bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Honokiol Potentiates Apoptosis, Suppresses Osteoclastogenesis, and Inhibits Invasion through Modulation of Nuclear Factor-κB Activation Pathway
Authors: Ahn Kwang Seok , Sethi Gautam , Shishodia Shishir , Sung Bokyung , Arbiser Jack L. , Aggarwal Bharat B.
Published: September 2006

Recent reports have indicated that honokiol can induce apoptosis, suppress tumor growth, and inhibit angiogenesis. In this report, we found that honokiol potentiated the apoptosis induced by tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and chemotherapeutic agents, suppressed TNF-induced tumor cell invasion, and inhibited RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis, all of which are known to require nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activation. Honokiol suppressed NF-κB activation induced by a variety of inflammatory stimuli, and this suppression was not cell type specific. Further studies showed that honokiol blocked TNF-induced phosphorylation, ubiquitination, and degradation of IκBα through the inhibition of activation of IκBα kinase and of Akt. This led to suppression of the phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of p65 and NF-κB-dependent reporter gene expression. Magnolol, a honokiol isomer, was equally active. The expression of NF-κB-regulated gene products involved in antiapoptosis (IAP1, IAP2, Bcl-xL, Bcl-2, cFLIP, TRAF1, and survivin), proliferation (cyclin D1, cyclooxygenase-2, and c-myc), invasion (matrix metalloproteinase-9 and intercellular adhesion molecule-1), and angiogenesis (vascular endothelial growth factor) were also down-regulated by honokiol. Honokiol also down-regulated NF-κB activation in in vivo mouse dorsal skin model. Thus, overall, our results indicate that NF-κB and NF-κB-regulated gene expression inhibited by honokiol enhances apoptosis and suppresses osteoclastogenesis and invasion. (Mol Cancer Res 2006;4(9):621–33)
The “Quality ” of Early Care and Education Settings
Authors: Layzer Jean I. , Goodson Barbara D.
Published: September 2006

There is a widespread belief that high-quality early care and education can improve children's school readiness. However, debate continues about the essential elements of a high-quality experience, about whether quality means the same things across different types of care settings, about how to measure quality, and about the level of quality that might make a meaningful difference in outcomes for children. Are the aspects of the child care environment that researchers measure the ones that are most strongly related to children's development? This article argues that the ways in which researchers currently measure early care environments are flawed and that the conclusions drawn about the relationship between these measures and outcomes for children are frequently incorrect or overstated. The article addresses four questions: How is the quality of the child care environment commonly defined and measured? Do the most commonly used measures capture the child's experience? Do they work well across all settings? Are researchers drawing the correct conclusions from studies that relate the child care environment to child outcomes? Finally, the article discusses some possible directions for future research.
Child Outcome Measures in the Study of Child Care Quality
Authors: Zaslow Martha , Halle Tamara , Martin Laurie , Cabrera Natasha , Calkins Julia , Pitzer Lindsay , Margie Nancy Geyelin
Published: September 2006

This article assesses whether there are methodological problems with child outcome measures that may contribute to the small associations between child care quality and child outcomes found in the literature. Outcome measures used in 65 studies of child care quality published between 1979 and December 2005 were examined, taking the previous review by Vandell and Wolfe (2000) as the starting point. Serious methodological problems were not pervasive for child outcome measures. However, methodological concerns were most prevalent among measures of socioemotional development. Furthermore, psychometric information on outcome measures was often missing from published reports, and health outcomes and approaches to learning were infrequently studied. Future research should address alignment issues between aspects of quality and the specific child outcomes chosen for study.
Randomize Groups, Not Individuals
Authors: St.Pierre Robert G. , Rossi Peter H.
Published: September 2006

Until the past few years, our nation's approach to designing federal programs for preschool-age children lacked coherence and paid little attention to what had worked (and not worked) in the past. In this article, the authors propose that credible information useful for designing effective programs will require the ongoing, systematic development and evaluation of alternative approaches for the improvement of large-scale early childhood programs. The research should place greater reliance on experiments in which existing groups of individuals, such as intact classes or preschool agencies, are randomly assigned to implement competing early education programs or program components. Randomizing groups, rather than individual children, changes the research question from “What works?” to “What works better?” yielding more useful information than is currently available about which preschool approaches ought to be strongly embedded in our nation's social policy.
Binuclear μ-Perchlorato Complexes of Alkaline Earth Metal Ions Studied by Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry and DFT Calculations
Authors: Kanzaki Ryo , Umebayashi Yasuhiro , Asada Mitsunori , Ishiguro Shin-ichi , Matsumoto Taisuke , Wakisaka Akihiro
Published: September 2006

Metal-ion clusters involving alkaline earth metal and perchlorate ions, and N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) have been studied by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). Three types of metal-ion clusters, [M(DMF)n]2+, [M(ClO4)(DMF)n]+, and [M2(ClO4)3(DMF)n]+ (M = Mg, Ca, and Sr) are found. It is proposed on the basis of DFT calculations that the metal ion in the [M2(ClO4)3(DMF)6]+ clusters is six-coordinated with three μ-ClO4− ions and three DMF molecules.
Encapsulation of Ferricytochrome c into the Nanoparticle Made from a Natural Polysaccharide: Schizophyllan
Authors: Kasuga Mika , Shimada Naohiko , Takeda Yoichi , Shinkai Seiji , Sakurai Kazuo
Published: September 2006

A novel protein/polysaccharide complexation was found when unfolded ferricytochrome c (Cyt-c) was mixed with denatured schizophyllan (SPG) and the renaturation of both protein and polysaccharide was carried out simultaneously. Upon the complexation, the Q band was split, indicating that ferric Cyt-c was converted into the ferrous state. The changes in circular dichroism and fluorescence from tryptophan showed that the entire protein conformation was drastically deformed.
Regioselective Synthesis of Benzazetines and Indoles from Alkenylanilides and Dimethyl(methylthio)sulfonium Trifluoromethanesulfonate
Authors: Okuma Kentaro , Takeshita Itsuki , Yasuda Takumi , Shioji Kosei
Published: September 2006

Regioselective synthesis of benzazetines and indoles from o-alkenylanilides was achieved. The reaction of o-vinylbenzanilide with dimethyl(methylthio)sulfonium trifluoromethanesulfonate (DMTST) gave the corresponding benzazetine in 92% yield, whereas the reaction of o-vinyl-N-p-toluenesulfonylanilide gave N-tosylindoline in 77% yield. 3-Methy-N-p-tosylindole was directly synthesized by the reaction of o-isopropenyl-N-p-tosylanilide with dimethyl disulfide and methyl triflate in 85% yield.
Ionic Control of Droplet Motion
Authors: Ban Takahiko , Fujii Takahiro , Kurisaka Kazunari , Shioi Akihisa
Published: September 2006

We demonstrate that an aqueous droplet containing calcium ions undergoes rhythmical oscillation in an organic phase containing a surfactant of phosphate group. The same oil/water interface exhibited the self-pulsing of the electrical potential. The patterns for the rhythmical oscillation and the self-pulsing were dramatically affected by the cation species.
Microwave-assisted Fabrication and Characterization of BaCO3 Nanorods
Authors: Ma Ming-Guo , Zhu Ying-Jie , Zhu Jie-Fang , Cheng Guo-Feng
Published: September 2006

BaCO3 nanorods have been successfully prepared by the microwave-assisted method at 90 °C using Ba(NO3)2 and (NH4)2CO3 in the presence of NaOH or hexamethylenetetramine ((CH2)6N4) in ethylene glycol. The heating time and type of alkali played an important role in the size and morphology of BaCO3.
Copper(II)-catalyzed O-Phenylation of Alcohols with Organobismuth(V) Reagents: A Convenient Method for the Synthesis of Simple tert-Alkyl Phenyl Ethers
Authors: Mukaiyama Teruaki , Sakurai Naoto , Ikegai Kazuhiro
Published: September 2006

A convenient method for copper(II)-catalyzed O-phenylation of simple alcohols with organobismuth(V) compounds under mild conditions is described. Treatment of tetraphenylbismuth fluoride (Ph4BiF) with various simple alcohols in the presence of a catalytic amount of CuII acetate affords the corresponding phenyl ethers in good yields and the present reaction is successfully applied to the prepararion of various tert-alkyl phenyl ethers.
Fabrication and Characterization of Porous Copper Nanorods with Rectangular Cross Sections
Authors: Zhang Xiaojun , Zhang Dongen , Ni Xiaomin , Zheng Huagui
Published: September 2006

Porous copper nanorods with rectangular cross sections have been successfully prepared in high yield via a hydrothermal reduction process at a relative low temperature. The phase and morphology of products were analyzed by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). An interesting red shift was observed in the optical absorption measurement and attributable to the porous nanorod with rectangular cross sections.
Watching the Transformation from Au Nanoparticles to Microplates
Authors: Wang Dongjun , Imae Toyoko
Published: September 2006

The transformation from Au nanoparticles to microplates was observed. Triangular and hexagonal Au microplates with canal-like stripes were finally formed. It was proposed that Au atoms or ions “flowed” along limited path on Au(111) surface toward edge of microplates.
Symposium on ear surgery. V. Treatment of aberrant carotid arteries in the middle ear: A report of two cases
Authors: Ruggles Richard L. , Reed Robert C.
Published: September 2006

Two cases are described in which aberrant carotid arteries were encountered in the middle ear. The course of the arteries through the tympanum was from posterior to anterior at the level of the promontory. In both cases a bony defect was present in the promontory, below the cochlea.

Pre‐operative evaluation included carotid arteriograms and jugular venograms. Polytomograms of the middle ear showed the bony defect of the promontory.

The technique of repair stressed maintenance of carotid blood flow. The arteries were covered by a temporalis fascia graft, then compressed into the promontory defect or canal with a bone graft obtained from the posterior wall of the ear canal. The bone graft was then covered by another fascia graft. Because carotid blood flow is not interrupted, danger of cerebrovascular accidents and neurologic sequelae are minimized in this operation. One patient has an unexplained neurosensory hearing loss, while the other has a mild conductive loss. They suffer no other ill effects and have returned to full function.

Reference is made to possible anomalous development of the internal carotid artery.
Symposium on ear diseases. IV. Occupational hearing loss — recent guidelines and statutes of interest to the otolaryngologist
Authors: Fox Meyer S.
Published: September 2006

Recent federal and state guidelines for permissible noise exposure levels have created renewed interest in the industrial noise problem. The purpose of this presentation is to review the provisions of the noise criteria, to discuss the role of the otologist, and to call attention to areas of inconsistency and conflict in the medical legal evaluation of hearing loss claims.
Clinical examples of resolution of some idiopathic and other chronic disease by careful allergic management
Authors: Bryan William T. K. , Bryan Marian P.
Published: September 2006

A series of complicated cases is presented in which the aspect of allergy and its careful management influenced the resolution and control of the disease.

Examples consist of patients with severe headache, nasal obstruction, pharyngitis, Ménière's disease, gastrointestinal trouble — especially vomiting and diarrhea, anorexia nervosa, bronchiectasis, and severe chronic otitis externa with generalized eczema.

The methods used to detect the allergic factors are mentioned, and the treatment necessary to bring about resolution of the diseases is discussed.

Pertinent knowledge obtained from each case is elucidated.
Surgical parotitis
Authors: Yonkers Anthony J. , Krous Henry F. , Yarington C. T.
Published: September 2006

Surgical parotitis is an acute inflammation of the parotid gland which occurs in the postoperative period and carries a high mortality. The most commonly accepted mechanism is penicillin resistant staphylococci ascending through Stensen's duct. Eleven cases which occurred at the University of Nebraska and Omaha Veterans Administration Hospital between 1948‐1971 were studied from the standpoint of etiology, treatment and prognosis. The disease was noted to occur in patients with poor oral hygiene and dehydration from six to 107 days postoperatively, but frequently appeared within two weeks. The disease manifested itself as a red, swollen, tender parotid gland, leukocytosis, and a low grade to moderate temperature elevation. Staphylococcus aureus was uniformly recovered in those cases which included culture. The organism was usually hemolytic and resistant to penicillin. Important points concerning prevention and treatment are outlined below.

Preventive Measures.

Making sure the patient has an adequate fluid intake.

Correction of nutritional and vitamin deficiencies.

Frequent gargles and mouth irrigations.

Pre‐operative correction of dental caries, pyorrhea, and pharyngitis.

Minimal use of belladonna drugs pre‐operatively.

Minimize trauma during anesthesia.

Discourage use of prophylactic‐antibiotics.

Non‐Operative Measures.

Correction of dehydration, nutritional metabolic and vitamin deficiencies.

Warm, moist packs.

Lemon or orange juice to stimulate salivary flow.

Mouth irrigations.

Antibiotics.

Irradiation, 75R to gland daily for five days, has been used in selected cases with success.

Operative.

Incision and drainage of the gland parenchyma.

Prognosis depends upon the basic disease entity and response to measures for parotitis.
Symposium on malignancy. II. Occult regional metastasis: Carcinoma of the oral tongue
Authors: Lee J. G. , Litton Ward B.
Published: September 2006

Review of charts of 158 patients with carcinoma of the oral tongue revealed 108 (68 percent) were clinically free of cervical metastasis upon presentation. Patients who were found to have microscopic metastases after elective neck dissection and patients who developed cervical metastases but never a local recurrence were said to have occult regional metastases.

The incidence of occult metastases was 23 percent with no difference between T1, T2, and T3 lesions. Determinant survival rates of the T1N0M0 groups were 83 percent and 57 percent at two and five years respectively. Survival rates of the T1N0M0 patients who had occult metastases were comparable (82 percent and 50 percent respectively). Survival rates of patients with T2N0M0 and T3N0M0 lesions with occult metastases were lower than for all patients in each of the two groups.

The incidence of local recurrence in these same 108 patients was 27 percent with the incidence highest in the T2N0M0 group (31 percent). Survival rates of these patients, especially of those who developed regional metastases, were lower in all three groups of patients.

The combined use of pre‐operative irradiation with cobalt 60 followed by en bloc resection of the primary tumor with the regional lymphatics has been very effective to date.

The following conclusions are based on retrospective study of carcinoma of the oral tongue.

The incidence of occult regional metastasis is the same for T1 and T2 primary cancers of the oral tongue.

To date, combined therapy is resulting in higher survival rates in patients with larger oral tongue carcinomas.

To increase the probability of cure, elective treatment of regional lymphatics either by radical neck dissection or irradiation should be considered in the treatment of T1N0M0 epidermoid carcinoma of the oral tongue.
Symposium on malignancy. III. The curative, palliative, and adjunctive uses of cryosurgery in the head and neck
Authors: Desanto Lawrence W.
Published: September 2006

The tissue‐destructive, adhesive, hemostatic, and immunogenic properties of cryogenic therapy are sometimes useful in treating head and neck tumors. Successful cryosurgery for necrosis of a tumor requires that the entire mass, be accessible. Lethal subzero temperatures, rapid rate of freeze to the initial temperature, slow spontaneous thaw, and refreeze, are also requisites for cryonecrosis. The results of cryosurgery in a series of 44 patients treated for cure or palliation or as adjunctive therapy from 1968 to 1970 are limited but encouraging.
Symposium on malignancy. IV. Neurogenic. Tumors of the parapharyngeal space
Authors: Brandenburg James H.
Published: September 2006

Twelve patients with neurogenic tumors of the parapharyngeal space are reviewed. Ten of the tumors were benign and surgically removed. The two malignant tumors in this series, a malignant schwannoma and a neuroblastoma, were unresectible, and both of these patients died of their disease.
Microscopic laryngology: Teaching techniques
Authors: Tardy M. Eugene
Published: September 2006

Microscopic laryngoscopy can augment the skills of the laryngologist by adding increased magnification, depth perception and bimanual micromanipulation during direct laryngoscopy.

By interfacing the Zeiss operating microscope to a low‐light‐sensitive high‐resolution color television camera, via a fiberoptic bundle, the surgeon may operate and teach, unencumbered by the addition of television equipment. This unique capability enhances the teaching of laryngology by:

Crystallizing the three‐dimensional anatomical visual image of the student.

Allowing appreciation of the dynamic laryngeal view during direct laryngoscopy.

Demonstrating the fine, accurate maneuvers of laryngeal instruments.

Allowing the instructor to monitor visually the surgical actions of the novice, advising and directing his manipulations, while allowing the student to gain personal surgical skills and confidence.

Demonstrating laryngeal lesions and surgery to an unlimited audience.

Recording on color videotape, laryngeal anatomy, lesions and surgery.
Esthetic anatomy of the nose
Authors: Bernstein Leslie
Published: September 2006

The sex, age, body build and general facial characteristics should influence the pre‐operative considerations in designing an “ideal” nose for any patient requesting a corrective rhinoplasty.

Certain acceptable points of difference between the desired “male” and “female” noses are described. The process of aging also affects the appearance of the nose; and such changes should be taken into consideration when planning a rhinoplasty on an older patient, so that there should be harmony of all the facial features. There are certain other characteristics of nasal physiognomy to be considered pre‐operatively in respect to the patient's height as well as the general shape of the face and the outline of the profile; moreover, consideration should be given to possible desirable changes that may be brought about in altering an existing malocclusion or an imbalance between the jaws.

The features of an “ideal” nose are described. It is suggested that, in comparing a given nose with the imaginary “ideal” for any specific patient, the deformities that require correction — providing they are considered amenable to correction — may be noted in a piecemeal fashion. This is recommended for the inexperienced surgeon who is not very esthetically minded, to enable him to evaluate the sum of deformities preoperatively, and to tackle them step‐by‐step at the operation.
THE value of gallium07 scanning in the evaluation of head and neck malignancy
Authors: Smith Norman J. , Teates Charles D. , El‐Mahdi Anas M. , Fitz‐Hugh G. Slaughter , Constable William C.
Published: September 2006

Gallium (07Ga) citrate is a scanning agent that has been shown to have a differential uptake in a variety of malignancies. Investigation of the usefulness of 07Ga scanning in patients with proven squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck region is now in progress. These patients have a 07Ga total body scan as part of the pre‐treatment evaluation. The accuracy of the procedure is then judged by correlation with clinical and surgical findings. The results in 25 patients show that a clearly positive uptake occurs in 60 percent in the region of the primary. Uptake in metastatic disease in lymph nodes is much less, occurring in 6 of 18 sides of the neck. In one case, where clinical examination was considered to be negative, the gallium scan was positive and subsequently proven to be correct by histological examination of the surgical specimen. The various difficulties encountered in interpreting gallium scans in the head and neck region are described. It is felt that by improved patient selection and special techniques the yield of positive cases can be improved and unsuspected extension of malignancy demonstrated.
Laryngeal structure following microcauterization
Authors: Kirchner Fernando R.
Published: September 2006

This paper supports and reaffirms the objectives of contemporary laryngology in the treatment of cancer of this organ. These objectives are, first and foremost, the eradication of the tumor, and second, the preservation of function. A relatively recent contribution to the “state of the art” has been the development of the field of microlaryngology. The introduction of the surgical microscope has provided the laryngologist with better means to judge the type, localization and extent of neoplastic lesions.

Reports indicate that superficial limited carcinomas of the larynx with good vocal cord mobility can be successfully treated by vocal cord stripping and/or radiotherapy. This paper presents the serious challenge posed by these limited tumors when they recur after radiotherapy. In a selected number of these patients radical surgery has been prevented by treating these recurrent tumors with the microcautery. Some of these patients, so treated, have been free of disease for more than three years after their recurrent tumors were destroyed with the microcautery. During this time these patients have enjoyed adequate voices.

Extensive studies that have been performed in dogs with the microcautery indicate that:

An excellent recovery of the larynx is the rule, if microcauterization is carried out superficially. These initial experiments were performed in 10 dogs duplicating the type and extension of microcauterization; as this procedure is usually performed clinically in the treatment of patients.

The anterior and posterior commissures of the larynx were found understandably vulnerable to exaggerated degrees of cauterization.
Incisions
Authors: Arena Sebastian
Published: September 2006

The philosophy and general principles of incisions in laryngeal excision‐al surgery are discussed. The major types of incisions are named, described and examined in relationship to the blood supply to the skin flaps and its adaptation to carotid artery protection and stomal formation. The importance of the incision as a composite part of the operation is stressed.
Management of chylous fistulas
Authors: Myers Eugene N. , Dinerman William S.
Published: September 2006

Chylous fistula following radical neck dissection is a disturbing and potentially serious complication. Meticulous surgical technique in the areas of the thoracic duct on the left and the lymphatic ducts on the right will usually prevent the occurrence of a chylous leak. If one should develop, however, a pressure dressing alone is usually not sufficient to tamponade the leaking vessel. The patient should be returned to the operating room where the leak is identified and ligated.

Loss of chyle from the body will rapidly deplete the body stores of fluid, proteins, and electrolytes. Careful monitoring of serum electrolytes and proteins and accurate replacement of these substances is essential.

The anatomy, physiology, surgical technique, and treatment of the lymphatics and chylous fistulas at the base of the neck are considered herein.
Rhinorrhea with airway obstruction
Authors: Passy V. , Newcron S. , Snyder S.
Published: September 2006

Life endangering airway obstructions have many facets and causes. Rhinorrhea is a symptom whose etiology may be overlooked if an immediate crisis of airway obstruction is present. Unless the cause for the obstruction or rhinorrhea is investigated it may go undetected and continue to present further problems for the patient. This is especially true of infants under six months of age who are obligate nasal breathers. The following are three cases representing this problem.
Use of metal complexes to synthesize semiconductor nanoparticles
Authors: Revaprasadu N. , Mlondo S. N.
Published: September 2006

Research in materials with dimensions of the order of nanometers has made a huge impact on the scientific community in the past decade. Chemists play an important role in this area of research as they endeavor to prepare pure, crystalline, surface-derivatized nanoparticles, which can be processed in potential applications. This review describes some of the routes to nanoparticles with particular emphasis on the use of metal complexes in the preparation of high-quality nanoparticles. The synthesis of II/VI semiconductor nanoparticles such as CdSe, CdS, ZnS, and PbS using the single molecular precursor route is reviewed in detail. The synthesis of some III/V semiconductor materials is also briefly discussed. Finally, current work on the shape control of nanoparticles is described. The mechanism of growth induced by variation of reaction conditions is discussed using CdSe nanoparticles as an example.
Printed nanoparticulate composites for silicon thick-film electronics
Authors: Britton David T. , Härting M.
Published: September 2006

The production of active semiconductor thick-film components typically involves the deposition of precursor materials and subsequent thermal processing to produce a massive semiconductor layer. In this paper, we present electronic materials, based on nanoparticulate silicon, to produce the active semiconducting layer, which can simply be printed onto low-temperature substrates such as paper. Particular emphasis will be given to the structure, morphology, and composition of the nanoparticles, which are produced by either gas-phase decomposition of silane or mechanical attrition of bulk silicon. Of further importance are the electrical characteristics of the composite materials, in which the active semiconductor is formed from an interconnecting backbone of silicon particles. These will be discussed for example structures, including junction field effect transistors (FETs), insulated-gate FETs, and photodiodes.
Designing ordered nanoarrays from aqueous solutions
Authors: Vayssieres Lionel
Published: September 2006

The design and large-scale fabrication of ordered arrays consisting of advanced and well-defined building blocks such as quantum dots, nanorods, and nanowires is essential to the creation of new devices based on nanoscience. A concept as well as a growth model and a thin film technique have been developed by the author to contribute to these challenges. These ideas and synthesis method led to the creation of a new generation of functional materials from aqueous solutions with designed morphology and orientation, which are in better adequacy with their applications. Nanomaterials are growing directly onto various substrates by heteronucleation from the thermohydrolysis of aqueous metal salt precursors. Although this bottom-up technique allows the generation of anisotropic and oriented building blocks of various length scales and on many types of substrates, it is carried out without template, surfactant, applied field, or undercoating. Therefore, high-purity, low-cost, and large-scale fabrication of advanced nanomaterials is achieved. In addition, the direct contact growth between 1-D building blocks and their substrate is an essential feature to take full advantage of oriented nanorods, that is, a direct path for electron/hole transport. This specific conformation is of particular interest in developing more efficient devices such as sensors and photovoltaic cells.
Formation of ordered cobalt nanowire arrays in the mesoporous silica channels
Authors: Chernysheva Marina V. , Sapoletova Nina A. , Eliseev Andrei A. , Lukashin Alexey V. , Tretyakov Yuri D. , Goernert Peter
Published: September 2006

Here we report the synthesis and investigation of cobalt nanowire arrays using mesoporous silica as a host material. In the present work, a novel variant of synthesis of ordered magnetic nanowires in the mesoporous silica matrix was suggested. The method is based on incorporation of a hydrophobic metal compound Co2(CO)8 into the hydrophobic part of the silica-surfactant composite. The amount of cobalt intercalated into the mesoporous matrix was measured by chemical analysis (~5 wt %). Additional thermal modification was performed in order to provide a crystallization process of the cobalt nanowires. The prepared nanocomposites were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), small-angle X-ray spectroscopy (SAXS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), nitrogen capillary adsorption method (BET and BJH), and magnetic measurements. The anisotropy parameters of nanowires were determined using temperature dependence of magnetic susceptibility. For cobalt-containing sample annealed at 300 °C (form factor of nanowire higher than 16), the coercive force at room temperature was found to be 42.2 kA/m at saturation magnetization of 0.5 A.m2/kg, which is nearly sufficient for modern information recording media. According to TEM studies, cobalt particles are uniform and well ordered in the silica matrix. Thus, the suggested method leads to one-dimensional anisotropic nanostructures, which could find an application in high-density data storage devices.
Layered double hydroxide nanomaterials as potential cellular drug delivery agents
Authors: Xu Zhi Ping , Lu G. Q. (Max)
Published: September 2006

This paper briefly reviews the recent progress in using layered double hydroxide (LDH) nanomaterials as cellular delivery agents. The advantages of LDHs as cellular delivery agents are summarized, and the processes of interaction/de-intercalation of anionic drugs (genes) into/from LDH nanoparticles are discussed. Then the cellular delivery of LDH-drug (gene) nanohybrids and subsequent intracellular processes are presumably proposed. At the end, some challenges and remarks for efficient delivery of drugs (genes) via LDH nanoparticles are provided to the best of our knowledge.
Sulfonated polyether ether ketone (PEEK-WC)/phosphotungstic acid composite: Preparation and characterization of the fuel cell membranes
Authors: Shan Ji , Vaivars Guntars , Luo Hongze , Mohamed Rushanah , Linkov Vladimir
Published: September 2006

Sulfonated poly(oxa-p-phenylene-3,3-phthalido-p-phenylene-oxa-p-phenylene-oxy-phenylene) (PEEK-WC) membranes with various degrees of sulfonation (DS) were prepared, and their electrochemical and thermal properties were studied. Composites were formed by adding the hydrated phosphotungstic acid (PWA). The membrane (DS = 0.96, PWA = 50 %) conductivity was increased to 3.5 x 10-2 S cm-1 at room temperature and 6.0 x 10-2 S cm-1 at 80 °C. The composite membrane with a low amount of PWA embedded, showed lower methanol crossover in comparison to Nafion®. The addition of PWA increased the water retention of the composite membrane.
Magnetic nanoparticles: Properties and potential applications
Authors: Vatta Laura L. , Sanderson Ron D. , Koch Klaus R.
Published: September 2006

Magnetic particles may be used to selectively attach and manipulate or transport targeted species to a desired location under the influence of an external magnetic field. By virtue of their size, magnetic nanoparticles are superparamagnetic, offering great potential in a variety of applications in their bare form or through coating with a surface coating and functional group chosen for a specific application. In this paper, and in order to illustrate this concept, three applications for the use of magnetic nanoparticles will be discussed, namely, in magnetic liquids for densimetric separation, in therapeutic and diagnostic testing, and in effluent processing and metal ion removal.
Altered Expression of β-catenin, E-cadherin, Cycloxygenase-2, and p53 Protein by Ovine Intestinal Adenocarcinoma Cells
Authors: Munday J. S. , Brennan M. M. , Kiupel M.
Published: September 2006

Around 1.6% of sheep in New Zealand develop small-intestinal adenocarcinomas. These neoplasms typically develop widespread metastases. The common development of these neoplasms and their subsequent behavior suggests that sheep could be a useful animal model of human colonic cancer. However, for an animal model of human disease to be relevant, similar genetic mutations should be present. Genetic mutations within human colonic cancers frequently result in expression of cycloxygenase-2 (COX-2), loss of membranous expression of β-catenin and E-cadherin, and accumulation of p53 protein within the neoplastic cells. Immunohistochemistry was used to investigate the presence of these 4 proteins within 26 ovine intestinal adenocarcinomas. Loss of membranous β-catenin reactivity was observed in 14 of 26 ovine intestinal adenocarcinomas (54%). The loss of membranous β-catenin reactivity was accompanied by cytoplasmic and nuclear reactivity in 2 neoplasms. Loss of E-cadherin was observed within 8 of 26 neoplasms (31%). Neoplastic cell expression of COX-2 was observed in 12 of 26 neoplasms (46%), whereas cells within 3 of 26 neoplasms (11%) contained visible p53 protein. In conclusion, all 4 proteins that commonly have altered expression in human colonic cancers were also altered in a proportion of the ovine intestinal adenocarcinomas. These results provide additional evidence that sheep could be useful for the study of human colonic cancer.
Canine Hemophagocytic Histiocytic Sarcoma: A Proliferative Disorder of CD11d+ Macrophages
Authors: Moore P. F. , Affolter V. K. , Vernau W.
Published: September 2006

Histiocytic disorders of dogs include histiocytoma, localized histiocytic sarcoma (HS), disseminated HS (malignant histocytosis), and the reactive histiocytoses: cutaneous and systemic. A common element to these diseases is proliferation of dendritic cells (DC) of either Langerhans cell (epithelial DC) or interstitial DC lineage. In this report, 17 dogs with hemophagocytic HS are described. Breeds affected included Bernese Mountain Dog (6), Golden Retriever (4), Rottweiler (3), Labrador Retriever (2), a mixed-breed dog, and a Schnauzer, which were from 2.5 to 13 years old. The dogs presented with Coombs negative responsive anemia in 16/17 dogs (94%), thrombocytopenia in 15/17 dogs (88%), hypoalbuminemia in 16/17 dogs (94%), and hypocholesterolemia in 11/16 dogs (69%). All dogs died or were euthanized. The clinical course ranged from 2 to 32 weeks (mean 7.1 weeks). Diffuse splenomegaly with ill-defined masses was consistently present. Microscopic lesions were prevalent in spleen, liver, lung, and bone marrow. Metastasis occurred by insidious intravascular invasion with minimal mass formation. Histiocytes were markedly erythrophagocytic and accompanied by foci of extramedullary hemopoiesis. Cytologically, the histiocytes varied from well differentiated to atypical, with atypia more prevalent in spleen than bone marrow. These tumors arose from splenic red pulp and bone marrow macrophages, which expressed major histocompatibility complex class II and the β2 integrin, CD11d. They had low and/or inconsistent expression of CD1 and CD11c, which are dominantly expressed by canine nonhemophagocytic HS of DC origin. Canine histiocytic proliferative diseases now encompass proliferation of all members of the myeloid histiocytic lineage: Langerhans cells, interstitial DC, and macrophages.
Cyclooxygenase-2 Expression in Normal and Neoplastic Canine Mammary Cell Lines
Authors: Brunelle M. , Sartin E. A. , Wolfe L. G. , Sirois J. , Doré M.
Published: September 2006

Mammary cancer is the most common cancer in female dogs. Induction of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), a key enzyme in prostaglandins (PGs) biosynthesis, has been demonstrated in various cancers in humans and dogs, including mammary cancer. The objective of this study was to investigate the expression and regulation of COX-2 in canine mammary epithelial cells. Cell lines derived from normal and neoplastic canine mammary glands were cultured in the absence or presence of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), and immunoblots, immunocytochemistry, radioimmunoassays, and a cell proliferation assay were used to study COX-2 expression and PGs production. Results showed that the neoplastic cell line CMT12 constitutively overexpressed COX-2 protein whereas other mammary cell lines expressed low to undetectable basal levels of COX-2 protein. Basal PGE2 production was significantly higher ( P < .05) in CMT12 compared to other cell lines. Levels of COX-2 protein in CMT12 decreased in a time-dependent manner with serum starvation, and PMA stimulation induced a strong time-dependent increase in COX-2 protein. Treatment of CMT12 cells with NS-398 (a specific COX-2 inhibitor) significantly blocked PGE2 synthesis and reduced cell proliferation ( P < .05). These results indicate that some neoplastic canine mammary cell lines constitutively overexpress COX-2, and that COX-2 inhibition decreases PGE2 production and cell proliferation, supporting a role for COX-2 and PGs in canine mammary oncogenesis.
Transitional Cell Carcinoma in Fishing Cats (Prionailurus viverrinus): Pathology and Expression of Cyclooxygenase-1, -2, and p53
Authors: Landolfi J. A. , Terio K. A.
Published: September 2006

A high prevalence of urinary bladder transitional-cell carcinoma (TCC) has been noted in captive fishing cats ( Prionailurus viverrinus). Of the 91 adult deaths between 1995 and 2004, 12 (13%) were attributed to TCC. To help elucidate mechanisms of carcinogenesis, archival sections of urinary bladder from 14 fishing cats were examined histologically and immunohistochemically for p53, cyclooxygenase (COX)-1, and COX-2 expression. Ten cats had TCC, and 4 were unaffected. The average age at death was 10.8 years in affected individuals and 10.5 years in unaffected individuals. There was no sex predilection. Fishing cat TCCs were characterized histologically as papillary and infiltrating ( n = 6), nonpapillary and infiltrating ( n = 3), or carcinoma in situ ( n = 1). Glandular and squamous metaplasia, necrosis, and lymphatic invasion were prominent histologic features. Two individuals had documented metastasis. p53 nuclear immunolabeling was detected in 4/10 (40%) TCCs. In two cases, immunolabeling was limited to less than 10% of the neoplastic cellular population and was comparable to staining of normal fishing cat bladder. Therefore, p53 gene mutation did not appear to be an essential component of TCC carcinogenesis in examined fishing cats. COX-1 immunohistochemistry was negative in all cases. All TCCs had some degree of COX-2 cytoplasmic immunolabeling, which was exclusively within the invasive portions of the neoplasms. Papillary portions were uniformly negative. COX-2 overexpression was a prominent feature in the majority of the examined fishing cat TCCs, suggesting that COX-2-mediated mechanisms of carcinogenesis are important in this species and that COX-inhibiting drugs may be of therapeutic benefit.
Neurohistologic and Ultrastructural Lesions in Cattle Experimentally Intoxicated with the Plant Prosopis juliflora
Authors: Tabosa I. M. , Riet-Correa F. , Barros S. S. , Summers B. A. , Simões S. V. D. , Medeiros R. M. T. , Nobre V. M. T.
Published: September 2006

Intoxication by pods of Prosopis juliflora (mesquite beans) causes an impairment of cranial nerve function in cattle and goats. In goats, vacuolation of neurons in the trigeminal motor nuclei has been reported. To study the lesions in cattle caused by consumption of P. juliflora pods and dry ground pods, eight 6- to 12-month-old male cattle were divided into 4 groups: group 1 was fed a ration containing 50% of pods; groups 2 and 3 received a ration containing 50 and 75% of dry ground pods, respectively; group 4 was the control. After 200 days, all cattle were killed and sampled for histologic evaluation. Samples of the trigeminal motor nucleus were examined by electron microscopy. All cattle from groups 1, 2, and 3 showed clinical signs resulting from impaired function of cranial nerves V, IX, X, and XII, starting 45-75 days after consumption of the plant. The main histologic lesions were vacuolation and loss of neurons in trigeminal motor nuclei and other motor cranial nerve nuclei with Wallerian-like degeneration in the cranial nerves. Mild denervation atrophy was observed in the masseter and other masticatory muscles. On electron microscopy, neurons of the trigeminal nuclei had markedly swollen mitochondria, with the mitochondrial cristae displaced peripherally, disoriented and disintegrating. Intoxication by P. juliflora seems to have a novel pathogenesis, characterized by a selective, primary, chronic, and progressive injury to mitochondria of neurons of the trigeminal and other cranial nerve nuclei. Cranial nerve degeneration and denervation atrophy of the muscles occurs as a consequence of the neuronal lesion.
Chlamydia-related abortions in Cattle from Graubunden, Switzerland
Authors: Borel N. , Thoma R. , Spaeni P. , Weilenmann R. , Teankum K. , Brugnera E. , Zimmermann D. R. , Vaughan L. , Pospischil A.
Published: September 2006

In 2001, the first case of bovine chlamydial abortion was reported in canton Graubunden, Switzerland. In this region, Chlamydophila (Cp.) abortus is endemic in small ruminants. Hence, we aimed to investigate the incidence of chlamydia-related abortions in cattle from Graubunden. During breeding seasons of 2003-2004, formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded placenta specimens ( n = 235) from late-term abortions in cattle were analyzed by histopathology, immunohistochemistry with a Chlamydiaceae-specific monoclonal antibody against chlamydial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and 2 different polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods (16 S ribosomal ribonucleic acid [rRNA] PCR, intergenic spacer [IGS-S] PCR), followed by PCR product sequencing. In 149 of 235 cases (63.4%), histopathologic lesions such as purulent and/or necrotizing placentitis were observed. Chlamydial antigen was clearly demonstrated in immunohistochemistry in only 1 of 235 cases (0.4%). Cp. abortus or Cp. psittaci was found in 12 of 235 (5.1%) and 10 of 235 cases (4.2%) by 16 S rRNA PCR and IGS-S PCR, respectively. However, we detected, by 16 S rRNA PCR, 43 of 235 cases (18.3%) to be positive for chlamydia-like organisms. In contrast to the situation in small ruminants in the canton Graubunden, bovine abortion from Cp. abortus seems not to play an important role. Nevertheless, zoonotic potential should be taken into account when handling abortion material from cattle. The significance of chlamydia-like isolates other than Waddlia chondrophila remains an open question in abortion and needs further investigation.
Abnormal Prion Accumulation Associated with Retinal Pathology in Experimentally Inoculated Scrapie-Affected Sheep
Authors: Greenlee J. J. , Hamir A. N. , Greenlee M. H. West
Published: September 2006

The purpose of this study was to characterize the patterns of PrPSc immunoreactivity in the retinae of scrapie-affected sheep and to determine the extent of retinal pathology as indicated by glial fibrillary acidic protein immunoreactivity (GFAP-IR) of Müller glia. Sections from the retina of 13 experimentally inoculated scrapie-affected and 2 negative control sheep were examined with immunohistochemical staining for PrPSc, GFAP, and PrPSc/GFAP double staining. GFAP-IR of Müller glia is suggestive of retinal pathology in the absence of morphologic abnormality detected by light microscopy. Sheep with the least amount of PrPSc in the retina have multifocal punctate aggregates of prion staining in the outer half of the inner plexiform layer and rarely in the outer plexiform layer. In these retinae, GFAP-IR is not localized with prion accumulation, but rather is present in moderate numbers of Müller glia throughout the sections of retina examined. The majority of sheep with retinal accumulation of PrPSc have intense, diffuse PrPSc staining in both plexiform layers, with immunoreactivity in the cytoplasm of multiple ganglion cells and lesser amounts in the optic fiber layer and between nuclei in nuclear layers. This intense PrPSc immunoreactivity is associated with diffuse, intense GFAP-IR that extends from the inner limiting membrane to the outer limiting membrane. This is the first report of a prion disease in a natural host that describes the accumulation of PrPSc in retina associated with retinal pathology in the absence of overt morphologic changes indicative of retinal degeneration.
Nasal Oncocytoma in a Domestic Shorthair Cat
Authors: Doughty R. W. , Brockman D. , Neiger R. , McKinney L.
Published: September 2006

An oncocytoma was diagnosed in the nasal cavity of a 12-year-old Domestic Shorthair cat who presented with periocular swelling and sneezing. Histologic examination from biopsy material revealed monomorphic sheets, anastomosing cords, tubules, and acini composed of large polygonal to oval cells that contained abundant finely granular eosinophilic cytoplasm. No vascular or lymphatic invasions were noted. Histochemical stains revealed positive staining of tumor cells with periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) (before and after diastase digestion) and phosphotungstic acid-hematoxylin. Immunohistochemical evaluation of the tumor cells demonstrated positive staining for cytokeratin and negative staining for vimentin, desmin, S-100, glial fibrillar acidic protein, and neuronal specific enolase. Ultrastructurally, the tumor cells contained large numbers of mitochondria within their cytoplasm, which confirmed a diagnosis of oncocytoma.
Immunohistochemical Identification and Pathologic Findings in Natural Cases of Equine Abortion Caused by Leptospiral Infection
Authors: Szeredi L. , Haake D. A.
Published: September 2006

The aim of this study was to examine the utility of immunohistochemistry (IHC) in the diagnosis of leptospiral equine abortion and to compare IHC to silver staining and serology of the aborted mares. Ninety-six fetuses from 57 farms were examined using all 3 diagnostic techniques, revealing evidence of leptospiral infection in 3 fetuses (3.1%) from 3 (5.3%) different farms. A new finding in 1 of these confirmed cases of leptospiral abortion was the presence of macroscopic pinpoint grayish-white nodules that had a histologic correlate of hepatic necrosis; other histologic findings were consistent with those previously reported. IHC performed using 2 different leptospiral antisera (multivalent whole-cell rabbit antiserum and rabbit antiserum against the major outer membrane protein LipL32) yielded similar results. IHC was more sensitive (19/21 [90.5%] tissue samples) than silver staining (8/21 [38.1%] tissue samples), and more specific than serology performed using the microscopic agglutination test. The primary advantage of IHC over silver staining was the ability of IHC to identify leptospiral antigen not only as morphologically intact spiral forms.