bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On Some Syntactic Properties of Word-structure and Modular Grammars
Authors: Law Paul
Published: November 2023

In a theory of modular grammar as a system of several independent components (for example, syntax, phonology, semantics, and so on), each of which is governed by its own principles (and parameters) as originally conceived by Chomsky (1981), an issue of central concern is the delimitation of these grammatical components and the connection between them. To this end, I examine in this chapter some properties of nominalization, in the hope that the conclusions drawn from this study would shed some light on the issue of where the dividing line between syntax and morphology is.
On Passive as Partitive Quantification
Authors: Rooryck Johan
Published: November 2023

In the modular framework of generative grammar, passive is reduced to the interaction of various principles involving Case theory, movement, and Theta theory (Chomsky 1981). Movement of the object to subject position is dependent on the thematic vacuousness of this subject position, which in turn is obtained by the “absorption” of the external thematic role by the passive morphology transmit¬ ting this thematic role to the by-phrase (Jaeggli 1986; Baker, Johnson, and Roberts 1989). Movement is triggered as aconsequence of Burzio’s (1986) generalization: a verb without an external Theta-role has no accusative Case to assign. Since no accusative Case is available for the object NP in the postverbal position (or in Spec AgrOP, in the minimalist framework), the object NP moves to subject position, where nominative Case is available. If the object stays in object position, it can only do so if provided with inherent partitive Case, yielding impersonal passives (le) with necessarily indefinite (partitive) NPs in object position (Belletti 1988).
Performativity Effect In Three Gay English Texts
Authors: Leap William l.
Published: November 2023

To date, most of my work in queer linguistics has focused on conversations and narratives as sites for the construction of gay message. In this chapter, I focus on single sentences as sites for such constructions-specifically, sentences that do not contain explicit gay vocabulary or flamboyant linguistic details but convey gay message through suggestion, implication, or other indirect means.
The Corporation as a Political Actor
Authors: Wilson James Q
Published: November 2023

In the quarter century between the early 1950s and the mid-l 970s, the American corporation changed dramatically the manner in which it engaged the political process. Most of these changes were born of necessity: declining success in Congress with respect to matters of fundamental importance to corporate management, a profound alteration in the ways in which money and information could be converted into political resources, the resurgence of intellectual opinion favorable to markets with respect to some transactions and unfavorable to them with respect to others, and a steady erosion in the prestige of business executives and the legitimacy of the large corporation.
The Sensory System
Authors: Swanson Larry W
Published: November 2023

In many ways the sensory system is the easiest for us to understand at an almost intuitive level. The eye has a lens like a camera and a retina for capturing focused visual scenes almost like film, and then those scenes are transmitted by the optic nerve to the brain where they are somehow converted into sensations and perceptions. This same principle basically applies for sounds detected by the ear, odors detected by the nose, tastes detected by the tongue, hunger pangs detected by the stomach, and tickles and pinches detected by the skin.
Anger, Gender, Language Shift, and the Politics of Revelation in a Papua New Guinean Village
Authors: Kulick Don
Published: November 2023

In a number of recent publications, Catherine Lutz (1986, 1990) has explored the network of associations in Western culture that link women with emotion, which in most cases is overtly devalued. A contrasting situation is described by Bambi Schieffelin (1990), E. L. Schieffelin (1976, 1985), and Steven Feld (1990), all of whom argue that among the Kaluli people of Papua New Guinea, it is males who are “stereotypically culturally constructed as the emotional gender” (Feld 1990:262) and that this emotionality is encouraged and strongly valued in a wide variety of ritual and mundane contexts. Studies like these, as well as many others by anthropologists (e.g., articles in Lutz and Abu-Lughod 1990, Bloch and Parry 1982, Watson-Gegeo and White 1990, White and Kirkpatrick 1985), have shown that in probably all communities throughout the world, the expression of affect is engendered and that, therefore, in Catherine Lutz’s words, “any discourse on emotion is also, at least implicitly, a discourse on gender” (Lutz 1990:69; see also Ochs 1988:177-83, 215-16).
The “Real” Haitian Creole
Authors: Schieffelin Bambi B , Doucet Rachelle Charlier
Published: November 2023

In this essay, we examine the cultural categories and the conceptual logic that underlie the orthography debates about kreyòl that have taken place over the past fifty years. In Haiti, as in many countries concerned with nation-building, the development of an orthography for vernacular literacy has been neither a neutral activity nor simply a search for a way to mechanically reduce a spoken language to written form. The processes of transforming a spoken language to written form have often been viewed as scientific, arbitrary, or unproblematic. However, the creation of supposedly arbitrary sound/sign (signifier/signified) relationships that constitute an orthography always involves choices based on someone’s idea of what is important. This process of representing the sounds of language in written form is thus an activity deeply grounded in frameworks of value.
Spectacles of Prosperity
Authors: Truesdell Matthew
Published: November 2023

Although allusions to the past can be found throughout virtually all Second Empire spectacle, the heart of those references remained the activities and celebrations that were already a part of the monarchical and imperial traditions. More modern allusions were never entirely absent even from these events, as we saw in the emperor’s announcement of his marriage, but they were generally peripheral to the imitation and commemoration of past regimes.
Elements of Competitiveness
Authors: Ahlbrandt Roger S , Fruehan Richard J , Giarratani Frank
Published: November 2023

The realignment of steel markets in the United States has been driven by the decisions of leaders in a large number of individual firms. Some of the decisions were bold and involved major risks; others were taken at the mar­ gin with little to be lost or gained. Some were in response to perceived opportunity; others were purely defensive, a reaction to realized losses and a recognition that traditional battle lines had been redrawn.
Regaining Competitiveness in the United Kingdom
Authors: Ahlbrandt Roger S , Fruehan Richard J , Giarratani Frank
Published: November 2023

Faced with severe excess supply conditions, eroding prices, and large losses in the 1980s the steel industry in the European Community restructured significantly, much as did their competitors in the United States. In both places, when the integrated producers closed plants and strove for more efficient operation in their remaining plants and when minimills staked out new markets, the pattern in their actions was very clear. The most successful firms sharpened their focus on product lines, and used that as a guide for strategic investment. In the process, they reduced costs and enhanced product quality.
Converging Technologies
Authors: Ahlbrandt Roger S , Fruehan Richard J , Giarratani Frank
Published: November 2023

The vitality of the American steel industry and its structure in terms of the kinds of firms that characterize the industry as we know it today result from the fact that individuals seized opportunities available to them. Invariably those opportunities were in the form of extraordinary profits to be realized by taking full advantage of existing technology or by pushing the technology frontier. The forces driving that opportunity were those of the marketplace, whether the market involved was steel or that for the materials needed to produce steel. Overall what we have observed is com­ petition, foreign or domestic, forcing downward pressure on prices in product markets or moderating price increases, which created a profit squeeze that caused firms to re examine current practice. These conditions were exploited by those bold enough to take the risks involved.
Pronouns
Authors: Shlonsky Ur
Published: November 2023

Alongside the agreement suffixes or “clitic” forms discussed in chapter 9, both Hebrew and Arabic possess sets of unattached or free standing pronouns. The internal structure of nominative pronouns is discussed in chapter 7, where it is argued, following Ritter (1995), that first and second person pronouns are D0 elements while third person (or more precisely, nonperson) pronouns belong to the category Num0. Example (10-1) below lists the forms of the nominative series in Hebrew.
Face and Social Context
Authors: Earley P Christopher
Published: November 2023

Although a great deal of research and theory has been directed toward the understanding of social interaction, self-presentation, and related concepts, the nature of how people present themselves in a social dynamic is not well understood from a cultural perspective. A fundamental aspect of action is that we interact in a given social context for a variety of purposes, and a critical aspect of this interaction is the way we present ourselves and are judged in the presence of others. Self-worth, from the view of self and others, as well as the perceived image of others, is at the very heart of a concept of face (Goffman, 1959, 1967; Ho, 1994; Hu, 1944; Redding & Ng, 1982; Ting-Toomey & Cocroft, 1994).
Societal Context
Authors: Earley P Christopher
Published: November 2023

Although my approach up to this point in the book has been focused on a micro-to-macro transition, I am leaving the discussion and description of the organizational context and content aspect of my model for a subsequent chapter in order to provide a context richness for the concepts discussed so far. The constructs of face, social actor, and harmony cannot fully be understood without a more explicit reference to societal context, or what I will refer to as cultural context.
Individual Differences and Offending
Authors: Farrington David P
Published: November 2023

It is plausible to assume that offending, like all other types of behavior, arises from the interaction between the individual and the environment. This chapter focuses on the individual side of the equation. Explanations of the development of criminal persons (i.e., persons with a relatively high likelihood of committing criminal acts in different situations) are not at all incompatible with explanations of the occurrence of criminal acts. On the contrary, a comprehensive theory of crime should aim to explain both.
The LCA, Cyclicity, Trace Theory, and the Head Parameter
Authors: Kawashima Samuel David Epstein Erich M Groat Ruriko , Kitahara Hisatsugu
Published: November 2023

Thus far we have examined the consequences of a strictly derivational account of syntactic relations in two domains: first with respect to semantic interpretation in chapter 2 and second within the syntactic component in chapters 3 and 4, in which we developed a theory oflocal relations required for feature-checking and a version of local economy that constrains syntactic operations.
‘‘Uncrowned Mayor of New York’’
Authors: Procter Ben
Published: November 2023

In July, 1904, William Randolph Hearst returned to New York City after an exhaustive presidential campaign that had ended in defeat. But, as James Creelman recognized, he was now “not a force in prospect, but a force in being:’ Or putting it another way, Lincoln Steffens observed that Hearst had the capabilities of “arousing in some people dread, in others hope, but compelling in all an interest which of itself is significant:’ And no wonder! At his command and dictation was a journalistic empire of eight newspapers in New York City, Chicago, Boston, Los Angeles, and San Francisco that influenced and entertained more than two million readers. Already he was gearing up to enter the magazine arena with the publication of Motor; and, within a year, he would acquire Cosmopolitan. Other than President Roosevelt, he was arguably the best-known American, not just in the United States but in the world.
The World of Mergers and Acquisitions
Authors: Hitt Michael A , Harrison Jeffrey S , Ireland R Duane
Published: November 2023

In 1998, there were a large number of “blockbuster” mergers and acquisitions that made past mergers and acquisitions look small by comparison. For example, the largest announced mergers in 1998 were the marriage between Citicorp and Traveler’s Group estimated at approximately $77 billion in value and Exxon’s acquisition of Mobil for an estimated $79 billion. Closely following were transactions between SBC and Ameritech valued at approximately $61.8 billion and between Nations Bank Corp. and BancAmerica Corp. valued at approximately $60 billion. AT&T announced the acquisition of Tele-Communications, Inc. valued at approximately $43 billion.
The Myth of the Trial Court Judge as Nonideological
Authors: Philips Susan U
Published: November 2023

In this chapter I show how the Tucson judges with whom I worked operate in a political climate in which they present themselves, as in the previous quote, as mere implementers of law, uninfluenced by their own political and social backgrounds. Yet what they must do to become judges, their routes to the trial court bench, requires a significant involvement in local political processes that makes it highly unlikely they are not so influenced. Historically, in the United States, there has always been a tension in the selection of trial court judges-between wanting judges who are responsive to local community values and political ideologies and wanting judges who are impartial and some what removed from such influences. In recent decades, the political tide has moved, and is still moving, toward emphasizing impartiality over local community responsiveness. I suggest this is largely due to the growth in influence of professional organizations oflawyers, such as the State Bar of Arizona, and the lessening (though by no means the disappearance) of the influence of state and county political party organizations over these same processes. This emphasis has intensified the judges’ need to appear uninfluenced by anything other than the law itself.
Details Matter
Authors: Cutcher-Gershenfeld Joel , Nitta Michio , Barrett Betty J , Belhedi Nejib , Chow Simon Soi-Chung , Inaba Takashi , lshino lwao , Lin Wen-Jeng , Moore Michael , Mothersell William M , Palthe Jennifer , Ramanand Shobha , Strolle Mark E , Wheaton Arthur C
Published: November 2023

This book began as a study of shop-floor work practices in Japaneseaffiliated plants in North America. We were initially drawn to the study of these work practices for all the usual reasons,1 including the importance of the global economy and the Japanese reputation for quality and productivity. Reports in the literature suggested that work practices in Japanese-affiliated factories would be very different and highly pro-ductive. These expectations began to shift even before our initial plant visits.
Nicotine and the Gastrointestinal Tract
Authors: Rhodes John , Green, John , Thomas Gareth
Published: November 2023

There is little information about the direct effects of nicotine on the gastrointestinal tract in humans. Most observations derive from studies of smoking. The effect of smoking on body weight is perhaps the best recognized observation, and it ac­ counts for up to a 10% difference between smokers and nonsmokers.
Matching and Refining the Hierarchies of Adverb Phrases and Functional Heads
Authors: Cinque Guglielmo
Published: November 2023

If we match, left to right, the independently established hierarchies of AdvPs ((58)+(44) of chapter 1) and functional heads (96) of chapter 3), we can observe some striking correspondences (see (1) below). In many cases a transparent specifier/head relation between a certain adverb class and the right-adjacent functional head is immediately recognizable.
Organized Interests and Populist Beliefs
Authors: Windlesham Lord
Published: November 2023

The prologue to some of the most dramatic events of the 103rd Congress was set in the Rose Garden of the White House on August 11, 1993. During the presidential campaign Clinton had decided that, if elected, it would be a priority for his administration to bring forward an early crime bill. His strategy was to combine support for crime prevention measures, toward which he was sympathetic, with stronger penalties and more effective law enforcement. Such a combination, Clinton believed, would have popular appeal as well as being politically attractive to Democrats and their supporters in the urban areas where the needs were greatest, and it was contended that too few resources had been directed toward the roots of the problems of crime before the harm occurred. Once installed at the White House, the President lost no time in telling the chairmen of the Judiciary Committees of the Senate and the House, Senator Joseph Biden (Dem. Delaware) and Representative Jack Brooks (Dem. Texas), both battle-hardened veterans of previous crime bill initiatives, that he wanted a bill drafted as soon as possible, building on the compromises reached in the conference report on the Bush administration’s crime bill, which had been blocked in the Senate in its final stages. With this as a starting point, he envisaged the addition of some new elements to give greater emphasis to policing and prevention. On several occasions in the first six months of 1993 Clinton reminded Biden of his desire to see a draft without delay. From the outset he preferred the legislation to originate from the congressional leadership rather than the alternative of a bill drafted by the Department of Justice and sent by the President to Congress by way of executive communication. The reasons lying behind this tactic will be explored later in the narrative when the scenario has become more familiar.
Introduction
Authors: Cushman Barry
Published: November 2023

The story of the “switch-in-time” is among the most enduring chapters of our constitutional history. It is repeated every year in countless courses in govern­ ment, history, and constitutional law in our nation’s high schools, colleges, and law schools. One of the great morality plays of American civics, it is both celebratory and cautionary. A vast and remarkably homogenous literature built by legions of lawyers, historians, and political scientists recounts and reiterates the story with varying degrees of subtlety and sophistication. In truncated, composite, and only mildly caricatured form, it goes as follows: Once upon a time, in the dark days of the Great Depression, there was a great liberal president (Franklin Roosevelt) who fought valiantly against rich and powerful economic royalists in a noble effort to better the lot of the common man and save the country from economic ruin. His plan, which he called the New Deal, enjoyed widespread public support but was repeatedly rejected by the Supreme Court. The president was aided in his crusade by three wise and visionary liberal justices (Brandeis, Stone, and Cardozo), who generally supported his program and voted accordingly in the cases that came before the Court. Their efforts were frustrated, however, by four reactionary conservative justices (the “Four Horsemen” Van Devanter, McReynolds, Sutherland, and Butler), whose jurisprudence was driven by their devotion to the anachronistic tenets of laissez-faire economics and their sympathetic subservience to the interests of rich and powerful people and institutions. The conservatives were too frequently aided in their obstructionist enterprise by two waffling moderates (Hughes and Roberts), whose business-class origins likewise disposed them against the New Deal. In the general election of 1936, however, the American people forcefully repudiated the jurisprudence of the Court’s majority and wholeheartedly embraced the constitutional theories of Franklin Roosevelt. Emboldened by his landslide victory, Roosevelt soon thereafter announced his plan to pack the Court. Fearing institutional evisceration, the mod­ erates, in an act spurred by a mixture of cowardice, “statesmanship,” and newfound constitutional enlightenment, decided to switch rather than fight.
Associationalism Ascendant
Authors: Cushman Barry
Published: November 2023

Wartime Lessons and a New Profile for Organized Labor As the country confronted the exigencies of domestic production, communication, and transportation brought on by World War I, it became clear that the Adair majority’s professed agnosticism on the relationship between union-management relations and interstate commerce was no longer tenable. It was now “essential to the national safety that the volume of production be maintained at the highest possible level, and that the avenues of communication and transportation remain always open.” It was recognized that industrial strife would tend to frustrate the implementation of these critical objectives. Accordingly, the National War Labor Board was established in April of 1918 for the purpose of ensuring the peaceful and prompt settlement oflabor disputes in vital war industries.
Bullets
Authors: Bailey Edward P
Published: November 2023

As you can tell, I consider the bullet a magical device, a wonderful way to help untangle ideas and show readers the organization within paragraphs. In Chapter 4, we looked at bulleted lists. This chapter looks at bulleted paragraphs and then discusses ways to add polish to the way you present both bulleted lists and bulleted paragraphs.
Introduction: The Pursuit of Equality
Authors: Douglas Davison M , Devins Neal
Published: November 2023

The notion of equality is central to American civic life. Enshrined in two of the nation’s central documents-the Declaration of Independence (“We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal”) and the U.S. Constitution (“No state shall ... deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws”)-equality is one of the basic foundations of our national life. Yet in the most diverse nation on the planet, the notion of equality has proved elusive. A cursory survey of American history reveals the many ways in which Americans have not been treated equally under the law. We need think only of the treatment of African Americans in slavery and later in Jim Crow segregation, of women and their lack of full civil and political equality until the recent past, of the genocide and repression of this country’s native population, of the variety of indignities suffered by gays and lesbians, and of the exclusionary treatment of a vast array of immigrant groups for us to realize that equality has been denied to many Americans. In the 1990s, the issue of equality-for whites as well as for racial minorities, for men as well as for women-continues to bedevil our civic life. Cries of unequal treatment continue to be heard in both public discourse and the courts. America is far from having reached consensus over the meaning of equality and whether we have in fact achieved it.
The Politics of Clientele Capture: Civil Rights Policy and the Reagan Administration
Authors: Graham Hugh Davis
Published: November 2023

This chapter uses the Reagan administration as a case study of national policy making in the post-1960s American state. Specifically examined is the attempt by conservative Republican policymakers during Reagan’s presidency to narrow the reach of federal civil rights enforcement. As a presidential candidate opposing Jimmy Carter in 1980, Ronald Reagan declared: “We must not allow the noble concept of equal opportunity to be distorted into federal guidelines or quotas which require race, ethnicity, or sex-rather than ability and qualifications-to be the principal factor in hiring or education.” The 1980 Republican platform criticized “bureaucratic regulations which rely on quotas, ratios, and numerical requirements to exclude some individuals in favor of others.”
The Supreme Court’s Pursuit of Equality and Liberty and the Burdens of History
Authors: Garrow David J
Published: November 2023

The Supreme Court’s decision in Brown v. Board of Education is commonly regarded as the signal event in the modern quest for racial equality. Confronted with widespread racial segregation of schoolchildren by reason of state law, the Court in Brown held that such segregation violated the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.
Inventors
Authors: Wren Daniel A , Greenwood Ronald G
Published: November 2023

President George Washington’s first annual message to Congress was given in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in 1790. In a plea for providing for the common defense, he said, “To be prepared for war is one of the most effectual means of preserving peace.” America not only should be armed but also “should promote such manufactures, as tend to render them independent of others for essentials, particularly for military, supplies.” Americans should search for inventions abroad as well as be encouraged to make “exertions of skill and genius in producing them at home ... for there is nothing which can better serve your patronage than the promotion of science and literature. Knowledge is in every country the surest basis of public happiness.” This statement, two centuries old, is as relevant to the knowledge-based society of today as it was back then.
Organizers
Authors: Wren Daniel A , Greenwood Ronald G
Published: November 2023

Teamwork is a frequently used word, but in practice the goal often falls short of achievement. Getting people to work together in pursuit of a common end is an ancient problem in military, religious, governmental, and economic endeavors. Economic enterprises are different from other kinds of undertakings: They cannot rely upon the rigorous training and discipline of the military, nor upon the possibilities of hell and heaven and the devotion of the faithful found in the church. Nor can they pass laws and use taxes, as governments can. While leadership is critical to goal attainment, it typically occurs within some organizational setting.
Motivators
Authors: Wren Daniel A , Greenwood Ronald G
Published: November 2023

Human motivation has been problematic since the first human wondered why her or his fellow humans did what they did. Some, such as Peter Drucker, suggest, “We know nothing about motivation. All we can do is write books about it.” Is Drucker right? Or can we learn from others and understand better this puzzling question? The word motivation comes from the Latin movere, “to move”; from that root comes motive, why someone does something, and motivation, what impels, incites, or induces people to act as they do.
Japanese Corporate Boards and the Role of Bank Directors
Authors: Sheard Paul
Published: November 2023

Banks occupy an important place in the loose networks of large firms that characterize the Japanese brand of capitalism. Most listed firms in Japan have an identifiable connection to one of the ten or so major commercial banks. Many firms are affiliated with one of the six bank-centered groupings, most clearly the case when they belong to the group presidents’ club. Keizai Chosa Kyokai (1993) identified 635 (60 percent) of the 1,053 first-section-listed firms in 1991 as being affiliated with one of the six bank-centered groups and 140 (13 percent) as being affiliated with one of the nine other city or long-term credit banks. Only 93 firms (9 percent) were found not to be affiliated with a bank or parent company. President club membership is much more exclusive: In 1991, only 175 (8 percent) of the 2,086 listed firms belonged to one of the six clubs (Toyo Keizai Shinposha, 1991). Even if the affiliation is not this clear-cut, most firms have a “main bank” relationship (as do group-affiliated ones), meaning that the bank maintains the leading position in loan shares and other banking business with the firm and that the bank and firm maintain a significant interlocking shareholding relationship.
Business in its Natural Environment: Toward a Unifying Moral Framework
Authors: Rosenthal Sandra B , Buchholz Rogene A
Published: November 2023

One topic of growing concern in business ethics is the relation of business to the natural environment and the ethical issues inherent in that relationship. The natural environment is becoming increasingly important as environmental problems impinge themselves on business and society. Yet when it comes to ethical issues with respect to the environment, business ethics is confronted with another area of ethics, environmental ethics, that has a separate body of literature, different professional organizations, and disparate scholars and educators.
A Pragmatic Theory of the Corporation
Authors: Rosenthal Sandra B , Buchholz Rogene A
Published: November 2023

Elements of a pragmatic theory of the corporation are infused throughout many of the previous chapters. This chapter, however, is intended to bring into focus or highlight certain features of pragmatism as they can shed further light on an understanding of the nature of the corporation from a pragmatic perspective. According to classical economic theory, the corporation is a device that was formed for purely economic purposes. It relates to the society solely through the marketplace, and marketplace transactions make up the whole of its existence and reason for being. The corporation is considered to be a voluntary organization in which people band together as investors, employees, and so on, because of economic selfinterest. The majority of the wealth generated goes to the shareholders, the owners of capital, with employees of the corporation receiving wages or salaries for their contribution, and creditors receiving interest on their loans to the organization.
Moving Shoji Screens to Include Women the Evolution of Women and Companies
Authors: Renshaw Jean R
Published: November 2023

The highly flexible structure of the Japanese screen with its inconspicuous hinge system is integral to its beauty. Folding screens were readily portable and relatively compact to store. Their flexible format allowed for formal presentation aligned in parts with very even spacing of their zigzag folds or informal placement in irregular configurations. That the nature of screens is to be easily folded, readily portable, and relatively compact makes them just what a woman would need to screen her upward movement into management and to carry the screen upward with her. While a few women have come out to speak up against unfair practices, many women have found it easier and more effective to use or ignore cultural blind spots and continue upward behind the screen of invisibility rather than trying to change corporate attitudes and practices directly. Both men and women have an investment in women’s power remaining invisible. For men, it sustains the illusion of power and seems to maintain the status quo, while for women it provides protection as they chip away at the bottom.
Japanese Quality Technology: Transferred and Transformed at Hewlett-Packard
Authors: Cole Robert E
Published: November 2023

Enormous uncertainty gripped top managers in large U.S. manufacturing firms in the early 1980s as they came to realize that their Japanese competitors had developed a large competitive advantage over them.1 There were a great number of competing explanations as to the cause of the problems facing American industry. Was it quality? Was it productivity? Was it lowpaid workers, cheap capital, or unfair Japanese government support for their competitors? Was it a combination of factors? Which combination? Over time and with much trial and error, U.S. managers came to accept that quality was one of the significant competitive issues to which they needed to respond, that the Japanese really were doing better, and that the Americans lacked information on how the Japanese did it.
Organization Theory Perspectives on the Cross-Border Transfer of Organizational Patterns
Authors: Westney D Eleanor
Published: November 2023

The transfer of Japanese production systems to the United States in the 1980s and 1990s must rank as the most widely discussed and intensively studied case of cross-border organizational learning in modern history. But the nature of the discussion has shifted over time. In the early 1980s, when the establishment of Japanese auto plants like Honda’s in Ohio and Toyota’s joint venture with GM in California first drew extensive popular attention to the issue, much of the discussion was over whether Japanese systems were at all transferable to the U.S. social context, which differed in so many ways from the Japanese setting in which they had evolved. Time and many careful studies have demonstrated that many Japanese practices do in fact “work” in the
Double Object Constructions
Authors: Ura Hiroyuki
Published: November 2023

In chapter 7 and chapter 8, through studying phenomena not directly connected to GP-splitting, I will explore some of the consequences of the theory of multiple feature checking advocated in this book. In this chapter I will try to investigate the structure of the so-called double object construction (DOC) under the Agrless feature-checking theory reinforced with the theory of multiple feature checking. It will be demonstrated that some parametric variations as well as their interesting correlation with optional object shift can be naturally accounted for.
Object Shift in Japanese
Authors: Ura Hiroyuki
Published: November 2023

Since Chomsky (1992) gave an appealing account of the so-called Holmberg’s generalization by means of the MLC under the Agr-based Case theory, “object shift” has been one of the hottest subjects in the minimalist theory. But, in the literature, many discussions on this topic have been made in connection with Germanic, especially Scandinavian languages (e.g., Holmberg 1986, Johnson 1991, Collins and Thráinsson 1993, Vikner 1994, and Bobaljik 1995b, to list only a few), though object shift in other languages has occasionally been discussed (Branigan 1992, Mahajan 1990, and Déprez 1994, among others). In this chapter I will address my attention to Japanese, providing evidence in favor of the claim that Japanese has overt object shift only in ditransitive clauses.
Classicism Ascendant, 1880-1930
Authors: Wiecek William M
Published: November 2023

Few of the Justices who served on the Supreme Court in the half-century after 1890 were untouched by the mentalite of classical legal thought. And even those few - Brandeis, Cardozo, Stone, Holmes (to a degree)- had to contend with it among their brethren. Classicism informed everything that the Court did, above all its constitutional adjudication. Here we return to a familiar story, a tale thrice told. For it was in the constitutional decisions of the “Lochner era” and beyond that the influence of the classical outlook was most ponderous. The story of the Court’s public law adjudication in this half-century can be told from various perspectives; the approach of this study is not the only valid one. Of itself, this account is incomplete, and must be supplemented with other analytical or narrative approaches. But every story must be told from some standpoint, and the standpoint of this study is classical orthodoxy.
Lought and Thanguage
Authors: Loritz Donald
Published: November 2023

A baby wildebeest, born on the Serengeti, learns to walk and run in a matter of minutes. The precocious wildebeest is marvelously adapted. But once a wildebeest can outrun a lion, its adaptation is largely done. Humans must adapt, too, but they must continue to adapt, first to mother, then to brother, then to teacher, then to work, then to him, then to her, then to babies, and so it goes. The world to which humans must adapt is a world of words: his word, her word, my word, your word, word of mouth, word of honor, word of scripture, word of law, the adaptive word.
The Value of”Teams”
Authors: McKenzie Richard B , Lee Dwight R
Published: November 2023

The Central Reason firms exist is that people are often more productive when they work together-in “teams”-than when they work in isolation from one another but are tied together by markets. “Teams” are no passing and empty management fad. Firms have always utilized them. What seems to be new is the emphasis within management circles on the economies that can be garnered from assigning complex sets of tasks to relatively small teams of workers, both within departments and, for larger projects, across departments.
Fringes, Incentives, and Profits
Authors: McKenzie Richard B , Lee Dwight R
Published: November 2023

Workers Tend To Think and talk about their fringe benefits in terms remarkably different from those they use to discuss their wages. Workers who profess that they “earn” their wages will describe their fringes with reference to what their employers “give” them. “Gee, our bosses give us three weeks of vacation, thirty minutes of coffee breaks a day, the right to flexible schedules, and discounts on purchases from company goods. They also provide us with medical and dental insurance and cover 80 percent of the cost. Would you believe we only have to pay 20 percent!” Wages are the result of hard work, but fringes, it seems, are a matter of employer generosity. Fringes are assumed to come from a substantially different source, such as out of the pockets of the stockholders, than wages, which come out of the revenues workers add to the bottom line.
The Last-Period Problem
Authors: McKenzie Richard B , Lee Dwight R
Published: November 2023

Much Of This Book has been concerned with how different parties to business deals can take advantage of other parties and how managers can structure their organizational and pay policies to minimize what we call “opportunistic behavior.” This chapter discusses how an announced end to a business relationship can inspire opportunistic behavior. Its goal is, however, constructive-to present ways to structure business deals, and the embedded incentives, in order to maximize the durability and profitability of the deals. To do that, business relationships must be ongoing, with no fixed end, to the extent possible. Having a fixed termination date can encourage opportunistic behavior, which can reduce firm revenues and profits. That is to say, a reputation for continuing in business has economic value, which explains why managers work hard to create such a reputation.
Organizational Learning in Japanese Overseas Affiliates
Authors: Bird Allan , Taylor Sully , Beechler Schon
Published: November 2023

Any organization setting up a new operation must also establish new systems for managing that operation (Rosenzweig & Singh, 1991). These events present an occasion for organizational learning. In the case of newly established operations in the same country, the determination and implementation of those systems is usually straightforward-a simple replication of systems currently in effect at existing operations-and the learning minimal. However, because foreign operations are commonly associated with higher levels of uncertainty as a result of differing environmental contexts and influences, the question of what systems to implement overseas becomes more problematic. Consequently, these types of events provide many challenges but also significant opportunities for learning.
Analyzing Interpreted Encounters
Authors: Roy Cynthia B
Published: November 2023

Interpreting has only recently been analyzed in the discourse events where it most frequently occurs, that is, settings which are small, generally private in nature, and in which three or more people come together to accomplish a purpose, a task or a goal while they talk (Roy 1989a; Wadensjo 1992, 1998; Metzger 1995, 1999). Although there is a call worldwide for interpreters to sort out and label the varieties of this setting (Roberts 1995), taxonomies or categories cannot be helpful until we sort out what interpreted events have in common and what features of those events make them separate. Or, until we decide, as Gentile (1995) suggests, “that what we are talking about is simply interpreting” no matter how many people, what type of discourse situation, or what speed of translation is involved (118). Currently, theorists, analysts, practitioners, and others observe and describe interpreting through their own lenses, be they disciplinary or personal. However, interpreting is a discipline that is and must be connected primarily to language; it will be through the lens of language study that primary elements are most readily identified. Through the lens of language as discourse, aided by models of the interaction of language and social life (Hymes 1972), the multiple relationships between linguistic means and social meaning are brought to light. Hymes suggested that constructing models of this interaction is an empirical problem which calls for description that is both ethnographic and linguistic. To develop models, Hymes warns, there must be adequate descriptions of interaction, and such “descriptions call for an approach that partly links, but partly cuts across, partly builds between the ordinary practices of the disciplines” (41). Although Hymes is referring to linguistics, anthropology, and other social sciences, we can extrapolate the warning that there must be adequate descriptions of interpreting and approaches that link, cut across, and build upon other disciplines.
Paradise for a Prosecutor
Authors: Johnson David T
Published: November 2023

In prosecution as in policing, context matters immensely. David Bayley’s (1991) classic study of police behavior in Japan and the United States starts from the premise that Japan is “heaven for a cop.” Police in Japan confront little serious crime, few guns or drugs, and an impressive quality of public ordercontexts which make their work less demanding and vastly less dangerous than police work in the United States. Further, since Japanese police enjoy widespread public support and operate in a “benign” political environment, they are able to perform their jobs “virtually without stress” or serious misconduct. To Bayley, Japan is so thoroughly heaven for a cop that “if Japanese and American police changed places, Americans would perform as efficiently as Japanese and Japanese police might come unhinged.”
Prosecutor Culture
Authors: Johnson David T
Published: November 2023

No question has more engaged students of Japan than the obvious one: How different is this, the first major industrial society to emerge outside the Western tradition? Likewise, no question has bred more, or more rancorous, disagreement. For every scholar who believes there is no need to invoke “the peculiarities of Japanese culture” in order to understand the essence of Japanese law or politics, another can be heard contending for the converse. This book addresses a parallel question about Japanese prosecutors How different are they? -and this chapter concentrates on two core qualities of Japan’s prosecutor culture: prosecutor preferences, or what prosecutors want, and prosecutor beliefs about the factors that influence their discretion. It shows that prosecutors in Japan and the United States have markedly different work objectives and, in important respects, hold different beliefs about how toexercise the discretion to charge.
Consistency
Authors: Johnson David T
Published: November 2023

I met Larry for the first time in July 1993. At the time, he was an eighteen-year veteran in the Oakland County District Attorney’s Office, one of 142 prosecutors in what may be the most highly respected local prosecutors office in California. Nearly two decades earlier Larry had graduated from a prestigious public law school in the same state. A former classmate, now a public defender in the Oakland County Superior Court, regards Larry as “a good guy,” “an able prosecutor,” and a more-or-less “typical” senior deputy district attorney.
Convictions
Authors: Johnson David T
Published: November 2023

My professor friend is hardly alone in finding Japan’s conviction rates noteworthy. Claims about the country’s “extremely high” conviction rates or, what is the same thing, its “astonishingly low” acquittal rates, are indeed widespread. But while Japan’s conviction rates are often lauded and lamented, they remain poorly understood because their causes have seldom been seriously sought or studied. This chapter locates Japan’s famous conviction rates within the broader contexts of comparative criminal justice research in order to assess the veracity and significance of conventional claims. I first summarize the orthodox views and inspect their foundations. The analysis reveals that the conviction rate “gap” between Japan and other countries is not as wide as commonly supposed but that there is a real difference that needs to be explained. I then show that the procuracy’s conservative charging policy and bureaucratic controls the same controls that produce high levels of “consistency” are largely responsible for the high rates of conviction.
Trials of Celebrity
Authors: Baker Thomas N
Published: November 2023

The Forrest affair’s spectacle of passion made compelling public theater not just because many in the audience at large believed, as Willis surely would have wished, that they knew its celebrated principles intimately. As we have come to see, this imbroglio also rehearsed a riveting drama of cultural anxieties that took in such prickly matters as the proper relation of husband and wife, the propriety of fashion and refinement, and the prerogatives of honor. The affair assumed this significance, moreover, in light of an intense glare of commercial publicity that had become national, even international, in scope. As early as six months into the proceedings, the Georgia journal and Messenger reprinted a humorous vignette that suggested the unprecedented dimensions of this development. A traveler approaching a hut “fifty miles from anything in the Western Prairie,” so the story went, had asked its tenant of his opinion of a notorious murder case, the so-called Golphin claim, and the Forrest divorce suit. When he replied that he knew nothing of such matters, the stranger reportedly “burst into tears” and resolved to stay with the farmer for three weeks, that being the time news took to travel to this remote quarter. What was the reason for this outburst? So the account joshed: “He was a man who had been bored into madness by reading newspaper discussions on the three cases.” Of course, such complaints did little to arrest the march of publicity and probably only served to underscore the general preoccupation with celebrated legal actions that gripped the nation in the early 1850s. It was here, as much as on the concurrent political maneuvering surrounding the issue of slavery, that public interest settled in these early days of mass popular culture.
After The Terror: Mortality, Equality, Fraternity
Authors: Norton Anne
Published: November 2023

Capital punishment, in this historical moment, in this political space, is visited by the powerful upon the dominated, by the state upon the subject. Death is the culmination of a long series of procedures, performed by technicians under the surveillance of diverse, carefully trained administrators, recorded in scrupulous de­ tail. In this historical moment, capital punishment appears as an enactment of the finality of the power of the state. In it, the subjection of the dominated is confirmed. The execution of the condemned marks the boundary dividing writing from violence. Death removes the condemned from the reach and power of the law, of writing, of constitutional guarantees. Death marks that point at which the rule of law finds itself exhausted.