bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sarcopenia results in poor survival rates in oral cavity cancer patients
Authors: Lin Sheng‐Chiao , Lin Yaoh‐Shiang , Kang Bor‐Hwang , Yin Chun‐Hao , Chang Kuo‐Ping , Chi Chao‐Chuan , Lin Ming‐Yee , Su Hsing‐Hao , Chang Ting‐Shou , She Yun‐Ying , Liu Yu‐Hsi , Lee Ching‐Chih
Published: November 2019

Objective

This study aimed to determine the impact or survival of low skeletal muscle mass (SMM) among patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) undergoing primary surgery.

Design

This study was a retrospective cohort study.

Setting

Oral squamous cell carcinoma patients treated at our referral centre from April 2005 to March 2014 were examined.

Participants

The cohort comprised 276 patients with OSCC undergoing primary surgery.

Main outcome measures

Estimated SMM was measured by calculating the cervical skeletal muscle mass from a CT scan of the head and neck. The 5‐year overall survival (OS) and disease‐specific survival (DSS) were analysed using a multivariable Cox regression model.

Results

There were 276 patients with a male‐to‐female ratio of 12:1. A low SMM (<47.5 cm2/m2) was associated with worse survival. After adjustment for other factors, the result remained robust for OS (hazard ratio [HR] 1.74, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.14‐2.67) and disease‐specific survival (HR 1.67, 95% CI 1.04‐2.67). In the subgroup analysis, worse OS and DSS were particularly noted in male patients (HR = 1.90, 95% CI 1.22‐2.97; HR = 1.91, 95% CI 1.27‐3.19) and in those younger than 60 years of age (HR = 1.91, 95% CI 1.14‐3.22; HR = 2.12, 95% CI 1.23‐3.64) with low SMM.

Conclusions

Low SMM was a significant independent factor that was associated with lower survival in patients who have oral cavity cancers and are undergoing primary surgery. Preoperative CT scans of the head and neck could be utilised to evaluate SMM, predict treatment outcomes and facilitate nutrition management.
Hepatic and splenic 18F‐FDG blood clearance rates (Ki) in hepatic steatosis and diabetes mellitus
Authors: Keramida Georgia , Roldao Pereira Luisa , Kaya Guven , Peters A. Michael
Published: November 2019

Aim

The study aim was to investigate the relationships of blood glucose level (BGL) with hepatic and splenic blood FDG clearances (Ki) in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) and/or hepatic steatosis (HS).

Methods

This was a retrospective study of 238 patients, including 92 with type 2 DM (DM2) and 11 with type 1 DM (DM1), having routine whole body FDG PET/CT. Patients with lymphoma were excluded. Patients were divided into the following groups: HS−DM−, HS−DM2+, HS+DM−, HS+DM2+ and 2 DM1 groups (hypoglycaemic and hyperglycaemic). ROI were placed over liver and spleen for measurement of SUVmax, and left ventricular cavity (LV) for measurement of SUVmean. Tissue SUVmax was divided by LV SUVmean. This division, giving Z, eliminates bias from the whole body metric used to calculate SUV and renders SUVmax a closer surrogate of Ki. HS was diagnosed when hepatic unenhanced CT was ≤40 HU.

Results

In all patients, individual hepatic Z and individual splenic Z correlated significantly with individual BGL. Highest mean hepatic Z and highest mean BGL were recorded in HS+ DM2+ group and lowest in hypoglycaemic DM1 group. Patients with DM1 and hyperglycaemia showed low hepatic Z in relation to BGL. Hepatic and splenic Z correlated inversely with CT density in patients without DM but not in those with DM2.

Conclusion

As BGL increases, hepatocyte glucokinase is up‐regulated. This includes patients with HS and DM2 but not DM1. We speculate that in HS and DM2, up‐regulation results from insulin resistance and hyperinsulinaemia. The data also support a hepato‐splenic metabolic axis.
Exploring parental perspectives after commencement of flash glucose monitoring for type 1 diabetes in adolescents and young adults not meeting glycaemic targets: a qualitative study
Authors: Boucher S. E. , Aum S. Hye , Crocket H. R. , Wiltshire E. J. , Tomlinson P. A. , de Bock M. I. , Wheeler B. J.
Published: November 2019

Aims

To explore parental perspectives after flash glucose monitoring commencement in adolescents and young adults with type 1 diabetes who were not meeting glycaemic targets.

Methods

Twelve semi‐structured interviews were conducted among parents of adolescents and young adults between the ages of 14 and 20 years (inclusive) with type 1 diabetes and not meeting glycaemic targets [HbA1c 81–130 mmol/mol (9.6–14.0%)] participating in a randomized controlled trial. Interviews were transcribed, then thematic analysis was performed to identify themes regarding parental experiences.

Results

Four key themes were found: flash glucose monitoring improved parental emotional well‐being; flash glucose monitoring reduced diabetes‐specific conflict within families; flash glucose monitoring facilitated the parental role in diabetes management; and sensor‐related challenges, particularly sensors falling off, interfered with using flash glucose monitoring for diabetes management. The cost of self‐funded sensors was the only barrier to continuing flash glucose monitoring that parents reported.

Conclusions

This study provides new insights into the potential benefits and challenges of flash glucose monitoring use, drawn from the perspective of parents of adolescents and young adults not meeting glycaemic targets. As parents are often key partners in obtaining or purchasing this technology, these findings can be used to further inform parental expectations of this technology.
Effectiveness of self‐management interventions in young adults with type 1 and 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Wong S. K. W. , Smith H. E. , Chua J. J. S. , Griva K. , Cartwright E. J. , Soong A. J. , Dalan R. , Tudor Car L.
Published: November 2019

Aim

Diabetes in young adulthood has been associated with poor outcomes. Self‐management is fundamental to good diabetes care, and self‐management interventions have been found to improve outcomes in older adults. We performed a systematic review and meta‐analysis to assess the effectiveness of self‐management interventions in young adults (aged 15–39 years) with type 1 or type 2 diabetes.

Methods

We searched five databases and two clinical trial registries from 2003 to February 2019, without language restrictions. We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing the effectiveness of self‐management interventions with usual care or enhanced usual care in young adults. Outcomes of interest included clinical outcomes, psychological health, self‐care behaviours, diabetes knowledge and self‐efficacy. Pairwise meta‐analysis was conducted using a random effects model and quality of evidence was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations (GRADE) criteria. We followed Cochrane gold standard systematic review methodology and reported this systematic review according to PRISMA guidelines. The protocol was registered with PROSEPRO (CRD42018110868).

Results

In total, 13 studies (1002 participants) were included. Meta‐analysis showed no difference between self‐management interventions and controls in post‐intervention HbA1c levels, BMI, depression, diabetes‐related distress, overall self‐care, diabetes knowledge and self‐efficacy. Quality of evidence ranged from very low to moderate due to study limitations, inconsistency and imprecision.

Conclusions

Current self‐management interventions did not improve outcomes in young adults with diabetes. Our findings, which contrast with those from systematic reviews in older adults, highlight the need for the development of more effective interventions for young adults with diabetes.
Long‐term outcome comparing histological grades of follicular lymphoma patients treated with immunochemotherapy as first‐line therapy: A retrospective analysis from two institutions
Authors: Mercadal Santiago , Sancho Juan‐Manuel , Climent Fina , Tapia Gustavo , Pomares Helena , Carro Itziar , Sorigué Marc , Pané Maria , Domingo‐Doménech Eva , Encuentra Maite , Aguilera Carmen , Oliveira Ana Carla , Andrade Marcio , Fernández de Sevilla Alberto , Ribera Josep Maria , González‐Barca Eva , Sureda Anna
Published: November 2019

Objectives

To clarify the impact of histological grades in follicular lymphoma.

Methods

We retrospectively analysed 250 patients diagnosed with FL treated with chemoimmunotherapy: 188 patients were grades 1‐2 and 62 grade 3A.

Results

In our series, grade 3A FL patients were older, higher proportion of localised disease and lower bone marrow infiltration at diagnosis comparing grades 1‐2 FL patients. Estimated six‐year progression‐free survival and time to progression showed no differences between both groups [grade 3A: 56% (95%CI: 39%‐73%) and 51% (95%CI: 41%‐61%) vs grades 1‐2:55% (95%CI: 46%‐63%) and 57% (95%CI: 49%‐65%), P = .782 and P = .521, respectively]. Estimated six‐year overall survival was lower, 76% (95%CI: 64%‐88%) for the grade 3A group than grades 1‐2 83% (95%CI: 77%‐89%); P = .044. In addition to that, cumulative incidence curves of death not related to lymphoma at 10 years between groups were as follows: [0.26 (95%CI: 0.25‐0.27) and 0.05 (95%CI: 0.04‐0.06) for G3AFL and G1‐2FL, respectively], P = .010. Grade 3A FL showed in PFS curve no relapses after 6 years. These results were absolutely reproduced in 199 patients receiving R‐CHOP regimen as induction.

Conclusions

Our results indicate similar long‐term outcomes in terms of progression‐free survival and time to progression in grades 1‐2 and 3A. No relapses were observed in G3AFL group after 6 years.
Primary renal lymphoma: A population‐based analysis using the SEER program (1973‐2015)
Authors: Taneja Alankrita , Kumar Vivek , Chandra Abhinav B.
Published: November 2019

Objective

Primary renal lymphoma (PRL) is defined as a non‐Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) restricted to kidneys without extensive nodal disease. The literature on epidemiology and outcome in PRL is limited to case reports and small case series.

Methods

We utilized Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Result database (1984‐2015) to study the demographic, clinical, and pathological characteristics of PRL. We conducted analysis to assess factors associated with overall survival (OS) and cause‐specific survival (CSS).

Results

A total of 599 (0.17% of all NHL) patients were eligible for the study. The age‐adjusted incidence was 0.035/100,000 population and is increasing. The median age was 72 years, and most of the patients were Caucasians and were males. Most of the patients had unilateral tumors, and diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL) was the most common histologic type. The median OS was 112 months, while median CSS was not reached. Age ≥ 60 years was the strongest independent risk factor for worse OS and CSS, while non‐DLBCL histology was associated with better OS and CSS.

Discussion

Primary renal lymphoma is a rare lymphoma with increasing incidence in more recent years. In this study, we describe demographic, clinical, and pathological characteristics of PRL and factors affecting survival among these patients.
Twitter activity, investor attention, and the diffusion of information
Authors: Rakowski David , Shirley Sara E. , Stark Jeffrey R.
Published: November 2019

We examine the impact of Twitter attention on stock prices by examining over 21 million company‐specific tweets over a 5‐year period. Through a quasi‐natural experiment identifying official Twitter outages, we find that Twitter influences stock trading, especially among small, less visible securities primarily traded by retail investors. In addition, we determine that Twitter activity is associated with positive abnormal returns and when tweets occur in conjunction with traditional news events, more information is spread to investors. Finally, we show that retail investor activity drives the Twitter effect as institutional investors less actively trade the affected stocks.
Exploring cycad foliage as an archive of the isotopic composition of atmospheric nitrogen
Authors: Kipp Michael A. , Stüeken Eva E. , Gehringer Michelle M. , Sterelny Kim , Scott John K. , Forster Paul I. , Strömberg Caroline A. E. , Buick Roger
Published: November 2019

Molecular nitrogen (N2) constitutes the majority of Earth's modern atmosphere, contributing ~0.79 bar of partial pressure (pN2). However, fluctuations in pN2 may have occurred on 107–109 year timescales in Earth's past, perhaps altering the isotopic composition of atmospheric nitrogen. Here, we explore an archive that may record the isotopic composition of atmospheric N2 in deep time: the foliage of cycads. Cycads are ancient gymnosperms that host symbiotic N2‐fixing cyanobacteria in modified root structures known as coralloid roots. All extant species of cycads are known to host symbionts, suggesting that this N2‐fixing capacity is perhaps ancestral, reaching back to the early history of cycads in the late Paleozoic. Therefore, if the process of microbial N2 fixation records the δ15N value of atmospheric N2 in cycad foliage, the fossil record of cycads may provide an archive of atmospheric δ15N values. To explore this potential proxy, we conducted a survey of wild cycads growing in a range of modern environments to determine whether cycad foliage reliably records the isotopic composition of atmospheric N2. We find that neither biological nor environmental factors significantly influence the δ15N values of cycad foliage, suggesting that they provide a reasonably robust record of the δ15N of atmospheric N2. Application of this proxy to the record of carbonaceous cycad fossils may not only help to constrain changes in atmospheric nitrogen isotope ratios since the late Paleozoic, but also could shed light on the antiquity of the N2‐fixing symbiosis between cycads and cyanobacteria.
A novel protocol for accurate and reliable postoperative bolus administration of recombinant factor VIIa using an automated mini‐pump system
Authors: Négrier Claude , Chamouard Valerie , Lienhart Anne , Nougier Christophe , Fleury Raphael
Published: November 2019

Introduction

Recombinant FVIIa (rFVIIa) is widely used to manage bleeding risk during and after surgery in patients with haemophilia complicated by inhibitors. In the postoperative period, rFVIIa must be delivered frequently and regularly to maintain haemostasis, considering its short half‐life. Preparation and manual administration of bolus doses of rFVIIa at regular intervals may place a strain on available nursing resources. A programmable mini‐pump may offer an approach to facilitate regular administration of bolus doses of rFVIIa at specified intervals.

Aim

To investigate if a mini‐pump is a practical and effective way to deliver rFVIIa in the postoperative period.

Methods

It was first necessary to establish that rFVIIa remains stable and sterile in the mini‐pump reservoir for an extended period. Four days after loading the mini‐pump under sterile conditions no evidence of bacterial or fungal growth was observed and in vitro procoagulant activity of rFVIIa remained stable. The mini‐pump was used to deliver rFVIIa as bolus doses to two patients with inhibitors who had undergone surgery. Nurses were asked to report their satisfaction with the use of the mini‐pump using a specific questionnaire.

Results

Haemostasis was evaluated as excellent in both cases; nurses were satisfied with use of the mini‐pump.

Conclusion

This pilot study shows that intermittent delivery of rFVIIa at fixed intervals using an automated mini‐pump offers accurate and reliable administration in the postoperative setting. This approach may reduce burden on nursing staff, potentially minimize the risk of human error and avoid delay in administration of rFVIIa.
The fracture properties of metal‐ceramic composites manufactured via stereolithography
Authors: Mummareddy Bhargavi , Maravola Michael , MacDonald Eric , Walker Jason , Hetzel Brian , Conner Brett , Cortes Pedro
Published: November 2019

In this work, metal‐ceramic composite parts based on aluminum and alumina were manufactured in a two‐stage process. First, silica was printed using a vat photopolymerization technique, followed by a curing and sintering stage, which resulted in ceramic precursors. Subsequently, these samples were subjected to a metal infiltration process to form interpenetrating metal‐ceramic composites (IPCs). These composites have attracted considerable attention in the aerospace and defense sector due to the ductility associated to the metal phase and the strength offered by the ceramics. A novel application with utility includes composite tooling which requires a low coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) for high temperatures. The investigated specimens were tested for surface quality and shrinkage, followed by a mechanical characterization. It was recorded that the samples presented a 12%–18% of shrinkage after the sintering process. The mechanical testing showed that the hardness, compression, and flexural strength of the composites were superior to the printed and sintered ceramics. A thermal analysis on the composite showed that its CTE is more than two times lower than the common composite tooling materials. It is expected that the present work can provide the foundations for further studies on these systems in the refractory, automotive, and armor‐based fields.
A critical evaluation of indentation crack lengths in air
Authors: Cook Robert F.
Published: November 2019

An extensive overview is presented of Vickers indentation crack lengths in ceramics in air. Measurement of such crack lengths is one of the most common and powerful assessments of the fracture properties of ceramics and the overview provides a critical evaluation of observed behavior as functions of material type and indentation load, and an extensive basis for comparison of results from new materials and analyses. The overview considers single crystals, polycrystals, transforming materials, glasses, and multiphase materials, including cermets, glass‐ceramics, and tooth enamel. The coverage extends over structural and electronic ceramics, including oxides, carbides, nitrides, and titanates. The data are presented in a single format for ease of interpretation in terms of idealized indentation fracture and for inter‐material comparisons; most data are unique to this work, but the results of selected studies from the published literature are included. The overview considers the precision and accuracy of crack length measurements and demonstrates a simple quantitative evaluation and ranking scheme for ceramic fracture based on load‐adjusted crack length and cracking susceptibility. Indentation hardness and cracking threshold are also determined and related to the susceptibility. Material toughness is related to cracking susceptibility by fracture mechanics analyses: typical crack length measurements in air are shown to provide estimates of inert toughness with a relative uncertainty of ±50%.
Mindfulness‐Based Design Practice (MBDP): A Novel Learning Framework in Support of Designers within Twenty‐First‐Century Higher Education
Authors: Andrahennadi Kumanga Chanduni
Published: November 2019

While the interconnected and technological nature of the twenty‐first century can bring about many positive global connections, the importance of prioritising the development of the ‘inner world’ of designers is receiving less attention; similarly, time for contemplation, reflection and stillness is becoming scarcer. This article discusses mindfulness training from the Buddhist perspective, and how it can act as a pathway to personal introspection and as a supportive method for mental illnesses. With a special focus on design education, it discusses a novel framework, Mindfulness‐Based Design Practice (MBDP), and how it can potentially offer opportunities for design students to foster positive mind qualities such as mindfulness, compassion, resilience, and recognising the true nature of phenomena for becoming more ethical designers. Therefore, this article looks to bridge the gap between the significant lack of contemplative mindfulness‐based methods within the higher design education sector and the increasing mental health crisis within that sector. Thus, the primary concern of the MBDP is to advance both the individual and the collective development of the contemporary designer’s mind. Referring to the mind of the designer as the ‘inner designer’, this article forms an unfolding dialogue of the novel framework MBDP in support of mindful learning within twenty‐first‐century design education.
Ethos of Ambiguity: Artist Teachers and the Transparency Exclusion Paradox
Authors: Matthews Miranda
Published: November 2019

Addressing changes in conditions for practitioners that can be related to education policy in England and Wales since 2010, this article presents issues faced by teachers of art and design and their responses in practice. The current insistence on transparency in education emerges through policy that audits performativity, in a limiting skills bank. Practitioners in art and design are particularly affected by what I term ‘the transparency‐exclusion paradox’, as they battle to maintain the subject area and are ‘othered’ by the English Baccalaureate and Progress 8. I will discuss an emergent ‘ethos of ambiguity’ among artist‐teachers and contemporary artists, with a theoretical basis informed by Beauvoir and Foucault. Empirical data from research participants will be evidenced, to explore strategies of response in inclusive social practice. This article adds to literature that considers the effects of policy in implementation and it contributes to research on creative expressions of ambiguity in the arts.
‘Tell me your story!’ – Making the ‘Other’ Visible through the Development of Collaborative Visual Narratives
Authors: Markidou Tereza
Published: November 2019

This article reports on the findings of a series of participatory video art/documentary workshops designed and implemented to enhance understanding and collaboration between teenagers of diverse cultural backgrounds in the city of Pafos in the Republic of Cyprus. This research initiative was part of The Alien Trail (2017); a photographic project that explored the everyday life of refugees and migrants currently living in the island through the images of four distinguished photographers: Antoine D’Agata, Nikos Economopoulos, Bieke Depoorter and Nicolas Iordanou (Project Creator). The workshops were co‐designed by artists, educators and anthropologists in order to promote visual and multimodal communication amongst participants through short video and documentary making and collaborative drawing sessions. The findings of this practice highlight that teenagers were able to develop empathy and understanding by discussing and sharing meaning through exploring each other’s visual narratives.
Hypertension in a resource‐limited setting: Poor Outcomes on Short‐term Follow‐up in an Urban Hospital in Maputo, Mozambique
Authors: Manafe Naisa , Matimbe Rosália Nhabete , Daniel Josefa , Lecour Sandrine , Sliwa Karen , Mocumbi Ana Olga
Published: November 2019

Mozambique has low levels of detection, treatment, and control of hypertension. However, data on target organ damage and clinical outcomes are lacking. The authors aimed at characterizing the clinical profile, pattern of target organ damage, and short‐term outcomes of patients referred to a first referral urban hospital in a low‐income setting in Africa. We conducted a prospective descriptive cohort study from February 2016 to May 2017 in Maputo, Mozambique. Adult patients with systolic and diastolic blood pressure ≥180 mm Hg and/or ≥110 mm Hg, respectively, or any systolic blood pressure above 140 mm Hg and/or diastolic blood pressure above 90 mm Hg in the presence of target organ damage (with or without antihypertensive treatment) were submitted to detailed physical examination, funduscopy, laboratory profile, electrocardiography, and echocardiography. Six months after the occurrence of complications (stroke, heart failure, and renal failure), hospital admission and death were assessed. Overall, 116 hypertensive patients were recruited (mean age 57.5 ± 12.8 years old; 111[95.7%] black; 81[70%] female) of which 79 had severe hypertension. The baseline mean values recorded for systolic and diastolic blood pressure were 192.3 ± 23.6 and 104.2 ± 15.2 mm Hg, respectively. Most patients (93; 80.2%) were on antihypertensive treatment. Patients’ risk profile revealed dyslipidemia, obesity, and diabetes in 59(54.1%), 48(42.5%), and 23(19.8%), respectively. Target organ damage was found in 111 patients. The commonest being left atrial enlargement 91(84.5%), left ventricular hypertrophy 57(50.4%), hypertensive retinopathy 30(26.3%), and chronic kidney disease 27(23.3%). Major events during 6‐month follow‐up were hospitalizations in 10.3% and death in 8.6% of the patients. Worsening of target organ damage occurred in 10 patients: four stroke, two heart failure, and four renal damage. Patients with severe hypertension and target organ damage were young with high‐risk profile, low hypertension control, and high occurrence of complications during short‐term follow‐up. Efforts to improve high blood pressure control are needed to reduce premature mortality in this highly endemic poor setting.
Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring and morning surge in blood pressure in adult black and white South Africans
Authors: Lambert Gavin W. , Head Geoffrey A. , Chen Won Sun , Hamer Mark , Malan Nicolaas T. , Quinn Stephen , Schlaich Markus P. , Malan Leone
Published: November 2019

We examined whether there were differences in the circadian variation in blood pressure and the morning surge in blood pressure between black and white Africans. Clinic and ambulatory blood pressure data obtained from the Sympathetic Activity and Ambulatory Blood Pressure in Africans (SABPA) study was examined (n = 406; 49% black African). Ambulatory blood pressure readings were fitted to a six‐parameter double logistic equation to determine the power and rate of the morning surge in blood pressure. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to examine differences in blood pressure between black and white participants. Clinic and ambulatory blood pressure were higher in black participants throughout the day and night. In those taking medications, blood pressure was less well controlled in black subjects. Despite the higher systolic blood pressure, the day‐night difference estimated by the logistic function was similar in black and white participants. However, the rate of rise and power in the morning surge in blood pressure was lower in black participants. We conclude that black participants of the SABPA study present with higher blood pressure throughout the day and night but have a lower power of the morning surge in blood pressure due to a slower morning rate of increase. Moreover, they had an increased prevalence of undiagnosed hypertension and, in those taking medication, were less likely to have their blood pressure controlled than their white counterparts.
BK polyomavirus genotypes in renal transplant recipients in the United States: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Thongprayoon Charat , Khoury Nadeen J. , Bathini Tarun , Aeddula Narothama Reddy , Boonpheng Boonphiphop , Leeaphorn Napat , Ungprasert Patompong , Bruminhent Jackrapong , Lertjitbanjong Ploypin , Watthanasuntorn Kanramon , Chesdachai Supavit , Mao Michael A. , Cheungpasitporn Wisit
Published: November 2019

Background

In the United States, increasing ethnic diversity has been apparent. However, the epidemiology and trends of BKV genotypes remain unclear. This meta‐analysis was conducted with the aim to assess the prevalence of BKV genotypes among kidney transplant (KTx) recipients in the United States.

Methods

A comprehensive literature review was conducted through October 2018 utilizing MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane Database to identify studies that reported the prevalence of BKV subtypes and/or subgroups in KTx recipients in the United States. Pooled prevalence rates were combined using random effects, generic inverse variance method. The protocol for this study is registered with PROSPERO (no. CRD42019134582).

Results

A total of eight observational studies with a total of 193 samples (urine, blood, and kidney tissues) from 188 BKV‐infected KTX recipients were enrolled. Overall, the pooled estimated prevalence rates of BKV subtypes were 72.2% (95% confidence of interval [CI]: 62.7‐80.0%) for subtype I, 6.8% (95% CI: 2.5‐16.9%) for subtype II, 8.3% (95% CI: 4.4‐15.1%) for subtype III, and 16.1% (95% CI: 10.4‐24.2%) for subtype IV, respectively. While metaregression analysis demonstrated a significant positive correlation between year of study and the prevalence of BKV subtype I (slopes = +0.1023, P = .01), there were no significant correlations between year of study and percentages of BKV subtype II‐IV (P > .05). Among KTx recipients with BKV subtype I, the pooled estimated percentages of BKV subgroups were 22.4% (95% CI: 13.7‐34.5%) for subgroup Ia, 30.6% (95% CI: 17.7‐47.5%) for subgroup Ib1, 47.7% (95% CI: 35.8‐59.9%) for subgroup Ib2, and 4.1% (95% CI:1.2‐13.3%) for subgroup Ic, respectively.

Conclusion

BKV subtype I is the most prevalent subtype among KTx recipients in the United States and its prevalence seems to increasing overtime. Subgroup Ib2 is the most common subgroup among BKV subtype I.
Multiple Euryhaline Lineages of Centrohelids (Haptista: Centroplasthelida) in Inland Saline Waters Revealed with Metabarcoding
Authors: Gerasimova Elena A. , Plotnikov Andrey O. , Khlopko Yuri A. , Zlatogursky Vasily V.
Published: November 2019

The diversity of centrohelids in inland saline waters was studied with metabarcoding for the first time. The fragment of V6–V7 regions of 18S rDNA was sequenced with newly designed primers. Obtained OTUs were identified with molecular phylogenetic analysis and comparison of the signatures in 39es9 hairpin of V7. The obtained data included some OTUs, which could be attributed to four described species, but the majority belonged to previously established or novel environmental clades. Along with some presumably marine/brackish clades and freshwater/low salinity (0–2 ppt) clades, seven presumable species demonstrating broad (from 1–2 up to 78 ppt) salinity tolerance were detected. A number of OTUs belonged to Raphidocystis contractilis, which is known from three independent findings in brackish habitats only. Thus, it was assumed that this species is stenohaline and specifically adapted to salinity 5–15 ppt. The high level of salinity tolerance was suggested for centrohelids before based on morphology, which was used to justify their cosmopolitan distribution. Later these views were criticized based on environmental sequencing, but the results of the current survey indicate, that at least some species are present at salinities from almost freshwater (1–2 ppt) to twice oceanic (78 ppt) and are presumably capable of overcoming oceanic salinity barriers for their distribution.
Can we manage fisheries with the inherent uncertainty from eDNA?
Authors: Jerde Christopher L.
Published: November 2019

Environmental (e)DNA, as a general approach in aquatic systems, seeks to connect the presence of species' genetic material in the water and hence to infer the species' physical presence. However, fisheries managers face making decisions with risk and uncertainty when eDNA indicates a fish is present but traditional methods fail to capture the fish. In comparison with traditional methods such as nets, electrofishing and piscicides, eDNA approaches have more sources of underlying error that could give rise to false positives. This has resulted in some managers to question whether eDNA can be used to make management decisions because there is no fish in hand. As a relatively new approach, the methods and techniques have quickly evolved to improve confidence in eDNA. By evaluating an eDNA based research programmes through the pattern of the eDNA signal, assay design, experimental design, quality assurance and quality control checks, data analyses and concurrent search for fish using traditional gears, the evidence for fish presence can be evaluated to build confidence in the eDNA approach. The benefits for fisheries management from adopting an eDNA approach are numerous but include cost effectiveness, broader geographic coverage of habitat occupancy, early detection of invasive species, non‐lethal stock assessments, exploration of previously inaccessible aquatic environments and discovery of new species hidden beneath the water's surface. At a time when global freshwater and marine fisheries are facing growing threats from over‐harvest, pollution and climate change, we anticipate that growing confidence in eDNA will overcome the inherent uncertainty of not having a fish in hand and will empower the informed management actions necessary to protect and restore our fisheries.
Effect of ultrasonic treatment on the quality of puffed cowhide
Authors: He Long , Ma Guoyuan , Han Ling , Yu Qunli , Cao Hui , Han Mingshan , Yuan Dengkui
Published: November 2019

This study investigated the effects of ultrasonic on the quality of puffed cowhide and of ultrasonic treatment on various parameters, such as color, expansion rate, microstructure, texture, and sensory score. Under all experimental conditions, ultrasonic significantly improved the quality of puffed cowhide. Ultrasonic was used to treat the puffed cowhide at 210°C, at which the highest expansion rate, L*, and sensory acceptability are obtained. At this temperature, hardness, and masticatory properties obtained the minimum values. Moreover, the product's microstructure showed uniform bubbles, and the overall acceptability was high, thereby resulting in the optimal quality of the product. In addition, puffing rate and sensory evaluation were negatively correlated with hardness and chewiness, and the sensory evaluation was positively correlated with L*, ΔE, and puffing rate. Therefore, ultrasonic is an effective method for improving the quality of puffed cowhide.

Practical applications

Ultrasonic processing is increasingly used in food technology. Through ultrasonic treatment, this study successfully solved the low expansion rate and poor coloration in puffed cowhide and found that cowhide can be recycled after slaughter. Ultrasonic‐treated puffed products exhibit bright color, high expansion rate, reduced hardness, and favorable chewiness and contain collagen that promotes health. These findings demonstrated that ultrasonic treatment significantly improves the quality of puffed cowhide.
Official Demand for U.S. Debt: Implications for U.S. Real Rates
Authors: KAMINSKA IRYNA , ZINNA GABRIELE
Published: November 2019

We estimate a structural term‐structure model of U.S. real rates, where arbitrageurs accommodate demand pressures exerted by domestic and foreign official investors. Official demand affects rates by altering the aggregate price of duration risk, and thereby bond risk premiums. Although foreign central banks' demand contributed to reduce long‐term real rates mainly in the years prior to the global‐financial crisis, the Federal Reserve's demand lowered rates during the quantitative easing period. Overall, the two‐factor model, augmented to account for changing liquidity conditions, offers a good representation of real rates during the 2001–16 period; however, we flag some caveats and possible extensions.
A monoclonal antibody raised against a synthetic oxytocin peptide stains mouse hypothalamic neurones
Authors: Kogami Yuji , Tsuji Takahiro , Tsuji Chiharu , Yokoyama Shigeru , Furuhara Kazumi , Lopatina Olga , Shabalova Anna , Salmina Alla B. , Watanabe Yumi , Hattori Tsuyoshi , Nishimori Katsuhiko , Kodama Kota , Higashida Haruhiro
Published: November 2019

A monoclonal antibody against oxytocin was generated in 7a5 hybridoma cells derived from myeloma cells and lymphocytes from the spleen of mice immunised with a synthetic oxytocin peptide. The 7a5 monoclonal antibody bound with oxytocin in enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays. 7a5 cell growth medium was diluted up to 5000‐fold and used for immunohistochemistry. First, to test the specificity of the 7a5 antibody against oxytocin, we stained brain tissues of oxytocin knockout mice, comprising mice in which the first exon of the oxytocin‐neurophysin gene is deleted. No 7a5 immunoreactivity was detected in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus of oxytocin knockout mice; however, this area was strongly stained with the anti‐vasopressin polyclonal antibody, HM07. Tissue preparations of the wild‐type mouse PVN and supraoptic nucleus (SON) displayed 7a5 immunoreactivity that was indistinguishable from the staining produced with an anti‐oxytocin polyclonal antibody, HM06. The immunoreactivity of HM06 in the PVN was similar to that of an anti‐oxytocin monoclonal antibody, PS38. We then examined the cross‐reactivity of 7a5 with arginine vasopressin. The majority of cell soma and processes stained by 7a5 were not co‐stained with the vasopressin antibody in SON and PVN regions. Furthermore, the suprachiasmatic nucleus was stained by the vasopressin antibody but not by 7a5. These results demonstrate that 7a5 is a new anti‐oxytocin monoclonal antibody recognising oxytocin and not vasopressin; therefore, 7a5 can be used to investigate the role of oxytocin in the brain.
Patients’ satisfaction and experiences during elective primary fast‐track total hip and knee arthroplasty journey: A qualitative study
Authors: Jansson Miia Marika , Harjumaa Marja , Puhto Ari‐Pekka , Pikkarainen Minna
Published: November 2019

Aims and objectives

To explore how satisfied patients are with the process of treatment and care and to identify the experiences that patients perceive during elective primary fast‐track total hip and knee arthroplasty journey.

Background

Greater satisfaction with care has predicted better quality of recovery, and patient experience has been positively associated with patient safety and clinical effectiveness. However, a little is still known about how patients experience their treatment and care.

Design

A qualitative interview study.

Methods

The study was conducted among 20 patients in a single joint replacement centre during 2018. Patient satisfaction was measured using a numerical rating scale. Patients’ experiences were identified through qualitative semi‐structured interviews which were analysed using an inductive content analysis method. The COREQ checklist was used (Supporting Information).

Results

The mean numerical rating scale score for overall satisfaction was 9.0 (SD 1.1) on a scale from 0–10. The patients’ experiences were grouped under eight main categories that were derived from the qualitative data in the analysis: (a) patient selection, (b) meeting the Health Care Guarantee, (c) patient flow, (d) postdischarge care, (e) patient counselling, (f) transparency of the journey, (g) communication and (h) feedback.

Conclusions

The findings suggest that patients are highly satisfied after an elective primary fast‐track total hip and knee arthroplasty. However, closer analysis of the patients’ experiences reveals challenges and suggestions on how they could be solved, often involving digital technologies.

Relevance to clinical practice

As the number of total joint arthroplasties grows, patients and their families need to take ever greater responsibility, for their own care from advance preparation to rehabilitation. The findings of the study can be used to organise work, improving patient‐clinical communication, fostering engagement and improving patient centredness. In addition, the results pinpoint the issues on how the patient experience could be improved.
Characterization of serotonin and N‐acetylserotonin systems in the human epidermis and skin cells
Authors: Slominski Andrzej T. , Kim Tae‐Kang , Kleszczyński Konrad , Semak Igor , Janjetovic Zorica , Sweatman Trevor , Skobowiat Cezary , Steketee Jeffery D. , Lin Zongtao , Postlethwaite Arnold , Li Wei , Reiter Russel J. , Tobin Desmond J.
Published: November 2019

Tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) activity was detected in cultured epidermal melanocytes and dermal fibroblasts with respective Km of 5.08 and 2.83 mM and Vmax of 80.5 and 108.0 µmol/min. Low but detectable TPH activity was also seen in cultured epidermal keratinocytes. Serotonin and/or its metabolite and precursor to melatonin, N‐acetylserotonin (NAS), were identified by LC/MS in human epidermis and serum. Endogenous epidermal levels were 113.18 ± 13.34 and 43.41 ± 12.45 ng/mg protein for serotonin (n = 8/8) and NAS (n = 10/13), respectively. Their production was independent of race, gender, and age. NAS was also detected in human serum (n = 13/13) at a concentration 2.44 ± 0.45 ng/mL, while corresponding serotonin levels were 295.33 ± 17.17 ng/mL (n = 13/13). While there were no differences in serum serotonin levels, serum NAS levels were slightly higher in females. Immunocytochemistry studies showed localization of serotonin to epidermal and follicular keratinocytes, eccrine glands, mast cells, and dermal fibrocytes. Endogenous production of serotonin in cultured melanocytes, keratinocytes, and dermal fibroblasts was modulated by UVB. In conclusion, serotonin and NAS are produced endogenously in the epidermal, dermal, and adnexal compartments of human skin and in cultured skin cells. NAS is also detectable in human serum. Both serotonin and NAS inhibited melanogenesis in human melanotic melanoma at concentrations of 10−4‐10−3 M. They also inhibited growth of melanocytes. Melanoma cells were resistant to NAS inhibition, while serotonin inhibited cell growth only at 10−3 M. In summary, we characterized a serotonin‐NAS system in human skin that is a part of local neuroendocrine system regulating skin homeostasis.
Food‐texture dimensions expressed by Japanese onomatopoeic words
Authors: Hanada Mitsuhiko
Published: November 2019

This study examined perceptual dimensions of food texture using Japanese onomatopoeic words. Photographs of 56 foods were presented to the participants, and they reported onomatopoeic (mimetic) words suitable for the texture of the foods. The participants' responses were collated into a contingency table of photographs by onomatopoeic words. Correspondence analysis was applied to the table, and 15 dimensions were extracted. The biplot of the configurations was rotated by the technique of sparse coding. The obtained dimensions were smoothness/sounds in slurping noodles; adhesiveness; crumbliness/dryness/fluffiness of breads; popping/juiciness of spherical‐shaped foods; soft elasticity/smoothness of gel, wateriness/creaminess; bendability of sticky foods; crispness/crunchiness of snacks; crispness of fruits; elasticity; crunchiness of vegetables; breakability of rod‐like foods; sizzle (high temperature and oiliness); and two dimensions specifically expressing textures of lemon and pickled plum. These are considered to be basic food‐texture dimensions expressed by Japanese onomatopoeic words.
Cyclical dynamics in a Kaleckian model with demand and distribution regimes and endogenous natural output
Authors: Nishi Hiroshi , Stockhammer Engelbert
Published: November 2019

We analyse the interaction of demand and income distribution in a dynamic Kaleckian model with endogenous natural output. Endogenous changes of the natural output level to changes in the demand‐determined actual output level have featured prominently in discussions of hysteresis after the crisis of 2008. We consider wage‐led and profit‐led demand (PLD) regimes and goods market‐led and labour market‐led income distribution regimes. The stability of the steady state is related to the endogeneity of natural output level in certain regimes. Limit cycles arise when the strong flexibility of prices or wages to the output gap is combined with moderate natural output hysteresis. A Kaleckian model with a wage‐led demand regime and anticyclical profit share is less unstable and pseudo‐Goodwin cycles can arise in the PLD regime with a procyclical profit share.
Acanthocephalan parasites in sea otters: Why we need to look beyond associated mortality…
Authors: Shanebeck Kyle M. , Lagrue Clement
Published: November 2019

The acanthocephalan parasite, Corynosoma enhydri, uses sea otters (Enhydra lutris) as definitive host. Despite high prevalence and abundance in southern sea otters (E. l. nereis), sublethal impacts of infection on otter health are unknown. Parasites are an integral part of ecosystem structure and functioning. Many affect host behavior, reproduction, predation, or prey preference. Parasites can suppress host immune response, facilitate secondary bacterial, viral, or parasitic infections, and influence concurrent microbial infection. Acanthocephalan infections can have significant effects on host metabolism, digestion, nutrient absorption, and energetics. Because high metabolic expenditures and resource limitations are known to affect southern sea otter populations, even subtle effects of infection could negatively impact individual health and population recovery. In this review we summarize reports of host–parasite‐environmental interactions for helminth infections and discuss how these same attributes could manifest in southern sea otters and coastal food web dynamics. Based on these data, investigation of potential sublethal impacts of C. enhydri is warranted. We recommend expanding understanding of the significance of parasites in marine ecosystems beyond associated mortality. Future investigation into the ecological implications of sublethal effects are essential to fully grasp parasite impacts on host populations, and predict potential additive effects with climate change in ecosystem functioning.
Drivers of metabolic diversification: how dynamic genomic neighbourhoods generate new biosynthetic pathways in the Brassicaceae
Authors: Liu Zhenhua , Suarez Duran Hernando G. , Harnvanichvech Yosapol , Stephenson Michael J. , Schranz M. Eric , Nelson David , Medema Marnix H. , Osbourn Anne
Published: November 2019

Plants produce an array of specialized metabolites with important ecological functions. The mechanisms underpinning the evolution of new biosynthetic pathways are not well‐understood. Here, we exploit available genome sequence resources to investigate triterpene biosynthesis across the Brassicaceae.

Oxidosqualene cyclases (OSCs) catalyze the first committed step in triterpene biosynthesis. Systematic analysis of 13 sequenced Brassicaceae genomes was performed to identify all OSC genes. The genome neighbourhoods (GNs) around a total of 163 OSC genes were investigated to identify Pfam domains significantly enriched in these regions. All‐vs‐all comparisons of OSC neighbourhoods and phylogenomic analysis were used to investigate the sequence similarity and evolutionary relationships of the numerous candidate triterpene biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) observed. Functional analysis of three representative BGCs was carried out and their triterpene pathway products were elucidated.

Our results indicate that plant genomes are remarkably plastic, and that dynamic GNs generate new biosynthetic pathways in different Brassicaceae lineages by shuffling the genes encoding a core palette of triterpene‐diversifying enzymes, presumably in response to strong environmental selection pressure.

These results illuminate a genomic basis for diversification of plant‐specialized metabolism through natural combinatorics of enzyme families, which can be mimicked using synthetic biology to engineer diverse bioactive molecules.