bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
High Proportion of Nervous System Disease among Major Cause of Under-Five Death in Korea; Compared with OECD 14 Nations (2005-2010)
Authors: Seo Hyun Seok , Choi Seok Won , Kim Ji Sung , Choi Jae Yong , Kim Cheol Am , Son Byeong Hee , Lee Kyun Woo , Koh Kwang Wook
Published: August 2014

Abstract

Objectives

To compare the mortality rate of children under ages five from different countries by their causes and to explore the cause of death that is relatively higher in South Korea and came up with measures for resolution.

Methods

The statistics were based from section ICD(International Classification of Diseases)-10 of WHO(World Health Organization) Mortality Database. Among the OECD(Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) countries, 15 countries with higher GDP(Gross Domestic Product) than South Korea were studied by the mortality rate from 2005 to 2010 sorted into two groups: 0 year group and 1-4 years group. Then the cause of death investigated in detail.

Results

Among the 15 countries, average mortality of 0 year group in Korea ranked 8th and the average mortality of 1-4 years group ranked 4th out of 15. There were no significance in the mortality of 0 year group caused by any specific disease, but unnatural death was ranked 2nd after the United States. The natural death of 1-4 years group was ranked 6th, and the unnatural death was ranked 2nd after the Unites States. Among the natural deaths of 1-4 years group, the cause of death significantly higher was found to be disease G(nervous system disease). Among the subgroups of disease G, the orders went epilepsy, cerebral palsy, paralysis, and inflammatory disease.

Conclusions

We have identified major causes of death of children under age 5. The highest proportion of cause of death in 1-4 years group was nervous system disease and we have proposed resolution. Henceforth, this data will be used as a foundational data for formulating policies relation to the Mother-Child Health.
Deposition of growth layer groups in dentine tissue of captive common dolphins Delphinus delphis
Authors: Murphy Sinéad , Perrott Matthew , McVee Jill , Read Fiona L , Stockin Karin A
Published: August 2014

Knowledge of age structure and longevity (maximum age) are essential for modelling marine mammal population dynamics. Estimation of age in common dolphins (Delphinus spp.) is primarily based on counting Growth Layer Groups (GLGs) in the dentine of thin, decalcified and stained sections of teeth. An annual incremental deposition rate was validated for Delphinus spp. 30-years ago through the use of tetracycline. However, it is not known if the pulp cavity becomes occluded in older individuals or GLGs continue to be deposited in dentine tissue. To investigate the deposition of GLGs in dentine tissue, teeth samples were obtained during the necropsies of two short-beaked common dolphins (Delphinus delphis) that were held in captivity for 31 and 33 years in New Zealand. Individuals were captured together in Hawkes Bay, North Island, New Zealand and classified as juveniles based on physical appearance. Teeth were processed in two ageing laboratories, using four different bone decalcifiers, two sectioning techniques incorporating the use of both a freezing microtome (-20°C) and paraffin microtome, and two different stains. An age was estimated for one of the dolphins, in line with that proposed based on estimated age at capture and period in captivity. However, a hypomineralised area was observed in the dentine tissue close to the pulp cavity of the second individual, preventing estimation of maximum age. The presence and structure of this anomaly is explored further within the study.
Kirkegangen og kirkekampen: udfordringerne til kirke og gejstlighed i de sidste årtier af 1700-tallet og den danske præstestands håndtering af dem
Authors: Bregnsbo Michael
Published: August 2014

[no abstract]
Vetenskap och upplysning inom den tidiga pietismen: några ledmotiv till adeptskapets historia
Authors: Mansikka Tomas
Published: August 2014

[no abstract]
Det vetenskapliga latinet i Emanuel Swedenborgs medicinska verk
Authors: Berggren Maria
Published: August 2014

[no abstract]
Patrioter och kosmopoliter i vetenskapen: Om Sven Rinmans och Torbern Bergmans självbild
Authors: Fors Hjalmar
Published: August 2014

[no abstract]
En ny mytologi för varje behov: porträttkonst och antikanvändning i 1700-talets Europa
Authors: Eliasson Sabrina Norlander
Published: August 2014

[no abstract]
Känsla och sinnlighet skilda från sinnena: om den estetiska intresselöshetens grunder
Authors: Malm Mats
Published: August 2014

[no abstract]
Radula subg. Radula in Australasia and the Pacific (Jungermanniopsida)
Authors: Renner Matt
Published: August 2014

Seven species belonging to Radula subg. Radula are accepted for Australasia. Radula oreopsis M.A.M.Renner is described as new, while R. kurzii, R. multiflora, R. reflexa and R. sharpii are excluded from the region. Molecular and morphological data provide evidence suggesting that the broad species concepts recently applied to subg. Radula in Australia and across the Pacific are not useful. Many subtle yet consistent differences in size and shape, and in micromorphological and anatomical characters potentially inform species circumscription. However, most differences between species are virtually impossible to apprehend independent of molecular data corroborating their significance. Herbarium-based studies and the interpretation of type material are therefore challenging. However, the molecular phylogeny based on three chloroplast markers unites a morphologically heterogeneous array of individuals from across Australasia and the Pacific into a single fully supported clade containing individuals corresponding to the type of R. javanica as well as individuals from Australia, New Zealand and Fiji attributed by various workers to R. erigens, R. javanica, R. multiflora and R. reflexa. There is a general lack of congruence between morphological and molecular groups across the phylogeny. Morphologically similar individuals are resolved in different clades where they are more closely related to morphologically dissimilar species, which may hint at morphological convergence. Morphologically different individuals are nested within each other. The unique cell ornamentation in R. oreopsis, but not in other individuals (here attributed to other species) within the same clade is one example hinting at rapid morphological evolution. The dispersed nature of land within island archipelagos means spatial isolation could contribute to origin and maintenance of species diversity across the Pacific. Every habitat may be effectively peripherally isolated by dispersal limitation. If rates of dispersal and divergence are equivalent across the region, the Pacific and bounding lands including the Wet Tropics Bioregion could maintain species paraphyly in perpetuity.
Ultraviolet radiation enhances Arctic net plankton community production
Authors: Garcia‐Corral Lara S. , Agustí Susana , Regaudie‐de‐Gioux Aurore , Iuculano Francesca , Carrillo‐de‐Albornoz Paloma , Wassmann Paul , Duarte Carlos M.
Published: August 2014

In this study we report the response of net community production (NCP) of plankton communities in the Arctic surface waters exposure to natural ultraviolet radiation (UVR) conditions. A possible bias in previous measurements performed using borosilicate glass bottles (opaque to most UVR) can underestimate NCP. Here we show that 77% of the sampled communities suffer, on average, 38.5% of net increase in NCP when exposed to natural UV‐B condition, relative to values when UV‐B radiation is excluded. UV‐B tends to shift communities toward autotrophy, with the most autotrophic communities responding the strongest. This is likely explained by the inhibition of bacterial respiration during the continuous day period of the Arctic summer, corroborated by experiments where bacterial production influenced by UV‐B directly affect NCP. Whereas Arctic warming is expected to lead to lower NCP, our results show that increased UV‐B radiation may partially compensate this negative effect in surface waters.
Data‐driven numerical simulations of equatorial spread F in the Peruvian sector: 2. Autumnal equinox
Authors: Hysell D. L. , Milla M. A. , Condori L. , Meriwether J. W.
Published: August 2014

An ongoing effort to simulate plasma instability in the equatorial ionosphere leading to equatorial spread F (ESF) in the American sector is described. Ionospheric state parameters including plasma number density and vector drift velocity profiles were measured at the Jicamarca Radio Observatory in the period between 20 September and 3 October 2013. Coherent radar backscatter from plasma irregularities was recorded simultaneously, and images of the irregularities were calculated using aperture synthesis methods. Neutral winds were measured by the red line Fabry‐Perot interferometers at Jicamarca and Arequipa, Peru. A fully 3‐D numerical simulation of ionospheric irregularities, initialized and forced using parameterizations derived from measurements and empirical models, was used to reproduce the ESF activity observed. Simulations were able to recover many of the features of the irregularities, although some important anomalies can be noted. ESF events in which the first appearance of radar plumes occurred either very early or very late were not reproduced in simulation and may be indicative of nonlocal influence.
Quantifying the respective roles of aerosols and clouds in the strong brightening since the early 2000s over the Iberian Peninsula
Authors: Mateos D. , Sanchez‐Lorenzo A. , Antón M. , Cachorro V. E. , Calbó J. , Costa M. J. , Torres B. , Wild M.
Published: August 2014

The contribution of clouds and aerosols to the decadal variations of downward surface shortwave radiation (SSR) is a current controversial topic. This study proposes a method, which is based on surface‐based SSR measurements, aerosol observations, and radiative transfer simulations (in cloud‐free and cloud‐ and aerosol‐free scenarios), to evaluate cloud‐aerosol (CARE), cloud (CRE), and aerosol (ARE) radiative effects. This method is applied to quantify the role played by, separately, clouds and aerosols on the intense brightening of the SSR observed in the Iberian Peninsula. Clouds and Earth's Radiation Energy Budget System (CERES) and surface‐based data exhibit an increase in SSR between 2003 and 2012, exceeding +10 W m−2 over this period for some areas of the peninsula. The calculations are performed for three surface‐based sites: Barcelona and Valladolid (Spain), and Évora (Portugal). Ranges in monthly values of CARE, CRE, and ARE are (−80, −20), (−60, −20), and (−30, 0), respectively (in W m−2). The average trends for the analyzed period of CARE, CRE, and ARE are +7, +5, and +2 W m−2 per decade, respectively. Overall, three fourths of the SSR trend is explained by clouds, while the other one fourth is related to aerosol changes. The SSR trends explained by the clouds and aerosol radiative effects are in line with the observed reductions in total cloud cover and aerosol load (both at the surface and in the whole atmospheric column). Furthermore, the CRE values are compared against CERES data showing good agreement between both data series, although some discrepancies are observed in their trends.
In Situ Study of Nanostructure and Electrical Resistance of Nanocluster Films Irradiated with Ion Beams
Authors: Jiang Weilin , Sundararajan Jennifer A. , Varga Tamas , Bowden Mark E. , Qiang You , McCloy John S. , Henager Charles. H. , Montgomery Robert O.
Published: August 2014

An in situ study is reported on the structural evolution in nanocluster films under He+ ion irradiation using an advanced helium ion microscope. The films consist of loosely interconnected nanoclusters of magnetite or iron‐magnetite (Fe‐Fe3O4) core‐shells. The nanostructure is observed to undergo dramatic changes under ion‐beam irradiation, featuring grain growth, phase transition, particle aggregation, and formation of nanowire‐like network and nanopores. Studies based on ion irradiation, thermal annealing and electron irradiation have indicated that the major structural evolution is activated by elastic nuclear collisions, while both electronic and thermal processes can play a significant role once the evolution starts. The electrical resistance of the Fe‐Fe3O4 films measured in situ exhibits a super‐exponential decay with dose. The behavior suggests that the nanocluster films possess an intrinsic merit for development of an advanced online monitor for fast neutron radiation with both high detection sensitivity and long‐term applicability, which can enhance safety measures in many nuclear operations.
Mechanism and kinetic modeling for steam reforming of toluene on La0.8Sr0.2Ni0.8Fe0.2O3 catalyst
Authors: Oemar Usman , Ming Li Ang , Hidajat Kus , Kawi Sibudjing
Published: August 2014

Reaction mechanism for steam reforming of toluene is proposed for La0.8Sr0.2Ni0.8Fe0.2O3 perovskite catalyst. The proposed mechanism was derived from various characterization results such as temperature‐programmed desorption (TPD) and temperature‐programmed surface reaction (TPSR) water, TPSR toluene, TPD O2 and in situ DRIFT of toluene decomposition, and steam reforming of toluene. Five kinetic models were developed based on the proposed dual‐site reaction mechanism using Langmuir–Hinshelwood approach. Subsequently, the parameters of the kinetic models were estimated by nonlinear least square regression. A good agreement was obtained between experimental and model predicted results for the rate determining step based on reaction between adsorbed aldehyde and adsorbed oxygen. The adsorbed aldehyde species is produced from the reaction between adsorbed C2H2 or CH2 and adsorbed oxygen while the adsorbed oxygen species can come from the oxygen from water activation, lattice oxygen species, and/or the redox property of some metals such as Fe. This shows that the adsorbed oxygen species plays important role in this reaction. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J 60: 4190–4198, 2014
New iminophosphine–Ru(II) complexes and their application in hydrogenation and transfer hydrogenation
Authors: Keleş Mustafa , Şahinoğlu Coşkun , Emir Duygu M. , Mart Mehmet
Published: August 2014

Ruthenium complexes [RuCl2L2] were prepared by treating [RuCl2(p‐cymene)]2 with structurally similar N‐(2‐(diphenylphosphino)benzylidene)‐3‐methylpyridin‐2‐amine, 4‐(2‐(diphenylphosphino)benzylideneamino)‐3‐methylphenol and 4‐(2‐(2‐(diphenylphosphino)benzylideneamino)ethyl)phenol refluxed in toluene. These complexes were used as catalysts for the transfer hydrogenation of acetophenones in 2‐propanol and for the direct hydrogenation of styrenes under hydrogen pressure. The results of the catalytic studies provide evidence that these complexes function as excellent catalysts for hydrogenation and transfer hydrogenation. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Halogen‐free flame‐retardant waterborne polyurethane with a novel cyclic structure of phosphorus−nitrogen synergistic flame retardant
Authors: Gu Limin , Ge Zhen , Huang Muhua , Luo Yunjun
Published: August 2014

A novel phosphorus−nitrogen flame retardant, octahydro‐2,7‐di(N,N‐dimethylamino)‐1,6,3,8,2,7‐dioxadiazadiphosphecine (ODDP), with bi‐phosphonyl in a cyclic compound, was synthesized by the reaction of POCl3, NH(CH3)2·HCl with OHCH2CH2NH2 in CH2Cl2 solution, and characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectrometer, nuclear magnetic resonance, and mass spectrum. ODDP has been successfully reacted with polyurethane (PU) as a chain extender to prepare phosphorus–nitrogen synergistic halogen‐free flame‐retardant waterborne PU (DPWPU). Limiting oxygen index (LOI), UL‐94, thermogravimetric analysis and scanning electron microscopy suggest the excellent flame retardancy of the DPWPU polymer. When the content of ODDP was 15 wt %, the LOI of DPWPU was 30.6% and UL‐94 achieved a V‐0 classification. Compared with the unmodified WPU, the thermodecomposition temperature of the DPWPU was reduced and the amount of carbon residue was increased to 18.18%. The surface of carbon residue was shown to be compact and smooth without holes, which would be favorable for resisting oxygen and heat. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41288.
High‐Capacity Anode Materials for Sodium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Kim Youngjin , Ha Kwang‐Ho , Oh Seung M. , Lee Kyu Tae
Published: August 2014

Na‐ion batteries are an attractive alternative to Li‐ion batteries for large‐scale energy storage systems because of their low cost and the abundant Na resources. This Review provides a comprehensive overview of selected anode materials with high reversible capacities that can increase the energy density of Na‐ion batteries. Moreover, we discuss the reaction and failure mechanisms of those anode materials with a view to suggesting promising strategies for improving their electrochemical performance.
Phosphathiahelicenes: Synthesis and Uses in Enantioselective Gold Catalysis
Authors: Aillard Paul , Voituriez Arnaud , Dova Davide , Cauteruccio Silvia , Licandro Emanuela , Marinetti Angela
Published: August 2014

Enantiomerically pure thiahelicenes displaying a terminal phosphole unit and a stereogenic phosphorus center have been prepared by oxidative photocyclization of a diaryl‐olefin precursor. Starting from one of these phosphathiahelicene oxides, the corresponding trivalent phosphine–AuI complex is obtained with complete diastereoselectivity. It affords a new, excellent precatalyst for the enantioselective cycloisomerization of N‐tethered enynes (up to 96 % ee).
Alkene Carboboration Enabled by Synergistic Catalysis
Authors: Smith Kevin B. , Logan Kaitlyn M. , You Wei , Brown M. Kevin
Published: August 2014

A synergistic Pd/Cu system for the coupling of alkenes, (Bpin)2 (pin=pinacolate), and aryl/vinyl bromides is disclosed. This method allows for the catalytic generation of secondary Csp3Cu nucleophiles in situ and subsequent Pd‐catalyzed cross‐coupling.
Calibrating corneal material model parameters using only inflation data: An ill‐posed problem
Authors: Kok S. , Botha N. , Inglis H. M.
Published: August 2014

Goldmann applanation tonometry (GAT) is a method used to estimate the intraocular pressure by measuring the indentation resistance of the cornea. A popular approach to investigate the sensitivity of GAT results to material and geometry variations is to perform numerical modelling using the finite element method, for which a calibrated material model is required. These material models are typically calibrated using experimental inflation data by solving an inverse problem. In the inverse problem, the underlying material constitutive behaviour is inferred from the measured macroscopic response (chamber pressure versus apical displacement). In this study, a biomechanically motivated elastic fibre‐reinforced corneal material model is chosen. The inverse problem of calibrating the corneal material model parameters using only experimental inflation data is demonstrated to be ill‐posed, with small variations in the experimental data leading to large differences in the calibrated model parameters. This can result in different groups of researchers, calibrating their material model with the same inflation test data, drawing vastly different conclusions about the effect of material parameters on GAT results. It is further demonstrated that multiple loading scenarios, such as inflation as well as bending, would be required to reliably calibrate such a corneal material model. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interpreting effect sizes: Toward a quantitative cumulative social psychology
Authors: Stukas Arthur A. , Cumming Geoff
Published: August 2014

Improved research practice is based on estimation of effect sizes rather than statistical significance. We discuss the challenging task of interpreting effect sizes in the research context, with particular attention to social psychological research. We emphasize the need to acknowledge the uncertainty in an effect size estimate, as signaled by the confidence interval. Interpretation must consider the independent variables, participants, measures, and other aspects of the research. Comparison with other results in the research field, and consideration of theoretical and practical implications are useful strategies. Researchers should consider the possible value of agreeing on benchmarks to help guide effect size interpretation, at least within focused research fields. More broadly, researchers should wherever possible think of experimental manipulations as well as results in quantitative terms. Doing so is fundamental for designing ingenious, informative experiments, understanding research results and their implications, developing theory, and building a quantitative cumulative social psychology. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Weighted likelihood recapture estimation of detection probabilities from an ice‐based survey of bowhead whales
Authors: Givens Geof H. , Edmondson Stacy L. , George J. Craig , Tudor Barbara , DeLong Robert A. , Suydam Robert
Published: August 2014

Estimating visual detection probabilities of migrating western Arctic bowhead whales from independent observers on two ice‐based perches presents challenges that cannot be resolved using standard capture‐recapture methods. Distant visual sighting and resighting of intermittent whale surfacings is very unlike recapturing banded birds or tagged fish. We develop several bias correction strategies that are essential to confront difficulties introduced by sighting ambiguities, match uncertainty, group size inconsistencies, and the survey protocol. These are implemented using a weighted likelihood adaptation of a standard capture‐recapture model. This model estimates the relationship between detection probabilities and covariates associated with the sighting. We present a complete analysis of the bowhead example and discuss how the data configuration, weighting, and estimation methods presented here highlight issues that are confronted in the analysis of many other complex capture‐recapture datasets. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimization of culturing conditions for toxicity testing with the alga Oophila sp. (Chlorophyceae), an amphibian endosymbiont
Authors: Rodríguez-Gil José Luis , Brain Richard , Baxter Leilan , Ruffell Sarah , McConkey Brendan , Solomon Keith , Hanson Mark
Published: August 2014

Eggs of the yellow-spotted salamander (Ambystoma maculatum) have a symbiotic relationship with green algae. It has been suggested that contaminants that are preferentially toxic to algae, such as herbicides, may impair the symbiont and, hence, indirectly affect the development of the salamander embryo. To enable testing under near-standard conditions for first-tier toxicity screening, the authors isolated the alga from field-collected eggs and identified conditions providing exponential growth rates in the apparent asexual phase of the alga. This approach provided a uniform, single-species culture, facilitating assessment of common toxicity end points and comparison of sensitivity relative to other species. Sequencing of the 18s ribosomal DNA indicated that the isolated alga is closely related to the recently described Oophila amblystomatis but is more similar to other known Chlamydomonas species, suggesting possible biogeographical variability in the genetic identity of the algal symbiont. After a tiered approach to culturing method refinement, a modified Bristol's media with 1 mM NH4+ as nitrogen source was found to provide suitable conditions for toxicity testing at 18 °C and 200 µmol m−2 s−1 photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) on a 24-h light cycle. The validity of the approach was demonstrated with Zn2+ as a reference toxicant. Overall, the present study shows that screening for direct effects of contaminants on the algal symbiont without the presence of the host salamander is possible under certain laboratory conditions. Environ Toxicol Chem 2014;33:2566–2575. © 2014 SETAC
Busy tone‐based channel access control for cooperative communication
Authors: Xie Kun , Xie Kexin , He Shiming , Zhang Daqiang , Wen Jigang , Lloret Jaime
Published: August 2014

Cooperative communication has attracted many research interests in recent years because it can take advantage of the broadcast nature of wireless communications and spatial diversity to improve the network performance. Although relay nodes in cooperative communications can help improve the performance, relay nodes may cause the serious competition on wireless channel accessing, which makes the channel access problem in cooperative communications challenging. To solve this problem, based on cooperative triple busy tone multiple access, this paper proposes a media access control scheme that concurrently combines the request to send/clear to send and busy tone with a proper tone duration timer. In the scheme, three busy tones are proposed to coordinate the nodes in the network to transmit packets, which is further utilised to solve the hidden terminal and exposed terminal problems in cooperative communications. Among the three busy tones, the cooperative busy tone is set according to the relay's signal‐to‐noise ratio. Based on the busy tone, this paper also proposes a bandwidth efficient relay selection algorithm, in which the source node can select the best relay in a distributed way by monitoring the busy tone. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed scheme can largely reduce the blocking time and improve the channel utilisation in wireless cooperative networks. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
PREDICTION OF SECOND‐YEAR GRADE‐POINT AVERAGES AT THE U. S. NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL
Authors: Mollenkopf William G.
Published: August 2014

In July 1948 twenty aptitude and achievement tests were given to members of the incoming class at the Naval Postgraduate School. These tests, previously validated against the criterion of first‐year quality‐point ratios, have now been correlated with grade data for the first two terms of the second year at the School. Scores on all of the tests previously found to have high effectiveness for predicting first‐year academic performance were found to be significantly related to second‐year grades. Using a technique developed by Horst, an estimate of .43 was obtained for the value of the multiple correlation between tests and criterion.

Since the second‐year validities were consistently and appreciably lower than those for the first year, various possible explanations for the decreases in validity from first to second year were suggested and examined. It was concluded that part of this decrease was due to an observed lower reliability for second‐year grades, and that part was due to the effects of selective drop‐out. It was also concluded that in part this decrease was due to differences between the first‐ and second‐year curricula (with abilities required for success in the second year which were perhaps not measured as well by the tests as the abilities required for success in the first year), and to real changes which might have occurred in the students during the elapsed time interval, for example, changes in motivation.

Since several of these factors which tend to reduce the test‐criterion are in no way faults of the tests, it was concluded that the second‐year validities may be regarded as fairly satisfactory. However, further work in the area seems desirable.
AN INVESTIGATION OF THE PROBLEM OF CORRECTION FOR GUESSING
Authors: Keats John A.
Published: August 2014

The purpose of this bulletin is to set out a method of investigating the problem of correction for guessing. The method involves the use of probability theory and a model which may be made more or less complicated. Methods of estimation are set out under certain assumptions, including an estimate of the average probability of success by guessing for a given group of persons and items. Data are collected by repeated testing. Illustration data and a list of problems which should be investigated are presented.
ON THE STABILITY OF PSYCHOLOGICAL MEASURES
Authors: Saunders David R.
Published: August 2014

The stability of a measured psychological function may be assessed by comparing the scores obtained by the same subjects on two or more separate occasions. Three observable effects of instability on the score distribution are (i) change in the mean, (ii) change in the variance, and (iii) change in the ranking, i.e., lack of perfect retest correlations even after proper attenuation corrections. This report is concerned with methods for summarizing, displaying and accounting for large quantities of such data, for a variety of age‐levels and time‐spans.

Changes in mean may be readily plotted against age or time, and associated with the average growth of the group. Changes in variance may be readily plotted, but do not have any very useful interpretation. Changes in ranking cannot be directly plotted except by introducing an arbitrary anchor point in the time scale; a series of plots is required to cover all the data.

Changes of variance and ranking may be jointly transformed into two other functions: (i) the rate, s, at which “new” variance is entering the quantity measured within the group of subjects, and (ii) the correlation, q, of this “new” variance with the scores that already exist at the same age (or time). Conceptually, these functions depend on instantaneous values of age (or time) so that each is readily plotted as a single curve; yet any retest correlation in the range of the original data may be estimated from the two plots.

Actual data to illustrate the scope of this approach are not available. A partial illustration is afforded by Strong's data for the “Interest‐Maturity Scale,” for which a step‐function approximating s is obtained under the main assumption that q is constantly zero. The interpretation of these and other possible results is discussed.
ESTIMATION OF PARAMETERS FROM INCOMPLETE DATA
Authors: Lord Frederic M.
Published: August 2014

Maximum likelihood estimators are found for the parameters of a normal trivariate population in the case where observations on one variable are missing from part of the data and observations on another variable are missing from the remainder of the data. Results are presented showing the amount of additional information obtained by these maximum likelihood methods, which make optimum use of the fragmentary data. She formulas derived may also be applied to fragmentary bivariate data.
A SURVEY OF ACTUAL TEST‐SCORE DISTRIBUTIONS WITH RESPECT TO SKEWNESS AND KURTOSIS*
Authors: Lord Frederic M.
Published: August 2014

A survey of 48 different aptitude and achievement tests administered to various populations shows that (a) the easier tests tend to have negatively skewed, and the more difficult tests positively skewed, score distributions; (b) most of the score distributions are at least slightly platykurtic, some of them distinctly so.
ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SCHOOL GRADUATES AT PRINCETON
Authors: Davis Junius A. , Frederiksen Norman
Published: August 2014

The regressions of average grade in liberal arts at Princeton on ability measures were compared for graduates of public and private schools. Public school graduates were found to be superior to private school graduates in freshman average grade when ability as measured by SAT‐V is taken into account. The public school graduates were also found to be superior with respect to sophomore average when ability is taken into account, whether ability is measured by first‐term average grade, the Converted School Grade, SAT‐V, or a combination of first‐term average with Converted School Grade. Freshman grades can be predicted somewhat more accurately by separate consideration of public and private school graduates. Abacs are described which provide an easy graphical method for translating scores on ability measures into predicted grades.
SOME PERSPECTIVES ON “THE ATTENUATION PARADOX IN TEST THEORY”
Authors: Lord Frederic M.
Published: August 2014

Four points relating to Dr. Loevinger's “attenuation paradox” have “been brought forward:

The usual product‐moment “validity” coefficient is inadequate for any discussion of the paradox. A curvilinear correlation coefficient must be used. The “region of paradox” is still found when the correct coefficient is used, although its size is reduced.

A greatly magnified notion of the extent to which the “paradox” occurs in actual achievement and aptitude testing is frequently encountered. Some numerical values are tabled so as to clarify this point.

It is pointed out that any over‐all “validity” coefficient for a group of examinees can be no more than an average of heterogeneous information. It is not surprising if this inhomogeneity produces so‐called paradoxes. Such a composite coefficient is not basic to psycho‐metrics. The discriminating power of the test for a specified decision problem regarding a specified examinee is the truly basic concept. A very simple index for describing this discriminating power is defined.

One instance where a consideration of the discriminating power of a test at a particular ability level leads to some practical conclusions (irrespective of the “region of paradox”) is mentioned, and a common misconception is corrected. A table is given showing the optimum item‐difficulty level for the peaked tests required when the examiner's purpose is merely to classify a group of examinees as successful or unsuccessful.
THE ESTIMATION OF NONSPURIOUS CORRELATIONS
Authors: Angoff William H.
Published: August 2014

A method is provided for estimating the nonspurious correlation of a part of a test with the total test in which it is included by considering a hypothetical “subtest”, parallel to the actual subtest but separate from the total test, and determining its correlation with the total test. Two cases are considered: one in which the actual subtest is parallel to the total test, and the other, in which the actual subtest is not parallel to the total test. Data are given to illustrate the applicability of the formulas.
A FACTOR ANALYSIS OF MEMORY ABILITY
Authors: Kelley H. Paul
Published: August 2014

The purpose of this study is to investigate the area in the memory domain concerning relatively immediate intentional retention. For memory tests limited to this area, is there a general memory factor; if not, can several distinct memory factors be identified?

On the basis of hypotheses regarding the nature of four memory factors, a battery of 27 memory tests was constructed. These tests, together with 13 reference tests, were administered to 442 pilot cadets at Lackland Air Force Base, San Antonio, Texas. The scores on the 40 tests were then intercorrelated and factor‐analyzed. The multiple‐grouping method of analysis was used, with the solution being iterated twice; the resulting factor matrix was then rotated to oblique simple structure.

Eleven factors were found, three of which are rather clearly‐defined memory factors; they may be called Rote Memory, Meaningful Memory, and Span Memory. The reference tests clearly identify three other factors as Verbal Comprehension, Numerical Facility, and Perceptual Speed. The seventh factor is a doublet representing the specific variance of two parallel tests. The eighth factor is a triplet which cannot be positively identified. The remaining three factors all primarily seem to involve visual tasks. These factors seem to represent Visualization, Spatial Relations, and Visual Memory, but the identifications are uncertain since there seems to be confounding with Deductive Reasoning and Psychomotor Coordination.

It has been established that in the area of immediate intentional retention there is no general factor; three distinct factors in this domain were clearly identified, while still others were suggested. The three memory factors found seem to be differentiated in terms of process rather than in terms of content or mode of presentation.
NOTE ON A NON‐PARAMETRIC TEST FOR CORRELATION FOR DATA EXPRESSED IN THE FORM OF RANK ORDERS WITHIN SUBGROUPS
Authors: Torgerson Warren S.
Published: August 2014

Kendall's rank order test for association between two variables is generalized to the case where the total sample is made up of several subgroups and the data on one or both variables consist of the rank order within each subgroup. The test involves no assumptions concerning scales of measurement, shapes of distributions, or relative level of excellence or amount of variability of the different subgroups. Two empirical examples indicate that the normal approximation to the exact test of significance can be considered adequate for most practical situations. Special consideration is given to the case of tied ranks. If ties occur in but one variable within any given subgroup, only a slight modification in procedure is needed. Extensive ties in both variables within subgroups lead to difficulties in determining the appropriate correction for continuity.
ESTIMATING TEST RELIABILITY
Authors: Lord Frederic M.
Published: August 2014

Formulas for parallel‐form reliability coefficients are derived from two improved definitions of parallelism. One definition, based on randomly parallel test forms, leads to a new and useful derivation for the KR formula‐21 coefficient. The other, based on matched test forms, leads to a formula for the least upper bound of the test reliability. A numerical example is given, showing how a standard error of measurement for each separate examinee is readily computed, and how the test reliability may be computed by averaging these standard errors.
DETERMINATION OF PARAMETERS OF A FUNCTIONAL RELATION BY FACTOR ANALYSIS*
Authors: Tucker Ledyard R
Published: August 2014

Consideration is given to determination of parameters of a functional relation between two variables by the means of factor analysis techniques. If the function can be separated into a sum of products of functions of the individual parameters and corresponding functions of the independent variable, particular values of the functions of the parameters and of the functions of the independent variables might be found by factor analysis. Otherwise approximate solutions may be determined. These solutions may represent important results from experimental investigations.
A TEST OF THE SIGNIFICANCE OF DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CORRELATED PROPORTIONS
Authors: Keats John A.
Published: August 2014

This bulletin reports a likelihood ratio test of the significance of the difference between correlated proportions developed by Dr. S.S. Wilks. A test of the independence of the variables yielding these proportions on the assumption of equal difficulty is also presented. It is also shown that the tests of the significance of differences between correlated proportions used in the literature are in fact ways of estimating a conditional probability. Computational formulae and a computational layout as well as an illustrative example are included.
FACTOR STUDY OF THE SELECTIVE SERVICE COLLEGE QUALIFICATION TEST
Authors: French John W.
Published: August 2014

One form of the Selective Service College Qualification Test was given to first‐year cadets at West Point in May 1951. Six subscores of the test and the total test score were added to a factor analysis of Comparative Prediction tests which had already been carried out with the same class of cadets as subjects. Loadings were obtained for the SSCQT scores on the 16 factors obtained for the Comparative Prediction tests. The SSCQT was found to be mostly verbal with very little saturation on the Mathematics factor. There was evidence that the slow, careful students did better on the test than those standing low on the carefulness factor and high on perceptual speed.
A SIGNIFICANCE TEST FOR THE HYPOTHESIS THAT TWO VARIABLES MEASURE THE SAME TRAIT EXCEPT FOR ERRORS OF MEASUREMENT
Authors: Lord Frederic M.
Published: August 2014

The likelihood‐ratio significance test is derived for the hypothesis that after correction for attenuation two variables have a perfect correlation in the population from which the sample is drawn.
INFERRING THE SHAPE OF THE FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF TRUE SCORES AND OF ERRORS OF MEASUREMENT
Authors: Lord Frederic M.
Published: August 2014

Given k parallel, fallible measures on each individual in a group, all the multivariate cumulants of k ‐th and lover orders for the joint distribution of true scores and errors of measurement may be expressed as simple linear functions of the multivariate cumulants of the fallible measures. It is assumed only that the number of examinees is large; that over a very large number of different testings, the average error of measurement will be zero for each examinee; and that the errors of measurement for two different examinees, or for two different testings of the same examinee, are independently distributed. The form of the frequency distribution of the errors is unspecified and may be different for different individuals. The results of a numerical application to psychological test data are given.
THE UTILIZATION OF UNRELIABLE DIFFERENCE SCORES
Authors: Lord Frederic M.
Published: August 2014

The difference between two test scores may be quite useful even when this difference has very low reliability by conventional standards One method for using such difference scores is examined in detail: the proportion of correct judgments that will be made about individual students is determined as a function of the reliability coefficient of the difference.
INTERPRETING COLLEGE GRADE AVERAGES
Authors: Ward Lewis B.
Published: August 2014

The records of students attending the Graduate School of Business Administration of Harvard University illustrate the fact that students with similar undergraduate grade records from different colleges often achieve consistently different levels of academic performance in Graduate School. When based on samples of ten or more, these differences in relative performance are surprisingly stable from one four‐year period to another. The substantial correlation between the size and direction of such differences and average scores of other students from these same colleges on admissions tests for law and medical schools suggests that the differences reflect characteristic institutional differences in the sampling of general academic ability which remain stable over long periods and across many different fields of interest. The common belief that grades from certain colleges predict the future graduate school performance of their students relative to each other more consistently than do grades from other colleges is not substantiated by the data where the size of sample is at least 10 per college.
RESPONSE SETS AND GRADES1
Authors: Hills John R. , Raine Walter J.
Published: August 2014

Pursuing earlier results which indicated that response‐set scores might be important predictors of grades in law schools, data from four more schools were obtained and analyzed. These data suggest that while response sets may be useful predictors, they are subject to certain important restrictions. First, response sets do not seem to be effective when ability variables are already doing the job well. Second, a set cannot operate as a predictor if it scarcely exists in the inventory‐taking behavior of the students. The latter restriction might be overcome by allowing or encouraging students to display the set more extensively. What particular kind of set will be helpful in predicting grades in a particular school may sometimes be forecast by someone who knows the school well.
VALUES EXPRESSED IN JUDGMENTS OF THE BEHAVIOR OF OTHERS
Authors: Diederich Paul B. , Ekstrom Ruth B.
Published: August 2014

Three hundred students at each of four levels (grades, 4, 7, 10, 13) were asked to “tell about something a person did that made you like him better,” and about “something a person did that made you like him less.” The values expressed in these incidents were finally classified under six major headings, positive and negative, and each incident was assigned to one of these headings. The percentage of times each value was expressed was then tabulated by grade level, location (type of environment), sex, educational level of father, occupation of father, several measures of social adjustment and acceptance, frequency of church attendance, liking for church attendance, and verbal ability. The dominant impression left by these tables is that relatively few of these background variables made any significant difference. Out of 156 possibilities, 18 differences were found that were significant at the .01 level, 7 at the .02, and 6 at the .05; and of the 31 significant differences, 17 could be interpreted as artifacts of one sort or another, leaving only 14 that had any independent significance, all related to either grade in school (probably chronological age) or to sex. While the apparent uniformity as to types of values expressed was due in part to the coarseness of grouping of these values, the grouping was as fine as could be made reliably in two independent sortings of the same incidents, and without reducing the incidents in each cell to numbers too small to detect significance. Other differences were probably lost by the crudity of measurement of some of the background variables. Still, within the limitations of the present study, the dominant picture that emerges is that children of widely different background, social class, social acceptance, religious background, and the like judge the behavior of their peers by a remarkably uniform set of values.
APTITUDE AND INTEREST SCORE PATTERNS RELATED TO SATISFACTION WITH COLLEGE MAJOR FIELD
Authors: French John W.
Published: August 2014

As part of the research on comparative prediction of success and satisfaction in college major fields, students graduating from a men's, a women's, and a coeducational college were divided into those satisfied with their major field and those dissatisfied with their major field. With respect to each of the more popular fields, tabulations were made of these two categories and of the students who wished they had majored in the field rather than in some other field. The largest proportions of satisfied students were observed in the natural science major fields, while the social sciences yielded the largest proportions of dissatisfied students. Each field had a pattern of average aptitude test scores that might be reasonably expected for it, but satisfaction was found not to be predictable from these patterns. Students' preferences for fields different from their own suggested a lack of knowledge either about themselves or about the qualifications necessary for the fields preferred. Average interest scale patterns made in freshman year were found to have some relationship to satisfaction in senior year.
A FACTOR ANALYSIS OF THE PICTURE COMPLETION ITEMS OF THE WAIS12
Authors: Saunders D. R.
Published: August 2014

Factor analysis is applied to a matrix of item intercorrelations for items of the WAIS Picture Completion subtest, using a sample of 228 college‐oriented males. Three factors are found, and identified in terms of the three principal causes of failure on PC described by Rapaport. The factors are examined in relation to the overall framework of the WAIS reported by Saunders, and found not to require any new dimension. The multidimensional character of PC explains why the items of this subtest have been particularly resistant to scaling for difficulty.

Factor I is most appropriately labelled “Maintenance of Contact” versus “Loss of Contact” or withdrawal, is best measured by items 16 and 18, and is not linearly related to any other subtest. This factor, which apparently embodies the unique contribution of PC to the Wechsler battery, might also be called “Recognition of Incongruity.”

Factor II is most appropriately labelled “Maintenance of Perspective” versus “Loss of Distance,” is best measured by items 8 and 9, and is related to certain items in the Comprehension subtest.

Factor III is related to the effect of “uncertainty” on the subject, is best measured by items 2 and 14, and is related to total scores on the Object Assembly subtest.