bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Using MRI for Assessing Velopharyngeal Structures and Function
Authors: Perry Jamie L. , Sutton Bradley P. , Kuehn David P. , Gamage Jinadasa K.
Published: April 2013

Objective

Direct visualization of the velopharynx and, in particular, the levator muscle is particularly important in the assessment of velopharyngeal function and normal speech production. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the development of a static and dynamic magnetic resonance imaging protocol for evaluation of velopharyngeal structures and function.

Methods

A high-resolution, T2-weighted turbo-spin-echo three-dimensional anatomical scan (sampling perfection with application optimized contrasts using different flip angle evolution) was used to acquire a large field of view covering the velopharyngeal anatomy. Dynamic speech assessment was obtained using a fast-gradient echo, fast low-angle shot, multi-shot spiral technique to acquire 15.8 frames per second (FPS) of the sagittal and oblique coronal image planes.

Results

Using a three-dimensional data set, as opposed to two-dimensional data, the full contour of the levator muscle can be appreciated. Dynamic images were obtained at 15.8 FPS in the sagittal and oblique coronal planes, enabling visualization of the movements of the velum, posterior pharyngeal wall, lateral pharyngeal walls, and levator muscle during speech.

Conclusions

A three-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging sequence, such as that used in the present study, may provide better analyses and more precise measurements. A dynamic fast low-angle shot sequence allows for visualization of the levator muscle and the velum during speech at a high image rate. This protocol could have a significant impact in improving the process of visualizing pathology and promoting clinical treatment plans for individuals born with cleft lip and palate.
Age-Specific Communication Functioning of Young Children with Cleft Lip and Palate in a South African Database
Authors: Groenewald Hannelie , Kritzinger Alta , Viviers Mari
Published: April 2013

Objective

To determine the age-specific communication functioning of children with cleft lip and palate (CLP) in the age groups of 1 to 11 months, 12 to 23 months, and 24 to 48 months.

Design

A retrospective, descriptive, cross-sectional survey design was employed.

Participants

Purposive sampling was implemented as a nonrandomized sampling method. The data sets of 227 participants, between the ages of 1 month and 48 months, and their families were investigated.

Setting

The assessment data were extracted from an early communication intervention database at the Clinic for High Risk Babies at the University of Pretoria.

Results

The findings revealed that expressive and receptive language and listening skills presented as the most vulnerable communication areas across all three age groups. The cumulative effect of the risk factors was the greatest in the 12- to 23-month age group, as this group presented with the highest frequency of delayed communication development. Relative strengths were found across all age groups in three areas: average cognitive skills, gross motor development, and displaying an appropriate variety of communication functions.

Conclusions

The findings are confirmed by other studies and suggest that young children with CLP in the 12- to 23-month age group may be the most vulnerable for the emergence of communication delays. The vulnerable areas of communication development should be integrated as goals in a focused early communication intervention approach to the treatment of the young population with CLP.
Are Short Dental Implants Able to Demonstrate Predictable Success for Single‐Tooth Restorations? A Review of Current Evidence
Authors: Geisinger Maria L. , Holmes Carolyn M. , Vassilopoulos Philip J. , Geurs Nicolaas C. , Reddy Michael S.
Published: April 2013

Focused Clinical Question

In partially edentulous patients who receive single‐tooth endosseous dental implants, do implant lengths <10 mm have an effect on survival or success rates, and do these rates differ based on intraoral dental implant location?

Clinical Scenario

A 68‐year‐old male presents for evaluation of partial edentulism (Fig. 1). He reports having lost teeth #17 through #20, #23, #24, and #29 through #32 more than 10 years ago as a result of periodontal disease and caries. He states that no socket grafting was performed at the time of extractions. The remaining mandibular dentition has a fair to good long‐term prognosis.1 All maxillary teeth have been deemed restoratively and periodontally hopeless, and a maxillary fixed detachable prosthesis supported by eight endosseous dental implants replacing teeth #4 through #13 is planned for treatment. His medical history is significant for osteoarthritis, diabetes mellitus type 2, and gout. He reports taking 100 mg metformin and 200 mg allopurinol daily and ibuprofen as needed for pain. Radiographic analysis demonstrates 7 mm of bone height coronal to the inferior alveolar nerve at sites #20 and #29. The patient currently wears a mandibular removable partial denture and desires a fixed prosthesis. The patient inquires about the predictability of placement of two short‐length dental implants for restoration with single‐tooth crowns at sites #20 and #29 to allow for a fixed prosthesis without vertical ridge augmentation (Figs. 2 and 3).

Clin Adv Periodontics 2013;3:▪▪▪‐▪▪▪.
The analysis of the geothermal energy capacity for power generation in Serbia
Authors: Stojkovic Jana , Marinkovic Goran , Papic Petar , Milivojevic Mihailo , Todorovic Maja , Cuk Marina
Published: April 2013

An estimate of deep groundwater temperature is necessary for the research and
utilization of this geothermal resource. Geothermometers are based on the
temperature relation of some chemical reactions or the solubility of some
minerals. Researchers mostly use silicon-based (quartz, chalcedony, amorphous
silica) and cation-based (Na-K, Na-K-Ca, Na-K-Mg, and so forth)
geothermometers. Temperatures of some prospectively abundant geothermal water
resources in Serbia are estimated using the silicon-based geothermometers. In
the absence of hot water resources, temperature of deep thermal groundwater
has to be estimated and considered for power generation with the Kalina or
the Rankine binary cycle. Best thermal waters (temperatures from 130? to
160?C) for the purpose are located in the spa of Vrnjacka Banja, followed by
Kursumlijska, Sijarinska and Josanicka spas and Bogatic of Macva. Pumped at
the present rate of 200 l/s, the mentioned sources may generate 70 [MWt] , of
which some 30 [MWt] the Vranjska Banja alone. Total power (for the five
tested resources) is estimated at about 2200 [TJ] per year.
Performance analysis of organic Rankine cycles using different working fluids
Authors: Zhu Qidi , Sun Zhiqiang , Zhou Jiemin
Published: April 2013

Low-grade heat from renewable or waste energy sources can be effectively
recovered to generate power by an organic Rankine cycle (ORC) in which the
working fluid has an important impact on its performance. The thermodynamic
processes of ORCs using different types of organic fluids were analyzed in
this paper. The relationships between the ORC?s performance parameters
(including evaporation pressure, condensing pressure, outlet temperature of
hot fluid, net power, thermal efficiency, exergy efficiency, total cycle
irreversible loss, and total heat-recovery efficiency) and the critical
temperatures of organic fluids were established based on the property of the
hot fluid through the evaporator in a specific working condition, and then
were verified at varied evaporation temperatures and inlet temperatures of
the hot fluid. Here we find that the performance parameters vary
monotonically with the critical temperatures of organic fluids. The values of
the performance parameters of the ORC using wet fluids are distributed more
dispersedly with the critical temperatures, compared with those of using
dry/isentropic fluids. The inlet temperature of the hot fluid affects the
relative distribution of the exergy efficiency, whereas the evaporation
temperature only has an impact on the performance parameters using wet fluid.
An empirical correlation for isothermal parallel plate channel completely filled with porous media
Authors: Hamdan Mohammad
Published: April 2013

This study reports a simple empirical correlation for friction factor and
Nusselt number for laminar, steady state, hydraulically and thermally fully
developed flow in isothermal parallel plate channel completely filled with
porous media. The study is carried out using a finite difference numerical
analysis. The Darcy-Brinkman-Forchheimer model is used to model the flow
inside the porous media. The empirical correlations are developed to relate
friction factor and Nusselt number to Darcy and Forchheimer coefficient.
On heat conduction in periodically stratified composites with slant layering to boundaries
Authors: Matysiak Stanisław , Perkowski Dariusz
Published: April 2013

The paper deals with the modelling of heat conduction in periodically
stratified composites with slant layering to boundaries. The relations of the
homogenized model with microlocal parameters for the case of layering
parallel to the boundary are transformed to conform to requirements of the
composite geometry. The plane problem of periodically stratified half-space
with slant layering heated by given boundary temperature is solved
analytically. The obtained results are analyzed and compared with the
solutions for special cases: (1) homogenized half-space, (2) half-space with
parallel layering to the boundary, (3) half-space with vertical layering to
the boundary.
Numerical study of melting in an annulur enclosure filled with nano-enhanced phase change material
Authors: Sebti Seyed , Mastiani Mohammad , Kashani Sina , Mirzaei Hooshyar , Sohrabi Ahmad
Published: April 2013

Heat transfer enhancement during melting in a two-dimensional cylindrical
annulus through dispersion of nanoparticle is investigated numerically.
Paraffin-based nanofluid containing various volume fractions of Cu is
applied. The governing equations are solved on a non-uniform O type mesh
using a pressure-based finite volume method with an enthalpy porosity
technique to trace the solid and liquid interface. The effects of
nanoparticle dispersion into pure fluid as well as the influences of some
significant parameters, namely, nanoparticle volume fraction and natural
convection on the fluid flow and heat transfer features are studied. The
results are presented in terms of streamlines, isotherms, temperatures and
velocity profiles and dimensionless heat flux. It is found that the suspended
nanoparticles give rise to the higher thermal conductivity as compared to the
pure fluid and consequently the heat transfer is enhanced. In addition, the
heat transfer rate and the melting time increases and decreases,
respectively, as the volume fraction of nanoparticle increases.
Theoretical energy and exergy analyses of solar assisted heat pump space heating system
Authors: Atmaca Ibrahim , Kocak Sezgi
Published: April 2013

Due to use of alternative energy sources and energy efficient operation, heat
pumps come into prominence in recent years. Especially in solar-assisted heat
pumps, sizing the required system is difficult and arduous task in order to
provide optimum working conditions. Therefore, in this study solar assisted
indirect expanded heat pump space heating system is simulated and the results
of the simulation are compared with available experimental data in the
literature in order to present reliability of the model. Solar radiation
values in the selected region are estimated with the simulation. The case
study is applied and simulation results are given for Antalya, Turkey.
Collector type and storage tank capacity effects on the consumed power of the
compressor, COP of the heat pump and the overall system are estimated with
the simulation, depending on the radiation data, collector surface area and
the heating capacity of the space. Exergy analysis is also performed with the
simulation and irreversibility, improvement potentials and exergy
efficiencies of the heat pump and system components are estimated.
Energetic and exergetic analyses of carbon dioxide transcritical refrigeration systems for hot climates
Authors: Fazelpour Farivar
Published: April 2013

In the last two decades many scientific papers and reports have been
published in the field of the application of the carbon dioxide as a
refrigerant for refrigeration systems and heat pumps. Special attention has
been paid to the transcritical cycle. However, almost no papers discussed
such cycles for hot climates, i.e., when the temperature of the environment
is higher than 40?? during a long period of time. This paper deals with the
energetic and exergetic evaluation of a CO2 refrigeration system operating in
a transcritical cycle under hot climatic conditions. The performance and
exergy efficiency of the CO2 refrigeration system depend on the operation
conditions. The effect of varying these conditions is also investigated as
well as the limitations associated with these conditions.
Extended semi-analytical model for the prediction of flow and concentration fields in a tangentially-fired furnace
Authors: Lotfiani Amin , Khalilarya Shahram
Published: April 2013

Tangentially-fired furnaces (TFF) are one of the modified types of furnaces
which have become more attractive in the field of industrial firing systems
in recent years. Multi-zone thermodynamic models can be used to study the
effect of different parameters on the operation of TFF readily and
economically. Flow and mixing sub-model is a necessity in multi-zone models.
In the present work, the semi-analytical model previously established by the
authors for the prediction of the behavior of coaxial turbulent gaseous jets
is extended to be used in a single-chamber TFF with square horizontal
cross-sections and to form the flow and mixing sub-model of the future
multi-zone model for the simulation of this TFF. A computer program is
developed to implement the new extended model. Computational fluid dynamics
(CFD) simulations are carried out to validate the results of the new model.
In order to verify the CFD solution procedure, a turbulent round jet injected
into cross flow is simulated. The calculated jet trajectory and velocity
profile are compared with other experimental and numerical data and good
agreement is observed. Results show that the present model can provide very
fast and reasonable predictions of the flow and concentration fields in the
TFF of interest.
Wood fuels consumption in households in Montenegro
Authors: Glavonjic Branko , Krajnc Nike
Published: April 2013

The paper presents the results of researching wood fuels consumption in
households in Montenegro in the heating season 2011/2012. The research was
conducted in the period October-November 2012 on the sample of 5% of the
total number of households which stated to use solid fuels for heating
purposes in the 2011 census. Results of the conducted researches on the
presence and amounts of fuels consumed in households in Montenegro showed
that total firewood consumption in the heating season 2011/2012 (both urban
and rural households) was 703,571 m3. Wood consumption is the lowest in the
households in the municipalities in the coastal zone, it is somewhat higher
in central zone and the highest in the zone on the north of Montenegro.
Average wood consumption in households in the coastal zone municipalities is
3.79 m3, in the central zone it is 5.02 m3 and on the north of Montenegro it
is 6.74 m3/household. Observed on the level of Montenegro, average firewood
consumption per household was 5.49 m3 and as such it best represents
relatively low consumption level in the coastal zone and high consumption
level on the north of Montenegro. Compared to the neighboring countries,
average firewood consumption per household in Montenegro in the amount of
5.49 m3 is significantly lower than the average consumption in Serbia which
is 7.3 m3/household as well as in Slovenia in the amount of 6.5 m3.
Development of a two zone turbulence model and its application to the cycle-simulation
Authors: Sjeric Momir , Kozarac Darko , Tomic Rudolf
Published: April 2013

The development of a two zone k-? turbulence model for the cycle-simulation
software is presented. The in-cylinder turbulent flow field of internal
combustion engines plays the most important role in the combustion process.
Turbulence has a strong influence on the combustion process because the
convective deformation of the flame front as well as the additional transfer
of the momentum, heat and mass can occur. The development and use of
numerical simulation models are prompted by the high experimental costs, lack
of measurement equipment and increase in computer power. In the
cycle-simulation codes, multi zone models are often used for rapid and robust
evaluation of key engine parameters. The extension of the single zone
turbulence model to the two zone model is presented and described. Turbulence
analysis was focused only on the high pressure cycle according to the
assumption of the homogeneous and isotropic turbulent flow field. Specific
modifications of differential equation derivatives were made in both cases
(single and two zone). Validation was performed on two engine geometries for
different engine speeds and loads. Results of the cyclesimulation model for
the turbulent kinetic energy and the combustion progress variable are
compared with the results of 3D-CFD simulations. Very good agreement between
the turbulent kinetic energy during the high pressure cycle and the
combustion progress variable was obtained. The two zone k-? turbulence model
showed a further progress in terms of prediction of the combustion process by
using only the turbulent quantities of the unburned zone.
Application of stochastic models for mine planning and coal quality control
Authors: Stevanovic Dejan , Kolonja Bozo , Stankovic Ranka , Knezevic Dinko , Bankovic Mirjana
Published: April 2013

The power plant owner is interested to know in advance the quality of coal to
be burnt which should meet maximal efficiency of power plant and the
environmental regulations. There is the need to control and to predict the
quality of coal at the mine site to meet sulfur emission requirements. Coal
quality control between the mine site and the utility plant is a complex
problem owing to the variable nature of coal properties (heating value,
sulfur, ash), even within the same coal seam. Due to the fluctuation of the
coal quality, mine planning and coal homogenization are in fact an
optimization problem under uncertain conditions. To deal with these issues a
stochastic optimization model is developed for an illustrative coal
homogenization problem. Mining block grades from an optimized mining schedule
are used to simulate any given homogenization process in stockpiles
throughout the mine`s life. Sulfur content is treated as lognormally
distributed random variable. The objectives of the model include minimizing
the expected sulfur content and standard deviation in sulfur content. The
methodology was illustrated using the case study on Kolubara surface coal
mine.
Comments by the Auditing Standards Committee of the Auditing Section of the American Accounting Association on the COSO request for comments on Internal Control over External Financial Reporting: Compendium of Approaches and Examples
Authors: Kitching Karen A. , Pevzner Mikhail , Stephens Nathaniel M.
Published: April 2013

On September 18, 2012, the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) solicited public comments on its exposure draft of the document entitled Internal Control over External Financial Reporting: Compendium of Approaches and Examples (Compendium). According to COSO's press release, the Compendium is part of its project to update the Internal Control—Integrated Framework (Framework) and is meant to “assist users when applying the Framework to external financial reporting objectives.” The 63-day comment period ended on November 20, 2012. This commentary summarizes the contributors' views on this exposure draft (the exposure draft and other related information can be accessed at: http://www.pwc.com/us/en/cfodirect/publications/in-brief/2012-43-coso-releases-internal-control-compendium-for-public.jhtml and the associated updated Framework. Comments are separated into two sections: general comments, and comments in response to specific questions posed by COSO in its request for feedback.
An Interview Study to Understand the Reasons Clients Change Audit Firms and the Client's Perceived Value of the Audit Service
Authors: Fontaine Richard , Letaifa Soumaya Ben , Herda David
Published: April 2013

Audit firms are concerned that clients perceive the audit service as a commodity, with little value added, resulting in clients switching to firms that offer lower fees. However, the auditing literature lacks qualitative insight from clients on the reasons that they change audit firms and their perceptions of the value of audit services. To better understand the client's perspective, we conducted interviews with 20 financial managers who participate in audit firm appointment decisions. Our results suggest that the quality of the auditor-client relationship is the key determinant of auditor switching and audit value. Interestingly, price becomes an important factor only when the auditor-client relationship is mismanaged (e.g., when clients perceive that their auditor is not available to them).
The Ongoing Debate of and Direction for Future Research about the Impact of the 150-Hour Education Requirement on the Supply of Certified Public Accountants
Authors: Gramling Lawrence J. , Rosman Andrew J.
Published: April 2013

In this paper we reflect on two streams of research on CPA examination candidacy and accounting enrollments that include studies by Allen and Woodland (2006), Gramling and Rosman (2009), and Allen and Woodland (2012). In our response to the more recent Allen and Woodland (2012) article, we observe that the literature is split on causes for declines in accounting enrollments and CPA exam candidacy. The reversal of both of these declines in a relatively short period provides further evidence to question whether the 150-hour education requirement was actually the cause of decreases in accounting enrollments and CPA exam candidacy.

With the adoption of 150-hour requirement in virtually all jurisdictions, we recommend that research refocus the questions to address how to structure the additional education to maximize the benefits of the increased education to the public, academe, students, and the profession. The continuing need for research into the content and the implications of the 150-hour requirement for members of the CPA profession is discussed and we call for additional research in a number of areas, including a concerted examination of the effects of changing delivery of accounting education on performance on the CPA exam and in practice.
Antibacterial properties of polyaniline-silver films
Authors: Kucekova Zdenka , Kasparkova Vera , Humpolicek Petr , Sevcikova Petra , Stejskal Jaroslav
Published: April 2013

In situ polymerised thin polyaniline (PANI) films produced on polystyrene dishes were tested for their antibacterial activity with respect to Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, representing both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. PANI films were subsequently used for the reduction of silver ions to metallic Ag. PANI salt and base in original forms and after the deposition of Ag were studied. PANI salt showed a significant antibacterial effect against both bacteria strains while the efficacy of neat PANI base was only marginal. After the Ag deposition, the PANI base exhibited different levels of antibacterial effect depending on the type of the bacterial strain; the growth of gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus was inhibited depending on the Ag concentration on the film, while Escherichia coli remained uninfluenced. Efficacy of the PANI salt with deposited Ag against both bacteria strains was comparable with that of PANI alone and was not affected by the Ag concentration. The results show that Ag deposition can be a suitable method for the preparation of PANI base films with improved antibacterial properties.
Efficacy of zinc and tourmaline in mitigating corrosion of carbon steel in non-flow mode
Authors: Tijing Leonard , Ruelo Michael , Park Chan-Hee , Amarjargal Altangerel , Kim Han , Pant Hem , Lee Dong-Hwan , Kim Cheol
Published: April 2013

Laboratory corrosion immersion tests were carried out to investigate the effectiveness of a physical water treatment (PWT) using zinc and ceramic tourmaline-based catalytic materials for the control of carbon steel corrosion in acidic still water (i.e., pH 4.5–5). The tests were carried out at different water temperatures over 168 h. Our results showed a maximum of 22 % reduction in the corrosion rate using PWT in comparison with the control case. Furthermore, the corrosion products depicted more agglomerated particles after the PWT treatment. In both cases, differences were observed in the crystal structures, showing in general lower corrosion activity when PWT was used. The present results could find potential applications in water distribution systems and where metallic materials are exposed to stagnant acidic water.
Headspace single-drop microextraction coupled with gas chromatography electron capture detection of butanone derivative for determination of iodine in milk powder and urine
Authors: Hu Meihua , Chen Haiying , Jiang Yong , Zhu Huifang
Published: April 2013

A new detection method using headspace single-drop microextraction (HS-SDME) coupled to gas chromatography (GC) was established to determine the iodine in milk powder and urine. The derivative from the reaction between iodine and butanone in the acidic media was extracted into a micro-drop then determined by GC-ECD. With the optimisation of HS-SDME and derivatisation, the calibration curve showed good linearity within the range of 0.004–0.1 μg mL−1 (0.004–0.1 μg g−1) (R 2 = 0.9991), and the limits of detection for milk powder and urine were 0.0018 μg g−1 and 0.36 μg L−1, respectively. The mean recoveries of milk powder and urine were 90.0–107 % and 89.4–101 % with mean RSD of 1.7–3.4 % and 2.7–3.3 %, respectively. This detection method affords a number of advantages, such as being simple, rapid, and inexpensive, with low organic solvent consumption, and is remarkably free from interference effects, rendering it an efficient method for the determination of iodine in milk powder and urine samples.
An evaluation of environmental constraints for biologically constrained development of gaze control on an iCub robot
Authors: Shaw Patricia , Law James , Lee Mark
Published: April 2013

Gaze control requires the coordination of movements of both eyes and head to fixate on a target. Using our biologically constrained architecture for gaze control we show how the relationships between the coupled sensorimotor systems can be learnt autonomously from scratch, allowing for adaptation as the system grows or changes. Infant studies suggest developmental learning strategies, which can be applied to sensorimotor learning in humanoid robots. We examine environmental constraints for the learning of eye and head coupled mappings, and give results from implementations on an iCub robot. The results show the impact of these constraints and how they can be overcome to benefit the development of fast, cumulative, on-line learning of coupled sensorimotor systems.
Optimal Constant DC Link Voltage Operation of a Wave Energy Converter
Authors: Kurupath Venugopalan , Ekström Rickard , Leijon Mats
Published: April 2013

This article proposes a simple and reliable damping strategy for wave powerfarm operation of small-scale point-absorber converters. The strategy is based on passiverectification onto a constant DC-link, making it very suitable for grid integration of the farm.A complete model of the system has been developed in Matlab Simulink, and uses real sitedata as input. The optimal constant DC-voltage is evaluated as a function of the significantwave height and energy period of the waves. The total energy output of the WEC is derivedfor one year of experimental site data. The energy output is compared for two cases, onewhere the optimal DC-voltage is determined and held constant at half-hour basis throughoutthe year, and one where a selected value of the DC-voltage is kept constant throughout theyear regardless of sea state.
Using Remote Sensing to Quantify Vegetation Change and Ecological Resilience in a Semi-Arid System
Authors: Cui Xia , Gibbes Cerian , Southworth Jane , Waylen Peter
Published: April 2013

This research extends upon land cover change studies by incorporating methodological approaches, which are compatible with heterogeneous ecosystems, are able to link landscape changes to system processes, such as climate change, and provide potential linkages to concepts of ecological resilience. The study region in southern Africa experienced a significant climatic shift in the 1970s, resulting in drier conditions. The state of these ecosystems and their response to such climatic shock is quantified in terms of vegetation amount and heterogeneity. We monitor these characteristics pre- and post-disturbance using a Landsat image series and examine the utility of continuous characterizations of land cover for measuring ecosystem resilience. Land cover change is evaluated using a mean-variance analysis in concert with a spatial persistence analysis. This investigation indicates that although the impact of the decreased precipitation is evident in the 1980s, recovery occurred by the 1990s and 2000s. We found the continuous methodological approach used holds potential for studying heterogeneous landscapes within a resilience framework.
Early Events in Foamy Virus—Host Interaction and Intracellular Trafficking
Authors: Berka Ursula , Hamann Martin , Lindemann Dirk
Published: April 2013

Here we review viral and cellular requirements for entry and intracellular trafficking of foamy viruses (FVs) resulting in integration of viral sequences into the host cell genome. The virus encoded glycoprotein harbors all essential viral determinants, which are involved in absorption to the host membrane and triggering the uptake of virus particles. However, only recently light was shed on some details of FV’s interaction with its host cell receptor(s). Latest studies indicate glycosaminoglycans of cellular proteoglycans, particularly heparan sulfate, to be of utmost importance. In a species-specific manner FVs encounter endogenous machineries of the target cell, which are in some cases exploited for fusion and further egress into the cytosol. Mostly triggered by pH-dependent endocytosis, viral and cellular membranes fuse and release naked FV capsids into the cytoplasm. Intact FV capsids are then shuttled along microtubules and are found to accumulate nearby the centrosome where they can remain in a latent state for extended time periods. Depending on the host cell cycle status, FV capsids finally disassemble and, by still poorly characterized mechanisms, the preintegration complex gets access to the host cell chromatin. Host cell mitosis finally allows for viral genome integration, ultimately starting a new round of viral replication.
Role of Plants in a Constructed Wetland: Current and New Perspectives
Authors: Shelef Oren , Gross Amit , Rachmilevitch Shimon
Published: April 2013

The role of plants in the treatment of effluents by constructed wetland (CW) systems is under debate. Here, we review ways in which plants can affect CW processes and suggest two novel functions for plants in CWs. The first is salt phytoremediation by halophytes. We have strong evidence that halophytic plants can reduce wastewater salinity by accumulating salts in their tissues. Our studies have shown that Bassia indica, a halophytic annual, is capable of salt phytoremediation, accumulating sodium to up to 10% of its dry weight. The second novel use of plants in CWs is as phytoindicators of water quality. We demonstrate that accumulation of H2O2, a marker for plant stress, is reduced in the in successive treatment stages, where water quality is improved. It is recommended that monitoring and management of CWs consider the potential of plants as phytoremediators and phytoindicators.
Stem Cell Therapy for Tendon Injury
Authors: Chen Hsin-Shui , Chen Yi-Lin , Harn Horng-Jyh , Lin Jung-Sheng , Lin Shinn-Zong
Published: April 2013

Tendon injury may occur suddenly or progressively, and can be divided into tendon rupture or tendinopathy based on the severity of injury. It is frequently found in professional or nonprofessional people who are making repetitive movements. In aged people, tendon degeneration becomes obvious; their tendon injuries are then frequently evident. No effective therapies for tendon injury are currently available. In this article, we review the tendon structure, mechanisms of tendon injury, and tendon healing process. More importantly, cell-based therapies for tendon injury are fully addressed, which will play an important role for tendon therapy in the near future.
Roles of Islet Toll-Like Receptors in Pig to Mouse Islet Xenotransplantation
Authors: Ro Han , Lee Eun Won , Hong Joo Ho , Han Kyu Hyun , Yeom Hye-Jung , Kim Hwa Jung , Kim Myung-Gyu , Jung Hye Seung , Oh Kook-Hwan , Park Kyong Soo , Ahn Curie , Yang Jaeseok
Published: April 2013

Although innate immunity plays important roles in xenograft rejection, there have been few studies on the role of toll-like receptors (TLRs) in xenotransplantation. Furthermore, most studies focused on the recipient's TLRs. Therefore, we investigated whether TLRs in porcine islets can contribute to islet xenograft rejection. Adult porcine islets were isolated and stimulated by polyinosinic/polycytidylic acid (poly I:C) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Both poly I:C and LPS stimulation in porcine islets induced expression of chemokines (RANTES, MCP-1, IP-10, and IL-8), cytokines (IL-6 and type I interferons), and adhesion molecules (VCAM-1 and ICAM-1). Porcine islet supernatants stimulated by TLR agonists induced chemotaxis of human leukocytes. They also induced procoagulant activation (tissue factor and fgl-2). However, TLR stimulation did not influence insulin secretion. When porcine MyD88 was knocked down using shRNA lentivirus, TLR-mediated induction of proinflammatory mediators and procoagulants was attenuated. When LPS was injected to MyD88 or TLR4 knockout mice after porcine islet transplantation, LPS stimulation on donor islets interfered with islet xenograft tolerance induction by anti-CD154 antibodies. Inflammatory cell infiltration and expression of proinflammatory chemokines and cytokines in islet xenografts also increased. In conclusion, TLR activation in porcine islets induced both a proinflammatory and procoagulant response and thereby contributed to xenograft rejection.
Adoptive Transfer of Allogeneic Liver Sinusoidal Endothelial Cells Specifically Inhibits T-Cell Responses to Cognate Stimuli
Authors: Banshodani Masataka , Onoe Takashi , Shishida Masayuki , Tahara Hiroyuki , Hashimoto Shinji , Igarashi Yuka , Tanaka Yuka , Ohdan Hideki
Published: April 2013

Although it is well known that liver allografts are often accepted by recipients, leading to donor-specific tolerance of further organ transplants, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. We had previously used an in vitro model and showed that mouse liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) selectively suppress allospecific T-cells across major histocompatibility complex (MHC) barriers. In the present study, we established an in vivo model for evaluating the immunomodulatory effects of allogeneic LSECs on corresponding T-cells. Allogeneic BALB/cA LSECs were injected intraportally into recombination activating gene 2 γ-chain double-knockout (RAG2/gc-KO, H-2b) mice lacking T, B, and natural killer (NK) cells. In order to facilitate LSEC engraftment, the RAG2/gc-KO mice were injected intraperitoneally with monocrotaline 2 days before the adoptive transfer of LSECs; this impaired the host LSECs, conferring a proliferative advantage to the transplanted LSECs. After orthotopic allogeneic LSEC engraftment, the RAG2/gc-KO mice were immune reconstituted intravenously with C57BL/6 splenocytes. After immune reconstitution, mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) assay using splenocytes from the recipients revealed that specific inhibition of host CD4+and CD8+T-cell proliferation was greater in response to allostimulation with irradiated BALB/cA splenocytes rather than to stimulation with irradiated third party SJL/jorllco splenocytes. This inhibitory effect was attenuated by administering anti-programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) monoclonal antibody during immune reconstitution in the above-mentioned mice, but not in RAG2/gc-KO mice engrafted with Fas ligand (FasL)-deficient BALB/cA LSECs. Furthermore, engraftment of allogeneic BALB/cA LSECs significantly prolonged the survival of subsequently grafted cognate allogeneic BALB/cA hearts in RAG2/gc-KO mice immune reconstituted with bone marrow transplantation from C57BL/6 mice. In conclusion, murine LSECs have been proven capable of suppressing T-cells with cognate specificity for LSECs in an in vivo model. The programmed death 1/PD-L1 pathway is likely involved in these suppressive effects.
Les facteurs de diffusion des innovations managériales en comptabilité et contrôle de gestion : une étude comparative
Authors: Alcouffe Simon , Berland Nicolas , Levant Yves
Published: April 2013

Quels sont les facteurs qui ont une influence sur la diffusion des innovations dans le domaine de la comptabilité et du contrôle de gestion ? Après avoir défini le concept d’innovation managériale, cet article tente de répondre à une telle question en comparant les résultats de l’étude de la diffusion en France de trois innovations de ce type. Différentes catégories d’acteurs, de canaux de communication et variables de contexte ont toutes un impact sur la diffusion de l’ABC, du contrôle budgétaire et de la méthode Georges Perrin.
« Il faut bien que quelque chose change pour que l'essentiel demeure » : la dimension idéologique du « nouveau » contrôle de gestion
Authors: Bourguignon Annick
Published: April 2013

Depuis une vingtaine d’années, un contrôle de gestion aux méthodes et à la philosophie renouvelées accompagne les mutations stratégiques des organisations. Cet article montre comment le discours du « nouveau » contrôle de gestion construit des oppositions, qui incitent à le penser en rupture avec les méthodes précédentes, et qui masquent la permanence, voire le renforcement des anciennes manières de faire. Ces procédés discursifs et rhétoriques nourrissent la quête de légitimité et de légitimation des dirigeants. Ils éclairent la dimension idéologique du « nouveau » contrôle de gestion, c’est-à-dire sa contribution active à la pérennité de l’ordre social dans les organisations.
Un nouvel instrument d'auto-évaluation des organisations : le bilan sociétal
Authors: Capron Michel
Published: April 2013

Le bilan sociétal répond au besoin d’évaluer le comportement social et environnemental des organisations. Il s’agit d’une démarche s’appuyant sur un référentiel d’auto-évaluation qui peut être étendue aux parties prenantes de l’organisation. Instrument inédit, il constitue une innovation managériale à la fois par sa méthodologie d’élaboration et par ses développements en dehors de son champ de conception.
Plaidoyer pour la prise en compte des paramètres de conception dans la recherche sur les innovations en comptabilité de gestion
Authors: Gosselin Maurice , Mevellec Pierre
Published: April 2013

Les études de terrain ont pris leur envol il y a une vingtaine d’années, à la suite des appels de R.S. Kaplan aux État-Unis et de A. Hopwood en Europe. Dans le domaine des systèmes de coûts, l’innovation que constitue l’ABC a nourri un intense courant de recherche. Les résultats des études portent essentiellement sur la diffusion, les déterminants de l’adoption et l’impact sur les résultats. Toutes ces recherches font abstraction du contenu des modèles implantés ou postulent leur homogénéité qu’ils soient ou non en accord avec le modèle canonique figé au tournant des années 90. Cette caractéristique, en contradiction avec toutes les observations initiales et actuelles, limite considérablement la portée des résultats. Ils ne permettent pas de progresser vers la connaissance de la place et du rôle des systèmes de coûts dans la vie des organisations. L’introduction de paramètres de conception dans ce champ de la recherche nous semble de nature à combler cette lacune. Mais la mise en œuvre de cette ambition suppose de renouveler, au moins en partie, les méthodes de recherche utilisées.
De la conception des innovations managériales en contrôle de gestion : quelles propositions ?
Authors: Solle Guy , Rouby Évelyne
Published: April 2013

Ce papier postule qu’il existe une relation dialectique entre l’évolution ou la création des outils de contrôle et un positionnement épistémologique plus général de l’organisation à mettre sous tension, de sa stratégie et de sa compétitivité. La vision de l’organisation que nous adoptons nous conduit à choisir une perspective constructiviste de l’innovation, plutôt de type « innovation produit ou process », l’innovation étant alors une création collective, coordonnée et articulée dans le temps et dans l’espace. Cette création collective appellera des innovations managériales dans des domaines aussi variés que la stratégie, la gestion des ressources humaines, la qualité ou encore le contrôle de gestion. En amont de la question de l’innovation managériale à proprement parler et de la création d’outils en contrôle de gestion, l’étude préalable du positionnement, ou plutôt du repositionnement du contrôle de gestion, de ses contours et de son contenu constitue le fondement de nos propos. Nous axons alors notre réflexion sur l’évolution de la représentation du contrôle de gestion dans un contexte organisationnel donné (gestion transversale des compétences) et au regard de paradigmes qui véhiculent une vision spécifique de l’organisation, de la stratégie et de la compétitivité.
La diffusion de la valeur actionnariale en France : une lecture néo-institutionnaliste
Authors: Gehrke Ingmar , Zarlowski Philippe
Published: April 2013

Cet article étudie la diffusion de la valeur actionnariale en France sur la période 1995-2000 à partir d’une grille d’analyse inspirée des approches néo-institutionnalistes. Pour un même échantillon d’entreprises, deux études sont réalisées. Une première étude analyse l’évolution de la communication financière des entreprises dans leurs rapports annuels. Une seconde étude, portant sur les pratiques déclarées en termes d’utilisation de la valeur actionnariale, conduit à mettre en évidence un phénomène de découplage caractéristique des processus d’institutionnalisation. La diffusion de la valeur actionnariale est mise en relation avec les changements intervenus dans l’environnement institutionnel des entreprises sur la période étudiée. Les portées des interprétations économiques et institutionnalistes de ce processus de diffusion sont ensuite discutées.
Innovation managériale et négociation collective
Authors: Pezet Éric
Published: April 2013

L’étude de l’innovation en gestion des ressources humaines doit prendre en compte la négociation collective car, dans ce domaine, l’innovation est, dans bien des cas, négociée. L’accord A. Cap 2000 sur la gestion par les compétences, signé chez Usinor en 1990, est sur ce point exemplaire parce qu’il est à la fois une innovation managériale et une innovation négociée. L’analyse des travaux de la commission paritaire d’application et de suivi de l’accord sur la période 1991-2000 montre comment la négociation et l’application de l’accord engagent les acteurs dans un processus d’innovation.
De fausses innovations pour de vrais changements ?
Authors: Kuszla Catherine
Published: April 2013

L’introduction de nouvelles formes de contrôle de gestion au sein de trois entreprises publiques de réseau sert ici de prétexte à une réinterrogation de la notion d’innovation dans le domaine du contrôle organisationnel. Elle invite également à l’analyse des conditions d’émergence de l’innovation et à l’étude des réels changements qu’elle entraîne.
Approche par les risques : les auditeurs peuvent-ils innover ?
Authors: Thiery-Dubuisson Stéphanie
Published: April 2013

Cette étude porte sur les approches par les risques mises en œuvre dans les cabinets d’audit en France. Depuis quelques années, la majorité des cabinets proposent en effet une revue des risques plus orientée sur le métier et la stratégie du client, dite approche par les business risks . Cette recherche se propose de comprendre les conditions d’implantation et les limites de ces nouveaux outils. Des entretiens réalisés avec les associés des principales firmes d’audit en France indiquent d’une part que ces approches sont contingentes à l’environnement ainsi qu’à la structure du client et, d’autre part, qu’elles sont un moyen de légitimer et de renforcer le rôle de l’auditeur. En dépit de ces incitations, l’adoption d’une approche par les business risks souffre de certaines limites. Ainsi, la structure pyramidale des cabinets est un frein notable à cette innovation. De même, les auditeurs sont confrontés dans le contexte sécuritaire actuel à un difficile arbitrage entre une stricte application des normes et un audit de conviction. Enfin, l’aversion naturelle des auditeurs pour le caractère aléatoire des prévisions, indissociables de ces approches, renforce les freins à leur mise en place.
Attacks on IT Systems
Authors: Disterer Georg
Published: April 2013

Attacks on IT systems are deliberate acts with the determined aim of destroying, damaging or misusing a company’s IT systems. This type of risk is growing significantly in the last years. Today it must be assumed that the greatest dangers for IT systems no longer emanate from individuals, but rather from mafia-like structured, organised crime. Knowing categories of motives and attributes of actors can support the discovery, investigation and persecution of attacks and malicious activities. The categories make it easier to develop preventive and reactive policies and measures to mitigate the risks of computer crime.
Analysis, Development and Deployment of Statistical Anomaly Detection Techniques for Real E-Mail Traffic
Authors: Papaleo Gianluca , Chiarella Davide , Aiello Maurizio , Caviglione Luca
Published: April 2013

Even if new interaction paradigms, such as the Voice over IP (VoIP), are becoming popular and widely adopted, the e-mail is still one of the most utilized ways to communicate across the Internet. However, many malicious threats are conveyed via e-mails. Usually, the authors can exploit two different approaches: i) analyzing the logs produced by e-mail servers or ii) reconstruct the e-mail flows by capturing data directly from the network by placing ad-hoc probes. In this vein, this Chapter discusses the analysis, development and deployment of statistical detection techniques aimed at the detection of Internet worms. For what concerns i), they introduce a tool called Log Mail Analyzer (LMA), which allows to overcome the complexity of inspecting multiple logs created from a heterogeneous population of mail servers. In the perspective of ii) they briefly discuss an alternative solution, based on ad-hoc network probes, to be properly placed to collect traffic and then reconstruct the e-mail flow to be monitored. Lastly, the authors introduce a threshold mechanism, based on a simple statistical framework, to automatically detect and identify different worm activities.