bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Beginning Your Own Journey
Authors: Shaw Brian P.
Published: May 2019

This chapter offers teachers advice on how to begin using more assessment in their teaching. A sequence of Plan, Prepare, Teach, Reflect can help teachers gradually expand their assessment repertoire. Instructional technology is discussed generally, with selected recommendations for specific platforms. Starting small and gradually adding new methods and topics is more likely to result in sustained improvement than attempts to change everything all at once.
“Departing to Other Spheres”
Authors: Gopinath Sumanth
Published: May 2019

Steve Reich’s Four Organs (1970) is a watershed work in the history of musical minimalism, famously causing an uproar at Carnegie Hall on January 18, 1973. Scholars have typically discussed the work’s technical details and have avoided drawing a wider intertextual circle around it to encompass contemporaneous auditory cultures and contexts. Filling this lacuna, this chapter offers a historically plausible reading of the piece, in part by identifying linkages to 1960s US/UK pop/rock and soundtracks for film and television and by attending to the composition’s peculiar instrumentation, its rhythmic-metrical patterns, and its narrative trajectory. What emerges is a fresh interpretation of Four Organs: the work narrates a form of subjective sublimation charged with psychedelic sound imagery, effecting that sublimation through a semblance of bodily and planetary departure—and, as such, suggests racial-political resonances with the US space program during the Cold War, including the previous year’s Apollo lunar landing in 1969.
Steve Reich’s Dramatic Sound Collage for the Harlem Six
Authors: Pymm John
Published: May 2019

Steve Reich’s Come Out was produced for a benefit concert at Town Hall, New York, in April 1966, aimed at raising funds to pay for independent lawyers for a retrial of the Harlem Six following a miscarriage of justice. Come Out was one of two works by Reich performed on that occasion, the other being a much longer sound collage—Harlem’s Six Condemned—created as part of a dramatization of Truman Nelson’s The Torture of Mothers. The recording of Harlem’s Six Condemned—unheard publicly since 1966—is now available in the Steve Reich Collection at the Paul Sacher Stiftung, Basel. This chapter argues that a close reading of Reich’s sound collage offers a perspective on Come Out that has been increasingly lost in the time since the benefit concert. A deeper understanding of Come Out will be gained by tracing its prehistory and setting a broader context for its appreciation.
“Save as . . . »”
Authors: Kassel Matthias
Published: May 2019

This chapter provides an overview of the Steve Reich Collection kept at the Paul Sacher Stiftung (PSS) in Basel, Switzerland. This important collection, which was acquired by PSS in 2008, consists of a wide range of primary and secondary materials—from sketchbooks, handwritten scores, tape recordings, computer files, and source materials collected for speech and sampled compositions to diaries, letters, interviews, photographs, program leaflets, working correspondence, and critics’ reviews. In addition to the manuscript holdings, the chapter focuses on two historical layers of media-based material, summarized under the catchwords “hybrid-analog” (connecting written documents to audio tapes) and “hybrid-digital” (combining paper, analog audio, and digital files from the working process). These two generic crossovers lend the collection its specific character in terms of archival practice and media analysis, placing special demands both on the archive itself and on scholars studying the sources.
Sketching a New Tonality
Authors: Potter Keith
Published: May 2019

This chapter examines some of the evidence to be found in the composer Steve Reich’s sketchbooks concerning how he conceived the tonal and harmonic organization of Music for 18 Musicians (1976) and discusses how such evidence might affect our understanding of the “diatonicism” behind Reich’s approach of the mid-1970s. By focusing, in particular, on some of the ways in which chord progressions were planned and realized, a more nuanced view is attempted of Reich’s own assertion that “harmonic movement plays a more important role here than in any of my earlier pieces.” This chapter also offers some assessment of the potential value of these sketches to the music analyst seeking a methodology to interrogate what Tom Johnson once called the “new tonality.”
“Machine Fantasies into Human Events”
Authors: O’Brien Kerry
Published: May 2019

For most of 1968 and early 1969, Steve Reich devised and constructed his Phase Shifting Pulse Gate, a machine he designed along with an engineer. However, after only two performances Reich abandoned the machine and renounced the future use of electronic technology in his music, save amplification. Despite this compositional move, various critics of the early 1970s continued to describe Reich’s works in technological or mechanical terms, calling his music “controlling” or akin to the German word “Fließband” (assembly line). Rather than mechanical control, Reich claimed to seek bodily control and often compared his musical practice to yoga, a practice he had maintained for nearly a decade, which markedly informed his notions of musical time, compositional control, and performer freedoms. Drawing from unpublished essays and unreleased recordings, this chapter situates Reich’s music of the 1970s—from Drumming to Music for 18 Musicians—within a broader history of technologies of the body and mind.
Darwinian-Inspired Curricula
Authors: Geher Glenn , Wilson David Sloan , Gallup Andrew C. , Mativetsky Hadassah , Holler Richard H.
Published: May 2019

Since the advent of the first interdisciplinary Evolutionary Studies (EvoS) programs at Binghamton University and the State University of New York at New Paltz, students across disciplines have been afforded the opportunity to learn foundational evolutionary principles. They have had the opportunity to explore how evolutionary ideas apply across the curriculum, as well as to issues of everyday life. This book is designed to be an exposé of the EvoS concept, including basic features of an EvoS curriculum, the goals of such a curriculum, and real-world applications of evolution-based ideas found in an EvoS curriculum. Contextualized in the complexities of modern higher education, this book includes chapters discussing the place of EvoS within the broader landscape of higher education as well as controversies in the field. This chapter introduces the coverage and organization of the book by providing a lay of the land.
Evolutionary Studies in Higher Education
Authors: Geher Glenn , Sokol-Chang Rosemarie , Waldo Jennifer , Wilson David Sloan , Mativetsky Hadassah
Published: May 2019

The field of Evolutionary Studies (EvoS) stands at a significant junction. On one hand, the field has demonstrated the ability to serve as a model for a truly interdisciplinary approach to higher education. That said, evolutionary approaches outside certain areas of biology proper have been often met with skepticism and academic mistrust. In 3 discrete sections, this chapter seeks to demonstrate that EvoS provides a powerful academic framework that effectively integrates many academic areas and enhances educational outcomes in these areas. Further, the chapter seeks to demonstrate the broad reach of EvoS in terms of student success, partly by summarizing outcomes of a recent National Science Foundation grant. The final section addresses controversies in the field of EvoS. This section seeks to show how developing a sophisticated understanding of the different facets of these issues may serve a conciliatory and progressive role in the future.
The “EvoS Effect”
Authors: Kauffman Richard A. , MacDonald Ian F. , Wilson David Sloan
Published: May 2019

Fostering higher-order cognitive skills (e.g., critical thinking and knowledge transfer) are oft-cited goals in education, but students do not acquire these skills as much as they could and should. There are major efforts shifting the emphasis in schools toward fostering these habits of mind for lifelong learning. Science education is of particular importance, because when students develop their skills for science they are learning to think critically. A significant issue in science education is the teaching of evolutionary theory. Research suggests science literacy, and therefore critical thinking, can be enhanced by increasing students’ understanding and acceptance of evolution. This chapter provides evidence that a single course that teaches evolution as a theory applied to all aspects of humanity, in addition to the biological sciences, increases students’ acceptance and understanding of both evolution and the nature of science and, in effect, improves critical thinking and knowledge transfer.
The Chinese Lady
Authors: Davis Nancy E.
Published: May 2019

This book encompasses the life of Afong Moy, the first known Chinese female sojourner in America. Brought to this country by American merchants in 1834, she traveled the country on bound feet as an advertisement and attraction for their Chinese imported wares. Cast by the national press as an exotic curiosity, she also provided insight on Chinese life and material culture to the general public as well as to American presidents and politicians. The everyday goods Afong Moy promoted were widely adopted by the middle class, but acceptance of these goods did not extend to her acceptance as a Chinese woman. Afong Moy’s arrival at a time of great upheaval in American cultural and economic life placed her in the crosshairs of slavery, Native American removal, the moral reform movement, and ambivalent attitudes toward women. During her three-year journey throughout the mid-Atlantic, New England, the South, Cuba, and up the Mississippi River her race provided an occasion for public scorn, jingoism, religious proselytizing, or paternalistic control. As the first researched account of Afong Moy’s life, the book presents the intertwining narrative of her coerced travel, the American merchants who initially sponsored her, and Americans’ reaction to her later presentation of Chinese culture on P. T. Barnum’s stage.
Introduction
Authors: Davis Nancy E.
Published: May 2019

The introduction provides the early history of the American China trade by recounting China trader Captain John O’Donnell’s landing with Chinese seamen in Baltimore in 1785 and a newspaper welcome that asserted: “Commerce binds and unites all Nations of the Globe with a golden chain.” Nearly a half-century later, in 1834, a young Chinese woman, Afong Moy, arrived in America, having been coerced to participate in this golden chain of global commerce. As the first Chinese woman to travel the country, her exotic appearance and bound feet elicited commentary in newspapers, diaries, poems, and letters. Unwittingly, she served as the first cultural bridge in the American public’s perceptions of China through the staged presentation of objects, clothing, and images—and herself.
The Curtain Rises
Authors: Davis Nancy E.
Published: May 2019

Chapter 3 identifies the role that the Carneses and Obears defined for Afong Moy as a hawker of their imported Chinese goods and as an exotic personage on the stage. This role development is illuminated by a lengthy diary description of her fall 1834 presentation in New York City by merchant Philip Hone, and by the accompanying lithographic view of the stage set by New York artists Risso and Browne. In New York, Atung, Afong Moy’s Chinese interpreter, joined the presentation. His theatrical presence enlivened the performance and gave visitors insights on Chinese life, on Afong Moy, and the objects that surrounded her.
Afong Moy Presents Chinese Objects for Personal Use
Authors: Davis Nancy E.
Published: May 2019

In New York and elsewhere, Afong Moy, with Atung’s assistance, presented Chinese objects such as toys, paper folders, firecrackers, fans, card cases, and shawls which the Carneses brought to America in great numbers. Information in this chapter defines how these goods moved from her stage to the wider market. Using as a foil Philip Hone’s two teenage children, who attended Afong Moy’s staging with him, the chapter investigates the sorts of Chinese objects younger Americans might purchase for their individual use. Afong Moy’s and Atung’s explanations of their application conveys aspects of Chinese cultural life. The chapter also explores the purpose and function of Chinese-made objects in everyday American life.
Afong Moy Presents Chinese Objects for the Home
Authors: Davis Nancy E.
Published: May 2019

Near the time Afong Moy arrived in New York, the Hone family was planning a move to a new home. Though there is no evidence that they purchased the Carneses’ Chinese goods that they saw in Afong Moy’s salon for their new residence, Philip Hone and his wife Catharine, who attended the presentation, were potential customers for the objects displayed. These objects included household articles such as tea and sewing equipage (thread winders and tea caddies), rice paper paintings, blinds, matting, feather dusters, and fly whisks, as well as comestibles and drugs (rhubarb); most were objects that Afong Moy also used in China.
New York to Charleston
Authors: Davis Nancy E.
Published: May 2019

To accompany Afong Moy’s presentation of salable goods in New York City in 1834, the Carneses opened an adjoining public exhibition displaying ancient Chinese artifacts—the first such completely public presentation of Chinese objects in America. In the accompanying exhibition catalogue they featured an image of Afong Moy which greatly differed from that of the Risso and Browne lithograph. This exotic personification would follow her on her trips to Philadelphia, the President’s House in Washington, DC, Baltimore, and finally to Charleston where her bound feet were exposed to the public. Afong Moy’s fame quickly spread across the country. Those who could not see her in person learned of her through articles in children’s magazines, read about her in poems, or saw her image in the local newspaper.
Return to the North
Authors: Davis Nancy E.
Published: May 2019

As chapter 7 tells us, Afong Moy’s return to New York City in 1835 began her transition from a promoter of goods to that of spectacle herself. Her new manager, Henry Hannington, may have been responsible for that change. Such a transition exposed her to both the actions of moral reformers in New York and, later, the jibes of newspaper reporters in Boston. To publicize Afong Moy, her new manager joined her presentation with that of other performers in Salem, Massachusetts, New Haven, Connecticut, and Albany, New York. The public’s exposure to Afong Moy and China affected and influenced American material culture.
Travel to Cuba and up the Mississippi River
Authors: Davis Nancy E.
Published: May 2019

The great New York City fire of December 1835 wiped out the Carneses’ warehouses and their incentive to promote their Chinese goods. Afong Moy’s manager took her on an extensive and strenuous trip to Cuba and up the Mississippi River in 1836, exposing her to many cultures—Spanish, Native American, Creole, and French—as well as the pernicious effects of slavery, Indian removal, and nativism. Her appearance in New Orleans, highlighted in a broadside, presented both the exotic oriental woman and the royal Chinese lady. A poem to “The Chinese Lady—Miss Afong Moy” by antislavery advocate Rev. William Tappan after he saw her in Cincinnati indicated his hope that she might see the Christian “sparkles of the light” and discard her heathen beliefs.
The Final Act
Authors: Davis Nancy E.
Published: May 2019

With the arrival in New York of the celebrated Chinese junk Keying in 1847, Afong Moy’s presence as a well-known Chinese spectacle was again in demand. Chapter 10 tells us that after an eight-year hiatus, P. T. Barnum, America’s preeminent promoter, engineered her return. Coupled with Tom Thumb, Barnum recounted their origin stories in a seven-page pamphlet and presented them together at his American Museum in 1848. In characteristic fashion, in 1850, Barnum supplanted one Chinese female spectacle with another, a supposed Chinese woman of a younger age named Pwan-ye-koo. She presented in Afong Moy’s place in America and later in England. Foreigner Jenny Lind’s arrival in late 1850 captivated the American public, and Afong Moy—first a billboard for Chinese goods and then an objectified oriental exotic—was completely forgotten.
Epilogue
Authors: Davis Nancy E.
Published: May 2019

The author uses the theory of parsimony to explain Afong Moy’s final years. The epilogue relays the changes occurring in the later nineteenth-century marketing, public perception, and use of “oriental” goods with the opening of Japan in 1854. The author considers the lives of other Asian immigrants such as Chang and Eng Bunker (called the Siamese Twins) and several known Chinese women who came after Afong Moy. The epilogue addresses the position of the Chinese immigrant in the nineteenth century with the passage of the 1884 Chinese Exclusion Act. A comparison of the “Made in China” goods of the late twentieth and twenty-first centuries with those of the earlier trade provides an understanding of China’s place in the golden chain of global commerce.
Streisand’s Theatre
Authors: Mordden Ethan
Published: May 2019

This chapter focuses on Barbra Streisand’s career in theater, beginning with her 1961 debut in New York via Another Evening With Harry Stoones followed by her very first Broadway role in I Can Get It For You Wholesale in 1962. Whereas Another Evening With Harry Stoones did nothing for Streisand, I Can Get It For You Wholesale gave the character “Miss Marmelstein” as Streisand’s breakout musical spot. The following year, 1963, Streisand’s first two albums were released, and in 1964, Streisand starred in her second Broadway appearance, Funny Girl, for which she was nominated for Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Musical.
Streisand’s Cinema
Authors: Mordden Ethan
Published: May 2019

This chapter focuses on Barbra Streisand’s movies, beginning with Funny Girl in 1968 followed by Hello, Dolly! a year later. A roadshow release, Funny Girl dropped eight of the numbers, including the best title, “The Music That Makes Me Dance,” but added three songs associated with Fanny Brice, the most notable of which is her “autobiography” piece, “My Man.” Hello, Dolly! is considered one of Streisand’s best portrayals. The chapter also offers a commentary on Streisand’s third film, On a Clear Day You Can See Forever (1970), along with other projects such as The Owl and the Pussycat (1970), What’s Up, Doc? (1972), Up the Sandbox (1972), The Way We Were (1973), For Pete’s Sake (1974), A Star Is Born (1976), The Main Event (1979), Yentl (1983), The Prince Of Tides (1991), The Mirror Has Two Faces (1996), and The Guilt Trip (2012).
The Epistemology of Space inThe Tale of Genji
Authors: Denecke Wiebke
Published: May 2019

Although The Tale of Genji is today the quintessentially Japanese national classic, its engagement with China shapes the tale on virtually every page. This essay argues that Murasaki Shikibu was keenly interested in philosophical questions of how humans experience space and that China played a pivotal role in formulating and engaging these questions. As a Heian woman she had no access to the world of Chinese-style poetry composition or the Confucian Academy, but she deploys China as a marker of spatial or temporal difference that inspires her probing of fundamental questions: How can spaces convey moods and structure human experience? How can a woman narrate inaccessible male spaces? This essay shows how philosophical questions about the experience and description of space drive the tale’s plot and character portrayal and how this “epistemology of space” is predicated on the manifold presences of China at the heart of the Genji’s brilliant narrative art and psychological depth.
Calligraphy, Aesthetics, and Character inThe Tale of Genji
Authors: Sakomura Tomoko
Published: May 2019

Until the late nineteenth century, when the Western, or Renaissance, conception of art—painting, sculpture, and architecture—was introduced to Japan, calligraphy reigned supreme as cultural practice and artifact. Calligraphy, alongside poetry and music, was fundamental to a proper education at the imperial court, the setting of The Tale of Genji. Marks produced with a pliable brush and ink function practically as records of thought and intent but also perform aesthetically. Genji includes hundreds of mentions of calligraphy, demonstrating its centrality in interactions between characters. From Genji, we learn how calligraphy revealed a sense of self and of others, how calligraphy was an object of aesthetic and moral judgment, and what role it served in intersubjective relations.
Extended Mental Features
Authors: Farkas Katalin
Published: May 2019

The focus of the original argument for the Extended Mind thesis was the case of beliefs. It may be asked what other types of mental features can be extended. Andy Clark has always held that consciousness cannot be extended. This chapter revisits the question of extending consciousness.
Extended Affectivity, Reconsidered
Authors: Maiese Michelle
Published: May 2019

According to Andy Clark’s Extended Mind Thesis, the operations that realize certain forms of human cognition do not do not stay neatly in the brain, but instead span brain, body, and world. While this thesis is best known as the hypothesis of extended cognition, Clark himself has wondered whether it also might be applied to affective states. What Colombetti and Roberts call the Hypothesis of Extended Affectivity says that a variety of occurrent and dispositional affective phenomena can extend. However, there are important reasons to reject this hypothesis. First, extended functionalism is in tension with the claim that affective states are essentially embodied. Second, these authors’ examples do not make a convincing case for extended affectivity. Third, their componential approach to occurrent emotions falls short given that they fail to establish that each of the components of emotion is not merely environmentally embedded, but also can extend.
Quick’n’Lean or Slow and Rich?
Authors: Hohwy Jakob
Published: May 2019

Andy Clark’s exciting work on predictive processing provides the umbrella under which his hugely influential previous work on embodied and extended cognition seeks a unified home. This chapter argues that in fact predictive processing harbours internalist, inferentialist and epistemic tenets that cannot leave embodied and extended cognition unchanged. Predictive processing cannot do the work Clark requires of it without relying on rich, preconstructive internal representations of the world, nor without engaging in paradigmatically rational integration of prior knowledge and new sensory input. Hence, next to Clark’s image of fluid “uncertainty surfing” is an equally valid image of more emaciated and plodding world-modelling. Rather than underpinning orthodox embodied and extended approches, predictive processing therefore presents an opportunity for a potentially fruitful new synthesis of cognitivist and embodied approaches to cognition.
Ways of Mindmaking
Authors: Prinz Jesse
Published: May 2019

Andy Clark has been an agenda-setting figure since the dawn of his career, and, in book after book, he has laid out grand theories that invite his readers to see the human mind in new ways. With each book, Clark delivers a new and exciting vision of how the mind works. His fans can hardly keep up, and each is left wondering which of Clark’s theories to sign up for. Are they progressive stages in one grand narrative? A protracted plea for pluralism? Or a succession of new paradigms that displace their predecessors? Some noted philosophers have early, late, and even middle periods. With Clark, one might ask if each book is a metamorphosis. If so, how do we decide which Clark to follow? This chapter is about that question, and about the broader issue, which it begs: What is a theory of mind?
The Minds of Insects
Authors: Webb Barbara
Published: May 2019

Insect systems can provide useful “edge cases” against which to test the generality of Clark’s views on the nature of perception, cognition, and action. Insect brains emerged from an independent evolutionary pathway to the mammalian brain but show a comparable capacity in some key areas, such as prediction (internal emulation?), cue integration for spatial memory (Bayesian?), and exploiting structures in the world to extend their behavioural repertoire (extended minds?). Have they converged on the same solutions? Or are there different principles for cognition that they exploit? Reviewing some of the relevant current evidence about behavioural and brain function in insects suggests there is some remaining tension between Clark’s endorsement of the predictive processing principle and his account of the embodied mind.
The American Wars in Vietnam and Iraq at a Memorial, Cemetery, and a Traveling Tribute to Veterans
Authors: Sylvester Christine
Published: May 2019

This chapter considers the American wars in Vietnam and Iraq as remembered and curated at the Vietnam Veterans Memorial in Washington, DC, and its traveling Wall That Heals, plus Section 60 of Arlington National Cemetery. Of interest are memory-bearing objects communities of loss curate that show dead soldiers as ordinary people who lived civilian lives before and during their associations with the military and one of its two failed wars. In Arlington Cemetery, some ordinary curators have insisted on exhibiting their memories of killed family members and friends in violation of cemetery rules. A different, heroic framing of military loss is curated at the mobile Wall That Heals. All of these memory exhibits undertaken by “ordinary curators” re-curate aspects of the American wars in Vietnam and Iraq through civilian displays of the war they experienced.
Bodies of War Curate the American Wars in Vietnam and Iraq
Authors: Sylvester Christine
Published: May 2019

This chapter considers selected literary works on the American wars in Vietnam and Iraq that throw light on an array of people living in war and navigating its aftermaths. Novels and memoirs curate through stories that miniaturize and narrow war to a few featured characters and experiential moments of larger conflicts. Importantly, literary sites of war knowledge bring to the fore dark essentials of war, including torture, rape and the abject corpses that war museum exhibitions and official memorials to war veterans avoid showing. The novels and memoirs featured here are classics by Americans, Iraqis and Vietnamese, soldiers and civilians, among them works by Bao Ninh, Sinan Antoon, Kevin Powers, Helen Benedict, and Riverbend.
The Fops, the Favorites, and Other Reformers of the Service Schools, 1740s–1760s
Authors: Fedyukin Igor
Published: May 2019

The evolution of schools in the 1740s–1750s, just as in earlier periods, was driven primarily by the ambitions and political agendas of enterprising officials, rather than by any abstract “state policy.” This chapter focuses on the transformation of the Naval Academy and the Navigation School, amalgamated in the early 1750s into a Naval Cadet Corps, and on the attempts to reforms the technical schools. The latter are set in the context of the projecting efforts of the Shuvalov cousins: Ivan, the favorite of Empress Elizabeth, and Petr, the head of the artillery and one of the leaders of the government in the 1750s.
Rational Animals
Authors: Rowlands Mark
Published: May 2019

There are no good reasons for denying that animals are rational, and many good reasons for thinking that they are. Many animals have displayed impressive capacities for causal reasoning. And some animals have displayed the ability to engage in logical reasoning operations such as modus tollendo ponens. The common reasons that have been used to deny logical reasoning capacities to animals rest on a series of clear confusions concerning the nature of logical inference and what it is to engage in such inference. It is likely that many animals execute logical inferences in the way humans would if they had not developed external formal structures to scaffold the reasoning processes.
Self-Awareness and Persons
Authors: Rowlands Mark
Published: May 2019

Since there are two forms of self-awareness, there is question concerning which is relevant, or most relevant, in the formation of the person. The relevance of self-awareness in the formation of the person consists in the role it plays in underwriting the unity of a mental life. Intentional self-awareness is incapable of doing this. Appeal to the apparatus of intentional act and object presupposes the unity of a mental life and, therefore, cannot explain it. Pre-intentional self-awareness is much more promising as a candidate for underwriting the unity of a mental life. The identity of the person is imprinted on the content of each mental act of which he is pre-intentionally aware. Thus, to whom the act belongs is part of the content of the mental act. This can explain the unity of a mental life.
Debussy's Critics
Authors: Kieffer Alexandra
Published: May 2019

Around the turn of the twentieth century, the work of Claude Debussy spurred a reimagining of music and musical listening in which Parisian musicians and intellectuals, informed by recent scientific discourse on affect, perception, and cognition, attempted to articulate a music aesthetics appropriate to the fully embodied, material self of psychological modernism. Important themes in debussyste music criticism are prefigured in the Symbolist wagnérisme of the late 1880s, which elaborated a model of affect and cognition drawn from the empirical psychology of Théodule Ribot. Following the premiere of Debussy’s opera Pelléas et Mélisande in 1902, Debussy’s supporters, attempting to explain the opera’s novelty, turned away from a music aesthetics that gave primacy to inner emotion and toward an aesthetics oriented instead toward listening, sensation, and the materiality of sound. Over the following decade, critics Jean Marnold and Louis Laloy, drawing from a wide swath of early-twentieth-century intellectual culture that included empirical psychology and post-Helmholtzian acoustics, were particularly influential as defenders of the ostensibly scientifically valid nature of Debussy’s innovations as well as his historical importance. After 1910, however, the cultural relevance of debussysme quickly declined as standards of aesthetic value shifted toward the abstract and universal (as opposed to the fleeting ephemerality of sensation) and as the deepening divide between scientific methods and humanistic ones made the intellectual culture of debussysme untenable.
Introduction
Authors: Tausig Benjamin
Published: May 2019

Sound has often been figured, in scholarship, as a uniquely mobile materiality within visuocentric modernity. In this book, I will argue that sound may be an equally useful figure for understanding constraint, or the ways in which political actors face obstacles en route to creating transformative political change. I suggest that it is especially useful to study sound and political movements in tandem for that reason, since they face such obstacles together. The introduction includes key terms and a timeline for the Red Shirt movement, the primary movement to be discussed in the book, while also positioning the book’s argument in relation to other scholarship on contemporary sound, media, and protest.
Atrocity Broadcasts
Authors: Tausig Benjamin
Published: May 2019

This is the second of several interlude chapters that are interspersed throughout the book to give an impression of conditions the author encountered. It reflects on media material that showed violence committed by the Thai military against Red Shirt demonstrators. Thai society.
Megaphonic Somsak Comes by His Goddamn Self
Authors: Tausig Benjamin
Published: May 2019

This chapter explains the use of the megaphone by Red Shirt protesters as an act of figuration, in Donna Haraway’s sense. The figured performance of megaphone singing or oration specifically suggested that Red Shirts were self-motivated, rather than agents provoked or paid by outside forces. Megaphone lectures gave the impression that the Red Shirts were authentically motivated. The author calls this sense of self-motivation kuu maa’eng (“I came by my goddamn self”) protest, after a slogan commonly used by the Red Shirts themselves. The chapter focuses ethnographically on one particular megaphone orator who came to most large Red Shirt protests in 2010–11.
Vehicular Stereo Systems
Authors: Tausig Benjamin
Published: May 2019

This is the fourth of several interlude chapters that are interspersed throughout the book to give an impression of conditions the author encountered. The author states that vehicular sound, video, and even laser lights are mostly unregulated in Thailand, and drivers indulge themselves. Car audio installation shops abound in Bangkok, serving the drivers of motor scooters, taxis, middle-class cars, and SUVs. Using such amped-up vehicles, the Red Shirt protesters fed an insatiable desire for the generation and regeneration of musical events. As their demonstrations evolved, so did their use of these sound devices. All of which suggested the movement’s desire for upward mobility and identification with globality.
Developing Musical Economies III
Authors: Tausig Benjamin
Published: May 2019

Musical performance was heard skeptically by the Red Shirts’ political opponents. Music invited discussions of authenticity, and an insincere-seeming musical performance could seem especially profane. Critics of the Red Shirts found, in the confluence of music and money, a smoking gun for the movement’s fundamental insincerity. For these critics, the sounds of rural life figured not morality but a mixture of gullibility and greed. This chapter focuses ethnographically on one musician who played “undercover” at Red Shirt protests—that is to say that he was not politically aligned with the movement, but he performed there anyway. I argue that his participation was nevertheless not inauthentic, because of motivations that coincided with the movement in other ways. The chapter thus challenges certain definitions of authenticity, especially where money and value are concerned.
Surveillance
Authors: Tausig Benjamin
Published: May 2019

The Thai government utilized a special operations unit to perform in front of protest crowds, in an effort to prevent them from becoming agitated. At times the unit even aimed to make the crowds sympathetic to the government. This military unit was especially concerned to protect spaces of commerce, since the Red Shirts had occupied so many key commercial spaces. However, the parts of the unit’s performances that were ultimately convincing to the Red Shirts exposed a class-based political fissure in the country that portended problems for extant hierarchies of governance. I argue that the fraying of national unity was distinctly apparent in the actions of this military unit and its musical and sonic productions.
The Vanishing Point of Audition
Authors: Tausig Benjamin
Published: May 2019

This is the seventh and last of the interlude chapters that are interspersed throughout the book to give an impression of conditions the author encountered. It includes unattributed snippets of banal conversation among journalists and academics contemplating the Red Shirt protests, and forming a chattering space at the putative zero-point of audition. It is in spaces like this, and conversations like this, where observers attempted to make sense of a profoundly unsettled situation, and our efforts were far from confident or disentangled from the events themselves.
A Simian View of the Oldowan
Authors: McGrew William C. , Falótico Tiago , Gumert Michael D. , Ottoni Eduardo B.
Published: May 2019

Findings from field primatology show that three living primate genera—ape (Pan), Old World monkey (Macaca), and New World monkey (Sapajus)—use elementary lithic technology to obtain and process food in nature. All three taxa use stone tools, producing enduring artifacts with distinctive archaeological signatures. In a comparison we show that each taxon has its own suite of tools, both organic and inorganic. All use percussion, but there are differences in the number and type of other tools in each taxon. Our assessment also allows for point-by-point comparisons with the early toolkits of extinct hominins, and here we compare to the Oldowan. This broader comparison shows that modeling the evolutionary origins of human material culture continues to advance. Wynn’s “ape adaptive grade” must now be expanded to a more inclusive “simian adaptive grade,” as monkeys too show convergent features with percussive stone technology.
The Origin of Cumulative Culture
Authors: Haidle Miriam Noël
Published: May 2019

Cumulative culture is widely seen as a uniquely human characteristic involving distinct cognitive and behavioral performances. In searching for its origin, different factors have been suggested as crucial, based on comparative studies, and dates proposed as to when cumulative culture may have emerged in human evolution. This chapter reviews possible factors, suggesting that several are necessary, not only in the social sphere but also in the individual and environmental spheres. These interdependent factors have developed in three developmental dimensions (evolutionary-biological, ontogenetic-individual, and historical-social) in interaction with the specific environment. The interplay of basic factors and developmental dimensions shows a slow and gradual development of cumulative culture from its basis to simple and advanced donated culture. The onset of cumulative culture is concluded not to have been a single-trait event that occurred in a relatively short time but rather, the result of multifactorial and gradual processes that unfolded over millions of years.
Hominin Evolution and Stone Tool Scavenging and Reuse in the Lower Paleolithic
Authors: Brumm Adam , Pope Matt , Leroyer Mathieu , Emery Kate
Published: May 2019

This chapter examines evidence for what may be a key stage in the evolution of human cognition: the scavenging and reuse of stone artifacts by Lower Paleolithic hominins, as demonstrated by differential weathering of flake scars, indicating two or more temporally discrete phases of reduction. Such artifacts tend to be uncommon in Lower Paleolithic assemblages; however, an examination of the circumstances under which repatination occurs suggests that the rarity of these objects may underestimate the true scale of tool scavenging and reuse in the remote past. In the chapter the implications are examined, considering a view in which the ability to “read” intent from older stone tools that were still visible in the environment was an integral part of human beings’ evolutionary story.
Testing Models of Handedness in Stone Tools
Authors: Uomini Natalie , Ruck Lana
Published: May 2019

When, why, and how did humans develop the extreme right-handedness found in this species? As reviewed in this chapter, several hypotheses have been proposed to explain the distribution of handedness in humans. The social learning hypothesis posits that similarity in hand configuration between demonstrator and learner facilitates learning; the fighting hypothesis states that a left-hander minority is maintained by an advantage in close combat; and the task complexity hypothesis proposes that task complexity increases hand preference. The three hypotheses are compared in terms of how they might be detected in the stone tool record. The power of the archaeological record is carefully considered to address hand preference and handedness at the level of individuals and groups, and how stone tools can help to test the predictions of the various hypotheses for the evolution of right-handedness in our species.
Materiality and the Prehistory of Number
Authors: Overmann Karenleigh A.
Published: May 2019

Modern humans produce number systems with striking cross-cultural similarities. Understanding prehistoric numerical cognition, however, addressed in this chapter, requires looking at when cognitive prerequisites emerged—morphological factors like parietal encephalization; abilities like quantity perception, language, concept formation and manipulation, categorization, and ordinality; and demographic factors suggesting societal motivations for numerical development. These establish the “probably not before” timeline for numerical emergence. The question is then approached from the earliest emergence of unambiguous numbers in Mesopotamia, clay tokens used in the late fourth millennium, and subsequent numerical notations. With tokens and notations, the archaeological and textual evidence of precursor technologies such as tallies and fingers forms a sequence capable of elaborating the innate perceptual experience of quantity into simple counting sequences and complex mathematics. Along with the cognitive prerequisites, the sequence of material forms also provides insight into potential archaeological evidence (material forms and demographic factors) that might indicate numerical emergence in prehistoric times.
On the Minds of Bow Hunters
Authors: Lombard Marlize
Published: May 2019

Bow-and-arrow technology is arguably one of the key inventions in the human story. This chapter explores how some of the associated techno-behaviors helped shape the human mind, contributing to humans becoming masters of flexible thinking. Such cognitive plasticity is represented in our ability to learn, teach, innovate, and respond flexibly to new or complex situations. Evidence for bow hunting has been pushed back to more than 60,000 years ago in southern Africa, with some suggesting an even older age. The chapter also touches on potential neurological underpinnings for understanding the cognition of archery. It is suggested that by exploring the techno-behaviors and cognition associated with Stone Age bow hunting and neurological studies conducted in the context of modern archery, we can add to our understanding of the evolution of the sapient mind.
Debt Securities
Authors: Rechtschaffen Alan N.
Published: May 2019

Debt instruments obligate an issuer to make interest payments and repay principal to the buyer according to the terms of an agreement between the lender and the borrower. The yield, or market price of these debt securities is related to the yield on U.S. Treasury securities. Treasuries remain the benchmark for risk-free credit investing, and other yields are related to the risk-free return Treasuries offer. Also known as bonds, debt instruments are attractive to investors because they can provide a reliable stream of cash flows in the form of interest payments and also might provide for the repayment of principal upon maturity. This chapter discusses the features of bonds, types of bonds, bond-rating agencies, special types of debt instruments, and the Securities Act.
Labor, Capital, and Human Rights
Authors: Moran Beverly
Published: May 2019

This chapter discusses how the US tax code—like many Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) country tax codes—favors capital over labor, and thereby is at odds with fundamental tenets of human rights and policy principles regarding equity. This bias in favor of capital may not only be counterproductive in terms of its impacts on revenue generation and tax administration. It also entrenches inequalities and disregards the ways in which the human body, with its labor capacity, is the most essential “asset” on which most people rely. Therefore, labor should enjoy the preferences, such as the realization principle and depreciation, from which capital currently benefits. The chapter then outlines a course of investigation for further study including contrasting Social Security old-age pension and disability benefits, and exploring the consequences of shifting property to accrual accounting while providing the human body with generous depreciation deductions and tax deferral through realization.
The Archaic Context of Vengeance
Authors: Loney Alexander C.
Published: May 2019

This chapter analyzes the ideology of retributive punishment in the wider context of archaic Greece. It begins by identifying the language associated with vengeance—words etymologically connected with tisis—and outlining some of its uses. Documentary examples in Mycenaean Greek and from Crete are considered and tisis is shown to have a basically transactional sense. Anthropological theory helps distinguish tisis as negative reciprocity over and against positive reciprocity. Three features come to the fore: (1) temporality; (2) the calculation of the object exchanged; (3) the agent calculating the object and whether the exchange is negative or positive. These characteristics are each examined in turn with recourse to examples from the wider Greek corpus down through the archaic period, with particular emphasis on examples from the Iliad.
The End of the Odyssey and of Revenge
Authors: Loney Alexander C.
Published: May 2019

This chapter deals with the apparent problem of the end of the Odyssey. The poem could have ended with Odysseus’ and Penelope’s reunion, but it continues in order to provide a final statement on tisis. Thus, the transmitted ending should be considered integral to the poem, against a long tradition that considers it spurious. The final confrontation of the suitors’ relatives and Odysseus’ allies reveals how the natural course of a tisis narrative is to incite further tisis. Other illustrations of the open-endedness of tisis in the poem are also considered. In order for the poem to end, not only must every last suitor die but even the memory of their slaughter must be erased. The possibility of alternative narratives is closed off. This radical conclusion is highlighted in a final speech by Zeus in which he uses strikingly original language to ordain a general amnesia.
Migration
Authors: Hermosilla Sabrina , Rebello Tahilia J.
Published: May 2019

The rapid growth of cities is attributable, in part, to substantial migration to cities from non-urban areas. As the economic potential of cities has grown, more and more people are drawn to urban environments, thus contributing to growing city size and to dynamic urban environments. And yet migration to urban areas is associated with its own challenges. Immigrant populations often face exclusion and challenges integrating in urban environments. In cities where a large influx of immigrants has changed the environment in a short period of time, social cohesion has been challenged, with attendant social divides. Migration results in population displacement and gentrification, each bringing its own challenges to health. This chapter discusses the opportunities and challenges that migration presents to the health of urban residents.
Multilevel Perspectives on Urban Health
Authors: Duncan Dustin T. , Al-Ajlouni Yazan A. , Hisirci Ilgaz , Chaix Basile
Published: May 2019

The production of health in cities is driven by a range of features of the urban environment, including characteristics of interpersonal interactions, of neighborhoods, and of entire cities themselves as well as citywide policies. This rests directly on multilevel causal frameworks that aim to understand how forces at different levels of influence and produce health. This approach, now firmly embedded in many quantitative social sciences, provides a conceptual and analytical framework through which we can understand the production of health in cities. This chapter introduces a multilevel approach and its attendant methods to the end of understanding core questions in urban health.