bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Atomic Self‐reconstruction of Catalyst Dominated Growth Mechanism of Graphite Structures
Authors: Hu Yang , Zhu Liu , Peng Yong , Fu Jiecai , Deng Xia , Zhang Junwei , Zhang Hong , Guan Chaoshuai , Karim Abdul , Zhang Xixiang
Published: November 2019

Understanding the nucleation and growth process of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) is important for guiding their efficient and controllable synthesis in industry. However, the intrinsic mechanism that controls the formation of carbon nanotubes is still controversial. Here, using in‐situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM), we demonstrate the dynamic catalytic growth of multilayered graphite crystallites and single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) from the Co2C catalyst nanoparticles (NPs) at the atomic resolution. The dissociative carbon atoms arrive at the nucleation sites on the surface of small and large NPs by the surface and bulk diffusion, respectively. These two different diffusion modes are found to be the essential prerequisite for growing single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) or multilayered graphite crystallites. The small NPs utilize crystal self‐rotation to expose the (111) plane for efficiently capturing carbon atoms, while the large NPs use self‐reshaping on (111) facets to provide atomic steps as active nucleation sites. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations indicate that the observations are in good agreement with the growth mechanism of graphite structures involving the preferential selectivity of crystal facets. Our results may open up the possibility of adjusting the size and crystal orientation of cobalt‐based catalyst particles to efficiently synthesize the SWCNTs with high quality.
Optimization of the Forward Osmosis Process Using Aquaporin Membranes in Chromium Removal
Authors: Naghdali Zohreh , Sahebi Soleyman , Mousazadeh Milad , Jamali Hamzeh Ali
Published: November 2019

Due to the lack of affordable and feasible wastewater treatment technologies, various industries in developing countries are discharging chromium (Cr) without meeting the environmental standards. Here, the aim was to employ forward osmosis (FO) using aquaporins (AQP)‐based biomimetic membranes and optimize the Cr rejection through response surface methodology (RSM). The initial concentration of draw solution, feed solution, and time was selected as independent variables in order to optimize Cr rejection and water flux. A high Cr rejection efficiency and water flux were achieved under the optimal conditions. These results revealed that the FO process applying an AQP membrane beside the RSM could be considered to treat wastewaters containing heavy metals.
Highly Stable Dispersion of Carbon Nanotubes in Deep Eutectic Solvent for the Preparation of CNT‐Embedded Carbon Xerogels for Supercapacitors
Authors: Chen Ling , Deng Junqian , Song Yandan , Hong Shu , Lian Hailan
Published: November 2019

The current study reports a kind of ternary deep eutectic solvent (DES) based on choline chloride, urea, and glycerol for the dispersion of multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) in the presence of surfactant. MWCNT‐embedded organic gels were subsequently prepared from the polymerization of resorcinol and formaldehyde in the obtained MWCNT‐dispersed DES. It has been demonstrated that the as‐prepared DES is excellent in dispersing and stabilizing the MWCNT, and thus allows the in situ synthesis of MWCNT functionalized resorcinol‐formaldehyde xerogels with no visible phase‐separation during the long sol‐gel process. After ambient drying and carbonization, MWCNTs can be well dispersed within the carbon xerogel matrix. The obtained carbon material possesses increased electrical conductivity while preserves the well‐developed porous structure. When used as electrodes in supercapacitors, it exhibits enhanced capacitance as well as rate performance. The specific capacitance at 0.5 A g−1 was 228 F g−1, 22 % more capacitance than that of the pristine carbon xerogel. More remarkably, it provides the electrodes with more than 200 % enhancement in capacitance when compared with that of the MWCNT‐embedded carbon xerogel prepared in aqueous solvent under the same conditions.
Cytoskeletal makeup of the synapse: Shaft versus spine
Authors: Bucher Michael , Fanutza Tomas , Mikhaylova Marina
Published: November 2019

The ability of neurons to communicate and store information depends on the activity of synapses which can be located on small protrusions (dendritic spines) or directly on the dendritic shaft. The formation, plasticity, and stability of synapses are regulated by the neuronal cytoskeleton. Actin filaments together with microtubules, neurofilaments, septins, and scaffolding proteins orchestrate the structural organization of both shaft and spine synapses, enabling their efficacy in response to synaptic activation. Synapses critically depend on several factors, which are also mediated by the cytoskeleton, including transport and delivery of proteins from the soma, protein synthesis, as well as surface diffusion of membrane proteins. In this minireview, we focus on recent progress made in the field of cytoskeletal elements of the postsynapse and discuss the differences and similarities between synapses located in the spines versus dendritic shaft.
Lower rates of cancer and all‐cause mortality in an Adventist cohort compared with a US Census population
Authors: Fraser Gary E. , Cosgrove Candace M. , Mashchak Andrew D. , Orlich Michael J. , Altekruse Sean F.
Published: November 2019

Background

Previous research suggests that Adventists, who often follow vegetarian diets, live longer and have lower risks for many cancers than others, but there are no national data and little published comparative data for black subjects.

Methods

This study compared all‐cause mortality and cancer incidence between the nationally inclusive Adventist Health Study 2 (AHS‐2) and nonsmokers in US Census populations: the National Longitudinal Mortality Study (NLMS) and its Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results substudy. Analyses used proportional hazards regression adjusting for age, sex, race, cigarette smoking history, and education.

Results

All‐cause mortality and all‐cancer incidence in the black AHS‐2 population were significantly lower than those for the black NLMS populations (hazard ratio [HR] for mortality, 0.64; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.59‐0.69; HR for incidence, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.68‐0.88). When races were combined, estimated all‐cause mortality was also significantly lower in the AHS‐2 population at the age of 65 years (HR, 0.67; 95% CI, 0.64‐0.69) and at the age of 85 years (HR, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.75‐0.81), as was cancer mortality; this was also true for the rate of all incident cancers combined (HR, 0.70; 95% CI, 0.67‐0.74) and the rates of breast, colorectal, and lung cancers. Survival curves confirmed the mortality results and showed that among males, AHS‐2 blacks survived longer than white US subjects.

Conclusions

Substantially lower rates of all‐cause mortality and cancer incidence among Adventists have implications for the effects of lifestyle and perhaps particularly diet on the etiology of these health problems. Trends similar to those seen in the combined population are also found in comparisons of black AHS‐2 and NLMS subjects.
Carbon Nano‐Onion and Zinc Oxide Composites as an Electron Transport Layer in Inverted Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Bobrowska Diana M. , Castro Edison , Echegoyen Luis , Plonska‐Brzezinska Marta E.
Published: November 2019

We report a facile chemical method to synthesize hybrid nanocomposites containing carbon nano‐onions (CNOs) and zinc oxide or hydroxide. The structure, surface morphology, optical properties and surface area of the CNOs were characterized by X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, infrared and Raman spectroscopies, and adsorption/desorption N2 techniques. For the first time, we demonstrate the fabrication of bulk heterojunction organic solar cell devices utilizing hybrid nanocomposites containing CNOs and ZnO as the electron transport layer. This configuration showed good photovoltaic performance with maximum external quantum efficiencies of 16.5 and 48.9% and power conversion efficiencies of 0.42 and 1.49% for the pristine ZnO and CNO/ZnO (mCNO : mZnO=1 : 4) layers, respectively.
Fast Treatment of MXene Films with Isocyanate to Give Enhanced Stability
Authors: Bian Renji , Xiang Shanglin , Cai Dongyu
Published: November 2019

MXenes are a class of two‐dimensional transition metal carbides and nitrides with hydrophilic surface. This Communication, for the first time, reports a room temperature‐initiated reaction between octadecyl isocyanate and MXene. This provides a facile and scalable route for introducing long alkane chains to the surface of MXene films. The hydrophobic coatings demonstrate strong ability for protecting MXene against degradation in the presence of moisture.
Multiobjective routing protocol for wireless sensor network optimization using ant colony conveyance algorithm
Authors: Sasi Swapna B. , Santhosh R.
Published: November 2019

The widely deployed wireless sensor networks, incorporated with the capabilities of sensing, processing, and communicating, require more effective routing to maintain the balance between the performance parameters and to be prevented from the security attacks. The cryptographic methods used were effective but consumed more energy on the authentication, the encryption, and the decryption. So the routing addressing the security problems, with the reduced energy consumption, latency, and PDR losses, maximizing the network lifetime is proposed in the paper. This multiobjective routing problem of the sensor networks is handled using the ant colony routing techniques, taking into consideration the remaining energy of the nodes, the distance between the nodes, and the trust credentials of the nodes, to reduce the energy consumption and enhance the lifetime of the sensor networks. The further performance evaluation using the network simulator‐2 reveals the efficiency and the quality of the service of proposed routing technique over existing techniques on the grounds of energy utilization, PDR, lifetime of sensor networks, and the security enhancement rate.
Risk of malignancy in “atypia of undetermined significance” category of salivary gland fine‐needle aspiration: A bi‐institutional experience
Authors: Alruwaii Fatimah , Hang Jen‐Fan , Zeng Bao‐Rung , Cramer Harvey M. , Lai Chiung‐Ru , De la Sancha Carlo , Wu Howard H.
Published: November 2019

Background

Many prior institutional and multi‐institutional studies have applied the Milan System for Reporting Salivary Gland Cytopathology (MSRSGC) retrospectively to their specimens to determine the risk of malignancy (ROM) of each category. Most of these studies focused on general assessment of the system and risk classification. However, there seems to be less focus on the category of atypia of undetermined significance (AUS) that could be attributed to the low number of cases that could fit into this category. Herein, we present a bi‐institutional experience with this category.

Methods

A computerized search of the databases was performed to identify all salivary gland fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) in two institutions over a period of 12 years. The final diagnosis of each case was reclassified based on MSRSGC, and histology follow‐up was retrieved.

Results

Sixty AUS cases (out of 1560 salivary gland FNA) were identified with a rate of 3.8%. Forty cases (66%) had a subsequent tissue material. Correlation with histology revealed that the estimated ROM is 37.5% (15/40) and the overall ROM is 25% (15/60). Fifty percent of the cases had a prominent lymphoid component and most commonly represented lymphomas, reactive lymph node or sialadenitis.

Conclusion

The AUS category is a heterogeneous group of lesions with predominant lymphoid‐rich entities. Some variability exists between institutions with most having higher ROM than the suggested 20% by the MSRSGC atlas.
Engagement with MyFitnessPal in eating disorders: Qualitative insights from online forums
Authors: McCaig Duncan , Elliott Mark T. , Prnjak Katarina , Walasek Lukasz , Meyer Caroline
Published: November 2019

Objective

Using calorie‐counting and fitness‐tracking technologies is concerning in relation to eating disorders. While studies in this area typically assess one aspect of use (e.g., frequency), engagement with a device or application is more complex. Consequently, important relationships between the use of these technologies and the eating disorder symptomatology might remain undetected. The current study therefore used comments from online eating disorder‐related forums to generate comprehensive qualitative insights into engagement with a popular calorie‐counting and fitness‐tracking application, MyFitnessPal.

Method

First, we extracted every comment mentioning MyFitnessPal made on three eating disorder‐related forums between May 2015 and January 2018 (1,695 comments from 920 commenters). Then, we conducted an inductive thematic analysis using these comments to identify important aspects of engagement with MyFitnessPal.

Results

The analyses resulted in three themes: Preventing misuse, describing ways in which MyFitnessPal attempts to prevent pathological use and actions taken by users to circumvent its interventions; Accuracy, outlining distrust of MyFitnessPal's accuracy and ways in which perceived inaccuracy is reduced or compensated for; and Psychosocial factors, comprising cognitive, behavioral, and social factors that influence, or are influenced by, engagement with MyFitnessPal.

Discussion

The qualitative insights provide a detailed overview of how people with high levels of eating disorder symptomatology likely engage with MyFitnessPal. The insights can be used as a basis to develop valid, quantitative assessment of pathological patterns of engagement with calorie‐counting and fitness‐tracking technologies. The findings can also provide clinicians with insight into how their patients likely engage with, and are affected by, these devices and applications.
Fast‐Synthesis of α‐Phosphonyloxy Ketones as Drug Scaffolds in a Capillary Microreactor
Authors: Ramanjaneyulu Bandaru T. , Vidyacharan Shinde , Yim Se Jun , Kim Dong‐Pyo
Published: November 2019

A simple, room temperature approach for the fast single‐step synthesis of α‐phosphonyloxy ketone, a drug scaffold, has been developed which involves highly reactive species i.e., 1,2‐dicarbonyls that readily react with trialkyl phosphites and formic acids in batch as well as in continuous‐flow with the flow rate of 3 ml/min (tR = ∼4 s). The present approach reduced the synthesis time from hours to minutes in batch, which was further lowered to a few seconds precisely controlled by single capillary microfluidics. A wide range of 1,2‐dicarbonyl derivatives were smoothly transformed to their corresponding α‐phosphonyloxy ketones in moderate to good yields (50–82 %) under optimized flow‐reaction conditions. Further, the α‐phosphonyloxy ketones produced can be utilized in batch process to form benzoin, oxazole core, and α,α′‐diarylated carbonyl compounds in 82 %, 50 %, and 54 % yields, respectively, which are alternative key precursors/scaffolds of natural products and active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs).
Versatile Fluorinated Building Blocks by Stereoselective (Per)fluoroalkenylation of Ketones
Authors: Ye Fei , Zhang Shaoke , Wei Zhihong , Weniger Florian , Spannenberg Anke , Taeschler Christoph , Ellinger Stefan , Jiao Haijun , Neumann Helfried , Beller Matthias
Published: November 2019

The synthesis of fluorinated compounds is of increasing importance for the preparation of new pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals. For this purpose, the development of general and selective synthetic methods, which allow the preparation of versatile and scalable building blocks, is required. In this respect, here we report a facile and practical method for the stereoselective synthesis of fluoroalkylated β‐fluoroenones from ubiquitous ketones. The presented transition‐metal‐free procedure makes use of an amine promoter and easily available starting materials. It features broad substrate diversity with excellent stereoselectivity. In general, this novel strategy provides a facile synthesis of structurally diverse (per)fluoroalkylated β‐fluoroenones, which can be further transformed to various potentially bioactive molecules in a straightforward manner.
How do leaders' perceptions of organizational health climate shape employee exhaustion and engagement? Toward a cascading‐effects model
Authors: Kaluza Antonia J. , Schuh Sebastian C. , Kern Marcel , Xin Katherine , van Dick Rolf
Published: November 2019

Although researchers and practitioners increasingly focus on health promotion in organizations, research has been mainly fragmented and fails to integrate different organizational levels in terms of their effects on employee health. Drawing on organizational climate and social identity research, we present a cascading model of organizational health climate and demonstrate how and when leaders' perceptions of organizational health climate are linked to employee well‐being. We tested our model in two multisource studies (NStudy 1 = 65 leaders and 291 employees; NStudy 2 = 401 leader–employee dyads). Results showed that leaders' perceptions of organizational health climate were positively related to their health mindsets (i.e., their health awareness). These in turn were positively associated with their health‐promoting leadership behavior, which ultimately went along with better employee well‐being. Additionally, in Study 1, the relationship between perceived organizational health climate and leaders' health mindsets was moderated by their organizational identification. High leader identification strengthened the relationship between perceived organizational health climate and leaders' health mindsets. These findings have important implications for theory and practice as they show how the dynamics of an organizational health climate can unfold in organizations and how it is related to employee well‐being via the novel concept of health‐promoting leadership.
Sampling and Weighting
Authors: Cooney Jennifer , Siegel Peter
Published: November 2019

In institution research, surveys of students or faculty can be a helpful tool to gather data. Surveying a sample of students or faculty and computing weights to be able to make inferences to your student or faculty population are important. In this chapter, we introduce the connected topics of sampling and weighting. We begin with a discussion on the purpose of sampling, the benefits of sampling, and a description of different types of sample designs, ranging from simple designs to very complex designs. We use NPSAS as an example. The second half of the chapter is a discussion on weighting and computing and using weights. It begins with the definition of weights and the reasons to use them and illustrates the concepts presented with an example. A brief discussion of variances is included.
NCES Sample Surveys: A Practical Primer for New Users, Practitioners, and Policymakers
Authors: Ramirez Nestor Alexis , Lacy Austin , Duprey Michael , Jones Anthony
Published: November 2019

The resources needed to conduct high‐quality and large‐scale survey research are often beyond the reach of institutional researchers and higher education analysts. However, the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) provides many national student surveys that researchers can utilize. We outline four NCES studies—the High School Longitudinal Study of 2009, the National Postsecondary Student Aid Study, the Beginning Postsecondary Students Longitudinal Study, and Baccalaureate and Beyond Longitudinal Study—and describe their samples and research topics that can be explored with each. Using practitioner focused case studies as examples, we then describe three ways that researchers can access and utilize these data. We also provide an appendix with code for importing data, using weights, and estimating variance in R, Stata, SAS, and SPSS.
Leveraging State Data Systems to Address Policy‐Relevant Research: The Case of Dual Enrollment
Authors: Zinth Jennifer , Taylor Jason L.
Published: November 2019

Dual enrollment is a complex policy issue and is increasingly of interest to state policymakers. Adequate data and data systems are critical to informing dual enrollment policy, yet the data at the federal level and many state data systems suffer from common challenges and lack the capacity to address dual enrollment policy. We review the programmatic components that make dual enrollment a complex policy topic and then outlines the features of dual enrollment that make it a topic of interest for state leaders, and underscores the benefits of dual enrollment data collection and reporting. We then describe national data on dual enrollment and note the shortcomings inherent in each. Given that dual enrollment programs vary tremendously by state, we subsequently examine the limitations of existing state dual enrollment data and data systems and highlight states with robust dual enrollment data collection and data reporting systems.
Small nucleolar RNA host gene 3 facilitates cell proliferation and migration in oral squamous cell carcinoma via targeting nuclear transcription factor Y subunit gamma
Authors: Liu Zhi , Tao Hong
Published: November 2019

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) has been reported to be the most common oral carcinoma. Emerging evidence has revealed the key role that long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play in numerous malignancies, including OSCC. LncRNA small nucleolar RNA host gene 3 (SNHG3) has been reported as an oncogenic factor in some cancers. Nonetheless, the role of SNHG3 in OSCC has never been clarified. In this study, we analyzed the expression patterns of SNHG3 in OSCC through quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction. It was revealed that the expression level of SNHG3 was remarkably elevated in OSCC cell lines compared with the nontumor cell line. It was demonstrated by functional experiments that SNHG3 knockdown notably inhibited cell proliferation and migration in OSCC. RNA immunoprecipitation, RNA pull down, and messenger RNA (mRNA) stability test verified that SNHG3 decoyed ELAV like RNA‐binding protein 1 (ELAVL1) and therefore stabilized nuclear transcription factor Y subunit gamma (NFYC) mRNA to upregulate the expression levels of NFYC in OSCC cells. At last, it was confirmed by rescue experiments that the inhibiting impacts of SNHG3 knockdown on OSCC cell proliferation and migration could be partly revived by NFYC overexpression. Besides, we validated that Wnt/β‐catenin pathway was also involved in SNHG3‐regulated OSCC progression. In conclusion, SNHG3 might serve as a novel biomarker for OSCC.
Adverse experiences, mental health, and substance use disorders as social determinants of incarceration
Authors: Henry Brandy F.
Published: November 2019

This study describes how incarcerated people understand: (a) Adverse experiences, mental health, and substance use disorders as determinants of incarceration, (b) the role of gender in impacting this understanding, and (c) strategies to prevent incarceration. Ecosocial theory provides a theoretical framework. Open‐ended interviews were conducted (December 2016–January 2017) with recently incarcerated adults in Massachusetts state prisons. Participants described determinants of incarceration and incarceration prevention strategies. Interviews were coded thematically using inductive and deductive approaches. Thirty participants, evenly split by gender, reported themes across four levels: Society (lacking basic needs, discrimination), community (neighborhood factors), interpersonal (trauma), and individual (social isolation, mental health, substance use). However, there were variations in themes by gender. Proposed prevention strategies included early access to quality individualized cross‐system services. In conclusion, findings highlight how investing in social and community building services could prevent incarceration. Policies can support these services by redirecting funding.
How adolescents define their home neighborhoods conceptually and spatially
Authors: Colburn Sindhia , Pratt Mercedes , Mueller Colette , Tompsett Carolyn J.
Published: November 2019

To advance person‐centered methods of operationalizing youths’ social environment, we explored adolescents’ definitions of “home neighborhood” by integrating narrative data with geographic information systems. We gathered data using semi‐structured interviews and sketch maps with 55 adolescents aged 11–19 (78% African–American) in urban neighborhoods. We analyzed transcripts for themes through an iterative coding process and geocoded neighborhood sketches and activity locations using ArcGIS software. Thematic analyses revealed that adolescents identify their home neighborhood based on relationships with residents, personal histories, and positive cognitive or affective responses to the area. Participants rarely drew polygons to represent neighborhoods, and their activities were often located outside of self‐identified boundaries. Their views on the “home neighborhood” construct did not predict their strategies for defining spatial boundaries. Overall, the results suggest that adolescents hold idiosyncratic perspectives on their neighborhood spaces, shaped by their experiences and social identities, that have implications for place‐based research and initiatives targeting youth.
Deep Learning for Lesion Detection, Progression, and Prediction of Musculoskeletal Disease
Authors: Kijowski Richard , Liu Fang , Caliva Francesco , Pedoia Valentina
Published: November 2019

Deep learning is one of the most exciting new areas in medical imaging. This review article provides a summary of the current clinical applications of deep learning for lesion detection, progression, and prediction of musculoskeletal disease on radiographs, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and nuclear medicine. Deep‐learning methods have shown success for estimating pediatric bone age, detecting fractures, and assessing the severity of osteoarthritis on radiographs. In particular, the high diagnostic performance of deep‐learning approaches for estimating pediatric bone age and detecting fractures suggests that the new technology may soon become available for use in clinical practice. Recent studies have also documented the feasibility of using deep‐learning methods for identifying a wide variety of pathologic abnormalities on CT and MRI including internal derangement, metastatic disease, infection, fractures, and joint degeneration. However, the detection of musculoskeletal disease on CT and especially MRI is challenging, as it often requires analyzing complex abnormalities on multiple slices of image datasets with different tissue contrasts. Thus, additional technical development is needed to create deep‐learning methods for reliable and repeatable interpretation of musculoskeletal CT and MRI examinations. Furthermore, the diagnostic performance of all deep‐learning methods for detecting and characterizing musculoskeletal disease must be evaluated in prospective studies using large image datasets acquired at different institutions with different imaging parameters and different imaging hardware before they can be implemented in clinical practice.

Level of Evidence

5

Technical Efficacy Stage

2 J. MAGN. RESON. IMAGING 2020;52:1607–1619.
A shift in eruption mode of Hekla volcano, Iceland, 3000 years ago: two‐coloured Hekla tephra series, characteristics, dispersal and age
Authors: LARSEN GUDRÚN , Róbertsdóttir Bryndís G. , Óladóttir Bergrún A. , EIRÍKSSON JÓN
Published: November 2019

Hekla volcano is a major producer of large, widespread silicic tephras. About 3000 years ago, the dominant eruption mode shifted from infrequent large (>1 km3) to more frequent moderate (<1 km3) eruptions. In the following two millennia ≥20 explosive silicic‐to‐intermediate eruptions occurred, and six or more basaltic. Three categories can be identified with dacite/andesite to basaltic andesite in the oldest eruptions through basaltic andesite to basalt in the youngest eruptions. Ten tephra layers of the first category have distinct field characteristics: a pale lower unit and a dark upper unit (two coloured or TC‐layers). Colour separation is sharp indicating a stratified magma chamber origin. The lower unit is dominantly andesitic (61–63% SiO2), while the upper unit is basaltic andesite (53–57% SiO2). Volumes of the eight largest TC‐layers range from 0.2 to 0.7 km3 as freshly fallen. Radiocarbon and soil accumulation rate dates constrain the TC‐layers to between 3000 and 2200 years ago. Two of these (~2890 and ~2920 b2k) are likely to occur overseas. Low SiO2 in the last erupted tephra of the TC‐layers is comparable to that of historical Hekla lavas, implying a final effusive phase. The Hekla edifice may, consequently, be younger than 3000 years.
On the stability and transition for the Navier‐Stokes‐alpha model
Authors: Wang Huichao , Wang Quan , Yan Dongming
Published: November 2019

The main aim of this paper is to investigate the stability and transition of the Navier‐Stokes‐alpha model. By using the continued‐fraction method, combining with the dynamic transition theory, we show the existence of a Hopf bifurcation in this model as Reynolds number crosses a critical value. Upon deriving the explicit expression of a non‐dimensional number P called transition number, which is a function of the critical Reynolds number and the aspect ratio, we further analyze the transition associated with the Hopf bifurcation. More precisely, it is shown that the modeled flow exhibits either a continuous or catastrophic transition at the critical Reynolds number, whose specific type of the transition is determined by the sign of the real part of P at the critical Reynolds number, and the spatio‐temporal structure of the limit cycle bifurcated that corresponds to a wave that propagates slowly westward and is symmetric about the mid‐axis of the channel.
Demographic, Taxonomic, and Genetic Characterization of the Snook Species Complex (Centropomus spp.) along the Leading Edge of Its Range in the Northwestern Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Anderson Joel , Williford Damon , González Alin , Chapa Chris , Martinez-Andrade Fernando , Overath R. Deborah
Published: November 2019

A recent increase in the abundance of snook species (Centropomus spp.) in Texas has been generally associated with a broad-scale warming trend of Texas’ inshore waters, closure of the commercial fishery in 1987, and fairly conservative restrictions on recreational catch implemented at the same time. Despite this observed increase in abundance, little is known about the snook species complex in Texas, including uncertainty about recent changes in distribution and abundance, taxonomy, and population structure. Here, abundance and distribution data from a long-running fishery-independent (FIN) data set were analyzed in synergy with mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and microsatellite genotypes to answer basic questions about the snook species complex in Texas. The main findings from this work are as follows: (1) based on trends observed in FIN data, snook are increasing in abundance and expanding their range northward in Texas; (2) based on mtDNA sequencing, the two most common species of snook in Texas are the Common Snook C. undecimalis and Largescale Fat Snook C. mexicanus; (3) a third species, the Mexican Snook C. poeyi, occurs but only rarely; and (4) patterns from microsatellite genotypes suggest that the two predominant species, Common Snook and Largescale Fat Snook, probably constitute single genetic stocks in Texas, although evidence of chaotic genetic patchiness was also observed. This latter finding might be a general expectation for populations that are on the leading edge of an expanding species range and implies that management measures in Texas should be directed toward conservation of suitable habitat corridors offering environmental and habitat refugia as well as measures (e.g., stock enhancement) that increase the probability of survival of small, localized populations.
Longitudinal changes in symptom‐based female and male LUTS clusters
Authors: Amundsen Cindy L. , Helmuth Margaret E. , Smith Abigail R. , DeLancey John O.L. , Bradley Catherine S. , Flynn Kathryn E. , Kenton Kimberly S. , Henry Lai H. , Cella David , Griffith James W. , Andreev Victor P. , Eric Jelovsek J. , Liu Alice B. , Kirkali Ziya , Yang Claire C. ,   the LURN Study Group
Published: November 2019

Aims

Lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) are diverse in type and variable in severity. We examined symptom change within the Symptoms of the Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction Research Network (LURN) Observational Cohort study identified clusters over time and tested associations with treatments received.

Methods

Patient‐reported LUTS and treatment data were collected at multiple time points between baseline and 12 months from the LURN Observational Cohort study. LUTS severity scores were calculated to summarize changes in symptom reporting over time in previously identified LURN clusters. Repeated measures linear regression models tested adjusted associations between cluster membership and severity scores.

Results

Four‐hundred seventeen men and 396 women were classified into improved, unchanged, and worsened symptoms between baseline and 12 months (men: 44.1%, 40.5%, and 15.3%; women: 55.8%, 33.1%, 11.1%, respectively). Improvement in LUTS severity scores varied by cluster (estimated adjusted mean change from baseline range: −.04 change in standard deviations of severity scores (ΔSD) to −.67 ΔSD). Prostate surgery was associated with improved severity scores (−.63 ΔSD) in men, while stress incontinence surgery was associated with improved severity scores (−.88 ΔSD) in women.

Conclusion

Symptom improvement varied by cluster indicating response to therapy differs amongst subtypes of patients with LUTS. The differential improvement of patients in clusters suggests mechanistic differences between clusters and may aid in selecting more targeted treatments in the future.
Diffusion behavior of cerebral metabolites of congenital portal systemic shunt mice assessed noninvasively by diffusion‐weighted 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Authors: Dehghani Masoumeh , Kunz Nicolas , Lei Hongxia
Published: November 2019

Diffusion‐weighted 1H‐MRS (DW‐MRS) allows for noninvasive investigation of the cellular compartmentalization of cerebral metabolites. DW‐MRS applied to the congenital portal systemic shunt (PSS) mouse brain may provide specific insight into alterations of cellular restrictions associated with PSS in humans. At 14.1 T, adult male PSS and their age‐matched healthy (Ctrl) mice were studied using DW‐MRS covering b‐values ranging from 0 to 45 ms/μm2 to determine the diffusion behavior of abundant metabolites. The remarkable sensitivity and spectral resolution, in combination with very high diffusion weighting, allowed for precise measurement of the diffusion properties of endogenous N‐acetyl‐aspartate, total creatine, myo‐inositol, total choline with extension to glutamine and glutamate in mouse brains, in vivo. Most metabolites had comparable diffusion properties in PSS and Ctrl mice, suggesting that intracellular distribution space for these metabolites was not affected in the model. The slightly different diffusivity of the slow decaying component of taurine (0.015 ± 0.003 μm2/ms in PSS vs 0.021 ± 0.002 μm2/ms in Ctrl, P < 0.05) might support a cellular redistribution of taurine in the PSS mouse brain.
Motion‐compensated b‐tensor encoding for in vivo cardiac diffusion‐weighted imaging
Authors: Lasič Samo , Szczepankiewicz Filip , Dall'Armellina Erica , Das Arka , Kelly Christopher , Plein Sven , Schneider Jürgen E. , Nilsson Markus , Teh Irvin
Published: November 2019

Motion is a major confound in diffusion‐weighted imaging (DWI) in the body, and it is a common cause of image artefacts. The effects are particularly severe in cardiac applications, due to the nonrigid cyclical deformation of the myocardium. Spin echo‐based DWI commonly employs gradient moment‐nulling techniques to desensitise the acquisition to velocity and acceleration, ie, nulling gradient moments up to the 2nd order (M2‐nulled). However, current M2‐nulled DWI scans are limited to encode diffusion along a single direction at a time.

We propose a method for designing b‐tensors of arbitrary shapes, including planar, spherical, prolate and oblate tensors, while nulling gradient moments up to the 2nd order and beyond. The design strategy comprises initialising the diffusion encoding gradients in two encoding blocks about the refocusing pulse, followed by appropriate scaling and rotation, which further enables nulling undesired effects of concomitant gradients. Proof‐of‐concept assessment of in vivo mean diffusivity (MD) was performed using linear and spherical tensor encoding (LTE and STE, respectively) in the hearts of five healthy volunteers. The results of the M2‐nulled STE showed that (a) the sequence was robust to cardiac motion, and (b) MD was higher than that acquired using standard M2‐nulled LTE, where diffusion‐weighting was applied in three orthogonal directions, which may be attributed to the presence of restricted diffusion and microscopic diffusion anisotropy.

Provided adequate signal‐to‐noise ratio, STE could significantly shorten estimation of MD compared with the conventional LTE approach. Importantly, our theoretical analysis and the proposed gradient waveform design may be useful in microstructure imaging beyond diffusion tensor imaging where the effects of motion must be suppressed.
Sacred groves and serpent‐gods moderate human–snake relations
Authors: Landry Yuan Félix , Ballullaya U. Prashanth , Roshnath Ramesh , Bonebrake Timothy C. , Sinu Palatty Allesh
Published: November 2019

Serpent‐god worship is an ancient tradition still practiced in many sacred groves across the Western Ghats of India. Although sacred groves there hold ecological conservation value, few studies have focused on arguably the most iconic taxon in the region, snakes.

We thus investigated the impact of sacred groves and snake deity worshipping on attitudes towards snakes by conducting surveys with people who had entered sacred groves in the past.

We found that very few participants who had encountered snakes inside sacred groves in the past harmed them during these encounters. However, nearly a quarter of all participants do harm snakes if encountered outside sacred groves.

We also found that a larger proportion of participants who do not harm snakes outside sacred groves worship snake deities, relative to those that do harm them.

Our work thus highlights the influence of sacred groves and snake deity worshipping on pacifistic human–snake relations in Southwestern India.

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Photovoltaic chimney: Thermal modeling and concept demonstration for integration in buildings
Authors: Ortiz Lizcano Juan Camilo , Haghighi Zoheir , Wapperom Sander , Infante Ferreira Carlos , Isabella Olindo , v. d. Dobbelsteen Andy , Zeman Miro
Published: November 2019

This work presents the concept of a photovoltaic (PV)‐powered solar chimney. We modeled and experimentally studied the integration of a PV system within a naturally ventilated façade (NVF), attempting to use the inherent cavity as a ventilation channel to transfer heat. Thermodynamic models were created to study the thermal and, therefore, the electrical performance of a PV system installed at different positions within the cavity of the NVF. An experimental setup of the PV chimney was manufactured to validate the computational models. Results show low root mean square error (RMSE) values for the prediction of the mass flow and the temperature of the different materials considered in the chimney. A basic sensitivity analysis was performed to find the best position of the PV modules within the chimney for a three‐story household in the Netherlands. Optimization showed that with a cavity depth of 0.2 m with PV modules located at the front layer, the electric annual yield is maximized. For the same cavity depth, placing the modules in the middle significantly increases heat flow production, albeit with a reduction on electrical performance.
An integrative review on the positive expiratory pressure (PEP)‐bottle therapy for patients with pulmonary diseases
Authors: Liverani Benedetta , Nava Stefano , Polastri Massimiliano
Published: November 2019

Background and Purpose

Positive expiratory pressure (PEP)‐bottle device delivers a PEP within a range of 10–20 cmH2O. PEP treatment is applied to different pathological conditions also in combination with other physiotherapeutic techniques. The primary aim of the present review was to investigate the effects of PEP‐bottle therapy in patients with pulmonary diseases and, secondarily, to provide a physiological analysis of its use.

Methods

The databases PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Cinahl, and Cochrane Library were searched for citations published from their inception until May 2019. Adult participants (>18 years) with pulmonary disease who underwent PEP‐bottle treatment, with no restriction on gender, were included in the study. There were no restrictions about the therapeutic settings and the condition of the disease (either acute or chronic).

Results

The literature review returned 97 citations. After duplicates removal, the remaining 77 articles have been screened: 66 have been assessed as not eligible at first because the abstract did not meet the inclusion criteria. Eleven articles were left after the first two steps of selection: four have been excluded after full‐text reading.

Conclusion

PEP‐bottle therapy has been proved to improve lung volume, to reduce hyperinflation, and to remove secretions. The device delivers a pressure equal to the water column only if the inner diameter of the tubing and the width of the air escape orifice are equal or greater than 8 mm, and the length of tubing ranges between 20 and 80 cm. The cost of a PEP‐bottle device is significantly lower if compared with other commercially available devices having the same therapeutic purposes.
Logic‐based probabilistic network model to detect and track faults in a process system
Authors: Tahoon Amr Ibrahim , Rusli Risza , Khan Faisal , Zainal Abidin Mardhati
Published: November 2019

Process systems are becoming complex due to a higher dependency among operational variables and complex control loops. Principal component analysis (PCA) is widely used to reduce the dimensionality of the complex process systems, while Bayesian networks (BNs) are increasingly employed to model relationships among the operational variables. This article integrates these two methods (BN and PCA) through a logic‐based approach to study the fault conditions of a process system. A distillation pilot plant is used to test the integrated approach. The process monitoring data are analyzed using the PCA to identify the abnormality variables while the BN is developed using data‐driven learning. The variable dependency in the BN nodes is learned through maximum likelihood estimation. The results of the proposed approach are compared against the logic‐based full BN model. The study observes that the logic‐based PCA‐BN approach proposed improves the reliability of fault detection. While the logic‐based full BN provides a better understanding of fault propagation path through the unit, which helps track and troubleshoot the detected faults.
Overexpression of the caryophyllene synthase gene GhTPS1 in cotton negatively affects multiple pests while attracting parasitoids
Authors: Zhang Lihua , Lu Guoqing , Huang Xinzheng , Guo Huiming , Su Xiaofeng , Han Lida , Zhang Yongjun , Qi Zhi , Xiao Yutao , Cheng Hongmei
Published: November 2019

BACKGROUD

Volatile terpenes can act as ecological signals to affect insect behavior. It has been proposed that the manipulation of terpenes in plants can help to control herbivore pests. In order to investigate the potential pest management function of (E)‐β‐caryophyllene in cotton plants, the (E)‐β‐caryophyllene synthase gene (GhTPS1) was inserted into Gossypium hirsutum variety R15 to generate overexpression lines.

RESULTS

Four GhTPS1‐transgenic lines were generated, and GhTPS1 expression in transgenic L18 and L46 lines was 3‐5‐fold higher than in R15 plants. The transgenic L18 and L46 lines also emitted significantly more (E)‐β‐caryophyllene than R15. In laboratory bioassays, L18 and L46 plants reduced pests Apolygus lucorum, Aphis gossypii and Helicoverpa armigera, and attracted parasitoids Peristenus spretus and Aphidius gifuensis, but not Microplitis mediator. In open‐field trials, L18 and L46 plants reduced A. lucorum, Adelphocoris suturalis and H. armigera, but had no significant effects on predators.

CONCLUSION

Our findings suggest that L18 and L46 plants reduce several major hemipteran and lepidopteran cotton pests, whereas, two parasitoids P. spretus and A. gifuensis, were attracted by L18 and L46 plants. This study shows that overexpressing GhTPS1 in cotton may help to improve pest management in cotton fields. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Bringing city size in understanding the permanent settlement intention of rural–urban migrants in China
Authors: Liu Tao , Wang Jiejing
Published: November 2019

China's recenthukoureform provides opportunities for rural–urban migrants to acquire formal citizenship and for the country's urbanisation to step into a fair and humanistic stage. However, the between‐city variation in migrants' intention ofhukoutransfer and the heterogeneity of its influencing factors have rarely been examined. These research gaps make it impossible to the rationality and effectiveness of the localisedhukouentry criteria formulated by city governments. In this paper, we addressed the gaps by using nationwide large‐sample survey data and a multilevel modelling approach with particular focus on the effects of city size. Results confirmed the higher willingness of migrants in larger cities forhukoutransfer, which is in sharp contradiction with the small‐city orientation of the currenthukoureform. Our findings further verified the greater preference of well‐educated migrants for large cities than less educated groups, implying an accelerated concentration of talents in leading cities. This research demonstrates the importance of the between‐city variation perspective in understanding the variegated thoughts of rural–urban migrants, the effectiveness of localised public policies, and the future of China's migrant‐dominated model of urbanisation.
Dynamic sustainability capabilities and corporate sustainability performance: The mediating effect of resource management capabilities
Authors: Shang Hua , Chen Renfei , Li Zhongwen
Published: November 2019

Corporate sustainable development has become an important topic for academic discussion. Sustainability is a managerial trend playing an important role in contemporary organizational strategy management. There has been little study about the ability of companies to make sustainability more dynamic and to integrate sustainability within overarching strategies, transforming sustainability into a business asset. This study examines ways to translate dynamic sustainability capabilities into corporate sustainability performance from a natural resource‐based view. The study investigates the mediating effect of resource management capabilities to connect dynamic sustainability capabilities and corporate sustainability performance. Survey data were collected from 163 corporations in China. Data were analyzed using partial least squares structural equation modeling. The results demonstrate that (a) dynamic sustainability capabilities are composed of monitoring, seizing, and reconstructing capabilities; (b) dynamic capabilities with respect to sustainability have a significant positive effect on each dimension of corporate sustainability performance; (c) resource management capabilities were found to only partially mediate the relationship between dynamic sustainability capabilities and corporate environmental and social performance; (d) economic performance exhibits no mediation. This study enriches the theory of dynamic corporate capabilities and sustainable development and provides effective management advice for companies facing sustainable development issues.