bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Biological Characteristics of Connection-Wise Resting-State Functional Connectivity Strength
Authors: Pijnenburg Rory , Scholtens Lianne H , Mantini Dante , Vanduffel Wim , Barrett Lisa Feldman , van den Heuvel Martijn P
Published: December 2018

Functional connectivity is defined as the statistical dependency of neurophysiological activity between 2 separate brain areas. To investigate the biological characteristics of resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC)—and in particular the significance of connection-wise variation in time-series correlations—rsFC was compared with strychnine-based connectivity measured in the macaque. Strychnine neuronography is a historical technique that induces activity in cortical areas through means of local administration of the substance strychnine. Strychnine causes local disinhibition through GABA suppression and leads to subsequent activation of functional pathways. Multiple resting-state fMRI recordings were acquired in 4 macaques (examining in total 299 imaging runs) from which a group-averaged rsFC matrix was constructed. rsFC was observed to be higher (P < 0.0001) between region-pairs with a strychnine-based connection as compared with region-pairs with no strychnine-based connection present. In particular, higher resting-state connectivity was observed in connections that were relatively stronger (weak < moderate < strong; P < 0.01) and in connections that were bidirectional (P < 0.0001) instead of unidirectional in strychnine-based connectivity. Our results imply that the level of correlation between brain areas as extracted from resting-state fMRI relates to the strength of underlying interregional functional pathways.
Monovalent Rotavirus Vaccine Effectiveness Against Rotavirus Hospitalizations Among Children in Zimbabwe
Authors: Mujuru Hilda A , Burnett Eleanor , Nathoo Kusum J , Ticklay Ismail , Gonah Nhamo A , Mukaratirwa Arnold , Berejena Chipo , Manangazira Portia , Rupfutse Maxwell , Weldegebriel Goitom G , Mwenda Jason M , Yen Catherine , Parashar Umesh D , Tate Jacqueline E
Published: December 2018

Background

Rotavirus is a leading cause of mortality among children <5 years old. We evaluated monovalent rotavirus vaccine effectiveness (VE) under conditions of routine use at 2 surveillance sites in Harare, Zimbabwe, after vaccine introduction in May 2014.

Methods

Children aged <5 years hospitalized or treated in the accident and emergency department (A&E) for acute watery diarrhea were enrolled for routine surveillance. Copies of vaccination cards were collected to document vaccination status. Among children age-eligible to receive rotavirus vaccine, we estimated VE, calculated as 1 – odds ratio, using a test-negative case-control design

Results

We included 903 rotavirus-positive cases and 2685 rotavirus-negative controls in the analysis; 99% had verified vaccination status. Rotavirus-positive children had more severe diarrhea than rotavirus-negative children; 61% of cases and 46% of controls had a Vesikari score ≥11 (P < .01). Among cases and controls, 31% and 37%, respectively, were stunted for their age (P < .01). Among children 6–11 months old, adjusted 2-dose VE against hospitalization or treatment in A&E due to rotavirus of any severity was 61% (95% confidence interval [CI], 21%–81%) and 68% (95% CI, 13%–88%) against severe rotavirus disease. Stratified by nutritional status, adjusted VE was 45% (95% CI, –148% to 88%) among stunted infants and 71% (95% CI, 29%–88%) among infants with a normal height for age

Conclusions

Monovalent rotavirus vaccine is effective in preventing hospitalizations due to severe rotavirus diarrhea among infants in Zimbabwe, providing additional evidence for countries considering rotavirus vaccine introduction that live, oral rotavirus vaccines are effective in high-child-mortality settings.
2018 Infectious Diseases Society of America Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Outpatient Parenteral Antimicrobial Therapya
Authors: Norris Anne H , Shrestha Nabin K , Allison Genève M , Keller Sara C , Bhavan Kavita P , Zurlo John J , Hersh Adam L , Gorski Lisa A , Bosso John A , Rathore Mobeen H , Arrieta Antonio , Petrak Russell M , Shah Akshay , Brown Richard B , Knight Shandra L , Umscheid Craig A
Published: December 2018

A panel of experts was convened by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) to update the 2004 clinical practice guideline on outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy (OPAT) [1]. This guideline is intended to provide insight for healthcare professionals who prescribe and oversee the provision of OPAT. It considers various patient features, infusion catheter issues, monitoring questions, and antimicrobial stewardship concerns. It does not offer recommendations on the treatment of specific infections. The reader is referred to disease- or organism-specific guidelines for such support.
A new hope: from neglect of the health sector to aspirations for Universal Health Coverage in Myanmar
Authors: Ergo Alex , Htoo Thant Sin , Badiani-Magnusson Reena , Royono Rivandra
Published: December 2018

Myanmar’s health sector has received low levels of public spending since 1975. Combined with the country’s historic political and economic isolation, poor economic management and multiple internal armed conflicts, these limited resources have translated into low coverage of even the most basic services and into poor health outcomes with wide disparities. They have also resulted in out-of-pocket payments for health as a proportion of total health spending being among the highest in the world. The Government of Myanmar has now affirmed its commitment to moving toward Universal Health Coverage. This commitment is reflected in the National Health Plan 2017–2021. Drawing upon analysis of data from the Myanmar Poverty and Living Conditions Survey 2015 and using the country’s revised methodology to estimate poverty, this paper explores some of the consequences of Myanmar’s excessive reliance on out-of-pocket funding as the main source of health financing. Around 481 000 households in Myanmar experienced catastrophic health spending in 2015. Of this group, 185 000 households lived below the national poverty line. Households that experienced catastrophic health spending spent, on average, 54.7% of their total capacity to pay on health. Of all Myanmar households that went to a health facility in 2015, ∼28% took loans and ∼13% sold their assets to cover health spending. In that same year, ∼1.7 million people fell below the national poverty line due to health spending. The paper then discusses how ongoing reforms could help alleviate the financial hardship associated with care-seeking. With current political will to reform the health system, a conducive macro-economic environment, and the relatively limited vested interests, Myanmar has a window of opportunity to achieve significant progress towards UHC. Continued high-level political support and strong leadership will be needed to keep reforms on track.
Multivariate determination of Atlantic herring population health in a large marine ecosystem
Authors: Boyce Daniel G , Petrie Brian , Frank Kenneth T
Published: December 2018

Atlantic herring are among the most harvested marine fish species globally and are of extraordinary ecological and economic importance. Within the Scotian Shelf and Bay of Fundy management zone (NAFO Division 4WX), herring support one of the largest fisheries in Canada, yet the conservation status of the stock is currently unclear. We use field observations, stock assessments, and published studies to evaluate the long-term (1965–2016) status, or health, of 4WX Atlantic herring based on 33 indicators that serve as proxies for the ecological dynamics across the larval, juvenile, and adult stages. Sixteen indicators that showed evidence of significant and synchronous temporal changes were integrated to produce a standardized series of herring population health. This multivariate index exhibited a gradual, long-term decline punctuated by a more rapid decline between 1980 and 2005. Following normalization, future trajectories of herring spawning stock biomass (SSB) over this period were best forecast by the average weight of herring (r2 = 0.63; lag = 6 years) and indicated that SSB would remain low over the next 6 years. Our study suggests that integrating factors related to population health can provide deeper insight in situations where individual series are uncertain and can complement existing assessment approaches.
How Cross-Cutting News Exposure Relates to Candidate Issue Stance Knowledge, Political Polarization, and Participation: The Moderating Role of Political Sophistication
Authors: Kim Yonghwan
Published: December 2018

This article seeks to improve our understanding of the role of cross-cutting news exposure in a democratic process—that is, whether and how exposure to counter-attitudinal news information is associated with citizens’ political issue knowledge, attitudinal polarization, and engagement in political activities. The results provide 2 contrasting roles of exposure to dissonant media outlets. On the one hand, results offer some evidence that dissonant media use contributes to gaining issue knowledge and inspiring citizen participation. On the other hand, some findings suggest that it reinforces, rather than attenuates, citizens’ attitudinal polarization. Thus, the findings from this study indicate mixed effects of exposure to counter-attitudinal news information.
Biodiversity Pattern of Mosquitoes in Southeastern Senegal, Epidemiological Implication in Arbovirus and Malaria Transmission
Authors: Diallo Diawo , Diagne Cheikh T , Buenemann Michaela , Ba Yamar , Dia Ibrahima , Faye Oumar , Sall Amadou A , Faye Ousmane , Watts Douglas M , Weaver Scott C , Hanley Kathryn A , Diallo Mawlouth
Published: December 2018

The composition, density, diversity, and temporal distribution of mosquito species and the influence of temperature, relative humidity, and rainfall on these data were investigated in 50 sites across five land cover classes (forest, savannah, barren, village, and agriculture) in southeastern Senegal. Mosquitoes were collected monthly in each site between June 2009 and March 2011, with three people collecting mosquitoes landing on their legs for one to four consecutive days. In total, 81,219 specimens, belonging to 60 species and 7 genera, were collected. The most abundant species were Aedes furcifer (Edwards) (Diptera: Culicidae) (20.7%), Ae. vittatus (Bigot) (19.5%), Ae. dalzieli (Theobald) (14.7%), and Ae. luteocephalus (Newstead) (13.7%). Ae. dalzieli, Ae. furcifer, Ae. vittatus, Ae. luteocephalus, Ae. taylori Edwards, Ae. africanus (Theobald), Ae. minutus (Theobald), Anopheles coustani Laveran, Culex quinquefasciatus Say, and Mansonia uniformis (Theobald) comprised ≥10% of the total collection, in at least one land cover. The lowest species richness and Brillouin diversity index (HB = 1.55) were observed in the forest-canopy. The urban-indoor fauna showed the highest dissimilarity with other land covers and was most similar to the urban-outdoor fauna following Jaccard and Morisita index. Mosquito abundance peaked in June and October 2009 and July and October 2010. The highest species density was recorded in October. The maximum temperature was correlated positively with mean temperature and negatively with rainfall and relative humidity. Rainfall showed a positive correlation with mosquito abundance and species density. These data will be useful for understanding the transmission of arboviruses and human malaria in the region.
Attributing the Bixby Letter using n-gram tracing
Authors: Grieve Jack , Clarke Isobelle , Chiang Emily , Gideon Hannah , Heini Annina , Nini Andrea , Waibel Emily
Published: December 2018

There is a long-standing debate about the authorship of the Bixby Letter, one of the most famous pieces of correspondence in American history. Despite being signed by President Abraham Lincoln, some historians have claimed that its true author was John Hay, Lincoln’s personal secretary. Analyses of the letter have been inconclusive in part because the text totals only 139 words and is thus far too short to be attributed using standard methods. To test whether Lincoln or Hay wrote this letter, we therefore introduce and apply a new technique for attributing short texts called ‘n-gram tracing’. After demonstrating that our method can distinguish between the known writings of Lincoln and Hay with a very high degree of accuracy, we use it to attribute the Bixby Letter. We conclude that the text was authored by John Hay—rewriting this one episode in the history of the USA, while offering a solution to one of the most persistent problems in authorship attribution.
A non-hierarchical organization of tumorigenic NG2 cells in glioblastoma promoted by EGFR
Authors: Al-Mayhani Talal F , Heywood Richard M , Vemireddy Vamsidhara , Lathia Justin D , Piccirillo Sara G M , Watts Colin
Published: December 2018

Background

Expression of neuron-glial antigen 2 (NG2) identifies an aggressive malignant phenotype in glioblastoma (GBM). Mouse models have implicated NG2 in the genesis, evolution, and maintenance of glial cancers and have highlighted potential interactions between NG2 and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). However, it is unknown whether the lineage relationship of NG2+ and NG2− cells follows a hierarchical or stochastic mode of growth. Furthermore, the interaction between NG2 and EGFR signaling in human GBM is also unclear.

Methods

Single GBM NG2+ and NG2− cells were studied longitudinally to assess lineage relationships. Short hairpin RNA knockdown of NG2 was used to assess the mechanistic role of NG2 in human GBM cells. NG2+ and NG2− cells and NG2 knockdown (NG2-KD) and wild type (NG2-WT) cells were analyzed for differential effects on EGFR signaling.

Results

Expression of NG2 endows an aggressive phenotype both at single cell and population levels. Progeny derived from single GBM NG2− or GBM NG2+ cells consistently establish phenotypic equilibrium, indicating the absence of a cellular hierarchy. NG2 knockdown reduces proliferation, and mice grafted with NG2-KD survive longer than controls. Finally, NG2 promotes EGFR signaling and is associated with EGFR expression.

Conclusions

These data support a dynamic evolution in which a bidirectional relationship exists between GBM NG2+ and GBM NG2− cells. Such findings have implications for understanding phenotypic heterogeneity, the emergence of resistant disease, and developing novel therapeutics.
Pneumocystis jirovecii prophylaxis in patients treated for high-grade gliomas: a survey among neuro-oncologists
Authors: Skorupan Nebojša , Ranjan Surabhi , Mehta Seema , Yankulina Olga , Nenortas Nathan , Grossman Stuart , Ye Xiaobu , Holdhoff Matthias
Published: December 2018

Background

Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PJP) is a known complication in patients with high-grade gliomas (HGGs) who are treated with radiation and chemotherapy. PJP prophylaxis is commonly recommended, but there are currently no clear guidelines regarding duration of treatment and choice of drugs. This study aimed to assess current practice patterns of PJP prophylaxis among neuro-oncologists.

Methods

An online survey of 14 multiple choice questions was sent to 207 neuro-oncologists and medical oncologists treating brain cancers at all National Cancer Institute-designated cancer centers in the United States. Recipients were identified via a search of the cancer centers’ websites.

Results

Sixty-one invited experts completed the survey (response rate 29%; of these, 72% were neuro-oncologists, 18% were medical oncologists, and 10% were pediatric neuro- or medical oncologists). Seventy percent of respondents stated that they routinely prescribe PJP prophylaxis, while 7% do not provide prophylaxis. Eighty-one percent of respondents use absolute lymphocyte count (ALC) to assess lymphopenia and 13% also monitor CD4 lymphocyte counts during prophylaxis. The most commonly used first-line agent is trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (88% of respondents), followed by pentamidine (6%). Discontinuation of PJP prophylaxis is determined by the following: count recovery (33% by ALC; 18% by CD4 lymphocyte counts), radiation completion (23%), and chemotherapy completion (7%). Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase levels were routinely checked by only 13% of respondents.

Conclusions

PJP prophylaxis is commonly used in HGG patients, but there are large variations in practice patterns, including the duration of prophylaxis. As consideration for PJP prophylaxis affects all patients with HGG, standardization of prophylaxis should be formally addressed.
Comparative Effectiveness of Group-Delivered Acceptance and Commitment Therapy versus Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Smoking Cessation: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: McClure Jennifer B , Bricker Jonathan , Mull Kristin , Heffner Jaimee L
Published: December 2018

Introduction

Preliminary trial data suggest group-delivered acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) might be effective for smoking cessation. If so, this could offer a viable alternative to mainstream behavioral therapies, such as those grounded in cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). The goal of the current study was to compare the effectiveness of group-delivered ACT versus group-delivered CBT in a rigorous randomized trial design with long-term follow-up.

Methods

Participants (n = 450) were recruited from the Kaiser Permanente Washington health care system and randomized to either ACT-based group counseling or an attention-matched CBT-based group program. All were prescribed an 8-week course of nicotine patches. The primary outcome was self-reported 30-day point prevalence abstinence at 12 months post-randomization assessed with missing values imputed as smoking. Sensitivity analyses using multiple imputation and complete cases were examined, as were biochemically confirmed and 6-month outcomes.

Results

Thirty-day point prevalence abstinence rates at the 12-month follow-up did not differ between study arms in the primary analysis (13.8% ACT vs. 18.1% CBT, adjusted odds ratio = 0.68 [95% CI = 0.35 to 1.27], p = .23) or the sensitivity analyses.

Conclusions

Group-based ACT and CBT had similar long-term quit rates in this methodologically rigorous randomized trial. Group-based ACT is a reasonable alternative to group-based CBT for smoking cessation.

Implications

This study compared the effectiveness of group-based ACT with group-based CBT for smoking cessation using a rigorous, large-scale, attention-matched, randomized trial with 1-year follow-up. One-year cessation rates did not differ between group-based ACT and CBT, suggesting ACT-based intervention is a reasonable alternative to CBT-based counseling for smoking cessation. The results add to the nascent but growing literature assessing ACT and other mindfulness-based treatments for smoking cessation.
No Impact of Probiotics to Reduce Clostridium difficile Infection in Hospitalized Patients: A Real-world Experience
Authors: Box Maggie J , Ortwine Kristine N , Goicoechea Miguel ,   Scripps Antimicrobial Stewardship Program (SASP)
Published: December 2018

We assessed the effectiveness of a Lactobacillus probiotic on rates of health care facility–onset Clostridium difficile infection (HO-CDI) in patients receiving antibiotics. A total of 1576 patients were evaluated. There was no difference in the HO-CDI incidence between those who received probiotics and those who did not (1.8% vs 0.9%; P = .16).
Impact of Diabetes Mellitus on the Presentation and Response to Treatment of Adults With Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Qatar
Authors: Dousa Khalid M , Hamad Abdelrahman , Albirair Mohamed , Al Soub Hussam , Elzouki Abdel-Naser , Alwakeel Mahmoud I , Thiel Bonnie A , Johnson John L
Published: December 2018

Background

Persons with diabetes mellitus (DM) have a 3-fold increased risk of tuberculosis (TB). Atypical radiographic findings and differences in bacteriologic response during anti-TB treatment have been reported in earlier studies; however, the findings have varied. We evaluated the effect of DM on manifestations and response to treatment in adults with pulmonary TB in Qatar.

Methods

The impact of DM on the clinical and radiographic presentations of pulmonary TB and bacteriologic response during anti-TB treatment was evaluated between January 2007 and December 2011, comparing patients with and without DM. This is a retrospective unmatched case-control study conducted at a large national hospital. Cases and controls were randomly selected from patients diagnosed with pulmonary TB over a 5-year period. Sputum culture conversion was assessed after 2 months of anti-TB treatment.

Results

Clinical symptoms were similar between patients with and without DM. Patients with DM had a higher initial sputum acid-fast bacillus (AFB) smear grade and were less likely to have cavitary lesions on initial chest radiographs than patients without DM. Of 134 adults with DM and TB, 71 (53%) remained sputum culture positive after 2 months of anti-TB treatment, compared with 36 (27%) patients without DM.

Conclusions

DM was associated with atypical radiographic findings and delayed sputum culture conversion at 2 months in adults with pulmonary TB in Qatar. Increased health education of patients with DM about symptoms of TB, low thresholds for evaluation for active TB, and close monitoring of bacteriologic response to treatment among patients with TB and DM are warranted.
Randomized Controlled Pilot Study of Antiretrovirals and a Behavioral Intervention for Persons With Acute HIV Infection: Opportunity for Interrupting Transmission
Authors: Miller William C , Rutstein Sarah E , Phiri Sam , Kamanga Gift , Nsona Dominic , Pasquale Dana K , Rucinski Katherine B , Chen Jane S , Golin Carol E , Powers Kimberly A , Dennis Ann M , Hosseinipour Mina C , Eron Joseph J , Chege Wairimu , Hoffman Irving F , Pettifor Audrey E
Published: December 2018

Background

Persons with acute HIV infection (AHI) have heightened transmission risk. We evaluated potential transmission reduction using behavioral and biomedical interventions in a randomized controlled pilot study in Malawi.

Methods

Persons were randomized 1:2:2 to standard counseling (SC), 5-session behavioral intervention (BI), or behavioral intervention plus 12 weeks of antiretrovirals (ARVs; BIA). All were followed for 26–52 weeks and, regardless of arm, referred for treatment according to Malawi-ARV guidelines. Participants were asked to refer partners for testing.

Results

Among 46 persons (9 SC, 18 BI, 19 BIA), the average age was 28; 61% were male. The median viral load (VL) was 5.9 log copies/mL at enrollment. 67% (10/15) of BIA participants were suppressed (<1000 copies/mL) at week 12 vs 25% BI and 50% SC (P = .07). Although the mean number of reported condomless sexual acts in the past week decreased from baseline across all arms (1.5 vs 0.3 acts), 36% experienced incident sexually transmitted infection by 52 weeks (12% SC, 28% BI, 18% BIA). Forty-one percent (19/46) of participants referred partners (44% SC, 44% BI, 37% BIA); 15 of the partners were HIV-infected.

Conclusions

Diagnosis of AHI facilitates behavioral and biomedical risk reduction strategies during a high-transmission period that begins years before people are typically identified and started on ARVs. Sexually transmitted infection incidence in this cohort suggests ongoing risk behaviors, reinforcing the importance of early intervention with ARVs to reduce transmission. Early diagnosis coupled with standard AHI counseling and early ARV referral quickly suppresses viremia, may effectively change behavior, and could have tremendous public health benefit in reducing onward transmission.
Clinical, Virologic, and Immunologic Characteristics of Zika Virus Infection in a Cohort of US Patients: Prolonged RNA Detection in Whole Blood
Authors: El Sahly Hana M , Gorchakov Rodion , Lai Lilin , Natrajan Muktha S , Patel Shital M , Atmar Robert L , Keitel Wendy A , Hoft Daniel F , Barrett Jill , Bailey Jason , Edupuganti Srilatha , Raabe Vanessa , Wu Henry M , Fairley Jessica , Rouphael Nadine , Murray Kristy O , Mulligan Mark J
Published: December 2018

Background

Clinical, virologic, and immunologic characteristics of Zika virus (ZIKV) infections in US patients are poorly defined.

Methods

US subjects with suspected ZIKV infection were enrolled. Clinical data and specimens were prospectively collected for ZIKV RNA detection and serologic and cellular assays. Confirmed ZIKV infection (cases) and ZIKV-negative (controls) subjects were compared. Dengue-experienced and dengue-naïve cases were also compared.

Results

We enrolled 45 cases and 14 controls. Commonly reported symptoms among cases and controls were maculopapular rash (97.8% and 81.8%), fatigue (86.7% and 81.8%), and arthralgia (82.2% and 54.5%), respectively. The sensitivity (94%) and duration of infection detection (80% positivity at 65–79 days after disease onset) by polymerase chain reaction were highest in whole-blood specimens. ZIKV-neutralizing antibodies had a half-life of 105 days and were significantly higher in dengue virus–experienced cases than naïve ones (P = .046). In intracellular cytokine staining assays, the ZIKV proteins targeted most often by peripheral blood mononuclear cells from cases were structural proteins C and E for CD4+ T cells and nonstructural proteins NS3, NS5, and NS4B for CD8+ T cells.

Conclusions

ZIKV RNA detection was more frequent and prolonged in whole-blood specimens. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) and neutralizing antibodies, but not IgM, were influenced by prior dengue infection. Robust cellular responses to E and nonstructural proteins have potential vaccine development implications.
Expanded Endoscopic Endonasal Approach for Resection of Intradural Chordoma: Surgical and Anatomic Nuances: 2-Dimensional Operative Video
Authors: Marigil Miguel , Almeida Joao Paulo , Karekezi Claire , de Almeida John R , Gentili Fred
Published: December 2018

The expanded endoscopic endonasal approach (EEA) has been growing as a surgical alternative for the treatment of clival chordomas because of their frequent midline location and bone erosion. The endoscopic transclival approach provides with a safer and more direct anatomic route for tumors located predominantly in the midline contributing to minimize postoperative comorbidities. In this video, we demonstrate the step-by-step technique for resection of such challenging clival pathology.

 This is an operative video of an extended endoscopic resection of a clival chordoma with stepwise description of the surgical technique.

 We present the case of a 49-yr-old man in whom, incidentally in the context of low testosterone level, a clival lesion with purely midline location with intradural extension into the ventral brainstem and occupation of the left cerebellopontine angle was discovered. The patient was submitted to an expanded endoscopic transclival approach and a macroscopic gross total resection was successfully achieved. The final pathology was compatible with a conventional chordoma. This video details the surgical anatomy of the clival region to facilitate the identification of surgical landmarks and anatomic boundaries with the goal of avoiding injury to the neurovascular structures involved in this approach.

 Extended endoscopic transclival surgery is a useful and safer option for the management of midline chordomas because it provides with a dissection corridor free of major neurovascular structures. Endoscopic techniques are associated with good outcomes in terms of macroscopic gross total resection and low surgical risks in these selected tumors.
Adaptation of an Ultrasound-Guided Technique for Pulsed Radiofrequency on Axillary and Suprascapular Nerves in the Treatment of Shoulder Pain
Authors: Esparza-Miñana José Miguel , Mazzinari Guido
Published: December 2018

Background

It has been estimated that 20% of the general population will suffer shoulder pain throughout their lives, with a prevalence that can reach up to 50%. The suprascapular nerve (SSN) provides sensation for the posterior and superior regions of the glenohumeral joint, whereas the anterior and inferior zones and the skin are innervated mostly by the axillary nerve. Pulsed radiofrequency on the SSN has been proposed as a therapeutic option in chronic shoulder pain. Axillary nerve block has been proposed in the context of surgical analgesia as an adjuvant to SSN block.

Interventions

Ultrasound (US)-guided techniques target the nerve selectively, minimizing patients’ and physicians’ exposure to harmful radiation while increasing success rates by better needle placement. We perform both US-guided techniques with the patient in a lateral decubitus position with the affected shoulder on the upper side.

Objective

The aim of this report is to describe the adaptation of a US-guided technique that targets both the suprascapular and axillary nerves for the treatment of painful shoulder syndrome. The simultaneous pulsed radiofrequency on the suprascapular and axillary nerves for the treatment of the chronic condition of shoulder pain has been scarcely studied, with very few references in the literature.

Conclusions

By adapting an approach developed in acute pain management, we can safely deliver pulsed radiofrequency to the suprascapular and axillary nerves for the treatment of shoulder pain.
SIMULATION OF OSL AND TLD DOSEMETER RESPONSE FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEW EXTREMITY DOSEMETERS
Authors: Hoedlmoser H , Brönner J , Bandalo V , Wahl F , Greiter M B
Published: December 2018

The individual monitoring service at the Helmholtz Zentrum München is currently developing a new eye lens dosemeter to be integrated in radiation protection glasses and a new ring dosemeter using a new BeOSL detector element for extremity dosimetry developed by Dosimetrics. In the design process for the new eye lens dosemeter, MCNP6 Monte Carlo simulations were used to model the energy and angular response of new dosemeters before ordering the expensive tools for injection molding. This study describes the simulation of the dosemeter and detector, and the involved calculations do obtain the response in terms of the radiation protection quantity Hp(3). Simulations were carried out also for existing whole body dosemeters and TLD rings in order to verify the MC tools. With the final dosemeter prototypes becoming available earlier this year, all MC models could be verified and show very good agreement with experimental data.
Characterization of the VisdhC and VisdhD Genes in Venturia inaequalis, and Sensitivity to Fluxapyroxad, Pydiflumetofen, Inpyrfluxam, and Benzovindiflupyr
Authors: Ayer Katrin M. , Villani Sara M. , Choi Mei-Wah , Cox Kerik D.
Published: December 2018

Succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors (SDHI) are an important class of fungicides for management of apple scab, especially as resistance to other classes of fungicides has become prevalent in the northeastern United States. Considering their single-site mode of action, there is high risk of resistance development to SDHI fungicides. Such risk mandates the need for proper monitoring of shifts in population sensitivity. This study aims to provide a means for phenotypic and genotypic characterization of SDHI fungicide resistance for Venturia inaequalis, the causal agent of apple scab. To complement the published sequence of VisdhB, target genes VisdhC and VisdhD were identified using sequences of homologous genes in other fungal organisms and a draft genome of V. inaequalis. Using mycelial growth and conidial germination assays, baseline sensitivities and cross sensitivities of V. inaequalis were determined for several SDHI fungicides. Mean baseline EC50 values for conidial germination of benzovindiflupyr, fluxapyroxad, pydiflumetofen, and inpyrfluxam were found to be 0.0021, 0.0284, 0.014, and 0.0137 μg ml−1, respectively. Mean baseline EC50 values for mycelial growth of benzovindiflupyr, fluxapyroxad, pydiflumetofen, and inpyrfluxam were found to be 0.0575, 0.228, 0.062, and 0.0291 μg ml−1, respectively. A significant and positive correlation in sensitivity was found between benzovindiflupyr, fluxapyroxad, pydiflumetofen, and inpyrfluxam as well as penthiopyrad and fluopyram, with the highest correlation between benzovindiflupyr and penthiopyrad for mycelial inhibition of V. inaequalis (r = 0.950, P < 0.001). For inhibition of conidial germination, the highest correlation was observed between penthiopyrad and fluopyram (r = 0.775, P < 0.001). Furthermore, the sequences of the VisdhC and VisdhD genes were identified and characterized for baseline isolates of V. inaequalis. Residues of similar position to mutations found in other systems that confer resistance to SDHI fungicides were identified in baseline isolates, but no mutations were identified in baseline isolates or those previously exposed to SDHI fungicides. This study will serve as a reference for future monitoring of resistance to SDHI fungicides in V. inaequalis at both a phenotypic and genotypic level.
Accumulation of Azelaic Acid in Xylella fastidiosa-Infected Olive Trees: A Mobile Metabolite for Health Screening
Authors: Nicolì Francesca , Negro Carmine , Nutricati Eliana , Vergine Marzia , Aprile Alessio , Sabella Erika , Damiano Gina , De Bellis Luigi , Luvisi Andrea
Published: December 2018

Monitoring Xylella fastidiosa is critical for eradicating or at least containing this harmful pathogen. New low-cost and rapid methods for early detection capability are very much needed. Metabolomics may play a key role in diagnosis; in fact, mobile metabolites could avoid errors in sampling due to erratically distributed pathogens. Of the various different mobile signals, we studied dicarboxylic azelaic acid (AzA) which is a key molecule for biotic stress plant response but has not yet been associated with pathogens in olive trees. We found that infected Olea europaea L. plants of cultivars Cellina di Nardò (susceptible to X. fastidiosa) and Leccino (resistant to the pathogen) showed an increase in AzA accumulation in leaf petioles and in sprigs by approximately seven- and sixfold, respectively, compared with plants negative to X. fastidiosa or affected by other pathogens. No statistically significant variation was found between the X. fastidiosa population level and the amount of AzA in either of the plant tissues, suggesting that AzA accumulation was almost independent of the amount of pathogen in the sample. Furthermore, the association of AzA with X. fastidiosa seemed to be reliable for samples judged as potentially false-negative by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (cycle threshold [Ct] > 33), considering both the absolute value of AzA concentration and the values normalized on negative samples, which diverged significantly from control plants. The accumulation of AzA in infected plants was partially supported by the differential expression of two genes (named OeLTP1 and OeLTP2) encoding lipid transport proteins (LTPs), which shared a specific domain with the LTPs involved in AzA activity in systemic acquired resistance in other plant species. The expression level of OeLTP1 and OeLTP2 in petiole samples showed significant upregulation in samples positive to X. fastidiosa of both cultivars, with higher expression levels in positive samples of Cellina di Nardò compared with Leccino, whereas the two transcripts had a low expression level (Ct > 40) in negative samples of the susceptible cultivar. Although the results derived from the quantification of AzA cannot confirm the presence of the erratically distributed X. fastidiosa, which can be definitively assessed by traditional methods, we believe they represent a fast and cheap screening method for large-scale monitoring.
Substantial reduction in thermo-suitable microhabitat for a rainforest marsupial under climate change
Authors: Meade Jessica , VanDerWal Jeremy , Storlie Collin , Williams Stephen , Gourret Arnaud , Krockenberger Andrew , Welbergen Justin A.
Published: December 2018

Increases in mean temperatures caused by anthropogenic climate change increase the frequency and severity of temperature extremes. Although extreme temperature events are likely to become increasingly important drivers of species' response to climate change, the impacts are poorly understood owing mainly to a lack of understanding of species’ physiological responses to extreme temperatures. The physiological response of
Pseudochirops archeri
(green ringtail possum) to temperature extremes has been well studied, demonstrating that heterothermy is used to reduce evaporative water loss at temperatures greater than 30°C. Dehydration is likely to limit survival when animals are exposed to a critical thermal regime of ≥30°C, for ≥5 h, for ≥4 consecutive days. In this study, we use this physiological information to assess
P. archeri's
vulnerability to climate change. We identify areas of current thermo-suitable habitat (validated using sightings), then estimate future thermo-suitable habitat for
P. archeri
, under four emission scenarios. Our projections indicate that up to 86% of thermo-suitable habitat could be lost by 2085, a serious conservation concern for the species. We demonstrate the potential applicability of our approach for generating spatio-temporally explicit predictions of the vulnerability of species to extreme temperature events, providing a focus for efficient and targeted conservation and habitat restoration management.
Host plant frequency and secondary metabolites are concurrently associated with insect herbivory in a dominant riparian tree
Authors: Moreira Xoaquín , Galmán Andrea , Francisco Marta , Castagneyrol Bastien , Abdala-Roberts Luis
Published: December 2018

Herbivory is strongly influenced by different sources of plant variation, from traits such as secondary metabolites to features associated with population- and community-level variation. However, most studies have assessed the influence of these drivers in isolation. We conducted a large-scale study to evaluate the associations between multiple types of plant-based variation and insect leaf herbivory in alder (
Alnus glutinosa
) trees sampled in riparian forests throughout northwestern Spain. We assessed the associations between insect leaf herbivory and alder mean production of leaf secondary metabolites (phenolic compounds), variation among neighbouring alder trees in leaf phenolics and community-related features including alder relative size and frequency and tree species phylogenetic diversity. Structural equation modelling indicated that increasing concentrations of alder leaf flavonoids (but not other types of phenolic compounds) and increasing variation in phenolics among neighbouring alders were both significantly negatively associated with herbivory. In addition, increasing relative frequency of alder was positively associated with leaf damage, whereas the size of alders relative to other trees and phylogenetic diversity were not significantly associated with herbivory. These results demonstrate the concurrent and independent influences of different sources of plant-based variation on insect herbivory and argue for further future work simultaneously addressing multiple plant-based bottom-up controls.
Oviposition drives hatching order and developmental disparities with brood mates
Authors: Sockman Keith W.
Published: December 2018

Birth or hatching order can affect fitness. It has long been assumed that the order in which a bird's egg is laid (its oviposition) and first exposed to incubation relative to other eggs in the nest determines the order in which it hatches and the subsequent effects on development and survival. To my knowledge, this cause of hatching order has not been tested while controlling for laying-order effects on egg composition. Like those of many species, the last-laid eggs in clutches of the Lincoln's sparrow (Melospiza lincolnii) hatch last and produce nestlings with reduced growth and survival rates. Last-hatched Lincoln's sparrows also develop wider bills that are associated with reduced attractiveness of adult courtship songs. Using wild, free-ranging Lincoln's sparrows, I replaced the first or fourth freshly laid egg in four-egg host nests with a freshly laid first egg from a donor nest. I discovered that the experimental elevation of oviposition—which controlled for egg composition—delayed hatching, inhibited growth and widened bill gape, thus confirming the mechanism for hatching order and revealing a potential role for oviposition in reproductive success. Similar effects of postnatal family position could affect fitness in other taxa, as well.
Quantitative characterization of iridescent colours in biological studies: a novel method using optical theory
Authors: Gruson Hugo , Andraud Christine , Daney de Marcillac Willy , Berthier Serge , Elias Marianne , Gomez Doris
Published: December 2018

Iridescent colours are colours that change with viewing or illumination geometry. While they are widespread in many living organisms, most evolutionary studies on iridescence do not take into account their full complexity. Few studies try to precisely characterize what makes iridescent colours special: their angular dependency. Yet, it is likely that this angular dependency has biological functions and is therefore submitted to evolutionary pressures. For this reason, evolutionary biologists need a repeatable method to measure iridescent colours as well as variables to precisely quantify the angular dependency. In this study, we use a theoretical approach to propose five variables that allow one to fully describe iridescent colours at every angle combination. Based on the results, we propose a new measurement protocol and statistical method to reliably characterize iridescence while minimizing the required number of time-consuming measurements. We use hummingbird iridescent feathers and butterfly iridescent wings as test cases to demonstrate the strengths of this new method. We show that our method is precise enough to be potentially used at intraspecific level while being also time-efficient enough to encompass large taxonomic scales.
Coherent backscattering of light by an anisotropic biological network
Authors: Jacucci Gianni , Onelli Olimpia D. , De Luca Antonio , Bertolotti Jacopo , Sapienza Riccardo , Vignolini Silvia
Published: December 2018

The scattering strength of a random medium relies on the geometry and spatial distribution of its components as well as on their refractive index. Anisotropy can, therefore, play a major role in the optimization of the scattering efficiency in both biological and synthetic materials. In this study, we show that, by exploiting the coherent backscattering phenomenon, it is possible to characterize the optical anisotropy in
Cyphochilus
beetle scales without the need to change their orientation or their thickness. For this reason, such a static and easily accessible experimental approach is particularly suitable for the study of biological specimens. Moreover, estimation of the anisotropy in
Cyphochilus
beetle scales might provide inspiration for improving the scattering strength of artificial white materials.
I see your false colours: how artificial stimuli appear to different animal viewers
Authors: Stoddard Mary Caswell , Miller Audrey E. , Eyster Harold N. , Akkaynak Derya
Published: December 2018

The use of artificially coloured stimuli, especially to test hypotheses about sexual selection and anti-predator defence, has been common in behavioural ecology since the pioneering work of Tinbergen. To investigate the effects of colour on animal behaviour, many researchers use paints, markers and dyes to modify existing colours or to add colour to synthetic models. Because colour perception varies widely across species, it is critical to account for the signal receiver's vision when performing colour manipulations. To explore this, we applied 26 typical coloration products to different types of avian feathers. Next, we measured the artificially coloured feathers using two complementary techniques—spectrophotometry and digital ultraviolet--visible photography—and modelled their appearance to mammalian dichromats (ferret, dog), trichromats (honeybee, human) and avian tetrachromats (hummingbird, blue tit). Overall, artificial colours can have dramatic and sometimes unexpected effects on the reflectance properties of feathers, often differing based on feather type. The degree to which an artificial colour differs from the original colour greatly depends on an animal's visual system. ‘White’ paint to a human is not ‘white’ to a honeybee or blue tit. Based on our analysis, we offer practical guidelines for reducing the risk of introducing unintended effects when using artificial colours in behavioural experiments.
Mechanistic description of spatial processes using integrative modelling of noise-corrupted imaging data
Authors: Hross Sabrina , Theis Fabian J. , Sixt Michael , Hasenauer Jan
Published: December 2018

Spatial patterns are ubiquitous on the subcellular, cellular and tissue level, and can be studied using imaging techniques such as light and fluorescence microscopy. Imaging data provide quantitative information about biological systems; however, mechanisms causing spatial patterning often remain elusive. In recent years, spatio-temporal mathematical modelling has helped to overcome this problem. Yet, outliers and structured noise limit modelling of whole imaging data, and models often consider spatial summary statistics. Here, we introduce an integrated data-driven modelling approach that can cope with measurement artefacts and whole imaging data. Our approach combines mechanistic models of the biological processes with robust statistical models of the measurement process. The parameters of the integrated model are calibrated using a maximum-likelihood approach. We used this integrated modelling approach to study
in vivo
gradients of the chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 21 (CCL21). CCL21 gradients guide dendritic cells and are important in the adaptive immune response. Using artificial data, we verified that the integrated modelling approach provides reliable parameter estimates in the presence of measurement noise and that bias and variance of these estimates are reduced compared to conventional approaches. The application to experimental data allowed the parametrization and subsequent refinement of the model using additional mechanisms. Among other results, model-based hypothesis testing predicted lymphatic vessel-dependent concentration of heparan sulfate, the binding partner of CCL21. The selected model provided an accurate description of the experimental data and was partially validated using published data. Our findings demonstrate that integrated statistical modelling of whole imaging data is computationally feasible and can provide novel biological insights.
Steklov eigenvalues of reflection-symmetric nearly circular planar domains
Authors: Viator Robert , Osting Braxton
Published: December 2018

We consider Steklov eigenvalues of reflection-symmetric, nearly circular, planar domains. Treating such domains as perturbations of the disc, we obtain a second-order formal asymptotic estimate in the domain perturbation parameter. We conclude with a discussion of implications for isoperimetric inequalities. Namely, our results corroborate the results of Weinstock and Brock that state, respectively, that the disc is the maximizer for the area and perimeter constrained problems. They also support the result of Hersch, Payne and Schiffer that the product of the first two eigenvalues is maximal among all open planar sets of equal perimeter. In addition, our results imply that the disc is not the maximizer of the area constrained problems for higher even numbered Steklov eigenvalues, as suggested by previous numerical results.