bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Innovative Methods for the Integration of Marketing Concepts and Art Design in Product Design in the Era of Internet of Things
Authors: Wang Hongsu , An Na , Ma Shiyu
Published: April 2022

Due to the popularity and rapid development of the Internet, it has profoundly affected people’s way of life, covering all aspects of people’s lives, and the communication methods and marketing concepts of all walks of life have also undergone great changes due to its influence. Internet technology simplifies and compresses the marketing process, making consumers sovereign, and the monopoly of traditional media is difficult to reproduce on the Internet. The development of the times has also affected people’s pursuit of “beauty,” and their willingness to consume for design has gradually increased. Based on this, this paper proposes a design method that integrates the marketing concept based on the product design concept and the art design. The Internet of Things is based on the development of the Internet, expands on the basis of the Internet, and extends to people’s daily life with physical devices. It is widely welcomed by various research fields at present. This paper studies the changes brought by the Internet, the integration and innovation of art design and marketing concepts in the Internet age, and the development advantages and changes of traditional product design in information dissemination. Based on this, this paper proposes a user-centered, user-participated design. The experimental results show that the user-participative design method based on the integration of marketing concepts and artistic design and the innovation of functions can be effectively improved by paying attention to user feedback, which can bring good user experience effects. The conversion rate of visits on each platform is above 40%, and it also has a “communication medium” with its own traffic, which can even become a “spiritual sustenance” for direction.
Serum Levels of Mitochondrial Fission- and Fusion-Related Genes of Coal Workers’ Pneumoconiosis and Risk Factor Analysis Based on a Generalized Linear Model
Authors: Li Xiao-Yu , Wei Jing-Lin , Xie Yong-Xin , Zhao Ji , Ma Li-Ya , Zhang Na , Yang Hui-Fang
Published: April 2022

Objective. We aimed to explore the risk factors for coal workers’ pneumoconiosis and to further explore the significance of mitochondrial fission and fusion factors in CWP and verify the feasibility of mitochondrial fission and fusion factors as diagnostic and therapeutic targets. Methods. The data of 168 cases were collected, and they were divided into a healthy control group (40 cases), dust exposure control group (61 cases), and CWP group (67 cases) and entered into SPSS 24.0. The statistical data were analyzed by the chi-square test or Fisher’s exact probability method. The variables with statistically significant differences of the univariate analysis results were included in the generalized linear model. Test level was

α
=
0.05

. Blood samples were collected to detect the ROS content, MDA content, and SOD activity. The mRNA expression levels of OPA1, Drp1, MFN2, Fis1, Col I, Col III, and α-SMA were determined by q-PCR. The protein expression levels of OPA1, Drp1, MFN2, Fis1, Col I, Col III, and α-SMA were detected by western blot. Results. Generalized linear regression analysis showed that lower school education, no respiratory protective measures, the working age beyond 15 years, and the type of work like coal mine drillers were the risk factors for CWP. With the aggravation of CWP, the degree of fibrosis and inflammation increased oxidative damage, increased mitochondrion division, and decreased fusion, which were more sensitive in the second and third stages of CWP. Conclusion. The results in this found that mitochondria are injured by fission and fusion in the CWP patients. Detection of the mitochondria fission and fusion factors provides the application value to evaluate the injury degree and progress of CWP and the clues for finding the real and effective screening and diagnosis biomarkers.
Para-Hydroxybenzyl Alcohol Delays the Progression of Neurodegenerative Diseases in Models of Caenorhabditis elegans through Activating Multiple Cellular Protective Pathways
Authors: Liu Yu , Lu Yu-Yang , Huang Lv , Shi Lin , Zheng Zhuo-Ya , Chen Jian-Ning , Qu Yuan , Xiao Hai-Ting , Luo Huai-Rong , Wu Gui-Sheng
Published: April 2022

The traditional Chinese medicine Gastrodia elata (commonly called “Tianma” in Chinese) has been widely used in the treatment of rheumatism, epilepsy, paralysis, headache, and dizziness. Phenolic compounds, such as gastrodin, para-hydroxybenzyl alcohol (HBA), p-hydroxybenzaldehyde, and vanillin are the main bioactive components isolated from Gastrodia elata. These compounds not only are structurally related but also share similar pharmacological activities, such as antioxidative and anti-inflammatory activities, and effects on the treatment of aging-related diseases. Here, we investigated the effect of para-hydroxybenzyl alcohol (HBA) on neurodegenerative diseases and aging in models of Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans). Our results showed that HBA effectively delayed the progression of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and Huntington’s disease in models of C. elegans. In addition, HBA could increase the average lifespan of N2 worms by more than 25% and significantly improve the age-related physiological functions of worms. Moreover, HBA improved the survival rate of worms under stresses of oxidation, heat, and pathogenic bacteria. Further mechanistic investigation revealed that HBA could activate FOXO/DAF-16 and SKN-1 to regulate antioxidative and xenobiotic metabolism pathway. HBA could also activate HSF-1 to regulate proteostasis maintenance pathway, mitochondrial unfolded stress response, endoplasmic stress response and autophagy pathways. The above results suggest that HBA activated multiple cellular protective pathways to increase stress resistance and protect against aging and aging-related diseases. Overall, our study indicates that HBA is a potential candidate for future development of antiaging pharmaceutical application.
Complementary and Alternative Medicine for Premature Ovarian Insufficiency: A Review of Utilization and Mechanisms
Authors: Fu Yang , Ding Dan-Ni , Shen Ying , Jia Li-Yan , Yan Meng-Yu , Wei Wei , Song Chang-Hong , Han Feng-Juan
Published: April 2022

Premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) is defined as a decline in ovarian function before the age of 40 and is one of the leading causes of infertility in women. The etiology is complex, and the pathogenesis is not clear. The main treatment is hormone replacement therapy, but a growing body of data confirms that such treatment can increase the risk of endometrial disease and cardiovascular disease. Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) has been widely used in patients with POI due to its limited adverse reactions and high efficiency. According to literature reports, CAM therapy for POI mainly includes traditional Chinese medicine, acupuncture, psychotherapy, dietary supplements, and exercise therapy. This article reviews the application of CAM in the treatment of POI and attempts to determine the therapeutic effects and the mechanisms behind these effects based on existing clinical and experimental studies in order to provide theoretical support for the treatment of POI.
Similarity-Based Method with Multiple-Feature Sampling for Predicting Drug Side Effects
Authors: Wu Zixin , Chen Lei
Published: April 2022

Drugs can treat different diseases but also bring side effects. Undetected and unaccepted side effects for approved drugs can greatly harm the human body and bring huge risks for pharmaceutical companies. Traditional experimental methods used to determine the side effects have several drawbacks, such as low efficiency and high cost. One alternative to achieve this purpose is to design computational methods. Previous studies modeled a binary classification problem by pairing drugs and side effects; however, their classifiers can only extract one feature from each type of drug association. The present work proposed a novel multiple-feature sampling scheme that can extract several features from one type of drug association. Thirteen classification algorithms were employed to construct classifiers with features yielded by such scheme. Their performance was greatly improved compared with that of the classifiers that use the features yielded by the original scheme. Best performance was observed for the classifier based on random forest with MCC of 0.8661, AUROC of 0.969, and AUPR of 0.977. Finally, one key parameter in the multiple-feature sampling scheme was analyzed.
An Improved Force Characteristic Curve Fitting Algorithm of Urban Rail Vehicles
Authors: Wang Longda , Wang Xingcheng , Liu Gang
Published: April 2022

In this paper, an improved force characteristic curve fitting memetic algorithm of urban rail vehicles is proposed for establishing precise train operation models. In order to improve the memetic algorithm global convergence, three strategies are adopted. In the improved memetic algorithm framework, an improved moth-flame optimization is used in global search; an improved simulated annealing is applied in local search; a new learning mechanism incorporated into reverse learning is adopted. Experimental simulation results under real-time data monitoring system show that the improved memetic algorithm proposed in this paper can increase the optimization performance effectively so more perfect force characteristic curve fitting effort can be obtained, and the calculated average force error and max running distance error can be reduced effectively. Moreover, the above relative results indicate that the train energy consumption model using the improved force characteristic curve fitting algorithm can obtain more precise energy consumption. Obviously, the improved force characteristic curve fitting algorithm can effectively improve the curve fitting precision.
Mini-CEX como herramienta de evaluación
Authors: Alves de Lima Alberto
Published: April 2022

El mini-CEX (mini clinical evaluation exercise) es un instrumento de evaluación del desempeño profesional a través de la observación directa del residente mientras participa de un encuentro con un paciente, la valoración de una serie de habilidades y destrezas clínicas con posterior devolución constructiva en su ámbito de trabajo. Se centra en seis competencias que el residente debe demostrar durante el encuentro con un paciente y requiere que el docente documente ese desempeño. Es fácil de aplicar por los docentes porque se integra bien a la rutina del día a día en los diferentes escenarios clínicos. El tiempo estimado de esta interacción no debe superar los 20 minutos y debe repetirse al menos 8 veces al año con cada residente por diferentes docentes en caso de decisiones sumativas. Es de vital importancia consensuar su implementación como iniciativa estratégica desde la dirección de la institución de salud, que los docentes definan de antemano qué competencias se van a evaluar y cuáles son los estándares de desempeño mínimo que deberán alcanzar los residentes. La confección de una base de datos con la información de los formularios completados nos permitirá monitorizar el proceso de evaluación y efectuar las medidas correctivas pertinentes.
Phase Ib/II Study of Enzalutamide with Samotolisib (LY3023414) or Placebo in Patients with Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer
Authors: Sweeney Christopher J. , Percent Ivor J. , Babu Sunil , Cultrera Jennifer L. , Mehlhaff Bryan A. , Goodman Oscar B. , Morris David S. , Schnadig Ian D. , Albany Costantine , Shore Neal D. , Sieber Paul R. , Guba Susan C. , Zhang Wei , Wacheck Volker , Donoho Gregory P. , Szpurka Anna M. , Callies Sophie , Lin Boris Kin , Bendell Johanna C.
Published: April 2022

Purpose:

To report efficacy and safety of samotolisib (LY3023414; PI3K/mTOR dual kinase and DNA-dependent protein kinase inhibitor) plus enzalutamide in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) following cancer progression on abiraterone.

Patients and Methods:

In this double-blind, placebo-controlled phase Ib/II study (NCT02407054), following a lead-in segment for evaluating safety and pharmacokinetics of samotolisib and enzalutamide combination, patients with advanced castration-resistant prostate cancer with progression on prior abiraterone were randomized to receive enzalutamide (160 mg daily)/samotolisib (200 mg twice daily) or placebo. Primary endpoint was progression-free survival (PFS) assessed by Prostate Cancer Clinical Trials Working Group criteria (PCWG2). Secondary and exploratory endpoints included radiographic PFS (rPFS) and biomarkers, respectively. Log-rank tests assessed treatment group differences.

Results:

Overall, 13 and 129 patients were enrolled in phase Ib and II, respectively. Dose-limiting toxicity was not reported in patients during phase Ib and mean samotolisib exposures remained in the targeted range despite a 35% decrease when administered with enzalutamide. In phase II, median PCWG2-PFS and rPFS was significantly longer in the samotolisib/enzalutamide versus placebo/enzalutamide arm (3.8 vs. 2.8 months; P = 0.003 and 10.2 vs. 5.5 months; P = 0.03), respectively. Patients without androgen receptor splice variant 7 showed a significant and clinically meaningful rPFS benefit in the samotolisib/enzalutamide versus placebo/enzalutamide arm (13.2 months vs. 5.3 months; P = 0.03).

Conclusions:

Samotolisib/enzalutamide has tolerable side effects and significantly improved PFS in patients with mCRPC with cancer progression on abiraterone, and this may be enriched in patients with PTEN intact and no androgen receptor splice variant 7.
Analysis of the Mechanism of RAD18 in Glioma
Authors: Sun Jiahua , Li Jun , Lu Zhengrong , Chen Lin , Ma Junfeng
Published: April 2022

Introduction: This study aimed to evaluate the regulatory mechanism of RAD18 in glioma development. Methods: RAD18 expression was compared in glioma tumors and normal samples. Furthermore, we investigated the association between gene transcription and clinical factors in glioma samples, followed by functional enrichment analysis, screening for key Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways, immune infiltration analysis of high and low RAD18 expression groups, and correlation analysis of quantified KEGG signaling pathways and immune cell types. Results: The expression of RAD18 was upregulated in gliomas. Moreover, RAD18 expression was significantly correlated with age, tumor grade, and histological subtype. Notably, patients with gliomas with high RAD18 expression levels had worse overall survival. Functional enrichment analysis showed that RAD18 was significantly related to biological processes, such as cell division, chemical synaptic transmission, and mitotic nuclear division, and KEGG pathways such as cell cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, and extracellular matrix (ECM)-receptor interaction. The infiltration of five immune cells (plasma B cells, naive B cells, resting CD4+ memory T cells, monocytes, and M1 macrophages) was significantly different between the high and low RAD18 expression groups, and this difference was significantly related to key KEGG pathways, such as neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction and ECM-receptor interaction. Conclusion: RAD18 may serve as a target for glioma treatment and as a key regulator of glioma development.
Immunohistochemistry Applied to Breast Cytological Material
Authors: Pinto Daniel , Schmitt Fernando C.
Published: April 2022

Fine-needle aspiration biopsies (FNABs) of the breast are minimally invasive procedures enabling the diagnosis of suspicious breast lesions. Unfortunately, they are often perceived as inferior to core-needle biopsies, namely because they are supposedly unable to differentiate between high-grade ductal carcinoma in situ and invasive carcinoma or provide material for ancillary testing. Several studies have shown, however, that FNAB samples, when handled properly, are indeed capable of providing sufficient and adequate material for ancillary testing, namely immunocytochemistry (ICC). We reviewed the published literature regarding the use of ICC for both diagnostic and theranostic uses in the different types of cytological samples obtained from FNABs of the breast, including smears, liquid-based cytology samples, and cellblocks. We found that p63 and 34βE12 show promise in aiding in the differential diagnosis between in situ and invasive lesions and that most other diagnostic markers may be used as in tissue. Regarding theranostic ICC markers, results vary between publications, but with care, these can successfully be performed in cytological samples. Air-dried smears should be avoided, and cellblocks are overall more versatile than cytology slides, enabling the evaluation of not only hormonal receptors and HER2 by ICC, but also of Ki-67. Particular attention should be paid to fixation and antigen retrieval procedures in all cases. We recommend that laboratories without experience perform short validation runs before adopting these techniques into clinical practice.
Effects of Nasal Airflow-Inducing Maneuver in Total Laryngectomy Patients Based on Changes to Olfactory Test Results: A Retrospective Study
Authors: Ishikawa Yukinobu , Suzuki Michi , Yanagi Yukiko , Konomi Ujimoto
Published: April 2022

Introduction: This study aims to retrospectively examine temporal changes in three aspects, i.e., olfactory threshold test, olfactory identification test, and olfactory perception on daily living test, caused by the use of the nasal airflow-inducing maneuver (NAIM). Methods: The olfactory threshold test (Sniffin’ Sticks test), olfactory identification test (Open Essence [OE]), and olfactory perception on daily living test (self-administered odor question; SAOQ) were administered to 46 patients who had undergone a total laryngectomy (NAIM Start group: 17; Using group: 19; and Nonuse group: 10). The tests were immediately performed after the NAIM and again after an average of 8 months. Results: In the NAIM Start group, all olfactory functions significantly improved in the second test compared with the first test (Sniffin’ Sticks test and OE, p < 0.01 for both; self-administered, p < 0.05). Additionally, in terms of the intergroup changes among scores for the Sniffin’ Sticks test and OE, the NAIM Start group showed a significant difference compared with all of the other groups (Start group > Using and Nonuse group, p < 0.01). The NAIM Using group did not exhibit any significant changes. In the NAIM Nonuse group, olfactory identification function was lower in the second test compared with the first test and showed a trend toward a significant difference (OE, p < 0.1). Temporal changes in SAOQ showed a significant increase in all intragroup comparisons. However, there were no significant differences observed in terms of the changes between the groups. Conclusion: The results demonstrated that even in those who were not using NAIM and undergoing olfactory rehabilitation after laryngectomy (NAIM Start group), the subsequent daily use of NAIM and voluntary rehabilitation aided in the recovery of olfactory function to the same level as that in the already using NAIM group. SAOQ results were considered because of the experimenter effect and they appeared to be unrelated to use NAIM. This study showed that in total laryngectomy patients who did not receive olfactory rehabilitation, olfactory identification was reduced.
The Italian Version of the Severe Respiratory Insufficiency Questionnaire
Authors: Scala Raffaele , Wollsching-Strobel Maximilian , Schwarz Sarah Bettina , Guidelli Luca , Magnet Friederike Sophie , Majorski Daniel Sebastian , Windisch Wolfram
Published: April 2022

Background: The Severe Respiratory Insufficiency Questionnaire (SRI) is a multidimensional instrument for health-related quality of life (HRQL) assessment in patients with chronic respiratory failure (CRF). The SRI has originally been developed in German in 2003, but 15 translated versions have been created during the last 18 years with the exclusion of the Italian translation. Aims of the Study: The present project was aimed at creating an Italian version of the SRI. Methods: Professional forward-translation and back-translation procedures have been provided based on the original German version by independent translators, and this was followed by final reconciliation. Results: The Italian SRI contains 49 items covering 7 different subscales which can summarize to one Summary Score. Conclusions: The Italian SRI is a multidimensional instrument, which can be used for HRQL assessment in Italian-speaking patients with CRF. Validation of the Italian version of the questionnaire is formally required in the future.
Hang in there: comparative arboreal prey-handling in boa constrictors and ball pythons
Authors: Ryerson William G. , Sweesy Ben , Goulet Cassidy
Published: April 2022

Snakes are a diverse group of reptiles, having colonized almost every environment on the planet. Multiple snake lineages have independently evolved semiarboreal or completely arboreal species. As snakes lack limbs, the challenges of moving and feeding in an arboreal environment are numerous. Here we compare the prey-handling ability of the semiarboreal boa constrictor to the terrestrial ball python in a simulated arboreal context. Snakes were allowed to strike at rodent prey and attempt to swallow that prey while suspended. Boa constrictors were successful in feeding, using a complex suite of behaviors to maintain their position and manipulate their prey. Boa constrictors positioned rats so that swallowing occurred in the direction of gravity, and would use loops of their body to support the rat during swallowing. Ball pythons were frequently not successful in feeding, lacking the complex behaviors that boa constrictors frequently employed. Ball pythons would attempt to swallow, but in the majority of feeding attempts were ultimately unsuccessful. These unsuccessful feeding attempts were typically characterized by the ball pythons hanging upside-down, trying to swallow the prey against the direction of gravity. We suggest that behavioral modifications to feeding encouraged successful invasion of arboreal habitats, but more sampling of snake diversity is needed to explore the range and types of feeding behaviors that arboreal snakes employ.
Enforcing Law in Undelimited Maritime Areas: Indonesian Border Experience
Authors: Afriansyah Arie , Darmawan Aristyo Rizka , Pramudianto Andreas
Published: April 2022

As the largest archipelagic State in the world, Indonesia has a very long coastline and is bordered by ten countries. Irrespective of its geographical condition, a genuine delimitation of its maritime boundaries is crucial for Indonesia. However, maritime boundary delimitation often takes considerable time. One problem that often arises during maritime boundary delimitation negotiations is determining the extent to which coastal States can enforce their national law in areas with undelimited maritime boundaries. This article analyses the national and international regulations, as well as Indonesian practice, of maritime law enforcement in areas with undelimited maritime boundaries and Indonesia‘s current practices in resolving maritime-related issues.
A Wine a Day …: Medical Experts and Expertise in Plutarch’s Table Talk
Authors: Meeusen Michiel
Published: April 2022

This contribution examines the important role that medical experts and expertise played at convivial networking events in the High Roman Empire, as imagined by a non-specialist in the field, viz. the famous Platonist intellectual Plutarch of Chaeronea (ca. 45–120 CE). An analysis of a number of medical problems discussed in his Table Talk will yield fresh insights into the social and intellectual role which doctors, as members of the educated elite, were expected to play in convivial community contexts and also how popular or common had become certain theories, concepts and beliefs relating to health and healing in the High Imperial era. At the same time, it will give a clearer idea of what was the place of medical experts and expertise in Plutarch’s intellectual programme, and how this interest ties in with his (natural) philosophical endeavours more generally.
A Jumble of Writings: Commentaries on Aristotle’s De Longitudine et Brevitate Vitae Attributed to Adam of Buckfield
Authors: Nelis Tilke
Published: April 2022

The translatio vetus of Aristotle’s De longitudine et brevitate vitae – a medieval text also known under the title of De morte et vita – was commented upon by the Oxford Master Adam of Buckfield in the thirteenth century. Inventories record two commentaries, which are either anonymous or unclearly ascribed. These writings are usually attributed by modern scholarship to Buckfield, though not always on convincing grounds. In the present article, I offer a more accurate, expanded overview of some so-called Buckfield commentaries on the translatio vetus, distinguishing between four individual texts. In order to characterize these writings, and to have a solid basis for addressing the authenticity problem, one passage from each commentary is scrutinized within the scope of a case study.
Colliding Norm Clusters: Protection of Civilians, Responsibility to Protect, and Counter-terrorism in Mali
Authors: Gallagher Adrian , Lawrinson Blake , Hunt Charles T.
Published: April 2022

The United Nations Security Council passes resolutions that invoke multiple norms including the protection of civilians (PoC), the responsibility to protect (R2P), and counter-terrorism. The fact that these norms are invoked alongside one another raises questions about how they interact. While there have been studies on the relationship between PoC and R2P, as well as R2P and counter-terrorism, as far as the authors are aware, this is the first study that analyses the interplay between all three norms. To do this, the article utilises the concept of ‘norm clusters’ to discuss the internal structure of PoC, R2P, and counter-terrorism prior to analysing the linkages between them. The article proposes that PoC, R2P, and counter-terrorism can be viewed as a ‘human protection norm cluster’ but also highlights areas of tension and overlap between the three norms. At the empirical level, the article explores these dynamics in the United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali (minusma). Although all three norms embody the value of human protection, our findings evidence, first, these norms are not given equal weight, second, they are not mutually reinforcing, and third, even though counter-terrorism plays a more peripheral role, it has a detrimental impact upon PoC.
Androprimacy
Authors: Salés Luis Josué
Published: April 2022

This article introduces a new analytical concept for the study of religion and gender that I term “androprimacy” by examining its specific instantiation in two early Christian sources, the Ethiopic Didəsqəlya and the Greek Apostolic Constitutions. These texts were concerned with the governance of Christian domestic and ecclesiastical bodies. I maintain that androprimacy is qualitatively different than, but interrelated with, other concepts and social structures of sexism, oppression, and marginalization that enables us to understand social anisometric dynamics predicated along the lines of sexual difference better. Particularly, I examine how narratives of androprimacy are used to legitimate other sexist structures, such as patriarchy and misogyny, by strategies of female erasure and the neutralization of motherhood.
The Value of Solitude
Authors: Ungureanu Delia
Published: April 2022

Confinement can present itself in terms of loss and deprivation, but it can also enable us to rediscover the moral value of solitude as a necessary condition for the birth of revolutionary ideas that can change the world. World literature plays an important part in this process, with its self-reflective power that allows for a “detached engagement” with the world at large, as David Damrosch has posited in What Is World Literature? This conception of solitude as a paradoxical condition for the birth of revolutionary ideas that can change the world goes back as far as the 12th Dynasty Egyptian text The Debate Between a Man and His Soul, long before there ever was a “Western tradition” that goes from Stoicism to Montaigne, Virginia Woolf and beyond. This essay will tell the secret story of one of the circulation routes of the value of solitude as key to participation and revolutionary intervention in a world in crisis.
Containing Epidemics through Metaphor
Authors: Terceiro Danielle
Published: April 2022

This essay will examine two “graphic novel” depictions of WWI epidemics: one that depicts scientific advances during the dysentery epidemic on the European front in World War One; and another that depicts the Spanish influenza epidemic unfolding across the United States of America. Both texts narrativise an epidemic through a verbal and visual engagement with historical and scientific discourses. These texts were produced within five years of our current Covid-19 pandemic and show us how language (visual and verbal) can be employed to make sense of a plague threat that involves an invisible “enemy”. The way that meaning is blended and elaborated throughout each text can help us understand how a figurative framing of a pandemic might help open up new understandings or possibilities. Popular imagination can productively link with tropes from the past, particularly tropes that were in play as understandings of the role of science shifted.
Paternalist Punishment
Authors: De Vito Christian G.
Published: April 2022

This chapter analyzes the punitive relationships among slaves, slaveholders and colonial authorities from the perspective of paternalism. Focusing on the territory of the colonial Audiencia de Quito and the Republic of Ecuador between the early eighteenth century and the abolition of slavery in 1851, the chapter proceeds in three directions. The first section addresses the interactions between the State and the slaveholders through the lens of “protection.” The second section turns to paternalism as a repertoire of both legitimation and contestation of punishment. The final section assesses the continuities and discontinuities in the impact of paternalism on the punishments of slaves across time, both during and beyond the colonial period.
Fugitives
Authors: Paterson Lorraine M.
Published: April 2022

Historically, French Guiana was an anomaly in the French Americas, neither a settler colony nor an economically successful slave-based plantation colony like its wealthy Antillean counterparts. Sporadically governed, underpopulated, and generally neglected by the metropole, it was considered a backwater of the French empire. However, by the first decades of the nineteenth century, the punishment of fugitive slaves had become fundamental to how the colony of French Guiana conceptualized itself. The struggle between owner and state about who had the right to punish, and by what means, caused ferocious repercussions over who could claim sovereignty over slaves and their potential labor. The issue of flight came to signify the legal and political battle between settlers and the state. Indeed, the desire of the French state to control the terrain of French Guiana through the recapture—and punishment—of the enslaved echoes what would occur in the latter half of the nineteenth century as French Guiana became the world’s most notorious penal colony. This paper will explore these issues in nineteenth-century French Guiana through the fugitive figure of the enslaved and subsequently that of the runaway convict.
“Employed at the Works of the City”
Authors: Müller Viola Franziska
Published: April 2022

Despite the successful maneuvers of many runaways to escape slavery in the slaveholding South, considerable numbers did not make it and were apprehended by slave patrols, civilians, or watchmen. What happened to those among them who were subsequently not reclaimed by their legal owners? To answer this question, this paper focuses on the punishment and forced employment of runaway slaves by city and state authorities rather than by individual slaveholders. It follows enslaved southerners into workhouses, chain gains, and penitentiaries, thereby connecting different institutions within the nineteenth-century penal system. Exploring collaboration and clashes between slaveholders and the authorities, it will discuss how the forced employment of runaways fitted in with the broader understanding of Black labor and the restructuring of labor demands in the antebellumUSSouth.
The “Law of Necessity”
Authors: Jean Martine
Published: April 2022

In June 1835, the Brazilian parliament promulgated a stringent law which punished enslaved persons convicted of assassinating their masters with capital punishment. Called the “law of necessity,” the regulation targeted the leaders of slave rebellions and established the death penalty as punishment against slave resistance. Research on the enforcement of the law demonstrated that while the regulation increased public hangings of the enslaved, overall fewer convict slaves were executed because of the law than had their sentences commuted to galé perpétua or a lifetime of penal servitude in public works. Analyzing slave petitions to commute death penalty sentences to penal servitude, this article intervenes in the debates on punishing the enslaved which connects labor history with the history of punishment. The research probes convicts’ understanding of the construction of Brazilian legal culture while analyzing the tensions between slave-owners and imperial authorities on punishing the enslaved.
Conducting Spanish Diplomacy in the Digital Age
Authors: Manfredi-Sánchez Juan Luis
Published: April 2022

This article demonstrates how digital diplomacy strategy has been devised, developed, and executed in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation in Spain. Since 1995, digital initiatives have taken place without a joint plan of action, but as a result of individual impulses. Until 2008, public diplomacy is developed without a model, planning, or evaluation. However, the global financial crisis has accelerated interest in this issue. The first steps were taken to face the reputation crisis and the bases of action were established. Since 2012, the digital response has been systematized through the communication of diplomatic missions. The Spanish model has evolved toward consular services and issues of language and culture, showing a case study of digital transformation in the field of public administration.
Creating Connected Constituencies: The Strategy and Limits of US Propaganda and Influence in Early Cold War Syria, 1945–60
Authors: Ouahes Idir
Published: April 2022

This article examines the state-private network binding cultural diplomatic institutions, East Coast establishment elites and US psychological operations against Soviet Russia in early Cold War (1945–60) Syria. It outlines the role of the State Department, the United States Information Agency (usia), and the short-lived Psychological Strategy Board (psb)’s efforts to coordinate a coherent US psychological strategy to influence Syria’s elites and to make connected constituents of them via the “long-established instruments” of the state-private network. Among these instruments were the Near East Foundation (nef), the Franklin Books Program, and the Committee of Correspondence (CoC). A key argument of this article is that the “Eisenhower escalation” of the Cold War, which culminated in the 1957 attempted coup in Syria, was not a radical departure that ruined the previous “century of friendship” between Syria and the US. Instead, it was a risky and frustrated gamble seeking to reverse the pre-existing loss of US influence.
Cosimo I de’ Medici’s Dissimulation of Diplomacy in the Guardaroba Nuova
Authors: Cavallo Bradley J.
Published: April 2022

Renaissance diplomatic relationships between sovereigns can often be understood vis-à-vis the gifting of portraiture. Such presentations enacted exchanges of an essential part of the individual portrayed – their presence. Hence, portraiture as a diplomatic gift served as an exchanged acknowledgement between rulers of their respective political authority. Using this mode of political messaging, Cosimo I de’ Medici (r. 1537–74) sought to bolster his reign by commissioning a portrait series of historical and contemporary, Mediterranean-wide potentates. When installed alongside maps and globes of the known terrestrial and celestial universe within the Guardaroba nuova, the painted effigies dissimulated multi-generational Medici involvement in international diplomacy because displaying the portraits en masse suggested that Cosimo and his predecessors had continuously received the paintings as diplomatic gifts, and thus recognition as masters of Florence.
“Easily Emotional” and “Always Inclined to Extremes.” Ambassador Herman van Roijen and Dutch Anxiety about American Anti-Communism, 1947–53
Authors: van der Maar Rimko
Published: April 2022

This article presents anti-communism as a flexible, chameleon-like phenomenon that took on various guises in different countries, depending on their specific domestic circumstances. Historical scholarship remembers both the Netherlands and the United States as strongly anti-communist. However, in the 1950s Dutch officials contrasted their own supposedly sober-minded approach to communism with what they regarded as emotional responses to communism in America. Based on the private correspondence of Dutch ambassador in Washington, Herman van Roijen, and his interactions with The Hague, it is argued that the Red Scare in the United States (1947–54) unsettled Dutch policymakers and diplomats. The initial phase of the transatlantic alliance was complicated by disagreements between allies about geostrategy and budgetary questions, but also by anti-communism, which revealed a deep cultural divide between Europe and the United States and tested allied relations from the outset.
Bourdieu, the Bourdieuans and the Question of Youth. Jean-Louis Fabiani and Alexandra Kowalski in Conversation
Authors: Kowalski Alexandra , Fabiani Jean-Louis
Published: April 2022

On the occasion of the publication of Pierre Bourdieu. A Heroic Structuralism,1 we try to highlight the main elements of Bourdieu‘s thought on youth as well as Jean-Claude Chamboredon and Jean-Louis Fabiani’s both close and different approach to the topic. The format of the conversation allows us to tackle related issues about youth in France today and the constraints inherent to structuralist thinking.
On Pinghua and Yue: Some Historical and Linguistic Perspectives
Authors: de Sousa Hilário
Published: April 2022

Pinghua 平話 is a Sinitic dialect group spoken in Guangxi in southern China. Within Chinese linguistics, there have been many debates on its affiliation. Pinghua is associated with the earliest Han Chinese migrants in Guangxi, but in terms of number of speakers in Guangxi Pinghua has been overtaken by Yue, Southwestern Mandarin, and Hakka. Pinghua is primarily associated with the Han Chinese migrants who entered Guangxi through Hunan, whereas Yue is primarily associated with those who entered Guangdong through Jiangxi. Yue speakers have subsequently spread westward in large numbers from Guangdong to Guangxi. Linguistically, the Pinghua dialects sit on a dialect continuum with the non-Cantonese Yue dialects in Guangxi. On the other hand, the Cantonese enclaves in Guangxi are the results of Cantonese people moving directly from the Pearl River Delta to Guangxi within the last 150 years or so.
Why People Adopt Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk Reduction Behaviors: Integrated Model of Risk Communication and Results from Hurricanes, Floods, and Wildfires
Authors: Lim JungKyu Rhys
Published: April 2022

With climate change, weather and climate disaster risks are increasing. At-risk individuals can take climate adaptation and disaster risk reduction behaviors to mitigate and prepare for disaster risks, reduce costs from damage, and save their lives. However, previous fragmented studies have not provided an integrated model to directly compare the factors and identify factors that are most influential in at-risk community members’ behaviors. I present the Integrated Model of Risk Communication by consolidating major theories. This study uses structural equation modeling of quantitative surveys to simultaneously test the impacts of 15 factors on 15 adaptation behaviors for the two most common federally declared disasters (wildfires, hurricanes with floods) in three disaster-prone U.S. states (California, Florida, and Texas) (N = 3,468). Specifically, this study examines 15 behaviors including preparedness, non-structural mitigation, structural mitigation, insurance purchase, and adaptation policy support. Social norms perceptions, self-efficacy, response efficacy, and resource constraints strongly affect behaviors. Response efficacy strongly affects policy support. Risk perception, knowledge, and climate change perception—commonly argued to be key drivers—are insignificant or weak. The model explains 55%-86% of the variance in adaptation behaviors. Results suggest that the focus of adaptation efforts may need to shift from risk perception to efficacy and social norms.
Detection of high antibodies titers against rat leukemia virus in an outbreak of reproductive disorders and lymphomas in Wistar rats
Authors: Fontes Florencia , Rocha Sergio , Sánchez Rosina , Pessina Paula , Sebastian Manu , Benavides Fernando , Breijo Martín
Published: April 2022

Young female Wistar rats from a specific pathogen free breeding colony presented an outbreak of infertility along with neurological symptoms and malignant lymphomas. We evaluated the presence and the potential role of the rat leukemia virus (RaLV) in the disease because these clinical signs could be compatible with a retrovirus. RaLV is a mammalian type C endogenous retrovirus initially isolated from in vitro Sprague–Dawley rat embryo cultures. There are no reports of clinical disease in rats associated with this virus, and little is known about its interaction with the host. Using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, we studied the synthesis of the viral particles and the development of an immune response against the virus in this rat colony. The results showed that healthy and diseased Wistar rats synthetized viral RNA but only diseased animals developed a detectable immune response against RaLV envelop protein. Furthermore, rats with lymphomas tended to have higher titers of antibodies against RaLV epitopes than those with infertility or neurological symptoms. The results suggest that increases in the RaLV infectious particle loads could be involved in the development of lymphomas in young rats. The potential causes of RaLV reactivation are discussed.
Mulberry Hypertrophy and Accompanying Sinonasal Pathologies: A Review of 68 Cases
Authors: Akduman Davut , Haksever Mehmet , Yanilmaz Muhammed , Solmaz Fevzi
Published: April 2022

Mulberry hypertrophy occasionally coexists with sinonasal pathologies. There are very few reports in the literature on this clinical entity. We conducted a retrospective study to draw attention to this condition in the context of accompanying sinonasal pathologies. Our study group was made up of 68 patients—51 males and 17 females, aged 13 to 57 years (mean: 34.9)—who had been diagnosed with mulberry hypertrophy and at least one accompanying sinonasal pathology. All patients had a long-standing chronic discharge. Forty-nine of these patients (72.1%) had unilateral mulberry hypertrophy. The most common concomitant pathologies were chronic rhinosinusitis and ostiomeatal complex disease; others included septal deviation, nasal polyposis, allergic rhinitis, and concha bullosa. Thirty-six patients (52.9%) with varying degrees of choanal/nasal obstruction were operated on with endoscopic excision to treat the mulberry hypertrophy. In all, most patients underwent some sort of surgery to treat either the mulberry hypertrophy or the accompanying sinonasal pathology. Based on our findings, we suggest a clinical staging system to serve as a way to standardize management and guide future basic and clinical research.
Maternal–Fetal Microchimerism and Genetic Origins: Some Socio-legal Implications
Authors: Shildrick Margrit
Published: April 2022

What are the implications of microchimerism in sociocultural and ethico-legal contexts, particularly as they relate to the destabilization of genetic origins? Conventional biomedicine and related law have been reluctant to acknowledge microchimerism—the existence of unassimilated traces of genetic material that result in some cells in the body coding differently from the dominant DNA—despite it becoming increasingly evident that microchimerism is ubiquitous in the human population. One exception is maternal–fetal microchimerism which has long been recognized, albeit with little consideration of the nonmedical implications. Most immediate issues concern the ongoing biomedical debate around whether microchimerism is beneficial in terms of enhancing the body’s range of immunological responses, harmful in provoking autoimmune diseases, or simply neutral with respect to subsequent health. That controversy remains unresolved, but whichever way it develops, I want to extend consideration by insisting that changing biological concerns cannot be separated from sociocultural and ethico-legal effects. Once the diversity of DNA coding in a singular body has been established, relations of kinship, the identification of legal parenthood, and the operation of surrogacy laws are of direct interest. The overriding problematic asks whether our ethical and legal apparatus is able to address such newly emerging questions.
Explaining Sustainability Innovation in City Governments: Innovation Mechanisms and Discretion Types in Multi-Level Governance
Authors: Zhang Jiasheng , Li Hui , Yang Kaifeng
Published: April 2022

While existing studies have examined the separate effects of local governments’ internal conditions and external environment on local innovation, few have paid attention to their interactive effects. This study examines whether state-level rules regarding local discretion moderate the effects of city governments’ slack resources and learning, using local sustainability innovation as an example. We distinguish two types of discretion (fiscal and statutory) granted by state governments. Applying a difference-in-differences (DDD) approach with a longitudinal dataset of 238 U.S. cities, we find that fiscal discretion strengthens the positive effect of fiscal slack while statutory discretion enhances the positive effect of learning. The findings uncover the complex interactions between multilevel institutional arrangements and local innovation mechanisms.
Jurisdiction and choice of law rules over electronic consumer contracts: The nexus between the concluded contract and the targeting activity
Authors: Chen Zhen
Published: April 2022

A foreign business is subject to the jurisdiction of a consumer’s domiciled country and the law of the consumer’s habitual residence, provided that the business has targeted at the consumer’s home country and the consumer contract falls within the scope of such targeting activities under Brussels Ibis and Rome I Regulations. However, it is unclear whether the contract must be concluded from a distance and has a causal link with the targeting activity. The CJEU concludes that the contract does not have to be concluded at a distance or have a causal connection with the targeting activity. This is also the case in China in which consumer choice of law rules, while not requiring a causal link, adopt a lower threshold by examining the dis-targeting test. By contrast, American jurisdiction rules over consumer contracts adopt a higher threshold, which requires a casual connection between the consumer’s claim and the business’s contact with the consumer’s state. Although the EU, USA and China have different private international law rules over consumer contracts, commonalities do exist in certain aspects. Based on a comparative study, this article argues that the fact that a contract is concluded at a distance or has a nexus with the targeting activity is a relevant factor, among other factors, to determine the targeting test. In this regard, Brussels Ibis and Rome I need a minor amendment.