bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
T2 lipopolysaccharide antigen of Salmonella: genetic determination of T2 and properties of the T2, T2,S, and T2,SR Forms
Authors: Valtonen V V , Sarvas M , Mäkelä P H
Published: January 2020

The T2 antigenic form of Salmonella bareilly was examined. The absence of O specificity in this strain was shown to be due to its nonfunctional rfb genes; when the rfb gene cluster was replaced by the rfb cluster derived from smooth donor strains, T2,S and T2,SR recombinants were produced that expressed both T2 and either 0-6,7 or 0-4,12 specificity, depending on O antigen of the donor strain. The T2, T2,S, and T2,SR forms were all unstable on culture and segregated T2-negative forms (R, S, and SR, respectively) at a high rate. In all these respects the T2 antigen closely resembled the other T-form antigen, T1. The genes responsible for the T2 antigen, rfu, were not close to rfb, but their precise location and relation to rft (which determines T1 antigen) could not be discovered because of the instability to the T2 form and low recombination frequency in the necessary interspecies crosses.
Growth of Rickettsia prowazeki in enucleated cells
Authors: Stork E , Wisseman C L
Published: January 2020

Rickettsia prowazeki (Breinl strain) was capable of infecting, and of growing in, enucleated L or chicken embryo cells Thus, neither of these two processes in the rickettsial infection cycle required the concomitant, continued presence of the host cell nucleus.
Inactivation of the biological activities of the thermostable direct hemolysin of Vibrio parahaemolyticus by ganglioside Gt1
Authors: Takeda Y , Takeda T , Honda T , Miwatani T
Published: January 2020

Biological activities of the thermostable direct hemolysin produced by Vibrio parahaemolyticus, such as its hemolytic activity and lethal activity, were inhibited by neuraminidase-sensitive gangliosides, of which GT1 ganglioside was the most inhibitory. Neuraminidase-resistant gangliosides did not affect the activities of the hemolysin. Results showed that horse erythrocytes, which are resistant to the hemolysin, do not contain the neuraminidase-sensitive gangliosides GT1 and GD1a. Therefore, we propose that neuraminidase-sensitive gangliosides, and especially GT1 ganglioside, may be the receptor sites on the membranes for the thermostable direct hemolysin of V. parahaemolyticus.
Chemical and immunological properties of the type f polysaccharide antigen of Streptococcus mutans
Authors: Hamada S , Gill K , Slade H D
Published: January 2020

The type-specific cell wall polysaccharide antigen was extracted, purified, and characterized from type f Streptococcus mutans strain OMZ175 and MT557. The antigen was extracted from lyophilized cells with 5% trichloroacetic acid at 85 C for 15 min or saline at 120 C for 30 min. The trichloroacetic acid antigen was chromatographically separated into three antigenic fractions on a diethylaminoethyl-Sephadex A-25 column. Antigen 1 (Ag1P), which was specific for type f antiserum, was further purified by passing through carboxymethyl-Sephadex C-25 and Sephadex G-200 columns. It was a polysaccharide composed of 49% rhamnose and 47% glucose. No reaction was obtained with anti-polyglycerophosphate (PGP) serum. Antigen 2 was reactive with both type f and PGP antisera and contained significant amounts of protein and phosphorus. Antigen 3 was reactive only with PGP antiserum and had no type specificity. The polysaccharide antigen gave a single precipitin band against type-specific antiserum on immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis. The presence of alpha-1,6-glucosidic linkages was indicated by a 90% inhibition of the precipitin reaction by isomaltose and alpha-methyl-D-glucopyranoside, adsorption to and release from a concanavalin A-Sepharose column, and reaction with an S. mutans (type e) glucan antiserum. This antiserum was used to show that the type f polysaccharide antigen did not contain free glucan. An analysis of the antigen released from the antigen-glucan antiserum complex showed the presence of rhamnose and glucose. This released antigen also reacted with an f antiserum, which did not react with commercial dextran. The results show that the type f polysaccharide antigen is the first of those S. mutans type-specific polysaccharides identified to be immunologically related to an S. mutans glucan.
Adhesive properties of Vibrio cholerae: nature of the interaction with isolated rabbit brush border membranes and human erythrocytes
Authors: Jones G W , Freter R
Published: January 2020

Nonmotile vibrio mutants lacked the ability to adhere to rabbit intestinal brush border membranes and to agglutinate human group O erythrocytes, but motile revertant vibrios isolated from such strains expressed adhesiveness equivalent to that of the original parent. Two possible explanations for the relation between vibrio motility and adhesion in these assays systems are (i) that the rate of adhesion depends on the rate of chance contact brought about by motility, and (ii) that the flagellum either acts as a carrier for the bacterial adhesin or may itself be the adhesin. The present study indicates, however, that the lack of adhesion by nonmotile vibrios did not depend on motility as such and did not involve greater rates of elution. Increasing the rate of contact between nonmotile vibrio mutants and brush border membranes by compaction did not restore the adhesive properties of the defective strains. Accordingly, we speculate that the flagellum may function in some indirect way that allows the expression of the adhesive properties, such as by acting as a carrier for a specific vibrio adhesin. Adhesion to brush borders and agglutination of human group O erythrocytes was specifically inhibited by L-fucose and various glycosides of L-fucose and to a lesser extent by D-mannose. Vibrios adhered specifically to agarose beads that carried covalently linked L-fucose on their surfaces. The results suggest that L-fucose-containing structures of eukaryotic cell surfaces may function as receptors for the vibrio adhesin and may therefore be an important determinant of host susceptibility.
Adhesive properties of Vibrio cholerae: nature of the interaction with intact mucosal surfaces
Authors: Freter R , Jones G W
Published: January 2020

Two companion papers in this series have characterized the interaction between Vibrio cholerae and the surfaces of eukaryotic cells. The present paper reports studies of the association between vibrios or Salmonella enteritidis and intact slices of intestinal tissue. A significant number of differences were noted in the characteristics of bacterial adhesion in these systems. The results are interpreted to indicate the presence of at least two receptors for vibrio adhesion on the mucosal surface of the rabbit small intestine. The receptor mediating the adhesion of salmonella appeared to be distinct from these. A primary role for bacterial motility in the process of adhesion of vibrios to mucosal surfaces could not be demonstrated in the assay systems studied. Rather, loss of motility in mutant vibrios appeared to be correlated with the simultaneous loss of adhesive factors (adhesins) from the bacterial surface. The inhibition of vibrio adhesion to slices of intestinal tissues by antibody to the heat-stable antigens of V. cholerae occurred in the absence of bacterial agglutination. Agglutination in this assay system appeared to be an artifact in that it could be observed only in experiments where extremely high concentrations of vibrios were used. We speculate that such high vibrio concentrations are not likely to be present in humans at the time of infection and that agglutination in the lumen of the intestine might therefore play only a minor role in prophylactic immunity against natural cholera and other enteric infections of humans.
Lymphocyte transformation and interferon production in human mononuclear cell microcultures for assay of cellular immunity to herpes simplex virus
Authors: Haahr S , Rasmussen L , Merigan T C
Published: January 2020

Interferon production and transformation in response to herpes simplex virus antigen were studied in microcultures of human mononuclear cells. Mononuclear cells consisting of monocytes and both T and B lymphocytes were purified by Ficoll-Hypaque gradients. Lymphocytes, predominantly T with 5% B, were obtained by passage of buffy-coat cells through nylon fiber columns. For some experiments, autochthonous macrophages and column-purified lymphocytes were stimulated with herpesvirus antigen. The effect of specific antibody and cell concentration on reactivity is described. Crude and purified antigens were compared as cell culture stimulants. Significant differences in transformation and interferon were observed between donors with a history of herpes labialis and donors with no detectable antibody, both in cultures prepared by Ficoll-Hypaque gradients and by column purification of lymphocytes. Cultures from seronegative donors prepared by Ficoll-Hypaque gradients produced interferon but did not transform when stimulated by herpes simplex antigen. "Immune" interferon production, that is, type II as opposed to type I, occurred only with autochthonous macrophage and column-purified lymphocyte cultures. Interferon produced by Ficoll-Hypaque-purified mononuclear cultures was type I, and its production was unrelated to immune status. Similarly, column-purified lymphocytes responded to herpes simplex virus antigen with type I interferon if obtained from a seropositive donor.
Characteristics of streptolysin S hemolysis
Authors: Duncan J L , Mason L
Published: January 2020

The characteristics of hemolysis produced by streptolysin S (SLS) were investigated in rabbit erythrocytes. Treatment of erythrocytes with SLS at various temperatures prior to incubation at 37 C revealed an initial temperature-dependent interaction between toxin and the cells. No subsequent hemolysis occurred when erythrocytes were exposed to SLS at 0 to 10 C; exposure to toxin at temperatures above 10 C gradually increased the amount of hemolysis that occurred at 37 C. Very little binding of toxin to erythrocytes or their ghosts, as detected by a decrease of hemolytic activity from toxin preparations, could be demonstrated at any temperature. The release of hemoglobin after the temperature-dependent process occur at virtually the same rate at 0, 22, or 37 C. The loss of intracellular rubidium-86 (Rb) and hemoglobin from SLS-treated erythrocytes was studied. Rb+ release significantly preceded the escape of hemoglobin, suggesting that colloid-osmotic processes play a role in SLS hemolysis.
Adjuvant and mitogenic properties of a supernatant fraction of sonically treated Myobacterium bovis (BCG)
Authors: Baker L A , Sharpton T , Minden P , Campbell P A
Published: January 2020

A water-soluble, oil-free supernatant fraction of sonically treated BCG (BCG-SS) was shown to be an immunological adjuvant and a mitogen. When BCG-SS and sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) were injected intravenously into mice, the plaque-forming cell (PFC) response was 10 times greater than that induced by injection of SRBC alone. Circulating antibody responses to SRBC and to bovine serum albumin were also enhanced by BCG-SS. The in vitro enhancement of PFC and circulating antibody responses did not require mineral oil or exogenous lipids. In vitro PFC responses by normal mouse spleen cells were also greatly increased in the presence of BCG-SS. Anti-theta serum-treated spleen cells from mice that had been lethally irradiated and reconstituted with normal bone marrow cells also gave a higher PFC response to SRBC in the presence of BCG-SS. This suggests that BCG-SS can stimulate B lymphocytes to develop an immune response when T lymphocytes are severely depleted or absent. BCG-SS also stimulated the uptake of 125IUdR by normal spleen cell cultures, indicating that it is a mitogen.
Factors influencing heat-labile Escherichia coli enterotoxin activity
Authors: Mundell D H , Anselmo C R , Wishnow R M
Published: January 2020

In this study, conditions for production, detection, and storage of heat-labile Escherichia coli enterotoxin (LT) in culture filtrates from E. coli H-10407 were defined by using the adrenal tumor cell assay system. An enriched medium containing 0.6% yeast extract, 2% Casamino Acids, and 0.25% glucose buffered at pH 8.5 produced the highest LT activity of the various test media. In E. coli strain H-10407, LT activity was markedly decreased if the initial pH of the culture media was reduced to pH 7.5 or less. In contrast to E. coli P-263, if strain H-10407 was grown in the presence of mitomycin C there was no increase in LT production. Crude-culture filtrates containing LT can be stored at 4 degrees C for several days without an appreciable loss of activity; however, for long-term storage lyophilization or freezing at -70 degrees C is recommended.
In vivo and in vitro studies on possible pathogenic mechanisms of Actinomyces viscosus
Authors: Engel D , Epps D V , Clagett J
Published: January 2020

Actinomycotic infections are characterized by long-term inflammatory lesions containing large numbers of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) and mononuclear cells. The pathogenic mechanisms involved in these lesions are not understood. Homogenates of Actinomyces viscosus (AVIS) induce an acute inflammatory response with a predominance of PMNs within 6 h after injection into the footpads of nonimmunized mice. These homogenates, when tested in vitro, contain potent chemotactic activity for human PMNs. In vitro chemotactic activity for human monocytes is weak but statistically significant (P less than 0.025). Doses of AVIS, which alone have little chemotactic activity, cause the generation of PMN chemotactic activity in fresh, but not complement-inactivated, serum. The injection of AVIS into the footpads of immunized mice induces an acute inflammatory response followed within 48 h by a mononuclear cell infiltrate, suggesting that factors affecting monocyte accumulation are generated by the immune host in response to challenge with the bacterial antigens. These findings indicate that the pathogenicity of the Actinomyces may result in part from (i) their direct chemotactic effect on PMNs, (ii) their cytotaxigenic effects on serum, and (iii) their ability to stimulate host immune cells to produce and release mediators of inflammation.
Formation of crystalline deposits by several genera of the family Enterobacteriaceae
Authors: Keefe W E
Published: January 2020

Several species of bacteria from the family Enterobacteriaceae formed crystalline materials containing calcium when grown in a defined culture medium. Enterobacter aerogenes, Proteus vulgaris, Citrobacter freundii, and C. intermedius produced calcium pyrophosphate crystals. Edwardsiella tarda and Escherichia coli formed calcite III crystals, whereas Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Providencia stuartii, and Serratia marcescens produced hydroxyapatite crystals. Several of these bacteria have been isolated from the kidneys of patients with kidney stones, indicating that microorganisms may be involved in the enucleation process of kidney stone formation.
Immunological relationships between glucosyltransferases from Streptococcus mutans serotypes
Authors: Kuramitsu H , Ingersoll L
Published: January 2020

Partially purified glycosyltransferase enzymes for Streptococcus mutans GS-5 (serotype c) have been utilized to prepare antibodies directed against the soluble glucan-synthesizing activity, GTF-B, and the insoluble-soluble glucan synthetic activity, GTF-A. Anti-GTF-A inhibited insoluble glucan formation catalyzed by the extracellular enzymes from strains GS-5 and FA-1 (serotype b) to a much greater extent than that of strains HS-6 (serotype a) or OMZ-176 (serotype d). This antibody fraction also inhibited both the cell-associated glucosyltransferase activities as well as the sucrose-mediated adherence of cells to glass surfaces by strains GS-5 and FA-1 but not that of strains HS-6 and OMZ-176. Anti-GTF-B inhibited soluble glucan formation catalyzed by the extracellular enzymes of strains GS-5 but not that of strain HS-6, FA-1, or OMZ-176. However, this antibody fraction did not strongly inhibit either the cell-associated glycosyltransferase activity or cellular adherence of any of the four strains. These results with body antibody fractions were also correlated with the ability of the antibodies to agglutinate the cells and form precipitin bands after immunodiffusion with the extracellular enzymes. Antibody prepared against the homogeneous soluble glucan-synthesizing enzyme demonstrated similar effects to the anti-GTF-B fraction. These results are discussed in terms of the antigenic relationships existing between the glucosyltransferases from different serotypes of S. mutans.
Serological and genetic examination of some nontypical Streptococcus mutans strains
Authors: Coykendall A L , Bratthall D , O'Connor K , Dvarskas R A
Published: January 2020

Thirty-four strains of Streptococcus mutans whose antigenic or genetic positions were unclear or unknown with respect to the serological scheme of Bratthall (1970) and Perch et al. (1974), or the genetic (deoxyribonucleic acid base sequence homology) scheme of Coykendall were analyzed to clarify their relationship to previously well-characterized strains. Strain OMZ175 of the "new" serotype f was genetically homologous with strains of S. mutans subsp. mutans. Strains of the "new" serotype g were homologous with serotype d strains (S. mutans subsp. sobrinus). Strains isolated from wild rats constituted a new genetic group but carried the c antigen. Thus, strains within a "genospecies" (subspecies) of S. mutans may not always carry a unique or characteristic antigen. We suggest that the existence of multiple serotypes within subspecies represents antigenic variation and adaptations to hosts.
Platelet aggregation by hepatitis B surface antigen-antibody complexes
Authors: Daugharty H , Gogel R
Published: January 2020

Platelet aggregation indicating antigen-antibody complex formation was observed when hepatitis B surface (HBs) antigen and antibody were mixed. Platelet aggregation titers were determined for serum specimens found positive by radioimmunoassay for either HBs antigen or HBs antibody. From these determinations, incidence of HBs antigen-antibody complexes was found to be higher in HBs antigen seraas than in HBs antibody sera. There was an inverse correlation between platelet aggregation titers and radioimmunoassay values that was statistically significant for HBs antigen sera but not for HBs antibody sera. The incidence of anti-complementary activity was twice as high for platelet aggregation-positive HBs antigen and antibody sera as for platelet aggregation-negative sera. HBs antigen sera that were positive by platelet aggregation exhibited nearly three times the incidence of anti-complementary activity as did HBs antibody sera. However, the low incidence of anti-complementary activity was distributed about equally between HBs antigen and antibody sera that were negative by platelet aggregation. Additional HBs antigen preincubated with HBs antigen-positive sera effectively inhibited platelet aggregation, whereas additional HBs antibody was somewhat less effective. On the other hand, preincubation of HBs antigen sera with anti-IgG serum effectively enhanced platelet aggregation, whereas preincubation of HBs antigen sera with HBs antibody did not.
Ultrastructural and biochemical alterations effected by viridin B, a bacterocin of alpha-hemolytic streptococci
Authors: Dajani A S , Law D J , Bollinger R O , Ecklund P S
Published: January 2020

Viridin B, a bacteriocin produced by Streptococcus mitis strain 42885, was shown previously to exert a bactericidal effect against a Neisseria sicca strain but only a bacteriostatic effect against a coagulase-negative staphylococcus. In the present report, this dual effect was defined further. Viridin B caused the appearance of mesosomes in both indicator strains early in the course of exposure. Whereas mesosomes were the only noticeable alterations in the staphylococcal strain at all times of exposure to bacteriocin, progressive changes occurred in the N. sicca cells involving the nucleoid and cytoplasmic contents and resulting in the appearance of bacterial ghosts. Biochemical studies indicated a rapid and complete cessation of the incorporation of [3H]thymidine in N. sicca and in the staphylococcus. Whereas the incorporation of [3H]leucine and [3H]uridine in N. sicca was completely stopped, such incorporation was only reduced in the staphylococcus.
Inhibition of human neutrophil chemotaxis in vitro by phenothiazines and related compounds
Authors: Björkstén B , Quie P G
Published: January 2020

Chlorpromazine (CPZ) and three other phenothiazines and the structurally related antidepressant drugs imipramine and amitriptyline were found to depress human neutrophil chemotactic responsiveness. A 7 X 10(-6)M solution of CPZ inhibited chemotaxis, whereas concentrations of the other tested drugs 10 to 1,000 times greater than this were needed to inhibit chemotaxis. This effect of CPZ could not, however, be demonstrated when testing neutrophils from patients treated with the drug. The inhibition of chemotaxis was reversible when CPZ-incubated neutrophils were washed before testing for chemotactic responsiveness. CPZ affects neutrophil funcjtion as well as other aspects of immune response.
Electron microscopic and radioisotopic studies on cap formation in Toxoplasma gondii
Authors: Dzbenski T H , Michalak T , Plonka W S
Published: January 2020

Trophozoites of Toxoplasma gondii from mouse peritoneal exudate are capable of shedding antibodies with which they have been previously coated. The antibodies are first moved towards the anterior pole of the parasite, at which they form a "cap". From the pole they are shed into the environment in the form of antigen-antibody complexes. An internalization of the accumulated material has never been encountered. Most probably, the observed phenomenon reflects a mechanism by which the parasite evades the host's immune response.
Blastogenic response of human lymphocytes to oral bacterial antigens: comparison of individuals with periodontal disease to normal and edentulous subjects
Authors: Patters M R , Genco R J , Reed M J , Mashimo P A
Published: January 2020

Cell-mediated immunity in humans to antigens derived from oral plaque bacteria was investigated by using the lymphocyte blastogenesis assay. Subjects with varying severities of periodontal disease including normal, gingivitis, periodontitis, and edentulous were compared. Mononuclear leukocytes were separated from peripheral blood and cultured with antigens prepared by sonication of Actinomyces viscosus (AV), Actinomyces naeslundii (AN), Veillonella alcalescens (VA), Leptotrichia buccalis (LB), Bacteroides melaninogenicus (BM), and homologous dental plaque (DP). The lymphocyte response of subjects with gingivitis or periodontitis was significantly greater than that of normal subjects to antigens of AV, AN, and DP, but did not differ from the response of edentulous subjects. Periodontitis subjects were significantly more reactive than edentulous and normal subjects in response to VA, LB, and BM. These findings suggest that the tested gram-negative bacteria and the host response they evoke are associated with advanced periodontal destruction.
Alkaline-extracted influenza subunit vaccine
Authors: Eckert E A
Published: January 2020

Treatment of influenza virus concentrates with alkaline solvents releases a major fraction of the viral structural protein content. As determined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the surface glycoprotein substructures, hemagglutinin and neuraminidase, are the primary solubilized products. Two forms of hemagglutinin antigen are recovered, a 39S active hemagglutinin and a 23S blocking antigen. Dose-response assays in mice demonstrate that hemagglutination-inhibiting and neuraminidase antibodies are induced. Antibody responses are comparable to those resulting from immunization with inactivated whole virus. On the basis of demonstrated purity, high yields of protective antigens, immunogenic potency, and absence of deleterious reagents, alkaline-extracted influenza protein preparations merit consideration as subunit vaccines for human use.
Reovirus-like agent (rotavirus) from lambs
Authors: McNulty M S , Allan G M , Pearson G R , McFerran J B , Curran W L , McCracken R M
Published: January 2020

Rotavirus particles were demonstrated by electron microscopy in the feces of lambs with diarrhea. Rotavirus antigen was synthesized in cell cultures infected with filtrates of the diarrheic feces, but the virus was not adapted to grow serially in cell cultures. An antigenic relationship between rotaviruses from lambs, pigs, and calves was demonstrated by immunofluorescence. Colostrum-deprived lambs were infected with the lamb rotavirus, and the virus was passaged in lambs. Viral replication occurred in the villous epithelial cells of the small intestine, and the virus was excreted in the feces up to 78 h postinfection. Diarrhea was not observed in the experimentally infected lambs.
Angiostrongylus cantonensis: phospholipase in nonsensitized and sensitized rats after challenge
Authors: Ottolenghi A , Weatherly N F , Kocan A A , Larsh J E
Published: January 2020

Rats given an initial infection with Angiostrongylus cantonensis had moderately elevated phospholipase B activity in the lungs at 8 and 15 days after challenge, and greatly elevated levels were evident at 35, 43, and 49 days. In the brain, the values were elevated at 15 through 35 days. These periods of increased activity in the lungs and brain coincided with the migration patterns of the third stage larvae and the adult worms in this host. The elevated enzyme levels also were were correlated with increased numbers of eosinophils in the bone marrow at 8 and 15 days and again at 36, 43, and 49 days after infection. Similarly infected rats exhibited leukocytosis at 1 through 10 weeks of observation after challenge, and striking eosinophilia at 1, 7, 8, and 9 weeks. Rats reinfected after removal of the worms of the initial infection by thiabendazole treatment showed an anamnestic response characterized by (i) elevated enzyme values in both the lungs and brain at 1 day after reinfection and (ii) eosinophilia in the bone marrow by day 4. These accelerated responses were accompanied by a significant reduction in the worm burden of the rats. The results, which support our hypothesis that inflammation, elevated phospholipase B activity, and reduction in worm burden are causally related, are discussed in light of similar findings reported earlier from our studies with Trichinella spiralis and Nippostrongylus brasiliensis.
Role of urinary solutes in natural immunity to gonorrhea
Authors: McCutchan J A , Wunderlich A , Braude A I
Published: January 2020

Natural resistance of the male urethra to gonococci has not been explained by classical immune mechanisms but could result from antibacterial properties of urine. Accordingly, we measured survival in midmorning urine of 10(7) F-62 T2 gonococci per ml by serial dilutions and plate counts. Fifteen killer urines from eight people all killed greater than 3 logs (average, 5.3), and 13 of 15 were sterilized. Fourteen nonkiller (inhibitor) urines from seven subjects allowed no growth. Killer urines were more acidic (pH 5.4 versus 6.4) and more concentrated (861 versus 717 mosmol/kg) than nonkillers. Upon addition of hydrogen ion, urea, and sodium chloride to urines and broth, pH proved to be the major killing factor, but urea and NaCl were also bactericidal. Susceptibility to urine bactericidal power did not vary with colony type (T2 versus T4) or strain (F-62 versus two fresh isolates). Killing was rapid (0.5 to 3 h) and not bacteriolytic. Escherichia coli multiplied 10-fold in urines that inhibited growth of gonococci. Thus, the bacteriostatic effect of urine may explain why gonococci do not infect the bladder and kidney during gonorrhea. The bactericidal properties of urine may contribute to resistance against gonococcal urethritis.
Cell-mediated immunity to Sendai virus infection in mice
Authors: Anderson M J , Bainbridge D R , Pattison J R , Heath R B
Published: January 2020

The development of a cell-mediated immune response to Sendai virus infection in mice was examined by the use of a 51Cr release assay of cytotoxicity. A low level of "background cytotoxicity" to Sendai virus-infected L cells was found in the spleens of uninfected CBA mice. Spleen cells from Sendai-infected mice showed an elevated level of cytotoxicity against these target cells for a period of 5 weeks, commencing 4 days after infection of the mice. A more transient response was observed in the spleens of mice infected with a serologically distinct virus, the Kunz strain of influenza. This cross-reacting, cell-mediated immune response was intermediate between that observed in unsensitized and Sendai-sensitized spleen cells. The relevance of these cell-mediated immune responses to respiratory tract virus infections is discussed.
Characterization of the Madrid E strain of Rickettsia prowazekii purified by renografin density gradient centrifugation
Authors: Dasch G A , Weiss E
Published: January 2020

The avirulent Madrid E strain of Rickettsia prowazekii cultivated in chicken yolk sacs could be purified successfully with a Renografin density gradient method developed previously for Rickettsia typhi. Recovery during purification, viability, and lack of contamination with host cell components were similar for the two species, although yields of R. prowazekii per yolk sac were lower. Purified typhus rickettsiae provided satisfactory antigens in the complement fixation, Ouchterlony double-diffusion, and microagglutination tests. The retention of the typhus soluble group antigen during purification was readily demonstrated by complement fixation tests. However, removal of the soluble group antigen by ether treatment was not always adequate for the demonstration of type-specific particulate antigens. Heat-killed R. prowazekii cells gave higher serum microagglutination titers than untreated or formalized cells, a difference was noted for R. typhi cells. Although the protein profiles of whole cells and extracts of R. typhi and R. prowazekii on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels were relatively similar, a small but reproducible, difference in the electrophoretic mobilities of their malate dehydrogenases was detected. Purification of typhus rickettsiae on Renografin gradients has no apparent adverse effects on their metabolic or antigenic properties.
Lipid A antiserum-mediated protection against lipopolysaccharide- and lipid A-induced fever and skin necrosis
Authors: Rietschel E T , Galanos C
Published: January 2020

The antiendotoxic activity of lipid A antiserum was studied in rabbits, using lipid A (lipopolysaccharide)-induced fever and skin necrosis as test systems. It was found that lipid A antiserum had no significant antipyretic effect when it was incubated with lipid A or injected intravenously before lipid A challenge. However, in animals that were pretreated (day 0) with a single dose of lipid A (lipopolysaccharide), a significant protective effect of passively transferred antiserum (day 1) to lipid A (lipopolysaccharide fever) (day 2) was observed. Also, the lipid A (lipopolysaccharide)-induced local shwartzman reaction could be prevented by lipid A antiserum. In the fever system, the degree of protection depended on the preparative and the challenge doses as well as on the amount of antiserum transferred. The fever protection mediated by lipid A antiserum seemed to be lipid A (lipopolysaccharide) specific with regard to both the preparative and the challenge injections. Lipid A specificity of the protective factor present in the antiserum was indicated by the fauggest that the factor might be identical with lipid A-specific immunoglobulin. The significance of the preparative injection is not understood at the present time. Iti is concluded, however, that in the fever protection system described, besides specific humoral factors, other factors, perhaps cellular, are involved.
Antigenic relatedness of glucosyltransferase enzymes from streptococcus mutans
Authors: Smith D J , Taubman M A
Published: January 2020

The antigenic relationship of glucosyltransferases (GTF) produced by different serotypes of Streptococcus mutans was studied by using a functional inhibition assay. Rat, rabbit, or hamster immune fluids, directed to cell-associated or supernatant-derived GTF, were tested against ammonium sulfate-precipitated culture supernatants containing GTF from seven strains of S. mutans representing six different serotypes. An antigenic relationship was shown to exist among GTF from serotypes a, d, and g, since both rat and rabbit antisera directed to serotype a or g GTF inhibited GTF of serotypes d and g similarly and both antisera also inhibited serotype a GTF. Furthermore, serum inhibition patterns indicated that GTF of serotypes c and e, and possibly b, are antigenically related to each other, but are antigenically distinct from GTF of serotype a, d, or g. Serum antibody directed to antigens other than enzyme (e.g., serotype-specific antigen or teichoic acid) had little effect on the inhibition assay. Salivas from rats immunized with cell-associated or supernatant-derived GTF exhibited low but consistent inhibition of GTF activity, which generally corresponded to the serum patterns. The sera of two groups of hamsters immunized with GTF (serotype g), enriched either in water-insoluble or water-soluble glucan synthetic activity, gave patterns of inhibition quite similar to those seen with sera from more heterogenous cell-associated or crude supernatant-derived GTF preparations. Both groups of hamster sera also gave virtually identical patterns, suggesting that the two enzyme forms used as antigen share common antigenic determinants. The results from the three animal models suggest that among the cariogenic organisms tested, two (serotypes a, d, g and b, c, e), or perhaps three (serotypes a, d, g; b; and c, e), different subsets of GTF exist that have distinct antigenic determinants within a subset.
Cell-mediated resistance to infection with Listeria monocytogenes in nude mice
Authors: Emmerling P , Finger H , Hof H
Published: January 2020

Congenitally dysthymic nude (nu/nu) NMRI mice showed increased resistance to viable Listeria monocytogenes cells during the initial phase of infection as compared with euthymic control mice. The intravenous mean lethal dose (LD50), as determined for euthymic mice after an observation time of 7 and 14 days, amounted consistently to 6 X 10(4) Listeria. The corresponding values determined in nude mice were found to be increased by either 20-fold (1.2 X 10(6) Listeria after an observation time of 7 days) or 4-fold (2.4 X 10(5) Listeria after an observation time of 14 days). The transfer of spleen cells from immune euthymic donor mice into chronically infected nude mice caused almost complete elimination of Listeria within 1 week. The injection of dextran sulfate 24 h before a secondary infection with L. monocytogenes caused loss of antibacterial resistance in both chronically infected nude mice and Listeria-immune euthymic mice, this being expressed by a rapid increase in the numbers of bacteria in the spleens as well as the occurrence of serious signs of illness.
Immunoprotective activity of ribosomes from Haemophilus influenzae
Authors: Lynn M , Tewari R P , Solotorovsky M
Published: January 2020

Immunization with ribosomal preparations from Haemophilus influenzae type b elicited protective immunity in mice. Ribosomes from disrupted cells where isolated by differential centrifugation using sodium dodecyl sulfate. The washed ribosomes contained 25% protein and 75% ribonucleic acid and sedimented as a single peak on sucrose density gradient analysis with a sedimentation coefficient of 67S, using Escherichia coli ribosomes as a 70S marker. Immunodiffusion tests with antipolyribose phosphate serum showed that the ribosomes were free from capsular material. Mice immunized subcutaneously with ribosomes, with or without adjuvant, were challenged intraperitoneally with 100 to 1,000 mean lethal doses of H. influenzae type b suspended in gastric mucin. Significant protection was induced by ribosomes and was compared to that obtained after sublethal infection with live cells. The protection was greatly enhanced after incorporation of ribosomes into adjuvants. Maximum protection (90 to 95%) was observed at 1 to 2 weeks after immunization. Ribosomes from a nonencapsulated strain of H. influenzae were as immunogenic as those from the encapsulated strain, demonstrating that the capsular material is not responsible for immunogenicity of Haemophilus ribosomes.
Effect of rheumatoid factor and anti-immunoglobulin G antibodies on complement-mediated lysis of herpes simplex virus-infected human fibroblasts
Authors: Shivers J C , Daniels C A
Published: January 2020

The effect of various anti-immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies on the complement-mediated lysis of herpes simplex virus-infected human fibroblasts was determined. IgM rheumatoid factor, a naturally occurring anti-human Fc, inhibited lysis, whereas rabbit anti-human IgG serum potentiated immune cytolysis. We attempted to explain this disparity by determining the effect various classess of anti-IgG's with differing specificities had on complement-mediated lysis. Inhibition of cytolysis occurred with IgM anti-Fc and all of the IgG antiglobulins (anti-IgG, Fab, and Fc). In contrast, IgM anti-Fab enhanced lysis. IgM anti-IgG suppressed immune cytolysis when high concentrations of antiviral serum were incubated with the virus-infected cell, but augmented lysis when low concentrations of anti-herpes simplex virus antibody were exposed to the fibroblasts. The experiments indicated that whether a particular antiglobulin potentiates or inhibits lysis depends on the concentration of antibody bound to the target cells as well as the class and specificity of the antiglobulin exposed to the antibody-coated cell.
Hyaluronidase activity of bacteriophages of group A streptococci
Authors: Benchetrit L C , Gray E D , Wannamaker L W
Published: January 2020

A sensitive dye-binding assay was employed to study the hyaluronidase associated with temperate and virulent phages infected group A streptococci. Some enzyme was detectable in each purified phage preparation examined, but differences of several orders of magnitude separated the lower enzyme levels in virulent phages that required the addition of hyaluronidase for plaque formation and the higher levels in temperate phages that did not. Infection by virulent phage A25 was accompanied by the production of levels of hyaluronidase proportionate to the average burst size. Hyaluronidase was produced during infection by temperate phages at a much higher level than could be accounted for by the number of phage particles formed. The major portion of this hyaluronidase was free and apparently unassociated with phage or phage fragments. The phage-associated enzyme was tightly bound but could be released and solubilized by treatment with urea.
Killing of Escherichia coli by a granulocyte fraction occurs without recognizable ultrastructural alterations in the bacterial envelope, as studied by freeze-fracture electron microscopy
Authors: Van Houte A J , Elsbach P , Verkleij A , Weiss J
Published: January 2020

Concentrations of a highly purified rabbit polymorphonuclear leukocyte fraction that rapidly caused irreversible loss of viability of Escherichia coli (S15) but reversible envelope alterations produced no recognizable morphological changes as studied by freeze-fracture electron microscopy. These findings support previous evidence that the killing of certain gram-negative microorganisms by granulocyte fractions occurs with minimal structural or functional disorganization of cytoplasmic and outer membranes.
Pathogenesis of respiratory Klebsiella pneumoniae infection in rats: bacteriological and histological findings and metabolic alterations
Authors: Berendt R F , Long G G , Abeles F B , Canonico P G , Elwell M R , Powanda M C
Published: January 2020

Gram-negative bacterial pneumonias have been increasingly important as nosocomial infections. The following model was developed to study the pathogenesis and evaluate therapy of such infections. Intranasal instillation of rats with a suspension of 5 x 10(6) Klebsiella pneumoniae caused bronchopneumonia with 24 h. Bacteria were isolated from the lungs in large numbers (greater than 10(5) colony-forming units [CFU] for at least 13 days after inoculation. Thereafter, the viable concentration decreased to about 10(3) CFU at 21 days but increased to 10(4) CFU at 25 days. Mortality rarely exceeded 25%. Plasma zinc concentration decreased, and plasma seromucoid, lysozyme, and alpha2-macrofetoprotein increased during respiratory K. pneumoniae infection in rats. There seemed to be a linear relationship between seromucoid concentration and the concentration of K. pneumoniae in the lung expressed in log10 units. Plasma zinc, alpha2-macrofetoprtoein, or lysozyme levels, however, did not change until the concentration of bacteria retrieved fron lungs exceeded 4 to 5 logs, Analysis of blood samples obtained serially from the orbital sinuses revealed that rats that succumbed to infection had significantly higher levels of seromucoid, alpha2-macrofetoprotein, and lysozyme and lower levels of plasma zinc than infected rats that survived. Progressive increases in seromucoid and particularly in lysozyme and alpha2-macrofetoprotein appeared to be predicative of death. It is postulated that the threshold effect observed for alpha2-macrofetoprotein and lysozyme reflect significant damage to lung tissue, and thus these two variables are good indexes of the severity of this infection. We propose that this model may be of value in elucidating the pathogenesis of respiratory K. pneumoniae as well as in assessing various models of therapy.
Reagin-like activity of serum in human peridonotal disease
Authors: Jayawardene A , Goldner M
Published: January 2020

The serum from patients with periodontitis produced a passive cutaneous anaphylaxis reaction in monkeys when tested against subgingival plaque. This detection of reaginic antibodies shows that patients with periodontitis make immunoglobulin E antibodies to plaque constituents.
Differences in buoyant-density properties of Coxiella burnetii and Rickettsia rickettsii
Authors: Wachter R F , Briggs G P , Pedersen C E
Published: January 2020

The pronounced change in the buoyant density of Coxiella burnetii in CsCl gradients that was caused by treatment with formalin or ultraviolet radiation was not observed with Rickettsia rickettsii.
Production of protease and elastase by Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains isolated from patients
Authors: Morihara K , Tsuzuki H
Published: January 2020

Using 20 strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from patients, production of protease, elastase, and collagenase was determined by shaking culture in either complex or semisynthetic medium. No collagenase was produced by any strain of P. aeruginosa. According to their production of protease and elastase in different media, the P. aeruginosa strains were divided into three groups: the first group can produce elastase in complex medium and both protease and elastase in semisynthetic medium; the second group cannot produce any proteolytic enzymes in complex medium but can produce any proteolytic enzymes in either medium; and the third group cannot produce any proteolytic enzymes in either medium. In spite of the differences in the ability of the strains to produce the enzymes, depending upon the origin of the strains, the protease or elastases produced in different broths were regarded as identical.
Infectious virus-antibody complexes of sindbis virus
Authors: Symington J , McCann A K , Schlesinger M J
Published: January 2020

Infectious virus-antibody complexes were formed when Sindbis virus was reacted with antibodies raised against purified viral envelope glycoproteins E1 and E2 as well as against preparations of intact virus. Results from rate zonal centrifugation in sucrose gradients of the complex formed with anti-E1 sera showed this complex to be about the same size as virions. A test of virus neutralization, based on direct plaque assay, by antibodies raised in rabbits and mice given virus in complete Freund adjuvant indicated the presence of antibodies able to complex but not neutralize virus. Conditions were found in which most of the virus was complexed and protected fron neutralization, suggesting that these sera may contain a mixed population of antiviral antibodies with different specificities and different avidities.
Partial purification and properties of an antibacterial product of peritoneal exudate cell cultures from BCG-infected guinea pigs
Authors: Sharma S D , Middlebrook G
Published: January 2020

Peritoneal exudates elicited in BCG-infected guinea pigs with caseinate yield cell cultures that have been shown to produce soluble material capable of sterilizing certain bacteria if the cultures are incubated with the specific antigen purified protein derivative or the lectin phytohemagglutinin. This material is now shown to have the following properties: (i) strongly adsorbable to glass; (ii) strongly adsorbable to cation- and not to anion-exchange resins but not elutable with mineral acid or solutions of high ionic strength; (iii) strongly adsorbable to cellulose nitrate membrane filter materials and quantitatively elutable with dilute HCl, providing a convenient method for partial purification; (iv) relatively stable over a wide range of pH and temperature; (v) antagonized by polyanions and by iron ions; (vi) active against the three gram-positive bacilli tested and not against the other organisms tested: (vii) more active in alkaline than in acidic media; and (viii) inactivated by proteolytic enzymes.
Reliable in vivo model for latent herpes simplex virus reactivation with peripheral virus shedding
Authors: Nesburn A B , Green M T , Radnoti M , Walker B
Published: January 2020

A long-sought laboratory model, a reliable system for in vivo reactivization of latent herpes simplex infection with peripheral shedding of active virus, is present. Results demonstrate that surgical stimulation of latently infected rabbit trigeminal ganglia induces peripheral release of infectious herpes simplex virus. Virus could be cultured from the tear film in 83% of the stimulated animals' eyes within 48 h.
Exotoxin production by clinical isolates of pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Pollack M , Taylor N S , Callahan L T
Published: January 2020

Seventy-five consecutive clinical Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates were tested for in vitro exotoxin production. Exotoxin was demonstrated in culture filtrates biologically, by its ability to produce characteristic dermonecrotic lesions in guinea pigs, and seriologically, by counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE) with rabbit antiserum elicited with purified exotoxin. By these two methods, exotoxin was detected in 87 and 89% of P. aeruginosa strains, respectively (r = 0.48, P less than 0.001). Although less sensitive than CIE in detecting exotoxin immunodiffusion demonstrated a reaction of antigenic identity in most cases. Exotoxin was produced by all seven Fisher-Devlin immunotypes and by untypable strains. In contrast, exotoxin was not detected in the culture filtrates of 16 non-aeruginosa pseudomonas isolates and 48 non-pseudomonas organisms. The production of biologically similar antigenically closely related exotoxins is thus a characteristic of the majority of P. aeruginosa strains derived from diverse clinical sources.
Antitumor activity of a Brucella abortus preparation
Authors: Keleti G , Feingold D S , Youngner J S
Published: January 2020

Mice injected intraperitoneally with sarcoma-180 cells develop ascites and eventually die. Intraperitoneal injection of a nonviable, aqueous... ether-extracted Brucella abortus preparation (BRU-PEL) as early as 7 days before or as late as 7 days after injection of tumor cells significantly inhibited development of ascites and protected against death. BRU-PEL was not effective if injected after ascites was grossly apparent. BRU-PEL was significantly more active than a Corynebacterium parvum preparation administered in the same way.