bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and characterization of benzodithiophene and benzotriazole-based polymers for photovoltaic applications
Authors: Gedefaw Desta , Tessarolo Marta , Bolognesi Margherita , Prosa Mario , Kroon Renee , Zhuang Wenliu , Henriksson Patrik , Bini Kim , Wang Ergang , Muccini Michele , Seri Mirko , Andersson Mats R
Published: August 2016

Two high bandgap benzodithiophene–benzotriazole-based polymers were synthesized via palladium-catalysed Stille coupling reaction. In order to compare the effect of the side chains on the opto-electronic and photovoltaic properties of the resulting polymers, the benzodithiophene monomers were substituted with either octylthienyl (PTzBDT-1) or dihexylthienyl (PTzBDT-2) as side groups, while the benzotriazole unit was maintained unaltered. The optical characterization, both in solution and thin-film, indicated that PTzBDT-1 has a red-shifted optical absorption compared to PTzBDT-2, likely due to a more planar conformation of the polymer backbone promoted by the lower content of alkyl side chains. The different aggregation in the solid state also affects the energetic properties of the polymers, resulting in a lower highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) for PTzBDT-1 with respect to PTzBDT-2. However, an unexpected behaviour is observed when the two polymers are used as a donor material, in combination with PC61BM as acceptor, in bulk heterojunction solar cells. Even though PTzBDT-1 showed favourable optical and electrochemical properties, the devices based on this polymer present a power conversion efficiency of 3.3%, considerably lower than the efficiency of 4.7% obtained for the analogous solar cells based on PTzBDT-2. The lower performance is presumably attributed to the limited solubility of the PTzBDT-1 in organic solvents resulting in enhanced aggregation and poor intermixing with the acceptor material in the active layer.
A CANDIDATE YOUNG MASSIVE PLANET IN ORBIT AROUND THE CLASSICAL T TAURI STAR CI TAU*
Authors: Johns-Krull Christopher M. , McLane Jacob N. , Prato L. , Crockett Christopher J. , Jaffe Daniel T. , Hartigan Patrick M. , Beichman Charles A. , Mahmud Naved I. , Chen Wei , Skiff B. A. , Cauley P. Wilson , Jones Joshua A. , Mace G. N.
Published: August 2016

The ∼2 Myr old classical T Tauri star CI Tau shows periodic variability in its radial velocity (RV) variations measured at infrared (IR) and optical wavelengths. We find that these observations are consistent with a massive planet in a ∼9 day period orbit. These results are based on 71 IR RV measurements of this system obtained over five years, and on 26 optical RV measurements obtained over nine years. CI Tau was also observed photometrically in the optical on 34 nights over ∼one month in 2012. The optical RV data alone are inadequate to identify an orbital period, likely the result of star spot and activity-induced noise for this relatively small data set. The infrared RV measurements reveal significant periodicity at ∼9 days. In addition, the full set of optical and IR RV measurements taken together phase coherently and with equal amplitudes to the ∼9 day period. Periodic RV signals can in principle be produced by cool spots, hotspots, and reflection of the stellar spectrum off the inner disk, in addition to resulting from a planetary companion. We have considered each of these and find the planet hypothesis most consistent with the data. The RV amplitude yields an

of ∼8.1 M
Jup; in conjunction with a 1.3 mm continuum emission measurement of the circumstellar disk inclination from the literature, we find a planet mass of ∼11.3 M
Jup, assuming alignment of the planetary orbit with the disk.
ON THE CLASSIFICATION OF UGC 1382 AS A GIANT LOW SURFACE BRIGHTNESS GALAXY
Authors: Hagen Lea M. Z. , Seibert Mark , Hagen Alex , Nyland Kristina , Neill James D. , Treyer Marie , Young Lisa M. , Rich Jeffrey A. , Madore Barry F.
Published: August 2016

We provide evidence that UGC 1382, long believed to be a passive elliptical galaxy, is actually a giant low surface brightness (GLSB) galaxy that rivals the archetypical GLSB Malin 1 in size. Like other GLSB galaxies, it has two components: a high surface brightness disk galaxy surrounded by an extended low surface brightness (LSB) disk. For UGC 1382, the central component is a lenticular system with an effective radius of 6 kpc. Beyond this, the LSB disk has an effective radius of ∼38 kpc and an extrapolated central surface brightness of ∼26 mag arcsec−2. Both components have a combined stellar mass of ∼8 × 1010M⊙, and are embedded in a massive (1010M⊙) low-density (<3M⊙pc−2) HI disk with a radius of 110 kpc, making this one of the largest isolated disk galaxies known. The system resides in a massive dark matter halo of at least 2 × 1012M⊙. Although possibly part of a small group, its low-density environment likely plays a role in the formation and retention of the giant LSB and HI disks. We model the spectral energy distributions and find that the LSB disk is likely older than the lenticular component. UGC 1382 has UV–optical colors typical of galaxies transitioning through the green valley. Within the LSB disk are spiral arms forming stars at extremely low efficiencies. The gas depletion timescale of ∼1011years suggests that UGC 1382 may be a very-long-term resident of the green valley. We find that the formation and evolution of the LSB disk in UGC 1382 is best explained by the accretion of gas-rich LSB dwarf galaxies.
Genetic and Environmental Influences on the Mental Health of Children: A Twin Study
Authors: Yin Ping , Hou Xiao , Qin Qing , Deng Wei , Hu Hua , Luo Qinghua , Du Lian , Qiu Haitang , Qiu Tian , Fu Yixiao , Meng Huaqing , Li Tao
Published: August 2016

The current study explored the influences of genetic and environmental factors on the mental health of twins between ages 6 and 16. A total of 41 monozygotic (MZ) twins and 35 dizygotic twins were recruited. The psychological attributes and environmental information of children were evaluated. A significant correlation was found between twins in the diagnostic categories of any psychiatric disorder and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)/hyperkinesis based on the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire scale in MZ twins. Furthermore, fathers' authoritarian parenting style was positively correlated with the probability of any psychiatric disorders and oppositional/conduct disorders, whereas mothers' authoritative parenting style was negatively correlated with the probability of any psychiatric disorders and ADHD/hyperkinesis. The probability of emotional disorders was negatively correlated with scores on the Stressful Life Events Scale. These results collectively suggest that genetic and environmental elements, such as parental rearing style and stressful life events, may influence children's mental health. [
Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 54
(8), 29–34.]
Intrusion Detection in MANET for Network Layer
Authors: Dahal Sambhu , Ray Niranjan K.
Published: August 2016

Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) has become a major next generation wireless networking technology. MANETs are vulnerable to attacks in network layer. MANETs are infrastructure-less network in which the topology is constantly changing which makes it easy for the intruders to attack. Security is always an important issue especially for the case of Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) because the structure of the network makes it an easy target for attackers. The inherently vulnerable characteristics of wireless ad hoc networks make them susceptible to attacks, and it may be too late before any counter action can take effect. It can also be observed that each type of attack affects the network characteristics and behavior differently. So we need to study all the types of attack and then we study the intrusion detection and protection mechanism. Intrusion Detection Systems (IDSs) can monitor audit data, look for intrusions to the system, and initiate a proper response.
Main Allotropes of Carbon
Authors: Khalaj Zahra , Monajjemi Majid , Diudea Mircea V.
Published: August 2016

Carbon allotropes can be classified according to the carbon atom hybridization. In principle, there are different ways, based on various parameters, such as range dimensionality, type of chemical bonds, etc. which can be used to classify carbon nanostructures. Classifications vary function of the field of nanostructure applications. In a point of view, one can classify the carbon allotropes by the type of carbon atom hybridation. This chapter is a brief review introduction to some major allotropes: graphene/graphite, carbon nanotubes, diamond and amorphous carbon. In addition, Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) techniques, frequently used for synthesizing these structures are discussed. The influence of some important experimental parameters on the growth of high quality diamond and diamond-like carbon DLC are also investigated.
Dino Lab
Authors: Butcher Kirsten R. , Runburg Madlyn , Altizer Roger
Published: August 2016

Dino Lab is a serious game designed to explore the potential of using games in scientific domains to support critical thinking. Through collaborations with educators and scientists at the Natural History Museum of Utah (NHMU), game designers and learning scientists at the University of Utah, and Title I middle school teachers and students, the authors have developed a beta version of Dino Lab that supports critical thinking through engagement in a simulation-based game. Dino Lab is organized around four key game stages that incorporate high-level goals, domain-specific rule algorithms that govern legal plays and resulting outcomes, embedded reflection questions, and built-in motivational features. Initial play testing has shown positive results, with students highly engaged in strategic game play. Overall, results suggest that games that support critical thinking have strong potential as student-centered, authentic activities that facilitate domain-based engagement and strategic analysis.
Design of Fantasy and Their Effect on Learning and Engagement in a Serious Game
Authors: Lee Jaejin , Liu Min
Published: August 2016

Researchers are interested in exploring the use of fantasy design in educational games to promote learning. This chapter first reviewed the literature on fantasy designs and relevant principles along with the studies examining the use of fantasy designs to enhance learning. An experiment was then conducted, in which two sets of fantasy designs were implemented in a serious game, to examine the effect of different types of fantasy (portrayal fantasy vs creative fantasy designs) on learning and game engagement. The results using multiple regressions showed that portrayal fantasy design was more effective both for enhancing learning and engagement. Students who used portrayal fantasy models showed better improvement in their content knowledge and scored better on game engagement. Visualization analysis showed the portrayal fantasy group spent more time in using the tool containing all fantasy designs than the creative group. Findings and future research directions are discussed.
Communalism
Authors: Agha Aqsa
Published: August 2016

Indian diversity is a result of generations of co-mingling and the delicate social fabric faces challenge of the ever- growing threat of communalism. To understand the challenge of communalism it is imperative for us to define and recognise its manifestations. This chapter will focus on defining communalism, its changing form from pre to post independence, how the contemporary political scenario has promoted communal passions of the masses, that is often manifested in the communal violence, how it has made history central to their communal programme; and finally the repercussions of the communal hate mongering on the Indian social fabric. It is through communal interpretation of history and its propagation through all possible means that pits one community against the other. This chapter will counter the communal interpretation of history and will focus on the need for the promotion of counter narrative.
Security Management in Mobile Cloud Computing
Authors: Singh Basudeo , K.S. Jasmine
Published: August 2016

Mobile cloud computing is a technique or model in which mobile applications are built, powered and hosted using cloud computing technology. In Mobile Cloud computing we can store information regarding sender, data and receiver on cloud through mobile application. As we store more and more information on cloud by client, security issue will arise. This chapter presents a review on the mobile cloud computing concepts as well as security issues and vulnerabilities affecting Cloud Systems and the possible solutions available to such issues within the context of cloud computing. It also describes the pros and cons of the existing security strategy and also introduces the existing issues in cloud computing such as data integrity, data segregation, and security.
Mobile Interactions Augmented by Wearable Computing
Authors: Schneegass Stefan , Olsson Thomas , Mayer Sven , van Laerhoven Kristof
Published: August 2016

Wearable computing has a huge potential to shape the way we interact with mobile devices in the future. Interaction with mobile devices is still mainly limited to visual output and tactile finger-based input. Despite the visions of next-generation mobile interaction, the hand-held form factor hinders new interaction techniques becoming commonplace. In contrast, wearable devices and sensors are intended for more continuous and close-to-body use. This makes it possible to design novel wearable-augmented mobile interaction methods – both explicit and implicit. For example, the EEG signal from a wearable breast strap could be used to identify user status and change the device state accordingly (implicit) and the optical tracking with a head-mounted camera could be used to recognize gestural input (explicit). In this paper, the authors outline the design space for how the existing and envisioned wearable devices and sensors could augment mobile interaction techniques. Based on designs and discussions in a recently organized workshop on the topic as well as other related work, the authors present an overview of this design space and highlight some use cases that underline the potential therein.
Ingestion of Laundry Detergent Packets in Children
Authors: Shah Lindsey Wilson
Published: August 2016

Ingestion of laundry detergent packets is an important threat to young children. Because of their developmental stage, toddlers are prone to place these small, colorful packets in their mouths. The packets can easily burst, sending a large volume of viscous, alkaline liquid throughout the oropharynx. Ingestion causes major toxic effects, including depression of the central nervous system, metabolic acidosis, respiratory distress, and dysphagia. Critical care nurses should anticipate these clinical effects and facilitate prompt intervention. Increased understanding of the risks and clinical effects of ingestion of laundry detergent packets will better prepare critical care nurses to provide care for these children. (Critical Care Nurse. 2016; 36[4]:70–75)
Immune activation is associated with decreased thymic function in asymptomatic, untreated HIV-infected individuals
Authors: Manjati Thandiwe , Nkambule Bongani , Ipp Hayley
Published: August 2016

Background: Reduced thymic function causes poor immunological reconstitution in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive patients on combined antiretroviral therapy (cART).The association between immune activation and thymic function in asymptomatic HIV positive treatment-naive individuals has thus far not been investigated.Aims and objectives: To optimise a five-colour flow cytometric assay for measurement of thymic function by measuring recent thymic emigrants (RTEs) in treatment-naive HIV-infected patients and healthy controls and correlate results with levels of immune activation, CD4 counts and viral load.Methods: Blood obtained from 53 consenting HIV-positive individuals and 32 controls recruited from HIV prevention and testing clinic in Cape Town, South Africa. RTEs were measured (CD3+/CD4+/CD45RA+/CD31+/CD62L+) and levels were correlated with CD4 counts of HIV-infected individuals, log viral load and levels of immune activation (CD8+/CD38+ T-cells).Results: HIV-infected individuals had reduced frequencies of RTEs when compared to controls (p = 0.0035). Levels of immune activation were inversely correlated with thymic function(p = 0.0403), and the thymic function in HIV-infected individuals showed no significant correlation with CD4 counts (p = 0.31559) and viral load (p = 0.20628).Conclusions: There was impaired thymic function in HIV-infected individuals, which was associated with increased levels of immune activation. The thymic dysfunction was not associated with CD4 counts and viral load. Immune activation may result in inflammatory damage to the thymus and subsequent thymic dysfunction, and CD4 counts and viral load may not necessarily reflect thymic dysfunction in HIV.
Parameterization of single-scattering albedo (SSA) and absorption Ångström
exponent (AAE) with EC / OC for aerosol emissions from biomass burning
Authors: Pokhrel Rudra P. , Wagner Nick L. , Langridge Justin M. , Lack Daniel A. , Jayarathne Thilina , Stone Elizabeth A. , Stockwell Chelsea E. , Yokelson Robert J. , Murphy Shane M.
Published: August 2016

Abstract. Single-scattering albedo (SSA) and absorption Ångström exponent (AAE) are two critical parameters in determining the impact of absorbing aerosol on the Earth's radiative balance. Aerosol emitted by biomass burning represent a significant fraction of absorbing aerosol globally, but it remains difficult to accurately predict SSA and AAE for biomass burning aerosol. Black carbon (BC), brown carbon (BrC), and non-absorbing coatings all make substantial contributions to the absorption coefficient of biomass burning aerosol. SSA and AAE cannot be directly predicted based on fuel type because they depend strongly on burn conditions. It has been suggested that SSA can be effectively parameterized via the modified combustion efficiency (MCE) of a biomass burning event and that this would be useful because emission factors for CO and CO2, from which MCE can be calculated, are available for a large number of fuels. Here we demonstrate, with data from the FLAME-4 experiment, that for a wide variety of globally relevant biomass fuels, over a range of combustion conditions, parameterizations of SSA and AAE based on the elemental carbon (EC) to organic carbon (OC) mass ratio are quantitatively superior to parameterizations based on MCE. We show that the EC ∕ OC ratio and the ratio of EC ∕ (EC + OC) both have significantly better correlations with SSA than MCE. Furthermore, the relationship of EC ∕ (EC + OC) with SSA is linear. These improved parameterizations are significant because, similar to MCE, emission factors for EC (or black carbon) and OC are available for a wide range of biomass fuels. Fitting SSA with MCE yields correlation coefficients (Pearson's r) of  ∼  0.65 at the visible wavelengths of 405, 532, and 660 nm while fitting SSA with EC / OC or EC / (EC + OC) yields a Pearson's r of 0.94–0.97 at these same wavelengths. The strong correlation coefficient at 405 nm (r =  0.97) suggests that parameterizations based on EC / OC or EC / (EC + OC) have good predictive capabilities even for fuels in which brown carbon absorption is significant. Notably, these parameterizations are effective for emissions from Indonesian peat, which have very little black carbon but significant brown carbon (SSA  =  0.990 ± 0.001 at 532 and 660 nm, SSA  =  0.937 ± 0.011 at 405 nm). Finally, we demonstrate that our parameterization based on EC / (EC + OC) accurately predicts SSA during the first few hours of plume aging with data from Yokelson et al. (2009) gathered during a biomass burning event in the Yucatán Peninsula of Mexico.
Single-particle investigation of summertime and wintertime Antarctic sea spray aerosols
using low-Z particle EPMA, Raman microspectrometry, and ATR-FTIR imaging
techniques
Authors: Eom Hyo-Jin , Gupta Dhrubajyoti , Cho Hye-Rin , Hwang HeeJin , Hur SoonDo , Gim Yeontae , Ro Chul-Un
Published: August 2016

Abstract. Two aerosol samples collected at King Sejong Korean scientific research station, Antarctica on Dec. 9, 2011 in the austral summer (sample S1) and July 23, 2012 in the austral winter (sample S2), when the oceanic chlorophyll-a levels were quite different, by ~19 times (2.46 vs. 0.13 μg/L, respectively), were investigated on a single particle basis using quantitative energy-dispersive electron probe X-ray microanalysis (ED-EPMA), called low-Z particle EPMA, Raman microspectrometry (RMS), and attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) imaging techniques to obtain their characteristics based on the elemental chemical compositions, molecular species, and mixing state. X-ray analysis showed that the supermicron summertime and wintertime Antarctic aerosol samples have different elemental chemical compositions, even though all the individual particles analyzed were sea spray aerosols (SSAs); i.e., the contents of C, O, Ca, S, and Si were more elevated, whereas Cl was more depleted, for sample S1 having a much higher chlorophyll-a level than for sample S2. Based on qualitative analysis of the chemical species present in individual SSAs by the combined application of RMS and ATR-FTIR imaging, different organic species were encountered in samples S1 and S2; i.e., Mg hydrate salts of alanine were predominant in samples S1 and S2, whereas Mg salts of fatty acids internally mixed with Mg hydrate salts of alanine were significant in sample S2. Although CaSO4 was encountered significantly in both samples S1 and S2, other inorganic species, such as Na2SO4, NaNO3, Mg(NO3)2, SiO2, and CH3SO3Mg, were encountered more significantly in sample S1, suggesting that those compounds may be related to the higher phytoplankton activity in summer.
The Moon as a photometric calibration standard for microwave sensors
Authors: Burgdorf Martin , Buehler Stefan A. , Lang Theresa , Michel Simon , Hans Imke
Published: August 2016

Abstract. Instruments on satellites for Earth observation on polar orbits usually employ a two-point calibration technique, in which deep space and an onboard calibration target provide two reference flux levels. As the direction of the deep-space view is in general close to the celestial equator, the Moon sometimes moves through the field of view and introduces an unwelcome additional signal. One can take advantage of this intrusion, however, by using the Moon as a third flux standard, and this has actually been done for checking the lifetime stability of sensors operating at visible wavelengths. As the disk-integrated thermal emission of the Moon is less well known than its reflected sunlight, this concept can in the microwave range only be used for stability checks and intercalibration. An estimate of the frequency of appearances of the Moon in the deep-space view, a description of the limiting factors of the measurement accuracy and models of the Moon's brightness, and a discussion of the benefits from complementing the naturally occurring appearances of the Moon with dedicated spacecraft maneuvers show that it would be possible to detect photometric lifetime drifts of a few percent with just two measurements. The pointing accuracy is the most crucial factor for the value of this method. Planning such observations in advance would be particularly beneficial, because it allows observing the Moon at well-defined phase angles and putting it at the center of the field of view. A constant phase angle eliminates the need for a model of the Moon's brightness when checking the stability of an instrument. With increasing spatial resolution of future microwave sensors another question arises, viz. to what extent foreground emission from objects other than the Moon will contaminate the flux entering the deep-space view, which is supposed to originate exclusively in the cosmic microwave background. We conclude that even the brightest discreet sources have flux densities below the detection limit of microwave sensors in a single scan.
Implementation of street trees in solar radiative exchange
parameterization of TEB in SURFEX v8.0
Authors: Redon Emilie , Lemonsu Aude , Masson Valéry , Morille Benjamin , Musy Marjorie
Published: August 2016

Abstract. The TEB model has been refined and improved in order to explicitly represent street trees and their impacts on radiative transfers: a new vegetated stratum on the vertical plane, which can superimpose to road and low vegetation has been added. This modification has obviously complexified the radiative calculations, but has been done with a concern to preserve a certain level of simplicity and to limit the number of new input parameters for TEB to the cover fraction of trees, the mean height of trunks and trees, their specific Leaf Area Index and albedo. Indeed, the model is designed to be run over whole cities, for which it can simulate the local climatic variability related to urban landscape heterogeneity at the neighborhood scale. This means that computing times must be acceptable, and that input urban data must be available or quite easy to define. This simplified characterization of high vegetation necessarily induces some uncertainties on solar radiative exchanges, that were quantified through the comparison of TEB with a high spatial-resolution solar enlightenment model (SOLENE). On the basis of an idealized geometry of urban canyon with various vegetation layouts, TEB is evaluated regarding the direct and diffuse solar radiation received by the elements that compose the canyon, as well as the total shortwave radiation absorbed (after multiple reflections) by these elements. The cases of vegetationless canyons lead to root mean square errors less than 15 W m−2 and biases less than 5 W m−2. For the cases with high vegetation, the statistical scores are degraded (with a trend of underestimation of solar absorption by trees) but remain acceptable. It is interesting to emphasize that the summertime TEB simulations gave the best scores (|bias| < 20 W m−2) for all configurations and surfaces considered, which is precisely the most relevant season to assess the cooling effect of deciduous trees under temperate climate.
Simple Plumes: A parameterization of anthropogenic aerosol optical
properties and an associated Twomey effect for climate studies
Authors: Stevens Bjorn , Fiedler Stephanie , Kinne Stefan , Peters Karsten , Rast Sebastian , Müsse Jobst , Smith Steven J. , Mauritsen Thorsten
Published: August 2016

Abstract. A simple plume implementation of the second version (v2) of the Max Planck Institute Aerosol Climatology, MACv2-SP, is described. MACv2-SP provides a prescription of anthropogenic aerosol optical properties and an associated Twomey effect for the harmonized use in climate modelling studies. It has been designed to be easy to implement, change and use, and thereby enable studies exploring the climatic effects of different plausible aerosol distributions and their impact on clouds. MACv2-SP is formulated in terms of nine spatial plumes associated with different major anthropogenic source regions. The shape of the plumes is fit to the Max Planck Institute Aerosol Climatology, version 2, which is based on present day (2005) observations. Decadal variations in the amplitude of the plumes over the historical (post 1850) period is derived by scaling the plumes with associated national emission sources of SO2 and NH3. Two types of plumes are considered: one predominantly associated with biomass burning the other with industrial emissions. The two types of plumes differ in the prescription of their annual cycle and in their optical properties, thereby implicitly accounting for different contributions of absorbing aerosol to the different plumes. A Twomey effect for each plume is prescribed as a change in the host model's background cloud droplet population density using relationships derived from satellite data. Experiments using the simple plume model are performed with the Max Planck Institute Earth System Model. The instantaneous and effective aerosol radiative forcings is estimated to be −0.6 W m−2 and −0.7 W m−2 respectively. Forcing from aerosol-cloud interactions (the Twomey effect) offsets the reduction of clear-sky forcing from clouds, so that the net effect of clouds on the aerosol forcing is small.
Assessing land–ocean connectivity via submarine groundwater discharge (SGD)
in the Ria Formosa Lagoon (Portugal): combining radon measurements and
stable isotope hydrology
Authors: Rocha Carlos , Veiga-Pires Cristina , Scholten Jan , Knoeller Kay , Gröcke Darren R. , Carvalho Liliana , Anibal Jaime , Wilson Jean
Published: August 2016

Abstract. Natural radioactive tracer-based assessments of basin-scale submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) are well developed. However, SGD takes place in different modes and the flow and discharge mechanisms involved occur over a wide range of spatial and temporal scales. Quantifying SGD while discriminating its source functions therefore remains a major challenge. However, correctly identifying both the fluid source and composition is critical. When multiple sources of the tracer of interest are present, failure to adequately discriminate between them leads to inaccurate attribution and the resulting uncertainties will affect the reliability of SGD solute loading estimates. This lack of reliability then extends to the closure of local biogeochemical budgets, confusing measures aiming to mitigate pollution.Here, we report a multi-tracer study to identify the sources of SGD, distinguish its component parts and elucidate the mechanisms of their dispersion throughout the Ria Formosa – a seasonally hypersaline lagoon in Portugal. We combine radon budgets that determine the total SGD (meteoric + recirculated seawater) in the system with stable isotopes in water (δ2H, δ18O), to specifically identify SGD source functions and characterize active hydrological pathways in the catchment. Using this approach, SGD in the Ria Formosa could be separated into two modes, a net meteoric water input and another involving no net water transfer, i.e., originating in lagoon water re-circulated through permeable sediments. The former SGD mode is present occasionally on a multi-annual timescale, while the latter is a dominant feature of the system. In the absence of meteoric SGD inputs, seawater recirculation through beach sediments occurs at a rate of  ∼  1.4  ×  106 m3 day−1. This implies that the entire tidal-averaged volume of the lagoon is filtered through local sandy sediments within 100 days ( ∼  3.5 times a year), driving an estimated nitrogen (N) load of  ∼  350 Ton N yr−1 into the system as NO3−. Land-borne SGD could add a further  ∼  61 Ton N yr−1 to the lagoon. The former source is autochthonous, continuous and responsible for a large fraction (59 %) of the estimated total N inputs into the system via non-point sources, while the latter is an occasional allochthonous source capable of driving new production in the system.
Effect of restoration vegetation on the stochasticity of soil erosion in a semi-arid environment
Authors: Zhou Ji , Fu Bojie , Gao Guangyao , Lü Yihe , Wang Shuai
Published: August 2016

Abstract. The interaction between vegetation and soil erosion is a core problem in ecohydrological research. Although the effects of vegetation on soil erosion have been widely studied, the stochasticity of soil erosion in restoration vegetation types in water-limited environment is less investigated. Based on monitoring soil erosion over five rainy seasons, we employed probabilistic-trait analysis framework (OCIRS-Bayes) to assess the stochasticity of runoff and sediment generation in three typical restoration vegetation types (Armeniaca sibirica (T1), Spiraea pubescens (T2) and Artemisia copria (T3)) in the Loess Plateau of China, and applied binomial and Poisson distribution functions to predict the probability distribution of erosion random events. The results indicated that, in OCIRS-Bayes system, 130 rainfall events were subdivided into four types. Two types with relative high average precipitation (27.6 and 69.0 mm respectively) could cause larger probability of soil erosion in all vegetation types than other type with average precipitation being 5.0 mm. Under the same rainfall condition, T1 with largest crown structure have lowest average probability of runoff (23.1 %) and sediment (10 %) generation; T2 with thicker litter layer and denser root system have moderate runoff (34.6 %) and sediment (14.6 %) occurrence probability; the probability of runoff (34.6 %) and sediment (25.4 %) generating in T3 were relative higher. The probability distribution of numbers of times soil erosion events in all restoration vegetation could be well predicted by binominal and Poisson probabilistic models, however, parameter analysis implied that Poisson model is more suitable for predicting stochasticity of soil erosion over larger temporal scale. This study could be meaningful to apply more effectively restoration on protecting the soil and water resources in the water-limited environment.
Evaposublimation from the snow in the Mediterranean mountains of Sierra Nevada (Spain)
Authors: Herrero Javier , Polo María José
Published: August 2016

Abstract. In this study we quantify the evaposublimation and the energy balance of the seasonal snowpack in the Mediterranean semiarid region of Sierra Nevada, Spain (37° N). In these kinds of regions, the incidence of this return of water to the atmosphere is particularly significant to the hydrology and water availability. The analysis of the evaposublimation from snow allows us to deduct the losses of water expected in the short and medium term, and is critical for the efficient planning of this basic and scarce resource. To achieve this, we performed 15 test field campaigns from 2009 to 2015, during which detailed measurements of mass fluxes of a controlled volume of snow were recorded using a modified version of an evaporation pan with lysimeter. Meteorological data at the site of the snow control volume was extensively monitored during the tests. With these data, a point energy balance snowmelt model was validated for the area. This model, fed with the complete meteorological dataset available at the Refugio Poqueira Station (2500 m a.s.l.), let us estimate that evaposublimation losses for this site can range from 24 to 33 % of total annual ablation. This ratio is changeable throughout the year and between years, depending on the particular combination and timing of the meteorological inputs, generally unforeseeable in this semiarid region. Evaposublimation proceeds at maximum rates of up to 0.49 mm h−1, an order of magnitude less than maximum melt rates. However, evaposublimation occurs during 60 % of the time that snow lies, while snowmelt only takes up 10 % of this time. Hence, both processes remain close in magnitude on the annual scale.
The Long View of the 2011 Arab Uprisings
Authors: Khoury Nabeel A.
Published: August 2016

The diverse and well-researched essays in this book make an appealing argument that a real revolution has started in the region and that, early setbacks and reverses notwithstanding, a transition from authoritarianism to democracy has begun. To that end, Gerges, in his introduction to the volume, characterizes the Arab uprisings of 2011 as a revolutionary moment, one that carries within it the seeds of a desperately needed change in the Arab world. Nevertheless, the continued attachment of Arab populations to tribe, clan, and sect currently exceeds the commitment of youth across the Arab world to democratic change. Further, the rise of religious extremism has arrested the direction of protest so that there seems to be at least an equal, if not an ascendant movement to turn Arab societies backwards toward an assumed glorious past rather than to allow it to drift toward a more secular liberal model that Islamist extremists associate with decadent Western societies.
The Newspaper, Kavkaz, in Review: Adolf Berzhe on Qajar Iran, 1851–1861
Authors: Ter-Oganov Nugzar
Published: August 2016

The Russian-language newspaper Kavkaz, founded in 1846, began covering events in Iran in the mid-nineteenth century. The newspaper not only made it possible for its readers to get acquainted with life in Iran, but also provided detailed descriptions of the systems of administrative, religious, and military governance in Qajar Iran. The newspaper frequently published pieces about Iran's armed forces, military reforms, and the activities of foreign military instructors in Iran. Adolf Petrovich Berzhe (1828–86) left a deep impression on the development of historiography and archaeology in the fields of Caucasian and Oriental studies. Berzhe's published work in Kavkaz provides a comprehensive picture of the administrative apparatus of Qajar Iran, which is an invaluable source of information for the contemporary researcher of Qajar Iran.
Comunidades de prática: uma revisão bibliográfica sistemática sobre casos de aplicação organizacional
Authors: Fernandes Flávia Roberta , Cardoso Tiago Alves , Capaverde Lisiane Zynger , Silva Helena de Fátima Nunes
Published: August 2016

Introdução: O conceito de Comunidades de Prática (CoPs) foi introduzido no início da década de 1990 e tem sido muito popular em várias organizações, as quais reconhecem que a partilha de conhecimento é importante para o aprendizado organizacional. Essa prática mostrou ser uma abordagem estratégica e uma forma inovadora de promover a aprendizagem. O objetivo deste artigo, portanto, foi o de encontrar publicações que evidenciassem organizações que promovem o desenvolvimento das CoPs, bem como os seus aspectos relevantes no contexto organizacional. Método: Configura-se como um estudo exploratório apoiado em Revisão Bibliográfica Sistemática (RBS) cujo processo de busca e análise ocorreu em quatro bases de dados (Portal Capes Periódicos, Scopus, Science Direct e Web of Science), utilizando-se como referência o roteiro RBS Roadmap. Resultados: A busca retornou 43 publicações relevantes entre 1996 e 2016 (incompleto), as quais revelaram que mais de 21 empresas de diversos setores implementaram CoPs em suas organizações, desde renomadas organizações multinacionais de várias áreas, como companhias menores de prestação de serviços. Conclusão: A pesquisa esclareceu aspectos relativos à distribuição deste tipo de produção acadêmica, a qual se concentra em publicações europeias e americanas, verificando-se o aumento do interesse dessa temática na última década. Destacam-se os benefícios das CoPs nas organizações, ressaltando-se o desenvolvimento profissional, apoio a solução de problemas, economia de tempo, sinergia entre unidades e novas estratégias competitivas.
Constitutional Mythologies and Entangled Cultures in the Tibeto-Mongolian Gesar Epic: The Motif of Gesar’s Celestial Descent
Authors: FitzHerbert George
Published: August 2016

The Gesar/Geser epic cycle is a warrior epic known throughout the Tibetan and Mongolian-speaking regions of Asia and is still largely sustained through a shamanistically tinted oral tradition. This article focuses on the epic motif of the hero’s divine descent and constructs both a “constitutional mythology” for the epic based on this motif and a reconstruction of the probable archaic core of the epic motif. It also focuses in particular on the representations of the hero’s sky-god father. The variability in the representation of this figure reflects the cross-cutting religious influences on this Silk Road epic. These range from archaic “native” Inner Asian traditions concerning sky and mountain gods, to Buddhism (and its debt to Indian Vedic religion) and even Silk Road Manichaeism.
How to Compensate the Damages Arising from a Contaminated Blood Transfusion in the Legal Systems of Iran and Europe
Authors: Esmaeilpour Zahra
Published: August 2016

At the end of the last century, transmission of viral diseases such as AIDS and HIV through blood transfusions to patients with ‘‘Hemophiliacs’’, to kick up a row the discussion about civil liability arising from contaminated blood transfusion in the case called ‘‘Hemophiliacs’’ end trying to get it drew Hemophiliacs material and moral damage prompted the judiciary . Among the many factors blood transfusion process are involved the responsibility of each of them is subject to certain regulation.

For example blood centers, hospitals, doctors, nurse who transfuse the infected blood and resulting that injured party forced to use the infected blood and at the end state because of providing and distribution of blood as a public service. Blood center has a safety commitment and mast distribute a blood to be free of and implication. So they are responsible. Just with transfusion unless they reveal other factors and causes in fact in this case, the most important issue is the way of compensation of injured parties. So not only material remedies resulting transfusion of infected blood is indemnify. But in this point view that no damages should not be remain compensation. In addition moral damages and ……..
So because of importance of the subject and importance of the compensation of injured parties, it’s essential to base on…. Theory, implication absolute liability and objective liability for state with assuming the direct role of the state in the management of medical procedures in public hospitals. And the possibility of the direct role of the state in their affliction and regarding the role of the state in public health.
Archaism and Nationalism of the Principles of Political Identity of Pahlavi I
Authors: Zenoozian Mostafa Samiee , Esfehanian Davood , Aliyari Hosein , Panahi Assadallah Salehi
Published: August 2016

Nationalism was the main axes of the first Pahlavi era that was followed by using the Persian language and ethnicity, paying attention to the historical past and relying on the antiquity were of its manifestations the result of which was crystallized in the homeland patriotism. In this age of homeland, close bond component was king worship and archaism. Reza Shah's government, by leading the intellectuals sought to replace Imperial ideology of nationalism with the Iranian and Islamic culture and rests the legitimacy of his regime on it. One of the features and characteristics of the Pahlavi regime was the emphasis on the idea of nationalist glory and honor of the Zoroastrian religion of pre-Islamic Iran and the Persian language worshiped by that time.This article aims at the crystallization phenomenon of nationalism and ancient Persian language and ethnicity importance of convergence in the approach of the Iranian (Aryan era) in the first Pahlavi era and investigated the implications and intentions of the founders approach.
Crimes against Benefits of Organs in Fiqh and Penal System of Iran
Authors: Asayeshi Jamal , Afandak Khalil
Published: August 2016

Benefits of organs refer to non-material forces put by God in human organs definite or indefinitely e.g. eyesight in the eyes, wisdom in brain, or heart beating. The benefits of internal organs are like the organs outside the body and is under cover of the general rule of whatever there is only one of it in the body, the blood money will be a full one. Many scholars have mentioned the obligation for a full compensation for destruction of each organ. Several studies have been conducted on the elimination of benefits or determination of the value of the organ in religious regulatory books and their evaluation in Islamic jurisdiction and Islamic penal code. This penalty is sometimes called blood money or in other cases compensation. This money is determined by religious codes and should be paid by the criminal for compensating the damage induced by him. Elaboration on these benefits in religious books and then discussing the rules and regulations and finally comparing them with Iranian legal system is the goal followed by the author of the present work.
Effective Cultural and Economic Indicators on Business Communications Growth (With an Emphasis on Iran)
Authors: Babajani Mohammadi Saeideh , Takroosta Hossein , Takroosta Mohammad Amin
Published: August 2016

Today, society became an international trade lifeline. The study of this science has become a necessity to understand the cultural differences in intercultural communication. Although it increasingly crossed the borders and business barriers had been denied, but cultural boundaries do not sidestep easily and unlike legal, political, or economic, business environment tangible aspects, culture is largely invisible. Hence, an aspect of international trade is often overlooked. For economic growth and development inside and outside the borders, attentions should be paid to the cultural aspects of our society and other societies.The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of cultural dimensions on growth of economic indicators. This study is a practical in terms nature and purpose, and is descriptive, and library study in terms of data collection. In order to data collection, questionnaire and financial information of financial institutions were used (information of economic indicators of Asian Development Bank and the Central Bank of the Islamic Republic of Iran). Validity and reliability of the questionnaire were evaluated through Cronbach's alpha and exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were done. The population in this study was the country's capital market participants. Sampling was done through probabilistic sampling strategy and simple random sampling method was used and 92 persons were estimated through the Morgan table. Structural equation modeling was used, to test the hypotheses. The results of this study showed that, there is a positive relationship between cultural dimensions and growth of economic indicators.Keywords: cultural dimensions, communication, globalization, economic indicators
Studying Quality Factors of Townscape in Coasts Case Study: Joffre Neighborhood Center in Persian Gulf Coast of Boushehr
Authors: Nadoomi Rahil , Shamsi Zahra , Dehkordi Maryam Nikbakht
Published: August 2016

Men’s tendency and requirement have been increased for being represented in natural areas in the city through industrialization and cities development. On the one hand, the necessity of surviving of urban damaged and dense areas and protecting and improvement of natural resources in cities and on the other hand, the townscape has been considered because of increasing the quality of urban spaces of environment in nature. Based on these views, surviving sea coasts, wharfs, green spaces, making connection among them and urban residential areas require coordination between environmental approaches and urban issues and solutions should be chosen to provide a balance among urban, aesthetic and ecology approaches. The present essay attempts to study the concept of townscape quality through descriptive-analysis method by considering Joffre coastal neighborhood center in western south of Boushehr as a part of coastal townscape and effective indicators on its quality and present solutions for promoting and improving the quality of coastal townscape in the studied part.