bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects on calves less than one month old of feeding or not feeding them during road transport of up to 24 hours
Authors: Knowles T. G. , Warriss P. D. , Brown S. N. , Edwards J. E. , Watkins P. E. , Phillips A. J.
Published: March 2023

Two trials, each involving 56 calves less than one month old, demonstrated that the responses of calves to food and water deprivation during 24 hours of transport were similar to those observed in older cattle and lambs.

Full article published in Veterinary Record (1997) 140, 116-124
Evaluation of the Prevalence and Risk Factors for Dictyocaulus viviparus Infection in First-lactation Cows
Authors: Caldwell Vincent , DesCôteaux Luc , Bouchard Emile , Bates Kimberley , Green Theodore J.
Published: March 2023

Lungworm disease has classically been described in young calves and occasionally yearlings, with rare occurrences of a re-infestation syndrome in adults. The condition, like other nematode-induced disorders, has decreased in incidence among dairy herds with the widespread use of endectocides in replacement stock. However, in the last decade in Eastern Canada, anecdotal reports from practitioners and articles in farming journals give the impression that the incidence of lungworm disease in adult lactating cattle is higher than usual. At the same time, pasture management methods are changing in some of the dairies where grazing of replacement stock and/or lactating cows is still practiced. Bovine practitioners lack information on actual prevalence of the parasite and risk factors that predispose a herd to infection.

A randomized cross-sectional survey was conducted to establish the prevalence of herds with Dictyocaulus viviparus (D.v.) infected first-lactation cows in the province of Quebec and to evaluate risk factors associated with herd infection.
"PELIT" Efficacy Trials in Bovine Animals
Authors: Kleemeier Robert , Curkendall L. D. , Finelli Victor , Lanka K. E. , Piper T. E. , Schultz T. A.
Published: March 2023

These trials, part of a collaborative effort by a team of researchers from several universities,2 investigated an alternate site for transponder implants in bovines: the lower leg. Expectations were that a transponder implanted in an animal's leg would not migrate and would be easy to read with either a hand-held or stationary device. These trials focused on two additional issues: the ease of implantation and the survivability of the "leg implants" over time.

An additional study, conducted by a dairyman,3 evaluated the stress placed on mature dairy cows when a TENS unit, which uses transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation to lock the animal's skeletal muscles, was used to restrain the cows during injection of the PELIT. For this study, milk production was recorded for five days before the injections and compared to milk production recorded for five days after the injections.
Blood Calcium and Phosphorus Relationships in the Parturient Paresis Syndrome in Mature Holstein Cows
Authors: DesCôteaux Luc , Krainock Randy , Lissemore Kerry
Published: March 2023

An observational study was conducted in 79 mature Holstein cows from 28 dairy farms selected from Ontario Veterinary College, Ruminant Field Service clients that participated in a monthly herd health program. The objectives were to measure and describe the serum levels of calcium and phosphorus, to evaluate the relationships between these two values in the parturient paresis syndrome of dairy cows and to find specific cut-off values to better predict clinical milk fever cows. All eligible third plus lactation cows entered the study if the calving occurred between February 15 and May 15, 1992. All cows were examined within the first 24 hours after parturition by a farm service clinician. A standard questionnaire and physical examination sheet was completed for every cow. At the end of the evaluation, a serum sample was taken from the caudal vein with a vacutainer vial.
Neosporosis
Authors: Bovine Practitioners American Association of
Published: March 2023

Neospora caninum is a protozoan parasite that was mistaken for Toxoplasma gondii until the mid-1980's. Although it was first identified in dogs, neosporosis has recently been recognized as a major cause of abortion in cattle, particularly dairy cattle, worldwide.

Full article published in Compendium's Food Animal, Vol 19 ( 4), April 1997
Effect of Monensin on Cow Health and Milk Production in Early Lactation
Authors: Duffield T. F. , Leslie K. E. , Sandals D. , Lissemore K. , McBride B. , Lumsden J. H.
Published: March 2023

Dry cows and springing heifers from twenty-five farms near Guelph, Ontario, Canada were enrolled in a large double blinded and randomized clinical trial designed to evaluate the impact of monensin on periparturient disease and milk production. A total of 503 cows were given monensin controlled release capsules and 507 animals were administered placebo capsules three weeks prior to expected calving date.
Comparison of Oro-rumenal Probe and Rumenocentesis for Prediction of Rumen pH in Dairy Cattle
Authors: Keefe G. P. , Ogilvie T. H.
Published: March 2023

Chronic subacute rumen acidosis is a significant concern in the dairy industry. The syndrome results from a variety of causes including insufficient transition time from dry cow to high production diets, too high a level of fermentable feedstuff in the diet (or conversely too low a level of effective fibre) or inadequate feedbunk management which allows boluses of highly fermentable feed to reach the rumen. Nordlund et al have published a detailed review of the etiology and clinical signs.1 Although the disease generally does not cause overt clinical signs, it can have serious implications on herd health and production. Herd level problems attributed to the syndrome include chronic laminitis, poor appetite or cyclical feed intake, poor body condition in spite of adequate energy intake, hemoptysis, unexplained abscesses, intermittent diarrhea, and high herd cull rates for poorly defined health problems.2 The absence of obvious clinical signs makes diagnosis of subacute rumen acidosis difficult. By the time the animal shows symptoms of the syndrome, several weeks may have passed, making diagnostic tests inconclusive or misleading. As a result, in dairy herds at high risk, because of feeding management practices, a subsample of the herd, consisting of cows in transition and cows at peak production should have their rumen pH monitored.
Reasons that Dairy Cows Leave Home
Authors: Kelton David , Lissemore Kerry
Published: March 2023

Approximately 100,000 dairy cows are culled from dairy herds enrolled in milk recording through Ontario Dairy Herd Improvement (DHI) each year. The impact that these animals have on herd performance parameters, through their inclusion or exclusion, has been well established. As each cow removal is recorded, the producer is asked to designate one of 13 potential reasons for the cull. Once a year, a summary of all removals, including the removal reason and the days in milk (DIM) at removal, is provided to each producer. Questions have been raised about the utility of the removal report, and the validity of the information that it contains. The objective of this retrospective study was to validate, if possible, the reasons for removal and to suggest alternative strategies to recording and reporting dairy herd removal information.
Intussusception in cattle
Authors: Constable P. D.
Published: March 2023

A hospital-based, case-control epidemiologic study, using medical records of cattle admitted to 17 veterinary medical teaching hospitals in North America and a retrospective case series involving 57 cattle with intussusception admitted to 3 of these teaching hospitals, were used. The objectives were to evaluate selected risk factors and to describe clinical and laboratory findings, surgical management, and postoperative outcome for cattle with intussusception.

Full article published in J Am Vet Med Assoc (1997) 210 531-536
Comparison of Fixed Time Insemination of Heifers and Lactating Beef Cows using an Intravaginal Progesterone Releasing Device (CIDR-B), Estradiol Benzoate and Prostaglandin F2a, With Other Methods
Authors: Hamilton T. A. , Stubbings R. B. , Shewfelt G.
Published: March 2023

A series of 4 trials were conducted over 2 years, using suckled beef cows and virgin heifers, to compare the effectiveness of an estrus synchronization program with fixed time AI, utilizing a progesterone releasing intravaginal device (CIDR-B®, InterAg, New Zealand), with other controlled breeding strategies.
Effect of Treating Beef Cows with Doramectin or Ivermectin on Calf Performance and Parasitological Variables
Authors: Johnson E. G. , Rowland W. K. , Zimmerman G. L. , Stuedemann J. A. , Walstrom D. J. , Skogerboe T. L.
Published: March 2023

Four studies were designed to compare doramectin (Dectomax®) injectable solution to ivermectin (Ivomec®) injectable/pour-on solutions for controlling gastrointestinal parasitism in cow-calf herds in Parma, ID and Watkinsville, GA.
Poisoning of dairy heifers by mercurous chloride
Authors: Simpson V. R. , Stuart N. C. , Munro R. , Hunt A. , Livesey C. T.
Published: March 2023

Mercury poisoning was diagnosed in four dairy heifers, three of which died. The clinical signs were variable and included salivation, excessive thirst, extreme depression and severe diarrhoea.
Studies in Vaccine Induced Cell-Mediated Immunity in Cattle
Authors: Compton Bob
Published: March 2023

The concept that modified live vaccines and not killed vaccines will produce cell-mediated immunity and significant lymphocytic memory has long been held as scientific fact in veterinary immunology. However, evidence has been accumulating which indicates this concept is not necessarily true in all cases.
Auction Market Cattle Welfare Initiatives
Authors: Bargstedt Bonnie M.
Published: March 2023

There are many changes that have occurred in the Livestock Marketing Industry in recent years. By now we have all seen the television footage aired on the program "Hardcopy" a few years ago. The image portrayed to the general population is not indicative of what we in the Livestock Marketing Industry strive to achieve on a daily basis; however, it is hard to explain those images away when it is clear that those situations occurred and were documented.
Comparison of three treatments for bovine endometritis
Authors: Sheldon I. M. , Noakes D. E.
Published: March 2023

Three commercial preparations for the treatment of bovine endometritis were compared: an intrauterine infusion of 1500 mg oxytetracycline hydrochloride solution, an intramuscular injection of 500 μg cloprostenol (a synthetic analogue of prostaglandin F2α), and an intramuscular injection of 3 mg oestradiol benzoate/500 kg estimated bodyweight.

Full article published in Veterinary Record (1998) 142, 575-579.
Putting NC-BQA to Work Through the Quality Assurance, Critical Management Points© (QACMP)© System
Authors: Griffin Dee , Milton Todd , Roeber Deb , Grotelueschen Dale , Johnson Jerre , Blood Shawn , Nielson Rick
Published: March 2023

"Build on what you know" is the operative phrase in the BQA program. The Beef Quality Assurance (BQA) program road map are the Quality Assurance Critical Management Points (QACMP) principles. Cattlemen, employees, veterinarians, nutritionist, other specialists must look for what could go wrong, then figure out ways to avoid having the problem occur. Build practices that allow checking and verifying, document what you are accomplishing and what you intended to do. Design all of the everyday working techniques to avoid having anything go wrong, especially those things that can cause a safety or quality problem. This includes evaluating safety problems that can affect family members and employees.
Fatal marijuana poisoning in cattle
Authors: Driemeier D.
Published: March 2023

Marijuana, the narcotic produced from Cannabis sativa, is considered a weak poison for animals. Marijuana toxicosis is not rare in dogs that have access to the drug, although many cases probably go unreported because of legal implications. Clinical signs in dogs resemble those seen in humans: odd behaviour, weakness, tremors, incoordination, salivation and nausea.

Full article published in Vet Human Toxicol 1997; 39:351-352.
Conservative and surgical treatment of tibial fractures in cattle
Authors: Martens A. , Steenhaut M. , Gasthuys F. , De Cupere C. , De Moor A. , Verschooten F.
Published: March 2023

Ninety-five cattle with tibial fractures, all but one with a unilateral fracture, were examined between 1990 and 1994. The feasibility of repairing the fracture was assessed radiographically, also taking into account the bodyweight and value of the animal.

Full article in Veterinary Record (1998) 143, 12-16.
Clinical Management of Pregnancy Complications in the Cow
Authors: Frazer Grant S.
Published: March 2023

Vandeplassche noted that even if uterine instability is accepted as a cause of torsions up to 180°, it does not explain those torsions of 360° or more. I concur with this statement and would argue that although uterine instability and all the other predisposing factors may be involved in the development of uterine torsion, there must be some active force which is present in the first stage of labor. It has been proposed that strong fetal movements during parturition may increase the chances of a uterine torsion occurring. First stage labor is associated with particularly vigorous fetal movements presumably invoked by the myometrial contractions and subsequent changes in intra-uterine pressure and fetal blood flow. I believe that it is not so much the violence of the fetal movements as it is the size of the fetus involved. Our data strongly suggests that fetal size is a major factor in the development of uterine torsion. In the normal parturient process the fetus is able to rotate and flex its limbs within the confines of the uterine walls. It is possible that in cases with oversized fetuses the fetal limbs actually catch on the uterine wall and the continued vigorous movements rotate the entire uterus. Although the incidence ofleft side torsions correlates well with the expected incidence of right horn pregnancies, it is interesting to postulate that the preponderance of left side torsions may actually be due the limbs of a large fetus bracing against the rumen wall and "walking'' the uterus down to the left. Another potential traction point is the strong prepubic tendon directly below the uterus. An alternate explanation is that right side torsions may often self-correct. However, if a left side torsion develops, the uterus may become trapped by the rumen. Uterine torsion is ultimately of fetal origin, and there is no evidence to suggest that an affected animal is predisposed to the condition in subsequent pregnancies.
Cattle plague in Shangri-La
Authors: Rossiter P. B. , Hussain M. , Raja R. H. , Moghul W. , Khan Z. , Broadbent D. W.
Published: March 2023

Between April 1994 and November 1995 the most severe epidemic of rinderpest reported in the world for over a decade affected domestic livestock in the Northern areas of Pakistan.

Full article published in Veterinary Record (1998) 143, 39-42.
Immunomodulators Used in Cattle
Authors: Schultz R. D.
Published: March 2023

There are numerous substances that cause the suppression and/or the enhancement of non-specific and/or specific immunity. These substances are collectively referred to as immunomodulators. Substances that can enhance immunity in cattle will be the subject of this presentation. Although not often considered in this context numerous natural factors can enhance immunity. The most important among these natural substances are; colostrum, nutrients, cytokines, and microbial and plant factors.
How to Keep Both the Consultant and the Local Veterinarian Involved
Authors: Miles Delbert G.
Published: March 2023

Regardless of our role in beef production, it is important to constantly focus on what is best for the cattle and the owner of the cattle. If all involved keep this as the primary goal everyone can make significant cost-effective contributions.
Bovine Practitioners' Role - Information Transfer
Authors: Noffsinger Tom
Published: March 2023

Traditional business management goals in the beef industry have centered on BREAKEVENS within production segments. Cow-calf producers manage pounds, feedyards "manage" to sell corn, and packers manage chain speed. Who manages for consumers? The 1995 NCBA Quality Audit indicates that the Beef Industry tolerates 20 million dollar losses due to bruises, 32% of slaughtered cattle had horns, and $7.05 per head was lost due to injection site lesions. Summaries of feedlot closeouts demonstrate cost of gain ranges of $20/cwt depending on respiratory disease morbidity and cattle genetic ability to perform. Veterinarians involved in Feedlot and/or Cow-Calf operations can enhance progress in efficiency, performance, and quality and have responsibilities to transfer data and information along the Beef Production chain. Bi-directional signals sent between production segments can help the Beef lndustry maintain market share and compete economically with other industries.
Vaccines I would Not Use in My Cattle
Authors: Schultz R. D.
Published: March 2023

There are numerous vaccines available for cattle. Each of them were developed with the intent to provide protection from infectious agents that are believed to cause clinical disease. However, development of disease in susceptible animal is dependent not only on the host and pathogen, but also on many management factors. Certain of the current vaccines are better than others in providing protection from specific diseases. Differences among vaccines are significant and depend on the amount of antigen, the serotype (specificity) of the antigens, whether the antigen is live or non-infectious, the route of administration, the number of doses given, the adjuvant and other vaccine factors. Equally important are the many host factors such as age of the animal, the amount of passively acquired antibody present at time of vaccination, the nutritional status of the animal, immunogenetics and additional host factors. Management must also be considered such as crowding, ventilation, sanitation, water and feed sources (e.g. contamination), stress related to movement, assembly of animals from various sources, environmental factors such as fluctuations in temperatures, as well as other management factors.
Opportunities for Cow-calf Practice
Authors: Dargatz David A.
Published: March 2023

Production efficiency has become the watch word for cow-calf producers. Over the years the concept of initially integrated reproductive management and later integrated resource management has been adopted as a means to improve production efficiency on operations. Over time there has been a realization that maximum production is not always compatible with profitability or long-term sustainability. In addition, there has been a realization that one must focus on both components of the profit equation, revenues and costs, in order to achieve profitability in the enterprise. Many factors contribute to the potential for increased efficiency and profitability. Improved genetics, control of animal pathogens, nutrition research, and the development of reproductive technology all contribute to the potential for efficiency. However, data from the National Animal Health Monitoring System's (NAHMS) Beef '97 study suggest that relatively few producers are implementing some of the techniques that could contribute to production efficiency. The veterinarian is a key provider of information to producers and is in a position to help producers adopt technologies or improve management where appropriate. These sorts of decisions should always be based on the anticipated economic benefit to the producer.
outbreak of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia in Ngamiland district of north-western Botswana
Authors: Amanfu W. , Masupu K. V. , Adom E. K. , Raborokgwe M. V. , Bashiruddin J. B.
Published: March 2023

An outbreak of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) was detected in Botswana in 1995 after more than half a century of freedom from the disease.

Full article published in Veterinary Record (1998) 143, 46-48.
Johne's Control in Cow-Calf Operations
Authors: Collins Mike
Published: March 2023

The economic impact of Johne's in beef cattle has not been reported. It is largely dependent on the perception of the industry about Johne's disease and this, in turn, is quickly changing. For commercial beef producers, direct economic impacts such as decreased weight gains or decreased fertility are probably minimal. Purebred producers, however, face huge economic problems from Johne's disease. If, in the future, buyers of cattle consider it important to keep Mycobacterium paratuberculosis infections out of their herds, owners of infected herds may find their cattle bringing a lower sale price or are even unsaleable, while those from herds that are test-negative for paratuberculosis or are certified-free of the infection will bring a premium. This economic impact will be driven by buyer perception of the importance of Johne's disease.

Five techniques or critical points for para tuberculosis control will be discussed beginning with the most effective and feasible and ending with the more difficult to implement.
Diagnostic reliability of clinical signs in cows with suspected bovine spongiform encephalopathy
Authors: Braun U. , Schicker E. , Hörnlimann B.
Published: March 2023

The clinical findings in 50 cows with suspected and subsequently confirmed bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) (group A) were compared with the clinical signs in 22 cows with suspected BSE, but with no histological evidence of the disease (group B).

Full article published in Veterinary Record (1998) 143, 101-105.
Effect of Transition Ration Energy and Fiber Levels on Subclinical Laminitis and Ruminal Acidosis in Holsteins Cows in Florida
Authors: DeChant G. M. , Risco C. A. , Donovan G. A. , Tran T. Q. , Van Horn H. H. , Bray D. R.
Published: March 2023

Subclinical laminitis (SL) has been identified to be a common problem in high producing dairy cows. The condition is characterized by solar hemorrhages in its early stages and a predisposition for sole ulcers and subsolar abscesses. Environmental as well as nutritional factors have been suggested as the most important causative agents in SL. Early postpartum cows undergoing acclimation from late dry to early lactating rations are thought to be the most susceptible to nutritional causes of subclinical laminitis due to repeated episodes of ruminal acidosis during this acclimation period. This research focused upon energy and fiber levels in pre- and postpartum (transition) rations to determine if various combinations of these nutrients would influence the subsequent rate of solar hemorrhages and ruminal acidosis in early lactating cows.
Factors Associated with Colostral Hydrometer Values
Authors: Maunsell Fiona , Morin Dawn , Constable Peter , McCoy Gene
Published: March 2023

The aims of this study were 1) to determine if unadjusted hydrometer readings were associated with breed, lactation number, or season of calving, and 2) to determine if the hydrometer readings were correlated with 305 day yields of milk, fat, or protein for the preceding or subsequent lactation, weight of first milking colostrum, or dry period length.
Evaluation of Specific Gravity as a Screening Test for Colostrum
Authors: Jardon Phillip M. , Robison Jon , Myake Jacqueline
Published: March 2023

The objective of this study was to determine the usefulness of specific gravity (colostrometer) in the field evaluation of colostral quality. Colostrum samples (n=150) were collected during the summer of 1997 from 4 dairies in Fresno County, California. Information gathered on each sample at harvest included dam ID, lactation number, yield in kg, hours since calving, colostrometer reading, color, and subjective assessment of thickness. Samples were frozen for further analysis. A 250 ml sample was thawed and hydrometer readings taken to the nearest 0.0005 units at three different temperatures (0-1 °C in an ice bath, 20 °C in a constant temperature bath, and 37 °C ina constant temperature bath). Each sample was analyzed for IgG using VMRD, Inc SRID Kits.
Distribution Characteristics and Sampling Strategy Considerations for Plasma Non-Esterified Fatty Acid (NEPA) Testing in Late-Gestation Dairy Cows
Authors: Herdt Thomas H. , Bartlett Paul C.
Published: March 2023

Prepartum negative energy balance, as estimated by plasma NEFA concentration, is a demonstrated, positive risk factor for postpartum disease in dairy cows.1,2 Thus, determination of plasma NEFA concentration is potentially valuable for nutritional monitoring and disease risk assessment in late-gestation cows.
Effect of Nutrition, Lactation and Periparturient Complications on Adrenal, Pituitary and Ovarian Function and Uterine Involution in High-Producing Dairy Cows
Authors: Nakao T. , Torres E. B. , Moriyoshi M. , Nakada K. , Osawa T. , Ohtaki T. , Kawata K.
Published: March 2023

Effects of body condition at parturition, purperal complications, milk yield and parity on the sequential changes in postpartum adrenocortical and pituitary functions , ovarian activity and uterine involution were investigated in 44 high-producing Holstein Friesian cows. One half of the cows had normal adrenocortical function and the other half had either enhanced or depressed adrenocortical function 8 days postpartum. The adrenocortical function was found to be normal in all cows 22 days after calving. Pituitary gland response to GnRH was low in 68.2 % of cows 7 days after parturition and 31.8 % still had low response 21 days postpartum. A significant negative correlation (P<0.05) was observed between basal and ACTH-stimulated plasma cortisol levels and GnRH-stimulated plasma luteinizing-hormone levels 7 to 8 days after calving. Multifactorial analysis of variance showed that postpartum adrenocortical function was enhanced by poor body condition at calving, high milk yield, and increased parity. In association with enhanced adrenocortical function, pituitary function tended to be depressed 7 days postpartum in cases of poor body condition, high milk yield and increased parity. Among all the various factors examined, milk yield had the most significant effect on postpartum adrenocortical and pituitary functions. Uterine involution tended to be delayed in cows with poor body condition at calving, high milk yield and increased parity. It may be concluded that undernutrition, high milk yield and increased parity are predominant factors causing enhancement of adrenocortical function which is associated with depression of pituitary function.
Eliminating Staphylococcus aureus Intramammary Infections Using Immune Enhancement and Antibiotic Therapy
Authors: Sears Phillip M. , Belschner Austin P.
Published: March 2023

Staphylococcus aureus intramammary infections are difficult to treat and eliminate from lactating cows. Antibiotic therapy during lactation has often resulted in poor cure rate ofless than 10% and has not been considered economically sound.5 Lack of success with antibiotic therapy has been attributed to susceptibility, inaccessibility of the organisms, limited exposure to antibiotic, and poor immune function. The use of multiple antibiotic treatments demonstrate marginal in cure of 38%, with greater responses when milk somatic counts were less than a 1,000,000 cells/ml.1 Since somatic cell response at time of therapy affects bacteriologic clearance, it might be possible to optimize the animal immune response to assist in this bacteriologic clearance.1 Staphylococcal vaccines have been most successful when highly encapsulated strains of S. aureus were used.3,4 These vaccines provide good cross activity between strains and have been used to reduce new infections in heifers. Although these preparations have been successful in preventing new infections, vaccination has not been successful in eliminating existing infections.2 Most bacterins do not produce lasting antibody levels, but if timed with antibiotic therapy, the animal's immune status might be optimize to enhance bacteriologic clearance. This clinical trial was designed to incorporate immune enhancement and antibiotic therapy.
Botulism in Cattle
Authors: Williams Julie , Whitlock Robert
Published: March 2023

Case records of 31 herd outbreaks confirmed by the Pennsylvania Botulism Diagnostic Laboratory [PBDL] over the past 13 years (1984-1997) were reviewed. Only cases with positive isolation of the Clostridia botulinum toxin or culture of Clostridia botulinum spores capable of toxin production were included in our review.
Synovial Fluid Analysis in Cattle
Authors: Rohde Carsten , Anderson David E. , Desrochers André , St-Jean Guy , Hull Bruce L.
Published: March 2023

Bovine lameness causes significant monetary losses to the industry. The majority of lameness often originates from disorders of the digits and diagnosis, management, and prevention programs for digit disorders on a herd basis are well established. In contrast, non-digital lameness originating from joint diseases has a lower prevalence. However, joint diseases cause significant losses in productivity, often lead to premature culling with loss of genetic material and increase cost for replacement. One study recorded 22 days of lameness in 63 non-digital lameness cases. Infectious arthritis presents a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge to the practitioner and clinician. This may be caused in part by vague clinical signs in the early stages of the disease or by inconsequent treatment due to economic concerns. It is generally accepted that early diagnosis and aggressive treatment of infectious arthritis are essential to successful management and full return to function. Inadequate treatment lowers the prognosis and may also preclude the application of various treatment modalities previously described in other species. While infectious arthritis has received a lot of attention in other species, reports on diagnosis and management of this disorder in cattle are sparse. In other species, synovial fluid analysis is an integral part in the diagnosis of various forms of joint diseases and clinical guidelines for the differentiation of infectious and non-infectious arthritis are well established. In cattle there are only few reports on synovial fluid analysis and these are frequently based on small sample sizes. The purpose of this study is to describe the changes of the synovial fluid constituents in cattle with various forms of arthritis and to establish guidelines for clinical differentiation of infectious and non-infectious arthritis in cattle based on changes in the cellular components and protein concentration of synovial fluid.
Economic Decision Analysis of Control Strategies for Anaplasmosis in Beef Herds
Authors: Lehenbauer Terry W.
Published: March 2023

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relative economic merits at the herd level of various anaplasmosis control programs for beef cattle in Oklahoma. Economic decision analysis techniques will be used to compare three basic alternative strategies: 1) no control program; 2) medication during vector season; 3) vaccination.
New Techniques to Evaluate Functional Impact of Bovine Respiratory Disease
Authors: Coghe J. , Uystepruyest Ch , Bureau F. , Van der Weerdt M. L. , Lekeux P.
Published: March 2023

Despite prophylactic measures, mainly including vaccination programs and management measures, respiratory disease remains the major cause of economic losses in bovine species. Therapeutic strategies include three targets: the etiologic agents, the inflammatory reaction and the mechanical disorders. Choice of treatment is currently main based on the clinician's personal experience.

A theoretical method has been proposed earlier to classify this syndrome_into four grades of severity: Grade 1, subclinical disease (no treatment); Grade 2, compensated clinical disease (antibiotics only); Grade 3, noncompensated clinical disease (antibiotics + antiinflammatory drugs and Grade 4, irreversible clinical disease (no treatment). However, objective methods to evaluate immediate, in an easy and cheap way, the functional impact of respiratory pathologies and to determine the level of severity are not available.

Three techniques, each one evaluating the oxygen transport chain at a different level, have been studied and validated, i.e. pulse oximetry, lactate dosage and the lobeline test.

Measurement of arterial hemoglobin oxygen saturation is an important means to evaluate effectiveness of the oxygen transport chain. Assessment is usually performed based on an arterial blood sample analyzed by a blood gas analyzer. This technique presents several disadvantages: it's invasive, discontinuous and expensive. Pulse oximetry is a non-invasive, immediate and cheap method of measuring percentage oxygen saturation of arterial hemoglobin, based on differential absorption of red and infrared light. It showed to be useful and accurate in bovines when the probe was fitted to the animal's tail, even with low values of hemoglobin saturation.

Blood lactate levels are elevated in case of severe bovine respiratory disease because of diminished tissue oxygenation and because of elevated respiratory muscle effort. Assessment used to be done by a complex laboratory test. Recently a handportable apparatus, named "Accusport" and measuring blood lactate concentration immediately, has been introduced in equine medicine. It proved also to be reliable and useful in the evaluation of severity of bovine respiratory disease.

Finally, assessment of ventilatory reserve capacity by administration oflobeline, a respiratory analeptic, revealed to be very sensitive and especially valuable in animals with minor respiratory problems.

The theoretical classification into four grades of severity of bovine respiratory disease is worthless without practical means to evaluate functional impact in the field. The three presented tests could help us to realize this objective and finally economize therapeutic strategies in bovine respiratory disease.
Effect of Dietary Protein, Fiber, and Digesta Passage Rate on the Duration and Concentration of Escherichia coli 0157:H7 Shed by Cattle
Authors: Bohach Carolyn Hovde , Austin Paula R. , Haenny Sherilyn , Kudva Indira T. , Williams Christopher J. , Hunt Carl W.
Published: March 2023

Infection with E. coli O157:H7 is the most common cause of human hemorrhagic colitis in North America. Cattle are a reservoir for this human pathogen and individual animals are sporadically and transiently colonized. We hypothesize that pre-harvest dietary management may reduce the risk of E. coli O157-positive animals entering our food chain. The effect of dietary energy, fiber, and digesta passage rates on the duration and concentration of fecal E. coli 0157 was determined. Sixteen healthy Charlais x Hereford or Holstein heifers were acclimated to one of four diets: a finishing diet (high in energy and low in fiber), a growing diet (low in energy and high in fiber), chopped alfalfa (small particle size), or long alfalfa (large particle size). A single oral dose of 1010 colony forming-units of E.coli 0157 was administered to each animal and fecal samples were cultured for the bacteria by selective-enrichment twice a week for the duration of the study. No significant difference in the shedding of 0157 by animals on the finishing or growing diet was observed. However, withholding feed of either type, for 24 hours, did increase the concentration of the bacteria in the fecal material of about half of the animals. A significant correlation (p value=0.008) was observed between digesta passage rate and the duration of fecal E. coli 0157. Animals with slower passage rates of 2 to 3 % per hour cleared E. coli 0157 from their intestinal tract in 10 days or less compared to animals with digesta passage rates of 4 to 5 % per hour who shed the bacteria for more than 69 days. These results show that cattle diet influences the duration and concentration of fecal E. coli O157:H7.
Evaluation of the Wash-Off Potential of Cydectin® Pour-On from Cattle Following Simulated Rainfall
Authors: Clymer B. C. , Guerino F. , Janes T. , Barton W.
Published: March 2023

Two studies were conducted to evaluate the potential consequences of exposure of cattle to rainfall following treatment with Cydectin, a pour-on formulation of the endectocide compound moxidectin. The objective of the first study was to evaluate the potential effect of rainfall on the efficacy of Cydectin Pour-On against gastrointestinal roundworms as determined by fecal egg counts. The objective of the second study was to quantify the amount of moxidectin, if any, which would wash-off from treated cattle following a heavy rain event (2 inches/hour).
Corrective Trimming of Corkscrew Claw
Authors: Van Amstel Sarel R.
Published: March 2023

Corkscrew claw is a hereditary condition affecting both front and hind claws, mostly outer hind claws, and result from a malalignment and twisting of the middle phalanx. The proximal and distal surfaces of the middle phalanx can be out of alignment by as much as 11 °. The distal phalanx is abnormally narrow and long. This malalignment causes increased pressure on the coronary corium of the abaxial wall resulting in accelerated horn growth with lateral to medial deviation of the lateral wall, which then curls under the sole replacing some of the normal weight bearing surface.
Twist and Flip to a Lower Somatic Cell Count
Authors: Reid David
Published: March 2023

Well managed dairy herds frequently have significant clinical mastitis problems due to Strep species, Staph species and other common environmental organisms. In addition, somatic cell counts in these same types of herds frequently are higher than management would like to see. Properly cleaning teat ends prior to unit attachment will significantly reduce the incidence of common environmental mastitis cases.
Practice Tips for the Vertically Challenged Practitioner
Authors: Spatz Jessica R.
Published: March 2023

"Vertically challenged" is the "politically correct" term for short, for those of you who were wondering what this was all about. Since the mid 1980's, 70% of the veterinary school graduates in the United States have been women. However, the number of women entering food animal practice has not proportionately increased. There tips are not for women only as there are clearly vertically challenged male practitioners out there, but they are also to encourage those with smaller stature that working on livestock is NOT an impossibility and even has it's advantages. These tips are also to encourage potential veterinary employers not to judge a person's physical abilities based on stature.
Effect of Adding AGRADO™ to the Receiving Ration on Morbidity and Performance of Calves New to the Feedlot Environment
Authors: Hellwig D. H. , Kegley E. B. , Gill Donald R. , Owens Fred N.
Published: March 2023

Ninety-six mixed beef heifer calves (206 +/- 1.4 kg initial body weight) were used to determine the effect of adding AGRADO™ (Solutia, St. Louis, MO) to the receiving ration on average daily gain (ADG), feed efficiency, incidence of morbidity, duration of morbidity (those animals pulled at least 3 times), and cost of medical treatment.
Energy and Nutrient Utilization by the Calf's Gut
Authors: Nappert Germain , Zello Gordon , Naylor Jonathan M.
Published: March 2023

Nutritional requirements across the portal-drained viscera of preruminant calves were determined using an arteriovenous difference technique. In the current studies, a bilateral subcostal approach was used to reach the portal area to provide access for proper placement of an ultrasonic transit time flow probe around the portal vein. The application of an ultrasonic flow probe provided consistent measurements of blood flow. The umbilical vein was used as an entry point for the portal vein catheter. The femoral artery was also catheterized. Using blood flow measurements and arteriovenous differences we could measure net nutrient uptake. This model has been performed successfully on healthy calves, but the study may have implications in the development of treatment to promote intestinal healing in diarrheic calves.
Assessment of the Effects of Treatment of Beef Cows and Calves with Doramectin Pour-On Solution on Pasture Parasite Contamination and Calf Performance
Authors: Ballweber L. R. , Johnson E. G. , Rowland W. K. , Zimmerman G. L. , Skogerboe T. L. , Walstrom D. J. , Thompson L. , Brake A. C.
Published: March 2023

Doramectin pour-on solution (Dectomax® Pour-On) is an endectocide with a broad spectrum of activity against gastrointestinal nematodes and arthropods of cattle and duration of activity indications against several nematodes. To evaluate the efficacy of doramectin pour-on solution in decreasing pasture parasite contamination and resulting calf performance, two studies with similar experimental designs were conducted in cow-calf herds in Prairie, Mississippi (MS) and Parma, Idaho (ID). These studies were 168 and 140 days in duration for MS and ID, respectively.
Molecular Epidemiologic and Geographic Information System Analyses of Mycobacterium bovis Isolates from North America
Authors: Ficht T. A. , Whipple D. , Perumaalla V. , Chacón O. , Alford P. , Slater M. , Baca D. , Hernández J. , Payeur J. , Jarnagin J. , Suárez F. , Turcotte C. , Rohonczy E. , Adams L. G.
Published: March 2023

Mycobacterium bovis, the etiological agent of bovine tuberculosis has been reported in a wide variety of domestic animals and wildlife. In the United States, the bovine tuberculosis eradication program was launched in 1917 during a period when the prevalence of disease was estimated to be 5% in cattle and 15% in swine. By 1991, 41 states plus the Virgin Islands were accredited tuberculosis free. During the past ten years bovine tuberculosis in the state of Texas has been on the rise and Texas now harbors more than 50% of M. bovis infected U.S. cattle. Epidemiological causes of disease are presumed to include importation of infected animals, incomplete depopulation of infected herds, movement of tuberculosis exposed animals between herds and transmission from unidentified wild life reservoirs. Identification and differentiation of various strains using recently developed DNA marker techniques would provide a better understanding of the epidemiology of M. bovis infections and effective control of the disease. In the present study, M. bovis isolates originating from North American cattle, deer and other were fingerprinted using IS6110 and DR probes. The isolates were categorized into 85 distinct RFLP types based on a combination of individual fingerprint patterns. This method revealed that bovine tuberculosis cases in North America are caused by strains exhibiting different RFLP types. A significant proportion of bovine isolates harbored multiple IS6110 copies which is a characteristic feature of isolates originating from animals other than cattle.
Serum Immunoglobulin G Concentrations in in-vitro Fertilized Calves Delivered by Cesarean Section
Authors: Bailey T. L. , Whittier W. D. , Murphy J. M. , Riva A. L. , Swecker W. S. , Saker K. E. , Scarratt W. K. , Caudell D. , Schurig G. G.
Published: March 2023

The objective of this study was to evaluate colostral IgG absorption as an indicator of passive transfer of immunity in in-virtro fertilized (IVF) calves delivered by cesarean section.
AUTOVISION - SPEECH BASED FEEDBACK SYSTEM FOR THE OPTICALLY DAMAGED PEOPLEUSING RASPBERRY PI
Authors:   Loyola-ICAM College of Engineering and Technology, Chennai-600034., Praveen Sahayaraj L. Remegius , Irfan A. Mohamed ,   Loyola-ICAM College of Engineering and Technology, Chennai-600034.
Published: March 2023

There are millions of people around the globe with various kinds of visual defects and blindness known as Optically Damaged People. As everything is dark for Optically Damaged People, they usually perform daily tasks based on calculations. This project aims to help the blind society to experience the world independently with the help of a speech-based feedback system. This project proposes (1) text recognition and text-to-speech, (2) identify and locate specific types of objects **and walking navigation which can be incorporated into this project as a future scope.** Our project will help a visually-impaired person to walk easily by detecting obstacles in front of them and thus avoid it. It will help them read texts as well, which is done using** OCR which uses python and an API for the text recognition. Thereafter, GTTS is used to convert text to speech, which is the final output for the users.
AN ODD GIANT CELL TUMOR OF THE ILIAC BONE
Authors:   Department of Radiology, Oncology National Institute, Ibn Sina University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Rabat, Morocco., Belkouchi Lina , Jerguigue Hounayda ,   Department of Radiology, Oncology National Institute, Ibn Sina University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Rabat, Morocco., Latib Rachida ,   Department of Radiology, Oncology National Institute, Ibn Sina University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Rabat, Morocco., Omor Youssef ,   Department of Radiology, Oncology National Institute, Ibn Sina University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Rabat, Morocco.
Published: March 2023

Giant cell tumors of the bone are benign primary tumors, that can be locally aggressive causing recurrence and metastasis.They are most commonly located in long bones, and uncommonly in the pelvic bones.We report the case of a young female patient admitted for a mass in her left hip, to which imaging showed an iliac bone tumor and biopsy confirmed the diagnosis of a giant cell tumor of the iliac bone.