bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Faith-based organisations as actors in the charity economy: a case study of food assistance in Finland
Authors: Salonen Anna Sofia , Silvasti Tiina
Published: January 2020

This chapter traces the concept of absolute poverty in the developing EU social policy agenda from the beginning in the 1970s up to the EU 2020 process. Thereby it also scrutinizes whether the concept of absolute poverty or closely related concepts of extreme poverty or homelessness do trigger, accompany or frame distinct policy developments for tackling such severe forms of poverty. It shows that the European Commission is a key player in starting and promoting such policies. While the paradigm of relative poverty takes centre stage in most of the related concerns and developments it can be shown that absolute poverty repeatedly surfaces as a complementary concern, be it at the level of discourse, e. g. during the European Year Combatting Poverty and Social Exclusion, or on the level of instruments, like the European Fund for the Most Deprived.
Penalising homelessness in Europe
Authors: Evangelista Guillem Fernàndez
Published: January 2020

This chapter addresses homelessness as an explicit form of absolute poverty. It will shed light on the development of a punitive legal and administrative framework that tends to penalise homeless people living rough rather than resolving their needs. This penalisation process is materialised in the structuring of measures that criminalise the day-to-day activities of homeless people in public spaces, set obstacles to prevent their access to public services, and makes them invisible by expelling them from certain areas of the city or even from the country.
Dignity, self-respect and real poverty in Europe
Authors: Neuhäuser Christian
Published: January 2020

Many people seem to believe that absolute poverty is very serious, a violation of human dignity even, while relative poverty is not. Against this assumption, I will defend the claim that both, absolute and relative poverty, are degrading. I will do so by connecting dignity with a certain understanding of self-respect that rests on the ability to take care of oneself in basic matters of life as well as the ability to see and present oneself as a respect-worthy member of one’s society. Absolute poverty threatens the ability to take care of oneself in basic matters of life. Relative poverty threatens the ability to present and see oneself as a respect-worthy member of one’s society. The consequence of this argument is that relative poverty is also serious and real poverty in the sense that relatively poor people lack what is needed to live in dignity. It is closer to absolute poverty then commonly assumed. Relating absolute as well as relative poverty to dignity and self-respect shows that serious poverty is not only a problem for very poor societies in what is called the developing world, but also prevalent in the wealthier regions of Europe.
From ‘active’ to ‘capable’: a capability framework for policy and practice on ageing and later life
Authors: José José de São , Timonen Virpi , Amado Carla , Santos Sérgio
Published: January 2020

The main European policy framework to address the challenges of population ageing is called 'active ageing', and it seeks to promote older people's engagement in economic and social activities and their independence and autonomy. This chapter proposes the adoption of an alternative-a capability framework-to deal with the challenges of population ageing, which is based on the capability approach (CA) and shifts the focus from activity (mainly economic and social activity) to the real opportunities older people have (their capabilities) to do what they value and to be the persons they want to be. This calls for comprehensive efforts to map out older adults' preferences and needs, and a more flexible, multidimensional and supportive approach to old-age policy, without imposing a priori importance on certain policy domains and without a strong focus on individual responsibility. The capability framework can open the door to policy alternatives that are more focused on older adults' opportunities and preferences.
Converting shared parental leave into shared parenting: the role of employers and use of litigation by employees in the UK
Authors: Javornik Jana , Oliver Liz
Published: January 2020

The UK government introduced Shared Parental Leave (SPL) in 2014 to expand parents' capabilities to share parenting, by affording fathers similar entitlements to post-birth leave as mothers. Policy sought to simultaneously address other sources of gender inequality to expand parents' capability sets to remain in work after childbirth and to share parenting differently. This social policy development represents a major step forward in addressing gender inequality at home and at work. However, the policy has not produced the desired change in fathers' leave uptake and the implementation has exposed several issues. This chapter argues that legal rights are one possible instrument for reaching that goal andincludes a wider legal and labour market landscape as a potentially relevant source of inequalities. Using the capability approach, it examines how the SPL shapes fathers' capability set to co-parent and how the broader regime of employment and anti-discrimination law addresses gender equality in home and at work. The chapter offers a more comprehensive explanation for the failure of SPL to enhance parents' capability to share parenting in ways they as a couple have reason to value, as well as an example of how to incorporate a multi-level interdisciplinary analysis of legal rights into social policy analysis through a capability lens.
Comparative social policy analysis of parental leave policies through the lens of the capability approach
Authors: Kurowska Anna , Javornik Jana
Published: January 2020

This chapter analyses public parental leave in five pairs of European countries and assesses its opportunity potential to facilitate equal parental involvement and employment, focusing on gender and income opportunity gaps. It draws on Sen's capability approach and Weber's ideal-types to comparative policy analysis. It offers the ideal parental leave design, one which minimizes the policy-generated gender and class inequality in parents' opportunities to share parenting while working, thus providing real opportunities for different groups of individuals to achieve valued functionings as parents. Five policy indicators are created using benchmarking and graphical analysis and two sources of opportunity inequality are considered: the leave system as the opportunity and constraint structure and the socio-economic contexts as the conversion factors. The chapter produces a comprehensive overview of national leave policies, visually presenting leave policy across ten European countries. It demonstrates that leave systems in countries from the same welfare regime can diverge in the degree to which they create real opportunities for parents and children as well as in key policy dimensions through which these opportunities are created.
From the capability approach to capability-based social policy
Authors: Yerkes Mara A. , Javornik Jana , Jansen Erik , Kurowska Anna
Published: January 2020

This concluding chapter synthesizes the key messages from the book and presents a framework for future uses of the capability approach (CA) in social policy research and practice. As shown throughout the volume, social policy as a multi-layered research field spans numerous domains, each with their inherent complexities and approaches. Taking policy domains as an evaluative entry point, social policy research seeks to understand their development, processes, aims, implementation and impact from multiple perspectives and actors, including policymakers, professionals and practitioners, and policy recipients. The CA offers a promising way forward in understanding these multiple perspectives as demonstrated by the individual chapters in this volume. We break systematically from the established scholarship in our aim to offer new frameworks for analysing and formulating policies. We propose the use of a capability approach to social policy (see Chapter One), further specified into capability theories (Robeyns, 2017), as illustrated by the conceptual and methodological developments in this volume, synthesized here. Additionally, we discuss a three-tiered translational process for shifting from developing an evaluative space for understanding social policy development, its implementation and effects, towards developing capability-based social policies at a collective level. This final, concluding chapter, briefly summarizes the key arguments of the book to provide a foundation for making this shift.
Problematising scale in the study of policy
Authors: Papanastasiou Natalie
Published: January 2020

This chapter discusses how scale is fundamental to interpreting and defining social life, and explores the implications of this for the study of policy in order to present a clear case for exploring the politics of scale in policy. Working at the crossroads of policy studies and political geography, the chapter sets out the book’s chosen conceptual approach which innovatively integrates critical policy studies with poststructuralist political geography. Specifically, the discussion critically analyses what assumptions about scale are reflected in the field of policy studies, reviews the political geography debates on scale, and outlines the book’s use of political discourse theory and the ‘critical logics of explanation’ approach (Glynos & Howarth 2007). The chapter concludes by introducing the concept of ‘scalecraft’ as a hegemonic practice of policymaking which captures how meanings of policy are co-constituted by ordering political space according to concepts of scale.
Spatial entrepreneurs and scalecraft
Authors: Papanastasiou Natalie
Published: January 2020

This chapter focuses on the practices of frontline workers in policymaking processes and makes a key intervention by arguing that practices of scalecraft are an overlooked dimension of frontline work. It explores how frontline workers construct and strategically mobilise scale in their policy work by presenting an empirical study of frontline actors tasked with implementing England’s academies policy in a local authority case study. Analysis demonstrates how practices of scalecraft are a key feature and strategy of policy actors’ work which is key to understanding how a counter-hegemonic strategy was pursued in the empirical case. By identifying how frontline work involves the creative and strategic use of scale the chapter proposes that this new dimension of frontline work is called ‘spatial entrepreneurship’ and the discussion concludes by outlining the key features of this type of work.
The English National Health Service in a cold climate: a decade of austerity
Authors: Powell Martin
Published: January 2020

This chapter examines the NHS in a cold climate of a decade of austerity. This period has first seen a broad move from the optimism of its 60th anniversary and greater pessimism of its 70th anniversary. Second, it has seen a game of two halves from a preoccupation with the reorganisation of the Lansley Health and Social Care Act towards ways of working around or undoing that reorganisation. One sad constant in the period is the continuation of Inquiries into failings in the NHS. The chapter concludes with an assessment of the ‘birthday present’ of increased funding associated with the NHS’ 70th anniversary, and some thoughts of the outlook of things to come. While the increased funding is welcome, it is unlikely to have the promised ‘transformatory’ effect because it is less than the NHS’ historical rate of funding increase; it includes promises that have been made in the past but have not been delivered, and excludes wider elements of health-related activity and social care. If life is to begin at 70 for the NHS, futures birthday presents for its 75th or 80th birthday must include greater integration with social care, perhaps a phoenix-like transformation into a National Health and Social Care Service.
Towards a whole-economy approach to the welfare state: citizens, corporations and the state within the broad welfare mix
Authors: Farnsworth Kevin
Published: January 2020

This chapter argues for a broadening of social policy focus, beyond the mixed economy approach (which incorporates social, private, informal/familial, voluntary, fiscal and occupational welfare) towards a whole economy approach that ‘brings in’ corporate welfare and a broader focus on taxation, public policies that overlap with social policy objectives, power and the economy.
Local variations in implementing energy-efficiency policy: how third sector organisations influenced cities’ responses to the Green Deal
Authors: Ince Rebecca
Published: January 2020

Between 2011 and 2016 – the Green Deal era - the UK government encouraged owner occupied households to retrofit their properties, to improve energy efficiency and contribute to reducing carbon emissions, improving energy security and boosting economic development. The ‘Green Deal’ (a finance mechanism and accreditation scheme) the Energy Companies Obligation (a legal requirement for energy companies to fund energy efficiency) and a growing localism agenda were the dominant policies of the era. The Green Deal was implemented through a process of socio-technical experimentation by local coalitions of actors including local authorities, third sector organisations and private sector companies.
This chapter investigates place-based variations in responding to Green Deal policy using three case studies in Bristol, Birmingham and Manchester, and explores the particular contribution that third sector organisations made to each response. These reflections are relevant not only for energy policy but also for other fields delivering policy through localised networks, with often contested interests and priorities.
Institutionalisation in twentieth-century New Zealand
Authors: Hamilton Carol
Published: January 2020

This chapter focuses on the impact of processes of institutionalisation on the lives of people with learning/ intellectual disabilities in twentieth century New Zealand. At the beginning of the twentieth century the country had a burgeoning asylum system, an 1899 immigration act prohibiting ‘idiot persons’, a growing eugenics movement and social policy which sought the confinement of those regarded as difficult or deficient in some way. New Zealand’s Mental Defectives Act of 1911 preceded the British Mental Deficiency Act by two years. An anti-institutionalisation movement began early in post-war New Zealand and by the end of the century there had been a paradigm shift in ideas about how and where people labelled intellectually disabled should live. While problems and challenges remain, and the reform movement goes on, the success of the deinstitutionalization movement should not be underestimated.
Intellectual disability policy and practice in twentieth-century United Kingdom
Authors: Jarrett Simon , Walmsley Jan
Published: January 2020

In the first half of the twentieth century UK policy, dominated by the passing of the Mental Deficiency Act in 1913, was not driven solely by eugenic discourse but by a commonly held assumption across the ideological spectrum that the ‘mentally deficient’ population needed ‘fixing’ in some way. Lurking beneath this desire for completeness and the tidying up of the social sphere were deep anxieties about urban modernity and human capacity to meet its challenges. In the second half of the century we see the voice of the person with intellectual disability finally emerge as self-advocacy, as the institutions met their end and care in the community became policy. A so-called ‘golden period’ in the 1990s, characterized by thoughtful policy and a commitment to inclusion, raised hopes of genuine citizenship and improved support. The chapter ends however with a cautionary warning from the 21st century, where gains seem to be receding and the institution rising from its grave.
Mapping cultural intermediaries
Authors: De Propris Lisa
Published: January 2020

This chapter undertakes the first value chain analysis of cultural intermediation, breaking the process down into three stages: creation; commodification; and outreach. Based on a quantitative analysis of the industrial sectors identified as being part of the creative economy, the chapter uses location quotients to analyse the geographic distribution of different parts of the cultural intermediation value chain. It concludes that, like the cultural sector itself, key elements of the intermediation value chain are disproportionately concentrated in south east England and the wealthier parts of English cities. The outreach stage of the value chain – the part most closely linked to communities – is particularly concentrated in city centres. This suggests that a policy debate is needed on the distribution of outreach intermediation activities if the desire is to provide easier connections for deprived communities into creative economic activities.
Dealing with tensions: the expertise of boundary spanners in facilitating community initiatives
Authors: Rauws Ward , de Jong Martine
Published: January 2020

This chapter investigates the tension between bureaucratic expertise and situated knowledge in the context of social innovation. It addresses the frictions that emerge internally in public organisations when they attempt to respond to local demands of social innovation, citizen's engagement, and democratic participation. The chapter's contribution to a critique of contemporary technocratic urban management and planning lies in identifying the key axes of internal conflict between public professional expertise and the situated knowledge in urban neighbourhoods. It particularly looks at the actions of ‘boundary spanners’, and their narratives, to examine the role of a new professional profile within public organisations. Boundary spanners work across organisational boundaries, developing a specific expertise which is instituted to connect the internal working of bureaucracies with the external demands and needs of actors in particular urban areas.
Plurality of expert knowledge: public planners’ experience with urban contractualism in Amsterdam
Authors: Taşan-Kok Tuna , van den Hurk Martijn
Published: January 2020

This chapter focuses on the Dutch planning experience in understanding how planners, as government actors, learn to deal with contracts in complex partnerships with private sector actors. It does so in order to question the technocratic logics of contemporary public–private partnerships (PPPs) focusing on an institutional context where public governments still retain a major leading role in planning for urban development but increasingly operate by devising financial agreements with the private sector. This chapter specifically looks at the use of ‘contracts’ in urban development. Consensus building in the Netherlands is the key approach in any decision-making process, implemented through the ‘polder model’, which is defined as harmonious patterns of interaction between social partners. The Dutch experience demonstrates very clearly that the ways of deal making, and the mechanism of checks and balances in this process, are very dynamic and reflect the changing dynamics of urban governance. This also means that public planners, very consciously, try to reposition themselves to safeguard the public interest.
Finance as technocratic agent in urban development
Authors: Dörry Sabine
Published: January 2020

This chapter explores the impact of a specific type of economic elite in the technocracy on contemporary urban planning. These are the financial and advanced business services (FABS) such as legal, tax, property, and other advisory firms — the ‘technicians’ who keep the financial capitalist system afloat. The chapter argues that this diverse landscape of private experts is becoming increasingly influential in shaping public planning policies and private corporate strategies in real estate development, yet they operate as unaccountable actors, far from any transparent democratic process. The role of the FABS industry is characterised by this sector's ability to generate power and strategic knowledge that determines urban and regional development. The chapter develops and exemplifies its argument in the context of Luxembourg and its vastly dynamic financial economy.
Researching the best-practice: academic knowledge production, planning and the post-politicisation of environmental politics
Authors: Mössner Samuel , de Matos Catarina Gomes
Published: January 2020

This chapter critically approaches the role of academic knowledge. This plays a crucial role in the process of development, identification, and evaluation of the so-called ‘best-practices’ of urban planning worldwide. The chapter takes this focus in order to problematise the normative force that academic knowledge can have and argues that it may contribute to the post-politicisation rather than to contest and reframe practices of urban planning. To substantiate the arguments, the chapter draws on the city of Freiburg in Germany. Despite its severe problems and challenges related to social justice and social equality, this city is widely hailed as a best-practice for sustainable urban development in much of the contemporary academic literature on this issue.
A wicked problem
Authors: Gallent Nick
Published: January 2020

Delivering broader access to decent, affordable housing is a wicked problem – a seemingly intractable challenge that has incubated in a political space. There are numerous competing explanations of the housing cost crisis and each explanation reveals a particular political leaning and a preference for either incremental action (aimed at protecting the status quo) or deeper structural change, which would be difficult to achieve given that the housing crisis is differently experienced depending on the market position of particular groups and actors (generating divergent self-interest). This chapter unpacks the nature of the housing crisis as a wicked problem, showing how and why remedies are highly contested and single actions are unlikely to deliver the fundamental change that is needed – largely because housing has become the centre of economic gravity in many countries, owing to the financialisation of land and housing and increased reliance on asset sheet growth, as a substitute for productivity growth.
Whose housing crisis?
Authors: Gallent Nick
Published: January 2020

Two competing views of the housing crisis are offered. The first is that housing outcomes can be ‘corrected’ within the current political economy – that incremental remedies and ‘fixes’ can be applied, enabling business as usual. The second is that housing outcomes signal a much deeper crisis rooted in fundamental economic processes. Addressing the question whose housing crisis? this chapter asks whether housing stress points simply to an inter-generational crisis manifest in the hardships of ‘generation rent’ (which can be remedied through various supports) or whether there are processes at work that threaten a more pervasive socio-economic breakdown. Issues of inequality, social cohesion and prosperity/wealth are also examined.
An exit strategy
Authors: Gallent Nick
Published: January 2020

The closing chapter explores what might be done immediately to assist households without the homes they need and what might be done in the longer term to shift the function of housing in the economy – de-commodify it and deliver a ‘right’ to housing. There is a need for more planning, essential for the coordination of infrastructure investments that foreground housing development. London’s approach to managing overseas’ investment pressure must be aligned with that of other global centres. The public sector’s role in direct housing provision must be restored. And space must be created for a broader set of housing delivery models, including self-build. In the longer term, patterns of housing consumption can only be shifted through tax reforms that incentivise work over the accumulation of housing wealth. Banks need to prioritise lending to businesses over housing. And the planning system should distinguish between housing as an essential social infrastructure and housing as a financial asset.
Radical democracy
Authors: Spicker Paul
Published: January 2020

The model of civic republicanism is associated with a range of principles: a concept of the common good, citizenship, a presumption of civic virtue and freedom. The idea of radical democracy is strongly associated with a sense of active citizenship, engagement in a political community and collective action. At times, however, it tips into populism, which claims to pit a virtuous people against a corrupt elite, but risks bringing radical democracy into disrepute.
Introduction
Authors: Nicolaisen Heidi , Kavli Hanne Cecilie , Jensen Ragnhild Steen
Published: January 2020

The introduction chapter outline the conceptual framework for the volume and describe the current patterns of part-time work. Part-time work has been a much visited research topic and the typical part-time worker still is a woman with children. Although gender and work-life balance continue to be at the heart of this topic, part-time work is increasingly connected to the political and academic debates about labour market outsiders. The ambition of this volume is to provide an up-to-date account of what kind of labour market phenomenon part-time work is to different categories of workers across Europe, the USA, Australia and South Korea and to explore how part-time is linked to precarious work and labour market dualisation. We discuss how the politics, regulations and institutions at different levels (supranational, national and workplace) have the capacity to influence part-time work. Based on the contributions to this book we present a typology of part-time work which moves beyond the traditional insider/outsider divide and provides a more diverse vocabulary for later analysis of part-time work.
Workplace responses to national regulations to reduce involuntary part-time work
Authors: Kavli Hanne Cecilie , Nicolaisen Heidi , Trygstad Sissel C.
Published: January 2020

The growth in marginalized part-time work is a phenomenon often seen as part of an ongoing dualisation process in the labour market. Involuntary part-time is closely associated with marginalization. In Norway, the policy makers have tried to combat involuntary part-time work by introducing changes in the Working Environment Act (WEA). The intention was to make it easier for involuntary part-time workers to increase their working time. In this chapter, we focus on the Norwegian health care sector, a sector characterised by both part-time work and labour shortage. Drawing on in-depth interviews with employers and workers, we study if the WEA amendments have been effective in terms of providing increased working time for involuntary part-timers. Surprisingly, we find that the changes in the law seem to have produced unintended consequences at the workplace level. Our analysis suggest that some employers interpret the labour law changes as attempts to limit the managerial prerogative and adapt strategically to avoid its implications. This adaptation reduces the chance to escape involuntary part-time for low educated workers with limited power resources, while workers with higher education and a stronger bargaining position to a larger degree can benefit from the new regulations.
Conclusion and prospects
Authors: Kavli Hanne Cecilie , Nicolaisen Heidi
Published: January 2020

In the concluding chapter, we summarise the volume's main findings and discuss some of the possible, future prospects of part-time work. We return to the question of dualisation of part-time work and discuss the capability of policy and regulations to influence the divide between good and bad part-time jobs and labour market insiders and outsiders. The book makes four contributions to the literature and to public debates on part-time work. First, it offers new perspectives and analyses on the regulation of part-time work at the supranational, the national and the workplace levels. Second, it develops a typology of part-time work that goes beyond the traditional insider-outsider divide and provides a more diverse vocabulary for later descriptions and discussions of part-time work. Third, it provides an up-to-date account of part-time work and its consequences in a range of countries and regime types. Fourth, it initiates a debate on the role and implications of part-time work among men.
Platform Biosensing and Post-Genomic Relatedness
Authors: Roberts Celia , Mackenzie Adrian , Mort Maggie , Atkinson Theresa , Kragh-Furbo Mette , Wilkinson Joann
Published: January 2020

How does direct-to-consumer genetic testing alter our perceptions of health, reproduction, families and futurity? DNA genotyping is a form of biosensing concerned with genetic risks, susceptibilities and relatedness. This chapter argues that genotyping services such as 23andMe prompt us to take seriously the platform realities of biosensing. DNA genotyping platforms attempt to aggregate data on an unprecedented scale, to anchor the significance of DNA variations for health and kinship, and to connect DNA variations to health practices and health futures. The biosensors commonly used in DNA genotyping are microarrays. Their architecture and the scale of data they produce are prototypes of scientific big data. The internet platforms and products associated with direct-to-consumer DNA genotyping embody a personalizing approach to health and medicine, even though the connections between underpinning scientific findings concerning genomic variation and clinical interventions or treatments are mostly tenuous. At the same time, because the significance of the million or so variations reported in a typical DNA genotype is mostly undefined, the data has led to many attempts to create new connections, to experiment with novel collective forms of analysis and treatment, and to build new relations between biology, medicine and everyday life.
Introduction: social work and the making of social policy
Authors: Klammer Ute , Leiber Simone , Leitner Sigrid
Published: January 2020

Both social policy and social work contribute to processes of societal (dis-)integration in modern welfare states of the ‘global North’. The interdependence of the two fields is quite often framed as a one-way road: Reforms in generalised social policy schemes affect social work top-down. By contrast, this book underscores the mutuality of the relationship between social policy and social work by focusing on the bottom-up influence of social work(ers) on the making of social policy, as well as the role of social workers as implementers. The introductory chapter gives an overview of the state of the art regarding this research perspective. In addition, it presents a conceptual framework of social work’s role in social policy-making by using the policy cycle as the core analytical lens. The chapter reflects on possibilities for political influence at the different stages of the policy cycle and explores the opportunities of political action open to different types of social work actors.
What do we know about citizens’ perception of the welfare state?
Authors: Ejrnæs Anders , Greve Bent , Greve Bent
Published: January 2020

This chapter deals with and uses several surveys and studies that have tried to depict citizens’ (and thereby voters’) perception of what welfare states should do and what they do not support, or at least support to a lesser degree, as the responsibilities of the welfare state
Paul Stubbs
Authors: Clarke John , Brown Wendy , Cochrane Allan , Cooper Davina , Grossberg Larry , Larner Wendy , Lewis Gail , Li Tania Murray , Maskovsky Jeff , Newman Janet , Sharma Anu (Aradhana) , Stubbs Paul , Williams Fiona
Published: January 2020

The conversation begins from reflections on place and being ‘out of place’ in intellectual work, before turning to puzzles about studying policy. It then considers the practices of making things up (imagining and assembling) and the place of agency in studying such practices. It ends with a discussion of the fear of being found out.
The New Politics of Home
Authors: Jupp Eleanor , Bowlby Sophie , Franklin Jane , Hall Sarah Marie
Published: January 2020

With an innovative focus on home and care, this book is an intervention into debates about social policy and welfare at a time of crisis, with a particular focus on the UK. Such a crisis involves austerity, economic restructuring, worsening inequality and resulting issues of resources, rationing and affordability. The book illuminates how these economic and political changes are re-shaping experiences of home and care for many households. By bringing together a unique set of interdisciplinary perspectives to bear on the topics of home, care, austerity and welfare crisis, the book develops conceptual and methodological resources for exploring these often hidden yet crucial aspects of everyday lives. Topics covered include the changing place of the home within social care policy, housing and inequality, researching family lives under austerity, and the restructuring of children’s services. Ultimately the book argues that the home needs to be understood as a site of political and economic contestation, and that forms of feminist research and analysis can enable new interventions into this terrain.
Caring in domestic spaces: inequalities and housing
Authors: Bowlby Sophie
Published: January 2020

This chapter examines how attention to issues of care could alter approaches to housing policy. It focuses on the interplay between housing and social inequalities. It contributes to intersectional analyses of care practices by combining analysis of the material, symbolic and economic aspects of housing’s intersections with caring relationships within the home. It discusses the role of housing in care as: an asset to finance care; as a built form; as a source of identity and ontological security; and as a base for fostering networks of support. It shows that that these wider implications of viewing dwellings as sites of care are significant for housing and wider social policy.
Employee Proactivity in Organizations
Authors: Wu Chia-Huei
Published: January 2020

What makes some people more likely to initiate positive change within their organizations? Why some employees are more proactive than others? Can this behavior be influenced by management? What supervisors, team managers and organizations can do to promote employees’ proactivity? Employee proactivity has largely been understood in terms of employees changing their environment or changing themselves. People who are proactive envision a better future and take action to achieve it. They should be confident, motivated, and energetic, as it is not always easy to bring about change. Being supported in relationships with surrounding others is the greatest aid to such courage. By introducing and developing the notion of attachment theory as a new theoretical lens through which to examine such behavior, this book unpacks a relational basis of proactivity and provides academics with a new way of thinking about employee behavior and creates a compelling guide for practitioners and managers.
Work, Labour and Cleaning
Authors: Singha Lotika
Published: January 2020

The outsourcing of domestic work in the UK has been steadily rising since the 1970s, but little research has considered the experiences of local White British women working as independent cleaning service-providers.Domestic work in India is increasingly researched but mostly with a regional focus. Through a nuanced cross-cultural analysis of outsourced domestic cleaning in a particular social context in the UK and India, this book provides a fresh perspective on domestic work: that outsourced domestic cleaning can be done as work (using mental and manual skills and labour) or as labour (understood as requiring mainly manual labour accompanied by ‘natural’ emotional/affective labour), depending on the work conditions. The book challenges feminist dogma and popular myths about housework.
Behind the Words: Introducing the Research Project and Respondents
Authors: Singha Lotika
Published: January 2020

This chapter first elaborates on the research project informing this book. Next, based on descriptive analyses, the chapter situates the research samples in the broader social worlds from which they were drawn. The analyses provide early evidence in this book for the mediating effect of socioeconomic class on role of other axes of inequality in paid domestic work.
The Imperfect Contours of Outsourced Domestic Cleaning as Dirty Work
Authors: Singha Lotika
Published: January 2020

This chapter considers the symbolic construction of domestic cleaning as dirty work and the real, physical work of dealing with dirt. Through the lens of outsourced domestic cleaning – how much cleaning is necessary and what can be outsourced – the chapter shows that an ‘objective’ analysis of human experiences of dealing with real physical dirt is not possible without reference to dirt’s moral meanings for the researched as well as the researcher. The chapter concludes that the dirty work approach offers an incomplete understanding of paid domestic work and that an alternative paradigm is required.
Time, Migration and Forced Immobility
Authors: Stock Inka
Published: January 2020

This book is concerned with the effects of European migration policy on migrants in the Global South. In particular, it uncovers how border enforcement policies and the crackdown on irregular migration affect the life of migrants in so called ‘transit’ countries outside the European Union. The material for this study is based on ethnographic research in Morocco with migrants from Sub-Saharan Africa. The book is mainly concerned with the human and social effects of immobility during the migratory journey. It describes how migration policies in and outside Morocco contribute to a situation where migrants get stuck in Morocco for years, and in the process become increasingly marginalized from participation in society. These prolonged periods of forced immobility negatively affect migrants’ life course, as well as their relation to the present, past and future. This alters their feelings of identity, their social relations to friends and relatives, and their aspirations for the future. The immense human suffering this situation implies has a tendency to further reinforce their wish to leave the country, rather than encouraging them to abandon their migratory projects. The book links these empirical insights on immobility to social theories of time. It argues that the fragmentation of migration processes and immobilization of migrants has an impact on migrants’ view of their own lives as ‘out of sync’ with modernity. Thinking about migration and immobility in relation to time offers a different perspective on migration processes which have until now mostly been theorized through reference to concepts of space.
Facing Time and the Absurd
Authors: Stock Inka
Published: January 2020

This chapter changes the perspective and focuses on migrants’ image of themselves when stuck in Morocco. It describes the experience of being stuck in transit as an existential dilemma and analyses migrants’ efforts to resynchronize their temporal frames of reference with those of the external world. Through the stories of migrants I interviewed, I show how people become disconnected from the past and the future and struggle with a meaningless life in the present. This places them in a situation which they themselves conceive as absurd or senseless. This existence “out of time” can affect their capacity to take informed decisions about their life, to plan for the future and to care for their relations with families back home.
ASEAN Resistance to Sovereignty Violation
Authors: Southgate Laura
Published: January 2020

This book investigates the history of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations’ (ASEAN) stance on external intervention in regional affairs. It asks when has ASEAN state resistance to sovereignty challenges succeeded, and when have they failed? ASEAN’s history of (non)resistance is understood in terms of a realist theoretical logic, focusing on the relationship between an ASEAN ‘vanguard state’ and selected external powers. A ‘vanguard state’ is defined as an ASEAN state that comes to the fore of the Association when it has vital interests at stake that it wishes to pursue. Whilst a state’s interests may vary, vital interests relate to state survival and the preservation of state sovereignty. Once a vanguard state has come to prominence, it will perform two major functions, which reflect an external balancing logic. The vanguard state will actively seek out an external power whose interests align with its own, and will seek to portray a united ASEAN front in support of its interests. Using case study analysis and drawing on a large amount of previously unanalysed material, this book contends that when an ASEAN vanguard state has interests that converge with those of an external power, it has an active and substantial role in resisting sovereignty violation.
The Future of ASEAN Sovereignty?
Authors: Southgate Laura
Published: January 2020

This chapter concludes by analysing the research findings to provide a definitive response to the central research question advanced in this book. In doing so, it assesses the applicability of vanguard state theory to sovereignty violation in Southeast Asia, and concludes by considering the potential effects of humanitarian intervention and the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) on the future of ASEAN sovereignty.
Imaginative Criminology
Authors: Seal Lizzie , O'Neill Maggie
Published: January 2020

This distinctive and engaging book proposes an imaginative criminology, focusing on how spaces of transgression are lived, portrayed and imagined. These include spaces of control or confinement, including prison and borders, and spaces of resistance. Examples range from camps where asylum seekers and migrants are confined to the exploration of deviant identities and the imagined spaces of surveillance and control in young adult fiction. Drawing on oral history, fictive portrayals, walking methodologies, and ethnographic and arts-based research, the book pays attention to issues of gender, sexuality, age, ethnicity, mobility and nationality as they intersect with lived and imagined space.
Creative Writing and the Imagined Spaces of Imprisonment
Authors: Seal Lizzie , O’Neill Maggie
Published: January 2020

This chapter discusses two creative writing projects with men in HM Prisons Lewes and Durham. It examines methodological issues associated with the relevance of space and setting to participatory arts (PA) research in prison, and the imaginative writing produced by participants. Memories, relationships, and the experience of ‘inside’ and ‘outside’ were all significant features of prisoners’ writing. This writing is read not simply as ‘research data’ but also as creative and cultural expression. The Lewes project involved using texts from the Mass Observation Archive as inspiration for prisoners’ poetry. Themes of creative writing, history and criminal justice are taken up in relation to the Durham project in which creative writing groups ‘inside’ and ‘outside’ Durham prison wrote ghost stories based on the prison and the history of crime and punishment in the city. These are explored in this chapter, along with a crime walk that was developed as part of the project, which serves as an example of public criminology.
Border Spaces and Places: the Age of the Camps
Authors: Seal Lizzie , O’Neill Maggie
Published: January 2020

This chapter discusses arts-based research (filmic analysis and walking ethnographies) with asylum seekers and migrants waiting in border spaces, mostly in camps (in Greece, France, Jordan and Melilla) to move on with their journey. The construction of the camp as a site of containment, constraint and a border space and what this means in the lives of the people and families waiting, some for many years, is examined through narrative interviews, photographs and filmic work. The chapter examines the constitution of space through the relational, embodied and imagined experiences of migrants and the material and symbolic concept of the border and border spaces in their lives, journeys and sense of belonging.
A Study of Socio-spatial Segregation of Rural Migrants in Shenzhen
Authors: Li Zhigang , Ou Shunxian , Wu Rong
Published: January 2020

To decode cities, Robert Park brought two issues into consideration, segregation and migration, which are also key to understanding the Global South cities today, such as Shenzhen, the laboratory of post-reform China. Similar to Chicago, Shenzhen is a well-known prospering ‘migrant city’, where we identified marked sociospatial segregation of rural migrants. Unlike Chicago, however, the segregation of migrants in Shenzhen is largely determined by some institutional factors such as hukou system, the urban and rural dualism, and its ‘world factory’ regime. Moreover, through the examination of Shenzhen’s Foxconn complex, we identified some difficulties encountered by migrants in integrating into Shenzhen or returning to their hometowns, that is, becoming either urbanities or returnees. Rural migrants have been stuck in a specific status of in- between urban and rural. This supports the argument of Park who stated that the city is a ‘psychophysical mechanism’, in which physical space and human sentiments interact. From Chicago in 1916 to Shenzhen in 2016, the segregation of migrants is still a major challenge for cities to address.
Collective Action and Dimensions of Power
Authors: Dowding Keith
Published: January 2020

Taking the resource bargaining model of the previous chapter and applying the theory of action this chapter explodes some myths about the analysis of power. It carefully explains Steven Lukes three dimensions of power which forms the basis of much of the analysis of social power and then demonstrates Lukesaccount can be re-interpreted within the resource bargaining model. We do not need to impute several dimensions of power. By ignoring the collective action problem Lukes commits the same error that he attributes to others in their analysis of power. The chapter elucidates the political power or blame fallacy wherein one groups failure to promote their interests is explained by another’s group power over them. But groups can be powerless all on their own, and that is true even if the other groups could act to stop them. Distinguishing the capacity to act and the actual exercise of power is important if we wish to measure the power in society. We have to model capacities since they are not always revealed through action. It discusses the important work of John Gaventa and how his findings can be interpreted through the resource-bargaining model. It then applies the analysis to local government in the local state autonomy and the growth machine model.
Survey-based Research on Science and Religion: A Review and Critique
Authors: Hill Jonathan P.
Published: January 2020

This chapter evaluates survey measures, primarily from the USA, on science, religion and beliefs about human origins. The bulk of the chapter offers a compilation of measures used in high quality, representative surveys. This scope is limited to the two most central types of items: those measuring beliefs about the relationship between science and religion and those measuring beliefs about evolution and human origins. Measures are analysed for trends over time and disaggregated by key measures of religious identity, practice, and belief. The chapter concludes with several critiques and considerations for improving survey-based analysis of science and belief. These critiques include a call for measures to be more carefully calibrated to how the public reflects on these issues. They also encourage the development of new measures on morality, progress, teleology (for both religion and science). Likewise, they argue that measures of social context (friends, family, congregations), and group identity and dynamics are often missed by conventional measures. Finally, the conclusion calls for careful attention to domains of conflict outside of human origins along with the development of techniques to avoid unintentionally priming conflict between religion and science.