vascular components are taken in consideration in the discussion.
A Patient with an Unusual Circulating Anticoagulant
Authors: Biggs Rosemary , Denson K. W. E , Nossel H. L
Published: June 2018

The investigation of a patient with an inhibitor which destroyed factor VIII is described. The inhibitor was active at high dilution but inactivated only 70–80 per cent of added factor VIII if tested by a two-stage assay method. Using a one-stage method 90–95 per cent of the activity disappeared. Thus, according to the method used, 5–30 per cent of factor VIII remained in the patient’s plasma. No other type of inhibitor was detected, yet the whole blood clotting time was prolonged and experience with haemophilic patients suggests that factor VIII levels between 5 and 30 per cent of normal should be accompanied by normal clotting time.