bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Removal of simulated biofilm at different implant crown designs with interproximal oral hygiene aids: An in vitro study
Authors: Tuna Taskin , Kuhlmann Lena , Bishti Shaza , Sirazitdinova Ekaterina , Deserno Thomas , Wolfart Stefan
Published: April 2019

Objectives

To compare the removal of simulated biofilm at two different implant‐supported restoration designs with various interproximal oral hygiene aids.

Methods

Mandibular models with a missing first molar were fabricated and provided with single implant analogues (centrally or distally placed) and two different crown designs (conventional [CCD] and alternative crown design [ACD]). Occlusion spray was applied to the crowns to simulate artificial biofilm. Thirty participants (dentists, dental hygienists, and laypersons) were equally divided and asked to clean the interproximal areas with five different cleaning devices to further evaluate if there were differences in their cleaning ability. The outcome was measured via standardized photos and the cleaning ratio, representing the cleaned surfaces in relation to the respective crown surface. Statistical analysis was performed by linear mixed‐effects model with fixed effects for cleaning tools, surfaces, crown design and type of participant, and random effects for crowns.

Results

The mean cleaning ratio for the investigated tools and crown designs were (in%): Super floss: 76 ± 13/ACD and 57 ± 14/CCD (highest cleaning efficiency), followed by dental floss: 66 ± 13/ACD and 56 ± 15/CCD, interdental brush: 55 ± 10/ACD and 45 ± 9/CCD, electric interspace brush: 31 ± 10/ACD and 30 ± 1/CCD, microdroplet floss: 8 ± 9/ACD and 9 ± 8/CCD. There was evidence of an overall effect of each factor “cleaning tool,” “surface,” “crown design,” and “participant” (p < 0.0001).

Conclusions

ACD allowed more removal of the artificial biofilm than CCD with Super floss, dental floss, and interdental brush. Flossing and interproximal brushing were the most effective cleaning methods. A complete removal of the artificial biofilm could not be achieved in any group.
Histopathology of sabra dermatitis: A case report
Authors: Esmaeili Azadeh , Abbott Monica F. , Crowson A. Neil
Published: April 2019

Sabra dermatitis (SD) is a form of irritant contact dermatitis caused by penetration of small, hair‐like glochids from Opuntia cactus into the skin. SD is a common problem among the farmers who are in close contact with prickly pears; however, the histopathologic criteria for this condition are not well defined. The purpose of this article is to present a well‐documented case of SD and to acquaint pathologists with the entity.
Intergenerational Earnings Mobility in Post‐Soviet Russia
Authors: Borisov Gleb V. , Pissarides Christopher A.
Published: April 2019

We make use of longitudinal data for the Russian economy over 1994–2016 to obtain earnings information about parents and children. We show that rank correlations give reliable estimates, and find intergenerational correlations for sons and daughters that are comparable to those found in the USA and the UK. Sons earn more than daughters conditional on education and parents’ rank. Observable household characteristics and unobservables contribute about the same to the correlations, both more than education.
Does habitat occupancy by lake trout and lake whitefish in large lakes match published thermal habitat envelopes?
Authors: Challice Adam R. , Milne Scott W. , Ridgway Mark S.
Published: April 2019

Habitat occupancy patterns of lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) and lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) in two large Canadian Shield lakes were modelled based on detections of fish from repeated depth‐stratified surveys over several summers. Lake trout and lake whitefish consistently occupied sites outside traditional thermal envelopes and were not detected at some sites within these ranges. This included the metalimnion and shallow epilimnion for lake trout and lake whitefish in Lake Opeongo. Physical habitat covariates were not important in defining lake trout habitat in both lakes. Physical habitat as represented by the hardness/softness gradient based on acoustic substrate surveys was important for lake whitefish in Lake Opeongo but not in Smoke Lake. In addition, thermal envelopes for lake whitefish differed between the lakes possibly because of differences in substrate slope. The wash zone of lakes, where the thermocline contacts the substrate, appears to be a physical habitat feature for lake whitefish in some lakes. Lake whitefish also exhibited diurnal activity behaviour that was reflected through greater detection rates in the morning versus the afternoon. By accounting for imperfect detection, true estimated overall occupancy of lake trout and lake whitefish increased 0.15–0.30 over naïve occupancy. Thermal habitat envelopes for lake trout and lake whitefish are wider than previously thought. Lake trout occupied a consistent thermal habitat envelope while lake whitefish varied between lakes likely because of lake specific differences in basin morphology and wash zone.
Selectivity through discriminatory induced fit enables switching of NAD(P)H coenzyme specificity in Old Yellow Enzyme ene‐reductases
Authors: Iorgu Andreea I. , Hedison Tobias M. , Hay Sam , Scrutton Nigel S.
Published: April 2019

Most ene‐reductases belong to the Old Yellow Enzyme (OYE) family of flavin‐dependent oxidoreductases. OYEs use nicotinamide coenzymes as hydride donors to catalyze the reduction of alkenes that contain an electron‐withdrawing group. There have been many investigations of the structures and catalytic mechanisms of OYEs. However, the origin of coenzyme specificity in the OYE family is unknown. Structural NMR and X‐ray crystallographic data were used to rationally design variants of two OYEs, pentaerythritol tetranitrate reductase (PETNR) and morphinone reductase (MR), to discover the basis of coenzyme selectivity. PETNR has dual‐specificity and reacts with NADH and NADPH; MR accepts only NADH as hydride donor. Variants of a β‐hairpin motif in an active site loop of both these enzymes were studied using stopped‐flow spectroscopy. Specific attention was placed on the potential role of arginine residues within the β‐hairpin motif. Mutagenesis demonstrated that Arg130 governs the preference of PETNR for NADPH, and that Arg142 interacts with the coenzyme pyrophosphate group. These observations were used to switch coenzyme specificity in MR by replacing either Glu134 or Leu146 with arginine residues. These variants had increased (~15‐fold) affinity for NADH. Mutagenesis enabled MR to accept NADPH as a hydride donor, with E134R MR showing a significant (55‐fold) increase in efficiency in the reductive half‐reaction, when compared to the essentially unreactive wild‐type enzyme. Insight into the question of coenzyme selectivity in OYEs has therefore been addressed through rational redesign. This should enable coenzyme selectivity to be improved and switched in other OYEs.
The percentage of high‐grade prostatic adenocarcinoma in prostate biopsies significantly improves on Grade Groups in the prediction of prostate cancer death
Authors: Berney Daniel M , Beltran Luis , Sandu Holly , Soosay Geraldine , Møller Henrik , Scardino Peter , Murphy Jacqueline , Ahmad Amar , Cuzick Jack ,   the Transatlantic Prostate Group
Published: April 2019

Aims

It has been recommended that the percentage of high‐grade (HG) Gleason patterns 4 and 5 should be quantified in prostate cancer. However, this has not been assessed in a cohort using prostate cancer death as an outcome, and there is debate as to whether the biopsy with the ‘worst’ percentage of HG disease or an ‘overall’ percentage of HG disease should be reported. Such data may assist in active surveillance decisions.

Methods and results

Men with clinically localised prostate cancer diagnosed by needle biopsy from 1990 to 2003 were included. The endpoint was prostate cancer death. Clinical variables included Gleason score (GS), prostate‐specific antigen level, age, clinical stage, and disease extent. Deaths were divided into those from prostate cancer and those from other causes, according to World Health Organization criteria. Nine hundred and eighty‐eight biopsy cases were centrally reviewed according to criteria agreed at the Chicago International Society of Urological Pathology conference in 2014. Cores were given individual GSs and Grade Groups (GGs), and a percentage of each grade was given for each core. Both the worst percentage of HG disease seen in a biopsy series and overall percentage of HG disease were calculated. The overall percentage of HG disease was highly significant, with a hazard ratio of 4.45 for the interquartile range (95% confidence interval 3.30–6.01, P < 2.2 × 10−16), and was similar to the percentage of HG disease seen in the worst core. In multivariate analysis, both were highly significant. GG2 cases with ≤5% Gleason pattern 4 showed similar survival to GG1 cases.

Conclusions

These data validate the use of percentage of HG disease to predict prostate cancer death. As both worst and overall percentage of HG disease are powerful predictors of outcome, either could be chosen to provide prognostic information.
Pricing decisions in a multiechelon supply chain under a bundling strategy
Authors: Eghbali‐Zarch Maryam , Taleizadeh Ata Allah , Tavakkoli‐Moghaddam Reza
Published: April 2019

Product pure bundling is an effective marketing strategy in real successful businesses, which has been extensively discussed in the economics and marketing areas. While investigating the theoretical and empirical aspects of operational and supply chain implications of pure bundling is essential, this paper determines the optimal pricing decisions in a centralized three‐level supply chain that consists of multiple raw material suppliers, a manufacturer and a retailer, and analyzes the impact of raw material suppliers and manufacturer operations and market characteristics on selecting the best pricing strategy. A general supply chain structure is considered, in which the manufacturer receives different raw materials from the suppliers, produces two different products, and then sells them separately, called no bundling strategy, and sells two products in a package, called pure bundling strategy, with uniformly distributed customer valuations. The proposed model finds the optimal pricing decisions of the mentioned supply chain under pure and no bundling strategies and derives the closed‐form solutions to explore the impact of each strategy on the performance of the chain due to its profit. Computational results and sensitivity analysis explain how pure bundling can be utilized as an operational strategy to improve the integrated supply chain profit through a case study. Accordingly, the final results indicate that small market size, low costs, and small amounts of required raw materials, bundling basic products with the premium ones makes the pure bundling strategy profitable even when the cost of the packages is more than the sum of the costs of two products.
Characterization of the lecithotrophic larval development of the temperate New Zealand asterinid Stegnaster inflatus
Authors: Zamora Leonardo N. , Delorme Natali J. , Byrne Maria , Borra Charlotte , Sewell Mary A.
Published: April 2019

In the family Asterinidae, development through a planktonic lecithotrophic brachiolaria larva is common and has evolved independently several times. Here, we describe the lecithotrophic development of the asterinid Stegnaster inflatus, a species endemic to New Zealand. Early development through the blastula and gastrula stages is short, with hatching at the brachiolaria stage occurring within 48 hr. After hatching, larvae are negatively buoyant, and without aeration remain near the bottom of the culture containers. The settled benthic juvenile stage was reached in ~2 weeks. The brachiolaria of S. inflatus shares common characteristics with the planktonic brachiolaria of other asterinids in that the brachiolar attachment apparatus comprises three brachia and a central adhesive disc, although the latter is thin and appears to be reduced. Mortensen (1925, Videns kabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk naturhistorisk Forening i København, 79(15), 261‐420) had hypothesized that individuals of S. inflatus might brood within the “cave” formed in the interambulacral space between the arms. We found no evidence for brooding, but hypothesize that S. inflatus may have demersal development, on or near the bottom, which has implications for larval dispersal and population structure.
Curcumin induces apoptosis in JAK2‐mutated cells by the inhibition of JAK2/STAT and mTORC1 pathways
Authors: Petiti Jessica , Rosso Valentina , Lo Iacono Marco , Panuzzo Cristina , Calabrese Chiara , Signorino Elisabetta , Pironi Lucrezia , Cartellà Antonio , Bracco Enrico , Pergolizzi Barbara , Beltramo Tiziana , Fava Carmen , Cilloni Daniela
Published: April 2019

Myeloproliferative neoplasms are chronic myeloid cancers divided in Philadelphia positive and negative. The JAK2 V617F is the most common mutation in Philadelphia negative patients and results in a constitutive activation of the JAK/STAT pathway, conferring a proliferative advantage and apoptosis inhibition. Recent studies identified a functional crosstalk between the JAK/STAT and mTOR pathways. The identification of an effective therapy is often difficult, so the availability of new therapeutic approaches might be attractive. Previous studies showed that curcumin, the active principle of the Curcuma longa, can suppress JAK2/STAT pathways in different type of cancer and injuries. In this study, we investigated the anti‐proliferative and pro‐apoptotic effects of curcumin in JAK2 V617F‐mutated cells. HEL cell line and cells from patients JAK2 V617F mutated have been incubated with increasing concentrations of curcumin for different time. Apoptosis and proliferation were evaluated. Subsequently, JAK2/STAT and AKT/mTOR pathways were investigated at both RNA and protein levels. We found that curcumin induces apoptosis and inhibition of proliferation in HEL cells. Furthermore, we showed that curcumin inhibits JAK2/STAT and mTORC1 pathways in JAK2 V617F‐mutated cells. This inhibition suggests that curcumin could represent an alternative strategy to be explored for the treatment of patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms.
Phase transitions of ascorbic acid and sodium ascorbate in a polymer matrix and effects on vitamin degradation
Authors: Ismail Yahya , Mauer Lisa J.
Published: April 2019

The phase transformations and stability of the two most common forms of vitamin C (ascorbic acid [AA] and sodium ascorbate) were explored in colyophilized polyvinylpyrrolidone polymer matrices. Solutions containing controlled vitamin:polymer ratios (0:100 to 100:0) were lyophilized and stored in controlled temperature (20–60°C) and relative humidity (0–85%RH) environments. Samples were analyzed over time using X‐ray diffraction to document physical state and high performance liquid chromatography to document vitamin degradation. Moisture sorption profiling, microscopy, infrared spectroscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry were also used to characterize the samples. Vitamins were more labile when amorphous than when crystalline, and sodium ascorbate was more labile than AA. Significant vitamin degradation occurred in the glassy state. All vitamins degraded significantly more when present at lower proportions in the amorphous solid dispersions, thus most degradation was found in the dispersions with the highest glass transition temperatures.

Practical Applications

The most common ingredient forms of vitamin C (ascorbic acid [AA] and sodium ascorbate) are likely to be amorphous in low moisture food products that were produced by first dissolving ingredients and then rapidly dehydrating the products. Challenges for product quality and shelf‐life are that: (a) both vitamin C forms were found to degrade in storage environments that maintained the products in the glassy amorphous state (which is desirable for the texture of many low moisture products), and (b) both vitamin forms degraded faster when present at lower proportions in the polymer matrices. In such conditions, AA was more stable than sodium ascorbate.
Interleukin‐6 in the central amygdala is bioactive and co‐localised with glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor
Authors: Anesten Fredrik , Dalmau Gasull Adrià , Richard Jennifer E. , Farkas Imre , Mishra Devesh , Taing Lilly , Zhang Fuping , Poutanen Matti , Palsdottir Vilborg , Liposits Zsolt , Skibicka Karolina P. , Jansson John‐Olov
Published: April 2019

Neuronal circuits involving the central amygdala (CeA) are gaining prominence as important centres for regulation of metabolic functions. As a part of the subcortical food motivation circuitry, CeA is associated with food motivation and hunger. We have previously shown that interleukin (IL)‐6 can act as a downstream mediator of the metabolic effects of glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1) receptor (R) stimulation in the brain, although the sites of these effects are largely unknown. In the present study, we used the newly generated and validated RedIL6 reporter mouse strain to investigate the presence of IL‐6 in the CeA, as well as possible interactions between IL‐6 and GLP‐1 in this nucleus. IL‐6 was present in the CeA, mostly in cells in the medial and lateral parts of this structure, and a majority of IL‐6‐containing cells also co‐expressed GLP‐1R. Triple staining showed GLP‐1 containing fibres co‐staining with synaptophysin close to or overlapping with IL‐6 containing cells. GLP‐1R stimulation enhanced IL‐6 mRNA levels. IL‐6 receptor‐alpha (IL‐6Rα) was found to a large part in neuronal CeA cells. Using electrophysiology, we determined that cells with neuronal properties in the CeA could be rapidly stimulated by IL‐6 administration in vitro. Moreover, microinjections of IL‐6 into the CeA could slightly reduce food intake in vivo in overnight fasted rats. In conclusion, IL‐6 containing cells in the CeA express GLP‐1R, are close to GLP‐1‐containing synapses, and demonstrate increased IL‐6 mRNA in response to GLP‐1R agonist treatment. IL‐6, in turn, exerts biological effects in the CeA, possibly via IL‐6Rα present in this nucleus.
Enzymatic hydrolysates obtained from Trametes versicolor polysaccharopeptides protect human skin keratinocyte against AAPH‑induced oxidative stress and inflammatory
Authors: Chou Chun‐Hsu , Tsai Ming‐Shiun , Lu Hsin‐Yu , Chang Chao‐Kai , Cheng Kuan‐Chen , Jhan Mei‐Hsin , Hsieh Chang‐Wei
Published: April 2019

Background

Polysaccharopeptides (PSPs) extracted from Trametes versicolor show antitumor, anti‐inflammatory, and immunomodulation effects. According to our previous report, the enzymatic hydrolysates obtained from T versicolor PSPs by 80 U/mL β‐1,3‐D‐glucanase (PSPs‐EH80) did not change the functional groups of PSPs but enhanced their antioxidative activities. However, the mechanism elevating the antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory effect of PSPs‐EH80 is not clear.

Aims

This research focused on the protective mechanism(s) of PSPs‐EH80 against free radical and 2,2'‐azobis (2‐amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH)‐induced oxidative damage in human keratinocyte (HaCaT) cells.

Methods

We evaluated the anti‐inflammatory potential of PSPs‐EH80 by assessing its free radical‐induced oxidative damage. Using the HaCaT cell as the experimental system, we tested the protective effects of PSPs‐EH80 on a model of AAPH‐induced cellular oxidative damage through the assessment of cell survival rate. Heme oxygenase 1 (HO‐1), nuclear factor erythroid 2‐related factor 2 (Nrf2), cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2), nuclear factor kappa‐light‐chain‐enhancer of activated B cells (NF‐κB), extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK), c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase were determined using MTT assays and Western blotting.

Results

We demonstrated that PSPs‐EH80 significantly enhanced keratinocyte viability, and augmented the antioxidant HO‐1 expressions through upregulation of the Nrf2, compared with PSPs. Furthermore, PSPs‐EH80 significantly reduced AAPH‐induced COX‐2 expressions through downregulation of the ERK, p38, and NF‐κB signaling pathways.

Conclusion

The PSPs‐EH80 exhibits a stronger antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory capacity than PSPs. Therefore, PSPs‐EH80 could be effective for attenuating free radical‐induced oxidative damage in human skin and can be applied widely in the fields of cosmetics and medicine.
Perceptual Discrepancy Profiles of Social Competence and Their Interrelations With Depressive Symptoms Among Early Adolescents
Authors: Topalli Pamela‐Zoe , Junttila Niina , Acquah Emmanuel O. , Veermans Koen , Niemi Päivi M.
Published: April 2019

We examined the perceptual discrepancy profiles between self‐ and peers, and self‐ and teacher evaluations of adolescents’ social competence (SC) and the interrelations of these profiles with self‐reported depressive symptoms. The participants were 390 Finnish lower secondary school pupils. Latent profile analysis revealed five classes of discrepancy profiles; adolescents with congruent perceptions, quite congruent perceptions, and positively discrepant perceptions ofSCreported lower scores of depressive symptoms, whereas those with negatively and extremely positively discrepant perceptions ofSCreported the highest scores of depressive symptoms. The larger the discrepancy between self‐ and others’ evaluations ofSCwere, the more depressive symptoms were reported. The results indicate that interventions designed to mitigate depression need to be tailored to individual needs.
Maintenance of genetic and morphological identity in two siblingSyrrhopodonspecies (Calymperaceae, Bryopsida) despite extensive introgression
Authors: Pereira Marta R. , Ledent Alice , Mardulyn Patrick , Zartman Charles E. , Vanderpoorten Alain
Published: April 2019

Bryophytes are a group of land plants in which the role of hybridization has long been challenged. Using genotyping by sequencing to circumvent the lack of molecular variation at selected loci previously used for phylogeny and morphology, we determine the level of genetic and morphological divergence and reproductive isolation between the siblingSyrrhopodon annotinusandS. simmondsii(Calymperaceae, Bryopsida) that occur in sympatry but in different habitats in lowland Amazonian rainforests. A clear morphological differentiation and a low (0.06), but significantFst derived from the analysis of 183 single nucleotide polymorphisms were observed between the two species. Conspecific pairs of individuals consistently exhibited higher average kinship coefficients along a gradient of geographic isolation than interspecific pairs. The weak, but significant genetic divergence observed is consistent with growing evidence that ecological specialization can lead to genetic differentiation among bryophyte species. Nevertheless, the spatial genetic structures of the two species were significantly correlated, as evidenced by the significant slope of the Mantel test based on kinship coefficients between pairs of interspecific individuals and the geographic distance separating them. Interspecific pairs of individuals are thus more closely related when they are geographically closer, suggesting that isolation‐by‐distance is stronger than the interspecific reproductive barrier and pointing to interspecific gene flow. We conclude that interspecific introgression, whose role has long been questioned in bryophytes, may take place even in species wherein sporophyte production is scarce due to dioicy, raising the question as to what mechanisms maintain differentiation despite weak reproductive isolation.
Validation of an abbreviated instrument to assess veterinary client caregiver burden
Authors: Spitznagel Mary Beth , Mueller Megan K. , Fraychak Taylor , Hoffman Andrew M. , Carlson Mark D.
Published: April 2019

Background

Caregiver burden is present in many clients managing illness in a companion animal, but current assessment tools are time‐consuming and lack normative reference values.

Objectives

Statistical reduction of items in a measure of caregiver burden to create an abbreviated version, validation of the abbreviated version, and calculation of reference values.

Animals

None.

Methods

This study was conducted using observational methods. Owners of an ill cat or dog were recruited through social media (n = 429). Veterinary clients with an ill (n = 459) or healthy (n = 961) cat or dog were recruited through a general veterinary and an academic hospital with multiple specialties. The study was conducted in 3 stages: (a) reduction of the Zarit Burden Interview (ZBI) adapted for use in pets via factor and item analyses, (b) psychometric validation of the abbreviated instrument, and (c) standardization of the abbreviated (7 items) and full (18 items) measures.

Results

A 7‐item measure showed high correlations with the full measure (r = 0.88‐0.93) and good internal consistency (α = .71‐.75) across samples of veterinary clients with an ill cat or dog. This abbreviated measure correlated significantly (P < .001) and positively with stress (r = 0.40‐0.75) and negatively with quality of life (r = −0.32 to −0.56). Reference values derived from clients with a healthy companion animal suggest “normal” burden ranges of 0 to 17 on the full measure and 0 to 8 on the abbreviated version.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

For situations precluding full assessment of client caregiver burden, this brief 7‐item version can be used with good internal consistency and validity. Reference values can help determine if a client's caregiver burden is increased.
Water mediates fertilization in a terrestrial flowering plant
Authors: Fan Yong‐Li , Barrett Spencer C. H. , Yang Ji‐Qin , Zhao Jian‐Li , Xia Yong‐Mei , Li Qing‐Jun
Published: April 2019

Water‐mediated fertilization is ubiquitous in early land plants. This ancestral mode of fertilization has, however, generally been considered to have been lost during the evolutionary history of terrestrial flowering plants.

We investigated reproductive mechanisms in the subtropical gingerCautleya gracilis(Zingiberaceae), which has two pollen conditions – granular and filiform masses – depending on external conditions. We tested whether rain transformed granular pollen into filiform masses and whether this then promoted pollen‐tube growth and fertilization of ovules. Using experimental manipulations in the field we investigated the contribution of water‐mediated fertilization to seed production.

Rain caused granular pollen to form filiform masses of germinating pollen tubes, which transported sperm to ovules, resulting in fertilization and seed set. Flowers exposed to rain produced significantly more seeds than those protected from the rain, which retained granular pollen. Insect pollination made only a limited contribution to seed set because rainy conditions limited pollinator service.

Our results reveal a previously undescribed fertilization mechanism in flowering plants involving water‐mediated fertilization stimulated by rain. Water‐mediated fertilization is likely to be adaptive in the subtropical monsoon environments in whichC. gracilisoccurs by ensuring reproductive assurance when persistent rain prevents insect‐mediated pollination.
The online attention to oral cancer research: An Altmetric analysis
Authors: Hassona Yazan , Qutachi Tala , Dardas Latefa , Alrashdan Mohammad S. , Sawair Faleh
Published: April 2019

Objectives

Altmetrics, or alternative metrics, have recently emerged as a web‐based metrics measuring the impact of research with an emphasis on the public engagement with the research output. In this study, we aimed to identify and analyze research articles about oral cancer that provoked the most online attention.

Methods

Altmetric Explorer was used to identify articles about oral cancer that generated the highest online attention. Descriptive and correlational statistics were performed, and the top 100 articles were identified and analyzed.

Results

A total of 7,940 articles were identified. Topics were mostly discussed on Facebook, Twitter, Mendeley, and news outlets. The top 100 articles that generated the highest online attention discussed mainly topics related to treatment outcomes and quality of life. Human papilloma virus (HPV) was the most commonly discussed individual topic in the list of top 100 outputs (n = 20). Most articles originated from the USA (n = 46) and Europe (n = 33; mainly from UK [24 articles]). Articles were published in 47 journals that belong to different specialities; journals with a social media account had significantly higher Altmetric scores for their articles compared to those without an account.

Conclusion

Topics of general interest to the public such as HPV transmission and vaccination, risk factors, and treatment generated the highest online attention.
Cas9‐mediated mutagenesis of potato starch‐branching enzymes generates a range of tuber starch phenotypes
Authors: Tuncel Aytug , Corbin Kendall R. , Ahn‐Jarvis Jennifer , Harris Suzanne , Hawkins Erica , Smedley Mark A. , Harwood Wendy , Warren Frederick J. , Patron Nicola J. , Smith Alison M.
Published: April 2019

We investigated whether Cas9‐mediated mutagenesis of starch‐branching enzymes (SBEs) in tetraploid potatoes could generate tuber starches with a range of distinct properties. Constructs containing the Cas9 gene and sgRNAs targeting SBE1, SBE2 or both genes were introduced by Agrobacterium‐mediated transformation or by PEG‐mediated delivery into protoplasts. Outcomes included lines with mutations in all or only some of the homoeoalleles of SBE genes and lines in which homoeoalleles carried several different mutations. DNA delivery into protoplasts resulted in mutants with no detectable Cas9 gene, suggesting the absence of foreign DNA. Selected mutants with starch granule abnormalities had reductions in tuber SBE1 and/or SBE2 protein that were broadly in line with expectations from genotype analysis. Strong reduction in both SBE isoforms created an extreme starch phenotype, as reported previously for low‐SBE potato tubers. HPLC‐SEC and 1H NMR revealed a decrease in short amylopectin chains, an increase in long chains and a large reduction in branching frequency relative to wild‐type starch. Mutants with strong reductions in SBE2 protein alone had near‐normal amylopectin chain‐length distributions and only small reductions in branching frequency. However, starch granule initiation was enormously increased: cells contained many granules of <4 μm and granules with multiple hila. Thus, large reductions in both SBEs reduce amylopectin branching during granule growth, whereas reduction in SBE2 alone primarily affects numbers of starch granule initiations. Our results demonstrate that Cas9‐mediated mutagenesis of SBE genes has the potential to generate new, potentially valuable starch properties without integration of foreign DNA into the genome.
A constraint–relaxation–recovery mechanism for stomatal dynamics
Authors: Jezek Mareike , Hills Adrian , Blatt Michael R. , Lew Virgilio L.
Published: April 2019

Models of guard cell dynamics, built on the OnGuard platform, have provided quantitative insights into stomatal function, demonstrating substantial predictive power. However, the kinetics of stomatal opening predicted by OnGuard models were threefold to fivefold slower than observed in vivo. No manipulations of parameters within physiological ranges yielded model kinetics substantially closer to these data, thus highlighting a missing component in model construction. One well‐documented process influencing stomata is the constraining effect of the surrounding epidermal cells on guard cell volume and stomatal aperture. Here, we introduce a mechanism to describe this effect in OnGuard2 constructed around solute release and a decline in turgor of the surrounding cells and its subsequent recovery during stomatal opening. The results show that this constraint–relaxation–recovery mechanism in OnGuard2 yields dynamics that are consistent with experimental observations in wild‐type Arabidopsis, and it predicts the altered opening kinetics of ost2 H+‐ATPase and slac1 Cl− channel mutants. Thus, incorporating solute flux of the surrounding cells implicitly through their constraint on guard cell expansion provides a satisfactory representation of stomatal kinetics, and it predicts a substantial and dynamic role for solute flux across the apoplastic space between the guard cells and surrounding cells in accelerating stomatal kinetics.
Modelling the Loss Given Default Distribution via a Family of Zero-and-one Inflated Mixture Models
Authors: Tomarchio Salvatore D. , Punzo Antonio
Published: April 2019

The empirical distribution of the loss given default (LGD) has support [0, 1], contains an excess of 0s and 1s, and is often multimodal on (0, 1). Though some parametric models have been used in the credit risk literature to model the LGD distribution, these peculiarities call for more flexible approaches. Thus, we introduce a zero-and-one inflated mixture where a three-level multinomial model is considered for the membership of the LGD values to the sets {0}, (0, 1) and {1}, whereas a finite mixture of distributions is used on (0, 1). To allow for more flexible shapes on (0, 1), we consider component distributions already defined on (0, 1) and distributions on (−∞, ∞) mapped on (0, 1) via the inverse logit transformation. This yields a family of 13 zero-and-one inflated mixture models. They are applied to two data sets of LGDs on loans: one from a European Bank and the other from the Bank of Italy. The best performers in our family, selected via classical information criteria, are then compared with several well-established semiparameteric or non-parametric approaches via a convenient simulation-based procedure.
Gender Inequality in Employment in Mozambique
Authors: Gradín Carlos , Tarp Finn
Published: April 2019

We investigate the gender employment gap in the expanding non‐subsistence sector of the economy in Mozambique, a country still characterized by a large subsistence agricultural sector. We show evidence that the gender gap has widened over time and we identify two structural factors strongly associated with it. One factor is the still relatively lower level of female human capital, with less attained education, as well as literacy and Portuguese proficiency rates. The lower conditional employment probabilities of married women, as compared with men, is the other factor. These findings point at expanding women´s education and facilitating the access of married women to the emerging labour market as the most effective ways of achieving a more inclusive growth path that does not leave women behind.
Osteoarthritis biomarker responses and cartilage adaptation to exercise: A review of animal and human models
Authors: Mazor Marija , Best Thomas M. , Cesaro Annabelle , Lespessailles Eric , Toumi Hechmi
Published: April 2019

Regular physical activity has been suggested as having both preventive and therapeutic benefits for individuals with osteoarthritis (OA). However, evidence of whether exercise and which type of exercise constitutes a benefit or a risk in the development and progression of OA remains debatable. This may be due to the evaluation of the effect of physical activity or new disease‐modifying OA drugs which is currently based on radiographic criteria (eg, joint space width) and the lack of correlation with clinical signs and symptoms (eg, pain and loss of function). Moreover, OA typically manifests itself as changes within the joint space and subchondral bone as well as the whole joint structure, including progressive degradation of cartilage, menisci, ligaments, and synovial inflammation. Biomarkers are being developed to quantify joint remodeling and disease progression notably involving the articular cartilage and synovial fluid. The primary purpose of this review was to evaluate the current literature and to provide further insight based on OA biomarkers and the role physical activity plays in the management of OA. Osteoarthritis biomarkers together with radiographic imaging evidence will ideally guide healthcare providers to incorporate exercise recommendations into clinical management and offer patients evidence‐based and individually tailored exercise prescriptions.
Late swing or early stance? A narrative review of hamstring injury mechanisms during high‐speed running
Authors: Kenneally‐Dabrowski Claire J. B. , Brown Nicholas A. T. , Lai Adrian K. M. , Perriman Diana , Spratford Wayne , Serpell Benjamin G.
Published: April 2019

Hamstring injuries are highly prevalent in many running‐based sports, and predominantly affect the long head of biceps femoris. Re‐injury rates are also high and together lead to considerable time lost from sport. However, the mechanisms for hamstring injury during high‐speed running are still not fully understood. Therefore, the aim of this review was to summarize the current literature describing hamstring musculotendon mechanics and electromyography activity during high‐speed running, and how they may relate to injury risk. The large eccentric contraction, characterized by peak musculotendon strain and negative work during late swing phase is widely suggested to be potentially injurious. However, it is also argued that high hamstring loads resulting from large joint torques and ground reaction forces during early stance may cause injury. While direct evidence is still lacking, the majority of the literature suggests that the most likely timing of injury is the late swing phase. Future research should aim to prospectively examine the relationship between hamstring musculotendon dynamics and hamstring injury.
Inter‐ and intra‐rater reliability of ultrasound tissue characterization (UTC) in patellar tendons
Authors: van Ark Mathijs , Rabello Lucas Maciel , Hoevenaars Dirk , Meijerink Joost , van Gelderen Niels , Zwerver Johannes , van den Akker‐Scheek Inge
Published: April 2019

Purpose

Ultrasound tissue characterization (UTC) is used in research and clinical practice to quantify tendon structure of the patellar tendon. This is the first study to investigate the inter‐ and intra‐rater reliability for UTC of the patellar tendon on a large scale.

Method

Fifty participants (25 patellar tendinopathy, 25 asymptomatic) were recruited. The affected patellar tendons in symptomatic and right tendons in asymptomatic participants were scanned with UTC twice by one researcher and once by another. The same was done for contour marking (needed to analyze a UTC scan) of the tendon. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC (2,1)) for echo‐types I, II, III, IV, aligned fibrillar structure (echo‐types I + II), and disorganized structure (echo‐types III + IV) were calculated. This was done for UTC scans as well as solely marking contours.

Results

Inter‐rater reliability showed fair to good ICC values for echo‐types I (0.65) and II (0.46) and excellent ICC values for echo‐type III (0.81), echo‐type IV (0.83), aligned fibrillar structure (0.82), and disorganized structure (0.82). Intra‐rater reliability showed excellent ICC values for echo‐types I (0.76), III (0.88), IV (0.85), aligned fibrillar structure (0.88), and disorganized fibrillar structure (0.88) and a fair to good value for echo‐type II (0.61). Contour marking showed excellent ICC values for all echo‐types.

Conclusion

This study showed that UTC scans for patellar tendons have overall good intra‐rater and inter‐rater reliability. To optimize reliability of UTC scans of the patellar tendon, using the same rater and using aligned fibrillar structure (echo‐types I + II combined) and disorganized structure (echo‐types III + IV combined) as outcome measures can be considered.
A lymphoma patient with Cytomegalovirus retinitis and post‐autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation immune reconstitution uveitis: A case report and review of the literature
Authors: Fuller Risa , Strauss Danielle , Steinberg Amir , Rana Meenakshi , Keyzner Alla , Dunn Dallas , Jacobs Samantha E.
Published: April 2019

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis in hematologic malignancies in the absence of hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT) is uncommon. We report a case of a 54‐year‐old woman with peripheral T‐cell lymphoma who develops CMV retinitis and subsequently undergoes an autologous HCT, with eventual development of immune reconstitution uveitis. We further reviewed the PubMed literature on CMV retinitis in patients with lymphoma. We describe that CMV retinitis in patients with lymphoma has variable clinical presentations, may occur at any time during the course of the disease and chemotherapy, and is associated with significant morbidity.
A novel double‐variant RHAG allele leads to Rhmod phenotype
Authors: Xia R. W. , Xun C. Z. , Xiang D. , Zhang J. M. , Yang Q. X. , Zhao F. Y. , Wang C. , Zhu Z. Y. , Li Q. , Ye L. Y.
Published: April 2019

Aims/Objectives

We aimed to analyse the molecular backgrounds and red blood cell (RBC) antigen expression of a male blood donor with Rhmod phenotype and his family members.

Background

Rh deficiency phenotypes are rarely found worldwide and are characterised by the lack of Rh antigen expression on RBCs. During routine screening, we found a blood donor who seemingly lacked Rh antigens. Therefore, we recruited the donor and his family for further investigation.

Methods

RBC serotyping and antibody screening/identification were performed for each sample. A routine blood examination was also conducted. RHD, RHCE and RHAG were sequenced at the genomic DNA or RNA level. Eleven antigens or proteins associated with Rh complex were tested using flow cytometry analysis.

Results

The proband and one of his brothers showed extremely weak D antigen and Rh expression levels but did not manifest anaemia. Most of the expressed RBC antigens of the two Rh‐deficient individuals were similar to the previously reported cases but with some exceptions. Molecular analyses demonstrated homozygous expression of a novel RHAG allele, namely, c.[572G>A;707A>C], both in the proband and one of his brothers.

Conclusions

To our knowledge, we identified the second double‐variant RHAG allele and the first one related to Rhmod phenotype. The novel allele was also confirmed to be heritable by family analyses.
Light‐dependent N‐terminal phosphorylation of LHCSR3 and LHCB4 are interlinked in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
Authors: Scholz Martin , Gäbelein Philipp , Xue Huidan , Mosebach Laura , Bergner Sonja Verena , Hippler Michael
Published: April 2019

Phosphorylation dynamics of LHCSR3 were investigated in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii by quantitative proteomics and genetic engineering. LHCSR3 protein expression and phosphorylation were induced in high light. Our data revealed synergistic and dynamic N‐terminal LHCSR3 phosphorylation. Phosphorylated and nonphosphorylated LHCSR3 associated with PSII‐LHCII supercomplexes. The phosphorylation status of LHCB4 was closely linked to the phosphorylation of multiple sites at the N‐terminus of LHCSR3, indicating that LHCSR3 phosphorylation may operate as a molecular switch modulating LHCB4 phosphorylation, which in turn is important for PSII‐LHCII disassembly. Notably, LHCSR3 phosphorylation diminished under prolonged high light, which coincided with onset of CEF. Hierarchical clustering of significantly altered proteins revealed similar expression profiles of LHCSR3, CRX, and FNR. This finding indicated the existence of a functional link between LHCSR3 protein abundance and phosphorylation, photosynthetic electron flow, and the oxidative stress response.
An assessment of the risk, cost‐effectiveness, and perceived benefits of anti‐parvovirus B19 tested blood products
Authors: van Hoeven Loan R. , Janssen Mart P. , Lieshout‐Krikke Ryanne W. , Molenaar‐de Backer Marijke W.
Published: April 2019

BACKGROUND

Parvovirus B19 (B19V) can cause severe anemia, hydrops foetalis, and even death in vulnerable patients. To prevent transfusion‐transmitted B19V infection of at‐risk patients, B19V antibody screening of blood donors was implemented. The cost‐effectiveness of this intervention is unclear, as the likelihood of transmission through blood and subsequent complications for recipients are unknown. This study estimates the cost‐effectiveness of anti‐B19V donor screening in the Netherlands.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

The estimates needed for the cost‐effectiveness model were: the occurrence of B19V in Dutch blood donors, the number of anti‐B19V tested products required by hospitals, the likelihood of morbidity and mortality given B19V infection, treatment costs, and screening costs. These estimates were obtained from literature and observational data. When data were unavailable, structured expert judgment elicitation and statistical modeling were applied.

RESULTS

The costs of preventing one transfusion transmitted B19V infection are estimated at €68,942 (€42,045 – €102,080). On average, 1.25 cases of morbidity and 0.12 cases of mortality are prevented annually. Although the perceived risk of transfusion transmitted B19V infection was low, half of the treating physicians favored anti‐B19V screening.

CONCLUSION

The estimated mortality and morbidity caused by B19V infection was low in the risk groups. The cost‐effectiveness ratio is similar to other blood safety screening measures. No guidance exists to evaluate the acceptability of this ratio. The explicit overview of costs and effects may further guide the discussion of the desirability of B19V safe blood products.
On the perception of raga motifs by trained musicians
Authors: Ganguli Kaustuv Kanti , Rao Preeti
Published: April 2019

A prominent aspect of the notion of musical similarity across the music of various cultures is related to the local matching of melodic motifs. This holds for Indian art music, a highly structured form with raga playing a critical role in the melodic organization. Apart from the tonal material, a raga is characterized by a set of melodic phrases that serve as important points of reference in a music performance. Musicians acquire in their training a knowledge of the melodic phrase shapes or motifs particular to a raga and the proficiency to render these correctly in performance. This phenomenon of learned schema might be expected to influence the musicians' perception of variations of the melodic motif in terms of pitch contour shape. Motivated by the parallels between the musical structure and prosodic structure in speech, identification and discrimination experiments are presented, which explore the differences between trained musicians' (TMs) and non-musicians' perception of ecologically valid synthesized variants of a raga-characteristic motif, presented both in and out of context. It is found that trained musicians are relatively insensitive to acoustic differences associated with note duration in the vicinity of a prototypical phrase shape while also clearly demonstrating the heightened sensitivity associated with categorical perception in the context of the boundary between ragas.