bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Demographic and behavioural profiles of patients with common oral mucosal lesions by a homogeneity analysis
Authors: Matranga D , Di Fede O , Paderni C , Albanese A , Pizzo G , Magro R , Compilato D , Campisi G
Published: December 2011

Oral Diseases(2012)18, 396–401

Objective: The aim of this study is to assess the main oral mucosal lesions (OMLs) within a hospital base and to provide an anamnestic, diagnostic model based on homogeneity analysis of some variables.

Methods: The demographic and behavioural data (i.e. gender, age, smoking status, alcohol consumption and therapeutic drug usage) of 1753 patients with at least one OML were considered. Multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) and multivariate tests of the simultaneous marginal homogeneity hypothesis (SMH) were used to analyse the evidence of any differences between the demographic and behavioural profiles relating to OMLs diagnoses. Statistical significance ofP < 0.05 was chosen.

Results: With respect to the model used, patients affected by oral squamous cell carcinoma (n = 65; 3.5%) and oral leukoplakia (n = 73; 4.0%) differed significantly for demographic and behavioural characteristics analyzed, in particular with respect to gender (63.9%vs50.1% males) and alcohol consumption (29.1%vs12.1%). Patients affected by burning mouth syndrome (n = 134; 7.3%) and bisphosphonate‐related osteonecrosis of the jaw (n = 40; 2.2%) differed significantly for chronic use of drugs (45.7%vs71.6%). Finally, patients with halitosis (n = 60; 3.3%) and recurrent aphthous stomatitis (n = 103; 5.6%) showed similar profile, mainly in terms of men (47.6%), drinker (4.8%), drug user (34.9%), ≥60 years old (20.8%) and smoker (6.4%).

Conclusion: Knowledge of some similarities in patients’ profile could help in positing the likely presence of OML when making diagnosis process by either general physicians or dentists, especially those without extensive experience in the field of oral medicine.
Effect of summer heat environment on body temperature, estrous cycles and blood antioxidant levels in Japanese Black cow
Authors: SAKATANI Miki , BALBOULA Ahmed Z. , YAMANAKA Kenichi , TAKAHASHI Masashi
Published: December 2011

This study investigated the effect of summer heat environment on estrous cycles and blood antioxidant levels in Japanese Black cows. A total of 13 non‐lactating Japanese Black cows (summer: 9, winter: 4) were examined. Body temperature was measured rectally and intravaginally using a thermometer and data logger, respectively. Estrous behavior was monitored using a radiotelemetric pedometer that recorded walking activity. Rectal temperatures were higher during summer than winter (P < 0.001). There was an acute increase in vaginal temperature at the onset of estrus during winter but such an increase was not observed during summer. Walking activity during estrus decreased dramatically in the summer compared to the winter. Duration of estrous cycle was longer in summer (23.4 days, P < 0.05) than winter (21.5 days), and the subsequent rise in progesterone concentrations following estrus tended to be delayed in summer. The level of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) in peripheral blood cells was higher during summer (P < 0.05), while the levels of superoixde dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione were lower (P < 0.05). These results indicate that high ambient temperature during summer increases both body temperature and oxidative stress, and also reduces signs of estrus in Japanese Black cows.
In vivo gene transfer into skeletal muscle of neonatal chicks by electroporation
Authors: IJIRI Daichi , SAEGUSA Akito , MATSUBARA Tomoko , KANAI Yukio , HIRABAYASHI Miho
Published: December 2011

Chicks (Gallus gallus domesticus) show considerable growth of skeletal muscle during the neonatal period. The in vivo gene transfer method is useful for studying gene function and can be employed to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of skeletal muscle growth in chicks. We evaluated the following conditions for gene transfer to the skeletal muscle of neonatal chicks by electroporation: (i) voltage; (ii) age of the chick; (iii) plasmid DNA injected amount; and (iv) duration of gene expression. The results obtained from this study indicate that the most efficient gene transfer condition was as follows: 75 µg of plasmid DNA encoding β‐galactosidase was injected into the gastrocnemius muscle of chicks at 4 days of age electroporated at 50 V/cm. In addition, peak transferred gene expression was observed from 3 days to 5 days after electroporation. Our results provide optimal electroporation conditions for elucidating the gene function related to skeletal muscle growth and development in neonatal chicks.
Barriers and Enablers to Implementation of a New Zealand‐Wide Guideline for Assessment and Management of Cardiovascular Risk in Primary Health Care: A Template Analysis
Authors: McKillop Ann , Crisp Jackie , Walsh Kenneth
Published: December 2011

Aim: The aim of this study was to identify the enablers and barriers to guideline implementation in a primary healthcare setting by employing the Promoting Action on Research Implementation in Health Services (PARIHS) framework as a template for data analysis and interpretation.

Background: The use of clinical practice guidelines is pivotal to improving health outcomes. However, the implementation of guidelines into practice is complex, unpredictable, and, in spite of much investigation, remains resistant to explanation of what works and why. Optimising the enablers and minimising the barriers to implementation of a guideline for reducing cardiovascular disease risk has the potential to significantly reduce the burden of disease. The PARIHS framework has been successfully applied in a number of clinical contexts and has been found useful in illuminating the barriers and enablers to evidence implementation.

Approach: This qualitative study involved focus groups with 20 primary healthcare nurses, 4 general practitioners, 5 managers, and individual interviews with 3 funder/planners who discussed their contribution to the use of a guideline for the assessment and management of cardiovascular risk. Template analysis based on the PARIHS framework was applied to semi‐structured narrative data to provide an in‐depth analysis of the barriers and enablers to implementation of the guideline.

Conclusions: The lack of facilitation of the guideline into practice was a major barrier to implementation. Implementation plans that address the concerns and complexities of everyday practice are an essential aspect of guideline development. The PARIHS framework was found to be comprehensive and accommodating of the complexity of everyday practice associated with guideline implementation in primary health care. The pertinence of the framework confirms its usefulness as a tool to guide implementation.
Comparison of Therapeutic Effects of Garlic and d‐Penicillamine in Patients with Chronic Occupational Lead Poisoning
Authors: Kianoush Sina , Balali‐Mood Mahdi , Mousavi Seyed Reza , Moradi Valiollah , Sadeghi Mahmoud , Dadpour Bita , Rajabi Omid , Shakeri Mohammad Taghi
Published: December 2011

Abstract:  Previous studies on animals have revealed that garlic (Allium sativum) is effective in reducing blood and tissue lead concentrations. The aim of this study was to investigate therapeutic effects of garlic and compare it with d‐penicillamine in patients with chronic lead poisoning. After coordination and obtaining informed consent, clinical examinations and blood lead concentration (BLC) of 117 workers at a car battery industry were investigated. BLC was determined by heated graphite atomization technique of an atomic absorption spectrometer. The workers were randomly assigned into two groups of garlic (1200 μg allicin, three times daily) and d‐penicillamine (250 mg, three times daily) and treated for 4 weeks. BLC was determined again 10 days post‐treatment. Clinical signs and symptoms of lead poisoning were also investigated and compared with the initial findings. Clinical improvement was significant in a number of clinical manifestations including irritability (p = 0.031), headache (p = 0.028), decreased deep tendon reflex (p = 0.019) and mean systolic blood pressure (0.021) after treatment with garlic, but not d‐penicillamine. BLCs were reduced significantly (p = 0.002 and p = 0.025) from 426.32 ± 185.128 to 347.34 ± 121.056 μg/L and from 417.47 ± 192.54 to 315.76 ± 140.00 μg/L in the garlic and d‐penicillamine groups, respectively, with no significant difference (p = 0.892) between the two groups. The frequency of side effects was significantly (p = 0.023) higher in d‐penicillamine than in the garlic group. Thus, garlic seems safer clinically and as effective as d‐penicillamine. Therefore, garlic can be recommended for the treatment of mild‐to‐moderate lead poisoning.
Neoplastic infiltration of the sphenoid wing: A rare manifestation of metastatic colorectal cancer
Authors: PINATO David James , KRELL Jonathan , WASAN Harpreet , SHARMA Rohini
Published: December 2011

Atypical patterns of metastatic spread from colorectal primary tumors are often misdiagnosed, with potential implications for the clinical outcome. Metastatic diffusion to the splanchnocranium is extremely rare in colorectal cancer. A histological proof of diagnosis is rarely obtained and therapeutic management is a challenge. We describe the case of a 46‐year‐old patient who presented with a radiologically proven sphenoid wing metastasis. The patient presented with left‐sided exophthalmos while receiving systemic chemotherapy for relapsed high‐risk colorectal cancer. A left sphenoid wing metastasis was proven by a head computed tomography scan. A metastatic spread to the sino‐nasal tract is regarded as a poor prognosis determinant in colorectal cancer and presents a unique set of diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. The compression of noble structures such as the optic nerve holds serious implications in terms of quality of life but there is insufficient evidence clarifying whether radiotherapy or surgery represent the best option for these patients, leaving the therapeutic plan to be decided case by case.
The Association between Major Depression, Health Behaviors, and Quality of Life in Adults with Stroke
Authors: Ellis Charles , Grubaugh Anouk L. , Egede Leonard E.
Published: December 2011

Aim

The study aims to examine the association between major depression, healthcare behaviors, and quality of life indices among adults with stroke.

Methods

Data from 5869 participants with stroke in the 2006 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Survey were examined. Multiple logistic regression was used to assess the independent association between depression status, self-care and preventive health behaviors, and quality of life indices, after accounting for relevant covariates.

Results

In multivariate models, individuals with major depression were less likely to engage in physical activity (odds ratio 0.41; 95% confidence interval 0.29, 0.56) than those without major depression. Women with major depression were also less likely to have received a mammogram in the past two-years (odds ratio 0.61; 95% confidence interval 0.40, 0.96 for women ≥ age 40 and odds ratio 0.58; 95% confidence interval 0.36, 0.72 for women ≥ age 50) and a pap smear in the past three-years (odds ratio 0.40; 95% CI 0.22, 0.72). In comparisons of quality of life, individuals with major depression were less likely to perceive their health as excellent/very good/good (odds ratio 0.36; 95% confidence interval 0.25, 0.53), to report being satisfied with life (odds ratio 0.13; 95% confidence interval 0.08, 0.20), and to report receiving needed social support (odds ratio 0.42; 95% confidence interval 0.28, 0.63). Individuals who were depressed were also more likely to report one or more poor physical and poor mental health days in the past 30 days (odds ratio 4.56; 95% confidence interval 3.08, 6.76 and odds ratio 10.97; 95% confidence interval 7.75, 15.52, respectively).

Conclusions

In adults with stroke, major depression is associated with decreased engagement in stroke-specific and gender-specific self-care and preventive health behaviors, as well as a broad range of quality of life indices.
Does Acute Behavioral Testing Reflect Successful Ischemia in Rats with Transient Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion?
Authors: Chauveau Fabien , Cho Tae-Hee , Riou Adrien , Langlois Jean-Baptiste , Berthezène Yves , Nighoghossian Norbert , Wiart Marlène
Published: December 2011

Background

Models of intraluminal middle cerebral artery occlusion present an intrinsic variability in infarct size. Behavioral evaluation is frequently performed during arterial occlusion to confirm success of surgery.

Aims and/or hypothesis

We compared the value of behavioral testing and multimodal magnetic resonance imaging performed during arterial occlusion for identifying successfully operated animals.

Methods

Rats were tested with behavioral assessment (using three scoring scales and the adhesive removal test) and multimodal magnetic resonance imaging (including magnetic resonance angiography, diffusion-weighted and perfusion-weighted imaging), both performed during the two-hours of middle cerebral artery occlusion using the intraluminal suture model. Behavioral assessment was repeated 24 h after reperfusion, followed by sacrifice.

Results

Acute apparent diffusion coefficient lesion volume was correlated with both 2,3,5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride infarct size ( r = 0.75, P = 0.02) and behavioral status ( r = 0.66, P = 0.05) on day one. Conversely, no correlation was found between acute behavioral examination and day one outcomes (2,3,5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride infarct volume, r = 0.40, P = 0.28; behavioral examination, r = 0.39, P = 0.30). Day zero apparent diffusion coefficient volumes ( P = 0.04), but not behavioral assessment ( P = 0.60), discriminated animals with day one corticostriatal infarcts from these with subcortical infarcts.

Conclusions

Acute behavioral testing performed during arterial occlusion fails to identify successfully operated animals. Acute diffusion magnetic resonance imaging may be more appropriate to assess and reduce infarct size variability in this model.
Factors Associated with Severity on Admission and In-Hospital Mortality after Primary Intracerebral Hemorrhage in China
Authors: Fu Xian , Wong Ka Sing , Wei Jade W. , Chen Xiangyan , Lin Yueqing , Zeng JinSheng , Huang Ruxun , Gao Qingchun
Published: December 2011

Background and purpose

Of the stroke types, intracerebral hemorrhage is the most debilitating and fatal. The aim of the current study was to determine factors that influence the severity and in-hospital mortality after primary intracerebral hemorrhage.

Methods

Data were collected retrospectively on 1268 patients with primary intracerebral hemorrhage admitted to stroke units at participating hospitals in Guangzhou between January 2005 and August 2008. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine factors associated with severity on admission and in-hospital mortality.

Results

Of the 1268 patients, 20·4% were reported to have a severe stroke on admission, and the in-hospital mortality rate was 12·5%. Severity on admission was strongly associated with Glasgow Coma Scale score on admission (odds ratio = 0·89, 95% confidence interval 0·85–0·94) and hematoma location. Notably, basal ganglia hemorrhages were associated with increased severity (odds ratio = 1·40, 95% confidence interval 1·03–1·90), and cerebellar hemorrhages were associated with reduced severity (odds ratio = 0·29, 95% confidence interval 0·10–0·84). In-hospital mortality was not only correlated with Glasgow Coma Scale score on admission (odds ratio = 0·79, 95% confidence interval 0·74–0·84) and basal ganglia location (odds ratio = 0·47, 95% confidence interval 0·26–0·83), but also with dysnatremia (odds ratio =1·91, 95% confidence interval 1·08–3·40) and comorbidities such as upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage (odds ratio = 2·28, 95% confidence interval 1·33–3·91), pneumonia (odds ratio = 3·50, 95% confidence interval 2·17–5·63), urinary incontinence (odds ratio = 2·22, 95% confidence interval 1·40–3·51), and renal dysfunction (odds ratio = 2·28, 95% confidence interval 1·42–3·65).

Conclusion

Glasgow Coma Scale score and hematoma locations were independently associated with severity on admission and in-hospital mortality after primary intracerebral hemorrhage. The study also highlights the deleterious effect of comorbidities on in-hospital mortality following primary intracerebral hemorrhage in China.
Evidence on the Effects of Money Growth on Inflation with Regime Switching
Authors: Liu Jinquan , Pang Chunyang
Published: December 2011

Since the latter half of 2010, a new round of inflation has gradually been manifesting in China. The debate regarding whether excess money supply is responsible for this inflation has attracted scholars to investigate the effects of money growth on inflation. In this paper, we use correlation analysis to confirm the comovement between growth of monetary aggregates and inflation. We explore the asymmetric effects of monetary policy on inflation using the Markov regime‐switching model. The empirical results show that monetary policy can be more effective in curbing inflation in a high inflation state than in boosting the price level in a low inflation state. However, simply tightening the money supply might not be sufficient to suppress the price level. To this end, the Chinese Government should adopt other policies, such as supply stabilization policies, to help suppress the price level. Our study can help policy‐makers to determine the actual economic state and provides some policy implications for the current inflation.
Autophagy Dysregulation in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Authors: Chen Sheng , Zhang Xiaojie , Song Lin , Le Weidong
Published: December 2011

Autophagy is an intracellular lysosomal degradation process, which plays an important role in cell growth and development, and keeping cellular homeostasis in all eukaryotes. Autophagy has multiple physiological functions, including protein degradation, organelle turnover and response to stress. Emerging evidences support the notion that dysregulation of autophagy might be critical for pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The autophagy dysregulation in motor neurons of ALS may occur in different steps of the autophagic process. Recent studies have shown that two ALS associated proteins, TDP‐43 and superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), are involved in the abnormal autophagy regulation. Furthermore, it is reported that several genetic mutations in ALS disturb the autophagic process in the motor neurons. This review will provide new evidence of autophagy dysregulation as a critical pathogenic process leading to ALS, and will discuss the prospect of future therapeutic targets using autophagic regulation to treat this disease.
A Pilot Study Comparing Furosemide and Hydrochlorothiazide in Patients With Hypertension and Stage 4 or 5 Chronic Kidney Disease
Authors: Dussol Bertrand , Moussi‐Frances Julie , Morange Sophie , Somma‐Delpero Claude , Mundler Olivier , Berland Yvon
Published: December 2011

Furosemide is the diuretic of choice for the treatment of hypertension in chronic kidney disease but the adaptative changes in the distal nephron may decrease its efficacy. Hydrochlorothiazide is not believed to be efficient in this setting. In a randomized, double‐blind, cross‐over trial, 23 patients with hypertension and stage 4 or 5 chronic kidney disease received long‐acting furosemide (60 mg) and hydrochlorothiazide (25 mg) for 3 months and then both diuretics for 3 months. Sodium and chloride fractional excretions were measured after 3 months of each diuretic and then after their association. A trend towards an increase in the fractional excretion of sodium and chloride was observed with furosemide and hydrochlorothiazide (P=not significant). The association of the two diuretics increased the fractional excretions of sodium and chloride from 3.4±1.8 to 4.9±2.8 and from 3.8±2.0 to 6.0±3.1, respectively (P<.05). Furosemide and hydrochlorothiazide decreased mean blood pressure by the same extent. The association of the two diuretics was more efficient on blood pressure. There were no differences between furosemide and hydrochlorothiazide with respect to natriuresis and blood pressure control in patients with hypertension and chronic kidney disease.
Postoperative microhyphema as a positive prognostic indicator in canaloplasty
Authors: Grieshaber Matthias C. , Schoetzau Andreas , Flammer Josef , Orgül Selim
Published: December 2011

Purpose:  To assess risk factors for failure in canaloplasty.

Methods:  Nonrandomized prospective study involving 51 eyes of 51 patients with medically uncontrolled primary open‐angle glaucoma undergoing canaloplasty. Visual acuity, intraocular pressure (IOP) and slit‐lamp examinations were performed before and after surgery at 1 and 7 days, and at 1 month and every 3 months thereafter. Factors like age, gender, preoperative IOP and microhyphema on day 1 were evaluated.

Results:  The mean follow‐up was 20.6 (SD 8.3) months. The mean preoperative IOP was 26.8 (SD 5.2) mmHg; the mean postoperative IOP was 8.4 (4.2) mmHg at day 1 and 12.7 (1.7) mmHg at month 24. Microhyphema was found in 40 patients (85.1%) on day 1 after surgery. The height of microhyphema was 1.8 mm ± 0.4 (SD) (range 1–2.5), and the time of resorption was 6.6 days ± 2.8 (SD) (range 3–14) on average. No recurrence of hyphema has been observed. IOP < 16 mmHg without medications depended significantly on the presence of microhyphema (hazard ratios, HR 0.03, 95% CI 0.01–0.25, p < 0.001), but not on age (HR 1.00, 95% CI 0.91–1.09, p = 0.32), preoperative IOP (HR 0.98, 95% CI 0.85–1.12, p = 0.80), cup‐to‐disc ratio (HR 0.15, 95% CI 0.00–20.01, p = 0.45) and gender (HR 0.24, 95% CI 0.05–1.12, p = 0.07). Factors like preoperative IOP, age, gender, cup‐to‐disc ratio were not associated with microhyphema. There were no significant differences between patients with versus without microhyphema in regard to age, preoperative IOP, morphological and functional glaucomatous damage, number of medications and postoperative day 1 IOP. However, patients with microhyphema had significantly fewer Nd:YAG goniopunctures after surgery than patients without microhyphema (p < 0.001).

Conclusion:  Microhyphema the first postoperative day seems to be a significant positive prognostic indicator in uneventful canaloplasty in regard to IOP reduction, possibly representing a restored and patent physiologic aqueous outflow system.
The contribution of switchgrass in reducingGHGemissions
Authors: Monti Andrea , Barbanti Lorenzo , Zatta Alessandro , Zegada‐Lizarazu Walter
Published: December 2011

The contribution of switchgrass (Panicum virgatumL.), a perennial C4grass, in reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions was reviewed under three main areas; the impact on carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide (N2O), and methane emissions (CH4), whilst also taking into account the effects of land conversion to switchgrass. Switchgrass is able to enhance biomass accumulation in a wide range of environmental conditions, which is the premise for considerable carbon assimilation and storage in the belowground organs. The progress in some areas of crop husbandry (e.g., tillage and fertilization) has fostered benefits for carbon storage, while restrainingGHGemissions. As root biomass is the main indicator of soil carbon sequestration, switchgrass's dense and deep rooting is a relevant advantage, although uncertainty still exists about the crop's belowground biomass accumulation. In agreement with this, mostLCAstudies addressingCO2emissions report significant benefits from switchgrass cultivation and processing. BesideCO2, switchgrass performed better than most other biomass crops also in terms of N2O emission. In the case ofCH4emission, it may be argued that switchgrass should act as a moderate sink, i.e., contributing to mitigateCH4atmospheric concentration, but a substantial lack of information indicates the need for specific research on the topic. Land conversion to switchgrass is the latest issue which needs to be addressed inLCAstudies: not surprisingly, the netCO2abatement appears remarkable if switchgrass is grown in former arable lands, although it is slightly negative to positive if switchgrass replaces permanent grassland. In conclusion, switchgrass could significantly contribute to mitigateGHGemissions, although areas of uncertainty still exist in the assessment of soil carbon storage, N2O andCH4emissions, and the effects of converting lands to switchgrass. Further improvements must, therefore, be achieved to strengthen the crop's remarkable sustainability.
Politics at the Water's Edge: The Presidency, Congress, and US Policy toward North Korea
Authors: Ahn Taehyung
Published: December 2011

This article seeks to explain why the Clinton and Bush administrations ultimately failed to prevent a nuclear North Korea. It finds the origins of this failure in the relations between the executive and the legislative branches and, more specifically, different government types: unified government and divided government. It particularly emphasizes the role of Congress and partisan politics in the making of US policy toward North Korea. This study finds that divided government played a pivotal role. Partisan politics are also central to the explanation: politics did not stop at the water's edge. A divided US government produced more passive policies toward North Korea than a unified US government, while a unified government produced more active policies. Moreover, a unified government with a Republican President produced more aggressive policies toward North Korea, whereas a unified government with a Democratic President produced more conciliatory policies.
Anti-apoptotic effects of tamarind leaves against ethanol-induced rat liver injury
Authors: Ghoneim Asser I , Eldahshan Omayma A
Published: December 2011

Objectives

The leaf decoctions of Tamarindus indica (TI) have long been traditionally used in liver ailments. The aim of this study was to investigate the anti-apoptotic activity of TI leaf extract against acute ethanol (EtOH)-induced liver injury. The major constituents of the extract were also examined for standardization purposes.

Methods

Rats (n = 5–7) were orally pretreated with TI leaf extract (25, 50 and 100 mg/kg) for seven days. Silymarin was used as a positive control. Liver tissue biochemical assays included key markers of apoptosis and its redox signalling. Serum enzyme levels were also determined.

Key findings

All graded doses of TI leaf extract mitigated the EtOH-induced liver caspase-3 activation (42, 57 and 64%) as well as DNA fragmentation (32, 47 and 50%), respectively. The highest dose of the extract demonstrated membrane-stabilizing (38%) in addition to glutathione-replenishing (88%) effects. Also, the leaves improved the liver histopathological alterations. Moreover, major plant bioactive polyphenolics, that might be responsible for the extract's observed effects, were isolated and identified.

Conclusions

TI leaf extract demonstrated promising anti-apoptotic hepatoprotective effects in rats. The use of TI leaves in different liver diseases, having apoptosis as the underlying pathology, hence warrants further clinical investigation.
Quantitative crystallinity determination for E1010, a novel carbapenem antibiotic, using differential scanning calorimetry
Authors: Kushida Ikuo
Published: December 2011

Objectives

The objective of this study was to develop a quantitative crystallinity analysis method for the bulk drug of E1010 ((+)-(4R,5S,6S)-6-[(R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-3-[(2S,4S)-2-[(R)-1-hydroxy-1-[(R)-pyrrolidin-3 -yl]methyl]pyrrolidin-4-yl]thio-4-methyl-7-oxo-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]hept-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid monohydrochloride), a novel carbapenem antibiotic.

Methods

X-ray analyses, thermal analyses and hygroscopicity measurements were used to elucidate the crystal structure and the solid state properties. To develop a quantitative method for the crystallinity of E1010 bulk drug, the relationship between enthalpy change obtained by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and crystalline form ratio was investigated.

Key findings

E1010 bulk drug was found to exist in a crystalline trihydrate formed in two layers, i.e. a layer of E1010 free form, and a layer consisting of chloride ions and water molecules. The thermal analysis showed an endothermic peak derived from dehydration with the loss of crystal lattices at around 100°C as an onset. The enthalpy change value for the endothermic peak correlated well with crystalline content in binary physical mixtures of the crystalline trihydrate and the amorphous form. In addition, for nine lots of the bulk drug, a positive correlation between the enthalpy change and chemical stability in the solid state was observed.

Conclusions

This quantitative analysis of crystallinity using DSC could be applicable for the quality control of the bulk drug to detect variability among manufacturing batches and to estimate the chemical stability of partially amorphous samples.
Mimicry and just world beliefs: Mimicking makes men view the world as more personally just
Authors: Stel Mariëlle , van den Bos Kees , Sim Samantha , Rispens Sonja
Published: December 2011

People's just world beliefs are related to how they feel and behave towards others: the stronger people hold beliefs that the world treats them fairly, the more they feel and act pro‐socially towards others. It is conceivable, therefore, that pro‐social feelings and behaviours towards others can strengthen people's personal belief in a just world, especially when people expect these positive feelings to be returned. Because mimicry enhances pro‐social feelings towards others, we argue that mimicry may strengthen peoples’ personal just world beliefs via positive feelings for the mimicked person and the expectation that these positive feelings are returned. Moreover, we expect these effects to be more pronounced for men because men have stronger reciprocity beliefs than women. The results of three studies supported this line of reasoning, showing that mimicry made men believe more strongly that the world is personally just to them. Further support for our line of reasoning was obtained by positive feelings for the (non)mimicked person (Study 2) and reciprocity beliefs (Study 3) mediating the effects. Taken together, the findings suggest that mimicry makes men view the world as more just.
Microcutting and Forming of Thin Aluminium Foils for MEMS
Authors: D. Damsgaard Christian , Mortensen Dennis , Rombach Pirmin , Hansen Ole
Published: December 2011

This paper presents a simple procedure for simultaneous cutting and forming of thin Al foils for use in MEMS components. The procedure makes use of scaled down macroscopic sheet forming and cutting techniques by using a hydraulic press, a soft counterpart, and a microfabricated stamp tool. The relation between applied pressure and forming and cutting features has been characterized for a specific set of stamp geometries and boundary conditions. The results show that 10 μm forming features can be transferred to 4 μm thick Al foils, which simultaneously can be cut into products by 25 μm wide cut lines. Using the procedure presented in this paper scaled to full 4–8 in. silicon wafer stamp tools, a fast and adequate method for high volume production of MEMS components is obtained.
Cantilever Snap-Fit Performance Analysis for Haptic Evaluation
Authors: Ji Jingjing , Lee Kok-Meng , Zhang Shuyou
Published: December 2011

This paper investigates the parametric effects, which include material properties, hook shape, and shear deformation, on the force/deflection relationship governing the assembly/disassembly processes of a snap-fit for developing embedded algebraic solutions to achieve realistic force feedback through a haptic device. For this purpose, an algebraic model, which isolates individual parametric factors that contribute to the cantilever hook deflection, has been derived for examining assumptions commonly made to simplify models for design optimization and real-time control. The algebraic model has been verified by comparing computed results against those simulated using ANSYS FEA workbench and published approximate solutions. Additionally, the model has been validated by comparing the friction coefficients of three different snap-fit designs (with same materials), which closely agree within 5% of their root-mean-square value. Implemented on a commercial PHANTOM haptic device, we demonstrate the effectiveness of the model as embedded algebraic solutions for haptic rendering in design. Nine individuals participated in evaluating a set of design options with different parameter settings; 78% of whom chose the optimal theoretical solution by feeling the feedback force. These findings demonstrate that the design confidence of assembly robustness can be enhanced through a relatively accurate virtual force feedback.
A Functional Classification Framework for the Conceptual Design of Additive Manufacturing Technologies
Authors: Williams Christopher B. , Mistree Farrokh , Rosen David W.
Published: December 2011

Many different additive manufacturing (AM) technologies enable the realization of prototypes and fully-functional artifacts. Although very different in solution principle and embodiment, significant functional commonality exists among the technologies. This commonality affords the authors an opportunity to propose a new classification framework for additive manufacturing technologies. Specifically, by following the systematic abstraction approach proposed by the design methodology of Pahl and Beitz, the authors first identify the working principles of each AM process. A morphological matrix is then employed to functionally present these principles such that commonalities between processes can be identified. In addition to using it as a means of classifying existing processes, the authors present the framework as a tool to aid a designer in the conceptual design of new additive manufacturing technologies. The authors close the paper with an example of such an implementation; specifically, the conceptual design of a novel means of obtaining metal artifacts from three-dimensional printing.
Characterization of Bi2Te3 and Bi2Se3 topological insulators grown by MBE on (001) GaAs substrates
Authors: Liu Xinyu , Smith David J. , Cao Helin , Chen Yong P. , Fan Jin , Zhang Yong-Hang , Pimpinella Richard E. , Dobrowolska Malgorzata , Furdyna Jacek K.
Published: December 2011

Films of pseudohexagonal Bi2Te3, Bi2Se3 and their alloys were successfully grown by molecular beam epitaxy on GaAs (001) substrates. The growth mechanism and structural properties of these films were investigated by reflection high-energy electron diffraction, atomic force microscopy, x-ray diffraction (XRD), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, and Raman spectroscopy and mapping. The results indicate that the epitaxial films are highly uniform and are of high crystalline quality.
How Honeybees Break a Decision-Making Deadlock
Authors: Niven Jeremy E.
Published: December 2011

During the search for a new nest site, use of an inhibitory signal enables honeybees to reach a decision.
Disruption of the M2 Gene of Murine Gammaherpesvirus 68 Alters Splenic Latency following Intranasal, but Not Intraperitoneal, Inoculation
Authors: Jacoby Meagan A. , Virgin Herbert W. , Speck Samuel H.
Published: December 2011

Infection of mice with murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (γHV68; also referred to as MHV68) provides a tractable small-animal model with which to address the requirements for the establishment and maintenance of gammaherpesvirus infection in vivo. The M2 gene of γHV68 is a latency-associated gene that encodes a protein lacking discernible homology to any known viral or cellular proteins. M2 gene transcripts have been detected in latently infected splenocytes (S. M. Husain, E. J. Usherwood, H. Dyson, C. Coleclough, M. A. Coppola, D. L. Woodland, M. A. Blackman, J. P. Stewart, and J. T. Sample, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96:7508-7513, 1999; H. W. Virgin IV, R. M. Presti, X. Y. Li, C. Liu, and S. H. Speck, J. Virol. 73:2321-2332, 1999) and peritoneal exudate cells (H. W. Virgin IV, R. M. Presti, X. Y. Li, C. Liu, and S. H. Speck, J. Virol. 73:2321-2332, 1999), as well as in a latently γHV68-infected B-lymphoma cell line (S. M. Husain, E. J. Usherwood, H. Dyson, C. Coleclough, M. A. Coppola, D. L. Woodland, M. A. Blackman, J. P. Stewart, and J. T. Sample, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96:7508-7513, 1999). Here we describe the generation of γHV68 mutants with disruptions in the M2 gene. Mutation of the M2 gene did not affect the ability of the virus to replicate in tissue culture, nor did it affect γHV68 virulence in B6.Rag1 deficient mice. However, we found that M2 was differentially required for acute replication in vivo. While mutation of M2 did not affect acute phase of virus replication in the lungs of mice following intranasal inoculation, acute-phase virus replication in the spleen was decreased compared to that of the wild-type and marker rescue viruses following intraperitoneal inoculation. Upon intranasal inoculation, M2 mutant viruses exhibited a significant decrease in the establishment of latency in the spleen on day 16 postinfection, as measured by the frequency of viral genome-positive cells. In addition, M2 mutant viral genome-positive cells reactivated from latency inefficiently compared to wild-type and marker rescue viruses. By day 42 after intranasal inoculation, the frequencies of M2 mutant and wild-type viral genome-positive cells were nearly equivalent and little reactivation was detected from either population. In sharp contrast to the results obtained following intranasal inoculation, after intraperitoneal inoculation, no significant defect was observed in the establishment or reactivation from latency with the M2 mutant viruses. These results indicate that the requirements for the establishment of latency are affected by the route of infection.
Dexmedetomidine in the emergency department: assessing safety and effectiveness in difficult-to-sedate acute behavioural disturbance
Authors: Calver Leonie , Isbister Geoffrey K
Published: December 2011

Objectives

To investigate the safety and effectiveness of dexmedetomidine for sedating patients in whom previous attempts at sedation in the emergency department have failed.

Methods

A study was carried out on dexmedetomidine for sedation of patients with acute behavioural disturbance for whom at least two previous attempts at sedation with other drugs had failed. Either a loading dose of dexmedetomidine was administered or a loading dose then an infusion. Administration was titrated to the sedative effect and vital signs. The sedation assessment tool was used to assess effectiveness, and adverse effects were recorded. Effective sedation was defined as a fall in the sedation assessment tool by two levels or more for an hour or more.

Results

A total of 13 patients were given dexmedetomidine. Five of the 13 had a loading dose only. Of these five, successful sedation was achieved in two, and the other three were only briefly sedated during the loading dose. One patient had hypotension. Eight patients received an infusion after the loading dose. Three were successfully sedated, but one developed hypotension. Four patients required a decrease in the infusion rate for hypotension, and in three of these the rate decrease compromised the sedation and one of these required intubation for sedation. The final patient had persistent acute behavioural disturbance, which required intubation for management. Five of the eight patients developed hypotension, and, of the five, one had bradycardia and one went into atrial fibrillation.

Conclusion

Intravenous dexmedetomidine for difficult-to-sedate patients with acute behavioural disturbance is not safe in the emergency department setting.
Trends in the incidence of HIV in Scotland, 1988–2009
Authors: McDonald Scott A , Hutchinson Sharon J , Wallace Lesley A , Cameron Sheila O , Templeton Kate , McIntyre Paul , Molyneaux Pamela , Weir Amanda , Codere Glenn , Goldberg David J
Published: December 2011

Objectives

To estimate temporal trends in HIV incidence and prevalence in Scotland, according to three main risk groups for infection: men who have sex with men (MSM), injecting drug users (IDUs) and heterosexuals.

Methods

The authors extracted data for all single- and multiple-tested individuals from the national HIV test database covering the period 1980–2009 and calculated the incidence of HIV infection in each risk group and estimated RRs by fitting Poisson regression models.

Results

620 of 59 807 individuals tested positive following an initial negative HIV test, generating an overall incidence rate of 3.7/1000 person-years (95% CI 3.4 to 4.0); 60%, 20% and 37% of the 620 were associated with the risk behaviour categories MSM, IDU and heterosexual, respectively. The incidence rate among MSM in Scotland remained relatively stable between the periods <1995 and 2005–2009 (overall: 15.3/1000 person-years, 95% CI 13.8 to 17.0), whereas the incidence among IDUs decreased between the periods <1995 and 2005–2009, from 5.1/1000 to 1.7/1000 person-years, and also decreased among heterosexuals, from 2.9/1000 to 1.4/1000 person-years.

Conclusions

The reduction in the incidence rate among IDUs suggests that harm reduction measures initiated from the late 1980s were effective in reducing HIV transmission in this risk group; however, the absence of a reduction in HIV incidence rates among MSM is disappointing and highlights the need for renewed efforts in the prevention of HIV in this major risk group.
The future of HIV care in the USA
Authors: Sherer Renslow
Published: December 2011

Background

The number of people living with HIV in the USA increased by 50% to 1.115 million persons from 1996 to 2006 and may exceed 1.5 million by 2015. The rising caseloads are straining the HIV care system, while recession and the unknown fate of health reforms are sources of uncertainty. HIV care in the USA evolved within a fragmented healthcare system. Unique community-based support and education linked to diverse multidisciplinary HIV care teams contributed to ‘AIDS exceptionalism’.

Objective

To describe HIV care in the USA in 2011 and to consider future trends.

Methods

Literature review.

Results

Though evidence for effectiveness of HIV care teams is increasing, HIV care in the USA in 2011 is severely challenged. Low reimbursements, rising caseloads and increasing care complexity are leading to clinician shortages. Access to antiretrovirals through Medicare and Medicaid is worsening, and deficiencies in AIDS Drug Assistance Programs are increasing. Durable health insurance will become available for most Americans in 2014 through new health reforms, but the likelihood of incomplete coverage, fierce political opposition and the uncertain details are reasons for concern. At the same time, recent trends in HIV epidemiology, pathogenesis and care services have reinforced the need for multidisciplinary teams with strong community linkages.

Conclusions

HIV advocates have their greatest challenge to date to ensure that the gains and lessons in HIV care learnt from the past are not lost in the transition to national health reform in the next turbulent 5 years in the USA.
Prevalence of unprotected anal intercourse and unprotected vaginal intercourse among HIV-positive men who have sex with men in China: a meta-analysis
Authors: He Qian , Peng Wen-Jia , Zhang Jun-Qing , Wang Bing-Xiang , Wang Jing
Published: December 2011

This study aims at deriving a general description of the prevalence of unprotected anal intercourse among HIV-positive MSM in China using published epidemiological research. Comprehensively searching Wanfang, Weipu, China Biological Medicine (CBM), Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) and Pubmed databases in the systematic review. Meta-analysis were conducted over a final set of nineteen studies (n=1603). The pooled prevalence of unprotected anal intercourse among HIV-positive MSM was 75.4% (95%CI: 67.5%∼82.5%) and unprotected vaginal intercourse was 68.0% (95%CI: 46.0%∼86.4%). The prevalence of unprotected anal intercourse differed significantly in sampling method, data collection method, sample size, location, recruitment setting and data collection period. Studies with the following features had a higher prevalence of unprotected anal intercourse: recruiting participants from 2005 to 2007, sample size being below 50, recruiting participants from MSM venues/internet, using convenience sampling, study location being Chongqing city, and using interviewer administered questionnaire. Findings from this meta-analysis indicate that a majority percentage of HIV-positive MSM engage in unprotected sexual behavior. So that place their sex partners at risk for infecting HIV and also place themselves at risk for other sexually transmitted diseases. An effective strategy for prevention and control is required for this specific population in China.
Untested and undiagnosed: barriers to HIV testing among men who have sex with men, Beijing, China
Authors: Li Xuefeng , Lu Hongyan , Raymond H F , Sun Yanming , Jia Yujiang , He Xiong , Fan Song , Shao Yiming , McFarland Willi , Xiao Yan , Ruan Yuhua
Published: December 2011

Objectives

Undiagnosed HIV presents great potential for the spread of infection. The authors identify the prevalence and correlates of never testing and being unaware of HIV infection in Beijing men who have sex with men (MSM).

Methods

Cross-sectional biological and behavioural survey using respondent-driven sampling; 500 MSM were included.

Results

HIV prevalence was 7.2% with 86.1% unaware of their infection; 33.2% had never tested. Never testing was associated with lower educational (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 1.6, 95% CI (CI) 1.1 to 2.5), living in Beijing for ≤3 years (AOR 1.5, 95% CI 1.0 to 2.3), unprotected anal intercourse with most recent male partner (AOR 1.6, 95% CI 1.0 to 2.4), being unaware of the most recent male partner's HIV status (AOR 3.6, 95% CI 2.1 to 6.1) and holding stigmatised attitudes towards persons with HIV (AOR 1.1 per scale point, 95% CI 1.0 to 1.1). Predictors of having undiagnosed HIV infection were being married (AOR 2.4, 95% CI 1.0 to 5.4), living in Beijing for ≤3 years (AOR 3.6, 95% CI 1.5 to 8.4), being unaware of the most recent male partner's HIV status (AOR 6.8, 95% CI 0.9 to 51.6) and holding negative attitudes towards safe sex (AOR 1.1 per scale point, 95% CI 1.0 to 1.1).

Conclusions

Recent attention has focused on HIV prevention interventions that depend upon knowing one's serostatus, including viral load suppression, prevention with positives, pre-exposure prophylaxis and seroadaptation. Until the low level of testing and resulting high level of undiagnosed HIV infection are addressed, these tools are not likely to be effective for MSM in China.
PARAMETRIC DEVIATION BASED ANALOG TEST AND DIAGNOSIS SYSTEM
Authors: GHOSH KASTURI , ROY ARABINDA , MONDAL SEKHAR , RAY BAIDYANATH
Published: December 2011

This paper reports a comprehensive solution for the problem of test and diagnosis of OTA based analog circuits. Based on the parametric deviation of circuit components, a test and diagnosis methodology are proposed. Compressed signature generated out of multiple performance parameters has resulted in significant enhancement in fault diagnosing capability. The voluminous response data has been handled with Cellular Automata (CA) based classifier to achieve excellent diagnostic resolution.