bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluating Games-Based Learning
Authors: Hainey Thomas , Connolly Thomas
Published: April 2012

A highly important part of software engineering education is requirements collection and analysis, one of the initial stages of the Software Development Lifecycle. No other conceptual work is as difficult to rectify at a later stage or as damaging to the overall system if performed incorrectly. As software engineering is a field with a reputation for producing graduate engineers who are ill-prepared for real-life software engineering contexts, this paper suggests that traditional educational techniques (e.g. role-play, live-through case studies and paper-based case studies) are insufficient in themselves. In an attempt to address this problem we have developed a games-based learning application to teach requirements collection and analysis at the tertiary education level. One of the main problems with games-based learning is that there is a distinct lack of empirical evidence supporting the approach. This paper will describe the evaluation of the requirements collection and analysis process using a newly developed framework for the evaluation of games-based learning and will focus on evaluation from a pedagogical perspective.
An Exploratory Study of the Cyberbullying and Cyberstalking Experiences and Factors Related to Victimization of Students at a Public Liberal Arts College
Authors: Kraft Ellen , Wang Jinchang
Published: April 2012

This article shows the results of a study of the cyberbullying and cyberstalking experiences of students at a public liberal arts college. A survey was administered online to sophomores, juniors, seniors, and graduate students at the college. The prevalence rates were 10% for cyberbullying and 9% for cyberstalking, shown in the sample of 471 respondents. Traditional college students under 25 years of age were experiencing and participating in cyberbullying at higher rates than older college students. Prior experience as a victim of cyberbullying in high school was a significant risk factor for cyberbullying and cyberstalking in college, which implies that students’ roles in cyberbullying are maintained from high school to college. The majority of college students are handling cyberbullying incidents themselves rather than utilizing campus resources, but two-thirds of respondents would be more likely to consider reporting an incident if there was a central e-mail address available for reporting incidents.
Kinetics of HIV-1 in Cerebrospinal Fluid and Plasma in Cryptococcal Meningitis
Authors: Cecchini Diego M. , Cañizal Ana M. , Rojas Haroldo , Arechavala Alicia , Negroni Ricardo , Bouzas María B. , Benetucci Jorge A.
Published: April 2012

In order to determine HIV-1 kinetics in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma in patients with cryptococcal meningitis (CM), we undertook a prospective collection of paired CSF/plasma samples from antiretroviral therapy- free HIV-infected patients with CM. Samples were obtained at baseline (S1) and at the second (S2) and third (S3) weeks of antifungal therapy. HIV-1 CSF concentrations were significantly lower in both S2 and S3 with respect to S1. Plasma concentrations remained stable. HIV-1 concentrations were higher in plasma than CSF in all cases. Patients who survived the episode of CM (but not those who died) showed a decrease in CSF viral load, what suggests different viral kinetics of HIV-1 in the CSF according to the clinical course of this opportunistic disease.
A Case Report of an Extremely Rare and Aggressive Tumor: Primary Malignant Pericardial Mesothelioma
Authors: Feng Xiaolan , Zhao Liena , Han Guangming , Khalil Moosa , Green Francis , Ogilvie Travis , Krause Vanessa
Published: April 2012

Primary pericardial malignant mesothelioma (PMPM) is extremely rare with an incidence less than 0.0022%. It comprises 0.7% of all mesothelioma cases. To date, approximately 350 cases of pericardial mesothelioma have been reported in the literature. Its typical presentation is insidious, with nonspecific signs and symptoms, and usually results in constrictive pericarditis, cardiac tamponade and congestive heart failure either by a serous effusion or by direct tumorous constriction of the heart. With the exception of several case reports, the outcome is uniformly fatal, and patients typically die within six months of diagnosis. Here we report a 72-year-old Cauca -sian male with persistent pericardial and pleural effusion. He was diagnosed with PMPM after pericardectomy. He had only one cycle of chemotherapy with cisplatin and pemetrexed. He developed acute kidney injury as result of chemotherapy. He died 1 month after diagnosis and 6 months after the first symptoms.
Managing DICOM images: Tips and tricks for the radiologist
Authors: Varma Dandu Ravi
Published: April 2012

All modalities in radiology practice have become digital, and therefore deal with DICOM images. Image files that are compliant with part 10 of the DICOM standard are generally referred to as "DICOM format files" or simply "DICOM files" and are represented as ".dcm." DICOM differs from other image formats in that it groups information into data sets. A DICOM file consists of a header and image data sets packed into a single file. The information within the header is organized as a constant and standardized series of tags. By extracting data from these tags one can access important information regarding the patient demographics, study parameters, etc. In the interest of patient confidentiality, all information that can be used to identify the patient should be removed before DICOM images are transmitted over a network for educational or other purposes. In addition to the DICOM format, the radiologist routinely encounters images of several file formats such as JPEG, TIFF, GIF, and PNG. Each format has its own unique advantages and disadvantages, which must be taken into consideration when images are archived, used in teaching files, or submitted for publication. Knowledge about these formats and their attributes, such as image resolution, image compression, and image metadata, helps the radiologist in optimizing the archival, organization, and display of images. This article aims to increase the awareness among radiologists regarding DICOM and other image file formats encountered in clinical practice. It also suggests several tips and tricks that can be used by the radiologist so that the digital potential of these images can be fully utilized for maximization of workflow in the radiology practice.
Pictorial essay: Role of ultrasound in failed carpal tunnel decompression
Authors: Botchu Rajesh , Khan Aman , Jeyapalan Kanagaratnam
Published: April 2012

USG has been used for the diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome. Scarring and incomplete decompression are the main causes for persistence or recurrence of symptoms. We performed a retrospective study to assess the role of ultrasound in failed carpal tunnel decompression. Of 422 USG studies of the wrist performed at our center over the last 5 years, 14 were for failed carpal tunnel decompression. Scarring was noted in three patients, incomplete decompression in two patients, synovitis in one patient, and an anomalous muscle belly in one patient. No abnormality was detected in seven patients. We present a pictorial review of USG findings in failed carpal tunnel decompression.
MRI evaluation of the contralateral breast in patients with recently diagnosed breast cancer
Authors: Taneja Sangeeta , Jena Amarnath , Zaidi Syed. Mohd. Shuaib , Khurana Anuj
Published: April 2012

Introduction: Contralateral breast cancer can be synchronous and/or metachronous in patients with cancer of one breast. Detection of a synchronous breast cancer may affect patient management. Dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI of the breast (DCE-MRI) is a sensitive technique for detecting contralateral lesions occult on the other imaging modalities in women already diagnosed with cancer of one breast. Aim: The aim was to assess the incidence of mammographically occult synchronous contralateral breast cancer in patients undergoing MRI mammography for the evaluation of a malignant breast lesion. Materials and Methods: A total of 294 patients with recently diagnosed breast cancer who underwent MRI of the breast were evaluated for lesions in the opposite breast. Results: The incidence of synchronous contralateral malignancy detected by preoperative MRI mammography done for evaluation of extent of disease was 4.1%. Conclusion: Preoperative breast MRI may detect clinically and mammographically occult synchronous contralateral cancer, and can help the patient avoid an additional second surgery or a second course of chemotherapy later; also, as theoretically these lesions are smaller, there may be a survival benefit as well.
Investigating the stomatal, cuticular and soil ammonia fluxes over a growing tritical crop under high acidic loads
Authors: Loubet B. , Decuq C. , Personne E. , Massad R. S. , Flechard C. , Fanucci O. , Mascher N. , Gueudet J.-C. , Masson S. , Durand B. , Genermont S. , Fauvel Y. , Cellier P.
Published: April 2012

Abstract. Ammonia concentration and fluxes were measured above a growing triticale field for two months during May and June 2010 at the NitroEurope crop site in Grignon (Fr-Gri) near Paris, France. The measurement campaign started 15 days following a 40 kg N ha−1 application of an ammonium nitrate solution. A new mini-wedd (Wet Effluent Denuder) flow injection analyser with three channels (ROSAA, RObust and Sensitive Ammonia Analyser) was used to measure NH3 fluxes using the aerodynamic gradient method. The measured ammonia concentrations varied from 0.01 to 39 μg NH3 m−3 and were largely influenced by advection from the nearby farm. The ammonia fluxes ranged from –560 to 220 ng NH3 m−2 s−1 and averaged –29 ng NH3 m−2 s−1. During some periods the large deposition fluxes could only be explained by a very small surface resistance, which may be partly due to the high concentrations of certain acid gases (HNO3 and SO2) observed in this suburban area. Ammonia emissions were also observed. The canopy compensation point Cc was around 1.5 μg NH3 m−3 on average. The canopy emission potential Γc (Cc normalised for the temperature response of the Henry equilibrium) decreased over the course of the measurement campaign from Γc = 2200 to Γc = 450, the latter value being close to the median stomatal emission potential (Γs) and lower than the median ground emission potential (Γg) for managed ecosystems reported in the literature. The temporal dynamics of the measured NH3 flux compared well with the Surfatm-NH3 model using fitted parameters. The subjectivity of the model fitting is discussed based on a sensitivity analysis.
Response of Nodularia spumigena to pCO2 – Part 2: Exudation and extracellular enzyme activities
Authors: Endres S. , Unger J. , Wannicke N. , Nausch M. , Voss M. , Engel A.
Published: April 2012

Abstract. The filamentous and diazotrophic cyanobacterium Nodularia spumigena plays a major role in the productivity of the Baltic Sea as it forms extensive blooms regularly. Under phosphorus limiting conditions Nodularia spumigena has a high enzyme affinity for dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP) by production and release of alkaline phosphatase. Additionally, it is able to degrade proteinaceous compounds by expressing the extracellular enzyme leucine aminopeptidase. As atmospheric CO2 concentrations are increasing, we expect marine phytoplankton to experience changes in several environmental parameters including pH, temperature, and nutrient availability. The aim of this study was to investigate the combined effect of CO2-induced changes in seawater carbonate chemistry and of phosphate deficiency on the exudation of organic matter, and its subsequent recycling by extracellular enzymes in a Nodularia spumigena culture. Batch cultures of Nodularia spumigena were grown for 15 days aerated with three different pCO2 levels corresponding to values from glacial periods to future values projected for the year 2100. Extracellular enzyme activities as well as changes in organic and inorganic compound concentrations were monitored. CO2 treatment–related effects were identified for cyanobacterial growth, which in turn was influencing exudation and recycling of organic matter by extracellular enzymes. Biomass production was increased by 56.5% and 90.7% in the medium and high pCO2 treatment, respectively, compared to the low pCO2 treatment and simultaneously increasing exudation. During the growth phase significantly more mucinous substances accumulated in the high pCO2 treatment reaching 363 μg Gum Xanthan eq l−1 compared to 269 μg Gum Xanthan eq l−1 in the low pCO2 treatment. However, cell-specific rates did not change. After phosphate depletion, the acquisition of P from DOP by alkaline phosphatase was significantly enhanced. Alkaline phosphatase activities were increased by factor 1.64 and 2.25, respectively, in the medium and high compared to the low pCO2 treatment. In conclusion, our results suggest that Nodularia spumigena can grow faster under elevated pCO2 by enhancing the recycling of organic matter to acquire nutrients.
“He Looks Guilty”: Reforming Good Character Evidence to Undercut the Presumption of Guilt
Authors: Ross Josephine
Published: April 2012

How do juries decide the guilt or innocence of the accused? In cases where identification is at issue, the physical evidence is not conclusive, or where credibility is central to determining guilt, juries often look at the character of the accused to help piece together what happened. This is an article about good character evidence. It is also an article about how the perceived character of an accused affects the outcome of jury trials.
The Struggle for Hershey: Community Accountability and the Law in Modern American Philanthropy
Authors: Sidel Mark
Published: April 2012

In the late summer of 2002, the Pennsylvania charitable trust that controls and owns most of the Hershey Foods Corporation put this American corporate icon and one of the world’s leading food and confectionary conglomerates up for sale. The Hershey Trust, whose legal beneficiary is the local Milton Hershey School for poor and underprivileged children, told workers, managers and the press that it sought to diversify its investment portfolio long concentrated in Hershey Foods stock, and “unlock the value” of its controlling shares in Hershey Foods by taking bids for all of its shares in the company.
Tributes to Professor Cyril A. Fox, Jr.
Authors: Frolik Lawrence A. , Hornak Mark R. , Lane J. Thomas
Published: April 2012

Cy Fox often forgets that he was supposed to be “only” an academic. For three decades, as he helped thousands of law students through the intricacies of the Rule in Shelley’s Case, or watched them calculate a “life in being plus twenty one years” for the Rule Against Perpetuities, he failed to appreciate that law school was supposed to be an amalgam of theory and confusion, not the place for his teaching law students about helping real people solve real life problems.
Slaying the Dying Dragon of State Sovereignty A Review of Narrowing the Nation’s Power: The Supreme Court Sides without the States, by John T. Noonan, Jr.
Authors: Seamon Richard H.
Published: April 2012

John Noonan cuts a chivalric figure as the author of Narrowing the Nation’s Power: The Supreme Court Sides with the States. He takes up the lance against a maleficent Court dominated by five conservative Justices. The cause of his battle is a series of recent decisions in which the Court has relied on principles of federalism to limit Congress’s power over states. These federalism decisions, Noonan contends, so limit Congress’s power that they pose a “present danger to the exercise of democratic government.”
Poverty and Communitarianism: Toward a Community-Based Welfare System
Authors: Gilman Michele Estrin
Published: April 2012

This Article analyzes how communitarian political theory addresses poverty and impacts American social welfare programs. For several decades, communitarian and liberal philosophers have debated over how best to achieve justice through their competing notions of personhood. Whereas liberal theorists stress the values of individual autonomy and state neutrality, communitarians assert that people are socially constituted and that liberalism therefore pays too little attention to the value of community. Yet despite their attempts to articulate a superior form of justice, communitarian theorists either ignore or misunderstand issues related to poverty, as this Article explains. Nevertheless, their insights are helpful in thinking about combating inequity. Not only does communitarian theory support collective responsibility for alleviating economic injustice, but it also provides a framework for moving away from individual blame as an explanation for poverty. Current welfare law is based on the idea that individual behavior and choices cause poverty. As a result, welfare recipients are required to work without adequate social and economic supports to enable selfsufficiency, and most remain mired in poverty. By contrast, this Article describes an alternative, pragmatic vision for welfare that builds upon the social capital that exists within distressed urban communities as a way to improve individual outcomes.
Critical Race Realism: Re-Claiming the Antidiscrimination Principle through the Doctrine of Good Faith in Contract Law
Authors: Houh Emily M.S.
Published: April 2012

This Article comprises the last leg of a larger project I have undertaken on the implied obligation of good faith in contract law. I have argued elsewhere that, as a descriptive matter, the doctrine of good faith and fair dealing in contract law, despite some theoretical controversy in the established scholarship on the doctrine, functions in contemporary contract law not as an implied contract term—as it was originally conceived—but as a rhetorical proxy for judicial analyses of material breach and constructive conditions relating to underlying breach of contract claims. While such applications of good faith have been of great functional value to courts, lawyers, and students of contract law, I have argued that these developments have caused good faith jurisprudence to languish in an impoverished state and to further detach from the doctrine’s equitable roots in implicit contractual obligation. As such, I also have argued from a critical race perspective that, as a normative matter and due to the inadequacies of civil rights remedies, good faith should be used to prohibit discriminatory conduct based on race, gender, sexual identity, age, and/or other categories of identity in the contractual context.
The Problem with Forgiving (But Not Entirely Forgetting) the Crimes of Our Nation’s Youth: Exploring the Third Circuit’s Unconstitutional Use of Nonjury Juvenile Adjudication in Armed Career Criminal Sentencing
Authors: Donahue Stephen F.
Published: April 2012

For better or for worse, our Constitution ensures that the basic rights of fair procedure are guaranteed to all American citizens, including those accused of crime, no matter how much society may disapprove of their actions. The United States Supreme Court has expressly provided that “[d]ue process of law is the primary and indispensable foundation of individual freedom” and effectively serves as the “basic and essential term in the social compact which defines the rights of the individual and delimits the powers which the state may exercise.” Recognizing that the failure to observe fundamental procedural due process guarantees has historically resulted in substantial unfairness to criminal defendants, the Court has worked to establish heightened procedural safeguards in criminal proceedings over the latter half of the past century.6 In this sense, the Court has openly embraced the belief that “the progression of history, and especially the deepening realization of the substance and procedures that justice and the demands of human dignity require” has called for courts to “invest the command of ‘due process of law’ with increasingly greater substance.” Consequently, the Supreme Court has set a clear example that lower courts must move forward “with advancing the conception of human rights in according procedural as well as substantive rights to individuals accused of conflict with the criminal laws.”
A “Bona Fide” Loophole for Dealers: Three-Year Protection from Section 12(a)(1) Actions under the 1933 Act
Authors: Rodi Christopher R.
Published: April 2012

The goal of the Securities Act of 1933 (“the Act”) is to protect investors. The Act protects investors by requiring anyone who wishes to sell a security to provide potential investors with the information needed to make an informed purchase decision. For newly issued securities, this information is contained in a registration statement filed with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). Section 5 is the heart of the Act. It, along with associated SEC rules, governs the actions of issuers, underwriters, and dealers in securities covered by this registration statement. The Act and rules provide the SEC with powers to prevent the sale of these securities by refusing to declare the registration statement “effective,” and by “stop orders” after it is declared effective. The SEC may also order anyone who violates the provisions of the Act to “cease and desist,” may pursue them civilly for violations, or may make referrals to the Department of Justice for criminal prosecution. The Act also provides private remedies for investors to pursue anyone who offers or sells securities in violation of the Act.
Where There’s At-Will, There Are Many Ways: Redressing the Increasing Incoherence of Employment at Will
Authors: Moss Scott A.
Published: April 2012

Employment at will, the doctrine holding that employees have no legal remedy for unfair terminations because they hold their jobs at the will of the employer, has become mired in incoherence. State courts praise the common law rule as “essential to free enterprise” and “central to the free market,” but in recent years they increasingly have riddled the rule with exceptions, allowing employee claims for whistleblowing, fraud, etc. Yet states have neither rejected employment at will nor shown any consistency in recognizing exceptions. Strikingly, states cite the same rationales to adopt and reject opposite exceptions, as a case study of two states illustrates: One state accepts exception X to protect employees while rejecting exception Y to maintain employment at will; yet on the same rationales, the other accepts exception Y while rejecting X.
Chilled to the Pill: The Japanese Judiciary’s Cool Reception of the Poison Pill and Potential Repercussions
Authors: Gruener Douglas G.
Published: April 2012

While the 1990s is frequently referred to as Japan’s “lost decade” because of the nation’s economic underperformance and weak structures for corporate governance, the past few years have shown a business environment that is in the midst of significant transition. Most importantly, Japan is experiencing a boom in mergers and acquisitions (M&A), with the first half of 2005 alone accounting for an aggregate value of $108.9 billion in Japanese M&A transactions (greater than the $108.5 billion of deal value accumulated in all of 2004). Among the major factors contributing to this trend are the improved cash positions of many companies, a record level of foreign share ownership that has helped strengthen shareholder activism, and, perhaps most significantly, the gradual unwinding of stable cross-shareholding relationships that were previously a staple of Japanese corporate strategy and stability.
The Future of Constitutionally Required Lesser Included Offenses
Authors: Hoffheimer Michael H.
Published: April 2012

For over a generation courts have recognized that failing to instruct juries on lesser included offenses results in wrongful convictions. In Beck v. Alabama, the Supreme Court held that in capital cases juries must be instructed on the option of returning convictions of non-capital lesser included offenses. The Court explained that this right prevents juries from being forced to make all-or-nothing choices between guilt and innocence in cases where serious crimes have been committed and pressures to convict of some crime are great.
Double Checking the Doctor’s Credentials: The New Medical Expert Qualification Statute of MCARE
Authors: Werner Justin H.
Published: April 2012

The problem of rapidly escalating premiums paid by doctors for medical malpractice insurance has plagued Pennsylvania in the last decade. These rates have uprooted Pennsylvania doctors from their local practices and hospitals in favor of out-of-state locations with lower rates. Furthermore, some Pennsylvania doctors and hospitals specializing in high-risk procedures have refused to perform high-risk surgeries or have limited their practice to more routine procedures.
In Memoriam: Welsh S. White
Authors: Alschuler Albert W.
Published: April 2012

Welsh White died of lung cancer at the age of 65 on the last day of 2005. He was a fine athlete who never smoked, stayed in terrific shape, and ran tenminute miles and played great tennis until his diagnosis in August. The months after August were grueling and discouraging, but Welsh had only one complaint. He missed teaching.
A New Perspective on the International Criminal Court: Why the Right Should Embrace the ICC and How America Can Use It
Authors: Sievert Ron
Published: April 2012

In examining the response of the U.S. to the development of international law and institutions, one observes that the proponents of an international approach are traditionally idealists and those representing the left wing of American politics. The opposition tends to be led by conservatives and nationalists. A review of public statements surrounding the creation of the ICC reveals that it is no exception. The Court was formed, in the words of Kofi Annan, to help “ensure that no ruler, no State, no junta and no army anywhere can abuse human rights with impunity . . . that those who violate those rights will be punished.” Organizations such as Human Rights First, Human Rights Watch, Amnesty International and Citizens for Global Solutions have heavily promoted the ICC, and many international lawyers have expressed a “romantic attachment” to the idea that the Court can efficiently judge and deter war criminals and those who abuse human rights. However, as early as 1998, members of America’s political right wing, such as Senators Jessee Helms and John Ashcroft, have made it clear that they viewed the ICC as a threat to U.S. national sovereignty and our preeminence in world affairs. Senator Ashcroft stated that the Court was a “continuing threat to the national interest,” while Senator Helms declared that “the United States will never—and I repeat, never—allow its national security decisions to be judged by any international criminal court.” AmbassadorJohn Bolton and the Cato Institute also took strong and early stands against the Court, with Ambassador Bolton declaring that the adoption of the ICC breaches “the American citadel . . . , advocates of binding international law will be well on the way toward ultimate elimination of the ‘nation state.’”
Litigating in the Shadow of Innocence
Authors: Marshall Lawrence C.
Published: April 2012

In 1976, the Supreme Court of the United States, allowing optimism to trump experience, accepted various states’ assurances that new death penalty procedures the states had then recently adopted would avoid the vices that had led the Court to strike down the death penalty in 1972. Now, some thirty years later, a body of evidence has developed demonstrating that this experiment has failed—that the problems of arbitrariness, racism and propensity to error are endemic to the criminal justice system (particularly with regard to capital punishment) and cannot be cured by what Justice Blackmun called “tinker[ing] with the machinery of death.” Despite the Court’s best intentions, the death penalty procedures of the 1980s and 1990s and the first half of this decade reflect little if any significant improvement over the condemned pre-1972 systems.
Green Medicine: Using Lessons From Tort Law and Environmental Law to Hold Pharmaceutical Manufacturers and Authorized Distributors Liable for Injuries Caused by Counterfeit Drugs
Authors: Aleong Stephanie Feldman
Published: April 2012

The majority of the American public would be astonished by the frequency with which counterfeit prescription drugs appear on reputable drug store shelves. In 2004, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) noted that those who counterfeit prescription drugs “deny ill patients the therapies that can alleviate suffering and save lives.” In 2006, the World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that there exists a $30 billion market in fake drugs. Although the FDA has tried to characterize the incidence of counterfeit medications in the United States prescription drug marketplace as “rare,” numerous instances of counterfeit drugs reaching consumers from the shelves of large, retail pharmacy chains have been well-documented. As a result, the FDA has lifted the stay on a nearly fifteen-year-old regulation that requires distributors of prescription drugs to document the sources of the drugs they peddle. In fact, the high risk of receiving fake or diverted drugs in the United States has been referred to as “pharmaceutical roulette” for millions of American patients.
The First Amendment and the End of the World
Authors: Harris Stewart
Published: April 2012

This paper deals with a serious question that is largely unaddressed by the U.S. or international legal systems: how should society deal with inherently, catastrophically dangerous information—information that, in the wrong hands, could lead to the destruction of a city, a continent, or, conceivably, the entire planet? Such information includes, but is not limited to, blueprints for nuclear weapons, as well as specific formulae for chemical and biological weapons of mass destruction. The paper is not a critique of the existing statutes and regulations that various governments use to keep their secrets secret. Rather, it is a discussion of what to do when some such secrets are inevitably disclosed, or, more generally, how to deal with catastrophically dangerous information that is generated outside of governmental control. Addressing these issues is primarily a matter of policy, but policy with significant constitutional dimensions. Perhaps the most fundamental of thosedimensions is the question of whether a governmental restriction on receipt, dissemination, and even mere possession of information can be reconciled with the speech and press clauses of the First Amendment. Although existing authorities do not directly address the subject, what little authority there is suggests that reasonable restrictions upon the possession and dissemination of catastrophically dangerous information—even when that information is already within the public domain—can be implemented in a way that is consistent with the First Amendment. Given the growing urgency of the subject and the need for a comprehensive approach, I advocate a statutory solution in the United States that defines and limits access to catastrophically dangerous information, but which also limits governmental seizures and restrictions to only the most dangerous types of information, and which provides for a pre-seizure warrant requirement and expedited post-seizure judicial review. Given the global dimensions of the problem, I also advocate a corresponding international regime patterned upon the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty of 1968.
Inclusive Instruction: Blurring Diversity and Disability in Law School Classrooms Through Universal Design
Authors: George Meredith
Published: April 2012

This Article addresses the difficult issues faced by law schools in determining the use of accommodations for students with disabilities in the context of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA) and, in particular, for those with “invisible disabilities,” such as learning disabilities, emotional disabilities, and attention disorders. Because the manner in which accommodations are delivered is specific for each university and factintensive for each student, there often is confusion about the role played by accommodations in supporting an educational process while providing equal access in academic environments as mandated by the ADA. We suggest an alternative to the exclusive use of accommodations as the vehicle through which access is attained. We argue that law schools should adopt Universal Design for Instruction (UDI) principles as the foundation of pedagogical practice in law school classrooms and for assessment of learning outcomes. Changes based on these principles have the potential to provide access for students with disabilities without altering the essential nature of the curriculum and program objectives.
The Disability Dilemma: A Skeptical Bench & Bar
Authors: Hensel Wendy F.
Published: April 2012

The legal profession is no stranger to the bias and prejudice present in American society. Members of the bar have been shown to engage in both conscious and subconscious sexism and racism, posing challenges to the profession as the profile of those practicing law has changed over the last several decades to admit increasing numbers of women and minorities.1 Nevertheless, it is notable that few, if any, members of the bar today would question openly whether women or people of color have the ability to be successful, productive members of the profession. Instead, the conventional wisdom is that the greatest obstacles to their success will come in the form of external barriers and institutional policies based on preconceived norms that do not acknowledge the divergent challenges faced by these group members.
The Americans With Disabilities Act: Equal Opportunity for Individuals With Disabilities, in Some Large Businesses, in Some Major Cities, Sometimes . . .
Authors: Harris Eric Allen
Published: April 2012

On July 26, 1990, the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) was signed into law by President George H.W. Bush. Congress stated that the purpose of the ADA was “to provide a clear and comprehensive national mandate for the elimination of discrimination against individuals with disabilities.” The first subchapter (Title I) of the ADA addresses accommodations for the disabled in the field of employment. President Bush attempted to quash “fears that the ADA is too vague or too costly” by stating that the Act struck a careful balance between the rights of individuals with disabilities and the legitimate interests of businesses. In particular, he noted that Title I of the ADA would become effective for employers with twenty-five or more employees on July 26, 1992, with an extension to employers with fifteen or more employees on July 26, 1994, thus permitting employers adequate time to become acquainted with the ADA. But in fact, the exclusion of employers with fewer than fifteen employees requires only a small percentage of the nation’s employers to ever become acquainted with the ADA at all.
Dialogue With A Neurosurgeon: Toward A Dépeçage Approach To Achieve Tort Reform And Preserve Corrective Justice In Medical Malpractice Cases
Authors: Detta Jeffrey A. Van
Published: April 2012

Doctors are taking their frustrations about the costs of medical malpractice insurance premiums to the street; striking and even leaving certain states where premiums are higher have been staples of the news in the last year. Politicians are responding by shifting the blame to the “tort” system, which they characterize as dominated by “greedy” trial lawyers (with the implicit accusation that the lawyers are bringing unfounded claims against “good” doctors) and “runaway” juries (with the implicit assertion that juries render plaintiffs’ verdicts in unfounded cases and give away the insurer’s money with abandon through unjustifiably generous damages awards). The “bad actor” in the shared visions of many doctors and politicians is the civil legal system itself—and the “reforms” that are being touted (such as damages caps) are blunt instruments designed, it seems, to disable the ability of the legal system to adjudicate medical malpractice claims. To the extent that the civil legal system is a contributing factor to medical malpractice insurance premiums (an important topic beyond our ken here), the problem cannot be addressed in so sweeping a fashion. There are other key interests involved—principles of law, in the sense described by Ronald Dworkin, upon which the rules of medical malpractice litigation are based. Those principles of law, including the principle of corrective justice, will be sacrificed if such heavy handed measures are adopted. The real problem, however, can be viewed as a much more subtle one, requiring finer tools of analysis to diagnose and repair. The level of subtlety is deep—as deep as the elements of the traditional prima facie case of medical malpractice, and the standard of care in particular—and requires more sophisticated analytic constructs to understand, analyze, and ultimately reform. I hope to develop some of those analytic tools in this article.
Why Did Rating Agencies Do Such A Bad Job Rating Subprime Securities?
Authors: Hill Claire A.
Published: April 2012

As of February 2008, Moody’s had downgraded at least one tranche of 94.2% of the subprime RMBS issues it rated in 2006, including 100% of the 2006 RMBS backed by second-lien loans and 76.9% of the issues rated in 2007. Overall, Moody’s has downgraded 53.7% and 39.2% of all of its 2006 and 2007 subprime tranches, respectively. As of March 2008, S&P had downgraded 44.3% of the subprime tranches it rated between the first quarter of 2005 and the third quarter of 2007. This included 87.2% of securities backed by second-lien mortgages. As of December 2007, Fitch had downgraded approximately 34% of the subprime tranches it rated in 2006 and in the first quarter of 2007. In February 2008, Fitch placed all of the RMBS it rated in 2006 and the first quarter of 2007 backed by subprime first-lien mortgages on Ratings Watch Negative.
Regulatory Conflict: Market Integrity Vs. Financial Stability
Authors: Spatt Chester S.
Published: April 2012

The market crisis has highlighted the design of our financial regulatory system and to a degree identified some tensions within our current system. In turn, this provides a natural opportunity to reflect upon the underlying objectives of regulation and how various regulatory goals can clash.
Effect of the Honan Intraocular Pressure Reducer to Prevent Vitreous Reflux after Intravitreal Bevacizumab Injection
Authors: Hong Seung Woo , Jee Donghyun
Published: April 2012

Purpose

To evaluate the effect of the Honan intraocular pressure reducer (HIPR) on vitreous reflux during intravitreal (IVT) injection.

Methods

Prospective, comparative, controlled, investigator-blinded, randomized clinical study. Sixty eyes of 60 patients who underwent IVT injection were allocated into 2 groups with or without using the HIPR. Vitreous reflux was estimated by measuring largest diameter of the conjunctival bleb formed after IVT injection. Preoperative intraocular pressure (IOP) before and after application of the HIPR and IOP immediately postoperatively and 3 and 10 minutes postoperatively were evaluated.

Results

The mean amount of vitreous reflux was significantly less with the HIPR than without the HIPR (1.46±1.04 mm vs 2.61±1.37 mm; p<0.001). The preoperative IOP was significantly lower with the HIPR than without the HIPR (11.62±4.04 mmHg vs 16.26±3.86 mmHg; p=0.026). The 3-minute postoperative IOP was 31.34±3.16 mmHg with the HIPR and 32.61±5.62 mmHg without the HIPR (no statistical significance; p=0.345).

Conclusions

The HIPR prevents vitreous reflux after IVT through a reduction in the preoperative IOP. However, the HIPR appears not to affect the postoperative course of transient IOP elevation.
MicroRNAs and the pathogenesis of endometriosis
Authors: Neubauer Claudia , Kiesel Ludwig , Götte Martin
Published: April 2012

Micro RNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs which regulate numerous cellular processes at the posttranscriptional and translational level. In endometriosis, expression of miRNAs is frequently dysregulated. miRNAs are predicted to modulate several relevant processes involved in the pathogenesis of endometriosis, including cell proliferation, apoptosis, cell migration and invasiveness, angiogenesis, and inflammation, as well as stem cell properties. miRNA expression has been studied by microarray profiling and quantitative real-time PCR, enabling the identification of specific miRNAs as potential novel diagnostic markers for endometriosis. The future application of locked-nucleic acid miRNA inhibitors, miRNA decoys, and synergistic approaches involving conventional therapeutics may open up promising new perspectives in endometriosis therapy.
How reliable is the pathologist's diagnosis of endometriosis: a prospective inter-observer and intra-observer analysis
Authors: Hurtado Rodrigo , Geber Selmo
Published: April 2012

Purpose

Laparoscopy is a very accurate diagnostic tool for endometriosis. However, diagnostic accuracy has been questioned, as there is no reliable link between the visual status of the peritoneal cavity reported by laparoscopy and the patient's clinical condition. In addition, there is no actual association between the presence of typical peritoneal lesions and its confirmation by means of pathologic examination. The aim of our study was to determine whether histologic microscopic assessment is a reliable method for the diagnosis of endometriosis.

Methods

We performed a prospective transversal study with 68 women with suggestive history of endometriosis who underwent laparoscopy. After biopsy, an intra-observer and inter-observer variability of the histologic study was analyzed by the Kappa integrity test to reveal whether microscopic examination is an accurate exam for the diagnosis of endometriosis.

Results

In 38 of the 68 slides, all examiners confirmed the presence of endometriosis (55.9%). The intra-observer analysis showed an individual agreement degree over 92 (kappa=0.85; P<.001), and the inter-observer analysis showed an overall agreement of 76.5 (k=0.78; P<.001).

Conclusions

The results showed a high level of integrity of the histologic exam for the diagnosis of endometriosis and confirmed that microscopic histology is a reliable and reproducible diagnostic tool for endometriosis.
Long Term Surgical Outcomes after Segmental Colorectal Resection in Women with Severe Endometriosis
Authors: Van Der Houwen Lisette E.E. , Lüchinger Annemarie B. , Busard Milou P.H. , Van Waesberghe Jan Hein T.M. , Cuesta Miguel A. , Lambalk Cornelis B. , Mijatovic Velja , Hompes Peter G.A.
Published: April 2012

Purpose

The aim of this study is to assess post-operative complications, symptoms, patient satisfaction, and fertility outcome after a long-term follow-up period in patients with severe intestinal endometriosis.

Methods

In this retrospective study (January 1998 - December 2008) patients scheduled for a segmental colorectal resection by laparotomy were identified. Surgery was performed by a multidisciplinary team. Data were obtained from medical records and supplemented by a questionnaire.

Results

A total of 41 patients (median age 30 years [24–45]) were included with a mean follow-up of 50 months. Three patients were lost to follow-up. Chronic pelvic pain, dysmenorrhea, dyschezia, hematochezia, constipation, pencil like stool, diarrhea, and tenesmus decreased, respectively, in 24, 16, 31, 25, 26, 12, 11, and 21 patients. Post-operatively, one patient conceived naturally and eleven out of fifteen patients conceived after in vitro fertilization. The post-operative patient satisfaction rate (mean 7.4) was significantly higher compared to prior to surgery (mean 4.6). Four major complications were reported in the first year after surgery. The cumulative complication rate was 12%.

Conclusions

Segmental colorectal resection by laparotomy in patients with severe intestinal endometriosis effectively reduces symptoms and increases patient satisfaction with an acceptable risk on treatable complications.
Endometrial Transporters and Cytochrome P450 Family Member in Endometriosis
Authors: De Leo Bianca , Mcintire Ramsey H. , Aghajanova Lusine , Petraglia Felice , Giudice Linda C.
Published: April 2012

Purpose

To investigate expression of molecular transporters and CYP4B1 in endometrium from women with and without endometriosis.

Methods

Expression of genes encoding proteins: ATP-binding cassette sub-family G member 1 (ABCG1), aquaporin 3 (AQP3), solute carrier family 16, member 6 (monocarboxylic acid transporter 7) (SLC16A6), and transmembrane emp24 protein transport domain containing 6 (TMED6), as well as a member of the cytochrome P450 family 4 subfamily B, polypeptide 1 (CYP4B1) were assessed by quantitative (Q)RT-PCR in proliferative (PE) and early secretory (ESE) endometrium from 27 normoovulatory women with and without endometriosis. Cellular localization of these proteins was determined by immunohistochemistry.

Results

In eutopic endometrial tissue from women without endometriosis, mRNA expression of ABCG1, CYP4B1, and SLC16A6 was significantly up-regulated in the PE to ESE transition. CYP4B1 mRNA in endometrium from women with disease increased significantly compared to samples from women without disease, while there was no change in ABCG1 and SLC16A6 mRNA levels. However, immunodetection of ABCG1, AQP3, and TMED6 was similar across cycle phases, and there was no significant difference in immunostaining intensity or localization between women with and without endometriosis.

Conclusions

Molecular transporters and CYP4B1 are expressed in human endometrium, and a role for transporters and CYP4B1 in normal endometrial function and in women with endometriosis remains to be determined.
New Method and Clinical Results of Arthroscopic Mattress-Locking Suture for Small and Medium sized Rotator Cuff Tear
Authors: Ko Sang Hun , Park Hang Chang , Lee Chae Chil , Kim Sang Woo , Lee Seon Ho , Cha Jeo Ryung
Published: April 2012

PURPOSE: To compare the clinical and radiological result of arthroscopic Mattress Locking suture repair to that of a Simple suture repair with small and medium-sized rotator cuff tears.MATERIALS AND METHODS: Among 92 patients who were followed up after arthroscopic repair in patients with small and medium-sized rotator cuff tear from April 2007 to October 2010, 27 patients who took Arthroscopic Mattress Locking suture were set as group I and 65 patients who took Simple suture were set as Group II. The average age of patients were 58 years old and average follow-up period was 30 months. For analysis, VAS, ASES and KSS were used to analyze the range of joint movement and pain. And, for the image result, MRI performed after operation were evaluated.RESULTS: The average VAS, KSS, UCLA score and ASES prior to surgery improved in the last follow-up (p<0.001), while was no difference in two groups (p>0.001). In MRI follow-up examination, the 2 cases (7.41%) of group 1 showed increased rupture lesions with improved symptoms. And the 12 cases (18.47%) of group 2 showed increased rupture lesions with improved symptoms. Retears in the group I were significant less than the group II (p<0.001).CONCLUSION: Comparing patients with small and medium-sized rotator cuff tear who took arthroscopic mattress locking suture repair to those who took simple suture repair after over one year follow up period, the clinical result showed no significant difference between two groups. However, Mattress Locking suture repair showed excellent radiological result compared to simple suture repair when comparing rerupture.