bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Localization of Folate Metabolic Enzymes, Methionine Synthase and 5,10-Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase in Human Placenta
Authors: Shin Jung-a , Kim Young-ju , Park Hyesook , Kim Hee-kyoung , Lee Hwa-young
Published: November 2014

Background: Normal fetal development requires adequate folate levels during pregnancy. Although folate metabolic enzymes have important roles in the maintenance of normal fetal development, the location of folate metabolic enzymes, methionine synthase (MTR) and 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR), has not been previously examined. Methods: We investigated the expression of MTR and MTHFR in human term placenta obtained from normal and pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) patients. Results: MTR is expressed in the villous syncytiotrophoblast and MTHFR is expressed in the extravillous trophoblast. There was no difference in the quantity and location of these enzymes between control and PIH patients. Conclusion: These results suggest that MTR in the villous trophoblast participates in the metabolism of homocysteine by using folate, and MTHFR in the extravillous trophoblast is associated with extratrophoblast invasion.
Structure-Function Relationship between Frequency-Doubling Technology Perimetry and Optical Coherence Tomography in Glaucoma
Authors: Fuertes-Lazaro Isabel , Sanchez-Cano Ana , Ferreras Antonio , Ferrandez Blanca , Calvo Pilar , Abadia Beatriz , Otin Sofia , Pablo Luis E.
Published: November 2014

Purpose: To assess the relationship between the retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) thickness and the frequency-doubling technology perimetry (FDT) outcome. Methods: Sixty-two healthy individuals and 72 glaucoma patients were prospectively selected. All participants underwent a reliable FDT and optical coherence tomography (OCT). Pearson correlations were calculated between the unlogged threshold values of FDT and RNFL thicknesses measured by OCT. Results: Mild to moderate correlations were found between a few points from FDT and RNFL thicknesses in the vertical axis. The nasal superior area of FDT and the RNFL thickness at the 7-o'clock position had the strongest correlation (0.434, p < 0.001). Conclusions: The poor agreement between FDT and OCT parameters suggests that both instruments assess different characteristics of glaucomatous optic neuropathy. The map obtained validates previously reported clinical findings and contributes to a better understanding of the structure-function relationship in glaucoma.
Promoting Neurological Recovery in the Post-Acute Stroke Phase: Benefits and Challenges
Authors: Hermann Dirk M. , Chopp Michael
Published: November 2014

Background: Profound cellular and biochemical remodeling processes occur in the brain following an ischemic stroke, raising the possibility that we may be able to promote neurological recovery by harnessing the brain's endogenous recovery processes with pharmacological or cell-based therapies. There is a compelling body of evidence that cerebral plasticity and neurological recovery can be stimulated in the post-acute ischemic brain in this manner. Summary: This overview of neurorestorative therapies highlights the main challenges in their development, and summarizes the implications of these findings to stroke patients. Key Message: Neurorestorative therapies are a highly promising avenue of treatment for the restitution of neuronal networks damaged by stroke. Clinical Implications: The key supporting data have so far been obtained using in vivo models in animals, underscoring the need to validate these findings in humans. For human studies, several potentially confounding variables should be kept in mind, including age, and the presence of risk factors and comorbidities (such as hyperlipidemia and diabetes). Stroke patients vary considerably in age and genetic background, as well as in the etiology, localization and size of brain infarcts. The choice of patient population is a critical factor in the success of clinical trials, as patient heterogeneity could mask any potential therapeutic benefits.
Lagophthalmos after Facial Palsy: Current Therapeutic Options
Authors: Vásquez Luz MarÍa , Medel RamÓn
Published: November 2014

As the facial nerve carries sensory, motor and parasympathetic fibres involved in facial muscle innervation, facial palsy results in functional and cosmetic impairment. It can result from a wide variety of causes like infectious processes, trauma, neoplasms, autoimmune diseases, and most commonly Bell's palsy, but it can also be of iatrogenic origin. The main ophthalmic sequel is lagophthalmos. The increased surface exposure increases the risk of keratitis, corneal ulceration, and potentially loss of vision. Treatment options are wide; some are temporary, some permanent. In addition to gold standard and traditional therapies and procedures, new options are being proposed aiming to improve not only lagophthalmos but also the quality of life of these patients.
RaScaL: A Pilot Study to Assess the Efficacy, Durability, and Safety of a Single Intervention with Ranibizumab plus Peripheral Laser for Diabetic Macular Edema Associated with Peripheral Nonperfusion on Ultrawide-Field Fluorescein Angiography
Authors: Suñer Ivan J. , Peden Marc C. , Hammer Mark E. , Grizzard W. Sanderson , Traynom Janet , Cousins Scott W.
Published: November 2014

Background and Objectives: To determine the efficacy, durability, and safety of a single treatment with intravitreal ranibizumab plus peripheral scatter laser (RaScaL) in patients with diabetic macular edema associated with peripheral retinal nonperfusion on ultrawide-field fluorescein angiography (UWFA). Study Design: A 6-month, randomized, controlled, prospective phase I/II study of 30 treatment-naïve eyes of 22 patients (8 bilateral patients) with visual impairment secondary to diabetic macular edema associated with peripheral nonperfusion on UWFA. Patients were randomized to receive ranibizumab plus UWFA-guided peripheral scatter laser (n = 15) or triamcinolone acetonide plus macular laser (n = 15). Results: At 6 months, the RaScaL group patients had fewer recurrences warranting retreatment (33% vs. 80%, p < 0.003). Mean change in final visual acuity and central foveal thickness were not statistically significant between groups. Conclusion: This pilot study suggests the efficacy, safety and durability of the RaScaL treatment regimen in patients with diabetic macular edema associated with peripheral nonperfusion on UWFA.
Temporal Trends in Polypharmacy and Hyperpolypharmacy in Older New Zealanders over a 9-Year Period: 2005-2013
Authors: Nishtala Prasad S. , Salahudeen Mohammed Saji
Published: November 2014

Background: Polypharmacy and hyperpolypharmacy are proxy indicators for inappropriate medicine use. Inappropriate medicine use in older people leads to adverse clinical outcomes. Objective: The objectives of this study were to investigate the prevalence and trends of polypharmacy and hyperpolypharmacy in older people in New Zealand from 2005 to 2013, analyzing the pharmaceutical collections maintained by the Ministry of Health. Methods: A repeated cross-sectional analysis of population-level dispensing data was conducted from January 1, 2005 to December 31, 2013. Polypharmacy and hyperpolypharmacy in individuals were defined as the use of 5-9 medicines and ≥10 medicines, respectively, dispensed concurrently for a period of ≥90 days. Differences in polypharmacy and hyperpolypharmacy between 2005 and 2013 were examined. A multinomial regression model was used to predict sociodemographic characteristics associated with polypharmacy and hyperpolypharmacy. Results: Polypharmacy and hyperpolypharmacy were found to be higher in 2013 compared to 2005 (polypharmacy: 29.5 vs. 23.4%, p < 0.001; hyperpolypharmacy: 2.1 vs. 1.3%, p < 0.001). The risk of polypharmacy and hyperpolypharmacy was higher in females, in those aged 80-84 years, in the Māori population (for polypharmacy) and the Middle Eastern, Latin American, or African population (for hyperpolypharmacy), in people living in the Southern-district health board, and in individuals with increasing deprivation. Conclusion: The population of New Zealand is aging and the number of older people with multiple chronic conditions is increasing. The proportion of older people exposed to polypharmacy and hyperpolypharmacy has increased in 2013 compared to 2005. Our study provides important information to alert health policy makers, researchers, and clinicians about the dire need to reduce the medication burden in older New Zealanders.
Simulation of Laser Retinopexy around Retinal Breaks for Ophthalmologists in Training
Authors: Moisseiev Elad , Loewenstein Anat
Published: November 2014

Purpose: To describe a new method for training residents in ophthalmology in performing laser retinopexy around retinal breaks, and its practicality. Methods: The simulator consists of a model eye that can be adjusted to fit any laser instrument, with a retinal break created in it. The retinal breaks are made of paper strips and can simulate tears and holes. The simulator is used with a three-mirror lens and real laser instrument. Results: The simulator creates conditions simulating near-real laser retinopexy and has been used successfully in training 3 novice residents who have never performed this procedure before. Conclusions: This simulator is simple, reusable and inexpensive. We believe it may be a valuable instructional tool in training residents in performing laser retinopexy, shorten their learning curve and improve their efficiency it in.
Increasing Hip Fractures in Patients Receiving Hemodialysis and Peritoneal Dialysis
Authors: Mathew Anna T. , Hazzan Azzour , Jhaveri Kenar D. , Block Geoffrey A. , Chidella Shailaja , Rosen Lisa , Wagner John , Fishbane Steve
Published: November 2014

Background/Aims: Dialysis patients are at increased risk for hip fractures. Because changes in treatment of metabolic bone disease in this population may have impacted bone fragility, this study aims to analyze the longitudinal risk for fractures in hemodialysis (HD) and peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients. Methods: Using the United States Renal Data System database from 1992 to 2009, the temporal trend in hip fractures requiring hospitalization was analyzed using an overdispersed Poisson regression model. Generalized Estimating Equations were used to assess the adjusted effect of dialysis modality on hip fractures. Results: 842,028 HD and 87,086 PD patients were included. There was a significant temporal increase in hip fractures in both HD and PD with stabilization of rates after 2005. With stratification, the increase in fractures occurred in patients who were white and over 65 years of age. In adjusted analyses, HD patients had 1.6 times greater odds of hip fracture than PD patients (OR 1.60 95% CI 1.52, 1.68, p < 0.001). Conclusions: In contrast to the declining hip fracture rates in the general population, we identified a temporal rise in incidence of hip fractures in HD and PD patients. HD patients were at a higher risk for hip fractures than PD patients after adjustment for recognized bone fragility risk factors. The increase in fracture rate over time was limited to older white patients in both HD and PD, the demographics being consistent with osteoporosis risk. Further research is indicated to better understand the longitudinal trend in hip fractures and the discordance between HD and PD. i 2014 S. Karger AG, Basel
Methods on Moral Development of Teenagers by Luqman Al-Hakim: Application in Religious School Programs
Authors: Zakariya Khairani , Abdullah Suhaila Binti , Abdul Hamid Md Saufi Bin
Published: November 2014

This paper discusses the methods of adolescent’s moral development based on Luqman al-Hakim orders to his son in Surah Luqman verse 12-19. This paper also reveals who is Luqman al-Hakim, and the extent of moral development methods as set forth in verses 12-19 from Surah Luqman applied in religious programme of Islamic boarding schools in the state of Kedah. The study was conducted using a questionnaire that was distributed to 491 students from eleven Islamic boarding schools in Kedah. The results showed that the method of character development by Luqman al-Hakim was adopted and practiced by teachers in the schools’ religious programme with an overall mean score of 4.40 which is at a high level.
Development of Interactive Media for ICT Learning at Elementary School Based on Student Self Learning
Authors: Anwariningsih Sri Huning , Ernawati Sri
Published: November 2014

The implementation of information and comunication technology (ICT) curriculum at elementary school is the educational sector development. ICT subject is a practical subject which require a direct practice to make easier in the student understanding. Therefore, a teacher is demanded to make a learning media which helps the student to understand the material of study. This research is aimed at describing the model of ICT study in elementary school and using of learning media. Moreover, the description can be bocome one of the basic from the development of interactive study model base on student self learning. Besides, the arraging of this study model is hoped to make habitual and self learning.
Government-Leading Student Loan Schemes A Comparative Study of Hong Kong and Mainland China
Authors: Lu Antonia Jiewei , Chen Derong
Published: November 2014

Having a careful examination of government-leading student loan schemes in China and Hong Kong, we can find a lot of differences and learn something from these two counterparts which are very typical country or area faced by challenges in financing higher education in the context of transition from elitism to mass higher education. This research attempts to make a comparison of government-leading student loan schemes between Hong Kong and China in the new century. Then emphasis is put on the principles or core values namely efficiency, equity and adequacy, and determining their implications presented in student loan schemes in these two counterparts. Finally, the paper arrives at some recommendations for improvements in them.
The Application of Virtual Simulations using Second Life in a Foreign Language Classroom
Authors: Yoon Tecnam
Published: November 2014

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effects of virtual simulation-based language learning in a foreign language class in Korea. Total 35 1st-year university students in Korea participated in this research to figure out the effect of simulations. A virtual English learning community, â€˜Cypris Chatâ€™ in Second Life was selected as a learning tool. For the data collection, a survey questionnaire was distributed and analysed quantitatively. The result shows that the majority of the students had a positive attitude toward using a virtual simulation in English learning and had better understanding in learning English by experiencing an authentic practice. The first section of this paper provides a general overview of simulations in educational settings through an insightful literature review of the current research in the area. The review includes a comprehensive outlook on simulations, an example of successful classroom integration and some of the considerations researchers have found for their implementation. The latter section addresses the research method, results and conclusions.
Study on Related Courses to Help Undergraduate Students Write Research Reports: A Curriculum Evaluation
Authors: Winarti Eny
Published: November 2014

From the experience of joining the boards in the studentsâ€™ research report defence, teaching education research methodology, and classroom action research, the researcher indicated that students had challenges related with the logic of research methods and academic research writing.Â  These findings encouraged the researcher to study the courses that have potential in helping students writing their research reports.Â  To study the courses, the researcher analysed related documents, such as syllabi and lesson plans.Â  The researcher also interviewed teachers and students to clarify the relevance of the syllabi and the classroom learning.Â  The results of the study indicated that logic, academic writing, statistics, research methodology, and classroom action research had the potential of helping the students write their research report.Â  The researcher also indicated that the content of the courses should have been more helpful.Â  The fact, however, was that the students still had challenges understanding the materials after taking the courses.Â  Further study about this fact is then recommended.
Pedagogical competence-based Training Needs Analysis for Natural Science Teachers
Authors: Febrianis Irma , Muljono Pudji , Susanto Djoko
Published: November 2014

This study offers an effective approach in determining the needs of training of the teachers using the Training Needs Analysis (TNA). The objectives of the study were to obtain evidence an actual pedagogic competence of the natural sciences teachers, to obtain needs and training priorities, and proposing recommendations on the effectiveness of training method. Surveys, interviews, and FGD were conducted to get primary data. Survey was carried on 165 natural science teachers of SMP Negeri Pekanbaru using self-evaluation questionnaire. Results showed that actual pedagogic competence of the teachers was below the ideal competence. There were five priorities of training program, namely : training of ICT, classroom action research, theory and principles of learning on integrated natural science, curriculum development, and understanding of pupilsâ€™ characteristics. It is suggested that In House Training, specific training, and short courses are worth applied as effective training methods to improve pedagocical competence of the teachers.Â Â
Readiness of Makassar Public High School Counsellors in Coping Organizational Change
Authors: Dasmawati Andi , Boon Yusof
Published: November 2014

This study aims to determine the readiness of State High School counsellors in the city of Makassar who are confronted with organizational change. The assessment is viewed from the aspect of preparedness of counsellors that includes self-esteem, optimism and perceived control. A mixed method was used in this study that was simultaneously embedded. Survey questionnaires were distributed to 68 counsellors of State High Schools in Makassar for purposes of quantitative analysis, while an interview was conducted to five counsellor-coordinators for purposes of qualitative analysis.Â  Both descriptive and inferential statistics were employed to best analyze the quantitative data, while the qualitative data was analyzed manually. The study revealed that the level of readiness of the 68 counsellorsâ€™ performance was low in coping with organizational change. This implies that there is a need for the counsellors to improve their performance in the future. Through the qualitative analysis, it was found out that the counsellors have numerous difficulties in their ability to cope with organizational change, while the result of good performance was noted in the quantitative analysis that was conducted.
The Effect of Electronic Portfolio Assessment Model to Increase of Students’ Generic Science Skills in Practical Inorganic Chemistry
Authors: Ramlawati Ramlawati , Liliasari Liliasari , Martoprawiro Muhamad Abdulkadir , Wulan Ana Ratna
Published: November 2014

Electronic portfolio assessment (EPA) is an assessment procedure based assessment for learning which is a collection of student work collected digitally. The purpose of this research was to determine the effect of implementation of the EPA model to increase students’ generic science skills (GSS) in Practical Inorganic Chemistry. Research was conducted at Chemistry Education Department on preservice teacher programme. The research design was a Pretest-Posttest Control Group Design. Research subjects each consisted of 30 students in the experimental and control Group. Data was collected using GSS test given at pretest and posttest. Data were analyzed by SPSS version 17.0. The result show that students who used EPA model in the assessment process have increased GSS (mean of N-gain= 0.41) better than those used conventional portfolio assessment (mean of N-gain = 0.14).
Compare Unidimensional & Multidimensional Rasch Model for Test with Multidimensional Construct and Items Local Dependence
Authors: Hasmy Ali
Published: November 2014

Test in education, generally, constructed based on multi contents.  If every contents viewed as a dimension, hence the test also have multi-dimension too, so that the analysis must be done with the multidimensional model. In reality at some selected tests, we can see that dependence exist between items in different contents.  Dependence as referred, make assumption about multidimensional test is not valid anymore so that gives us the opportunity to apply unidimensional models in its analysis, including by using Rasch Model.  This matter motivated me to do write this paper with aim to: get Unidimensional Rasch Model based on logistics function, get the item parameter estimation and testee parameter estimation together using the Joint Maximum Likelihood Method, and prove that Unidimensional Rasch Model is the better choice than Multidimensional Rasch Model in condition like this.
Professional Learning Community in Secondary Schools Community in Malaysia
Authors: Abdullah Zuraidah , A. Ghani Muhammad Faizal
Published: November 2014

This paper outlines a research towards an initial assessment of the stage of the PLC in secondary schools in Malaysians secondary school with teachers as the main focus. A brief philosophy of the importance of learning organization and its development in various countries was reviewed and incorporated by the current situations, leading to the objectives and methodology for this study. The result showed the teachers can be active in their learning and improving their schools as to enhance the learning performance of the students in the first four characteristic dimensions refer to the practice of shared values, goals, mission and vision among teachers which play an important role in shaping the PLC in secondary school.
Pre-Service Teachers’ Internet Usage a Function of Demographic Factors: The Case of a Nigerian College of Education
Authors: Onwuagboke Bede Blaise Chukwunyere , Singh Termit Kaur Ranjit , Fook Fong Soon
Published: November 2014

With the overreaching acceptance of ICT in education and access to Internet occasioned by advancement in technology, this paper investigates pre-service teachers’ use of Internet in a college of education. The study was a descriptive survey. Data was collected using a researcher designed instrument tagged “Student Internet Use Scale” (SIUS). The population comprised of all NCE pre-service teachers in Alvan Ikoku Federal College of Education Owerri Nigeria. Findings show that  mobile phones remains the most widely used mode of internet access with social networking, searching for information on school assignments, chatting forming the major reasons why they surf the net. Social networking is the major purpose for Internet use by female pre-service teachers while school related activities are of priority to males. The difference in purpose of internet use according to gender is however not statistically significant; similarly, there is no statically significant difference between male and female pre-service teachers in the frequency of Internet usage. The result has far reaching implication for provision and use of Internet facilities to enhance teaching and learning in the College and colleges of education in Nigeria.
Angiogenic Microvascular Endothelial Cells Release Microparticles Rich in Tissue Factor That Promotes Postischemic Collateral Vessel Formation
Authors: Arderiu Gemma , Peña Esther , Badimon Lina
Published: November 2014

Objective—

Therapeutic angiogenesis is a promising strategy for treating ischemia. Our previous work showed that endogenous endothelial tissue factor (TF) expression induces intracrine signaling and switches-on angiogenesis in microvascular endothelial cells (mECs). We have hypothesized that activated mECs could exert a further paracrine regulation through the release of TF-rich microvascular endothelial microparticles (mEMPs) and induce neovascularization of ischemic tissues.

Approach and Results—

Here, we describe for the first time that activated mECs are able to induce reparative neovascularization in ischemic zones by releasing TF-rich microparticles. We show in vitro and in vivo that mEMPs released by both wild-type and TF-upregulated-mECs induce angiogenesis and collateral vessel formation, whereas TF-poor mEMPs derived from TF-silenced mECs are not able to trigger angiogenesis. Isolated TF-bearing mEMPs delivered to nonperfused adductor muscles in a murine hindlimb ischemia model enhance collateral flow and capillary formation evidenced by MRI. TF-bearing mEMPs increase angiogenesis operating via paracrine regulation of neighboring endothelial cells, signaling through the β1-integrin pathway Rac1–ERK1/2–ETS1 and triggering CCL2 (chemokine [C-C motif] ligand 2) production to form new and competent mature neovessels.

Conclusions—

These findings demonstrate that TF-rich mEMPs released by microvascular endothelial cells can overcome the consequences of arterial occlusion and tissue ischemia by promoting postischemic neovascularization and tissue reperfusion.
Who is the ‘Son of God’ in 4Q246? An Overlooked Example of Early Biblical Interpretation
Authors: Segal Michael
Published: November 2014

The Aramaic Apocalypse of Daniel (4Q246) has been the subject of intense debate among scholars, primarily surrounding the enigmatic epithets ברה די אל “son of God” and בר עליון “son of the Most High.” Previous interpreters have suggested either that this character is a human sovereign with divine pretensions or that he is a divine messianic figure. The current study posits a new identification of this figure based upon the analysis of the biblical texts underlying this Qumran scroll: in addition to its dependence upon Dan 7 (which has been previously recognized), 4Q246 also contains a hitherto overlooked allusion to Ps 82. In light of the relationship to these biblical passages, it is proposed that the character described as “son of God/the Most High” should be taken as the heavenly representative of the penultimate kingdom in Dan 7.

The identification of the allusion to Ps 82 within 4Q246 also enriches our analysis of Dan 7 itself, since the Qumran scroll demonstrates that early readers of the apocalyptic vision posited a literary-theological connection between Dan 7 and Ps 82. These texts together formed a cluster of related biblical passages that were read and interpreted in concert by ancient authors.
Divergences within the Lǎozǐ: A Study of Chapters 67-81
Authors: Perkins Franklin
Published: November 2014

It is well known that the three bundles of bamboo strips found at Guōdiàn containing versions of materials appearing in the Lǎozǐ included no passages from the last fifteen chapters of the received text. This article examines closely those final ­fifteen chapters, arguing that they articulate a coherent philosophical position funda­mentally different from and even opposed to that of the Guōdiàn materials. The foundation of the last fifteen chapters is an anthropomorphic conception of heaven that supports the good, a view explicitly rejected in the rest of the Lǎozǐ. These last fifteen chapters support the use of punishments, show no awareness of skepticism about language or moralizing categories, and they have no concern with internal practices of self-cultivation. The article concludes with some reflections on the background of the last fifteen chapters and on the significance of this argument for interpreting the Lǎozǐ, particularly the split between so-called “religious” and “philosophical” readings. 

Il est bien connu que les trois faisceaux de fiches de bambou découverts à Guodian portant des recensions de matériaux figurant dans le Laozi ne contiennent aucun ­passage des quinze derniers chapitres du texte reçu. Cet article propose un examen soigneux de ces quinze derniers chapitres et affirme qu’ils énoncent une position philo­sophique cohérente, fondamentalement différente de celle des textes de Guodian, voire en opposition avec eux. Les quinze derniers chapitres se fondent sur une conception anthropomorphique d’un Ciel encourageant le bien. Or cette vue est explicitement rejetée par le reste du Laozi. Ils encouragent le recours aux châtiments, ne manifestent aucun scepticisme au regard du langage et des catégories morales, et se désintéressent des pratiques internes du perfectionnement de soi. L’article se conclut par quelques réflexions sur l’arrière-plan des quinze derniers chapitres et sur la portée des arguments de l’auteur pour l’interprétation du Laozi, notamment la coupure entre les lectures dites “religieuses” et “philosophiques”.
Exploration of Eastern Turkestan in the Archival Heritage of Albert Grünwedel
Authors: Bukharin Mikhail D.
Published: November 2014

The article presents a part of the archival heritage of Albert Grünwedel – his letters to S. F. Oldenburg, devoted to the exploration of Eastern Turkestan at the beginning of the 20th century. Grünwedel gives some important characteristics to the ways of studying of Buddhist art in Central Asia, describes the state of several monuments in Turfan; his information completes the history of cooperation of German and Russian expeditions. Several documents shed some more light on the conditions of the division of the areas of excavations between German and Russian expeditions.
“As Far as My Poor Memory Suggested”: Cyprian’s Compilation of Ad Quirinum
Authors: Murphy Edwina
Published: November 2014

The question of who compiled Ad Quirinum remains unresolved. The previous consensus that it was indeed Cyprian, based largely on Koch’s work, was challenged by Bobertz over twenty years ago. Since then, the issue has received little attention. Here I refute Bobertz’s main arguments for believing that the collection existed prior to Cyprian’s conversion. I argue that textual variations between Ad Quirinum and Cyprian’s letters and treatises do not rule out Cyprian being the compiler, as similar variations also occur in Cyprian’s uncontested works. I examine the role of tradition and memory in scriptural citation and show how Cyprian’s own catechumenate assisted in his preparation of Ad Quirinum. I also demonstrate that there is no conflict between Test. 3.28 and Cyprian’s practice in the wake of the Decian persecution and consider why Pontius did not include the work in his list of treatises.
The Epistle of Barnabas and the Two Ways of Teaching Authority
Authors: Smith Julien C.H.
Published: November 2014

Although much attention has been given to the literary development of the Two Ways form of paraenesis within theEpistle of Barnabas, comparatively little analysis of its function within the letter’s argument has been undertaken. This lacuna in scholarship is addressed by (i) analyzing the function of Two Ways imagery in chs. 1-17 and (ii) investigating the relationship between the Two Ways form in chs. 18-21 and the preceding argument. The Two Ways imagery throughout the letter aims to strengthen the communal identity of the audience by fostering a strong sense of in-group awareness. That is, it sharpens the contrast between those who accept the author’s negation of Jewish identity through scripture and those who do not. The Two Ways form found at the end of the letter (chs. 18-21) both recapitulates this imagery and seeks to orient the audience’s identity around the author’s teaching authority.
Rethinking Indirect Responsibility
Authors: Voulgaris Nikolaos
Published: November 2014

In its Draft Articles on the Responsibility of International Organizations, the International Law Commission included Article 17 in order to regulate instances in which binding decisions and authorizations were made by international organizations that bound or applied in respect of their member States. Given that courts have struggled in vain to come up with a uniform approach applicable in such situations, one would expect that Article 17 would have been a cause for celebration. Commentators, however, lamented the inclusion of the provision, arguing that it cannot function effectively because it forms part of the problematic Chapter IV that regulates scenarios of indirect responsibility. The article rejects this approach. For the first time, it offers an integrated normative analysis of all Chapter IV provisions, and calls on the reader to rethink indirect responsibility in a way that advances and promotes coherence in the law of international responsibility. The paper adopts a contextual approach, and suggests that this understanding of Article 17 offers courts a twofold opportunity: first, the ability to effectively tackle cases that have troubled them to date; and second, to initiate a change in the way in which States and international organizations interact in the international arena.
Responsibility and Immunities
Authors: Orakhelashvili Alexander
Published: November 2014

Over the past couple of decades, the relative growth of the human-oriented element in the international legal system has been one of the defining characteristics of the process of its evolution. Rules, instruments, practices and institutions for protecting individuals in peacetime as well as during times of war keep multiplying and becoming more imperative. How does the law respond to underlying the dilemmas this presents: through developing a system of effective remedies, or by admitting and tolerating substantial gaps in accountability? The present contribution covers the law of the responsibility of international organizations and the multiple grounds of attribution under it, mainly focusing on the International Law Commission’s Draft Articles on the Responsibility of International Organizations and their applicability in practice. It also focuses on the immunities of international organizations, their sources and scope, and on the relationship between their competing or conflicting standards. There is more inter-dependence between the standards under the law of responsibility and those under the law of immunities than often meets the eye, and such inter-dependence is dictated by the orderly operation of both these branches of international law.
Die „Großfürsten der Libu“ im westlichen Delta in der späten 22. Dynastie
Authors: Jansen-Winkeln Karl
Published: November 2014

In a recent article on the “Great chiefs of the Libu” in the Western Delta, Jan Moje tried to show that there were two local rulers called Ni-ma-teped (A/B) and two Tjer-pa-hati (i/ii), attested on five donation stelae. If one of those stelae is ascribed to Shoshenqivrather than to Shoshenqv, three stelae mention a (single) ruler Ni-ma-teped during the reign of Shoshenqiv, and the remaining two a ruler Tjer-pa-hati under Shoshenqv.
Ancient States and Pharaonic Egypt: An Agenda for Future Research
Authors: García Juan Carlos Moreno
Published: November 2014

Comparative history on ancient empires has seen a flourishing renewal in recent years. Many studies are devoted either to the study of a particular aspect (or aspects) in many societies of the past, or to the analysis of selected characteristics present in two ancient states, usually China and Rome. However, pre-Ptolemaic Egypt is conspicuously absent in such discussions despite the considerable wealth of Pharaonic sources and archaeological evidence. Therefore, several paths for prospective comparative research are proposed, from the organization of agriculture and productive activities in general to the ways in which ancient states promoted and “captured” flows of wealth through trade, imperialism, and taxation; from the reproduction of power and authority in the long run to the integration of different actors with their own (and often diverging) interests into a single political entity. The final aim is to contribute to a theory of ancient states where long-lived monarchies like ancient China and Pharaonic Egypt could play a leading role.
“FRAGMENTATION” OF INTERNATIONAL LAW AS A STRATEGY FOR REFORMING INTERNATIONAL INVESTMENT LAW
Authors: Petersmann Ernst-Ulrich
Published: November 2014

International economic law (IEL) continues to evolve through dialectic processes of unilateral, bilateral, regional and worldwide regulation aimed at protecting cosmopolitan rights and transnational rule of law in mutually beneficial economic cooperation among citizens in a globalizing economy (section 1). The more transnational protection of cosmopolitan rights (e.g., human rights, trading, investor and social rights) depends on multilevel cooperation among national and international courts, the stronger becomes the need for justifying “multilevel judicial governance” by conceptions of “cosmopolitan” and “constitutional justice” rather than only by “Westphalian justice” and “commutative justice”, as reciprocally agreed in treaties among States (section 2). “Fragmentation” of “IEL among States” through multilevel economic regulation and adjudication (e.g., inside free trade areas and economic communities) is a necessary strategy for reforming international law for the benefit of citizens. In order to remain legitimate and reconcile the rational self-interests of citizens with their reasonable common interests, investment arbitration must remain embedded into multilevel human rights law and respect for legitimate “constitutional pluralism” protecting cosmopolitan rights, transnational “participatory” and “deliberative democracy” and rule of law through “consistent interpretations” and “judicial comity” among national and international courts of justice (section 3).
LEGAL FOUNDATIONS OF THE COMPETENCE OF THE EUROPEAN UNION ON FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENTS
Authors: Rizzo Alfredo
Published: November 2014

This article provides a summary of the main legal questions pertaining to the current wording of Articles 206 and 207 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU), which deal with the inclusion of Foreign Direct Investments (FDI) within the scope of the EU Common Commercial policy (CCP). It firstly investigates the concept of capital movement as enshrined in the treaties and relevant EU legislation. Next, the article examines how the new reference to FDI within the scopes of the CCP affects the competence of the EU to conclude new Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs) with third countries. Finally, the article briefly illustrates a recent proposal for a model EU BIT which would make certain areas of investment protection dependent on sustainable development, social and environmental protection and standards of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR).
THE SHALABAYEVA CASE: ISSUES OF INTERNATIONAL AND EU LAW
Authors: Gestri Marco
Published: November 2014

The article discusses some issues of international and European Union (EU) law raised by the expulsion from Italy, and repatriation to Kazakhstan, of Alma Shalabayeva and her daughter, a minor. The expulsion has been described as constituting an act of “extraordinary rendition” by three UN Special Rapporteurs and is said to have manifestly violated the rights of the interested individuals to receive asylum, or other international protection, as well as the principle of non-refoulement. Italy’s conduct has also been castigated from an EU law perspective, notably for alleged violations of the Schengen acquis and of the EU’s Returns Directive. The author assesses these allegations in the light of the documentation currently available and of the Italian legal framework on migration, arguing that some of the accusations against Italy were proffered without thorough and objective analysis of the factual and legal background. As to the alleged violation of the non-refoulement principle, a diversified picture emerges, with regard to expulsions to Kazakhstan, both from European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) case law and from recent decisions of national courts on similar cases. Besides, it is not clear whether the failure to consider some crucial elements, in the course of the repatriation procedure, resulted from wilful or negligent conduct on the part of the Italian authorities, or from the reluctance of the individual concerned to produce certain information. At the same time, the author points out that the expulsion procedure carried out in respect of Shalabayeva and her daughter raises a number of legal questions, notably as to the respect of some obligations stemming from Italian immigration law and from the EU Returns Directive.
Radula multiflora var. reflexilobula is a synonym of R. decurrens (Radulaceae, Marchantiophyta)
Authors: PROMMA CHATCHABA , CHANTANAORRAPINT SAHUT
Published: November 2014

Radula Dumortier (1822: 112) is one of the largest genera of the liverworts with about 200 currently accepted species (Frey & Stech 2009), but some of them are poorly known and their status is still unclear. Radula javanica Gottsche (in Gottsche et al. 1844: 257) is one of the oldest names of Radula which is widespread in the tropical and subtropical Asia, the Pacific Islands and Australasia (Yamada 1979, Renner 2014). So (2006) reduced a highly variable species R. multiflora Gottsche ex Schiffn. (in Engler 1889: 20) to R. javanica Gottsche. However, Renner (2014) suggested that R. multiflora might be different from R. javanica but similar to R. reflexa Nees & Mont. (in Montagne 1843: 255).
Lagrangian Investigation of the Precipitation Efficiency of Convective Clouds
Authors: Langhans Wolfgang , Yeo Kyongmin , Romps David M.
Published: November 2014

The precipitation efficiency of cumulus congestus clouds is investigated with a new Lagrangian particle framework for large-eddy simulations. The framework is designed to track particles representative of individual water molecules. A Monte Carlo approach facilitates the transition of particles between the different water classes (e.g., vapor, rain, or graupel). With this framework, it is possible to reconstruct the pathways of water as it moves from vapor at a particular altitude to rain at the surface. By tracking water molecules through both physical and microphysical space, the precipitation efficiency can be studied in detail as a function of height.

Large-eddy simulations of individual cumulus congestus clouds show that the clouds convert entrained vapor to surface precipitation with an efficiency of around 10%. About two-thirds of all vapor that enters the cloud does so by entrainment in the free troposphere, but free-tropospheric vapor accounts for only one-third to one-half of the surface rainfall, with the remaining surface rainfall originating as vapor entrained through the cloud base. The smaller efficiency with which that laterally entrained water is converted into surface precipitation results from the smaller efficiencies with which it condenses, forms precipitating hydrometeors, and reaches the surface.
Changes in Global Ocean Bottom Properties and Volume Transports in CMIP5 Models under Climate Change Scenarios
Authors: Heuzé Céline , Heywood Karen J. , Stevens David P. , Ridley Jeff K.
Published: November 2014

Changes in bottom temperature, salinity, and density in the global ocean by 2100 for CMIP5 climate models are investigated for the climate change scenarios RCP4.5 and RCP8.5. The mean of 24 models shows a decrease in density in all deep basins, except the North Atlantic, which becomes denser. The individual model responses to climate change forcing are more complex: regarding temperature, the 24 models predict a warming of the bottom layer of the global ocean; in salinity, there is less agreement regarding the sign of the change, especially in the Southern Ocean. The magnitude and equatorward extent of these changes also vary strongly among models. The changes in properties can be linked with changes in the mean transport of key water masses. The Atlantic meridional overturning circulation weakens in most models and is directly linked to changes in bottom density in the North Atlantic. These changes are the result of the intrusion of modified Antarctic Bottom Water, made possible by the decrease in North Atlantic Deep Water formation. In the Indian, Pacific, and South Atlantic Oceans, changes in bottom density are congruent with the weakening in Antarctic Bottom Water transport through these basins. The authors argue that the greater the 1986–2005 meridional transports, the more changes have propagated equatorward by 2100. However, strong decreases in density over 100 yr of climate change cause a weakening of the transports. The speed at which these property changes reach the deep basins is critical for a correct assessment of the heat storage capacity of the oceans as well as for predictions of future sea level rise.
Interannual Variability of the Mixed Layer Winter Convection and Spice Injection in the Eastern Subtropical North Atlantic
Authors: Kolodziejczyk Nicolas , Reverdin Gilles , Lazar Alban
Published: November 2014

The Argo dataset is used to study the winter upper-ocean conditions in the northeastern subtropical (NEA) Atlantic during 2006–12. During late winter 2010, the mixed layer depth is abnormally shallow and a negative anomaly of density-compensated salinity, the so-called spiciness, is generated in the permanent pycnocline. This is primarily explained by unusual weak air–sea buoyancy flux during the late winter 2010, in contrast with the five other studied winters. Particularly deep mixed layers and strong spiciness anomalies are observed during late winter 2012. The 2010 winter conditions appear to be related to historically low North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and high tropical North Atlantic index (TNA). Interannual variability of the eastern subtropical mixed layer is further investigated using a simple 1D bulk model of mean temperature and salinity linear profiles, based on turbulent kinetic energy conservation in the upper-ocean layer, and forced only with seasonal air–sea buoyancy forcing corresponding to fall–winter 2006–12. It suggests that year-to-year variability of the winter convective mixing driven by atmospheric buoyancy flux is able to generate interannual variability of both late winter mixed layer depth and spiciness in a strongly compensated layer at the base of the mixed layer and in the permanent pycnocline.
Sensitivity of Idealized Hurricane Intensity and Structures under Varying Background Flows and Initial Vortex Intensities to Different Vertical Resolutions in HWRF
Authors: Zhang Da-Lin , Zhu Lin , Zhang Xuejin , Tallapragada Vijay
Published: November 2014

A series of 5-day numerical simulations of idealized hurricane vortices under the influence of different background flows is performed by varying vertical grid resolution (VGR) in different portions of the atmosphere with the operational version of the Hurricane Weather Research and Forecasting Model in order to study the sensitivity of hurricane intensity forecasts to different distributions of VGR. Increasing VGR from 21 to 43 levels produces stronger hurricanes, whereas increasing it further to 64 levels does not intensify the storms further, but intensity fluctuations are much reduced. Moreover, increasing the lower-level VGRs generates stronger storms, but the opposite is true for increased upper-level VGRs. On average, adding mean flow increases intensity fluctuations and variability (between the strongest and weakest hurricanes), whereas adding vertical wind shear (VWS) delays hurricane intensification and then causes more rapid growth in intensity variability. The stronger the VWS, the larger intensity variability and bifurcation rate occur at later stages. These intensity differences are found to be closely related to inner-core structural changes, and they are attributable to how much latent heat could be released in higher-VGR layers, followed by how much moisture content in nearby layers is converged. Hurricane intensity with higher VGRs is shown to be much less sensitive to varying background flows, and stronger hurricane vortices at the model initial time are less sensitive to the vertical distribution of VGR; the opposite is true for relatively uniform VGRs or weaker hurricane vortices. Results reveal that higher VGRs with a near-parabolic or Ω shape tend to produce smoother intensity variations and more typical inner-core structures.