bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
More than a Sorting Machine: Ethnic Boundary Making in a Stratified School System.
Authors: Kruse Hanno , Kroneberg Clemens
Published: June 2020

This article examines the structural conditions that shape ethnic boundary making in the school setting. While previous work has focused on the ethnic composition of student bodies, this study places schools in their institutional and local contexts. The authors argue that the formation of identities and networks varies across local areas depending on the extent of ethnic stratification across schools. Empirically, the authors turn to the case of Germany, where the role of schools as producers of categorical inequalities is particularly obvious. The analysis links large-scale survey data on adolescents’ identification and networks with administrative geocoded information on local stratification across secondary schools. The authors find that minority students in schools with identical ethnic compositions show different inclinations to identify as a majority group member and to form friendships with majority peers, depending on the local extent of ethnic stratification across schools. To place these findings in a cross-national perspective, the authors identify scope conditions of these mechanisms of boundary making and discuss their presence in other countries and school systems. The results support recent theories of immigrant incorporation and offer a more contextualized understanding of ethnic boundary making in schools.
Comparing measures of centrality in bipartite patient-prescriber networks: A study of drug seeking for opioid analgesics
Authors: Aronson Brian , Yang Kai-Cheng , Odabas Meltem , Ahn Yong Yeol , Perry Brea Louise
Published: June 2020

Visiting multiple prescribers is a common method for obtaining prescription opioids for nonmedical use and has played an important role in fueling the United States opioid epidemic, leading to increased drug use disorder and overdose. Recent studies show that centrality of the bipartite network formed by prescription ties between patients and prescribers of opioids is a promising indicator for drug seeking. However, node prominence in bipartite networks is typically estimated with methods that do not fully account for the two-mode topology of the underlying network. Although several algorithms have been proposed recently to address this challenge, it is unclear how these algorithms perform on real-world networks. Here, we compare their performance in the context of identifying opioid drug seeking behaviors by applying them to massive bipartite networks of patients and providers extracted from insurance claims data. We find that two variants of bipartite centrality are significantly better predictors of subsequent opioid overdose than traditional centrality estimates. Moreover, we show that incorporating non-network attributes such as the potency of the opioid prescriptions into the measures can further improve their performance. These findings can be reproduced on different datasets. Our results demonstrate the potential of bipartiteness-aware indices for identifying patterns of high-risk behavior.
Main concepts in philosophy of quantum information
Authors: Penchev Vasil Dinev
Published: June 2020

Quantum mechanics involves a generalized form of information, that of quantum information. It is the transfinite generalization of information and representable by transfinite ordinals. The physical world being in the current of time shares the quality of “choice”. Thus quantum information can be seen as the universal substance of the world serving to describe uniformly future, past, and thus the present as the frontier of time. Future is represented as a coherent whole, present as a choice among infinitely many alternatives, and past as a well-ordering obtained as a result of a series of choices. The concept of quantum information describes the frontier of time, that “now”, which transforms future into past. Quantum information generalizes information from finite to infinite series or collections. The concept of quantum information allows of any physical entity to be interpreted as some nonzero quantity of quantum information. The fundament of quantum information is the concept of ‘quantum bit’, “qubit”. A qubit is a choice among an infinite set of alternatives. It generalizes the unit of classical information, a bit, which refer to a finite set of alternatives. The qubit is also isomorphic to a ball in Euclidean space, in which two points are chosen.
From Horse and Buggy to GPS: Life on a Saskatchewan Farm
Authors: Beaujot Roderic Paul
Published: June 2020

From Horse and Buggy to GPS: Life on a Saskatchewan FarmBy Roderic BeaujotAbstract:This book tells the story of Leon and Dorothy Beaujot, their lives on a family farm in Saskatchewan (1945-1985), and the stories of their parents who arrived in Canada from Belgium and France over the period 1892 to 1911. With a focus on earning a living and raising families, these farming families underwent much change that took them from horse and buggy days to increasing specialization and mechanization in agriculture. The book starts with a short description of the conditions that allowed for European settlement in Western Canada. Another chapter covers the rise and the almost disappearance of the Saint Hubert community in Saskatchewan, founded in 1885, and settled by immigrants from Belgium, France, and Quebec. In order to compare experiences to those of family members who remained in Europe, short descriptions are also made of the lives of uncles, aunts and first cousins of Leon and Dorothy Beaujot, across the four families of origin: Beaujot, Sénéchaud, Mullie, Smets.
A model of dynamic flows: Explaining Turkey's inter-provincial migration
Authors: Aksoy Ozan , Yıldırım Sinan
Published: June 2020

The flow of resources across nodes over time (e.g. migration, financial transfers, peer-to-peer interactions) is a common phenomenon in sociology. Standard statistical methods are inadequate to model such interdependent flows. We propose a hierarchical Dirichlet-multinomial regression model and a Bayesian estimation method. We apply the model to analyse 25,632,876 migration instances that take place between Turkey's 81 provinces from 2009 to 2018. We then discuss the methodological and substantive implications of our results. Methodologically, we demonstrate the predictive superiority of our model compared to its most common alternative in migration research, namely the gravity model. We also discuss our model in the context of other approaches, mostly developed in the social networks literature. Substantively, we find that population, economic prosperity, the spatial and political distance between the origin and destination, the strength of the AKP (Justice and Development Party) in a province and the network characteristics of the provinces are important predictors of migration, while the proportion of ethnic minority Kurds in a province has no positive association with in- and out-migration.
Restarting “normal” life after Covid-19 and the lockdown: Evidence from Spain, the United Kingdom, and Italy
Authors: codagnone cristiano , Bogliacino Francesco , Gómez Camilo Ernesto , Folkvord F. , Liva Giovanni , Charris Rafael Alberto , Montealegre Felipe , Lupiáñez-Villanueva Francisco , Veltri Giuseppe Alessandro
Published: June 2020

Currently, unprecedented series of events are taking place that affect the institutional structure of the world economy and the social fabric of our societies. In this article, we examine the expectations of the economic outlook, fear of the future, and behavioural change during the lockdown, for three European countries (Spain, the United Kingdom, and Italy) that have been severely hit by Covid-19. We use a novel data source that we collected to monitor the three countries during the pandemic. As outcome variables, we use expectations (e.g., economic outlook, labour market situation, recovery), fear (e.g., scenario of new outburst, economic depression, restriction to individual rights and freedom), and behavioural change across the following dimensions: savings, cultural consumption, social capital, and risky behaviour. After providing descriptive evidence that is representative of the population of interest, using longitudinal data from the same survey on exposure to shocks and matching techniques, we estimate the impact of exposure to shock occurred during the crisis on the same outcome variables.
Beyond the Economic Gaze: Childbearing during and after Recessions in the Nordic Countries
Authors: Comolli Chiara L. , Neyer Gerda , Andersson Gunnar , Dommermuth Lars , Fallesen Peter , Jalovaara Marika , Jónsson Ari Klængur , Kolk Martin , Lappegård Trude
Published: June 2020

During the 2010s, fertility rates fell across the Nordic region. The onset of thesedeclines seems linked to the Great Recession of 2008–2009 but their continuation cannot easilybe linked to subsequent economic change. The 1990s, too, brought episodes of economic crisesto the Nordic region that were followed by different degrees of fertility decline. In this study,we provide an empirical overview of parity-, age- and education-specific fertility developmentsin the five Nordic countries in the wake of the economic recessions in 2008 and the early 1990s,respectively. We demonstrate a high degree of heterogeneity in fertility developments acrosscountries after 1990, whereas after 2008, the trends are much more similar across the fivecountries. Likewise, the educational differences in birth hazards that characterized thedevelopments after 1990 were much smaller in the initial years after 2008–2009. This reversalfrom heterogeneity to homogeneity in the fertility response to recessions calls for an expansionof theories on the cyclicality of fertility in relation to uncertainty and economic and socialchange. In our discussion, we consider the role of a set of factors that also incorporates the state,crisis management, and perceptions of economic and welfare uncertainty.
Novel evidence on the effect of tramadol on self-paced high-intensity cycling
Authors: Zandonai Thomas , Holgado Darias , Ciria Luis F. , Hopker James , Zabala Mikel , Bekinschtein Tristan , Sanabria Daniel
Published: June 2020

The use of tramadol is a controversial current topic of debate in cycling, although little is known about its potential ergogenic effect and negative impact on attention compromising rider safety. In order to provide novel evidence on this issue, we tested 29 participants in a pre-loaded time trial (TT; a 20-min TT preceded by 40-min of constant work-rate at 60% of the VO2max) on a cycle-ergometer after ingesting 100 mg of tramadol. Placebo and paracetamol (1.5 g) -the other mild (and legal) analgesic used in cycling-, were included as control conditions (in separate days). Participants also performed the Psychomotor Vigilance Task (PVT) at rest and a Sustained Attention to Response Task (SART) during the 60 min of exercise. Oscillatory electroencephalography (EEG) activity was measured throughout the exercise. The results showed higher mean power output during the 20-min TT under tramadol than with paracetamol, but no reliable difference was reported between tramadol and placebo (nor between paracetamol and placebo). Tramadol (vs. paracetamol and placebo), resulted in faster responses in the PVT, higher heart rate during the whole exercise period, and lower ratings of perceived exertion in the 40-min constant work-rate. The main effect of substance was reliable in the SART during the 40-min constant workload, with slower reaction time, but better accuracy for tramadol and paracetamol than for placebo. No differences as a function of substance intake were reported in the SART during the 20-min TT. The analysis of EEG tonic spectral power revealed a reliable main effect of substance at rest (with larger power in the tramadol condition than in the other conditions) while no differences in EEG activity were found during the exercise. In conclusion, this study supports the increased behavioural and neural efficiency at rest for tramadol but not the proposed ergogenic or cognitive (harmful) effect of tramadol (vs. placebo) during self-paced high intensity cycling.
Individual, Sociodemographic, and Environmental Factors Related to Physical Activity During the Spring 2020 COVID-19 Lockdown
Authors: Teran-Escobar Claudia , Forestier Cyril , Ginoux Clément , Isoard-Gautheur Sandrine , Sarrazin Philippe , Clavel Anna , Chalabaev Aïna
Published: June 2020

Background: Research has shown important between-individual variations in physical activity (PA) during the COVID-19 lockdown.Objectives: The objectives of this is study are to examine the individual, sociodemographic, and environmental factors related to PA during the spring 2020 COVID-19 lockdown in France and to explore the mediating and moderating role of intention and self-efficacy toward PA in the relationships between sociodemographic/environmental variables and PA.Design: In this cross-sectional study, participants living in France (N = 386) completed an online survey between March 30 and April 10, 2020.Method: Minutes per week of moderate-to-vigorous PA during the lockdown; usual physical activity before the lockdown; and psychological (e.g., intention, self-efficacy, and autonomous and controlled motivation), sociodemographic (gender, age, and number of children), and environmental (habitat surface area and type of housing) factors were measured in the survey. Multiple linear regressions were used to investigate the role of these predictors on PA. Intention and self-efficacy were also examined as moderators and mediators of the association between sociodemographic/environmental factors and PA.Results: Usual physical activity before the COVID-19 lockdown, intention toward PA, habitat surface area, and controlled motivation significantly predicted PA during the lockdown. No mediating effects of intention or self-efficacy were found. Intention significantly moderated the association between gender and PA and the association between part-time work and PA.Conclusions: PA during the COVID-19 lockdown was mainly predicted by individual factors and notably usual PA. These results highlight the important role of habits in a highly changing context.
Readying Organisations for the third Decade of the Millennium
Authors: Sthapit Arhan
Published: June 2020

No abstract available.
Forecasting GDP Movements in Nepal Using Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) Modelling Process
Authors: Rana Surya Bahadur
Published: June 2020

This study attempts to test the ARIMA model and forecast annual time series of GDP in Nepal from mid-July, 1960 to mid-July, 2018. The annual time series on GDP used in this study consists of total 59 observations. Out of them, three years’ data from mid-July 2016 to mid-July 2018 have been used for in-sample forecasting and evaluation. The study uses univariate Box-Jenkins ARIMA modelling process to identify the best fitted model that describes the sample data set. The study examines a number of ARIMA family models and recommends ARIMA (0,1,2) as the most appropriate model that best describes the annual GDP series of the sampled period. The ARIMA (0, 1, 2) model incorporates zero lag order for autoregression, integrated with 2 lag order for moving average model using first difference operator. The ARIMA model forecasts documented in this study are not significantly different from actual because the actual annual GDP series observed in forecast period fall within 95 per cent confidence interval of estimates. Hence, ARIMA (0,1,2) model can best capture the GDP movement in Nepal for the sample period.
Human Resource Development and Employee Engagement in Nepalese Commercial Banks
Authors: Hakuduwal Kishor
Published: June 2020

The objective of the present study is to analyse the impact of human resource development on employee engagement in Nepalese commercial banks by taking three human resource development components of training and development, career development and performance management as independent variables, and employee engagement as a dependent variable. Using the random sampling, 384 employees were selected, and a questionnaire survey was carried out to collect data. Using F-test and t-test, the study found that the training and development, career development and performance management have significant impact on employee engagement in Nepalese commercial banks. The study also revealed that male employees have more emphasis on performance management but female employees have more emphasis on training and development. Likewise, the employees up to the officer level have also more emphasis on performance management but the employees below officer level have more emphasis on training and development.
Measurement and Decomposition of Consumption Inequality in Nepal
Authors: Uprety Pravat
Published: June 2020

This study aims at computing, comparing and decomposing the different inequality indices by rural and urban areas, sex of household head and ecological belt, so that policy maker can make the policy to reduce the inequality in Nepal. This study is based on the raw data taken from the 3rd Nepal Living Standard Survey-2011 conducted by the Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS). The study has used real consumption as the main variable to measure the inequality. In most of the cases five measures of inequality; Coefficient of variation (CV), Quantile Ratio Index, Gini Index, Generalised Entropy Index with parameter 0 and 1 were computed. The Gini index, Theil’s L and Theil’s T indices are 0.328, 0.175 and 0.194, respectively. The study has found no significant difference in inequality between male- and female-headed households; and the inequality in urban areas is higher than that in the rural areas. By ecological belts, the inequality is highest in hills and lowest in mountains. The country should place focus on urban areas and hilly belt to reduce inequality.
Service Quality Dimensions Influencing Online Buying Satisfaction Level of Customers in the Kathmandu Valley
Authors: Bohra Raunak , Tamang Puja
Published: June 2020

This paper examines the factors influencing customer’s online shopping buying satisfaction level inside the Kathmandu Valley. It establishes a relationship between service quality dimensions with customer satisfaction in Nepalese online buying through correlation analysis. Seven service quality dimensions were selected for this research. They are information quality, usability, reliability, responsiveness, assurance, transaction security and personalisation. Data gathering was carried out developing a structured questionnaire which was distributed both through online and printed form using a convenience sampling method. The study has analysed the responses of 160 online shoppers (aged above 18 years) residing in the. The study confirms the absence of significant relationship between website usability and responsiveness while shows a positively significant relationship between other service quality (SERVQUAL) dimensions taken for this research. The proposed model in this study helps to ascertain the factors that influence online buying satisfaction level. Further, study concludes that while shopping online, websites with good layout and interaction helps promote customer satisfaction. Similarly, website reliability such as timely delivery of products, being truthful about its offerings, and fast delivery are considered as important elements for customer satisfaction.
Perception of Farmers towards Climate Change Impact on Agriculture Production and Adaptation Practices in Pokhara
Authors: Dhungana Ananta Raj
Published: June 2020

Climate change has become serious problem which has threatened human civilization in many ways. Although adaptation practices against climate change impact have been explored into practice in massive scale, the impact of climate change in agriculture production is challenging. This study aims to explore the farmers’ perception towards climate change impact on agriculture production and adaptation practices in Pokhara. For this purpose, two wards (30 and 33) of Pokhara were selected purposively. Out of 3,982 households in these wards, 216 households (at 6.5% margin of error and 5% level of significance) were selected for the information collection. Then the information was collected by using structured questionnaire through interview techniques with household head or a household member having age 40 years and over and residing in that locality for last 10 years. A systematic sampling technique was carried out to select the samples. Chi-squared test was applied to find the factors associated with farmers’ adaptation practices for the climate change impact on agriculture production. Rice, maize, wheat, mustard and millet are the major crops in the study area. Majority of the respondents perceived increase in rice production, decrease in maize, wheat and millet production, and no change in mustard production. Majority of the respondents increase the use of improved seeds, chemical fertilizer and pesticides, do not change the cropping pattern and cropping altitude for the adoption of climate change in agriculture production. Use of seeds that can be cultivated in any seasons, fertilize of compost manure production on own field, water collection through pond, water and tank, tunnel crop, practice of off seasons crops are some adoption practices that they could not apply or they did not apply. Agriculture skill and the major occupation of the respondents are the common major factors associated with adaptation practices for climate change impact on agriculture production.
Trauma, Testimony and Anticipated Peace in Singh’s “The Silence of Violence”
Authors: Pokharel Badri Prasad
Published: June 2020

In the twenty-first century the trauma theory has become an important way to understand a wide variety of contemporary events of exhausting wars and conflicts which have battered the contemporary societies. In the most general sense, it is used to examine the ways in which past painful experiences are processed with the help of literary texts. It further attempts to analyze different ways by which traumatic occurrences are demonstrated, processed, exposed, and expressed throughout a variety of literary and historical texts as a form of testimony. Subsequently, the authors as well as the victims might attempt to negotiate and resolve their own personal traumas with the help of their writings and sometimes with the help of fictional characters in their literary texts as they serve to record and pronounce cultural traumas. In Padhmavati Singh’s “The Silence of Violence” which was written on the pretext of ten years violent conflict that took the lives of thousands of innocent people, one can find the characters and situation inextricably affected by trauma and she or he finds it hugely manipulated to bring out the post-conflict Nepali society apart from anticipating impatiently for long lasting peace and solidarity.
Transnational Identity in Indra Bahadur Rai’s Selected Short Stories
Authors: Timalsina Ramji
Published: June 2020

Are the people of Nepali origin who are born in India and live there transnational? This is a piercing question in transnational discourses in Nepal and India these days. But its answer is clear once we take the help of the concept of transnationalism: they are transnational Nepalis living in India. This reality is further clarified with the studies on Indra Bahadur Rai’s short stories. Almost all the characters in his stories are the people of Nepali origin living in Darjeeling. They are unhappy there and always behave like the temporary residents of the place. Most of his stories deal with the life of these people in relation with their search for the origin and related physical and psychological journeys. Even the images, symbols and settings used in the stories connect themselves with the idea of journey and the problems of settlements. This article deals with the same aspects of his collection of stories entitled Pratinidhi Kathaa [Representative Stories]. The stories are analyzed with the help of interpretive methodology and use of Steven Vertovec and Jenine Dahinden’s ideas of transnationalism. John McLeod, Rebecca L. Walkowitz, Roland Végső and Winfried Fluck’s ideas of transnational literature are used as the basic concepts in analysis.
Reinventing the Self: Cultural Negotiation of LuLing in Amy Tan’s The Bonesetter’s Daughter
Authors: Bhandari Nagendra Bahadur
Published: June 2020

In Amy Tan’s The Bonesetter’s Daughter, Chinese American mother LuLing involves in the self-exploration vacillating between her home and host cultures. The Chinese immigrant LuLing cannot remain totally independent of her indigenous culture of her native country China. Consequently, she demonstrates residual of Chinese culture in her diasporic life. Moreover, she forces her American born daughter to follow the same which sometimes renders conflict in mother-daughter relation. However, she cannot resist the influences of the culture of host country in the United States. She follows certain practices of American cultures. At the same time, she manifests an ambivalent attitude to both cultures. In such cultural interaction, her subjectivity encompasses multiplicities and pluralities by deconstructing the binary of the home and host culture. In this article, the formation of her subjectivity is analyzed through the critical postulations of ‘being’ and ‘becoming’ of Stuart Hall and ‘third space’ of Homi Bhabha. Hall’s representation in Bhabha’s third space can be interpreted and analyzed in the light of Arjun Appadurai’s modernity of cultural globalization. Precisely, the cultural interaction in the third space of the diaspora renders fluid and unstable subjectivity of LuLing which simultaneously belongs to past, present and future.
Wartości czy interesy? Przyczynek do rozważań o istocie procesów integracji w ramach Unii Europejskiej
Authors: Szczerba-Zawada Aleksandra
Published: June 2020

The purpose of this article is to try to outline the essence of membership of the European Union. This international organization, by virtue of the decision of its creators, i.e. the Member States, has been equipped with attributes, which have determined its unique – supranational – character. As a new legal order, the European Union has been granted some scope of autonomy, but ontologically it is dependent on the Member States. It is the Member States that have taken decision on setting up a new integration structure with a center of decision-making located not only outside but also above them, the scope of its competences and instruments of their exercising, and as “masters of the Treaties”, may decide to dissolve it. The decision to join the European Union seems to be determined pragmatically and praxiologically – upon benefits of cooperation within the framework of the EU. In this perspective solidarity, understood as the unity and equality of the Member States, based on common values, becomes a factor legitimizing the EU, and at the same time – a guarantor of its existence, especially in times of crisis.
Co-Amorphous System: A promising Strategy for Delivering Poorly Water - Soluble Drugs
Authors: Aldahhan Eman S. , A. Radhi Ameera
Published: June 2020

Amorphization of drug has been considered as an attractive approach in improving drug solubility and bioavailability. Unlike their crystalline counterparts, amorphous materials lack the long-range order of molecular packing and present the highest energy state of a solid material. Co-amorphous systems (CAM) are an innovative formulation technique by where the amorphous drugs are stabilized via powerful intermolecular interactions by means of a low molecular co-former.

This review highlights the different approaches in the preparation of co-amorphous drug delivery system, the proper selection of the co-formers. In addition, the recent advances in characterization, Industrial scale and formulation will be discussed.
Nanotechnology-Based Topical Drug Delivery Systems for Management of Dandruff and Seborrheic Dermatitis: An overview
Authors: Thomas Lena M. , Khasraghi Abeer H.
Published: June 2020

Dandruff and seborrheic dermatitis (SD) are common skin disorders affecting the scalp and extending to other body sites in the case of SD. They are associated with pruritus and scaling, causing an esthetical disturbance in the population affected.   Treatment of such conditions involves using a variety of drugs for long terms, thus optimizing drug formulation is essential to improve therapeutic efficacy and patient compliance. Conventional topical formulations like shampoos and creams have been widely used but their use is associated with disadvantages. To overcome such effects, novel topical nanotechnology-based formulations are currently under investigation. In the following article, we highlight recently published formulation approaches used to improve topical dandruff/SD therapy
Formulation and Investigation of Lacidipine as a Nanoemulsions
Authors: Dahash Rajaa A. , A. Rajab Nawal
Published: June 2020

Many pharmaceutical molecules have solubility problems that until yet consist a hurdle that restricts their use in the pharmaceutical preparations. Lacidipine (LCDP) is a calcium-channel blocker with low aqueous solubility and bioavailability.

        Lipid dosage forms are attractive delivery systems for such hydrophobic drug molecules. Nanoemulsion (NE)  is one of the popular methods that has been used to solve the solubility problems of many drugs. LCDP was formulated as a NE utilizing triacetin as an oil phase, tween 80 and tween 60 as a surfactant and ethanol as a co-surfactant. Nine formulas were prepared, and different tests performed to ensure the stability of the NEs, such as thermodynamic stability, particle size, Polydispersity index, zeta potential, dye solubility test, dilution test, drug content test and in-vitro drug release. Results of characterization showed that LCDP NE (F-5) with (oil: Smix (3:1):DDW (10:60:30)) ratio was selected as a best formula, since it have excellent thermodynamic stability with a particle size of 13.42, low PDI 0.234 , zeta potential (-14.5mV), efficient electrical    conductivity  0.241ms/cm , good pH value (5.9), good percent of light transmittance (99.10%) , with  acceptable viscosity , higher percent of drug content (99.14%) and complete release of the drug after (30 min.) with significantly higher (P<0.05)   dissolution rate in comparison with pure drug powder.

     From the results obtained NE was found to be an efficient method to enhance the solubility and dissolution rate of drugs that have poor water solubility (lipophilic drugs).
Preparation, in vitro and ex-vivo Evaluation of Mirtazapine Nanosuspension and Nanoparticles Incorporated in Orodispersible Tablets
Authors: Hamed Hiba E. , A. Hussein Ahmed
Published: June 2020

The objective of the present investigation was to enhance the solubility of practically insoluble mirtazapine by preparing nanosuspension, prepared by using solvent anti solvent technology. Mirtazapine is practically insoluble in water which act as antidepressant .It was prepared as nano particles in order to improve its solubility and dissolution rate. Twenty formulas were prepared and different stabilizing agents were used with different concentrations such as poly vinyl pyrrolidone (PVPK-90), poly vinyl alcohol (PVA), poloxamer 188 and poloxamer 407. The ratios of drug to stabilizers used to prepare the nanoparticles were 1: 1 and 1:2. The prepared nanoparticles were evaluated for particle size, entrapment efficiency, dissolution study, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and atomic force microscopy. The percentage of drug entrapment efficiency of F1-F20 was ranged from 78.2% ± 1 to 95.9 % ± 1. The release rate and extent of mirtazapine  nanoparticles were inversely proportional to the particle size of the drug i.e. it decreased when particle size increase. It is concluded that the nanoprecipitation have potential to formulate homogenous nanosuspensions with uniform-sized stable nanoparticles of mirtazapine. The prepared nanosuspension showed enhanced dissolution which may lead to enhanced solubility of mirtazapine.
Knowledge, Use and Recommendation of Iraqi Pharmacist Toward Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Authors: Mohammed Samer I. , Al- Shadedi Mohamed I. , Kasim Ali A.
Published: June 2020

Over the past few decades, the global usage and applications of different kinds of complementary and alternative medicine are greatly exaggerated among the general population, this requires improving the knowledge of all health care provider including pharmacists toward proper and safe use of different complementary and alternative medicine modalities. The current study aims to assess the Iraqi pharmacists' knowledge, use, and recommendation toward complementary and alternative medicine A cross-sectional pilot survey was done on a convenient sample of Iraqi pharmacists. Data were collected using a pretested
Mortifères ou vivifiantes ? Les chauves-souris vues par des Autochtones aux Philippines
Authors: Laugrand Frédéric , Laugrand Antoine
Published: June 2020

Pour les Occidentaux, les chauves-souris constituent des réservoirs à virus au pouvoir mortifère. Plusieurs groupes autochtones des Philippines, comme les Alangan mangyan et les Ayta, considèrent toutefois ces animaux comme des sources de vitalité et d’immunité, tandis que leurs voisins, les Ibaloy et les Blaan, les associent à des figures malodorantes et sanguinaires. La plupart du temps consommés, ces animaux sont traités avec respect en raison de leur place dans ces cosmologies. Quatre perceptions autochtones sont ici mises en perspective. Elles montrent comment « la science du concret » qui caractérise les savoirs indigènes s’élabore à partir d’observations méticuleuses et aboutit à des conclusions à la fois contrastées et convergentes avec celles des scientifiques. Bien avant ces derniers, les Autochtones ont cependant perçu la capacité des chauves-souris à vivre longtemps et à résister aux virus.
Des chevaux précepteurs de mineurs ; des conditions aux cas (France, XIXe-XXe siècles)
Authors: Baratay Éric
Published: June 2020

Dans l’univers restreint, contraint et dangereux des mines, où l’habituation et l’adaptation sont essentielles pour survivre et s’exprimer, des vétérinaires, des ingénieurs et des mineurs observent et rapportent des savoirs, des compétences, des initiatives peu à peu construits et acquis par des chevaux qui savent s’adapter aux situations : les anticiper lorsqu’elles changent, décider au mieux, à tel point que des hommes ne craignent pas de s’inspirer de ces partenaires, de leur déléguer des initiatives, voire de se confier à eux, de se laisser « enseigner » des attitudes ou d’en imiter d’autres. Cet état de cheval habitué, expérimenté, autonome, précepteur n’est possible et atteignable que si le cheval a su et a pu maîtriser l’exigeant travail et s’adapter aux dures conditions, s’il bénéficie d’un caractère individuel adéquat et d’un compagnonnage humain attentif, rassurant, conciliant, le tout lui permettant de surmonter les multiples occasions de stress et de fatigue qui génèrent déprime et résistance, voire un refus du travail et la réforme.
We Are (a Measurable) Family: Affect and Audit in a Toronto HIV/AIDS Service Organisation
Authors: Murray David A.B.
Published: June 2020

To celebrate its 30th anniversary, a Toronto HIV/AIDS service organisation (HASO) held an event called “Family of HIV” at its annual general meeting in 2017. A drag queen’s performance of the popular gay anthem “We Are Family” and a statement of “love” for the organisation from two clients followed regular annual meeting items like the auditor’s report and election of board directors. These actions created a complex affective and bureaucratic arrangement for an organisation formed through grassroots activism by and for a historically marginalised group (gay men infected with HIV), but that now serves a diverse group of HIV-positive people and is funded through state and private sectors, and is thus enmeshed in a set of obligations and responsibilities to various scales of stakeholders, including local, provincial and national health and welfare agencies. This article argues that the performance of family at the annual meeting privileges a particular affective arrangement of relationships between full-time staff, clients and volunteers that, not coincidentally, occurs in a bureaucratic culture emphasising data as a measurement of value and efficiency. This results in a closely surveilled form of family produced through dense personal and bureaucratic entanglements of regulation, alienation, care, conflict and anxiety.
A Little Bird Told Me: Changing Human–Bird Relations on a Formosan Indigenous Territory
Authors: Simon Scott
Published: June 2020

The tiny bird known as the sisil in some Indigenous communities in Taiwan, and as the grey-cheeked fulvetta (Alcippe morrisonia) by international ornithologists, has long captured the imagination of the human habitants of that island. The bird appears in the practices of Indigenous hunters and religious leaders, as well as in the writings of Kano Tadao (one of Japan’s founding anthropologists) and contemporary birdwatchers. Among the many different ways of relating to the sisil, hunters and trappers have the most intimate relationship to and detailed knowledge of bird communication and behaviour. Indigenous hunters report that they (or more accurately their fathers) formerly relied on observations of the sisil to foretell the outcome of a hunt. They may describe the process of observation as a way of learning from the paths taken by birds and mammals through the forest or as a way of communicating with the ancestors, but always encounter the bird in a forest filled with memory. Four stories about the sisil illustrate different historical ways of relating to birds. They also draw attention to how global processes of colonialism, industrialisation and urbanisation have destroyed forests and alienated people from animals.
Une souris verte... Organismes transgéniques, spéculations humanimales et autres bricolages du vivant
Authors: Jaclin David
Published: June 2020

Dans cet article, je m’intéresse à l’existence (souvent invisible, parfois oubliée et pourtant décisive) d’une compagnie animalière en plein essor, celle des souris transgéniques cancéreuses. Chaque semaine « sortent » en effet, des laboratoires américains Charles River, des milliers de souriceaux aux génomes modifiés garantissant les tumeurs à venir. Commandés en ligne, livrables à travers le globe, souvent transportés via UPS ou Purolator, à destination d’unités de recherche biomédicale de plus en plus nombreuses, ces animaux-cobayes sont à la fois vivants et déjà morts. Programmés pour mourir, leur génotypie est le fruit d’une manipulation immuno-oncologique serrée. En revenant sur les modalités vitales de ces souris (nutrition, reproduction, expression), je propose une série de réflexions portant non plus seulement sur la seule identité du vivant (humain, animal, hybridé), mais sur les capacités (recombinées, transpécifiques, émergentes) dont ces vivants font montre lors de mises en relation à la fois inédites et normalisées. Je problématise ainsi plusieurs des registres animant notre modernité (frontière des appartenances spécifiées, circulations de qualités affectives par-delà les corps individualisés ou encore, déferlements de puissances anthropocéniques). Ce faisant, j’interroge : 1) le détournement des intelligences autres qu’humaines et ses produits ; 2) les qualités ontologiques et épistémologiques d’une animalité à la fois autre et même ; 3) l’apparition de nouvelles configurations écologiques, où ces existences post-naturelles se font tour à tour programmables et incommensurables, interchangeables et particulières, et pourtant toujours enceintes de ce(ux) qui nous déborde(nt) . . .
« Faut que ça tourne ! », une esthétique de la routine ouverte en élevage européen ?
Authors: Lagneaux Séverine , Nizet Jean
Published: June 2020

Cet article repose sur une approche anthropologique comparative de deux pratiques d’élevage en Europe. À la lumière des savoir-faire à priori disparates de deux éleveurs, nous entendons éclairer ce que peut être une esthétique de la routine ouverte. Pour ce faire, après avoir décrit ethnographiquement les deux terrains investigués, nous analysons les ressorts pratiques sur lesquels repose l’indispensable anticipation à laquelle les fermiers recourent au quotidien pour que leur élevage « tourne ». Cette anticipation s’appuie sur un anthropomorphisme mesuré et sur l’observation d’indices, sur une lecture des comportements des animaux et une imprégnation du milieu technique spécifique à chaque étable.
Si le Loup y était... Quelles compétences humaines et animales sont instaurées dans l’anticipation d’une coexistence située ? (Région wallonne, Belgique)
Authors: Denayer Dorothée , Bréda Charlotte
Published: June 2020

Suspectant la présence de loups sur son territoire, l’administration de la Région wallonne a entériné la mise en place d’un réseau partenarial d’observateurs qui doit accompagner et préparer l’arrivée de l’espèce. Ce réseau d’experts, de représentants des mondes de la chasse et de l’élevage ainsi que des associations naturalistes de protection de la nature poursuit trois objectifs : produire des connaissances scientifiquement validées à travers le suivi ; communiquer de manière cohérente envers le public ; développer un lieu de négociation entre les acteurs qui subiront potentiellement des dommages dus à la présence de loups. L’anticipation de la coexistence comme un risque se révèle en tension dans sa mise en place, mettant en évidence l’écart entre les compétences attendues et effectives des humains et des animaux, et invitant à une réflexion sur le caractère constructif des débats et des tensions dans l’instauration durable d’un « devenir ensemble » humains-loups. Cet article interroge les modes de connaissance et d’organisation qui accompagnent l’arrivée du loup afin de mieux cerner les compétences qui lui sont attribuées, ainsi qu’aux humains qu’il perturbe et par lesquels il est perturbé dans la construction d’un avenir commun.
(Ré)apprendre à être un animal. Carrières interspécifiques en Bolivie
Authors: Gaspard Renault
Published: June 2020

Basé sur une ethnographie menée dans un centre de réintroduction pour animaux sylvestres en Bolivie, cet article propose d’examiner les dynamiques anthropo-zoologiques entre volontaires et singes capucins présents dans le centre. L’analyse des contraintes inhérentes au processus de réintroduction d’animaux argumente en faveur d’une distinction entre plusieurs formes de réhabilitation. Ensuite, autour de la notion de carrière interspécifique, l’observation et les entretiens montrent l’influence qu’exerce, l’une sur l’autre, les trajectoires humaines et non humaines au sein du refuge.
La mémoire longue des chauves-souris du Burkina – « Histoire d’Ebola ou pas »
Authors: Cros Michèle
Published: June 2020

En Afrique, Ebola est la zoonose la plus surveillée du fait de sa forte létalité, et sa transmission des chauves-souris aux singes et aux humains a été attestée même si elle reste controversée. À l’une des questions principales de ce numéro, à savoir que transmettent les animaux, et dans le cas présent les chauves-souris, la réponse « Ebola » s’impose. Ainsi en était-il au début de cette recherche conduite en pays dagara et lobi, dans le sud-ouest du Burkina Faso, en 2016. Tel était le message relayé par les autorités sanitaires aux populations locales. Mais à chacun de s’interroger : Ebola, vraiment, comment et pourquoi ? Les chauves-souris, à défaut de transmettre ce mal au Burkina, se voient bien davantage créditées d’une myriade de propriétés singulières et précieuses, à l’image de cette position d’entre-deux qu’elles affectionnent, dans des grottes ou autres lieux sombres comme les chambres des esprits des devins-guérisseurs. Un mythe en révèle le sens. C’est au final avec le concours de ces chauves-souris qui tiennent tête à Dieu que les devins-guérisseurs « balaient » bien des maux, « Ebola ou pas ». Aux chasseurs de virus d’aujourd’hui et autres virologues d’agir en conséquence avec ces chauves-souris autant rebelles que sentinelles.
Le devin et le dératiseur. Traces de souris en Afrique de l’Ouest
Authors: Bondaz Julien
Published: June 2020

Comparer la divination par la souris pratiquée au Burkina Faso et les pratiques de dératisation observées au Mali revient à mettre en évidence une même logique de pistage. Dans les deux cas, il s’agit d’expliciter le désordre des choses et les afflictions concernant les humains afin de leur trouver un remède. La comparaison entre les activités du devin spécialiste de myomancie et celle du dératiseur invite alors à interroger les rapports entre pistage cynégétique et procédé divinatoire, mais aussi, plus largement, entre paradigme indiciaire et démarche scientifique. Basé sur une description de la divination par la souris à partir de données tirées de la bibliographie et sur les résultats d’une enquête ethnographique sur les interactions entre humains et rongeurs à Bamako (Mali), cet article oriente ainsi la réflexion non seulement vers la classification des rongeurs, les formes de commensalité ou les techniques de piégeage, mais aussi vers l’interprétation des traces comme activité commune aux devins, aux dératiseurs et aux chercheurs.
Quand les actes agricoles sont au care et au compagnonnage : L’exemple de la biodynamie
Authors: Foyer Jean , Hermesse Julie , Hecquet Corentin
Published: June 2020

Cet article propose d’étendre l’analyse de la rupture des relations utilitaristes et matérialistes homme-animal au domaine végétal. Pour cela, nous confronterons les corpus théoriques sur le care ou sur le plant turn avec nos propres données de terrain sur la viticulture biodynamique en France. L’enjeu est de montrer, en effet, que des relations sensibles de soins, de compagnonnage, voire même spirituelles aux plantes agricoles ne doivent pas être exotisées et réservées à un lointain. Au-delà de logiques de conservation et de reproduction, la reconnaissance d’une certaine agentivité des plantes, l'établissement de différentes formes de communication avec elles et, plus généralement, le brouillage de la différenciation ontologique avec le végétal agricole sont en effet des comportements observables aussi en contexte occidentaux.
Puissance et connaissance animales chez les Kaingang du Brésil méridional
Authors: Da Rosa Rogério Reus Gonçalves , Crépeau Robert R.
Published: June 2020

Chez les Kaingang du Brésil méridional, les animaux apparaissent dans plusieurs récits décrivant l’origine du savoir technique et rituel. Ainsi, par exemple à la suite du déluge, les animaux furent les premiers organisateurs et officiants du Kikikoi, un grand rituel funéraire considéré comme la plus importante expression de la culture et de l’identité kaingang. Les Kaingang affirment que ce sont des animaux qu’ils ont appris les chants et les danses du rituel. Nous analyserons dans cet article la relation entre les compétences animales et la pratique des chamanes Kaingang. Nous proposons une réflexion concernant la relation des humains au monde animal comme s’inscrivant dans une hiérarchie de puissances et, plus précisément, de mise en commun des compétences et des puissances puissances d’agir animales et humaines. Le concept d’entité-maître apparaît comme une clé pour l’interprétation de la pratique, de l’autorité et de la compétence des chamanes et autres leaders.