bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Liver X Receptor Modulates Diabetic Retinopathy Outcome in a Mouse Model of Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes
Authors: Hazra Sugata , Rasheed Adil , Bhatwadekar Ashay , Wang Xiaoxin , Shaw Lynn C. , Patel Monika , Caballero Sergio , Magomedova Lilia , Solis Nathaniel , Yan Yuanqing , Wang Weidong , Thinschmidt Jeffrey S. , Verma Amrisha , Li Qiuhong , Levi Moshe , Cummins Carolyn L. , Grant Maria B.
Published: August 2012

Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), critical for mediating vascular repair, are dysfunctional in a hyperglycemic and/or hypercholesterolemic environment. Their dysfunction contributes to the progression of diabetic macro- and microvascular complications. Activation of “cholesterol-sensing” nuclear receptors, the liver X receptors (LXRα/LXRβ), protects against atherosclerosis by transcriptional regulation of genes important in promoting cholesterol efflux and inhibiting inflammation. We hypothesized that LXR activation with a synthetic ligand would correct diabetes-induced EPC dysfunction and improve diabetic retinopathy. Studies were performed in streptozotocin (STZ)-injected DBA/2J mice fed a high-fat Western diet (DBA/STZ/WD) and treated with the LXR agonist GW3965 and in LXRα−/−, LXRβ−/−, and LXRα/β−/− mice. Retinas were evaluated for number of acellular capillaries and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunoreactivity. Bone marrow EPCs were analyzed for migratory function and gene expression. Compared with vehicle-treated DBA/STZ/WD mice, GW3965 treated mice showed fewer acellular capillaries and reduced GFAP expression. These mice also exhibited enhanced EPC migration and restoration of inflammatory and oxidative stress genes toward nondiabetic levels. LXRα−/−, LXRβ−/−, and LXRα/β−/− mice developed acellular capillaries and EPC dysfunction similar to the DBA/STZ/WD mice. These studies support a key role for LXR in retinal and bone marrow progenitor dysfunction associated with type 1 diabetes. LXR agonists may represent promising pharmacologic targets for correcting retinopathy and EPC dysfunction.
FTO Genotype and 2-Year Change in Body Composition and Fat Distribution in Response to Weight-Loss Diets
Authors: Zhang Xiaomin , Qi Qibin , Zhang Cuilin , Smith Steven R. , Hu Frank B. , Sacks Frank M. , Bray George A. , Qi Lu
Published: August 2012

Recent evidence suggests that the fat mass and obesity-associated gene (FTO) genotype may interact with dietary intakes in relation to adiposity. We tested the effect of FTO variant on weight loss in response to 2-year diet interventions. FTO rs1558902 was genotyped in 742 obese adults who were randomly assigned to one of four diets differing in the proportions of fat, protein, and carbohydrate. Body composition and fat distribution were measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and computed tomography. We found significant modification effects for intervention varying in dietary protein on 2-year changes in fat-free mass, whole body total percentage of fat mass, total adipose tissue mass, visceral adipose tissue mass, and superficial adipose tissue mass (for all interactions, P < 0.05). Carriers of the risk allele had a greater reduction in weight, body composition, and fat distribution in response to a high-protein diet, whereas an opposite genetic effect was observed on changes in fat distribution in response to a low-protein diet. Likewise, significant interaction patterns also were observed at 6 months. Our data suggest that a high-protein diet may be beneficial for weight loss and improvement of body composition and fat distribution in individuals with the risk allele of the FTO variant rs1558902.
Lipid-Induced Insulin Resistance Is Not Mediated by Impaired Transcapillary Transport of Insulin and Glucose in Humans
Authors: Szendroedi Julia , Frossard Martin , Klein Nikolas , Bieglmayer Christian , Wagner Oswald , Pacini Giovanni , Decker Janette , Nowotny Peter , Müller Markus , Roden Michael
Published: August 2012

Increased lipid availability reduces insulin-stimulated glucose disposal in skeletal muscle, which is generally explained by fatty acid–mediated inhibition of insulin signaling. It remains unclear whether lipids also impair transcapillary transport of insulin and glucose, which could become rate controlling for glucose disposal. We hypothesized that lipid-induced insulin resistance is induced by inhibiting myocellular glucose uptake and not by interfering with the delivery of insulin or glucose. We measured changes in interstitial glucose and insulin in skeletal muscle of healthy volunteers during intravenous administration of triglycerides plus heparin or glycerol during physiologic and supraphysiologic hyperinsulinemia, by combining microdialysis with oral glucose tolerance tests and euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamps. Lipid infusion reduced insulin-stimulated glucose disposal by ∼70% (P < 0.05) during clamps and dynamic insulin sensitivity by ∼12% (P < 0.05) during oral glucose loading. Dialysate insulin and glucose levels were unchanged or even transiently higher (P < 0.05) during lipid than during glycerol infusion, whereas regional blood flow remained unchanged. These results demonstrate that short-term elevation of free fatty acids (FFAs) induces insulin resistance, which in skeletal muscle occurs primarily at the cellular level, without impairment of local perfusion or transcapillary transport of insulin and glucose. Thus, vascular effects of FFAs are not rate controlling for muscle insulin-stimulated glucose disposal.
Obesity-Induced Endothelial Dysfunction Is Prevented by Deficiency of P-Selectin Glycoprotein Ligand-1
Authors: Wang Hui , Luo Wei , Wang Jintao , Guo Chiao , Wang Xiaohong , Wolffe Stephanie L. , Bodary Peter F. , Eitzman Daniel T.
Published: August 2012

Endothelial dysfunction precedes atherosclerosis and represents an important link between obesity and cardiovascular events. Strategies designed to prevent endothelial dysfunction may therefore reduce the cardiovascular complications triggered by obesity. We tested the hypothesis that deficiency of P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (Psgl-1) would improve the endothelial dysfunction associated with obesity. Psgl-1-deficient (Psgl-1−/−) and wild-type (Psgl-1+/+) mice were fed standard chow or a high-fat, high-sucrose diet (diet-induced obesity [DIO]) for 10 weeks. DIO increased mesenteric perivascular adipose tissue (mPVAT) macrophage content and vascular oxidative stress in Psgl-1+/+ mice but not in Psgl-1−/− mice. Pressure myography using mesenteric arteries demonstrated that relaxation responses to acetylcholine were significantly impaired in DIO Psgl-1+/+ mice, whereas DIO Psgl-1−/− mice were protected from endothelial dysfunction with similar relaxation responses to Psgl-1+/+ or Psgl-1−/− mice fed standard chow. The superoxide scavenger 4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyloxy (TEMPOL) partially recovered impaired endothelial function induced by DIO. A neutralizing Psgl-1 antibody was also effective in preventing endothelial dysfunction and reducing mPVAT macrophage content induced by DIO. These results indicate that obesity in mice leads to PVAT inflammation and endothelial dysfunction that is prevented by Psgl-1 deficiency. Psgl-1 inhibition may be a useful treatment strategy for targeting vascular disease associated with obesity.
Membrane-Tethered Delta-Like 1 Homolog (DLK1) Restricts Adipose Tissue Size by Inhibiting Preadipocyte Proliferation
Authors: Mortensen Sussi B. , Jensen Charlotte H. , Schneider Mikael , Thomassen Mads , Kruse Torben A. , Laborda Jorge , Sheikh Søren P. , Andersen Ditte C.
Published: August 2012

Adipocyte renewal from preadipocytes has been shown to occur throughout life and to contribute to obesity, yet very little is known about the molecular circuits that control preadipocyte expansion. The soluble form of the preadipocyte factor (also known as pref-1) delta-like 1 homolog (DLK1S) is known to inhibit adipogenic differentiation; however, the impact of DLK1 isoforms on preadipocyte proliferation remains to be determined. We generated preadipocytes with different levels of DLK1 and examined differentially affected gene pathways, which were functionally tested in vitro and confirmed in vivo. Here, we demonstrate for the first time that only membrane-bound DLK1 (DLK1M) exhibits a substantial repression effect on preadipocyte proliferation. Thus, by independently manipulating DLK1 isoform levels, we established that DLK1M inhibits G1-to-S-phase cell cycle progression and thereby strongly inhibits preadipocyte proliferation in vitro. Adult DLK1-null mice exhibit higher fat amounts than wild-type controls, and our in vivo analysis demonstrates that this may be explained by a marked increase in preadipocyte replication. Together, these data imply a major dual inhibitory function of DLK1 on adipogenesis, which places DLK1 as a master regulator of preadipocyte homeostasis, suggesting that DLK1 manipulation may open new avenues in obesity treatment.
A 25-Year Longitudinal Evaluation of Gastric Emptying in Diabetes
Authors: Chang Jessica , Russo Antonietta , Bound Michelle , Rayner Christopher K. , Jones Karen L. , Horowitz Michael
Published: August 2012

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the natural history of gastric emptying in diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Thirteen patients with diabetes (12, type 1; 1, type 2) had measurements of gastric emptying, blood glucose levels, glycated hemoglobin, upper gastrointestinal symptoms, and autonomic nerve function at baseline and after 24.7 ± 1.5 years.

RESULTS

There was no change in gastric emptying of either solids (% retention at 100 min) (baseline 58.5 ± 5% vs. follow-up 51.9 ± 8%; P = 0.35) or liquids (50% emptying time) (baseline 29.8 ± 3 min vs. follow-up 34.3 ± 6 min; P = 0.37). Gastric emptying of solid at follow-up was related to emptying at baseline (r = 0.56, P < 0.05). At follow-up, blood glucose concentrations were lower (P = 0.006), autonomic function deteriorated (P = 0.03), and gastrointestinal symptoms remained unchanged (P = 0.17).

CONCLUSIONS

In unselected patients with diabetes, gastric emptying appears remarkably stable over 25 years.
Low HDL Cholesterol and the Risk of Diabetic Nephropathy and Retinopathy
Authors: Morton Jamie , Zoungas Sophia , Li Qiang , Patel Anushka A. , Chalmers John , Woodward Mark , Celermajer David S. , Beulens Joline W.J. , Stolk Ronald P. , Glasziou Paul , Ng Martin K.C. ,   on behalf of the ADVANCE Collaborative Group
Published: August 2012

OBJECTIVE

Although low HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) is an established risk factor for atherosclerosis, data on HDL-C and the risk of microvascular disease are limited. We tested the association between HDL-C and microvascular disease in a cohort of patients with type 2 diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

A total of 11,140 patients with type 2 diabetes and at least one additional vascular risk factor were followed a median of 5 years. Cox proportional hazards models were used to assess the association between baseline HDL-C and the development of new or worsening microvascular disease, defined prospectively as a composite of renal and retinal events.

RESULTS

The mean baseline HDL-C level was 1.3 mmol/L (SD 0.45 mmol/L [range 0.1–4.0]). During follow-up, 32% of patients developed new or worsening microvascular disease, with 28% experiencing a renal event and 6% a retinal event. Compared with patients in the highest third, those in the lowest third had a 17% higher risk of microvascular disease (adjusted hazard ratio 1.17 [95% CI 1.06–1.28], P = 0.001) after adjustment for potential confounders and regression dilution. This was driven by a 19% higher risk of renal events (1.19 [1.08–1.32], P = 0.0005). There was no association between thirds of HDL-C and retinal events (1.01 [0.82–1.25], P = 0.9).

CONCLUSIONS

In patients with type 2 diabetes, HDL-C level is an independent risk factor for the development of microvascular disease affecting the kidney but not the retina.
Universal Drug Coverage and Socioeconomic Disparities in Major Diabetes Outcomes
Authors: Booth Gillian L. , Bishara Phoebe , Lipscombe Lorraine L. , Shah Baiju R. , Feig Denice S. , Bhattacharyya Onil , Bierman Arlene S.
Published: August 2012

OBJECTIVE

Due in large part to effective pharmacotherapy, mortality rates have fallen substantially among those with diabetes; however, trends have been less favorable among those of lower socioeconomic status (SES), leading to a widening gap in mortality between rich and poor. We examined whether income disparities in diabetes-related morbidity or mortality decline after age 65 in a setting where much of health care is publicly funded yet universal drug coverage starts only at age 65.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

We conducted a population-based retrospective cohort study using administrative health claims from Ontario, Canada. Adults with diabetes (N = 606,051) were followed from 1 April 2002 to 31 March 2008 for a composite outcome of death, nonfatal acute myocardial infarction (AMI), and nonfatal stroke. SES was based on neighborhood median household income levels from the 2001 Canadian Census.

RESULTS

SES was a strong predictor of death, nonfatal AMI, or nonfatal stroke among those <65 years of age (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 1.51 [95% CI 1.45–1.56]) and exerted a lesser effect among those ≥65 years of age (1.12 [1.09–1.14]; P < 0.0001 for interaction), after adjusting for age, sex, baseline cardiovascular disease (CVD), diabetes duration, comorbidity, and health care utilization. SES gradients were consistent for all groups <65 years of age. Similar findings were noted for 1-year post-AMI mortality (<65 years of age, 1.33 [1.09–1.63]; ≥65 years of age, 1.09 [1.01–1.18]).

CONCLUSIONS

Observed SES differences in CVD burden diminish substantially after age 65 in our population with diabetes, which may be related to universal access to prescription drugs among seniors.
The Relative Contribution of Prepregnancy Overweight and Obesity, Gestational Weight Gain, and IADPSG-Defined Gestational Diabetes Mellitus to Fetal Overgrowth
Authors: Black Mary Helen , Sacks David A. , Xiang Anny H. , Lawrence Jean M.
Published: August 2012

OBJECTIVE

The International Association of Diabetes in Pregnancy Study Groups (IADPSG) criteria for diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) identifies women and infants at risk for adverse outcomes, which are also strongly associated with maternal overweight, obesity, and excess gestational weight gain.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

We conducted a retrospective study of 9,835 women who delivered at ≥20 weeks’ gestation; had a prenatal, 2-h, 75-g oral glucose tolerance test; and were not treated with diet, exercise, or antidiabetic medications during pregnancy. Women were classified as having GDM based on IADPSG criteria and were categorized into six mutually exclusive prepregnancy BMI/GDM groups: normal weight ± GDM, overweight ± GDM, and obese ± GDM.

RESULTS

Overall, 5,851 (59.5%) women were overweight or obese and 1,892 (19.2%) had GDM. Of those with GDM, 1,443 (76.3%) were overweight or obese. The prevalence of large-for-gestational-age (LGA) infants was significantly higher for overweight and obese women without GDM compared with their normal-weight counterparts. Among women without GDM, 21.6% of LGA infants were attributable to maternal overweight and obesity, and the combination of being overweight or obese and having GDM accounted for 23.3% of LGA infants. Increasing gestational weight gain was associated with a higher prevalence of LGA in all groups.

CONCLUSIONS

Prepregnancy overweight and obesity account for a high proportion of LGA, even in the absence of GDM. Interventions that focus on maternal overweight/obesity and gestational weight gain, regardless of GDM status, have the potential to reach far more women at risk for having an LGA infant.
Uniqueness of solutions to an Abel type nonlinear integral equation on the half line
Authors: Mydlarczyk Wojciech
Published: August 2012

We consider a convolution-type integral equation u = k ⋆ g(u) on the half line (−∞; a), a ∈ ℝ, with kernel k(x) = x
α−1, 0 < α, and function g(u), continuous and nondecreasing, such that g(0) = 0 and 0 < g(u) for 0 < u. We concentrate on the uniqueness problem for this equation, and we prove that if α ∈ (1, 4), then for any two nontrivial solutions u
1, u
2 there exists a constant c ∈ ℝ such that u
2(x) = u
1(x +c), −∞ < x. The results are obtained by applying Hilbert projective metrics.
The shadowing chain lemma for singular Hamiltonian systems involving strong forces
Authors: Izydorek Marek , Janczewska Joanna
Published: August 2012

We consider a planar autonomous Hamiltonian system :q+∇V(q) = 0, where the potential V: ℝ2 \{ζ}→ ℝ has a single well of infinite depth at some point ζ and a strict global maximum 0at two distinct points a and b. Under a strong force condition around the singularity ζ we will prove a lemma on the existence and multiplicity of heteroclinic and homoclinic orbits — the shadowing chain lemma — via minimization of action integrals and using simple geometrical arguments.
A class of continua that are not attractors of any IFS
Authors: Kulczycki Marcin , Nowak Magdalena
Published: August 2012

This paper presents a sufficient condition for a continuum in ℝn to be embeddable in ℝn in such a way that its image is not an attractor of any iterated function system. An example of a continuum in ℝ2 that is not an attractor of any weak iterated function system is also given.
Intraspecific polymorphism of ribosomal DNA loci number and morphology in Brachypodium pinnatum and Brachypodium sylvaticum
Authors: Breda Ewa , Wolny Elzbieta , Hasterok Robert
Published: August 2012

The genus Brachypodium has become the target of extensive cytomolecular studies since one of its representatives, B. distachyon, has been accepted as a model plant for temperate cereals and forage grasses. Recent preliminary studies suggested that intraspecific rDNA polymorphism can occur in at least two members of the genus, B. sylvaticum and B. pinnatum, so the aim of this study was to further analyse this phenomenon. FISH with 25S rDNA and 5S rDNA probes was performed on somatic metaphase chromosomes, supplemented by the silver staining technique which distinguishes transcriptionally active from inactive 18S-5.8S-25S rDNA loci. The number, size and chromosomal distribution of 5S rDNA loci were very constant: two loci were invariably observed in all studied diploid accessions of both species, while four 5S rDNA loci were present in the tetraploid B. pinnatum. In contrast to 5S rDNA loci, those of the 35S rDNA were more variable. Two or three loci were observed in the diploid B. pinnatum and four in tetraploid accessions. In chromosome complements of B. sylvaticum accessions from two to six 35S rDNA sites were detected. Regardless of total rDNA locus number, only two were transcriptionally active in diploid accessions of both species, while two or four were active in the tetraploid B. pinnatum. Additionally, the fluorescent CMA/DAPI banding method was used to identify the relation between rDNA sites and CMA+ bands. It was revealed that the number and chromosomal distribution of CMA+ bands are in congruence only with 35S rDNA loci which gave strong FISH signals.
Sarmatian paleoecological environment of the Machów Formation based on the quantitative nannofossil analysis — a case study from the Sokołów area (Polish Carpathian Foredeep)
Authors: Oszczypko-Clowes Marta , Lelek Dominika , Oszczypko Nestor
Published: August 2012

Sarmatian paleoecological environment of the Machów Formation based on the quantitative nannofossil analysis — a case study from the Sokołów area (Polish Carpathian Foredeep)

The Machów Formation belongs to a supra-evaporitic succession of the Polish Carpathian Foredeep Basin (PCFB). Our studies were concentrated in the eastern part of the PCFB, north of Rzeszów. 33 samples were collected from five boreholes, at depth intervals as follows: Stobierna 2 — 1016-1338 m; Stobierna 3 — 715-1669 m; Stobierna 4 — 1016-1238 m; Stadnicka Brzóza 1 — 350-356 m and 1043-1667 m; Pogwizdów 2 — 1161-1390 m. The obtained biostratigraphical data gave evidence for the upper part of the NN6 (the Early Sarmatian) and for the NN7 (the lowermost part of the Late Sarmatian) Zones. All the nannofossil assemblages from Stobierna 2, Stobierna 4 and Pogwizdów 2 were assigned to the NN6 Zone. In the Stobierna 3 borehole the interval 1669-1113 m was assigned to NN6, whereas assemblages from depth interval 843-715 m belong to NN7 Zone. In Stadnicka Brzóza 1 interval 1667-1043 m belongs to NN6 Zone and interval 350-356 m to NN7 Zone. TheDiscoaster exilisZone (NN6) was defined by the presence ofReticulofenestra pseudoumbilica,Sphenolithus abies,Helicosphaera walbersdorfensisand absence ofDiscoaster kugleri.TheDiscoaster kugleriZone (NN7) assignment was based on the abundance ofCoccolithus miopelagicus(> 10 μm), used as an alternative species essentially confined to that interval, and absence ofCatinaster coalithus.The observed nannoplankton assemblages are predominantly composed of a high number of redeposited material, abundant long-ranging taxa and taxa resistant to carbonate dissolution. General assemblage compositions, obtained from quantitative data, indicate shallow near-shore environment and could confirm basin isolation.
Origin of natural gases in the Paleozoic-Mesozoic basement of the Polish Carpathian Foredeep
Authors: Kotarba Maciej
Published: August 2012

Origin of natural gases in the Paleozoic-Mesozoic basement of the Polish Carpathian Foredeep

Hydrocarbon gases from Upper Devonian and Lower Carboniferous reservoirs in the Paleozoic basement of the Polish Carpathian Foredeep were generated mainly during low-temperature thermogenic processes ("oil window"). They contain only insignificant amounts of microbial methane and ethane. These gaseous hydrocarbons were generated from Lower Carboniferous and/or Middle Jurassic mixed Type III/II kerogen and from Ordovician-Silurian Type II kerogen, respectively. Methane, ethane and carbon dioxide of natural gas from the Middle Devonian reservoir contain a significant microbial component whereas their small thermogenic component is most probably genetically related to Ordovician-Silurian Type II kerogen. The gaseous hydrocarbons from the Upper Jurassic and the Upper Cretaceous reservoirs of the Mesozoic basement were generated both by microbial carbon dioxide reduction and thermogenic processes. The presence of microbial methane generated by carbon dioxide reduction suggests that in some deposits the traps had already been formed and sealed during the migration of microbial methane, presumably in the immature source rock environment. The traps were successively supplied with thermogenic methane and higher hydrocarbons generated at successively higher maturation stages of kerogen. The higher hydrocarbons of the majority of deposits were generated from mixed Type III/II kerogen deposited in the Middle Jurassic, Lower Carboniferous and/or Devonian strata. Type II or mixed Type II/III kerogen could be the source for hydrocarbons in both the Tarnów and Brzezówka deposits. In the Cenomanian sandstone reservoir of the Brzezowiec deposit and one Upper Jurassic carbonate block of the Lubaczów deposit microbial methane prevails. It migrated from the autochthonous Miocene strata.
Burial history, thermal history and hydrocarbon generation modelling of the Jurassic source rocks in the basement of the Polish Carpathian Foredeep and Outer Carpathians (SE Poland)
Authors: Kosakowski Paweł , Wróbel Magdalena
Published: August 2012

Burial history, thermal history and hydrocarbon generation modelling of the Jurassic source rocks in the basement of the Polish Carpathian Foredeep and Outer Carpathians (SE Poland)

Burial history, thermal maturity, and timing of hydrocarbon generation were modelled for the Jurassic source rocks in the basement of the Carpathian Foredeep and marginal part of the Outer Carpathians. The area of investigation was bounded to the west by Kraków, to the east by Rzeszów. The modelling was carried out in profiles of wells: Będzienica 2, Dębica 10K, Góra Ropczycka 1K, Goleszów 5, Nawsie 1, Pławowice E1 and Pilzno 40. The organic matter, containing gas-prone Type III kerogen with an admixture of Type II kerogen, is immature or at most, early mature to 0.7 % in the vitrinite reflectance scale. The highest thermal maturity is recorded in the south-eastern part of the study area, where the Jurassic strata are buried deeper. The thermal modelling showed that the obtained organic matter maturity in the initial phase of the "oil window" is connected with the stage of the Carpathian overthrusting. The numerical modelling indicated that the onset of hydrocarbon generation from the Middle Jurassic source rocks was also connected with the Carpathian thrust belt. The peak of hydrocarbon generation took place in the orogenic stage of the overthrusting. The amount of generated hydrocarbons is generally small, which is a consequence of the low maturity and low transformation degree of kerogen. The generated hydrocarbons were not expelled from their source rock. An analysis of maturity distribution and transformation degree of the Jurassic organic matter shows that the best conditions for hydrocarbon generation occurred most probably in areas deeply buried under the Outer Carpathians. It is most probable that the "generation kitchen" should be searched for there.
Between acceptance and dislike: the intricacy of cross-cultural contacts while travelling
Authors: Kotus Jacek
Published: August 2012

Today travelling is a global phenomenon. Many journeys involve cross-cultural contacts, often between cultures which are very remote from each other. Some questions arise: does the contemporary traveller expect cross-cultural contacts and how does he/she imagine such interactions? These seemingly simple questions enable us to reflect on the intentionality and complexity of cross-cultural interactions, the main issue discussed in the article. The author draws the reader's attention to the social roles assumed by the modern traveller, as well as the theoretical scenarios of cross-cultural contact, analyzing its symmetric and asymmetric forms.
The influence of the revitalization of former industrial urban areas on new urban and tourism spaces: case studies of Manchester and Lyon
Authors: Kazimierczak Jarosław
Published: August 2012

The purpose of this article is the identification of changes to urban and tourism space due to the revitalization of the industrial wastelands in selected cities of Western Europe. The first section presents problematic aspects of this issue whereas the second constitutes empirical research on two cities: Lyon and Manchester. Typical characteristics of these cities include their differing ‘tourism biographies’ as well as their diverse spatial and functional structures. Furthermore, different ways of implementing the revitalization of central area former industrial land have been followed which have been extremely significant in forming the new tourism space in both cities.
Modifying Cadzow's algorithm to generate the optimal TLS-solution for the structured EIV-Model of a similarity transformation
Authors: Schaffrin B. , Neitzel F. , Uzun S. , Mahboub V.
Published: August 2012

Modifying Cadzow's algorithm to generate the optimal TLS-solution for the structured EIV-Model of a similarity transformation

In 2005, Felus and Schaffrin discussed the problem of a Structured Errors-in-Variables (EIV) Model in the context of a parameter adjustment for a classical similarity transformation. Their proposal, however, to perform a Total Least-Squares (TLS) adjustment, followed by a Cadzow step to imprint the proper structure, would not always guarantee the identity of this solution with the optimal Structured TLS solution, particularly in view of the residuals. Here, an attempt will be made to modify the Cadzow step in order to generate the optimal solution with the desired structure as it would, for instance, also result from a traditional LS-adjustment within an iteratively linearized Gauss-Helmert Model (GHM). Incidentally, this solution coincides with the (properly) Weighted TLS solution which does not need a Cadzow step.
An evaluation of recent GOCE geopotential models in Brazil
Authors: Guimarães G. , Matos A. , Blitzkow D.
Published: August 2012

An evaluation of recent GOCE geopotential models in Brazil

Several global geopotential models based on Gravity field and steady-state Ocean Circulation Explorer (GOCE) data have been published in the last two years. Some of these models use combinations of different satellite missions, while others use only GOCE data. This paper presents the evaluation and analysis of each approach using GOCE data in the Southeast of Brazil. Two assessments have been made. We compared the geoid heights derived from GOCE-based models with the geoidal heights from 176 GPS stations on leveling benchmarks. The findings show an improvement in GOCE-based models TIM_R3 (0.40 m) and DIR_R3 (0.39 m) for degree and order 210 in relation to EGM2008 (0.44 m) in terms of RMS. For the other models the results did not exceed 0.44 m. The second evaluation reports the comparison in terms of gravity disturbances between terrestrial gravity data and the models. The results, in terms of RMS and up to degree and order 210, indicate slightly low GOCO 02S values (10.34 mGal), TIM_R2 (10.37 mGal) and TIM_R3 (10.47 mGal) compared to EGM2008 (10.66 mGal). We also applied the residual terrain model and, as a result, the RMS errors were reduced by ~35% (~6.0 mGal) in the entire area and by ~45% in the mountain region.
Validation of recent GOCE/GRACE geopotential models over Khartoum state - Sudan
Authors: Abdalla A. , Fashir H. , Ali A. , Fairhead D.
Published: August 2012

Validation of recent GOCE/GRACE geopotential models over Khartoum state - Sudan

This paper evaluates a number of latest releases of GOCE/GRACE global geopotential models (GGMs) using the GPS-levelling geometric geoid heights, terrestrial gravity data and existing local gravimetric models. We investigate each global model at every 5 degree of spherical harmonics. Our analysis shows that the satellite-only models derived by space-wise and time-wise approaches (SPW_R1, SPW_R2 TIM_R1 and TIM_R2), GOCO01S together with EGM08 (combined model) are very distinct and consistent to the local data, which guarantees one of them to be selected as the best of candidate models and then to be utilized in our further geoid studies. One of Satellite-only models will be employed for acquiring the long wavelength geoid component which is one of major steps in the geoid determination. EGM08 will be used to compensate and restore the missing gravity data points in the un-surveyed parts within the target area. We expect further improvements in geoid studies in Sudan due to the improved medium wavelength part of the gravity field from GOCE mission.
Synthesis and enantioseparation of derivatives of propranolol
Authors: Čižmáriková R. , Chudáčiková S. , Valentová J. , Némethy A.
Published: August 2012

Synthesis and enantioseparation of derivatives of propranolol

Propranolol is one of the first prepared and in therapeutic praxis used beta- adrenolytics. In this paper novel derivatives of propranolol with cyclohexylamino and pyrrolidin-1-yl groups in hydrophilic part were prepared. HPLC-enantioseparation propranolol (as reference compound) and of the prepared derivatives has been achieved using a Chiralpak AD CSP based on the amylose tris (3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate).(R)-enantiomer of the propranolol was prepared by stereoselective synthesis using Jacobsen catalyst.
The content of phenolic compounds in underground and aerial parts of different Mentha species
Authors: Fialová S. , Tekeľová D. , Grančai D.
Published: August 2012

The content of phenolic compounds in underground and aerial parts of different Mentha species

Mentha L., the genus belonging to family Lamiaceae, subfamily Nepetoidae, has high commercial importance in the pharmacy as well as in food industry. Mints are available in all five continents and are important sources of each traditional medicine in the prevention and therapy of plenty of diseases. The most active compounds are essential oil and polyphenols. In the past the secondary metabolites in aerial parts were examined, but there is no evidence about the determination of secondary metabolites in underground parts of mints. Therefore the object of this work was to determine the content of phenolic compounds (total hydroxycinnamic derivatives (THD) and flavonoids) of methanol extracts of rhizomes of different Mentha L. and their comparison with leaves extracts. The contents of secondary metabolites were determined using spectrophotometric methods of Slovak Pharmacopoeia. We have detected similar quantities of THD in leaves (0.79 - 2.48 %) and rhizomes (0.96 - 2.18 %), but underground parts were poor in content of flavonoids (< 0.1 %). The free radical scavenging activity using DPPH free radical was investigated as well. A bit stronger antioxidant activity was shown in leaves extracts considering flavonoids content.
Comparison of classic and derivative UV spectrophotometric methods for determination of dextromethorphani hydrobromidum
Authors: Drozd J.
Published: August 2012

Comparison of classic and derivative UV spectrophotometric methods for determination of dextromethorphani hydrobromidum

A method for the fast determination of dextromethorphani hydrobromidum in pharmaceutical preparations by classic spectrophotometry - zero and first-, second- and third-order derivative spectrophotometry, using "peak - peak" (P - P) and "peak - zero" (P - O) measurements has been performed. The calibration curves are linear within the concentration range of 1.0 - 25.0 μg ml-1 for dextromethorphani hydrobromidum. The procedure is simple, rapid and the results are reliable.
Off-label drug use among hospitalized children: identifying extent and nature
Authors: Slažneva J. , Kovács L. , Kuželová M.
Published: August 2012

Off-label drug use among hospitalized children: identifying extent and nature

Objective of the study was to determine the extent and nature of medicinal products used off-label in hospitalized children and to highlight the therapeutic areas with the highest need. Over a 4 week period, data about prescribed drugs to patients under 18 years of age at two paediatric wards in Bratislava (Unit for Infants and Unit for Older Children) were recorded and the drug-licensing status according to valid Summary of Product Characteristics (SPC) was identified. In total, 206 medicinal products containing 70 different generic substances were given to 49 paediatric patients at the Unit for Infants. Of these, 22% were evaluated as off-label. The highest rates were established among the drugs used for diseases of respiratory system and diseases of digestive system. The 68 children had been given at the Unit for Older Children 267 medicinal products resulting in 97 generic substances. In 15.7% of cases medicines were used in off-label manner, mainly due to unapproved paediatric indication and age. This pilot study provided a preliminary survey on drugs administered off-label to paediatric patients in Slovak Republic.
Effect of microemulsion on liberation of indomethacin from hydrophilic and lipophilic gel
Authors: Žabka M. , Hukeľová M. , Čuchorová M. , Starýchová L.
Published: August 2012

Effect of microemulsion on liberation of indomethacin from hydrophilic and lipophilic gel

The paper is focused on liberation of indomethacin from gels and the influence of microemulsion's presence in the system. Liberation of drug was performed in vitro through a semipermeable membrane and drug quantity was determined spectrophotometrically. Our results pointed out that the influence of microemulsion system on drug liberation depends on the gel selection. The presence of o/w microemulsion in the lipophilic gel (aerosil in liquid paraffin) increased the released amount of the drug approximately 50%. The liberation profile of indomethacin is better when the hydrophilic gel (carbopol) was used. Drug was released in higher amounts from hydrophilic gel comparised to the commercial gel. The presence of microemulsion in carbopol gel did not have any significant influence.
Europeanization - Fashionable Notion or Inspiring Conceptual Frames?
Authors: Lackowska-Madurowicz Marta
Published: August 2012

Europeanization - Fashionable Notion or Inspiring Conceptual Frames?

Europeanization is not a new term, but only throughout the recent two decades it has turned into a notion very frequently used in social science. It seems there are two reasons for its success: (1) the intensification of European integration in the late 1980's and (2) the development of the conceptual studies on Europeanization. Numerous theoretical approaches elaborated under the term have stimulated its popularity, yet they have also raised a critical question on the empirical usefulness of the broadly and vaguely defined concept. In the article the concept of Europeanization is taken under scrutiny. Recently developed multiple attitudes to Europeanization are critically discussed and presented with reference to the broader body of the literature on European integration. The considerations end with a short revision of possible empirical usages of the popular term in Polish context. This aim has been triggered by a shortage of references to the widely discussed concept in Polish literature. Polish debate on repercussions of the membership in the European Union may be significantly enriched by a thoughtful reference to the popular, even though controversial concept. Being aware of its shortcomings we can make a better use of its advantages.
Function of Agricultural Terraces in Mediterranean Conditions - Selected Examples From the Island of Ikaria (The Southern Sporades, Greece)
Authors: Tsermegas Irena , Dłużewski Maciej , Biejat Katarzyna , Szynkiewicz Adam
Published: August 2012

Function of Agricultural Terraces in Mediterranean Conditions - Selected Examples From the Island of Ikaria (The Southern Sporades, Greece)

The aim of the research was to define the influence of agricultural terraces on slope erosion. There have been selected three plots located on the Greek island Ikaria. On the plots detailed geomorphological mapping was done, spatial relief models were created based on the measurements taken using GPS RTK, georadar profiles were made using RAMAC/GPR and the extent of destruction of terrace resistance walls was evaluated.

In comparison with similar forms on other Aegean islands, Ikarian terraces are narrow and high. Their stability depends on: lihtology, slope gradient, height and spatial arrangement of particular terrace steps and the current way of their usage. It was acknowledged that the most stable are the forms created on crystalline schists and gneisses, whereas the slopes, which erode the easiest, are the terraced ones consisting of carbonate rocks.

The obtained results indicate that on Ikaria similarly to numerous other regions the most significant factor facilitating erosion on the terraced slopes is the cessation of their agricultural usage.
Assessment of Regional Bioclimatic Contrasts in Poland
Authors: Błażejczyk Krzysztof
Published: August 2012

Assessment of Regional Bioclimatic Contrasts in Poland

Traveling is one of most popular tourism activity. Usually it is associated with the change of climate conditions. In a short time we can move to different environment and our organisms are under great pressure of atmospheric stimuli which have diverse level and range of variability in comparison to home location. The general climate information seem to be insufficient to be prepared to new conditions. The paper presents new complex index which can be used to assess contrasts of bioclimatic conditions (BCI). It was applied to compare differences in bioclimatic conditions in six stations represented various bioclimate regions of Poland: Koszalin (Coastal region), Białystok (North-East region), Warszawa and Wrocław (Central region), Rzeszów (South-East region) and Hala Gąsienicowa (Tatras, Carpathians region).
Functions of Urban Greenspace and Ecosystem Services
Authors: Szumacher Iwona
Published: August 2012

Functions of Urban Greenspace and Ecosystem Services

The concept of ecosystems services has become an important model for linking the functions of ecosystems to human welfare. The aim of this paper is to identify ecosystem services generated by green areas within the urban area, classify and value them. "Ecosystem services" refers to components of nature, directly enjoyed, consumed, or used to yield human well-being (Boyd, Banzhaf 2007). This definition advances the ability to use ecosystem services as a practical measurement tool.
Subregional Growth Poles in the Competition for Development Factors
Authors: Dąbrowska Anna , Łukomska Julita
Published: August 2012

Subregional Growth Poles in the Competition for Development Factors

This article presents the findings of a two-year research project1. The main aim of the project was to analyse the role and growth possibilities of subregional centres in Poland, taking into account polarisation processes and a knowledge-based economy. The cities chosen for their degree of competitiveness and growth possibilities were those of over 40000 inhabitants, not situated in close proximity to capitals of Polish regions. Apart from that questionnaires were sent by post to all previously identified subregional growth poles and municipalities of their surroundings. Moreover, ten subregional growth poles were chosen to be analysed as case studies. Six fragmentary hypotheses were verified in the research: historical hypothesis, metropolitan hypothesis, hypothesis of internal resources, networking hypothesis, hypothesis of strong surroundings, administrative-political hypothesis.
Higher Schools vs. Cities' Social Capital in the Light of Theory of Contacts Świetokrzyskie Voivodeship Case
Authors: Mularczyk Mirosław
Published: August 2012

Higher Schools vs. Cities' Social Capital in the Light of Theory of Contacts Świetokrzyskie Voivodeship Case

Systemic transformation process in Poland has led to a dynamic development of higher schools. Those higher schools generate new, both formal and informal, connections triggered by people working there, especially by those at higher positions. This situation leads to the creation of relation networks. Thanks to them one can get, process and transfer information, enlarge the owned knowledge which is necessary to raise the productivity of own activities. In compliance with the theory of contacts it should lead to social capital growth which stimulates development of the analysed areas. The objective of this paper is to characterise and compare contacts of rectors and deputy rectors of state and private higher schools in Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship as well as to evaluate on this basis the part of social capital which develops thanks to formal contacts kept by the researched with people who are at a similar position in other institutions.
Island Studies. Island Geography. but What is an Island?
Authors: Jędrusik Maciej
Published: August 2012

Island Studies. Island Geography. but What is an Island?

Introduction. There are institutes which research phenomena and processes taking place on islands. Such research is conducted nowadays among others at universities in France, United States, Australia, New Zealand, Great Britain and Scandinavia. Godfrey Baldacchino from the University of Prince Edward Island is a professor of Island Studies (and the editor-in-chief of the "Island Studies Journal"1). One of the actively operating commissions of the International Geographical Union is the IGU Commission on Islands. Therefore, the term "island" is commonly present in the modern reality and so strongly rooted that, as a results, its meaning very rarely raises doubts. Sometimes a group of researchers makes an attempt to reflect upon the definition of the term2. Those attempts are not followed by satisfying results, which does not encourage to further research on islands, be what they may.

The following article is another attempt to ponder the nature of islandness and to point those characteristics of an island which differentiate it from other geographical objects. According to the author, the group of geographical objects treated as islands is definitely too wide, and the vast protruding lands, commonly regarded as islands, continue to be islands in the universal awareness only out of habit, or due to the lack of a better, adequate term as a result of existing terminological dichotomy between the terms island/continent.
New Integral Formulas Involving Polynomials and Ī-Function
Authors: Agarwal Praveen , Jain Shilpi
Published: August 2012

New Integral Formulas Involving Polynomials and Ī-Function

The aim of the present paper is to evaluate new finite integral formulas involving polynomials and Ī-function. The values of the formulas are obtained in terms of ψ(z) (The logarithmic derivative of Γ(z)). These integral formulas are unified in nature and act as key formula from which we can obtain as their special cases. For the sake of illustration we record here some special cases of our main formulas which are also new and known. The formulas establish here are basic in nature and are likely to find useful applications in the field of science and engineering.
Hunting Activity Among Naturalistically Housed Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) at the Fundació Mona (Girona, Spain). Predation, Occasional Consumption and Strategies in Rehabilitated Animals
Authors: Llorente Miquel , Riba David , Mosquera Marina , Ventura Mei , Feliu Olga
Published: August 2012

Predatory behavior in wild chimpanzees and other primates has been well documented over the last 30 years. However, as it is an opportunistic behavior, conditions which may promote such behavior are left up to chance. Until now, predatory behavior among captive chimpanzees has been poorly documented. In this paper, we present five instances providing evidence of predatory behavior: four performed by isolated individuals and one carried out in cooperation. The evidence of group predation involved the chimpanzees adopting different roles as pursuers and ambushers. Prey was partially eaten in some cases, but not in the social episode. This study confirms that naturalistic environments allow chimpanzees to enhance species-typical behavioral patterns.
Biomolecular Interaction Analysis of Gestrinone-anti-Gestrinone Using Arrays of High Aspect Ratio SU-8 Nanopillars
Authors: Ortega Francisco J. , Bañuls María-José , Sanza Francisco J. , Casquel Rafael , Laguna María Fe , Holgado Miguel , López-Romero David , Barrios Carlos A. , Maquieira Ángel , Puchades Rosa
Published: August 2012

In this paper, label-free biosensing for antibody screening by periodic lattices of high-aspect ratio SU-8 nano-pillars (BICELLs) is presented. As a demonstration, the determination of anti-gestrinone antibodies from whole rabbit serum is carried out, and for the first time, the dissociation constant (KD = 6 nM) of antigen-antibody recognition process is calculated using this sensing system. After gestrinone antigen immobilization on the BICELLs, the immunorecognition was performed. The cells were interrogated vertically by using micron spot size Fourier transform visible and IR spectrometry (FT-VIS-IR), and the dip wavenumber shift was monitored. The biosensing assay exhibited good reproducibility and sensitivity (LOD = 0.75 ng/mL).