bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Trouble with Women in Policing: Attitudes Aren't Changing
Authors: Johns Christina Jacqueline
Published: March 2007

One hundred sixteen male and female undergraduate criminal justice students indicated the extent of their agreement or disagreement with statements on a questionnaire taken from interviews with police officers about women in policing. A factor analysis of the responses revealed four major attitudinal sets regarding women in policing: Limited Role -the role offemales in patrol should be limited; Equality -women should be treated just like men; Trait Advantage -women possess certain traits which especially suit them for policing; and Anti-female-women have no place in policing. Males andfemales differed significantly on their responses to the four factors. Males agreed most with the idea that policing was essentially a male occupation and a physical task and that women were more suited for handling juveniles and office work. Females, however, felt that they possessed certain traits which especially suited them for patrol work. The results are discussed in terms of the stability of male resistance to females in policing.
The Impact of Prosecutor/Public Defender Interaction on Sentencing: An Exploratory Typology
Authors: Gertz Marc G.
Published: March 2007

The interacting relationships of key Criminal Justice System members and the resulting interdependencies that develop because of these interactions are critical information in obtaining a better understanding of the operation of the court system. This analysis directs attention to the interactions among courtroom members. The particular purpose of this study is to examine one set of courtroom interactions, those between the prosecutor and public defender, and to suggest the beginnings of a typology of those interactions to aid in explaining the sentencing process. The discussion and analysis indicate that a defendant's sentence is considerably determined by the relationship between the prosecutor and public defender. Future research should be geared to clearer operationalizations of interacting relationships and more time needs to be spent analyzing the possible relationships among courtroom actors and the impact of the interactions on the sentences given out in court.
Clio and Criminal Justice
Authors: Terrill Richard J.
Published: March 2007

Criminal justice education has been anti-historical. The purpose of this paper is to suggest why this is so and to offer a reason why the study of criminal justice in the historical context should be included in the curriculum of criminal justice programs.
The Effect of Police Characteristics on Alternative Measures of Police Output
Authors: Decker Scott H.
Published: March 2007

The ability of municipal police departments to affect crime is a complex issue. The selection of independent variables for such analysis has received considerable attention. Perhaps more problematic has been the selection and measurement of the dependent variable, crime. This article examines the impact offive police variables: expenditures, manpower, municipal police effort, technological innovations, and police reform. Three measures of crime are used: UCR data, arrests, and victimization reports. No clear pattern of effect or direction of relationship was observedfor the 25 cities under study.
A Comparative Organizational Analysis of Prisonization
Authors: Thomas Charles W. , Petersen David M. , Cage Robin J.
Published: March 2007

This research, based upon an analysis of data obtained from separate studies of three institutions for male offenders, treats variations in the impact of confinement as problematic and develops a model which conceptualizes prisonization as an independent variable that is likely to have both short- and long-term consequences. Our findings reveal that prisonization encourages opposition to the prison, a short-term consequence of confinement. These attitudes are likely to effectively block institutional rehabilitative efforts and to increase problems of social control for the organization. This, in turn, may inhibit successful reintegration into society upon release. Despite the ability of the model to predict attitudes which arguably encourage antisocial behavior, longitudinal data are clearly necessary to adequately test any model which attempts to predict post release behavior.
Felony Case Disposition Patterns in Middletown, 1932-1975
Authors: Hewitt John D. , Poole Eric D. , Regoli Robert M.
Published: March 2007

Sentencing patterns in a middle-sized, Midwestern town are examined over the period 1932 to 1975. Data were gathered from the criminal court dockets and included only cases originally filed as a felony and resulting in a conviction. The analyses indicate that: (a) prosecution offelonies and subsequent convictions did not keep pace with the increase in reported crime; (b) plea bargaining became an extremely common practice in lateryears; (c) the role of court appointed defense counsel changed dramatically; (d) time delays between filing of information and sentencing increased greatly after the mid-i 960s; and (e) sentences to state penal institutions declined over the period of study. Explanations for these changes and related developments are offered.
Factors Influencing Sentences for Violent Offenses: An Exploratory Comparison of Crime-Specific and Undifferentiated Research Strategies
Authors: McCarthy Belinda R. , Lindquist Charles A.
Published: March 2007

To resolve some of the ambiguity and conflict found in existing research on factors influencing sentence severity, a comparative analysis of sentences (N = 468) receivedfrom afullpopulation sample offelony indictments (N = 619)forfour violent offenses was undertaken. Variable frequency distribution and correlation with several measures of severity were examinedfor all offenses (undifferentiated) and then for each specific crime category. Results indicated that undifferentiated analysis, which represents the approach most frequently used in sentencing research, obscured important correlations and yielded others that were not present within any specific crime category; correspondingly, a number of the significant correlations produced by crime-specific analysis were of greater strength.
The Criminological Imagination: Another View
Authors: Whitehead John T.
Published: March 2007

In light of Mills (1959) critique of sociology, this article examines several instances of what might be called a lack of the "criminological imagination". concern for academic issues, a focus on the employee apart from the system, the use of convenient methodological techniques, and incomplete questioning. An explanation for these phenomena is argued to be the pressure to publish.
The Regulations of the People's Republic of China Concerning Punishments for Disturbing Order: The Police and Administrative Punishment
Authors: Bracey Dorothy H.
Published: March 2007

Since 1914, China has had legislation permitting the police to punish minor violations administratively, that is, without obtaining a judgment of guilt from a court; penalties include fines and short periods of detention. This article traces the development of this legislation from 1914 to the present, showing how the violations involved have reflected the concerns of the government of the time. It demonstrates that, even as police have been given the right to inflict harsher punishments, they have also been subjected to greater accountability and control.
The Dynamics of Plea Bargaining in Three Countries
Authors: Gertz Marc G.
Published: March 2007

The widespread use of plea bargaining in the American justice system is a topic that has drawn criticism; cross-cultural comparisons addressing this issue have been rare. This article looks at the criminal court processes in three countries-the Federal Republic of Germany, the Netherlands, and Denmark-to determine the extent to which plea bargaining, in one form or another, takes place in these three different legal systems. Qualitative fieldwork conducted with courtroom personnel and quantitative analysis of actual criminal cases are combined in this research. The author concludes that the practice of plea bargaining is a universal concept in these three countries.
Seed to Root to Branch: Briefwriters' Contributions to Supreme Court Capital Punishment Doctrine
Authors: Acker James R.
Published: March 2007

This study examines the contributions that briefwriters have made to the Supreme Court's death penalty jurisprudence in cases decided from 1963 to 1985. Three aspects of the briefwriters' contributions to evolving capital punishment doctrine are considered: (a) the use of social science research evidence relevant to death penalty issues, (b) literal textual similarities between briefs and the justices' opinions, and (c) diverse matters concerning the contents of briefs and their correspondence to capital punishment decisions. It appears that briefwriters have contributed significantly to the justices' use of social science evidence, even though the justices have not been persuaded to adopt the logical implications of such information. In addition, the justices have only rarely relied upon the briefs for the precise language that characterizes their opinions. The article concludes with a series of observations about the briefs, the briefwriters, and the law of capital punishment as announced in these Supreme Court cases.
Poverty, Income Inequality, and Violent Crime: A Meta-Analysis of Recent Aggregate Data Studies
Authors: Hsieh Ching-Chi , Pugh M. D.
Published: March 2007

In the late 1970s and early 1980s, several important reviews of the literature failed to establish a clear consensus on the relationship between economic conditions and violent crime. The research presented here applies the procedures of meta-analysis to 34 aggregate data studies reporting on violent crime, poverty, and income inequality. These studies reported a total of 76 zero-order correlation coefficients for all measures of violent crime with either poverty or income inequality. Of the 76 coefficients, all but 2, or 97 percent, were positive. Of the positive coefficients, nearly 80 percent were of at least moderate strength (>.25). It is concluded that poverty and income inequality are each associated with violent crime. The analysis, however, shows considerable variation in the estimated size of the relationships and suggests that homicide and assault may be more closely associated with poverty or income inequality than are rape and robbery.
Sentencing Outcomes of Black, Hispanic, and White Males Convicted Under Federal Sentencing Guidelines
Authors: Hebert Christopher G.
Published: March 2007

Although the issue of racial disparities (black vs. white) in sentencing outcomes has received considerable research attention, comparatively little research has considered the question of ethnic disparity (Hispanic vs. white). To fill that void, this study uses calendar year 1989 data collected and distributed by the United States Sentencing Commission to examine the sentence outcomes of Hispanic and black offenders compared to white offenders convicted of violating federal drug laws. After controlling for legally relevant factors, socioeconomic factors, and legal contextual factors, it was found that blacks convicted of cocaine offenses and Hispanics convicted of cocaine and marijuana offenses were sentenced more harshly than white offenders.
Patterns of Misconduct in the Federal Prison System
Authors: Innes Christopher A.
Published: March 2007

Both the recent growth and resulting transformations in the federal prison population have presented the Federal Bureau of Prisons with a number of difficult challenges, including those of dealing with increasing numbers of incidents of misconduct and serious disturbances. Among the explanations that have been proposed for these problems is the notion of a "new offender," who is believed to be younger and more violent than previous generations of federal inmates.

Analyses of misconduct data on a cross-section of inmates within the federal prison system failed to find consistent evidence that such offenders are driving changes in misconduct rates. However, when the analyses are limited to only a recent admissions cohort and focus on the early years of incarceration, some evidence does appear to support the perception among BOP staff that a different type of inmate is arriving in the federal prison system. These results are discussed in terms of the contrasting perspectives in the literature on misconduct and the need to address both the style of behavior that inmates "import" into prison with them and the conditions that they encounter and must cope with during the course of their incarceration. Finally, ways in which the Bureau is attempting to influence these behaviors, with some apparent success, are discussed.
Assessing the environmental impact of geothermal residues
Authors: Peralta G.L. , Kirk D.W. , Graydon J.W. , Seyfried P.L.
Published: March 2007

Scale, sludge and drilling mud from three geothermal fields (Bulalo, Philippines; Cerro Prieto, Mexico; and Dixie Valley, USA) containing As, Cu, Cr, Zn and Pb at levels above the earth's crustal abundance were studied for their environmen tal impact. Several techniques and procedures were used to assess the risk posed by the residues: whole rock analysis, X- ray diffraction, radioactivity counting, protocol leach tests, toxicity testing, accelerated weathering test and a preliminary acid mine dramage potential test. There was no evidence of toxicity or genotoxicity present in any of the samples tested. Leaching tests indicated that all of the wastes could be classi fied as non-hazardous. One sample showed a low-level radio activity but it was still within the occupational dose limit. Three samples tested positive for acidification potential while none of the regulated elements were found in the leachate after three months of weathering test.
Effect of curing on field-solidified waste properties. Part 2: chemical properties
Authors: Caldwell R.J. , Stegemann J.A. , Shi C.
Published: March 2007

Differences that develop over time as a result of laboratory and field curing conditions in the chemical nature of monolithic waste samples are assessed in this paper. During field placement of waste treated using stabilization/ solidification, a number of sub-samples were taken and cured under laboratory conditions. These samples were evaluated periodically using a battery of laboratory test methods in parallel with samples removed from the landfill by diamond core. The results indicate that, although the field-cured material was cured under very different conditions, the chemical mature of the solidified matrix is quite similar to samples cured under laboratory conditions after 2 years.
Waste management in Denmark
Authors: Veltze Suzanne Arup
Published: March 2007

Waste management in Denmark is regulated by the Environmental Protection Act, but local authorities are responsible for collection and disposal of almost all types of waste, and waste producers have a duty to follow local authority waste disposal directives and use local authority collection schemes. The producers' responsibility concept is only used on a very few types of waste.
Production of non-methane organic compounds during refuse decomposition in a laboratory-scale landfill
Authors: Thomas Clark L. , Barlaz Morton A.
Published: March 2007

The presence of non-methane organic compounds (NMOCs) in landfill gas is well documented. However, there is little understanding of the degree to which the production of NMOCs should be attributed to the volatilization of household hazardous waste as opposed to intermediates of the anaerobic decomposition of the major cellulosic components of municipal solid waste. The objectives of this study were: (1) to compare the NMOC yields for decomposed refuse, fresh residential refuse, and a synthetic refuse; and (2) to evaluate the source of NMOCs emitted during refuse decomposition. Replicate 2-1 reactors were filled with shredded residential refuse expected to contain household hazardous waste, synthetic refuse containing no hazardous constituents, and control reactors with decomposed refuse only. Anaerobic decomposition of each refuse was initiated with a seed of decomposed refuse, and the reported methane and NMOC yields were corrected for that attributable to the seed. The NMOC yields from the seed, synthetic refuse, and residential refuse were comparable (0.62 to 1.01 X 10-4 g NMOC (dry g)-1, suggesting that the volatilization of hazardous organic compounds is not the sole source of NMOCs in landfill gas and that anaerobic biodegradation intermediates also contribute to NMOCs.
Civil Service Reform in Georgia
Authors: Nigro Lloyd G. , Kellough J. Edward
Published: March 2007

In recent years there has been a growing interest m civil service reform designed to decentralize and deregulate the public personnel management process in an effort to overcome the perceived inflexibility, inefficiency, and lack of responsiveness of traditional civil service structures. In 1996, the state of Georgia enacted a comprehensive reform of its civil service system that in many ways went beyond the kinds of changes that had taken place in other states The state removed merit system protections from all employees hired after July 1, 1996 and placed authority for most personnel management decisions in line agencies and departments, leaving the state's central personnel agency to serve primarily as a consultant to those organizations rather than as a regulator of the system This article reports the findings of a statewide survey of supervisory and nonsupervisory employees working within the Georgia civil service The findings indicate that more than three years after initial implementation ofthe reform employees are quite pessimistic about the effects of the reform on personnel management processes in state agencies
From Bakke to Fullilove Has the Supreme Court Finally Settled the Affirmative Action Controversy?
Authors: Kelso William
Published: March 2007

The affirmative action controversy over quotas is examined in light of recent Supreme Court decisions in the Bakke and Fullilove cases. Through important affirmative action courts decisions, the author summarizes the statutory and constitutional background of quotas, and the various legal tests used by individual Justices in interpreting cases in the area of affirmative action. The major finding is that the Supreme Court has not broken new ground in recent court decisions. Many important quota issues remain to be resolved.
Developing an Evaluation Design for the Senior Executive Service
Authors: Abramson Mark A. , Buchanan Bruce , Pagano Michael A. , Schmidt Richard E. , Strosberg Martin A. , Wholey Joseph S.
Published: March 2007

In 1979, the Office of Personnel Management requested that the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS, then the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare) plan an evaluation study to assess the impact of the Senior Executive Service (SES) on the department. An evaluability assess ment was conducted which produced an agreed-upon model of the SES program design and a clear basis for a longitudinal evaluation study. This paper summarizes the conclusions of the HHS/SES evaluability assessment.
The Cutback Issue: Administrators' Perceptions, Citizen Attitudes, and Administrative Behavior
Authors: Lewis Carol W. , Shannon W. Wayne , Ferree G. Donald
Published: March 2007

Retrenchment decisions emphasize the effect of administrative structure and behavior on the in dividual, the work group, and the achievement of public organization goals. Utilizing data from a case study of Stamford, Connecticut, the findings in this article suggest that cutback manage ment heightens conflict in a pluralistic environment. A case is made for the crucial role of central staff in maintaining employee motivation and in reducing individual insecurity. Relative centralization of the existing structure is a key element of the capacity to respond successfully to cutback re quirements. A generally pessimistic picture emerges from the realization that most municipal govern ments are fragmented and highly political. The lack of capacity to plan strategically, an attribute of decentralized governments, defines the potential inability of an organization to confront signifi cant cutback issues.
Bumping, Blocking and Bargaining: the Effect of Layoffs On Employees and Unions
Authors: Rich Wilbur C.
Published: March 2007

This paper analyzes the events leading up to the 1981 Detroit fiscal crisis in which the city was faced with the possibility of massive layoffs. This prospect initiated a variety of economic responses. Accordingly, the impact of layoffs on union behavior, job market forces, affirmative action and productivity are examined. In addition, the paper presents a model for linking layoffs to deteriorating fiscal situations in cities.
Content Validation: Conceptual and Methodological Issues
Authors: Lawther Wendell C.
Published: March 2007

Content validation presents several conceptual and methodological difficulties for researchers and practitioners. There is litte specificity concerning what constitutes key concepts such as "behavior domain" and "representative sample." Thus, it is often difficult to know which aspects of a posi tion can be content validated and which cannot. Concurrently, content validation methodology suffers from uncertainty, especially the nature of the rating process that links the most critical tasks to the top rated KSA's. Some initial insights into clarifying the conceptual issues as well as a pro posed methodology are discussed.
Can Merit Pay Systems Avoid Creating Discord Between Supervisors and Subordinates?: Another Uneasy Look At Performance Appraisal
Authors: Gabris Gerald T.
Published: March 2007

Douglas McGregor was one of the early critics of performance appraisal. In his uneasy look at performance appraisal, it was suggested that managers intensely dislike this responsibility and often feel incapable of evaluating subordinates. His recommendation was for managers to jettison this responsibility by having subordinates evaluate themselves through an MBO format. This arti cle contends that while McGregor was correct in describing performance appraisal as an uneasy relationship between supervisors and subordinates, he was off target in terms of why this is the case. Instead of disliking the evaluation function, this article reports results of a study which sug gest managers like performance appraisal because it gives them greater control over their subor dinates. Supervisors as a group tend to reflect attitudinal characteristics suggestive of greater dominance, control, aggressiveness, and competitiveness in contrast to non-supervisory employees. Hence, supervisors often support merit pay plans for "power" as opposed to productivity reasons, and are frequently willing to tolerate considerable problems in such evaluation systems. Rank and file employees tend to view merit pay plans as biased, unfair, and unrelated to individual produc tivity. As a consequence, managenal support for performance appraisal — for reasons of super visory control, is likely to exacerbate discord between supervisors and subordinates. Even though it has been found that many performance appraisal systems do not work, managers simply dislike giving up a source of control. These opposing tendencies are likely to lead to continued problems in the implementation of merit pay in the public sector.
Merit Pay, Performance Targeting, and Productivity
Authors: Halachmi Arie , Holzer Marc
Published: March 2007

Most merit pay plans have limited ability to motivate employees and to enhance productivity. This article suggests that performance targeting, a concept that is related to performance appraisal but different from it, may be a more promising approach to productivity enhancement. The article illuminates some of the main shortfalls of expectancy theory on which many merit pay plans are based and points out some of the possible problems with performance appraisal. The article sug gests that the productivity enhancement effort must include a deliberate effort to prevent the crea tion of demotivators and a search for a better understanding of what makes the individual employee tick. It cautions managers to consider the propositions that are provided by the equity and needs theories of motivation in developing programs to boost productivity.
Smoking in the Workplace
Authors: Wilson Thomas M.
Published: March 2007

As the health risks of tobacco use have become better known, smoking in the workplace has become a policy issue Employers need to be informed about recent developments and what actions may be taken to restrict smoking in the workplace This article discusses legislative and administrative restrictions on smoking in the workplace, the rights of nonsmokers in the workplace, and the rights and responsibilities of employers
Linkages Between Performance Appraisal System Effectiveness and Rater and Ratee Acceptance
Authors: Roberts Gary E.
Published: March 2007

This article examines the correlates of perceived effective performance ap praisal systems with special emphasis on the role of perceived rater and ratee acceptance. The sample consists of 240 municipal government performance appraisal systems and is the first attempt to test the relationships using a large sample. This study is congruent with recent research that emphasizes the importance of process variables over technique and instrumentation. The results indicate that perceived rater and ratee performance appraisal system acceptance explains the greatest amount of the variance in perceived appraisal system effectiveness.
Defining A Political Instrumentality Model in a Non-Bargaining Environment
Authors: Swanson Cheryl
Published: March 2007

This study identifies political strategies and conditions relevant to achieving union objectives through political means. A "political instrumentality model" is identified which describes six elements that influenced labor success in a non- bargaining legal environment in Austin, Texas. These include: (1) building a media campaign; (2) favorable political climate; (3) use of coalition tactics; (4) lack of management unity; (5) lack of management credibility with city council, and (6) gainsharing.
Domestic Partnership Benefits
Authors: Gossett Charles W.
Published: March 2007

In recent years, a number of cities and counties have been modifying their employee benefit programs to extend coverage that was traditionally limited to the spouse and minor children of an employee to include other persons important in the employee's life. Such persons are usually referred to as domestic partners. This study examines the ways in which 23 local governments have chosen to define domestic partners and the types of employee benefit coverage that have been extended to them.
Technical Training in the United States Postal Service
Authors: Selden Sally Coleman
Published: March 2007

TECHNICAL TRAINING IS MOST FREQUENTLY DISCUSSED IN THE CONTEXT OF PRIVATE SECTOR ORGANIZATIONS, AND RELATIVELY LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT ITS ROLE IN PUBLIC ORGANIZATIONS. THIS ARTICLES DESCRIBES THE ORGANIZATION AND DETAILS THE IMPLEMENTATION OF TECHNICAL TRAINING IN THE UNITED STATES POSTAL SERVICE (USPS). THE USPS OPERATES A STATE-OF-THE-ART TECHNICAL TRAINING PROGRAM, ONE WHICH INCORPORATES A RANGE OF DELIVERY TECHNIQUES, INCLUDING RESIDENT TRAINING AND DISTANCE LEARNING, TO DELIVER OVER 1,800 COURSE OFFERINGS TO MORE THAN 39,000 EMPLOYEES ANNUALLY.
Gender Differences and Managerial Competencies
Authors: Daley Dennis M. , Naff Katherine C.
Published: March 2007

The basic competencies underlying the task of management are examined using the U S Merit Systems Protection Board's 1991 Federal First-Line Supervisors survey (based on the US. Office of Personnel Management's Management Excellence Inventory "job analysis") This paper tests whether male and female supervisors perceive the essential responsibilities of the managenal job similarly
Conservation, Participation, and Power: Protected-Area Planning in the Coastal Zone of Belize
Authors: Few Roger
Published: March 2007

Drawing on debates over social impacts of biodiversity conservation and the role of power relations in community participation, this paper reports on field research examining community involvement in protected area planning in Belize. The research takes an actor-oriented approach to analyze the social, political, and technical processes involved in initiating and planning of two protected-area projects. Discussion focuses on the scope of public involvement, the power differentials among actors in the planning process, and the mechanisms through which power was exercised. The pattern that emerged showed planning officials endeavoring to mitigate or circumvent social and political dissent rather than foster an active, broad-based form of community participation. The paper suggests that the notion of containment may have a general applicability wherever protected areas are planned by external agencies that aim to engage local participation.
Managing Growth in a Climate of Urban Diversity
Authors: Turner Robyne S. , Murray Margaret S.
Published: March 2007

Development pressures have forced many of South Florida’s poorest new residents, many of them immigrants, to locate in a narrow, inner-city core area along the east coast. Now, with South Florida literally running out of land, political forces are encouraging redevelopment in this urban core area. Politicians and developers have sought to redirect growth to save the Everglades environment, resulting in new policy recommendations that neglect the experiences of a multicultural population. The recommendations for physical redevelopment are assessed in the context of demographic changes in the past decade to document the impact of the proposed population resettlement. Suggestions are made to improve the likelihood that physical redevelopment will be an effective policy.
Planning and The New Urban Populism: The Case of Santa Monica, California
Authors: Shearer Derek
Published: March 2007

Just as Justice Brandeis viewed states as laboratories of social experimentation, so can citites serve as working models of dif ferent urban policies.
Development Planning as the Only Game in Town
Authors: Peattie Lisa , Cornell Stephen , Rein Martin
Published: March 2007

Why is development planning a central activity of city government? This paper confronts this question through the study of a small city in the Boston SMSA Development planning in this city turns out to be a contentious business. Not everyone supports it, and it is difficult to do Yet despite a number of competing planning agendas and, in particular, popular demand for human services, development planning — i e., planning for business — consistently remains the central concern of city government While there are a number of ways to account for this, the centrality of development planning seems not to be simply the result of scheming special interests, funding availability, or professional imperatives. These explanations may be correct, but each alone appears to be inadequate An examination of a variety of development projects and of the competition among alternative planning agendas suggests, rather, that development planning is the logical outcome of the particular ways in which diverse constituencies and interests within the city are linked to each other Furthermore, planning for business seems to be the only way to get certain things done Consequently, for nearly everyone, development planning becomes the only game in town
Equity in Education: Is Planning Enough?
Authors: Checkoway Barry
Published: March 2007

The Yonkers case is viewed by some as a landmark with promise for equity in education, but will this de cision provide a vehicle for Ameri can communities to reduce residen tial segregation and school discrimination? Will it encourage planners to help communities reduce school discrimination by influencing the location of housing? Will it moti vate planning schools to prepare more persons for equity in educa tion ? This article asks these unan swered questions and identifies some of the unresolved issues they raise.
Industry Task Forces As Pragmatic Planning: The Effect of Ideology, Planning Process, and Economic Context on Strategy Selection
Authors: Wiewel Wim , Siegel Wendy
Published: March 2007

Industry task forces represent a new approach to local economic develop ment planning. It is being applied to many industries and cities by a wide variety of sponsors, who approach the issues with different ideologies and use different planning processes. Yet the outcomes of these planning efforts often exhibit surprising simi larities. It appears that the specifics of the planning processes used, as well as the concept of a task force itself, lead to a washing-out process which subdues most differences and produces a form of "generic plan ning." This confirms other recent re search which suggests that, in local planning, pragmatism suppresses ideological differences.
Perloff Revisited: Reassessing Planning Education in Postmodern Times
Authors: Feldman Marshall M. A.
Published: March 2007

Harvey Perloff's Education for Planning is the classic justification for the modern planning curriculum. This paper examines Perloff's proposals, updates his analysis, and makes its own recommendations. Perloff argued for his curricular proposals in terms of their impact on society. The paper calls for reestablishing this as the basis for discussions about the planning curriculum and, as a result, proposes broadening planning education beyond professional planning. To achieve this, the paper proposes realigning planning's academic focus along more traditional academic lines.
Planning and Contingent Valuation: Some Observations from a Survey of Homeowners and Environmentalists
Authors: Lindsey Greg
Published: March 2007

A fundamental problem in the application of benefit-cost analysis to planning problems has been the lack of suitable methods for quantifying the value of public goods. The contingent valuation (CV) method has been institutionalized as a method for coping with this problem. This paper is about the validity of CV and issues planners encounter in applications. The results of a survey of homeowners and environmentalists are used to 1) counter critics who argue that CV estimates are inherently implausible, 2) refute the argument that respondents consciously refuse to participate in CV surveys because they object to the idea of valuing the environment, and 3) add to evidence that CV surveys can provide data useful for decision making. An example of how planners might use CV data to inform decision making is provided.
Essential Environmental and Spatial Concerns for the Congenitally Visually Impaired
Authors: Amedeo Douglas , Speicher Kate
Published: March 2007

Environmental design recommendations based entirely on sighted people's use and apprehension of environments frequently fall short of facilitating and supporting even the basic needs of visually impaired individuals and appear unlikely to assist the process by which they ordinarily experience surround ings. This discussion examines fundamental information needs of visually impaired individuals engaged in ordinary activities in immediate surroundings. It also explores exceptional circumstances that such individuals are likely to face in their acquisition of information and speculates about the influences such circumstances might then have on their activity. Emphasis is on the congenitally visually impaired.
Hosting an International Conference on Women and Shelter: Pedagogic and Logistical Insights
Authors: Dandekar Hemalata C. , Shetty Sujata
Published: March 2007

The experience of hosting an international conference at the University of Michigan on the topic of shelter, women, and development provided the authors of this paper with two kinds of insights. First, there was useful substantive information which broadened our delineation of the subject area addressed. Second, we developed a heightened awareness of university and institutional administration and the logistical issues that must be attended to if faculty/student initiatives are to succeed. This paper extracts some elements of this experience in the areas of substantive inquiry, logistical arrangements, and implications for pedagogy, which may be useful to other academics considering similar activities. In this paper we favor the process issues involved in designing the intellectual content of the conference and its output, believing them to be applicable to other initiatives which seek to weave together pedagogy, research, and action, depending on the culture and the mandate of the host institution.
Preferences for State and Regional Planning Efforts Among California Mayors and City Planning Directors
Authors: Kanarek Abby , Baldassare Mark
Published: March 2007

Several states have enacted or are considering comprehensive state planning laws. There is little research on local officials' support for state planning efforts, despite the considerable evidence that their attitudes can influence policy outcomes. A survey of California mayors and city planning directors shows strong support for state planning efforts, though more in the domains of "system maintenance" functions (e.g., water, transportation) than for "life style" functions (e.g., land use, police). Resistance to regional planning efforts is found, however. City planning directors look more favorably toward having the state government, rather than regional governments, involved in planning efforts. Local officials give support to only minor roles for the regional-level components of state planning.
Cultural and Gender Differences in Moral Judgment: A Study of Mexican Americans and Anglo-Americans
Authors: Gump Linda S. , Baker Richard C. , Roll Samuel
Published: March 2007

Kohlberg’s theory of moral development regards justice concerns as developmentally more advanced than interpersonal considerations. Men tend to score as more morally developed than women on existing measures. Gilligan suggested that this is because women rely more on “care” considerations in moral dilemmas, whereas men rely more on “justice” issues. Snarey noted similar bias in the cross-cultural realm. The authors studied moral judgment in Mexican American (n = 40) and Anglo-American (n = 40) college students. On the care measure, as expected, females scored higher than males (p < .05), and Mexican Americans scored higher than Anglo-Americans (p < .01) Contrary to expectation, no differences were obtained on the justice measure. The role of socialization in moral development is discussed.
Self-Reported High-Risk Locations of Drug Use among Drug Offenders: Ethnic and Gender Differences
Authors: Sussman Steve , Ames Susan Lynn , Dent Clyde W. , Stacy Alan W.
Published: March 2007

This study provides a detailed multiple-choice self-report analysis of home, work, and other public locations where drug offenders report using drugs. Specific settings were examined as a function of gender and Latino versus Anglo ethnicity. The participants for this study were 391 individuals attending drug diversion programs in Southern California. The single most frequently reported location of use was the participants’living rooms with a small group of friends. There was no evidence that Latinos were relatively likely to use at home, which had been suggested in previous work. Rather, Latinos differed from Anglos most by showing a relative preference for outdoor locations of use at home or work contexts. These results could reflect a lifestyle difference between Anglos and Latinos.
Cultural Orientation across Three Generations of Hispanic Adolescents
Authors: Perez William , Padilla Amado M.
Published: March 2007

Acculturation among Hispanic adolescents involves learning the behaviors, beliefs, and values of American culture. This study examined changes in cultural orientation across three generations of adolescents (N = 203). Results indicated that Hispanic cultural orientation decreases in a linear trend across the first three generations, whereas American cultural orientation increases linearly. These findings suggest that within a few generations, most Hispanic adolescents exhibit a predominant American culture orientation while maintaining some traces of their Hispanic cultural orientation. Although home culture orientation diminishes across generations, it does not disappear completely. In addition, adolescents still retained allegiance to their Hispanic familial values.
Adverse Impact on Hispanic Job Applicants during Assessment Center Evaluations
Authors: Fiedler Anne M.
Published: March 2007

Several studies have evaluated the effects of sex and race on performance ratings in general, and ratings in assessment centers in particular. However, the relationship between Hispanic origin and assessment center ratings has not been studied. To investigate the relationship between Hispanic origin and assessment, data were collected from an assessment center that had both Hispanic and non-Hispanic candidates. This investigation has revealed a main effect for assessee origin (Hispanic vs. non-Hispanic) and a nonsignificant interaction between the ethnic composition of the assessor team and the ethnicity of the assessees.
Hispanic Behavioral Science Research: Recommendations for Future Research
Authors: Padilla Amado M. , Lindholm Kathryn J.
Published: March 2007

This article briefly presents the major developments in Hispanic behavioral science research over the past decade and provides recommendations for future research. Some of the major research-related developments have emanated largely from three research centers dedicated to the study of Hispanic mental health, a national organization of service providers, and a minority mental health fellowship program. Numerous individuals from various backgrounds were consulted about future research directions. The salient feature of the advice that was received and the literature searched was that a theoretical orientation is emerging in Hispanic focused research. This theoretical orientation makes use of acculturation and biculturalism as major constructs within which to embed findings and to draw conclusions from empirical studies. Recommendations for future behavioral research with Hispanics were organized into three broad categories: life span issues, delivery of mental health services, and prevention and mental health. Finally, methodological considerations were discussed, including the heterogeneity of the Hispanic population and strategies for obtaining sensitive information.
Effects of Acculturation on Field Independence among Chicano Children
Authors: Martinez Ricardo , Norman Ralph D.
Published: March 2007

Chicano and Anglo fourth-grade children were categorized into three acculturation levels and contrasted on two tests of field independence. It was predicted that an interaction should occur between level of acculturation and intrinsic versus extrinsic reinforcement on the contention that Chicano socialization, resulting supposedly in field dependence, would produce differential reinforcement effects. No relationship occurred between level of acculturation and field independence, nor was there any between it and types of reinforcement. Correlations among field independence, acculturation, socioeconomic status and intellectual ability (as reflected in reading scores) lead to the conclusion that unraveling the many inconsistencies in the research literature oni Chicano field dependence necessitates a much closer look at the initer-action among all of these variables.
Stress Response among Physically Injured Spanish-Speaking/Surnamed Workers
Authors: Garcia Pedro I.
Published: March 2007

One hundred fifty Spanish speaking/surnamed workers injured in industrial accidents in the Los Angeles area were assessed through 1/2-hour individual psychiatric evaluations. Most were first-generation Mexican American males with little formal education and an agrarian background who had worked at unskilled jobs prior to their injuries. The most common physical disorders were back injuries and traumnatic amputations. The most common psychological symptoms were anxiety and depression. A smaller sample (50 subjects) underwent subsequent psychiatric treatment, the course of which is described. While some success was achieved in weaning subjects from use of narcotic pain killers anid relief of psychological symptoms like anxiety, a major finding was that the physical and psychiatric disorders should never have occurred. Use of faulty and dangerous equipment was apparently very often responsible for the physical injuries. Psychological disturbances were largely stress-related and arose from the trauma of the injury itself plus tr eatmenit by the medical-legal establishment that was both delayed and did not meet the subjects' particular sociocultural needs. Specific recommendations for future changes are outlined.
Hispanic Patients: A Linguo-Cultural Minority
Authors: Gomez Raul , Ruiz Pedro , Rumbaut Ruben D.
Published: March 2007

Verbal communication is essential to psychiatry, and language is its indispensable tool. Neurological, emotional, behavioral, intellectual and cultural factors are intrinsically involved in the use of language competence and preference, native tongue and bilingualism. Language also influences one's own understanding of health and illness. Reframing the "minority" concept so that Hispanics can be perceived as a linguo-cultural minority can, undoubtedly, help considerably in the understanding of the problems faced by the Hispanic populations in the United States. Linguo-cultural discrimination leads to undereducation, underemployment and limited economic success. Further linguo-cultural barriers leads to underutilization of services, diagnostic errors and poor treatment. This paper addresses all these issues, and attempts to present solutions and guidelines for further research in this area.
Comparison of Mexican and Mexican American College Students on the Spanish (American) Version of the Depression Adjective Check List
Authors: Lubin Bernard , Masten William G. , Rinck Christine M.
Published: March 2007

To study the utility of the Spanish (American) version of the Depression Adjective Check Lists with a Mexican sample, comparisons of means and reliability of Mexican American and Mexican samples were conducted. No significant differences were found on lists E, F, and G for the two samples. Reliability (alternate form, internal consistency, and split-half) were high and very similar. Significant concurrent validity was found in the Mexican sample by means of correlations with the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. Thus, the Spanish (American) version of the Depression Adjective Check List seems to be equally useful with Mexican and Mexican American samples.
Gender Differences in Depressive Symptoms among Mexican Americans and Non-Hispanic Whites
Authors: Golding Jacqueline M. , Karno Marvin
Published: March 2007

Mean levels of depressive symptoms are often higher among women then men in non-Hispanic white survey samples, although many studies suggest that these differences are unstable. The present study assessed gender differences in depressive symptoms (measured using the CES-D scale) in a community survey of Mexican Americans born in Mexico (n= 706), Mexican Americans born in the United States (n=538), and non-Hispanic whites born in the United States (n = 1149). Only among U.S. -born Mexican Americans was there a gender difference in depression score. Low rates of labor force participation and low levels of marital support among U.S.-born Mexican American women accounted for this gender difference. It is possible that cultural conflict associated with differences between traditional Hispanic gender-role differentiation and contemporary American gender role change explains this pattern of results.