bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
La chèvre Draa. Potentiel de production et caractéristiques d'adaptation aux contraintes de l'environnement aride
Authors: Hossaini-Hilali J. , Mouslih Y.
Published: August 2011

La chèvre Draa est la seule des populations caprines marocaines qui peut être considérée comme une race bien distincte. C'est une sorte d'isolat génétique qui est localisée et élevée principalement dans les oasis de la vallée du Draa à un climat aride. Il ressort des études réalisées que le potentiel laitier de la chèvre Draa est satisfaisant (142 litres sur 150j de lactation). De même, l’évaluation des ses performances de reproduction en station a montré une prolificité de 158 % avec une aptitude à réaliser deux mises bas par an.

De plus, la chèvre Draa présente quelques capacités adaptatives pour produire et survivre dans les conditions arides. En effet, son turnover de l'eau corporelle est relativement faible comparativement aux races caprines européennes étudiées dans les mêmes conditions expérimentales. Enfin, la chèvre Draa présente une bonne capacité à préserver l'appétit en cas de privation d'eau. Ces caractéristiques de production et d'adaptation, prises ensemble, font d'elle un bon candidat pour le développement d'une race caprine laitière marocaine et pour continuer les efforts pour sa préservation, son amélioration et la connaissance de ses caractéristiques physiologiques.
Conservation of livestock genetic resources in Euskadi (Basque Country)
Authors: Gómez M. , Amezaga I.
Published: August 2011

This study presents the actual Basque livestock breed situation. The breeds described are: Betizu, Monchina, Pirenaica and Terreña (bovines); the Asno de las Encartaciones (donkey), Caballo de monte del País Vasco and the Pottoka horse (horses); Carranzana black face and blond face, Latxa black face and blond face and Sasi ardi (sheep); Azpi gorri (goat); Chato vitoriano and Euskal txerria (pigs); Erbi txakurra, Euskal artzain txakurra (shepherd dogs) with two varieties: Gorbeiakoa and Iletsua; Villano de las Encartaciones (cattle dog) and Villanuco de las Encartaciones (dog); Euskal antzara (goose) and the five varieties of the Basque poultry: Beltza, Gorria, Lepasoila, Marraduna and Zilarra (chicken).

The conservation study shows that farmers need these animals. A programme is needed to develop these breeds in natural parks to assure their survival. In this way the society gets to know the Basque livestock heritage. At the same time, it aims at presenting the in vivo conservation and the work carried out by the Association “Euskal abereak” the umbrella of more than 20 societies that work on the conservation and recovery of Basque native breeds.
A short note on Chinae Hans Muscuovy ducks in Bengal, India
Authors: Banerjee S. , Banerjeel S.
Published: August 2011

Muscuovy ducks (Cairina moschata) are popular as a source of poultry meat. Reports on availability of Muscovies (in the free range system of management) in the eastern region of Indu is lacking. In the West Bengal state of Indu two strains of Muscovies have been identified, the strains resemble Black Muscuovy L 303 and White Muscuovy ducks. Ironically they are known as Chinae haras (Chinese duck). Presently a detailed study is being conducted by the author and is being used to develop a strain of broader duck (mule duck) in the region. Reports on availability of Muscovies in this part of the subcontinent are lacking.
Conservación de la oveja Xalda de Asturias
Authors: Sevilla A. Álvarez , Gutiérrez J.P. , Fernández I. , Royo L.J , Álvarez I. , Gómez E. , Goyache F.
Published: August 2011

En este trabajo se describen las iniciativas de conservación de la oveja de raza Xalda de Asturias. Es una oveja de pequeño tamaño, y de color predominantemente negro que presenta gran similitud morfológica con otras razas ovinas del Arco Atlántico Europeo como la Ouessant o la Morite. En 1992 se funda la asociación de criadores de la raza (ACOXA) y comienza el funcionamiento del Libro Genealógico. Durante la última década la actividad de ACOXA ha estado centrada en la recuperación de individuos aislados fomentando su cría en raza pura. Se ha realizado un análisis de la información genealógica contenida en el Libro Genealógico detectándose el excesivo uso de algunos reproductores que puede provocar una pérdida de variabilidad genética en la población. A partir de estos resultados parece necesario llevar a cabo estrategias de apareamientos que aseguren el mantenimiento del patrimonio genético de la raza.
Caracterización fenotípica de la Raza Caprina Azul en el Nordeste Brasileño
Authors: Ribeiro M.N. , Da Silva J.V. , Filho E.C Pimenta , Sereno J.R.B.
Published: August 2011

El presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo caracterizar fenotípicamente un rebaño de cabras azules, pertenecientes a la granja Carnaúba, municipio de Taperoá, Estado de Paraiba, Brasil, con el propósito de contribuir a la homologación del patrón racial en el Ministerio de Agricultura. Fueron evaluadas 62 hembras azules con edades a partir de dos años y peso medio de 40,3 kg, tomándose las siguientes medidas morfométricas: longitud corporal (71,5±5,6 cm), altura a la cruz (59,0±4,3 cm), perímetro torácico (76,9±4,8 cm), longitud de las orejas (12,6 cm), formato de los cuernos (bien implantados, simétricos, dirigidos hacia arriba, hacia detrás y hacia afuera, con pequeñas curvaturas hacia el frente en las extremidades y color ceniza oscuro). Los animales presentaron tres patrones distintos de capa: ceniza claro, ceniza azulado y ceniza azulado muy oscuro. Este estudio contribuirá al fortalecimiento de los trabajos de conservación de esta raza, que se encuentra en estado crítico debido a cruzamientos absorbentes e indiscriminados con otras razas exóticas.
Characterization and evaluation of Jalauni sheep
Authors: Sahana G. , Jain A. , Maity S.B.
Published: August 2011

Jalauni sheep are found in the Bundelkhand region of Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh states in India. About 37% of the geographical area of this region is under cultivation and about 86% of the population, mostly directly or indirectly dependent on agriculture, live in villages. Forests, cultivable waste and barren land occupy more than 50% of the area, permanent pasture and other grazing lands about 9% and miscellaneous tree crops and grasses about 0.7%. The livestock census figures of 1977 and 1997 indicate an annual declining trend of 0.04 % in the sheep population in Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh states. Characterization and evaluation of Jalauni sheep under field conditions were undertaken to establish the norms, morphological characteristics and performance parameters of this breed. A total of 78 households were visited in 29 villages in five districts. Information on feeding, breeding and management practices, utility patterns etc. and production and reproductive performance was collected through personal observations and interaction with the farmers. Body weight and/or body measurements were recorded for 374 animals. Average adult body weights of male and female Jalauni sheep were 35.5±2.1 and 27.2±0.7 kg respectively. Age at first lambing was 1.5 to 2 years and lambing interval one year. A ewe, on an average, delivers 7–9 lambs in her lifetime.
Characterisation of Spiti Horses of India
Authors: Pundir R.K.
Published: August 2011

The breeding tract of Spiti horses is located in the Kaja subdivision of the Lahul and Spiti district and the Yanthang area of the Kinnaur district of Himachal Pradesh in India. The horses in this area are smaller in height and called Spiti ponies. They are reared as pack animals at high altitude. Their body is well developed with fairly strong bones. The mane is long and has hairs of 25 to 40 cm in length. The body is solid, displaying and alert attitude, the face is convex, the ears are erect and the eyes are black. The tail is medium in length and straight. The horses are docile in temperament. The body colours are grey, brown, black and piebald. On an average, these horses stand 129 cm height, have a body length of 100 cm, a heart girth of 148 cm, an ear length of 15 cm and a face length of 50 cm. Animals are reared on grazing (alpine pasture) from May to November and stall fed from December to April. The breeding season is from February to July. The average age at first fertile service, age at first foaling, gestation period, service period and foaling interval were estimated as 1 054, 1 297, 333, 63 and 516 days, respectively under intensive management at Kamand farm. It has also been ascertained from various sources that their number is declining rapidly, however breed population statistics are not available. There is, therefore, an urgent need to conserve this breed.
A survey on population, distribution, management and utilisation of indigenous Tswana pigs in Southern Botswana
Authors: Nsoso S.J. , Mosweu S. , Malela L. , Podisi B.
Published: August 2011

Indigenous Tswana pigs are mostly found in Southern Botswana. There is concern that the breed may become extinct due to the low usage of the breed and the lack of implementation of a comprehensive conservation strategy. The objectives of this study were to identify places where indigenous Tswana pigs are kept in Gaborone Agricultural Region and document the numbers, distribution, management and utilisation of these pigs. A formal questionnaire was administered to all indigenous pig farmers who could be identified. The data was analysed using procedure frequency in Statistical System Analysis. A total of 51 indigenous pig farmers were interviewed, of these 71%, 16% and 14% were in Southeast, Kgatleng and Kweneng districts respectively. Only one farmer kept crossbreeds with the majority keeping pure indigenous Tswana. A total of 124 sows, 23 boars, 32 castrates and 211 piglets were counted in this region. All the pigs were kept under the communal system. None of the farmers surveyed kept records and they exhibited limited knowledge of pig farming and improved management. Pigs were kept for home consumption with very few sold, given out as gifts or loaned out. Pig fat was used as a by-product to make soap and a lubricant in traditional leather rope making. The farmers’ perception of indigenous pigs is good; they claim that the pigs posses traits of economic importance such as high heat and drought tolerance, which are of great significance in the harsh climatic conditions of Botswana. There is a need to undertake conservation efforts for this breed given that it survives and reproduces under harsh climatic conditions and sub-standard management. More research and further action is required to increase the production of this breed.
Analyse de données de ségrégations italiennes pour la livrée des bovins
Authors: Renieri C. , Lauvergne J.J.
Published: August 2011

Des ségrégations de la livrée ont été analysées sur des données de F1 et de back-cross sur les pères de races à viande phæomélaniques (Charolaise et Limousine) et phæomélaniques à extrémités eumélaniques dites PEE (Piémontaise, Chianine, Marchienne et Romagnole) accouplés à des femelles eumélaniques noir (Holstein Frisonne Italienne).

Les ségrégations sont interprétées en termes d'allèles au locus Extension E avec les quatre allèles ED,Er ,E et El, au locus Dilution Charolais DC avec les allèles DCD et DC+, au locus Albinos C avec les allèles C+ et Cch et au locus Spotting S avec les allèles S+ et Ss

Parfois il faut faire appel à des pénétrance incomplètes.
Influencia histórica y actual de los genotipos canarios en la población caprina americana
Authors: Capote J. , Tejera A. , Amills M. , Argüello A. , Fresno M. , López J.L.
Published: August 2011

En la última década del siglo XV comenzó la colonización americana y terminó la conquista de las Islas Canarias. El carácter insular de paso obligatorio en las rutas colombinas hizo que ambos territorios se vincularan estrechamente y compartieran uno de los pilares básicos de la economía de aquella época: la ganadería. En este trabajo se presenta una revisión bibliográfica de carácter histórico y zootécnico de la cual se desprende que las razas caprinas de origen africano en Canarias no solo tuvieron una importante influencia en la constitución del mosaico racial americano sino que, además, comienzan a ser demandadas en esas áreas debido a sus características rústicas y productivas.
Changthangi Goats: A rich source of pashmina production in Ladakh
Authors: Bhattacharya T.K. , Misra S.S. , Sheikh F.D. , Kumar P. , Sharma A.
Published: August 2011

Pashmina, internationally known as “cashmere”, a fine luxury fibre, is being produced from Changthangi goats bred in the Ladakh region of India. The Leh district of Greater Ladakh produces around 30 000 kg of pashmina fibre which is harvested from about 0.15 million Changthangi goats reared by the Changpa nomads in Changthang region of Greater Ladakh. Changthangi goats are sometimes also called Changra goats. Pashmina producing goats are of great importance for revitalising the economy of the poverty stricken region of Changthang and the Leh district of Ladakh. The information on Changthangi goats was collected from both small and large-scale farmers in Ladakh, and 337 animals were included in the study.

The body colour of Changthangi goats varies from white to light brown and nearly whole body is covered with pashmina and long hairs. The average birth weights of male and female kids were estimated as 2.11 ± 0.3 and 2.06 ± 0.2 kg, respectively while weight at 300 days was found to be 20.0 ± 2.1 and 18.7 ± 1.9 kg in male and females respectively.

The pashmina yields of bucks, does, male hoggets and female hoggets were estimated as 402 ± 19 g, 248 ± 14 g, 255 ± 12 and 280 ± 16 g, respectively. The length of pashmina fibre was found to be 4.25 ± 1.2 cm in males and 4.02 ± 1.5 cm in females while fibre diameter in male and female goats was estimated as 12.9 ± 2.6 μ and 13.0 ± 3.0 μ, respectively.

The twining rate was found to be very low, nearly 0.3%. A preliminary study at DNA level with PCR-RFLP indicated monomorphism at the growth hormone gene. The occurrence of disease was quite low although some genetic deformities in this breed were not uncommon.
The Majorero camel (Camelus dromedarius) breed
Authors: Schulz U. , Mínguez Y. , Checa M.L. , García-Atance P. , Dunner S. , García D. , Cañón J.
Published: August 2011

A brief historical, morphologic and behavioural review of the camel Fuerteventura breed (Majorero) is presented. Genetic variability within the breed was analysed (n = 10) using 11 microsatellite markers, neutral to the selection, and compared with an African camel population (n = 37). In spite of the fact that there are significantly fewer Majorero camels than African, the level of inbreeding, measured by means of the statistic FIS, is almost 3 times higher in the African camel, (3.2 versus 8.7). The set of markers used shows significant differences between the two populations, (FST = 3.1%) and provides sufficient discrimination (> 99%) to carry out a proper control of parentage in the studbook. Nevertheless, the molecular information available does not manage to assign the individuals into clusters corresponding to its population.
Phenotypic characterization and production performance of local pigs under village settings in the Southern Highland zone, Tanzania
Authors: Mbaga S.H. , Lymo C.M. , Kifaro G.C. , Lekule F.P.
Published: August 2011

Indigenous pigs in Tanzania are descendants of earlier European introductions. However, a lack of systematic breeding plans, poor husbandry practices, genetic drift and possibly mutation have led to pigs of varied phenotypes. A study undertaken in Mbeya region showed that the predominant management system practised was free ranging and occasionally tethering. The average mature body weights for boars and sows were 57.4 kg and 54 kg, respectively. Coat colour varied, but the predominant colours were white (28%), black and white (24%), and solid black (19.8%). The majority (78%) of pigs had droopy ears and such pigs were found to be significantly (P<0.01) heavier with a longer trunk and increased body length when compared with those with erect ears. Other features included a long and straight face and a short curled tail. The overall mean birth weight was 0.9 kg while the mean weaning weight was 10.8 kg. The average litter size for local pigs was 6.6 piglets and litter size at weaning was 4.3 piglets. Locally raised pigs served a number of functions including among others, income, provision of meat, cooking fat and manure.
Chato Murciano pig breed: genetic and ethnozoological characterization
Authors: Peinado B. , Vega-Pla J.L. , Martínez M.A. , Galián M. , Barba C. , Delgado J.V. , Poto A.
Published: August 2011

The Chato Murciano is the only surviving breed of pig of those historically farmed in the region of Murcia for their quality meat. At present, it is on the verge of extinction, having a population of only 260 reproductive animals. This paper describes the genetic studies made in the conservation and recovery programme of this breed of pig. A study of the morphological characterization of these animals was carried out first, measuring thirteen quantitative and six qualitative variables in a sample of 24 adult animals, 8 males and 16 females.

Subsequently, investigation was made of the consanguinity of the individuals and of the population as well as the future influence of inbreeding in each generation. Finally, the accuracy and precision of the heterozygote-excess method was evaluated using two data sets from the Chato Murciano pig. One data set is an original population and the other is a F3+F4+F5 generation of a line created from mating a Chato Murciano female with a Large White boar as part of an absorption programme based on backcrosses with Chato Murciano boars.
Caracterización genética de seis proteínas lácteas en tres razas bovinas cubanas
Authors: Uffo O. , Martín-Burriel I. , Martínez S. , Ronda R. , Osta R. , Rodellar C. , Zaragoza P.
Published: August 2011

En el presente estudio se presentan los primeros resultados de la determinación de la estructura genética de tres poblaciones de ganado bovino autóctono cubano: Criollo de Cuba, Cebú Cubano y Siboney de Cuba, para los loci de seis proteínas lácteas (CASA1, CASAB, CASA2, CASK, LAA y LGB). Se analizaron un total de 150 individuos (50 por cada raza), mediante análisis de ADN por PCR-RFLP.Se calcularon las frecuencias alélicas para cadalocusasí como condiciones de equilibrio de Hardy-Weinberg. Fueron identificados los alelos CASA1Cy LAAAcomo evidencia de la presencia de genes deBos indicusen las tres poblaciones cubanas. Se comprobó la existencia de elevada variabilidad en cada población lo que constituye un elemento importante para trazar estrategias de mejoramiento y/o conservación genética.
On-farm characterization and present status of North Bengal Grey (NBG) cattle in Bangladesh
Authors: Al-Amin M. , Nahar A. , Bhuiyan A.K.F.H. , Faruque M.O.
Published: August 2011

North Bengal Grey (NBG) cattle are an important indigenous cattle genetic resource found mainly in the northern part of Bangladesh. The study was undertaken at Bogra Sadar, Shibgonj and Kahalu Upazila (sub-district) in the Bogra district. The physical and morphological characteristics, and the productive and reproductive performances of NBG cattle were studied. The coat colour of these animals is deep grey to white. The coat colour of the neck region in adult bulls was found to be generally ashy with a range of shades.

The body is small, compact and less fleshy. Ear length and ear width were 18.0±0.17 and 11.0±0.21 cm, respectively. The head length average was 38.0±0.56 cm, the head width 16.0±0.17 cm, the foreleg length average 65.0±0.64 cm, the hind leg length 71.0±0.64 cm, the tail length average 71.0±0.67 cm, the horn length average 9.0±0.39 cm, the horn diameter 10.0±0.37 cm, the average teat length 5.0±0.18 cm, the teat diameter 6.0±0.22 cm, the distance betweenthe front teats 7.0±0.13 cm and the distance between the rear teats 7.0±0.13 cm. Body length, height at wither and heart girth in adult cows were 105.0il.20, 94.0+1.12 and 127.0±1.52 cm, respectively.

The recorded highest peak milk production per day was 3.5±0.18 kg, lactation length was 219±6.1 days, and the dry period was 180±6.8 days. The average birth weight of calves was 18.4±0.52 kg and mature live weight of cows 241.0±4.0 kg. The age at first heat was 869±29.6 days, age at first calving 1191±19.7 days, gestation length 281±1.3 days, calving interval 442±7.4 days, postpartum heat period 110±4.2 days and the number of services per conception 1.4±0.6. About 54% of total cattle population was NBG cattle in the surveyed area of Bangladesh. The results indicated that the productive and reproductive performance of NBG cattle was better than other non-descript indigenous cattle of Bangladesh. The study further revealed an obvious need for more in-depth and objective information on wider samples of this type of indigenous cattle in order to assess the future need for conservation and improvement programs to be undertaken.
Phenotypic characterization of the Guajolote (Meleagris gallopavo gallopavo) in Mexico
Authors: Camacho-Escobar M.A. , Ramírez-Cancino L. , Lira-Torres I. , Hernández-Sánchez V.
Published: August 2011

The study was conducted to investigate the phenotypic diversity of Guajolote present in small backyard poultry operations. From September 2004 to July 2006, in 54 municipalities in the coastal region of Oaxaca, Mexico 768“guajalotes”growers were visited. Eleven different phenotypes of Guajolote, previously described as turkey varieties, have been identified. The phenotypes identified and their frequency are: Bronze (30.1%), Black (29.0%), Royal Palm (13.4%), Auburn (5.3%), Bourbon Red (5.2%), Narragancet (2.6%), Spotted (2.4%), Brown (2.2%), Slate (1.7%), White (1.5%) and Imperfect Albino (0.2%). The remainder (6.4%) were not identified as a phenotype previously described. This is the first report about the phenotypic differentiation of Guajolote in Mexico.
Community-based management of farm animal genetic resources in practice: framework for focal goats in two rural communities in Southern Benin
Authors: Dossa L.H. , Wollny C. , Gauly M. , Gbégo I.
Published: August 2011

This paper describes and analyses the process of implementing participatory community-based management (CBM) towards sustainable management of goat genetic resources in two rural communities in Southern Benin from November 2005 to February 2007. The process started with the selection of the communities. This was followed by a participatory situation analysis, identification of problems and of possible solutions, and the provisionof relevant information and training to interested farmers. It was facilitated by a multidisciplinary research team composed of a specialist in livestock production systems, a socio-economist and an agronomist. The interaction between the research team and the farmers aimed to develop and implement community led strategies towards better management and conservation of the local resources of goat. The approach adopted to facilitate the creation of representative, accountable and legal local institutions and the efforts made in ensuring their empowerment are described. It has been shown that once local people recognise the benefits of such community-based activities and are offered the relevant information and technical support, they can organize themselves effectively and take appropriate actions to better manage and conserve their local resources. The interactive nature of thisapproach allows its rapid adjustment to different local conditions and thus its replication elsewhere.
Genetic diversity and zebu genes introgression in cattle population along the coastal region of the Bight of Benin
Authors: Koudandé O.D. , Dossou-Gbété G. , Mujibi F. , Kibogo H. , Mburu D. , Mensah G.A. , Hanotte O. , van Arendonk J.A.M.
Published: August 2011

Genetic diversity and Zebu genetic introgression have been assessed in five subpopulations of cattle along the coastal region of Togo, Benin and Nigeria using 15 autosomal and one Y- specific microsatellite markers. Mean observed heterozygosity (Ho) ranges from 0.55 to 0.61 and the mean number of alleles (MNA) from 5.47 to 6.47. Genetic differentiation indexes (Fst), were significant between the five subpopulations (P< 0.01). Some possible population diagnostic alleles are identified with allele 254 at locus ILSTS033 and allele 182 at locus ILSTS005 found only in the population from Togo with frequencies of 5.41% and 12.82% respectively. Allele 226 of locus ILSTS103 is fixed in the Togolese population (100%) and almost fixed (98.75%) in the Benin-Valley population. Y chromosome analysis reveals male Zebu introgression in all five populations with a frequency of indicine Y chromosome ranging from 37.5% in Benin-Valley and Benin Plateau East to 100% for Benin Plateau West. Admixture analysis using the programme STRUCTURE (k = 2) confirms phenotypic observations suggesting different level of taurine background and therefore Zebu introgression amongst the populations. Within populations, variations in levels of Zebu admixture between herds were also detected. Whereas the valley population from Benin shows low level of Zebu introgression, it is the population from Benin Plateau East which is the purest.
CONSERVATION DES RESSOURCES GENETIQUES BOVINES
Authors: Avon Laurent
Published: August 2011

RESUME

On peut classer les races qui bénéficient d'une aide au titre de la conservation en trois categories:

a. Les races a très petits effectifs (TPE <1 000 femelles): programms de conservation génétique purs avec tr'es peu de selection possible. Inte'rgt scientifique en ce qui concerne dix races: Amoricaine, Auroise, Be'arnaise, Bretome Pie Noire, Ferrandaise, Froment du Leon, Lourdaise, mirandaise, Nantaise, et Villard de Lans.

b. Les races A petits effectifs (PE <1 000 <10 000 femlles): gestion I ne'tic ge jue stricte (maintien de la variabilite') et pression de sélection possibles. Inte‘r’et agricole local: Bazadaise, Bleue du Nord, Flamande, Parthenaise, et Vosgieme.

c. Les races re'gionales (>10 000 femelles): programmes de relance. Pression de sélection maintenue mais avec quelques amenagements dans les programes techniques. Aides importantes: Abondance, Aubrac,Gasconne à Muqueuses Noires, et Tarentaise.

Nous n'évoquerons ici que le travail réalisé pour les races des deux premiéres categories.
RESEARCH ON GENETIC MARKERS IN THE SURQO ZEBU OF SOMALIA
Authors: Abdulcadir I.A. , Di Stasio L. , Rasero R. , Sartore G.
Published: August 2011

The zebu population of Somalia includes four main types (Boran, Dawara,, Gasara and Surqo), which cannot be considered as breeds in the same sense as cattle in Europe. Boran, Dawara and Gasara are included in the type known as East African Shorthorned zebu, while the Surqo is regarded as an ancient stable mixture of zebu and Sanga (see Figure 1).

The task of identifying the genetic relationships existing among these types, within a rather heterogeneous population, could best be approached through the study of marker loci like thoseicontrolling the immmogenetic and biochemical polymorphic systems, rather than through the comparison of morphological traits.

Research was continued along these lines to facilitate the genetic characterization of Boran and Dawara types (Di Stasio et al., 1978.and 1980), and the study was extended to include the Surqo type ird-a comparison of the results.
POLISH RED CATTLE: A SCHEME FOR THEIR CONSERVATION
Authors: Zukowski Kazimierz
Published: August 2011

Polish Red is the only indigenous cattle breed in Poland. Breeding was first started at the end of the 19th century. At the end of the 1960s the breed constituted more than 20 percent of the total cattle population in Poland. During the 1970s Polish Red cattle were superseded by Friesian,-and now there are about 200 000 cows left (i.e., 3 percent of the total population).

These dual-purpose (dairy-beef) animals are hardy and well adapted to rather poor feeding conditions. An improvement programme, through crossbreeding, would likely diminish their original characteristics. Therefore, together with breed improvement, a gene reserve in the form of a conservation herd of 300 cows and a gene bank of frozen semen and embryos have been implemented. A systematic breeding programme has been implemented also to maintain the old genotype and ensure wider genetic variation within the herd.
LA RACE BOVINE MAROCAINE BLONDE D'OULMÈS-ZAËR
Authors: Asri A. , Aittaleb A. , Duplan J. M.
Published: August 2011

La race bovine marocaine Blonde d'Oulmès-Zaër, race traditionnelle et originale du Moyen-Atlas, est exploitée pour son lait et sa viande en conditions difficiles. Comptant 8000 vaches environ dans les communes de Boukachmir et d'Oulmès, dans la province de Khemisset, elle est l'objet d'un programme de conservation et d'amélioration génétique cohérent pouvant servir de point de départ à la revitalisation de cette région attachante.
PROTECTION OF GENETIC RESOURCES IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE
Authors: Grunenfelder H.-P
Published: August 2011

The conditions affecting agriculture in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe are being fundamentally changed by the transformation of the economy in that region. Rare breeds of domesticated animals and varieties of cultivated plants are in danger of rapidly disappearing. The article describes the situation in several countries; it also presents the plan of action of the Swiss foundation, PRO SPECIE RARA, to preserve the endangered genetic and cultural heritage in situ.
WENLING HUMPED AND GRASSLAND RED CATTLE OF CHINA
Authors: Weiqi F , Zhang Z. W
Published: August 2011

The Wenling Humped Cattle (WH) are a local breed of the Zhejiang Province, where they originated; the mild climatic conditions (temperature and rainfall) and the availability of food in the region helped the development of this population. The average body weight of adult males is 430 kg, and that of females 290 kg.

The Grassland Red Cattle (GR) are a double purpose (milk and meat) population well adapted to the pastureland conditions of northern China, where they graze during all seasons. The average body weight is 760 kg for adult males and 450 kg for females. The average lactation yield is estimated at 1800 kg with a 4% fat content.
ANIMAL GENETIC RESOURCES CONSERVATION PROGRAMME IN BRAZIL
Authors: da Silva Mariante A. , de Bem A. R.
Published: August 2011

The Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA), through the National Research Centre for Genetic Resources and Biotechnology (CENARGEN), created the National Research Programme for Genetic Resources in 1974, but at that time only plant resources were included. A few years ago, the need for conservation of animal genetic resources in Brazil became clear, and the lack of necessary documentation and evaluation was recognized. Finally, in 1981, CENARGEN decided to include animal genetic resources in its Research Programme. In the case ofcattle, actions are being taken to save the “Criollo” before it is too late as it is rapidly disappearing by indiscriminate crossbreeding. There is already considerable information on the “'local” livestock breeds, strains and varieties in Brazil. A number of these breeds, strains or varieties that are in danger of extinction have been identified, and are being documented and specifically evaluated, particularly to determine if they possess any unique or special inherited characteristic that would warrant their conservation. Until such evaluation is completed, steps are being taken to ensure preservation of these populations. More recently, the programme ineluded other species such as: buffaloes, pigs, sheep, goats, horses and donkeys.
LES RACES ANIMALES ANCIENNES: UN ATOUT ECONOMIQUE POUR LE SUD-OUEST DE LA FRANCE
Authors: Audiot Annick , Flamant J. C.
Published: August 2011

RESUME

Cette note décrit l'action entreprise dans le Sud-Ouest de la France par la Région Midi-Pyrénées pour la conservation des races d'animaux domestiques en voie d'extinction. Leur association avec leur terroir d'origine et des systèmes d' élevage non intensifiés pour aboutir à des produits typés de qualité, identifiables par les consommateurs, constitue aujourd'hui un nouvel atout économique dans le cadre d'une politique de diversification des débouchés de l'agriculture.
LA RACE BOVINE ASTURIENNE DES VALLEES
Authors: Dunner S. , Canon J. , Gutierrez J. P. , Vallejo M. , Alonso L. , Goyache F.
Published: August 2011

Ce travail présente les caractéristiques morphologiques, productives et d'exploitation les plus importantes de la race Asturienne des Vallées. I,es programmes de contrôle des performances et les modèles d'évaluation génétique pour la sélection de la race sont également décrits.
YAK (POEPHAGUS GRUNNIENS L) OF INDIA
Authors: Pal R. N.
Published: August 2011

The staggering population of 40 thousand from an imposing number of 132 thousand of 1977 in the Himalayan states of India has evoked a concern for adopting measures for conservation and irnprovements. The dwindling population is triggering the highlander's economy from bad to worse. Rearing in the precinct of high hills in very small population units conjoint with the absence of any scientific breeding policy has resulted in visible diversification of physical conformation (colour, shape, size of body and horn characteristics) and deterioration in productive proficiency of the yaks of India.
The state of African cattle genetic resources I. Classification framework and identification of threatened and extinct breeds
Authors: Rege J.E.O.
Published: August 2011

A field and literature survey was conducted to determine the status of cattle genetic resources of sub-Saharan Africa and to identify cattle breeds at risk and those which may have become extinct over the last century. This paper - in two parts - summarises preliminary results of the survey. The survey revealed that sub-Saharan Africa is home to a total of 145 cattle breeds/strains comprising two taurine Longhorns, 15 taurine Shorthorns, 75 zebu (Bos indicus), 30 sanga, eight zenga (zebu-sanga), nine breeds derived from interbreeding of indigenous breeds/strains located in close proximity to each other, and six systematically created composite breeds. Out of the 145 breeds identified from the survey, 47 (about 32%) were considered to be at risk of extinction. Risk categories used were: Critical (most severe), Endangered, Vulnerable, and Rare (least severe). Of the breeds identified to be at risk of extinction, six were in the “Rare”category, 10 were “Vulnerable” another 10 were “Endangered”and 15 were in the “Critical”category. A total of 22 breeds (about 13%) previously recognised in the continent have become extinct in the last century. This number excludes some populations which have lost their individual identity due to admixtures involving two or more originally distinct breeds.
Characteristics of Munjal sheep
Authors: Kushwaha B.P. , Riyazuddin  , Singh R.N. , Parthasarathy S.
Published: August 2011

Munjal is a mutton-type sheep found in some districts of the Haryana, Punjab and Rajasthan states. A sample survey was conducted in two districts of Rajasthan and one district of Punjab to record characteristics of Munjal sheep. Information was recorded on morphological characteristics, body measurements and body weight. Munjal sheep are quite big in size, tall, rectangular and massive with a dark brown face. Measurements were recorded of body length, height, heart girth, paunch girth, ear length and tail length. Adult body weights were also recorded. Wool samples were collected and analysed for their quality attributes. Wool from this breed is very coarse and hairy.
The Peel-Neck chicken of Belize and Guatemala, Central America
Authors: Mallia J.G.
Published: August 2011

A previously undescribed heavy, soft-feathered population of chickens characterised by a partially featherless portion of the neck known in Belize as the “Peel-Neck” was studied. It was also widely present in Guatemala. This population of chickens was said to have a dual purpose, raised for meat and eggs. The eggs were tinted, and the hens were sitters, also caring for the young until independent. The birds were active and independent foragers. The plumage colour was variable, but body weight and conformation were consistent across all specimens, as was the comb type and dimensions, and location of the featherless area on the neck. These chickens were kept under backyard rearing systems in both countries, although usually they were allowed to scavenge, at which they were said to excel. This population was not considered threatened, although apparently no attempt was made to breed pure specimens.
HISTORY OF HORSE DOMESTICATION
Authors: Bokonyi SàNdor
Published: August 2011

The wild ancestor of the present day domestic horse was equus ferus Woddaert which included two distinct sub-species - the tarpan and the taki or the Ptzevalsky horse. The tarpan is the main ancestor of the- Present day domestic type. Its domestication irst started in East Europe in the Neolithic period from where it spread in different directions, moving in successive waves to the Carpathian Basin and Moravia in the west, Caucasus in the southeast and Mesopotamia in the Near East, finally reaching western Europe in the Bronze Age.

The early domestic horses were small compared to present day animals, measuring only 137 cm at the withers. They were chiefly used to provide mobile power - either draught or riding. Later, during the Iron Age, the Scythians brought these eastern horses to Austria, Italy and Greece, where they were much in demand for their superior power and size, a result of conscious breeding by the Scythians. In contrast, the horses indigenous to the western half of Europe, represented by the Celtic horse, were smaller and slender. These were later improved by crossing with the eastern Scythian horses. From the Greeks, the eastern horses reached the Romans and contributed to the development of the Roman horse.,
APPORT DE L'ENDOCRINOLOGIE EN SELECTION LAITIERE BOVINE
Authors: Renaville R. , Massart S. , Shojae D. , Sneyers M. , Goffinet A. , Burny A. , Portetelle D.
Published: August 2011

Dans les schémas de sélection actuels, l'appréciation du potentiel génétique d'une vache laitière ne peut se réaliser que tardivement avec l'instauration d'une production. Il est également bien établi que la régulation endocrinienne de la lactation est un phénomène complexe dans lequel l'hormone de croissance (GH) et son médiateur hépatique l'Insulin-Like Growth Factor I (IGF-I) jouent un rôle central. Dans ce texte, les différentes applications possibles de ces hormones en tant que critère de sélection en production laitière sont discutées.
Image analysis in morphological animal evaluation: a group for the development of new techniques in zoometry
Authors: Zehender G. , Cordella L.P. , Chianese A. , Ferrara L. , del Pozzo A. , Barbera S. , Bosticco A. , Negretti P. , Bianconi G. , Balestra G. Filippi , Tonielli R.
Published: August 2011

The aim of the project is to seek new and more reliable methodologies to survey morphological parameters in domestic animals. The study describes the traditional tools adopted until today in the field of Zoometry and reports the methods independently set up by different research units, now combined into a single one. The approach was different in different applications but based on the same basic steps: video or photo shooting, computerised scanner image processing, achievement of precise body measurements and evaluation of the animals. The accuracy of the system was compared with the body measurements obtained manually and the results gave maximum difference of 1.1%. When warm carcass percentage was estimated by body measurements the observed error was 2.5%. The advantages of these new techniques are considerable, in terms of both accuracy of measurements and capability to survey new morphological parameters such as angles and surfaces, which are presently not measurable. The potentialities of the methodologies discussed allow more exact criteria of evaluation for the domestic and wild animals also when they are in natural living conditions. Moreover, the way is now opened to an improvement of the image acquisition techniques to calculate a tridimensional matrix.
The use of DNA markers in deciding conservation priorities in sheep and other livestock
Authors: Crawford A. M. , Littlejohn R.P.
Published: August 2011

The genetic diversity of most livestock species is reducing and it is not possible to preserve all livestock breeds. In order to preserve as much of the genetic diversity as possible we must first have a robust method of measuring the genetic differences between breeds. The analysis of microsatellite allele frequency is now the method of choice. Using sheep as an example, this paper describes the methods used for both microsatellite amplification and the analysis of the data once it has been collected.
Conservation of farm animal biodiversity: history and prospects
Authors: Hodges J.
Published: August 2011

The conservation and sustainable use of animal genetic resources (AGR) is now recognized as a legitimate activity of public concern in which inter-governmental, governmental, non-governmental and private sectors are involved. Livestock breeds became threatened on a large scale only in the second half of the 20th century. They are now recognized as a significant human heritage resulting from domestication whose loss would deplete the quality of human life. Conservation as a conscious and organized activity is therefore a new item on the public agenda. This paper traces the origin of livestock conservation from the Vision in the 1950s and 1960s through the awakening of the environmental movement with the creation of UNEP in 1972, followed by the development of a Joint Conservation Infrastructure and Programme for animal genetic resources in the 1980s by FAO and UNEP.

The paper describes the context, participants, constraints, opposition and activities of building the AGR Conservation Infrastructure and Programme. Although the concept of conservation was opposed by some and there were both financial and political difficulties, an effective institutional infrastructure for conservation was built by FAO by 1990 using UNEP funds. In 1992, the advent of the Convention on BioDiversity offered substantial funding for project activities for the first time through the Global Environmental Facility (GEF). At that point it was desirable to move activities from central planning to the design, funding and operation of local or national conservation projects. “Top-down” institutional control should have been replaced by “Bottom-up” conservation activities. Regrettably this did not happen during the 1990s and, as shown by successive editions of the World Watch List, the number of endangered livestock breeds has continued to increase. Now that the conservation vision is accepted and the institutional infrastructures are in place it is time for a new dynamic by creating and funding specific conservation projects which harness the local human resources of knowledge and enthusiasm.
A world wide emergency programme for the creation of national genebanks of endangered breeds in animal agriculture
Authors: Groeneveld E.
Published: August 2011

In response to the rapid loss of animal genetic resources, a world wide emergency program is proposed to create national genebanks on the basis of somatic cells. Contrary to other procedures, like storing deep frozen semen or embryos, collection and storage of somatic cells can be done cheaply and rapidly for any species. Only in this way can an emergency store of animal genetic resources be created fast enough to forestall the ongoing rapid erosion of animal biodiversity. While animals can already be produced from somatic cells for 10 species, this number will continue to rise in the future. A layered strategy is proposed which is based on collection and storage within individual countries, thus leaving execution of the program, responsibility and ownership of these national cryobanks with those countries. After a pilot study, more country genebanks could be created as funds become available. With a limited effort, the creation of a network of national genebanks of last resort are a realistic option.
The population of laying hens loses important genes: a case history
Authors: Sørensen P.
Published: August 2011

The switch from keeping laying hens in a floor or free range system into a cage system led to a considerable change in the way that breeding and selection took place. In the past 40–50 years up to the present date, the increase in genetic improvement of the egg laying trait was substantial. However, cage-adapted populations of laying hens seem to have lost some of their abilities to an adequate performance when returned to the old floor\free range systems. The strong concentration of all parts of the poultry production has meant that less than 10 international breeding companies supply most hens for laying purposes in the world and they have very little interest in developing genetic material for the West-European region where there are marked consumer preferences for eggs produced in non-cage systems. A particular Danish line, of White Leghorn origin named “The Skalborg hen” seems to have survived during an era of cage production system and they seems to have a production potential at farm level.
Conducting Rapid Health Needs Assessments in the Cluster Era: Experience from the Pakistan Flood
Authors: Dar Osman A. , Khan Mishal S. , Murray Virginia
Published: August 2011

Due to its unprecedented scale, the Pakistan flood disaster tested the limits of disaster management and coordination. Under the leadership of the World Health Organization, the Global Health Cluster system for coordinating activities improved collaboration and efficiency in conducing rapid needs assessments. However, the involvement of non-Cluster members was lacking, and information on existing service provision was not collected adequately. The present rapid health needs assessment process under the Cluster system will be discussed, using the recent floods in Pakistan as an example.
FLOWS AND INVARIANCE FOR DEGENERATE ELLIPTIC OPERATORS
Authors: TER ELST A. F. M. , ROBINSON DEREK W. , SIKORA ADAM
Published: August 2011

LetSbe a sub-Markovian semigroup onL2(ℝd) generated by a self-adjoint, second-order, divergence-form, elliptic operatorHwithW1,∞(ℝd) coefficientsckl, and let Ω be an open subset of ℝd. We prove that ifeither C∞c(ℝd) is a core of the semigroup generator of the consistent semigroup onLp(ℝd) for somep∈[1,∞]  or Ω has a locally Lipschitz boundary, thenSleavesL2(Ω) invariant if and only if it is invariant under the flows generated by the vector fields ∑dl=1ckl∂lfor allk. Further, for allp∈[1,2] we derive sufficient conditions on the coefficients for the core property to be satisfied. Then by combination of these results we obtain various examples of invariance in terms of boundary degeneracy both for Lipschitz domains and domains with fractal boundaries.