bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Über Inhaltsstoffe des Kümmelöls; ein Beitrag zur Konfiguration der Dihydrocarveole
Authors: Schmidt Harry
Published: May 2007

Aus dem Kümmelöl konnten als neue Inhaltsstoffe isoliert werden: d‐Dihydrocarveol, l‐Neodihydrocarveol, l‐Isodihydrocarveol, d‐Perillaalkohol und d‐Dihydropinol. Das von Schimmel & Co. im Kümmelöl nachgewiesene l‐Dihydrocarveol war ein Gemisch von 3 Stereoisomeren, durch deren Reingewinnung Einblick in die konfigurativen Verhältnisse der Dihydrocarveolreihe erhalten wurde.
Über den Mechanismus der Cannizzaroschen Reaktion
Authors: Pfeil Emanuel
Published: May 2007

Die Geschwindigkeitskonstante der Cannizzaroschen Reaktion ist abhängig von dem Aktivitätskoeffizient der verwendeten Lauge. Starke Basen wirken schlechter als schwache.

Aus den kinetischen Messungen folgt, daß eine Verbindung aus zwei Molekülen Aldehyd und einem Molekül undissoziiertem Metallhydroxyd Zwischenstufe der Cannizzaroschen Reaktion sein muß. Es handelt sich dabei offenbar um eine Komplexverbindung im Sinne der Meerweinschen Alkoholatkomplexe. Die eigentliche Reaktion besteht darin, daß innerhalb dieses Komplexes Wasserstoff‐Anion von einem Molekül Aldehyd auf das zweite übergeht.

Ähnliche Mechanismen werden auch für die Claisen‐Tischtschenkosche Reaktion, die Zagoumennysche und die Meerweinsche Reaktion angegeben.
Über das Actinomycin C (Antibiotica aus Actinomyceten, V. Mitteil.
Authors: Brockmann Hans , Grubhofer Nikolaus , Kass Wilhelm , Kalbe Hans
Published: May 2007

Aus einer bisher unbekannten Streptomyces‐Art, die als Str. chrysomallus bezeichnet ist, wurde Actinomycin C, ein rotes Antibioticum, isoliert, das Unterschiede gegenüber Actinomycin A und B aufweist. Durch energische Säurehydrolyse lassen sich aus Actinomycin C sechs Aminosäuren abspalten, die als l‐Threonin, d‐Valin, Sarkosin, d‐Allo‐isoleucin, l‐Prolin und N‐Methyl‐l‐valin identifiziert wurden. Bei der Hydrolyse mit Bariumhydroxyd entsteht eine rote, kristallisierte Verbindung, die dem chromophoren Teil des Actinomycins C entstammt. Die Actinomycine sind eine neuartige Gruppe von Naturstoffen, in denen eine chromophore Komponente wahrscheinlich peptidartig mit verschiedenen Aminosäuren verbunden ist.
Über die Phenylhydrazin p‐sulfonsäure und ihre analytische Verwendung zur Herausarbeitung von Ketonen
Authors: Treibs Wilhelm , Röhnert Helmut
Published: May 2007

Ketone setzen sich mit Phenylhydrazin‐p‐sulfonsäure in gepufferter wäßr.‐alkohol. Lösung um. Da diese Kondensationsprodukte sich leicht wieder spalten lassen, und da die Ausbeuten zwischen 70 und 100% betragen, ist das Verfahren besonders für die präparative Herausarbeitung von aliphatischen und isocyclischen Ketonen aus natürlichen Gemischen geeignet. Ein Teil der α, β‐ungesättigten Ketone, vor allem in der aromatischen Reihe, bildet spontan Pyrazoline.
p‐Cumaralkohol und sein Dehydrierungspolymerisat
Authors: Freudenberg Karl , Gehrke Günter
Published: May 2007

Der p‐Oxy‐zimtalkohol (p‐Cumaralkohol) und sein β‐Glucosid wurden synthetisiert. Aus dem Alkohol entsteht mit Pilz‐Dehydrogenase ein ligninartiges Dehydrierungspolymerisat, das dem aus Coniferylalkohol entspricht, aber kein Methoxyl enthält.
Distillation under High Pressure: A Behavioral Study of Packings
Authors: Assaoui M. , Benadda B. , Otterbein M.
Published: May 2007

The present study deals with the pressure effect (1 to 10 · 105 Pa) on the hydrodynamics and efficiency within packed column distillation. Three kinds of packings are used: Raschig rings and Berl saddles as random packing, and Sulzer Mellapak 250 Y as structured ones. The hydrodynamic study concerns pressure drops, maximum column capacity, and the efficiency, which is characterized by the study of HETP (Heigh Equivalent to one Theoretical Plate). The results obtained show that pressure has a great effect, not only on flooding but also on efficiency. Indeed, when the pressure increases, the operation range increases for the three packings and the HEPT is also decreased. The Marangoni effect was also studied while using for the same packing, three different binary mixtures (positive, neutral, and negative according to Marangoni). The observations made on these three systems, for pressure drops and efficiency, remain valid when the pressure increases up to 10 · 105 Pa.
Reactions of Nitrilimines with Heterocyclic Amines and Enamines — Convenient Methodology for the Synthesis and Annulation of Heterocycles
Authors: Shawali Ahmad S. , Edrees Mastoura M.
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Die Behandlung der Carbonylverbindungen nach dem PIN‐Konzept
Authors: Heimann Rebekka , Harsch Günther
Published: May 2007

DER EINSTIEG in die Organische Chemie im Vorfeld der Formelsprache und die Hinführung zu ersten Strukturformeln nach dem Phänomenologisch‐Integrativen Netzwerkkonzept wurden bereits in einem früheren Beitrag [1] beschrieben. Es soll nun eine Erweiterung auf Aldehyde, Ketone und Acetale erfolgen. Bei den Schülern wird die Kenntnis der in [1] beschriebenen Inhalte (Eigenschaften und Synthesen von Alkoholen, Carbonsäuren, Estern, sechs Nachweisreaktionen; Auswertung von 13C‐NMR‐Spektren) vorausgesetzt. Als Zusammenfassung der bisherigen Kenntnisse steht den Schülern ein Übersichtsbild des bisher erarbeiteten Synthesenetzes (Abb. 1), eine Matrix der Testausfälle (Ausschnitt aus Tab. 1) und eine Zusammenstellung der Spektren sowie der typischen Signalbereiche (siehe [1]) zur Verfügung.
Disynaptic and polysynaptic statocyst pathways to an identified set of premotor nonspiking interneurons in the crayfish brain
Authors: Fujisawa Kenichi , Takahata Masakazu
Published: May 2007

Nonspiking giant interneurons (NGIs) in the crayfish brain occupy a key position in the neuronal circuit for eyestalk motor control and, hence, play a crucial role in the central compensation process following unilateral deprivation of the statocyst that functions as an equilibrium sensory system. The synaptic organization of their input pathways, however, remains unknown. In the present study we identified 11 local interneurons that were polysynaptically connected to NGIs by making simultaneous intracellular recordings. We also identified three other local interneurons that connected to NGIs monosynaptically. PLNI‐2 was a nonspiking interneuron making an excitatory synaptic connection to an NGI that had its cell body on the opposite side. PLSI was a spiking interneuron that made an inhibitory connection to an ipsilateral NGI. These cells were entirely confined to the protocerebrum. Another local spiking interneuron termed UGLI‐1 was found to make an excitatory connection with a contralateral NGI, extending dendrites in the anterior and posterior medial protocerebral neuropils and the lateral antenna I neuropil in the deutocerebrum where statocyst afferents project. When a depolarizing current was injected into the UGLI‐1, the frequency of discrete excitatory PSPs increased remarkably in the postsynaptic NGI, each PSP following the UGLI‐1 spike in one‐to‐one correspondence. The UGLI was previously reported to be activated monosynaptically by statocyst afferents. The present study thus finally demonstrates the tri‐synaptic organization of the statocyst‐to‐eyestalk motor neuron pathway in its simplest form, suggesting the critical role of the UGLI‐1 in the central compensation. J. Comp. Neurol. 503:560–572, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Distribution of 26RFa binding sites and GPR103 mRNA in the central nervous system of the rat
Authors: Bruzzone Federica , Lectez Benoît , Alexandre David , Jégou Sylvie , Mounien Lourdes , Tollemer Hélène , Chatenet David , Leprince Jérôme , Vallarino Mauro , Vaudry Hubert , Chartrel Nicolas
Published: May 2007

The novel RFamide peptide 26RFa, the endogenous ligand of the orphan receptor GPR103, affects food intake, locomotion, and activity of the gonadotropic axis. However, little is known regarding the localization of 26RFa receptors. The present report provides the first detailed mapping of 26RFa binding sites and GPR103 mRNA in the rat central nervous system (CNS). 26RFa binding sites were widely distributed in the brain and spinal cord, whereas the expression of GPR103 mRNA was more discrete, notably in the midbrain, the pons, and the medulla oblongata, suggesting that 26RFa can bind to a receptor(s) other than GPR103. Competition experiments confirmed that 26RFa interacts with an RFamide peptide receptor distinct from GPR103 that may be NPFF2. High densities of 26RFa binding sites were observed in olfactory, hypothalamic, and brainstem nuclei involved in the control of feeding behavior, including the piriform cortex, the ventromedial and dorsomedial hypothalamic nuclei, the paraventricular nucleus, the arcuate nucleus, the lateral hypothalamic area, and the nucleus of the solitary tract. The preoptic and anterior hypothalamic areas were also enriched with 26RFa recognition sites, supporting a physiological role of the neuropeptide in the regulation of the gonadotropic axis. A high density of 26RFa binding sites was detected in regions of the CNS involved in the processing of pain, such as the dorsal horn of the spinal cord and the parafascicular thalamic nucleus. The wide distribution of 26RFa binding sites suggests that 26RFa has multiple functions in the CNS that are mediated by at least two distinct receptors. J. Comp. Neurol. 503:573–591, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Incongruent effects of sad mood on self‐ conception valence: It's a matter of time
Authors: Sedikides Constantine
Published: May 2007

A new hypothesis is proposed to account for the relation between sad mood and self‐ conception valence, the ‘first, congruency; then, incongruency’ hypothesis. According to this hypothesis, sad mood initially influences the valence of open‐ended self‐descriptions in a mood‐congruent fashion, but after a short period of time self‐descriptions become mood‐incongruent. Subjects were placed into a sad, neutral, or happy mood state, and were subsequently asked to freely describe themselves in writing. The results were consistent with the hypothesis. Sad mood affected the valence of the first half of self‐descriptions in a congruent manner, but affected the valence of the second half of self‐descriptions in an incongruent manner That is, with the passage of time sad mood led to increasingly positive self‐descriptions (i.e. equally positive as neutral mood did). Implications of the findings are discussed.
Stereotyping and contact with social groups: Measurement and conceptual issues
Authors: Biernat Monica , Crandall Christian S.
Published: May 2007

In an attempt to understand and integrate various meanings of the stereotype concept, we conducted a longitudinal study in which we measured subjects' stereotypes of various target groups using multiple measurement techniques: trait ascription (Likert scales), group differentiation (diagnostic‐ratio), and deviation from group consensus. The measures were compared with regard to (I) their sensitivity to variations over time and to expected differences between social groups, and (2) their associations with degree of group contact and liking. The data suggested that trait ratings were the best‐performing measures, in that they were quite effective in capturing cross‐sectional effects of group contact and liking and were reliable over time. The diagnostic ratio was less reliable and provided a weaker replication of these effects, and the deviation from consensus measure was most effective in establishing an important longitudinal effect — movement toward consensus with time. Suggestions for researchers concerning appropriate use of measures and conceptions of stereotyping are provided.
Amino acids: Aspects of impurity profiling by means of CE
Authors: Kopec Susanne , Holzgrabe Ulrike
Published: May 2007

Quality control of active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) is commonly performed by means of HPLC. However, CE offers a suitable alternative, especially for the analysis of easily chargeable substances, i.e., amino acids. The article reviews, on the one hand, CE methods developed for impurity profiling of synthesized amino acid analogs. However, nowadays, production of amino acids/peptides is dominated by fermentation. Therefore, on the other hand, CE methods for the analysis of amino acids and small peptides are reported. The results of CE analysis of glutathione samples according to the monograph in the European Pharmacopoeia (Ph. Eur.) 5.7 and amino acid samples after derivatization with 9‐fluorenylmethyl chloroformate (FMOC) and 3‐(4‐carboxybenzoyl)quinoline‐2‐carboxaldehyde (CBQCA) may pave the way for impurity profiling of fermentatively produced API by means of CE.
Hopping numerical approximations of the hyperbolic equation
Authors: Tkalich Pavel
Published: May 2007

Polynomial functions can be used to derive numerical schemes for an approximate solution of hyperbolic equations. A conventional derivation technique requires a polynomial to pass through every node values of a continuous computational stencil, leading to severe manifestation of the Gibbs phenomenon and strict time‐step limitation. To overcome the problem, this paper introduces polynomials that skip regularly (‘hop’ over) one or more nodes from the computational grid. Polynomials hopping over odd and even nodes yield a series of explicit numerical schemes of a required accuracy, with Lax–Friedrichs method being a particular simplest case. The schemes have two times wider stability interval compared to conventional continuous‐stencil explicit methods. Convex combinations of odd‐ and even‐node‐based updates improve further accuracy and stability of the method. Out of considered combinations (up to third‐order accuracy), derived odd‐order methods are stable for the Courant number ranging from 0 to 3, and even‐order ones from 0 to 5. A 2‐D extension of the hopping polynomial method exhibits similar properties. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Induction of cytochrome promotes liver injury in ob/ob mice
Authors: Dey Aparajita , Cederbaum Arthur I.
Published: May 2007

Cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) activates several hepatotoxins and contributes to alcoholic liver damage. Obesity is a growing health problem in the United States. The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether acetone- or pyrazole-mediated induction of CYP2E1 can potentiate liver injury in obesity. CYP2E1 protein and activity were elevated in acetone- or pyrazole-treated obese and lean mice. Acetone or pyrazole induced distinct histological changes in liver and significantly higher aminotransferase enzymes in obese mice compared to obese controls or acetone- or pyrazole-treated lean mice. Higher caspase-3 activity and numerous apoptotic hepatocytes were observed in the acetone- or pyrazole-treated obese mice. Increased protein carbonyls, malondialdehyde, 4-hydroxynonenal-protein adducts, elevated levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase, and higher 3-nitrotyrosine protein adducts were found in livers of acetone- or pyrazole-treated obese animals, suggesting elevated oxidative and nitrosative stress. Liver tumor necrosis factor α levels were higher in pyrazole-treated animals. The CYP2E1 inhibitor chlormethiazole and iNOS inhibitor

N

-(3-(aminomethyl)-benzyl) acetamidine abrogated the toxicity and the oxidative/nitrosative stress elicited by the induction of CYP2E1.

Conclusion:

These results show that obesity contributes to oxidative stress and liver injury and that induction of CYP2E1 enhances these effects. (Hepatology 2007;45:1355–1365.)
Engulfment of apoptotic cells expressing HCV proteins leads to differential chemokine expression and STAT signaling in human dendritic cells
Authors: Wertheimer Anne M. , Polyak Stephen J. , Leistikow Rachel , Rosen Hugo R.
Published: May 2007

In the majority of cases, infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV) becomes chronic and is often associated with impaired innate and adaptive immune responses. The mechanisms underlying viral persistence and lack of protective immunity are poorly understood. Considering that dendritic cells (DCs) play critical roles in initiating and modulating immune responses, we explored the effect of HCV proteins on DC gene and protein expression, phenotype, and function. Human DCs were generated following plastic adherence of monocytes and culture with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and interleukin-4 (IL-4) from normal subjects. Autologous nonadherent peripheral blood mononuclear cells were infected with vaccinia constructs expressing various HCV proteins (core-E1, NS5A, NS5B) or an irrelevant protein β-galactosidase (β-gal) as the control, induced to undergo apoptosis, then co-cultured with DCs. Between 2% and 10% of the genes probed in a cDNA nylon array were differentially regulated within DCs that had engulfed HCV proteins. In particular, the presence of intracellular NS5A led to increased transcriptional and protein expression of IL-8 (CXCL-8), a chemokine with proinflammatory and anti-interferon properties, and impaired interferon induction of signal transducers and activators of transcription 1 (STAT1) serine and tyrosine and STAT2 tyrosine phosphorylation.

Conclusion:

These data provide novel mechanisms by which HCV subverts antiviral host immunity. (Hepatology 2007;45:1422–1432.)
Mitochondrial hepatopathies: Advances in genetics and pathogenesis
Authors: Lee Way S. , Sokol Ronald J.
Published: May 2007

Hepatic involvement is a common feature in childhood mitochondrial hepatopathies, particularly in the neonatal period. Respiratory chain disorders may present as neonatal acute liver failure, hepatic steatohepatitis, cholestasis, or cirrhosis with chronic liver failure of insidious onset. In recent years, specific molecular defects (mutations in nuclear genes such as

SCO1

,

BCS1L

,

POLG

,

DGUOK

, and

MPV17

and the deletion or rearrangement of mitochondrial DNA) have been identified, with the promise of genetic and prenatal diagnosis. The current treatment of mitochondrial hepatopathies is largely ineffective, and the prognosis is generally poor. The role of liver transplantation in patients with liver failure remains poorly defined because of the systemic nature of the disease, which does not respond to transplantation. Prospective, longitudinal, multicentered studies will be needed to address the gaps in our knowledge in these rare liver diseases. (Hepatology 2007;45:1555–1565.)
The female genital morphology of the orb weaving spider genus Agriognatha (Araneae, Tetragnathidae)
Authors: Dimitrov Dimitar , Alvarez‐Padilla Fernando , Hormiga Gustavo
Published: May 2007

The female genital morphology of the spiders in the araneoid genus Agriognatha (Tetragnathidae) is described and illustrated. The female genitalia of Agriognatha is characterized by a strong reduction of the sperm storage organs (spermathecae) and by the presence of a specialized distal compartment of the median membranous chamber that functions as a sperm storage organ (the posterior sac). The genital morphology of Agriognatha species is unique among Tetragnathidae and it provides robust synapomorphic evidence for the monophyly of genus. We discuss the phylogenetic implications of these new findings for the placement and monophyly of Agriognatha and for the monophyly of Tetragnathinae. J. Morphol., 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cranial ontogeny in Philautus silus (Anura: Ranidae: Rhacophorinae) reveals few similarities with other direct‐developing anurans
Authors: Kerney Ryan , Meegaskumbura Madhava , Manamendra‐Arachchi Kelum , Hanken James
Published: May 2007

Direct development has evolved in rhacophorine frogs independently from other anuran lineages, thereby offering an opportunity to assess features associated with this derived life history. Using a developmental series of the direct‐developing Philautus silus (Ranidae: Rhacophorinae) from Sri Lanka, we examine features of cranial morphology that are part of a suite of adaptations that facilitate feeding in free‐living tadpoles, but have been changed or lost in other direct‐developing lineages. Larval‐specific upper jaw cartilages, which are absent from many non‐rhacophorine direct‐developing species (such as Eleutherodactylus coqui), develop in embryos of P. silus. Similarly, lower jaw cartilages initially assume a larval morphology, which is subsequently remodeled into the adult jaw configuration before hatching. However, the cartilaginous jaw suspension and hyobranchial skeleton never assume a typical larval morphology. The palatoquadrate, which suspends the lower jaw, lacks the posterior connections to the braincase found in many metamorphosing species. Unlike in metamorphosing species, bone formation in P. silus begins before hatching. However, the sequence of bone formation resembles that of metamorphosing anurans more than that of other direct developers. In particular, P. silus does not exhibit precocious ossification of the lower jaw, which is characteristic of some frogs and caecilians that lack a free‐living tadpole. These data reveal some similarities between Philautus and other direct‐developing anurans. However, the departure of Philautus embryos from the generalized tadpole skeletal morphology is less pronounced than that observed in other direct‐developing taxa. J. Morphol., 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Computable Real‐Valued Functions on Recursive Open and Closed Subsets of Euclidean Space
Authors: Zhou Qing
Published: May 2007

In this paper we study intrinsic notions of “computability” for open and closed subsets of Euclidean space. Here we combine together the two concepts, computability on abstract metric spaces and computability for continuous functions, and delineate the basic properties of computable open and closed sets. The paper concludes with a comprehensive examination of the Effective Riemann Mapping Theorem and related questions.
Some Remarks on Finite Löwenheim‐Skolem Theorems
Authors: Grohe Martin
Published: May 2007

We discuss several possible extensions of the classical Löwenheim‐Skolem Theorem to finite structures and give a counterexample refuting almost all of them.

Mathematics Subject Classification: 03C13, 03C95.
On Regressive Isols and Comparability of Summands and a Theorem of R. Downey
Authors: Barback Joseph
Published: May 2007

In this paper we present a collection of results related to the comparability of summands property of regressive isols. We show that if an infinite regressive isol has comparability of summands, then every predecessor of the isol has a weak comparability of summands property. Recently R. Downey proved that there exist regressive isols that are both hyper‐torre and cosimple. There is a surprisingly close connection between non‐recursive recursively enumerable sets and particular retraceable sets and regressive isols. We apply the theorem of Downey to show that among the regressive isols that are related to recursively enumerable sets there are some with a new property.
Constructive Sheaf Semantics
Authors: Palmgren Erik
Published: May 2007

Sheaf semantics is developed within a constructive and predicative framework, Martin‐Löf's type theory. We prove strong completeness of many sorted, first order intuitionistic logic with respect to this semantics, by using sites of provably functional relations.
Polyaniline Microspheres Consisting of Highly Crystallized Nanorods
Authors: Park Myung‐Chul , Sun Qunhui , Deng Yulin
Published: May 2007

The preparation of self‐assembled polyaniline (PANi) microspheres via facile interfacial oxidation polymerization of aniline in the presence of DL‐tartaric acid dopant is reported. Compared with PANis reported in the literature, the PANi prepared in this study exhibits a nanorod‐bundle morphology with exceptionally high crystallinity. These nanorods or nanorod bundles can self‐assemble into microspheres with unique alignment. The chemistry, morphology, and crystal structure of DL‐tartaric acid doped microspheres were studied using SEM, TEM, SAED, XRD, and FTIR.

magnified image
Photoinduced Fusion of Micro‐Vesicles Self‐Assembled from Azobenzene‐Containing Amphiphilic Diblock Copolymers
Authors: Su Wei , Luo Yanhua , Yan Qing , Wu Si , Han Kuo , Zhang Qijin , Gu Yongqiang , Li Yinmei
Published: May 2007

Poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide)‐block‐poly{6‐[4‐(4‐methylphenyl‐azo) phenoxy] hexylacrylate} (PNIPAM‐b‐PAzoM) was synthesized by successive reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. In H2O/THF mixture, amphiphilic PNIPAM‐b‐PAzoM self‐assembles into giant micro‐vesicles. Upon irradiation of light at 365 nm, fusion of the vesicles was observed directly under an optical microscope. The real‐time fusion process is presented and the derivation is preliminarily due to the perturbation by the photoinduced trans‐to‐cis isomerization of azobenzene units in the vesicles.

magnified image
Three‐Dimensional Fluorescence Image Patterning of Network Aliphatic Polyester via Microtransfer Molding and Thermal Treatment
Authors: Yoon Keun‐byoung , Jeong Seonju , Kwak Giseop
Published: May 2007

This paper describes that three‐dimensional (3‐D) fluorescence image patterning of a network aliphatic polyester was successfully conducted by microtransfer molding (µTM) of the prepolymer and subsequent thermal treatment. A highly sticky, aliphatic ester prepolymer, containing a malonate moiety in the main chain, was obtained by a two‐step reaction, quantitatively. The 3‐D micropattern of the prepolymer was fabricated by µTM using polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) as elastomeric mold. The patterns showed a clear shape without any residual layer. When the molded prepolymer was thermally treated, the patterns exhibited very distinct fluorescence images in a full color range of sky‐blue, yellowish green and red regions when excited at wavelengths of 325, 488, and 580 nm, respectively.

magnified image
Macromol. Rapid Commun. 11/2007
Authors: Sakakibara Keita , Ogawa Yasuhiro , Nakatsubo Fumiaki
Published: May 2007

Cover: Langmuir‐Blodgett films of the cellulose derivative containing porphyrins, porphyrin‐cellulose, were fabricated to construct the cellulose‐based molecular photocurrent generation system. On visible light illumination of the LB monolayer film deposited on an ITO electrode, anodic photocurrents were observed. This is because porphyrins are located at a distance of approximately 1.03 nm along the cellulose backbone. Further details can be found in the article by K. Sakakibara,* Y. Ogawa, H. Kamitakahara, T. Takano, and F. Nakatsubo on page 1270.
Pathological crying induced by deep brain stimulation
Authors: Wojtecki Lars , Nickel Janpeter , Timmermann Lars , Maarouf Mohammad , Südmeyer Martin , Schneider Frank , Seitz Rüdiger J. , Voges Jürgen , Sturm Volker , Schnitzler Alfons
Published: May 2007

Pathological crying (PLC)—an affective gesture without any or an adequate emotion—occurs with various diseases. A recent theory suggests that PLC is caused by a disruption of higher order cortical association areas from the cerebellum which computes profiles of psychomotor responses. We report a patient with Parkinson's disease who developed PLC during stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) predominantly of the right hemisphere. Positron emission tomography imaging showed thalamo‐ponto‐cerebellar activation during such stimulation. These findings indicate that the STN and possibly also ponto‐cerebellar pathways are involved in psychomotor control and in the modulation of PLC. © 2007 Movement Disorder Society
Tic suppression in the treatment of Tourette's syndrome with exposure therapy: The rebound phenomenon reconsidered
Authors: Verdellen Cara W.J. , Hoogduin Cees A.L. , Keijsers Ger P.J.
Published: May 2007

Exposure and response prevention (ER), a behavioral treatment program consisting of exposure to premonitory sensory experiences during prolonged tic suppression, was shown to be a promising new treatment for tics in Tourette's syndrome (TS). In this study, the commonly reported paradoxical increase in tic frequency following voluntary tic suppression, i.e., rebound phenomenon, was examined. Tic frequency was rated in 20 TS patients during 15‐minute videotaped conversations taken both before and following 10 ER sessions. In addition, tic frequency was obtained at home by family members of the patients during 15‐minute daily tic frequency registrations. Ratings following ER sessions were compared with ratings obtained before the sessions. Neither the ratings at the institute nor the ratings at home supported a rebound effect following ER tic suppression. © 2007 Movement Disorder Society
Adaptive frequency windowing for multifrequency solutions in structural acoustics based on the matrix Padé‐via‐Lanczos algorithm
Authors: Tuck‐Lee James P. , Pinsky Peter M.
Published: May 2007

For many problems in structural acoustics, it is desired to obtain solutions at many frequencies over a large range in the frequency domain. A reduced‐order multifrequency algorithm based on matrix Padé approximation, using the matrix Padé‐via‐Lanczos (MPVL) connection, has been previously used to solve both exterior and interior acoustic problems. However, the method is not guaranteed to give the correct solution across the entire frequency region of interest, but only locally around a reference frequency. An adaptive frequency windowing scheme is introduced to address this shortcoming for practical application of this method. The application of this algorithm to tightly coupled problems in interior structural acoustics is presented. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Thermal analysis of ring‐opening metathesis polymerized healing agents
Authors: Lee Jong Keun , Liu Xing , Yoon Sung Ho , Kessler Michael R.
Published: May 2007

Dicyclopentadiene (DCPD) and 5‐ethylidene‐2‐norbornene (ENB) and their mixtures were analyzed after ring‐opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) in the presence of Grubbs catalyst as potential candidate healing agents for self‐healing composite materials using two complementary methods, rotational dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Following isothermal DMA measurements at room temperature (RT = 25 °C) for 120 min, two consecutive dynamic temperature scan experiments were performed for each system. In the first dynamic temperature scans, there was an initial downward peak slightly above RT in the storage modulus versus temperature curve for samples with relatively slower reaction rates (i.e., DCPD and DCPD‐rich mixtures or low catalyst loadings) due to a combination of the glass transition followed by further residual reaction. However, no or negligible downward peaks were observed for the highly reactive ENB and ENB‐rich samples even at much lower catalyst loadings. Implications of the substantial decrease in storage modulus just above RT for the slowly reacting systems are discussed for healing of damage in composite materials at elevated temperatures. The maximum glass transition temperatures (Tg∞) from DMA of the fully cured samples were determined to be approximately 160 °C for DCPD and 120 °C for ENB, decreasing linearly with increased ENB in the blends. The glass transitions and further residual reactions above the glass transitions were confirmed by DSC. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 45: 1771–1780, 2007
Systemic cytokine profile in children with community‐acquired pneumonia
Authors: Michelow Ian C. , Katz Kathy , McCracken George H. , Hardy R. Doug
Published: May 2007

Objectives

Characterization of the systemic cytokine response in community‐acquired pneumonia (CAP) may facilitate our understanding of the host immune response and provide a prognostic as well as diagnostic tool. Systemic cytokine characterization of CAP has been limited largely to a few integral cytokines in adults.

Methods

Analyses were performed to investigate whether significant relationships existed between an expanded serum cytokine profile and etiologies, manifestations, and outcomes of pediatric CAP. The serum concentrations of 15 cytokines were investigated in 55 hospitalized children with well‐characterized CAP.

Results

Comparison of median cytokine concentrations among patients with CAP caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae or Chlamydophila pneumoniae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, viruses, mixed infections, or unidentified pathogens revealed significant differences in IFN‐α, IL‐6, IL‐17, GM‐CSF, and TNF‐α concentrations. The mixed infections category had significantly elevated concentrations of IFN‐α, IL‐6, GM‐CSF, and TNF‐α. There were significant correlations between concentrations of IL‐6 and markers of disease severity (white blood cell band‐forms, procalcitonin, and unequivocal consolidation). No single cytokine could reliably differentiate the etiologic cause of pneumonia.

Conclusions

IL‐6 is the only one of 15 serum cytokines studied that correlated with indicators of disease severity in childhood CAP. The applicability of cytokine profiles to identify microbiologic etiologies of pneumonia remains to be defined. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2007; 42:640–645. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, inc.
RhDNase before airway clearance therapy improves airway patency in children with CF
Authors: van der Giessen Lianne J , de Jongste Johan C , Gosselink Rik , Hop Wim CJ , Tiddens Harm AWM
Published: May 2007

Introduction

Little is known about the optimal timing of rhDNase nebulization in relation to airway clearance therapy (ACT).

Objective

To compare the effects of rhDNase before ACT versus rhDNase after ACT in children with CF.

Methods

Design: randomized, double blind, double dummy, cross over study. Inclusion criteria: CF, stable clinical condition, rhDNase maintenance therapy. Children in Group I inhaled rhDNase 30 minutes before ACT, and placebo directly after ACT in week 1–3. The protocol was reversed during week 4–6. Group II performed the reversed sequence. Patients continued their daily routine ACT. Primary endpoint: MEF25 %pred. Pulmonary functions tests were performed on days 0, 14, 21, 35 and 42. In weeks 3 and 6 children scored cough and sputum production on daily diary cards.

Results

24 patients completed the study. Mean age = 12 years (range 7–19). Mean MEF25 %pred was 5.8% higher after 3 weeks of rhDNase before ACT, compared to rhDNase after ACT (58.3% vs 52.5%, p=0.01). There were no significant differences for any of the other variables.

Conclusion

Inhalation of rhDNase before ACT improves peripheral airway patency in children with cystic fibrosis. Since all children were already on maintenance rhDNase therapy before the study, this effect is additional to any existing effect of regular rhDNase. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2007; 42:624–630. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, inc.
Investigation of the atomic core structure of the ($ \vec a + \vec c $)‐mixed dislocation in wurtzite GaN
Authors: Belabbas I. , Béré A. , Chen J. , Ruterana P. , Nouet G.
Published: May 2007

By using a tight‐binding based ab‐initio method, we have investigated the atomic and electronic core structures of the threading ($ \vec a + \vec c $)‐mixed dislocation in wurtzite gallium nitride. For this dislocation, two core configurations were found to occur: a 5/7‐atoms ring and a complex double 5/6‐atoms ring configurations. Both core configurations were found to induce in the bandgap as well deep as shallow gap states. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Schottky‐barrier heights of metal/alpha‐SiC{0001} interfaces by first‐principles calculations
Authors: Tanaka Shingo , Tamura Tomoyuki , Okazaki Kazuyuki , Ishibashi Shoji , Kohyama Masanori
Published: May 2007

Atomic and electronic structures and Schottky barrier heights (SBH) of multi‐layer metal (= Al, Ti, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Pt and Au) /6H ‐SiC{0001} interfaces have been calculated by the projector augmented wave (PAW) method. The p ‐type SBHs of the C‐terminated interfaces are smaller than those of the Si‐terminated ones due to the different interface dipoles. About the dependence on the metal species, the SBHs of the Si‐terminated interfaces range within a relatively narrow energy region because of more metallic characters, although those of the C‐terminated ones show clearer dependence, where the SBHs decrease for the increment of metal electronegativity or work function. This inverse proportion is different from the results of monolayer metal/SiC interfaces, while consistent with experiments. All the results can be explained by the viewpoint of the interface dipole and the intrinsic relation of the band structures. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Influence of Cu contamination on dislocation related luminescence
Authors: Steinman E. A. , Tereshchenko A. N.
Published: May 2007

This work is devoted to investigation of Cu contamination on dislocation related luminescence (DRL) in Si. Cu is known to be a very fast diffuser with high solubility. Fz Si samples were plastically deformed at 950 °C up to dislocation density of about 107 cm–2. Cu diffusion was performed by diffusion at 950 °C from a quartz ampoule contaminated with Cu. The presence and concentration of luminescent copper (Cu PL) centers was evaluated from the excitation dependence of the copper bound exciton no‐phonon line (BE NP) line at 1.014eV, which was activated after annealing at 1100 °C and rapid quenching in the water. 10 minutes isochronous annealing of the samples in the temperature range 300–600 °C revealed quite a different behavior of D4 and D1/D2 lines. It was assumed that a strong decrease of D1/D2 line intensity in annealing interval 400–500 °C could be attributed to passivation of D1/D2 luminescence centers by Cu atoms. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Alterations induced in the structure of intelligent power devices by extreme electro‐thermal fatigue
Authors: Khong B. , Legros M. , Dupuy P. , Levade C. , Vanderschaeve G.
Published: May 2007

Microstructural analysis of power devices were carried out on components from Freescale Semiconductor that underwent extreme electrothermal fatigue. Several destructive and non destructive techniques were used. Altered layers are located on both sides of the Si substrate: at the heat sink (drain) and the Al metallization (source). Here, we have tried to establish a link between the increase of the transistor resistance and the amount of delamination of the solder at the die attach on one side and to the evolution of grain size and intergranular grooving on the other. Concerning the Al grain size, we will show that this parameter can be taken as a fatigue marker only in definite regions of the metallization. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
State‐constrained stabilization of beam‐balance systems
Authors: Mahindrakar Arun D. , Sankaranarayanan V.
Published: May 2007

We present nonlinear control techniques to stabilize a beam‐balance system with state constraints. We consider two different actuator configurations: the first one is actuated by a cart moving on the beam, while in the second case, the actuation is by a single electromagnet. In the first case, the constrained stabilization problem is solvedviaan output feedback controller designed using feedback linearization, Luenberger‐like observer and linear matrix inequality based optimization. In the second case, a Lyapunov‐based controller is proposed that takes care of both the input and state constraints. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Concept and application of the usable volume for modelling the physical habitat of riverine organisms
Authors: Mouton Ans , Meixner Harald , Goethals Peter L. M. , De Pauw Niels , Mader Helmut
Published: May 2007

Most physical habitat models such as PHABSIM (Physical HABitat SIMulation) calculate the Usable Area (UA) of the river surface or the riverbed as an indicator for the available habitat for a species of interest. Although these models have been widely applied, the three dimensionality of habitat hydraulics is increasingly being recognized as an essential issue for understanding the ecological needs of aquatic organisms. This paper describes the modular toolbox HaMoSOFT (Habitat Modelling SOFTware) which quantifies the available habitat as the Usable Volume (UV) for each class of depth, flow velocity, substrate and cover and for all possible class combinations. The toolbox was calibrated in an artificial river under laboratory conditions. Optimal grids for field sampling were defined by comparing model results based on reduced sampling densities. The UV of a natural river stretch, the Schwechat River in Austria, was analysed at different discharges to assess the impact of flow changes on model outputs. UA and UV percentages were modelled for five cross‐sectional datasets, one collected in the artificial river, one in the Zwalm River (Belgium) and three in the Schwechat River at different discharges. UA percentages appeared to be higher than those of UV for lower flow velocity classes in all natural rivers and for lower depth classes in all rivers. Analysis of the Usable Volumes for the three Schwechat River scenarios revealed the observed trends were independent of flow changes. The results indicate HaMoSOFT is an interesting tool to overcome some shortcomings of Weighted Usable Area (WUA) modelling. Since the UV method is a trade‐off between the practical needs for model application in river management and the complexity of the three‐dimensional hydraulic models, it may be a practical approach for realistic physical habitat quantification. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Developing a process framework using principles of value‐based software engineering
Authors: Boehm Barry , Jain Apurva
Published: May 2007

In this article we present a software process framework using the 4 + 1 theory and principles of value‐based software engineering (VBSE). The value‐based process framework serves as a 6‐step process guide, and explains critical interactions between the five theories in the 4 + 1 theory of value‐based software engineering. This article also applies the process framework to a supply chain organization through a case study analysis to illustrate its strength in practice. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Berechnung der Reibung und Tragkraft eines endlich breiten Gleitschuhes auf ebener Gleitbahn
Authors: Frössel W.
Published: May 2007

Die vorliegende Arbeit behandelt den dreidimensionalen Strömungsvorgang, wie er zwischen einem endlich breiten ebenen oder balligen Gleitschuh und einer ebenen Gleitbahn auftritt, wenn bei guter Schmierung zwischen beiden eine relative Geschwindigkeit herrscht. In der weiteren Auswertung der entwickelten Theorie wurden insbesondere die Trag‐ und Reibungskräfte für die genannten Gleitsysteme berechnet. Die Ergebnisse sind zur Erleichterung der Anwendung in Kurven dargestellt.
Zur Theorie der kompressiblen Potentialströmungen II. Intermediäre und singuläre Integrale der Grundgleichung der ebenen adiabatisch kompressiblen Potentialströmung
Authors: Behrbohm H. , Pinl M.
Published: May 2007

Mit Hilfe einer auf G. Boole zurückgehenden Methode gelingt die Integration der beiden “integrablen Kombination” der zur Grundgleichung der ebenen adiabatisch kompressiblen Potentialströmung gehörigen beiden Charakteristikensysteme. Damit sind zwei partielle Differentialgleichungen erster Ordnung gewonnen, deren jede Lösung auch der Grundgleichung (zweiter Ordnung) für das Geschwindigkeitspotential des adiabatisch kompressiblen ebenen Strömungsproblems genügt (intermediäre Integrale).

Die Integration dieser Differentialgleichungen erster Ordnung wird im nichtsingulären Falle nach Cauchys Charakteristikentheorie, im singulären Falle nach Lagranges Theorie des vollständigen Integrals durchgeführt. In beiden Fällen sind die Integralflächen z (x, y), welche das Geschwindigkeitspotential repräsentieren, Torsen. Im singulären Falle verschwindet die Schallgeschwindigkeit im Strömungsfeld, dagegen nicht im allgemeineren nichtsingulären Falle. Für spezielle Konstantenwahl gehen die Resultate der Untersuchung in mehr oder weniger bekannte Ergebnisse aus der Theorie der Minimalflächen über.
Der elastische Halbraum bei einer mechanischen Beeinflussung seiner Oberfläche (Zweidimensionales Problem)
Authors: Sauter Fritz
Published: May 2007

Im Anschluß an die vorhergehende Arbeit wird nach der gleichen Methode die zweidimensionale Wellenausbreitung in einem elastischen Halbraum untersucht, dessen ebene Begrenzungsfläche unter dem Einfluß irgendwelcher (eindimensionaler) Oberflächenbeanspruchung steht. Bei stoßförmiger schneidenartiger Beanspruchung ergibt sich die erwartete und mehrfach beobachtete Stoßwellenausbreitung einschließlich der v. Schmidtschen Kopfwelle.
Bemerkungen zur Stabilisierung eines physikalischen Pendels. I
Authors: Haacke Wolfhart
Published: May 2007

Es werden die Stabilisierungsmöglichkeiten eines im Aufhängepunkt vertikal periodisch erschütterten Pendels gesucht. Es wird gezeigt, daß bei Betrachtung des Pendels als starren Körper nur die normale Gleichgewichtslage und die um π verschobene Lage stabil sein können, während bei Berücksichtigung der Elastizität sich eine schräge stabilisierte Lage ergibt.
Eine Fehlerabschätzung für die Verfahren von Adams und Störmer
Authors: Weissinger Johannes
Published: May 2007

Nach der in [4] entwickelten Methode werden die von G. Schulz angegebenen Fehlerabschätzungen für das Adamssche Interpolations‐ und das Störmersche Extrapolationsverfahren verschärft.
Die Strömung an einer angeblasenen rotierenden Scheibe
Authors: Schlichting H. , Truckenbrodt E.
Published: May 2007

Es wird die laminare Strömung an einer rotierenden ebenen Scheibe berechnet, die gleichzeitig in Richtung der Drehachse angeströmt wird. Die Dicke der durch die Drehbewegung mitgeschleppten Schicht und damit auch das Drehmoment sind stark abhängig von dem Verhältnis der Anströmungsgeschwindigkeit zur Umfangsgeschwindigkeit.
Der Sonderschieber für Häufigkeitsrechnung
Authors: De Beauclair W.
Published: May 2007

An Hand von kennzeichnenden Beispielen wird gezeigt, daß der neuentwickelte Sonderschieber für Häufigkeitsrechnungen ein vielseitig und vorteilhaft brauchbares Hilfsmittel ist, das auch dem mit der Theorie der mathematischen Statistik nicht Vertrauten ohne große Mühe verständlich und dienlich ist, um jeden Versuchsbericht oder Erfahrungsniederschlag statistisch exakt zu formulieren und zu beurteilen.
Graphische Lösung von gewöhnlichen Differentialgleichungen mit nomographischen Hilfsmitteln
Authors: Richter W.
Published: May 2007

Es wird ein allgemeines Verfahren angegeben, das gewisse gewöhnliche Differentialgleichungen erster und höherer Ordnung mit nomographischen Hilfsmitteln zu lösen gestattet und welches die bekannten Verfahren für deren graphische Integration (Alferov, Czuber, Heinrich, Mehmke, Sobotka, Willers) als Sonderfälle umfaßt. An Beispielen wird die praktische Anwendung gezeigt. Es wird auf Sonderfälle deß allgemeinen Verfahrens sowie auf die Möglichkeiten, nomographische Hilfsmittel noch weitgehender zu verwenden, hingewiesen.
Betrachtungen zur Analyse empirischer Funktionen
Authors: Mittmann Otfrid M. J.
Published: May 2007

Man kann die einem empirischen Funktionsverlauf innewohnende Systematik klären, ohne vorher eine Hypothese über den Funktionstyp der systematischen Komponente zu machen, wenn man einem Faktum der lebendigen Wirklichkeit, der sog. „Erhaltungstendenz”︁, Rechnung trägt und den neuartigen Begriff einer stückweisen Systematik zur Hilfe nimmt. Die auffindbare Systematik stellt eine im ganzen betrachteten Argumentbereich mindestens vorhandene systematische Komponente dar.
Über die asymptotische Entwicklung der Hankelschen Funktionen für große positive Werte der Veränderlichen und des Zeigers
Authors: Lense J.
Published: May 2007

Es werden zwei Verfahren angegeben, mit denen man die Schwierigkeiten vermeiden kann, die bei der Verwendung der Sattelpunktsmethode zur asymptotischen Entwicklung der Hankelschen Funktionen Hv(1) (x) und H(2)v (x) in dem Fall auftreten, wo x und v gleichzeitig so über alle Schranken wachsen, daß ihr Verhältnis x/v gleich einer positiven Konstanten < 1 ist. Dabei wird auf eine Beweislücke in dem Verfahren von Weyrich hingewiesen.