bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Systemic Inducing Resistance on Cocoa Seedling Against Vascular Streak Dieback By Boron and Silikon Application
Authors: Yuliasmara Fitria , Sukamto Sri , Prawoto A. Adi
Published: September 2018

Black pod rot disease (BPRD) which is caused by Phytophthora palmivora is one of the main diseases of cocoa cultivations particularly in plantations with wet climate. Black pod rot can develop rapidly under high humidity environments, particularly during rainy seasons. This disease can cause loss of harvest of up to 46.63% in East Java. The various control efforts attempted so far have not resulted in significant improvements. Urea, in addition to functioning as fertilizer, can also produce the ammonia gas which is believed to be able to suppress black pod rot. This research aims to determine the effectiveness of black pod rot control using the combination of lime and urea. This research was conducted from June to September 2013. The materials used in test included sterile soil, black pod rot infected cocoa, urea, and agricultural lime. Observation results showed that ammonia could form from urea. Lime can increase the speed of the formation. The ammonia gas forming from 0.06% urea and 0.3% lime can control the P. palmivora fungus inside the soil. Key words: Pod rot, P. palmivora, urea, lime, ammonia
Effects of Fructose and Tapioca Flour on physical and Sensory Properties of Chocolate Bar
Authors: Jati Misnawi
Published: September 2018

High sucrose content in chocolate is not recommended for diabetics, whereas fructose is a simple monosaccharide which is sweeter and safer for replacing sucrose. Objective of this study was to study the effect of fructose and tapioca flour added into chocolate formulation replacing sucrose on physical and organoleptic properties of chocolate bar produced, as well as to find out their optimum concentration to produce a good quality chocolate. Response Surface Methodology design was used for the study with fructose and tapioca flour range concentration at 141–235 and 25–100 g kg-1, respectively. Results of the study showed that fructose and tapioca flour concentration at the stated ranges did not significantly alter the chocolate properties except on chocolate particle size and preferences in terms of taste, aroma and overall acceptance. Fructose concentration improved particle size quadratically, while tapioca flour concentration linearly decreased taste, aroma and overall acceptance scores. Comparing the products with that of control formula concluded that fructose can be used to replace sucrose to produce good quality chocolate bars; while tapioca flour can be used as filler at a concentration up to 25 g kg-1. The optimum concentration to formulate chocolate bars with good physical and organoleptic properties was at fructose and tapioca flour concentration of 203 and 25 g kg-1, respectively. Key words: Cocoa, chocolate, fructose, diabetes, tapioca flour, flavour, aroma, texture
Pengaruh pemberian abu sekam padi sebagai bahan desikan pada penyimpanan benih terhadap daya tumbuh dan pertumbuhan bibit kakao (The effects of rice husk ash as desiccation material of seed storage on viability and cocoa seedling growth).
Authors: Rahardjo Pudji
Published: September 2018

Rice husk ash as desiccation material can be used to maintain seed viability in storage through its ability to absorb humidity during its storage. High relative humidity caused seed moisture content to increase so the respiration rate of seed increases and uses faster food stock. Finally the viability of seed is lost. A research on use of rice husk ash as desiccation material of cocoa seed storage was conducted in Agronomy Laboratory and Kaliwining Experimental Station, Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute. Completely Randomized Design was used in this research with treatment of rice husk ash application on cocoa seed as follows: 0 g/100 seeds (A), 5 g/100 seeds (B), 10 g/100 seeds (C), 15 g/100 seeds (D), and 20 g/100 seeds (E). This experiment used four replications. Cocoa seeds were stored in plastic bag within carton box in ambient temperature. The storage periods were 1, 2, and 3 weeks, and parameters of observation consisted of electrical conductivity of dipped water of cocoa seeds, percentage of seed germination, percentage of seed emergence, early growth parameters at one month old including seedlings height of seedling, diameter, leaf number, root length, and dry weight. The result of the experiment showed that the use of rice husk ash at 5-10 g/100 seeds could maintain electrical conductivity of dipped water at low level, percentage of seed germination at 99-100 % and percentage of seed emergence at 79-91% after two weeks storage. The use of rice husk ash at 5-10 g/100 seeds after two weeks storage affected height of cacao seedling, but did not affected stem diameters, leaf numbers, root lengths, and dry weights
Keefektifan insektisida cyantraniliprole terhadap hama penggerek buah kopi ( Hypothenemus hampei) pada ko pi arabika ( Effectiveness cyantraniliprole against coffee berry borer (Hypothenemus hampei)on arabica coffee.
Authors: Wiryadiputra Soekadar
Published: September 2018

A trial on cyantraniliprole 10% against coffee berry borer (Hypothenemus hampei) has been conducted on arabica coffee at Kalibendo Estate, in Banyuwangi regency, East Java. The altitude of the estate is about 650 m above sea level (asl.) and belongs to B type of climate classification according to Schmidt and Ferguson. Composite variety of arabica coffee at about four years old planted at the location was used as plant materials. Five levels of cyantranilprole dosage and two compared insecticides i.e: carbaryl 85% and lamda cyhalothrine 25 g/L have been applied as treatments and each treatment is replicated four times. Infestation of coffee berry borer (CBB) has been observed on berries in the field as well as on harvested berries and green coffee. The results revealed that cyantraniliprole 10% was very effective in suppressing infestation and population of CBB on coffee berries in the field as well as on harvested parchment and green coffee. The dosage of 2,000 ml/ha was the most effective and the highest level of efficacy against CBB until the last observation during 14 weeks trial. Application of cyantraniliprole 10% also has increased the production of green coffee harvested. The highest increase occurred on the treatment of cyantraniliprole 10% with a dosage of 1000 ml/ha, which it reached 62.87% higher compared to untreated treatment. Carbaryl and lamda cyhalothrine have effectiveness and efficacy level lower than the highest dosage of cyantraniliprole 10%.
Analysis of luwak coffee volatile by using solid phase microextraction and gas chromatography (Analisa senyawa volatil kopi luwak dengan menggunakan mikroekstrasi fase padat dan kromatolgi gas).
Authors: Tunjung Sari Ariza Budi , Wahyudi Teguh , Sulihkanti Amrita
Published: September 2018

The approach to authenticate Luwak coffee is made through analysis of volatile compounds of luwak coffee. Luwak coffee bean from type of arabica obtained from Andungsari Plantation in Bondowoso district, East Java Province Indonesia, was wet processed and sundried prior to roasting step. As many as 120 g green bean was roasted at 170-220°C for 8-12 minutes until reached light brown colour (Agtron scale 65) and was ground prior to extraction. Volatile compounds of roasted Luwak arabica coffee bean were extracted by using solid phase microextraction (SPME) at 60°C for 30 minutes. The extracted analyte was subsequently transferred into GC-FID system by splitless injection at 260°C with five minutes sampling time, continued with separation through 50% phenyl 50% dimethylpolysiloxane capillary column and oven temperature programmed from 60°C to 180°C with rate of 5°C/min. Resulted chromatogram shows major peaks mainly in Rt 8.360-9.981, and Rt 9.705-14.778, and minor peaks identified before Rt 10 and after Rt 24. Varied sample quantity ranged within 0.5-2.5 g produced chromatograms which were not significantly different (p=0.08). This research also observed the use of γ-picoline (4-methylpyridine) as internal standard. It was showed that γ-picoline appeared at Rt 8.6~ without overlaying other peaks originated from sample. Concentration of γ-picoline at 0.05 μL/g, resulted separable peaks. These findings showed that the use of solid phase microextraction and GC-FID is capable to be apply for identification and quantification of Luwak coffee
Growth Inhibition of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides by Trichoderma harzianum, Trichoderma koningii, Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas fluorescens
Authors: Nur ‘Aini Febrilia , Sukamto Sri , Wahyuni Dwi , Galuh Suhesti Risma , Ayunin Qurrotun
Published: September 2018

Colletotrichum  gloeosporioides is  a  disease  which  can  cause  significant yield  loss  of  cocoa.  The  objective  of  this  research  is  to  investigate  the  abilityof  antagonist  microbes,  Trichoderma  harzianum,  Trichoderma  koningii,  Bacillus subtilis  and Pseudomonas  fluorescens  in  controlling  gloeosporioides  biologically  in  laboratorium  condition.  The  experiment  was  carried  out  in  Crop  Protection  Laboratory,  Indonesian  Coffee  and  Cocoa  Research  Institute.  Results of  this  research  showed  that  antagonist  fungi,  T.  harzianum,  T.  koningii,  had  a stronger  ability  in  inhibiting  growth  of  C.  gloeosporioides about  83%  compared  to  the  ability  of  antagonist  bacteria,  B.  subtilis  and P.  fluorescens,  only about  49%. Key words: Growth  inhibition,  Colletotrichum  gloeosporioides,  Trichoderma  harzianum, Trichoderma koningii,  Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas fluorescens.
Distribution of Soil Fertility of Smallholding Arabica Coffee Farms at Ijen-Raung Highland Areas Based on Altitude and Shade Trees
Authors: Puspita sari Niken , Iman Santoso Teguh , Mawardi Surip
Published: September 2018

Soil fertility is one of the most important factors influencing plant growth and productivity and it depends on the availability and quantity of nutrients in the soil. To study soil fertility status of an area, a study on soil chemistry and physics has to be conducted. The aim of this study was to investigate soil fertility status of smallholding Arabica coffee farms based on altitude and shades trees utilization. This research was carried out in April-August 2012 at IjenRaung highland areas by field survey. The results showed that the soil contained high content of organic carbon, nitrogen total, and C/N ratio; low available phosphorus; moderate to high cation exchange capacity, and low base cation of calcium, magnesium, and potassium; as well as slightly low pH. Higher altitude tended to have higher C organic and N total content, C/N ratio as well as pH. In contrast, in lower altitude tended to have lower available P, base saturation, as well as Ca, Mg, and K content. The dominant shade trees for coffee farming at the Ijen-Raung highland areas were suren (Toona sureni) , dadap (Erythrina sp.), kayumanis (Cinnamomum zeylanicum), pinus (Pinus mercusii), and kayu putih (Eucalyptus globulus). Different shade tree species resulted in different of soil fertility. Shade trees tended to influence cation exchange capacity from moderate to high, pH slightly acid, high base saturation, and low P available. Suren tree influenced better base cation than that of other trees but dadap tree was better in increasing soil fertility. Key word: Soil fertility, arabica coffee, andisol, shade trees, smallholding
Growth Inhibition of Cocoa Pod Rot Fungus Phytophthora palmivora byPseudomonas fluorescence and Bacillus subtilis bacteria
Authors: Widyanta Pratama Sakti , Sukamto Sri , Nur Asyiah Lis , Vida Ervina Yeni
Published: September 2018

Black pod disease caused by Phytophthora palmivorafungus is one of the important diseases on cocoa crop. Pod rot is the most important disease because it may cause loss of cocoa pod. Until now, the fungal pathogen of cocoa black pod disease is still a crucial problem and there is no fungicide that is really effective against the disease. One alternative to control the cocoa black pod disease is by using biological agents as biofungicide, including utilizing Pseudomonas fluorescenceand Bacillus subtilis bacteria. The research was done by isolation of P. palmivora from infected pods of Kaliwining Experimental Station to obtain pure cultures of fungus and by multiplication of P. fluorescence and B. subtilis. Antagonist test was performed by inoculating P. palmivora into a petri dish in a distance of 3 cm from the edge. P. fluorescenceand B. Subtilis were inoculated into petridishes in three days after the fungal treatment. Control was inoculated with isolate of P. palmivora only. Fungal growth was measured everyday by measuring radius of fungal colonies first time 24 hours after inoculation. Growth of Phytophthora palmivora in the two treatmens were used to calculate the percentage of inhibition. The results of this study indicated that P. fluorescence and B. subtiliswere able to inhibit fungal growth of P. palmivora. Both bacterial antagonists had the same effectiveness in inhibiting the growth of P. palmivora fungus based on the percentage of inhibition and effectiveness criteria. Based on the results of translucent zones indicated that B. subtiliswas more powerfull in inhibiting growth of P. Palmivora compared to P. fluorescence. Key words: Black pod disease of cocoa, biological control, Phytophthora palmivora, Pseudomonas fluorescence, Bacillus subtilis
Analysis of Cutting Growth Characteristics in Robusta Coffee(Coffea canephora Pierre.)
Authors: Sumirat Ucu , Yuliasmara Fitria , . Priyono
Published: September 2018

Development of Robusta coffee clones needs special characteristics for rootstock. This research was aimed to study the characteristics of cutting growth of Robusta coffee as influenced by genetic factor. The research was conducted at Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute using 269 progenies originated from reciprocal crossing populations among three parentals, namely BP 409, BP 961, and Q 121. BP 308 an easy cutting-propagated genotype was used as control. The research was arranged in three replications of randomized completely block design with 10 cuttings per replication. Each cutting was single planted in plastic polybag of 15 cm x 25 cm without any growth-regulator treatment. Cluster analysis procedure showed root growth characteristics which could be divided into three groups namely easy (85.3%, 3.82 and 6.68 cm), moderate (57.6%, 1.73 and 4.01 cm) and difficult (25.1%, 0.58 dan 1.44 cm) based on proportion of rooted cuttings, number of primary root and length of root, respectively. On the other side, growth of sprout showed good homogenous characteristic, mainly indicated by proportion of sprouted cuttings which generally achieved up to 98% in average. Study on shoot-root ratio of cuttings resulted in two groups of progenies, namely the first which tended to be dominant on sprout growth and the second which tended to balance their root and sprout growth. Based on proportion of sprouted cuttings which almost achieved up to 100% and various proportion of rooted cutting, it could be indicated that growth of cuttings was started and dominated by the growth of sprout. Key words: Coffee canephora, progeny, genetic variation, cutting, rooting, sprouting
Effect of polyethylene glycol 6000 and storage period on seed quality of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.)
Authors: Rahayu Astiti , Hardiyati Triani , Hidayat Ponendi
Published: September 2018

Increased productivity of cocoa needs high quality of cocoa seeds which are generally provided by certified seed gardens located far from smallholders farm, where seed delivery takes long time and may reduce physiological quality of seeds. One effort to maintain the seed quality is by treatment the seeds with polyethylene glycol6000 (PEG 6000). This study was aimed to study the interaction of PEG 6000 concentration and storage period on cocoa seed quality, and to determine the best concentration of PEG 6000 and storage period to maintain cocoa seed quality. The research was conducted in seed storage room, seed laboratory and green houseof PPPPTK, Cianjur. The experimental design used was a factorial completely randomized design and each combination treatment repeated three times. The first factor was concentration of PEG 6000 of 0%, 20%, 40%, and 60%, and the second factor was the storage period of 3 weeks, 6 weeks, 9 weeks, and 12 weeks. The results showed that concentration of PEG 60% with three weeks storage period was able to minimize the number of moldy seeds. The concentration of PEG 20%, 40%, and 60% were able to prevent seed germination in storage until six weeks. Concentration of PEG 6000 20% was able to maintain moisture content, seed germination, and germination rate.Key words:cocoa seed, storage, recalcitrant, PEG
Pattern of Flushing, Cherelle Wilt, and Accuracy of Yield Forecasting of Some Cocoa Clones
Authors: Prawoto Adi
Published: September 2018

Monthly observation of cocoa flushing, number of cherelle wilt (CW), number of small, medium and large pods of 6 clones was conducted for two years to study its dynamics for one year. A study was conducted in Kaliwining Experimental Station, 45 m asl. and D rainfall type (according to Schmidt & Ferguson), using ICS 13, ICS 60, TSH 858, Sulawesi 1, Sulawesi 2 and KW 165 clones of 8 years old. Each clone was planted intermittently in separate rows, replicated 6 rows. Correlation and regression analysis were done between variables and with rainfall data. The parallel research was conducted in the similar station to assess the accuracy of production estimation method by identify percentage of small pods (length 1—10 cm), medium (11—15 cm) and large pods (>15 cm) to grow until harvested. The study used 15th years old trees of Sulawesi 1, Sulawesi 2, KW 165, KKM 22, ICS 13 and DR 2 clones. Each clones was replicated 5 times. The result showed that intensive flushing (>50%) occured during January, March, September and November meanwhile no flushing during December and February. Correlation between rainfall and flushing was positive (r=0.27). Effect of clones on flushing frequency was similar but for flushing intensity was significant. KW 165 tended to be the lowest but TSH 858 tend to be the highest. CW occured for a year-round but the height level during May and June. Effect of clones was significant, KW 165 showed highest followed by Sulawesi 2. CW level showed positive correlation with number of medium (r=0.71) and big pods (r=0.55), except showed negative correlation with flushing intensity (r=-0.37) and rainfall (r=-0.51). High pod setting happened during May to November and low pod setting during December to March. In this aspect effect of clones were significant, the productive clones were Sulawesi 1, Sulawesi 2 and KW 165, but ICS 60 was the less. CW level during 1st semester was lower than at 2nd semester and clone effect was significant. The opportunity of small, medium and big pods to be harvested was similar among both semester. The opportunity of small, medium and big pods to be harvested were 8—56%; 57—83% and 77—96% respectively depend on the clones. In average, those opportunities were 27%, 72%, and 87% for small, medium and big pods respectively.Key words: flushing, cherelle wilt, pod setting, clones, yield prediction
Study of Seed Germination by Soaking Methode of Cacao (Theobroma cacao L.)
Authors: Pancaningtyas Sulistyani , Santoso Teguh Iman , . Sudarsianto
Published: September 2018

Study of germination methods conduct to get information about seed viability based on germination rate, percentage of germination and vigority. Germination methods was studied to get the efficiency and effectivity of germination, easy to handle, low costs with high vigority. Sand and gunny sack methods  for germination, need extensive place  and 3-4 days germination period after planting. This research will study the alternative of germination method with soaking. This method can be accelerating  germination rate and effectively place usage without decreasing the quality of cacao seedling.The research was done at Kaliwining Experimental Station, Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institue. This research consist of two experiment was arranged based on factorial completely random design. First experiment will observed to compared germination rate and the second experiment will observed seedling quality between soaking and wet gunny sack germination method.The results showed that length of radicel on soaking method longer than wet gunny sack method. Growth of radicel started from 2 hours after soaking, moreover length of radicel at 4 hours after soaking have significant different value with gunny sack method. On 24 hours after soaking have 3,69 mm and 0,681 mm on wet gunny sack treatment. Except lengt of hipocotyl, there is not different condition between seedling that out came  from soaking and wet gunny sack method. Length of hipocotyl on 36 hours after soaking have 9,15 cm and significant different between wet gunny sack germination method that have 5,40 cm. Keywords : seed germination, soaking method, Theobroma cacao L., cocoa seedlings
Ammonia Volatilization in Cocoa Farm as Affected by Sugarcane Filter Cake Supply at Different Urea and Soil Moisture Levels
Authors: Prastowo Erwin , Hikmah Nadya Faiqotul , Baon John Bako
Published: September 2018

Ammonia  (NH3)  volatilization  is  a  crucial  mechanism  in  soil  nitrogen  (N) cycle. It accounts for main loss  of N in cocoa  farms  when  environment is  suitable to  promote  the  emission.  A  research  to  locate  a  link  of  several  factors,  namely, sugarcane filter cake  (SFC), urea  and soil moisture content  to NH 3 volatilization,  and  to reveal  cocoa  N  uptake  and  urea  fertilizer  efficiency  was  taken  place  both  in  a laboratory  with  the  incubation  technique,  and  in  a  greenhouse  as  a  pot  trial. The design was completely randomized design in factorial. The soil was Inceptisol from Kaliwining Experimental Station, Jember, East Java, collected from top soil of  a  productive  cocoa  farm.  A  closed  trap  system  was  designed  to  measurevolatilized  NH 3 from  soil  and  SFC  mixture  incubated  for  14  days.  For  the  pot experiment,  cocoa  clone  of  Scavina  6  seedlings  were  grown  for  six  months  withtreatments  involving  series  level  of  SFC  and  series  level  of  urea.  Soil  moisture content influenced volatilized NH3 by reducing 50% emission in where it was more obvious in higher level of urea applied. It was more than 90% in average for the increase in volatilized NH 3roduced by increasing in level of urea from 0 to 0.4 g kg -1 in  overall  level  of  combinations. An increase in urea  level  had  resulted in increase in  soil  pH, and  Parson correlation suggested a direct  link  with  volatilized  NH 3  We found  a  relationship  between  SFC  and volatilized  NH 3 and  their combinations  with soil  moisture  and  urea  content  were  able  to  inhibit  the  emission.  Emission decrease  up  to  28%  was  observed  from  0  to  100  g  SFC  kg-1.  This  inhibition may  have contributed to  the increase in  N cocoa  plant uptake  by  more  than  70% compared  to  control  and  subsequent  increase  in  N  fertilizer  supply  efficiency up to 86%  in the combination with 0.2  g urea  kg-1.  The absence of SFC had made a decline in urea efficiency about 20 times.Keywords: ammonia volatilization, sugarcane filter cake, urea, soil moisture, cocoa
Physiological Character of Cocoa Clones that Cultivated under Three Species of Shade Trees
Authors: Regazzoni Oscar , Sugito Yogi , Suryanto Agus , Prawoto Adi
Published: September 2018

This experiment aims to know the solar energy efficiency of four clones of cocoa that cultivated under three different shading plants. This experiment has been done from September until December 2013 located at Kaliwining Experiment Farm with characteristic 45 m above sea level, soil type is low humic gley, soil texture is silty clay loam, and climate classification type D based on Scmidht and Fergusson classification. This experiment used nested design as experimental design with species of shading plant as main plot which are teak (Tectona grandis L.), krete (Cassia surattensis (Burm.) F.), lamtoro (Leucaena leucocephala L.) and cocoa clones as sub plot which are Sulawesi 1, Sulawesi 2, KKM 22, and KW 165. The observation of physiological character consists of the level of leaf chlorophyll, the level of leaf nitrogen, spesific leaf area, leaf area index, the amount of stomata, and stomatal density. The experimental result showed that there is differences (heterogenity) between shading location based on homogenity test by Bartlett method. The interaction effect between plant spesies and cocoa clones are affect the leaf area index and stomatal density, whereas the level of leaf chlorophyll, the level of leaf nitrogen, and spesific leaf area was affected by the kind of plant spesies. Keywords : Physiological character, cocoa Ccones, shading trees, nested design, Bartlett method
Application of lime and urea and its effect on development of Phythophthora palmivora.
Authors: Pratama Sakti Widyanta
Published: September 2018

Black pod rot disease (BPRD) which is caused by Phytophthora palmivora is one of the main diseases of cocoa cultivations particularly in plantations with wet climate. Black pod rot can develop rapidly under high humidity environments, particularly during rainy seasons. This disease can cause loss of harvest of up to 46.63% in East Java. The various control efforts attempted so far have not resulted in significant improvements. Urea, in addition to functioning as fertilizer, can also produce the ammonia gas which is believed to be able to suppress black pod rot. This research aims to determine the effectiveness of black pod rot control using the combination of lime and urea. This research was conducted from June to September 2013. The materials used in test included sterile soil, black pod rot infected cocoa, urea, and agricultural lime. Observation results showed that ammonia could form from urea. Lime can increase the speed of the formation. The ammonia gas forming from 0.06% urea and 0.3% lime can control the P. palmivora fungus inside the soil. Key words: Pod rot, P. palmivora, urea, lime, ammonia
Population of Pratylenchus coffeae (Z.) and growth of Arabica coffee seedling inoculated by Pseudomonas diminuta L. and Bacillus subtilis (C.).
Authors: Fauzi Irfan , Wiryadiputra Soekadar
Published: September 2018

AbstractPratylenchus coffeae is a parasitic nematoda that infected the roots of some plants, one of them is coffee. The Infection of Pratylenchus coffeae cause root tissue damage that led to root lession and make root become rotten, it will interfere the ability of roots to absorb water and nutrients in the soil which resulted in the growth of plants. At the moment, control of Pratylenchus coffeae are following integrated pests management (IPM) program, which integrated between the use of coffee resistant clone and application of biological agents. Research on biological control was conducted more intensive, at the moment; due to it is friendlier save against environment and cheaper then using chemical nematicides. The research was conducted to know the effects of Micorrhiza Helper Bacteria (MHB),Pseudomonas diminuta and Bacillus subtilis in suppressing the population of P. coffeaeas well as their effect on growth of coffee seedling.  Coffee arabica (Coffea arabica L.) seedling one moth old were used in the experiment. The experiment prepared with eight treatments and five  replications, as follows: A (Pseudomonas diminuta with density of 108 cfu / ml), B (Pseudomonas diminuta with density of 2x108 cfu / ml), C (Bacillus subtilis with density of 108 cfu / ml ), D (Bacillus subtilis with density 2x108 cfu / ml), E (Carbofuran nematicide 5 g formulation / pot), F (Pseudomonas diminuta and Bacillus subtilis with each density of 108 cfu / ml), K- (Nematoda inoculation but without bacteria and nematicide), K+ (coffee seedling  without any additional treatment). The experiment was conducted for sixteen weeks or about four months. The results of the experiment showed that application of MHB could suppress population of P. coffeae and increase coffee seedling growth significantly. Inoculation of B. subtilis at 108 cfu per seedling suppressed significantly nematoda population of 71.3% compared with untreated seedling but inoculated with nematoda. It was not significant different with carbofuran treatment which could suppress nematoda population by 89.7%. The same result also occur on the treatment of P. diminuta at density level 2.108 cfu/seedling, which could suppress nematoda population by 64.2%. Seedling growth were treated with MHB also significantly increase compared with seedling without treatment and inoculation of nematodas, especially on the treatment of B.subtilis at density level 108 cfu and P.diminuta at density level of 108 cfu, with increasing level of 35.4% and 34.2 %, respectively.Keywords: MHB (Mycorrhiza Helper Bacteria), Arabica coffee (Coffea arabica L.),  Pratylenchus coffeae, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas diminuta.
Performance of Cooled Cone Grinding Machine in Cocoa Cake Processing
Authors: Firmanto Hendy , Suharyanto Edy , Kuswanto .
Published: September 2018

The process of cocoa paste pressing has a function to separate the fatty component of cocoa from its cake. Cocoa paste is further processed into cocoa powder using grinding machine for cocoa cake. The cooled cone type of cocoa grinding machine is used to solve the problem of plug in the maschine caused by melting of fat in cocoa cake due to hot effect as a result of friction in the grinding machine. Grinding machine of cocoa has conical form of cylinder for grinding and stator wall wrapped by source of cold and closed with jacket wool. Research was conducted at Kaliwining Experimental Garden of Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute (ICCRI) using cocoa cake containing 26.75% originated from Forastero type of cocoa seed. The capacity and recovery of the machine was influenced by space between rotor cylinder and stator wall. Grinding machine operated at cooling temperature of 25.5oC and space between rotor – stator 0.9 cm and the capacity of 187.5 kg/hour with recovery of 200 mesh cocoa powder as much as 24%. The maximum  power of machine required  was 2.5 kW with efficiency of  energy transfer of 97%. Results of proximate analysis showed that there was no change of protein content, but protein and carbohydrate content increased after processing, i.e. from 5.70% and 59.82% into 5.80% and 61.89% respectively.Key words : cocoa cake, cooling, grinding, cocoa powder
Relationship between Physiological Characteristic and Bean Quality on Some Cocoa Clones (Theobroma cacao L.)
Authors: Sari Indah Anita , Zakariyya Fakhrusy , Susilo Agung Wahyu
Published: September 2018

Photosynthesis is one of the physiological process that influence the bean weight and this process related with the efectiveness of the stomata character and chlorophyll content in the leaves. The research was conducted at Kaliwining Research Station, Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute. Design of experiment was randomized complete block design (RCBD) consisted of six clones as treatment were Sulawesi 1, Sulawesi 2, Sca 6, ICS 60, TSH 858, ICCRI 03, PA 300. Each treatment was replicated three times.  Stomata resistance diffusion, tranpiration,the content of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, chlorophyll total (a+b), bean number and bean weight were observed. The resuts  of experiment showed that  difference in chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, chlorophyll total (a+b), stomata resistance diffusion, bean number and bean weight existed within  six clones tested. Transpiration rate did not show the significantly different between six clones tested. Sulawesi 1 showed the highest content of chlorophyll a and  ICS 60 and ICCRI 03 showed higher content of chlorophyll b than the other clones. Chlorophyll a, b and total (a+b) showed positively influence on bean number and bean weight. Transpiration rate had negatively influence to bean number per pod, on the otherhand it showed positively influence to bean weight. Chlorophyll total (a+b) showed high genetic variance (σg2), high phenotypic variance (σf2)  and high estimated value of heritability (H).  The chlorophyll a,b had moderate genetic variance, moderate phenotypic variance and high of estimated value of heritability.  Chlorophyll total (a+b) could be used a selection criteria based on the value of correlation, genetic variance, phenotypic variance and estimated value of heritability would give high opportunity in selection process.
Red Kidney Bean Powder Substituted Milk in Cinnamon Herbal Coffee: Consumer Perception, Sensory Properties and Nutrition Content
Authors: Febrianto Noor Ariefandie , Sa'diyah Khalimatus , Tejasari Tejasari
Published: September 2018

Consumer perspective of consuming coffee product has begun to shift not only for solely “pleasure” purpose, but also to consider its beneficial aspects. Red kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is a good source of fiber, protein and micronutrients to enhance the quality of beverages. This research was aimed to evaluate the effort to substitute milk with red bean powder in cinnamon herbal coffee and to study the enhancement of its nutrition content as well as the consumer perception and sensory properties. Red kidney bean powder was used to substitute milk powder and was blended with pre-mixed cinnamon coffee approximately 4%, 8%, 12%, 16% and 20% to obtain ready to drink mixtures. The coffee and control were then subjected to consumer perception to 25 panelists and sensory analysis by three trained-panelists and were also analyzed for its relation with nutrition content. The result showed that the substitution of milk with red kidney bean powder up to 8% could still be accepted by untrained panelist and its addition up to 20% still acceptable by trained-panelists. Addition of red bean powder could improve protein content up to 89.3% and 133.0% of soluble fiber content compared to the coffee that used full milk powder. This result showed that red kidney bean powder could be used to substitute milk powder in coffee beverages since it significantly improved the nutrition value and resulted in good sensory properties.
Condition of Soil Fertility and Sensory Profile of Smallholder Robusta Coffee in Jember District
Authors: Sari Niken Puspita , Nugroho Dwi
Published: September 2018

Jember district is one of the centers for smallholder plantation of the Robusta coffee in East Java. However, there are still limited reports about environmental conditions, particularly soil fertility of existing smallholder plantations and its effect on coffee flavor. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of soil fertility on flavor of coffee in existing smallholder Robusta coffee plantations in Jember district. This research was carried out by survey method in several area of the smallholder Robusta coffee plantation in Jember. Evaluation of sensory profile was carried out using cup test organoleptic method based on Standard cupping method of the Specialty Coffee Association of America. Research locations as subdistricts were chosen by purposive sampling method, namely Panti, Silo, Rambipuji, Sukorambi, and Tanggul subdistricts. Results of this study showed that soil of the smallholder Robusta coffee plantation in research locations possessed low organic carbon content in Sukorambi subdistrict and medium concentration in other locations. Nitrogen content was low in all locations, potassium in Sumber Baru subdistrict was high whereas other locations were medium. Phosphorus availability was high in all locations. Calcium and magnesium were medium in Panti, Sukorambi, Sumber Baru, and Silo subdistricts. Soil acidity was low in all locations. Results of the sensory analysis of smallholder’s Robusta coffee was from divided into three groups. First, categorized as fine Robusta coffee was smallholder’s Robusta coffee samples obtained from Silo and Sukorambi subdistricts. Second, good quality Robusta coffee was from smallholder Robusta coffee samples from Panti and Sumber Baru subdistricts. Third, medium quality Robusta coffee was from smallholder’s Robusta coffee from Tanggul subdistrict. Total scores of coffee testing from samples of Panti, Sukorambi, Sumber Baru, Tanggul, and Silo subdistrict were 79.8, 82.0, 79.9, 76.0, and 82.5, respectively
Digging deeper? Muddling through? How environmental activists make sense and use of science —	an exploratory study
Authors: Faehnrich Birte
Published: September 2018

This paper focusses on the sense making and use of science by environmental activists. It is based on the assumption that activists — without being scientists or professional science communicators — take up a central role in the environmental discourse concerning the translation of scientific findings and their public dissemination. It is thus asked how environmental activists evaluate the relevance of science for their work, which structures and processes they apply to make sense of science, and how they use science related information to make their voices heard. This paper presents data from a study on Canadian activists regarding their use of scientific information in the field of forest protection. The data, interpreted in the context of a situational analysis, helps to enhance understanding of environmental activists' information systems but also show the strategic use of scientific information by these alternative science communicators.
Apuntando deseos, pasiones y poderes: registrar vínculos para “levantar villa”. Los escribanos de San Felipe de Aconcagua, Chile, 1740-1837
Authors: Albornoz María Eugenia , Argouse Aude
Published: September 2018

La escritura pública construye vínculos sociales, como ocurre en San Felipe de Aconcagua, entre su fundación (1740) y el orden de los archivos que realiza un escribano en 1836. Más allá de registrar eventos importantes para la ciudad, la actividad de los escribanos, o de quienes aseguran sus registros, muestra que en este periodo la cultura y la práctica jurídicas se transmiten cotidianamente e importan a todos. Igualmente, que los autores y custodios de las escrituras y de los archivos notariales intervienen en el ámbito judicial, político y cultural de la jurisdicción, desde sus trayectorias, afectos y experiencias. Esta humanización de la figura del escribano diluye los estereotipos asociados a su rol y enriquece la comprensión del proceso de “levantar villa”.
Sotos con santos en lienzos y esculturas La apropiación de la imagen religiosa en la Provincia de Antioquia, segunda mitad del siglo XVIII
Authors: Pérez Pérez María Cristina
Published: September 2018

Este artículo se propone indagar la importancia de las imágenes religiosas para la Provincia de Antioquia en la segunda mitad del siglo XVIII, basándose fundamentalmente en dos ejes de análisis: los circuitos comerciales establecidos para el ingreso de objetos religiosos a la provincia y el valor de la imagen para la sociedad colonial. Con ello se pretende, además, hacer un acercamiento a un campo de estudio que ha sido poco explorado por la historiografía antioqueña, como lo es historia cultural del arte colonial.
Plata, paño, cacao y clavo: “dinero de la tierra” en la Amazonía portuguesa (c. 1640-1750)
Authors: Da Silva Lima Alam , Chambouleyron Rafael , Camargo Igliori Danilo
Published: September 2018

El objetivo de este artículo es discutir cómo la economía y la sociedad de la Amazonía portuguesa colonial (de mediados del siglo XVII a mediados del siglo XVIII) se organizaron a partir de la ausencia de moneda metálica; por otro lado, se analizan las razones que llevaron a la Corona portuguesa a no autorizar la circulación de monedas metálicas y las implicaciones que tuvo esa política en la región.
A “Crise dos criados” ou a “Questão da famulagem”: o serviço doméstico sob a ótica de cronistas cariocas no início do século XX
Authors: De Souza Flavia Fernandes
Published: September 2018

O objetivo deste trabalho é recuperar algumas crônicas que abordaram o serviço doméstico na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, as quais foram publicadas na imprensa na virada do século XIX para o século XX. Particularmente, trata-se de analisar três crônicas produzidas por Arthur Azevedo, João do Rio e Lima Barreto nos primeiros anos do século XX. Propõe-se, então, refletir sobre a forma como a questão do trabalho e dos trabalhadores domésticos, que ganhava cada vez mais espaço nas discussões de determinados grupos sociais, foi veiculada na imprensa e tratada por alguns segmentos da intelectualidade carioca em um contexto marcado por profundas transformações sociais advindas, especialmente, do fim da escravidão e da emergência da modernidade na sociedade brasileira.
Email versus In-Person Audit Inquiry: Recent Research and Additional Survey Data
Authors: Saiewitz Aaron
Published: September 2018

Recent research suggests that an auditor's choice to conduct audit inquiry via email versus in person can adversely impact both auditor and client behavior. In this study, I review recent research on this important topic, and I present additional survey-based evidence that describes how clients perceive auditor email versus in-person inquiries. I find that clients generally view auditors' in-person requests as more important and urgent than email requests, and clients feel they can more carefully craft their responses to support their company's preferred reporting position via email compared to in person. Further, clients expect that auditors will question an aggressive response more quickly in person than over email. Although audit partners have expressed concerns that email communication could impede auditor-client relationship building, I find no differences in how much clients like the auditor or in clients' willingness to work again with the auditor after receiving an email or in-person request. However, recent research suggests that email requests can lead to more negative feelings toward the auditor, which could affect the auditor-client relationship over time. I discuss implications for audit firms and provide suggestions for future research.
Effector memory CD4+ T-cells and dendritic cells are noninvasive biomarkers of late cellular rejection after kidney transplantation
Authors: Nosik A. V. , Korotkov S. V. , Smol'nikova V. V. , Grinevich V. Yu. , Efimov D. Yu. , Dmitrieva M. V. , Syantovich A. A. , Dolgolikova A. A. , Kalachik O. V. , Krivenko S. I. , Pikirenya I. I. , Dzyadz'ko A. M. , Scherba A. E. , Rummo O. O.
Published: September 2018

Introduction. Diagnosis of the kidney transplant cellular rejection in the long-term after transplantation remains a challenge. Usual surrogate markers are not enough sensitive and specific. Rejection is an immune reaction to donor alloantigens. The kidney transplant biopsy to diagnose a dysfunction is an invasive procedure with the incidence of complications about 12.6% and can lead to transplant loss. In this regard, the search of immunological biomarkers for early noninvasive and accurate diagnosis of kidney transplant rejection is an actual task.

Material and methods. This is a report of the observational retrospective single-center, comparative case-control study in two groups involving 44 patients who underwent kidney transplantation. The first group (REJ) included the patients with the chronic graft dysfunction caused by a biopsy-confirmed late cellular rejection (22 patients). The second group (STA) included the recipients who had no dysfunction in the posttransplant period (22 patients). Flow cytometry of peripheral blood cells was performed to identify immunophenotyping markers of late cellular rejection after kidney transplantation (we determined subpopulations of T, B lymphocytes, and dendritic cells).

Results. As a result of our work, we found significant differences in the absolute count of effector memory T cells making 0.147 (0.115–0.260) × 109 cell/L in REJ group, and 0.106 (0.067–0.136) × 109 cell/L in STA group (р = 0.0167).  Relative and absolute counts of myeloid dendritic cells were also different between the groups: 0.65 (0.36–0.73) vs. 1.05 (0.67–1.4) % and 0.039 (0.028–0.056) vs. 0.063 (0.049–0.076) × 109 cell/L, respectively (р = 0.0009, р = 0.003). The numbers of plasmacytoid dendritic cells were also different between the study groups: 0.0038 (0.0021–0.0054) vs. 0.005 (0.0035–0.007) × 109 cell/L for an absolute count (р = 0.0414), and 0.055 (0.04–0.085) vs. 0.09 (0.05–0.12) % for a relative count (р = 0.0197).

Conclusion. The obtained data showed that the blood level of dendritic cells, which are the main “professional” initiators of immune reaction, and the level of effector helper T memory cells, which constitute the main lymphocyte subpopulation posing a destructive impact on the kidney transplant, can be considered as diagnostic markers of kidney transplant cellular rejection in the long-term after surgery.
O lúdico e o corpo nos processos de construção de conhecimentos na escola
Authors: Rodrigues Rogério , Reis Magali
Published: September 2018

Análise crítica sobre o processo de construção do conhecimento dos sujeitos e as possíveis relações com o lúdico e o corpo na educação contemporânea. O método utilizado fundamenta-se no campo da teoria crítica no sentido de evidenciar o que é estranho no modo comum do brincar das crianças e sua centralidade no discurso pedagógico em contraste às limitações impostas ao lúdico pela escola. Portanto, a teoria crítica é o elemento analítico fundamental, capaz de revelar a realidade esmaecida pelo aparente e de nos auxiliar a pensar o lugar do lúdico e do movimento na escola. Aponta-se o uso das tecnologias como um componente que vem alterando os modos de brincar na sociedade e na educação, bem como a percepção de corpo. Conclui-se que, no campo da cultura, mais propriamente, nos processos formativos dos sujeitos, as novas configurações do ato de brincar alteram sua singularidade e, no âmbito social, esses se reduzem a sujeitos alheios à própria cultura e destituídos de pensamento autônomo no sentido de sua capacidade de elaborar a crítica.
Ensinar e aprender práticas corporais na escola: indícios de momentos miméticos
Authors: Almeida Junior Admir
Published: September 2018

A centralidade do corpo é tomada como referência nos processos pedagógicos relacionados ao ensino de práticas corporais na escola, notadamente nas aulas de educação física. Nesse sentido, são apresentadas reflexões que dialogam com as contribuições de Walter Benjamin sobre a infância e a educação, tendo o conceito de mímesis como elemento relevante de análise. A seguir, analisam-se alguns trechos de narrativas elaboradas por professores e estudantes no contexto de ensino e aprendizagem de práticas corporais, buscando apresentar indícios de momentos miméticos que rompem uma suposta linearidade do cotidiano escolar. Por fim, a partir desses momentos explicitados nas narrativas, reflete-se sobre os desdobramentos que eles têm no processo de formação (inicial e continuada) de professores de educação física, no que se refere à possibilidade de assumir um "corpo expressivo e experiencial".
DEVELOPMENT OF MAJOR ORGAN SYSTEMS IN PIKE PERCH STIZOSTEDION LUCIOPERCA (PERCIFORMES: PERCIDAE) IN EARLY ONTOGENESIS
Authors: Grushko Maria Pavlovna , Nguyen Thi Hong Van  , Fedorova Nadezhda Nickolaevna
Published: September 2018

The article describes the features of developing major organ systems in pre-larvae and larvae of pikeperch at different stages. In the period of transition to exogenous feeding the nervous, musculoskeletal and digestive systems in pre-larvae body were the most developed. At the same time, cardiovascular, respiratory, excretory systems developed slower. In the beginning of active feeding the digestive, nervous and musculoskeletal systems in pike perch larvae were completely developed: there emerged taste buds, teeth in the oral cavity, were formed cartilaginous tissues, particularly at the skull base. In the cardiovascular system of larvae there continued process of differentiating the heart valves. The research results showed uneven development of main organ systems in pike perch pre-larvae and larvae, which is connected to the development of swim bladder and digestive system during transition to active feeding.