bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bioinspired Electro‐Thermo‐Hygro Reversible Shape‐Changing Materials by 4D Printing
Authors: Le Duigou Antoine , Chabaud Guillaume , Scarpa Fabrizio , Castro Mickael
Published: July 2019

Hygromorph composites are moisture‐induced shape‐changing materials that are increasingly studied to develop autonomously actuated deployable structures. The morphing mechanism is based on the high affinity for moisture and the hygroexpansive nature of at least one component, combined with a bilayer microstructure. Among available hygromorphs, those consisting of cellulosic or hydrogel material‐based actuators trigger fast responses to moisture. Their stiffness however decreases significantly with the moisture content and that restricts their potential application as soft actuators. This work proposes a novel 4D printed multistimuli‐responsive structural material based on conductive carbon reinforcements and combined with a moisture sensitive polymer. These 4D printed materials possess a microstructure that provides the capability of natural actuators like pine cones. The actuation of these functional materials could be either triggered passively by the variation of the ambient moisture, or by electroheating, with the latter leading to the control of the moisture content in initially wet samples via Joule effects. This new class of functional materials shows an increase of the actuation speed by a factor 10 compared to other existing hygromorphs with the same responsiveness. When the electrical heating is turned off, passive cooling and moisture driven actuation is triggered in a full reversible mode.
Morphodynamic Tissues via Integrated Programmable Shape Memory Actuators
Authors: Kalashnikov Nikita , Moraes Christopher
Published: July 2019

Manipulating the shape of preformed living tissues can present a novel fabrication route toward complex biological architectures. However, external manipulation of tissues can be challenging to implement robustly at multiple length scales and with high degrees of freedom, particularly in soft fibrous tissue constructs. Here, a versatile platform is developed to drive soft tissue morphodynamics using embeddable shape memory actuators that generate multiscale, repetitive, and highly customized tissue deformation on demand. To achieve this, a thermally isolating coating technique is designed and developed for programmable shape memory wires, which protects surrounding biological materials from cytotoxic heating effects during wire actuation. The coated tissue actuators (CTAs) can then be embedded in engineered tissues and activated to produce both large‐ and small‐scale tissue deformations in a highly customized and reproducible manner. Using this strategy, tissues can be forced to adopt specified shapes, with precise control over cell elongation and orientation within an encapsulating matrix. Furthermore, the system can produce predictable, highly localized, and customizable strains within fibrous matrices, capable of elongating cells and biasing their orientation within degrees of a desired direction. This strategy may hence have broad applicability in both applied tissue biofabrication and for fundamental studies of cell–matrix interactions.
An Adaptable Tough Elastomer with Moisture‐Triggered Switchable Mechanical and Fluorescent Properties
Authors: Zhou Xing , Wang Libing , Wei Zichao , Weng Gengsheng , He Jie
Published: July 2019

Smart materials with coupled optical and mechanical responsiveness to external stimuli, as inspired by nature, are of interest for the biomimetic design of the next generation of soft machines and wearable electronics. A tough polymer that shows adaptable and switchable mechanical and fluorescent properties is designed using a fluorescent lanthanide, europium (Eu). The dynamic Eu‐iminodiacetate (IDA) coordination is incorporated to build up the physical cross‐linking network in the polymer film consisting of two interpenetrated networks. Reversible disruption and reformation of Eu‐IDA complexation endow high stiffness, toughness, and stretchability to the polymer elastomer through energy dissipation of dynamic coordination. Water that binds to Eu3+ ions shows an interesting impact simultaneously on the mechanical strength and fluorescent emission of the Eu‐containing polymer elastomer. The mechanical states of the polymer, along with the visually optical response through the emission color change of the polymer film, are reversibly switchable with moisture as a stimulus. The coupled response in the mechanical strength and emissive color in one single material is potentially applicable for smart materials requiring an optical readout of their mechanical properties.
Hall Effect in Polycrystalline Organic Semiconductors: The Effect of Grain Boundaries
Authors: Choi Hyun Ho , Paterson Alexandra F. , Fusella Michael A. , Panidi Julianna , Solomeshch Olga , Tessler Nir , Heeney Martin , Cho Kilwon , Anthopoulos Thomas D. , Rand Barry P. , Podzorov Vitaly
Published: July 2019

Highly crystalline thin films in organic semiconductors are important for applications in high‐performance organic optoelectronics. Here, the effect of grain boundaries on the Hall effect and charge transport properties of organic transistors based on two exemplary benchmark systems is elucidated: (1) solution‐processed blends of 2,7‐dioctyl[1]benzothieno[3,2‐b][1]benzothiophene (C8‐BTBT) small molecule and indacenodithiophene‐benzothiadiazole (C16IDT‐BT) conjugated polymer, and (2) large‐area vacuum evaporated polycrystalline thin films of rubrene (C42H28). It is discovered that, despite the high field‐effect mobilities of up to 6 cm2 V−1 s−1 and the evidence of a delocalized band‐like charge transport, the Hall effect in polycrystalline organic transistors is systematically and significantly underdeveloped, with the carrier coherence factor α < 1 (i.e., yields an underestimated Hall mobility and an overestimated carrier density). A model based on capacitively charged grain boundaries explaining this unusual behavior is described. This work significantly advances the understanding of magneto‐transport properties of organic semiconductor thin films.
Nonvolatile, Multicolored Photothermal Writing of Block Copolymer Structural Color
Authors: Eoh Hongkyu , Kang Han Sol , Kim Min Ju , Koo Min , Park Tae Hyun , Kim Yeongsik , Lim Hanwhuy , Ryu Du Yeol , Kim Eunkyoung , Huh June , Kang Youngjong , Park Cheolmin
Published: July 2019

In spite of efforts to fabricate stimuli‐sensitive structural colors (SCs) of self‐assembled block copolymer (BCP) photonic crystals (PCs) with potential applications in displays, media boards, and sensors, few studies have demonstrated BCP PCs suitable for high‐density nonvolatile information storage. Herein, a simple but robust route for multilevel nonvolatile information recording using a BCP PC is presented. The proposed method is based on the spatially controlled crosslinking of microdomains of a BCP PC induced by photothermal conversion. Photothermal SC writing is accomplished via time‐ and position‐controlled laser exposure on thin poly(styrene‐block‐quaternized 2‐vinyl pyridine) (PS‐b‐QP2VP) PC films deposited on a layer of poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) doped with tosylate (PP‐PEDOT). Upon near‐infrared (NIR) irradiation of this structure, the PP‐PEDOT underlayer converts the NIR light into thermal energy in the locally irradiated region, which is subsequently transferred to the BCP top layer consisting of alternating in‐plane PS and QP2VP lamellar stacks. The QP2VP layers are vulnerable to thermal crosslinking, giving rise to locally programmable SCs. The degree of crosslinking of the QP2VP domains depends on the laser power and exposure time, which allows for multi‐SC recording per spot, leading to a novel multilevel optical recording medium based on BCP PCs.
Co and Fe Codoped WO2.72 as Alkaline‐Solution‐Available Oxygen Evolution Reaction Catalyst to Construct Photovoltaic Water Splitting System with Solar‐To‐Hydrogen Efficiency of 16.9%
Authors: Chen Huayu , Song Lizhu , Ouyang Shuxin , Wang Jianbo , Lv Jun , Ye Jinhua
Published: July 2019

Oxygen evolution electrode is a crucial component of efficient photovoltaic‐water electrolysis systems. Previous work focuses mainly on the effect of electronic structure modulation on the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) performance of 3d‐transition‐metal‐based electrocatalyst. However, high‐atomic‐number W‐based compound with complex electronic structure for versatile modulation is seldom explored because of its instability in OER‐favorable alkaline solution. Here, codoping induced electronic structure modulation generates a beneficial effect of transforming the alkaline‐labile WO2.72 (WO) in to efficient alkaline‐solution‐stable Co and Fe codoped WO2.72 (Co&Fe‐WO) with porous urchin‐like structure. The codoping lowers the chemical valence of W to ensure the durability of W‐based catalyst, improves the electron‐withdrawing capability of W and O to stabilize the Co and Fe in OER‐favorable high valence state, and enriches the surface hydroxyls, which act as reactive sites. The Co&Fe‐WO shows ultralow overpotential (226 mV, J = 10 mA cm−2), low Tafel slope (33.7 mV dec−1), and good conductivity. This catalyst is finally applied to a photovoltaic‐water splitting system to stably produce hydrogen for 50 h at a high solar‐to‐hydrogen efficiency of 16.9%. This work highlights the impressive effect of electronic structure modulation on W‐based catalyst, and may inspire the modification of potential but unstable catalyst for solar energy conversion.
Hydraulic conductance, resistance, and resilience: how leaves of a tropical epiphyte respond to drought
Authors: North Gretchen B. , Brinton Erin K. , Browne Marvin G. , Gillman Madeline G. , Roddy Adam B. , Kho Tiffany L. , Wang Emily , Fung Vitor A. , Brodersen Craig R.
Published: July 2019

Premise

Because of its broad range in the neotropical rainforest and within tree canopies, the tank bromeliad Guzmania monostachia was investigated as a model of how varying leaf hydraulic conductance (Kleaf) could help plants resist and recover from episodic drought. The two pathways of Kleaf, inside and outside the xylem, were also examined to determine the sites and causes of major hydraulic resistances within the leaf.

Methods

We measured leaf hydraulic conductance for plants in the field and laboratory under wet, dry, and rewetted conditions and applied physiological, anatomical, and gene expression analysis with modeling to investigate changes in Kleaf.

Results

After 7 d with no rain in the field or 14 days with no water in the glasshouse, Kleaf decreased by 50% yet increased to hydrated values within 4 d of tank refilling. Staining to detect embolism combined with modeling indicated that changes outside the xylem were of greater importance to Kleaf than were changes inside the xylem and were associated with changes in intercellular air spaces (aerenchyma), aquaporin expression and inhibition, and cuticular conductance.

Conclusions

Low values for all conductances during drying, particularly in pathways outside the xylem, lead to hydraulic resilience for this species and may also contribute to its broad environmental tolerances.
How does genome size affect the evolution of pollen tube growth rate, a haploid performance trait?
Authors: Reese John B. , Williams Joseph H.
Published: July 2019

Premise

Male gametophytes of most seed plants deliver sperm to eggs via a pollen tube. Pollen tube growth rates (PTGRs) of angiosperms are exceptionally rapid, a pattern attributed to more effective haploid selection under stronger pollen competition. Paradoxically, whole genome duplication (WGD) has been common in angiosperms but rare in gymnosperms. Pollen tube polyploidy should initially accelerate PTGR because increased heterozygosity and gene dosage should increase metabolic rates. However, polyploidy should also independently increase tube cell size, causing more work which should decelerate growth. We asked how genome size changes have affected the evolution of seed plant PTGRs.

Methods

We assembled a phylogenetic tree of 451 species with known PTGRs. We then used comparative phylogenetic methods to detect effects of neo‐polyploidy (within‐genus origins), DNA content, and WGD history on PTGR, and correlated evolution of PTGR and DNA content.

Results

Gymnosperms had significantly higher DNA content and slower PTGR optima than angiosperms, and their PTGR and DNA content were negatively correlated. For angiosperms, 89% of model weight favored Ornstein‐Uhlenbeck models with a faster PTGR optimum for neo‐polyploids, whereas PTGR and DNA content were not correlated. For within‐genus and intraspecific‐cytotype pairs, PTGRs of neo‐polyploids < paleo‐polyploids.

Conclusions

Genome size increases should negatively affect PTGR when genetic consequences of WGDs are minimized, as found in intra‐specific autopolyploids (low heterosis) and gymnosperms (few WGDs). But in angiosperms, the higher PTGR optimum of neo‐polyploids and non‐negative PTGR‐DNA content correlation suggest that recurrent WGDs have caused substantial PTGR evolution in a non‐haploid state.
Higher‐Order Cycloaddition of N‐Aromatic Zwitterions and Ketenes to Access Diazepine Derivatives
Authors: Lee Ju Young , Kim Jiyoung , Lee Ji Hye , Hwang Hyonseok , Yoo Eun Jeong
Published: July 2019

A series of N‐aromatic zwitterions that could undergo higher‐order dipolar cycloadditions were prepared by a rhodium(II)‐catalyzed reaction between heteroaromatic compounds and 1‐sulfonyl‐1,2,3‐triazoles. NICS(0) and structural calculations revealed a strong correlation between the aromaticity and stability of N‐aromatic zwitterions. The initial success of [5+2] cycloadditions of N‐aromatic zwitterions and ketene is expected to advance their application in medicinal chemistry.
Visible‐Light Photoredox‐Catalyzed Cross‐Dehydrogenative Coupling of Tetrahydroisoquinolines with 3‐Fluorooxindoles
Authors: Ji Jian , Chen Ling‐Yan , Qiu Zi‐Bin , Ren Xinfeng , Li Ya
Published: July 2019

The 3‐fluorooxindole and tetrahydroisoquinoline scaffolds are both important structures because of their associated biological and pharmaceutical activities. Herein, we report a highly diastereoselective synthesis of 3‐fluorooxindoles fully substituted at the 3‐position and containing a tetrahydroisoquinoline fragment, through the visible‐light photoredox‐catalyzed cross‐dehydrogenative coupling of tetrahydroisoquinolines with 3‐fluorooxindoles. The protocol featured a wide substrate scope: N‐alkyl‐, N‐haloalkyl‐, N‐aryl‐, N‐allyl‐, N‐propargyl‐, and NH 3‐fluorooxinloles were all able to be used to form the desired coupling products in up to 92% yield and 99 : 1 anti/syn.
Gait analysis with wearables predicts conversion to Parkinson disease
Authors: Del Din Silvia , Elshehabi Morad , Galna Brook , Hobert Markus A. , Warmerdam Elke , Suenkel Ulrike , Brockmann Kathrin , Metzger Florian , Hansen Clint , Berg Daniela , Rochester Lynn , Maetzler Walter
Published: July 2019

Objective

Quantification of gait with wearable technology is promising; recent cross‐sectional studies showed that gait characteristics are potential prodromal markers for Parkinson disease (PD). The aim of this longitudinal prospective observational study was to establish gait impairments and trajectories in the prodromal phase of PD, identifying which gait characteristics are potentially early diagnostic markers of PD.

Methods

The 696 healthy controls (mean age = 63 ± 7 years) recruited in the Tubingen Evaluation of Risk Factors for Early Detection of Neurodegeneration study were included. Assessments were performed longitudinally 4 times at 2‐year intervals, and people who converted to PD were identified. Participants were asked to walk at different speeds under single and dual tasking, with a wearable device placed on the lower back; 14 validated clinically relevant gait characteristics were quantified. Cox regression was used to examine whether gait at first visit could predict time to PD conversion after controlling for age and sex. Random effects linear mixed models (RELMs) were used to establish longitudinal trajectories of gait and model the latency between impaired gait and PD diagnosis.

Results

Sixteen participants were diagnosed with PD on average 4.5 years after first visit (converters; PDC). Higher step time variability and asymmetry of all gait characteristics were associated with a shorter time to PD diagnosis. RELMs indicated that gait (lower pace) deviates from that of non‐PDC approximately 4 years prior to diagnosis.

Interpretation

Together with other prodromal markers, quantitative gait characteristics can play an important role in identifying prodromal PD and progression within this phase. ANN NEUROL 2019;86:357–367
Exploration of a Chiral Cobalt Catalyst for Visible‐Light‐Induced Enantioselective Radical Conjugate Addition
Authors: Zhang Kai , Lu Liang‐Qiu , Jia Yue , Wang Ying , Lu Fu‐Dong , Pan Fangfang , Xiao Wen‐Jing
Published: July 2019

Chiral catalysts tolerating photochemical reactions are in great demand for the vast development of visible‐light‐induced asymmetric synthesis. Now, chiral octahedral complexes based on earth‐abundant metal and chiral N4 ligands are reported. One well‐defined chiral CoII‐complex is shown to be an efficient catalyst in the visible‐light‐induced conjugated addition of enones by alkyl and acyl radicals, providing synthetically valued chiral ketones and 1,4‐dicarbonyls in 47–>99 % yields with up to 97:3 e.r.
Photo‐Driven Ion Transport for a Photodetector Based on an Asymmetric Carbon Nitride Nanotube Membrane
Authors: Xiao Kai , Tu Bin , Chen Lu , Heil Tobias , Wen Liping , Jiang Lei , Antonietti Markus
Published: July 2019

Conventional photosensing devices work mainly by electron processing and transport, while visual systems in intelligence work by integrative ion/electron signals. To realize smarter photodetectors, some photoionic device or the combination of ionic and electronic devices are necessary. Now, an ion‐transport‐based self‐powered photodetector is presented based on an asymmetric carbon nitride nanotube membrane, which can realize fast, selective, and stable light detection while being self‐powered. Local charges are continuously generated at the irradiated side of the membrane, and none (fewer) at the non‐irradiated side. The resulting surface charge gradient in carbon nitride nanotube will drive ion transport in the cavity, thus realizing the function of ionic photodetector. With advantages of low cost and easy fabrication process, the concept of ionic photodetectors based on carbon nitride anticipates wide applications for semiconductor biointerfaces.
Enantio‐ and Diastereoselective, Lewis Base Catalyzed, Cascade Sulfenoacetalization of Alkenyl Aldehydes
Authors: Matviitsuk Anastassia , Denmark Scott E.
Published: July 2019

A catalytic, enantio‐, and diastereoselective formation of sulfenyl acetals bearing multiple stereogenic centers is reported. Alkenyl aldehydes undergo a chiral thiiranium ion initiated cascade starting with intramolecular capture by a formyl group and termination by capture with HFIP solvent. This method provides a one‐pot synthesis of dihydropyran and 1,3‐disubstituted isochroman acetals in good to excellent yield and with high levels of diastereo‐ (up to >99:1 dr) and enantiocontrol (up to 99:1 er).
Isoelectronic Aluminium Analogues of Carbonyl and Dioxirane Moieties
Authors: Anker Mathew D. , Coles Martyn P.
Published: July 2019

We report the anion [Al(NONAr)(Se)]−(NONAr=[O(SiMe2NAr)2]2−, Ar=2,6‐iPr2C6H3), which is an isoelectronic Group 13 metal analogue of the carbonyl group containing an aluminium–selenium multiple bond. It was synthesized in a single step from the reaction of the aluminyl anion [Al(NONAr)]−with elemental selenium. Spectroscopic, crystallographic, and computational analysis confirmed multiple bonding between aluminium and selenium. Addition of a second equivalent of selenium afforded the diselenirane, [Al(NONAr)(κ2‐Se2)]−, which is an isoelectronic analogue of the dioxirane group.
Optimization of cadmium adsorption from aqueous solutions by functionalized graphene and the reversible magnetic recovery of the adsorbent using response surface methodology
Authors: Jafaryan Aynaz , Sadjadi Sodeh , Gharib Ahmad , Ahmadi Seyed Javad
Published: July 2019

Novel functionalized graphene adsorbent was prepared and characterized using different techniques. The prepared adsorbent was applied for the removal of cadmium ions from aqueous solution. A response surface methodology was used to evaluate the simple and combined effects of the various parameters, including adsorbent dosage, pH, and initial concentration. Under the optimal conditions, the cadmium removal performance of 70% was achieved. A good agreement between experimental and predicted data in this study was observed. The experimental results revealed of cadmium adsorption with high linearity follow Langmuir isotherm model with maximum adsorption capacity of 502 mg g−1, and the adsorption data fitted well into pseudo‐second order model. Thermodynamic studies showed that adsorption process has exothermic and spontaneous nature. The recommended optimum conditions are: cadmium concentration of 970 mg L−1, adsorbent dosage of 1 g L−1, pH of 6.18, and T = 25 °C.

The magnetic recovery of the adsorbent was performed using a magnetic surfactant to form a noncovalent magnetic functionalized graphene. After magnetic recovery of the adsorbent both components (adsorbent and magnetic surfactant) were recycled by tuning the surface charges through changing the pH of the solution. Desorption behavior studied using HNO3 solution indicated that the adsorbent had the potential for reusability.
Microwave assisted synthesis of disubstituted benzyltin arylformylhydrazone complexes: anticancer activity and DNA‐binding properties
Authors: Jiang Wu‐Jiu , Zhou Qian , Liu Meng‐Qin , Zhang Fu‐Xing , Kuang Dai‐Zhi , Tan Yu‐Xing
Published: July 2019

Eight disubstituted benzyltin complexes, i.e., {[R(O)C=N‐N=C (Me)COO]R'2Sn(CH3OH)}n (1a and 2b), {[R(O)C=N‐N=C (Me)COO]R'2Sn(CH3OH)}2 (1b and 1d) and {[R(O)C=N‐N=C (Me)COO]R'2Sn}n (1c, 2a, 2c, and 2d) (R = C4H3O‐, C4H3S‐, p–t‐Bu‐C6H4‐ or p‐MeO‐C6H4‐; R' = o‐Cl‐C6H4CH2‐ or o‐Me‐C6H4CH2‐), were prepared from the reaction of arylformylhydrazine, pyruvic acid and disubstituted benzyltin dichloride with microwave irradiation. All complexes were characterized by FT‐IR spectroscopy, 1H, 13C and 119Sn NMR spectroscopy, HRMS, elemental analysis, X‐ray single‐crystal diffraction and TGA. The in vitro antitumour activities of all complexes were evaluated by an MTT assay against three human cancer cell lines (NCI‐H460, HepG2, and MCF7). 2b exhibited strong antitumour activity on HepG2 cells and was expected to be a suitable platform for further chemical optimization to develop as anticancer therapeutics. The DNA binding of 2b was studied by UV–visible absorption spectrometry, fluorescence competitive assays, viscosity measurements and gel electrophoresis. Molecular docking was used to predict the binding between 2b and DNA, and the results show that 2b can become embedded in the double helix of DNA and cleave DNA.
The effect of inlet shape on separation performance and flow‐field characteristics in a gas–solid cyclone separator
Authors: Wei Qing , Sun Guogang , Jiao Yunnan , Han Xiao , Zhang Yong
Published: July 2019

The gas–solid separation experiments were conducted to compare separation performance between cyclone separators with different inlet shapes. Besides, the Reynolds stress model was employed to simulate flow field in different cyclones. The results revealed that the cyclone with a trapezoidal inlet could enhance separation efficiency without almost increasing pressure drop. Compared with the conventional rectangular inlet, a trapezoidal inlet had negligible effect on flow field of cyclone's separation space, and it reduced lip flow and upper dust ring of cyclone. In addition, the cyclone with a trapezoidal inlet could improve the inhomogeneous gas flux distribution at the inlet, which was the root reason why secondary flows in cyclone were inhibited and separation efficiency was enhanced.
Optimization method to select temperature based on chemorheological and exothermal reaction of RTM
Authors: Yang Wenkai , Lu Shihong , Liu Wenhao
Published: July 2019

Heating mold and resin have been widely used in resin transfer molding (RTM) to improve injection and manufacturing efficiency. The unreasonable mold/resin temperatures sometimes lead to excessive viscosity of resin and premature curing, which will result in failure of the filling process. Selection of optimal mold and resin temperature has become a source of concern in the polymer industry. This article presents an optimization method to select mold and injection resin temperatures by using numerical simulation based on chemorheological and exothermal reaction of the RTM process. The results show that the optimization method has high computational efficiency for three‐dimensional parts with different shapes. The selected mold/resin temperature ensures the smooth filling process, which provides a powerful tool for parameter design in polymer industry. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2019,136, 48245.
Characterization of microsatellite markers for the endangered Daphne rodriguezii (Thymelaeaceae) and related species
Authors: García‐Verdugo Carlos , Illera Juan Carlos , Traveset Anna
Published: July 2019

Premise

The endangered shrub Daphne rodriguezii (Thymelaeaceae) is endemic to the Balearic island of Menorca, where fragmentation and severe population decline are ongoing threats to this taxon. We developed a set of microsatellite markers to analyze the fine‐scale genetics of its few extant populations.

Methods and Results

Fifteen microsatellite markers were obtained through Illumina high‐throughput sequencing and tested in two populations. Twelve of these loci showed no evidence of null alleles and were highly polymorphic, with a mean number of 8.3 alleles per locus. Levels of observed and expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.100 to 0.952 and from 0.095 to 0.854, respectively. Seven to nine of these loci were successfully amplified in five other Daphne species.

Conclusions

This set of markers provides a useful tool for investigating the factors driving fine‐scale population structure in this threatened species, and it represents a novel genetic resource for other European Daphne species.
Systematic review of factors that may influence the outcomes and generalizability of parent‐mediated interventions for young children with autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Trembath David , Gurm Mandeep , Scheerer Nichole E. , Trevisan Dominic A. , Paynter Jessica , Bohadana Gal , Roberts Jacqueline , Iarocci Grace
Published: July 2019

Parent mediated interventions have the potential to positively influence the interactions and developmental outcomes of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, a range of factors relating to children, parents and caregivers, and study design may impact on outcomes and thus the generalizability of these interventions to the broader community. The objective of this review was to examine factors that may influence the feasibility, appropriateness, effectiveness, and generalizability of parent mediated interventions for children with ASD. We conducted a systematic review, yielding 41 articles. There was substantial variability in the intervention type, intensity, and study quality. Notably, 46 different inclusion/exclusion criteria were reported across studies including factors relating to children's development, access to other services, comorbidities, parental factors, and access to the intervention. Fifteen articles included examination of 45 different factors potentially associated with, or influencing, intervention outcomes including child (e.g., language skills, ASD severity, cognition) and parent (e.g., adherence and fidelity, education) factors. Although there is clear evidence for an increasingly sophisticated (e.g., systematic phased research for some interventions) and diverse (e.g., studies in geographical diverse contexts including low‐resource communities) approach to research examining parent mediated interventions, there remains a need for improved study quality and measurement consistency in research, including a detailed examination of factors that may predict, moderate, and mediate intervention effectiveness for children and their parents. Autism Res 2019, 12: 1304–1321. © 2019 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Lay Summary

Parent mediated interventions—in which parents adapt their own behavior or deliver interventions to help their children learn—appear to be effective for some children with autism spectrum disorder. In this review, we identified a range of child, parent, and study design factors that may influence intervention outcomes and ultimately the uptake of these approaches in the community. We suggest that research in this area could be further improved by ensuring that studies include diverse groups of children and parents, and by using study designs that help to establish not only if interventions work, but for whom they work best and why.
Evaluating the impact of the Academic Enrichment Programme on widening access to selective universities: Application of the Theory of Change framework
Authors: Barkat Shaheen
Published: July 2019

Evaluating the impact of widening participation interventions can be challenging. This article discusses some of the difficulties in attributing change to complex widening participation interventions and suggests that the Theory of Change (ToC) approach can address some of these challenges by evidencing the contribution interventions have made to observed outcomes and longer‐term impact. This article sets out the application of a ToC approach as a framework to plan and design the evaluation of the Academic Enrichment Programme (AEP) at the University of Birmingham, which aims to support under‐represented students secure places at selective universities. The evaluation sought to explore the extent to which the programme impacted on students’ academic aspirations, motivation, attainment and progression to selective universities. It presents the findings of the evaluation, which combined the ToC with a mixed methods longitudinal design spanning six cohorts of students. Qualitative and quantitative data were collected to track students’ progress across their engagement with the programme and into higher education. The results suggest that the ToC programme was largely verified. The AEP seems to promote academic attainment, with AEP students outperforming national and regional benchmarks. The AEP also appears to increase entry rates to Russell Group universities for disadvantaged students, however, the effect seems to be greater when combined with alternative offers. This article demonstrates the value of the ToC approach in strengthening both the evaluation design and the contribution claims of the observed results to the widening participation intervention.
Selective sensing Ca2+ with a spiropyran‐based fluorometric probe
Authors: Wang Li , Yao Yuanjun , Wang Jiao , Dong Chuan , Han Hui
Published: July 2019

Spiropyran (SP) and its derivatives operate between their ring opening and closing forms as a versatile molecular platform for the fluorescence detection of cations and anions, using a colour change for signalling. A functionalized SP fluorescence probe, L, was prepared and characterized. Probe L can detect Ca2+ with a fluorescence ‘turn‐on’ response in ethanol solution. It selectively binds Ca2+ to form a 1:1 ligand/metal complex, which produced a new emission band centred at 604 nm. The sensing result was clearly observed by the solution colour change from colourless to pink under visible light, and from blue to red under ultraviolet light. The detection limit was calculated to be 4.53 × 10−8 M for Ca2+. The probe provides another possibility that SP‐based derivatives could be used for the development and detection of metal ions in environmental and physiological systems.
In vitro lung cancer multicellular tumor spheroid formation using a microfluidic device
Authors: Lee Sang Woo , Hong Soyoung , Jung Boyoung , Jeong Soo Yeon , Byeon Jae Hee , Jeong Gi Seok , Choi Jaesoon , Hwang Changmo
Published: July 2019

The purpose of this study was to demonstrate self‐organizing in vitro multicellular tumor spheroid (MCTS) formation in a microfluidic system and to observe the behavior of MCTSs under controlled microenvironment. The employed microfluidic system was designed for simple and effective formation of MCTSs by generating nutrient and oxygen gradients. The MCTSs were composed of cancer cells, vascular endothelial cells, and type I collagen matrix to mimic the in vivo tumor microenvironment (TME). Cell culture medium was perfused to the microfluidic device loaded with MCTSs by a passive fluidic pump at a constant flow rate. The dose response to an MMPs inhibitor was investigated to demonstrate the effects of biochemical substances. The result of long‐term stability of MCTSs revealed that continuous perfusion of cell culture medium is one of the major factors for the successful MCTS formation. A continuous flow of cell culture medium in the in vitro TME greatly affected both the proliferation of cancer cells in the micro‐wells and the sustainability of the endothelial cell‐layer integrity in the lumen of microfluidic channels. Addition of MMP inhibitor to the cell culture medium improved the stability of the collagen matrix by preventing the detachment and shrinkage of the collagen matrix surrounding the MCTSs. In summary, the present constant flow assisted microfluidic system is highly advantageous for long‐term observation of the MCTS generation, tumorous tissue formation process and drug responses. MCTS formation in a microfluidic system may serve as a potent tool for studying drug screening, tumorigenesis and metastasis.
Generation and characterization of Suncus murinus intestinal organoid: a useful tool for studying motilin secretion
Authors: Takakura Natsumi , Takemi Shota , Kumaki Shunsuke , Matsumoto Mio , Sakai Takafumi , Iwatsuki Ken , Sakata Ichiro
Published: July 2019

Motilin, a 22‐amino‐acid peptide produced in the upper small intestine, induces strong gastric contraction in fasted state. In many rodents, motilin and its cognate receptors exist as pseudogenes, which has delayed motilin research in the past decades. Recently, the house musk shrew (Suncus murinus) was developed as a useful model for studying motilin and gastrointestinal motility. However, due to a lack of motilin‐producing cell lines and difficulties in culturing small intestinal cells, the regulatory mechanisms of motilin secretion and its messenger RNA (mRNA) transcription have remained largely unclear. In this study, we generated small intestinal organoids from S. murinus for the first time. Using methods similar to mouse organoid generation, we found crypt‐like budding structures 3 days after isolating intestinal tissues. The organoids grew gradually with time. In addition, the generated organoids were able to be passaged and maintained for 6 months or longer. Motilin messenger RNA (mRNA) and immunopositive cells were observed in both S. murinus intestinal organoids and primary tissues. This is the first report of intestinal organoids in S. murinus, and our results suggest that S. murinus intestinal organoids could be useful for analyzing motilin secretion and transcription.
Metformin facilitates the proliferation, migration, and osteogenic differentiation of periodontal ligament stem cells in vitro
Authors: Zhang Rui , Liang Qianyu , Kang Wenyan , Ge Shaohua
Published: July 2019

Periodontitis is one of the main causes of tooth loss and has been confirmed as the sixth complication of diabetes. Metformin promotes the osteogenic differentiation of stem cells. Periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) are the best candidate stem cells for periodontal tissue regeneration. Herein, we aimed to identify the effects of metformin on the proliferation, migration, and osteogenic differentiation of PDLSCs in vitro. PDLSCs were isolated by limiting dilution, and their characteristics were assessed by colony formation assay and flow cytometry. Cell counting and migration assays were used to investigate the effects of metformin on proliferation and migration. The osteogenic differentiation ability of PDLSCs was detected by alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and Alizarin Red S staining. Gene and protein levels of osteogenesis‐related markers were determined by quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR) and western blot analysis, respectively. Metformin treatment at 10 μM did not affect PDLSC proliferation, while at 50 and 100 μM, metformin time‐dependently enhanced PDLSC proliferation and significantly increased cell numbers after 5 and 7 days of stimulation (P <
 0.05). In addition, 50 μM metformin exhibited a maximal effect on migration, ALP activity, and mineral deposition (P <
 0.05). Furthermore, 50 μM metformin significantly upregulated the gene expression levels of ALP, BSP, OPN, OCN, and Runx2 and the protein expression of ALP and Runx2 (P <
 0.05). In summary, our study confirms that metformin facilitates the proliferation, migration, and osteogenic differentiation of PDLSCs in vitro and could be used as a new strategy for periodontal tissue regeneration.
Heterostructured Nickel‐Cobalt Selenide Immobilized onto Porous Carbon Frameworks as an Advanced Anode Material for Urea Electrocatalysis
Authors: Khalafallah Diab , Ouyang Chong , Zhi Mingjia , Hong Zhanglian
Published: July 2019

Transition‐metal selenides based materials have recently aroused an increasing consideration in the field of energy reservation and conversion owing to their good electrochemical performance and low synthetic cost. Herein, multi‐walled carbon nanotubes supported binary nickel cobalt selenide composite (Ni−Co−Se/CNT) was prepared by a one‐pot‐hydrothermal method using hydrazine ions that enables the selenium to diffuse and react with the Ni‐and Co‐cations to form Ni−Co−Se with a stable nanostructure onto the outer walls of the CNT platforms due to the coordination interaction between the metallic cations and surface oxygen‐containing group of the conductive scaffolds. The electrochemical performances for urea oxidation reaction (UOR) are accessed in an alkaline medium by cyclic voltammetry (CV), chronopotentiometry (CA), and electrochemical impedancespectroscopy (EIS) tests. The as‐prepared Ni−Co−Se/CNT hybrid presents an excellent electrocatalytic activity in terms of current density and onset potential due to synergistic effects of tubular CNT scaffolds, additional Co active sites, and electrochemically active NiOOH layer. The CNTs support markedly enhanced the electrocatalytic properties by providing a rapid mass transport for UOR because of their porous network architectures with a robust adhesion to the Ni−Co−Se nanocrystals. Thus, the synthetic methodology synthetic methodology adopted here is entirely effective for constructing various metal selenide compounds in future.
Effective asymmetric Michael addition of anthrone to nitroalkenes using chiral tetraoxacalix[2]arene[2]triazines as organocatalysts
Authors: Genc Hayriye Nevin
Published: July 2019

Novel chiral secondary amines bearing a tetraoxacalix[2]arene[2]triazine scaffold were created and used for catalytic asymmetric Michael reaction of anthrone with nitroalkenes. The relevant adducts were obtained in good to excellent yields (82%‐98%) and enantioselectivities (75%‐98%).
Interfacial Study of Nickel‐Modified Pt(111) Surfaces in Phosphate‐Containing Solutions: Effect on the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Sarabia Francisco J. , Climent Víctor , Feliu Juan M.
Published: July 2019

The surface modification of electrodes attracts great interest in electrocatalysis. It has often been observed that deposition of foreign adatoms on the surface of an electrode can originate a significant enhancement in the catalytic activity. For example, it has been reported that nickel deposits on Pt surfaces improve the rate of the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER, Nature Energy 2017, 2, 17031). During the deposition process of such metal adlayers, the pH and the nature of the ions in the electrolyte play an important role. Phosphate species are typically used to prepare buffer solutions in a wide range of pH. Therefore, electrolytes containing phosphate species are used in a large number of applications. However, the effect of phosphate on platinum surface modification with nickel deposits has not been studied yet. In this work, new data about the interaction of phosphate with nickel adatoms deposited on Pt(111) at pH 5 is investigated using cyclic voltammetry and infrared spectroscopy. The results show that, when nickel is in solution, the phosphate ions are adsorbed at lower potentials than in the absence of nickel. In addition, Laser‐Induced Temperature Jump Technique demonstrates that nickel facilitates the adsorption of phosphate because of a shift of the potential of zero charge (pzc) toward negative potentials. This increases the magnitude of the positive electric field on the electrode surface, at a given potential E>pzc, facilitating the adsorption of anions. CO displacement technique has been also employed to obtain additional information about co‐adsorbed phosphate on nickel adlayers. Finally, the HER has been studied at pH 5 in the presence of nickel, with and without phosphate in the bulk solution.
Can a firm's environmental innovation attract job seekers? Evidence from experiments
Authors: Liao Zhongju , Cheng Jialin
Published: July 2019

Based on social identity theory, this study proposes a model to explore the link between the environmental innovation perceived by job seekers and a firm's attractiveness by focusing on the mediating role of pride and the moderating role of moral identity. We tested our hypotheses using two experiments. The results showed that a firm's environmental innovation was related positively to a firm's attractiveness and that this relationship was mediated by job seekers' pride. In addition, moral identity played positive moderating role between environmental innovation and job seekers' pride. The findings of this study provide theoretical contributions and managerial implications that indicate new directions for research related to environmental innovation and a firm's attractiveness.
Hürthle cell lesions on thyroid fine needle aspiration cytology: Molecular and histologic correlation
Authors: Schatz‐Siemers Nina , Brandler Tamar C , Oweity Thaira , Sun Wei , Hernandez Andrea , Levine Pascale
Published: July 2019

Background

Hürthle cell lesions often pose diagnostic challenges, despite their common occurrence on thyroid fine‐needle aspiration cytology (FNAC). The associated molecular alterations are also not well understood. Therefore, our study aimed to delineate the molecular profile of Hürthle cell lesions classified as Bethesda Categories III or IV (atypia of undetermined significance (AUS) or suspicious for follicular neoplasm (SFN)) on FNAC and to correlate this molecular profile with surgical resection findings.

Methods

This study consisted of 188 Hürthle cell lesions with indeterminate cytology and ThyroSeq® v2/v3 molecular testing results. Surgical follow‐up was available for 33 cases.

Results

The majority of indeterminate Hürthle cell lesions had negative ThyroSeq® results (61%) and were benign on available surgical follow‐up. The most prevalent mutations involved the RAS gene (21%), which were associated with benign lesions, non‐invasive follicular thyroid neoplasms with papillary‐like nuclear features (NIFTP), and malignancy. The remaining mutations involved less than 18% of the cases, including PAX8/PPARG (3.7%), TSHR (3.7%), EIF1AX (2.7%), MET (2.1%), PTEN (1.6%), clonal copy number alteration (1.6%), TERT (1.1%), and 0.5% each of GNAS, PIK3CA, and TP53 mutations. On follow‐up, 45% were benign, 24% were NIFTP, and 30% were malignant. The malignant cases had different molecular alterations.

Conclusion

No single molecular alteration defines cytologically indeterminate Hürthle cell lesions; the majority of cases have low‐risk or no molecular alterations and are benign on follow‐up. These findings suggest that molecular testing may be useful, but is not definitive, in determining which cases may be managed conservatively; additional studies are needed to fully determine the negative predictive value in ruling out malignancy.
Moving toward a systematic approach for reporting salivary gland cytopathology: cytohistological correlation with the application of the Milan system for risk stratification at a tertiary care center
Authors: Bhutani Namita , Sen Rajeev , Gupta Monika , Kataria SantPrakash
Published: July 2019

Introduction

Fine‐needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) of salivary glands is a well‐established technique that plays a critical role in the preoperative diagnosis of lesions. Despite its clinical utility, it remains one of the most challenging areas in cytopathology. This is because there is no consensus on how to report salivary gland cytopathology, which has resulted in inconsistent terminology and confusion in communication among cytopathologists and clinicians. A risk stratification of FNA diagnostic categories has been recently proposed to be useful in reporting.

Materials and Methods

A retrospective study of FNAC of salivary gland lesions reported from 2014 to 2017 was performed. The performance of the cytology reporting system was evaluated with histological diagnosis serving as the gold standard. The aspirates were then categorized according to the Milan system. Furthermore, the risk of malignancy was calculated for all diagnostic categories.

Results

A total of 899 salivary gland aspirates were evaluated: 2.2% were nondiagnostic, 55.8% indicated nonneoplastic lesions, and 40.4% indicated neoplastic lesions. Histopathology was available for 172 cases. FNA had a sensitivity of 72.3% and a specificity of 92.6% with an overall diagnostic accuracy of 91.4% for differentiating malignant from benign tumors.

Conclusion

A tiered classification scheme as proposed by the Milan system may prove helpful in effectively guiding clinical management of patients with salivary gland lesions. Our experience with this system helps to pave the way for the adoption of the Milan System for Reporting Salivary Gland Cytopathology.
Effect of behavioral marginality on survival of an alpine ungulate
Authors: Lesmerises Frédéric , Johnson Chris J. , St‐Laurent Martin‐Hugues
Published: July 2019

Inter‐individual variability in behavior has been studied extensively for a wide range of species. However, few researchers have considered marginality, defined as the degree to which a choice made by an individual is located at the margins of the distribution of all possible choices available to a particular population. We explored the influence of marginal behaviors on the probability of survival of woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou). We usedGPScollars to record the movement and fate of 43 caribou and distributed their habitat use behavior along two axes of a multidimensional scaling. We used Cox proportional‐hazards models to evaluate whether marginality had an effect on mortality risk. We found that individuals that exhibited marginal behavior had higher mortality risk than more conformist individuals. Caribou is a social species; thus, sharing a common habitat use strategy is likely an adaptation for minimizing the risk of predation. Our findings provide an empirical link between behavior and survival, contributing to our understanding of the decline ofRangiferacross much of its Canadian distribution.
Formation of 10/12/14‐Membered Rings is Favored over 5/6/7‐Membered. An Unexpected Result from Oxazole Chemistry
Authors: Slobodyanyuk Evgeniy Y. , Berezowska Yulia L. , Solomin Vitaliy V. , Volochnyuk Dmitriy M. , Rozhenko Alexander B. , Ryabukhin Sergey V. , Grygorenko Oleksandr O.
Published: July 2019

Base‐promoted cyclization of N‐Boc‐ω‐(4‐(chloromethyl)oxazol‐5‐yl)alkylamines led to the corresponding “dimerization” products containing fused 10‐, 12‐, and 14‐membered rings. Experimental data showed that the formation of these ring systems is favored over the corresponding 5‐/6‐/7‐membered ones, which was partially confirmed by DFT calculations; this effect was especially significant in the case of the 5‐/10‐membered pair.