bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
LHDNN: Maintaining High Precision and Low Latency Inference of Deep Neural Networks on Encrypted Data
Authors: Qian Jiaming , Zhang Ping , Zhu Haoyong , Liu Muhua , Wang Jiechang , Ma Xuerui
Published: April 2023

The advancement of deep neural networks (DNNs) has prompted many cloud service providers to offer deep learning as a service (DLaaS) to users across various application domains. However, in current DLaaS prediction systems, users’ data are at risk of leakage. Homomorphic encryption allows operations to be performed on ciphertext without decryption, which can be applied to DLaaS to ensure users’ data privacy. However, mainstream homomorphic encryption schemes only support homomorphic addition and multiplication, and do not support the ReLU activation function commonly used in the activation layers of DNNs. Previous work used approximate polynomials to replace the ReLU activation function, but the DNNs they implemented either had low inference accuracy or high inference latency. In order to achieve low inference latency of DNNs on encrypted data while ensuring inference accuracy, we propose a low-degree Hermite deep neural network framework (called LHDNN), which uses a set of low-degree trainable Hermite polynomials (called LotHps) as activation layers of DNNs. Additionally, LHDNN integrates a novel weight initialization and regularization module into the LotHps activation layer, which makes the training process of DNNs more stable and gives a stronger generalization ability. Additionally, to further improve the model accuracy, we propose a variable-weighted difference training (VDT) strategy that uses ReLU-based models to guide the training of LotHps-based models. Extensive experiments on multiple benchmark datasets validate the superiority of LHDNN in terms of inference speed and accuracy on encrypted data.
Comparative Analyses of Selected Neural Networks for Prediction of Sustainable Cementitious Composite Subsurface Tensile Strength
Authors: Czarnecki Slawomir , Moj Mateusz
Published: April 2023

The article assesses comparative analyses of some selected machine-learning algorithms for the estimation of the subsurface tensile strength of cementitious composites containing waste granite powder. Any addition of material to cementitious composites causes their properties to differ; therefore, there is always a need to prepare a precise model for estimating these properties’ values. In this research, such a model of prediction of the subsurface tensile strength has been carried out by using a hybrid approach of using a nondestructive method and neural networks. Moreover, various topologies of neural networks have been evaluated with different learning algorithms and number of hidden layers. It has been proven by the very satisfactory results of the performance parameters that such an approach might be used in practice. The errors values (MAPE, NRMSE, and MAE) of this model range from 10 to 12%, which, in the case of civil engineering practice, proves that this model is sufficient for being used. This novel approach can be a reasonable alternative for evaluating the properties of spacious cementitious composite elements where there is a need to analyse not only the compressive strength but also its subsurface tensile strength.
A Comprehensive Review of GNSS/INS Integration Techniques for Land and Air Vehicle Applications
Authors: Boguspayev Nurlan , Akhmedov Daulet , Raskaliyev Almat , Kim Alexandr , Sukhenko Anna
Published: April 2023

Navigation systems are of interest for applications in both civilian and military vehicles. Satellite navigation systems and inertial navigation systems are the most applied in this area. They have complementary properties, which has led to a trend of integrating these systems. At present, there are several approaches to GNSS/INS integration: loosely coupled, tightly coupled and deeply coupled and many approaches to their modifications in dependence of application and arising problems with measurements, such as lack of GNSS measurements or poor quality of GNSS and INS measurements. This article presents an extensive review of the available modern approaches and their modifications for integrating INS and GNSS measurements, arranging them and highlights the main problems arising for the considered type of integration approach. The article includes a review of various integration tools based on the Kalman filter and intelligent systems, INS mechanization and features of development of an INS measurement error model that is necessary for integration, the main problems of GNSS/INS integration and a comparative description of the solutions proposed by the authors for solving these problems. The findings of this work are useful for further research in the field of inertial and satellite navigation, as well as for engineers involved in the practical implementation of integrated GNSS/INS systems.
Intranasal Insulin Delivery: Microparticle Formulations Consisting of Aloe vera Polysaccharides for Advanced Delivery across Excised Olfactory and Respiratory Nasal Epithelial Tissues
Authors: Kirby-Smith Cassandra , Steenekamp Jan , Steyn Dewald , Haasbroek-Pheiffer Anja , Hamman Hannlie , Hamman Josias
Published: April 2023

Aloe vera gel and whole leaf materials, as well as polysaccharides, precipitated from the gel, have previously been shown to enhance macromolecular drug delivery across epithelial tissues. This study investigated the effectiveness of microparticle formulations prepared from A. vera polysaccharides for nasal delivery of insulin across excised sheep olfactory and respiratory nasal epithelial tissues. An emulsion-solvent evaporation technique was used to prepare two insulin microparticle formulations, namely one containing Eudragit® L100 and A. vera polysaccharides and one containing A. vera polysaccharides only. In addition, an ionic gelation technique was used to prepare an insulin microparticle formulation with A. vera polysaccharides, where calcium chloride was used as a cross-linker. The microparticle formulations were evaluated in terms of drug content (assay), particle size, drug release (dissolution), ex vivo drug permeation, and histology. The microparticle formulations exhibited statistically significantly higher insulin delivery across excised sheep olfactory and respiratory nasal epithelial tissues compared to that of the control group (insulin alone). In conclusion, the use of A. vera polysaccharides in microparticle formulations significantly improved nasal insulin delivery. Therefore, A. vera polysaccharide containing microparticles showed high potential to enhance systemic bioavailability and delivery into the brain of macromolecular drugs such as insulin after intranasal administration.
Comparative Studies of DPPH Radical Scavenging Activity and Content of Bioactive Compounds in Maca (Lepidium meyenii) Root Extracts Obtained by Various Techniques
Authors: Dzięcioł Małgorzata , Wróblewska Agnieszka , Janda-Milczarek Katarzyna
Published: April 2023

The effect of the extraction conditions on the DPPH radical scavenging activity and isolation of bioactive compounds from the maca (Lepidium meyenii) root was investigated. Different extraction techniques (maceration, maceration with shaking, ultrasound-assisted extraction, and reflux extraction) were compared. Moreover, the effect of the extraction time and two various solvents (water and ethanol) was studied. The antioxidant activity of extracts was determined by the spectrophotometric method with the DPPH radical, while total phenolic content (TPC) was analyzed by the Folin–Ciocalteu method. Using gas chromatography with a mass selective detector (GC-MS), some characteristics of maca bioactive compounds were identified in the extracts: benzylalkamides (macamides), sterols, nitriles, fatty acids, and their derivatives. The influence of various factors on the extraction process of health-promoting antioxidant compounds from maca root was discussed. It was found that water was a more effective solvent than ethanol for obtaining extracts characterized by high radical scavenging activity and phenolics content. Nevertheless, some ethanol-extractable valuable compounds specific for maca, e.g., macamides or fatty acids derivatives, were not present in water extracts. In developing nutritional and therapeutic formulations based on maca extracts, it is important to take into account that the bioactivity of maca extracts varies depending on the solvent used.
Dynamic Behaviour of an Automotive Dual Clutch Transmission during Gear Shift Maneuvers
Authors: Brancati Renato , Pagano Stefano , Rocca Ernesto
Published: April 2023

The paper presents a model for the torsional dynamics of an automotive driveline equipped with a Dual Clutch Transmission (DCT), focusing on the gear rattle phenomenon arising during the transients of engagement and disengagement of the clutches, and during the synchronizing manoeuvres. This vibro-acoustic phenomenon, particularly annoying in automotive transmissions, can be accentuated by the presence of many unloaded gears in this type of gearbox. Dual Clutch Transmission systems are today largely diffused in the car automatic transmissions, permitting fast gear shifts and avoiding the interruption of the drive torque. The study is conducted by adopting a tribo-dynamic model with lumped parameters, considering the oil lubricant between the teeth of the unloaded gears acting as a damper during the impacts. A layout of a gearbox with six speed ratios has been assumed, in which a dual clutch system transmits the drive torque alternatively between the various gear pairs in the odd and even branches. The results of the numerical simulations show that this kind of transmission system is characterised by hard rattling behaviour, particularly during the rapid phases of clutches engaging/disengaging and during the gears synchronisation. Some solutions to attenuate the torsional vibrations, and therefore the rattling behaviour of the unloaded gears in a DCT gearbox, can be analysed by the proposed model to determine, as example, the time duration of the gear shift phase or of the pre-selection phase to the next gear, as well as to identify the optimal lubrication conditions of the gear pairs during the gear shift transients.
A Compact NO2 Gas Sensor with an Optimized Photoacoustic Cell and 450 nm-LD
Authors: Yuan Wenyang , Yao Jiaqi , Gong Ping , Jiao Mingqi , Lei Congbiao , Jiang Yuxuan , Xie Liang
Published: April 2023

In this paper, a compact ambient gas sensor with an optimized photoacoustic cell is reported. The relationship between the geometric dimensions (usually radius and length) of the photoacoustic cell (PAC) and the acoustic signal was studied through theoretical and finite element analysis. Then an optimized H-type PAC with a volume of 80 mm × 30 mm × 30 mm was machined out. The gas capacity is only 18.85 millilitres. The performance of the photoacoustic cell has been verified experimentally by the detection of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) standard gas. With an electret microphone and an economically self-designed 450 nm laser module, the detection of NO2 concentration was executed. The experimental results show good linearity with a fitting R-square of 0.9991. With an SNR (signal-to-noise ratio) of 41.247, the minimum detection limit (MDL) of the system can reach 4.85 ppb (1σ). With an analysis of allan variance, the MDL can achieve 0.11 ppb with a 228 s integration time. By replacing the light source, the system shows great potential for sensitive and compact detectors for other ambient gasses as well.
Value Propositions of Public Adult Hearing Rehabilitation in Denmark
Authors: Lund Katja , Ordoñez Rodrigo , Nielsen Jens Bo , Christiansen Stine , Houmøller Sabina Storbjerg , Schmidt Jesper Hvass , Gaihede Michael , Hammershøi Dorte
Published: April 2023

Objective: To obtain and evaluate detailed descriptions of potential value propositions as seen by adults undergoing hearing rehabilitation with hearing aids. Design: Semi-structured interviews with patients and audiologists, a literature search, and the inclusion of domain knowledge from experts and scientists were used to derive value propositions. A two-alternative forced-choice paradigm and probabilistic choice models were used to investigate hearing aid users’ preferences for the value propositions through an online platform. Study sample: Twelve hearing aid users (mean age 70, range 59–70) and eleven clinicians were interviewed. A total of 173 experienced hearing aid users evaluated the value propositions. Results: Twenty-nine value propositions as described by patients, clinicians, and hearing care experts where identified, from which twenty-one value propositions were evaluated. Results of the pair-wise evaluation method show that the value propositions judged to be the most important for the hearing aid users were: “13. To solve the hearing problem you have”, “09. Thorough diagnosis of the hearing”, and “16. The hearing aid solution is adapted to individual needs”, which are related to finding the correct hearing solution and to be considered in the process. The value propositions judged to be least important were: “04 Next of kin and others involved in the process”, “26. To be in the same room as the practitioner”, and “29. The practitioner’s human characteristics”, related to the involvement of others in the process and the proximity and personal manner of the practitioners.
Non-Parametric Hypothesis Testing for Unknown Aged Class of Life Distribution Using Real Medical Data
Authors: Bakr Mahmoud. E. , A. Al-Babtain Abdulhakim
Published: April 2023

Over the last few decades, the statisticians and reliability analysts have looked at putting exponentiality to the test using the Laplace transform technique. The non-parametric statistical test used in this study, which is based on this technique, evaluates various treatment modalities by looking at failure behavior in the survival data that were gathered. Following use of the suggested strategy, patient survival times are recorded. In this investigation, it was presupposed that the Laplace transform order of (UBAC2) attribute or the constant failure rate would determine how the observed data behave (exponential scenario). If the survival data are exponential, the recommended treatment approach is ineffective. If the survival data are UBAC2L, the technique in use produces a better or a higher expected total present value than an older one governed by an exponential survival function (discussed in the Applications section). The efficiency and critical values of the test are calculated and compared to those of other tests in order to ensure that the suggested statistical test is applied correctly.
A Review of Social Media Data Utilization for the Prediction of Disease Outbreaks and Understanding Public Perception
Authors: Wang Alice , Dara Rozita , Yousefinaghani Samira , Maier Emily , Sharif Shayan
Published: April 2023

Infectious diseases take a large toll on the global population, not only through risks of illness but also through economic burdens and lifestyle changes. With both emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases increasing in number, mitigating the consequences of these diseases is a growing concern. The following review discusses how social media data, with a focus on textual Twitter data, can be collected and processed to perform disease surveillance and understand the public’s attitude toward policies around the control of emerging infectious diseases. In this paper, we review machine learning tools and approaches that were used to determine the correlation between social media activity in disease trends within regions, understand the public’s opinion, or public health leaders’ approaches to disease presentation. While recent models migrated toward popular deep learning methods, neural networks and algorithms that optimized existing models were also explored as new standards for social media data analysis in disease prediction and monitoring. As adherence to public health policies can be improved by understanding and responding to major concerns identified by sentiment analyses, the advancements and challenges in understanding text sentiment are also discussed. Recent sentiment classifiers include more complex classifications and can even recognize epidemiological considerations that affect the spread of outbreaks. The comprehensive integration of locational and epidemiological considerations with advanced modeling capabilities and sentiment analysis will produce robust models and more precision for both disease monitoring and prediction. Accurate real-time disease outbreak prediction models will provide health organizations with the capability to address public concerns and to initiate outbreak responses proactively rather than reactively.
Closing Data Gaps to Measure the Bioeconomy in the EU
Authors: Tetere Vineta , Zeverte-Rivza Sandija
Published: April 2023

The expansion of bio-based value chains is prioritized through various European Union (EU) policy initiatives. Due to the growing awareness of the importance of a sustainable bioeconomy in Europe, the need to increase the availability and quality of statistics is increasing. There are several essential aspects lacking, including (i) comprehensive databases and statistics for bio-based sectors; (ii) transparent methodology for bio-based data collection; and (iii) integrated value chain data and indicators that illustrate the flows of different bio-based commodities. The aim of this paper is to develop a bio-based material flow monitor to measure the physical contribution of industries to the bioeconomy. The material flow monitor describes physical material flows (including biomass) to, from, and within the economy. It is recorded in the form of supply and use tables. To measure the bioeconomy, the BioSAM database, along with disaggregated commodities and activities, are used. Data regarding waste generation/treatment and CO2 emissions/sequestrations are added to assess the impact on climate change. The results indicate that the bioeconomy in the EU is underreported due to a lack of data, leading to an insufficient understanding of its contribution to the economy. It can also be concluded that the data from the BioSAM tables are the most complete and have the highest disaggregation level for commodities and sectors, allowing one to measure the significance of the bioeconomy.
IKs Activator ML277 Mildly Affects Repolarization and Arrhythmic Outcome in the CAVB Dog Model
Authors: van Bavel Joanne J. A. , Beekman Henriëtte D. M. , Smoczyńska Agnieszka , van der Heyden Marcel A. G. , Vos Marc A.
Published: April 2023

Long QT syndrome type 1 with affected IKs is associated with a high risk for developing Torsade de Pointes (TdP) arrhythmias and eventually sudden cardiac death. Therefore, it is of high interest to explore drugs that target IKs as antiarrhythmics. We examined the antiarrhythmic effect of IKs channel activator ML277 in the chronic atrioventricular block (CAVB) dog model. TdP arrhythmia sensitivity was tested in anesthetized mongrel dogs (n = 7) with CAVB in series: (1) induction experiment at 4 ± 2 weeks CAVB: TdP arrhythmias were induced with our standardized protocol using dofetilide (0.025 mg/kg), and (2) prevention experiment at 10 ± 2 weeks CAVB: the antiarrhythmic effect of ML277 (0.6–1.0 mg/kg) was tested by infusion for 5 min preceding dofetilide. ML277: (1) temporarily prevented repolarization prolongation induced by dofetilide (QTc: 538 ± 65 ms at induction vs. 393 ± 18 ms at prevention, p < 0.05), (2) delayed the occurrence of the first arrhythmic event upon dofetilide (from 129 ± 28 s to 180 ± 51 s, p < 0.05), and (3) decreased the arrhythmic outcome with a significant reduction in the number of TdP arrhythmias, TdP score, arrhythmia score and total arrhythmic events (from 669 ± 132 to 401 ± 228, p < 0.05). IKs channel activation by ML277 temporarily suppressed QT interval prolongation, delayed the occurrence of the first arrhythmic event and reduced the arrhythmic outcome in the CAVB dog model.
NR3C1 rs6198 Variant May Be Involved in the Relationship of Graves’ Disease with Stressful Events
Authors: Nascimento Matheus , Teixeira Elisângela Souza , Dal’ Bó Izabela Fernanda , Peres Karina Colombera , Rabi Larissa Teodoro , Cury Adriano Namo , Cançado Natália Amaral , Miklos Ana Beatriz Pinotti Pedro , Schwengber Fernando , Bufalo Natássia Elena , Ward Laura Sterian
Published: April 2023

Although stressful events are known to trigger Graves’ disease (GD), the mechanisms involved in this process are not well understood. The NR3C1 gene, encoding for the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), presents single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that are associated with stress-related diseases. To investigate the relationship between NR3C1 SNPs, GD susceptibility, and clinical features, we studied 792 individuals, including 384 patients, among which 209 presented with Graves’ orbitopathy (GO), and 408 paired healthy controls. Stressful life events were evaluated in a subset of 59 patients and 66 controls using the IES-R self-report questionnaire. SNPs rs104893913, rs104893909, and rs104893911 appeared at low frequencies and presented similar profiles in patients and controls. However, variant forms of rs6198 were rarer in GD patients, suggesting a protective effect. Stressful events were more common in patients than controls, and were reported to have clearly occurred immediately before the onset of GD symptoms in 23 cases. However, no association was found between these events and rs6198 genotypes or GD/GO characteristics. We suggest that the NR3C1 rs6198 polymorphism may be an important protective factor against GD, but its relationship with stressful events needs further investigation.
Abscopal Effect on Bone Metastases from Solid Tumors: A Systematic Review and Retrospective Analysis of Challenge within a Challenge
Authors: Tomaciello Miriam , Conte Miriam , Montinaro Francesca Romana , Sabatini Arianna , Cunicella Giorgia , Di Giammarco Federico , Tini Paolo , Gravina Giovanni Luca , Cortesi Enrico , Minniti Giuseppe , De Vincentis Giuseppe , Frantellizzi Viviana , Marampon Francesco
Published: April 2023

Background: Abscopal effect (AE) describes the ability of radiotherapy (RT) to induce immune-mediated responses in nonirradiated distant metastasis. Bone represents the third most frequent site of metastasis and an immunologically favorable environment for the proliferation of cancer cells. We revised the literature, searching documented cases of AE involving bone metastases (BMs) and evaluated the incidence of AE involving BMs in patients requiring palliative RT on BMs or non-BMs treated at our department. Methods: Articles published in the PubMed/MEDLINE database were selected using the following search criteria: ((abscopal effect)) AND ((metastases)). Patients with BMs, who underwent performed bone scintigraphy before and at least 2–3 months after RT, were selected and screened between January 2015 and July 2022. AE was defined as an objective response according to the scan bone index for at least one nonirradiated metastasis at a distance > 10 cm from the irradiated lesion. The primary endpoint was the rate of AE on BMs. Results: Ten cases experiencing AE of BMs were identified from the literature and eight among our patients. Conclusions: The analysis performed here suggests the use of hypofractionated radiotherapy as the only triggering factor for AE of BMs through the activation of the immune response.
Silica In Silico: A Molecular Dynamics Characterization of the Early Stages of Protein Embedding for Atom Probe Tomography
Authors: Novi Inverardi Giovanni , Carnovale Francesco , Petrolli Lorenzo , Taioli Simone , Lattanzi Gianluca
Published: April 2023

A novel procedure for the application of atom probe tomography (APT) to the structural analysis of biological systems, has been recently proposed, whereby the specimen is embedded by a silica matrix and ablated by a pulsed laser source. Such a technique, requires that the silica primer be properly inert and bio-compatible, keeping the native structural features of the system at hand, while condensing into an amorphous, glass-like coating. In this work, we propose a molecular dynamics protocol, aimed at depicting and characterizing the earliest stages of the embedding process of small biomolecules in a solution of water and orthosilicic acid, here, taken as a precursor of the silica matrix. Overall, we observe a negligible influence of orthosilicic acid on the behavior of stable folded systems (such as ubiquitin). Conversely, intrinsically disordered and unstable peptides are affected by the coating, the latter seemingly inhibiting the fluctuations of flexible moieties. While further scrutiny is in order, our assessment offers a first mechanistic insight of the effects of orthosilicic acid, thereby validating its use in the proposed innovative application of APT to the structural resolution of protein molecules.
A Charge-Transfer-Induced Strategy for Enantioselective Discrimination by Potential-Regulated Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Spectroscopy
Authors: Wang Yue , Liu Yucong , Ren Chunyu , Ma Ruofei , Xu Zhangrun , Zhao Bing
Published: April 2023

A simple and efficient enantioselective discrimination method, especially the chirality-label-free discrimination method, for the recognition of chiral small molecules with high resolution and wide applicability has been urgently desired. Herein, achiral Au/p-aminothiophenol (PATP) substrates were prepared to link the enantiomers via coupling reactions for constructing the enantioselective discrimination system. The resultant Au/PATP/enantiomer systems displayed charge-transfer (CT)-induced surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectra that offered distinguishable information for the systems with different chirality. The differentiated spectral signal can be amplified by regulating the applied electrode potential, leading to great enantioselective discrimination performance. Moreover, the relationship between the discrimination performance and the potential-regulated CT process was revealed by SERS, which enabled an accurate and effective enantiomeric determination for various chiral molecules, including aromatic and aliphatic small molecules. The aliphatic molecule with the shorter chain was discriminated with a higher resolution, since the longer-chain molecule in the discrimination system may cause a change in the molecular electronic structure of the PATP. In addition, the aromatic chiral molecule can be distinguished easier than the aliphatic molecules, which means that the generation of the conjugation of electrons in the aromatic molecule-involved enantiomeric systems facilitates CT-induced SERS discrimination. Our work provides guidance for the design and development of an effective enantioselective discrimination strategy with high discrimination performance in diverse application fields.
The Neural Response Process of Cognitive Decision Making: An ERP Study
Authors: Gao Xiaolei , Gao Lei , Li Yutong , Sui Xue
Published: April 2023

Cognitive decision has the basic characteristics of risk avoidance and benefit seeking. To explore the neural response process of cognitive decision making, we asked 32 undergraduates to make a decision on whether to accept a specific treatment option with a certain cure rate and a certain risk rate while recording their electrical brain responses. The results showed that more participants chose the treatment option with a high cure rate and moderate or low risk. Compared with low and high risk, medium risk produced greater N1 and smaller P300. Low risk produced larger LPP than the moderate risk in the left hemisphere. The right prefrontal region appeared to have a smaller LPP for low risk than for high risk. The results suggest that individuals prioritize risk when making cognitive decisions. In addition, in medium-risk conditions, solution integration is more difficult. The effect of benefit size appears at the late stage of cognitive decision making and adjusts the effect of risk. These results support the satisfaction principle of decision making.
Characteristics of Adolescent Life Goals in Contemporary China: A Mixed-Methods Study
Authors: Wang Xiaofeng , Fu Rui , Wu Aruna , Li Dan
Published: April 2023

Adolescence is a developmental period when individuals actively evaluate and construct their life goals. During the past several decades, China has transformed dramatically toward a highly competitive, market-oriented society. Despite a growing interest in exploring the implications of cultural values for youth adjustment in contemporary China, little is known about what life goals are prevalent among Chinese adolescents. This mixed-methods study aimed to identify the key themes of life goals and to examine gender, grade, and urban-rural differences in the identified themes among Chinese adolescents, using quantitative and qualitative methods. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with a sample of 163 middle- and high-school students in urban and rural China. Thirteen key life goal themes were identified; among them, the most mentioned themes were Family Well-being, Academic Excellence, and Personal Happiness. Quantitative results showed grade and urban-rural differences in the adolescents’ endorsement of the themes of life goals. Specifically, more middle schoolers and rural students endorsed life goals that emphasize social belonging and group well-being, whereas more high schoolers and urban students endorsed life goals that underscore individual independence and uniqueness. These results indicated the implications of social change for adolescents’ life goals in contemporary China.
A Perspective of Decarbonization Pathways in Future Buildings in the United States
Authors: Ye Yunyang , Dehwah Ammar H. A. , Faulkner Cary A. , Sathyanarayanan Haripriya , Lei Xuechen
Published: April 2023

The commitment of electrification and decarbonization goals in the United States (U.S.) will significantly change the performance of future buildings. To meet these goals, it is critical to summarize the existing research related to building electrification and decarbonization and discuss future research pathways. This paper provides a perspective on decarbonization pathways of future buildings in the U.S. A critical review of the existing research was conducted, which is divided into three closely linked categories: technologies, economic impacts, and code regulations. Technologies support investments and code regulations while marketing affects the design of building codes and standards. In the meantime, code regulations guide the development of technologies and marketing. Based on the review, future potential research directions for building decarbonization are then discussed. Due to the needs of building decarbonization, future research will be multidisciplinary, conducted at a large geographic scale, and involve a multitude of metrics, which will undoubtedly introduce new challenges. The perspective presented in this paper will provide policy-makers, researchers, building owners, and other stakeholders with a way to understand the impact of electrification and decarbonization of future buildings in the U.S.
A Composite Magnetosensitive Sorbent Based on the Expanded Graphite for the Clean-Up of Oil Spills: Synthesis and Structural Properties
Authors: Kadoshnikov Vadim M. , Melnychenko Tetyana I. , Arkhipenko Oksana M. , Tutskyi Danylo H. , Komarov Volodymyr O. , Bulavin Leonid A. , Zabulonov Yuriy L.
Published: April 2023

Oil spills necessitate the development of effective methods for preventing their damaging effects on the environment. A number of physical, chemical, thermal, and biological methods are used to combat oil spills. Among them, sorption is considered to be efficient in removing thin oil films from water surfaces. Currently, there is an urgent need for simple methods of obtaining oil sorbents that include a magnetosensitive component to optimize the process of removing oil from the water surface. The purpose of the work is to obtain and research oil sorbents resistant to destruction, with increased bulk density and complex magnetosensitivity, based on thermally expanded graphite (TEG) with the inclusion of micro- and nano-particles of iron and its oxides. The structure and composition of the new composite material was characterized using scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray analysis, X-ray diffractometry, thermogravimetric analysis, and laser diffraction particle sizing. The composite sorbent comprised TEG with the inclusion of iron-containing magnetosensitive particles. Metal-carbon nanoparticles (MCN) were used as the magnetosensitive component; they had a magnetosensitive iron core covered with a carbon shell. We used two methods of synthesis, namely (i) mechanical mixing of the TEG flakes and MCN particles, and (ii) applying a thermal shock (microwave processing) to the mixture of graphite intercalated with sulphuric acid and micro- and nanoparticles of iron and iron oxides. In the first case, MCN particles were fixed on the faces, edges, and other surface defects of the TEG flakes due to intermolecular forces, coordinate bonds, and electrostatic interaction. The strong adhesion of magnetosensitive iron/iron oxide and TEG particles in the second case was due to the mutual dissolution of iron and carbon components during the thermal shock, which formed an interfacial layer in which iron carbide is present. The presence of magnetosensitive components in the structure of the proposed oil sorbents allows the use of magnetic separation for the localization and removal of oil spills, increases the density of sorbents, and, accordingly, leads to a decrease in windage while retaining the advantageous properties of thermally expanded graphite. According to the results of laboratory studies, the efficiency of removing oil from the water surface is not lower than 95–96%.
Salvage Surgery for Small-Cell Lung Cancer—A Literature Review
Authors: Motas Natalia , Manolache Veronica , Scarci Marco , Nimigean Victor , Nimigean Vanda Roxana , Simion Laurentiu , Mizea Madalina Cristiana , Trifanescu Oana Gabriela , Galateanu Bianca , Gherghe Mirela , Capsa Cristina Mirela , Gonzalez-Rivas Diego , Davidescu Mihnea Dan
Published: April 2023

(1) Background: Salvation surgery for small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) is exceptionally performed, and only a few cases are published. (2) Methods: There are 6 publications that present 17 cases of salvation surgery for SCLC—the salvation surgery was performed in the context of modern clearly established protocols for SCLC and after including SCLC in the TNM (tumor, node, metastasis) staging in 2010. (3) Results: After a median follow-up of 29 months, the estimated overall survival (OS) was 86 months. The median estimated 2-year survival was 92%, and the median estimated 5-year survival was 66%. (4) Conclusion: Salvage surgery for SCLC is a relatively new and extremely uncommon concept and represents an alternative to second-line chemotherapy. It is valuable because it may offer a reasonable treatment for selected patients, good local control, and a favorable survival outcome.
188Re-SSS Lipiodol Radioembolization in HCC Patients: Results of a Phase 1 Trial (Lip-Re-01 Study)
Authors: Garin Etienne , Palard Xavier , Rolland Yan , Le Sourd Samuel , Lepareur Nicolas , Ardisson Valérie , Bouvry Christelle , Laffont Sophie , Campillo-Gimenez Boris , Bellissant Eric , Edeline Julien
Published: April 2023

Background: Despite the wide development of 90Y-loaded microspheres, 188Re-labeled lipiodol is still being used for radioembolization of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the use of this latter compound is limited by in vivo instability. This study sought to evaluate the safety, bio-distribution, and response to 188Re-SSS lipiodol, a new and more stable compound. Method: Lip-Re-01 was an activity-escalation Phase 1 study involving HCC patients progressing after sorafenib. The primary endpoint was safety based on Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (AEs) of Grade ≥3 within 2 months. Secondary endpoints included bio-distribution assessed by scintigraphy quantification from 1 to 72 h, tumor to non-tumor uptake ratio (T/NT), as well as blood, urine and feces collection over 72 h, dosimetry, and response evaluation (mRECIST). Results: Overall, 14 heavily pre-treated HCC patients were treated using a whole liver approach. The mean injected activity was 1.5 ± 0.4 GBq for activity Level 1 (n = 6), 3.6 ± 0.3 GBq for Level 2 (n = 6), and 5.0 ± 0.4 GBq for Level 3 (n = 2). Safety was acceptable with only 1/6 of Level 1 and 1/6 of Level 2 patients experiencing limiting toxicity (one liver failure; one lung disease). The study was prematurely discontinued unrelated to clinical outcomes. Uptake occurred in the tumor, liver, and lungs, and only sometimes in the bladder. The T/NT ratio was high with a mean of 24.9 ± 23.4. Cumulative urinary elimination and fecal eliminations at 72 h were very low, 4.8 ± 3.2% and 0.7 ± 0.8%, respectively. Partial response occurred in 21% of patients (0% in the first activity level; 37.5% in the others). Conclusion: The high in vivo stability of 188Re-SSS lipiodol was confirmed, resulting in encouraging responses for a Phase 1 study. As the 3.6 GBq activity proved to be safe, it will be used in a future Phase 2 study.
MRI-Based Deep Learning Tools for MGMT Promoter Methylation Detection: A Thorough Evaluation
Authors: Robinet Lucas , Siegfried Aurore , Roques Margaux , Berjaoui Ahmad , Cohen-Jonathan Moyal Elizabeth
Published: April 2023

Glioblastoma is the most aggressive primary brain tumor, which almost systematically relapses despite surgery (when possible) followed by radio-chemotherapy temozolomide-based treatment. Upon relapse, one option for treatment is another chemotherapy, lomustine. The efficacy of these chemotherapy regimens depends on the methylation of a specific gene promoter known as MGMT, which is the main prognosis factor for glioblastoma. Knowing this biomarker is a key issue for the clinician to personalize and adapt treatment to the patient at primary diagnosis for elderly patients, in particular, and also upon relapse. The association between MRI-derived information and the prediction of MGMT promoter status has been discussed in many studies, and some, more recently, have proposed the use of deep learning algorithms on multimodal scans to extract this information, but they have failed to reach a consensus. Therefore, in this work, beyond the classical performance figures usually displayed, we seek to compute confidence scores to see if a clinical application of such methods can be seriously considered. The systematic approach carried out, using different input configurations and algorithms as well as the exact methylation percentage, led to the following conclusion: current deep learning methods are unable to determine MGMT promoter methylation from MRI data.
DFT Study of CO2 Reduction Reaction to CH3OH on Low-Index Cu Surfaces
Authors: Xue Qian , Qi Xuede , Li Kun , Zeng Yi , Xu Feng , Zhang Kai , Yang Tingting , Qi Xueqiang , Jiang Jinxia
Published: April 2023

The electrochemical reduction of CO2 is an efficient method to convert CO2 waste into hydrocarbon fuels, among which methanol is the direct liquid fuel in the direct methanol fuel cells (DMFC). Copper is the most widely used catalyst for CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR); the reaction is affected by the surface morphology of the copper. Here, the morphology effect and the mechanism of CO2RR on three typical low-index Cu (100), Cu (110) and Cu (111) surfaces are studied. According to our results, Cu (110) provides the optimum surface for the CO2RR via CO2 → *COOH → *CO → *CHO → *CH2O → *CH2OH → CH3OH pathway, where the reduction reaction of CO2 to *COOH is the potential-determining step (PDS). This is because Cu (110) has the highest d band center, which promotes the adsorption of *COOH.
Hollow g-C3N4@Cu0.5In0.5S Core-Shell S-Scheme Heterojunction Photothermal Nanoreactors with Broad-Spectrum Response and Enhanced Photocatalytic Performance
Authors: Xiao Yawei , Wang Zhezhe , Yao Bo , Chen Yunhua , Chen Ting , Wang Yude
Published: April 2023

Improving spectral utilization and carrier separation efficiency is a key point in photocatalysis research. Herein, we prepare hollow g-C3N4 nanospheres by the template method and synthesize a g-C3N4@Cu0.5In0.5S core-shell S-scheme photothermal nanoreactor by a simple chemical deposition method. The unique hollow core-shell structure of g-C3N4@Cu0.5In0.5S is beneficial to expand the spectral absorption range and improving photon utilization. At the same time, the photogenerated carriers can be separated, driven by the internal electric field. In addition, g-C3N4@Cu0.5In0.5S also has a significantly enhanced photothermal effect, which promotes the photocatalytic reaction by increasing the temperature of the reactor. The benefit from the synergistic effect of light and heat, the H2 evolution rate of g-C3N4@Cu0.5In0.5S is as high as 2325.68 μmol h−1 g−1, and the degradation efficiency of oxytetracycline under visible light is 95.7%. The strategy of combining S-scheme heterojunction with photothermal effects provides a promising insight for the development of an efficient photocatalytic reaction.
Signal-Retaining Autophagy Indicator as a Quantitative Imaging Method for ER-Phagy
Authors: Jimenez-Moreno Natalia , Salomo-Coll Carla , Murphy Laura C. , Wilkinson Simon
Published: April 2023

Autophagy is an intracellular lysosomal degradation pathway by which cytoplasmic cargoes are removed to maintain cellular homeostasis. Monitoring autophagy flux is crucial to understand the autophagy process and its biological significance. However, assays to measure autophagy flux are either complex, low throughput or not sensitive enough for reliable quantitative results. Recently, ER-phagy has emerged as a physiologically relevant pathway to maintain ER homeostasis but the process is poorly understood, highlighting the need for tools to monitor ER-phagy flux. In this study, we validate the use of the signal-retaining autophagy indicator (SRAI), a fixable fluorescent probe recently generated and described to detect mitophagy, as a versatile, sensitive and convenient probe for monitoring ER-phagy. This includes the study of either general selective degradation of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER-phagy) or individual forms of ER-phagy involving specific cargo receptors (e.g., FAM134B, FAM134C, TEX264 and CCPG1). Crucially, we present a detailed protocol for the quantification of autophagic flux using automated microscopy and high throughput analysis. Overall, this probe provides a reliable and convenient tool for the measurement of ER-phagy.
Combinatorial Material Strategy: Parallel Synthesis and High-Throughput Screening of WO3 Nanoplates Decorated with Noble Metals for VOCs Sensor
Authors: Ma Yanjia , Hou Ming , Yang Li , Gao Jiyun , Zhang Guozhu , Guo Ronghui , Guo Shenghui
Published: April 2023

In this study, we report on the rapid preparation of WO3 nanoplates decorated with noble metals and evaluate their gas-sensing performance using a high-throughput screening technique. The incorporation of Pd significantly enhanced the gas-sensing properties, and, among all of the samples tested, the WO3 nanoplate containing 0.3 mol% Pd exhibited the highest response to 100 ppm xylene at 250 °C (Ra/Rg = 131.2), which was almost 56 times greater than that of the pure WO3 sample. Additionally, this sample demonstrated rapid response and recovery times (τresponse = 3.9 s and τrecovery = 189.2 s, respectively). The nanoplate samples were also classified and screened using cluster analysis, and the selected samples were optimized for use in a sensor array. By applying principal component analysis and Fisher discriminant analysis, four typical gases were identified and a potential sensitization mechanism was elucidated.
Students’ Perspectives on School Sports Trips in the Context of Participation and Democratic Education
Authors: Kreinbucher-Bekerle Christoph , Mikosch Julia
Published: April 2023

School sports trips, as a part of extracurricular physical education (PE), are a very important addition to regular PE, with benefits for not only physical activity behavior, but also for personal development and social inclusion. To better understand the relevance for students, the aim of this study was to look at their perspectives on school sports trips in terms of involvement, active participation, and co-designing opportunities. Therefore, 14 group interviews with 47 students (age: M = 13.9; SD = 0.9 years) were held in three exemplary secondary schools in Austria. The following six topics were derived from a qualitative text analysis: (a) the relevance for the students, (b) the motives for (non-) participation, (c) positive experiences, (d) barriers and challenges, (e) desired changes and ideas of the students, and (f) feedback opportunities. The results indicate that students are highly motivated to put forward their ideas for designing school sports trips in terms of physical activity and social components. This can further be considered for the planning and implementation of extracurricular PE, to make this an enjoyable experience for both students and teachers, promoting the relevance of physical activity in schools and beyond.
The Incidence of Clubfoot in the Czech Republic: A Nationwide Epidemiological Study from 2000 to 2014
Authors: Janatová Klára , Nováková Tereza , Lopot František
Published: April 2023

Clubfoot is one of the most common musculoskeletal birth deformities worldwide. The prevalence varies among individual countries and populations. There is a lack of nationwide incidence studies in Central Europe. We analyzed the incidence of clubfoot in the Czech Republic over 14 years. Patients born with clubfoot in the Czech Republic were identified using The National Registry of Congenital Anomalies. Demographic data were included. Data from 2000 to 2014 were collected and analyzed regarding gender and regional distribution. The study’s chosen time frame was grounded on the condition of the Czech industry. Following extensive transformations in 1989, the industry eliminated highly non-ecological operations with significant environmental impact and related health risks. The incidence of clubfoot during the study period was 1.9 (95% CI 1.8–2.0) per 1000 births; males comprised the majority (59%). The incidence significantly differed among individual regions of the Czech Republic (p < 0.001). The incidence in the Czech Republic was higher than in previous European studies. We found significant regional differences in incidence, which could indicate that there may be exogenous pathogenic factors. For this reason, we plan to follow up our work with an up-to-date study.
Investigation of the Quality of Life of Patients with Gastrointestinal Issues Treated in the Surgical Clinic of a Regional General Hospital in Greece
Authors: Rikos Nikos , Frantzeskaki Chara , Fragiadaki Maria , Kassotaki Anna , Mpalaskas Andreas , Linardakis Manolis , Vasilopoulos Georgios
Published: April 2023

As disorders of the gastrointestinal system are among the most prevalent, had a significant impact on patients’ quality of life (QoL). This study aimed to investigate the QoL of 83 patients treated in the surgical clinic of a regional general hospital in Crete-Greece. They recruited from April-to-June 2021 using the 36-Item Short Form Survey scale (SF-36) and the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). Logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate the QoL in relation to patients’ characteristics. The 50.6% were men with mean age of all the 55.0 years. Mental Health was found with highest mean score in relation to Role Physical (p < 0.001) and the Mental Component higher than the Physical (p = 0.029) while 68.7% of patients had high State Anxiety score. For each added year of age, the odds ratio of a moderate-to-high Physical Component was significantly decreased (OR = 0.95, p = 0.012) as married/partnered patients had higher odds of a moderate-to-high Mental Component (OR = 6.59, p = 0.006). Those with high state anxiety had lower odds of a moderate-to-high Mental Component (OR = 0.16, p = 0.005). Action is necessary on a clinical or individual level, guided by health professionals, to promote appropriate dietary choices and interventions for the avoidance of behaviors that could harm or endanger patients’ health.