bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium Nanoparticles Encapsulated in a Metal—Organic Framework as Efficient Heterogeneous Catalysts for Direct C2 Arylation of Indoles.
Authors: Huang Yuanbiao , Lin Zujin , Cao Rong
Published: March 2012

The catalyst is easily recoverable and reusable several times without leaching and loss of activity.
ChemInform Abstract: Direct Asymmetric Hydrosilylation of Indoles: Combined Lewis Base and Broensted Acid Activation.
Authors: Xiao You‐Cai , Wang Chao , Yao Yuan , Sun Jian , Chen Ying‐Chun
Published: March 2012

Trichlorosilane in combination with a chiral Lewis base catalyst allows the asymmetric reduction of unprotected 1H‐indoles to chiral indolines.
ChemInform Abstract: Rhodium(III)‐Catalyzed Oxidative Carbonylation of Benzamides with Carbon Monoxide.
Authors: Du Ya , Hyster Todd K. , Rovis Tomislav
Published: March 2012

An efficient strategy for the oxidative carbonylation of aromatic amides (I) and (IV) via C—H/N—H activation to form phthalimides using an Rh(III) catalyst is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Ruthenium Diacetate‐Catalyzed Oxidation Alkenylation of C—H Bonds in Air: Synthesis of Alkenyl N‐Arylpyrazoles.
Authors: Arockiam Percia B. , Fischmeister Cedric , Bruneau Christian , Dixneuf Pierre H.
Published: March 2012

The first examples of an oxidative alkenylation of N‐arylpyrazoles by cooperative action of a Ru(III) catalyst and acetate ligands in air are described.
ChemInform Abstract: Ring Lithiation and Functionalization of Imidazol‐2‐ylidene‐boranes.
Authors: Solovyev Andrey , Lacote Emmanuel , Curran Dennis P.
Published: March 2012

A double functionalization at both C‐4 and C‐5 of substrates (I) is possible in either one or two steps to produce derivatives which are of interest as catalysts or complexation agents.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Intramolecular Sulfonamidation/Oxidation of Imines: Access to Multifunctional Benzimidazoles.
Authors: Fu Shaomin , Jiang Huanfeng , Deng Yuanfu , Zeng Wei
Published: March 2012

A convenient method to prepare various benzimidazoles is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Catalyzed, One‐Pot, Three‐Component Synthesis of Benzimidazoles by Condensation and C—N Bond Formation.
Authors: Kim Yong , Kumar Rajesh , Park Namjin , Heo Yumi , Lee Sunwoo
Published: March 2012

It allows an efficient access to a wide range of benzimidazoles and related compounds.
ChemInform Abstract: Amphiphilic Allylation of Arylidene‐1,3‐oxazol‐5(4H)‐one Using Bis‐π‐allylpalladium Complexes: An Approach to Synthesis of Cyclohexyl and Cyclohexenyl α‐Amino Acids.
Authors: Genady Afaf R. , Nakamura Hiroyuki
Published: March 2012

The bis‐allylation of activated azlactones proceeds via a three‐component assembling reaction between azlactones (I), allyl acetate (II), and allyltrifluoroborate (III) in the presence of a palladium catalyst, thus avoiding toxic allylstannanes.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Dispersed Silica‐Supported Nanocopper as an Efficient Heterogeneous Catalyst: Application in the Synthesis of 1,2,3‐Triazoles and Thioethers.
Authors: Veerakumar Pitchaimani , Velayudham Murugesan , Lu Kuang‐Lieh , Rajagopal Seenivasan
Published: March 2012

The new nanocatalyst consisting of copper nanoparticles supported on amine modified silica is fully characterized and serves as an efficient heterogeneous catalyst for the synthesis of disubstituted triazoles and thioethers.
ChemInform Abstract: Cu(II) Catalyzed Imine C—H Functionalization Leading to Synthesis of 2,5‐Substituted 1,3,4‐Oxadiazoles.
Authors: Guin Srimanta , Ghosh Tuhin , Rout Saroj Kumar , Banerjee Arghya , Patel Bhisma K.
Published: March 2012

Benzohydrazides derived from aliphatic aldehydes decompose.
ChemInform Abstract: Accelerating Lead Optimization of Chromone Carboxamide Scaffold Throughout Microwave‐Assisted Organic Synthesis.
Authors: Cagide Fernando , Reis Joana , Gaspar Alexandra , Borges Fernanda
Published: March 2012

Treatment of chromone‐2‐carboxylic acid with POCl3 and subsequent microwave‐assisted reaction of the acyl chloride with aniline derivatives offers a convenient access to the biologically important targets.
ChemInform Abstract: The Synthesis of Xanthones, Xanthenediones, and Spirobenzofurans: Their Antibacterial and Antifungal Activity.
Authors: Omolo Justin J. , Johnson Myron M. , van Vuuren Sandy F. , de Koning Charles B.
Published: March 2012

The compounds (II)—(V), (VII), and (VIII) and the previously synthesized compound (IX) are tested for their antimicrobial activity.
ChemInform Abstract: Facile One‐Pot Direct Arylation and Alkylation of Nitropyridine N‐Oxides with Grignard Reagents.
Authors: Zhang Fang , Duan Xin‐Fang
Published: March 2012

A broad spectrum of title reactions is investigated.
ChemInform Abstract: Thermally Induced Skeletal Rearrangement of (Z)‐O‐Propargylic α,β‐Unsaturated Aldoximes to Multisubstituted Pyridine Oxides.
Authors: Nakamura Itaru , Zhang Dong , Terada Masahiro
Published: March 2012

A novel synthesis of the important pyridine structures proceeds through thermal [2,3] rearrangement followed by 4π electrocyclization and ring enlargement.
ChemInform Abstract: A Highly Efficient and Enantioselective Access to Tetrahydroisoquinoline Alkaloids: Asymmetric Hydrogenation with an Iridium Catalyst.
Authors: Chang Mingxin , Li Wei , Zhang Xumu
Published: March 2012

The iridium hydrido complex in combination with elemental iodine allows the preparation of tetrahydro derivatives with high levels of enantioselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: An Efficient Approach to Pyrazolo[5,1‐a]isoquinolin‐2‐amines via a Silver(I)‐Catalyzed Three‐Component Reaction of 2‐Alkynylbenzaldehyde, Sulfonohydrazide, and Nitrile.
Authors: Yu Xingxin , Yang Qin , Lou Honglei , Peng Yiyuan , Wu Jie
Published: March 2012

A three‐component cascade cyclization strategy provides access to the title compounds (III), (V), (VII), and (VIII) in good to excellent yields under mild conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Microwave‐Assisted One‐Pot Synthesis of 2‐Aryl‐5,6‐dihydro‐4H‐1,3‐thiazines via Reaction Between Lawesson′s Reagent and Allyl Arylamides Derived from Morita—Baylis—Hillman Acetates.
Authors: Bhowmik Subhendu , Mishra Amita , Batra Sanjay
Published: March 2012

A new methodology to access thiazines is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: One Pot Synthesis of cis‐Bispyrimidodiazepinone Derivatives via Low‐Valent Titanium Reagent (TiCl4/Sm).
Authors: Dou Guolan , Shi Daqing
Published: March 2012

The title derivatives (III) and (V) are readily obtained by the reaction of bis(benzylidene)propanediamines (I) and (IV) with triphosgene (II) via a low‐valent titanium reagent.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Amino‐benzothiaoxazepine‐1,1‐dioxides Utilizing a Microwave‐Assisted, SNAr Protocol.
Authors: Organ Michael G. , et al. et al.
Published: March 2012

Design and synthesis of a 126‐membered library of amino‐benzothiaoxazepine‐1,1‐dioxides via microwave‐assisted aromatic substitution reactions are described.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Phospha‐Michael Reaction of Diphenyl Phosphonate with Nitroolefins Utilizing Conformationally Flexible Guanidinium/Bisthiourea Organocatalyst: Assembly‐State Tunability in Asymmetric Organocatalysis.
Authors: Sohtome Yoshihiro , Horitsugi Natsuko , Takagi Rika , Nagasawa Kazuo
Published: March 2012

The organocatalyst (GBT) efficiently promotes the asymmetric addition of the phosphonate (II) to nitroolefins giving β‐nitrophosphonates in high optical purity.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Enantioselective Hydrogenation of β‐Acyloxy and β‐Acylamino α,β‐Unsaturated Phosphonates Catalyzed by Rhodium Phosphane‐Phosphite Complexes.
Authors: Chavez M. Angeles , Vargas Sergio , Suarez Andres , Alvarez Eleuterio , Pizzano Antonio
Published: March 2012

The Rh complex (RPO) efficiently promotes the asymmetric hydrogenation of title phosphonates giving synthetically and biologically important β‐functionalized phosphonates in high optical purity.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper(II) Triflate: A Versatile Catalyst for the One‐Pot Preparation of Orthogonally Protected Glycosides.
Authors: Tran Anh‐Tuan , Jones Rachel A. , Pastor Julien , Boisson Julien , Smith Nichola , Galan M. Carmen
Published: March 2012

Under these conditions two and three one‐pot transformations are possible.
ChemInform Abstract: Electrical Conductive Coordination Polymers
Authors: Givaja Gonzalo , Amo‐Ochoa Pilar , Gomez‐Garcia Carlos J. , Zamora Felix
Published: March 2012

Review: 151 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Aurophilic Interactions as a Subject of Current Research: An Up‐Date
Authors: Schmidbaur Hubert , Schier Annette
Published: March 2012

Review: 353 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Reactivity of 1,3,2‐Dithiazoles
Authors: Popov V. V. , Konstantinova L. S. , Rakitin O. A.
Published: March 2012

Review: 61 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Transition‐Metal‐Mediated Routes to 3,3‐Disubstituted Oxindoles Through Anilide Cyclization.
Authors: Klein Johannes E. M. N. , Taylor Richard J. K.
Published: March 2012

Review: 116 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: 2,2‐Dinitroethene‐1,1‐diamine
Authors: Simkova Ludmila , Liska Frantisek , Ludvik Jiri
Published: March 2012

Review: 99 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Convertible Fluorous Sulfonate Linker for the Synthesis of Diverse Library Scaffolds
Authors: Kadam Asha , Ding Shan , Piqani Bruno , Zhang Wei
Published: March 2012

Review: 48 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Electrophilic Amination of Organometallic Reagents: Recent Discoveries and Mechanistic Insights
Authors: Olson David E.
Published: March 2012

Review: 60 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Cycloisomerization of 1,n‐Enynes via Carbophilic Activation
Authors: Toullec Patrick Yves , Michelet Veronique
Published: March 2012

Review: 206 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Gold as a Selective Oxidation Catalyst
Authors: Hutchings Graham J.
Published: March 2012

Review: 99 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Migratory Oxidative Coupling of Nitrones Through an Outer‐Sphere C(sp3)‐H Activation Process
Authors: Hashizume Shogo , Oisaki Kounosuke , Kanai Motomu
Published: March 2012

Review: 52 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Selective Liquid Phase Oxidation with Supported Metal Nanoparticles.
Authors: Dimitratos Nikolaos , Lopez‐Sanchez Jose A. , Hutchings Graham J.
Published: March 2012

Review: 206 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: The Urea Renaissance
Authors: Volz Nicole , Clayden Jonathan
Published: March 2012

Review: ca. 100 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Graphene‐Based Materials for Catalysis
Authors: Machado Bruno F. , Serp Philippe
Published: March 2012

Review: 393 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Carbo‐ and Heterocycles via Coupling—Isomerization Reactions
Authors: Mueller Thomas J. J.
Published: March 2012

Review: ca. 100 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: “Clicking” on/with Polymers: A Rapidly Expanding Field for the Straightforward Preparation of Novel Macromolecular Architectures
Authors: Kempe Kristian , Krieg Andreas , Becer C. Remzi , Schubert Ulrich S.
Published: March 2012

Review: 205 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Small Molecules from Spiders Used as Chemical Probes
Authors: Olsen Christian A. , Kristensen Anders S. , Stroemgaard Kristian
Published: March 2012

Review: 194 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Designs for Life: Protocell Models in the Laboratory
Authors: Dzieciol Alicja J. , Mann Stephen
Published: March 2012

Review: 38 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Advances in the Development of Dental Composite Resins.
Authors: Lavigueur Christine , Zhu X. X.
Published: March 2012

Review: 57 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Localization and Localizability in Quantum Organic Chemistry: Localized Orbitals and Localization Functions
Authors: Silvi Bernard , Reinhardt Peter
Published: March 2012

Review: 170 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: The Tubulin Colchicine Domain: A Molecular Modeling Perspective
Authors: Massarotti Alberto , Coluccia Antonio , Silvestri Romano , Sorba Giovanni , Brancale Andrea
Published: March 2012

Review: 85 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Rapid Determination of Enantiomeric Excess: A Focus on Optical Approaches
Authors: Leung Diana , Kang Sung Ok , Anslyn Eric V.
Published: March 2012

Review: 180 refs.
Anticancer Activity of Silver–N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes: Caspase‐Independent Induction of Apoptosis via Mitochondrial Apoptosis‐Inducing Factor (AIF)
Authors: Eloy Laure , Jarrousse Anne‐Sophie , Teyssot Marie‐Laure , Gautier Arnaud , Morel Laurent , Jolivalt Claude , Cresteil Thierry , Roland Sylvain
Published: March 2012

Fourteen silver(I) complexes bearing N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligands were prepared and evaluated for anticancer activity. Some of these were found to exhibit potent antiproliferative activity toward several types of human cancer cell lines, including drug‐resistant cell lines, with IC50 values in the nanomolar range. An initial investigation into the mechanism of cell death induced by this family of silver(I) complexes was carried out. Cell death was shown to result from the activation of apoptosis without involvement of primary necrosis. In HL60 cells, silver–NHCs induce depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) and likely allow the release of mitochondrial proteins to elicit early apoptosis. This effect is not related to the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In addition, apoptosis is not associated with the activation of caspase‐3, but is triggered by the translocation of apoptosis‐inducing factor (AIF) and caspase‐12 from mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum, respectively, into the nucleus to promote DNA fragmentation and ultimately cell death. No modification in cell‐cycle distribution was observed, indicating that silver–NHCs are not genotoxic. Finally, the use of a fluorescent complex showed that silver–NHCs target mitochondria. Altogether, these results demonstrate that silver–NHCs induce cancer cell death independent of the caspase cascade via the mitochondrial AIF pathway.
Discovery of N‐Arylalkyl‐3‐hydroxy‐4‐oxo‐3,4‐dihydroquinazolin‐2‐carboxamide Derivatives as HCV NS5B Polymerase Inhibitors
Authors: Deore Ravindra Ramesh , Chen Grace Shiahuy , Chang Pei‐Teh , Chern Ting‐Rong , Lai Shin‐Yu , Chuang Ming‐Hsieh , Lin Jung‐Hsin , Kung Fan‐Lu , Chen Chien‐Shu , Chiou Chun‐Tang , Chern Ji‐Wang
Published: March 2012

The metal ion chelating β‐N‐hydroxy‐γ‐ketocarboxamide pharmacophore was integrated into a quinazolinone scaffold, leading to N‐arylalkyl‐3‐hydroxy‐4‐oxo‐3,4‐dihydroquinazolin‐2‐carboxamide derivatives as hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS5B polymerase inhibitors. Lead optimization led to the identification of N‐phenylpropyl carboxamide 9 k (IC50=8.8 μM). Compound 9 k possesses selectivity toward HCV1b replicon Ava.5 cells (EC50=17.5 μM) over parent Huh‐7 cells (CC50=187.5 μM). Compound 9 k effects a mixed mode of NS5B inhibition, with NTP‐competitive displacement properties. The interaction between 9 k and NS5B is stabilized by the presence of magnesium ions. Docking studies showed that the binding orientation of 9 k occupies the central portions of both magnesium‐mediated and NTP‐ribose‐response binding sites within the active site region of NS5B. As a result, 3‐hydroxy‐4‐oxo‐3,4‐dihydroquinazolin‐2‐carboxamide derivatives are disclosed herein as novel, mainly active site inhibitors of HCV NS5B polymerase.
Organic Reactions in Ionic Liquids Studied by in Situ XPS
Authors: Niedermaier Inga , Kolbeck Claudia , Taccardi Nicola , Schulz Peter S. , Li Jing , Drewello Thomas , Wasserscheid Peter , Steinrück Hans‐Peter , Maier Florian
Published: March 2012

We demonstrate the application of in situ X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) to monitor organic, liquid‐phase reactions. By covalently attaching ionic head groups to the reacting organic molecules, their volatility can be reduced such that they withstand ultra high vacuum conditions. The applied method, which is new for the investigation of organic reactions, allows for following the fate of all elements present in the reaction mixture—except for hydrogen—in a quantitative and oxidation‐state‐sensitive manner in one experiment. This concept is demonstrated for the alkylation of a tertiary amine attached to an imidazolium or phosphonium moiety by the anion 4‐chlorobutylsulfonate ([ClC4H8SO3]−). In the course of the reaction, the covalently bound chlorine is converted to chloride and the amine to ammonium as reflected by the distinct shifts in the N 1s and Cl 2p binding energies.
Synthesis and Toxicology of p‐Phosphonic Acid Calixarenes and O‐Alkylated Analogues as Potential Calixarene‐Based Phospholipids
Authors: Martin Adam D. , Houlihan Emma , Morellini Natalie , Eggers Paul K. , James Eliza , Stubbs Keith A. , Harvey Alan R. , Fitzgerald Melinda , Raston Colin L. , Dunlop Sarah A.
Published: March 2012

A series of p‐phosphonic acid calix[n]arenes 1 a–g bearing hydroxy groups, n=4 and 5, or alkyl chains of varying lengths at their lower rim, n=4, were synthesised, and in vitro assessments of their effect on cell viability in rat PC12 cells and primary cultures of mixed retinal cells were conducted. Compounds 1 a and 1 g, bearing hydroxy groups at their lower rim, displayed lower toxicity towards PC12 cells than their alkylated counterparts; concentrations of up to 1 mg mL−1 did not affect the number of viable cells. Mixed retinal cultures showed a higher susceptibility towards toxic effects for all calixarenes tested. Compound 1 b self‐assembles into nanofibres from a toluene solution, and 1 c assembles into micelles from an aqueous solution, with these nanoscale architectures showing potential applications for various biological roles, such as solubilising p‐nitrophenol and curcumin.
A localization strategy based on n‐times trilateral centroid with weight
Authors: Qiu Tie , Zhou Yu , Xia Feng , Jin Naigao , Feng Lin
Published: March 2012

Localization based on received signal strength indication (RSSI) is a low cost and low complexity technology, and it is widely applied in distance‐based localization of wireless sensor networks. The error of existing localization technologies is significant. This paper presents the N‐times trilateral centroid weighted localization algorithm, which can reduce the error considerably. Considering the instability of RSSI, we use the weighted average of many RSSIs as current RSSI. To improve the accuracy, we select a number of (no less than three) reliable beacon nodes to increase the localization times. Then we calculate the distances between reliable beacon nodes and the mobile node using an empirical formula. The mobile node is located N times using the trilateral centroid algorithm. Finally, we take the weighted average of the filtered reference coordinates as the mobile node's coordinates. We conduct experiments with the STM32W108 chip, which supports IEEE 802.15.4. The results show that the proposed algorithm performs better than the trilateral centroid algorithm. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rapid screening of chemical warfare nerve agent metabolites in urine by atmospheric solids analysis probe‐mass spectroscopy (ASAP‐MS)
Authors: Zydel Frank , Smith J. Richard , Pagnotti Vincent S. , Lawrence Richard J. , McEwen Charles N. , Capacio Benedict R.
Published: March 2012

Exposures to organophosphorus nerve agents (OPNA) remain a threat to both civilian and military populations. Verification of exposures typically involves determinations of urinary metabolites or adducted proteins in blood. Urinary alkyl methylphosphonic acid metabolites resulting from hydrolysis of OPNAs provide a convenient marker for OPNA exposure. In a military setting, urine is a relatively easy sample to obtain, and a rapid turnaround for analyses for the identification of metabolites is critical for field commanders. Timely information on use and identity of OPNAs facilitates decisions regarding employment of personal protective equipment and additional strategies to mitigate additional exposure(s). Herein, we report the development of a rapid mass spectrometric (MS) method to identify OPNA metabolites directly from urine with no sample preparation. Synthetic urine spiked with multiple OPNA metabolites was analyzed using an atmospheric solids analysis probe (ASAP) attached to a high resolution mass spectrometer. The alkyl methylphosphonic acid metabolites resulting from hydrolysis of sarin, cyclosarin, soman, and Russian VX were clearly detectable down to a level of 1.0 ng/ml. The ability to rapidly detect OPNA metabolites in unprepared urine allows for the design of a field‐deployable device that could afford field personnel the ability to rapidly screen individuals for specific OPNA exposure. In addition, this provides proof‐of‐concept evidence that a fieldable ASAP‐MS device could afford personnel the ability to rapidly detect OPNAs on skin, equipment, and other porous surfaces. Published 2012. This article is a US Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Postfunctionalization of Luminescent Bipyridine PtII Bisacetylides by Click Chemistry
Authors: Stengel Ilona , Strassert Cristian A. , Plummer Edward A. , Chien Chen‐Han , De Cola Luisa , Bäuerle Peter
Published: March 2012

The synthesis of a family of differently substituted 5‐ and 4,4′‐ethynyl‐bpy PtII bisacetylide complexes (bpy = 2,2′‐bipyridine) and their postfunctionalization using click chemistry is described. CuI‐catalyzed azide–alkyne [3+2] cycloaddition was an efficient method to decorate the PtII complexes with a manifold of moieties in high yields. The absorption and emission properties and the electrochemical behaviour of all of the complexes have been investigated. The studied compounds emit at room temperature between 598 and 660 nm, reaching photoluminescence quantum yields of 0.33 in solution. The bright luminescent properties of the unsubstituted bpy PtII bisacetylide complex remained unaffected upon click‐functionalization as the resulting triazole substituent has no significant influence on the nonradiative decay rate constant. This route opens new possibilities for to control the bulk of the complexes, their solubility, and their further extension or immobilization on macromolecules, polymers and surfaces without affecting their intrinsic properties. Two derivatives were selected as triplet emitter molecules in solution‐processed polymer‐based organic light‐emitting devices.
Platinum‐Catalyzed Cyclization of N‐Allyl Carbamates for the Synthesis of 5‐Vinyloxazolidinones
Authors: Yoon Hyo‐Sang , Kim Ju‐Hye , Kang Eun Joo , Jang Hye‐Young
Published: March 2012

Platinum‐catalyzed addition of the oxygen nucleophile of a carbamate to an allyl bromide was carried out to afford a range of biologically active 5‐vinyl‐substituted oxazolidinones in good yields. Over the course of the reaction, a platinum complex, SnCl2, and the allyl bromide are assumed to generate an electrophilic allyl‐platinum intermediate in the presence of carbamate oxygen nucleophiles. This method provides a wide range of 5‐vinyloxazolidinones regardless of the substitution at the nitrogen and oxygen atoms.
Beurteilung der Setzungen bei EPB‐Vortrieben der Metro L9 Barcelona
Authors: Ruse Nico Michael , Schwarz Henning
Published: March 2012

Für den Bau der insgesamt 50 km langen Metro Linie 9 in Barcelona werden zeitgleich bis zu fünf EPB‐Schilde eingesetzt; davon werden 13,6 km mit einem Ausbruchdurchmeser von 9,4 m und 27 km mit 12 m Durchmesser aufgefahren. Weitere Abschnitte führen über einen 4 km langen Viadukt sowie auf 6 km durch Tunnel in offener Bauweise und Tunnel in Spritzbetonbauweise. Seit Dezember 2009 sind bereits erste Teilstrecken dem automatischen U‐Bahnbetrieb übergeben.

Der Vortrieb von Tunneln im innerstädtischen Bereich erfordert eine äußerst intensive Vorbereitung und Kontrolle der Vortriebsparameter der Tunnelbohrmaschinen sowie ein intensives geodätisches und geotechnisches Messprogramm. Im vorliegenden Artikel werden Verfahren zur Vorbereitung und Kontrolle der Vortriebe mittels Erddruckschilden dargestellt. Hierbei wird insbesondere auf die Arbeitsdrücke der EPB‐Schilde und die auftretenden Setzungen eingegangen, wobei der positive Effekt einer aktiven Kontrolle der Arbeitsdrücke im Steuerspalt zur Setzungsminimierung aufgezeigt wird. Zur detaillierten Analyse und Bewertung der Setzungen wird die “Effizienz” als Bewertungskriterium eingeführt.

Assessment of settlements at EPB drives of Barcelona's metro line 9. For the construction of the 50 km long Metro Line 9 in Barcelona up to five earth pressure balanced shields have been used at the same time. Along 13.6 km the tunnel is excavated with an excavation diameter of 9.4 m and on a length of 27 km with a diameter of 12 m. Further sections are a 4 km long viaduct and 6 km of tunnels in cut and cover or conventionally excavated tunnels. First sub‐sections of the new metro line are in service since December 2009. The advance of tunnels below urban areas requires an intensive preparation and control of the machine advance parameters as well as an intensive topographical and geotechnical monitoring programme. In the present article procedures for the preparation and control of an EPB advance are shown. Main focus is set on the machines working pressures and the resulting ground movements. The positive influence of the shield gap injection will be pointed out. For the analysis and evaluation of the settlements for the advance in soil, the so called “efficiency” will be introduced.
Säulenherstellung mit Tiefenrüttlern in Böden mit einer undränierten Kohäsion cu < 15 kN/m2
Authors: Wehr Jimmy , Maihold Katja
Published: March 2012

Baustellenerfahrungen und systematische Modellversuche zeigen, dass eine Säulenherstellung von Rüttelstopfsäulen (RSV) mit dem Tiefenrüttler auch in sehr weichen Böden ab einem Grenzwert der undränierten Kohäsion von cu = 4 kN/m2 möglich ist. Der alte Grenzwert cu = 15 kN/m2 von 1979 verliert damit seine Gültigkeit. In der aktuellen allgemeinen bauaufsichtlichen Zulassung Z‐34.2‐3 für “Vermörtelte Stopfsäulen (VSS), Fertigmörtel‐Stopfsäulen (FSS) und Betonstopfsäulen (BSS)” der Keller Grundbau GmbH wurde diesen neuen Erkenntnissen mit der Anpassung der Anwendbarkeitsgrenzen und der Herstellung einer Kiesvergütung nun Rechnung getragen.

Installation of columns with depth vibrators in soils with undrained cohesion cu < 15 kN/m2. Site experiences and systematic model tests show that the installation of vibro stone columns and vibro mortar columns is possible with a depth vibrator even in a very soft soil with an undrained cohesion of cu = 4 kN/m2. The old limit value of cu = 15 kN/m2 is no longer valid. The DIBt (“Deutsches Institut für Bautechnik”, German federal institute for construction technique, Berlin) accommodates this fact in the actual version of the general technical approval Nr. Z‐34.2‐3 for vibro concrete columns (VCC) and ready‐mixed vibro mortar columns (VMC).
Post‐combustion CO2 capture: chemical absorption processes in coal‐fired steam power plants
Authors: Oexmann Jochen , Kather Alfons , Linnenberg Sebastian , Liebenthal Ulrich
Published: March 2012

The integration of a post‐combustion CO2 capture unit in a coal‐fired steam power plant leads to a reduction in net power output, where the largest contributors to the power loss are the heat requirement for the regeneration of the chemical solvent in the desorber of the CO2 capture unit (approx. 2/3) and the auxiliary power demand of the CO2 compressor (approx. 1/4). In this review, the layout of the overall process is explained and the interaction of the three sub‐processes power plant, CO2 capture process and CO2 compressor is discussed. The optimization of process parameters of the CO2 capture unit – such as solution flow rate and reboiler temperature – is intricate due to the complex interaction of the sub‐processes. It is shown that although the heat requirement for solvent regeneration has the largest impact on the power output of the overall process, the optimal process parameters that lead to the lowest possible heat requirement of the capture unit do not necessarily coincide with the optimal process parameters that make for the most energy efficient operation of the overall process. Therefore, when optimizing process parameters of CO2 absorption processes in power plants, one should focus on the minimization of the overall power loss instead of solely reducing the heat requirement for solvent regeneration. The described coherences are illustrated by the results of process simulations based on detailed models of a post‐combustion CO2 capture unit using 7 m (30 wt.‐%) monoethanolamine (MEA), of a supercritical, hard‐coal‐fired steam power plant and of a six‐stage, intercooled CO2 compressor. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Basin stratigraphy, sea‐level fluctuations and their global tectonic connections—evidence from the Proterozoic Cuddapah Basin
Authors: Patranabis‐Deb Sarbani , Saha Dilip , Tripathy Vikash
Published: March 2012

The Cuddapah Supergroup succession can be divided into four unconformity‐bound sequences, namely, the Papaghni, Chitravati, Srisailam and Kurnool groups and formation representing four major cycles of sedimentation. The oldest sequence, the Papaghni Group is represented by fan‐delta, prodelta and shallow shelf deposits. The rifting stage of the basin evolution is attested by the immature delta succession deposited as a major fault‐controlled basin evolution, and was followed by the early subsidence stage. Basement uplift and a hiatus in deposition follows the first cycle of sedimentation. The Chitravati Group, representing the second cycle of sedimentation, consists of mature sandstones separated by a heterogeneous shale–sandstone–dolomite interval. The third cycle starts with the deposition of widespread coastal fluvial to shallow marine sandstone of the Srisailam Formation, and the fourth cycle is represented by the Kurnool Group consisting of conglomerates, feldspathic sandstones, supermature quartzarenites, minor shale and carbonates. Each cycle represents a rifting phase followed by a stable subsidence stage when the basin evolved into a large epicontinental sea. The supermature Gandikota Quartzite of the Chitravati Group and the Paniam Quartzite of the Kurnool Group represent relative sea‐level fall and forced regression. The siliciclastics in each of the sequences display signatures of macrotidal sedimentation pointing to open ocean connection. The sequences further display signatures of passive margin sedimentation with multiple events of carbonate‐shale rhythmite deposition. Mafic flows and dykes in the Papaghni and Chitravati groups reflect thermal anomalies associated with phased crustal extension; successive extensional phases were punctuated by basin inversion. Extensive and pulsed development of epicontinental seas as recorded in the Cuddapah sequences in the south Indian craton, possibly reflect global sea‐level changes associated with supercontinent (eg. Columbia in the Palaeoproterozoic) break‐up and assembly. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessment of dementia risk in aging adults using both FDG‐PET and FDDNP‐PET imaging
Authors: Ercoli L. M. , Small G. W. , Siddarth P. , Kepe V. , Huang S.‐C. , Miller K. J. , Lavretsky H. , Bookheimer S. Y. , Barrio J. R. , Silverman D. H. S.
Published: March 2012

Background

In a previous study, positron emission tomography (PET) with 2‐(1‐{6‐[(2‐[F‐18]fluoroethyl)(methyl)amino]‐2‐naphthyl}ethylidene)malononitrile (FDDNP), a molecule that binds to plaques and tangles in vitro, identified three subgroups of non‐demented subjects according to FDDNP binding patterns: low global (LG) binding; high frontal, parietal, medial temporal binding (HF/PA); and high medial and lateral temporal and posterior cingulate (HT/PC) binding. In this follow‐up investigation, we compared 2‐deoxy‐2‐[F‐18]fluoro‐ d‐glucose (FDG)‐PET cerebral metabolic patterns in the three FDDNP‐PET binding subgroups.

Methods

Fifty‐four subjects with normal aging (N = 28) or amnestic forms of mild cognitive impairment (N = 26) underwent FDDNP‐PET and FDG‐PET scanning. Subjects in the LG, HF/PA, and HT/PC FDDNP subgroups were compared according to visual ratings, statistical parametric mapping, and automated region of interest analyses of their FDG‐PET data.

Results

The FDDNP‐PET subgroups demonstrated different glucose metabolic patterns according to visual ratings, region of interest, and statistical parametric mapping analyses of FDG‐PET data. The LG FDDNP subgroup showed no areas of significant hypometabolism relative to the other subgroups and had low Alzheimer's disease risk by FDG‐PET standards. The HF/PA FDDNP subgroup demonstrated hypometabolism in bilateral inferior parietal/parietotemporal, bilateral posterior cingulate, perisylvian, mid‐temporal gyrus, and dorsolateral prefrontal regions, which is a pattern suggestive of high Alzheimer's disease risk. The HT/PC FDDNP subgroup demonstrated heterogeneous FDG‐PET patterns with predominant anterior frontal and anterior temporal hypometabolism, suggestive of mixed etiologies, including fronto‐temporal dementia risk.

Conclusions

The FDG‐PET data provided independent validation that different patterns of FDDNP‐PET binding in non‐demented individuals may be associated with differential dementia risk. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Falling through the cracks: gaps in depression treatment among older Mexican‐origin and white men
Authors: Hinton Ladson , Apesoa‐Varano Ester Carolina , González Hector M. , Aguilar‐Gaxiola Sergio , Dwight‐Johnson Megan , Barker Judith C. , Tran Cindy , Zuniga Ramiro , Unützer Jürgen
Published: March 2012

Objectives

This study aims (i) to compare depression frequency and self‐reported depression treatment in Mexican‐origin and white men; (ii) to examine ethnic differences in self‐reported prior depression diagnosis and types of treatment; and (iii) to determine whether Mexican‐origin men (both English and Spanish language preferring) are less likely than white men to report receiving depression treatment after controlling for potential confounders.

Methods

This is a cross‐sectional, observational study of Mexican‐origin and white men (60 years old and over) presenting for primary care visits at six outpatient clinics in California's Central Valley. Clinical depression was assessed with the Structured Clinical Interview for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM‐IV), module for past‐year major depression and questions for chronic depression. Past year, self‐reported prior depression diagnosis and treatment (i.e., medication, psychotherapy, mental health referral) were assessed through a structured questionnaire.

Results

The frequency of past‐year clinical depression was similar for both ethnic groups, yet Mexican‐origin men were significantly less likely than whites to report receiving a prior diagnosis of depression or prior depression treatment. Compared with whites, the odds of untreated depression in Mexican‐origin men was 4.35 (95% CI 1.35–14.08) for those interviewed in English and 10.40 (95% CI 2.11–51.25) for those interviewed in Spanish. For both ethnic groups, the majority (i.e., approximately two‐thirds) of men receiving depression treatment also met criteria for past‐year clinical depression.

Conclusions

Mexican‐origin older men in primary care suffer from significant gaps in depression care (i.e., diagnosis and treatment) compared with whites. Delivering effective depression treatment (i.e., so that depression remits) remains elusive for both ethnic groups. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
CYCLICAL ABSENTEEISM AMONG PRIVATE SECTOR, PUBLIC SECTOR AND SELF‐EMPLOYED WORKERS
Authors: Pfeifer Christian
Published: March 2012

This research note analyzes differences in the number of absent working days and doctor visits and in their cyclicality between private sector, public sector and self‐employed workers. For this purpose, I used large‐scale German survey data for the years 1995 to 2007 to estimate random effects negative binomial (count data) models. The main findings are as follows. (i) Public sector workers have on average more absent working days than private sector and self‐employed workers. Self‐employed workers have fewer absent working days and doctor visits than dependent employed workers. (ii) The regional unemployment rate is on average negatively correlated with the number of absent working days among private and public sector workers as well as among self‐employed men. The correlations between regional unemployment rate and doctor visits are only significantly negative among private sector workers. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A human claudin-1–derived peptide inhibits hepatitis C virus entry
Authors: Si Youhui , Liu Shufeng , Liu Xiuying , Jacobs Jana L. , Cheng Min , Niu Yuqiang , Jin Qi , Wang Tianyi , Yang Wei
Published: March 2012

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) entry is a complicated process that requires multiple host factors, such as CD81, scavenger receptor BI, claudin-1 (CLDN1), and occludin. The interaction of virus and cellular entry factors represents a promising target for novel anti-HCV drug development. In this study, we sought to identify peptide inhibitors for HCV entry by screening a library of overlapping peptides covering the four above-mentioned entry factors. An 18–amino acid peptide (designated as CL58) that was derived from the CLDN1 intracellular and first transmembrane region inhibited both

de novo

and established HCV infection

in vitro

. Unlike previously reported peptides corresponding to CLDN1 extracellular loops, CL58 did not alter the normal distribution of CLDN1 and was not cytotoxic

in vitro

at concentrations nearly 100-fold higher than the effective antiviral dose. The inhibitory effect of CL58 appeared to occur at a late step during viral entry, presumably after initial binding. Finally, overexpressed CL58 was able to interact with HCV envelope proteins.

Conclusion

: We identified a novel CLDN1-derived peptide that inhibits HCV entry at a postbinding step. The findings expand our knowledge of the roles that CLDN1 play in HCV entry and highlight the potential for developing a new class of inhibitors targeting the viral entry process. (HEPATOLOGY 2012)
Do clinical and experimental investigations support an antiatherogenic role for dietary phytosterols/stanols?
Authors: Lottenberg Ana Maria , Bombo Renata P.A. , Ilha Angela , Nunes Valeria Sutti , Nakandakare Edna R. , Quintão Eder C.R.
Published: March 2012

The plasma cholesterol‐reducing effect of phytosterols (PS) has been recognized in several studies, but the usefulness of PS in preventing coronary heart disease remains controversial, as some investigations claim that the high PS concentrations found in plasma and specific tissues are related to an increased risk of cardiovascular events. It has also been demonstrated that PS may induce inflammation and reduce cholesterol efflux from macrophages, conditions that are directly implicated in the development of atherosclerosis. As to arterial dysfunction and atherosclerosis, some studies have concluded that plasma PS concentrations are unrelated or only weakly related or that PS intake or plasma PS concentrations are harmful. Thus, in light of the National Cholesterol Education Program‐ATPIII report, it is necessary to evaluate the relevance of their findings. To this end, we have evaluated the studies conducted on cells, animal models, and humans regarding the influence of PS on the development of atherosclerosis. © 2012 IUBMB Life, 64(4): 296–306, 2012
Highly efficient synthesis of 5‐cyanovaleramide by Rhodococcus ruber CGMCC3090 resting cells
Authors: Shen Yanbing , Wang Min , Li Xiaodan , Zhang Jinli , Sun Hua , Luo Jianmei
Published: March 2012

BACKGROUND: The chemo‐selective biocatalytic hydrolysis of nitriles presents a valuable alternative to chemical hydrolysis, a procedure in which harsh conditions are applied. In this study, Rhodococcus ruber CGMCC3090 is used for 5‐cyanovaleramide (5‐CVAM) production by means of adiponitrile (ADN) hydration. Several parameters that affect the biocatalyzation process are investigated.

RESULTS: The effective production of 5‐CVAM from ADN with good regioselectivity was successfully achieved using the resting cells of Rhodococcus ruber CGMCC3090. The reaction parameters for 5‐CVAM production were investigated during the experiment, and it was found that resting cells were effective in converting ADN at high concentrations (up to 2.0 mol L−1) and the hydration reaction was slightly inhibited by different concentrations of 5‐CVAM. After 100 min of incubation, more than 99.2% of the added adiponitrile was converted to 5‐CVAM when the cell concentration was 1.05 g dry cell weight (DCW) L−1.

CONCLUSION: The study provides a facile and feasible way of achieving high 5‐CVAM production levels while maintaining high purity of the product obtained. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Metabolome analysis reveals ethanolamine as potential marker for improving lipid accumulation of model photosynthetic organisms
Authors: Cheng Jing‐Sheng , Niu Yan‐Hong , Lu Shu‐Huan , Yuan Ying‐Jin
Published: March 2012

BACKGROUND: Many researchers focus on exploring approaches to improve lipid productivity by photosynthetic organisms. Metabolomic analysis provides a new way to globally explore metabolic changes. To elevate lipid yields in the process of biodiesel production using photosynthetic organisms as feedstock, metabolomics combined with orthogonal partial least‐squares discriminant analysis (OPLS‐DA) is being applied widely to seek potential markers in regulation of lipid production. Herein, metabolic differences among three photosynthetic organisms Scenedesmus obliquus, Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 and Anabaena sp. PCC7120 were analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (GC‐TOF‐MS).

RESULTS: In total, 74 metabolites were identified by GC‐TOF‐MS. The OPLS‐DA model revealed good correlation between metabolites and lipid content (R2 = 0.9916). Nine compounds including ethanolamine were selected as potential markers affecting lipid accumulation. Herein, the highest level of C18:3 revealed its roles in regulation of the unsaturated degree of fatty acids. Further study revealed that exogenous ethanolamine (2 mmol L−1) significantly increased the lipid content (22%) in Scenedesmus obliquus. In particular, ethanolamine significantly elevated the levels of C16:2, C18:1, and C18:2.

CONCLUSION: Metabolomic analysis is a useful tool to search for potential markers to improve lipid accumulation of photosynthetic organisms. Ethanolamine can be regarded as an alternative compound to improve lipid content and fatty acid levels for biodiesel production. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Emergency use of a customized tracheostomy tube for pediatric patients
Authors: Reilly Brian K. , Volk Mark S.
Published: March 2012

This article describes how to make a customized tracheostomy tube in an emergency setting for a pediatric patient. This is particularly critical when a commercial customized tracheostomy tube cannot be readily obtained.
Sodium imaging of human brain at 7 T with 15‐channel array coil
Authors: Qian Yongxian , Zhao Tiejun , Wiggins Graham C. , Wald Lawrence L. , Zheng Hai , Weimer Jonathan , Boada Fernando E.
Published: March 2012

Signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) is a major challenge to sodium magnetic resonance imaging. Phased array coils have been shown significantly improving SNR in proton imaging over volume coils. This study investigates SNR advantage of a 15‐channel array head coil (birdcage volume coil for transmit/receive and 15‐channel array insert for receive‐only) in sodium imaging at 7 T. Phantoms and healthy human brains were scanned on a whole‐body 7 T magnetic resonance imaging scanner using a customer‐developed pulse sequence with the twisted projection imaging trajectory. Noise‐only images were acquired with blanked radiofrequency excitations for noise measurement on a pixel basis. SNR was calculated on the root of sum‐of‐squares images. When compared with the volume coil, the 15‐channel array produced SNR more than doubled at the periphery and slightly increased at the center of the phantoms and human brains. Decorrelation of noise across channels of the array coil extended the SNR‐doubled region into deep area of the brain. The spatial modulation of element sensitivities on the sum‐of‐squares combined image was removed by performing self‐calibrated sensitivity encoding parallel image reconstruction and uniform image intensity across entire field of view was attained. The 15‐channel array coil is an efficient tool to substantially improve SNR in sodium imaging on human brain. Magn Reson Med, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Probiotika: Quo Vadis....?
Authors: von Schillde Marie‐Anne , Haller Dirk
Published: March 2012

Die Rechtfertigung für den Einsatz von probiotischen Mikroorganismen beruht bisher auf den Ergebnissen rein deskriptiver Studien in Mensch oder Tier. Die ursächlichen Mechanismen sind allerdings häufig nicht bekannt. Um neue, wissenschaftlich fundierte Indikationsgebiete und Applikationswege für Probiotika zu bestimmen und neue probiotische Stämme sowie Probiotika‐Mischungen gezielt einsetzen zu können, bedarf es der Kenntnis zugrunde liegender Wirkmechanismen bzw. Struktur‐Funktions‐Beziehungen. Ergebnisse, die mit einem bestimmten Stamm in einem Indikationsgebiet erzielt wurden, können nicht per se auf andere Stämme übertragen werden. Nur solch ein rationaler Einsatz von Probiotika wird letztlich zu abschätzbaren Wirkungen von probiotischen Therapien führen und sie zukünftig unter Einhaltung pharmakologischer Sicherheitsstandards als ernst zu nehmende Begleittherapie oder Alternative zu pharmakologischen Therapien etablieren.
Trichuris suis ova bei chronisch‐entzündlichen Darmerkrankungen
Authors: Dignaß Axel , Hartmann Franz , Schulze Hermann , Stein Jürgen
Published: March 2012

Die Pathogenese der chronisch‐entzündlichen Darmerkrankungen Morbus Crohn und Colitis ulcerosa ist trotz erheblicher Fortschritte in der Ätiopathogenese‐Forschung weiterhin ungeklärt. Verschiedene Faktoren, wie z.B. eine genetische Prädisposition oder Umweltfaktoren (u.a. bakterielle oder virale Infekte, Ernährungsbestandteile, Rauchen) führen vermutlich zu einer Barrierestörung und konsekutiver Fehlregulation des mukosalen Immunsystems, die in der Entwicklung einer chronisch‐entzündlichen Darmerkrankung (CED) resultiert.
Graphene based composites prepared through exfoliation of graphite platelets in methyl methacrylate/poly(methyl methacrylate)
Authors: Cardinali Marta , Valentini Luca , Kenny Josè M. , Mutlay İbrahim
Published: March 2012

The use of methyl methacrylate/poly(methyl methacrylate) as a medium for the exfoliation of graphite platelets without any chemical treatment is reported. The dispersions, characterized by transmission electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy, confirmed the obtainment of graphene sheets a few layers thick. We found that the electrical conductivity of such nanocomposites can be activated at temperature by the application of an external electric field, this effect being reversible after removal of the thermal stimulus. This result provides an initial understanding of how electric field assisted thermal annealing can be used to control the bulk physical properties of such composites. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Der große Wurf
Authors: Hofmann Jan , Klar Peter J. , von Aufschnaiter Claudia
Published: March 2012

Wurftechniken und Fallvorgänge im Judo lassen sich mit vergleichsweise einfachen technischen Hilfsmitteln physikalisch analysieren. Ein Wurf kann dabei in drei Phasen zerlegt werden: Brechen des Gleichgewichts, Niederwurf und Fallen. Videoanalyse und physikalische Analyse zeigen, dass sich die Philosophie des Judobegründers Kano “eines möglichst wirkungsvollen Gebrauchs von geistiger und körperlicher Energie” in der Tat in den Trajektorien der Bewegung wiederfindet. Eine Analyse des Kraftstoßes beim Fallen zeigt, dass das Abschlagen physikalisch sinnvoll ist. Die auf den Oberkörper wirkende Kraft, und damit die Verletzungsgefahr, wird verringert. Mit ähnlich geringem technischen Aufwand sollten sich auch aussagekräftige Ergebnisse zu anderen Sportarten wie Hochsprung oder Turnen erzielen lassen.
Aber bitte mit Sahne
Authors: Vilgis Thomas
Published: March 2012

Schlichte Schlagsahne ist ein kleines physikalisches Wunder, lassen sich aus ihr luftige und dennoch feste Schäume schlagen. Geschlagene Sahne ist ein stabiles Gebilde aus Luftbläschen, festen, teilkristallinen Fettpartikeln und Proteinen. In ihr treffen alle drei Aggregatzustände aufeinander.