bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Self-Reported Alcohol Consumption; A Real Psychophysical Problem
Authors: Gregson Robert A. M. , Stacey Barrie G.
Published: September 2011

There are good practical reasons for wanting to know how much alcohol people consume, at what rate, and in what patterns over time. Various measures of consumption and their associated frequency distributions are described. Self-report data on alcohol consumption present problems of interpretation. A detailed rationale for the use of the self-report method by Gregson and Stacey (1980) is presented. Measurement problems arising with the method, emphasized by Skog (1981), are discussed.
Behavioral Treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders: Current Status
Authors: Brooker Alan E.
Published: September 2011

Behavioral treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorders ranks among the most widely used and widely studied approaches to these problems. Next to sociopathy these disorders have traditionally been regarded as constituting one of the most difficult classes of psychological problems to treat; certainly they present an exceptionally low rate of success. By contrast with the usual insight psychotherapy, behavior therapy usually focuses on the symptoms alone, with little attention to any underlying intrapsychic or environmental conditions that presumably maintain the symptom. Behavior therapy ignores, in short, the total personality or lifestyle. This symptom specificity of treatment has rendered behavioral approaches subject to criticism from practitioners of more traditional approaches. In more recent years, newer techniques and strategies of behavior therapy have rendered some of those criticisms obsolete. A trend toward consideration of other symptoms and the individual's environment has also been noted.
Burnout and its Relationship to Teachers' Somatic Complaints and Illnesses
Authors: Belcastro Philip A.
Published: September 2011

This study was designed to estimate the relationship between teachers' somatic complaints and illnesses and their self-reported job-related stresses. 79% of the secondary Catholic school teachers in Central Ohio were classified into one of two groups based upon their scores on the Maslach Burnout Inventory. Teachers could be correctly classified as burned out or not 91% of the time when utilizing 24 somatic complaints as discriminating variables. Burnout seemed to represent a potential health risk to these teachers.
Issues in Validity Research on the 16 PF
Authors: Bolton Brian
Published: September 2011

The 16 PF does not purport to measure those dimensions of severe pathology that characterize the various psychiatric syndromes. Validity studies that violate the theoretical foundation of the 16 PF cannot contribute relevant information about its appropriate diagnostic applications.
A Convergent Validity Study of Six Jealousy Scales
Authors: Mathes Eugene W. , Roter Petra M. , Joerger Steven M.
Published: September 2011

To determine the convergent validity of 6 measures of jealousy, these measures along with two measures of neuroticism, two measures of romantic love, and a measure of extraversion were factor analyzed. The factors identified were jealousy-neurosis, jealousy, extraversion, and romantic love. An examination of the item format of the three jealousy scales that loaded on the first factor indicated that they might be contaminated by the social desirability response set. An examination of the jealousy scales that loaded on the second factor showed convergence and a weak relationship with neuroticism and romantic love.
A New Look at Standard Scale Transformation
Authors: Fullerton Judith T. , Holley Marie
Published: September 2011

A rigorous approach to standard scale transformation was devised and implemented for a certification examination with a modified-essay format. The procedure utilizes 3 to 6 readers' means and standard deviations where inter-reader reliability exceeds .85. The rationale and the process are delineated.
Achievement Motivation Scores and Biographical Variables Associated with Marital Status of High School Graduates (1907–1967)
Authors: Matter Darryl E.
Published: September 2011

A discriminant analysis suggested significant biographical and motivational differences between 7 single and 41 married women (but not men, ns = 4 and 54) who graduated from a small midwestern high school between the years of 1907 and 1967. In profile, single women were younger and better educated but reported fewer honors and expressed lower achievement motivation scores than married women. No single variable statistically differentiated single and married men. Correlational analysis showed predictable relationships between biographical variables for married and single men but less so for women.
Experimental Tests of the Goal-Energy-Effort Requirement Theory of Work Motivation
Authors: Wofford J. C.
Published: September 2011

Three laboratory experiments were conducted to test eight hypotheses derived from the Goal-Energy-Effort Requirement Theory of Work Motivation. Each of the hypotheses tested in these experiments was supported. Increases in Task Goal Level, in Perceived Effort Requirement, in Energy Potential, and in Task Goal Specificity were found to result in increases in task performance. Increases in Task Goal Commitment increased the closeness of the performance level to the Task Goal Level. Statistically significant interactions were not found among the independent variables. In general, the experimental results support the hypotheses. The implications of the results for the manager are briefly discussed.
Personality, Self-Image and Informal Helping Processes in Work Settings
Authors: Burke Ronald J.
Published: September 2011

Two personality constructs (self-esteem, locus of control) and several aspects of self-image, e.g., Timidity, Abrasiveness, Perceptiveness, were related to several areas of helpers' and helpees' role behaviours in a work setting. Respondents were 136 nursing staff from a single hospital. Personality and self-image measures were more strongly related to helpers than helpees' role behaviour. Respondents with more self-esteem and internal locus of control were more active and satisfied with their helping roles. Respondents describing themselves as emotionally cold, abrasive, ineffectual, timid, not perceptive, and lacking self-confidence were less active and satisfied with their roles as helpers.
Mathematics, Quantitative and Attitudinal Measures for Elementary School Boys and Girls
Authors: Fendrich-Salowey Gail , Buchanan Mary , Drew Clifford J.
Published: September 2011

This study examined sex differences in quantitative ability, attitude toward arithmetic, and locus of control as variables that may affect mathematical learning. Subjects were 48 fifth and sixth grade students in one school. Intellectual ability and mathematical achievement levels were controlled. Independent group comparisons with sex and mathematical achievement grade level were examined to determine if significant differences existed between groups. Significant differences were evident on only a single comparison. Subjects below grade level in mathematics scored significantly lower than those at grade level on the operations portion of the Stanford Diagnostic Arithmetic Test.
Internal-External Locus of Control: New Normative Data
Authors: Cellini James V. , Kantorowski Laura A.
Published: September 2011

The present investigation supports Rotter's (1975) suggestion that scores on the Internal-External Locus of Control Scale (Rotter, 1966) are becoming more external. New normative data based on a sample of 298 students from the same population Rotter utilized are presented. Students are becoming more external, as indicated by scores on the I-E scale.
Academic Achievement of Sixth Graders Matched for Intelligence but Not for Self-Concept
Authors: Muller Douglas , Foster Glenda , Wooden Sharon
Published: September 2011

13 pairs of sixth graders were selected such that within each pair, students were matched on verbal and non-verbal IQs but differed greatly on academic success self-concept and self-esteem scores. Mean academic achievement in reading, language, and mathematics for the students with high self-concepts was not significantly different from that for the students with low self-concepts.
Validity Indices of the D-48 Test and the D-70 Test
Authors: Furr Jane D. , Chissom Brad S. , Haznedar Binnur
Published: September 2011

The D-48 and D-70, two forms of the Domino Test, were compared for equivalence and predictive ability. The tests were administered to 321 undergraduate students, and criterion scores obtained were over-all GPA, ACT score, and test scores in educational psychology. Correlations between the two forms of the Domino Test were relatively low (.58 to .69). Other results confirmed the parallelism of the two tests. Support was provided by the equality of means and standard deviations and approximately equal correlations with outside criteria.
Dogmatism and Self-Esteem: Further Evidence
Authors: Goldsmith Ronald E. , Goldsmith Elizabeth B.
Published: September 2011

Researchers interested in discovering the motivational bases of authoritarianism have isolated the negative relationship between self-esteem and dogmatism as one possible source. Previous research has shown low self-esteem associated with high dogmatism. This study replicates the finding successfully using different tests and a different population of students.
Prolonged Suppressive Effects of Pain on Territorial Aggression in Mice
Authors: Flannelly Kevin , Hiraoka Annette , Flannelly Laura
Published: September 2011

The effects of shock administered 1 hr. before aggression testing were compared to defeat, aggressive experience, or control procedures, using four groups of mice ( n = 10 per group). A single 5-min. defeat experience significantly decreased offense and increased defense while victory had little effect on subsequent territorial aggression (offense). Shock was similar to but not as potent as defeat in reducing offense.
Personal Values and Priorities of Organizational Goals
Authors: Palmer David D.
Published: September 2011

Within a sample of 599 business students differences between 382 men and 217 women in personal values and company goal priorities were examined. Both groups exhibited value patterns comparable to those of managers in general although significant differences between the men and women were found; the men ranked Political and Theoretical values higher and Social, Aesthetic, and Religious values lower. A simulated managerial situation which required subjects to rank order the goals for a fictitious firm produced organizational goal rankings which for men and women were highest for organizational efficiency and profit maximization and lowest for social welfare. Women ranked Employees' Welfare higher and Organizational Growth lower than did the men. In general, the rankings of personal values were not significantly related to the priorities of organizational goals.
Relation of Locus of Control to Aspiration Level and to Competitive Anxiety
Authors: Betts Edith
Published: September 2011

To determine the relationship between locus of control and competitive anxiety, and locus of control and level of aspiration 36 undergraduates were tested. Each was given Levenson's Locus of Control, Marten's Adult Sport Competition Anxiety Test, and an aspiration test involving tossing at a target. Pearson product-moment correlation indicated internal locus of control was not related to aspiration level, but aspiration level was negatively related to the “powerful others” locus of control. Internal locus of control was negatively related to competitive anxiety and to the external scales. The “powerful others” and “chance” scales were positively related.
Correlations between Scores on Form A, Form B, and Form A + B of the Culture Fair Intelligence Test for Economically Disadvantaged Students
Authors: Karnes Frances A. , May Brookes , Lee Leta A.
Published: September 2011

The Culture Fair Intelligence Test Form A (Scale 2, Forms A and B) correlated moderately with Form B ( r = .59). Form A correlated highly with Form A + B ( r = .88) and Form B with Form A + B ( r = .88) for 133 economically disadvantaged children in Grades 3 to 5.
Traits Attributed to over- and Underchosen Women
Authors: Hewitt Jay , Goldman Morton
Published: September 2011

Sociometric studies have investigated differences between popular and unpopular persons with observations being taken over a long period of time. The present study determined whether strangers could detect differences between these two groups after just a few minutes of observation. 12 over- and 13 underchosen females from a college dormitory were videotaped as each interacted with a confederate. The videotapes were shown to judges who indicated which of 555 personality traits described each woman. Judges also rated their liking for each woman. Mean liking for the overchosen was significantly greater than mean liking for the underchosen. The overchosen were more likely to be described with traits indicative of extraversion, sociability, and positive emotionality. The underchosen were more likely to be described with traits indicative of introversion and negative emotionality: unhappiness, moodiness, and depression. Trait descriptions were generally positive for all of the overchosen and approximately half of the underchosen.
Given Names, Social Class, and Professional Achievement
Authors: Willis Frank N. , Willis Lois A. , Gier Joseph A.
Published: September 2011

Previous research has shown that persons with unusual given names were more likely to have problems in personal and social adjustment. In the present study, given names were recorded for 2300 residents of high and low income areas and for 4000 professionals. Unique given names were more frequent for women, for the poor, and for blacks, and infrequent in the professions. The highest percentage of names not found in the professions occurred among the poor, especially the black poor.
Ethical Conflict among Clinical Psychologists and other Mental Health Workers
Authors: Morrison James K. , Layton Bruce D. , Newman Joan
Published: September 2011

In a small geographical area a study was undertaken to determine the ethical conflicts experienced by mental health workers related to their clinical interventions. An Ethical Conflict Questionnaire, a 20-item, self-report attitude measure, was sent to all mental health workers in a tri-city area. A multivariate analysis of variance of the 164 returned questionnaires indicated that sex, years of clinical experience, and occupation (psychologist, psychiatrist, psychiatric social worker, psychiatric nurse, and a combined group of mostly vocational rehabilitation counselors and mental health therapy aides) significantly affect reported ethical conflict.
Social Norms and Level of Aspiration in Children
Authors: Sleet David A.
Published: September 2011

171 boys and girls in Grade 4 from schools in three different socio-economic areas were tested on a hand-dynamometer task to determine the effects of social norms on level of aspiration. One-half of the subjects received high social-norm feedback (failure), while the other half received low social-norm feedback (success). Analysis of variance of discrepancy scores indicated that rural girls' aspirations were significantly lowered in the success situation and inner city girls' aspirations were significantly raised in the failure situation. Social norms had greater influence on girls' than boys' aspirations for performance. The results suggest that elementary school children's level of aspiration can be altered through social-norm anchoring, but the nature of these changes varies according to the sex and socio-economic status of the child.
Representative and Non-Representative Items for Gifted Students on the Piers-Harris Children's Self-Concept Scale
Authors: Brown K. Eliot , Karnes Frances A.
Published: September 2011

Increased attention has been given to measures of self-concept in recent years. While the primary focus has been on global measures of self-concept, some attention to component social/emotional factors has been explored. In these endeavors there have been few investigations into the self-concepts of gifted children. This study analyzed responses on the Piers-Harris Children's Self-concept Scale which had the highest rate of concurrence on representative and non-representative items for a group of gifted students. These 169 gifted students generated internally and maintained positive self-concepts while being relatively immune to external influences.
Medical Students' Interest in Social and Cultural Aspects of Medicine
Authors: Wolf Fredric M.
Published: September 2011

A survey of 73 medical students' interests in four major units of micro and macro socio-medical analysis indicated most interest at the level of family, followed by individual status, but less in societal and community influences. Implications for medical education and practice are discussed.
Does the Perceived Value of Consequation Affect Performance Outcomes? A Laboratory Investigation
Authors: Jackson Henry J. , Molloy Geoffrey N.
Published: September 2011

25 postgraduate students were exposed to a control and 4 self-consequation conditions in a Latin square design. The experimental tasks were arithmetic problems matched for difficulty. Following each experimental condition, participants responded to a questionnaire to ascertain subjective differences in perceived valence of the particular type of consequation. This procedure yielded two groups designated as ‘adequate’ or ‘inadequate’ within each condition. Results of post hoc comparisons gave no predictable pattern between contrasted groups within conditions despite predicted between-condition differences. Factors other than perceived incentive valence of the consequences were responsible for the predicted differences between the self-consequation conditions.
Birth Order, Sex, and Socio-Political Orientation in College Students
Authors: Heingartner Alex , Wetherell Celeste Keusch
Published: September 2011

The relationship between socio-political orientation and birth-order position and sex were examined for 62 college students. A modified version of the Wilson-Patterson Conservatism Scale and abridged versions of the California F Scale and the Political and Economic Conservatism Scale measured socio-political orientation. While significant main effects for birth order and sex were not obtained on any of the scales, significant interactions of sex by birth order occurred on all three. On each scale females who were firstborn or only children scored significantly more conservatively than correspondingly born males. For subjects who were later born there was no sex difference on two of the scales, while on the Political and Economic Conservatism Scale males scored significantly more conservatively than females. The results are discussed in terms of the differential socialization experiences of firstborn and later born children and the different role expectations for males and females.
Embarrassment and Helping Behavior
Authors: Levin Jack , Arluke Arnold
Published: September 2011

Two experiments were devised to test Goffman's contention that embarrassment provokes face-restoring behavior on the part of spectators to the embarrassment as long as the embarrassed person does not violate the norms of interaction and does not regain composure. When a confederate requests students to volunteer for a study: students will be more likely to volunteer as subjects when the requester loses composure than when the requester docs not lose composure and students will be less likely to volunteer when the requester loses composure and fails to regain it than when he performs without losing composure. Results confirmed both hypotheses.
Inauguration for Adulthood: The Military System as an Effective Integrator for Adult Adaptation, an Israel Air Force Base Perspective
Authors: Rabinowitz Stanley
Published: September 2011

Using, in part, the Eriksonian model as a theoretical framework, the author outlines the crucial factors involved in the adaptation of National Service soldiers to the military system, beginning with the impact of basic training and terminating with the process of separation at the completion of training. The influence of adolescent conflicts upon the adaptation process is elucidated.
Perceptions of Neglected Children and Negligent Parents about Causes for Removal from Parental Homes
Authors: Stricklin Ann Burns , Austad Carol Shaw
Published: September 2011

A sample of 27 neglected children and their parents from South Africa were interviewed to ascertain why they believed the children were removed from their homes by legal authorities. The responses indicated that both parents and children were likely to perceive the removal to be a function of some action or personality characteristic of the child. Parents described their children in a negative, disapproving frame of reference and appeared to be immature and irresponsible in their attitudes toward their offspring. The actual reasons for removal of the children from their homes included truancy, alcoholism, serious marital discord, runaways, financial destitution, desertion, drug abuse, physical abuse, and promiscuity.
Anagram Solving as a Function of Priming and Bigram Frequency Count
Authors: Seidenstadt Robert M.
Published: September 2011

Manipulating bigram count and priming condition in anagram problem solving resulted in significant effects for both variables. Both category label and list-item primes significantly reduced anagram solution time for 36 undergraduates; these effects occurred for low and high bigram count words.
Endorphins and Placebo Fear Reduction
Authors: Paulman Ronald , Rimm David C. , Kooken Robert , Toledo J. Rafael
Published: September 2011

This study examined whether endorphins play a role in placebo fear reduction in addition to their apparent mediation of placebo analgesia. 27 female undergraduate students were intravenously administered either saline or the endorphin antagonist, naloxone, under double-blind conditions prior to exposure to a nonspecific analogue treatment for snake fear. Analysis indicated that the two groups of subjects performed comparably and significantly better than no-treatment controls on posttest measures of self-efficacy, self-rated fear, and approach toward a live, harmless snake. These preliminary findings suggest that a mechanism other than endorphin release underlies fear reduction in psychological placebo treatments.
Ego Resiliency in Narcissistic Persons
Authors: Keltikangas-Järvinen Liisa
Published: September 2011

Mean scores of different clinical groups are not comparable on the Ego resiliency scale. Persons with narcissistic pathology score high on this scale in an attempt to create a favourable social image.
On the Validity of the East-West Questionnaire
Authors: Compton William C.
Published: September 2011

This study was designed to test the hypothesis that the East-West Questionnaire significantly differentiates between an Eastern-oriented group and a Western-oriented group. The Eastern-oriented group of 36 practitioners of Zen meditation were from Midwestern Soto Zen centers. The Western-oriented group of 34 students in an introductory psychology class had never meditated or practiced any marital arts discipline. Analysis of covariance adjusted for differences between the groups in age, education, and sex. A significant main effect was found for group membership. Results support the hypothesis that the East-West Questionnaire is a valid instrument for measuring agreement with Eastern and Western value orientations.
Rape as a Function of Relative Sexual Frustration
Authors: Kanin Eugene J.
Published: September 2011

Deviant sexual behavior has often been portrayed as a function of the frustration of legitimate sexual outlets. This study of a select group of 71 college date rapists finds that, although these males are the sexually most successful, they also tend to be the sexually most dissatisfied.
Impulsiveness and Venturesomeness in Canadian Children
Authors: Saklofske D. H. , Eysenck S. B. G.
Published: September 2011

542 Canadian boys and 508 Canadian girls completed the Junior Eysenck Personality Questionnaire as well as the I0 Junior Impulsiveness Inventory. Separate factor analyses of boys' and girls' I0 responses yielded results similar to those obtained for British children although several items were either dropped or moved to a different scale. Correlations between the I0 and junior scales resembled those reported for British children. Reliabilities of the three I0 scales were satisfactory, with the possible exception of Empathy for girls. Means and standard deviations for the three I0 scales for the 8 Canadian age groups showed boys scored higher than girls on impulsiveness and venturesomeness but lower on empathy.
Psychology: A Closed System of Self-Evident Information?
Authors: Houston John P.
Published: September 2011

To estimate the self-evidence of basic principles of psychology, 50 UCLA introductory psychology students answered 21 multiple-choice questions each embodying one learning or memory phenomenon. 71% of the items were answered correctly more often than chance. The probability of an item being answered correctly was unrelated to the subjects' familiarity with the names of the phenomena and unrelated to professional psychologists' ratings of the importance of the phenomena. The possibility that we may spend an inordinate amount of item dealing with self-evident principles, because we do not seek outside evaluation of our work, is discussed.
Participants' Perceptions of Ethical Issues in Research with Humans
Authors: Lynch Denis , Graves Wayne
Published: September 2011

The recent concern about ethical issues in research with human subjects has fostered an interest in learning more through empirical methods. The present study provides information from potential participants regarding (1) their perception of the likelihood of physical or emotional harm from various experimental procedures and (2) their willingness to participate in experiments using such procedures. Responses were obtained from 1,586 students in introductory psychology classes and were analyzed on the basis of the respondents' age, sex, class standing, and academic major. Besides providing normative data from a typical subject pool, the present study suggests a method of using a research questionnaire as a way of minimizing the chances of offending individual subjects.
Reliability of the Semantic Differential Used by Children: Evaluation of the Evaluative Dimension
Authors: Piotrowski Chris
Published: September 2011

The present study investigated the reliability of individual bi-polar adjective scales on the semantic differential over a 6-mo. span. Also, the utility of the Evaluative dimension as a reliable measure of “self-concept” was studied with a sample of 459 fifth graders. The concepts, Hurricane, My City, and Myself, were rated on the 19-scale semantic differential. Low but significant test-retest correlations were found on all scales. Factor 1 (Evaluation dimension) seemed moderately reliable over the 6-mo. period. If these results can be generalized to other populations and concepts, it appears that the semantic differential technique can be considered reliable. Also, present findings support the implementation of the semantic differential as a “self-concept” measure.
Attributions of Responsibility by Simulated Jurors: Stage of Moral Reasoning and Guilt by Association
Authors: Arbuthnot Jack
Published: September 2011

Simulated jurors (91 male and 116 female undergraduates) judged the guilt of and assigned the sentence for a defendant in an ambiguous murder case. Severity of crime and sentence decreased significantly with increasing stage of moral reasoning. The addition of evidence interpretable as guilt by association produced less severe guilt and sentence decisions at the preconventional and conventional stages. Results were discussed in light of numerous person-perception ratings of the victim and defendant.
Modifying Impulsive Responding in Conduct-Disordered Institutionalized Boys
Authors: Bell Charles R. , Mundy Peter , Quay Herbert C.
Published: September 2011

24 institutionalized aggressive, impulsive males aged 10 to 16 participated in 14 sessions of training in the use of “rules” for the solution of cognitive tasks. When compared to 21 controls who completed the same tasks but were not exposed to the “rules,” the experimental group shifted toward less impulsive responding on the Porteus Maze Q score on posttest.
Some Comparative Personality Traits of the Mildly Retarded
Authors: Kodman Frank
Published: September 2011

A selected sample of 38 mildly retarded teenagers and young adults from two institutions in Western Kentucky was administered the California Psychological Inventory and the MMPI to compare personality traits. The mean profiles on each test were interpreted and some broad recommendations and cautions made for improving personality function among the retarded.
Association between Levenson's Dimensions of Locus of Control and Measures of Coping and Defense Mechanisms
Authors: Vickers Ross R. , Conway Terry L. , Haight Michael A.
Published: September 2011

Theoretically, locus of control may be related to coping and defense style. Because little is known about specific relationships, scores on Levenson's Chance, Powerful Others, and Internal control scales were correlated with 20 coping and defense measures for a sample of 2648 Marine Corps recruits. The findings suggested that the relationship of locus of control with coping and defense could be described in terms of two integrated personality styles. The external style combines external control orientations with low coping skills and externalizing defenses, e.g., displacement. The internal style combines internal control with minimizing, reversing defenses, and more extensive coping. These styles received some support from prior research and may help explain the association between better over-all adjustment and internality. These tentative style formulations can provide a basis for more detailed investigations of control and coping and defense.
Correlations among Three Measures of Fear of Success
Authors: Chabassol David J. , Ishiyama Ishu
Published: September 2011

Three instruments, scales by Pappo, Good and Good, and Zuckerman and Allison, which purport to measure fear of success, were administered to 89 university students. For the total sample, and for females alone, all correlations among scale scores were positive and significant. Small to moderate correlations among scores on the three scales were higher for females than for males, although mean scores for men and women did not differ significantly.
Selected Clinical Features and Service Characteristics of Autistic Adults
Authors: Janicki Matthew P. , Jacobson John W.
Published: September 2011

314 autistic adults were identified as part of an over-all statewide needs assessment of developmentally disabled persons. Most of the adults were mentally retarded, but generally free from physical or sensory disabilities. Manifold language and adaptive skill deficits were noted. Some 59% resided in an institutional setting; the balance were at home or in a community-care setting. Comments underscored difficulties in case finding and the need to anticipate the adult needs of autistic children.
Effect of Social Context on the Impact of Coping Self-Statements
Authors: Zettle Robert D. , Hayes Steven C.
Published: September 2011

The present study was designed to evaluate the role of a social context in the impact of coping self-statements. It was hypothesized that the control which coping self-statements exert over anxiety-related behaviors would vary to the extent that the self-statements are socially accessible. Speech-anxious college students were randomly assigned to either a control group or to one of two experimental groups. Control subjects received no coping self-statements while subjects in both experimental groups selected the same coping self-statement. The two experimental groups differed only in whether the coping self-statement was apparently known to the experimenter. On self-report measures, only the social-context group showed improvement over those of the other two groups. The only difference among the groups on behavioral measures indicated that subjects in the social-context group had followed the coping statement by talking more slowly. The results were interpreted as possibly a function of the social contingencies established by public statements.
Effects of Instructions at Encoding on Constructive Memory Processes: A Small-n Approach
Authors: Garrett Carol J. , Langer Philip
Published: September 2011

A series of experiments using a research design for small ns investigated the effects of instructions for encoding of prose passages on accuracy of recognition test. Results indicated no consistent relationship between instructions for encoding and subsequent accurate recognition. Assumptions underlying the use of statistics for large ns and implications for the design of research in cognitive psychology are discussed.
Relationship of Dogmatism and Confidence in the Evaluation of Accounting Information
Authors: Gul Ferdinand A.
Published: September 2011

This study examined the relationship between dogmatism and changes in confidence. Using a pretest-posttest research design 33 participants who were managers drawn from a cross-section of electronic companies were administered the short-form Dogmatism Scale and then a two-part case study which contained conventional information on personnel layoff and also Human Resources Accounting information. On these bases subjects were asked to make certain decisions about a personnel layoff problem. They were also asked to state their level of confidence (0 to 100) that the decision they had made was optimal after each part of the case. Chi squared showed that more highly dogmatic managers demonstrated an upward change in confidence when provided with new Human Resources Accounting information than low dogmatic managers.
Sex and Race as Factors on Locus of Control Scores with an Alcoholic Population
Authors: Hurlburt Graham , Gade Eldon , Fuqua Dale
Published: September 2011

In a study with 427 alcoholics, including 131 male and 99 female Native Americans and 161 male and 36 female Caucasians, the Rotter I-E Locus of Control scale yielded significant sex and race differences. The men tended more toward internality than the women and Caucasians tended more toward an internal social attribution than the Native Americans. There was no significant interaction of sex and race.
Hypnotic Susceptibility: A Factor Analytical Perspective
Authors: Hart Ronald R. , Norman W. Barry , Brotman Eric H. , Payne Mary Lynn
Published: September 2011

This study sought to identify non-pathological personality dimensions related to hypnotic susceptibility. 53 males and 56 females were given the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire and the Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility. One of the 5 varimax rotated factors was significantly related to hypnotic susceptibility. Findings appeared to identify cardinal elements and provide support for a multivariate approach to hypnotic susceptibility.
Diagnostic Value of Composite Student-Based Ratings of Instruction
Authors: Meredith Gerald M.
Published: September 2011

A 10- and 5-item scale based on students' perceptions to identify instructors in need of improvement in teaching skills is proposed.
Generalized Locus of Control and Health Locus of Control of Surgical Patients
Authors: Larde Judy , Clopton James R.
Published: September 2011

The relationship of generalized locus of control expectancies and specific health locus of control beliefs was explored in a sample of 24 cholecystectomy patients prior to surgery. The Internality, Powerful Others, and Chance scales were used to assess generalized locus of control expectancies, and specific health locus of control beliefs were assessed by the Multidimensional Health Locus of Control scales. The results question the theoretical commonality between the two locus of control measures and suggest that the alternate forms of the health locus of control scales are not equivalent. Cross-validation on a larger sample is required.
Loneliness, Depression, and Social Activity after Determination of Legal Blindness
Authors: Evans Ron L.
Published: September 2011

In 84 blind clients, incidence of depression was 6% (5 subjects), and symptoms changed markedly as a function of time since determination of legal blindness. Self-reports of feelings of loneliness were evident in 20% (17 subjects). Report of loneliness was correlated with social inactivity. Depression and loneliness were unrelated to gender, marital or cognitive status, diagnostic category, or type of onset (sudden or progressive). Situational reactions were common after determination of blindness, but presence of vegetative signs of depression seemed atypical. Since affective disorders are associated with failure to return to prior social activities and cannot be predicted by commonly used patients' characteristics, the health care team should be prepared to identify, monitor, and manage affective symptoms in patients with significant visual loss.
Birth Order and Creative Writing
Authors: Joubert Charles E.
Published: September 2011

A survey of the biographies of 286 prominent creative writers indicated that those in families with between 2 and 7 offspring were not likely to be found disproportionately in any particular birth ordinal position. However, creative writers from very large families (8+ offspring) were highly likely to be firstborns.
Desirability and Frequency of Endorsement Scale Values and Endorsement Proportions for Items of the Basic Personality Inventory
Authors: Reddon John R. , Holden Ronald R. , Jackson Douglas N.
Published: September 2011

This paper reports the judged desirability and judged frequency of endorsement for the 240 Basic Personality Inventory items. The endorsement proportions in normal adult, psychiatric, and high school samples are also reported. Comparisons between the Basic Personality Inventory, California Psychological Inventory, and Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory indicate that although the first inventory has a greater dispersion of desirability scale values (proportionately more undesirable items), it has less extreme endorsement proportions than either of the other two. The Basic Personality Inventory shows sharp contrast between the endorsement proportions of normal and psychiatric samples. These results are interpreted in terms of the method of construction of the inventory.
Reliability of Associative Response Diversity as a Characteristic of Stimulus Words
Authors: Freibergs Imants , Vikis-Freibergs Vaira
Published: September 2011

A statistic, Z, proposed by Zinger, is applied for measuring associative response diversiry. This statistic is shown to be more useful than a, a staristic previously recommended for that purpose. The values of 1/ Z vary from zero to one and tend to a different asymptotic value for each stimulus, rather than converging to zero for infinite samples as they do for a. The variance V( Z) is known and diminishes with increasing sample size. This makes it possible to compare stimuli for any sample size at a given level of confidence. The performance of the Z indicator in empirical samples was examined by running computer simulations sampling from the Queen's University Association norms. The stability of Z across sample sizes was investigated. Sample sizes necessary for detecting differences between stimuli were predicted. The 100 Kent-Rosanoff stimuli were ranked according to their 1/ Z values and grouped into 12 clusters.
Stability and Concurrent Validity of the Peabody Individual Achievement Test
Authors: Naglieri Jack A. , Pfeiffer Steven I.
Published: September 2011

The present study investigated the stability and concurrent validity of the Peabody Individual Achievement Test. The sample of 36 children were of below average intelligence and were either referred for or placed in special educational programs. Good reliability coefficients were noted over a 12-mo. period (Median R = .61; Total Test R = .58) as well as significant correlations with the WISC-R Verbal and Full Scale IQs. Implications of these findings are discussed.
Psychosocial Factors Associated with the Adjustment of Basic Trainees in the U. S. Army
Authors: Swihart Judson J. , Borek Theodore , Schumm Walter R.
Published: September 2011

Self-report data from 114 basic trainees referred to a military mental health facility at Fort Bragg for adjustment difficulties were compared to equivalent data obtained from a random sample of 40 trainees at the same installation in the summer of 1968. Greater adjustment difficulties were associated with involuntary enlistment, failure to complete high school, poorer grades in high school, previous arrest record or psychiatric care, urban background, abuse of drugs or alcohol, and self-description as a “loner.” No significant differences were found by race, age, or marital status.
Levels of Recommendation for Students and Academic Performance in Medical School
Authors: Zeleznik Carter , Hojat Mohammadreza , Veloski Jon
Published: September 2011

Letters of recommendation from educational institutions have traditionally been considered a major criterion in admission decisions. However, very little attention has been directed to the study of the relationship between the content of letters of recommendation and measures of academic performance in professional schools. To investigate this relationship, letters of recommendation of 236 students who attended Jefferson Medical College from 5 undergraduate institutions were reviewed, and the levels of recommendation contained in the letters were identified. Yearly GPAs, scores of the 3 parts of the National Board Medical Examinations, and ratings of clinical competence in the first postgraduate year were selected as measures of academic performance. The results indicated that the levels of recommendation did not improve the multiple R prediction of the criteria beyond the level obtained using undergraduate GPA in science courses. Factor analysis of the data showed that levels of recommendation were heavily loaded on a factor related to undergraduate GPA in science courses.
Cognitive Complexity-Simplicity as a Determinant of Internal-External Control
Authors: Vacc Nicholas A. , Vacc Nancy Nesbitt
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship for 208 junior high school students between the Adapted Modified Role Repertory Test, a measure of cognitive complexity, and Rotter's Internal-External Locus of Control Scale which measures locus-of-control. No significant correlation appeared.
Stepparent: A Pejorative Term?
Authors: Ganong Lawrence H. , Coleman Marilyn
Published: September 2011

The number of stepparents and stepchildren continues to increase. Among the challenges facing stepfamily members is the potentially negative connotation of the prefix “step.” This study examined college students' responses toward various family positions on a semantic differential. The concepts of “stepmothers” and “stepfathers” elicited more negative connotations than other family positions. “Step” appears to be a pejorative prefix, signifying a more negative, stereotyped image.
Relative Importance of Perceived Understanding in Initial Interaction and Development of Interpersonal Relationships
Authors: Cahn Dudley D.
Published: September 2011

Since it is not clear in what contexts perceived understanding is important in the development of relationships, the present study addressed whether perceived understanding is as important initially in the development of a relationship as in later stages. Analysis indicated that perceived understanding is less important in this study where subjects were in an initial stage of development of a relationship than in an earlier study where subjects were in a later stage. Perhaps perceived understanding may index intensity since it appears to be more important later.
Receivers' Open Processing Style as a Moderator of Communicators' Persuasiveness
Authors: Joseph W. Benoy
Published: September 2011

The persuasive impact of two communicators' characteristics—physical attractiveness and expertness—was examined on two subgroups of a sample of 192 college men and women who differed on a personality trait called “open processing.” This trait describes an individual's degree of openness to new information and his ability to process or handle inconsistent information about an object. As predicted, open (vs cautious) processors responded with greater variability when source attractiveness and expertness were varied. Attributes of the source made no significant difference in agreement among cautious subjects but produced a significant interaction on over-all attitude and a main effect for expertness on cognition among open subjects.
Reliability of a Shyness and Alcohol Survey
Authors: Maroldo Georgette K.
Published: September 2011

The present study showed the Shyness and Alcohol Survey was moderately reliable for 178 college students (69 women, 109 men), aged 17 to 36 yr. The survey had been developed to measure shyness and the extent to which alcohol was used to reduce shyness of college students. Analyses of data suggest possible revisions of this scale.
Fathers' Absence and Cognitive Development of Children over a 3- to 5-Year Period
Authors: Goldstein Harris S.
Published: September 2011

A national probability sample of 1774 children examined at 6 to 11 and re-examined at 12 to 17 years of age provided an opportunity to examine in a longitudinal perspective the effect of the fathers' absence on cognitive development. There were no significant differences in fathers' presence or absence in the outcome measures—WISC Vocabulary and Block Design and WRAT Reading and Arithmetic—for either the white or black children. Black children as a group did show a significant decrement in achievement scores while maintaining their intellectual development.
Flexibility of Disclosure by Counselors
Authors: Neimeyer Greg J.
Published: September 2011

The possibility that 69 male and 20 female graduate students in counseling were more flexible in their self-disclosure than were 57 male and 32 female undergraduates was tested in mixed-sex samples. Results supported the hypothesis and suggest that different criteria for flexibility of disclosure might operate for the two groups.
Exploratory Development and Validation of a Perceptual Job Burnout Inventory: Comparison of Corporate Sector and Human Services Professionals
Authors: Ford David L. , Murphy Charles J. , Edwards Karen L.
Published: September 2011

The present study investigated the efficacy of a scale designed to assess various aspects of burnout syndrome for use with corporate sector and human services professionals as prior research and scale development have focused solely on the latter. The scale was administered to two samples of professionals—one drawn from the corporate sector ( n = 150) and one drawn from a variety of human services organizations ( n = 237)—and the resulting data were submitted to factor analysis. A two-factor solution for perceived burnout emerged for the corporate sector employees while a five-factor solution emerged for the human services employees. The results are discussed in light of the applicability of the burnout scale for use in a wide variety of occupations.
Imipramine with or without Cognitive-Behavior Therapy in the Treatment of an Agoraphobic
Authors: Last Cynthia G. , Barlow David H. , O'Brien Gerald T.
Published: September 2011

This single case experiment compared the relative efficacy of imipramine hydrochloride and imipramine in conjunction with in vivo exposure and cognitive therapy, in the treatment of an agoraphobic. Results indicated that imipramine alone was ineffective in improving the client's phobic condition. However, the addition of the cognitive-behavioral intervention to imipramine proved extremely effective in altering phobic fear and avoidance behavior.