bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Research on Application of High Precision Angle Encoder in Antarctic Telescope
Authors: Xu Bo , Gu Bo Zhong , Du Fu Jia , Yang Shi Hai
Published: August 2013

The extremely low temperature in Antarctic inland area has taken a new challenge for telescope design and develop, the adaptability of components and parts in telescope for the environment close to space. The application of high accuracy encoder is the only way to improve the accuracy of tracking, however, due to the temperature requirement, there is no application of encoder under such a low temperature ever since. To realize the high accuracy of tracking and steering in telescope, high accuracy encoders must be applied in it. Based on the analysis of influence on encoder caused by temperature, an initial thermal control measure is carried out. Secondly, the thermal control measure is optimized with the method that consists of CFD simulations and experiments. Finally, an effective thermal control measure is applied on the second telescope of the 3 Antarctic Schmidt Telescopes (AST3). By the comparison of normal temperature experiment and low temperature experiment, the encoder can reach a temperature of about 25 degrees when it is under the circumstance of-80 degrees after the thermal control works, and the power consumes by the thermal control is less than 6W. The experiment result indicates that the thermal control measure can fit the requirement of temperature that ranges from-10 degrees to 80 degrees and the lowly consuming power requirement, the encoder can reliably work in low temperature with the thermal control measure works.
Design of Wireless Monitoring Environment System Based on AVR SCM
Authors: Wang Chun Wu , Liu Chun Ling , Qin Zheng Kun
Published: August 2013

The system had achieved a wireless data communication function using AVR SCM as a control center and basing on radio frequency identification technology. The transmitting terminal of system produces a high frequency signal through capacitance connecting three point type oscillator. And the encoded signal will be transmitted after high-frequency carrier modulated. While after the receiving terminal receive the signal through antenna, and the signal after a series processes including amplification, detection, rectification, voltage comparison will be processed by SCM. The system includes temperature humidity sensor, clock generator chip, photosensitive element, could detect the surrounding environment signal and wireless transmit. The paper elaborates the soft and the hardware realizing specific course of the wireless transmission system. It has an important meaning for the wireless transmission technique.
Design of Power Supply System for 10kV Smart Switch Based on PV Technologies
Authors: Xie Si Zhe , Yuan Jin Sha , Xie Zhi Yuan
Published: August 2013

With the rapid development of the smart grid in our country, we need many 10kV smart switches which can protect the safety of the line and complete the reasonable scheduling of the electricity load. In order to realize the reliable power supply for 10kV smart switch, power supply system based on photovoltaic cell technology is designed. In this paper, firstly, we have a brief introduction about the 10kV smart switch. Secondly, composing and principle of the power supply system is introduced. And then, principle of the energy harvesting converter main circuit is analyzed in detail. Then, the MPPT method of the photovoltaic cell based on impedance matching is studied. Test show, the power supply system is suitable for 10kV smart switch measurement and control.
Enterprise Logistics Network Optimization Based on Genetic Algorithm
Authors: Liu De Peng , Zhu Chuan Jun , Zhou Wei
Published: August 2013

After the enterprise has developed to a certain scale, its logistics and supply chains will become more complex. For example,tobacco logistics network optimization of construction can effectively connect all websites of tobacco production, processing, and management.It can also promote lowest logistic cost and the highest efficiency. For building the best tobacco logistics networks, we need to set a scientific logistics nodes .This article established a mathematical model of a logistics network optimization according to existing logistics network system of a tobacco company and geographical characteristics. With the goal of total cost least in logistics system, the models builded up mathematical models which are based on the distance between each distribution center and each point of sales, unit freight, and shipment of each distribution center, in addition to the delivery requirements quantity of each point of sales.It discusses the design and implementation about the logistics network optimization based on genetic algorithm. Finally, it depthly analysised and verified the model and the solutions through cases.
Mechanism Design and Kinematics Positive Solution of the Exoskeleton Upper Limb Rehabilitation Robot with 6-DOF
Authors: Zhang Hui , Wang Yong Xing , Wang Sheng Ze
Published: August 2013

According to the clinical rehabilitation medicine theory and the characteristics of human upper limb rehabilitation robot, a dexterous rehabilitation mechanical arm with 6-DOF is designed to satisfy the need of rehabilitation in this paper. By analyzing the six cases of the 3-DOF serial distribution and the kinematic relation of the shoulder joint, the spherical joint motion of the shoulder joint is achieved by using the circular arc guide rail. Two serial mechanism approaches of the shoulder joint using PRR and RRP type are provided. After comparing these designs, the PRR type is selected, the kinematics positive solution of this type is given.
Smart Nano-Systems and Inflammatory Reactions
Authors: Tirelli Nicola
Published: August 2013

Inflammatory pathologies are typically characterized by an oxidizing environment. Our research aims to develop smart (nano) materials that respond to oxidizing conditions in order to establish new anti-inflammatory therapies with less side effects. For example, if drugs can be released in an inflammation-responsive fashion, it is possible to localize their action and reduce their overall amount.In this communication, we specifically focus on how polysulfide-based nanomaterials (nanoparticles, micelles) react to biological oxidants, and specifically on whether their response can depend on the identity of the oxidant. We also discuss the possibility to orientate their response and expand it to chemicals they are originally not sensitive to.
Influence of Coating Binder Migration on Coated Paper Optical Properties
Authors: Zhen Zhao Hui , Wang Zheng Shun
Published: August 2013

The coating binder migration and concentration in z-direction of coating layer especially in coating surface influence coated paper optical properties. The results showed that with the increase of coating surface binder migration, the calendaring gloss decreases, the printing gloss and the printing optical density increases. The calendaring gloss and printing gloss, compared to the influence of binder distribution in coating layer,seemed more subject to coating surface binder concentration. Binder in the coating surface concentration and distribution in z-direction almost did not affect the whiteness of coated paper.
Design-Expert Optimization of Skin-Care Material Fabrication Process
Authors: Yan Yan Li , Yong Zhu Cui , Guo Jun Liu , Chun Yan Wei
Published: August 2013

Skin-care functional material was mainly produced by three aftertreatments, namely carboxylic acid, alkali and sericin. The emphasis of this study lies in the optimization of material fabrication process, which was developed based on Plackett-Burman design to determine the best impact factor for optimum skin-care effect. The experiment was carried out using Design-Expert 8.0.5 statistical tool. The results of optimization showed that moisture character has been improved markedly and the most 3 significant factors were selected from 6 impacts on moisture rate. This research suggested that fabrics with amino acids own the quality of skin-care effect, which moisture rate has been improved. Plackett-Burman design can successfully sift dominant factors, accordingly confirm the feasibility.
Water Quality Monitoring, Early Warning and Identification of Risk Sources of South Lake Central Ecological Park in Tangshan City
Authors: Li Jun , Tong Jun Wang , Jiang Shou Fang , Nan Liu , Wang Shao Jia , Wang Jie , Ye Meng Chun
Published: August 2013

Objectives To assess the current eutrophication and heavy metal pollution condition of South Lake by monitoring the water quality of South Lake Central Ecological Park in Tangshan city and to provide basic information and science basis for the continuity environmental monitoring and further treatment. Methods The water samples in South Lake were collected during 10th-12st May, 2011. Samples of surface water in Xixingchi, Yanglongshui, and Qingtianjing were determined temperature, pH, turbidity, dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD520), total phosphorus (TP), ammonia nitrogen, nitrite nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, Hg, As, Cr, Cu, Zn, Ni, Pb, Cd and so on. Single water quality index and the integrated pollution index were calculated to assess water quality of sampling point. Results The sense character of all sample points did not accord with national standards.The BOD520 of Xixingchi, West Yanglongshui, North Yanglongshui and the four sampling points of Qingtianjing were more than national standards. The TP, ammonia nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen of Qingtianjings sample points exceeded national standards. Indicatorss of other sample were accord with national standards. Xixingchi, whichs comprehensive pollution index was 0.27, belonged to clean water. Yanglongshui, which`s comprehensive pollution index was 0.22, belonged to clean water too. Qingtianjing, whichs comprehensive pollution index was 1.99, belonged to polluted waters. Conclusions Xixingchi and Yanglongshui belongs to clean water. Qingtianjing belongs polluted water. The TP, ammonia nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen of Qingtianjings four sample points exceeded national standards. The severity of the pollution is: Qingtianjing>Yanglongshui>Xixingchi.
Effect of the Pt Addition on the Ni-Alloy Powder during Spark Plasma Sintering
Authors: Sanchez Jonathan C.G. , Andraca Jose A. , Jaramillo David V. , Juárez-López Fernando
Published: August 2013

Spark plasma sintering was carried out to densify Ni-alloy doped with Pt powder at temperatures ranging between 1273 and 1323 K in order to obtain a variety of microstructures. Homogeneous distribution Pt and full densification were achieved in a short time, and the overall processing time not was exceeding 30 min via SPS process. Phase constitutions and microstructures and porosity evaluation were investigated by using scanning electron microscopy, chemical analysis and X-ray diffraction. It was found that two new phases ζ-PtAl2 and α-NiPt (Al). The set conditions are very promising from an energy-saving viewpoint; total powder consolidation was obtained per a decrease of 200 °C in the sintering temperature by using spark plasma sintering.
Role of Starch in Biaxial Extensional Viscosity of Flour Dough
Authors: Zhao Xue Wei , Zhang Pei Qi , Lei Meng Meng , Wang Zhang Cun
Published: August 2013

Biaxial extensional viscosity of the doughs prepared from gluten and wheat starch at six ratios and from gluten and starch of different sources at a fixed ratio was determined in this work. The doughs containing more starch have lower viscosity. Increasing starch from 60% to 80% gives a marked increase in viscosity. The viscosity of the doughs containing foxtail millet starch and potato starch is much higher than that of the doughs containing corn and wheat starches. Both amount and type of starch are important for the biaxial extensional viscosity of dough, while the size of starch is not a vital factor.
The Effect of Shielding Gas and Arc Voltage on the Bead Shape and Pore Generation of Galvanized Steel Pipe Welds with Gas Metal Arc Welding
Authors: Lim Young Min , Jang Bok Su , Koh Jin Hyun
Published: August 2013

The present study was carried out to investigate the effect of shielding gases (Ar, CO2, Ar+5%CO2, Ar+10%CO2, Ar+20%CO2, Ar+2%O2, Ar+5%O2 and Ar+10%O2) and arc voltage (16-24V) on the bead shape and porosity formation of galvanized steel pipe welds made by a gas metal arc welding process. It was confirmed that the bead height was lowered and bead width was wider with increasing voltages. Bead shapes made by Ar was narrow and convex due to a high surface tension while those made by mixture gas compositions such as Ar+CO2 and Ar+O2t became wider and smoother due to a lower surface tension. The pores were generated the least at low arc voltages of 16-20V and they were more formed over 22V. It was confirmed that Ar produced the most porosity while active and mixture gases such as CO2 and Ar+10%CO2 , Ar+5%O2 and Ar+10%O2 produced little pores by forming ZnO in the weld pool.
Development of the Waterproof Coating Material in China
Authors: Hu Qian Qian , Zhao Feng Qing
Published: August 2013

Waterproof coating is an important construction material, which has been drawn widely attention and concern around the world. This paper introduces the classification, waterproof mechanism and research progress of waterproof coatings. The development and application of various waterproof coatings in China was given. The development trend and research focus in this field was proposed.
Preparation and Research of the High-Strength Lightweight Concrete Based on Hollow Microspheres
Authors: Korolev Evgeniy Valerjevich , Inozemtcev Alexandr  Sergeevich
Published: August 2013

The paper presents the results of research aimed at development of nanomodified high-strength lightweight concrete for construction. The developed concretes are of low average density and high ultimate compressive strength. It is shown that to produce this type of concrete one need to use hollow glass and aluminosilicate microspheres. To increase the durability of adhesion between cement stone and fine filler the authors offer to use complex nanodimensional modifier based on iron hydroxide sol and silica sol as a surface nanomodifier for hollow microspheres. It is hypothesized that the proposed modifier has complex effect on the activity of the cement hydration and, at the same time increases bond strength between filler and cement-mineral matrix. The compositions for energy-efficient nanomodified high-strength lightweight concrete which density is 1300...1500 kg/m3 and compressive strength is 40...70 MPa have been developed. The approaches to the design of high-strength lightweight concrete with density of less than 2000 kg/m3 are formulated. It is noted that the proposed concretes possess dense homogeneous structure and moderate mobility. Thus, they allow processing by vibration during production. The economic and practical implications for realization of high-strength lightweight concrete in industrial production (in particular, for construction of high-rise buildings) have been justified. The results of industrial testing of new compositions in precast concrete technology are shown.
Mixture of the Reaction Products during Hardening of the Water Glass Radiation-Protective Composites
Authors: Korolev Evgeniy Valerjevich , Grishina Anna Nikolaevna
Published: August 2013

The water glass can be used as a binder for the design of water-resistant radiation-protective building materials. In the present work the possibility of hardening of such materials by barium chloride is investigated. The chemical reactions which can take place during the structure forming and lead to the formation of barium hydrosilicates are presented. It is shown by means of X-ray phase analysis that formation of such hydrosilicates of composition BaO·SiO2·6Н2О, BaO·2SiO2·4Н2О, Ba2[SiO2(OH)2]2 and BaO·SiO2·Н2О actually occurs. The influence of the quantity of hardener to the chemical composition of the reaction products is examined. The effect of the reaction products to the water resistance of composite is studied. It is shown that water resistance can be increased in case of stochiometric quantity of barium chloride; in such case the primary product of reaction is BaO·2SiO2·4Н2О.
Characteristic Behaviors in Compressive Strength of Two-Dimensional Aggregates
Authors: Promkotra Sarunya , Kangsadan Tawiwan
Published: August 2013

A selected material, polystyrene microsphere series, is created as a building block of two-dimensional (2D) aggregates to examine scaling behaviors of the compressive stress condition. The 2D aggregated clusters are confined between the two cantilevers of 30 micron in diameter. These cantilevers can slide and force the aggregates move in the lateral direction. The compressive yield stress is directly measured during experiments by quantitative image analysis on the optical microscope. Locations of polystyrene aggregates are traced by Discrete Element Method (DEM), computer simulation. The 2D mechanical properties are examined for the particle size scaling behaviors as a function of particle area fraction and the average particle coordination number. The larger the particle size, the greater the modulus and the yield stress.
Studies of Selective Removal of Iron (III) from the Simulated Bauxite Hydrochloric Acid Leaching Liquor by Solvent Extraction
Authors: Wang Xing Yao , Cong Ma , Liu Juan
Published: August 2013

Solvent extraction technique was performed to optimize the conditions for maximum removal of iron (III) from the simulated bauxite hydrochloric acid leaching liquor of FeCl3+AlCl3+CaCl2+HCl. Some factors influencing the extraction, such as the extractant and concentration of Fe, Al, and Ca were investigated. The results indicated that the N235 is an effective extractant for selective extraction of iron (III) from chloride liquor. The concentration of Fe in raffinate is under 0.0165 gL-1 and the losing of Al is 0.50 % by N235.
Thermal Properties of Pressure Sensitive MF Resin Microcapsules Containing CVL
Authors: Zhen Zhao Hui , Wang Zheng Shun
Published: August 2013

The paper studied thermal properties of MF-resin microcapsules. The paper established the non-liquid release dynamics equation in ideal mode. The results indicated at 400°C or so microcapsules began to severe weight loss, which explained the heat resistance of microcapsule could completely satisfy the requirement of coating production process. The results also showed the microcapsule thermal weight loss was in line with zero-order release before 373°C, and after 373°C accorded with first-order release dynamics equation.
Corrosion Property Analysis of Coating Formulated Using Acrylic Polyol and Silicone Resin Hybrid Systems
Authors: Jamaria S.K.M. , Rameshb K. , Vengadaesvaranc B. , Rameshd S. , Raue S.R. , Aroff A.K.
Published: August 2013

Coating systems consist of acrylic polyol resin and silicone intermediate resins were tested for their corrosion resistance properties. The corrosion protection property of the coating was evaluated by using Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) which showed that system with 70 % of acrylic has the highest corrosion resistance. The maximum value of corrosion resistance obtained was found to be 1.40 x 109 Ω on the 30th day for the 70 % of acrylic sample. The glass transition temperature (Tg) obtained using the Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) were in the range of 23 °C to 65 °C. It showed that all samples are suitable for decorative paints, general industrial coatings and floor care coatings. The functional groups and also the cross-linking between the organic resins were analyzed using Fourier Transform Infra-Red Spectroscopy.
Modeling of Dye-Free, Salt-Free Coloration in Wool Fabric Using Response Surface Methodology
Authors: Fu Hui Zi , Cui Yong Zhu , Xiao Wang , Lv Li Hua
Published: August 2013

In the present work, dye-free, salt-free coloration in wool fabric was studied. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to develop predictive models for simulation and optimization of the color index a*b*ΔE. The influence of the viriables (sulfuric acid concentration,dyeing time ,dyeing temperature and concentration of DMBA) were investigated with the help of MINITAB16 software. The modeling methodologies was statisticallyanalysed by the coefficient of determination (R2), Correlation Coefficient values and Correlation Coefficient values. Results indicated excellent performance of experimental data by polynomial regression model.Finally, the corresponding effects of the independent viariables were studied by the analysis of variance (ANOVA).
Bending Properties of General Purpose Stainless Steel Wire Formed for Orthodontic Use
Authors: Anuwongnukroh Niwat , Chuankrerkkul Yosdhorn , Dechkunakorn Surachai , Churnjitapirom Pornkiat , Suddhasthira Theeralaksna
Published: August 2013

The archwire is generally used in fixed appliances for orthodontic treatment to correct dental malocclusion. However, it is interesting to know whether general purpose stainless steel wire could replace commercial orthodontic archwire in orthodontic practice for economic reasons. The purpose of this study was to determine the bending properties of general purpose stainless steel wire compared with commercial orthodontic stainless steel wires after forming as an archwire for orthodontic use. The samples used in this study were 90 general purpose and 45 commercial (Highland) round stainless steel wires in 0.016, 0.018, and 0.020 sizes (30 general purpose and 15 commercial wires for each size). All 15 general purpose stainless steel wires with different sizes were formed into orthodontic archwire with a Universal Testing Machine. All samples were tested (three-point bending test) for mechanical properties. The results showed no significant difference between general purpose and commercial orthodontic wires in size 0.016 for 0.1 mm offset bending force, 0.2% yield strength, and springback. Although many mechanical properties of general purpose wires differed from commercial wires, their values conformed to other previous studies within the range of clinical acceptance. In conclusion, orthodontic formed general purpose round stainless steel wires had statistically different (p <0.05) mechanical properties from commercial orthodontic stainless steel wires (Highland) but the mechanical properties were acceptable to use in orthodontic treatment.
Application of Several Kinds of Clays and a New Type of Nano-Modified Bontonite in Drilling Fluids
Authors: Zhao Xiong Hu , Li Wai , Li Shu Lian , Ji Yi Hui
Published: August 2013

Six kinds of materials, including two types of nanoclays, were added into drilling fluids for being substitutes of common bentonite. Swelling properties and yield of these clays were determined. Rheology, filtration property and properties at high temperature of drilling fluids prepared by the six kinds of clays respectly were also evaluated in laboratory. The results indicate that the nanobentonite modified by intercalated polymerization can improve various properties of drilling fluids. Besides, sepiolites in Xiangtan, Hunan province and in Nanyang, Henan province are also excellent materials for preparing drilling fluids.
Study on Distribution Laws of Abutment Pressure for Fully-Mechanized Top-Coal Caving Face in Deep and Large Mining Height
Authors: Lu De Chao , Liu Xiao , Liang Xiao Chen , Gao Yue
Published: August 2013

Based on the geologic and technology condition of 2301 fully-mechanized top-coal caving and large mining height face in Longgu colliery, the paper have comprehensive studied distribution laws of abutment pressure by theoretical analysis, FLAC3D numerical simulation and field measurement. The study draws the trend and inclination distribution range and value and concentration factor of the peak, which of these were impacted by mining height and depth and advance distance, and reveals distribution laws of abutment pressure with face advancing, and also pointed out that laws was in favor of top-coal caving, but not conductive to the prevention and treatment of the rib fall of coal wall; field measurement and numerical simulation and theoretical analysis results can be achieved mainly unified.
Effect of Slag Composition on [Mg], [Ca] Content in Molten Steel for High Speed Wheel Steel
Authors: Yu Tang
Published: August 2013

In order to improve fatigue life of wheel steel, secondary-refining process is done with Al-deoxidation and slag of high basicity, high Al2O3 content and low oxidizing property. [M, [C content in molten steel would be influenced by slag composition. It is found that high basicity, high Al2O3 content and low oxidizing property is positive factor for proper [M, [C content in molten steel which is the key of inclusion transformation from Al2O3 to CaO-MgO-Al2O3 complex inclusion, contributing to the enhancement of fatigue performance for wheel steel.
Anti-Corrosion Properties of Al-Based Coating on Magnesium Alloy Fabricated by Supersonic Particles Deposition
Authors: Wang Xiao Ming , Zhu Sheng , Chang Qing , Feng Xue Qiang , Han Guo Feng
Published: August 2013

In order to improve anti-corrosion property of magnesium alloy parts in equipment, Al-based alloy coating on ZM5 magnesium alloy was prepared by supersonic particles deposition (SPD). Mass gain after being corroded, surface morphology of samples corroded and corrosion products were investigated by salt-mist test, SEM observation and EDS analysis etc. The results indicated that the mass gain of Al-Si coating after being corroded decreased evidently compared with magnesium alloy substrate. Al-Si coatings with thickness above 0.5mm did not generate blisters after 500h salt-mist test, proving that the coating possessed excellent anti-corrosion property.
Effect of pH on Stability of Oil-in-Water Emulsions Stabilized by Pectin-Zein Complexes
Authors: Juttulapa Maneerat , Piriyaprasarth Suchada , Sriamornsak Pornsak
Published: August 2013

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of pH on properties and stability of oil-in-water emulsions using pectin as an emulsifier and zein as an auxillary emulsifier. Primary emulsions were prepared by mixing rice bran oil with anionic polysaccharide, pectin, at pH 4 or 7. Zein solution was then added in order to prepare secondary emulsions. Final concentration of secondary emulsions was 20% (w/w) rice bran oil, 2% (w/w) pectin and 0.5% (w/w) zein. The results demonstrated that emulsions prepared at pH 4 were smaller in size, higher viscosity, and more stable after stability test than those prepared at pH 7. Light microscopic images showed that, at pH 7, emulsion droplets were aggregated. At pH 7, both pectin and zein represented as negative charge and no complex was formed, leading to the less stable emulsions. Below the isoelectric point (pH 5.5) of zein, i.e. at pH 4, zein molecules represented as positive charge and pectin represented as negative charge, resulting in a light cross-linking polymer network. It is possible that a low concentration of zein helps to stabilize the emulsions by improving the rigidity of coated layer on oil droplets, thus reducing the depletion flocculation to occur. The stabilizing effect in presence of zein, at pH 4, is attributed to a pectinzein complex formation at the interface.
Piezoelectric Harvesting Characteristics of BaTiO3 Microstructures for Optimal Nanogenerators
Authors: Chang Wen Yang , Yang Cheng Han
Published: August 2013

The study investigates piezoelectric harvesting efficiency of BTO microstructures with different structural configurations for electromechanical nanogenerators using FEM simulation. The effects of different BTO structures in same cross-section area are simulated, including the lengths, the heights, array numbers, shapes and harmonic response. The results show that a single-bulk structure of piezoelectric BTO produces less harvesting energy than an array structure in same cross-section area. The harvesting voltages increase with array number increasing. However, the energy harvesting obviously decreases when the array number is over 33. There has lager energy harvesting with a small ratio (Rh) that defined a diameter of BTO cylinder devided by a height of BTO cylinder. In addition, the piezoelectric harvesting based on BTO arrays with a zigzag layer has higher harvesting efficiency.
Functionalization of Amorphous Chalcogenide and Titanium Oxide Layers by Gold Nanoparticles
Authors: Kokenyesi Sandor , Biri Sandor , Hegedus Csaba , Charnovich Stepan , Csik Attila
Published: August 2013

The technology problems of fabricating different, nanometers sized gold particles in the layered composites like light-sensitive chalcogenide glass/gold nanoparticles/transparent substrate or titanium/titanium oxide/gold nanoparticles were investigated in our work. Combination of ion implantation, plasma deposition with annealing processes results physical routes for creation of gold nanoparticles in the mentioned structures, which possess plasmon effects. These functionalized structures are planned to use for investigations of optical recording processes, biocompatibility of titanium implants.
Morphology and Conductivity of Electrospun Dehydrochlorinated PVC Nanofibers
Authors: Seeponkai Narumon , Khunsriya Phapada , Woothikanokkhan Jatuphorn , Thanachayanont Chanchana
Published: August 2013

This research work has concern a development of novel semiconducting polymer based on chemically modified poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC) for uses as components in energy related devices. The primary aim of this work was to investigate the effect of electrospinning process on morphology and conductivity of the modified PVC. Chemical structure of PVC was firstly modified by reacting it with sodium hydroxide solution under different reaction time to obtain dehydrochlorinated PVC with a variety of degree of dehydrochlorination. Changes in chemical structure of the polymer was determined by FTIR technique. Degree of dehydrochlorination and chemical structural change was also confirmed by 1H-NMR technique. Morphology of the electruspun fibers were examined by SEM technique. Changes in conductivity of the polymers were also discussed in light of degree of dehydrochlorination and morphology of the materials.
Cogon Grass Fiber-Epoxidized Natural Rubber Composites
Authors: Ruksakulpiwat Chaiwat , Wanasut Wasaphon , Singkum Apikiat , Yupaporn Ruksakulpiwat
Published: August 2013

This research shows a great potential of cogon grass fiber to be used as a reinforcement in epoxidized natural rubber composites. The thermal and mechanical properties of cogon grass fiber-epoxidized natural rubber composites were studied. The chemical treatment of cogon grass fiber to be used as a reinforcing filler was revealed. Effects of fiber treatment method and treatment time of cogon grass fiber on thermal properties of the fibers and their composites were elucidated. The addition of cogon grass fiber into epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) improved the mechanical properties of the composites.The result indicated that alkaline treatment followed by acid treatment of cogon grass fiber led to an increase in thermal decomposition temperature and mechanical properties of the composites more than that without acid treatment. With increasing the amount of fiber, tensile strength of ENR composites were significantly increased while elongation at break was insignificantly changed. ENR with the addition of 4-Amino-6-hydroxy-2-mercaptopyrimidine monohydrate as coupling agent (ENRC) was shown to have higher tensile strength, modulus at 200% elongation and elongation at break than ENR. Improved mechanical properties were also obtained in ENRC composites compared to those of ENR composites.
Analysis of the Mechanical Properties of Rice Husk Reinforced Polyethylene Composites Using Experiments with Mixtures
Authors: Bilal Ahmad , Lin Richard , Jayaraman Krishnan
Published: August 2013

In recent years, the use of agro-wastes, such as rice husk (RH), in the manufacture of thermoplastic composites to replace wood fibres has emerged as a promising field of interest. Linear medium density polyethylene (LMDPE) and ground rice husk (GRH) were used to manufacture composites. The D-optimal design routine in Design Expert software was used to select ten different blends with different percentages of RH, MDPE and compatibiliser, maleated polyethylene (MAPE) along with four replicate blends. RH was varied between 15 to 50 wt%, MAPE between 1 to 6 wt% and MDPE between 44 to 84 wt%. The effects of RH, MDPE and MAPE content on the mechanical properties of the manufactured composites were examined. The results show that tensile and flexural properties of the composites were improved, whereas, Charpy impact strength was decreased with increasing RH loading. The effect of MAPE on tensile strength and Charpy impact strength was significant, but its effect was negligible on tensile modulus, flexural strength and flexural modulus of the composites.
Ozonolysis by High Voltage Power Supply to the Melt-Extrudates of Admicelled Rubber and Natural Rubber
Authors: Pongpilaipruet Angkana , Magaraphan Rathanawan
Published: August 2013

Ozone (O3) is created when diatomic oxygen (O2) is exposed to an electrical field or ultraviolet light. The reaction occurring between double bonds in the unsaturated elastomer chain of natural rubber (NR) and O3 is known as ozonolysis which in turn results in a variety of products. The end result of these reactions is polymer chain scission. In this study, NR was employed as a core substrate for admicellar polymerization of pyrrole (Py) and methyl methacrylate (MMA). Ozonolysis that was studied by using a high voltage power supply connected to a capillary rheometer. These melt extrudates were then subjected to the ozonolysis at a voltage of 9 kV. The effect of ozonolysis at extrude conditions on the chain scission of both extrudates was investigated by melt flow rate measurement (MFR) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The admicelled rubber showed smaller in percent change of MFR and intensity of changed structure from ozonolysis which suggesting better ozone resistance of the admicelled rubber. Moreover, PMMA-NR showed better ozone stability than PPy-NR.
Influence of Natural Rubber/Poly (3-Trimethoxysilyl Propyl Methacrylate) Core-Shell Compatibilizer on Dynamic, Mechanical and Morphological Properties of PMMA/ENR Blends
Authors: Nooma Suparat , Magaraphan Rathanawan
Published: August 2013

In this work, epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) is used to improve the impact strength of poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). The natural rubber with poly (3-trimethoxysilyl propyl methacrylate) core-shell (adNR), prepared by admicellar polymerization, is used as the compatibilizer for PMMA/ENR blends which were prepared through melt mixing in a twin screw extruder. The effects of ENR and adNR contents on impact property were investigated by pendulum impact tester. The impact strength increased with ENR and adNR contents. The morphology on the fracture surfaces were demonstrated by using field emission electron microscope (FE-SEM), which showed the compatibility between ENR, adNR and PMMA. Furthermore, the effects of ENR and adNR contents on dynamic and mechanical properties were examined by dynamic mechanical analyzer and universal testing machine, respectively. The results illustrated that the incorporation of the adNR affected the dynamic and mechanical properties of the blends.
Sintered Frictional Materials Based on Cu Powders
Authors: Yotkeaw Thanyaporn , Tosangthum Nattaya , Krataitong Rungtip , Morakotjinda Monnapas , Prapai Jirapat , Tongsri Ruangdaj
Published: August 2013

Sintered frictional materials (SFMs) were fabricated by using powder metallurgical process. Powder formulations were experimented to investigate effects of Sn, C and ZrO2 additions on mechanical and tribological properties of the sintered composites made for dry frictional materials applications. The developed SFMs consisted of non-lead friction material. Natural sand (SiO2) and ZrO2 were employed instead of lead oxide to provide frictional components. Interrelationships between chemical composition, sintering temperature, friction coefficient, wear behavior and mechanical property of the SFMs have been studied. It was found that sintering temperature affected hardness property of the SFMs. The hardness was also affected by SFM compositions. Friction coefficient increased with increasing ZrO2 content. Addition of natural sand resulted in decrease of the hardness of the SFMs. Graphite also affected hardness and friction coefficient of SFMs containing no sand. Employing prealloyed Cu-Sn powders provided SFMs with better mechanical properties compared to the SFMs made of admixed Cu and Sn powders.
Effects of Passes on Equal Channel Angular Pressing of 6061 Aluminium Alloy
Authors: Banjongprasert Chaiyasit , Domrong Chonlada , Chairuangsri Torranin
Published: August 2013

Equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) is one of severe plastic deformation (SPD) techniques that gives a high level of strain and eventually results in ultrafine-grained structure. This research aims to study the effects of passes on equal channel angular pressing of 6061 aluminium alloy. The samples were subjected to ECAP using route Bc with 1, 2, 3, and 4 passes. The processed samples were characterized using a variety of techniques: Optical Microscopy (OM); Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) equipped with Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX); and Electron Back Scatter Diffraction (EBSD). The results showed that ECAP had a large influence on misorientation and size of grains but little effects on precipitates. The 4-pass ECAP led to a high fraction of low-angle boundaries and led to a nearly 97% increase of hardness.
Comparative Study of the Bio-Disintegration Behavior of Polylactic Acid under Laboratory and Pilot-Scale Composting Conditions
Authors: Intaraksa Parichat , Rudeekit Yositar , Siriyota Pongsaks , Leejarkpai Thanawadee
Published: August 2013

In recent years, compostable plastics have gained a great attention as green materials due to the problems of more plastic waste generated each year over the world. One attractive of compostable plastics is that after use they can be biodegraded by natural microorganisms in the composting process within a specified period of time. Degree and rate of disintegration during composting is an important requirement that is used to determine the compostability of these plastics. This research work studied and compared the disintegration behaviors of PLA laboratory and pilot-scale composting conditions according to ISO 20200:2004 and ISO 16929:2002. Finally, the results from the disintegration testing could be used to evaluate the compostability, biological properties and impacted of a plastic material on the fermentation of organic waste in the composting plant.
Water Diffusion Mechanisms in New Bio-Nanocomposites Based on Polyhydroxyalkanoates/Nanoclays
Authors: Cretois Raphaël , Follain Nadège , Soulestin Jérémie , Dargent Eric , Lebrun Laurent , Marais Stéphane
Published: August 2013

Nanocomposites based on bacterial semi-crystalline polyhydroxyalkanoates, poly (3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) or poly (3-hydroxybutyrate-co-4-hydroxybutyrate) (P(3HB-co-4HB)), and organo-modified montmorillonite nanoclay are prepared by melt processing. All nanocomposites are characterized by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Transmission Electronic Microscopy (TEM) and exhibit a mainly intercalated structure. Concerning water transport properties, a decrease of barrier properties for PHBV/nanoclay films is measured due to the affinity of nanoclay to water; whereas for P(3HB-co-4HB)/nanoclay nanocomposites, a decrease of the water permeability is observed relative to the tortuosity effect. Eventually, as a function of nanoclay content, a competition is evidenced between the tortuosity effect and the water sorption induced by nanoclay.
Kinetic Studies on the Curing Reactions of Fluoroepoxy Oligomer and Cycloaliphatic Amine
Authors: Chongtum Thitinun , Chonkaew Wunpen
Published: August 2013

The curing kinetic analysis is an important technique for the characterization of the curing behavior of reactive polymeric systems. In this study, fluoroepoxy oligomer was synthesized from trifluoromethyl aniline and epichlorohydrin. The epoxide equivalent weight (EEW) and the number average molecular weight (Mn) of the systhesized fluroepoxy oligomer determined from acid titration and gel permeation chromatography were found to be 312.16 g/eq and 534 g/mol, respectively. The mixtures of the fluoroepoxy oligomer were mixed with the cycloaliphatic amine in various stiochiometric ratios (1:1, 1: 1.5 and 1:2). The effects of the stiochiometric ratio on the curing behaviors were studied using both isothermal and non-isothermal DSC methods. Ozawas, Kissingers and Friedmans methods were employed to investigate the kinetic parameters. The results showed that the peak temperature (Tp) increased with the increasing heating rate. The activation energy (Ea) calculated from Ozawas and Kissingers methods were much larger than that from Friedmans method.
Synthesis of Nanocrystalline Hydroxyapatite by Natural Biopolymers Based Sol-Gel Technique
Authors: Klinkaewnarong Jutharatana , Swatsitang Ekaphan
Published: August 2013

Nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite (HAp) powders were successfully synthesized by natural biopolymers based sol-gel technique. The biopolymers were extracted from the leaves of Yanang (Tiliacora triandra), Krueo Ma Noy (Cissampelos pareira) and Konjac (Amorphophallus konjac). To obtain HAp powders, the prepared precursors were calcined in air at 600, 700, and 800 °C for 2 h. The phase composition of the calcined samples was studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique. The XRD results confirmed the formation of HAp phase with a small trace of β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP). The crystalline sizes of the samples were found to be 20-50 nm as evaluated by the XRD line broadening method. TEM investigation revealed that the synthesized HAp samples consisted of nanoparticles with a particle size in the range of 50-100 nm in diameter. The corresponding selected area electron diffraction (SAED) analysis further confirmed the formation of hexagonal structure of HAp.
Preparation of Peel-off Mask from Deproteinized Natural Rubber Latex
Authors: Pichayakorn Wiwat , Boonme Prapaporn , Taweepreda Wirach
Published: August 2013

The aim of this research was to develop the peel-off mask in paste form which can be applied to the face and then formed removable thin film. Deproteinized natural rubber latex (DNRL) from Hevea brasiliensis was used as the major film former. After deproteinization by alcalase enzyme treatment, the protein amount was 0.257% that reduced from the initial amount of 1.531%. The appropriate types and amounts of additives were studied by optimization design. The product compatibility and stability were evaluated. The addition of active ingredients for skin nourishing was also investigated. The suitable formulation composed of DNRL, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and methylcellulose (MC) as film formers, propylene glycol (PG) and glycerin as plasticizer, Tween 80 as stabilizer, Paraben concentrate as preservative, and other active ingredients including tocopheral acetate, aloe vera, jojoba oil, and tamarind extract. The product was white viscous paste with the pH of 5.69, viscosity of 28,100 cps as pseudoplastic flow behavior, and stable when kept in well-close container at room temperature for more than 1 month. The product in situ film was good elasticity indicated by initial modulus (0.96 MPa), tensile strength (0.208 MPa) and elongation at break (105.6%). Skin irritation in rabbit skin was very slightly which showed the small rash skin but could recover soon. The complacency test in 50 healthy volunteers showed the good results with no irritation effect. In conclusions, DNRL could be prepared peel-off mask product with good properties.
A Low-Complexity Algorithm of Joint Multiple Frequency Offsets and Channels Estimation in Cooperative Relay Systems
Authors: Yan Hui , Zhang Zhong Pei
Published: August 2013

A low complexity joint estimator of multiple CFOs and Channels is presented in cooperative relay systems. The new algorithm first utilizes correlation-based frequency estimator to get CFOs initial estimation, and then serial interference cancellation based on correlation properties of training sequence in different relays is done to obtain the initial channel estimation. Moreover, a parallel iteration scheme with interference cancellation is proposed to reduce time complexity of the traditional serial iteration. In the overall process, matrix inversion is avoided. Thus, the complexity of the proposed algorithm in both time and computation is much less than the existing algorithms. In last, simulation results verify the iterative algorithm achieves a good performance in Decode and Forward (DF) relay system.
Oxidation of Oxide Dispersion Strengthened Steels: II. Kinetics and Mechanism
Authors: Lee Jae Hoon
Published: August 2013

The oxidation resistance of 18%Cr-oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) ferritic steels with and without 5%Al has been investigated in air at 700900 °C for time period up to 540 h. The oxidation rate of ODS steels is significantly dependent on the oxidation time and temperature. Compared to Al-containing ODS steel, the finer grains of Al-free ODS steel are due to the formation of smaller coherent oxide particles which suppress the steel's grain growth. The grain refinement of ODS steels is expected to allow rapid segregation of Cr or Al to the steel surface, so that the continuous Fe-Cr spinel or alumina layer is formed quickly in comparison to the alloys without oxide particles dispersion. Therefore, the excellent oxidation resistance of ODS steels is owing to the formation of continuous, protective oxide layers which correlate with oxide nanoparticles and grain refinement.
HLA Based High-Performance Visualized Simulation with MATLAB Seamlessly Embedded
Authors: Zhang Heng Yuan , Xiong Wei , Fan Peng Shan
Published: August 2013

In order to build multi-domain collaborative simulation systems, the method of making MATLAB programs join into HLA/RTI based distributed interaction simulation system needs to be studied. Aiming at giving full play to the advent-ages of MATLAB in visualization and engineering computing, improving the efficiency of collaborative simulation systems, this paper has proposed a method making MATLAB programs and SIMULINK modules seamlessly join into HLA/RTI based simulation system. The principles of the method are elaborated, and the designs of the related modules are introduced. The demonstrations and testing results show that the method could fully execute the visualized simula-tion functions of MATLAB, and has advantage in simulation efficiency over existing methods.
Numerical Analysis of Back Berm on Road Engineering with FEM
Authors: Liu Jie Qun , Wang Dong Lin
Published: August 2013

Based on nonlinear finite element method (FEM), the effect of back berm has been systematically studied. It is found that the lateral displacement of embankment could be reduced by back berm effectively, and the stability of embankment increased rapidly with the width of back berm enlarged. There is a critical value of width of back berm, that the stability of embankment is no more increased with the width of back berm enlarged than critical value.
Mechanism of Manufacturing and Adoption of Nanomaterials in Contemporary Architectural Project of Developing Countries
Authors: Mahdavinejad Mohammad Javad , Rafsanjani Leili Hashemi , Karimi Milad
Published: August 2013

This paper is to study mechanism of manufacturing and adoption of nanomaterials in contemporary architectural project of developing countries. At first we talk about nanomaterials categories and their characteristics then Literatures review of the research shows those nanomaterials in contemporary architectural project of developed countries and it going to find a meaningful role in architecture of developing countries. Therefore the abilities, strength and weakness of these kinds of new materials should be studied and analyzed carefully. The results of the research show that it is very important step to find a suitable choice for each project and any choices has its opportunities and threats and architects have to do their best to finalize and decide for the best choice. Finally paper suggests some useful strategies and tactics to enhance quality of usage of nanomaterials in contemporary architectural project of developing countries.