bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
X-Ray Micro-Tomography as a Tool for Quantitative Characterization of Advanced Materials Manufacturing Processes
Authors: Tiseanu Ion , Craciunescu Teddy , Aldica Gheorghe Virgil , Iovea Mihai
Published: March 2009

The potential of X-ray micro-tomography in characterizing the relevant material issues as
identified during manufacturing processes was investigated. For this purpose, the 3D X-ray
micro-tomography (XµRT) analysis was applied to the characterization of structural integrity of
Nb3Sn superconducting wires of differing topology and the evolution of the density distribution of
ceramic samples manufactured by Field Assisted Sintering Techniques (FAST). The latter technique
was used to consolidate the ceramic, metal (Ni) and composite powders (MgB2). The usual scanning
electron microscope (SEM) technique was enhanced by the high resolution XµRT in order to describe
the volumetric density distribution before sintering and at different moments of the thermal cycle.
Two types of samples sintered Ni and high density MgB2 superconductors with typical volume of
0.8÷1.5⋅10-9 m3 were sampled at space resolution around 5µm. For the sintered Ni, the 3D
reconstructed volumes revealed the grain connectivity, necks formation and particle rearrangement in
the densification process. The XµRT analysis was essential in explaining the differences in
superconducting properties of MgB2 samples in terms of different volumetric structures. For the
Nb3Sn multifilamentary wire which is at basis of many practical superconductors, the 3D tomography
enabled the determination of the number of inter-filament contacts as well as the twist-pitch
parameter. Advantages of our method versus the invasive etching techniques for the determination of
the twist-pitch parameter were outlined.
Prediction of Inelastic Behavior of Composite Laminates Using Multi-Surface Continuum Damage-Plasticity
Authors: Mohammadi Bijan , Hosseini-Toudeshky Hossein , Sadr-Lahidjani Mohammad Homayoun , Aivazzadeh Shahram
Published: March 2009

The recently performed investigations in continuum plastic-damage analysis of composite
laminates by the authors showed that using a single hardening internal variable for damage and
plasticity surfaces may prone to significant errors in response and failure load for some lay-ups. In
this paper, the new technique of coupled continuum plastic-damage mechanics including multisurface
dissipation potentials are employed to improve the results. The response and failure loads of
the laminated composites with different lay-ups are predicted using elastic, damage, and damageplasticity
conditions with single and multi surface plasticity and compared with the available
experimental results.
Exchange Effect in TM-TbCo/RE-TbCo Double Layer Films
Authors: Lin G.P. , Kuo Po Cheng , Fang Y.H. , Ou Sin Liang , Chen S.C.
Published: March 2009

The High saturation magnetization (Ms) media are desired to yield large flux density for
high resolution giant magnetoresistive head readout in Heat Assisted Magnetic Recording (HAMR).
To ensure adequate stability of small size domains, the media for HAMR should possess large
coercivity (Hc). In this work, we study of interface wall energy and the behavior of the magnetization
of each layer in exchange coupled doubled-layered (ECDL) films. The Tb17Co83 (90 nm)/Tb30Co70
ECDL films with different Tb30Co70 thickness (20, 35, 50, 70, 90 nm) are made to increase the Ms
value. As the thickness of Tb30Co70 film increase from 20 to 90 nm, the coercivity of the films
increases from 2.5 to 8 kOe. The enhanced coercivity of ECDL films is due to the formation of
domain wall at the interface of the ECDL film. As the Tb30Co70 increases from 20 to 90 nm, the Ms
value of the films decreases from 380 to 330 emu/cm3. Due to Co has larger magnetic moment than
that of Tb at room temperature, the resulting Ms value of the films decreases with increasing the
thickness of Tb30Co70 layer.
Multifunctional Polymer Composites for "Intellectual" Structures: Present State, Problems, Future
Authors: Ponomarenko Anatoliy T. , Figovsky Oleg , Shevchenko Vitaliy G.
Published: March 2009

Strategy of the synthesis of multifunctional materials is developed on the basis of physical
properties of composites, composition of fillers, the type of polymer matrix and distribution of
ingredients in composite. Each of these factors is displayed in material in different extent depending
on technological parameters of processing, and also properties and interaction of fillers in particular
conditions. In homogeneous and, in particular in heterogeneous systems, such as metals and alloys,
ferro - and ferrimagnetics, ferroelectrics, ferroelectromagnetics, polymer and ceramic matrix
composites, high-temperature superconducting ceramics, etc. It is always possible to outline various
types of hierarchy. Investigation of the effect of hierarchical structures on physical properties and the
nature of interaction of various internal fields in inhomogeneous materials is inseparably linked with
the development of methods of synthesis of new smart and intelligent structures.
Influence of Ru(II) Bipyridyl Complex on the Photocatalytic H2 Evolution over TiO2 Nanoparticles with Mesostructures
Authors: Peng Tian You , Ke Ding Ning , Wu Chun , Ping Cai , Ma Liang , Zan Ling
Published: March 2009

H2 production over dye-sensitized Pt/TiO2 nanoparticles with mesostructures under
visible light was investigated by using methanol as electron donors. Three types of Ru(II) bipyridyl
complexes, which can be attached to Pt/m-TiO2 with different linkage modes, show different
photosensitization. The dye tightly linked with m-TiO2 has better durability but the lowest H2
evolution efficiency, whereas the loosely attached dyes possess higher H2 evolution efficiency and
preferable durability. It seems that the dynamic equilibrium between the linkage of ground state dye
with TiO2 and the divorce of oxidization state dye from the surfaces plays a crucial role in the
photochemical behavior during photocatalyst sensitization process. The binuclear Ru(II) shows a
better photosensitization in comparison with mono- nuclear Ru(II) dyes due to its large conjugation
system and “antenna effect”, which, in turn, improve the visible light harvesting and electron
transfer between the dye and TiO2.
Crystallization Behavior of Polypropylene (PP)/ Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) Composite Fibres
Authors: Liu Dong Hui , Si Xiao Juan , Gao Jin , Cao Ling Ling , Wang Yi Min
Published: March 2009

Polypropylene (PP)/ polyethylene terephthalate (PET) composite fibres modified by
PP-g-AA as a compatilizer were prepared by melt extrusion in a twin screw extruder. The
crystallization and melting behavior of PP fibre and PP/PET composite fibres were investigated
with differential scanning calorimeter (DSC)[1]. The results indicate that addition of PET acts as
nucleating agent on the PP/PET composite fibres and increases the crystallization temperature of PP.
[2,3]The crystallization peak temperature (Tp) increased first and decreased afterwards with the
increase of PET, indicating that small amount of PET would promote the crystallization of PP, but
excessive would reduce the crystallinity.
Antibacterial and Nontoxic Nano Silver PLLA Composites for Tissue Engineering
Authors: Li Lin , Li Yi , Li Jia Shen , Yao Lei , Mak Arthur F.T. , Ko Frank , Qin Ling
Published: March 2009

Poly-L-Lactide (PLLA) composites were prepared with nano silver particles with the
weight ratios of nano silver particles to PLLA (Ag/PLLA) at 0.5%, 2.5%, 5%, 7.5% and 10% (w/w).
In vitro cytotoxicity tests were conducted firstly to evaluate the cytotoxicity of the composites. The
results indicated that PLLA, 0.5%, 2.5% and 5% Ag/PLLA composites were nontoxic to cells,
while 7.5% and 10% Ag/PLLA composites were significantly toxic to cells. Cell proliferation
experiments and antibacterial tests were also performed. 5% Ag/PLLA was found the best for cell
proliferation with obvious antibacterial property. Thus, Ag/PLLA can be used as nontoxic scaffolds
for tissue engineering with antibacterial property.
Smart Hybrid Mussel Adhesive Materials for Cell and Tissue Engineering
Authors: Hwang Dong Soo , Lim Seong Hye , Cha Hyung Joon
Published: March 2009

Mussel foot protein is widely known for candidate of strong adhesive materials. Six
times fp-1 decapeptide repeats and fp-5 are chosen among the various type of foot protein and fused
into (MAP) fp-151. Through various cell-adhesion analyses, we previously demonstrated that fp-
151 has the potential to be used as a cell or tissue bioadhesive. In the present study, to improve the
cell-adhesion properties of fp-151, it was designed a new cell-adhesive protein, fp-151-RGD, which
is a fusion with the GRGDSP residues, a RGD peptide sequence that has previously been identified
at the cell-attachment site of fibronectin, at the C-terminus of fp-151. Also, recombinant fp-151-
RGD maintained the advantages associated with fp-151, such as a high production yield in
Escherichia coli and simple purification, it showed superior spreading ability, which is important
for cell proliferation under serum-free conditions, as well as better cell-adhesion ability compared
with other commercially produced cell-adhesion materials such as poly-L-lysine (PLL) and the
naturally extracted MAP mixture Cell-Tak. The excellent adhesion and spreading abilities of fp-
151-RGD might be due to the fact that it utilizes three types of cell-binding mechanisms: DOPA
adhesion of Cell-Tak, cationic binding force of PLL, and RGD sequence-mediated adhesion of
fibronectin. Therefore, the new recombinant fp-151-RGD is suitable for use as a cell-adhesion
material in cell culture or tissue engineering, and in any other area where efficient cell adhesion is
required.
Characterization of a Functionally Graded Hypereutectic Al-Si Alloy Produced by Centrifugal Method
Authors: Oveisi Emad , Akhlaghi Farshad
Published: March 2009

In the present study, Al-Si samples with a graded structure were produced via horizontal centrifugal
casting. The distribution of primary and eutectic silicon particles within the produced specimens
was investigated by optical microscopy. The microstructure of one end of the sample (closed to
rotating axis) consisted of primary Si particles distributed within a eutectic matrix. The volume
fraction of these particles decreased towards the other end of the sample and exhibited mostly
primary Al-α and eutectic structure. Microhardness and macrohardness measurements conducted
along the sample length showed a gradual decreasing value from one end (near the rotation axis)
towards the other end of sample demonstrating functionally graded properties. These results were
rationalized in terms of the lower density of Si compared to Al alloy which provided the movement
of Si particles under the action of centrifugal forces during rotation.
Modeling of the Cyclic Behavior of Shape Memory Alloys during Localized Unstable Mechanical Response
Authors: Azadi Bijan , Rajapakse Nimal , Maijer Daan M.
Published: March 2009

Experiments have shown that the localization of transformation in NiTi shape memory
alloys (SMAs) is an important factor in determining their mechanical response during cyclic
loading. A one-dimensional constitutive model for the cyclic behavior of SMAs is presented that
takes into account the localization of transformation and transformation-induced plasticity. An
internal variable is introduced that characterizes the amount of temperature-dependent cyclic
change. The results of simulations at two different temperatures are also presented.
High-Temperature Thermal Cyclic Oxidation Behavior of Wide-Gap Brazed IN738 Superalloy
Authors: Kim Yong Hwan , Kim K.T.
Published: March 2009

The microstructure and thermal cyclic oxidation resistance of the wide-gap region brazed
with different filler metal powder (BNi-3 and DF 4B) comparing with that of Ni-based IN738 alloy
were investigated. The microstructure characterization showed that Cr borides with a blocky
morphology were existed in the brazed region in both filler metal powder. The normalized weight
gain with cyclic oxidation showed that weight loss of the specimen brazed with BNi-3 filler metal
occurred after 600 cycles. However, the specimen brazed with DF 4B filler metal had no obvious
weight loss until 700 cycles. It was observed that the oxidation kinetics of the all oxidized specimens
followed the quasi-parabolic law, and the oxide layer was mainly composed of NiO, Al2O3 and
NiCr2O4.
Preparation of CuMgAl Hydrotalcite-Like Compounds at Low MII/MIII Molar Ratios
Authors: Shen Yan Ming , Wu Jing , Liu Chang Hou , Zhang Zhen Xiang
Published: March 2009

CuMgAl hydrotalcite-like compounds with MII/MIII=1 and Cu/Mg molar ratios 3:1, 1:1, 1:3 and 1:19
were synthesized by coprecipitation and characterized by elemental analyses, XRD, SEM, FT-IR, TG-DTA
and BET surface area test. XRD of all samples showed that Cu/Mg/Al hydrotalcites without any detectable
impurity phase could be obtained at Cu/Mg molar ratios 1:3 and 1:19, however, at high Cu/Mg molar ratios 3:1
and 1:1, Al(OH)3 and copper hydroxides or oxides were obtained in the products besides the hydrotalcites,
owing to the strong Jahn-Teller effect of Cu2+. It was also found that the crystallinity of the solids increased
with an increase in copper content. IR results showed that the symmetry of carbonate was reduced from D3h
to lower symmetry at high copper content. The thermal stability of the compounds decreased with increasing
copper content, as indicated by TG-DTA measurements. Further thermal decomposition analyses showed
that the surface area reached the maximum at calcination temperature of 500
° C and mixed metal oxides with
crystalline MgO, amorphous Al2O3 and highly dispersed CuO were obtained.
Effect of Particle Size of Fully Porous-Coated (FPC) Implants on Osseointegration
Authors: Rungsiyakull Chaiy , Li Qing , Li Wei , Appleyard Richard , Swain Michael
Published: March 2009

This paper aims at providing a preliminary understanding in biomechanics with respect to
the effect of the particle size of Fully Porous-Coated (FPC) dental implant on osseointegration. 2D
multiscale finite element models are created for a typical dental implantation setting. Under a certain
mastication force (<200N), a global response is first obtained from a macro-scale model (without
considering morphological details on the coated surface), and then it is transferred to micro-scale
models (with coated surface morphology details in three different particle sizes). An equivalent strain
is analyzed to investigate the effect of particle size of the FPC materials on osseointegration and
initiation of bone remodelling. The result reveals that increasing particle sizes has a significant effect
on biomechanical and bone remodelling responses.
Effect of Slurry Preparation on Physical Properties of Porous Hydroxyapatite Prepared via Polymeric Sponge Method
Authors: Sopyan Iis , Kaur J. , Toibah A.R. , Bin Abdul Shukor Mohd Hamdi , Singh Ramesh
Published: March 2009

Hydroxyapatite porous materials for cancellous bone applications were prepared via
polymeric sponge method. Suspensions of the nanostructured hydroxyapatite powders were
prepared via stirring of the mixture of hydroxyapatite powder, water, and dispersing agent. The
stirring time was adjusted at 4 and 20 hours. After soaking cellulosic sponges into the suspension,
the sponges were dried and then subjected to heat-treatment at 600°C, followed by sintering at
1250°C for 1 h. No additional phases were identified in the sintered porous hydroxyapatite. This
result showed that the sintering process did not alter the hydroxyapatite phase composition. The
study found that the apparent density of the porous bodies varied from 1.69 g/cm3 to 2.03 g/cm3
with 35.6 – 46.2 % porosities and 100-500 microns macropore size depending on the composition
of slurry and the stirring time. Longer stirring time resulted in the breakdown of HA agglomerates
and the slurry obtained tends to be more homogeneous, leading to higher density and better
compressive strength of the sintered porous bodies. The measurement of compressive strength
provided the values of 4.3 MPa and 10 MPa for 4 h and 20 h stirring time, which is in the range of
mechanical strength of human cancellous bone.
A Novel Method to Synthesize Nanocrystalline Calcium Phosphates
Authors: Xin Ren Long , Ren Fu Zeng , Huang Guang Jie , Leng Yang
Published: March 2009

This study reports a novel method for the preparation of several biologically important
calcium phosphate (Ca-P) phases such as hydroxyapatite (HA), dicalcium phosphate dihydrate
(DCPD) and dicalcium phosphate anhydrous (DCPA). X-ray diffraction (XRD) results showed that
phase pure DCPD, DCPA and HA nano-crystals could be produced in the Ca2+/PO4
3- solutions with
the presence of EDTA at 120 oC, 180 oC and 210 oC, respectively. Transmission electron microscope
(TEM) micrographs revealed that all the Ca-P precipitates were needle-like or rod-like. Most of the
precipitates ranged from 100 ~ 200 nm in length. Selected area electron diffraction confirmed that the
longitude direction of the rod-like HA precipitates were along c-axis and the flat surface was (110).
Thermal gravimetric analysis of the DCPD precipitates revealed that phase transformations of DCPD
to DCPA and DCPA to HA occurred at 139 oC and 195 oC, respectively, which resulted in the
different Ca-P phases during hydrothermal synthesis at different temperature ranges.
Development of Micro-Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (Micro-SOFCs)
Authors: Wei Wen Cheng J.
Published: March 2009

Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) has several non-replaceable advantages over the others, e.g.
the issues of high volumetric power density and low cost. Those advantages have been appreciated in
recent developments, and implemented in several micro-SOFC devices conducted by several
international projects. ONEBAT System by ETH (with 4 other groups) in Switzerland, micro-tubular
SOFC by AIST in Japan, micro-honeycomb fuel cell (FC) by Professor Ishihara at Kyushu University
will be reviewed in this report. Some micro-devices have been built on Si-chip, or in associated with
the accessory parts, such as fuel reformer, electric power collector, or micro-turbine. Those have
demonstrated important technology breakthrough and also shown the potential for commercial
applications. This report will also discuss two important issues, including gas transport limitation in
small gaps and glass sealing for the practical applications of Micro-SOFCs.
The Effect of B2-Like Structure on Hardening of Cu Bearing High Purity Steel
Authors: Ren Hui Ping , Wang Hai Yan , Liu Zong Chang
Published: March 2009

The precipitate behavior of copper in the high purity structural steel was investigated by
means of transmission electron microscope (TEM), and aging hardening mechanism was
investigated based on the corresponding phase transformation mechanism. The results show that
lots of Cu rich clusters exist in supersaturated ferrite matrix in solid solution, which evolve to
B2-like structure during aging. It is found that the hardening in the initial stage is controlled by the
coherency relationship of the B2-like structure with matrix that forms the obstacle of the dislocation
motion, while the decrease in hardness after the peak is attributed to the loss of coherency, which
should highly likely be the dominant reason of aging hardening in Cu bearing high purity steels.
New Process of Elimination of Hydrogen from Melt Aluminum
Authors: Zeng Jian Min , Xu Zheng Bin , He Juan
Published: March 2009

Hydrogen is the only gas that is appreciably soluble in aluminum and its alloy. Its solubility
is small but its effects on the mechanical properties and finishing characteristics of aluminum alloys
are significant. In this paper, a patented degassing process, which is based on the vacuum metallurgy
principle, is proposed. The diffusion equation was used for explaining hydrogen transfer in the liquid
aluminum under the function of a porous sucking head. RPT experiment was carried out to evaluate
effectiveness of the process. The experiment indicates that the hydrogen content can be dramatically
reduced to 0.05ml/100gAl owing to the use of this new process.
Transformation Behavior of Ni-Mn-Ga Ferromagnetic Shape Memory Alloy
Authors: Pushpanathan K. , Senthur Pandi R. , Chokkalingam R. , Mahendran Manickam
Published: March 2009

Ni-Mn-Ga Ferromagnetic Shape Memory Alloy (FSMA) has been prepared by melt casting
technique. The alloy was annealed at different temperatures. The samples are characterized in
prepared condition and after three different annealing treatments. Microstructure of the alloy has
been investigated using SEM at room temperature. Microstructure study reveals that the magnetic
domains run diagonally across the surface. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) result shows
the ferromagnetic transition temperature of the alloy is 105°C. In-situ study of structure during
heating has revealed that the martensite to austenite transformation takes place in the temperature
range of 28°C to 36°C. The present study focuses the effect of annealing on phase transformation
and magnetic transformation temperature of Ni-Mn-Ga alloy. It has been observed that the
thickness of the martensite plate increases as the alloy is annealed at 950°C for 30 hrs.
Electronic and Structural Properties of Ferromagnetic Shape Memory Alloys Studied by Density Functional Theory
Authors: Chakrabarti Aparna , Barman S.R.
Published: March 2009

The electronic and structural properties of different members of the
Ni-Mn-Ga family calculated by ab initio density functional theory are discussed. From
total energy calculations, we show that the martensitic phase is the stable low
temperature phase. Moreover, occurrence of ferromagnetic and paramagnetic
martensitic phases for Ni2MnGa and Ni2.25Mn0.75Ga, respectively, are explained.
Modifications in the density of states near the Fermi level EF are observed across the
martensitic transition for Ni2MnGa, as well as in Mn2NiGa. While Ni2MnGa is
ferromagnetic, we find Mn2NiGa to be ferrimagnetic. The calculated lattice constants
and the magnetic moments are in good agreement with experiment.
Development of Ni-Mn-Ga Based Ferromagnetic Shape Memory Alloy by Rapid Solidification Technique
Authors: Mitra Amitava , Panda A.K.
Published: March 2009

Rapid solidification route by melt spinning has been adopted for preparation of a Ni52.5Mn24.5Ga23
(at %) ferromagnetic shape memory alloy in the form of ribbons. In the as-spun state, the ribbon
revealed a predominant austenitic L21 structure in combination with martensitic feature as observed
from x-ray diffraction studies. Transmission electron microscopic (TEM) evaluation showed these
features in the form of martensitic plates. At low temperature, martensite to austenite transformation
was exhibited by an increase in magnetization during heating cycle. The reverse effect was
observed during cooling cycle. Annealing temperature and magnetising field was also found to
effect this transformation.
Effect of Magnetic Field on Martensite to Intermediate Phase Transformation in Ni2MnGa
Authors: Fukuda Takashi , Kakeshita Tomoyuki
Published: March 2009

We have investigated the martensitic transformation behavior in a single crystal of Ni2MnGa under
various magnetic field. The single crystal used in the present study exhibits an intermediate phase
(I-phase) transformation at TI = 250 K and a martensitic transformation at TM = 202 K. Since the
martensite phase (M-phase) of Ni2MnGa has a large magnetocrystalline anisotropy, the effect of
magnetic field depends significantly on the direction of magnetic field. We have measured the
reverse (i.e., M-phase to I-phase) transformation start temperature As from a single variant state to
examine the effect of magnetic field because the forward (I-phase to M-phase) transformation
usually forms a multivariant state of the M-phase. When the magnetic field is applied parallel to the
easy axis, As increases linearly with increasing magnetic field. On the other hand, when the
magnetic field direction is not parallel to the easy axis, As decreases in a low field region and then
increases on further increasing the magnetic field. Such behavior of magnetic field dependencies of
As are quantitatively explained by the Clausius-Clapeyron equation, where we have assumed that
the magnetic field dependence of As agrees with the magnetic field dependence of the equilibrium
temperature.
Magneto-Transport and Magnetic Properties of Ni-Mn-Ga
Authors: Banik Soma , Rawat R. , Mukhopadhyay P.K. , Ahuja B.L. , Chakrabarti Aparna , Barman S.R.
Published: March 2009

We report a detailed investigation of the magneto-transport and magnetic properties of
Mn excess Ni-Mn-Ga using the resistivity and magnetization measurements. Magnetoresistance
(MR) has been measured in the ferromagnetic state for different compositions in the austenitic, premartensitic
and martensitic phases. With Mn doping in Ni2-yMn1+yGa, a decrease in magnetization
and MR has been found, since the doped Mn atoms in Ni position are in the antiferromagnetic
configuration with the Mn atoms in Mn position. MR for the parent stoichiometric composition
Ni2MnGa varies almost linearly with field in the austenitic and pre-martensitic phases, and shows a
cusp-like shape in the martensitic phase. This has been explained by the changes in twin and domain
structures in the martensitic phase. Hysteresis in the heating and cooling cycles is a characteristic of
the first order nature of the martensitic phase transition.
Co-Ni-Ga Alloys with Room Temperature Ferromagnetic Martensite Phase
Authors: Srinivasan A. , Sarma Sidananda
Published: March 2009

Co-Ni-Ga and Co-Ni-Al alloys are expected to be good ferromagnetic shape memory
alloys (FSMAs) owing to their higher ductility resulting from the presence of γ-phase precipitates
and higher stability in preparation since they do not contain the highly volatile element Mn. Co-Ni-
Ga alloys have a wide range of martensitic transformation and Curie temperatures. In order to
explore the possibility of obtaining Co-Ni-Ga alloys with room temperature ferromagnetic
martensitic phase, two series of compositions, viz., Co70-xNixGa30 (20 ≤ x ≤ 26) and CoxNi25Ga75-x
(43 ≤ x ≤ 50) were taken up for investigation. Polycrystalline ingots of these alloys were prepared
by arc melting followed by homogenization and quenching at ice water. Analysis of room
temperature X-ray diffraction patterns revealed that most of these alloys had a single-phase
(tetragonal) structure typical of a martensitic phase, while some of the alloys exhibited a two-phase
(cubic and tetragonal) structure due to the presence of both martensite and austenite phases. All
alloys having single martensite phase at room temperature showed martensitic transformation at
elevated temperature as well as a linear change of the characteristic martensitic transformation
temperatures (As, Af, Ms and Mf) with the number of valence electron to atom ratio (e/a). As, Af,
Ms and Mf showed distinctive variations when aged in the martensite phase and austenite phase.
All the alloys were ferromagnetic at room temperature and the Curie temperature was determined
by high temperature ac magnetic susceptibility and magnetization measurements. The typical twin
lamellar structure of martensite phase was observed by optical microscope and the development of
the cubic γ-phase along with the parent β′-phase was investigated for different ageing temperatures
and annealing temperatures. These studies provide useful information about the potential of these
alloys for actuator applications.
Polishing of Free-Standing CVD Diamond Films by the Combination of EDM and CMP
Authors: Yuan Ze Wei , Jin Zhu Ji , Dong B.X. , Kang Ren Ke
Published: March 2009

Although various diamond polishing techniques have been studied for many years, no
individual method can polish free-standing CVD diamond film with high efficiency and high
polishing quality. This paper investigates polishing CVD diamond film by the combination of
electro-discharge machining (EDM) and chemical mechanical polishing (CMP). Scanning electro
microscopy, Optical microscopy, Energy dispersive X-ray analysis, Talysurf surface profiler and
Raman spectroscopy were used to evaluate the surface integrity and quality of diamond film before
and after polishing. Based on the experimental results, the material removal during EDM process
can be a chemo-mechanical process, including gasification, melting, sputtering, oxidation and
graphitization. While in CMP process, diamond was removed under the mechanical and
tribochemical interaction. The combination of EDM and CMP has advantages of high efficiency,
high polishing quality and low damage. It is suitable to polish large area free-standing CVD
diamond film.
Analyzing on Nonuniformity of Material Removal in Silicon Wafer CMP Based on Abrasive Movement Trajectories
Authors: Su Jian Xiu , Chen Xi Qu , Du Jia Xi , Guo Dong Ming , Kang Ren Ke
Published: March 2009

Chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) has already become a mainstream technology in
global planarization of wafer. The nonuniformity of material removal on wafer surface has a main
influence on surface profile of silicon wafer in CMP process. However, the formation mechanism of
nonuniformity in wafer CMP has not been fully understood and the influences of CMP process
variables on nonuniformity are not fully clear. The nonuniformity of material removal on wafer
surface has not been fully understood and the influences of CMP process variables on nonuniformity
are not fully clear in CMP process. In this paper, firstly, the equation of particle movement trajectories
on wafer surface was built by the movement relationship between the wafer and the polishing pad on
a single head CMP machine with line oscillation of carrier. Then the distribution of abrasive
trajectories on wafer surface was analyzed at different rotational speed. By the analysis, the
relationship between the movement variables of the CMP machine and the With-In-Wafer
Nonuniformity (WIWNU) of material removal on wafer surface had been derived. Last, the WIWNU
tests were conducted on CP-4 machine. The analysis results are in accord with experimental results.
The results will provide some theoretical guide for designing the CMP equipment, selecting the
movement variables in CMP and further understanding the material removal mechanism in wafer
CMP.
Research on Mechanism of Chemical Mechanical Polishing Process for Silicon Nitride Balls with CeO2 Abrasive
Authors: Zhu Cong Rong , Lv Bing Hai , Yuan Ju Long
Published: March 2009

Studies on chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) for silicon nitride (Si3N4) balls with
CeO2 abrasive carried to investigate the mechanism of chemo-mechanical action between silicon
nitride and CeO2. It is found that CeO2 is more effective to obtain smooth Si3N4 balls than other
abrasives, and extremely smooth Si3N4 balls with surface Ra 4nm were obtained after polishing.
XRD test is used to detect the reaction resultants on the ball surface, and the results show that SiO2
is the main resultant of the chemical reaction between Si3N4 and CeO2, and the test results confirm
the correctness of thermodynamic analysis based on Gibb’s free energy of formation. It is also
found that water play as a key factor in CMP.
Polishing Processing to Internal Surface of Non-Magnetic Pipe by Magnetic Abrasive Finishing
Authors: Chen Y. , Wang X. , Zhang C.J.
Published: March 2009

It is very difficult matter that polishes the internal surface of the pipe, especially to the thin
pipe with the traditional surface technology. Because a usual tool cannot into the inner surface of the
thin pipe and automation do not achieved easily. This paper brings up a new method that utilize the
characteristic of the magnetic force line may penetrate the non-magnetic material, may using the
magnetic abrasive finishing (MAF) method complete to the inner surface of the thin pipe precise
polishing. The magnetic abrasive finishing does not need special equipment to complete the complex
shape internal surface polishing. Moreover, we already obtained the famous processing effect
through the experiment. Meanwhile this paper analyses some factors of influences efficiency, and
propose some solution method.
Study on the Evaluation Method of Lapping Uniformity for Ceramic Balls
Authors: Zhou Zhao Zhong , Yuan Ju Long , Lv Bing Hai , Zheng Jia Jin
Published: March 2009

To study the sphere-shaping mechanism under dual rotating plates (DRP) lapping mode
for ceramic balls, the uniformity of lapping trace distribution is focused in this paper. Methods for
simulation and evaluation of the lapping trace uniformity are proposed, and the effect of velocity
parameters on the lapping uniformity of ball under DRP lapping mode is analyzed. It is found that the
lapping uniformity is dependent not only on the variation range of spin angle θ, but also on the spin
angle speed ωb and on the variation form of θ. The analysis results indicate that the effect of
amplitude of the speed ratio function on the lapping uniformity is much greater than the effect of
phase on that. When the ratio of the inner plate speed to the outer varies from 0 to2, the best lapping
uniformity is obtained under the conditions demanded by this paper.
Process Characteristics Research on Horizontal Spindle Barrel Finishing
Authors: Li Wen Hui , Yang Shi Chun , Yang Sheng Qiang , Chen H.L.
Published: March 2009

At present, crankshafts are finished mostly by abrasive cloth and manual steel brush,
which is not ideal on finishing quality, efficiency and cost, especially cleanness degree does not
meet design and use request. So horizontal spindle barrel finishing has been developed. Based on its
finishing theory, process characteristics are key factors affecting the finishing effect, especially
finishing uniformity. Process characteristics of motion parameters, finishing depth, finishing time,
etc. are analyzed, and reasonable parameters are defined. It provides basis for industry application
of this process.
Test Research on the Optimizing Technological Parameters of the Ultrasonic Vibration Honing
Authors: Zhu X.J. , Gao Yan Xia , Chen Q. , Wang J.Q. , Lu Zhi Meng
Published: March 2009

The contrast experiments between ultrasonic vibration honing and ordinary honing are
firstly taken. It shows that the removal rates and the working accuracy of ultrasonic honing are
much better than that of the ordinary honing. Then the optimum experiments on technological
parameters of ultrasonic vibration honing on engine cylinder is taken, which gained the proper
technological parameters. The experimental results indicate that the gained parameter totally meets
the actual need and reaches a new height in this field, which provides the reliable technological
parameter for the ultrasonic vibration honing to process cylinder and has a broad application in
prospect.
Research on System Design of Ultrasonic-Assisted Honing of Gears
Authors: Wang Shi Ying , Lv Ming , Ya Gang
Published: March 2009

Ultrasonic vibration can reduce honing forces efficiently. As the honing wheel can be
washed by ultrasonic cavitations of cutting fluids, its jams are decreased and the higher honing
efficiency has been obtained. Therefore, gear honing combined with ultrasonic machining honing is a
method for gear finish machining with its wide application future. Ultrasonic-assisted honing of gears
is firstly proposed, its machining devices are manufactured based upon the design parameters derived
by four-terminal network principle. Experiments of gear honing show that the machining traces on the
tooth flanks in ultrasonic and traditional honing are different. The ultrasonic honing can produce a
better tooth surface roughness (Ra 0.45 μm) than one obtained conventional honing (Ra 0.72 μm).
Influence of Grinding to the Surface and Subsurface Quality of KDP Crystal
Authors: Wu Dong Jiang , Wang B. , Gao Hang , Kang Ren Ke , Cao Xian Suo
Published: March 2009

Potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP) crystal is widely used in navigates spaceflight,
national defenses, energy sources and information technology fields based on its excellent nonlinear
optical property. Surface quality of KDP crystal influences the property and life time of the device
directly. So detection and analysis of the damage induced during machining process, especially on
subsurface, should be solved. In this paper, surface damage of the KDP crystal, which machined
from #600 grinding wheel with different feed rate, was detected by optical microscope. Cross
section and selective etching were used to analyzing the subsurface damage. Because #600 grinding
wheel mainly used in coarse grinding and the removal rate is high, the results shown that there was
obvious scratch, crack and crushing on the machining surface. When the feed rate is 10+m and
40+m, the subsurface damage depth is 7.41+m and 8.96+m corresponding. This study is a kind of
guide for following precision grinding, polishing machining time and removal amount.
Modeling and Experiment of Anodic Smoothening in Electrochemical Finishing Based on Lateral Direction Dissolution
Authors: Pang Gui Bing , Adayi Xieeryazidan , Ma Ning , Xu Wen Ji , Zhou Jin Jin
Published: March 2009

From the viewpoint of the change of the anodic surface microtopography in the process
of Electrochemical Finishing (ECF), this paper studies the anodic smoothening mechanism of ECF
and puts forward the directional issue of the dissolution of anodic surface in the microtopography
sense. On condition that the anodic material is dissolved along with the normal direction of the
micro-profile on the anodic surface, the influence of wave length of the micro-profile on the
smoothening effect is discussed in detail and the mathematical model based on the “lateral direction
dissolution” is established. Finally, ECP is taken as the example and the experiment is carried out,
the result shows that the smoothening rule obtained by experiment accords with that by calculation.
Passivation Model of Diamond Wheel for Grinding Si3N4 Ceramics
Authors: Tian Xin Li , Wu Zhi Yuan , Yang Z.F. , She An Ying
Published: March 2009

The grinding wheel in the grinding process will surely become duller and duller. To find
the reason for it is beneficial to optimize grinding process. The paper draws the graph of the
Passivation process of grinding wheel by carrying grinding experiment in the condition of
invariable grinding force. The curve can be divided into three parts according to the Passivation rate
i.e. initial dull stages, regular dullness stages and rapid dullness stages. In the initial stages, the
Passivation rate is lowest and the grinding efficiency is the greatest. The curve figure changes from
concave to protruding，which is greatly different from wear curve of grinding process.
Grinding at Very Low Speed
Authors: Feng Bao Fu , Zheng Lei , Wang P. , Gai Quan Fang , Li D. , Cai Guang Qi
Published: March 2009

Grinding is a very complex machining process. Single grain grinding methods are useful
to study complex grinding action. Very low speed single-grain grinding tests were carried out for 45
steel and 20Cr alloy with 14# ZA grain. The grinding groove width and depth, the grinding force
ratio, specific grinding forces, and grain wear and fracture are studied. The plowing decreases with
the grinding section area or grinding depth increase. The average tangential force at grain fracture in
the experiments is 54.4N; the average normal force at grain fracture is 949.6N. The ratio of
tangential-to-normal force varies suddenly when grain fracture.
Measurement and Evaluation of the Geometric Error of Precision Machined Spherical Surface
Authors: He G.Y. , Zheng H.J. , Tian Ying , Liu Jian
Published: March 2009

This paper is principally concerned with the form error measurement and evaluation of the
spherical surface after precision machining. According to the minimum zone condition, the definition
of sphericity error is first analyzed. To obtain the minimum sphericity error from the form data, an
approximations technique is devised. First the method is modeled, then the process of approximations
is constructed, and finally software for data processing is programmed. Six steel bolls of φ50 are
measured on a coordinate measurement machine (CMM) in the Measurement experiment. The
experiment results indicate that the geometric approximations technique can give an accurate solution
with high efficiency.
Experimental Investigation on Electrochemical Finishing Machining of Stainless Steel in Passive Electrolyte Solution
Authors: Ji Hua , Li Zhi Yong
Published: March 2009

The mechanism of electrochemical finishing machining (ECFM) process was
investigated. Some vital procedure parameters involving in ECFM process, such as operating
voltage, electrolyte component and concentration，machining temperature, electrode gap and current
density were also evaluated and optimized, and then these optimized machining process parameters
were applied in ECFM experiments for promoting surface quality. In this study, two typical types of
workpieces, stainless steel rod and aero-engine blade, were selected to evaluate the validity of
ECFM. Furthermore, the important surface roughness characteristics before and after ECFM
process such as height and spacing characteristics of surface roughness, surface waviness
characteristics, surface microscopic appearance and light reflection characteristics were compared.
The experiment and measurement results indicate that ECFM process can distinctly improve surface
quality, eliminate the surface scratch marks and defects and reduce surface roughness.
The Properties and the Influence Factors of the White Layer in the Surface Grinding
Authors: Mao Cong , Zhou Zhi Xiong , Zhou De Wang , Gu Du Yi
Published: March 2009

The properties of the white layer in the surface grinding are described. The influences of
heat treatment, carbon content and grinding conditions on the white layer formation are discussed. It
is found that the white layer in the hardened steel is thicker and harder than that in the annealed steel,
and there is not a softer transition zone in the annealed steel. Higher carbon content tends to increase
white layer thickness at the larger cutting depth, while no difference is observed at the smaller cutting
depth. Increased carbon content tends to increase white layer hardness. The white layer thickness
increases as the cutting depth increases. The white layer thickness increases with the rise of the table
speed until a certain critical speed value is reached, beyond which the white layer thickness decreases
with the increase of the table speed. The white layer in the central zone of the workpiece is thicker
than that in the entrance zone, but it is thinner than that in the exit zone.
Compliant Control at Micro-Displacement in Hydrodynamic Suspension Ultra-Smooth Machining
Authors: Zhan Jian Ming , Cao Zhi Qiang , Wu Ming Ming , Zhang Jian Bo
Published: March 2009

Hard-brittle materials can be polished by hydrodynamic suspension, which is based on
the theory of sound eradiating. Owing to the high-speed rotating of the polishing tool, the polishing
slurry would form dynamic pressure in the clearance between the work-piece and the tool. The
dynamic pressure supplies abrasive particles the energy needed to impact on the work-piece surface,
so the dynamic pressure will directly affect the machining effect. In order to obtain the steady and
consistent machining quality, it’s necessary to implement the compliant control in the machining
process, and adjust the dynamic pressure when needed. This paper utilizes piezoelectric ceramic
micro-displacement actuating to investigate the technique that can achieve the control of
micro-displacement between the polishing tool and the work-piece. It provides an effective mean
for hydrodynamic slurry pressure in the hydrodynamic suspension ultra-smooth machining.
Characteristic of Si-Doped DLC Films on TC4 and Cr12 Substrates
Authors: Zhao Dong Cai , Xiao Geng Jie , Ma Zhan Ji , Wu Sheng Hu
Published: March 2009

A series of diamond-like carbon (DLC) films with different Si concentration were prepared
by changing the ratio of the number of Si-doped graphite target and pure graphite target. As the Si
concentration in the thin film keep on increasing, the concentration of C-Si bond will increase leading
to decrease of hardness and stress and increase of friction coefficient. In order to synthesize DLC
films on metal substrates 3 types of interlayer have been made. The first and second interlayer is made
up Ti/TiCx, and the second is thicker, the third interlayer is made up Ti/TiNx/TiNxCy, with the same
thickness of the second. We also prepared DLC films with 6.7 at.% Si concentration on TC4 and Cr12
substrates with the third interlayer, and the thickness, hardness and fiction coefficients is about
0.652m, 4200Hv and 0.15, respectively. The adhesion of films had been greatly strengthened with a
proper interlayer, and the value is more than 39N/mm2
Theoretical Analysis and Experimental Verification of Validity Finished by Abrasive Jet with Grinding Wheel as Restraint
Authors: Li Chang He , Xiu Shi Chao , Ding Yu Cheng , Cai Guang Qi
Published: March 2009

The integration manufacturing technology is a kind of compound precision finishing
process that combined grinding with abrasive jet finishing, in which inject slurry of abrasive and
liquid solvent into grinding zone between grinding wheel and work surface under no radial feed
condition when workpiece grinding were accomplished. The abrasive particles are driven and
energized by the rotating grinding wheel and liquid hydrodynamic pressure and increased slurry
speed between grinding wheel and work surface to achieve micro removal finishing. In the paper,
the machining process validity was verified by experimental investigation. Experiments were
performed with plane grinder M7120 and workpiece material 40Cr steel which was ground with the
surface roughness mean values of Ra=0.6μm. The machined surface morphology was studied using
Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and metallography microscope and microcosmic geometry
parameters were measured with TALYSURF5 instrument respectively. The experimental results
show the novelty process method, not only can obviously diminish longitudinal geometry parameter
values of ground surface, but also can attain isotropy surface and uniformity veins at parallel and
perpendicular machining direction. Furthermore, the finished surface has little comparability
compared to grinding machining surface and the process validity was verified.
Simulation of Flows Field Characteristics in the Nozzle of Two-Phase Compulsive Circulation Flows Finishing
Authors: Yang Sheng Qiang , Li Wen Hui , Yang Shi Chun
Published: March 2009

Two-phase compulsive circulation flows finishing is put forward mainly for hole surface.
By theoretic analysis, flows field characteristics will directly affect finishing quality and efficiency.
On the basic premise of defining k-ε model, numerical simulation of field flows are made, and
structure parameters of the nozzle are analyzed, which provide theoretic basis for thorough
research.
Influence of Fabrication Processing on Perovskite Phase Formation of KNN-BZT
Authors: Sutapun M. , Muanghlua R. , Huang Chien Chih , Cann David P. , Vittayakorn Wanwilai C. , Vittayakorn Naratip
Published: March 2009

The binary system of (1-x)(K1/2Na1/2)NbO3–xBi(Zn1/2Ti1/2)O3; x = 0.0-0.30 ceramics was fabricated by conventionally mixed oxide and two-stage mixed oxide methods. Phase development of calcined powders and the crystal structure of sintered ceramics were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The microstructure analyses were undertaken by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In the conventional method, the perovskite phases were obtained for compositions containing only 10 mol % KNN. For compositions above this amount, a complex mixture of phases was observed. However, the complete solid solution of perovskite phase, prepared by two−stage mixed oxide, was retained up to 20 mole % BZT content. The experiments in this study suggest that the two-stage mixed oxide method helps to stabilize the perovskite phase better, when compared with the conventional method.