bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hegel and the Metaphysics of Absolute Negativity
Authors: Bowman Brady
Published: March 2013

Hegel's doctrines of absolute negativity and 'the Concept' are among his most original contributions to philosophy and they constitute the systematic core of dialectical thought. Brady Bowman explores the interrelations between these doctrines, their implications for Hegel's critical understanding of classical logic and ontology, natural science and mathematics as forms of 'finite cognition', and their role in developing a positive, 'speculative' account of consciousness and its place in nature. As a means to this end, Bowman also re-examines Hegel's relations to Kant and pre-Kantian rationalism, and to key post-Kantian figures such as Jacobi, Fichte and Schelling. His book draws from the breadth of Hegel's writings to affirm a robustly metaphysical reading of the Hegelian project, and will be of great interest to students of Hegel and of German Idealism more generally.
The Shadow Economy
Authors: Schneider Friedrich , Enste Dominik H.
Published: March 2013

Illicit work, social security fraud, economic crime and other shadow economy activities are fast becoming an international problem. This second edition uses new data to reassess currency demand and the model approach to estimate the size of the shadow economy in 151 developing, transition, and OECD countries. This updated edition argues that during the 2000s the average size of the shadow economy varied from 19 per cent of GDP for OECD countries, to 30 per cent for transition countries, to 45 per cent for developing countries. It examines the causes and consequences of this development using an integrated approach to explain deviant behaviour that combines findings from economic, sociological, and psychological research. The authors suggest that increasing taxation and social security contributions, rising state regulatory activities, and the decline of the tax morale are all driving forces behind this growth, and they propose a reform of state public institutions in order to improve the dynamics of the official economy.
A First Course in Computational Algebraic Geometry
Authors: Decker Wolfram , Pfister Gerhard
Published: March 2013

A First Course in Computational Algebraic Geometry is designed for young students with some background in algebra who wish to perform their first experiments in computational geometry. Originating from a course taught at the African Institute for Mathematical Sciences, the book gives a compact presentation of the basic theory, with particular emphasis on explicit computational examples using the freely available computer algebra system, Singular. Readers will quickly gain the confidence to begin performing their own experiments.
The Skeptical Environmentalist
Authors: Lomborg Bjørn
Published: March 2013

The Skeptical Environmentalist challenges widely held beliefs that the environmental situation is getting worse and worse. The author, himself a former member of Greenpeace, is critical of the way in which many environmental organisations make selective and misleading use of the scientific evidence. Using the best available statistical information from internationally recognised research institutes, Bjørn Lomborg systematically examines a range of major environmental problems that feature prominently in headline news across the world. His arguments are presented in non-technical, accessible language and are carefully backed up by over 2500 footnotes allowing readers to check sources for themselves. Concluding that there are more reasons for optimism than pessimism, Bjørn Lomborg stresses the need for clear-headed prioritisation of resources to tackle real, not imagined problems. The Skeptical Environmentalist offers readers a non-partisan stocktaking exercise that serves as a useful corrective to the more alarmist accounts favoured by campaign groups and the media.
Search User Interfaces
Authors: Hearst Marti A.
Published: March 2013

The truly world-wide reach of the Web has brought with it a new realisation of the enormous importance of usability and user interface design. In the last ten years, much has become understood about what works in search interfaces from a usability perspective, and what does not. Researchers and practitioners have developed a wide range of innovative interface ideas, but only the most broadly acceptable make their way into major web search engines. This book summarizes these developments, presenting the state of the art of search interface design, both in academic research and in deployment in commercial systems. Many books describe the algorithms behind search engines and information retrieval systems, but the unique focus of this book is specifically on the user interface. It will be welcomed by industry professionals who design systems that use search interfaces as well as graduate students and academic researchers who investigate information systems.
Aggregation Functions
Authors: Grabisch Michel , Marichal Jean-Luc , Mesiar Radko , Pap Endre
Published: March 2013

Aggregation is the process of combining several numerical values into a single representative value, and an aggregation function performs this operation. These functions arise wherever aggregating information is important: applied and pure mathematics (probability, statistics, decision theory, functional equations), operations research, computer science, and many applied fields (economics and finance, pattern recognition and image processing, data fusion, etc.). This is a comprehensive, rigorous and self-contained exposition of aggregation functions. Classes of aggregation functions covered include triangular norms and conorms, copulas, means and averages, and those based on nonadditive integrals. The properties of each method, as well as their interpretation and analysis, are studied in depth, together with construction methods and practical identification methods. Special attention is given to the nature of scales on which values to be aggregated are defined (ordinal, interval, ratio, bipolar). It is an ideal introduction for graduate students and a unique resource for researchers.
Extensions panachées autoduales
Authors: Bertrand Daniel
Published: March 2013

We study self-duality of Grothendieck's blended extensions in the context of a tannakian category. The set of equivalence classes of symmetric, resp. antisymmetric, blended extensions is naturally endowed with a torsor structure, which enables us to compute the unipotent radical of the associated monodromy groups in various situations.
Prime Ideals of Mixed Artin-Tate Motives
Authors: Peter Tobias J.
Published: March 2013

We show that for a field k, algebraic over ℚ, and F a field of characteristic zero, the triangular spectra of mixed Tate motives (resp. mixed Artin-Tate motives), denoted by DMT(k)F (resp. DMAT(k)F), are both isomorphic to spec(F). We further compute the Picard groups of DMT(k)F and DMAT(k)ℚ.
CARBON AND NUTRIENT CYCLING THROUGH FINE ROOTS IN RUBBER (HEVEA BRASILIENSIS) PLANTATIONS IN INDIA
Authors: JESSY M. D. , PRASANNAKUMARI P. , ABRAHAM JOSHUA
Published: March 2013

Understanding the growth dynamics of fine roots and their contribution to soil organic carbon and nutrient pools is crucial for estimating ecosystem carbon and nutrient cycling and how these are influenced by climate change. Rubber is cultivated in more than 10 million hectare globally and the area under rubber cultivation is fast expanding due to socio-economic reasons, apart from the importance given to this species for eco-restoration of degraded lands. An experiment was conducted to quantify fine root production, fine root turnover and carbon and nutrient cycling through fine roots in rubber plantations with different soil nutrient status and rainfall pattern. Fine root production was estimated by sequential coring and ingrowth core methods. Fine root decomposition was determined by the litter bag technique. Carbon and nutrient contents in fine roots were determined and their turnover was computed. Fine root biomass in the top 0–7.5-cm soil layer showed significant seasonal fluctuation and the fluctuations were particularly wide during the transition period from the dry season to the rainy season. Fine root production estimated by the different methods was significantly higher at the lower fertility site and during the higher soil moisture stress year. Fine root turnover ranged from 1.04 to 2.29 year−1. Root carbon and nutrient status showed seasonal variation and lower status was observed during the rainy season. The annual recycling of C, N, P, K, Ca and Mg through fine roots ranged from 590 to 1758, 30 to 85, 3 to 12, 13 to 31, 11 to 35 and 6 to 13 kg ha−1, respectively. Substantial quantities of carbon and nutrients were recycled annually in rubber plantations through fine roots. When soil moisture and nutrient stress were more severe, fine root production, turnover and carbon and nutrient recycling through fine roots were higher.
Quantitative trait loci mapping for plant architecture traits across two upland cotton populations using SSR markers
Authors: LI C. , SONG L. , ZHAO H. , XIA Z. , JIA Z. , WANG X. , DONG N. , WANG Q.
Published: March 2013

Cotton plant architecture is an important agronomic trait affecting yield and quality. In the present study, two F2:3upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL.) populations were developed from Baimian2/TM-1 and Baimian2/CIR12 to map quantitative trait loci (QTL) for cotton plant architecture traits using simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. A total of 73 QTL (37 significant and 36 suggestive) affecting plant architecture traits were detected in both populations. Four common QTL,qTFN-17for total fruit nodes,qFBN-17for fruit branch nodes,qFBL-17for fruit branch length andqTFB-17a/qTFB-17b(qTFB-17) for total fruit branches, were found across the two populations. These common QTL should have high reliability and could be used for marker-assisted selection (MAS) to facilitate cotton plant architecture. The two common QTL,qTFN-17andqFBL-17, were especially significant in both populations, and moreover, they explained >0·100 of the phenotypic variation in at least one population. These two QTL should be considered preferentially for MAS. The synergistic alleles and the negative alleles could be utilized in cotton plant architecture breeding programmes according to specific breeding objectives.
Fishing for Leviathans? Shifting Views on the Liberal State and Development in Peruvian History
Authors: GOOTENBERG PAUL
Published: March 2013

This essay examines the shifting conceptions of the state and development through recent waves of Peruvian historiography. The broad structuralist-dependency interpretations of the 1970s and 1980s gave way to a more diffuse and creative ‘political turn’ during and after the 1990s. These changing historical ideas, which still defy synthesis, relate to distinctive global conceptions and phases of economic liberalism, the changing perceived role of states in development, and the integration and social disciplining of a vastly unequal Peruvian nation. Aspects of these Peruvian historical debates may help to shed light on similar controversies through much of the region.
The Miniliths of Exmoor
Authors: Gillings Mark , Pollard Joshua , Taylor Jeremy
Published: March 2013

This paper presents the results of a programme of research on an unusual group of prehistoric stone settings located on Exmoor, south-west England. Taking a variety of semi-geometric and apparently random forms, a total of 59 settings have been identified, with new discoveries taking place on a regular basis. These stone settings are remarkable for their diminutive size, with component stones often standing to heights of 100 mm or less, a factor which has led to their being termed ‘minilithic’. Through reference to the results of a programme of geophysical survey and small-scale excavation targeted upon a particularly rich cluster of settings around the upper reaches of Badgworthy Water, issues of morphology, dating, relationships, and the implications of the Exmoor miniliths for developing understandings monumentality are discussed.
The Pre- and ProtohistoricToguéof the Niger Alluvial Plain, Mali
Authors: Schmidt Annette M.
Published: March 2013

The Inland Niger Delta in Mali is scattered with thousands of tell-like dwelling mounds that testify to the rich archaeological heritage of this attractive occupation area. The results of archaeological research suggest an occupation history of more than two millennia in which large urban settlements such as Djenné-Djeno and Dia play a central role. Regional surveys have revealed primary information on the vast rural hinterland of these extensive cities, but little is known about the structure and evolution of this considerable settlement system. The aim of the re-examination of 128 sites in the southern part of the Niger alluvial plain was to obtain an understanding of intersite relations based on sites' chronological, functional, socio-economic, and hierarchical differentiation and their participation in different trade networks. For the research it was crucial to find a method to date the last occupation period of the sites using surface remains. The results of the study emphasise the former occupants' preference for the most elevated landscape units close to fertile pastures, good cultivation grounds, and extensive fishing potential for their settlement sites. The occupants' ability to distribute and exchange agricultural surplus for luxury goods – imported via regional, inter-regional and trans-Saharan trade networks – is impressive, showing that they were able to compete with occupants of the large urban centres. Although the rural sites were much smaller than Djenné-Djeno and Dia, they were well connected. The rural hinterland apparently played an important role in most of the great West African empires. Population densities of the Inland Niger Delta were high for a long time, until the trade routes changed in the 15th century AD and the region became socio-politically unstable. This led to the abandonment of settlements, first around the urban settlements, and later also in the rural hinterland. The present-day occupation of the region is only a poor reflection of its impressive past.
‘Fancy Objects’ in the British Iron Age: Why Decorate?
Authors: Joy Jody
Published: March 2013

A survey and new perspectives of Celtic or La Tène art from Britain is presented. Following Spratling, Celtic art is defined as ‘ornament or pattern and animal/human/supernatural images in metal and other media’. Regional and temporal variations in the type and usage of decorated artefacts are summarised. Three case studies, made of different media, are presented: metal scabbards, bone and antler weaving combs, and pottery. By asking the question ‘why decorate?’ it is argued that the decision to decorate an artefact can affect its life history, marking it out from undecorated artefacts of the same type. Rather than serving a single function, decoration was employed to serve multiple social goals throughout the Iron Age. Different forms of social expression, such as feasting, elaborate display, or weaving, are significant at any one time or place. It is argued that decorated artefacts often played a significant role in these different social arenas. Contrary to many past discussions, decorated artefacts in media other than metal are demonstrated to have been important in negotiations of social power and cosmology.
Death, Decapitation and Display? The Bronze and Iron Age Human Remains from the Sculptor's Cave, Covesea, North-east Scotland
Authors: Armit Ian , Schulting Rick , Knüsel Christopher J. , Shepherd Ian A.G.
Published: March 2013

Excavations at the Sculptor's Cave (north-east Scotland) during the 1930s and 1970s yielded evidence for activity in the Late Bronze Age, Late Iron Age, and early medieval periods, including a substantial human skeletal assemblage with apparent evidence for the removal, curation, and display of human heads. The present project, combining osteological analysis and a programme of AMS dating, aimed to place the surviving human remains from the site into their appropriate chronological context and to relate them to the broader sequence of human activity in the cave. A series of AMS determinations has demonstrated that the human remains fall into two distinct chronological groups separated by a millennium or more: one from the Mid-Late Bronze Age and one from the Late Iron Age. Osteological analysis suggests that while the Bronze Age group may, as previously suggested, include the remains of the heads of juveniles formerly displayed at the cave entrance, this was not the sole mechanism by which human remains arrived in the cave at this time. The Late Iron Age group provides evidence for decapitation and other violent treatments within the cave itself.
Towards Synthesis: Research and Discovery in Neolithic North-East England
Authors: Waddington Clive , Marshall Peter , Passmore David G.
Published: March 2013

The Tweed Valley and its tributaries, and particularly the Milfield Basin in north Northumberland, is an area of strategic significance in the geography of the British Isles and it hosts a rich and varied multi-period archaeological and palaeoenvironmental record. This paper summarises some of the key findings for the Neolithic resulting from a long-term and in-depth landscape research project and provides a new chronological sequence for the Neolithic of the region.

Attention is drawn to the discovery of what appears to be a new type of Neolithic structure associated with settlement activity hitherto unrecognised in Britain: post-built timber buildings based on a triangular arrangement of timbers. The paper then turns to a consideration of subsistence and land-use practices and the evidence for cereal agriculture from the immediate outset of the Neolithic in the region. Since 1999 many more radiocarbon measurements have become available for Neolithic activity in the area and, together with those obtained before 1999, have been recalibrated and subjected to Bayesian modelling to produce more precise estimates for Neolithic activity. Important findings include the provision of a more robust estimate for dating the onset of the Neolithic in the region, as well as establishing a chronological framework for the Neolithic–Beaker period ceramic sequence. It also reveals that the current dating available for the henge monuments indicates that this ritual complex most likely dates to the Beaker period and not to the Neolithic proper as they do in some other parts of Britain. Truly ‘Neolithic’ ceremonial monuments in the Milfield Basin remain elusive and few of the potential sites that have so far been identified have yet to be tested by excavation and scientific dating. A clear zoning of rock art is apparent, with hundreds of sites all clustered on the Fellsandstone escarpment, while a variety of Neolithic burial types is attested suggesting the region formed a meeting ground for different cultural influences.
Hillforts, Emotional Metaphors, and the Good Life: a Response to Armit
Authors: Lock Gary
Published: March 2013

Hillforts have always been central to interpretations of Iron Age society and Ian Armit's paper in this journal (2007) re-introduces the question of whether or not they represent ‘endemic warfare’. This response will critique claims for warfare in the Early and Middle Iron Age of Wessex and present an alternative view of hillforts and how they may have been used. It is argued that within dispersed small scale agricultural societies the communal building, maintenance, and use of hillforts can act to structure the sociality of people whose interests are in creating a harmonious existence. Within this view, hillforts act as metaphors for the managing of emotional relationships within groups of people as they go about their daily lives.
Large outbreak of cholera caused by El Tor variant Vibrio cholerae O1 in the eastern coast of Odisha, India during 2009
Authors: PAL B. B. , KHUNTIA H. K. , SAMAL S. K. , KERKETTA A. S. , KAR S. K. , KARMAKAR M. , PATTNAIK B.
Published: March 2013

A large outbreak of cholera reported during April–July 2009 in the Kendrapada district of Odisha, India was investigated. Forty-one rectal swabs and 41 water samples, collected from diarrhoeal patients and from different villages were bacteriologically analysed for the isolation of bacterial enteriopathogens, antibiogram profile and detection of various toxic genes. The bacteriological analysis of rectal swabs and environmental water samples revealed the presence of V. cholerae O1 Ogawa biotype El Tor. The V. cholerae strains were resistant to ciprofloxacin, co-trimoxazole, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, ampicillin, furazolidone and nalidixic acid. The multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay on V. cholerae strains revealed the presence of ctxA and tcpA genes. The mismatch amplification of mutation assay (MAMA) PCR on clinical and environmental isolates of V. cholerae revealed that the strains were El Tor biotype, which harboured the ctxB gene of the classical strain. The random amplified polymorphic DNA PCR analysis and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis results indicated that the V. cholerae isolates belonged to the same clone. This investigation gives a warning that the El Tor variant of V. cholerae has spread to the coastal district causing a large outbreak that requires close monitoring and surveillance on diarrhoeal outbreaks in Odisha.
IS THERE A BIGGEST PROBLEM IN PHILOSOPHY? SOME REFLECTIONS ON SETTING PRIORITIES
Authors: van den Berg Floris
Published: March 2013

Philosophers and others with inquisitive minds have busied their brains for millennia with questions such as: ‘Does god exist? What is the meaning of life? Are we free or determined? What is truth? Is there any knowledge which is so certain that no reasonable person could doubt it? What is reality? What is good? What is beautiful? Why exist? What is “to be”? What is justice? What did Kant mean by the categorical imperative?’ Are all these topics equally (un)important or is there a ranking of philosophical problems? If there is such a ranking, is there a need to set priorities? What philosophical problem is most urgent?
JOHN LOCKE AND DAMARIS MASHAM, NÉE CUDWORTH: QUESTIONS OF INFLUENCE
Authors: Moore Terence
Published: March 2013

Damaris Masham has been described as the first woman philosopher of her Age. Her best known works, published anonymously, were ‘A Discourse Concerning the Love of God’, 1696, and ‘Occasional Thoughts in Reference to a Vertuous or Christian Life’, 1705. To some scholars her ideas, radical for her time, are the ideas of an early feminist. Her correspondents besides Locke, included Leibniz. Damaris was 23 years old and Locke 49 when they first met in 1681.
Cerebral Blood Volume Affects Blood–Brain Barrier Integrity in an Acute Transient Stroke Model
Authors: Huang Shuning , Kim Jeong Kon , Atochin Dmitriy N , Farrar Christian T , Huang Paul L , Suh Ji Yeon , Kwon Seon Joo , Shim Woo Hyun , Cho Hyungjoon , Cho Gyunggoo , Kim Young Ro
Published: March 2013

Insufficient vascular reserve after an ischemic stroke may induce biochemical cascades that subsequently deteriorate the blood–brain barrier (BBB) function. However, the direct relationship between poor cerebral blood volume (CBV) restoration and BBB disruption has not been examined in acute stroke. To quantify BBB integrity at acute stages of transient stroke, in particular for cases in which extravasation of the standard contrast agent (Gd-DTPA) is not observed, we adopted the water exchange index (WEI), a novel magnetic resonance image-derived parameter to estimate the water permeability across the BBB. The apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) and R2 relaxation rate constant were also measured for outlining the tissue abnormality, while fractional CBV and WEI were quantified for assessing vascular alterations. The significantly decreased ADC and R2 in the ischemic cortices did not correlate with the changes in CBV or WEI. In contrast, a strong negative correlation between the ipsilesional WEI and CBV was found, in which stroke mice were clustered into two groups: (1) high WEI and low CBV and (2) normal WEI and CBV. The low CBV observed for mice with a disrupted BBB, characterized by a high WEI, indicates the importance of CBV restoration for maintaining BBB stability in acute stroke.
The Future of Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling to Predict Drug Exposure in Pregnant Women
Authors: Vinks AA
Published: March 2013

Pregnant women have long been orphaned from drug studies. The application of physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling to quantitatively describe drug disposition and effects during pregnancy is an attractive approach that is now actively pursued as it allows optimal use of available information for both efficient study designs and prediction of maternal–fetal exposure.

CPT: Pharmacometrics & Systems Pharmacology (2013) 2, e33; doi:10.1038/psp.2013.9; advance online publication 6 March 2013
mRNA encoding WAVE–Arp2/3-associated proteins is co-localized with foci of active protein synthesis at the leading edge of MRC5 fibroblasts during cell migration
Authors: Willett Mark , Brocard Michele , Pollard Hilary J. , Morley Simon J.
Published: March 2013

During cell spreading, mammalian cells migrate using lamellipodia formed from a large dense branched actin network which produces the protrusive force required for leading edge advancement. The formation of lamellipodia is a dynamic process and is dependent on a variety of protein cofactors that mediate their local regulation, structural characteristics and dynamics. In the present study, we show that mRNAs encoding some structural and regulatory components of the WAVE [WASP (Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome protein) verprolin homologous] complex are localized to the leading edge of the cell and associated with sites of active translation. Furthermore, we demonstrate that steady-state levels of ArpC2 and Rac1 proteins increase at the leading edge during cell spreading, suggesting that localized protein synthesis has a pivotal role in controlling cell spreading and migration.
Low-resolution structure of the soluble domain GPAA1 (yGPAA170–247) of the glycosylphosphatidylinositol transamidase subunit GPAA1 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Saw Wuan Geok , Eisenhaber Birgit , Eisenhaber Frank , Grüber Gerhard
Published: March 2013

The GPI (glycosylphosphatidylinositol) transamidase complex catalyses the attachment of GPI anchors to eukaryotic proteins in the lumen of ER (endoplasmic reticulum). The Saccharomyces cerevisiae GPI transamidase complex consists of the subunits yPIG-K (Gpi8p), yPIG-S (Gpi17p), yPIG-T (Gpi16p), yPIG-U (CDC91/GAB1) and yGPAA1. We present the production of the two recombinant proteins yGPAA170–247 and yGPAA170–339 of the luminal domain of S. cerevisiae GPAA1, covering the amino acids 70–247 and 70–339 respectively. The secondary structural content of the stable and monodisperse yGPAA170–247 has been determined to be 28% α-helix and 27% β-sheet. SAXS (small-angle X-ray scattering) data showed that yGPAA170–247 has an Rg (radius of gyration) of 2.72±0.025 nm and Dmax (maximum dimension) of 9.14 nm. These data enabled the determination of the two domain low-resolution solution structure of yGPAA170–247. The large elliptical shape of yGPAA170–247 is connected via a short stalk to the smaller hook-like domain of 0.8 nm in length and 3.5 nm in width. The topological arrangement of yGPAA170–247 will be discussed together with the recently determined low-resolution structures of yPIG-K24–337 and yPIG-S38–467 from S. cerevisiae in the GPI transamidase complex.
Information Systems History: What is History? What is is History? What is History? … and Why Even Bother with History?
Authors: Bryant Antony , Black Alistair , Land Frank , Porra Jaana
Published: March 2013

Prologue and preamble The views of Collingwood can be summarized as follows. The philosophy of history is concerned neither with ‘the past by itself’ nor with ‘the historian's thought about it by itself’, but with ‘the two things in their mutual relations’. (This dictum reflects the two current meanings of the word ‘history’ – the inquiry conducted by the historian and the series of past events into which he inquires.)

Carr (1961: 1l)
The History of the Internet: The Missing Narratives
Authors: Campbell-Kelly Martin , Garcia-Swartz Daniel D
Published: March 2013

The origins of the Internet are only partially understood. It is often believed that the Internet grew as a tree from a tiny acorn, the ARPANET network set up in 1969. In this study, we argue that this interpretation is incomplete at best and seriously flawed at worst. Our article makes three contributions. First, on the basis of a wide variety of primary and secondary sources we reconstruct the history of computer networks between the late 1950s and the early 1990s. We show that the ARPANET network was one among a myriad of (commercial and non-commercial) networks that developed over that period of time – the integration of these networks into an internet was likely to happen, whether ARPANET existed or not. Second, we make a systematic effort to quantify the significance of these various networks. This allows us to visualize more clearly the extent to which the ARPANET network was one among many, and not a particularly large one at that. Third, we provide a nuanced interpretation of the rise of various technologies, including the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol and the World Wide Web, as ‘dominant designs.’ Their rise should be interpreted within the economic framework of industries with network effects, in which historical accidents bring about tipping points that lead to universal acceptance. We thus show that history matters for understanding why information systems function in the way they do.
Remarkable Symmetries in the Milky Way Disc's Magnetic Field
Authors: Kronberg P. P. , Newton-McGee K. J.
Published: March 2013

We apply a new, expanded compilation of extragalactic source Faraday rotation measures (RM) to investigate the broad underlying magnetic structure of the Galactic disk at latitudes ∣b∣ ≲15° over all longitudes l, where our total number of RMs is comparable to those in the combined Canadian Galactic Plane Survey (CGPS) at ∣b∣ < 4° and the Southern Galactic Plane (SGPS) ∣b∣<1.5°. We report newly revealed, remarkably coherent patterns of RM at ∣b∣≲15° from l∼270° to ∼90° and RM(l) features of unprecedented clarity that replicate in l with opposite sign on opposite sides of the Galactic center. They confirm a highly patterned bisymmetric field structure toward the inner disc, an axisymmetic pattern toward the outer disc, and a very close coupling between the CGPS/SGPS RMs at ∣b∣≲3° (‘mid-plane’) and our new RMs up to ∣b∣∼15° (‘near-plane’). Our analysis also shows the vertical height of the coherent component of the disc field above the Galactic disc's mid-plane—to be ∼1.5 kpc out to ∼6 kpc from the Sun. This identifies the approximate height of a transition layer to the halo field structure. We find no RM sign change across the plane within ∣b∣∼15° in any longitude range. The prevailing disc field pattern and its striking degree of large-scale ordering confirm that our side of the Milky Way has a very organized underlying magnetic structure, for which the inward spiral pitch angle is 5.5°±1° at all ∣b∣ up to ∼12° in the inner semicircle of Galactic longitudes. It decreases to ∼0° toward the anticentre.
Stark Width Regularities within Neutral Calcium Spectral Series
Authors: Tapalaga I. , Dojčinović I. P. , Milosavljević M. K. , Purić J.
Published: March 2013

Dependences of electron and proton impact Stark width on the upper level ionization potential within different series of the neutral calcium spectral lines have been evaluated and discussed. The similar dependences previously found for the electron impact contribution were also obtained for the proton impact contribution to the Stark broadening. The emphasis is on the term structure influence on the studied Stark width dependences. The influence of the lower transition level and transition term is higher at low temperatures. After establishing these dependences, predictions were made for Stark widths of neutral calcium spectral lines not measured experimentally or calculated theoretically until now.
Distance Measurements and Stellar Population Properties via Surface Brightness Fluctuations
Authors: Fritz Alexander
Published: March 2013

Surface Brightness Fluctuations (SBFs) are one of the most powerful techniques to measure the distance and to constrain the unresolved stellar content of extragalactic systems. For a given bandpass, the absolute SBF magnitude M depends on the properties of the underlying stellar population. Multi-band SBFs allow scientists to probe different stages of the stellar evolution: ultraviolet and blue wavelength band SBFs are sensitive to the evolution of stars within the hot horizontal branch and post-asymptotic giant branch phases, whereas optical SBF magnitudes explore the stars within the red giant branch and horizontal branch regimes. Near- and far-infrared SBF luminosities probe the important stellar evolution stage within the asymptotic giant branch and thermally pulsating asymptotic giant branch phases. Since the first successful application by Tonry and Schneider, a multiplicity of works have used this method to expand the distance scale up to 150 Mpc and beyond. This article gives a historical background of distance measurements, reviews the basic concepts of the SBF technique, presents a broad sample of investigations and discusses possible selection effects, biases, and limitations of the method. In particular, exciting new developments and improvements in the field of stellar population synthesis are discussed that are essential to understand the physics and properties of the populations in unresolved stellar systems. Further, promising future directions of the SBF technique are presented. With new upcoming space-based satellites such as Gaia, the SBF method will remain as one of the most important tools to derive distances to galaxies with unprecedented accuracy and to give detailed insights into the stellar content of globular clusters and galaxies.
Absolute-Magnitude Calibration for Red Giants Based on Colour–Magnitude Diagrams of Galactic Clusters: I. Calibration in V and B–V
Authors: Karaali S. , Bilir S. , Gökçe E. Yaz
Published: March 2013

We present an absolute-magnitude calibration for red giants using the colour–magnitude diagrams of six Galactic clusters with different metallicities: M92, M13, M5, 47 Tuc, M67 and NGC 6791. The combination of the absolute magnitude offset from the fiducial of giant sequence of the cluster M5 with the corresponding metallicity offset provides a calibration estimation for the absolute magnitude of red giants for a given (B – V)0 colour. The calibration is defined in the colour interval 0.75 ≤ (B – V)0 ≤ 1.50 mag and it covers the metal licity interval −2.15 > [Fe/H]≤+0.37 dex. 91% of the absolute magnitude residuals obtained by the application of the procedure to another set of Galactic clusters lie in the interval −0.40 < ΔM≤+0.40 mag. The mean and the standard deviation of the residuals are 0.05 and 0.19 mag, respectively. We fitted the absolute magnitude also to metallicity and age for a limited sub-sample of (B – V)0 colour, just to test the effect of age in absolute-magnitude calibration. Comparison of the mean and the standard deviation of the residuals evaluated by this procedure with the corresponding ones provided by the procedure where the absolute magnitude fitted to a third degree polynomial of metallicity show that the age parameter may be omitted in absolute magnitude estimation of red giants. The derived relations are applicable to stars older than 4 Gyr, the age of the youngest calibrating cluster.
The Dark Matter Crisis: Falsification of the Current Standard Model of Cosmology
Authors: Kroupa P.
Published: March 2013

The current standard model of cosmology (SMoC) requires The Dual Dwarf Galaxy Theorem to be true according to which two types of dwarf galaxies must exist: primordial dark-matter (DM) dominated (type A) dwarf galaxies, and tidal-dwarf and ram-pressure-dwarf (type B) galaxies void of DM. Type A dwarfs surround the host approximately spherically, while type B dwarfs are typically correlated in phasespace. Type B dwarfs must exist in any cosmological theory in which galaxies interact. Only one type of dwarf galaxy is observed to exist on the baryonic Tully-Fisher plot and in the radius-mass plane. The Milky Way satellite system forms a vast phase-space-correlated structure that includes globular clusters and stellar and gaseous streams. Other galaxies also have phase-space correlated satellite systems. Therefore, The Dual Dwarf Galaxy Theorem is falsified by observation and dynamically relevant cold or warm DM cannot exist. It is shown that the SMoC is incompatible with a large set of other extragalactic observations. Other theoretical solutions to cosmological observations exist. In particular, alone the empirical mass-discrepancy—acceleration correlation constitutes convincing evidence that galactic-scale dynamics must be Milgromian. Major problems with inflationary big bang cosmologies remain unresolved.
Coupling of a high-energy excitation to superconducting quasiparticles in a cuprate from coherent charge fluctuation spectroscopy
Authors: Mansart Barbara , Lorenzana José , Mann Andreas , Odeh Ahmad , Scarongella Mariateresa , Chergui Majed , Carbone Fabrizio
Published: March 2013

Dynamical information on spin degrees of freedom of proteins or solids can be obtained by NMR and electron spin resonance. A technique with similar versatility for charge degrees of freedom and their ultrafast correlations could move the understanding of systems like unconventional superconductors forward. By perturbing the superconducting state in a high-
T

c

cuprate, using a femtosecond laser pulse, we generate coherent oscillations of the Cooper pair condensate that can be described by an NMR/electron spin resonance formalism. The oscillations are detected by transient broad-band reflectivity and are found to resonate at the typical scale of Mott physics (2.6 eV), suggesting the existence of a nonretarded contribution to the pairing interaction, as in unconventional (non-Migdal–Eliashberg) theories.
Entropy-driven collective interactions in DNA brushes on a biochip
Authors: Bracha Dan , Karzbrun Eyal , Shemer Gabriel , Pincus Philip A. , Bar-Ziv Roy H.
Published: March 2013

Cell-free gene expression in localized DNA brushes on a biochip has been shown to depend on gene density and orientation, suggesting that brushes form compartments with partitioned conditions. At high density, the interplay of DNA entropic elasticity, electrostatics, and excluded volume interactions leads to collective conformations that affect the function of DNA-associated proteins. Hence, measuring the collective interactions in dense DNA, free of proteins, is essential for understanding crowded cellular environments and for the design of cell-free synthetic biochips. Here, we assembled dense DNA polymer brushes on a biochip along a density gradient and directly measured the collective extension of DNA using evanescent fluorescence. DNA of 1 kbp in a brush undergoes major conformational changes, from a relaxed random coil to a stretched configuration, following a universal function of density to ionic strength ratio with scaling exponent of 1/3. DNA extends because of the swelling force induced by the osmotic pressure of ions, which are trapped in the brush to maintain local charge neutrality, in competition with the restoring force of DNA entropic elasticity. The measurements reveal in DNA crossover between regimes of osmotic, salted, mushroom, and quasineutral brush. It is surprising to note that, at physiological ionic strength, DNA density does not induce collective stretch despite significant chain overlap, which implies that excluded volume interactions in DNA are weak.
Stranding of Spawning Run Green Sturgeon in the Sacramento River: Post-Rescue Movements and Potential Population-Level Effects
Authors: Thomas Michael J. , Peterson Matthew L. , Friedenberg Nick , Van Eenennaam Joel P. , Johnson Joseph R. , Hoover Jan Jeffrey , Klimley A. Peter
Published: March 2013

The lower portion of the Sacramento River, California, has been highly engineered to protect low-lying surrounding communities from annual flood events. While engineered floodplains have provided adequate protection for the surrounding communities, there remain unintended consequences to migratory fish that become stranded during high flow events. In April 2011, we rescued 24 threatened Green Sturgeon Acipenser medirostris that were stranded in two flood diversions along the Sacramento River. We tagged these 24 Green Sturgeon with acoustic tags and analyzed their survival and migration success to their spawning grounds. Additionally, we provided a population viability analysis to show the potential impacts of stranding and the benefits of conducting rescues at the population level. We found that 17 of these 24 individuals continued their upstream migration to the spawning grounds. Modeling suggests that recurrent stranding of a similar magnitude without rescue could affect the long-term viability of Green Sturgeon in the Sacramento River. Population viability analyses of rescue predicted a 7% decrease below the population baseline model over 50 years as opposed to 33% without rescue. Despite the mitigated impact to the population with rescue, fish passage improvements should be considered as a long-term goal for preventing population risks at flood control diversions.

Received May 4, 2012; accepted December 6, 2012
Age at Maturity, Fork Length, and Sex Ratio of Upper Willamette River Hatchery Spring Chinook Salmon
Authors: Johnson Marc A. , Friesen Thomas A.
Published: March 2013

We used data from 17 brood years of coded-wire-tagged hatchery spring Chinook Salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha from the upper Willamette River to test for changes in mean age at maturity, fork length, and sex ratio. We found only limited evidence for any trend in age at maturity or sex ratio. However, Chinook Salmon sampled from tangle nets, recreational fisheries, spawning grounds, and hatcheries all presented trends of decline in mean fork length. Rates of change in fork length ranged from 0 to 5 mm per year in most sample collections, though fork length declined more rapidly for samples from tangle nets. We also observed a positive relationship between adult fork lengths and the median monthly Pacific Decadal Oscillation index in the year prior to juvenile liberation (the brood year). We suggest that future research should investigate the potential cause(s) for the decline in size of hatchery spring Chinook Salmon from the upper Willamette River, with attention to harvest, broad-scale environmental conditions, and hatchery spawning and rearing practices.

Received March 12, 2012; accepted December 11, 2012
Development of an Asian Carp Size Structure Index and Application through Demonstration
Authors: Phelps Quinton E. , Willis David W.
Published: March 2013

Asian carp (Cyprinidae) are among the most invasive fishes in North America, but assessment tools for evaluating stock structure have not been established. Thus, we used data from national and international published reports or manuscripts to develop standard length categories for four species of Asian carp. Due to the similarities in maximum reported size for Bighead Carp Hypophthalmichthys nobilis and Grass Carp Ctenopharyngodon idella, we propose the following standardized length categories for those two species: stock = 30 cm, quality = 54 cm, preferred = 68 cm, memorable = 89 cm, and trophy = 111 cm. Proposed Black Carp Mylopharyngodon piceus length categories are stock = 40 cm, quality = 72 cm, preferred = 90 cm, memorable = 118 cm, and trophy = 148 cm. Finally, we propose the following length categories for Silver Carp H. molitrix: stock = 25 cm, quality = 45 cm, preferred = 56 cm, memorable = 74 cm, and trophy = 93 cm. We then used existing data collected in the Illinois River and Mississippi River from 2003 to 2011 to evaluate Silver Carp proportional size distribution (PSD). Incremental PSD provided a temporal index of Silver Carp size structure in the Illinois River and strong cohorts could be followed through the incremental PSD values over time. Traditional PSD provided a quantifiable, comparative index of Silver Carp size structure among two locations in the Mississippi River and one location in the Illinois River. We believe this index provides an additional tool for fisheries managers to evaluate size structure of Asian carp and help assess overall population status.

Received September 19, 2012; accepted December 12, 2012
Channel Unit Use by Smallmouth Bass: Do Land-Use Constraints or Quantity of Habitat Matter?
Authors: Brewer Shannon K.
Published: March 2013

I examined how land use influenced the distribution of Smallmouth Bass Micropterus dolomieu in channel units (discrete morphological features—e.g., pools) of streams in the Midwestern USA. Stream segments (n = 36), from four clusters of different soil and runoff conditions, were identified that had the highest percent of forest (n = 12), pasture (n = 12), and urban land use (n = 12) within each cluster. Channel units within each stream were delineated and independently sampled once using multiple gears in summer 2006. Data were analyzed using a generalized linear mixed model procedure with a binomial distribution and odds ratio statistics. Land use and channel unit were strong predictors of age-0, age-1, and age->1 Smallmouth Bass presence. Each age-class was more likely to be present in streams within watersheds dominated by forest land use than in those with pasture or urban land uses. The interaction between land use and channel unit was not significant in any of the models, indicating channel unit use by Smallmouth Bass did not depend on watershed land use. Each of the three age-classes was more likely to use pools than other channel units. However, streams with high densities of Smallmouth Bass age >1 had lower proportions of pools suggesting a variety of channel units is important even though habitat needs exist at the channel-unit scale. Management may benefit from future research addressing the significance of channel-unit quality as a possible mechanism for how land use impacts Smallmouth Bass populations. Further, management efforts aimed at improving stream habitat would likely be more beneficial if focused at the stream segment or landscape scale, where a variety of quality habitats might be supported.

Received September 10, 2012; accepted December 23, 2012
Reinventing artisanal knowledge and practice: a critical review of innovation in a craft-based industry
Authors: Blundel Richard
                      K. , Smith David
                      J.
Published: March 2013

This paper presents a critical review of the ways in which the specialised knowledge and working practices of craft-based industries have been transformed in the context of broader processes of industrialisation and global competition. The opening section makes the case for artisanal knowledge as a ‘Cinderella’ subject that remains important yet largely uncharted territory for innovation researchers. It is followed by a critical review of existing empirical and theoretical studies that have examined the reproduction and reinvention of artisanal knowledge. The review concludes that valuable insights remain obscured because of the way in which this literature is distributed across discrete disciplines with little evidence of cross-fertilisation or integration. Several common themes emerge, which provide the basis for an outline theoretical framework. The central arguments are illustrated with reference to a case-based analysis of the technological and social innovations that have taken place in English farmhouse cheese-making over an extended period, from the pre-industrial era to the beginning of the present century. The concluding section considers how more nuanced understandings of artisanal knowledge and practice might enhance innovation theory and contribute to the continued flourishing of craft-based industries.