bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Protein kinase C phosphorylates the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 2 and decreases the mobilization of Ca2+in pancreatoma AR4-2J cells
Authors: Arguin Guillaume , Regimbald-Dumas Yannik , Fregeau Marc-Olivier , Caron Annabelle Z , Guillemette Gaetan
Published: March 2007

In non-excitable cells, the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor channel, which plays a major (IP3R) is an intracellular Ca2+ role in Ca2+ signalling. Three isoforms of IP3R have been identified (IP3R-1, IP3R-2 and IP3R-3) and most cell types express different proportions of each isoform. The differences between the pharmacological and functional properties of the various isoforms of IP3R are poorly understood. AR4-2J cells, which express almost exclusively (~86%) the IP3R-2, represent an interesting model to study this particular isoform. Here, we investigated a regulatory mechanism by which protein kinase C (PKC) influences IP3R-2-mediated Ca2+ release. Using an immunoprecipitation approach, we confirmed that AR4-2J cells express almost exclusively the IP3R-2 isoform. Using an in vitro phosphorylation assay, we showed that the immunopurified IP3R-2 was efficiently phosphorylated by exogenous PKC. In intact AR4-2J cells metabolically labelled with 32Pi, we showed that phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA) and Ca2+ mobilizing agonists cause the phosphorylation of IP3R-2. In saponin-permeabilized AR4-2J cells, IP3-induced Ca2+ release was reduced after a pre-treatment with PMA or with exogenous PKC. PMA also reduced the Ca2+ response of intact AR4-2J cells stimulated with carbachol and epidermal growth factor, two agonists that use different receptor types to activate phospholipase C. These results demonstrate that PKC decreases the Ca2+mobilizing activity of IP3R-2 and thus exerts a negative feedback on the agonists-induced Ca2+ response of AR4-2J cells.
Endogenous thyrocyte-produced nitric oxide inhibits iodide uptake and thyroid-specific gene expression in FRTL-5 thyroid cells
Authors: Fozzatti Laura , Vélez María L , Lucero Ariel M , Nicola Juan P , Mascanfroni Iván D , Macció Daniela R , Pellizas Claudia G , Roth Germán A , Masini-Repiso Ana M
Published: March 2007

Nitric oxide (NO) is a free radical that mediates a wide array of cell functions. It is generated from l-arginine by NO-synthase (NOS). Expression of NOS isoforms has been demonstrated in thyroid cells. Previous reports indicated that NO donors induce dedifferentiation in thyrocytes. However, the functional significance of endogenous thyrocyte-produced NO has not been explored. This work aimed to study the influence of endogenous NO on parameters of thyroid cell function and differentiation in FRTL-5 cells. We observed that treatment with the NOS inhibitor, Nω-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME), increased the TSH-stimulated iodide uptake. The TSH-induced sodium iodide symporter (NIS) and thyroglobulin (TG) mRNA expressions were increased after incubation with l-NAME. In transient transfection assays, TSH-stimulated transcriptional activities of NIS and TG promoters were increased by l-NAME. An increment of the TSH-stimulated cell proliferation was observed after NOS inhibition. Similar results were obtained when the action of another NOS inhibitor, Ng-monomethyl-l-arginine, was analysed for most of these studies. The production of NO, which was not detectable in basal conditions, was increased by TSH. Our data provide strong evidence that endogenous NO could act as a negative signal for TSH-stimulated iodide uptake and thyroid-specific gene expression as well as proliferation in thyrocytes. These findings reveal a possible new inhibitory pathway in the regulation of thyroid cell function.
Chronic testosterone treatment induces selective insulin resistance in subcutaneous adipocytes of women
Authors: Corbould A
Published: March 2007

Adipose tissue plays a central role in determining whole body insulin sensitivity. Several aspects of adipose cell function are regulated by androgens. Given that high androgen levels and insulin resistance are linked in women, we proposed that androgens may influence insulin-mediated glucose metabolism in adipose cells. Preadipocytes harvested from s.c. adipose tissue of healthy women aged 37 ± 5 years were differentiated in vitro, then treated with testosterone (T) and/or androgen receptor (AR) antagonists (cyproterone acetate, flutamide) for 48 h. Maximal insulin-stimulated glucose uptake (insulin 10 nM) and increment following insulin stimulation were significantly impaired in cells treated with T 10 and 100 nmol/l. This defect was abolished by cyproterone acetate and partially reversed by flutamide. The effect of T could not be accounted for by altered differentiation status of the adipocytes. In the glucose metabolic pathway of insulin signaling, treatment of cells with T 10 nmol/l did not alter insulin-stimulated phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate-1 or Akt, but insulin-stimulated phosphorylation of protein kinase C (PKC) ζ was impaired. Insulin signaling via the mitogenic/gene regulatory pathway, as assessed by extracellular signal-regulated kinase phosphorylation, was unchanged. We conclude that (1) T, or an androgenic metabolite of T, induces insulin resistance in adipocytes of women, selective for metabolic signaling pathways; (2) this defect is via AR; and (3) the defect in signaling is independent of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activation and involves impaired phosphorylation of PKCζ. These findings are relevant to understanding the pathogenesis of insulin resistance in hyperandrogenic women.
Opening ceremony shaft for the Athens 2004 Olympic Games
Authors: Gerolymos N. , Anastasopoulos I. , Gazetas G.
Published: March 2007

Key aspects of the analysis, design and construction of the retaining structure for a central circular shaft inside the Olympic Stadium of Athens are described. As part of the opening ceremony of the Athens 2004 Olympic Games, the shaft was used as an invisible underground entrance into the stadium, playing a key role in the ceremony. Given the significant depth and the large diameter of the shaft (both about 25 m), excavating and retaining under extreme time constraints and with presumed high water table constituted a challenge. It was accomplished with recourse to the observational method. The retaining structure comprised 1·2 m diameter contiguous piles capped with a ring beam. The initial design used a form of top-down construction of the final 0·75 m thick permanent concrete lining. Delays in starting the excavation necessitated that a depth of 17·5 m be reached before any permanent lining could be constructed. The paper presents the design of the retaining structure, the developed finite element analysis, and the theoretical predictions during the various excavation stages. A detailed monitoring programme was implemented and utilised in the spirit of the observational method. Comparisons every two days of measured against original (class A), as well as updated, analytical predictions led to the successful completion of the project.
Bone Augmentation Techniques
Authors: McAllister Bradley S. , Haghighat Kamran
Published: March 2007

Background: The advent of osseointegration and advances in biomaterials and techniques have contributed to increased application of dental implants in the restoration of partial and completely edentulous patients. Often, in these patients, soft and hard tissue defects result from a variety of causes, such as infection, trauma, and tooth loss. These create an anatomically less favorable foundation for ideal implant placement. For prosthetic‐driven dental implant therapy, reconstruction of the alveolar bone through a variety of regenerative surgical procedures has become predictable; it may be necessary prior to implant placement or simultaneously at the time of implant surgery to provide a restoration with a good long‐term prognosis. Regenerative procedures are used for socket preservation, sinus augmentation, and horizontal and vertical ridge augmentation.

Methods: A broad overview of the published findings in the English literature related to various bone augmentation techniques is outlined. A comprehensive computer‐based search was performed using various databases that include Medline and PubMed. A total of 267 papers were considered, with non‐peer‐reviewed articles eliminated as much as possible.

Results: The techniques for reconstruction of bony defects that are reviewed in this paper include the use of particulate bone grafts and bone graft substitutes, barrier membranes for guided bone regeneration, autogenous and allogenic block grafts, and the application of distraction osteogenesis.

Conclusions: Many different techniques exist for effective bone augmentation. The approach is largely dependent on the extent of the defect and specific procedures to be performed for the implant reconstruction. It is most appropriate to use an evidenced‐based approach when a treatment plan is being developed for bone augmentation cases.
Polymorphisms Within the IL‐1 Gene Cluster: Effects on Cytokine Profiles in Peripheral Blood and Whole Blood Cell Cultures of Patients With Aggressive Periodontitis, Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis, and Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Havemose‐Poulsen Anne , Sørensen Lars Korsbæk , Bendtzen Klaus , Holmstrup Palle
Published: March 2007

Background: Genetic polymorphisms of cytokines have been associated with the susceptibility, severity, and clinical outcome of inflammatory diseases, such as periodontitis and chronic arthritis. An important question to address is how interleukin (IL)‐1 polymorphisms affect the cytokine profiles of patients with such diseases.

Methods: The study population consisted of Danish white adults, <3‐ years of age, who were diagnosed with localized aggressive periodontitis (LAgP, n = 18), generalized aggressive periodontitis (GAgP, n = 27), juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA, n = 10), and rheumatoid arthritis (RA, n = 23) and healthy individuals with no systemic or oral diseases (n = 25). Genotypes of IL‐1A−889, IL‐1A+4845, IL‐1B−511, and IL‐1B+3954 were determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR)‐restriction fragment length polymorphism, and IL‐1RN variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) was detected by PCR amplification and fragment size analysis. Analysis of variance was used to evaluate the effects of IL‐1 genotypes on the levels of IL‐1α, ‐1β, ‐1 receptor antagonist, ‐6, and ‐10; tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α); and lymphotoxin‐α in peripheral blood (plasma) and in unstimulated and stimulated whole blood cell cultures from the same blood collection.

Results: The frequencies of IL‐1 genotypes investigated did not differ significantly between diseased and control individuals. In LAgP patients, allele 2 of IL‐1RN VNTR was associated with significantly higher levels of IL‐1α, ‐6, and ‐10 and TNF‐α, whereas allele 2 of IL‐1B+39‐4 was associated with significantly lower levels of the same cytokines. In GAgP patients, a general lack of association was found. In JIA and RA patients, IL‐1RN VNTR also influenced the cytokine levels.

Conclusions: IL‐1 genotypes were associated with cytokine levels in patients with aggressive periodontitis and chronic arthritis. No associations were observed in control individuals.
A Histologic and Histometric Assessment of the Influence of Nicotine on Alveolar Bone Loss in Rats
Authors: Bosco Alvaro Francisco , Bonfante Samara , de Almeida Juliano Milanezi , Luize Danielle Shima , Nagata Maria José Hitomi , Garcia Valdir Gouveia
Published: March 2007

Background: Cigarette smoking has long been recognized as a risk factor for periodontal disease. The aim of this study was to perform quantitative and qualitative analyses of bone loss in the furcation region of periodontally healthy rats after daily systemic administration of nicotine or saline solution.

Methods: Thirty adult male Wistar rats were assigned randomly to twice daily subcutaneous injections of saline solution (control, group C) or nicotine (group N). The animals were sacrificed at 37, 44, or 51 days after the first subcutaneous injection. The specimens were processed for serial histologic sections, and the area of bone loss in the furcation region of the second molar was analyzed histometrically.

Results: Greater bone loss was detected in group N compared to group C on day 37 (16.36 ± 5.84 mm2 and 7.24 ± 2.66 mm2), day 44 (15.12 ± 4.57 mm2 and 7.76 ± 1.35 mm2), and day 51 (18.80 ± 3.71 mm2 and 8.74 ± 2.61 mm2), respectively (P <0.05). Extension of bone loss appeared greater in the furcation region of group N where a thinner trabeculae bone was found. After day 37, bone loss did not increase significantly.

Conclusions: Daily systemic administration of nicotine resulted in significantly greater bone loss in the furcation region compared to saline solution. This indicated a close association between nicotine and periodontal morbidity in rats.
The Combined Genotypes of Stimulatory and Inhibitory Fcγ Receptors Associated With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Periodontitis in Japanese Adults
Authors: Kobayashi Tetsuo , Ito Satoshi , Yasuda Keiko , Kuroda Takeshi , Yamamoto Kouji , Sugita Noriko , Tai Hideaki , Narita Ichiei , Gejyo Fumitake , Yoshie Hiromasa
Published: March 2007

Background: The pathobiology of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is similar to that of periodontitis in that the immunoglobulin G Fc receptor (FcγR) and proinflammatory cytokines play an important role. Genetic variations of FcγR and interleukin (IL)‐1 are associated with susceptibility to both diseases. Therefore, we evaluated whether the combination of FcγR or IL‐1 polymorphic genes represents a common risk factor for SLE and periodontitis.

Methods: The study population consisted of Japanese adults with SLE and periodontitis (SLE+P group; n = 46), SLE only (SLE group; n = 25), periodontitis only (P group; n = 58), and healthy individuals with no systemic or oral disease (H group; n = 44). Clinical periodontal condition was evaluated by measurement of probing depth, clinical attachment level, and alveolar bone loss. Genomic DNA was isolated from peripheral blood and analyzed for determination of FcγR genotypes (FcγRIIA, FcγRIIB, FcγRIIIA, and FcγRIIIB) and IL‐1 genotypes (IL‐1A +4845 and IL‐1B +3954) by allele‐specific polymerase chain reactions or DNA sequencing.

Results: A significant overrepresentation of the R131 allele of stimulatory FcγRIIA and the 232T allele of inhibitory FcγRIIB was found in the SLE+P group compared to the H group (P = 0.01 and P = 0.0009, respectively). The combination of FcγRIIA‐R131 and FcγRIIB‐232T alleles yielded a strong association with SLE and periodontitis (SLE+P group versus P group: P = 0.01, odds ratio: 3.3; SLE+P group versus H group: P = 0.0009, odds ratio: 11.2). Furthermore, SLE patients with the combined FcγR risk alleles exhibited more severe periodontal tissue destruction compared to other SLE patients. The frequencies of IL‐1 polymorphic alleles were too low to assess the association with SLE or periodontitis.

Conclusion: The combination of stimulatory FcγRIIA and inhibitory FcγRIIB genotypes may increase susceptibility to SLE and periodontitis in the Japanese population.
Influence of Photodynamic Therapy on the Development of Ligature‐Induced Periodontitis in Rats
Authors: de Almeida Juliano Milanezi , Theodoro Leticia Helena , Bosco Alvaro Francisco , Nagata Maria José Hitomi , Oshiiwa Marie , Garcia Valdir Gouveia
Published: March 2007

Background: The purpose of this study was to evaluate, histologically and radiographically, the effect of photodynamic therapy on the progression of experimentally induced periodontal disease in rats.

Methods: Ligatures were placed at the first mandibular molar in rats. The animals were divided into four groups: group 1 (C) received no treatment; group 2 was treated topically with methylene blue (MB; 100 μg/ml); group 3 was treated with low‐level laser therapy (LLLT); and group 4 was treated topically with methylene blue followed by LLLT (4.5 J/cm2) (photodynamic therapy; PDT). Rats were sacrificed 5, 15, or 30 days postoperatively. Standardized radiographs were taken to measure bone loss around the mesial root surface of the first molar. Data were analyzed statistically (analysis of variance and Tukey test; P <0.05). A scoring system was used to evaluate the connective tissue, periodontal ligament, and alveolar bone histologically. Data were analyzed statistically (Kruskal‐Wallis test; P <0.05).

Results: Radiographic examination showed that there was significantly less bone loss in Group PDT compared to Group C at 5 and 15 days postoperatively. There was no significant difference in bone loss at 30 days. At 15 days, the histologic results showed significant differences in the extent of inflammatory reaction in the gingival tissue, with a greater extent of chronic inflammatory reaction in Group LLLT.

Conclusion: PDT transiently reduced the periodontal tissue destruction.
Saliva From Subjects Harboring Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans Kills Streptococcus mutans In Vitro
Authors: Fine Daniel H. , Furgang David , Goldman Daniel
Published: March 2007

Background: Previous research indicated that patients with localized aggressive periodontitis (LAgP) had minimal proximal decay. We speculated that differences in these two proximal dental diseases (LAgP and proximal decay) in LAgP could be due to the effect of saliva on the growth of key microorganisms related to these two infections. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is required for growth of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans (Aa), the reputed cause of LAgP. Bicarbonate, a source of CO2, buffers acid production by Streptococcus mutans (Sm), a key organism associated with caries. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the saliva of LAgP patients and subjects with Aa had higher levels of bicarbonate, or an elevated pH, and/or reduced survival of Sm.

Methods: Eleven Aa‐positive subjects (seven with LAgP) were matched with 11 Aa‐negative controls. A total of 5 ml saliva obtained from each subject was tested for CO2 levels, pH, and effects on survival of Aa and Sm. Saliva from 22 additional subjects was used for confirmatory data.

Results: CO2 levels in the test group (Aa‐positive subjects) and controls (Aa‐negatives) were similar. No clinically relevant differences were found in salivary pH. However, saliva from the test group killed Sm by more than two logs (P <0.05). No effect was seen on Aa. The saliva from the Aa‐negative group killed Aa by two logs (P <0.05). No effect was seen on Sm.

Conclusion: Aa‐positive subjects had a salivary factor that significantly reduced survival of Sm, which may help to explain the fact that this group typically has minimal proximal decay.
Bioactive Ceramic Filler in the Treatment of Severe Osseous Defects: 12‐Month Results
Authors: Dybvik Tore , Leknes Knut N. , Bøe Olav E. , Skavland Ragnfrid J. , Albandar Jasim M.
Published: March 2007

Background: Bioactive ceramic fillers are synthetic materials for medical use with the potential to enhance bone formation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical effectiveness of a bioactive ceramic filler in the treatment of teeth with poor prognosis because of deep osseous defects and increased tooth mobility.

Methods: Nineteen patients, 35 to 75 years of age, who presented with one proximal intrabony periodontal defect with vertical radiographic bone loss ≥3 mm were included. After initial therapy, defects were assigned randomly to a test (12 defects) or control (seven defects) procedure. Following flap reflection and root planing, test defects were filled with a bioactive ceramic filler. Mucoperiosteal flaps were replaced and sutured, and a periodontal dressing was applied. All patients received postoperative analgesics, rinsed twice daily with chlorhexidine, and were seen 2 weeks postoperatively for suture removal. Postoperative deplaquing and reinstruction in home care were performed at weekly intervals during the first month, and at 3, 6, and 12 months. At baseline and at 6 and 12 months, dental plaque, bleeding on probing (BOP), probing depth (PD), and probing attachment level (PAL) were assessed, and standardized radiographs were taken.

Results: The test and control groups showed similar periodontal status at baseline, with no significant differences in clinical or radiographic parameters. Plaque and BOP showed a non‐significant deterioration over time. PD was reduced significantly in experimental and control sites following treatment (P <0.001), but there was no significant between‐group difference (P = 0.793). For PAL and radiographic bone levels, no overall within‐ or between‐group differences were detected.

Conclusion: The use of bioactive ceramic filler in combination with open debridement provided no significant beneficial effect over open debridement alone in the treatment of teeth with deep intraosseous defects, severe bone loss, and hypermobility.
A New Treatment Strategy for Severe Arthrofibrosis of the Knee
Authors: Wang Jian-Hua , Zhao Jin-Zhong , He Yao-Hua
Published: March 2007

BACKGROUND:

To reduce the morbidity of traditional quadricepsplasty for the treatment of severe arthrofibrosis of the knee, we instituted a treatment regimen consisting of an initial extra-articular mini-invasive quadricepsplasty and subsequent intra-articular arthroscopic lysis of adhesions during the same anesthesia session. The purpose of the present study was to determine the results of this technique.

METHODS:

From 1998 to 2001, twenty-two patients with severely arthrofibrotic knees were managed with this operative technique. The mean age of the patients at the time of the operation was thirty-seven years. After a mean duration of follow-up of forty-four months (minimum, twenty-four months), all patients were evaluated according to the criteria of Judet and The Hospital for Special Surgery knee-rating system.

RESULTS:

The average maximum degree of flexion increased from 27° preoperatively to 115° at the time of the most recent follow-up (p < 0.001). According to the criteria of Judet, the result was excellent for sixteen knees, good for five, and fair for one. The average Hospital for Special Surgery knee score improved from 74 points preoperatively to 94 points at the time of the most recent follow-up (p < 0.001). A superficial wound infection occurred in one patient. Only one patient had a persistent 15° extension lag.

CONCLUSIONS:

This mini-invasive operation for the severely arthrofibrotic knee can be used to increase the range of motion and enhance functional outcome.
Treatment of Primarily Ligamentous Lisfranc Joint Injuries: Primary Arthrodesis Compared with Open Reduction and Internal Fixation
Authors: Coetzee J. Chris , Ly Thuan V.
Published: March 2007

BACKGROUND:

Open reduction and internal fixation is currently the accepted treatment for displaced Lisfranc joint injuries. However, even with anatomic reduction and stable internal fixation, treatment of these injuries does not have uniformly excellent outcomes. The objective of this study was to compare primary arthrodesis with open reduction and internal fixation for the treatment of primarily ligamentous Lisfranc joint injuries.

METHODS:

Forty-one patients with an isolated acute or subacute primarily ligamentous Lisfranc joint injury were enrolled in a prospective, randomized clinical trial comparing primary arthrodesis with traditional open reduction and internal fixation. The patients were followed for an average of 42.5 months. Evaluation was performed with clinical examination, radiography, the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) Midfoot Scale, a visual analog pain scale, and a clinical questionnaire.

RESULTS:

Twenty patients were treated with open reduction and screw fixation, and twenty-one patients were treated with primary arthrodesis of the medial two or three rays. Anatomic initial reduction was obtained in eighteen of the twenty patients in the open-reductio group and twenty of the twenty-one in the arthrodesis group. At two years postoperatively, the mean AOFAS Midfoot score was 68.6 points in the open-reduction group and 88 points in the arthrodesis group (p < 0.005). Five patients in the open-reduction group had persistent pain with the development of deformity or osteoarthrosis, and they were eventually treated with arthrodesis. The patients who had been treated with a primary arthrodesis estimated that their postoperative level of activities was 92% of their preinjury level, whereas the open-reduction group estimated that their postoperative level was only 65% of their preoperative level (p < 0.005).

CONCLUSIONS:

A primary stable arthrodesis of the medial two or three rays appears to have a better short and medium-term outcome than open reduction and internal fixation of ligamentous Lisfranc joint injuries.
Proximal Femoral Allograft Treatment of Vancouver Type-B3 Periprosthetic Femoral Fractures After Total Hip Arthroplasty
Authors: Kellett Catherine F. , Boscainos Petros J. , Maury Anthony C. , Pressman Ari , Cayen Barry , Zalzal Paul , Backstein David , Gross Allan
Published: March 2007

BACKGROUND:

Periprosthetic femoral fractures following total hip arthroplasty are becoming more prevalent. When a fracture occurs in a femur with substantial proximal bone deficiency, the surgical options for revision are limited. One option includes the use of a proximal femoral allograft.

METHODS:

We retrospectively assessed the results and complications of the use of a proximal femoral allograft to treat twenty-five Vancouver type-B3 periprosthetic fractures in twenty-four patients. The mean duration of follow-up was 5.1 years. Clinical results were graded with use of the Harris hip score. Radiographs were assessed for evidence of trochanteric union, host-allograft union, allograft resorption, and component loosening or fracture. Failure of the procedure was defined as the need for revision surgery requiring graft removal.

RESULTS:

The mean postoperative Harris hip score was 70.8. At the time of the final follow-up, twenty-one of the twenty-four patients reported no or mild pain and twenty-three patients were able to walk; fifteen required a walking aid. The greater trochanter united in seventeen of the twenty-five hips (68%), and osseous union of the allograft to the host femur occurred in twenty hips (80%). There was mild graft resorption in four hips and moderate graft resorption in two. Four (16%) of the twenty-five hips required repeat revision.

CONCLUSIONS:

The use of a proximal femoral allograft for the treatment of a Vancouver type-B3 periprosthetic femoral fracture can provide a satisfactory result in terms of pain relief and function at five years.
Latissimus Dorsi Tendon Transfer for Irreparable Posterosuperior Rotator Cuff Tears
Authors: Codsi Michael J. , Hennigan Shawn , Herzog Richard , Kella Sami , Kelley Martin , Leggin Brian , Williams Gerald R. , Iannotti Joseph P.
Published: March 2007

BACKGROUND:

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical results of latissimus dorsi tendon transfer in patients with an irreparable posterosuperior rotator cuff tear to help determine which patient and anatomic factors affect clinical outcome.

METHODS:

Fourteen patients with a latissimus dorsi tendon transfer were clinically evaluated with use of the PENN (University of Pennsylvania) shoulder score as well as with quantitative measurement of isometric muscle strength and the range of motion of both shoulders at a minimum of twenty-four months postoperatively. The anatomic results were evaluated with postoperative magnetic resonance imaging and electromyography.

RESULTS:

Nine patients were satisfied with the outcome, had significant clinical improvement, and reported that they would have the operation again under similar circumstances. The other five patients were dissatisfied with the result and had significantly worse PENN scores, active elevation, and objective measures of strength. Eight of the nine patients with a good clinical result were male, and four of the five with a poor result were female. Patients with a good clinical result had had significantly better preoperative function in active forward flexion and active external rotation compared with the patients with a poor result. The magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated healing of the tendon to the greater tuberosity in twelve patients and equivocal healing in two. There was no significant atrophy of any of the transferred muscles. Electromyography demonstrated clear activity in the transferred latissimus muscle during humeral adduction in all fourteen patients, some electrical activity with active forward elevation in only one patient, and some electrical activity with active external rotation in six of the nine patients with a good clinical result. None of the patients with a poor clinical result demonstrated electrical activity of the transferred muscle with active forward flexion or external rotation.

CONCLUSIONS:

Synchronous in-phase contraction of the transferred latissimus dorsi is a variable finding following the surgical treatment of irreparable posterosuperior rotator cuff tears, but when it is present it is associated with a better clinical result. Preoperative shoulder function and general strength influence the clinical result. Female patients with poor shoulder function and generalized muscle weakness prior to surgery have a greater likelihood of having a poor clinical result.
Results of Vascularized Rib Grafts in Complex Spinal Reconstruction
Authors: Wilden Jessica A. , Moran Steven L. , Dekutoski Mark B. , Bishop Allen T. , Shin Alexander Y.
Published: March 2007

BACKGROUND:

The application of vascularized rib grafts in spine surgery has been limited to the treatment of kyphosis with anterior placement of the rib graft to facilitate anterior spine arthrodesis. The outcomes following use of vascularized rib grafts in complex spinal reconstruction have not been adequately evaluated. The purpose of this study was to determine the results, including the time to osseous union and complications, following anterior or posterior placement of pedicled vascularized rib grafts for complex spinal reconstruction.

METHODS:

The medical records and images of all patients in whom a vascularized rib graft had been used for a multisegmental spine reconstruction at a single institution between 1994 and 2004 were retrospectively reviewed. Eighteen patients (mean age, 45.3 years) who had been followed for an average of 31.8 months were identified. Details regarding indications, the levels that were spanned, the graft length, the time to union, and complications were evaluated.

RESULTS:

The preoperative diagnoses included metastatic or primary tumor (thirteen patients) and progressive kyphosis secondary to chronic osteomyelitis (two), injury (one), congenital anomalies (one), or implant failure (one). On the average, 4.4 levels were fused and 1.9 vertebral bodies were excised. All eighteen arthrodeses included various forms of allograft and/or autograft material, and instrumentation was used, in addition to the vascularized rib graft, in twelve patients. The mean rib length was 16.1 cm, and a rib between the fifth and eleventh ribs, inclusive, was used, depending on the location of the spinal reconstruction. The average time to union was 6.8 months, and all rib grafts united. There were no complications specific to the rib-harvesting procedure.

CONCLUSIONS:

The use of a vascularized rib graft in complex spinal reconstruction adds little time to the overall procedure, is associated with low morbidity, and appears to offer substantial benefits to the patient.
Inorganic Nitrogen and Phosphorus in Sierran Forest O Horizon Leachate
Authors: Loupe T. M. , Miller W. W. , Johnson D. W. , Carroll E. M. , Hanseder D. , Glass D. , Walker R. F.
Published: March 2007

High in situ concentrations of inorganic N and P have been reported in overland/litter interflow from Sierran forests, indicating that these nutrients are derived from the forest floor O horizons. To test this hypothesis, forest floor monoliths consisting of the combined Oe and Oi horizons were collected near the South Shore of Lake Tahoe, Nevada, for leaching experiments. Three monoliths were left intact, and three were hand‐separated according to horizon for a total of three treatments (combined Oe+Oi, Oe only, and Oi only) by three replications. Samples were randomized and placed into lined leaching bins. Initial leaching consisted of misting to simulate typical early fall precipitation. This was followed by daily snow applications and a final misting to simulate spring precipitation. Leachate was collected, analyzed for NH4+–N, NO3−–N, and PO43−–P, and a nutrient balance was computed. There was a net retention of NH4+–N, but a net release of both NO3−–N and PO43−–P, and a net release of inorganic N and P overall. Total contributions (mg) of N and P were highest from the Oe and Oe+Oi combined treatments, but when expressed as per unit mass, significantly (p < 0.05) higher amounts of NO3−–N and PO43−–P were derived from the Oi materials. The nutrients in forest floor leachate are a potential source of biologically available N and P to adjacent surface waters. Transport of these nutrients from the terrestrial to the aquatic system in the Lake Tahoe basin may therefore play a part in the already deteriorating clarity of the lake.
Phosphorus Losses through Agricultural Tile Drainage in Nova Scotia, Canada
Authors: Kinley Robert D. , Gordon Robert J. , Stratton Glenn W. , Patterson Gary T. , Hoyle Jeff
Published: March 2007

Tile drainage water from agricultural fields commonly exceeds environmental guidelines for phosphorus (P) in rivers and streams. The loss of P through artificial drainage is spatially and temporally variable, and is related to local factors. This study characterizes variability in total P (TP) and soluble reactive P (SRP) concentrations in weekly drainage samples from 39 agricultural fields in Nova Scotia, Canada, from April 2002 through December 2003. We examined connections between P concentrations and the factors: (i) soil texture; (ii) discharge flow rate; (iii) soil test P (STP); (iv) manure type; and (v) crop cover. Generally, variability between fields and samples was great, and fields with standard deviations exceeding the mean for TP, SRP, and flow rate were 71, 54, and 79%, respectively. It was evident that poultry and swine manure contributed to high STPs, and to constantly high TP concentrations with high proportions of SRP. Concentrations varied from week to week, and particularly in April, May, October, and November when the greatest TP, SRP, and flow rate averages were measured. Mean TP concentrations exceed the USEPA (1994) TP guideline of 0.10 mg L−1 at 82% of the fields, and periodically concentrations more than 10 times, and occasionally more than 50 times higher than the guideline were found. The proportion of SRP in TP had a tendency to be higher when TP levels were high in coarse textured soils. In Nova Scotia, dairy manure is most often applied on permanent cover crops, which did not show as much P concentration variability as crop rotations. Daily or hourly observation of short‐term increases in P concentrations related to the described factors would help to characterize the changes in P concentrations observed during frequent heavy drainage flow events.
Hydrologic and Atrazine Simulation of the Cedar Creek Watershed Using the SWAT Model
Authors: Larose M. , Heathman G. C. , Norton L. D. , Engel B.
Published: March 2007

One of the major factors contributing to surface water contamination in agricultural areas is the use of pesticides. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) is a hydrologic model capable of simulating the fate and transport of pesticides in an agricultural watershed. The SWAT model was used in this study to estimate stream flow and atrazine (2‐chloro‐4‐(ethylamino)‐6‐(isopropylamino)‐s‐triazine) losses to surface water in the Cedar Creek Watershed (CCW) within the St. Joseph River Basin in northeastern Indiana. Model calibration and validation periods consisted of five and two year periods, respectively. The National Agricultural Statistics Survey (NASS) 2001 land cover classification and the Soil Survey Geographic (SSURGO) database were used as model input data layers. Data from the St. Joseph River Watershed Initiative and the Soil and Water Conservation Districts of Allen, Dekalb, and Noble counties were used to represent agricultural practices in the watershed which included the type of crops grown, tillage practices, fertilizer, and pesticide application rates. Model results were evaluated based on efficiency coefficient values, standard statistical measures, and visual inspection of the measured and simulated hydrographs. The Nash and Sutcliffe model efficiency coefficients (ENS) for monthly and daily stream flow calibration and validation ranged from 0.51 to 0.66. The ENS values for atrazine calibration and validation ranged from 0.43 to 0.59. All ENS values were within the range of acceptable model performance standards. The results of this study indicate that the model is an effective tool in capturing the dynamics of stream flow and atrazine concentrations on a large‐scale agricultural watershed in the midwestern USA.
Freezing and Drying Effects on Potential Plant Contributions to Phosphorus in Runoff
Authors: Roberson Tiffany , Bundy Larry G. , Andraski Todd W.
Published: March 2007

Phosphorus (P) in runoff from landscapes can promote eutrophication of natural waters. Soluble P released from plant material can contribute significant amounts of P to runoff particularly after plant freezing or drying. This study was conducted to evaluate P losses from alfalfa or grass after freezing or drying as potential contributors to runoff P. Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and grass (principally, Agropyron repens L.) plant samples were subjected to freezing and drying treatments to determine P release. Simulated rainfall runoff and natural runoff from established alfalfa fields and a grass waterway were collected to study P contributions from plant tissue to runoff. The effects of freezing and drying on P released from plant tissue were simulated by a herbicide treatment in selected experiments. Soluble reactive P (SP) extracted from alfalfa and grass samples was markedly increased by freezing or drying. In general, SP extracted from plant samples increased in the order fresh < frozen < frozen/thawed < dried, and averaged 1, 8, 14, and 26% of total P in alfalfa, respectively. Soluble reactive P extracted from alfalfa after freezing or drying increased with increasing soil test P (r2 = 0.64 to 0.68), suggesting that excessive soil P levels increased the risk of plant P contributions to runoff losses. In simulated rainfall studies, paraquat (1,1′‐dimethyl‐4, 4′'‐bipyridinium ion) treatment of alfalfa increased P losses in runoff, and results suggested that this treatment simulated the effects of drying on plant P loss. In contrast to the simulated rainfall results, natural runoff studies over 2 yr did not show higher runoff P losses that could be attributed to P from alfalfa. Actual P losses likely depend on the timing and extent of plant freezing and drying and of precipitation events after freezing.
Influence of X‐Ray Diffraction Sample Preparation on Quantitative Mineralogy
Authors: Dermatas Dimitris , Chrysochoou Maria , Pardali Sarra , Grubb Dennis G.
Published: March 2007

Powders of chromite ore processing residue (COPR) were mineralogically evaluated using quantitative X‐ray powder diffraction (XRPD) to illustrate the impacts of sample preparation procedures. Chromite ore processing residue is strongly alkaline, reactive, contains minerals of varying hardness and absorption coefficients, and exhibits significant amorphicity. This poses a challenge to produce powders for XRPD analysis that are sufficiently fine and of uniform particle size while avoiding mineral reactions and overgrinding effects. Dry, hand pulverization to different grain sizes, and wet, mechanical pulverization (micromilling) using four milling liquids (cyclohexane, isopropanol, ethanol, and water), and variable milling durations (up to 15 min) were evaluated. Micromilling with a light, nonpolar, highly evaporative liquid such as cyclohexane with a milling time of 5 min mitigated systematic errors such as microabsorption and preferred orientation as it produced finer and more uniform particle size distributions than the hand‐pulverized powders, while simultaneously affording the least time for sample preparation. Conversely, the use of water as milling liquid resulted in extensive hydration reactions during sample preparation, causing mischaracterization and significant underestimation of its reactive brownmillerite content, which can complicate the remediation design process for COPR. Hand pulverization emerged as a necessary complement to quantify Cr(VI)‐containing, softer minerals destroyed during mechanical milling, the quantification of which has also important implications for COPR treatment design. The findings of this study may be applicable in a variety of geochemically complicated and reactive environmental media (metal‐contaminated soils, stabilized/solidified media, inorganic waste), and points to the importance of the sample preparation method to obtain reliable quantitative XRPD results.
The Disposal of a Lime Water Treatment Residue on Soil and Spoil Material from a Coalmine
Authors: Titshall L. W. , Hughes J. C. , Morris C. D. , Zacharias P. J. K.
Published: March 2007

Eragrostis tef (Zucc.), Cenchrus ciliaris L., and Digitaria eriantha Steud. were grown in a soil (Psammentic Haplustalf) and spoil material from a coalmine both treated with a lime water treatment residue (WTR) at rates of 0, 50, 100, 200, and 400 g kg−1 The yield of the grasses, from the sum of the three harvests, and concentrations of B, Ca, Cu, K, Fe, Mg, Mn, N, Na, P, and Zn in foliage from the second harvest were determined. The yield of grasses grown in the soil decreased exponentially as WTR application increased. The yields of C. ciliaris, D. eriantha, and E. tef (in the 400 g kg−1 WTR treated soil) decreased by 74.4, 78.7, and 59.8%, respectively, when compared with the control treatments. In the spoil, the yield of E. tef and D. eriantha decreased by 13.6% and and D. eriantha by 23.9%, while an increase was observed for C. ciliaris (45.4%), at the highest WTR application rate. No relationship existed between yield of E. tef and WTR application rate when grown in the spoil, while a weak negative linear relationship (p < 0.05) was found for D. eriantha and a positive linear relationship existed for C. ciliaris Magnesium concentrations of the grasses were positively correlated to WTR application rate. Grasses grown in the soil had higher Na concentrations, while those grown in the spoil typically had higher B, N, and Zn concentrations. The decreases in yield were attributed to nutrient deficiencies (notably Zn), induced by high WTR application rates that led to high substrate pH. Disposal of high rates of WTR on the mine materials was not recommended.
Colon Cancer Screening in Women
Authors: Menees Stacy B , Fenner Dee E
Published: March 2007

Colorectal cancer is the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths in women. Colorectal cancer is a preventable disease with accepted screening modalities that have been proven to save lives. As women are more likely than men to develop right-sided colon cancers, colonoscopy is the preferred screening test in women. Currently, women are less likely to undergo colorectal cancer screening than men. Frank discussions addressing the fear or embarrassment of endoscopic screening are important in helping women overcome these barriers. Enhanced education of both practitioners and patients targeted to improve colorectal cancer screening adherence will improve early diagnosis and patient survival.
Levonorgestrel-Releasing Intrauterine System for the Treatment of Endometriosis: Biological and Clinical Evidence
Authors: Viganò Paola , Somigliana Edgardo , Vercellini Paolo
Published: March 2007

Endometriosis-associated symptomatology can be safely and effectively treated with intrauterine-released progestin, which is associated with fewer adverse effects than other therapeutic options and may be used on a long-term basis. We have herein reviewed the current literature in relation to the biological and clinical rationale for the use of an intrauterine system releasing 20 μg/day of levonorgestrel for the treatment of pelvic pain symptoms associated with endometriosis. Levonorgestrel induces endometrial glandular atrophy and decidual transformation of the stroma, reduces endometrial cell proliferation and increases apoptotic activity. After the first year of use, a 70–90% reduction in menstrual blood loss is observed. The levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system has proven effective in relieving pelvic pain symptoms caused by peritoneal and rectovaginal endometriosis and in reducing the risk of recurrence of dysmenorrhea after conservative surgery. Thus, the intrauterine delivery of a potent progestin may constitute an innovative, effective, safe and convenient alternative for local delivery of a potent progestin in the long-term therapy of symptomatic endometriosis.
Anabolic Therapy for Osteoporosis
Authors: Bilezikian John P
Published: March 2007

Antiresorptive agents for osteoporosis are a cornerstone of therapy, but anabolic drugs have recently increased our options. By directly stimulating bone formation, anabolic agents reduce fracture incidence by improving bone qualities as well as increasing bone mass. The anabolic agent currently approved for osteoporosis, teriparatide (recombinant human parathyroid hormone[1–34]), has emerged as a major approach for selected patients with osteoporosis. Parathyroid hormone(1–84) is also available in Europe. Teriparatide increases bone density and bone turnover, improves microarchitecture and changes bone size. The incidence of vertebral and nonvertebral fractures is reduced. A current concept in the mechanism of teriparatide action is related to its effect of stimulating processes associated with bone formation before processes associated with bone resorption. This sequence of events has led to the concept of the anabolic window, the period of time when teriparatide is maximally anabolic. Newer approaches to the use of teriparatide alone and in combination with antiresorptive agents has led to ways in which the anabolic window can be expanded.
Evaluation of adverse effects of long-term oral administration of carprofen, etodolac, flunixin meglumine, ketoprofen, and meloxicam in dogs
Authors: Luna Stelio P. L. , Basílio Ana C. , Steagall Paulo V. M. , Machado Luciana P. , Moutinho Flávia Q. , Takahira Regina K. , Brandão Cláudia V. S.
Published: March 2007

Objective—To evaluate adverse effects of long-term oral administration of carprofen, etodolac, flunixin meglumine, ketoprofen, and meloxicam in dogs.

Animals—36 adult dogs.

Procedures—Values for CBC, urinalysis, serum biochemical urinalyses, and occult blood in feces were investigated before and 7, 30, 60, and 90 days after daily oral administration (n = 6 dogs/group) of lactose (1 mg/kg, control treatment), etodolac (15 mg/kg), meloxicam (0.1 mg/kg), carprofen (4 mg/kg), and ketoprofen (2 mg/kg for 4 days, followed by 1 mg/kg daily thereafter) or flunixin (1 mg/kg for 3 days, with 4-day intervals). Gastroscopy was performed before and after the end of treatment.

Results—For serum γ-glutamyltransferase activity, values were significantly increased at day 30 in dogs treated with lactose, etodolac, and meloxicam within groups. Bleeding time was significantly increased in dogs treated with carprofen at 30 and 90 days, compared with baseline. At 7 days, bleeding time was significantly longer in dogs treated with meloxicam, ketoprofen, and flunixin, compared with control dogs. Clotting time increased significantly in all groups except those treated with etodolac. At day 90, clotting time was significantly shorter in flunixin-treated dogs, compared with lactose-treated dogs. Gastric lesions were detected in all dogs treated with etodolac, ketoprofen, and flunixin, and 1 of 6 treated with carprofen.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Carprofen induced the lowest frequency of gastrointestinal adverse effects, followed by meloxicam. Monitoring for adverse effects should be considered when nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are used to treat dogs with chronic pain.