bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Gender Differences in Mortality Risk After Driving Cessation Among Older Men and Women: a Mediation Analysis
Authors: Yu Jiao , Kahana Eva , Kahana Boaz , Zhang Yuhan
Published: December 2020

Driving is the most important personal transportation mode in the US for maintaining mobility. Previous studies of older adults who stop driving have identified several health risks associated with driving cessation, including less access to health care, increased dependency, social isolation, and elevated risk of mortality. The purpose of this analysis was to examine driving status as a predictor of mortality among community-dwelling older men and older women. Data were drawn from a prospective panel study of successful aging project of 1000 older adults (mean age = 80). Participants’ driving status was measured at baseline and mortality rates were observed across the subsequent 10 years. Extended Cox proportional hazard model indicated a 76% (p<0.001) significantly higher mortality risk for non-drivers versus drivers. This relationship was mediated by health conditions and functional status for both older men and older women. Among older men, health status fully mediates the association between driving cessation and mortality risk. A partial mediation effect of health status on the association between driving cessation and mortality risk was found among older women. Older women who stopped driving faced 56% (p>0.01) higher relative mortality risk than their driver counterparts. Social and cultural issues such as gender stereotype, autonomy, and social connection with their implication for driving may explain existing gender differences among older adults.
Older Adults’ Perceptions of Falls and Falls Prevention: An Interview-Based Study
Authors: Catona Danielle
Published: December 2020

The aim of this study was to gain an understanding of older Americans’ perceptions of falls and strength and balance exercise (SBE) as a means of falls prevention. Face-to-face, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 72 community-dwelling adults aged 65 to 89 years recruited from a variety of settings. Data were coded inductively to identify themes present within participants’ responses. This process included open coding and creating categories. Data revealed four themes related to falls: (1) others are at risk of falling, but not me, (2) people who fall experience bodily harm, (3) people who fall are a burden to others, and (4) people who fall end up in nursing homes. Four themes emerged related to benefits/facilitators of SBE: (1) SBE enables older adults to remain active and independent, (2) SBE provides an opportunity for older adults to socialize, (3) SBE has positive physical and mental health effects for older adults, and (4) healthcare providers advise older adults to perform SBE. There were three barriers associated with SBE: (1) having limited/no prior SBE experience, (2) having a pre-existing condition, and (3) disliking group-based, SBE classes. Study findings suggest older adults underestimate their risk of falling compared to their peers. As a result, SBE interventions may be promoted more effectively by highlighting personal and social benefits associated with SBE rather than physical risks associated with falls. Additionally, personal recommendations from healthcare providers as well as identification of modified and home-based programs may increase participation in SBE interventions.
Effects of the JC JoyAge Stepped-Care Model Are Differentially Associated With Older Adults’ Baseline Profiles
Authors: Liu Tianyin , Wong Gloria Hoi Yan , Lu Shiyu , Lum Terry
Published: December 2020

Depression is a multidimensional construct consists of different symptom clusters. This paper aims to investigate if the impact of a stepped-care model, JC JoyAge, differs for older adults with different baseline depressive symptom clusters. Data came from 702 older people aged 65 and over who completed the JoyAge program. Their depression (measured by Patient Health Questionnaire-9 [PHQ-9]), anxiety, loneliness, and cognition were assessed by social workers at baseline and 12-months follow-up. Among them 609 were at risk or with mild symptoms and received group-based preventive care (prevention group), and 93 had moderate or above symptoms and received intensive intervention (intervention group). Their responses to PHQ-9 were coded to indicate affective, cognitive, behavioral, and somatic symptom clusters. It was found that somatic complaints had the highest prevalence (91%), followed by affective (83%), behavioral (60%), and cognitive symptoms (41%). Logistic regressions were used to estimate the effects of the program. For the prevention group, the JoyAge preventive care is more effective among those who reported behavioral symptoms (b=0.44, p<0.05, OR=1.55, 95% CI: 1.01, 2.40), but less so in those who had cognitive appraisal issues (b=-0.42, p<0.05, OR=0.66, 95% CI: 0.46, 0.96). For the intervention group, the JoyAge intervention was more effective in treatment among those who reported more affective symptoms (b=0.46, p<0.05, OR=1.59, 95% CI: 1.05, 2.42). The benefits of JC JoyAge stepped-care are differentially associated with participants’ baseline profile. Participants’ overall depressive symptom severity and the presentation of symptom clusters need to be taken into consideration when delivering the services.
Health Characteristics and Treatment Patterns of VHA Veterans Diagnosed With PTSD in Later Life
Authors: Dang Linh , Jedele Jenefer
Published: December 2020

Older adults may exhibit symptoms of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) after a traumatic event, even if they do not meet the criteria for a full diagnosis. This sub-clinical PTSD affects 7-15% of older adults and is associated with elevated depressive symptoms, suicidal ideation, and poorer physical health. Individuals with sub-clinical PTSD often experience worsening symptoms, resulting in a full diagnosis of PTSD, albeit late onset. This evaluation informs the Veterans Health Administration (VHA)’s understanding of the developmental course of PTSD in older Veterans. VHA administrative data were used to examine health characteristics and service utilization in the five years before and five years after the initial VHA documentation of PTSD. We identified a cohort of Veterans (n=27,610), alive and with at least 1 encounter in all evaluation years, with a first PTSD diagnosis documented between ages 50-59, a cohort outside of the average age of diagnosis, but before Medicare eligibility. We compared periods before and after diagnosis across different ages of first diagnosis (50-54, 55-59). Veterans diagnosed at later ages (55-59) had a greater number of mental and physical health conditions. Increasing VHA use preceded a PTSD diagnosis in both groups, but the increase was steeper among those diagnosed at 55-59. Future analyses will compare these patterns to those of Veterans diagnosed at younger ages. Findings from this work may provide a profile of persons at risk for late-life PTSD for use in targeting interventions earlier to reduce the risk of developing worsening PTSD symptoms in late life.
Suicide Risk in Older Adulthood: Differential Pathways Based on Race
Authors: Fullen Matthew , Mize Mary , Hong Jihee , Shannonhouse Laura , Westcott Jordan
Published: December 2020

Late-life suicide is a complex public health issue, and older adults have a higher risk threshold than the national average (Drapeau & McIntosh, 2020). Most late-life suicide research focuses on elevated risk of older white males, and less is known about risk factors among Black older adults (Joe et al., 2014). Although fewer Black older adults die by suicide than White older adults, forms of suicidality do not differ between Black and White older adults (Cohen et al., 2008). Suicide risk factors, such as psychological distress (Watkins & Johnson, 2018) and chronic pain (Bazargan et al., 2016), are prevalent among Black older adults. According to the Interpersonal Theory of Suicide (IPTS; Van Orden et al., 2016), thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness inform the development of suicidal desire. These findings have been corroborated among older adult samples, though lacking racial diversity. To better understand how the IPTS functions for older adults, and probe whether suicide risk pathways operate differently depending on race, we used data from over 400 homebound older adults residing in a U.S. metropolitan area to clarify if this suicide risk pathway is similar for Black and White older adults. Race moderated the relationship between physical and psychological pain and thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness, with pain among Black older adults having a greater impact on their sense of belonging and burdensomeness. Findings illuminate the need for culturally nuanced understandings of suicidality in older adulthood. The presenters will demonstrate these results and discuss implications for cross-cultural suicide prevention frameworks.
Influenza Vaccine Failure Associated With Age and Immunosuppression
Authors: Kimball Joanna , Zhu Yuwei , Wyatt Dayna , Trabue Christopher H , Talbot H Keipp
Published: December 2020

Background

The influenza vaccine is one of the best ways to prevent influenza infection, but little is known about influenza vaccine failure.

Methods

This study evaluated patients admitted for acute respiratory illness during 2015–2019 influenza seasons to compare vaccinated influenza-negative to vaccinated influenza-positive patients. Statistical analyses were performed with STATA and R using Pearson χ 2, Kruskal-Wallis, Wilcoxon rank-sum tests, and multivariate logistic regression.

Results

Of 1236 enrolled patients vaccinated for influenza, 235 (19%) tested positive for influenza. Demographics, vaccines, and comorbidities were similar between groups except for morbid obesity (13% influenza negative vs 8%, P = .04), and immunosuppression (63% influenza positive vs 54%, P = .01). Logistic regression analysis demonstrated older patients (odds ratio [OR], 1.47; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.03–2.10) and immunosuppressed patients (OR, 1.56; 95% CI, 1.15–2.12) were at increased risk for influenza despite immunization. When evaluated by influenza subtype, immunosuppression increased the risk for influenza A/H3N2 (OR, 1.86; 95% CI, 1.25–2.75).

Conclusions

Our study demonstrated increased risk of influenza vaccine failure in older patients and immunosuppressed patients. These groups are also at increased risk for influenza complications. To improve protection of patients against influenza illnesses, more effective vaccines and strategies are needed.
Disseminated Mycobacterium marinum in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Unmasked by Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome
Authors: Manion Maura , Dulanto Chiang Augusto , Pei Luxin , Wong Chun-Shu , Khil Pavel , Hammoud Dima A , Anderson Megan , Laidlaw Elizabeth , Kuriakose Safia , Lisco Andrea ,   NISC Comparative Sequencing Program, Zelazny Adrian M , Dekker John P , Sereti Irini
Published: December 2020

Distinguishing disseminated Mycobacterium marinum from multifocal cutaneous disease in persons with human immunodeficiency virus/AIDS can present a diagnostic challenge, especially in the context of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS). In this work, we demonstrate the utility of flow cytometry and whole genome sequencing (WGS) to diagnose disseminated M. marinum unmasked by IRIS following initiation of antiretroviral therapy. Flow cytometry demonstrated robust cytokine production by CD4 T cells in response to stimulation with M. marinum lysate. WGS of isolates from distinct lesions was consistent with clonal dissemination, supporting that preexisting disseminated M. marinum disease was uncovered by inflammatory manifestations, consistent with unmasking mycobacterial IRIS.
Contribution of Swarming Motility to Dissemination in a Pseudomonas aeruginosa Murine Skin Abscess Infection Model
Authors: Coleman Shannon R , Pletzer Daniel , Hancock Robert E W
Published: December 2020

Swarming motility in Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a multicellular adaptation induced by semisolid medium with amino acids as a nitrogen source. By phenotypic screening, we differentiated swarming from other complex adaptive phenotypes, such as biofilm formation, swimming and twitching, by identifying a swarming-specific mutant in ptsP, a metabolic regulator. This swarming-deficient mutant was tested in an acute murine skin abscess infection model. Bacteria were recovered at significantly lower numbers from organs of mice infected with the ∆ptsP mutant. We also tested the synthetic peptide 1018 for activity against different motilities and efficacy in vivo. Treatment with peptide 1018 mimicked the phenotype of the ∆ptsP mutant in vitro, as swarming was inhibited at low concentrations (<2 μg/mL) but not swimming or twitching, and in vivo, as mice had a reduced bacterial load recovered from organs. Therefore, PtsP functions as a regulator of swarming, which in turn contributes to dissemination and colonization in vivo.
The cabinet and the world: non-European objects in early modern European collections
Authors: Bleichmar Daniela
Published: December 2020

Early modern European collectors proclaimed that their cabinets contained ‘the world’. What do collections from the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries reveal about the ways in which those who assembled, owned and visited them understood objects from other regions and cultures? Inventories, catalogues and descriptions of European collections from the period reveal that the reception of non-European objects was characterized, above all, by practices of geographical and cultural indeterminacy, most notably: (1) empty attribution, (2) misattribution, (3) unstable attribution, and (4) lack of attribution. When considered as early versions of museums of ‘world cultures’, cabinets functioned not as sites for the production of knowledge but as sites of worldmaking, which absorbed, recontextualized and repurposed objects with specific geographical and cultural origins and meanings to create undifferentiated, fungible foreignness.
Psychological, Normative, and Environmental Barriers to Tobacco Cessation that Disproportionally Affect Sexual Minority Tobacco Users
Authors: Wheldon Christopher W , Wiseman Kara P
Published: December 2020

Introduction

Sexual minority populations—particularly gay/lesbian and bisexual women—use tobacco at higher rates than their heterosexual peers. Evidence-based biopsychosocial interventions for tobacco cessation are available; however, research is lacking on the specific barriers to tobacco cessation in these populations. The purpose of this study is to describe the psychological, normative, and environmental barriers to cessation that disproportionally affect sexual minority tobacco users.

Methods

Data from wave 1 of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health were used to explore differences by sexual identity across psychosocial barriers and facilitators of tobacco cessation. The analytic sample consisted of current tobacco users (including cigarettes, e-cigarettes, cigars, cigarillos, pipes, hookah, dissolvable snus, and smokeless products). Psychosocial barriers/facilitators were modeled using logistic regression analyses, controlling for age, race/ethnicity, poverty, education, census region, and urbanicity and were stratified by sex. Models accounted for the complex study design and nonresponse.

Results

Substance use and internalizing/externalizing behavioral problems were more common among gay/bisexual men. Bisexual, but not gay/lesbian, women also had higher odds of these behavioral problems. Bisexual men and women reported less normative pressure to quit than their heterosexual peers (no differences in gay/lesbian tobacco users). Gay men had more environmental barriers to quit, being more likely to receive tobacco promotion materials, and live with another tobacco user.

Conclusions

Several barriers to tobacco cessation were identified as disproportionally affecting sexual minority groups in this study; however, there were considerable differences between sexual minority men and women, as well as between gay and bisexual participants.

Implications

Several important psychological, normative, and environmental barriers to tobacco cessation were identified that disproportionally affect sexual minorities. There was considerable heterogeneity in the prevalence and relative difference of these barriers across sexual minority subgroups, suggesting that community-based tobacco cessation programs should be responsive to differences in gay and bisexual men and women.
Blind Spots and Shortcuts
Authors: Rochat Philippe
Published: December 2020

Much of our awareness about the world is the product of obligatory illusions, particularly in the moral domain, a minefield of implicit biases, obligatory blind spots, “connecting the dots” heuristics leading us astray from more balanced and compassionate decisions, attitudes, and judgments about others, but also about ourselves. There are markedly different levels at which we perceive and infer characteristics in people. These levels vary in depth and complexity, affecting our memories, judgments, and social attitudes. What makes us invariably switch processing levels, from surface to deep and, inversely, is familiarity and affiliation, whether the other is perceived as either proximal or distal in relation to our multiple categorical spheres of comfort and alliance: same versus different group, team, membership, family, cohort, gender, race, class—you name it—all the forced contrasts that make us think the world in black and white.
India-China War, 1962
Authors: Frankel Francine R.
Published: December 2020

Opposing perspectives among key policymakers account for India’s failure to prepare for the possibility of an attack by China to enforce its claim lines on the northern border. Prime Minister Nehru, influenced by Zhou Enlai’s assurances that China would never cross the McMahon Line, was reinforced by Defense Minister Krishna Menon’s belief that China, as a communist state, would never invade. They turned aside recommendations from the COAS, K. S. Thimayya, that India had to build up its forces to meet a potential Chinese attack. The war exposed Asianism as an illusion and nonalignment as unrealistic for a weak military power.
Linguistic Conventions
Authors: Warren Jared
Published: December 2020

What are linguistic conventions? This chapter begins by noting and setting aside philosophical accounts of social conventions stemming from Lewis’s influential treatment. It then criticizes accounts that see conventions as explicit stipulations. From there the chapter argues that conventions are syntactic rules of inference, arguing that there are scientific reasons to posit these rules as part of our linguistic competence and that we need to include both bilateralist and open-ended inference rules for a full account. The back half of the chapter aims to naturalize inference rule-following by providing functionalist-dispositionalist approaches to our attitudes, inference, and inference-rule–following, addressing Kripkenstein’s arguments and several other concerns along the way.
Truth, Paradoxes, Freedom, Applications, and Knowledge
Authors: Warren Jared
Published: December 2020

This chapter begins by showing that with the problems of mathematical existence and determinate truth solved, a sophisticated inferentialist theory of mathematics leads to mathematical conventionalism. A philosophical worry harkening back to the Carnap/Quine debate is addressed before a number of issues in the philosophy of mathematics are given conventionalist treatments. The chapter discusses how conventionalists can handle the set-theoretic paradoxes, the freedom of mathematics, the many applications of mathematics to the physical world, and then provides a naturalistic epistemology of mathematics, even addressing the epistemology of consistency. In almost all of these cases, the discussion in the chapter shows that a conventionalist theory deals with these issues in a more satisfying way than other approaches to the philosophy of mathematics.
Science as External Authority
Authors: Guhin Jeffrey
Published: December 2020

All four schools denied the theory of evolution, distinguishing between neutral and praiseworthy “science” and atheist scientists who “preached” evolution. People in the schools liked science itself, and understood it as a kind of actor, authorizing certain practices and forms of knowledge. Unlike scripture and prayer, science was an authority largely shared with the secular world, and it gained its power through a more complex network of authorizing practices and arguments, seen most clearly in the roles of teachers and tests created by secular entities. To hold to creationist science was to situate oneself within this network of various kinds of scientific claims and authorities, attempting to leverage certain authorities against others. Perhaps ironically, it was in disagreeing with the scientific theory of evolution that science—or what they thought of as science—became most obviously an agent capable of action in the world.
Forecasting Socioeconomic Distributions on Small-Area Spatial Domains for Count Data
Authors: Papalia Rosa Bernardini , Fernandez-Vazquez Esteban
Published: December 2020

Statistical information for empirical analysis is frequently available at a higher level of aggregation than is desired. The spatial disaggregation of the socioeconomic data is considered complex due to the inherent spatial properties and relationships of the spatial data, namely, spatial dependence and spatial heterogeneity. The spatial dependence, spatial heterogeneity, and effect of scale produce major technical issues that largely impact the accuracy of the regional forecast disaggregation. In this chapter, we propose entropy-based spatial forecast disaggregation methods for count areal data that use all available information at each level of aggregation even if it is incomplete. The proposed methods are validated through Monte Carlo simulations using ancillary information. An empirical application to real data is also presented.
Introduction
Authors: Skeel Sharon
Published: December 2020

The Philadelphia Ballet and Littlefield School provided a much-needed American ballet infrastructure through or from which aspirants could study and make their careers. While other dance figures produced works with American themes, Catherine Littlefield was the first to train the full force of an established school, large professional company, and personal ambition on making ballets that thoroughly reflected America. Although she died in the prime of her life with her full potential left unrealized, her accomplishments proved foundational to the flourishing of classical ballet in the United States.
“I had never had a dancing lesson in my life, but somehow, I knew I could train those other children, and I did.”
Authors: Skeel Sharon
Published: December 2020

Catherine Littlefield’s great-grandparents, Gottlieb and Catherine Doebele, are German immigrants who settle in Philadelphia in the 1850s and raise six children. Gottlieb dies from injuries sustained while serving with a German regiment in the Civil War, and Catherine Doebele becomes a surrogate parent to her granddaughter, Caroline Doebele, after the girl’s parents divorce. Catherine Doebele (Grandma Doebele) is very religious and disapproves of Caroline’s early interest in dancing but provides her with piano lessons instead. James H. Littlefield, born and raised in Maine, serves in the US Cavalry and later takes a job with the PRR-YMCA in Philadelphia. He loves music and theater and meets Caroline. They marry in 1904.
“Now I know that it was really real.”
Authors: Skeel Sharon
Published: December 2020

Catherine premieres the first full-length, full-scale Sleeping Beauty in the United States in February 1937. Agent Arnold Meckel invites the Philadelphia Ballet to tour Europe in the spring. In preparation, Catherine creates her first major ballets on American subjects, Barn Dance and Terminal (the latter including dancers in blackface). Both feature designs by Philadelphia painters Salvatore and Angelo Pinto. Marion Cuyjet, a light-skinned black dancer “passing” as white, enrolls at the Littlefield School. She is dismissed when it becomes widely known that she is African American. The company travels to Europe on the Ile de France and arrives in Paris.
National Review and the Changing Narrative of Civil Rights Memory 1968–2016
Authors: Greene Robert
Published: December 2020

This chapter analyzes the National Review’s shifting narratives and historical memories of the contentious relationship between the modern conservative movement, Martin Luther King Jr., and the US civil rights movement. National Review writers largely opposed the civil rights movement up until the mid-1960s, casting Black freedom activists and their goals as threats to civilized order and the spirit of the US Constitution. Yet, the National Review would ultimately take on a leading role in reconsidering the conservative movement’s animosity toward King and civil rights—drawing parallels between conservative principles and civil rights claims, and even making fraught color-blind conservative claims to King’s legacy.
Bridging the Marginal and the Mainstream
Authors: Major Mark
Published: December 2020

This chapter examines the growth of the “liberal media” discourse by analyzing its historical formation in terms of public sphere theory. The chapter advances a discursive institutionalist approach to conservative news that is rooted in sustained analysis of the actors, ideas, and institutions that give conservative news its cultural form and force. Conservative journalists, commentators, and media activists began conceptualizing the “liberal media” within the institutions of the conservative countersphere by the 1950s and early 1960s. Once this discourse had been crystalized and legitimized among conservative commentators and their audiences, Richard Nixon, Spiro Agnew, and other prominent Republican voices promoted its circulation far beyond the conservative countersphere, as it moved into the national public sphere at large.
Top Income Shares and the Difficulties of Using Tax Data
Authors: Auten Gerald , Splinter David
Published: December 2020

This chapter reconsiders income methods of estimating of inequality using US tax data. It presents a new approach that accounts for the effects of important social changes, tax reforms, technical tax issues, and the 40 percent of income missing from tax returns. Results suggest much smaller increases in top 1 percent shares of pre-tax income. After accounting for taxes and transfers, top 1 percent shares changed little since 1962. This resulted from substantial increases in transfers and increased overall progressivity of the tax system. While effective tax rates for the top 1 percent show little trend, they declined for the bottom 50 percent. Rather than stagnating, per capita real incomes of the bottom half of the population increased over time. Rather than increasing and capturing most economic growth, incomes of those starting at the top decreased while those starting with low incomes received most of the growth.
The Economics of Inequality in High-Wage Economies
Authors: Conard Edward
Published: December 2020

The advent of information technology opened a window of investment opportunities that has exceeded the supply of properly trained talent while trade with low-wage economies, low-skilled immigration, trade deficits, and aging demographics have relieved constraints to low-skilled labor and risk-averse savings. As the economy devotes more resources to raising the productivity of talent, low-skilled productivity and wage growth have slowed. With a constrained supply of risk-reducing talent allocated to more productive endeavors, an unconstrained supply of risk-averse savings has lowered interest rates. With improbable innovation needed to capitalize on the value of information, high returns to success have fortunately motivated increased risk-taking, despite the declining productivity of innovators. Proponents of income redistribution have concluded that high returns to success and slowing productivity growth, despite low interest rates, are evidence of rising cronyism, notwithstanding extensive evidence to the contrary. This chapter provides an alternative explanation.
Difference
Authors: Glăveanu Vlad P.
Published: December 2020

This chapter proposes difference as an engine of possibility, in particular self–other differences. The presentation starts with a discussion of developmental trajectories defining our awareness of differences and our reaction to them from an early age. This developmental perspective raises a concern for intersubjectivity or the constitution of the self through engagement with the difference of others. It is important that, in the process of establishing intersubjective bounds, the “otherness” of the other is not fully appropriated by the self but leaves space for surprise, new understandings, and, with them, new possibilities. These reflections shed a new light on discussions of diversity: its benefits but also the challenges it poses in today’s fragmented, polarized world. In summary, this chapter outlines the notion of differences in perspective as fundamental to becoming aware of and exploring an expanded field of possibilities for both self and other.
Global Health Law
Authors: Gostin Lawrence O. , Sirleaf Matiangai V. S. , Friedman Eric A.
Published: December 2020

This chapter provides an understanding of the legal foundations of human rights, examining human rights under international law as a basis for social justice in public health. International human rights law has codified the rights first enumerated in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), evolving through the politics of the Cold War to develop the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR). This seminal covenant and the international treaties that derived from it have framed the legal foundations of the human right to health and the evolution of health-related human rights. Yet, where challenges remain in responding to the health needs of a globalizing world, scholars and advocates have looked to a shift from international health law to global health law, facilitating collaboration between state and nonstate actors in an expanding global health policy landscape.
The Peculiar Case of the superbia Group
Authors: Baraz Yelena
Published: December 2020

This chapter shifts back to the lexical approach and zeroes in on superbia, the one pride term whose etymology has the potential for developing a positive conception of the emotion. It shows that superbia is not attested in a positive meaning in the republican period and that the baseline of the traditional conceptualization of pride in our sources is as a negative emotion. It discusses some possible exceptions as well as antonyms to negative pride, none of which develops into a robust expression of the positive version of the emotion. As explanations for this peculiar lack, the chapter emphasizes the symbolic significance of the figure of Tarquinius Superbus, the last of the legendary Roman kings, deposed and expelled for his tyrannical behavior, to the articulation of the republican values of the governing elite, and offers a pride-centered reading of Livy’s narrative at the end of book one.
Style in Narrative
Authors: Hogan Patrick Colm
Published: December 2020

Style has often been understood both too broadly and too narrowly. In consequence, it has not defined a psychologically coherent area of study. In the opening chapter, Hogan first defines style so as to make possible a systematic theoretical account through cognitive and affective science. This definition stresses that style varies by both scope and level—thus, the range of text or texts that may share a style (from a single passage to an historical period) and the components of a work that might involve a shared style (including story, narration, and verbalization). Hogan illustrates the main points of this chapter by reference to several works, prominently Woolf’s Mrs. Dalloway. Subsequent chapters in the first part focus on under-researched aspects of literary style. The second chapter explores the level of story construction for the scope of an authorial canon, treating Shakespeare. The third turns to verbal narration in a single work, Faulkner’s As I Lay Dying. Part two, on film style, begins with another theoretical chapter. It turns, in chapter five, to the perceptual interface in the genre of “painterly” films, examining works by Rodriguez, Mehta, Rohmer, and Husain. The sixth chapter treats the level of plot in the postwar films of Ozu. The remaining film chapter turns to visual narration in a single work, Lu’s Nanjing! Nanjing! The third part addresses theoretical and interpretive issues bearing on style in graphic fiction, with a focus on Spiegelman’s Maus. An Afterword touches briefly on implications of stylistic analysis for political critique.
Verbal Narration
Authors: Hogan Patrick Colm
Published: December 2020

While the second chapter of Style in Narrative addressed authorial canon (scope) and story (level), the third chapter considers a single work (scope) and narration (level). Faulkner’s novel As I Lay Dying seems to present a straightforward case of multiple narration. However, attention to details reveals that the novel is much more complex and apparently contradictory. In other words, the narrational style is marked by ambiguity and hints of untrustworthiness, along with unresolved issues of narrator definition (including, for example, hints that Addie could be in effect narrating the entire novel). The chapter shows not only the relevance of narration to style (and of stylistic analysis to narration), but the relevance of indeterminacy and ambivalence to style (and stylistic analysis) as well. The chapter concludes by examining some thematic implications of these features of narrational style and what they may suggest about Faulkner’s relation to American literature and literary modernism.
Film Style
Authors: Hogan Patrick Colm
Published: December 2020

The fourth chapter of Style in Narrative turns from literature to cinema. Since a great deal of style is common to both literature and film, this chapter is necessarily shorter than its counterpart (chapter 1). Moreover, it focuses on the differences between literary and film style, thus what is not common to the two. The areas of divergence are principally a matter of the medium or perceptual interface. In consequence, the chapter focuses particularly on the visual and aural aspects of film. On the other hand, these aspects are more encompassing than is sometimes recognized, including for example aspects of narration. It also addresses differences in the authorship of films, and the status of Hollywood “continuity editing” as a broad stylistic norm for which there is no parallel in literature. The chapter ends with some brief comments on the way James Franco, in his film adaptation of As I Lay Dying, dealt with the (relatively underdiscussed) levels of perceptual narration and cinematic emplotment.
Emmanuel Levinas and the Anxiety of Intersubjective Origins
Authors: Bergo Bettina
Published: December 2020

Levinas radicalized Heidegger’s hermeneutic moods into intensely embodied states and affects, pointing toward their intersubjective connections. His early work challenged Heidegger’s intellectualist approach to affective tonalities, arguing that our experience of “Being” occurs in bodily modes, from nausea to shame to escapist pleasures. Following his famous treatise on welcoming the “Other” in 1961, he turned to theorize the experience of alterity as first affective; and thereafter in 1974 as anxiety and emotional memory (“the other-in-the-same”). Taking a step outside Husserl’s phenomenology, he located the birth of responsibility for the other in the intersubjective interweave of our lived bodies and affects, and later on as mourning and mnemonic obsession. Since Scheler’s The Nature of Sympathy (1923), Levinas’s was the greatest effort, since Kant’s practical reason colored by Achtung, to underscore within phenomenology the connection between specific affects and ethical responsibility.
Epilogue
Authors: Bergo Bettina
Published: December 2020

Opening to further reflection, the epilogue recalls Franz Neumann’s 1954 arguments that anxiety arises in response to economic and cultural threats to identity and status, often paralyzing political participation. In times of disillusionment and social unrest, anxiety precipitates unreflective responses, including adherence to “caesaristic movements,” grounded on “false concreteness” or social prejudices. Another great observer of the rise of authoritarian movements, Hermann Broch, ties anxiety to our embodied ego’s existence in its world, to its self-enhancement, and to responses to perceived threats. When confronted with dangers to its self-expansion, anxiety, panic, and compensatory behaviors aiming at sadistic “over-satisfactions” (Superbefriedigungen) ensue. These responses can be seen in individuals and in the groups and movements they form. Together, these authors strongly support the book’s argument for abiding with anxiety and approaching it with a certain existential knowledge—of oneself and one’s circumstances.
Choosing Church
Authors: Coffman Elesha J.
Published: December 2020

Margaret Mead’s parents were both social scientists and not religious, so their daughter was not baptized as a baby. Instead, she chose to be baptized into the Episcopal Church at age eleven, a decision to which she ascribed great significance for her spiritual life. Mead spent the rest of her years balancing her family legacy with her independently chosen religious commitments.
Student Marriage
Authors: Coffman Elesha J.
Published: December 2020

The state of being in fundamental agreement, yet also at odds, characterized Mead’s marriage to Luther Cressman. They both gravitated toward socially oriented, modernist Christianity and became active in church ministry. They both eventually decided that further education and work as a social scientist were more congenial than parish service. They differed in their assessment of their brief marriage. She called it her “student marriage,” because it coincided with the years of her graduate education. That descriptor pained him, as it seemed to classify their union as an adolescent phase, on par with young people cohabiting rather than making a solid commitment. He was committed to her, and to their marriage. The commitment was less wholehearted on her part, for so many reasons that it is difficult to pinpoint which one mattered most.
The Irish Border
Authors: Harvey Colin
Published: December 2020

This chapter focuses on Northern Ireland, a jurisdiction within the UK acutely affected by the nature of the Brexit debate and the process. It is a contested region that is divided along ethno-national lines and still emerging from a violent conflict. Removing Northern Ireland from the EU against its wishes will have long-term consequences that remain difficult to predict. One result is a more intense discussion of the region’s place within the UK, with Irish reunification acknowledged to be a way to return to the EU. The chapter then analyses the Protocol on Ireland/Northern Ireland attached to the Withdrawal Agreement which regulates the single most controversial issue in the Brexit process: namely, the Irish border question. It looks at the difficulties connected to the fragile peace process in Northern Ireland and explains the creative solution that was ultimately agreed in the withdrawal treaty to prevent the return of a hard border in the island of Ireland through regulatory alignment, while also indicating the challenges that the Protocol creates.
Decision-Making and Dispute Settlement
Authors: Larik Joris
Published: December 2020

This chapter discusses other governance aspects of the Withdrawal Agreement, focusing on its institutional provisions on decision-making and adjudication. Following Brexit, the days when the UK government had a vote in the Council of the EU, including a veto in many sensitive areas, or when there were UK-elected Members of the European Parliament or a UK-nominated judge at the Court of Justice of the EU (CJEU), are over. With the UK now a ‘third country’, its immediate post-Brexit relations with the EU are no longer governed through the latter’s complex institutional framework and ‘complete system of legal remedies’, but instead by the Withdrawal Agreement as an instrument of international law. The chapter then explains how the decision-making and dispute settlement provisions of the Withdrawal Agreement put the UK into a temporary limbo between, on the hand, the long shadow of EU law and the CJEU’s jurisdiction, and, on the other, a future as a third country that is facing the EU on the other side of the negotiating table or as an opposing party in international arbitration. It also looks at the new inter-party arbitration mechanism.
The Future of the EU after Brexit, and Covid-19
Authors: Fabbrini Federico
Published: December 2020

This chapter reflects on the future of the EU after Brexit — as an entity of 27 member states (EU27). In dealing with a member state that had decided to leave, the EU27 proved able to stick together and jointly defend the common interests, including of its smaller member states. However, the EU27 have faced an increasing number of crises which have profoundly challenged their unity and resolve. Indeed, the subsequent crises shattering the EU — including the euro-crisis, the migration crisis, and the rule of law crisis — and climaxing with Covid-19 have exposed deep divisions among the EU27 and brought to the surface competing visions of the project of European integration. Three alternative ideas of what the EU is and ought to be are increasingly taking shape: a first that sees the EU as a polity, which requires solidarity and a communion of efforts towards a shared destiny; a second that sees the EU as a market, designed to enhance wealth through commerce, but with as limited redistribution as possible; and a third which instead sees the EU as a vehicle to entrench state authoritarian rule, based on national identity and sovereignty claims, but with crucial transnational financial support. While these alternative visions often coexist within each state, they have increasingly become hallmarks of states, or blocs thereof, which are openly facing each other in the EU arena.
Dante in dialogue
Authors: Bowe David
Published: December 2020

Chapter 4 concentrates on Dante’s dialogues with and treatment of Guittone, Guinizzelli, and Cavalcanti through the Commedia as well as the Vita nova and Convivio. The chapter highlights the undercutting of Guinizzelli even as he is named as ‘padre’ in Purgatorio. It also makes a case for the proscription of Cavalcanti from the same realm with reference to the early tenzone beginning ‘Guido, i’ vorrei che tu e Lapo ed io’. The chapter sheds new light on the motives for and means of the effacement of Guittone in Dante’s works. These three case studies all support a discussion of the dialogic tensions inherent in these intertextual moments.
Regulation of Unfair Terms under Korean Law
Authors: Ahn Tae-Yong
Published: December 2020

This chapter examines how Korean contract law deals with extremely one-sided, onerous, or otherwise unfair terms, such as exclusions or limitations of liability, penalty clauses, or restraint of trade clauses. It discusses the overt judicial control of such terms under specific legislation, sometimes targeted exclusively at standard terms or consumer contracts. It also analyses how the Korean courts have exercised a more indirect control by employing traditional general contract law doctrines, such as public policy, good faith, interpretation, or the rules on procedural fairness, in order to protect parties against the imposition of unfair terms. A number of hypothetical clauses are analysed to illustrate how Korean courts regulate unfair contract terms in practice.
The Regulation of Unfair Terms and Consumer Protection in Thailand
Authors: THANITCUL Sakda
Published: December 2020

The chapter gives an account of consumer protection in Thailand and, more specifically, how Thai contract law deals with extremely one-sided, onerous, or otherwise unfair terms, such as exclusions or limitations of liability, penalty clauses, or restraint of trade clauses. It discusses the overt judicial control of such terms under the 1997 Unfair Contract Terms Act and other protective mechanisms under specific consumer legislation. It also analyses how the Thai courts have exercised a more indirect control by employing traditional general contract law doctrines, including the rules on procedural fairness, in order to protect parties against the imposition of unfair terms. Empirical evidence is provided to show that effective overall consumer protection has been established since the 1990s.
Werewolves, Ghosts, and the Dead
Authors: Ogden Daniel
Published: December 2020

This chapter traces the persistent association between werewolves, ghosts and the dead in the ancient world. As to werewolves proper, Herodotus’ application of the word goētes to his werewolf Neuri, in addition to saluting their ability to transmute their form, probably also implies that they engaged in ghost- or soul-manipulation. Virgil’s werewolf Moeris is a raiser of ghosts. Petronius’ werewolf story is richly decked out with the imagery of ghosts and the underworld. Marcellus of Side’s medical ‘lycanthropes’ roll around in graveyards, and indeed it would appear to be on the basis of this symptom in particular that the victims of the disease are considered to be werewolves: their projection as such is essentially metaphorical, and they should not be seen as the origin-point or the key to ancient werewolfism. Pausanias’ Hero of Temesa is a ghost or a revenant dressed in a wolfskin, whilst Philostratus’ pestilential beggar of Ephesus, revealed to be a terrible dog in his true form, is also projected as some sort of ghost or revenant.
Particularities of Moral Lives
Authors: Christensen Anne-Marie Søndergaard
Published: December 2020

The chapter presents a critique of the idea that morality is impersonal and an investigation of how and to what extent personal features of our lives may be morally relevant and shape us as moral agents. In doing so, the chapter explains why moral life resists theorisation of the form criticised in Chapter 2, and it provides a better understanding of the challenges involved in developing a form of moral philosophy that can take the particularities of moral life into consideration. The chapter opens with a clarification of the approach and the central concepts of chapters 5 and 6, before turning to two suggestions of how to account for the personal dimension of moral life in terms of agent-relativity and strong moral self-definition. As these suggestions are shown to be inadequate, this leads to an investigation of the role of personal particularities in the moral formation and the moral positions of individuals. The centrality of the personal in moral life furthermore creates a demand on the subject to engage in justification in relation to others and self-understanding in relation to oneself, where self-understanding in many cases is to be understood as a process of both self-discovery and self-determination; of striving to settle both who one is and who one wants to be.