bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Population genomic analysis uncovers African and European admixture inDrosophila melanogasterpopulations from the southeastern United States and Caribbean Islands
Authors: Kao Joyce Y. , Zubair Asif , Salomon Matthew P. , Nuzhdin Sergey V. , Campo Daniel
Published: September 2014

Genome sequences from North AmericanDrosophilamelanogaster populations have become available to the scientific community. Deciphering the underlying population structure of these resources is crucial to make the most of these population genomic resources. Accepted models of North American colonization generally purport that several hundred years ago, flies from Africa and Europe were transported to the east coast United States and the Caribbean Islands respectively and thus current east coast US and Caribbean populations are an admixture of African and European ancestry. Theses models have been constructed based on phenotypes and limited genetic data. In our study, we have sequenced individual whole genomes of flies from populations in the southeast US and Caribbean Islands and examined these populations in conjunction with population sequences from Winters, CA, (USA); Raleigh, NC (USA); Cameroon (Africa); and Montpellier (France) to uncover the underlying population structure of North American populations. We find that west coast US populations are most like European populations likely reflecting a rapid westward expansion upon first settlements into North America. We also find genomic evidence of African and European admixture in east coast US and Caribbean populations, with a clinal pattern of decreasing proportions of African ancestry with higher latitude further supporting the proposed demographic model of Caribbean flies being established by African ancestors. Our genomic analysis of Caribbean flies is the first study that exposes the source of previously reported novel African alleles found in east coast US populations.
Quality maternal and newborn care to ensure a healthy start for every newborn in the World Health Organization Western Pacific Region
Authors: Obara H , Sobel H
Published: September 2014

In the World Health Organization Western Pacific Region, the high rates of births attended by skilled health personnel (SHP) do not equal access to quality maternal or newborn care. ‘A healthy start for every newborn’ for 23 million annual births in the region means that SHP and newborn care providers give quality intrapartum, postpartum and newborn care. WHO and the UNICEF Regional Action Plan for Healthy Newborn Infants provide a platform for countries to scale‐up Early Essential Newborn Care (EENC). The plan emphasises the creation of an enabling environment for the practice of EENC; thereby, preventing 50 000 newborn deaths annually.
Lessons from the confidential enquiry into maternal deaths, Malaysia
Authors: Ravichandran J , Ravindran J
Published: September 2014

Malaysia has successfully reduced maternal mortality through several efforts which, in the broad sense, include (i) the overall socio‐economic development of the country; (ii) strengthened health services; and (iii) specific efforts and initiatives for the reduction of maternal mortality, one of which is the audit of maternal deaths by the confidential enquiry into maternal deaths.
Maternal death review in selected countries of South East Asia Region
Authors: Mathur A , Awin N , Adisasmita A , Jayaratne K , Francis S , Sharma S , Myint T
Published: September 2014

Understanding the underlying factors that led to maternal deaths through a maternal death review (MDR) throws light on the causes, characteristics and circumstances of the death. We reviewed and report on the implementation of MDR in India, Indonesia, Myanmar, Nepal and Sri Lanka, capturing the experiences of MDR initiatives, follow‐up actions and lessons learnet. Overall, while the findings from MDRs have been used to design or change policies and strategies for improvement of services provided, there are still challenges in scaling up these initiatives, particularly in the larger countries.
Fecal microbial diversity and putative function in captive western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla), common chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), Hamadryas baboons (Papio hamadryas) and binturongs (Arctictis binturong)
Authors: McKENNEY Erin A. , ASHWELL Melissa , LAMBERT Joanna E. , FELLNER Vivek
Published: September 2014

Microbial populations in the gastrointestinal tract contribute to host health and nutrition. Although gut microbial ecology is well studied in livestock and domestic animals, little is known of the endogenous populations inhabiting primates or carnivora. We characterized microbial populations in fecal cultures from gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla), common chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), Hamadryas baboons (Papio hamadryas) and binturongs (Arctictis binturong) to compare the microbiomes associated with different gastrointestinal morphologies and different omnivorous feeding strategies. Each species was fed a distinct standardized diet for 2 weeks prior to fecal collection. All diets were formulated to reflect the species' feeding strategies in situ. Fresh fecal samples were pooled within species and used to inoculate in vitro batch cultures. Acetate, propionate, butyrate and valerate were measured after 24 h of incubation. Eubacterial DNA was extracted from individual fecal samples, pooled, and the cpn60 gene region was amplified and then sequenced to identify the major eubacterial constituents associated with each host species. Short chain fatty acids (P < 0.001) and methane (P < 0.001) were significantly different across species. Eubacterial profiles were consistent with fermentation data and suggest an increase in diversity with dietary fiber.
CD29 of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells is required for expansion of CD34+ cells
Authors: Yang Y. , Hu M. , Zhang Y. , Li H. , Miao Z.
Published: September 2014

Objectives

Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hUCMSCs) play a critical role in expanding haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) by providing the essential microenvironment for haematopoiesis. In this study, we sought to investigate whether CD29 of hUCMSCs would play a key role in the ability of hUCMSCs to help expand HSCs in vivo and in vitro.

Material and methods

To investigate whether CD29 of hUCMSCs would play a key role for the ability of hUCMSCs to expand HSCs, soluble anti‐CD29 antibody was added to co‐cultures of hUCMSCs and cord blood (CB) CD34+ cells. It significantly blocked expansion of CB CD34+ cells induced by hUCMSCs. Using CD29‐deficient hUCMSCs models, long‐term culture‐initiating cell and non‐obese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficient disease mouse repopulating cell assay, revealed that CB CD34+ cells co‐cultured with CD29‐deficient hUCMSCs only retained the capacity of multipotent differentiation for 5 weeks at the most.

Results

Soluble anti‐CD29 antibody significantly blocked expansion of CB CD34+ cells induced by hUCMSCs. CB CD34+ cells co‐cultured with CD29‐deficient hUCMSCs only retained the capacity of multipotent differentiation for 5 weeks at the most.

Conclusions

CB CD34+ cells co‐cultured with CD29‐deficient hUCMSCs gave rise to all major haematopoietic lineages, but failed to engraft long term.
Insiders and outsiders: local government and NGO engagement in disaster response in Guimaras, Philippines
Authors: Espia Juhn Chris P. , Fernandez Pepito
Published: September 2014

This paper examines local government and non‐governmental organisation (NGO) engagement in disaster response in the wake of the M/T Solar 1 oil spill in Guimaras, Western Visayas, Philippines, on 11 August 2006. It assesses the response activities of these two entities as well as the institutional factors that affected their interaction on the ground. Local government and NGO engagement was shaped by multi‐layered, overlapping, and oftentimes contending government‐designed response frameworks. Within these frameworks, government actors played the role of primary implementer and provider of relief, allowing them to determine who could be involved and the extent of their involvement. The absence of formal roles for NGOs in these frameworks not only undermines their ability to work in a setting where such institutional set‐ups are operational but also it reaffirms their ‘outsider’ status. This study of the Guimaras oil spill illustrates the complexity and the institutional difficulties inherent in disaster response and coordination in the Philippines.
Displacement as a predictor of functional impairment in tsunami‐exposed children
Authors: Lee Christopher , Du Ye Beverly , Christina Desy , Palfrey Judith , O'Rourke Edward , Belfer Myron
Published: September 2014

Thirty months after the Indian Ocean tsunami of 26 December 2004, thousands of families in Aceh Province, Indonesia, remained in temporary barracks while sanitation conditions and non‐governmental organisation support deteriorated. This study sought to determine the factors associated with functional impairment in a sample of 138 displaced and non‐displaced Acehnese children. Using multivariate linear regression models, it was found that displacement distance was a consistent predictor of impairment using the Brief Impairment Scale. Exposure to tsunami‐related trauma markers was not significantly linked with impairment in the model. Paternal employment was a consistent protective factor for child functioning. These findings suggest that post‐disaster displacement and the subsequent familial economic disruption are significant predictors of impaired functioning in children's daily activities. Post‐disaster interventions should consider the disruption of familiar environments for families and children when relocating vulnerable populations to avoid deleterious impacts on children's functioning.
Association of Left Atrial Booster‐Pump Function with Heart Failure Symptoms in Patients with Severe Aortic Stenosis and Preserved Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction
Authors: Imanishi Junichi , Tanaka Hidekazu , Sawa Takuma , Motoji Yoshiki , Miyoshi Tatsuya , Mochizuki Yasuhide , Fukuda Yuko , Tatsumi Kazuhiro , Matsumoto Kensuke , Okita Yutaka , Hirata Ken‐ichi
Published: September 2014

Background

Identification of heart failure (HF) symptoms in patients with severe aortic stenosis (AS) and preserved left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction (EF) is clinically important, but assessment of HF symptoms is challenging. It was recently reported that resting left atrium (LA) functions are related to exercise performance and are also important prognostic markers for patients with HF. The aim of this study was to assess the association of the HF symptoms with LA function in patients with severe AS and preserved LVEF.

Methods

We retrospectively studied 40 patients with severe AS and preserved LVEF (all ≥50%) who were referred for aortic valve replacement (AVR). LA reservoir (SR‐LAs), conduit (SR‐LAe), and booster‐pump (SR‐LAa) functions were determined as the averaged global LA speckle tracking longitudinal strain rate from apical four‐ and two‐chamber views. Twenty patients were symptomatic and 20 asymptomatic.

Results

Aortic stenosis severity was similar for the 2 groups. Symptomatic status was associated with age, LV mass index, hemoglobin, B‐type natriuretic peptide, LV end‐systolic volume index, LVEF, LA volume index, SR‐LAs, SR‐LAe, and SR‐LAa. Importantly, multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that SR‐LAa was the only independent determinant of symptomatic status (OR = 0.242, P = 0.002). Furthermore, significant improvement of SR‐LAa was observed along with the reduction in LA volume index and LV mass index after AVR.

Conclusions

SR‐LAa was found to be associated with the HF symptoms. Characterization of LA booster‐pump function may be useful for the assessment of the symptomatic status in patients with severe AS patients and limited physical activity.
Best Method for Right Atrial Volume Assessment by Two‐Dimensional Echocardiography: Validation with Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: Ebtia Mahasti , Murphy Darra , Gin Kenneth , Lee Pui K. , Jue John , Nair Parvathy , Mayo John , Barnes Marion E. , Thompson Darby J. S. , Tsang Teresa S. M.
Published: September 2014

Aim

Echocardiographic methods for estimating right atrial (RA) volume have not been standardized. Our aim was to evaluate two‐dimensional (2D) echocardiographic methods of RA volume assessment, using RA volume by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as the reference.

Methods and Results

Right atrial volume was assessed in 51 patients (mean age 63 ± 14 years, 33 female) who underwent comprehensive 2D echocardiography and cardiac MRI for clinically indicated reasons. Echocardiographic RA volume methods included (1) biplane area length, using four‐chamber view twice (biplane 4C‐4C); (2) biplane area length, using four‐chamber and subcostal views (biplane 4C‐subcostal); and (3) single plane Simpson's method of disks (Simpson's). Echocardiographic RA volumes as well as linear RA major and minor dimensions were compared to RA volume by MRI using correlation and Bland–Altman methods, and evaluated for inter‐observer reproducibility and accuracy in discriminating RA enlargement. All echocardiography volumetric methods performed well compared to MRI, with Pearson's correlation of 0.98 and concordance correlation ≥0.91 for each. For bias and limits of agreement, biplane 4C‐4C (bias −4.81 mL/m2, limits of agreement ±9.8 mL/m2) and Simpson's (bias −5.15 mL/m2, limits of agreement ±10.1 mL/m2) outperformed biplane 4C‐subcostal (bias −8.36 mL/m2, limits of agreement ±12.5 mL/m2). Accuracy for discriminating RA enlargement was higher for all volumetric methods than for linear measurements. Inter‐observer variability was satisfactory across all methods.

Conclusions

Compared to MRI, biplane 4C‐4C and single plane Simpson's are highly accurate and reproducible 2D echocardiography methods for estimating RA volume. Linear dimensions are inaccurate and should be abandoned.
Use of an ungulate‐specific feed structure as a potential tool for controlling feral goats in Australian forest ecosystems
Authors: Hunt Rob J. , Claridge Andrew W. , Fleming Peter J. S. , Cunningham Ross B. , Russell Benjamin G. , Mills Douglas J.
Published: September 2014

The feral Goat (Capra hircus) has successfully exploited a range of landscapes around the world with occurrences of overabundance resulting in significant damage to ecological values. In forested ecosystems in Australia, there are currently limited means to control the species when compared to the range of management techniques available for other pest animals. To redress this deficiency, we designed a feed structure combined with commercially available salt blocks to attract goats to set locations in a forested study area. Structures that exploited differences in the pedal morphology (foot size and shape) of native herbivores (kangaroos and wallabies) and ungulates (feral goats and deer) were found to be highly target‐specific, with feral goats freely able to access salt blocks, whilst nontarget native species were effectively excluded. Other introduced ungulate species, Fallow Deer (Dama dama) and Red Deer (Cervus elaphus), successfully accessed salt blocks in feed structures but at a considerably lower rate than feral goats. The capacity to present a range of bait types within a target‐specific feed structure, once matched with a humane toxicant, could provide land managers with an additional cost‐effective lethal control tool for future management of feral ungulates, particularly goats.
Preparation and characterization of W/O microemulsion for removal of oily make‐up cosmetics
Authors: Kim E. J. , Kong B. J. , Kwon S. S. , Jang H. N. , Park S. N.
Published: September 2014

Synopsis

Objective

In the present study, W/O microemulsions (MEs) were prepared for efficient removal of oily make‐up cosmetics and the detergency characteristics were studied.

Methods

The W/O MEs were prepared by mixing of a spontaneous emulsifier, cosurfactant and oil, and solubilizing the mixture during addition of water. The wettability and emulsifying activity were, respectively, evaluated by measuring contact angle and absorbance after preparing a total of 20 samples using three emulsifying systems and seven oils.

Results

Based on the results, a lower viscosity of the oil component is favourable for higher wettability, and the lower the viscosity of the emulsifying systems, the higher the wettability of the ME. Except in the case of oleic acid (OA), oils having high polarity showed significant emulsifying activity. The equation describing was derived from the detergency measurement results, and it was verified that the wettability contributed more significantly to the detergency than the emulsifying activity.

Conclusion

These results suggest that the prepared W/O microemulsions can be utilized as cleaning agents for efficient removal of oily make‐up cosmetics.
Validation of the Sysmex CS5100 coagulation analyzer and comparison to the Stago STA‐R analyzer for routine coagulation parameters
Authors: Geens T. , Vertessen F. , Malfait R. , Deiteren K. , Maes M.B.
Published: September 2014

Introduction

The CS5100 analyzer (Sysmex) was validated for the determination of routine coagulation parameters. This fully automated coagulation analyzer uses multiple wavelength technology to perform coagulation (e.g., activated partial thromboplastin time – APTT, prothrombin time – PT, fibrinogen – FBG), chromogenic (e.g., antithrombin – AT) and immunological (e.g., D‐dimers – DDi) assays.

Methods

A comparison with the currently used STA‐R Evolution (Stago) was performed. Validation and verification of reference values of the CS5100 was performed in accordance to CLSI guidelines (H57‐A, H47‐A2, and C28‐A3).

Results

As a different detection system and reagents were used, significant differences were observed (e.g. APTT). The within‐day and between‐day imprecision, accuracy and total error were all acceptable. The reference values defined by the manufacturer could be used except for APTT. In our settings, the therapeutic anti‐Xa range of 0.3–0.7 IU/mL corresponded to an APTT range of 60–100 s (Dade actin FS reagent). The APTT reagent showed factor sensitivities between 46 and 72% for FVIII, IX, XI and XII while the PT reagent showed sensitivities between 34 and 52% for FII, FV, FXII, and FX.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the CS5100 instrument is suitable for the determination of the APTT, PT, FBG, DDi and AT in routine analysis.
The role of training in reducing poverty: the case of microenterprise development in India
Authors: Bharti Nisha
Published: September 2014

Self‐employment in general and microenterprise in particular is evolving as a prospective option for income generation and the reduction of poverty in developing economies such as India. However, a lack of skills among the poor has been identified as one of the key hindrances in promoting microenterprises and, therefore, in reducing poverty. Various initiatives have been taken to promote entrepreneurship among the poor and the present study seeks to examine the role of training in this process. The conclusion is that provision of training alone may not always help in promoting entrepreneurship. The training itself must meet the needs of the trainees, and other strategic variables, particularly access to finance, may need to be in play.
Molecular Phylogeny of the Parasitic Dinoflagellate Chytriodinium within the Gymnodinium Clade (Gymnodiniales, Dinophyceae)
Authors: Gómez Fernando , Skovgaard Alf
Published: September 2014

The dinoflagellate genus Chytriodinium, an ectoparasite of copepod eggs, is reported for the first time in the North and South Atlantic Oceans. We provide the first large subunit rDNA (LSU rDNA) and Internal Transcribed Spacer 1 (ITS1) sequences, which were identical in both hemispheres for the Atlantic Chytriodinium sp. The first complete small subunit ribosomal DNA (SSU rDNA) of the Atlantic Chytriodinium sp. suggests that the specimens belong to an undescribed species. This is the first evidence of the split of the Gymnodinium clade: one for the parasitic forms of Chytriodiniaceae (Chytriodinium, Dissodinium), and other clade for the free‐living species.
Organizational Identification during a Merger: The Role of Self‐Enhancement and Uncertainty Reduction Motives during a Major Organizational Change
Authors: Elstak Mirdita N. , Bhatt Mamta , Van Riel Cees B. M. , Pratt Michael G. , Berens Guido A. J. M.
Published: September 2014

Past research focuses predominantly on self‐enhancement as a motive underlying organizational identification even though there have been several calls for examining multiple motives of identification. Our research explores the interplay of the self‐enhancement and the uncertainty reduction motives in shaping identification during a major organizational change: a merger of a business unit with its parent corporation. Based on analysis of survey responses collected from 751 employees of the merging business unit, we find that the self‐enhancement motive, measured via attractiveness of perceived organizational identity and perceived external prestige, continues to influence identification during this merger. However, its effects are diminished when considering the effect of the uncertainty reduction motive. In particular, in addition to affecting identification directly, this latter motive, measured via agreement with projected identity of the business unit and identification with a distal target (i.e., the parent corporation), decreases the effect of perceived external prestige on business unit identification. Our research answers longstanding calls for understanding organizational identification motives beyond self‐enhancement, and shows how multiple identification motives work during a major organizational change: a time when identification is strongly needed, yet hard to garner.
The Effect of Spillovers and Congestion on the Endogenous Formation of Jurisdictions
Authors: ODDOU REMY
Published: September 2014

This paper analyzes the effect of interjurisdictional spillovers and congestion of local public services on the segregative properties of endogenous formation of jurisdictions. Households choosing to live at the same place form a jurisdiction which produces congested local public services, which generates positive spillovers to other jurisdictions. In every jurisdiction, the production of the local public services is financed through a local tax based on households' wealth. Local wealth tax rates are democratically determined in every jurisdiction. Households consume the available amount of public services in their jurisdiction and a composite private good. Any household is free to leave its jurisdiction for another that would increase its utility. A necessary and sufficient condition to have every stable jurisdiction structure segregated by wealth is identified: the public services must be either a gross substitute or a gross complement to the private good.
Public and Private Hospitals, Congestion, and Redistribution
Authors: CANTA CHIARA , LEROUX MARIE‐LOUISE
Published: September 2014

This paper studies how congestion in the public health sector can be used as both an in‐kind and in‐cash redistributive tool. In our model, agents differ in productivity and they can obtain a health service either from a congested public hospital or from a noncongested private one at a higher price. With pure in‐kind redistribution, agents fail to internalize their impact on congestion, and the demand for the public hospital is higher than optimal. When productivities are not observable but the social planner can assign agents across hospitals, the optimal congestion is higher than in the full information case in order to relax incentive constraints and foster income redistribution. Finally, if agents can freely choose across hospitals, the optimal subsidy on the private hospital price may be negative or positive depending on the relative importance of redistribution and efficiency concerns. In this case, redistribution is limited if the quality of the public facility depends on the number of users.
The Decline in Shared Collective Conscience as Found in the Shifting Norms and Values of Etiquette Manuals
Authors: Abrutyn Seth , Carter Michael J.
Published: September 2014

In this article we address Emile Durkheim's theory that norms and values become more generalized and abstract in a society as it becomes more complex and differentiated. To test Durkheim's theory we examine etiquette manuals—the common texts that define normative manners and morals in American society. We perform a deductive content analysis on past and present etiquette manuals to understand what changes have occurred regarding shifting behavioral norms and values over time. Our findings suggest that a change has occurred in the presentation and language of contemporary etiquette manuals, reflecting a greater change in the normative order. We find—as Durkheim would expect—that three main shifts have occurred: a shift from specific to general expectations for behavior in social settings, a shift from demanding to more suggestive rules of behavior in social situations, and a weakening in the severity of sanctions for breaches of etiquette.
What's in a Flag? The Protestant Community's Identity, Symbols, and Protests in Belfast
Authors: Mastors Elena , Drumhiller Nicole
Published: September 2014

The British Union flag flew 365 days a year over Belfast City Hall and on designated days plus four specified days at the Ulster Hall and Duncrue Complex. This policy was challenged by the Sinn Féin party, prompting the city council to review the policy. Members of the city council consulted with the community, debated, and ultimately decided in December 2012 to change the policy in favor of designated days at the city council. They also removed the flag at the other two venues. This sparked protests from the Protestant community, some turning violent. The consultative process, the debates surrounding the change in the flag policy, and the reasons for the prolonged and at times violence response by the Protestant community is the result of conflict between both religious and political identity groups. This article examines these protests through the lens of cultural identity within divided communities.
Peace Building and the Politics of Responsibility: Governing Northern Ireland
Authors: McGrattan Cillian
Published: September 2014

This article looks at the implications of the politics of trauma for building and sustaining peace. Drawing in particular on the Northern Irish example, it argues that articulating a commitment to societal responsibility is essential to building a peaceful democracy. The paper brings together recent work on political responsibility by Iris Marion Young and Eric Gordy to explore how models for building democratic peace (consociationalism, deliberative democracy and agonistic democracy) may be reinforced and complemented with a consideration of ideas concerning social connections. While these ideas are implicit within the 1998 Northern Irish peace accord, I suggest that the practice of governing Northern Ireland frequently clashes with the persistence of unresolved issues from the past. The article suggests that a policy of placing responsibility at the forefront of political discourse may work to constrain these clashes.
Friend support and psychological distress in a U.S. adult twin sample
Authors: HORWITZ BRIANA N. , REYNOLDS CHANDRA A. , NEIDERHISER JENAE M. , CHARLES SUSAN T.
Published: September 2014

Friend support is often assumed to exert direct environmental influences on psychological distress, yet the role of both genetic and environmental influences on this association has not been examined. This study investigates whether both genetic and environmental factors explain the link between friend support and psychological distress in adults. The sample was drawn from the Midlife Development in the United States study and included 947 pairs of monozygotic, same‐sex dizygotic (DZ), and opposite‐sex DZ twins. Results showed that genetic influences explain the association between friend support and psychological distress, suggesting that heritable contributions to friend support also shape psychological distress. Interventions focused on psychological distress should consider how individuals' heritable characteristics influence their friend support and psychological distress.
Distribution and Diversity of Salmonella Strains in Shipments of Hatchling Poultry, United States, 2013
Authors: Habing G. G. , Kessler S. E. , Mollenkopf D. F. , Wittum T. E. , Anderson T. C. , Barton Behravesh C. , Joseph L. A. , Erdman M. M.
Published: September 2014

Multistate outbreaks of salmonellosis associated with live poultry contact have been occurring with increasing frequency. In 2013, multistate outbreaks of salmonellosis were traced back to exposure to live poultry, some of which were purchased at a national chain of farm stores (Farm store chain Y). This study was conducted at 36 stores of Farm store chain Y and was concurrent with the timing of exposure for the human outbreaks of salmonellosis in 2013. We used environmental swabs of arriving shipment boxes of hatchling poultry and shipment tracking information to examine the distribution, diversity and anti‐microbial resistance of non‐typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) across farm stores and hatcheries. Isolates recovered from shipment boxes underwent serotyping, anti‐microbial resistance (AMR) testing and pulsed‐field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Postal service tracking codes from the shipment boxes were used to determine the hatchery of origin. The PFGE patterns were compared with the PFGE patterns of NTS causing outbreaks of salmonellosis in 2013. A total of 219 hatchling boxes from 36 stores in 13 states were swabbed between 15 March 2013 and 18 April 2013. NTS were recovered from 59 (27%) of 219 hatchling boxes. Recovery was not significantly associated with species of hatchlings, number of birds in the shipment box, or the presence of dead, injured or sick birds. Four of the 23 PFGE patterns and 23 of 50 isolates were indistinguishable from strains causing human outbreaks in 2013. For serotypes associated with human illnesses, PFGE patterns most frequently recovered from shipment boxes were also more frequent causes of human illness. Boxes positive for the same PFGE pattern most frequently originated from the same mail‐order hatchery. Only one of 59 isolates was resistant to anti‐microbials used to treat Salmonella infections in people. This study provides critical information to address recurrent human outbreaks of salmonellosis associated with mail‐order hatchling poultry.
Strategic Implications of Current Trends in Additive Manufacturing
Authors: Beyer Christiane
Published: September 2014

Additive manufacturing (AM) has become a serious and potential game-changing method of manufacturing over the years since the first commercial technology for “Rapid Prototyping” in 1988. Even though we are advanced, the current accomplishments are still far from the level which can be expected in the future. Innovative approaches toward design are required to capture the full potential of this technology. This paper describes the advantages and possibilities of AM technologies, and how they can be used in various sectors (e.g., engineering, automotive, aerospace, medical, and consumer products, etc.) as alternative methods for manufacturing energy efficient parts with fewer raw materials. To take advantage of the capabilities of these technologies, new and enhanced design methods and procedures are required. This paper addresses strategic implications of widespread adoption of AM. It also reports how engineers need to change their thinking pattern to be able to use the full potential of the AM technologies. Engineers should be aware of the capabilities of the AM technologies and the available material selections to make the right decisions at the beginning of a design process. Also reported herein, in addition to building very complex shapes with various material mixtures, are the capabilities of fabricating lattice and hollow-core structures. Reduction of a product's weight is a great option for saving energy and cost, particularly for the automotive and aerospace sectors. However, it is still important to ensure the part has the necessary strength. The objective of the current research is to analyze and prove how certain shapes of cell structures influence the strength and flexibility of parts. Conclusion address the importance of understanding the strategic implications on AM for government officials, educators, researchers, and industrial leaders.
The Use of Electrostatic Charge Measurements as an Early Warning of Distress in Heavy-Duty Gas Turbines
Authors: Lapini G. L. , Zippo M. , Tirone G.
Published: September 2014

The idea of measuring the electrostatic charge associated with the debris contained in the exhaust gases of a gas turbine (sometimes named EDMS, Engine Debris Monitoring System, or EEMS, Electrostatic Engine Monitoring System) has been demonstrated by several authors as an interesting diagnostic tool for the early warning of possible internal distresses (rubs, coating wear, hot spots in combustors, improper combustion, etc.) especially for jet engines or aeroderivative gas turbines.

While potentially applicable to machines of larger size, the possibility of transferring this monitoring technology to heavy-duty gas turbines, which have exhaust ducts much bigger in size and different operating conditions, should be demonstrated.

The authors present a synthesis of their experience and of the most significant data collected during a demonstration program performed on behalf of ENEL, the main Italian electric utility. The purpose of this program was to test this concept in real operating conditions on large turbines, and hence to evaluate the influence of the operating conditions on the system response and to assess its sensitivity to possible distresses.

A good amount of testing has been performed, during this program, both on a full scale combustion rig, and on two machines rated at about 120 MW, during their normal and purposely perturbed operating conditions in a power plant.

The authors, on the basis of the encouraging results obtained to date, comment on the work still required to bring this technology to full maturity.
The Matching of a Vaned Diffuser With a Radial Compressor Impeller and its Effect on the Stage Performance
Authors: Casey Michael , Rusch Daniel
Published: September 2014

The matching of a vaned diffuser with a centrifugal impeller is examined with a one-dimensional (1D) analysis combined with extensive experimental data. A matching equation is derived to define the required throat area of the diffuser relative to the throat area of the impeller at different design speeds and validated by comparison with a wide range of compressor designs. The matching equation is then used to give design guidelines for the throat area of vaned diffusers operating with impellers at different tip-speed Mach numbers.

An analysis of test data for a range of high pressure ratio turbocharger compressor stages is presented in which different matching between the diffuser and the impeller has been experimentally examined. The test data includes different impellers with different diffuser throat areas over a wide range of speeds. It is shown that the changes in performance with speed and diffuser throat area can be explained on the basis of the tip-speed Mach number which causes both the diffuser and impeller to choke at the same mass flow. Based on this understanding, a radial compressor map prediction method is extended to include this parameter, so that more accurate maps for matched and mismatched vaned diffusers can be predicted.
Determination of Allowable FOD Defects Sizes on the Surface of Gas-Turbine Engine Stator Parts Based on Stress-Concentration Factors
Authors: Pakhomenkov Alexandr , Slobodskoy Denis
Published: September 2014

Requirements for reliability and safety of modern aircraft engines are constantly growing [1–2]. Among these requirements is periodic inspection of the engine condition and condition of its individual parts during operation, for the purpose of evaluation of the risk to operation. This is to ascertain possible damage to various engine parts in the course of operation and progressive wear. Damage can occur for a variety of reasons: ingestion of foreign matter in the engine gas path, operation in extreme and off-design conditions, wear, etc. To trace the engine parts condition and detect various damage on the engine parts, periodic inspection is provided. In case of any damage or deviations on parts, the question of their performance and possibility to break during operation are addressed. There are two ways of answering this question:

1 – experimental demonstration of the required strength of parts with damage;

2 – computational demonstration of the required strength of parts with damage.

The first way requires a good deal of time and money for carrying out the experiments. It is efficient only with enough operational experience in typical parts with various surface damage. While developing a new engine (having no prototypes) it is more reasonable to use computational methods.

To determine the allowable damage of gas-turbine engine parts, a special procedure has been developed. Its main principles consist of the following:

- classification of the typical parts damage by foreign object ingestion;

- determination of the stress concentration factors (Kt) due to damage for various defect sizes;

- determination of strength factors of safety and life for various zones of parts without damage;

- determination of Kt values with which minimum allowable values of strength safety factor and life are attained;

- determination of allowable sizes of various types of damage for all zones of each part based on previously defined Kt dependencies on typical damage sizes.

This methodology is proposed for determination of allowable damage on the surface of gas-turbine engines stator parts caused by foreign object ingestion in order to ensure the required reliability and safety; its experimental verification is foreseen for the future.
A Method for Predicting Contra Rotating Propellers Off-Design Performance
Authors: Dubosc Matthieu , Tantot Nicolas , Beaumier Philippe , Delattre Grégory
Published: September 2014

This article presents a method for predicting contra rotating propellers individual and total performance which is fast and robust enough to be used in performance engine cycle and engine subsystems detailed design. The method is based on the use of single propeller maps and models mutual induced velocities thanks to one-dimensional theories. These velocities are responsible for interferences between propellers. This article goes through the assumptions on which stands the proposed method and shows that it is relevant compared against more complex methods such as lifting line theory and definitively provides a valuable easy-to-enforce preliminary design tool for open rotor propulsor controls sizing.
Computational Geometrically Nonlinear Vibration Analysis of Uncertain Mistuned Bladed Disks
Authors: Capiez-Lernout Evangéline , Soize Christian , Mbaye Moustapha
Published: September 2014

The recent improvements in turbomachinery design requires the analysis of exceptional operating regime of bladed disks corresponding to geometrical nonlinear effects induced by the large displacements/deformations. In addition, the random nature of the mistuning has also to be modeled. First, a mean nonlinear reduced-order model of the tuned bladed disk is explicitly constructed in the context of the finite element method. The investigation is then devoted to the modeling of the mistuning through the nonparametric probabilistic approach extended to the nonlinear geometric context. The stochastic nonlinear equations are solved in the time domain using the Monte Carlo numerical simulation coupled with advanced arc-length methods adapted to high nonlinear response levels. Finally, the methodology is applied through a numerical example of a bladed disk and a nonlinear analysis is performed in both time and frequency domain.
Detailed CFD Modeling of the Mixing Behavior in Oil Supply Pockets of Heavy Duty Gas and Steam Turbine Journal Bearings
Authors: Uhkoetter Stephan , aus der Wiesche Stefan , Joos Franz
Published: September 2014

Oil supply pockets are essential parts for the functionality of journal bearings, because mixing and oil carry-over issues are substantially dominated by these design features. In recent years, the great potential of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) has been recognized. An extensive analysis of the turbulent multiphase flow phenomena including cavitation has been reported for a whole gas and steam turbine journal bearing (GT2012). Furthermore, the complex structure of the turbulent flow in an oil supply pocket has been investigated numerically and validated by Laser-Doppler-Anemometry (LDA) measurements (GT2013). The interaction between oil supply jets with the main flow and the effective mixing behavior remained as challenging tasks. Therefore this study focused on this interaction by means of an up-scaled geometry and a full scale journal bearing. Due to the upscaled geometry, it was possible to assess the flow phenomena experimentally. An extensive CFD analysis including large eddy simulation (LES) was conducted and validated by flow visualizations. The influence of geometric features and performance parameters was investigated. It was found, that even minor changes of the inflow conditions could lead to measurable effects with regard to mixing and oil carry-over behavior.
A Model for the Transient Behavior of Vortex Amplifiers
Authors: May David , Chew John W.
Published: September 2014

Gas turbine air systems perform a critical function in cooling hot components and must be extremely robust. While modulation of these flows during engine operation would allow performance benefits use of mechanical valves with moving parts could compromise reliability. In order to explore use of vortex amplifiers in engine systems, some understanding of their transient behavior within the systems that contain them is required. The present paper considers the unsteady flow characteristics of a vortex amplifier, presenting a 1D transient model that is readily incorporated in engine air systems models. To the authors’ knowledge, until now the transient behavior of these devices has been reproduced using linear empirical models that rely on experimentally derived coefficients, rather than physics based modeling. In this paper a physics based, 1-D model is presented and evaluated. The ability of the model to reproduce the transient behavior of a vortex amplifier is demonstrated through comparison with the experimental results of Kitsios and Boucher [1].
Study of Parametric and Non-Parametric Optimization of a Rotor-Bearing System
Authors: Hahn Youngwon , Cofer John I.
Published: September 2014

The optimization techniques most widely used in various industrial fields for structural optimization generally can be placed into two categories: parametric optimization and non-parametric optimization. In parametric optimization, the parametric variables defining a geometric model are used as design variables. For example, all dimensions defining a structural shape in a CAD (Computer-Aided Design) system can be used as parameters in an optimization process to achieve a desired objective. In non-parametric optimization, an initial outer boundary of the geometry is defined and the optimization process either removes mass without changing the node locations in the calculation mesh (topology optimization) or directly manipulates the node locations (shape optimization) to achieve a desired objective. Nowadays, the combination of both parametric and non-parametric optimization methods can provide an attractive approach to satisfy the requirements of advanced levels of structural performance. While optimization methods have been widely used in many turbomachinery applications, such as turbine and compressor blading, combustors, and casings, in the rotordynamics field, relatively little work has been done to investigate methods for the overall optimization of rotor-bearing-support structures to achieve desired system behavior. In this paper, a combined parametric and non-parametric optimization method is applied to a rotor-bearing-support structure in order to achieve the desired critical speed and unbalance response. The bearing design variables are selected as parametric design variables and topology optimization is applied to the support structure. The entire optimization workflow is constructed in the commercial software Isight, and Abaqus and ATOM (Abaqus Topology Optimization Module) are used for rotordynamics analysis and topology optimization. The desired critical speed and unbalance response can be obtained with the optimized topology of the support structure.
Acoustic Minimization of Rotor-Stator Interaction Noise of Axial Fans by Trailing-Edge Blowing
Authors: Kohlhaas Michael , Carolus Thomas H.
Published: September 2014

The work deals with tonal noise of axial turbo fan stages by rotor-stator interaction. The objective of this study is the reduction of this noise by injection of a secondary mass flow at the rotor blades’ trailing edge (trailing edge blowing, TEB).

A literature survey suggested that at least the tonal rotor/stator interaction sound can be reduced considerably by perfect blade wake filling which usually is achieved by blowing air through slots in the blade trailing edge region. Our own studies proved that this traditional trailing edge blowing strategy is problematic. Hence, in this paper a novel strategy of trailing edge blowing is described. The key idea is the combination of experimental trailing edge blowing with an evolutionary optimization algorithm. Aiming directly at a minimum of far field sound pressure level we identified spanwise trailing edge flowing distributions that reduced the fundamental tone at blade passing frequency (BPF) by 1.4 dB, and at its first harmonic by 21.4 dB (the latter corresponding to a complete elimination). The required blowing mass flow rate is 2% of the mass flow rate through the stage and hence relatively moderate.

3D hot wire measurement revealed that the acoustically relevant upwash velocity fluctuations as seen by the stator are not only caused by the wakes from the rotor blades but also by vortex structures at the rotor’s hub and tip. Traditional trailing edge blowing primarily aims at eliminating the rotor blade wakes. By applying the novel optimization strategy even some (but not all) of those secondary flow structures could be put out of action which eventually led to the reduction of the spectral components observed.
A New Emergency Stop and Control Valve Design: Part 2 — Validation of Numerical Model and Transient Flow Physics
Authors: Musch Christian , Deister Frank , Zimmer Gerta , Balkowski Ingo , Brüggemann Peter , Haslinger Wolfgang
Published: September 2014

In order to enhance steam mass flow through a turbine it becomes necessary to reduce the flow resistance of the turbine inlet valves. Consequently, a replacement of the high pressure turbine inlet valves is required. The valve combination described in this paper consists of a control valve and an emergency stop valve, opposite to the control valve. Both valves share a common valve seat. The control valve is a single-seat valve with integral pilot disc. A pre-stoke is introduced to allow for moderate opening forces. The emergency stop valve closes in countercurrent with the steam mass flow.

The flow through the valve is analyzed by steady state and transient computational flow simulations. In addition to the steam mass flow, the forces acting upon the valve are determined. Transient behavior will be investigated by means of analyzing pressure fluctuations. Therefore frequencies caused by the steam flow are determined in the range up to 2000Hz.

It will be shown that neither steady state nor transient simulations with a simple eddy viscosity turbulence model are capable to correctly predict the complex flow inside the valve. More sophisticated turbulence modeling like Large-Eddy simulation is thus inevitable. Furthermore, the physical phenomena causing the transient behavior are discussed. All findings are verified by comparison of the CFD with the measurements.