bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quantifying the impact of aerosol scattering on the retrieval of methane from airborne remote sensing measurements
Authors: Huang Yunxia , Natraj Vijay , Zeng Zhaocheng , Yung Yuk L.
Published: May 2020

Abstract. As a greenhouse gas with strong global warming potential, atmospheric methane (CH4) emissions have attracted a great deal of attention. Remote sensing measurements can provide information about CH4 sources and emissions. However, accurate assessment of CH4 emissions is challenging due to the influence of aerosol scattering in the atmosphere. In this study, imaging spectroscopic measurements from the Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer–Next Generation (AVIRIS-NG) in the short-wave infrared are used to analyze the impact of aerosol scattering on CH4 retrievals. Using a numerically efficient two-stream-exact-single-scattering radiative transfer model, we also simulate AVIRIS-NG measurements for different scenarios and quantify the impact of aerosol scattering using two retrieval techniques – the traditional Matched Filter (MF) method and the Optimal Estimation (OE) method, which is a popular approach for trace gas retrievals. The results show that the MF method exhibits up to 50 % lower fractional retrieval bias compared to the OE method at high CH4 concentrations (> 100 % enhancement over typical background values) and is suitable for detecting strong CH4 emissions, while the OE method is an optimal technique for diffuse sources (
Radar Imaging with EISCAT 3D
Authors: Stamm Johann , Vierinen Juha , Urco Juan M. , Gustavsson Björn , Chau Jorge L.
Published: May 2020

Abstract. A new incoherent scatter radar called EISCAT 3D is being constructed in Northern Scandinavia. It will have the capability of producing volumetric images of ionospheric plasma parameters using aperture synthesis radar imaging. This study uses the current design of EISCAT 3D to explore the theoretical radar imaging performance and compares numerical techniques that could be used in practice. Of all imaging algorithms surveyed, the singular value decomposition with regularization gave the best results and was also found to be the most computationally efficient. The estimated imaging performance indicates that the radar will be capable of detecting features down to approximately 90x90 m at a height of 100 km, which corresponds to a ~0.05° angular resolution. The temporal resolution is dependent on the signal-to-noise ratio and range resolution. The signal-to-noise ratio calculations indicate that high resolution imaging of auroral precipitation is feasible. For example, with a range resolution of 1500 m, a time resolution of 10 seconds, and an electron density of 2·1011 m−3, the correlation function estimates for radar scatter from the E-region can be measured with an uncertainty of 5 %. At a time resolution of 10 s and an image resolution of 90x90 m, the relative estimation error standard deviation of the image intensity is 10 %. Dividing the transmitting array into multiple independent transmitters to get at multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) interferometer system is also studied and this technique is found to increase imaging performance through improved visibility coverage. However, an estimate shows that this reduces the signal-to-noise ratio. MIMO is therefore only useful for the most brightest targets, such as meteors, polar mesospheric summer and winter echoes, and satellites. The results show that radar imaging of is feasible with the EISCAT 3D radar, and that the use of the MIMO technique should be explored further.
Ice formation on lake surfaces in winter causes warm-season bias of lacustrine brGDGT temperature estimates
Authors: Cao Jiantao , Rao Zhiguo , Shi Fuxi , Jia Guodong
Published: May 2020

Abstract. It has been frequently found that lacustrine branched glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers (brGDGT)-derived temperatures are
warm-season-biased relative to measured mean annual air temperature (AT) in
the middle to high latitudes, the mechanism of which, however, is not very
clear. Here, we investigated the brGDGTs from catchment soils, suspended
particulate matter (SPM) and surface sediments in different water depths in
Gonghai Lake in northern China to explore this question. Our results showed
that the brGDGT distribution in sediments resembled that in the SPM but
differed from the surrounding soils, suggesting a substantial aquatic origin
of the brGDGTs in the lake. Moreover, the increase in brGDGT content and
decrease in methylation index with water depth in sediments suggested more
contribution of aquatic brGDGTs produced from deep or bottom waters. Therefore,
established lake-specific calibrations were applied to estimate local mean
annual AT. As usual, the estimates were significantly higher than the
measured mean annual AT. However, they were similar to (and thus actually
reflected) the mean annual lake water temperature (LWT). Interestingly, the
mean annual LWT is close to the measured mean warm-season AT, thus
suggesting that the apparent warm-season bias of lacustrine brGDGT-derived
temperatures could be caused by the discrepancy between AT and LWT. In our
study region, ice forms at the lake surface during winter, leading to
isolation of the underlying lake water from air and hence higher LWT than
AT, while LWT basically follows AT during warm seasons when ice disappears.
Therefore, we think that lacustrine brGDGTs actually reflected the mean
annual LWT, which is higher than the mean annual AT in our study location.
Since the decoupling between LWT and AT in winter due to ice formation is a
universal physical phenomenon in the middle to high latitudes, we propose this
phenomenon could be also the reason for the widely observed warm-season bias
of brGDGT-derived temperatures in other seasonally surface ice-forming
lakes, especially in shallow lakes.
Sea Ice dynamics at the Western Antarctic Peninsula during the industrial era: a multi-proxy intercomparison study
Authors: Vorrath Maria-Elena , Müller Juliane , Rebolledo Lorena , Cárdenas Paola , Shi Xiaoxu , Esper Oliver , Opel Thomas , Geibert Walter , Muñoz Práxedes , Haas Christian , Lange Carina B. , Lohmann Gerrit , Mollenhauer Gesine
Published: May 2020

Abstract. In the last decades, changing climate conditions have had a severe impact on sea ice at the Western Antarctic Peninsula (WAP), an area rapidly transforming under global warming. To study the development of spring sea ice and environmental conditions in the pre-satellite era we investigated three short marine sediment cores for their biomarker inventory with particular focus on the sea ice proxy IPSO25 and micropaleontological proxies. The core sites in the Bransfield Strait are located in shelf to deep basin areas characterized by a complex oceanographic frontal system, coastal influence and sensitivity to large-scale atmospheric circulation patterns. We analyzed geochemical bulk parameters, biomarkers (highly branched isoprenoids, glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers, sterols), and diatom abundances and diversity over the past 200 years (210Pb dating), and compared them to observational data, sedimentary and ice core climate archives as well as results from numerical models. Based on biomarkers we could identify four different stratigraphic units with (1) stable conditions and moderate sea ice cover before 1860, (2) low to moderate sea ice cover between 1860 and 1930, (3) high seasonal variability and changes in sea ice regimes from 1930 to 1990 and (4) a shift to increasing sea ice cover despite anthropogenic warming since 1990. Although IPSO25 concentrations correspond quite well with satellite sea ice observations for the past 40 years, we note discrepancies between the biomarker-based sea ice estimates and the long-term model output for the past 200 years, ice core records and reconstructed atmospheric circulation patterns such as El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Southern Annular Mode (SAM). We propose that the sea ice biomarker proxies IPSO25 and PIPSO25 are not linearly related to sea ice cover and, additionally, each core site reflects specific, local environmental conditions. High IPSO25 and PIPSO25 values may not be directly interpreted as referring to high spring sea ice cover because variable sea ice conditions and enhanced nutrient supply may affect the production of both the sea-ice associated and phytoplankton-derived (open marine, pelagic) biomarker lipids. For a more meaningful interpretation we recommend to carefully consider individually biomarker records to distinguish between cold, sea ice favoring and warm, sea ice diminishing environmental conditions.
Differing precipitation response between solar radiation management and carbon dioxide removal due to fast and slow components
Authors: Laakso Anton , Snyder Peter K. , Liess Stefan , Partanen Antti-Ilari , Millet Dylan B.
Published: May 2020

Abstract. Solar radiation management (SRM) and carbon dioxide removal (CDR) are geoengineering methods that have been proposed to mitigate global warming in the event of insufficient greenhouse gas emission reductions. Here, we have studied temperature and precipitation responses to CDR and SRM with the Representative Concentration Pathway 4.5 (RCP4.5) scenario using the MPI-ESM and CESM Earth system models (ESMs). The SRM scenarios were designed to meet one of the two different long-term climate targets: to keep either global mean (1) surface temperature or
(2) precipitation at the 2010–2020 level via stratospheric sulfur injections. Stratospheric sulfur fields were simulated beforehand with an
aerosol–climate model, with the same aerosol radiative properties used in
both ESMs. In the CDR scenario, atmospheric CO2 concentrations were reduced to keep the global mean temperature at approximately the 2010–2020 level. Results show that applying SRM to offset 21st century climate warming in the RCP4.5 scenario leads to a 1.42 % (MPI-ESM) or 0.73 % (CESM) reduction in global mean precipitation, whereas CDR increases global precipitation by 0.5 % in both ESMs for 2080–2100 relative to 2010–2020. In all cases, the simulated global mean precipitation change can be represented as the sum of a slow temperature-dependent component and a fast temperature-independent component, which are quantified by a regression method. Based on this component analysis, the fast temperature-independent component of the changed atmospheric CO2 concentration explains the global mean precipitation change in both SRM and CDR scenarios. Based on the SRM simulations, a total of 163–199 Tg S (CESM) or 292–318 Tg S (MPI-ESM) of injected sulfur from 2020 to 2100 was required to offset global mean warming based on the RCP4.5 scenario. To prevent a global mean precipitation increase, only 95–114 Tg S was needed, and this was also enough to prevent global mean climate warming from exceeding 2∘ above preindustrial temperatures. The distinct effects of SRM in the two ESM simulations mainly reflected differing shortwave absorption responses to water vapour. Results also showed relatively large differences in the individual (fast versus slow) precipitation components between ESMs.
Spatial distribution of tracers for optical sensing of stream surface flow
Authors: Pizarro Alonso , Dal Sasso Silvano F. , Perks Matthew , Manfreda Salvatore
Published: May 2020

Abstract. River monitoring is of particular interest for our society that is facing increasing complexity in water management. Emerging technologies have contributed to opening new avenues for improving our monitoring capabilities, but also generating new challenges for the harmonised use of devices and algorithms. In this context, optical sensing techniques for stream surface flow velocities are strongly influenced by tracer characteristics such as seeding density and level of aggregation. Therefore, a requirement is the identification of how these properties affect the accuracy of such methods. To this aim, numerical simulations were performed to consider different levels of particle aggregation, particle colour (in terms of greyscale intensity), seeding density, and background noise. Two widely used image-velocimetry algorithms were adopted: i) Particle Tracking Velocimetry (PTV), and ii) Large-Scale Particle Image Velocimetry (LSPIV). A descriptor of the seeding characteristics (based on density and aggregation) was introduced based on a newly developed metric π. This value can be approximated and used in practice as π = ν0.1 / (ρ / ρcν1) where ν, ρ, and ρcν1 are the aggregation level, the seeding density, and the converging seeding density at ν = 1, respectively. A reduction of image-velocimetry errors was systematically observed by decreasing the values of π; and therefore, the optimal frame window was defined as the one that minimises π. In addition to numerical analyses, the Basento field case study (located in southern Italy) was considered as a proof-of-concept of the proposed framework. Field results corroborated numerical findings, and an error reduction of about 15.9 and 16.1 % was calculated – using PTV and PIV, respectively – by employing the optimal frame window.
A novel regional irrigation water productivity model coupling irrigation- and drainage-driven soil hydrology and salinity dynamics and shallow groundwater movement in arid regions in China
Authors: Xue Jingyuan , Huo Zailin , Wang Shuai , Wang Chaozi , White Ian , Kisekka Isaya , Sheng Zhuping , Huang Guanhua , Xu Xu
Published: May 2020

Abstract. The temporal and spatial distributions of regional irrigation water
productivity (RIWP) are crucial for making decisions related to agriculture,
especially in arid irrigated areas with complex cropping patterns. Thus, in this study, we
developed a new RIWP model for an irrigated agricultural area with complex
cropping patterns. The model couples the irrigation- and drainage-driven soil water and salinity dynamics and shallow groundwater movement in order to quantify the temporal and spatial distributions of the target hydrological and biophysical variables. We divided the study area into 1 km × 1 km hydrological response units (HRUs). In each HRU, we considered four land use types: sunflower fields, wheat fields, maize fields, and uncultivated lands (bare soil). We coupled the regional soil hydrological processes and groundwater flow by taking a weighted average of the water exchange between unsaturated soil and groundwater under different land use types. The RIWP model was calibrated and validated using 8 years of hydrological variables obtained from regional observation sites in a typical arid irrigation area in North China, the Hetao Irrigation District. The model simulated soil moisture and salinity reasonably well as well as groundwater table depths and salinity. However, overestimations of groundwater discharge were detected in both the calibration and validation due to the assumption of well-operated drainage ditch conditions; regional evapotranspiration (ET) was reasonably estimated, whereas ET in the uncultivated area was slightly underestimated in the RIWP model. A sensitivity analysis indicated that the soil evaporation coefficient and the specific yield were the key parameters for the RIWP simulation. The results showed that the RIWP decreased from maize to sunflower to wheat from 2006 to 2013. It was also found that the maximum RIWP was reached when the groundwater table depth was between 2 and 4 m, regardless of the irrigation water depth applied. This implies the importance of groundwater table control on the RIWP. Overall, our distributed RIWP model can effectively simulate the temporal and spatial distribution of the RIWP and provide critical water allocation suggestions for decision-makers.
Axial transonic compressor performance enhancement with circumferential grooves
Authors: Ahmad Naseem , Zheng Qun , Fawzy Hamza , Yaqoob Tasneem , Abdu Ahmad Salman , Bin Jiang
Published: May 2020

Abstract. Casing treatment has been broadly used as a prudent passive flow
control technique to improve the stall margin with a small drop in
efficiency. The effect of grooves in certain details is overlooked however,
different grooves shape (angels and location) has a remarkable effect on the
controlling impact. In the current research work, an investigation on the
effect of fillet and chamfer corners of rectangular circumferential grooves
with various tip gap height on the performance of casing treatment is
carried out with the help of CFD simulation. The performance of different
models of grooves with various tip gap height on NASA rotor 37 is
investigated by discretizing 3D RANS equations based on finite volume
technique. Rectangular circumferential grooves casing treatment (CGCT)
profile and smooth wall casing performances are evaluated. Moreover, the
adiabatic efficiencies and the stall margins of smooth wall casing,
rectangular grooves and rectangular grooves with fillet and chamfer corners
are compared to assess the impacts of profiles of grooves on the stability
and performance of axial flow compressor with different tip gaps. The stall
margin of models 1–6 increased by 4.39 %, 2.52 %,
2.16 %, 1.75 %, 1.69 % and 2.06 % respectively. While the adiabatic
efficiency of the models 1–6 decreased by 0.9 %, 1.01 %,
1.08 %, 1.12 %, 1.22 % and 1.16 % respectively.
Challenges in flood modelling over data scarce regions: how to exploit globally available soil moisture products to estimate antecedent soil wetness conditions in Morocco
Authors: El Khalki El Mahdi , Tramblay Yves , Massari Christian , Brocca Luca , Saidi Mohamed El Mehdi
Published: May 2020

Abstract. The Mediterranean region is characterized by intense rainfall events giving rise to devastating floods. In Maghreb countries such as Morocco, there is a strong need for forecasting systems to reduce the impacts of floods. The development of such a system in the case of ungauged catchments is complicated but remote sensing products could overcome the lack of in-situ measurements. The soil moisture content can strongly modulate the magnitude of flood events and consequently is a crucial parameter to take into account for flood modeling. In this study, different soil moisture products (ESA-CCI, SMOS, SMOS-IC, ASCAT satellite products and ERA5 reanalysis) are compared to in-situ measurements and one continuous soil moisture accounting (SMA) model for basins located in the High-Atlas Mountains, upstream of the city of Marrakech. The results show that the SMOS-IC satellite product and the ERA5 reanalysis are best correlated with observed soil moisture and with the SMA model outputs. The different soil moisture datasets were also compared to estimate the initial soil moisture condition for an event-based hydrological model based on the Soil Conservation Service Curve Number (SCS-CN). The ASCAT, SMOS-IC and ERA5 products performed equally well in validation to simulate floods, outperforming daily in situ soil moisture measurements that may not be representative of the whole catchment soil moisture conditions. The results also indicated that the daily time step may not fully represent the saturation state before a flood event, due to the rapid decay of soil moisture after rainfall in these semi-arid environments. Indeed, at the hourly time step, ERA5 and in-situ measurements were found to better represent the initial soil moisture conditions of the SCS-CN model by comparison with the daily time step. The results of this work could be used to implement efficient flood modelling and forecasting systems in semi-arid regions where soil moisture measurements are lacking.
Deriving slope movements for an imminent landslide along the Jinsha river
Authors: Yang Wentao , Liu Lianyou , Shi Peijun
Published: May 2020

Abstract. Landslides are major hazards that may pose serious threats to mountain communities. Even landslides in remote mountains could have non-negligible impacts on populous regions by blocking large rivers and forming megafloods. Usually, there are slope deformations before major landslides occur, and detecting precursors over large mountain regions is important for screening possible landslide disasters. In this work, we applied multi-temporal optical remote sensing images (Landsat 7 and Sentinel-2) and an image correlation method to detect sub-pixel slope deformations of a slope. Along the Jinsha river, this slope is located downstream the famous Baige landslide near the Mindu town, Tibet Autonomous Region. We used DEM derived aspect to restrain background noises in image correlation results. We found the slope remained stable from November 2015 to November 2018 and moved significantly from November 2018 to November 2019. We used more data to analyse slope movement in 2019 and found retrogressive slope movements with increasingly large deformations near the river bank. We also analysed spatial-temporal patterns of the slope deformation from October 2018 to February 2020 and found seasonal variations in slope deformations. Only the slope foot moved in dry seasons, whereas the entire slope activated in rainy seasons. Until 24 August 2019, the size of the slope with displacements larger than 3 m is similar to that of the Baige landslide. However, the river width at the foot of this slope is much narrower than the river width at the foot of the Baige landslide. We speculate it may continue to slide down and could threaten the Jinsha river. Further modelling works should be done to check if the imminent landslide could dam the Jinsha river and measures be taken to mitigate possible dammed breach flood disasters. This work illustrates the potential of using optical remote sensing to monitor slope deformations over large remote mountain regions.
Statistics of the Seismic Sequence and Rupture Directivity of the M5.5 Earthquake in Orkney, South Africa
Authors: Dinske Carsten , Folesky Jonas , Kummerow Jörn , Shapiro Serge , Ogasawara Hiroshi
Published: May 2020

Abstract. Despite our general knowledge of earthquake processes, it is still not fully understood how earthquake ruptures nucleate and propagate and why they stop. Also, the controlling factors of the frequency and of the size of earthquakes are subject of ongoing research. We aim to address these questions with a comprehensive study of seismicity in deep South African gold mines. We find here the unique situation that the seismicity consists of both induced earthquakes and aftershocks triggered by the M5.5 Orkney earthquake which occurred in August 2014. We separate the cataloged seismicity and group the events into three classes: the aftershock sequence, seismicity induced by fluids, and seismicity induced by mining activities. We examine statistical properties of earthquakes in each of the three classes. We conclude that the magnitude statistics of both aftershocks and induced earthquakes are influenced by the finite size and geometry of the rock volume of stress perturbation resulting in an absence of larger magnitude events. The magnitude frequency distributions obey the Lower Bound model of magnitude probability. The statistics of dynamic stress drop of aftershocks and induced earthquakes satisfy log-normal distributions but the value range is different, it means that aftershocks are generally characterized by higher stress drops. Another key aspect in our study is the imaging of the propagating rupture of the M5.5 earthquake. We apply the back projection imaging approach using seismological data from two different local networks and retrieve similar results. We conclude that the rupture of the M5.5 earthquake propagated predominantly unilaterally, nearly from North to South over a distance of about 6km. The hypocenters of the aftershock sequence are situated unilaterally in respect to the hypocenter of the main shock and are aligned to the South which confirms the obtained rupture propagation image and the directivity of the main shock.
A 2600-yr-long paleoseismic record for the Himalayan Main Frontal Thrust
(Western Bhutan)
Authors: Le Roux-Mallouf Romain , Ferry Matthieu , Cattin Rodolphe , Ritz Jean-François , Drukpa Dowchu , Pelgay Phuntsho
Published: May 2020

Abstract. In spite of an increasing number of paleoseismic studies carried out over the last decade along the Himalayan arc, the chronology of historical and pre-historical earthquakes is still poorly constrained. In this paper, we present geomorphologic and paleoseismic studies conducted over a large river-cut exposure along the Main Fontal Thrust in southwestern Bhutan. The Piping site reveals a 30-m-high fault-propagation fold deforming late Holocene alluvial deposits. There, we carried out detailed paleoseismic investigations and built a chronological framework on the basis of 22 detrital charcoal samples submitted to radiocarbon dating. Our analysis reveals the occurrence of at least five large and great earthquakes between 485 ± 125 BC and AD 1714 with an average recurrence interval of 550 ± 211 yr. Co-seismic slip values for most events reach at least 13 m and suggest associated magnitudes are in the range of Mw 8.5–9. The cumulative deformation yields an average slip rate of 25.3 ± 4 mm/yr along the Main Frontal Thrust, over the last 2600 yr in agreement with geodetic and geomorphological results obtained nearby.
Soil environment grouping system based on spectral, climate, and terrain data: a quantitative branch of soil series
Authors: Dotto Andre Carnieletto , Demattê Jose A. M. , Viscarra Rossel Raphael A. , Rizzo Rodnei
Published: May 2020

Abstract. Soil classification has traditionally been developed by combining the interpretation of taxonomic rules that are related to soil information with the pedologist's tacit knowledge. Hence, a more quantitative approach is necessary to characterize soils with less subjectivity. The objective of this study was to develop a soil grouping system based on spectral, climate, and terrain variables with the aim of establishing a quantitative way of classifying soils. Spectral data were utilized to obtain information about the soil, and this information was complemented by climate and terrain variables in order to simulate the pedologist knowledge of soil–environment interactions. We used a data set of 2287 soil profiles from five Brazilian regions. The soil classes of World Reference Base (WRB) system were predicted using the three above-mentioned variables, and the results showed that they were able to correctly classify the soils with an overall accuracy of 88 %. To derive the new system, we applied the spectral, climatic, and terrain variables, which – using cluster analysis – defined eight groups; thus, these groups were not generated by the traditional taxonomic method but instead by grouping areas with similar characteristics expressed by the variables indicated. They were denominated as “soil environment groupings” (SEGs). The SEG system facilitated the identification of groups with equivalent characteristics using not only soil but also environmental variables for their distinction. Finally, the conceptual characteristics of the eight SEGs were described. The new system has been designed to incorporate applicable soil data for agricultural management, to require less interference from personal/subjective/empirical knowledge (which is an issue in traditional taxonomic systems), and to provide more reliable automated measurements using sensors.
Refractory black carbon (rBC) variability in a 47-year West Antarctic snow and firn core
Authors: Marquetto Luciano , Kaspari Susan , Cardia Simões Jefferson
Published: May 2020

Abstract. Black carbon (BC) is an important climate-forcing agent
that affects snow albedo. In this work, we present a record of refractory
black carbon (rBC) variability, measured from a 20 m deep snow and firn
core drilled in West Antarctica (79∘55′34.6′′ S, 94∘21′13.3′′ W, 2122 m above sea level) during the 2014–2015 austral summer. This
is the highest elevation rBC record from West Antarctica. The core was
analyzed using the Single Particle Soot Photometer (SP2) coupled to a CETAC
Marin-5 nebulizer. Results show a well-defined seasonality with geometric
mean concentrations of 0.015 µg L−1 for the wet season
(austral summer–fall) and 0.057 µg L−1 for the dry season
(austral winter–spring). The core was dated to 47 years (1968–2015) using
rBC seasonality as the main parameter, along with sodium (Na), sulfur (S)
and strontium (Sr) variations. The annual rBC concentration geometric mean
was 0.03 µg L−1, the lowest of all rBC cores in Antarctica
referenced in this work, while the annual rBC flux was 6.25 µg m−2 a−1, the lowest flux in West Antarctica rBC
records. No long-term trend was observed. Snow albedo reductions at the site
due to BC were simulated using SNICAR online and found to be insignificant
(−0.48 %) compared to clean snow. Fire spot inventory and BC emission
estimates from the Southern Hemisphere suggest Australia and Southern
Hemisphere South America as the most probable emission sources of BC to the
drilling site, whereas HYSPLIT model particle transport simulations from
1968 to 2015 support Australia and New Zealand as rBC sources, with limited
contributions from South America. Spectral analysis (REDFIT method) of the
BC record showed cycles related to the Antarctic Oscillation (AAO) and to El
Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), but cycles in common with the Amundsen
Sea Low (ASL) were not detected. Correlation of rBC records in Antarctica
with snow accumulation, elevation and distance to the sea suggests rBC
transport to East Antarctica is different from transport to West Antarctica.
Intermittency of Arctic–mid-latitude teleconnections: stratospheric pathway between autumn sea ice and the winter North Atlantic Oscillation
Authors: Siew Peter Yu Feng , Li Camille , Sobolowski Stefan Pieter , King Martin Peter
Published: May 2020

Abstract. There is an observed relationship linking Arctic sea ice conditions in autumn to mid-latitude weather the following winter. Of interest in this study is a hypothesized stratospheric pathway whereby reduced sea ice in the Barents and Kara seas enhances upward wave activity and wave-breaking in the stratosphere, leading to a weakening of the polar vortex and a transition of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) to its negative phase. The Causal Effect Networks (CEN) framework is used to explore the stratospheric pathway between late autumn Barents–Kara sea ice and the February NAO, focusing on its seasonal evolution, timescale dependence, and robustness. Results indicate that the pathway is statistically detectable and has been relatively active over the 39-year observational period used here, explaining approximately 26 % of the interannual variability in the February NAO. However, a bootstrap-based resampling test reveals that the pathway is highly intermittent: the full stratospheric pathway appears in only 16 % of the sample populations derived from observations, with individual causal linkages ranging from 46 % to 84 % in occurrence rates. The pathway's intermittency is consistent with the weak signal-to-noise ratio of the atmospheric response to Arctic sea ice variability in modelling experiments and suggests that Arctic–mid-latitude teleconnections might be favoured in certain background states. On shorter timescales, the CEN detects two-way interactions between Barents–Kara sea ice and the mid-latitude circulation that indicate a role for synoptic variability associated with blocking over the Urals region and moist air intrusions from the Euro-Atlantic sector. This synoptic variability has the potential to interfere with the stratospheric pathway, thereby contributing to its intermittency. This study helps quantify the robustness of causal linkages within the stratospheric pathway, and provides insight into which linkages are most subject to sampling issues within the relatively short observational record. Overall, the results should help guide the analysis and design of ensemble modelling experiments required to improve physical understanding of Arctic–mid-latitude teleconnections.
Attribution of precipitation to cyclones and fronts over Europe in a kilometer-scale regional climate simulation
Authors: Rüdisühli Stefan , Sprenger Michael , Leutwyler David , Schär Christoph , Wernli Heini
Published: May 2020

Abstract. This study presents a detailed analysis of the climatological distribution of precipitation in relation to cyclones and fronts over Europe for the nine-year period 2000–2008. The analysis uses hourly output of a COSMO (Consortium for Small-scale Modeling) model simulation with 2.2 km grid spacing and resolved deep convection. Cyclones and fronts are identified as two-dimensional features in 850 hPa geopotential, equivalent potential temperature, and wind fields, and subsequently tracked over time based on feature overlap and size. Thermal heat lows and local thermal fronts are removed based on track properties. This data set then serves to define seven mutually exclusive precipitation components: high-pressure (e.g., summer convection), cyclonic (near cyclone center), cold-frontal, warm-frontal, collocated (e.g., occlusion area), far-frontal, and residual. The approach is illustrated with two case studies with contrasting precipitation characteristics. The climatological analysis for the nine-year period shows that frontal precipitation peaks in fall and winter over the eastern North Atlantic, with cold frontal precipitation also being crucial year-round near the Alps; cyclonic precipitation is largest over the North Atlantic (especially in summer) and in the northern Mediterranean (except in summer); high-pressure precipitation occurs almost exclusively over land and primarily in summer; and the residual contributions uniformly amount to about 20 % in all seasons. Considering heavy precipitation events (defined based on the local 99.9th percentile) reveals that high-pressure precipitation dominates in summer over the continent; cold fronts produce much more heavy precipitation than warm fronts; and cyclones contribute substantially, especially in the Mediterranean in fall through spring and in Northern Europe in summer.
The Impact of Foreign Direct Investment on Poverty Reduction in the Developing Countries
Authors: Arabyat Yaser Ahmad
Published: May 2020

The aim of this study is to choose and estimate the effect of foreign investments in engine for economic growth and hence poverty reduction in the developing countries. The study concluded that there is a weak effect of non-moral of foreign investments on decreasing unemployment in the developing countries, regardless of the existence or absence of development. In addition, the study concluded with a negative effect for the total local production on unemployment and poverty. Finally, we concluded that this may be a result of profit repatriation of foreign firms, crowding out of domestic investment because of FDI or low level of human capital in the country.Consequently, the study recommended to despite how desirable the inflow of FDI is to developing countries, care should be taken when attracting foreign investments and they should be directed to the productive sectors of the economy. Also government should create a competitive environment so as to maximize the benefits of FDI because by exposing foreign investors to an even playing field with indigenous investors.
The Differences in Multiple Intelligences between the Students of Jordan University of Science and Technology
Authors: Ayasrah Samer M. , Aljarrah Abdalrahman H.
Published: May 2020

This study aimed to recognize the differences in multiple intelligences among the students of Jordan University of Science and Technology with its relationship to gender, academic year, and achievement. The study sample consisted of 349 male and female participants. It used a descriptive analysis, the MacKenzie scale for multiple intelligences, which consisted of 9 dimensions and 10 paragraphs per dimension. According to its findings, the average range for all domains of multiple intelligences was 3.70. This value implied that the average students’ responses were accepted. It showed there was not any statistically significant differences at ∝≥0.05 in the students’ results which could be attributed to gender and academic year. Also, there were not statistically significant differences at ∝≥0.05 in the students’ results for the musical and existential dimension attributed to achievement and there were statistically significant differences for the other dimensions.
Determining the Effects of Psychosocial and Spiritual Support Among Patients With Substance Abuse: A Scoping Review
Authors: Muhamad Nor Asiah , Rafan Siti Nurhani , Mohd Dali Nor Soleha , Abdullah Norni , Chemi Norliza , Shafie Hanisah , Ayadurai Vikneswari , Hasim Ruziaton , Muzaid Nor Anizah , Rao Vengketeswara , Bakhtiar Mohammed Faizal , Noordin Salmah
Published: May 2020

Substance use disorder (SUD) has both social and public health problems with a substantial burden to society. SUD is a type of mental illness and has been described as a chronic relapsing disease. Treatments for SUD may include among others, psychosocial rehabilitation as a provision to comprehensive treatment to address the social and behavioral issues. These psychosocial components can address the issues of morality, spirituality, and religion. Religion and spirituality are believed to support SUD clients in the reduction of drug use, other associated high-risk behaviors, and criminal issues. In promoting treatment retention, it is important to reduce the drug use, maintain abstinence, and influence the self-esteem and coping ability of SUD clients. Hence, this review was conducted to determine the effects of psychosocial and spiritual support towards clients with substance abuse problem. We had followed the framework from Arksey and O’Malley’s scoping review in identifying published studies from specific databases to be included in this review. A total of 8560 articles from various databases were screened. After removing duplicates, two authors independently screened 244 titles and abstracts. A total of eighteen articles were included in the final review. Out of eighteen studies, seventeen studies found that psychosocial support and spiritual needs have positive effect among substance abuse clients. Psychosocial and spiritual supports are beneficial among SUD clients due to various potential factors, such as religious reasons, personal beliefs or philosophical reasons, safety concerns, and a desire for improvements from substance abuse.
Naar een betere rechtsbijstand in België?
Authors: Ampe Charline
Published: May 2020

To a better legal expenses insurance in Belgium?

Charline Ampe explains the workings of a Belgian 2019 statute, that has made insurance premium income tax-deductible as long as the policy provides that mediator fees and other qualified professionals’ fees will be borne wholly by the insurer.
A Glance at Mediation in German Administrative Courts
Authors: Seibert Max-Jürgen , Keller Matthias
Published: May 2020

A Glance at Mediation in German Administrative Courts

The article gives an overview of mediation in German administrative courts. It deals with the legal basis as well as the organisation of mediation within the courts. The special features of mediation with an administrative law background are explained. By means of examples, the authors make clear that there is more room for alternative dispute regulation in public law than one might imagine.
Maatschappelijk effectieve omgevingsrechtspraak
Authors: Verhoeven M.J.H.M. (Maarten)
Published: May 2020

Maatschappelijk effectieve omgevingsrechtspraak

In dit artikel wordt eerst dieper ingegaan op het begrip ‘maatschappelijk effectieve rechtspraak’. Aan de hand van concrete gevallen licht de auteur de succesfactoren voor maatschappelijk effectieve omgevingsrechtspraak toe. Tot slot onderzoekt de auteur of de Omgevingswet kansen biedt dan wel een bedreiging vormt voor maatschappelijk effectieve omgevingsrechtspraak.
Afscheid van het Landbouwvliegersarrest
Authors: de Vries H.J. (Henk)
Published: May 2020

Afscheid van het Landbouwvliegersarrest. Centrale Raad van Beroep en Afdeling bestuursrechtspraak slaan andere weg in: over exceptieve toetsing van bestemmingsplannen en andere algemeen verbindende voorschriften

Op 1 juli 2019 heeft de Centrale Raad van Beroep uitspraken gedaan over de exceptieve toetsing van algemeen verbindende voorschriften. In dit artikel worden twee uitspraken van de Afdeling Bestuursrechtspraak van de Raad van State besproken, waarbij de Afdeling voortbouwt op de lijn van de Centrale Raad van Beroep.
De kracht van verbinding
Authors: Aarten Pauline , van de Ven Pien , Ceulen Rik
Published: May 2020

The power of communion. A qualitative study into the role of peer support for survivors of severe traffic offenses

For co-victims of severe traffic offenses in the Netherlands, peer support is offered. However, no research into the meaning of peer support for this specific group of victims has been conducted. In this study, nineteen narrative interviews with co-victims of traffic offenses were collected. These interviews show that through dialogue and the sharing of experiences, as well as the care and support for each other, peer support offers the possibility to work on the meaning-making of the traffic offense and its aftermath. The article ends with policy implications and steps for follow-up research.
Victimologie en corruptie: over de slachtoffers van een (al dan niet) slachtofferloos delict
Authors: van Dijk Suzanne , Hutten Moniek
Published: May 2020

Victimology and corruption: the victims of a victimless crime

There is no clear answer to the question if corruption makes victims. Currently an (international) discussion is taking place about this matter. On the one hand it can be discussed that corruption in general does not know any direct victims and that corruption can even take place without any damage. On the other hand it is known that corruption can cause tremendous public and financial damage, with society as a whole as the victim of this crime, whether or not in primary gradation. In the underlying article these two perspectives will be discussed and applied on two cases. Special attention will also be paid to the impact and relevance of pointing out the victims.
Kinderrechten als Kompas
Authors: Kalverboer M.E. , Van den Heuvel L.
Published: May 2020

Kinderrechten als Kompas. In vier stappen naar het beste besluit voor het kind

In dit artikel leest u hoe het Kinderrechtenverdrag kan helpen bij het beantwoorden van de vaak lastige vraag welke vereisten er zijn aan het onderzoeken en vaststellen van het belang van het kind en hoe in een besluitvormingsprocedure in vier praktische stappen tot het beste besluit voor het kind kan worden gekomen.
Leidt beleidsvrijheid van gemeenten bij de organisatie van Veilig Thuis tot rechtsongelijkheid?
Authors: Huitema L.A.
Published: May 2020

Leidt beleidsvrijheid van gemeenten bij de organisatie van Veilig Thuis tot rechtsongelijkheid?

Een bespreking van de rechtsbescherming van cliënten van het advies- en meldpunt huiselijk geweld en kindermishandeling (AMHK) bij het uitoefenen van rechten op grond van privacywetgeving. Het gaat hierbij om rechten als het recht op inzage en afschrift, recht op rectificatie en het recht op vernietiging van een dossier. In de praktijk lijken hiervoor twee rechtsingangen (bestuurs- en civielrechtelijk) te bestaan.
Ontslagrecht volgens de Commissie Regulering van Werk; een reflectie
Authors: Bij de Vaate Vivian
Published: May 2020

Ontslagrecht volgens de Commissie Regulering van Werk; een reflectie

De Commissie Regulering van Werk is ferm in haar eindconclusie die zij op 23 januari 2020 presenteerde. De waarden van werk worden door de huidige regelgeving onvoldoende gewaarborgd en er zijn fundamentele aanpassingen nodig, aldus de Commissie. De auteur bespreekt in deze bijdrage de voorstellen die de Commissie doet tot aanpassing van het ontslagrecht en voorziet deze van een kritische reflectie.
Het wijzigingsrecht als koninklijke weg naar interne wendbaarheid
Authors: Gundt Nicola
Published: May 2020

Het wijzigingsrecht als koninklijke weg naar interne wendbaarheid

In deze bijdrage wordt bezien in hoeverre het wijzigingsrecht van de werkgever in de lege lata en de lege ferenda kan bijdragen aan de wens tot meer bedrijfsinterne flexibiliteit. Voorwaarde voor de wijziging als functionerend arbeidsmarktinstrument is de aanwezigheid van heldere en duidelijke criteria voor de toepassing van dit instrument. Deze criteria worden aan de hand van rechtspraak en doctrine onderstaand geformuleerd. De criteria betreffen zowel de vraag wanneer een werkgever een wijziging mag inzetten als hoe een dergelijke wijziging inhoudelijk wordt vormgegeven. Een tweede, even belangrijke vraag betreft de waarborgen voor werknemers indien een werkgever gebruik maakt van een wijzigingsbevoegdheid. In dit kader worden ook procedurele waarborgen in het buitenland onderzocht.
Overlap, verschil en verband tussen ziekte en handicap: Europese ontwikkelingen en de betekenis voor discriminatoir ontslag
Authors: Veldman Albertine
Published: May 2020

Overlap, verschil en verband tussen ziekte en handicap: Europese ontwikkelingen en de betekenis voor discriminatoir ontslag

Naar aanleiding van de uitspraak van het Hof van Justitie van de Europese Unie van 11 september 2019 in de zaak DW/Nobel Plastiques Ibérica, staan in deze bijdrage twee vragen centraal, namelijk in hoeverre de begrippen ziekte en handicap elkaar overlappen en of een ontslag wegens ziekte geoorloofd is wanneer de ziekte tevens een handicap vormt. Aan bod komt de Europese rechtsontwikkeling op dit gebied en de betekenis hiervan voor de Nederlandse ontslagpraktijk.
Kroniek e-grond: van onwil tot ontslag, wat mag?
Authors: Kind Michelle , Stekelenburg Maarten
Published: May 2020

Kroniek e-grond: van onwil tot ontslag, wat mag?

In deze kroniek wordt een analyse gegeven van de belangrijkste vanaf 1 juli 2015 tot 1 februari 2020 gepubliceerde rechtspraak over de e-grond, afgezet tegen de invulling gegeven door het UWV en de wetgever aan de e-grond.
Examination of the effects of non-measurable explanatory variables on the value of real estate in the process of mass valuation of land
Authors: Gdakowicz Anna , Putek-Szeląg Ewa , Kuźmiński Wojciech
Published: May 2020

The paper proposes a solution to the problem of how to introduce non- -measurable features (attributes) of a property that significantly affect its value to the process of its valuation. The authors adopt two measures enabling them to study the influence of order features on the value of property, the Spearman rank coefficients and standardized ßk coefficients, and proceed to check their efficiency, applying an algorithm of mass property valuation (SAMWN) to the sample of 567 plots of land in Szczecin designated for housing purposes. The results thus obtained are then compared with the valuations of these plots of land performed by property appraisers. The study demonstrates that lower valuation errors are obtained when using standardized ßk coefficients than the Spearman rank coefficients.
Analysis of demand in steel and iron industry – latent variables model
Authors: Barska Magdalena
Published: May 2020

Demand in the steel and iron industry is influenced by multiple factors. Not all of them can be identified and measured. The paper presents the results of the analysis of the levels of demand achieved by a selected enterprise from this sector in the years 2010–2014. The aim of the study is to build a hidden Markov model which would reflect the turning points of this demand, thus making it possible to forecast its future levels. The model’s forecasting properties and stability have been examined. A simulation has been carried out that involved generating a high number of series for selected model parameters and checking their properties. This demonstrated that a three-state second order hidden Markov model was most relevant to the purpose of the study. Thanks to the model’s application, it was possible to describe states which could potentially shape the demand. Moreover, taking the transition state into consideration allowed spotting the signal about the upcoming replacement of the growth phase with the decline phase, and vice versa. The presented second order hidden Markov model can serve as an alternative to the traditional methods of the analysis of time series. The forecast generated by the model informs about the shaping of a trend in demand and serves as an indication of the shifts in economic cycles.