bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Relationship Between Simulated Gadolinium‐Based Contrast Agent Injection Profile and Achievable Resolution Metrics in Contrast‐Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Angiography
Authors: Clark Toshimasa J. , Wilson Gregory J. , Maki Jeffrey H.
Published: October 2021

Background

Contrast bolus variation during contrast‐enhanced magnetic resonance angiography (CE‐MRA) acquisition may lead to vessel blurring.

Purpose

To combine knowledge of how contrast signal intensity (SI) evolves for different injection strategies with anatomically familiar parametric computer models to measure and visually assess the effects of a wide range of variables on modeled CE‐MRA, and in doing so develop contrast rate injection guidelines.

Study Type

Computer modeling.

Phantom

Digital three‐dimensional phantom consisting of orthogonal “aorta,” 7 mm diameter “renal arteries” (with 57% and 86% diameter stenoses), and 7 mm diameter “superior mesenteric artery” (with 57% diameter stenosis).

Field Strength/Sequence

One millimeter in‐plane resolution arterial CE‐MRA imaging at 3 T.

Assessment

“Background” (time invariant) and “vascular” (time varying) components of the phantom were each Fourier transformed into the spatial frequency domain, the latter modulated by the SI evolution of a contrast bolus of varying “plateau” lengths and “tail” heights. Data are presented as surface plots of stenosis measurement error and blurring vs. a reference‐standard injection.

Statistical Tests

Descriptive.

Results

Shorter plateau lengths and lower tail heights resulted in increased measured stenosis error and blurring vs. the reference standard. Under a 44‐second acquisition, full width half maximum stenosis error of the 86% stenosis with 25% plateau length and 25% tail height is 24% as compared to that from the reference standard. As plateau length and tail height approach 100%, stenosis error and blurring approach a floor defined by the MR acquisition's limitations.

Data Conclusion

We propose that to achieve minimal degradation with CE‐MRA, one can create a contrast bolus with either 60% plateau and 50% tail height or 80% plateau with any tail. These considerations may well prove to be of practical importance, possibly via manipulating the tail by means of multiphasic contrast injections.

Level of Evidence

3

Technical Efficacy

Stage 1
Introduction to PRISMA 2020 and implications for research synthesis methodologists
Authors: Page Matthew J. , Moher David , McKenzie Joanne E.
Published: October 2021

Systematic reviews should be reported completely and accurately so that users can interpret and appraise the review findings appropriately. In this commentary, we describe key features of a major update of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta‐Analyses statement—PRISMA 2020—and discuss its implications for research synthesis methodologists.
Anti‐fatigue effects of fermented soybean protein peptides in mice
Authors: Fang Lei , Zhang Rui‐Xue , Wei Ying , Ling Kong , Lu Lu , Wang Jing , Pan Xing‐Chang , Cai Mu‐Yi
Published: October 2021

BACKGROUND

Bioactive protein hydrolysates and peptides are believed to help counteract and ameliorate physical fatigue. Fermented soybean protein peptides (FSPPs) were prepared by protease hydrolysis and microbial fermentation. The present study aimed to evaluate the anti‐fatigue properties of FSPPs.

RESULTS

The forced swimming time in the FSPP group was 35.78% longer than the control group, the oxygen‐resistant survival time of the FSPP group was significantly prolonged and the prolongation rate was 31.00%. In addition, FSPPs decreased the lactic acid (LD), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatine kinase (CK) concentration by 27.47%, 25.93% and 21.70%, respectively, after treatment, while increasing the levels of liver glycogen and muscle glycogen by 93.35% and 67.31%, respectively. FSPPs can significantly increase gut microbiota diversity and regulate the species richness of gut microbiota. The results of real‐time polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) and western blotting showed that FSPPs activate p‐AMPK/PGC1‐α and PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathways.

CONCLUSION

These results indicate that treatment with FSPPs induces anti‐fatigue effects, which may be due to the mediating muscle protein synthesis and participation in skeletal muscle hypertrophy, providing energy for muscle cells. FSPPs may have potential applications in the food industry as functional material additives. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
Peripheral Pulmonary Lesions in Confirmed Pulmonary Arterial Embolism
Authors: Safai Zadeh Ehsan , Dietrich Christoph Frank , Kmoth Laila , Trenker Corinna , Alhyari Amjad , Ludwig Michael , Görg Christian
Published: October 2021

Purpose

This retrospective study aimed to describe the B‐mode lung ultrasound (B‐LUS) and contrast‐enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) follow‐up patterns of peripheral pulmonary lesions (PPLs) in patients with confirmed pulmonary embolism (PE).

Patients and Methods

Data from 27 patients with a confirmed diagnosis of PE and PPLs over 5 mm from October 2009 to November 2018 were included retrospectively in the study. The inclusion criteria were performance of a baseline CEUS examination, a short‐term B‐LUS and CEUS follow‐up, and a long‐term B‐LUS follow‐up of PPLs. The homogeneity of enhancement of PPLs (homogeneous/inhomogeneous/absent) on CEUS and the presence and size of PPLs on B‐LUS were evaluated.

Results

A total of n = 25/27 (92.6%) lesions showed absent or inhomogeneous enhancement during baseline examination or short‐term follow‐up, indicating impaired perfusion. On short‐term CEUS follow‐up, 9/27 cases (33.3%) showed a pattern shift. On B‐LUS long‐term follow‐up, 26/27 lesions (96.3%) were detectable for an average of 10 weeks (range 3–32 weeks). The size of reference lesions was significantly reduced at the time of the final follow‐up examination (P < .05).

Conclusion

B‐LUS follow‐up showed that, in patients with confirmed PE, PPLs had a delayed regression. On CEUS follow‐up examination, various perfusion patterns of PPLs were observed, indicating the different ages and the variable reparative processes of pulmonary infarction. In PPLs independent of the underlying signs and symptoms, follow‐up B‐LUS and CEUS examinations may be helpful for a possible retrospective diagnosis of peripheral pulmonary infarction suggestive of PE.
Repair and preventive maintenance of photovoltaic modules with degrading backsheets using flowable silicone sealant
Authors: Beaucarne Guy , Eder Gabriele , Jadot Emmanuel , Voronko Yuliya , Mühleisen Wolfgang
Published: October 2021

Photovoltaic (PV) modules with a degrading backsheet pose a challenge for solar park operators and other players in the PV value chain. Some types of backsheets are known to develop cracks because of an aging‐induced change in the mechanical characteristics of the material during operation in the field, which result in a loss of insulation resistance. In this work, we present a solution for repair and preventive maintenance based on a single component flowable silicone sealant. The method fills the cracks present in the backsheet with an insulating material, restoring insulation resistance, and provides a protective layer to avoid subsequent degradation. The solution was successfully implemented on the back of PV modules with co‐extruded polyamide backsheet (‘AAA’), which showed deep cracks following degradation 5–7 years of operation in a solar park. The repaired modules had a restored insulation resistance of several hundred MΩ as observed with wet leakage testing and maintained a high resistance after accelerating aging. This repair technology can be done in the field and is an alternative solution to module replacement.
A122S, A205V, D376E, W574L and S653N substitutions in acetolactate synthase (ALS) from Amaranthus palmeri show different functional impacts on herbicide resistance
Authors: Palmieri Valeria E , Alvarez Clarisa E , Permingeat Hugo R , Perotti Valeria E
Published: October 2021

BACKGROUND

Amaranthus palmeri S. Watson, a problematic weed infesting summer crops in Argentina, has developed multiple herbicide resistance. Resistance to acetolactate synthase (ALS)‐inhibiting herbicides is particularly common, with high‐level resistance mostly caused by different mutations in the ALS enzyme. Six versions of the enzyme were identified from a resistant A. palmeri population, carrying substitutions D376E, A205V, A122S, A282D, W574L and S653N. This work aims to provide a comparative analysis of these mutants and the wild‐type (WT) enzyme to fully understand the herbicide resistance. Thus, all the versions of the ALS gene from A. palmeri were heterologously expressed and purified to evaluate their kinetics and inhibitory response against imazethapyr, diclosulam, chlorimuron‐ethyl, flucarbazone‐sodium and bispyribac‐sodium.

RESULTS

A decrease in catalytic efficiency was detected in the A205V, A122S–A282D, W574L and S653N ApALS enzymes, whereas only A205V and W574L substitutions also produced a decrease in the substrate affinity. In vitro ALS inhibition assays confirmed cross‐resistance to almost all the herbicides tested, with the exception of A282D ApALS, which was as susceptible as WT ApALS. Moreover, the results confirmed that the novel substitution A122S provides cross‐resistance to at least one herbicide within each of the five families of ALS inhibitors, and this property could be explained by a lower number of hydrophobic interactions between the herbicides and the mutant enzyme.

CONCLUSION

This is the first report to compare various mutations in vitro from A. palmeri ALS. Our data contribute to understanding the impacts of herbicide resistance in this species. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
W. A. Bassow – der Begründer der chirurgischen Magenoperationslehre. Werdegang der Magenchirurgie im 19. Jahrhundert
Authors: Balalykin Dmitry A.
Published: October 2021

Wassili Alexandrowitsch Bassow (1812–1879) war Ordinarius an der Moskauer Universität. Er galt als der bekannteste und beste Chirurg und Arzt seiner Zeit, der vielfach unentgeltlich arbeitete. Nach Aussagen von L. F. Zmejew kam W. A. Bassow „einem Vorbild des Evangeliums nahe“. Als erster wandte er viele verbesserte Verfahren westlicher Wissenschaft in Russland an. Bereits als Prosektor führte er in Moskau Vivisektionen ein und schon zu Beginn der 1850er Jahre die erste in Moskau vorgenommene Tracheotomie bei Kehlkopftuberkulose durch, bei dem Arzt Iwanow.
I. P. Pawlow – der Begründer der experimentellen Magenchirurgie
Authors: Balalykin Dmitry A.
Published: October 2021

Der Name von Iwan Petrowitsch Pawlow steht in der Reihe von hervorragenden Wissenschaftlern, die Russland berühmt gemacht haben. Das Schaffen des großen Physiologen, Naturforschers und Denkers, der auch die Gabe künstlerischer und dichterischer Offenbarung besaß, hinterließ Spuren in Biologie, Psychologie, Medizin und Philosophie.
Endocardial left ventricular pacing
Authors: Elliott Mark K. , Mehta Vishal S. , Sidhu Baldeep Singh , Niederer Steven , Rinaldi Christopher A.
Published: October 2021

Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) is an effective treatment for dyssynchronous heart failure; however, 30–50% of patients fail to improve after implant. Endocardial left ventricular (LV) pacing is an alternative therapy for patients who do not respond to conventional CRT or in whom placement of a lead via the coronary sinus is not possible. It enables pacing at a wide variety of sites, without restrictions due to coronary sinus anatomy, and there is evidence of superior electrical resynchronization and hemodynamic response compared with conventional epicardial CRT. In this article, we discuss the potential advantages and disadvantages of endocardial LV pacing compared with conventional CRT, review the evidence for the delivery of endocardial LV pacing using both lead-based and leadless systems, and explore possible future directions of this novel technology.
Fahrerlose Shuttles im öffentlichen Personennahverkehr: Akzeptanz und Einstellung in der Bevölkerung
Authors: Wilde Mathias , Rebhan Jakob
Published: October 2021

Aktuell erproben einige Modellprojekte sowohl die Technik als auch den Betrieb fahrerloser Fahrzeuge im öffentlichen Verkehr. Eines davon ist die Shuttle-Modellregion Oberfranken. Um Aussagen zu den Einstellungen in der Bevölkerung generieren zu können, wurde eine Akzeptanzstudie durchgeführt. Im Ergebnis zeigte sich, dass bereits vor dem Betriebsbeginn eine ausgeprägte Nutzungsbereitschaft besteht. Offenkundig auch eine überhöhte Erwartungshaltung: Mit dem Einsatz fahrerloser Shuttles erwarten die Menschen flexible Abfahrten und eine hohe Taktdichte, Pünktlichkeit und neue Strecken, bessere Erreichbarkeit und Angebote in Randzeiten. Diesen Anforderungen kann die aktuelle Fahrzeuggeneration noch nicht gerecht werden. Insofern ist es angebracht, ein besonderes Augenmerk auf die symbolische Aufladung zu legen. Eine Diskrepanz zwischen gesellschaftlichem Narrativ, persönlicher Erwartungshaltung und gegebener Leistungsfähigkeit der Fahrzeuge könnte die Akzeptanz gefährden.
Encoding Collective Knowledge, Instructing Data Reusers: The Collaborative Fixation of a Digital Scientific Data Set
Authors: Hoeppe Götz
Published: October 2021

This article provides a novel perspective on the use and reuse of scientific data by providing a chronological ethnographic account and analysis of how a team of researchers prepared an astronomical catalogue (a table of measured properties of galaxies) for public release. Whereas much existing work on data reuse has focused on information about data (such as metadata), whose form or lack has been described as a hurdle for reusing data successfully, I describe how data makers tried to instruct users through the processed data themselves. The fixation of this catalogue was a negotiation, resulting in what was acceptable to team members and coherent with the diverse data uses pertinent to their completed work. It was through preparing their catalogue as an ‘instructing data object’ that this team seeked to encode its members’ knowledge of how the data were processed and to make it consequential for users by devising methodical ways to structure anticipated uses. These methods included introducing redundancies that would help users to self-correct mistaken uses, selectively deleting data, and deflecting accountability through making notational choices. They dwell on an understanding of knowledge not as exclusively propositional (such as the belief in propositions), but as embedded in witnessable activities and the products of these activities. I discuss the implications of this account for philosophical notions of collective knowledge and for theorizing coordinative artifacts in CSCW. Eventually, I identify a tension between ‘using algorithms’ and ‘doing science’ in preparing data sets and show how it was resolved in this case.
The relation of master and disciple against the background of Józef M. Bocheński’s logic of authority
Authors: Kubalica Tomasz
Published: October 2021

The aim of this article is to apply Józef M. Bocheński’s logic of authority to a key interpersonal relation of philosophical interest: the master–disciple relation. The present research addresses the problem of philosophical authority in terms of the assumptions of the logic of authority and its consequences for philosophical historiographical research and verifies the claims of the logic of authority in this respect. The analyses show that, in the field of philosophy, the axiological authority of the master plays a fundamental role and is not limited solely to epistemic or deontic authority.
Host–Kra theory for -systems and multiple recurrence
Authors: SHALOM OR
Published: October 2021

Let$\mathcal {P}$be an (unbounded) countable multiset of primes (that is, every prime may appear multiple times) and let$G=\bigoplus _{p\in \mathcal {P}}\mathbb {F}_p$. We develop a Host–Kra structure theory for the universal characteristic factors of an ergodicG-system. More specifically, we generalize the main results of Bergelson, Tao and Ziegler [An inverse theorem for the uniformity seminorms associated with the action of$\mathbb {F}_p^\infty $.Geom. Funct. Anal.19(6) (2010), 1539–1596], who studied these factors in the special case$\mathcal {P}=\{p,p,p,\ldots \}$for some fixed primep. As an application we deduce a Khintchine-type recurrence theorem in the flavor of Bergelson, Tao and Ziegler [Multiple recurrence and convergence results associated to$F_p^\omega $-actions.J. Anal. Math.127(2015), 329–378] and Bergelson, Host and Kra [Multiple recurrence and nilsequences.Invent. Math.160(2) (2005), 261–303, with an appendix by I. Ruzsa].
Amazon river dolphinsInia geoffrensisare on the path to extinction in the heart of their range
Authors: Martin A. R. , da Silva V. M. F.
Published: October 2021

Riverine cetaceans are threatened globally by increasing anthropogenic impacts, and the Yangtze river dolphinLipotes vexilliferis already extinct. The Amazon river dolphinInia geoffrensisis widely distributed, but is categorized as Endangered on the IUCN Red List. Drowning in gillnets and being hunted for fish bait are probably the main causes of its decline. A long-term (25-year) study of the biology and ecology ofI. geoffrensisin and near the Mamirauá Reserve in Amazonas state, Brazil, has produced estimates of survival and reproductive rates based on the individual recognition of > 650 animals. Concurrently, monthly standardized counts of dolphins along a fixed transect in the Reserve over 22 years demonstrated a sustained, profound decline. In this study we tested whether the measured rate of population decline is consistent with population parameters estimated from independent data, using population viability analysis. With the known parameters as input, programmeVortexpredicted population extinction in all scenarios and a 95% loss of dolphins within 50 years. With default parameters, the model predicted a 5.5% annual decline, which is consistent with that observed. We conclude that the Amazon river dolphin population is in severe decline because of human pressures, even in one of the better protected parts of its range. Unless the accidental and deliberate killing of this species is rapidly reduced, it is highly likely that the Amazon river dolphin will follow its Yangtze counterpart to extinction.
American music writing: an unruly history
Authors: Weisbard Eric
Published: October 2021

Popular music writing has made for strange colleagues and quickly lost legacies. I want to sketch some of them and suggest how they continue to influence the US version of popular music studies, arguably more so in our moment than in the previous period that codified an academic approach. I'll be anecdotal, alive to particulars of language, affiliation, method and form rather than attempting a quantification. Ranging from William Billings in 1770 to Daphne Brooks in 2021, I'll explore how such key framings as vernacular, sentimental and literary have shaped the nature of books on song. My hope is that, in synthesizing the larger history, I can suggest why so often this work could be characterized as, to use one of Robert Palmer's favourite words, unruly.
Practical and Intrinsic Predictability of Wave‐Convection Coupled Bands Over Southern China
Authors: Du Yu , Zhang Fuqing , Sun Y. Qiang , Wei Junhong , Li Xiaoqing
Published: October 2021

The practical and intrinsic predictability of wave‐convection coupled bands that occurred near the south coast of China on January 30, 2018 lasting nearly 10 hr are investigated through convection‐permitting ensembles and relevant sensitivity experiments. Although almost all 20‐member ensembles can capture the wavelike pattern of convective bands, their wavelength and period vary among the ensembles. The GOOD and POOR runs are further conducted and initialized using the composite of initial conditions from good and poor members selected based on the performance of the simulated wave characteristics. Both the GOOD and POOR runs exhibit wave ducting structures for gravity waves, but the GOOD run tends to have higher precipitable water over the land, which results in a more evident wave pattern of convective bands on land in the GOOD run. Their differences in precipitable water are mainly attributed to the differences in the initial conditions of humidity and temperature at low‐middle levels. The practical predictability depends on the correct initial state in terms of thermodynamics, and to a lesser degree on physical parameterizations. To further explore their intrinsic predictability, a series of sensitivity experiments were performed with the linear weighted initial conditions from the GOOD and POOR runs. The pattern of wave‐convection coupled bands is generally predictable (forecast lead time <∼12 hr) but their phase (the exact location of each band) has an intrinsic predictability barrier even with minute initial perturbations due to the rapid small‐scale error growth associated with gravity waves and moist convection.
National surveillance pilot study unveils a multicenter, clonal outbreak of VIM-2-producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa ST111 in the Netherlands between 2015 and 2017
Authors: Pirzadian Jannette , Persoon Marjolein C. , Severin Juliëtte A. , Klaassen Corné H. W. , de Greeff Sabine C. , Mennen Marcel G. , Schoffelen Annelot F. , Wielders Cornelia C. H. , Witteveen Sandra , van Santen-Verheuvel Marga , Schouls Leo M. , Vos Margreet C. ,   the Dutch CPE surveillance Study Group, Bode L. , Troelstra A. , Notermans D. W. , Maijer-Reuwer A. , Leversteijn-van Hall M. A. , Kluytmans J. A. J. W. , Spijkerman I. J. B. , van Dijk K. , Halaby T. , Zwart B. , Diederen B. M. W. , Voss A. , Dorigo-Zetsma J. W. , Ott A. , Oudbier J. H. , van der Vusse M. , Vlek A. L. M. , Buiting A. G. M. , Paltansing S. , de Man P. , van Griethuysen A. J. , den Reijer M. , van Trijp M. , van Elzakker E. P. M. , Muller A. E. , van der Linden M. P. M. , van Rijn M. , Wolfhagen M. J. H. M. , Waar K. , Schneeberger P. , Silvis W. , Schulin T. , Damen M. , Dinant S. , van Mens S. P. , Melles D. C. , Cohen Stuart J. W. T. , van Ogtrop M. L. , Overdevest I. T. M. A. , van Dam A. , Wertheim H. , Frénay H. M. E. , Sinnige J. C. , Mattsson E. E. , Bosboom R. W. , Stam A. , de Jong E. , Roescher N. , Heikens E. , Steingrover R. , Bathoorn E. , Trienekens T. A. M. , van Dam D. W. , de Brauwer E. I. G. B. , Stals F. S.
Published: October 2021

Verona Integron-encoded Metallo-beta-lactamase (VIM) is the most frequently-encountered carbapenemase in the healthcare-related pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In the Netherlands, a low-endemic country for antibiotic-resistant bacteria, no national surveillance data on the prevalence of carbapenemase-producing P. aeruginosa (CPPA) was available. Therefore, in 2016, a national surveillance pilot study was initiated to investigate the occurrence, molecular epidemiology, genetic characterization, and resistomes of CPPA among P. aeruginosa isolates submitted by medical microbiology laboratories (MMLs) throughout the country. From 1221 isolates included in the study, 124 (10%) produced carbapenemase (CIM-positive); of these, the majority (95, 77%) were positive for the blaVIM gene using PCR. Sequencing was performed on 112 CIM-positive and 56 CIM-negative isolates (n = 168), and genetic clustering revealed that 75/168 (45%) isolates were highly similar. This genetic cluster, designated Group 1, comprised isolates that belonged to high-risk sequence type ST111/serotype O12, had similar resistomes, and all but two carried the blaVIM-2 allele on an identical class 1 integron. Additionally, Group 1 isolates originated from around the country (i.e. seven provinces) and from multiple MMLs. In conclusion, the Netherlands had experienced a nationwide, inter-institutional, clonal outbreak of VIM-2-producing P. aeruginosa for at least three years, which this pilot study was crucial in identifying. A structured, national surveillance program is strongly advised to monitor the spread of Group 1 CPPA, to identify emerging clones/carbapenemase genes, and to detect transmission in and especially between hospitals in order to control current and future outbreaks.
Production and immobilization of β-glucanase from Aspergillus niger with its applications in bioethanol production and biocontrol of phytopathogenic fungi
Authors: El-Shora Hamed M. , El-Sharkawy Reyad M. , Khateb Aiah M. , Darwish Doaa B.
Published: October 2021

β-Glucanase has received great attention in recent years regarding their potential biotechnological applications and antifungal activities. Herein, the specific objectives of the present study were to purify, characterize and immobilize β-glucanase from Aspergillus niger using covalent binding and cross linking techniques. The evaluation of β-glucanase in hydrolysis of different lignocellulosic wastes with subsequent bioethanol production and its capability in biocontrol of pathogenic fungi was investigated. Upon nutritional bioprocessing, β-glucanase production from A. niger EG-RE (MW390925.1) preferred ammonium nitrate and CMC as the best nitrogen and carbon sources, respectively. The soluble enzyme was purified by (NH4)2SO4, DEAE-Cellulose and Sephadex G200 with 10.33-fold and specific activity of 379.1 U/mg protein. Tyrosyl, sulfhydryl, tryptophanyl and arginyl were essential residues for enzyme catalysis. The purified β-glucanase was immobilized on carrageenan and chitosan with appreciable yield. However, the cross-linked enzyme exhibited superior activity along with remarkable improved thermostability and operational stability. Remarkably, the application of the above biocatalyst proved to be a promising candidate in liberating the associate lignocellulosic reducing sugars, which was utilized for ethanol production by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The purified β-glucanase revealed an inhibitory effect on the growth of two tested phytopathogens Fusarium oxysporum and Penicillium digitatum.
Trends of new-onset psychosis or mania in psychiatric emergency departments during the COVID19 pandemic: a longitudinal comparative study
Authors: Segev Aviv , Hirsch-Klein Efrat , Kotz Gershon , Kamhi-Nesher Shiri , Halimi Shikma , Qashu Khalil , Schreiber Ephraim , Krivoy Amir
Published: October 2021

COVID19 infection was associated with possible psychiatric manifestations, including psychosis and mania. In addition, psychiatric disorders might be triggered by severe psychological reactions to the pandemic or the measures taken to contain it. This study aimed to assess the trends of new-onset psychosis/mania during the pandemic timeline. Psychiatric emergency department records during January-July 2019 and 2020 of two regional mental health centers were manually examined. Cases of new-onset psychosis or mania were found in 326 out of 5161 records examined. The ratio of these cases increased by 45.5% in 2020 compared to 2019 (189 out of 2367, 137 out of 2479, respectively, p = 0.001). The peak increase was in April 2020 (9.4% vs. 4.7%, p = 0.015). There was no association between the rise of new-onset psychotic or manic episodes and national incidence of COVID19 cases, as observed during Israel 2nd wave. PCR tests were negative, except a single case. In this study, an increase in new-onset psychosis/mania was identified during the initial phase of the pandemic. Though causality could not be directly inferred, lack of infection symptoms, negative PCR testing and temporal distribution incongruent with COVID19 caseload did not support a direct effect of SARS-CoV-2. Alternative explanations are discussed, such as psychological reaction to stress and preventive measures, as well as case-shifting between different mental health settings.
Liver disease severity predicts carcinogenesis of dysplastic liver nodules in cirrhosis
Authors: Gazelakis Kathryn , Majeed Ammar , Kemp William , Di Muzio Bruno , Gerstenmaier Jan , Cheung Wa , Roberts Stuart K.
Published: October 2021

While dysplastic liver nodules in cirrhosis are pre-malignant, little is known about the predictors of hepatocarcinogenesis of these lesions. This was a retrospective observational study of subjects with cirrhosis who had at least one hypervascular, non-malignant intrahepatic nodule on imaging while undergoing outpatient management by a tertiary hepatology referral centre between Jan 2009 and Jan 2019. Clinical and biochemical parameters were collected. The primary endpoint was transformation to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) as determined by Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System. During the study period, 163 non-malignant hypervascular nodules were identified in 77 patients; 147 had at least 6 months of follow up imaging and 16 received upfront radiofrequency ablation upon detection. During a median follow up of 38.5 months (IQR 16.5–74.5), 25 (17%) of the 147 hypervascular nodules being monitored transformed to HCC. On multivariate analysis, Child–Pugh grade was found to be the only independent predictor of nodule transformation into HCC (p = 0.02). Those with Child–Pugh B and C liver disease had a 10.1 (95% CI 1.22–83.8; p = 0.03) and 32.6-fold (95% CI 2.3–467; p = 0.01) increased risk respectively for HCC transformation compared to Child–Pugh A subjects. This large, single centre study demonstrates that around 20% of dysplastic nodules in cirrhotic patients undergo hepatocarcinogenesis during follow up, and that Child Pugh grade is the only independent predictor of transformation to HCC. Additional prospective studies are warranted to better understand the risk profile of these nodules, and how best they should be managed.
Band structure analysis of the magneto-optical effect in bcc Fe
Authors: Stejskal Ondřej , Veis Martin , Hamrle Jaroslav
Published: October 2021

Magneto-optical effects are among the basic tools for characterization of magnetic materials. Although these effects are routinely calculated by the ab initio codes, there is very little knowledge about their origin in the electronic structure. Here, we analyze the magneto-optical effect in bcc Fe and show that it originates in avoided band-crossings due to the spin-orbit interaction. Therefore, only limited number of bands and k-points in the Brillouin zone contribute to the effect. Furthermore, these contributions always come in pairs with opposite sign but they do not cancel out due to different band curvatures providing different number of contributing reciprocal points. The magneto-optical transitions are classified by the dimensionality of the manifold that is formed by the hybridization of the generating bands as one- or two-dimensional, and by the position relative to the magnetization direction as parallel and perpendicular. The strongest magneto-optical signal is provided by two-dimensional parallel transitions.
Rigid versions of PDTA4− incorporating a 1,3-diaminocyclobutyl spacer for Mn2+ complexation: stability, water exchange dynamics and relaxivity
Authors: Uzal-Varela Rocío , Lalli Daniela , Brandariz Isabel , Rodríguez-Rodríguez Aurora , Platas-Iglesias Carlos , Botta Mauro , Esteban-Gómez David
Published: October 2021

Increasing the rigidity of the six-membered chelate ring of [Mn(PDTA)]2− has a significant impact in the hydration number, relaxivity, stability and inertness of the complex.
Fully integrated wideband phased array with large scan range and 5:1 bandwidth
Authors: Zhou Wen‐Liang , Qu Shi‐Wei , Xia Ming‐Yao , Yang Shi‐Wen
Published: October 2021

In this work, a fully integrated phased array using multi‐layer printed circuit board (PCB) fabrication technologies is presented. This array is directly fed by 50 Ω coaxial cables, without balanced‐to‐unbalanced transitions. An asymmetric dipole is used to achieve stable input impedance. Furthermore, to broaden the operating bandwidth, a coupling patch is designed beneath the asymmetric dipole , which also eliminates the common‐mode resonance and decreases the array profile. In addition, three wide‐angle impedance matching (WAIM) layers with different structures are utilised to improve the scan range in all scanning planes. Infinite array simulations indicate that the proposed array can operate over a 5.1:1 bandwidth (2.4 ∼ 12.2 GHz) with an active voltage standing wave ratio below 3 while scanning up to ± 60° in H plane and ±75° in the E plane. Furthermore, the proposed antenna, whose cross‐polarization levels remain below −35 and −7.5 dB when scanning up to 75° in the E plane and 60° in the D plane, demonstrates the merits of high polarization purity. Array simulations are verified by the measurements of a 12 × 12 prototype, and good agreement is observed.
Endocuff Vision improves adenoma detection rate in a large screening-related cohort
Authors: Forbes Nauzer , Hilsden Robert J. , Ruan Yibing , Poirier Abbey E. , O’Sullivan Dylan E. , Craig Kyla M. , Kerrison Diana , Brenner Darren R. , Heitman Steven J.
Published: October 2021

Background and study aims Endocuff Vision (ECV) increases adenoma detection rate (ADR) in randomized clinical trials; however, observational effectiveness data are lacking. We evaluated the effectiveness, safety, and practical aspects of ECV use in a large screening-related real-world cohort.

Patients and methods In this observational study, patients undergoing screening-related colonoscopy from November 2018 to April 2019 comprised the baseline period, and those undergoing it from June to November 2019 comprised the ECV period, where ECV use was discretionary. The primary outcome was ADR, compared: 1) between ECV use and standard colonoscopy across both periods; and 2) between time periods. Secondary outcomes included indication-specific ADR, sessile serrated ADR (SSADR), cecal intubation rate (CIR), procedure times, patient comfort scores, and sedation use. Multilevel logistic regression was performed, yielding adjusted odds ratios (AOR) with 95 % confidence intervals (CIs).

Results In 15,814 colonoscopies across both time periods, ADR was 46.7 % with standard colonoscopy and 54.6 % when ECV was used (P < 0.001). Endoscopists used ECV in 77.6 % of procedures in the ECV period, during which overall ADR rose to 53.2 % compared to 46.3 % in the baseline period (P < 0.001). ECV use was significantly associated with higher ADR (AOR 1.24, 95 % CI 1.10 to 1.40) after adjusting for relevant covariates including time period. ECV use did not result in lower CIR, longer procedure time, increased sedation use, or poorer comfort scores.

Conclusions ECV use is associated with improved ADR without negatively impacting other key procedure and patient-related factors. Future studies should evaluate the cost-effectiveness of incorporating ECV into routine screening-related practice.
Disentangling interlocking regimes in the biographies of migrant mothers with tertiary education
Authors: Romens Anne-Iris
Published: October 2021

Migrant mothers with tertiary education face significant challenges to accessing working positions commensurate with their studies. Although it is well known that motherhood influences women’s career and job outcomes, its impact on the professional trajectories of migrant women with tertiary education remains understudied. The paper proposes to fill this gap and argues that the intersection between regimes – particularly those of migration, care, and gender – conditions employment opportunities and shapes the trajectories of migrant mothers with tertiary education. The article is based on fieldwork conducted in Veneto, Italy, and Alsace, France, that included fifty interviews, out of which four portraits of migrant mothers with tertiary education were selected to analyse the intersection between regimes and its impact on professional trajectories.
Full treatment of the proton radiography technique for laser-driven capacitor-coil targets
Authors: Yuan Xiaoxia , Zhou Cangtao , Zhang Hua , Zhong Jiayong , Han Bo , Sun Wei , Wang Jianzhao , Zhou Weimin , Zhang Bo , Lu Feng , Wang Chen , Xiong Jun , Cao Leifeng , Gu Yuqiu , Zhao Gang , Zhang Jie
Published: October 2021

Ultrafast proton radiography has been frequently used for direct measurement of the electromagnetic fields around laser-driven capacitor-coil targets. The goal is to accurately infer the coil currents and their magnetic field generation for a robust magnetic field source that can lead to many applications. The technique often involves numerical calculations for synthetic proton images to reproduce experimental measurements. While electromagnetic fields are the primary source for proton deflections around the capacitor coils, stopping power and small angle deflection can also contribute to the observed experimental features. Here we present a comprehensive study of the proton radiography technique including all sources of proton deflections as a function of coil shapes, current magnitudes, and proton energies. Good agreements were achieved between experimental data and numerical calculations that include both the stopping power and small angle deflections, particularly when the induced coil currents were small.
Predictive multi-channel integrated modeling of a reversed magnetic shear H-mode discharge with internal transport barrier in EAST
Authors: Shi Shengyu , Chen Jiale , Bourdelle Clarisse , Jian Xiang , Wu Mingfu , Zhang Tao , Qian Jinping , Garofalo Andrea M. , Gao Xiang , Wan Yuanxi
Published: October 2021

A reversed magnetic shear high plasma performance H-mode discharge with internal transport barrier (ITB) has been realized and modeled on experimental advanced superconducting tokamak (EAST) in deuterium (D) plasmas with an ITER-like tungsten (W) upper divertor. In this shot (#71326), the dimensionless parameter G (

H

89

β

N

/

q

95

2

) can reach to 0.25 (H
89 ⩽ 2, β
N ⩽ 2, q
95 ∼ 4, I
p ⩽ 450 kA, B
T ⩽ 1.6 T). The ITB has been observed in the channels of particle (electron density n
e), electron and ion temperature (T
e and T
i) and toroidal rotation velocity (V
t). However, in the formation process of V
t and n
e ITBs, the heavy impurities accumulate in the core plasmas, which may be one of the most important reasons for the limitation of the improvement of plasma performance. A time slice (t = 4.65 s) of the high plasma performance phase with n
e, T
i and V
t ITBs has been analyzed. It is found that the position of minimum safety factor (q
min) is at about normalized radius ρ = 0.4 where may be the location of ion ITB foot, during equilibrium reconstruction from EFIT using external magnetic and internal polarimeter-INTferometer (POINT) measurement constraints. Based on this equilibrium, the source is self-consistently calculated by ONETWO and NUBEAM. Then the n
e, T
e, T
i and V
t have been modeled predictively and simultaneously by TGYRO utilizing the reconstructed equilibrium, the self-consistent source and the experimental radiated power for the first time in EAST. This modeling well reproduces the experimental n
e and T
i profiles in the reversed magnetic shear plasmas. In addition, it is shown that reversed magnetic shear rather than shear of radial electric field (E
r) mainly produced by V
t plays a key role to the formation of n
e and T
i ITBs. The reasons for central accumulation of W impurity are also clarified by computing both neoclassical and turbulent transport components of W. It turns out that the neoclassical transport dominates over turbulent transport for W and neoclassical pinch of W causes its central accumulation.
The Waiting Room Hypothesis revisited by orchids: were orchid mycorrhizal fungi recruited among root endophytes?
Authors: Selosse Marc-André , Petrolli Rémi , Mujica María Isabel , Laurent Liam , Perez-Lamarque Benoît , Figura Tomáš , Bourceret Amelia , Jacquemyn Hans , Li Taiqiang , Gao Jiangyun , Minasiewicz Julita , Martos Florent
Published: October 2021

Background

As in most land plants, the roots of orchids (Orchidaceae) associate with soil fungi. Recent studies have highlighted the diversity of the fungal partners involved, mostly within Basidiomycotas. The association with a polyphyletic group of fungi collectively called rhizoctonias (Ceratobasidiaceae, Tulasnellaceae and Serendipitaceae) is the most frequent. Yet, several orchid species target other fungal taxa that differ from rhizoctonias by their phylogenetic position and/or ecological traits related to their nutrition out of the orchid roots (e.g. soil saprobic or ectomycorrhizal fungi). We offer an evolutionary framework for these symbiotic associations.

Scope

Our view is based on the ‘Waiting Room Hypothesis’, an evolutionary scenario stating that mycorrhizal fungi of land flora were recruited from ancestors that initially colonized roots as endophytes. Endophytes biotrophically colonize tissues in a diffuse way, contrasting with mycorrhizae by the absence of morphological differentiation and of contribution to the plant’s nutrition. The association with rhizoctonias is probably the ancestral symbiosis that persists in most extant orchids, while during orchid evolution numerous secondary transitions occurred to other fungal taxa. We suggest that both the rhizoctonia partners and the secondarily acquired ones are from fungal taxa that have broad endophytic ability, as exemplified in non-orchid roots. We review evidence that endophytism in non-orchid plants is the current ecology of many rhizoctonias, which suggests that their ancestors may have been endophytic in orchid ancestors. This also applies to the non-rhizoctonia fungi that were secondarily recruited by several orchid lineages as mycorrhizal partners. Indeed, from our review of the published literature, they are often detected, probably as endophytes, in extant rhizoctonia-associated orchids.

Conclusion

The orchid family offers one of the best documented examples of the ‘Waiting Room Hypothesis’: their mycorrhizal symbioses support the idea that extant mycorrhizal fungi have been recruited among endophytic fungi that colonized orchid ancestors.
Heterozygous Tropomodulin 3 mice have improved lung vascularization after chronic hypoxia
Authors: Stobdan Tsering , Jain Pritesh P , Xiong Mingmei , Bafna Vineet , Yuan Jason X-J , Haddad Gabriel G
Published: October 2021

The molecular mechanisms leading to high-altitude pulmonary hypertension (HAPH) remains poorly understood. We previously analyzed the whole genome sequence of Kyrgyz highland population and identified eight genomic intervals having a potential role in HAPH. Tropomodulin 3 gene (TMOD3), which encodes a protein that binds and caps the pointed ends of actin filaments and inhibits cell migration, was one of the top candidates. Here we systematically sought additional evidence to validate the functional role of TMOD3. In-silico analysis reveals that some of the SNPs in HAPH associated genomic intervals were positioned in a regulatory region that could result in alternative splicing of TMOD3. In order to functionally validate the role of TMOD3 in HAPH, we exposed Tmod3−/+ mice to 4 weeks of constant hypoxia, i.e. 10% O2 and analyzed both functional (hemodynamic measurements) and structural (angiography) parameters related to HAPH. The hemodynamic measurements, such as right ventricular systolic pressure, a surrogate measure for pulmonary arterial systolic pressure, and right ventricular contractility (RV- ± dP/dt), increases with hypoxia did not separate between Tmod3−/+ and control mice. Remarkably, there was a significant increase in the number of lung vascular branches and total length of pulmonary vascular branches (P < 0.001) in Tmod3−/+ after 4 weeks of constant hypoxia as compared with controls. Notably, the Tmod3−/+ endothelial cells migration was also significantly higher than that from the wild-type littermates. Our results indicate that, under chronic hypoxia, lower levels of Tmod3 play an important role in the maintenance or neo-vascularization of pulmonary arteries.
Reply to Jansen and Gjerde's (2021) critique of the salmon louse infection model reported in Johnsen et al. (2021)
Authors: Johnsen Ingrid A , Harvey Alison , Næverlid Sævik Pål , Sandvik Anne D , Ugedal Ola , Ådlandsvik Bjørn , Wennevik Vidar , Glover Kevin A , Karlsen Ørjan
Published: October 2021

To estimate salmon lice-induced mortality of wild salmon post-smolts, a model system was developed by Johnsen et al. to support management strategies. To ensure realistic model estimates, lice-infestation values from the model were calibrated against empirical observations on wild post-smolts captured by trawling. These fish were genetically assigned to their rivers of origin. A critique by Jansen and Gjerde claims that the model developed by Johnsen et al. systematically overestimates lice induced mortality of post-smolts. Here, we illustrate how the analysis performed by Jansen and Gjerde is based upon two datasets that mismatch temporally and spatially. In addition, their analysis does not take uneven catch between the rivers into account. Due to this, we argue that the analysis in the criticism is not well founded. We also take the opportunity to present in more detail the observational dataset available for the model calibration, its limitations and the potential impacts on the model estimates. Additional validation with new data demonstrates that the model does not provide systematically biased results. Finally, we argue that the discrepancy between the modelled and observed lice levels in our system is not evidence of its shortcomings, but rather, represents an example of how model estimates can provide valuable supplementary information to empirical observations.
Do in-hospital outcomes of isolated coronary artery bypass grafting vary between male and female octogenarians?
Authors: Attia Rizwan Q , Katumalla Eve , Cyclewala Shabnam , Rochon Melissa , Marczin Nandor , Raja Shahzad G
Published: October 2021

OBJECTIVES

Female gender and advanced age are regarded as independent risk factors for adverse outcomes after isolated coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). There is paucity of evidence comparing outcomes of CABG between male and female octogenarians. We aimed to analyse in-hospital outcomes of isolated CABG in this cohort.

METHODS

All octogenarians that underwent isolated CABG, from January 2000 to October 2017, were included. A retrospective analysis of a prospectively collected cardiac surgery database (PATS; Dendrite Clinical Systems, Oxford, UK) was performed. A propensity score was generated for each patient from a multivariable logistic regression model based on 25 pre-treatment covariates. A total of 156 matching pairs were derived.

RESULTS

Five hundred and sixty-seven octogenarians underwent isolated CABG. This included 156 females (mean age 82.1 [SD: 0.9]) and 411 males (mean age 82.4 [SD: 2.1 years]). More males were current smokers (P = 0.002) with renal impairment (P = 0.041), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (P = 0.048), history of cerebrovascular accident (P = 0.039) and peripheral vascular disease (P = 0.027) while more females had New York Heart Association class 4 (P = 0.02), left ventricular ejection fraction 30–49% (P = 0.038) and left ventricular ejection fraction <30% (P = 0.049). On-pump, CABG was performed in 140 males and 52 females (P = 0.921). There was no difference in in-hospital mortality (5.4% vs 6.4%; P = 0.840), stroke (0.9% vs 1.3%; P = 0.689), need for renal replacement therapy (17.0% vs 13.5%; P = 0.732), pulmonary complications (9.5% vs 8.3%; P = 0.746) and sternal wound infection (2.7% vs 2.6%; P = 0.882). The outcomes were comparable for the propensity-matched cohorts.

CONCLUSIONS

No gender difference in outcomes was seen in octogenarians undergoing isolated CABG.