bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Towards Green Villages -a strategy for environmentally sound and participatory rural development in India
Authors: Agarwal Anil , Narain Sunita
Published: March 2007

In India, recent micro-experiments clearly show that environmental regeneration is possible if native wisdom and local decision-making is respected. Towards Green Villages sets out an environmental improvement strategy that is based on real life experiences of grassroots work in which people have improved their environment together with their economy. Three initial steps are essential. First, the decline in overall biomass production must be reversed. Second, economic growth and rural development programmes must focus on how to increase biomass in an equitable and sustainable manner. Third, there must be democratic decentralization and a devolution of powers to village communities.
Local action plans for sustainable communities
Authors: Parenteau René
Published: March 2007

This paper traces the origin of the "local action plan for sustainable development" that has become increasingly important for cities and municipalities since the United Nations Earth Summit (also called the UN Conference on Environment and Development, UNCED) in June 1992. It describes the response in the United Kingdom and at the World Bank and discusses guidelines for undertaking a local action plan, including the principles that underlie it, the content, the main actors and the implementation.
Family care and asylum psychiatry in the nineteenth century
Authors: Pernice Andreas , Evans N.J.R.
Published: March 2007

The controversy among German psychiatrists about the best caring-system for the insane - asylums versus family-care - in the middle of the nineteenth century has been analysed on the basis of all contributions to this topic in the Allgemeine Zeitschrift für Psychiatrie (AZP) in the period between 1844 and 1902. These debates led to a decision in 1868 with a clear vote for continuing the asylum-policy that has had lasting effects up to the present day. The AZP and its editors had a decisive influence on the debate, although it was based on an already antiquated background. Although asylum-psychiatry succeeded in this controversy, at the turn of the century family-care was established in Germany as an additional and feasible form of care outside the asylums. This development was stopped in the national-socialistic period and has not recovered since.
Some descriptions of schizophrenia-like illness in the German literature of the early nineteenth century
Authors: Crighton James
Published: March 2007

The situation of German psychiatry in the early nineteenth century is of interest as the specialty was developing in a society which was still largely non- industrial. Examination of the literature of the time allows, therefore, a testing of hypotheses concerning schizophrenia as a disease of industrial society.

This study presents a number of descriptions of illness resembling schizophrenia derived from textbooks on mental illness and psychiatric journals from the period 1790-1830, as well as a fictional account in a novella by Georg Büchner dating from 1835. These descriptions suggest that schizophrenia did occur not uncommonly in pre-industrial Germany, and that the most detailed descriptions tended to come from non-specialist sources.

The implications of this for the non-recognition of schizophrenia before Kraepelin's account of 1896 are discussed.
The origins of psychosurgery: Shaw, Burckhardt and Moniz
Authors: Berrios G.E.
Published: March 2007

The concepts and techniques involved in the origins of psychosurgery during the late nineteenth century are analysed, particularly in the work of Claye Shaw and Gottlieb Burckhardt. It is shown that their views and therapeutic behaviour were guided by scientific, ethical and social warrants not dissimilar from those of today. The debate that followed their work can thus be considered as a trial run to that elicited by the work of Moniz. This paper focuses on the work of Shaw, Cripps, Tuke and Duncan for, until now, it has not featured in any history of psychosurgery. From the point of view of the history of science, their work is important, for it relates to the debate on brain localization, neuronal circuits and the neurobiological representation of mental illness that took place at the dawn of the twentieth century. Nothing is said on the history of psychosurgery subsequent to the work of Moniz.
Essay Review : Classics in translation
Authors: Tilby Michael
Published: March 2007

Balzac, Cousin Bette, translated by Sylvia Raphael with an introduction by David Bellos, 1992; Balzac, Eugénie Grandet, translated by Sylvia Raphael with an introduction by Christopher Prendergast, 1990; Balzac, Père Goriot, translated and edited by A. J. Krailsheimer, 1991; Baudelaire, The Prose Poems and La Fanfarlo, translated with an introduction by Rosemary Lloyd, 1991; Dumas, The Count of Monte Cristo, edited with an introduction by David Coward, 1990; Dumas, The Man in the Iron Mask, edited with an introduction by David Coward, 1991; Dumas, The Three Musketeers, edited with an introduction by David Coward, 1991; Flaubert, Three Tales, translated and edited by A. J. Krailsheimer, 1991; Hugo, The Last Day of a Condemned Man and other Prison Writings, translated with an introduction by Geoff Woollen, 1992; Madame de Lafayette, The Princesse de Clèves, the Princesse de Montpensier, the Comtesse de Tende, translated with an introduction by Terence Cave, 1992; Stendhal, The Red and the Black, translated by Catherine Slater with an introduction by Roger Pearson, 1991; Verne, Journey to the Centre of the Earth, translated with an introduction by William Butcher, 1992; Zola, Nana, translated with an introduction by Douglas Parmée, 1992; Zola, Thérèse Raquin, translated with an introduction by Andrew Rothwell, 1992: The World's Classics (Oxford University Press), paperback, variously priced between £3.99 and £6.99.
Bande dessinée: a disputed centenary
Authors: Miller Ann
Published: March 2007

The article discusses a fierce polemic over conflicting views as to the date when bande dessinée, or comic strip, can be said to have begun. According to the Centre national de la bande dessinée et de l'image in Angoulême, the founder of the medium was Rodolphe Töpffer, and so 1996 was accordingly celebrated as the 150th anniversary of his death. Meanwhile, in Brussels, the Centre belge de la bande dessinée declared the American R.F. Outcault to have been the inventor of the comic strip and 1996 was celebrated as the centenary of his invention. In examining the issues involved in this debate, the article will reconsider the essence of the ninth art. It will discuss the 'centenary' as one initiative in the long struggle to confer legitimacy on bande dessinée through the construction of a historical narrative, and will conclude by suggesting that, given that bande dessinée prefigured many filmic conventions, there is some logic in setting a date for its foundation which acknowledges that it predated the invention of cinema.
Street Harassment: The Language of Sexual Terrorism
Authors: Kissling Elizabeth Arveda
Published: March 2007

In this article I analyze the social meanings of men's public harassment of women unknown to them. I consider various interpretations of street harassment, such as the harmless girl-watching some men claim to engage in or the invasions of privacy many women perceive in such behavior. Next I discuss multiple social functions of such harassment, and argue that all of these functions can be seen to work together to produce an environment of sexual terrorism. I also include a brief discussion of the importance of women naming their experiences of street harassment and suggestions for future communication research on this and other social issues of concern to women.
Who is We?: Constructing Communities in US-Mexico Border Discourse
Authors: Johnson Donna M.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this paper is to describe how a speaker in a bilingual, binational communicative event uses deictic expressions to index and build social relationships. After a short review of related theoretical issues a description of the communicative event is provided as well as a description of the sociopolitical and geographical contexts for the discourse. An analysis is then presented of the meanings of the deictic term `we' in one key conference speech. The analysis traces how the speaker builds relationships of solidarity and opposition, how he mitigates oppositional relationships based on ideological criteria, and how he constructs power hierarchies. I argue that rhetorical goals, including affective goals, are addressed through a coherent development and ordering of shifting meanings of deictic terms in discourse.
Whose Text? Whose Context?
Authors: Schegloff Emanuel A.
Published: March 2007

After a brief account of an old study on sociopolitical vs formalist styles of literary criticism and the lessons it taught about relating cultural objects to context, I turn to more recent work on talk-in-interaction and engage three themes: (1) That the events of conversation have a sense and import to participants which are at least partially displayed in each successive contribution, and which are thereby put to some degree under interactional control. Accordingly, academic accounts of the import of conversational `texts' can be endogenously grounded, and this is a worthy analytic aspiration; (2) The pursuit of this goal mandates relevant senses of context to be consulted for analysis, and these are senses and aspects of context which are demonstrably relevant to the participants in the event being examined, not necessarily ones relevant to the inquirer doing the analysis; and (3) Its technical grounds and mandate aside, this is a useful contraint on analysis in disciplining work to the indigenous preoccupations of the everyday world being grasped, and serving as a buffer against the potential for academic and theoretical imperialism which imposes intellectuals' preoccupations on a world without respect to their indigenous resonance.
Indexing Instruction: The Social Construction of the Participation Framework in Kindergarten Journal-Writing Activity
Authors: Larson Joanne
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this article is to discuss the ways in which the participation framework of writing activity is socially constructed over the course of interaction. Using data from an ethnographic study of kindergarten journal-writing activity, the author demonstrates how, over time, both the teacher and the students in this classroom community socialize each other to discrete roles within the instructional participation framework, thus creating a normative structure for participation in classroom literacy activity. The article focuses specifically on the ways in which the teacher indirectly indexes her instructional goal of independent writing. In this classroom, then, the participation framework constitutes and is constituted by, the linguistic context within which learning to write is socially mediated.
The Modern Racist Ideology and its Reproduction in “Pseudo-Argument”
Authors: Kleiner Brian
Published: March 2007

A discourse analysis of conversations between American undergraduate students discussing issues of race on a university campus reveals a well-defined speech activity which shares many features in common with argumentative discourse. However, the data are quite distinct from ordinary argumentative discourse on structural and functional grounds. The kind of discourse involved in the data is called “pseudoargument” because participants employ features of ordinary argumentation in order to shield themselves against potential negative attributions, and thus, by making their talk appear argumentative, participants are able to appear rational, unbiased, and nonracist in what is essentially a onesided discussion in which controversial beliefs and attitudes are continuously put forward and go unchallenged. Pseudo-argument is a collaborative activity in which participants jointly construct arguments (in the sense of to “make” an argument), and also simulate arguments (in the sense of to “have” an argument) in which the views of an absent antagonist are imported into the conversation and jointly disputed. It is this collaboration within the organizational framework of pseudo-argument which allows participants to diffuse, reinforce, practice and validate their beliefs and values. It is argued that the study of pseudo-argument may contribute to our understanding of discursal processes of reproduction of the “modern racist” ideology in everyday talk.
The Poverty of Truth-Seeking
Authors: Miller Leslie J.
Published: March 2007

In this article I examine one of the thorniest aspects of the relationship between feminism and postmodernism, in order to see what a discursive analytic approach can contribute to this important debate. The problem I refer to concerns the threat that the postmodern turn-despite its benefits-is said to pose for a politically committed feminism. I begin with a brief recapping of the postmodernist challenge to the tenets of social science. I then advance a two-part argument promoting discourse analysis for feminist scholars who seek to benefit from postmodernism's respect for difference and inclusivity, yet refuse to give up a critical perspective. The first part of the argument deals with the charge that the postmodern turn disables critical inquiry; the second with the related debate over the need for `generalizing' or `totalizing' concepts (e.g. the concept `women') in the service of a feminist politics. I argue that postmodernist scholars' wide-spread tendency to discuss language outside its context of use has hobbled their ability to respond to this serious challenge, and I suggest that a closer look at routine talk can help feminists reframe these debates about politicality in helpful ways.
Personalism in the Context of a Social Constructionist Psychology
Authors: Harré Rom
Published: March 2007

Stern assigns primordial agency to the person, the basic, agentive particular of the human world. Vygotsky held that all higher mental functions are appropriated from the socio-cultural environment by a process of psychological symbiosis between infant and caretakers. Vygotsky's criticisms of Stern concern: (a) the priority of personhood and appropriation, in that he thought Stern assumed personhood as a Kantian a priori; (b) the relation of meanings to context. Both Stern and Vygotsky figure as ancestors of social constructionism. Dilthey's social constructioninst philosophy favoured a more Vygotskian perspective, since he held that language is a pre-existing bridge by which individuals are able to perform joint actions. Social constructionism holds that active individuals once brought into being by psychological symbiosis are free agents, that there are material conditions for the possibility of social and psychological process, including ethological; that is the existence of natural expressions and that precise emic vocabularies should be preferred to vague, `scientistic' etic ones.
Valuation, Innovation and Critical Personalism
Authors: Hermans Hubert J.M.
Published: March 2007

Some of the central parts of Stem's philosophy of values are discussed: (a) the transcendence of Cartesian dualism between self and other by his conception of I-world relationship; (b) the reconciliation of absolutism and relativism by the introduction of his concept of self-value (Selbstwert); and (c) the impact of social interaction on value formation by his distinction between centered values (of a particular person) and excentered values (of other persons). Stem's ideas about the creation of values are discussed and compared with Mead's view on innovation of the self and Bakhtin's vision on dialogue and creativity. The notion of innovation of values is also central to a discussion in contemporary psychology in which the concepts of relational schema (referring to stereotypical interactions) and the multivoiced dialogical self (referring to innovative interactions) are compared. Finally, the difference between functional and dysfunctional valuations is discussed from the perspective of Stem's concept of unitas multiplex.
Myths of Science
Authors: Bickhard Mark H.
Published: March 2007

There is, unfortunately, a large vestigial heritage of positivist errors, and distortions of positivist errors, concerning the nature of science that still permeate psychology. This paper contributes to contemporary debates concerning the metascience of psychology not by proposing a positive program of scientific norms and values, but by addressing and countering a number of these errors, these residual myths, concerning the nature of science.
Developmental Psychology, God and the Good
Authors: Vandenberg Brian
Published: March 2007

The emergence of the modern concept of development is closely linked with the awakening of a historical consciousness in western thought. Historiography shifted from the veneration of the sacred to the analysis of the secular, and human change came to be viewed as progressive and developmental. Salvationist dogma about the hereafter was replaced by visions of a utopia here on earth. Progressive development involves a natural ordering of values and offers an empirical route for ascertaining the nature of God and the good. This is an impetus for Piaget's genetic epistemology, and is an important, if unacknowledged, feature of developmental theory. It is also the source of troubling difficulties.
Constructing a Representation or Representing a Construction?
Authors: Iba'-nez Tomas
Published: March 2007

While acknowledging that Serge Moscovici's theory of social representations has impinged positively upon contemporary social psychology, a critical analysis is developed using the basic assumptions of this theory to make salient its shortcomings. The ontological status of `social representations' is discussed and the conclusion is that there is nothing in our societies which can be described as being a social representation. From a social constructionist viewpoint, inspired by Kenneth Gergen, it is argued that we neither construct representations nor do we represent constructions. People do not live in a world of representations but in a world of discursive productions. After examining the implications of the `constructive loop' conveyed by the theory of social representations, a critical look is directed towards the `ideology of representation' as one of the most pervading ideologies of our time. Finally, it is alleged that the split between `person as a thinker' and `person as a doer' is deeply embedded in contemporary social psychology.
Physio-Sociology or Psychology of Conscience? Reply to Smith
Authors: Levenson Michael R.
Published: March 2007

Smith (1995) argues that low nervous reactivity predicts sensation-seeking and psychopathy. Recent evidence strongly suggests that low reactivity, usually designated as low trait anxiety, does not predict primary psychopathy or anti-social behavior. This evidence also indicates that there is more than one type of sensation-seeking. The type which involves physical risk-taking was completely unrelated to psychopathy or anti-social behavior. Smith takes exception to the introduction of moral universals into the controversy over the sources of psychopathy. A very strong case can be made for the existence and relevance of such universals. The psychological theory of psychopathy is reprised and a suggestion is made for further research.
Social Identity and Affect as Determinants of Collective Action
Authors: Kawakami Kerry , Dion Kenneth L.
Published: March 2007

The goal of this paper is to compare and contrast relative deprivation and social identity theories in an attempt to form an integrative model of social comparison. The model posits that, depending on the determinants of salience, people come to categorize themselves as individuals or group members. When personal or group self-identities are salient, individuals engage in intragroup or intergroup comparisons respectively. Negative outcomes from these comparisons result in negative social identities. These personal or group self-identities, in combination with perceptions of the position as illegitimate, are hypothesized to result in feelings of personal and group relative deprivation (RD) respectively. Depending on their feelings of RD, individuals adopt individual or collective actions to change their status. When personal RD is experienced, individuals will first attempt normative individual actions to change their status. If these attempts fail, non-normative individual action strategies will be adopted. When group RD is experienced, individuals will initially attempt non-normative collective actions to change their status. If these type of actions fail, individuals will attempt normative collective actions.
Constructionism, Personal Construct Psychology and Narrative Psychology
Authors: Mancuso James C.
Published: March 2007

Constructionist explanations of behavior, in general, have become more acceptable as scientists have adopted constructionist positions regarding their own systems of knowledge. Personal construct psychology approaches and narrative psychology approaches, which share philosophical foundations with social constructionism, can be coalesced to provide a substantial theoretical base for the behavioral sciences. The attempt to adapt the principles of each position to an overarching theory provides the impetus for an analysis of the ways in which these perspectives reciprocally supplement each other. The construct random collection of sentences-story is identified as the key construct in the shaping of selfdefining narrative. Propositions which order motivational processes and memory processes readily follow from aligning personal construct psychology and narrative psychology. With these propositions the functioning of a person as a story-teller may be cast in terms which allow a broad range of explanation, as well as investigations which are acceptable within a framework of currently acceptable epistemic values.
What is Structured Learning Theory?
Authors: Cattell Raymond B.
Published: March 2007

Structured learning theory understands learning in terms of the dynamics of the individual. It measures learning as the change in the behavioral equation between the before and after measurements. This is expressed in changes in both the behavioral indices (loadings) and factor scores. This is a vector measure as distinct from the scalar quantities used in classical learning theory. Structured learning is part of the dynamic calculus, which means that it embraces decision theory, the measurement of conflict and, by the use of matrix algebra, the complex learning in everyday life situations. The total learning in a situation is represented by the change in the factor pattern that represents the dynamic lattice.
On Methodological Distinctions
Authors: Mos Leendert P.
Published: March 2007

What follows is a critical review of Windelband's methodological distinction between nomothetic and idiographic thought as based on Lamiell's translation of Windelband's (1894/1998) `History and Natural Science'. This is followed by a critique of Lamiell's (1998) interpretation of the distinction and its implications for his proposed nomothetic psychology of personality. In the course of evaluating this proposal, Windelband's distinction is placed within the broader context of the neo-Kantian understanding of science, history and philosophy, and briefly contrasted with Dilthey's epistemological distinction between the human and natural sciences which takes psychology, and our understanding of individual persons, as belonging to the human, which is to say, historical sciences.
Ideology and Consciousness
Authors: Lane Silvia T. Maurer
Published: March 2007

Following a review of the context for this work, language, emotions and social representations, and their implications for the study of ideology, are analysed. Also examined are the relationships between words, meanings and reality in order to detect ideological contents. Through these mediations we demonstrate that ideology is present in word meanings and in social institutions. These are together responsible for norms, and they imply values and expected social roles, which are themselves rooted in ideology. Methodological procedures are described in order to analyse the presence of ideology in psychological categories, such as consciousness, activity, affect and identity, in order to reach a scientific knowledge of human behaviour through dialectical logic.
Relieving or Reliving Childhood Trauma? A Commentary on Miltenburg and Singer (1997)
Authors: van der Hart Onno , Steele Kathy
Published: March 2007

This paper describes theoretical and treatment assumptions about trauma treatment that are in marked contrast with those attributed to trauma therapists by Miltenburg and Singer (1997). Contrary to their assertion that trauma therapists believe reliving of child abuse is necessary, mainstream trauma treatment focuses on ego building and integrative capacities. It has long been recognized that reliving traumatic experiences may lead to exacerbation of symptoms. However, it has been equally long observed that those trauma survivors who are able to synthesize, realize and integrate their traumatic memories will experience dramatic improvement in quality of life. Miltenburg and Singer present excellent therapeutic approaches to stabilization. But their sweeping generalizations misrepresent the nature of current trauma therapy and therefore create the risk of withholding the opportunity for many survivors to heal rather than having to rely on `abnormal' defense or coping strategies.
European Industrial Relations and Welfare States
Authors: Jefferys Steve
Published: March 2007

The argument that western Europe is moving from `Fordism' towards `post-Fordism', like Kerr's `industrialism' thesis, assumes that welfare systems are strongly determined by industrial relations factors: the balance of power between capital and labour and the breadth and depth of technology within the labour process being two of the most important. This paper argues that the relationship between European welfare states and industrial systems is neither as straightforward as this nor as technologically determined. The process of change in both should be seen as continuous, with different configurations of old and new reflecting historical and political contingencies, while welfare policies also have important consequences for industrial relations. This paper stresses the importance of developing a common collective defence of welfare and employment regulation appropriate to current socio-economic trends stressing individualism.
Review Article: Recent Comparative Texts
Authors: Terry Michael
Published: March 2007

The range of texts with a comparative focus on (primarily or exclusively) European industrial relations has increased rapidly in recent years. Four new works are reviewed here. The author suggests that in different ways, each reveals the difficulty of combining sensitivity to the detailed specificity of developments in individual countries with clear and persuasive generalization.
France, Germany, Great Britain: The Organization of Working Time in Large Retail Food Stores
Authors: Baret Christophe , Gadrey Jean , Gallouj Camal
Published: March 2007

In France, Germany and Great Britain, large-scale food retailers have increased working-time flexibility by the use of part-time work and precarious forms of employment. There are however considerable differences between countries in the proportion of part-timers, in weekly working time and in the variability and predictability of work schedules. On the basis of case studies carried out in each of the three countries, the authors argue that the management of working time is heavily influenced by the domestic division of labour as well as by the prevailing legal and institutional norms.
Low Pay, Labour Market Institutions, Gender and Part-Time Work: Cross-National Comparisons
Authors: Robson Paul , Dex Shirley , Wilkinson Frank , Cortes Olga Salido
Published: March 2007

The distribution of low pay by sector, size of firm, occupation, type of contract and gender varies cross-nationally. This article examines the extent to which systems of collective bargaining and minimum wage regimes explain such differences. It compares Britain, Germany, Luxembourg, Spain and the USA using a newly harmonized data set, PACO, and the European household panel study for Spain. The findings indicate that strong collective bargaining and minimum wage regimes reduce the percentage of low-paid workers. However, the benefits of such regulation do not extend to women and especially part-time women employees as much as to men.
Where's the Beef? McDonald's and its European Works Council
Authors: Royle Tony
Published: March 2007

This article analyses the establishment and subsequent meetings of the McDonald's European Works Council and raises a number of questions. Who is an `employee representative' for the purposes of the EU Directive? How are such representatives elected in practice and what roles do existing national sub-structures play? Can employee representatives adequately coordinate their roles in the absence of significant unionization? The experience of the McDonald's EWC suggests that where workforces have low levels of unionization and employers are opposed in principle to the prescribed arrangements, a non-union firm can frustrate even the limited aims of the Directive. Furthermore, legally underpinned national-level sub-structures, which are often assumed to make such European-level bodies accountable, may fail to do so in practice.
Time and the Internet at the Turn of the Millennium
Authors: Lee Heejin , Liebenau Jonathan
Published: March 2007

Recent reflections on the possible changes which the Internet may have on our concept of time have focused on notions of `timeless time' (from Castells), `absolute time for everybody' (from Negroponte), and `virtual time'. A more considered view of temporality, drawn from sociology and anthropology, as well as the history of the establishment of consensus on time keeping, can provide more insight. We take a view informed by research on six dimensions of temporality which govern organizational practices to show how the Internet can be understood in terms of temporal behaviour.
A Culture of Temporal Diversity
Authors: Geißler Karlheinz A.
Published: March 2007

This conference paper suggests that temporal diversity is not an object of research. In contrast to biodiversity, `chrono-diversity' is terra incognita. The current threat to temporal diversity can be explained in part by the fact that it is being ignored by scholars. There is, for example, no comprehensive history of the phenomena of the pause, of waiting, repetition or hesitation. There are no systematic, historical or empirical studies of the productivity of these forms of time.
Intersubjectivity and Temporal Reference in Television Commentary
Authors: Marriott Stephanie
Published: March 2007

In this article it is argued that television commentary gives rise to an electronically mediated intersubjectivity at the level of the speaker and hearer's spatio-temporal perspectives on the world. The linguistic structures which occur as a result of this mutual cognitive environment are discussed, with particular reference to the ostensive use of demonstrative expressions to indicate intersubjectively established elements. The article goes on to examine the linguistic patterns which arise in a situation where there are two temporally distinct but identical series of events involved, only one of which is shared.
Tempo Diet
Authors: Schneider Manuel
Published: March 2007

This paper weaves together several conceptual threads between time, food production and consumption habits. In a context of fast food and ready-to-eat meals, it advances an environmental argument for rediscovering the joys and culinary pleasures of local foods and regional specialities, as well as the need for finding time once again for unhurried social eating.
Recycling Time
Authors: van Loon Joost , Sabelis Ida
Published: March 2007

In this article we discuss the possible impact of emphasizing the temporal dimension of `waste' on the conceptualization of waste management in late modern societies. Beginning with an analysis of a dominant discursive formation of waste management, we argue that a lack of concern for the temporal aspects of waste has led to a misconceptualization of the waste problematic. Bringing the temporal to the fore allows us to see waste differently, not as something that is to be shed, but as something that will always be with us, as that which we cannot get rid of, as that which is inherently unmanageable. We therefore propose a conceptualization of waste that involves much longer time-scales than those commonly applied to decision-making practices, a more differentiated sensitivity towards tempo and rhythm, and a more complex understanding of the timescapes of the future.
Economy, State or Culture?
Authors: Buhler Elisabeth
Published: March 2007

The proportion of women in top socioeconomic groups (managerial and professional jobs) is, apart from the size of the wages gap between women and men, the best measure of the degree of gender inequality in paid work. While there has been a remarkable quantitative expansion in female labourmarket participation in Switzerland and elsewhere, the proportion of women in positions with high-level decision-making power remains small. This article analyses the regional variations in gender inequality in Swiss employment for two different spatial dimensions: (a) 106 labour-market regions; and (b) four types of regions according to their position in the centre-periphery hierarchy. The results show that the proportion of women in positions of authority is considerably higher in the French and Italian-speaking regions than in similar German-speaking regions. Do these variations result from different cultural norms and values in different parts of Switzerland concerning gender relations? Are the French and Italian-speaking parts characterized by a more egalitarian gender culture? Or are there different concepts of the role of the welfare state inside Switzerland? Do the French and Italian-speaking cantons for instance offer better public provision to facilitate women's paid work? Or do these variations between the linguistic regions mainly conceal economic structures, for example different sectoral or branch structures in employment? This article discusses and assesses the usefulness of these three different theoretical approaches for providing an explanation of regional variations in gender inequalities in Swiss employment.
Low-Tech Competitive Advantages and the Role Of Proximity
Authors: Maskell Peter
Published: March 2007

The prevailing ethos of high-tech production makes it easy to forget that low-tech industries are not synonymous with low growth or low profitability. Even countries with some of the world's highest labour costs have based their economies on an ability to be competitive in labour-intensive, low-tech production. Furniture production is an excellent example of a huge and successful export-oriented European low-tech industry, which is mainly located where labour costs are highest. This article examines the peculiarities of the industry and highlights development within a single country, Denmark. It is argued that intensified exposure to international competition has led to a trend towards spatial agglomeration within the industry. It is further suggested that the enhanced demand for proximity between furniture producers is not based on utilizing the advantages of a geographical concentration of suppliers or customers, but rather on the ease of communication and exchange of knowledge when co-location gives rise to shared trust. Without the access to such intangible, localized capabilities it appears to be difficult for firms in this low-tech industry to survive. Sustained competitiveness and spatial proximity are thus closely interrelated.
Divergence and Convergence of National and Local Regulation
Authors: Becker Joachim , Novy Andreas
Published: March 2007

From a regulationist perspective, this article analyses the conditions under which local and national modes of development can diverge. Taking the modern history of Vienna and Austria as an example, the article considers the dialectics of accumulation strategies and national and local state projects. Four relevant historical periods can be distinguished. The more general conclusion is that heterogeneous regional development is only a necessary (but not a sufficient) condition for a local state project to diverge from the national one. It seems that popular forces can only establish a counter-project at the local level if the national dominant bloc fails to gain mass acceptance for its ideological dispensation and an emerging counter-bloc is able to capitalize on this weakness by formulating its own social project.
Vocal Indicators of Status: Effects of Caste and Language
Authors: BARRY RUBACK R. , KALPANA RAO V.
Published: March 2007

Male students in a university in South India were placed in dyads in which both members were either Upper Caste or Scheduled Caste, or one was Upper Caste and the other was Scheduled Caste. In each of the 27 dyads, the students carried on two unstructured conversations, 10 minutes in English and 10 minutes in Telugu, in a counterbalanced order across dyads. The conversations were recorded and converted into objective codes (e.g., turn, vocalisation, pause) using the group AVTA system of Dabbs and Swiedler (1983). Students' conversations, self-ratings, and the ratings of their partners appeared to be affected by both their own status and the status of their partners. Two independent bilingual judges, who were not aware of the condition, rated Upper Caste speakers in mixed-caste dyads more dominant in English but not in Telugu conversation. However, vocal measures indicated that Upper Caste students were able to control the conversations through silence, as well as through talking.
Macro Level Variations in Employment Patterns of Indian Scientists—Some Social Psychological Interpretations
Authors: Singhal Sushila
Published: March 2007

The paper analyses the macro level data collected by the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research along with census data in 1981 on the employment status of scientists in four fields of specialisation, namely, Agricultural Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Sciences and Medicine, with the objective of comparing their socio-psychological experiences. The employment status of scientists was analysed in terms of the field of specialisation, level of educational qualifications, sex, income, sector of employment, nature of work and length of experience. Percentages and rank order correlations were computed. The employment status of scientists was found to vary in terms of the field of specialisation. College graduates constituted the largest percentage of employed, unemployed, studentsltraineesl apprentices. Doctoral degree holders constituted a tiny fraction and most of them were employed for wages. In all categories of employed, percentages of females were much lower than that of males. The public sector was the largest employer. The private sector was limited in its scope and activities. Salary differentials were not significant between the two sectors. Males did not express different preferences of job types than females. Wage employed and self-employed were comparable in age and experience but differed in terms of the field of specialisation. Sex, length of experience and the field of specialisation had interactive effects on the employment status. Results were discussed and implications drawn for manpower development and employment policies.
General Aptitude Test Battery Factor Structures for Saudi Arabian and American Samples : A Comparison
Authors: Dagenais Fred
Published: March 2007

The General Aptitude Test Battery (GATB) has been used in America for over 45 years and administered abroad in 13 languages in 35 countries, including an Arabic version. Correlation matrices for the 12 GATB tests for samples of 4,000 Americans and 749 Saudi Arabians were analysed by factor and cluster analysis. The resulting factor structures and group mean score profiles are contrasted. Three similar factors emerged (Cognitive, Psychomotor and Spatial Perception) for both samples and factorial equivalence established. The profiles of mean scores for the two groups are similar in both shape and amplitude.

One can have confidence in the results when an Arabic version of the GATB is administered to Saudi Arabian males. Further study should be made of tests measuring the Spatial Perception construct, so that this important ability dimension can be used with greater precision with Saudi Arabian males for selection, counselling, and training.
Student Perspective to the Administra tion of Educational Equity in India
Authors: Singhal Sushila
Published: March 2007

This paper integrated the findings of three separate researches on student perceptions of educational equity. The first two studies tested the effects of gender, curriculum and college type, level of education on perceived justice/fairness, personal orientation, satis faction and academic performance of metropolitan samples of 330 and 180 students respectively. The third study tested 50 SC, 50 ST and 50 general category students en rolled in general arts course in colleges in an industrial township and examined the effects of gender and category on SES, self-esteem, scholarship, perceived equity and academic performance. The results showed that gender was not a differentiating vari able in the metropolitan samples, but was significant in the industrial township group. Some effects of curriculum, college type, level of education and category were signific ant. Perceptions of equity correlated significantly with student satisfaction than with the academic performance. Perceptions of equity were also correlated with the self-esteem of SC/ST and general category students. Results have been discussed using the social psychological theories of equity and social comparison processes. Some policy implica tions have been drawn.
Socio-Cultural Construction of Emotions
Authors: Jain Uday
Published: March 2007

Critiquing the positivist-empiricist models ofresearch on emotions within mainstream psychology, the present paper highlights the constructionist approach. The paper emphasises the need to look at emotions in terms of culturally specific models and theories of beliefs. In this light, a classical Indian theory of meta-emotions is examined and its implications for a cultural psychology of emotion are discussed.
Ethnic Stereotyping and Identification in a Multicultural Context: "Acculturation", Self-esteem and Identity Diffusion in Hong Kong Chinese University Students
Authors: Weinreich Peter , Chung Leung Luk  , Bond Michael Harris
Published: March 2007

Ethnic identity and "acculturation" in a multicultural context were investigated in terms of the relationship between people's intergenerational identification and their varying degrees of identification with stereotyped alternative ethnic groupings, and the consequences for their self-esteem and identity diffusion. The conceptual frame work of Identity Structure Analysis (Weinreich, 1989a) is outlined and used to formulate hypotheses concerning the relationship of patterns of identification with self-esteem and identity diffusion. A group of 156 Hong Kong Chinese university students responded to an identity instrument using constructs suitable for the Chinese perception of personality characteristics. Results demonstrated that a greater degree of (a) identification with the mainstream Hong Kong Chinese was correlated with continuity of parental and peer identification, where greater emphasis was on peers, and with self-esteem; (b) identification with the modern Oriental peoples was also correlated with continuity of intergenerational identification, but with a greater emphasis on parents, and with identity diffusion; (c) identification with the tradi tional Chinese was correlated solely with identification with the parental generation and with identity diffusion; (d) identification with the Western world was correlated . solely with the peer generation and with self-esteem; and (e) identification with the developing peoples was correlated with identity diffusion and inversely correlated with self-esteem. Implications for theory and policy are discussed.
Cognitive Profiles of Poor Readers in Oriya Language: Are They Similar to English Readers?
Authors: Das J.P. , Nanda Sambit , Dash Udaya N.
Published: March 2007

Can we assume that the generally poor reader in Oriya language may be distin guished from good and average readers on the basis of selected cognitive tasks that do not involve reading? Furthermore, are their cognitive performance differ ences similar to those found among good and poor readers in English among Canadian children whose mother tongue is English?

School children from Grades 3 and 5 participated in the study. They came from two kinds of schools: of poor and average quality. Cognitive tests measuring simultaneous and successive processing, and some planning and attention tasks were administered. Results from the average quality school showed that the poor readers were clearly poor in both simultaneous and successive tests and in only some planning and attention tests. The Canadian and Oriya children's cognitive patterns were thus similar. The need for taking a much larger sample to separate the truly dyslexic child from the "garden-variety"poor readers and then examining their cognitive patterns is suggested.
Writing against the Grain: African Women's Texts on Female Infibulation as Literature of Resistance
Authors: Ponzanesi Sandra
Published: March 2007

This article looks at representations of female infibulation in African literary texts, and offers analyses of three such texts: Nawal El Saadawi's The Hidden Face of Eve: Women in the Arab World (1980), Alice Walker's Possessing the Secret of Joy (1992) and Sirad S. Hassan's Sette Gocce di Sangue: Due Donne Somale (Seven Drops of Blood: Two Somali Women) (1996). Writing from a location in the West to which we have migrated, this is an attempt to employ literature as a device of resistance, and it also refers to writing as a process through which women can become aware of their potentia (Foucault), thereby contributing to their own empowerment and that of their own community.
From Generation to Cultivation by the State: Progress of Moroccan Scientific Research
Authors: Kleiche Mina
Published: March 2007

Scientific activity in any country takes on styles of organisation and overall directions depending greatly on the twists and turns of its history. In Morocco scientific research has never been central to development policies. Nevertheless, the government has in the recent past shown more interest in that area. The aim of this paper is to trace the history of 'modern science' in Morocco in order to capture the essence of the background to a science policy that is currently emerging.
Tanzania: A Case of 'Dependent Science'
Authors: Gaillard Jacques
Published: March 2007

This paper provides an overview of the state of the science and technology (S&T) in Tanzania. After mapping the institutional research situation, the strengths and weaknesses of the Tanzanian national scientific community are assessed. The main topics covered include Tanzanian science policy, the institutional landscape, the conditions under which scientists work in Tanzania, including professional changes, the variety of funding mechanisms supporting S& T activities, and scientific outputs.

Tanzanian scientists are facing a multiple professional dependency including foreign aid dependency to go on training (even in Tanzania), to finance their research work and to complement their incomes. In addition, Tanzanian researchers are dependent on foreign colleagues at each stage of their scientific work. Foreign funding modalities have changed during the last twenty years and this may lead to greater national ownership in the future. Although foreign funding will be necessary to sustain the survival of the Tanzanian scientific community in the near future, it is argued that the government should increase its support to S&T activities to ensure a needed revival.