bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
„Schonungsloses Handeln gegen den bösartigen Feind“
Authors: Guerrazzi Amedeo Osti
Published: October 2014

Vorspann

In Italien hat sich lange Zeit der beruhigende Mythos erhalten, das Land und seine Soldaten seien anders als das nationalsozialistische Deutschland ohne die Hypothek brutaler Besatzungsherrschaft oder gar Kriegsverbrechen aus dem globalen Konflikt zwischen 1939 und 1945 hervorgegangen. Erst in den letzten Jahren hat eine jüngere Historikergeneration den italienischen Anteil am faschistischen Krieg hervorgehoben. Zu diesen Historikern gehört auch Amedeo Osti Guerrazzi, der am Beispiel der Division „Granatieri di Sardegna“ die italienische Kriegführung und Besatzungspraxis in Slowenien nachzeichnet. Dabei ergeben sich insbesondere, was die Bekämpfung der Partisanen angeht, überraschende Einblicke und Perspektiven. Gab es auch im italienischen Heer verbrecherische Befehle?
Theodor Eschenburg und der Raub jüdischer Vermögen 1938/39
Authors: Eisfeld Rainer
Published: October 2014

Vorspann

„Wir alle waren Gegner des Regimes, mussten aber um der Arbeit und des Überlebens willen unser Auskommen mit den Machthabern und ihren Stellen suchen“, schrieb Theodor Eschenburg 1987 über seine berufliche Tätigkeit im „Dritten Reich“. Wie weit kam Eschenburg dem Regime dabei entgegen? Welche Konzessionen machte er als Verbandsgeschäftsführer und Leiter industrieller Prüfungsstellen dem zunehmend rassistischen NS-Staat? Die darüber entbrannte Kontroverse hat bislang noch keine Klarheit geschaffen. Inzwischen hat sich herausgestellt, dass Eschenburg nicht nur an einem einzigen „Arisierungs“-Fall beteiligt war. Nach dem „Anschluss“ Österreichs war er in zwei weitere Enteignungen jüdischer Unternehmer involviert. Ein vierter und fünfter Fall zeichnen sich ab. Wie in den neu aufgefundenen und hier erstmals präsentierten Dokumenten deutlich wird, gehörte die Mitwirkung an der sozialen Diskriminierung und wirtschaftlichen Ausplünderung deutscher wie österreichischer Juden zur Routine der von Eschenburg geleiteten Geschäftsstellen.
Ten-Year Follow-Up of a DOCK8-Deficient Child With Features of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: Jouhadi Zineb , Khadir Khadija , Ailal Fatima , Bouayad Kenza , Nadifi Sellama , Engelhardt Karin R. , Grimbacher Bodo
Published: October 2014

Dedicator of cytokinesis 8 (DOCK8) deficiency is an innate error of adaptive immunity characterized by recurrent infections with viruses, bacteria, and fungi, typically high serum levels of immunoglobulin E, eosinophilia, and a progressive deterioration of T- and B-cell–mediated immunity. DOCK8 mutations are the second most common cause of hyper–immunoglobulin E syndromes (HIES). We report a case of DOCK8 deficiency associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Association of SLE with HIES is very rare; to our knowledge, this is the sixth such case reported in the literature. A 10-year-old girl of consanguineous parents was followed in our clinic because of HIES since early childhood. She developed SLE with purpuric and necrotic skin lesions, diffuse arthritis, and glomerulonephritis. These autoimmune features were corroborated by the presence of antinuclear, anti-DNA, and antiphospholipid antibodies. The combination of HIES and autoimmunity makes treatment difficult, because the use of immunosuppressive drugs needed for SLE may worsen existing symptoms caused by the immunodeficiency. Our observation is the first case of association of SLE with HIES in the literature where the primary immune disease is genetically documented and labeled as DOCK8 deficiency.
Implementing a Guideline to Improve Management of Syncope in the Emergency Department
Authors: Guse Sabrina E. , Neuman Mark I. , O’Brien Megan , Alexander Mark E. , Berry Mark , Monuteaux Michael C. , Fine Andrew M.
Published: October 2014

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:

Thirty-five percent of children experience syncope at least once. Although the etiology of pediatric syncope is usually benign, many children undergo low-yield diagnostic testing. We conducted a quality improvement intervention to reduce the rates of low-yield diagnostic testing for children presenting to an emergency department (ED) with syncope or presyncope.

METHODS:

Children 8 to 22 years old presenting to a tertiary care pediatric ED with syncope or presyncope were included. We excluded children who were ill-appearing, had previously diagnosed cardiac or neurologic disease, ingestion, or trauma. We measured diagnostic testing rates among children presenting from July 2010 through October 2012, during which time we implemented a quality improvement intervention. Patient follow-up was performed 2 months after the ED visit to ascertain subsequent diagnostic testing and medical care.

RESULTS:

A total of 349 patients were included. We observed a reduction in the rates of low-yield diagnostic testing after our quality improvement intervention: complete blood count testing decreased from 36% (95% confidence interval 29% to 43%) to 16% (12% to 22%) and electrolyte testing from 29% (23% to 36%) to 12% (8% to 17%). Performance of recommended testing increased, such as electrocardiograms and pregnancy testing in postpubertal girls. Despite a reduction in diagnostic testing among children with syncope, patients were not more likely to undergo subsequent diagnostic testing or seek further medical care following their ED visit.

CONCLUSIONS:

Implementation of a quality improvement intervention for the ED evaluation of pediatric syncope was associated with reduced low-yield diagnostic testing, and was not associated with subsequent testing or medical care.
Targeted Therapy for Metastatic Renal Carcinoma: an Update
Authors: Donalisio da Silva Rodrigo , Gustafson Diedra , Nogueira Leticia , Werahera Priya N. , Molina Wilson R. , Kim Fernando J.
Published: October 2014

Conventional chemotherapy is associated with poor outcomes in metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Advances in the understanding of tumor molecular biology and the implementation of new drugs that target these molecular pathways have increased the arsenal against advanced RCC and improved outcomes in these patients. Herein, we briefly describe the latest data on targeted therapies used in the treatment of advanced renal cell carcinoma. Search strategy was performed according to PRISMA guidelines. Abstracts of relevant studies published in PubMed between 2000 and 2014 were analyzed by two authors. Abstracts were selected if they were published in English, data reported was of phase II or III clinical trials, and outcomes followed FDA approval.  If consensus between the two authors was achieved, they were included in the review. Key words used were “target therapy” and “metastatic renal cell carcinoma”. The results of the studies analyzed in this review support the benefits of targeted therapy in metastatic RCC. These include improved progression-free survival, overall survival, and quality of life as well as reduced toxicities compared to immunotherapy. The improvement in outcomes in metastatic RCC makes these drugs a preferred option as a primary treatment for these patients.
Stress Concentrations Around Circular Holes in Perforated Drainage Pipes
Authors: Brachman R.W.I. , Krushelnitzky R.P.
Published: October 2014

Stress concentrations around circular holes in perforated buried pipes obtained from three-dimensional elastic finite element analysis are presented. The maximum stresses around the perforation were found to depend on the thickness and diameter of the pipe, the diameter of the perforation, the circumferential location of the perforation, and the axial and circumferential spacing between perforations. It was found that a stress concentration of 3.0, based on the simple hole in a plate solution, may be conservatively used for most perforated pipes. Better estimates of stress concentration factors derived from finite element analysis are presented. Guidelines are provided for specifying the location, size, and spacing of perforations that minimize the stress concentrations. Two example calculations are presented to illustrate the proposed procedure for estimating the maximum stresses around the perforations.
A “Pouch Test” for Characterizing Gas Permeability of Geomembranes
Authors: Pierson P. , Barroso M.
Published: October 2014

To characterize the gas permeability of seamed or non-seamed geomembranes, laboratory tests were carried out using a new permeability test: the gas permeability pouch test. Circular and rectangular “pouches” made of two pieces of high density polyethylene (HDPE) geomembrane were tested. To study the permeability of the geomembrane itself, the pouch was made of two circular geomembrane sheets welded together (the percentage of the seamed area is negligible compared to the non-seamed area). To study the permeability of the HDPE seams, two rectangular pieces of geomembrane were welded together using the thermal-hot dual wedge method (where the percentage of the seamed area is predominant). For this test, specimens are pressurized with a gas (e.g., nitrogen, in this case), and immersed either in air or in water. The flow of gas is indicated by a decrease in the pressure inside the pouch. The test results obtained are in agreement with results reported in the literature and show that the gas permeability pouch test can be used to characterize geomembrane permeability, with the advantages of being easy to carry out and allowing the assessment of the seam quality by quantitative measurement of their permeance.
Global Level of Safety and Performance of Geosynthetic Walls: An Historical Perspective
Authors: Allen T.M. , Bathurst R.J. , Berg R.R.
Published: October 2014

A summary of 20 well-documented geosynthetic wall case histories representing a total of 35 analysis conditions is presented. These case histories cover a wide variety of wall heights, surcharge loading, foundation conditions, facing types and batter, reinforcement types and stiffness, and reinforcement spacing. All of the production walls, including some that have been in service for 25 years, have performed well with low reinforcement strains and minimal deflections. Some of the walls were research structures that, although purposely underdesigned, could not be taken to failure, demonstrating that the internal stability design of geosynthetic walls in North America is conservative. Each of the walls was characterized globally with respect to internal level of safety, or resistance to demand ratio. Even when using nonconservative estimates of soil property values and perfect matching of the reinforcement strength to demand, the Simplified Method resulted in approximately 1.5 to 4 times as much geosynthetic reinforcement as that needed to achieve acceptable performance based on actual long-term performance of many of the wall case histories. Based on the analyses presented here, there is a need to re-evaluate the current North American approach to design of geosynthetic walls against internal reinforcement instability.
New insights into the 1963 Vajont slide using 2D and 3D distinct-element method analyses
Authors: BOON C.W. , HOULSBY G.T. , UTILI S.
Published: October 2014

The 1963 Vajont rock slide is studied using the distinct-element method (DEM). Two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) DEM models were constructed based on information published in the literature. In this study, a strength reduction approach was used to calculate the slide surface friction angles required for stability. The influence of several parameters was investigated in 2D, namely the reservoir water level, the shear stiffness of the slide surface, the rock mass strength, the rock mass deformability and rock joint patterns. Of the parameters which have been investigated, the most important parameter was found to be the reservoir water level. The rock mass deformability, which is neglected by other investigators, is also found to be important. From the 3D analyses, the failure friction angle was found to be sensitive to the assumptions made on the eastern boundary, and could affect the failure friction angle by approximately 3°. The slope was found to exhibit signs of failure beginning from φslide_surface = 26° before complete loss of resistance at φslide_surface = 18°. It also emerges that, although the eastern end of the slope is the first to exhibit signs of movement, the displacements at the western end of the slope become larger than the ones at the eastern end as the stability of the slope reduces. Finally, this study showcases some useful numerical techniques developed ad hoc for DEM analyses to investigate the stability of large-scale slopes.
Ecological and evolutionary consequences of plant genotype diversity in a tri‐trophic system
Authors: Abdala-Roberts Luis , Mooney Kailen A.
Published: October 2014

The mechanisms by which plant diversity influences consumers are largely unexplored. Plant diversity reduces among‐plant competition, and as a result, may have cascading bottom‐up effects through altered resource quantity and quality. Less understood are parallel effects of resource heterogeneity on consumer foraging behaviors, and the consequences of such effects for trophic interactions and feedbacks on plant performance. Here, we asked whether genotypic diversity in the herbRuellia nudiflorainfluences seed predator (SP) and parasitoid functional responses, and if such effects in turn influence selection on the plant. We established plots with plants of one or five genetic families (pool = 14) and measured fruit, seed predator, and parasitoid abundance. By eliminating direct plant–plant interactions, this experiment explicitly tested for plant diversity effects occurring through altered consumer behaviors (vs. effects through changes in plant quantity or quality). We compared observed plant fitness (under three trophic levels) to projected fitness in the absence of parasitoids (two trophic levels) and in the absence of seed predation (one trophic level) by computing the number of seeds consumed by the SP and the number of seeds rescued from consumption by parasitoids. We then compared the strength and mode of selection on fruit number between levels of diversity, separately under each trophic scenario. Plant diversity did not influence fruit, seed predator, or parasitoid abundance, but did alter plant–SP interactions. SP recruitment resembled a Type II functional response but saturated weakly in polycultures, with fewer SPs at intermediate fruit abundance and more SPs at high fruit abundance relative to monoculture. Parasitoid recruitment was weakly positively density dependent and unaffected by diversity. Importantly, we found that under the bi‐trophic scenario, the effect of diversity on SP recruitment altered the mode of selection on fruit number, from directional selection at low diversity to nonlinear (stabilizing) selection at high diversity. In contrast, diversity did not alter selection under mono‐ or tri‐trophic scenarios. Therefore, diversity effects on SP functional responses fed back to alter selection on fruit number, but parasitoids eliminated this linkage by weakening herbivore selection. Collectively, these findings provide novel evidence for the mechanistic basis of eco‐evolutionary feedbacks between plant diversity and consumers.
Consumption of Branded Fashion Apparel: Gender Differences in Behavior
Authors: Ayman Umut , Kaya Anil K.
Published: October 2014

In this case study conducted in North Cyprus we examined differences according to gender in behavior with regard to consumption of branded fashion apparel products. The objective was to understand gender-based consumer behavioral differences in the setting of a developing country. Our
quantitative research comprised asking 600 people (300 men and 300 women) 24 questions to identify the demographic and behavioral segmentation differences, and our qualitative research was carried out through in-depth interviews during which we asked 18 people 22 structured questions to obtain
more detailed information on how to identify the personality and behavioral changes occurring. Results showed that there were both similarities and differences according to gender regarding media usage, brand personality perception, and attitude toward fashion apparel.
Evrazijstvo: Istoki i sovremennost'
Authors: Anohin A.A. , Zitin D.V. , Krasnov A.I. , Lacininskij S.S.
Published: October 2014

The article focuses on the origins , the genesis and development of
Eurasianism as a special philosophical and geopolitical trends. Particular
attention is paid to the role and place of contemporary Eurasianism in the
new geopolitical and geo-economic reality of the post-Soviet space. It is
noted that the positive factor of mutual complementarity of Eurasian ethnic
groups is the main connecting element community of peoples inhabiting the
territory of Russia - Eurasia.
Bioclimate analysis of Mountain Bjelasnica
Authors: Susnjar Sanda , Pecelj Milica
Published: October 2014

The main task of this paper was to assess weather suitability on Bjelasnica
Mountain for optimal function of a human organism. Also, this paper
represents weather classification for certain types of recreation and sport's
activities. For the purpose of bioclimate analyses it has been used Model
?MENEX?. This paper deals with the assessment of heat exchange between man
and its environment. Research is based on a meteorological data from 2000 to
2010. The aim of a research was to determine periods in year on mountain
Bjelasnica with optimal climate conditions for recreation and living but also
to define periods with mostly unsuitable weather conditions, except for
healthy and well adapted persons and specific type of activities.
Sustainable tourism chance for development Bosnia and Herzegovina
Authors: Lugonja Aleksandar
Published: October 2014

Bosnia and Herzegovina is reach in many resources such as geographical
position, climate, nature. Neither its government nor its people realize the
huge potential and possible benefits that tourism can bring about helping
them to prosper economically. Tourism is playing more and more important role
in national and local economies. There is no evidence that this trend will
decline. Visitors can significantly contribute to the local and national
economy and the economic multiplier effect of this spend, in turn, supports
employment and secondary tourist facilities. Similarly, in the determination
of future proposals that could impact on the setting, character and
appearance of its potentials, special care is needed by planners and
promoters to assess its potential. The key to the sustainable approach to
tourism and the cultural heritage is the preparation of appropriate master
plan that takes into account the identified overall effects in order to guide
the course of development in a way that protects those very resources that
attract visitors and that does not cause in the short, medium and long term
any reduction in their character or appearance. In the present tourism in
Bosnia and Herzegovina is at a low level of development and international
competitiveness, but according to projections UNWTO, and in accordance with
the "Vision for Tourism to 2020 years", should that become a strategic
economic sector in the coming period which will contribute to economic
prosperity, economic growth and development of national economy.
Cultural heritage in the function of sustain development of tourism in the municipality of Vrbas
Authors: Cuculovic Rodoljub , Mrksa Milutin , Cuculovic Ana
Published: October 2014

Cultural tourism is directly linked to the cultural and historical basis of
an area, relative quality and quantity of cultural monuments and cultural
buildings and the manifestation. Development of cultural tourism is necessary
to agree with the basic principles of sustainable tourism. Sustainable
tourism is a peak in the management of all resources in a way that economic,
social and aesthetic needs can be fulfilled while maintaining cultural
integrity, essential ecological processes and biological diversity and
maintenance systems of the living world is a new and higher quality set of
rules and principles in tourism development. Vrbas municipality is a good
basis for the development of cultural tourism, but it takes place in the
cultural heritage feature of sustainable tourism development, and create this
type of tourism activities and as independent as the integral of the total
tourist offer.
The influence of medical and geographical factors on the appearance and development of allergic rhinitis and eczema among school children in Belgrade
Authors: Topalovic Sanja
Published: October 2014

Allergic rhinitis and eczema represent ailments which are increasingly linked
with urban areas. Although they do not belong to illnesses which are
predominantly caused by geographical factors, their importance for the
development of these illnesses will be considered in this paper. As an
example of the influence of urban environment on the development of these
illnesses, the city core of Belgrade (the area included in the General Urban
Plan) is taken into consideration. The emphasis is put especially on the
quality of air, industry, traffic and the conditions for living. The research
is based on tracking these illnesses among children, considering the frequent
appearance of these illnesses especially among school children. The survey,
whose results were partly presented in this research paper, was an important
method for examining the subject matter of this paper. Namely, the above
mentioned survey was realized in the International Study of Asthma and
Allergy among children (ISAAC), which was conducted by World Health
Organization (WHO), 156 centres from 56 countries took part. Among them,
there were four centres from Serbia: Belgrade, Nis, Podgorica and Sombor.
Cytoplasmic male sterility and inter and intra subgenomic heterosis studies in Brassica species: A review
Authors: Rameeh Valiollah
Published: October 2014

Plants of the genus Brassica comprise a remarkably diverse group of crops and
encompass varieties that are grown as oilseeds, vegetables, condiment
mustards and forages. One of the basic requirements for developing hybrid
varieties in oilseed Brassica is the availability of proven heterosis. The
development of hybrid cultivars has been successful in many Brassica spp.
Midparent heterosis and high-parent heterosis (heterobeltiosis) have
extensively been explored and utilized for boosting various quantity and
quality traits in rapeseed. Heterosis is commercially exploited in rapeseed
and its potential use has been demonstrated in turnip rape (B. rapa L.) and
Indian mustard (B. juncea L.) for seed yield and most of the agronomic
traits. The oilseed rape plant, B. napus, possesses two endogenous male
sterile cytoplasms, nap and pol. Ogura type of cytoplasmic male sterility was
first discovered in Japanese wild radish and other male-sterile Brassicas
(Ogura bearing cytoplasm) derived from interspecific crosses. Information
concerning the allelic frequencies of restorers can be useful in trying to
understand their evolutionary origins. The ogu, pol and nap cytoplasms of B.
napus induce sterility in all, some, and only a few cultivars, respectively.
In this study, different kinds of male sterility, combining ability and
heterosis of qualitative and quantitative traits in different Brassica
species will be revi?wed.
Genetic gains in three breeding eras of maize hybrids under low and optimum nitrogen fertilization
Authors: Bello Omolaran , Olawuyi Odunayo , Lawal Mohammed , Ige Sunday , Mahamood Jimoh , Afolabi Micheal , Azeez Musibau , Abdulmaliq Suleiman
Published: October 2014

A comparative study on the response of six maize hybrids: two hybrids each
from the 1980s (8321-21 and 8425-8), 1990s (9801-11 and 9803-2) and 2000s
(0103-11 and 0103-15) to sub-optimal and optimal nitrogen fertilization was
conducted in Oke-Oyi, Nigeria. The trials were set up in a split plot with
three nitrogen levels (0, 30 and 90 kg N ha-1) as a main plot and six hybrids
as sub-plots. Significant interactions were observed between hybrid and N
level for all characters, with increasing in variation as the level of N
decreased. Mean grain yield reductions across eras were 73.8% at no-N and
32.6% at low-N, and those of optimal-N fertilization were 34.3% and 15.7% for
1980s and 1990s genotypes respectively. Depending on N treatment, grain yield
varied from 0.67 to 4.89 t ha-1. Kernel number was most severely reduced by N
stress, but had positive and highly significant (p?0.01) correlation with
grain yield at all N levels. Genetic gains in grain yield were 42% (between
1980 and 2000 eras) and 9% (between 1990 and 2000 eras) under optimal-N
fertilization. The two modern hybrids of 2000 era (0103-11 and 0103-15) were
outstanding for all the agronomic traits and leaf chlorophyll concentration
at all N levels. Improving traits associated with fertilizer N response could
accelerate rate of genetic gains in maize yields.
Morpho-histochemistry of the distal intestines and rectum of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus)
Authors: Ikpegbu Ekele , Nlebedum Uchenna , Ibe Chikera
Published: October 2014

The morphology of the farmed African catfish distal intestines and rectum was
investigated. The samples were dissected out and the tissue slices were
passed through graded ethanol, cleared in xylene, embedded in paraffin wax,
sectioned and stained for light microscopy. Grossly, the intestine was
subdivided into proximal, middle, distal and rectal regions based on palpable
thickness and diameter of the regions. No intestino-rectal valve was
observed; hence the rectum was not well defined. The histology revealed the
presence of tunica mucosa of simple columnar cells, lamina propria of
collagen fibres and muscularis mucosae of smooth muscle fibres; submucosa of
loose connective tissues and blood vessels; tunica muscularis of smooth
muscles in an inner circular and outer longitudinal arrangement; and a serosa
in all regions except the rectum and anus that presented tunica adventitia.
The mucosal folds were fingerlike to orange leaf shaped ingrowths into the
lumen on a transverse section. They decreased in complexity and height but
increased in width towards the rectum. The lining epithelium of the
intestinal tract was comprised of the absorptive simple columnar cells
containing goblet cells and intraepithelial lymphocytes. Some rectal simple
columnar epithelium contained supranuclear vacuoles while others contained
non-vacuolated cytoplasm. The goblet cells contained neutral and acid mucins,
and increased in number progressively towards the rectum. The anal tunica
muscularis contained mostly skeletal muscles.
Activity-based costing on the example of prune-drying company
Authors: Popovic Nikola , Vasilic Marina
Published: October 2014

This paper examines the possibility of application of the activity-based
costing in a company engaged in drying fruit. Activity Based Costing (ABC)
was developed due to the shortcomings of traditional cost accounting systems,
which was shown to have serious limitations, on one hand, and due to the need
for more accurate cost price, on the other. This is of great importance for
business decision making, which requires quality data and information,
because the intense technical and technological progress has significantly
altered the environment companies operate in. Along with this fact, major
changes in cost structure occurred, which reflected through the increase of
the indirect cost portion, and decrease of direct labor and material costs.
Traditional cost accounting methods allocate indirect production costs using
keys which are no longer appropriate for the new circumstances, and therefore
typically allocate unreasonably high amount of indirect costs to those
products which are produced in larger series. ABC cost accounting system
firstly allocates indirect costs to pre-defined activities, and afterwards
carries them to cost and profit drivers. The application of ABC costing in
Serbia is at the very beginning. Having in mind that the privatization and
the restructuring phase in the economy is followed by the establishment of a
new management with fresh ideas, this can be a good timing for companies to
introduce modern approach and modern methods of cost accounting. ABC method
is very convenient for application in service companies, food processing
industry, confectionery companies, driers, sugar refineries, breweries,
dairies, mills etc.
Prevention of postoperative sensitivity in composite restorations
Authors: Davidovic Lado , Radovic Igor , Krunic Jelena
Published: October 2014

Introduction. Despite the development of restorative dentistry bond between
materials and hard dental tissues is still not satisfying and often leads to
marginal discoloration, microleakage, secondary caries and postoperative
sensitivity. The aim of this study was to examine the clinical efficacy of
different liners and oxalate-based desensitizer in preventing the occurrence
of postoperative sensitivity. Material and Methods. This clinical study
included 120 patients in which two homologous contralateral posterior teeth
were restored with composite material and different liners. Patients were
divided in three groups, depending on applied liner. In each patient, before
the application of composite material in one tooth the liner was placed,
while in the other tooth both the desensitizer and the same liner were used.
The following liners were used: Calcimol LC, ANA Liner, Fuji II LC;
desensitizer: BisBlock and composite material: Ceram-X Mono. Results. Teeth
restored using Calcimol LC were the most sensitive after treatment whereas
teeth restored with Fuji II LC showed the least postoperative sensitivity
(Calcimol LC > ANA Liner > Fuji II LC). In the group of teeth restored with
BisBlock postoperative sensitivity was observed in 6.7% restorations, while
in the group where desensitizer was not used, sensitivity was noted in 15.8%
of cases. There was statistically significant difference in the incidence of
postoperative sensitivity between the group where desensitizer was used vs.
group where it was not used (p<0.05). Conclusion. Glass-ionomer cement is
more efficient in preventing postoperative sensitivity compared to compomer
and light-curable calcium hydroxide in posterior composite restorations. The
use of desensitizer reduced significantly the incidence of postoperative
sensitivity.
Calcium phosphate materials in bone tissue engineering
Authors: Jokanovic Vukoman , Colovic Bozana , Zivkovic-Sandic Marija , Petrovic Violeta , Zivkovic Slavoljub
Published: October 2014

Calcium phosphates, together with polymers, are most commonly used materials
in bone engineering since their composition is similar to bone. They are used
to fulfill various defects caused by injury or bone disease, as well as for
the preparation of endodontic mixtures. Because of their great importance in
dentistry, these materials are given special attention in the current paper.
This paper is a part of the monograph entitled ?Nanomedicine, the Greatest
Challenge of the 21st Century?, which attracted great interest of technical
and professional communities in different areas of medicine. Also for the
last two years this book is promoted by the Student Cultural Centre as the
only national book chosen in the narrowest election. That fact is very
important for young researchers who study tissue engineering, endodontics and
implantology.
Referent geometric entities in orthodontics on 3D models
Authors: Majstorovic Nemanja , Macuzic Jelena , Glisic Branislav
Published: October 2014

3D modeling is often used in orthodontics. Most commonly used software today
is problem- oriented CAD system (OrthoCAD and others), as well as general CAD
software for engineering modeling. Both methods require definition and use of
various geometric entities to describe and monitor orthodontic status, but
still there have been more than one approach to definition of geometric
entities that characterize orthodontic parameters. The aim of this study was
to define the referent geometric entities (RGE) on 3D models, perform their
classification and provide examples of their application. For defining and
monitoring orthodontic parameters the following RGE groups are used: (a)
basic geometric entities (point, line, straight line, plane, curve, curved
surface); (b) derived geometric entities (coordinate origin, coordinate
system, coordinate plane, axis, edge, perspective); and (c) anatomical
geometric entities (surfaces, points). In this study, using 11 examples is
shown how orthodontic parameters can be modeled over three classification
groups RGE. Presented analysis and RGE examples indicate that RGE give
interdisciplinary and systematic approach to computer modeling in
orthodontics, and create a basis for development and implementation of
methods of anatomical features in orthodontics which can be used to set up an
integrated orthodontic parameter.
The effect of oral hygiene on the caries prevalence among schoolchildren in Foca
Authors: Davidovic Bojana , Ivanovic Mirjana , Jankovic Svjetlana , Lecic Jelena
Published: October 2014

Introduction. Caries and periodontal disease are the most common diseases
afflicting oral tissues. Insufficient knowledge of the causes of these
diseases leads to inappropriate behavior of patients towards their own oral
health. The aim of this study was to determine the level of oral hygiene and
its effect on the prevalence of dental caries in schoolchildren in Foca.
Material and Methods. The study included 239 schoolchildren, 12 years old of
both genders, attending four elementary schools in Foca. To assess their oral
health methodology and criteria of the World Health Organization were used.
Carious teeth were recorded and oral hygiene evaluated in accordance with
Oral Hygiene Index. A questionnaire was used to obtain information about oral
hygiene habits, reasons for dental visits as well as the number of dental
visits. Results. The average number of affected teeth in the analyzed
population was 5.43 and the average value of Oral Hygiene Index was 0.93.
Good oral hygiene was noticed in 75% of respondents. Most respondents had at
least one dental visit. Toothache was the most common reason for dental visit
while the distance from clinics and fear of intervention were the most common
reasons for not visiting dentist. Conclusion. In this part of Podrinje
children had an average of more than five carious permanent teeth. Examined
children from rural areas had poorer oral health, as well as lower number of
visits to the health facilities compared to their peers in urban areas. Given
that the most of examined children (75%) had good oral hygiene, other factors
that led to significant number of carious teeth must be determined.
The use of ibuprofen in the treatment of postoperative pain in dentistry
Authors: Jakovljevic Aleksandar , Lazic Emira , Perunovic Neda , Nedeljkovic Nenad
Published: October 2014

Postoperative pain is common complication after daily dental care.
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are among most widely prescribed
analgesics for management of postoperative pain. The analgesic effect of a
non-steroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) is related to its ability to
inhibit prostaglandin synthesis. Ibuprofen (2-proprionic acid derivate) was
discovered in the 1960s as a representative of NSAIDs. It is a peripherally
acting analgesic with a potent anti-inflammatory action. An extensive
retrospective analysis of randomized clinical trials conducted over the last
40 years demonstrated that ibuprofen is effective in moderate to severe
postoperative pain for different indications in dentistry. In comparison to
other NSAIDs, ibuprofen is characterized by its efficiency, safety and good
tolerance. The aim of this article was to present the most important
pharmacological and therapeutic characteristics and side effects of ibuprofen
used for postoperative pain treatment in dentistry.
Schwannoma of the lower lip mucosa: An unexpected finding
Authors: Raikwar Kanchan , Ghodke Monali , Deshmukh Vikramsinh , Garde Janardan , Suryavanshi Rajendrakumar
Published: October 2014

Of all neurogenic tumors, about half are seen in the region of head and neck.
Schwannomas are benign tumors of Schwann cells nerve sheath and are quite
uncommon in the oral cavity, rarely occurring in the lip area. A MEDLINE
search of the literature in English from 1969 to 2013 revealed only 20
documented cases of schwannomas of the lip. In the current study, authors
reported a case of an intraoral schwannoma located in the lower lip. The
diagnosis was established based on clinical and histopathological findings of
the schwanoma which was treated by complete surgical excision. Although rare,
schwannoma should be considered in the differential diagnosis of any nodule
or mass in the oral mucosa.
Local Climate Classification and Dublin’s Urban Heat Island
Authors: Alexander Paul , Mills Gerald
Published: October 2014

A recent re-evaluation of urban heat island (UHI) studies has suggested that the urban effect may be expressed more meaningfully as a difference between Local Climate Zones (LCZ), defined as areas with characteristic dimensions of between one and several kilometers that have distinct effects on climate at both micro-and local-scales (city streets to neighborhoods), rather than adopting the traditional method of comparing urban and rural air temperatures. This paper reports on a UHI study in Dublin (Ireland) which maps the urban area into LCZ and uses these as a basis for carrying out a UHI study. The LCZ map for Dublin is derived using a widely available land use/cover map as a basis. A small network of in-situ stations is deployed into different LCZ across Dublin and additional mobile temperature traverses carried out to examine the thermal characteristics of LCZ following mixed weather during a 1 week period in August 2010. The results show LCZ with high impervious/building coverage were on average >4 °C warmer at night than LCZ with high pervious/vegetated coverage during conditions conducive to strong UHI development. The distinction in mean LCZ nocturnal temperature allows for the generation of a heat map across the entire urban area.
The Role of Nature in Coping with Psycho-Physiological Stress: A Literature Review on Restorativeness
Authors: Berto Rita
Published: October 2014

Physical settings can play a role in coping with stress; in particular experimental research has found strong evidence between exposure to natural environments and recovery from physiological stress and mental fatigue, giving support to both Stress Recovery Theory and Attention Restoration Theory. In fact, exposure to natural environments protects people against the impact of environmental stressors and offer physiological, emotional and attention restoration more so than urban environments. Natural places that allow the renewal of personal adaptive resources to meet the demands of everyday life are called restorative environments. Natural environments elicit greater calming responses than urban environments, and in relation to their vision there is a general reduction of physiological symptoms of stress. Exposure to natural scenes mediates the negative effects of stress reducing the negative mood state and above all enhancing positive emotions. Moreover, one can recover the decrease of cognitive performance associated with stress, especially reflected in attention tasks, through the salutary effect of viewing nature. Giving the many benefits of contact with nature, plans for urban environments should attend to restorativeness.
Prescribing Clinicians’ Perspectives on Evidence-Based Psychotherapy for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Authors: Barnett Erin , Bernardy Nancy , Jenkyn Aaron , Parker Louise , Lund Brian , Alexander Bruce , Friedman Matthew
Published: October 2014

Evidence-based psychotherapies (EBP) for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder are not utilized to their full extent within the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA). VA provides care to many persons with PTSD and has been in the forefront of clinical practice guidelines and EBP training and dissemination. Yet VA continues to find EBP implementation difficult. Veterans with PTSD often initially present to prescribing clinicians, who then help make care decisions. It is therefore critical that these clinicians correctly screen and triage appropriate mental health care. The purpose of this study was to assess VA prescribing clinicians’ knowledge, perceptions, and referral behaviors related to EBPs for PTSD and to identify facilitators and barriers to implementing EBPs within VA. We conducted qualitative interviews with 26 VA prescribing clinicians. Limited access to EBPs was the most commonly noted barrier. The clinicians we interviewed also held specific beliefs and behaviors that may delay or deter EBPs. Strategies to improve utilization also emerged. Findings suggest the need for increased access to EBPs, training to optimize the role of prescribing clinicians in helping Veterans with PTSD make appropriate care decisions, and specific organizational changes to facilitate access and effective referral systems for EBPs.
Study on the Optimal Charging Strategy for Lithium-Ion Batteries Used in Electric Vehicles
Authors: Zhang Shuo , Zhang Chengning , Xiong Rui , Zhou Wei
Published: October 2014

The charging method of lithium-ion batteries used in electric vehicles (EVs) significantly affects its commercial application. This paper aims to make three contributions to the existing literature. (1) In order to achieve an efficient charging strategy for lithium-ion batteries with shorter charging time and lower charring loss, the trade-off problem between charging loss and charging time has been analyzed in details through the dynamic programing (DP) optimization algorithm; (2) To reduce the computation time consumed during the optimization process, we have proposed a database based optimization approach. After off-line calculation, the simulation results can be applied to on-line charge; (3) The novel database-based DP method is proposed and the simulation results illustrate that this method can effectively find the suboptimal charging strategies under a certain balance between the charging loss and charging time.
A Note on the Core of TU-cooperative Games with Multiple Membership Externalities
Authors: Nax Heinrich
Published: October 2014

A generalization of transferable utility cooperative games from the functional forms introduced by von Neumann and Morgenstern (1944, Theory of Games and Economic Behavior) and Lucas and Thrall (1963, Naval Research Logistics Quarterly, 10, 281–298) is proposed to allow for multiple membership. The definition of the core is adapted analogously and the possibilities for the cross-cutting of contractual arrangements are illustrated and discussed.
Ultrasensitive UPLC-MS-MS Method for the Quantitation of Etheno-DNA Adducts in Human Urine
Authors: Cui Shiwei , Li Haibin , Wang Shaojia , Jiang Xiao , Zhang Shusheng , Zhang Rongjie , Sun Xin
Published: October 2014

Etheno-DNA adducts are generated from the metabolism of exogenous carcinogens and endogenous lipid peroxidation. We and others have previously reported that 1,N6-ethenodeoxyadenosine (εdA) and 3,N4-ethenodeoxycytidine (εdC) are present in human urine and can be utilized as biomarkers of oxidative stress. In this study, we report a new ultrasensitive UPLC-ESI-MS/MS method for the analysis of εdA and edC in human urine, capable of detecting 0.5 fmol εdA and 0.3 fmol εdC in 1.0 mL of human urine, respectively. For validation of the method, 20 human urine samples were analyzed, and the results revealed that the mean levels of εdA and εdC (SD) fmol/µmol creatinine are 5.82 ± 2.11 (range 3.0–9.5) for εdA and 791.4 ± 328.8 (range 116.7–1264.9) for εdC in occupational benzene-exposed workers and 2.10 ± 1.32 (range 0.6–4.7) for εdA and 161.8 ± 200.9 (range 1.8–557.5) for εdC in non-benzene-exposed workers, respectively. The ultrasensitive detection method is thus suitable for applications in human biomonitoring and molecular epidemiology studies.
Effects of Non-Differential Exposure Misclassification on False Conclusions in Hypothesis-Generating Studies
Authors: Burstyn Igor , Yang Yunwen , Schnatter A.
Published: October 2014

Despite the theoretical success of obviating the need for hypothesis-generating studies, they live on in epidemiological practice. Cole asserted that “… there is boundless number of hypotheses that could be generated, nearly all of them wrong” and urged us to focus on evaluating “credibility of hypothesis”. Adopting a Bayesian approach, we put this elegant logic into quantitative terms at the study planning stage for studies where the prior belief in the null hypothesis is high (i.e., “hypothesis-generating” studies). We consider not only type I and II errors (as is customary) but also the probabilities of false positive and negative results, taking into account typical imperfections in the data. We concentrate on a common source of imperfection in the data: non-differential misclassification of binary exposure classifier. In context of an unmatched case-control study, we demonstrate—both theoretically and via simulations—that although non-differential exposure misclassification is expected to attenuate real effect estimates, leading to the loss of ability to detect true effects, there is also a concurrent increase in false positives. Unfortunately, most investigators interpret their findings from such work as being biased towards the null rather than considering that they are no less likely to be false signals. The likelihood of false positives dwarfed the false negative rate under a wide range of studied settings. We suggest that instead of investing energy into understanding credibility of dubious hypotheses, applied disciplines such as epidemiology, should instead focus attention on understanding consequences of pursuing specific hypotheses, while accounting for the probability that the observed “statistically significant” association may be qualitatively spurious.
ToxDBScan: Large-Scale Similarity Screening of Toxicological Databases for Drug Candidates
Authors: Römer Michael , Backert Linus , Eichner Johannes , Zell Andreas
Published: October 2014

We present a new tool for hepatocarcinogenicity evaluation of drug candidates in rodents. ToxDBScan is a web tool offering quick and easy similarity screening of new drug candidates against two large-scale public databases, which contain expression profiles for substances with known carcinogenic profiles: TG-GATEs and DrugMatrix. ToxDBScan uses a set similarity score that computes the putative similarity based on similar expression of genes to identify chemicals with similar genotoxic and hepatocarcinogenic potential. We propose using a discretized representation of expression profiles, which use only information on up- or down-regulation of genes as relevant features. Therefore, only the deregulated genes are required as input. ToxDBScan provides an extensive report on similar compounds, which includes additional information on compounds, differential genes and pathway enrichments. We evaluated ToxDBScan with expression data from 15 chemicals with known hepatocarcinogenic potential and observed a sensitivity of 88 Based on the identified chemicals, we achieved perfect classification of the independent test set. ToxDBScan is publicly available from the ZBIT Bioinformatics Toolbox.