bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
COMPRIME - COnhecer Mais PaRa Intervir MElhor: Preliminary Mapping of Municipal Level Determinants of COVID-19 Transmission in Portugal at Different Moments of the 1st Epidemic Wave
Authors: Sousa Paulo , da Costa Nuno Marques  , da Costa Eduarda Marques  , Rocha Jorge , Ricoca Peixoto Vasco , Campos Fernandes Adalberto , Gaspar Rogério , Duarte-Ramos Filipa , Abrantes Patrícia , Leite Andreia
Published: March 2021

Background: The role of demographic and socio-economic determinants of COVID-19 transmission is still unclear and is expected to vary in different contexts and epidemic periods. Exploring such determinants may generate a hypothesis about transmission and aid the definition of prevention strategies. Objectives: To identify municipality-level demographic and socio-economic determinants of COVID-19 in Portugal. Methods: We assessed determinants of COVID-19 daily cases at 4 moments of the first COVID-19 epidemic wave in Portugal, related with lockdown and post-lockdown measures. We selected 60 potential determinants from 5 dimensions: population and settlement, disease, economy, social context, and mobility. We conducted a multiple linear regression (MLR) stepwise analysis (p < 0.05) and an artificial neural network (ANN) analysis with the variables to identify predictors of the number of daily cases. Results: For MLR, some of the identified variables were: resident population and population density, exports, overnight stays in touristic facilities, the location quotient of employment in accommodation, catering and similar activities, education, restaurants and lodging, some industries and building construction, the share of the population working outside the municipality, the net migration rate, income, and renting. In ANN, some of the identified variables were: population density and resident population, urbanization, students in higher education, income, exports, social housing buildings, production services employment, and the share of the population working outside the municipality of residence. Conclusions: Several factors were identified as possible determinants of COVID-19 transmission at the municipality level. Despite limitations to the study, we believe that this information should be considered to promote communication and prevention approaches. Further research should be conducted.
Current Management of Patients with RPE65 Mutation-Associated Inherited Retinal Degenerations in Europe: Results of a Multinational Survey by the European Vision Institute Clinical Research Network
Authors: Lorenz Birgit , Tavares Joana , van den Born L. Ingeborgh , Marques João P. , Scholl Hendrik P.N. ,   The EVICR.net Group
Published: March 2021

Purpose: The first ocular gene augmentation therapy, voretigene neparvovec (VN) (Luxturna®), has been approved for clinical use in an increasing number of countries (FDA USA 2017, EMA Europe 2018, MoHAP United Arab Emirates 2019, SFDA Saudi Arabia 2019, Swiss Medic Switzerland 2020, TGA Australia 2020, BFR Brazil 2020). Among the EVICR.net clinical centers, we conducted the first multinational survey to understand distribution, diagnostic work-up, and management of inherited retinal degeneration (IRD) cases in Europe with a special focus on RPE65 mutation-associated IRDs. Methods: An electronic survey questionnaire including 35 questions specifically addressing RPE65 mutation-associated IRDs was developed and sent to the 101 EVICR.net clinical centers. Results: The overall response rate was 49%. Forty-two centers see IRD patients, and 22/42 follow patients with confirmed biallelic RPE65 mutations. Fifteen of the 22 centers (68%) and 3/22 (14%) follow 1–5 and 6–10 patients with homozygous RPE65 mutations, respectively. Additionally, 15/22 (68%) and 3/22 (14%) follow 1–5 and >20 patients with compound heterozygous RPE65 mutations, respectively. Fifty-nine percent of mutations were ACMG Class 4 and 5 (at least 1 allele), 82.8% reported previously and 17.2% novel. Referral diagnoses (the mean per center) were Leber congenital amaurosis (38.2%), early-onset severe retinal degeneration (16.8%), rod-cone-dystrophy/retinitis pigmentosa (RP) (28.1%), and unclassified visual impairment (17.0%). Twenty-five percent of the centers changed the referral diagnosis in >47.5% of cases; 32% follow a specific referral process for RPE65 mutation-associated IRD patients. Annual follow-up visits are done in 55% of the centers and biannual visits in 23%. In 32%, other centers also follow the patients. Kinetic perimetry is done in 82%, static perimetry in 45%, and microperimetry in 18% of the centers. Full-field light stimulus threshold testing with blue and red stimuli to quantify the rod and cone function is used in 6/22 centers (27%). A mobility course is available in one center (5%). Conclusion: This first multinational survey on management of patients with RPE65 mutation-associated IRDs in Europe shows that about half of the responding EVICR.net centers have such patients under care. There is heterogeneity in diagnoses and management practices. At the start of clinical practice experience with VN, these data provide a useful baseline and highlight the need for consensus/guidelines to inform standard of care in this new era of gene therapy.
Posterior Left Atrial Adipose Tissue Attenuation Assessed by Computed Tomography and Recurrence of Atrial Fibrillation After Catheter Ablation
Authors: El Mahdiui Mohammed , Simon Judit , Smit Jeff M. , Kuneman Jurrien H. , van Rosendael Alexander R. , Steyerberg Ewout W. , van der Geest Rob J. , Száraz Lili , Herczeg Szilvia , Szegedi Nándor , Gellér László , Delgado Victoria , Merkely Bela , Bax Jeroen J. , Maurovich-Horvat Pál
Published: March 2021

Background:

Atrial fibrillation (AF) recurrence following catheter ablation remains high. Recent studies have shown a relation between epicardial adipose tissue and AF. epicardial adipose tissue secretes several proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory adipokines that directly interact with the adjacent myocardium. The aim of the current study was to evaluate whether posterior left atrial (LA) adipose tissue attenuation, as marker of inflammation, is related to AF recurrences after catheter ablation.

Methods:

Consecutive patients with symptomatic AF referred for first AF catheter ablation who underwent computed tomography were included. The total epicardial adipose tissue and posterior LA adipose tissue were manually traced and adipose tissue was automatically recognized as tissue with Hounsfield units (HU) between −195 and −45. The attenuation value of the posterior LA adipose tissue was assessed, and the population was divided according to the mean HU value (−96.4 HU).

Results:

In total, 460 patients (66% male, age 61±10 years) were included in the analysis. After a median follow-up of 18 months (interquartile range, 6–32), 168 (37%) patients had AF recurrence. Patients with higher attenuation (≥−96.4 HU) of the posterior LA adipose tissue showed higher AF recurrence rates compared with patients with lower attenuation (<−96.4 HU; log-rank test
P
=0.046). Univariate analysis showed an association between AF recurrence and higher posterior LA adipose tissue attenuation (≥−96.4 HU;
P
<0.05). On multivariable analysis, posterior LA adipose tissue attenuation (hazard ratio, 1.26 [95% CI, 0.90–1.76];
P
=0.181) remained a promising predictor of AF recurrence following catheter ablation.

Conclusions:

Posterior LA adipose tissue attenuation is a promising predictor of AF recurrence in patients who undergo catheter ablation. Higher adipose tissue attenuation might signal increased local inflammation and serve as an imaging biomarker of increased risk of AF recurrence.

Graphic Abstract:

A
graphic abstract
is available for this article.
Surgical Explantation of Transcatheter Aortic Valve Bioprostheses
Authors: Brescia Alexander A. , Deeb G. Michael , Sang Stephane Leung Wai , Tanaka Daizo , Grossman P. Michael , Sukul Devraj , He Chang , Theurer Patricia F. , Clark Melissa , Shannon Francis L. , Chetcuti Stanley J. , Fukuhara Shinichi ,   on behalf of the Michigan Society of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgeons and the Blue Cross Blue Shield of Michigan Cardiovascular Consortium
Published: March 2021

Background:

Despite the rapid adoption of transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) since its initial approval in 2011, the frequency and outcomes of surgical explantation of TAVR devices (TAVR-explant) is poorly understood.

Methods:

Patients undergoing TAVR-explant between January 2012 and June 2020 at 33 hospitals in Michigan were identified in the Society of Thoracic Surgeons Database and linked to index TAVR data from the Transcatheter Valve Therapy Registry through a statewide quality collaborative. The primary outcome was operative mortality. Indications for TAVR-explant, contraindications to redo TAVR, operative data, and outcomes were collected from Society of Thoracic Surgeons and Transcatheter Valve Therapy databases. Baseline Society of Thoracic Surgeons Predicted Risk of Mortality was compared between index TAVR and TAVR-explant.

Results:

Twenty-four surgeons at 12 hospitals performed TAVR-explants in 46 patients (median age, 73). The frequency of TAVR-explant was 0.4%, and the number of explants increased annually. Median time to TAVR-explant was 139 days and among known device types explanted, most were self-expanding valves (29/41, 71%). Common indications for TAVR-explant were procedure-related failure (35%), paravalvular leak (28%), and need for other cardiac surgery (26%). Contraindications to redo TAVR included need for other cardiac surgery (28%), unsuitable noncoronary anatomy (13%), coronary obstruction (11%), and endocarditis (11%). Overall, 65% (30/46) of patients underwent concomitant procedures, including aortic repair/replacement in 33% (n=15), mitral surgery in 22% (n=10), and coronary artery bypass grafting in 16% (n=7). The median Society of Thoracic Surgeons Predicted Risk of Mortality was 4.2% at index TAVR and 9.3% at TAVR-explant (
P
=0.001). Operative mortality was 20% (9/46) and 76% (35/46) of patients had in-hospital complications. Of patients alive at discharge, 37% (17/37) were discharged home and overall 3-month survival was 73±14%.

Conclusions:

TAVR-explant is rare but increasing, and its clinical impact is substantial. As the utilization of TAVR expands into younger and lower-risk patients, providers should consider the potential for future TAVR-explant during selection of an initial valve strategy.
Cardiovascular Disease in Chronic Kidney Disease
Authors: Jankowski Joachim , Floege Jürgen , Fliser Danilo , Böhm Michael , Marx Nikolaus
Published: March 2021

Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) exhibit an elevated cardiovascular risk manifesting as coronary artery disease, heart failure, arrhythmias, and sudden cardiac death. Although the incidence and prevalence of cardiovascular events is already significantly higher in patients with early CKD stages (CKD stages 1–3) compared with the general population, patients with advanced CKD stages (CKD stages 4–5) exhibit a markedly elevated risk. Cardiovascular rather than end-stage kidney disease (CKD stage 5) is the leading cause of death in this high-risk population. CKD causes a systemic, chronic proinflammatory state contributing to vascular and myocardial remodeling processes resulting in atherosclerotic lesions, vascular calcification, and vascular senescence as well as myocardial fibrosis and calcification of cardiac valves. In this respect, CKD mimics an accelerated aging of the cardiovascular system. This overview article summarizes the current understanding and clinical consequences of cardiovascular disease in CKD.
Different Influence of Blood Pressure on New-Onset Atrial Fibrillation in Pre- and Postmenopausal Women
Authors: Kim Yun Gi , Han Kyung-Do , Kim Do Young , Choi Yun Young , Choi Ha Young , Roh Seung-Young , Shim Jaemin , Kim Jin Seok , Choi Jong-Il , Kim Young-Hoon
Published: March 2021

The characteristics of hypertension in pre- and postmenopausal women are different. Hypertension is a known risk factor for new-onset atrial fibrillation (AF), but its interaction with the menopause state is not fully established. We investigated whether menopause influences the adverse impact of high blood pressure on new-onset AF using a nationwide population-based cohort in Korea. People who underwent both a national health check-up and national cancer screening program were included in this study. A total of 3 280 834 women were assessed with 23 781 070 person*year follow-up data. Menopause was observed in 1 439 161 women. The risk of new-onset AF and blood pressure showed a linear relationship in premenopausal women (
P
<0.001 for both systolic and diastolic blood pressure). The risk of new-onset AF was increased by 58.8% if systolic blood pressure was ≥160 mm Hg compared with the reference group (100 mm Hg ≤ systolic blood pressure <110 mm Hg; hazard ratio=1.588 [95% CI, 1.383–1.823]) in premenopause group. However, no consistent correlation was observed between blood pressure and the risk of new-onset AF in postmenopausal women. The increased risk of new-onset AF attributable to elevated blood pressure was more pronounced in patients not taking antihypertension medications (
P
for interaction <0.001). In conclusion, elevated blood pressure, especially systolic blood pressure, was a significant risk factor for new-onset AF in premenopausal women. Postmenopausal women showed a significantly attenuated association between blood pressure and the risk of new-onset AF. Elevated systolic blood pressure had a more profound impact on new-onset AF in women not taking medications for hypertension.
Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha-Mediated Inflammation and Remodeling of the Extracellular Matrix Underlies Aortic Stiffening Induced by the Common Chemotherapeutic Agent Doxorubicin
Authors: Clayton Zachary S. , Brunt Vienna E. , Hutton David A. , Casso Abigail G. , Ziemba Brian P. , Melov Simon , Campisi Judith , Seals Douglas R.
Published: March 2021

Aortic stiffening is a major independent risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, kidney dysfunction, and cognitive impairment. Doxorubicin chemotherapy-treated cancer survivors have greater aortic stiffness relative to healthy controls, but the mechanisms by which doxorubicin induces arterial stiffening are unknown. We tested the hypothesis that doxorubicin increases aortic stiffness by increasing intrinsic mechanical wall stiffness due to proinflammatory signaling-induced adverse structural changes, including collagen deposition (fibrosis), elastin fragmentation, and formation of AGEs (advanced glycation end products). In vivo aortic stiffness (assessed via aortic pulse wave velocity), aortic intrinsic wall stiffness (ex vivo assessment of elastic modulus), and potential underlying mechanisms were assessed 4 weeks after administration of doxorubicin (10 mg/kg) or vehicle (saline) in young adult male C57BL6/J mice. Aortic pulse wave velocity increased by ~30% following doxorubicin (pre: 341±18 versus post: 431±28 cm/s, mean±SEM,
P
=0.001) and aortic elastic modulus was ~100% higher following doxorubicin (5438±445 kPa) versus vehicle (2659±433 kPa;
P
=0.003). These effects of doxorubicin were associated with an ~3-fold greater formation of AGEs (
P
=0.01) and an ~50% reduction in elastin (
P
=0.01), whereas collagen deposition was unaffected. Doxorubicin increased aortic proinflammatory cytokines (
P
=0.03) without a compensatory increase in the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10. Direct ex vivo exposure of aorta rings to doxorubicin mimicked the increase in aortic elastic modulus observed in vivo with doxorubicin, whereas TNF-α (tumor necrosis factor-α) inhibition prevented this response. Doxorubicin induces aortic stiffening in vivo due, in part, to an increase in intrinsic wall stiffness associated with elastin degradation and AGEs formation and mediated by TNF-α-dependent vascular inflammation.
Renoprotective Effects of Small Interfering RNA Targeting Liver Angiotensinogen in Experimental Chronic Kidney Disease
Authors: Bovée Dominique M. , Ren Liwei , Uijl Estrellita , Clahsen-van Groningen Marian C. , van Veghel Richard , Garrelds Ingrid M. , Domenig Oliver , Poglitsch Marko , Zlatev Ivan , Kim Jae B. , Huang Stephen , Melton Lauren , Lu Xifeng , Hoorn Ewout J. , Foster Don , Danser A.H. Jan
Published: March 2021

Small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting liver angiotensinogen (AGT) lowers blood pressure, but its effectiveness in hypertensive chronic kidney disease is unknown. Considering that the kidney may generate its own AGT, we assessed the effectiveness of liver-targeted AGT siRNA in the 5/6th Nx (5/6th nephrectomy) rat—a hypertensive chronic kidney disease model. Five weeks after 5/6th Nx (baseline), rats were subjected to vehicle, AGT siRNA, AGT siRNA+losartan, losartan, or losartan+captopril. Baseline mean arterial pressure was 160±6 mm Hg. Over the course of 4 weeks, mean arterial pressure increased further by ≈15 mm Hg during vehicle treatment. This rise was prevented by AGT siRNA. Losartan reduced mean arterial pressure by 37±6 mm Hg and increased plasma Ang (angiotensin) II. Both AGT siRNA and captopril suppressed these effects of losartan, suggesting that its blood pressure–lowering effect relied on stimulation of vasodilator Ang II type 2 receptors by high Ang II levels. Proteinuria and cardiac hypertrophy increased with vehicle, and these increases were comparably abrogated by all treatments. No intervention improved glomerular filtration rate, while siRNA and losartan equally diminished glomerulosclerosis. AGT siRNA±losartan reduced plasma AGT by >95%, and this was accompanied by almost complete elimination of Ang II in kidney and heart, without decreasing renal AGT mRNA. Multiple linear regression confirmed both mean arterial pressure and renal Ang II as independent determinants of proteinuria. In conclusion, AGT siRNA exerts renoprotection in the 5/6th Nx model in a blood pressure–independent manner. This relies on the suppression of renal Ang II formation from liver-derived AGT. Consequently, AGT siRNA may prove beneficial in human chronic kidney disease.
Testosterone Metabolite 6β‐Hydroxytestosterone Contributes to Angiotensin II‐Induced Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms in
Apoe

–/–

Male Mice
Authors: Mukherjee Kamalika , Pingili Ajeeth K. , Singh Purnima , Dhodi Ahmad N. , Dutta Shubha R. , Gonzalez Frank J. , Malik Kafait U.
Published: March 2021

Background

Sex is a prominent risk factor for abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs), and angiotensin II (Ang II) induces AAA formation to a greater degree in male than in female mice. We previously reported that cytochrome P450 1B1 contributes to the development of hypertension, as well as AAAs, in male mice. We also found that a cytochrome P450 1B1‐generated metabolite of testosterone, 6β‐hydroxytestosterone (6β‐OHT), contributes to Ang II‐induced hypertension and associated cardiovascular and renal pathogenesis in male mice. The current study was conducted to determine the contribution of 6β‐OHT to Ang II‐induced AAA development in

Apoe
–/–

male mice.

Methods and Results

Intact or castrated

Apoe
–/–
/Cyp1b1
+/+

and

Apoe
–/–
/Cyp1b1
–/–

male mice were infused with Ang II or its vehicle for 28 days, and administered 6β‐OHT every third day for the duration of the experiment. Abdominal aortas were then evaluated for development of AAAs. We observed a significant increase in the incidence and severity of AAAs in intact Ang II‐infused

Apoe
–/–
/Cyp1b1
+/+

mice, compared with vehicle‐treated mice, which were minimized in castrated

Apoe
–/–
/Cyp1b1
+/+

and intact

Apoe
–/–
/Cyp1b1
–/–

mice infused with Ang II. Treatment with 6β‐OHT significantly restored the incidence and severity of AAAs in Ang II‐infused castrated

Apoe
–/–
/Cyp1b1
+/+

and intact

Apoe
–/–
/Cyp1b1
–/–

mice. However, administration of testosterone failed to increase AAA incidence and severity in Ang II‐infused intact

Apoe
–/–
/Cyp1b1
–/–

mice.

Conclusions

Our results indicate that the testosterone‐cytochrome P450 1B1‐generated metabolite 6β‐OHT contributes to Ang II‐induced AAA development in

Apoe
–/–

male mice.
Fact-Finding in Situations of Atrocities: In Search of Legitimacy
Authors: Parisi Piergiuseppe
Published: March 2021

While international inquiries have long been used by states and international organisations to address situations of human rights violations, it is only since the turn of the millennium that they have increasingly become the focus of academic reflection. Harwood’s book is unique in that it represents the first effort at systematically surveying and systematising the practice of atrocity-related UN inquiries. In this essay, building on both the arguments set out in the book and other relevant scholarship, I propose three lenses to read through Harwood’s meticulous review of the practice of UN inquiries: legitimacy, juridification, and roles and functions. While Harwood makes a largely critical-descriptive argument that positions atrocity-related UN inquiries in the liminal space between principle and pragmatism, I contend that any discussion about the roles and functions of international inquiries should be informed by a reflection on their legitimacy.
Anti-Viral microRNAs Profiling in Infectious Salmon Anemia Virus (ISAV)-Infected Atlantic Salmon Kidney (ASK) Cells
Authors: Suh Sung-Suk
Published: March 2021

Infectious salmon anemia virus (ISAV) is an orthomyxovirus causing fetal disease of farmed Atlantic salmon, leading to considerable financial losses farmers around the world. In the present study, we sequenced and identified microRNAs (miRNAs) from Atlantic salmon kidney (ASK) cells
infected with ISAV. Based on initial experimental data derived from RNA-Seq analysis, a group of differentially expressed (DE) miRNAs from the infected ASK cells were selected for expression analysis and to identify their mRNA targets. Among the DE miRNAs, highest-ranked 19 up-or down-regulated
miRNAs stood out as attractive candidates for a role in ISAV-related function, which displayed a clear tendency to be continuously upregulated or downregulated during viral infection. Interestingly, these miRNAs displayed significant relationships with immune system processes based on their
mRNA targets. Besides, miR-148a/b and miR-152 can be putative anti-viral miRNAs by directly targeting viral genes such as HA, P3, and NP genes which are required for viral infection. Taken together, these data may provide new clues to understanding the molecular framework of immune defense
response during viral infection.
Evaluation of Ibuprofen/Montmorillonite Nano-Clay Composites as an Oral Drug Delivery System and In-Vitro Drug Release Performance
Authors: Kwon Woo Chang , Choi Moonhee , Kang Kyung Chan , Kim Dong Hyun
Published: March 2021

A formulation for controlled delivery of ibuprofen (IBU) involving montmorillonite (MMT) nanoclays has been proposed. The present work has investigated the beneficial effect of MMT in improving controlled delivery of IBU. The intercalation of IBU into the interlayer of MMT was studied
under different processing conditions such as reaction time and initial concentration of IBU. To characterize the IBU/MMT composites, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR) were performed. The release behavior of IBU from IBU/MMT composites have been investigated
under vitro conditions using buffer media of simulated gastric fluid (pH 1.2) and simulated intestinal fluid (pH 7.4) at 37 °C. Controlled release of IBU from IBU/MMT composite has been observed during in vitro release experiments. Different mathematical models were used for fitting
our experimental results, among them the best fitting was found for Higuchi equation based on the parabolic diffusion process.
Nano/Micro-Sized Morphologies of Hydroxyapatite Coatings Containing Mn and Si on an Oxidized Ti–6Al–4V Alloy Surface for Dental Implants
Authors: Kang Jung-In , Choe Han-Cheol , Son Mee-Kyoung
Published: March 2021

To improve the surface characteristics of Ti–6Al–4V dental implants and the binding between the bone and implant surface, biocompatible oxide films were formed by plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO). The PEO treatment was performed using electrolyte solutions containing
Ca (calcium acetate monohydrate), P(calcium glycerophosphate), Mn (manganese(II) acetate tetrahydrate), and Si (sodium metasilicate nonahydrate), which are the major constituents of bone, for 3 min at 280 V. The morphology and crystalline phase of the PEO-treated surfaces were characterized
using field-emission scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry, X-ray diffraction, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. All the obtained PEO-treated samples exhibited a morphology comprising porous structures. Oval and irregular pore structures were observed
as the Mn content increased. As the Si content increased, the areas occupied by the pores increased. When both, Si and Mn were used for the PEO treatment, the number of nano- to micro-sized pores gradually decreased with the increasing ratios of the constituents.
Thermal and Spectroscopic Analyses of Human Adipose Tissue-Derived Extracellular Matrix
Authors: Lim Hyun-Ji , Kwon Tae-Yub
Published: March 2021

In this study, nanofibrous extracellular matrix (ECM) was prepared from human adipose tissue, and the stepwise products were analyzed using differential thermal analysis (DTA)/thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR)/Raman spectroscopy. Human adipose tissue
was liposuctioned (sample 1), centrifuged (sample 2), pulverized, centrifuged again (sample 3), and finally freeze-dried (sample 4). Each sample was subjected to DTA/TGA and FTIR/Raman analyses. In the DTA curve of sample 1, the major peak was observed at approximately 60 °C. However,
relatively flat DTA curves were detected in samples 2 and 4. In the TGA results, sample 1 showed a more rapid weight loss pattern than the other samples. Samples 1, 2, and 3 showed similar FTIR spectra with a strong, broad absorption feature at ~3400 cm−1. Amide I, II, and
III bands were clearly observed in the FTIR spectrum of sample 4. Samples 1 and 2 showed typical adipose tissue Raman spectra. However, in samples 3 and 4, the Raman signal was low. Scanning electron microscopic analysis of the freeze-dried ECM (sample 4) confimed its three-dimensional porous
nanofibrous structure. These findings suggest that human adipose tissue, intermediate products, and human adipose tissue-derived ECM can be easily and effectively characterized with thermal and spectroscopic analyses. These efficient analyses can aid in the preparation of ECM and in clinical
applications for regenerative medicine.
Isotherm, Kinetic and Thermodynamic Studies on Adsorption of Bromocresol Purple, Acid Red 66 and Acid Blue 40 Using Activated Carbon
Authors: Lee Jong Jib , Jeon Jong Ki
Published: March 2021

This study was conducted with a batch reaction to equilibrium isotherm, kinetic and thermodynamic parameters on adsorption of bromocresol purple (BCP), acid red 66 (AR 66) and acid blue 40 (AB 40) from aqueous solution by using activated carbon with nanopores. Freundlich and Temkin
isotherm models were used to evaluate the suitability of isotherm for adsorption equilibrium data. The adsorption equilibrium was best fitted by Temkin model. The Freundlich separation factor values indicated that adsorption on the nanoporous activated carbon could effectively treat three
dyes. The kinetic analysis of the adsorption process confirmed that it was more consistent with the pseudo second order model. The intraparticle diffusion was rate limiting step. The adsorption process of three dyes were endothermic because they were positive enthalpy values. The free energy
values of three dyes decreased with increasing temperature, so that the spontaneity becomes higher with temperature increase. The activation energy value of three dyes were confirmed the physical adsorption.
Influence of Chitosan-Based Carbon Dots on Astaxanthin Production of Green Alga Tetraselmis sp.
Authors: Nguyen Minh Kim , Park Duckshin , Lee Young-Chul
Published: March 2021

CDs are carbon fluorescent nanomaterials that have gained significant attention in recent years owing to their unique properties. In this work, we utilized a simple solution to produce CDs with func-tionalized amino groups via a one-step carbonization from a chitosan precursor. This
simultaneous approach does not use special reagent for either the formation step or the amino-functionalization step of CDs. The as-prepared amino-functionalized CDs that possesses expected characteristics, such as nano-size distribution, monodispersible, high blue light emission, high absolute
quantum yield of 5.52%, and functionalized amino groups on the surface. Furthermore, this work demonstrated the low cytotoxicity and high biocompatibility of the CDs, through the improvements in the astaxanthin production of alga Tetraselmis sp. (more than doubled (up to 0.044 mg/L),
relative to the control). Thus, as-prepared CDs have promising properties not only for applications in bioimaging, drug delivery or sensors, but also as promoter in algal biorefinery
Evaluation of Titanium Tetrachloride (TiCl4) as an Alternative Coagulant and Characterization of Recovered TiO2
Authors: Ahn Chae Min , Joo Jin Chul , Kim Jong Kyu , Yeo Woo Seok
Published: March 2021

Titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4) as an alternative coagulant to remove organic matters and nutrients from the effluent of the secondary wastewater treatment was evaluated by comparison of removal efficiency of total phosphorous to Al- and Fe-based coagulants. Also, the surface
characteristics, elemental contents, and crystallinity of the TiO2 produced from wastewater sludge flocculated with TiCl4 coagulant were investigated depending on the calcination temperatures. The more dosages of coagulants were injected, the greater concentrations of
the cations (Al+3, Fe+3, Ti+4) and hydrogen ions (H+) resulted in the lower pH. Also, TiCl4 formed larger and heavier flocs than other coagulants and resulted in greater T-P removal efficiencies with reduced amounts of dosage. The phase
change of anatase and rutile crystalline structures of TiO2 incinerated from wastewater sludges of TiCl4 coagulant was observed at relatively high calcination temperatures due to the existence of mixtures of organic matters, nutrients, and various impurities in the wastewater
sludges of TiCl4 coagulant. Both C and P atoms were found to be mainly doped in/on TiO2 and the C and P atom originated from residual carbon of the settled organic matters and phosphorus nutrients present in effluents from sewage treatment plant, respectively. Therefore,
600–800 °C is the optimal calcination temperatures for TiO2 produced from TiCl4 coagulant flocculated with effluents from sewage treatment plant.
Catalytic Oxidation of Toluene with Ozone Over the Ru-Mn/Desilicated Nanoporous H-Zeolite Socony Mobil-5 at Room Temperature
Authors: Kim Jihee , Lee Jung Eun , Farooq Abid , Kim Sang Chai , Jung Sang-Chul , Song JiHyeon , Kim Young-Min , Park Young-Kwon
Published: March 2021

In this study, the effect of Ru-Mn bimetallic catalysts in combination with a zeolite support on the removal of toluene in the presence of ozone at room temperature was investigated. Desili-cated HZSM-5 (DZSM) was fabricated and applied as a Ru-Mn support for the removal of toluene
(100 ppm) in the presence of ozone (1000 ppm) at room temperature. The surface area, pore volume, and average pore size of Ru-Mn with a DZSM support (RuMn/DZSM) were measured and compared with those of Ru-Mn/HZSM-5 (RuMn/HZSM). The pore size of RuMn/DZSM (69 Å) was much larger than that
of RuMn/HZSM-5 (5.5 Å). In addition, the pore volumes of RuMn/DZSM and RuMn/HZSM were 0.64 and 0.25 cm3/g, respectively. Furthermore, the ratios of Mn3+/Mn4+ and Ovacancy/Olattice of RuMn/DZSM were larger than those of RuMn/HZSM-5.
The removal efficiency of toluene of RuMn/DZSM was higher than that of RuMn/HZSM due to its larger pore volume, pore size, and the increased ratios of Mn3+/Mn4+ and Ovacancy/Olattice.
Kinetic Analysis for the Catalytic Pyrolysis of Wood Plastic Composite Over Al-MCM-41
Authors: Pyo Su-Min , Kim Young-Min , Jung Jung Sul , Yoo Kyung Seun , Jung Sang-Chul , Kim Sang Chai , Rhee Gwang Hoon , Park Young-Kwon
Published: March 2021

This study examined the catalytic effects of Al-MCM-41 on the pyrolysis of wood plastic composite via the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and model-free kinetic analysis. Al-MCM-41 containing nanopores, with a high BET surface area (633 m2/g) and acidity (SiO2/Al2O3:25),
reduced the decomposition temperature of wood and plastic mixtures (PE and PP) in a wood-plastic composite. The average activation energy for the catalytic pyrolysis of wood plastic composite, which was calculated via a model-free kinetic analysis method (Ozawa) of TGA, was also lower at all
conversions than those of non-catalytic pyrolysis. This suggests that the pores of Al-MCM-41 and its high cracking efficiency allow the effective diffusion of wood plastic composite components.
Catalytic Pyrolysis of Seawater Aged Polypropylene Over HZSM-5, HY, and Al-MCM-41
Authors: Park Young-Kwon , Siddiqui Muhammad Zain , Jeong Sangjae , Jang Eun-Suk , Kim Young-Min
Published: March 2021

The effect of seawater aging on the thermal and catalytic pyrolysis of polypropylene (PP) was investigated using a thermogravimetric analyzer and pyrolyzer-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Although the surface properties of PP were of the oxidized form by seawater aging, the decomposition
temperature and non-catalytic pyrolysis products of PP were relatively unchanged largely due to seawater aging. The catalytic pyrolysis of seawater-aged PP over all the catalysts produced smaller amounts of aromatic hydrocarbons than that of fresh PP due to catalyst poisoning caused by the
residual inorganics. Among the catalysts, microporous HZSM-5 (SiO2/Al2O3:23) produced the largest amount of aromatic hydrocarbons followed in order by microporous HY(30) and nanoporous Al-MCM-41(20) from seawater-aged PP due to the high acidity and appropriate
pore size for the generation of aromatic hydrocarbons.
Generation of Nano Bubbles Using Cavitation Technique and Monitoring of Strawberry Growth by the Generated Nano Bubbles
Authors: Kim Jong Kyu , Lee Jae-Mee , Joo Jin Chul
Published: March 2021

In this study, nano bubbles (NBs) of around 100 nm size were generated by using GoodSam-NB generator (made by S company) which utilizes cavitation technique. The generated NBs were directly applied to the strawberry cultivation process to monitor the productivity of strawberry. When
the aqueous nutrient solution with NBs was supplied to the strawberry culture medium, it had a slightly higher initial concentration of dissolved oxygen (DO) compared to the nutrient solution prepared with ordinary groundwater at a concentration of about 9 mg/L and did not decrease over time.
In other words, NBs helped to supply DO to support the development of roots in the early stage of strawberry’s growth, thereby promoting the overall growth of strawberries. After feeding the NBs nutrient solution, the nitrate concentration of the discharged solution was analyzed. The
concentration of the nitrate in the effluent was reduced, hence the growth of strawberry was promoted. It can be concluded that the DO contained in aqueous nutrient solution with NBs helped the nitrate to be smoothly taken from the soil.
Development of a Polymeric Carbon Nanocomposite Hollow-Fiber Membrane for Wastewater Treatment
Authors: Choi Jeongdong , Kim Eun-Sik
Published: March 2021

This study investigated experimental parameters to fabricate polymeric carbon nanocomposite hollow-fiber membranes with graphene oxide and multi-walled carbon nanotubes. This case was different from that of flat-sheet type membranes in that the characteristics of the hollow-fiber type
membranes were affected by the structure of the spinneret, the flow rate of the injected polymer and draw solution, and the mixing ratio. The membranes were characterized in terms of mechanical strength, porosity, hydrophilicity, and permeate flux using different solutions. The results reveal
a mechanical strength of the carbon nanocomposite hollow-fiber membranes that is about 47.8% higher than that of hollow-fiber membranes without carbon nanomaterials. The porosity and surface hydrophilicity changed to produce more applicable membranes for water and wastewater treatment. As
for the permeate flux, the nanocomposite membrane with graphene oxide showed a higher flux compared to the multi-walled carbon nanotubes membrane, which could be influenced by structural effects of the carbon materials.
Sensing Characteristics of Improved Positive Temperature Coefficient Thermistors with Paint Forms
Authors: Ahn Ju-Hun , Lee Chang-Yull
Published: March 2021

The disadvantage of using a typical temperature sensor is limited depending on the shape of the model to be measured. If the shape is curved, it is not easy to check the surface temperature. A smart paint for temperature measurement is proposed to overcome this disadvantage. Polymer
solutions were prepared with a dispersion of materials and viscosity with the properties of paint forms. The smart paints showed various sensing characteristics depending on the amount of materials. In addition, it was analyzed through the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) that sliver particles
are disposed around the ceramic particles to have electrical conductivity. This study optimized the proportion of ceramics added to smart paints so that they could overcome the limitations of PTC thermistors that can only identify specific temperatures. Therefore, the developed paint-type
temperature sensor makes it easy to measure the temperature of various models.
Illumination Effect on Electrical Characteristics of Poly(3-hexylthiophene): TIPS-Pentacene Blend Thin-Film Transistor
Authors: Shin Hyunji , Park Jaehoon , Choi Jong Sun
Published: March 2021

Organic phototransistors capable of absorbing in the visible light spectrum without color filters are the best alternatives to conventional inorganic phototransistors. In this study, the effect of illumination on the electrical characteristics of a solution-processed poly(3-hexylthiophene):
6,13-bis(triisopropylsilylethynyl) pentacene-blend thin-film transistor (TFT) was investigated. The wavelengths of the irradiated light were determined from the absorbance spectrum of the blended film and changes in the transistor’s electrical characteristics were explained in relation
to the electrical and light absorption properties of each component material. The photosensitivity and absorbing properties of the blended TFT were enhanced at 515 and 450 nm and exhibited positively shifted threshold voltages under incident light. The results indicated that the photo-generated
exci-ton pair characteristics matched the absorbance properties of the blended material and that the absorption and photocurrent characteristics of the respective components could be combined. This process for the heterogeneous blending of organic semiconductors has the potential to improve
phototransistor performance and contribute to the development of broadband absorbing phototransistors.
Mechanical Properties and Rapid Sintering of Nanostructured WC-Al2O3-Al Hard Materials
Authors: Kim Seong-Eun , Shon In-Jin
Published: March 2021

Nanostructured WC-Al2O3-Al composites was sintered using rapid high-frequency induction heated sintering (HFIHS) and the mechanical properties such as hardness and fracture toughness with consolidation were investigated. The HFIHS method induced a very fast densification
nearly at the level of theoretical density and successfully prohibited grain growth, resulting in nano-sized grains. The fracture toughness was improved due to the consolidation facilitated by adding Al to WC-Al2O3 matrix. The WC-Al2O3 composites
added with 5 and 10 vol.% Al showed higher hardness and fracture toughness compared with that of WC-Al2O3.
Numerical Design of Carrier Transporting Layer in Top-Gate InGaZnO Thin-Film Transistors for Controlling Potential Energy
Authors: Kim Do-Kyung , Park Jihwan , Vincent Premkumar , Park Jun-Ik , Jang Jaewon , Kang In Man , Kim Hyeok , Lang Philippe , Bae Jin-Hyuk
Published: March 2021

Top-gate amorphous indium gallium zinc oxide (IGZO) thin-film transistors (TFTs) are designed with numerical analysis to control their electron potential energy. Design simulations show the effects of structural design on the electrical characteristics of these TFTs. In particular,
the thicknesses of the channel (tch) and conducting (tc) layers, which play vital roles in TFT electrical performance, are varied from 1 to 50 nm to investigate the effect of thicknesses on the electron potential energies of the channel region and the electrode-semiconductor
interfaces. The potential energies are precisely optimized for efficient charge transport, injection, and extraction, thus enhancing the electrical performance of these devices. It is also demonstrated that tch mainly affects mobility and threshold voltage, while tc
mainly affects on-current. An acceptable threshold voltage of 0.55 V and high mobility of 14.7 cm2V−1s−1 are obtained with a tch of 30 nm and tc of 10 nm. Controllability of the electron potential energies and
electrical performance of IGZO TFTs by means of structural design will contribute to realization of next-generation displays that have large areas and high resolutions.
Basinwide Connections of Upper-Ocean Temperature Variability in the Equatorial Indian Ocean
Authors: Song Ge , Huang Bohua , Ren Rongcai , Hu Zeng-Zhen
Published: March 2021

In this article, the interannual variability of upper-ocean temperature in the equatorial Indian Ocean (IO) and its basinwide connections are investigated using 58-yr (1958–2015) comprehensive monthly mean ocean reanalysis data. Three leading modes of an empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis dominate the variability of upper-ocean temperature in the equatorial IO over a wide range of time scales. A coherent interannual band within the first two EOF modes identifies an oscillation between the zonally tilting thermocline across the equatorial IO in its peak phases and basinwide displacement of the equatorial thermocline in its transitional phases. Consistent with the recharge oscillation paradigm, this oscillation is inherent in the equatorial IO with a quasi-periodicity around 15 months, in which the wind-induced off-equatorial Rossby waves near 5°–10°S provide the phase-transition mechanism. This intrinsic IO oscillation provides the biennial component in the observed IOD variations. The third leading mode shows a nonlinear long-term trend of the upper-ocean temperature, including the near-surface warming along the equatorial Indian Ocean, accompanied by cooling trend in the lower thermocline originating farther south. Such vertical contrary trends may lead to an enhanced stratification in the equatorial IO.
Audience, agenda setting, and issue salience in international negotiations
Authors: Janusch Holger
Published: March 2021

A theoretical gap in the audience cost theory is the missing analysis of its central feature: the audience. This article defines the audience as a group composed of individuals and societal actors that can punish a government and pay attention to the issue being negotiated. Thus, the audience can vary depending on the issue salience. When the issue salience is low, the audience comprises just interest groups and the attentive public. Yet, the higher the issue salience, the more voters of the general public also become part of the audience. The audience’s composition in turn determines the level of the audience costs. Because the general public tends to evaluate national honor more highly, be less informed and have less well-defined preferences than interest groups and the attentive public, the audience costs should be higher when the issue salience is high. Furthermore, the audience can take actions that prevent the effect of audience costs or generate exogenous audience costs.
Desire for control and the integrated motivational-volitional model of suicidal behavior: Results from a pilot investigation of adults in the United Kingdom
Authors: Saint-Cyr Neielle , Gallagher Brendan , Cramer Robert J , Rasmussen Susan
Published: March 2021

Background:

Suicidal behavior remains a pressing problem in the United Kingdom. Continued theory development is a critical step toward designing effective prevention.

Aims:

The present study tested a novel element to suicide theory, the Desire for Control, for its direct and moderating roles within the Integrated Motivational-Volitional (IMV) Model of Suicidal Behavior.

Method:

An online-administered cross-sectional suicide risk survey study ( n = 116) was conducted among adults living in the United Kingdom.

Results:

Mean suicidal ideation scores were in the non-clinical range. DOC Leadership and Destiny Control were associated with good mental health. DOC Decision Avoidance was associated with poor mental health. DOC Decision Avoidance also acted as a motivational moderator in which the entrapment-suicidal thinking link was worse among those high in decisional avoidance.

Conclusion:

DOC represents a novel, valuable addition to suicide theory and may inform suicide-specific psychotherapeutic intervention. Additional research is needed to full understand the role of DOC and its factor structures in the IMV.
The Thermal Damage of Canine Vocal Fold by CO2 Laser Under Different Laser Emission Mode
Authors: Li Xumao , Li Jiaying , Cui Xidong , Hu Xinqi , Yu Pengcheng , Sun Guangbin
Published: March 2021

Objective:

The purpose of this study is to review the differences between continuous wave (CW) and UltraPulse (UP) on thermal damage of the laser with different power.

Methods:

Four adult beagle dogs underwent transoral laser microsurgery (TLM) using CO2 laser. The laser emission mode and power was CW (3 W, 5 W, and 8 W) and UP (3 W and 5 W), respectively. The tissue from 4 animals was evaluated histologically on postoperative days 1 and 3. The thermal damage of the laser was measured using slide scan system via SlideViewer version 1.5.5.2 software.

Results:

All dogs underwent TLM uneventfully. Under microscope examined, the laser damage area was composed of 2 parts: the vaporized zone (VPZ) and thermal damage area. The thermal damage area can be divided into thermal coagulative necrosis area (TCN) and hydropic degeneration area. The width of VPZ and TCN in UP mode was less than that in CW mode ( P < .01). The data indicate that lower laser power created less thermal damage ( P < .01). In addition, the width of VPZ on postoperative day 3 was less than that on postoperative day 1 ( P < .01).

Conclusion:

CO2 laser with UP and lower power could decrease the laser thermal damage and may offer more prompt wound healing.
Speaking Graffiti: Imaging Human Rights from Belfast to the West Bank
Authors: Hopper Philip , Renfro Evan
Published: March 2021

The human rights conditions of Northern Ireland and Palestine have been analyzed up, down, and sideways by a robust scholarly literature, this article provides a fresh approach to the analysis of media with respect to cultural aspects of human rights conundrums through images of localized as well as globalized “graffiti.” From the near universal influence of the painting of George Washington and company crossing the Delaware River, to brave but dangerous anti-regime graffiti in North Korea, the political nature of private artists operating in the public realm for human rights is recognized as a potentially destabilizing and regime-busting act. With a lens pointed on Palestine and Northern Ireland, we examine this cultural artifact’s power to get attention, obstruct persecution, and ultimately to mitigate some human rights abuses. How does such graffiti work? What are the similarities and differences in their power for enhancing human dignity through different times and places? We also look at the relationship of human rights graffiti to current political trends internationally. Images are used here as method of analysis that may help explain the broader implications of political graffiti for the study of a particular medium of transmission for the study of cultural and societal norms.