bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Thermocapillary‐buoyancy flow of silicon melt in a shallow annular pool
Authors: Li Y. R. , Peng L. , Wu S. Y. , Imaishi N. , Zeng D. L.
Published: November 2004

In order to understand the nature of surface spoke patterns on silicon melt in industrial Czochralski furnaces, a series of unsteady three‐dimensional numerical simulations were conducted for thermocapillary‐buoyancy flow of silicon melt in annular pool (inner radius ri = 15 mm, outer radius ro = 50 mm, depth d = 3 mm). The pool is heated from the outer cylindrical wall and cooled at the inner wall. Bottom and top surfaces either are adiabatic or allow heat transfer in the vertical direction. Results show that a small temperature difference in the radial direction generates steady roll‐cell thermocapillary‐buoyancy flow. With large temperature difference, the simulation can predict three‐dimensional oscillatory flow, which is characterized by spoke patterns traveling in the azimuthal direction. The small vertical heat flux (3 W/cm2) does not have significant effects on the characteristics of this oscillatory flow. Details of the flow and temperature disturbances are discussed and the critical conditions for the onset of the oscillatory flow are determined. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Microstructural, thermal, and electrical properties of Bi1.7V0.3Sr2Ca2Cu3Ox glass‐ceramic superconductor
Authors: Kayed T. S. , Calįnlį N. , Aksu E. , Koralay H. , Günen A. , Ercan İ. , Aktürk S. , Çavdar Ş.
Published: November 2004

A glass‐ceramic Bi1.7V0.3Sr2Ca2Cu3Ox superconductor was prepared by the melt‐quenching method. The compound was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, x‐ray diffraction, differential thermal analysis, current‐voltage characteristics, transport resistance measurements, and Hall effect measurements. Two main phases (BSCCO 2212 and 2223) were observed in the x‐ray data and the values of the lattice parameters quite agree with the known values for 2212 and 2223 phases. The glass transition temperature was found to be 426 °C while the activation energy for crystallization of glass has been found to be Ea = 370.5 kJ / mol. This result indicates that the substitution of vanadium increased the activation energy for the BSCCO system. An offset Tc of 80 K was measured and the onset Tc was 100 K. The Hall resistivity ρH was found to be almost field‐independent at the normal state. A negative Hall coefficient was observed and no sign reversal of ρH or RH could be noticed. The mobility and carrier density at different temperatures in the range 140‐300 K under different applied magnetic fields up to 1.4 T were also measured and the results are discussed. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Growing CuI crystals with decomplexation method modified by concentration programming
Authors: Gu M. , Wang D. X. , Huang Y. T. , Zhang R.
Published: November 2004

An attempt to grow CuI single crystal with decomplexation method modified by concentration programming in silica gel was performed. The results show that decreasing the concentration of feeding solution gradually can yield pure regular single crystals with larger size compared with those of increasing concentration. Replenishing feeding solution every 24 h produces crystals with higher quality than those of every 48 h. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Effects of annealing on the lattice parameter of polycrystalline CdS thin films
Authors: Lozada‐Morales R. , Zelaya‐Angel O.
Published: November 2004

Cubic CdS (β‐CdS) polycrystalline thin films were prepared on glass substrates by chemical synthesis at 80 °C. Samples were subjected to thermal treatments (TT) in the range of temperatures (T) 180 – 500 °C during 30 hours in different ambients. Annealing in air and in H2 produces in CdS larger lattice parameter enlargements (≤2.5 %) when T of TT increases up to T ≤ 500 °C. Whereas, annealing in Ar + S2 and vacuum provokes intermediate (≤1.2 %) and smaller (≤0.9 %) maxima values of the lattice parameter increments, respectively. Energy band gap (Eg) as a function of T of TT and as a function of the lattice parameter has been also studied where it was observed that Eg behaves in very different manners depending on the ambient chosen for annealing. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A simple variable step size LMS adaptive algorithm
Authors: Haweel Tarek I.
Published: November 2004

A new LMS based variable step size adaptive algorithm is presented. The step size is incremented or decremented by a small positive value, whenever the instantaneous error is positive or negative, respectively. The algorithm is simple, robust and efficient. It is characterized by fast convergence and low steady state mean squared error. The performance of the algorithm is analysed for a stationary zero‐mean white‐Gaussian input. MC simulations are provided to demonstrate its improved performance over the conventional LMS (Proc. IEEE 1976; 64:1151–1162) and some other variable step size adaptive algorithms (IEEE Trans. Signal Process. 1992; 40:1633–1642; IEEE Trans. Signal Process. 1997; 45:631–639) within a range of statistical environments. For a non‐stationary input, the proposed algorithm behaves similar to these algorithms. A modified version of the algorithm is presented to perform in the presence of abrupt changes. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
2‐D Experimental Study of the Plasma Parameter Variations of the Magnetically Sustained DC Discharge in Cylindrical Symmetry in Argon
Authors: Holík M. , Bilyk O. , Marek A. , Kudrna P. , Behnke J. F. , Tichý M.
Published: November 2004

Two similar experimental set‐ups were used to measure axial and radial distribution of discharge plasma parameters at different magnetic fields. Both systems were cylindrical magnetrons with outer cylindrically‐shaped anode and coaxially placed cathode – both the discharge vessels had diameters approximately 6 cm and they were 30 cm and 11 cm long respectively. In the longer magnetron the measurements were made using three radially movable cylindrical Langmuir probes placed at three different axial positions and in the shorter magnetron the axially movable probe was used. From the measurements there were evaluated electron density, electron mean energy, plasma potential and floating potential. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
EEDF Measurements in the Diffusion‐extraction Region of a Plasma in ARIS (Applied Radio‐frequency Ion Source)
Authors: Soberón F. , Ellingboe A. R.
Published: November 2004

In plasma systems used for H–/D– extraction, a magnetic “filter‐field” is created parallel to the extraction plate. The spatial development of the EEDF and the plasma chemistry as the plasma diffuses through this region is of primary interest. In the ARIS apparatus electrostatic probes are used to measure the spatially resolved EEDF resulting from a plasma diffusing through a multi‐line magnetic field. Measurements are made with a single Langmuir probe, using the AC superposition method. Calculation of the EEDF follows from the Druyvesteyn analysis. The “temperature” of the high‐energy component of the EEDF is compared to results from double Langmuir probes. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Using Planar Probes to Estimate the Hall Electron Drift Speed in Magnetized Plasma
Authors: Vetushka A. , Karkari S. K. , Aranda‐Gonzalvo Y. , Bradley J. W.
Published: November 2004

A circular planar probe of diameter 4 mm has been used to determine the ratio of the electron E × B drift speed Vd to the thermal speed Vth in the bulk plasma of a magnetron discharge. It is found that when the probe is orientated into the E × B drift, with its surface parallel to the local B‐field, significantly higher electron saturation currents are detected than when the probe is orientated away from the drift (i.e. 180 degrees from this orientation). Using the electron and ion saturation current measurements and a simple model of the anisotropic plasma‐probe system, which assumes both Hall and collisional cross‐field transport, Vd/Vth has been determined at different positions in the bulk plasma. The maximum in Vd/Vth is found to be about 0.14 (corresponding to Vd = 1 · 105 ms–1) and the measured distribution of drift current agrees well with data that was found in a previous study, in which Vd was determined from the knowledge of E and B, namely Vd = E × B/B2, and with Vth determined from electron temperature measurements, i.e. Vth = (2kTe/me)1/2. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A New Method of Electron Temperature Determination in Unmagnetized and Magnetized RF Plasmas without RF Compensating Circuit
Authors: Choi Y.‐S. , Lee B.‐K. , Chung K.‐S.
Published: November 2004

Collected current versus applied voltage(I‐V) curve of Langmuir probe in RF plasma is severely distorted by RF fluctuations leading to overestimation of electron temperature. RF compensation circuit has been used to obtain the undistorted I‐V curve, yet it produces time‐averaged one. A new and simple method is proposed to get time‐resolved I‐V curve by picking the synchronized RF signals with digital oscilloscope and Labview program. This technique is tested in magnetized helicon plasmas and unmagnetized capacitive coupled RF plasmas
How to Interprete Triple Probe Measurements when Non of the Tips Saturates?
Authors: Laux Michael
Published: November 2004

For safety reasons (e.g. to avoid parasitic discharges) there is a tendency to keep the voltage applied to triple probes in fusion plasmas as low as possible. In the case of high electron temperatures this can result in a gradual loss of saturation for the so‐called saturated tip rendering the classical data evaluation non‐applicable. Nevertheless, plasma parameters can still be extracted on the basis of the analytical discussion and numerical solution of the non‐linear current balance equation describing the given situation. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
On the Influence of Probe Presheath on the Measurement of Fluctuation and E × B Turbulent Transport by Langmuir Probes
Authors: Calderón E. , Hidalgo C. , Pedrosa M. A. , Silva C.
Published: November 2004

The influence of the probe's presheath region in the level of plasma fluctuations and E × B turbulent transport has been investigated in the plasma edge region of the stellarator TJ‐II using a multi array of Langmuir and Mach probes. Simultaneous measurements of plasma fluctuations carried out by probes located in and out the probe body sheath show similar results in the normalized level of fluctuations in the ion saturation current. However, floating potential fluctuations measured in the co and counter direction of the magnetic field on the sheath probe body show slight but significant differences. The local radial electrostatic turbulent driven transport measured in and out of the probe body sheath show consistent results, within the errors bars due to uncertainties in the determination of the effective probe collecting area. These results and previous findings call into a question the recent interpretation of probe measurements on the basis of the influence of the probe's presheath zone (B. Labombard, Plasma Phys. and Cont. Fusion 9(2002) 1300). (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Collective Dust‐Dust Attraction in Strong Magnetic Field (Contributions to Plasma Physics 44 No. 4, 317–326 (2004))
Authors: Tsytovich V. N. , Koller J.
Published: November 2004

In the heading of the paper “Collective Dust‐Dust Attraction in Strong Magnetic Field” by V. N.Tsytovich, CPP Vol. 44, No. 4, p. 317–326 (2004), erroneously a second author is named, who indeed is not involved in this paper. Its author is only V. N. Tsytovich. Regrettably, the mistake was caused through technical oversight.

See original Contributions to Plasma Physics Vol. 44 No. 4, 317–326 (2004)
YSZ Thin Films Deposited on NiO‐CSZ Anodes by Pulsed Injection MOCVD for Intermediate Temperature‐SOFC Applications
Authors: Garcia G. , Merino R.I. , Orera V.M. , Larrea A. , Peña J.I. , Laguna‐Bercero M.A. , Pardo J.A. , Santiso J. , Figueras A.
Published: November 2004

Yttria‐stabilized zirconia (YSZ) films are prepared on NiO–CaSZ by PIMOCVD (pulsed injection metal organic chemical vapor deposition). High quality, 5 to 10 μm thick, totally dense YSZ layers (Figure) are prepared by controlling the oxygen partial pressure during the deposition. YSZ solid electrolyte deposition onto Ni–YSZ eutectic substrate is found to be a promising combination with regard to intermediate‐temperature solid‐oxide fuel cell applications.
Identification of subpopulations of cells with differing telomere lengths in mouse and human cell lines by flow FISH
Authors: Cabuy Erik , Newton Chris , Roberts Terry , Newbold Robert , Slijepcevic Predrag
Published: November 2004

Background

Telomeres are specialized nucleoprotein structures at chromosome ends that undergo dynamic changes after each cell cycle. Understanding the mechanisms of telomere dynamics is critically dependent on the ability to accurately measure telomere length in a cell population of interest. Techniques such as Southern blot, which measures average telomere length, and quantitative fluorescence in situ hybridization (Q‐FISH), which can estimate telomere length in individual chromosomes, are limited in their capacity to determine the distribution of cells with differing telomere lengths in a given cell population.

Methods

We employed flow‐FISH to determine whether mouse and human cell lines exhibit subpopulations of cells with differing telomere lengths.

Results

Our analysis showed that at least one of four analyzed mouse cell lines had two subpopulations of cells with differing telomere lengths. Differences in telomere length between subpopulations of cells were significant, and we term this phenomenon TELEFLUCS (TElomere LEngth FLUctuations in Cell Subpopulations). We also observed TELEFLUCS in 1 of 19 analyzed human nonalternative lengthening of telomere cell lines and in 1 of 2 analyzed human alternative lengthening of telomere cell lines. The existence of cell subpopulations with differing telomere lengths was confirmed by Q‐FISH.

Conclusion

Our results underscore the importance of flow‐FISH in telomere length analysis. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The fine‐needle aspiration biopsy cytology of pancreatoblastoma
Authors: Pitman Martha Bishop , Faquin William C.
Published: November 2004

We describe the clinical, cytological, histological, and immunohistochemical features of primary and metastatic pancreatoblastoma (PBL), a rare primary pancreatic malignancy of both adults and children. An 18‐yr‐old male patient presented with abdominal pain, weight loss, and diarrhea and had a 9‐cm pancreatic mass that was revealed by CT scan. The fine‐needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) smears from the pancreas specimen and the lung metastasis were cellular and were composed of a combination of solid sheets, three‐dimensional, loosely cohesive epithelial groups, and primitive spindled mesenchymal tissue with focal cartilage formation. Acinar formations were best appreciated on cell block preparations, and squamoid corpuscles were seen only on cell block. Zymogen granules were demonstrated in a subset of the epithelial cells using periodic‐acid Schiff stains with and without diastase and dual acinar‐endocrine differentiation was evident using a focused panel of immunohistochemical stains. Acinar‐cell carcinoma (ACC) is the most difficult neoplasm to distinguish from PBL, both clinically and cytologically, especially in young children. The key to distinguishing them is to note the presence of squamous corpuscles and/or heterologous elements such as cartilage.

Given the increasing utility of FNAB in the investigation of pancreatic masses, it is important for the pathologist to be familiar with the morphological features of this tumor, especially because preoperative diagnosis provides an opportunity for preoperative therapy before resection. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2004;31:402–406. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Chondrosarcoma of calcanaeum in a 12‐year‐old male patient: A case report
Authors: Gupta Kirti , Radhika S. , Vasishta R.K.
Published: November 2004

Chondrosarcoma is distinctly uncommon and tends to be located often in the extremities in young patients more than in its adult counterpart. Cartilaginous tumors involving the small bones of the hands and feet are benign tumors such as enchondromas, chondromyxoid fibroma (CMF), and chondroblastoma. Chondrosarcomas involving calcanaeum in young adults are largely covered in the literature as single case reports.

A young 12‐yr‐male patient presented with complaints of pain and mild swelling in the ankle. Radiological examination revealed a dense irregular lesion in the calcanaeum. Fine‐needle aspiration was performed and a possibility of chondrosarcoma was suspected, which later was confirmed on histopathological examination.

The cytopathologist should be aware of the occurrence of malignant chondroid tumors in the younger age group at this rare site. Correlation to radiological findings is essential in these cases. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2004;31:399–401. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Classical conditioning in the rat fetus: Temporal characteristics and behavioral correlates of the conditioned response
Authors: Smotherman William P.
Published: November 2004

This study examined the temporal characteristics and behavioral correlates of the conditioned response (CR) following classical conditioning of the embryonic Day 20 (E20 rat fetus). The conditioning procedure involved pairing of an artificial nipple (the CS) with an infusion of milk (the US) to establish classical conditioning. The test for classical conditioning involved measurement of a stimulus‐evoked facial wiping response in a classical conditioning test. Experiment 1 compared the effectiveness of one‐ and three‐trial procedures to establish classical conditioning. Experiment 2, 3, and 4 described the time course for the CR following one‐ and three‐trial conditioning procedures. Experiments 3b and 4b describe the behavioral responses to (a) presentation of the CS at the time of conditioning, (b) infusion of the milk US at the time of conditioning, and (c) reexposure to the CS before the test for classical conditioning. Experiments 5 and 6 exposed the fetus to manipulations that either increased or decreased stretching (a behavior found to be associated with the CR). The results are discussed in terms of the temporal characteristics and behavioral correlates of conditioned and unconditioned responses and their mediation by activity in endogenous mu and kappa opioid systems. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 40: 116–130, 2002. DOI 10.1002/dev.10017
Maternal separation alters maternal care, but has minor effects on behavior and brain opioid peptides in adult offspring
Authors: Marmendal Maarit , Roman Erika , Eriksson C. J. Peter , Nylander Ingrid , Fahlke Claudia
Published: November 2004

The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of repeated maternal separation (MS; 4 hr per day) during postnatal Days 1 to 15 on emotionality and voluntary ethanol intake in adult male and female Wistar rat offspring relative to controls exposed to a brief (5‐min) daily handling procedure. Brain immunoreactive opioid peptide levels and plasma levels of corticosterone also were measured. There were mainly no alterations in any of the tested behaviors (i.e., fleeing and freezing responses, exploratory behavior, spontaneous and amphetamine‐induced locomotor activity and competitive behavior), ethanol intake, or immunoreactive opioid peptide levels in MS offspring, either in males or females, compared to their respective controls nor were there any differences in plasma corticosterone between groups. In addition, the dams' retrieval behavior of the pups also was studied, showing that MS dams spent more time in the nest with the pups after the 4‐hr separation period compared to control dams. With respect to the used protocol of the MS procedure in the present study, our results do not provide support for the suggestion that this procedure is a relevant model for studying development of psychopathology and vulnerability to drug abuse. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 45: 140‐152, 2004.
Xenopus flotillin1, a novel gene highly expressed in the dorsal nervous system
Authors: Pandur Petra D. , Dirksen Marie‐Luise , Moore Kathryn B. , Moody Sally A.
Published: November 2004

The two paralogues of the Xenopus flotillin1 gene (flotillin1A and flotillin1B), which encodes a putative membrane‐associated protein, were cloned from egg, cleavage, and tadpole cDNA libraries. Both mRNAs are present during oogenesis and cleavage stages. After the onset of zygotic transcription, flotillin1 transcripts are first expressed throughout the embryonic ectoderm and become enhanced in the presumptive neural ectoderm as the neural plate forms. As the neural tube forms and differentiates, flotillin1 transcripts become enriched in the dorsal half, with particularly high expression in dorsal primary neurons. At early tail bud stages, there is additional expression in the paraxial mesoderm. At late tail bud stages, flotillin1A is expressed in branchial arch mesenchyme, the overlying branchial ectoderm and in dorsal somitic mesoderm, whereas flotillin1B expression is more restricted in the dorsal neural tube and head sensory structures. This report is the first comprehensive developmental description in any animal of the expression pattern of this gene, whose protein product in several systems plays important roles in signal transduction events. Developmental Dynamics 231:881–887, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Specification of the enveloping layer and lack of autoneuralization in zebrafish embryonic explants
Authors: Sagerström Charles G. , Gammill Laura S. , Veale Robin , Sive Hazel
Published: November 2004

We have analyzed the roles of cell contact during determination of the outermost enveloping layer (EVL) and deeper neurectoderm in zebrafish embryos. Outer cells, but not deeper cells, are specified to express the EVL‐specific marker, cyt1 by late blastula. EVL specification requires cell contact or close cell proximity, because cyt1 is not expressed after explant dissociation. The EVL may be homologous to the Xenopus epithelial layer, including the ventral larval epidermis. While Xenopus epidermal cytokeratin gene expression is activated by bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling, zebrafish cyt1 is not responsive to BMPs. Zebrafish early gastrula ectodermal explants are specified to express the neural markers opl (zic1) and otx2, and this expression is prevented by BMP4. Dissociation of zebrafish explants prevents otx2 and opl expression, suggesting that neural specification in zebrafish requires cell contact or close cell proximity. This finding is in contrast to the case in Xenopus, where ectodermal dissociation leads to activation of neural gene expression, or autoneuralization. Our data suggest that distinct mechanisms direct development of homologous lineages in different vertebrates. Developmental Dynamics 232:85–97, 2005. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A method of generating seamless textures using a multi‐distance co‐occurrence matrix and natural texture
Authors: Yamada Tatsumi , Hashimoto Akihiko , Shimohara Katsunori
Published: November 2004

The authors propose a multi‐distance co‐occurrence matrix and a method of generating seamless textures from natural textures by using this multi‐distance co‐occurrence matrix. The authors had proposed a seamless texture generation method for solving the boundary discontinuity problem that had conventionally occurred when texture mapping had been repeatedly performed. However, the proposed seamless texture generation method had the problem that seamless textures could not be generated from existing textures. In this paper, the authors propose a multi‐distance co‐occurrence matrix that extends the co‐occurrence matrix used in texture analysis for solving this kind of problem and then propose a texture generation method that combines this multi‐distance co‐occurrence matrix and a pixel value determination procedure called the fractal method, which is one of the proposed seamless texture generation methods. As a result, seamless textures can be generated from existing textures. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 87(12): 28–37, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.20133
Development of a container identification mark recognition system
Authors: Kumano Shintaro , Miyamoto Kazumasa , Tamagawa Mitsuaki , Ikeda Hiroaki , Kan Koji
Published: November 2004

This paper reports the development of a container identification mark or number recognition system designed for application to a container terminal. The recognition system recognizes the number or mark on the back surface of a container in an outdoor environment by photographing the mark by a camera system installed on the container gate. Containers in many cases differ in color as well as in layout depending on their owners; the layouts commonly contain one to four horizontal columns or rows of writing or more rarely vertical rows of writing. The container number recognition system is constructed from an illumination intensity sensor and illumination system for handling the outdoor illumination changes, a shutter speed control device, and devices such as filters for handling various container colors. In addition, the proposed system uses a character recognition scheme based on a dynamic design method for recognizing differing character string layouts in container marks or numbers. Field tests have been conducted to obtain a recognition rate of 92.8% for all data, a recognition rate of 97.9% for effective or appropriate data excluding data outside the field of vision, and an average recognition speed of less than 2 seconds. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 87(12): 38–50, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.20134
Syntheses, Structures and Magnetic Properties of Novel Oxamido‐Bridged Tetranuclear Complexes [Cu3M] (M = Cu, Mn)
Authors: Wang Shi‐bin , Yang Guang‐ming , Li Rong‐fang , Wang Yuan‐fang , Liao Dai‐zheng
Published: November 2004

Three oxamido‐bridged tetranuclear complexes with the formulae [(LCu)Cu(LCuSCN)2]·H2O (1), [(LCu)Mn(LCuSCN)2]·1.38CH3OH (2) and {(LCu)Mn[LCuN(CN)2]2}·0.75DMF·0.25H2O (3) (where H2L = 2,3‐dioxo‐5,6:15,16‐dibenzo‐1,4,8,13‐tetraazacylotetradeca‐7,13‐diene) have been prepared and characterised. Their structures were deduced using X‐ray crystallography. All three complexes crystallise in the triclinic system, space group P$\bar 1$
. The three copper ions of the complex ligands and the central metal ions (Cu, Mn) remain in the plane and form a scalene triangle. Three copper ions occupy the vertexes and the M(Cu, Mn) ions are located at the centre. Magnetic susceptibility measurements in the 5−300 K temperature range have been carried out for this series of complexes. The experimental data have been fitted according to the Heisenberg Hamiltonian and led to J values equal to −61.80 cm−1, −14.54 cm−1 and −12.10 cm−1 for complex 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Their interaction parameters have been compared with each other. The deviation of the copper ions from the oxamide‐bridge plane results in the J value of complex 1 being different from those of other oxamide‐bridged copper complexes. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Genomic alterations in uterine leiomyosarcomas: Potential markers for clinical diagnosis and prognosis
Authors: Hu Jie , Khanna Vineesh , Jones Mirka , Surti Urvashi
Published: November 2004

Genomic alterations were analyzed in 21 uterine leiomyosarcomas (ULMSs) by comparative genomic hybridization. DNA copy number changes were detected in all 21 tumors. The most frequent losses were 13q (16/21 = 76%), 10q (13/21 = 62%), 16q (8/21 = 38%), 12p (7/21 = 33%), and 2p (9/21 = 43%). The most common gains were 17p (8/21 = 38%), Xp (7/21 = 33%), and 1q (7/21 = 33%). High‐copy‐number gains (ratio > 1.5) were identified in Xp, 1q, and 17p. Loss of 13q was identified in both low‐grade and high‐grade tumors. Inactivation of a tumor suppressor gene in 13q may be an early event in the development of leiomyosarcomas. Loss of 10q, 2p, and 12p and gains of 1q as well as 17p were frequently found in high‐grade tumors and recurrent tumors. Inactivation of tumor suppressor genes and activation of oncogenes in these regions may be associated with a more aggressive behavior of ULMS. Patients with only loss of 13q and without the other alterations listed above had longer survival times. Gains of Xp, 17p, and 1q and losses of 13q, 10q, 16q, 12p, and 2p have been reported in extra‐uterine leiomyosarcomas. Our findings indicate that the pathogenesis of uterine leiomyosarcomas and extra‐uterine leiomyosarcomas follows the same genetic pathways. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Alteration of chromosome arm 6p is characteristic of primary mediastinal B‐cell lymphoma, as identified by genome‐wide allelotyping
Authors: Rigaud Gildas , Moore Patrick S. , Taruscio Domenica , Scardoni Maria , Montresor Marina , Menestrina Fabio , Scarpa Aldo
Published: November 2004

Five cases of primary mediastinal B‐cell lymphoma (PMBL) each have been studied with 375 microsatellite markers from all 22 autosomes. Of the 151 genomic alterations among the 1,875 assays, only five were allelic losses. The remainder of the microsatellite alterations consisted of 114 allelic imbalances and 32 instabilities. Microsatellite alterations were found in all cases on chromosomal arms 6p and 9p. These allelic imbalances most likely are indicative of genetic amplification, a finding agreeing well with those of studies using either comparative genomic hybridization or arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction, in which amplification of chromosome arm 9p in PMBL has been found. The allelic imbalances on chromosome arm 6p always included marker D6S276 located at 6p21.3‐p22.3, where the MHC class I genes reside. These allelic imbalances may be reflective of alterations in the expression of the MHC gene products, characteristic of PMBL. Allelic anomalies close to the MYB gene locus on 6q were detected in two cases and prompted the analysis of MYB rearrangements in a series of 30 lymphomas. One rearrangement was detected in one of 18 cases of PMBL and in none of 10 diffuse, large B‐cell lymphomas and two T‐cell lymphomas. Our genome‐wide microsatellite analysis provides independent confirmation that PMBL is characterized by infrequent chromosomal losses and by frequent genetic alterations involving chromosomal arm 9p. For the first time, chromosomal arm 6p has been identified as a highly frequent target of genetic alterations in this tumor type. Finally, MYB may also be involved occasionally in PMBL pathogenesis. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cytogenetic manifestations of multiple myeloma heterogeneity
Authors: Pantou Dimitra , Rizou Helen , Tsarouha Haroula , Pouli Anastasia , Papanastasiou Kostas , Stamatellou Marina , Trangas Theoni , Pandis Nikos , Bardi Georgia
Published: November 2004

To investigate the genetic basis of the great heterogeneity observed in the clinical behavior of multiple myeloma (MM), a combined approach of G‐banding, interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), and multicolor FISH (M‐FISH) was employed to analyze 70 samples from 53 patients with MM. G‐banding revealed abnormal karyotypes in 77% of the cases. The origin of 31 chromosome markers was identified or revised by M‐FISH. Combined metaphase karyotypic data and interphase FISH findings, using the immunoglobulin heavy‐chain (IGH), IGH/cyclin D1 gene (CCND1), and D13S319 probes, revealed chromosome abnormalities in all evaluated patients and marked inter‐ and intratumor cytogenetic heterogeneity in the investigated MM samples. Cytogenetically unrelated clones were detected in 26% of the cases, mostly MM evaluated at diagnosis, whereas cytogenetic clonal evolution, manifested as related clones in 20% of the cases, was associated with disease progression. Among the 14q32 rearrangements, present in 66% of the cases, at least three cytogenetic subsets could be identified: one with t(11;14), usually without 13q14 deletion; another with other IGH changes, often 13q14 deletion, and hypodiploid modal chromosome number; and a third without changes in 14q32 but with abnormalities of chromosome 17. The correlation found between cytogenetic and clinicopathologic characteristics provided support for the concept that general genomic features in conjunction with specific chromosome rearrangements define the malignant phenotype in the various subsets of MM. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cytogenetic features of de novo CD5‐positive diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma: Chromosome aberrations affecting 8p21 and 11q13 constitute major subgroups with different overall survival
Authors: Yoshioka Tomoko , Miura Ikuo , Kume Masaaki , Takahashi Naoto , Okamoto Masataka , Ichinohasama Ryo , Yoshino Tadashi , Yamaguchi Motoko , Hirokawa Makoto , Sawada Ken‐ichi , Nakamura Shigeo
Published: November 2004

De novo CD5‐positive diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (CD5+DLBCL) is regarded as a different clinicopathological entity from CD5‐negative DLBCL (CD5−DLBCL) and mantle cell lymphoma (MCL). Because only a few published cytogenetic studies of de novo CD5+DLBCL are available, we investigated chromosomal changes in 23 Japanese patients who had de novo CD5+DLBCL. A characteristic of cytogenetic abnormalities in de novo CD5+DLBCL was a high incidence of chromosomal aberrations affecting 8p21 and 11q13. Major chromosomal breakpoints were concentrated at 8p21, 11q13, and 3q27. Patients with 8p21 aberrations showed aggressive clinical features, including advanced stage of disease, elevated serum LDH level, poor performance status, and an inferior survival curve compared with patients who had 11q13 changes (P = .043). Chromosomal abnormalities of both 8p21 and 11q13 were not observed in the same patient, and each abnormality showed different chromosomal gains and losses. These results indicate that de novo CD5+DLBCL may occur in previously unidentified subgroups that differ in their chromosomal abnormalities. The conflicting results of previous studies on prognosis may thus be explained in part by the differences in chromosomal changes. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genotype prediction using a dense map of SNPs
Authors: Evans David M. , Cardon Lon R. , Morris Andrew P.
Published: November 2004

The International Haplotype Mapping Project (HapMap) aims to characterize the distribution and extent of linkage disequilibrium (LD) throughout the human genome, thereby facilitating genome‐wide association analysis and the search for the genetic determinants of complex diseases. Implicit in the rationale behind the project is the expectation that hidden (unobserved) disease‐causing variants will be in significant LD with surrounding typed markers and will thus be amenable to detection using association‐based mapping approaches. In order to investigate the validity of this assumption, we examined more than 5,000 SNPs across a 10‐MB region of chromosome 20 in a sample of 96 unrelated African‐American and 96 unrelated Caucasian individuals. We treated observed loci as surrogates for hidden SNPs by pretending that individuals' genotypes were unknown. We then attempted to predict these genotypes at the surrogate hidden SNP by using information about LD in the region and genotypes at surrounding observed loci. Our method is based on finding the most likely genotype for each individual, given all possible haplotype pairs consistent with observed genotypes for that individual at surrounding loci, and given the frequencies of those haplotypes in an independent sample. Our method performs extremely well in predicting genotypes in areas of high LD. Furthermore, in areas of low LD, our method results in substantial gains in predictive accuracy as compared to pair‐wise strategies. These results suggest that pair‐wise tests of disease‐marker association may be inferior to multipoint methods, which take advantage of the information contained within multi‐locus haplotypes. Genet. Epidemiol. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Magnetic resonance study of the influence of tissue damage and cortical reorganization on PASAT performance at the earliest stage of multiple sclerosis
Authors: Audoin Bertrand , Van Au Duong My , Ranjeva Jean‐Philippe , Ibarrola Danielle , Malikova Irina , Confort‐Gouny Sylviane , Soulier Elisabeth , Viout Patrick , Ali‐Chérif André , Pelletier Jean , Cozzone Patrick J.
Published: November 2004

We sought to determine the influence of tissue damage and the potential impact of cortical reorganization on the performance to the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT) in patients at the earliest stage of multiple sclerosis (MS). Magnetization transfer ratio (MTR) imaging and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) experiments using PASAT as paradigm were carried out in 18 patients with clinically isolated syndrome suggestive of MS (CISSMS) compared to 18 controls. MTR histogram analyses showed structural abnormalities in patients involving the normal‐appearing white matter (NAWM) but also the gray matter (GM). Mean PASAT scores were significantly lower in the group of patients taken as a whole, and were correlated with the mean NAWM MTR value. No correlation was observed between PASAT scores and GM MTR. However, in the subgroup of patients with normal PASAT performance (n = 9), fMRI showed larger activations in bilateral Brodmann area 45 (BA45) and right BA44 compared to that in controls (n = 18). In these areas with potentially compensatory reorganization, the whole group of patients (n = 18) showed significantly greater activation than controls (n = 18). Activation in the right BA45 was inversely correlated with the mean NAWM MTR and the peak position of GM MTR histograms of patients. This study indicates that even at the earliest stage of MS, cortical reorganization is present inside the executive system of working memory and could tend to limit the determinant functional impact of NAWM injury on the execution of the PASAT. Hum. Brain Mapping 24:216–228, 2005. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Glossal angiomyoma: Imaging findings and endovascular treatment
Authors: Marden Franklin A. , Calilao Gabriel C. , Guzman Grace , Roy Soma Sinha
Published: November 2004

Background.

An angiomyoma is an uncommon, benign tumor characterized by numerous vascular channels intermixed with bundles of smooth muscle cells. Oral manifestations are quite rare. We describe for the first time the CT, MRI, and angiographic imaging features and successful preoperative endovascular embolization of an angiomyoma of the tongue. The pathologic findings before and after embolization are also described.

Methods and Results.

A 25‐year‐old man was seen with a rapidly enlarging tongue mass. Imaging studies revealed the extent and hypervascular nature of this tumor. The diagnosis of angiomyoma was confirmed by histologic examination. Preoperative embolization proved to be helpful in the surgical management of this lesion.

Conclusions.

Angiomyoma should be considered in the differential diagnosis of any well‐circumscribed, hypervascular, soft tissue tumor in the mouth. In addition, endovascular embolization may be a useful adjunct that facilitates resection. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 26: 1084–1088, 2004
Hepatitis C virus: Detection of intracellular virus particles by electron microscop
Authors: Shimizu Y K , Feinstone S M , Kohara M , Purcell R H , Yoshikura H
Published: November 2004

We previously demonstrated that a human T-cell line, HPBMa10-2 derived from HPBALL, was capable of supporting a productive infection of hepatitis C virus (HCV). We subsequently found Daudi cells, a human B-cell line, to be susceptible to HCV infection. Employing these cell lines infected with HCV as well as liver obtained during the acute phase of hepatitis C from a chimpanzee, we observed intracellular HCV particles by electron microscopy (EM). We detected viruslike particles with a diameter of approximately 50 nm in the cytoplasmic vesicles. In Daudi cells harvested 15 days after virus inoculation, the appearance of cytoplasmic tubular structures which we originally described for chimpanzee hepatocytes in association with HCV infection was noted. Immunoperoxidase EM using antibodies against HCV core and envelope demonstrated that the particles contained the viral antigens.
Tumor necrosis factor α gene expression and the response to interferon in chronic hepatitis C
Authors: Larrea E , Garcia N , Qian C , Civeira M P , Prieto J
Published: November 2004

Tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) is a cytokine with pleiotropic properties that is induced in a variety of pathological situations including viral infections. In this work, we analyzed the expression of TNF-α gene in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Serum TNF-α levels were found to be elevated in all chronic hepatitis C patients including those cases presenting sustained biochemical remission of the disease after interferon therapy. Untreated patients with chronic hepatitis C showed increased TNF-α messenger RNA (mRNA) levels in the liver and mononuclear cells as compared with healthy controls. After completion of treatment with interferon, patients experiencing sustained complete response showed values of TNF-α mRNA, both in the liver and in peripheral mononuclear cells, within the normal range, significantly lower than patients who did not respond to interferon and than those with complete response who relapsed after interferon withdrawal. Pretreatment values of TNF-α mRNA were lower in long-term responders to interferon than in cases who failed to respond to the treatment. Values of TNF-α mRNA in the liver or in mononuclear cells were higher in specimens with positive hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA than in those samples where the virus was undetectable. Neither the intensity of the liver damage nor the amount of HCV RNA in serum or in cells showed correlation with the levels of TNF-α transcripts in peripheral mononuclear cells but it was found that high TNF-α values were associated with genotype 1b. In conclusion, there is an enhanced expression of TNF-α in HCV infection. High levels of this cytokine may play a role in the resistance to interferon therapy.
The effect of mannitol and secretin on the biliary transport of urate in humans
Authors: Kountouras J , Magoula I , Tsapas G , Liatsis I
Published: November 2004

No evidence is available on the transport of biliary urate and the possible role of choleretic agents in the regulation of biliary urate elimination in humans. To test this hypothesis we studied the following: (1) 45 cholecystomized patients to determine urate levels in hepatic bile and gallbladder bile, and (2) 13 cholecystomized patients fitted with T-tubes to determine the effects of secretin injection (either 70 U of porcine secretin or 0.02 mg ·kg−1 of synthetic human secretin, as a single dose) and/or mannitol infusion (5 cm3 · min−1 for 90 minutes) on biliary urate excretion. In the latter group, samples of bile and serum were analyzed for urate under basal state and after the administration of both agents. In our first approach, results showed that urate concentrations present in hepatic as well as in gallbladder bile were much lower than the corresponding values in serum (P < .001). The mean gallbladder bile urate concentration was not significantly increased over the concentration in hepatic bile. When compared with basal state values, procine and synthetic secretin induced a significant increase in mean urate clearance (P < .001) because of a significant increase in mean bile flow (P < .001), whereas the mean biliary urate concentration significantly decreased (P < .001) with a concomitant decrease in the mean serum urate concentration (P < .02). Mannitol also induced a significant increase in the mean urate clearance (P < .002) because of a significant increase in the mean biliary urate concentration (P < .01) with a concomitant decrease in the mean serum urate concentration (P < .01) and without changes in the mean bile flow (P > .05). Therefore, it appears that a substantial amount of urate is eliminated by biliary route. The load of biliary urate excreted may be modified by mannitol and secretin and possibly other factors, a finding that could have an application in some pathological conditions associated with decreased renal urate excretion.
Carcinoembryonic antigen and blood group-related carbohydrate antigens in glycoproteins in human bile in hepatolithiasi
Authors: Sasaki M , Morita T , Hoso M , Nakanuma Y , Tanimura H
Published: November 2004

We investigated whether carbohydrate antigens on biliary glycoproteins and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) are related to hepatolithiasis. CEA, ABO, and Lewis blood group-related antigens, as well as sialyl-Tn antigen in hepatic bile, were analyzed by Western blotting in samples from 12 patients with hepatolithiasis and 37 with other biliary diseases (choledocholithiasis, 13; cholecystolithiasis, 5; acute cholecystitis, 2; cholangiocarcinoma, 5; common bile duct carcinoma, 4; pancreatic carcinoma, 6; and metastatic carcinoma of liver, 2). CEA was positive on mucinous glycoprotein in six patients (50%) with hepatolithiasis and one case (17%) with pancreatic carcinoma. CEA was also positive on a glycoprotein of approximately 200 kd in eight patients (67%) with hepatolithiasis and two (33%) with pancreatic carcinoma. Lewis X was detected on the mucinous glycoprotein in almost all samples, as well as on glycoproteins of approximately 180 kd in all hepatolithiasis samples and approximately half of those from patients with other diseases. Sialyl-Tn antigen was detected on mucinous glycoprotein in four (80%) with cholangiocarcinoma, two (50%) with common bile duct carcinoma, and all pancreatic carcinoma samples. Mucinous glycoprotein and glycoproteins containing CEA and Lewis X antigens are enriched in hepatic bile of hepatolithiasis, and they may be closely related to the formation of intrahepatic calculi. Sialyl-Tn antigen in biliary mucinous glycoprotein will be a good marker of biliary and pancreatic carcinoma, and probably for cholangiocarcinoma complicated with hepatolithiasis.
Noncholesterol sterols in bile and stones of patients with cholesterol and pigment stones
Authors: Miettinen T E , Kesaniemi Y A , Gylling H , Jarvinen H , Silvennoinen E , Miettinen T A
Published: November 2004

Human bile and cholesterol gallstones contain sterols including methylated (lanosterol and other dimethyl and monomethyl sterols), and demethylated cholesterol precursor sterols (Δ 8-lathosterol, lathosterol, and desmosterol), plant sterols (campesterol and sitosterol), and cholestanol. The aim of the study was to analyze the noncholesterol sterols in gallbladder bile and stones from female and male patients with cholesterol stones (CS) and pigment stones (PS) to ascertain whether any sterol fraction contributes to the gallstone formation. Classification of gallstones to CS and PS was performed on the basis of the stone cholesterol content. The study group consisted of 165 consecutive cholecystectomized patients, 150 with CS and 15 with PS. Bile acids and sterols were quantitated using gas-liquid chromatography (GLC). The biliary lipid and noncholesterol sterol/cholesterol proportions were similar in the CS and PS patients. The proportions of methylated and plant sterols were significantly lower in the CS than in bile, whereas those of Δ 8-lathosterol, lathosterol, and cholestanol were significantly higher. The PS, in contrast to the CS, were neither sex nor weight related. The bile acid and phospholipid concentrations and the proportions of lanosterol, Δ 8, 24-dimethylsterol, and sitosterol were up to 50 times higher and those of Δ 8-lathosterol and lathosterol twice lower in the PS than in the CS. The results suggest that, in general, the stones with low cholesterol content are proportionately richer in nonpolar precursor and plant sterols and lower in demethylated precursors, the situation being opposite for the CS. The stone/bile ratios suggest that in both stone groups, but especially in the CS, levels of the polar precursor sterols and cholestanol were enriched in the stone, whereas levels of the nonpolar precursor sterols, and to a lesser extent plant sterols, were not enriched in the stone despite their high biliary proportions.