bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Extreme Britain
Authors: Pearson Elizabeth
Published: June 2024

Misogyny and “toxic masculinity” are increasingly implicated in radicalization. From the men’s incel (“involuntary celibate”) movement online, to jihadist groups like Islamic State, to radical right “Free Speech” protests, radicalization spans ideologies. Though an often-used term, the process of radicalization is not well understood, and the role of gender and masculinities has often been ignored. This book uses primary research among two of Britain’s key extremist movements: the banned Islamist group al-Muhajiroun, and those networked to it; and the anti-Islam radical right, including the English Defence League and Britain First, to reveal radicalization as a masculinity project. Through interviews with leaders including Anjem Choudary, Jayda Fransen and Tommy Robinson, as well as their followers, Extreme Britain explores the emergence of extreme misogyny and masculinities. Pearson situates extreme identities in wider social norms, showing how masculinities are mobilized into action. The book cautions against oversimplifying extreme masculinity as “toxic.” It demonstrates how both men and women “do” extreme masculinities and the costs and benefits to them both of activism. Understanding the men and women involved in extreme movements will better equip us to counter them. This fascinating study offers invaluable insight into some of their lives and motivations.
The Bosniaks as Indigenous Bosnians
Authors: Mujanovic Jasmin
Published: June 2024

This chapter focuses on defining the Bosniaks as a national group rather than a religious community, and centers the idea of their ties to the “historic Bosnian lands” as the lynchpin of their claim to indigeneity to this polity. While not rejecting the broadly Muslim and/or Islamic character of large majorities of the Bosniak community, this chapter argues that it is the relationship with Bosnia and Herzegovina that is the defining characteristic of Bosniak national identity; that the Bosniaks are Bosnians first, and Muslims second.
Consultation
Authors: Ulrichsen Kristian Coates
Published: June 2024

This chapter examines how consultation (“Shura”) has evolved from a traditional practice rooted in Islamic and tribal governance into the basis for modern representative institutions in the Gulf States. Consultation is vital not only as a way to mediate relations between “state” and “society” in the era before the development of formal bureaucratic structures, but also to achieve consensus when important decisions are taken, especially at times of external threat. The chapter also explores how politics is conducted in informal settings, including in the majlis and the diwaniya, how this has changed over time, and assesses the use of petitions as a mechanism by which groups of citizens historically have expressed views on contentious issues to ruling elites.
Institutions
Authors: Ulrichsen Kristian Coates
Published: June 2024

This chapter explores the challenges of institutionalization as the Gulf States transition from networks of elite relationships to modern bureaucratic structures in the twentieth century. Analysis of “state,” “regime,” and “government” draws out the process of gradual separation of ruling families from the states they led. The transition away from personalized leadership is examined, with specific examples analyzed across the six Gulf States. Specific attention is paid to the development of institutions in Saudi Arabia to illustrate the challenges of moving from a patrimonial style of governance toward a functional process of government. The chapter ends by examining institutional weaknesses in practice, including the creation of duplicative and overlapping structures and the bypassing of institutional arrangements on occasion.
Responses
Authors: Ulrichsen Kristian Coates
Published: June 2024

Chapter 6 is the second of two chapters (along with Chapter 5) that examine the contours of opposition political activity in the Gulf States, but in this chapter the focus is on regime responses. Over time, regimes have “securitized” oppositional activities by seeking to label and link them in ways that would delegitimize their actions and enlist the support of international partners, whether through associations with Communism (during the Cold War), Islamism (after the Iranian revolution), or terrorism (especially after the September 11, 2001, attacks). Splits within opposition movements are also a focus of study, with examples from across the Gulf of ways in which regimes sought to encourage divisions, but also of how, after the Arab Spring, a newer generation of youthful activists less inclined to follow the “rules of the game” challenged the older generation of opposition leaders, especially in Kuwait and Bahrain.
Militaries
Authors: Ulrichsen Kristian Coates
Published: June 2024

This final chapter examines the role of “hard” power in enabling regimes in the Gulf to respond to threats and challenges to internal and external security. The Gulf monarchies are the great survivors of political dynasties in the Middle East, as they have navigated the wars and revolutions which toppled many of their regional peers. External security partnerships, initially with Great Britain and subsequently with the United States, have formed a consistent backbone of local and regional security choices. Assessing the perception of threats, as constructed by ruling elites, is important to understanding how leaders react and respond to challenges to security, and the chapter explores instances in which officials got this right as well as wrong. The chapter (and the book) ends with an assessment of the development and deployment of forms of “soft” power, and looks to the future as the Gulf States grapple with new challenges associated with the energy transition and calls for meaningful and sustained climate action.
Creating DeafBlind Identity
Authors: Edwards Terra
Published: June 2024

Chapter 2 sketches the history of the Seattle DeafBlind community in the decades leading up to the protactile movement. Focusing on the political and institutional systems that shaped the experiences of those entering the community in the 1980s, the chapter shows that a central motivation for moving to Seattle was not employment opportunities per se or living in a more tactile way but rather the promise of delaying the effects of becoming blind. To that end, collective political efforts worked to create DeafBlind identities, on the basis of which resources could be obtained. This led to the creation of a state-funded non-profit organization dedicated to serving DeafBlind individuals by providing sighted interpreters and related resources. As communication with those interpreters became increasingly conventionalized in the 1990s, new ways of being DeafBlind were established which were rooted not in a tactile world but in methods of accessing a receding visual world.
The Protactile Movement
Authors: Edwards Terra
Published: June 2024

Chapter 4 is an account of the early stages of the protactile movement. In the late 1990s, two DeafBlind leaders who had recently moved to Seattle argued that the many problems described in previous chapters could be resolved by creating spaces away from sighted norms and standards, where new ways of being in the world could be explored. They claimed that most of the activities that were mediated by interpreters could be carried out without vision or hearing. No one knew, however, how these claims might be transformed into actual practices. Analyzing videorecorded interactions between DeafBlind people as these novel practices were becoming conventionalized and drawing on interviews with participants, this chapter argues that the success of the protactile movement was a result of starting with the discovery of a world that can be known from within rather than the creation of identities that can unlock resources from without.
1QS. The Rule of the Association
Authors: Collins John J. , Nati James
Published: June 2024

The introductory chapter presents the manuscript evidence and discusses the development of the Rule. It the discusses the evidence for a sectarian association, outlines the history of its development and argues that it should most probably be identified with the Essene sect, known from Greek and Latin sources. It then turns to some major theological themes in 1QS: the dualism of the two spirits, the renewal of the Mosaic covenant, the distinction of different degrees of holiness and the need for a higher revelation to supplement the Torah. The Introduction concludes with a discussion of the nature of the Rule, which is taken to be a wisdom document intended as an aid for the Maskil or Master in instructing the members.
1QS 1:1–3:12. Introductory Statement and Covenant Renewal
Authors: Collins John J. , Nati James
Published: June 2024

Chapter 2 presents the text and translation of 1QS 1:1–3:12 with explanatory notes. 1QS 1:1–15 is an introduction to the Rule, outlining its objectives in general terms. The remainder of this chapter is taken up with the renewal of the covenant. The covenant renewal ceremony is based on Deuteronomy 27, with curses and blessings. The latter part of the section deals with those who refuse to enter the covenant. This chapter raises issues about the sectarian understanding of the covenant and its relation to the traditional Mosaic covenant, but it also raises questions as to how the covenant, which presupposes individual free will and responsibility, can be reconciled with the deterministic theology of the Rule, which is especially prominent in the following chapter.
1QS 3:13–4:26. The Instruction on the Two Spirits
Authors: Collins John J. , Nati James
Published: June 2024

This chapter deals with what is arguably the most distinctive part of the Rule. Unlike the other sections, this one does not speak of the covenant or the Mosaic Law, or even of the yahad or association. For this reason, it is likely that it was composed outside the association. According to the Instruction, God created two spirits for humanity to walk in, those of light and darkness, or truth and deceit. It goes on to outline the virtues and vices associated with these spirits, and their outcome, or visitation in reward or punishment after death. The last section of the Instruction makes clear that everyone has a share in both spirits, and that they struggle within the human heart. God has set a limit to the spirit of darkness and will eventually destroy it. The chapter discusses various theories about the coherence of the Instruction, and also the evidence for its reception elsewhere in the Scrolls. An excursus considers the background of the Instruction. While there are important points of contact with the Jewish wisdom tradition, the distinctive character of the passage is indebted to Zoroastrian dualism, although it modifies that dualism in important respects.
1QS 8:1–9:11. An Elite Community
Authors: Collins John J. , Nati James
Published: June 2024

1QS 8:1 introduces a controversial sub-group of eight men and three priests. These have been interpreted as “the first fifteen members of the Qumran community.” It is clear, however, that they are not the first members of the association or yaḥad. Rather they are set aside in the midst of the association and sent into the desert to prepare the way of the Lord by study of the Torah and attaining a higher degree of sanctity. It is not certain whether they were to go to Qumran, but that is the only settlement in the desert for which we have any evidence. The second part of this section (8:20–9:11) contains the ordinances for these “men of perfect holiness,” and concludes with a reference to the future coming of a prophet and the messiahs of Aaron and Israel.
1Q29a
Authors: Collins John J. , Nati James
Published: June 2024

This chapter offers a transcription, translation, notes, and commentary on 1Q29a of the Rule of the Association. While recognizing the considerable textual overlaps across the manuscripts, each manuscript in Chapters 9–22 is presented separately in order to facilitate an analysis of their unique characteristics. Differences from 1QS in particular are highlighted in the analysis of each text, and the implications of these differences—and, in many cases, clusters of differences—are explored. While containing many of the same rules for life in the yaḥad (see 1QS 5–7), these different texts, it is suggested, often present those rules differently. The various presentations here point likewise to a variety of ways in which these rules were understood, even among members of the same Association.
4QSd (4Q258)
Authors: Collins John J. , Nati James
Published: June 2024

This chapter offers transcriptions, translations, notes, and commentary on 4QSd of the Rule of the Association. While recognizing the considerable textual overlaps across the manuscripts, each manuscript in Chapters 9–22 is presented separately in order to facilitate an analysis of their unique characteristics. Differences from 1QS in particular are highlighted in the analysis of each text, and the implications of these differences—and, in many cases, clusters of differences—are explored. While containing many of the same rules for life in the yaḥad (see 1QS 5–7), these different texts, it is suggested, often present those rules differently. The various presentations here point likewise to a variety of ways in which these rules were understood, even among members of the same Association.
4QSh (4Q262)
Authors: Collins John J. , Nati James
Published: June 2024

This chapter offers transcriptions, translations, notes, and commentary on 4QSh of the Rule of the Association. While recognizing the considerable textual overlaps across the manuscripts, each manuscript in Chapters 9–22 is presented separately in order to facilitate an analysis of their unique characteristics. Differences from 1QS in particular are highlighted in the analysis of each text, and the implications of these differences—and, in many cases, clusters of differences—are explored. While containing many of the same rules for life in the yaḥad (see 1QS 5–7), these different texts, it is suggested, often present those rules differently. The various presentations here point likewise to a variety of ways in which these rules were understood, even among members of the same Association.
Constructing Wales as a Site of Solace
Authors: Ugolini Wendy
Published: June 2024

‘Constructing Wales as a Site of Solace’ addresses the ways in which Wales was conceived as a site of wartime refuge and depicted within twentieth-century life writing as a site of healing or rejuvenation. It examines the wartime convalescence of writer Alex Cordell in Harlech which served to reignite a connection with his ancestral ‘homeland’. A particular focus is on the ‘affinity’ Welsh: English cultural figures with no ancestral connection with Wales but who expressed a strong affinity with the nation, such as the artist John Petts and the poet Robert Graves. In particular, it looks at how Graves’s identification with Wales, forged in childhood, was reinforced by his First World War experiences. It then addresses the lifelong implications of this affinity Welshness both for Graves and for his eldest son David, who died during the Second World War whilst serving with his father’s regiment, the Royal Welch Fusiliers (RWF).
The Entropic Growth of the GCC Economies
Authors: Sfakianakis John , Tzannatos Zafiris
Published: June 2024

This chapter discusses the key development policy instrument in Saudi Arabia of the last fifty years: the five-year development plans. The authors argue that Saudi Arabia has both a roadmap and, unlike any other time in its economic history, the political will to press ahead. So far, the evidence points to an impressive array of changes brought to the country in a very short period. The speed with which Saudi Arabia has transformed is remarkable. The state has a critical role to play in ensuring transparency and competition in the economy, and incubating and abetting new industries and sectors, keeping the objective of Saudization in mind. Still, even if they are fully successful, a question for the mega projects remains: that is, whether they will give sufficient impetus to transform Saudi Arabia into a post-oil economy over a reasonable time horizon so that the new social contract is supportable by ordinary Saudis and therefore viable. The role of the private sector is fundamental if it is to contribute to 65 per cent of the country’s gross domestic product by 2030 and, by extension, become the main generator of employment opportunities. The authors posit that it remains to be seen how the state will change its current leading role and how the private sector will react, evolve, and prosper.
Decolonizing the GCC
Authors: Tzannatos Zafiris , Sfakianakis John
Published: June 2024

This chapter examines the functioning and outcomes of the labour market in the context of the development model Saudi Arabia has pursued since the 1970s. The author notes the historical failure of policies to provide decent employment to Saudis outside the public sector, to increase productivity, and to accelerate economic growth despite massive revenues from the oil sector. The reasons for these less than satisfactory outcomes can be associated politically with a social contract that has been based on an authoritarian bargain between the political leaders and the citizens, and economically with the patronage of the private sector in such a way that its proceeds have mainly been appropriated by the establishment’s elite. This political and economic configuration combined with an excessive reliance on low-wage migrant labour has had a direct adverse effect on the employment outcomes for nationals. Vision 2030 aims to address these areas, among others, by eliminating corruption, energizing the economy through the private sector, reducing the number of migrants, and increasing the employment of nationals.
The Political Economy of Reforms under Vision 2030
Authors: Hertog Steffen
Published: June 2024

This chapter explains that the old Saudi social contract is eroding and, with it, the old growth model based on state spending and state employment. At the same time, the social opening of the country is compensating for the erosion of the older system. Nevertheless, the new era has yet to bring about new private economic activities as the economy continues to rely on fiscal stimulus from the state, government employment, and low labour costs through the employment of migrant workers. Economic diversification is hard and takes a long time under the best circumstances. The adjustment process may not be completed by 2030 and much pain could be inflicted along the way, with living standards dropping. Vision 2030 has focused more on large projects than on addressing structural constraints to economic development—although, in the end, it will very likely be these constraints which determine the Kingdom’s growth and diversification trajectory. Many of the Vision’s components are being deployed only slowly, not only because of limited buy-in by the stakeholders but also because they are in tension with the structural foundations of the established social contract and growth model. The chapter proposes some reorientation of rent sharing towards a market-conforming welfare mechanism rather than simply dismantling the old social contract through a reactive policy of austerity.
The Spiritual Lives and Manuscript Cultures of Eighteenth-Century English Women
Authors: Aalders Cynthia
Published: June 2024

The Spiritual Lives and Manuscript Cultures of Eighteenth-Century English Women explores the vital and unexplored ways in which women’s life writings acted to undergird, guide, and indeed shape religious communities. Through an exploration of various significant but understudied personal relationships—including mentorship by older women, spiritual friendship, and care for non-biological children—the book demonstrates the multiple ways in which women were active in writing religious communities. The women discussed here belonged to communities that habitually communicated through personal writing. At the same time, their acts of writing were creative acts, powerful to build and shape religious communities: these women wrote religious community. The book consists of a series of interweaving case studies and focuses on Catherine Talbot (1721–70), Anne Steele (1717–78), and Ann Bolton (1743–1822), and on their literary interactions with friends and family. Considered together, these subjects and sources allow comparison across denomination, for Talbot was Anglican, Steele a Baptist, and Bolton a Methodist. Further, it considers women’s life writings as spiritual legacy, as manuscripts were preserved by female friends and family members and continued to function in religious communities after the death of their authors. Various strands of enquiry weave through the book: questions of gender and religion, themselves inflected by denomination; themes related to life writings and manuscript cultures; and the interplay between the writer as individual and her relationships and communal affiliations. The result is a variegated and highly textured account of eighteenth-century women’s spiritual and writing lives.
Introduction
Authors: Aalders Cynthia
Published: June 2024

A theoretical and historiographical discussion here establishes the book’s key strands of enquiry: questions of gender and religion, including inflected by religious denomination; themes related to life writings and manuscript cultures; and the interplay between the writer as individual and her relationships and communal affiliations. The leading subjects and sources for the book and the content of each chapter are also introduced. Since the book examines the ways in which life writings functioned within religious communities, the subject’s multiple communities are outlined, highlighting emotional, spiritual, and intellectual links that are developed in subsequent chapters. Those chapters have a parallel structure, each featuring a particularly significant relationship, a mode of interaction, and a spiritual theme, thus broadly addressing questions about who was active in the literary encounter analysed, how the encounter proceeded, and what constituted the content of their belief.
Integrability in classical mechanics
Authors: Dunajski Maciej
Published: June 2024

Integrable systems are non-linear differential equations (DEs) which ‘in principle’ can be solved analytically. This means that the solution can be reduced to a finite number of algebraic operations and integrations. Such systems are very rare—most non-linear DEs admit chaotic behaviour and no explicit solutions can be written down. Integrable systems nevertheless lead to very interesting mathematics ranging from differential geometry and complex analysis to quantum field theory and fluid dynamics. In this chapter we introduce the integrability of ordinary differential equations (ODEs).
Soliton equations and the inverse scattering transform
Authors: Dunajski Maciej
Published: June 2024

A universally accepted definition of integrability does not exist for partial differential equations (PDEs). The phase space is infinite-dimensional, but having ‘infinitely many’ first integrals may not be enough-we could have missed every second one. One instead focuses on properties of solutions and solution-generation techniques. In this chapter we study solitons-solitary non-linear waves which preserve their shape (and other characteristics) in the evolution. These soliton solutions will be constructed by means of an inverse problem: recovering a potential from the scattering data.
Anti-self-dual conformal structures
Authors: Dunajski Maciej
Published: June 2024

In this chapter we consider a more conformal structures with anti-self-dual Weyl curvature. Such structures, and their symmetry reductions to Einstein-Weyl equations provide the framework for dispersionless integrability. Several integrable systems, like the heavenly equations, the dKP equation, and the SU(∞) Toda fit into this framework. Conformal anti-self-duality is also the necessary and sufficient condition for the twistor space to exist. This is described by Penrose’s non-linear graviton theorem. We describe this twistor theory, its reductions and the non-relativistic limit.
At The Expense of The Claimant
Authors: Virgo Graham
Published: June 2024

This chapter examines the interpretation of the ‘at the expense of the claimant’ requirement to establish unjust enrichment. It examines the extent to which the defendant’s enrichment must be direct and the reasons why this is the requirement. It considers whether it is possible to recover consequential gains. There is then an examination of the importance of establishing correspondence between the defendant’s gain and the claimant’s loss, including whether the defence of passing on is recognized in English law and whether it should be recognized. Finally, the bar on claims for restitution where the defendant’s benefit is incidental is examined.
Absence of Intent
Authors: Virgo Graham
Published: June 2024

This chapter considers the circumstances, if any, where the claimant’s absence of intention to transfer a benefit to the defendant can establish a ground of restitution for the purposes of the Law of Unjust Enrichment. It identifies that ignorance of the transfer can ground a claim for restitution in unjust enrichment, although normally, a proprietary claim for restitution will also lie and will be preferable. Whether interceptive subtraction should be recognized is considered. Also, whether the claimant can choose between a claim in unjust enrichment or one based on the vindication of property rights is examined. Further, whether grounds of powerlessness and lack of consent should be recognized as grounds of restitution is also examined.
Iterated Knowledge
Authors: Goldstein Simon
Published: June 2024

Omega knowledge is the strongest kind of knowledge. When you omega know something, you know it. You know that you know it. You possess every iteration of knowledge regarding it. This book is the first systematic treatment of omega knowledge. There are two existing theories of omega knowledge. On the one hand, skeptics say that we omega know hardly anything about the world: infinite iterations of knowledge would require infinitely reliable belief-forming methods. This book begins by arguing against the skeptics, by claiming that omega knowledge is a central concept in philosophy. The book argues that omega knowledge is required for rational assertion and action. For this reason, it is important to develop theories which allow us to have omega knowledge of ordinary claims about the world. The only existing theory that allows this is the KK principle, which says that you omega know everything that you know. But the KK principle faces a wide range of well-known counterexamples and theoretical challenges. The goal of this book is to open up new space in epistemology, by developing and critically comparing several new theories of omega knowledge. One of these theories says that you omega know everything that you know that you know. Another theory says that, whenever you know something, it is consistent with your knowledge that you omega know it. These theories avoid the classic challenges to the KK principle, while also making room for large amounts of omega knowledge. Along the way, the book gives treatments of justified belief, rational certainty, and normative requirements on assertion and action. The book ends by developing mathematical models of knowledge that carefully lay out the differing predictions of the various theories developed in the book.
Fragility
Authors: Goldstein Simon
Published: June 2024

This chapter introduces the principle of Fragility: if you know p, then for all you know, you omega know p. The chapter develops six benefits of Fragility: it explains how assertion and action could require omega knowledge; it avoids revenge versions of counterexamples to KK; it avoids issues about chains of testimony and iterated factive mental states; it is compatible with systematic anti-luminosity; it explains why KK is attractive, by predicting that it is normally true; it reconciles two theories of justified belief. The chapter then develops six costs of Fragility: it distinguishes higher iterations of knowing; it doesn’t explain why it is strange to ask about second-order knowledge; it makes strange predictions about the unconfident examinee; it does not predict that the margin for error principles is normally true or justifiably believed; it faces a counterexample from cases where you seem to know without being justifiably certain; it implies that when you know p, you can justifiably believe that you know p. The chapter goes on to consider several weakenings of Fragility that retain some of the benefits while avoiding some of the costs.
Variable Margins
Authors: Goldstein Simon
Published: June 2024

This chapter explores the principle of Variable Margins, a weakening of the Margin for Error principle: for any height x, there is some margin m > 0 where if you know that the tree is not x – m feet tall, then the tree is not x feet tall. The chapter explains how Variable Margins makes sense of omega knowledge while avoiding many of the costs of Reflective Luminosity and Fragility. The chapter then develops four costs of Variable Margins: it does not apply to cases of digital knowledge; it comes arbitrarily close to allowing cliff-edge knowledge; it predicts that the strongest proposition about a tree’s height that you can assert or rely on is always an open interval; it does not predict that knowledge implies justification.
Introduction
Authors: Thorstad David
Published: June 2024

This chapter introduces two turns in the study of human rationality. Taking the procedural turn involves moving away from the study of attitudes toward the study of the processes of inquiry that produce them. Taking the bounded turn involves constructing theories that say explicitly and in detail how bounds bear on rational cognition. Taking both turns together requires developing a theory of rational inquiry for bounded agents—that is, a theory of inquiry under bounds.
There are no epistemic norms of inquiry
Authors: Thorstad David
Published: June 2024

An objection to the reason-responsive consequentialist view is that it answers the wrong question: the view is an account of rationality simpliciter, not epistemic rationality. In this chapter, I argue that the same grounds which led us to posit a distinction between epistemic and non-epistemic norms of belief should make us skeptical of the existence of a distinction between epistemic and non-epistemic norms of inquiry. In the case of belief, we may have good grounds to hold that all reasons for belief are epistemic; that ordinary language tracks a distinct type of epistemic rationality; or that the notion of epistemic rationality is needed to play key theoretical roles associated with the concept of rationality. But none of these arguments generalize to motivate the existence of a distinctively epistemic type of rational inquiry, and in fact, I argue, several of these arguments tell against the existence of epistemic norms governing inquiry. I conclude by sketching an alternative Gibbardian picture of inquiry on which rational inquiry is an all-things-considered affair.
The argument from minimal criteria
Authors: Thorstad David
Published: June 2024

The argument from minimal criteria holds that the reason-responsive consequentialist view is our best hope for meeting three minimal criteria on an account of boundedly rational inquiry: sensitivity to tradeoffs made during inquiry; sensitivity to the stakes of inquiry; and explaining the rational impermissibility of many inferences made by stereotyping. I review three existing accounts of boundedly rational inquiry: the Standard Picture, pragmatism, and an account on which inquiry aims at knowledge. I argue that these accounts struggle to satisfy the minimal criteria, while by contrast the reason-responsive consequentialist view performs well by the lights of all three criteria.
Vindicatory epistemology
Authors: Thorstad David
Published: June 2024

This chapter takes up the vindicatory project of showing how the right theory of bounded rationality can be used to vindicate the rationality of many observed Standard Picture violations. I set out four desiderata on a vindicatory program and three strategies that can be used to meet those desiderata. Then I use those strategies together with the reason-responsive consequentialist view to show how two types of Standard Picture violations can be vindicated: anchoring biases and errors in conditional reasoning. I use these case studies to illustrate how the reason-responsive consequentialist view grounds a robust program of vindicatory epistemology.
An Evolution- and Compassion-Informed Biopsychosocial Approach to the Challenge of Building an Integrated Science for Psychotherapy
Authors: Gilbert Paul
Published: June 2024

The last one hundred years have seen a proliferation of different schools of psychotherapy. While this diversity can be seen as the vitality of the field, it can also be seen as a serious problem of fragmentation. This is partly the result of psychotherapy lacking an agreed upon scientific framework for understanding basic mental processes and functions, and partly due to “individual” focused therapies, that only attend to what happens “inside” an individual, are socially decontextualized and fail to address the social causes of mental health problems and their prevention. This chapter explores a framework for an integrative, evolution informed biopsychosocial science approach and one that forms the basis for compassion focused therapy (CFT) (see Chapter 10), emphasizing four functions of mind: motives, emotions, competencies, and behaviors. Understanding and affecting these functional processes, and their psychophysiological infrastructures, can significantly advance the effectiveness of psychotherapy.
The Most Beautiful Man
Authors: Moss Donald
Published: June 2024

Hypnosis and biofeedback techniques are evidence-based psychophysiological therapies that can be applied with a wide variety of medical and mental health disorders. Research shows efficacy for anxiety, depression, posttraumatic stress disorder, chronic pain, hypertension, fibromyalgia, and a host of other disorders. Hypnosis and biofeedback can also augment the effectiveness of psychotherapy. The author utilizes the case narrative of a thirty-six-year-old woman presenting with post-partum depression and dissociative features to illustrate the integration of biofeedback training, physiological monitoring, self-hypnosis, hypnotic age regression, and affective journaling into dynamic psychotherapy. The hypnotic techniques and the affective journal assisted in the retrieval of critical traumatic events during the patient’s adolescence, and a combination of breath training, self-hypnosis, and biofeedback aided the patient in self-calming.
Infiltration and the Making of Israel’s Emotional Regime in the State’s Early Years
Authors: Rozin Orit
Published: June 2024

After the 1948 War, the armistice lines between Israel and its neighbors remained porous. Palestinian refugees crossed the borders. Some returned to cultivate their fields; others to steal. Some intended to murder Israelis and wreak terror. Most of the refugees who made their way into Israel were not violent, but their presence frightened Jewish civilians living in frontier regions. Policy makers and cultural agents from the social elite mobilized to mold the threatened population into Israelis who could display fortitude. The chapter analyzes the way the Israeli emotional regime was instilled in the residents of the frontier. It explores both their adoption of—and their resistance to—these emotional norms, and the desirable and undesirable outcomes of this policy.
Anger and the Thirst for Revenge
Authors: Rozin Orit
Published: June 2024

Anger and the desire for revenge are considered moral emotions. Policy makers grappled with the political need to channel these negative emotions that many Israelis felt in reaction to violent infiltration, to gain and maintain public confidence in their leadership, and to instill a sense of security. Israeli decision makers believed that it was imperative to respond (often militarily) to attacks by infiltrators, even as they believed that it was incumbent upon them to constitute a moral Israeli state whose citizens believed that their state’s actions were just. During the state’s early years, policy makers led a haltingly slow and ambivalent process of inculcating a culture cognizant of Israel’s international image, while also seeking to instill discipline in IDF troops and construct a liberal national identity. In doing so, they increasingly evinced reservations about the emotional desire for revenge and about actions that could be interpreted as acts of revenge.
Conclusion
Authors: Rozin Orit
Published: June 2024

Embracing the Israeli emotional regime enabled Israelis to cope with the security challenges Israel faced during its first two decades. This was a flexible set of norms adjusted to changing political and security needs. Even though for some Israelis these emotional norms became part of their cultural habitus, the political echelon was tasked with setting, performing, projecting, and adjusting the emotional norms to fit various needs. Under the pressure of the conflict and due to inadequate leadership skills, cultural, economic and political shifts, the emotional fortitude of Israelis was compromised in May 1967. While the immediate emotional crisis was averted and Israelis were able to manage their emotions and find meaningful ways to overcome their initial trepidation, the emotional experience of the war itself, and its territorial gains, and especially the occupation of Jerusalem, brought on a major cultural-political shift and a new set of political emotions emerged.
Rethinking Democratic Theory in the Global Age
Authors: Ziliotti Elena
Published: June 2024

This introductory chapter places the project of the book into the larger context of debates in contemporary political theory and discusses its methodological approach. It illustrates that, despite their cultural and ideological differences, several contemporary Western and East Asian political theorists are debating the value of democratic practices and institutions for industrialized pluralistic societies. It argues that cross-cultural proximity among geographically distant others has revealed pressing common political challenges and explains that meritocratic democracy contributes to developing a more nuanced theoretical framework through which the value of ‘democracy’, ‘political leaders’, and ‘political parties’ can be better understood from a cross-cultural perspective.
The Democratic Functions of Political Leaders
Authors: Ziliotti Elena
Published: June 2024

This chapter explores the function of political leaders in a well-functioning democracy. Empirical studies indicate that political leaders have acquired an unprecedented central role in contemporary democratic societies and contributed to the emergence of the so-called ‘personalization’ of democratic politics. The central role of political leaders in democratic politics raises the question of what functions political leaders must carry out in democratic societies to realize democratic goals. This chapter applies an epistemic approach to democratic politics to define the democratic functions of political leaders. It shows that professional political leaders are a critical political agency of real-world democracies. They play at least three crucial epistemic functions in democratic decision-making processes: (1) they can act as a motivational force for citizens’ political engagement; (2) contribute to epistemic formation through their acquired experience and knowledge; and (3) elicit experts’ testimony.
Votes for Women?
Authors: Hendry John
Published: June 2024

This chapter focuses on the 1866–7 campaign for female suffrage, in which Davies played a central coordinating role. It explores the differing priorities, principles, politics, and preferred strategies of the women activists involved and the tensions within the women’s movement that resulted and that led soon afterwards to discord and division. While a strong supporter of female suffrage, Davies’s view was that it was not yet a realistic possibility; that more modest steps, especially in female education, were needed before moderate opinion could be won over; and that there was a serious risk that the campaign might stimulate a reaction more harmful than beneficial to women’s causes. Her main aims were to keep control of the politically Radical arm of the movement; to maintain in public a united, moderate and reasonable front; and to avoid association in the public mind with other Radical causes.
Property, Prostitutes, and Public Service
Authors: Hendry John
Published: June 2024

This chapter addresses the broader aims of the women’s movement in the intellectual and political context of the late 1860s and early 1870s. Noting changing attitudes to science and religion, it draws on the reception of Mill’s The Subjection of Women to analyse the spread of opinions on the status of women and the women’s movement. It covers campaigns in respect of female suffrage, married women’s property, and the repeal of the Contagious Diseases Acts. The creation of nationwide school boards brought leaders of the women’s movement into public office for the first time. The creation of the Endowed Schools Commission led to endowments for girls’ schools and the establishment of the Girls Public Day Schools Company. The chapter pays particular attention to the London School Board, to which Davies was elected, and the developments in girls’ secondary education, which she supported as actively as her other commitments allowed.
The Restitution of Conjugal Rights and the Nature of Marriage
Authors: Chaudhry Faisal
Published: June 2024

Chapter nine turns from discourse about (the law of) status to the discourse of the law of status. It focuses on the development of one important doctrine—of the so-called restitution of conjugal rights. The chapter demonstrates how at British India’s colonial courts, together with the Privy Council, conjugal restitution was elaborated by building upon a crucial analogy between marriage and contract, thus highlighting the counterintuitive way that arguments from the core of the law of the market were imported into the religious subsystems of the personal law, including through active participation by South Asian lawyers, litigants, and judges involved in familial disputes. Beyond grappling with the dialectic of uniformity and variability in classical legal thought’s globalization, the final chapter pushes for a reconsideration of the relationship between law, religion, and the notion of the personal/domestic with which they are so often linked in the history of modern South Asia.
Fair Trade
Authors: Hirst Samuel J.
Published: June 2024

The Bolsheviks and the Kemalists sought to increase bilateral trade in the 1920s, and this chapter argues that, as the two sides pursued different goals, they both intentionally and unintentionally increased state control over international commerce. The process began in the immediate aftermath of the First World War, as the Soviet government attempted to boost “Eastern trade” by lowering tariffs with countries along its southern border. The chapter then shows that the Turkish government was able to appeal to anti-imperialist solidarity and use diplomatic leverage to receive benefits from membership in this emerging regional economy. The most significant institutional outcome of this period was a “net balance” arrangement, which was an early version of the clearing agreements that would become widespread in the 1930s. The story is one of improvisations, as both sides tried to orchestrate trade on the periphery of Western-dominated global markets. The improvisation would prove significant, as the net balance arrangement became the basis for industrial credit agreements in subsequent decades.
Music and Cosmopolitanism
Authors: Magaldi Cristina
Published: June 2024

The book explores the role of music in fostering cosmopolitanism at the turn of the 20th century, focusing on Rio de Janeiro, the capital of Brazil at the time. It explores the aftermath of the 1888 abolition of slavery and the first two decades of the newly established republican government—roughly from 1889 to 1910, when the city also experienced an urban metamorphosis in terms of architecture and overall landscape, promoted by the new government and meant to “modernize” the city. Of particular interest are the various musics performed in new venues that sprawled throughout the city center and its surroundings and how they opened new spaces for artists, musicians, and audiences, who engaged with a variety of musics and performance practices to express, problematize, and ultimately help shape modernity in the fin-de-siècle city. The book explores case studies of opera, operetta, and the music hall songs, while covering an array of spaces of music-making—from the concert hall to the theater and the music hall, from the movies and the circus to the streets. It shows how Rio de Janeiro’s residents shared with residents of many contemporary cities a sense of world connection and disconnection characteristic of their times, focusing on the sociocultural interrelatedness provided by music and music-making. The work offers a story of musical Rio de Janeiro, a city that, like other contemporary cities, grew to become one place containing many worlds.
Diversifying
Authors: Magaldi Cristina
Published: June 2024

This chapter focuses on the many musical fashions that shaped the city’s emergent music business. Mlle. Ywonna returns as a protagonist, as she ventures further into Rio de Janeiro’s heterogeneous and cosmopolitan theatrical environment led by entrepreneur Pachoal Segreto. The chapter follows several female performers and entrepreneurs who worked with Ywonna, such as Pepa Ruiz, Aurélia Delorme, and Ana Manarezzi, and shows how they contributed to the diversification and growth of the music business in the Brazilian capital. It discusses the use of “old-fashioned” musics in Ywonna’s café concerts, from composers such as Robert Plaquette, Frederico Chueca, and Louis Varney, and how they were presented as something already part of city culture, alongside local works by Guimarães Passos. The chapter also explores the disconnect between musical and performance styles with the citizenship of the artists and the language used in songs to (re)consider the relation between concepts of “national” and music-making during the period. The chapter further suggests that White female performers of various provenances were instrumental to the solidification of the stereotypical “dancing mulatta” as a part of an urban theatrical and musical network that fed on the commodification of Black female bodies.
Local Cosmopolitanisms
Authors: Magaldi Cristina
Published: June 2024

This chapter focuses on the roles played by the artists Geraldo Magalhães and Eduardo das Neves in the building of the city’s multifaceted and heterogeneous entertainment and music business. Magalhães used his skills as a performer and entrepreneur to venture across national borders. He mastered various languages, performances, and musical styles to overcome racial stereotypes and to bridge cultural differences and to eventually become a truly cosmopolitan artist. As a flâneur singer and performer, Neves’s skills as a composer, performer, and businessman allowed him to build a successful career in Rio de Janeiro. As he reflected on the city’s daily experiences, Neves became a key interpreter of the city’s multicultural and cosmopolitan environment. The chapter discusses the restricting contexts in which Black musicians and performers are usually featured in historical accounts of the cosmopolitan city, despite the creative role that they played in shaping the business of music Rio de Janeiro and abroad.