bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mosquito borne diseases related knowledge, practice and behavior of people in rural and peri-urban areas of Eastern Nepal
Authors: Khanal V K , Pyakurel P , Uprety S , Rayamajhi R B , Gupta P P , Ghimire A , Singh S B , Pokharel P K , Budhathoki S S
Published: December 2015

Background: Mosquito borne diseases are major health problems in rural areas even after implementation of national Vector Borne Disease Control Programme in Nepal. The information on mosquito borne diseases related knowledge, practices and behavior of the people of rural and peri-urban areas of Nepal living in endemic areas are essential to develop behavioral change communication messages and for producing policy to prevent and control mosquito borne disease in the country. Objective: To assess knowledge, practices and behavior of the people living in rural and peri-urban areas regarding mosquito borne diseases. Methods: A cross-sectional study of 413 households was conducted from 10th March - 10th April, 2013 in Inaruwa municipality and Duhabi village of Sunsari District. Pre-tested semi-structured questionnaire were administered by face to face interview for data collection. Results: Ninety four percent responded, malaria was caused by mosquito but only 21% responded as dengue and Japanese encephalitis was caused by mosquito. Malaria and filariasis were considered fatal disease by 40%; however 20% had no idea about Japanese encephalitis and dengue. More than 70% respondent had perception that mosquito bites at night only. Although use of bed-net was found to be higher; only 2% had knowledge on insecticide impregnated bed-nets. 31% of respondents didn’t take medication during anti-filarial campaign supplied by government mainly due to side effects. It was observed that 61% respondents were unaware about the routine JE vaccination by Nepal government.Conclusion: Health education must be taken into account for communities in endemic areas to create awareness regarding prevention from mosquito borne diseases.Health Renaissance 2014;12(2): pp: 92-98
An in-vitro study to evaluate the accuracy of dies obtained from dual arch impression trays using addition silicone impression material and tray combinations
Authors: Parajuli P K , George S , Shenoy V
Published: December 2015

Background: Dual-arch impression technique allows the simultaneous recording of  tooth preparation, opposing anatomic tooth and maxillomandibular relationship. The  accuracy of reproduction of this easy and quick technique, however, has not been  studied in detail in past. Objective: To compare the accuracy of the impressions  made by using the same impression material in dual arch plastic trays, dual-arch  metal trays and acrylic resin custom trays. Methods: The dies obtained from the  addition silicone impressions made in dual-arch plastic trays, dual-arch metal trays  and full arch acrylic resin custom trays were compared for the dimensional accuracy  with the prepared typodont tooth as a control. Student’s paired t-test and unpaired  t-test were used for the data analyses using the Statistical Package for Social Studies  (SPSS) version 11.5. Results: The dies obtained from all the impression combinations  showed increased dimension (acrylic resin custom trays 9.4 mm±0.048, dual-arch  plastic trays 9.5 mm±0.035, dual-arch metal trays 9.41 mm±0.017) as compared to  the dimension of control (9.39 mm±0.007). Conclusion: All the tray-impression  material combinations showed variable accuracies. Full arch acrylic resin trays  resulted in greatest accuracy whereas dual-arch plastic trays the least accuracy.Health Renaissance 2014;12(2):  pp: 111-117
The efficacy of oral ephedrine in prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia in LSCS
Authors: Bajracharya T , Sah B P , Rahman T R
Published: December 2015

Background: Systemic hypotension is seen frequently after spinal anesthesia   in obstetric population and if untreated can lead to maternal and fetal complications.   Ephedrine, via various routes, has been used both as prophylaxis and treatment of this hypotension. Oral ephedrine has been found to be effective in prevention of   hypotension in non obstetric patients after neural block. Objective: To study the   efficacy of oral ephedrine in prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia in   LSCS and to assess the neonatal outcome. Methods: It was a randomized, controlled   double blinded study involving 100 parturients undergoing LSCS. Total duration   of study was two years. A preformed structured proforma was used to record the   data incidence of hypotension and neonatatal APGAR score were the main outcome   variables. This study was carried out in 100 ASA physical status I and II patients   admitted for emergency and elective LSCS. Fifty patients received placebo and 50   patients received prophylactic ephedrine orally, before spinal anesthesia. The two   groups were compared in respect of their incidences of hypotension and maintenance   of SBP and neonatal outcome. Results: The incidence of hypotension was much higher in patients who received placebo than who received prophylactic ephedrine orally (19 vs. 6). APGAR score for assessment of neonatal wellbeing was similar   in two groups. Conclusions: The prophylactic oral ephedrine 30 mg, given 30-45 minutes before LSCS, is a simple and effective measure to prevent hypotension   following spinal anesthesia and it does not have any adverse effect on neonatal  outcome.   Health Renaissance 2014;12(2): pp: 118-123
Association of TORCH antibodies in women with spontaneous abortions
Authors: Guddy K M , Pant P R , Shama J , Pokharel B M , Singh M , Pradhan N
Published: December 2015

Background: The TORCH complex is a medical acronym for a set of bacterial, protozoal and viral infections (Toxoplasma, Rubella, Cytomegalovirus and Herpes simplex). Perinatal infection with TORCH can result in foetal complications depending upon the period of gestation, duration of infection, severity of infection and immune status of foetus. Objective: To determine the association of TORCH IgG and IgM antibodies in women with spontaneous abortion. Methods: It was a prospective observational study conducted in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, IOM, Maharajgunj, Kathmandu, Nepal. The study duration was for one year - Baisakh 2067 to Chaitra 2067 (April 2010–March 2011). During the study period, 153 women with spontaneous abortion, fulfilling the inclusion criteria were taken for TORCH IgM and IgG serological study. Results: In the present study, highest occurrence of IgM only antibody was of Toxoplasma occurring in 16.3% of enrolled women. Both IgM and IgG were negative for Toxoplasma in 39.9% of enrolled women indicating risk for Toxoplama infection. IgG positivity to Cytomegalovirus was found in 124 (81%) women. Both IgM and IgG positivity for Rubella was found in 35.3% of enrolled women. Conclusion: In the present study on analysing the association of TORCH antibodies in women with spontaneous abortion, recent infection of Toxoplasma was most commonly associated. However a larger study should be carried out to confirm the finding of the present study.Health Renaissance 2014;12(2):  pp: 124-129
Assessment of Laparoscopic Skills in Veterinarians Using a Canine Laparoscopic Simulator
Authors: Tapia-Araya Angelo E. , Usón-Gargallo Jesús , Enciso Silvia , Pérez-Duarte Francisco J. , Díaz-Güemes Martin-Portugués Idoia , Fresno-Bermejo Laura , Sánchez-Margallo Francisco M.
Published: December 2015

The aim of the present study was to assess the content and construct validity of the Canine Laparoscopic Simulator (CLS). Forty-two veterinarians were assigned to experienced (n=12), control (n=15), and training (n=15) groups, which were assessed while performing four laparoscopic tasks on the CLS. The initial and final assessments of all tasks were performed blindly by two experienced surgeons using the Global Operative Assessment of Laparoscopic Skills (GOALS) and a task-specific checklist. At the end of the study, the subjects completed an anonymous survey.

The experienced group performed all of the tasks faster, with higher GOALS and checklist scores than the training and control groups (p≤.001). In the second assessment, the training group reduced the time needed to complete all of the tasks and obtained significantly higher GOALS and checklist scores than the control group. The participants perceived the CLS and its training program to be positive or very positive.

The CLS and its training program demonstrated content and construct validity, supporting the suitability of the simulator for training and teaching and its ability to distinguish the degree of experience in laparoscopic surgery among veterinarians. In addition, face validity showed that the veterinarians fully accepted the CLS's usefulness for learning basic laparoscopic skills.
Amy Holzapfel, Art, Vision, and the Nineteenth-Century Stage: Acts of Seeing
Authors: Buckley Matthew
Published: December 2015

A study of the relations between nineteenth-century realist drama, art, and the science of vision.
Scott Magelssen, Simming: Participatory Performance and the Making of Meaning
Authors: Waterfield Carran
Published: December 2015

Exploring topics such as race, genocide, migration, and war, Magelssen carefully analyses the ethics and politics of simulation in the context of participatory performance.
Amanda Rogers, Performing Asian Transnationalisms: Theatre, Identity and the Geographies of Performance
Authors: Metzger Sean
Published: December 2015

For Performing Asian Transnationalisms, Rogers conducted more than a hundred interviews with individuals involved with theatrical productions across the United States, the United Kingdom, and Singapore. The book helps illuminate how practitioners and the institutions that inform their work and lives imagine and materially constitute Asian transnationalisms.
Use of the Resilient Modulus Test to Characterize Asphalt Mixtures with Recycled Materials and Recycling Agents
Authors: Munoz Juan S. Carvajal , Kaseer Fawaz , Arambula Edith , Martin Amy Epps
Published: December 2015

Asphalt mixture stiffness is an important parameter used during pavement design and the evaluation of pavement performance. This study used the resilient modulus ( MR) test (ASTM D7369) to measure the stiffness of several types of asphalt mixtures and various specimen types. Five types of asphalt mixtures were studied: virgin mixture without recycled materials; control mixture with recycled asphalt pavement (RAP), recycled asphalt shingles (RAS), and warm-mix asphalt additive; and three other mixtures with RAP, RAS, and different types of recycling agents. The specimen types used in the study were field cores, on-site plant mix laboratory-compacted specimens, and reheated plant mix laboratory-compacted specimens. The objectives of the study were to assess the effect on MR values of ( a) smoothness of field core surfaces and ( b) measurement angle in field cores and laboratory-compacted specimens. In addition, the study compared the MR results for the various mixture and specimen types. The results indicated that smoothness and measurement angle had no statistically significant effect on MR at the 95% confidence level. However, the test was able to identify statistically significant differences between mixture and specimen types. Finally, a comparison between MR and dynamic modulus (DM) test (AASHTO TP79) results showed equivalent ranking of the mixtures, confirming that MR is a practical alternative to DM testing.
Quantitative Characterization of Binder Blending
Authors: Zhao Sheng , Huang Baoshan , Shu Xiang , Woods Mark E.
Published: December 2015

The current tendency in the asphalt paving industry is to increase the use of recycled asphalt pavement (RAP) and recycled asphalt shingles (RAS). However, a major concern that limits the use of RAP or RAS is the uncertainty about how much of the aged binder in RAP or RAS can be blended into virgin binder. Studies have focused on the diffusion between old and new binders. However, little research has been conducted to determine how much recycled binder could be mobilized and made available to coat aggregates. This study developed a laboratory procedure to quantify the rate at which aged binder was mobilized for recycled mixtures containing up to 80% RAP and 10% RAS. A new term, “large molecular size percentage (LMSP),” was derived from gel permeation chromatography testing and used to characterize recycled and virgin binders as well as their blends. Blending charts were generated for virgin–aged binder blends containing 0% to 100% RAP or RAS binder in LMSP. The relationship was found to be linear between LMSP and RAP or RAS binder content. An experiment was conducted to validate the method proposed for determining the mobilization rate. The results showed that the RAP binder mobilization rate decreased with the increase in RAP percentage in the mixture, which could be close to 100% at low RAP contents (10% and 20%); the rate dropped from 73% to 24% when the RAP percentage increased from 30% to 80%. For RAS, the mobilization rate reached a peak at 5% RAS content and then started to decrease with the increase in RAS content.
Numerically Supported Experimental Determination of the Behavior of the Interlayer Bond in Asphalt Pavement
Authors: Wellner Frohmut , Hristov Borislav
Published: December 2015

A good and durable interlayer bond is of high importance for the service life of asphalt pavements. Accordingly, the interlayer bond has long been the subject of active investigation. This paper describes a new test device for cyclic testing of the interlayer bond in double-layered asphalt laboratory specimens. Experiments were carried out to determine the shear stiffness at five temperatures, five normal stresses, and six loading frequencies. All three parameters had a strong influence on the shear stiffness and, therefore, on the operation of the interlayer bond. At low temperatures, high tack coat stiffness as well as good adhesion and aggregate interlocking was present. In contrast, rapid decrease in bonding stiffness occurred at rising temperatures because of the loss of adhesion. In addition, a total loss of interlayer bond occurred at low loading frequencies when no normal force was applied. Furthermore, it was observed that the tack coat amount applied at the interface had a significant effect on the shear stiffness. A numerical model based on the finite element method was developed to simulate the test. With the aid of sigmoidal regressions built for the lowest and highest test temperatures, it was possible to predict the shear stiffness analytically at any shear force and shear displacement and to compare the stiffness with the experimentally determined one.
Precision of the Hamburg Wheel-Track Test
Authors: Azari Haleh , Mohseni Alaeddin
Published: December 2015

This paper presents the results of an interlaboratory study (ILS) to determine precision estimates for AASHTO T 324, Hamburg wheel-track testing (HWTT) of compacted hot-mix asphalt. The ILS included preparing and sending four replicates of Superpave® gyratory and two replicates of linearly kneaded compacted slab specimens each of a rut and moisture resistant (well-performing) and a rut and moisture susceptible (poorly performing) mixture to participating laboratories to be tested according to AASHTO T 324. The reported results were used to prepare the precision estimates for the properties of the two mixtures. The precision estimates included the within- and between-laboratory precisions for deformation, the number of passes to threshold rut depths, the number of passes to the inflection point, and the creep and strip slopes. The effects of the measurement locations used in the analysis and the specimen type on mean and variance of HWTT properties were determined. The properties of the mixtures measured with all measurement locations were statistically compared with those measured with all except three middle measurement locations and those measured with all except the two measurement locations at each end. Moreover, the mean and the variance of the properties of the gyratory and slab specimens were statistically compared. In addition to developing precision estimates, the data from the ILS and in-house research were used to gain insight into the causes of the variability of the test results. The effects of various components of HWTT and the effect of specimen assembly on the test measurements were investigated. This paper discusses several issues with the test method and device and suggests solutions to improve the test.
Behind the Wheel
Authors: Coxon Kristy , Chevalier Anna , Lo Serigne , Ivers Rebecca , Brown Julie , Keay Lisa
Published: December 2015

Driving confidence is thought to influence driving exposure among older drivers and may affect driver safety. Studies to date have relied primarily on self-reported measures of driving exposure to explore this relationship. The objective of this study was to explore the relationship between confidence and actual driving exposure among drivers aged 75 years and older. A cross-sectional analysis of survey data (function, confidence, personal circumstances) and naturalistic measures of driving exposure was conducted with 380 older drivers in northwest Sydney, Australia. Driving exposure, including total distance traveled, radius of travel from home, average trip distance, and nighttime driving, was measured for 1 week. The mean age of participants was 80 years. More males (n = 230) than females (n = 150) were enrolled. Successful instrumentation was achieved for 362 of 380 vehicles. Driving confidence was found to be independently associated with the farthest distance traveled from home, average trip distance, and night driving. Older drivers with lower confidence took shorter trips, stayed closer to home, and were less likely to drive at night. This study provided evidence of a responsive process in which drivers with lower confidence and poorer function were found to have different patterns of driving—specifically, driving in familiar areas, during daylight hours, and closer to home. It is likely that drivers in later life change their driving patterns to preserve safety and mobility. This understanding will help policy makers and educators shape responsive programs that help older drivers drive safely for as long as possible.
Effect of Early Referral to Specialist in Dementia on Institutionalization and Functional Decline: Findings from a Population-Based Study
Authors: Pimouguet Clément , Le-Goff Mélanie , Rizzuto Debora , Berr Claudine , Leffondré Karen , Pérès Karine , Dartigues Jean FranÇois , Helmer Catherine
Published: December 2015

Background: Although early diagnosis has been hypothesized to benefit both patients and caregivers, until now studies evaluating the effect of early dementia diagnosis are lacking. Objective: To investigate the influence of early specialist referral for dementia on the risk of institutionalization and functional decline in Activity of Daily Living (ADL). Methods: Incident dementia cases were screened in a prospective population-based cohort, the Three-City Study, and initial specialist consultation for cognitive complaint was assessed at dementia diagnosis. Proportional hazard regression and illness-death models were used to test the association between specialist referral and, respectively, institutionalization and functional decline. Results: Only one third of the incident individuals with dementia had consulted a specialist for cognitive problems early (36%). After adjustment on potential confounders (including cognitive and functional decline) and competing risk of death, participants who had consulted a specialist early in the disease course presented a higher rate of being institutionalized than those who did not (Hazard Ratio = 2.00, 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 1.09– 3.64). But early specialist referral was not associated with further functional decline (HR = 1.09, 95% CI: 0.71– 1.67). Conclusions: Early specialist referral in dementia is associated with increased risk of institutionalization but not with functional decline in ADL. These findings suggest that early care referral in dementia may be a marker of concern for patients and/or caregivers; subsequent medical and social care could be suboptimal or inappropriate to allow patients to stay longer at home.
Timely Diagnosis for Alzheimer’s Disease: A Literature Review on Benefits and Challenges
Authors: Dubois Bruno , Padovani Alessandro , Scheltens Philip , Rossi Andrea , Dell’Agnello Grazia
Published: December 2015

Background: Timely diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) refers to a diagnosis at the stage when patients come to the attention of clinicians because of concerns about changes in cognition, behavior, or functioning and can be still free of dementia and functionally independent. Objectives: To comprehensively review existing scientific evidence on the benefits and potential challenges of making a timely diagnosis of AD. Methods: Relevant studies were identified by searching electronic databases (Medline, Embase) and bibliographies for studies published in English between 1 January 2000 and 2 June 2014 on the consequences of a timely diagnosis of AD. Results: Nine studies were identified that investigated the consequences of diagnosing AD at the initial stages; none were specifically focused on prodromal AD. A timely diagnosis potentially offers the opportunities of early intervention, implementation of coordinated care plans, better management of symptoms, patient safety, cost savings, and postponement of institutionalization. Barriers to making a timely diagnosis include stigma, suicide risk, lack of training, diagnostic uncertainty, shortage of specialized diagnostic services, and the reluctance of healthcare providers to make a diagnosis when no effective disease-modifying options are available. Conclusions: Despite its potential benefits, few published studies have explored the advantages or risks of a timely diagnosis of AD. In light of the cultural shift toward diagnosis at the initial stage of the disease continuum, when the patient does not yet have dementia, more investigations are needed to evaluate the benefits and address the barriers that may impede making a timely AD diagnosis.
Measurement of the Natural Radioactivity and Radiological Hazard of Soil, Sand and Sediment Samples Collected from Coastal Area, Coxs Bazar, Bangladesh
Authors: Sariful - , Das Suranjan Kumar , Ahmed Md Murad , Yeasmin Selina
Published: December 2015

The radioactivity concentrations of 24 samples of soil and sand sediments from Coxs Bazar were determined using high purity germanium detector. The results of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K in the soil samples were found to vary from 15.34 ± 1.66 to 33.70 ± 2.08 Bq/kg, 30.09 ± 3.62 to 58.06 ± 4.23 Bq/kg and 379.99 ± 33.43 to 755.26 ± 38.03 Bq/kg, respectively. For sand samples the activity concentrations were between 8.98 ± 1.49 to 31.33 ± 2.04 Bq/kg, 16.82 ± 3.24 to 63.28 ± 4.37 Bq/kg and 252.42 ± 31.72 to 565.72 ± 35.78 Bq/kg, respectively, for sediment samples values were 13.90 ± 1.64 to 38.41 ± 2.19 Bq/kg, 37.94 ± 3.82 to 51.92 ± 4.11 Bq/kg and 367.70 ± 33.28 to 665.05 ± 36.97 Bq/kg, 367.70 ± 33.28 to 665.05 ± 36.97 Bq/kg, respectively. The absorbed dose rate of soil, sand and sediment samples were found as 79.98, 77.17, and 57.86 nGy/h, respectively. Outdoor annual effective doses were 0.49, 0.47 and 0.36 mSv/y.Journal of Bangladesh Academy of Sciences, Vol. 39, No. 2, 233-240, 2015
Derivations on Lie Ideals of σ-Prime Γ-Rings
Authors: Rahman Md Mizanor , Paul Akhil Chandra
Published: December 2015

The authors extend and generalize some results of previous workers to ?-prime ?-ring. For a ?-square closed Lie ideal U of a 2-torsion free ?-prime ?-ring M, let d: M ?M be an additive mapping satisfying d(u?u)=d(u)? u + u?d(u) for all u ? U and ? ? ?. The present authors proved that d(u?v) = d(u)?v + u?d(v) for all u, v ? U and ?? ?, and consequently, every Jordan derivation of a 2-torsion free ?-prime ?-ring M is a derivation of M.Journal of Bangladesh Academy of Sciences, Vol. 39, No. 2, 249-255, 2015
A Journey into Law and Justice
Authors: Sinha Surendra Kumar
Published: December 2015

Abstract not availableNorthern University Journal of Law Vol.IV 2013; p.8-11
The Legal Framework of Corporate Rescue Procedure: A Brief Overview
Authors: Shadman Saquib M
Published: December 2015

This paper is designed to throw an insight into the legal framework of corporate rescue procedure of the companies in the case of insolvency which are generally governed by insolvency laws. It analyzes the present status and application of insolvency law of our country in the context of companies, by comparing the same with the law of England & Wales. The paper contains major provisions of the present law relating to corporate rescue procedures in English jurisdiction including landmark judgments given in that context. By this comparison, the paper aims to provide the reader with the instigation of thought for making possible improvements in our present law by way of implementing rescue procedures for companies which are in financial difficulties.Northern University Journal of Law Vol.IV 2013; p.57-65
Muskuloskeletal disorders among dental surgeons at selected private dental hospitals in Dhaka city
Authors: Jahana KM Rownak , Israt Silvana , Khan Md Ali Afzal , Chowdhury Tazdik G , Sharif Ahmed Raihan , Quader SM Abdul
Published: December 2015

A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 96 dental surgeons at selected private dental hospitals in Dhaka city (North). The objective of the study was to find out musculoskeletal disorders within dental surgeons at selected private dental hospitals in Dhaka city during the period between September to November 2012.Convenient sampling technique was used and information was gathered by face to face interview with a pre tested semi structured questionnaires. Among the respondents, 43.8% were of in the age group of 36 - 40 years age, 18.8% were in the age group of up to 35 years, and 13.5% were in the age group of 41  45 years and 19.8% in the age group of over 50 years. The 67.7% were male and 32.3% were female respondents. By professional educational level 36.4% were Bachelor in Dental surgery and 63.5% were post graduated. . Among the respondents 79.2% who had professional experience more than 10 years missing in practice due to MSD more than 29.2%who had professional experience more than 10 years or less. The reduction and prevention of MSDs among dental surgeons should include their education and awareness regarding the importance of work related risk factors.Update Dent. Coll. j: 2015; 5 (1): 10-14
Health Problems and Risk Factors Associated with Long Haul Transport of Horses in Australia
Authors: Padalino Barbara , Hall Evelyn , Raidal Sharanne , Celi Pietro , Knight Peter , Jeffcott Leo , Muscatello Gary
Published: December 2015

Equine transportation is associated with a variety of serious health disorders causing economic losses. However; statistics on horse transport are limited and epidemiological data on transport related diseases are available only for horses transported to abattoirs for slaughter. This study analysed reports of transport related health problems identified by drivers and horse owners for 180 journeys of an Australian horse transport company transporting horses between Perth and Sydney (~4000 km) in 2013–2015. Records showed that 97.2% (1604/1650) of the horses arrived at their destination with no clinical signs of disease or injury. Based on the veterinary reports of the affected horses; the most common issues were respiratory problems (27%); gastrointestinal problems (27%); pyrexia (19%); traumatic injuries (15%); and death (12%). Journey duration and season had a significant effect on the distribution of transport related issues ( p < 0.05); with a marked increase of the proportion of the most severe problems ( i.e. , gastrointestinal; respiratory problems and death) in spring and after 20 h in transit. Although not statistically significant; elevated disease rate predictions were seen for stallions/colts; horses aged over 10 years; and Thoroughbreds. Overall; the data demonstrate that long haul transportation is a risk for horse health and welfare and requires appropriate management to minimize transport stress.
Utilizing Monte Carlo Simulations to Optimize Institutional Empiric Antipseudomonal Therapy
Authors: Tennant Sarah , Burgess Donna , Rybak Jeffrey , Martin Craig , Burgess David
Published: December 2015

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a common pathogen implicated in nosocomial infections with increasing resistance to a limited arsenal of antibiotics. Monte Carlo simulation provides antimicrobial stewardship teams with an additional tool to guide empiric therapy. We modeled empiric therapies with antipseudomonal β-lactam antibiotic regimens to determine which were most likely to achieve probability of target attainment (PTA) of ≥90%. Microbiological data for P. aeruginosa was reviewed for 2012. Antibiotics modeled for intermittent and prolonged infusion were aztreonam, cefepime, meropenem, and piperacillin/tazobactam. Using minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) from institution-specific isolates, and pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters from previously published studies, a 10,000-subject Monte Carlo simulation was performed for each regimen to determine PTA. MICs from 272 isolates were included in this analysis. No intermittent infusion regimens achieved PTA ≥90%. Prolonged infusions of cefepime 2000 mg Q8 h, meropenem 1000 mg Q8 h, and meropenem 2000 mg Q8 h demonstrated PTA of 93%, 92%, and 100%, respectively. Prolonged infusions of piperacillin/tazobactam 4.5 g Q6 h and aztreonam 2 g Q8 h failed to achieved PTA ≥90% but demonstrated PTA of 81% and 73%, respectively. Standard doses of β-lactam antibiotics as intermittent infusion did not achieve 90% PTA against P. aeruginosa isolated at our institution; however, some prolonged infusions were able to achieve these targets.
On the Role of Glutamate in Presynaptic Development: Possible Contributions of Presynaptic NMDA Receptors
Authors: Fedder Karlie , Sabo Shasta
Published: December 2015

Proper formation and maturation of synapses during development is a crucial step in building the functional neural circuits that underlie perception and behavior. It is well established that experience modifies circuit development. Therefore, understanding how synapse formation is controlled by synaptic activity is a key question in neuroscience. In this review, we focus on the regulation of excitatory presynaptic terminal development by glutamate, the predominant excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. We discuss the evidence that NMDA receptor activation mediates these effects of glutamate and present the hypothesis that local activation of presynaptic NMDA receptors (preNMDARs) contributes to glutamate-dependent control of presynaptic development. Abnormal glutamate signaling and aberrant synapse development are both thought to contribute to the pathogenesis of a variety of neurodevelopmental disorders, including autism spectrum disorders, intellectual disability, epilepsy, anxiety, depression, and schizophrenia. Therefore, understanding how glutamate signaling and synapse development are linked is important for understanding the etiology of these diseases.
High Content Imaging (HCI) on Miniaturized Three-Dimensional (3D) Cell Cultures
Authors: Joshi Pranav , Lee Moo-Yeal
Published: December 2015

High content imaging (HCI) is a multiplexed cell staining assay developed for better understanding of complex biological functions and mechanisms of drug action, and it has become an important tool for toxicity and efficacy screening of drug candidates. Conventional HCI assays have been carried out on two-dimensional (2D) cell monolayer cultures, which in turn limit predictability of drug toxicity/efficacy in vivo; thus, there has been an urgent need to perform HCI assays on three-dimensional (3D) cell cultures. Although 3D cell cultures better mimic in vivo microenvironments of human tissues and provide an in-depth understanding of the morphological and functional features of tissues, they are also limited by having relatively low throughput and thus are not amenable to high-throughput screening (HTS). One attempt of making 3D cell culture amenable for HTS is to utilize miniaturized cell culture platforms. This review aims to highlight miniaturized 3D cell culture platforms compatible with current HCI technology.
Electrochemical Sensors for the Estimation of the Inhibitory Effect of Phenylcarbamates to Cholinesterase
Authors: Vorčáková Katarína , Štěpánková Šárka , Sedlák Miloš , Vytřas Karel
Published: December 2015

The inhibitory effect of nine phenylcarbamates with various substituents was studied. For this purpose, electrochemical sensors were applied under two different conditions: if an enzyme was present in the solution or if the enzyme was immobilized onto the electrode surface. In both cases, 3-[(ethoxycarbonyl)amino]phenyl (4-chloro-phenyl)carbamate was found as the most effective inhibitor for butyrylcholinesterase. The best inhibitors for acetylcholinesterase were determined as well, depending on the used method. Thus, 3‑[(butoxycarbonyl)-amino]phenyl phenylcarbamate with the enzyme present in the solution and 3-[(ethoxycarbonyl)amino]phenyl (3-methylphenyl)carbamate when the enzyme was immobilized onto the electrode surface were evaluated as the most effective inhibitors. Michaelis constants as well as maximum reaction rates were calculated and assessed.
Uncertainty of Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC) Results as Related to Instrumental Conditions: Optimization and Robustness of BAC Analysis Headspace Parameters
Authors: Boswell Haleigh , Dorman Frank
Published: December 2015

Analysis of blood alcohol concentration is a routine analysis performed in many forensic laboratories. This analysis commonly utilizes static headspace sampling, followed by gas chromatography combined with flame ionization detection (GC-FID). Studies have shown several “optimal” methods for instrumental operating conditions, which are intended to yield accurate and precise data. Given that different instruments, sampling methods, application specific columns and parameters are often utilized, it is much less common to find information on the robustness of these reported conditions. A major problem can arise when these “optimal” conditions may not also be robust, thus producing data with higher than desired uncertainty or potentially inaccurate results. The goal of this research was to incorporate the principles of quality by design (QBD) in the adjustment and determination of BAC (blood alcohol concentration) instrumental headspace parameters, thereby ensuring that minor instrumental variations, which occur as a matter of normal work, do not appreciably affect the final results of this analysis. This study discusses both the QBD principles as well as the results of the experiments, which allow for determination of more favorable instrumental headspace conditions. Additionally, method detection limits will also be reported in order to determine a reporting threshold and the degree of uncertainty at the common threshold value of 0.08 g/dL. Furthermore, the comparison of two internal standards, n-propanol and t-butanol, will be investigated. The study showed that an altered parameter of 85 °C headspace oven temperature and 15 psi headspace vial pressurization produces the lowest percent relative standard deviation of 1.3% when t-butanol is implemented as an internal standard, at least for one very common platform. The study also showed that an altered parameter of 100 °C headspace oven temperature and 15-psi headspace vial pressurization produces the lowest MDL of 0.00002 g/dL when n-propanol is implemented as an internal standard. These altered headspace parameters have the potential to produce more precise and accurate BAC determination.
Combustion of Microalgae Oil and Ethanol Blended with Diesel Fuel
Authors: Al-lwayzy Saddam , Yusaf Talal
Published: December 2015

Using renewable oxygenated fuels such as ethanol is a proposed method to reduce diesel engine emission. Ethanol has lower density, viscosity, cetane number and calorific value than petroleum diesel (PD). Microalgae oil is renewable, environmentally friendly and has the potential to replace PD. In this paper, microalgae oil (10%) and ethanol (10%) have been mixed and added to (80%) diesel fuel as a renewable source of oxygenated fuel. The mixture of microalgae oil, ethanol and petroleum diesel (MOE20%) has been found to be homogenous and stable without using surfactant. The presence of microalgae oil improved the ethanol fuel demerits such as low density and viscosity. The transesterification process was not required for oil viscosity reduction due to the presence of ethanol. The MOE20% fuel has been tested in a variable compression ratio diesel engine at different speed. The engine test results with MOE20% showed a very comparable engine performance of in-cylinder pressure, brake power, torque and brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) to that of PD. The NOx emission and HC have been improved while CO and CO2 were found to be lower than those from PD at low engine speed.
Design and Optimization of Permanent Magnet Brushless Machines for Electric Vehicle Applications
Authors: Gu Weiwei , Zhu Xiaoyong , Quan Li , Du Yi
Published: December 2015

In this paper, by considering and establishing the relationship between the maximum operating speed and d-axis inductance, a new design and optimization method is proposed. Thus, a more extended constant power speed range, as well as reduced losses and increased efficiency, especially in the high-speed region, can be obtained, which is essential for electric vehicles (EVs). In the first step, the initial permanent magnet (PM) brushless machine is designed based on the consideration of the maximum speed and performance specifications in the entire operation region. Then, on the basis of increasing d-axis inductance, and meanwhile maintaining constant permanent magnet flux linkage, the PM brushless machine is optimized. The corresponding performance of the initial and optimal PM brushless machines are analyzed and compared by the finite-element method (FEM). Several tests are carried out in an EV simulation model based on the urban dynamometer driving schedule (UDDS) for evaluation. Both theoretical analysis and simulation results verify the validity of the proposed design and optimization method.
Voltage Control Method Using Distributed Generators Based on a Multi-Agent System
Authors: Kang Hyun-Koo , Chung Il-Yop , Moon Seung-Il
Published: December 2015

This paper presents a voltage control method using multiple distributed generators (DGs) based on a multi-agent system framework. The output controller of each DG is represented as a DG agent, and each voltage-monitoring device is represented as a monitoring agent. These agents cooperate to accomplish voltage regulation through a coordinating agent or moderator. The moderator uses the reactive power sensitivities and margins to determine the voltage control contributions of each DG. A fuzzy inference system (FIS) is employed by the moderator to manage the decision-making process. An FIS scheme is developed and optimized to enhance the efficiency of the proposed voltage control process using particle swarm optimization. A simple distribution system with four voltage-controllable DGs is modeled, and an FIS moderator is implemented to control the system. Simulated data show that the proposed voltage control process is able to maintain the system within the operating voltage limits. Furthermore, the results were similar to those obtained using optimal power flow calculations, even though little information on the power system was required and no power flow calculations were implemented.
Characteristics of Biochar Obtained by Hydrothermal Carbonization of Cellulose for Renewable Energy
Authors: Kim Daegi , Yoshikawa Kunio , Park Ki
Published: December 2015

The effect of hydrothermal carbonization on the properties of cellulose present in lignocellulosic biomass was investigated for converting it into a renewable energy resource with high energy recovery efficiency. The biochar obtained from cellulose subjected to hydrothermal carbonization showed a significant increase in its carbon content and a calorific value. 13C NMR spectroscopy showed that when raw cellulose was subjected to hydrothermal carbonization above 220 °C, the resulting biochar had more aromatic and aliphatic fractions than those in raw cellulose. The resulting composition of the biochars was comparable to that of solid fuels and was between that of lignite and sub-bituminous coal. Therefore, cellulose, the main component of lignocellulosic biomass, was used to investigate the effects of varying the reaction temperature during hydrothermal carbonization. The energy recovery efficiency calculations showed that the optimum reaction temperature for the transformation of a mixture of cellulose was approximately 220 °C.
Solar Dryer Application for Olive Oil Mill Wastes
Authors: Montero Irene , Miranda María , Sepúlveda Francisco , Arranz José , Rojas Carmen , Nogales Sergio
Published: December 2015

Global waste production has raised recently due to numerous agricultural and industrial activities. Among other actions devoted to waste reduction, revaluation seems to be the most advantageous one from an environmental and economic point of view. In the olive oil sector, by-product management (namely olive pomace, olive mill wastewater, and sludge residue) poses serious problems for companies, with the energy use of these wastes being a feasible option to solve these problems. Due to their high moisture content, drying constitutes the main stage for a possible bio-fuel conversion. This research work deals with the analysis of drying for the three main wastes from olive oil by using a prototype dryer. This equipment has different working regimes depending on the kind of convection (natural or forced for passive and active mode, respectively), the incidence of solar radiation on the product (indirect or mixed type) and the use of an additional system for energy supply (hybrid type). From the results, it could be said that all the wastes were suitable for solar drying. However, drying conditions were different for each case. Olive pomace and olive mill wastewater showed promising results for solar drying application in mixed active mode. Concerning sludge residue, its special physical structure could employ the use of turners for drying, in order to improve heat transfer to the product. Moreover, hybrid active mode enabled a considerable reduction in drying time, being an aspect to take into account for its use during low solar radiation or at night time.
Restoring and Conserving Khasi Forests: A Community-Based REDD Strategy from Northeast India
Authors: Poffenberger Mark
Published: December 2015

An initiative to Reduce Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD) was launched in December 2007 at the Bali Conference of Parties (COP) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), yet little progress has been made in Asia in developing certified REDD projects, especially those that engage forest-dependent people. According to UNFCCC, REDD is a multilevel activity that involves both national policy and structures, as well as subnational projects involving local communities [1]. While many Asian nations are trying to create frameworks that link the national strategy to sub-national projects, in India this formal integration has yet to take place. As a consequence projects like the Khasi Hills Community REDD+ project fall outside the UNFCCC strategy and operate under voluntary standards (Plan Vivo) and markets. The project involves both avoided deforestation and reforestation components. The project is being implemented by a federation of ten Khasi tribal kingdoms, a major ethnolinguistic group in the Indian state of Meghalaya. Project experience may provide guidance regarding actions required to create a more enabling environment for community forest carbon projects in Asia. These findings may better inform the December 2015 21st UNFCCC Conference of Parties in Paris as they again address REDD strategy. The experience of this Khasi Federation [2] in designing and implementing a REDD project has led to the emergence of a modernizing forest management system that is helping to conserve and restore the Khasi’s ancestral forests. Learning from this REDD project also illustrates the barriers that the Khasi communities have faced, including those imposed by national governments, certifiers, and carbon markets, that will likely constrain the expansion and replication of community-based climate initiatives. The author suggests some alternative policies and systems that may enable greater community participation in REDD projects.
On the Size Effect of Gelation Kinetics in RF Aerogels
Authors: Ratke Lorenz , Hajduk Anna
Published: December 2015

We experimentally and theoretically investigate the size effect of gelation using Resorcinol-Formaldehyde aerogels. We find a clear dependence of gelation time on the sample size under mild shear conditions. We developed a theoretical model based on Smoluchowski’s aggregation model adding, however, a growth term which accounts for the continuous growth of the colloidal particles while clustering happens. The model is solved analytically and agrees with our experimental observations for base catalyzed RF-gels.
Comparative Leaf Phenology of White Oak and Northern Red Oak
Authors: Samtani Jayesh , Appleby James , Masiunas John
Published: December 2015

In the landscape, loss of interveinal tissue in developing leaves (leaf tatters) is common for white oak (Quercus alba L.), but not northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.). Previous research identified the cause of leaf tatters, as exposure of unfolding leaves, to low concentrations of chloroacetanilide herbicides. Both white oak and northern red oak were injured by these herbicides at the leaf unfolding stage. Reports from landowners suggest white oak is injured more often than red oak, leading us to theorize that white and northern red oak leaves emerge at different times, and white oaks were more likely to be at the leaf unfolding stage when chloroacetanilide herbicides are applied. A study of comparative leaf phenology of white and northern red oak was done at three sites in Urbana, IL. Identifying oak pairs was challenging, and at each location, four to six paired mature white oak and northern red oak trees were used to observe phenological events. Key development stages (swollen bud, leaf unfolding, or fully expanded leaf stages) were considered to have occurred when reached by greater than 50% of the canopy. Northern red oak expanded leaf stage occurred earlier when compared to white oak. Time between phenological events was similar for both species. Although northern red oak leaves emerged earlier, there was a range of emergence times within short distances. Difference between locations illustrates the problem in predicting tree phenology even among populations a few kilometers apart. Leaf phenology alone does not explain leaf tatters, and other factors including distribution differences in oak species must explain landowner observations of tree injury. There was a strong correlation between growth phases of the two oak species with cumulative growing degree days, cumulative rainfall, and day length.