bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Juvenile salmon habitat use drives variation in growth and highlights vulnerability to river fragmentation
Authors: Sethi Suresh A. , Carey Michael P. , Gerken Jonathon , Harris Bradley P. , Wolf Nathan , Cunningham Curry , Restrepo Felipe , Ashline Joshua
Published: August 2022

Widespread stream network fragmentation from dams and culverts has altered habitat connectivity in river ecosystems and presents an acute threat to migratory fish. To support watershed management for an iconic migratory fish group, we assessed juvenile salmon growth outcomes across habitat use strategies and characterized how these life histories may be impacted by stream connectivity loss. Juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) in the Big Lake drainage, Alaska, USA, were individually tracked over 2012–2013 and categorized into habitat use behaviors, with fish either remaining in streams throughout freshwater residency or migrating seasonally to overwinter in lake habitats. Size, growth rate, and body condition of smolts (n = 1113) were compared across habitat use strategies. Juvenile coho salmon that moved seasonally to lake overwintering habitats, the most frequently observed strategy, grew faster and were significantly larger as smolts compared to their counterparts who remained in streams exclusively (spring Age 1 fish: 18% larger by weight, 9% faster growth rate; spring Age 2+ fish: 26% heavier, 11% faster growth). Environmental data from a subset of overwinter lakes indicate that greater foraging opportunity and lower energy costs may be implicated in growth advantages conferred by lentic overwintering strategies. Habitat use strategies requiring seasonal migrations, however, increased exposure to stream connectivity loss, and fish blocked from accessing a potential overwinter headwater lake by a culvert and dam had lowest body condition among study groups. Stream network fragmentation restricts access to preferred overwinter habitats, and our findings suggest this may constrain freshwater rearing strategies associated with strong juvenile coho salmon growth. As size at smolt has been implicated as a driver of salmon survival through ocean residency, reduced freshwater habitat connectivity during juvenile stages may have deleterious impacts on later marine life stages. Consequently, conservation of stream connectivity across lentic and lotic habitats represents an important watershed management priority for juvenile salmon.
Anion‐Directed Conformation Switching and Trigonal Distortion in Hexakis(methylamine)nickel(II) Cations
Authors: Sugiarto  , Minato Takuo , Sakiyama Hiroshi , Sadakane Masahiro
Published: August 2022

The homoleptic [Ni(NH2CH3)6]2+ cations have dozens of energetically feasible conformational isomers (conformers), and we herein show their conformation is tunable using counter anions. The reaction of Ni(NO3)2 or NiCl2 with aqueous methylamine in dimethylformamide gave [Ni(NH2CH3)6](NO3)2 (1) or [Ni(NH2CH3)6]Cl2 (2) in which methylamine ligands have axial or equatorial orientation with respect to the three‐fold principal axis, respectively. Interestingly, the conformation of methylamine ligands affects geometry around nickel(II) so that the nickel octahedron is trigonally compressed in 1, whereas it is trigonally elongated in 2, causing different visible light absorption properties between 1 and 2. Density functional theory calculations showed that nitrate anions stabilize the axial conformer through two‐point hydrogen bonding interactions with methylamines, whereas spherical chloride anions promote deformation of the axial conformer into the equatorial conformer through formation of three‐point hydrogen bonding interactions.
Reliability analysis of cascaded η − μ fading channels
Authors: Upaddhyay Vipin Kumar , Soni S. K. , Tiwari Naveen Kumar
Published: August 2022

In this work, the mathematical characterization of the cascaded fading channel based on multiplicative modeling is discussed. The proposed cascaded probability density function is derived by taking the product of statistically independent, but not necessarily identically distributed fading random variables, which encompasses various well‐known distributions as cascaded Nakagami‐m, Hoyt, and Rayleigh distributions. In particular, other statistical measures such as cumulative distribution function, moment generating function, and moment of the cascaded channels, are developed. This set of derived results is further utilized in studying the reliability performance of the wireless cascaded fading channels. The system reliability is comprehensively investigated through various statistical metrics like average symbol error probability, ergodic capacity, outage probability, and effective capacity. All the developed results are of intractable univariate Foxs H‐function form. The accuracy of the numerical results is extensively validated through Monte‐Carlo simulation.
The cognitive performance in the Phototest is predictor of biological markers of Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Ismael Carrera‐Muñoz , José M Barrios‐López , Claudia Muñoz‐Martínez , Juan C Romero‐Fábrega , Rosa M Vilchez‐Carrillo , Teodoro Del Ser Quijano , Cristoba Carnero‐Pardo
Published: August 2022

Background

The abnormal cerebrospinal fluid levels of biomarkers, such as β‐amyloid and phosphorylated tau (pTau), support the biological diagnosis of Alzheimer Disease (AD) independently of its clinical stage. However, this invasive exam cannot be extensively applied and requires previous sound clinical screen that can be based on brief, well validated cognitive tests, such as the Phototest.

Objective

To evaluate the association of partial (naming [NA], total recall [TR], free recall [FR], and verbal fluency) and total scores of the Phototest with the biological diagnosis of AD and the potential use of this test as a screening tool in the clinical work up.

Design

Retrospective study of Individuals attending a Memory Clinic who were applied the Phototest and classified, according to cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers (β‐amyloid1‐42 and pTau), in the biological AD continuum stage (ContAD) as “no AD” (A‐), “AD changes” (A+T‐) or “AD” (A+T+). Multivariate analyses were conducted with one fixed factor, ContAD, and partial and total Phototest scores. The area under the receiver operating characteristics curve (AUC) was calculated to estimate the capacity of Phototest scores to predict amyloidosis (A+) and AD.

Results

The study included 170 individuals (92 A‐, 23 A+T‐ and 55 A+T+). FR (7.9, 0.01 [F,p]) and TR (8.1, 0.001) scores were associated with ContAD and had a moderate ability (AUC 0.71–0.74) to detect the presence of “A+” or “AD”.

Conclusions

Partial memory scores of Phototest are associated with ContAD. They predict acceptably the presence of abnormal levels of β‐amyloid and AD signature in CSF and can be useful to support further biological diagnostic tests.
Perceived academic challenges of Jewish and Arab undergraduates during the first wave of COVID‐19
Authors: Ismail Akhlas , Schiff Miriam , Pat‐Horenczyk Ruth , Benbenishty Rami
Published: August 2022

This study examined differences between Arab and Jewish undergraduate students in their perceived academic challenges, COVID‐19‐related concerns, perceived social support and trust in the university and the government. It also examined factors associated with perceived academic challenges and the moderating role of trust in the university in the associations between COVID‐19‐related concerns and perceived academic challenges. The sample consisted of 2751 students: 2291 (83%) Jewish, 398 (15%) Arab and 61 (2%) ‘other’. Arab students reported higher COVID‐19‐related concerns and perceived academic challenges, and lower levels of perceived social support and trust in university and government than did Jewish students. Both Jewish and Arab students identified COVID‐19‐related concerns as a stress‐vulnerability factor for perceived academic challenges, whereas perceived social support and trust in the university were identified as resources for perceived academic challenges. No support was found for the role of trust in government in the face of perceived academic challenges nor for the moderating role of trust in the university in the associations between COVID‐19‐related concerns and perceived academic challenges. In conclusion, the need of Arab students for emotional and academic support needs to be acknowledged as part of the efforts to promote academic success during the pandemic.
Home visitor perspectives on implementing a precision approach to home visiting in communities serving Native American families
Authors: Russette Helen C. , Grubin Fiona , Ingalls Allison , Martin Lisa , Leonard Amanda , Kushman Elizabeth , Cisler Aimee , Leffler Elizabeth , Herman Angelina , Haroz Emily E.
Published: August 2022

Family Spirit (FS) is a federally endorsed evidence‐based home visiting programs serving as a key prevention strategy for expectant families and families with young children. Like other home‐visiting programs, it shares client challenges in retention and engagement during implementation. We assessed (1) the feasibility and acceptability of implementing a precision approach to FS; and (2) differences in approaches to FS delivery. Home visitors, serving primarily Native American families, that delivered a standard (N = 6) or a precision approach (N = 6) to FS across four study sites each participated in up to four virtual focus group discussions (FGDs) (N = 16). Facilitators and barriers to implementation were identified across the curriculum approach, relational and contextual levels. Facilitators: Relevant and culturally sensitive lessons, lesson structure, client–home visitor relationship, client buy‐in, home visitor autonomy, leadership support, flexible funding, and training. Barriers: Irrelevant lessons, substance use content, missing topics, families experiencing crises, client and home visitor availability, client feedback, nonsupportive leadership, inadequate funding, and organizational policies and practices. The precision approach offers (1) tailoring of lessons that supports relevance of content to clients; and (2) a target timeframe that supports flexibility in lesson delivery. This model structure may improve client participation and retention.
Front Cover
Authors: Hu Yuyao , Liang Dong , Wang Jing , Xuan Yaping , Zhao Fu , Liu Jun , Li Ruxin
Published: August 2022

A virtual HiLo based on edge detection (V‐HiLo‐ED) method is proposed for background removing of imaging. V‐HiLo‐ED is a novel method reconstructs the background‐free image by estimating the foreground, which is different from all the existing popular software algorithms that estimate the background. V‐HiLo‐ED owns a better quality than state‐of‐the‐art softwarebased methods and exhibits almost the same performance, but at faster speed compared with hardware‐based methods.

Further details can be found in the article by Yuyao Hu, Dong Liang, Jing Wang, Yaping Xuan, Fu Zhao, Jun Liu, Ruxin Li1 (e202200031)

image
Impacts of the COVID‐19 pandemic on pharmaceuticals in wastewater treated for beneficial reuse: Two case studies in central Pennsylvania
Authors: Hayden Kathryn R. , Jones Matthew , Elkin Kyle R. , Shreve Michael J. , Clees William Irvin , Clark Shirley , Mashtare Michael L. , Veith Tamie L. , Elliott Herschel A. , Watson John E. , Silverman Justin , Richard Thomas L. , Read Andrew F. , Preisendanz Heather E.
Published: August 2022

During the COVID‐19 pandemic, wastewater surveillance was leveraged as a powerful tool for monitoring community‐scale health. Further, the well‐known persistence of some pharmaceuticals through wastewater treatment plants spurred concerns that increased usage of pharmaceuticals during the pandemic would increase the concentrations in wastewater treatment plant effluent. We collected weekly influent and effluent samples from May 2020 through May 2021 from two wastewater treatment plants in central Pennsylvania, the Penn State Water Reclamation Facility and the University Area Joint Authority, that provide effluent for beneficial reuse, including for irrigation. Samples were analyzed for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (influent only), two over‐the‐counter medicines (acetaminophen and naproxen), five antibiotics (ampicillin, doxycycline, ofloxacin, sulfamethoxazole, and trimethoprim), two therapeutic agents (remdesivir and dexamethasone), and hydroxychloroquine. Although there were no correlations between pharmaceutical and virus concentration, remdesivir detection occurred when the number of hospitalized patients with COVID‐19 increased, and dexamethasone detection co‐occurred with the presence of patients with COVID‐19 on ventilators. Additionally, Penn State decision‐making regarding instruction modes explained the temporal variation of influent pharmaceutical concentrations, with detection occurring primarily when students were on campus. Risk quotients calculated for pharmaceuticals with known effective and lethal concentrations at which 50% of a population is affected for fish, daphnia, and algae were generally low in the effluent; however, some acute risks from sulfamethoxazole were high when students returned to campus. Remdesivir and dexamethasone persisted through the wastewater treatment plants, thereby introducing novel pharmaceuticals directly to soils and surface water. These results highlight connections between human health and water quality and further demonstrate the broad utility of wastewater surveillance.
Retrospective evaluation of slim fully covered self‐expandable metallic stent for unresectable malignant hilar biliary obstruction
Authors: Takahashi Sho , Fujisawa Toshio , Ushio Mako , Fukuma Taito , Suzuki Akinori , Takasaki Yusuke , Ito Koichi , Tomishima Ko , Ishii Shigeto , Isayama Hiroyuki
Published: August 2022

Background

There have been few reports of covered self‐expandable metallic stent (SEMS) placement for malignant hilar‐biliary obstruction (MHBO) because of risk of biliary branch obstruction. We studied feasibility and efficacy of 6‐mm‐diameter, slim, fully covered SEMS (SFCSEMS) in a relatively large cohort.

Methods

We retrospectively evaluated SFCSEMS in unresectable MHBO from December 2016 to September 2021 in Juntendo University Hospital.

Results

We enrolled consecutive 54 unresectable MHBO (18 bile duct, 11 gallbladder, eight pancreatic, two hepatocellular, and 15 metastatic cancer cases) including Bismuth‐type II (n = 11), III (n = 17), and IV (n = 26), and placed two (n = 35) or three (n = 19) SFCSEMS. The technical and clinical success rate was 100% and 92.5%, respectively, with 76.3 min of mean procedure time. Recurrent biliary obstruction (RBO) was observed in 35.2% and the median cumulative time to RBO (TRBO) was 181 days. Other adverse events were 11.1% (four mild‐pancreatitis, one segmental‐cholangitis, and one cholecystitis). There were no failed cases of stent exchange and second SFCSEMS (n = 6) showed significantly lower RBO (16.7% vs. 81.8%, P = .0364) and longer TRBO (undefined vs 86 days; P = .0617) than plastic stent (n = 11).

Conclusions

Endoscopic placement of SFCSEMS for unresectable MHBO was effective and feasible with low incidence of segmental cholangitis, and exchange strategy of SFCSEMS was promising.
Prognostic impact of the tumor volume doubling time in clinical T1 non‐small cell lung cancer with solid radiological findings
Authors: Nakahashi Kenta , Shiono Satoshi , Nakatsuka Marina , Endo Makoto
Published: August 2022

Background

The purpose of this study was to investigate better radiological prognostic factors in clinical T1 pure‐solid non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

Methods

This study enrolled 284 patients with clinical T1 solid NSCLC who underwent anatomical lung resection. The Cox proportional hazard model was used to evaluate the prognostic impact of tumor volume doubling time (VDT) at disease‐free survival (DFS) and cancer‐specific survival (CSS).

Results

The median VDT was 347 days. Age (hazard ratio (HR) = 1.04; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.01–1.07) and standardized uptake value max (SUVmax) (>6.0) (HR = 2.61; 95% CI, 1.52–4.66) were identified as significantly independent worse prognostic factors for DFS in a multivariable analysis without VDT. Furthermore, a multivariable analysis without SUVmax identified age (HR = 1.06; 95% CI, 1.03–1.09), CEA (>5.0 ng/ml) (HR = 2.34; 95% CI, 1.30–4.02), tumor diameter on CT (>2.0 cm) (HR = 1.91; 95% CI, 1.18–3.13), and VDT (HR = 4.03; 95% CI, 2.41–6.93) as significantly independent worse prognostic factors for DFS.

Conclusions

The VDT value could be a useful prognostic factor in clinical T1 solid NSCLC.
Evolving a national clinical trials learning health system
Authors: Stensland Kristian D. , Richesson Rachel L. , Vince Randy A. , Skolarus Ted A. , Sales Anne E.
Published: August 2022

Clinical trials generate key evidence to inform decision making, and also benefit participants directly. However, clinical trials frequently fail, often struggle to enroll participants, and are expensive. Part of the problem with trial conduct may be the disconnected nature of clinical trials, preventing rapid data sharing, generation of insights and targeted improvement interventions, and identification of knowledge gaps. In other areas of healthcare, a learning health system (LHS) has been proposed as a model to facilitate continuous learning and improvement. We propose that an LHS approach could greatly benefit clinical trials, allowing for continuous improvements to trial conduct and efficiency. A robust trial data sharing system, continuous analysis of trial enrollment and other success metrics, and development of targeted trial improvement interventions are potentially key components of a Trials LHS reflecting the learning cycle and allowing for continuous trial improvement. Through the development and use of a Trials LHS, clinical trials could be treated as a system, producing benefits to patients, advancing care, and decreasing costs for stakeholders.
Antioxidant Silk Fibroin Composite Hydrogel for Rapid Healing of Diabetic Wound
Authors: Maity Biswanath , Alam Shadab , Samanta Sourav , Prakash Relekar G. , Govindaraju Thimmaiah
Published: August 2022

Wound healing is a complex process requiring multiple biological pathways and chemical responses to be activated and synchronized to recover tissue integrity. In normal physiological circumstances, the epidermal barrier restoration process through new tissue formation is highly efficient. However, increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), attack of pathogenic microorganisms, and high glucose level delay the normal healing process in diabetic patients. The successful treatment of diabetic wounds requires efficient strategies to control oxidative stress, promoting angiogenesis, re‐epithelialization, and collagen deposition. In this study, a composite hydrogel for rapid wound healing in diabetic condition is developed by the amalgamation of hypolipidemic property of silk fibroin (SF), antioxidant property of melanin, and therapeutic effect of berberine. Studies have revealed that cross‐linked mesoporous morphology of hydrogel matrix facilitates slow release of berberine to impart long‐term therapeutic effects at wound site. The composite hydrogel formulation is biocompatible, stimulates effective migration of fibroblast cells, and control oxidative stress under in vitro conditions. The hydrogel served as scaffold for tissue re‐epithelialization and promotes wound repair in diabetic type I Wistar rat model. This study demonstrates the ability of berberine‐ loaded SF‐melanin composite hydrogel as a potential dressing formulation for wound healing in diabetic conditions.
A characterization of nonhomogeneous dual and weak dual wavelet superframes for Walsh‐reducing subspace of L2(ℝ+,ℂL)$$ {L}&amp;amp;#x0005E;2\left({\mathbb{R}}_{&amp;amp;#x0002B;},{\mathbb{C}}&amp;amp;#x0005E;L\right) $$
Authors: Zhang Yan , Li Yun‐Zhang
Published: August 2022

The concept of superframe was first introduced by Balan in the context of signal multiplexing and by Han and Larson from the perspective of pure mathematics. Since then, the theory of super wavelet (Gabor) frames has been well developed. In recent years, due to enjoying the same fast algorithm as affine wavelet frames and having more freedom to design wavelet masks, nonhomogeneous wavelet frames have attracted much attention of many mathematicians. This paper addresses (weak) nonhomogeneous dual wavelet superframes in the setting of Walsh‐reducing subspaces of
. We present a characterization of nonhomogeneous (weak) dual wavelet superframe pairs in a Walsh‐reducing subspace of
. Some examples are also provided.
Energy expenditure measurements are reproducible in different whole‐room indirect calorimeters in humans
Authors: Stinson Emma J. , Rodzevik Theresa , Krakoff Jonathan , Piaggi Paolo , Chang Douglas C.
Published: August 2022

Objective

This study aimed to evaluate the agreement of commonly reported energy metabolism measurements obtained from two different whole‐room indirect calorimeters (WRICs).

Methods

Nine healthy adult volunteers were evaluated over four separate 24‐hour periods in a crossover design, twice in two different WRICs of different sizes, each operated according to the Room Indirect Calorimetry Operating and Reporting Standards published in 2020. The reproducibility of repeated measurements was quantified by the coefficient of variation (CV) and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC).

Results

The CVs between and within each WRIC for average 24‐hour carbon dioxide production rate (VCO2) and oxygen consumption rate (VO2), 24‐hour energy expenditure (EE), and respiratory exchange ratio ranged from 1.5% to 3.6%, whereas sleep EE ranged from 3.1% to 5.5%. CVs for macronutrient oxidation rates and spontaneous physical activity were higher, ranging from 9.2% to 38.1%. ICCs of VCO2, VO2, 24‐hour EE, and energy expenditure at zero activity were >0.95, indicating excellent reproducibility, whereas ICCs for lipid oxidation, awake and fed thermogenesis, and sleep EE ranged from 0.55 to 0.92, indicating moderate to high reproducibility. ICCs for respiratory exchange ratio and carbohydrate and protein oxidation rates were lower (<0.70). Spontaneous physical activity showed high reproducibility within chambers (ICC = 0.88) but differed substantially between chambers (ICC = 0.23).

Conclusions

Cross‐chamber reproducibility is high for common outcome measures assessed in the respiratory chamber. The results support efforts to promote standardization across WRICs to allow multicenter studies.
Novel Glucosylimidazolium Ionic‐Liquid‐Supported Novozym 435 Catalysts – A Proof of Concept for an Acrylation Reaction
Authors: Lehmann Paul , Jopp Stefan
Published: August 2022

A series of novel ionic liquids based on glucose was synthesized in high yields in simple two or three‐step reaction procedures. These carbohydrate‐based ionic liquids were studied and compared to commercially available imidazolium‐based ionic liquids as supports for Novozym 435 in the acrylation of n‐butanol. A direct correlation between the availability of hydroxy groups and the overall activity as well as an enhanced recyclability of the biocatalyst has been found for the glucose‐based ionic liquids.
Poly(lactide)‐based supramolecular polymers driven by self‐complementary quadruple hydrogen bonds: construction, crystallization and mechanical properties
Authors: Jing Zhanxin , Huang Xiaolan , Liu Xingqi , Liao Mingneng , Li Yong
Published: August 2022

A series of poly(lactide) (PLA)‐based supramolecular polymers based on linear PLLA‐b‐PCL‐b‐PLLA triblock copolymers (PLLA, poly(l‐lactide); PCL, poly(ε‐caprolactone)) or/and three‐arm star (PCL‐b‐PDLA)3 block copolymers (PDLA, poly(d‐lactide)) were synthesized. The effects of the structure and composition on crystal structure, crystallization behavior, spherulite morphology and mechanical properties of the synthesized supramolecular polymers were investigated. The results of DSC and polarized optical microscopy indicated that the supramolecular polymer exhibited poor crystallization ability with respect to PCL/PLA block copolymer, and the crystallinity of the supramolecular polymer with alternating PCL/PLA multiblock structure was stronger than that with similar crosslinked network structure. The presence of molten PCL blocks disturbed the orientation of lamellae, forming spherulites with feather‐like dendrites, and ring‐banded spherulites were observed as the molecular weight of the PLA blocks increased. The results of tensile tests demonstrated that supramolecular polymers with larger molecular weight of PLA blocks showed the pronounced ductile fracture. On this basis, stereocomplexed supramolecular polymers were also synthesized, and it was found that the stereocomplex crystals had a significant impact on the crystallization and mechanical properties of the supramolecular polymers. Therefore, in this work a novel technique for manufacturing toughened PLA‐based material and tuning its performances is proposed, which may promote the application of PLA‐based materials in more fields. © 2022 Society of Industrial Chemistry.
Knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs of oncology trainees on function and cancer rehabilitation medicine
Authors: Molinares Diana , Parke Sara , Yadav Rajesh , Liu Diane , Williams Janet , Bruera Eduardo
Published: August 2022

Background

Improved function is associated with reduced morbidity and mortality in patients with cancer. Cancer rehabilitation medicine (CRM) is a subspecialty of physical medicine and rehabilitation (PM&R) that focuses on improving function in patients with cancer. One of the barriers to patients accessing CRM services is the lack of referrals from oncology providers. Understanding the knowledge, attitudes and beliefs of oncology trainees regarding the importance of function and the role of CRM is essential to reducing educational gaps and improving patients' access to essential rehabilitation services.

Objective

To determine oncology trainees' knowledge, attitude and beliefs about the importance of function and the role of CRM in the care of patients with cancer.

Setting

The study was conducted at a comprehensive cancer center in the United States.

Intervention

Descriptive survey study was administered to postgraduate oncology trainees who spent at least 1 day a week providing patient care.

Main outcome

Participants' report of their knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs on the importance of function and CRM in the care of patients with cancer.

Results

The survey was sent to 197 oncology trainees with a response rate of 67% (n = 132) and 126 were ultimately included. All participants believed that function is important in the care of patients with cancer. The majority believed that better function improves treatment tolerance (94%) and survival (84%). Most reported that having CRM physicians (80%) and an inpatient rehabilitation unit (88%) in the oncological setting is important; however, most participants reported that they refer fewer than 25% of their patients to CRM services. Participants with prior exposure to PM&R were significantly more likely to consult PM&R compared to those without exposure (p = .005). Most oncology trainees (81%) believed that education in CRM should be part of their oncology training.

Conclusion

This study demonstrates that oncology trainees believe that function is important. They also believe that access to CRM would improve treatment tolerance and survival, but most report that they rarely refer patients to CRM services. Most trainees desire increased exposure to CRM during oncology training.
Profiling of proteome changes in plasma of HIV‐infected patients receiving antiretroviral therapy
Authors: Li Ting , Qu Hong , Ding Haibo , Deng Haiteng , Chen Yuling
Published: August 2022

Purpose

Antiretroviral therapy (ART) prevents human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‐1 onward transmission and disease progression, leading to excellent prognosis in people living with HIV‐1 (PWH). However, side effects, complications, and impaired immune reconstitution persist in some patients treated with ART. We aimed to profile proteome changes in plasma before and after ART to identify the molecular pathways altered by ART.

Experimental Design

Quantitative proteomics analysis based on tandem mass tag (TMT) labeling was used to profile proteome changes of paired plasma samples from HIV‐1 patients before receiving ART and after ART treatment.

Results

A total of 1398 protein groups (PGs) were identified, in which 18 proteins were downregulated and 50 were upregulated in plasma from ART treated patients. Based on Ingenuity Pathway analysis (IPA), gap junction signaling and actin cytoskeleton signaling were enriched among upregulated proteins, while downregulated proteins were mainly participated in IL‐15 signaling pathway. Patients with the low level of CSF1R and the high levels of MINPP1 and TGM3 showed better CD4+ T‐cell recovery.

Conclusions

The present study provided plasma proteome changes after ART to elucidate the underlying mechanistic pathways in response to ART, and also identified potential targets to prompt immune reconstitution.
Synthesis, phloem mobility and induced plant resistance of synthetic salicylic acid amino acid or glucose conjugates
Authors: Guichard Benoit , Wu Hanxiang , La Camera Sylvain , Hu Richa , Marivingt‐Mounir Cécile , Chollet Jean‐François
Published: August 2022

BACKGROUND

The growing demand for food, combined with a strong social expectation for a diet produced with fewer conventional agrochemical inputs, has led to the development of new alternatives in plant protection worldwide. Among different possibilities, the stimulation of the plant innate immune system by chemicals represents a novel and promising way. The vectorization strategy of an active ingredient that we previously developed with fungicides can potentially extend to salicylic acid (SA) or its halogenated analogues.

RESULTS

Using the click chemistry method, six new conjugates combining SA or two mono‐ or di‐halogenated analogues with L‐glutamic acid or β‐D‐glucose via a 1,2,3‐triazole nucleus have been synthesized. Conjugate 8a, which is derived from SA and glutamic acid, showed high phloem mobility in the Ricinus model, similar to that of SA alone despite a much higher steric hindrance. In vivo bioassays of the six conjugates against two maize pathogenic fungi Bipolaris maydis and Fusarium graminearum revealed that, unlike SA, the amino acid conjugate 8a with good phloem mobility exerted a protective effect not only locally at the application site, but also in distant stem tissues after foliar application. Moreover, compounds 8a and 8b induced up‐regulation of both defense‐related genes ZmNPR1 and ZmPR1 similar to their parent compounds upon challenge inoculation with B. maydis.

CONCLUSION

The vectorization of salicylic acid or its halogenated derivatives by coupling them with an α‐amino acid can be a promising strategy to stimulate SA‐mediated plant defenses responses against pathogens outside the application site. © 2022 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
Titanium‐Oxide‐Based Electron‐Selective Contact for Ultrathin Germanium Quantum Well Solar Cell
Authors: Osterthun Norbert , Meddeb Hosni , Berends Dennis , Neugebohrn Nils , Gehrke Kai , Vehse Martin , Agert Carsten
Published: August 2022

In solar cells with an optical cavity as a light trapping mechanism, parasitic absorption is among the main detrimental optical losses. One approach to reducing these losses is the implementation of charge carrier‐selective contacts with wide bandgaps using thin metal oxides like titanium oxide (TiOx). Herein, it is proved that TiOx is a suitable alternative for lossy n‐doped hydrogenated amorphous silicon (n a‐Si:H) as electron selective contact in ultrathin solar cells based on intrinsic hydrogenated amorphous germanium (a‐Ge:H). The integration of the TiOx layer leads to an improved photocurrent generation in the blue light wavelengths. Furthermore, a substantial extraction of charge carriers is demonstrated from the a‐Ge:H quantum well nanoabsorber embedded between intrinsic a‐Si barrier layers. However, the substitution of n a‐Si:H by TiOx results in limited photovoltaic performance due to a lower open‐circuit voltage. This effect is analyzed via electrical simulation considering a variation in the electron affinity and the doping of TiOx as well as the defect density in the silicon buffer. Moreover, the TiOx‐based solar cell exhibits improved light transmittance when the opaque back contact is omitted, which is beneficial for semi‐transparent applications.
Key considerations for choosing a statistical method to deal with incomplete treatment adherence in pragmatic trials
Authors: Hossain Md. Belal , Karim Mohammad Ehsanul
Published: August 2022

Pragmatic trials offer practical means of obtaining real‐world evidence to help improve decision‐making in comparative effectiveness settings. Unfortunately, incomplete adherence is a common problem in pragmatic trials. The commonly used methods in randomized control trials often cannot handle the added complexity imposed by incomplete adherence, resulting in biased estimates. Several naive methods and advanced causal inference methods (e.g., inverse probability weighting and instrumental variable‐based approaches) have been used in the literature to deal with incomplete adherence. Practitioners and applied researchers are often confused about which method to consider under a given setting. This current work is aimed to review commonly used statistical methods to deal with non‐adherence along with their key assumptions, advantages, and limitations, with a particular focus on pragmatic trials. We have listed the applicable settings for these methods and provided a summary of available software. All methods were applied to two hypothetical datasets to demonstrate how these methods perform in a given scenario, along with the R codes. The key considerations include the type of intervention strategy (point treatment settings, where treatment is administered only once versus sustained treatment settings, where treatment has to be continued over time) and availability of data (e.g., the extent of measured or unmeasured covariates that are associated with adherence, dependent confounding impacted by past treatment, and potential violation of assumptions). This study will guide practitioners and applied researchers to use the appropriate statistical method to address incomplete adherence in pragmatic trial settings for both the point and sustained treatment strategies.
Rhinacanthus nasutus and okara polysaccharides attenuate colitis via inhibiting inflammation and modulating the gut microbiota
Authors: Chen Sheng‐Yi , Shen Yu‐Chieh , Lin Jer‐An , Yen Gow‐Chin
Published: August 2022

Plant polysaccharides have prebiotic properties for gut microbiota and immune modulation. This study aimed to investigate the prevention abilities of edible Rhinacanthus nasutus polysaccharide (RNP) and okara polysaccharide (OP) in Sprague–Dawley rats with acetic acid‐induced colitis. The characterizations of RNP and OP were analyzed, including Fourier transform infrared, thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, and monosaccharide composition. The prebiotic properties of RNP and OP were determined in vitro. In addition, the pathological features of colon length and inflammatory cytokine levels in acetic acid‐induced colitis were improved by intragastric preadministration of RNP and OP for 3 weeks. There was no nephrotoxicity or hepatotoxicity in rats via histopathological assessment after RNP and OP intake. Moreover, the abundance of short‐chain fatty acids‐producing bacteria (Lachnospiraceae, Lactobacilli, and Prevotellaceae) were increased after RNP supplementation. In conclusion, intragastric gavage of RNP and OP significantly modulated the gut microbiota and immune response, consequently alleviating the symptoms of colitis. This novel finding provides an alternative strategy and potential application of these two polysaccharides for colitis prevention and treatment.
Pulmonary Vascular Research Institute GoDeep: A meta‐registry merging deep phenotyping datafrom international PH reference centers
Authors: Majeed Raphael W. , Wilkins Martin R. , Howard Luke , Hassoun Paul M. , Anthi Anastasia , Cajigas Hector R. , Cannon John , Chan Stephen Y. , Damonte Victoria , Elwing Jean , Förster Kai , Frantz Robert , Ghio Stefano , Al Ghouleh Imad , Hilgendorff Anne , Jose Arun , Juaneda Ernesto , Kiely David G. , Lawrie Allan , Orfanos Stylianos E. , Pepe Antonella , Pepke‐Zaba Joanna , Sirenko Yuriy , Swett Andrew J. , Torbas Olena , Zamanian Roham T. , Marquardt Kurt , Michel‐Backofen Achim , Antoine Tobiah , Wilhelm Jochen , Barwick Stephanie , Krieb Phillipp , Fuenderich Meike , Fischer Patrick , Gall Henning , Ghofrani Hossein‐Ardeschir , Grimminger Friedrich , Tello Khodr , Richter Manuel J. , Seeger Werner
Published: August 2022

The Pulmonary Vascular Research Institute GoDeep meta‐registry is a collaboration of pulmonary hypertension (PH) reference centers across the globe. Merging worldwide PH data in a central meta‐registry to allow advanced analysis of the heterogeneity of PH and its groups/subgroups on a worldwide geographical, ethnical, and etiological landscape (ClinTrial. gov NCT05329714). Retrospective and prospective PH patient data (diagnosis based on catheterization; individuals with exclusion of PH are included as a comparator group) are mapped to a common clinical parameter set of more than 350 items, anonymized and electronically exported to a central server. Use and access is decided by the GoDeep steering board, where each center has one vote. As of April 2022, GoDeep comprised 15,742 individuals with 1.9 million data points from eight PH centers. Geographic distribution comprises 3990 enrollees (25%) from America and 11,752 (75%) from Europe. Eighty‐nine perecent were diagnosed with PH and 11% were classified as not PH and provided a comparator group. The retrospective observation period is an average of 3.5 years (standard error of the mean 0.04), with 1159 PH patients followed for over 10 years. Pulmonary arterial hypertension represents the largest PH group (42.6%), followed by Group 2 (21.7%), Group 3 (17.3%), Group 4 (15.2%), and Group 5 (3.3%). The age distribution spans several decades, with patients 60 years or older comprising 60%. The majority of patients met an intermediate risk profile upon diagnosis. Data entry from a further six centers is ongoing, and negotiations with >10 centers worldwide have commenced. Using electronic interface‐based automated retrospective and prospective data transfer, GoDeep aims to provide in‐depth epidemiological and etiological understanding of PH and its various groups/subgroups on a global scale, offering insights for improved management.
Probing Edge State Conductance in Ultra‐Thin Topological Insulator Films
Authors: Leis Arthur , Schleenvoigt Michael , Moors Kristof , Soltner Helmut , Cherepanov Vasily , Schüffelgen Peter , Mussler Gregor , Grützmacher Detlev , Voigtländer Bert , Lüpke Felix , Tautz F. Stefan
Published: August 2022

Quantum spin Hall (QSH) insulators have unique electronic properties, comprising a band gap in their 2D interior and 1D spin‐polarized edge states in which current flows ballistically. In scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), the edge states manifest themselves as an enhanced local density of states (LDOS). However, there is a significant research gap between the observation of edge states in nanoscale spectroscopy, and the detection of ballistic transport in edge channels which typically relies on transport experiments with microscale lithographic contacts. Here, few‐layer films of the 3D topological insulator (BixSb)2Te3 are studied, for which a topological transition to a 2D topological QSH insulator phase has been proposed. Indeed, an edge state in the LDOS is observed within the band gap. Yet, in nanoscale transport experiments with a four‐tip STM, two‐quintuple‐layer films do not exhibit a ballistic conductance in the edge channels and thus no QSH edge states. This demonstrates that the detection of edge states in spectroscopy can be misleading with regard to the identification of a QSH phase. In contrast, nanoscale multi‐tip transport experiments are a robust method for effectively pinpointing ballistic edge channels, as opposed to trivial edge states, in quantum materials.
Riparian recruitment persists after damming: Environmental flows and coupled colonization of cottonwoods and willows following floods along a dryland river
Authors: Philipsen Laurens J. , Rood Stewart B.
Published: August 2022

For riparian woodlands, occasional floods provide geomorphic disturbance that creates barren colonization sites, and river stage patterns that enable seedling establishment. To investigate impacts from river damming and instream flow regulation on these processes, we studied the lower Red Deer River in the semi‐arid region of Alberta, Canada. Dickson Dam was implemented in 1983 and although major flood peaks in June 2005 and June 2013 were attenuated by about one‐quarter, substantial seedling establishment of plains cottonwoods (Populus deltoides) was observed. Cross‐sectional transects in 2014 and 2015 revealed the reproductively mature cottonwood band from 2005, while the 2013 colonization was limited to low elevations of 0.3–1.3 m above the base river stage. Seedling numbers and the elevational ranges were probably reduced by abrupt (>4 cm/day) river stage reductions in July 2005 and in July 2013. In addition to direct seedling establishment on barren sandbars, we observed “coupled colonization” with cottonwood recruitment within sparse patches of sandbar willows (Salix exigua). The flood‐tolerant willows stabilize the bars and increase aggradation through sediment trapping. Thus, cottonwood colonization persisted after damming, indicating that the pattern of downstream flow regulation was important, rather than damming per se. To sustain riparian recruitment along regulated rivers in dry regions, we recommend: (1) that floods be allowed as feasible, (2) higher river stages during seed dispersal, (3) flow ramping (gradual summer recession) for seedling survival, (4) sufficient growing season flows to avoid drought‐induced mortality, and (5) that willows be encouraged as well as cottonwoods.
Reframing formative assessment for emergent bilinguals: Linguistically responsive assessing in science classrooms
Authors: Lyon Edward G.
Published: August 2022

Research into the effective teaching of science to emergent bilinguals has converged around key theoretical perspectives and led to expansive empirical evidence that emphasizes the integration of science learning with language/literacy development. Simultaneously, formative assessment has been touted as one of the key components of effective teaching in science classrooms. I address a critical research gap by connecting the teaching of emergent bilinguals in science classrooms to formative assessment through sociocultural perspectives and linguistically responsive teaching—thereby reframing the traditional model of formative assessment into a framework for linguistically responsive assessing. To illustrate the challenges and opportunities of translating a framework of linguistically responsive assessing into practice, I analyzed the formative assessment practices of two middle school science teachers with whom I worked through ongoing professional learning in support of emergent bilinguals through assessing. Both teachers (1) framed learning goals and assessment around meaningful and relevant student contexts, (2) planned multimodal assessment interactions to scaffold science learning and language/literacy development, and (3) attempted to elicit students’ lived experiences. Yet, I also observed missed opportunities that provide additional insight into the continued challenges of ensuring that formative assessment for emergent bilinguals puts literacy and the students’ linguistic, cultural, and home/family assets front and center.
Intramolecular Nucleophilic Addition of N‐Boc Protected α‐Amino Carbanions to Arynes: Synthesis of 1‐Aryl‐2,3,4,5‐tetrahydro‐1H‐2‐benzazepines
Authors: Kaur Manjot , Sharma Esha , Singh Pushpinder , Kaur Babaldeep , Kaur Amarjit , Nain Singh Kamal
Published: August 2022

A two‐step protocol involving cyclization and deprotection towards the synthesis of C‐1 arylated benzazepines has been developed under transition‐metal oxidant free conditions. The coupling reaction of
‐lithiated carbanion, generated from Boc‐protected amine, with in situ generated aryne proceeds well intramolecularly. A variety of substrates were explored with corresponding products in moderate yield.
A Comparative Study of Different Methods for Cellulose Extraction from Lignocellulosic Wastes and Conversion into Carboxymethyl Cellulose
Authors: Akhlaq Maida , Maqsood Hassan , Uroos Maliha , Iqbal Ayesha
Published: August 2022

Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is an appealing industrial chemical obtained by modification of cellulose with redundant applications in food, pharmaceuticals, paints, detergents and others. This report demonstrates the comparative study of potential of different lignocellulosic biomass by using five traditional methods to get white, pristine cellulose with higher percentage yield from waste, later, conversion of cellulose into its derivative i. e., carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC). Four raw materials comprising of wheat straw, sugarcane bagasse, rice straw and banana leaves were employed as an alternating source of cellulose. Sulfide method came out as a most viable delignification method, used to degrade all dewaxed wastes, efficiently. After cellulose extraction, substitution of hydroxyl groups of cellulose was executed by infusing cellulose with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and monochloroacetic acid (MCA) in the presence of isopropanol as supporting medium. In this way, a variety of cellulose and CMC were obtained and verified with commercial samples of both products. Furthermore, characteristics of different CMC were checked including degree of substitution (DS), CMC content, moisture content, solubility and purity. The CMC from wheat straw showed the highest DS (2.1), solubility and yield. FTIR spectra confirmed the replacement of hydroxyl group with carboxymethyl group by indicating characteristic peak of carbonyl group (‐CO) at 1588 cm−1. In 1H NMR spectrum, plethora of peaks in the region 3–5 ppm indicated the derivatization of cellulose and 13C NMR confirmed the peaks of carbonyl carbons at 180 and 182 ppm. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) shows that the crystallinity of CMC has been reduced, significantly.
Ruthenium Complexes as Potential Cancer Cell Growth Inhibitors for Targeted Chemotherapy
Authors: Katheria Snehlata
Published: August 2022

The effective clinical use of the three generation platinum anticancer drugs, cisplatin, carboplatin, and oxaliplatin, has sparked interest in metallodrugs; however, drug resistance and side effects have hampered their continued use and effects. Ruthenium(III) complexes have been successfully used in clinical research, and their anticancer mechanisms have been extensively reported during the last few decades. Ruthenium(II) complexes have also received a lot of attention as anticancer alternatives, but only a few of them have been thoroughly investigated. The development of ruthenium compounds as target‐specific chemotherapeutic drugs has received a lot of attention in recent years. Indeed, a few reviews summarising the research on cancer targeting ruthenium complexes have been published previously. We looked at studies on the target specific mechanism of action of ruthenium complexes for numerous organelles endoplasmic reticulum, nucleus, mitochondria,), DNA, intracellular proteins, and certain enzymes (carbonic anhydrase, TopoisomeraseI), all of which are upregulated in cancer cells and provide a specific mechanism for cancer cell death. This review will provide readers with a general overview of the different ruthenium complexes available for targeted chemotherapy, as well as information to aid in the design and creation of new anticancer ruthenium complexes research.