bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Scalable method for exploring phylogenetic placement uncertainty with custom visualizations using treeio and ggtree
Authors: Chen Meijun , Luo Xiao , Xu Shuangbin , Li Lin , Li Junrui , Xie Zijing , Wang Qianwen , Liao Yufan , Liu Bingdong , Liang Wenquan , Mo Ke , Song Qiong , Chen Xia , Lam Tommy Tsan‐Yuk , Yu Guangchuang
Published: January 2025

In metabarcoding research, such as taxon identification, phylogenetic placement plays a critical role. However, many existing phylogenetic placement methods lack comprehensive features for downstream analysis and visualization. Visualization tools often ignore placement uncertainty, making it difficult to explore and interpret placement data effectively. To overcome these limitations, we introduce a scalable approach using treeio and ggtree for parsing and visualizing phylogenetic placement data. The treeio‐ggtree method supports placement filtration, uncertainty exploration, and customized visualization. It enhances scalability for large analyses by enabling users to extract subtrees from the full reference tree, focusing on specific samples within a clade. Additionally, this approach provides a clearer representation of phylogenetic placement uncertainty by visualizing associated placement information on the final placement tree.
Physiologically based Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Modeling (PBPK/PD) of Famotidine in Pregnancy
Authors: Liu Xiaomei I. , Green Dionna J. , van den Anker John , Ahmadzia Homa K. , Calderon Joaquin , Burckart Gilbert J. , Dallmann André
Published: January 2025

Famotidine, a H2‐receptor antagonist, is commonly used to treat heartburn and gastroesophageal reflux disease during pregnancy. However, information on the pharmacokinetics (PK) of famotidine in pregnant patients is limited since pregnant patients are usually excluded from clinical trials. This study aimed to develop and evaluate a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model for famotidine in non‐pregnant and pregnant populations, and to combine it with a pharmacodynamic (PD) model to predict the effect of famotidine on intragastric pH. Clinical data for model evaluation were taken from the literature. The PBPK model successfully predicted famotidine PK in non‐pregnant and pregnant populations. The ratio of predicted versus observed PK parameters in non‐pregnant populations ranged from 0.66 to 1.33 for the area under the concentration–time curve and from 0.50 to 1.27 for peak concentration (Cmax). In the pregnant populations, these ratios were 0.94 and 1.17 for early pregnancy, 0.82 and 1.29 for mid‐pregnancy, and 0.72 and 1.06 for late pregnancy, respectively. Compared to the non‐pregnant population, famotidine exposure was predicted to be decreased by, on average, 24% in mid‐pregnancy and 20% in late pregnancy. The PBPK/PD model adequately captured the increase in intragastric pH observed in non‐pregnant adults after famotidine intake and suggested a similar effect in mid‐ and late pregnancy. High inter‐individual variability and minor discrepancies between model predictions and clinical observations indicate a need for further clinical data to reliably inform dosing strategies and therapeutic outcomes for famotidine in pregnant populations.
Ergogenic Benefits of β‐Hydroxy‐β‐Methyl Butyrate (HMB) Supplementation on Body Composition and Muscle Strength: An Umbrella Review of Meta‐Analyses
Authors: Bideshki Mohammad Vesal , Behzadi Mehrdad , Jamali Mehrdad , Jamilian Parsa , Zarezadeh Meysam , Gargari Bahram Pourghassem
Published: January 2025

Background

β‐Hydroxy‐β‐methyl butyrate (HMB) is a metabolite of the amino acid leucine, known for its ergogenic effects on body composition and strength. Despite these benefits, the magnitude of these effects remains unclear due to variability among studies. This umbrella review aims to synthesize meta‐analyses investigating the effects of HMB on body composition and muscle strength in adults.

Methods

A comprehensive literature search was conducted in Scopus, PubMed and Web of Science without date or language restrictions until August 2024. The study protocol was registered at Prospero (No. CRD42023402740). Included studies evaluated the effects of HMB supplementation on body mass, fat mass (FM), fat‐free mass (FFM), muscle mass and performance outcomes. Effect sizes (ESs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated, and a random‐effects model was used for meta‐analysis. Standard methods assessed heterogeneity, sensitivity and publication bias. The methodological quality of included studies was assessed using the AMSTAR2 tool.

Results

Eleven studies comprising 41 data sets were included, with participants aged 23–79 years. HMB supplementation significantly increased muscle mass (ES: 0.21; 95% CI: 0.06–0.35; p = 0.004), muscle strength index (ES: 0.27; 95% CI: 0.19–0.35; p < 0.001) and FFM (ES: 0.22; 95% CI: 0.11–0.34; p < 0.001). No significant changes were observed in FM (ES: 0.03; 95% CI: −0.04 to 0.35; p = 0.09) or body mass (ES: 0.09; 95% CI: −0.06 to 0.24; p = 0.22). The quality assessment revealed that five studies were of high quality, three were of low quality and three were of critically low quality.

Conclusions

HMB supplementation may benefit individuals experiencing muscular atrophy due to physiological conditions, particularly enhancing muscle mass and strength without significant changes in fat mass or body weight.
The Prognostic Value of Sarcopenia in Clinical Outcomes in Cervical Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Wang Fang , Zhen Hongnan , Yu Kang , Liu Pengju
Published: January 2025

Background

Sarcopenia is a condition characterized by inadequate muscle and function decline and is often associated with ageing and cancer. It is established that sarcopenia and muscle loss occurred during treatment are associated with the clinical outcomes of patients with cancer. This systematic review and meta‐analysis aims to evaluate the association between sarcopenia at pretreatment and during treatment and overall survival or disease progression in patients with cervical cancer.

Methods

The Web of Science, Embase, Medline and Cochrane Library databases were searched until 4 July 2024. Studies evaluating the prognostic effect of muscle mass at pretreatment or muscle change during treatment on survival or disease progression for patients with cervical cancer were included. Study quality was evaluated with the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale (NOS). Forest plots and summary effect models were used to show the effect size of sarcopenia on clinical outcomes.

Results

The search strategy yielded 1721 studies in four databases. Eleven and seven studies were included in the quantitative analysis of pretreatment sarcopenia and muscle change on clinical outcomes, respectively. A total of 1907 patients underwent pretreatment muscle assessment, but 1016 were monitored for muscle changes; however, none of the studies involved measures of muscle strength or function. Meta‐analysis showed a significant association between pretreatment sarcopenia and OS [hazard ratio (HR) 1.58, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.16–2.14, p = 0.003] and PFS (HR 1.63, 95%CI 1.16–2.29, p = 0.005) according to data of univariate analysis. In the meta‐analysis of the multivariate data, pretreatment sarcopenia remained associated with poor OS (HR 3.09, 95% CI: 2.07–4.61, p < 0.00001) and PFS (HR: 1.55, 95%CI 1.06–2.28, p = 0.03). Additionally, muscle loss was significantly associated with OS (HR 5.18, 95%CI 3.54–7.56, p < 0.00001) and PFS (HR 2.62, 95%CI 1.63–4.22, p < 0.00001). Subgroup analysis showed that the association between pretreatment sarcopenia and OS, as well as PFS, was influenced by muscle mass measurements and cut‐off values, whereas muscle loss consistently predicted worse OS and PFS when stratified by varying degrees of reduction. The NOS scores of all included studies were ≥ 6.

Conclusions

Pretreatment sarcopenia and muscle change during treatment are significantly associated with both overall survival and disease progression. Therefore, muscle assessment and monitoring should be conducted for appropriate diagnosis and intervention to improve clinical outcomes in patients with cervical cancer.
Measurement of plantar pressure differences in the contralateral limb when using offloading modalities for diabetic foot ulcerations
Authors: Ngui Ian Rong Yi , Bowden Jane , Jones Sara L , Daebeler Rebecca , Causby Ryan S
Published: January 2025

Background

This study investigated the effect of various offloading devices commonly used for the management of diabetic foot ulcerations on peak plantar pressure and pressure–time integral of the contralateral limb.

Methods

A quantitative, randomised and within‐subject repeated measures study was conducted in an outpatient gait laboratory. Outpatients with unilateral diabetic foot ulcers and adequate perfusion to the lower limb without an intrinsic limb‐length discrepancy who were able to walk were recruited for the study. They were also required to understand English. An in‐shoe pressure sensor was placed in the participants’ everyday shoes between their feet and insoles. Participants were asked to walk at their own speed and cadences with three stances recorded. Their peak and mean plantar pressures were recorded. This was repeated with four different offloading conditions: Darco APB™ All Purpose Boot, Darco APB™ All Purpose Boot with wool felt adhered to the bottom of the foot, DH Offloading Walker® and DH Offloading Walker® with Even‐Up™ on the contralateral foot.

Results

The total sample comprised 22 adults (3 females and 19 males) aged between 34 and 78 years old (mean age, 57.6 ± 9.9 years). The results indicated that none of the regions of the foot showed a statistically significant difference in peak plantar pressure and pressure–time integral between the control condition and other offloading modalities, or between modalities.

Conclusion

The use of offloading modalities for diabetic foot ulcers does not significantly affect peak plantar pressure or pressure–time integral measures on the contralateral limb. However, this should be considered with caution, as this population will possess the same risk factors in both the affected and the contralateral foot.
Moderating Role of Strategic Ownership on Board Composition and ESG (Environmental, Social, and Governance) Performance in Global Airlines: Insights From Full‐Service and Low‐Cost Carriers
Authors: Abdi Yaghoub , Mohammadi Mohammadreza
Published: January 2025

This paper studies the effect of board composition in airline firms on their commitment to the environmental, social, and governance (ESG) approach. Accordingly, the moderating influence of strategic ownership of 34 international airlines is studied. The results of this research highlight several correlations between different influential factors. First, it is shown that including female directors can encourage ESG performance. Second, it is found that the environmental performance of the airlines can be improved with the presence of a dedicated corporate social responsibility (CRS) committee. Furthermore, board independence is identified as a positive driver of governance initiatives. Additionally, this study demonstrates that strategic investors can encourage the positive influence of female directors on ESG activities. Finally, the study sheds light on the difference between full‐service and low‐cost airlines, elucidating the impact of how strategic ownership on the correlation between board diligence and management activities. These findings provide crucial insights for the decision‐makers in the airline industry and contribute to environmental sustainability endeavors within the industry.
Polarization‐Independent Dispersive Complex‐Amplitude Modulation via Anisotropic Metasurfaces
Authors: Yang Hui , Peng Meiyu , He Hairong , Yu Dian , Ou Kai , Wang Quan , Luo Xuhao , Hu Yueqiang , Jing Hui , Duan Huigao
Published: January 2025

Polarization‐independent characteristic is highly desirable for practical applications, and for metasurfaces, it is typically achieved through isotropic structures. This inevitably leads to a lost degree of freedom (DoF) within the parameter space, thereby restricting the realization of advanced functionalities in a polarization‐independent regime. Here, counterintuitively, polarization‐independent dispersive complex‐amplitude modulation is achieved via a single‐layered anisotropic metasurface. By fully exploiting the in‐plane DoFs in the parameter space, the previously unattainable polarization‐independent functionalities can be achieved without adding additional challenges to metasurface manufacturing. The underlying mechanism relies on the optimization of the superimposed dispersive Jones matrix of the meta‐molecule, which demonstrates identical behavior under a pair of orthogonal polarization bases. As a proof of concept, polarization‐independent color printing is numerically and experimentally demonstrated, which is completely different from the resonant structural color that depends on the optimization of spectral characteristic. Moreover, the integration of near‐field color printing, far‐field color holography, and an achromatic multi‐port beam splitter with arbitrary power ratio are demonstrated as well. The proposed metasurface platform opens up new doors for designing polarization‐independent compact meta‐devices, holding various applications in augmented‐reality displaying, information communication, and optical security.
Protection of Enzymes Against Heat Inactivation by Enzyme–Polymer Conjugates
Authors: Jiang Zhongguo , Ma Lirong , Lv Yanfeng , Zhao Hui
Published: January 2025

Along with the quick advancements in enzyme technology, inactivation has emerged as the key barrier for enzymes to be fully utilized as biocatalysts. Here, a novel strategy is presented for the preservation of the enzymatic activity even after heat treatment by grafting enzymes onto the thermal responsive block copolymer via an activated ester‐amine reaction. A new water‐soluble activated ester monomer, acrylic polyethylene glycol (PEG) functionalized 3‐fluoro‐4‐hydroxybenzoate is synthesized. This activated ester monomer and 2‐methoxyethoxyethyl methacrylate (MEEMA) as copolymer monomers are first used to synthesize water‐soluble polymers bearing activated ester for post‐polymerization modification with amines. Two model enzymes containing amine residues, urease, and papain, are grafted onto the resulting thermal responsive polymers to obtain PMEEMA‐co‐Enzyme, respectively. The obtained particles of polymer‐enzyme conjugates flocculate above the low critical solution temperature (LCST) and redissolve when cooled below that temperature. The activity of the conjugated enzymes has been studied after high temperatures treatment and compared to that of free enzymes. The enzymatic activity assays show that the thermosensitive polymer can act as a stabilizer under high‐temperature conditions after multipoint grafting with the enzyme, thus protecting the enzyme from thermal inactivation.
Adhesive and Conductive Hydrogels for the Treatment of Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Zhao Jialiang , Chen Ying , Qin Yuanyuan , Li Yongqi , Lu Xiong , Xie Chaoming
Published: January 2025

Myocardial infarction (MI) is a leading cause of mortality among cardiovascular diseases. Following MI, the damaged myocardium is progressively being replaced by fibrous scar tissue, which exhibits poor electrical conductivity, ultimately resulting in arrhythmias and adverse cardiac remodeling. Due to their extracellular matrix‐like structure and excellent biocompatibility, hydrogels are emerging as a focal point in cardiac tissue engineering. However, traditional hydrogels lack the necessary conductivity to restore electrical signal transmission in the infarcted regions. Imparting conductivity to hydrogels while also enhancing their adhesive properties enables them to adhere closely to myocardial tissue, establish stable electrical connections, and facilitate synchronized contraction and myocardial tissue repair within the infarcted area. This paper reviews the strategies for constructing conductive and adhesive hydrogels, focusing on their application in MI repair. Furthermore, the challenges and future directions in developing adhesive and conductive hydrogels for MI repair are discussed.
Synthesis and Optoelectronic Characterizations of Conjugated Polymers Based on Diketopyrrolopyrrole and 2,2′‐(thieno[3,2‐b]thiophene‐2,5‐diyl)diacetonitrile Via Knoevenagel Condensation
Authors: Wu Kunlan , Chen Pinyu , Cui Tianqiang , Zhang Baoxin , Sun Chun‐Lin , Wang Jianguo , Shao Xiangfeng , Chen Liangliang , Chen Yu , Liu Zitong
Published: January 2025

Conjugated polymers have attracted extensive attention as semiconducting materials in wearable and flexible electronics. In this study, we utilize atom‐economical Knoevenagel reaction to construct two conjugated polymers, PTDPP‐CNTT and PFDPP‐CNTT, based on dialdehyde‐thiophene/furan‐flanked diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) and 2,2′‐(thieno[3,2‐b]thiophene‐2,5‐diyl)diacetonitrile (CNTT). The resulting polymers exhibited suitable highest occupied molecular orbital/lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (HOMO/LUMO) energy levels, small bandgaps, and broad UV–vis–NIR absorptions (≈400–1000 nm), endowing them with photothermal and balanced ambipolar semiconducting properties with hole and electron mobilities over 10−3 cm2V−1s−1. Additionally, PTDPP‐CNTT‐based organic field‐effect transistors (OFETs) devices show photo‐responsive characteristics at 808 and 980 nm in the hole transport channel with the photo‐responsivenesses of 9.0 × 10−3 A/W and 0.4 A/W, respectively, suggesting potential application in organic NIR‐phototransistors.
Naphthalene Diimide and Pyromellitic Diimide Networks as Cathode Materials in Lithium‐ion Batteries: on the Instability of Pyromellitic Diimide
Authors: Matsidik Rukiya , Fazzi Daniele , Seifert Andreas , Sommer Michael
Published: January 2025

Aromatic diimides such as naphthalene diimide (NDI) and pyromellitic diimide (MDI) are important building blocks for organic electrode materials. They feature a two‐electron redox mechanism that allows for energy storage. Due to the smaller size of MDI compared to NDI its theoretical capacity is higher. Studies on MDI‐based small molecule and linear polymer electrodes indicate that MDI is unstable, yet the origin of instability remains unclear. Herein, two cross‐linked networks of NDI and MDI are designed. The polymers, termed PNDI‐EG and PMDI‐EG, are synthesized via cationic polymerization of vinyl ethylene glycol‐functionalized NDI and MDI monomers. The cross‐linked structures preclude extrinsic degradation pathways (e.g., dissolution in the electrolyte), and thereby facilitate the investigation of intrinsic degradation mechanisms. PMDI‐EG‐based cathodes are less stable, and the performance of PMDI‐EG/Li half cells is markedly inferior compared to PNDI‐EG/Li cells. Our comprehensive experimental and quantum‐chemical investigation reveals that PMDI‐EG undergoes irreversible diimide ring opening upon prolonged charge–discharge cycles, while PNDI‐EG remains intact. It is hypothesized that the smaller ring size of the five‐membered imide renders MDI more susceptible to side reactions with nucleophiles in the electrolyte, causing rapid loss of capacity during the first cycles.
Progress in Tandem Mass Spectrometry Data Analysis for Nucleic Acids
Authors: Lanzillotti Michael B. , Brodbelt Jennifer S.
Published: January 2025

Mass spectrometry (MS) has become a critical tool in the characterization of covalently modified nucleic acids. Well‐developed bottom‐up approaches, where nucleic acids are digested with an endonuclease and the resulting oligonucleotides are separated before MS and MS/MS analysis, provide substantial insight into modified nucleotides in biological and synthetic nucleic. Top‐down MS presents an alternative approach where the entire nucleic acid molecule is introduced to the mass spectrometer intact and then fragmented by MS/MS. Current top‐down MS workflows have incorporated automated, on‐line HPLC workflows to enable rapid desalting of nucleic acid samples for facile mass analysis without complication from adduction. Furthermore, optimization of MS/MS parameters utilizing collision, electron, or photon‐based activation methods have enabled effective bond cleavage throughout the phosphodiester backbone while limiting secondary fragmentation, allowing characterization of progressively larger (~100 nt) nucleic acids and localization of covalent modifications. Development of software applications to perform automated identification of fragment ions has accelerated the broader adoption of mass spectrometry for analysis of nucleic acids. This review focuses on progress in tandem mass spectrometry for characterization of nucleic acids with particular emphasis on the software tools that have proven critical for advancing the field.
Exclusivity Under Different Vertical Structures in Online Platforms With Network Effects
Authors: Chen Haijun , Xu Qi
Published: January 2025

Securing exclusive premium content can enhance a platform's competitive edge, becoming a key factor in the success of online platform competition. This study examines exclusivity strategies under vertical separation and vertical integration, assessing their impacts on the endogenous quality and pricing decisions of competing platforms, as well as on consumer and overall welfare. Our findings reveal that the platform with exclusive premium content generally increase their quality and pricing, whereas the competitor tends to lower theirs. However, network effects moderate these price increases in vertical integration. Network effects play a crucial role, making premium content provider weighs the benefits of exclusivity against the potential for broader consumer engagement through nonexclusivity. Although exclusivity always reduces consumer surplus under vertical separation, it potentially aligns with consumer surplus in vertical integration. Additionally, our analysis of asymmetric market conditions reveals that premium content provider often forms exclusive agreement with the dominant platform, exacerbating quality and price disparities. Given these dynamics, we suggest that policymakers should rigorously evaluate the impacts of exclusivity on consumer surplus, offering crucial insights for antitrust authorities on the regulatory challenges in online platform markets.
Privatization Versus Managerial Delegation: Revisiting Delegation in a Mixed Duopoly
Authors: Hamada Kojun , Kato Hideya
Published: January 2025

This study revisits the issue of managerial delegation in a mixed oligopoly by focusing on whether a private firm's managerial delegation can increase firm profit and social welfare. Unlike the previous research that has focused on the effect of privatization on social welfare, we examine the impact of managerial delegation by a private firm on profit and social welfare. Using a model in which the degrees of partial privatization and managerial delegation are endogenously determined in a mixed duopoly, we derive the equilibrium degrees and demonstrate the following results. First, partial privatization is always chosen instead of full privatization or nationalization and the equilibrium degree of privatization is not monotonic with the cost‐efficiency parameter. Second, profit‐maximizing behavior is never chosen as a managerial delegation strategy. When marginal cost does not rise sharply with production, the private firm's owner incentivizes its manager toward a higher production cost so that the manager chooses the firm's output level more aggressively. Third, managerial delegation necessarily increases social welfare, whereas whether it increases the private firm's profit depends on the cost‐efficiency parameter. When marginal cost does not rise sharply with production, a managerial delegation strategically implemented by a private firm not only increases private benefits but also contributes to enhancing public interest.
Prospective Multicenter Evaluation of the MDS “Suggestive of PSP” Diagnostic Criteria
Authors: Quattrone Andrea , Franzmeier Nicolai , Levin Johannes , Petzold Gabor C. , Spottke Annika , Brosseron Frederic , Falkenburger Björn , Prudlo Johannes , Gasser Thomas ,   The DESCRIBE‐PSP Group, The ProPSP Group, Höglinger Günter U.
Published: January 2025

Background

The recent Movement Disorders Society (MDS)‐progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) diagnostic criteria conceptualized three clinical diagnostic certainty levels: “suggestive of PSP” for sensitive early diagnosis based on subtle clinical signs, “possible PSP” balancing sensitivity and specificity, and “probable PSP” highly specific for PSP pathology.

Objective

The aim of this study was to prospectively validate the criteria against long‐term clinical follow‐up and characterize the diagnostic certainty increase over time.

Methods

Patients with “possible PSP” or “suggestive of PSP” diagnosis and clinical follow‐up were recruited in two German multicenter longitudinal observational studies (ProPSP and DescribePSP). The cumulative percentage of patients longitudinally increasing diagnostic certainty was assessed over up to 2.5 years of follow‐up. The sample size per arm required to detect 30% attenuated rate in diagnostic certainty increase in trials was estimated over multiple time intervals.

Results

Of 254 patients with available longitudinal data, 61 patients had low diagnostic certainty at baseline (48 suggestive of PSP, 13 possible PSP) and multiple clinical visits (median: 3, range: 2–4). The cumulative percentage of patients increasing diagnostic certainty progressed with follow‐up duration (30.4% at 6 months, 51.7% at 1 year, 80.4% at 2.5 years). The sample size required to detect 30% reduction in diagnostic certainty increase rate within 1 year was 163, slightly smaller than that required using the PSP rating scale.

Conclusions

Most “suggestive of PSP” patients increased diagnostic certainty upon longitudinal follow‐up, providing the first prospective multicenter validation of MDS‐PSP diagnostic criteria. Our data support the design of trials tailored for these early‐stage patients, suggesting the PSP rating scale and the diagnostic certainty increase rate as potential endpoint measures. © 2025 The Author(s). Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
Exploring the Physical Activity Counselling for Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis—Perceptions of Nurses and Physiotherapists
Authors: Lehtomäki Katja , Ryhtä Iina , Peltonen Jaana , Stolt Minna
Published: January 2025

Background

Physical activity is beneficial for patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, little is known about how healthcare professionals counsel and support patients with RA to be physically active.

Aim

This study aims to explore nurses' and physiotherapists' perceptions of delivering physical activity counselling for patients with RA during routine follow‐up appointments.

Method

A mixed‐methods convergent parallel design was employed, using survey and interview data from nurses and physiotherapists (n = 9) at a rheumatology outpatient clinic. Statistical and inductive content analyses were conducted. COREQ guidelines were followed.

Findings

Nurses and physiotherapists perceived physical activity counselling to be central in the overall RA care. They considered it partly challenging as delivering effective counselling requires understanding the specific characteristics of RA and tailoring advice to the individual patient's needs. In general, they focused on motivating patients to be physically active by demonstrating the benefits of physical activity. However, they also reported a lack of awareness regarding the content discussed during each other's appointments, highlighting issues with information sharing between professionals.

Conclusion

Physical activity counselling is multidimensional, constitutes part of professional competence and requires extensive knowledge of RA and physical activity recommendations. Future interventions are needed to enhance nurses' and physiotherapists' competence in delivering physical activity counselling.
Errors Associated With Medication Administration by a Nurse During Hospitalisation: A Prospective Observational Multicentric Study
Authors: Tesar Ondrej , Dosedel Martin , Kubena Ales Antonin , Mala‐Ladova Katerina , Prokesova Radka , Brabcova Iva , Hajduchova Hana , Cerveny Martin , Chloubova Ivana , Vlcek Jiri , Tothova Valerie , Maly Josef
Published: January 2025

Aims

To explore all medication administration errors (MAEs) throughout the entire process of medication administration by nurses in the inpatient setting, to describe their prevalence, and to analyse associated factors, including deviation from the good practice standards.

Background

Worldwide, MAEs are very common and regarded as a serious risk factor to inpatient safety. Nurses assume an essential role in the hospital setting during the administration of medications.

Design

The prospective observational study was carried out in accordance with the STROBE guidance.

Methods

This study was conducted in four regional hospitals from June to August 2021. MAEs were collected when nurses administered medications to the adult inpatients during the morning, noon, and evening medication rounds at the internal, surgical, and follow‐up care departments in each hospital over three consecutive days. Direct observation by the multidisciplinary team was employed. MAEs were classified as major MAEs (from the potentially most serious and common to all drug forms), specific MAEs (specific to a drug form), and procedural MAEs (e.g., patient identification, hygiene standards, or generic drug substitution). Predictors of either major MAE or specific MAE frequency were analysed using the generalised linear model and the decision tree model.

Results

Overall, 58 nurses administering medication to 331 inpatients at 12 departments were observed. In total, 6356 medication administrations were observed, of which 461 comprised major MAEs, 1497 specific MAEs, and 12,045 procedural MAEs. The predictors of the occurrence of major MAEs and specific MAEs were the specific hospital, the nurse's length of practice (less than 2 years), and two procedural MAEs (the unclear prescription and the wrong strength).

Conclusions

Non‐adherence to the standard processes in healthcare facilities for prescribing and administering drugs increased the prevalence of severe MAEs. Determinants of MAE occurrence such as incorrect prescriptions or limited experience of nurses should be considered.

Implication for the Profession and Patient Care

The identified determinants of MAE should be considered by hospital stakeholders in their support programs to reduce the level of burden for nurses during medication administration.

Patient or Public Contribution

Neither patients nor public was not involved in the design, data collection, or dissemination plans of this study. The researchers observed nurse care delivery at medical departments acting as passive participants.
Adaptive Neural Optimized Control for a Class of Switched Strict‐Feedback Systems With Unknown Control Gains
Authors: Wu Jian , Lu Hongwei , Wang Wei
Published: January 2025

This paper develops an adaptive neural optimized control strategy for a class of switched strict‐feedback systems with unknown control gains and prescribed performances utilizing an adaptive projection method. To design the desired adaptive neural controller, we firstly utilize the actor‐critic architecture to formulate both optimized virtual and actual controllers within the backstepping framework. Secondly, this paper introduces an adaptive projection to eliminate the assumption that the unknown control coefficient cannot pass through zero. Moreover, control issues related to predefined time constraints and precision requirements can be addressed through error transformation. The proposed control strategy ensures that the tracking error converges to the predefined range within the allocated time. Additionally, all the signals of the controlled system remain bound. Finally, a set of comparative simulation experiments is discussed for three different predefined times, and the experimental results confirm the feasibility of the proposed control strategy.
Patterns of Weight Change Trajectories and Treatment Response in an Integrated Adult Primary Care Weight Management Practice
Authors: Ganti Anita , Tucker Shanna , Takyi Afua , Nahid Musarrat , Bickhart Alexa , Katz‐Feigenbaum Debra , Phillips Erica
Published: January 2025

Introduction

Given the significant interindividual variable responses to interventions for obesity, the early identification of factors associated with a differential in weight loss would benefit real‐world approaches in clinical practice.

Objective

This study evaluated the factors associated with individual variability in response to enrolling in a weight management program integrated into an academic‐based primary care practice.

Methods

Data were retrospectively collected and analyzed for patients referred to a primary care‐based weight management practice between 2012 and 2020. A mixed‐model, semi‐parametric group‐based modeling approach was used to identify group membership and explore weight change trajectories over 18 months, as measured by the percent of initial body weight loss and the probability of losing at least 5% of initial body weight (IBW).

Results

Three hundred ninety‐three patients were included in the study; the median age was 53 years, 84% female, 40% self‐identified as non‐Hispanic Black, and about one‐third white. Among those, 374 had sufficient follow‐up data for group‐based modeling. Four groups were identified and named: “Weight Gainers” added 1.3% of IBW; “Initial Resistors” lost 6.7% of IBW; “Early Maintainers” lost 7.1% of IBW; and “Steady Achievers” lost 15% of IBW. Weight change in all groups was over 18 months. The probability of losing 5% IBW was described by three groups: “Minimal Late Responders,” “Moderate Responders,” and “High Early Responders.” Younger age, non‐Hispanic Black race, fewer follow‐up visits, and lower proportion prescribed two or more anti‐obesity medications (AOMs) simultaneously were associated with a lower probability of achieving 5% IBW.

Conclusions

Compared to the other groups, Weight Gainers and Minimal Late Responders had a distinct trajectory associated with two modifiable factors: the number of treatment visits and AOMs. Tailored interventions targeting these factors early may increase the probability of meaningful weight loss.
Characteristics of laser printed waste paper fibers filled polybutylene adipate terephthalate (PBAT) based composite films
Authors: Zhang Xiaolin , Huang Maocai , Chang Xing , Yang Menghao , Wu Yali , Li Xin , Gao Limin , Cao Jing , Zuo Liyuan , Ji Xingxiang
Published: January 2025

With the advancement of office automation, the production and consumption of laser‐printed waste paper have been increasing steadily, drawing considerable attention in the industry for the high‐value utilization of this novel, high‐quality waste paper. PBAT (polybutylene adipate terephthalate) belongs to thermoplastic biodegradable polymers, offering a potential alternative to conventional plastics and addressing issues like microplastic pollution. However, the high cost of PBAT limits its widespread application. This study focuses on utilizing laser‐printed waste paper for reinforcing PBAT‐based biodegradable plastics, thereby developing a novel film material and conducting an in‐depth investigation of its properties. Results indicate that the mechanical properties of the LPWF/PBAT film composite material are optimized when the laser‐printed waste paper fiber (LPWF) content is at 20%. Furthermore, to address the poor compatibility between fibers and resin interfaces, modifications were carried out using γ‐glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane(KH560), vinyltriethoxysilane(A151), maleic anhydride grafted PBAT(PBAT‐g‐MAH), and cationic polyacrylamide(CPAM). The modified composite material exhibited improved mechanical properties, water absorption, and thermal stability. This research provides insights for the design and development of low‐cost, high‐performance PBAT composite materials.

Highlights

Laser printed waste paper fibers serve in biodegradable composite films.

At 20 wt% LPWF, the film's elastic modulus reaches 369 MPa.

Adding 3 wt% PBAT‐g‐MAH increases film tensile strength by 33.6%.

Four modification methods significantly enhance the water resistance properties.

A151 modification enhances the thermal stability of composite films.
Compressive damage in super‐thick cross‐ply composites
Authors: Chen Cheng‐Yu , Lin Yung‐Kun , Kuo Wen‐Shyong
Published: January 2025

The compressive behavior of super‐thick composites was examined. The specimens were composed of 160 carbon/epoxy layers stacked in cross‐ply with 24 mm in thickness. A term “equivalent layer number (ELN)” is defined, representing the number of contiguous layers stacked in the same direction. Six specimen types were made with ELNs varying from 80 to 2. The results showed that the compressive strength consistently increases when the ELN is decreased. Compared with the ELN‐80, the ELN‐2 is 65% stronger. In all specimens, the initial damage was the formation of kink‐bands. However, the kink‐band growth was affected by the layup. In larger ELNs, the kink‐bands are developed in a zigzag form within the same axial group. In smaller ELNs, kink‐bands are aligned, crossing different axial groups. The damaged states were recorded in the entire loading course, allowing correlation between the damage state and the loading curve. In the final stages of loading, two modes become dominant: large‐scale delamination and long shear‐cuts. The ELN affects not only the strength but also the evolution of damage in the specimens. A smaller ELN is preferable, as the laminate becomes stronger, and the induced damage is more diversified.

Highlights

Super‐thick composites made and tested in compression.

Smaller ELNs resulting in higher compressive strength.

Larger ELNs leading to zigzag kink‐bands and large‐scale delamination.

Smaller ELNs leading to aligned kink‐bands and shear‐cut failure.
Comparative Study of Gradient Polymer Composite and Blend Polymer Composite for Ultra‐Precision Machine Tools
Authors: Yin Jicai , Ren Chonggang , Bian Bingchuan , Guo Peng , Xie Xuehu
Published: January 2025

Exhibiting excellent mechanical properties and exceptional vibration reduction performance, polymer composite (PC) has garnered significant research interest in various industries, particularly in ultra‐precision machining (UPM) machine tool beds. UPM machine tools have a stringent requirement on the comprehensive performance of the bed materials. Specially, the materials of machine tool bed must possess both high mechanical properties and outstanding damping characteristics. However, a major obstacle hindering the widespread adoption of PC in UPM machine tool beds is the difficulty in achieving optimal mechanical properties and vibration reduction simultaneously with the same material composition and curing process conditions. In this study, the effect of various particulates on the mechanical strength, loss factor and the average thermal expansion coefficient of PC were systematically investigated. The experimental findings revealed that the compressive strength of PC improved by the incorporation of particulates. Nevertheless, the flexural strength and tensile strength of PC display an inverse variation. Subsequently, gradient PC and compound PC were designed based on the aforementioned results to achieve the best overall properties for the machine tool bed material. The experimental results highlighted that the left and right tri‐gradients materials (L‐R‐3) exhibited the outstanding comprehensive performance. Moreover, this study provides beneficial information to improve the comprehensive properties of PC. Furthermore, it is of great significance to improve machining accuracy of UPM and increase the machining stability of UPM.
High‐throughput phenotyping of stay‐green in a sorghum breeding program using unmanned aerial vehicles and machine learning
Authors: Pugh N. Ace , Young Andrew , Emendack Yves , Sanchez Jacobo , Xin Zhanguo , Hayes Chad
Published: January 2025

As climate change continues to influence global weather patterns, the frequency and severity of drought conditions are expected to increase, posing a significant challenge to crop production. In sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench), a key cereal crop, the stay‐green trait is of particular importance as a measure of how well a genotype can tolerate post‐anthesis drought conditions, which are critical for harvestable yield. Despite its importance, there is a pressing need for a more efficient, accurate, and precise method to phenotype stay‐green in sorghum to enhance breeding efforts. To address this need, this study explores the application of random forest and XGBoost machine learning models for phenotyping the stay‐green trait in sorghum. These models provide quantitative measurements that have the potential to enhance genomic studies and offer additional benefits. Although correlations with vegetation indices were occasionally high, they were not sufficiently reliable to be used exclusively. The machine learning models, in contrast, showed high percentages of genetic variation explained and had high repeatability. The values generated by these algorithms enable plant breeders to efficiently make selections in their stay‐green breeding programs. Further research is needed to assess the robustness of these models across different environments and genetic material. Additionally, comparing these models with other machine learning approaches will help determine if decision tree‐based models are the most effective for this application. Overall, the models presented in this study serve as a promising foundation for improving the efficiency of stay‐green breeding programs in sorghum, but they require further validation and comparison with alternative approaches.
Resistance reduction and cross‐resistance of spinosad‐resistant Rhyzopertha dominica (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) and the association between spinosad resistance and maltase activity
Authors: Wang Yi‐Chun , Chen Yun‐Chuang , Chen Chi‐Yuan , Chen Mei‐Er
Published: January 2025

BACKGROUND

The lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica, is a serious stored‐products pest mainly controlled by insecticides. Spinosad, an environmentally friendly biological insecticide with low mammalian toxicity, is considered a suitable candidate for R. dominica management. Given the structural similarity of spinosad and maltose, both containing a neutral sugar structure, it was hypothesized that maltase may hydrolyze spinosad, rendering R. dominica resistant to spinosad. In this study, multiple spinosad‐resistant strains (RdSR) were used to test the hypothesis.

RESULTS

The resistance reduction examination of a spinosad‐resistant strain RdSR‐1 showed a significant decrease in resistance level over 1 year with the LC50 decreasing from 2.996 to 0.392 mg kg−1 indicating an 86.92% reduction. Cross‐resistance investigations using the resistant strain RdSR‐2 revealed a correlation between spinosad and spinetoram, while no such cross‐resistance was observed with other insecticides. The expression levels of four maltase genes were significantly higher in the resistant strain RdSR‐1 than the susceptible one. Furthermore, 3,5‐Dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS) assays suggested increased spinosad hydrolysis in the resistant strain RdSR‐3 compared to the susceptible one. The maltase inhibitor, acarbose, was applied to susceptible R. dominica, resulting in a significant increase in mortality among individuals exposed to both acarbose and spinosad. These findings imply that acarbose can synergize the efficacy of spinosad in R. dominica.

CONCLUSION

The study suggests maltase as a potential resistance mechanism in R. dominica against spinosad. This novel mechanism combined with reduction and cross‐resistance results provide valuable insights for control strategy development. © 2025 Society of Chemical Industry.
Recent Developments in the Design of Photoactivated Metal Oxide Gas Sensors and Application of Plasmonic Nanoparticles in Hydrogen‐Sensing Devices
Authors: Weyrauch Ingo , Hefler Eva Louisa , Breuch Rene , Kaul Peter , Mathur Sanjay , Konstantynovski Kostyantin
Published: January 2025

Recent advancements in photoactivated metal oxide (MOX) gas sensors and the application of plasmonic nanoparticles (NPs) in hydrogen sensing have demonstrated significant potential in enhancing sensor performance. Hydrogen, as a high‐energy, carbon‐free alternative to fossil fuels, requires reliable detection methods due to its storage and handling risks. Traditional MOX gas sensors, while cost‐effective and versatile, face challenges such as high operating temperatures and limited selectivity. In this review, innovative photonic methods are explored to overcome these limitations, focusing on photoactivation and plasmonic effects. Photonic activation improves sensitivity, response time, and recovery time at room temperature, mitigating the safety risks associated with high‐temperature operations. Additionally, the integration of plasmonic NPs, made from gold, palladium, or other less noble metals, into MOX gas sensors enhances catalytic activity and sensor response through localized surface plasmon resonance. In this review, also the synergistic effects of noble metal decoration and photonic enhancement are covered, providing a comprehensive overview of the current state and possible future directions in hydrogen‐sensing technology. These advancements promise safer and more efficient hydrogen detection, crucial for the expanding hydrogen infrastructure and its role in a sustainable energy future.
Quantifying the Imaginarity via Different Distance Measures
Authors: Guo Meng‐Li , Huang Si‐Yin , Li Bo , Fei Shao‐Ming
Published: January 2025

The recently introduced resource theory of imaginarity facilitates a systematic investigation into the role of complex numbers in quantum mechanics and quantum information theory. In this work, well‐defined measures of imaginarity are proposed using various distance metrics, drawing inspiration from recent advancements in quantum entanglement and coherence. Specifically, quantitatively evaluating imaginarity is focused through measures such as Tsallis relative ‐entropy, Sandwiched Rényi relative entropy, and Tsallis relative operator entropy. Additionally, the decay rates of these measures are analyzed. These findings reveal that the Tsallis relative ‐entropy of imaginarity exhibits higher decay rate under quantum channels compared to other measures. Finally, the ordering of single‐qubit states are examined under these imaginarity measures, demonstrating that the order remains invariant under the bit‐flip channel for specific parameter ranges. This study enhances the understanding of imaginarity as a quantum resource and its potential applications in quantum information theory.