bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The health benefits and constraints of exercise therapy for wheelchair users: A clinical commentary
Authors: Ellapen Terry J. , Hammill Henriëtte V. , Swanepoel Mariëtte , Strydom Gert L.
Published: September 2017

Background: There are approximately 1 billion people living with chronic lower limb disability, many of whom are wheelchair users.Objectives: Review cardiometabolic and neuromuscular risk profiles of wheelchair users, benefits of regular exercise and the causes of neuromuscular upper limb and hip injuries that hinder regular adherence.Method: Literature published between 2013 and 2017 was adopted according to the standard practices for systematic reviews (PRISMA) through Crossref Metadata and Google Scholar searches. Individual paper quality was evaluated using a modified Downs and Black Appraisal Scale.Results: The literature search identified 16 600 papers which were excluded if they were non-English, non-peer-reviewed or published before 2013. Finally, 25 papers were accepted, indicating that sedentary wheelchair users have poor cardiometabolic risk profiles (PCMRP) because of a lack of physical activity, limiting their quality of life, characterised by low self-esteem, social isolation and depression. Their predominant mode of physical activity is through upper limb exercises, which not only improves their cardiometabolic risk profiles but also precipitates neuromuscular upper limb overuse injuries. The primary cause of upper limb injuries was attributed to poor wheelchair propulsion related to incorrect chair setup and poor cardiorespiratory fitness.Conclusion: Wheelchair users have a high body mass index, body fat percentage and serum lipid, cholesterol and blood glucose concentrations. Empirical investigations illustrate exercise improves their PCMRP and cardiorespiratory fitness levels. Although literature encourages regular exercise, none discusses the need to individualise chair setup in order to eliminate wheelchair pathomechanics and upper limb neuromuscular injuries. Wheelchair users must be encouraged to consult a biokineticist or physiotherapist to review their wheelchair setup so as to eliminate possible incorrect manual wheelchair propulsion biomechanics and consequent overuse injuries.
Use of a design challenge to develop postural support devices for intermediate wheelchair users
Authors: Onguti Brenda N. , Tanuku Deepti , Himelfarb Hurwitz Elizabeth J. , Moller Nathaniel C. , Yazdi Youseph , Egan Shannon , Bazant Eva S. , Gichangi Anthony
Published: September 2017

The provision of an appropriate wheelchair, one that provides proper fit and postural support, promotes wheelchair users’ physical health and quality of life. Many wheelchair users have postural difficulties, requiring supplemental postural support devices for added trunk support. However, in many low- and middle-income settings, postural support devices are inaccessible, inappropriate or unaffordable. This article describes the use of the design challenge model, informed by a design thinking approach, to catalyse the development of an affordable, simple and robust postural support device for low- and middle-income countries. The article also illustrates how not-for-profit organisations can utilise design thinking and, in particular, the design challenge model to successfully support the development of innovative solutions to product or process challenges.
Intralesional Infiltration with Meglumine Antimoniate for the Treatment of Leishmaniasis Recidiva Cutis in Ecuador
Authors: Calvopiña Manuel , Cevallos William , Paredes Yolanda , Puebla Edison , Flores Jessica , Loor Richard , Padilla José
Published: September 2017

Meglumine Antimoniate (MA), administered intramuscularly for 21 continuous days is the recommended treatment of leishmaniases in Ecuador. However, because of its toxicity and requirement for intramuscular injections, treatment is frequently abandoned before completion. In addition, therapeutic failure and reactivation are not uncommon. Here we evaluate the efficacy and safety of MA administered intralesionally (IL) in leishmaniasis recidiva cutis (LRC). LRC is a special clinical variant of cutaneous leishmaniasis, characterized by reactivation at the edges of a primary cured lesion, presenting with active papules around the scar. Twenty-one patients were included in the study. All were diagnosed parasitologically by one of three diagnostic methods (smear, culture, and Leishmanin skin test). Each patient received MA intralesionally weekly for 4 weeks. Each papule was infiltrated until complete saturation. On average, patients received 1 mL of MA per administration. The criterion of cure was the complete resolution of the papules. Follow up was performed at 30, 90, and 180 days after treatment. At day 30 after treatment, 19 (90.5%) of 21 patients were clinically cured. The two patients, who did not heal by the fourth application, were cured on the seventh and eighth dose, achieving a clinical cure of 100% without subsequent reactivation. Mild to moderate local pain during infiltration was the only adverse reaction experienced by 81% of patients. In one case, subsequent infiltrations were discontinued because of a local allergic reaction. Complete compliance of patients to treatment and the small volume of drug administered make this method of administering MA an effective, safe, and inexpensive alternative. Consequently, IL could replace intramuscular administration in the treatment of LRC in Ecuador.
Characterizing Sampling and Quality Screening Biases in Infrared
and Microwave Limb Sounding
Authors: Millán Luis F. , Livesey Nathaniel J. , Santee Michelle L. , von Clarmann Thomas
Published: September 2017

Abstract. This study investigates orbital sampling biases and evaluates the additional impact caused by data quality screening for the Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS) and the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS). MIPAS acts as a proxy for typical infrared limb emission sounders, while MLS acts as a proxy for microwave limb sounders. These biases were calculated for temperature and several trace gases by interpolating model fields to real sampling patterns and, additionally, screening those locations as directed by their corresponding quality criteria. Both instruments have dense uniform sampling patterns typical of limb emission sounders, producing almost identical sampling biases. However, there is a substantial difference between the number of locations discarded. MIPAS, as a mid-infrared instrument, is very sensitive to clouds, and measurements affected by them are thus rejected from the analysis. For example, in the tropics, the MIPAS yield is strongly affected by clouds, while MLS is mostly unaffected. The results show that upper tropospheric sampling biases in zonally averaged data, for both instruments, can be up to 10 % to 30 %, depending on the species, and up to 3 K for temperature. For MIPAS, the sampling reduction due to quality screening worsens the biases, leading to values as large as 30 % to 100 % for the trace gases and expanding the 3 K bias region for temperature. This type of sampling bias is largely induced by the geophysical origins of the screening (e.g. clouds). Further, analysis of long-term time series reveals that these additional quality screening biases may affect the ability to accurately detect upper tropospheric long-term changes using such data. In contrast, MLS data quality screening removes sufficiently few points that no additional bias is introduced, although the vertical range of reliable measurements is slightly reduced. We emphasize that the results of this study refer only to the representativeness of the respective data, not to their intrinsic quality.
Mean wind vector estimation using the velocity–azimuth display (VAD) method: an explicit algebraic solution
Authors: Teschke Gerd , Lehmann Volker
Published: September 2017

Abstract. This paper deals with the analysis of the sampling setup for Doppler profilers aiming at the determination of vertical profiles of the wind. An explicit solution for the retrieval of mean wind vectors under the assumption of local homogeneity is presented for the case of a symmetric velocity–azimuth display sampling, and a stability analysis is performed. Furthermore, the explicit solution allows a detailed investigation of the propagation of radial wind measurement errors on the retrieved wind vector.
Overcalcified forms of the coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi in high CO2 waters are not pre-adapted to ocean acidification
Authors: von Dassow Peter , Díaz-Rosas Francisco , Bendif El Mahdi , Gaitán-Espitia Juan-Diego , Mella-Flores Daniella , Rokitta Sebastian , John Uwe , Torres Rodrigo
Published: September 2017

Abstract. Marine multicellular organisms inhabiting waters with natural high fluctuations in pH appear more tolerant to acidification than conspecifics occurring in nearby stable waters, suggesting that environments of fluctuating pH hold genetic reservoirs for adaptation of key groups to ocean acidification (OA). The abundant and cosmopolitan calcifying phytoplankton Emiliania huxleyi exhibits a range of morphotypes with varying degrees of coccolith mineralization. We show that E. huxleyi populations in the naturally acidified upwelling waters of the Eastern South Pacific, where pH drops below 7.8 as is predicted for the global surface ocean by the year 2100, are dominated by exceptionally overcalcified morphotypes whose distal coccolith shield can be almost solid calcite. Shifts in morphotype composition of E. huxleyi populations correlate with changes in carbonate system parameters. We tested if these correlations indicate that the hypercalcified morphotype is adapted to OA. In experimental exposures to present-day vs. future pCO2 (400 µatm vs. 1200 µatm), the overcalcified morphotypes showed the same growth inhibition (−29.1 ± 6.3 %) as moderately calcified morphotypes isolated from non-acidified water (−30.7 ± 8.8 %). Under OA conditions, production rates of particulate organic carbon (POC) increased, while production rates of particulate inorganic carbon (PIC) were maintained or decreased slightly (but not significantly), leading to lowered PIC/POC ratios in all strains. There were no consistent correlations of response intensity with strain origin. OA affected coccolith morphology equally or more strongly in overcalcified strains compared to moderately calcified strains. OA conditions appear not to directly select for exceptionally overcalcified morphotypes over other morphotypes directly, but perhaps indirectly by ecologically correlated factors. More generally, these results suggest that oceanic planktonic microorganisms, despite their rapid turn-over and large population sizes, do not necessarily exhibit adaptations to naturally high CO2 upwellings, and this ubiquitous coccolithophore may be near a limit of its capacity to adapt to ongoing ocean acidification.
Variations and determinants of carbon content in plants: a global synthesis
Authors: Ma Suhui , He Feng , Tian Di , Zou Dongting , Yan Zhengbing , Yang Yulong , Zhou Tiancheng , Huang Kaiyue , Shen Haihua , Fang Jingyun
Published: September 2017

Abstract. Abstract. Plant carbon (C) content is one of the most important plant traits and is critical in the assessment of global C cycle and ecological stoichiometry. However, the global variation in plant C content remains poorly understood. We conducted a global analysis of the plant C content by synthesizing data from 4318 species to provide specific values of C content and to assess their variation across plant organs and life forms. Our results showed that C content varied markedly across plant organs. Plant organ C content ranged from 45.01 % in reproductive organs to 47.88 % in stems at global scales, which were significantly lower than a canonical value of 50 % that has been widely employed in previous studies. Plant C content in leaves was higher than that in roots. Across life forms, woody plants exhibited higher C content than herbaceous plants. Conifers, relative to broad-leaved woody species, had higher C content in roots, leaves and stems. Plant C content tended to decrease with the increasing latitude. The life form explained more variation of the C content than climate due to plant structural requirements. Our findings suggest that specific C content values from different organs and life forms may be more suitable to evaluate global vegetation C stock and plant ecological stoichiometry.
Lagrangian condensation microphysics with Twomey CCN activation
Authors: Grabowski Wojciech W. , Dziekan Piotr , Pawlowska Hanna
Published: September 2017

Abstract. We report the development of a novel Lagrangian microphysics methodology for improved simulations of warm ice-free clouds. The approach applies the traditional Eulerian method for the momentum and continuous thermodynamic fields, the temperature and water vapor mixing ratio, and uses Lagrangian super-droplets to represent condensed phase such as cloud droplets and drizzle/rain drops. In all other applications of the Lagrangian warm-rain microphysics, the super-droplets outside clouds represent un-activated cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) that become activated upon entering a cloud and can further grow through diffusional and collisional processes. The original methodology allows studying in detail not only effects of CCN on cloud microphysics and dynamics, but also CCN processing by a cloud. However, when cloud processing is not of interest, a simpler and computationally more efficient approach can be used with super-droplets forming only when CCN is activated and no super-droplet existing outside a cloud. This is possible by applying the Twomey activation scheme where the local supersaturation dictates the concentration of cloud droplets that need to be present inside a cloudy volume, as typically used in Eulerian bin microphysics schemes. Since a cloud volume is a small fraction of the computational domain volume, the Twomey super-droplets provide significant computational advantage when compared to the original super-droplet methodology. Additional advantage comes from significantly longer time steps that can be used when modeling of CCN deliquescence is avoided. Moreover, other formulation of the droplet activation can be applied in case of low vertical resolution of the host model, for instance, linking the concentration of activated cloud droplets to the local updraft speed. This paper discusses the development and testing of the Twomey super-droplet methodology focusing on the activation and diffusional growth. Details of the activation implementation, transport of SDs in the physical space, and the coupling between super-droplets and the Eulerian temperature and water vapor field are discussed in detail. Some of these are relevant to the original super-droplet methodology as well and to the ice phase modeling using the Lagrangian approach. As a computational example, the scheme is applied to an idealized moist thermal rising in a stratified environment, with the original super-droplet methodology providing benchmark to which the new scheme is compared.
On a reported effect in ionospheric TEC around the time of the 6 April 2009 L'Aquila earthquake
Authors: Masci Fabrizio , Thomas Jeremy N. , Secan James A.
Published: September 2017

Abstract. In a report published in Advances in Space Research, Nenovski et al. (2015) analyse ionospheric TEC (total electron content) data from GPS measurements around the time of the 6 April 2009 Mw 6. 1 L'Aquila (Italy) earthquake. According to the authors, TEC difference (DTEC) calculated from two GPS (Global Positioning System) receivers in central Italy shows a hump-like shape (an increase followed by a decrease) during the hours just before and shortly after the main shock. They maintain that the hump-like shape is anomalous and may be related to the earthquake. We show that the DTEC increase in the hours before the shock, as well as its subsequent slow decrease, does not have any characteristic that might support a possible relationship with the earthquake. We have also conducted our own independent analysis using the same GPS data analysed by Nenovski et al. (2015). We have found a diurnal variation in DTEC time series that shows hump-like shapes like that reported by Nenovski et al. (2015) throughout the investigated period. This demonstrates that the hump-like shape in DTEC close to the time of the 6 April earthquake is not anomalous and cannot be considered a possible earthquake-related effect.
Re-Analysis of one of the deadliest Tornadoes in European History and its implications
Authors: Holzer Alois M. , Schreiner Thomas M. E. , Púčik Tomáš
Published: September 2017

Abstract. Extremely rare events with high potential impact, like tornadoes, are of strong interest for climatology and risk assessment – especially though not only in the context of climate change – but difficult to tackle statistically. In order to widen the data basis especially for the scarcest high-end tornadoes, it is vital to study historical events. It could be speculated that a windstorm catastrophe that happened about 100 years ago is difficult to re-analyze, as the one that happened in Wiener Neustadt, Lower Austria, on 10 July 1916. The present paper demonstrates feasibility in the given case and proposes a working method for similar requirements. After presenting the methodology, a chronological description of the environmental atmospheric conditions and of the tornado itself is given, followed by results and new findings compared to a historical scientific study that was published soon after the event. Our analyses found complex thunderstorm activity in the study area and revealed an untypical tornado genesis – with only single parallels in US severe storms literature of the 20th century. For the urban area of Wiener Neustadt rich data sources allowed us to draw a detailed picture of damage tracks and hence wind strength in the tornado. Also the originally stated number of fatalities needs to be corrected upwards. In the outlook we postulate the requirement for an International Fujita Scale to rate tornadoes worldwide in a consistent way. Comparable damage indicators are required for this to be useable. We also stress the side-benefits of the given study for the field of civil protection, namely to serve as an exercise scenario and as a basis for public awareness rising.
Republishing Pre-World War II Hungarian Women Writers After the Fall of Socialism
Authors: Kádár Judit
Published: September 2017

Immediately before and shortly after the collapse of socialism in 1989, a large number of private publishing houses were founded in Hungary. Some of them began their career by republishing the novels of selected popular Hungarian women writers of the preWorld War II era that had been banned following the Soviet occupation of the country in 1945. The lack of comprehensive literary criticism on the works of women authors drove the new publishers to rely on the so-called “oral canon” of collective memory, which had saved some of their names from oblivion. To grab the attention of prospective readers, the books selected for publication were provided with modern book cover designs, reflecting new, but still patriarchal values. After a brief overview of how prewar literature was censored after 1945, focusing on the editors’ inevitable reinterpretation of the writings of Renée Erdős, Mrs. Kosáry Lola Réz, and Anna Tutsek through book cover designs, Kádár aims in this paper to survey in what ways and how successfully the re-editions of the novels by women writers have contributed to their inclusion in the literary canon since 1989.
Ferdinandy, György. 2016. Fekete karácsony (‘Black Christmas’). Budapest: Fókusz Egyesület/Magyar Napló Kiadó. 203 pp. Photos.
Authors: Fenyo Mario D.
Published: September 2017

Ferdinandy, György. 2016. Fekete karácsony (‘Black Christmas’). Budapest: Fókusz Egyesület/Magyar Napló Kiadó. 203 pp. Photos.
Kis, Pál. 2016. Csillaggal nem jó járni most. Kis Pál budapesti fényképész naplója 1944. október-december ('Better Not Walk around with the Star Now - the Budapest Diary of Pál Kis between October and December 1944'). Foreword by Pál Závada. Budapest: Magvető. 128 pp. Photos; Fenyves, Katalin and Marianne Szalay, eds. 2015. A holokauszt és a családom ('The Holocaust and My Family'). Budapest: Park Könykiadó. 492 pp. Photos.
Authors: Szántó Ildikó
Published: September 2017

Kis, Pál. 2016. Csillaggal nem jó járni most. Kis Pál budapesti fényképész naplója 1944. október-december ('Better Not Walk around with the Star Now - the Budapest Diary of Pál Kis between October and December 1944'). Foreword by Pál Závada. Budapest: Magvető. 128 pp. Photos; Fenyves, Katalin and Marianne Szalay, eds. 2015. A holokauszt és a családom ('The Holocaust and My Family'). Budapest: Park Könykiadó. 492 pp. Photos.
Houze, Rebecca. 2015. Textiles, Fashion and Reform in Austria-Hungary Before the First World War - Principles of Dress. Farham, Surrey and Burlington, VT: Ashgate. 384 pp. 79 col. Plates. 109 b. and w. illus.
Authors: Winick Amber
Published: September 2017

Houze, Rebecca. 2015. Textiles, Fashion and Reform in Austria-Hungary Before the First World War - Principles of Dress. Farham, Surrey and Burlington, VT: Ashgate. 384 pp. 79 col. Plates. 109 b. and w. illus.
Fodor, Ferenc. 2016. Fodor Ferenc önéletirásai ('The Autobiographical Writings of Ferenc Fodor'). Ed. Róbert Győri and Steven Jobbitt. Budapest: ELTE Eötvös József Collegium. 350 pp. Illus.
Authors: Behrendt Andrew
Published: September 2017

Fodor, Ferenc. 2016. Fodor Ferenc önéletirásai ('The Autobiographical Writings of Ferenc Fodor'). Ed. Róbert Győri and Steven Jobbitt. Budapest: ELTE Eötvös József Collegium. 350 pp. Illus.
Menyhért, Anna. 2016: Egy szabad nő, Erdős Renée regényes élete (‘A Free Woman, The Remarkable Life of Renée Erdős’). Budapest: General Press. 231 pp. Illus.
Authors: Kapus Erika
Published: September 2017

Menyhért, Anna. 2016: Egy szabad nő, Erdős Renée regényes élete (‘A Free Woman, The Remarkable Life of Renée Erdős’). Budapest: General Press. 231 pp. Illus.
Technical Efficiency of Mushroom Farmers in Swaziland
Authors: Dlamini Nkosingiphile P. , Masuku Micah B. , Rugambisa Jeremiah I.
Published: September 2017

Mushrooms have been cultivated in Swaziland since 2001 as part of a long-term programme which sought to improve rural livelihoods through commercial production of non-conventional high-value commodities. Despite the mushroom enterprise gaining popularity in a number of Sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries, where production is dominated by rural-based small-scale farmers, limited research has been done to study the technical efficiency of mushroom farmers in Swaziland.The primary objectives of this study were to determine the level of technical efficiency of mushroom farmers in Swaziland and identify factors which influence technical efficiency of mushroom farmers. Measures of technical efficiency were conducted with 62 farmers in the four Agro ecological zones of Swaziland. The list of current mushroom farmers was obtained from the Mushroom Development Unit in Malkerns. The Stochastic frontier production function was used to compute the level of technical efficiency (TE). The results revealed that the mean technical efficiency was 95%. The results suggest that substantial gains in output can be attained by improving present technical practices which includes the increase in the amount of substrate used. A two limit Tobit regression technique was used to examine the relationship between TE and various farm and farmer characteristics. The results showed that household size was significant at 5% level, technical assistance was also significant at 5% and access to credit was significant at 10% level. It was recommended that extension officers equip farmers on technologies that will help boost their efficiency level and policies that will make access to credit from government and NGO’s for mushroom farmers to acquire resources.
Singular they and the syntactic representation of gender in English
Authors: Bjorkman Bronwyn M.
Published: September 2017

Singular they enjoys a curious notoriety in popular discussions of English grammar. Despite this, and though its use with quantificational, non-specific, and genuinely epicene antecedents dates back at least to the 1400s (Balhorn 2004), it has been little discussed in formal linguistics. This squib suggests an analysis of this longstanding use of they, while also describing a more recent change in they’s distribution, whereby many speakers now accept it with singular, definite, and specific antecedents of known binary gender. I argue that the distribution of they, in both conservative and innovative varieties, has implications for our understanding of the syntactic representation of gender in English, the structure of bound variable pronouns, and the regulation of coreference.
Photochromic Smart Windows Employing WO3-Based Composite Films
Authors: Miyazaki Hidetoshi , Ishigaki Takumi , Ota Toshitaka
Published: September 2017

WO3-based composite films were fabricated from peroxo-iso-poly tungstic acid and a transparent urethane resin, and the photochromic properties of the films were evaluated under sunlight from three seasons: spring, summer, and winter. All composite films exhibited photochromism under solar irradiation, and the coloring degree of the films varied with the sunlight intensity for each season. We estimate the energy efficiency of the colored composite films for various seasons.
The Control of Anti -Aircraft Missile Flight Path in Atmospheric Disturbances
Authors: Grzyb Marta , Stefański Konrad
Published: September 2017

The control of homing surface-to-air short-range anti-aircraft missile takes place in the atmosphere, in which there are different types of atmospheric disturbances such as: turbulence, gust and wind shear. The atmospheric disturbances is generated with the Dryden power spectral density model. This paper presents a method for control of flying objects such as anti-aircraft missile moving in a disturbed environment. The method of proportional navigation will be applied for the guidance of missile on the ground target. The research will include the analysis of influence of atmospherics on the hitting the target accuracy, the shape of the flight path and the values of generated control forces. Numerical research will be carried out with use of Matlab/Simulink software. Obtained results will be presented in the graphical form.
New Proposal Concerned with Displaying Underwater Vehicle Parameters
Authors: Jurczyk Karolina
Published: September 2017

The article presents a proposal, based on an analysis of the software used for displaying parameters of two underwater vehicles, for extending display applications by using the Lab View environment. The purpose of the solution presented is to uniform data displays transmitted from underwater vehicles, used by operators to operate these vehicles as well as consider the possibility for extending the software offered by producers of vehicles by new elements facilitating evaluation of the vehicle’s condition and the effect of the environment on this condition when the vehicle is being operated.
Conversion of Geodetic Coordinates into Flat (2 -Dimensinal) Coordinates PL-UTM for the Purposes of Navigation
Authors: Morgaś Wacław , Kopacz Zdzisław
Published: September 2017

This paper presents mathematical interdependences in converting geodetic coordinates into flat rectangular coordinates and inverse transformation recommended in the Ordinance by Prime Minister on the State System of Spatial References. It especially presents formulas contained in works by M. Hooijberg (1997) Practical Geodesy and R. Kadaj (2001) Projection Formulas and Parameters of Coordinate Systems. G-1.10. In order to illustrate uses of the presented formulas relevant calculation examples based on the reference ellipsoids WGS 84 and GRS 80 are included.
Câncer ginecológico: casos atendidos no hospital de base Dr. Ary Pinheiro em Porto Velho (RO) no período 2012-2015
Authors: Sousa Jenifer Dantas de , Machado Yargo Alexandre de Farias , Simões Maria da Conceição Ribeiro
Published: September 2017

Os cânceres ginecológicos apresentam-se como importante problema de saúde publica mundial, principalmente nas regiões menos desenvolvidas. Descrever os perfis sociodemográfico das mulheres atendidas com Câncer ginecológicos no Hospital de Base Dr. Ary Pinheiro (HBAP), em Porto Velho – RO, no quadriênio de 2012 a 2015. Trata-se de um estudo analítico de dados secundários fornecidos pelo HBAP e de revisão literária. Houve predominância de casos de Câncer de Mama e do Colo Uterino, grande parte destas mulheres situadas na faixa etária de 40 a 59 anos, nas raças brancas e amarelas, e em sua grande maioria provenientes da Microrregião de Porto Velho e Ariquemes. Os resultados apontam para a necessidade de novas estratégias de saúde, bem como de prevenção primaria e secundaria, tendo em vista o grande numero de mulheres diagnosticadas com cânceres ginecológicos.
CLUSIM: A Synthetic Aperture Radar Clutter Simulator for Planetary Exploration
Authors: Ilyushin Ya. A. , Orosei R. , Witasse O. , Sánchez‐Cano B.
Published: September 2017

In this paper we present the CLUtter SIMulator (CLUSIM), a special program simulating radar side echoes from rough planetary surfaces using realistic topography data sets. A numerical model of realistic topography of the Martian surface, based on Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter data, is developed. A specially developed computer routine for evaluation of wideband radar echoes reflected from rough surfaces, capable of aperture synthesis simulation, is described. A synthetic radargram for a portion of Mars Express (MEX) orbit 9466 is computed and validated against experimental data obtained by the MARSIS radar instrument. Finally, a previously developed ionospheric phase correction procedure is numerically tested with new simulated echo signals. Impact of the surface clutter on the ionospheric correction procedure is investigated with a direct numerical comparison to a known benchmark result, which shows robustness of the correction algorithm with respect to the surface clutter.
Climatology of the Auroral Electrojets Derived From the Along‐Track Gradient of Magnetic Field Intensity Measured by POGO, Magsat, CHAMP, and Swarm
Authors: Smith A. R. A. , Beggan C. D. , Macmillan S. , Whaler K. A.
Published: September 2017

The auroral electrojets (AEJs) are complex and dynamic horizontal ionospheric electric currents which form ovals around Earth's poles, being controlled by the morphology of the main magnetic field and the energy input from the solar wind interaction with the magnetosphere. The strength and location of the AEJ varies with solar wind conditions and the solar cycle but should also be controlled on decadal timescales by main field secular variation. To determine the AEJ climatology, we use data from four polar Low Earth Orbit magnetic satellite missions: POGO, Magsat, CHAMP, and Swarm. A simple estimation of the AEJ strength and latitude is made from each pass of the satellites, from peaks in the along‐track gradient of the magnetic field intensity after subtracting a core and crustal magnetic field model. This measure of the AEJ activity is used to study the response in different sectors of magnetic local time (MLT) during different seasons and directions of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF). We find a season‐dependent hemispherical asymmetry in the AEJ response to IMF By, with a tendency toward stronger (weaker) AEJ currents in the north than the south during By>0 (By<0) around local winter. This effect disappears during local summer when we find a tendency toward stronger currents in the south than the north. The solar cycle modulation of the AEJ and the long‐term shifting of its position and strength due to the core field variation are presented as challenges to internal field modeling.
Automatic Near‐Real‐Time Detection of CMEs in Mauna Loa K‐Cor Coronagraph Images
Authors: Thompson W. T. , St. Cyr O. C. , Burkepile J. T. , Posner A.
Published: September 2017

A simple algorithm has been developed to detect the onset of coronal mass ejections (CMEs), together with speed estimates, in near‐real time using linearly polarized white‐light solar coronal images from the Mauna Loa Solar Observatory K‐Cor telescope. Ground observations in the low corona can warn of CMEs well before they appear in space coronagraphs. The algorithm used is a variation on the Solar Eruptive Event Detection System developed at George Mason University. It was tested against K‐Cor data taken between 29 April 2014 and 20 February 2017, on days identified as containing CMEs. This resulted in testing of 139 days' worth of data containing 171 CMEs. The detection rate varied from close to 80% when solar activity was high down to as low as 20–30% when activity was low. The difference in effectiveness with solar cycle is attributed to the relative prevalence of strong CMEs between active and quiet periods. There were also 12 false detections, leading to an average false detection rate of 8.6%. The K‐Cor data were also compared with major solar energetic particle (SEP) storms during this time period. There were three SEP events detected either at Earth or at one of the two STEREO spacecraft when K‐Cor was observing during the relevant time period. The algorithm successfully generated alerts for two of these events, with lead times of 1–3 h before the SEP onset at 1 AU. The third event was not detected by the automatic algorithm because of the unusually broad width in position angle.
A game theory analysis of green infrastructure stormwater management policies
Authors: William Reshmina , Garg Jugal , Stillwell Ashlynn S.
Published: September 2017

Green stormwater infrastructure has been demonstrated as an innovative water resources management approach that addresses multiple challenges facing urban environments. However, there is little consensus on what policy strategies can be used to best incentivize green infrastructure adoption by private landowners. Game theory, an analysis framework that has historically been under‐utilized within the context of stormwater management, is uniquely suited to address this policy question. We used a cooperative game theory framework to investigate the potential impacts of different policy strategies used to incentivize green infrastructure installation. The results indicate that municipal regulation leads to the greatest reduction in pollutant loading. However, the choice of the “best” regulatory approach will depend on a variety of different factors including politics and financial considerations. Large, downstream agents have a disproportionate share of bargaining power. Results also reveal that policy impacts are highly dependent on agents' spatial position within the stormwater network, leading to important questions of social equity and environmental justice.
Cloning of canine Ku80 and its localization and accumulation at DNA damage sites
Authors: Koike Manabu , Yutoku Yasutomo , Koike Aki
Published: September 2017

Molecularly targeted therapies have high specificity and significant cancer‐killing effect. However, their antitumor effect might be greatly diminished by variation in even a single amino acid in the target site, as it occurs, for example, as a consequence of SNPs. Increasing evidence suggests that the DNA repair protein Ku80 is an attractive target molecule for the development of next‐generation radiosensitizers for human cancers. However, the localization, post‐translational modifications (PTMs), and complex formation of Ku80 have not been elucidated in canines. In this study, for the first time, we cloned, sequenced, and characterized canine Ku80 cDNA. Our data show that canine Ku80 localizes in the nuclei of interphase cells and is quickly recruited at laser‐induced double‐strand break sites. Comparative analysis shows that canine Ku80 had only 82.3% amino acid identity with the homologous human protein, while the nuclear localization signal (NLS) in human and canine Ku80 is evolutionarily conserved. Notably, some predicted PTM sites, including one acetylation site and one sumoylation site within the NLS, are conserved in the two species. These findings suggest that the spatial and temporal regulation of Ku80 might be conserved in humans and canines. However, our data indicate that the expression of Ku80 is considerably lower in the canine cell lines examined than in human cell lines. These important findings might be useful to better understand the mechanism of the Ku80‐dependent DNA repair and for the development of potential next‐generation radiosensitizers targeting common targets in human and canine cancers.
Linguistics
Authors: Baron Naomi S.
Published: September 2017

Linguistics is the study of language. Because linguists disagree on the scope of “language,” definitions of linguistics have varied. Descriptively, the study of language has gone from a search for relationships between specific languages to current interest in the biological bases for language and in language use. Methodologically, linguistics has changed from an empirical discipline to one admitting a priori suppositions and personal introspection in model building.
Linguistics
Authors: Baron Naomi S.
Published: September 2017

Linguistics is the study of language. However, linguists disagree on the scope of “language.” Debates continue over whether linguistics examines just human speech or also encompasses areas such as animal communication, written language, artificial languages, or electronically mediated communication (e.g., email, text messaging, and online social networking).
Aboriginal/Left Struggle for Land Rights
Authors: Murphy Emma G.
Published: September 2017

The modern Australian land rights movement has seen many successful political collaborations between indigenous people, trade unionists, communists, and environmentalists. The legacy of these political relationships emerging in the early decades of the twentieth century, largely due to collaboration between the Communist Party of Australia (CPA) and indigenous people entering the workforce, served to strengthen land rights struggles from the 1960s to the present.
AbrahamLincolnBrigade
Authors: Carroll Peter N.
Published: September 2017

The Abraham Lincoln Brigade refers to approximately 2,800 US men and women who volunteered to defend the elected government of Spain against a military rebellion led by General Francisco Franco during the Spanish Civil War (1936–9). The American volunteers served in various units, including the Abraham Lincoln, George Washington, and MacKenzie‐Papineau battalions, as well as the Regiment de Tren (transportation), John Brown Artillery Unit, and the American Medical Bureau. Together with 35,000 volunteers from over 50 countries, these units formed the International Brigades; most US volunteers served in the 15th International Brigade.
A
bu‐
J
amal,
M
umia (b. 1954)
Authors: Bennett Hans
Published: September 2017

Born Wesley Cook on April 24, 1954, and raised in the North Philadelphia housing projects, Mumia Abu‐Jamal was a founding member of the Philadelphia chapter of the Black Panther Party (BPP). The chapter's lieutenant of information at age 15, he also worked on the national BPP newspaper in Oakland, California. Abu‐Jamal was later a prominent radio personality and president of the Philadelphia Association of Black Journalists; he was known as “The Voice of the Voiceless” for his radical journalism spotlighting the plight of the oppressed and covering the revolutionary MOVE organization's conflict with city authorities.
A
ddams,
J
ane (1860–1935)
Authors: Knight Louise W.
Published: September 2017

Jane Addams spent much of her life working to achieve a revolutionary vision that government should support the development of its citizens' full potential. She also fought to protect freedom of speech as a form of protest essential to the advance of social justice.
A
dorno,
T
heodor
W
. (1903–1969)
Authors: Gerhardt Christina
Published: September 2017

Theodor W. Adorno began his intellectual career in Frankfurt and Vienna in the 1920s, continued his work in American exile during Germany's fascist era, and returned to West Germany after World War II to reconstitute with Max Horkheimer the Institute for Social Research, better known as the Frankfurt School. Adorno's writings span a broad range of disciplines, including philosophy and sociology, psychology and aesthetics, as well as literary and music criticism. While Adorno has often been cast as the most philosophical and least political of the Frankfurt School theorists, in his estimation the two are not mutually exclusive, as demonstrated by his central works:
Dialectic of Enlightenment
, co‐authored with Max Horkheimer;
Negative Dialectics
; and
Aesthetic Theory
.
Afghanistan, 1978 Revolution andIslamic Civil War
Authors: Bosin Yury V.
Published: September 2017

The first Afghan left party, the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA), was founded in 1965 by urban intellectuals who sought to modernize the country and deter foreign intervention. The leftists supported the overthrow of the monarchy in 1973 and were granted four ministerial posts in Muhammad Doud's republican government. In the next few years, however, Muhammad Doud's authoritarian trend led to the formation of his absolutist regime, leaving no democratic freedoms. PDPA was banned and leading leftists went into exile.
A
fghanistan, Resistance to 19th‐Century
B
ritish Invasion
Authors: Bosin Yury V.
Published: September 2017

The British empire invaded Afghanistan twice – in 1838–42 and in 1878–81. In both cases the goal of the invasion was to deflect Russian influence and to prevent it from establishing a foothold in the strategic region. In response to each invasion, the Afghan population revolted against their occupiers.
A
frican
A
merican resistance,
J
im
C
row era
Authors: Wendt Simon
Published: September 2017

Black militant resistance played a significant role throughout the Jim Crow era. Prior to the 1950s and 1960s, however, those African Americans who used armed force to protect themselves or their communities against white aggression generally faced overwhelming odds and swift retaliation. The protective efforts of self‐defense groups that operated during the Southern civil rights struggle were more successful than the militant resistance of their precursors, but racist violence continued to rage virtually unchecked in Dixie until the late 1960s. During the Black Power era, the function of armed black resistance changed, serving primarily as a militant symbol of defiance that instilled pride in many male activists.
A
frican
B
lood
B
rotherhood
Authors: Bush Roderick
Published: September 2017

W. E. B. Du Bois's
Darkwater
(1920) and Lothrop Stoddard's
Rising Tide of Color Against White World‐Supremacy
(1921) reflected a growing worldwide political opposition between an increasingly vocal global whiteness and the rise of the dark world, now joined by a new global black anti‐colonialism. The migration of blacks from the South and the Caribbean fostered the emergence of the New Negro radicalism of Garvey's Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA), Hubert Harrison's Liberty League, A. Philip Randolph and Chandler Owen's
Messenger
, and Cyril Brigg's African Blood Brotherhood.
A
gbekoya Peasant Uprising and Rebellion, 1968–1969
Authors: Adekunk Julius O.
Published: September 2017

Located in southwestern Nigeria, the Yoruba constitute one of the major ethnic groups in the country. Since Frederick Lord Lugard, the British colonial governor‐general of Nigeria, amalgamated the Northern and Southern Protectorates in 1914, the Yoruba have played a leading role in politics by providing nationalist leaders and by participating in the British colonial administration. The Western Region, created by the Richard's Constitution of 1946, was not only the intellectual center of Nigeria, it was also the site of major social and political uprisings.
Agitprop
Authors: Polster Joshua E.
Published: September 2017

Agitprop theater consisted of short stage‐pieces for leftist political
agitation
and
propa
ganda. It emerged as an artistic response to the turbulent Russian sociopolitical climate of the late nineteenth century and the Russian Revolutions of 1905 and 1917. Agitprop theater also was found in the Soviet Proletkult Theaters and the Workers' Theater movements in Europe and the United States in the early twentieth century.
Albania, Socialism
Authors: Dalakoglou Dimitrios K. , Halili Rigels
Published: September 2017

Socialism appeared in Albania in the 1920s. By 1921 the first strikes had already occurred in Korça and Gjirokastër. In 1922 Avni Rustemi founded the organization Bashkimi (Unity) which, despite the variety of its political influences, was mainly democratic and socialist. Some socialists participated in the anti‐dictatorship rebellion against the coup of Ahmet Zog that took place in June 1924. Following their defeat most of these rebels left Albania. Some socialist activists were politically active in exile; those in France published the newspaperPopulli(People), while others founded the Revolutionary National Committee in Vienna (1925) and the Albanian Communist Group in Moscow (1928). These two latter groups became involved in the Balkan section of Comintern.
A
lbizu
C
ampos,
P
edro (1891–1965)
Authors: Staudenmaier Michael
Published: September 2017

Pedro Albizu Campos was the most important figure in the Puerto Rican independence movement during the twentieth century. As leader of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party for more than four decades, he was responsible for a dramatic overhaul in the character of the movement, challenging its respectability and politeness and encouraging the restoration of militant and even armed struggle to a prominent place in its arsenal. He was a gifted theoretician, a skillful organizer, and a renowned orator. In his most famous effort, Albizu Campos coordinated the abortive 1950 insurrection known as the
Grito de Jayuya
(Cry of Jayuya).
A
lcatraz Uprising and the
A
merican
I
ndian
M
ovement
Authors: Maddern Stacy Warner
Published: September 2017

From November 20, 1969 to June 11, 1971 a small mix of college activists and urbanites, disenchanted with the US government's economic, social, and political neglect of American Indians, occupied and held Alcatraz Island in San Francisco, California. This event led the American Indian Movement (AIM) to prominence as a revolutionary force for Native American rights. Alcatraz was an ideal place for protesting US disregard for treaties and tribal sovereignty due to the long history of wrongful imprisonment of American Indians there.
AlgerianIslamicSalvationFront
Authors: Ness Immanuel
Published: September 2017

The Islamic Salvation Front (FIS) is a national political organization that waged a ten‐year civil war from 1992 to 2002 against the secular Algerian government, after it was prevented from taking political power through democratic means.
A
lgerian National Revolution, 1954–1962
Authors: Schmid Bernard
Published: September 2017

Starting in November 1954, Algeria's independence war, mainly known as the Liberation War (French:
guerre de liberation
or Arabic:
harb at‐tahrir
), ended in July 1962. It ended after having killed almost 1 million people, most of them Algerian, and the massive utilization of torture by the French army and authorities. The huge number of Algerian victims has to be compared to the figures on the French side where, according to official sources of the French government, some 27,000 soldiers and around 3,000 civilians died (or disappeared). The relation between Algerian and French (European) victims is about 1 to 30 – and a large majority of the Algerian people wounded or killed in this “dirty war” (
sale guerre
, according to the name its French opponents gave to it) did not wear a uniform.