bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dressing for Leadership in China: Wives and Husbands in an Age of Revolutions (1911–1976)
Authors: Wilson Verity
Published: March 2003

The intertwining histories of Chinese dress and politics are registered by the way successive leaders and their spouses chose to present themselves. This essay examines the sartorial practices of three specific marriage partnerships to arrive at a nuanced understanding of the counterbalance of female and male roles played out in the public gaze through the great turns of twentieth–century Chinese history. While the protagonists themselves had little to say publicly about their appearance, there are compelling visual images, as well as telling contemporary comments, which are interrogated for their representation of a revolutionary Chinese modernity.
Another ‘Glass Ceiling’?: The Experiences of Women Professionals and Managers on International Assignments
Authors: Forster Nick
Published: March 2003

The last fifteen years have seen an exponential growth in research on women professionals and managers in organizations. However, much less attention has been paid to the small but growing number of women who are embracing international careers. This paper describes some of the main findings of a two‐year longitudinal study of the experiences of 92 women expatriates in a variety of UK‐based companies. The results show that while there are a growing number of women opting for international assignments (IAs), they are overwhelmingly concentrated in junior and middle management positions, have less options in terms of the countries to which they can be posted and are handicapped by cultural prejudices about ‘proper’ gender roles in some countries. The reasons for these problems are explored and some suggestions are made for improving international opportunities for women employees in the future.
Wages in the East German Transition Process: Facts and Explanations
Authors: Franz Wolfgang , Steiner Viktor
Published: March 2003

We analyze wage developments in the East German transition process both at the macro- and at the microeconomic level. At the macroeconomic level, we draw special attention to the important distinction between product and consumption wages, describe the development of various wage measures, labor productivity and unit labor costs in East Germany in relation to West Germany, and relate these developments to the system of collective wage bargaining. At the microeconomic level, we describe changes in the distribution of hourly wages between 1990 and 1997 and analyze the economic factors determining these changes by way of empirical wage functions estimated on the basis of the Socio- Economic Panel for East Germany. The paper also draws some conclusions on the likely future course of the East-West German wage convergence process.
Catching-up of East German Labour Productivity in the 1990s
Authors: Barrell Ray , Willem te Velde Dirk
Published: March 2003

We provide empirical evidence for exogenous and endogenous catching-up of East German labour productivity to West German levels. We argue that labour productivity in East Germany has caught up faster than has happened elsewhere. The sudden formation of the German Monetary Union was followed by large transfers to East Germany, migration of workers to West Germany, reorganization and privatization of East German firms. This has quickly led to a partial closing of the organizational, idea and object gaps that existed between East and West Germany. This paper analyses labour productivity in East and West Germany using both aggregate German data and unbalanced panel analysis of developments in East and West Germany. Factors affecting the organization of production, and especially privatization and `foreign' firms, are found to be particularly important in this context.
On the Determinants of Labour Market Institutions: Rent Seeking vs. Social Insurance
Authors: Agell Jonas
Published: March 2003

What determines the structure of labour market institutions? I argue that common explanations based on rent seeking are incomplete. Unions, job protection and egalitarian pay structures may have as much to do with social insurance of otherwise uninsurable risks as with rent seeking. In support of this more benign complementary hypothesis the paper presents a range of historical, theoretical and cross-country evidence. The social insurance perspective changes substantially the positive analysis of the future of European labour market institutions. It is not clear that globalization and the `new economy' will force countries to make their labour markets more flexible. These phenomena will probably increase the efficiency costs of existing institutions, but they may also make voters more willing to pay a high premium to preserve institutions that provide insurance.
Beyond Flying Geese: The Expansion of East Asia’s Electronics Trade
Authors: Tung An-Chi
Published: March 2003

The flying geese (FG) hypothesis, which asserts the sequential catching-up processes of the latecomers, holds well in the past. Yet a simultaneous boom within the electronics industry across East Asia casts doubt on the applicability of the hypothesis. By using the RCA and NET indices, the paper finds that the FG pattern shows in the electronics industry as a whole, but not always so at the disaggregated level. This suggests that the FG formation may not appear in other industries, if they are involved in international production fragmentation or have differentiated products, and if certain latecomers have become new leaders.
Jewish Women Authors and the Exile Experience: Claire Goll, Veza Canetti, Else Lasker‐Schüler, Nelly Sachs, Cordelia Edvardson
Authors: Lorenz Dagmar C.G.
Published: March 2003

The works and conditions of the literary production of five prominent Jewish women exile writers are examined to shed light on the question why some women authors fell silent after leaving Germany or Austria, while others continued writing. The circumstances under which Jewish women writers lived and wrote and their works themselves provide insight into the issue of literary productivity in the case of women who have traditionally lacked the kind of concrete and emotional support that typically ensured the productivity of male writers. Jewish women who continued to or began to write in exile had to identify female and in some cases specifically Jewish patterns through or against which they could establish their narrative position and shape their texts. No less aware of the political and social problems of their times than their male colleagues, they proceeded less abstractly in their criticism of the history of assimilation and Nazism. They formulated alternative paradigms empirically, on the basis of their personal experiences.
Kurt Schwitters and Katherine Dreier
Authors: Webster Gwendolen
Published: March 2003

The German artist Kurt Schwitters (1887–1948) was buried in Ambleside, England, just over fifty years ago. One of the last letters he wrote before his death was to his American patron Katherine Dreier (1877–1952). Virtually nothing has been written on the relationship between Dreier and Schwitters, although for nearly thirty years she was one of the most crucial influences in the artist’s life. Their correspondence, which is mainly to be found in the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library of Yale University, is not only valuable in a consideration of Schwitters’s life and work but, more particularly, sheds new light on the development of the Merzbau, a huge installation extending over several rooms of Schwitters’s house in Hanover. Katherine Dreier, as well as being a close friend of the artist and his wife, was the first to introduce Schwitters’s work to the American public. She frequently exhibited his collages during the thirty years’ existence of her own Société Anonyme, and through her close association with Alfred Barr, director of the Museum of Modern Art in New York, she established the basis for Schwitters’s enduring reputation in the USA and for his decisive influence on postwar artists such as Robert Rauschenberg and Jasper Johns.
Hofmannsthal, Elektra and the Representation of Women’sBehaviour Through Myth
Authors: Ward Philip Marshall
Published: March 2003

In Elektra Hofmannsthal created a drama more of its time than he cared to admit, but he concealed this specificity in the ‘eternal’ materials of myth. The play came into being in response to the promptings of a director (Max Reinhardt) and an actress (Gertrud Eysoldt). Contemporaries received the play as a revision, either for good or bad, of accepted ideas of the Greeks. In a climate which identified a parallel between the ‘cathartic’ effect of Greek tragedy and the ‘cathartic’ treat‐ment of hysteria in the new psychoanalysis, Elektra was readily understandable as an ‘hysteric’. Hofmannsthal does not present her specifically as such but participates in a fin de siécle trend to use hysteria as a synecdoche for female behaviours which challenged the status quo. Hofmannsthal’s own attitudes to women imply an anxiety about counter‐cultural behaviour which, in Elektra, he mediates through two literary precedents: Sophocles’s Electra and Goethe’s Iphigenie auf Tauris. The article concludes by illustrating how Hofmannsthal constructs Elektra’s behaviour as ‘improper’.
Goethe Oder Eichendorff? Katholische Literaturmodelle Des 19. Jahrhunderts
Authors: Osinski Jutta
Published: March 2003

Im späteren 19. Jahrhundert wurde im katholischen Milieu der Versuch gemacht, die katholische Literatur, als deren Hauptvertreter Eichendorff galt, in eine nationale literarische Tradition zu integrieren, die, wie die Beispiele Goethe und Schiller zeigen, überwiegend kulturprotestantisch geprägt war. Diesem Versuch lagen Denkmodelle der Spätromantik zugrunde, die in der Literaturkritik Eichen‐dorffs und Friedrich Schlegels zum Ausdruck kamen. Den konfessionell gesinnten katholischen Kritikern des späteren 19. Jahrhunderts fehlte aber die literarische Urteilskompetenz, die eine richtige formalästhetische Einschätzung nichtkatho‐lischer Werke ermöglicht hätte. Stattdessen übten sie eine engstirnige und oft gehässige Kritik an Goethe wegen dessen ‘Libertinage’ und verurteilten zahlreiche anerkannte Autoren der Zeit als gefährlich für das Seelenheil. Um die Jahrhun‐dertwende versuchte Karl Muth, das Niveau der katholischen Literatur zu heben, während sein Gegner Richard von Kralik die literarische Moderne pauschal ablehnte und eine neue, katholische Klassik beanspruchte. Das Problem aber, ein lebensfähiges, den Forderungen der Moderne gewachsenes Literaturmodell zu schaffen, blieb ungelöst.
’Die Macht Der Dunklen Ideen’: A Leibnizian Theme In German Psychology and Fiction Between the Late Enlightenment and Romanticism
Authors: Minter Catherine J.
Published: March 2003

In eighteenth‐century Germany the rise of sensualism led to increasing interest in the non‐rational or ‘obscure’ side of epistemology: the obscure ideas that occupy a position at the bottom of Leibniz’s cognitive scale in his Meditationes de Cognitione, Veritate et Ideis (1684). In the first half of the article, I examine changing attitudes towards the obscure ideas in German psychology at the turn of the nineteenth century, beginning with Sulzer’s reserved approach and ending with the conciliatory view taken by thinkers such as Moses Mendelssohn and Jean Paul. I suggest that the evolution of the theory of the obscure perceptions in German psychology during this period exemplifies the Germans’ caution with regard to the emancipation of the senses, since here a theory which rose to prominence against the background of the Enlightenment’s sensualism is quickly integrated into a normative framework. In the second half of the article, I discuss two German novels which can be seen to illustrate alternative (sceptical and appreciative) approaches to the theory of the obscure perceptions at the turn of the nineteenth century: Tieck’s William Lovell (1795–96) and Jean Paul’s Titan (1800–03).
Kurt Tucholsky as Prophet of European Unity
Authors: King Ian
Published: March 2003

Whilst Kurt Tucholsky has long been recognised as the leading left‐wing intellectual, polemicist and satirist of the Weimar Republic, his enthusiasm for the cause of a united Europe has only recently come to light. In the late 1920s he wrote frequently of the need to abandon absolute state sovereignty in favour of a Federal United States of Europe, and even anticipated Mikhail Gorbachev’s concept of a common European house. His reasoning was to be followed by subsequent German leaders from Adenauer to Kohl: after the disastrous Treaty of Versailles and with the League of Nations proving a broken reed, a united Europe would be the only way to prevent another still more bloody war. However, Tucholsky had no clear idea of how Europe could be brought together, remained somewhat sceptical about the Pan‐Europe model of Count Coudenhove‐Kalergi, and did not even comment on the European Federal Union proposed in 1930 by the French Foreign Minister, Briand. Three years later, all the plans for European unity were frustrated by the triumph of Nazism and Tucholsky lapsed into despairing silence and suicide.
The Stance in the Poetics of Paul Celan
Authors: Pajević Marko
Published: March 2003

This article develops the ethics of Paul Celan's poetics. Celan's use of the semantic and terminological cluster of ‘Stehen’ shows that terms such as resistance, instant, constancy, insistence and existence lead to Celan's ethics of uprightness and solidarity. These values also define Celan's ideal of a human being.

The analysis of Celan's poem STEHEN shows stunning parallels with Martin Buber's conception of space and his idea of verticality and allows us to clarify the specific relation of identity and alterity in the stance. The stance is not just talked about in Celan's poems, it is also manifest in his manner of speaking, which makes literature an ethical act. It shows that the other is at the same time a condition and a result of this verticality, without which he or she cannot exist. This is linked to Buber's notion of ‘Verwirklichung’, which claims a reality more real than the ordinary state of mind. The specific relation to a ‘thou’ makes this reality.

Celan's ethics of the stance in the light of Buber's philosophy shows that literature, at its best, is a realisation of the self in the encounter with the other.
Laughing their Heads off: Nineteenth–century Comic Versions of the Bluebeard Tale
Authors: Davies Mererid Puw
Published: March 2003

The Blaubartmärchen rewards study because it encodes key notions about gender, order, and the nature of fairy tale. In contrast to comic French and English traditions, the canonical German Blaubartmärchen is serious and tragic. However, a rich, forgotten nineteenth–century tradition of popular German Bluebeard comedies exists.

Franz von Pocci’s Kasperliade (1859) seems to promote conservative authority structures but subtextually evokes carnivalesque subversion. Alexander von Sternberg’s Märchen (1850) involves transgressive gender roles, indeed an (albeit very limited) deconstruction of gender, before resorting to defensive reinscription of conservative gender roles. F.W. Hackländer’s realist novella (1863) seems to lack subversive moments in its denial that Bluebeard is evil, but a closer reading shows up its uneasy moments; and Roderich Benedix’s play (1861) is unique in challenging the Märchen plot and established gender roles.

Laughter here restores order and ridicules characters who transgress; but it is also used in complex ways as an inoculation against fear. Despite seeming to share cultural and political values with texts in the canon, these comedies are nonetheless excluded because they deviate formally from the Grimmian Märchen and question the canonical view that Märchen must be ancient and serious. Given that these texts were more popular than the Grimms’, a review of notions of the Märchen, folk and popular culture is required. Some of the texts also undermine canonical values in dangerous ways by using laughter to rob Bluebeard of his terror and power.
Long–Range Corporate Strategic Planning in Government Organizations: The Case of the U.S. Air Force
Authors: Campbell Colin
Published: March 2003

Since 1994, the United States Air Force has undertaken two major reviews of its long–range corporate strategy. Both exercises stretched very substantially beyond the previous horizons for such reviews. Through visioning forward as far as 30 years, the Air Force leadership sought to quicken support for substantial reassessments of core programmatic commitments. The availability of two iterations of strategic visioning of this sort affords a rare opportunity to track the effects of an innovative approach to planning under different leaders, institutional approaches, and circumstances. Along the way, the analysis uncovers a number of important issues that might find applicability to other government organizations, whether in the United States or elsewhere.
Independent and Linked Migrants: Determinants of African American Interstate Migration
Authors: LEE SEONG WOO , ROSEMAN CURTIS C.
Published: March 2003

Through kinship and other links to destinations, many African American interstate migrants in the United States join other people in destination households. These “linked” migrants contrast to “independent migrants” who move as individuals or intact groups and set up their own households at the destination. Using U.S. Census Public Use Micro Sample data, this paper first shows that, in the 1985‐90 period, about 45 percent of all Black interstate migrants were independent, compared to 38 percent who were linked to housing at the destination and 17 percent who moved into group quarters. Second, a multinomial logit model, incorporating individual and state‐level variables, is specified that contrasts the determinants of independent and linked migration. Tests show that independent migration can be modeled with classic migration determinants, including individual educational and occupational resources, labor market conditions at the destination, and public goods at the destination including the level of welfare payments. Linked migration, on the other hand, is much less responsive to these factors, and not at all responsive to destination unemployment and welfare levels. Separate tests of male and female models suggest a great contrast between independent and linked migration for females. It is concluded that the understanding of Black migration must take into account a variety of factors beyond traditional labor market conditions, including links to the destination and individual housing circumstances.
Nuclear Power Plants and Residential Housing Prices
Authors: CLARK DAVID E. , MICHELBRINK LISA , ALLISON TIM , METZ WILLIAM C.
Published: March 2003

Nuclear power plants can theoretically influence property values through a number of different channels. The public perception of risk associated with the potential hazard from the operation of a nuclear reactor and the storage of nuclear waste may lead to lower bids on properties in close proximity to the plant. In contrast, workers at the plant may be less concerned with any potential hazards, and may actually value being in proximity to the workplace. Hence, one cannot a priori sign the distance gradient of homes in the vicinity of a nuclear power plant. In this study, a hedonic model coupled with geographic information system (GIS) techniques is used to estimate housing price surfaces around two nuclear power plants in California. The use of GIS software allows more potential influences to housing prices to be accurately incorporated than previously included in hedonic studies. Based on the evidence from the plants chosen, these findings do not support the contention that negative imagery surrounding nuclear power plants or stored nuclear waste has a significant detrimental influence on residential home prices in the immediate vicinity of these facilities.
Regional Differences in the Competitive Characteristics of U.S. Machine Tool Companies
Authors: Kalafsky Ronald V. , Macpherson Alan D.
Published: March 2003

The U.S. machine tool (MT) sector has undergone substantial restructuring over the past three decades. Despite signs of a commercial rebound in recent years, however, a number of critical issues remain for this industry. Not all firms share these concerns, in that differences exist between producers located in the core manufacturing belt and those located elsewhere. This paper examines the characteristics, competitive problems, and markets of firms located in these two regions. Survey data from a sample of 104 machine tool companies reveal that significant core–periphery differences exist with regard to firm–specific difficulties and markets served. The data also show that firms in the periphery have been growing significantly faster than firms in the core. The paper concludes with a discussion of the likely reasons for regional variability in the characteristics of firms in this industry. Directions for future research are also suggested, notably with regard to the interplay between national regulatory conditions and the competitive performance of MT firms.
Recruiting Overseas Undergraduate Students: Are their Information Requirements being Satisfied?
Authors: Mortimer Kathleen
Published: March 2003

This paper examines the information provided by English Universities to overseas students enquiring about undergraduate courses. Previous research confirms the importance of information during the pre–consumption stage within a service setting such as Higher Education and yet suggests that there is a reluctance by Universities to provide such information. This paper tests the findings of these studies by requesting information from English Universities through the post and analysing their postal response. Results indicate that there is a lack of market orientation and customer focus in the service being provided and that Universities could achieve a competitive advantage in the short and long term if they became more aware of the needs of overseas students and improved the level of customer service provided.
On Interdisciplinary Research: with particular reference to the field of environment and development
Authors: McNeill Desmond
Published: March 2003

Interdisciplinary research is fashionable, but also controversial; yet it is far from agreed what is meant by the term. This paper analyses some central issues concerning interdisciplinary research, both in general and with particular reference to the field of environment and development. It draws on earlier literature, especially Becher (1989) and on experience from universities in Norway, Sweden, Denmark, U.S.A and Britain. The paper includes an analysis of how disciplines interact, focussing on economics, ecology and anthropology. It also addresses two ‘great divides’. The first is that between the ‘two cultures’: a gap which is indeed important, although it does not lie precisely between the natural sciences on the one hand and the social sciences and humanities on the other. The second is the gap between research and application; research that is usable by policy‐makers, it is argued, is typically, and necessarily, not of high quality judged in academic terms.
Higher Education Communities and Academic Identity
Authors: Kogan Maurice
Published: March 2003

The slippery use to which the word ‘community’ is applied in higher education studies and pronouncements makes it desirable that it should be better defined and related to more bounded assumptions about individual academic identity and relationships within academe. There is discussion of the academic communities of the invisible colleges and their modes of internal governance by elites and the communitarian implications of the changing pattern of institutional management. The relationship of academics and their institutions to the wider world of society and the economy is considered. It is concluded that external connections are not best pursued through assumptions of shared community but of acceptance of differentiation and exchange.
The New UKQuality Framework
Authors: Brown Rogerr
Published: March 2003

In August 1997 the new Quality Assurance Agency for Higher Education (QAA) took over the quality assurance functions of the Higher Education Quality Council (HEQC) and the Higher Education Funding Councils (HEFC). Just over two years later the QAA has announced the final important details of the new ‘Quality Framework’ which will operate in England and Northern Ireland from 2002 (in Scotland it will operate from the start of the 2000/01 academic year, the present time scale in Wales is uncertain). This article first describes the historical background to the new framework. It then outlines its main features. The main part of the article assesses the new framework against a number of ‘quality criteria’ derived from study of various external quality assurance regimes. The article raises questions in particular about the complexity and feasibility of the new framework and its ability in practice to produce reliable and consistent outcomes and about the extent to which it will accommodate increasing diversity of institutional mission and practice. It concludes that the QAA will face very considerable challenges in making the new framework effective and suitable to the rapidly changing nature of the provision it seeks to regulate.
The Machinery For Determining Academic Pay: Illusion and Reality in a ‘Nationalised Industry’
Authors: Shattock Michael
Published: March 2003

It is generally recognised that academic pay in the UK is no longer in line with market conditions. Although recent Government decisions have recognised the problem of uncompetitive salaries for a small number of internationally leading academics, there is no sign that the situation of the profession as a whole is likely to be tackled at Government level. The paper analyses the history of pay bargaining in the university sector since the Second World War, and argues that although national pay scales and national negotiating mechanisms may have worked to the benefit of the profession until the 1960s, during the last 20 years or more they have neither persuaded governments to reward the profession adequately, nor assisted the higher education system to manage salaries effectively with the limited resources available. The paper highlights the ambiguous role of the Committee of Vice Chancellors and Principals (CVCP), and more recently of the Universities and Colleges Employers' Association (UCEA), as both the employer of academic staff and their representative in salary negotiations with government; and identifies a basic failure on the part of universities and their representatives to come to terms with the consequences brought about by expansion and differentiation of the system and economic change. The paper argues that there is a need for much greater flexibility and the ending of the national bargaining machinery in order to take proper account of both institutional and disciplinary differences, and to uncouple academic and non‐academic salaries.
Can We All Do It All? Tensions in the Mission and Structure of UK Higher Education
Authors: Watson David
Published: March 2003

Juxtaposing material from an analysis of the institutional returns to the Higher Education Statistics Agency (HESA) for 1995–99 (the ‘Ramsden Report’) with social and political pressures on the system, the author examines the question of whether or not UK higher education is ‘fit for purpose’. He contrasts seven items of strong performance (contribution to economic growth, efficiency, student satisfaction and employability, democratisation and diversity, research quality, ‘service’ and international reputation) with three key ‘tensions’ (financial and institutional stability, class participation, and mission convergence). Suggested priorities for action include: a new ‘access’ agenda, improved market responsiveness, strategic institutional alliances and rationalisation, and action on pay and the profession. The paper concludes with a set of ‘hard questions’ about the maintenance of interdependence, the ‘future–proofing’ of collaborative arrangements, the pattern of incentives, and the creation of public confidence in higher education.
Female Academics in a Knowledge Production Society
Authors: Halvorsen Erica
Published: March 2003

In the latter half of the twentieth century, the ‘Professional Society’ was, and continues to be, replaced by a ‘Knowledge Society’. One of the characteristics of the ‘Professional Society’ was its masculine culture and hierarchies. This paper examines the effect that the shift from a ‘Professional Society’ to a ‘Knowledge Society’ has had on the careers of female academics. It considers the career paths of vice–chancellors and goes on to examine the effects of geographical mobility on promotions. In addition, the significance of high proportions of professors in highly–rated research departments, and the gender implications of that, is examined. In the concluding section it is argued that, while universities continue to support the hierarchies of the ‘Professional Society’, it is to the detriment both of women and of knowledge production.
King Edward I's Articles of Inquest on the Jews and Coin‐Clipping, 1279*
Authors: Skemer Don C.
Published: March 2003

The ‘Capitula de tonsura monete’ are previously unpublished articles of inquest originally issued in 1279 to special judicial commissions created to combat coin‐clipping and related monetary offences by Jews and Christians. The ‘Capitula’ are shown to shed light on Edward I's motivations and intentions during the coin‐clipping campaign of 1278–9. The author attempts to explain why this text was circulated, somewhat paradoxically, after the expulsion of the Jews from England in 1290, and to determine why it was read along with authentic statues and ‘legal apocrypha’. A critical edition is appended, based on a collation of all manuscript copies and versions.
Robert of Gloucester's Mother and Sexual Politics in Norman Oxfordshire
Authors: Crouch David
Published: March 2003

The discovery that the mother of Earl Robert of Gloucester (d. 1147), the illegitimate son of King Henry I, was a daughter of the Gay or Gayt family of north Oxfordshire allows us a new insight into the character of that complex king. We can now see how King Henry used Oxfordshire as his surrogate home in England from the ten‐eighties onwards: three of the Englishwomen who bore him children dwelt in the vicinity of Oxford. We can also now see why it was that he made Woodstock the third most important royal centre in England during his reign. The way that his chosen mistresses used their royal connection to their families' advantage is also more clear following this discovery.
Normative Power Europe: A Contradiction in Terms?
Authors: Manners Ian
Published: March 2003

Twenty years ago, in the pages of the, Journal of Common Market Studies, Hedley Bull launched a searing critique of the European Community’s ‘civilian power’ in international affairs. Since that time the increasing role of the European Union (EU) in areas of security and defence policy has led to a seductiveness in adopting the notion of ‘military power Europe’. In contrast, I will attempt to argue that by thinking beyond traditional conceptions of the EU’s international role and examining the case study of its international pursuit of the abolition of the death penalty, we may best conceive of the EU as a ‘normative power Europe’.
The Decline and Fall of Democracy in Venezuela: Ten Theses
Authors: Levine Daniel H.
Published: March 2003

This paper presents an argument about the causes of the decline and fall of the 1958–1999 system of democratic politics, commonly known in Spanish as puntofijista, in Venezuela. Competing explanations of this process are evaluated, and an interim assessment of President Hugo Chávez and his political project is offered.
Migration, mobility and globaloney: metaphors and rhetoric in the sociology of globalization
Authors: Favell Adrian
Published: March 2003

Books reviewed in this article:

John Urry, Sociology beyond societies: mobilities for the twenty‐first century, New York and London: Routledge

Nikos Papastergiadis, The turbulence of migration: globalization, deterritorialization and hybridity

Stephen Castles and Alastair Davidson, Citizenship and migration: globalization and the politics of belonging
Methodological nationalism and beyond: nation–state building, migration and the social sciences
Authors: Wimmer Andreas , Glick Schiller Nina
Published: March 2003

Methodological nationalism is understood as the assumption that the nation/state/society is the natural social and political form of the modern world. We distinguish three modes of methodological nationalism that have characterized mainstream social science, and then show how these have influenced research on migration. We discover parallels between nationalist thinking and the conceptualization of migration in postwar social sciences. In a historical tour d’horizon, we show that this mainstream concept has developed in close interaction with nation–state building processes in the West and the role that immigration and integration policies have played within them. The shift towards a study of ‘transnational communities’— the last phase in this process — was more a consequence of an epistemic move away from methodological nationalism than of the appearance of new objects of observation. The article concludes by recommending new concepts for analysis that, on the one hand, are not coloured by methodological nationalism and, on the other hand, go beyond the fluidism of much contemporary social theory.
From Human Wrongs to Universal Rights: Communication and Feminist Challenges for the Promotion of Women's Health in the Third World
Authors: Hellsten Sirrku Kristiina
Published: March 2003

This article argues that in the quest for global bioethics in its relation to the promotion of women's health and women's rights, the main challenge is to, first, rise above the relativist trap and second, to solve the false dilemma between individualism and collectivism. Particularly in order to improve women's position and advance their well‐being in many developing countries with patriarchal cultural practices, there is an urgent need to introduce modern medicine and to share more evenly and efficiently the health care resources of the industrialized societies. This presumes that we can find a normative bioethical approach that promotes the rights of individuals without striving for cultural assimilation and disrespect.

From the philosophical point of view this means that we have to overcome the debate between the rival views of justice, and rather find the shared features of the various approaches, thus diminishing the exaggerated polarizations between them. The author claims that despite its importance in women's rights protection, feminist bioethics cannot remain as a normative alternative that can replace either liberal or communitarian approaches. Instead feminism needs to be part of both liberal and communitarian ethical thinking. Communitarianism, for its part, cannot offer an alternative to either liberalism or feminism, but it can function as an essential critical balancing force within these approaches. Individualist liberalism, on the other hand, has to find its way into collective social structures and accept their maintenance, instead of exhausting itself in its attempts to lift individuals above or beyond their social contexts.
The Little Hulton Project: A Pilot Child Clinical Psychology Service for Pre‐School Children and their Families
Authors: White Caroline , Agnew Joanne , Verduyn Chrissie
Published: March 2003

A community‐based early intervention psychology service for pre‐school children with emotional and behavioural problems is described. The intervention included parent training groups, a weekly open clinic, and multi‐agency training, liaison and consultancy. The aims were to provide successful intervention to families, to maximise liaison with community staff and to provide a seamless service to and from the main hospital department. Evidence indicated improvements in parental coping and children's behavioural difficulties using standardised measures and gains were maintained at 6‐ and 12‐month follow‐up. This article outlines a framework for service delivery in a small community with high socio‐economic deprivation.
Developing a Resilience Package for Vulnerable Children
Authors: Place Maurice , Reynolds Joanna , Cousins Anna , O'Neill Shelagh
Published: March 2003

Background:

In recent years great efforts have been made to clarify what factors make it more likely that a child will develop mental health problems, and what elements increase the resilience of vulnerable children, and hence protect them from becoming disturbed. With the increase in understanding about the nature of such resilience comes the possibility of developing preventative packages for at‐risk groups.

Method: Children whose parents have significant depressive illness have been offered a supportive package that seeks to increase their resilience. This focuses on the child's resources, family education and interaction, and community resources and supports for the family to access.

Results: Initial results show the package increases social activity, reduces emotionality and helps families become more flexible.

Conclusion: Helping children reduce their risk of developing mental health problems is rightly an area of growing importance. This package is a potentially successful way of achieving this by promoting their resilience.
Psychological Treatment of Food Refusal in Young Children
Authors: Douglas Jo
Published: March 2003

Feeding and eating problems in young children are the result of a complex aetiology that often combines biological and psychological factors. The aim of this review is to describe psychological techniques of intervention used in the management of eating problems in young children that draw on a number of theoretical approaches and should be applied within a developmental framework.
Mineralogical And Chemical Investigations Of Bloomery Slags From Prehistoric (8th Century Bc To 4th Century Ad) Iron Production Sites In Upper And Lower Lusatia, Germany
Authors: Heimann R. B. , Kreher U. , Spazier I. , Wetzel G.
Published: March 2003

More than 400 fayalitic bloomery slags from prehistoric iron production sites in Upper and Lower Lusatia, eastern Germany, as well as bog iron ore samples and intermediary samples of the smelting process, were analysed by chemical and mineralogical techniques. While the precursor bog iron ores exploited in the two regions under investigation were very similar in composition, consisting of low‐manganese/low‐barium as well as high‐manganese/high‐barium types of ore, pronounced differences in slag composition were detected. Slags from 17 investigated sites in Upper Lusatia showed average P2O5 contents between 1 and 3 mass%, whereas slags from 15 investigated sites in Lower Lusatia were generally much richer in phosphorus, reaching values as high as 7 mass% P2O5. Since a reasonable correlation exists between calcium and phosphorus contents in the slags of the latter sites, it is conjectured that deliberate addition of CaO to the ore/charcoal charge of the bloomery furnace may have taken place in order to fix the phosphorus in the slags effectively. In many samples, this conjecture is being supported by the detection of a slag mineral Ca–Fe phosphate Ca9−xFe1+x(PO4)7 that presumably crystallized from a residual phosphorus‐rich melt and shows a cotectic relationship to both Ca‐rich fayalite and wustite, as well as to members of the solid solution series magnetite–hercynite.
Where Do the Lead Ingots of the Saintes‐maries‐de‐la‐mer Wreck Come From? Archaeology Compared With Physics
Authors: Trincherini P. R. , Barbero P. , Quarati P. , Domergue C. , Long L.
Published: March 2003

The lead isotope compositions of many different samples from lead ingots of Roman age from two relicts (from Cabrera, and from Saintes‐Maries‐de‐la‐Mer) of the Western Mediterranean have been measured. Other lead isotope analyses of ores, metals or lead ingots from mines of Sierra Morena and from Cartagena and Sardinia have been accomplished. All the lead isotope measurements have been performed at the Joint Research Centre of the European Union, Ispra (Va), Italy. The samples have been prepared in a class 100 clean room, using only ultrapure reagents and FEP materials.

In view of the archaeological arguments, it was possible to believe that the Roman lead ingots of the Saintes‐Maries‐de‐la‐Mer 1 wreck came from Spanish lodes, as well as those of the Cabrera 5 wreck. In fact, while the comparison between the first group of ingots (Cabrera 5) and the lead from Sierra Morena is consistent, the correspondence between the second group of ingots (Saintes‐Maries‐de‐la‐Mer 1) and the Cevennes ores (southern France) gives rise to several problems concerning the archaeological and physical origins. These problems are discussed.
Malkata and Lisht Glassmaking Technologies: Towards a Specific Link between Second Millennium BC
Authors: Mass J. L. , Wypyski M. T. , Stone R. E.
Published: March 2003

Elemental analyses have been conducted on 61 coloured opaque glasses from the Malkata and Lisht New Kingdom glass factories. The presence of tin in several of the blue glasses suggests that a bronze casting byproduct or corrosion product was the source of the copper colorant for these glasses. A positive correlation between the lead and antimony concentrations of the yellow and green opaque glasses, plus a consistent excess of lead oxide in these glasses, suggests the use of antimony‐rich cupellation litharge as the source for the Pb2Sb2O7 , colorant in these glasses. The metallurgical byproducts used to colour the Malkata and Lisht glasses provide an explicit mechanism for Peltenburg's theory of interaction between second millennium BC glassmakers and contemporary metalworkers.
An Independent Confirmation of the 4 ka Antiquity of a Beeswax Figure in Western Arnhem Land, Northern Australia
Authors: Watchman A. L. , Jones R.
Published: March 2003

Critical to any chronology is reliability in the determination of age for a distinctive artefact that is related to other components in a series. Therefore, the independent testing and verification of the antiquity of an apparent anomalous measurement for an old beeswax figure in northern Australia is of fundamental interest in rock art studies. Replication of the radiocarbon dating process has confirmed that one exceptional figure in early X‐ray style at the Gunbilngmurrung site in western Arnhem Land is indeed c. 4–4.5 ka. The result also confirms the great antiquity of paintings over which the beeswax was applied.
Mycenaean pottery from the Argolid and Achaia—a mineralogical approach where chemistry leaves unanswered questions
Authors: Hein A. , Tsolakidou A. , Mommsen H.
Published: March 2003

The chemical classification of Mycenaean pottery from the Northern Peloponnese by neutron activation analysis (NAA) resulted in two groups with very similar chemical compositions assigned to production centres in the Argolid and in Achaia, respectively. The statistical separation of these two groups on the basis only of their chemical composition was difficult, and not clear‐cut for all of the examined samples. A complementary mineralogical examination by X‐ray diffraction (XRD) of some selected samples indicated differences in the mineralogical composition, which confirmed the determined chemical differences. Furthermore, a clay sample was examined, which showed a composition similar to that of the pottery.
A scientific study of Choson white ware: early porcelain from a royal kiln at Kwangju Usanni
Authors: Choo C. K. Koh , Kim K. H. , Lee Y. E. , Kim J. S.
Published: March 2003

Scientific study of kiln site no. 9 at Usanni, one of the earliest royal Kwangju kiln complexes in operation (from the early 15th to the early 16th century), shows that the technological expertise used to produce white ware was inherited from the celadon technology of the Koryo dynasty. The body material, of low Al2O3 and high SiO2 content, is based on porcelain stone. Such a material, with almost no titanium and a low level of iron, was a rediscovery of the white ware material used earlier at the Sori kiln from the 9th century through to the 11th century. Ash continued to be one of the major ingredients of the glaze, and wares were fired in much the same way as the Koryo celadon, in kilns constructed of mud and rocks and in two steps. The Confucian philosophy and aesthetic of frugality and simplicity adopted from the Ming dynasty onwards by the new government acted as the catalyst for the successful ascent of the new technology.
The relationship between enamelling on ceramics and on glass in the Islamic world
Authors: Freestone I. C.
Published: March 2003

In a recent paper, Mason et al. (2001) demonstrated that enamels on mina’i ware, a Persian ceramic of the 12th century, were applied using a special firing of short duration. A similar principle was exploited to enamel glass, beginning in Syria in about the same period. This gives new credence to the long‐standing idea that the origin of enamelling on glass resulted in part from an interaction between glass workers and potters.
Sources of mummy bitumen in ancient Egypt and Palestine
Authors: Harrell J. A. , Lewan M. D.
Published: March 2003

Bitumen used as a preservative in ancient Egyptian mummies was previously thought to come only from the Dead Sea in Palestine. Other, closer sources of bitumen were investigated at Abu Durba and Gebel Zeit on the shores of Egypt’s Gulf of Suez. Bitumen from these localities and from five mummies was analysed using molecular biomarkers derived from gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. It was found that four of the mummies contained Dead Sea bitumen, and the fifth and oldest (900 bc) had bitumen from Gebel Zeit, thus providing the first evidence for the use of an indigenous source of bitumen in ancient Egypt.
Fitness spaces and their potential for visualizing change in the physical landscape
Authors: Inkpen Rob , Petley Dave
Published: March 2003

The use of the metaphors of general fitness and N‐K spaces can assist in the understanding of the development of the physical landscape. Different modes of change can be viewed as different types of movement in, and distortions of, these phase spaces. Visualized in this manner landscape change can be viewed as both channelized, constrained and random.
Interrogating the ten‐year transport plan
Authors: Docherty Iain
Published: March 2003

This paper presents an analysis of Transport 2010, the government’s ten‐year plan for transport. It develops discussions held by members of the RGS‐IBG’s Transport Geography Research Group (TGRG) in September 2000. It is argued that the plan marks something of a return to previous policies designed to accommodate increasing mobility.
The disturbing case of the concentration of power in human geography
Authors: Short John Rennie
Published: March 2003

The increasing concentration of power in academic disciplines with the introduction of Research Assessment Exercises is noted. The case of human geography in the UK is discussed.
A Model of Shareholder Discounts
Authors: Yin Xiangkang
Published: March 2003

Many companies supplying consumption goods and services provide their shareholders with price discounts. This paper presents a simple model describing shareholder discounts and consequent market equilibrium. It is found that shareholder discounts resemble many features of two‐part tariffs. The welfare analysis shows that the equilibrium outcomes with shareholder discounts are Pareto inefficient. Compared with uniform pricing, shareholder discounts unambiguously increase major shareholders’ wealth but their effects on consumers and society are generally ambiguous.