bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Term structure determinants of time‐varying risk of 1‐year bond returns
Authors: Khanapure Revansiddha Basavaraj
Published: November 2019

Term structure drivers of 1‐year bond premia and conditional bond return risk are distinct. Consequently, the Cochrane–Piazzesi factor captures aggregate price of risk and not the amount of risk in 1‐year bond returns. One linear combination of forward rates captures most of the variation in bond return risk across maturities. Interest rate level captures substantial amount of variation in the conditional return risk, a finding consistent with rising inflation uncertainty with level of inflation and interest rates. The 4‐5 yield spread, an important positive predictor of bond return premia, has an opposing but limited impact on the conditional volatility.
SHP656, a polysialylated recombinant factor VIII (PSA‐rFVIII): First‐in‐human study evaluating safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics in patients with severe haemophilia A
Authors: Tiede Andreas , Allen Geoffrey , Bauer Alexander , Chowdary Pratima , Collins Peter , Goldstein Brahm , Jiang Hongyu Jeanne , Kӧck Kathleen , Takács István , Timofeeva Margarita , Wolfsegger Martin , Srivastava Shouryadeep
Published: November 2019

Introduction

SHP656 is the first factor VIII (FVIII) product developed using polysialylation (PSA) technology, in which full‐length recombinant (r) FVIII (anti‐haemophilic factor [recombinant]) is conjugated with a 20 kDa PSA polymer.

Aim

To compare the safety, immunogenicity and pharmacokinetics of SHP656 vs the parent rFVIII (octocog alfa) after single infusions of 25‐75 IU/kg in patients with severe haemophilia A (FVIII activity <1%).

Methods

Multinational, phase 1, prospective, open‐label, two‐period, fixed‐sequence, dose‐escalation trial (clinicaltrials.gov NCT02716194). Patients received single doses of rFVIII and then SHP656 sequentially at the same dose: 25 ± 3 IU/kg (Cohort 1), 50 ± 5 IU/kg (Cohort 2) and 75 ± 5 IU/kg (Cohort 3).

Results

Forty patients received rFVIII: 11 in Cohort 1, 16 in Cohort 2 and 13 in Cohort 3. Two patients withdrew before receiving SHP656, leaving 38 patients who completed the study and received both treatments. No treatment‐related adverse events (AEs), serious AEs, deaths, study withdrawals, thrombotic events or allergic reactions were reported; and no significant treatment‐related changes in laboratory parameters or vital signs. No patients developed FVIII inhibitors or antibodies to PSA. FVIII activity was significantly prolonged following SHP656 administration vs rFVIII with an approximately 1.5‐fold extension in mean residence time (P < .05). Exposure increased proportional to the SHP656 dose over the 25‐75 IU/kg dose range.

Conclusion

Polysialylation of rFVIII confers a half‐life extension similar to that of approved extended half‐life products that use either PEGylation or Fc fusion technology and was not associated with any treatment‐related adverse events.
Illness perceptions among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Tang Jiao , Gao Lingling
Published: November 2019

Aims

This study aimed to investigate illness perceptions and their predictors among Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes.

Methods

A descriptive, correlational, and exploratory design was used. The Chinese version of the Revised Illness Perception Questionnaire was modified and used to collect data between September 2016 and February 2017.

Results

On average, patients recognized fewer than five of the 14 common symptoms of type 2 diabetes. Of the six causal factors, “dietary behaviours” had the highest mean score, while “psychological factors” had the lowest score. Most patients lacked understanding of type 2 diabetes mellitus. They perceived it as a chronic and stable illness, without negative affective response, and controllable by themselves and through treatment. Gender, age, marital status, educational level, family income, employment status, diabetes duration, diabetes‐related complications, comorbid conditions, number of hospital admissions, and the level of haemoglobin A1c were predictors of illness perceptions.

Conclusions

The findings of the present study suggest that the illness perceptions of Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes should be improved. This evidence may enrich the theoretical understanding of illness perceptions and be used to develop interventions for enhancing illness perceptions in such patients.
Understanding immune–microbiota interactions in the intestine
Authors: Ahern Philip P. , Maloy Kevin J.
Published: November 2019

The past two decades have seen an explosion in research that aims to understand how the dynamic interplay with the gut microbiota impacts host health and disease, establishing a role for the gut microbiota in a plethora of pathologies. Understanding how health‐promoting microbiota are established and how beneficial host–microbiota interactions are maintained is of immense biomedical importance. Despite the enormous progress that has been made, our knowledge of the specific microbiota members that mediate these effects and the mechanisms underlying these interactions is rudimentary. The dearth of information regarding the nature of advantageous host–microbiota interactions, and the factors that cause these relationships to go awry, has hampered our ability to realize the therapeutic potential of the microbiota. Here we discuss key issues that limit current knowledge and describe a path forwards to improving our understanding of the contributions of the microbiota to host health.
The effect of different biochars on the growth and water use efficiency of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum‐graecumL.)
Authors: Bitarafan Zahra , Liu Fulai , Andreasen Christian
Published: November 2019

In two identical pot trials, we investigated the effect of different biochars on the growth and water use efficiency (WUE) of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum‐graecumL.) grown with and without water stress. Plants were grown in pots with and without biochar. Rice husk (RH), standard rice husk (SRH), standard wheat straw (SWS) or standard oilseed rape straw (SOS) biochars were added at a rate of 2% by weight. Irrigation was reduced from 80% of field capacity to 40% in half of the pots to create water stress when 50% of the plants flowered. No significant interaction was observed between irrigation and biochar treatments. Water stress resulted in smaller plants (11.5%), fewer pods (16.1%) and reduced 100‐seed weight (12.6%), seed yield (20.1%) and plant dry weight (55.0%). All standard biochars increased plant dry weight in a range of 18%−25% compared with the controls. There was no significant effect of biochar on the number of pods and seed weight. Only RH, SWS and SOS biochar increased the number of seeds pod−1by 9.0%−14.5% compared with the controls regardless of water stress. RH and SOS biochars increased seed yield by 16.7 and 21.6%, respectively. RH, SWS and SOS biochar increased the WUE by 17.3%, 10.1% and 16.2% regardless of water stress, respectively. Based on the experiment, we recommend farmers to add biochar whatever type they have available. However, RH and SOS seem to be better than the others are, as they seem to be able to increase seed yield and WUE considerably.
Serratus anterior plane block in subcutaneous implantable cardioverter defibrillator implantation: A case‐control analysis
Authors: Ziacchi Matteo , Bisignani Giovanni , Palmisano Pietro , Scalone Antonio , Martignani Cristian , Elvira Mocavero Paola , Caravati Fabrizio , Della Cioppa Nadia , Mazzuero Antonio , Pecora Domenico , Vicentini Alessandro , Landolina Maurizio Eugenio , Debonis Silvana , Scimia Paolo , Lovecchio Mariolina , Valsecchi Sergio , Diemberger Igor , Droghetti Andrea
Published: November 2019

Background

A two‐incision technique, in association with inter‐muscular positioning of the subcutaneous defibrillator (S‐ICD), is now the most frequently adopted implantation approach in Europe. Ultrasound‐guided serratus anterior plane block (SAPB) has been proposed to provide anesthesia/analgesia during S‐ICD implantation.

Objective

We performed a case‐control analysis in which a standardized SAPB approach was compared with the typical local anesthesia and sedation approach.

Methods

Ninety‐one consecutive patients underwent implantation of an S‐ICD with the SAPB approach for anesthesia/analgesia at 10 centers. The control group consisted of 55 consecutive patients who underwent S‐ICD implantation with a standard local approach.

Results

The mean procedure duration was 59 ± 15 minutes in the SAPB group and 76 ± 23 minutes in the control group (P < .001). No operative complications were reported in either group. During the procedure, 79 (87%) patients in the SAPB group and 25 (46%) patients in the control group (P < .001) remained awake. Lower values of pain intensity at the device pocket (P = .005) and the lateral tunneling site (P = .046) were reported in the SAPB group. The difference in static (P = .002) and dynamic (P = .007) pain intensity between the groups persisted at 1 hour, while no differences were observed 6 hours after the end of the procedure.

Conclusions

SAPB is feasible and effective in providing anesthesia/analgesia during S‐ICD implantation. The procedures were successfully accomplished and no complications occurred in either group. However, SAPB was associated with lower pain levels, enabling the need for sedation to be reduced and more patients to remain awake. Moreover, it resulted in shorter procedure durations.
How to perform left atrial transseptal access and catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation from a superior approach
Authors: Santangeli Pasquale , Kodali Santhisri , Liang Jackson J.
Published: November 2019

The standard technique for percutaneous catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation (AF) involves obtaining left atrial access and catheter manipulation from an inferior transfemoral venous access. However, in patients with inferior vena cava interruption, a standard transfemoral venous approach is not possible. In these cases, a percutaneous approach from a superior central vein, such as the internal jugular vein or the axillary/subclavian vein can be considered. In this article, we describe the details of our technique to obtain left atrial catheterization and perform catheter ablation of AF from a superior approach. Our technique involves the use of steerable sheaths, dedicated radiofrequency wires, and intracardiac echocardiography guidance.
Persistent atrial fibrillation in the setting of pulmonary vein isolation—Where to next?
Authors: Kistler Peter M. , Chieng David
Published: November 2019

Catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation (AF) is indicated in symptomatic patients who are intolerant or refractory to antiarrhythmic therapy. However, outcomes from catheter ablation remain suboptimal in patients with persistent AF. Pulmonary vein antral isolation (PVAI) is established as the cornerstone of AF ablation strategies. The landmark STAR AF II study demonstrated a lack of incremental benefit with adjunctive linear and complex fractionated electrogram ablation beyond PVAI. Randomized studies thus far have failed to consistently show favorable outcomes from other trigger/substrate‐based ablation approaches over PVAI alone. In this issue of the journal, we pose an interesting clinical scenario—of a middle‐aged female who presents with recurrent persistent AF but was found to have enduring PVAI on repeat electrophysiologic study. Which approach should be undertaken next? In this review article, we aim to provide an overview of ablation strategies beyond PVAI. Finally in light of scant randomized data to guide decision making we have approached leading experts in the field to provide their approach to this scenario.
Electrophysiological parameters and anatomical evaluation of left bundle branch pacing in an in vivo canine model
Authors: Chen Xueying , Jin Qinchun , Li Bingyu , Jia Jianguo , Sharma Parikshit S. , Huang Weijian , Su Yangang , Ge Junbo
Published: November 2019

Introduction

Left bundle branch pacing (LBBP), a form of conduction system pacing in addition to His bundle pacing (HBP), can potentially maintain left ventricular electrical synchrony with better sensing and a low and stable capture threshold.

Methods

We performed both HBP and LBBP using a canine model (n = 3; male; weight 30‐40 kg). The electrocardiogram (ECG), intracardiac electrogram characteristics, and pacing parameters were compared between HBP and LBBP. The hearts were isolated and stained by Lugol's iodine (5%) to assess the relative locations of the leads in relation to the conduction system.

Results

The average potential to ventricle interval was longer with HBP compared to LBBP (26.67 ± 3.06 ms vs 12.67 ± 1.15 ms; P = .002). There were also notable differences in the pacing parameters between HBP and LBBP: R‐wave amplitude (2.67 ± 0.42 mV vs 11.33 ± 3.06 mV; P = .008), pacing impedance (423.3 ± 40.4 vs 660.0 ± 45.8; P = .003), and threshold (2.30 ± 0.66 V/0.4ms vs 0.67 ± 0.15 V/0.4 ms; P = .014). The paced morphology of ECG was similar to the intrinsic with HBP while a right bundle branch block pattern was noted with LBBP. The anatomical evaluation revealed the location of the leads and the average lead depth was significantly more with LBBP as compared to HBP (12.33 ± 1.53 mm vs1.83 ± 0.29 mm; P < .0001). Furthermore, with LBBP, the tip of the lead helix was noted to be around the LBB.

Conclusion

This in vivo canine model study confirms the significant differences between HBP and LBBP. Furthermore, this model provides a precise anatomic evaluation of the location and the depth of the leads in relation to the conduction system.
Reduced expression of proteolipid protein 2 increases ER stress‐induced apoptosis and autophagy in glioblastoma
Authors: Feng Zichao , Zhou Wenjing , Wang Jiwei , Qi Qichao , Han Mingzhi , Kong Yang , Hu Yaotian , Zhang Yulin , Chen Anbin , Huang Bin , Chen Anjing , Zhang Di , Li Wenjie , Zhang Qing , Bjerkvig Rolf , Wang Jian , Thorsen Frits , Li Xingang
Published: November 2019

Proteolipid protein 2 (PLP2) is an integral ion channel membrane protein of the endoplasmic reticulum. The protein has been shown to be highly expressed in many cancer types, but its importance in glioma progression is poorly understood. Using publicly available datasets (Rembrandt, TCGA and CGGA), we found that the expression of PLP2 was significantly higher in high‐grade gliomas than in low‐grade gliomas. We confirmed these results at the protein level through IHC staining of high‐grade (n = 56) and low‐grade glioma biopsies (n = 16). Kaplan‐Meier analysis demonstrated that increased PLP2 expression was associated with poorer patient survival. In functional experiments, siRNA and shRNA PLP2 knockdown induced ER stress and increased apoptosis and autophagy in U87 and U251 glioma cell lines. Inhibition of autophagy with chloroquine augmented apoptotic cell death in U87‐ and U251‐siPLP2 cells. Finally, intracranial xenografts derived from U87‐ and U251‐shPLP2 cells revealed that loss of PLP2 reduced glioma growth in vivo. Our results therefore indicate that increased PLP2 expression promotes GBM growth and that PLP2 represents a potential future therapeutic target.
A Statewide Program to Improve Management of Suspected Urinary Tract Infection in Long‐Term Care
Authors: Salem‐Schatz Susanne , Griswold Paula , Kandel Ruth , Benjamin‐Bothwell Sharon , DeMaria Alfred , McElroy Nora , Bolstorff Barbara , McHale Eileen , Doron Shira
Published: November 2019

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES

Suspected urinary tract infection (UTI) is the most common indication for antibiotic use in long‐term care (LTC). Due to the high prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriuria, for which antibiotics are not warranted, these antibiotics are frequently unnecessary. We implemented a collaborative quality improvement program to improve the management of suspected UTI in LTC residents by increasing awareness of current guidelines, with a focus on decreasing treatment in the absence of symptoms.

DESIGN/INTERVENTION

Two separate collaboratives included workshops, webinars, and coaching calls.

PARTICIPANTS

A total of 31 facilities participated in the first collaborative, with 17 submitting sufficient data for analysis and 34 in the second, with data analyzed from 25.

MEASUREMENTS

Facilities reported monthly numbers of urine cultures, UTI diagnoses, Clostridioides difficile infections (CDIs), and resident days.

RESULTS

When comparing the baseline period to the first collaborative period, the intercollaborative period to the second collaborative period, and the first collaborative period to the second, the incident rate ratios (95% confidence intervals) were 0.74 (0.68‐0.81), 0.83 (0.73‐0.94), and 0.63 (0.57‐0.69), respectively, for urine culturing rate; 0.73 (0.64‐0.83), 0.86 (0.70‐1.05), and 0.60 (0.51‐0.69), respectively, for UTI diagnosis rate; and 0.56 (0.40‐0.82), 1.61 (0.71‐4.14), and 0.45 (0.27‐0.74), respectively, for CDI rate.

CONCLUSION

The program we implemented was associated with reductions in urine cultures, UTI diagnosis, and CDI; and it suggests that this type of intervention can promote appropriate management of UTI in the LTC setting. J Am Geriatr Soc 68:62–69, 2019
The contribution of ascitic fluid to body weight in patients with liver cirrhosis, and its estimation using girth: a cross‐sectional observational study
Authors: Lamarti E. , Hickson M.
Published: November 2019

Background

There is a high prevalence of malnutrition among people with decompensated liver disease. Standard nutritional screening tools use weight and body mass index (BMI) to identify risk, although these are difficult to measure for those with ascites, often secondary to liver cirrhosis. Dietetic guidance suggests adjusting for ascitic weight by 2.2–14 kg, although there is a lack of evidence to substantiate these values. The present study aimed to measure the contribution of ascitic fluid weight and compare this with the current guidance, as well as to examine whether girth circumference can be used to estimate ascitic weight.

Methods

A cross‐sectional, observational study was conducted over 13 weeks. Participants attending for paracentesis were weighed, their girths measured, and BMI was calculated pre‐ and post‐paracentesis. Fluid removed via paracentesis was recorded. Ethical approval was received (IRAS project ID: 218747).

Results

Eighteen participants underwent paracentesis. The range of ascitic fluid drained was 3.8–19 L [mean (SD) = 8.7 (3.7) L]. Weight difference between pre‐ and post‐paracentesis was in the range 4.5–20 kg [mean (SD) = 8.7 (3.9) kg]. Ascitic fluid weight is shown to be higher in each category (minimal, moderate, severe ascites) than the current guidance values. Weight difference was greater than 14 kg in 11% (n = 2) of participants. A strong, statistically significant relationship (rho = 0.68, P ≤ 0.01) between ascitic weight and pre‐paracentesis girth was found. An equation was formulated to enable the estimation of ascitic fluid from pre‐paracentesis girth.

Conclusions

Current dietetic guidance should be re‐evaluated to reflect the greater weight differences identified. Measuring girth pre‐paracentesis may help to inform dry weight estimation. Further research is required to verify the accuracy of estimating ascitic weight from pre‐paracentesis girth.
Relationship between lip motion detected with a compact 3D camera and swallowing dynamics during bolus flow swallowing in Japanese elderly men
Authors: Yamamoto Yushi , Sato Hideo , Kanada Hisako , Iwashita Yoichiro , Hashiguchi Makiko , Yamasaki Youichi
Published: November 2019

Clinical application of a swallowing function evaluation system that is minimally invasive and enables an objective evaluation is necessary. We constructed a system that can synchronise and analyse lip motion with a three‐dimensional (3D) camera and swallowing dynamics with videofluoroscopy (VF) and clarified the relationship between lip movement and swallowing dynamics. A compact 3D camera was adapted to Microsoft XBox One Kinect Sensor®. We examined Kinect's accuracy and repeatability and analysed the highest measurement accuracy and repeatability of the distance between anguli oris muscles. The constructed system simultaneously measured, synchronised and analysed lip motion by Kinect and swallowing dynamics by VF. Fourteen elderly men without dysphagia were included. Barium turbid solution (5, 10, 15 and 20 mL) was used for swallowing. Measurement parameters were the 3D distance between angulus oris displacement (TDDD), swallowing quantity (SQ), oral transit time (OTT), stage transit duration (STD), pharyngeal transit time (PTT) and total swallowing duration (TSD). Statistical analyses were performed. The measurement accuracy and reproducibility were optimum within a 10° horizontal imaging angle at a 120‐cm measurement distance. SQ, TDDD, OTT, STD, PTT and TSD showed significant differences, and correlation was found between TDDD and OTT. SQ affected TDDD, OTT, STD, PTT and TSD; OTT could be predicted from TDDD. Improvement in the system and analysis method was considered to enable prediction of swallowing dynamics from body surface movement of the head and neck, including realisation of measurement conditions with higher precision and reproducibility, and from lip motion.
Understanding the Risk of Sexual Abuse for Adults With Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities from an Ecological Framework
Authors: Curtiss Sarah L. , Kammes Rebecca
Published: November 2019

Current research on sexual violence perpetrated against individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) focuses on rates of victimization and individual risk factors. This research suggests that individuals with IDD are at a greater risk for sexual violence compared with the general public. At this time, there is no comprehensive theoretical framework to explain sexual abuse risk factors for individuals with IDD. This article describes such a framework by examining how an ecological perspective can be used to understand why individuals with IDD are at increased risk as well as provide a roadmap for how to prevent sexual abuse. An ecological framework, first introduced by Bronfenbrenner in 1979, examines individuals at multiple contextual levels. Current research on sexual violence and adults with IDD is reviewed through an ecological lens. We argue that an ecological approach is necessary for examining the nature of sexual violence and IDD, understanding why individuals with IDD are at a greater risk for sexual violence, and providing insight into how to prevent sexual violence.
In‐field evaluation of Xpert® HCV viral load Fingerstick assay in people who inject drugs in Tanzania
Authors: Mohamed Zameer , Mbwambo Jessie , Rwegasha John , Mgina Nicodem , Doulla Basra , Mwakale Promise , Tuaillon Edouard , Chevaliez Stephane , Shimakawa Yusuke , Taylor‐Robinson Simon D. , Thursz Mark R. , Brown Ashley S. , Lemoine Maud
Published: November 2019

Background

Although novel hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA point‐of‐care technology has the potential to enhance the diagnosis in resource‐limited settings, very little real‐world validation of their utility exists. We evaluate the performance of HCV RNA quantification using the Xpert® HCV viral load Fingerstick assay (Xpert® HCV VL Fingerstick assay) as compared to the World Health Organisation pre‐qualified plasma Xpert® HCV VL assay among people who inject drugs (PWID) attending an opioid agonist therapy (OAT) clinic in Dar‐es‐Salaam, Tanzania.

Methods

Between December 2018 and February 2019, consecutive HCV seropositive PWID attending the OAT clinic provided paired venous and Fingerstick samples for HCV RNA quantification. These were processed onsite using the GeneXpert® platform located at the Central tuberculosis reference laboratory.

Results

A total of 208 out of 220 anti‐HCV‐positive participants recruited (94.5%) had a valid Xpert® HCV VL result available; 126 (61%; 95% CI 53.8‐67.0) had detectable and quantifiable HCV RNA. About 188 (85%) participants had paired plasma and Fingerstick whole blood samples; the sensitivity and specificity for the quantification of HCV RNA levels were 99.1% and 98.7% respectively. There was an excellent correlation (R2 = .95) and concordance (mean difference 0.13 IU/mL, (95% CI −0.9 to 0.16 IU/mL) in HCV RNA levels between plasma samples and Fingerstick samples.

Conclusion

This study found excellent performance of the Xpert® HCV VL Fingerstick assay for HCV RNA detection and quantification in an African‐field setting. Its clinical utility represents an important watershed in overcoming existing challenges to HCV diagnosis, which should play a crucial role in HCV elimination in Africa.
Cucumber mosaic virus 2b proteins inhibit virus‐induced aphid resistance in tobacco
Authors: Tungadi Trisna , Donnelly Ruairí , Qing Ling , Iqbal Javaid , Murphy Alex M. , Pate Adrienne E. , Cunniffe Nik J. , Carr John P.
Published: November 2019

Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), which is vectored by aphids, has a tripartite RNA genome encoding five proteins. In tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum), a subgroup IA CMV strain, Fny‐CMV, increases plant susceptibility to aphid infestation but a viral mutant unable to express the 2b protein (Fny‐CMV∆2b) induces aphid resistance. We hypothesized that in tobacco, one or more of the four other Fny‐CMV gene products (the 1a or 2a replication proteins, the movement protein, or the coat protein) are potential aphid resistance elicitors, whilst the 2b protein counteracts induction of aphid resistance. Mutation of the Fny‐CMV 2b protein indicated that inhibition of virus‐induced resistance to aphids (Myzus persicae) depends on amino acid sequences known to control nucleus‐to‐cytoplasm shuttling. LS‐CMV (subgroup II) also increased susceptibility to aphid infestation but the LS‐CMV∆2b mutant did not induce aphid resistance. Using reassortant viruses comprising different combinations of LS and Fny genomic RNAs, we showed that Fny‐CMV RNA 1 but not LS‐CMV RNA 1 conditions aphid resistance in tobacco, suggesting that the Fny‐CMV 1a protein triggers resistance. However, the 2b proteins of both strains suppress aphid resistance, suggesting that the ability of 2b proteins to inhibit aphid resistance is conserved among divergent CMV strains.
Variable preservation potential and richness in the fossil record of vertebrates
Authors: Walker Fiona M. , Dunhill Alexander M. , Benton Michael J.
Published: November 2019

Variation in preservation and sampling probability clouds our estimates of past biodiversity. The most extreme examples are Lagerstätten faunas and floras. Although such deposits provide a wealth of information and represent true richness better than other deposits, they can create misleading diversity peaks because of their species richness. Here, we investigate how Lagerstätten formations add to time series of vertebrate richness in the UK, Germany and China. The first two nations are associated with well‐studied fossil records and the last is a country where palaeontology has a much shorter history; all three nations include noted Lagerstätten in their fossil records. Lagerstätten provide a larger proportion of China's sampled richness than in Germany or the UK, despite comprising a smaller proportion of its fossiliferous deposits. The proportions of taxa that are unique to Lagerstätten vary through time and between countries. Further, in all regions, we find little overlap between the taxa occurring in Lagerstätten and in ‘ordinary’ formations within the same time bin, indicating that Lagerstätten preserve unusual faunas. As expected, fragile taxa make up a greater proportion of richness in Lagerstätten than the remainder of the fossil record. Surprisingly, we find that Lagerstätten account for a minority of peaks in the palaeodiversity curves of all vertebrates (18% in the UK; 36% in Germany and China), and Lagerstätten count is generally not a good overall predictor of the palaeodiversity signal. Vastly different sampling probabilities through taxa, locations and time require serious consideration when analysing palaeodiversity curves.
Internet‐Based Pain Self‐Management for Veterans: Feasibility and Preliminary Efficacy of the Pain EASE Program
Authors: Higgins Diana M. , Buta Eugenia , Williams David A. , Halat Allison , Bair Matthew J. , Heapy Alicia A. , Krein Sarah L. , Rajeevan Haseena , Rosen Marc I. , Kerns Robert D.
Published: November 2019

Objective

To develop and test the feasibility and preliminary efficacy of a cognitive behavioral therapy–based, internet‐delivered self‐management program for chronic low back pain (cLBP) in veterans.

Methods

Phase I included program development, involving expert panel and participant feedback. Phase II was a single‐arm feasibility and preliminary efficacy study of the Pain e‐health for Activity, Skills, and Education (Pain EASE) program. Feasibility (ie, website use, treatment credibility, satisfaction) was measured using descriptive methods. Mixed models were used to assess mean within‐subject changes from baseline to 10 weeks post‐baseline in pain interference (primary outcome, West Haven‐Yale Multidimensional Pain Inventory, scale of 0 to 6), pain intensity, mood, fatigue, sleep, and depression.

Results

Phase I participants (n = 15) suggested modifications including style changes, content reduction, additional “Test Your Knowledge” quizzes, and cognitive behavioral therapy skill practice monitoring form revisions for enhanced usability. In Phase II, participants (n = 58) were mostly male (93%) and White (60%), and had an average age of 55 years (standard deviation [SD] = 12) and moderate pain (mean score 5.9/10); 41 (71%) completed the post‐baseline assessment. Participants (N = 58) logged on 6.1 (SD = 8.6) times over 10 weeks, and 85% reported being very or moderately satisfied with Pain EASE. Pain interference improved from a mean of 3.8 at baseline to 3.3 at 10 weeks (difference 0.5 [95% confidence interval 0.1 to 0.9], P = 0.008). Within‐subject improvement also occurred for some secondary outcomes, including mood and depression symptoms.

Discussion

Veterans with cLBP may benefit from technology‐delivered interventions, which may also reduce pain interference. Overall, veterans found that Pain EASE, an internet‐based self‐management program, is feasible and satisfactory for cLBP.
Detachment of Porites cylindrica nubbins by herbivorous fishes
Authors: Quimpo Timothy J. R. , Cabaitan Patrick C. , Hoey Andrew S.
Published: November 2019

A form of active restoration for coral assemblages involves culturing coral nubbins at nursery sites before transplantation to recipient reefs. Incidental grazing and/or directed predation by local fish assemblages are major sources of dislodgement and mortality for coral nubbins in nurseries. However, the rate of coral nubbin detachment, how this varies across fish taxa, and whether nubbin size affects rates of detachment warrant further investigation. We used field and aquaria experiments to examine the effect of incidental grazing and predation on the detachment of Porites cylindrica nubbins of different sizes (0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 cm height). Short‐term (6 hours) exposure of nubbins to local fish assemblages at Lucero Reef, northwestern Philippines, caused higher detachment (1.93% ± 0.53 SE) compared to caged controls (0.16% ± 0.16 SE), with no detectable effect of nubbin size. To identify the impact of individual fish species, nubbins were exposed to one of four locally abundant herbivorous and corallivorous fish species in aquaria for 8 hours. Nubbin detachment was greater when exposed to Chlorurus spilurus (1.20–36.2%) and Siganus fuscescens (0.00–15.0%) than Chaetodon lunulatus (0.00–4.00%) and Chaetodon kleinii (0.00–1.20%), with the smallest nubbins (0.5 cm) being the most vulnerable. Our results suggest that incidental grazing by herbivorous fishes, especially parrotfishes, may potentially be an important source of detachment and likely mortality of nubbins. Optimizing coral nursery protocols should consider potential trade‐offs between excluding grazing fishes and the accumulation of algal material on caging structures to minimize nubbin mortality and improve coral restoration success.
A novel nonsense mutation found in the CD177 gene of Thai individuals with the HNA‐2 null phenotype
Authors: Siriphanthong Kanokpol , Petvises Sawang , Thanongsaksrikul Jeeraphong , Intharanut Kamphon , Nathalang Oytip
Published: November 2019

Objectives

The aim of this study is to explore the molecular basis and to develop a simple sequence‐specific primer polymerase chain reaction (PCR‐SSP) technique for screening genotypes associated with the human neutrophil antigen‐2 (HNA‐2) null phenotype among Thai blood donors.

Background

Single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) c.787A>T of the CD177 gene is well known to be primarily demonstrated as a genetic determinant for HNA‐2 deficiency.

Methods

The SNPs in the CD177 gene (exons 7 and 9) of 49 Thai blood donors with the known percentage of CD177 expression by flow cytometry including 48 HNA‐2 positive and 1 HNA‐2 null individuals were identified by long‐range PCR amplification and sequencing. Moreover, screening for the c.1254G>A mutation was developed using an in‐house PCR‐SSP technique and tested among 771 unrelated donor samples.

Results

A HNA‐2 null sample from the first cohort was heterozygous for c.787A/T and homozygous for c.1291G/G, namely, a 787A‐1291G/787T‐1291G (AG/TG) genotype. Interestingly, we could identify SNP c.1254G>A (rs188387562, p. Trp418Ter) that caused a nonsense mutation of the CD177 gene in exon 9. This individual might have the 787A‐1254A‐1291G/787T‐1254G‐1291G genotype. From the second cohort (771 unrelated donors), the 1254GG homozygote was the most common (96.37%), followed by the 1254GA heterozygote (3.50%) and 1254AA homozygote (0.13%). Blood samples of two individuals with 787AT‐1254GA‐1291GG and 787AA‐1254AA‐1291GG genotypes were tested and the HNA‐2 antigen expressions were 0.03% and 0.16% in rank.

Conclusions

The c.787A>T is a primary genetic hallmark to determine the HNA‐2 null phenotype. Additional screening of the novel c.1254G>A in combination with c.787A>T is a suitable, convenient and effective diagnosis among Thais.
Neighbourliness, conviviality, and the sacred in Athens’ refugee squats
Authors: Zaman Tahir
Published: November 2019

To better understand the range of possibilities and opportunities for (co)existence available to displacement‐affected people, attention must be given to the thick webs of sociality shaping interactions in situations of mass displacement. This paper makes the case that refugee squats in Athens are distinct spaces wherein different understandings of (co)existence converge – spaces whose production is contingent on support from neighbourly relations and networks that are mediated in moments through conceptions of conviviality informed by religion. Based on ethnographic work carried out in 2016 and a spatial analysis of refugee squats in Athens, this paper emphasises neighbourliness and conviviality as they relate to sacred understandings of coexistence. This helps highlight the limits built in to thinking about the movement of refugees from the global South through Euro‐centric ontologies of the social. More than this, following postcolonial debates on the decentring of knowledge production, the research makes manifest how Islamic socio‐cultural memories ofjiwāror a right of neighbourliness complicate geographies of humanitarianism that make stark binary assumptions between religious and secular space. In turn, the evidence from Athens indicates that refugee perspectives on neighbourliness are imperfectly translated by migrant rights activists as solidarity, obscuring the different ways Muslim structures of feeling contribute to the production of refugee squats.
Active cooling temperature required to achieve therapeutic hypothermia correlates with short‐term outcome in neonatal hypoxic‐ischaemic encephalopathy
Authors: Mietzsch Ulrike , Radhakrishnan Rupa , Boyle Frances A. , Juul Sandra , Wood Thomas R.
Published: November 2019

Key points

Hypoxic‐ischaemic encephalopathy (HIE) affects 2–4/1000 live term births. Treatment with therapeutic hypothermia (TH) improves the long‐term neurodevelopmental outcome of neonates with moderate to severe HIE. However, early prediction of outcome still remains challenging, and no reliable and easily obtainable biomarker has been identified to date.

Neonates with HIE display impaired thermoregulation, resulting in spontaneous hypothermia. The degree of cooling required to achieve TH may therefore act as a biomarker of injury severity.

The present study demonstrates a correlation between servo‐controlled mattress temperature during TH and short‐term outcome. Neonates with an unfavourable outcome require less cooling to maintain a core temperature between 33 and 34°C during TH compared to neonates with a favourable outcome. The degree of impaired temperature regulation was strongly associated with a high magnetic resonance imaging injury score and death.

Cooling device output temperature is a potential and easily obtainable early physiological biomarker of outcome in infants with HIE undergoing TH.

Neonatal hypoxic‐ischaemic encephalopathy (HIE) is a leading cause of death and disability in children. Therapeutic hypothermia (TH) at 33.5°C for 72 h is the only therapy to date shown to improve outcome in moderate to severe HIE; however, assessment of severity and prediction of outcome remains challenging. Infants with HIE display significant physiological perturbations, including spontaneous hypothermia. We hypothesized that neonates with more severe brain injury on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) would exhibit a greater degree of spontaneous hypothermia, and thus require less active cooling to attain TH. Twenty‐eight neonates with moderate or severe HIE treated with TH were included in the present study. MRI images obtained on day of life 4–7 were scored according to standardized injury criteria. Unfavourable outcome was defined as death or significant grey matter injury on MRI according to a previously validated scoring system. A significantly higher cooling device output temperature was seen in infants with an unfavourable outcome. All neonates who required the mattress to provide a temperature ≥32°C to maintain their core body temperature at 33.5°C had a high likelihood of unfavourable outcome (likelihood ratio = 14.4). By contrast, infants who never required a device output temperature ≥32°C had a low likelihood of an unfavourable outcome (likelihood ratio = 0.07, P < 0.001). Infants with significant grey matter injury on MRI require less active cooling to maintain target temperature during TH. The cooling device output temperature has the potential to be an easily accessible physiological biomarker and predictor of injury and mortality in neonates with moderate or severe HIE.
Bioinspired dual-morphing stretchable origami
Authors: Kim Woongbae , Byun Junghwan , Kim Jae-Kyeong , Choi Woo-Young , Jakobsen Kirsten , Jakobsen Joachim , Lee Dae-Young , Cho Kyu-Jin
Published: November 2019

An entirely stretchable origami inspired by pelican eels is unfolded and stretched to create adaptive, extreme shape morphing.
Positive acute viral infection markers, autoimmune disease and type II mixed cryoglobulinemia: a rare concurrence
Authors: Zhou Kehua , Iqbal Shumaila Muhammad , Alameri Ali , Zhi Cassandra , Naeem Ammad
Published: November 2019

Cryoglobulins are abnormal serum immunoglobulins that tend to precipitate in intravascular compartments at temperatures lower than 37°C causing blood flow restriction to vital organs. They are divided into type I, II and III based on the immunoglobulin subtypes of the cryoprecipitates. Type II cryoglobulinemia is most commonly associated with viral infections, autoimmune diseases and lymphoproliferative disorders. Here, we reported an 80-year-old man who presented with fatigue, acute kidney injury, palpable purpura, anaemia and altered mental status. He was diagnosed with type II cryoglobulinemia with concomitant positive autoimmune markers, varicella IgM antibody and IgM hepatitis B core antibody. The patient responded well to intravenous and oral steroid treatment.
Successful treatments of polyarteritis nodosa cerebral vasculitis and recurrentElizabethkingiameningosepticasepticaemia in a dialysis patient
Authors: Velasco Nestor , Karki Sital , Tenreiro Oscar Rafael
Published: November 2019

We report a case of cerebral vasculitis in a 31-year-old woman who presented with chronic kidney disease stage 5, labile hypertension and severe headaches. The diagnosis of cerebral vasculitis made on magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) and late diagnosis of polyarteritis nodosa were made by conventional CT angiography. Immunosuppression was complicated by recurrent septicaemia due toElizabethkingia meningoseptica. Treatment of the vasculitis resulted in marked improvement of MRA appearances, headaches and anxiety and stabilisation of blood pressure. The septicaemia required parenteral quinolone treatment and oral cotrimoxazole.
Recurrent swelling and pain in the abdomen and joints in a patient with hereditary angioedema and Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
Authors: Dang My-Trang Thi , Ambort Andrew , Arrey-Mensah Annie
Published: November 2019

A 23-year-old woman was referred to the allergy and immunology clinic for recurrent abdominal, cutaneous and joint swelling and pain with a history of mucosal infections since childhood. Her history and clinical findings were suggestive of two rare and complex disorders, hereditary angioedema (HAE) and Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS). Her recurrent episodes of abdominal and joint pain were initially misattributed to more common diagnoses such as esophagitis, depression and chronic pain syndrome. However, the coexistence of HAE and EDS likely contributed to a delay in diagnoses as the combination of these two rare but overlapping disorders is less understood by physicians. She had persistently low levels of C4 and C1-esterase inhibitor (C1-INH) with low to low-normal C1-esterase function, normal C1Q and no C1Q antibodies. In the setting of recurrent abdominal pain with cutaneous swelling, this supported the diagnosis of HAE type I. The increase in joint extensibility with recurrent shoulder subluxations since childhood was a manifestation of EDS. Although no known genetic mutations were identified for EDS, her diagnosis was confirmed by a geneticist based on her clinical phenotype. Before the diagnosis of HAE and EDS, our patient had at least 100 visits/year to the emergency department/hospitalisations for these recurrent symptoms. After starting on C1-INH replacement therapy, the frequency has decreased 10-fold. She also noted a 70% improvement in her quality of life. Familiarity with these rare disorders will assist healthcare providers in recognising HAE and EDS and include them as part of their differential diagnoses. Early diagnosis is important for a patient’s well-being as both these chronic disorders have been associated with poor quality of life. Additionally, proper diagnoses will reduce healthcare costs by preventing unnecessary procedures due to misdiagnoses. Proper treatment will help to decrease hospitalisations and avoidance of life-threatening consequences (such as asphyxiation from fatal laryngeal attacks of HAE and rupture of aneurysms in EDS).
Pancreatic leiomyosarcoma: a diagnostic challenge and literature review
Authors: Fadaee Neesa , Sefa Tasmea , Das Amitabah , Rajkomar Kheman
Published: November 2019

A 71-year-old woman was referred with abdominal pain and weight loss. An abdominal CT showed a 5-cm heterogeneous mass in the head of the pancreas with involvement of the superior mesenteric vein and artery. Her carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and CA 19-9 were normal. Two endoscopic ultrasound/fine needle aspirates (EUS/FNAs) of the mass diagnosed her with a mesenchymal tumour of myogenic origin but did not show features of malignancy. Frozen section analysis of laparoscopic core biopsies also failed to show malignant features, hence requiring an open biopsy which confirmed the diagnosis of pancreatic leiomyosarcoma (PLMS). She was eventually treated with radiotherapy. To our knowledge this is the only case in recent English literature of inoperable locally advanced PLMS that has required an open biopsy to formalise the diagnosis despite prior EUS FNAs. We include a review of the literature, highlighting the deficiencies of various biopsy techniques.
In utero ileal volvulus and intestinal perforation associated with enteric duplication cyst presenting with preterm labour and acute abdomen in newborn
Authors: Kapadia Sonam G , Crabtree Matthew , French Samuel , DeUgarte Daniel A
Published: November 2019

Enteric duplication cysts are a rare cause of intestinal obstruction in the neonatal period. We present the unusual case of an in utero ileal volvulus secondary to an enteric duplication cyst causing an acute abdomen in a 35-week estimated gestational age newborn female delivered to a mother in preterm labour.
Edward Donald Evans
Authors: Jones Ronald S. , Tobin Janet
Published: November 2019

A popular and competent clinician who was keen to share his knowledge. His experiences during the 1967 foot‐and‐mouth disease outbreak led him to join the state vet service, where he gained expertise investigating diseases in farm animals.
Effects of field-applied fungicides, grain moisture, and time on deoxynivalenol during postharvest storage of winter wheat grain
Authors: Bolanos-Carriel Carlos , Wegulo Stephen N. , Hallen-Adams Heather , Baenziger P. Stephen , Eskridge Kent M. , Funnell-Harris Deanna , McMaster Niki , Schmale David G.
Published: November 2019

Fusarium head blight, caused mainly by Fusarium graminearum Schwabe, results in major losses in wheat. In two separate field experiments, spikes of winter wheat cultivars ‘Overland’ (moderately resistant) and ‘Overley’ (susceptible) were sprayed at anthesis with the triazole fungicide Prosaro (prothioconazole + tebuconazole) or the strobilurin fungicide Headline (pyraclostrobin) or not sprayed. Following harvest, deoxynivalenol (DON) concentrations were monitored during 120 d of grain storage at 10 °C, 40% relative humidity, and 10%, 16%, or 20% grain moisture. In ‘Overland’, DON decreased significantly at P = 0.05 from an average of 3.6 to 3.0 μg g−1 in the check and decreased from 2.7 to 2.2 μg g−1 in the Prosaro treatment. DON did not significantly decrease (4.4–4.1 μg g−1) in the Headline treatment. DON concentrations did not differ between 16% (3.1 μg g−1) and 20% (3.0 μg g−1) grain moisture. In ‘Overley’, DON increased significantly from 3.1 to 3.6 μg g−1 in the check and from 2.9 to 3.5 μg g−1 in the Headline treatment, but remained the same at 2.2 μg g−1 in the Prosaro treatment. DON concentrations were not different between 16% (3.2 μg g−1) and 20% (3.1 μg g−1) grain moisture but were significantly lower (2.7 μg g−1) at 10% grain moisture. These results indicate that the effects of fungicides applied at anthesis in the field can impact DON concentrations through grain storage. Triazoles are recommended over strobilurins to achieve this extended postharvest protection from DON, and grain moisture during storage should be below the maximum safe level of 13.5% at 10 °C.