bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Hard Road to Ho: Sexwork
Authors: Maher Lisa
Published: November 2023

Sex work was the only income-generating activity consistently available to women drug users in Bush wick. Despite the recent influx of women into the drug economy, their participation as producers largely revolves around sex work, and their presence has been most strongly felt as consumers. This has prompted major changes in the operating contexts of street-level sex markets. In New York City, the advent of crack cocaine and the concomitant flood of sex work initiates lowered the going rates for sexual transactions, encouraged ‘deviant ‘ sexual expectations on the part of dates, engendered relations of competition and hostility, and promoted the atomization and social isolation of women drug users. These factors have rendered street-level sex work less lucrative, more demanding, and increasingly violent (Maher and Curtis, 1992). However, women have not been passive recipients of these changes. Cumulative market processes and shifting social relations have created a pool of increasingly economically marginalized women for whom ‘viccing ‘ has emerged as a form of resistance. Ironically, it is this very resistance which serves to (re)produce them as ‘criminal ‘ women. In this chapter, I describe these changes and their impact on the positioning of women in the street-level drug economy.
The Civil and Political Rights Protected in the Inter-American Human Rights System
Authors: Davidson Scott
Published: November 2023

The civil and political rights1 protected by the inter-American human rights system are derived from two sources: the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man and the American Convention on Human Rights. Although the American Declaration was originally adopted as a non-binding resolution of the Ninth International Conference of American States at Bogota in 1948,2 it has subsequently been confirmed by the Inter American Court of Human Rights as an authoritative interpretation of the references to human rights in the OAS Charter.3 All member States of the OAS are thus bound by the Charter references to human rights as interpreted by the American Declaration. In contradistinction to the broad hemispheric application of the Declaration, only States which are party to the American Convention are bound by its provisions. This does not, however, dispose of the relationship between the two instruments.
Introduction
Authors: Ericson Richard V , Haggerty Kevin D
Published: November 2023

The police pervade contemporary social life. They are seen daily on the streets. Their presence is felt even more strongly through hour-long television shows that feature cathected scenarios of their heroics. They are turned to for help when people experience personal troubles, accidents, and criminal victimization. They are present at community ceremonies, sporting events, parades, and demonstrations. They are featured in full dress uniform on postcards and souvenirs, standing for what is noble about the community and nation-state. In all of these manifestations the police simultaneously reproduce and represent order. They embody central authority as peace, order, and good government.
Mobilizing Territories
Authors: Ericson Richard V , Haggerty Kevin D
Published: November 2023

The police mobilize territories by setting up residential, business, and general watch programs whose purpose is to persuade people living in or travelling through specific territories to reflexively monitor their own risks and to feed relevant risk knowledge to the police.

Residential watch programs such as Block Watch, Neighbourhood Watch, and Apartment Watch mobilize the residents of local territories to become reflexive with respect to risks. Reflexivity is not only intended to prevent crime and capture criminals but also to help residents con front their emotional responses to risk and to become responsible for policing their own territories.
Law and Society: The Penetrative Scheme and the Juridical Soul
Authors: Murphy W T
Published: November 2023

In the case of these contraries which we call good and evil, the rule of the logicians, that two contraries cannot be predicated at the same time of the same thing, does not hold ... although no one can doubt that good and evil are contraries, not only can they exist at the same time, but evil cannot exist ·without good, or in anything that is not good. Good, however, can exist without evil.
Legal Individualism and the Ethical Space
Authors: Murphy W T
Published: November 2023

The previous chapter addressed the problem of the idea of social integration through law and government and suggested general frameworks through which one could grasp how law still played a role in relation to the ‘total social system’ but not the overarching, encompassing role which had driven visions of society and social integration in the past and which some -especially lawyers and political theorists—continue to attribute to law in our world.
Release Agreement
Authors: Amerasinghe C F
Published: November 2023

General 31. The Tribunal, in previous cases, has accepted the validity of, and given effect to, agreements between the Bank and staff members for the release of claims on the ground that: It would unduly interfere with the constructive and efficient resolution of (a staff member’s claim of improper treatment) if the Bank would not negotiate—in exchange for concessions on its part--for a return promise from the staff member not to press his or her claim further. If such an agreed settlement were not binding upon the affected staff member, there would be little incentive for the Bank to enter into compromise arrangements, and there might instead be an inducement to be unyielding and to defend each claim through the process of administrative and judicial review. It is therefore in the interest not only of the Bank but also of the staff that effect should be given to such settlements. (Mr. Y, Decision No. 25 [1985], para. 26).
Due Process
Authors: Amerasinghe C F
Published: November 2023

See generally Sect. 11
Staff Rules
Authors: Amerasinghe C F
Published: November 2023

Interpretation i.32. However, the Applicant’s contention raises the issue whether a particular and additional notification of possible termination of employment should also be promptly given when the accusations are of a certain gravity. In connection with this last issue it should be noted that Staff Rule 7.01, Section 10.02, refers to the notice of termination in conjunction with Rule 8.01, Section 5.05. None of these rules, as they were written when the disciplinary measure was imposed, required an initial notification of termination. An earlier version of Staff Rule 7.01 which contained this additional requirement was expressly amended on this point by the current text.
Article 34 EC And Exports
Authors: Jarvis Malcolm A
Published: November 2023

Article 34 EC is very much the black sheep of the free-movement-of-goods herd. While the wording of the first part of that Article is identical to the wording of Article 30 EC concerning import restrictions, the ECJ has always taken a less rigorous attitude towards restrictions on exports than it has towards restrictions on imports. In the case of national export restrictions, the ECJ has held that discrimination is a necessary element in concluding that a particular measure is a measure having equivalent effect to an export restriction.
Cyber-Contempt: Fair Trials And the Internet
Authors: Walker* Clive
Published: November 2023

New media developments in the forms of the Internet or cyberspace have created undreamt-of possibilities for communication and dis cussion-a virtual market-place of ideas-but one which can attract shoddy or dangerous goods. Much of the concern to date in relation to free speech and the Internet has revolved around indecent and obscene materials. The focus in this article relates to threats to fair trials-what might be called ‘cyber-contempt ‘. Accordingly, the first task will be to describe briefly the potentially problematic capacities and characteristics of the new audiovisual medium. Secondly, it is essential to elucidate the background of established forms of regulation, both national and international, which seek to balance free speech and fair trials.
Copyright And The Media In 1996
Authors: Stones* Deborah
Published: November 2023

The most significant development in the international forum during 1996 was the Diplomatic Conference held in Geneva. under the aus-pices of the World Intellectual Property Organization ( ‘WIPO ‘) during the final round of negotiation on certain proposed treaties. There had been several meetings of the Committees of Experts early in the year. By May, three draft treaties were put forward for negotiation and agreement at the Diplomatic Conference in December.
The Cultural and Structural Determinants of Police Decision Making
Authors: Hoyle Carolyn
Published: November 2023

When the police are called to a dispute between partners or expartners they try to decide on the best course of action to achieve the quickest and most effective resolution to the conflict. The dispute may or may not have involved violence or damage to property, the conflict may appear to have subsided or may be occurring as the officers arrive, the victim may be ‘requesting’ that the officers arrest her partner, or she may be uninterested in, or opposed to, police action.
Horizontal Instruments
Authors: Evans Andrew
Published: November 2023

‘Horizontal’ instruments provide assistance which is not limited to particular regions or sectors. Some such assistance was envisaged in the EEC Treaty as a necessary accompaniment to establishment of the common market. Other such assistance originated with the emergence of policies associated with development of the common market.
Conclusions
Authors: Evans Andrew
Published: November 2023

Union decision making is ill adapted to the articulation of cohesion requirements in Articles 158 and 159 of the EC Treaty. In other words, it is ill adapted to determining what the reduction of regional disparities demands of the Union funds, and thus to giving real meaning to these provisions. Hence, regulation of the operations of these funds may be left to depend partly on the outcomes of intergovernmental bargaining, particularly outcomes concerned with reciprocity between Member States. It may also be left to depend partly on the needs of the common market, particularly needs expressed by competition policy.
Instruments For Environmental Protection
Authors: Gunningham Neil , Sinclair Darren , Grabosky with contributions by Peter
Published: November 2023

Despite decades of experimentation, the holy grail of optimal environmental regulation has continued to elude policymakers and regulatory theorists. As we saw in chapter one, neither traditional command and control regulation nor the free market provide satisfactory answers to the increasingly complex and serious environmental problems which confront the world. This has led to a search for alternatives more capable of addressing the environmental challenge, and, in particular, to the exploration of a broader range of policy tools such as economic instruments, self-regulation, and information-based strategies.

In this chapter, we review the main categories of environmental instruments, both old and new. We do so not only to provide an overview of the main policy alternatives and to summarize the ‘state of the art’ in environmental policy making (though this in itself may be valuable for those who are not closely acquainted with the area), but also in order to demonstrate the substantial shortcomings of all current approaches and to argue a case for regulatory redesign.
Parties, Roles, and Interactions
Authors: Grabosky Peter , Gunningham Neil , Sinclair Darren
Published: November 2023

Traditionally, the regulatory process has been thought of as a dance between two participants-government and business, with the former acting in the role of regulator and the latter as regulate. However, beneath the surface of this simplistic image lies a far more complex reality in which a wide variety of instruments can be used by a multiplicity of regulatory participants and where informal social orderings play as significant a role as formal ones. As we will argue, the traditional view of regulation as exclusively a governmental function has become outmoded.
The Chemical Industry
Authors: Gunningham Neil
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, we begin our exploration of sector-specific policy mixes. We provide a brief introduction to the chemical industry, its economic contribution, and its environmental problems, and we identify the key features of that industry that are likely to influence the possibilities for regulatory design. We then summarize the main components and limitations of current regulatory regimes in North America, Western Europe, and Australia, before going on to the main task of the chapter: the design of regulatory policy, harnessing a broader mix of instruments and institutional actors, and tailored to the particular circumstances of the chemical industry.
Inducing Breach of Contract
Authors: Bagshaw Roderick
Published: November 2023

It is a tort for a stranger to a contract to induce a breach of it. Most English tort lawyers would accept this as an accurate statement of the common law before proceeding to quarrel over the meaning of ‘induce’, or its legal synonym ‘procure’, and the necessary mental element. Some might query whether inducing breach of contract is properly described as a tort rather than partofa tort. Equally some would feel unable to accept the statement without adding with the same breath the opinion that the majority of the Court of Queen’s Bench in Lumley v. Gye made a grave mistake in committing English law to such a proposition. This essay seeks to respond to that opinion by providing a defence for Lumley v. Gye, and thereafter it investigates the sources of the query and quarrels.
Introduction
Authors: Ali Paul A U
Published: November 2023

The equitable doctrine of marshalling of securities is the label given to the process by which equity intervenes to protect the secured status or priority-ranking of a creditor holding mesne or junior-ranking security following the enforcement of a prior-ranking security. The doctrine typically applies where one creditor (the ‘senior creditor ‘) holds firstranking security over two or more assets of a debtor as security for the repayment of a common debt, and another creditor (the ‘junior creditor ‘) holds a secondranking security over one of those assets. Should the senior creditor recoup its secured debt by enforcing its security against that asset, which is also subject to the junior creditor ‘s security, the doctrine of marshalling will permit the junior creditor to ‘marshall ‘ the senior creditor ‘s security. By this is meant that the junior creditor will, via the intervention of equity, be placed in the position of the senior creditor, as against those other assets of the debtor which are subject to only the senior creditor ‘s security, to the extent of any deficiency in the junior creditor ‘s security.
Introduction
Authors: Jones Clifford A
Published: November 2023

This work examines the legal basis for private EC antitrust enforcement in the courts of the United Kingdom by comparison to the litigation oriented system in the USA. It does not compare the substantive competition law in the EC or UK with that of the USA, but attempts to analyse and compare private enforcement in two systems which have at the same time great similarities and great differences. The last several years have seen increased interest on the part of the Commission and others in encouraging the development of private antitrust litigation in national courts. This work seeks to clarify and apply the foundational principles of Community law which enable private antitrust litigation to exist in the EC and UK, show how important issues have been dealt with in the US system, and test US approaches for possible application in the UK and Community legal orders.
Antitrust Enforcement In The Usa
Authors: Jones Clifford A
Published: November 2023

Responsibility for the enforcement of US antitrust law is apportioned among a number of parties, public and private. The oldest Federal enforcement agency is the United States Department of Justice ( ‘DOJ’), an executive department of the United States government and the only federal agency which technically has jurisdiction to enforce the Sherman Act. The Justice Department and the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) share concurrent jurisdiction to enforce the Clayton Act, and the FTC alone enforces the FTC Act.
Special Issues Of Standing And Antitrust Injury
Authors: Jones Clifford A
Published: November 2023

The second major prudential limitation on private enforcement actions in the USA, the ‘antitrust injury’ doctrine, was first articulated by the Supreme Court in its landmark 1977 Brunswick decision. In that case, the plaintiff was an owner of bowling alleys complaining of acquisitions of competing bowling alleys by Brunswick, a major national manufacturer of bowling equipment. Brunswick had extended credit to numerous bowling alleys for the purchase of equipment, many of these loans became delinquent, and attempts by Brunswick to sell repossessed equipment met with little success. Brunswick began acquiring and operating defaulting bowling alleys when their equipment could not be resold and a positive cash flow could be expected. The plaintiffs alleged that Brunswick’s acquisition of bowling centres which competed with them violated section 7 of the Clayton Act (prohibiting mergers which may have an adverse affect on competition within a relevant market) and damaged them, in that they lost profits as a result of Brunswick’s entry into the market. In other words, the plaintiffs had to compete against bowling centres which would have gone out of business but for Brunswick’s acquisitions, thereby making lower profits.
Limits On Permissible Private Plaintiffs Under Ec Law
Authors: Jones Clifford A
Published: November 2023

The case law in the USA concerning the standing and other prudential rules in private antitrust actions has been developed in many judgments given since 1890. In contrast, not a single decision awarding damages under EC antitrust law has yet been reported, much less any judgments concerning prudential rules in private actions. Any attempt to predict how the law will develop in this area puts chalk to the proverbial blank slate with attendant risks of being considered at least erroneous, if not presumptuous as well. As Craig and de Burca have said, ‘[p ]redicting future developments is never easy. It may well be foolish even to try’. Nonetheless, it is submitted that the US experience provides useful guideposts—and cautions—for Community antitrust.
Creditor Can Recover In Full From Claimant Or Defendant
Authors: Mitchell Charles
Published: November 2023

The contribution principle applies where a creditor or other claimant has claims against more than one obligor for satisfaction of the same claim which he is free to enforce at his discretion. If the obligee does enforce his claim against one of the obligors, the others will be released. The release of others by the payment made by one was seen as inequitable, or in today’s language it was seen as an unjust enrichment of the others at the expense of the one. The result was the right of contribution.
Regulation and Deregulation: An Introduction
Authors: McCrudden Christopher
Published: November 2023

The Colloquium at which these papers were originally presented aimed to do two things, as does this book The first is to identify some of the current debates in the area of regulation generally. The chapters reflecting on these issues come primarily (though not exclusively) from academics. Among this group, there is a range of academic specialities, including economics and law. The second aim is to consider current issues of regulation which emerge in two more specialised, but particularly important, areas of regulatory practice: the regulation of utilities, and the regulation of banking and financial services. The chapters discussing these themes come from a mixture of practitioners and academics. This introductory chapter will briefly introduce the arguments developed at greater length in the various chapters, and sketch some of the debate generated at the conference.
Corrective Taxation as a Regulatory Instrument
Authors: Ogus Anthony
Published: November 2023

In the period since the late 1970s there has been a perception in most Western countries that excessive regulation has constrained economic growth.1 This was seen to result, in part, from the fact that use of the conventional coercive legal forms involved the apparently inexorable accumulation of highly complex and inflexible and detailed rules, some of which were difficult to reconcile with public interest goals. Moreover, there has been a growing scepticism concerning the ability of centralised bureaucracies, whether Government departments or regulatory agencies, to prescribe appropriate standards. These institutions might, indeed, be motivated to over-regulate: while they would derive benefits - notably an enhancement of prestige - from being seen to respond vigorously to a problem attracting public concern, others - shareholders, employees, consumers, taxpayers - would have to pay the cost.
Using Contracts to Enforce Standards: The Case of Waiting Times in the National Health Service
Authors: Davies A C L
Published: November 2023

Numerous empirical studies of regulatory agencies have demonstrated that, when enforcing standards, such agencies prefer a strategy of persuasion aimed at securing compliance to one which involves prosecuting offenders in order to deter them from future breaches. It is generally argued that persuasion is preferable because it is less costly than litigation, and preserves co-operation between agencies and firms. Further, it is assumed that a more litigious strategy would be ineffective; but, since most of the available studies have concerned “persuaders “, there is very little data to support this assumption.
Public Law and Private Finance: Placing the Private Finance Initiative in a Public Law Frame
Authors: Freedland Mark
Published: November 2023

Through the Private Finance Initiative, the private sector is able to bring a wide range of managerial, commercial and creative skills to the provision of public services, offering potentially huge benefits for the Government. We are keen to see the PFI and other public/private partnerships succeed in delivering the necessary investment the country needs, on terms it can afford.
Who are the Members?
Authors: Seyd Patrick , Whiteley Paul
Published: November 2023

We pointed out in the previous chapter that, until now, no comprehensive study of the members of one of Britain’s major political parties has ever been conducted and therefore no profile of the party membership has been available. In this chapter we will fill this gap and provide an overview of our research findings. We will consider Labour members’ socio-economic background, and then their attitudes and, in particular, their views on the reorganization of the Labour party. We will compare their background and attitudes with those of Labour voters, in order that we might draw conclusions about the representativeness of the party membership.
The Development of the Market for Bark Paintings in Western Arnhem Land
Authors: Taylor Luke
Published: November 2023

Analysis of contemporary Kunwinjku bark pamtmg must include an account of production with regard to the market. While the importance of bark painting as a means for gaining access to cash income has been examined elsewhere (Altman 1982a, 1983, 1987; Altman et al. 1989), I am concerned with how Kunwinjku have been able to strike a particularly favourable balance between their cultural proclivities and the influence of the market. In this chapter I trace the historical evolution of the market for Kunwinjku bark paintings from the earliest collections made by non Aborigines to the present-day organization of the international market. I focus on the way Kunwinjku have perceived the nature of the production of paintings for sale in terms of their more traditional contexts for painting, and how today’s painting draws on these established artistic forms.
Themes and Paintings in Ceremonies
Authors: Taylor Luke
Published: November 2023

In the creation of bark paintings for sale Kunwinjku artists frequently paint design elements that are characteristic of paintings used in ceremonies. In doing this they intend that the meanings of the design in the ceremonial context carry over to the bark painting medium. For example, the production of a rarrk ceremonial design within a figure painted in a bark painting may associate the subject-matter with a particular clan design also used in the Mardayin ceremony. Or, a painting of a figurative subject may connote a particular ceremony by virtue of the way the Ancestral subject is related to ceremonial performances. Bark paintings encode meanings in different ways and knowledge of the ceremony in question is a prerequisite to understanding the widest connotations of the work. Revelation of ceremonial knowledge is controlled through the ordered initiation to Kunwinjku ceremony.
Formal Components of Bark Paintings
Authors: Taylor Luke
Published: November 2023

The previous chapter examined in detail the contexts in which ceremonial paintings are made, and the intended effects of the production of paintings with particular meanings in the context of their use. It is now time to consider in detail the processes involved in producing bark paintings. This chapter marks the beginning of a set of chapters that examine various categories of bark painting and the way they are interpreted to encode meaning in different ways. In this chapter I focus on the materials and the various components of form that are used to complete particular categories of painting. Later chapters move to a consideration of the meanings elaborated within different categories of painting by senior artists.
Metaphors and Socialization
Authors: Taylor Luke
Published: November 2023

Analysis of the way artists encode and produce meaning in the structure of the Kunwinjku artistic system helps to reveal their role in the maintenance of belief in the Ancestral beings in the contemporary context. Bark paintings are used to convey knowledge about the Ancestral beings and, while the system is integrated with the dominant Australian market economy, paintings have an increasingly important role in sustaining Kunwinjku culture.
Canada
Authors: Feldman Elliot J , Feldman Lily Gardner
Published: November 2023

In the last decade, René Lévesque, as Premier of Quebec, was invested as a Grand Officer (usually conferred only on heads of state) of the Légion  d’honneur in France, and Quebec’s Paris delegation has continued to enjoy diplomatic status. The Premier of British Columbia, Bill Bennett, was received in Tokyo as a head of state. Premiers Lougheed of Alberta and Davis of Ontario met regularly with members of the US Congress and the Administration. All four premiers had left office by summer 1986 but their successors, including two of different political stripes, have not changed the fundamental parameters of their province’s international profile; they have merely elevated the business dimension and added the principle of rationalization. Quebec, Alberta, and Ontario all maintain important political and economic offices in Europe, the Pacific Rim, and the United States, and British Columbia facilitates the sale of coal to Japan; the Government of Alberta helps shape the sale of natural gas and oil to the United States.
Switzerland
Authors: Wildhaber Luzius
Published: November 2023

Swiss constitutional history is of limited relevance for the interpretation of today’s constitution. Nevertheless it is helpful for the understanding of the modern pragmatic practice.
The United States of America
Authors: Fry Earl H
Published: November 2023

This chapter will trace the development of the international activities of US state governments and view these activities within constitutional, institutional, and political parameters. The wide range of international contacts will also be examined in detail, as well as the motivation for establishing and expanding international liaisons. Finally, an analysis will be made of the impact which these subnational activities arc having on the ability of the US Government to conduct foreign policy in an age of complex interdependence.
The Flight from Liberalism
Authors: Macedo Stephen
Published: November 2023

Liberalism embraces individuality, religious and social diversity, and commercial energy, by enshrining toleration and, personal liberty as core political values. It protects personal liberties by imposing procedural and substantive limits on the ways that persons or governments can interfere in the lives of others. Benjamin Constant’s depiction of ‘the liberty of the moderns’ is apt:

it is the right to be subjected only to the laws, and to be neither arrested, detained, put to death or maltreated in any way by the arbitrary will of one or more individuals. It is the right of everyone to express their opinion, choose a profession and practice it, to dispose of property, and even to abuse it; to come and go without permission, and without having to account for their motives or undertakings. It is everyone’s right to associate with other individuals, either to discuss their interests, or to profess the religion which they and their associates prefer, or even to occupy their days or hours in a way which is most compatible with their inclinations or whims. Finally it is everyone’s right to exercise some influence on the administration of the government, either by electing all or particular officials, or through representations, petitions, demands to which the authorities arc more or less compelled to pay heed.
The ‘Hegelian Secret’: Civil Society and American Exceptionalism
Authors: Bell Daniel
Published: November 2023

The rise and fall of nations and empires is a puzzle that has recurrently attracted, if not seduced, philosophers and historians, tempting them to grand visions of a ghostly demiurge that drives reflective consciousness, as with Hegel, or some Wagnerian drama of challenge and response, of purification and heroism, as with the self-wrapped robes of Arnold Toynbee.
Free Land and Federalism: American Economic Exceptionalism
Authors: Temin Peter
Published: November 2023

The American economy has seemed unique to generations of foreign observers. Its growth was a wonder of the Western world for more than a century. The organization of economic life provided a model for others to emulate. For a while after the Second World War, the United States even appeared capable of transforming the world economy into a larger version of itself. These images all seem to be fading like an old photograph. Before they disappear completely, it is appropriate to take a closer look at the development of the American economy and ask how it was unique, if indeed it was. This chapter is a contribution to that effort.
Some Preliminary Issues
Authors: Whyte John , FitzGerald Garret
Published: November 2023

When the troubles broke out in 1968, there was very little literature available on the community divide in Northern Ireland. Back in 1947, John M. Mogey had published a book for the Northern Ireland Council of Social Service entitled Rural Life in Northern Ireland: Five Regional Studies. Intended as ‘an attempt to describe the way of life of the country people of Northern Ireland’ (p. I), it contains much fascinating detail; but it focuses mainly on standards of living and patterns of work, and contains only incidental information on community relations. In 1960 a geographer then lecturing at Queen’s University, Emrys Jones, published A Social Geography of Belfast, which contains much relevant information, including a chapter on religion; but it covered only one city in Northern Ireland, albeit much the largest. Some other books contained apposite information-for instance, Ulster under Home Rule, edited by Thomas Wilson (1956), and R. J. Lawrence’s The Government of Northern Ireland (1965).
Economic Aspects
Authors: Whyte John , FitzGerald Garret
Published: November 2023

All recent writers on the Northern Ireland economy agree that it is in a bad state. On this point the spectrum of academic opinion is narrower than on almost any topic examined in this book. It ranges only from those who paint the picture as bleak (e.g. Kennedy et al. 1988, 95-116) through to those who paint it as catastrophic (e.g. Rowthorn and Wayne 1988, 70-104). Unemployment is high. Emigration is rife. A substantial minority of the population lives in poverty. Manufacturing jobs have declined by 40 per cent since 1973. Attempts to start up new industries to compensate for the decline of old ones have had limited success. The economy is unhealthily dependent on public-sector jobs. Public services are maintained only by enormous subsidies from the rest of the United Kingdom.
Psychological Aspects, and a Review
Authors: Whyte John , FitzGerald Garret
Published: November 2023

Anyone who studies Northern Ireland must be struck by the intensity of feeling which the conflict evokes. It seems to go beyond what is required by a rational defence of the divergent interests which undoubtedly exist. There is an emotional element here, a welling-up of deep unconscious forces. It is worth examining what contribution psychology can make to an explanation of the conflict. The first observer to -stress such an approach was a journalist, Harold Jackson, whose pamphlet for the Minority Rights Group The Two Irelands (1971) was heavily psychological in its emphasis.
Israel’s Border Wars 1949-1956
Authors: Morris Benny
Published: November 2023

This book looks at the development of Israeli-Arab relations during the formative years 1949 to 1956, focusing on Arab infiltration into Israel and Israeli retaliation. Palestinian refugee raiding and cross-border attacks by Egyptian-controlled irregulars and commandos were a core phenomenon during this period and one of the chief causes of Israel's invasion of Sinai and the Gaza strip, the Israeli part of the Anglo-French-Israeli invasion of Egypt in 1956. Benny Morris probes the types of Arab infiltration and the attitude of Arab governments towards the phenomenon, and traces the evolution of Israel's defensive and offensive responses. He analyses Israeli decision-making processes, including the emergence and ultimate failure of Foreign Minister Moshe Sharett's dissident policy of moderation and describes in detail the history of the Arab infiltration, including the terrorist-guerrilla raids by state-organized Fedayeen in 1955-6, and of the IDF raids of Qibya, Nahhalin, Kinneret, and the Sabha. This was a precedent-setting period in the making of Israeli defence policy, and this pattern of raiding and counter-raiding served to define Israeli-Arab relations during the subsequent three to four decades. In this pioneering study Benny Morris deepens our understanding of the current situation in the Middle East and of the prospects for a lasting peace there.
Israel, the Arabs, and the Great Powers after the 1948 War
Authors: Morris Benny
Published: November 2023

The 1948 war officially ended with the signing in the spring and summer of 1949 of a series of ‘general armistice’ agreements between Israel and each of its neighbours (Israel-Egypt–24 February; Israel-Lebanon–23 March; Israel-Jordan–3 April; Israel-Syria–20 July). But, for all practical purposes, the fighting between Israel and Lebanon, Syria, and Jordan had already ended in the summer of 1948; only the war with Egypt continued through the autumn and ended in January 1949. Most of the borders delineated in the armistice accords followed the previous international boundaries (the Israeli-Lebanese border; the Israeli-Syrian border; the Israeli-Jordanian border along the Beit Shean Valley and the ‘Arava; and the Israeli-Egyptian border separating the Negev and the Sinai Peninsula). Other borders (such as along the Gaza Strip) were determined by the situation of the opposing armies when the fighting ended.
The European Community and the Restructuring of Europe’s National Champions
Authors: Cox Andrew , Watson Glyn
Published: November 2023

During the 1960s the industrial policies of European governments were aimed at the encouragement of national champions of sufficient size to challenge the region’s then principal competitor, the United States. Geroski and Jacquemin have described this process, and claimed that it was a policy which, by the 1970s, had resulted in a number of shortcomings.1 On the one hand they suggest that the efficiency benefits conferred on firms by scale proved to be smaller than the conventional wisdom of the day had supposed, while on the other, these national giants enjoyed considerable (and in some cases monopoly) power within a fragmented regional market.
The Political Dimension, German Practice, and the European Perspective
Authors: Leonardy Uwe
Published: November 2023

Public discussion on the political dimensions and implications of federalism in Europe currently suffers substantially from what can rightly be termed a confusion of perceptions, notions, and conclusions—and even sometimes of hostile misinterpretations. At least the emphases of what is considered to be the essence of federalism in the debate preceding and following the decisions on Political Union in the European Community differ widely. In France, for example, the nucleus of the federal idea seems to be linked to a stronger role for the national parliaments. In Germany federalism certainly does not mean a strengthening of the nation-states of Europe, whilst in Britain allegations against federal structures go so far as to equate them with what in Germany is felt to be their exact opposite, i.e. with centralism.
Military Factors in Foreign Policy
Authors: Allison Roy
Published: November 2023

This chapter focuses on the internal military factors influencing foreign policy decision-making in Russia. Foreign policy is defined to include international security policy. But the intention is not to discuss military policy in general, nor to consider external military influences on foreign policy outcomes.

The chapter is divided thematically into two parts.
Conclusion
Authors: Pravda Alex , Malcolm Neil
Published: November 2023

This study has examined major aspects of the domestic politics of Russian foreign policy. These concluding observations seek to draw together some of the main strands of the analysis and highlight some of the defining features of the domestic political interactions that bear on foreign policy making in Russia. They also consider the patterns of change identified in the main chapters and assess their wider analytical significance.
Life, Development, Spirits, Faults, and Retribution
Authors: Barnes R H
Published: November 2023

Seegeler (1931: 51) wrote that in East Flores and on Solor and Lembata, unlike Adonara, people did not give a new-born boy weapons and a girl women’s implements. Afterbirth was placed in a basket filled with ash and taken away by a man and a women, called uri, who later in life were regarded by the children in the same way as Christians regard godparents. Together with family members they took the afterbirth to a tree. Then, if the child was a boy, it was shot at with arrows by the men. If the child was a girl, nothing was done at this stage. Afterwards the uri were pelted with all sorts of fruits. They then fled back to the house where the child was born, followed by the family. The purpose was to harden the child against conflict, pain, and sickness. At the house, there was a feast at which the uri were also present.
Death
Authors: Barnes R H
Published: November 2023

According to the missionary Heslinga, in 1891, the people of Lamalera had the habit of burying their dead in the sand on the little square in the middle of their village. The shallow graves were covered with great stones. He is plainly speaking here of the lower village, where at that time the missionaries stayed on their visits to the village. He went on to write that when the corpse was so decomposed that the soft parts had disappeared, the family then dug it up, removed the skull from the skeleton and took it with great veneration to the family boat house, where they set it next to the heads of the ancestors. Remarkably, he said that these boat houses were usually built from whale jaw bones, shark bones (sic!), and other leftovers of the large fish that they had caught.
Cloth, Salt, and Markets
Authors: Barnes R H
Published: November 2023

Apart from raising children, performing domestic chores, and finding employment in modern occupations such as schoolteaching, women contribute to economic life primarily by spinning thread for ropes and clothing; weaving and dyeing cloth; carrying loads, such as firewood, water, meat, and trade goods; manufacturing salt and lime; and trading.
Capitalism with Equal Opportunity
Authors: Haslett D W
Published: November 2023

Old ways die hard. A social practice may be taken for granted for centuries before humanity finally comes to realize it cannot be justified. Take, for example, slavery. Another example is the inheritance of political power. For many centuries, throughout most of the world, the suggestion that political power should be determined by democratic vote rather than heredity would have been met with scorn; today we realize just how unjustified determining political power by heredity really is.
Explaining Time Use
Authors: Gershuny Jonathan
Published: November 2023

We know that national time-use patterns do differ. One of the most entertaining chapters of the description of the previous multinational time-budget study, The Use of Time (Szalai 1972) was provided by Philip Converse, who developed a spatial model of the national differentiation of time allocation. He started with an index of similarity of time-use patterns for each pair of countries (essentially the weighted sum of mean differences between each pair of countries for each time-use category; see Harvey et al. (1984) for a discussion of such indicators).
A Note on Freedom and Flexibility
Authors: Arrow K J
Published: November 2023

Amartya Sen has emphasized many times the limitations of the welfarist viewpoint in evaluating social alternatives. It has even reached the point that the lesson has begun to sink in. The propositions of classical welfare economics or, for that matter, of social choice theory have been naturally interpreted in purely welfare terms. But there are many dimensions not easily put into the welfarist framework. One of these is the notion of freedom of choice. As Sen notes, ‘In examining the well-being aspect of a person, attention can legitimately be paid to the capability set of the person and not just to the chosen functioning vector’ (Sen 1985, p. 201). (The capability set had been defined ‘as the set of functioning vectors within [a person’s] reach’.) He contrasts two individuals who are starving, one out of necessity, one out of choice. The Dewey lectures just cited and Sen’s Marshall Lecture (Sen 1988) discuss richly the possible meanings of freedom and the spaces of alternatives over which it is defined. However, my aim in this note is to discuss the formal characteristics of a definition of freedom, rather than its interpretation.
A Prophet Dishonoured in his Own Country? The Rejection of Beveridge in Britain, 1945-1970
Authors: Lowe Rodney
Published: November 2023

In the 1940s, Beveridge self-consciously sought to establish not just a universalist but a universal set of principles for social security. ‘In seeking security not merely against physical want, but against all these evils [Disease, Ignorance, Squalor, Idleness]’, he asserted in his 1942 Report, ‘the British community and those who in other lands have inherited the British tradition have a vital service to render human progress’ (1942: para. 456). In the short term he met with considerable success. Not only were there the well known queues outside the government bookshop in London on the day of publication, but the Report also had a major impact on Resistance movements within occupied Europe and drew a concerned reaction from the Nazi Government. With scarce-contained glee, Beveridge’s wife was later to recount how copies of the Nazi response to the Report had been recovered in 1945, if not exactly from Hitler’s own hand then at least from his bunker (Beveridge 1954: 195; see also Chapter 9).
Innovation and the Evolution of Market Structure
Authors: Geroski Paul A
Published: November 2023

While it is easy to believe that technology has an important influence on market structure, it is less certain that the post-war rise in market concentration observed in many advanced economies is largely a consequence of the introduction of new centralizing technological innovations. This doubt arises partly because it is possible to believe that increased product differentiation, rising pecuniary advantages of firm size, or purely stochastic effects may be the real culprit, and partly because of a rather interesting hypothesis due to Blair (1972). Blair argued that, from the middle or late eighteenth century until early in the present one, technological change effectively increased the minimum efficient scale of most manufacturing plants, and raised the capital outlays required to build them. However, the relatively recent introduction of new materials such as plastics, new power-creating technologies such as high energy batteries, and the increasing use of computers and multipurpose machines were seen by him as being fundamentally decentralizing. If it is true that such twentieth-century innovations have reduced minimum efficient scale, then it is difficult to accept the view that recent increases in market concentration follow from some relentless and unyielding technological imperative.
The Integration of Demographic and Epidemiologic Approaches to Studies of Health in Developing Countries
Authors: Gray Ronald H
Published: November 2023

Demographers and biomedical scientists, particularly epidemiologists, have long had common interests in population-based studies of health problems in developing countries. Demographers have traditionally been concerned, among other issues, with measuring levels of mortality, and differentials in mortality associated with socio-economic characteristics such as education and income. However, demographic inquiries seldom address problems of the disease processes leading to death. Epidemiologic studies, on the other hand, have tended to focus on specific diseases or constellations of diseases, and their modes of transmission, prevention, or treatment.
Some Methodological Issues in the Assessment of the Deceleration of the Mortality Decline
Authors: Horiuchi Shiro
Published: November 2023

The rapid decline of mortality that triggered the post-war population explosion appears to have slowed down in a number of less developed countries. The Population Division of the United Nations recognized the problem in the late 1970s: Estimates suggest, tentatively but plausibly, that many national mortality down trends in the less developed areas were more rapid in the first half of the post-war era than they have been in the second half. This would be consistent with the expectation that the causes of death most yielding to disease-control programmes have become relatively less important, while more resistant diseases have become relatively more prominent. (United Nations, 1979a, 24.)