bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
EFFECTS OF DISCONFIRMED CONSUMER EXPECTATIONS ON FOOD ACCEPTABILITY
Authors: CARDELLO A.V. , SAWYER F.M.
Published: May 2007

Three studies were conducted to assess the effects of disconfirmed consumer expectations on food acceptability. In the first, disconfirmed expectations for the sensory attributes of an edible film had a negative effect on acceptability of the film. Greater disconfirmation resulted in lower acceptance and purchase intent. In the second study, written product information was used to establish three levels of expected acceptability and expected bitterness for a novel fruit beverage. Comparison of preexposure (expected) and postexposure (perceived) ratings of acceptability and bitterness supported an assimilation model of disconfirmation effects for conditions in which expectations of acceptability were high and expectations of bitterness were low. A contrast effect was observed for bitterness judgments when expectations of bitterness were high. Associative effects resulting from the expectation manipulation were observed on other sensory attributes. In the third study, expectations were manipulated to influence both direction (positive versus negative) and degree of disconfirmation for the acceptance of cola beverages. Results provided further support for an assimilation model of these effects.
MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS OF CONVENTIONAL PROFILING DATA: A COMPARISON OF A BRITISH AND A NORWEGIAN TRAINED PANEL
Authors: RISVIK EINAR. , COLWILL JANET S. , McEWAN JEAN A. , LYON DAVID H.
Published: May 2007

Many studies have shown that conventional profiling provides reproducible and meaningful results. However, comparison of the technique as used in different countries appears to be nonexistent. In addition, data analysis is often approached differently, and this aspect is also addressed. This paper describes a study to compare the results obtained from profiling milk chocolate samples, using trained panels in Britain and Norway. Data were analyzed using principal component analysis, generalized Procrustes analysis and partial least squares regression. Results indicate that the underlying perceptual structure of the sample spaces obtained from both panels were similar, however, the emphasis on the underlying sensory dimensions differed. Moreover, it was possible to calibrate the two profiles, which has implications for marketing products for export, as well as providing a potential tool for panel monitoring and calibration across cultures.
FREE‐CHOICE PROFILING OF MILKS AND OTHER PRODUCTS PREPARED WITH MILKS OF DIFFERENT FAT CONTENTS
Authors: RAATS MONIQUE M. , SHEPHERD RICHARD.
Published: May 2007

Free‐choice profiling was used to develop a sensory profile of milks of different fat content and a range of food products prepared from them. The products were cornflakes, flavored milk, instant coffee, oat cereal, savory sauce, tea, and whipped dessert. The aim of the work was to investigate whether or not sensory differences brought about by using milk with a different fat content are noticeable in the context of use, and, if so how the differences can best be described. The milks of different fat content, the flavored milk and the cornflakes, savory sauce, and tea to which milk was added were significantly different from each other but the instant coffee, oat cereal, and whipped desserts were not. The differences found between the samples of different fat content were most often described with mouthfeel terms pertaining to viscosity, i.e., “thin/watery,”“buttery/fatty/ greasy/oily,”“coating/clinging,” and “creamy/rich.”
EFFECT OF HOMOGENIZATION AND FAT CONTENT ON ORAL PERCEPTION OF LOW AND HIGH VISCOSITY MODEL CREAMS
Authors: RICHARDSON N.J. , BOOTH D.A. , STANLEY N.L.
Published: May 2007

Assessed under low‐intensity red illumination, homogenized and thickened higher fat milk samples evoked higher sensory ratings of creaminess than did the unhomogenized or lower‐fat milks that had not been thickened to the viscosity of double cream. Furthermore, perceptual ratings of fat content showed the same dependency on homogenization, higher fat and thickness and were entirely accounted for by the creaminess ratings. This indicates that assessors recognize the type of milk or cream most similar to a rated standard and infer its fat content on the basis of tactile patterns produced in the mouth by forces at the surface of small and even‐sized dairy fat globules when bulk forces are produced by sufficient viscosity.
DISCRIMINATION OF TEXTURE AND APPEARANCE IN CHEDDAR CHEESE USING CONSUMER FREE‐CHOICE PROFILING
Authors: JACK F.R. , PIGGOTT J.R. , PATERSON A.
Published: May 2007

Are texture and appearance important factors in consumer choice of cheddar cheese? Quantitative descriptive analysis gives large data sets, but it is not clear how much is relevant to consumer perception. In a study of 20 cheddar style cheeses, free‐choice profiling was employed to explore consumer discrimination. Appearance was the dominant factor, in particular color. Precise coloration was important to panelists. Textural descriptors related to perception of cheese character in the mouth appeared to relate to styles of cheese production and regional differences. Maturity was also a descriptor that could be defined in textural terms, and cheeses described as mild, vegetarian and low‐fat cheeses were discriminated using descriptors related to elasticity and immaturity. It was apparent that the cheddar cheeses were perceived as being very varied in both appearance and texture, and the consumer panel discriminated between products readily using a range of descriptors.
SENSORY PROPERTIES OF FERMENTED MILKS: OBJECTIVE REDUCTION OF AN EXTENSIVE SENSORY VOCABULARY
Authors: HUNTER E. ANTHONY , MUIR D. DONALD
Published: May 2007

Sensory laboratories develop vocabularies for new products and even for some old products so that Quantitative Descriptive Profiling can be carried out. It is common to find that the vocabulary developed is too extensive to be used on a routine basis. One method of reduction is to use statistical methods to identify sub‐sets of descriptors. This paper describes how these methods have been used in the development of a vocabulary for fermented milks. Sub‐sets of the vocabulary were found, using the communalities from the principal component analyses, and these were verified to cover the sensory space by Procrustes Rotation. A confirmatory experiment was carried out using the reduced vocabulary. A Procrustes Rotation of the scores derived from the separate analysis of these experiments verified that they were in excellent agreement.
COMPARISON OF SINGLE PRODUCT SCALING AND RELATIVE‐TO‐REFERENCE SCALING IN SENSORY EVALUATION OF DAIRY PRODUCTS
Authors: STOER NATALIE L. , LAWLESS HARRY T.
Published: May 2007

Single product scaling and relative‐to‐reference scaling were compared on the basis of numbers of significant differences among chocolate milks and among vanilla yogurts using both trained and untrained panels. The study involved 920 comparisons among product means with appearance, flavor and mouthfeel attributes. Although there were a greater number of significant t‐tests when the relative‐to‐reference scales were used by both trained and untrained panels, the differences between scale types were minor. Panels showed no advantage with the type of scale they used first. The two methods may be used with equal efficiency for sensory evaluations.
IMPROVEMENT OF TRIANGLE TEST DATA BY USE OF INCENTIVES
Authors: BERGLUND PATRICIA T. , LAU KIN‐NAM , HOLM EDNA T.
Published: May 2007

The objectives of this study were to determine the distribution of the sensory panelists’ ability to detect differences and to improve the triangle test by minimizing unnecessary guessing. The triangle test was modified to include the use of economic incentives through which panelists voluntarily revealed their ability to detect differences. Panelists were asked to estimate their ability to detect differences and the probability of identifying the odd sample in a triangle test. They were then organized into three ability groups according to their responses. Double triangle tests, followed by triangle tests with economic incentives, were used to evaluate a cereal product and a beverage. The ability to detect differences was modeled as a probability, and the distribution of panelists was estimated. The economic incentives test was more effective when used with the beverage in which differences were less difficult to detect. We found that the economic incentive test discouraged the panelists from guessing unnecessarily, thus increasing the motivation of the panelists to detect differences, and allowing researchers to determine the distribution of discrimination ability.
PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS OF TIME‐INTENSITY BITTERNESS CURVES1
Authors: DIJKSTERHUIS GARMT B.
Published: May 2007

Perceived bitterness in drinks is known to fade slowly over time. Time‐Intensity curves are a means of studying this fading process. K subjects record the perceived bitterness intensity by moving a slider on a monitor using a mouse. Usually average TI‐curves are calculated to give a representation of the TI‐curve for one particular object. The problem is that there often are large individual differences, so the average TI‐curve is not always a good representation. An alternative is to perform a Principal Component Analysis on the matrices of objects by individual TI‐curves for each object. The resulting, so‐called, Principal Time Intensity Curves (PTIC's) are better representations than the average curves. Often the PTIC's for the different products are hard to distinguish. In this case a noncentered PCA of the matrix with curves gives results which show more differences between the products.
GRAPHICAL APPLICATIONS IN THE ANALYSIS OF CROSSOVER DESIGNS IN FOOD SENSORY STUDIES
Authors: SCHANTZ RHODA M. , PONTIUS JEFFREY S.
Published: May 2007

Graphs useful in exploratory data analysis for checking assumptions and evaluating treatment, sequence, and period effects in a linear model from a crossover design are discussed. In particular, a two‐period, two‐treatment crossover design of a food sensory study is used to illustrate the applications of these graphs.
SENSORY PROPERTIES OF EXTRUDED CORN MEAL RELATED TO THE SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF PROCESS CONDITIONS
Authors: ONWULATA CHARLES , HEYMANN HILDEGARDE
Published: May 2007

The quality determining factors of extruded products are affected by the temperature, shear and pressure generated by any input to the extruder during the short residence time (< 120s). Although the relationship of process history to measurable product qualities has been established, sensory qualities have not been well correlated to these process responses. Sensory attributes of extruded corn meal products were investigated and correlated to measured physical properties in this study. Corn meal was extruded in a twin screw extruder (Baker Perkins MPF 50/25; LD ratio 15:1) with step increases in screw speed from 200‐400 rpm, and moisture from 16‐22%. Principal component analysis (PCA) of main factors from sensory color, crispness, and adhesiveness was correlated to process torque, pressure and temperature. Spatial distribution of process response and product attributes showed crispness to be dependent on extrusion temperature. Porosity and adhesiveness were not correlated to any measured process response. PCA analysis identified significant differences in the effects of moisture and screw speed input to the extruder on product properties.
RESPONSES OF JAPANESE AND AUSTRALIANS TO SWEETNESS IN THE CONTEXT OF DIFFERENT FOODS
Authors: LAING D.G. , PRESCOTT J. , BELL G.A. , GILLMORE R. , ALLEN S. , BEST D.J. , YOSHIDA M. , YAMAZAKI K. , ISHII R.
Published: May 2007

The responses of Australians and Japanese to the sweetness of 36 products from 6 food categories, namely beverages, biscuits, cereals, chocolates, fruit juices and jams were compared using ‘sweetness liking’, ‘sweetness strength’ and ‘sweetness just right’ scales. Similar responses were obtained for the two panels with jams and fruit juices, but considerable disagreement particularly as regards ‘sweetness liking’ occurred with beverages, biscuits and chocolates where there was evidence that familiarity with the products influenced sweetness responses. Where it was possible to compare the ‘sweetness strength’ of similar products from each country, e.g., strawberry jam, there were no obvious differences. The sweetness of products from both countries covered a wide range of levels, and liking for sweetness levels appeared to be dependent on the context of the product and familiarity with the product. Prediction of liking for the sweetness level of a particular product does not appear possible and it is clear that with a significant number of products from either country that modification of sweetness levels would be necessary for acceptance by the other culture.
EFFECTS OF STARTER CULTURES ON SENSORY PROPERTIES OF SET‐STYLE YOGHURT DETERMINED BY QUANTITATIVE DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS
Authors: ROHM H. , KOVAC ALEŠA , KNEIFEL W.
Published: May 2007

A series of yoghurts was produced by using ten commercially available starter cultures under laboratory conditions and subjected to descriptive sensory analysis. The score sheet was developed by a ten member panel and included eight sensory categories. Additionally, a hedonic scale was used for evaluating acceptability impression. Statistical analysis showed good performance of both individual subjects and the whole panel. Furthermore, homogeneity between replicate assessments was observed. Significant differences between products were found in each sensory category except texture (gel firmness). Correlation analysis showed significant interrelations between some sensory continua. By using multiple regression analysis hedonic scores were found to be mainly determined by ‘Flavor’ and ‘Ropiness’ showing positive and negative weightings, respectively.
ADJUSTING ROASTED PEANUT ATTRIBUTE SCORES FOR FRUITY ATTRIBUTE AND NONOPTIMUM CIELAB L* VALUES1
Authors: PATTEE H.E. , GIESBRECHT F.G.
Published: May 2007

Developing peanut breeding strategies for roasted peanut flavor improvement requires that roasting be to an optimum and effects of negative environmental exposure be to a minimum. In practice it is difficult to achieve these conditions. However, statistical adjustments are possible. To ascertain the proper adjustments, surface response equations were determined relating roast color and fruity attribute scores to roasted peanut attribute score. Fruity attribute had a depressing effect on roasted peanut attribute score. Similarly, underroasting as well as overroasting led to reduced roasted peanut attribute scores. Adjusting for genotype and location had nonsignificant effects on mean optimal roast color or linear equation slope values of the fruity‐roasted peanut relationship. With these findings a method for maximization of roasted peanut values was developed using a modified SAS routine. Although the capability to estimate the roasted peanut flavor of a sample with optimal roasting and environmental effects has several potential applications, our specific application is to evaluate parentage contribution to flavor enhancement or flavor reduction.
LIKING FOR ICE CREAM MEASURED WITH THREE PROCEDURES: SIDE‐BY‐SIDE, AFTER CONSUMPTION AND SINGLE SAMPLES
Authors: LÄHTEENMÄKI L. , TUORILA H.
Published: May 2007

The purpose of this study was to compare how similar results are achieved by three different procedures of measuring liking for ice cream. Subjects (N=56) assessed their liking for three brands of vanilla ice cream on a 9‐point scale in seven sessions within three weeks. The examined procedures were (1) tasting and rating all three brands simultaneously side‐by‐side within the same session, (2) rating each brand in separate sessions after ad libitum consumption and (3) tasting (without consumption) and rating each brand in separate sessions. The liking scores for brands differed significantly but the differences were small because all samples were well‐liked. In all procedures, the ratings of liking differed clearly between those who ranked the brand first and those who ranked it second or third, even if there was a considerable number of tied first places. Correlations among the three different measurements of liking were relatively low for all brands of ice cream (r = 0.16 – 0.37). The most preferred brand for most respondents changed from one procedure to another. The perceived characteristics were close to ideal in all brands, and all three procedures gave similar mean results. The distance of mouthfeel, creaminess, sweetness, and vanilla aroma from ideal differed between those who liked the brand best and those who rated it second or third. These differences were larger in side‐by‐side and after consumption conditions compared to single sample presentation.
SENSORY AND INSTRUMENTAL EVALUATION OF APPLE COLOR
Authors: HUNG Y.‐C. , MORITA K. , SHEWFELT R. , RESURRECCION A.V.A. , PRUSSIA S.
Published: May 2007

Instrumental measurement of color places hue in a 360° continuum, but sensory description of color usually refers to distinct hues — red, green, yellow etc. Color evaluation of “Golden Delicious” apples by both an instrumental method and an experienced sensory panel was conducted to determine if sensory panelists perceive changes of golden apple color in green and yellow hues separately or on a hue continuum from green to yellow. Apple color changed from green to yellow during storage. Two different sensory scoring ballots were used to determine if sensory panelists view color in discrete green and yellow hues or on a green‐to‐yellow continuum. Data collected from this study demonstrated that sensory panelists can detect the color changes of decreasing greenness, increasing yellowness, and color change from green to yellow in an equal fashion. Hue angle represented the best predictor of sensory color perception.
ADVANTAGES OF THE SAME‐DIFFERENT METHOD OVER THE TRIANGULAR METHOD FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF TASTE DISCRIMINATION
Authors: STILLMAN JENNIFER A. , IRWIN R. JOHN
Published: May 2007

The triangular method, the same‐different rating method, and the standard same‐different method were each used with 10 tasters to obtain estimates of the discriminability of two concentrations of a colorless beverage. There were no significant differences in d′, an index of discriminability, among the three tasks. In the light of this parity, a choice amongst the methods should be driven by practical considerations. When receiver operating characteristics (ROCs) were fitted to the rating data, the model underlying published tables of d′ was strongly supported, so that discriminability can be assessed from same‐different data either by entering tables or by fitting ROC curves. Same‐different methods appear more acceptable to tasters than the triangular method.
COGNITIVE ASPECTS OF DIFFERENCE TESTING: MEMORY AND INTERSTIMULUS DELAY
Authors: CUBERO ELBA , AVANCINI DE ALMEIDA TEREZA C. , O'MAHONY MICHAEL
Published: May 2007

There are many ways in which a laboratory difference test differs from ‘real life’ discrimination of foods. One of these is the interval of time between tasting the two stimuli to be discriminated. To investigate this, judges performed same‐different discrimination tests using a citrus flavored beverage as a medium. The time interval between tasting the standard and comparison stimuli was varied. In this initial study, short intervals of zero, 30, 60 s were examined. For judges unfamiltar with the stimuli, performance deteriorated as the time interval increased. For judges familiar with the stimuli, the zero time interval elicited best performance but there was no decrease in performance when the interval was increased from 30 to 60 s. The results were explained by hypothesizing different types of memory trace for the standard stimulus being utilized for comparison with the comparison stimulus.
THE TEMPORAL PERCEPTION OF MENTHOL1
Authors: GWARTNEY ELIZABETH , HEYMANN HILDEGARDE
Published: May 2007

Although menthol is a common ingredient in pharmaceutical and food products, its sensory properties have not been studied extensively. The objective of this study was to describe and compare the temporal properties of l‐ and d‐menthol. The cooling, burning, and bitterness of two menthol isomers (l‐, d‐) each at 0.01, 0.02, 0.04, 0.08% (w/v) in aqueous solution were evaluated by 11 trained panelists using time‐intensity methodology. The intensity of all three attributes were evaluated continuously from introduction of the sample into the mouth, through expectoration at 10 s, until the termination of the sensation. The l‐menthol samples had a greater maximum intensity and longer total duration of cooling and burning sensations than the d‐menthol samples. In addition, maximum intensity and total duration of cooling and burn increased with concentration. In contrast, the total duration of the burning sensation was only dependent upon concentration of the l‐isomer. Increasing menthol concentration significantly increased maximum intensity and total duration of bitterness for both isomers.
PROFILING TO DESCRIBE THE SENSORY CHARACTERISTICS OF A SIMPLE MODEL MENTHOL SOLUTION1
Authors: GWARTNEY ELIZABETH , HEYMANN HILDEGARDE
Published: May 2007

The objective of this study was to compare data obtained using descriptive analysis (DA) and free‐choice profiling (FCP) of a simple model solution. Three menthol isomers (l‐, d‐, dl‐), each at 0.01, 0.02, and 0.04% (w/v), were tested. A trained DA panel (n = 11) used two aroma, three nasal‐sensation, two taste, and five mouth‐sensation terms to describe the samples. An untrained panel (n = 15) used FCP to assess the same solutions. Individual FCP panelists used from nine to twenty‐one terms. All DA terms significantly discriminated among the samples. Seven to eighteen of the FCP panelist descriptors significantly discriminated among the samples. Procrustes analyses (PA) indicated that FCP and DA similarly discriminated among the samples, possibly because the solutions were essentially one dimensional. Sample loadings on dimension 1 of both spaces were correlated (r = 0.966) as were dimension 2 loadings (r = 0.783). The FCP Rc‐value was 91.2% and the DA Rc value was 85.6%. At higher concentrations (0.04 and 0.02%) l‐menthol was significantly stronger than d‐menthol in eucalyptus aroma, nasal clearing, all mouth cooling attributes, and bitter attertaste. At 0.01 % concentration no significant differences were detected among the menthol isomers.
CONSUMER ACCEPTANCE OF COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE FRANKFURTERS1
Authors: CHAMBERS DELORES H. , IV EDGAR CHAMBERS , BOWERS JANE R.
Published: May 2007

Consumers want meat products that are healthful and affordable. However, consumers will repurchase a product only if it tastes good. Consumers identified reasons for purchasing frankfurters and evaluated overall acceptability of 10 commercially available frankfurters. Consumers listed “taste” as the most important factor when purchasing frankfurters; only 16% of the consumers indicated that nutrition/health was the most important criterion. Nineteen consumer‐perceived sensory and liking attributes were measured for the frankfurters in this study. The intensities of the attributes ranged from low to moderately high. All the frankfurters scored in the low to moderate range for overall acceptability. Most of the scores for liking of individual attributes correlated highly with overall liking, indicating that many of the questions relating to attribute liking could be eliminated.
PERCEPTION OF FAT IN A MILK MODEL SYSTEM USING MULTIDIMENSIONAL SCALING
Authors: TEPPER BEVERLY J. , KUANG TAO
Published: May 2007

This study examined the contributions of stimulus fat content and flavor volatiles to the perception of fat in a milk model system. The model system was formulated by adding bland vegetable oil (0%, 5%, or 10% w/v) and natural cream flavor (0%, 0.5% or 1% w/v) to a skim milk base. Panelists judged pairs of samples for similarity on the basis of three attributes (fat content, mouthcoating and thickness) and the results were analyzed using a multidimensional scaling procedure. Two‐dimensional solutions best represented the data. The stimulus spaces for fat content and mouthcoating were visually similar to each other and provided reasonable separation of the samples. Instrumental measures helped to define the underlying dimensions of the stimulus space for fat content. Dimension 1 related to texture and included the contributions of viscosity, and fat particle size and number distribution; dimension 2 related to flavor perception. The sample with a moderate fat content (5%) and the highest concentration of added cream flavor (1%) was perceived to be similar to the 10% fat samples with added flavor. Thus, the added flavor provided the sensation of higher fat content. These data suggest that flavor plays an important role in the preception of fat in dairy foods. A psychophysical model of fat perception in dairy foods is proposed which includes the contribution of viscosity, fat particle size and number distribution, and volatile flavor perceptions.
Nurse Practitioner Political Strength Through Unification
Authors: Martin E. Jane. , Kobert Shirley Negley
Published: May 2007

If nurse practitioners are to achieve their goal of serving as the principal providers of primary health care and having a major voice in health policy decisons, they must increase their political effectiveness. Of all the problems that nurse practitioners face today, this is one of the most serious. This article identifies some of the reasons why nurse practitioners have failed to achieve maximum political effectiveness, such as lack of national stancardization of the role, titling confusion, and the lack of research to demonstrate that the nurse practitioner is the most appropriate and cost effective primary health care provider. Next, the consequences of the above are explored. Finally, some solutions are proposed, the most important of which is the establishment of a strong national nurse practitioner organization to serve as the voice of all nurse practitioners.
Assessment of Urinary Incontinence in the Elderly
Authors: McDowell B. Joan. , Burglo Kathryn L. , Candib Dorothy
Published: May 2007

Urinary incontinence is a major health problem affecting the lives of many elderly people. A formal urologic examination often is not required for proper diagnosis and successful treatment of incontinence. This article focuses on safe, accurate, and inexpensive methods of incontinence assessment that can be performed in a variety of settings by nurse practitioners. The evaluation described incorporates medical, behavioral, and physiologic assessment of deficits commonly encountered in older incontinent individuals.
Innovation‐Diffusion Theory and the Evolution of the Nurse Practitioner Role: How a Good Thing Has Caught On
Authors: Polfus Patricia , Bigbee Jeri
Published: May 2007

Nurse practitioners are one of the most unique innovations in health care delivery in recent decades. In this article, Roger's innovation‐diffusion theory is applied to an analysis of the evolution of the nurse practitioner role. The four elements of the diffusion process, the innovation, communication, time, and social system, are addressed. Consequences of the innovation‐diffusion process, as well as research implications, are presented.
Teenagers’ Perceptions of Unplanned Adolescent Pregnancies and Oral Contraceptive Use
Authors: White Joyce E. , Kellinger Kathleen Gault
Published: May 2007

Adolescent women who are sexually active often do not use contraceptives consistently and correctly. Adolescents are sexually active for an average of 15 months before initiating regular contraceptive use and the majority of young women who initiate use discontinue within the first year after initiation. This study enrolled 50 young women who initiated oral contraceptive use and was designed to provide more understanding of their perceptions about the possibility of an unplanned pregnancy and about contraceptive use. They were again contacted 6 weeks after initiation of oral contraceptives to assess continuation. Findings revealed that 90% of the subjects were sexually active at the time of the first visit; the mean period of sexual activity was 15 months. Only 30% had used a nonprescription birth control method during this period. While perceiving themselves to be highly susceptible to pregnancy, many young women continue to have psychosocial barriers to contraceptive use. Follow‐up contact revealed more than 10% of the subjects were not using oral contraceptives.
Vaginal Birth After Cesarean: Issues and Implications
Authors: Resick Lenore K. , Erlen Judith A.
Published: May 2007

Vaginal birth after cesarean is still an uncommon practice in the United States despite fewer contraindications to it. This article examines issues relates :o cesarean section practice patterns, malpractice, rising health care costs, changing crildbearing patterns, and risks and benefits to mother and baby. Implications for nurses are discussed as they relate to nursing education, practice, and research.
AIDS Beliefs in Young Women: Are They Related to AIDS Risk‐Reduction Behavior?
Authors: Bridgers Claudia , Figler Kathleen , Vaughan Susan , Sawin Kathleen J.
Published: May 2007

Little is known about the relationship between AIDS beliefs and AIDS risk‐reduction behavior, especially in young heterosexual adults. This study explores young women's beliefs and behavior regarding AIDS. The results of this exploratory study indicate that college women generally see AIDS as serious, do not see themselves as susceptible, and are uncertain if AIDS beliefs influence their contraceptive behavior. Higher susceptibility scores are consistently correlated with AIDS risk‐reduction behavior, and women who believe that AIDS affects their contraceptive use are more likely to use condoms. Implications for practice and strategies to increase susceptibility in women at risk are discussed.
A Profile of San Francisco Bay Area Nurse Practitioners and Their Needs
Authors: Crabtree M. Katherine. , Renwanz‐Boyle Andrea , Perry Brenda , Taylor Robin , Thrailkill Ann
Published: May 2007

A collaborative research project conducted by nurse practitioners (NPs) was undertaken to establish a profile of NPs practicing in the San Francisco Bay area. The profile consisted of information regarding educational preparation, certification, employment status, salary, and practice characteristics. A mail survey of all Bay area NPs was implemented to obtain the information used in program planning and membership recruitment for the Primary Care Nurse Practitioner Interest Group of Region 12 of the California Nurses’ Association. The results revealed the types of programs desired and common barriers to participation. Based on these findings, changes were made in the program format and offerings to make the organization more responsive to the needs of NPs.
Nonsurgical Management of the Infant With Gastroesophageal Reflux and Respiratory Problems
Authors: Gillies Chris
Published: May 2007

Gastroesophageal reflux (GER), which is associated with respiratory problems such as choking, aspiration, apnea, and chronic respiratory disorders, is a source of significant concern to parents and health care providers. An understanding of the physiologic basis for the association between GER and these disorders enables the nurse practitioner (NP) to act as case manager for these patients. Knowledge of diagnostic procedures and components of management such as positional therapy, feeding techniques, pharmacologic therapy, home monitoring, and social support strategies enables the NP to collaborate effectively with other members of the health care team in providing nonsurgical treatment for these infants.
The Curriculum Blueprint: An Application to Nurse Practitioner Education
Authors: Fullerton Judith T. , Pickwell Sheila M.
Published: May 2007

A psychometric model for the construction of examinations (the test construction process) is adapted as a conceptual framework for curriculum design. The outcome of the process, the curriculum blueprint, is proposed as particularly advantageous for nurse practitioner education, which is somewhat unique among nursing specialties in its need to accommodate the competing demands of several regulatory or educational approval bodies that influence the content of its curriculum. The curriculum blueprint provides a visual dimension and therefore is useful as a communication tool. An excerpted example of a curriculum blueprint is offered.
The Nurse Practitioner and Autonomy: Contributions to the Professional Maturity of Nursing
Authors: Dempster Judith S.
Published: May 2007

In 1990 we celebrated the 25th anniversary of the nurse practitioner (NP) movement. We now have had considerable experience with the role, and it is appropriate to examine our contributions to the maturity of nursing as a profession. Nursing's future health care delivery role in an increasingly competitive health care arena may well depend on the autonomy of the practice of professional nursing. This article focuses on NPs, their autonomy, and their contributions to the professionalization of nursing.
Cardiovascular Effects of Cocaine Abuse
Authors: Coleman Donna
Published: May 2007

According to the 1988 National Household Survey conducted by the National Institute on Drug Abuse, cocaine use among the total population has decreased. This same survey also reported an increase in cocaine use among chronic abusers of the drug. As cocaine use has increased among the abuser population, so has the number of emergency room admissions for cocaine‐related complaints; moreover, these patients were admitted with primarily cardiovascular complaints. It is important for the nurse practitioner to recognize the cardio‐toxic effects of cocaine abuse. Cocaine abuse should be part of the differential diagnosis in patients with cardiovascular complaints.
Professionalism of Nurse Practitioners
Authors: Setlersten Lori
Published: May 2007

Little information is presently available about the professionalism of nurse practitioners (NPs). Nor do we know what degree of professionalism is actually exhibited by NPs. Nurse practitioners in this study scored moderately professional. The highest level of education attained had no relationship to degree of professionalism. With increasing age and number of years in practice, NPs expressed a greater degree of professionalism. Nurse practitioners need to continue their development of professionalism, both as individuals and as members of groups and/or organizations. Recommendations for practice, education, and research are discussed.
Predictors of a Health‐Promoting Life‐style Among Well Adult Clients in a Nursing Practice
Authors: Frauman Annette C. , Nettles‐Carlson Barbara
Published: May 2007

The self‐reported health‐promoting life‐style (HPL) of 130 well adults in a primary care clinical population was examined in relation to the cognitive/perceptual and sociodemographic factors hypothesized in Pender's Health Promotion Model (1987) to predict this behavior. Subjects were randomly drawn from the clients of a group nurse practitioner practice emphasizing health maintenance. Data were collected by mailed survey (response rate, 59%) with one telephone prompt. The mean age of the subjects was 39.7 years; 72.3% were female; 51.2% were married; 47.7% had college degrees; and 67.4% were white. Blacks were underrepresented in the sample compared to the practice population (= 7.56, p= .006). Using multiple regression, the definition of health, importance of health, health locus of control, age, gender, marital status, race, education, income, and rural/urban residence were studied to determine their effects on health‐promoting behavior. Results generally supported the Pender Model. Defining health eudiamonistically, that is, as exuberant well‐being (rather than adaptive, functional, or absence of disease), predicted HPL. Ranking health above other values such as achievement and harmony had no effect; chance health locus of control had a negative relationship. In the final regression model, predictors of HPL were eudiamonistic conception of health and college education (p= .0001, R2= 17). Based on this data, considerations of a clients’health conception when framing health‐promotion messages is warranted in this population.
Reducing Children's Pain‐Distress Associated With Injections Using Cold: A Pilot Study
Authors: Gedaly‐Duff Vivian , Burns Cathie
Published: May 2007

This study used an experimental design to test the question, “Does ice reduce the pain‐distress children experience with injections?” One half of the 38 preschool children had ice applied to the preimmunization site for 30 seconds. The remaining children received the injection without the extra intervention. Measures included the Global Mood Scale, pulse rate, Oucher scale, and Faces scale. The results failed to show that ice reduces children's pain‐distress with injections. Reasons for the failure are discussed, with comments on the various measures and suggestions for further study in this area of child nursing care.
The Shuler Nurse Practitioner Practice Model: A Theoretical Framework for Nurse Practitioner Clinicians, Educators, and Researchers, Part 1
Authors: Shuler Pamela A. , Davis Jean E.
Published: May 2007

Because nurse practitioners (NPs) have expanded their nursing knowledge and skills into medicine they need a model that reflects this expanded role. This article presents the Shuler Nurse Practitioner Practice Model, which is wellness‐oriented and suggests how patient interaction, assessment, intervention, and evaluation should occur.
Teaching Strategies Used by Expert Nurse Practitioner Preceptors: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Davis Marcia Szmania , Sawln Kathleen J. , Dunn Melinda
Published: May 2007

Nurse practitioner (NP) programs utilize expert clinicians as preceptors for their students. Little is written regarding this important role. This study explored teaching strategies used by expert preceptors. Fifteen preceptors in a master's level NP program participated in this qualitative study. The study identified (a) orientation strategies, (b) strategies used with all students, and (c) strategies used differentially according to level of learner. Two distinct preceptor styles emerged from the data (“incremental structure” and “sink or swim”). Preceptors also identified characteristics of student readiness for increased responsibility.Results of this qualitative study can be helpful in preceptor orientation and continued education.
A Psychosociocultural Perspective, Part 2
Authors: Ann Lee
Published: May 2007

Building on the foundation of understanding and comprehensive assessment of battered women, this article addresses service planning and intervention. Strategies are approached within the framework of a Crisis Paradigm developed from field research with battered women and their families. They include mechanisms such as support groups which link crisis service to the long‐term needs of battered women, and systematic approaches to removing the obstacles which keep women victimized. An Assessment and Service Planning Guide (ASPG) is proposed for inclusion in routine health care of abused women. The article concludes with strategies for preventing violence at interpersonal and societal levels.
Physical Health Measurement of the Older Adult: New Instrumentation
Authors: Pless Betsy S. , Clayton Gloria M. , PhD Peter Martin , Poon Leonard W.
Published: May 2007

The Georgia Centenarian Study examines the biologic, psychologic, and social factors contributing to life satisfaction and successful aging in late adulthood. Three age groups are included, 60 through 69 years, 80 through 89 years, and 100+ years. While the overall theoretical model includes multiple variables, physical health is viewed as critical to successful aging. This article presents an overview of physical health measurement for older persons. Some existing measures of physical health are included in the test battery for the Georgia Centenarian Study; however, the investigators determined the need for the inclusion of a new instrument. This article describes existing measures as well as the rationale and process of development of a new instrument.
Facilitating the Nurse Practitioner's Research Role: Using a Microcomputer for Data Entry in Clinical Settings
Authors: Matteson Peggy S. , Hawkins Joellen W.
Published: May 2007

Data coding and entry can be a tedious and error‐prone component of research. Statistical packages for a microcomputer are now available that enable the researcher to create data entry forms in a spread sheet format. In this article the use of software that can be used for data entry, manipulation, and analysis is discussed. In a practice setting these features are particularly useful, because the nurse practitioner can take the microcomputer to the clinical facility and enter data directly from client‐provider interactions or from records. In clinical settings where client data are entered directly into a computer database as part of assessment and care giving, data can be downloaded onto this or similar programs for manipulation and analysis.
The Role of the Nurse Practitioner in the Diagnosis and Management of Bulimia Nervosa, Part 1: Diagnosis
Authors: Muscari Mary E.
Published: May 2007

Bulimia nervosa is a complex syndrome that is usually difficult to diagnose and treat. Its secretive nature and minimal physical symptoms impede detection, while its chronicity impedes management. As a primary care provider, the nurse practitioner must be able to assess and intervene with these challenging clients. This series of articles will allow the nurse practitioner to develop a foundation for caring for clients with bulimia nervosa.
Evaluating the Older Patient's Ability to Function
Authors: Gray Deanna
Published: May 2007

There are over 25 million Americans age 65 years and older, and the majority live independently. Advancing age increases the likelihood that some will require assistance in daily living. Nurse practitioners who serve this population can aid older adults to maintain independence as long as possible. This requires knowledge about physiological age changes as well as changes from pathological conditions and how each can affect function. In an effort to detect functional impairments, vital information can be gathered through a review of functional ability as well as observation of selected measures of function. Incorporation of tools that measure functional status can assist practitioners in determining need for formal health and psychosocial support services.
Saudi Sands, SCUDS, and Survival
Authors: Glendon Maureen P.
Published: May 2007

SCUD attacks were one of many challenges this pediatric nurse practitioner (NP) and Air Force Reserve flight nurse faced daily during Desert Shield and Desert Storm. Providing nursing care to sick and injured patients on board a C141 transport plane en route from Saudi Arabia to Germany was her primary responsibility. Additionally, many hours were spent filling sandbags, attending in‐service classes, and practicing putting on a gas mask and protective suit. Although the war has been over for almost 3 years, the effects are long lasting. The author was able to use her wartime experience positively to gain insight into survival in today's violent society. As violence increases, NPs must reshape their focus and educate their clients about survival.
Ectopic Pregnancy
Authors: Creech Constance J.
Published: May 2007

Ectopic pregnancy remains a diagnostic and management challenge for nurse practitioners. The incidence and physiology of ectopic pregnancy, the current research on risk factors, detection methods, and management techniques, and counseling strategies are reviewed in this article. In addition, a protocol for nurse practitioners to improve the management and possibly lessen the serious impact of this challenging complication of pregnancy will be discussed.
Demographic Predictors of Smoking at Initiation of Antenatal Care
Authors: Sergent Jennie B. , Sheahan Sharon L. , Latimer Melissa
Published: May 2007

The purpose of the retrospective epidemiologic study was to determine smoking prevalence and its correlates among pregnant women. Data for the study were collected from 477 randomly selected medical records of pregnant women attending a Kentucky obstetrical clinic. Logistic regression analysis, when controlling for age and education, showed that significant predictors of smoking prior to pregnancy were being married and being a woman of color. Significant demographic predictors of smoking at initiation of antenatal care were being married, being a woman of color, early age at onset of smoking, and number of cigarettes smoked per day.
Sources of Stress for Nurse Practitioners
Authors: Manderino Mary A. , Brown Maureen , Peters Maureen , Wirtz Randy
Published: May 2007

The purpose of this study was to identify perceived stressors and manifestations of stress in nurse practitioners practicing in Missouri and California. The greatest sources of stress reported by the entire sample (N=80) were in the categories of time demands and role restrictions. Missouri nurse practitioners found role restriction problems significantly more stressful than California nurse practitioners did. Manifestations of stress fell within the norms of non‐psychiatric adults on the Symptom Check List 90‐R.
Rational‐Emotive Therapy in the Management of Migraine Headache
Authors: Johnson Nancy Banfield
Published: May 2007

Traditional treatments have drawbacks and are not fully effective for all patients suffering from migraine headaches. Rational‐emotive therapy (RET) may prove beneficial as a complementary treatment to medication and biofeedback in the management of chronic migraine headache. This article explains RET and provides a rationale for its use in migraine therapy. A case study illustrates RET in action. Research studies of RET with migraine patients are discussed.
Implementing Preventive Care
Authors:   U.S. Public Health Service
Published: May 2007

Delivery rates for many preventive services are low in the U.S., often falling below 50%. Many factors contribute to this shortcoming, a number of which are within the control of the practicing clinician. This section discusses two important aspects of the delivery of clinical preventive services—establishing a preventive care protocol and implementing it in practice—and reviews basic principles of screening, immunization, and counseling. The references serve as a basic bibliography on the implementation of preventive services in primary care settings.
Dr. Donna Shalala, Secretary U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
Authors: Jennings Carole
Published: May 2007

In this interview, conducted in July 1994, Dr. Shalala gives the readers her perspective on nurse practitioners in health care reform and the reshaping of the primary care emphasis in the Health Resources Services Administration (HRSA).