bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Politics of Structural Change
Authors: GARRETT GEOFFREY
Published: March 2007

The 1930s and the 1980s were decades of significant political economic change in the capitalist democracies. Depression and the rise of the industrial working class created opportunities for the establishment of social democracy in the 1930s. Stagflation and the decline of the working class made possible waves of radical rightist reform. However, this article suggests that only governments that do not have to concentrate myopically on the exigencies of winning the next election have the political space to undertake structural changes, the benefits of which may only be manifest in the medium term. In turn, successful reforms are likely to entail changes in underlying social structural conditions—such as the strengthening or weakening of organized labor movements—that both expand the electoral constituencies of the government's partisanpreferred policies and improve their macroeconomic efficacy. These propositions are examined with respect to the construction social democracy in Sweden in the 1930s and the construction of neoliberalism in Thatcher's Britain. Although the consequences of these two instances were diametrically opposed, the conditions that created the possibility for radical reform, and the strategies pursued by the governments to precipitate structural change were very similar.
Austrian and Swedish Social Democrats in Crisis
Authors: KITSCHELT HERBERT
Published: March 2007

Socialists and social democrats have probably nowhere been better entrenched than in Austria and Sweden. Yet in both countries, they have suffered electoral defeats in the 1980s and early 1990s, just as socialists in many other West European nations. Changes in class structure and the economic climate during socialist government incumbency do not satisfactorily explain socialist decline. Instead, this article focuses on the organizational structure of Austrian and Swedish social democracy to explain the parties' strategic immobility when faced with the new electoral challenges of free market liberalism and left-libertarian politics. Differences in the parties' organizational structure help to account for the respective timing of electoral crisis and the organizational reforms and new policy initiatives chosen in response to such crises.
Redemocratization, Electoral Engineering, and Party Strategies in Chile, 1989-1995
Authors: RABKIN RHODA
Published: March 2007

Can the deliberate manipulation of electoral rules help achieve political moderation and stability? An unusual electoral system in Chile provides a dramatic, albeit controversial, instance of political engineering. The binominal system, promulgated by the outgoing Pinochet government, mandates two-member districts for the upper and lower legislative chambers. Binominal electoral rules occupy a middle ground between majoritarian and PR systems. In Chile, the binominal system has provided incentives to form broad alliances, and has encouraged centripetal political competition, without generating extreme disproportionality between votes and seats. Using Lijphart's index, disproportionality was 5.80 in 1989 and 5.75 in 1993—higher than most PR systems, but lower than most plurality systems.
The Political Economy of International Trade
Authors: ALT JAMES E. , FRIEDEN JEFFRY , GILLIGAN MICHAEL J. , RODRIK DANI , ROGOWSKI RONALD
Published: March 2007

A similar set of concepts has been central to the literatures on the formation of trade policy coalitions and the “new economics of institutions”: the political and economic consequences of the degree to which assets are specific to a particular economic activity. In this survey, the authors take the necessary first step of summarizing the main findings of these two literatures and then suggest ways in which the issue might be joined. In addition to providing a more coherent understanding of the findings of these two literatures and some new directions for them, the authors show that many puzzles remain in the field of trade politics—puzzles for which there are no appealing answers or, where there are answers, no strong evidence in support of them. This essay, then, in addition to being a theoretical review of the literature, puts forward an agenda for future study of international trade politics.
On the Absence of Centripetal Incentives in Double-Member Districts
Authors: MAGAR ERIC , ROSENBLUM MARC R. , SAMUELS DAVID
Published: March 2007

In its final months, the Pinochet regime engineered a number of institutional reforms with the intent of bolstering the right side of the spectrum and of promoting centripetal political competition once democratic procedures were reinitiated in 1989. One of the most important reforms created 60 double-member districts for elections to the lower house. Although some analysts have claimed that the new system does in fact promote centrist position taking, using game theory and spatial modeling, the authors demonstrate that the incentives of the Chilean electoral system encourage politicians to take noncentrist positions along a left-right spectrum. The combination of double-member districts with the d'Hondt seat allocation method and open-list voting creates a Rival Partners Game, creating perverse incentives for Chilean candidates. The authors' theoretical results help clarify the debate about the effects of post-authoritarian institutional reforms in Chile and should encourage empirical research on the same issues.
International Society — Theoretical Promises Unfulfilled?
Authors: WÆVER OLE
Published: March 2007

The English school in the study of international relations is characterized by its interest in `international society', i.e. a society formed by and of states developing rules and institutions for the conduct of their relations. This perspective has held a promise of overcoming the dichotomies of realist-liberalist and historical-structural approaches. Thereby it opened up for potential studies of for instance the relative weight of systemic (structural and constant) pressures relative to historical peculiarities in the evolution of different systems of states; the interplay between international society and a `world society' of mankind; and characterization of the different logics of international relations in different epochs. Reviewing three recent and prominent publications from the `school', it seems that although the books each on their own make valuable contributions to International Relations, development of theory of international society is not a very dynamic business. A plea is made for an opening of the — too English? — school towards parallel American interest in `regimes', towards semioticians' insight into the nature and implications of `sharing language', and towards historically focused studies in classical political theory and international law. In particular, the books on nationalism (James Mayall) and Hugo Grotius (Hedley Bull et al.) offer promising examples of this.
The Concept of Regime `Effectiveness'
Authors: UNDERDAL ARILD
Published: March 2007

Two major questions in the study of international cooperation are: (i) Under which conditions is some kind of cooperative arrangement likely to be established? (ii) Under which conditions will the arrangement established be effective? Arguing that good reasons can be given for shifting some of our research efforts from the former to the latter question, and that a fair amount of conceptual groundwork remains to be done in order that regime `effectiveness' can be systematically studied, the author briefly examines three questions: (i) What precisely is the object to be evaluated? (ii) Against which standard is this object to be evaluated? And, (iii) what kinds of measurement operations do we have to perform in order to attribute a certain score of `effectiveness' to a certain arrangement?
A Peace Dividend? Democracies' Military Interventions and Their External Political Consequences
Authors: KEGLEY CHARLES W. , HERMANN MARGARET G.
Published: March 2007

Numerous empirical investigations have found that democracies do not wage war against one another. This finding has inspired hope that the rapid worldwide dispersion of democracy since the mid-1970s will produce an era of pacific relations and has encouraged the active promotion of democratization. This paper inspects democracies' use of overt military intervention between 1974 and 1988 and shows that democratic states targeted military activity toward other free or partly free countries 141 times during this time period. Exploring the purposes for and the consequences of these interventions, the study concludes that under some conditions military interventions can affect transitions to democracy. However, it finds that more of democracies' interventionary activity is directed toward maintaining democratic identity and the liberal democratic community than toward its expansion. The inquiry ends by assessing the implications of the use of interventionism as a policy tool for democratization in the post-Cold War era.
Negotiating Neutrality
Authors: LANTIS JEFFREY S. , QUEEN MATTHEW F.
Published: March 2007

This study applies a two-level game model to analyze the dramatic redirection of Austrian foreign policy in the post-Cold War era. Austria's official entry into the European Union on January 1, 1995, marked an important transition in its foreign and security policy from forty years of `permanent neutrality' to a new relationship with European partners. Membership had especially significant implications for Austria in light of the Title V agreements of the Maastricht Treaty that called for a Common Foreign and Security Policy. This article explores how Austrian leaders successfully implemented a sophisticated strategy of double-edged diplomacy to convince a majority of the electorate to support membership in the European Union and fundamental constitutional changes in a 1994 referendum. Finally, the article draws conclusions about the significance of domestic political constraints for foreign policy redirection and the implications of the Austrian case for the future of neutrality.
The Great Highway Robbery
Authors: Miller John C.
Published: March 2007

John C. Miller is a contributing editor of Institutions magazine and a free-lance writer.

Readers of this article are invited to send us their opinions of and experiences with billboard advertis ing.—Ed.
On Sex Discrimination in the Private Club
Authors: Hurley Gerard F.
Published: March 2007

The NCA responds to an earlier Quarterly article
When the Tanks Rolled Into Town
Authors: Woods Keaton S.
Published: March 2007

As Iraqi troops massed on the border of Kuwait, the general manager of the Kuwait Meridien hotel began to make contingency plans for the possibility of a siege. Keaton Woods's foresight paid off when the tanks rolled in, and the Meridien had to operate as a self-contained fortress for the initial days of the invasion. Woods and his staff altered operations and the physical plant to ensure the security of the hotel and safety of its guests and staff. When it became clear that the Western guests would likely become hostages in the hotel, Woods and his staff arranged for their safe and quick departure. Woods himself hid in the home of some Kuwaiti friends for four months until Saddam Hussein declared safe passage out of the country for Westerners.
Indian Tourism
Authors: Ahmed Zafar U.
Published: March 2007

Few nations have such a diversity of cultural and geographical attractions as India. This year, India's government sought to capitalize on its tourist attractions by declaring 1991 "Visit India Year." The government has recognized tourism as an industry and enacted policies to encourage international companies to operate in India. That promising initiative has foundered, however, on shoals created by political instability, civil strife, weaknesses in the infrastructure, and contradictory administrative policies. Particularly damaging is a June 1991 travel advisory issued by the United States State Department that warns American travelers away from such areas as Kashmir and Punjab.
Hotel Investment Oppoturnities in Hungary
Authors: Lorenz Andreas F. , Cullen Thomas P.
Published: March 2007

Hungary may be the most attractive of the former Communist nations to outside developers. Its progressive government has implemented development-friendly policies. Hungary's three domestic hotel chains-HungarHotels, Danubius, and Pannonia-are in various stages of privatization. While the luxury-hotel market is saturated in major cities, considerable opportunity exists for joint ventures to build two- and three-star properties in outlying areas or second-tier cities. Despite its prodevelopment atmosphere, however, Hungary still presents considerable barriers to would-be hotel developers. Those barriers include a dearth of qualified local companies, questions about land title and financing terms, and a glacial bureaucracy.
Innkeepers May Still Lose Liability Suits
Authors: Sherry John E.H.
Published: March 2007

When a hotel guest seeks to recover damages from an innkeeper based on negligence, that negligence may be established by proving an innkeeper's failure to comply with a statutory or regulatory standard of care. On the other hand, compliance with statutory standards has been assumed to compel a finding of no liability for the innkeeper by the court. But that's no longer true. In this example a trial judge instructed a jury that compliance with the fire code established as a matter of law that the innkeeper had met his duty of reasonable care and thus required a finding of nonliability. But the state Supreme Court, on appeal, rejected that proposition. The high court reasoned that compliance with a statutory regulation does not constitute conclusive evidence of due care: “If the defendants knew or should have known of some risk that would be prevented by reasonable measures not required by the regulation, they were negligent if they did not take such measures....” Now it's more important than ever that innkeepers keep abreast of technological advancements and industry standards, and that they exercise common sense and good judgment regarding mitigating potential injuries to guests, no matter what the local law prescribes.
Influencing Associations' Site-Selection Process
Authors: Clark J. Dana , McCleary Ken W.
Published: March 2007

Cities can benefit greatly by being selected as the site for association meetings, but there is not a uniform selection process used by all associations. Cities should therefore conduct market research and be creative in dealing with each target association. Factors specific to each situation are crucial in determining whether a city makes the final cut, and understanding those factors can provide a marketing edge (e.g., knowing that there may be many people involved in the site-selection process, identifying who they are and what power they possess, and directing attention to the decision makers). Determining an association's venue and facility needs will help determine target customers, and taking steps to reduce the planners' financial, social, physical, psychological, and functional risks can improve a city's chances of being selected. While an association may have a written procedure for meeting planning, in some cases nontask variables are more important than the formalized, task-related variables.
"Skip" Sack and Applebee's
Authors: Oshins Michael L.
Published: March 2007

The case of Burton "Skip" Sack, former holder of the New England franchise for Applebee's restaurants, demonstrates how to build both a restaurant business and personal wealth. The Applebee's case provides the following lessons. The odds of success are better with a franchise than with a newly developed concept. The franchisee must be familiar with numerous aspects of restaurant operation (or have personnel who are), including finding sources of capital, choosing a site, making an operation profitable, selecting and training personnel, and marketing. Each of those matters presented a challenge that Sack had to overcome. Having bought the franchise, he could at first raise no capital to open a restaurant, until he was able to get funds from a friend (and mortgage his house). Having opened one restaurant he had insufficient capital to open a second, and most prospective sites were too expensive. Choosing secondary sites on which to open a handful of restaurants, Sack planned to develop a chain that could be sold or taken public. He was able to do that, although his final merger with Applebee's was nearly undone by a sudden dive in the stock price. His willingness to accept a given number of shares rather than a firm value of shares demonstrates a key lesson for restaurant success-flexibility in defining an opportunity.
Hotel Sales-and-Marketing Management
Authors: Mandelbaum Robert
Published: March 2007

This study of 200 hotels looked at eight areas of hotel sales-and-marketing management: advertising, department finances, franchise-affiliation benefit, human resources, revenue management, sales-contract terms, technology use, and third-party reservations. Approximately 60 percent of the hotels used both total revenue and room-nights sold as sales-performance measures, and 78 percent used room revenue to calculate bonuses. It seems that franchise-affiliated hotels receive greater benefit from the national reservation system than from the national sales offices. Close to 80 percent of the hotels use a yield-management system, about 75 percent are linked to a global distribution system, and many are represented on worldwideweb sites. At the local level, print media appear to be perceived by GMs and sales managers as offering the greatest reach for the fewest dollars.
Counseling Psychology in Israel
Authors: Barak Azy , Golan Galia
Published: March 2007

This article discusses the status of counseling psychology in Israel in the context of its unique characteristics. Despite the respected status of psychology as a profession in Israel and its overall acceptance and involvement in numerous social issues, counseling psychology as a separate specialty is nonexistent, especially because of resistance to the clinical psychology specialty. In addition to general subjects where counseling may be applied, special problem areas—including continuous security threats, massive immigration, non-Jewish minorities, issues concerning religiosity, and effects of the Holocaust—create the necessity for counseling psychology interventions. Nevertheless, actual, successful, professional accomplishments make this either unnecessary or call for a change in the counseling-related training of clinical psychologists.
Current Status and Anticipated Changes in Psychology Internships
Authors: Boggs Kathleen R. , Douce Louise A.
Published: March 2007

This article briefly traces the history of psychology internship training to its central role in professional training in counseling psychology. Current issues are discussed, including supply and demand, increased applicant costs, timing of internship, and escalation of practicum training hours. Future considerations are outlined, including point of licensure, length of training, postdoctoral training, and preparation of students to meet demands of the next biennium. Training for the full range of human diversity and creating new employment opportunities for counseling psychologists are emphasized.
Prevention and Counseling Psychology
Authors: Romano John L. , Hage Sally M.
Published: March 2007

This article advocates the need for a much stronger emphasis on and commitment to the science and practice of prevention in counseling psychology. Historical and recent developments in the profession are highlighted, as are the changing U.S. demographics and societal needs that mandate an enhanced prevention focus for the field. A prevention-based agenda of four fundamental goals for counseling psychology is articulated. The goals include eight training domains and objectives as well as skills needed to support a prevention agenda for counseling psychology. Barriers and adjustments needed to give renewed vitality toward prevention are discussed. Prevention resources and funding opportunities are presented.
Bolstering the Scientist Component in the Training of Scientist-Practitioners
Authors: Larson Lisa M. , Besett-Alesch Tricia M.
Published: March 2007

This article presents three specific curriculum recommendations that have been implemented at one American Psychological Association-approved counseling psychology program to increase the didactic and experiential scientific core. The recommendations include requiring an ongoing research practicum, a qualitative methodology course, and an advanced integrative research design course specific to the discipline of counseling psychology. The institutionalized research experience is designed to help empower all students and provide equal access to research opportunities.
Revisiting Feminist Identity Development Theory, Research, and Practice
Authors: Moradi Bonnie , Subich Linda Mezydlo , Phillips Julia C.
Published: March 2007

The model of feminist identity development proposed by Downing and Roush in 1985 is revisited as a potentially useful framework in counseling psychology theory, research, and practice. An examination of the historical context from which the model arose illustrates how it advanced theory in the psychology of women. A critical review of the extant empirical literature is generally supportive of the model's original tenets and is indicative of its promise for application to practice. However; measurement and methodological concerns point to the need for more research, especially on the model's relevance to more diverse populations. Recent social and scientific advances inform future directions for theory, research, and practice.
What Do We Know and Where Do We Go?
Authors: Vandiver Beverly J.
Published: March 2007

This article evaluates the merits of the three articles in the major contribution "Revisiting Feminist Identity Development." Two primary questions are at the heart of the critique: Is the feminist identity model still viable? and What are the challenges of measuring its constructs?
Client Perspectives of Multicultural Counseling Competence
Authors: Pope-Davis Donald B. , Toporek Rebecca L. , Ortega-Villalobos Lideth , Ligiéro Daniela P. , Brittan-Powell Christopher S. , Liu William M. , Bashshur Michael R. , Codrington Jamila N. , Liang Christopher T. H.
Published: March 2007

Multicultural competence is a burgeoning area of research in counseling psychology. However, there has been little focus on understanding multicultural competence from the perspective of clients. This study used qualitative interviews and grounded theory to develop a model of clients’ perspectives of multicultural counseling. The resulting model suggested that clients’ experiences of multicultural counseling were contingent on their self-identified needs and on how well they felt the counselor met these needs. Moreover, clients appeared to actively manage and moderate the extent to which culture was broached in counseling based on a host of conditions including counseling relationship, salience of identity, counselor behavior, and expectations of counseling, to name a few. Implications for future research and practice are discussed.
Managing the Internship Application Experience
Authors: Jacob Mary Casey
Published: March 2007

Applying for internship always takes a great deal of time and is often emotionally draining as well. It seems reasonable to prepare for and organize this "transition experience " as much as possible. Students can usefully begin preparations in the first year of graduate school. A time line of activities for preparing internship applications is suggested and a decision grid for ranking sites is described.
Counseling Psychology's Public Image
Authors: Zytowski Donald G. , Casas J. Manuel , Gilbert Lucia A. , Lent Robert W. , Simon Norma P.
Published: March 2007

One of the major issues in need of increased attention from professionals in the field of counseling psychology is that of public image. What type of image do we, as members of the discipline, wish to project? And how may we further the perception that counseling psychology is a vital resource to be utilized in addressing societal issues? This report, comprising several working papers presented at the Third National Conference for Counseling Psychology: Planning the Future (the Georgia conference), approaches these issues first, by providing a capsulated overview of pertinent literature in the field and, second, by forwarding a number of recommendations or action plans for the development and promotion of a positive professional image among academicians, practitioners, and the public at large. As a means of implementation for the recommendations made, an Ad Hoc Committee on Public Image was formulated and subcommittees identified to address academic, media-related, and political concerns.
Organizational and Political Issues in Counseling Psychology
Authors: Brammer Lawrence , Alcorn John , Birk Janice , Gazda George , Hurst James , LaFromboise Teresa , Newman Russell , Osipow Samuel , Packard Theodore , Romero Daniel , Scott Nancy
Published: March 2007

The Organizational and Political Issues Group focused on managerial, structural, and political issues in counseling psychology. Papers were presented by 11 counseling psychologists on 13 basic issues that had been identified by the planning
Considering Some Methodological Issues in Racial Identity Counseling Research
Authors: Helms Janet E.
Published: March 2007

In this article, it is argued that Nigrescence or Black racial identity theory often interacts with counseling psychology research designs in ways that may lead readers to underestimate the worth of such research as well as misunderstand its meaning. Particular methodological dilemmas resulting from the interactions among theoretical formulations, environmental influences, and research participants' racial identity characteristics are addressed. Possible strategies for addressing these issues as well as those shared with other types of visible racial/ethnic group (VREG) research are offered.
Research on the Effects of Test Interpretation
Authors: Goodyear Rodney K.
Published: March 2007

This article reviews four decades of research on test interpretation. It concludes that the intended effects of this intervention have been demonstrated. There seems no clear evidence, however, for the effectiveness of one interpretation modality over another, though clients seem to prefer individual interpretations. Also examined in the article are client and counselor variables that alone and in interaction may affect test interpretations. Literature on the Barnum Effect is discussed briefly as a possible area of 'basic research " in test interpretation. Finally, several issues (e.g., criteria) that merit attention both by researchers and research consumers are discussed
Early Professionals in Counseling Psychology
Authors: Watkins C. Edward
Published: March 2007

This article considers some of the issues and concerns that confront academic counseling psychologists during the early professional years (6 to 10 years post-Ph.D.). Tenure, competency, role overload/burnout, and mobility issues are briefly discussed. Where appropriate, strategies or coping techniques for dealing with these issues and concerns are presented.
Cognitive Processes in Counseling
Authors: Heesacker Martin , Harris Jeff E.
Published: March 2007

This article represents a practical decision tree for counselors in which two distinct approaches to cognitive change processes in counseling, one based on learning processes and one based on attitude change processes, are integrated into a useful model to facilitate cognitive change in counseling. Jack Martin's cognitive instructional counseling (CIC) is a learning or information-processing model of counseling. Richard Petty and John Cacioppo's elaboration likelihood model (ELM) is a model of attitude change processes that has been applied to counseling. These two models are compatible and complementary with respect to change processes in counseling. In addition to presenting the decision tree and an example of its use, this article describes basic points of comparison between the ELM and CIC, outlines each model, and describes relevant research.
On Hope, Promise, and Possibility in Counseling Psychology or Some Simple, but Meaningful Observations about Our Specialty
Authors: Watkins C. Edward
Published: March 2007

In this article, IO broad-based trends that seem to characterize counseling psychology are identified The trends focus on changes having occurred and occurring in (a) research and training, (b) special populations, (c) assessment, counseling, and counseling training and supervision, (d) vocational psychology, and (e) Division 17. Evidence supporting each trend is presented, and some brief discussion about the significance of these trends for our specialty's future is provided.
Issues Related to Research with Children
Authors: Powell M. Paige , Vacha-Haase Tammi
Published: March 2007

Counseling psychology has traditionally neglected research and practice with children. This article focuses on ethical and practical issues in conducting research with child participants. Informed consent and assent, minimization of risk, and the use of deception are highlighted.
Cultural Sensitivity and Cognitive Therapy in India
Authors: Scorzelli James F. , Reinke-Scorzelli Mary
Published: March 2007

An exploratory study was conducted to determine whether two groups of graduate students in India felt that the cognitive approach to therapy conflicted with their religious beliefs and cultural and family values. Although the results of the study indicated that most of the students surveyed felt that the cognitive approach to counseling conflicted with their values and beliefs, there was no common trend identified. The implications of the findings are discussed.
The Debate about Delayed Memories of Child Sexual Abuse
Authors: Enns Carolyn Zerbe , McNeilly Cheryl L. , Corkery Julie Madison , Gilbert Mary S.
Published: March 2007

The debate about delayed memories of child sexual abuse has generated strong emotions and has polarized many psychologists and members of the public. At times, individuals have adopted absolute positions without adequate knowledge of the complex issues involved. This article provides information about the current debate regarding the veracity of delayed memories of child sexual abuse, describes the historical context in which this controversy occurs, discusses the growth and development of psychotherapy for trauma survivors, and reviews the theoretical and empirical literature relevant to abuse memories. The article also outlines recommendations about foundations of knowledge and interventions that will help psychologists engage in competent and ethical practices with clients and generates an initial set of recommendations for future research, training, and social change.
A Scientist-Practitioner Model of Psychological Assessment
Authors: Spengler Paul M. , Strohmer Douglas C. , Dixon David N. , Shivy Victoria A.
Published: March 2007

We propose a prototype for a scientist-practitioner model of psychological assessment that is a reformulation of the Pepinskys's model of the counselor-as-scientist. We integrate with the Pepinskys's model theory and research on human inference, judgment, and decision making, research on threats to accurate clinical prediction (e.g., confirmatory hypothesis testing), and findings about counselor characteristics associated with effective judgment processes (e.g., cognitive complexity). Issues related to counseling psychologists' application of research findings and use of scientific reasoning in counseling practice are explored, including implications for training, research, and practice.
Training Counseling Psychologists in Career Development
Authors: Heppner Mary J. , O'Brien Karen M. , Hinkelman Jeanne M. , Flores Lisa Y
Published: March 2007

Although the diminishing role of career counseling in the future plans of counseling psychology trainees has been well documented, no empirical data have explained why this phenomenon is occurring. A sample of 290 counseling psychology graduate students was surveyed from 12 American Psychological Association (APA)-approved counseling psychology training programs. Results indicate that trainees' most negative experiences were disparaging remarks about career counseling from faculty and supervisors and their formal course work in career development. Conversely, trainees reported that the most positive influences on their attitudes were experiences obtained by working with career clients. Further, initial regression equations indicate that 45% to 59% of the variance in trainees 'interest and their positive experiences practicing career counseling could be explained by their self-efficacy in career counseling, their training experiences, and their participation in vocational research. Implications for the training of counseling psychologists are provided.
Competitive Internship Candidates:
Authors: Gloria Alberta M. , Castillo Linda G. , Choi-Pearson Catherine P. , Rangel Dianna K.
Published: March 2007

Given the competition for internship site placement, it is imperative that students gather as much information and guidance as possible. A one-page survey was sent to the 500 internship training directors listed in the 1993-1994 Association of Psychology Postdoctoral and Internship Centers (APPIC) Directory. Training directors rank ordered the relative importance of 10 internship tasks and assessed which professional practice experiences and courses distinguish a competitive applicant. Differences in perception and processing of clinical and counseling psychology applicants were also assessed. Results indicate that expectations of internship candidates vary by agency. Implications for internship candidates and program training directors are included.
Entering the Ivory Tower
Authors: Gore Paul A. , Murdock Nancy L. , Haley Sarah J.
Published: March 2007

Although counseling psychologists have a long history of studying their own professional development, no data exist describing the characteristics of successful academic job applicants. This study describes the demographic and scholarly characteristics of 27 recently hired faculty members in counseling psychology programs, and the nature of the positions that they filled. Consistent with expectations, our results indicate that research productivity is a function of academic rank. Our data also indicate that recent Ph.D. graduates are applying for academic positions with an established history of publications and professional presentations. Almost half of all available faculty positions identified in this study were the result of faculty retirements. Other characteristics of successful academic hires and the positions that they filled are discussed.
The Third Editorial Phase
Authors: Stone Gerald L.
Published: March 2007

A description of the content and policies of The Counseling Psychologist during the editorship of Gerald L. Stone (1991-1996) is presented. Accompanying the description and relevant data is a story about the editing experience. Finally, comments about the relationship of TCP and larger social issues are discussed.
Integration of Theory, Research Design, Measurement, and Analysis
Authors: Tracey Terence J. G. , Glidden-Tracey Cynthia E.
Published: March 2007

The authors advocate using a reasoned argument to approach the research conceptualization process, wherein the different aspects of any study logically relate to each other. Specific focus is placed on the integration of four separate research components including substantive theory, research design, measurement, and analysis. A model of an iterative, logical choice process for making decisions about each of these components in relation to the other components is presented. Finally, the authors discuss several common aspects of each of the four research components that are often ignored and thus result in discrepancies across the components and a poor study.
The Domestic Violence Arrest Decision: Examining Demographic, Attitudinal, and Situational Variables
Authors: Robinson Amanda L. , Chandek Meghan S.
Published: March 2007

The effects of demographic, attitudinal, and situational variables on the domestic violence arrest decision were investigated using official data and officer attitudinal data. We examined some variables never before studied in this context (e.g., the demographic characteristics of officers) and improved on the measurement of many variables (e.g., victim cooperativeness, victim injury, and time of shift). Logit analyses clarified those factors that significantly impacted the arrest decision and identified how officers arrived at a determination of a victim's cooperativeness. The findings supported previous research that has highlighted the importance of situational variables in the arrest decision.
Reducing Incarceration Rates: The Promise of Experimental Criminology
Authors: Sherman Lawrence W.
Published: March 2007

The central promise of experimental criminology is its potential to lower the extraordinarily high incarceration rates in the United States. Imagining the counterfactual scenario of medicine without experiments suggests that major changes would be much slower and less effective without randomized field trials (RFTs). Imagining alternatives to our current high rates of imprisonment suggests that we might discover more effective programs for crime prevention without prison, as well as for crime prevention without courts. Research advances in the use of moral appeals and other mechanisms of attaining compliance through socialization rather than sanction threat provide a fertile research agenda. Carrying out that agenda with RFTs would be the shortest path to reducing incarceration rates.
Predicting the Likelihood of Rearrest among Shock Incarceration Graduates: Moving Beyond Another Nail in the Boot Camp Coffin
Authors: Stinchcomb Jeanne B. , Terry W. Clinton
Published: March 2007

With the early stages of emotional enchantment with their symbolic appeal over, boot camps are increasingly being subjected to accountability measures. Despite their public popularity, research thus far has often cast doubt on the practical ability of such interventions to fulfill their expectations. This study of a 90-day, jail-based shock incarceration program adds to the mounting empirical evidence suggesting that boot camps may not be producing desired results. Realistically, however, such results are unlikely to extinguish this politically viable sentencing alternative. In exploring variables beyond program participation that might contribute to recidivism, this study found relationships between the likelihood of being rearrested and race, type of release, number of prior felonies, age, and sentencing points (criminal history). The implications of these findings for both judicial sentencing considerations and structural program modifications are discussed along with the challenges of constructing a matched comparison group for offenders serving jail rather than prison time.
Prisoner Reentry: Current Trends, Practices, and Issues
Authors: Austin James
Published: March 2007

After three decades of passing laws and implementing policies designed to dramatically increase the nation's prison population and harden the conditions of confinement, there is a newfound interest among policy makers and criminologists in prisoner release. Using national data and a survey of eight states, this article examines the current “state of the art” of prisoner reentry. Not surprisingly, most state prison systems are ill equipped to ease the transition of inmates from prison to the community. A significant portion of released inmates pose minimal risk to public safety. Parole supervision increasingly results in ex-convicts' being reincarcerated for noncriminal behavior or misdemeanor crimes. For most inmates, reentry should be curtailed by either eliminating supervision or greatly shortening the period of supervision.
Who Gets Probation and Parole: Case Study Versus Actuarial Decision Making
Authors: Glaser Daniel
Published: March 2007

Probation and parole decisions have traditionally been based upon case studies, governed by informal norms prescribing base rates, and made with overconfidence in their wisdom. Actuarial tables that statistically identify the best predictors of past violations, then convert information from them into a prediction score, have repeatedly been shown to classify offenders into future risk categories more accurately than do case study prognoses. Although such tables have been available since the 1920s, they were only widely adopted by parole boards during the 1970s with the development of decision guidelines that also take offense severity into account and that prescribe for any current case not a specific penalty but a choice within the range of punishments previously imposed for cases similar in actuarial risk and in offense severity. Application of actuarial prediction to sentencing decisions by use of guidelines analogous to those for parole has been attempted, but in practice thus far has had little impact due to the custom of determining sentences by pretrial plea bargaining.
Traditional Rhetoric, Organizational Realities: Remand of Juveniles to Adult Court
Authors: Bortner M. A.
Published: March 2007

The remand of juveniles to adult court has traditionally been justified as providing protection to the public by identifying the most intractable and dangerous delinquents. The present analysis of the case histories of 214 remanded juveniles and interviews with key decision makers does not support this traditional rhetoric. There is little evidence to suggest that those juveniles remanded are singularly dangerous or intractable, nor is there evidence to suggest that their remand enhances public safety. In contrast to traditional rhetoric, the present analysis suggests that organizational and political factors account for the high rate of remand. In evidencing a willingness to relinquish jurisdiction over a small percentage of its clientele, and by portraying these juveniles as the most intractable and the greatest threat to public safety, the juvenile system not only creates an effective symbolic gesture regarding protection of the public but it also advances its territorial interests in maintaining jurisdiction over the vast majority of juveniles and deflecting more encompassing criticisms of the entire system.
Guilty Until Proved Innocent: Wrongful Conviction and Public Policy
Authors: Huff C. Ronald , Rattner Arye , Sagarin Edward , MacNamara Donal E. J.
Published: March 2007

Few problems can pose a greater threat to free, democratic societies than that of wrongful conviction—the conviction of an innocent person. Yet relatively little attention has been paid to this problem, perhaps because of our understandable concern with the efficiency and effectiveness of the criminal justice system in combatting crime. Drawing on our own database of nearly 500 cases of wrongful conviction, our survey of criminal justice officials, and our review of extant literature on the subject, we address three major questions: (1) How frequent is wrongful conviction? (2) What are its major causes? and (3) What policy implications may be derived from this study?
Popular Moderation Versus Governmental Authoritarianism: An Interactionist View of Public Sentiments Toward Criminal Sanctions
Authors: Thomson Douglas R. , Ragona Anthony J.
Published: March 2007

Public opinion polls consistently highlight discontent with criminal court sentencing practices. Generally, respondents find courts to be too lenient. Although these findings are often used in political arguments as evidence of a cogent public desire for harsher sentencing, the conclusion is suspect. Since such surveys generally do not ask respondents to consider contingencies such as offense circumstances, behavioral content of various sentences, or fiscal cost differentials, conventional assessments of public attitudes toward sentencing are deficient in two respects. First, they do not simulate the decision-making task facing judges. Second, they do not allow citizens to consider the relative fiscal costs of current and alternative sentencing practices. By incorporating these two elements, the present study approximates an interactionist approach to the issue of public sentiments toward criminal sanctions. A probability sample survey of 816 Illinois adult residents reveals that, on several dimensions, the public is less vengeful than typically portrayed in public opinion poll and media accounts. Central findings concern public preferences for the sentencing of convicted residential burglars. In particular, there is a strong preference for community sentences, yet a desire for a sanction stronger than straight probation. Such findings are noteworthy given the policy context of recent mandatory incarceration legislation for this offense. Thus this study provides evidence of a previously unremarked phenomenon of legislative sanction escalation far exceeding public preferences.
Donald R. Cressey: A Personal and Intellectual Remembrance
Authors: Colomy Paul
Published: March 2007

This article provides a personal and intellectual remembrance of Donald R. Cressey. First, I describe the type of man Cressey was, employing the antinomies of work/play and toughness/kindness to structure the discussion. The subsequent analysis of Cressey's ideas examines his distinctive intellectual style, his enduring commitment to theoretically informed criminological research, his efforts to elaborate the principle of normative conflict and differential association, and his adherence to an ideology of liberal humanitarianism.
Issues of Citizen Involvement in Policing
Authors: Pepinsky Harold E.
Published: March 2007

People ask four things of police: to relieve fear and risk of crime, to manage disputes, to provide services, and to be accountable. Here the meeting of each of these objects is modeled as a subsystem of police/citizen interaction. Properly modeled, these four subsystems become isomorphic, or complementary. Taken together, the models provide a vision of how police and citizens can work together to give citizens greater control over their own disputes. While the vision may be quite different from current American police practice, the vision provides a blueprint for progress toward improved police-community relations and crime control.
The Ethics of Community-Based Sanctions
Authors: von Hirsch Andrew
Published: March 2007

The reviving interest in noncustodial penalties makes it urgent to explore the ethical limits on their use. This article explores three kinds of limits: proportionality (desert) constraints, restrictions against humiliating or degrading punishments, and concerns about intrusion into the rights of third parties. In connection with the second of these limits, the concept of “acceptable penal content” is developed.
The Punitive Juvenile Court and the Quality of Procedural Justice: Disjunctions Between Rhetoric and Reality
Authors: Feld Barry C.
Published: March 2007

The quality of procedural justice is especially relevant to recent changes in juvenile courts' sentencing policies. Punitiveness is reflected in (a) changes in juvenile code purpose clauses and court decisions endorsing punishment; (b) juvenile sentencing statutes and correctional guidelines that employ proportional, determinate, or mandatory sentences; and (c) evaluations of dispositional decision making and conditions of institutional confinement. The shift from treatment to punishment raises basic issues of procedural justice, especially the delivery of legal services. As juvenile courts' sentencing practices resemble increasingly those of their criminal counterparts, does any reason remain to maintain a separate court whose sole distinguishing characteristic is its persisting procedural deficiencies?