bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
FORMATION OF 2,4-DICHLOROPHENOL AND 2,4-DICHLOROANISOLE FROM 2,4-DICHLOROPHENOXYACETATE BY ARTHROBACTER SP.
Authors: Loos M. A. , Roberts R. N. , Alexander M.
Published: February 2010

Low concentrations of a phenolic metabolite accumulated in the medium during the early stages of growth of an Arthrobacter sp. in a medium containing 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate (2,4-D). The metabolite was identified by gas chromatography, ultraviolet and infrared absorption analysis, and paper chromatography of a nitro-derivative as 2,4-dichlorophenol, thus providing direct evidence that 2,4-D was degraded by the bacterium via its corresponding phenol. A second metabolite, identified by its retention time in the gas chromatograph and its reaction with HI as 2,4-dichloroanisole, was also produced. However, 2,4-D-grown cells, which converted 4-hydroxyphenoxyacetate to hydroquinone, failed to produce hydroquinone during the metabolism of 4-hydroxyanisole, suggesting that the conversion of phenoxyacetates to their corresponding phenols by the bacterium did not proceed via the corresponding anisoles. The role of 2,4-dichloroanisole in the metabolism of 2,4-D by this organism remains unknown.
MODIFICATIONS ENZYMATIQUES ET MORPHOLOGIQUES CHEZ BRUCELLA SUIS TRAITÉE PAR L'INTERFÉRON
Authors: Dima V. F. , Petrovici A. , Szabados Judith , Vasilesco Th. , Pop Alexandra , Rudesco Karin
Published: February 2010

not available
PHOSPHATE SOLUBILIZATION BY FUNGI ASSOCIATED WITH LEGUME ROOT NODULES
Authors: Chhonkar P. K. , Subba-Rao N. S.
Published: February 2010

Phosphate solubilizing ability of different isolates of fungi associated with legume root nodules was studied in vitro. Among the fungi tested, isolates of Penicillium lilacinum, Aspergillus sp., A. flavus, A. niger, A. terreus, and A. nidulans solubilized insoluble tricalcium phosphate. When soluble potassium dihydrogen phosphate was present with tricalcium phosphate in the medium, some of the fungi failed to solubilize phosphate.
REINFESTATION OF STERILIZED NURSERY SEEDBEDS BY FUNGI
Authors: Vaartaja O.
Published: February 2010

Incidences of soil fungi were recorded for 1 cm3 volumes of untreated and fumigated nursery soils using new selective isolation media. In July, 10 months after application of Trizone at 1 lb/100 ft2, there were many viable Pythium propagules in the treated surface soil (11/cm3) but significantly fewer than in nonfumigated soil (29/cm3). Studies with baits showed that Rhizoctonia and Fusarium spp. were also present in both soils. The total number of fungi in fumigated soil (11,000) was lower than in nonfumigated soil (30,000). Trichoderma propagules were very common and significantly more so in fumigated (1,120) than in nonfumigated (270) soil. The same held for bacteria (10 million vs. 7 million). Reinfestation with four potentially pathogenic genera of fungi was found to take place by means of splashing rain and irrigation water, dust, and soil carried by man.
THE UTILIZATION OF IMIDAZOLES BY YEASTS
Authors: LaRue T. A. , Spencer J. F. T.
Published: February 2010

Eleven imidazoles were tested singly as nitrogen sources for 62 strains of yeast. L-Histidine and histamine were used by most strains, D-histidine by some, and histidinol only by a few. Four yeasts grew on compounds containing nitrogen only in the imidazole ring. Lipomyces starkeyii and Lipomyces lipoferus grew on imidazole, imidazole-4-methanol, imidazole-4-carboxylic acid, imidazoles-4-propionic acid, and urocanic acid. The two Lipomyces species, Trigonopsis variabilis and Torulopsis gropengiesseri, were able to grow on imidazole-4-acetic acid and imidazole-4-lactic acid.
THE EFFECT OF OXYGEN TENSION ON GROWTH, CONIDIATION, AND ALCOHOL PRODUCTION OF NEUROSPORA CRASSA
Authors: Kobr M. J. , Bianchi D. E. , Oulevey N. , Turian G.
Published: February 2010

Cultures of Neurospora crassa that are shaken are capable of producing conidia on an [Formula: see text] medium which does not support conidial formation under standing conditions. A decrease in oxygen tension from 160 mm Hg causes a regular decrease in growth rate, a promotion in alcohol production, and a delay in conidia formation. In a medium with [Formula: see text] as the nitrogen source, oxygen tensions from 160 to 60 mm Hg do not greatly alter the growth rates, alcohol production is increased, and conidiation is delayed. Oxygen tensions below 60 mm Hg further delay conidiation, sharply decrease dry weight, and accelerate the production of alcohol 20 to 30% over amounts produced in the [Formula: see text] medium.
THE INFLUENCE OF SOME HEXITOLS AND SUGARS ON CO2PRODUCTION BY STARVED AND X-IRRADIATED, STARVED YEAST CELLS
Authors: Spoerl Edward , Doyle R. J.
Published: February 2010

The rates of CO2production from glucose by irradiated and unirradiated yeast cells (incubated 21 hours in solutions of mannitol, ribose, methyl glucose, or cellobiose) were the same; but in a similar experiment, involving a 21-hour incubation in water, irradiated cells produced CO2at a higher rate than did unirradiated cells. Incubation of the cells with the above compounds also eliminated a lag period in CO2output and preserved a high capacity to produce CO2. On the other hand, incubation with glucose or fructose, though it eliminated the lag, lowered the rate of CO2output and did not eliminate the difference in output between irradiated and unirradiated cells. Conversion of cells to spheroplasts also eliminated the radiation-induced difference in the rate of CO2production, and, because sorbitol was used as a stabilizing agent for the spheroplasts, suggested first that sorbitol and other hexitols and sugars be examined. Reincubation, after a 21-hour starvation in water, with any of the compounds tested removed the lag period, though CO2output was reduced.
THE ROLE OF ANAEROBIOSIS IN ASYMBIOTIC NITROGEN FIXATION
Authors: Rice W. A. , Paul E. A. , Wetter L. R.
Published: February 2010

Microbial fixation of atmospheric nitrogen was measured in soil amended with ground wheat straw and incubated at two moisture levels (field capacity and waterlogged). Fixation equivalent to 42–52 kg/ha in the soil at field capacity and 13–150 kg/ha in the waterlogged soil was observed using 15N techniques when the soil was amended with 1% straw or less. Using both 15N and Kjeldahl techniques, high rates of fixation (500–1000 kg/ha) were measured in soils amended with 5–20% straw and incubated under waterlogged conditions.The high levels of nitrogen fixation in this study can be attributed to a combination of (a) aerobic conditions required to break down the plant residues and (b) anaerobic sites which are essential for significant fixation rates. The Clostridia are strongly implicated in this process in nature. Upon incubation in the laboratory, the nitrogen-fixing clostridia increased 1000-fold in the water-saturated soil and 100-fold in the field capacity soil. These organisms were also active in field soils throughout the growing season. Identification studies indicated that these organisms were primarily Clostridium butyricum.
LYTIC ACTION OF LYSOSTAPHIN ON SUSCEPTIBLE AND RESISTANT STRAINS OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS
Authors: Zygmunt Walter A. , Browder Henry P. , Tavormina Peter A.
Published: February 2010

Lysostaphin resistance in the laboratory can arise via single or multistep mutational processes. Inheritance of lysostaphin resistance, moreover, appears to be a stable genotypic trait. Regardless of the level of lysostaphin resistance, mutants are lysed but at much slower rates than are the parent strains. A hypothesis based on differences in the chemical composition of the cell wall structures of lysostaphin-sensitive and lysostaphin-resistant mutants is advanced to explain the acquired resistance to this specific antibiotic. No antibiotic cross-resistance was detected between lysostaphin and seven other clinically useful antibiotics. Thus far, no strains of staphylococci naturally resistant to lysostaphin have been detected in more than 400 clinical isolates of coagulase-positive cultures. In addition, the effects of various environmental factors on lysis of viable S. aureus cells by lysostaphin were investigated.
A VIRUS DISEASE OF ECTROPIS CREPUSCULARIA SCHIFF. (GEOMETRIDAE: LEPIDOPTERA)
Authors: Morris Oswald N.
Published: February 2010

The morphology of a nuclear polyhedrosis virus of Ectropis crepuscularia Schiff., the histopathology of the disease, and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis during the disease process were studied. The polyhedral inclusions measure 1.4 μ in diameter with a range of 0.8–2.1 μ. The virus particles are rods measuring 319 mμ by 79 mμ with a range of 280–360 mμ by 70–110 mμ. DNA labelling and nuclear swelling follow the course of previously described polyhedrosis virus diseases.
EVIDENCE ON INTRACELLULAR SITES OF TERMINAL SYNTHESIS OF CAROTENOIDS IN MUCOR HIEMALIS WEHM.
Authors: Hocking D.
Published: February 2010

Evidence is presented from cell fractionation and analysis, suggesting that the sites of carotenoid synthesis and accumulation in Mucor hiemalis Wehm. are the dissolved protein fraction and the free and bound lipid fractions, respectively. Quantitative characterization of carotenoids in various fractions indicates that terminal synthesis follows the Porter–Lincoln sequence.
EFFECT OF NUTRITIONAL FACTORS ON EXTRACELLULAR PROTEASE PRODUCTION BY PSEUDOMONAS LACHRYMANS
Authors: Keen N. T. , Williams P. H.
Published: February 2010

Pseudomonas lachrymans produced an extracellular protease during late log phase in liquid media. Synthesis appeared constitutive, but was not strictly correlated with growth under varying cultural and nutritional conditions. Aeration of cultures led to more rapid enzyme production. Protease synthesis was related to the concentration of glutamic acid in the medium, but was virtually independent of sucrose concentration. Although inorganic N could not be utilized as a sole N source, it was removed from the media by bacteria in the presence of organic N and led to increased growth. Organic N appeared to be a primary determinant in protease production.
PHOSPHORYLATION COUPLED TO THE OXIDATION OF SULFITE AND 2-MERCAPTOETHANOL IN EXTRACTS OF THIOBACILLUS THIOPARUS
Authors: Davis E. A. , Johnson E. J.
Published: February 2010

The effect of 10−4 M 2, 4-dinitrophenol (DNP) on the production of high energy phosphate bonds during sulfite and 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME) oxidation by cell extracts of Thiobacillus thioparus was determined. Phosphorylation was measured indirectly by14CO2fixation and directly by32PO4esterification. DNP-sensitive phosphorylation was demonstrated by coupling sulfite oxidation with the concomitant phosphorylation of adenosine monophosphate (AMP) to14CO2fixation beginning with ribose-5-phosphate. Esterification of32PO4was measured at pH values of 6.4, 7.2, and 8.0 with AMP and adenosine diphosphate (ADP) as the phosphate acceptor and sulfite as the electron donor. The optimal pH for the greatest DNP-sensitive phosphorylation was 7.2 with AMP. DNP at 10−4 M significantly reduced32PO4esterification at all pH values tested and with the three ADP concentrations employed. Maximum DNP-sensitive phosphorylation of ADP was demonstrated with 5 μmoles of ADP at pH 7.2. The maximum P:O ratio was 0.13. With 2-ME as the nonphysiological electron donor and AMP as the phosphate acceptor, no phosphorylation above the endogenous level was measured at the three pH values tested. With ADP as the phosphate acceptor and 2-ME as the electron donor,32PO4esterification significantly above the endogenous level was demonstrated at pH 6.4 with 5 μmoles of ADP; this phosphorylation was sensitive to 10−4 M DNP.
CHARACTERISTICS OF ALCALIGENES ODORANS VAR. VIRIDANS ISOLATED FROM HUMAN SOURCES
Authors: Gilardi Gerald L.
Published: February 2010

Six strains of an unusual gram-negative bacillus isolated from sputum, urine, leg wound, and foot wound specimens are described. This microorganism has the general characteristics of the genus Alcaligenes in that it is motile by peritrichous flagella, nonglucolytic, oxidase positive, and produces neither pyocyanin nor fluorescein. Unusual distinctive properties include the production of an intense aromatic odor on culture media and a dark green discoloration of blood agar. The green discoloration is insoluble in water, chloroform, and alcohol. These characteristics fit the description of a recently isolated microorganism for which Mitchell and Clarke have proposed the name Alcaligenes odorans var. viridans. It is supported that the microorganism in the present study and the one described by Mitchell and Clarke should be included in the genus Alcaligenes.
SENSITIVITY TO, AND PRODUCTION OF INTERFERON BY THREE VARIANTS OF MENGO VIRUS
Authors: Campbell James B. , Colter John S.
Published: February 2010

The sensitivity to interferon, and interferon-producing capacities of three plaque variants of Mengo virus have been studied. It has been shown that the Mengo variants, which differ greatly in their pathogenicity for mice, induce the production of very little interferon in L cells or primary mouse embryo fibroblasts, and that all are about half as sensitive to inhibition by interferon as is vesicular stomatitis virus. Serum and brain interferon titers closely parallel serum and brain virus titers following the intraperitoneal injection of mice with 106 plaque-forming units (PFU) of each variant, but there is little difference in the amounts of interferon produced in lethal and in non-lethal infections. It is concluded that interferon production in vivo is unlikely to be more than a minor defense mechanism against infection with Mengo virus.
EFFECT OF VARIOUS CARBON SOURCES ON GROWTH OF SCLEROTINIA TRIFOLIORUM
Authors: Willis C. B.
Published: February 2010

Three isolates of Sclerotinia trifoliorum Erikss. grew well in stationary culture in a synthetic liquid medium containing DL-asparagine, mineral salts, and a number of carbon sources representing monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides, and carbohydrate derivatives. D-Glucose, D-galactose, D-mannose, sucrose, lactose, dextrin, starch, and glycogen were the best carbon sources. D-Fructose, maltose, cellobiose, raffinose, and inulin supported considerable growth but somewhat less than the previous group. All other sources were utilized only slightly for growth during a 3-week incubation period. Significant differences among the isolates were observed on a number of carbon sources.L-Sorbose was utilized only slightly for growth during an 8-week incubation. When L-sorbose contributed one-half of the carbon in mixed media, growth was inhibited for 4 weeks in the presence of D-glucose and for the duration of the test period (8 weeks) in the presence of sucrose and maltose. Other monosaccharides, not utilized for growth when present alone in the medium, did not inhibit growth when in the presence of D-glucose. When the proportion of carbon contributed by L-sorbose was reduced to one-third, inhibition of growth was decreased.
ANTIBACTERIAL SUBSTANCES FROM STAPHYLOCOCCI
Authors: Hsu Chun-Yang , Wiseman G. M.
Published: February 2010

It was found that 4.9% of 1065 coagulase-positive and 8.5% of 387 coagulase-negative strains of Staphylococcus produced antibiotics inhibiting growth of the indicator strain, Staphylococcus aureus Oxford 209P.Zones of inhibition on solid media ranged from slight to 6 mm. Antibiotics produced by several of the most active strains were investigated in detail. With one or two exceptions, these substances inhibited the growth of Gram-positive rather than Gram-negative bacteria. Most staphylococcal strains were found to be more sensitive to antibiotics produced by coagulase-negative than positive strains selected. At the concentration used, these antibiotics did not kill all cells of the indicator strain, S. aureus 209P.The activity of the antibiotics was not totally destroyed by autoclaving or proteolytic enzymes, and was unaffected over the pH range 2.0–11.0. The antibiotics were dialyzable and their activity was inhibited by 10−3 M concentrations of EDTA but not by citrate.
CERTAIN PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF TWO MURINE LEUKEMIA VIRUSES
Authors: Brown Eric R. , Buinauskas Peter , Schwartz S. O.
Published: February 2010

Various physicochemical characteristics and the biological activity of two murine lymphoma viruses (S-63 and GC), originally isolated in this laboratory and previously reported as sharing common antigenic properties with human and bovine lymphomas, are defined. These viruses are stable at temperature ranges from −70 °C to +4 °C and are inactivated after incubation at +56 °C for 30 min. They withstand lyophilization and are inactivated by treatment with ethanol, acetone, ethyl ether, formalin, and phenol. Both agents are of the ribonucleic acid, double-membraned viruses, similar to myxoviruses, and are approximately 100 mμ in size.
PREPARATION AND PROPERTIES OF DIPHTHERIA TOXOIDS IN SUBMERGED CULTURE: I. PRESENCE OF BOVINE ANTIGENS
Authors: Stainer D. W.
Published: February 2010

Papain digest of beef broth (P.D.B. broth) was used to grow Corynebacterium diphtheriae in submerged culture, and high potency diphtheria toxins were produced. It was found that the resultant toxoids could sensitize animals to beef proteins. Guinea pigs immunized with deep culture toxoid in complete Freund's adjuvant exhibited anaphylaxis when challenged with beef serum. When aluminium phosphate and Bordetella pertussis were used as adjuvant or when the toxoid was given alone (i.e. without adjuvant) the responses to beef serum were reduced but the sensitivity to beef was still observed. Deep culture toxoids from three other manufacturers were tested and showed similar properties. When concentrated P.D.B. broth was used as a challenge dose, anaphylactic reactions were also noted, indicating that P.D.B. broth, as usually prepared, contained bovine antigens.
BETA-D-GLUCANASES OF SCHIZOPHYLLUM COMMUNE
Authors: Schneberger G. L. , Luchsinger W. W.
Published: February 2010

Culture filtrates of Schizophyllum commune have been subjected to ion-exchange chromatography, and the laminarin-splitting and endo-β-glucanase activities have been studied with respect to pH behavior, heat inactivation kinetics, effects of inhibitors, and hydrolysis products. Evidence is presented to show that the two activities may be due to the same enzyme and that a β-(1 → 3) linkage may be involved in the specificity of the enzyme.
BIOASSAY OF SEA WATER: IV. THE DETERMINATION OF DISSOLVED BIOTIN IN SEAWATER USING 14C UPTAKE BY CELLS OF AMPHIDINIUM CARTERI
Authors: Carlucci A. F. , Silbernagel S. B.
Published: February 2010

A relatively rapid and sensitive method for the bioassay of seawater for dissolved biotin is described. The uptake of 14CO2 by cells of Amphidinium carteri in 2 h following a 94-h preincubation under carefully controlled conditions is proportional to biotin concentrations in seawater. Cell numbers can also be used to measure response to vitamin concentrations but the incubation time is extended to 144 or 168 h. The range of biotin concentrations capable of being assayed is 0.2–6.0 ng/l. These amounts are considerably less than those previously described.
STUDIES ON THE TOXICITY OF POLYMYXIN B TO BLUE-GREEN ALGAE
Authors: Whitton B. A.
Published: February 2010

A study was made on the toxicity of polymyxin B to two blue-green algae. Above a critical cell density, the toxicity level of polymyxin related to cell density of Anacystis nidulans and Chlorogloea fritschii was approximately linear. Below this the toxicity level was almost independent of cell density. Polymyxin was much more toxic to A. nidulans in the light than in the dark. Contrary to what might be expected from the known properties of polymyxin, no interference with polymyxin toxicity by any cation could be detected.
KETO ACIDS PRODUCED BY CHLAMYDOMONAS REINHARDTI
Authors: Collins R. P. , Kalnins K.
Published: February 2010

It has been shown that a strain of Chlamydomonas reinhardti produces the following α-keto acids: α-ketosuccinic, α-ketoglutaric, pyruvic, α-ketobutyric, and α-ketoisovaleric. The α-keto acids obtained from cells and culture filtrates were identified as their 2,4-diaitrophenylhydrazones by thin-layer chromatography. Identification was confirmed by reduction of the keto acid hydrazones to amino acids, which were analyzed by thin-layer chromatography.
CONTROL OF β-GLUCOSIDASES IN SCHIZOPHYLLUM COMMUNE
Authors: Wilson Ronald W. , Niederpruem Donald J.
Published: February 2010

Intra- and extra-cellular enzymes of Schizophyllum commune which hydrolyze various β-glucosidic linkages were investigated. Low specific activities of enzymes hydrolyzing p-nitrophenyl-β-D-glucoside (PNPG) were always present. Confrontation of mycelium with cellobiose and certain other β-linked compounds for 18 h induced an extracellular PNPGase while intracellular PNPGase increased 10-fold. Glucose repressed PNPGase formation in vivo and also competitively inhibited substrate hydrolysis in vitro. Various stages in the life cycle of S. commune were examined for induction by cellobiose and repression by glucose. Both phenomena were demonstrable throughout development, but basidiospore germlings were most responsive to β-glucosidase induction. Induction appeared dependent on protein synthesis and respiration, since specific metabolic inhibitors prevented the process. Fractionation of cellobiose-induced mycelium extracts showed multiple components hydrolyzing PNPG. The major fraction also hydrolyzed cellobiose and laminarin. Purification of cellobiose-culture filtrates showed only one enzyme component and this was directly comparable to the major intracellular fraction. One of the minor intracellular components hydrolyzed laminarin and the second pustulan.
DETERMINATION OF VOLATILE ACID PRODUCTION OF CLOSTRIDIUM BY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY
Authors: Lewis Vester J. , Moss C. Wayne , Jones Wallis L.
Published: February 2010

Gas–liquid chromatography was used to determine volatile fatty acid production by pure cultures of 15 species of Clostridium. Acetic acid was detected from each of the 39 strains examined, although only in trace amounts from C. bulyricum. Butyric acid was detected in considerable amounts from all organisms except the three strains of C. sporogenes tested. In addition, several species produced one or more of the following acids: valeric, isovaleric, isobutyric, and isocaproic. The technique of gas–liquid chromatography proved to be both reliable and rapid for the characterization of volatile acids produced by the bacteria under the experimental conditions employed.
ACID RESISTANCE AND INFECTIVITY OF FOOD-POISONING CLOSTRIDIUM PERFRINGENS
Authors: Hauschild A. H. W. , Hilsheimer R. , Thatcher F. S.
Published: February 2010

Cells of food-poisoning Clostridium perfringens were subjected to treatment with synthetic gastric fluid. The log10survival of the cells followed a descending convex curve, both with duration of treatment and with decreasing pH. Resistance was at a minimum during the early logarithmic phase and increased to a maximum at the end of the growth phase by a factor of 10,000. Cells at stages of relatively high resistance consistently and effectively produced the food-poisoning syndrome in human volunteers while cells at stages of low resistance produced only mild abdominal discomfort.The transient changes in resistance to simulated gastric fluid in the presence and absence of pepsin were basically the same, but pepsin and other proteins had a protective effect on the cells during acid treatment.
SALMONELLA ESSEN AND ARIZONA 12:27–28 ISOLATIONS FROM SASKATCHEWAN GARTER SNAKES
Authors: Bigland C. H. , Fox Glen A.
Published: February 2010

The first isolations of S. essen reported in Canada were cultured from 9 of 37 (24.3%) Thamnophis sirtalis captured in Saskatchewan. Six isolations of Arizona 12:27–28 were also made from T. sirtalis in the same project. Neither of these pathogens was isolated from 82 T. radix cultured.
PROTOZOA AND BACTERIA IN THE RHIZOSPHERE OF SINAPIS ALBA L., TRIFOLIUM REPENS L., AND LOLIUM PERENNE L.
Authors: Darbyshire J. F. , Greaves M. P.
Published: February 2010

The largest differences between rhizosphere and unplanted soil populations of protozoa and bacteria were found during the early stages of flowering of both an annual (Sinapis alba L.) and a perennial plant (Trifolium repens L.). From an early stage in plant growth, the populations of flagellates and amoebae were significantly higher in the rhizosphere soil than in unplanted soil. The generic composition of the rhizosphere protozoan population was not different from that of unplanted soil, although the abundance of particular genera varied with the plant species and age. Ciliates were only found in low numbers in both rhizosphere and unplanted soils.Desiccation of soil planted with Lolium perenne L. initially caused a reduction in both protozoan and bacterial rhizosphere numbers. Subsequently both populations recovered with the flagellates and amoebae again more abundant in the rhizosphere than in unplanted soil. Desiccation did not greatly affect the protozoa in unplanted soil and encysted populations of amoebae and flagellates occurred when the soil was moist or dry.
THE CARBON AND NITROGEN NUTRITION OF CERTAIN FUNGI
Authors: Yusef Hasan M. , Allam Magid E.
Published: February 2010

Carbon nutrition of Chaetomium sp., Myrothecium verrucaria, Pestalotia gracilis, and Pleurotus ostreatus was studied. Nitrogen nutrition was also examined with Nigrospora oryzae included. The effect of C/N ratio on fruiting was measured for the first four fungi. Several carbon sources including alcohols, carbohydrates, and organic acids were tested; in general, dextrin and L-arabinose were the most favorable for growth, starch was less so, whereas sodium acetate and sodium citrate were the least favorable. Maltose supported good sporulation of M. verrucaria, P. gracilis, and P. ostreatus. Organic nitrogen was superior to inorganic nitrogen for growth of M. verrucaria, N. oryzae, and P. ostreatus. The opposite was noticed for Chaetomium sp. and P. gracilis. Not all could grow on sodium nitrite at the concentration used nor sporulate on DL-methionine or ammonium sulfate. The best sporulation of P. gracilis was obtained with the maximum glucose and nitrate concentrations used (4% and 1% respectively), whereas the minimum concentrations (0.1 and 0.05% respectively) were best for the sporulation of P. ostreatus. Chaetomium sp. and M. verrucaria fruited best on intermediate concentrations of glucose and nitrate.
THE EFFECT OF ION CONCENTRATION AND pH ON THE THERMAL STABILITY OF A CANINE ADENOVIRUS
Authors: Yamamoto T.
Published: February 2010

The inactivation of a canine adenovirus hemagglutinin and infectivity at 56 °C at varying times up to 1 h has been studied in the presence of various ions and concentrations of ions.Under conditions of uncontrolled pH 1–2 M NaCl and MgCl2 both stabilized the virus hemagglutinin and infectivity. Lower concentrations of these salts as well as 0.04 M phosphate, Hank's balanced salt solution, and minimal Eagle's medium had little stabilizing effect. Molar concentrations of phosphate and Tris butter were also found to stabilize the virus hemagglutinin.The pH adjustment of the suspending salt solution was found to be important since high concentrations of salts such as MgCl2 are quite acidic. Both 1 M MgCl2 and 1 M NaCl stabilized the virus in the pH range of 4–6, but inactivation was rapid at pH 3 and less rapid at pH 7. Ion concentrations lower than 1 M markedly reduced the hemagglutinin stabilization at optimun pH.
ASSAY OF RELATIVE HETEROTROPHIC POTENTIAL IN THE SEA: THE USE OF SPECIFICALLY LABELLED GLUCOSE
Authors: Hamilton R. D. , Austin Kathryn E.
Published: February 2010

The glucose dissimilation of a marine pseudomonad was investigated using manometric techniques as well as glucose specifically labelled at different sites. Data from radiorespirometric procedures indicated that some 90% of the glucose catabolized was routed through the Entner-Doudoroff pathway. The observed differences between the amount of carbon assimilated and the amount catabolized were discussed in relation to the heterotrophic uptake method which is currently being applied to problems in aquatic microbial ecology.
PHYSIOLOGY OF SELENITE REDUCTION BY ENTEROCOCCI: II. CHARACTERIZATION OF SELENITE INHIBITION AND ITS REVERSAL BY ASCORBATE
Authors: Tilton Richard C. , Gunner Haim B. , Litsky Warren
Published: February 2010

Cell-free extracts of Streptococcus faecalis N83 and Streptococcus faecium K6A were shown to possess comparable enzyme systems for the reduction of selenite to metallic selenium. The enzymatic complement of each of the organisms was oxygen sensitive, heat stable, and required flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) for maximum stimulation. Potent reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH2) oxidase activity was demonstrated in extracts of both organisms. Although the NADH2 oxidase of S. faecium was sensitive to sulfhydryl inhibitors, the enzyme in S. faecalis was unaffected. The addition of ascorbate to the medium reversed the inhibitory effects of selenite and enhanced selenite reduction by S. faecium. Radioisotope studies, utilizing selenium75, demonstrated that selenite was taken up by both test organisms. The addition of ascorbate increased the rate and extent of selenium75 incorporation. It was concluded that the inhibitory effect of selenite and the inability of S. faecium to reduce the ion is a reflection of the oxidation by selenite of sulfhydryl groups on the active site.
ENZYME ACTIVITIES DURING THE ASEXUAL CYCLE OF NEUROSPORA CRASSA: I. SUCCINIC DEHYDROGENASE
Authors: Stine G. J.
Published: February 2010

Separate extracts of Neuorospora crassa grown either in Vogel's medium N, medium N + glutamate, or medium N which had been made deficient in zinc, were assayed for succinic dehydrogenase and soluble protein at intervals throughout the asexual cycle. Succinic dehydrogenase, although apparently unnecessary for either the formation of conidia or conidial germination, does appear to be necessary for mycelial growth and for the production of conidiophores. Differences in the amount of enzyme during morphologically distinct states of differentiation (i.e. production of the germ tube and production of the conidiophore) may serve as an indicator of significant changes in the physiology of Neurospora at these times during development.The level of succinic dehydrogenase in the conidiophore before its differentiation into conidia appears to influence the amount of this enzyme found in the conidia. This is in keeping with the idea that conditions prevailing in the cytoplasm before the formation of conidia may directly influence the constituents subsequently found in the conidia which determine conidial viability, rate of germination, and growth yield.
FURTHER STUDIES ON THE KINETIC SERUM-NEUTRALIZATION (McBRIDE) TEST FOR POLIOVIRUSES
Authors: Furesz John , Armstrong Ralph E.
Published: February 2010

Groups of 12 roosters were immunized with four type 1 poliovirus strains, Sabin's reference, one "vaccinee", one "vaccine-contact", and one "wild" strain, respectively. Sera were collected 1 week after the third, the fifth, and the seventh immunizing dose and tested simultaneously in the McBride antigenic test against the four virus strains used for immunization and against another "wild" strain. The immunization schedules of five or seven doses of virus inoculum resulted in specific sera of high antibody titers and were found suitable for kinetic neutralization studies. The statistical analysis of the test results demonstrated that antigenic differences among virus strains accounted for the largest single source of variation, and although the variation attributable to individual roosters was significant, it was small in comparison with that due to virus strain differences. These data indicated that a group of four roosters should be immunized with a single virus strain using five or seven doses; the mean value of the neutralization rate constants of the four individual antisera will well characterize the intratypic antigenic differences between virus strains.
PRODUCTION OF RADIOACTIVE MYXIN
Authors: Lesley S. M. , Behki R. M. , Gillespie D. C.
Published: February 2010

Uniformly labeled glucose-14C of a high specific activity was supplied to growing cells of a species of Sorangium (strain 3C) under specified conditions. The antibiotic myxin that was synthesized by the cells contained about 10% of the 14C supplied. Because of its specific activity, the purified antibiotic could be used at low concentrations in experiments designed to investigate the site and mechanism of action of this compound with susceptible cells.
PELLICLE FORMATION AND ESTER PRODUCTION BY HANSENULA ANOMALA
Authors: Mills Cecily , Blackwood A. C.
Published: February 2010

Three strains of Hansenula anomala, with different morphological and colony characteristics, were studied with respect to pellicle formation and ester production. Approximately the same amount of top cells was produced by each strain. The use of inhibitors of pellicle formation showed that, in the presence of the inhibitor, still cultures possessing no pellicle formed no ester, but that ester was produced in shaken cultures.With increased aeration, obtained by varying the surface–volume ratio, the peak of ester production occurred progressively earlier, but the maximum ester values attained in the various flasks did not vary much with the different degrees of aeration. In the 'train' fermentations, which assured almost complete ester recovery, one yeast strain produced equal amounts of ester in shaken and in still flasks as well as in 'foil-covered' flasks, whereas another strain gave lower ester values in the shaken flasks, probably because of stronger esterase activity. The results obtained indicated that as much, if not more, ester is produced with increasing aeration.
THE USE OF SPECTROPHOTOMETRY IN AN ECOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION OF THE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC PURPLE PHOTOSYNTHETIC BACTERIA
Authors: Haskins Edward F. , Kihara Toru
Published: February 2010

Diverse habitats were surveyed for the presence of Athiorhodaceae, using isolation techniques that permitted the development of only the facultatively anaerobic species of this family: Rhodopseudomonas capsulata, Rhodopseudomonas gelatinosa, Rhodopseudomonas palustris, Rhodopseudomonas spheroides, and Rhodospirillum rubrum. Of the 150 samples of soil, mud, sand, and water inoculated into enrichment media, 125 initiated cultures of photosynthetic bacteria, as indicated by spectrophotometric examination of the cultures. Subsequently, eight of these cultures were intensively investigated and isolates of the four species of Rhodopseudomonas were identified. Attempts to isolate Rhodospirillum rubrum from the cultures were unsuccessful. Species identifications were based on spectral examinations of aqueous cell-free preparations of the photosynthetic bacterial pigments. The species determinations based on the spectral evidence agreed with those based on the morphological and physiological criteria currently used for the identification of the Athiorhodaceae.
TOXICITY OF COPPER TO ESCHERICHIA COLI IN RELATION TO INCUBATION TEMPERATURE AND METHOD OF STERILIZATION OF MEDIA
Authors: Burke Carmen Melanie Wells , McVeigh Ilda
Published: February 2010

The growth of Escherichia coli ATCC 9637 in a basal synthetic medium was very similar in cultures incubated at 35, 37, 40, and 42 °C. The inclusion in the medium of copper at concentrations of 0.1 and 0.2 μg/ml resulted in a decrease in the growth rate at each of these temperatures; the higher the temperature, the greater the decrease. Copper caused a decrease in the growth rate of E. coli in the medium sterilized by filtration as well as in that sterilized by autoclaving. However, in the medium sterilized by heat there were alternate periods in which the optical density (O.D.) of culture increased and periods during which no increase in O.D. occurred. Decreases of 50% or more in the numbers of viable cells occurred in conjunction with the plateaus in the O.D. of the cultures. A greater delay in the initiation of growth occurred in both the copper-free and the copper-containing media sterilized by heat than in the corresponding medium sterilized by filtration; the longer the exposure of the medium to heat during the sterilization process, the greater the delay in the initiation of growth. Several theories are presented and discussed as possible explanations of the experimental data obtained.
SOME EFFECTS OF HYPERBARIC OXYGENATION ON BACTERIA AT INCREASED HYDROSTATIC PRESSURES
Authors: ZoBell Claude E. , Hittle Leslie L.
Published: February 2010

The adverse effects of hyperbaric oxygenation on the reproduction and survival of bacteria are augmented by increased hydrostatic pressure. Different bacterial species differ considerably in their tolerance of increased hydrostatic pressure as well as for increased partial pressure of oxygen. Although their generation times may be lengthened and their reproduction rates retarded by increased pressures, most species of well-known bacteria are able to grow at hydrostatic pressures as high as 200–400 atm. In closed systems at 1 atm, certain aerobic bacteria grow well, or sometimes better, in nutrient media in which the partial pressure of oxygen is 5 to 10 times higher than that in the normal atmosphere (-Po2ca. 0.2 atm, equivalent to a dissolved oxygen content of ca. 7 μg/ml), but such increased concentrations of oxygen (35–70 μg/ml) are injurious at substantially increased hydrostatic pressures, for example, 5–25 atm. Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus megaterium, Pseudomonas enalia, Pseudomonas perfectomarinus, and Serratia marinorubra were sterilized within a day or two by compression to 100 atm in media having a dissolved oxygen content of 35 μg/ml. All six species thrived at 100 atm in nutrient media having an initial oxygen content of 7 μg/ml and they grew well in media with an oxygen content of 35 μg/ml at 1 atm.
STIMULI CAUSING EXTRUSION OF POLAR FILAMENTS OF GLUGEA FUMIFERANAE SPORES
Authors: Ishihara Ren
Published: February 2010

When spores of Glugea fumiferanae were treated with chlorides of alkali metals at pH 10.8 at 28 ± 1 °C, the polar filament was extruded by almost 70% of them within 40 min. The effect of pH varied with the different metals, the effective range being greatest for Cs, and becoming progressively narrower for Rb, K, Na, and Li. Although KCN and NaF are normally metabolic inhibitors, both were effective in stimulating extrusion of polar filaments. Previous treatment of the spores with either AgNO3 or HgCl2 inhibited the stimulatory effect of CsCl, but CuSO4 had no inhibitory effect. Calcium chloride interfered with the stimulatory effect of CsCl, but the effect became less as the concentration of CsCl increased. p-Chloromercuriphenylsulfonate, salyrgan, and physostigmine were all ineffective in inhibiting extrusion of polar filaments.
EFFECT OF ATRAZINE ON GROWTH RESPONSE OF SCLEROTIUM ROLFSII AND TRICHODERMA VIRIDE
Authors: Rodriguez-Kabana R. , Curl E. A. , Funderburk Jr. H. H.
Published: February 2010

The effect of atrazine (2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-.s-triazine) on growth of Sclerotium rolfsii and Trichoderma viride was studied in liquid culture. The fungi were grown in Czapek solution containing 0, 8, 20, 40, and 80 μg of the herbicide per milliliter, and growth responses were measured at intervals of 3–5 days after inoculation. Mycelial dry weight of S. rolfsii was little affected at concentrations below 40 μg/ml, but was decreased at the higher concentrations. Total mycelium produced by T. viride was greater with all atrazine treatments than in the control. For S. rolfsii, the efficiency of utilization (economic coefficient) of glucose, inorganic P, and NO3-N with atrazine at 8 μg/ml was slightly higher than that of the control, but was significantly reduced at higher concentrations. Values for glucose utilization efficiency in T. viride increased with herbicide at 8 and 20 μg/ml, then decreased considerably at other concentrations, but remained higher than the control; a similar pattern was revealed for P and NO3-N utilization. Titratable acidity in the medium increased for both fungi with increased atrazine concentration.
BACTERIOPHAGE STUDIES OF ISOLATES FROM FIRE BLIGHT SOURCES
Authors: Hendry A. T. , Carpenter J. A. , Garrard E. H.
Published: February 2010

Six hundred and sixteen Gram-negative bacterial isolates were obtained from trees and orchards diseased with fire blight. By serological means, 194 Erwinia amylovora isolates were distinguished from 57 nonpigmented isolates of miscellaneous colonial types. One hundred and eighty-nine isolates were distinguished by yellow colony color. In addition, 176 isolates produced a fluorescent pigment. Four other biochemical tests were applied to the isolates.All of the E. amylovora isolates, 26 'miscellaneous white' isolates, and 94 'yellow' isolates were lysed by one or more of seven phages. Two phages, 1507 and 1508, lysed many isolates from all three groups, and in this way relationships were indicated. Phage sensitivity was not correlated with other characteristics, although phage P19 lysed most of the E. amylovora isolates and none of the yellow. Phage P17 lysed a majority of the 'yellow' isolates and none of the E. amylovora. Both phages lysed some 'miscellaneous white' isolates.
EVALUATION OF TESTS AND GROUPING OF CULTURES BY A TWO-STAGE PRINCIPAL COMPONENT METHOD
Authors: Quadling C. , Hopkins J. W.
Published: February 2010

A two-stage multivariate procedure for analysis and condensation of large sets of +/− data has been tested on data derived from application of 75 tests to 59 named cultures of Aerobacter, Aeromonas, Bacillus, Escherichia, and Pseudomonas. Seventeen clusters of associated attributes (attribute-complexes) were found by Adansonian R-analysis. As a result of successive separate principal component analyses, 47 principal component vectors were found which cumulatively accounted for 88% of aggregate variance and collectively defined an attribute-complex subspace. Four leading principal component vectors were extracted from attribute-complex space and accounted for 43% of the original variance; cultures were allotted 4-part ordination scores in respect of these vectors and these scores were treated as coordinates of item-points for purposes of cluster analysis. Cultures were separated into appropriate major categories but minor groupings were not entirely satisfactory; deficiences in the data and geometrical distortion during condensation were implicated. Major discriminants were defined in terms of important individual attributes, of combinations of attributes, and of attribute complexes.
COMPARISON OF POUR AND SURFACE PLATE METHODS FOR DETERMINATION OF BACTERIAL COUNTS
Authors: Clark D. S.
Published: February 2010

Tests comparing the pour and surface plate methods for determination of bacterial numbers in ice, in water, and on processed birds in poultry plants showed that counts for the latter technique were about 70% and 80% higher than those for the former at incubation temperatures of 0 °C and 22–25 °C, respectively. Recovery studies with pure cultures indicated that the difference was related to both type and strain of bacteria. The pseudomonads as a group did not contribute to the difference, whereas some but not all of the achromobacter tested contributed markedly.
CARBON DIOXIDE FIXATION AND PHOSPHOENOLPYRUVATE CARBOXYLASE IN FERROBACILLUS FERROOXIDANS
Authors: Din George A. , Suzuki Isamu , Lees Howard
Published: February 2010

Carbon dioxide fixation was studied in intact cells and cell-free extracts of Ferrobacillus ferrooxidans. The major pathways of fixation were found to be the carboxydismutase system and the phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) carboxylase system. PEP carboxylase activity was shown to be under metabolic regulation, similar to the regulation established in heterotrophic microorganisms.Acetyl-CoA stimulated PEP carboxylase activity, while aspartate was inhibitory. The F. ferrooxidans enzyme appeared to have a neutral or acidic pH optimum, in contrast to the same enzyme isolated from heterotrophs.
THE EFFECT OF YEAST EXTRACT AND CASITONE ON THE RESPONSE TO SALT OF THE MICROFLORA OF A HIGHLY SALINE SOIL
Authors: Keller Paulina , Henis Y.
Published: February 2010

Salt-dependent, salt-resistant, and salt-sensitive bacteria were found at depths of 0–50 cm in a hydrohalomorphic soil near the shore of the Red Sea. Highest counts were obtained on soil-extract agar supplemented with 5% sodium chloride, 0.02% yeast extract, and 0.04% Casitone. Most of the bacteria, upon initial isolation, failed to grow on counting media containing 5% or 10% sodium chloride unless yeast extract and Casitone were present. However, all isolates, randomly selected from the counting medium containing 10% sodium chloride and supplemented with yeast extract and Casitone, did not need these supplements when transferred onto a new medium of the same salt concentration.Bacterial counts were significantly affected by the salt concentration of both the diluting solution and the growth media. It was concluded that the addition of yeast extract and Casitone to the growth media resulted in a partial recovery and protection of the cells from damage occurring during the initial dilution and plating procedure.
THE EFFECTS OF OXYGEN AND CARBON DIOXIDE ON PROTEINASE BIOSYNTHESIS BY STREPTOCOCCUS FAECALIS VAR. LIQUEFACIENS
Authors: Swiencicki James F. , Hartman Ronald E.
Published: February 2010

The effect of O2and CO2on proteinase biosynthesis by nonproliferating cells of Streptococcus faecalis var. liquefaciens in chemically defined media were studied. In the absence of CO2, O2(1% in N2) stimulated proteinase formation by promoting earlier synthesis and by increasing the rate of enzyme biosynthesis. Carbon dioxide under anaerobic conditions only enhanced the rate of proteinase synthesis. The stimulatory effect of the two gases was not additive. Glucose supported a greater yield of proteinase than galactose under all conditions of O2and CO2availability. Galactose was stimulatory in the presence of glucose only under aerobic conditions (1% O2in N2) when atmospheric CO2was removed. Oxygen at the 20% level inhibited proteinase formation by increasing the rate of arginine disappearance from the medium.
AN ANTIVIRAL SUBSTANCE FROM PENICILLIUM CYANEO-FULVUM BIOURGE: III. STUDIES ON THE NATURE OF THE ANTIVIRAL SUBSTANCE
Authors: Syeklocha Delfa , Cooke Patricia M. , Stevenson J. W.
Published: February 2010

An attempt has been made to determine the nature of an antiviral substance derived from Penicillium cyaneo-fulvum. Although the material was available only in semipurified state, horizontal electrophoresis showed just two components present, one with a positive charge and the other with a negative one. Both stained with mucicarmine and Amido black. After hydrolysis of the preparation, 13 amino acids were identified by two-dimensional chromatography. Preliminary studies indicate that the semipurified material contains 21–25% reducing sugar. The effect of a variety of enzymes on the activity of the preparation has been studied. The results indicate that the antiviral substance may be an amino acid – carbohydrate complex.