bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Theoretical Study of Remote Substituent Effects on X–H(X=CH2, NH, O) Bond Dissociation Energies of Azulene
Authors: Yu Yi‐Yun , Fu Yao , Liu Lei , Guo Qing‐Xiang
Published: July 2007

In the study, the X–H (XCH2, NH, O) bond dissociation energies (BDE) of para‐substituted azulene (Y‐C10H8X‐H) were predicted theoretically for the first time using Density Functronal Theory (DFT) methods at UB3LYP/6‐311++g(2df,2p)// UB3LYP/6‐31+g(d) level. It was found that the substituents exerted similar effects on the X–H BDE of azulene as those on benzene, except for 6‐substituted 2‐methylazulene. Owing to the substituent‐dipole interaction, the reaction constants (ρ+) of 2‐ and 6‐Y‐C10H8X‐H (XNH and O only) varied violently. The origin of the substituent effects on the X–H BDE of azulene was found, by both GE/RE and SIE theory, to be directly associated with variation of the radical effects, although the ground effects also played a modest role in determining the net substituent effects.
Effects of some Nitrogen Bases on the Oxygenation of Tetralin with Sodium Periodate Catalyzed by Manganese(III) meso‐Tetraphenylporphyrin as a Model Compound of Cytochrome P‐450
Authors: Reza Tayebee
Published: July 2007

The effect of some nitrogen bases on the oxygenation of tetralin by sodium periodate, catalyzed by Mn(TPP)OAc, was evaluated. A series of eight bases, including imidazole, pyridine, and quinuclidine, was used. Binding of axial ligand to the four‐coordinate Mn(III)‐center influenced the efficiency and selectivity of the catalytic oxygenation system.
Polystyrene‐supported Phenol/DMAP: an Efficient Binary Catalyst System for CO2 Fixation to Give Cyclic Carbonates
Authors: Qi Chao‐Rong , Jiang Huan‐Feng , Wang Zhao‐Yang , Zou Bo
Published: July 2007

Polystyrene‐supported phenol (PS‐PhOH) was successfully synthesized by alkylation reaction of phenol with 2% DVB cross‐linked chloromethylated polystyrene and characterized by IR spectra and elemental analysis. In conjunction with an organic base such as DMAP, DBU, triethylamine (Et3N), diethylamine (Et2NH) or pyridine, the PS‐PhOH could effectively catalyze the coupling reaction of carbon dioxide with epoxides to give cyclic carbonates in high yield and selectivity under mild conditions. The binary catalyst system of the PS‐PhOH/DMAP was found to be the most active. The influence of reaction temperature, carbon dioxide pressure and reaction time on the yield of product was carefully investigated. The PS‐PhOH could be recycled by simple filtration for at least up to ten times without loss of catalytic activity.
Rapid Thermolysis Studies of [Pb2(TNR)2(CHZ)2(H2O)2]·4H2O and Cd(CHZ)2(TNR)(H2O)
Authors: Zuo Xiao‐Li , Qiao Xiao‐Jing , Sun Yuan‐Hua , Zhang Tong‐Lai , Zhang Jian‐Guo , Yang Li , Wang Shao‐Zong
Published: July 2007

T‐jump/FT‐IR spectroscopy was used to study the rapid thermal decomposition activity of [Pb2(TNR)2(CHZ)2(H2O)2]·4H2O and Cd(CHZ)2(TNR)(H2O) under 0.1 MPa Ar atmosphere. The results show that the main gaseous products of [Pb2(TNR)2(CHZ)2(H2O)2]·4H2O are NH3, H2O and HONO, while CO and NO are the major gaseous products of flash pyrolysis of Cd(CHZ)2(TNR)(H2O). Thus Cd(CHZ)2(TNR)(H2O) is not an eco‐friendly and chemically compatible primary explosive. Both compounds liberate volatile metal carbonate, oxide and isocyanate compounds. The combustion temperature and products of the two compounds were calculated by Real code. The results of theoretical calculation show that the combustion temperature of [Pb2(TNR)2(CHZ)2(H2O)2]·4H2O is higher than that of Cd(CHZ)2(TNR)(H2O), there is no HNCO in the combustion products and the amount of NO is less than the experiment result from T‐jump/FTIR.
Study on the Interaction between Lanthanide Cationic Porphyrin Complex and Bovine Serum Albumin
Authors: Liu Peng , Liu Yi , Li Xi , Huang Wei‐Guo
Published: July 2007

The interaction between lanthanide cationic porphyrin and bovine serum albumin (BSA) was studied by fluorescence and UV‐Vis spectrum. The static quenching of BSA was observed in the presence of YbTMPyP. According to the thermodynamic parameters, this binding was regarded as "enthalpy‐driven" reaction. Furthermore, YbTMPyP is so close to the residues of BSA that molecular resonance energy transfer occurs between them. Besides, the red drift and hypochromicity of absorption spectrum of YbTMPyP were accompanied with the binding reaction.
Thermogravimetric Studies of Deposited Potash Impregnated for Flame‐Retardancy into a Cotton Fabric
Authors: Mostashari S. M. , Nia Y. K. , Baie S.
Published: July 2007

The effect of potash as a nondurable finish on the flammability of 100% cotton fabric (plain 180 g/m2) was investigated. The bone‐dried weighed fabrics were dipped into suitable concentrations of potash, with a volume of 100 mL at 20–2 °C. The impregnation was followed by means of squeeze rolls and drying at 110 °C. The samples were then reweighed with analytical precision. After conditioning overnight by using our "vertical flame tester" the optimum add‐on values to impart flame‐retardancy to cotton fabric was determined and expressed by 0.80 g of potash per 100 g fabric to be an efficient addition. Thermogravimetric analysis of pure cotton, treated cotton with potash at its optimum efficiency for donation of flame‐retardancy into cotton fabric was fulfilled and the thermograms were compared and commented. The effectiveness of this hydroxide was attributed to the heat dissipation by the remaining consumed material during the combustion. The results obtained are in favor of "Dust or Wall Effect Theory".
Amperometric Sensor Based on Neutral Red‐Doped Silica Nanoparticles Coupled with Microdialysis for the Measurement of Glutamate in the Rat Striatum
Authors: Li Xiao‐Hua , Xian Yue‐Zhong , Xie Zong‐Hong , Min Hong , Li Chen‐Xin , Jin Li‐Tong
Published: July 2007

Amperometric sensor based on neutral red‐doped silica (NRSiO2) nanoparticles (NPs) was fabricated and coupled with a microdialysis sampling system for the detection of glutamate (Glu) in the rat striatum. The NRSiO2 NPs [about (45±3) nm] were prepared with water‐in‐oil (W/O) microemulsion method, and characterized by transmission electron microscope (TEM) technique. The neutral red (NR) doped in silica network could maintain its high electroactivity and behave as an excellent electron mediator for electrocatalysis of hydrogen dioxide. Furthermore, the silica surface could prevent the leakage of NR, hence, the stability of biosensor was improved. The novel Glu biosensor showed a linear range from 5.0×10−7 to 1.5×10−4 mol/L, with a detection limit of 2.0×10−7 mol/L(S/N3).
Does 18fluoro‐fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography improve recurrence detection in patients treated for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma with negative clinical follow‐up?
Authors: Salaun Pierre Y. , Abgral Ronan , Querellou Solène , Couturier Olivier , Valette Gérald , Bizais Yves , Kraeber‐Bodéré Françoise
Published: July 2007

Background.

The aim of this study was to determine the benefits of 18fluoro‐fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (18F‐FDG PET) in the detection of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) recurrence in patients with negative clinical follow‐up.

Methods.

Whole‐body 18FDG‐PET was performed in 30 patients treated for HNSCC without any clinical element for recurrence.

Results.

Twenty‐one negative PET and 9 positive results were seen. One patient with abnormal 18F‐FDG uptake in the laryngeal area did not have recurrent HNSCC (false positive). Eight had proven recurrence. The sensitivity and specificity of 18F‐FDG PET for the diagnosis of HNSCC recurrence were 100% (8/8) and 95% (21/22), respectively. The positive predictive value was 89% (8/9). The negative predictive value was 100% (21/21). The overall accuracy was 97% (29/30).

Conclusion.

The results of our study confirm the high effectiveness of 18F‐FDG PET in assessment of HNSCC recurrence and suggest that it is more accurate than conventional physical examination follow‐up alone. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 2007
Noble‐Gas Complexes: Theoretical Investigation of Multicenter Polynuclear Species
Authors: Borocci Stefano , Bronzolino Nicoletta , Grandinetti Felice
Published: July 2007

Ab initio calculations at the MP2 level of theory disclose the conceivable existence of neutral complexes containing four or five distinct noble gases (Ng) each bound to a distinct Be‐atom. These multicenter polynuclear Ng molecules are formally obtained by replacing the H‐atoms of CH4 and but‐2‐yne with NBeNg moieties, which behave as independent monovalent ‘functional groups’. Our investigated complexes include the five homotetranuclear [C(NBeNg)4] complexes 1–5 (Ng=HeXe), the five heterotetranuclear complexes [CN4Be4(He)(Ne)(Ar)(Kr)] (6), [CN4Be4(He)(Ne)(Ar)(Xe)] (7), [CN4Be4(He)(Ne)(Kr)(Xe)] (8), [CN4Be4(He)(Ar)(Kr)(Xe)] (9), and [CN4Be4(Ne)(Ar)(Kr)(Xe)] (10), and the heteropentanuclear complex [HC4N5Be5(He)(Ne)(Ar)(Kr)(Xe)] (11). We also investigated the five model complexes [H3CNBeNg] (Ng=HeXe) containing a single NBeNg moiety. The geometries and vibrational frequencies of all these species, invariably characterized as minimum‐energy structures, were computed at the MP2(full)/6‐31G(d,p)/SDD level of theory, and their stability with respect to the loss of the various Ng‐atoms was evaluated by single‐point calculations at the MP2(full)/6‐311G(d)/SDD level of theory. The beryllium‐Ng binding energies range from ca. 17 (Ng=He) to ca. 63 (Ng=Xe) kJ/mol, and the results of natural‐bond‐orbital (NBO) and atoms‐in‐molecules (AIM) analysis reveal that the BeNg interaction is essentially electrostatic for helium, neon, argon, and krypton, and has probably a small covalent contribution for xenon.
Two Novel Nortriterpenoids from Gomphostemma parviflorum
Authors: Wang Qiong , Luo Shi‐De , Ju Peng , Wang Yi‐Fen
Published: July 2007

Two new nortriterpenoids, gomphoparvin A (1) and B (2), together with five known compounds, were isolated from the AcOEt‐soluble MeOH extract of Gomphostemma parviflorum (whole plant). Their structures and relative configurations were elucidated mainly on the basis of 1D‐ and 2D‐NMR as well as MS analyses.
Inhibition of cadmium‐induced oxidative injury in rat primary astrocytes by the addition of antioxidants and the reduction of intracellular calcium
Authors: Yang Chung‐Shi , Tzou Bo‐Cheng , Liu Yu‐Peng , Tsai May‐Jywan , Shyue Song‐Kun , Tzeng Shun‐Fen
Published: July 2007

Exposure of the brain to cadmium ions (Cd2+) is believed to lead to neurological disorders of the central nervous system (CNS). In this study, we tested the hypothesis that astrocytes, the major CNS‐supporting cells, are resistant to Cd2+‐induced injury compared with cortical neurons and microglia (CNS macrophages). However, treatment with CdCl2 for 24 h at concentrations higher than 20 µM substantially induced astrocytic cytotoxicity, which also resulted from long‐term exposure to 5 µM of CdCl2. Intracellular calcium levels were found to rapidly increase after the addition of CdCl2 into astrocytes, which led to a rise in reactive oxygen species (ROS) and to mitochondrial impairment. In accordance, preexposure to the extracellular calcium chelator EGTA effectively reduced ROS production and increased survival of Cd2+‐treated astrocytes. Adenovirus‐mediated transfer of superoxide dismutase (SOD) or glutathione peroxidase (GPx) genes increased survival of Cd2+‐exposed astrocytes. In addition, increased ROS generation and astrocytic cell death due to Cd2+ exposure was inhibited when astrocytes were treated with the polyphenolic compound ellagic acid (EA). Taken together, Cd2+‐induced astrocytic cell death resulted from disrupted calcium homeostasis and an increase in ROS. Moreover, our findings demonstrate that enhancement of the activity of intracellular antioxidant enzymes and supplementation with a phenolic compound, a natural antioxidant, improves survival of Cd2+‐primed astrocytes. This information provides a useful approach for treating Cd2+‐induced CNS neurological disorders. J. Cell. Biochem. 103: 825–834, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A regularization of nonlinear diffusion equations in a multiresolution framework
Authors: Teschke Gerd , Zhariy Mariya , Soares Maria Joana
Published: July 2007

We develop a regularization technique for Perona–Malik diffusion equations that relies on multiresolution techniques. The main result of this paper is to show that the chosen discretization overcomes the ill posedness of the nonlinear Perona–Malik model. The resulting algorithm is tested and the results are compared with pixel‐based methods. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Climatic warmth and national wealth: some culture‐level determinants of national character stereotypes
Authors: McCrae Robert R. , Terracciano Antonio , Realo Anu , Allik Jüri
Published: July 2007

National character stereotypes are widely shared, but do not reflect assessed levels of personality traits. In this article we present data illustrating the divergence of stereotypes and assessed personality traits in North and South Italy, test hypotheses about the associations of temperature and national wealth with national character stereotypes in 49 cultures, and explore possible links to national values and beliefs. Results suggest that warmth and wealth are common determinants of national stereotypes, but that there are also idiosyncratic influences on the perceptions of individual nations. Published in 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Misusing charitable statistics in evaluating fundraising performance
Authors: Weber Nathan
Published: July 2007

National statistics on charitable giving can be very useful, or very harmful to self‐evaluation efforts. This chapter alerts us to the pitfalls.
Philanthropic cultures of mind
Authors: Prince Russ Alan , File Karen Maru
Published: July 2007

Studies on philanthropy are expanding their scope to encompass many ways of looking at different cultures of giving. One approach is to identify major donor groups by the motivations, values, and beliefs they share. One such approach is the Seven Faces framework, which has been successfully applied in a number of development situations.
On the stabilizability of near‐grazing dynamics in impact oscillators
Authors: Dankowicz Harry , Svahn Fredrik
Published: July 2007

A constructive proof is presented for the existence of event‐driven control strategies that guarantee the local persistence of system attractors with at most low‐velocity contact in vibro‐impacting oscillators. In particular, sufficient conditions are formulated on the linearization of the control strategies along a grazing periodic trajectory, i.e. an oscillating motion that achieves zero‐relative‐velocity contact with a mechanical obstacle, to ensure the asymptotic stability of the grazing trajectory and, consequently, sustained dynamics in the vicinity of the grazing trajectory even under small changes in system parameters. The implications of the methodology are illustrated with linear and nonlinear, single‐ and multiple‐degree‐of‐freedom examples of vibro‐impact oscillators. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An NMR assay for quantitating lipase activity in biphasic macroemulsions
Authors: O’Connor Charmian J. , Petricevic Susan F. , Coddington Jan M. , Stanley Roger A.
Published: July 2007

A novel nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) assay has been developed to monitor lipase‐catalyzed esterification reactions without the need to extract and purify the individual components. The technique measures ratios of ester:alcohol signals and has been shown to be both efficient and reproducible. The assay has proven useful as a quick screen for the effect of varying conditions on the extent of esterification in various biphasic solvent systems and can be applied to both saturated and unsaturated long‐chain fatty acid and alcohol substrates. The NMR ratio technique has been used to quantitate the extent of reaction in theCandida cylindracea lipase‐catalyzed synthesis of oleyl palmitate, stearyl palmitate, oleyl oleate, oleylgamma‐linolenate and oleyl linoleate. The identity of these products was confirmed by high‐resolution mass spectrometry.
Glycerol, glucose and 2‐acetoacetoxyethyl methacrylate: Effect on methyl linolenate oxidation and yellowing
Authors: Kumarathasan Rajkumar , Rajkumar Amirthini B. , Hunter Norman R. , Gesser Hyman D.
Published: July 2007

The effect of glycerol, glucose and acetoacetoxyethyl methacrylate (AAEM) on autoxidation and yellowing of methyl linolenate has been investigated by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and ultraviolet (UV)‐Visible spectroscopies. The extent of autoxidation was determined by measuring the NMR integration of vinylic protons with respect to methoxy protons, an internal standard, as a function of time. The extent of yellowing was determined by measuring the difference in absorbance at 400 nm and 450 nm as a function of time. Glycerol and AAEM showed inhibition of autoxidation, but the most significant effect was observed with AAEM. Glucose enhanced the autoxidation of methyl linolenate. Inhibition of yellowing was observed with all these compounds, especially with glycerol and AAEM.
13C NMR spectroscopic characterization of trimethylol propane ester lubricants
Authors: Smith P. W. R.
Published: July 2007

The ability to identify the different acyl groups present in lubricants composed of mixed acid esters of trimethylol propane by13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy is demonstrated. The technique discriminates between esters with acyl groups containing between 5 and 10 carbon atoms and can be used similarly to identify acyl groups in pentaerythritol or neopentyl glycol ester lubricants.
7,10‐Dihydroxy‐8(E)‐Octadecenoic acid: Stereochemistry and a novel derivative, 7,10‐Dihydroxyoctadecanoic acid
Authors: Knothe G. , Bagby M. O. , Peterson R. E. , Hou C. T.
Published: July 2007

7,10‐Dihydroxy‐8(E)‐octadecenoic acid (obtained by bioconversion of oleic acid with the bacterial strain PR3) was hydrogenated with hydrazine hydrate under air in ethanolic solution to give a novel compound, 7,10‐dihydroxy‐octadecanoic acid. The absolute configuration of both compounds was determined with the aid of circular dichroism to be R,R. A different purification method for 7,10‐dihydroxy‐8(E)‐octadecenoic acid is described.
Effect of winterization on the composition and stability of cottonseed oil
Authors: Mack C. H. , Moore R. N. , Bickford W. G.
Published: July 2007

The relationship between tocopherol content, fatty acid composition, and autoxidative stability has been investigated for a series of three cottonseed oils representing a commercially refined and bleached oil, the same oil after winterization, and the corresponding stearine press cake. The results indicate that an increase occurs in unsaturation of the glycerides, which is accompanied by an increase in the tocopherol content of the winterized, compared to the unwinterized oil. The reverse is true of the stearine press cake fraction. The changes in fatty acid composition and tocopherol content are such that they tend to counterbalance one another and lead to the same final autoxidative stability in each product. The red and yellow color components of the products are unaffected by the winterization process.
Microbial conversion of an oil containing α‐linolenic acid to an oil containing eicosapentaenoic acid
Authors: Shimizu Sakayu , Kawashima Hiroshi , Akimoto Kengo , Shinmen Yoshifumi , Yamada Hideaki
Published: July 2007

Mycelia of arachidonic acid‐producing fungi belonging to the genusMortierella were found to convert an oil containing α‐linolenic acid to an oil containing 5,8,11,14,17‐cis‐eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). This conversion was observed when they were grown in a medium containing the oil, glucose and yeast extract at 28 C. On the screening of various oils, linseed oil, in which α‐linolenic acid amounts to about 60% of the total fatty acids, was found to be the most suitable for EPA production. Under the optimal culture conditions, a selected strain,Mortierella alpina 20‐17, converted 5.1% of the α‐linolenic acid in the added oil into EPA, the EPA production reaching 1.35 g/l of culture broth (41.5 mg/g dry mycelia). This value corresponded to 7.1% (by weight) of the total fatty acids in the extracted lipids. The lipid was also found to be rich in arachidonic acid (12.3%). Other major fatty acids in the lipid were palmitic acid (4.4%), stearic acid (3.2%), oleic acid (13.5%), linoleic acid (13.7%), α‐linolenic acid (38.5%) and γ‐linolenic acid (0.9%).
Gas‐liquid and solid‐liquid mass transfer in three‐phase sparged reactors with and without ultrasound
Authors: Jadhav S. V. , Pangarkar V. G.
Published: July 2007

Gas‐liquid and solid‐liquid mass transfer in three‐phase sparged reactor has been studied with and without super‐imposed ultrasound. The results show marginal enhancement in mass transfer coefficient due to ultrasound. Thus it has been concluded that the reported enhancement in the rates of heterogeneous reactions due to ultrasound is likely due to other, e.g., chemical, effects of ultrasound.
Effect of triglycerides containing 9,10‐dihydroxystearic acid on polymorphism of sal (Shorea robusta) fat
Authors: Reddy S. Yella , Prabhakar J. V.
Published: July 2007

The effect of the triglycerides containing 9,10‐dihydroxystearic acid (DHS‐TG) on the phase transition of polymorphic forms of normal triglycerides (TG) of sal fat was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) under different cooling and heating modes. Four levels of DHS‐TG, 2, 5, 8 and 10%, were used. DHS‐TG accelerated the phase transition of lower melting crystal forms I → II → III of TG obtained under rapid (20°C/min) or slow (2°C/min) rates of cooling. They delayed the phase transition of crystal form III to IV of TG at 0°C. Also, DHS‐TG reduced the heat of fusion (ΔH) of the stable form (V) of TG obtained after tempering at 0°C and at 26°C.
Synthesis and antimicrobial activity of fatty 2‐morpholinones prepared from epoxy fatty acid methyl esters
Authors: Agarwal R. , Ansari M. H. , Khan M. W. Y. , Ahmad M. , Sharma K. D.
Published: July 2007

Reactions of methyl 10,11‐epoxyundecanoate (I), methyl 9,10‐epoxyoctadecanoate (II) methyl 12,13‐epoxy‐cis‐9‐octadecenoate (III) and methyltrans‐2,3‐epoxyhexadecenoate (IV) with glycine in dimethylformamide (DMF) in the presence of anhydrous AlCl3 as catalyst have yielded 5(6)‐[8′‐carbomethoxyoctyl]‐2‐morpholinone (V); 5(6)‐[7′'‐carbomethoxyheptyl]‐6(5)‐octyl‐2‐morpholinone (VI);5(6)‐[10′‐carbomethoxydec‐cis‐2‐enyl)‐6(5)‐pentyl‐2‐morpholinone (VII), and 5‐tridecyl‐6‐carbomethoxy 2‐morpholinone (VIII), respectively in excellent yield. The products have been characterized with the help of spectral data and microanalysis. Antifungal and antibacterial screening of (V–VIII) showed pronounced activity against four bacteria and seven fungal species.
Biodegradation of some tallow‐based surface active agents in river water
Authors: Weil J. K. , Stirton A. J.
Published: July 2007

Thirty‐three anionic and six nonionic detergents have been screened for biodegradability using the river water 舠Die Away舡 test. Concentrations of nonionic detergents were best determined by the surface tension method. All fat‐derived compounds without mid chain substitution were found to degrade in Schuylkill River water at 20C in less than a week.
The constancy of red blood cell lipids in man during extreme variations of dietary fat intake
Authors: Hill J. G. , Kuksis A. , Beveridge J. M. R.
Published: July 2007

The nature and extent of red blood cell lipid changes were determined in four controlled dietary experiments of 8\s‐16 days' duration involving the use of fat‐free diets, and diets supplemented with high levels of corn oil and butter fat. In the first experiment, changes in red blood cell cholesterol ester, glyceride, and phospholipid fatty acids were detected within eight days of modifications in diet. In the second experiment, constant red blood cell cholesterol levels of 136ŷ6 mg/100 ml packed cells were observed in 49 individuals who had consumed fat‐free diets, or diets providing 45% of calories in the form of corn oil. The effects of diets rich in corn oil or butter fat on red cell phospholipid phosphorus levels were assessed in the third experiment, and values were found to range only from 12.5ŷ0.4 to 12.7ŷ0.4 mg/100 ml packed cells. In the fourth experiment, total red cell lipid and the proportions of the various lipid classes were found to be unchanged under several dietary regimens. Calculations based on data from this investigation provide independent confirmation of earlier conclusions that the amount of lipid present in the red blood cell can be exactly accommodated in a bimolecular layer extending over the entire cell surface.
Catalysts for selective hydrogenation of soybean oil.1 II. Commercial catalysts
Authors: Riesz C. H. , Weber H. S.
Published: July 2007

A survey of commercial hydrogenation catalysts demonstrated the higher selectivity (SL= 2.4\s‐2.7) of certain platinum, palladium and rhodium catalysts for hydrogenating linolenic components in soybean oil. Nickel catalysts generally showed selectivities below SL=2.0 although skeletal nickel achieved higher values.Trans‐isomers were in the range 7.8\s‐15.4% for the above noble metal catalysts. Nickel catalysts provide a lesser degree of isomerization, 5.2\s‐7.4% oftrans‐isomers for the most selective catalysts.
Relative reactivity toward hydrogenation of the oleoyl group in the 2‐and 1,3‐positions of triglycerides
Authors: Tumer H. V. , Feuge R. O. , Ward T. L. , Cousins E. R.
Published: July 2007

Olive oil was hydrogenated to an iodine value (I.V.) of ca. 50 under widely differeing operating conditions. Three types of catalyst were employed. Each catalyst was used at the lowest possible operating temp and at 170C. The hydrogenated samples were subjected to lipase hydrolysis to remove a portion of the acyl groups in the 1,3‐positions, and the fractions obtained, as well as the unhydrolyzed samples, were analyzed for fatty acid composition and content oftrans mononenes. From these data it was concluded that the position of the oleoyl group in the triglyceride molecule is not a factor in the rate of hydrogenation or isomerization.
Gas‐liquid chromatography of polar fatty derivatives
Authors: Morrissette R. A. , Link W. E.
Published: July 2007

The direct separation of fatty amides is achieved using a polyamide. Versamid 900, as the partitioning agent on a support which need not be previously impregnated with strong alkali or acid, procedures usually followed in the GLC separation of highly polar materials. The combination of a neutral support and polar substrate permits the separation of unsubstituted and substituted long chain fatty amides with as many as 24 carbon atoms with good resolution, in a reasonable time, and with good peak symmetry. The observed area responses agree with the wt percentages of standard amide mixtures, indicating that no loss of amides occurs on the column under the conditions employed.

The Versamid column has proved useful in the analysis of other polar fatty derivatives. Conjugated dienoic and trienoic acids run as their methyl esters are retarded sufficiently on Versamid 900 so that they may be estimated in the presence of other fatty acids. Mixtures of compounds with varying polarity, such as mono‐, diand triacetin, and glycerol, may be separated easily. Hydroxy and normal fatty acid methyl esters give equally summetrical peaks.
Vibration‐stirred microhydrogenation
Authors: Low M. J. D. , Krishnamurthy R. , Inoue H.
Published: July 2007

A reaction vessel assembly suitable for small‐scale catalytic hydrogenations is described. A specially‐shaped, vibrating stirrer is used produce vigorous agitation of the reaction mixture.
Recent trends in hydrogen plant technology
Authors: Mayland B. J. , Harvin R. L. , Trimarke C. R.
Published: July 2007

The catalytic reforming process for producing hydrogen for the vegetable oil and other industries is reviewed. The chemistry of the steam‐hydrocarbon process and the present status as practiced in the U.S. are outlined. Results of research and development work are presented and a new process utilizing the Girdler űmodularƇ reformer is compared to standard designs. The advantages of űlow‐tempƇ carbon monoxide conversion are also discussed. The importance of considering the safety and reliability of new designs is stressed.
Nutritional aspects of soy protein products
Authors: Leiner Irvin E.
Published: July 2007

Abstract and Summary

This paper is concerned with the nutritional properties of the soybean and of various food products derived from it. Although primary consideration is given to the protein, cognizance is made of other nutrients such as vitamins and minerals. Much of our knowledge concerning the nutritional properties of the soybean has been derived from experiments with animals, and such knowledge is frequently directly applicable to human nutrition. Nutritional experiments with human subjects pose special problems, the most difficult of which is acceptability. People will not eat a certain food simply “because it is good for them.” Thus, the most serious hurdle to be overcome in the development of products containing soybean proteins is frequently not a nutritional one but one of consumer acceptance.
Determination of pentane formed during autoxidation of oils contained in solid samples
Authors: Bigalli G.
Published: July 2007

Abstract and Summary

A convenient and practical technique for the measurement of pentane formed during peroxidation of solid materials containing unsaturated oils was developed. The test has a sensitivity below. 1. parts per million (ppm) and can be used to monitor shelf‐life of a variety of products. A special glassware was designed to perform a single extraction‐concentration step. The pentane is recovered in 2 ml of hexane and analyzed by gas chromatography. This method correlates well with taste panel scores.
Rapid lodine value determination using mercuric acetate as accelerator
Authors: Hashemy‐Tonkabony S. E.
Published: July 2007

Abstract and Summary

Iodine values of 121 samples of butter as well as some common oils and fats were determined by both the standard and rapid wijs and Hanus methods. In the rapid method a 2.5% solution of mercuric acetate in acetic acid was used as accelerator. Results of 1 min Wijs and 3 min Hanus methods as compared with 30 min reaction time of standard procedures show close and comparable results.
Soap‐based detergent formulations: XXII. Sulfobetaine derivatives ofN‐alkylglutaramides and adipamides
Authors: Micich T. J. , Linfield W. M.
Published: July 2007

Abstract and Summary

The acid chlorides of methyl hydrogen glutarate and methyl hydrogen adipate were allowed to react with various primary fatty amines. The resulting amido esters were converted into the corresponding amino diamides by sodium catalyzed reaction with N,N‐dimethylaminoalkylamines. The desired sulfobetaines were obtained by reaction of the resulting N‐alkyl‐N′‐(1,1‐dimethylaminoalkyl) glutaramides and adipamides with 1,3‐propanesultone. The compouds possess the same excellent lime soap dispersing ability, water solubility, calcium ion stability, and detergency properties as the analogous succinamide derivatives previous reported. This indicates that the spacing between the two amido groups or that between the quaternary nitrogen atom and the nearest amido group does not affect surface active properties.
Prooxidative and antioxidative effects of phospholipids on milk fat
Authors: Chen Z. Y. , Nawar W. W.
Published: July 2007

The effects of dipalmitoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DPE) and dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPC) on milk fat oxidation was examined at 50°C and 95°C under various conditions by monitoring oxygen uptake and fatty acid composition. DPE strongly inhibited milk fat oxidation both at 50°C and 95°C in the absence of water. DPC was less effective than DPE. In aqueous systems, the reverse was observed. DPE accelerated milk fat oxidation at both 50°C and 95°C. DPC accelerated the oxidation at 50°C, but inhibited it at 95°C. The free amino group in DPE may be responsible for its inhibiting effect in the dry system. The accelerating activity of DPE in the aqueous system is probably due to the formation of a more dispersed structure with better oxygen accessibility.
Interlaboratory comparison of soybean protein and oil determinations
Authors: Hartwig Randy A. , Hurburgh Charles R.
Published: July 2007

Iowa State University coordinated an interlaboratory comparison study of Kjeldahl protein and ether oil extraction methods. Blind duplicates of 10 clean, single‐variety soybean samples were sent to 30 laboratories grouped in 3 categories of 10 each in public (government and university), commercial and processor facilities. Five of the commercial laboratories were AOCS‐certified. Standard deviations among laboratory means across all samples were 3.87 and 1.82 percentage points (dry basis) for protein and oil, respectively (0.48 and 0.27, respectively, for the AOCS‐certified laboratories). The average differences between blind duplicates of a sample were 0.71 percentage points for protein and 0.87 percentage points for oil (0.28 and 0.45, respectively, for the certified laboratories). Average standard deviations across laboratories on an individual sample were 2.37 and 1.71 percentage points for protein and oil, respectively (1.87 and 0.99, respectively, for the certified laboratories.
Separation of fatty acid esters from cholesterol in esterified natural and synthetic mixtures by supercritical carbon dioxide
Authors: Yeh An‐I , Liang J. H. , Hwang L. S.
Published: July 2007

The solubility of cholesterol in supercritical carbon dioxide was determined by a continuous flow method. The solubility of cholesterol increased with increasing pressure and exhibited retrograde behavior. The Chrastil equation was used to describe the relationship between solubility and the density of carbon dioxide. A model mixture was made by adding cholesterol and fatty acid esters together. Squid visceral oil was esterified as the feed material. Both the model mixture and esterified squid visceral oil were extracted by supercritical carbon dioxide. The experimental results showed that cholesterol could be removed from a model mixture and from esterified squid visceral oil at low pressure (1500 psig) and high temperature (328.2°K). Under these conditions, cholesterol content in the extract was reduced from 2867 mg/100 g to 14.1 mg/100 g.
Comparison of methods for the analysis of phosphorus in canola oils
Authors: Daun J. K. , Davidson L. D. , Blake J. A. , Yuen WO
Published: July 2007

Three chemical and two instrumental methods for determining phosphorus in crude and refined canola oils were compared with the official AOCS method. Of the three different digestion‐spectrophotometric procedures examined, the oxygen bomb combustion method appeared to offer the best combination of speed, accuracy and precision. In contrast, the perchloric acid procedure was faulted for poor agreement with the AOCS procedure and poor reproducibility between batches, whereas the saponification procedure was very labor intensive and exhibited poor precision. Of the two instrumental methods examined, atomic absorption spectrophotometry was found to be more sensitive than molecular emission cavity analysis although both procedures were reported to be unsatisfactory in detecting inorganic phosphorus.
Development of a continuous process to obtain a confectionery fat from tallow: Final status
Authors: Kozempel M. F. , Craig J. C. , Heiland W. K. , Elias S. , Aceto N. C.
Published: July 2007

A two‐step pilot plant continuous process fractionally crystallized edible beef tallow into three fractions‐a confectionery fat (14%), cooking oil (69%), and stearine (17%). The tallow was dissolved in acetone to a concentration of 11.6% by weight. The use of scraped surface heat exchangers with high external recycle permitted crystallizations at 60–65 F and 40–42 F, respectively, with only 5 min nominal dwell times in each crystallizer. A cost estimate indicated that the process to separate continuously a confectionery fat from tallow may be commercially feasible, dependent upon the price and market of the other two fractions.
A new method for evaluating the washing power of washing agents for cotton fabrics: II. evaluation of the method’s usability
Authors: Vogtman W. , Degórski A. , Wójcik E.
Published: July 2007

A method of evaluating washing effectiveness based on the analysis of the effect of the number of washings on the degree of cleaning was verified in this work. Four commercially available washing agents were tested. The method proved useful for evaluating the degree of cleaning of cotton fabrics and for classifying washing agents according to their washing power. The method is simple, economic and effective.
Study of the thermooxidative behavior of edible oils by thermal analysis
Authors: Buz'as I. , Kurucz 'E. , Holl'o J.
Published: July 2007

The complex thermoanalytical investigation of oil stability has been made by means of the Derivato‐graph using dynamic and static programs. TG, DTG and DTA curves have been registered simultaneously. The aim of the experiments was to determine the optimum conditions for examination of oxidative stability and oxidation state of edible oils. Results show that the study of thermal decomposition under dynamic conditions allows the detection of thermal and oxidative degradation. Storability can be investigated under static (isothermal) conditions by modeling the oxidation processes. Oxidative changes can be followed quantitatively with thermogravi‐metry (TG) and derivative thermogravimetry (DTG) curves, while differential thermal analysis (DTA) measurements show exothermic enthalpy changes. A novel method has been developed for rapid indication of the oxidative stability using isothermal conditions.
Effect of phospholipids on enzyme‐catalyzed transesterification of oils
Authors: Wang Yiqun , Gordon Michael H.
Published: July 2007

The effect of phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and phosphatidylinositol (PI) on the activity of an immobilized lipase, Lipozyme, during transesterification of oils has been studied. PC concentrations less than 0.05% did not affect the initial rate of transesterification. Higher concentrations of PC as well as PE and PI‐rich phospholipids at the 0.5% level caused a reduction in the initial reaction rate, but after ten hours transesterification had progressed to the same extent as the control sample. Reuse of Lipozyme for ten batch reactions showed that a PC content of less than 0.05% did not cause significant inactivation of the enzyme, but PC contents above this level caused progressive inactivation of the enzyme and the inactivation increased with PC content. The ability of phospholipids to inactivate the Lipozyme was in the order PE>PC>PI. Variation in the acyl groups of PC did not significantly affect inactivation of the enzyme. It is concluded that the phospholipid content of edible oils should be reduced below 200 ppm by degumming if unacceptable inactivation of Lipozyme is to be avoided.
Unusual fatty acids inBrunfelsia americana seed oil: A rich source of oil
Authors: Daulatabad C. D. , Hosamani K. M.
Published: July 2007

Brunfelsia americana Linn, belonging to the Solanaceae plant family, was found to contain ricinoleic acid together with cyclopropenoid and normal fatty acids. These fatty acids were characterized by infrared, nuclear magnetic resonance, mass spectrometry, gas‐liquid chromatography techniques and chemical degradations.
Component triacylglycerols of six seed oils of malvaceae
Authors: Fiad Seham
Published: July 2007

The component triacylglycerols of six seed oils of the Malvaceae family—Gossypium barbadense (Egyptian cotton),Hibiscus cannabinus (kenaf),Hibiscus sabdarifa (roselle), two varieties ofHibiscus esculentas (okra) andAlthea rosea (ketmia, hollyhock or Egyptian hemp)—have been determined by using the lipase hydrolysis technique. The oils were found to contain triacylglycerols belonging to trisaturated (1.0–2.1), disaturated‐monounsaturated (12.3–20.9), monosaturated‐diunsaturated (42.3–46.6) and triunsaturated (30.1–44.2) types of triacylglycerols.
Shelf‐life dating of fish meats in terms of oxidative rancidity as measured by chemiluminescence
Authors: Miyazawa Teruo , Kikuchi Mari , Fujimoto Kenshiro , Endo Yasushi , Cho Soon‐Yeong , Usuki Riichiro , Kaneda Takashi
Published: July 2007

Chemiluminescence of fresh minced meats of six fish species was measured in order to examine the applicability of chemiluminescence in the prediction of shelf life. The chemiluminescence intensity of fresh fish meats was increased in proportion to the measuring temperature and differed significantly among fish meats. The shelf life of fish meats was estimated based on oxidative deterioration as measured by peroxide, carbonyl and thiobarbituric acid values, as well as sensory evaluation during storage of the fish meats at 0°C. It was observed that the shelf life of minced fish meats as judged by oxidative deterioration significantly correlated with chemiluminescence intensity of the fresh meats. The chemiluminescence method was shown to be very available for the prediction of the shelf life of fish meat.
Solvent extraction of lipid components from egg yolk solids
Authors: Warren M. W. , Brown H. G. , Davis D. R.
Published: July 2007

The effects of solvent systems on extraction of lipid components from commercially spray‐dried egg yolks were investigated. Hexane, hexane:isopropanol (2:1), and chloroform:methanol (2:1) were studied, and the effects of temperature of extraction and ratio of solvent to egg were examined in a 3×2×2 factorial design. Hexane removed more fat and phospholipid and less cholesterol and pigment than the more polar solvents. Increased solvent ratio extracted more of the lipid components, although temperature of the extraction had little effect on removal of the lipid components.
A technique for manual injection to capillary columns with avoidance of sample discrimination
Authors: Craske John D.
Published: July 2007

When sample is applied to a capillary column by any one of a number of automated injection systems, it is possible to achieve high standards of analytical accuracy. In general, it is much more difficult to achieve high‐quality results with manual injection. Three injection‐related problem areas are discussed that can adversely affect analytical accuracy, more so with manual than with automated injection,viz., fractionation from the syringe needle, overloading of the injector insert with vaporized sample, and loss of sample past the seal between the syringe barrel and the needle. Measures have been detailed to reduce the loss of accuracy caused by these phenomena. The injection technique described is slow enough that it and human capabilities are compatible, the sample is re‐focussed on the column, so that there is little or no resultant loss of column efficiency and resolution, and, therefore, high accuracy results are obtainable.
Fatty alcohols through hydroxylation of symmetrical alkenes with selenium dioxide/tert.‐butylhydroperoxide
Authors: Knothe G. , Bagby M. O. , Weisleder D.
Published: July 2007

Several symmetrical alkenes were reacted with the selenium dioxide/tert.‐butylhydroperoxide system to give three hydroxylated products each. These products were those of allylic mono‐ and dihydroxylation (meso andthreo dihydroxy compounds) of the double bond. Some dihydroxy products were hydrogenated to give saturated 1,4‐diols. The compounds were characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance. The products have potential for application in commercial products, such as biodiesel, lubricants, greases, and cosmetics.
Substituted thiobisphenols as antioxidants: Correlation between antioxidant activities and13C chemical shifts
Authors: Yamamura Tatsuo , Tanaka Kazunori , Tomiyama Shogo , Sai Shinryu , Yamada Fukiko , Nishiyama Tomihiro
Published: July 2007

The antioxidant activities of ten thiobisphenols were evaluated by an oxygen‐absorption method at 60°C in tetralin and determination of peroxide values at 160°C in paraffin. For the 4,4′‐thiobisphenols, alkyl groupsortho to the phenolic hydroxyl groups increased the induction period compared to that of other thiobisphenols for both oxidation of tetralin and paraffin. The data on electrochemical oxidation potentials that were determined by linear‐sweep voltammetry and the13C nuclear magnetic resonance chemical shifts (δ) of these compounds were associated with antioxidant activities. In particular, the activities exhibited during the induction period closely correlated with the13C chemical shifts of ipso‐carbon of the OH substituent.
A simple and cost‐effective gram‐scale chromatographic method for the purification of soybean phospholipids
Authors: De Meulenaer B. , Van der Meeren P. , Vanderdeelen J. , Baert L.
Published: July 2007

A method was developed for the preparative fractionation of soybean lecithin to enable the study of the functional properties of pure soybean phospholipids. Hereby, a coarse and irregularly shaped silica gel was used as the stationary phase, whereas the mobile phase consisted of three mixtures of hexane, 2‐propanol, and water with increasing polarity. These solvents were included in a step gradient, which was formed by an isocratic pump connected to a solvent switcher. With this system, two grams of soybean lecithin were fractionated. The purity was evaluated by analytical high‐performance liquid chromatography, and the recovery was estimated from concentration determinations by flow injection analysis. From these results, it was concluded that 60 to 75% of the three major soybean phospholipids could be recovered with a purity of at least 93%. Only 1.5 L of solvents were needed for both the column equilibration and the elution of all soybean phospholipids.
Experiments in the formulation of heavy duty liquid detergents from tallow
Authors: Bistline R. G. , Stirton A. J.
Published: July 2007

Several tallow‐based detergents were investigated in simplified formulations comprising ca. 10~15% active ingredient, 4% foam stabilizer, 10% isopropyl alcohol, 20% K4P2O7 and 50~55% water, 1% with respect to carboxymethylcellulose. Disodium 2‐sulfoethyl ॅ‐sulfostearate or sodium oleate could be used as the only active ingredient or in blends with other tallow‐based compounds. The presence of a soluble form of the tallow alcohol sulfates, sodium 9,10‐dichlorooctadecyl sulfate, gave maximum detergency in hard water.
Preparation of phosphorus esters of long‐chain hydroxy fatty acids
Authors: Diamond M. J. , Applewhite T. H. , Knowles R. E. , Goldblatt L. A.
Published: July 2007

Several procedures are evaluated for synthesis of phosphorus‐containing derivatives of some long‐chain hydroxy‐fatty acids, including ricinoleic and lesquerolic acid and their hydrogenated products. The conventional method of preparing phosphate esters by reaction of an alcohol with a dialkyl phosphorochloridate is unsatisfactory, but introduction of the dialkyl phosphoryl group was accomplished by using dimethylformamide as catalyst. Phosphorus derivatives are obtained more conveniently by ester interchange between a long‐chain hydroxy compound and a low molecular weight dialkyl phosphite. Purification of the phosphite esters was accomplished by partitoning between acetonitrile and petroleum ether and also by chromatography on a column of silicic acid. Attempts to prepare phosphorus derivatives of the allylic hydroxyl of methyl dimorphecolate resulted in extensive dehydration to the conjugated triene.
Preparation and etherification reaction of fatty dichlorocyclopropanes
Authors: Kenney H. E. , Komanowsky Daria , Cook Linda L. , Wrigley A. N.
Published: July 2007

Dichlorocarbene was added tocis‐9‐octadecene, methyl oleate, methyl elaidate, and methyl linoleate to form the corresponding mono‐ or bis‐dichlorocyclopropanes in yields of 75舑88%. The dichlorocyclopropanes underwent ring‐opening substitution on heating with alcohols (or water) to form ॆ‐chlorallylic ethers (or alcohols). The ethers were obtained in yields of 46 to 84%. Tetraethylene glycol and methyl lactate, as hydroxyl compounds, gave a polyethenoxy ester and an ether‐linked diester, respectively.