bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sieve of Norms and Holy Scripture, Theonomy, and Freedom: Paul Ricœur
Authors: Joas Hans
Published: March 2024

Taking inspiration from Paul Tillich, Paul Ricœur developed the idea of “theonomy” in its dialectical interwovenness with ideas about human autonomy. For him Christianity can neither be reduced to an ethos of love nor to an understanding of justice, but represents a specific mediation of both ideals. Out of this insight, Ricœur elaborated a conception in which Kantian or other forms of moral universalism are mediated by the emergence of our value commitments out of contingent experiences and the narrative constitution of our selves. In the second part of the chapter, Ricœur’s views on the relationship between religious experience and religious language, “manifestation” and “proclamation,” are critically examined.
Communicative Freedom and Theology of Liberation: Wolfgang Huber
Authors: Joas Hans
Published: March 2024

This chapter first traces the influence of the philosophy of Michael Theunissen, one of the great thinkers in both the Hegelian and the Kierkegaardian traditions, on the work of the most prominent German Protestant intellectual of our time, Wolfgang Huber. The chapter then demonstrates how the motif of the “indebtedness” of human freedom is developed in the latter’s work, without direct reference to Troeltsch and Tillich, within the framework of the conception of “communicative freedom” and then asks critically to what extent Huber has succeeded in consistently linking the various ideas about freedom and its institutionalization that appear in his work.
Religion Is More Than Culture: H. Richard Niebuhr
Authors: Joas Hans
Published: March 2024

H. Richard Niebuhr, one of the leading American Protestant theologians of the twentieth century, is for two reasons particularly relevant to the general argument of this book. First, more than anybody else, he took the specificities of US religious history seriously in a systematic way. In contrast to the European model of state-supported territorial religious monopolies, the United States is characterized by an inherently pluralist religious system for which Niebuhr introduced the term “denominationalism.” Second, he was perhaps the most important mediator between the traditions of American pragmatism and German hermeneutics/historicism. This is particularly relevant in his study of “revelation,” which is interpreted here as an impressive attempt to convey universalist validity claims through contemplation of the historical particularity of those who make them.
China and the Middle-Income Trap in Latin America
Authors: Jenkins Rhys
Published: March 2024

This chapter examines the evolving economic relationship between China and Latin America and the ways in which this may assist or hinder the latter in exiting the ‘middle-income trap’. The relationship has promoted a clear increase in the region’s dependence on a narrow range of commodity exports, one of the potential causes of the trap. However, the view that natural resource–intense sectors in Latin America have no potential for technical change has been challenged. This, together with little evidence of a Dutch disease effect resulting from such exports, calls into question the idea that the region’s growing economic ties with China are necessarily constraining. Still, Chinese competition has posed a challenge to the development of manufacturing and technological upgrading through exports of more sophisticated industrial products. Better policy design is needed to enable Latin America to take more advantage of its expanding economic relationship with China.
Terminology for Dissemination and Implementation Research
Authors: Rabin Borsika A. , Viglione Clare , Brownson Ross C.
Published: March 2024

In order for a field to prosper and thrive, a common language is essential. As is often the case when many disciplines and numerous organizations converge in development of a field, dissemination and implementation research is still characterized by inconsistent terminology. While the “state of the art” might still not be advanced enough to resolve all of the existing inconsistencies in terminology, this chapter represents the tremendous amount of development that happened over the past 5 years to create platforms and approaches for a more consistent, agreed-on language for dissemination and implementation research across topic areas, stakeholder groups, and geographical areas. As the dissemination and implementation field makes progress toward a shared terminology, we can expect to see higher quality dissemination and implementation research and greater contribution of dissemination and implementation science to improving public health and clinical practice.
The Conceptual Basis for Dissemination and Implementation ResearchLessons From Existing Theories, Models, and Frameworks
Authors: Tabak Rachel G. , Nilsen Per , Woodward Eva N. , Chambers David A.
Published: March 2024

There are tangible benefits to the use of theories, models, and frameworks (TMFs) to inform dissemination and implementation (D&I) research. However, D&I scientists may find it difficult to select, adapt, combine, and apply a specific TMF to their work. Guidance is provided on how to select a TMF because answering several questions (e.g., the research question, scope of the study) can aid a research team in selecting a TMF. A case study example of adapting a TMF to better address health equity is also included since, for nearly all studies, the selected TMF will need adaptation. Given the large number of TMFs available and the amount of work required to develop a new TMF, a researcher likely does not need to create a new TMF. An alternative might be to look outside the field of health (e.g., economics, political science, engineering) to identify other TMFs that could inform research as reviews have identified gaps in availability of TMFs for certain types of D&I research (e.g., economics, health equity, sustainability). The application and ongoing testing of theory-based approaches will increase the ability to ensure essential concepts are considered, enhance interpretability, support evaluation of outcome variations, and move the science forward.
Health Dissemination and Implementation Within Schools
Authors: Lee Rebekka M. , Eisman Andria B. , Gortmaker Steven L.
Published: March 2024

This chapter emphasizes the enormous potential schools hold for impacting population health. Considering the constant presence of school in children’s lives for over 12 years, it is important to conduct research and plan programs that can work together across the life course to promote health and seek to understand how schools can help to link children to services beyond the school walls. A large gap between the evidence for effectiveness of school-based health interventions and the types of programs, policies, and services that currently influence the lives of children must be addressed. Future school-based dissemination and implementation research cannot overestimate the importance of developing strategies that are compatible with the primary aims of schools: promoting learning through reading, writing, math, and so on. Equally important is considering policy and environmental change strategies at the national, state, and district levels to promote health within schools.
Enhancing Dissemination Through Marketing and Distribution Systems
Authors: Verdecias Niko , Steensma Joseph T. , Kreuter Matthew W. , Bernhardt Jay M.
Published: March 2024

The vision of taking a more market-oriented approach to dissemination likely raises more questions than it answers. Who would build and operate such a system? Who would pay for it? Would researchers who have developed and evaluated public health interventions cooperate in sharing their programs and products? What tangible incentives can be created at each step of the process to encourage dissemination and adoption? What would constitute success for such an effort and how would we measure it? All are important questions and worthy of thoughtful answers that match their complexity. Doing so is beyond the scope of this chapter, but ongoing in our work. It is hoped the ideas presented here will stimulate others’ thinking about systems and infrastructure to enhance dissemination and welcome critiques, refinement, and additions to the proposed model.
Scale-up and Sustainment of Effective Interventions
Authors: Wolfenden Luke , Sutherland Rachel , Shelton Rachel C. , Yoong Sze Lin , Nathan Nicole
Published: March 2024

The widespread and ongoing use of most beneficial health interventions is required to maximize the benefits of the health system to the community. Within implementation science, the field of “scale-up” and “sustainability” have an important role to play in contributing to improving the health system to this end. Diverse and inconsistent use of terminology remains and represents challenges for the advancement of the science of scale-up and sustainability. While conceptual understanding of each continues to evolve, formative research has identified their complexity and documented a range of factors that influence program implementation and sustainability. Perhaps most nascent is experimental studies and other research methods to better understand the factors that are causally related to the scale-up and sustainability of evidence-based interventions and, importantly, the effectiveness of strategies in facilitating such outcomes. The conduct of these studies represents a significant opportunity for further research.
Secular, Religious, Islamic
Authors: Jackson Sherman A.
Published: March 2024

This chapter lays out the meanings and deployments of “secular,” “religious,” and “Islamic,” as they emerge out of the Western discourse on religion, including, ultimately, Islam, and how these are deployed in the present thesis. It establishes two modes of the secular—the macro-mode, which essentially removes God from the cosmos, and the micro-mode, which does not remove God but simply circumscribes the authority of what God says, that is, via revelation. On the micro-mode, religion retains its authority, but that authority is limited and cordoned off from certain pursuits, primarily the state, the economy, and science. The chapter describes the Islamic Secular as a micro-mode of the secular. But while “secular” in the West separates the religious from the non-religious, the Islamic Secular simply separates that which is adjudicated on the basis of what God says, that is, sharī‘ah and its sources, from that which is not—both of these realms, however, remaining religious, that is, within the scope of the divine gaze of the God of Islam. The chapter then deals with “religion” as a construct, noting the difference between religion-as-concrete-doctrine and practice and religion-as-psycho-dynamic orientation. It argues that while these two notions of religion separated in the West, where they now compete with each other, Islam, and thus the Islamic Secular, joins them together. Finally, the chapter lays out the Islamic Secular’s understanding of “Islamic” and places this in conversation with leading theories on this topic.
The Islamic Secular and the Secular State
Authors: Jackson Sherman A.
Published: March 2024

This chapter engages with the thesis of Abdullahi An-Na’im in his book Islam and the Secular State. An-Na’im argues for a secular state because he believes that only it, in contradistinction to the Islamic State, can accommodate human rights, citizenship, and constitutionalism. I argue that by ignoring the Islamic Secular, An-Na’im exaggerates the role of sharī‘ah and from there sees the solution exclusively in the wholesale elimination of sharī‘ah from the state apparatus. This is particularly crucial, according to An-Na’im, given the presence of non-Muslims in Muslim-majority states. In this regard, I argue that An-Na’im imputes the legal monism of the modern state to sharī‘ah, whereas pre-modern jurists, operating on the logic of the “empire state,” recognized that sharī‘ah applied to non-Muslims only in limited ways, where it applied at all. I also argue that so much of what modern states are called upon to regulate or provide falls into the realm of the non-shar‘ī, Islamic Secular. As such, the idea that many of the problems he raises can only be resolved by removing sharī‘ah from the state is simply misplaced. In fact, I argue, many of the problems An-Na’im raises are actually created by this very oversight.
Withered Orchid and Dead Ox
Authors: Liu Cuilan
Published: March 2024

This chapter shows how the perception of Buddhist institutions as sanctuaries manifests in nonlegal Buddhist doctrinal texts. This is an important expansion, because compared with Buddhist monastic law texts, to which only ordained monks and nuns had access, nonlegal doctrinal texts were open to a much wider audience, including the most desired audience of the Buddhist campaign for clerical legal privileges: kings, ministers, law enforcement officials, and other laypeople. In these nonlegal texts, the Buddhist fight for clerical legal privileges unfolded in slightly different ways. In this stage of the campaign, Buddhist legal writers explained why monks and nuns committed their crimes, an explanation that is absent in the Buddhist monastic law texts. These Buddhist writers also recounted stories featuring wild animals and hungry ghosts who are unwilling to harm convicted criminals they mistakenly assume to be ordained Buddhists.
A Fallen Abbot
Authors: Liu Cuilan
Published: March 2024

This chapter analyzes the case of a Chinese Buddhist monk, Xuecheng, to understand how the negotiated jurisdictional boundary between the state and the Buddhist establishment operates in legal practice in contemporary China. In 2018, before facing charges of sexual, financial, and administrative misconduct, Xuecheng was both the abbot of the Dragon Spring Monastery and the president of the Buddhist Association of China. This chapter examines the legal procedures adopted in investigating the accusations against him. It reveals that the State Administration of Religious Affairs led the initial investigations before inviting the Buddhist Association of China and the local police to conduct further investigations. This chapter thus argues that by inviting a hybrid legal agency, not the monastic or state court, to lead the investigations, China’s law enforcement quietly let the tripartite legal infrastructure define the undertone of the country’s legal treatment of religious practitioners who faced criminal charges.
Introduction
Authors: Winkler Kevin
Published: March 2024

This introduction traces Bette Midler’s early life as part of a religious (Jewish) and racial (white) minority on the outskirts of Honolulu and her later kinship with the gay men who championed her appearances at the Continental Baths. With their encouragement, she created a new form of cabaret, one that gave gay male sensibilities a broader expression. Her early New York experiences working with experimental theater figures such as Tom Eyen also influenced her humor and sense of theatrics. Her song program, developed with musical director Barry Manilow, was a mélange of mostly neglected American popular music, all unified by her sense of purpose as a singing actor. Midler’s identity as a Jewish singer with a large gay following led to comparisons with Barbra Streisand, but their similarities were superficial. Midler’s success with her camp-nostalgia repertoire, eclectic fashion sense, and emotional way with ballads led to a rebirth in the city’s nightlife scene.
“And Me, I Was Your Hostess!”
Authors: Winkler Kevin
Published: March 2024

This chapter examines Bette Midler as a theater artist who in her early performances at the Continental Baths was already curating an act that she would refine and expand for the next fifty years. Her increasingly elaborate shows were hybrid Broadway musical/rock concert/cabaret performances laced with comic characterizations and withering observations on popular culture and politics. Midler’s success in films and recordings brought her new fans, and their embrace of her stage performances demonstrated how successfully she had transferred the gay camp humor of her Divine Miss M persona to a wider audience. Midler and the mainstream had somehow met just left of center. The chapter also looks at her later return to traditional plays and musicals, culminating in a record-breaking run in the 2017 Broadway revival of Hello, Dolly!
“Some Say Love . . .”
Authors: Winkler Kevin
Published: March 2024

This chapter looks at Bette Midler’s recording career and her efforts to capture the excitement of her live performances on disc. The success of her first two albums proved that the general record-buying public would respond to the camp elements, musical daring, and jubilant role play of her onstage Divine Miss M alter ego as keenly as her concert audiences. These recordings also established a loose formula: songs from across eras and genres unified by settings that showcased her skill at musical characterization. But they were followed by a depressing run of albums and singles that stalled on the charts. Midler’s recording career rebounded and hit a peak with “Wind beneath My Wings” and “From a Distance.” The popularity of these mawkish ballads overshadowed Midler’s versatility as a recording artist, and the chapter concludes with a call for a career retrospective including unreleased and live recordings going back more than fifty years.
The Politics of Slow Harms in the Latin American City
Authors: Herrera Veronica
Published: March 2024

This introductory chapter introduces the problem of slow-moving environmental harms in Global South cities and summarizes the book’s contributions to the literatures on urban politics in the Global South, environmental justice, and environmental politics. The chapter unpacks the relationship between collective risk perception and issue identification, linking it to social capital and network theory to explain modes of environmental activism. What follows introduces the comparison of advocacy movements for river pollution remediation in the urban and industrialized capital regions of Argentina, Colombia, and Peru. The argument centers on the role of impacted communities (bonding mobilization) and resourced allies (bridging mobilization) in forming environmental advocacy networks, strategies that were strengthened in settings with established human rights movements and supportive left-of-center political administrations. The chapter previews the outcome under study of river remediation reforms, how cases varied across reform outcomes, the book’s methods, case selection strategies, and alternative explanations.
Slow Harms
Authors: Herrera Veronica
Published: March 2024

Individuals adjust their strategies based on anticipated time horizons, reacting to, for example, whether an event is unfolding quickly, or how much time is left. Temporalities of environmental dangers produce differences across threat types that impact the likelihood of collective action. This chapter argues that environmental harms vary based on temporal proximity to bodily harm (imminent or gradual) and geographical dispersion of perceived threats (concentrated or dispersed). Slow targeted harms, the topic of this book, are gradual, long-duration events, with concentrated impacts on distinct communities, producing a complex social process that makes them part of the everyday landscape. This chapter presents the concept of “slow harms,” introduces key issues in wastewater pollution as a type of slow harm, and traces the common history of slow harms accumulation across three polluted urban river basins in Buenos Aires, Bogotá, and Lima.
Expansive Policy Shifts in Argentina
Authors: Herrera Veronica
Published: March 2024

Slow-moving environmental harms on the Matanza-Riachuelo River were historically ignored in Argentina’s heavily industrialized capital region. Strong grassroots activism over environmental injustice, or bonding mobilization, ignited across the large territory, but it was only when strong resourced outsiders contributed bridging mobilization that expansive river remediation policies were adopted. Bridges were strong because they were resourced, had preexisting ties, and were rooted in a robust human rights network that grew under propitious political and economic conditions. Slow-harms mobilization included litigation, participatory institutions in the judiciary, protests, marches, rallies, and media campaigns to demand and oversee a new era of policy reform for environmental regulations. The Argentina case shows how environmental concern developed not due merely to the passage of a court ruling nor a postmaterial concern about environmental conservation but as a reconceptualization of pollution as a human rights crisis.
Cities, Pollution, and Democracy
Authors: Herrera Veronica
Published: March 2024

The concluding chapter revisits the book’s framework for understanding slow-harms advocacy centered around bridging mobilization, and then unpacks the role of cities as unique sites of disruption and bridging. Increased attention to legacies of political violence and civil society organizing can help explain the challenges cities face in environmental crisis management. Building on the book’s key insight that the right to disrupt and dissent undergirds environmental governance in Latin American cities, the chapter explores the relationship between democracy and environmentalism through reviews of environmental policymaking under authoritarian regimes in post-Soviet countries and China. The book concludes by emphasizing the role of citizen collective action in Global South regulatory regimes.
Teachers Play, Too!
Authors: Duncan April D.
Published: March 2024

Teachers working with Black students often struggle with supporting their mental and emotional needs. This chapter assesses the negative effects of school discipline in Black students including impaired teacher–student relationships that further feed the cycle of the preschool-to-prison pipeline. It also acknowledges the lack of support teachers receive in combating vicarious trauma when working with students experiencing high levels of trauma. The chapter explores the use of group therapy and child–teacher relationship training (CTRT) to support teachers in enhancing their skills in addressing classroom management needs. It also explores the use of solution-focused play therapy (SFPT) and mindfulness in classrooms to assist with self-regulation in teachers and students. Fun play therapy interventions to promote self-esteem, decrease anxiety, and integrate brain breaks into the classroom are also discussed.
Who’s Who in the Legal Process
Authors: Bodansky Daniel , van Asselt Harro
Published: March 2024

Nonstate actors are playing an increasingly important role in the development of international environmental law. Chapter 7 discusses the main types of nonstate actors, including environmental nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), business, epistemic communities, and affinity groups (e.g., indigenous peoples, women, youth), as well as subnational authorities. The chapter examines the roles these actors play in the making, implementation, and enforcement of international law. It explains why nonstate actors are in some cases able to influence outcomes; how they are able to influence states, international institutions, and other nonstate actors; how they are beginning to affect environmental outcomes as independent actors in their own right; and what effects they are bringing about. The chapter concludes with a discussion of how international environmental law applies indirectly to nonstate actors.
How and Why Do States Implement Their Commitments?
Authors: Bodansky Daniel , van Asselt Harro
Published: March 2024

Through national implementation, international environmental norms get translated into action. Chapter 11 examines which actors are primarily responsible for implementing international environmental law, focusing particularly on the important role that states have in giving effect to international norms. The chapter then turns to the ways in which states can implement international obligations, distinguishing between the roles of legislative, executive/administrative, and judicial branches of government in implementation. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the factors that help explain why states implement their international commitments, including calculations of self-interest, a sense of normative commitment, bureaucratic routines, and pressure by environmental groups.
School financing and equal educational opportunity A review of policy interventions
Authors: De Witte Kristof , Smet Mike , Van Assche Ruben
Published: March 2024

As private education involves risks for equal opportunity in education, this chapter provides a structured overview of the literature on school financing programs in the context of equal opportunity in education. First, we summarize the literature on the main financing principles of equity, efficiency and adequacy. Second, we discuss several financing policies and programs, and their effect on equity, efficiency and adequacy. In particular, we discuss empirical evidence at the school level on interventions rooted in class-size reduction, extending school time, extra funding for information and communication technology (ICT) and additional funding for staff in schools serving disadvantaged students. The chapter also reviews the literature on interventions that impact teachers, such as higher net wages, improved working conditions, and incentive programs. Finally, we focus on interventions aimed at students and their families such as voucher programs and conditional cash transfer programs. We find that the effects of these programs are highly context-dependent and differ significantly among interventions.
Sabotage (1936)Sabotage (1936)
Authors: Hughes Helen
Published: March 2024

“Sabotage (1936): A thriller and its aftereffects” focuses on the image, and its affect, of a ruined London double-decker bus in Alfred Hitchcock’s thriller Sabotage of 1936. The author, a Londoner, explains that the shot recalled for her two terrorist attacks that took place in the capital city: the Aldwych bus bombing of 1996 and the July 7 bombing on Southampton Row in 2005. Finding the film surprisingly shocking, she undertakes an investigation to find out what the reaction to the scene was at the time the film was released and discovers a history of rejection, as well as attempts to understand what Hitchcock was trying to achieve with the scene. With reference to Joseph Conrad’s source novel, and with a discussion of essays on the film, she concludes that the film adaptation must have been pivotal in Hitchcock’s development toward coherent but closed narratives that shut out direct references to the politics of the wider world outside.
Shadow of a Doubt (1943)Shadow of a Doubt (1943)
Authors: Robson Melanie
Published: March 2024

“Shadow of a Doubt (1943): Performing a murder(er)” examines how Hitchcock uses performance to develop suspense. It focuses on the murderous Uncle Charlie and how his guilt is revealed through facial close-ups performed only for the camera. While his family believe him to be their affable, kind relative, his deadpan, cold stare that the camera observes marks the duality of his character. The shot this chapter interrogates—a close-up of Charlie at the family dinner table—is the first time this duality has been on display to his family, and it begins to dissolve his carefully constructed façade. To examine the impact of this manipulative performance, this chapter considers the casting of Cotten, and how the film draws on expectations of his typical character as a trustworthy figure. Such expectations are ultimately subverted by scrutinizing Cotten’s facial expressions in moments like this shot.
To Catch a Thief (1955)To Catch a Thief (1955)
Authors: Viegas Susana
Published: March 2024

“To Catch a Thief (1955): Stanley Cavell and the end of a conventional myth” discusses one of Hitchcock’s most memorable scenes: the night Frances (Grace Kelly) and John (Cary Grant) kiss passionately during a firework show. While the standard interpretation of this scene focuses on the psychoanalytic explanation of the fireworks, Stanley Cavell offers another perspective. Cavell focuses on the couple and how they (do not) pay attention to each other. Frances showing off her fake jewelry sets the tone to the couple’s overcoming of their skepticism and achieving self-knowledge. What does the image show without telling? Is the film an obsolete fairy tale, or is it the end of conventional myths? This chapter rethinks the standard interpretation of this scene by considering what we are seeing, what the evidence is, and the historical and social context in which the film was shot.
Marnie (1964)Marnie (1964)
Authors: Brooks Jodi
Published: March 2024

“Marnie (1964): Restroom” examines Alfred Hitchcock’s Marnie, a film that is perhaps most loved for its sadness, though the location and nature of that sadness are not the same for all. Rather than turning to one of the film’s more celebrated or signature shots, this chapter turns to the shot of Marnie waiting in a women’s restroom and argues that this seemingly minor shot can sharpen our ears to the currents and sites of sadness within the film. Taking its cue from Tania Modleski’s discussion of how recent Hitchcock criticism has marginalized or dismissed the place and roles of women in Hitchcock’s work and paid little attention to questions of gendered spectatorship or feminist criticism, the chapter is attentive to the female “counter voices” that might be audible in or through the film for a feminist spectator.
Feline Mermaid
Authors: Hassan Waïl S.
Published: March 2024

Until today, there continues to be a noticeable dearth of Arab Brazilian women writers, in contrast to the United States, where women are a majority among contemporary Arab American poets and novelists. This dearth explains the surprising fact that it was not until Ana Miranda (b. 1951) published her sixth novel Amrik (1997, America) that a woman of Arab descent figured as narrator or protagonist of a Brazilian novel. Formally and stylistically innovative in its portrayal of the Arab community in São Paulo at the turn of the twentieth century, the novel features a Christian Lebanese belly dancer as narrator and protagonist. The novel also explicitly invokes the authority of British and French Orientalist texts in its portrayal of Arab women in the stereotypical role of belly dancer. As such, Brazilian feminism seems incapable of conceiving Arab womanhood beyond the confines of colonial Orientalism’s masculinist imaginary.
Brazilian Mu‘allaqa
Authors: Hassan Waïl S.
Published: March 2024

Alberto Mussa (b. 1961) is the author of the novel O enigma de Qaf (2004, The Riddle of Qaf) and the translator of pre-Islamic poetry. Narrated by a Brazilian of Arab descent, the novel is set in the late fifth or early sixth century Arabia and tells the story of a fictional poet who is supposedly the author of a lost classical ode. The novel draws on The Book of a Thousand and One Nights and Tupi mythology to construct a parable of cultural mixture and hybridization. Premised on the idea of Oriental wisdom, Mussa’s literary project represents a conscious attempt both to discover his cultural roots as a Brazilian of mixed Arab and Indigenous descent and to establish a dialogue between Arabic and Brazilian literatures through translation and fictional creation.
Building Gender-Inclusive Democracies
Authors: Brechenmacher Saskia , Mann Katherine
Published: March 2024

This chapter summarizes the core arguments of the book and lays out recommendations for policymakers, practitioners, and gender equality advocates. It describes several steps that bilateral and multilateral donors can take to improve their policy frameworks and financing, such as increasing targeted funding for women’s political empowerment, channeling more resources directly to women’s rights organizations, and expanding their in-house gender expertise. Shifting the focus to organizations responsible for designing and implementing aid programs, it proposes specific strategies to strengthen second-generation approaches to women’s political empowerment. It emphasizes the importance of building on past legal gains, revamping capacity-building programs, advancing gender-sensitive institutional reforms, and engaging men as stakeholders and allies. Finally, it examines how practitioners and advocates can respond to several critical challenges, including the persistence of discriminatory gender norms, inequalities between women, and democratic erosion. We conclude by identifying avenues to improve learning in the field going forward.
Disciplinary Power and Feminism
Authors: Monyani Margaret , Wefwafwa Allan
Published: March 2024

This chapter examines Kenyan women’s resistance to disciplinary power, which is intended to train and control them. Women’s resistance strategies include avoiding and rearticulating discourses to destabilize the status quo. The chapter conceptualizes disciplinary power as a form of cyberbullying in which government and society establish laws and norms to regulate female nudity because it corrupts public morals. The chapter uses Foucault’s concept of disciplinary power to illustrate how power functions as the reference point for feminist resistance utilizing nudity. With Kenya as a case study, the chapter argues that information communication technology (ICT) enhances women’s ability to advance the feminist agenda through nude self-images packaged to assert feminist resistance. Utilizing technological determinism and qualitative content analysis, this chapter examines how women use nude photographs to assert feminism in public spaces and to pursue economic and political gain.
Information Technology and Subversion
Authors: Maschmeyer Lennart
Published: March 2024

This chapter examines how information technology changes the quality of subversion as established in the previous chapter. It shows that information technology offers new opportunities but also new challenges for the projection of power. Importantly, technological change does not overcome the subversive trilemma between speed, intensity, and control. The analysis starts by showing the subversive nature of cyber operations, which produce outcomes by exploiting and manipulating computer systems. It shows that cyber operations involve greater opportunities to expand the scale of effects compared to traditional subversion but face additional challenges in producing more intense effects against a given set of targets. Examining the specific challenges and trade-offs involved reveals that the scale advantage of cyber operations also comes with a heightened risk of control loss, however, limiting or forfeiting potential strategic gains. Meanwhile, cyber operations face steeper hurdles to produce physical effects than traditional subversion. The final section thus concludes that technological change does not fundamentally alter the quality of subversion. Rather than revolutionizing conflict, cyber operations constitute an evolution in techniques of subversion. Finally, it discusses the strategic limitations and formulates expectations for empirical analysis.
How Neurons Work
Authors: Jones Owen D. , Schall Jeffrey D. , Shen Francis X. , Hoffman Morris B. , Wagner Anthony D.
Published: March 2024

This chapter provides an overview of how the brain’s approximately 86,000,000,000 neurons communicate with each other through a process known as synaptic transmission. The chapter reviews how neurons communicate both chemically and electrically, and discusses how human behavior arises from the complexity of these neuronal connections and interactions. The chapter also explains how nerve impulse transmission is improved by a substance called myelin, which is impaired in diseases like multiple sclerosis. The chapter discusses legally relevant aspects of brain development, including how early life adversity can affect connections between neurons, the extent to which plasticity (the ability of the brain to modify its connections) continues throughout the lifespan for different circuits, and the extent to which plasticity depends on critical periods (the limited period in which a given brain development may occur) and sensitive periods (when development is more easily achieved). The chapter concludes with brief descriptions of the major functions of four key neurotransmitters: dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine, and oxytocin.
Introduction
Authors: Alvarez José E. , Bauder Judith
Published: March 2024

This chapter describes the gender gap in property rights, provides a brief history of the elevation of property rights in international law, including within the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), and outlines this book. The CEDAW Committee’s General Recommendations, Concluding Observations in response to periodic state reports, Views in response to communications filed by individuals or groups as well as Reports on Inquiries have interpreted CEDAW’s property provisions over time. This book describes that jurisprudence (chapter 2), puts it in the context of criticisms of CEDAW and international human rights (chapters 3 and 4), and compares CEDAW’s interpretation of property rights to that generated under the international investment regime (chapter 5) and the International Covenants on Civil and Political Rights and on Economic, Cultural and Social Rights (chapter 6). A final chapter assesses the CEDAW regime’s approach and suggests reasons why it matters.
Further Thoughts
Authors: Nagel Thomas
Published: March 2024

This essay describes Thomas Nagel’s later thoughts about how to respond to the problem posed by “What Is It Like to Be a Bat?” It suggests that the most promising path forward for the mind-body problem, if one accepts the irreducible subjectivity of consciousness, is to seek a necessary connection between mental and neurophysiological states through a more fundamental type of state which is neither mental nor physical but necessitates them both as essential aspects—in other words, a state that is physical from the outside and mental from the inside, just as we are. This would be a form of monism, requiring the formation of new concepts, since our present concepts of the mental and the physical do not entail such a necessary connection. The essay explains why the relation between the mental and the physical may be necessary, even though our present concepts make it appear contingent.
What Is a “Garden”?
Authors: Fenner David , Fenner Ethan
Published: March 2024

Chapter 1—“What Is a ‘Garden’?”—first explores and critiques recent definitions of the term. It then proposes and assesses a variety of ways to approach defining the term. Guided by the thought that theory should follow practice, it provides a comprehensive inventory of garden types. This inventory is organized within six categories: identity and style gardens, preservation and collection gardens, destination gardens, “function-forward” gardens, setting and framing gardens, and personal gardens. The chapter concludes with a discussion of what does not count as a garden.
Can We Interpret Gardens?
Authors: Fenner David , Fenner Ethan
Published: March 2024

Chapter 7—“Can We Interpret Gardens?”—examines arguments for gardens being interpretable, or being bearers of meaning, and arguments that claim that gardens cannot or do not possess meaning. Some of the arguments against interpreting gardens do not focus on the impossibility of gardens bearing meaning, or garden enthusiasts finding meaning in gardens, but rather that gardens are simply not particularly good about bearing or conveying meaning and that there are more profitable ways to appreciate gardens. More has been written on this topic in garden philosophy than perhaps any other, and so a full chapter is devoted to exploring the topic. Our view is that if a garden can be a work of art, and works of art are typically interpretable, then a garden that is a work of art should be interpretable, as well.
Gardens and Value
Authors: Fenner David , Fenner Ethan
Published: March 2024

Chapter 9—“Gardens and Value”—begins with the question: do gardens have only positive value? After discussing this topic and examining arguments for and against, it considers whether ethical considerations are relevant to gardens. Following this, it discusses a range of different ethical issues relevant to gardens, including issues of colonization, ownership, guerilla gardening, the dominion and deception problems, and problems connected to gardens and resource use. The chapter concludes with consideration of the question: can the value of one garden be compared with that of another? It examines arguments for and against.
Elements of Deterrence
Authors: Gartzke Erik , Lindsay Jon R.
Published: March 2024

Global politics in the twenty-first century is complicated by dense interdependencies, rapid technological innovation, and fierce security competition. How should governments formulate grand strategy in this complex environment? Many strategists look to deterrence as the answer, but there are doubts about how much we can expect from deterrence. Classical deterrence theory developed in response to the distinctive circumstances of the Cold War. Since then, strategists have sought to apply deterrence theory to a range of threats on the land, sea, air, space, and cyber domains, with varying degrees of success. If war is the continuation of politics by other means, then the diversity of technologies in modern war suggests a diversity of political effects. Some military forces or postures are particularly useful for “winning” wars. Other military and non-military tools are more adept at “warning” adversaries of consequences or demonstrating resolve. Still others may accomplish these objectives at a reduced political cost, or with greater strategic stability. As such, deterrence is not a single, coherent strategy or objective, but a complex bundle of relationships between and among several ends and means. This book presents findings from a decade-long research program on “cross-domain deterrence.” Through a series of theoretical and empirical studies, it explores fundamental trade-offs that have always been implicit in practice but that have yet to be synthesized into a general theory of decision making under constraint and in the pursuit of peace. It integrates newly revised and updated versions of published work alongside new work into a holistic framework for understanding how deterrence works—or fails to work—in multiple domains.
Populist Politics in Latin America and Europe
Authors: Naseemullah Adnan A. , Chhibber Pradeep K.
Published: March 2024

This chapter extends the framework of crises of representation, appeals to the brokenness and restoration of the moral contract, and types of populist politics to cases in Europe and Latin America. It argues that Latin America tends to experience reordering populisms, with some exceptions, because party systems are fragile and unrepresentative. It explores Mexico as a modal case for reordering populism, with AMLO evoking the brokenness of the moral contract associated with the revolution, promising restoration and transforming the party system. In Europe, the institutionalization of party systems tends to yield quotidian and additive populisms, though with exceptions. The chapter then explores the additive national populist mobilizations in Hungary and Turkey as mobilizations against establishments perceived as corrupt.
Revolutions That Changed the World (Wide Web)
Authors: Anderson Terry H.
Published: March 2024

Chapter Four explores American 1990s technological advances that changed the world. NASA launched the Hubble Space Telescope that transformed exploration of the universe. Bill McKibben published the first book on global warming, The End of Nature, and Al Gore published Earth in the Balance, books that eventually resulted in international action to confront man-made climate change. US government scientists initiated the Human Genome Project to map human genes with the goal of treating and curing disease. The laptop computer race continued between IBM and Steve Jobs of Apple, while Bill Gates dominated operating systems at Microsoft. The World Wide Web appeared, but surfing the internet was laborious until 1995, when Netscape launched its web browser Navigator. That quickly stimulated a million new websites—the dot.com revolution. Soon, digital corporations changed business, from Google to Amazon to Hotmail to Facebook, along with new devices such as smart cell phones.
Fin de Siècle @ Anything Goes America
Authors: Anderson Terry H.
Published: March 2024

Chapter Five concerns the last few years of the century, when cultural values changed rapidly, resulting in Anything Goes America. Obscenity, sex, violence, Viagra, hip-hop, even the F-word were amplified on radio talk shows, reality and animated television, and the internet. Satellite DIRECTV, and the Dish Network began operations, resulting in many new channels—arts, food, college sports. Clinton’s second term is examined, including four years of balanced budgets, Roth IRA, and Children’s Health Insurance Program (CHIP). Foreign policy concerned Iraq, Kosovo, the expansion of NATO, and mounting Islamic terrorism spearheaded by Osama bin Laden. At home the nation focused on Anything Goes Clinton’s affair with Monica Lewinsky, special prosecutor Kenneth Starr, the impeachment and trial. The 2000 election ends the chapter with Democrat Al Gore facing Republican George W. Bush and spoiler Ralph Nader, which was the first election decided by the Supreme Court in Bush v. Gore.
Introduction
Authors: Shonekan Stephanie , Seagrave Adam
Published: March 2024

The Introduction describes the events and circumstances leading up to the authors’ decision to collaborate on the design of a college course at the University of Missouri in the aftermath of the killing of Michael Brown in 2014. It relates the process by which the course was created, the content of the course readings, and the uniqueness of the course relative to other courses on race in American colleges and universities. It explains the authors’ reasons for choosing to focus on the discussion of primary historical sources relating to the history of race in the United States. Weaving together aspects of their personal stories with their academic expertise, Shonekan and Seagrave highlight crucial features of the Race and the American Story course. They reflect on the significance of the course for higher education and for American society.
Two Experiences, One Nation
Authors: Shonekan Stephanie , Seagrave Adam
Published: March 2024

In this chapter, the authors reflect on the ways in which various institutional and social contexts, such as schools, neighborhoods, legal frameworks, and political systems, contribute to shape very different experiences for white and Black Americans. They connect this phenomenon to the global history of European colonialism and its effects in Nigeria, Trinidad, and elsewhere. Shonekan draws on her experience studying African and African American literature and music, particularly the music of Fela Anikulapo-Kuti and his analysis of the psychological impact of colonialism. Seagrave provides an extended commentary on the question of whether American institutions, including the Constitution itself, are racist. These discussions provide a combination of the authors’ lived experiences with insights gained from their academic expertise.
Knowledge and Ignorance
Authors: Shonekan Stephanie , Seagrave Adam
Published: March 2024

This chapter provides the authors’ insights into the ways in which ignorance and knowledge influence the existence and perpetuation of racism in the United States. Shonekan relates her experience participating in a predominantly white book club in Naperville, Illinois, as well as her son’s experience as a Black male college student in Sunderland, Massachusetts. Seagrave relates his experiences teaching about African American history and learning from his African American students at Northern Illinois University, the University of Missouri, and Arizona State University. Each of the authors’ transitions from ignorance to knowledge uncovers important truths of the American experience. They reveal both the ongoing effects of widespread ignorance about race and the possibilities for coming to knowledge and achieving understanding.