bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Pad Surface Asperity on Removal Rate in Chemical Mechanical Polishing
Authors: Uneda Michio , Maeda Yuki , Ishikawa Ken Ichi , Shibuya Kazutaka , Nakamura Yoshio , Ichikawa Koichiro , Doi Toshiro K.
Published: April 2012

In a chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) process, the removal rate is affected by the actual contact conditions between the wafer and the polishing pad. The polishing pad is one of the most important consumable materials: when the wafer is polished, the pad surface asperity changes. Further, the polishing pad surface asperity has a substantial influence on the actual contact conditions. Therefore, measurement and quantitative evaluation methods for the pad surface asperity have been proposed by various research institutes. We have developed a novel measurement and quantitative evaluation method for polishing pad surface asperity based on contact image analysis using an image rotation prism. We have proposed four effective evaluation parameters: the number of contact points, the contact ratio, the maximum value of the minimum spacing of the contact points, and the half-width of the peak of the spatial Fast Fourier transform (FFT) result of a contact image. This paper discusses the change in the polishing pad surface asperity measured by the proposed evaluation parameters in serial batch polishing tests. In particular, this research focused on the relationships between the proposed evaluation parameters and the removal rate, which change with an increase in the number of serial batch polishing tests. As a result, linear correlations were found between the evaluation parameters and the removal rate.
Study on Groove Shape of CMP Polishing Pad: A Review
Authors: Lou Chun Lan , Di Hai Yan , Fang Qiang , Kong Tao , Yao Wei Feng , Zhou Zhao Zhong
Published: April 2012

In the chemical mechanical polishing process (CMP) ，the groove shape of polishing pad is one of the most critical elements that directly influences the quality and efficiency of CMP. This review paper describes the basic patterns of groove shape and that the patterns shape of polishing pad how to effect on quality and efficiency of CMP. The effect comparison between various sorts of groove shape and their effects on polishing is described. It is intended to help reader to gain a more comprehensive view on groove shape of polishing pad, and to be instrumental for research and development new groove shape of polishing pad for CMP.
Research on the Fracture Property of Glass Plate under Uniform Pressure
Authors: Wu Zhe , Lv Bing Hai , Yuan Ju Long , Wang Cheng Wu , Nguyen Duc Nam , Zhao Ping
Published: April 2012

Elastic deformation machining is a new developing machining method for machining aspheric optical workpieces. Fracture property of glass plate under uniform pressure has important influence on the design of mould which is the key part of elastic deformation machining. In this study, to explore the fracture property of glass plate under uniform pressure, the deformation property of glass plate under uniform pressure is analyzed, a fracture experiment of glass plate using vacuum absorption is carried out on a self-developed “fracture testing system” and the values of critical vacuum degree is fit to Weibull distribution. Results show that fracture of glass plate under uniform pressure is comminuted, and for glass plate with depth of 1.95mm and diameter of 96mm, the relative safe value of maximum center offset of the mould’s profile is 0.5mm.
Optical Performance of a Laser Point Source Strongly Emitted by an Aspheric Expander
Authors: Park Song Chon , Doi Toshiro K. , Kurokawa Syuhei , Ohnishi Osamu
Published: April 2012

We composed optical system which is made of two optical lenses, beam expander, and Laser Diode(LD). When the light from the LD pointed to the remote moving object, we optically aligned to achieve full power performance in the given angle range. We also reviewed optical design data with Light Tools, and measured some factors including LD cell, surface roughness and refringence. The result shows that the laser point source optical system displayed good uniform power shape, and the LD used for this experiment to be guaranteed superior output power performance compared to conventional specifications.
Electrochemical Machining of Micro Slots Using Shaped Electrode
Authors: He Xiao Long , Wang Yu Kui , Zeng Zhao Qi , Wang Zhen Long , Zhao Wan Sheng
Published: April 2012

In this paper electrochemical machining of micro slots using a shaped electrode instead of the traditional cylindrical electrode is presented. By applying shaped electrode the flow state of processing can be improved. An electrochemical machining (ECM system for meeting the requirements of the ECM process was established and a shaped electrode was fabricated by BEDG (Block Electrical Discharge Grinding). A set of experiments were carried out to investigate the influence of shaped electrode on machining efficiency and shape precision. The results show that the side gap and frontal gap of the micro slots can be reduced and machining speed will be improved when the shaped electrode was used compare with cylindrical electrode.
A Study on Feeding Technology of Motorbike Crankcase in Multidirection Squeeze Casting
Authors: Peng Ting Hong , Wang Yi , Wu Ling Dong , Li Liang Yi
Published: April 2012

The numerical simulation of squeeze casting to right motorcycle crankcase,as a object of study, has been performed ，based on finite element analysis software on casting and orthogonal test method.Firstly,the three feeding technology parameters, feeding pressure,feeding delay and dwell time, were confirmed by calculation and analysis after the forecast of shrinkage defects location,then,orthogonal test and test program optimization to the parameters were completed. The results show that the deeding effect was the best when the parameter values , respectively,were 190Mpa,7.5s and 12s.
Study on Fracture Performance of In Situ Growth Whisker Toughened Composite Ceramic Tool
Authors: Chong Xue Wen , Huang Chuan Zhen , Zou Bin , Xu Liang , Zhao Guo Long , Liu Han Lian
Published: April 2012

Three kinds of whisker toughened composite ceramic tools were prepared by carbothermal reduction process and their fracture performance was investigated in cutting the quenched 45 steel. The results suggest that the ratio of C to N has an effect on the fracture resistance of ceramic tool, and the whisker in tool material can inhibit the crack propagation and desquamation of grains. At the low cutting speed, the main fracture mode was conchoidal desquamation on the tool rake face and severe oxidation wear and some diffusion wear happened. At the medium cutting speed or high cutting speed, a combination of mechanical load and thermal load applied on the tool and adhesion was caused between workpiece material and tool material, and so the fracture mode was break-off of the cutting edge.
Optimum Design for the Frame of Open Type Abrasive Flow Polish Machine
Authors: Yuan Liang Liang , Zhang Ke Hua , Min Li
Published: April 2012

In order to process heterotype hole of workpiece precisely, an open abrasive flow polish machine is designed, and the optimization design of machine frame is done for low cost. Firstly, basing on the parameters designed with traditional ways, three-dimensional force model is set up with the soft of SolidWorks. Secondly, the statics and modal analysis for machine body have been done in Finite element methods (FEM), and then the optimization analysis of machine frame has been done. At last, the model of rebuild machine frame has been built. Result shows that the deformation angle value of machine frame increased from 0.72′ to 1.001′, the natural frequency of the machine decreased from 75.549 Hz to 62.262 Hz, the weight of machine decreased by 74.178 Kg after optimization. It meets the strength, stiffness and angel stiffness requirement of machine, reduces the weight and cost of machine.
High Performance Cutting of Aerospace Materials
Authors: Krämer A. , Lung Dieter , Klocke Fritz
Published: April 2012

Titanium and nickel-based alloys belong to the group of difficult-to-cut materials. The machining of these high-temperature alloys is characterized by low productivity and low process stability as a result of their physical and mechanical properties. Major problems during the machining of these materials are low applicable cutting speeds due to excessive tool wear, long machining times, and thus high manufacturing costs, as well as the formation of ribbon and snarled chips. Under these conditions automation of the production process is limited. This paper deals with strategies to improve machinability of titanium and nickel-based alloys. Using the example of the nickel-based alloy Inconel 718 high performance cutting with advanced cutting materials, such as PCBN and cutting ceramics, is presented. Afterwards the influence of different cooling strategies, like high-pressure lubricoolant supply and cryogenic cooling, during machining of TiAl6V4 is shown.
Metrology - Base for Scientific Cognition and Technical Production
Authors: Weckenmann Albert , Krämer Philipp , Akkasoglu Goekhan
Published: April 2012

For understanding todays metrology a brief historical review is given, starting with the definition of units for trade and construction of buildings. Later on, industrial metrology is needed for the development of modern production processes and interchangeable manufacturing. In order to support the international exchange of goods and the development of precise manufacturing processes traceability of measurement results had to be established. Global trade as well as international companies profited from the standards to achieve lower costs for products from all over the world and simultaneously new measurement techniques were developed. The firstly defined two point-size-tolerances and measurements with simple measurement devices like calipers became soon insufficient. Together with the improvement of manufacturing processes and increasing demands for an economical way of production, advanced measurement techniques were found. In this overview, the development from tactile to optical measurement techniques with some important examples is shown in parallel with the development of standards. The requirements for todays manufacturing metrology methods as well as the role of measurement of geometrical quantities in industry and trade are derived and future trends are pointed out.
An Analysis of the Influence of Cutting Parameters on the Turning Process on the Fatigue Life of Aluminum Alloy UNS A92024-T351
Authors: Gómez Alvaro , Sanz A. , Marcos Bárcena Mariano
Published: April 2012

Generally, metal structural elements of aircraft are placed in zones of critical load; in most cases, these elements are manufactured by machining processes. The fatigue life of these components is an important dynamic property that may be strongly affected by the surface condition produced during machining. In this paper a preliminary study of the influence of cutting parameters on fatigue strength of parts machined in aeronautical aluminum alloy UNS A92024-T351 has been carried out. Special attention has been provided to the relationship with surface finish evaluated through the roughness average.
Physical Model to Predict the Ball-Burnishing Forces
Authors: González-Rojas Hernan A. , Travieso-Rodríguez J.A.
Published: April 2012

In this paper, we have developed a physical model to predict the forces of the ball burnishing. The models have been constructed on the basis of the plasticity theory. During the model development we have Fig.d out the dimensionless numberBthat characterizes the problem of plastic deformation in the ball-burnishing. The experiments performed in steel and aluminum allows to validate the model and to emphasize the correct prediction of behavior patterns that the model describes.
Processing and Characterization of New Organic Matrix for Composite Materials Based on Acrylated Epoxidized Vegetable Oils
Authors: Boronat T. , España J.M. , Rico I. , Fenollar O. , Balart R.
Published: April 2012

An acrylic epoxidized soybean oil (AESO) has been used in this study. The synthesis of the acrylic resin has been made from acrylic acid which breaks the epoxy groups of the ESO (epoxidized soybean oil). This material can be obtained thermosetting polymers suitable for use as a matrix in "green composites. The aim of this work is to develop some AESO-styrene mixtures in order to evaluate the influence of the AESO-styrene ratio in the curing process and also it is desired to obtain the resins characteristics.
Stability Lobes in Turning of Low Rigidity Components
Authors: Urbikain Pelayo Gorka , Olvera David , Fernández A. , Rodríguez Adrián , Tabernero I. , López de Lacalle Luis Norberto
Published: April 2012

An accurate prediction of the dynamic stability of a cutting system involves the implementation of tool geometry and cutting conditions on any model used for such purpose. This study presents a dynamic cutting force model based on the collocation method by Chebyshev polynomials taking advantage from its ability to consider tool geometry and cutting parameters. In the paper, a simple 1DOF model is used to forecast chatter vibrations due to the workpiece and tool, which are distinguished in separate sections. The proposed model is verified positively against experimental dynamic tests.
Strain Field Measurement in Orthogonal Machining of a Titanium Alloy
Authors: Calamaz Madalina , Coupard D. , Girot F.
Published: April 2012

Improving the cutting processes by optimizing operating parameters necessarily involves understanding the thermo-mechanical mechanisms generated during chip formation. For this, numerical simulations are used to obtain the strain, stress and thermal fields near the tool tip. Nowadays, the validation of numerical simulation models of cutting is based on macroscopic results such as chip geometry and cutting forces generated by the machining process. However, it is not appropriate to validate local fields by macroscopic results. So, it is important to validate numerical cutting simulations on the bases of measured local strain fields. This article aims to study the feasibility of strain field measurement in orthogonal machining of the titanium alloy Ti64. A high-speed camera was used to provide data for segmented chip formation analysis. A microscope was related to the camera to observe an area of about 0.7x0.7mm² around the tool tip. An optimum adjustment of camera settings, lighting, workpiece surface preparation and cutting conditions allowed to obtain an acceptable image quality for analyzing with Correli [1] software. At low cutting speed, Correli qualitatively identify the position of the primary shear band and its evolution over the time.
Test Methodology to Relate Machined Surface Roughness and Acceleration
Authors: Ancio F.F. , Gámez A.J. , Salguero Jorge , Marcos Bárcena Mariano
Published: April 2012

This paper aims to establish a direct relationship between the value of the acceleration and the roughness profile. To this end, a system of testing has been designed to link the value of the acceleration to the position of the tool on the surface of the piece at each time step. In order to allow a more detailed monitoring, rather than measuring a generatrix of the piece, readings are taken on a machined surface which is comprised of widths, between 7 and 10 mm, and lengths, between 20 and 100 mm, where segments of the helical path of the tool on the piece are observed, thereby linking the path to specific values of the readings by the accelerometer.
Three-Dimensional Modeling of Machining Processes
Authors: Miguélez H. , Santiuste C. , Díaz José , Soldani X. , Cantero J.L.
Published: April 2012

Despite of the efforts focused on the improvement of simulation of machining processes, this problem remains still open. In the case of metal cutting, 2D (two dimensional) modeling has been extensively used for decades in the prediction of difficult to measure variables in metal cutting. Although more complex 3D (three dimensional) approaches have been carried out they have still high computational cost. On the other hand long fiber reinforced composites are extensively used in industry; however the numerical modeling of composite cutting is still poorly developed, and mainly focused on 2D approach. Two dimensional approaches imply some simplifying hypotheses and limitations those could influence the results obtained from the analysis. This paper focuses on phenomena involved during cutting of metals and composite those should modeled using three dimensional approaches.
Cutting Tool Selection through Tool Wear, Cost, Power Consumption and Surface Roughness Analyses
Authors: Quintana Guillem , García-Romeu Maria Luisa , de Ciurana Joaquim
Published: April 2012

The current requirements for an efficient dimensional inspection of manufactured parts have lead to development of different in process and on-machine measurement (OMM) techniques. Touch trigger probes (TTP) are the most common technologies utilized, inspired on contact probes used on coordinate measuring machines (CMMs). The on-machine accuracy of TTPs depends upon precision of the tool-machine control as well as upon the procedure for TTP presetting. Taking this into account, a different OMM technique is considered in this work, which consists on a laser micrometer (LM) that is commonly used for in-process measurement of continuous products. The behaviour of TTP and LM is analysed and discussed in terms of repeatability and reproducibility. Results obtained by both techniques are compared each other by measuring a cylindrical workpiece and by checking the results with those obtained on a CMM.
Digital Modeling of End-Mill Cutting Tools for FEM Applications from the Active Cutting Contour
Authors: Salguero Jorge , Marcos Mariano , Batista Moisés , Gómez Alvaro , Mayuet Pedro F. , Bienvenido Rafael
Published: April 2012

A very current technique in the research field of machining by material removal is the use of simulations using the Finite Element Method (FEM). Nevertheless, and although is widely used in processes that allows approximations to orthogonal cutting, such as shaping, is scarcely used in more complexes processes, such as milling. This fact is due principally to the complex geometry of the cutting tools in these processes, and the need to realize the studi es in an oblique cutting configuration. This paper shows a methodology for the geometrical characterization of commercial end-mill cutting tools, by the extraction of the cutting tool contour, making use of optical metrology, and using this geometry to model the active cutting zone with a 3D CAD software. This model is easily exportable to different CAD formats, such as IGES or STEP, and importable from FEM software, where is possible to study the behavior in service of the same ones.
Design of Rupture Strength Based on Confidence Level of HK40 Steel
Authors: Pei Ji Bin , Zhao Yun Feng , Yu Shao Ping , Zhao Jie
Published: April 2012

The strength of high temperature components is designed according to creep rupture strength. A statistical processing of creep rupture data of HK40 steel was performed by Z-parameter method based on Larson-Miller method. The data has been studied to evaluate the distribution under different temperature and stress. And the distribution of Z-parameter was investigated. With the application of Z-parameter, reliability design for allowable stress of creep rupture strength was carried out according to design life. The results show that the distribution of Z-parameter is supported by normal distribution. In comparison with allowable stress designed by conventional safety factor method, reliability design based on Z-parameter is more agree with experimental data.
Numerical Investigation of Air Flow Distribution in a Swirling Fluidized Bed
Authors: Faizal Mohd , Suzairin Md Seri , Ezamuddin Sh. , Raghavan Vijay R.
Published: April 2012

Swirling fluidized bed (SFB) is one of the recent technologies developed in fluidization to overcome various drawbacks in the conventional fluidized beds, particularly poor lateral mixing and relatively high distributor pressure drop. Though a number of beds operating with similar technique are commercially available, very little has been published on the subject, particularly on the distributor design. The distributor of the SFB is formed by an array of blades which are inclined to the horizontal, with a centre body in the middle of the bed. Air flow investigation was carried out on the empty bed via CFD approach. The study focused on the effects of number of blades and its inclination angle on the flow distribution and pressure drop, so as to arrive at an optimum choice of the distributor design. The findings indicate that higher number of has lower open area which resulted higher jet velocity of air from the distributor. Blade inclination has significant effect on the flow distribution where lower blade inclination produces higher magnitude of tangential velocity that creates intense swirling but at an expense of higher pressure drop. In conclusion, the distributor with 30 blades and 15º inclination was found to meet the design criterion outlined.
Investigation on the Process Characteristics of Laser Cladding Fabrication Using 45 Carbon Steel Wire
Authors: Sun Jin , Sekou Singare
Published: April 2012

This study investigates the effect of wire feeding direction, angle, wire feeding speed, laser scanning speed and laser power in a high power Nd:YAG laser direct metal deposition process for single and multilayered clad/parts. The lap cladding experiment using 500 W Nd:YAG laser is designed to study the best lap rate of 45 carbon steel. The microstructure and micro hardness of the melting track shows that dense metal microstructure can be obtained using laser cladding.
Expansion Mechanism of Expandable Graphite Formed by Natural Graphite with Different Particle Size
Authors: Wang Meng Lu , Ji Li
Published: April 2012

Using three natural graphites with different particle sizes, 80, 50 and 35 mesh, as raw material, three expanded graphites were prepared by irradiating expandable graphite in a microwave oven. Results show that the particle size of natural graphite influences strongly the expansion ratio of expanded graphite, and the larger the particle size, the larger the expansion ratio. In addition, the expansion mechanism of expandable graphite is discussed.
Study on the Phase Formation of Corundum-Type Mg4Nb2O9 Powders by the Solid-State Process
Authors: Jiang Yi Shan , Wang Ying Zi , Chen Ya Ming , Yue Yun Long , Wu Hai Tao
Published: April 2012

The corundum-type magnesium niobate, Mg4Nb2O9, powders were synthesized by the conventional solid-state process. The mixtures of MgO and Nb2O5were calcined in the temperature ranging from 500°C to 1200°C for crystallization in air atmosphere. The formation of the Mg4Nb2O9phase was investigated as a function of calcination temperatures by DTA and XRD. The morphology and phase composition were determined via a combination of SEM and EDX techniques. The results showed that the single-phase Mg4Nb2O9could be obtained at 1050°C for 2h with the size of less than 5μm.
Effects of Sintering Temperatures on Microwave Properties of Mg4Nb2O9 Ceramics by the Solid-State Process
Authors: Jiang Yi Shan , Wang Ying Zi , Chen Ya Ming , Yue Yun Long , Wu Hai Tao
Published: April 2012

Microwave dielectric ceramics of Mg4Nb2O9were prepared by the solid-state method and their microwave dielectric properties and microstructure were investigated in this study. The sintering ability and microwave dielectric properties of Mg4Nb2O9ceramics were studied under various sintering temperatures ranging from 1200°C to 1350°C. As the sintering temperature increased from 1200°C to 1350°C, the density values, the εr values and the Q·ƒ values increased and saturated at 1350°C.The ƒ values were ranged from -48.7 to -57.8 ppm/°C. Due to the increased density and appropriate grain growth the Mg4Nb2O9ceramics sintered at 1350°C had the excellent microwave dielectric properties of εr=12.3, Q·ƒ =108,000GHz and ƒ=-55.3ppm/°C.
Dynamics Analysis of Refrigeration Compressor Based on Finite Element and Experimental Modes
Authors: Zhang Li , Wu Hong , Gong Yan Jue , Zhang Shuo
Published: April 2012

Based on the 3D model of refrigeration's compressor by Pro/E software, the analyses of theoretical and experimental mode are carried out in this paper. The results show that the finite element models of compressor have high precision dynamic response characteristics and the natural frequency of the compressor, based on experimental modal analysis, can be accurately obtained, which will contribute to further dynamic designs of mechanical structures.
Numerical Simulation of Steel Plate Processed by Shot-Peening
Authors: Lan Jiao Xia , Wang Mei Li , Wu Yong Zhong , Yang Xiao Rong
Published: April 2012

The investigation is devoted to simulate the surface roughness, plastic deformation, and residual stress resulting from shot-peening using a single ball against a flat steel plate. A sub-program for random impact was developed to analyze the effects of the repeated impacts on the process. The contact between the shot and the plate was modeled using contact elements with the penalty function type. Moreover, three relative issues were discussed. The first is concerned with the effect of the shot velocity, the second with the shot size, and the third with the friction between the shot and the plate upon the plastic zone development and unloading residual stress. The results reveal that the important role played by the shot size and shot velocity, but to a much lesser extent by the friction. In addition, we obtained that the value of the surface roughness, the effective plastic strain, and the x-stress will be saturated at the fifth impact number, from then on, the results will be changed slightly with the increasing of the impact numbers.
General Rotation Union Design Experiment for Seed Dispensing Performance of Seed Metering Disc
Authors: Gao Yu Zhi , Yin Wei Da , Zhou Ping
Published: April 2012

Via the single-factor experiment for the seed dispensing performance of the metering disc, the main factors that affect the seeding performance are determined. Then, the important order, the optimization level, the optimal combination, and the priority level of the test factor are confirmed by taking the orthogonal test for the seed dispensing performance of seed metering disc. Following the single factor experiments and the orthogonal tests, the general rotation union design experiments are taken, and the mathematical models between the dispensing performance indices and the main factors are developed, which establish a foundation for further parameters optimization.
Research of the Factor that Influence the Ink Printing Density of Water-Based Gravure Ink
Authors: Yu Mao Jie , Huang Bei Qing , Wei Xian Fu
Published: April 2012

Ink printing density decides the quality of the printing. The content of resin type and additives, ink fineness and the content of primary inks were changed to improve the quality of the water-based gravure ink. Then use the proof machine of gravure to make a proof and test the printing density of the proofs. The influence factors of water-based gravure ink printing density were studied and the research shows that the ink printing density increases first, then decreases with increasing the content of the primary ink; the ink printing density increases with the ink fineness improvements; different kinds of resin has difference influence on the ink printing density; the ink printing density increases with increasing the content of resin; addition of an effective auxiliary can improve the ink printing density.
Finite Element Method Mechanical Characteristics Analysis of Tower Foundation for Wind Turbine Generator System
Authors: Wang Jian Wei , Xu Xin Yong , Zhang Di , Tian Jing
Published: April 2012

By using ANSYS software, the finite element model of the foundation for wind turbine generator system is built. On the basis of concrete elastoplastic constitutive, the non-linear contact between the foundation stub, a steel part, and foundation concrete is introduced, the internal mechanical characteristics and law of the foundation which is under the influence of wind with unfixed direction are researched on. The interaction state is attained. The numerical analysis considering the contact status and material nonlinearity is more reasonable and the research results offer scientific basis for the domestic autonomous designing and optimizing.
Adaptive Switching Control for Projected Synchronization of Chaotic Systems with Uncertainties
Authors: Du Li Ming , Wang Feng Ying , Pian Jin Xiang , Han Zi Yang
Published: April 2012

This paper is concerned with the projective synchronization problem for a class of chaotic system with uncertainties. By utilizing single Lyapunov function method, an adaptive switching control scheme for the synchronization has been presented. Simulation examples, the chaotic Liu system are given to show the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed theory and method.
Investigation of Structure and Properties of PET Multifilament Irradiated with UV in Different Atmosphere
Authors: Liu Yu Wen , Wang Hai Yan , Li Jiao Yan , Sun Bin
Published: April 2012

Changes of mechanical properties and chemical structure of polyester (PET) fibers are studied through UV simulated accelerated ageing experiments with N2, air and O3 as the atmosphere. The structure, thermal stabilities and tensile strength are obtained by FTIR, DTA-TG, XRD, SEM and micro-mechanics test. The difference of degradation process in various atmospheres is discussed in this paper. The results show that the fracture tensile strength of PET multifilament decreases with the increase of UV irradiation time. And oxidation and then decarbonylation take place on the surface. Besides, Melting temperature (Tm), the temperature of quality loss by 10% (T10) and the crystallization also decrease. However, in O3 atmosphere the oxidation develops very quickly and fully, therefore, the carbonyl on the surface is eliminated and decreases significantly, and the tensile strength decreases much faster than those in N2 and air. The skin layer of irradiated fibers appears serious damaged. The mechanism of chemical degradation for samples irradiated in N2 environments is similar to those irradiated in air.
Use KMnO4 to Control Bromate Formation during Drinking Water Ozonation: Influencing Factors
Authors: Kang Xu , Zhang Guang Ming
Published: April 2012

This formation of bromate during ozonation of polluted source water has long caused great concerns. This paper used KMnO4 to control the bromate formation during water ozonation. KMnO4 was added 10 min prior ozone to oxidize the organic pollutants. The initial Br- concentration was 1000 μg/L. The results showed that the bromate formation efficiency was low (<5%) during KMnO4-ozone oxidation. Among KMnO4 dose, ozone dose, and source water TOC, the single most important factor for bromate formation was the ozone dose. When the ozone dose was 3 mg/L or higher, the bromate concentration exceeded the national standard no matter what level of KMnO4 was used. The organic pollution level had little influence on the bromate formation.
Near-Infrared Spectroscopic Measurement of Organic Matter in Soil
Authors: Pan Tao , Wu Zhen Tao , Chen Jie Mei
Published: April 2012

Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy was successfully applied to chemical free and rapid determination of the organic matter in soil, and moving window partial least square (MWPLS) combining with Savitzky-Golay (SG) smoothing was used to the selection of NIR waveband. Thirty-five samples were randomly selected from all 97 collected soil samples as the validation set. The remaining 62 samples were divided into similar modeling calibration set (37 samples) and modeling prediction set (25 samples) based on partial least square cross-validation predictive bias (PLSPB). The selected waveband was 1896 nm to 2138 nm; the SG smoothing parameters and PLS factor OD, DP, NSP and F were 2, 6, 71 and 15, respectively; the modeling effect M-SEP and M-RPwere 0.219% and 0.944, respectively; the validating effect V-SEP and V-RPwere 0.243% and 0.878, respectively. The result provided a reliable NIR model and valuable references for designing specialized NIR instruments.
Design of Temperature Measured Terminal with GPRS in the Central Heating Room and Research of the Charging Method by Indoor Temperature Measured
Authors: Zhang Wan Jiang , Yang Guang , Zhang Ying , He Kai
Published: April 2012

The paper explores a new method of the heating measurement and charging in the central heating system. The method is different from mechanical heat metering and ultrasonic heat metering existing now. However, by measuring the indoor temperature and recording the temperature periodically during the heating period, and upload the data which are measured and stored in the terminal periodically to the Internet serve by GPRS. It can adjust the charging according to the actual indoor temperature which is transmitted by the terminal. Finally not only can the system meet the requirements of the users in the heating period, but also achieve the building energy efficiency. Adhere to people-oriented principle. Make the service of heating become more and more humanized.
Study on Integral Summation Algorithm for Measurement of Superfine Scale Based on Fraunhofer Diffraction
Authors: Liu Chen Xi , Jin Wei , Ye Ding
Published: April 2012

The paper introduces a new method, integral summation algorithm, to measure superfine scale based on Fraunhofer Diffraction. Be different from the traditional method, the paper simulates a series of curve of diffraction luminance distribution on different given size based on Fraunhofer Diffraction theory and researches the closest one to the diffraction curve of unknown slot measured. In order to get more accurate measurement result, the curve is taken by the integral summation algorithm and be compared on the integration area difference instead of comparing the standard deviation. The result shows that the size of given slot is closer to the size of unknown slot than standard deviation method, which somewhat improves the accuracy of the measurement.
Microstructure and Wear Resisting Property of 40Cr Steel Treated by Supersonic Particles Bombarding
Authors: Liu Yu Liang , Xiong Tian Ying
Published: April 2012

Severe plastic deformation can be introduced on the surface of metallic materials, and nanostructured surface layer is induced, which incorporates the surface modification technique with nanomaterials. The severe plastic deformation method-Supersonic Particles Bombarding (SSPB) was used to treat the anealled 40Cr steel. The surface microstructure and area where is about 50μm away from the top suface of 40Cr steel after SSPB treatment were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Wear resisting property lubricated by liquid paraffin (LP)+0.3%ZDDP of SSPB sample was studied. Equiaxed nanocrystallites with random crystallographic orientation were obtained on the top surface of SSPB treated 40Cr steel. Ferrite and pearlite were deformed severely at the depth about 50μm away from the top suface, and cementite in the pearlite shows plasticity. Wear loss of polished SSPB sample is the lowest and that of untreated sample is the biggest.
Surface Properties of UHMWPE Fiber after Low Temperature Argon-Plasma Treatment
Authors: Xu Jin Yun , Wang Wen Yu , Jin Xin
Published: April 2012

To improve the adhesion between ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) fibers and matrix, the UHMWPE fibers were treated by low temperature argon-plasma. The effects of argon-plasma treatment on the properties of UHMWPE have been investigated. The roughness and wetting ability were all found to increase significantly after modifications. The tensile strength of UHMWE fibers were decreased with the plasma treatment time. The optimum plasma treatment is 2min.The increasing of roughness and wetting ability of UHMWPE fiber are beneficial to the improvement the adhesion between UHMWPE fiber and matrix.
Experimental Study on Intermittent Turning 2.25Cr-1Mo-0.25V Steel with Coated Cemented Carbide Tool
Authors: Liu Han Lian , Lv Xiang , Huang Chuan Zhen , Zhu Hong Tao
Published: April 2012

In order to improve the machining efficiency and tool life in manufacturing process of hydrogenation reactor shell components, the cutting performance of quadrate GC4235 coated carbide tool in intermittent turning 2.25Cr-1Mo-0.25V steel was investigated, the optimal cutting parameters were obtained. The empirical mathematical models of relationships among the amount of metal removal, tool life, cutting force and cutting parameters were established. The failure mechanism of the GC4235 carbide coated tools for turning 2.25Cr-1Mo-0.25V steel at lower speed intermittent turning was abrasive wear and the coating peeling; however coating peeling and substrate adhesive wear were the main failure forms at the higher speed.
Cryogenic Machining of Hard-To-Machine Material, AISI 52100: A Study of Chip Morphology and Comparison with Dry Machining
Authors: Huang Ai Hua , Kaynak Yusuf , Umbrello Domenico , Jawahir I.S.
Published: April 2012

Cryogenic cooling is a new emerging cooling application in machining processes. Quantitative understanding of the effects of cryogenic cooling on the machining performance is important for continued applications. This study focuses on cryogenic machining of hard-to-machine material, AISI 52100, particularly with an analysis of cooling-induced chip morphology, chip hardness and the effect of workpiece hardness, etc., as these measures reflect the material`s thermo-mechanical behavior during the plastic deformation. AISI 52100 steel, with different initial hardness values, is selected as the work material for orthogonal cutting under dry and cryogenic cooling conditions, and the results are compared. The findings of this study show that cryogenic cooling affects the chip formation process, and the associated hardness produced on the machined surface.
Finite Element and Experimental Analysis of Edge Defects Formation during Orthogonal Cutting of SiCp/Al Composites
Authors: Hou Ning , Zhou Li , Huang Shu Tao , Xu Li Fu
Published: April 2012

In this paper, a finite element method was used to dynamically simulate the process of the edge defects formation during orthogonal cutting SiCp/Al composites. The influence of the cutting speed, cutting depth and rake angle of the PCD insert on the size of the edge defects have been investigated by using scanning electron. According to the simulated results, it can be provided that the cutting layer material has an effect on transfer stress and hinder the chip formation in the critical transition stage, and the critical transition point and distance are defined in this stage. The negative shear phenomenon is found when the chip transit to the edge defects in the flexure deformation stage, so the process of the chip formation is the basis of the edge defects formation. In addition, the relationship between the nucleation and propagation direction of the crack and the variation of the edge defect shape on the workpiece was investigated by theory, and it found that the negative shear angle formation is the primary cause of the edge defect formation. A mixed mode crack is found in the crack propagation stage. The sizes of edge defects were measured by the experiment and simulation, and the edge defect size decrease with the increasing of tool rake angle, while increase with increasing cutting depth and cutting speed.
Finite Element Analysis of Surface Residual Stress of Titanium Alloy TC4 Based on High Speed Cutting
Authors: Jiang Zeng Hui , Wang Xiao Liang , Zhang Jian Hai , Deng Xiao Ye
Published: April 2012

Due to the complex structures of aviation products made of titanium alloy TC4, residual stress can be generated by the high speed cutting process at their surface which has an important influence on their fatigue strength and also service life. Therefore, in this paper, a 3D finite element model is built to analyze the cutting process with different tool parameters and to investigate the residual stress inside the processed surface. By the numerical study, when the cutting speed is 140 m/min, the residual tensile stress can be generated in the inner cutting surface, while the compressive residual stress in the outer cutting surface. Residual compressive stress can be enhanced by choosing the smaller tool rake angle, the bigger tool relief angle and the bigger cutting edge radius properly.
The Design and Finite Element Analysis of the Tool in Turning the Inner Ring Groove of a Large Cylindrical Shell
Authors: Zhang Ji Jun , Liu Xian Li , He Geng Huang , Liu Tian Xiang , Cheng Xin Jiang
Published: April 2012

In this paper, for turning the inner ring groove of a large nuclear cylindrical shell, based on requirements of machining condition, the matching tool assembled are designed. Based on the platform of finite element simulation analysis, the deformation and stress analysis of the tools overall structures are carried out, this provides a theoretical basis for the static strength evaluation of the tools. Through the dynamics modal analysis of the tools, natural frequencies and modal shapes of the tools are obtained, this provides a theoretical basis to evaluate the dynamic characteristics of the tools, in particularly, the resonance characteristics. Through static and dynamic analysis, the reasonableness of structural design of the tools is evaluated theoretically.
Stability of Turning Process with a Continuous Delay Model
Authors: Song Qing Hua , Ai Xing , Guo Bing
Published: April 2012

An alternative physical explanation for process damping where a distributed cutting force model, along with a function distribution over the tool-chip interface, is assumed, is described. An exponential shape function is used to approximate the force distribution on the tool-chip interface. The distributed force model results in a more complicated governing equation, a second-order delayed integrodifferential equation, which involves both a discrete and distributed delay. An approach to transform and normalize the governing equation of motion into a third-order discrete system is described and the state-space representation of the new system is obtained. The semi-discretization method is then used to chart the stability boundaries for turning operation.
Experimental Study on Cutting Tool Sticking Failure for Stainless Steel lCrl8Ni9Ti
Authors: Li Zhe , Zheng Min Li , Zhu Chuan Hai , Xu Jin Hui
Published: April 2012

The problem of Sticking Failure of cutting tool is serious for cutting stainless steel 1Cr18Ni9Ti, on the basis of the Sticking Failure orthogonal experiment of YG8, it researches the range of temperature for Sticking Failure, chooses the best cutting parameters, and researches the effect for Sticking Failure, which provides the academic basis for the study of criterion of the mechanism of Sticking Failure.
465Q Gasoline Engine Turbocharger Matching and Performance Calculation
Authors: Zhang Peng Qi , Zhao Dong Hui , Wu Peng , Wang Yin Yan
Published: April 2012

This article take the Dongan 465Q non-supercharged engine as the research object, the simulation model is built by GT-POWER and the corresponding test bench is set up. The simulation error is less than 3%, which indicates that the parameters of this model is correct, and can be used for further study of the gasoline engine. The supercharger, Garrett GT12, is selected by the matching calculation. The non-supercharged 465Q engine is modified as a turbocharged engine. The test results show that the power and the fuel consumption of the turbocharged engine is improved obviously, whose power is increased by 48% and fuel consumption is reduced by 4%.
The Depth Model for Abrasive Waterjet Milling of Ceramic Materials
Authors: Feng Yan Xia , Huang Chuan Zhen , Liu Xiao Jian , He Bing Qing
Published: April 2012

The profile of a single-pass milling can be assumed as a cosine curve. Therefore, the maximal depth model for single-pass milling is established which indicates the quantitative relationship between the AWJ single-pass milling depth and the milling parameters. The depth model of milled surface, which shows the effect of water pressure, standoff distance, lateral spacing, abrasive flow rate and the properties of the material on the AWJ milling depth, is established based on the maximal depth model for single-pass milling. The derived model is assessed by AWJ milling experiments. The results show that the milling depth increases with an increase in water pressure and standoff distance, and decreases with an increase in lateral spacing and traverse speed. The theoretical milling depth predicted by the mathematical model is good agreement with the experimental result.
Experimental Study of High-Speed Milling Hardened Steel 7CrSiMnMoV with Large-Ball Mill Cutter
Authors: Zhang K.P. , Wang Cheng Yong , Hu Ying Ning , Song Yue Xian
Published: April 2012

7CrSiMnMoV (HRC65) hardened steel mold was cutted to investigate the effects of cutting parameters (cutting speed, feed speed, radial cutting depth, axial cutting depth) on cutting force and cutting temperature. Cutting was done with the ball-mill tool coating with TiAlN and without coolant with a high-speed. The aim of this study is putting forward the principle of reasonable choice of cutting parameters and optimizing cutting parameters.
Position Error Sensitivity Analysis for Polishing Robot
Authors: Zhang Xiu Heng , Ba Peng , Mu Li
Published: April 2012

t is the goal of this paper to describe an error analysis methodology for polishing robot on a manufacturing floor. With the generalized errors considered in the model, the end-effector position and orientation errors are calculated as a function of the generalized error. The analysis is to determine which physical errors significantly influence the end-effector error. The method and computer program have been applied to the performance evaluation of a robotic manipulator to be used in a polishing robot. This methodology can be applied to estimate calibration error and give the severity value to help the designer to select the polishing robot parameters.
The Simulation Study of Si3N4 Ceramics Nano-Cutting Process
Authors: Gao Hai Yan , Zhang Ke , Liu Guo Zhi , Sun Hong , Tang Yu Lan
Published: April 2012

Silicon nitride nanoscale cutting model was established by molecular dynamics simulation, and interactions force between atoms of work-piece was calculated by Tersoff potential function. Through the three-dimensional simulation of silicon nitride nanocutting process, the changes of cutting force, kinetic energy and potential energy in the nanoscale cutting process, and the effects of cutting thickness and cutting speed on the entire cutting process were analyzed. The results showed that the kinetic energy, potential energy and cuting force increased along with the cutting thickness increasing, both kinetic energy and potential energy decreased with cutting speed increasing.
Studies on the Cooling Effects of Water Cooling Channels in Die Casting Die in Finite Element Method
Authors: Hu Xin Ping , Zhang Juan , Lu Da Wei , Min Wen Jun
Published: April 2012

Die casting is a high productive method to produce non ferrous castings such as Al, Mg alloy. And die temperature field paid important effects on the casting quality and die life. Die temperature field was controlled mainly by water cooling channel in die. In this paper, some factors influenced the die temperature such as the temperature of cooling water, the location of cooling water channel, the diameter of cooling water channel, the amount of cooling water channel were discussed and analyzed by FEM. These results are very practical in die casting process.