bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Conversion in Germany
Authors: Der Manuelian Peter
Published: January 2023

Reisner arrives in Berlin for additional Semitic language study and work on cuneiform texts in the Berlin Museum under Adolf Erman. It is in Berlin that he gains his first instruction in Egyptology, primarily under Erman, Kurt Sethe, and Heinrich Schäfer. After three years, and some Assyriological publications, in particular a translation of newly acquired texts from Telloh, with funding depleted, Reisner returns home to Harvard as a one-year lecturer. No funds are forthcoming to keep him beyond one year, so he accepts a last-minute offer to join the international catalogue commission at the Egyptian Museum in Cairo, at the invitation of his Berlin friend and colleague Ludwig Borchardt. Each of the catalogue commission members is to be responsible for studying and publishing volumes on discrete categories of objects in the museum.
Archaeology in Wartime: Kerma, Gammai, Deir el-Bersha
Authors: Der Manuelian Peter
Published: January 2023

Despite the outbreak of war, Reisner determined that continuing his excavations was in the best interests of all concerned. The formerly German concession for Akhenaten’s capital city of Amarna was dangled before Reisner by the British authorities but ultimately fell to English control. MFA supporter Gardiner Martin Lane’s unexpected death cast doubt on Reisner’s continuing support from Boston. MFA Registrar Hanford Lyman Story joined the expedition, first to work at Giza on behalf of Clarence Fisher, now directing his own endowed Penn Museum expedition. Story managed the “minor cemetery” west of the Great Pyramid while Reisner and Fisher were busy at Kerma. Then he supervised the Middle Kingdom cliff-tomb site of Deir el-Bersha in 1915. This resulted in the discovery of tomb 10A, belonging to Djehuty-nakht, with a spectacular painted wooden coffin and hundreds of boat and other models. Ashton Sanborn first enters the story as an assistant to Clarence Fisher, while tensions begin to rise between Reisner and some of his German colleagues on the opposite side of the war. Oric Bates took on excavations at the Sudanese site of Gammai toward the end of 1915 but turned the site over to Dows Dunham and Said Ahmed when personal issues necessitated his return home.
A Mystery Solved: The Nubian Pyramids of Gebel Barkal and Nuri
Authors: Der Manuelian Peter
Published: January 2023

Reisner’s Nubian excavations expanded beyond Kerma to the holy mountain of Gebel Barkal by the Fourth Cataract, surrounded by Egyptian and Nubian temples and cemeteries, and the royal pyramid field of Nuri. Solving the problem of locating the entrances to Nubian pyramids (sloping stairways placed outside the pyramid), he applied this approach to all future Nubian pyramid sites (Nuri, el-Kurru, Meroe). Tomb treasures of Kings Aspelta (Nuri), Taharqa (el-Kurru), and others came to light, while at Gebel Barkal Reisner unearthed a cache of colossal statues of Nubian kings. Ashton Sanborn temporarily assisted at Giza while still employed for Clarence Fisher’s Penn Museum expedition. A collapsed wall at the entrance to Nuri Pyramid 5 killed several workmen, leading to a temporary crisis. The war prevented Reisner’s return to Boston, and in 1916 his daughter Mary contracted typhoid fever.
Fiction, Fundraising, and Hoisting Sarcophagi
Authors: Der Manuelian Peter
Published: January 2023

Noel Wheeler alternated between Second Cataract forts work interspersed with Giza excavations in the Eastern Cemetery. Several exquisite stone sarcophagi had to be raised from their burial shafts and divided between the Cairo Museum and the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. In the Sudan, the expedition moved on from Semna/Kumma to Uronarti fort, a short distance to the north. Reisner returned to Boston in 1929, where a push for endowing the expedition collapsed due to the Depression. Ashton Sanborn married into the Goldman Sachs family, which took an archaeological voyage up the Nile in early 1930. Reisner entertained Belgian and Romanian royalty at the Pyramids, and as the German/Egyptian scandal over the bust of Nefertiti simmered, he submitted his opinion on proposed solutions for returning the bust to Egypt. Polyglot clerical assistant Evelyn Perkins joined the expedition in 1933, and the Mycerinus (Menkaure) temples publication finally appeared in 1931, the same year that Reisner lost another reis, Mahmud el-Meyyit. His third Naga ed-Deir publication appeared in 1932. Amid more political unrest in Cairo, the expedition explored more Second Cataract forts at Shalfak and Mirgissa. Reisner composed fiction, including an opera—a collaboration with British playwright Ethel Beal. It was loosely based on the reconstruction of his version of Fourth Dynasty history. Reisner also helped found the Cairo chapter of the Rotary Club in 1929, and he attended the lunches and dinners faithfully for years. Eye troubles (cataracts) arose early in the new decade.
Epilogue: Revered or Reviled? Reisner and His Archaeological Impact
Authors: Der Manuelian Peter
Published: January 2023

This chapter offers a final assessment of Reisner’s life and influence on the development of archaeological method (particularly stratigraphic excavation techniques) and Egyptian archaeology. Some contemporary tributes are quoted, then the chapter emphasizes the hitherto unknown reach of Reisner’s influence, not only in training Western archaeologists but in sending his own skilled Qufti workmen and reises off to other expeditions, both in Egypt and to other sites in the Middle East. His colonialist and at times racist interpretations of the archaeological data are also summarized. Brief post-expedition histories are given for many in Reisner’s immediate circle, and an attempt at balancing the positives and negatives of a long archaeological career is made.
Ravana's Kingdom
Authors: Henry Justin W.
Published: January 2023

Ravana, the demon-king antagonist from the Ramayana, the ancient Hindu epic poem, has become an unlikely cultural hero among Sinhala Buddhists over the past decade. In Ravana’s Kingdom, Justin W. Henry delves into the historical literary reception of the epic in Sri Lanka, charting the adaptions of its themes and characters from the fourteenth century onwards, as many Sri Lankan Hindus and Buddhists developed a sympathetic impression of Ravana’s character, and through the contemporary Ravana revival, which has resulted in the development of an alternative mythological history, depicting Ravana as king of the Sri Lanka’s indigenous inhabitants, a formative figure of civilizational antiquity, and the direct ancestor of the Sinhala Buddhist people. Henry offers a careful study of the literary history of the Ramayana in Sri Lanka, employing numerous sources and archives that have until now received little to no scholarly attention, as well as the twenty-first-century revision of a narrative of the Sri Lankan people—a narrative incubated by the general public online, facilitated by social media and by the speed of travel of information in the digital age. Ravana’s Kingdom offers a glimpse into a centuries-old, living Ramayana tradition among Hindus and Buddhists in Sri Lanka—a case study of the myth-making process in the digital age.
Moving Mount Kailasa
Authors: Henry Justin W.
Published: January 2023

This chapter traces the gradual identification of the island of Sri Lanka with the “Lankapura” of the Ramayana epic, beginning from the Cholas of the ninth century. The chapter goes on to explore the impact of various South Indian literary conventions on northern Sri Lankan literature, including the uniquely sympathetic rendering of Ravana in the temple histories of Koneswaram (the famed Siva temple of Trincomalee), and the self-identification of the Ārya Cakravartis rulers of Jaffna as “guardians of Rama’s bridge.” The chapter concludes by demonstrating avenues of transmission of Tamil impressions of Ravana’s character, along with other themes from Tamil Puranas, into late medieval and early modern Sinhala literature.
Theocritus
Authors: Thalmann William G.
Published: January 2023

This book discusses many of Theocritus’s Idylls with emphasis on how these poems construct space—its contours and borders along with the people, animals, and objects that fill it and the equally important role of absence. It draws on spatial theory from anthropology and cultural geography. Each poem is studied in itself and in its connections with other poems, so that a loose coherence emerges among them. Spatially, the Ptolemaic empire provides a setting and reference point for the various types of Idylls (bucolic, urban, mythological, and encomiastic poems), in ways that help legitimate it. In all the Idylls, however, space is constructed selectively from particular perspectives, so that it reflects and shapes people’s relations with each other and humans’ relations with nature. The bucolic Idylls in particular raise questions about being in and out of place and relations between self and other that would have been important under the conditions of mobility and intercultural contact in the early Hellenistic period. Yet theirs is a fictional world, defined more by its margins than by its center, and visions of fullness and presence of nature are always distanced from the reader. Absence is constitutive of this world, just as absence of the beloved is the precondition for the desire of bucolic characters and prompts their singing. Their desire mirrors the desire of readers for the absent bucolic world that the poems arouse and that keeps them reading.
STEM-H for Mental Health Clinicians
Authors: Weaver Lewis Marilyn , Wu Liyun , Hagen Zachary A.
Published: January 2023

STEM-H for Mental Health Clinicians is a bench-side to bedside application of scientific, technological, engineering, and mathematical (STEM) principles as they relate to the health (H) of each bodily system. Written for clinicians from a variety of disciplines, this textbook provides medical information that is understandable by advanced baccalaureate or master’s trained clinicians who aim to be a team member or private practitioner. Each chapter introduces Scientific facts pertaining to the structure and function of a bodily system and its signature illness and injury. Technological and Engineering advancements that develop biomedical apparatuses or medications to treat those illnesses or injuries are discussed in detail. Mathematics are explained within the context of empirical, epidemiologic data from a public health perspective. Finally, interventions are presented to inform clinicians about treatments for the Health of clients and their families who are struggling with the illnesses or injuries of each bodily system. STEM-H for Mental Health Clinicians is designed to be a textbook and reference that presents STEM-H concepts to clinicians who aim to contribute to medical treatment teams or provide support to their clients in private practice.
How Understanding the Respiratory System Can Benefit Mental Health Clinicians
Authors: Marilyn Weaver Lewis , Liyun Wu , Zachary Allan Hagen
Published: January 2023

STEM-H for Mental Health Clinicians, Chapter 7, explains the structure and function of the respiratory system and how it is affected by illnesses, including the COVID-19 virus. Noninvasive and invasive breathing treatments are presented, as are examples of pharmaceutical engineering of vaccines. How clinicians can support the client’s decision-making whether to become vaccinated is discussed. Introduction of “social distancing” and “flattening the curve” to manage the pandemic are presented using epidemiologic models. Mastering this material will make it possible for clinicians to contribute as a medical team member on a hospital unit or as a community or independent clinician who works with patients with illnesses of the respiratory system.
How Understanding the Musculoskeletal System Can Benefit Mental Health Clinicians
Authors: Marilyn Weaver Lewis , Liyun Wu , Zachary Allan Hagen
Published: January 2023

STEM-H for Mental Health Clinicians, Chapter 9, is a double chapter that covers both the muscular and skeletal systems, which work in tandem to respond to and affect the environment. The signature illness of the muscular system that is covered is Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), and technological apparatuses that treat breathing and communication deficits brought on by the illness are explained. Osteoporosis is presented as the signature illness of the skeletal system, and its prevalence and incidence are discussed. The signature injury affecting the skeletal system includes interpersonal violence. Injuries to the muscular system are explained. Technological advances related to the skeletal system include bone marrow transplants, while engineering advances include development of medications to treat osteoporosis. Application to mental health health focuses on end-of-life care needs to be addressed by families.
“We Will Hit Them with No Warning”
Authors: Eisenberg Carolyn Woods
Published: January 2023

This chapter examines the Nixon administration’s intentions with regard to the Vietnam War. Though Richard Nixon was eager to negotiate an end to the war, he was also determined to maintain South Vietnam as a separate non-communist state, not part of a unified country, which his foreign adversaries were demanding. To help him on this and other issues, Nixon had surprised many observers by choosing Harvard professor Henry Kissinger as his national security advisor. Kissinger recognized the need for a negotiated solution but resisted the idea of a coalition government. Viewing both US and North Vietnamese troops as equally foreign, he insisted on mutual withdrawal as the prerequisite for peace. An early adversary, Secretary of Defense Melvin Laird, sought a slow but ongoing withdrawal of US troops regardless of the presence of North Vietnamese soldiers. While pressing this approach, Laird reluctantly compromised by endorsing the secret bombing of enemy sanctuaries in Cambodia. The chapter also explains that from the outset of the new administration, Kissinger was looking to the Soviet Union for help in pressuring Hanoi to make an acceptable peace deal. An important theme in this chapter is the clear desire within the national security bureaucracies to pursue the war.
“Blow Their Candles Out”
Authors: Eisenberg Carolyn Woods
Published: January 2023

This chapter details Henry Kissinger’s plan named DUCK HOOK, which included several possible punitive actions, including aerial mining of Haiphong harbor and the use of B-52s over North Vietnam. During this same period, the Joint Chiefs of Staff were working on their own plans under the rubric PRUNING KNIFE. While there was considerable overlap between the two approaches, Kissinger’s staff put the emphasis on quick, devastating blows designed to convince Hanoi that failure to make diplomatic concessions would produce “unacceptable damage to their society.” By contrast, the Joint Chiefs plan was focused on military objectives—a series of escalating moves designed to fortify the combat position of the South Vietnamese troops. Excluded from this early planning were Secretary of State Rogers and Secretary of Defense Laird. When they finally learned of these proposals, both men reacted negatively, fearing the domestic firestorm such actions might ignite. The chapter gives substantial attention to the exponential growth of the Vietnam Moratorium protests, which compelled the Nixon Administration to abandon its plans for DUCK HOOK.
“Enjoy the Breeze”
Authors: Eisenberg Carolyn Woods
Published: January 2023

This chapter begins by studying Richard Nixon’s meeting with Soviet Ambassador Dobrynin. Regarding the Vietnam War, Henry Kissinger planned “to project a very calm and confident attitude as a result of our actions in Cambodia” and let Dobrynin know that the time seemed right for genuine progress on Southeast Asia. The chapter discusses Kissinger’s takeover of arms control negotiations, stifling proposals for a MIRV ban, and signaling the Russians they could ignore the US SALT delegation meeting in Helsinki. Despite claims of success, the result of the Cambodian invasion is to make negotiations with Hanoi more difficult. Senator Kennedy’s Subcommittee on Refugees is producing more evidence of mass displacement, as Senate opponents of Nixon‘s policy are focused on the Hatfield-McGovern Amendment.
“You’ve Only Got One Card”
Authors: Eisenberg Carolyn Woods
Published: January 2023

Diplomacy with Beijing assumed particular importance, given the Vietnam woes and furor surrounding the Pentagon Papers. As of July 1971, both President Richard Nixon and National Security Advisor Henry Kissinger were hoping that success in this venture would boost Nixon’s political standing at home and perhaps facilitate a diplomatic breakthrough with Hanoi. Both men were determined that the card be played well—and secretly. The first high-level negotiation with the Chinese government since 1949, they limited news of it to a handful of people and excluded the State Department. Kissinger was authorized to promise Chinese prime minister Zhou Enlai that the United States would take “no major steps affecting your interests” without prior discussion with the Chinese government. Zhou Enlai was gracious in response but turned quickly to the question of Taiwan. According to Kissinger, the settlement of the Taiwan question was linked to the resolution of the Vietnam War. Following two and a half days of intense conversation, the meetings ended on a hopeful note. The chapter also discusses the changing attitude of Nixon and Kissinger toward representation of the People’s Republic of China in the United Nations and in the Security Council. The two are clearly moving away from their support of Chiang Kai-Shek.
Introduction
Authors: Biernacki Loriliai
Published: January 2023

This chapter introduces Abhinavagupta and lays out the argument for the book, proposing that Abhinavagupta’s articulation of panentheism, centered around a foundational subjectivity, may offer a helpful intervention for our world today as we rethink our own relationship to matter. Abhinavapupta’s strategy, rethinking the boundaries of life, matter, and consciousness, offers a way to think through materiality, for a New Materialism in particular, compelling in its decentering of the human. This chapter also discusses the primary source materials, especially the section on cosmology taken from Abhinavagupta’s last extensive Sanskrit philosophical work, the Īśvara Pratyabhijñā Vivṛti Vimarśinī, which is not yet available in translation. This chapter also provides preliminary discussion of the relationship between panentheism and New Materialism, and offers an outline of each of the book’s five chapters.
It from Bit, It from Cit
Authors: Biernacki Loriliai
Published: January 2023

This chapter again takes up Darwin’s loss of faith over the parasitic wasp in light of newer findings that plants and wasps engage in information signaling. Addressing the idea of information, this chapter argues that information takes on a dual nature, both as material substance and as an element that conveys mental intentionality. Comparisons are drawn with contemporary Western ideas of information, using physicist John Wheeler’s seminal “it from bit” and Max Tegmark’s mathematical panpsychism in relation to Abhinavagupta’s panentheism. The final section ties Abhinavagupta’s articulation of subjectivity (ahantā) and being object (idantā) to account for diversity, the agonistic relations of wasps and caterpillars in Abhinavagupta’s nondualism, in a system where there is only one consciousness. This chapter suggests that Abhinavagupta interprets the tattva system, the cosmology he inherits, as a phenomenology of consciousness moving from subjectivity to object in order to explain the multiplicity and diversity that makes up our world.
Strategy in Politics
Authors: Arterton F. Christopher
Published: January 2023

Strategy in Politics: Plotting Victory in a Democracy provides political activists and professionals with the key ingredients of success in the political arena. Drawing upon classic texts of statesmanship and warfare by Machiavelli, Sun Tzu, and Clausewitz, the book complements those with contemporary understandings of strategic planning, communications, game theory, and military tactics. Particularly in the world of politics, the word “strategy” has been overused to the point of emptiness. Imprecision of concept can lead to vagueness in thinking, which, in turn, creates sloppiness in performance. In clarifying this poorly defined concept, Strategy in Politics takes the reader through five different perspectives: the necessity of gaining and employing power, the dynamics of strategic planning, the conduct of warfare, the theories of persuasive political communications, and the logic of interpersonal competition. Combined, these teachings amplify a model of strategy that will arm readers with a solid capacity for engaging effectively in democratic politics. Yet, because effective participation in politics is ever a question of balancing competing virtues, the book concludes with two discussions that mitigate the elements of manipulation in the model of strategy. Adopting the elements of negotiation requires one to move away from viewing the world as composed of competitors, and, despite differences, yield respect and deference to one’s counterpart. Finally, the lessons of leadership demand a discussion of ethics in democratic politics and the importance of maintaining the institutions and values of democratic practice. Thus, Strategy in Politics establishes bulwarks around the employment of unbridled strategy, leaving the reader with the challenge of pursuing political power within ethical boundaries.
Virtual Landscapes
Authors: Boswell Matthew , Rowland Antony
Published: January 2023

This chapter analyzes the virtual memoryscapes that have been developed at the Bergen-Belsen memorial and in Second Life in the form of a digital exhibition on Kristallnacht. It argues that the iPad application at Bergen-Belsen is particularly successful in allowing visitors to experience palimpsestic testimony through the layers of digital photographs, eyewitness writing, and sound recordings as they wander through the empty space of the vast memorial site. The museum has also worked on digital films that introduce visitors to the memorial space by allowing them to traverse the camp virtually and engage with its overall design and history. The Kristallnacht exhibition in Second Life enables the user to explore a digital environment that includes a burning synagogue and survivor testimony. As with the films at Bergen-Belsen, this exhibition confronts the viewer with a discombobulating perspective in which the user shifts roles between bystander, victim, and perpetrator.
Reconstructing the Small Family After Democratic Kampuchea
Authors: Lesley Elena , Vathana Hoy
Published: January 2023

This chapter describes how in Cambodia, the communist Khmer Rouge regime, which was responsible for widespread death and destruction, also banned all prerevolutionary wedding traditions. The state organization (Angkar) took over the spouse-matching process. Given the importance of marriage in Cambodian society for personal and family networks, the authors find that the Khmer Rouge regime’s attempt to alter wedding traditions profoundly affected the country’s social fabric. Despite the unorthodox marriage practices during the Khmer Rouge, many of these couples stayed together after the regime’s collapse. Drawing upon 16 months of ethnographic fieldwork among survivors of forced marriage and their families, the authors examine how these socially and spiritually problematic unions affected the children born as a result of the arrangements. Within these complicated family environments, children of forced marriages often feel pressure to both manage their parents’ emotions and to help compensate for what their parents lost during decades of violence and turmoil.
The Unknown Youth of Al-Shabaab
Authors: Donnelly Phoebe
Published: January 2023

This chapter seeks to understand the significance of children born into Al-Shabaab and how community members within Somalia perceive these children. Based on original fieldwork with teams in Somalia, the author argues that Al-Shabaab values children for three central reasons. First, supporting its male members in marrying and having children was a pathway for members in Al-Shabaab to gain the traditional markers of manhood. Second, by providing its male members a path to manhood, Al-Shabaab could recruit young men, improve male members’ morale, and help retain its members. And finally, children born into Al-Shabaab were viewed by the group as valuable group members. Unlike much of the research on such children across the world, Al-Shabaab remains active, forcibly marrying girls and women and conceiving children. The author’s research helps us better understand the experiences of these children and what may be necessary to promote healing within communities that are or were ruled or occupied by Al-Shabaab.
Homelands Remade
Authors: Bank Leslie , Sharpley Nelly
Published: January 2023

This chapter provides a critical assessment of the debates about the making of the South African rural periphery from native reserves to homelands and beyond. It argues that the dominant liberal and Marxist perspectives see the reserves, later apartheid "homelands", in terms of their functionality or dysfunctionality to capitalism. Liberals claimed that the reserves kept Africans away from the positive influences of the market, while Marxists argued that they were conceived as reservoirs of cheap labor to sustain white privilege and racial capitalism. Neither perspective appreciates how these communal lands and home spaces were valued, shaped, and embedded in family migrant histories. The chapter illustrates the centrality of ritual and custom in the constitution of rural livelihoods, identity, and belonging in the former Transkei "homeland" over the past century. Indeed, even after apartheid in the time of democracy, the HIV and AIDS epidemic and mass urbanization, rural ritual practice, and custom, remained a bulwark against economic insecurity, precarity, and social alienation. It also served, through large and lavish home events, as a vehicle for the expression of family prestige, progress, and social advancement.
Gatekeepers
Authors: Bank Leslie , Sharpley Nelly
Published: January 2023

In practice, state regulations for the management of Covid-19 in rural South Africa reached communities through gatekeepers at the local level, like councilors, policemen, traditional leaders, state officials, and health personnel. The chapter focuses on these brokers and the roles they played in rural village life during the pandemic; on what they did and how they were perceived by others. The chapter confirms the sense of exclusion and fear felt by the rural poor and the inequalities of power, class difference, and privilege felt by state officials, vis-a-vis rural residents. The chapter reveals how local attitudes and inequalities helped to underpin the top-down bio-medical approach and restrict community participation in public health and crisis resolution. The chapter shows, through detailed ethnography, why a more people-centered and community-engaged approach proved difficult at the time of the pandemic. It also indicates why opening up (ukuvula) relations through vaccination would not necessarily improve or democratize rural public health care and empower communities.
In the Time of the Nation
Authors: Arnold David
Published: January 2023

The years following India's independence in 1947 have largely been seen as free from the epidemic catastrophes that characterized the colonial era, despite the underlying inadequacy of public health provision and major health crises like the HIV/AIDS pandemic. The chapter traces the nature and impact of the Covid-19 pandemic in India from early 2020 onwards, the lockdown measures imposed by the BJP government under prime minister Narendra Modi, and contrasts the hardship experienced by millions of migrant workers with the self-congratulatory belief in Indian exceptionalism. Citing statistics for the milder first wave of the pandemic and then the far more deadly and devasting second wave, the chapter discusses the visible impact of mass mortality, and considers why some states of the Indian Union appeared to suffer more than others and how reactions to the pandemic included xenophobia and scapegoating of the Muslim minority.
Coronavirus and the Uses of History
Authors: Arnold David
Published: January 2023

Looking back to the past and seeking instructive lessons (or even "anti-lessons") from past pandemics has been one of the characteristic responses to Covid-19. The chapter assesses contemporary Indian reactions to the coronavirus, the politicization of pandemics, and the repeated invocation of the colonial past--whether to critique the Modi government or to reinforce the idea of empire as a time of extreme oppression, hardship, and collective trauma that must never be repeated. The strengths and weaknesses of the coronavirus inoculation program is then assessed, the supply of India-made vaccines, and the precedents of mass prophylaxis under colonial rule. Finally, the chapter seeks to present alternative narratives that either invoke India's more recent past rather than reiterate the story of imperial regulation and misrule, or, more, urgently, locate the Covid pandemic within a rapidly escalating global environmental crisis, and the danger that the pandemic might distract from the momentousness of climate change and its anthropogenic causes.
Regional Conflicts
Authors: Monshipouri Mahmood
Published: January 2023

This chapter examines Iran's expanding reach in the region through its proxy networks in regional conflicts, using both ideology and geopolitics--symbiotically as well as independently--to expand its power. Iran has been successful in maintaining its strategic depth through establishing direct connections that link its interests to conflict-stricken countries that may or may not share its ideology. To demonstrate this, I explore Iran's role in the regional tensions in the cases of Iraq, Syria, South Caucus, and Yemen.
Balancing Threats and Incentives
Authors: Monshipouri Mahmood
Published: January 2023

In this final chapter, I revisit the strategic standoff trapping both countries, as well as the extent to which sanctions have been effective in bringing Iran to the negotiating table under certain circumstances and ineffectual in others. I also address the extent to which Iranian threats have been overblown. Straddling threats and incentives, supporting opposing proxy agents, securitizing the Iranian threat, maintaining occasional back-channel communications, and rarely if ever engaging in direct negotiations have all bore the hallmarks of a persistent cold war and a strategic conundrum that have long characterized US–Iranian relations.
Violent Continuities
Authors: Vogel Christoph N.
Published: January 2023

This chapter traces the violent continuities of Congo's history from early attempts of colonization through Belgian rule, decolonization, and the country's post-independence development. It zooms in on eastern Congo's violent turmoil since the early 1990s, leading to two major regional wars--during which the Conflict Minerals paradigm was born--that were followed by two decades of "neither war, nor peace" in which key transnational efforts to regulate artisanal mineral markets were introduced. The chapter demonstrates, through a chronological approach and the use of ethnographic and mapping methods, how war and violence are driven by a multitude of different dynamics and how local, national, and regional politics as well as deep-seated conflicts over identity, land, and citizenship have entrenched a form of inertia, out of which belligerents increasingly thrive. In so doing, it sets a counterpoint to prevailing, simplistic narratives that are rooted in colonial frameworks and readings.
Genesis of a Digital Paradigm
Authors: Vogel Christoph N.
Published: January 2023

Zooming in on the evolution of artisanal mining and armed conflict in eastern Congo, this chapter offers a historical account of converging factors that allowed minerals to play a role in the wars. First, it traces how both armed and unarmed stakeholders turned to artisanal mining as a subsistence strategy and a chance for unlikely gains. It then explains the ways in which mining has been inscribed into conflict dynamics, but also in what ways it has remained outside of the very same. Subsequently, the chapter addresses the public scrutiny that stacked up from early UN and NGO reports around 2000--when tantalum especially experienced a steep rise in global pricing, leading to a short-lived transnational Eldorado of violent smuggling rackets. The chapter closes by outlining how, in the past two decades, transnational activism on "conflict minerals" has not only framed outsiders' imageries of violence and greed in the Congo, but also got amalgamated with sexual violence, gorilla extinction, and other scandalous issues, leading to persistent tropes.
Brokers and Patrons
Authors: Vogel Christoph N.
Published: January 2023

Inspired by critical geography and political anthropology, this chapter takes a look at the networks of post-regulation mineral trade. It focuses on two sets of actors: brokers and patrons. Brokers, here, are the intermediary traders connecting mines to urban centres. Known as négociants, they pre-finance the trade and transport of minerals and consumer goods. Considered a "weak spot" for corruption and armed interference in supply chains, transnational regulation schemes aim at eliminating them-- pushing négociants to constantly navigate and negotiate their role in local political economies. Patrons, in turn, are the kingpins of broader networks assembling economic, political, and military power. If many of these elites have played a substantive role in mineral trade for times immemorial, transnational reform failed to isolate them. Instead, patrons have reinvented themselves and their activities. Otherwise, they end up being absorbed into "conflict-free" trade on the basis of lip service. Together, brokers and patrons highlight how privatized political governance persists, and how elites, armed groups, and transnational businesses end up invoking similar repertoires of the "state-as-idea" while eroding actual "state-as-system" structures.
GCC Football Fans and Their Engagement
Authors: Chadwick Simon
Published: January 2023

Fans are the lifeblood of football, even from a business perspective. They are a source of revenue, and also contribute to the products that football offers. At matches, they are co-producers of atmosphere, while online they co-create and share content. Fans can be spectators, but may alternatively associate with a team or club in other ways, for example by buying merchandise. Their engagement is multidimensional in nature--affective, cognitive, and behavioral--with some observers noting that engaged fans have a lifetime financial value. However, to date, research across business disciplines has almost invariably focused upon football fandom in the West and has thus largely ignored fandom in the Middle East and Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC). Consequently, this chapter examines the process of fan engagement specifically within the GCC, highlighting key opportunities for researchers in the field. In establishing an appropriate research agenda, the chapter explores the nature of fandom and fan engagement, issues pertaining to affect, cognition, and behavior. In so doing, the chapter identifies implications for fan engagement research.
Post-Islamism Politics in Tunisia
Authors: Merone Fabio
Published: January 2023

This chapter analyzes the post-Islamist politics of the Tunisian Ennahda party and conceives of post-Islamism as post-ideological. Islamism in the twentieth century is a modern ideology of societal transformation, while post-Islamism is the "normalization" of such political praxis. In the Tunisian context, Ennahda succeeded in integrating state institutions and participating in building democracy after 2011. At the 2016 conference, the party declared to have overcome "Islamism" and adopted a new strategy of specialization, which led to the separation of daʿwa activities and politics. This change has transformed the party's conception of politics, whereby the priority becomes contesting elections and participating in governmental coalitions. This chapter analyzes this change from the point of view of the party's ideological transformation and its concrete political actions.
How Evolution Works
Authors: Goodenough Ursula
Published: January 2023

The chapter’s Narrative describes how DNA-encoded instructions for making organisms are translated into proteins. When the instructions change via a process called mutation, they occasionally encode proteins with novel properties that enable organisms to better flourish/fit in to their circumstances; such instructions then persist and spread within the population (natural selection). Instructions for core (housekeeping) activities and families of useful protein shapes are highly conserved; novelty arises by subtle variation, gene duplication, and modified regulation of gene expression. The chapter’s Reflections consider how we are deeply related to all the other organisms in the planetary matrix, generating experiences of local and global communion.
Awareness and the I-Self
Authors: Goodenough Ursula
Published: January 2023

The chapter’s Narrative describes how awareness of the external environment, including other organisms, is inherent in all of life; consciousness, as used here, is the mode of awareness found in brain-based animals; the I-self is the narrative self constructed by human animals using our capacity to generate symbolic language. “Biologically we are just another ape. Mentally we are a new phylum of organism.” A detailed account is given of the operation of neurons and the organization and evolution of brains. The chapter’s Reflections consider our sense of an I-Self, which feels immaterial and undergirds the concept of an immortal soul that experiences immanence and transcendence. These experiences are considered from a religious naturalist perspective.
Intimacy
Authors: Goodenough Ursula
Published: January 2023

The chapter’s Narrative describes how sexual mating entails the attraction/recognition of appropriate partners from appropriate species and how intimacy arises during sexual unions and parental nurture and, in many animals, in the context of offspring dependency and sibling interactions. Such relationships between humans undergird our experiences of loving and being loved, and extend to friends and to nonhuman animals. They bring us joy, but they can also bring us heartache. The chapter’s Reflections consider how many religious persons extend their sphere of intimacy to abiding personal relationships with supernatural gods. For those of us incapable of forming such relationships, earthly intimacy offers compelling alternatives.
Human Evolution
Authors: Goodenough Ursula
Published: January 2023

The chapter’s Narrative considers how eukaryotic speciation segregates diverging populations into subpopulations that mate exclusively with one another. Speciation in the Great Ape family generated a hominin lineage ~7 million years ago that gave rise to Homo sapiens in Africa ~300,000 years ago; migrants then moved out of Africa ~100,000 years ago. Our protein-encoding genes are near-identical to those of our chimpanzee and bonobo cousins, indicating that our distinctive features, notably our capacity for symbolic language, are due to modifications in gene expression during early development. We display features of domesticated species and form coalitions called cultures, tribes, and nations. The chapter’s Reflections consider how, given our propensity to denounce human malfeasance, we are invited to also offer thanksgiving for the human distinctiveness that generates our creative gifts.
Energization and Direction Are Both Essential Parts of Motivation
Authors: Elliot Andrew J.
Published: January 2023

A clear and precise definition of motivation lays the foundation for motivational science theory and research. Motivation is the energization and direction of behavior. Energization serves to activate and orient individuals, and it is commonly experienced as a desire, fear, interest, or concern. Direction serves to channel and guide the general energization toward specific outcomes, and it is commonly experienced as a goal, strategy, or tactic. Energization and direction work together to produce observable behavior. Ignoring the distinction between energization and direction, or only focusing on one but not the other, leads to an unclear and/or incomplete explanation of behavior.
Cognitions and Emotions Energize and Sustain Motivation
Authors: Schunk Dale H.
Published: January 2023

Motivational processes (e.g., cognitions, emotions) energize, direct, and sustain behavior. Some important cognitive processes are self-efficacy, values, interests, goals and evaluations of goal progress, and social comparisons with others. Emotions also enter in, both positive and negative. When motivated to pursue a goal people may feel anticipatory excitement or joy, and they may experience satisfaction when they attain a goal. Conversely, people may experience fear or boredom. But not all cognitions or emotions are motivational. To be motivational, cognitions and emotions must energize and direct actions. Thoughts and feelings of happiness that do not lead to actions would not be motivational.
Theoretical and Methodological Disintegration Is the Most Fundamental Limitation in Contemporary Motivation Research
Authors: Nagengast Benjamin , Trautwein Ulrich
Published: January 2023

Much diversity exists in motivation science—diversity in core theoretical concepts, the level of granularity to which these concepts apply, and the methods employed to empirically investigate theoretical propositions. This fragmentation has led to conceptual and methodological disintegration. It precludes the field from developing either a unified theoretical approach or unified answers to problems facing educational practitioners. The authors of this essay examine if this disintegration can be overcome by integration with respect to theories, research methods, and the research settings in which motivation processes are studied. They go on to offer promising examples for such theoretical and methodological integration.
Understanding Human Motivation and Action as a Complex Dynamic System
Authors: Kaplan Avi
Published: January 2023

Dissatisfaction is growing with the ability of current motivation theory and research to capture the complex nature of motivational phenomena. In response, initial scholarly forays to apply the complex dynamic systems (CDS) approach to motivation hint at its potential to provide a coherent epistemological framework to reconcile false dichotomies that have plagued motivational science, such as between stable and malleable, person and situation, and conscious and unconscious. As the author discusses in this essay, in the next decade, the conception of human motivation and action as a complex dynamic system will transform the fundamental conceptual and methodological tenets of motivation science.
Nativism
Authors: Duyvendak Jan Willem , Kešić Josip , Stacey Timothy
Published: January 2023

The world is facing multiple intersecting crises of political identity and belonging. This chapter opens by explaining how a number of current theoretical framings of these crises fail to capture their commonality: Islamophobia, racism, and populism. By way of an alternative, it then introduces the concept of nativism. It draws heavily on, but innovates beyond, the definition of nativism offered by John Higham. It explains how nativism was once perceived as having been defeated in liberal contexts but that, if it ever left, it has now well and truly returned to the center of political life. Liberalism, it turns out, is not a sufficient safeguard against nativism. Next, the chapter discusses why objectivist explanations for the return of nativism are, on their own, inadequate and why a cultural approach is required. It closes by offering a summary of each of the chapters to come.
Nativist Memory of National History
Authors: Duyvendak Jan Willem , Kešić Josip
Published: January 2023

This chapter focuses on a central feature in nativist discourse: the mobilization of the national past. First, the chapter deals with national history as a problem, or in other words, the tendency to explain the crisis of national identity as amounting to a lack of historical consciousness of and appreciation for the nation’s history. Second, the chapter presents the main historical narratives in public discourse, all contributing (albeit in different ways) to the Dutch collective self-image of being a liberal nation. With the national historical museum and the historical canon as examples, the chapter illustrates how national history is politically mobilized as a solution to the nativist problem of identity and cohesion. The chapter thus details the powerful belief that the alleged problems of self-alienation and failed migrant integration can be tackled by imposing awareness of the nation’s past upon the national citizenry.
Of Survival and Subsistence
Authors: Waseem Zoha
Published: January 2023

This chapter focuses on the internal workings of the Karachi police, showing how officers are disciplined and trained, how stations operate, how legal and extra-legal coercion is deployed, and how the police engage (formally and informally) with the communities they police.
Conclusion
Authors: Waseem Zoha
Published: January 2023

The final chapter of this book assesses how the framework of the "post-colonial condition of policing" can be extended and applied to other contexts to study policing comparatively and critically. In doing so, it draws upon insights from the cases of Nigeria and India. Finally, it offers broader conclusions and implications for further research.
Introduction
Authors: Shapiro Michael J.
Published: January 2023

The introduction provides a politics of aesthetics focused on the way grammatical and compositional choices, in a variety of artistic genres, articulate egalitarian sensibilities. The emphasis is on critical reception in the form of an engagement between writing styles and textual interpretation—between the conceptual and figurative thinking with which one approaches an artistic text and the “withs” that constitute how the texts think. For purposes of illustration, examples of the engagements—conceptual interventions that elicit egalitarian impulses—include children’s books, architectural narratives, a television series, a short story, novels, and films. All the textual work (elaborated in the chapters that follow) is aimed at disclosing and enfranchising lesser existences, social types that have tended to exist below the threshold of civic recognition.
An Egalitarian Istanbul
Authors: Shapiro Michael J.
Published: January 2023

Focused on cinematic portraiture, the main textual object of analysis of Chapter 4 is the Netflix series Ethos. The series’ main protagonist is Meryem, a religious, headscarf-wearing apartment cleaner whose role is located in a review of diverse textual explorations of the social fault lines that afflict women in that occupation. As the series explores a number of characters on either side of Turkey’s Islamist-Kemalist and class-related divide, it emphasizes the differences between Western-created psychoanalytic counseling and Islamist spiritual healing. The reading of the series identifies the significance of architecture’s role in the narrative and emphasizes the way women collaborate to extract a degree of urban mobility and self-expression, as they struggle against the policing practices of Turkish men. Much of the chapter’s analysis focuses on the unhappy families within which that struggle proceeds, while at a meta level it emphasizes the camera’s role in providing an ethos for Ethos.