bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Oregano (Origanum vulgar subsp. viride) Essential Oil: Extraction, Preparation, Characterization, and Encapsulation by Chitosan-Carbomer Nanoparticles for Biomedical Application
Authors: Sharififard Mona , Kouchak Maryam , Alizadeh Ismaeil , Jahanifard Elham
Published: March 2021

Background: Plant essential oils (EOs) as natural agents have broad activities, including antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, insecticidal, and repel activities because of their chemical compositions. Objectives: The objective of this study was to increase the stability of Origanum vulgar subsp. viride EOs by encapsulation in chitosan-carbomer nanoparticles by ionic gelation method. Methods: The EOs from dried leaves of O. vulgar subsp. viride were extracted by hydro-distillation method, and EO components were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Besides, OEO-loaded chitosan (CS) nano-capsules were prepared using the ionic gelation method. The molecular structure and morphology of nanoparticles were characterized by Fourier Transform-Infrared (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively. The encapsulation efficiency (EE), loading capacity (LC) of the OEO-loaded CS nanoparticles, and their release profiles were determined using UV/Vis spectrophotometry. Results: The major components of OEO were thymol (20.53%), 4-terpinenol (20.28%), and γ-terpinene (12.22%). The percentages of EE and LC of OEO ranged from 99.25 ± 0.74 to 93.84 ± 0.71 and 38.02 ± 0.18 to 66.73 ± 0.51, respectively, with increasing the OEO to chitosan ratio from 1:0.01 to 1:0.04 W/V. The nanoparticles were regular, uniform, and spherical in shape with an average size of 134 to 181 nm, which were dispersed throughout the solution. The zeta potential values for blank chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs) and OEO-loaded CSNPs were +23.4 and +38.5 mV, respectively. Conclusions: The results confirmed the suitability of the CS-carbomer complex for OEO- CSNPs formation. It is recommended to evaluate the antimicrobial, insecticidal and insect repel activities of developed OEO nanoparticles in laboratory and field studies.
Protection Against Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability as a Possible Mechanism for Protective Effects of Thymoquinone Against Sickness Behaviors Induced by Lipopolysaccharide in Rats
Authors: Bargi Rahimeh , Hosseini Mahmoud , Asgharzadeh Fereshteh , Khazaei Majid , Shafei Mohammad Naser , Beheshti Farimah
Published: March 2021

Background: Blood-brain barrier (BBB), as well-known protection for the brain, plays an active role in normal homeostasis. It might be changed by a range of inflammatory mediators to have a role in sickness behaviors. Objectives: Regarding the anti-inflammatory effects of thymoquinone (TQ), its protection against BBB permeability, as a possible mechanism for protective effects against sickness behaviors elicited by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), was evaluated in rats. Methods: The animals were grouped as follows and treated (n = 10 in each): (1) control (saline); (2) LPS 1 mg/kg, was injected two hours before behavioral tests for two weeks; (3-5) 2, 5, and 10 mg/kg TQ, respectively was injected 30 min before LPS injection. Open-field (OF), elevated plus-maze (EPM) and Forced Swimming test (FST) were done. Finally, the animals were anesthetized to evaluate for BBB permeability using Evans blue (EB) dye method. Results: Compared with control, LPS decreased the peripheral distance and crossing and also total crossing and distance in OF, (P < 0.01 - P < 0.001). The central crossing and distance and central time in all three treatment groups were more than LPS (P < 0.05 - P < 0.001). LPS also reduced the entries and the time spent in the open arm while increased the time spent in the closed arm in EPM (P < 0.05 - P < 0.001). The effects of LPS were reversed by TQ (P < 0.05 - P < 0.001). In FST, the immobility time and active time were increased and decreased by LPS compared with control (P < 0.001), respectively. In all three TQ-treated groups, the active and climbing times were more while the immobility time was fewer than the LPS (P < 0.05 - P < 0.001). The animals of the LPS group showed more EB dye content in their brain tissue than the control group (P < 0.05 - P < 0.001). TQ significantly reduced EB dye content of the brain tissues (P < 0.05 - P < 0.001). Conclusions: According to this study, protection against BBB permeability as a possible mechanism for the protective effects of TQ against sickness behaviors induced by LPS might be suggested.
Prevalence of Body Dysmorphic Disorder Among a Group of College Students in Shiraz
Authors: Aflakseir Abdulaziz , Jamali Somayeh , Mollazadeh Javad
Published: March 2021

Background: Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is a relatively common and often severe psychiatric disorder. This disorder is a highly distressing disorder associated with poor quality of life. In addition, it is characterized by persistent and intrusive preoccupation with perceived defects or flaws in one’s physical appearance accompanied by repetitive behaviors such as mirror checking, excessive grooming, and reassurance seeking. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to examine the prevalence of BDD symptoms and body dissatisfaction among college students. Furthermore, the current study examined students’ checking behaviors and the parts of the body that they were most concerned about. This research also sought to examine the comorbidities associated with BDD symptoms, such as eating disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, depression, and social anxiety. Methods: A total of 750 college students were recruited from different schools of the Shiraz University, including Social Science, Engineering, Art, Education and Psychology, and Science and Art, using the cluster sampling method. Two classes were randomly selected in each school, and those who were volunteers took part in this study. Participants completed several questionnaires, including the Body Dysmorphic Disorder Questionnaire, Beck Depression Inventory, Maudsley Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Scale, Social Phobia Inventory, and Eating Attitude Test. To analyze the data, statistics methods, such as frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation and chi-squared test were used. Results: The results of this study showed that about 77% of college students were dissatisfied with at least one part of their bodies. The findings also revealed that the prevalence of BDD symptoms among college students was 4.5%. Furthermore, our results indicated that college students were mostly concerned about the appearance of their skin followed by hair, nose, weight, stomach, height, teeth, breast, and other parts of the body. In terms of checking behaviors, checking in front of a mirror, reassurance seeking, seeking treatment, and comparing themselves with others were the most common behaviors. The most prevalent comorbidity associated with BDD symptoms was obsessive compulsive disorder followed by social anxiety, depression, and eating disorders. Conclusions: This study highlighted that the majority of college students were dissatisfied with their bodies. This research also showed that college students are at high risk of mental health problems.
Whataboutery
Authors: O’Connell Eoin ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: March 2021

A person points to a situation, A, and says that A is morally repugnant; A ought to be condemned; we should do something about A. In response, another person says, “Well, what about B? B is analogous to A in that it is equally morally repugnant. If we ought to condemn and do something about A then we should also condemn and do something about B.” This “what about” response is an argumentative strategy, sometimes called “whataboutery” or “whataboutism.” In popular discussion, whataboutery is condemned as a fallacy, in particular an instance of the tu quoque fallacy. I will present an analysis of whataboutery showing that, to the degree that this is a fallacy, it is a red herring. But this argumentative move cannot always be dismissed as fallacious. Sometimes the imputation of fallacious reasoning attempts to cover over political commitments.
Cinq ans d’inventaires des Bivalves de France par analyse de l’ADN environnemental : quelles conclusions, quelles perspectives ?
Authors: PRIÉ Vincent , VALENTINI Alice , JEAN Pauline , DECOTTE Jean-Baptiste , BREUGNOT Émilie , COUPRIE Stéphanie , JARDIN Gaëlle , LAMAND Florent , ROSET Nicolas , VIGNERON Thibault , ROCLE Mathieu , CUCHERAT Xavier , DEJEAN Tony , TABERLET Pierre
Published: March 2021

Les inventaires d’espèces dulçaquicoles par analyse de l’ADN environnemental (ADNe) se sont développés depuis une dizaine d’années. Nous présentons ici l’application de cette méthode à l’inventaire des Bivalves d’eau douce de France. De 2015 à 2018, nous avons réalisé plusieurs tests de terrain en France, en choisissant différentes conditions environnementales. Nous avons comparé les résultats des analyses ADNe avec les connaissances sur la répartition des Bivalves à l’échelle de la France métropolitaine, à l’échelle des bassins-versants de la Meuse et du Rhône, et avec des sites ayant fait l’objet d’inventaires poussés, impliquant plusieurs malacologues utilisant les méthodes traditionnelles (observations au bathyscope, plongée hyperbare, tri de sédiment). Nos résultats montrent l’efficacité des analyses d’ADNe pour la détection et la distinction de presque tous les taxons de Bivalves dulçaquicoles de France (à l’exception des différentes espèces de Corbicules et des sous-espèces de la Mulette méridionale Unio mancus Lamarck, 1819). La méthode est commercialisée depuis 2018 et notre base de données comporte fin 2020 plus de 300 sites inventoriés par analyse de l’ADNe. L’analyse de ces résultats montre que certaines espèces peu étudiées, en particulier des espèces des écosystèmes de l’aval, souffrent d’extinctions locales en France. Ils plaident en faveur de la mise en œuvre d’actions de conservation en particulier pour la Cyclade des fleuves Sphaerium solidum (Normand, 1844), la Grande Cyclade Sphaerium rivicola (Lamarck, 1818) et l’Anodonte comprimée Pseudanodonta complanata (Rossmässler, 1835).
Complications of type 1 diabetes melitus in children
Authors: Miolski Jelena , Ješić Maja , Zdravković Vera
Published: March 2021

The World Health Organization has defined Diabetes mellitus as a disorder of metabolism of various causes, due to lack of secretion and / or action of insulin, with long-term hyperglycemia and altered metabolism of sugars, proteins and fats. Diabetes mellitus is the most widespread chronic non-infectious disease, with an increase in the frequency in childhood that could be the epidemic of the 21st century. The incidence is rapidly increasing in the world, while in the last thirty years in Serbia there has been an increase in the number of patients - especially in the group of small and preschool children. Exposure to the genetic, immune and environmental factors plays an important role in the etiology of the disease, but the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. Weeks before the final diagnosis, weakness, irresistible hunger, weight loss, increased thirst, pronounced diuresis, drying of the mucous membranes, skin pruritus and blurred vision could be present. Inadequate glycemic control and unregulated lipid status of children with type 1 diabetes are compatible with numerous complications and a higher risk of cardiovascular, peripheral vascular and cerebrovascular diseases. The therapy consists of insulin therapy, adequate daily physical activity, a variety of diets, overcoming stressful life situations and maintaining satisfactory metabolic control. By using intensive insulin therapy, the best control of the disease is achieved, while the frequency of possible complications is reduced.
Prevalence and characteristics of pruritus in patients treated with different dialysis modalities
Authors: Vuksanović Saša , Adamov Nina , Balo Mario , Trbojević-Stanković Jasna
Published: March 2021

Introduction: Uremic pruritus is a common symptom in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Intense pruritus can lead to uncontrollable scratching, impaired sleep, anxiety, depression, therefore significantly lowering patient's life quality. Although the prevalence of uremic itch in patients on dialysis has declined over time, it is still present in peritoneal dialysis (PD) and hemodialysis (HD) patients. Aim: The aim of this study is to investigate the prevalence of pruritus in HD patients compared to PD patients, as well as possible differences in its presentation and correlation with demographic and clinical characteristics of the population. Material and methods: A total of 50 HD and 50 PD patients were included. Dialysis modality, patient demographic, clinical characteristics, and laboratory data were recorded. Data on the presence and duration of itching, skin dryness and scaling were obtained from a general itch questionnaire. The visual-analogue scale (VAS) and the 5-D itch scale were used for evaluation of pruritus. Results: Pruritus was present in 42% of PD patients and 24% of HD patients (p = 0.056), without statistically significant differences in the distribution and intensity of pruritus in patients on different dialysis modality. A significantly higher number of PD patients had dry (41 vs 31; p = 0.026) and scaling skin (31 vs 15; p = 0.001). Patients with pruritus in PD had significantly higher levels of intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) (386.57±302.29 pg/mL vs 159.25±163.52 pg/mL; p = 0.033) and AST (23.84±11.36 U/L vs 14.7±3.73 U/L; p=0,002), while having significantly lower levels of urea (18.78±7.60 mmol/L vs 23.65±4,31 mmol/L; p=0.028), creatinine (717.96 ± 229.50 mmol/L vs 940.06±207.57 mmol/L; p=0.009) and potassium (4.17 ± 0,63 mmol/L vs 5.80 ± 0.80 mmol/L; p = 0.000) in comparison to HD patients with pruritus. Conclusion: Pruritus is a common symptom among ESRD patients treated with dialysis. In our study, a higher prevalence of pruritus was observed in PD patients. Dry skin and higher levels of iPTH have been singled out as possible contributing factors to the occurrence of itch.
Dynamics of abscission of reproductive structures in common bean access
Authors: Orsi Nicole , Moraes Caroline , Lara-Fioreze Ana Carolina da Costa , Fioreze Samuel Luiz
Published: March 2021

Genotypes from the Andean and Mesoamerican gene pool can present contrasting behavior for reproductive structures fixation. The subject of this study was to determine the dynamics associated with the abscission of reproductive structures for common bean accesses from Andean and Mesoamerican gene pools in protected cultivation conditions. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse, using seven common bean accesses from Embrapa Arroz e Feijão and the experimental design consisted of a randomized complete block design. The evaluations made were based on the number of days to begin flowering, flowering period, number of emitted flowers per plant, number of flower buds, flowers and pods aborted per plant, total number of pods per plant and number of seeds per plant.Certain characteristics were considered to be highly significant, such as the amount of days to begin flowering, the flowering period, percentage of aborted pods and number of harvested pods. The Mesoamerican accesses that presented greater abortion also produced more flowers, which suggests that abortion of reproductive structures can be a natural adjustment of the plant. Andean accessions with shorter reproductive period showed greater pod abortion. The dynamics of flower and pod abscission in the common bean proved to be widely variable depending on the different gene pools and genotypes evaluated and due to growth habit.
Liberação de cálcio, magnésio e enxofre da palha de pastagem de braquiária para a soja em sistema de integração lavoura-pecuária
Authors: Werner Flávia , Balbinot Junior Alvadi Antonio , Ferreira André Sampaio , Oliveira Junior Adilson de , Franchini Julio Cezar , Debiasi Henrique , Coelho Antonio Eduardo , Silva Marcelo Augusto de Aguiar e
Published: March 2021

Os resíduos de plantas que permanecem no solo em um sistema de integração lavoura-pecuária constituem em uma importante reserva de nutrientes para a cultura em sucessão. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a liberação de cálcio (Ca), magnésio (Mg) e enxofre (S) de palha de pastagem de Urochloa brizantha cv. BRS Piatã, cultivada em três doses de nitrogênio (N) e submetida a duas épocas de dessecação em relação à semeadura da soja. O experimento foi conduzido em Londrina, Paraná, entre março de 2016 e março de 2018. Foram avaliadas três doses de N na pastagem de U. brizantha cv. BRS Piatã (0; 150 e 300 kg N ha-1), constituindo três piquetes distintos. Em cada piquete foram avaliadas duas épocas de dessecação da pastagem (60 e 15 dias antes da semeadura da soja), com quatro repetições. Os teores de Ca e S na palha de pastagem de U. brizantha não variam com o tempo de decomposição, enquanto os teores de Mg foram reduzidos, independentemente da adubação nitrogenada e da época de dessecação. A quantidade de Ca liberada pela palha de pastagem de U. brizantha até o final do ciclo da soja em sucessão foi de, aproximadamente, 15 kg ha-1, independentemente da adubação nitrogenada e da época de dessecação. A quantidade de Mg liberada pela U. brizantha até o final do ciclo da soja em sucessão variou de 10 a 15 kg ha-1, com tendência de haver maior quantidade liberada na presença de adubação nitrogenada na pastagem. A quantidade de S liberada pela U. brizantha até o final do ciclo da soja em sucessão variou de 4 a 6 kg ha-1, com tendência de haver menor quantidade liberada na presença de adubação nitrogenada na pastagem, independentemente da época de dessecação.
«No me enseñes más postales»: ética compensato-ria del turismo y simbólica de la desaceleración
Authors: De Mingo Rodríguez Alicia María
Published: March 2021

Desde cierto punto de vista, es indudable que el turismo de masas forma parte —y es expresión— de la aceleración contemporánea. Sin embargo, aquí defendemos que el deseo de diferencia —el cual anida originariamente en el sueño de viajar, antes de la aparición del sujeto como turista— responde a un deseo de desaceleración. Este deseo actúa, en el tiempo de pausa y excepción de la experiencia turística, como generador de una simbólica —o un imaginario— que busca preservar, proteger, restaurar y promocionar la diferencia, lo real, lo local, el pasado, la tradición, el folklore, la naturaleza, el otro… más allá del debate —ya insuficiente— en torno a la autenticidad. De este modo, se podría mostrar la importancia de rescatar al turismo de la mera mercadotecnia y comenzar a pensarlo desde su relevancia para las humanidades y su compromiso ético.
STEADY-STATE MODELLING OF PEM FUEL CELLS USING GRADIENT-BASED OPTIMIZER
Authors: EELSAYED SALAH KAMAL , AGWA AHMED , ELSAYED  ELATTAR EHAB , EL-FERGANY ATTIA
Published: March 2021

The accuracy of fuel cell (FC) models is important for the further numerical simulations and analysis at several conditions. The electrical (I-V) characteristic of the polymer exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) has high degree of nonlinearity comprising uncertain seven parameters as they aren’t given in fabricator's datasheets. These seven parameters need to be obtained to have the PEMFC model in order. This research addresses an up-to-date application of the gradient-based optimizer (GBO) to generate the best estimated values of such uncertain parameters. The estimation of these uncertain parameters is adapted as optimization problem having a cost function (CF) subjects to set of self-constrained limits. Three test cases of widely used PEMFCs units; namely, SR-12, 250-W module and NedStack PS6 to appraise the performance of the GBO are demonstrated and analyzed. The best values of the CF are 0.000142, 0.33598, and 2.10025 V2 for SR-12, 250-W module and NedStack PS6; respectively. Furthermore, the assessment of the GBO-based model is made by comparing its obtained results with the experiential results of these typical PEMFCs plus comparisons to other methods. At a due stage, many scenarios as a result of operating variations in regard to inlet regulation pressures and unit temperatures are performed. The copped reported results of the studied scenarios indicate the effectiveness of the GBO in establishing an accurate PEMFC model.
Industry-Specific Makerspaces: Opportunities for Collaboration and Open Innovation
Authors: Zakoth David , Mauroner Oliver
Published: March 2021

The rise of the maker movement, including hackathons and fablabs, provides new opportunities for companies to boost innovation by collaborating with creative, tech-savvy and intrinsically motivated people, known as makers. This paper connects open innovation and maker movement research by investigating how makers and companies can work together within an industry-specific makerspace setting. We use a qualitative case study design and focus on the German photonics industry. Our results shed light on the expectations makers and companies have when considering a collaboration, along with the perceived benefits and risks. Furthermore, we uncover crucial design factors for industry-specific makerspaces.
Les mécanismes de gouvernance mobilisés par les investisseurs en capital dans les opérations de haut de bilan : le cas de l’Owner Buy Out (OBO)
Authors: Meniaoui Jihène , Ben Larbi Sami , Bon Véronique
Published: March 2021

En adoptant un cadre théorique articulant les théories juridico-financières et cognitives, notre recherche a pour ambition d’expliciter les mécanismes de gouvernance mobilisés par les investisseurs en capital dans le cadre des opérations deOwner Buy Out(OBO).

Elle propose une étude qualitative exploratoire et inédite menée auprès de 17 investisseurs opérant sur le territoire français et spécialisés dans les opérations de capital développement et de transmission.

Nos résultats mettent en évidence au travers d’une série de propositions le caractère contingent des mécanismes de gouvernance spécifiques aux opérations OBO, lequel dépend étroitement du profil dont se réclame le capital investisseur.
Guía de Contenidos "Stop Muros". Recursos para la discusión
Authors: Ruiz Benedicto Ainhoa , Aranda Daniel , Sánchez-Navarro Jordi , Sivera-Bello Sílvia , Roig Antoni , Martorell Sandra
Published: March 2021

Este documento recoge los elementos esenciales para la discusión sobre la problemática de las fronteras, los muros y las migraciones en Europa. Está dirigido a profesorado de secundaria y forma parte del proyecto SchoolBreak. Una vez realizado un Escape Room digital sobre el tema de las fronteras y las migraciones, el profesorado puede, en esta guía, encontrar diferentes recursos con el objetivo de discutir los conceptos clave tratados en el Escape.
Early postmortem mapping of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in patients with COVID-19 and the correlation with tissue damage
Authors: Deinhardt-Emmer Stefanie , Wittschieber Daniel , Sanft Juliane , Kleemann Sandra , Elschner Stefan , Haupt Karoline Frieda , Vau Vanessa , Häring Clio , Rödel Jürgen , Henke Andreas , Ehrhardt Christina , Bauer Michael , Philipp Mike , Gaßler Nikolaus , Nietzsche Sandor , Löffler Bettina , Mall Gita
Published: March 2021

Clinical observations indicate that COVID-19 is a systemic disease. An investigation of the viral distribution within the human body and its correlation with tissue damage can aid in understanding the pathophysiology of SARS-CoV-2 infection. We present a detailed mapping of the viral RNA in 61 tissues and organs of 11 deceased patients with COVID-19. The autopsies were performed within the early postmortem interval (between 1.5 and 15 hr, mean: 5.6 hr) to minimize the bias due to viral RNA and tissue degradation. Very high viral loads (>104copies/ml) were detected in most patients' lungs, and the presence of intact viral particles in the lung tissue could be verified by transmission electron microscopy. Interestingly, viral RNA was detected throughout various extrapulmonary tissues and organs without visible tissue damage. The dissemination of SARS-CoV-2-RNA throughout the body supports the hypothesis that there is a maladaptive host response with viremia and multiorgan dysfunction.
All-trans retinoic acid induces synaptic plasticity in human cortical neurons
Authors: Lenz Maximilian , Kruse Pia , Eichler Amelie , Straehle Jakob , Beck Jürgen , Deller Thomas , Vlachos Andreas
Published: March 2021

A defining feature of the brain is the ability of its synaptic contacts to adapt structurally and functionally in an experience-dependent manner. In the human cortex, however, direct experimental evidence for coordinated structural and functional synaptic adaptation is currently lacking. Here, we probed synaptic plasticity in human cortical slices using the vitamin A derivative all-trans retinoic acid (atRA), a putative treatment for neuropsychiatric disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease. Our experiments demonstrated that the excitatory synapses of superficial (layer 2/3) pyramidal neurons underwent coordinated structural and functional changes in the presence of atRA. These synaptic adaptations were accompanied by ultrastructural remodeling of the calcium-storing spine apparatus organelle and required mRNA translation. It was not observed in synaptopodin-deficient mice, which lack spine apparatus organelles. We conclude that atRA is a potent mediator of synaptic plasticity in the adult human cortex.
Group phenotypic composition in cancer
Authors: Capp Jean-Pascal , DeGregori James , Nedelcu Aurora M , Dujon Antoine M , Boutry Justine , Pujol Pascal , Alix-Panabières Catherine , Hamede Rodrigo , Roche Benjamin , Ujvari Beata , Marusyk Andriy , Gatenby Robert , Thomas Frédéric
Published: March 2021

Although individual cancer cells are generally considered the Darwinian units of selection in malignant populations, they frequently act as members of groups where fitness of the group cannot be reduced to the average fitness of individual group members. A growing body of studies reveals limitations of reductionist approaches to explaining biological and clinical observations. For example, induction of angiogenesis, inhibition of the immune system, and niche engineering through environmental acidification and/or remodeling of extracellular matrix cannot be achieved by single tumor cells and require collective actions of groups of cells. Success or failure of such group activities depends on the phenotypic makeup of the individual group members. Conversely, these group activities affect the fitness of individual members of the group, ultimately affecting the composition of the group. This phenomenon, where phenotypic makeup of individual group members impacts the fitness of both members and groups, has been captured in the term ‘group phenotypic composition’ (GPC). We provide examples where considerations of GPC could help in understanding the evolution and clinical progression of cancers and argue that use of the GPC framework can facilitate new insights into cancer biology and assist with the development of new therapeutic strategies.
Today’s computing challenges: opportunities for computer hardware design
Authors: Bae Woorham
Published: March 2021

Due to the explosive increase of digital data creation, demand on advancement of computing capability is ever increasing. However, the legacy approaches that we have used for continuous improvement of three elements of computer (process, memory, and interconnect) have started facing their limits, and therefore are not as effective as they used to be and are also expected to reach the end in the near future. Evidently, it is a large challenge for computer hardware industry. However, at the same time it also provides great opportunities for the hardware design industry to develop novel technologies and to take leadership away from incumbents. This paper reviews the technical challenges that today’s computing systems are facing and introduces potential directions for continuous advancement of computing capability, and discusses where computer hardware designers find good opportunities to contribute.
Maternal depressive symptoms and early childhood development: the role of mother–child interactions among mother–child dyads in rural areas of Central and Western China
Authors: Liu Xiaoli , Yang Chenlu , Yang Yuning , Huang Xiaona , Wang Yinping , Gao Yaqing , Song Qiying , Wang Yan , Zhou Hong
Published: March 2021

Background

The associations among maternal depressive symptoms (MDS), mother–child interactions and early child development are poorly understood. This study aimed to explore the role of mother–child interactions on the associations between MDS and child development.

Methods

A cross-sectional study with a multistage sampling method was conducted in rural areas of Central and Western China. MDS, child development outcomes (communication, gross motor function, fine motor function, problem solving and personal social skills) and mother–child interactions were assessed by The Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale, the Chinese version of the Ages and Stages Questionnaires and the Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys, respectively. Regression-based statistical mediation and moderation were conducted using the PROCESS macro for SPSS.

Results

A total of 2,548 participants (mothers: 1,274; children: 1,274) were included in our analyses. MDS was negatively associated with child development outcomes and mother–child interactions partly mediated these associations. The proportion of the mediating effect of mother–child interactions was 7.7% for communication, 8.2% for gross motor, 10.3% for fine motor, 10.1% for problem-solving and 9.5% for personal social domains. In addition, the interaction effects of MDS and mother–child interactions on the communication domain were significant (β = 0.070, 95% CI 0.016, 0.124; p = 0.011). The associations between MDS and child communication abilities were weaker at the high level (simple slope = −0.019, t =  − 0.458, p = 0.647) of mother–child interactions than at the mean level (simple slope = −0.089, t =  − 3.190, p = 0.002) and the low level (simple slope = −0.158, t =  − 4.231, p < 0.001). Similar moderating effects were not observed in the other child development outcomes.

Conclusion

Our results suggest the important role of mother–child interactions on the associations between MDS and early childhood development. Due to the cross-sectional design of this study, these associations require further investigation in prospective studies.
AbhemCencoding porphobilinogen deaminase plays an important role in chlorophyll biosynthesis and function in albinoAnanas comosusvar.bracteatusleaves
Authors: Xue Yanbin , Li Xia , Mao Meiqin , He Yehua , Owusu Adjei Mark , Zhou Xuzixin , Hu Hao , Liu Jiawen , Li Xi , Ma Jun
Published: March 2021

Background

The chimeric leaves ofAnanas comosusvar.bracteatusare composed of normal green parts (Grs) and albino white parts (Whs). Although the underlying mechanism of albinism inA. comosusvar.bracteatusleaves is not fully understood, it is likely associated with the chlorophyll (Chl) biosynthesis. In this biosynthetic process, porphobilinogen deaminase (PBGD) plays a crucial role by catalyzing the conversion of porphobilinogen (PBG) to uroporphyrinogen III (Urogen III). Therefore, its encoding geneAbhemCwas investigated here in association with Chl biosynthesis and albinism in chimericA. comosusvar.bracteatusleaves.

Methods

The Chl content, main Chl biosynthesis precursor content, and main enzyme activity were determined and compared between the Whs and Grs ofA. comosusvar.bracteatusleaves. In addition,AbhemCwas cloned and its transcriptional expression and prokaryotic protein expression were analyzed. Furthermore, RNAi-mediated silencing ofAbhemCwas produced and assessed in tobacco plants.

Results

The concentration of Chl a and Chl b in the Grs was significantly higher than that in the Whs, respectively. Additionally, the content of the Chl biosynthesis precursor Urogen III decreased significantly in the Whs compared with the Grs. Thus, the transition of PBG to Urogen III may be the first rate-limiting step leading to albinism in the chimeric leaves ofA. comosusvar.bracteatus. The geneAbhemCcomprised 1,135 bp and was encoded into a protein with 371 amino acids; phylogenetically,AbhemCwas most closely related tohemCof pineapple.Prokaryotic expression andin vitroenzyme activity analysis showed that the cloned mRNA sequence ofAbhemCwas successfully integrated and had PBGD activity. Compared with control plants, transgenic tobacco leaves with pFGC5941-AbhemC-RNAi vector were substantially less green with significantly reducedhemCexpression and Chl content, as well as reduced PBGD enzyme activity and significantly decreased content of Chl biosynthesis precursors from Urogen III onwards. Our results suggest that the absence ofhemCexpression reduces the enzyme activity of PBGD, which blocks the transition of PBG to Urogen III, and in turn suppresses Chl synthesis leading to the pale-green leaf color. Therefore, we suggest thatAbhemCplays an important role in Chl synthesis and may be an important factor in the albinism ofA. comosusvar.bracteatusleaves.
COVID-19 simulation study—the effect of strict non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) on controlling the spread of COVID-19
Authors: Alzu’bi Amal , Abu Alasal Sanaa , Kheirallah Khalid A. , Watzlaf Valerie
Published: March 2021

Background

From the beginning of 2020, COVID-19 infection has changed our lives in many aspects and introduced limitations in the way people interact and communicate. In this paper, we are evaluating the effect of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPI) in limiting the spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 pandemic during a wedding ceremony from Irbid, Northern Jordan. Agent-based modeling was used in a real wedding event that occurred at the beginning of the spread of the pandemic in Jordan. Two infected nationals of Jordan, who arrived in Jordan about a week before the event, initiated the spread of the pandemic within the contact community.

Methods

In this work, a strict national NPI that the government implemented is developed by using an abstract model with certain characteristics similar to the Jordanian community. Thus, the Jordanian community is represented in terms of ages, occupations, and population movements. After that, the extent of the impact of the NPI measures on the local community is measured.

Results

We observed the deterioration of the state of society while the epidemic is spreading among individuals in the absence of preventive measures. Also, the results show that the herd immunity case was an epidemic, with a high level of spread among the community with 918 cases during a short interval of time. On the other hand, the preventive measures scenario shows a totally controlled spread with only 74 cases applied on the same interval of time. Furthermore, a convergence in the actual results of the real system with the hypothetical system were detected in the case of applying the strict NPI measures. Finally, strict NPI at the community level following social gatherings seem to be effective measures to control the spread of the COVID- 19 pandemic.
CONTROLE QUÍMICO DE CAPIM-RABO-DE-BURRO EM DIFERENTES ESTÁDIOS DE DESENVOLVIMENTO
Authors: Almeida do Amarante Adriana , Bianchi Mário Antonio , Agostinetto Dirceu , Royer Marcio Joel , Schimitz Maicon Fernando
Published: March 2021

O capim-rabo-de-burro é uma Poaceae, considerada planta daninha recente nas lavouras desoja por seus crescentes níveis de infestação e dificuldades de controle. Diante disso,objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar a eficiência de diferentes doses de herbicidasaplicados isolados ou em associação, no controle de capim-rabo-de-burro em diferentesestádios de aplicação. Foram realizados três experimentos, um em casa de vegetação complantas em estádio inicial de desenvolvimento e dois a campo com touceiras. Os herbicidastestados foram glyphosate; fluazifop; sethoxydim; fenoxaprop; clethodim; quizalofop;haloxyfop; pinoxaden, nicosulfuron; glufosinate e as misturas de glyphosate com clethodim,quizalofop, haloxyfop ou sethoxydim. Os tratamentos com glyphosate, isolado ou emmistura, apresentaram maiores níveis de controle em todos experimentos. Além deglyphosate, glufosinate, clethodim, haloxyfop e sethoxydim foram eficientes no controle decapim-rabo-de-burro nos estádios iniciais de desenvolvimento. Para manejo de touceiras, osherbicidas glyphosate e haloxyfop isolados demonstraram eficiência superior a 90%independente da dose e clethodim e sethoxydim na dose mais alta. Os herbicidas pinoxadene nicosulfuron não são alternativas para controle de capim-rabo-de-burro.
Perception of Pain, Attitude and Satisfaction of Pain Management among Postoperative Patients
Authors: Venkatesan Uma , Kamal Sruthi , Viswanathan Jasmine
Published: March 2021

Introduction: Pain is considered as a fifth vital sign. Pain management and patients satisfaction with the treatment decreases early postoperative recovery. Aim: The study aim was to assess the satisfaction of pain management among postoperative patients. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was used to conduct a study among 180 postoperative patients’ undergone surgeries (General surgery patients, ortho-paedic surgery and urological surgery patients) at selected hospitals, Puducherry. The purpose of the study was to associate the pain level with satisfaction. The patients were selected based on purposive sampling technique. After obtaining consent, the researcher used numerical pain scale to assess the pain perception of the patient, closed ended questionnaire to assess attitude level and modified short assessment questionnaire for patient satisfaction towards pain management. The study was analysed using Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS) software version 20.0. The descriptive statistics was used to assess the level of pain and attitude and inferential statistics like Pearson correlation coefficient were carried out to find the correlation between pain and satisfaction. Results: Severe pain was felt by nearly all (70%) among general surgery patients, 60% in orthopaedic surgery patients and 50% had moderate pain in urological surgery patients respectively. Regarding attitude, majority (78%, 88% and 83%) of the patients had positive attitude towards pain management in General surgery, Orthopaedic and Urology surgery patients. Most (74%) of them were satisfied with their pain management in general surgery patients, whereas in orthopaedic and urological patients, nearly all 90%, 96% of the clients were very satisfied towards pain management. Conclusion: The study concluded, optimal satisfaction toward pain management will increase quality of early postoperative recovery.
Effect of Flavone Derivatives on Vincristine and Oxaliplatin Induced Peripheral Neuropathy in Mice
Authors: Kathirvelu Parimala , Nadipelly Jagan , Sayeli Vijaykumar , Subramanian Viswanathan , Shanmugasundaram Jaikumar , Cheriyan Binoy Varghese
Published: March 2021

Introduction: Therapy with anticancer drugs like paclitaxel, platinum complexes and vincristine result in severe peripheral neuropathy. Very few treatment options are available to overcome this debilitating side effect. Flavone and its monohydroxy derivatives have been proved to possess anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects in animal models. Aim: To investigate flavone, 5-hydroxy flavone, 6-hydroxy flavone and 7-hydroxy flavone for their effect on neuropathy induced by vincristine and oxaliplatin in mice. Materials and Methods: In this experimental animal study, neuropathy was induced in mice by multiple doses of vincristine or a single dose of oxaliplatin. The manifestations of mechanical allodynia, cold allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia were measured by von Frey’s hair aesthesiometer, acetone spray test and hot water tail immersion test. The data was subjected to ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s test for multiple comparison and paired t-test at appropriate places. Results: Flavone and monohydroxy flavones significantly reduced the paw withdrawal response scores due to mechanical allodynia and cold allodynia resulting from vincristine or oxaliplatin administration (p<0.05). The tail withdrawal latency due to thermal hyperalgesia was also significantly increased by different flavone derivatives (p<0.05). However, 7-hydroxy flavone was ineffective in oxaliplatin-induced mechanical allodynia and vincristine induced thermal hyperalgesia. Analysis of the results indicated that the manifestations of neuropathy induced by vincristine or oxaliplatin were amenable to treatment with flavone derivatives in the following order; cold allodynia>thermal hyperalgesia>mechanical allodynia. Opioid mediated antinociceptive effect, interaction with cation channels and anti-inflammatory effect of the investigated flavones may be suggested as possible mechanisms for their beneficial effects in neuropathy due to chemotherapeutic agents. Conclusion: Various neuropathic manifestations induced by vincristine and oxaliplatin were effectively attenuated by flavone and monohydroxy flavones.
Value of Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid Cells-1 (TREM-1) as a Diagnostic Marker for Neonatal Sepsis
Authors: Ghonaim Mabrouk Mahmoud , Makled Amal Fathalla , Youssef Alshimaa Elsayed , El-Brolosy Asmaa Mohammed
Published: March 2021

Introduction: Neonatal Sepsis (NS) is a serious clinical condition caused by a dysregulated immune response to an infection. Neonatal period is the most vulnerable time in the child’s life. Globally, approximately 7000 newborns die everyday. Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid cells-1 (TREM-1) is an important receptor for the inflammatory response regulated by neutrophils. Aim: To explore the role of TREM-1 as a potential early diagnostic marker of NS compared to the conventional blood culture technique. The prognostic utility and relation of TREM-1 expression level to the clinical disease severity in septic neonates were also evaluated. Materials and Methods: The study enrolled 75 neonates with NS admitted to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU). The studied neonates were categorised into three groups; group I: 25 neonates with an Early Onset Sepsis (EOS), group II: 25 neonates with a Late Onset Sepsis (LOS), group III: 25 neonates with septic shock. In addition, 25 age and sex-matched healthy neonates with no evidence of sepsis or any other medical illness were studied as a control group. Blood samples for conventional blood cultures and estimation of TREM-1 gene expression level in Polymorph Nuclear Neutrophils (PMNs) using quantitative Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) assay were synchronously collected. Data regarding clinical and laboratory findings, and risk factors of NS were also analysed. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 20 was used to analyse the data obtained from the study. Results: The total culture-proven cases represented 24% (18/75) of all the studied neonates with NS. Klebsiella spp. was the most frequently isolated Gram-negative bacteria (4/18; 22.2%) followed by Pseudomonas spp. (3/18; 16.7%) and Acinetobacter spp. (1/18; 5.5%). Coagulase- Negative Staphylococci (CoNs), S. aureus and Candida spp. accounted for 22.2% (4/18), 16.7% (3/18) and 16.7% (3/18) of the isolated organisms respectively. No statistically significant difference was detected between the three studied groups as regards blood culture results. Significant statistical differences were detected between groups I, II and III in relation to the control group (p=0.048, p=0.049 and p<0.001) regarding TREM-1 mRNA expression level. Low Birth Weight (LBW) and prematurity were the most significant risk factors for NS. At a cut-off point of ≥0.631 TREM-1 mRNA could be considered as a potential marker for diagnosis of NS with sensitivity, specificity, Positive Predictive Value (PPV) and Negative Predictive Value (NPV) of 65.33%, 96.0%, 98.0% and 48.0%, respectively. The prognostic utility of TREM-1 gene expression proved a sensitivity of 87.8% at a cut-off point >0.369. Conclusion: TREM-1 gene expression has a potential value in prognostic assessment of NS and could be considered as an early diagnostic marker.
Intra-abdominal Solitary Myofibroma in a Child: A Rare Case Report
Authors: Singh Smita , Garg Jyoti , Sharma Kusha , Agarwal Kiran
Published: March 2021

Intra-abdominal masses in children are usually malignant. Benign tumours at this location are not seen frequently. It is even rarer to find solitary myofibromas intra-abdominally as these tumours are known to have predilection for the head and neck region. We present an unusual case of solitary myofibroma with abdominal localisation in a six-year-old male child who presented with abdominal distension since six months. Computed Tomography (CT) abdomen revealed a complex solid-cystic mass extending from umbilicus to right iliac fossa and measuring 9×6×4 cm. Histopathological examination revealed a tumour displaying biphasic nodular pattern with the presence of lighter staining fascicles of mature myoid cells along with darker staining and more cellular areas of smaller primitive cells. On Immunohistochemistry (IHC), tumour cells were positive for vimentin and Smooth Muscle Actin (SMA) with variable reactivity for desmin while these were negative for CD34 and Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase 1 (ALK). Based on the histopathological and immunohistochemical findings, final diagnosis of myofibroma was made. Recognition of these lesions is extremely challenging owing to their rare presentation intra-abdominally and also because of their close morphological overlap with other spindle cell tumours commonly found at this site. This case highlights the combined role played by histopathology and IHC in making a clear distinction between different entities. It is imperative for both clinicians and histopathologists to establish the correct diagnosis as excision of the solitary myofibroma is curative in most cases and offers better clinical course than the more commonly found malignant tumours at this site.
Risk Factors for Pneumonia in Patients with Acute Ischaemic Stroke- A Retrospective Study
Authors: Thomas Roy
Published: March 2021

Introduction: The most common non-neurological complication of stroke is infection. Stroke, associated with pneumonia is one among them. A few studies have identified prognostic predictors of pneumonia in stroke. Aim: To identify the risk factors of pneumonia in acute ischaemic stroke patients. Materials and Methods: This retrospective cohort study included medical records of 470 adult patients with acute ischaemic stroke between June 2015 to June 2020 (five years) in a Tertiary Care Medical College and Hospital. Among them, 173 had stroke associated with pneumonia. The clinical parameters-age, gender, lesion location, stroke severity (Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS)) , National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS), Modified Barthel Activities of Daily Living (ADL) index, water swallow test, vascular risk factors and co-existing conditions (pre-existent Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), atrial fibrillation, renal electrolyte dysfunction, hypoproteinaemia) were compared. Chi-square test and logistic regression analysis were used for statistical analysis. Results: In this study, the following factors were associated with increased risk of developing pneumonia-age >70 years, bed ridden status, GCS ≤13, NIHSS ≥5, water swallow test score ≤2. Among them, multivariate analysis identified bed ridden status and water swallow test as independent predictors. Conclusion: Bed ridden status and water swallow test score were significant risk factors of ischaemic stroke associated with pneumonia. Hence, an early identification of these factors and a better knowledge of them may help in better care and prevention of pneumonia in acute ischaemic stroke.