bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Rise and Fall of the Basic Needs Approach
Authors: Hoadley J. Stephen
Published: March 2007

Basic needs is both an analytical concept and a strategy of aid and development. It appeared in the early 1970s, reached its apogee with its acceptance in 1976 by the World Employment Conference and in 1977 by the Development Assistance Committee of the OECD, and entered the rhetoric of most aid and development agencies. Yet its adoption by administrators was tentative, and its implementation was slow and uneven. In the late 1970s attention shifted away from basic needs to building the New International Economic Order. By 1980 basic needs as a slogan was absorbed, as a concept it was dismembered and interpreted selectively, and as a strategy it was disarmed. This essay reviews and tries to account for this rise and fall, then speculates about fashion cycles in aid and development concepts.
The Politics of Continental Shelves: The South China Sea in a Comparative Perspective
Authors: Østreng Willy
Published: March 2007

Østreng, W. The Politics of Continental Shelves: The South China Sea in a Comparative Perspective. Cooperation and Conflict XX, 1985, 253-277.

The author discusses three modes of reaction to international conflicts regarding the rights to exploit resources on the seabed to which there are overlapping claims of sovereignty: zero-sum reactions, freeze reactions, and positive-sum reactions. In doing so, the author draws on experience from joint-development arrangements in the North Atlantic, the Red Sea, the East China Sea, the South China Sea, and the boundary area between Kuwait and Saudi Arabia. The purpose is to discuss the relevance of some of the political factors that have previously produced these modes of reaction and to relate them to the resource and boundary problems in the South China Sea. The author concludes that parties that have an issue-specific conflict, a uniting ism, the least ambitious programme for conflict resolution, a large degree of interdependence, where the application of law is politicized and the parties utilize a conciliation commission, will be more likely to succeed in agreeing on a positive-sum solution. Correspondingly, it is concluded that parties facing a cumulative conflict, lacking a joint ism, striving for a comprehensive solution, with a small degree of interdependence and not availing themselves of a conciliation commission, have a greater chance of having a zero-sum reaction.
The Transformation of the Nordic Models
Authors: Andersson Jan Otto , Mjøsset Lars
Published: March 2007

With reference to an extensive comparative study of the Nordic economic political models, this article discusses some perspectives for the 1990s. Five economic political models developed as the Nordic area was integrated into the postwar world economy. They emerged as the Nordic countries — on the basis of their specific geo-economic and political-institutional conditions — emulated the Fordist growth model, which originated in the US. The downturn of the Western world economy was a crisis for the Fordist mass consumption/mass production model. We trace the consequences of this crisis for the Nordic models. Policy makers first tried to maintain the established routines of the 1960s, but failed, fumbled and finally turned to more austere, neo liberal economic policies. As a result, there seems to be a certain convergence between the five models, a specific Nordic version of neo-liberalism. Despite this, we doubt that continued neoliberal policies will prove able to cope with the challenges that the Nordic countries face as the world heads into the 1990s. Neoliberal policies aim to promote flexibility by reducing the impact of the state, by liberalizing labour markets and by relying on full integration within the world economy. Alternatively, we argue in our last section that policies should aim to promote flexible specialization by making the welfare state a comparative advantage in connection with industrial policies, by extending efforts at democratization of decisions concerning labour process organ ization and work environment, and by stimulating Nordic integration.
The Nordic Neutrals in Western European Integration: Current Pressures, Restraints and Options
Authors: Hakovirta Harto
Published: March 2007

The integration problem of European neutral states is in the first instance composed of the economic pressures that pull or push them into Western European integration, and the restraints of participation arising from foreign policy considerations. The present pressures mainly arise from the EC's progress towards the completion of its internal market, the joint EFTA-EC plan for a Western European home market for industrial goods, and the advance of Western European R&D projects. The pressures are amplified by the growing speculation that some EFTA countries are preparing themselves for bilateral talks with the EC. From the point of view of foreign policy, the neturals' main problem may no longer arise from the EC's role in the East- West conflict but from the EC's own integrative and bloc-like character. The R&D integration is unlikely to raise immediate foreign policy problems for the neutral participants, though their capacity for independent action may weaken in the long term. The comprehensive Western European home market is, as such, unlikely to compromise the EFTA neutrals' foreign policies. Due to her more open policy vis-à- vis the EC, Sweden's situation at the present time is more complex than that of Finland. Finland's problems would become more difficult, however, in the event that some EFTA states approach the EC for new basic treaty negotiations.
The Evolution of Cooperation: Some Notes on the Importance of Discrimination
Authors: Hovi Jon
Published: March 2007

Hovi, J. The Evolution of Cooperation: Some Notes on the Importance of Dis crimination. Cooperation and Conflict, XXIV, 1989, 55-68.

This paper compares the prospects for cooperation in compound Prisoner's Dilemma supergames under two different regimes — one where discriminating behaviour is allowed, and one where it is effectively banned. Three "stages" in the evolutionary process are being discussed. First, the author considers the conditions under which a process towards cooperation can be initiated. It is found that these conditions tend to be more strict when discrimination is banned than when it is allowed. Second, the prospects for expansion of cooperative strategies, once established, are investigated. It is concluded that when discrimination is effectively banned, a group of cooperators cannot expect others to join in on a voluntary basis. This is a very different situation from the one existing under a regime where discrimination is allowed. Finally, the paper considers the possible stability properties under each regime, of a situation characterized by universal cooperation. It is indicated that although a ban on dis crimination does not inhibit stability, it might at least make it more fragile.
Swans Scolding the Tiger? Scandinavian Foreign Policies towards Democratization in China, 1976-90
Authors: Østergaard Clemens Stubbe
Published: March 2007

Danish and Norwegian policies towards political reform and human rights questions in China are analysed using the distinction of the environmental model between operational and psychological environment, and stressing the role of communications in elite image formation. Until 1989 policy is almost non-existent and interviews and evaluation of media samples show the cause to lie in inadequate communications resulting in a partly defective elite image. This in turn is explained by theories relating international media behaviour to US foreign policy needs, using electoral imperatives as well as a structural determinist model. This again raises the problem of quality and independence of policy-making. With the events of spring 1989 a new phase begins in which Danish and Norwegian government reactions are among the world's fastest and sharpest. Without a sharp change in the operational environment, the partly autonomous effects of some structural media-mechanisms contributed to a psycho logical environment which was again defective. At the level of collective perception, a threshold was crossed creating a brief but uncontrolled mobilization of public opinion. This helped to create an anarchic decision-making process reminiscent of the garbage- can model. The result was a policy process marked by emotion and lack of perspective. This should lead to increased attention to the role of analysis and expertise in policy- making and to the reality-creating and agenda-setting role of the media.
Communications in Food Service Establishments
Authors: Farrell Thomas
Published: March 2007

Readers will recall Professor Farrell's first article, "Communications in the Food Service Industry," published in the November 1963 issue (Vol. 4, No. 3 ) of this magazine. This article reported a research study made by Michigan State Univer sity that involved the customers and the waiters and waitresses of 35 hotel dining rooms and cof fee shops and of 50 restaurants.

In the study, 1300 customers were queried about their satisfaction with different food service establishments and the service given them. The study also looked into the concepts of 215 waiters and of 130 supervisors as to their goals in food service. Then the customers' responses were compared with those of service people. It was found that in most hotel dining rooms and luxury restaurants, the service personnel are more job- oriented than customer-oriented. In the coffee shop type of operation, better communication was found to prevail between those who serve and the customer.

This second article examines the lines of com munication between management and employes to learn how effectively management's policies are conveyed to the people who serve the cus tomers.— Editor
The Federal Holiday
Authors: Dowiak Leonard K.
Published: March 2007

"Conservation and development of the Nation's outdoor recreation base has long been a concern of the Federal Government. In recent years Con gress has broadened the authority of Federal agencies to develop recreation facilities in re sponse to rapidly increasing pressures for recrea tional use of land and water areas originally set aside largely for other purposes. Recreation is now widely recognized as a primary purpose in multi-use programs and, as such, is given full consideration together with other purposes."
International Hotel Development
Authors: Smith Robert E
Published: March 2007

A comprehensive tourist and hotel develop ment program can become the most significant factor in the economic growth of developing countries. It is the purpose of this article to dem onstrate this principle, to describe the basic problems of international hotel development and to recommend certain steps which can be taken by host governments and national and interna tional credit institutions to advance hotel devel opment in the developing countries concerned. Finally, the function of international hotel com panies will be described. The opinions and rec ommendations in this paper are personal to the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of any other persons or organizations.-R.E.S.
Does Education Pay?
Authors: Schmidgall Raymond S. , Woods Robert H.
Published: March 2007

A comparison of the total earnings of hospitality educators and practitioners provides a somewhat different picture from what many expect to find
Youth Crime in Urban Communities
Authors: Carmichael Benjamin G.
Published: March 2007

"Street hustling" is a comprehensive term for various criminal activities by an increasing number of urban youth. Its objective is to make large sums of money quickly without a wanton display of violence. Successful hustling has given. rise to an illicit life style characterized by opulence and personal distrust of those involved. It has also influenced essentially noncriminal and precriminal youth to view a life of crime as a desirable alternative to more con ventional career pursuits.

Street hustlers, their crimes, and their general criminal orienta tion are discussed as distinct features of one West Coast city. Black male hustlers are of primary concern in this article although, in fact, criminal hustlers are both male and female and are from vari ous racial and ethnic backgrounds.
The Sanction of Imprisonment: for Whom, for What, and How
Authors: Gilman David
Published: March 2007

Major provisions of the Model Sentencing Act are criticized—the classification of criminals according to their presumed "dangerousness," the unlimited discretion given to the judge in fixing the length of the prison sentence for the dangerous offender, and the use of parole as a mechanism for early release.

A new sentencing act is envisioned, one that would distinguish two classifications of criminals. It would authorize imprisonment of those with a known pattern of repetitively violent acts, delineated by a prior record of such acts in addition to the violent crime underlying the instant convic tion. All other criminals, regardless of their prior record, would be ineligible for imprisonment.

Psychiatric predictions or diagnostic examinations would be eliminated for sentencing purposes unless they were introduced by the defendant as mitigating evidence. The prison sentence would be fixed within a narrow range of statutory minimums and maximums, established according to the degree of seriousness of the crime, thus restricting the judge's discretion and reducing sentence disparity. The time fixed in the sentence would be the time actually served; it could not be extended or reduced by parole or good-time credits.
Use of the Death Penalty v. Outrage at Murder
Authors: Bailey William C.
Published: March 2007

In this paper we summarize and analyze Glaser and Zeigler's attempt to empirically examine three explanations of why murder rates have generally been highest in states where capital punishment has been used the most. Examination shows their analysis to suffer from serious meth odological shortcomings. Neither their data nor additional evidence pre sented here lends much support to their conclusion that (1) both frequent use of the death penalty and high murder rates are consequences of a low valuation of life and (2) homicide rates can be reduced by abolition of the death penalty.
Organized Crime in the Construction Industry
Authors: Thomas Ralph C.
Published: March 2007

The theft of heavy equipment from construction sites is an organized, systematic, criminal operation, encouraged and sustained by contractors within the construction industry and designed to enrich burglars, illicit salesmen, and seemingly legitimate businessmen. From information gathered directly from those affected and involved, the article shows how the system of organized construction site crime works, which institutions profit as a result, and how these institutions support one another to give organized theft the means to survive. Finally, it explains the reasons for failure of current attempts to fight this type of crime and suggests the types of institutional and societal changes needed to curtail it.
Warehousing for Death
Authors: Johnson Robert
Published: March 2007

Information gathered from personal interviews with condemned prisoners in Alabama's Holman Prison and from observations of the setting and its inhabitants is used to trace the prisoners' patterns of life and adjustment on death row. The study commences with a depiction of the physical set ting and custodial regime of death row, considers next the social world of the condemned, and concludes with a description of the cumulative hu man experience in this environment. The adjustment problems of pow erlessness, fear, and emotional emptiness are examined-the pow erlessness of men suffocated by close confinement, the fear of men marked for execution, and the apathy of men denied human contact and support.

Death row emerges as an environment in which prisoners feel impo tent, afraid, and alone, defenseless against their keepers and unable to alter their fate. A few prisoners deteriorate dramatically; all experience, in varying degrees, a living death. This image of death row-as a living death- symbolizes the human environment of death row and the human conse quences of confinement in this oppressive penal milieu.
Value Orientation and Pupil Control Ideology of Public School Educators
Authors: Helsel A. Ray
Published: March 2007

Schools are viewed as a special type of service organization in which neither the organization nor the client can exercise choice in organization-client relationship. Pupil control is identified as central to organizational life in schools. From a theoretical framework, educators' values are related to their pupil control ideologies. A. Ray Helsel is an Assistant Professor of Education at Southern Illinois University, Edwardsville.
U.C.E.A.'s Bright Son at Morning: The Commonwealth Council for Educational Administration
Authors: Walker William G.
Published: March 2007

The Commonwealth Council for Educational Administration, largely the product of University Council for Educational Admin istration influence, looks forward to cooperation between the two bodies in the future. W. G. Walker is Professor of Education and Dean of the Faculty of Education at the University of New England, Australia.
An Exploration of the Demand for Specialists in Educational Administration
Authors: Thomas Jack E.
Published: March 2007

Although it has often been proposed that schools of education should train a variety of specialists in the field of educational administration, little empirical work has been carried out to determine the "demand" on the part of school districts for various administrative specialists. The study reported here explores and compares the demand for four administrative specialists: instruc tional, political, managerial, and technical. Jack E. Thomas is Associate Dean for Administration, College of Education, University of Illinois at Urbana.
The Motivation of Educators to Work
Authors: Miskel Cecil
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to describe the work motivation of selected public school educators. Partial support was found for the assertion that individuals who are upwardly mobile seek intrinsic rewards in unstable situations with less concern for security. Cecil Miskel is an Assistant Professor of Administration, Foundations, and Higher Education at the University of Kansas.
Legitimacy of Governance In Higher Education: A Comparative Study
Authors: Leslie David W.
Published: March 2007

This survey of faculty perceptions of the legitimacy of govern ance uncovered complex patterns that varied with the issue in volved, with the type of institution involved, and across institutions within some types. Perceived legitimacy of governance does not appear to be an all-or-nothing proposition, but one which varies with specific conditions of governance on specific issues at specific institutions. David W. Leslie is Assistant Professor of Education at the Center for Higher Education, University of Virginia.
Politics and Planning: A Rationale For Synthesis In Educational Administration
Authors: Wiles David K.
Published: March 2007

The search for a viable, consistent rationale in patterns of edu cational governance has been matched by a growing demand for a defensible conceptualization of preparation program in education al administration. This article promotes the policy science approach to trainingas (1) the logical extension of past preparation emphases and (2) a means of combining the best of systems and political analysis. Dr. Wiles is an associate professor of education at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University and is responsible for program development in the area of school administration.
Decisionmaking: Decisions Made by Individuals vs. Those Made by Group Consensus or Group Participation
Authors: Piper Donald L.
Published: March 2007

Eighty-two graduate students in education responded to the "Moonshot," a task-oriented simulated decisionmaking exercise, first as individuals and then in groups of 3-5 persons using two different group decisionmaking models. The decisions made by individuals acting alone were compared to those made either by group discussion and agreement (consensus) or by individuals using information and advice from others (participative decisionmaking) to determine which processes produced the most correct decisions. The subjects using either the consensus model or the participative decisionmaking model had more correct decisions on the assigned task than did the same individuals deciding alone. Donald L. Piper is an Associate Professor of Educational Administration and Chairman of the Educational Administration Committee at The University of North Dakota.
Chester Barnard's Concept of Authority
Authors: Smith Edward B.
Published: March 2007

The meaning of authority has been frequently discussed in various contexts by philosophers, political scientists, and administrators. A unique position is held by Chester Barnard, former President of the Rockefeller Foundation, former President of the New Jersey Bell Telephone Company, and noted theorist in scientific administration. In his book, The Functions of the Executive, Barnard discusses the question of authority as he experienced it in his many years as an executive. In this article the author attempts to clarify Barnard's theory and show its present-day significance. Dr. Edward Smith is an Assistant Professor at Boston College and the Director of the M.A.T./ M.S. T. Program (Master of Arts/Science in Teaching Program) in the School of Education.
The Modern Educational Bureaucracy and the Process of Change
Authors: Hanson E. Mark
Published: March 2007

The notion of the modern educational bureaucracy is developed in this paper suggesting that the decision-making process of the school is controlled by two authority structures, one in the hands of the superordinates and the other in the hands of the subordinates. Each of these groups is continually engaged in attempts to control the behavior of the other, and both have the authoritative means of doing so. The result has been a balance of power relationship between the teachers and the administrators with each carefully preserving their own sphere of influence over specified activities of the school. E. Mark Hanson is Associate Professor of Education and Adminis tration at the University of California, Riverside.
A Comparison of Female and Male Professors on Participation in Decision Making, Job Related Tension, Job Involvement, and Job Satisfaction
Authors: Hollon Charles J. , Gemmill Gary R.
Published: March 2007

The present exploratory study was aimed at establishing whether and how female teaching professionals in academe differ signifi cantly from their male counterparts in perceived participation in decision making, job related tension, job involvement, and overall job satisfaction. The findings indicate that statistically significant differences do exist for the 321 community college faculty members in this study. Female teaching professionals report experiencing less perceived participation in decision making (p ⋞ .01), less job involvement (p ⋞ .001), less overall job satisfaction (p ⋞ .01), and more job related tension (p ⋞ .001) than their male counterparts. Differences between female and male socialization, sex discrimination, and multiplicity of roles are briefly discussed as possible tentative explanations for the reported findings.
School Administrator Grapevine Structure
Authors: Licata Joseph W. , Hack Walter G.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to describe the informal communications network or "grapevine" among school principals. The investigators interviewed all elementary, secondary, and special school principals in a suburban school district in the midwest. Based on the responses of these principals to questions about the ways they informally interacted with peers and others in the district, the researchers identified "clan-like" informal grouping patterns among elementary principals and "guild-like" informal grouping patterns among other principals as well as other informal channels of communication. The principals' grapevine structure seemed to reflect patterns of occupational socialization of school principals and informal boundary spanning processes, processes viewed as latent yet relatively functional aspects of educational organization.
Principals' Pupil Control Behavior and School Robustness
Authors: Smedley Stanley R. , Willower Donald J.
Published: March 2007

In this study, the Pupil Control Behavior Form, which had been used in studies of teachers, was validated for use with principals. Students' perceptions of principals'pupil control behavior and of school robustness were then investigated. The study revealed an association between humanistic pupil control behavior of principals and high levels of school robustness. Differences in both pupil control behavior and school robust ness were also found between elementary and secondary school levels. (This study was originally presented as a paper at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Los Angeles, in April, 1981.)
Freedom of the Press: an Empirical Analysis of One Aspect of the Concept
Authors: Kent Kurt E.
Published: March 2007

A selected sub-set of variables for which data were collected in Lowen stein's PICA project was factor analyzed to assess unidimensionality. The sub-set included those variables relating to the theoretically unidimensional concept of government pressures on the press. Included in this category were 15 of the original 23 variables.

A one-factor solution was obtained, with 70 per cent of the total variance account ed for by this one factor. Loadings ranged from -.70 to -.94. This indicates that all of the variables included in the analysis are strongly related to the underlying dimension of government pressures on the press.

Factor scores were computed for the 94 countries. These scores agreed closely in rank with an intuitive judgment of degree of government pressures on the press in these countries. This result provides additional confirmation for the validity of the factor analysis solution.

These press freedom scores could prove useful in comparative studies of the genesis and effects of variations in press freedom They might also have special value in the study of a number of topics in comparative government and in social development. Further research is necessary to determine the generality of the findings in terms of variables included, countries included, and time period in which data are collected. A number of other suggestions for research are given.
Britain's Broadcasting Future
Authors: Adam Kenneth
Published: March 2007

During 1975, Kenneth Adam was a member of the Executive Committee of the Standing Conference on Broadcasting, an independent body, set up by the Acton Society Trust, to analyse, articulate and promote the public in terest in broadcasting in the United Kingdom. It's membership included academics, trades union leaders, politicians of all parties, clergymen, artists and critics, together with one-time broadcasters enjoying managerial status, such as himself. ( Director of BBC Television Services, 1960-1969.) By way of a series of seminars, conferences and public meetings, the Standing Confe rence identified its key areas of concern, and prepared a series of papers, repre senting a high consensus of agreement among its active members, who typified its broad-based components. With the submission of these papers, to the An nan Committee (see below) in a two-day hearing and of supplementary docu ments requested by the Committee, the Standing Conference's purpose was accomplished. The paper which follows draws upon those documents, them selves largely the work of the Standing Conference Executive, with Kenneth Adam as one of the drafters. Much of what this important Conference - vir tually the only one, of some thousand submissions to the Annan Committee, without a vested interest - proposed and argued is understood to be influen cing the report the Committee is now in the process of preparing for the British Government.
The revolution in journalism and communication education in the People's Republic of China
Authors: Greenberg Bradley S. , Lau Tuen-Yu
Published: March 2007

China's media development and journalism education have changed to meet new demands brought by the politicial and economic reforms. Predicting a need for 5,000 trained journalists per year in the 21 st century, dramatic developments in journalism education are occuring. This . paper describes and evaluates China's journalism education based on a field visit of seven key journalism departments that represent different directions of journalism and commmunication training. The number of journalism schools have increased from 14 in 1982 to 33 in 1986. This increase has given rise to the obvious demand for journalism teachers and teaching materials. Also, student enrollment in journalism schools increased almost five-fold. Before more journalism graduates can be trained, the following areas have to be strengthened. (1) The library resources are few and largely outdated. (2) Qualified faculty are too few. (3) Research activity is not yet highly valued among communication faculty. (4) There is a shortage of necessary equipment. (5) The growing emphasis on the integration of social science-based communication theory and accompanying rigorous research methodologies is more a wish than a reality. (6) There are organizational inhibitions to change. In short, the hardware and software of journalism education have to be improved to provide the desired results.
Development support communication and popular participation in development projects
Authors: Agunga Robert
Published: March 2007

Development scholars and policymakers agree that popular participation is necessary for successful rural development. However, more than 15 years of trying to implement the participatory concept shows that small farmers have yet to become involved in development decision making. This paper argues that achieving popular participation requires, in addition to the favorable climate that exists, the presence of professional communicators to facilitate interaction between benefactors and beneficiaries. It is suggested that involving development support communication experts in project planning and implementation could help facilitate popular participation.
How to 'Kill' an underdeveloped press: Lessons from Cameroon
Authors: Nyamnjoh Francis Beng
Published: March 2007

Although technical, professional and financial problems are a common feature with the press, in Cameroon, like most of Africa and the Third World, such problems either result from or are compounded by rigid government control. Using regulatory statements and official declarations, as well as interviews with media practitioners, this article points to censorship as the core problem facing the press in Cameroon. It observes that while the private press is directly stifled by repressive laws and the high-handedness of the censor, the official press is forced to adopt self-censorship by virtue of its being part of the civil service. Either way, the consequence is an atmosphere least conducive to the development and pursuit of professional journalism as an ideal or as practised in the West.
News of the outside world in the post-revolutionary Iranian press
Authors: Shoar-Ghaffari Pirouz
Published: March 2007

** The author wishes to express special thanks to the staff of the Middle East Section of University of Chicago Library, especially to Dr. Mohammad Tavakoli, for facilitating the data collection for this study.
Space WARC: A new regulatory environment for communication satellites?
Authors: Winseck Dwayne , Cuthbert Marlene
Published: March 2007

The ITU Space WARC in 1985 and 1988 was charged with re-evaluating the "first come first serve" premises of the international satellite regulatory regime and developing measures consistent with the principles of "guaranteed" and "equitable" access. This article situates the conference in its historical context, discusses the achievement of a minimalist version of "guaranteed access" through the adoption of the allotment plan, but finds the regulatory framework deficient in that: (a) the status quo prevailed in the majority of the radio spectrum, (b) the presence of "existing systems" in the allotment plan imposed severe constraints, and (c) proportional burden sharing mechanisms were lacking.
Press freedom and national development: Toward a re-conceptualization
Authors: Lee Jae-Kyoung
Published: March 2007

This paper criticizes the mainstream studies of international press freedom for economic determinism and negligence of important elements such as the notion of power and cultural context. This paper suggests that the notions of "civil society" and the "public sphere" can be utilized as better indicators of press freedom than modernization indices such as per capita income, literacy rates and daily newspaper circulation. Because institutions of civil society and the public sphere are inherently grounded in the history and culture of a society, an adequate analysis of them is expected to yield rich insights about contextual conditions which largely determine the degree of press freedom in a society.
Global networks in telecommunication and transportation
Authors: Choi Young
Published: March 2007

This study examines the global network structures of telecommunication and transportation, and tests structural relationships among countries in the global system. Specifically, telephone and air travel networks are examined. The results of zero-order correlation, canonical correlation, and LISREL analysis show a high correlation between telecommunication and transportation network. NEGOPY reveals a similar structure for both networks. It identifies one large group with western industrialized countries as center and the rest as periphery for both networks. These results suggest the replication of inequalities in political and economic areas between center and periphery countries. It turns out that telephone is obviously one of the 'space-adjusting technologies' that change the significance of distance and allow for higher degrees of accessibility to remote locations. Only one country is identified as an isolate in the telephone network, whereas many isolate countries exist in the transportation network.
Television viewing habits of Saudi Arabian young adults
Authors: Boyd Douglas A. , Shatzer Milton J.
Published: March 2007

This research first reviews the historical development of television in the kingdom of Saudi Arabia from political and cultural perspectives. Then the authors discuss a national survey done among a random sample of Saudi university students in the late 1980s. Data are presented showing television viewing amounts, program preferences, as well as information on both the importance and credibility of the visual medium.
International news on Japanese and American network television: Regionalism and conflict
Authors: Kitagawa Yukiyo , Salwen Michael B. , Driscoll Paul D.
Published: March 2007

This study compared the coverage of international news on Japanese and United States network evening newscasts. Support was found for the hypothesis that both countries' newscasts would carry more national news than international news. But, contrary to expecta tions, neither country's newscasts devoted more attention to conflictive than non-conflictive international news. Nor was there evidence to suggest that developing countries were reported in a more conflictive manner than that of developed countries in either country's newscasts.
Understanding consumption related values from advertising: A content analysis of television commercials from India and the United States
Authors: Sengupta Subir
Published: March 2007

The present study focuses on understanding consumption related values currently prevailing in India. In order to examine if the consumption related values of the people in India are similar to those found in developed economies, the U.S. was used as a benchmark. These values were examined by content analyzing television commercials from the two countries. The results suggest that materialism as well as hedonistic consumption values have become somewhat important to Indians, but India is still not a mature consumer society with values that parallel the U.S.
The market for minority access television: The case of religious broadcasting in the U.K
Authors: Gunter Barrie
Published: March 2007

The market for minority interest television in the United Kingdom is examined with special reference to religious broadcasting. Extensive qualitative and survey research was con ducted among a variety of majority and minority religious groups to examine their perceptions and opinions about religion and television. This investigation examined the degree of satisfac tion with current forms of religious television and explored a range of views about demands for different kinds of religious broadcasting in the future. Different sections of the U.K. television audience were found to display a variety of specific needs and requirements and minority religious groups in particular indicated a growing hope for better access to television air time in the future. Although new cable and satellite channels were perceived by minority groups to offer fresh access opportunities, value was still attached to obtaining adequate exposure through established mainstream channels. Throughout, most minority groups confirmed the need for effective regulation of access broadcasting as a clear preference over a market-driven system, though not all religious minority groups agreed on the extent to which such regulation should be applied.
An evaluation of the development and functioning of the Boscombe Network for Change, a health alliance or partnership for health in Dorset
Authors: Hamer Maureen , Box Val
Published: March 2007

This paper reports the results of a process evaluation of the Boscombe Network for Change, a health-related forum of statutory and voluntary agency employees, volunteers and local residents, set up in 1996, born out of a concern to promote 'change' in the deprived ward of Boscombe. The evaluation focused on whether members of the Network felt they were involved equally and whether the Network acted as a forum for the exchange of information, and facilitated the involvement of local people in decision-making. A 'cobweb exercise' identified three process categories which needed further exploration: commitment, community involvement and communication. Although the majority view was that all parties were committed to the Network, local residents did not believe that their views were reflected in many of the decisions made, and expressed concern that often the language used, both written and verbal, contained jargon which excluded some members. The findings of this evaluation demonstrate the tensions that can occur while working with dis parate groups of people. For professionals there was a tension between their desires to focus on the community's priorities while also ensuring that the needs of excluded groups and the disadvantaged were addressed.
'Women and Alcohol: The Facts': A pilot evaluation of a self-help resource
Authors: Bagnall G. , Allan C. , Watkins J.
Published: March 2007

In response to a perceived need, the Scottish Council on Alcohol commissioned the production and piloting of an educational resource specifically for women. The aims of this resource are to educate women about their own use of alcohol, promote healthier lifestyles in relation to drinking and enable individuals to seek help at an earlier stage with problematic use. The contents of the pack were generated by an 'expert panel', and address alcohol related issues relevant to women across the life course. This paper describes the development of the resource, and its formative evaluation, using data from seven focus groups.
Young people's intentions and use of condoms: Qualitative findings from a longitudinal study
Authors: Coleman L.M.
Published: March 2007

Objective The main objective of this project was to explore some of the processes that facilitate and also hinder the consistent use of condoms among young people.

Design A longitudinal design was used, recording young people's intentions to use condoms on the occasion of first intercourse with a new partner at round 1, followed by their 'actual' reported behaviours at round 2 (six to 10 months later). Setting Young people's clinics, youth clubs and youth advisory centres in the Southampton Community Health National Health Service (NHS) Trust in Southern England.

Method One-to-one in-depth interviews at both round 1 and round 2. Results Twenty-two young men and women aged 16 to 19 were interviewed at both round 1 and round 2. The matching of intentions, expectations and behaviours revealed six patterns of condom use/non use, each with distinct cognitive and interactional characteristics. Conclusion Implications for those personnel and agencies responsible for promoting sexual health are introduced (subject to more generalisable research) and which are based on the attributes of 'successful' condom users.
Pregnant women's perception of the implementation of smoking cessation advice
Authors: McCurry Nyree , Thompson Kate , Parahoo Kader , O'Doherty Elaine , Doherty Anne-Marie
Published: March 2007

Objective To assess pregnant smokers'views on smoking cessation advice provided by health professionals who were following specific guidelines. These smoking cessation guidelines consisted of a nine-point intervention framework developed to achieve a reduction in the smoking and pregnancy rate.

Design Data were collected through semi-structured interviews. Setting The participants were identified from three health and social care settings within one health board in Northern Ireland, namely: a hospital maternity unit, a community midwifery team and a general practitioner (GP) practice.

Results Of the nine-point guidelines, some aspects such as establishing if the women smoked and their intention to quit were implemented at all initial consultations. However, none of the respondents reported receiving help in developing a quit plan or about educating their partner and family about the risks of active and passive smoking. Women accepted that assessing smoking status and providing advice was part of routine care and considered that this did not affect their relationship with health professionals. The respondents felt that smoking cessation advice should be sustained throughout pregnancy. Midwives were most likely to provide smoking cessation advice, yet respondents felt their GP to be the most appropriate person to do so.

Conclusions These findings have implications for the delivery of smoking cessation advice. Providing appropriate advice and support for pregnant smokers at the end of their pregnancy may be as important as interventions at the beginning. Health professionals should maintain the level of smoking cessation advice provided throughout a woman's pregnancy.
Maternal attitudes to preschool immunisations among ethnic minority groups
Authors: Condon Louise
Published: March 2007

Objectives To explore the attitudes of ethnic minority parents to preschool immunisations, particularly first MMR (measles, mumps and rubella vaccination).

Design Focus groups and semi-structured interviews with 21 Pakistani, Somali and Afro-Caribbean mothers of infants aged 16 months to 3 years. Focus groups were held in the first language of participants.

Setting and Method Focus groups were held at an inner-city health centre and individual interviews in participants'own homes between November 2000 and March 2001.

Results All women interviewed had a positive attitude to immunisation. They saw the diseases immunised against as dangerous and thought that their children could catch these diseases and be harmed by them. Catching infectious diseases was considered far more dangerous than immunisation. Some element of risk was accepted as inevitable within life. The three ethnic groups had different exposure to media publicity about the risks of MMR, largely linked to command of English. Pakistani women believed that health professionals gave them the best advice about childhood immunisation, but Afro-Caribbean and Somali women expressed a desire for more information from health professionals, particularly written information about immunisation which is inclusive of Black people and available in translation.

Conclusions This small qualitative study suggests that ethnic minority parents perceive the benefits of childhood immunisation as greatly outweighing the risks. The parents interviewed had not been significantly affected by adverse media publicity about immunisation, and saw the immunisation programme as benign state provision in the best interests of their children.
Reflecting on reflective practice for professional education and development in health promotion
Authors: Issitt Mary
Published: March 2007

This paper reviews reflective practice and associated terms and suggests an approach that can encompass the criticality required in professional education and training in relation to current agendas for health promotion. Although reflective practice is an accessible notion and has achieved great popularity as a means of synthesising thinking and doing, it is contested in terms of its conceptualisation and application. It is not neutral and value free, but affected by personal, political and professional factors that impact upon practitioners.

Examples are drawn from professional literature in teaching, nursing and social work that illustrate different levels of reflection, to show that whilst there are considerable benefits there are dangers in assuming common understandings. A developing conceptualisation of critical reflective practice is proposed for health promotion which seeks to enable professionals to use reflection in their immediate situation, as part of a wider social process that contributes to societal change and professional development.
Working with refugees: Health education and communication issues in a child health clinic
Authors: England Rhiannon , Doughty Kathy , Genc Sevtap , Putkeli Zeynep
Published: March 2007

Objective To explore the views of a group of Turkish and Kurdish women refugees about child feeding issues and communication with health professionals in a child health clinic.

Design This was a qualitative study using focus groups.

Setting A four partner general practice surgery in North London with a large Turkish and Kurdish refugee practice population.

Method Three focus groups were set up at the surgery recruiting women who had children aged under five. Twenty-four women participated. Group meetings were audiotaped, translated and transcribed.

Results Four themes emerged from analysis of transcriptions of the groups. These were: anxiety about feeding, cultural issues around nutrition and diet, social and psychological issues and concerns about communication with health professionals.

Conclusion Even with good advocacy provision and appropriately translated health education information, communication problems can remain. Social isolation and relationship problems were frequently referred to in the groups but not as often presented in clinic. The women had very good knowledge of healthy eating and the importance of nutrition but expressed anxiety about feeding and behavioural problems in their children. They also had more complex worries than those initially presented in clinic and required a more holistic approach to child health education than they were given.