bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Progressive cavitating leukoencephalopathy: A novel childhood disease
Authors: Naidu SakkuBai , Bibat Genila , Lin Doris , Burger Peter , Barker Peter , Rosemberg Sergio , Braverman Nancy , Arroyo Hugo , Dowling Michael , Hamosh Ada , Kimonis Virginia , Blank Carol , Fiumara Agata , Facchini Sergio , Singhal Bhim , Moser Hugo , Kelley Richard , DiMauro Salvatore
Published: November 2005

We report 19 patients with a previously undelineated neurodegenerative syndrome characterized by episodic acute onset of irritability or neurological deficits between 2 months and 3.5 years of age, followed by steady or intermittent clinical deterioration. Seven children died between 11 months and 14 years of age. Cranial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) shows patchy leukoencephalopathy with cavities, and vascular permeability, in actively affected regions. Early lesions affect corpus callosum and centrum semiovale, with or without cerebellar or cord involvement. After repeated episodes, areas of tissue loss coalesce with older lesions to become larger cystic regions in brain or spinal cord. Diffuse spasticity, dementia, vegetative state, or death ensues. Gray matter is spared until late in the course. In some, incomplete clinical or MRI recovery occurs after episodes. The clinical course varies from rapid deterioration to prolonged periods of stability that are unpredictable by clinical or MRI changes. Elevated levels of lactate in brain, blood, and cerebrospinal fluid, abnormal urine organic acids, and changes in muscle respiratory chain enzymes are present but inconsistent, without identifiable mitochondrial DNA mutations or deletions. Pathological studies show severe loss of myelin sparing U‐fibers, axonal disruption, and cavitary lesions without inflammation. Familial occurrence and consanguinity suggest autosomal recessive inheritance of this distinct entity. Ann Neurol 2005;58:929–938
Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis: A misleading model of multiple sclerosis
Authors: Sriram Subramaniam , Steiner Israel
Published: November 2005

Despite many years of intensive research, multiple sclerosis (MS) defies understanding and treatment remains suboptimal. The prevailing hypothesis is that MS is immune mediated and that experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a suitable model to elucidate pathogenesis and devise therapy. This review examines critically the validity that EAE is an adequate and useful animal model of MS and finds credible evidence lacking. EAE represents more a model of acute central nervous system inflammation than the counterpart of MS. We propose to reconsider the utilization of EAE, especially when this model is used to define therapy. This will also force us to examine MS without the restraints imposed by EAE, as to what it is, rather than what it looks like. Ann Neurol 2005;58:939–945
Wasseroligomere in Kristallhydraten – was ist neu und was nicht?
Authors: Mascal Mark , Infantes Lourdes , Chisholm James
Published: November 2005

Wie findet man heraus, ob ein Wasseraggregat innerhalb einer organischen Kristallstruktur neuartig ist? Die erste Adresse für eine Suche sollte die Cambridge Structural Database (CSD) sein. Die Daten sind zwar da, ihre Analyse aber ist schwierig und keine Routineübung. Das Resultat? Viele der Ketten, Ringe, Schichten und Cluster aus Wassermolekülen, die in der jüngeren Literatur als neuartig vorgestellt wurden, sind in Wirklichkeit redundant zu Strukturen, die bereits in der CSD publiziert wurden.
Monensin A methyl ester complexes with Li+, Na+, and K+ cations studied by ESI‐MS, 1H‐ and 13C‐NMR, FTIR, as well as PM5 semiempirical method
Authors: Huczyński Adam , Przybylski Piotr , Brzezinski Bogumil , Bartl Franz
Published: November 2005

Monensin A methyl ester (MON1) was synthesized by a new method and its ability to form complexes with Li+, Na+, and K+ cations was studied by electrospray ionization–mass spectroscopy (ESI‐MS), 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and PM5 semiempirical methods. It is shown that MON1 with monovalent metal cations forms stable complexes of 1:1 stoichiometry. The structures of the complexes are stabilized by intramolecular hydrogen bonds in which the OH groups are always involved. In the structure of MON1, the oxygen atom of the CO ester group is involved in very weak bifurcated intramolecular hydrogen bonds with two hydroxyl groups, whereas in the complexes of MON1 with monovalent metal cations the CO ester group is not engaged in any intramolecular hydrogen bonds. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that the strongest intramolecular hydrogen bonds are formed within the MON1–Li+ complex structure. The structures of the MON1 and its complexes with Li+, Na+, and K+ cations are visualized and discussed in detail. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 81: 282–294, 2006

This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
NMR conformational analysis of proadrenomedullin N‐terminal 20 peptide, a proangiogenic factor involved in tumor growth
Authors: Lucyk S. , Taha H. , Yamamoto H. , Miskolzie M. , Kotovych G.
Published: November 2005

The preferred conformation of Proadrenomedullin N‐Terminal 20 Peptide (PAMP; ARLDVASEFRKKWNKWALSR‐amide) has been determined using 1H and 13C two‐dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and molecular modeling. PAMP is a peptide that has various physiological functions, including its role as a proangiogenic factor in facilitating tumor growth and its inhibitory effect on catecholamine secretion at nicotinic receptors. The preferred conformation of PAMP was determined in a helix‐inducing trifluoroethanol and water (TFE/H2O) solution, and in a membrane‐mimetic sodium dodecylsulfate‐d25 (SDS) micellar solution. The secondary structure consists of an α‐helix for residues Arg2 to Arg20 in TFE/H2O solution and an α‐helix for residues Arg2 to Ala17 in SDS solution. We postulate that the polar charged residues Arg2, Lys12, and Arg20 are responsible for the initial interaction of the peptide with the micelle, and that this is followed by the binding of the hydrophobic residues Leu3, Val5, Phe9, Trp13, and Trp16 to the micellar core. The three C‐terminal amino acid residues adopt an extended structure in SDS, suggesting that they are important in receptor recognition and binding. This is supported by truncation studies done by Mahata et al. (Hypertension, 1998, Vol. 32, pp. 907–916), which show the importance of the C‐terminal in physiological activity. Furthermore, Belloni et al. (Hypertension, 1999, Vol. 33, pp. 1185–1189), and Martinez et al. (Cancer Research, 2004, Vol. 64, pp. 6489–6494) suggested that the N‐terminal was also important in PAMP activity. However, no differences in conformational preference of the N‐terminal were observed between the two solvent systems. © 2005Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 81: 295–308, 2006

This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Characterization of the acidic and basic limbs of a bell‐shaped pH profile in the inhibitory activity of bromelain inhibitor VI
Authors: Hatano Ken‐ichi , Sawano Yoriko , Miyakawa Takuya , Tanokura Masaru
Published: November 2005

Bromelain inhibitor VI (BI‐VI) is a cysteine proteinase inhibitor from pineapple stem and a unique two‐chain inhibitor composed of two distinct domains. BI‐VI's inhibitory activity toward the target enzyme bromelain is maximal at pH 4 and shows a bell‐shaped pH profile with pKa values of about 2.5 and 5.3. This pH profile is quite different from that of bromelain, which is optimally active around pH 7. In the present article, to characterize the acidic limb, we first expressed the recombinant inhibitors designed to lose two putative hydrogen bonds of Ser7(NH)–Asp28(β‐CO2H) and Lys38(NH)–Asp51(β‐CO2H) and confirmed the existence of the hydrogen bonds by two‐dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Moreover, it was revealed that these hydrogen bonds are not the essential electrostatic factor and some ionizable groups would be responsible for the acidic limb in the pH‐inhibition profile. On the other hand, to characterize the basic limb, we examined the pH‐dependent inhibition using the cysteine proteinase papain, some of whose properties differ from those of bromelain, and compared the data with the corresponding data for bromelain. The result suggests that the basic limb would be affected by some electrostatic factors, probably some carboxyl groups in the target proteinase. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 81: 309–319, 2006

This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Seroprevalence study of Tick‐borne encephalitis, Borrelia burgdorferi, Dengue and Toscana virus in Turin Province
Authors: Pugliese Agostino , Beltramo Tiziana , Torre Donato
Published: November 2005

Tick borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is present in some European countries and it is transmitted by a tick bite. Ixodes ricinus is the main vector of the infection in Italy, where fortunately clinical neurological manifestations, typical of the more serious phase of the disease, are very rarely observed. This behaviour is different from other endemic Euroasiatic areas where numerous cases of encephalitis are described. However TBE transmission has not been widely investigated in Italy and available epidemiological data have been obtained only by studies performed in Central and Northern Regions of the country. In addition seroepidemiological researches were made prevalently on subjects at high risk of tick bite, such as hunters or forest guards from Trentin and Central Italy. No precise information about TBE virus diffusion was available in the Piedmont before our investigations. We found that hunters and wild boar breeders seem to be particularly exposed to the risk of TBE virus infection in Turin Province and in particular in the Susa valley, although no neurological involvement was observed in our population. In particular a seroprevalence of about 5% was detected by the use of purified antigens ELISA test, amongst the subjects at high risk of tick bite. Moreover low risk individuals showed a seroprevalence of below 2%. In addition a parallel seroepidemiological study was performed in Turin Province for Borrelia burgdorferi, the aetiological agent of Lyme disease, also transmitted by tick bite (e.g. Ixodes ricinus), for Dengue and Toscana (TOS) arboviruses, respectively transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes and phlebotomes. Data reported here demonstrate only a sporadic presence in our population of antibodies against Borrelia and Dengue infection. Moreover using an ELISA test performed with viral purified nucleoprotein, we reported a total percentage of about 3% of subjects positive for TOSV. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hollow Silica Spheres with an Ordered Pore Structure and Their Application in Controlled Release Studies
Authors: Botterhuis Nicole E. , Sun Qianyao , Magusin Pieter C. M. M. , van Santen Rutger A. , Sommerdijk Nico A. J. M.
Published: November 2005

Herein we report the synthesis and characterization of hollow silica spheres with a narrow size distribution, uniform wall thickness, and a worm‐like pore structure. The formation of these spheres was monitored by confocal laser scanning microscopy and dynamic light scattering. A model for the molecular build‐up of these silica hollow spheres is derived from these data in combination with studies of the as‐made particles by transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, pore size analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, and solid‐state nuclear magnetic resonance. We further demonstrate that these spheres can be used for the encapsulation and subsequent release of different dye molecules.
Synthesis and Photophysical Properties of Annulated Dinuclear and Trinuclear Phthalocyanines
Authors: Makarov Sergey , Litwinski Christian , Ermilov Eugeny A. , Suvorova Olga , Röder Beate , Wöhrle Dieter
Published: November 2005

Metal‐free mononuclear, dinuclear and trinuclear phthalocyanines were prepared by a mixed cyclotetramerisation of a 1,2,4,5‐tetracyanobenzene derivative and 4,5‐bis(2,6‐dimethylphenoxy)phthalonitrile. For the first time, a π‐electron‐conjugated trinuclear phthalocyanine was synthesised with phthalocyanine units connected by common annulated benzene rings. The Q band of the trinuclear compound in solution occurs at λ=944 nm whereas those of the dinuclear and mononuclear compounds are at λ=853/830 and 701/664 nm, respectively. Fluorescence quantum yields, fluorescence lifetimes and singlet‐oxygen quantum yields of the compounds were determined.
Phospholipase Cleavage of D‐ and L‐chiro‐Glycosylphosphoinositides Asymmetrically Incorporated into Liposomal Membranes
Authors: Bonilla Julia B. , Cid M. Belén , Contreras F.‐Xabier , Goñi Félix M. , Martín‐Lomas Manuel
Published: November 2005

The nature of chiro‐inositol‐containing inositolphosphoglycans (IPGs), reported to be putative insulin mediators, was studied by examination of the substrate specificities of the phosphatidylinositol‐specific phospholipase C (PI‐PLC) and the glycosylphosphatidylinositol‐specific phospholipase D (GPI‐PLD) by using a series of synthetic D‐ and L‐chiro‐glycosylphosphoinositides. 3‐O‐α‐D‐Glucosaminyl‐ (3) and ‐galactosaminyl‐2‐phosphatidyl‐L‐chiro‐inositol (4), which show the maximum stereochemical similarity to the 6‐O‐α‐D‐glucosaminylphosphatidylinositol pseudodisaccharide motifs of GPI anchors, were synthesized and asymmetrically incorporated into phospholipid bilayers in the form of large unilamellar vesicles (LUVs). Similarly, 2‐O‐α‐D‐glucosaminyl‐ (5) and ‐galactosaminyl‐1‐phosphatidyl‐D‐chiro‐inositol (6), which differ from the corresponding pseudodisaccharide motif of the GPI anchors only in the axial orientation of the phosphatidyl moiety, were also synthesized and asymmetrically inserted into LUVs. The cleavage of these synthetic molecules in the liposomal constructs by PI‐PLC from Bacillus cereus and by GPI‐PLD from bovine serum was studied with the use of 6‐O‐α‐D‐glucosaminylphosphatidylinositol (7) and the conserved GPI anchor structure (8) as positive controls. Although PI‐PLC cleaved 3 and 4 with about the same efficiency as 7 and 8, this enzyme did not accept 5 or 6. GPI‐PLD accepted both the L‐chiro‐ (3 and 4) and the D‐chiro‐ (5 and 6) glycosylinositolphosphoinositides. Therefore, IPGs containing L‐chiro‐inositol only are expected to be released from chiro‐inositol‐containing GPIs if the cleavage is effected by a PI‐PLC, whereas GPI‐PLD cleavage could result in both L‐chiro‐ and D‐chiro‐inositol‐containing IPGs.
A Simple and Efficient Approach to 1,3‐Polyols: Application to the Synthesis of Cryptocarya Diacetate
Authors: Kumar Pradeep , Gupta Priti , Naidu S. Vasudeva
Published: November 2005

A highly enantio‐ and stereoselective synthetic strategy for both syn‐ and anti‐1,3‐polyols has been developed. The sequence involves iterative Jacobsen's hydrolytic kinetic resolution (HKR), diastereoselective iodine‐induced electrophilic cyclization, and ring‐closing metathesis (RCM). This protocol has subsequently been utilized for the synthesis of cryptocarya diacetate, a natural product with broad range of biological activity.
One‐Armed Artificial Receptors for the Binding of Polar Tetrapeptides in Water: Probing the Substrate Selectivity of a Combinatorial Receptor Library
Authors: Schmuck Carsten , Heil Martin
Published: November 2005

We have recently developed a new class of one‐armed artificial receptors 1 for the binding of the polar tetrapeptide N‐Ac‐D‐Glu‐L‐Lys‐D‐Ala‐D‐Ala‐OH (EKAA) 2 in water using a combined combinatorial and statistical approach. We have now further probed the substrate selectivity of this receptor library 1 by screening a second tetrapeptide substrate (3) with the inverse sequence N‐Ac‐D‐Ala‐D‐Ala‐L‐Lys‐D‐Glu‐OH (AAKE). This “inverse” substrate is also efficiently bound by our receptors, with Kass ≈6000 m−1 for the best receptors, as determined both by a quantitative on‐bead binding assay and by UV and fluorescence titration studies in free solution. Hence, the inverse tetrapeptide 3 is in general bound two to three times less efficiently than the “normal” peptide 2 (Kass ≈17 000 m−1), even though the complexation mainly involves long‐range electrostatic interactions and both the receptor and substrate are rather flexible. Molecular modeling and ab initio calculations have been used to rationalize the observed substrate selectivity and to analyze the various binding interactions within the complex.
Proteo‐Dendrimers Designed for Complementary Recognition of Cytochrome c: Dendrimer Architecture toward Nanoscale Protein Complexation
Authors: Paul Dharam , Miyake Hiroyuki , Shinoda Satoshi , Tsukube Hiroshi
Published: November 2005

“Proteo‐dendrimers” in which polyanionic hepta(glutamic acids), fluorescent zinc porphyrinate cores, hydrophilic polyether surfaces, and nonpeptide hydrophobic dendrons are combined, were developed as a new series of synthetic receptors for protein recognition. They have polyanionic “patch” structures on their surfaces and undergo complementary electrostatic interactions with a positively charged cytochrome c patch, as observed in biological protein–protein recognition systems. Stability constants of the resulting supramolecular complexes were determined in phosphate buffer (pH 7) by monitoring the fluorescence quenching of the zinc porphyrinates. These proteo‐dendrimer receptors exhibited higher affinities with cytochrome c proteins in aqueous solutions than with biological cytochrome b5. Furthermore, they effectively blocked complexation of biological cytochrome b5 with cytochrome c, indicating that the proteo‐dendrimers and cytochrome b5 similarly occupy the polycationic patch of cytochrome c.
Phase II study of high‐dose chemotherapy before radiation in children with newly diagnosed high‐grade astrocytoma
Authors: MacDonald Tobey J. , Arenson Edward B. , Ater Joann , Sposto Richard , Bevan Herbert E. , Bruner Janet , Deutsch Melvin , Kurczynski Elizabeth , Luerssen Thomas , McGuire‐Cullen Patricia , O'Brien Richard , Shah Narayan , Steinbok Paul , Strain John , Thomson John , Holmes Emi , Vezina Gilbert , Yates Allan , Phillips Peter , Packer Roger
Published: November 2005

BACKGROUND

High‐grade astrocytomas (HGA) carry a dismal prognosis and compose nearly 20% of all childhood brain tumors. The role of high‐dose chemotherapy (HDCT) in the treatment of HGA remains unclear.

METHODS

In a nationwide study, The Children's Cancer Group (CCG) prospectively evaluated 102 children with HGA and postoperative residual disease for efficacy and toxicity of four courses of HDCT before radiotherapy (RT). Patients were randomly assigned to one of three couplets of drugs: carboplatin/etoposide (Regimen A), ifosfamide/etoposide (Regimen B), or cyclophosphamide/etoposide (Regimen C). After HDCT, all patients were to receive local RT followed by lomustine and vincristine. Twenty‐six patients were excluded after central neuroradiographic review (n = 8) or pathology review (n = 18).

RESULTS

Of 76 evaluable patients (median age, 11.95 yrs; range, 3–20 yrs), 30 patients relapsed during HDCT, and 11 others did not complete HDCT because of toxicity. Nonhematologic serious toxicities were common (29%), and 21% of patients did not receive RT. Objective response rates were not associated with amount of residual disease and did not statistically differ between regimens: 27% (Regimen A), 8% (Regimen B), and 29% (Regimen C). Overall survival (OS) was 24% ± 5% at 5 years and did not differ between groups. Median time to an event was longest for Regimen A (283 days compared with 83 and 91 days for Regimens B and C, respectively). The five‐year, event‐free survival (EFS) rate for all patients was 8% ± 3% and 14% ± 7% for Regimen A (P = 0.07).

CONCLUSIONS

OS and EFS were not affected by histologic grade. Patients who responded to HDCT had a nominally higher survival rate (P = 0.03 for trend). The authors conclude that these commonly used HDCT regimens provide no additional clinical benefit to conventional treatment in HGA, regardless of the amount of measurable residual tumor. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Successes and failures of the teachable moment
Authors: Gritz Ellen R. , Fingeret Michelle Cororve , Vidrine Damon J. , Lazev Amy B. , Mehta Netri V. , Reece Gregory P.
Published: November 2005

BACKGROUND

Successful cancer treatment can be significantly compromised by continued tobacco use. Because motivation and interest in smoking cessation increase after cancer diagnosis, a window of opportunity exists during which healthcare providers can intervene and assist in the quitting process.

METHODS

The authors conducted a comprehensive literature review to discuss 1) the benefits of smoking cessation in cancer patients, 2) current knowledge regarding smoking cessation interventions targeted to cancer patients, and 3) treatment models and state‐of the‐art guidelines for intervention with cancer patients who smoke. The authors present clinical cases to illustrate the challenging nature of smoking cessation treatment for cancer patients.

RESULTS

Continued smoking after cancer diagnosis has substantial adverse effects on treatment effectiveness, overall survival, risk of second primary malignancies, and quality of life. Although some encouraging results have been demonstrated with smoking cessation interventions targeted to cancer patients, few empirical studies of such interventions have been conducted. A range of intervention components and state‐of‐the‐art cessation guidelines are available that can be readily applied to cancer patients. Case illustrations highlight the crucial role of healthcare providers in promoting smoking cessation, the harmful impact of nicotine addiction manifested in delayed and failed reconstructive procedures, and unique problems encountered in treating patients who have particular difficulty quitting.

CONCLUSIONS

Despite the importance of stopping smoking for all cancer patients, the diagnosis of cancer is underused as a teachable moment for smoking cessation. More research is needed to empirically test cessation interventions for cancer patients, and attention must be given to complex and unique issues when tailoring cessation treatment to these individuals. Cancer 2006. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Electrodeposition of Metals and Semiconductors in Air‐ and Water‐Stable Ionic Liquids
Authors: Zein El Abedin Sherif , Endres Frank
Published: November 2005

In addition to their stability, the advantages of air‐ and water‐stable ionic liquids over chloroaluminate ionic liquids, which were intensively investigated in the past, are that they are easy to dry, purify, and handle. Moreover, some of these ionic liquids have an extremely large electrochemical window of more than 5 V, and hence they give access to the electrodeposition of many metals and semiconductors, such as Ta, Ti, Si, and Ge. The results to date for the electrodeposition of metals and semiconductors in the most popular air‐ and water‐stable ionic liquids are presented.
Plasma fatty acids and lipoproteins in type 2 diabetic patients
Authors: Lapolla Annunziata , Sartore Giovanni , della Rovere Giovanni Roselli , Romanato Giovanna , Zambon Sabina , Marin Raffaella , Manzato Enzo , Fedele Domenico
Published: November 2005

Background

The dyslipidemia of type 2 diabetic patients is characterized by high VLDL, abnormal LDL composition and low HDL cholesterol concentrations. The aim of this study was to establish whether the type of dietary fats affects LDL size and density and HDL cholesterol concentrations in these patients.

Methods

Plasma phospholipid fatty acid composition, which reflects the type of dietary fatty acids, was quantified by gas chromatography. LDL relative flotation (LDL‐Rf), a measure of LDL particle size and density, was determined by single vertical spin density gradient ultracentrifugation in 97 type 2 diabetic patients.

Results

By linear regression analysis of the data, plasma fatty acids were associated neither with LDL‐cholesterol levels nor with LDL‐Rf. The HDL cholesterol concentrations were negatively related with saturated fatty acids (r = −0.23; p = 0.02) but positively related with monounsaturated fatty acids (r = +0.20; p = 0.00). Furthermore, higher HDL concentrations were associated with large and buoyant LDL particles (HDL cholesterol vs LDL‐Rf: r = +0.47; p = 0.00). In the multiple regression analysis, the LDL‐Rf was significantly related both to triglycerides (β coefficient = −0.55, p = 0.000) and HDL cholesterol (β coefficient = 0.19, p = 0.034) concentrations. In a stepwise regression analysis including both triglycerides and HDL cholesterol, triglycerides alone explained the 43.0% of the LDL‐Rf variability.

Conclusions

A reduction of the dietary saturated fats and an increment of monounsaturated fats might increase HDL cholesterol concentrations in type 2 diabetic patients. Modifications of LDL composition might be expected from interventions aimed to reduce plasma triglycerides. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of feedforward and feedback consistency on reading and spelling in dyslexia
Authors: Davies Robert A. I. , Weekes Brendan S.
Published: November 2005

We investigated the effects of rime consistency on reading and spelling among dyslexic children and a group of matched reading age skilled readers by manipulating consistency of orthography‐to‐phonology (OP) mappings and consistency of mappings from phonology‐to‐orthography (PO). For both dyslexic and control children we found feedforward consistency effects on reading (O‐>P) and spelling (P‐>O) and feedback (O‐>P) consistency effects on spelling. Dyslexic children demonstrated feedback (PO) consistency effects in reading but control children did not. Our results challenge accounts of reading and spelling in dyslexia that assume feedforward consistency effects alone. We consider the implications of these results in relation to theories in which children may assess candidate responses for goodness of fit to prior expectations. We discuss the wider implications of our results for the assessment and remediation of dyslexia. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Exploring dyslexics' phonological deficit I: lexical vs sub‐lexical and input vs output processes
Authors: Szenkovits Gayaneh , Ramus Franck
Published: November 2005

We report a series of experiments designed to explore the locus of the phonological deficit in dyslexia. Phonological processing of dyslexic adults is compared to that of age‐ and IQ‐matched controls. Dyslexics' impaired performance on tasks involving nonwords suggests that sub‐lexical phonological representations are deficient. Contrasting nonword repetition vs auditory nonword discrimination suggests that dyslexics are specifically impaired in input phonological processing. These data are compatible with the hypothesis that the deficit initially affects input sub‐lexical processes, and further spreads to output and lexical processes in the course of language acquisition. Further longitudinal research is required to confirm this scenario as well as to tease apart the role of the quality of phonological representations from that of verbal short‐term memory processes. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Auditory and speech processing and reading development in Chinese school children: behavioural and ERP evidence
Authors: Meng Xiangzhi , Sai Xiaoguang , Wang Cixin , Wang Jue , Sha Shuying , Zhou Xiaolin
Published: November 2005

By measuring behavioural performance and event‐related potentials (ERPs) this study investigated the extent to which Chinese school children's reading development is influenced by their skills in auditory, speech, and temporal processing. In Experiment 1, 102 normal school children's performance in pure tone temporal order judgment, tone frequency discrimination, temporal interval discrimination and composite tone pattern discrimination was measured. Results showed that children's auditory processing skills correlated significantly with their reading fluency, phonological awareness, word naming latency, and the number of Chinese characters learned. Regression analyses found that tone temporal order judgment, temporal interval discrimination and composite tone pattern discrimination could account for 32% of variance in phonological awareness. Controlling for the effect of phonological awareness, auditory processing measures still contributed significantly to variance in reading fluency and character naming. In Experiment 2, mismatch negativities (MMN) in event‐related brain potentials were recorded from dyslexic children and the matched normal children, while these children listened passively to Chinese syllables and auditory stimuli composed of pure tones. The two groups of children did not differ in MMN to stimuli deviated in pure tone frequency and Chinese lexical tones. But dyslexic children showed smaller MMN to stimuli deviated in initial consonants or vowels of Chinese syllables and to stimuli deviated in temporal information of composite tone patterns. These results suggested that Chinese dyslexic children have deficits in auditory temporal processing as well as in linguistic processing and that auditory and temporal processing is possibly as important to reading development of children in a logographic writing system as in an alphabetic system. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The subtypes of developmental dyslexia in Chinese: evidence from three cases
Authors: Shu Hua , Meng Xiangzhi , Chen Xi , Luan Hui , Cao Fan
Published: November 2005

This study investigated subtypes of developmental dyslexia in Chinese by assessing three cases of Chinese dyslexic children. A battery of screening measures, a character naming and meaning task, and metalinguistic awareness tasks were administered to each child. One of the three children demonstrated characteristics of developmental surface dyslexia, and the other two showed characteristics of developmental deep dyslexia. Moreover, the children's reading problems were found to be specifically related to their deficits in metalinguistic awareness. The dissociation between developmental surface and deep dyslexia provides support to Weekes et al.'s (Neurocase 1997; 3: 51–60) model that a semantic and a nonsemantic pathway exist independently in Chinese reading. The results also suggest that deficits in morphological and phonological awareness may cause developmental delays in the semantic and the nonsemantic pathway. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Policy profile: addressing environmental inequalities through UK research and policy
Authors: Chalmers Helen
Published: November 2005

In the United Kingdom, political and governmental attention is being paid to the growing evidence that shows that the poorest people live in the worst quality environments. This paper will describe the development of work within the Environment Agency over the past three years to help understand such environmental inequalities, and how these can be addressed through UK policy for sustainable development. This paper will examine the following key areas of this work.

How have we used the research process to understand environmental inequalities and develop evidence based policy?

What progress have we made in shaping the Environment Agency's role, and ensuring that its environmental policies do not contribute to further environmental inequalities?

How have we worked to ensure that environmental inequalities are addressed through wider government sustainable development policy?

It concludes by exploring how research and policy development to address environmental inequalities requires integration across at least three fields of practice: different types of evidence; research and policy; and environment and social policy for sustainable development. © Crown copyright 2005. Reproduced with the permission of Her Majesty's Stationary Office. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
A decade of mandatory environmental reporting in Denmark
Authors: Holgaard Jette Egelund , Jørgensen Tine Herreborg
Published: November 2005

In Denmark, the first law on green accounts was passed in July 1995. The law instructed a selected sample of Danish companies to prepare a green account. In 2002 the government strengthened the law, as the official evaluation showed that expectations for the delivered green accounts concerning content, form and reach were not met. One of the new initiatives was that the companies should describe their environmental policy, goals and results – if any. In this paper the potentials of the revised law will be discussed in relation to experiences with the first law and best practice in accordance with the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI). This discussion is pursued in a broader European context to elaborate on the perspectives of mandatory environmental reporting and leads to some amendments for a future revision of the Danish law on green accounts. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
The role of public participation in managing uncertainty in the implementation of the Water Framework Directive
Authors: Newig Jens , Pahl‐Wostl Claudia , Sigel Katja
Published: November 2005

The European Water Framework Directive (WFD) constitutes a complex regulation that calls for numerous decisions under uncertainty on the part of the implementing agencies in the member states. This contribution first discusses two different types of uncertainty that may arise in the implementation of the WFD and identifies ways to manage them. Results of a text analysis show that uncertainties are not systematically addressed either in the directive itself or in CIS guidance documents. This paper shows that an important instrument to both manage and, where possible, reduce uncertainty is the participation of interested parties and the broader public. The focus lies on the perspective of the competent authority that has the responsibility to develop and implement the management plan. The paper concludes with recommendations of how to profit from public participation in managing uncertainty but also of where to look out for possible stumbling blocks. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Ecological modernization in the UK: rhetoric or reality?
Authors: Revell Andrea
Published: November 2005

This paper discusses the degree to which recent trends in UK policy‐making amount to a paradigm shift towards the prescriptions of ecological modernization (EM) theory. First, in keeping with EM's ‘win–win’ philosophy, recent political speeches and policy documents on the environment have expressed the idea that there is no conflict between environmental protection and economic growth. Second, policies have attempted to encourage the invention and diffusion of clean technologies. Third, policy‐makers have explored innovative market‐based policy approaches to tackle environmental problems. These three trends suggest UK policy‐makers' predilection towards EM as a policy strategy. However, there has arguably been less success in terms of a fourth key characteristic of ‘ecologically modernized’ states, that of environmental policy integration. The paper concludes that New Labour's failure at ‘greening government’, combined with its economistic and technocratic policy focus, places the UK at the weak end of Christoff's (1996) weak–strong continuum of ecological modernization. As such, environmental imperatives continue to remain ideologically and politically peripheral to conventional economic goals. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
The Bromination of Bulky Trialkylphosphane Selenides R2R′PSe (R, R′ = iPr or tBu) Studied by Physical and Computational Methods
Authors: Hrib Cristian G. , Ruthe Frank , Seppälä Emma , Bätcher Michael , Druckenbrodt Christian , Wismach Cathleen , Jones Peter G. , du Mont Wolf‐W. , Lippolis Vito , Devillanova Francesco A. , Bühl Michael
Published: November 2005

Bulky trialkylphosphane selenides tBu3PSe (1a), iPr3PSe (1b), tBu2(iPr)PSe (1c) and tBu(iPr)2PSe (1d) react with one equiv. of bromine providing “T‐shaped” products R2R′P–SeBr2 (2a–d), which contain three‐coordinate selenium atoms (10‐Se‐3). The solid compounds 2b (bimorphic), 2c and 2d exhibit different extents of distortions of the PSeBr2 moieties and different patterns of intermolecular soft–soft interactions. In mixtures containing 1 and 2, exemplified by the “NMR‐titration” of 1c with molecular bromine, averaged 31P NMR singlets and their 77Se satellites indicate rapid intermolecular bromine exchange reactions (kinetic lability of the Se–Br bonds). Calculations modelling such bromine transfer support nucleophilic attack of R3PSe (Se → Br) on an electrophilic Br atom of R3PSeBr2. Among the phosphane selenides 1a–d, tBu(iPr)2PSe (1d) gives the largest 77Se NMR upfield shift and tBu2(iPr)PSe (1c) the lowest, that is, 77Se NMR shifts do not correlate with increasing numbers of tert‐butyl groups. GIAO‐HF/962+(d) calculations on the 77Se NMR shifts of compounds 1 allow correlation of surprising relative deshielding of 1c, compared with 1b and 1d, with its particular population of rotamers (excluding a rotamer with anti arrangement of the SePCH moiety in 1c). Bromine addition to compounds 1 leads to line broadening and extreme deshielding in the 77Se NMR spectroscopy. Reaction of 2b with bromine leads – inter alia – to P–Se cleavage with P‐bromination. The structures of 1b, 2b–d and tBu2(iPr)PBr2 (3c) were determined by X‐ray crystallography. In compounds 2b–d, intramolecular C–H···Br interactions determine the conformation to a large extent. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Formation of Triple‐Stranded Dinuclear Helicates with Dicatecholimine Ligands: The Influence of Steric Hindrance at the Spacer
Authors: Janser Ingo , Albrecht Markus , Hunger Katharina , Burk Simon , Rissanen Kari
Published: November 2005

A series of new imine‐bridged dicatechol ligands 3a–f‐H4 with sterically demanding groups at the spacers are used for the formation of titanium(IV) complexes M4[(3)3Ti2]. All three ligands 3a–c‐H4 form triple‐stranded dinuclear helicates. When the bulky ligands 3a‐H4 or 3c‐H4 are used with potassium as the countercation, oligomeric or polymeric side products are also observed. The imine‐bridged ligand 3e‐H4 quantitatively forms helicates M4[(3e)3Ti2] and not a M4L6 tetrahedron as observed with Raymond’s analogous amide‐bridged dicatechol ligand 3i‐H4. NMR spectroscopic investigations at variable temperature show that ligand 3f‐H4, which possesses a spiro fluorenyl group at the central unit of the spacer, forms the meso‐helicate M4[(3f)3Ti2]. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Silver and Rhodium Complexes of Stable, Monomeric Imidazolidin‐2‐ylidenes: Synthesis, Reactivity and Decomposition Pathway
Authors: Paas Martin , Wibbeling Birgit , Fröhlich Roland , Hahn F. Ekkehardt
Published: November 2005

Silver(I) complexes of the freely stable carbenes 1,3‐bis(2,4,6‐trimethylphenyl)imidazolidin‐2‐ylidene (3) and 1,3‐bis(2,6‐diisopropylphenyl)imidazolidin‐2‐ylidene (4) were prepared from the imidazolinium chlorides 1 and 2, respectively, and silver oxide. These two air‐stable and light‐sensitive carbene complexes [AgCl(3)] (5) and [AgCl(4)] (6) were characterized by NMR spectroscopy, and the molecular structure of 6 was confirmed by X‐ray diffraction. The imidazolidin‐2‐thiones 7 and 8 were obtained by reaction of the silver carbene complexes 5 and 6, respectively, with elemental sulfur at ambient temperature. Spectroscopic evidence for the formation of the rhodium(I) complex [(cod)Rh(Cl)(10)] (11) with the sterically demanding 1,3‐di‐tert‐butyl‐imidazolidin‐2‐ylidene ligand 10 obtained in situ from 1,3‐di‐tert‐butyl‐imidazolinium tetrafluoroborate 9 is presented. Because of the steric demand of the carbene ligand 10, complex 11 decomposed rapidly in solutions of chlorinated or polar solvents.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Facile and Regioselective Dealkylation of Alkyl Aryl Ethers Using Niobium(V) Pentachloride
Authors: Sudo Yukinori , Arai Shigeru , Nishida Atsushi
Published: November 2005

A simple and facile method for the cleavage of carbon–oxygen bonds promoted by niobium pentachloride(V) is described. Excellent yields and regioselectivities were observed with various alkyl aryl ethers to give the phenols. NMR studies revealed the formation of monoaryloxy niobium salt(V), and a neighboring‐group effect may play a significant role in the regioselectivity. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Straightforward Pyrimidine Ring Construction: A Versatile Tool for the Synthesis of Nucleobase and Nucleoside Analogues
Authors: Robin Aélig , Julienne Karine , Meslin Jean‐Claude , Deniaud David
Published: November 2005

A general route to 1,2,4‐trisubstituted pyrimidines is described in one to three steps from a common key precursor, diazadienium iodide 2. An efficient preliminary [4+2] cyclocondensation reaction between the azabutadiene building block 2 and various iso(thio)cyanates constitutes an original construction of the pyrimidine skeleton. Subsequent structural modifications on the heterocycle allow the elaboration of a 1‐substituted pyrimidine library that includes nucleoside analogues. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Synthesis of (4R,5S)‐Melithiazols F and I
Authors: Takayama Hiroyuki , Kato Keisuke , Akita Hiroyuki
Published: November 2005

Palladium‐catalyzed cyclization‐methoxycarbonylation of (2R,3S)‐3‐methylpenta‐4‐yne‐1,2‐diol (8) derived from the (2R,3S)‐epoxybutanoate 7 followed by methylation gave the tetrahydro‐2‐furylidene acetate (–)‐9, which was converted into the left‐half aldehyde (+)‐4. A Wittig reaction between (+)‐4 and the phosphoranylide derived from the bithiazole‐type phosphonium iodide 5 using lithium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide afforded (+)‐(4R,5S)‐melithiazol F (1), whose spectroscopic data were identical with those of the natural product 1. Moreover, the synthesis of (+)‐(4R,5S)‐melithiazol I (2), was achieved by the same synthetic strategy as that of (+)‐(4R,5S)‐melithiazol F (1). The antifungal activity of the synthetic melithiazols F (1) and I (2) against the phytopathogenic fungus, Phytophthora capsici, was evaluated by using a paper disc assay method.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Synthesis of Enantiopure 1‐r‐Aryl‐2‐c,5‐t‐diphenylphospholane Oxides and Boranes by Pd‐Catalyzed C–P Bond Formation
Authors: Toffano Martial , Dobrota Cristian , Fiaud Jean‐Claude
Published: November 2005

New chiral enantiopure phospholane oxides 1 and boranes 5 were obtained from efficient carbon–phosphorus bond formation by organocuprate or palladium‐catalyzed reactions. C–P cross‐coupling reactions between chiral phosphane oxide 3 or borane 4 and various aryl derivatives are presented.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Nanoparticle‐based pseudostationary phases in capillary electrochromatography
Authors: Nilsson Christian , Nilsson Staffan
Published: November 2005

During the past decades, research has been performed to enhance selectivity in CE by introducing different types of additives into the electrolyte. Research concerning this has taken many directions, especially during the last 5 years. A promising technique, which benefits from no packing or frits, is to use nanoparticles as the pseudostationary phase (PSP) in CEC. PSPs have the advantage of introducing a novel interaction phase for every analysis, which greatly simplify column exchange and circumvent contamination inherited from complex mixtures, e.g., biological samples. The field of nanoparticle‐based PSPs used in CEC is covered in this review. The term CEC will be used consequently throughout this review, although some authors used the term EKC to categorize their work. Important requirements for the nanoparticles used and possible reasons for band broadening will be discussed. Applications with silica nanoparticles, polymer nanoparticles, molecularly imprinted polymer nanoparticles, gold nanoparticles, dendrimers, and polymeric surfactants as PSP will also be discussed.
Recent advances in capillary electrophoresis and capillary electrochromatography of pollutants
Authors: Dabek‐Zlotorzynska Ewa , Celo Valbona
Published: November 2005

Recent advances in the CE and CEC separation, detection, and sample preparation methodologies applied to the determination of a variety of compounds having current or potential environmental relevance have been overviewed. The reviewed literature has illustrated the wide range of CE applications, indicating the continuing interest in CE and CEC in the environmental field.
Ageing Mechanisms of Proton Exchange Membrane Used in Fuel Cell Applications
Authors: Perrot C. , Meyer G. , Gonon L. , Gebel G.
Published: November 2005

Degradation processes of both sulfonated polyimide (sPI) and sulfonated polyetheretherketone (sPEEK) membranes were studied in‐situ in fuel cells. Ex‐situ ageing protocols were developed for both polymers and model compounds. On the one hand sulfonated polyimides are shown to be mainly sensitive to hydrolysis though an additional thermo activated oxidation process occurs in fuel cell conditions and at least accelerates the degradation. On the other hand sulfonated polyetheretherketone are insensitive to hydrolysis but greatly degraded in an oxidative medium.
Electrochemical Characterizations of Ni/Doped Lanthanum Silicates Cermets Deposited by Spin Coating
Authors: Brisse A. , Sauvet A.‐L. , Barthet C. , Beaudet‐Savignat S. , Fouletier J.
Published: November 2005

In this study, anodic cermets nickel/apatite were elaborated and deposited by spin‐coating on dense pellets of the apatite electrolyte La9Sr1Si6O26+δ (δ ≈ 0.5). The sintering characteristics and microstructural properties of this cermet were investigated. The influence of the slurries compositions, of the spin‐coating conditions and of the sintering temperatures on the deposit properties was studied. The particle sizes of NiO and of apatite material were respectively 300 nm and 1 μm as shown on the SEM micrographs. This difference in particle size resulted in different sintering rates and could explain the lack of adherence of the deposits after reduction of NiO. Agglomeration of the NiO particles occurred above a sintering temperature of 1,200 °C. This result was corroborated by impedance spectroscopy. The highest resistance was measured for the sample sintered at 1,200 °C.
SOFC Modelling and Numerical Simulation of Performances
Authors: Mandin P. , Bernay C. , Tran‐Dac S. , Broto A. , Abes D. , Cassir M.
Published: November 2005

The main purpose of this work is to establish the macroscopic impact of solid oxide thin layer electrolytes, which are proposed to reduce SOFC (solid oxide fuel cell) operating temperature. This work deals with the planar technology configuration. Fuel and oxidant flow through numerous small tubes. The electrical performance analysis of such an elementary fuel cell consist in establishing the relation between tension and current and the influence of parameters such as tubes dimensions, thickness and electrical conductivity of thin layers and fuel used. This study uses fundamental laws of species and energy conservation, as well as electrochemical and electrical laws. Stack performance calculation is mainly a thermal and electrical calculation. This is done here by using Fluent® code calculations and C programming. Particular attention is given to the thermal properties, because of the importance of the dilatation problem in SOFC technology.