bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Improvement of Red Color Development on the Surface of Kuruma Prawn Marsupenaeus japonicus under Various Conditions
Authors: Ando Masashi , Fukai Takamitsu , Kawasaki Ken‐ichi , Itoh Tomohiro , Tsukamasa Yasuyuki
Published: January 2014

The degree of red color development on the surface of prawns by cooking is an important index for food quality. In this study, we tested several factors that are thought to influence the red color development to identify possible correlations with various conditions. Live kuruma prawns, Marsupenaeus japonicus, (15.4 cm, 25.2 g on average) were used in this study. In case of cooking at 100 °C for 1 min after 24 h of storage at 0 °C, 5 °C, and 20 °C, the red color development rate of prawns stored at 5 °C and 20 °C was significantly lower than that of prawns cooked just after killing. In case of cooking at 100 °C, 80 °C, and 60 °C after storage for 24 h at 0 °C, there was no color development at 60 °C and significantly less color development at 80 °C compared to cooking just after killing. Preparation using 1% sodium carbonate before cooking at 80 °C could compensate for the lack of red color development. Short exposure of live kuruma prawns to low‐oxygen conditions had no influence on the color development, but putting the prawns in freshwater for 3 h significantly reduced the red color development rate. In conclusion, the storage time has little influence on the red color development when the cooking temperature is sufficiently high. However, in case a large amount of prawns is cooked followed by lowering the cooking temperature and/or prawns are exposed to serious stresses before cooking, an alkaline preparation could compensate for the lack of red color development.
Achievement Rates of Japan Atherosclerosis Society Guidelines 2007 LDL‐Cholesterol Goals with Rosuvastatin or Atorvastatin in Patients Who Had Not Achieved Their Goal with Atorvastatin
Authors: Shioji Keisuke , Izuhara Masayasu , Mitsuoka Hirokazu , Uegaito Takashi , Matsuda Mitsuo ,   the Kishiwada Atherosclerosis Prevention Study (KAPS) Group
Published: January 2014

Background

The Japan Atherosclerosis Society's 2007 Guidelines for Prevention of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Diseases (JAS2007GL) advocate reducing LDL cholesterol (LDL‐C) to target levels in patients with dyslipidemia, but achievement rates are frequently unsatisfactory even in the presence of lipid‐lowering therapy. This multicenter, open‐label, randomized, parallel‐group study compared the efficacy of rosuvastatin and atorvastatin on JAS2007GL LDL‐C goals in Japanese patients not achieving their target goal with atorvastatin treatment.

Methods

The study involved 20 clinical institutes in Japan (Kishiwada Atherosclerosis Prevention Study [KAPS] Group). Patients with category II or III risk of coronary artery disease (CAD), or those with a history of CAD (secondary prevention), who had not achieved their JAS2007GL LDL‐C goals during treatment with atorvastatin for at least 4 weeks were switched either to rosuvastatin 5 mg/day (from atorvastatin 10 mg/day) or rosuvastatin 10 mg/day (from atorvastatin 20 mg/day) (n = 75) or continued to receive atorvastatin (n = 77). The primary endpoint was achievement of LDL‐C goals at 3 months. The main secondary endpoint was achievement of LDL‐C goal + high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein level <1.0 mg/L at 3 months.

Results

Achievement rates for the primary endpoint were 49.3% in the rosuvastatin group and 31.7% in the atorvastatin group (P = 0.022). Achievement rates for the main secondary endpoint were 40.0% in the rosuvastatin group and 20.8% in the atorvastatin group (P = 0.010). Rosuvastatin and atorvastatin were both well tolerated in this study.

Conclusions

Rosuvastatin is a useful treatment option for Japanese patients who are not achieving their JAS2007GL LDL‐C goal with atorvastatin.
Seed dormancy and hybridization effect of the invasive species, Helianthus annuus
Authors: Presotto A. , Poverene M. , Cantamutto M.
Published: January 2014

Helianthus annuus is an invasive alien species naturalised in the central region of Argentina where it shares an extended area with the sunflower crop. As this species has also invaded several other sunflower crop growing areas in the world, it severely restricts the use of new technologies, for example herbicide tolerance by genetic modification. The natural seed dormancy of the wild Helianthus strains from the centre of origin in North America is well known, but the seed dormancy of the invasive biotypes is still unknown. Dormancy is a fitness trait related to the establishment, dispersion and persistence of invasive weeds. Four experiments were designed to investigate the effect of the pericarp, light, temperature, the after‐ripening period and hybridization with the DK3880CL sunflower crop (F1) on the seed dormancy of five invasive H. annuus biotypes. The results showed that pericarp scarification increased imbibition of the whole achene by 19%. Light stimulation only increased germination in the wild biotype without any effect on the domesticated sunflower. A period of 12 months after‐ripening at 5°C reduced seed dormancy in the wild biotype and its progeny; the optimal temperature for seed germination at this period was found to be 15°C. Mechanical scarification was the best treatment for overcoming seed dormancy with a differential germination, in the biotypes with the highest response, superior to 63%. Hybridization with domesticated sunflower had a minimal or no effect on seed dormancy but the germination rate was improved in three F1 crosses. Wild biotype dormancy appears to be governed by the maternal pericarp and intrinsic hormone regulation. An increased germination rate of some progenies could constitute an advantage during seedling establishment but only in winters without any frost.
Colonization of disturbed Scots pine trees by bark‐ and wood‐boring beetles
Authors: Foit Jiří , Čermák Václav
Published: January 2014

In a single stand, the colonization of 128 girdled Scots pine trees (Pinus sylvestris L.) by bark‐ and wood‐boring beetles was examined during two vegetation periods after treatment. The trees were girdled on four different dates in April, July, October and January.

The time elapsed from girdling to the first attack of bark‐ and wood‐boring beetles was 1–19 months (mean = 10.7) and differed significantly among trees girdled on different dates.

The part of the tree and the date and wave (rank) of colonization were the most significant factors that explained a considerable portion of the variability in the occurrence of bark‐ and wood‐boring beetles.

The species composition changed dramatically from the tree base to its top and branches. The colonization of trees was initiated most frequently in the upper thin‐barked part of the trunk and in thick branches.

In total, 32 species of bark‐ and wood‐boring beetles colonized the studied trees. Particular species were significantly associated with certain periods of tree dieback and colonization (colonization waves). Phaenops cyanea (F.) and Pissodes piniphilus (Hbst.) were by far the most aggressive first‐colonizing species. Pityogenes chalcographus (L.), Ips acuminatus (Gyll.) and Tomicus minor (Htg.) were shown to be moderate‐aggressive species, followed by Tomicus piniperda (L.), Monochamus galloprovincialis (Germ.) and Pissodes pini (L.). The remaining species were designated as not harmful and saprophagous.
Identification of species‐specific novel transcripts in pig reproductive tissues using RNA‐seq
Authors: Du Z.‐Q. , Eisley C. J. , Onteru S. K. , Madsen O. , Groenen M. A. M. , Ross J. W. , Rothschild M. F.
Published: January 2014

Although structural properties of the porcine reproductive system are shared by many placental mammals, some combination of these properties is unique to pigs. To explore whether genomic elements specific to pigs could potentially underlie this uniqueness, we made the first step to identify novel transcripts in two representative pig reproductive tissues by the technique of massively parallel sequencing. To automate the whole process, we built a computational pipeline, which can also be easily extended for similar studies in other species. In total, 5516 and 9061 novel transcripts were found, and 159 and 252 novel transcripts appear to be specific to pigs for the placenta and testis respectively. Furthermore, these novel transcripts were found to be enriched in quantitative trait loci (QTL) regions for reproduction traits in pigs. We validated eight of these novel transcripts by quantitative real‐time PCR. With respect to their genomic organization and their functional relationship to reproduction, these transcripts need to be further validated and explored in various pig breeds to better comprehend the relevant aspects of pig physiology that contribute to reproductive performance.
Thoracoscopic management of cervical thoracic duct injuries after thyroidectomy with lymphadenectomy
Authors: Ikeda Yoshifumi
Published: January 2014

We present a case of postoperative cervical chylous fistula after neck dissection of advanced thyroid carcinoma that was managed successfully by thoracoscopic ligation of the thoracic duct. A double lumen endobronchial tube was introduced for selective single‐lung ventilation with the patient under general anesthesia. The patient was placed in the left decubitus position. Four thoracoports were introduced in the collapsed right lung. The thoracic duct was ligated at two points, and two clips were applied. Postoperatively, neck drainage ceased immediately. The chest tube and closed neck drains were removed on postoperative days 2 and 8, respectively. The patient was discharged on postoperative day 9. Thoracoscopy is a safe and effective treatment of chylous fistula in the neck. Compared to the open procedure, the minimally invasive thoracoscopic approach causes less pain and fosters faster rehabilitation and recovery.
Extraperitoneal colostomy in laparoscopic abdominoperineal resection using a hand inserted from the perineal side
Authors: Shiraishi Takuya , Tomizawa Naoki , Ando Tatsumasa , Arakawa Kazuhisa , Kobayashi Katsumi , Muroya Ken , Kurosaki Ryo , Sato Hiroaki , Suto Yuji , Kato Ryuji , Ozawa Naoya , Sunose Yutaka , Takeyoshi Izumi
Published: January 2014

Introduction

Extraperitoneal colostomy is considered to be more effective at preventing post‐colostomy complications than intraperitoneal colostomy. However, this operation is difficult via laparoscopic surgery alone. We present an extraperitoneal colostomy technique using a hand inserted from the perineal side.

Materials and Surgical Technique

Extraperitoneal colostomy was performed in five patients. After the rectum was resected, a hand was inserted into the abdominal cavity from the perineal side, and pneumoperitoneum was created. The peritoneum was dissected to make the extraperitoneal route, and the proximal colon was passed along this route with fingers and laparoscopic manipulation. All procedures were completed without tissue damage or hemorrhage. No patient developed a hernia or ileus postoperatively.

Discussion

Laparoscopic abdominoperineal resection for an extraperitoneal colostomy is difficult via laparoscopic ports only. It can be simplified by operating with manual assistance via the perineal wound.
Increased collagen III in culled chicken meat after feeding dietary wood charcoal and vinegar contributes to palatability and tenderness
Authors: Yamauchi Kohsyo , Manabe Noboru , Matsumoto Yoshiki , Takenoyama Shin‐ichi , Yamauchi Koh‐en
Published: January 2014

We comprehensively evaluated meat quality in chickens fed a diet consisting of wood charcoal and vinegar (WCV) using food scientific and histological approaches. In culled hens, lipid and fatty acid in Musculus semimembranosus, cooking loss and sensory tests of whole thigh meat, and meat texture of breast meat were observed. In male broilers, cross section of M. semimembranosus was used for observations on muscle area, perimysium, non‐collagen total protein and total collagen content, and anti‐collagen I and III reactions. In frozen male broilers, conventional morphology of M. semimembranosus as well as chicken anti‐collagen III reaction to selected muscles of thigh meat and breast meat were compared between the control and WCV‐fed birds. Increased lipid and fatty acids, decreased cooking loss, high score in total evaluation for sensory test of thigh meat, and decreased meat texture values were observed for culled hens fed WCV. The higher values of muscle area, total collagen and collagen III were observed for broilers fed WCV. No perimysium collapse for M. semitendinosus or increased collagen III reactions of M. tensor fasciae latae, the flexor muscle group and M. pectoralis superficialis were observed for frozen muscles in the WCV group. These total results suggest that WCV produces palatable and tender meat by increasing collagen III.
Effects of oral administration of heat‐killed Enterococcus faecium strain NHRD IHARA in post‐weaning piglets
Authors: Sukegawa Shin , Ihara Yasuhiro , Yuge Kaoruko , Rao Shengbin , Oka Kentaro , Arakawa Fumihiro , Fujimura Tatsuya , Murakami Hiroshi , Kurazono Hisao , Takahashi Motomichi , Morimatsu Fumiki
Published: January 2014

Probiotic bacteria such as lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have recently received attention as candidates for alternative anti‐microbial feed additives. We previously isolated Enterococcus faecium strain NHRD IHARA (FERM BP‐11090, NHRD IHARA strain) and reported its probiotic efficacy. However, we have not determined the effect of oral administration of heat‐killed cells of this strain. Here, we performed two experiments to investigate the effect of oral administration of the heat‐killed NHRD IHARA strain on post‐weaning piglets. In Experiment 1, there was a significant improvement in growth performance (P = 0.04) and increase in serum immunoglobulin A (IgA) production (P = 0.03) in the group fed heat‐killed cells. These results were similar to previous results we obtained with live cells. We also found changes in serum and fecal IgA production that were unrelated to the patterns of microbiotal change. In Experiment 2, we detected a significant improvement in villus growth in the jejunum (P = 0.0002). In conclusion, oral administration of the heat‐killed NHRD IHARA strain in post‐weaning piglets had the same efficacy as administration of the live strain. The heat‐killed NHRD IHARA strain can be used as feed additives to improve pig growth and health on commercial farms.
Roles of the zona pellucida and functional exposure of the sperm‐egg fusion factor ‘IZUMO’ during in vitro fertilization in pigs
Authors: Tanihara Fuminori , Nakai Michiko , Men Nguyen Thi , Kato Noriko , Kaneko Hiroyuki , Noguchi Junko , Otoi Takeshige , Kikuchi Kazuhiro
Published: January 2014

The zona pellucida (ZP) is considered to play important roles in the prevention of polyspermy in mammalian oocytes. However, in pigs we have shown that the presence of the ZP accelerates sperm penetration into the ooplasm during in vitro fertilization (IVF). In the present study, we investigated the effects of the ZP on sperm binding, acrosomal status, and functional exposure of IZUMO, a critical factor involved in sperm‐egg fusion, during IVF in pigs. We evaluated the numbers and acrosomal statuses of sperm binding to the ZP and oolemma, and being present in the ZP and perivitelline space (PVS) using ZP‐intact and ZP‐free oocytes. More sperm bound to the ZP than to the oolemma. The average number of sperm present in the PVS was 0.44−0.51 per oocyte, and all sperm had lost their acrosomes. The proportion of sperm that were immunopositive for anti‐IZUMO antibody was significantly higher after they were passing or had passed through the ZP. Furthermore, addition of anti‐IZUMO antibody to the fertilization medium significantly inhibited the penetration of sperm into ZP‐free oocytes. These results suggest that, in pigs, the ZP induces the acrosome reaction, which is associated with the functional exposure of IZUMO, resulting in completion of fertilization.
Shotgun proteomic analysis of porcine colostrum and mature milk
Authors: Ogawa Shohei , Tsukahara Takamitsu , Nishibayashi Ryoichiro , Nakatani Masako , Okutani Mie , Nakanishi Nobuo , Ushida Kazunari , Inoue Ryo
Published: January 2014

The epitheliochorial nature of the porcine placenta prevents the transfer of maternal immunity. Therefore, ingestion of the colostrum immediately after birth is crucial for neonatal piglets to acquire passive immunity from the sow. We performed a shotgun proteomic analysis of porcine milk to reveal in detail the protein composition of porcine milk. On the basis of the Swiss‐Prot database, 113 and 118 proteins were identified in the porcine colostrum and mature milk, respectively, and 50 of these proteins were common to both samples. Some immune‐related proteins, including interleukin‐18 (IL‐18), were unique to the colostrum. The IL‐18 concentration in the colostrum and mature milk of four sows was measured to validate the proteomic analysis, and IL‐18 was only detected in the colostrum (191.0 ± 53.9 pg/mL) and not in mature milk. In addition, some proteins involved in primary defense, such as azurocidin, which has never been detected in any other mammal's milk, were also identified in the colostrum.
Acidifying and yeast extract in diets for adults cats
Authors: Ogoshi Rosana C. S. , Zangeronimo Márcio G. , Dos Reis Jéssica S. , França Janine , Santos João P. F. , Pires Carolina P. , Chizzotti Ana F. , Costa Adriano C. , Ferreira Lívia G. , Saad Flávia M. O. B.
Published: January 2014

This study evaluated the effects of adding an acidifying agent based on phosphoric acid (A), a yeast extract from a specific strain (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) (Y) and the combination of these two additives in food for adult cats. A test was conducted with 24 animals (mean 3.5 years old), mixed breed, weighing 3.72 ± 0.74 kg, kept in individual metabolic cages and distributed in a completely randomized design with a 2 × 2 factorial design (with or without A 0.6% of dry matter, with or without Y 1.5% of dry matter) totalling four treatments and six replicates of each condition. The experimental period was 15 days. The A or the Y reduced (P < 0.01) the dry matter intake, but the effect was not observed when they were associated. The association improved (P < 0.05) the digestibility of dry matter and ashes. The A reduced urine pH (P = 0.05) regardless of the presence of the Y. There was no effect (P > 0.09) on other parameters evaluated. Results of this study show that the isolated use of 0.6% A or 1.5% Y in diets for cats is not recommended. However, the association of these two additives was beneficial in increasing nutrient digestibility.
State of the Art – How I manage coagulopathy in cardiac surgery patients
Authors: Davidson Simon
Published: January 2014

Over 35 000 cardiac operations using cardiopulmonary bypass are performed annually in the UK. Post‐operative bleeding is a common cause of morbidity. Although there have been improvements in surgical techniques, recent publications still show post‐operative blood loss to be significant, with allogeneic blood product usage as high as 50%. Despite greater understanding of the mechanisms of the coagulopathy encountered during cardiac surgery the development of treatment options has been slow. There has been a realization of the inadequacy of fresh frozen plasma to correct the coagulopathy in this setting, leading to greater off‐label use of specific factor concentrates to stop bleeding, e.g., prothrombin complex concentrates and fibrinogen concentrates. Recent trials using factor XIII and IX concentrates have not been successful. This article will review preventative measures to reduce post‐operative bleeding and the current management of bleeding with such factor concentrates and, in most cases, the limited evidence supporting their widespread use.
Anxiety, Symptoms and Containment: A Tale of Two Situations
Authors: Bishop Bernardine
Published: January 2014

In this paper the author considers the relationship between anxiety, symptoms and containment. She notes that the securest of us feel what we can call mature anxiety. Physically, it is different from immature, pathological anxiety where development of a part or parts of the self has been arrested. Immature, pathological anxiety, which is encountered and treated in the consulting room, brings with it the bodily upset that is seen in anxiety. In the author's experience what we struggle with nowadays is far more likely to be variants of what we have come rather vaguely to call personality disorder. In this situation the anxiety, though intense, is diffused through the self, finding its fateful and addictive manifestations in relationships and their failure, identity problems, inability to work and the sequelae of that, pathological indecision, rage and a general, miserable dissatisfaction with life and what it offers. But anxiety remains central all the time. To provide a frame for some of these thoughts, the author considers Dickens's A Tale of Two Cities. The character of Dr Manette provides an example of the symptomatic personality, and the character of Sidney Carton of the much more modern, personality‐disordered individual.
Schwannomas and Their Pathogenesis
Authors: Hilton David A. , Hanemann Clemens Oliver
Published: January 2014

Schwannomas may occur spontaneously, or in the context of a familial tumor syndrome such as neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2), schwannomatosis and Carney's complex. Schwannomas have a variety of morphological appearances, but they behave as World Health Organization (WHO) grade I tumors, and only very rarely undergo malignant transformation. Central to the pathogenesis of these tumors is loss of function of merlin, either by direct genetic change involving the NF2 gene on chromosome 22 or secondarily to merlin inactivation. The genetic pathways and morphological features of schwannomas associated with different genetic syndromes will be discussed. Merlin has multiple functions, including within the nucleus and at the cell membrane, and this review summarizes our current understanding of the mechanisms by which merlin loss is involved in schwannoma pathogenesis, highlighting potential areas for therapeutic intervention.
2‐Methoxystypandrone inhibits signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 and nuclear factor‐κB signaling by inhibiting Janus kinase 2 and IκB kinase
Authors: Kuang Shan , Qi Chunting , Liu Jiawei , Sun Xiaoxiao , Zhang Qing , Sima Zhenhua , Liu Jingli , Li Wuguo , Yu Qiang
Published: January 2014

Constitutive activation of the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) or the nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB) pathway occurs frequently in cancer cells and contributes to oncogenesis. The activation of Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) and IκB kinase (IKK) are key events in STAT3 and NF‐κB signaling, respectively. We have identified 2‐methoxystypandrone (2‐MS) from a traditional Chinese medicinal herb Polygonum cuspidatum as a novel dual inhibitor of JAK2 and IKK. 2‐MS inhibits both interleukin‐6‐induced and constitutively‐activated STAT3, as well as tumor necrosis factor‐α‐induced NF‐κB activation. 2‐MS specifically inhibits JAK and IKKβ kinase activities but has little effect on activities of other kinases tested. The inhibitory effects of 2‐MS on STAT3 and NF‐κB signaling can be eliminated by DTT or glutathione and can last for 4 h after a pulse treatment. Furthermore, 2‐MS inhibits growth and induces death of tumor cells, particularly those with constitutively‐activated STAT3 or NF‐κB signaling. We propose that the natural compound 2‐MS, as a potent dual inhibitor of STAT3 and NF‐κB pathways, is a promising anticancer drug candidate.
Heat shock protein DNAJB8 is a novel target for immunotherapy of colon cancer‐initiating cells
Authors: Morita Rena , Nishizawa Satoshi , Torigoe Toshihiko , Takahashi Akari , Tamura Yasuaki , Tsukahara Tomohide , Kanaseki Takayuki , Sokolovskaya Alice , Kochin Vitaly , Kondo Toru , Hashino Satoshi , Asaka Masahiro , Hara Isao , Hirohashi Yoshihiko , Sato Noriyuki
Published: January 2014

The aim of the present study was to establish cancer stem‐like cell/cancer‐initiating cell (CSC/CIC)‐targeting immunotherapy. The CSC/CIC are thought to be essential for tumor maintenance, recurrence and distant metastasis. Therefore they are reasonable targets for cancer therapy. In the present study, we found that a heat shock protein (HSP) 40 family member, DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily B, member 8 (DNAJB8), is preferentially expressed in CSC/CIC derived from colorectal cancer (CRC) cells rather than in non‐CSC/CIC. Overexpression of DNAJB8 enhanced the expression of stem cell markers and tumorigenicity, indicating that DNAJB8 has a role in CRC CSC/CIC. A DNAJB8‐specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response could be induced by a DNAJB8‐derived antigenic peptide. A CTL clone specific for DNAJB8 peptide showed higher killing activity to CRC CSC/CIC compared with non‐CSC/CIC, and CTL adoptive transfer into CRC CSC/CIC showed an antitumor effect in vivo. Taken together, the results indicate that DNAJB8 is expressed and has role in CRC CSC/CIC and that DNAJB8 is a novel target of CRC CSC/CIC‐targeting immunotherapy.
Role of prostaglandin D2 and CRTH2 blockade in early‐ and late‐phase nasal responses
Authors: Shiraishi Y. , Takeda K. , Domenico J. , Gelfand E. W.
Published: January 2014

Background

Prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) plays an important role in allergic inflammation. The PGD2 receptor, CRTH2, is expressed on basophils, eosinophils, and Th2 lymphocytes and mediates chemotactic activity.

Objective

To define the role of CRTH2 in allergen‐induced nasal responses in a mouse model of allergic rhinitis (AR), a potent, selective CRTH2 receptor antagonist, ARRY‐063 was administered in a model of allergic rhinitis in mice.

Methods

ARRY‐063 was administered orally to ovalbumin (OVA) sensitized and challenged mice. To assess nasal obstruction, respiratory frequency (RF) was monitored by whole‐body plethysmography immediately after the 4th challenge (early‐phase response, EPR) and 24 h after the 6th challenge (late‐phase response, LPR). Nasal resistance (RNA) was also measured in the LPR. PGD2 was administered with or without OVA to determine the effect of PGD2 on nasal responsiveness. Cytokine levels and histopathological changes in nasal tissue were analysed.

Results

Instillation of PGD2 in the nose of sensitized mice together with a low concentration of OVA induced both an EPR and LPR. Treatment with the CRTH2 receptor antagonist prevented the decreases in RF seen immediately following the 4th challenge of sensitized mice (EPR). In the LPR, decreases in RF and increases in RNA were also prevented by antagonist treatment associated with reduced cytokine levels and inflammation in nasal tissues.

Conclusions

These data identify PGD2 as a mediator of both the EPR and LPR in this model of AR and suggest that antagonism of CRTH2 prevents the development of both the EPR and LPR as well as nasal inflammation.
Significance of sugar chain recognition by galectins and its involvement in disease‐associated glycosylation
Authors: Arikawa Tomohiro , Simamura Eriko , Shimada Hiroki , Nakamura Takanori , Hatta Toshihisa , Shoji Hiroki
Published: January 2014

Galectins are β‐galactoside‐binding lectins that participate in a wide range of biological processes. Galectins are distributed both inside and outside cells and are believed to have roles in both intra‐ and extracellular milieus. One of the well‐recognized functions of galectins is stabilization of glycoproteins on the cell surface, thereby promoting stable signal transduction and transport of substances such as glucose. Glycoprotein‐associated diseases, including congenital disorder of glycosylation (CDG, previously called carbohydrate‐deficient glycoprotein syndrome), comprise a disease family established only in the last decade. Although numerousin vitroglycobiology studies have been performed, including investigation of glycan‐galectin interactions and of galectin action in cultured cells, a fewin vivostudies have investigated molecular mechanisms of galectin actions in animal models. Bothin vitroandin vivostudies are needed in order to better determine the biological significance of sugar chain recognition. Hitherto, some reports have focused on the role of impaired sugar chain recognition and galectin function in the development of diverse diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes mellitus, colitis, and cancer. We recently focused on the function of galectins in immunity and embryogenesis, and in this review we summarize the diseases related to disorders of sugar chain‐galectin interaction and discuss the role of galectins as potential risk factors for some congenital and acquired diseases. These diseases are disorders of immunity, metabolism, and cell differentiation. This approach to understanding the significance of sugar chain recognition by galectins may open up a new field into the nature of glycoprotein‐related diseases, includingCDG.
L’Évaluation économique de l'investissement dans la conservation des sols: Le cas des aménagements antiérosifs dans le bassin versant du lac Lagdo au Cameroun
Authors: Yong Ngondjeb Dorothé , Dia Kamgnia Bernadette , Nje Patrick , Havard Michel
Published: January 2014

This article presents an analysis of the economic impact of erosion control facilities on farm operations in the watershed of Lake Lagdo in Cameroon. Over the past several decades, erosion control facilities, which are erosion control techniques, have been introduced in Cameroon. No assessment of the impacts of these on farm operations had yet been made. Drawing on data from a survey carried out in 2007 and 2008 and a switching regression model, the study concentrates on the effectiveness of the production factors of parcels of land with and without erosion control facilities. The comparison of the average crop yields of the operations in our sample that either adopted or did not adopt such facilities shows a significant difference, representing up to 10% of the value of the farm production. Proof of a positive selection bias is also found, indicating that the farms with above‐average crop yields are more likely to adopt erosion control facilities. Such facilities on the parcels of land also provide an advantage in terms of increasing the productivity of inputs. The analytical approach developed and the positive conclusion of the selection bias can be pertinent to assessing other soil conservation technologies promoted in the area.
Esthetic outcome of single implant crowns following type 1 and type 3 implant placement: a systematic review
Authors: Shi Jun‐Yu , Wang Ren , Zhuang Long‐Fei , Gu Ying‐Xin , Qiao Shi‐Chong , Lai Hong‐Chang
Published: January 2014

Objective

The aim of the current review was to systematically appraise the esthetic outcome of soft tissue around single implant crowns following type 1 and type 3 implants placement in published dental literature.

Materials and methods

A PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials search up to March 2013 was conducted for articles published in the dental literature and limited to human trials with no language restricted. Furthermore, the reference lists of related articles were systematically screened, and additional manual searches were also performed. The primary outcome was pink esthetics score (PES).

Results

The electronic search in the database of PubMed, Embase, and the Cohrane Central Register of Controlled Trials resulted in the identification of 463 titles. These titles were initially screened by the two independent reviewers for possible inclusion. Screening the abstracts and titles led to 28 articles for future full‐text consideration. From these articles, 18 studies were excluded. Manual search identified one article. After quality assessment, eight studies were included in this review. This review showed that no significant difference of PES index could be found between type 1 and type 3 implant placement.

Conclusion

According to the current evidence, short‐term esthetic outcomes of peri‐implant soft tissue did not show significant difference following type 1 and type 3 implants placement with well‐selected patients. However, caution should be taken for clinicians to extrapolate this result to all types of patients, as more randomized clinical trials are needed for long‐term soft‐tissue esthetic outcome in patients with high esthetic risk following type 1 implant placement. PES frequency, peri‐implant condition and other risk factors for peri‐implantitis are recommended to be reported for future studies.
Candida albicans aspects of novel silane system–coated titanium and zirconia implant surfaces
Authors: Villard Nicolas , Seneviratne Chaminda , Tsoi James Kit Hon , Heinonen Markku , Matinlinna Jukka
Published: January 2014

Objectives

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of novel silane system coatings on zirconia and titanium implant surfaces and the attachment of the fungal pathogen Candida albicans.

Materials and methods

Titanium and zirconia specimens were silica‐coated and silanized either with a commercial silane primer (RelyX Ceramic Primer™, 3M ESPE) or a novel silane system primer. The novel silane system primer was a blend of 1.0 vol% 3‐acryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane and 0.3 vol% bis‐1,2‐(triethoxysilyl)ethane diluted in acidified ethanol‐water solvent. The surface roughness (Ra), the surface free energy and the chemical composition of substrate surfaces after treatments were evaluated. C. albcans biofilms were developed on silica‐coated + silanized surfaces during 48 h of incubation time. Colony forming units (CFU) and real‐time PCR (RT‐PCR) quantified the cells on the material surfaces. Statistical analyses were carried out by 1‐way ANOVA, Tukey post hoc and Games Howell post hoc test at 5% significance level (p).

Results

On zirconia and titanium surfaces, the Ra and the chemical composition of the specimens were equal (P < 0.05). The surface free energy was decreased on titanium specimens and increased on zirconia specimen after silanization. CFU of C. albicans was significantly lower on zirconia coated with RelyX Ceramic Primer™, (P < 0.001) and on titanium coated with both silanes (P = 0.002). RT‐PCR revealed no differences between the mean quantities of C. albicans (P ≥ 0.067).

Conclusion

Silica‐coating and silanization had modified the titanium and zirconia surfaces significantly. Both the control and experimental silane primers might inhibit the biofilm formation of C. albicans.
Fragrance allergy and quality of life – a case–control study
Authors: Heisterberg Maria V. , Menné Torkil , Johansen Jeanne D.
Published: January 2014

Background

Fragrance ingredients can cause contact allergy, which may affect quality of life (QoL). However, few studies have investigated this topic.

Objectives

To investigate QoL life among subjects with a fragrance allergy as compared with other eczema patients.

Methods

A case–control survey was sent to subjects with a positive patch test reaction to a fragrance ingredient/marker (n = 550) and to a control group (n = 1100). It contained questions on eczema and the newly developed fragrance QoL index. Participants had been consecutively patch tested at Gentofte University Hospital (2000–2010). The response rate was 65.7%. Information on patch test data was retrieved from the National Contact Dermatitis Database.

Results

An increase in impairment of QoL was observed in women with fragrance allergy as compared with the control group (p = 0.042), which was not found among men. Several factors played a significant role in impairment of QoL in women: (i) number of fragrance allergies, (ii) severity of the patch test reaction, (iii) age combined with recent diagnosis; and (iv) allergy to specific fragrance ingredients/markers.

Conclusion

Fragrance‐allergic subjects are just as affected in their QoL as other eczema patients. However, women, and in particular recently diagnosed young women, seem to be more impaired in their QoL than other eczema patients.
Delayed Endoluminal Vacuum Therapy for Rectal Anastomotic Leaks after Rectal Resection in a Swine Model: A New Treatment Option
Authors: Rosenberger Laura H. , Shada Amber , Ritter Lane A. , Mauro David M. , Mentrikoski Mark J. , Feldman Sanford H. , Kleiner Daniel E.
Published: January 2014

Anastomotic leaks are a dreaded surgical complication following colorectal operations. Creation of a temporary proximal diverting ileostomy is used in high‐risk anastomoses, however, additional surgical risk is accumulated with its creation and reversal. Endoluminal vacuum therapy has been shown to seal anastomotic defects in the prophylactic setting in a pig model and we hypothesized it could be utilized in a delayed fashion to rescue subjects with an active anastomotic leak. Yorkshire pigs underwent rectal resection, intentional leak confirmed by fluoroscopy, and endoluminal vacuum therapy device placement to low continuous suction. Following treatment, a contrast enema and necropsy was performed for gross and histopathology. Pigs underwent 2 (or 5) days of free intraperitoneal leak prior to device placement and 5 (or 7) subsequent days of endoluminal vacuum therapy. Six of seven early‐treated pigs sealed their anastomotic defect, while two of the four treated pigs in this extended group sealed the defect. Endoluminal vacuum therapy is feasible and well tolerated in a pig model, and it has been shown to seal a significant number of freely leaking anastomoses in the early period (86%). This technology warrants further study as it may provide a noninvasive means to treatment of anastomotic leaks.
Public Interest in Medical Research Participation: Differences by Volunteer Status and Study Type
Authors: Cobb Enesha M. , Singer Dianne C. , Davis Matthew M.
Published: January 2014

Purpose

We assessed national levels of public interest in medical research participation (MRP) and factors associated with interest as a healthy volunteer; as a diagnosed volunteer; and in seven study types.

Method

Cross‐sectional, Web‐based survey of the US population in June 2012. Descriptive statistics estimated interest in MRP and multivariable logistic regression determined associations between respondent‐level predictors and interest in MRP.

Results

Of 2,668 respondents (response rate = 61%), 41% were interested in MRP as healthy volunteers and 60% as diagnosed volunteers. Respondents with some college (OR = 1.54, 1.09–2.19) or higher education (OR = 1.86, 1.29–2.70) had higher adjusted odds of interest as healthy volunteers. Non‐Hispanic black race (OR = 0.56, 0.37–0.86) and education below high school (OR = 0.57, 0.35–0.92) were associated with lower adjusted odds of interest as diagnosed volunteers. Non‐Hispanic black race was associated with lower odds of interest in medication trials as diagnosed volunteers (OR = 0.61, 0.40–0.93).

Conclusions

We found high levels of interest in MRP that contrast with low levels of prior research participation. Interest is higher in medical research involving noninvasive designs. Comparatively lower levels of interest in MRP among non‐Hispanic blacks and those with less education raise concerns about disparities in future study enrollment.
Harvard Catalyst | The Clinical Translational Science Center IND/IDE Consult Service: Providing an IND/IDE Consult Service in a Decentralized Network of Academic Healthcare Centers
Authors: Kim Min J. , Winkler Sabune J. , Bierer Barbara E. , Wolf Delia
Published: January 2014

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulations require sponsors of clinical investigations involving an investigational drug or device to submit an Investigational New Drug (IND) or Investigational Device Exemption (IDE) application. Strict adherence to applicable regulations is vital to the success of clinical research. Unlike most major pharmaceutical sponsors, investigator sponsors often do not fully appreciate their regulatory obligations nor have resources to ensure compliance. As a result they can place themselves and their institutions at risk. Nevertheless, investigator‐initiated clinical trials are vital to the further development of innovative drugs, biologics, and medical devices. The IND/IDE Subcommittee under the Regulatory Knowledge and Support Program at Harvard Catalyst, The Harvard Clinical and Translational Science Center worked in collaboration with Harvard and Harvard affiliated institutions to create and launch an IND/IDE Consult Service in a decentralized network of collaborating Academic Healthcare Centers (AHC). The IND/IDE Consult Service offers expertise, resources, and shared experiences to assist sponsor‐investigators and IRBs in meeting regulatory requirements for conducting and reviewing investigator‐initiated IND/IDE studies. The scope of the services provided by the Harvard Catalyst IND/IDE Consult Service are described, including the specifics of the service, lessons learned, and challenges faced, in a scalable model that builds inter‐institutional capacity.
Cutaneous metastasis of prostate cancer: a case report and review of the literature with bioinformatics analysis of multiple healthcare delivery networks
Authors: Brown Gregory Thomas , Patel Vishal , Lee Chyi‐Chia Richard
Published: January 2014

Distant cutaneous metastases of prostate carcinomas are extremely rare, despite its high incidence and prevalence. Most cases are either a result of local extension, such as into seminal vesicles or distant metastases to bone. Few cases of true cutaneous metastatic prostate carcinoma exist in the literature. Clinically, cutaneous prostate carcinoma has been reported to mimic many other conditions, such as cellulitis, sebaceous cysts, zosteriform lesions, telangectasias and more, resulting in poor recognition. We report a case of distant cutaneous metastasis of prostate carcinoma and recent review of the literature with an analysis of de‐identified patient records from multiple healthcare delivery networks. A diagnosis of metastatic prostate carcinoma may have been easily overlooked given the location and nature of the rash. Reviewing case reports and using aggregated electronic health records (EHRs), we find that fewer than 0.1% of all prostate carcinomas result in cutaneous metastases, compared with much higher rates in other types of cancers. Coupled with the low frequency of metastases to skin, careful consideration must be taken when evaluating a rash in a patient with a prior history of cancer. A complete clinical history and strong suspicion would be required to make a diagnosis of cutaneous metastases of the prostate.
Diagnostic yield of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography‐based cytology for distinguishing malignant and benign intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm: Systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Suzuki Rei , Thosani Nirav , Annangi Srinadh , Komarraju Aparna , Irisawa Atsushi , Ohira Hiromasa , Obara Katsutoshi , Fleming Jason B. , Guha Sushovan , Bhutani Manoop S.
Published: January 2014

Background and Aim

Published studies have revealed the diagnostic yield of cytology obtained from endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) in distinguishing malignant and benign intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN). However as a result of small sample sizes, the overall magnitude of benefit is unknown. Additionally, the optimal endoscopic procedure for cytology acquisition is also unclear. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the diagnostic yield of ERCP‐based cytology in patients with IPMN and clarify the optimal sampling technique.

Methods

Relevant studies with a reference standard of definitive surgical histology were identified via MEDLINE and SCOPUS. Malignant IPMN included invasive adenocarcinoma, carcinoma in situ, and high‐grade dysplasia. For ERCP, studies using aspiration, brush, and lavage cytology were included. The main objective was the diagnostic yield (pooled sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio, negative likelihood ratio) of cytology obtained from ERCP to distinguish malignant and benign IPMN.

Results

Meta‐analysis of 13 international studies with 483 IPMN patients was conducted. Pooled sensitivity was 35.1%, specificity 97.2%, and accuracy 92.9%. Among the three ERCP techniques, lavage cytology showed the best diagnostic ability (sensitivity 45.8%, specificity 97.9%). Malignant IPMN were observed in 45.1% (218/483) of patients in ERCP studies.

Conclusions

Cytology from ERCP has good specificity but poor sensitivity in distinguishing benign from malignant IPMN. Newer techniques or markers are needed to improve diagnostic yield.
Intra‐epidermal nerve fibres in human skin: back to the roots
Authors: Abels Christoph
Published: January 2014

Regarding the existence and the role of intra‐epidermal nerve fibres, the literature is ambiguous. However, performing a literature search, a landmark paper turned up that even many dermatologists seem to have forgotten, or may not even know at all. This paper is entitled ‘The innervation of human epidermis’ written by Arthur and Shelley (J Invest Dermatol, 32, 1959, 397). The full text is available via http://www.nature.com/jid/journal/v32/n3/pdf/jid195969a.pdf. The authors present data on intra‐epidermal nerves at 16 representative body areas. The existence of intra‐epidermal nerve fibres is undisputable and does not only explain clinical symptoms but may even provide a promising target for drug development.
S100B as a potential biomarker for the detection of cytotoxicity of melanocytes
Authors: Cheong Kyung Ah , Noh Minsoo , Kim Chang‐Hyun , Lee Ai‐Young
Published: January 2014

Skin irritation is one of the most common adverse reactions in hydroquinone (HQ) and retinoic acid (RA). Although melanocytes have rarely been considered to be involved in skin irritation, RA and particularly HQ could induce melanocyte toxicity, resulting in depigmentation. We chose S100B as a candidate gene for melanocytotoxicity from a genome‐wide transcriptional profiling analysis after applying irritant doses of HQ, RA and sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) to cultures of keratinocytes and/or melanocytes. In this study, the role of S100B on melanocyte viability and cytotoxicity was examined. S100B was detected in melanocytes, but not in keratinocytes or fibroblasts. Melanocytes after treatment with increasing concentrations of HQ, RA, SLS and urushiol showed significant increases in intracellular and extracellular S100B expression with reduced viable cell number and increased release of lactate dehydrogenase. No RAGE expression and no significant function of CD166/ALCAM in melanocyte survival and cytotoxicity favoured the role of intracellular S100B in chemically irritated melanocytes. S100B knock‐down increased apoptosis through inhibition of PI3K/AKT, NF‐κB and ERK activation, suggesting the increased intracellular S100B expression by chemical irritation as a compensatory reaction to reduce cytotoxicity. The numerical decrease in S100B/c‐kit‐double‐positive melanocytes was also examined in human skin epidermis irritated by HQ or RA with stronger staining intensities of S100B. Collectively, the decrease in viable cell number by reduced intracellular S100B levels in vitro and by chemical irritation in vivo suggests that S100B could be a potential biomarker for melanocytes cytotoxicity.
Cooperative Inquiry in Human Ecology: Historical Roots and Future Applications
Authors: Faust Victoria , Jasper Cynthia R. , Kaufman Ariel , Nellis Margaret J.
Published: January 2014

Cooperative inquiry (CI) is examined as a method that can be applied to issues addressed within the field of human ecology. CI aligns with foundational and contemporary paradigms of human ecology. Methodologically, it responds to applied, action‐oriented questions through emphasizing participation in one's surroundings as a core strategy for knowledge generation. CI also engages relationship‐based standards for rigor to address issues in community research such as researcher objectivity, power dynamics, and trust building that emerge for complex and contextual questions. The article includes an explanation of recent inquiries into areas such as parenting, leadership, and art in social change and adult learning, and the researchers suggest future inquiries for human ecology.