bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mode-II fracture of nanostitched para-aramid/phenolic nanoprepreg composites by end-notched flexure
Authors: Bilisik Kadir , Erdogan Gulhan , Sapanci Erdal , Gungor Sila
Published: April 2020

The mode-II interlaminar fracture toughness considering the end-notched flexure method of nanostitched para-aramid/phenolic composite structures was investigated. The fracture toughness (GIIC) of the nanostitched and stitched composites exhibited a slight increase as compared to the pristine sample. Hence, the nanostitching enhanced the fracture toughness of the para-aramid/phenolic composite structures. Although the type of stitch fiber was not effective, the fabric interlacement frequency, notably prepreg Twaron nanostitched yarn and basket nanoprepreg biaxial interlaced fabric was of critical importance. The principle mechanism for raising the GIIC in the nanostitched composite structure was the interlayer resin fracture particularly as a form of slight shear hackle marks. Cracks grew around the inter- and intrayarn boundaries where the resin was fractured half way around each yarn cross-section. This is called a “zigzag crack path,” and microcracks moved to the through-the-thickness of the composite where nanostitching arrested the crack growth and suppressed delamination in the stitching zone. At the blunt crack tip, carbon nanotubes in the phenolic resin and multiple filament bundles probably diminished the stress clustering via friction/debonding/pull-out/sliding or stick-slip. Thus, nanostitched para-aramid/phenolic composite structures demonstrated better damage tolerance behavior considering the neat structure.
Novel carbon foam composites reinforced with carbon fiber felt developed from inexpensive pitch precursor matrix
Authors: Sharma Shishobhan , Patel Rasmika H
Published: April 2020

Novel carbon foam composites derived from various pitch precursors have been fabricated and characterized. This paper specifically focuses on developing an effective process for fabricating the carbon foam composites from Polyacrylonitrile (PAN)-based carbon felt as a reinforcement and various readily available pitch matrix such as petroleum pitch, coal tar pitch, and mesophase pitch. The paper endeavors to develop the carbon foam composites and to carry out detailed morphological, thermal, and mechanical characterization. Traditional carbon foams have been known to offer poor mechanical performance, and hence, in this paper, the pitch-based carbon foams were innovatively reinforced with the PAN-based carbon fiber felt. Carbon foam composites were subjected to partial oxidation, and their morphological and mechanical response after the heat treatment was studied thoroughly. Thermal gravimetric analysis and thermal mechanical analysis techniques reveal an appreciable thermo-physical and thermo-mechanical response at elevated temperatures. Also, it was found out that the factors such as volatile content and quinoline insoluble fraction affect the morphology as well as the physical robustness on the composite foams.
Why the “Hoax” Paper of Baldwin (2018) Should Be Reinstated
Authors: Cole Geoff G.
Published: April 2020

In 2018, a peer-reviewed article was published under the name of Richard Baldwin in which the author presented a critique of fat exclusion and advocated “fat bodybuilding” as a sport. Some months later, it became apparent that the article was intended as a hoax written to raise awareness to, or “expose”, a certain ideology promoted by some academics. As a result, the editors retracted the article. Using the principles of methodological behaviorism, and other hoax or hoax-like articles, I will argue that the thoughts and opinions held by any author are not important to the argument they present. I will also argue that this form of reflexive ethnography is too problematic to serve as a method of enquiry. I will therefore conclude that the Baldwin article should be reinstated.
Combustible Convergence: Bargaining for the Common Good and the #RedforEd Uprisings of 2018
Authors: McCartin Joseph A. , Sneiderman Marilyn , BP-Weeks Maurice
Published: April 2020

This article examines both the Bargaining for the Common Good (BCG) contract campaigns that have emerged among teachers unions in the years since the Great Recession and the #RedforEd strikes and mobilizations of 2018. It finds that although these efforts emerged in very different contexts and with quite different levels of planning and organization, they nonetheless evolved in similar directions. Both BCG campaigns and the #RedforEd mobilizations framed their efforts in broad terms as defenses of the common good; both were grounded in and dependent upon strong community alliances; and both achieved a significant increase in teacher militancy in large part because of these factors. Taken together, the BCG campaigns and #RedforEd mobilizations help illustrate our need to rethink collective bargaining in ways that allow us to confront the structural inequalities that are steadily undermining both our schools and our democracy.
Printing the ‘People’: Populism, Photography, and the Spanish Republican Nation (1931–1936)
Authors: Hernández Cano Eduardo
Published: April 2020

The very first Article of the 1931 Spanish constitution declared ‘Spain is a democratic republic of workers of all classes’ and that ‘The powers of all its organs derive from the People’. But who were those workers, those People? This populist nationalism was key in legitimizing the Second Spanish Republic and in many of its political and cultural projects, but the state did not develop a clear image of the people. This should come as no surprise, since the ‘People’ was a contested concept in the 1930s, appropriated by different political parties and groups. How were Spaniards supposed to visualize themselves then? Who embodied the Spanish nation in the 1930s, and how was it represented? In this article, I show how different social actors – the state, photographers, the illustrated press – developed varying images of the ‘People’, focused either on the rural population or urban dwellers, who were supposed to play an important role in defining the new Republican nation. These photographic representations offer a window on to the complexities of the intersection between nationalism, populism, and social and political conflict in 1930s Spain, and how the nation was built through printed culture.
The global management of leg ulceration: Pre early venous reflux ablation trial
Authors: Heatley Francine , Onida Sarah , Davies Alun H
Published: April 2020

Background

Various guidelines exist worldwide for the diagnosis and management of venous leg ulcers; however, these are difficult to implement resulting in disparate treatment of patients globally.

Method

An online, 26-question survey was designed to evaluate the current global management of venous leg ulceration and was emailed globally to approximately 15,000 participants (November 2017–February 2018).

Results

Overall, 799 responses were received from 86 countries, with a 5% response rate. The respondent physicians saw a median of 10 (interquartile range 5–20) patients per month, with a median time to referral from primary to secondary care of six weeks. Of the respondents, 61% arranged an ankle brachial pressure index on first visit and 84% performed a venous duplex, with 95% prescribing compression for those in whom it was not contraindicated. Fifty-nine percent performed endovenous intervention or surgery prior to ulcer healing.

Conclusions

The survey showed a diversity of treatment pathways. The need to develop a robust, clear pathway for patients with leg ulceration is clearly required.
Differential diagnosis of chromophobe renal cell carcinoma and papillary renal cell carcinoma with dual-energy spectral computed tomography
Authors: Wang Dan , Huang Xiaoyu , Bai Liangcai , Zhang Xueling , Wei Jinyan , Zhou Junlin
Published: April 2020

Background

Computed tomography (CT) image features of chromophobe renal cell carcinoma (ChRCC) and papillary renal cell carcinoma (PRCC) are, occasionally, sometimes difficult to identify. However, spectral CT might provide quantitative parameters to differentiate them.

Purpose

To differentiate between ChRCC and PRCC with quantitative parameters using spectral CT.

Material and Methods

Forty cases of RCC confirmed with pathological tests were analyzed retrospectively (27 cases of PRCC and 13 cases of ChRCC). All patients underwent non-enhanced CT and dual-phase contrast-enhanced CT scans. For each lesion, the CT value of monochromatic images as well as iodine and water concentrations were measured, and the slope of spectrum curve was calculated. Data were analyzed using Student’s t-test. Sensitivity and specificity of the quantitative parameters were analyzed using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve.

Results

During the cortex phase (CP) and parenchyma phase (PP), the CT value and slope of spectrum curve of ChRCC were higher than those of PRCC, and significant differences were observed at low energy levels (40–70 keV). Normalized iodine concentration of ChRCC and that of PRCC was significantly different during CP and PP ( P < 0.05). The water (iodine) concentrations of ChRCC and PRCC in CP and PP were not statistically different ( P > 0.05). All the ROCs for parameters were above the reference line.

Conclusion

Spectral CT may help increase the diagnostic accuracy of differentiating PRCC from ChRCC using a quantitative analysis.
Occupational therapists’ experiences and perspectives towards occupation-based practice in Thailand: A mixed-methods study
Authors: Kaunnil Anuchart , Khemthong Supalak , Sriphetcharawut Sarinya , Thichanpiang Peeradech , Sansri Veerawat , Thongchoomsin Surachart , Permpoonputtana Kannika , Smith Cristina R
Published: April 2020

Introduction

Occupation-based practice is a core tenet of occupational therapy. This study explores perspectives and experiences with occupation-based practice among Thai occupational therapists.

Method

Using mixed methods, a focus group was conducted with eight occupational therapists, and the results were interpreted using thematic analysis. A questionnaire survey was also completed concerning practitioner perspectives ( n = 216).

Findings

Three major themes were identified: (a) perspectives on occupation-based practice were related to practice areas and felt to strengthen the identity of occupational therapy (52% strongly agree), leading to improved services and better outcomes for clients (44% strongly agree); (b) approaches focused on activities of daily living were appropriate for cross-practice areas; and (c) occupation-based practice is consistent with integrated medical sciences and occupations for clients (52% strongly agree).

Conclusion

Implementing occupation-based practice will be of value to clients, provide benefits as a compass to direct processes, and enhance clinical reasoning and outcomes.
Role of Various DW MRI and DCE MRI Parameters as Predictors of Malignancy in Solid Pulmonary Lesions
Authors: Kumar Neeraj , Sharma Mini , Aggarwal Neeti , Sharma Sanjiv , Sarkar Malay , Singh Balraj , Sharma Navneet
Published: April 2020

Purpose:

We aimed to evaluate various diffusion and dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE MRI) parameters in differentiating malignant from benign pulmonary lesions.

Methods:

We enrolled 31 (22 males) patients who had solid pulmonary lesion(s) >2 cm in our cross sectional study. Of these, 23 (74.2%) were found to be malignant on histopathology. Dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI was performed using 36 dynamic measurements (volumetric interpolated breath-hold examination). Diffusion-weighted MRI (DW MRI) performed at b value of 800 s/mm2. We measured different diffusion and perfusion parameters, for example, diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) SI, mean apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), minimum ADC, lesion-to-spinal cord ratio, DWI score, T2 score, Ktrans, Kep, and Ve. We stratified values of each parameter as high if it was >median of values observed in our data set and low if it was ≤median. Normally distributed data were compared by unpaired t test, whereas non-normal continuous data were compared by Kruskal Wallis-H test. We applied Wilson score method to calculate sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values of parameters that were statistically significant by type of lesion with reference to histopathological examination as gold standard.

Results:

Diffusion-weighted imaging SI, mean ADC, minimum ADC, DWI score and Ktrans values were found to be significantly different ( P value < .05) by type of lesion. Ktrans was found to have the highest diagnostic accuracy (74.2%) among these parameters.

Conclusion:

Ktrans and mean ADC had similar sensitivity of 65.2%. However, Ktrans had highest diagnostic accuracy among various DWI and DCE MRI parameters in predicting malignancy in solid pulmonary lesions. In our study, we found a cutoff value 0.251 min−1 for Ktrans as 100% specific.
Enriched finite element modeling in the dynamic analysis of plane frame subject to random loads
Authors: Shang Hsu Yang , Alexandre Deitos Igor
Published: April 2020

This work contributes to the generalized finite element approach in free vibration, dynamic elastic, and elastoplastic analysis of plane frame subjected to random excitation generated by the wind action. The wind velocity is modeled mathematically by using power spectral density method in combination with Shinozuka’s model, along with the commonly employed wind spectra. From these spectra, the dynamic wind loading is determined from the sum of the mean and floating wind velocities. The governing equation is formulated by Euler–Bernoulli beam theory, and it is discretized by using the enriched beam element. The enrichment is done by employing enriched finite element shape function to construct the enriched mathematical space. This strategy is constituted by the enrichment space, which is constructed by trigonometric functions, and the conventional space, which is constructed by conventional two-node Lagrange–Hermite shape function. The time increment procedure is carried out by Hilber-Hughes-Taylor algorithm and the material nonlinearity is modeled by von Mises isotropic hardening model, solved by the Newton–Raphson algorithm. A flowchart is presented to summarize the proposed numerical modeling procedure. Finally, several applications are presented, and the results obtained by the generalized finite element method are compared with those obtained by conventional beam element. Natural frequencies are determined in a one-story plane frame and are compared with reference results. The relative error in displacement is determined in h-refine strategy for quadratic beam element (FEM3), while the generalized finite element method adopts the enrichment increment strategy. The results demonstrate the competitiveness and numerical stability of generalized finite element method in this type of application. Even in comparison to the quadratic beam element, the generalized finite element method presents good performance and accuracy in numerical modeling.
Effect of particle size, fiber content, and surface treatment on the mechanical properties of maple-reinforced LLDPE produced by rotational molding
Authors: Hanana Fatima Ezzahra , Rodrigue Denis
Published: April 2020

In this work, composites based on linear low-density polyethylene and maple wood fibers with and without surface treatment with maleated polyethylene (MAPE) were prepared by dry blending, followed by rotomolding to study the effect of particle size, fiber content, and surface treatment. From the samples produced, a complete characterization of the morphological and mechanical properties was performed. The results obtained showed that MAPE surface treatment improved the fiber–matrix interface quality, which improved the homogeneity, the thermal stability, and the mechanical properties of the composites. The results showed that the effect of particle size was significant as the tensile modulus increased by 7%, 40%, and 73% for 125–250, 250–355, and 355–500 µm at 30 wt% of maple fibers. The tensile strength also increased by 114% at the same fiber loading (30 wt%) when the particle size increased from 125–250 µm to 355–500 μm. Finally, the impact strength with 355–500 µm particles was 52% higher than for 125–250 µm particles at 30 wt%
Exploring the Effects of Globalization on Silk Weaving Tradition of Bishnupur Region in West Bengal, India
Authors: Banerjee Abhradip , Chakrabarti Gopalkrishna
Published: April 2020

Over the years, increasing concerns among the scholars incline to see the adverse effects of globalization. One of the major reasons for this ever-increasing concern is the gradual infiltration of market-driven production system and global capitalism among different groups of people who earn their living either as wage laborers or artisans. This effect has been most profoundly noted among those whose place is on the fringe of the national economy. Another main reason is that the states are increasingly losing their capacity to govern and to regulate in this increasingly borderless world, where resourceless artisans have become the worst sufferers both in the cultural and economic frontiers. This article attempts to examine the effect that the process of globalization has made among the silk weavers of Bishnupur region in West Bengal, India. It adopts a transformational approach and uses both contextual reading and ethnographic data collected through firsthand fieldwork among the aforesaid community. The ethnography describes the messy and unquantifiable relationship between local actors and the international process.
The Korku Tribe of Melghat Region in India and Their Current State: An Ethnographic Study
Authors: Choudhary Hari Ram , P. Abdul Azeez E.
Published: April 2020

This article is an attempt to document the perturbing socioeconomic and developmental issues of the Korku tribe, one of the most deprived tribal populations found in the state of Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra, India. The article is a product of extensive ethnographic fieldwork conducted in 10 villages of Melghat region of Maharashtra for a period of 1 year. A close examination was done on the life, lifestyles, and the socioeconomic and developmental indices of the community. The reflections from the fieldwork underline discouraging trends and show the ubiquitous social and development issues of the community. The major shifts in the socioeconomic and cultural life of the Korkus are detailed along with the state of basic amenities, livelihood, health, education, and political affairs. Further, child- and women-related issues are emphasized. The evidence from the study urges the need for focused attention on the developmental strategies for the community.
Do Family Firms Have Higher or Lower Deal Valuations? A Contextual Analysis
Authors: Haider Zulfiquer Ali , Li Jialong , Wang Yefeng , Wu Zhenyu
Published: April 2020

How does the socioemotional wealth (SEW) of a family firm affect its deal valuation in acquisition? Using a sample of 515 completed transactions of S&P 500 firms over the period 2003–2016, we examine a number of contexts and find that SEW creates differential valuations of targets by family firms vis-à-vis non-family firms. Particularly from an internationalization perspective, acquisitions may be an ideal option for family firms because foreign acquisitions may be loosely coupled from the core firm. Post-hoc analyses on the heterogeneity in family governance reveal that founder and descendant board chairs may have different perceptions of SEW.
Assessing biosimilar education needs among oncology pharmacy practitioners worldwide: An ISOPP membership survey
Authors: Chan Alexandre , Patel Himanshu , Siderov Jim , Bubalo Joseph , Foreman Emma
Published: April 2020

Background

The International Society of Oncology Pharmacy Practitioners (ISOPP) Biosimilar Task Force was charged to develop educational resources to address the learning needs related to biosimilars use of oncology pharmacy practitioners. To facilitate the process, the task force conducted a survey in order to identify unmet education needs as well as barriers for obtaining biosimilar education among oncology pharmacy practitioners.

Methods

A cross sectional survey was conducted between 10 December 2018 and 18 February 2019. Members of International Society of Oncology Pharmacy Practitioners and national oncology pharmacy groups were invited to complete the survey. The survey contained 22 items and consisted of four sections. Descriptive statistics were utilized to analyze the survey results.

Results

A total of 363 International Society of Oncology Pharmacy Practitioners members were surveyed, with 75 members providing a response (response rate = 21%). In addition, 11 non-International Society of Oncology Pharmacy Practitioners members also participated in the survey, bringing the total to 86 respondents. The top three areas in which respondents reported learning needs included evaluating comparative efficacy of a biosimilar to an originator’s product (74.4%), managing the switchover to a biosimilar from the original product (74.4%), and understanding medication safety issues in relation to biosimilars use (73.3%). The most common challenges faced in obtaining education on biosimilars included limited financial support for education on biosimilar products (38.4%), heavy workload (31.4%), and inadequate educational resources (27.9%).

Conclusion

This survey has identified numerous biosimilar learning needs as well as challenges faced in obtaining biosimilars education among oncology pharmacy practitioners. Educational activities should be created to address these learning needs, and innovative strategies should be considered to overcome practitioner’s barriers in obtaining biosimilars education.
A survey of global biosimilar implementation practice conducted by the International Society of Oncology Pharmacy Practitioners
Authors: Foreman Emma , Patel Himanshu , Siderov Jim , Harchowal Jatinder , Bubalo Joseph , Chan Alexandre
Published: April 2020

Background

The International Society of Oncology Pharmacy Practitioners (ISOPP) Biosimilars Task Force was charged to develop educational activities and resources to assist members when implementing biosimilar medicines into their local practice. To facilitate the process, the task force conducted a survey in order to understand biosimilar implementation practice by ISOPP members across the world and the challenges that oncology pharmacists face when adopting biosimilars into their clinical practice.

Methods

A cross-sectional survey was conducted between 20 April 2019 and 27 May 2019. Members of ISOPP and a number of national oncology pharmacy groups were invited to complete the survey. The survey contained 29 items and consisted of three sections: respondents’ demographics, respondents’ institutional practice relating to biosimilar implementation and post implementation practice at the respondents’ institutions. Descriptive statistics were utilized to analyze the survey results.

Results

A total of 265 ISOPP members were surveyed, with 50 members providing a response (response rate = 19%). In addition, 40 nonmembers participated in the survey, bringing the total to 90 respondents. The most common factors that influence the decision to implement use of a biosimilar as reported by respondents are medication costs/pricing (92%), available clinical data (73%), and product availability (63%). Respondents also commented on the barriers to biosimilar implementation at their institutions, which included a reluctance of prescribers to use biosimilars (due to the lack of familiarity or perceived inferiority), a reluctance to switch established patients from an originator to a biosimilar and the preferences of insurance companies or funding bodies.

Conclusion

The results of this survey reinforce the need for greater education and training for health care professionals in the use of biosimilars, the importance of sharing good practice, and a need for standardization.
Dynamic Scoring: An Assessment of Fiscal Closing Assumptions
Authors: Moore Rachel , Pecoraro Brandon
Published: April 2020

Analysis of fiscal policy changes using general equilibrium models with forward-looking agents typically requires a counterfactual adjustment to some fiscal instrument in order to achieve the debt sustainability implied by the government’s intertemporal budget constraint. The choice of fiscal instrument can induce economic behavior unrelated to the policy change in models where Ricardian Equivalence does not hold. In this article, we use an overlapping generations framework to examine the effects of alternative fiscal closing assumptions on projected changes to economic aggregates following a change in tax policy, assessing the extent to which the bias associated with a particular fiscal instrument can be mitigated. While we find quantitative differences in projected macroeconomic activity across alternative fiscal instruments, these differences tend to shrink as the closing date is delayed. Ultimately, the choice of fiscal instrument becomes relatively unimportant if fiscal closing can be delayed sufficiently into the future.
The Time-series Linkages between US Fiscal Policy and Asset Prices
Authors: Montasser Ghassen El , Gupta Rangan , Charl Jooste , Miller Stephen M.
Published: April 2020

This article studies the interplay of fiscal policy and asset price returns of the United States in a time-varying parameter vector autoregressive (VAR) model. Using annual data from 1890 to 2013, we study the effects of dynamic shocks to both fiscal policy on asset returns and asset returns on fiscal policy. Distinguishing between low-volatility (bull market) and high-volatility (bear market) regimes together with a time-varying parameter VAR model enables us to isolate the different sizes and signs of responses to shocks during different time periods. The results indicate that increases in the primary surplus-to-gross-domestic-product ratio decrease house returns over the entire sample and at each impulse horizon. Unlike the house return responses, stock returns only decrease in the first year after the fiscal shock but then increase for the following eight years. Furthermore, the findings show that asset return movements affect fiscal policy, whereby fiscal policy responds more to equity returns than to house returns. The response of fiscal policy to asset returns proves relatively stable and constant over time while controlling for various asset return regimes. Asset returns respond uniformly to fiscal policy shocks since the 1900s.
A single parathyroid hormone measurement two hours after a thyroidectomy reliably predicts permanent hypoparathyroidism
Authors: Palmhag David , Brydolf Jacob , Zedenius Jan , Bränström Robert , Nilsson Inga-Lena
Published: April 2020

Introduction:

Hypoparathyroidism is the most common complication following thyroidectomy, and various algorithms for early detection have been suggested. The aim of this study was to evaluate the predictive value of measuring the parathyroid hormone level 2 h after thyroidectomy and whether determination of the perioperative decline in parathyroid hormone added diagnostic value.

Methods:

Patients subjected to thyroidectomy for benign thyroid disorders were analyzed in (1) a retrospective register-based study (366 consecutive patients treated during 2015–2016) and (2) a prospective observational study (39 patients treated during 2018). Optimal cut-off values for postoperative parathyroid hormone and perioperative decline (%) in parathyroid hormone were determined by receiver operating characteristics and area under the curve. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values were calculated using cross tabulation.

Results:

The prevalence of hypoparathyroidism the first day after thyroidectomy was higher among patients treated for hyperthyroidism (30% vs 20%; P = 0.03). The optimal cut-off level for postoperative parathyroid hormone was 1.1 pmol/L (area under the curve = 0.887, 95% confidence interval: 0.839–0.934; positive predictive value: 88%, negative predictive value: 93%) for the entire cohort. When the groups were analyzed separately, the optimal cut-off was 1.05 for the non-hyperfunctioning group and 1.55 pmol/L for the group with hyperthyroidism. Twelve months after thyroidectomy, 3% were defined as having permanent hypoparathyroidism. Measurement of parathyroid hormone decline added diagnostic value for one patient with preoperative parathyroid-hormone-elevation associated with vitamin D deficiency.

Conclusions:

For patients with vitamin D sufficiency, the diagnostic accuracy of a single measurement of parathyroid hormone 2 h after thyroidectomy is an excellent indicator for predicting transient hypoparathyroidism.
Enhancing patient privacy protection under Hong Kong’s Electronic Health Record Sharing System
Authors: Ong Rebecca Yoke Chan , Sabapathy Sandy
Published: April 2020

While it is true that the expanded use of health information and electronic health records (eHRs) can help deliver better healthcare, there remains the need to reconcile citizens’ legitimate concerns for privacy protection and confidentiality in the use of their personal health data, and the potential for violation of their privacy. Under the Hong Kong’s Electronic Health Record Sharing System (eHRSS), the eHR of the individual patient can be accessed and shared between healthcare providers for healthcare-related purposes. Although the Electronic Health Record Sharing System Ordinance (Cap 625) (the ‘eHRSSO’) and the Personal Data (Privacy) Ordinance (Cap 486) (the ‘PD(P)O’) provide protection for personal data and patients’ privacy, the eHRSS has come under greater scrutiny given the rise in data breaches experienced globally and in Hong Kong. The article’s objective is twofold. It first examines the eHRSS specifically with regard to some of the more pertinent provisions of the eHRSSO and the PD(P)O, to critically evaluate the extent to which these provisions ensure and protect patient privacy. Thence it offers suggestions and recommendations as to how protection for patient privacy can be enhanced and, indeed, altogether better ensured.
A Systematic Review Evaluating Psychometric Properties of Parent or Caregiver Report Instruments on Child Maltreatment: Part 2: Internal Consistency, Reliability, Measurement Error, Structural Validity, Hypothesis Testing, Cross-Cultural Validity, and Criterion Validity
Authors: Yoon Sangwon , Speyer Renée , Cordier Reinie , Aunio Pirjo , Hakkarainen Airi
Published: April 2020

Aims:

Child maltreatment (CM) is global public health issue with devastating lifelong consequences. Global organizations have endeavored to eliminate CM; however, there is lack of consensus on what instruments are most suitable for the investigation and prevention of CM. This systematic review aimed to appraise the psychometric properties (other than content validity) of all current parent- or caregiver-reported CM instruments and recommend the most suitable for use.

Method:

A systematic search of the CINAHL, Embase, ERIC, PsycINFO, PubMed, and Sociological Abstracts databases was performed. The evaluation of psychometric properties was conducted according to the COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement INstruments (COSMIN) guidelines for systematic reviews of patient-report outcome measures. Responsiveness was beyond the scope of this systematic review, and content validity has been reported on in a companion paper (Part 1). Only instruments developed and published in English were included.

Results:

Twenty-five studies reported on selected psychometric properties of 15 identified instruments. The methodological quality of the studies was overall adequate. The psychometric properties of the instruments were generally indeterminate or not reported due to incomplete or missing psychometric data; high-quality evidence on the psychometric properties was limited.

Conclusions:

No instruments could be recommended as most suitable for use in clinic and research. Nine instruments were identified as promising based on current psychometric data but would need further psychometric evidence for them to be recommended.
Analysis of Differences Across Two Unaffiliated Systematic Reviews Using What Works Clearinghouse Single-Case Design Standards
Authors: Shepley Collin , Lane Justin D. , Ault Melinda J.
Published: April 2020

The system of least prompts response prompting procedure has a rich history in special education research and practice. Recently, two independent systematic reviews were conducted to determine if the system of least prompts met criteria to be classified as an evidence-based practice. Both reviews used single-case design standards developed by What Works Clearinghouse to evaluate the rigor and effects of studies; however, findings and implications varied significantly across reviews. We examined the data supporting each review and discuss how two reviews on the same topic area using the same standards for evaluating studies could arrive at different conclusions. Results indicate that varying search parameters, visual analysis protocols, and the flexibility allotted by the design standards may have contributed to differences. We discuss the importance of multiple literature reviews on the same topic area with regard to replication research in special education. In addition, we highlight the necessity of open data in such reviews. Finally, we recommend how practitioners and researchers should collectively interpret the differing findings and conclusions from the reviews examining the system of least prompts.
An optimal trajectory planning algorithm for autonomous trucks: Architecture, algorithm, and experiment
Authors: Zhang Feng , Xia Ranfei , Chen Xinxing
Published: April 2020

Safe lane changing of the dynamic industrial park and port scenarios with autonomous trucks involves the problem of planning an effective and smooth trajectory. To solve this problem, we propose a new trajectory planning method based on the Dijkstra algorithm, which combines the Dijkstra algorithm with a cost function model and the Bezier curve. The cost function model is established to filter target trajectories to obtain the optimal target trajectory. The third-order Bezier curve is employed to smooth the optimal target trajectory. Road experiments are carried out with an autonomous truck to illustrate the effectiveness and smoothness of the proposed method. Compared with other conventional methods, the improved method can generate a more effective and smoother trajectory in the truck lane change.
Boosting generic drug use in Japan: Evidence from the 1980s United States
Authors: Shimura Hirohisa
Published: April 2020

While the penetration of generic drugs in Japan is lowest among member nations of the Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development, the Japanese government has established several initiatives to promote generic drugs. This study provides insights to boost generic drug use in Japan by investigating the literature and exploring how generic drug promotion has evolved in the United States from the early 1980s, when penetration was at its lowest. The study results reveal that several key events have boosted the use of generics; among these, managers’ introduction of a formulary, an approved drug list, has particularly benefitted pharmacies. While such a formulary has several advantages and disadvantages, introducing one may help promote generic drug use in Japan.
Bonhoeffer and Bowen Theory: A Theological Anthropology of the Collective-Person and its Implications for Spiritual Formation
Authors: Rios Jeremy M.
Published: April 2020

Accounts of spiritual formation which depend overmuch on individualism are likely distorted by that individualism, and this article argues that an account of collective-personhood can provide a necessary corrective to this anthropological distortion. The article begins by diagnosing the problem of individualism in formation, utilizing Charles Taylor’s Sources of the Self, and critiquing several common practices of spiritual formation. Following this, we consider Bonhoeffer’s theological vision for the collective-person from his first book, Sanctorum Communio. Next, we examine Murray Bowen’s Family Systems Theory to help us envision, from a social scientific perspective, how such a collective-personhood might look. The article concludes with a provisional model for spiritual formation of collective-persons.
Celiac Disease Symptoms in Athletes: Prevalence Indicators of Perceived Quality of Life
Authors: Leone James E. , Wise Kimberly A. , Mullin Elizabeth M. , Gray Kimberly A. , Szlosek Philip A. , Griffin Matthew F. , Jordan Cara A.
Published: April 2020

Background:

Celiac disease (CD) is a common gastrointestinal pathology; however, prevalence and comorbidities are unknown in collegiate athletics.

Hypotheses:

(1) Athletes will have similar odds of CD as general population estimates (approximately 1 in 141) based on self-report and signs and symptoms, (2) athletes scoring higher on the Celiac Symptom Index (CSI) will have lower self-reported quality of life (QoL), (3) athletes scoring higher on the CSI will have higher depression scores, and (4) athletes scoring higher on the CSI will have higher perceived stress scores.

Study Design:

Epidemiological cross-sectional study.

Level of Evidence:

Level 4.

Methods:

The CSI, WHO Quality of Life-BREF, Beck Depression Inventory, and Perceived Stress Scale were used to assess patients’ signs and symptoms of CD and psychosocial measures/QoL in male and female National Collegiate Athletic Association (all divisions) athletes (N = 141). Participants also self-reported a formal diagnosis of CD. Chi-square analyses determined CD prevalence. Odds ratios determined risk for either being diagnosed with CD or reporting more symptoms than the general population. Correlational analyses determined whether symptoms correlated with QoL and psychosocial measures.

Results:

Athletes were 3.85 times (95% CI, 0.42-34.89) more likely to report a CD diagnosis and were 18.36 times (95% CI, 2.40-140.48) more likely to report a high degree of CD symptoms than the general population. Athletes with more symptoms had worse physical, psychological, social, and environmental QoL indicators and higher depression and perceived stress scores.

Conclusion:

Athletes may be a higher risk population for experiencing CD and report greater signs/symptoms compared with general population estimates. Additionally, athletes with higher CD symptom scores also reported poorer QoL.

Clinical Relevance:

Allied health care professionals should be aware of the diversity of CD symptoms and be prepared to refer athletes when gastrointestinal symptoms persist to ensure proper care and unhampered performance.
The Fate of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a Synthetic Turf System
Authors: Keller Marcus , Turco Ronald F. , Gray Marianne Bischoff , Sigler Von
Published: April 2020

Background:

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is responsible for one-third of infectious outbreaks reported among competitive athletes at high school and collegiate levels of competition, while the frequency of infections among National Football League players is nearly 400-fold higher than in the general population. The increased prevalence of MRSA infections among such athletes necessitates the study of football-specific environments as MRSA reservoirs.

Hypothesis:

The recovery and viability of MRSA will differ between turf infill and turf fibers.

Study Design:

Descriptive laboratory study.

Level of Evidence:

Level 4.

Methods:

Each of 6 infill types and 3 turf fiber types were inoculated with MRSA, sacrificed over time, and enumerated after bacteria extraction and dilution plating to determine the incubation time at which 50% of inoculated MRSA are recoverable and viable (here termed A50). The role of infill toxicity on MRSA survival was assessed using a dialysis assay.

Results:

On average, MRSA was available for up to 96 hours on infill (average A50: 13 hours) and 24 hours on turf fibers ( A50: 4 hours) ( P < 0.001). The A50 for each infill type was also variable among infill groups ( P < 0.001), averaging 2 hours (ethylene propylene diene monomer [EPDM] rubber), 7 hours (cork-based material), 9 hours (polymer-coated materials), 12 hours (crumb rubber), 13 hours (thermoplastic elastomer [TPE] rubber), and 27 hours (sands). MRSA remained available on slit-film and nylon fiber types for 12 hours postdeposition and for 24 hours on monofilament fibers. Toxicity assays showed that over 90% of MRSA cells remained viable after 6 hours of exposure to cork infill and sands, while 79%, 71%, 68%, and 17% of MRSA remained viable after exposure to polymer-coated materials, crumb rubber, TPE rubber, and EPDM rubber, respectively. Our data also indicated that organic and sand infills exhibited minimal toxicity to MRSA, while high relative toxicity drives limited MRSA availability in EPDM rubber infill.

Conclusion:

MRSA recovery and viability varied among infill types but not among differing turf blades.

Clinical Relevance:

The results of this study can inform appropriate athlete and field management practices.
Abutting Objects Warp the Three-Dimensional Curvature of Modally Completing Surfaces
Authors: Tse Peter U.
Published: April 2020

Binocular disparity can give rise to the perception of open surfaces or closed curved surfaces (volumes) that appear to vary smoothly across discrete depths. Here I build on my recent papers by providing examples where modally completing surfaces not only fill in from one depth layer’s visible contours to another layer’s visible contours within virtual contours in an analog manner, but where modally completing surface curvature is altered by the interpolation of an abutting object perceived to be connected to or embedded within that modally completing surface. Seemingly minor changes in such an abutting object can flip the interpretation of distal regions, for example, turning a distant edge (where a surface ends) into rim (where a surface bends to occlude itself) or turning an open surface into a closed one. In general, the interpolated modal surface appears to deform, warp, or bend in three-dimensions to accommodate the abutting object. These demonstrations cannot be easily explained by existing models of visual processing or modal completion and drive home the implausibility of localistic accounts of modal or amodal completion that are based, for example, solely on extending contours in space until they meet behind an occluder or in front of “pacmen.” These demonstrations place new constraints on the holistic surface and volume generation processes that construct our experience of a three-dimensional world of surfaces and objects under normal viewing conditions.
Online scrutiny of people with nice cars: A comparative analysis of Chinese, Russian, and Anglo-American outrage
Authors: Huang Qian , Gabdulhakov Rashid , Trottier Daniel
Published: April 2020

Connected by platforms and equipped with mobile recording devices, social media users are able to conduct near-constant mutual scrutiny. Such mediated scrutiny sometimes escalates to public denunciations online and even mediated or embodied interventions. A recurring theme of such scrutiny can be observed not only on Chinese social media but also on platforms in Russia and elsewhere, in which hostility is openly expressed towards people with nice cars (i.e. late model, luxury, foreign vehicles). In these cases, nice cars are not merely a fact provided by participants in their denunciations; they also serve as an implication of the privileges the owners might possess. By juxtaposing cases in China against other socio-political contexts, the research intends to achieve a better understanding of how and why nice cars are rendered meaningful by participants via mediated scrutiny on social media in China and beyond. The research collects and analyses relevant social media discourses on platforms including Sina Weibo (China), YouTube (Russia), and Facebook (United Kingdom; Australia; United States). Comparing and contrasting cases in different countries, the research demonstrates various forms of critical and populist sentiments that are shaped by unique socio-cultural and political contexts.
Determinants of Adoption of Crop Insurance: Evidence from Bolangir District in Odisha
Authors: Swain Mamata , Hembram Basanti Renu
Published: April 2020

Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY) is an area-based crop yield insurance scheme introduced in Odisha in Eastern India since kharif, 2016. The present study aims to identify the factors that determine the adoption of PMFBY among farmers and examine the operational efficiency of the scheme. The study is based on a field survey conducted in the drought-prone Bolangir district in Western Odisha. A total of 200 households were interviewed with questionnaires, which included 80 loanee and 80 non-loanee PMFBY users and 40 non-users. Probit regression is fitted to identify the factors that determine the adoption of PMFBY. Higher caste farmers with greater farm size, larger household incomes and indebtedness and risk-averse farmers are more likely to adopt PMFBY. Farmers having more dependence on non-farm income are less inclined to buy crop insurance. Farmers cite various reasons for dissatisfaction with the scheme such as: delay in compensation payment, large loss assessment unit and non-coverage of individual and independent risks.
Predictors of mortality for patients with COVID-19 pneumonia caused by SARS-CoV-2: a prospective cohort study
Authors: Du Rong-Hui , Liang Li-Rong , Yang Cheng-Qing , Wang Wen , Cao Tan-Ze , Li Ming , Guo Guang-Yun , Du Juan , Zheng Chun-Lan , Zhu Qi , Hu Ming , Li Xu-Yan , Peng Peng , Shi Huan-Zhong
Published: April 2020

The aim of this study was to identify factors associated with the death of patients with COVID-19 pneumonia caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2.

All clinical and laboratory parameters were collected prospectively from a cohort of patients with COVID-19 pneumonia who were hospitalised to Wuhan Pulmonary Hospital (Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China) between 25 December 2019 and 7 February 2020. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression was performed to investigate the relationship between each variable and the risk of death of COVID-19 pneumonia patients.

In total, 179 patients with COVID-19 pneumonia (97 male and 82 female) were included in the present prospective study, of whom 21 died. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that age ≥65 years (OR 3.765, 95% CI 1.201‒11.803; p=0.023), pre-existing concurrent cardiovascular or cerebrovascular diseases (OR 2.464, 95% CI 1.279‒4.747; p=0.007), CD3+CD8+T-cells ≤75 cells·μL−1(OR 3.982, 95% CI 1.761‒9.004; p<0.001) and cardiac troponin I ≥0.05 ng·mL−1(OR 4.077, 95% CI 1.778‒9.349; p<0.001) were associated with an increase in risk of mortality from COVID-19 pneumonia. In a sex-, age- and comorbid illness-matched case–control study, CD3+CD8+T-cells ≤75 cells·μL−1and cardiac troponin I ≥0.05 ng·mL−1remained as predictors for high mortality from COVID-19 pneumonia.

We identified four risk factors: age ≥65 years, pre-existing concurrent cardiovascular or cerebrovascular diseases, CD3+CD8+T-cells ≤75 cells·μL−1and cardiac troponin I ≥0.05 ng·mL−1. The latter two factors, especially, were predictors for mortality of COVID-19 pneumonia patients.
Correction to: Paleoenvironmental changes across the Paleocene–Eocene boundary in West Central Sinai, Egypt: geochemical proxies
Authors: Ghandour Ibrahim Mohamed
Published: April 2020

Following publication of the original article (Ghandour 2020), it was reported that the location map in Fig. 1 is modified after Speijer, but this was not mentioned in the caption of Fig. 1.