bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PARAMETERS OF SOCIOCULTURAL SUSTAINABILITY IN VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE
Authors: Rosaleny Gamón M.
Published: July 2020

Abstract. Throughout the last decades, the human being has begun to be aware of the wear and tear of our planet derived from a wild exploitation of the territory and an irrational use of resources. Since the 80s, and especially from the publication from the Brundtland Report, governments and societies have been in need of reflection on the construction of a more sustainable future. Since architecture consumes a large part of the energy generated, construction professionals have also been in need of an effort in this regard. Soon, some architects found at the traditional vernacular architecture an example of sustainable buildings because this architecture brings together the three principles on which it is based: environmental, sociocultural, and socioeconomic sustainability. This paper focuses on sociocultural sustainability, which is often relegated to the last level because it is not easy to exhibit that knowledge and tradition are also resources to conserve. Throughout the following pages, some of the parameters of sociocultural sustainability that found in vernacular architecture will be analyzed. Starting from the work carried out by the VERSUS team, we will try to value aspects such as the preservation of the cultural landscape or the constructive cultures.
MASONRY IN PARALLEL. A KNOWLEDGE BASED STRATEGY POST CENTRAL ITALY EARTHQUAKE 2016
Authors: Braucher C. , Currà E.
Published: July 2020

Abstract. This research aims to propose a classification of masonry typologies in Central Italy after the earthquakes that in 2016 involved about 120 municipalities. This territory, since several decades, presents high fragility features due to the depopulation process that increase the vulnerability and risk degree. This condition affects even the maintenance practices of traditional buildings by the inhabitants and the extraordinary post-traumatic situation acts as an accelerating factor of the abandonment. In this article we will explain deeply the first part of the research, focusing in particular on methods and tools that were defined and used to carry out this study. The research highlights the need of a specific comparative tool for masonry facades classification. This was elaborated through the comparison of existed bibliography as the EMS-98, the Aedes schedules and the local classification by Umbria Region and the De Meo book. The result then is the production of another synoptic map that would simplifies the correlation between different approaches to classification and the censed facades. Moreover, it was elaborated a second synoptic map moving from the analyses of many survey forms already discuss in literature. The result of this comparison is a new survey form to carry out the field research on vernacular masonry buildings. This new form focuses on the characteristics of the buildings that the research aims to study in Central Italy. The two tools that are illustrate in the following paper were applied on one hundred survey of masonry buildings carried out during August 2018. The last part of this paper proposes a statistical analysis of the results of the field research.
VAULTED STRUCTURES IN THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL PARK OF POMPEII: 3D SURVEY AND MONITORING
Authors: Verde D.
Published: July 2020

Abstract. The contribution focuses on the relationship between preventive conservation and digital technologies, with particular attention to the Archaeological Park of Pompeii and its masonry vaults. These fragile macro-elements, both for their intrinsic condition of ruins and for their historical vulnerability to seismic stress, were detected through a careful 3D survey, in the context of the Great Pompeii Project (GPP). The analysis was carried out in 2015 with laser-scanning technology and photogrammetry, and was aimed at the knowledge, documentation and measurement of conditions of degradation or instability. On the basis of a deep knowledge, supported by in situ investigations, it was possible to define the most appropriate conservative interventions for vaulted structures. Also, the interpretation of the vulnerabilities and of the causes of degradations phenomena allowed focusing on the program phase, in order to maintain the benefits of restoration over time. Moreover, the contribution anticipates how these surveys will be integrated by a doctoral research with industrial characterization. This research is currently being conducted in close relationship with Tecno In – a leading company in the field of knowledge and diagnostics of cultural heritage – and its object is the experimentation of innovative techniques for diagnostics, preventive conservation and restoration of the vaulted structures of Pompeii. Therefore, in the comparison with the surveys realized in 2015 lies the opportunity of deepening the understanding and of monitoring the evolution of degradation conditions of the vaulted buildings under exam.
STUDIES FOR THE CONSERVATION AND VALORISATION OF THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL ROCK HERITAGE OF CALASCIBETTA IN SICILY, ITALY
Authors: Versaci A. , Lo Cascio A. , Fauzìa L. R. , Cardaci A.
Published: July 2020

Abstract. The rock settlement of Vallone Canalotto, which stands in the valleys surrounding the town of Calascibetta – about three kilometres north from Enna, Sicily, Italy – testify to a widespread population of the area from prehistoric times up to the Middle Ages, probably linked to the agricultural and pastoral exploitation of its fertile land. This valuable heritage, dug into very soft limestone banks, is now threatened by significant erosion and disruption phenomena, which, in the absence of adequate safeguarding and maintenance actions, will lead to a progressive loss of material and the consequent collapse of some portions, making the documentable traces more and more paltry. The archaeological complex demonstrates the continuity of the funerary use from the remotest ages to the early Christian era, as testified by the excavation of rupestrian columbaria. In the early medieval period, small rural communities used the hypogeal structures for residential and religious purposes. In the present work, integrated procedures have been put in place for the 3D documentation of these artefacts, whose effectiveness has already been tested by the same team in other Sicilian rock sites. The research aims at the knowledge and cataloguing of places, which are important for the Island’s history but to date only marginally explored. It intends to stimulate and plan adequate conservation and enhancement activities. To improve the attendance of the sites, design proposals have been developed to guarantee greater accessibility to the archaeological areas and their understanding by visitors.
THE DESERT ROSE DOMES OF THE SOUF REGION (ALGERIA). PRELIMINARY EVALUATIONS ON THE VULNERABILITY OF A UNIQUE VERNACULAR HERITAGE
Authors: Azil C. , Rovero L. , Djebri B. , Fratini F. , Misseri G. , Tonietti U.
Published: July 2020

Abstract. The vernacular architecture of the Souf region in Algeria, a desert environment where wood is rare, presents multiple heritage values due to the way in which local materials (especially the desert rose stone) are exploited to build houses and erect distinctive domes. Unfortunately, extensive damage and abandonment compromise the stability of these buildings and accelerate their disappearance, which would negatively affect the urban landscape and the identity of the region. In order to safeguard this unique vernacular heritage, the study focuses on the definition of the typical typology of building, its structural and geometric characteristics, explaining the constructive technique used. Recurrent damage and pathologies that threaten this building culture are also highlighted. Then, estimation of mechanical parameters of the desert rose stone masonry is carried out defining typical characteristics according to the evaluation of the respect of “the rule of the art”. Results are then used to perform numerical simulations of the structural behaviour of a typical building, through the finite element method with linear and nonlinear approaches. In particular, the structural behaviour of the dome has been investigated, being the most vulnerable element of the system.
THE VERNACULAR HERITAGE OF GJIROKASTRA (ALBANIA): ANALYSIS OF URBAN AND CONSTRUCTIVE FEATURES, THREATS AND CONSERVATION STRATEGIES
Authors: Dipasquale L. , Carta M. , Galassi S. , Merlo A.
Published: July 2020

Abstract. The old town of Gjirokastra (Albania), was included in the World Heritage List in 2005 thanks to the valuable presence of several remarkable examples of Ottoman-styled houses and in the integrity of the vernacular urban landscape. The urban structure is strongly influenced by the orography of the Drino valley and its slopes where the city was founded. Stone is the building material that characterizes the paving of the streets, the walls of the buildings and the roof coverings. The wood, mostly local, was used to build the frame structure of the upper floors and the roofs, in order to provide large windows and bright interior spaces. In December 2018, as part of the activities of the 3D Past project, founded by Eu Creative Europe Programme, Italian and Albanian students took part in a workshop in Gjirokastra. Such an initiative was designed to understand the tangible and intangible components of the vernacular heritage of Gjrokastra. In a multidisciplinary approach, students, professors, researchers and local experts analysed the morphological features of the historic center, the public spaces, and the traditional building systems. Traditional instruments such as the direct survey, the on-site observation and the interviews were adopted in combination with more innovative tools such as the laser scanner and the photogrammetry. This contribution not only illustrates the results of a multi-scale analysis, but it also highlights the transformations and threats that endanger the transmission of the unique characteristics of the city to the future generations. Moreover, it deals with the conservation strategies currently in use and some possible future measures that can contribute to the sustainable safeguard and development of the site.
POTENTIAL OF HBIM TO IMPROVE THE EFFICIENCY OF VISITOR FLOW MANAGEMENT IN HERITAGE SITES. TOWARDS SMART HERITAGE MANAGEMENT
Authors: Salvador-García E. , Viñals M. J. , García-Valldecabres J. L.
Published: July 2020

Abstract. Providing public access to heritage promotes a social interest in its conservation but, at the same time, it poses a risk to the conservation of resources. The biggest challenge in managing public use of heritage is to establish a sustainable relationship between heritage and tourism. The multidisciplinary teams involved in visitor flow management generate and exchange information about the heritage property without an integrative vision. The lack of a reliable, unified and up-to-date source of information generally hinders decision-making, causes errors and leads to inappropriate practices in heritage visitor flow management, thereby putting the conservation of resources at risk because of the impacts derived from visitation while the quality experience is also affected. Building Information Modelling (BIM) provides a collaborative framework where multidisciplinary teams share geometric and documentary information about the building in a coordinated way. This tool applied to heritage (HBIM) is demonstrating how it is able to improve efficiency in documenting, intervening and managing heritage. Beyond these aforementioned skills, the objective of this study is to identify the potential of HBIM to improve the efficiency of the visitor flow management. The methodology includes a literature review, qualitative data collection and technical documentation analysis. The results indicate that the use of HBIM can optimise the planning and management of visitor flows, by virtually foreseeing the possible risks derived from visits. It can also calculate recreational carrying capacity and analyse alternatives to itineraries that minimise the deterioration of the most fragile spaces.
THE CITY WALLS OF FLORENCE, A METHOD TO MANAGE INFORMATIONS OF A COMPLEX SYSTEM
Authors: Vitale J. G.
Published: July 2020

Abstract. The city walls of Florence constitute a complex system: six circles and at least nine distinct phases of use and transformation, from the foundation of Florentia to Florence Capital, to contemporary adjustments. The DIDA, Department of Architecture of the University of Florence with the Municipality of Florence, has been carrying out since 2012 the FIMU project with the study of the various walls circuits and diachronic surveys of the surviving wall sections. The aim is to combine and harmonize the historical data with technical-scientific innovation, expressing its own vision of the relationship between the history of the city of Florence and the correct valorization of one of its important Landmark. Every citizen must be able to recognize in the traces of the past his belonging to a community, the results expected from this research are the realization of an informative-didactic and informative apparatus that will emphasize this important historical testimony of Florence and its transformations occurred over the centuries. Data acquisition, processing and visualization methods define this research as ‘experimental’ for the knowledge and evolution of a historic city that would contribute to elevating services for the technical scientific community and the citizen, to which data would become available currently ‘raw’ with the preparation of an apparatus based on a database through the ‘Open Data’ platform of the Municipality of Florence.
HOW TO MANAGE AND ENHANCE ARCHEOLOGY AND LANDSCAPE AT THE ROYAL MAUSOLEUM OF MAURETANIA (TIPASA, ALGERIA)
Authors: Benali Aoudia L. , Belkacemi Zebda D.
Published: July 2020

Abstract. Archaeological site and landscape are two interdependent and sometimes merged notions. The first should be taken into consideration to achieve coherent territorial planning that reveals and preserves the character and identity of a setting, while the second should be respected, protected and promoted in responsible projects of management and enhancement of archaeological sites. Dynamics of landscape transformations should closely consider the archaeological sites thereof and regard them as ingredients to emphasize rather than impediments to surmount. On the other hand, landscape should be conceived as valuable asset and a resource for archaeological heritage development. Based on these views, this paper develops a reflection on how the enhancement of both Archaeology and Landscape can be combined in the case of the Royal Mausoleum of Mauretania set in the city of Tipasa, Algeria. It highlights the Tomb’s architectural and archaeological significance as well as the ecological, natural, symbolic and emotional values of its exceptional landscape. It proposes a specific strategy to conceive and develop this vestige in harmony with its landscape.
THE OUTSTANDING UNIVERSAL VALUE OF THE HISTORIC COLONIAL CENTRE OF THE CITY OF GRACIAS (HONDURAS)
Authors: Viñals M. J. , Teruel L. , Alonso-Monasterio P.
Published: July 2020

Abstract. This paper analyses the outstanding universal values, integrity, and authenticity of the city of Gracias (Honduras), as well as its protection and heritage management tools. The main objective is to demonstrate that Gracias meets the UNESCO requirements to qualify as a candidate for inclusion in the International List of the World Heritage Convention (1971). Gracias is a colonial Spanish city, founded in 1536, in the region of Lempira. It had great productive, strategic and administrative importance in Central America, demonstrated in part by its hosting of the ‘Audiencia de los Confines’. The ‘Audiencia’ was the highest court of the Spanish Crown with jurisdiction over the current republics of Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica and the region of Chiapas. The aim of this court was to represent the interests of the indigenous people in these areas. An on-site analysis, diagnosis and assessment of the heritage elements was carried out from architectural, urban planning, historical, and intangible heritage perspectives. Additionally, other similar sites in Central America have been analysed for comparison. Results show that this city meets criterion iv of the World Heritage Convention: ‘an outstanding example of a type of building, architectural or technological ensemble or landscape which illustrates (a) significant stage(s) in human history’. Furthermore, the city´s heritage assets are well-preserved and most of them remain functional; the indigenous culture is alive; and planning, conservation and managing tools are in use. Currently, Gracias maintains its harmony and life and its respect for the natural environment, creating a cultural landscape that has been maintained for almost 500 years.
RE-ACTIVATE THE INTERNAL AREAS: CLASSIFICATION, RESTORATION, PARTICIPATION PLANNING AND GUIDELINES AS TOOLS FOR THE REGENERATION OF THE VERNACULAR HERITAGE
Authors: Scala B.
Published: July 2020

Abstract. The report aims to present the experience of a project called “Resilient Valleys”, which covers the area of the high valleys Trompia and Sabbia, near Brescia, Italy. This is a peripheral territory, which is suffering depopulation and losing the ability to attract people and resources, both economic and environmental. With this project, we have tried to overcome the crisis linked to the impoverishment and fragmentation of the social fabric, by activating virtuous processes of development and participation. The “Resilient Valleys” project, carried out as part of the Cariplo Foundation’s “AttivAree” programme, aimed to give new life to the territories by enhancing their cultural, historical and environmental potential. One of the paths had the purpose to produce a change in the way we approach restoration, enhancement and conservation of the building heritage, of which this area is rich. This activity has been carried out through successive phases: first, mapping of architectural resources considered as identity heritage; second, new courses for people actively involved in the building field; third, printing “Guidelines for intervention" for vernacular buildings. A further activity concerned the reactivation of a rural complex in the territory of Rebecco (Italy). The project consisted in the architectural restoration of three abandoned and partially collapsed buildings. While testing the indications of the Guidelines mentioned above, the rural complex has also been revised from an agricultural-ecological-cultural point of view. The project is characterized by a strong cross over between identity culture and social cohesion of the territory.
MANAGEMENT OF A RESTORED ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE: THE VILLA FICANA ECOMUSEUM (ITALY)
Authors: Conti A. P.
Published: July 2020

Abstract. Ficana, the area of raw earth houses built in the 19th century in the town of Macerata, is an example of vernacular architecture. About ten years ago it was restored. The restoration work – ordered by the Municipality – concerned half of the about fifty houses that make up the neighbourhood. The restored houses have been used for some years by local associations for cultural activities. Recently, after a public competition, the nine houses belonging to the municipality were granted, free of charge, to a group of cultural associations in order to create an Ecomuseum. The Villa Ficana Ecomuseum of raw earth houses was initiated in May 2016. Currently, the activity is dedicated to the implementation of initiatives aimed at rediscovering and enhancing local culture and memory. The inhabitants of Ficana and the entire citizenship are involved in the initiatives. Another field of action for the Ecomuseum is the study and enhancement of the constructive technique of raw earth building. This activity is aimed at professionals, owners and all those involved in green building and sustainable development. An important aspect of the Ecomuseum's activity is the fact that management work is carried out by young volunteers: young people engaged in the experience of the European and National Community Service. This also makes a fruitful exchange between local and European realities possible.
SIMULATING TO EVALUATE, MANAGE AND IMPROVE EARTHQUAKE RESILIENCE IN HISTORICAL CITY CENTERS: APPLICATION TO AN EMERGENCY SIMULATION-BASED METHOD TO THE HISTORIC CENTRE OF COIMBRA
Authors: Bernardini G. , Ferreira T. M.
Published: July 2020

Abstract. Earthquake resilience in historical centres is significantly affected by interactions between the built environment, defined as the network of building heritage and surrounding open spaces, and hosted population. Building vulnerability, earthquake-induced effects and population’s exposure mainly influence the first emergency phases. In the immediate post-earthquake evacuation conditions, people should leave their position to gather in assembly points where first responders can rescue them. Thus, joint analyses of building damage and evacuation flows along the evacuation paths become essential to determine the risk levels for the urban scenario and to provide risk-mitigation solutions. This paper tries to reach this goal by adopting a holistic simulation-based approach. A simplified vulnerability assessment method is used to evaluate the seismic performance of masonry façade walls and to estimate debris depth on outdoor spaces. An existing earthquake pedestrians’ evacuation simulator is used to evaluate the probable pedestrians’ choices in such evacuation post-earthquake damage scenarios. Then, risk indexes, combining damage assessment and evacuation results, are provided to quantify evacuation safety and to outline critical conditions in the urban layout. Finally, the impact resulting from the consideration of a series of resilience-increasing strategies is simulated and discussed from the proposed risk indexes. A part of the historic centre of Coimbra, Portugal, one of the oldest and most relevant Portuguese cities, is used in this work as a pilot case study. Results show how the method could be used by Local Authorities and Civil Protection Bodies to outline, analyse and coordinate resilience-increasing strategies at the urban scale.
IDENTIFICATION AND MITIGATION OF SINKHOLE HAZARDS IN AN EVAPORITE KARST AREA (PERDIGUERA, SPAIN)
Authors: Torrijo F. J. , Fuentes R. , Boix A. , Bracchi P.
Published: July 2020

Abstract. Sinkhole risks are becoming particularly severe in urban areas that lack careful planning and where karst depressions are frequently filled and developed. Sinkholes frequently have a higher probability of occurrence and a bigger genetic diversity in evaporite rocks than in carbonate rocks. This is because evaporites rocks (halite, gypsum, etc) have a higher solubility. Subsidence damage resulting from this dissolution generates considerable losses at the world. To contract with these risks, is needed the identification, investigation, prediction, and mitigation of sinkholes. Corrective measures might be applied to reduce the subsidence processes. A more practical solution for safe development is to reduce the vulnerability of the structures by using subsidence-proof designs. Therefore, this case study is located in the town of Perdiguera (Zaragoza, Spain), within the Ebro Basin. This town is affected by subsidence problems, which are associated with the dissolution of gypsiferous silts that generate sinking. These sinkholes are affecting the buildings threatening its structural integrity.
TOURISM ARCHITECTURE AS A THREAT TO HERITAGE IDENTITY IN THE VALLEYS OF THE HIGH ATLAS IN MOROCCO
Authors: Asencio Juncal J. , Lopez-Osorio J. M. , Rosa Jiménez C. J.
Published: July 2020

Abstract. Despite being a major activity in the economy of the pre-Sahara valley of the High Atlas in Morocco, tourism can also threaten the conservation of the identity values of the architectural heritage of the region. The adaptation of many traditional buildings for tourist use or the construction of new accommodation incorporating traditional language into their structure or decorative repertoire does not always help to strengthen the vernacular values of original architecture. The starting point of this research is the typological definition of this architecture, mostly in aspects relating to the symbolic and ornamental elements of traditional dwellings in the valleys of the Dadès and of the Mgoun, its main tributary. The processes of evolution and transformation from the second half of the 20th century are then described, along with the risks from the tourist boom which has been affecting the region in recent years. In order to study this phenomenon twelve examples of tourist accommodation were selected to analyse the formal language and decorative resources used, in terms of heritage, but also from the perspective of the reinterpretation of architectural symbols in the context of acculturation. This theory considers dynamic cultural exchanges between tourism and the receiving society to be positive.
CASTALLA (ALICANTE, SPAIN) VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE: USE, LOSS, OBLIVION AND MEMORY
Authors: Mira J. A. , Bevià M. , Giner J.
Published: July 2020

Abstract. Vernacular architecture is a reflection of the relationship established by human social structures with their environment and how they take advantage of it for different commercial, economic, productive, pleasure and symbolic-religious purposes. The municipality of Castalla, located in the north of the province of Alicante, is a good example. It is an enclave in which the land use took place from Prehistory thanks to the human communities that mould its landscape. This process was intensified since the eighteenth century with building of pleasure houses, yards, plaster kilns, country houses (in many cases with small chapels) and snow wells, among other constructions. All of them made up a well-preserved landscape until the end of the twentieth century. Its decline took place with the industrialisation of Castalla in the middle of the twentieth century and the emergence of new socio-economic conditions. Consequently, this fact caused the abandonment as well as the oblivion of the material and immaterial characteristics that led to its appearance. This paper will analyse the characteristics of one of these constructions: Casa de la Glorieta (nineteenth century), which is an interesting example of rural buildings in Castalla. In most cases, they are austere country houses aimed basically at the land use. Nevertheless, Casa de la Glorieta (neoclassical style) becomes an ensemble with a double function along with Mas de la Parrotja: to take advantage of the environment and to serve as a pleasure house for the local bourgeoisie.
BEYOND VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE
Authors: Kovács K.
Published: July 2020

Abstract. When John Ruskin “discovered” vernacular architecture, it was a rich heritage still in the making. Contrary to most of the other kinds of valuable built remains of cultures gone, vernacular architecture has been well alive, vigorously creative and yet ancient. Besides being continuously inhabited, it has been conserved in open-air museums and reinterpreted through national styles seeking inspiration from it. The former usually resulted in houses turned into museum exhibits; the latter inevitably resulted in compositions designed by trained architects. Alongside this process, there occurred progressive disappearance of vernacular crafts and ways of life. There is, however, a lesson that built vernacular heritage can still teach us: better integration of human settlements to the environment. What lies beyond vernacular architecture or the theory and practice of its preservation, is the reinvention of the boundaries of localness.
THREATS TO NORMAL VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE OF HISTORICAL CITIES IN CHINA: A CASE STUDY OF HISTORICAL CITIES AND TOWNS IN LIAONING PROVINCE
Authors: Li B. , Xing Z. , Miao L. , Liu S.
Published: July 2020

Abstract. Located in the northeastern part of China, the stretch of land named Liaoning is a region historically characterised by the convergence of multiple ethnicities and cultures. It used to be the northeastern boundary of central China with an array of military cities and fortresses intensively built for military defence. Unlike palaces and gentry residences, vernacular residences and urban tissue existing widely in historical towns are excluded in the national protection schedule and have thus experienced different levels of damages. They feature a paradox that the general city form is well preserved whilst architectural forms are changed to a large extent. Most vernacular buildings have endured centennial baptisms, as evidenced by their architectural layouts, structures, roofing, walls, decorations etc. As most historical Chinese cities are not renowned tourist destinations, they are faced with various threats and are on the verge of extinction. The threats include the departure of young residents, decay of historical architecture, insufficient financial and technical support for architectural renovation, improper modifications by residents and demolition of entire historical neighbourhoods. Such threats are widespread in Chinese historical cities which are struggling to survive. Prior to the implementation of professional interventions, the urban forms and vernacular architecture of such historical cities should be studied. Through on-site investigation and query of historical data, especially the historical satellite city maps of U.S. Geological Survey, this study analyses the current life conditions in the context of traditional architecture, reveals problems in the use of historical architecture, identifies potential threats and summarises the underlying reasons. Suggestions benefitting local architectural conservation are then put forward.
ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE AT RISK: THE CASE OF THE MAGNANO HAMLET (PIEDMONT, ITALY)
Authors: Fratini F. , Mattone M. , Rescic S.
Published: July 2020

Abstract. The architecture is the result of the men’s work, whose actions do not end with its construction, but are inevitably destined to follow one another over time, responding to the various natural and/or anthropic solicitations to which it is subjected. The progressive change in social and economic needs, together with the lack of recognition of the value of the inherited architectural heritage, causes an increasing pressure both on individual historic buildings and on ancient sites. Considered as obsolete and incapable of responding to current performance and functional requirements, the architectural heritage is often abandoned or subjected to radical transformations, causing the irremediable loss of valuable cultural resources. The examination of the current state of conservation of the Magnano hamlet is interesting for the purposes of ‘Risk in architectural heritage’. It is a defensive settlement built at the beginning of the XIIIth century and characterized by the presence of building cells lying on the crest of a hill and surrounded by walls. Some of these cells are today totally abandoned and, therefore, affected by decay phenomena due to the aggressive action exerted by environmental agents; others have undergone interventions that, although aimed at allowing their possible re-use, have led to the partial or total loss of the identity features of this heritage. This paper intends to focus on the analysis of the interventions carried out, examining the methodologies adopted and some critical issues in the belief that only by searching for compatible solutions in terms of materials, structures and functionality, it is possible to become promoters of an effective conservation of the architectural heritage.
CONSERVATION MANAGEMENT PLAN CHESTE WORKERS UNIVERSITY AUDITORIUM (SPAIN). A GETTY FOUNDATION KEEPING IT MODERN GRANT
Authors: Jordá C. , Palomares M. , Iborra F. , Gradolí C. , Herrero P. , Usó F.
Published: July 2020

Abstract. Universidades laborales, or workers’ universities, were set up throughout Spain during the years of the dictatorship and were aimed at professionally training the working classes. The architect Fernando Moreno Barberá was the author of four centers: those of Las Palmas, 1970–73, Toledo, 1970–78, Malaga 1972–78 and Cheste 1967–69, his work reflecting an undoubted assimilation of the Modern legacy. Cheste Workers University was a guidance center designed to house as many as 5,000 boarding students of up to 14 years of age. The auditorium, currently closed for safety reasons, is an important architectural symbol and, as such, has been included in the Ministry of Culture’s National Plan for the Conservation of the 20th Century Heritage. A Conservation Management Plan is currently being drafted on the initiative of the Getty Foundation. This paper explains some details of this initiative and provides a preview of the strategy employed.
THE RESEARCH PROJECT “EARTHEN ARCHITECTURE IN THE IBERIAN PENINSULA: STUDY OF NATURAL, SOCIAL AND ANTHROPIC RISKS AND STRATEGIES TO IMPROVE RESILIENCE (RISK-TERRA)”. OBJECTIVES AND FIRST METHODOLOGY
Authors: Mileto C. , Vegas F. , Cristini V. , García-Soriano L.
Published: July 2020

Abstract. The Iberian Peninsula possesses extensive earthen monumental and vernacular architectural heritage. The extension of the territory and its heterogeneous geography and climate, variety of available materials, and cultural diversity are the main factors which have brought about the great wealth of both the architecture, urban and rural settings, and the constructive techniques mainly using earth (rammed earth, adobe, half-timber, cob and its variants). However, despite being an essential part of the Iberian culture, this heritage has been greatly abandoned due to changes in ways of life, the depopulation of rural areas, the lack of social recognition, etc. The research project “Risk-Terra – Earthen architecture in the Iberian Peninsula: study of natural, social and anthropic risks and strategies to improve resilience” (ref. RTI2018-095302-B-I00), funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and University (2019–2021) aims to provide a scientific study of natural hazards (floods, landslides, earthquakes, winds, rise of temperatures), social hazards (abandonment, loss of social reputation, demographic pressure, tourism development…) and anthropic hazards (carelessness and negligence, lack of protection and maintenance…), as well as deterioration mechanisms (erosion, loss of materials/parts, collapse…) and transformation dynamics (replacement, use of incompatible techniques and materials…), to which the earthen architecture of the Iberian Peninsula is currently subject. This paper presents the general and specific objectives and the methodology to be used in the project.
CONSERVATION AFTER EARTHQUAKE OF MINIMAL URBAN FRAMEWORK HISTORICAL HERITAGE
Authors: D’Avino S.
Published: July 2020

Abstract. Three years after the earthquake that struck central Italy, a number of pressing points need to be addressed as part of a far-ranging discussion that seeks to identify the steps to be taken in response, including: the widespread agreement on the need for reconstruction efforts which ensure a high level of security; the importance of preserving the urban fabric of ‘minimal’ population centres that are unquestionably intertwined with their surrounding landscapes; the need to acknowledge the most valuable features of historic downtown areas, including their undeniable fact of their intrinsic fragility in the face of seismic events, even though construction techniques developed and refined over time have provided them with a certain resilience. While use is made of a frankly contemporary idiom, when needed to remedy shortcomings, a reconstruction grounded in a critical understanding of the ‘sense of place’ must guarantee that the identifying features of historic downtown areas remain in place (at least in terms of the lay of the land and spatial relations) while, at the same time, ensuring that the constantly evolving memories which render such areas unique are also preserved, so as to allow the past to play its rightful role in the planning of the future.
LESSONS LEARNT FROM THE RECONSTRUCTION OF THE DESTROYED MAUSOLEUMS OF TIMBUKTU, MALI
Authors: Joffroy T. , Essayouti B.
Published: July 2020

Abstract. In 2012, the mausoleums of Timbuktu were destroyed by members of the armed forces occupying the North of Mali. After liberation in January 2013, a joint process was launched by the Ministry of Culture of Mali, UNESCO, and the local stakeholders for the gradual reconstruction of these mausoleums, completed in 2016. This has been a long process for heritage structures which, at first glance, appear rather simple and small. However, based on the observations made during the first evaluation mission undertaken in May 2013, it appeared that this question is quite complex. In fact, most of the mausoleums – some at least five hundred years old – had been subjected to numerous changes during their history. This provided a large amount of very interesting new information on the mausoleums, leading to a complete revision of the interpretation of their physical nature and that of their surroundings, as well as of their associated intangible heritage and values. This has also led to numerous questions and discussions concerning the way they should be re-built, including the argument that some of the building techniques had not been used for several decades, and there was a potential need for regular maintenance in the long term. After the description of the process, and discussing the findings and decisions made in the various phases, this paper presents a series of lessons learnt before concluding with some remaining questions.
TRANSFORMING EARTH INTO HOUSES: A METHODOLOGY FOR DOCUMENTING CONSTRUCTION PROCESSES AS AN APPRENTICE IN THE IRANIAN DESERT, SOUTH KHORASAN
Authors: Ferrari E. P.
Published: July 2020

Abstract. This article presents a methodology for recording and documenting building processes using an anthropological approach. The village of Esfahak, in the region of South Khorasan (Iran) is situated in an arid environment scarce in water and trees. These conditions have resulted in the development of building forms that are almost entirely made out of earth. For centuries houses have been erected by local master masons utilizing only mud bricks and without the use of any architectural drawings. This research seeks to document how building processes unfold and are implemented in the village, for both restoration and new constructions. The researcher undertakes ethnographic fieldwork examining the relationship between villagers and their architecture. This approach is based on participant observation, engaging the local community to study how buildings were and are conceived, constructed, inhabited, maintained and restored. Moreover, the research employs an apprentice-style fieldwork method to access building sites. Thus, the researcher learns by doing with masons as a way to embody local knowledge, and not merely through passive observation. The work on site, given its processual nature, is documented through audio-visual recordings from both an external and first-person perspective. The use of head-mounted cameras facilitates review and discussion of building processes with the masons allowing for an in-depth understanding of this craft practice.
Experimental evidence for a universal threshold characterizing wave-induced sea ice break-up
Authors: Voermans Joey , Rabault Jean , Filchuk Kirill , Ryzhov Ivan , Heil Petra , Marchenko Aleksey , Collins Clarence , Dabboor Mohammed , Sutherland Graig , Babanin Alexander
Published: July 2020

Abstract. Waves can drastically transform a sea ice cover by inducing break-up over vast distances in the course of a few hours. However, relatively few detailed studies have described this phenomenon in a quantitative manner, and the process of sea ice break-up by waves needs to be further parameterized and verified before it can be reliably included in forecasting models. In the present work, we discuss sea ice break-up parameterization and demonstrate the existence of an observational threshold separating breaking and non-breaking cases. This threshold is based on information from two recent field campaigns, supplemented with existing observations of sea ice break-up. The data used cover a wide range of scales, from laboratory-grown sea ice to polar field observations. Remarkably, we show that both field and laboratory observations tend to converge to a single quantitative threshold at which the wave-induced sea ice break-up takes place, which opens a promising avenue for robust parametrization in operational forecasting models.
Continued results from a field campaign of wake steering applied at a commercial wind farm – Part 2
Authors: Fleming Paul , King Jennifer , Simley Eric , Roadman Jason , Scholbrock Andrew , Murphy Patrick , Lundquist Julie K. , Moriarty Patrick , Fleming Katherine , van Dam Jeroen , Bay Christopher , Mudafort Rafael , Jager David , Skopek Jason , Scott Michael , Ryan Brady , Guernsey Charles , Brake Dan
Published: July 2020

Abstract. This paper presents the results of a field campaign investigating the performance of wake steering applied at a section of a commercial wind farm. It is the second phase of the study for which the first phase was reported in Fleming et al. (2019). The authors implemented wake steering on two turbine pairs, and compared results with the latest FLORIS (FLOw Redirection and Induction in Steady State) model of wake steering, showing good agreement in overall energy increase. Further, although not the original intention of the study, we also used the results to detect the secondary steering phenomenon. Results show an overall reduction in wake losses of approximately 6.6 % for the regions of operation, which corresponds to achieving roughly half of the static optimal result.
Crisis del lenguaje y ontología romántica: el caso de Hofmannsthal
Authors: Martín Arnedo Santiago
Published: July 2020

Nos proponemos analizar desde una óptica ontológico-historiográfica el clásico escrito de Hofmannsthal Ein Brief, con el que se inaugura simbólicamente la crisis de la confianza en el lenguaje en Centroeuropa, especialmente en Viena, a principios del siglo XX. Hegel aporta en este sentido una versión primordial del problema con su análisis de la sensibilidad y con su crítica a los románticos, con quienes se identificará Hofmannsthal en su aceptación del silencio como salida y en su reivindicación de lo concreto particular.
Hacia una estética de la nominalización: la prosa temprana de Tho-mas Bernhard
Authors: Salaris Banegas Francisco
Published: July 2020

Muchos críticos han marcado dos grandes fases en la producción en prosa de Thomas Bernhard; la primera abarcaría desde Frost (1963) hasta Korrektur (1975) y la segunda las obras restantes. El propósito de este trabajo es estudiar cómo en la prosa temprana el estilo se articula en torno a grandes conceptos que, mediante un proceso de nominalización, son despojados de su significado tradicional e inscriptos en un nuevo orden filosófico-perceptivo. De esta forma se reflexiona sobre las capacidades representativas del lenguaje y se instaura una escisión entre el mundo común y el mundo individual de los personajes.
Main Scientific and Technological Problems in the Field of Architectural Solutions for Supercomputers
Authors: Molyakov Andrey
Published: July 2020

In this paper author describes creation of a domestic accelerator processor capable of replacing NVIDIA GPGPU graphics processors for solving scientific and technical problems and other tasks requiring high performance, but which are characterized by good or medium localization of the processed data. Moreover, this paper illustrates creation of a domestic processor or processors for solving the problems of creating information systems for processing big data, as well as tasks of artificial intelligence (deep learning, graph processing and others). Therefore, these processors are characterized by intensive irregular work with memory (poor and extremely poor localization of data), while requiring high energy efficiency. The author points out the need for a systematic approach, training of young specialists on supporting innovative research.
Comparative Analysis of Static and Dynamic Performance of Nonpneumatic Tire with Flexible Spoke Structure
Authors: Zhang Zifeng , Fu Hongxun , Liang Xuemeng , Chen Xiaoxia , Tan Di
Published: July 2020

Based on ABAQUS software, the three-dimensional finite element models of 195/50R16 radial tire and three kinds of nonpneumatic tire, i.e., spoke plate, honeycomb and grid type, are established, and the static and dynamic performance of the four finite element models of tire are analysed. The results show that in the static condition analysis, the ground pressure of the nonpneumatic tire is distributed on both sides of the tread; the stress concentration of the nonpneumatic tire mainly occurs in the grounding area near the support spoke; the deformation area of nonpneumatic tire mainly appears in the area of grounding and adjacent to the grounding spoke; In the analysis of the tire’s steady rolling condition, the ground imprint of a nonpneumatic tire is similar to that of a bar rectangle, and the ground pressure distribution is relatively uniform. The static and dynamic characteristics of honeycomb nonpneumatic tire are close to that of a radial tire. The research work of this paper will provide some reference for the structural design and parameter optimization of nonpneumatic tires.
Characterization of the Bonding Zone in AZ91/AlSi12 Bimetals Fabricated by Liquid-Solid Compound Casting Using Unmodified and Thermally Modified AlSi12 Alloy
Authors: Mola Renata , Bucki Tomasz
Published: July 2020

Liquid-solid compound casting was used to produce two types of AZ91/AlSi12 joints. The magnesium alloy was the cast material poured onto a solid aluminium alloy insert with an unmodified or modified structure. The bonding zone obtained for the unmodified insert was not uniform in thickness. There was a eutectic region (Mg17Al12 + a solid solution of Al in Mg) in the area closest to the AZ91. The region adjacent to the AlSi12 had a non-uniform structure with partly reacted Si particles surrounded by the Mg2Si phase and agglomerates of Mg2Si particles unevenly distributed in the Mg-Al intermetallic phases matrix. Cracks were detected in this region. In the AZ91/AlSi12 joint produced with a thermally modified AlSi12 insert, the bonding zone was uniform in thickness. The region closest to the AZ91 alloy also had a eutectic structure. However, significant microstructural changes were reported in the region adjacent to the modified AlSi12 alloy. The microstructure of the region was uniform with no cracks; the fine Mg2Si particles were evenly distributed over the Mg-Al intermetallic phase matrix. The study revealed that in both cases the microhardness of the bonding zone was several times higher than those of the individual alloys; however, during indenter loading, the bonding zone fabricated from modified AlSi12 alloy was less prone to cracking.
3D FE Modelling of Machining Forces during AISI 4140 Hard Turning
Authors: Tzotzis Anastasios , García-Hernández César , Huertas-Talón José-Luis , Kyratsis Panagiotis
Published: July 2020

Hard turning is one of the most used machining processes in industrial applications. This paper researches critical aspects that influence the machining process of AISI-4140 to develop a prediction model for the resultant machining force-induced during AISI-4140 hard turning, based on finite element (FE) modelling. A total of 27 turning simulation runs were carried out in order to investigate the relationship between three key parameters (cutting speed, feed rate, and depth of cut) and their effect on machining force components. The acquired numerical results were compared to experimental ones for verification purposes. Additionally, a mathematical model was established according to statistical methodologies such as the response surface methodology (RSM) and the analysis of variance (ANOVA). The plurality of the simulations yielded results in high conformity with the experimental values of the main machining force and its components. Specifically, the resultant cutting force agreement exceeded 90 % in many tests. Moreover, the verification of the adequacy of the statistical model led to an accuracy of 8.8 %.