bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stability Analysis of Slopes with Terraced Topography in Sapa, Northern Vietnam: Semi-Infinite Slope Assumption with Specific Lengths for Slope Failure
Authors: Wakai Akihiko , Watanabe Akino , Thang Nguyen Van , Kimura Takashi , Sato Go , Hayashi Kazunori , Kitamura Nanaha , Ozaki Takatsugu , Hung Hoang Viet , Manh Nguyen Duc , Viet Tran The ,   Gunma University 1-5-1 Tenjincho, Kiryu, Gunma 376-8515, Japan,   Ehime University, Ehime, Japan,   Teikyo Heisei University, Tokyo, Japan,   Okuyama Boring Co., Ltd., Miyagi, Japan,   Thuyloi University, Hanoi, Vietnam,   University of Transport and Communications, Hanoi, Vietnam
Published: May 2021

Numerous annual slope failures are induced by heavy rainfall during the monsoons, especially in developing countries in Asia. The authors have developed a simple method to predict rising groundwater levels in natural slopes at a relatively shallow depth based on parametric studies conducted using the finite element method. An assumption of a semi-infinite homogeneous slope was adopted in the analysis. Addtionally, the authors numerically modelled the vertical infiltration and the lateral seepage flow. Using this method implies that the finite element analysis is not mandatory in the evaluations of practical slopes. Such a simplified approach helps avoid time-consuming tasks in rigorous computations. However, a semi-infinite assumption used in the developed method may provide us with unsuitable solutions, particularly in cases where the slopes include heavily terraced topography with local small cliffs, because theoretically, the first slope failure tends to occur in steep slopes, like the edge of a rice terrace, even though they are very small cliffs. Nevertheless, these local solutions do not affect the conclusions for disaster risk reduction. Moreover, such unsuitable alternatives must be eliminated during analysis. To address this matter, the current study proposes a novel concept of specific lengths. This procedure provides a representative length within the specified length range. The averaged slope gradient is defined by focusing on the secant lines between each topographical grid, while those defined outside the specified range – for example, local cliff angles – are ignored in the slope stability calculation. Consequently, the proposed concept was confirmed to be efficient and can be applied to evaluate the terraced rice fields in Sapa, northern Vietnam. In the past, this area had experienced rainfall-induced slope failures; hence, the proposed method may be able to simulate these occurences. The proposed concept’s effectiveness when applied to terraced fields should continue to be verified through case studies conducted in areas with extensive smallterraced topography.
Landslide Susceptibility Mapping Based on the Combination of Bivariate Statistics and Modified Analytic Hierarchy Process Methods: A Case Study of Tinh Tuc Town, Nguyen Binh District, Cao Bang Province, Vietnam
Authors: Kien Nguyen Trung , Tran The Viet , Lien Vy Thi Hong , Linh Pham Le Hoang , Thanh Nguyen Quoc ,   Institute of Geological Sciences, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology Lane 84, Chua Lang Street, Dong Da, Hanoi, Vietnam,   Department of Civil Engineering, Thuyloi University, Hanoi, Vietnam,   Institute of Ecology and Works Protection, Hanoi, Vietnam
Published: May 2021

Tinh Tuc town, Cao Bang province, Vietnam is prone to landslides due to the complexity of its climatic, geological, and geomorphological conditions. In this study, in order to produce a landslide susceptibility map, the modified analytical hierarchy process and landslide susceptibility analysis methods were used together with the layers, including: landslide inventory, slope, weathering crust, water storage, geology, land use, and distance from the road. In the study area, 98% of landslides occurred in highly or completely weathered units. Geology, land use, and water storage data layers were found to be important factors that are closely related with the occurrence of landslides. Although the weight of the “distance from the road” factor has a low value, the weight of layer “<100 m” has a high value. Therefore, the landslide susceptibility index very high is concentrated along the roads. For the validation of the predicted result, the landslide susceptibility map was compared with the landslide inventory map containing 47 landslides. The outcome shows that about 90% of these landslides fall into very high susceptibility zones.
Real-Time Slope Stability Analysis Utilizing High-Resolution Gridded Precipitation Datasets Based on Spatial Interpolation of Measurements at Scattered Weather Station
Authors: Kitamura Nanaha , Watanabe Akino , Wakai Akihiko , Ozaki Takatsugu , Sato Go , Kimura Takashi , Karnjana Jessada , Tungpimolrut Kanokvate , Sartsatit Seksun , Lewlomphaisarl Udom ,   Gunma University 1-5-1 Tenjin-cho, Kiryu, Gunma 376-8515, Japan,   Teikyo Heisei University, Tokyo, Japan,   Ehime University, Ehime, Japan,   National Electronics and Computer Technology Center, Pathum Thani, Thailand
Published: May 2021

Measuring the amount of rainfall is essential for a wide-area evaluation of the risk of landslide disaster using a real-time simulation. In Thailand, located in Monsoon Asia, point observation is conducted using a rain gauge. Interpolation calculation is crucial for obtaining the planar rainfall intensity for the wide-area analysis from scattered point observation data. In this study, to accurately calculate rainfall intensity using the inverse distance weighting (IDW) method, the parameters affecting the results are examined. Additionally, using obtained rainfall data, a simple prediction calculation of groundwater level fluctuation by Wakai et al. [1] and Ozaki et al. [2] is performed. Finally, the relationship between the rainfall intensity and the fluctuation of groundwater level will be discussed.
Factoring Multi-Hazard Risk Perception in Risk Assessment and Reduction Measures in Landslide and Flash Flood Prone Areas – A Case Study of Sichon District, Nakhon Si Thammarat Province, Thailand
Authors: Pal Indrajit , Karnjana Jessada ,   Disaster Preparedness, Mitigation and Management (DPMM), Asian Institute of Technology (AIT)  Moo 9, Km 42 Paholyothin Highway, Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand,   National Electronics and Computer Technology Center (NECTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA),  Pathum Thani, Thailand
Published: May 2021

This study’s purpose is to analyze the degree of risk and vulnerability involved in landslide and flash flood prone community areas in Thepparat sub-district, Sichon district, Nakhon Si Thammarat province, Thailand. It also aims to analyze and understand the socio-economic impacts on the community at the household level, and assess the community’s risk and vulnerability by examining its risk perception. The risk perception was done using focus group discussions and a questionnaire survey with key stakeholders. It mainly focused on how the risk of landslides and flash floods influences the community’s risk perceptions, which was tested in two parts: at the organizational and community levels by focusing on government officials and households, respectively. A correlation matrix was used to understand the relationship of the indicators selected. The Pearson correlation result has shown that the degree of risk awareness positively correlates with the income level, education level, and controllability, signifying that the risk of landslides and flash floods influences household risk perceptions. The qualitative assessment recommends community-level preparedness as being paramount to reduce the risk for a resilient community.
Rigorous Analysis of Stress-Dependent Landslide Movements with Groundwater Fluctuations Applicable to Disaster Prevention in Monsoon Asia
Authors: Bhat Deepak Raj , Osawa Soichiro , Wakai Akihiko , Sasahara Katsuo , Bhandary Netra P. , Cai Fei , Ochiai Hirotaka , Tanaka Norihiro ,   Okuyama Boring Co., Ltd.  3-5-9 Higashi-nihonbashi, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103-0004, Japan,   Gunma University, Gunma, Japan,   Kochi University, Kochi, Japan,   Ehime University, Ehime, Japan,   Japan Forest Technology Association, Tokyo, Japan
Published: May 2021

In this study, novel finite element approaches are proposed for numerical analysis of stress-dependent landslide movement with groundwater fluctuation by rainfall. Two new constitutive parameters that are capable of directly controlling the relationship between the apparent factor of safety and sliding velocity are incorporated into a specific material formulation used in finite element analysis for the first time. For the numerical simulation of the measured time history of the sliding displacement caused by the groundwater fluctuations, such required analytical parameters can also approximately be determined by back analysis. The proposed models are applied to a landslide field experiment on a natural slope caused by rainfall in real time in Futtsu City, Chiba Prefecture of Japan to check its applicability. The predicted and measured time histories along the horizontal direction on the upper, middle, and lower slope are compared. In addition, the deformation pattern, shear strain pattern, and possible failure mechanisms of the natural slope of such a field experiment landslide are discussed in detail based on the analysis results of the finite element method (FEM)-based numerical simulation. Moreover, the creeping landslides and possible landslide sites for further application of the proposed models are briefly discussed in the cases of Nepal and Japan as examples in Asia. It is believed that the proposed newly developed numerical models will help in understanding the secondary creep behavior of landslides triggered by extreme rainfall, and at the same time, long-term management of such landslides will be much easier in monsoon Asia. Finally, it is expected that this study will be extended for simulation of the tertiary creep behavior of landslides induced by rainfall in the near future.
Multi-Data Integration System to Capture Detailed Strong Ground Motion in the Tokyo Metropolitan Area
Authors: Aoi Shin ,   National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Resilience (NIED) 3-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0006, Japan, Kimura Takeshi , Ueno Tomotake , Senna Shigeki , Azuma Hiroki
Published: May 2021

To accurately capture ground motion in the Tokyo metropolitan area, we have developed a multi-data integration system that combines a large amount of ground motion data gathered from nationwide strong-motion seismograph networks (K-NET and KiK-net); Metropolitan Seismic Observation network (MeSO-net), which covers the Tokyo metropolitan area with a high density of about 300 observation stations; observation equipment held by private companies; and smartphone-based seismographs. K-NET, KiK-net, and MeSO-net are operated by National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Resilience. The seismic waveform data recorded by MeSO-net, which are based on borehole observations, are one of the most important data sets for this system. To ensure collection of the waveform data, we strengthened the data center functions and made the collected data available to the public. In addition, to estimate the ground motion at the surface, which is important for disaster prevention, from the waveform data of MeSO-net, we carried out temporary seismic and microtremor array observations on the ground surface at each MeSO-net borehole station, and estimated ground amplification characteristics and the S-wave velocity structure. We also developed a smartphone-based seismograph with the aim of realizing seismic observations for tens of thousands of sites in the future. We recruited monitors to deploy the smartphone seismometers in the Tokyo metropolitan area, and developed a function to notify monitors of the results of a rough evaluation of the soundness of buildings based on observation data acquired during an earthquake. Furthermore, we have developed a Tokyo metropolitan area version of Kyoshin Monitor, the strong motion monitor system, with which the current ground motion in the Tokyo metropolitan area can be captured in real time by integrating and visualizing observation data from K-NET, KiK-net, and MeSO-net on a map on the website. We can capture the propagation of the ground motion in detail directly from the high-density data set integrated from these three networks. In addition, we also integrated data from Super-Dense Real-time Monitoring of Earthquakes (SUPREME) network of Tokyo Gas Co., Ltd., which operates about 4,000 observation stations in the Tokyo metropolitan area, after applying a time correction. We verified the integration method by reproducing the ground motion in the Tokyo metropolitan area during the 2011 Tohoku earthquake. The study findings have made it clear that the ground motion in the Tokyo metropolitan area can be captured in more detail by the integration of data produced by the public and private sectors.
Development of the Training Tool “KUG” for Temporary Lodging Facilities and Companies for Stranded Commuters
Authors: Hiroi U , Miyata Sakurako , Shindo Jun , Kurome Tsuyoshi ,   Department of Urban Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan,   Sompo Risk Management Inc., Tokyo, Japan
Published: May 2021

In order to restrain stranded commuters from returning home en masse in the event of an earthquake, in recent years in large cities across Japan, it has been necessary to encourage stranded commuters, who have no place to go to, to remain on their company premises or stay in temporary lodging facilities. However, specific plans and systems that provide appropriate accommodation for stranded commuters vary greatly depending on the state of the disaster, the characteristics of the facilities, and the affected region. Considering the issue of responsibility, it is difficult for business operators to permit stranded commuters to stay. Therefore, local governments have been making efforts to regard their offices as temporary lodging facilities through agreements and setting up a subsidy system for stockpiling. However, they have not yet made progress in securing temporary lodging facilities, nor in the preparations for restraining small and medium-sized enterprise workers from simultaneously returning home in large numbers. To address this issue, this study developed a training tool on the map with which offices can consider the stay and acceptance of stranded commuters and evaluated its usefulness through a workshop and a questionnaire survey.
Development of Matching Modeling for Human Resource Allocation of Shelter Management by the Set Theory
Authors: Numada Muneyoshi ,   Interfaculty Initiative in Information Studies/Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan
Published: May 2021

The purpose of this study is to develop a support system for planning human resource allocation of shelter management by modeling the matching between the shelter and the staff on the basis of the set theory approach to enable sufficient days off, reduce long work hours, and consideration for appropriate rotation without causing the mental and physical deterioration of the shelter management staff. Using this matching model, a basic study was conducted to determine the appropriate human resource allocation to manage the shelter with a small number of staff members, free from unbalanced work days. The study results elucidate the relationship between the number of possible consecutive work days and that of required consecutive days off. In addition, the human resource allocations with experience in shelter management and the setting method of days off were modeled and their results are presented in this study.
Time-Cost Estimation for Early Disaster Damage Assessment Methods, Depending on Affected Area
Authors: Inoguchi Munenari , Tamura Keiko , Uo Kousuke , Kobayashi Masaki , Morishima Atsuyuki ,   University of Toyama 3190 Gofuku, Toyama city, Toyama 930-8555, Japan,   Niigata University, Niigata, Japan,   University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
Published: May 2021

In recent years, various types of disasters have occurred frequently in Japan. Such incidents require a rapid response. It is necessary to grasp the full extent of the disaster at an early stage. Research and development of effective methods to achieve this are in progress. Although each method has its own characteristics, from a business perspective it is necessary to know when and which method should be used to obtain the full extent of the damage. As of yet, there is no comparison among methods to answer this question. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to position the time-cost per unit area as one of the evaluation criteria to understand or estimate damage. To achieve this objective, the procedure of each method is clarified, the area to be analyzed by each method is identified, and the time-cost of each procedure is estimated. The time-cost per unit area is calculated by dividing the time-cost by the area of interest. Particularly, the time required for the preparation of each method, which is independent on the area, is positioned as the initial time-cost that is also derived and added. Based on the above, a linear function with the area of damage as a variable is determined. Simulations are performed to derive the estimated time-cost. Depending on the assumed area of damage, results are obtained when each method is applied.
A Report of the Questionnaire Survey on Awareness of COVID-19 and Shelters
Authors: Yasui Arisa , Numada Muneyoshi ,   Department of Civil Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan,   Interfaculty Initiative in Information Studies, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan,   Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
Published: May 2021

The 2019 novel coronavirus, or COVID-19, has rapidly spread across the world, and has since become not only a health problem but also a socioeconomic problem. In disaster-prone countries like Japan, there is substantial concern about the occurrence of natural disasters during the COVID-19 pandemic. When a natural disaster occurs, many people evacuate to shelters, and an outbreak of infectious disease often happens in shelters. In this situation, we should consider the management of evacuation shelters under this pandemic situation. Many types of research have investigated infectious diseases in shelters after a natural disaster. However, these are about infectious diseases after a disaster, and not about the occurrence of natural disasters under a pandemic like the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Moreover, such researches mainly focus on medical teams or local governments who respond to infectious diseases. Based on the above mentioned information, the purpose of this study is to clarify (i) the change in citizens’ awareness of risk influenced by the spread of COVID-19 and (ii) the measurement and decision necessary for evacuating people under COVID-19. We administered a questionnaire to Japanese citizens from April to May 2020, and found that majority of people do not want to have evacuation life under COVID-19, and this tendency is larger among people who live together with the aged and the care-needed. In addition, this research confirmed the risk awareness structure applicable to both COVID-19 and natural disasters. The results show that many people firmly ask governments to take measures against infectious disease such as using hotels as shelters, securing personal spaces in shelters, storing masks and disinfectors, and so on during an outbreak of an infectious disease. However, it is not enough to take such measures only; it is necessary to provide accurate information and mental support to reduce anxiety in people. Based on these results, we should consider more about the management of shelters under COVID-19 as soon as possible before the arrival of typhoon season.
Designing an Indonesian Disaster Management Information System with Local Characteristics: A Case Study of Mount Merapi
Authors: Santoso Amelia ,   Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Surabaya Raya Kalirungkut, Surabaya 60293, Indonesia, Parung Joniarto , Prayogo Dina Natalia , Lolita Ameilia
Published: May 2021

Effective preparation can help minimize the number of victims and the amount of damage caused by volcanic eruptions, as well as facilitate the recovery of victims’ livelihoods after such disasters. Hence, it is crucial to coordinate and integrate all stakeholders in a management information system in which each stakeholder is interrelated but has different roles and functions. This paper presents the design of a disaster management information system (DMIS) with consideration for the volcano’s location and characteristics. This includes identifying disaster management stakeholders and their respective roles and the volcano’s location and characteristics combined with accessible databases. To validate the design, the results of the DMIS calculations of the needs of refugees from the eruption of Mount Merapi in November 2020 in Kalitengah Lor, Glagaharjo Village, Sleman were compared with the number of real items distributed by the government and donors. The results of this comparison showed that the needs of refugees were fulfilled at a percentage ranging from 66–99%.
Transferencias y demanda de suelo para vivienda: evidencia desde un municipio del noroeste de México
Authors: Zúñiga-Espinoza Nicolás Guadalupe
Published: May 2021

Objetivo: analizar el destino de transferencias condicionadas (TC) para financiar servicios públicos en suelo gestionado para vivienda en un municipio del Noroeste de México. Metodología: a partir de entrevistas semiestructuradas, análisis de documentos y datos consultados en INEGI, CONEVAL, INAFED, Gobiernos Municipal de Guasave y Estatal de Sinaloa, fue posible desarrollar este trabajo para el periodo 2013 a junio de 2020. Resultados: la evidencia indica que de la superficie de 6.9 hectáreas gestionadas para vivienda, el 50 porciento de los lotes son baldíos y en solo una parte de ellos existe casas o construcciones inconclusas (17 porciento). Se trata más de un interés por engorda de terrenos y aprovechar el financiamiento, con transferencias, para introducción de servicios públicos gratuitos como energía eléctrica, agua y drenaje. Limitaciones: la limitada información que se obtuvo en el gobierno municipal obligó a que se entrevistara a informantes clave, lo cual permitió agregar datos cualitativos a la investigación. Conclusiones: la hacienda pública municipal, ante la insuficiencia de ingresos propios, tuvo que hacer uso de transferencias condicionadas para financiar tanto la adquisición de terrenos como la introducción de servicios públicos, recursos que podrían haber destinado a ejecución de obras en otras comunidades del municipio que tienen décadas de marginación
PROFESSIONAL COMPETENCE OF CIVIL SERVANTS AS A FACTOR OF SUCCESS OF PUBLIC MANAGER
Authors: Zhulavskiy A. , Hordiienko V. , Malko N.
Published: May 2021

The article is devoted to the actual issues of professional competence of civil servants in the system of effective public administration. It was found out that official duties of a state body require professional knowledge and certain competencies of a civil servant how to properly apply them. The analysis of the legislative and regulatory framework in the field of civil service shows that a concept as "professional competence of civil servants." Undergoes formation of its foundations and development. The precondition for the formation of competencies for an employee is determined by the position requirements and job responsibilities. The role of the head of the state body, his/her vision and style of management of the institution and staff, his/her fairness and professionalism in the selection of specialists play an important role. The analysis of the procedure of civil servant evaluation, servant’s activities during the last year and the effectiveness of the tasks set by the head of the civil service indicates a constant need to increase the level of professional competence of the employees. Activities of an HR specialist or service, who is responsible for supporting employees in personal, professional and competence growth through elaborating individual plans and training schemes. Approaches to evaluate activities of civil servants and impact of these activities were identified. The current state of implementation of the system of training and re-training, the basic requirements and types of educational services, platforms, including online, were assessed. Basic requirements to professional competence of civil servants necessary for effective work of public authorities were identified. The ways to solve and improve the mechanisms of realization civil service policies, namely improvement of the system of increase of professional competence of civil servants, were suggested. Considering the long-term public administration reform in Ukraine, the government's focus on the gradual provision of public institutions with competent and professional employees who would meet European standards, was identified.
Transfusion of rare cryopreserved red blood cell units stored at –80°C: the French experience
Authors: Peyrard T. , Pham B.N. , Le Pennec P.Y. , Rouger P.
Published: May 2021

The technology allowing freezing of RBC units has been available for many decades. The high-glycerol method for RBC storage at –80°C is predominantly used. Several studies have shown satisfactory results regarding the in vitro viability and function of cryopreserved RBCs. RBC freezing is nowadays mostly encountered in rare blood programs and military deployments. Preservation time of frozen RBCs appears to be virtually indefinite, but most countries apply a 10-year outdate. There is no mandatory time restriction in France. The National Rare Blood Bank currently includes 962 (17.5%) RBC units aged 10 years or more and 153 (2.8%) aged 20 years or more. Since 1994, 1957 RBC units have been thawed and transfused, among which 118 were aged 10 years or more and 8 were aged 20 years or more. Discarding RBC units older than 10 years may be highly sensitive for very rare blood groups, e.g., U–, of which approximately 30 percent of the cryopreserved units are aged 10 years or more. However, the lack of nucleic acid testing for HIV and HCV may be problematic for old RBC units drawn from donors who were not subsequently tested for these markers, which is now mandatory in most countries. Regarding the 118 transfused RBC units older than 10 years, no evidence of hemolysis of thawed RBCs and no transfusion reaction, clinical or biologic hemolysis, or transfusion ineffectiveness was reported, either by any of the parties involved in the transfusion supply of rare RBC units or through the French hemovigilance program, which requires a mandatory report of any transfusion reaction. It has recently been suggested to extend the 10-year restriction in some countries. Considering our experience and observational data, we may consider it safe and efficient to transfuse rare frozen RBC units older than 10 years. An international consensus for RBC cryopreservation time should ideally be established.
Immunohematology

2009;25:13–17.
Transfusion of multiple units of Js(b+) red blood cells in the presence of anti-Jsb in a patient with sickle β-thalassemia disease and a review of the literature
Authors: Yuan S. , Ewing N.P. , Bailey D. , Salvador M. , Wang S.
Published: May 2021

Jsb is a high-frequency antigen. Anti-Jsb is a rare alloantibody, and its clinical significance is poorly documented. We report a case in which a 12-year-old boy of Nigerian descent with sickle β-thalassemia presented with multiple alloantibodies, including a panagglutinin and acute chest syndrome, necessitating the emergent transfusion of five units of phenotype-similar, crossmatch-incompatible RBCs, four of which were given during an exchange transfusion. The patient was later found to have anti-Jsb. In addition to routine serologic methods to study the patient’s RBCs and plasma, a monocyte monolayer assay (MMA) was performed on the patient’s samples obtained 2 and 9 days after transfusion of the Js(b+) RBCs to determine the potential clinical significance of the anti-Jsb. Various laboratory parameters including quantitative hemoglobin fraction analyses were used to monitor for increased RBC destruction. The MMA reactivity of the patient’s anti-Jsb increased from 2.3 percent on day 2 after transfusion to strongly positive at 88 percent and 66.5 percent (with and without the addition of fresh serum) 1 week later. MMA reactivity of greater than 5 percent is associated with increased RBC destruction. There was no clinical or laboratory evidence of increased hemolysis above baseline. However, decreased RBC survival was suggested by the relatively brisk decrease of the HbA1 fraction after the transfusions. The current case and others reported in the literature suggest that anti-Jsb may have limited potential for causing overt hemolysis. However, in patients with underlying hematologic disease, even mildly increased RBC destruction may pose problems clinically, and thus transfusion of Js(b+) RBCs should be avoided. In emergent situations, the potential of adverse effects of transfusing incompatible units should be balanced against the risk of withholding transfusion. Family members, especially siblings, should be considered as potential designated donors for patients with antibodies directed against high-frequency antigens. Available reports on anti-Jsb in the literature are also reviewed.
Immunohematology

2007;23:75–80.
A single base insertion of the 4-α-galactosyltransferase gene led to the deficiency of Gb3 biosynthesis
Authors: Tanaka M. , Yamashita N. , Takahashi J. , Hirayama F. , Tani Y. , Shibata H.
Published: May 2021

cDNAs for α 1,4 galactosyltransferase (A4GALT) have been isolated. To explore the molecular basis of the p phenotype in Japanese donors, we analyzed the A4GALT gene sequences of normal and p phenotype samples. The coding region in the A4GALT gene for DNA sequencing was amplified by PCR amplification. A4GALT expression vectors for individual mutants were constructed by PCR amplification of the coding region using primers and subsequent subcloning into an expression vector. The expression of Gb3/CD77 antigen on the cell surface was evaluated by flow cytometry and by immunochemical techniques. All individuals with the p phenotype were found to have a single base insertion (A4GALT/insC) at the same nucleotide position. Neither the transfectant cells with a mutant gene (A4GALT/insC) of donor origin or those with a synthesized mutant gene (A4GALT/insC-Mu) expressed Gb3 antigen indicating that the presence of A4GALT/insC diminished the A4GALT enzyme activity. In addition, an allele-specific PCR (ASP) system was developed in which donors of the p phenotype with A4GALT/insC can be unambiguously discriminated from normal donors. Based on the finding that a single base insertion (A4GALT/insC) diminishes A4GALT activity, an ASP assay was developed to detect individuals with this particular p phenotype.
Immunohematology

2006;22:23–29.
False reactivity in GTI Pak Plus® ELISA kits due to the presence of anti-mouse antibody in patients’ samples
Authors: Leach M.F. , Aubuchon J.P.
Published: May 2021

The development of commercially available ELISA kits (GTI, Inc., Waukesha, WI) that use antigens adhered to microtiter plate wells by the use of mouse monoclonal antibodies made it possible for hospital transfusion service laboratories to test for platelet- and/or HLA-specific antibodies without reliance on reference laboratories. However, human anti-mouse antibodies (HAMAs) may cause false reactions in ELISAs. We designed a study to determine the impact of HAMAs on these ELISAs. Samples from 210 patients were evaluated from January 1995 to April 2002; 79 (38%) were found to be positive for HLA- and/or platelet-specific antibodies. Thirty (38%) of these positive samples, as well as ten negative samples that served as controls, underwent HAMA neutralization/inhibition procedures before being retested by ELISA. One (10%) of the control samples was reactive after treatment. When the samples that were positive in routine testing were treated to neutralize/inhibit HAMAs, reactivity was unchanged in 20 (67%); reactivity was eliminated in eight (27%) of the samples tested.All of the specimens that showed a reduction or elimination of their reactivity after neutralization/inhibition had an initial optical density (OD) ratio < 3.0 whereas those that remained unchanged in reactivity had an OD ratio > 7.0 (p < 0.05). Reactivity present only in the treated samples was observed in three (10%) of the positive samples tested; one was additionally reactive with HLA antigen only and two with glycoprotein Ia/IIa. The presence of HAMAs should be considered when antibodies against more than one plateletspecific glycoprotein are detected and if the optical density ratio is < 3.0.
Antibody screening in 37°C saline. Is it safe to omit it using the indirect antiglobulin (gel) test?
Authors: Duran J. , Figueiredo M.
Published: May 2021

Pretransfusion tests must detect antibodies that can shorten the life of red blood cells (RBCs). Some studies have demonstrated the existence of clinically significant antibodies detected at 37°C in saline that are not detected by the indirect antiglobulin test (IAT) when the conventional tube test is used. Our aim was to determine whether these antibodies, detected with a 37°C saline tube test, are also detected when a sensitive column gel agglutination method is used. The 2373 pretransfusion samples were tested as they were received (from May 1998 to December 1999), in 37°C saline and by IAT using the DiaMed gel system. The screening tests were performed using 50 μL of 0.8% low-ionic-strength saline suspended RBCs and 50 μL of plasma. The tests were examined for agglutination and hemolysis. Two hundred and thirty three samples (9.81%) were reactive by IAT and 88 (3.70%) by 37°C saline. All 88 samples reactive by 37°C saline also reacted by IAT. These data indicate that 37°C saline is not an essential pretransfusion procedure when the DiaMed gel test is used.
Immunohematology 2002;18:13–15.
Glycophorin A-deficient red cells may have a weak expression of C4-bound Ch and Rg antigens
Authors: Tippett P. , Storry J.R. , Walker P.S. , Okubo Y. , Reid M.E.
Published: May 2021

The blood group antigens Ch and Rg are polymorphisms of C4d. Antigen-positive red blood cells (RBCs) treated with proteases type as Ch-, Rg-. Although RBCs treated with sialidase may type Ch+ Rg+, they cannot be coated with C4 by the 10 percent sucrose method. Since studies of complement binding have shown that glycophorin A (GPA) is an important component for the uptake of C4 by RBCs, we tested all available GPA-deficient RBCs for their Ch and Rg status. Using eluates of human anti-Ch and anti-Rg, and monoclonal anti-Rg, we found that the Ch antigen was only weakly expressed on these RBCs, while Rg expression was variable. Our results imply that in the absence of GPA, C4 binds in vivo to a component or components other than GPA on RBCs.
Imniunobematology
1996:12:4-7.
The impact of a gel system on routine work in a general hospital blood bank
Authors: Chan A. , Wong H.F. , Chui C.H. , Wong L. , Cheng G.
Published: May 2021

The gel system has been reported to be more sensitive and specific than the conventional tube indirect antiglobulin test (IAT) for antibody screening. However, a major concern about the gel system is its cost. A cost analysis study was therefore conducted at our hospital. The gel system costs more than the conventional tube IAT per test; however, the total staff and reagent costs per year were about equal, because of staff savings. Workload and cost per patient requiring blood were reduced using the gel system.
Immunohematology
1996;12:30-32.
Characterization of human anti-hrB-like monoclonal antibody
Authors: Blancher A.P. , Reid M.E. , Alié-Daram S.J. , Dugoujon J-M.H. , Roubinet F.L.
Published: May 2021

To develop a blood typing reagent with Rh specificity, peripheral blood lymphocytes were isolated from a multiparous woman with apparent alloanti-Ce and fused with FIS heteromyeloma cells. One hybridoma cell line, FOR-2E3, secreted human IgG, which agglutinated all human red blood cells except R2R2, RzRz, Dc–, D––, Rhnull, and e+ hrB–. The supernatant is useful as a reagent to screen for hrB– blood donors and to differentiate haplotypes with C and e in cis from haplotypes with C and e in trans.
Platelet transfusion: a review of key concepts
Authors: Sheinbaum A.J. , Herman J.H.
Published: May 2021

Many clinical situations involve the platelet transfusion support of patients with thrombocytopenia. Among these are patients with leukemia, oncology patients receiving chemotherapy, patients undergoing bone marrow transplantation, patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura (ITP), and the acute trauma patient. The Transfusion Medicine service plays a key role in the care of patients in that they are expected to provide quality blood products and aid in clinical decision making. Issues often encountered are the effectiveness, efficiency, and appropriateness of the products being given. This review covers the clinical consequences of thrombocytopenia, the relationship between platelet count and hemorrhage, the impact of platelet transfusion on hemostasis, the “optimal” dosage of platelets, and the importance of individualizing dosage in various common clinical scenarios.
ABO genotyping by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism
Authors: Mifsud N.A. , Haddad A.P. , Condon J.A. , Sparrow R.L.
Published: May 2021

Genotyping enables the identification of both maternally and paternally derived alleles. A number of protocols have been described for the genotyping of the ABO blood group system. Generally, these methods have a number of disadvantages including the use of hazardous reagents, being technically demanding, and the excessive use of materials. In this study, a relatively simple polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method is described. Four different amplifications were used that were specific for nucleotides sites 261, 526, 703, and 796 to distinguish the A, B, O1
and O2
alleles. The ABO genotypes of 294 random individuals were determined and were found to completely correlate with the serologic phenotypes. The protocol is applicable for investigations of weak or nonexpression of ABO alleles, paternity determinations, and population analysis.
A method to detect McLeod phenotype red blood cells
Authors: Øyen R. , Reid M.E. , Rubenstein P. , Ralph H.
Published: May 2021

It is important to identify the McLeod phenotype in order to differentiate the McLeod syndrome from other causes of acanthocytosis, e.g., chorea acanthocytosis. A proportion of males with the McLeod phenotype have X-linked chronic granulomatous disease. Because anti-Kx + -Km, which is needed for identification, is not readily available, detection of the McLeod phenotype relies on observed weakening of Kell antigens on the individual’s red blood cells (RBCs). Identification of McLeod carrier females (obligate heterozygotes) is even more difficult because only a minor subpopulation of RBCs may express the weakened Kell phenotype. RBCs from 12 sets of mother/son or father/daughter pairs were tested by standard hemagglutination tube tests and by flow cytometry using both monoclonal and polyclonal Kell system antibodies. Monoclonal anti-K14 (G10) in tests with RBCs from McLeod males reacted ± by hemagglutination (control cells 2+) and had a median fluorecence of 6–11 by flow cytometry (control cells 441). Monoclonal anti-k (F7) and human polyclonal anti-k (C30A-1) gave stronger reactions by hemagglutination with RBCs from McLeod males and were not appropriate to differentiate RBCs with the McLeod phenotype from RBCs with normal Kell antigen expression. Crisp mixed-field agglutination was obtained in tests with monoclonal anti-K14 versus RBCs from the 12 obligate carrier females. Flow cytometry using anti-K14 also clearly identified two RBC populations (median fluorescence of 6–11 and 229–382, respectively). Kell system antibodies may vary in their ability to detect a weakened expression of the corresponding antigen on RBCs with the McLeod phenotype by hemagglutination. Antibodies suitable for differentiating McLeod syndrome from other forms of acanthocytosis should be reagents that are preselected after extensive testing. In this study, flow cytometry clearly identified the two RBC populations in McLeod carrier females.
The GLAM test: a flow cytometric assay for the detection of leukocyte antibodies in autoimmune neutropenia
Authors: Lubenko A. , Wilson S.
Published: May 2021

The GLAM assay, a combined flow cytometric immunofluorescence test that simultaneously detects antibodies to granulocytes, lymphocytes, and monocytes, was used in the investigation of autoimmune neutropenia. This method avoids the need for a succession of immunofluorescence tests, first against granulocytes and then against lymphocytes, in order to distinguish granulocyte-specific from granulocyte/lymphocyte-reactive antibodies, such as noncomplement-fixing anti-HLA sera. Samples from 18 patients with a suspected diagnosis of autoimmune neutropenia were referred for investigation. Leukocytes were harvested in sufficient quantities from 10 of the patients such that neutrophil and lymphocyte direct antiglobulin tests (DATs) and antibody screening and identification could be undertaken (in one case the results were inconclusive). Only three of these 10 patients had DAT-positive granulocytes, and one of these three also had DAT-positive lymphocytes. One further patient demonstrated DAT-positive lymphocytes in the absence of granulocyte-bound IgG, despite a presumed diagnosis of autoimmune neutropenia, rather than pancytopenia. This was the only patient in this cohort who had demonstrable leukocyte antibodies reacting with lymphocytes but not granulocytes. Of the remaining eight patients (not evaluable for granulocyte or lymphocyte DATs), five had free leukocyte antibodies in the serum; three of these five had both granulocyte- and lymphocyte-reactive antibodies free in the serum and two only had granulocyte-specific antibodies.
Empirical evaluation of the transfusion medicine tutor
Authors: Obradovich J.H. , Smith P.J. , Guerlain S. , Rudmann S. , Strohm P. , Smith J. , Svirbely J. , Sachs L.
Published: May 2021

Previous research during the development of Antibody IDentification Assistant (AIDA) revealed that many medical technology students and other laboratory personnel have serious difficulties in determining the specificity of blood group alloantibodies, especially weak or multiple antibodies. Based on these previous results, AIDA was modified to provide a teaching environment for medical technology students. We report the results of a rigorous, objective evaluation of the resultant system, the Transfusion Medicine Tutor (TMT). The results show that the students who were taught by an instructor using TMT to provide the instructional environment went from 0 percent correct on a pretest case to 87 percent correct on posttests (n = 15). This increase compares with an improvement rate of 20 percent by a control group (n = 15) who used a passive version of the system with the tutoring functions turned off.
Identification of the Tcb
allele of the Cromer blood group gene by PCR and RFLP analysis
Authors: Udani M.N. , Anderson N. , Rao N. , Telen M.J.
Published: May 2021

The Cromer blood group antigens reside on the complement regulatory protein, decay-accelerating factor (DAF). The Cromer system comprises 10 antigens, 3 of which are of low incidence. When an individual is homozygous for the allele encoding one of these low-incidence antigens, they are liable to produce an antibody to the antithetical high-frequency antigen if challenged by pregnancy or transfusion. These antibodies are often difficult to identify, because of the lack of readily available antigen-negative cells and typing sera. In blacks, about 5 percent of individuals carry the rare Tcb
Cromer allele. We have shown that the presence of the low-incidence Tcb
allele can be detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of a fragment of the gene encoding DAF, followed by allelespecific restriction enzyme digestion.
A comparison of two solid phase systems for antibody detection
Authors: Haslam G.M. , Sajur J. , Fournier Y. , Aulph J. , Persaud M. , Heddle N.
Published: May 2021

Two solid phase methods of antibody detection, Capture-R (CR) and Capture-R Ready-Screen (RS), were compared to determine their acceptability for use in prenatal antibody screening. Ninety-six serum samples, screened using a saline antiglobulin test, were coded and tested by CR and RS at two laboratory sites using a blinded study design. Thirty of the samples were free of antibody, and 66 samples contained antibody. Parallel testing was also performed in both laboratories on 648 prenatal samples. The sensitivity and specificity of CR, based on the 96 previously screened samples, was 95 percent and 90 percent, respectively, and the sensitivity and specificity of RS was 90 percent and 89 percent, respectively. Antibodies detected only by CR included anti-K(1), -Ch(2), -Jka(1), -Lea(1), -Fya(1), -Mca(1), and -e(1). Antibodies detected only by RS included anti-Jka(5) and -E(1). The sensitivity and specificity of CR for the 648 prenatal samples was 100 percent for each, while the sensitivity and specificity of RS was 97 percent and 100 percent, respectively. Both CR and RS are acceptable techniques for prenatal antibody screening.
En(a–)FIN phenotype in a Pakistani
Authors: Rapini J. , Batts R. , Yacob M. , Howard C. , Behzad O. , Singa P. , Walker P.S. , Reid M.E.
Published: May 2021

An antibody to a high-incidence antigen in the serum from a Pakistani female (SD) was identified as anti-Ena. Her red cells have the En(a–)FIN phenotype and lack glycophorin A. This is the first En(a–) to be described in a Pakistani individual and represents the fourth family to be reported.
Immunohematology
1995;11:51–53.
Antibody identification reports: a microcomputer program
Authors: Kuriyan M. , Marsh W.L.
Published: May 2021

Antibody identification involves preparation of a comprehensive report for the benefit of the referring physician. These reports require technical, supervisory, and clerical time to produce a quality report. To standardize laboratory reporting of immunohematologic test results in an increasingly cost-conscious environment, we developed computer-generated laboratory report forms. These forms permit the reference laboratory technician to produce final reports with only a few keystrokes. Use of the program also reduces typographic errors and staff time, standardizes reports, and permits data storage and analysis of all antibody reports.
Irnmunohematology
1995;11:54–59.
Review: antibodies and antigens in immune neutropenias
Authors: Lucas G.F.
Published: May 2021

In the 1960s and 1970s, the role of granulocyte-specific alloantibodies, autoantibodies, and drug-dependent antibodies in certain neutropenic conditions became established. In some of these conditions, neutropenia is associated with an increased risk of life-threatening infections or unexpected mortality during routine blood transfusion, but, in the majority of conditions involving granulocyte antibodies, the clinical course tends to be benign. Consequently, because the detection and identification of granulocyte antibodies is time consuming and labor intensive, there has been little impetus for further development in this area. However, in the last few years, immunochemistry and molecular biology have provided advances in granulocyte immunology. The purpose of this review is to describe current knowledge about the antibodies and antigens implicated in immune neutropenias.