bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Killing and Rescuing: Why Necessity Must Be Rethought
Authors: Oberman Kieran
Published: September 2020

This article addresses a previously overlooked problem in the ethics of defensive killing. Everyone agrees that defensive killing can only be justified when it is necessary. But necessary for what? That seemingly simple question turns out to be surprisingly difficult to answer. Imagine Attacker is trying to kill Victim, and the only way one could save Victim is by killing Attacker. It would seem that, in such a case, killing is necessary. But now suppose there is some other innocent person, suffering some entirely distinct threat, whose life one could save instead. Is killing still necessary? The seemingly obvious answer is “yes.” Killing is necessary since it is the only means to achieve the goal that stands to justify killing. The problem with this answer is that it presupposes a certain description of that goal as something like “saving Victim’s life” or “saving Victim’s life from Attacker.” Other descriptions are plausible, such as “saving a life.” On that latter description, killing is unnecessary in this case. The problem we are encountering is the problem of finding the right description of the goal of killing. Call this the “description problem.” This article sets out to solve the description problem and arrives at a radical conclusion. In a variety of cases, we should describe the goal of killing in broad terms, without reference to a specific victim or a specific threat. These broad descriptions—such as “saving a life”—make it easier to find relevant alternatives. Killing, it turns out, is much harder to justify than we might otherwise have thought.
Radical Externalism
Authors: Srinivasan Amia
Published: September 2020

This article presents a novel challenge to epistemic internalism. The challenge rests on a set of cases which feature subjects forming beliefs under conditions of “bad ideology”—that is, conditions in which pervasively false beliefs have the function of sustaining, and are sustained by, systems of social oppression. In such cases, the article suggests, the externalistic view that justification is in part a matter of worldly relations, rather than the internalistic view that justification is solely a matter of how things stand from the agent’s individual perspective, becomes the more intuitively attractive theory. But these “bad ideology” cases do not merely yield intuitive verdicts that favor externalism over internalism. These cases are, moreover, analogous to precisely those canonical cases widely taken to be counterexamples to externalism: cases featuring brains-in-vats, clairvoyants, and dogmatists. That is, such “bad ideology” cases are, in all relevant respects, just like cases that are thought to count against externalism—except that they intuitively favor externalism. This, the author argues, is a serious worry for internalism. What is more, it bears on the debate over whether externalism is a genuinely “normative” epistemology.
Targeting SARS-CoV-2 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase: An in silico drug repurposing for COVID-19
Authors: Baby Krishnaprasad , Maity Swastika , Mehta Chetan H. , Suresh Akhil , Nayak Usha Y. , Nayak Yogendra
Published: September 2020

Background: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), took more lives than combined epidemics of SARS, MERS, H1N1, and Ebola. Currently, the prevention and control of spread are the goals in COVID-19 management as there are no specific drugs to cure or vaccines available for prevention. Hence, the drug repurposing was explored by many research groups, and many target proteins have been examined. The major protease (Mpro), and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) are two target proteins in SARS-CoV-2 that have been validated and extensively studied for drug development in COVID-19. The RdRp shares a high degree of homology between those of two previously known coronaviruses, SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV.

Methods: In this study, the FDA approved library of drugs were docked against the active site of RdRp using Schrodinger's computer-aided drug discovery tools for in silico drug-repurposing.

Results: We have shortlisted 14 drugs from the Standard Precision docking and interaction-wise study of drug-binding with the active site on the enzyme. These drugs are antibiotics, NSAIDs, hypolipidemic, coagulant, thrombolytic, and anti-allergics. In molecular dynamics simulations, pitavastatin, ridogrel and rosoxacin displayed superior binding with the active site through ARG555 and divalent magnesium.

Conclusion: Pitavastatin, ridogrel and rosoxacin can be further optimized in preclinical and clinical studies to determine their possible role in COVID-19 treatment.
About the joint spectrum of vector-valued functions
Authors: Abel Mart
Published: September 2020

We generalize the results of Abtahi and Farhangi about the joint spectrum and A-valued spectrum of a vector-valued map from the class of unital commutative semisimple Banach algebras to the case of unital topological algebras.
#ConsentObtained – Patient Privacy in the Age of Social Media
Authors: Kumar Anika , Chen Nancy , Singh Amit
Published: September 2020

“I have a rare dermatologic disorder. In medical school, I read a case report about treatment for my disorder. I was surprised to read my history and shocked to see my childhood face staring back at me in the figures section. The case report was written when I was a child and my parents had signed a consent form that stated my case and images could be used for ‘educational purposes.‘ My parents were not notified that my images and case were published. While surprised and shocked to read my history and see images of myself in a medical journal, I trusted my privacy was protected because the journal would only be read by medical professionals. Fast‐forward to today, I do not know how comfortable I would feel if my images were shared on social media, with the potential to reach viewers outside of the medical community. If I were a parent, I would feel even more uncomfortable with reading my child's case on social media, let alone viewing an image of my child.”

—A.K.
Improving Identification of Patients at Low Risk for Major Cardiac Events After Noncardiac Surgery Using Intraoperative Data
Authors: Navathe Amol S , Lei Victor J , Fleisher Lee A , Luong ThaiBinh , Chen Xinwei , Kennedy Edward , Volpp Kevin G , Polsky Daniel E , Groeneveld Peter W , Weiner Mark , Holmes John H , Neuman Mark D
Published: September 2020

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE

Risk‐stratification tools for cardiac complications after noncardiac surgery based on preoperative risk factors are used to inform postoperative management. However, there is limited evidence on whether risk stratification can be improved by incorporating data collected intraoperatively, particularly for low‐risk patients.

METHODS

We conducted a retrospective cohort study of adults who underwent noncardiac surgery between 2014 and 2018 at four hospitals in the United States. Logistic regression with elastic net selection was used to classify in‐hospital major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) using preoperative and intraoperative data (“perioperative model”). We compared model performance to standard risk stratification tools and professional society guidelines that do not use intraoperative data.

RESULTS

Of 72,909 patients, 558 (0.77%) experienced MACE. Those with MACE were older and less likely to be female. The perioperative model demonstrated an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.88 (95% CI, 0.85‐0.92). This was higher than the Lee Revised Cardiac Risk Index (RCRI) AUC of 0.79 (95% CI, 0.74‐0.84; P < .001 for AUC comparison). There were more MACE complications in the top decile (n = 1,465) of the perioperative model's predicted risk compared with that of the RCRI model (n = 58 vs 43). Additionally, the perioperative model identified 2,341 of 7,597 (31%) patients as low risk who did not experience MACE but were recommended to receive postoperative biomarker testing by a risk factor–based guideline algorithm.

CONCLUSIONS

Addition of intraoperative data to preoperative data improved prediction of cardiovascular complication outcomes after noncardiac surgery and could potentially help reduce unnecessary postoperative testing.
Innovation Search Strategy and Predictable Returns
Authors: Fitzgerald Tristan , Balsmeier Benjamin , Fleming Lee , Manso Gustavo
Published: September 2020

Because of the intangible and highly uncertain nature of innovation, investors may have difficulty processing information associated with a firm’s innovation search strategy. Due to cognitive and strategic biases, investors are likely to pay more attention to unfamiliar explorative patents rather than incremental exploitative patents. We find that innovative firms focusing on exploitation rather than exploration tend to generate superior subsequent short-term operating performance. Analysts do not seem to detect this, as firms currently focused on exploitation tend to outperform the market’s near-term earnings expectations. The stock market also seems unable to accurately incorporate information about a firm’s innovation search strategy. We find that firms with exploitation strategies are undervalued relative to firms with exploration strategies and that this return differential is incremental to standard risk and innovation-based pricing factors examined in the prior literature. This result suggests a more nuanced view on whether stock market pressure hampers innovation, and may have implications for optimal firm financing choices and corporate disclosure policy.

This paper was accepted by David Simchi-Levi, finance.
Providing holistic care to patients undergoing surgery in the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Carvalho Filipe
Published: September 2020

Filipe Carvalho, Advanced Nurse Practitioner in Colorectal Surgery at Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, describes the value of holistic nursing practice during a pandemic
Contemporary feminist imaginings of the refuge-space: implications for Black and ‘minority ethnic’, migrant survivors in the UK
Authors: Bridge Maggie
Published: September 2020

Since 2010, cuts to social expenditure as part of the UK government’s programme of austerity, along with a localism agenda, have resulted in the closure of many refuges for those fleeing domestic abuse, particularly those dedicated to serving Black and ‘minority ethnic’ (BME), migrant survivors. Understanding the refuge as not only a means of practical intervention but as a ‘spatial imaginary’ – a conceptual space in which transformative feminist work is understood to take place – this article examines the discursive construction of the refuge-space by feminist organisations which have mobilised to resist the state-sanctioned erosion of its real-world referent. Engaging with the refuge-space as a bordered site which regulates the material inclusion and exclusion of survivors, as well as the production of feminist knowledge, I assess its ability to produce feminist responses to domestic abuse which can ensure the safety of BME, migrant survivors in an increasingly hostile socio-political climate. Identifying the refuge-space as a site which variously delegates, facilitates and enacts social transformation, I argue that only a refuge-space committed to transforming the site on which it builds can begin to make safety possible for those living at the dangerous intersections of gender, race and immigration status.
Second-harmonic generation from subwavelength metal heterodimers
Authors: Shor Peled Maya H. , Toledo Esti , Shital Shilpi , Maity Achyut , Pal Mandira , Sivan Yonatan , Schvartzman Mark , Niv Avi
Published: September 2020

We experimentally study the optical second-harmonic generation (SHG) from deep subwavelength gold-silver heterodimers, and silver-silver and gold-gold homodimers. Our results indicate a heterodimer SHG that is an order of magnitude more intense than that of the homodimers. In contrast, full-wave calculations that consider the surface and bulk contribution of individual particles, which is the conventional view on such processes, suggest that it is the silver-silver homodimer that should prevail. Based on the deep subwavelength dimension of our structure, we propose that the heterodimer nonlinearity results from a Coulomb interaction between lumped oscillating charges and not from the surface nonlinearity of each particle, as convention would have it. Our proposed model can explain the larger SHG emission observed in gold-silver heterodimers and reproduces its unique spectral lineshape.
Broadband switchable terahertz half-/quarter-wave plate based on metal-VO2 metamaterials
Authors: Luo Juan , Shi Xingzhe , Luo Xiaoqing , Hu Fangrong , Li Guangyuan
Published: September 2020

We propose a metal-vanadium dioxide (VO2) metamaterial with broadband and functionality-switchable polarization conversion in the terahertz regime. Simulation results show that the function of the proposed metamaterial can be switched from a half-wave plate (HWP) to a quarter-wave plate (QWP) over a broad bandwidth of 0.66–1.40 THz, corresponding to a relative bandwidth of 71.8%. The HWP obtained when VO2 is in the insulating state has reflection of 90% and linear polarization conversion ratio exceeding 98% over the bandwidth of 0.58–1.40 THz. By transiting the phase of VO2 into the conducting state, the obtained QWP can convert the incident linearly-polarized wave to circularly-polarized wave with an ellipticity of 0.99 over 0.66–1.60 THz. Additionally, results show that the proposed broadband switchable HWP/QWP has a large angular tolerance. We expect that this broadband and switchable multi-functional wave plate will find applications in polarization-dependent terahertz systems including sensing, imaging, and telecommunications.
Exploring hip hop music education through online instructional beat production videos
Authors: Kruse Adam J. , Hill Stuart Chapman
Published: September 2020

This study explores online instructional beat production videos as a way to inform hip hop and popular music education and diversify scholarship in online music learning. The authors conducted a content analysis of YouTube videos, considering the instructional characteristics and content of these videos and the musical technologies employed within them. Findings highlight the importance of YouTube as a repository of hip hop beat production instructional material. Videos focused on composition of new beats, rather than re-creation of existing material, underlining an important distinction between hip hop musical practices and the ‘listen and copy’ approach identified in other vernacular music research – and a distinction between these videos and others studied in extant music education scholarship that focuses on YouTube. The videos showcased varied technologies, some of which (e.g., FL Studio) seem especially well aligned with beat production practice. The article concludes with considerations for music educators and for future research.
Evaluación endocrinológica del paciente con enfermedad nodular tiroidea
Authors: Recio-Córdova José María , Higueruela-Mínguez Cecilia , García-Duque María , Alan-Peinado Alexis Rodrigo
Published: September 2020

Llamamos nódulo tiroideo a aquella lesión concreta palpable o radiológicamente distinguible del parénquima tiroideo. La enfermedad nodular tiroidea tiene una prevalencia progresivamente creciente a medida que ha mejorado la calidad de las técnicas de imagen, principalmente la ecografía. El objetivo de la presente revisión es señalar cuales son los pasos en la evaluación endocrinológica del paciente con enfermedad nodular tiroidea. Más concretamente, cual es la mejor estrategia coste/efectiva para diagnosticar los nódulos tiroideos malignos. Tras una buena anamnesis y exploración clínica, el estudio se completa con una determinación de TSH y la realización de una ecografía tiroidea, que es la prueba diagnóstica que más criterios aporta para poder hacer la indicación de PAAF. La muestra obtenida se estudiará según el sistema Bethesda.
Evaluation of the immune status of birds and domestic and companion animals for the influenza A virus in Eastern Saudi Arabia
Authors: Alnaeem Abdelmohsen Abduallah , Al-Shabeb Abdulkareem , Hemida Maged Gomaa
Published: September 2020

Background and Aim: Influenza type A virus infections are still one of the major concerns for the health of humans and various species of domestic and companion animals. Wild birds play an essential role in the transmission cycle of the virus. Regularly monitoring the spread of the virus is a significant step in its mitigation. Highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses, including H5N1 and H5N8, have been reported in birds in the Arabian Peninsula, including Saudi Arabia, in recent decades. This study aimed to evaluate the immune status of birds, domestic and companion animals for Influenza type A virus in Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia.

Materials and Methods: We collected 195 serum samples from dromedary camels, sheep, goats, native breed chickens, doves, dogs, and cats. We tested these sera for the presence of specific antibodies against influenza type A virus using a commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

Results: Our results show that 4% of the tested samples had antibodies in sera, including some doves, chickens, and dogs. These data suggest exposure and seroconversion of these animals or birds to the influenza type A virus.

Conclusion: The presence of antibodies against influenza type A virus in sera of some animals and birds without a previous vaccination history against the virus indicates a natural exposure history regarding this virus and seroconversion. Further large-scale molecular and epidemiological studies are needed to obtain a better understanding of the dynamics of influenza type A virus among various species of animals and birds.
The Effect of Adiposity on Anti–Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha Levels and Loss of Response in Crohn's Disease Patients
Authors: Lim Zixiang , Welman Christopher J. , Raymond Warren , Thin Lena
Published: September 2020

INTRODUCTION:

A high body mass index is known to adversely affect antitumor necrosis factor-alpha trough levels and secondary loss of response (SLOR) in patients with Crohn's disease. We hypothesize that high levels of adiposity negatively affect these outcomes and aimed to determine if this relationship exists.

METHODS:

We performed a retrospective cross-sectional study of 69 patients with Crohn's disease from two tertiary inflammatory bowel disease centers between February 1, 2015, and June 30, 2018. Primary responders to infliximab (IFX) or adalimumab (ADA) who had a trough level performed within 6 months of CT or MRI scan and at least 12 months of clinical follow-up were eligible for inclusion. Body composition as measured on CT/MRI scans were correlated with trough concentration and time SLOR. Multivariate adjustments were made for established risk factors known to affect trough levels and SLOR.

RESULTS:

Of 69 included patients, 44 (63.8%) and 25 (36.2%) patients received IFX and ADA, respectively. Multivariate analysis revealed that IFX trough concentrations were inversely correlated with visceral fat area (−0.02 [−0.04, −0.003], P = 0.03), visceral fat index (−0.07 [−0.12, −0.01], P = 0.02) and visceral fat: skeletal muscle area ratio (−3.81 [−7.13, −0.50], P = 0.03), but not body mass index (−0.23 [−0.52, 0.06], P = 0.11). No predictive factors were found for ADA. Increased total adipose area was associated with an increased risk of SLOR in ADA-treated patients, but not IFX-treated patients (hazard ratio = 1.01 [1.002, 1.016], P = 0.011).

DISCUSSION:

Visceral adiposity is an important predictor of IFX trough levels, and high total adiposity predicts for SLOR to ADA.
A circular economy model for ethanol and alcohol-based hand sanitizer from sweet potato waste in the context of COVID-19
Authors: Trevisan Weber Caroline , Ranzan Lucas , Menz Liesegang Luciano Luís , Ferreira Trierweiler Luciane , Trierweiler Jorge Otávio
Published: September 2020

Goal: The goal of the present work is to analyze the techno-economic viability of a biorefinery to generate ethanol and alcohol-based hand sanitizer from sweet potato waste within the concept of a circular economy.

Design / Methodology / Approach: A survey of expenses for a 1000 L.day-1 distilled plant was carried out, and five different market scenarios were evaluated, varying the rate of production of each product.

Results: Results show that the higher the production of the hand sanitizer, the more lucrative the scenarios are. The economic breakeven point occurs when the percentage of the alcohol-based hand sanitizer production is equal to 34%. However, the project becomes economically attractive from the production rate of 39%. The scenario for 80% of alcohol-based hand sanitizer production resulted in NPV of US$ 913,140.92, IRR of 64%, with a discounted payback of 0.72 year.

Limitations of the investigation: It was considered that all the production was sold, which is in line with the current market demand. However, if the market slows down, the sales and the revenue obtained may be lower.

Practical implications: The production of hand sanitizer from sweet potato waste is an opportunity to meet the market needs in scenarios such as the COVID-19 pandemic. Besides, the proposed biorefinery promotes the development of the circular economy through waste minimization.

Originality / Value: No studies about the production of ethanol and alcohol-based hand sanitizer from sweet potato waste in an integrated way, and the simulation of different real market scenarios were found.
Wpływ polszczyzny na przemiany językowe religijnych tekstów cyrylickich katechizmów unickich w Rzeczypospolitej XVIII wieku (na przykładzie Katechizmu supraskiego z 1722 roku i Katechizmu poczajowskiego z 1768 roku)
Authors: Skivitski Dzmitry
Published: September 2020

The article discusses the influence of Polish on the evolution of Ruthenian Uniate Church’s liturgical language in the eighteenth century in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth according a catechism text published in the Supraśl and Pochayiv Basilian Order Monasteries in 1722 and 1768. The Ruthenian Uniate Church catechism constitutes the basis for the linguistic analysis. The main objective of the article is to investigate how Middle Polish influenced the developing liturgical language of the Ruthenian Uniate Church. After analysing the text’s language, it could be said that in the period from the foundation of that church to the three partitions of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Polish language had significant influence on the evolution of the church’s liturgical language and affected its phonetics and morphology.
Морфо-синтаксическая структура коммуникативных ситуаций каузации радости (на материале польского языка)
Authors: Zakusylo Daryna
Published: September 2020

The article analyses the morphological and syntactic expression of the causator (or cause) in the communicative situations of causation of joy in the Polish language. By causation we mean the semantic category which expresses the causal relationships between the fundamentals of non-linguistic reality. The purpose of this study is to analyse the syntactic structure of communicative situations of causation of joy, on the semantic level of which there are such actants as: agent, experiencer, causator (or cause). All of the analysed constructions were divided into three groups: agentive split constructions, agentive unsplit constructions and non-agentive constructions. Split constructions refer to those in which the agent and causator are separate actants, while unsplit ones refer to those in which these semantic roles are combined into one actant. The results of the study show that the most numerous group among the examples is that of non-agentive constructions.
Językowy obraz Żyda według zbioru Leona Węglińskiego Hôrkij śmich. Skazki i obrazki z żytia w Hałyczyni
Authors: Ilchyna Olha
Published: September 2020

This text is an attempt at analysing the linguistic image of a J ew on the basis of Hôrkij śmich by a little-known Ukrainian poet Leon Węgliński. According to researchers, every language has a specific interpretation of reality which is expressed in a unique view and perception of the world. This article, through a thorough analysis of the vocabulary, grammar structures and descriptions, shows the images of a J ew in the nineteenth century: his identity, character traits and daily functioning. The material gathered for the study presents a definitely negative image of a J ew.
Intervallmethoden zur Berechnung exponentieller Zustandseinschlüsse für die Erreichbarkeitsanalyse unsicherer Systeme
Authors: Rauh Andreas , Kersten Julia , Auer Ekaterina , Aschemann Harald
Published: September 2020

Bei einer Vielzahl von Anwendungen aus dem Bereich der Ingenieurwissenschaften ist die Berechnung garantierter Einschlüsse der Mengen aller erreichbaren Zustandsgrößen von großem Interesse. Mögliche Anwendungsszenarien umfassen den Entwurf sowie die rechnergestützte Verifikation von (nicht-)linearen Zustandsregelungen sowie die Implementierung robuster modell-prädiktiver Regelungsansätze. Viele der hierbei betrachteten Anwendungen lassen sich nach einer geeigneten regelungsorientierten Modellbildung sowie gegebenenfalls nach einer Zustandstransformation in Form von gewöhnlichen Differentialgleichungssystemen mit einem dominierenden linearen Anteil beschreiben, wobei nichtlineare Effekte nicht vollständig vernachlässigt werden sollten. Für die Berechnung gesicherter Zustandseinschlüsse lassen sich beispielsweise allgemeine Ansätze basierend auf Taylor-Reihenentwicklungen der zu bestimmenden Lösungen heranziehen. Diese allgemeinen Ansätze nutzen jedoch in der Regel kein Vorwissen über systemspezifische Eigenschaften wie quasi-lineare Dynamik oder Stabilität. Um diese Eigenschaften in der Praxis effizient nutzbar zu machen, wird im Rahmen dieser Arbeit ein Exponentialansatz zur Berechnung garantierter Lösungseinschlüsse für Systeme gewöhnlicher Differentialgleichungen hergeleitet, der ausgehend von einer reellwertigen Implementierung für Systeme mit aperiodischer Dynamik auf die Berechnung komplexwertiger Zustandseinschlüsse für Prozesse mit oszillatorischem Verhalten verallgemeinert wird. Zum Abschluss werden Möglichkeiten vorgestellt, die entwickelten Verfahren auf Systeme von fraktionalen Differentialgleichungen auszudehnen.
Distribution and density of Lutraria rhynchaena Jonas, 1844 relate to sediment while reproduction shows multiple peaks per year in Cat Ba-Ha Long Bay, Vietnam
Authors: Hao Do Manh , Sy Do Trung , Tuyet Dao Thi Anh , Hiep Le Minh , Dat Nguyen Tien , Huong Do Thi Thu , Thung Do Cong , Nhon Dang Hoai , Lan Tran Dinh , Van Quan Nguyen
Published: September 2020

Lutraria rhynchaenaJonas, 1844 is of great commercial interest, but its reserves have dramatically declined over recent decades. Therefore, there is an urgent need of scientific basis to propose effective fishery management measures and improve artificial aquaculture of the clam. In this study, we investigated the distribution and density ofL. rhynchaena, sediment characteristics, and established the clam’s reproductive cycle through monthly observations from August 2017 to July 2018. The study results showed that distribution and density of clams are related to sediment types, and the sediment type of medium sand is likely the best benthic substrate for the clams. The spawning of clams occurred throughout the year with three spawning peaks in January, April and September. For the sustainable management of the clam resource in Cat Ba-Ha Long Bay, the fishery authorities can issue a ban on harvest of the clam in spawning peak months in January, April and September.
Membrane Transport in Concentration Polarization Conditions: Evaluation of S-Entropy Production for Ternary Non-Electrolyte Solutions
Authors: Ślęzak Andrzej , Grzegorczyn Sławomir , Batko Kornelia M. , Pilis Wiesław , Biczak Robert
Published: September 2020

A model of the S-entropy production in a system with a membrane which separates non-electrolyte aqueous solutions was presented. The differences between fluxes in non-homogeneous and homogeneous conditions for volume and solute fluxes, respectively, are non-linear functions of the glucose osmotic pressure difference (OPD) in ranges dependent on the initial ethanol OPD. A decrease of ethanol OPD causes a shift of this range into the lower values of glucose OPD; this shift is also observed for negative values of glucose and ethanol OPDs. The coefficient of concentration polarization of the membrane as a function of glucose OPD has a sigmoidal shape. For suitably great negative values of glucose OPD this coefficient is very small, while for suitably high positive glucose OPD this coefficient is equal to 0.5. An increase of ethanol OPD at the initial moment causes a shift of this curve towards the direction of positive values of glucose OPD. In turn the S-entropy production in non-homogeneous conditions has low values for negative values of glucose OPD (convective range) while for suitably high positive glucose OPD it has greater values (diffusive and convective range). A change of ethanol OPD at the initial moment causes a shift of this curve along the horizontal axis.
Assessing the Effectiveness of a Novel Microscopy Technique in Middle & High School Science Classrooms
Authors: Raven Sara , Cevik Emel , Model Michael
Published: September 2020

Although research and new technologies have introduced different ways of observing microorganisms, including scanning and electron microscopy, these methods are expensive and require equipment that is typically not found in a middle school classroom. The transmission-through-dye technique (TTD; Gregg et al., 2010), a new optical microscopy method that can be used with current basic light microscopes, relies on the fairly simple mechanism of filtered light passing through a dyed medium to produce an image that reflects cell thickness. With this technique, living microorganisms look bright red against a dark background, and movement can be seen easily among dead microorganisms and debris that show up black. Since the technique is low-cost and easy to implement, it addresses the needs of practitioners and is appropriate for a wide array of school contexts. We describe a three-week, hands-on, inquiry-based unit on TTD microscopy for middle and high school students.
Melting dsDNA Donor Molecules Greatly Improves Precision Genome Editing in Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Ghanta Krishna S , Mello Craig C
Published: September 2020

Melting and fast cooling double stranded DNA donor molecules prior to injection dramatically increases the frequency of homology-directed repair for edits such as insertions of fluorescent protein markers in Caenorhabditis elegans. Strategies described here enable consistently .....
The Current Situation, Characteristics, and Countermeasures of the Verbal Abuse to Students by Elementary School Teachers: An Empirical Study of Four Provinces and Cities in China
Authors: Wang Qiran , Li Yang
Published: September 2020

The negative impact of the verbal abuse on student by the elementary school teachers is a big issue. A total of 416 students from four provinces and cities in China were enrolled in this study. We found that the occurrence rate of the verbal abuse by elementary school teachers was not high, whereas it still caused psychological trauma to students once happened by manifesting as the frustration of learning efficacy, self-confidence and interrelationship. Regarding the causes, student’s poor academic performance was the major reason, and it was significantly related to students’ gender, i.e., male students who had poor academic performance were far more vulnerable to be verbally abused by their teachers. Further, the study also found that students who were verbally abused by teachers were more easily bullied at school. The findings suggest that the government and schools should take joint measures to clarify the specific boundaries of teachers’ verbal punishment to students and standardize their verbal behavior to get teachers respect and care for students and create a healthy learning environment.
COVID-19 versus Education: Who Will Win?
Authors: Yao Jijun
Published: September 2020

The COVID-19 pandemic is still raging around the world, but now all schools in China have reopened. With the advent of autumn, the number of global COVID-19 infections may once again set new records. This means that the risk has not gone away, and it may become more serious. Therefore, China’s “School is Out, But Class is On” during the pandemic period is still worthy of attention (Zhou et al., 2020).
NILAI MORAL DALAM TERJEMAHAN SYAIR AJONGA YINDA MALUSA KARYA SYEKH HAJI ABDUL GANIU (SUATU PENDEKATAN HERMENEUTIKA)
Authors: Muda La , Kadirun Kadirun
Published: September 2020

Abstract: The moral value in the translation of Ajonga Yinda Malusa  lyric by Sheikh Haji Abdul Ganiu is the cultural heritage of the Indonesian people that can be used as a reference in character education that is being echoed by the government at this time. The purpose of this research is to describe moral values in the translation of Ajonga Yinda Malusa lyric by Sheikh Haji Abdul Ganiu. This study used content analysis method with a hermeneutic Paul Ricouer approach about text analysis and text reconstruction. The data of this study was the translation of Ajonga Yinda Malusa lyric by Syekh Haji Abdul Ganiu. The data analysis appropriate with the components of good moral values was moral knowledge, moral feeling, and moral action. The results showed that the translation of Ajonga Yinda malusa lyric, there was moral knowledge in the aspect of moral awareness, knowledge of moral values, determination of perspective, moral thinking, decision making, and personal knowledge. Moral feeling led to the aspect of conscience, self-esteem, empathy, love a good thing, poise, and humility. Moral action led to aspect of competence, desire, and habits. These three components were an aspect that led to the birth of moral values.Abstrak: Nilai moral dalam terjemahan syair Ajonga Yinda Malusa karya Syekh Haji Abdul Ganiu merupakan warisan budaya bangsa  Indonesia yang dapat dijadikan referensi dalam pendidikan karakter yang sedang digaungkan pemerintah saat ini. Tujuan penelitian adalah mendeskripsikan nilai moral dalam terjemahan syair Ajonga Yinda Malusa karya Syekh Haji Abdul Ganiu. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode analisis isi dengan pendekatan hermeneutika Paul Ricouer tentang analisis teks dan rekontruksi teks. Data yang digunakan sebagai objek kajian adalah terjemahan syair Ajonga Yinda Malusa karya Syekh Haji Abdul Ganiu. Data analisis sesuai dengan komponen nilai moral yang baik yakni pengetahuan moral, perasaan moral dan tindakan moral. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pada terjemahan syair Ajonga Yinda Malusa terdapat pengetahuan moral pada aspek kesadaran moral, pengetahuan nilai moral, penentuan prespektif, pemikiran moral, pengambilan keputusan dan pengetahuan pribadi. Perasaan moral mengarah pada aspek hati nurani, harga diri, empati, mencintai hal yang baik, kendali diri dan kerendahan hati. Tindakan moral mengarah pada aspek kompetensi, keinginan, dan kebiasaan. Ketiga komponen itu merupakan aspek yang mendorong lahirnya nilai-nilai moral.
ANALISIS SEMIOTIKA SIMBOL HEWAN DALAM PERCAKAPAN POLITIK DI TWITER
Authors: Nalendra Aloysius Rangga Aditya , Himawan Sultan , Latumahina Jeffry , Adhi Bryan Kalbu
Published: September 2020

Abstract: This research is in the form of descriptive qualitative. This study tries to analyze the language phenoma by using Pierce's semiotic theory. Researchers used many data taken from Twitter social media as data taken from January 2018 to November 2019. Empirical data found on Twitter was processed and analyzed using the thick description method. The study conducted observations on social media and conducted data collection with an experimental system for this neutrality study. The results of this study are the discovery of the fact of the use of animal symbols, namely tadpoles, bat and desert lizards in the interaction of the social media world by netizens. Researchers found the meanings and symbols of the use of these animals only as a mocking tool but also became a symbol of guidance to criticize the animal symbol as not only a stigma but also a means of controlling social criticism.Abstrak: Penelitian ini berbentuk deskriptif kualitatif  yang bertujuan untuk menganalisa fenoma bahasa dengan teori semiotic Pierce. Peneliti meggunakan beberapa data yang diambil dari media sosial twitter sebagai data empiris yang diambil dalam  kurun waktu Januari 2018 hingga November 2019. Data empiris yang ditemukan dalam twitter tersebut diolah dan dianalisa dengan metode  thick description. peneliti melakukan observasi di dalam media sosial dan melakukan pengambilan data dengan sistem acak guna menjaga netralitas penelitian ini. Hasil penelitian ini adalah penemuan fakta empiris penggunaan simbol hewan yakni cebong, kampret dan kadal gurun dalam interkasi dunia sosial media yang dilakukan oleh netizen. Peneliti menemukan kesamaan makna dan tujuan penggunaan symbol ketiga hewan tersebut yakni bukan hanya  sebagai alat mengejek tetapi juga menjadi symbol petunjuk untuk mengkritik sehingga symbol hewan tersebut bukan saja menjadi stigma namun juga menjadi alat kontrol kritik sosial.
Aggregate Risk Model and Risk Measure-Based Risk Allocation
Authors: Syuhada Khreshna
Published: September 2020

AbstractIn actuarial modeling, aggregate risk is known as more attractive rather than individual risk. It has, however, usual difficulty in finding (the exact form of) joint probability distribution. This paper considers aggregate risk model and employ translated gamma approximation to handle such distribution function formulation. In addition, we deal with the problem of risk allocation in such model. We compute in particular risk allocation based on risk measure forecasts of Value-at-Risk (VaR) and its extensions: improved VaR and Tail VaR. Risk allocation shows the contribution of each individual risk to the aggregate. It has a constraint that the risk measure of aggregate risk is equal to the aggregate of risk measure of individual risk.Keywords: allocation methods; tail-value-at-risk; translated gamma approximation. AbstrakRisiko agregat merupakan kajian yang lebih menarik dalam pemodelan aktuaria, dibandingkan dengan risiko individu. Namun fungsi distribusi risiko agregat sulit ditentukan bentuk eksaknya. Artikel ini membahas mengenai model risiko agregat dan menggunakan metode aproksimasi Translasi Gamma untuk menentukan fungsi distribusi risiko agregat. Berdasarkan fungsi distribusi tersebut, dapat diprediksi alokasi risiko agregat. Metode alokasi risiko agregat diterapkan pada ukuran risiko Value-at-Risk (VaR) dan pengembangannya: improved VaR dan Tail-VaR. Alokasi risiko menyatakan nilai kontribusi setiap risiko individu terhadap ukuran risiko agregat. Jumlahan atau agregat dari setiap alokasi risiko individu sama dengan ukuran risiko agregat.Kata kunci: aproksimasi Translasi Gamma; alokasi risiko; Tail-Value-at-Risk.
Improving Higher Order Thinking Skills through Project-based Learning in Primary Schools
Authors: Takiddin Takiddin , Jalal Fasli , Neolaka Amos
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis study aims to determine the effects of Project-Based Learning development in social studies to improve students’ higher-order thinking skills in the fifth grade, from Al Mursyidiyyah Islamic primary school in Kota Tangerang Selatan. The method used in this research is the research and development (R&D) and quasi-experimental method. Research and development (R&D) is used to develop Project Based Learning to improve students’ higher-order thinking skills in the fifth grade of Islamic primary school. The quasi-experimental method is used to find the difference of students' higher-order thinking skills improvement using project-based learning models in social studies against students who get learning with conventional learning models. Data collection techniques in this study used to test and observation instruments. Thus, this study finds that project-based learning in social studies improves students’ higher-order thinking skills. The novelty of this research is the development of project-based learning in social studies can improve the higher-order thinking skills of Islamic Primary School students.   AbstrakTujuan penelitian adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh model Project Based Learning terhadap peningkatan keterampilan berpikir tingkat tinggi dalam pembelajaran IPS pada siswa kelas V Madrasah Ibtidaiyah Al Mursyidiyyah Kota Tangerang Selatan. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode penelitian dan pengembangan (R&D) dan metode kuasi eksperimen. Metode R&D digunakan untuk mengembangkan project based learning dalam IPS untuk meningkatkan keterampilan berpikir tingkat tinggi siswa dan metode kuasi eksperimen digunakan untuk mengetahui perbandingan peningkatan keterampilan berpikir tingkat tinggi siswa dalam pembelajaran IPS yang menggunakan model pembelajaran berbasis proyek dengan siswa yang mendapatkan pembelajaran dengan model pembelajaran konvensional. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain kuasi eksperimen Nonequivalent Control Group Pretest-posttest Design dimana kelompok eksperimen maupun kelompok kontrol tidak dipilih secara random. Teknik pengumpulan data dalam penelitian ini menggunakan instrumen tes dan pengamatan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pembelajaran berbasisis proyek dalam pembelajaran IPS dapat meningkatkan keterampilan berpikir tingkat tinggi siswa. Novelti penelitian ini adalah pengembangan pembelajaran berbasisis proyek dalam pembelajaran IPS dapat meningkatkan keterampilan berpikir tingkat tinggi siswa. How to Cite: Takiddin, Jalal, F., Neolaka, A. (2020).  Improving Higher Order Thinking Skills through Project-based Learning in Primary Schools. TARBIYA: Journal of Education in Muslim Society, 7 (1), 16-28. doi:10.15408/tjems.v7i1.14052.
Mechanisms of Interaction Between Power, Society and Handicrafts in the Russian Empire at the End of the XIX – the Beginning of the XX century
Authors: Kartashova Maria V.
Published: September 2020

Introduction. The article discusses the mechanisms of interaction between power, society and handicrafts in the Russian Empire in the late XIX – early XX centuries as part of the study of problems of Russian economic policy. The struggle between two ideological directions – conservative and liberal – was most clearly expressed in the attitude of government circles towards the peasantry. The author tries to trace two ways of interaction between the authorities and artisanal peasants. Materials and Methods. Based on archival and published sources, an analysis is made of the mechanism of interaction between power, society and handicrafts in the Russian Empire at the turn of the XIX–XX centuries. In the work, we used narrative, historical-typological, and historical-systematic methods of historical research. Results. The first way of interaction between the authorities and handicrafts included research activities, surveys, censuses. Committees and commissions played an important role in the mechanism of relations between power and handicraftsmen, which gathered at the initiative of the government in order to obtain information from the localities about the needs of peasant handicraftsmen. The highest public body in the system of relations between power and handicraftsmen was the congresses of workers in the handicraft industry, the decisions and decisions of which, after discussions, were submitted to the government for consideration and were also taken into account when developing government measures for the development of crafts. This whole mechanism was quite effective and made a significant contribution to the implementation of state assistance to artisans. Discussion and Conclusion. In recent years, research has been conducted on the problems of the interaction of power, society and the peasantry in various aspects on the materials of individual regions. The literature received coverage of the interaction of the state and various economic and political strata: the commercial and industrial bourgeoisie, zemstvos, and the peasantry. The topic under consideration is of great importance for identifying the effectiveness of the Stolypin reform and its compliance with the traditions of the economic life of the Russian village. Of the two ways of interaction between power structures and artisanal peasants: “from above” and “from below,” the most effective was the first path, initiated from power structures. State programs for the development of handicrafts, formed in the process of interaction with handicraftsmen, were aimed at supporting small and medium enterprises in the peasant environment.
The Participation of Komsomol and the Youth of Mordovia in the Development of Industry During the Khrushchev Thaw
Authors: Averyanova Ekaterina A.
Published: September 2020

Introduction. In the Mordovian ASSR, as in the whole country, the time of “the great decade” of N. S. Khrushchev was associated with rapid, not surpassed throughout the subsequent time, the pace of development. The Republic has become an industrial and agricultural region. The average annual growth of industrial production from 1959 to 1965 was 16.9 %, and in the country exceeded 10 %. In terms of this indicator and GDP growth, the USSR surpassed almost all developed countries in the world. The reasons for “the economic miracle” continue to be the subject of wide discussion. The most important factor in achieving this result, according to most researchers, was the human factor, that is, the set of traditions, customs, behavioral norms and models formed within the framework of the Soviet institutional environment during the “Khrushchev thaw”. The Komsomol played a significant role in organizing events at that time. It supported planned (production, ideological, cultural, etc.) mobilization companies of the Soviet society. The young generation in the post-war period became the most important source of labor resources and was crucial in providing production with the necessary personnel. The article is devoted to the study of the nature of labor motivation of young people in the basic concepts of that time. Materials and Methods. Scientific study based on the materials of CSA of the Republic of Mordovia, where the set of documents of Komsomol organizations since their emergence to the elimination in the early 90-ies of the last century. While writing the article, the principle of historicism, objectivity and consistency was applied. The whole range of special historical methods of studying the past social reality is used. Result. Based on the study of archival and published sources, as well as scientific literature, the analysis of the activities of the Komsomol to mobilize young people to implement the decisions of the CPSU on the development of the national economic complex of the country and the Mordovian ASSR was carried out. Discussion and Conclusion. In 1957, at the initiative of N. S. Khrushchev, one of the radical reforms aimed at restructuring the management of the national economy was undertaken. The law of May 10, 1957 replaced the branch system with a territorial one. The Mordovian economic administrative district headed by the Sovnarkhoz was created on July 1, 1957. The period of the reform was a time of rapid industrial development. After displacement Khrushchev and Brezhnev’s rise to power slowed the pace of development. The rejection of economic incentives to work, the gradual fading of the momentum of renewal, and the growing fatigue of society from continuous reforms and reorganizations led to a decline in the pace of economic development. The Komsomol of Mordovia in the conditions of the Soviet planning and administrative economic system was a significant driving force of industrial development.