bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
High-resolution mineral dust and sea ice proxy records from the Talos Dome ice core
Authors: Schüpbach S. , Federer U. , Kaufmann P. R. , Albani S. , Barbante C. , Stocker T. F. , Fischer H.
Published: December 2013

Abstract. In this study we report on new non-sea salt calcium (nssCa2+, mineral dust proxy) and sea salt sodium (ssNa+, sea ice proxy) records along the East Antarctic Talos Dome deep ice core in centennial resolution reaching back 150 thousand years (ka) before present. During glacial conditions nssCa2+ fluxes in Talos Dome are strongly related to temperature as has been observed before in other deep Antarctic ice core records, and has been associated with synchronous changes in the main source region (southern South America) during climate variations in the last glacial. However, during warmer climate conditions Talos Dome mineral dust input is clearly elevated compared to other records mainly due to the contribution of additional local dust sources in the Ross Sea area. Based on a simple transport model, we compare nssCa2+ fluxes of different East Antarctic ice cores. From this multi-site comparison we conclude that changes in transport efficiency or atmospheric lifetime of dust particles do have a minor effect compared to source strength changes on the large-scale concentration changes observed in Antarctic ice cores during climate variations of the past 150 ka. Our transport model applied on ice core data is further validated by climate model data. The availability of multiple East Antarctic nssCa2+ records also allows for a revision of a former estimate on the atmospheric CO2 sensitivity to reduced dust induced iron fertilisation in the Southern Ocean during the transition from the Last Glacial Maximum to the Holocene (T1). While a former estimate based on the EPICA Dome C (EDC) record only suggested 20 ppm, we find that reduced dust induced iron fertilisation in the Southern Ocean may be responsible for up to 40 ppm of the total atmospheric CO2 increase during T1. During the last interglacial, ssNa+ levels of EDC and EPICA Dronning Maud Land (EDML) are only half of the Holocene levels, in line with higher temperatures during that period, indicating much reduced sea ice extent in the Atlantic as well as the Indian Ocean sector of the Southern Ocean. In contrast, Holocene ssNa+ flux in Talos Dome is about the same as during the last interglacial, indicating that there was similar ice cover present in the Ross Sea area during MIS 5.5 as during the Holocene.
A new data set for estimating organic carbon storage to 3 m depth in soils of the northern circumpolar permafrost region
Authors: Hugelius G. , Bockheim J. G. , Camill P. , Elberling B. , Grosse G. , Harden J. W. , Johnson K. , Jorgenson T. , Koven C. D. , Kuhry P. , Michaelson G. , Mishra U. , Palmtag J. , Ping C.-L. , O'Donnell J. , Schirrmeister L. , Schuur E. A. G. , Sheng Y. , Smith L. C. , Strauss J. , Yu Z.
Published: December 2013

Abstract. High-latitude terrestrial ecosystems are key components in the global carbon cycle. The Northern Circumpolar Soil Carbon Database (NCSCD) was developed to quantify stocks of soil organic carbon (SOC) in the northern circumpolar permafrost region (a total area of 18.7 × 106 km2). The NCSCD is a geographical information system (GIS) data set that has been constructed using harmonized regional soil classification maps together with pedon data from the northern permafrost region. Previously, the NCSCD has been used to calculate SOC storage to the reference depths 0–30 cm and 0–100 cm (based on 1778 pedons). It has been shown that soils of the northern circumpolar permafrost region also contain significant quantities of SOC in the 100–300 cm depth range, but there has been no circumpolar compilation of pedon data to quantify this deeper SOC pool and there are no spatially distributed estimates of SOC storage below 100 cm depth in this region. Here we describe the synthesis of an updated pedon data set for SOC storage (kg C m−2) in deep soils of the northern circumpolar permafrost regions, with separate data sets for the 100–200 cm (524 pedons) and 200–300 cm (356 pedons) depth ranges. These pedons have been grouped into the North American and Eurasian sectors and the mean SOC storage for different soil taxa (subdivided into Gelisols including the sub-orders Histels, Turbels, Orthels, permafrost-free Histosols, and permafrost-free mineral soil orders) has been added to the updated NCSCDv2. The updated version of the data set is freely available online in different file formats and spatial resolutions that enable spatially explicit applications in GIS mapping and terrestrial ecosystem models. While this newly compiled data set adds to our knowledge of SOC in the 100–300 cm depth range, it also reveals that large uncertainties remain. Identified data gaps include spatial coverage of deep (> 100 cm) pedons in many regions as well as the spatial extent of areas with thin soils overlying bedrock and the quantity and distribution of massive ground ice. An open access data-portal for the pedon data set and the GIS-data sets is available online at http://bolin.su.se/data/ncscd/. The NCSCDv2 data set has a digital object identifier (doi:10.5879/ECDS/00000002).
A double-station meteor camera set-up in the Canary Islands – CILBO
Authors: Koschny D. , Bettonvil F. , Licandro J. , Luijt C. v. d. , Mc Auliffe J. , Smit H. , Svedhem H. , de Wit F. , Witasse O. , Zender J.
Published: December 2013

Abstract. This paper describes a double-station camera set-up in the Canary Islands, called CILBO (Canary Island Long-Baseline Observatory). Image-intensified video cameras – one camera on Tenerife and one on La Palma – monitor the same volume of the atmosphere. They are located in automated roll-off roofs. From the obtained data, the meteoroid trajectory can be computed. A second camera on Tenerife is equipped with an objective grating. For bright meteors (typically 0 mag or brighter), a spectrum is recorded which allows constraining the chemical composition of the meteor. The system is completely automated and sends the obtained data after every observation night to a central FTP server. It has been in operation for about 2 yr and the first scientific results have been produced.
Model-based estimation of pesticides and transformation products and their export pathways in a headwater catchment
Authors: Gassmann M. , Stamm C. , Olsson O. , Lange J. , Kümmerer K. , Weiler M.
Published: December 2013

Abstract. Pesticides applied onto agricultural fields are frequently found in adjacent rivers. To what extent and along which pathways they are transported is influenced by intrinsic pesticide properties such as sorption and degradation. In the environment, incomplete degradation of pesticides leads to the formation of transformation products (TPs), which may differ from the parent compounds regarding their intrinsic fate characteristics. Thus, the export processes of TPs in catchments and streams may also be different. In order to test this hypothesis, we extended a distributed hydrological model by the fate and behaviour of pesticides and transformation products and applied it to a small, well-monitored headwater catchment in Switzerland. The successful model evaluation of three pesticides and their TPs at three sampling locations in the catchment enabled us to estimate the quantity of contributing processes for pollutant export. Since all TPs were more mobile than their parent compounds (PCs), they exhibited larger fractions of export via subsurface pathways. However, besides freshly applied pesticides, subsurface export was found to be influenced by residues of former applications. Export along preferential flow pathways was less dependent on substance fate characteristics than soil matrix export, but total soil water flow to tile drains increased more due to preferential flow for stronger sorbing substances. Our results indicate that runoff generation by matrix flow to tile drains gained importance towards the end of the modelling period whereas the contributions from fast surface runoff and preferential flow decreased. Accordingly, TPs were to a large extent exported under different hydrological conditions than their PCs, due to their delayed formation and longer half-lives. Thus, not only their different intrinsic characteristics but also their delayed formation could be responsible for the fact that TPs generally took different pathways than their PCs. We suggest that these results should be considered in risk assessment for the export of agricultural chemicals to adjacent rivers and that models should be extended to include both PCs and TPs.
Modelling stream flow and quantifying blue water using modified STREAM model in the Upper Pangani River Basin, Eastern Africa
Authors: Kiptala J. K. , Mul M. L. , Mohamed Y. , van der Zaag P.
Published: December 2013

Abstract. Effective management of all water uses in a river basin requires spatially distributed information of evaporative water use and the link towards the river flows. Physically based spatially distributed models are often used to generate this kind of information. These models require enormous amounts of data, if not sufficient would result in equifinality. In addition, hydrological models often focus on natural processes and fail to account for water usage. This study presents a spatially distributed hydrological model that has been developed for a heterogeneous, highly utilized and data scarce river basin in Eastern Africa. Using an innovative approach, remote sensing derived evapotranspiration and soil moisture variables for three years were incorporated as input data in the model conceptualization of the STREAM model (Spatial Tools for River basin Environmental Analysis and Management). To cater for the extensive irrigation water application, an additional blue water component was incorporated in the STREAM model to quantify irrigation water use (ETb(I)). To enhance model parameter identification and calibration, three hydrological landscapes (wetlands, hill-slope and snowmelt) were identified using field data. The model was calibrated against discharge data from five gauging stations and showed considerably good performance especially in the simulation of low flows where the Nash–Sutcliffe Efficiency of the natural logarithm (Eln) of discharge were greater than 0.6 in both calibration and validation periods. At the outlet, the Eln coefficient was even higher (0.90). During low flows, ETb(I) consumed nearly 50% of the river flow in the river basin. ETb(I) model result was comparable to the field based net irrigation estimates with less than 20% difference. These results show the great potential of developing spatially distributed models that can account for supplementary water use. Such information is important for water resources planning and management in heavily utilized catchment areas. Model flexibility offers the opportunity for continuous model improvement when more data become available.
Real time drought forecasting system for irrigation management
Authors: Ceppi A. , Ravazzani G. , Corbari C. , Salerno R. , Meucci S. , Mancini M.
Published: December 2013

Abstract. In recent years frequent periods of water scarcity have enhanced the need to use water more carefully, even in European areas traditionally rich of water such as the Po Valley in northern Italy. In dry periods problems of water shortage can be enhanced by conflictual uses of water such as irrigation, industrial and power production (hydroelectric and thermoelectric). Further, over the last decade the social perspective about this issue is increasing due to possible impacts of climate change and global warming scenarios which come out from the fourth IPCC Report. The increased frequency of drought periods has stimulated the improvement of irrigation and water management. In this study we show the development and implementation of the real-time drought forecasting system PRE.G.I., an Italian acronym that stands for "Hydro-Meteorological forecast for irrigation management". The system is based on ensemble prediction (20 members) at long-range (30 days) with hydrological simulations of water balance to forecast the soil water content over a maize field. The hydrological model was validated against measurements of latent heat flux acquired by an eddy-covariance station, and soil moisture measured by TDR probes. Reliability of the forecasting system and its benefits were assessed on the growing season of 2012. Obtained results show how the proposed drought forecasting system is able to have a high reliability of forecast at least for a fortnight as lead time.
The spatial domain of wildfire risk and response in the wildland urban interface in Sydney, Australia
Authors: Price O. F. , Bradstock R. A.
Published: December 2013

Abstract. In order to quantify the risks from fire at the wildland urban interface (WUI), it is important to understand where fires occur and their likelihood of spreading to the WUI. For each of the 999 fires in the Sydney region we calculated the distance between the ignition and the WUI, the fire's weather and wind direction and whether it spread to the WUI. The likelihood of burning the WUI was analysed using binomial regression. Weather and distance interacted such that under mild weather conditions, the model predicted only a 5% chance that a fire starting >2.5 km from the interface would reach it, whereas when the conditions are extreme the predicted chance remained above 30% even at distances >10 km. Fires were more likely to spread to the WUI if the wind was from the west and in the western side of the region. We examined whether the management responses to wildfires are commensurate with risk by comparing the distribution of distance to the WUI of wildfires with roads and prescribed fires. Prescribed fires and roads were concentrated nearer to the WUI than wildfires as a whole, but further away than wildfires that burnt the WUI under extreme weather conditions (high risk fires). Overall, 79% of these high risk fires started within 2 km of the WUI, so there is some argument for concentrating more management effort near the WUI. By substituting climate change scenario weather into the statistical model, we predicted a small increase in the risk of fires spreading to the WUI, but the increase will be greater under extreme weather. This approach has a variety of uses, including mapping fire risk and improving the ability to match fire management responses to the threat from each fire. They also provide a baseline from which a cost-benefit analysis of complementary fire management strategies can be conducted.
"Last mile" challenges to in situ volcanic data transmission
Authors: Fonseca J. F. B. D. , Faria B. V. E. , Trindade J. , Cruz G. , Chambel A. , Silva F. M. , Pereira R. L. , Vazão T.
Published: December 2013

Abstract. Scientists play a key role in volcanic risk management, but rely heavily on fast access to data acquired in the vicinity of an active volcano. Hazardous volcanoes are often located in remote areas were telecommunications infrastructure is fragile. Besides being exposed directly to the volcanic hazard, the infrastructure in such remote areas can also suffer from "last mile" limitations derived from lack of market demand for data transmission services. In this paper, we report on the findings of the FP7 MIAVITA project in the topic of volcanic data transmission. We draw on the contribution of partners from emergent or developing countries to identify the main bottlenecks and fragilities. We also present the results of an experiment conducted on Fogo Island, Cape Verde, to test the availability of VSAT services adequate for volcanic monitoring. We warn against the false sense of security resulting from increasingly ubiquitous connectivity, and point out the lack of reliability of many consumer-type services, particularly during emergencies when such services are likely to crash due to excess of demand from the public. Finally, we propose guidelines and recommend best practices for the design of volcanic monitoring networks in what concerns data transmission. In particular, we advise that the data transmission equipment close to the exposed area should be owned, operated and maintained by the volcanic monitoring institution. We exemplify with the set-up of the Fogo telemetric interface, which uses low-power licence-free radio modems to reach a robust point of entry into the public network at a suitable distance from the volcano.
Modelling of tsunami-like wave run-up, breaking and impact on a vertical wall by SPH method
Authors: Dao M. H. , Xu H. , Chan E. S. , Tkalich P.
Published: December 2013

Abstract. Accurate predictions of wave run-up and run-down are important for coastal impact assessment of relatively long waves such as tsunami or storm waves. Wave run-up is, however, a complex process involving nonlinear build-up of the wave front, intensive wave breaking and strong turbulent flow, making the numerical approximation challenging. Recent advanced modelling methodologies could help to overcome these numerical challenges. For a demonstration, we study run-up of non-breaking and breaking solitary waves on a vertical wall using two methods, an enhanced smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) method and the traditional non-breaking nonlinear model Tunami-N2. The Tunami-N2 model fails to capture the evolution of steep waves at the proximity of breaking that was observed in the experiments. Whereas the SPH method successfully simulates the wave propagation, breaking, impact on structure and the reform and breaking processes of wave run-down. The study also indicates that inadequate approximation of the wave breaking could lead to significant under-predictions of wave height and impact pressure on structures. The SPH model shows potential applications for accurate impact assessments of wave run-up on to coastal structures.
Validation study of TMPA 3B42V6 in a typical alpine and gorge region: Jinsha River basin, China
Authors: Yang Y. C. , Cheng G. W. , Fan J. H. , Li W. P. , Sun J. , Sha Y. K.
Published: December 2013

Abstract. Because of density and distribution flaws inherent with in situ rainfall measurements, satellite-based rainfall products, especially the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM), were expected to offer an alternative or complement for modeling of hydrological processes and water balance analysis. This study aims at evaluating the validity of a standard product, the TRMM Multi-satellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA) 3B42V6, by comparing it with in situ ground gauge datasets on a typical alpine and gorge region in China, the Jinsha River basin. The validation study involved the performance of the 3B42V6 product on 3 h, daily and monthly temporal scales. Statistical analysis methods were used for rainfall and rain event estimation. The results affirmed that the 3B42V6 product demonstrated increasing accuracy when the temporal scales were increased from 3 h to daily to monthly. The mean correlation coefficient of rainfall time series between the 3B42V6 product and the gauge over the Jinsha River basin reached 0.34 on the 3 h scale, 0.59 on the daily scale, and 0.90 on the monthly scale. The mean probability of detection (POD) of the 3B42V6 product reached 0.34 on the 3 h scale and 0.63 on the daily scale. The 3B42V6 product of 80.4% of stations obtained an acceptable bias (± 25%) over the investigation area. A threshold of nearly 5.0 mm d−1 in daily rainfall intensity split the 3B42V6 product into overestimates (< 5.0 mm d−1) and underestimates (> 5.0 mm d−1). The terrain elements of altitude, longitude, and latitude were the major influencing factors for 3B42V6 performance. In brief, the 3B42V6 dataset has great potential for research on hydrologic processes, especially daily or large temporal scale. As for fine temporal scale applications, such as flood predictions based on a 3 h scale dataset, it is necessary to conduct adjustments or to combine the 3B42V6 product with gauges to be more accurate regarding the issues in the study area or in analogous regions with complicated terrains.
Characteristics of high waves observed at multiple stations along the east coast of Korea
Authors: Oh S.-H. , Jeong W.-M.
Published: December 2013

Abstract. In recent several years, extremely high waves occasionally struck the Korean coast of the East Sea and caused severe coastal disasters almost every winter season. In this paper, characteristics of such high waves are reported by analyzing wave records collected at multiple stations along the east coast of Korea. Meteorological data obtained at relevant weather stations were also used in the analysis. The reason for appearance of the high waves was identified as the strong northeasters due to extra-tropical low pressure systems that had been rapidly developing in the East Sea. The general mechanism concerning the formation and spatial evolution of such strong low pressure systems was more clearly understood through the synthetic analysis of the wave and meteorological data. In particular, the influence of spatiotemporal features of the low pressure system on the resulting characteristics of the high waves was described in more detail in this study. Since the overall wave direction was also northeast, the first wave arrival time on the coastline became later for a wave station whose latitude is lower. At present, however, the arrival time of such high waves on the coast as well as their intrinsic characteristics such as wave height and period are not satisfactorily predicted by the daily weather forecast. Hence, it is necessary to enhance predictability of the high waves by investigating developmental mechanisms of the strong low pressure system in the winter season more thoroughly.
Ejection mechanism of the Donghekou landslide triggered by the 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake revealed by discrete element modeling
Authors: Yuan R.-M. , Tang C.-L. , Hu J.-C. , Xu X.-W.
Published: December 2013

Abstract. The huge Donghekou landslide was triggered by the Wenchuan earthquake in 2008 with about 2.4×107m3 of rock displaced. The landslide is considered as an example of earthquake-induced ejection event, but the kinematic processes are not well understood. We used the 2-D granular discrete element method to characterize the kinematic behavior and mechanics of this ejection landslide. The initial boundary conditions were applied along the ball-wall contacts by using derived velocities integrated from strong motion data with a duration of 125 s, including the peak acceleration near the Donghekou area. The constraints were primarily determined from the final geometry of the landslide and geological structures to account for the actual landslide characteristics. Simulated results showed that the large local seismic acceleration and a free face under the sliding body, caused by the dip difference between the upper slide face and the natural slope, originated from the ejection of the landslide. For the lower slide body, its kinematic mechanism was changed during sliding. Initially it was a pushed landslide, and then gradually changed to a retrogressive landslide. The eroded bed on the slope during the landslide could slightly increase the runout distance from 1435 m to 1519 m, and was predicted in the numerical simulation.
The results of experimental studies of VLF–ULF electromagnetic emission by rock samples due to mechanical action
Authors: Panfilov A. A.
Published: December 2013

Abstract. The paper presents the results of laboratory experiments on electromagnetic emission excitation (electric component of electromagnetic field) by rock samples due to different forms of mechanical stress applications. It was shown that samples generate electric impulses with different spectra when the impact action, gradual loading or dynamic friction is applied. It was ascertained that level and spectral compositions of signals, generated by rock samples, change with increasing quantity of hits. It was found that strong electromagnetic signals, generated while rock samples were fracturing, were accompanied by repetitive weak, but perceptible variations of the electric field intensity in short frequency range.
Lithosphere and upper-mantle structure of the southern Baltic Sea estimated from modelling relative sea-level data with glacial isostatic adjustment
Authors: Steffen H. , Kaufmann G. , Lampe R.
Published: December 2013

Abstract. During the last glacial maximum, a large ice sheet covered Scandinavia, and the Earth's surface was depressed by several 100 m. Beyond the limit of this Fennoscandian ice sheet, mass redistribution in the upper mantle led to the development of peripheral bulges around the glaciated region. These once uplifted areas subside since the begin of deglaciation due to the viscoelastic behavior of the mantle. Parts of this subsiding region are located in northern central Europe in the coastal parts of Denmark, Germany and Poland. We analyze relative sea-level (RSL) data of these regions to determine the lithospheric thickness and radial mantle viscosity structure for distinct regional RSL subsets. We load a one-dimensional Maxwell-viscoelastic earth model with a global ice-load history model of the last glaciation. We test two commonly used ice histories, RSES from the Australian National University and Ice-5G from the University of Toronto. Our results indicate that the lithospheric thickness varies, depending on the ice model used, between 60 and 160 km. The lowest values are found in the Oslo Graben area and the western German Baltic Sea coast. In between, thickness increases by at least 30 km tracing the Fyn High. In Poland, lithospheric thickness values up to 160 km are reached. However, the latter values are not well constrained due to a low number of RSL data from the Polish area. Upper-mantle viscosity is found to bracket [2–7] × 1020 Pa s when using Ice-5G. Employing RSES much higher values of 2 × 1021 Pa s yield for the southern Baltic Sea, which suggests a revision of this ice-model version. We confirm that the lower-mantle viscosity in Fennoscandia can only be poorly resolved. The lithospheric structure inferred partly supports structural features of regional and global lithosphere models based on thermal or seismological data. While there is agreement in eastern Europe and southwest Sweden, the structure in an area from south of Norway to northern Germany shows large discrepancies for two of the tested models. It thus remains challenging to sufficiently determine the Fyn High as seen with seismics with the help of glacial isostatic adjustment modelling.
Más allá de la sobrevivencia/beyond survival
Authors: Unger V. Georg
Published: December 2013

Organizaciones patrocinante: UNICEF, CEDEPAutoras: Sonia Bralic, Marta Edwards y Ximena SeguelTexto escrito en español e inglés
Determinación de normas para el E.P.P.S. en estudiantes de 4° Medio de Enseñanza Científico Humanista de la Región Metropolitana
Authors: Gallardo R Iris , Pinto L Luz María , Wenk W Elizabeth
Published: December 2013

El trabajo se refiere a la estandarización del E.P.P.S., en una versión adaptada en 1969 en nuestro país, en una muestra de 4° año de Educación Media de la Región Metropolitana, compuesta tanto por varones como mujeres pertenecientes a los niveles socioeconómicos alto, medio y bajo.Los resultados permitieron obtener normas diferenciales por sexo y para dos agrupaciones de nivel socioeconómico: alto, medio y bajo.Estas normas se entregan en percentiles y en puntuaciones típicas normalizadas T.Se enfatiza la naturaleza ipsativa de las puntuaciones que arroja la prueba, especialmente en lo que se refiere a la interpretación de los puntajes.
Aptitudes y predicción del rendimiento en la educación media técnico-profesional (EMTP). Bases para un proceso de selección de alumnos
Authors: Frez De-Negri Guillermo
Published: December 2013

Actualmente la mayoría de las Escuelas Secundarias Técnico Profesionales no tiene procesos de selección de los alumnos. Sólo algunas realizan un proceso de admisión. En general los procesos y los instrumentos de selección no han sido evaluados, por lo cual no existen datos acerca de los resultados de estos procedimientos e instrumentos.El requerimiento mínimo para un proceso de admisión, en cuanto a procedimientos e instrumentos, es una capacidad moderada de predecir el rendimiento en el siguiente año de estudio en la Educación Técnico Profesional.El procedimiento de selección de estudiantes, podría considerar aspectos tales como: (a) variables demográficas (NSE, nivel educacional de los padres); (b) rendimientos académicos previos (promedio de notas); (c) variables personales (aptitudes, intereses y personalidad).
Lev Semionovich Vygotski
Authors: Winkler Müller M.I.
Published: December 2013

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L’institution du « spectateur-témoin »
Authors: Rollet Sylvie
Published: December 2013

Réalisé en 2002, le film de Rithy Panh, en confrontant les anciens gardiens du centre de détention « S-21 » à deux de leurs victimes survivantes, déplace radicalement la question de la « représentation » du génocide : d’une part, le film ne vise pas à en faire l’histoire, mais à comprendre le processus de déshumanisation qui l’a rendu possible ; d’autre part, ce sont les tortionnaires qui témoignent, ici, de leur déshumanisation, symétrique de celle des victimes. Toutefois, « témoigner » suppose un écart qui constitue le sujet du témoignage comme « sujet », écart qui faisait et fait encore défaut aux gardiens. L’événement « irracontable » de la déshumanisation accède ainsi à la présence, après-coup, comme une « réminiscence » quasi involontaire, venue du corps même du témoin. C’est pourquoi l’on peut dire que c’est le film lui-même qui se fait « témoin » et non le bourreau. S-21, la machine de mort Khmère rouge définit ainsi les contours d’un possible « être-ensemble » en faisant du spectateur le contemporain et, par là même, le témoin-légataire de « l'événement sans témoin ».
Il était deux fois une petite fille de quinze ans
Authors: Berthet Frédérique
Published: December 2013

Cet essai relie deux films (Chronique d’un été et La petite prairie aux bouleaux) mettant en scène un sujet déporté à Auschwitz II-Birkenau à 15 ans, Marceline Loridan-Ivens, née Rozenberg, selon des procédés cinématographiques et des contextes historiographiques distants de 42 ans (1961-2003). D’une histoire à l’autre, d’un film vers l’autre, d’une position de tiers à l’autre, l’étude se consacre aux formes contrastées mais parentes choisies pour figurer la mémoire. Un trajet est retracé, par lequel un tiers entre-deux isolé s’autonomise pour s’entourer de tiers de transfert, tout en construisant au passage des objets tiers, soit les tiers formels que sont les films. La proposition vise in fine à installer au coeur de l’étude des formes la question de savoir « quelle est la part la plus authentique de l’autre » dans ce qui fait témoignage au cinéma.
Les parcs nationaux du Nunavik et du territoire d’Eeyou Istchee–Baie-James
Authors: Hébert Alain
Published: December 2013

La création et le développement de parcs nationaux demeurent avant tout des choix de société. Ceux-ci résultent de l’engagement plus ou moins important de la société dans la protection de l’environnement. De plus, les modalités de gestion des parcs et le niveau d’engagement obtenu par la société civile et les communautés locales sont le fruit d’un type de relation que l’État développe avec les acteurs non gouvernementaux. Depuis quelques années, la tendance mondiale est à une intégration de plus en plus importante des acteurs locaux dans la gouvernance des aires protégées. Dans le cas des communautés autochtones, les différentes instances internationales, notamment au Canada et au Québec, des décisions juridiques, des conventions internationales, des ententes et des lois, telles que la Convention de la Baie-James, rendent cette dévolution du pouvoir obligatoire jusqu’à un certain point. Cet article propose une analyse du cas de la création des parcs nationaux du nord du Québec. Il s’agit de voir comment cette évolution de la gouvernance permet à la fois aux collectivités autochtones de s’approprier la gouvernance afin d’agir sur leur mode de vie, mais aussi comment celle-ci s’inscrit dans un processus mondial plus large qui favorise la création de « parcs habités ». Cet article se base sur une analyse documentaire et sur l’expérience de l’auteur au sein du processus de création des parcs du nord du Québec.
La contribution du droit à la gouvernance territoriale
Authors: Grammond Sébastien , Beaudry Caroline , Chiasson Guy
Published: December 2013

À partir d’une perspective juridique et politique, le présent article examine le processus de gouvernance territoriale entourant la création du parc Tursujuq, au Nunavik, dans le nord du Québec, notamment à partir d’une analyse des positions exprimées lors d’audiences publiques tenues au Nunavik. La création d’un parc national n’est pas toujours vue d’un bon oeil par les peuples autochtones, puisqu’elle peut conduire à l’interdiction de certaines activités traditionnelles sur le territoire du parc ou à des conflits d’utilisation. Cependant, bien qu’elle serve d’abord les intérêts du gouvernement du Québec, la création du parc Tursujuq a été relativement bien acceptée par la population inuite, qui y voit un potentiel intéressant de création d’emploi, et qui a été rassurée quant au maintien de ses droits de récolte garantis par la Convention de la Baie James. Néanmoins, les Inuits ont tiré profit des audiences publiques tenues en vertu de la Loi sur les parcs pour réclamer l’inclusion du bassin de la rivière Nastapoka dans les limites du parc, dans l’espoir d’empêcher Hydro-Québec (société d’État responsable de la production énergétique de la province) d’harnacher cette rivière, et pour tenter d’obtenir une clarification du tracé de la frontière Québec-Nunavut dans la région du lac Guillaume-Delisle. L’analyse de ces audiences démontre l’importance de l’environnement juridique dans la structuration des processus de gouvernance territoriale.
Patrimonialisation des territoires en milieu nordique et gouvernance
Authors: Bibaud Julie
Published: December 2013

Cet article présente une analyse des consultations publiques qui ont eu lieu dans deux villages inuits et un village cri dans le cadre de la création du parc national Tursujuq, au Nunavik. L’importance accordée à l’esthétisme, à la qualité écologique de la nature, à l’historicité de l’occupation territoriale ainsi qu’à la transmission des savoirs constitue un lieu pour le développement d’actions répondant à des problématiques qui dépassent celles associées au développement touristique. En effet, la forte mobilisation locale autour de valeurs patrimoniales nous amène à considérer le patrimoine comme un espace de négociation de la gouvernance de la transformation des aménagements et des usages du territoire.
The Evolving Role of Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion Programs in Academic Health Institutions
Authors: Cozier Yvette , Mellman Lisa , Galea Sandro
Published: July 2024

This Viewpoint examines the role of diversity, equity, and inclusion programs in academic health institutions and universities and encourages such institutions to reexamine and reengage with the goals of these programs.
Symptoms of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Among Japanese Peacekeepers Deployed in South Sudan
Authors: Kitano Masato , Giltay Erik J. , Saito Taku , van der Does Florentine H. S. , Chiba Toshinori , Vermetten Eric , Edo Naoki , Waki Fumiko , Koga Minori , Toda Hiroyuki , van der Wee Nic J. , Nagamine Masanori
Published: July 2024

Importance

Peacekeepers in United Nations missions experience potentially traumatic events, resulting in increased risk for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Understanding the course and risk factors of PTSD symptom severity is crucial to ensure personnel safety.

Objective

To investigate the incidence of PTSD, symptom severity trajectories, and potential risk factors associated with adverse trajectories among Japanese peacekeepers deployed in South Sudan.

Design, Setting, and Participants

Data for this 6-year prospective cohort study were collected from December 2011 to December 2018 from Japan Ground Self-Defense Force personnel deployed at the United Nations Mission in South Sudan, corresponding to before and up to 78 months after deployment. Of 3799 potential participants, 80 were excluded because of multiple deployments and 757 because of missing data, incomplete responses, or not providing informed consent. Therefore, 2962 participants were included in the analysis. Data analysis was performed from February 2022 to February 2024.

Exposure

The participants were deployed to United Nations Mission in South Sudan for 6 months.

Main Outcomes and Measures

The 22-item Impact of Event Scale–Revised was used to assess PTSD symptoms, with 25 or more points indicating probable PTSD (p-PTSD). Sociodemographic data were collected, and the 30-item General Health Questionnaire was administered before deployment to identify risk factors for PTSD symptom severity.

Results

In the 2962 participants studied (2901 [97.9%] male; mean [SD] age, 33.9 [7.2] years), the incidence of p-PTSD was 3.95%. Latent growth mixture models identified 4 symptom severity trajectories: resilient (2143 [72.3%]), recovery (479 [16.2%]), protracted (182 [6.1%]), and delayed (158 [5.3%]). Multinomial logistic regression showed that sleep disturbance was a common risk factor for the 2 most severe trajectories (protracted: odds ratio [OR], 1.29; 95% CI, 1.08-1.54; delayed: OR, 1.26; 95% CI, 1.03-1.53), whereas older age (OR, 1.25; 95% CI, 1.06-1.48), anxiety and dysphoria (OR, 1.45; 95% CI, 1.20-1.75), and general illness (OR, 1.30; 95% CI, 1.06-1.59) were associated with the protracted trajectory.

Conclusions and Relevance

This cohort study found that approximately 4% of the participants developed p-PTSD and identified 4 distinct PTSD symptom trajectories. The findings suggest that addressing sleep disturbance and general health issues could effectively prevent PTSD symptoms among peacekeepers.
Progression-Free Survival for Liver Transplant vs Alternative Therapy in Unresectable Colorectal Liver Metastasis
Authors: Byrne Matthew M. , Chávez-Villa Mariana , Ruffolo Luis I. , Wanis Kerollos Nashat , Belt Brian , Tomiyama Koji , Hernandez-Alejandro Roberto
Published: July 2024

This cohort study compares survival outcomes between patients with unresectable colorectal liver metastasis who received chemotherapy-based multimodal therapy and patients who underwent liver transplant.
Event triggering fixed time secondary control of DC microgrid considering FDI attacks
Authors: Wu Zhongqiang , Geng Shaochen , Xie Zongkui
Published: July 2024

Aiming at the problem that distributed secondary control is vulnerable to FDI attacks in DC microgrid, which affects the stability of the system, and the problems of communication redundancy and energy loss in traditional distributed secondary control, an event triggered fixed time distributed secondary control scheme based on high‐order differentiator is proposed. The high‐order differentiator is used to estimate the FDI attack signal of the system. Then, using the estimated attack signal, a fixed time distributed secondary controller based on event triggering is designed to eliminate the impact of the attack signal, and realize the adjustment of bus voltage and accurate power distribution. The strict stability and the absence of Zeno behavior are proved. The simulation results show that the proposed control strategy can significantly reduce the impact of attacks on the system, and the event triggered fixed time control reduces the energy consumption of the system and the update numbers of the controller, making the system have better dynamic performance.
Advancements in Optoelectronics: Harnessing the Potential of 2D Violet Phosphorus
Authors: Ahmad Waqas , Abbas Aumber , Younis Umer , Zhang Jinying , Aleithan Shrouq H. , Wang Zhiming
Published: July 2024

Recently, 2D violet phosphorus (VP), a new kind of allotrope of phosphorus has attained significant attention owing to its remarkable electronic, optical, and magnetic characteristics. Tunable, large direct bandgap, high charge carrier mobility, and large optical absorption make it a potential candidate for realizing photoelectronic applications. VP demonstrates unique electronic structure, chemical stability, strong light‐matter interaction, and thermal stability that can be utilized for assembling intelligent photoelectronic devices. This review article provides comprehensive investigations of the latest synthesis techniques employed to develop the VP including its structural characterizations, stability, and degradation mechanisms. Furthermore, this review demonstrates the diverse applications of VP in optoelectronics, including photodetectors, polarization detection, imaging systems, neuromorphic optoelectronic devices, and many others. Finally, challenges and future research directions associated with the VP in terms of optoelectronics are discussed. Overall, as presented, the review offers an extensive study of VP, covering its synthesis, structural insights mechanisms, and applications in optoelectronics with the aim of stimulating further research and development in this growing field.
Chemically Defined Organoid Culture System for Cholangiocyte Differentiation
Authors: Wang Zhenguo , Ye Shicheng , van der Laan Luc J.W. , Schneeberger Kerstin , Masereeuw Rosalinde , Spee Bart
Published: July 2024

Cholangiocyte organoids provide a powerful platform for applications ranging from in vitro modeling to tissue engineering for regenerative medicine. However, their expansion and differentiation are typically conducted in animal‐derived hydrogels, which impede the full maturation of organoids into functional cholangiocytes. In addition, these hydrogels are poorly defined and complex, limiting the clinical applicability of organoids. In this study, a novel medium composition combined with synthetic polyisocyanopeptide (PIC) hydrogels to enhance the maturation of intrahepatic cholangiocyte organoids (ICOs) into functional cholangiocytes is utilized. ICOs cultured in the presence of sodium butyrate and valproic acid, a histone deacetylase inhibitor, and a Notch signaling activator, respectively, in PIC hydrogel exhibit a more mature phenotype, as evidenced by increased expression of key cholangiocyte markers, crucial for biliary function. Notably, mature cholangiocyte organoids in PIC hydrogel display apical‐out polarity, in contrast to the traditional basal‐out polarization of ICOs cultured in Matrigel. Moreover, these mature cholangiocyte organoids effectively model the biliary pro‐fibrotic response induced by transforming growth factor beta. Taken together, an animal‐free, chemically defined culture system that promotes the ICOs into mature cholangiocytes with apical‐out polarity, facilitating regenerative medicine applications and in vitro studies that require access to the apical membrane, is developed.
Light‐Driven Multidirectional Bending in Artificial Muscles
Authors: Madani Zahra , Silva Pedro E. S. , Baniasadi Hossein , Vaara Maija , Das Susobhan , Arias Juan Camilo , Seppälä Jukka , Sun Zhipei , Vapaavuori Jaana
Published: July 2024

Using light to drive polymer actuators can enable spatially selective complex motions, offering a wealth of opportunities for wireless control of soft robotics and active textiles. Here, the integration of photothermal components is reported into shape memory polymer actuators. The fabricated twist‐coiled artificial muscles show on‐command multidirectional bending, which can be controlled by both the illumination intensity, as well as the chirality, of the prepared artificial muscles. Importantly, the direction in which these artificial muscles bend does not depend on intrinsic material characteristics. Instead, this directionality is achieved by localized untwisting of the actuator, driven by selective irradiation. The reaction times of this bending system are significantly – at least two orders of magnitude – faster than heliotropic biological systems, with a response time up to one second. The programmability of the artificial muscles is further demonstrated for selective, reversible, and sustained actuation when integrated in butterfly‐shaped textiles, along with the capacity to autonomously orient toward a light source. This functionality is maintained even on a rotating platform, with angular velocities of 6°/s, independent of the rotation direction. These attributes collectively represent a breakthrough in the field of artificial muscles, intended to adaptive shape‐changing soft systems and biomimetic technologies.
Enhancing Ultrasound Power Transfer: Efficiency, Acoustics, and Future Directions
Authors: Zheng Yi , Zhang Zhuomin , Zhang Yanhu , Pan Qiqi , Yan Xiaodong , Li Xuemu , Yang Zhengbao
Published: July 2024

Implantable medical devices (IMDs), like pacemakers regulating heart rhythm or deep brain stimulators treating neurological disorders, revolutionize healthcare. However, limited battery life necessitates frequent surgeries for replacements. Ultrasound power transfer (UPT) emerges as a promising solution for sustainable IMD operation. Current research prioritizes implantable materials, with less emphasis on sound field analysis and maximizing energy transfer during wireless power delivery. This review addresses this gap. A comprehensive analysis of UPT technology, examining cutting‐edge system designs, particularly in power supply and efficiency is provided. The review critically examines existing efficiency models, summarizing the key parameters influencing energy transmission in UPT systems. For the first time, an energy flow diagram of a general UPT system is proposed to offer insights into the overall functioning. Additionally, the review explores the development stages of UPT technology, showcasing representative designs and applications. The remaining challenges, future directions, and exciting opportunities associated with UPT are discussed. By highlighting the importance of sustainable IMDs with advanced functions like biosensing and closed‐loop drug delivery, as well as UPT's potential, this review aims to inspire further research and advancements in this promising field.
Unraveling Thermal Depolarization Phenomena in Biphasic Polarized Calcium Phosphate Catalyst
Authors: Arnau Marc , Sans Jordi , Tamarit Josep Lluis , Romanini Michela , Turon Pau , Alemán Carlos
Published: July 2024

Permanently polarized biphasic calcium phosphate composed of hydroxyapatite and brushite (pp‐HAp/Bru), which is prepared by applying the thermally stimulated polarization treatment to calcined HAp, is used as a sustainable catalyst to transform CO2 into value‐added products. In this work, the stability of pp‐HAp/Bru is studied from structural, electrical, and catalytic perspectives, applying a thermal depolarization process with temperatures (Td) ranging from 200 to 1000 °C. Results show that the Bru phase is not stable when Td ≤ 400 °C, while the structure of the HAp refines and transforms into Bru when Td ≥ 600 °C. Besides, the electrical resistance and capacitance of the pp‐HAp/Bru increase with Td, evidencing the progressive electrical depolarization of the material. Thermal depolarization also influences the specific orientation of the OH– ions, which is partially lost (≈50%). All such changes affect the catalytic efficiency of pp‐HAp/Bru, which is proven using a reaction that transforms CO2 gas into acetic acid and formic acid. Results show that the total reaction yield linearly decreases with increasing Td. Based on such observations, a simple process is designed that allows the reconstitution of the structure and restores the activity of such green catalysts.