bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Shape differences in the sacral alae
Authors: Flander Louisa Beyer , Corruccini Robert S.
Published: August 2005

The great variability and complexity of sacral morphology has led to some confusion over the separate influences of phylogeny, population differences, and sexual dimorphism. Principal component analysis of Cartesian coordinates taken on the alae of one hundred human sacra reveals that allometric growth accounts for most variation in the extent and orientation of this region (termed basality). Sex differences related to functional contribution of the alae to the pelvic cavity account for the remainder of the variability. The requirement for extrastability in this region to support the large individual may obscure sexual dimorphism in the sacrum. This, in turn, may have influenced past observations on the sex criteria for this bone.
Odontometric microdifferentiation of transplanted Mexican Indian populations: Cuanalan and Saltillo
Authors: O'Rourke D. H. , Crawford M. H.
Published: August 2005

This study documents odontometric variation in four populations of related genetic background. It is found that the transplanted populations of Cuanalan and Saltillo have undergone significant microdifferentiation in tooth size relative to the two home valley populations. The extent and direction of this microdifferentiation is seen as reflecting differential amounts of admixture from African and European sources in demographic subunits of the two transplanted populations. The dental variables found to discriminate significantly between populations are the same variables predicted to be evolutionarily labile by Butler's Field Theory. Principal component analysis confirms the presence of morphological fields in these data and supports the position that each class has a stable tooth, with stability decreasing with increasing distance from the key tooth. The importance of hybridization in determining which variables significantly discriminate between populations is confounded by the effects of development of the dentition in morphogenetic fields. These data suggest the odontometric data provide an adequate, if somewhat conservative, base from which to evaluate microdifferentiation of human populations.
Gc (vitamin D binding protein) subtype polymorphism and variants distribution among Saharan, Middle East, and African populations
Authors: Constans J. , Lefevre‐Witier Ph. , Richard P. , Jaeger G.
Published: August 2005

This article presents the results obtained by electrophoretic analysis of the group specific component polymorphism in more than 1,250 serum samples from populations living in the Sahara, the Middle East, and equatorial Africa. In addition to the alleles GcIF and GcIS, five variants, including one previously unknown, were found. The distribution of the alleles herein described permits speculation on exchanges and relation among the groups considered. The lowest frequencies of the gene Gc2 correspond to regions where sunlight is stronger. There is also a north‐south gradient in the GcIF gene frequency. This seems to parallel the gradient seen in skin pigmentation.
Population structure and admixture in transplanted Tlaxcaltecan populations
Authors: Crawford M. H. , Devor Eric J.
Published: August 2005

The history of the Indian populations from the Valley of Tlaxcala since the Spanish conquest of Mexico has been one of fission and transplantation. A number of Tlaxcaltecan families were relocated by the Spanish and founded new communities such as Saltillo and Cuanalan outside the Valley of Tlaxcala. The contemporary genetic structure of these people reflects their ethnohistory. Genetic distances between Tlaxcaltecan groups are the result of differential systematic pressure acting upon them.
Hawaiian craniofacial morphometrics: Average Mokapuan skull, artificial cranial deformation, and the “rocker” mandible
Authors: Schendel Stephen A. , Walker Geoffrey , Kamisugi Arthur
Published: August 2005

Craniofacial morphology and cultural cranial deformation were analyzed by the computer morphometric system in 79 adult Hawaiian skulls from Mokapu, Oahu. The average Hawaiian male was large, but similar in shape to the female. Both were larger than the present Caucasian, showed a greater dental protrusion, and possessed a larger ANB angle, flatter cranial base, and larger facial heights. Correlations in Hawaiian craniofacial structure were found between an increasing mandibular plane angle and (1) shorter posterior facial height, (2) larger gonial angle, (3) larger cranial base angle, and (4) smaller SNA and SNB angles.

Of the 79 skulls studied, 8. 9% were found to have severe head molding or intentional cranial deformation. Significant statistical differences between the molded group and the nonmolded group are, in decreasing significance: (1) larger upper face height, (2) smaller glabella to occiput distance, and (3) increased lower face height with deformation. The morphometric differences were readily seen by graphic comparison between groups. It is postulated that external forces to the neurocranium result in redirection of the growth vectors in the neurocranial functional matrix, including the cranial base, and secondarily, to the orofacial functional matrix. There is a possibility that the cranial deformation is a retention of the normal birth molding changes.

The Polynesian “rocker jaw” was found in 81% to 95% of this populace. This mandibular form occurs only with attainment of adult stature and craniofacial form. This data agrees with the hypothesis that mandibular form is modified by the physical forces present and their direction in the orofacial functional matrix.
Incidence of caries and abscesses in archeological Eskimo skeletal samples from point hope and Kodiak Island, Alaska
Authors: Costa Raymond L.
Published: August 2005

The incidence of caries and abscesses in 246 archeologically derived skeletal specimens from the Ipiutak and Tigara levels at Point Hope, Alaska, and 79 specimens excavated from Jones Point, Kodiak Island, Alaska were investigated. All three collections span long periods of time. Only pre‐white contact specimens were used. Each specimens was sexed and aged in five year groupings, using standard techniques. Caries and abscesses were recorded by type and degree of severity and correlated with age, sex, and site of origin. All samples displayed very low caries rates and few abscesses per tooth and per individual (both observed frequencies, and frequencies corrected for postmortem loss of teeth). DMF scores were tabulated using both observed and corrected frequencies. Very heavy occlusal wear in all three samples could account for the majority of abscesses and pulp exposures, while the low caries rates are attributable to traditional diets totally devoid of refined sugars, starches, and food additives.
Age changes in the external dimensions of adult bone
Authors: Pfeiffer Susan
Published: August 2005

Humeri from a large, ossuary‐derived sample are used to demonstrate that considerable size variability is introduced to transverse skeletal measurements when young adults and older adults are pooled. Humeri from young adults (epiphyseal lines still visible, N ≈︁ 25) are smaller in transverse dimensions than those of older adults (N ≈︁ 300). Among left humeri, only shaft diameters demonstrate statistically significant differences. The right humeri, however, show statistically significant differences for six of the eight measurements. The increased size of the older adult humeri reflects the fact that appositional growth continues throughout adulthood. The more pronounced differences seen on the right side probably reflect developing dominance asymmetry. Recognition of this source of intrasample variability will influence the choice of skeletal measurements used for population comparisons and/or indicators of robusticity.
Some blood genetic markers of selected tribes in Western Saudi Arabia
Authors: Saha N. , Bayoumi R. A. , El Sheikh F. S. , Samuel A. P. W. , El Fadil I. , El Houri I. S. , Sebai Z. A. , Sabaa H. M. A.
Published: August 2005

A total of 292 randomly selected subjects belonging to two indigenous Arab tribes (Harbi and Ghamid) and two immigrant tribes (Mograbi and Mowallad), residents in Western Saudi Arabia, have been tested for genetic variants of six blood groups, four serum proteins, and five red cell enzyme systems. The distribution of the polymorphic systems was different between indigenous and immigrant tribes, and the present Arab population shows a considerable degree of admixture from the surrounding countries, in particular Africa.
Quantitative genetics of skeletal nonmetric traits in the rhesus macaques on Cayo Santiago. I. Single trait heritabilities
Authors: Cheverud James M. , Buikstra Jane E.
Published: August 2005

The use of skeletal nonmetric traits in studies of biological relationships often involves the assumption that variation in these traits is genetic. Studies of nonmetric traits in human groups and in inbred strains of mice and rabbits have indicated a genetic component to nonmetric trait variation. Skeletons of animals with known matrilineage membership were obtained from the Cayo Santiago skeletal collection in order to obtain a direct estimate of the heritabilities of several nonmetric traits in the free‐ranging population of rhesus macaques on Cayo Santiago. Falconer's (1965) method was used to calculate heritability. Heritability estimates range from zero to one, and half of them are greater than 0.5. This indicates that there is a considerable amount of genetic variation for these traits among the Cayo macaques. There is a significant tendency for traits scoring the number of foramina to have lower heritabilities than those scoring hyperstotic or hypostotic traits.
Root number determination in maxillary first premolars for modern human populations
Authors: Turner Christy G.
Published: August 2005

It is suggested that multiple root number of the maxillary first premolar be defined on the basis of lingual and buccal‐root bifurcation greater than one‐fourth to one‐third (25%–33%) the buccal‐root length. This meets pragmatic considerations and would enhance comparability of between‐observer findings for an apparently independent trait of potential importance for population characterization, forensic identification, and microevolutionary analysis.
A multivariate approach to fingerprint variation in Papua New Guinea: Implications for prehistory
Authors: Froehlich J. W. , Giles Eugene
Published: August 2005

Fingerprint data from three Markham Valley populations of Papua New Guinea are presented. Initial comparisons with data from elsewhere in New Guinea by conventional bivariate methods suggest hypotheses regarding prehistory, but these methods are inconclusive. Because of this shortcoming, the application of discriminant analysis to dermatoglyphic data is justified and cautiously demonstrated. Discriminant analysis is a valid approach to the parsimonious study of fingerprint relationships among human populations. Significant discriminating variables are then used with the limited published data to display historical relationships. These marker traits include the separate frequencies of thumb, middle fingers, and little finger patterning, and the complexity of the thenar eminence.

With regard to prehistory, it is concluded that fingerprint data support the hypothesis of separate origins and migrations for Papuan‐ and Melanesian‐speaking peoples. Furthermore, it is suggested that these data support the linguistic hypothesis of a second Papuan migration of Trans New Guinea Phylum speakers, up the Markham Valley into the New Guinea Highlands. Finally, gene flow is indicated from Melanesian speakers of the north coast into the interior through the Sepik and Ramu River valleys, affecting both the Trans New Guinea Phylum and other unrelated Papuan groups. Moreover, there are numerous suggestions of recent reciprocal genetic exchange between neighboring Melanesians and Papuans, without obliterating the older, separate origins of these peoples. These results suggest that fingerprints have greater phylogenetic stability than other biological parameters used in the past.
A multivariate approach to fingerprint variation in Papua New Guinea: Perspectives on the evolutionary stability of dermatoglyphic markers
Authors: Froehlich J. W. , Giles Eugene
Published: August 2005

In the Markham Valley of Papua New Guinea, multivariate graphical displays of serological, anthropometric, and dermatoglyphic population structures are compared pursuant to the hypothesis that fingerprints have a slower velocity of evolutionary change and, therefore, are preferable biological markers for prehistorical reconstructions. Samples from nine villages, which represent three geographical and linguistic populations, are plotted in two dimensions using appropriate multivariate techniques for maximally portraying between sample variability. Both the serological and morphometric displays are found lacking in close clusters, which demonstrates a lack of congruence with the shared languages and, presumably, the ethnohistorical origins of the three populations. These discrepancies between biology and prehistory appear to reflect recent environmental and stochastic perturbations. On the other hand, fingerprint displays conform closely to language affiliations, relatively undisturbed by environmental variation and genetic drift.

The relative congruence between ethnohistorical affiliation and fingerprint diversity is further corroborated by comparing the three measures of population structure with geographical distances, using partial rank correlations. In terms of explained variance, the level of association with fingerprints is more than twice than with anthropometry, and 13 times greater than with serology. Whereas metric and serological data provide distorted portrayals of known biohistorical relationships among the study populations, fingerprint data mirror these relationships. The theoretical foundations and consequences of this observation are discussed with respect to the broader question of polygenic versus monogenic biological markers.
On the evidence for “anterior dental cutting” in Laetoli Hominids
Authors: White Tim D.
Published: August 2005

Detailed examination of Laetoli Hominid 14 suggests that recent description of a unique C/P3 cutting mechanism for A. afarensis is incorrect.
Morphological features of Jat dentition
Authors: Kaul V. , Prakash S.
Published: August 2005

Observations on morphological characters of milk and permanent teeth, based on 648 pairs of dental casts of 356 male and 292 female Jat children of Haryana (India) are reported. Deciduous teeth show high frequencies of bilateral winging of maxillary central incisor, Carabelli's cusp of maxillary second molar, and deflecting wrinkle of mandibular second molar. Reduction of maxillary molar cusps is more marked in males than in females. Y pattern is very common in deciduous molars. Permanent teeth have high frequencies of grooved cingulum of incisors, cingular nodule of lateral incisors and canines, and distal accessary ridge of canines. Low frequencies of Carabelli's cusp and winging are also common. The tendency towards faintly developed shovelling in milk incisors occurs more often than in the permanent teeth.
A reassessment of demographic estimates for Pecos Pueblo
Authors: Ruff Christopher B.
Published: August 2005

The original demographic estimates for Pecos Pueblo, New Mexico (Hooton, 1930) indicated a 60/40 male/female adult sex ratio and an average life expectancy at birth of 42.9 years. A reanalysis of sexes and ages for a subsample of the Pecos collection as well as a reevaluation of a more recent report suggests that the adult sex ratio for Pecos is probably closer to 50/50 and that the mean age at death should be greatly reduced, perhaps by as much as 15 to 20 years.
Chromosome evolution in the owl monkey, Aotus
Authors: Ma Nancy Shui Fong
Published: August 2005

We have reported nine distinct karyotypes for Aotus, of four pelagic phenotypes, and suggest that this single species has undergone extensive subspeciation. We reconstruct the mechanism of chromosomal evolution and propose a hypothesis about the events of subspeciation in Aotus. We speculate that isolated groups of ancestral individuals living in several confined areas have separately accumulated a fusion or inversion pair as a result of inbreeding. A subsequent reassociation of descendants from these individuals led to the formation of offspring with mixtures of fusion or inversion pairs in their complements. They, in turn, radiated into different ecological niches accompanied by adaptive genetic changes and eventually gave rise to the present forms of Aotus distinguishable by their karyotypes, but not easily recognizable by ordinary taxonomic criteria.
Growth of rural and urban children in the Valley of Oaxaca, Mexico
Authors: Malina Robert M. , Himes John H. , Stepick Carol Dutton , Lopez Francisca Gutierrez , Buschang Peter H.
Published: August 2005

Weight, stature, arm circumference, and the triceps skinfold were measured in 1,410 school children, 6 through 14 years of age, from two urban colonias in the city of Oaxaca de Juarez (n = 479), and from two rural Ladino (n = 467) and two rural Zapotec (n = 464) communities in the Valley of Oaxaca in southern Mexico. Children from rural Ladino communities and urban colonias are significantly taller, heavier, and more muscular than children in rural Zapotec communities. The differences between rural Ladino and urban colonia children favor the former, particularly for weight and stature. These observations thus suggest (1) that children in the rural, indigenous communities in the Valley of Oaxaca are relatively undernourished compared to children in Ladinoized and urban communities, and (2) that rural‐to‐urban migration does not necessarily result in improved growth status.
Threshold hypotheses, developmental age, and menstrual function
Authors: Ellison Peter T.
Published: August 2005

Hypotheses relating the onset and maintenance of menstrual function to threshold levels of various parameters have been subject to statistical critique. Analysis of trends in parameter variance, applied here to data from the Berkeley Guidance Study, discriminates between the predictions of such hypotheses and those of the more traditional concept of developmental age.
Torus mandibularis among Icelanders
Authors: Axelsson Gudjón , Hedegård Björn
Published: August 2005

Nine hundred and seventy‐six Icelandic schoolchildren (489 ♂ and 487♀) were surveyed for occurrence of torus mandibularis. No sexual dimorphism was observed but there was a statistically significant difference between areas. A highly significant positive association between age and frequency of occurrence and size was also observed. Single tori were more prevalent than multiple ones and also appeared earlier. Symmetrical occurrence predominated, but when unilateral, tori were more often found on the right side. Secular changes in the incidence of torus mandibularis among Icelanders suggest the strong influence of environmental factors.
Body height, weight, and skeletal maturation in Hottentot (Khoikhoi) children
Authors: Singer Ronald , Kimura Kunihiko
Published: August 2005

Growth of body height and weight and skeletal maturation are discussed, based on 49 male and 61 female Hottentot children aged 3 to 17 years from Warmbad, Namibia (South West Africa) and 124 boys and 113 girls aged 1 to 21 years of related populations, the Rehoboth Basters of Namibia and Cape Coloreds from Cape Town, South Africa. The related populations are taller and heavier than the Hottentots, and have almost the same body height as American blacks and whites at least after the age of 18 years. In the Hottentots and Rehoboth Basters, the mean TW2 skeletal age is always less than the British standard by one or two years in both sexes. In general, the Rehoboth Basters have a skeletal age that is intermediate between Hottentot and British children. In both Hottentots and Rehoboth Basters, the increase in body height shows a linear relation to the skeletal age, and the regression curves are almost parallel in both sexes. The differences in body height and weight between the Hottentots and Rehoboth Basters become greater after the skeletal ages of 15 years for boys and 13 years for girls.
Cortical surface patterns in human and nonhuman primates
Authors: Oyen Ordean J. , Rice Robert W. , Enlow Donald H.
Published: August 2005

An analysis of skulls from several primate species shows that a “worm‐track” surface pattern, first identified in the brow region in fossil adult hominids and subsequently in olive baboons, chimpanzees, and macaques, is also present in numerous other species. Fine cancellous bone and its attendant vermiculate surface pattern have been observed in subadult and adult gelada baboons, gibbons, gorillas, and orangutans as well as in modern Homo sapiens and several Plio‐Pleistocene fossil hominids. In contemporary primates, fine cancellous bone has been identified not only in the brow region, but also along the zygomatic arch, on the pterygoid plates, on the maxilla, along the temporal line, on the mastoid process, and in the region of inion. Given the widespread distribution of this trait, caution is advised when using it as a diagnostic indicator of the evolutionary or functional significance of craniofacial morphology.
A morphometric study of limb proportions in leaping prosimians
Authors: Oxnard Charles E. , German Rebecca , Jouffroy Francoise‐K. , Lessertisseur Jacques
Published: August 2005

Study of individual limb proportions—most notably, for instance, of the intermembral index—distinguishes from most other primates those various prosimians capable of leaping. The present investigation analyzes 24 measures of limb proportions (taken by F.‐K. Jouffroy and J. Lessertisseur) from 161 specimens representing 12 species of prosimians, using the multivariate statistical method of multiple discriminant analysis (carried out by R. German and C.E. Oxnard). The results indicate that there are three major gradients: (1) indriids, (2) cheirogaleines, and (3) galagines plus Tarsius, radiating from a fourth centrally located group of species, Lemur, Lepilemur, and Hapalemur.

It is likely that the morphometric relationships displayed here can be associated with behavioral (locomotor) parallels among these various forms. Though leaping is a most important adaptation among prosimians, it seems clear that it has evolved separately a number of times, and it seems at least likely that the biomechanical nature of the adaptation differs in different groups. The results, therefore, present certain new hypotheses about prosimian locomotion that can only be tested with further field and laboratory studies.

This study also emphasizes the fact that anatomical adaptation is complex. Though the analysis of each anatomical region separately provides a similar qualitative picture of the variation among genera, it is only in the analysis of all measures taken together that the complete pattern described above appears. Though no new variables have been added in that analysis, new information is obviously contained within the results. Since this information stems from the interactions of the variables, it must be due to associations between these anatomical areas.
An argument for the use of total side frequencies of bilateral nonmetric skeletal traits in population distance analysis: The regression of symmetry on incidence
Authors: Ossenberg N. S.
Published: August 2005

In population studies based on frequencies of bilateral nonmetric skeletal traits, the choice between sampling by individuals or by sides should depend less on the exigencies imposed by fragmentary remains than on fundamental assumptions about the biological meaning of symmetry/asymmetry. Though the latter has been interpreted in various ways, little attention has focused on the possibility that bilateral correlation is meaningful in quantifying genetic liability for a trait.

Analysis of two independent mandibular features, mylohyoid bridge and suppressed third molar, in Indian and Eskimo population samples (total N ⋍ 1,200) reveals a statistically significant pattern of increasing bilateral occurrence with increasing population incidence. This pattern is consistent with the theory that liability for a “quasi‐continuous” variant is normally distributed with constant increment between thresholds on an underlying scale. According to theory, phenotypes with more pronounced expression (bilateral occurrence) have greater genetic potential than those with less pronounced expression (unilateral occurrence). Therefore, scoring traits in total left and right sides, by giving greater weight to bilaterally affected individuals, may provide a better estimate of the liability for the trait in the population. Viewed in a theoretical context broader than that of the sampling debate, this pattern of positive regression of symmetry on incidence means that prevalence of unilateral occurrence probably cannot be used to assess the relative strength of genetic versus nongenetic control of threshold variants.
The effect of changes in muscle function and bone growth on muscle migration
Authors: Grant Philip G. , Buschang Peter H. , Drolet Don W. , Pickerell Christina
Published: August 2005

The elastic sleeve model of the periosteum of a long bone presents the periosteum as a structure which, because it is attached to the epiphyses rather than the diaphysis, expands interstitially and equally at all points as the bone grows at its ends. Structures attached to the periosteum are seen as essentially passive hitchhikers on the expanding periosteum. Two corollaries of this model are tested here. First, that changes in the magnitude or direction of the force that an attached structure exerts on the periosteum do not affect the migration of the structure. Second, that changes in the proportion of growth that occur at each end of the bone do not affect the migration of attached structures. Experiments performed on rabbits to test these corollaries include muscle paralysis, muscle transection, changes in the direction pull of a muscle, and epiphysiodesis. The results are in agreement with the hypotheses. This model should have applicability to functional and comparative anatomy, since it postulates that differences in positions of attachment of muscles and ligaments to bones reflect underlying genetic differences (phylogeny) rather than the effects of differences in behavior of the animal (ontogeny).
Sole dermatoglyphics in the forest Nentsy, Nganasans, and Chukchi: Dermatoglyphic distances
Authors: Lemza S. V. , Galaktionov O. K.
Published: August 2005

Sole dermatoglyphics of the aborigines of Northwestern Siberia, Taimir, and Kamchatka are presented in this paper. The distance coefficients based on various combinations of dermatoglyphic traits depending on their heritability were estimated. These were compared with the overall dermatoglyphic distance coefficients as well as with the genetic (dermatoglyphic) distance coefficients based on six blood groups (ABO, MNSs, P, Fy, Jk, Kp). Genetic interpretation of the distances was attempted in connection with analysis of differences or similarities between these populations.
Interpopulation variation in fluctuating asymmetry of the palmar A‐B ridge‐count
Authors: Jantz R. L. , Webb R. S.
Published: August 2005

Fluctuating asymmetry was measured by the Pearson correlation coefficient between a‐b ridge‐counts of the right and left hands. Such data were available for 38 samples, which were grouped by major geographical regions. Significant heterogeneity exists within some of the geographical groups but the between geographical group component is highly significant in both sexes. Our results show that a sizable fraction of variation in fluctuating asymmetry is related to geographical race. There is no evidence that it follows environmental or ecological lines. The variation between geographical races suggests that there is a genetic component in the magnitude of fluctuating asymmetry.
Finger ridge‐count variation among various Subsaharan African groups
Authors: Jantz R. L. , Hawkinson C. H. , Brehme H. , Hitzeroth H. W.
Published: August 2005

This paper addresses the question of the extent to which finger ridge‐count data are useful features with which to study population variation in Subsaharan Africa. Each subject was represented by a vector of 20 ridge‐counts, a radial and an ulnar count for each digit. Such data were available from 11 African groups, nine of which were indigenous Africans, and two, the South African Colored and South African Indians, contained a portion of non‐African ancestory. The ridge‐counts were first transformed to principal component scores and these were subjected to multivariate analysis of variance and distance analysis to elucidate intergroup variation. The primary findings were that ridgecounts provide a good reflection of variation on at least two levels, that of African versus non‐African, and variation among Africans. Also, the principal components that reveal variation at these two levels are very different. We conclude that ridge‐counts can only be useful in population studies if full account is taken of their multicomponent nature.
Pliocene hominids from the Hadar formation, Ethiopia (1973–1977): Stratigraphic, chronologic, and paleoenvironmental contexts, with notes on hominid morphology and systematics
Authors: Johanson Donald C. , Taieb Maurice , Coppens Yves
Published: August 2005

The large collections of fossil hominid remains from Hadar, Ethiopia, derive from the Afar Triangle of the continental East African Rift. The fossils constitute much of the paratype series of Australopithecus afarensis (Johanson, White, and Coppens, 1978*).

Citations for starred (*) references appear in Appendix 2, Publications.

The primitive morphology exhibited by these hominids is consistent with their chronologic placement between 3.0 and 4.0 m.y. This paper provides the geographic, historic, stratigraphic, paleoenvironmental, and systematic background for Hadar fossil hominids described in this volume.
Pliocene hominid cranial remains from the Hadar formation, Ethiopia
Authors: Kimbel William H. , Johanson Donald C. , Coppens Yves
Published: August 2005

Fossil hominid cranial remains recovered from the Pliocene Hadar Formation, central Afar, Ethiopia (1974–1977) are described in detail. Descriptions are accompanied by selected measurements and illustrations.
Subocclusal morphology and alveolar process relationships of hominid gnathic elements from the Hadar formation: 1974–1977 collections
Authors: Ward Steven C. , Johanson Donald C. , Coppens Yves
Published: August 2005

Anatomical descriptions of dental root systems, topographic relations of the alveolar processes, and periodontal pathology are reported for gnathic elements recovered by the International Afar Research Expedition during field seasons 1974–1977.
Elements of the axial skeleton recovered from the Hadar formation: 1974–1977 collections
Authors: Lovejoy C. Owen , Johanson Donald C. , Coppens Yves
Published: August 2005

Anatomical descriptions are presented for the rib and vertebral elements recovered from the Hadar Formation during the 1974–1977 field seasons, inclusive.
Hominid carpal, metacarpal, and phalangeal bones recovered from the Hadar formation: 1974–1977 collections
Authors: Bush Michael E. , Lovejoy C. Owen , Johanson Donald C. , Coppens Yves
Published: August 2005

The fossil hominid hand bone collection from the Pliocene Hadar Formation, Ethiopia, is described anatomically. These hand bones, all from A.L. (Afar Locality) 333 and 333w, constitute the largest sample of hominid manus remains thus far recovered from the Plio‐Pleistocene of Africa.
Gc subtypes in the middle east: Report on an Arab Moslem population from Israel
Authors: Nevo Sarah , Cleve Hartwig
Published: August 2005

Gc subtypes were determined by isoelectrofocusing and immunofixation on 342 blood samples from an Arab Moslem population in Israel. Observed allele frequencies were: Gc1F 0.2120, Gc1S 0.6023, and Gc2 0.1857. Those are similar to formerly reported frequency data for other Middle Eastern populations. A discriminant analysis, performed on data from 35 populations, resulted in a satisfactory classification of population groups related through geographic and racial origin.
Pubertal origin of the larger sex dimorphism for adult stature of a Chilean population
Authors: Valenzuela Carlos Y.
Published: August 2005

Students aged 6 to 20 years attending the public schools in the Northern Area of Santiago, Chile, were examined to search for the developmental origin of the large sex dimorphism in adult stature found in this population. Stature, biacromial diameter, and signs of sexual maturation were studied and comparisons were made with European samples. All of the variables showed that Chilean females reach puberty earlier than, and cease growth before Europeans, while males mature at the same pace as Europeans. It is concluded that the large sex dimorphism in adult stature found in this sample is mainly due to this earlier cessation of growth in Chilean females.
Vertebral pathology in the Afar australopithecines
Authors: Cook Della Collins , Buikstra Jane E. , DeRousseau C. Jean , Johanson D. Carl
Published: August 2005

Ten vertebral elements from the AL‐288 partial hominid skeleton and 11 elements from the AL‐333 collection are described. The AL‐288 column presents a marked kyphosis at the level of thoracic vertebrae 6 through 10, with pronounced new bone formation on the ventral surfaces of these vertebrae. These features, associated with narrowed disc space and minor osteophytosis, resemble Scheuermann disease in the human. Even though this diagnosis is consistent with a basically human, bipedal locomotor repertoire, the presence of Scheuermann disease suggests that lifting, climbing, or acrobatic activities may have been important in early hominids.
Estimation of body weights from craniometric variables in baboons
Authors: Dechow Paul C.
Published: August 2005

Body weights of adult baboons (genera Papio, Mandrillus, and Theropithecus) were gathered from notes of collectors and museum records. However, these data were insufficient to establish mean body weights for all baboon groups. Thus, log cube roots of mean body weights were regressed as functions of the logs of several cranial and dental variables. The resulting least squares regression coefficients were used to estimate weights for 503 adult baboons from cranial measurements. The ability of the various regression functions to assess baboon body weight was determined by comparing reported and estimated mean and individual body weights. The best estimator of baboon body weights was the function derived from the factor scores of a principal components analysis of seven craniometric variables regressed on body weight. However, each of these craniometric variables singly was nearly as precise an estimator of body weight as the multivariate combination of all seven. Other measurements such as dental dimensions and foramen magnum area estimated weight less accurately. Body weight estimates derived from the regression analyses coupled with museum and literature records allowed an assessment of size relationships among all baboon groups.
Variation in the convexity of the human maxillary incisor labial surface
Authors: Nichol Christian R. , Turner Christy G. , Dahlberg Albert A.
Published: August 2005

Labial surface convexity of the maxillary central incisors (ILC) is classified with a new five grade ranked scale. More than 2,000 individuals representing 20 worldwide populations were studied. Principle findings are 1) sexual dimorphism is not significant, 2) antimere asymmetry is moderate, 3) labial convexity is negatively associated (r = −0.48) with labial surface double‐shovelling, and 4) significant differences occur between several populations. Convexity is most marked in African and Asiatic Indian populations, particularly Bushmen. Europeans have intermediate degrees of convexity, and American Indians the least; Eskimos have the highest amount of convexity among Native Americans. Pacific Islanders are intermediate; Melanesians show the strongest expression of incisor labial convexity in the Pacific.
A family study of anthropometric traits in a Punjabi community: I. Introduction and familial correlations
Authors: Sharma K. , Byard P. J. , Russell J. M. , Rao D. C.
Published: August 2005

Data on 40 anthropometric measurements from 144 nuclear families in Chandigarh, India, are presented. Most families contain a pair of monozygotic or dizygotic twins, one or more singleton siblings, and their parents. Familial correlations for age‐sex standardized, normalized measurements are estimated by maximum likelihood for marital, parent‐child, sibling, and twin pairs. Heterogeneity tests for sex‐specific subtype correlations (male‐male, male‐female, female‐female) indicate that the sex of the relative plays no significant role in the magnitude of the familial correlations except for maternal effects and differences among male and female twin pairs for a few of the variables. Marital correlations are high for body measurements, but not for head or face variables. Twin correlations seem to indicate a higher level of heritability than correlations from other family members.
Developmental and nutritional determinants of pregnancy outcome among teenagers
Authors: Frisancho A. Roberto , Matos Jorge , Leonard William R. , Yaroch Lucia Allen
Published: August 2005

To investigate the determinants of low birth weight in infants born to adolescent mothers, we studied the obstetric population attended at the Maternity Hospital of Lima, Peru. From this population, 1256 gravidas, ranging in age from 12 to 25 years, volunteered to participate in this study. Anthropometric and biochemical measurements were used to evaluate the nutritional status and physiological maturity of the mother and newborn. For analytical reasons the young teenaged mothers (less than 15 years) were classified as either still‐growing or having completed their growth, depending on their height relative to their parents' height. Similarly, the young teenagers were classified as either gynecologically immature or gynecologically mature depending on whether their gynecological age was less than or greater than 2 years.

Our results indicate that young still‐growing teenagers, even when matched for nutritional status, have smaller newborns than adult mothers. The data also demonstrate that maternal gynecological age per se does not affect prenatal growth. As inferred from multivariate analyses, it appears that the reduction in birth weight among young teenagers can be explained in part by a decreased net availability of nutrients resulting from the competition for nutrients between the mother's growth needs and the growth needs of her fetus and by an inability of the teenage placenta to maintain placental function adequately for active fetal growth.
Behavioral correlates of tooth eruption in Madagascar lemurs
Authors: Eaglen Robert H.
Published: August 2005

Observations on the sequence and timing of gingival tooth eruption are reported for six species of Madagascar lemurs. Complete sequences of eruption were obtained for the deciduous dentition, and partial to complete sequences were recorded for the permanent dentition. In Cheirogaleus medius and in four species of the genus Lemur, the deciduous teeth erupt in front‐to‐back sequence, with the toothcomb emerging near birth as an integrated complex. In Propithecus verreauxi the same pattern is exhibited, but the small peglike lower canine and dp3 erupt last. Eruption of the permanent dentition in Lemur species takes place in two distinct stages. In the first stage the upper incisors, toothcomb, and first two molars penetrate the gingiva. After an interval of 3 to 4 months, the remaining permanent teeth erupt.

Deciduous premolars erupt when young animals are being weaned. The eruption of the deciduous toothcomb appears unrelated to feeding or grooming behavior. In L. catta and L. fulvus, the first stage of permanent tooth eruption occurs at approximately 6 months of age, when the growth rate slows down and (in wild populations) the rainy season is ending. This suggests that eruption of the anterior molars is timed to coincide with a shift from a more frugivorous to a more folivorous dietary regime, which occurs during the dry season. No further tooth eruption occurs until approximately 1 year of age, when the growth rate increases and the rainy season returns for wild populations. Thus, the second wave of permanent tooth eruption in these species again appears linked to changing climatic conditions which lead to a shift in dietary preferences.
Genetic markers of an aboriginal Taiwanese population
Authors: Chen K. H. , Cann H. , Chen T. C. , Van West B. , Cavalli‐Sforza L.
Published: August 2005

A group of Taiwan aborigines, the Toroko, was typed for 21 classical genetic loci. This is part of an ongoing program aimed at a comprehensive study of Taiwan aborigines. In this first paper a short summary of historical, archeological, and anthropological data in the literature is made, and results of the present survey are compared with older results from other aborigine tribes. An analysis of other neighboring populations from southeast Asia has also been carried out in order to give a preliminary answer to the question of origin of Taiwanese aborigines. Fifteen populations were studied for 13 loci by tree analysis, principal components, and isolation by distance. Tree analysis and principal component analysis gave results in fairly good agreement and indicate three major population clusters: a northeast cluster (Ainu, Korea, Japan, and Ryukyu); a southeast cluster (south China, Thailand, Vietnam, Philippines, Taiwan, and Toroko); and a third cluster including Malaya and Borneo. The positions of Polynesia, Micronesia, and Melanesia are somewhat peripheral. Analysis of the tree shows some potential cases of convergence, perhaps owing to admixture, and of divergence. The analysis of isolation by distance shows that geographic propinquity is a reasonably good predictor of general similarity in this area.
Development and evolution of the helicoidal plane of dental occlusion
Authors: Holly Smith B.
Published: August 2005

The helicoidal plane of dental occlusion is a composite feature involving axial inclination of teeth and effects of dental attrition. Recent studies disagree on its distribution and significance in hominoid primates. The distribution, development, and functional basis of the helicoidal plane are investigated here, based on quantitative analysis of dental morphology and attrition in 667 human and 60 chimpanzee dentitions. Helicoidal planes are nearly universal in the human and chimpanzee dentitions studied. Increasing axial inclination of molars from Ml to M3 is primarily responsible for the helicoidal plane, although attrition acts to increase its expression.

In hominoids, increased molar axial tilt appears to be associated with facial shortening and dental reduction. Population and species comparisons suggest a functional relationship with cranial structure. Progressive axial tilt of molars producing a helicoidal plane is found consistently in mammals with cheek teeth positioned partly under the cranium, as in hominids, pongids, some cebids, macropodids, ursids, and sciurids. Facial shortening is an important trend in hominid evolution and axial inclination of molars might be expected to show progressive change from Australopithecus afarensis to recent Homo saniens.
Digital dermatoglyphics of Bulgarians from northeast Bulgaria
Authors: Karev George B.
Published: August 2005

Digital dermatoglyphics were collected from 1,065 male and 1,065 female Bulgarians from northeast Bulgaria. None of the subjects had a diagnosed or suspected genetic or chronic disease of any kind. The fingerprints were classified by the 18‐type system of Monique de Lestrange, modified to provide rapid and easy comparison with simpler classification systems.

All the standard finger pattern indices were calculated. Certain modifications were introduced into the delta indices, it being borne in mind that each tented arch possesses a triradius and each complex (three‐centered, accidental) whorl contains three triradii. A deltadiagram was constructed and its configuration was compared with those of some other populations. In addition, a new radioulnar index was proposed, representing a ratio between all the radial and all the ulnar patterns. The total, absolute, ulnar and radial finger ridge counts were calculated and their sample distributions were investigated.

The dermatoglyphic features were evaluated and presented for each sex and each hand separately in order to investigate both the sex and bilateral differences.

The set of data presented in this paper is a component of the physical anthropology of the general Bulgarian population. At the same time these data can be used as controls when analyzing the dermatoglyphic findings in Bulgarian patients with genetic diseases or congenital malformations.
An enigmatic hypoplastic defect of the deciduous canine
Authors: Skinner Mark F.
Published: August 2005

A roughly circular hypoplastic defect restricted to the labial enamel surface of the deciduous canine is described. This pathology is quite common in available samples of Upper Paleolithic and Neolithic children and a cadaver sample of recent Calcuttans, affecting 44% to 70% of individuals. It is rare in a Neanderthal sample and in children from a clinical practice in Vancouver. The lesion occurs twice as commonly in the lower jaw. The defect appears to commence at or after birth owing to localized pressure on thin or nonexistent alveolar bone overlying the bulging crypt of the deciduous canine. Population differences in the incidence of the pathology probably reflect innate and acquired variation in hard and soft tissue thicknesses in this region.
Transmissible and nontransmissible components of anthropometric variation in the Alexanderwohl Mennonites: I. Description and familial correlations
Authors: Devor Eric J. , McGue Matt , Crawford Michael H. , Lin Paul M.
Published: August 2005

Data on 34 anthropometric measures from the Alexanderwohl Mennonite congregations of Kansas and Nebraska are presented. A factor analysis of these traits shows that body length and body width measures are distinct from each other as well as from measures of the head and face. Moreover, familial correlations estimated by maximum likelihood for all 34 traits tend to separate from each other along factor lines with correlations for body lengths being the highest and those for skinfolds and circumferences being the lowest. These results suggest the presence of various body “fields” which are under differing degrees of genetic and environmental control. We offer the term “functional multifactorial complex” as a means of referring to the joint genetic and environmental influences on these fields.