bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Growth Hormone: Independent Release of Big and Small Forms from Rat Pituitary in Vitro
Authors: Stachura Max E. , Frohman Lawrence A.
Published: October 2006

Sequential release of big and small forms of growth hormone by perifused rat pituitaries has been demonstrated by immunoprecipitation. The results suggest that either the two forms are independently synthesized and released, or that a newly synthesized molecule of big growth hormone follows one of two paths: direct release or intracellular processing through the storage compartment with conversion to small growth hormone.
Measles Virus: An Unwanted Variant Causing Hydrocephalus
Authors: Haspel Martin V. , Rapp Fred
Published: October 2006

Mutagenization of measles virus with proflavine produced a temperature-sensitive mutant capable of inducing hydrocephalus following intracranial inoculation of newborn hamsters. Hydrocephalus was not produced by the parental strain or by other measles virus mutants. Thus, mutants can be the causative agents of disease not associated with the parental strain. The results dictate caution in the use and distribution of experimentally induced virus variants.
Single Gene Cricket Mutations: Effects on Behavior, Sensilla, Sensory Neurons, and Identified Interneurons
Authors: Bentley David
Published: October 2006

Crickets are suitable for studying the effects of single gene mutations on single nerve cells. In one mutant, three classes of sensilla are lost sequentially. The absence of one class of mechanoreceptors throughout postembryonic development deprives certain sensory neurons of normal stimulation and results in abnormal physiological and structural development of an identified interneuron.
Male-Induced Pregnancy Termination in the Prairie Vole,
Microtus ochrogaster
Authors: Stehn Robert A. , Richmond Milo E.
Published: October 2006

Postimplantation as well as preimplantation pregnancy in prairie voles can be terminated by replacing the original stud male with an unfamiliar male. The pregnancy is disrupted by the ensuing male-induced estrus. Females spontaneously abort their litters, become receptive, and successfully breed again 4 or 5 days after introduction of the new male.
Inhibition of Immune Responses in Vitro by Specific Antiserums to Ia Antigens
Authors: Frelinger Jeffrey A. , Niederhuber John E. , Shreffler Donald C.
Published: October 2006

Mouse antiserums prepared against Ia antigens, which are products of I (immune response) region genes of the H-2 complex, can inhibit both primary (immunoglobulin M) and secondary (immunoglobulin G) immune responses in vitro by mouse spleen cultures to heterologous erythrocytes. Antiserums directed specifically at products of either the H-2K or H-2D loci have no effect on this response.
An Analog of Vitamin B
12
Authors: Buhs R. P.
Published: October 2006

We find a correction is necessary in the last sentence on page 625 of our article entitled "An Analog of Vitamin B
12
" (
Science
, 113, 625 [1951]).

In our original this sentence reads:

The thiocyanate analog and vitamin B
12a
when tested by the
L. lactic
(A) and the
L. leichmannii
"unprotected" (B) titrimetric assay methods (
6
) also respond in a like manner, distinct from vitamin B
12
.

Please publish the following correction:

The thiocyanate analog and vitamin B
12a
, when tested by the
L. lactis
(B) and the
L. leichmannii
"unprotected" (A) titrimetric assay methods (
6
) also respond in a like manner, distinct from vitamin B
12
.

This will also necessitate the transposition of the headings "A" and "B" in Table 1 on page 626.
Inhibition of Histaminase Release from Human Granulocytes by Products of Histaminase Activity
Authors: Herman James J. , Brenner Jean K. , Colten Harvey R.
Published: October 2006

Imidazoleacetic acid, a product of the action of histaminase (E.C. 1.4.3.6) on histamine, inhibits specific release of histaminase from human peripheral blood granulocytes with an inhibition constant between 5 × 10
-9
M
and 1 × 10
-8
M
. Hence, modulation of enzyme release is indirectly mediated by the activity of the enzyme.
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin: Induction of Ovulation in the Squirrel Monkey
Authors: Dukelow W. Richard
Published: October 2006

The minimum dose of human chorionic gonadotropin that would cause ovulation in the squirrel monkey (
Saimiri sciureus
) was found to be between 100 and 250 international units.
Genetic Linkage Between the HL-A System and a Deficit of the Second Component (C2) of Complement
Authors: Wolski Kenneth P. , Schmid Frank R. , Mittal Kamal K.
Published: October 2006

From a family of 14 individuals, evidence was obtained suggesting linkage between the HL-A haplotypes and the transmission of a 50 percent deficit in the functional activity of the C2 component of complement.
Rates of Protein Evolution: A Function of Amino Acid Composition
Authors: Chirpich Thomas P.
Published: October 2006

Conservation of secondary and tertiary structure in proteins suggests that rates of sequence variation reflect differences in the total number of amino acid replacements that are compatible with preservation of structure. Consequently, rates of sequence variation depend on whether the constituent amino acids of individual proteins are, overall, more subject or less subject to evolutionary substitution than normal. Such rates correlate well with a mutability term based on amino acid composition.
Nuclear Protein Matrix: Association with Newly Synthesized DNA
Authors: Berezney Ronald , Coffey Donald S.
Published: October 2006

The residual structural framework of the cell nucleus, termed the nuclear protein matrix, is associated with newly synthesized DNA in regenerating rat liver. One minute after rats are injected with [
3
H] thymidine, more than 90 percent of the total tritium in nuclear DNA is associated with the matrix DNA although this DNA comprises only 25 percent of the total nuclear DNA. In contrast, the bulk DNA, 75 percent of total nuclear DNA, contains less than 8 percent of the total labeled DNA. The percentage of total labeled DNA associated with the bulk DNA increases for 30 minutes after injection and decreases correspondingly in the matrix DNA.
Neuronal Locus Specificity: Trans-Repolarization of
Xenopus
Embryonic Retina After the Time of Axial Specification
Authors: Hunt R. K. , Frank Evan
Published: October 2006

Signaling within an embryonic
Xenopus
eye comprised of two fused eye fragments can reprogram, in turn, the anteroposterior and dorsoventral axes of one of the fragments. The responding fragment, subsequently isolated and allowed to round up and innervate the brain, shows corresponding inversions in its retinotectal map. This is the first evidence for trans-repolarization of presumptive retina and provides an assay system for analysis of positional signaling within the retinal field.
Color and Chemistry on Triton
Authors: Thompson W. Reid , Sagan Carl
Published: October 2006

The surface of Triton is very bright but shows subtle yellow to peach hues which probably arise from the production of colored organic compounds from CH
4
+ N
2
and other simple species. In order to investigate possible relationships between chemical processes and the observed surface distribution of chromophores, we classify the surface units according to color/albedo properties, estimate the rates of production of organic chromophores by the action of ultraviolet light and high-energy charged particles, and compare rates, spectral properties, and expected seasonal redistribution processes to suggest possible origins of the colors seen on Triton's surface.
Visual Sensations Induced by Cerenkov Radiation
Authors: McNulty P. J. , Pease V. P. , Bond V. P.
Published: October 2006

Pulses of relativistic singly charged particles entering the eyeball induce a variety of visual phenomena by means of Cerenkov radiation generated during their passage through the vitreous. These phenomena are similar in appearance to many of the visual sensations experienced by Apollo astronauts exposed to the cosmic rays in deep space.
Circumnutation Observed Without a Significant Gravitational Force in Spaceflight
Authors: Brown Allan H. , Chapman David K.
Published: October 2006

For over half a century and especially since the 1960's a number of plant physiologists, seeking to explain the impressively ubiquitous mechanism that drives and regulates circumnutation in all growing plant organs, have been unable to agree on whether the differential growth process that leads to circumnutational oscillations is gravity dependent. There has been fairly general agreement that the question might be answered, if test plants could be deprived of all significant gravitational stimuli as would be possible in the near weightlessness or free fall environment of satellite orbit. Such an experiment was carried out during the Spacelab 1 mission. Circumnutational oscillations were observed which demonstrated that a protracted input of gravitational information from the environment was not required for initiation or maintenance of circumnutation in sunflower hypocotyls.
Dystrophic Spinal Cord Transplants Induce Abnormal Thymidine Kinase Activity in Normal Muscles
Authors: Rathbone MP , Stewart PA , Vetrano F
Published: October 2006

The role of the neural tube in the pathogenesis of muscular dystrophy was tested directly. Neural tubes from chicken embryos with hereditary muscular dystrophy and from genetically normal embryos were transplanted into normal recipient embryos. Dystrophic neural tissue induced in muscles of normal hosts high thymidine kinase activity characteristic of dystrophic muscle; normal neural tubes did not. We propose an early inductive effect of the neural tube on the presumptive myoblasts that sets their subsequent course of development, either normal or dystrophic.
Monthly Gonadotropin Cycles in Premenarcheal Girls
Authors: Hansen James W. , Hoffman Howard J. , Ross Griff T.
Published: October 2006

Patterns of nocturnal excretion of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) were investigated in 11 girls. Autoregressive digital filtering of low- and high-frequency variations was used to make patterns more apparent. Coincident FSH and LH surges, separated by an interval of 20 to 40 days, were seen in specimens from three of six postmenarcheal girls and three to five premenarcheal girls. This suggests that cyclic hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian interactions occur before menarche.
Sexual Inhibition Is Reduced by Rostral Midbrain Lesions in the Male Rat
Authors: Clark T. K. , Caggiula Anthony R. , McConnell R. A. , Antelman Seymour M.
Published: October 2006

Electrolytic lesions in a circumscribed area of the rostral midbrain of rats shortened the inhibitory period following ejaculation, thereby increasing the number of ejaculations achieved in 1-hour tests. These lesions also interrupted the dorsal norepinephrine bundle as reflected in a 63 percent reduction in telencephalic or cortical norepinephrine.
The Müller-Lyer Figure and the Fly
Authors: Geiger Gad , Poggio Tomaso
Published: October 2006

In the Müller-Lyer illusion two horizontal line segments of equal length are perceived by humans as unequal. The gaze of a fly presented with Müller-Lyer figures corresponds to human eye movements and human (illusionary) evaluations of the segment lengths. It is suggested that a theory similar to the phenomenological theory which accounts for the fly's gaze may account for the human eye's movements during an observation of Müller-Lyer figures.
Lactate Dehydrogenase X: Effects of Antibody on Mouse Gametes But Not on Early Development
Authors: Erickson Robert P. , Hoppe Peter C. , Tennenbaum Daniel , Spielmann Horst , Epstein Charles J.
Published: October 2006

A rabbit antiserum specific for LDH-X, the spermatozoal form of mouse lactate dehydrogenase, was prepared. This antiserum had no effect on fertility of female mice when injected before or after insemination. Similarly, there was no toxicity to the embryo when high concentrations of the antiserum were added to cultures of 2-cell and 8- to 16-cell embryos. There was, however, a moderate inhibitory effect on fertilization in vitro, which may be attributable to a direct action of antiserum to LDH-X on sperm.
Insulin-Unresponsive Tissues Respond to Superactive Insulin-Like Material
Authors: Oka Takami , Topper Yale J.
Published: October 2006

Insulin-like material prepared from insulin-Sepharose stimulates glucose oxidation by isolated diaphragm of C57Bl/6J ob/ob mice, but insulin does not. This material is much more effective than insulin on epididymal fat tissue from these mice. Insulin-like material and insulin are equipotent on the corresponding tissues from lean littermates.
Life Cycle Variants of
Physarum polycephalum
That Lack the Amoeba Stage
Authors: Adler Paul N. , Davidow Lance S. , Holt Charles E.
Published: October 2006

The myxomycete life cycle ordinarily proceeds in the sequence plasmodium-spore- amoeba-plasmodium. Extraordinary variants are described in which the sequence is plasmodium-spore-plasmodium.
Structure of the Constant and 3′ Untranslated Regions of the Murine γ2b Heavy Chain Messenger RNA
Authors: Tucker Philip W. , Marcu Kenneth B. , Slightom Jerry L. , Blattner Frederick R.
Published: October 2006

The complete coding sequence for the constant region of the mouse γ2b immunoglobulin heavy chain and the 3′ untranslated region has been determined. The coding portion of the sequence is 1008 nucleotides long (amino acid residues 114 to 449), and the 3′ noncoding region contains 102 nucleotides preceeding the polyadenylate. An extra carboxyl-terminal lysine residue which had not been observed in the γ2b or other γ subclass protein sequences occurs in the nucleotide sequence and is probably processed posttranslationally. A 17-nucleotide sequence occurs with slight variation twice in C
H
1 and once in C
H
2 domains in the same relative location but with different translational phase. This sequence may be the site of crossover in a γ2b ⋅ γ2a heavy chain variant, an indication of possible recombinational activity of some kind.
Induction of F
1
Hybrid Antiparent Cytotoxic Effector Cells: An in Vitro Model for Hemopoietic Histoincompatibility
Authors: Shearer Gene M. , Cudkowicz Gustavo
Published: October 2006

An in vitro system has been developed in which F
1
spleen cells can generate cytotoxic activity directed specifically against parental cells. The antigenic differences detected are controlled by the
H-2D-Hh-1
region of the murine major histocompatibility complex. The parent-F
1
combinations demonstrating F
1
antiparent activity in vitro are the same as those demonstrating F
1
rejection of parental hemopoietic grafts in vivo. Hence, the F
1
antiparent cytotoxicity test serves as an in vitro model for the recognition and effector phases of hybrid resistance to parental hemopoietic grafts and may be of value in clinical transplantation.
Weaning and Growth of Artificially Rreared Rats
Authors: Hall Warren G.
Published: October 2006

The importance of suckling experience for later feeding in the rat was tested by means of an isolate rearing technique that eliminated oral feeding. Pups reared in the nearly complete absence of suckling and feeding ate and drank at weaning and then grew normally. Furthermore, the characteristics of apparently normal ingestion and growth make the artificially reared rat a useful preparation for other developmental investigations.
Acyl Derivatives of Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase
Authors: Krimsky I. , Racker E.
Published: October 2006

Acetyl phosphate and 1,3-diphosphoglycerate react with glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase to form relatively stable enzyme substrate compounds. These compounds appear to be thiol esters, and their properties indicate that they are intermediates in the catalytic activity of the enzyme: they undergo hydrolysis and arsenolysis in the presence of DPN and are reduced by DPNH to form aldehydes. These results are in agreement with the mechanism previously proposed for the oxidation of aldehydes in which a thiol ester formed on the enzyme, with concomitant reduction of DPN, is split in the presence of phosphate to acyl phosphate and regenerated enzyme.
Immunoglobulin-Positive Cells: Their Appearance in the Mixed Lymphocyte Reaction
Authors: Perkins William D. , Robson Linda C. , Schwarz M. R.
Published: October 2006

In mixed lymphocyte cultures prepared with thoracic duct lymphocytes from allogeneic rats, approximately 20 percent of all blast cells that appeared at the end of 72 hours of incubation had surface receptors for rabbit antibody to rat immunoglobulin.
Apparent Modification of Forces Between Lecithin Bilayers
Authors: LeNeveu D. M. , Rand R. P. , Gingell D. , Parsegian V. A.
Published: October 2006

Small sugar solutes effect variation in the equilibrium separation of lecithin bilayers in aqueous solution. Since sugars have negligible influence on bilayer structure, they probably act by modifying interbilayer forces. The observed widening and narrowing of the bilayer separation is correlated with the predicted weakening and strengthening of the attractive van der Waals forces between lipid bilayers that occurs with increasing sugar concentrations.
Adenosine Diphosphate Effect on Contractility of Human Muscle Actomyosin: Inhibition by Ethanol and Acetaldehyde
Authors: Puszkin Saul , Rubin Emanuel
Published: October 2006

Magnesium adenosine triphosphate (Mg
2+
-ATP) is known to produce dissociation of muscle actin and myosin in vitro, while its hydrolysis leads to reassociation. The interaction of purified actin and myosin from human muscle, in the presence of Mg
2+
-ATP, was stimulated by minute amounts of adenosine diphosphate (ADP), a product of ATP hydrolysis. By contrast, the dissociation of the actomyosin complex was inhibited by ADP. These data suggest that ADP serves to modulate muscle contraction. Ethanol and its primary metabolite, acetaldehyde, inhibited these effects of ADP. The inhibition was reversible when the preparations were freed of these compounds. The effects of ethanol and acetaldehyde on the response of actomyosin to ADP may play a role in the pathogenesis of alcoholic myopathy and cardiomyopathy.
Personnel Security in the Atomic Energy Program
Authors: Mitchell William
Published: October 2006

I have attempted to confine this article to an analytic description of the operations of the commission's personnel security program. This program has been analyzed critically and in detail by a number of individuals. I have not attempted to take issue with criticism, for this is not the purpose of a descriptive analysis. I have mentioned those limitations inherent in our program which do not entirely coincide with the traditional methods of due process. These limitations are significant, but, if they are properly exercised in the context of the commission's program, I feel that they are justified.
Nicotinic Acid Reduction of Plasma Volume Loss After Thermal Trauma
Authors: Hilton James G. , Wells Charles H.
Published: October 2006

Intravenous administration of nicotinic acid to the anesthetized dog prior to thermal trauma reduced plasma loss at 10 minutes after burn from 7 milliliters per kilogram to less than 2 millimeters per kilogram. During the next 50 minutes plasma loss was the same in treated and untreated animals. An additional dose of nicotinic acid 30 minutes after burn prevented this further loss.
Neuronal Substrate of Classical Conditioning in the Hippocampus
Authors: Berger Theodore W. , Alger Bradley , Thompson Richard F.
Published: October 2006

Neuronal activity in dorsal hippocampus was recorded in rabbits during classical conditioning of nictitating membrane response, with tone as conditioned stimulus and corneal air puff as unconditioned stimulus. Unit activity in hippocampus rapidly forms a temporal neuronal "model" of the behavioral response early in training. This hippocampal response does not develop in control animals given unpaired stimuli.
Evolution of Genome Size by DNA Doublings
Authors: Sparrow Arnold H. , Nauman Anne F.
Published: October 2006

Logarithmic distributions of nucleic acid contents per genome of species within major phylogenetic groups of organisms tend to form several peaks. These peaks appear to represent intragroup doublings of DNA or RNA which, in the case of eukaryotes, are independent of polyploidy. This phenomenon has been termed cryptopolyploidy. There are numerical similarities in peak values for different taxonomic groups. A high degree of order is suggested when minimum values for the major phylogenetic groups are plotted against a series of theoretical doublings. These data demonstrate the apparent existence of an exponential periodicity over eight orders of magnitude, leading us to suggest an evolutionary continuity of doublings of a basic ancestral genome (of about 300 nucleotides), these doublings being independent of both chromosome number and ploidy level. This proposed continuity encompasses most major life forms and is generally concomitant with increasing evolutionary complexity, particularly in the prokaryotes and lower eukaryotes.

Our interpretation of the data presented here must currently be viewed as speculative, and we do not propose that genome doubling is the only mechanism for genome evolution. However, we feel that the evidence is sufficient to warrant serious scrutiny of our proposals. We hope that this approach to a synthesis of available data will provoke discussion and will stimulate further work toward either supporting, modifying, or disproving our hypothesis.
Complement-Dependent Immunoglobulin G Receptor Function in Lymphoid Cells
Authors: Scornik Juan Carlos
Published: October 2006

Lymphoid cells are unable to lyse antibody-coated target cells in the presence of normal immunoglobulin G (IgG), presumably because their surface receptors for IgG are blocked. However, when target cells are sensitized with antibodies and complement, IgG receptors are unblocked and cytotoxicity occurs even in the presence of normal IgG. Thus, IgG receptors may function in vivo despite the relatively high concentrations of IgG in serum and interstitial fluid.
Federal Support of Research in the Life Sciences
Authors: Consolazio William V. , Jeffrey Helen L.
Published: October 2006

Federal support of contract and grant research in the life sciences continued to grow during the period 1952-55 and showed an increase of 28 percent between the years 1954 and 1955. The basic biological science component (Table 2) increased from $18 to $26 million between 1952 and 1954 and to $30 million in 1955. Although a greater dollar amount is now available for basic research in the life sciences, the amount available in 1955 was proportionately a smaller part of the total than was the amount available in 1954. In 1955, $52 million was expended for activities which were not categorized as basic research. The needs and motivations of the major granting federal agencies are, and continue to be, primarily problem- and program-oriented.
Color Defect and Color Theory
Authors: Graham C. H. , Hsia Yun
Published: October 2006

It is important to find answers to two questions concerning the visual discriminations of dichromatic persons, especially deuteranopes: (i) Do such persons show a loss of sensitivity to various wavelengths of the spectrum as compared with normal subjects? (ii) What colors do they see?

A number of experiments were performed on the first question.

First, luminosity curves were determined on three groups of subjects, consisting respectively of five protanopes, six deuteranopes, and seven normal individuals. As compared with normal subjects, protanopes show a loss of luminosity in the red, whereas deuteranopes show a loss in the blue-to-green region of the spectrum (See
10
).

Second, we examined the luminosity curves of a subject whose right eye is classifiable (on the basis of color-mixture determinations) as normal and whose left eye is classifiable as dichromatic. (The hue discrimination curve for her dichromatic eye seemed comparable to the curve of the usual deuteranope except in the violet, where it manifested relatively good discrimination.) The luminosity function for this subject's dichromatic eye, determined by data on threshold and flicker, exhibits the same type of luminosity loss in the blue and green regions of the spectrum as was shown by our group of six deuteranopes.

Only unilaterally dichromatic subjects can tell us how colors seen by a dichromatic eye appear to a normal eye. In the color-blind eye, our unilaterally dichromatic subject sees wavelengths below and above her neutral ("grey") point (which occurs at 502 mμ) as, respectively, a blue equivalent to about 470 mμ and a yellow equivalent to about 570 mμ in her normal eye.

The results on (i) luminosity loss and (ii) the seeing of wavelengths above 502 mμ as yellow are considered theoretically. The seeing of yellow by deuteranopes and protanopes may be accounted for by an idea based on Leber-Fick transmation theory. It is proposed that the characteristic sensitivities of the red and green receptors become similar while no change takes place in their central brain connections. Losses may be introduced into the transformed sensitivity curves to indicate appropriate degrees of luminosity deficit for deuteranopes and protanopes.
Thrombosis in Association with Atherosclerosis Induced by Dietary Perturbations in Dogs
Authors: Mahley Robert W. , Nelson A. Wendell , Ferrans Victor J. , Fry Donald L.
Published: October 2006

The distribution, severity, and complications of diet-induced atherosclerosis in dogs can be altered by changing the source of fat in the diet. Thrombosis and thromboembolic disease associated with atherosclerosis occurred with diets containing beef tallow and lard or coconut oil but were absent in dogs fed cottonseed oil as a source of fat. Experimental animals with and without thrombosis are of value as models in elucidating the role of platelets and thrombostatic mechanisms in atherosclerosis.
Instantaneous Linear Velocity of Flow in Pulmonary Artery Measured by a Catheter Tip Method
Authors: Jameson A. Gregory
Published: October 2006

Measurements of the instantaneous linear velocity of blood flow in the pulmonary artery of the human have not been reported previously. This report describes a catheter tip method for making such measurements.
Changes in the Perceived Color of Very Bright Stimuli
Authors: Cornsweet T. N. , Fowler H. , Rabedeau R. G. , Whalen R. E. , Williams D. R.
Published: October 2006

When very intense stimuli in the long-wavelength region of the visual spectrum are viewed continuously, they change in hue from red, through yellow, to green. The relation of the time course of these changes to the intensity of the stimulus is reported.
Occurrence of Lithocholic Acid in Feces of Healthy Men
Authors: Mosettig Erich , Heftmann Erich , Sato Yoshio , Weiss Ekkehard
Published: October 2006

Crystalline lithocholic (3α-hydroxycholanic) acid was isolated from a pooled sample of feces from healthy men for the first time. This acid, which occurs in small amounts in human bile, was obtained by alcohol extraction, followed by solvent partition and chromatography. Under these conditions most of the acid was recovered in the form of its methyl ester.
Increase in Locomotor Activity Following Shielding of the Parietal Eye in Night Lizards
Authors: Glaser Robert
Published: October 2006

The number of movements of matched groups of night lizards in a photothermal gradient was recorded over periods of weeks. The placement of an aluminum foil shield over the parietal eye in one group was followed by an increase in activity over the control group.
X-ray Visualization and Analysis of Multicomponent Subjects
Authors: Mackay R. Stuart
Published: October 2006

The information carried by x-rays showing the distribution of each material of which a subject is assumed to be composed is distributed on separate films by means of a controlled variation in composition of the scanning radiation. The beam is modulated, for example, by simultaneous motion of several wedges. The method is useful in quantitative x-ray analysis and as a system for making radiographs predominantly sensitive to one material in the subject.
Phospholipase-Induced Release of Cytochrome
c
from the Electron Transport Particle
Authors: Ambe Kishore S. , Crane Frederick L.
Published: October 2006

Digestion of the electron transport particle with phospholipase A results in the loss of its oxidative capacity. Evidence presented indicates that this is primarily due to the cleavage of the phospholipid-cytochrome
c
complex within the mitochondria.
Newly Found Action of Cocaine
Authors: Koppanyi Theodore , Feeney Gloria Comulada
Published: October 2006

Cocaine augments appreciably the effects of small doses of acetylcholine on the heart rate, blood pressure, and the nictitating membrane in intact, anesthetized animals. This phenomenon assigns cocaine, thus far only known as a potentiator of adrenergic stimulation, a more general role of potentiator of both adrenergic and cholinergic neurohumors.
Ammonia Excretion by Mammalian Lung
Authors: Robin Eugene D. , Travis David M. , Bromberg Philip A. , Forkner Claude E. , Tyler John M.
Published: October 2006

The intravenous administration of ammonium acetate to dogs results in measurable levels of free ammonia in expired air. Simultaneous measurement of the physiologic dead space permits the calculation of the partial pressure of ammonia in alveolar air. This finding has implications for ammonium metabolism and transport.
A Case of Ovotestes in the Sea Urchin
Strongylocentrotus Purpuratus
Authors: Boolootian Richard A. , Moore A. R.
Published: October 2006

A hermaphroditic sea urchin,
Strongylocentrotus purpuratus
, with three ovotestes and two testes is described. Neither cleaving eggs nor embryos were found
in corpore.
Fertilization
inter se
gave normal larvae. The specimen was collected from Palos Verdes, Calif., a region which has yielded an unusually large number of hermaphroditic
S. purpuratus
.
Purification of Folic Acid
Authors: Sakami Warwick , Knowles Robert
Published: October 2006

Various purification procedures for folic acid were investigated. The criteria of purity were a negative Bratton-Marshall test and the absence of fluorescent spots on paper chromatograms. Since no method provided a pure product, a procedure consisting of cellulose column chromatography followed by filtration through charcoal was developed.
Earth Oblateness in Terms of Satellite Orbital Periods
Authors: Blitzer Leon
Published: October 2006

A theoretical equation relating the earth's oblateness to the anomalistic and nodical periods and orbit parameters of an earth satellite is presented. In the absence of exact data on nodical periods, Vanguard prediction data are utilized to obtain a check calculation for the oblateness and to establish the validity of the method.
Schedules of Irrelevant Signals and Maintenance of Monitoring Behavior
Authors: Lawson Reed
Published: October 2006

Subjects clearly discriminated between critical and irrelevant signals, yet an intermittent schedule of irrelevant signals produced reliably higher rates of responding than did the continuous presentation of such signals. This is exactly the result obtained with similar variations in reward schedules. It seems that essentially "meaningless" changes in stimulation can reinforce behavior, too.
Serial Errors in Human Learning: a Test of the McCrary-Hunter Hypothesis
Authors: Noble Clyde E. , Fuchs James E.
Published: October 2006

An experiment was conducted on 120 human subjects to test the hypothesis that the probability distribution of serial errors is an invariant property of rote memorization. Contrary to the hypothesis, the relative difficulty function was significantly affected by ability to learn. There was a systematic tendency (
p
< .05) for fast learners to commit proportionately more errors in the middle of the sequence.
Relation of Geomagnetic Disturbances to Circulation Changes at 30,000-Foot Level
Authors: Macdonald Norman J. , Woodbridge David D.
Published: October 2006

From analyses of waves in the circulation pattern at the jet-stream level of the atmosphere during the winters of 1956-57 and 1957-58, it was found that, in comparison with other waves, those which appeared in the Alaska-Aleutian area about 3 days after a magnetic disturbance subsequently developed into large-amplitude disturbances.
Fluorescence of Tryptophan Derivatives in Trifluoroacetic Acid
Authors: Uphaus R. A. , Grossweiner L. I. , Katz J. J. , Kopple K. D.
Published: October 2006

Solutions of tryptophan-containing proteins in trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) develop green fluorescence. Studies have been made of the effect of TFA on tryptophan and tryptophan derivatives, and a dihydro-β-carboline has been identified among the fluorescent products.
Organization of Scientific Activities in Norway
Authors: Major Robert
Published: October 2006

By way of a summary, may I say that I believe we now have in Norway an over-all pattern for the administration of research which fits our present situation reasonably well. There are weaknesses, as I have pointed out, but there are also signs that we have a fair chance of putting them right. The system is sufficiently flexible to allow for initiative, and we know we shall have to make changes to fit our future needs. We are in the happy situation of having our youth show an increasing interest in research work, so if we can successfully master our training problems we should have the good recruitment we consider essential for progress in research. The problem of "being small" can probably be solved, or at least remedied, through a combination of concentration and international collaboration.

In think it has now become clear to the greater part of our population, and specifically to a great number of influential persons, that if we in Norway are to maintain and develop our spiritual and material culture, we shall have to continue the progress in research. We thus hope that in the future, through a united effort of our Government, our trades and industries, and our research, we shall be able to contribute our share to the common fund of knowledge and shall be able also to use this knowledge to expand the social and economic life of our nation and contribute to the security of all free nations.
Lack of Abnormal Hemoglobins in Alaskan Eskimos, Indians, and Aleuts
Authors: Scott Edward M. , Griffith Isabelle V. , Hoskins Dale D. , Schneider Rose G.
Published: October 2006

In an examination of the blood of 708 Eskimos, 200 Aleuts, and 44 Indians in Alaska for abnormal types of hemoglobin, only normal hemoglobin A was detected. It may be concluded that abnormal hemoglobins in these races are rare if they occur at all.
Bromination of Phenol Red by the Dogfish,
Squalus acanthias
Authors: Burger J. Wendell , Loo Ti Li
Published: October 2006

The uterus of the pregnant spiny dogfish,
Squalus acanthias
, can convert phenol red into a new purplish-blue dye. Evidence shows that the new dye is bromophenol blue. This is the first example of biological bromination that has been observed in a vertebrate.
Two Antigenically Different γ-Globulins in Domestic Rabbits Revealed by Isoprecipitins
Authors: Dray Sheldon , Young Glendowlyn O.
Published: October 2006

Isoprecipitins used in an agargel immunochemical analysis of 500 normal sera obtained from several breeds of rabbits show that the individual rabbits contain one or the other or both of two γ-globulin antigenic specificities in their sera but never lack both of them.
Development of a Chick Embryo Heart Cell for the Cultivation of Poliovirus
Authors: Prier J. E. , Sullivan R.
Published: October 2006

An epithelial-like cell has been developed in line culture that apparently is stable. Although initially isolated cells were incapable of supporting the growth of poliovirus, the cells of the sixth and later passages allowed virus to propagate. The early, nonsusceptible cells were fibroblastic in appearance, in contrast to the epithelial type, poliovirus-susceptible, derived cell of later passages.
Paradoxical Action of Solvents on Bacterial and Liver β-Glucuronidases
Authors: Gautney Mattie C. , Barker S. B. , Hill S. Richardson
Published: October 2006

Dichloromethane and chloroform have been found to inhibit the action of liver β-glucuronidase on phenolphthalein glucuronic acid at concentrations which produce a considerable enhancement of bacterial β-glucuronidase. Other solvents, including
n
-butanol, benzene, and toluene, have very little effect on the liver enzyme but nevertheless potentiate the bacterial enzyme.
An Explanation of the Liesegang Phenomenon
Authors: van Oss C. J. , Hirsch-Ayalon P.
Published: October 2006

Periodic band precipitation in porous media is explained by means of the Hirsch effect (specific semipermeability of the precipitate occurring only as long as both the precipitate-forming ions are present). The possibility of getting Liesegang bands in immunological precipitates is underlined, and a suggestion is made how to avoid them.
Prolongation of Response of Node of Ranvier by Metal Ions
Authors: Spyropoulos C. S. , Brady R. O.
Published: October 2006

The response of the node of Ranvier can be prolonged up to 5 to 6 seconds by addition to the medium of minute amounts of certain metal ions. This prolongation involves a change from a triangular to a rectangular configuration. The properties of the prolonged nerve-fiber responses are very similar to those of heart muscle.
Role of Light in the Photoperiodic Responses of Migratory Birds
Authors: Wolfson Albert
Published: October 2006

Light-dark cycles with 12-hour and 16-hour photoperiods are known to be effective in 24-hour cycles in inducing gonadal activity and fat deposition in migratory birds. Twenty-four-hour cycles with 16-hour dark periods are not effective. To test the role of the light periods and the dark periods in a given cycle, slate-colored juncos were subjected to light in cycles which combined stimulatory photoperiods (L) and inhibitory dark periods (D) as follows: 12L-16D; 12L-20D; 16L-16D; 16L-22D; 16L-32D. The results indicate that the photoperiod, not the dark period, determined the response.
Regulation of Mitosis in
Stentor coeruleus
Authors: Guttes Edmund , Guttes Sophie
Published: October 2006

When
Stentor coeruleus
was cut into anterior and posterior halves, the micronuclei in the posterior half underwent mitosis about 5 to 6 hours later, as shown in stained preparations. It is suggested that the division of the micronuclei was initiated by metabolic changes which resulted from the lack of adoral membranelles.
Biogenesis of Nicotine
Authors: Griffith Thomas , Byerrum Richard U.
Published: October 2006

Radioactive nicotine was synthesized by
Nicotiana rustica L.
which was fed sodium acetate-1-C
14
, sodium acetate-2-C
14
, sodium pyruvate-1-C
14
, or sodium pyruvate-3-C
14
. Acetate-2-C
14
and pyruvate-3-C
14
were converted to nicotine with the least dilution of radioisotope, whereas pyruvate-1-C
14
was incorporated with a relatively large dilution. When acetate-1-C
14
was administered to the plants the nicotine contained C
14
only in the pyrrolidine ring. After acetate-2-C
14
was fed, C
14
was located in both the pyrrolidine and pyridine rings.
Nucleic Acids and Survival of Excised Anthers in vitro
Authors: Vasil I. K.
Published: October 2006

Excised anthers of
Allium cepa
and
Rhoeo discolor
have been successfully cultured in modified White's medium supplemented with various concentrations of ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid. Ribonucleic acid proved to be much more useful than deoxyribonucleic acid and reduced the time required for the completion of meiosis from 48 hours to 24 hours. The role of nucleic acids in the control of nuclear divisions has been indicated.
Linear Titration Curves of Acids and Bases
Authors: Joseph Norman R.
Published: October 2006

The Henderson-Hasselbalch equation, by a simple transformation, becomes
p
H -
pK
=
pA - pB
, where
pA
and
pB
are the negative logarithms of acid and base concentrations. Sigmoid titration curves then reduce to straight lines; titration curves of polyelectrolytes, to families of straight lines. The method is applied to the titration of the dipeptide glycyl aminotricarballylic acid, with four titrable groups. Results are expressed as Cartesian and d'Ocagne nomograms. The latter is of a general form applicable to polyelectrolytes of any degree of complexity.
Electrophoretic Method for Desalting Amino Acids
Authors: Nichol James C.
Published: October 2006

A solution to be desalted is placed on a paper strip along which an ammonium formate buffer gradient has been established. Application of a potential brings about migration of amino acids to their isoelectric
p
H's and removal of salt ions. The strip is eluted with water, and the eluate is freed of ammonium formate by vacuum sublimation at 40°C.
Low-Level X-ray Damage to Amphibian Erythrocytes
Authors: Lessler Milton A.
Published: October 2006

In vitro x-irradiation of frog and
Amphiuma
erythrocytes caused cytophysiological damage to part of the cell population. There was a significant decrease in the percentage of normal cells and some hemolysis. Changes were also observed in the electrical capacitance and potassium-42 uptake of irradiated erythrocytes.
Direct Experimental Observation of Cells in Phenomic Lag
Authors: Ogur Maurice , St. John Ralph , Ogur Sylvia
Published: October 2006

By employing cells mutating at a very high spontaneous rate and a grid plate containing a medium totally selective against mutant cells, direct microscopic observation was made of mutant cells of recent origin passing through a limited number of phenomic lag divisions.
Enzymatic Activity of a Genetically Altered Tryptophan Synthetase in
Neurospora crassa
Authors: Suskind Sigmund R. , Jordan Elke
Published: October 2006

Partially purified preparations of certain tryptophan-requiring mutants of
Neurospora crassa
, which contain a protein (CRM) antigenically related to wild-type tryptophan synthetase, possess indole glycerol phosphate-synthesizing activity. This activity can be inhibited by anti-CRM sera. It is suggested that CRM in such mutants represents a damaged tryptophan synthetase lacking the capacity to react with L-serine.
Pattern of Adaptive Control of Levels of Rat Liver Tryptophan Transaminase
Authors: Civen Morton , Knox W. Eugene
Published: October 2006

The dual control by substrate and hormone of the level of a third adaptive enzyme in animals is described. Injections of hydrocortisone or the substrate tryptophan increased the level of the liver tryptophan-α-ketoglutarate transaminase of intact rats within 5 hours. In adrenalectomized rats this enzyme level was increased by hydrocortisone alone, but substrate induction could be demonstrated only if these animals were treated at the same time with hydrocortisone.
Clay Mineral Composition of Borate Deposits and Associated Strata at Boron, California
Authors: Gates Gary R.
Published: October 2006

X-ray analyses of samples from lacustrine deposits in the Kramer borate district of California show that montmorillonite is the dominant clay mineral, and that illite is abundant in red siltstones, common in green and gray borate-barren claystones, and sparse in borate-bearing rocks. Kaolinite is present only in red siltstones. The distribution of clay minerals is related to the geologic history of borate deposition.
Contamination of the Air by Radioactivity from the 1958 Nuclear Tests in the Pacific
Authors: Lockhart L. B. , Baus R. A. , Patterson R. L. , Saunders A. W.
Published: October 2006

By the use of bomb-produced tungsten-185 tracer, debris from the 1958 nuclear tests (Hardtack) held at the U.S. Pacific Proving Ground have been identified as they appeared in the ground-level air along the 80th meridian. A large amount of radioactivity from these tests appeared in South America, particularly at the high-altitude collecting stations.
Immunization of Mice against Toxic Doses of Homologous Elementary Bodies of Trachoma
Authors: Bell Samuel D. , Snyder John C. , Murray Edward S.
Published: October 2006

Death of mice occurs 2 to 8 hours after intravenous inoculation of concentrated viable elementary bodies of trachoma. Toxic death can be prevented by vaccinating the mice with concentrated suspensions of homologous strains inactivated by formalin or phenol. Judged by toxic challenges, at least two antigenically distinct types of elementary bodies of trachoma occur in Saudi Arabia and Egypt.
Time-Lapse Motion Picture Technique Applied to the Study of Geological Processes
Authors: Miller Robert D. , Crandell Dwight R.
Published: October 2006

Light-weight, battery-operated timers were built and coupled to 16-mm motion-picture cameras having apertures controlled by photoelectric cells. The cameras were placed adjacent to Emmons Glacier on Mount Rainier. The film obtained confirms the view that exterior time-lapse photography can be applied to the study of slow-acting geologic processes.
Generator Potential of Insect Chemoreceptor
Authors: Morita Hiromichi , Yamashita Satoru
Published: October 2006

Depolarization of the receptor membrane was recorded in labellar chemosensory hairs of flies upon stimulation by sucrose or NaCl. On the other hand, hyperpolarization was recorded in the case of CaCl
2
, quinine, and acetic acid, all of which had an inhibitory effect on the initiation of chemosensory impulses.
On the Mechanism of Action of Chlorpromazine
Authors: Karreman G. , Isenberg I. , Szent-Györgyi A.
Published: October 2006

Chlorpromazine is shown to be a powerful electron donor. Observations are described supporting the assumption that the therapeutic action of this drug is connected with this property.
National Radio Astronomy Observatory
Authors: Emberson Richard M.
Published: October 2006

The existence of the National Radio Astronomy Observatory and the researches already accomplished there are the result of the foresight and wisdom of United States scientists, the National Science Board, and the Congress, who joined forces to make possible this new national asset. Continued effort will be needed to insure that the observatory will always have the finest possible research instruments and that the site will be a haven of radio quiet. Visiting scientists in some instances may wish to bring equipment with them for studying special problems. Within its means, the observatory will provide supporting facilities, including receivers and other electronic devices, computers, laboratories and shops, and housing. Scientists interested in more details concerning arrangements for visitors should direct their inquiries to the National Radio Astronomy Observatory, P. O. Box 2, Green Bank, West Virginia.
Elementary-Body Virus Isolated from Clinical Trachoma in California
Authors: Hanna L. , Thygeson P. , Jawetz E. , Dawson C.
Published: October 2006

From an adult white resident of California with clinically typical early trachoma a virus was isolated by growth in embryonated eggs. Morphologically and serologically the virus belongs in the psittacosis-lymphogranuloma group. When it is instilled into monkey eyes it produces acute follicular conjunctivitis with typical inclusion bodies.
Ratio of Cesium-137 and Strontium-90 Radioactivity in Soil
Authors: Gustafson Philip F.
Published: October 2006

The similarity in genesis and the more pertinent physical characteristics of fission-produced Cs
137
and Sr
90
suggests the use of the first as a convenient monitor for the other prior to uptake in the biosphere. Results are presented which indicate the feasibility of this approach in the case of soils.
Electrical Output of a Receptor Membrane
Authors: Ishiko Nobusada , Loewenstein Werner R.
Published: October 2006

The electrical output of the receptor membrane of the nonmyelinated ending of Pacinian corpuscles is a function of the electrical gradients across the receptor membrane. The generator potential of the receptor membrane in response to equal mechanical stimuli varies linearly with the intensity of polarizing currents passed through the membrane. The production of a generator potential leaves a refractory state in the receptor membrane which is independent of the amount of charge transferred across the membrane but is dependent on a factor related to the strength of the stimulus which produced the response.