bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Three Forms of Agential Commitment: Reply to Cullity and Gerrans
Authors: Bratman Michael E.
Published: October 2011

Human agents are purposive agents who are also capable of stronger forms of agency, including forms of self-governance. Recent work in Harry G. Frankfurt-influenced philosophy of action on ownership, identification, internality, authority, and endorsement are, at least in large part, efforts to develop a sufficiently rich theoretical apparatus for this task. At the bottom is the idea that strong forms of agency that are of interest can be modeled within, as Garret Cullity and Phillip Gerrans put it, a “non-homuncular causal account of agency.” Self-governance is constituted by forms of psychological functioning that appropriately involve identification and the like. This chapter examines the self-knowledge conditions on self-governance and argues that a theory of autonomy needs to appeal both to psychological functioning in cross-temporal organization and to a kind of reflexivity of self-governing policy. This reflexivity is in part a response to concerns about circularity, and in part a response to pressures within self-governance in favor of a strong form of agential endorsement of governing policies.
Three Theories of Self-Governance
Authors: Bratman Michael E.
Published: October 2011

This chapter revisits the important exchange between Harry G. Frankfurt and Gary Watson concerning the psychological structures involved in significant forms of free agency. It also aims to deepen the account of how to be a wholehearted, pluralist, self-governing agent by drawing on Joshua Cohen's interpretation of the Rawlsian “idea of reasonable pluralism.” It also develops further the central—and broadly Frankfurtian—claim that agential authority is a matter of the non-Platonic psychological role in the Lockean organization of our temporally extended agency. This is true even for those evaluative attitudes that both have agential authority and track the good: their agential authority derives from their non-Platonic psychological role. And the normal hierarchical structure of self-governing policies helps them play these Lockean organizing roles. This chapter treats the initial debate about desire, hierarchy, and value judgment as part of the debate about the psychological structures and forms of functioning that are central to human self-governance. Finally, it proposes an intention-based theory.
Shared Valuing and Frameworks for Practical Reasoning
Authors: Bratman Michael E.
Published: October 2011

Intentions, plans, and policies provide background frameworks that structure deliberation and practical reasoning. These background frameworks have a characteristic stability over time. They shape practical reasoning, sometimes by shaping what options are to be considered, sometimes by shaping what is to count as a consideration of significance in favor of or contrary to options considered. In providing such frameworks, our intentions, plans, and policies help constitute and support important forms of cross-temporal coordination and organization both within the life of an individual agent and socially, across different lives. This chapter extends the account of valuing to the case of shared valuing. It does this, in part, by drawing on the approach to shared agency that includes ideas of interlocking intentions as well as intentions in favor of meshing subplans. Shared valuing involves interlocking policies of treating, in ways that mesh, certain considerations as justifying in relevant shared deliberation and practical reasoning. This chapter also discusses individual intentions and plans concerning individual action.
Stella
Authors: Barnett Louise
Published: October 2011

A scholar who has dedicated his professional career to studying Swift starts an essay on “Stella's Books” with the following statement: “About Esther Johnson, better known to the world by the name of Stella, we know next to nothing. After 250 years, we are still in the dark about her parentage, her childhood, and her removal to Ireland, as well as about the nature of her relationship with Jonathan Swift.” What little is known of the woman who was Swift's particular friend in Ireland for some 27 years comes primarily from Swift himself. Of the people who knew Stella personally, the only other writer to set down his opinions—briefly, and almost 30 years after her death—was Patrick Delany.
Maternity
Authors: Barnett Louise
Published: October 2011

Mothers, both collectively and individually, are obviously not present in Swift's poems, prose fictions, and correspondence. Even the Letter to a Young Lady, on Her Marriage is entirely about the young lady's responsibility as a companion to her husband and makes no mention of children. We see women in many appearances in Swift's writing, from the flayed woman of A Tale of a Tub to the rotting whores of The Progress of Beauty and A Beautiful Young Nymph Going to Bed. There are also poems commending the childless women Swift called Stella and Vanessa. And Gulliver's Travels shows Gulliver suggesting to his Houyhnhnm master the castration of Yahoos as a way of humanely ending that inferior species by preventing reproduction.
IDEAS
Authors: Maher Neil M.
Published: October 2011

Chapter One examines the ideological origins of New Deal conservation and the CCC. It begins by showing how the idea for the Corps originated both from Roosevelt's early experiences with the Progressive conservation movement, and, more surprisingly, from his lifelong involvement with the Boy Scouts. Similar to many progressive reform efforts such as the city beautiful, playground, and urban parks movements, the Boy Scouts promoted the notion that social behavior could be shaped by manipulating one's physical surroundings or environment. Chapter One illustrates how this philosophy not only influenced Roosevelt's decision to create the Corps, which like the Boy Scouts took young men from diseased urban settings and placed them in healthful environments in nature, but also greatly influenced early New Deal politics. The creation of work relief programs that put urban men to work in rural areas, Roosevelt knew from experiences as governor of New York, significantly raised his political capital. Creating the Corps, this chapter concludes, not only introduced the Boy Scout philosophy to the conservation movement but also helped the new president jump-start the New Deal.
Music as Language
Authors: Agawu Kofi
Published: October 2011

This chapter discusses the idea that music and language are closely affiliated. It looks at two works by Schubert and Mozart in order to address some of the questions of musical meaning. It pinpoints a few salient features of each composition and suggests some of the meanings that they give rise to. The chapter also attempts to provide a general orientation to the differences between music and language and indicate some of the issues raised in the analysis of musical meaning.
Paradigmatic Analysis
Authors: Agawu Kofi
Published: October 2011

This chapter discusses the paradigmatic approach, which has been outlined in previous analyses. The search for the paradigmatic approach minimizes—but by no means eliminates—dependency on the analyst's knowledge and familiarity with basic idioms of tonal composition in order to engender a less mediated view of the composition. The chapter also exemplifies the workings of a paradigmatic impulse in different stylistic milieus.
Epilogue
Authors: Agawu Kofi
Published: October 2011

This chapter provides a summary of the chapters. It states the implications of the research and analyses presented, as well as the primary purposes of the book, which is to provide insight into how (Romantic) music works as discourse. The chapter concludes that in order to begin to capture the work of the imagination as expressed in Romantic music, people need to get close to it.
Closing Comments on the Brain and Art
Authors: Defelipe Javier
Published: October 2011

This chapter provides some final thoughts on the Brainhow mouse. It uses a metaphor used by the Russian writer Vladimir Nabokov (1899–1977) as illustration. Nabokov was a grapheme-color synesthete. The chapter considers that the similarities between scientific illustrations and some paintings created by artists pose the question of whether an artist unconsciously paints not only what his brain interprets, but to some extent, what his own brain contains. The inexhaustible artistic creativity of the human mind seems to have a parallel multicolored world within the microscopic universe of the brain.
Alei Hazayit
Authors: Brinner Benjamin
Published: October 2011

In 1991, the band Alei Hazayit was formed in Jerusalem by two strong-willed individuals who differed in gender, class, ethnicity, religion, and linguistic and musical competence, yet found the basis for a deep personal connection. Their band merged very different musical strands, taking well-known songs in Hebrew and Arabic, but giving them a new flavor, a new color, and in so doing, represented the possibility for peaceful and fruitful collaboration between Jews and Arabs, Israelis and Palestinians. Shoham Einav first turned from her career as a head nurse in Israel's premier hospital to professional singing in her forties. Through a mutual acquaintance at the television station, Shoham contacted Jamal Sa'id, whom we met in previous chapters. Shoham and Jamal insisted on the uniqueness of their music. The partnership of Jewish and Arab performers impresses itself upon the audience as an example of a productive relationship.
Bustan Abraham
Authors: Brinner Benjamin
Published: October 2011

Bustan Abraham also brought together Jewish and Arab musicians, but differed greatly in constitution and focus. He issued recordings at a steady pace of one CD every two years or so. The eponymous Bustan Abraham appeared in 1992, less than a year after the band formed. The second album, Pictures Through the Painted Window, included one song, performed by three guest artists, in Hebrew, Arabic, and Spanish. His recordings all appeared under the imprint of Avshalom Farjun's company, Nada Productions. Judging by newspaper reviews, repeat invitations, the musicians' accounts, and my own observations, the band's performances were well received inside Israel and abroad, gaining a loyal fan base in Israel and considerable recognition outside. Bustan hoped to bring the Israeli musical scene to the center of the world stage by presenting an example for the world, and for Jews and Arabs in particular.
A Larger Network—The Ethnic Music Scene in Israel
Authors: Brinner Benjamin
Published: October 2011

Professional musicians are always enmeshed in larger sets of relationships as they join, create, and reshape networks relevant to their musical work. At all stages of their careers they navigate the links that bind them to others with related interests and needs in order, for instance, to find employment and partners for performances. The network concept can usefully be extended further to include institutions such as schools, events such as festivals, venues such as particular clubs or concert halls, and artifacts such as recordings. Networks have been analyzed from different perspectives in a broad array of disciplines, ranging from sociology through epidemiology to computer science. Network theory encompasses these and offers more detailed ways of thinking about relationships and roles. In this chapter, the author explores three related perspectives: networks, scenes, and art worlds.
Bustan Abraham's Approaches to Composition and Improvisation
Authors: Brinner Benjamin
Published: October 2011

An analysis of Bustan's work is offered in this chapter which is based on their recordings, but informed by observation of performances and conversations with band members. The author begins with general remarks on approaches to composition and arrangement, then focuses on how the compositions and arrangements enabled improvisation. This leads to analysis of featured improvisations in relationship to their ensemble contexts. Bustan Abraham's compositions were notable for their number, extent, variety, and quality. The general outline of a piece with its specific progressions constituted the composition while some of the details of who played what were matters of arrangement that might enhance the piece but not alter its basic identity.
Roots in the Past, Routes to the Future
Authors: Brinner Benjamin
Published: October 2011

Despite the seemingly endless, cyclical nature of conflict in the region, tremendous change has occurred since the early 1990s, much of it outside the spotlight of news coverage. Alongside the hardening of divisions, such as the rise to power of Hamas and the entrenchment of Jewish settlers in the West Bank, there have been signs of readiness to compromise, to enter into meaningful relationships across deep divisions. Musicians in the ethnic music scene in Israel are participating in Erlmann's “reconfiguration of space and cultural identity.” The “musical imaginary” offered by the musicians, and which the author presents here, alters the boundaries between social categories and “prefigures emergent, real forms of socio-cultural identity or alliance,” to use a formulation proposed by Georgina Born and David Hesmondhalgh.
The Latter-Day Servant Church
Authors: Collins John N.
Published: October 2011

Interest in the Greek word “diakonia” is largely attributable to an earlier emphasis on linguistic research in the study of the Bible. Since the 1930s, the great mass of lexical information suddenly within arm's reach of any student of early Christian literature tended to encourage the delineation of themes and theological conceptualizations among a variety of the ancient authors. Theology has been enriched in the process but at certain points also it has certainly been distorted. Those who first spoke of “diakonia” were not the linguists or theologians of our day but Lutheran churchmen of 19th-century Germany. Lack of canonical recognition did not prevent the spread of houses of deacons and deaconesses. Various opinions about the role of the early deacon and the language by which he was designated are born of the little linguistic work on the matter that has been done independently of Wilhelm Brandt and W. H. Beyer, and it must be seen as working against the tendency, set in motion by them in the 1930s, towards a diaconate of service.
Deed
Authors: Collins John N.
Published: October 2011

Finally, we come to the cognate words of “diakonia” as they apply to menial duties. This chapter reports instances of people, usually slaves, doing things for other people around their houses and waiting upon them at their meals. This chapter disposes of household chores quite summarily, and in this it notes a change of method from that in preceding chapters, where frequent close studies of context have been usual for the purpose of establishing meaning; here meaning is of less import than character of usage, and in the case of household duties the review is further limited by the baldness of the statements available and by the generally scant information provided by context. In the case of their eating habits the ancients have been more generous, and in their range of records, descriptions, and comment, both in literature and in the immemorial stone, this chapter shows a rich course of wordy fare, satisfying especially by reason of Christian interest in the ritual of tables.
In the Language of the Papyri
Authors: Collins John N.
Published: October 2011

Paul provides the earliest and most ample evidence of our cognate words for “diakonia” among the first Christian writers, and the statements in which the words occur are made largely in the course of his controversy with Corinthian Christians about who could claim apostolic rights among them. This chapter discusses the importance that Paul attaches to the word “diakonia” in three passages of the two letters to the Corinthians, coming to a preliminary understanding of the word as “spokesman”. It also adds to the idea of spokesman an aspect of mediation that is seen to be used there to authenticate claims to apostleship. Related usage in Colossians and Ephesians is examined, along with Paul's designation of “The Apostolic Commission”, which leads into Luke's language about “Paul and the Twelve in Acts”. The chapter concludes by looking at other messengers and emissaries of heaven designated in these terms by Paul and other Christian writers.
Othello: Sexual Difference and Internal Deviation
Authors: Dollimore Jonathan
Published: October 2011

Othello explores anxious preoccupation with perversity as a disordered and disordering movement. Here ‘extravagant’ condenses deviation, perversion, and vagrancy. In one sense the metaphors of truth, linearity, and deviation point simply to duplicity; but also signified is a wilful disarticulation of traditional relations between authority, service, and identity. Gratiano's description of Brabantio's ‘desperate turn’, with its echoes of the Fall, shows that destructive deviation may characterize even the most stolid of patriarchs. The opposition of woman as passive/active correlates closely with that of women as madonna/whore. This kind of representation of deviant female desire echoes Augustinian privation to repudiate those who invest so heavily in Desdemona's ‘virtuous’ passivity. That she is actually attempting to live out the prescribed subject position for a woman within sexual difference only confirms that because the subordinate is so often the subject of displacement there is never safety in obedience.
Rome and English Republican Poetry
Authors: Erskine-Hill Howard
Published: October 2011

In dramatizing the Roman Republic in Coriolanus and Catiline, Shakespeare and Jonson sought a political mode which would more clearly display contemporary tensions and dangers than a British chronicle source, a modern republican setting, or even the recent French world of Chapman's Bussy and Biron plays. Shakespeare wished to explore, among other things, the question of military leadership in a non-deferential and precariously hierarchical society. Jonson wished to take a recent crisis — the desperate papist Gunpowder Plot — seen by Protestant and Catholic as of intense religious significance, and transpose it into the pagan world of the late Roman Republic.
Conclusion
Authors: Erskine-Hill Howard
Published: October 2011

This chapter presents some concluding thoughts. The poetic texts that have been discussed constitute a prolonged, pragmatic, and religious meditation on the nature and conditions of kingship. We have seen a politique fascination with republican polities; Milton and some like him committed themselves to a kingless commonwealth in reaction against the Stuart monarchy and the prospect of its restoration. But just as Marvell's ‘republican’ ‘Horatian Ode’ is dominated by two monarchical figures, so the concept of kingship was ever present even in the absence of a king. Whether seen as an opportunity, an ideal, or a warning, kingship is the one dominant landmark in the political terrain between the late 16th and the later 17th centuries.
Concord
Authors: Mitchell Bruce
Published: October 2011

This chapter sets out the basic principles of concord in Old English (OE), with references to the more detailed discussions which follow in later chapters. It begins with a brief discussion of the elements concerned with congruence. The chapters then presents some introductory remarks on case and verb forms. This is followed by a discussion of the basic concords of OE, covering agreement between subject and predicate, agreement between a noun or pronoun and attributive or appositive elements, and agreement between antecedent and pronoun.
The Simple Sentence: Elements
Authors: Mitchell Bruce
Published: October 2011

This chapter discusses the elements of the simple sentence in Old English. These include case, apposition, the splitting of groups, naming constructions, the subject, the verb, the objects, the complement, adverbial elements, and negation.
A Double Logic and the Nightmare of Reason: Arthur Koestler's Darkness at Noon
Authors: Sturgess Philip J. M.
Published: October 2011

Koestler's novel Darkness at Noon was chosen not only for its merits as a political and intellectual drama, but also because it exemplifies in striking fashion the fourth narrative type, namely the sequential narrative. ‘Sequential’ in this case means that the narrative should unfold in a chronological, and perhaps also causal way. Even a cursory reading of Darkness at Noon leaves little doubt that it belongs to this category of novel. This chapter shows how its mainly sequential nature is refined in various ways by the functioning of the intratextual principles of a logic of narrativity. This in turn shows the usefulness of applying the concept even when the story of a novel seems to follow a clearly defined chronological course.
A Reading of Maria Edgeworth's Castle Rackrent
Authors: Sturgess Philip J. M.
Published: October 2011

This chapter examines a late 18th-century novel by Maria Edgeworth, Castle Rackrent. There are two tasks to perform as we bear in mind that the sixth principle of narrativity situates the logic of narrativity ‘outside the text, in the logic of social life and formations which influence or condition the manner in which the text is produced’. First, it is necessary to identify all those elements in the text of Castle Rackrent which clearly point to the presence of the kind of extratextual causality which would constitute this logic. Secondly, it is necessary to discuss how the extra textual ingredients thus indicated are supposed to constitute a ‘logic’ of narrativity.
Freedom, Slavery, and Death
Authors: Mcfarland Thomas
Published: October 2011

This chapter examines the literature on the relation between freedom, slavery, and death. It analyses the relevant works of several authors, including Seneca, Plato, Thomas Hobbes, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and Toni Morrison. It suggests that all these writers witnessed and validated the absoluteness of the choice between freedom and death, and did so by basing that choice on the threat, either explicit or concealed, of slavery.
Freedom and Necessity
Authors: Mcfarland Thomas
Published: October 2011

This chapter examines Martin Luther's thoughts and views on freedom. It explains that Luther was the most absolute denigrator of freedom. He believed that freedom was an illusion and that it lies not any supposed free agency in humans but in the acceptance of God's grace. This chapter discusses relevant passages from the works of several authors, including Desiderius Erasmus, Jonathan Edward, and John Milton.
Theory and Women’s Reading
Authors: Flint Kate
Published: October 2011

The volume of commentary on women’s reading increased dramatically during the eighteenth century and the early years of the nineteenth. It can be found within general studies of literature, especially those examining the rapid growth of novel production; within the growing number of advice manuals aimed specifically at young girls and their mothers, and within fiction itself. The study of reading, in this as in any period, involves examining a fulcrum: the meeting-place of discourses of subjectivity and socialization. Of pressing concern to those who wished to understand how the individual mind might work, and how it might develop, reading was simultaneously perceived as a prime tool in socialization. It is therefore centrally bound in with questions of authority: authority which manifests itself in a capacity for judgement and opinion based on self-knowledge; and authority to speak, to write, to define, to manage, and to change not just the institutions of literature, but those of society itself.
Medical, Physiological and Psychoanalytic Theory
Authors: Flint Kate
Published: October 2011

Throughout the Victorian and early Edwardian period, theories about how women’s modes of reading differed from those of men, and why they should be affected so strongly by what they read, were inseparably linked to those developments in physiology and psychology which found, demonstrated, and utilized evidence for the intimate interrelations of mind and body. Women’s experience of their bodies in social relations is inevitably different from that of men, and women’s bodies unarguably are distinct from men’s in terms of their separate reproductive systems. More controversially, however, biological difference was asserted to lie behind unalterable gender differences in the physical constitution of the brain, and hence in its operation. With the near-universal acceptance of the inescapable relation of brain and body, it is unsurprising that focusing on the physiological difference between women and men formed the basis for a number of apparently authoritative theories concerning women and reading.
Advice Manuals, Informative Works, and Instructional Articles
Authors: Flint Kate
Published: October 2011

The status and function of the advice manual changed only slowly during the nineteenth century. In its manifestations early in the period it may be seen as contributing to the establishment of ‘the cult of domesticity’. Aimed largely at middle-class girls in their mid to late teens, these advice manuals formed a genre written for women, and largely by women, thus ensuring the commercial circulation and dissemination of various types of domestic advice and information. Some of this, relating to routine household matters and questions of health, amplified or substituted for knowledge habitually supplied to daughters by their mothers. Much of the conversational, occasionally sententious, guiding prose worked towards establishing the centrality of motherhood itself, the home and family, to a woman’s life. This chapter discusses recreational reading, reading as social education, choice of books, methods of reading, and justification for reading in relation to women during the Victorian and early Edwardian period.
Reading at School
Authors: Flint Kate
Published: October 2011

The growth of women’s education during the nineteenth century has been well chronicled. The claim that change at the level of secondary and tertiary study for girls and women was the most marked of all the developments which took place in nineteenth-century education was justifiably advanced in the Preface to one of the earliest of these accounts, Christina Bremner’s Education of Girls and Women in Great Britain (1897). Reading, inevitably, was a central topic when discussing education, whether the education in question took place in the home schoolroom, a private girls’ school, or according to state provision. Debates focused on what knowledge it would or would not be useful for a girl to possess; on how literature should best be studied; and on the relation — indeed the division — within a curriculum between formal and leisure reading. This chapter shows how the issue of reading, and, in particular, the special aptitudes and skills associated with the reading of literature, supplied an arena in which current sociological and medical debates could be seen as having a practical application.
Sensation Fiction
Authors: Flint Kate
Published: October 2011

This chapter deals with the phenomenon of sensation fiction in the 1860s: fiction which deliberately catered to compulsive forms of consumption, and which the reviewers presented as being devoured by women. The sensation fiction’s frames of reference are drawn from familiar supppositions about woman’s affective susceptibility. Above all, the presence of sexual desire and sexual energy within the fictions was singled out. This disruptive potential was greeted with particular anxiety when it was located in novels written by women, notably Mary Braddon, Rhoda Broughton, and Mrs Henry Wood. Inevitably, it also reflected on the perceived status of those women readers who borrowed and devoured these fictions so hungrily. The novels of Braddon and Broughton in particular are studded with quotations from writers ranging such as William Shakespeare, Victor Hugo, Geoffrey Chaucer, and John Milton. In sensation fiction, sensitivity to poetry, and the ability to have an apposite quotation spring to one’s lips, is equated with sensitivity to life in general. In many examples of women’s sensation fiction, external proprieties are maintained, enabling their authors’ indignant self-defence against charges of immorality.
Conclusion
Authors: Flint Kate
Published: October 2011

Reading, in the Victorian and Edwardian period, as now, was an activity through which women could become aware of the simultaneity of the sensations of difference and of similarity. Reading provided the means not only, on occasion, for the Victorian woman to abnegate the self; to withdraw into the passivity induced by the opiate of fiction. Far more excitingly, it allowed her to assert her sense of selfhood, and to know that she was not alone in doing so. The variety of evidence put forward in this book demonstrates that despite the recurrence of certain stereotypes throughout the period, and the way in which these stereotypes functioned to determine attitudes about reading in the home, in education, and in the provision of public library facilities which would serve a growing number of readers, individuals frequently read across the grain of such expectations.
A School for Citizens
Authors: Lavin Deborah
Published: October 2011

The councillors of Johannesburg met for the first time on 18 May 1901. Curtis was Town Clerk. He was instrumental in forming the municipality. The machinery of city government had to be created ‘from the boiler to the last wheel’. This chapter states that Curtis devised a system of Council business which left the Councillors to establish themselves in the competitive world of reviving Johannesburg entrepreneurship. He encouraged a clean sweep of inexperienced Council officials and the corrupt heirlooms from the old administration. In September 1901, he prepared a long Memorandum on the present and future boundaries of Johannesburg — no less than a scheme for a new model city. Building a municipality in Johannesburg was taxing with issues on the mining industry and public health care. Later on, Curtis had declared his intention to Howard Pim of staying in South Africa to study general problems; he was thinking of federation.
Organic Unions: Round Table and Commonwealth
Authors: Lavin Deborah
Published: October 2011

Curtis played a major part in creating and sustaining the Round Table, one of the most influential of the many Edwardian study and pressure groups devoted to the future of the Empire. It was based on the nucleus of the Kindergarten. Curtis drew attention to the Round Table's version of the Imperial Problem. Their solution was a ‘Commonwealth’ — an organic union of Britain with the Dominions which would underwrite and sustain the defence and tutelary functions of the old Empire while standing forth on the world stage as a new force for peace. The principle of equality between Britain and the Dominions was an article of Round Table faith which Curtis's Dominion journeys had been designed to demonstrate in practice. After his return from his first journeys, Curtis revised and amplified his Round Table Studies, drummed up support for the movement in Britain, and fostered his Dominion contacts.
Stunting in Africa and China
Authors: Lavin Deborah
Published: October 2011

Curtis had gained a reputation for making colonial constitutions. He was drawn into the affairs of tropical Africa by Joseph Oldham. They collaborated on a second African campaign which was to stimulate a declaration of fundamental principle in East African policy and a major research project into Africa as a whole. Curtis had chosen China and the Far East as the most significant field for the theory and practice of responsible government after his stunt in Africa and India. The British and Americans supported the idea of the Shanghai inquiry at the Pacific Relations Conference in Kyoto, Japan. Curtis's old friends from the Round Table complained, justifiably, that China had subverted his mind. He approached the China problem as though looking at a panorama through a pin-hole, with Shanghai alone standing against an indistinct prospect of Chinese indigenous politics and the diplomacy of international informal empire in crisis.
The Real World: Peace and War
Authors: Lavin Deborah
Published: October 2011

Curtis recognized that in practice there were few policy options. Curtis was to acknowledge that he, like everyone else, had been overtaken by events; his long-term political objective of organic union was for once no help to him as a guide to action and he was reduced to relying on expediency. Curtis was even more critical of the Foreign Office view. He had rejected the various delusions about collective security that have been described as ‘elements of inertia’ inhibiting British policy — the balance of power doctrine, the concert of Europe, or the League. Curtis was given a measure of insight into German domestic politics by his poignant friendship with Count Helmuth James von Moltke, an adamant opponent of German national socialism. Curtis looked to the Commonwealth Relations Conference as a historic opportunity to create a new world order.
Travelling
Authors: Gurr Andrew
Published: October 2011

Most of the playing companies that performed through the sixteenth century have disappeared leaving little record of their passing. After 1560, the number and frequency of visits grew dramatically. Along with this growth in the number of travelling companies, the size of the playing groups grew too, until the creation of the Queen’s Men in 1583 set a ceiling figure for the number of sharers that no later company ever exceeded. In the long tradition of professional playing in England, the Tudor century was the heyday for travelling players, and travelling was the Tudor norm. The history of the first London companies starts with them as travellers. Travelling dictated all the early playing practices. From 1559, plays had either to be licensed directly by the mayor, or seen in performance by the whole corporation. The authorities used their presence as a tacit form of constraint on the companies. The system of issuing patents to the approved companies became intermittent and more or less lapsed under Charles.
The Four Companies Under James
Authors: Gurr Andrew
Published: October 2011

With the disappearance of the last of the boy companies and the recent merger of the two companies that were patronized by James’s younger children into one, four had become the set number of approved playing companies in London by 1615: King’s Men, Queen Anne’s, Palsgrave’s (formerly the Prince’s), and Prince Charles’s (I) Company. The shrinkage from six to four between 1613 and 1615 was due to more factors than the economic pressure of the attempt to increase the supply of plays to the same-sized market of playgoers. It was also a question of the places available to play in. By 1615 there were barely four playhouses even for the four companies that were then in operation in London, and the city was not going to relent in its hostility to the building of new playhouses. All the London companies saw what James Burbage had envisaged first in 1596: that the future lay in enclosed theatres.
From 1625 to 1642: Before the Revolution
Authors: Gurr Andrew
Published: October 2011

The Caroline control of playing differed from the control system exercised by the Lord Chamberlain and the Master of the Revels under King James in a number of ways, not all of which can be ascribed to a specific reason or motive. The smaller number of members of the royal family available to act as patrons might explain why two of the five playing companies that ran in London after 1629 never had any patron, for instance. From the restart after the plague closure of 1625–1626 the King’s players gained the new king as their patron, but the others were a mix of new patrons and new groupings without patrons. Under King Charles, the special patents that put a royal signature on the authority of the companies patronized by the Jacobean royal family gradually fell into abeyance. Instead, the Master of the Revels issued a more or less annual licence to the London companies, authorizing them to play and to travel. Four companies resumed playing in 1626, using the four sets of playhouses then available.
The Early Boy Companies: Westminster, Merchant Taylors’, and Eton Schools; Windsor Chapel, the Chapel Royal Children, and the First Paul’s Chapel Children
Authors: Gurr Andrew
Published: October 2011

When the boy companies first started playing professionally for money in the 1570s, they had a long pedigree to support them. Choristers and boys from the grammar schools were used to staging plays as part of the educational tradition that exploited playing to improve speech and body language, the art of the orator manifest in ‘pronunciation and gesture’. Boys in the choir schools at St Paul’s, Westminster, and the Chapel Royal in Windsor were the main stage players, backed intermittently by the non-singing schools such as Paul’s and the Merchant Taylors’. These early groups, or rather their teachers and choirmasters, maintained with varying degrees of truth the claim that their play-acting was part of the educational curriculum. This chapter looks at the history of the early boy playing companies of London, their performances, the plays they performed, and the playhouses where they performed.
Worcester’s/Queen Anne’s/Revels Company, 1562–1625
Authors: Gurr Andrew
Published: October 2011

The earls of Worcester ran a company or companies during the early years of Elizabeth’s reign. Edward Somerset, the fourth earl, was a rising power in the land from his accession to the title in 1589. He succeeded Essex as Master of the Horse in 1601, when his company was beginning to compete for the third London foothold. He was a signatory to the Privy Council’s warrant of March 31, 1602 ordering the Lord Mayor to accept the Boar’s Head as a playing-place for the merged Oxford’s and Worcester’s. Thomas Heywood, an early writer for his company and always a loyal client, suggested that it was through Worcester’s own generosity that he handed over the patronage of his company to Queen Anne in 1603. This chapter looks at the history of the Worcester’s/Queen Anne’s/Revels Company, their performances, the plays they performed, the playhouses where they performed, their playing sharers, and their travelling records.
God and Christ
Authors: Simmons Michael Bland
Published: October 2011

This chapter explores Arnobius' understanding of the relationship between God and Christ, the second main category of Arnobius' concept of deity. Because he is writing as a new convert not sufficiently educated in the doctrines of the Christian faith to provide an exposition of the ontological relationship between God and Christ, Arnobius is usually found discussing Christ's revelation of God and of his mission to the world as the High God's emissary. This is the heart of his understanding of the relationship between God and Christ.
The Soteriological Argument Christ the ‘Via Universalis Animae Liberandae’
Authors: Simmons Michael Bland
Published: October 2011

This chapter analyzes the various salient features of the Porphyrian–Chaldaean soteriological propaganda which formed the centrepiece of the great literary campaign against the Christians before and during the emperor Diocletian's persecution. Porphyry, who was writing as probably the most erudite philosophical and religious authority of the period, and was probably supported officially by the Roman government, developed a twofold system of argumentation which resulted in making him the most formidable antagonist of Christianity in antiquity. The main strategy of this system was (I) the eradication of Christianity, and (2) the offer of salvation not only to the philosopher but also to the common man. It appears that The Philosophy of the Oracles played a highly significant role in the development of this strategy, and this assumption can be made based on the analysis of the data common to the polemics of Augustine, Eusebius, and Arnobius.
The Original Work and its Language
Authors: Kerler Dov-Ber
Published: October 2011

Kav hayosher is one of the largest collections that are of Eastern European Yiddish origin but is of old literature in form. The author himself spoke Eastern Yiddish, and wrote it in both Hebrew and Yiddish, publishing it in a bi-lingual form. The two forms, though similar in content, still vary in some aspects due to language. Western influence was not far from the background of the writer, as his family members were Western Yiddish authors, and that allowed his work to be adaptive and flexible for whatever transition it may require. He had devoted himself to studying the old literary style extensively, being well read in its most distinguished publications. His commitment to maintaining the traditional old literature was impressive.
Linguistic Easternization ofSimkhes hanefesh(Shklov, 1796)
Authors: Kerler Dov-Ber
Published: October 2011

This chapter examines the composition of Simkhes hanefesh, particularly the first collection, including the parables. A certain characteristic was observed to be distinct in mid-Eastern Yiddish literature; this was the word-final devoicing. Systematically, however, the greatest change was noted to be in morphology. A number of Western and Old Yiddish forms were also observed to be changed or deleted, replaced by Eastern Yiddish literature. However impressive the transitions may sound, there is still limited alteration and preservation of form in some of the writings. This in some way maintained the integrity and structure. This preserved some of the traditions and customs that are the very theme of the collections themselves.
Syntax
Authors: Kerler Dov-Ber
Published: October 2011

Though not greatest in terms of number, the changes in syntax were believed to be the most valuable. Alterations in the order of word patterns are the most distinguished pattern of advanced and modern European Yiddish literature. This chapter discusses these changes in a very detailed fashion. Negation, for the most part, was minimally affected and was maintained in its classical form. The placement of the past principle, on the other hand, is variable all throughout the writings. These changes, particularly those in the late eighteenth century, were influenced by the patterns of the Eastern Yiddish language. It was but a vital component in the modernization of the writings. The evolution of syntax proved to be a way to further expand the Easterization of literature.
Reuven Halevi’s Translation (Frankfurt am Main, 1769)
Authors: Kerler Dov-Ber
Published: October 2011

This chapter analyzes one of the two translations of ben hamelekh venahzir, revealing its individual form. The version of Rueven Halevi is said to be shorter in text and less emotional in content, its structure prominent in High German patterns. These are discussed along with the elements of syntax, lexicon, and morphology. Some final lost vowels are brought back, and there is the use of the genitive as one of the main features, adapted from German influence. Another feature is the continuous refraining to use Semitic language in writing, and this reflects a silent rule that neither the Aramaic nor Hebrew language should be used. This included some sentence components, such as nouns, pronouns, adverbs, and verbs, which were not to be used either.
Ben hameylekh vehanozir(Zholkve, 1771)
Authors: Kerler Dov-Ber
Published: October 2011

This chapter focuses on the translation of Zholkve, which is an intricate mixture of modern Eastern Yiddish literature, with archaic and old literature components. The structure, which involves orthography, phonology, and morphology, is extensively discussed to describe these aspects. Orthography was mostly of old Yiddish form, such as the presence and absence of various stressed and unstressed vowels. However, spellings conformed more to High German patterns, which are mostly seen in Western Europe publications. There are also, some influences of mid-Eastern European components, such as the spelling of stressed vowels and consonants. Morphology, on the other hand, is mostly Eastern Yiddish in content, particularly Southeastern and mid-Eastern.
The Two Versions
Authors: Kerler Dov-Ber
Published: October 2011

Mayse gdoyle min Uman was said to have two versions, one written in Eastern Yiddish, and another in German Western form. This chapter analyzes the differences between these two versions, and to a certain extent, the succeeding versions. The Western version describes the massacres at great length, shaking emotions and memories. It is patterned in such a way as to narrate the violence, oppression, and horror in Eastern Europe at that time. The Eastern version is more lyrical and artistic, written in prose form, including commemorative poems. Its author appears to be more aware and sensitive of the work as literature, with a conscious effort to uplift it into an art form. The chapter tries to answer the questions of when and where these versions were written, through a careful analysis of the structure and form of the text.
The Eighteenth-Century Origins of Modern Literary Yiddish
Authors: Kerler Dov-Ber
Published: October 2011

The late eighteenth century saw Eastern literature as a constantly moving, rapidly changing and evolving form, making their way into modernization. It is a journey that finally ended with the debut of modern Eastern literature. There were two types of literature that stand witness to this change. There were those that were revised from old Yiddish literature to give rise to a modern feel and structure, and those that we purely and entirely written in modern contemporary Eastern literature. Although linguistic change were more confined and to some degree restrained in revisions of old Yiddish texts, morphology was mostly and significantly altered in these texts. The need for change cannot be ignored as it is demanded by the new century.
Periodization of Literary Yiddish
Authors: Kerler Dov-Ber
Published: October 2011

This chapter introduces a periodization scheme, to establish a chronological analysis of the events that happened during the evolution of modern Yiddish literature. It consists of major histological landmarks coupled with the published works, in order to understand the culture and influences attached to the writings, likened to evidence of its time. Therefore a huge amount of data and writings were gathered, in order to find substantial links between gaps in time. The chapter enumerates the various publications that had significant influence in their respective eras. Fast forward to the nineteenth and early twentieth century, where the literature is as new and as polished as ever, ready to embrace new cultural and social structures it may encounter.
Conclusion: Rewriting Literary History
Authors: Shepherd David
Published: October 2011

This chapter sums up the key findings of this study on Soviet metafiction. It suggests that Soviet metafiction compel readers to recognize that contexts are no less important than texts and discusses the case of socially situated readers. It shows how far beyond established notions of metafiction self-conscious Soviet writing takes its readers. It concludes that it is important for readers to be concerned about the factors commonly held to be extraneous or even inimical to the proper functions of literature.
Man in the Universe: Micromégas
Authors: PEARSON ROGER
Published: October 2011

This chapter discusses Micromégas, which has a central device whereby human pretensions are exposed from the perspective of a celestial traveller. This work by Voltaire is believed to have been published in mid-April 1751. Micromégas carries several similarities with Voyage du baron de Gangan. Certain features of Micromégas are examined in this chapter.
Totem and Taboo: Le Taureau blanc
Authors: PEARSON ROGER
Published: October 2011

This chapter discusses Le Taureau blanc, which has been thought of as Voltaire's version of the Old Testament. This work also reflects Voltaire's preoccupation with biblical criticism and can be viewed as more than just an entertaining version of the Old Testament. Included in La Taureau blanc is a romantic story involving a young princess and Nebuchadnezzar, a Babylonian king.