bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
State‐of‐the‐art percutaneous coronary interventions applied to the treatment of bifurcation lesions: Are we there yet?
Authors: Cheney Amy , Dean Larry S.
Published: July 2020

Key Points

Treatment of bifurcation lesions has advanced with the development of second‐generation drug‐eluting stents and state‐of‐the‐art percutaneous coronary interventions techniques.

This subanalysis of SYNTAX II demonstrates similar major adverse cardiac or cerebrovascular events in patients with bifurcation and nonbifurcation lesions, with a trend toward higher target lesion failure in the bifurcation cohort.

The results, while compelling, require larger studies with longer follow‐up, stratified by bifurcation strategy.
Revascularization for multivessel disease: Getting closer, but…
Authors: Butman Samuel M.
Published: July 2020

Key Points

In a registry, it is all about any differences.

PCI and CABG for multivessel disease are comparable with regard to risk of death/MI/stroke, but

PCI has a significantly higher risk of return to Cath Lab for PCI or even CABG in follow‐up.
Assessing atherothrombotic burden with optical coherence tomography analysis may facilitate post‐PCI prognostication and antiplatelet therapy
Authors: Costello Briana , Krajcer Zvonimir
Published: July 2020

Key Points

Atherothrombotic burden (ATB) correlates with myocardial blush grade (MBG), a known predictor of mortality and outcome after ST‐elevation myocardial infarction.

Quantitative or semiquantitative analysis of ATB with optical coherence tomography may assist interventional cardiologists in post‐PCI prognostication and, perhaps, in rendering more aggressive antiplatelet therapy.

Future studies comparing treatment strategies for post‐PCI patients with elevated ATB or depressed MBG may identify best practices after acute coronary syndromes.
Morphine in primary percutaneous coronary intervention—No pain, questionable gain
Authors: Sridharan Aadhavi , Kimmelstiel Carey
Published: July 2020

Key Points

The clinical impact of concurrently administered morphine and P2Y12 inhibitors in primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is not well understood.

Large, randomized clinical trials are required to assess clinical outcomes with concurrent morphine and P2Y12 inhibitor use in ST‐segment elevation myocardial infarction patients undergoing PCI.

Based on the currently available pharmacologic data, cautious use of morphine in primary PCI would seem prudent.
Limb dysfunction after transradial access: A search for an understanding
Authors: Gilchrist Ian C.
Published: July 2020

Key Points

Limb dysfunction is common after radial access although many show dysfunction at baseline.

Thrombosis may be present in the radial artery but is not necessary to manifest limb dysfunction.

The role of periarterial nerve damage to this syndrome remains uncertain.
Recent Advances in Silver‐Mediated Radical Difunctionalization of Alkenes
Authors: Wu Yan‐Chen , Xiao Yu‐Ting , Yang Yong‐Zheng , Song Ren‐Jie , Li Jin‐Heng
Published: July 2020

Radical‐initiated difunctionalization of alkenes is one of the most important methods in organic synthesis and medicinal chemistry, which can be applied to synthesize value complex compounds as well as structural motifs that found in bioactive natural products and pharmaceuticals. In recent years, impressive progress have been made in this area with ideal silver catalysis. Here, we summarize recent advances in silver‐mediated radical difunctionalization of alkenes for the formation of diverse bonds, including 1) two‐component radical difunctionalization reactions enabled by an intramolecular cyclization process toward various cyclic compounds and 2) three‐component radical difunctionalization reactions leading to complex linear compounds. These silver‐mediated radical alkene difunctionalization transformations are general initiated by different radicals, such as carbon‐, oxygen‐, sulfur‐, phosphinyl‐, and halogen‐center radicals, followed by terminated with nucleophiles to form two new bonds in a single reaction.
Tuning the Adsorption Selectivity of ZIF‐8 by Amorphization
Authors: Ma Qiang , Jin Hua , Li Yanshuo
Published: July 2020

Amorphous metal–organic frameworks (amMOFs) with a partially collapsed structure are a new category of porous hybrid materials. Here, solid‐state amorphization of ZIF‐8 was achieved by mechanical compression at 0.75 GPa. The compression‐induced amorphous ZIF‐8 (amZIF‐8) had a collapsed structure, but retained partial porosity. Benefiting from the deformed channel, the resultant amZIF‐8 exhibited preferable adsorption of C3H6, resulting in higher thermodynamic adsorption selectivity of C3H6/C3H8 (6.72) than the crystalline counterparts (1.06). Further, amZIF‐8 achieved complete separation of an equimolar C3H6/C3H8 mixture with the first breakthrough of C3H8. amZIF‐8 also displayed an enhancement in CO2/N2 and CO2/CH4 adsorption selectivities. More importantly, a self‐standing amZIF‐8 membrane with boundary‐free microstructure was constructed for the first time, and exhibited separation potential for H2/CH4, CO2/N2, CO2/CH4, and C3H6/C3H8 with ideal selectivities of 14.79, 12.83, 16.23, and 2.67, respectively.
Photophysical Properties of 4‐Dicyanomethylene‐2‐methyl‐6‐(p‐dimethylamino‐styryl)‐4H‐pyran Revisited: Fluorescence versus Photoisomerization
Authors: Casimiro Lorenzo , Maisonneuve Stéphane , Retailleau Pascal , Silvi Serena , Xie Juan , Métivier Rémi
Published: July 2020

Although 4‐dicyanomethylene‐2‐methyl‐6‐(p‐dimethylamino‐styryl)‐4H‐pyran (DCM) has been known for many decades as a bright and photostable fluorophore, used for a wide variety of applications in chemistry, biology and physics, only little attention has been paid so far to the presence of multiple isomers and conformers, namely s‐trans‐(E), s‐cis‐(E), s‐trans‐(Z), and s‐cis‐(Z). In particular, light‐induced E–Z isomerization plays a great role on the overall photophysical properties of DCM. Herein, we give a full description of a photoswitchable DCM derivative by a combination of structural, theoretical and spectroscopic methods. The main s‐trans‐(E) isomer is responsible for most of the fluorescence features, whereas the s‐cis‐(E) conformer only contributes marginally. The non‐emitting Z isomers are generated in large conversion yields upon illumination with visible light (e.g., 485 or 514 nm) and converted back to the E forms by UV irradiation (e.g., 365 nm). Such photoswitching is efficient and reversible, with high fatigue resistance. The E→Z and Z→E photoisomerization quantum yields were determined in different solvents and at different irradiation wavelengths. Interestingly, the fluorescence and photoisomerization properties are strongly influenced by the solvent polarity: the fluorescence is predominant at higher polarity, whereas photoisomerization becomes more efficient at lower polarity. Intermediate medium (THF) represents an optimized situation with a good balance between these two features.
Controlling Mirror Symmetry Breaking and Network Formation in Liquid Crystalline Cubic, Isotropic Liquid and Crystalline Phases of Benzil‐Based Polycatenars
Authors: Reppe Tino , Poppe Silvio , Tschierske Carsten
Published: July 2020

Spontaneous development of chirality in systems composed of achiral molecules is important for new routes to asymmetric synthesis, chiral superstructures and materials, as well as for the understanding of the mechanisms of emergence of prebiotic chirality. Herein, it is shown that the 4,4′‐diphenylbenzil unit is a universal transiently chiral bent building block for the design of multi‐chained (polycatenar) rod‐like molecules capable of forming a wide variety of helically twisted network structures in the liquid, the liquid crystalline (LC) and the crystalline state. Single polar substituents at the apex of tricatenar molecules support the formation of the achiral (racemic) cubic double network phase with Ia
d symmetry and relatively small twist along the networks. The combination of an alkyl chain with fluorine substitution leads to the homogeneously chiral triple network phase with I23 space group, and in addition, provides a mirror symmetry broken liquid. Replacing F by Cl or Br further increases the twist, leading to a short pitch double gyroid Ia
d phase, which is achiral again. The effects of the structural variations on the network structures, either leading to achiral phases or chiral conglomerates are analyzed.
Anchoring BaII to Pd/HyWO3−x Nanowires Promotes a Photocatalytic Reverse Water–Gas Shift Reaction
Authors: Li Young Feng , Lu Waylon , Chen Kai , Xia Meikun , Feysal Ali M. , Ozin Geoffrey A.
Published: July 2020

Surface deposition of BaII on Pd/HyWO3−x nanowires was developed by using a solution‐phase atomic layer deposition process. The procedure involves the generation of Brønsted surface OH sites by H2 spillover on Pd/WO3, which can then hydrolytically condense with Ba(OEt)2 to produce surface BaII. At just 0.2 at % Ba, CO production by the light‐assisted activity of the reverse water–gas shift (RWGS) reaction was observed to increase by about 300 %. In situ DRIFTS studies suggested enhanced CO2 capturing capabilities of a Ba‐decorated surface. This study further exemplifies the importance of surface chemistry in optimizing materials for catalysis.
Log‐Sobolev Inequality for the Continuum Sine‐Gordon Model
Authors: Bauerschmidt Roland , Bodineau Thierry
Published: July 2020

We derive a multiscale generalisation of the Bakry‐Émery criterion for a measure to satisfy a log‐Sobolev inequality. Our criterion relies on the control of an associated PDE well‐known in renormalisation theory: the Polchinski equation. It implies the usual Bakry‐Émery criterion, but we show that it remains effective for measures that are far from log‐concave. Indeed, using our criterion, we prove that the massive continuum sine‐Gordon model with β < 6π satisfies asymptotically optimal log‐Sobolev inequalities for Glauber and Kawasaki dynamics. These dynamics can be seen as singular SPDEs recently constructed via regularity structures, but our results are independent of this theory. © 2021 The Authors. Communications on Pure and Applied Mathematics published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.
The Impact of Leaving Group Anomericity on the Structure of Glycosyl Cations of Protected Galactosides
Authors: Greis Kim , Mucha Eike , Lettow Maike , Thomas Daniel A. , Kirschbaum Carla , Moon Sooyeon , Pardo‐Vargas Alonso , von Helden Gert , Meijer Gerard , Gilmore Kerry , Seeberger Peter H. , Pagel Kevin
Published: July 2020

It has been reported that fragments produced by glycosidic bond breakage in mass spectrometry‐based experiments can retain a memory of their anomeric configuration, which has major implications for glycan sequencing. Herein, we use cryogenic vibrational spectroscopy and ion mobility‐mass spectrometry to study the structure of B‐type fragments of protected galactosides. Cationic fragments were generated from glycosyl donors carrying trichloroacetimidate or thioethyl leaving groups of different anomeric configuration. The obtained infrared signatures indicate that the investigated fragments exhibit an identical structure, which suggests that there is no anomeric memory in B‐type ions of fully protected monosaccharides.
Mandibular undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma: Molecular analysis of a primary cell population
Authors: Amm Hope M. , DeVilliers Patricia , Srivastava Ambika R. , Diniz Marina G. , Siegal Gene P. , MacDougall Mary
Published: July 2020

Background

Undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcomas are one of the most common subtypes of soft tissue sarcomas. These are aggressive mesenchymal tumors and are devoid of the major known biomarkers except vimentin. Our objective was to establish and characterize a primary cell population from a mandibular UPS specimen.

Methods

The tumor was surgically removed from the right mandible of a 24‐year‐old male with IRB approved signed consent. Tumor was dissected, cultured ex vivo, and a cell population, MUPS‐1, were isolated from outgrowths. Gene and protein expression profiles of both the primary tumor and the derived there from cells were obtained by quantitative RT‐PCR and immunohistochemistry and included markers of epithelial, endothelial, and mesenchymal differentiation. To better define potential biomarkers, MUPS‐1 cells were additionally characterized by RNA sequencing analysis.

Results

Pathological analysis of primary tumor tissue revealed a sarcoma demonstrating multiple pathways of differentiation simultaneously with myxoid, fibrous, and osseous tissue. The isolated cells had a spindle cell‐like morphology, were maintained in culture for greater than 20 passages, and formed colonies in soft agar indicating tumorigenicity. The cells, similar to the primary tumor, were strongly positive for vimentin and moderately expressed alkaline phosphatase. RNA‐seq analysis revealed the tumor over‐expressed several genes compared to normal tissue, including components of the Notch signaling pathway, NOTCH3 and JAG1.

Conclusions

We have successfully established an undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma cell population, which will provide a valuable resource for studying fundamental processes and potentially serving as a platform for exploring therapeutic strategies for sarcomas.
Complications of cutaneous surgery
Authors: Rothstein Brooke E. , Cohen Joel L.
Published: July 2020

Background

Cutaneous surgery is associated with multiple complications including hemorrhage, surgical site infection, necrosis, and scarring. As demand for dermatologic surgery rises, it is imperative that dermatologists have a comprehensive understanding of the potential surgical risks to enhance patient safety and outcomes.

Aims

The purpose of this review is to highlight the rates, prevention, and management of common complications associated with cutaneous surgery, with a focus on scalpel‐based surgeries including Mohs micrographic surgery and standard surgical excision.

Material and Methods

Articles from PubMed are highlighted and our clinical experience is presented.

Results

Cutaneous surgery is overall safe and associated with low rates of complications that are predominantly minor and not life‐threatening. Prevention and management strategies vary according to the specific complication being addressed.

Discussion

Dermatologists should be familiar with the complications of cutaneous surgery. As our knowledge of surgical complications expands, the outcomes of our patients will continue to improve.
Stimulations inducing tethered lipid bilayer formation on protein‐modified substrate
Authors: Tero Ryugo , Sato Junichi
Published: July 2020

Supported lipid bilayer (SLB) is one artificial biomembrane system used to study transportation reactions through biomembranes using solid devices and surface scientific methods. A key step in the SLB formation is the transformation of spherical lipid vesicles to a planar membrane. We investigated stimulation methods for adsorbed lipid vesicles on a streptavidin‐modified SiO2/Si substrate to induce tethered‐type SLB. We describe the effects of osmotic stress, Ca2+ addition, and a freeze–thaw cycle on the adsorbed vesicles, and on the condition of t‐SLB.
Bcl‐3 inhibits lupus‐like phenotypes in BL6/lpr mice
Authors: Tang Wanhu , Wang Hongshan , Tian Ruxiao , Saret Sun , Cheon HeeJin , Claudio Estefania , Siebenlist Ulrich
Published: July 2020

Bcl‐3 is an atypical member of the IκB family that modulates NF‐κB activity in nuclei. lpr mice carry the lpr mutation in Fas, resulting in functional loss of this death receptor; they serve as models for lupus erythematosus and autoimmune lymphoproliferation syndrome (ALPS). To explore the biologic roles of Bcl‐3 in this disease model, we generated BL6/lpr mice lacking Bcl‐3. Unlike lpr mice on an MRL background, BL6/lpr mice present with very mild lupus‐ or ALPS‐like phenotypes. Bcl‐3 KO BL6/lpr mice, however, developed severe splenomegaly, dramatically increased numbers of double negative T cells — a hallmark of human lupus, ALPS, and MRL/lpr mice — and exhibited inflammation in multiple organs, despite low levels of autoantibodies, similar to those in BL6/lpr mice. Loss of Bcl‐3 specifically in T cells exacerbated select lupus‐like phenotypes, specifically organ infiltration. Mechanistically, elevated levels of Tnfα in Bcl‐3 KO BL6/lpr mice may promote lupus‐like phenotypes, since loss of Tnfα in these mice reversed the pathology due to loss of Bcl‐3. Contrary to the inhibitory functions of Bcl‐3 revealed here, this regulator has also been shown to promote inflammation in different settings. Our findings highlight the profound, yet highly context‐dependent roles of Bcl‐3 in the development of inflammation‐associated pathology.
Functionally distinct IFN‐γ+IL‐17A+ Th cells in experimental autoimmune uveitis: T‐cell heterogeneity, migration, and steroid response
Authors: Chen Yi‐Hsing , Eskandarpour Malihe , Gondrand Aurelia , Zhang Xiaozhe , Gu Renyang , Galatowicz Grazyna , Lightman Sue L. , Calder Virginia L.
Published: July 2020

Immunopathogenic roles for both Th1 (CD4+IFN‐γ+) and Th17 (CD4+IL‐17A+) cells have been demonstrated in experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU). However, the role for Th17/Th1 (CD4+ T cells co‐expressing IFN‐γ and IL‐17A) cells in EAU is not yet understood. Using interphotoreceptor retinoid‐binding protein peptide‐induced EAU in mice, we found increased levels of Th17/Th1 cells in EAU retinae (mean 9.6 ± 4.2%) and draining LNs (mean 8.4 ± 3.9%; p = 0.01) relative to controls. Topical dexamethasone treatment effectively reduced EAU severity and decreased retinal Th1 cells (p = 0.01), but had no impact on retinal Th17/Th1 or Th17 cells compared to saline controls. Using in vitro migration assays with mouse CNS endothelium, we demonstrated that Th17/Th1 cells were significantly increased within the migrated population relative to controls (mean 15.6 ± 9.5% vs. 1.9 ± 1.5%; p = 0.01). Chemokine receptor profiles of Th17/Th1 cells (CXCR3 and CCR6) did not change throughout the transendothelial migration process and were unaffected by dexamethasone treatment. These findings support a role for Th17/Th1 cells in EAU and their resistance to steroid inhibition suggests the importance of targeting both Th17 and Th17/Th1 cells for improving therapy.
Helicates with Ether‐Substituted Catechol Esters as Ligands
Authors: Mevissen Christian , Kwamen A. Carel N. , Himmel Leonard , Chen Xiaofei , Brückner Matthias , Huda Saskia , Göb Christian , Jenniches Judith , Oppel Iris , Ward Jas S. , Rissanen Kari , Albrecht Markus
Published: July 2020

Mono‐ or biscatechol esters with ether‐type substituents or spacers form either triple lithium bridged dimeric helicates or triple stranded helicates with the ability to bind three lithium cations in their interior. Hierarchical helicates with ether or thioether substituents show in solution a monomer‐dimer equilibrium which is independent of the heteroatom in the ester substituent. However, dimerization constants are significantly lower than for corresponding alkyl derivatives. Dinuclear helicates with oligoether spacers are well obtained in the presence of lithium cations. Upon removal of the cations the helicates expand and successive addition of LiCl results in compression again.
Utilizing Incomplete Phase Transformation to Characterize Elastocaloric Effect of Shape Memory Alloys
Authors: Liu Zhe , Liang Jierong , Huang Chaiyi , Li Tingxun
Published: July 2020

This study reports a correction to assist the elastocaloric effect characterization of shape memory alloys and obtain the latent heat of stress‐induced martensitic transformation. The incomplete phase transformation analysis (IPTA) correction is developed based on the assumptions of linear transformation plateau of stress–strain and identical heat capacities for austenite and martensite phases. Taking Ni50.8Ti49.2 alloy as a demonstration, an integrated test rig is built to validate IPTA correction and study the heat leak effect. Using water as heat transfer fluid and heat leak compensation it is possible to further improve the accuracy of imposing IPTA correction. The predictions of latent heat from direct and indirect approaches with IPTA correction are validated from the experimental data. The required minimum martensitic phase fraction is only 10–20% when applying the IPTA correction, compared with 84–93% in traditional approaches. The IPTA correction extends the precondition of complete transformation to incomplete transformation in elastocaloric characterization.
Improving Grain Boundary Conductivity of Ce0.9Gd0.1O2 − δ Electrolyte through Compositing with Carbonate or Semiconductor
Authors: Zhou Xiaomi , Xia Chen , Wang Xunying , Dong Wenjing , Wang Baoyuan
Published: July 2020

In the solid oxide fuel cell field, heterogeneous ion doping is a common methodology to improve the ionic conductivity of electrolytes, but overwhelming grain boundary resistance is still the main obstacle for low‐temperature applications. According to previous reports, building rapid ion transport at the grain boundary through compositing methods was considered as a proposed design for electrolytes to decrease the grain boundary resistance and obtain high ionic conductivity. Herein, Ce0.9Gd0.1O2 − δ (GDC) is selected as the matrix material and composited with Na2CO3 and NdBa0.5Sr0.5Cu2O5 + δ (NBSCu) to form GDC‐Na2CO3 nanocomposite and GDC‐NBSCu composite. The grain boundary conductivity (σb) is delicately separated from the EIS results, demonstrating that the σb of GDC‐NBSCu and GDC‐Na2CO3 composite are both substantially higher than that of pure GDC. Therefore, the power density maximum of GDC‐NBSCu and GDC‐Na2CO3 electrolyte is 726 mW cm−2 at 600 °C and 797 mW cm−2 at 575 °C, respectively. Variety of characterization reveales that the proton contributes to the enhancement of σb in GDC‐Na2CO3, while the band energy alignment between GDC and NBSCu works as an accelerator to promote the ionic conduction for GDC‐NBSCu.
Rutile Ti0.9Ir0.1O2‐Supported Low Pt Loading: An Efficient Electrocatalyst for Ethanol Electrochemical Oxidation in Acidic Media
Authors: Pham Hau Quoc , Huynh Tai Thien
Published: July 2020

Developing a cost‐effective electrocatalyst toward ethanol electrochemical oxidation plays a vital role in large‐scale applications of direct ethanol fuel cells (DEFCs). Herein, a rutile Ti0.9Ir0.1O2‐supported low Pt‐loading catalyst is fabricated using a surfactant‐free one‐pot chemical reduction route at room temperature that not only reduces the amount of the Pt loading but also significantly enhances the CO antipoisoning and electrochemical stability toward ethanol electrochemical oxidation compared with the conventional carbon‐supported Pt electrocatalyst. The rutile Ti0.9Ir0.1O2 nanosupport with rod‐like morphology is first prepared via a one‐pot hydrothermal route, and then 15.5 wt% Pt nanoparticles with small size (≈3 nm) are anchored on it by the surfactant‐free chemical reduction process. For ethanol electrochemical oxidation, the rutile Ti0.9Ir0.1O2‐supported Pt catalyst shows a moderate current density (≈13.74 mA cm−2), which is comparable with the 20 wt% Pt/C electrocatalyst, despite its low loading (15.5 wt%). In addition, the rutile Ti0.9Ir0.1O2‐supported low Pt‐loading electrocatalyst demonstrates low onset potential (0.45 V vs normal hydrogen electrode [NHE]), superior CO‐tolerance, and impressive electrochemical stability compared with the carbon‐supported Pt catalyst. These enhancements are ascribable to the inherent durability of the rutile TiO2 nanostructure and the synergistic effect between Pt and Ti0.9Ir0.1O2 nanosupport.
Effect of the application of an edible film with turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) on the oxidative stability of meat
Authors: Bojorges Hylenne , Ríos‐Corripio M. A. , Hernández‐Cázares Aleida S. , Hidalgo‐Contreras Juan Valente , Contreras‐Oliva Adriana
Published: July 2020

The aim of this study was to develop an edible alginate‐based film produced with turmeric (EFT), as an active compound, and evaluate its antioxidant capacity for application in fresh pork loin, beef loin, and chicken breast. The EFT was characterized by barrier parameters, color, and mechanical, structural, and antioxidant properties. Meat samples with and without EFT were stored at 4°C and analyzed at 2‐day intervals. The meat samples with EFT showed significant differences (p < .05) in color (CIE L*a*b*) and exhibited lower TBARS values compared with those without EFT. The addition of turmeric in the film, besides affecting its physicochemical and structural properties, contributed an important antioxidant effect for the meat.
Functional connectome fingerprinting accuracy in youths and adults is similar when examined on the same day and 1.5‐years apart
Authors: Jalbrzikowski Maria , Liu Fuchen , Foran William , Klei Lambertus , Calabro Finnegan J. , Roeder Kathryn , Devlin Bernie , Luna Beatriz
Published: July 2020

Pioneering studies have shown that individual correlation measures from resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging studies can identify another scan from that same individual. This method is known as “connectotyping” or functional connectome “fingerprinting.” We analyzed a unique dataset of 12–30 years old (N= 140) individuals who had two distinct resting state scans on the same day and again 12–18 months later to assess the sensitivity and specificity of fingerprinting accuracy across different time scales (same day, ~1.5 years apart) and developmental periods (youths, adults). Sensitivity and specificity to identify one's own scan was high (average AUC = 0.94), although it was significantly higher in the same day (average AUC = 0.97) than 1.5‐years later (average AUC = 0.91). Accuracy in youths (average AUC = 0.93) was not significantly different from adults (average AUC = 0.96). Multiple statistical methods revealed select connections from the Frontoparietal, Default, and Dorsal Attention networks enhanced the ability to identify an individual. Identification of these features generalized across datasets and improved fingerprinting accuracy in a longitudinal replication data set (N= 208). These results provide a framework for understanding the sensitivity and specificity of fingerprinting accuracy in adolescents and adults at multiple time scales. Importantly, distinct features of one's “fingerprint” contribute to one's uniqueness, suggesting that cognitive and default networks play a primary role in the individualization of one's connectome.
Loss of frontal regulator of vigilance during sleep inertia: A simultaneous EEG‐fMRI study
Authors: Chen Xinyuan , Hsu Ching‐Fen , Xu Dan , Yu Jing , Lei Xu
Published: July 2020

Sleep inertia refers to a distinct physiological state of waking up from sleep accompanied by performance impairments and sleepiness. The neural substrates of sleep inertia are unknown, but growing evidence suggests that this inertia state maintains certain sleep features. To investigate the neurophysiological mechanisms of sleep inertia, a comparison of pre‐sleep and post‐sleep wakefulness with eyes‐open resting‐state was performed using simultaneous EEG‐fMRI, which has the potential to reveal the dynamic details of neuroelectric and hemodynamic responses with high temporal resolution. Our data suggested sleep‐like features of slow EEG power and decreased BOLD activity were persistent during sleep inertia. In the pre‐sleep phase, participants with stronger EEG vigilance showed stronger activity in the fronto‐parietal network (FPN), but this phenomenon disappeared during sleep inertia. A time course analysis confirmed a decreased correlation between EEG vigilance and the FPN activity during sleep inertia. This simultaneous EEG‐fMRI study advanced our understanding of sleep inertia and revealed the importance of the FPN in maintaining awareness. This is the first study to reveal the dynamic brain network changes from multi‐modalities perspective during sleep inertia.
Gamma‐Glutamyltransferase Elevation Is Frequent in Patients With COVID‐19: A Clinical Epidemiologic Study
Authors: Shao Tuo , Tong Yu , Lu Shushu , Jeyarajan Andre J. , Su Feifei , Dai Jianyi , Shi Jichan , Huang Jianping , Hu Chenchan , Wu Lianpeng , Dai Xianning , Cheng Zhimeng , Yan Jiuliang , Huang Peng , Tian Yanzhang , Li Shasha , Chung Raymond T. , Chen Dong
Published: July 2020

A newly identified coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2), which causes the infectious coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19), emerged in December 2019 in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China, and now poses a major threat to global public health. Previous studies have observed highly variable alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels in patients with COVID‐19. However, circulating levels of the cholangiocyte injury biomarker gamma‐glutamyltransferase (GGT) have yet to be reported in the existing COVID‐19 case studies. Herein, we describe the relationship between GGT levels and clinical and biochemical characteristics of patients with COVID‐19. Our study is a retrospective case series of 98 consecutive hospitalized patients with confirmed COVID‐19 at Wenzhou Central Hospital in Wenzhou, China, from January 17 to February 5, 2020. Clinical data were collected using a standardized case report form. Diagnosis of COVID‐19 was assessed by symptomatology, reverse‐transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR), and computed tomography scan. The medical records of patients were analyzed by the research team. Of the 98 patients evaluated, elevated GGT levels were observed in 32.7%; increased C‐reactive protein (CRP) and elevated ALT and AST levels were observed in 22.5%, 13.3%, and 20.4%, respectively; and elevated alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and triglycerides (TGs) were found in 2% and 21.4%, respectively. Initially, in the 82 patients without chronic liver disease and alcohol history, age older than 40 years (P = 0.027); male sex (P = 0.0145); elevated CRP (P = 0.0366), ALT (P < 0.0001), and ALP (P = 0.0003); and increased TGs (P = 0.0002) were found to be associated with elevated GGT levels. Elevated GGT (P = 0.0086) and CRP (P = 0.0162) levels had a longer length of hospital stay. Conclusion: A sizable number of patients with COVID‐19 infection have elevated serum GGT levels. This elevation supports involvement of the liver in persons with COVID‐19.
“Milbulgali Bagili”: A systematic scoping review of the history of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander advocacy 1940‐1970
Authors: Brown Catherine , McCalman Janya , Brough Mark
Published: July 2020

Issue addressed

Health promotion, the process of enabling people to increase control over their health, implies advocacy and empowerment on behalf of others. This does not account for the phenomena whereby Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people have advocated to strengthen the determinants of their own and their communities' health. This paper provides a systematic scoping review of the published literature that documents Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander advocacy to improve community empowerment during the time 1940‐1970. The objectives of the review were to establish: 1. The extent to which Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander advocacy has been documented; 2. The extent to which the literature is written from an Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander perspective; 3. The extent to which local community‐level advocacy has been documented; and 4. How advocacy occurred.

Methods

The Informit database was systematically searched, publications selected against inclusion criteria, and themes synthesised to map key concepts, types of evidence and gaps in research.

Results

Based on this systematic search, 30 papers were found. The four key themes identified were: individual advocates, black organisations, international solidarity and black and white people working together.

Conclusions

Despite the many gaps in the literature, there is documented evidence of considerable outcomes from advocacy.

So what?

The concept of advocacy and indeed, health promotion itself, may need to be decolonised, and that the concept of “everyday resistance” may more accurately encompass the diverse repertoire of actions which took place between agents of resistance and agents of dominant power.
Sociodemographic factors and prenatal care behaviors associated with unplanned pregnancy in a Brazilian birth cohort study
Authors: Vieira Carolina Sales , Braga Giordana Campos , Cruz Lugarinho Priscila Tavares , Stifani Bianca Maria , Bettiol Heloisa , Barbieri Marco Antônio , Cardoso Viviane Cunha , de Carvalho Cavalli Ricardo
Published: July 2020

Objective

To identify the sociodemographic factors and prenatal behavior characteristics associated with unplanned pregnancy.

Methods

A cross‐sectional survey was conducted of mothers of newborns enrolled in a birth cohort in Ribeirão Preto, Brazil. Questionnaires were administered to postpartum women. Multiple logistic regression was used to identify sociodemographic predictors of unplanned pregnancy and to evaluate the association with adherence to prenatal care recommendations.

Results

The cohort included 7608 mothers: 7541 (99.1%) answered the interview and 4056 (53.8%) had an unplanned pregnancy. Adolescents were more likely to have an unplanned pregnancy (odds ratio [OR] 1.87; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.50–2.34) as were women over 40 (OR 1.74; 95% CI 1.22–2.47). Pregnancy during adolescence (OR 1.27; 95% CI 1.09–1.48), being single (OR 7.56; 95% CI 5.98–9.56), having two or more previous births (OR 1.73; 95% CI 1.52–1.97), and being of a lower socioeconomic status were also predictors. Lack or late initiation of prenatal care, attendance at less than six prenatal visits, drinking alcohol, and smoking during pregnancy were associated with unplanned pregnancy.

Conclusion

Unplanned pregnancies disproportionately affect women at extremes of age, single, and of low socioeconomic status. These women are less likely to adhere to prenatal care.
Advances in perovskite photodetectors
Authors: Li Chenglong , Ma Yao , Xiao Yifan , Shen Liang , Ding Liming
Published: July 2020

Perovskite photodetectors have gradually shown preeminent photoelectric performance due to the unique material properties. In recent years, lots of works have been reported in improving the sensitivity, changing detection spectrum range and enhancing long‐term stability. Herein, we summarize the some efficient strategies for performance improvement and synchronously analyze severe issues exposed in that. Furthermore, some reasonable proposals are put forward to solve future predicted troubles. In addition, more prospective assumptions are proposed on the basis of the development trend in photoelectric detection fields. We hope this perspective will allow researchers to have a clearer understanding of recent studies based on perovskite photodetectors and inspire more meaningful work in the future.

image
Aqueous Diels–Alder reactions for thermochemical storage and heat transfer fluids identified using density functional theory
Authors: Spotte‐Smith Evan Walter Clark , Yu Peiyuan , Blau Samuel M. , Prasher Ravi S. , Jain Anubhav
Published: July 2020

Thermal storage and transfer fluids have important applications in industrial, transportation, and domestic settings. Current thermal fluids have relatively low specific heats, often significantly below that of water. However, by introducing a thermochemical reaction to a base fluid, it is possible to enhance the fluid's thermal properties. In this work, density functional theory (DFT) is used to screen Diels–Alder reactions for use in aqueous thermal fluids. From an initial set of 52 reactions, four are identified with moderate aqueous solubility and predicted turning temperature near the liquid region of water. These reactions are selectively modified through 60 total functional group substitutions to produce novel reactions with improved solubility and thermal properties. Among the reactions generated by functional group substitution, seven have promising predicted thermal properties, significantly improving specific heat (by as much as 30.5%) and energy storage density (by as much as 4.9%) compared to pure water.
Synthesis of substituted pyrimidine using ZnFe2O4 nanocatalyst via one pot multi‐component reaction ultrasonic irradiation
Authors: Chavan Pravin , Bangale Sachin , Pansare Dattatraya , Shelke Rohini , Jadhav Shivaji , Tupare Shrikrushna , Kamble Dhanraj , Rai Megha
Published: July 2020

A highly efficient, eco‐friendly, recyclable heterogeneous ZnFe2O4 nanocatalyzed synthesis of 2‐amino‐4‐substituted 1,4‐dihydrobenzo[4,5]imidazo[1,2‐a]pyrimidine‐3‐carbonitrile (4a‐j) derivatives via one pot multicomponent reaction of benzimidazole (1), substituted aromatic aldehyde (2a‐j) and malononitrile (3) under ultrasonic irradiations. Significance of this synthetic approach is short reaction time, easy handling, simplicity, efficiency, high yield, and recoverable catalyst.
2D Ultrashort Echo‐Time Functional Lung Imaging
Authors: Balasch Anke , Metze Patrick , Stumpf Kilian , Beer Meinrad , Büttner Susanne M. , Rottbauer Wolfgang , Speidel Tobias , Rasche Volker
Published: July 2020

Background

Imaging of the lung by MRI is challenging due to the intrinsic low proton density and rapid T2* relaxation. MRI methods providing lung parenchyma and function are in demand.

Purpose

To investigate the feasibility of two‐dimensional ultrashort echo‐time (2D UTE) imaging for lung function assessment.

Study Type

Prospective.

Population

Eleven healthy volunteers.

Field Strength/Sequence

3T, 2D tiny golden angle UTE (2D‐tyUTE).

Assessment

The applicability of breath‐hold (BH) and self‐gated (SG) 2D‐tyUTE for quantification of the lung parenchyma signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR), proton fraction (fP), fractional ventilation (FV), and perfusion (f) was investigated. Dependencies on repetition time (BHS/I1/I2) and respiratory phase (expiration [EX], inspiration [IN]) were investigated and compared between smokers and nonsmokers.

Statistical Tests

Analysis of variance (ANOVA), Kendell's W.

Results

Significant differences of SNR (EX: 10.98 ± 3.19(BHS), 14.58 ± 3.89(BHI1), 17.59 ± 4.92(BHI2), 11.00 ± 5.42(SG); IN: 7.17 ± 2.07(BHS), 9.51 ± 2.37(BHI1), 10.49 ± 2.33(BHI2), 10.00 ± 4.14(SG)) (P < 0.05 for all cases) were observed between the different approaches. Where fP in expiration (0.41 ± 0.13) was independent of the BH imaging technique, it was slightly higher in SG (0.44 ± 0.06). FV was reproducible among the BH techniques (0.41 ± 0.10), but significantly lower in SG (0.21 ± 0.06) (P < 0.05). A moderate correlation (R2 = 0.47, P < 0.01) was observed between the breathing amplitude and FV. No significant differences between BH and SG were observed for the perfusion analysis (EX: 3.50 ± 1.29 mL/min/mL [BHS]; IN: 2.36 ± 1.05 mL/min/mL [BHS]). Significant differences in fP were found between smokers (0.48 ± 0.11 BH) and nonsmokers (0.37 ± 0.12 BH) in expiration.

Data Conclusion

This study demonstrates the feasibility of 2D‐tyUTE for successful quantification of relevant lung function parameters at 3T within clinically attractive acquisition times. The low spatial resolution into the slice selection direction may limit the final sensitivity and needs further clinical evaluation.

Level of Evidence

2

Technical Efficacy Stage

1 J. MAGN. RESON. IMAGING 2020;52:1637–1644.
Spectral quality overrides software score—A brief tutorial on the analysis of peptide fragmentation data for mass spectrometry laymen
Authors: König Simone
Published: July 2020

The use of mass spectrometry has dramatically increased the research pace in the life sciences. The influence of the technique is enormous and its results can have far‐reaching consequences such as jail time when applied in forensics. Therefore, analytical chemists trained in proper procedure know that they must validate their experiments. However, those quality measures have not been adopted in a similar manner in the omics technologies even though the stakes are equally high. Reasons are, among others, the segregation of the data generation and data mining functions and an undue belief in software capabilities. In this article, problematic issues such as false or overinterpretation of data are discussed, and assistance is provided for mass spectrometry laymen to evaluate the quality of their results; a quick guide to mass spectral data interpretation of peptide fragmentation experiments, the basis of bottom‐up proteomics, is offered. Good science can only be generated in tight collaboration of principal investigator, analytical chemist, and bioinformatician so that the limits and the potential of each method and approach can be responsibly communicated.
Gas‐phase hydration of the lysozyme ion produced by infrared‐laser ablation of a droplet beam studied by photodissociation and fluorescence spectroscopy
Authors: Asami Hiroya , Kawauchi Norishi , Kohno Jun‐ya
Published: July 2020

Biomolecules function in an aqueous environment. Elucidation of the hydration structures of biomolecules is hence important to understand their functions. Here, we investigated the hydration structure of lysozyme (Lys) in the gas phase by photodissociation and fluorescence spectroscopy in combination with droplet‐beam laser ablation mass spectrometry. We found that water molecules are held inside and on the surface of the Lys molecule, and the hydration structure around the tryptophan residue changes by photoexcitation. This study provides a novel method to observe the hydration structures of large biomolecules at the molecular level.
In situ probing changes in fatty‐acyl chain length and desaturation of lipids in cancerous areas using mass spectrometry imaging
Authors: Guo Lei , Lai Zhizhen , Wang Yanmin , Li Zhili
Published: July 2020

Aberrant changes in the expression levels and structure of lipids may shape tumor microenvironment. In this study, we have performed mass spectrometry imaging and profiling analysis of 63 tissues of five types of cancer, namely, breast, colorectal, esophageal, lung, and gastric cancer, using in situ liquid extraction electrosonic spray ionization mass spectrometry imaging. Alteration of fatty‐acyl chain length of unsaturated phosphatidylcholines, phosphatidylinositols, and phosphatidylserines and of chain length of (un)saturated fatty acids are associated with different cancerous areas of five types of cancer. The ratios of the same fatty‐acyl carbon atom lipids with one double bond difference and the ratios of the same chain‐length fatty acids with one double bond difference exhibited significant differences among the cancerous areas of five types of cancer. Our data may reveal that there were different lipid metabolism networks among five types of cancer.
Reelin activates the small GTPase TC10 and VAMP7 to promote neurite outgrowth and regeneration of dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons
Authors: Jausoro Ignacio , Marzolo Maria‐Paz
Published: July 2020

Axonal outgrowth is a fundamental process during the development of central (CNS) and peripheral (PNS) nervous system as well as in nerve regeneration and requires accurate axonal navigation and extension to the correct target. These events need proper coordination between membrane trafficking and cytoskeletal rearrangements and are under the control of the small GTPases of the Rho family, among other molecules. Reelin, a relevant protein for CNS development and synaptic function in the adult, is also present in the PNS. Upon sciatic nerve damage, Reelin expression increases and, on the other hand, mice deficient in Reelin exhibit an impaired nerve regeneration. However, the mechanism(s) involved the Reelin‐dependent axonal growth is still poorly understood. In this work, we present evidence showing that Reelin stimulates dorsal root ganglia (DRG) regeneration after axotomy. Moreover, dissociated DRG neurons express the Reelin receptor Apolipoprotein E‐receptor 2 and also require the presence of TC10 to develop their axons. TC10 is a Rho GTPase that promotes neurite outgrowth through the exocytic fusion of vesicles at the growth cone. Here, we demonstrate for the first time that Reelin controls TC10 activation in DRG neurons. Besides, we confirmed that the known CNS Reelin target Cdc42 is also activated in DRG and controls TC10 activity. Finally, in the process of membrane addition, we found that Reelin stimulates the fusion of membrane carriers containing the v‐SNARE protein VAMP7 in vesicles that contain TC10. Altogether, our work shows a new role of Reelin in PNS, opening the option of therapeutic interventions to improve the regeneration process.
Ocean/atmosphere interaction and Malthusian catastrophes on the northern fringe of the Asian summer monsoon region in China, 1368–1911
Authors: Lee Harry F. , Yue Ricci P. H.
Published: July 2020

How and to what extent are human societies affected by climate change? There has been a growing body of research using big historical data and statistical analyses to provide scientific answers to this inter‐disciplinary research question. However, quantitative analysis measuring the historical demographic impact of ocean/atmosphere interaction is still scanty. Here we use 544 years (1368–1911) of historical records to trace the demographic impact brought about by ocean/atmosphere interaction in Shaanxi, located on the northern fringe of the Asian summer monsoon region in China. Our results show that: (1) North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) caused Malthusian catastrophes mainly through drought at the inter‐annual scale; (2) drought reinforced the synchrony of various Malthusian catastrophes at the inter‐annual to multi‐decadal scale; and (3) the unusual cycles of NAO drove drought and various Malthusian catastrophes in the cold 1550–1730 period at the multi‐decadal scale. This study represents a pioneering attempt to quantitatively assess the demographic impact caused by the ocean/atmosphere in historical China. Our findings may help to conceptualise the climate–human nexus in those ecologically marginal regions that are impacted by ocean/atmosphere interaction, and to explain the synchrony of social crisis in Eurasia in the 17th century.
Elevated In Vitro Kinase Activity in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells of Leucine‐Rich Repeat Kinase 2 G2019S Carriers: A Novel Enzyme‐Linked Immunosorbent Assay–Based Method
Authors: Melachroinou Katerina , Kang Min Suk , Liong Christopher , Narayan Sushma , Levers Najah , Joshi Neal , Kopil Katie , Hutten Samantha J. , Baptista Marco A.S. , Padmanabhan Shalini , Kang Un Jung , Stefanis Leonidas , Alcalay Roy N. , Rideout Hardy J.
Published: July 2020

Background

Leucine‐rich repeat kinase 2 kinase inhibitors are being vigorously pursued as potential therapeutic options; however, there is a critical need for sensitive and quantitative assays of leucine‐rich repeat kinase 2 function and target engagement.

Objectives

Our objective was to compare collection and storage protocols for peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and to determine the optimal conditions for downstream analyses of leucine‐rich repeat kinase 2 in PD cohorts.

Methods

Here, we describe enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay–based assays capable of detecting multiple aspects of leucine‐rich repeat kinase 2 function at endogenous levels in human tissues.

Results

In peripheral blood mononuclear cells from both healthy and affected carriers of the G2019S mutation in leucine‐rich repeat kinase 2, we report, for the first time, significantly elevated in vitro kinase activity, while detecting a significant increase in pS935/leucine‐rich repeat kinase 2 in idiopathic PD patients.

Conclusions

Quantitative assays such as these described here could potentially uncover specific markers of leucine‐rich repeat kinase 2 function that are predictive of disease progression, aid in patient stratification, and be a critical component of upcoming clinical trials. © 2020 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.