bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Genomic LOCI Modulating Retinal Ganglion Cell Death Following Elevated IOP in the Mouse
Authors: Struebing Felix L. , King Rebecca , Li Ying , Bailey Jessica N. Cooke ,   NEIGHBORHOOD consortium, Wiggs Janey L. , Geisert Eldon E.
Published: November 2017

The present study was designed to identify genomic loci modulating the susceptibility of retinal ganglion cells (RGC) to elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) in the BXD recombinant inbred mouse strain set. IOP was elevated by injecting magnetic microspheres into the anterior chamber and blocking the trabecular meshwork using a handheld magnet to impede drainage. The IOP was then measured over the next 21 days. Only animals with IOP greater than 25 mmHg for two consecutive days or an IOP above 30 mmHg on a single day after microsphere-injection were used in this study. On day 21, mice were sacrificed and the optic nerve was processed for histology. Axons were counted for both the injected and the control eye in 49 BXD strains, totaling 181 normal counts and 191 counts associated with elevated IOP. The axon loss for each strain was calculated and the data were entered into genenetwork.org. The average number of normal axons in the optic nerve across all strains was 54,788 ± 16% (SD), which dropped to 49,545 ± 20% in animals with artificially elevated IOP. Interval mapping demonstrated a relatively similar genome-wide map for both conditions with a suggestive Quantitative Trait Locus (QTL) on proximal Chromosome 3. When the relative axon loss was used to generate a genome-wide interval map, we identified one significant QTL (p<0.05) on Chromosome 18 between 53.6 and 57 Mb. Within this region, the best candidate gene for modulating axon loss wasAldh7a1. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated ALDH7A1 expression in mouse RGCs.ALDH7A1variants were not significantly associated with glaucoma in the NEIGHBORHOOD GWAS dataset, but this enzyme was identified as part of the butanoate pathway previously associated with glaucoma risk. Our results suggest that genomic background influences susceptibility to RGC degeneration and death in an inducible glaucoma model.
Tracing the Ancestry of Operons in Bacteria
Authors: Nguyen Huy N , Jain Ashish , Eulenstein Oliver , Friedberg Iddo
Published: November 2017

Complexity is a fundamental attribute of life. Complex systems are made of parts that together perform functions that a single component, or subsets containing individual components, cannot. Examples of complex molecular systems include protein structures such as the F1Fo-ATPase, the ribosome, or the flagellar motor: each one of these structures requires most or all of its components to function properly. Given the ubiquity of complex systems in the biosphere, understanding the evolution of complexity is central to biology. At the molecular level, operons are a classic example of a complex system. An operon's genes are co-transcribed under the control of a single promoter to a polycistronic mRNA molecule, and the operon's gene products often form molecular complexes or metabolic pathways. With the large number of complete bacterial genomes available, we now have the opportunity to explore the evolution of these complex entities, by identifying possible intermediate states of operons. In this work, we developed a maximum parsimony algorithm to reconstruct ancestral operon states, and show a simple vertical evolution model of how operons may evolve from the individual component genes. We describe several ancestral states that are plausible functional intermediate forms leading to the full operon. We also offer Reconstruction of Ancestral Gene blocks Using Events or ROAGUE as a software tool for those interested in exploring gene block and operon evolution.
An opportunity space odyssey: historical exploration of demand-driven entrepreneurial innovation
Authors: Hunt Richard A.
Published: November 2017

Purpose

One of the crucial questions confronting strategy and entrepreneurship scholars continues to be: where do new industry sectors come from? Extant literature suffers from a supply-side “skew” that focuses unduly on the role of heroic figures and celebrity CEOs, at the expense of demand-side considerations. In response, the purpose of this paper is to examine societal demand for entrepreneurial innovations. Employing historical data spanning nearly a century, the author assess more completely the role of latent demand-side signaling in driving the quantity and diversity of entrepreneurial innovation.

Design/methodology/approach

Applying the methods of historical econometrics, this study employs historical artifacts and cliometric models to analyze textual data in drawn from three distinctive sources: Popular Science Monthly magazine, from its founding in 1872 to 1969; periodicals, newsletters, club minutes, films and radio transcripts from the Science Society, from 1921 to 1969; and programs and news accounts from the US National High School Science Fair, from 1950 to 1969. In total, 2,084 documents containing 33,720 articles and advertisements were coded for content related to pure science, applied science and commercialized science.

Findings

Three key findings are revealed: vast opportunity spaces often exist prior to being occupied by individuals and firms; societal preferences play a vital role in determining the quantity and diversity of entrepreneurial activity; and entrepreneurs who are responsive to latent demand-side signals are likely to experience greater commercial success.

Research limitations/implications

This study intentionally draws data from three markedly different textual sources. The painstaking process of triangulation reveals heretofore unobserved latencies that invite fresh perspectives on innovation discovery and diffusion.

Originality/value

This paper constitutes the most panoramic investigation to-date of the influence wielded by latent demand-side forces in the discovery and commercialization of innovation.
Psychometric evaluation of need-based quality of work life scale in an Indian sample
Authors: Rastogi Mansi , Rangnekar Santosh , Rastogi Renu
Published: November 2017

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to examine the psychometric properties of the need-based measure of quality of work life (QWL) in the Indian context.

Design/methodology/approach

The need-based QWL instrument was validated using the 380 samples collected from public and private sector employees working in India. The data were obtained via self-administered structured questionnaires. The data were examined conducting exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses with the help of SPSS AMOS (version 21).

Findings

The two-factor model confirmed the superiority over the seven-factor model in the Indian context. The results are strongly supported by the extant literature in organizational behavior domain.

Originality/value

Despite being the second highest populated country and one of the largest skill labor facilitator to the work economy, India lags behind in well-being-related studies as compared to its Western and Asian counterparts. This study has validated and simplified the complex need-based QWL measure in the Indian context. This is easily understandable that QWL instrument is believed to encourage the well-being research in India.
Predicting post-training implementation of a parenting intervention
Authors: Kerns Suzanne E.U. , McCormick Erin , Negrete Andrea , Carey Cathea , Haaland Wren , Waller Scott
Published: November 2017

Purpose

While evidence-based parenting interventions (EBPIs) are proven effective at addressing numerous emotional and behavioral health challenges for children and youth, and reduce rates of child maltreatment, they are often not well implemented in the real-world settings. Even with the state-of-the art training, many practitioners do not deliver the intervention, or do so at a reduced capacity. The purpose of this paper is to examine system-contextual implementation factors that predict timely initiation of use of an EBPI (i.e. within the first six months following training). A secondary purpose is to document additional impacts of training.

Design/methodology/approach

Repeated measures were used to collect predictors and the dependent variable. The relationship between participant characteristics and use of the Triple P program was estimated using exact logistic regression.

Findings

The results from 37 practitioners across three communities indicated approximately 54 percent delivered the intervention with at least one family within the first six months following training. Practitioner self-efficacy immediately following training and general attitudes toward evidence-based practices were the most significant predictors of timely use of the model. The vast majority of practitioners, regardless of implementation status, generalized learning from the training to other aspects of their work.

Originality/value

Prospective examination of the predictive value of implementation factors helps to refine targeted approaches to support implementation.
Understanding the effects of task and topical knowledge in the evaluation of websites as information patch
Authors: Lee Helena , Pang Natalie
Published: November 2017

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to examine the role of task and user’s topic familiarity in the evaluation of information patch (websites).

Design/methodology/approach

An experimental study was conducted in a computer laboratory to examine users’ information seeking and foraging behaviour. In total, 160 university students participated in the research. Two types of task instructions, specifically defined and non-specifically defined (general) task types were administered. Mixed methods approach involving both quantitative and qualitative thematic coding were adopted, from the data of the questionnaire surveys and post-experiment interviews.

Findings

In the context of task attributes, users who conducted information seeking task with specifically defined instructions, as compared to the non-specifically defined instructions, demonstrated stricter credibility evaluations. Evidence demonstrated the link between topical knowledge and credibility perception. Users with topical knowledge applied critical credibility assessments than users without topical knowledge. Furthermore, the evidential results supported that the level of difficulty and knowledge of the topic or subject matter associated with users’ credibility evaluations. Users who have lesser or no subject knowledge and who experienced difficulty in the information search tended to be less diagnostic in their appraisal of the information patch (website or webpages). Users equipped with topical knowledge and who encountered less difficulty in the search, exhibited higher expectation and evaluative criteria of the information patch.

Research limitations/implications

The constraints of time in the lab experiment, carried out in the presence of and under the observation of the researcher, may affect users’ information seeking behaviour. It would be beneficial to consider users’ information search gratifications and motivations in studying information evaluations and foraging patterns. There is scope to investigate users’ proficiency such as expert or novice, and individual learning styles in assessing information credibility.

Practical implications

Past studies on information evaluation, specifically credibility is often associated with users’ characteristics, source, or contents. This study sheds light on the context of task type, task difficulty and topical knowledge in affecting users’ information judgement.

Originality/value

One of the scarce studies in relating task orientation, task difficulty and topical knowledge to information evaluations.
Making choices: developing digital research frameworks for information management
Authors: Burke Maria
Published: November 2017

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to suggest a digital research framework that can be applied to many of the areas that encompass the discipline of information management.

Design/methodology/approach

This communication proposes a new “Triple A” framework that allows the researcher to progress digital ideas by asking a series of staged questions. This is a progressive model consisting of three stages of acquaintance, adaption and application bounded by three major influencing issues of culture, communication and context. The Triple A framework is aimed to be flexible to apply to most styles of research yet robust enough to offer useful insights.

Findings

The model devised will assist (information management) researchers with choices of research approaches. It may be that early career researchers or those undertaking a postgraduate research will find this framework especially helpful to clarify thoughts and direction. The model aims to be useful and, whilst no doubt will be built on in future research, it is offered as foundation, an initial starting point, as those who work and study in information management fields endeavor to make new choices in our digitally managed information world.

Originality/value

The originality and value of this work is the proposition of a new model that will allow researchers to impose structure on ideas and encourage the viewing of work from a multi-disciplinary perspective within the growing and evolving digital areas.
Libraries and democratization
Authors: Al-Suqri Mohammed Nasser , AlKindi Salim Said , Saleem Naifa Eid
Published: November 2017

Purpose

This theoretical paper aims to draw on existing literature to examine the case for libraries to play a key role in the democratization of Oman. This paper is intended to provide foundation for further empirical research to develop a proposed future strategy for Oman’s library sector that will help facilitate the future political and economic transition of the Sultanate.

Design/methodology/approach

This is a theoretical study that draws on existing literature to examine the case for libraries to play a key role in the democratization of Oman.

Findings

There are four main ways in which public libraries support democratization are identified and discussed: providing access to information, ensuring inclusivity of knowledge, forming a community hub for interaction and dialogue and promoting social inclusion through internet access.

Originality/value

As Oman undergoes political and economic transition, this study and the follow-on empirical research will be highly significant in ensuring that the expansion of democratic processes in Oman proceeds peacefully and that the Sultanate provides a best practice model for Islamic democracy within the Gulf Cooperation Council region and globally.
The effects of sociocultural factors on the information ethics of undergraduate students
Authors: Al-Nuaimi Mariam , Al-Aufi Ali , Bouazza Abdelmajid
Published: November 2017

Purpose

This paper aims to evaluate the literature dealing with the sociocultural influences on undergraduate students’ information ethics (IE) cognition and behaviour. Much of the reviewed literature draws on the experiences of countries that differ in terms of cultural and economic aspects.

Design/methodology/approach

This structured review uses an integrative approach to synthesize the existing literature relevant to the factors in question. Correspondingly, limitations, agreements and disagreements within the relevant literature are indicated. A set of relevance criteria is developed, and analytical information for each study is then organized and summarized into aggregate findings.

Findings

Despite the significant explanatory power of the reciprocal correlation between individualism and economic wealth to predict declines in unethical information practices, IE studies persist in producing inconsistent findings in this regard. Thus, further facets of cross-cultural differences should be addressed beyond the individualistic/collectivistic typology.

Originality/value

This paper has pedagogical worth for students, researchers and developers of IE educational programs at the tertiary level. It also possesses methodological value for studying the sociocultural effects on the IE behaviour of computing professionals within the broader context of global IE research.
A unanimous trajectory calibration framework based on anchors in inertial pedestrian positioning
Authors: Gu Yang , Song Qian , Ma Ming , Li Yanghuan , Zhou Zhimin
Published: November 2017

Purpose

Aiding information is frequently adopted to calibrate the errors from inertia-generated trajectories in pedestrian positioning. However, existing calibration methods lack interior connections and unanimity, making it difficult to incorporate multiple sources of aiding information. This paper aims to propose a unanimous anchor-based trajectory calibration framework, which is expandable to encompass different types of anchor information.

Design/methodology/approach

The concept of anchors is introduced to represent different types of aiding information, which are, in essence, different constraint conditions on inertia-derived raw trajectories. The foundation of the framework is a particle filter which is implemented based on various particle weight updating strategies using diverse types of anchor information. Herein, three representative anchors are chosen to elaborate and validate the proposed framework, namely, ultra-wide-band (UWB) ranging anchors, iBeacons and the building structure-based virtual anchors.

Findings

In the simulations, with the particle reweighting strategies of the proposed framework, the positioning errors can be compensated. In the experimental test in an office building in which three anchors, including one UWB anchor, one iBeacon and one building structure-based virtual anchor are deployed; the final positioning error is decreased from 1.9 to 1.2 m; and the heading error is reduced from about 21° to 7°, respectively.

Originality/value

Herein, an anchor-based unanimous trajectory calibration framework for inertial pedestrian positioning is proposed. This framework is applicable to the schemes with different configurations of the anchors and can be expanded to adopt as much anchor information as possible.
Dynamic characteristics of resonant vibratory gyroscopes based on the damped Mathieu equation
Authors: Li Yan , Qu Yuanyuan , Zhang Yunjiu , Li Qingling
Published: November 2017

Purpose

This paper aims to develop resonant vibratory gyroscopes for high sensitive detection. The dynamic characteristics of resonant vibratory gyroscopes are investigated.

Design/methodology/approach

Firstly, the working principle and the dynamic output characteristics of the resonant vibratory gyroscope could be described by the damped Mathieu equation. Moreover, an approximate analytical method based on the small parameter perturbation has been used for the purpose of investigating the approximate solution of the damped Mathieu equation. Finally, to verify the feasibility of the approximate analytical method of the damped Mathieu equation, dynamic output characteristics’ experiments of the resonant vibratory gyroscope are built.

Findings

The theoretical analysis and numerical simulations show that the approximate solution of the damped Mathieu equation is close to the dynamic output characteristics of the resonant vibratory gyroscope. On the other hand, it is concluded from the tested result that there exists a correlation between the theoretical curve and the experimental data processing result, meaning the damped dynamics analytical method is effective in building resonant vibratory gyroscopes.

Originality/value

This paper seeks to establish a foundation for optimizing and testing the performance of the resonant vibratory gyroscope. To this end, the approximate analytical method of the damped Mathieu equation was discussed. The result of this research has proved that the dynamic characteristics based on the damped Mathieu equation is an effective approach and is instructional in the practical resonant sensor design.
Genetic structure of the clonal herb Tanakaea radicans (Saxifragaceae) at multiple spatial scales, revealed by nuclear and mitochondrial microsatellite markers
Authors: Sakaguchi Shota , Takahashi Daiki , Setoguchi Hiroaki , Isagi Yuji
Published: November 2017

The genus Tanakaea is a plant genus that consists of one or two evergreen herbaceous species in Japan and China. As rithophytic plant species occur on shaded rocks, the populations are usually isolated and sporadically found in disjunct areas. To evaluate the genetic structure of the species at multiple spatial scales, 10 nuclear and mitochondrial microsatellite markers were developed. The novel markers showed high genetic variations (two to 15 alleles and He from 0.400 to 0.894). Clonal samples were identified with the probability of identity of 9.0E‐8. When evaluated with 11 populations in Japan, significant genetic differentiation between regional population groups was detected (FST = 0.313 between Shikoku and Honshu islands), suggesting they have long been isolated from each other. Overall, these markers will be useful for population genetic research to investigate clonal structure and genetic diversity and levels of genetic differentiation between the geographically isolated populations.
A review of parent–professional partnerships and some new obligations and concerns arising from the introduction of the SEND Code of Practice 2015
Authors: Hellawell Beate
Published: November 2017

This article contributes a current thematic review of literature about the challenges of productive parent–professional partnership working relating to children and young people with special educational needs and disabilities (SEND). It also reports on an empirical project which explored early experiences of professionals working under the newly statutory SEND Code of Practice 2015 and asks what new challenges have emerged for SEND parent‐partnerships. Particular consideration is given to the language of choice and preference in the Code, the new focus on outcomes in the place of specified provision, and the problematic construction of compliant partners.
Payment Performance and Residency Discounts in the Rental Housing Market
Authors: Kim Kyoochul
Published: November 2017

Previous literature on rental housing has studied length of residence discounts by concentrating on turnover cost. I present an analysis of the impact of tenant payment performances on landlord rent setting. First, I establish and simulate a landlord's dynamic optimal rent setting model in light of the tenant's previous rent payment performance. Under some environments, simulation results show an interesting outcome, landlords give rental discount to tenants who had late rent payments. I then use Experian RentBureau data to estimate the relationship between payment history and rent, and find that late payers received subsequent rent discounts during the housing market's expansion period (2002–2007) while payment performance has less or no influence on rent setting after the subprime mortgage crisis. These results are predicted by the simulations of the theoretical model.
Natural Occurrence of Aldol Condensation Products in Valencia Orange Oil
Authors: Abreu Ingo , Da Costa Neil C. , van Es Alfred , Kim Jung‐A , Parasar Uma , Poulsen Mauricio L.
Published: November 2017

Cold pressed orange oils contain predominantly d‐limonene (approximately 95%) and various other lower concentration monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, sinensals plus 3 key aliphatic aldehydes: hexanal, octanal. and decanal. The aldol self‐condensation products or “dimers” for each aldehyde have been postulated as being present at low concentrations in the oil. However, to date only the hexanal dimer has been previously reported. In this paper, cold pressed Valencia orange oil was fractionally distilled/folded and analyzed by GC and high resolution GC‐MS to detect these compounds on 2 different capillary column phases. Subsequently the hexanal, octanal, and decanal self‐aldol condensation products, 2‐butyl‐2‐octenal, 2‐hexyl‐2‐decenal, and 2‐octyl‐2‐dodecenal, respectively, were detected in the folded oil. These predominantly trans configuration isomeric compounds were synthesized, to confirm them as being present in nature and evaluated organoleptically by a panel of evaluators. To further confirm the mechanism of their formation, the enriched oil was made into a simple beverage to show the effect on the formation of these aldol compounds under acidic conditions. Finally aliphatic aldehydes from hexanal to undecanal were reacted together in various combinatorial pairs to give an additional 33 self and mixed aldol condensation products, some of which were also detected in the folded oil.

Practical Application

This paper discloses the structural elucidation and synthesis of 8 novel aldol condensation products found at trace concentrations in citrus and leading to a further 31 mass spectrally determined aldol products. Sensory evaluations and application of some of these components were demonstrated in a model citrus beverage.
Radiofrequency Heating for Enhancing Microbial Safety of Shell Eggs Immersed in Deionized Water
Authors: Lau Soon Kiat , Thippareddi Harshavardhan , Subbiah Jeyamkondan
Published: November 2017

Radiofrequency (RF) heating was simulated for improving the microbial safety of a shell egg immersed in deionized water using a finite element model. A regression equation that relates the top electrode voltage to the gap between the electrodes and vertical position of the egg was also developed. The root mean squared errors between the simulation and validation results ranged from 0.76 to 2.86 °C. Concentrated heating occurred in the yolk in all the investigated configurations, with some configurations reaching close to 60 °C in the yolk after 20 min of RF heating. The cooling effect of the water along with lower electric field intensity in the egg caused the focused heating in the yolk. Extrapolation of the model revealed that a scaled‐up RF heating process (10.5 kV at top electrode) followed by a hot water immersion process can achieve a minimum of 3 log reductions of Salmonella in the yolk within 37 min.

Practical Application

Radiofrequency (RF) heating with the assistance of deionized water was shown to have the potential of improving the microbial safety of shell eggs. The validated model results revealed that this effect was due to a combination of focused heating and surface cooling.
The Effect of Regulation on the Timeliness and Informational Role of Earnings Announcements
Authors: Pawlewicz Robert
Published: November 2017

This paper examines the effect of regulations (i.e., the Sarbanes‐Oxley Act and Regulation G) on both the timing of earnings announcements and their relative informational role. I find that after the regulation of earnings announcements was instituted, firms began issuing less timely earnings announcements, and those announcements have become more important for shareholders. Ceteris paribus, after the regulations, firms have disclosed their fiscal year‐end announcements more than four days later than they had prior to regulatory changes. My results are robust to sensitivity analyses that control for concurrent earnings announcement disclosures and other changes instituted by the Sarbanes‐Oxley Act. Further, I find evidence suggesting that the relative informational role of earnings announcements has increased significantly in the post‐regulation period. This study highlights a shift in both the timeliness and investor perceptions of earnings announcements spurred by the implementation of regulatory oversight, indicating a trade‐off of timeliness for relevance.
Differentiation and characterization of rat adipose tissue mesenchymal stem cells into endothelial‐like cells
Authors: Cannella V. , Piccione G. , Altomare R. , Marino A. , Di Marco P. , Russotto L. , Di Bella S. , Purpari G. , Gucciardi F. , Cassata G. , Damiano G. , Palumbo V. D. , Santoro A. , Russo Lacerna C. , Lo Monte A. I. , Guercio A.
Published: November 2017

In this study, mesenchymal stem cells were isolated from rat adipose tissue (AD‐MSCs) to characterize and differentiate them into endothelial‐like cells. AD‐MSCs were isolated by mechanical and enzymatic treatments, and their identity was verified by colony‐forming units (CFU) test and by differentiation into cells of mesodermal lineages. The endothelial differentiation was induced by plating another aliquot of cells in EGM‐2 medium, enriched with specific endothelial growth factors. Five subcultures were performed. The expression of stemness genes (OCT4, SOX2 and NANOG) was investigated. The presence of CD90 and the absence of the CD45 were evaluated by flow cytometry. The endothelial‐like cells were characterized by the evaluation of morphological changes and gene expression analysis for endothelial markers (CD31, CD144, CD146). Characterization of AD‐MSCs showed their ability to form clones, to differentiate in vitro and the OCT‐4, SOX‐2, NANOG genes expression. Immunophenotypic characterization showed the CD90 presence and the CD45 absence. The endothelial‐like cells showed morphological changes, the expression of CD31, CD144, CD146 genes and the presence of CD31 membrane receptor. Matrigel assay showed their ability to form network and vessels‐like structures. This study lays the foundations for future evaluation of the potential AD‐MSCs pro‐angiogenic and therapeutic role.
The management of dysplastic naevi: a survey of Australian dermatologists
Authors: Wall Nerilee , De'Ambrosis Brian , Muir Jim
Published: November 2017

Background/Objectives

The management of dysplastic naevi based on histopathological grading is a contentious issue. Comprehensive management guidelines are lacking and the approach taken varies between clinicians. The authors sought to understand how Australian dermatologists approach the management of biopsy‐proven dysplastic naevi, and the impact of grading of dysplasia upon this management.

Methods

In total, 547 Fellows of the Australasian College of Dermatologists were surveyed and 218 responses were collected (40% response rate).

Results

Although all dermatologists surveyed would re‐excise an incompletely removed severely dysplastic naevus, opinion was divided over whether to treat such a lesion as an in situ melanoma or a dysplastic naevus, with 55% of respondents using a 5‐mm margin and the remainder opting for narrow margin re‐excision. When the same lesion was reported to be clear of margins by 1 mm after biopsy and the clinical suspicion for melanoma was high, 44% would re‐excise with a 5‐mm margin.

Conclusions

The approach of Australian dermatologists to the management of dysplastic naevi varies between clinicians, reflecting the problems raised by the validity of histopathological grading.
Empowering Justice: An Intersectional Feminist Perspective on Restorative Justice in the Sex Trade
Authors: Riley Kristine
Published: November 2017

Restorative justice might seem like a benign alternative to prison, but it is full of pitfalls, particularly when it is still enmeshed in the criminal justice system. Nowhere is this more true than with sex workers, who are either punished for their work or morally castigated for it. The criminal justice system's interventions into the sex trade, even when using programs based on restorative justice, fails to address the harms and conflicts women experience in the sex trade and street economy. A major reason restorative programs fail to serve women in the sex trade is because it remains tethered to the criminal justice system, which carries traditional punitive consequences. When women entrenched in these conflicts are given the space, support, and freedom, they are able to develop relationships and resolutions that better exemplify restorative values. This paper explores the limitations of the current relationship between restorative justice and the criminal justice system and then highlights how the relationships and resistance strategies of the Young Women's Empowerment Project demonstrated restorative justice praxis in the sex trade.
Crime and Punishment in Ancient China and Its Relevance Today
Authors: Zhang Xiuhua , Yao Tianyu , Xu Wenjun , Zhai Yujia
Published: November 2017

The legal system of a nation and its response to crime reflect the economic, political, and cultural conditions prevailing at the time, as well as popular values and customs. In the case of China, the oldest continuous civilization in the world, the criminal justice system contains ancient traditions that are still influential. The cosmological tradition, which has the longest history, treated nature as the victim when human actions violated social norms. Thus, harsh punishments were imposed that rigidly mimicked violent aspects of nature: if the victim died, even by accident, someone must die to balance the harm caused to nature. The Confucian tradition developed a competing natural philosophy that tempered punishment by restoring social and natural order through moral education about proper behavior. Confucianism was designed to maintain civility in the absence of central authority by persuading leaders to create a harmonious society based on the limited use of raw power and punishment. Finally, the Legalist tradition restored harsh punishment as a way to impose order upon a fragmented society in which local despots had been carrying out arbitrary judgments. But Legalism carried the seeds of its own destruction and required Confucianism to balance it in creating a durable system of governance and justice. Each tradition developed as a way of solving a specific set of social and political problems, and each persisted as a partial solution to perennial questions about how to deal with social disorder. Even though criminal justice in China was Westernized after 1911, the older traditions still have an influence. Socialism has modified traditions of crime and punishment to some extent, but the overriding concern for social order and the ability of the state to guide society has not diminished.
Finding Tools to Limit Sectarian Violence in Indonesia: The Relevance of Restorative Justice
Authors: Acciaioli Greg
Published: November 2017

This article explores the relevance of the restorative justice paradigm to issues of conflict avoidance and resolution in Indonesia. Sectarian violence engulfed Indonesia in the late 1990s after the fall of the New Order, largely as a result of resource competition and other economic factors. In addition, the revival of customary forms of authority through the national indigenous peoples movement exacerbated the potential for conflict between long‐settled indigenes and more recent migrants. A case study shows how the spread of communal conflict to the Lindu plain in Central Sulawesi was averted despite the sectarian violence in a nearby city. Local customary procedures of adjudication were insufficient to cope with such issues in a multiethnic context, as the ethnic groups in the area did not all subscribe to the same body of custom (adat). Instead, a diverse assembly of stakeholders invoked nationalist idioms of harmony and consensus to forge an agreement to avoid violence. Previous legal theorists have pointed to adat as a preexisting respository of restorative justice practices. However, this article argues that interethnic contexts require restorative practice to forge novel syntheses to deal with communal violence. Such syntheses may incorporate adat mechanisms, but they must also integrate other tools that gain the allegiance of multiple groups to work toward reconciliation and avoidance of further violence.
Unplanned pregnancies in New Zealand
Authors: Hohmann‐Marriott Bryndl E.
Published: November 2017

Background

Unplanned pregnancies can bring risk. It is important to have an accurate count of unplanned pregnancies, but to date there is no precise number for New Zealand or Australia.

Aims

This analysis estimates the number and proportion of pregnancies in New Zealand that are unplanned.

Materials and methods

Estimates were generated using information about unplanned births from the Growing Up in New Zealand study, combined with data on the number of births and abortions from Statistics New Zealand and estimates of miscarriages. These were further refined by age and ethnic group.

Results

Of an estimated 95 335 pregnancies in New Zealand in 2008, over half (53%) were unplanned. Unplanned pregnancies resulted in 24 131 births. As a percentage of all pregnancies, 25% were births from unplanned pregnancies, 19% were abortions and 8% were unplanned pregnancies that ended in miscarriage. There were a high number of unplanned pregnancies among younger women as well as among Maori and Pacific women, and a low number among women in their 30s and European women.

Conclusions

Programs, policy and practice should be designed to accommodate women with unplanned pregnancies. Ensuring accessible pregnancy care such as antenatal care and abortion and making preconception care programs widely available, particularly for women with chronic health conditions, will reduce the health risk posed by unplanned pregnancies. Reducing the number of unplanned pregnancies through comprehensive sexuality education and contraception is important for those in their teens and early 20s, and continues to be important throughout the reproductive lifespan.
Standardized Comparison of Selected Physiological Controllers for Rotary Blood Pumps: In Vitro Study
Authors: Petrou Anastasios , Lee Jongseok , Dual Seraina , Ochsner Gregor , Meboldt Mirko , Schmid Daners Marianne
Published: November 2017

Various physiological controllers for left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) have been developed to prevent flow conditions that may lead to left ventricular (LV) suction and overload. In the current study, we selected and implemented six of the most promising physiological controllers presented in literature. We tuned the controllers for the same objectives by using the loop‐shaping method from control theory. The in vitro experiments were derived from literature and included different preload, afterload, and contractility variations. All experiments were repeated with an increased or decreased contractility from the baseline pathological circulation and with simulated sensor drift. The controller performances were compared with an LVAD operated at constant speed (CS) and a physiological circulation. During preload variations, all controllers resulted in a pump flow change that resembled the cardiac output response of the physiological circulation. For afterload variations, the response varied among the controllers, whereas some of them presented a high sensitivity to contractility or sensor drift, leading to LV suction and overload. In such cases, the need for recalibration of the controllers or the sensor is indicated. Preload‐based physiological controllers showed their clinical significance by outperforming the CS operation and promise many benefits for the LVAD therapy. However, their clinical implementation in the near future for long‐term use is highly dependent on the sensor technology and its reliability.
Downregulation of CD24 suppresses bone metastasis of lung cancer
Authors: Okabe Hinako , Aoki Katsuhiko , Yogosawa Satomi , Saito Mitsuru , Marumo Keishi , Yoshida Kiyotsugu
Published: November 2017

Suppression of bone metastasis can improve patient quality of life. Current drugs for bone metastasis have been shown to prolong progression‐free survival but not overall survival; therefore, other potential therapeutic targets for bone metastasis should be investigated. Cell‐surface antigens, such as CD24, have been recently shown to be involved in the metastasis of various cancers. However, whether CD24 plays a role in bone metastasis of lung cancer remains unknown. To observe metastasis of lung cancer cells by imaging technology, we introduced a near‐infrared fluorescent protein, iRFP720, into a bone‐seeking subclone established from lung cancer cells, HARA‐B4 cells. The anchorage‐independent growth of these cells was then evaluated by colony formation assays. We also compared cancer cell tropism to bone tissue with HARA‐B4 cells in the presence or absence of CD24 by cell adhesion assays. To clarify the role of CD24 in bone metastasis, we intracardially injected CD24‐knockdown HARA‐B4 cells into mice and monitored metastasis through detection of iRFP720 using an in vivo imaging system. CD24‐knockdown HARA‐B4 cells in vitro showed reduced anchorage‐independent growth and cancer cell tropism to bone. Bone metastasis was diminished in mice inoculated with CD24‐knockdown HARA‐B4 cells, which was rescued by add‐back of CD24 in cells. Our findings indicate that iRFP720 is effective for in vivo imaging analysis of bone metastasis and that downregulation of CD24 suppresses bone metastasis of lung cancer cells. These findings collectively indicate that CD24 may be considered a promising new therapeutic candidate for the prevention of bone metastasis of lung cancer.
Child‐Directed Speech Is Infrequent in a Forager‐Farmer Population: A Time Allocation Study
Authors: Cristia Alejandrina , Dupoux Emmanuel , Gurven Michael , Stieglitz Jonathan
Published: November 2017

This article provides an estimation of how frequently, and from whom, children aged 0–11 years (Ns between 9 and 24) receive one‐on‐one verbal input among Tsimane forager‐horticulturalists of lowland Bolivia. Analyses of systematic daytime behavioral observations reveal < 1 min per daylight hour is spent talking to children younger than 4 years of age, which is 4 times less than estimates for others present at the same time and place. Adults provide a majority of the input at 0–3 years of age but not afterward. When integrated with previous work, these results reveal large cross‐cultural variation in the linguistic experiences provided to young children. Consideration of more diverse human populations is necessary to build generalizable theories of language acquisition.
Biallelic mutations in FLNB cause a skeletal dysplasia with 46,XY gonadal dysgenesis by activating β‐catenin
Authors: Upadhyay K. , Loke J. , O V. , Taragin B. , Ostrer H.
Published: November 2017

Filamin B (FLNB) functions as a switch that can affect chrondrocyte development and endochondral bone formation through a series of signaling molecules and transcription factors that also affect Sertoli cell development. Here, we report a subject with a novel skeletal dysplasia and co‐existing 46,XY gonadal dysgenesis and biallelic mutations in FLNB. Whole exome sequencing was performed to identify mutations. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and flow variant assays were performed to quantify RNA, proteins and phosphorylated proteins. The TOPFLASH reporter was performed to quantify β‐catenin activity. Mutations were identified in the FLNB gene (FLNB:p.F964L, FLNB:p.A1577V). These mutations increased binding of FLNB protein to the MAP3K1 and RAC1 signal transduction complex and activated β‐catenin and had different effects on phosphorylation of MAP kinase pathway intermediates and SOX9 expression. Direct activation of β‐catenin through the FLNB‐MAP3K1‐RAC1 complex by FLNB mutations is a novel mechanism for causing 46,XY gonadal dysgenesis. The mechanism of action varies from those reported previously for loss of function mutations in SOX9 and gain‐of‐function mutations in MAP3K1.
Do Farm Support Programs Reward Production Inefficiency?
Authors: Hailu Getu , Poon Kenneth
Published: November 2017

Agricultural policy frameworks such as Growing Forward are intended to enhance the productivity and competitiveness of the Canadian agricultural sector and to stabilize farm income. This paper examines the relationship between production efficiency and government program payments. First, we find evidence of heterogeneity in production efficiency across farms. Second, we find a negative correlation between production efficiency and the share and level of program payments. The result of this study underscores the importance of understanding the link between technical inefficiency and government payments.

Les cadres stratégiques agricoles comme Cultivons l'avenir existent pour favoriser la productivité et la compétitivité du secteur agricole canadien et pour stabiliser les revenus des exploitations agricoles. Cet article examine la relation entre l'efficience de la production et les programmes gouvernementaux de paiements. En premier lieu, nous avons trouvé des preuves d'hétérogénéité dans l'efficience de la production dans toutes les exploitations agricoles. Ensuite, nous avons identifié une corrélation négative entre la production efficiente,et la part et niveau des programmes de paiements. Le résultat de cette étude met en relief l'importance de comprendre le lien entre les inefficiences techniques et les paiements gouvernementaux.
Persistent regional and racial disparities in nondirected living kidney donation
Authors: Kumar Komal , Holscher Courtenay M. , Luo Xun , Garonzik Wang Jacqueline , Anjum Saad , King Elizabeth A. , Massie Allan B. , Tonascia James M. , Purnell Tanjala S. , Segev Dorry L.
Published: November 2017

Nondirected living donors (NDLDs) are an important and growing source of kidneys to help reduce the organ shortage. In its infancy, NDLD transplantation was clustered at a few transplant centers and rarely benefited African American (AA) recipients. However, NDLDs have increased 9.4‐fold since 2000, and now are often used to initiate kidney paired donation chains. Therefore, we hypothesized that the initial geographic clustering and racial disparities may have improved. We used Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients data to compare NDLDs and their recipients between 2008‐2015 and 2000‐2007. We found that NDLD increased an average of 12% per year, from 20 in 2000 to 188 in 2015 (IRR: 1.12, 95% CI: 1.11‐1.13, P < .001). In 2000‐2007, 18.3% of recipients of NDLD kidneys were AA; this decreased in 2008‐2015 to 15.7%. NDLD transplants initially became more evenly distributed across centers (Gini 0.91 in 2000 to Gini 0.69 in 2011), but then became more clustered at fewer transplant centers (Gini 0.75 in 2015). Despite the increased number of NDLDs, racial disparities have worsened and the center‐level distribution of NDLD transplants has narrowed in recent years.
Thyroid FNA cytology in Asian practice—Active surveillance for indeterminate thyroid nodules reduces overtreatment of thyroid carcinomas
Authors: Kakudo K. , Higuchi M. , Hirokawa M. , Satoh S. , Jung C. K. , Bychkov A.
Published: November 2017

Although Asian thyroid practices have implemented the American Thyroid Association guidelines, significant deviations in actual risk of malignancy (ROM) have been reported. With review of the literature from Asia, the authors examine the underlining reasons for actual ROMs reported in Asia being so different from western practice based on the author's perspective. Although the most popular diagnostic system for thyroid cytology used in Asian countries is the Bethesda system, the Japan Thyroid Association published clinical guidelines, including a national reporting system for thyroid cytology, to adapt conservative clinical management (active surveillance and strict triage patients for surgery) for low‐risk thyroid carcinomas. As less aggressive clinical management is favoured in Asian societies, strict triage of patients with indeterminate thyroid nodules for surgery is usually applied, which ultimately reduces overtreatment of indolent thyroid tumours. As a result, low resection rates and high ROMs for indeterminate nodules were achieved in Asian practices using the same Bethesda system. Recently, borderline thyroid tumours were introduced in the thyroid tumour classification and significant decreases in ROMs have been reported in the indeterminate categories in western practice. However, ROM of indeterminate nodules remained high in Asian practice even after borderline tumours were deemed benign. These results suggested that the diagnostic threshold of papillary thyroid carcinoma‐type nuclear features varied among practices (stricter in Asia than in western practice), and diagnostic surgery was not performed for a significant number of indeterminate nodules with benign clinical features in Asian practice, resulting in low rates of borderline tumours in surgically‐treated patients.