bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
II TRANSMISSION OF SOUND ENERGY AND THICKNESS OF PLATE TRANSMITTER AT NORMAL INCIDENCE—ULTRASONIC METHOD
Authors: Boyle R. W. , Sproule D. O.
Published: April 2011

Another and more direct experimental method for determining the reflection from and transmission through parallel-faced partitions of sound energy of short wave-length was studied. Measurements were taken of the energy transmitted through obstructing plates by means of a torsion pendulum placed in the "ultrasonic shadow", the incidence of the energy being normal. The theoretical and experimental results obtained in previous researches by taking reflection measurements only were confirmed, and again it was shown necessary to employ the bulk modulus of elasticity for computations of velocity instead of Young's.
STUDIES ON REACTIONS RELATING TO CARBOHYDRATES AND POLYSACCHARIDES.: PART XXVI. STRUCTURE OF ACETONE GLYCEROL
Authors: Hibbert Harold , Morazain J. G.
Published: April 2011

The condensation of acetone with glycerol has been carried out in a neutral medium, at a low temperature, and the product shown to consist entirely of the five-membered isopropylidene-glycerol ketal. Based on this fact, the use of the substance for the determination of the structure of fats is therefore warranted. Isopropylidene-glycerol and its acetate readily hydrolyse on heating with water.No satisfactory explanation can, as yet, be offered for the non-formation of the six-membered ketal under the conditions outlined.Acetone, as previously shown by other workers, is capable of forming a six-membered cyclic ketal with glycerol-β-methyl ether, dihydroxy acetone, pentaerythritol and certain carbohydrates.
CHEMICAL AND PHYSICO-CHEMICAL CHANGES IN WHEAT AND WHEAT PRODUCTS INDUCED BY ELEVATED TEMPERATURES: III. THE INFLUENCE OF GERM CONSTITUENTS ON BAKING QUALITY AND THEIR RELATION TO IMPROVEMENT IN FLOUR INDUCED BY HEAT AND CHEMICAL IMPROVERS
Authors: Geddes W. F.
Published: April 2011

Experiments were conducted in an effort to determine the cause of enhancement in baking quality previously observed on heat treatment of straight-grade flour not aged nor bleached. Heat treatment of straight-grade flour matured with agene (nitrogen trichloride), or of unaged fifth middlings flour (highly refined mill stream) did not result in any essential improvement in baking quality, and the unheated flours gave only a slight positive response to bromate. Similarly, ether extracted straight-grade flour gave no appreciable response to bromate and no significant improvement due to heat treatment. Germ added to fifth middlings flour markedly reduced its baking quality when determined by the basic procedure, as reflected in poorer handling qualities of the dough, and in the baked loaf by a decrease in loaf volume, underfermented characteristics, and coarse open texture. Increasing the fermentation time, addition of bromate, or heating the germ before admixture reduced the deleterious effects of the germ. The experiments indicate that response to bromate, and improvement of natural flour induced by proper heat treatment is associated with the presence of germ in the flour. Oxidation of certain germ constituents—presumably the phosphatides—is suggested as the primary change involved in such improvement. Addition of lecithin to middlings flour caused a marked response in loaf volume to the addition of bromate which is considered as indirect evidence that the phosphatides are involved. Heat treatment of germ induced a marked increase in the hydrogen ion concentration of aqueous extracts and a decrease in the iodine number of the ether extract. It is concluded from this series of investigations that heat treatment of flour is detrimental to gluten quality, but decreases the deleterious effect of germ present in the flour. Unaged flours containing low grade mill streams may show an enhancement in baking quality by heat treatment, but the improvement will not equal that induced by chemical improvers which apparently act primarily on the germ constituents.
STUDIES OF REACTIONS RELATING TO CARBOHYDRATES AND POLYSACCHARIDES.: XXVIII. THE STRUCTURE OF ISOPROPYLIDENE GLYCEROL
Authors: Hibbert Harold , Morazain J. G.
Published: April 2011

Isopropylidene glycerol, prepared in neutral medium by the action of anhydrous copper sulphate as condensing agent, was methylated with silver oxide and methyl iodide; the product yielded only glycerol α-methyl ether on hydrolysis, thus proving the absence of any six-membered ketal in the condensation product of glycerol and acetone.The properties of both glycerol α- and β-methyl ethers have been carefully redetermined.A table of the isomeric acetals and ketals summarising their physico-chemical constants is given, in view of their usefulness as "type compounds" in investigations relating to fats, carbohydrates and polysaccharides.
A RAPID METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF ORGANIC NITROGEN IN LIQUIDS
Authors: Sandin Reuben B. , Stover Norman M.
Published: April 2011

A method for the rapid determination of organic nitrogen in liquids is described. It depends upon the liberation of amino, amido, etc. nitrogen as ammonia by an alkali fusion of the organic material. The ammonia is absorbed in excess saturated boric acid solution, and then a titration with standard acid is carried out, using bromophenol blue as the indicator.
THE DENSITY OF CARBON DIOXIDE
Authors: Cooper D. LeB. , Maass O.
Published: April 2011

Modifications are described by the Maass and Russel method for the determination of the densitites of gases which permit an accuracy of about one part in 10,000. The determination has been made of the density of carbon dioxide at two temperatures and over a pressure range of 75 to 25 cm. of mercury. The mean value obtained for the molecular weight of carbon dioxide at zero pressure is 44.0033 ± 0.002, from which the atomic weight of carbon is found to be 12.0033 ± 0.002.
SINKAGE STUDIES. II. THE SEASONAL DISTRIBUTION OF WATER AND GAS IN TREES
Authors: Gibbs R. Darnley
Published: April 2011

The distribution of water and gas in trees has been studied together with the seasonal changes which occur in distribution. The species studied were balsam, jack pine, birch and poplar. In freshly cut soft woods, with the possible exception of balsam, the water content is fairly uniform and very high in sapwood, but constantly low in the heartwood. The water content in birch was higher in the centre than near the outside. In poplar, the reverse condition was found. The heartwood in jack pine contained about 12% water, the sapwood 52%.The heartwood contains more gas than sapwood and consequently the higher the heartwood content, the better the floating properties of the log. In jack pine heartwood contains 60% of gas and the outermost samples about 23%.Wood and density values are not constant, but vary considerably. Even by allowing for the variation of density across a log, the errors in measurement are scarcely reduced. A useful determination involves the examination of standardized lots of logs, and the restriction of seasonal and other measurements to these lots.
STUDIES ON LIGNIN AND RELATED COMPOUNDS: III. GLYCEROL-CHLOROHYDRIN-LIGNIN
Authors: Hibbert Harold , Phillips John Bernard
Published: April 2011

Glycerol α-monochlorohydrin has been found to be an effective extraction agent for the removal of lignin from spruce wood meal. Previous evidence for the view that a compound is formed between the lignin and the extraction medium is supported by the results of methoxyl and halogen analysis, and those of hydrolysis.
A NEW ADIABATIC CALORIMETER
Authors: Barnes W. H. , Maass O.
Published: April 2011

A new adiabatic calorimeter equipped with a radiation thermel is described. Measurements of the heat capacity of ice over various temperature ranges are presented in order to illustrate the method of handling the calorimeter and to find the order of accuracy of this piece of apparatus. The latent heats of fusion of ice at 0 °C. and at − 3.0 °C. are found.The novel feature of the new calorimeter is shown to be the radiation thermel for indicating any difference between the temperatures of the inner calorimeter and the outer bath. This instrument consists of a multiple junction thermocouple of which one set of junctions receives heat from the inner calorimeter vessel by radiation. The accuracy of the calorimeter is shown to depend on the magnitude of the temperature drop in the inner vessel and on the method for reading the temperatures involved. In the experiments with ice a probable accuracy of about 0.2% is obtained with temperature drops of the order of 2°, measurement of which is made with a Beckmann thermometer.
SINKAGE STUDIES. III. CHANGES IN THE WATER-GAS SYSTEM IN LOGS DURING SEASONING AND FLOTATION
Authors: Scarth G. W. , Gibbs R. Darnley
Published: April 2011

Under laboratory conditions a very large fermentative evolution of carbon dioxide takes place in logs during both seasoning and flotation, increasing their gas phase and their buoyancy. The principal changes which take place in the water-gas system of logs during seasoning and flotation have been followed by weight measurements and analyses showing water distribution.End penetration has been shown to be an important factor in sinkage, at any rate when evaporation from the upper surface of the log is considerable. Bolts, 2 ft. 8 in. long gained, during flotation for 8 months, from two to three times as much water when their ends were unpainted as when they were painted. End penetration, combined with evaporation, was found to create through the log a current of water which helps to transport dissolved gases, and to reduce the volume of the gas bubbles held in the cells. It thus acts doubly towards reducing buoyancy by replacing evaporation loss and by facilitating the escape of the imprisoned gases.
THE EFFECT OF PRESERVATIVES ON FERMENTATION BY SUGAR-TOLERANT YEASTS FROM HONEY
Authors: Lochhead A. G. , Farrell Leone
Published: April 2011

A study was made of the preservative effect of various compounds in an 80% honey solution inoculated with a mixed culture of honey-fermenting yeasts. Sodium hypochlorite and chloramine-T preparations did not prevent fermentation in the highest concentration used (100 p.p.m. available chlorine). Hydrogen peroxide, though effective in a 0.5% concentration, exerted a marked bleaching action in addition to affecting the taste. Hexyl resorcinol completely inhibited fermentation in 0.01% concentration. Complete preservation was not attained with sodium salicylate within the limits permissible in foodstuffs, 0.06% being required. The sodium salts of boric, benzoic and sulphurous acid tested, all prevented fermentation within the limits. Sodium benzoate, sodium sulphite and sodium bisulphite were considered the most promising, and appeared to merit further testing on a practical scale for the prevention of honey fermentation.
ACTION OF HIGH SPEED ELECTRONS ON METHANE, OXYGEN AND CARBON MONOXIDE
Authors: McLennan F.R.S. J. C. , Glass B.A. J. V. S.
Published: April 2011

This paper deals with the action of cathode rays on gases and gas mixtures. Methane, methane-oxygen mixtures, carbon monoxide and carbon monoxide-oxygen mixtures were examined. Methane gave small percentages of hydrogen and ethane. Methane and oxygen mixtures gave as gaseous products, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and hydrogen, the only other products being water and formic acid. The relative proportions of the products do not vary widely under a wide variation of conditions.The reaction was found to be of the first order with respect to pressure. The reaction rate increases linearly with the voltage up to a certain value, after which it becomes nearly independent of the voltage.The action of cathode rays on carbon monoxide produces carbon dioxide and a solid brown suboxide which is extremely soluble in water, and its composition corresponds to a formula (C3O)n. If the carbon monoxide is moist, no visible amount of solid or liquid is found and there is less carbon dioxide.Carbon monoxide-oxygen mixtures under the action of cathode rays form carbon dioxide. Presence of water vapor has a retarding effect on the reaction. For mixtures of the same composition the reaction rate is proportional to the total pressure. For dry mixtures the product increases with the carbon monoxide present; when moist it is much less, and independent of the carbon monoxide.
THE DESIGN OF CORNERS IN FLUID CHANNELS
Authors: Klein G. J. , Tupper K. F. , Green J. J.
Published: April 2011

The information contained in this report is the result of a detailed investigation of the characteristics of a variety of modified corners in a wind tunnel. The modification of the corner was effected by the insertion of banks or cascades of vanes along the diagonal, the intention being to secure minimum losses due to turbulence, coupled with uniformity in the issuing air stream. Apart from the specific application of this research to the design of wind tunnel corners, it has a real value in assisting the solution of the problem of corner losses in water, steam and air systems.The report includes data on vane shape, spacing and incidence, on the variation of the accompanying air flow, and on the resulting influence on corner resistance. A variety of methods have been employed to analyse the conditions existing in the air stream at the vanes and, from the information so obtained, it is possible to select the vane section and method of use which will lead to the most desirable features in the flow at the corner.
STUDIES ON REACTIONS RELATING TO CARBOHYDRATES AND POLYSACCHARIDES: XXXIII. THE SYNTHESIS OF POLYSACCHARIDES BY BACTERIA AND ENZYMES
Authors: Harrison F. C. , Tarr H. L. A. , Hibbert Harold
Published: April 2011

The synthesis of a polysaccharide from simpler carbohydrates both by the agency of Bacillus mesentericus Trevisan and Bacillus subtilis Cohn has been studied. The action of both is apparently specific in that they only bring about polysaccharide formation from carbohydrates containing a terminal fructo-furanose residue in their molecule. A similar synthesis can be carried out by using the corresponding enzyme preparation from Bacillus mesentericus.
DIFFRACTIVE REFLECTION AND SCATTERING OF ULTRASONIC WAVES. THEIR INFLUENCE ON TORSION-PENDULUM MEASUREMENTS OF SOUND INTENSITY
Authors: Boyle R. W. , Lehmann J. F.
Published: April 2011

Light waves are too short and ordinary sound waves generally too long to permit experimental work on diffraction and scattering by a single small obstacle. An opportunity for such work however is presented in the case of ultrasonic waves.This paper describes an experimental investigation on the factors which determine the diffractive reflection and scattering of an ultrasonic wave train by plane circular opaque discs, and discusses the results. These are of special importance in the measurement of sound energy intensity by the torsion-pendulum method, for such measurements should always be corrected to allow for the effect of diffractive scattering of the energy by the measuring-pendulum vane. The correction factor will depend on the size and form of the pendula vanes employed and for circular vanes can be obtained directly from such curves as are shown in this paper as results of the investigation.
THE INFLUENCE OF CERTAIN FACTORS ON THE OUTPUT OF A TRIODE OSCILLATOR
Authors: Field Geo. S.
Published: April 2011

Certain peculiar variations in the radiated energy from a five-metre triode oscillator observed by a previous experimenter, have been investigated. The factors influencing the output appear to be changes in input and in the surrounding temperature. With tubes employing oxide-coated filaments, these changes are sometimes of considerable importance, while in other cases such variations have a negligible effect. Several curves of output plotted against various input values are given.
THE RAMAN EFFECT AND CHEMICAL BONDS IN CERTAIN ORGANIC LIQUIDS
Authors: Howlett Leslie E.
Published: April 2011

The paper gives a brief review of what the new mechanics has done to explain the phenomenon of incoherent scattering. An expression is derived for the frequencies characteristic of three elastically bound masses vibrating in a straight line. This simple harmonic theory is used to assist in interpreting experimental results. The value of the stretching force of all single bonds is assumed to be the same. Double and triple bonds are taken as having a stretching force twice and three times respectively that of a single bond. The value of the stretching force of a single bond is deduced with the aid of the assumption that the frequency 300 mm−1 arises from longitudinal oscillations of the form C–H. Spectrograms are given together with diagrams and measurements for two groups of substances: (1) ethylene glycol and five derivatives, (2) four nitriles and benzyl alcohol. Acetonitrile, phenylacetonitrile and benzyl alcohol have been studied by other authors. The rest are observed for the first time. With the aid of the simple harmonic oscillator theory previously mentioned some attempt is made to associate certain frequencies with definite bonds and structures.
THE DENSITY OF CARBON DIOXIDE
Authors: Cooper D. LeB. , Maass O.
Published: April 2011

The work published in a previous communication has been extended and revised. Determinations of the density of carbon dioxide are shown for five temperatures from − 30° to + 77 °C., and over a pressure range of 760 to 250 mm. of mercury. The extrapolation of these curves to zero pressure shows a mean value for the atomic weight of carbon = 12.004 ± 0.003. A graph is included which shows the apparent molecular weight as a function of the temperature; molecular volumes have been calculated from this.The results give P.V.T. values for CO2 in the above temperature and pressure range, with an accuracy considered to be greater than available data.
STUDIES OF POLYMERS AND POLYMERIZATION: III. THE POLYMERIZATION OF EUGENOL, SAFROLE AND THE CORRESPONDING ISO-COMPOUNDS
Authors: Whitby George Stafford , Katz Morris
Published: April 2011

Eugenol, isoeugenol, safrole and isosafrole when treated with stannic chloride yield polymers with molecular weights of the order of 2000, and when heated at 197° or 236 °C. polymers with molecular weights of the order of 1000. The ease of polymerization of the iso-compounds, which contain a semi-benzenoid conjugated system, is markedly greater than that of the normal compounds, in which such a system is lacking. The polymers are all unsaturated. Polysafrole yields safrole when subjected to pyrolytic distillation.
THE SPACE-GROUP OF POTASSIUM DITHIONATE
Authors: Barnes W. H. , Helwig G. V.
Published: April 2011

An X-ray investigation of the space-group of potassium dithionate is described.Approximate measurements of refractive indices and specific rotatory power were in harmony with those obtained by Groth. From Laue photographs and the fact of optical activity, the crystal class is trigonal trapezohedral, in agreement with crystallographic data.The crystals showed the single cross and circular concentric rings characteristic of uniaxial crystals when plates perpendicular to the c axis were examined under crossed Niçois in convergent polarized light. The sign of the double refraction as determined with a quarter-wave plate was positive.The primitive translations of the unit cell, determined from the a axis and c axis rotation photographs were: a0, 9.77 Å; c0, 6.28 Å, and a:c = 1:0.644. The number of molecular units per cell was found to be three. It is deduced that the lattice must be hexagonal (Γh.) From the fact that no abnormal spacings of {0001} were observed, the space-group of potassium dithionate is shown to be either [Formula: see text] or [Formula: see text].
THE SYNTHESIS OF SOME INDOL DERIVATIVES
Authors: Manske Richard H. F.
Published: April 2011

The synthesis of some indol derivatives by the well-known Fischer synthesis is described. The phenyl ether of tryptophol deserves separate mention because of its close relation to tryptophane. In all cases the now much exploited reaction of Japp and Klingemann has been utilized to prepare the requisite phenylhydrazones.
OXIDATION-REDUCTION POTENTIALS IN CULTURES OF ES. COLI
Authors: Boyd Eldon M. , Reed Guilford B.
Published: April 2011

Following the evidences advanced in a previous paper that metabolic gases are concerned in the production of growth-oxidation-reduction potentials observed in cultures of bacteria, experiments have been arranged to test the effects of such gases in comparison with other factors. Growth and oxidation-reduction potentials have been determined simultaneously in anaërobic buffered broth cultures of Es. coli. It is shown that in sugar-free broth there is a sudden fall in potential at the beginning of the logarithmic growth period. The addition of glucose to the medium was found to induce an earlier and more precipitous fall in potential which is coincident with the first evolution of gas. At the same time there was found to be evidence of a non-gaseous electromotively active system in these cultures.
THE DISCONTINUITY IN THE VELOCITY COEFFICIENT OF A CHEMICAL REACTION AT THE CRITICAL TEMPERATURE
Authors: Sutherland H. S. , Maass O.
Published: April 2011

An account is given of an hypothesis dealing with the mechanism of chemical reactions. This hypothesis was the raison d'être for the experimental work, which consisted in measuring the rate of a chemical reaction in a system over a temperature range including the critical temperature and under conditions such that there was a continuity of concentration, when passing from the liquid to the gaseous state of aggregation.An experimental technique for the investigation of reaction mixtures under high pressures and at relatively high temperatures was developed. This method includes several new features which should find considerable application in investigations of this kind.In the reaction investigated, viz., that between propylene and hydrogen chloride, it was conclusively shown that the velocity of the reaction increases with rise in temperature in the liquid state, and that above the critical temperature the velocity of the reaction becomes practically zero. A new hypothesis was put forward with the object of suggesting further work. It depends on regional orientation of molecules in the liquid state which undergoes a rapid diminution at the critical temperature.
FROST PRECIPITATION OF PROTEINS OF PLANT JUICE
Authors: Newton R. , Brown W. R.
Published: April 2011

An exposure of 5 hr. at − 7 °C. caused maximum precipitation of the proteins of press-juice from leaves of unhardened winter wheat grown in the greenhouse. The value of sucrose added as a protection against precipitation increased with concentration up to about 8%. This concentration of total sugar is often attained by hardy varieties of winter wheat in the field. Sucrose and dextrose were about equally effective. By microscopic examination of smears caused by drops of juice, to which various quantities of dilute acid or base had been added, flowing across glass slides, it was ascertained that maximum precipitation occurred at about pH 5.1 and 7.3, respectively. Added sugar reduced the percentage precipitation by acid, base or "salting out." The addition of acid or common salt, insufficient to cause any immediate effect microscopically visible, increased subsequent frost precipitation; the addition of base or alkaline buffers decreased it. The removal of natural electrolytes by dialysis increased subsequent frost precipitation. Added sugar stabilized the juice proteins under all conditions. Precipitation by frost, acid or base are all irreversible. The coagula produced by different agencies acting on the juice have distinctive characteristics, which are illustrated. It is concluded that dehydration is the basic cause of frost precipitation, and that ice formation, acidity, salt concentration, and possibly pressure, are all contributing factors.
LONGITUDINAL AND RADIAL VIBRATIONS IN LIQUIDS CONTAINED IN CYLINDRICAL TUBES
Authors: Field George S.
Published: April 2011

I. The boundary conditions at the tube wall are considered, taking into account the natural frequency of the wall itself. An expression is derived for the radial displacement of the wall due to the excess pressure acting in the liquid. II. A formula is developed for the resonant frequencies of radial vibration in the cylinder of liquid. For tubes of ordinary size these lie well up in the ultrasonic frequencies. III. The character of a longitudinal sound wave in tubes of liquid is analyzed. Selective absorption of the longitudinal vibration is found to occur at the natural frequency of the radial vibration of the column of liquid. Examination of the expression for particle velocities reveals that the vibration for low frequencies is of a different type from that for high.
THE EPITHALASSA OF THE STRAIT OF GEORGIA: SALINITY, TEMPERATURE, pH AND PHYTOPLANKTON
Authors: Hutchinson A. H. , Lucas C. C.
Published: April 2011

The investigation was initiated in order to determine the extent of the Fraser River's effect on temperature, salinity, currents, and fish food, probable factors in the direction of salmon migrations. A correct valuation of the Fraser River in these respects has necessitated a survey of the Strait of Georgia waters and an estimate of the relative importance of water entering the Strait from other sources, from the sea through the passes and from other rivers. It is believed that the data presented may have a potential economic value as a basis for a further knowledge of the habits of fish, the establishment of oyster beds, the development of clam beaches and of crab and shrimp industries and the location of summer resorts. Conclusions regarding the interrelations of salinity, temperature, pH, tidal movements and phytoplankton, may be of scientific interest.The following conclusions discussed in the paper may be emphasized: (1) The Strait of Georgia is a great basin, connected with the sea by narrow passes, which receives water from a number of large rivers, notably the Fraser River. (2) The river water is conserved during the summer and forms a marked upper layer, epithalassa, which is characterized by low salinity and high temperature. The increase in temperature as compared with sea water may amount to 10 °C. or 18° F. (3) Throughout the greater part of the region this epithalassa has a stability which is sufficient to resist tidal and wave movements. (4) Since time is a factor, the heating effect of the sun, insolation, upon the epithalassa becomes most evident at regions some distance from the river mouth. In the case of a large river, as the Fraser, this distance may exceed ten miles. (5) Abundant fish food in the form of plankton is present and the amount is greatest at the regions where the most complete mixing of the river and of the sea water takes place. Evidently each water source contributes certain conditions or factors favorable for plankton growth. Further investigation to determine the exact nature of these conditions is in progress. (6) Mass movements of the epithalassa accompany tidal changes, resulting in variations of salinity, temperature and plankton at any point according to the source of the translocated water and the phase of the tide.
ON THE SOUND FIELD IN THE NEIGHBORHOOD OF AN OSCILLATING PLANE DISK
Authors: Ruedy R.
Published: April 2011

With the aid of recent theories (H. Stenzel, N. W. McLachlan, H. Backhaus) the velocity potential and pressure distribution at points in the field of vibrating solid disks of 1 to 20 cm. diameter are calculated for a number of frequencies of practical importance. The graphs drawn from these values apply also to very high frequencies, but smaller disks (1 to 20 mm.). They illustrate the gradual transition from spherical distribution to directed transmission.
PREPARATION AND HEAT DENATURATION OF THE GLUTEN PROTEINS
Authors: Cook W. H.
Published: April 2011

Gliadin prepared by several different methods had the same nitrogen content and distribution. The critical peptization temperature (C.P.T.) in 60% alcohol and viscosity in 30% urea-buffer solutions, however, showed considerable variation, preparations of high C.P.T. (low solubility) being more viscous. This variation in the physical properties is explained by fractionation or denaturation incidental to the method of preparation.Gluten precipitated from 30% urea solutions at salt concentrations varying from 0.1 to 0.5 of saturation, yielded fractions that varied continuously in their gliadin and glutenin content, as judged from their percentage of arginine nitrogen.Gluten dispersed in buffered 30% urea solutions showed no change in viscosity during 101 hr. after the gluten was completely dispersed. A variation of hydrogen ion concentration between pH 6.0 and 6.95 had little effect on its viscosity. Heating at 70 °C. caused a marked decrease in the viscosity of this dispersion during the first hour. When gliadin dispersions are heated as above only samples having a high initial viscosity and C.P.T. become less viscous. Heating gliadin of natural moisture content (12 to 14%) at 70 °C. for varying periods of time did not change significantly its subsequent C.P.T. and viscosity in 60% alcohol. More severe heat treatments at higher moisture contents rendered the gliadin insoluble in 60% alcohol. Dilute alcoholic extracts of heated flours contained less protein than those of unheated controls. However, the C.P.T. of the former was lower than that of the latter. It is concluded from these experiments that when the gluten proteins are subjected to elevated temperatures, the glutenin fraction is first affected, next the gliadin fractions of low solubility, and finally, under severe conditions, all of the gliadin is denatured.
THE ACTION OF HIGH-SPEED CATHODE RAYS ON THE SIMPLER ALCOHOLS, ALDEHYDES AND KETONES, AND ON ETHYLENE
Authors: McLennan F.R.S. J. C. , Patrick Ph.D. W. L.
Published: April 2011

The results are set forth of an experimental examination of the action of high-speed electrons on the vapors of acetaldehyde, acetone, methyl alcohol and ethyl alcohol, on gaseous formaldehyde and on ethylene. It has been shown that cathode rays form polymerization compounds with formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and acetone and that these surfer decomposition into the simpler gases. The ultimate decomposition of acetaldehyde has been studied in some detail and has been shown to proceed through the polymer. Exposure to the rays results in the decomposition of methyl and ethyl alcohols with the formation of aldehydes, hydrocarbons, oxides of carbon and hydrogen. The conclusion has been drawn that dehydrogenation is the principle primary reaction in the decomposition of the alcohols, further decomposition proceeding through the aldehydes. Ethylene under the action of the rays yields an unsaturated liquid hydrocarbon which upon further bombardment gives hydrogen, acetylene and saturated hydrocarbons.
THE ALKALOIDS OF SENECIO SPECIES: I. THE NECINES AND NECIC ACIDS FROM S. RETRORSUS AND S. JACOBAEA
Authors: Manske Richard H. F.
Published: April 2011

A new alkaloid, retrorsine, has been isolated from Senecio retrorsus of South African origin. Analysis of the free base and its methiodide together with its hydrolytic products point to the empirical formula, C18H25O6N. Hydrolysis yields a new base, C8H13O2N, termed retronecine together with an acid, retronecic acid, isolated as the monolactone, C10H14O5. The base is tertiary, contains one hydroxyl (benzoyl derivative) and probably a ketonic group. The preparation of the di-p-phenylphenacyl derivative of the acid proves its dibasicity. The alkaloid, jacobine, from S. jacobaea has been isolated in a state of purity and probably has the empirical formula C18H23O5N, although this is only partly confirmed by analysis of the hydrolytic fragments. The necine derived from jacobine is shown to be identical with retronecine.An examination of S. aureus failed to show the presence of an alkaloid in tractable amounts. A system of simplified nomenclature to designate the Senecio alkaloids and their hydrolytic products is suggested.
DISPERSION AND SELECTIVE ABSORPTION IN THE PROPAGATION OF ULTRASOUND IN LIQUIDS CONTAINED IN TUBES: Part I
Authors: Boyle R. W. , Froman D. K. , Field G. S.
Published: April 2011

An experimental study by the ultrasonic method of the phase velocity of longitudinal waves transmitted in liquids contained in tubes. Greatly augmented as well as largely decreased velocities may be obtained in any liquid by suitably adjusting the frequency of the wave or the diameter of the containing tube. This phenomenon, described here at length for the first time, is found to be caused by the selective absorption of energy of the longitudinal wave at certain frequencies, resulting in a velocity-frequency curve analogous to the "anomalous dispersion" curve of optics. In the experiments there is strong indication that the absorbing frequency depends inversely on the diameter of the tube.The fact that the absorption frequency does not depend on the material or length of the tube, or for thin walls on the wall thickness, indicates that it is neither longitudinal nor flexural (lateral) vibrations in the tube walls which causes the phenomenon; and the fact that for any liquid the critical frequency shifts with change of diameter indicates that it is in the column of liquid itself that the energy absorption or transference takes place.These experiments show that it is only at frequencies far removed from absorption i.e., on the regular and flat portions of the velocity-frequency curve some distance from the discontinuity, that the usual theories of sound transmission may safely be applied.
INHERITANCE OF RESISTANCE TO FOWL PARALYSIS (NEUROLYMPHOMATOSIS GALLINARUM): I. DIFFERENCES IN SUSCEPTIBILITY
Authors: Asmundson V. S. , Biely Jacob
Published: April 2011

Data on the incidence of paralysis and lymphomatous tumors in a flock of 542 pullets of six different breeds indicate the presence of both in 14 out of 52 paralyzed pullets, while an additional 22 had tumors but were not paralyzed. The association of paralysis and tumors may have been due to chance. The evidence presented, while not conclusive, points to the inheritance of resistance to paralysis. This is indicated particularly by (1) differences in the proportion of paralyzed pullets in different breeds, and (2) absence of paralysis among the progeny of certain males and in certain large families. The data obtained point to a simple mode of inheritance.
THE MORPHOLOGY OF THE HEAD-CAPSULE OF SOME COLEOPTEROUS LARVAE
Authors: Whitehead W. E.
Published: April 2011

A comparative study of the external morphology of 46 species of the more common coleopterous larvae. The antennae and ocelli exhibit wide variation. From the fronto-dorsal aspect, the generalized structure of the head is shown, with which may be compared the modifications which occur and which lead to the disappearance of all the sutures separating the different areas found in this region. From the postero-ventral aspect, the heads are divided into two distinct groups, those that possess a gular area and those that do not. Here again, the specialization is compared with the generalized condition. Where a gula occurs, its development is first traced through the series, and then its gradual suppression, due to specialization, is illustrated. The disappearance of sutures causes the head-capsule to become very compact and heavily sclerotized, and this condition is found to be more general and complete in the campodeiform type of larvae.
THE KINETICS OF THE OXIDATION OF GASEOUS ACETONE
Authors: Steacie E. W. R.
Published: April 2011

The oxidation of gaseous acetone is a homogeneous chain reaction between 350° and 500 °C. The effect of pressure on the rate of the reaction indicates an "order" somewhat greater than three. The indications are that the first step in the reaction consists of the formation of an unstable peroxide. The predominant reaction then appears to be the formation of acetic and formic acids together with their products of oxidation and decomposition. The actual course of the reaction varies somewhat as the temperature changes.The temperature coefficient and the effects of surface and of foreign gases show that the chain length is comparatively short and varies with temperature. The process by which the chains are initiated is probably bimolecular. The reaction differs from most oxidation reactions of the chain type in that the concentrations of the two reactants are about equally important in so far as their effect on the rate of the reaction is concerned.
STUDIES OF POLYMERS AND POLYMERIZATION: V. THE INFLUENCE OF METHYL AND PHENYL SUBSTITUTION ON THE POLYMERIZABILITY OF BUTADIENE
Authors: Whitby George Stafford , Gallay Wilfred
Published: April 2011

A number of methyl- and phenyl- substituted butadienes were prepared and polymerized by different means under properly comparable conditions. The velocity and extent of polymerization were measured and the influence of the number and position of substituent groups on these two factors are discussed. The extent of polymerization depends upon the number of unsubstituted hydrogen atoms on the terminal carbon atoms of the conjugated system, and the ability of a conjugated diene to form a synthetic rubber depends upon the presence of at least three of these hydrogen atoms. The presence of phenyl substituents favors a tendency to dimer formation. The dimers from all the hydrocarbons were unsaturated ring compounds. 1-Phenyl-3-methyl butadiene and 1-3-diphenyl butadiene were found to polymerize spontaneously. The action of methyl magnesium iodide on benzalacetophenone results in both 1-2 addition to yield 1-3 diphenyl buten-1-ol-3, and in 1-4 addition to yield 2-4-diphenyl butanone-4, the former reaction preponderating.
STUDIES ON HOMOGENEOUS FIRST ORDER GAS REACTIONS: II. THE DECOMPOSITION OF THE ISOMERIC ESTERS BUTYLIDENE DIACETATE AND ETHYLIDENE DIPROPIONATE
Authors: Coffin C. C.
Published: April 2011

The gaseous decompositions of the esters butylidene diacetate and ethylidene dipropionate have been studied from points of view previously outlined in papers on the decomposition of ethylidene diacetate (2, 3). The decomposition velocities have been measured at initial pressures of from 5 to 56 cm. of mercury and at temperatures between 211 and 265 °C. The reactions are homogeneous and of the first order. They agree with the Arrhenius equation and give 100% yields (within experimental error) of an aldehyde and an anhydride. The preparation of the compounds and improvements in the technique of the velocity measurements are described.While the specific velocities of the three reactions at any temperature are somewhat different, their activation energies are the same. It is suggested that in the case of such simple reactions, which are strictly localized within the molecular structure, the activation energy can be identified as the maximum energy that the reactive bonds may possess and still exist; i.e., it may be taken as a measure of the stability of the bonds which are broken in the reaction. The suggestion is also made that for a series of reactions which have the same activation energy, the specific velocities can be taken as a relative measure of the number of internal degrees of freedom that contribute to the energy of activation. On the basis of these assumptions it becomes possible to use reaction-velocity measurements for the investigation of intramolecular energy exchange. The theoretical significance of the data is further discussed and the scope of future work in this connection is indicated.The monomolecular velocity constants (sec−1) of the decomposition of ethylidene diacetate, ethylidene dipropionate and butylidene diacetate are given respectively by the equations [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], and [Formula: see text].
AN EQUATION OF STATE FOR GASES AT LOW DENSITIES
Authors: Cooper D. LeB. , Maass O.
Published: April 2011

An equation of state for gases at low densities is developed, using a new function for the change in viscosity with temperature, also developed herein.The gas law equation takes the form[Formula: see text]or V(1 + KT)(PV − RT) = λT − a where a and b are constants corresponding to those of the Van der Waals' equation, and K is a constant derived from the proposed viscosity function which is, for carbon dioxide,[Formula: see text]where K is a constant and η is the viscosity at an absolute temperature T.In the case of carbon dioxide the equation was found to follow density results with an accuracy of from 0.01% to within experimental limits, and the viscosity function was found to agree with Sutherland's (10) results between −78.5 and 20 °C.Comparisons with several other equations of state are made. These show that the new equation is probably more accurate than any other.An expanded form of the new equation, namely:[Formula: see text]permits calculations of the slopes of isothermals for any temperature. Comparisons are made with experimental data.The expanded form of the equation may be solved for K, giving the expression:[Formula: see text]where [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] and ξ = Rb0, and since the equation enables the calculation of the molecular radius r, the viscosity may be calculated for any temperature and pressure over which the equation holds.
THE CONDENSATION OF CERTAIN γ-KETONIC ESTERS WITH AROMATIC ALDEHYDES
Authors: Allen C. F. H. , Frame G. F.
Published: April 2011

The condensation of methyl and ethyl α-phenyl-β-(para-substituted)benzoyl propionates with benzaldehyde and piperonal in the presence of sodium methylate, followed by acidification, has been found to produce cyclic compounds; the latter are shown to be lactols, six of which are described. The spontaneous ring closure is probably due to the highly branched chain. A mechanism for the reaction is proposed.On oxidation with chromic acid, α-diketones are formed; the latter contain the aryl group introduced as aldehyde. The lactols resemble triphenylcarbinol in several respects, forming a chloride, methyl ether, and acetate on appropriate treatment, all of which, on hydrolysis, regenerate the lactol. They also give colored solutions with concentrated sulphuric acid, from which the starting material is recovered on addition to water. From this work it is evident that in arylated γ-ketonic esters the hydrogen atom alpha to the ketone carbonyl group is more active in alkaline aldol condensations than the hydrogen in the alpha position to the carbalkoxy carbonyl group; the observation of others, that the conjugated system [Formula: see text] is more stable than [Formula: see text], has been confirmed.
STUDIES ON HOMOGENEOUS FIRST ORDER GAS REACTIONS: III. THE DECOMPOSITION OF PARALDEHYDE
Authors: Coffin C. C.
Published: April 2011

The gaseous decomposition of paraldehyde to acetaldehyde has been studied from points of view already outlined. The reaction, which was followed by increase of pressure at constant volume, is homogeneous, accurately first order, and is presumably uncatalyzed. Its velocity has been measured between 209° and 270 °C. at initial pressures of from 1.18 to 52.0 cm. of mercury. It goes to completion under these conditions of pressure and temperature at a rate which is independent of the total pressure and of the partial pressures of paraldehyde, acetaldehyde and mercury vapor. The activation energy is 44160 cal. per mol. The velocity constants are given by the equation [Formula: see text]. The bearing of the data on the probably trimolecular reverse reaction as well as on work already reported is discussed.
A GAMMA RAY IONIZATION CHAMBER
Authors: Laurence George C.
Published: April 2011

A description is given of a γ-ray ionization chamber with its accessory electrometer box, suitable for precision measurements of radioactive preparations, and for the measurement of the absorption coefficient and specific ionizing powers in air, of γ-rays.
THE KINETICS OF THE OXIDATION OF GASEOUS ACETALDEHYDE
Authors: Hatcher W. H. , Steacie E. W. R. , Howland Frances
Published: April 2011

The kinetics of the oxidation of gaseous acetaldehyde have been investigated from 60° to 120 °C. by observing the rate of pressure decrease in a system at constant volume. A considerable induction period exists, during which the main products of the reaction are carbon dioxide, water, and formic acid. The main reaction in the subsequent stages involves the formation of peroxides and their oxidation products. The heat of activation of the reaction is 8700 calories per gram molecule. The indications are that the reactions occurring during the induction period are heterogeneous. The subsequent reaction occurs by a chain mechanism. The chains are initiated at the walls of the reaction vessel, and are also largely broken at the walls.
INFLUENCE OF SOIL TEMPERATURE AND SOIL STERILIZATION ON THE REACTION OF WHEAT SEEDLINGS TO OPHIOBOLUS GRAMINIS SACC.
Authors: Henry A. W.
Published: April 2011

In this investigation Marquis wheat seedlings reacted similarly to a virulent Alberta strain of Ophiobolus graminis in sterilized and unsterilized soil at low temperatures, but differently at higher temperatures. At 13 °C. for instance, the blighting was about equally severe in sterilized and unsterilized soil, but at 27 °C. most of the seedlings were killed in the sterilized soil, while those in the unsterilized soil were only slightly attacked. The protective value to wheat of the constituents of unsterilized soil against soil-borne inoculum of Ophiobolus graminis appears, therefore, to vary with temperature, being under the conditions of these studies relatively slight at soil temperatures below 20 °C.
VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION OF WILD OATS, AVENA FATUA, AND OTHER ECONOMICALLY IMPORTANT SPECIES OF AVENEAE AND HORDEAE
Authors: Kirk L. E. , Pavlychenko T. K.
Published: April 2011

Following the discovery that small sections of wild oats seedlings could become rerooted and develop into normal plants, a study was undertaken to determine from what part or parts of the seedlings new growth can originate, and whether cultivated oats, wheat, barley and spring rye, would behave in a similar manner. Special attention was given to the problem of vegetative propagation in wild oats as a factor in the control of this weed.Small sections of wild oats seedlings, one inch in length and containing the coleoptile node, became rerooted under favorable conditions and produced fully developed plants. Cultivated oats behaved in a similar manner to wild oats in this respect, but the latter produced the more vigorous growth.When land is infested with wild oats and is plowed shallow, or cultivated shortly after the seedlings have emerged from the soil, a considerable proportion of them, under certain conditions, may produce new plants by vegetative regrowth. The extent to which this may occur in the field depends largely on the soil moisture as well as on other conditions which facilitate rerooting, such as shallow plowing, and packing when conditions for plant growth are favorable.With young seedlings of wild oats at time of emergence, regrowth occurred mostly from a small area located between ground level and one inch below the surface. The same was found to be true of cultivated oats. With seedlings of wheat, barley and spring rye, at time of emergence, regrowth originated only from nodal tissue close to the seed. The difference in this respect, between oats, Aveneae, on the one hand, and wheat, barley and rye, Hordeae, on the other, is due to the fact that the area of elongation in oats is the mesocotyl, whereas in other cereals it is the first internode.At later stages in seedling development of both oats and the other cereals, nodes which were capable of regrowth developed immediately below and above the ground level. With older seedlings in the first-, second-, and third-leaf stage, the youngest node above ground, which is the one nearest the soil, had the greatest power of regrowth.