bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Vertebral telangiectatic osteosarcoma in a dog
Authors: Brellou G. , Papaioannou N. , Patsikas M. , Polizopoulou Z. , Vlemmas I.
Published: March 2008

Abstract:Telangiectatic osteosarcoma (TOS) affecting the seventh cervical vertebra (C7) was diagnosed in a 4‐year‐old male dog with signs of locomotor dysfunction. Bone lysis and an extradural‐extramedullary mass were observed in radiographs and occipital myelograms. The diagnosis was confirmed by histopathologic and immunohistochemical examination of the mass. The tumor was composed of large blood‐filled cavities lined by anaplastic stromal cells (malignant osteoblasts). Around the cavities were characteristic tumor giant cells (“bizarre cells”). Immunohistochemically the tumor cells were positive for proliferating cell nuclear antigen. The lining cells of the cysts were negative for von Willebrand factor. The histologic findings in this case of TOS involving C7 were similar to those seen in other cases of TOS in dogs and in people. Immunohistochemistry was a useful tool for assessing malignancy and for ruling out other differential diagnoses.
Characterization of lymphocyte populations by flow cytometry in a calf with sporadic juvenile lymphoma
Authors: Harbo Sam J. , Barrington George M. , Allen Andrew J. , Sample Gregory L. , Parish Steve M. , Hamilton Mary Jo , Davis William C.
Published: March 2008

Abstract: A 2‐month‐old Angus heifer was presented to Washington State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital for generalized peripheral lymphadenopathy and mild anorexia. Results of a CBC revealed marked lymphocytosis consisting primarily of large, atypical lymphocytes with cleaved, reniform nuclei. A presumptive diagnosis of sporadic juvenile lymphoma was made. To confirm these findings, a prescapular lymph node was submitted for histopathology, immunochemistry, and flow cytometric analysis. Peripheral blood also was analyzed by flow cytometry. Phenotypic characterization of lymph node and peripheral blood cell populations verified the calf had the B‐cell form of sporadic juvenile lymphoma. The results of this investigation expand the phenotypic characterization of neoplastic lymphocytes in sporadic juvenile lymphoma.
Parasitemia in a neonatal bison calf
Authors: Lanevschi‐Pietersma Anne , Ogunremi Oladele , Desrochers André
Published: March 2008

Abstract: A 3‐day old female bison calf (Bison bison) was presented in lateral recumbency to the Université de Montréal Veterinary Teaching Hospital. The animal was severely depressed and dehydrated (10%) and died a few hours after admission. Prior to death, blood samples were obtained for CBC, clinical chemistry, and serology tests. Abnormal CBC findings included thrombocytopenia, lymphocytosis, mild monocytosis, and a toxic left shift. Abnormal serum clinical chemistry findings included marked azotemia, hyperphosphatemia, hypernatremia, hyperalbuminemia, hypoglobulinemia, and low gamma‐gluta‐myltransferase activity. Serologic test results for bovine leukosis virus and bovine viral diarrhea virus were negative. Blood smear examination revealed numerous elongated organisms that were tapered at both ends and characterized by an undulating membrane and a long flagellum. The organisms ranged in length from 35 to 40 μm, excluding the flagellum, and were identified as Trypanosoma theileri. Postmortem examination revealed that the animal suffered from concurrent mycotic abomasitis and colisepticemia.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in a dog from Africa
Authors: Turinelli V. , Ledieu D. , Guilbaud L. , Marchal T. , Magnol J. P. , Fournel‐Fleury C.
Published: March 2008

Abstract: A 4‐year‐old male Boxer dog with a history of vomiting, diarrhea, and weight loss moved from West Africa to Lyon, France, where it was further evaluated. Radiographs revealed pleural effusion and enlargement of tracheobronchial lymph nodes and liver. Cytologic examination of the pleural effusion and a fine needle aspirate specimen of the liver showed mixed mononuclear inflammation with nonstaining rod structures within epithelioid histiocytes. At necropsy, the main gross pathologic findings were exudative pleuritis, nodular hepatitis, and infarcts and caseous nodules in the kidneys. The main histologic lesions were granulomatous hepatitis, granulomatous pneumonia, fibrinous leukocytic pleuritis, necrotic and fibro‐calcified granulomatous lymphadenitis, and granulomatous nephritis. A Ziehl‐Neelsen stain applied to both cytologic and histologic samples was positive for acid‐fast bacilli. Bacterial culture of the pleural fluid was positive for Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Cytology is a valuable tool in the diagnosis of this important zoonotic disease.
Serum alkaline phosphatase isoenzyme profiles in phenobarbital‐treated epileptic dogs
Authors: Gaskill Cynthia L. , Hoffmann Walter E. , Cribb Alastair E.
Published: March 2008

Background:Serum total alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity commonly is high in dogs receiving phenobarbital. Specific isoenzymes responsible for this increase are not well documented.

Objectives:The purposes of this study were 1) to qualitatively and quantitatively describe serum AP isoenzymes in phenobarbital‐treated dogs and 2) to monitor changes in serum AP isoenzyme activities associated with phenobarbital treatment over time.

Methods:Serum AP isoenzyme activities were determined in a cross‐sectional study of 29 dogs receiving phenobarbital (duration of treatment 2 months to 6.5 years). Additionally, in a prospective study of 23 dogs, serum AP isoenzyme activities were determined before and 3 weeks, 6 months, and 12 months after the start of phenobarbital treatment. Isoenzyme activities were quantitatively determined using wheat germ lectin precipitation and levamisole inhibition, and qualitatively (ie, present or absent) evaluated using cellulose acetate affinity electrophoresis.

Results:In phenobarbital‐treated dogs with high serum total AP activity in the cross‐sectional study, the increase was due predominantly to increased activities of the corticosteroid‐induced (C‐AP) and liver (L‐AP) isoenzymes. Prospectively, serum total AP and L‐AP activities were significantly higher at 3 weeks, 6 months, and 12 months after the start of phenobarbital treatment compared with pretreatment values. Serum C‐AP and bone isoenzyme (B‐AP) activities were significantly higher after 6 and 12 months of treatment. B‐AP accounted for only a small amount of the total AP activity. No unusual or previously unidentified AP isoenzymes were identified.

Conclusions:Phenobarbital treatment was associated with increased C‐AP and L‐AP isoenzyme activities and with a minor increase in B‐AP activity. No unique “phenobarbital‐induced” isoenzyme was identified. Isoenzyme analysis does not appear to be useful for differentiating between high serum total AP due to phenobarbital therapy and other causes.
Stomatocytosis in 7 related Standard Schnauzers
Authors: Bonfanti Ugo , Comazzi Stefano , Paltrinieri Saverio , Bertazzolo Walter
Published: March 2008

Background: Hereditary canine Stomatocytosis has been described in purebred Alaskan Malamutes, Drentse Patrijshonds, and Miniature Schnauzers. In humans, hereditary Stomatocytosis is a heterogeneous group of congenital disorders characterized by the presence of stomatocytes in blood, increased osmotic fragility, and frequent hemolytic anemia. Objective: Our objective was to describe hematologic findings and RBC characteristics in 7 closely related Standard Schnauzers with Stomatocytosis.

Methods: The following parameters were measured using an automated analyzer: HCT, RBC, hemoglobin (Hb) concentration, MCV, MCH, MCHC, red cell distribution width (ROW), WBC, platelet count, mean platelet volume (MPV), thrombocrit (PCT), and platelet distribution width (PDW). Differential leukocyte count, platelet estimate, reticulocyte count, and the percentage of stomatocytes in blood films were microscopically evaluated. An osmotic fragility test of RBCs and measurement of intracellular Na+, K+, and 2,3‐diphosphoglycerate (2,3‐DPG) concentrations were also performed.

Results: The affected dogs had macrocytosis (80 ± 4.24 fL, reference interval 60–76 fL), decreased MCHC (29.3 ± 0.8 g/dL, reference interval 32–39 g/dL), slightly increased ROW (17.3 ± 0.4%, reference interval 12–16%), and an increased reticulocyte count (1.55 ± 0.77%, reference interval <1%). The percentage of stomatocytes in blood films varied from 0.6 to 18.9% of all RBCs. Erythrocyte osmotic fragility and intracellular Na+ (138.1 ± 3.2 mmol/L; controls 99 ± 6.1 mmol/L), K+ (8.1 ± 0.8 mmol/L; controls 6.1 ± 0.5 mmol/1), and 2,3‐DPG (21.9 ± 2.0 μmol/g Hb; controls: 14.6 ± 3.3 μmol/g Hb) concentrations were increased in dogs with Stomatocytosis.

Conclusions: Hematologic findings and the metabolic defects in RBCs in these Standard Schnauzers were consistent with a diagnosis of Stomatocytosis. Parentage analysis suggests that Stomatocytosis in Standard Schnauzers may have a hereditary component.
Frequencies of feline blood types in northern Portugal
Authors: Silvestre‐Ferreira Ana C. , Pastor Josep , Almeida Odete , Montoya Alberto
Published: March 2008

Abstract:The frequencies of feline blood types in northern Portugal were studied by surveying 185 pedigreed and nonpedigreed cats. Blood typing was performed by the traditional tube method. As a single group, the majority of cats were type A (90.3%), 3.8% were type B, and 5.9% were type AB. Among pedigreed cats, 19 were Siamese and 7 were Persian; all but 1 were type A. Among nonpedigreed cats, 89.3% were type A, 4.4% were type B, and 6.3% were type AB.
Mixed Ehrlichia canis, Hepatozoon canis, and presumptive Anaplasma phagocytophilum infection in a dog
Authors: Mylonakis Mathios E. , Koutinas Alex F. , Baneth Gad , Polizopoulou Zoe , Fytianou Anna
Published: March 2008

Abstract: A 5‐month‐old, female, mongrel dog was admitted to the Clinic of Companion Animal Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece, with depression, anorexia, fever, peripheral lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, oculonasal discharge, nonregenerative anemia, and mild thrombocytopenia. Cytology of Giemsa‐stained buffy coat, bone marrow, and lymph node aspiration smears revealed numerous morulae in mononuclear leukocytes and in neutrophils, and Hepatozoon canis gamonts in neutrophils. The dog was seropositive to Ehrlichia canis (immunofluorescence assay [IFA]) and Hepatozoon canis (ELISA) but not to Anaplasma phagocytophilum (IFA). A nested polymerase chain reaction performed on bone marrow aspirates was positive for E canis. This method was not applied for the detection of A phagocytophilum. Treatment with doxycycline and imidocarb dipropionate resulted in both clinical and parasitologic cure. This is the first reported case of a mixed infection with E canis, H canis, and presumptive A phagocytophilum. The findings emphasize the value of cytology in offering a quick and inexpensive diagnosis in mixed tick‐borne infections of dogs.
Frequency and severity of tracheal wash hemosiderosis and association with underlying disease in 96 cats: 2002–2003
Authors: DeHeer Heather L. , McManus Patricia
Published: March 2008

Background: Hemosiderophages may be found in feline tracheal wash specimens in association with various disease conditions, including heart failure, trauma, infection, foreign body migration, lung lobe torsion, pulmonary embolism or infarction, neoplasia, and bleeding diathesis. Based on observations in our laboratory, we hypothesized that tracheal wash specimens from cats with asthma also frequently contain hemosiderophages, even in the absence of other known causes of pulmonary hemorrhage. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency and severity of hemosiderosis in tracheal wash fluid from cats with various diseases, including asthma. Methods: Feline tracheal wash fluid specimens submitted for cytologic evaluation between March 2002 and August 2003 were included in the study. One hundred and one specimens from 96 cats were examined with both Wright's‐Giemsa and Prussian blue stains. Cats were assigned to 6 disease categories: feline asthma, pneumonia, pulmonary neoplasia, rhinitis, heart disease, and other disorders. Based on the percentage of Prussian blue–positive macrophages, hemosiderosis was categorized as negative (0%), mild (<20%), moderate (21–50%), or marked (>50%). Results: The frequency of tracheal wash hemosiderosis in the study population was 63.5% (61/96); hemosiderosis was mild (29/96, 30.2%), moderate (22/96, 22.9%), or marked (10/96, 10.4%). Hemosiderosis was found in 85.7% (6/7) of cats with rhinitis, 78.6% (11/14) of cats with pulmonary neoplasia, 75.0% (27/36) of cats with asthma, 71.4% (5/7) of cats with primary or concurrent heart disease, 25.0% (5/20) of cats with pneumonia, and 66.7% (12/18) of cats with other disorders. In cats with asthma, hemosiderosis was usually mild to moderate and frequently was accompanied by increased eosinophils. Conclusions: The results of this study confirm that hemosiderosis is a common finding in tracheal wash specimens collected from cats with diverse disease conditions, including feline asthma syndrome.
Canine angiosarcoma: cytologic, histologic, and immunohistochemical correlations
Authors: Bertazzolo Walter , Dell'Orco Marta , Bonfanti Ugo , Ghisleni Gabriele , Caniatti Mario , Masserdotti Carlo , Antoniazzi Elisa , Crippa Luca , Roccabianca Paola
Published: March 2008

Background: Angiosarcomas (AS) are malignant tumors that arise from vascular endothelial cells and are common in dogs. Histologically, AS are markedly heterogeneous neoplasms that make interpretation by cytology difficult. Objective: Our objective was to evaluate the cytologic features of canine AS and look for additional diagnostic criteria. Methods: Cytologic specimens from 19 histologically and immunohistochemically confirmed cases of canine AS were extensively reviewed for cytologic features. We compared cytologic, histopathologic, and immunohistochemical findings. Results: Neoplastic cells in 14 cytology specimens had a high‐grade sarcomatous appearance, whereas in 4 specimens the cells were extremely pleomorphic, ranging from sarcomatous to epithelioid. In the remaining case, the neoplastic cells were low grade, spindle shaped, and monomorphic. Other relevant cytologic findings were blood contamination (18/19 cases), cellular cohesiveness (16/19), punctate cytoplasmic vacuolation (19/19), background neutrophilia (11/19) and eosinophilia (5/19), erythrophagocytosis (8/19), extramedullary hematopoiesis (8/19), and apoptotic leukocytes (14/19). Vasoformative features (ie, pseudoacinar structures) were observed in 7 of 19 samples. Histologically, 16 neoplasms had a proliferative pattern typical of well‐differentiated canine AS. Three tumors were atypical poorly differentiated AS; 2 of these had a striking epithelioid pattern and 1 was a poorly differentiated spindle cell tumor with focal vascular differentiation. Immunohistochemically, tumor cells in 16 cases were positive for both endothelial markers tested (Factor VIII–related antigen [FVIII‐ra] and CD31 antigen), 2 were positive for CD31 only, and 1 was positive for FVIII‐ra only. The epithelioid AS were negative for cytokeratins. Conclusions: The cytologic characteristics of canine AS are widely heterogeneous, but supplementary findings can provide clues that are useful for making a cytologic diagnosis. Histologic and immunohistochemical confirmation is nonetheless warranted in all cases.
Acute phase proteins in dogs and cats: current knowledge and future perspectives
Authors: Cerón, José Joaquín , Eckersall, Peter David , Martínez‐Subiela Silvia
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe acute phase response is a nonspecific inflammatory reaction of the host that occurs shortly after any tissue injury. The response includes changes in the concentration of plasma proteins called acute phase proteins (APPs), some of which decrease in concentration (negative APPs), such as albumin or transferrin, and others of which increase in concentration (positive APPs), such as C‐reactive protein, serum amyloid A, haptoglobin, alpha‐1‐acid glycoprotein, and ceruloplasmin. Most positive APPs are glycoproteins synthesized mainly by hepatocytes upon stimulation by proinflammatory cytokines and released into the bloodstream. The acute phase response and clinical application of monitoring APPs in dogs and cats are reviewed in this article, including biochemical characteristics, assays developed for each individual APP, and preanalytic and analytic factors influencing APP results that should be taken into account for proper and adequate clinical interpretation. In addition, the diagnostic use of APPs and their possible application in monitoring treatment, which can be considered one of the most interesting and promising practical applications of these proteins, will be discussed. Finally, challenges and future developments of APPs in dogs and cats will be considered, because it is expected that new and cheaper automated assays for determination of the main APPs in small animals will contribute to a wider use of these proteins as biomarkers of infection and inflammatory lesions.
Fine‐needle biopsy of external ear canal masses in the cat: cytologic results and histologic correlations in 27 cases
Authors: De Lorenzi, Davide , Bonfanti, Ugo , Masserdotti, Carlo , Tranquillo Massimo
Published: March 2008

Background: The cytologic diagnosis of ear canal tumors is difficult or impossible by swab alone because cell exfoliation may be poor and neoplastic cells may be masked by associated inflammation. Fine‐needle biopsy (FNB) can be used to obtain a higher yield of cells for diagnosis. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy and diagnostic value of FNB and cytologic examination in providing an accurate diagnosis of masses growing in the external ear canal of cats. Methods: Cytologic specimens from masses in the external ear canal, taken under inhaled, general anesthesia, were classified into 4 groups: 1) ceruminous gland hyperplasia or adenoma, 2) ceruminous gland adenocarcinoma, 3) inflammatory polyps, and 4) other neoplastic and non‐neoplastic masses. Cytopathologic diagnoses were compared with the final histopathologic diagnoses, and indices of diagnostic test accuracy (sensitivity, specificity, likelihood ratios, diagnostic‐odds ratios) were calculated. Results: Twenty‐seven masses (from 25 cats, including 2 cats affected bilaterally) were included in the study. The results showed good correspondence between cytologic and histologic diagnoses with an overall agreement index (κ) of .74, a diagnostic odds ratio of 22, and 100% (27/27) agreement in the diagnosis of inflammatory polyps versus neoplasia (both benign and malignant). Conclusions: FNB cytopathology of external ear masses in the cat was sufficiently accurate for distinguishing inflammatory polyps from neoplasia. For differentiation of benign proliferation and malignant neoplasia, however, histopathologic confirmation is recommended.
Hematology of the sandbar shark, Carcharhinus plumbeus: standardization of complete blood count techniques for elasmobranchs
Authors: Arnold Jill E.
Published: March 2008

Background: Standardized hematologic methods and reference intervals have not been established for cartilaginous fishes (sharks, skates, and rays) despite the large number of animals displayed in zoos and aquariums worldwide. Objective: The focus of this study was to validate CBC methods for sandbar shark (Carcharhinus plumbeus) blood, based on criteria established in human medicine, for the following tests: RBC count, total WBC count, PCV, hemoglobin (Hgb) concentration, and WBC differential percentages. Methods: Replicate CBCs were performed using blood samples from 5 captive sandbar sharks. Three protocols for RBC and total WBC counts were compared, as were different centrifugation times for PCV determination, and 2 methods for Hgb concentration. Means, minimum and maximum values, and CVs were compared to CAP and CLIA performance guidelines for human tests. Results: Total WBC counts in a diluent modified for elasmobranch blood, Hgb concentration by the cyanmethemoglobin method after removal of nuclei, and WBC differential percentages showed acceptable performance. PCV results were acceptable when tubes were centrifuged for at least 5 minutes. Total RBC counts by all 3 methods exceeded the acceptable error for manual counts of human cells. Conclusions: Standardized CBC tests can be used as health assessment tools for elasmobranchs. Total RBC counts should be viewed as estimates.
Serum concentration of some acute phase proteins in naturally occurring canine babesiosis: a preliminary study
Authors: Ulutas, Bulent , Bayramli, Goksel , Ulutas, Pinar Alkim , Karagenc Tulin
Published: March 2008

Background: Serum concentrations of acute phase proteins can provide valuable diagnostic information in the detection, prognosis, or monitoring of disease. Information available on the acute phase response in naturally occurring canine babesiosis is limited. Objective: The purpose of this investigation was to retrospectively evaluate serum concentrations of haptoglobin, C‐reactive protein, and ceruloplasmin in dogs naturally infected with Babesia canis. Methods: Haptoglobin, C‐reactive protein, and ceruloplasmin concentrations were measured in serum samples from dogs with uncomplicated (n = 6) and complicated (n = 1) babesiosis and compared with 6 healthy dogs. Results: Serum C‐reactive protein and ceruloplasmin concentrations were significantly higher in dogs with babesiosis; however, serum haptoglobin concentration was significantly lower compared with control dogs (P < .01). Conclusions: Results of this study suggest that acute phase protein concentrations could be beneficial in the diagnosis and determination of the severity of babesiosis in dogs.
Afibrinogenemia and a circulating antibody against fibrinogen in a Bichon Frise dog
Authors: Wilkerson, Melinda J. , Johnson, Gary S. , Stockham, Steve , Riley Lela
Published: March 2008

Abstract A 1.5‐year‐old female Bichon Frise dog was evaluated for a life‐threatening hemorrhagic condition that occurred after ovariohysterectomy, requiring 4 whole‐blood transfusions. A hemostatic profile, including activated clotting time (ACT), one‐stage prothrombin time (OSPT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), buccal mucosal bleeding time, and specific assays (heat–precipitation microhematocrit method and electroimmunoassay) for fibrinogen, were performed to investigate the coagulopathy. Clotting times for all tests having a fibrin clot endpoint (ACT, OSPT, APTT) and buccal mucosal bleeding time were prolonged. Plasma fibrinogen was not detected by heat–precipitation microhematocrit method or electroimmunoassay. Using the Ellis–Stransky method, a mixture of patient plasma and normal canine plasma with known fibrinogen content yielded substantially less than the calculated fibrinogen concentration, indicating the presence of an interfering substance. The interferent properties of the patient's plasma were retained following heat precipitation at 56°C indicating the absence of a pyroglobulin or an abnormal fibrinogen molecule. Radial immunodiffusion assay using the patient's plasma and activated thrombin confirmed the existence of an inhibitor to the formation of fibrin. Western blot analysis using the patient's plasma identified an IgG antibody that reacted with the β‐ and γ‐ but not the α‐subunits of canine fibrinogen. Antibody was detected in samples taken 8, 16, and 68 days after the surgery; peak titers were evident at day 16. These results supported a diagnosis of afibrinogenemia with a circulating antibody inhibitor to fibrin clot formation that developed secondary to blood transfusion.
Selection and interpretation of clinical pathology indicators of hepatic injury in preclinical studies
Authors: Boone L. , Meyer D. , Cusick P. , Ennulat D. , Bolliger A. Provencher , Everds N. , Meador V. , Elliott G. , Honor D. , Bounous D. , Jordan H. ,   for the Regulatory Affairs Committee of the American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology
Published: March 2008

AbstractThis position paper delineates the expert recommendations of the Regulatory Affairs Committee of the American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology for the use of preclinical, clinical pathology endpoints in assessment of the potential for drug‐induced hepatic injury in animals and humans. Development of these guidelines has been based on current recommendations in the relevant preclinical and human clinical trial literature; they are intended to provide a method for consistent and rigorous interpretation of liver‐specific data for the identification of hepatic injury in preclinical studies and potential liability for hepatic injury in human patients.
Evaluation of neutrophil oxidative metabolism in canine monocytic ehrlichiosis
Authors: Hasegawa Marcia Y. , Kohayagawa Aguemi , Brandão Leonardo P. , Morgulis Maria Silvia F. A. , Hagiwara Mitika K.
Published: March 2008

Background: Canine monocytic ehrlichiosis (CME) is a tick‐borne disease caused by Ehrlichia canis, a rickettsia that infects the monocytes of dogs. This infection can result in a chronic and life‐threatening disease. Thrombocytopenia, mild anemia, and leukopenia are the most common hematologic findings in CME. Objective: To investigate the role of peripheral blood neutrophils in CME, an evaluation was conducted of their functional state during the acute phase of the disease in dogs experimentally infected by E canis. Methods: Seven dogs were inoculated with E canis, and 3 remained as uninfected controls. All dogs had physical exams and hematologic tests (CBC and nitroblue tetrazolium [NBT] reduction) during a 6‐week period.  Results: There was no difference (P > .05) in spontaneous NBT reduction results between the 2 groups of dogs throughout the 6‐week period of observation. Nevertheless, when stimulated, the neutrophils showed higher activity in the infected group (P= .01) on weeks 4 and 5 after infection. Conclusion: Infection by E canis has no influence on neutrophil oxidative metabolism even though during the remission period of the acute phase of the disease, the neutrophils seem to be more reactive under stimulation.
Using an independent quality control software program, EZ Runs™, to monitor quality control procedures for a bench‐top coagulation analyzer
Authors: Friedrichs Kristen R. , Young Karen M.
Published: March 2008

Background: Comprehensive quality control (QC) procedures are necessary to ensure accurate analytic method performance. Highly automated systems typically have inherent QC programs that facilitate performance and maintenance of QC procedures; however, for bench‐top analyzers that lack internal systems, independent QC programs must be used. Objective: The goal of this study was to evaluate the adaptability of an independent QC program, EZ Runs™ (Westgard QC Inc, Madison, WI, USA), to the maintenance of QC procedures for a mechanical, bench‐top coagulation unit and to compare the results with our current, manual, QC method in a qualitative way. Methods: A QC application file for activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) performed on a STart4 (Diagnostica Stago, Parsippany, NJ) was created in EZ Runs. Results were recorded and interpreted using this software package as well as the current, manual, QC method. Results: EZ Runs was adaptable to QC monitoring for the bench‐top analyzer, and the program permitted identification of both random and systematic errors not detected by the manual QC system. Conclusions: EZ Runs improved the performance and maintenance of QC procedures for this bench‐top coagulation analyzer. The results indicated the need to improve staff training in assay performance and QC interpretation. In addition, use of the software program indicated that a multirule QC design was needed to monitor assay performance.
Clinical biochemistry of pregnant and nursing mares
Authors: Harvey John W. , Pate Melanie G. , Kivipelto Jan , Asquith Richard L.
Published: March 2008

Background: Pregnancy and lactation result in increased metabolic demands. Although homeostatic mechanisms function to keep substances in blood at relatively constant levels, some changes in the concentrations of routine clinical chemistry analytes are likely to occur. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine what physiological changes occur in serum clinical biochemistry analytes in pregnant and nursing mares, and to determine whether the changes were substantial enough to warrant separate reference intervals for pregnant or lactating horses. Methods: Forty‐two Quarter Horse, Thoroughbred, Saddlebred, Standardbred and Morgan mares were entered into the study while pregnant. They were bled once each month through birth. Studies were continued on 20 mares until their foals were weaned. Test results were tabulated by time before or after birth. Serum biochemistry values were determined by standard methods using automated analyzers. Test results were analyzed using the Kruskal‐Wallis 1‐way ANOVA on ranks. If a significant difference was found (P< .05), Dunn's multiple comparison procedure was performed on all pairs. Results from pregnant and nursing mares also were compared with a reference group of 19 open, nonlactating mares. Results: Serum triglyceride, potassium, creatinine, and total bilirubin concentrations were lower during lactation than during pregnancy. Serum calcium concentration also was slightly decreased at 2 time points during lactation. Triglyceride concentration was highest during midgestation, while bilirubin and creatinine values increased, and potassium and calcium remained constant during pregnancy. Serum urea concentration also remained constant during pregnancy but increased during lactation. Serum phosphate concentration was lowest during midgestation and highest during lactation. Total CO2values were highest, and anion gaps were lowest, during midgestation. No significant differences were found in serum albumin, globulin, albumin:globulin ratio, total protein, or glucose values. When compared with the reference group of open mares, serum triglyceride, potassium, bilirubin, and total CO2concentrations were lower, and anion gap was higher in horses that were nursing. Conclusions: Although most biochemical values remained relatively constant, significant differences were observed during pregnancy and lactation. Changes in the concentrations of triglycerides, potassium, bilirubin, total CO2, and anion gap during lactation were substantial enough to warrant separate reference intervals for lactating horses.
Laboratory Medicine
Authors: Young Karen M.
Published: March 2008

Abstract The Coombs' test, or antiglobulin test, is an important diagnostic tool in immunohematology (reviewed by Wardop KJ in this issue, pp. 325–334). Did you know that Dr Coombs was a veterinarian? Read on …
The Coombs' test in veterinary medicine: past, present, future
Authors: Wardrop K. Jane
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe Coombs' test, also known as the antiglobulin test, is used most frequently in veterinary medicine as an aid in the diagnosis of immune‐mediated hemolytic anemia. The test also is used widely in human medicine to screen for red blood cell alloantibodies. Polyspecific reagents for veterinary use typically contain anti‐IgG, anti‐IgM, and anti‐C3. Monospecific reagents also are available. False‐positive and false‐negative test results can be obtained. Inadequate sensitivity of the standard test in human and veterinary medicine has necessitated development of alternate, more sensitive technologies.
Temporal effects of 3 commonly used anticoagulants on hematologic and biochemical variables in blood samples from macaws and Burmese pythons
Authors: Harr Kendal E. , Raskin Rose E. , Heard Darryl J.
Published: March 2008

Background: Few studies have been done to evaluate anticoagulants for use with blood samples from birds and reptiles. Heparin currently is the most commonly used anticoagulant in practice, but may adversely affect blood cell staining and quantitation. Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of lithium heparin, K3‐EDTA, and sodium citrate, with and without the addition of albumin, on hematologic variables in macaw (Ara sp) and python (Python molurus bivittatus) blood samples. Methods: Blood samples from 10 macaws and 10 Burmese pythons were collected in heparin‐coated syringes and placed into tubes containing either lithium heparin, K3‐EDTA, or sodium citrate with and without the addition of 0.25 mL of a 22% bovine serum albumin solution. Cell lysis was determined by counting the number of lysed cells/200 WBCs in Wright's‐Giemsa–stained blood smears and by qualitative evaluation of pink plasma in microhematocrit tubes. A CBC was done after 3, 12, and 24 hours of storage at 4°C in anticoagulant‐containing tubes and results were compared with those obtained at 0 hour for the heparin‐coated syringe sample. A biochemical panel also was done at each time point in similarly stored lithium‐heparin samples. Results: Hemolysis was significantly increased in citrated samples from both macaws and pythons beginning at 12 hours. At 24 hours, 19 of 30 (63%) macaw samples in all anticoagulants had >100 lysed cells/200 WBCs. There were no significant differences in hematologic values in samples from pythons collected in heparin or EDTA at any time point. No significant differences were found in the number of lysed cells or in other hematologic data in samples with albumin. Glucose concentration decreased and potassium concentration increased significantly over time in heparinized blood samples. Conclusions: Based on the results of this study, whole blood samples anticoagulated with lithium heparin or EDTA should be evaluated within 12 hours (macaws) or 24 hours (pythons) of collection and stored at 4°C for best results. Citrate should be avoided as it may result in increased cell lysis. The addition of albumin does not prevent cell lysis.
Characterization and quantification of blood cells from the umbilical cord of dogs
Authors: Nakage Ana Paula Massae , Santana Aureo Evangelista , Buffo de Cápua Maria Luisa , Godoy Aline Vieira
Published: March 2008

Background: Models for the study of hematopoietic stem cells in dogs provide important information for bone marrow transplantation in humans. Recent studies have reported the importance of human umbilical cord blood (UCB) as an alternative to allogenic bone marrow for hematopoietic reconstitution. However, there are no studies on the UCB cells of dogs. Objective: The aim of this experiment was to characterize and quantify the blood cells of the umbilical cord of dogs. Methods: The blood of the umbilical cord of 20 neonatal dogs, delivered at term, with a median gestation time of 58 days, was collected with a 5‐mL syringe containing EDTA. Total RBC, WBC, and platelet counts, HCT, hemoglobin (Hgb) concentration, and RBC indices were determined using an automatic cell counter. The differential leukocyte count was determined manually in blood smears stained with May‐Grünwald‐Giemsa. Reticulocyte percentages were determined on blood smears stained with brilliant cresyl blue and counterstained with May‐Grünwald Giemsa. Results: The MCHC and numbers of RBCs, WBCs, neutrophils, and eosinophils in UCB were lower as compared with reference values for the peripheral blood of healthy neonatal and adult dogs; whereas, the MCV and reticulocyte percentages were higher. Conclusion: Erythrocyte macrocytosis and hypochromasia in UCB were consistent with marked reticulocytosis and indicative of high erythropoietic activity. The results of this study are an important first step in the characterization of UCB from neonatal dogs.
Receiver‐operating characteristic curves and likelihood ratios: improvements over traditional methods for the evaluation and application of veterinary clinical pathology tests
Authors: Gardner Ian A. , Greiner Matthias
Published: March 2008

AbstractReceiver‐operating characteristic (ROC) curves provide a cutoff‐independent method for the evaluation of continuous or ordinal tests used in clinical pathology laboratories. The area under the curve is a useful overall measure of test accuracy and can be used to compare different tests (or different equipment) used by the same tester, as well as the accuracy of different diagnosticians that use the same test material. To date, ROC analysis has not been widely used in veterinary clinical pathology studies, although it should be considered a useful complement to estimates of sensitivity and specificity in test evaluation studies. In addition, calculation of likelihood ratios can potentially improve the clinical utility of such studies because likelihood ratios provide an indication of how the post‐test probability changes as a function of the magnitude of the test results. For ordinal test results, likelihood ratios can be calculated on a category‐specific basis from the empirical data or by using the slope of the line joining adjacent category limits on the ROC curve. For continuous test results, data need to be categorized into intervals for estimation of likelihood ratios, or they can be calculated as the slope (tangent) to the ROC curve at a unique test value. We use ROC analysis and calculate likelihood ratios to evaluate the performance of tests reported in 2 articles previously published in this journal.
Stability of selected hematology variables in canine blood kept at room temperature in EDTA for 24 and 48 hours
Authors: Médaille C. , Briend‐Marchal A. , Braun J. P.
Published: March 2008

Background: Most hematologic analyses are performed within a short time of blood sampling, but samples collected at the end of a week may have to be stored for up to 2 days. The stability of hematologic constituents is poorly documented. Objective: The objective of this study was to compare the results of RBC, WBC and platelet counts, hemoglobin (Hgb) concentration, and MCV before and after storage of canine blood at room temperature for 24 and 48 hours. Methods: One hundred fifty‐two K3‐EDTA canine blood specimens from 2 veterinary hospitals were analyzed within 4 hours of collection, then 24 and 48 hours later with a Coulter T540 hematology analyzer. Results were compared by Passing‐Bablock agreement, difference plots, and according to their classification as normal or abnormal based on reference intervals. Results: RBC count and Hgb concentration were stable for the duration of the study. Differences in WBC and platelet counts varied with the specimen, independently of the initial value. MCV increased consistently over the 2 days. However, only a few results were misclassified. Conclusion: Whole blood specimens stored for up to 2 days at room temperature are suitable for cell counts and Hgb measurement. However, potential variations have to be known to avoid misinterpretations, especially near the decision limits.
Correlation between fine‐needle aspiration cytology and histopathology in the evaluation of cutaneous and subcutaneous masses from dogs and cats
Authors: Ghisleni G. , Roccabianca P. , Ceruti R. , Stefanello D. , Bertazzolo W. , Bonfanti U. , Caniatti M.
Published: March 2008

Background: Fine‐needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is commonly used as a diagnostic procedure to evaluate superficial and deep masses in animals. However, few studies have addressed the accuracy of FNAC in the evaluation of cutaneous and subcutaneous masses in a clinical setting. Objective: The purpose of this study was to compare the accuracy of FNAC as compared with histopathology in the diagnosis of cutaneous and subcutaneous masses from dogs and cats. Methods: Cytologic and histopathologic specimens obtained between 1999 and 2003 from 292 palpable cutaneous and subcutaneous masses obtained from 242 dogs and 50 cats were retrospectively evaluated. Cytologic samples were obtained by FNA and histopathologic samples were collected by surgical biopsy or at necropsy. Concordance was determined and the accuracy of FNAC for the diagnosis of neoplasia was determined using histopathology as the gold standard. Results: Of 292 specimens, 49 (from 44 dogs and 5 cats) were excluded due to poor cellularity of the cytologic specimen (retrieval rate 83.2%, n = 243). A cytologic diagnosis of neoplasia was obtained in 176 cases (175 true positives and 1 false positive compared with histopathology). Sixty‐seven cytology samples were classified as non‐neoplastic (46 true negatives, 21 false negatives compared with histopathology). Overall, the cytologic diagnosis was in agreement with the histopathologic diagnosis in 90.9% (221/243) of cases. For diagnosing neoplasia, cytology had a sensitivity of 89.3%, a specificity of 97.9%, a positive predictive value of 99.4%, and a negative predictive value of 68.7%. Conclusions: The results of this study confirmed FNAC as a reliable and useful diagnostic procedure for the evaluation of palpable cutaneous and subcutaneous lesions in small animal practice.
Use of Oil Red O stain in the cytologic diagnosis of canine liposarcoma
Authors: Masserdotti Carlo , Bonfanti Ugo , De Lorenzi Davide , Ottolini Nicola
Published: March 2008

Background: Oil Red O, a stain commonly used to demonstrate lipid in frozen tissue, also may be used to stain air‐dried cytologic specimens. Objective: The purpose of this study was to prospectively evaluate the value of Oil Red O in identifying lipid to aid in the differentiation of liposarcomas from other types of sarcoma. Methods: Twelve tumor specimens from dogs were evaluated. The tumors were included in the study if initial cytologic evaluation indicated a sarcoma, and if histologic confirmation was available. Oil Red O was applied to all cytologic specimens. Results: Tumor specimens were diagnosed histologically as liposarcoma (3 well‐differentiated, 1 pleomorphic), hemangiopericytoma (n = 3), fibrosarcoma (n = 3), malignant fibrous histiocytoma (n = 1), and undifferentiated sarcoma (n = 1). Cytologic specimens from all liposarcomas showed strong positive staining of cytoplasmic vacuoles for lipid. Specimens from other sarcomas stained negative for Oil Red O, with the exception of weak, irregular positive staining in 1 hemangiopericytoma. Conclusions: Our results suggest that Oil Red O staining may be an easy, inexpensive, and useful diagnostic tool for the differentiation of liposarcoma from other mesenchymal neoplasms.
Artifactual changes in canine blood following storage, detected using the ADVIA 120 hematology analyzer
Authors: Furlanello Tommaso , Tasca Silvia , Caldin Marco , Carli Erika , Patron Carlo , Tranquillo Massimo , Lubas George , Solano‐Gallego Laia
Published: March 2008

Background: Artifactual changes in blood may occur as a consequence of delayed analysis and may complicate interpretation of CBC data. Objective: The aim of this study was to characterize artifactual changes in canine blood, due to storage, using the ADVIA 120 hematology analyzer. Methods: Blood samples were collected into EDTA from 5 clinically healthy dogs. Within 1 hour after blood sample collection and at 12, 24, 36 and 48 hours after storage of the samples at either 4°C or room temperature (∼24°C), a CBC was done using the ADVIA 120 and multispecies software. A linear mixed model was used to statistically evaluate significant differences in values over time, compared with initial values. Results: The HCT and MCV were increased significantly after 12 hours of collection at both 4°C and 24°C, and continued to increase through 48 hours. The MCHC initially decreased significantly at 12–24 hours and then continued to decrease through 48 hours at both temperatures. Changes in HCT, MCV, and MCHC were greater at 24°C than at 4°C at all time points. A significant increase in MPV and a decrease in mean platelet component concentration were observed at all time points at 24°C. Samples stored at 24°C for 48 hours had significantly higher percentages of normocytic‐hypochromic RBCs, and macrocytic‐normochromic RBCs, and lower platelet and total WBC counts. Conclusions: Delayed analysis of canine blood samples produces artifactual changes in CBC results, mainly in RBC morphology and platelet parameters, that are readily detected using the ADVIA 120. Refrigeration of specimens, even after 24 hours of storage at room temperature, is recommended to improve the accuracy of CBC results for canine blood samples.
Platelet aggregation studies in acute experimental canine ehrlichiosis
Authors: Brandão Leonardo P. , Hasegawa Márcia Y. , Hagiwara Mitika K. , Kohayagawa Aguemi
Published: March 2008

Background: Thrombocytopenia is the most common and consistent hematologic finding in patients with canine monocytic ehrlichiosis. Dogs that recover from the severe thrombocytopenia still show bleeding tendencies, which suggest that platelet dysfunction is present. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine the occurrence and duration of platelet dysfunction in dogs with ehrlichiosis and to assess whether dysfunction is related to thrombocytopenia. Methods: Ten adult male and female mongrel dogs were used in the study; 7 were inoculated intravenously with whole blood containingEhrlichia canis, and 3 were used as controls. Platelet aggregation (with collagen/epinephrine and adenosine diphosphate (ADP)/epinephrine) and platelet counts were evaluated weekly for 112 days. Results: The infected group showed a decrease in platelet aggregation response to collagen/epinephrine and ADP/epinephrine on days 7, 14, 21, 28, and 35 (P< .05). Thrombocytopenia was observed in all infected animals from day 7 to 35 postinfection (P< .05). Conclusions: The tendency of dogs infected withE canisto bleed may be related not only to thrombocytopenia but also to platelet dysfunction associated with the disease.
Cutaneous transmissible venereal tumor without genital involvement in a prepubertal female dog
Authors: Marcos R. , Santos Marta , Marrinhas C. , Rocha E.
Published: March 2008

Abstract An 11‐month‐old prepubertal crossbreed female dog was presented with multiple nodular lesions disseminated over the cervical, back, flank, and abdominal regions. The lesions were ulcerated and cauliflowerlike, or nodular and subcutaneous, measuring up to 13 cm in diameter. Cytologic preparations of one of the lesions revealed a uniform population of round to oval cells, with lightly basophilic cytoplasm that contained multiple distinct vacuoles. Frequent mitotic figures and occasional lymphocytes were also observed. The cytologic diagnosis was cutaneous transmissible venereal tumor (TVT) in a progressing growth phase. This was confirmed by histologic and immunohistochemical findings. Vaginal TVT was diagnosed later in the dog's mother. TVT is a contagious neoplasm of sexually mature dogs that usually is transmitted by coitus and affects the genital mucosa. To our knowledge, this is the first report of naturally occurring multicentric TVT in a prepubertal female dog and also is unique in its exclusively cutaneous (no mucosal) involvement. We speculate that transmission of neoplastic cells occurred during cohabitation and social/mothering behavior between the dogs. Despite the atypical clinical presentation, response to chemotherapy with vincristine was excellent, leading to complete regression of the neoplasm without relapse after 6 months.