bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the Computation of the Codimension of Map Germs Using the Lie Algebra Associated with a Restricted Left–Right Group
Authors: Xu Peng , Binyamin Muhammad Ahsan , Aslam Adnan
Published: May 2023

The codimension is an important invariant, which measures the complexity of map germs and play an important role in classification and recognition problems. The restricted A-equivalence was introduced to obtain a classification of reducible curves. The aim was to classify simple parameterized curves with two components, one of them being smooth with respect to the A-equivalence in characteristic p. In characteristic 0, the corresponding classification was given by Kolgushkin and Sadykov. The aim of this article is to present an algorithm to compute the codimension of germs of singularities under a restricted left–right equivalence (A-symmetry). We also give the implementation of this algorithm in the computer algebra system singular.
A Complete Breakdown of Politics Coverage Using the Concept of Domination and Double Domination in Picture Fuzzy Graph
Authors: Ismail Rashad , Khan Sami Ullah , Al Ghour Samer , Al-Sabri Esmail Hassan Abdullatif , Mohammed Maha Mohammed Saeed , Hussain Shoukat , Hussain Fiaz , Nordo Giorgio , Mehmood Arif
Published: May 2023

The notion of fuzzy graph (FG) is widely used in many problems arising from partial or incomplete descriptions of the real world and in particular from fields such as engineering, economics, computer science, social disciplines, or medical diagnostics, and has been used in many fields of pure mathematics as well as in several areas of applied sciences such as decision making, statistics and networking. In this paper we will deal with the graph of the picture fuzzy(symmetric) set using the notion of domination in picture fuzzy graph (PFG) as a generalization of both the concept of fuzzy graph domination and intuitionistic fuzzy graph (IFG) domination. The concepts of domination theory (DT) and double domination theory (DDT) of a PFG are introduced, studied and concretely applied to the real case of an election competition to determine the minimum number of citizens a politician should meet in person in order to win the election. The choice of fuzzification (symmetric) and defuzzification (anti-symmetric) methods depends on the specific application and the type of fuzzy sets being used, whether they are symmetric or anti-symmetric. There are various methods for each process, such as centroid, max-min, and weighted average methods for defuzzification. Finally, in the last section, drawing from the application example, the features and benefits of PFGs with respect to fuzzy graphs and intuitionistic fuzzy graphs are compared and discussed.
Zamia magnifica (Zamiaceae, Cycadales): A New Rupicolous Cycad Species from Sierra Norte, Oaxaca, Mexico
Authors: Pérez-Farrera Miguel Angel , Gutiérrez-Ortega José Said , Martínez-Martínez Mauricio Gerónimo , Calonje Michael
Published: May 2023

Zamia magnifica (Zamiaceae), a new species endemic to Sierra Norte, Oaxaca, Mexico, is described. Zamia magnifica is characterized by having a rupicolous habit, pendent leaves bearing leaflets that are densely tomentose and pink to caramel in color when emerging, and broad oblong leaflets that are coriaceous in texture with few non-prominent denticulations and ovulate strobili with short (<4 cm) peduncles. It is compared to Z. furfuracea and Z. meermanii, the Mesoamerican Zamia species to which it shares the closest morphological resemblance.
From NAFLD to Chronic Liver Diseases. Assessment of Liver Fibrosis through Non-Invasive Methods before Liver Transplantation: Can We Rely on Them?
Authors: Auricchio Pasquale , Finotti Michele
Published: May 2023

Chronic liver injury and subsequent liver fibrosis are usually a slow process without any specific or no clinical signs, resulting in pathological conditions with a poor chance of improvement through medical and surgical treatment, which if not promptly recognized, often lead to a liver transplant as the only therapeutic option. On the other hand, screening and follow-up are hard to establish in large populations using regularly invasive methods such as biopsies and other expensive diagnostic tools due to cost and a lack of adequate specificity and sensibility. In the last few years, a large variety of serological and radiological tests have been proposed to assess liver fibrosis. In this review, we will consider the most commonly used scores to evaluate liver fibrosis, with a special focus on the NAFLD pathogenesis. We will try to answer the question: can we rely on them?
Challenges in HIV-1 Latent Reservoir and Target Cell Quantification in CAR-T Cell and Other Lentiviral Gene Modifying HIV Cure Strategies
Authors: Buck Amanda M. , Deveau Tyler-Marie , Henrich Timothy J. , Deitchman Amelia N.
Published: May 2023

Gene-modification therapies are at the forefront of HIV-1 cure strategies. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells pose a potential approach to target infected cells during antiretroviral therapy or following analytical treatment interruption (ATI). However, there are technical challenges in the quantification of HIV-1-infected and CAR-T cells in the setting of lentiviral CAR gene delivery and also in the identification of cells expressing target antigens. First, there is a lack of validated techniques to identify and characterize cells expressing the hypervariable HIV gp120 in both ART-suppressed and viremic individuals. Second, close sequence homology between lentiviral-based CAR-T gene modification vectors and conserved regions of HIV-1 creates quantification challenges of HIV-1 and lentiviral vector levels. Consideration needs to be taken into standardizing HIV-1 DNA/RNA assays in the setting of CAR-T cell and other lentiviral vector-based therapies to avoid these confounding interactions. Lastly, with the introduction of HIV-1 resistance genes in CAR-T cells, there is a need for assays with single-cell resolution to determine the competence of the gene inserts to prevent CAR-T cells from becoming infected in vivo. As novel therapies continue to arise in the HIV-1 cure field, resolving these challenges in CAR-T-cell therapy will be crucial.
ICF domains in motor development assessment tools: an integrative review
Authors: Belo Alencar Ana Caroline , Nunes Martins José Davi , De Castro Ferracioli Gama Marcela , Sulyvan de Castro Shamyr , Viana Cardoso Kátia Virgínia
Published: May 2023

Introduction. Motor development is also influenced by the context the child is inserted. The health service follows up children for developmental screening, using different assessment instruments. Through the creation of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF), a new approach based on the biopsychosocial model was brought, which made possible the evaluation focusing on functional and/or disabling aspects. Objective. To identify the presence of ICF components in motor development assessment instruments validated for Brazilian children. Method. This is an integrative review carried out in PubMed, CINAHL, and, Embase (Elsevier) databases, using descriptors “functioning” and “motor development” combined with their synonyms, including only observational cohort and cross-sectional studies published in Portuguese, English, or Spanish with individuals in early childhood, without temporal demarcation. The instruments in the studies were collected, and only those with validation in Brazil were registered. These instruments underwent an analysis that related their concepts to the components contained in the ICF through descriptive statistics with the presentation of absolute frequency (n) and relative frequency (%). Results. After the eligibility of the studies and instruments found, seven were validated in Brazil and available for access. The process of extracting concepts from the ICF generated concepts divided into the following components: Body Functions (22.6%), Activities and Participation (75.2%), and Not Covered (2.2%). Conclusions. Few instruments intended for the evaluation of early childhood motor development are validated for Brazil, and none of the instruments addressed all the components proposed by the ICF, being necessary to complement them with other tools.
Checklist de fatores de risco para a linguagem oral e avaliação fonoaudiológica
Authors: De Oliveira Lilian Fabiano , Corrêa Camila de Castro , Maximino Luciana Paula
Published: May 2023

Objetivo. Identificar fatores de riscos para as alterações de linguagem em crianças pré-escolares, averiguando possível associação com a fonologia. Método. Participaram 76 crianças de ambos os sexos, de 3 a 5 anos, cujos pais responderam ao checklist CICRICAL sobre os fatores de risco e marcos do desenvolvimento linguístico. Também foi aplicado o teste de linguagem infantil na área de fonologia (ABFW). Resultados. Observou-se a prevalência de histórico de pouca interação verbal com a criança (23,7%), prematuridade (17,1%), baixa escolaridade materna (15,8%) e antecedente familiar (14,5%). Houve concentração na Zona Livre com 37 crianças (48,7%) e na Zona Alerta com 32 crianças (42,1%). A presença de pelo menos um fator de risco se associou com alterações no subsistema fonológico (p=0,03). Conclusão. Assim, houve maior ocorrência do histórico positivo para pouca interação verbal com a criança e prematuridade. O checklist CICRICAL se associou com a avaliação de fonologia.
Voces Magicae and Imperial / Late-Antique World-Making. Part 1
Authors: Amsler Monika
Published: May 2023

Il s’agit ici de la première partie d’une étude visant à situer le pouvoir de persuasion des voces magicae tardo-antiques dans le cadre de référence intellectuel de l’époque impériale romaine. Ce premier article examinera les prémisses logiques de manière plus générale ; le second article replacera dans leur contexte les méthodes employées par les dits voces magicae pour séparer lettres et mots de leur usage général, et l’origine de ces méthodes. En effet, je soutiens ici que les voces ne sont pas magicae, mais reflètent la tentative de dissocier les lettres et les mots de leur usage communicationnel habituel dans le but de modifier certains systèmes matériels et non-matériels. Un phénomène similaire de dissociation peut être observée dans les recettes médicales, qui différencient les aliments de leurs actions dans l’usage quotidien afin d’opérer une distinction entre régime et thérapeutique. Plus qu’elles ne sont «magiques » , les voces sont l’expression d’un nouveau concept, résultant d’un échange accru de connaissances et d’un investissement dans l’éducation à partir de la période hellénistique.
Confusions autour de l’inceste : anthropologie, psychanalyse, société. Westermarck, Freud, Lévi-Strauss / Confusing Incest : Anthropology, Psychoanalysis, Society. Westermarck, Freud, Lévi-Strauss
Authors: Lemardelé Christophe
Published: May 2023

La notion d’inceste est centrale pour l’anthropologie de la parenté et pour la psychanalyse. Le terme d’ «inceste » , généralement utilisé sans différencier l’inceste parent/ enfant et frère/ soeur, et parfois étendu aux mariages consanguins, manque donc de précision conceptuelle. La confusion autour de cette notion s’est accrue dans les études sur la parenté depuis que Lévi-Strauss a adopté le tabou de l’inceste pour caractériser les origines de toute société humaine, affirmant qu’il révèle le passage de la nature à la culture. Fondant son postulat théorique sur la pensée freudienne, l’anthropologue français a été amené à invalider l’hypothèse antérieure de Westermarck. Ce dernier était persuadé que le désir de commettre l’inceste était freiné par une inhibition spontanée et naturelle, hypothèse aujourd’hui confirmée par les récentes recherches éthologiques. En conséquence, la notion d’inceste doit être considérée comme une «relique épistémologique » de l’anthropologie sociale. Il est toutefois important de noter que des écrits anthropologiques récents utilisent toujours le terme d’ «inceste » , mais, en se concentrant sur la famille nucléaire, parfois recomposée dans les sociétés modernes et postmodernes, ils réduisent cette notion à celle de crime sexuel.
Les mythes afrikaners
Authors: Coquerel Paul
Published: May 2023

Contemporary Afrikaner ideology has its origins in traditional Boer beliefs. It is based upon an interpretation of History, the religious vision of the Dutch Reformed Churches, and a specific language, Afrikaans. This political culture first appeared as a reaction against British imperialism throughout the XIXth century, resulting in the forming of a strong nationalism which in the XXth century will triumph with the institutionalization of racial segregation. Nowadays, the Afrikaner community is experiencing the most dramatic crisis of its history. Its traditional values and institutions, which meet growing criticism from the Black population and from a fraction of the white constituents as well, seem to be unable to cope with the deep changes occurring in South Africa. Threatened by dissolution, the Afrikaner nation is looking for patterns it has yet to invent.
La crise du système éducatif sud-africain
Authors: Goguel Anne-Marie
Published: May 2023

Crisis of the South African educational system.

The crisis of the South African educational system, especially in secondary schools reveals the contradictions between three logics simultaneously operating. First, the government’s policy implies the maintenance of separation in education for different racial groups, one of the fundamental tenets of apartheid, untouched by reforms. Secondly, the business circles, ask for a better qualified work force, required for economic growth : to meet these demands, educational expenses are growing at a fast rate, but the realization of the principle of equal expenditures for each group appears still very remote, and given the increase of school population, the quality of education for non-Whites remains poor. The third logic is the logic of non white social actors : students and teachers whose aspirations and demands, stimulated by education, are confronted with obstacles coming from the existing social order and with repression.
L’assaut final : le syndrome militaire sud-africain
Authors: Darbon Dominique
Published: May 2023

Since the beginning of the 1970’s, the South African regime has been undertaking a major shift, as far as its power structure is concerned. The decision-making process is presently in the hands of a few top civil servants, businessmen and politicians, amongst whom high-ranking soldiers have a leading role. The South African policy-making process is thus embodied into an integrated militaristic organization, gathered around the State President. Convinced that it was the main target of a communist inspired «total onslaught», the regime has been able to build up an impressive war machine (on Africa’s scale) supported by an integrated industrial and commercial structure and a mobilized white population.
Campagnes, bidonvilles et Banque mondiale au Kenya
Authors: Fontaine Jean-Marc
Published: May 2023

Countryside, shanty towns and world bank in Kenya.

The overall results of die Kenyan economy have to be assessed in a social perspective : that of the contradictions between the different parts of the country (die different cash-crops growing areas) and especially die countryside and the city (Nat robi essentially).

The general recommendations of The World Bank do not take these factors into account. There are two different rural migrations to the city : «modern» holders use urban resources and salaries to expand and modernize, whereas the poor can survive because they try to live off urban employment and not agricultural revenue.

In the city there is another division to be found between the formal and the informal sectors. The latter is expanding very quickly but again these contradictions cannot be settled without taking the rural and migratory characteristics into account.
Qui a peur de la philosophie ?
Authors: Floriani Estelle
Published: May 2023

L'enseignement de la philosophie dans les lycées togolais connaît des difficultés. Selon l'auteur, la faiblesse du niveau scolaire en fiançais, le décalage marqué entre les programmes officiels et l'univers culturel des élèves et le poids d'une société déresponsabilisante, sans perspective d’avenir, qui étouffe toute libre expression des individus, constituent des obstacles à la réalisation des objectifs de la réforme de l’enseignement lancée en 1975.
L’Afrique noire et Israël : inversion d'une dynamique diplomatique
Authors: Codo Léon César
Published: May 2023

Bien que se faisant au coup par coup, le retour politique de l’État hébreu sur ta scène politique africaine signe l’inversion de la dynamique diplomatique qui, dans les années soixante-dix, avait abouti au rapprochement entre l’Afrique noire et le Monde arabe. Par-delà les incontestables facteurs d’ordre international qui déterminent cette évolution, la reprise des relations avec Israël constitue une stratégie d’acquisition ou d’élargissement des soutiens extérieurs visant à promouvoir une solution à des problèmes d’ordre essentiellement interne.
La course à l’espace urbain : les conflits fonciers à Brazzaville
Authors: Ziavoula Robert Edmond
Published: May 2023

A Brazzaville, la revente des parcelles à plusieurs acquéreurs est une pratique généralisée. Cette situation produit des conflits interminables impliquant une multiplicité d’acteurs : propriétaires fonciers, comités de quartier, revendeurs, acquéreurs, représentants de l’administration. Dans ce jeu, en tant qu’ institution, les pouvoirs publics sont absents, mais leurs représentants, individuellement, sont omniprésents.
Comment se débarrasser de l’«efficacité symbolique» de la médecine traditionnelle ?
Authors: Gruénais Marc-Eric , Mayala Dominique
Published: May 2023

La prégnance des pratiques magico-religieuses dans le traitement de la maladie et de l’infortune pose un problème idéologique d’importance dès lors qu’il s’agit d’organiser une médecine traditionnelle conforme à l'option du socialisme scientifique. Le corps médical relaie l’Etat dans sa volonté de rationaliser ces pratiques. Mais, au-delà du débat idéologique, l’État affirme ici sa volonté de contrôle de l’ordre public face à des thérapeutes de toute sorte toujours soupçonnés d’être des fauteurs de troubles.
Un quotidien en trompe-l’œil. Bars et «nganda» à Brazzaville
Authors: Ossebi Henri
Published: May 2023

Les bars sont devenus une institution à Brazzaville. Bruissant de musiques qui évoquent les déboires du citadin mais aussi les événements politiques, ils sont les lieux du commentaire et de la rumeur. Ils sont aussi les lieux où s’inscrivent les différenciations sociales en fonction de la marque de bière consommée et de la nature de l’endroit fréquenté, public (bars) ou plus caché (nganda).
Ethnies, État et littérature populaire yorouba
Authors: Barber Karin , Dufau Hélène
Published: May 2023

Que pense l’homme de la rue ? Où trouver des données sur son opinion ? Le théâtre yorouba, qui est un véritable moyen de communication populaire, avec sa centaine de troupes, nous présente la réalité sociale de l’ouest du pays. Dans ces pièces, les autres Nigérians ne sont que peu présents et le débat politique et curieusement absent. L’étude des textes des spectacles et des romans populaires montre une vive conscience de la stratification sociale verticale et une défiance certaine à l’endroit des hommes politiques.
«Au sport, citoyens !»
Authors: Augustin Jean-Pierre , Drabo Yaya K.
Published: May 2023

A la différence des régimes qui l’ont précédé, le CNR s’attache à élaborer une véritable politique du sport. Conçue comme l’instrument de fabrication de l’homme nouveau, en bonne santé et productif, elle se traduit par un effort exceptionnel visant à «mettre au sport» l’ensemble de la société. Mais les contraintes physiques et symboliques dont elle s’accompagne aboutissent au résultat inverse, marqué par la généralisation des infractions aux obligations édictées par le pouvoir révolutionnaire.
Pastoralisme, sédentarisation et État en Afrique de l’Est
Authors: Galaty John g. , Asch Susan
Published: May 2023

Pastoralism, sedentarisation and state in East Africa.

To consider sédentarisation as a solution to current problems of recurrent food crisis in pastoral societies located in arid and semi-arid zones is a preconceived notion. In reality, the crisis is caused by sédentarisation rather than nomadism. Confronted with settlement policies, nomadism, thanks to extensive grazing, remains an indispensable strategy for the human occupation of arid zones. The political challenge is not to adopt nomads to preconceived sedentary systems but to improve pastoral life.
Les Églises chrétiennes et la politique du ventre : le partage du gâteau ecclésia.
Authors: Bayart Jean-François
Published: May 2023

The Christian Churches and the «let's not starve policy».

The Christian Churches could not escape from the attractive power of what the Cameroonese call «the let’s not starve policy», as neither the parties — whether nationalist or revolutionary — not the administrations could. Just as the colonial originated state has been, they are subject to a process of reappropriation by the african societies. They shelter social rise strategies, founded on an ethic of munificence, just as political behaviors most of times do. In that way, the Church institutions are part of the system elaborated by the authoritarian post-colonial regimes, and their economic activities participate in the money making, predatory logics those ones devolop. Consequently, they are stricken by the same weakening disease suffered by the political institution : exacerbate divisions between religious contractors. Different religious trends have criticized these affinities with this «let’s not starve» way of governing, without however succeeding in breaking off with it.
Mgr Dosseh, archevêque de Lomé
Authors: Toulabor Comi Molevo
Published: May 2023

Mgr Dosseh, archevêque de Lomé, règne en maître absolu dans son diocèse depuis 1962. Les subventions officielles et clandestines ne servent que très peu à rétribuer les prêtres, et surtout à financer les fêtes du diocèse ainsi que les dépenses de la grande famille Dosseh. Pouvoir et prestige de l’Église sont ternis par la personnalité de cet évêque qui accumule les compromissions.
Quadrillage politique et administratif des militaires ?
Authors: Charles Bernard
Published: May 2023

Political and administrative control of the military.

Having established their legitimacy by consolidating their military base, the leaders of the «Military Committee for National Rectification (CMNR)» have shaken the administrative system without however substituting a «Soussou» State for a «Malinke» State. They now have to establish the rule of law before returning to the barracks.
Réajuster l’économie : premier bilan des réformes
Authors: Topol Yves
Published: May 2023

Readjusting the economy : the first result of the reforms.

The new economic policy initiated in December 1985 was based on a clean break with the heritage of Sekou Toure, Imposed by the IMF and World Bank, these liberal reforms were armed at the public sector. The return of Westernisation, the gap between the rythm of the reforms and persistence of corruption engender political tensions and the question of a development model remains posed.
Sécurité alimentaire en Tanzanie : les politiques de commercialisation
Authors: Mabele Robert
Published: May 2023

Alimentary security in Tanzania : politics of marketing.

The alimentary situation of Tanzania has suffered very strong fluctuations during the past fifteen years. Currently, the government seeks both to render the circuits of marketing more efficient by giving more freedom to the private merchants, and to maintain control over the markets through the intermediaries of cooperatives and regulating supply.
L’intégration régionale : espaces politiques et marchés parallèles
Authors: Bach Daniel , Vallée Olivier
Published: May 2023

Regional integration : political dimensions and parallel markets.

In Africa it would be more appropriate to speak of deconstruction with regards to the state policies on regional cooperation as it has been practiced over the past 30 years. Today, in opposition to other regions of the world, the continent remains the most divided. The multiplication of informal exchanges on a continental basis constitutes a form of regional integration from the bottom which induces fears on the part of the state.
Les humanités peuvent contribuer à l’humanisation...
Authors: Ricard Alain
Published: May 2023

L’Afrique doit protéger ses propres créateurs face à l’invasion de la culture de masse. Les humanités africaines souffrent d’un manque d’intérêt dans de nombreuses universités françaises. Une prise en compte des langues africaines est nécessaire à la promotion d’une véritable recherche africaniste.
Le gacaca ou la justice du gazon au Rwanda
Authors: Reyntjens Filip
Published: May 2023

The gacaca or lawn justice in rwanda.

In Rwanda, neighbourhood meetings on the lawn (Gacaca) are the locally-recognized context for resolving legal disputes without legal provisions or state organization. It is a contemporary phenomenon, based on custom, which rests mainly on reconciling proximity disputes rather than reinforcing official jurisdictional authority. In this case, the possibility to choose between several courts improves access to justice and the elaboration of origi¬ nal judicial solutions better able to meet some local jurisdictional needs. Thus, jurisdictional pluralism represents a judicial policy that the African states have put aside too rapidly.
La question de la nationalité au Kivu
Authors: Pabanel Jean-pierre
Published: May 2023

700 000 à 800 000 personnes d’origine rwandaise vivent dans l’est du Zaïre. Mais la définition de la nationalité zaïroise est floue. Des tensions opposent les deux groupes. Les personnes d’origine rwandaise, bien que (ou parce que) certaines d’entre elles ont fait preuve de dynamisme, continuent d'être considérées comme étrangères.
La petite économie marchande à Kisangani
Authors: Omasombo Tshonda Jean
Published: May 2023

Résultat d’études de terrain menées à Kisangani, l’article est une réflexion, basée sur des exemples précis, sur la définition de la petite économie marchande. Les généralisations sont difficiles. Notamment, le caractère légal qu’on leur reconnaît tient moins aux petits métiers eux-mêmes qu’à l’attitude des pouvoirs d’État envers eux.
De la prestidigitation, de la démocratie et des morts «sans qualité particulière»
Authors: Jewsiewicki Bogumil
Published: May 2023

Le massacre d’étudiants sur le Campus de Lubumbashi a suscité peu de réactions dans la presse internationale et les milieux diplomatiques. Mais de nombreux intellectuels zaïrois prennent maintenant la parole, notamment face à l’escalade de la violence contre les étudiants. Ils expriment la conscience de la nation.
Pouvoir et violence en Afrique postcoloniale
Authors: Chabal Patrick
Published: May 2023

Power and violence in post-colonial Africa.

To understand better the nature and extent of violence in contemporary Africa is in the first place to seek to assess the causalities which may exist between violence, power and production in post-colonial Africa. It is, second, to place specific instances of post-colonial violence within their proper historical context. As a case study, I look at the causalities between violence and revolt in the Portuguese-speaking countries.
Le multipartisme, pour quoi faire ? Les limites du débat politique : Kenya, Ouganda, Tanzanie, Zimbabwe
Authors: Martin Denis
Published: May 2023

Multipartyism for what ? the limits of political debate ? kenya, uganda, tanzania, zimbabwe.

Demands for democracy go far beyond the quest for multyparty systems in Africa. On one hand, this involves knowing whether the population will be able to participate in policymaking, and, on the other, it means considering the development issue in terms of African reality and to put forward indigenous solutions.
De l’émergence de politiques de population en Afrique
Authors: Sala-Diakanda M.
Published: May 2023

The emergence of population policies in Africa.

Government views on «population questions» have altered over time. The colonial powers were already interested in certain aspects of these questions. More recently, following the renewal of the terms in international debate, African governments have been gradually led to implementing plans of action, particularly in the area of fertility management. There have been different approaches and results : experiences in Mauritius are very different from those in Kenya or Ghana.

Numerous actors intervene on the side of governments as they draw up and implement these programs, in particular : international institutions, non-governmental organizations, even the Churches. What strategies will these different actors develop facing the present upheavals in Africa ?
Crise urbaine et contrôle social à Pikine. Bornes-fontaines et clientélisme
Authors: Salem Gérard
Published: May 2023

Urban crisis and social control in Pikine. Public fountains and clientelism.

The mention of norms andor management replaces talks about outer factors or malfunctions to explain the senegalese urban crisis. This prevents an analysis of the social and political practice under attack. Through the example of Pikine, the Author shows that the bad urban management comes from the social and territorial strategies of the State, revealing one of the functional links between State and society. A detailed analysis of the urban political organization at the level of the Socialist Party and at the level of the municipality points out the networks and the mecanisms used by the State to maintain control over towns that were bound to troubles and marginalization. It is only now, when the State is not any longer able to play its supporting role and when the territorial control mecanisms set up in Pikine by the PS are out of action that a real crisis situation occurs.
À la recherche de nouveaux «poissons». Stratégies commerciales mourides par temps de crise
Authors: Ebin Victoria
Published: May 2023

Les Fall de Sandaga sont une famille de riches commerçants dont la puissance repose sur des réseaux reliant les points de distribution de Dakar, aux communautés mourides immigrées dans les centres internationaux du commerce de gros. Dynamiques, créateurs d’emplois, les Fall entretiennent des relations ambiguës avec l'État sénégalais; l’avenir de celles-ci est conditionné par les possibilités de trouver un équilibre entre le secteur informel, incarné par les Fall, et le secteur moderne, incarné par l'État.
De la lutte anti-apartheid aux mutations de la culture politique
Authors: Thede Nancy , Beaudet Pierre
Published: May 2023

From a culture of resistance to a logic of reconstruction.

The anti-apartheid movement is trapped into the post 1989 political storm but did not abandon its old strategies. Some of these anti-apartheid movements became more professional like trade unions and churches, and others, like civics, keep on battling for internal reorganisation. The civics react to the state’s pressure — while the state tries to hide its policy of keeping control under a set of reforms — and the civics go through a difficult time of deep crisis involving problems of political affiliation. Yet a national federation was created in May 1992 which is ment to resist government policies and offer an efficient programme.
La révolte de la jeunesse dans le Sekhukhuneland
Authors: Kessel Ineke van
Published: May 2023

Revolt of the youth in Sekhukhuneland.

Throughout the analysis of youth movements in Sekhukhuneland, the extreme disarticulation of the south african social fabric becomes apparent. Within a context of economic crisis, the rural youth in Sekhukhuneland revolt on the basis of a strong generational conscience founded on the hasty absorption of caricaturised ready made ideologies. Throughout this case analysis, it is the social explosion of South Africa that appears. The normalisation of the political situation in South Africa is likely to marginalised the youth.
Les Églises dans la tourmente politique
Authors: Bonzon Ariane
Published: May 2023

Churches in the political storm.

The Christian churches have played a considerable role in the formulation and concretization of the principles of apartheid, as well as their dismantling both institutionally and ideologically. After having largely influenced the methods of political action, in South Africa, the churches are attempting in South Africa to return to the religious sphere in order to restructure them. Since then these churches have experienced a profound malaise. By focusing on spiritual matterns, they risk leaving a disorientated society fragmented and the way open to syncretic churches susceptible to all forms of manipulation.
En noir et blanc ou en couleurs, que voir dans les clips sud-africains ?
Authors: Martin Denis
Published: May 2023

Les vidéo-clips ne sont pas souvent l’objet d’une lecture scientifique bien qu’ils reflètent des modes de perceptions identitaires et bien qu’ils soient le vecteur populaire de l’expression du refus, de l’espoir ou de l’idéologie politique. Plaque sensible artistique d’une société en mutation, ces clips présentent l’avantage de leur fluidité et de leur souplesse. La dimension émotionnelle dont ils sont chargés accroît même l’efficacité de leur message. Denis Martin leur rend ici leur place d’indices importants des transformations et des représentations sociales dans une Afrique du Sud en pleine mutation.
Le vent du changement pour l’Afrique : la CE et le développement
Authors: Stevens Christopher , Dufau Hélène
Published: May 2023

Les relations de la Communauté européenne avec les PVD sont fondées sur des pyramides de privilèges qui tendent à s’éroder avec l’élargissement du marché unique vers l’Est, la coordination des politiques communautaires de migrations et les difficultés des produits africains pour pénétrer l’espace européen. La communautarisation de ces relations n’est pas totalement achevée, certaines anciennes puissances colonisatrices essayant de maintenir la bilatéralité des rapports avec leurs anciennes colonies tout en faisant payer le prix à la communauté.
Violence, pouvoir symbolique et mode de représentation des Oromo
Authors: Zitelmann Thomas
Published: May 2023

La représentation politique des Oromo, principal groupe ethnique de l’Éthiopie moderne, est l’objet d’une compétition entre différentes organisations qui se sont développées à partir de terroirs différents et d’expériences diverses en Éthiopie et au Soudan. Cette rivalité n’est pas seulement réglée par ces particularités mais également par la mise en œuvre de schèmes idéologiques originaux Hans la définition qu’elles proposent du nationalisme oromo et des relations avec le pouvoir central. Après plusieurs périodes d’affrontement avec Addis-Abéba, il semble que les mouvements les plus importants soient disposés à renoncer à la création d’un État si un compromis se dégage avec les dirigeants éthiopiens.
La présence américaine dans la Corne après la fin de la guerre froide : ruptures et permanences
Authors: Schraeder Peter J.
Published: May 2023

La fin de la guerre froide n’a pas conduit les institutions américaines à pro¬ mouvoir une démocratie multipartite et à accepter les normes des droits de l’homme. Au contraire, elle a plutôt renforcé une politique africaine incohérente. Cette tendance historique de la politique américaine à abandonner l’Afrique aux pays qui la connaissent mieux et sont mieux équipés pour répondre à son attente a été renforcée par le recul de l’idéologie communiste conjugué à l’accroissement des problèmes socio-économiques et politico-militaires.
Intellectuels visibles, intellectuels invisibles
Authors: Copans Jean
Published: May 2023

L’intellectuel africain a longtemps été défini par rapport à des référents universels qui sont en fait occidentaux. La combinaison de l’écriture et de l’oralité doit permettre la production d’un savoir autochtone et l’émergence d’identités modernes en phase avec la société.
Un intellectuel organique au Kenya : Gakaara wa Wanjau
Authors: Pugliese Cristiana
Published: May 2023

The organic intellectual, speaking vernacular languages in Kenya : Gakaara wa Wanjau.

The Kenyan writer Gakaara wa Wanjau is perhaps a unique case of an organic intellectual of vernacular language as zoell as a very independant mind. Rejected to the fringe of the intellectual society he will also get into trouble with the state power.
Hawad. L’utopie des marges et la quête d’orne autre vérité
Authors: Dupraze Paule , Decoudras Pierre-Marie
Published: May 2023

Hawad : utopia of the fringe and the search for another truth.

Son of the desert, Hawad, poet-writer, is turning towards his society and the touareg rebellion with a meaningful and severe eye, in search for another truth, concerning above all the State, stiffened in its postcolonial structures. A more flexible alternative is expected.
Une transition achevée ou amorcée ?
Authors: Raison Françoise
Published: May 2023

Achieved or initiated transitions ?

The mobilization of Madagascar civil society for huge demonstrations in July-August 1991, was provoked by the denunciation of the 1989, presidential elections marred with irregularities. The lower middle class of towns and villages formed the crowd of demonstrators, Churches were a driving force through the FFKM, but the political community didn’t change much. Meanwhile sharp economic conflicts took place behind the scene around privatizations and it is to a lot of very important reconversions in the economic activity that the regions will be confronted tomorrow.
Essai sur les non-dits du discours fédéraliste
Authors: Rakotondrabe Daniela Tovonirina
Published: May 2023

Essays on the blank spaces of the federalist speech.

Must we take it seriously when the federalist speech claims the island suffers from excessive centralization ? It is precisely the logic of centralization which predominated during 15 years of Rastsirakian socialism labelled as democratic centralism. But almost all the supporters of the federalist speech, who come from the Coast, belong to the old machinery of the «old regime», and they would like to keep their sources of power and finance when probably coming back to their province. Their ethno-regionalist speech reproduces the colonial ethnographic speech.
Une esquisse de géographie électorale malgache : le premier tour des élections présidentielles (novembre 1992)
Authors: Raison Jean-Pierre
Published: May 2023

Le premier tour des présidentielles, dont le déroulement a été tout à fait régulier, fournit un bon matériau d’analyse. Les Hautes Terres et l’Est révèlent une participation beaucoup plus forte que le Sud, l’Ouest et l’extrême Nord. Il y a rarement eu confrontation par polarisation des votes sur les deux principaux candidats : Ratsiraka, président sortant, et Zafy, leader des «Forces Vives», mais plutôt concentration sur un seul homme, chacun disposant de solides bastions sur lesquels l’autre n’a que peu mordu. On ne peut cependant pas parler de tendances régionalistes ou ethnicistes affirmées, ce qui donne peu de crédibilité aux thèses fédéralistes. Pas non plus d’opposition marquée entre Hautes Terres et côtes, villes et campagnes. Le cadre administratif de référence des votes semble être resté celui des anciennes «préfectures» pourtant officiellement disparues.
Some issues of preventing corruption in local self-government bodies
Authors:   Mariupol State University, Каmardina Yuliia , Filipenko Anastasiia ,   Mariupol State University
Published: May 2023

Today, the problem of overcoming corruption is acute for all public authorities, but its existence in local self-government bodies has dangerous consequences, because corruption manifestations in the activities of the police undermine public confidence in public authorities, which are the closest to the population. The article considers the main causes of corruption in local self-government bodies, the most common types of abuse of power, defines the components of the administrative and legal mechanism and provides a description of measures to prevent corruption in local self-government bodies. Combating corruption in local self-government bodies requires a systematic approach and the application of a set of scientifically based measures, in the process of implementation of which one of the main areas of activity, in our opinion, should be active work to identify, promote and implement in practice the moral and ethical principles of the functioning of the public service as an institution for providing management services to citizens and legal entities.
Regarding the peculiarities of the formation of international legal customs
Authors:   Mariupol State University, Tykhomyrova Galyna , Fesenko Viktor ,   Mariupol State University
Published: May 2023

The article is devoted to the peculiarities of the formation of international legal customs in modern international law. The growing role of contractual relations has not been able to transform customary law into exclusively contractual law. The existing system of international law could not be imagined without international custom for several reasons: first, various branches and institutions in modern international law partially or even completely consist of customary norms, and secondly, in those areas where treaty regulation is impossible for various reasons, more and more new norms of customary law continue to arise. There are many opinions on the issue of creating customary norms of international law in international legal Science. The main question is whether these norms are formed through the interaction of the will of states or whether their appearance is not due to the participation of the will. In its historical development, custom as a source of international law has long been the most important procedure for forming international legal norms. This was due to the fact that the interstate system has never had a legislative body that would adopt such legal norms. For this reason, many international legal norms were created on the basis of the Customs and practices of states, which is why they had the character of customary legal norms. The main approach to the formation of an international legal custom is studied. The main components of international custom are considered and their exhaustive characteristics are given. The role of international custom for modern international law is clarified, as well as the indication of the need for further development of this issue in the domestic legal field for its effective use in international relations. Theoretical foundations of substantiation of nature of international custom are determined.
The concept and system of special means used in law enforcement
Authors:   Mariupol State University, Haraberiush Ivan
Published: May 2023

The article examines the importance of special tools on the basis of new conceptual ideas related to the humanization of forms and methods of law enforcement. It is emphasized that in the implementation of public safety and the order of law enforcement agencies must meet the requirements of the rule of law, according to which man, his rights and freedoms are recognized as the highest values and determine the content and direction of the state and its legal institutions. It is emphasized that the use of special means contributes to the implementation of this principle by creating opportunities to avoid injuries and casualties both by law enforcement officers, ordinary citizens, and among the offenders themselves. It is stated that special means should be considered as means of protection and separated from non-lethal weapons. The definition of special means of protection is given. The system of special means of protection is considered on the basis of a conceptual position: special equipment of law enforcement agencies is a basic concept and consists of subsystems that have their own structure. The place of special means of protection in the system of special equipment of law enforcement agencies is determined. The system of special means of protection and branches of these means are structured taking into account purpose of special means and tactical and technical features of their application in law enforcement activity.
Understanding, that jerel's system of international standards of free law
Authors:   Mariupol State University, Каmardina Yuliia
Published: May 2023

In the article, a comprehensive theoretical and legal analysis of the system of choice law was carried out. On this day, an expansion of the number of meals is being marked, which are regulated by international law in the rest of the world. The sphere of regulation of selected legal laws, which was more importantly advanced to the internal-state norms of law, on this day, they are expected to be regulated in accordance with international standards, in order to understand the fundamental nature of international legal regulation, the principles of legal regulation are introduced into the sphere of legal regulation. At the article, the characteristics of international selected standards are given. Based on the analysis of international electoral norms, the role of international electoral standards in the electoral law of foreign countries is considered. It has been established that in all international legal acts, clear rules have been formulated, it is possible to choose alternative, honest, non-falsified ones, and only for these minds, you can freely express the will of the people and ensure the safety of their lives. Doslіdzhennya of the legwestern foundations of the system of vocated law, Freedom Svomadyan showed, the bilshi of the powers systematically brought the standard to their lawsuits, by vicious, the Dorimannu is the right of the people of the people of the people, the rosnety of the democratic venerates, the percentage of the people The principles of the norms of the sub -people's right to the basics of national constitutes of the right to act, the metaim of the skin of the skin of the reservation, the same of the subtitudes, їх spilnym democratic nadbannyami. Analiz the basic lawy jerels of pognins, the regime -nuclear high -ended standard, allowing the vitnovka vitnovki, the Miracity Standards - the zobov’s senior soverey yak formally nadi of their regions of the law of the right to the same freedom of the shallow, alternatives, and alternatives, and alternatives, and the guarantor by its internal legislation for its implementation. It has been reported that the Institute for Elections for a Democratic Regime can be blamed on that stable legislative basis. The most important provisions of the choice of the right to know their own approval from the Constitution of the state. In the lower countries abroad, the nagal problem is the codification of rіznоrivnevіh and inconveniences among themselves dzherel rights that regulate the selection and selection process. In the organization of the conducted elections, which are determined by their results, the deedal of greater significance is filled with unique norms - international selection standards.