bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Optimization of Papaya Seed Oil Production Process (Carica papaya L.) with Soxhlation Extraction Method using Factorial Design
Authors: Salsabila Salsabila , Wisnu Broto R. TD.
Published: June 2023

This study aims to optimize the extraction of papaya seed oil (Carica papaya L.) using a factorial design level 2. Papaya seeds are a significant component of the fruit, comprising approximately 14.3% of the total fruit weight. These seeds contain about 25% vegetable oil, predominantly composed of unsaturated fatty acids, which have the potential to be processed into consumable oil. The extraction method employed is Soxhlet extraction using a non-polar solvent, n-hexane. A factorial design level 23 was utilized to determine the most influential process variables. The variables were considered to the ratio of papaya seed mass to solvent volume (1:7 and 1:11), particle size (10 and 30 mesh), and extraction time (170 and 190 min). Optimization was conducted using the quicker method calculation, where the determination of the largest effect and the largest main effect played a crucial role. The analysis revealed that the ratio of papaya seed mass to solvent volume had the most significant main effect, with an effect value of 0.1217. From the analysis, it was found that the 1:7 ratio produced the lowest level of Free Fatty Acids (FFA) in the oil, at 0.5076%, which aligns with the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) requirement of 0.36-0.82% FFA content. Furthermore, an analysis of density, viscosity, and moisture content was conducted on the 1:7 ratio. The test results showed that the 1:7 ratio resulted in an oil density of 0.924 g/mL, moisture content of 0.07127%, and FFA content of 0.5076%. However, based on theoretical knowledge, an increase in FFA content leads to a decrease in oil quality. Additionally, higher ratios corresponded to increased moisture content and density. In conclusion, the papaya seed oil produced in this study complies with the Indonesian National Standard (SNI, 01-3555-1998) regarding FFA content (0.36-0.82%), moisture content (maximum 0.15%), and density (0.924-0.929 g/mL).
Pengaruh Jumlah Pengemulsi pada Pembuatan Cat Emulsi Berbasis Bahan Alami Kasein dari Susu Sapi
Authors: Purnavita Sari , Oktaviananda Cyrilla , Rinihapsari Elisa , Wibowo Priyo , Primahendra Yosef Bintang Satya
Published: June 2023

Produksi susu sapi yang melimpah tidak diikuti dengan permintaan yang tinggi dari  masyarakat sehingga banyak produk susu sapi yang tidak termanfaatkan. Susu sapi yang masih segar maupun yang sudah rusak memiliki kandungan kasein yang cukup tinggi. Kasein termasuk polimer alami sehingga dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan utama pada pembuatan cat emulsi. Pada pembuatan cat emulsi, faktor yang harus diperhatikan adalah kestabilan emulsi. Maka, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh jumlah pengemulsi (1 gram, 2 gram, 3 gram, dan 4 gram) yang digunakan terhadap karakteristik cat yang meliputi ukuran partikel, waktu kering, viskositas, daya rekat, dan kekerasan. Hasil uji statistik (Uji F) menunjukkan bahwa jumlah pengemulsi memiliki pengaruh terhadap karakteristik cat yang meliputi ukuran partikel, waktu kering, viskositas, daya rekat, dan kekerasan. Hasil penelitian dengan menggunakan uji statistik (Uji F) menunjukkan bahwa jumlah pengemulsi berpengaruh nyata terhadap karakteristik viskositas, ukuran partikel, waktu kering, dan tingkat kekerasan, serta jumlah pengemulsi berpengaruh sangat nyata terhadap karakteristik daya rekat cat. Cat emulsi berbasis kasein dan kapur tohor dengan penambahan bahan pengemulsi CMC sebanyak 4 gram memiliki kualitas yang terbaik, yaitu nilai kekerasan 4 H, daya rekat 97,5%, waktu kering 38,5 menit, ukuran partikel 8,75 mikron, dan viskositas 450 d.Pa.s.   The abundant cow's milk production is not followed by high demand from the public so that many cow's milk products are not utilized. Cow's milk that is still fresh or that has been spoiled has a fairly high casein content. Casein is a natural polymer so it can be used as the main ingredient in the manufacture of emulsion paints. The factor that must be considered in the manufacture of emulsion paint is the stability of the emulsion, thus this study aims to determine the effect of the amount of emulsifier (1 gram, 2 gram, 3 gram, and 4 gram) used on the paint characteristics which include particle size, dry time, viscosity, adhesion, and hardness. Statistical test results (Test F) showed that the amount of emulsifier has an influence on the characteristics of the paint which includes particle size, drying time, viscosity, adhesion, and hardness. The results of the study using statistical tests (Test F) showed that the amount of emulsifier had a significant effect on the characteristics of viscosity, particle size, dry time, and level of hardness, and the amount of emulsifier had a very significant effect on the characteristics of paint adhesion. Casein and quicklime based emulsion paint with the addition of 4 grams of CMC emulsifier has the best quality, namely 4 H hardness, 97.5% adhesion, 38.5 minutes dry time, 8.75 micron particle size, and 450 viscosity. d.Pa.s.
Pembuatan Arang Aktif Dari Gambut Hasil Pirolisis Katalitik Dengan Aktivator NaCl
Authors: Assaury Ghiffary Dalf , Ahnaf Syahda Khairunnisa , Arinanda Aqiila Tasya , Sahraeni Sitti
Published: June 2023

Gambut mengandung senyawa organik seperti hemiselulosa, lignin dan selulosa. Gambut pada bagian atas disebut gambut fibrik dan gambut dapat diolah menjadi arang aktif. Pembuatan arang aktif perlu dilakukan proses karbonisasi dan pada umumnya proses karbonisasi menggunakan metode pirolisis. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk membuat arang aktif dari gambut fibrik dengan menggunakan metode pirolisis katalitik dan aktivasi menggunakan NaCl yang dapat memenuhi standar arang aktif menurut SNI 06-3730-1995 dari parameter kadar air, kadar abu, volatile matter dan daya serap iod. Gambut diproses secara pirolisis katalitik dengan mencampurkan bahan baku gambut dan katalis zeolit alam (1% dari bahan baku) pada suhu 500oC selama 120 menit. Selanjutnya 10 gram arang diaktivasi menggunakan variasi konsentrasi aktivator NaCl 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30% selama 180 menit menggunakan perbandingan 1:10 (berat/volume) dan kecepatan pengadukan 350 rpm. Hasil optimum diperoleh pada NaCl konsentrasi 15%, dengan kadar air 4,71%, kadar abu 24,35%, volatile matter 5,20%, fixed carbon dan daya serap I2 774,14 mg/g. Hasil analisa kadar air dan volatile matter telah memenuhi standar SNI serta daya serap I2 telah memenuhi standar SNI untuk konsentrasi aktivator NaCl 15%. Namun kadar abu semua variasi konsentrasi aktivator masih belum memenuhi standar SNI. 06-3730-1995.  Peat contains organic compounds such as hemicellulose, lignin and cellulose. Peat at the aspart is called fibric peat, can be processed into activated charcoal. The manufacture of activated charcoal requires a carbonization process such as the pyrolysis method. The purpose of this study is making activated charcoal from fibric peat using catalytic pyrolysis and activation method using NaCl to meet activated charcoal standards according to SNI 06-3730-199. Peat is processed by catalytic pyrolysis using natural zeolite catalysts (1% of raw materials) at a temperature of 500oC for 120 minutes. Furthermore, 10 grams of charcoal were activated using variations in NaCl activator concentrations of 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30% for 180 minutes using a ratio of 1:10 (weight/volume) and a stirring speed of 350 rpm. Optimum results were obtained at 15% NaCl concentration, with a moisture content of 4.71%, ash content of 24.35%, volatile matter of 5.20%, fixed carbon of 65.74% and absorption of I2 774.14 mg/g. The results of the analysis of water content, volatile matter, and the absorption capacity of I2 has met the SNI standard for a 15% NaCl activator concentration. However, the ash content of all variations in activator concentrations still does not meet SNI 06-3730-1995.
Crystal structure of dipyridine-k1
N-tris(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-5-oxohept-3-en-3-olato-k2
O,O′)dysprosium(III), DyC43H67O6N2
Authors: Ling Bo-Kai , Huang Ling-Yu
Published: June 2023

DyC43H67O6N2, triclinic,

P

1
‾

$P\overline{1}$

(no. 2), a = 10.384(3) Å, b = 13.502(4) Å, c = 16.972(5) Å, α = 94.903(4)°, β = 98.580(4)°, γ = 105.417(4)°, V = 2248.6(11) Å3, Z = 2, R

gt
(F) = 0.0519, wR

ref
(F
2) = 0.1489, T = 150 K.
The crystal structure of [bis(2,2′-bipyridine-6-carboxylato-κ
3
N,N,O)magnesium(II)]dihydrate, C22H18N4O6Mg
Authors: Xi-Shi Tai , Hong-Chang Li
Published: June 2023

C22H18N4O6Mg, orthorhombic, Pbca (no. 61), a = 15.3055(2) Å, b = 15.1214(2) Å, c = 18.1048(2) Å, V = 4190.19(9) Å3, Z = 8, R

gt
(F) = 0.0376, wR

ref
(F
2) = 0.1069, T = 296 K.
Philosophy Between Interpenetration and Juxtaposition
Authors: Ott Margus
Published: June 2023

While talking about comparative philosophy, we should presumably know what philosophy is. In this paper, the concepts of interpenetration, intensity, and juxtaposition are proposed as philosophical tools to analyse phenomena, including philosophy itself. The axis of interpenetration-juxtaposition is discussed in three domains: embodiment, speaking, and thinking. The role of philosophy is seen, on different levels of interpenetration, as redistribution of concepts, resonance of intensities, and thawing of actualities. In comparative philosophy involving texts from different traditions, these effects should be especially notable.
The Touch of Kongzi’s Irony and Reflections on Methodology
Authors: Amarantidou Dimitra
Published: June 2023

Scholars have often recognized the “touch of irony” in Kongzi’s “collected conversations” (Lunyu 論語 or Analects of Confucius). Some interpreters have taken the ironic face as one of his faces. Others have celebrated the ironic Kongzi as the “true” depiction of the Master. This paper presents two seemingly contrasting images of Kongzi – the non-ironic sage and the ironic non-sage – and looks at their assumptions. I then explore the methodological implications of taking the Master’s irony seriously. I argue that, touching upon irony, any interpretation is necessarily touched by it – it renders itself ironic. Finally, I discuss the post-comparative approach as an ironic approach. Post-comparative readings recognize that identity is the necessary condition for the transformation of identity. In this way, Kongzi’s irony is transformed by but also transforms more familiar, non-Chinese discourses on irony.
Getting to Know Knowing-as as Knowing
Authors: Beaney Michael
Published: June 2023

In ‘Swimming Happily in Chinese Logic’ (2021) I suggested that the root conception of knowing for the ancient Chinese Mohists was knowing-as, a conception that fits well with perspectivism in the Zhuangzi, a key Daoist text. Drawing on Wittgenstein’s discussion of both seeing-as and samples, and developing the analogy between seeing-as and knowing-as, I explore various forms of knowing with particular reference to the Mozi, in attempting to make sense of ancient Chinese epistemology and thereby shed light on the whole phenomenon of knowing.
Nothingness and Neutrality
Authors: Wenning Mario
Published: June 2023

Nothingness has become a prominent research topic in recent intercultural philosophy. An Eastern concern for nothingness is frequently juxtaposed to a Western philosophy of being. Rather than adopting a contrastive approach, this chapter proposes a critical conception of nothingness in a twofold sense. First, nothingness is related to human experience and action. Secondly, a transcultural conception of nothingness highlights the incongruity between distinctive domains of human experience between and within cultures. Departing from Roland Barthes’ aesthetic approach to nothingness in terms of “the neutral,” the chapter argues for a practice of inter-cultural philosophy that reveals the in-between spaces, the interstices, and voids in modern societies.
Transcultural Sublation of Concepts and Objects through the Lens of Adorno and Gongsun Long
Authors: Rošker Jana S.
Published: June 2023

The purpose of this chapter is to demonstrate a new approach to transcultural postcomparative philosophy, which may be tentatively called “the method of sublation,” using the example of Adorno and Gong Sunlong’s respective views on the relationship between concepts and objects. The term sublation is a neologism commonly used to translate Hegel’s idea of Aufhebung. It is derived from the Latin term sublatio, for its original meaning covered all three crucial connotations of Hegel’s Aufhebung – to lift up, to preserve and to eliminate. The method thus encompasses all three of these three notions that are crucial to any process of creating something new from the interactions between two or more distinct discourses. In this philosophical sense, it has the three meanings of producing, eliminating, and preserving arguments, propositions, or ideas. Moreover, unlike “synthesis” the term “sublation” refers to a process rather than a stage. The sublation method aims to develop new forms of transcultural philosophizing and to overcome the impasses of traditional comparative approaches through procedures of “conceptual comparison” rather than relying only on the “comparison of concepts”. It starts from similarities and differences identified in the basic paradigms of different culturally and semantically defined frames of reference, and uses the method of discursive translation to transfer meanings across different languages and ideational traditions. Through a contrastive analysis of the similarities and differences between Adorno’s and Gongsun Longs conceptions of concepts and objects (or names and realities, respectively), the paper demonstrates the importance of considering different culturally conditioned paradigms and frames of reference in order to gain new, more complex, and more pluralistic philosophical insights.
Reading the Zhongyong 中庸 in Times of Cultural Upheaval
Authors: Schwabe Wolfgang
Published: June 2023

The appearance of a modern, self-confident China has started to raise concern in the West. Policies are being re-evaluated, “China competence” is the buzz word of the hour. But these reactions cannot conceal the fact that the West is utterly unprepared to come intellectually to terms with this new reality. Philosophers with sinological knowledge tend to measure China by standards developed in the West and judge it accordingly.

This approach to China has been extensively criticized by Hermes Spiegel. (See Hermes Spiegel, China liegt nah, Hamburg: Meiner 2020). Fabian Heubel shows in his new book that the underlying assumptions about China in the current discourse do not only shape the understanding of China, but also hamper the discussion about China between the French- and German speaking academic community. (See Fabian Heubel, Was ist Chinesische Philosophie? Kritische Perspektiven, Hamburg: Meiner 2021, p.188–200).

This paper wants to change the perspective and assess the renewed interest in the Chinese intellectual heritage within China from an inner-Chinese, historical perspective. Based on the reading of four commentaries to the classical Confucian text Zhongyong it argues that there is nothing new about this quest for cultural renewal. Contrarily, China has been continuously re-inventing itself by producing new cultural models based on the interpretation of texts seen as constituting the core of Chinese civilization. By introducing four such attempts to revitalize Chinese civilization through exegesis, the paper pursues two different, but related aims. For one, it wants to substitute the static understanding of China for a dynamic one. Only when the interplay of intellectual and historical forces in China is taken seriously, the range, wealth and flexibility of intellectual life in China can be appreciated. Because of these qualities, radically different attitudes, values and political systems can be and were advocated based on the very same tradition. By adopting a historical perspective on the current development in China, the paper wants secondly to open up the possibility of a meaningful dialogue with China.
The Effect of Varying Eccentric Velocity on Muscle Hypertrophy
Authors: Amjad Muhammad , Dumont Randy
Published: June 2023

Resistance training is essential to muscle hypertrophy as it fatigues fibres through time-under-tension (TUT). As myocyte energy depletes, metabolites accrete, leading to inflammation to increase cell size, so it is adapted for future stimuli. TUT can be measured by varying eccentric velocities: i.e., the rate at which a muscle lengthens under load. A longer period of lengthening will lead to greater metabolite accretion and inflammation. However, it is unknown whether TUT is a threshold or if it can gradually increase and lead to more muscle growth. Through a literature review and experiment, this project investigates the effect of varying eccentric velocity on muscle hypertrophy. Previous research in the field of muscle physiology and metabolism were explored, with an emphasis on eccentric training. The supplementary experiment measured shoulder growth in response to the medial deltoid exercise called lateral raises, where different eccentric velocities were assigned to groups. Individualistic daily calorie and protein intake were controlled to ensure that sufficient nutrients were available for recovery and performance. Surprisingly, post-experimental research suggested that high-velocity eccentric training was best for hypertrophy due to greater levels of force production. This was consistent with the experiment, which found that the group with a fast-velocity eccentric, a lower TUT, experienced greater growth. They also exhibited greater strength gain due to neuromuscular junction adaptation. These findings related to TUT are significant for designing exercise regimens that are optimal for the prevention and rehabilitation of musculoskeletal injuries and disorders. The review’s findings suggest that fast-velocity eccentric contractions are ideal for increasing muscle size and strength.
Blue Wavelength Light Treatment for Improving Sleep in Patients with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Authors: Masood Hassan
Published: June 2023

Traumatic live events comprise the etiology of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). PTSD patients are known to face adverse impacts on their mental and physical health. Symptoms of concern relating to PTSD include heightened anxiety levels, intrusive memories, nightmares, and problems with sleeping. Disrupted sleep leads to exhausted brain function that impedes the daily activities of individuals and impacts their perceived quality of life. Therefore, researchers have sought to examine interventions that help improve sleep and circadian rhythms. Recently, blue-light therapy has been the target of clinical research to understand its role in alleviating PTSD symptoms. Results from clinical trials showed that patients receiving blue light showed significant reductions in daytime sleepiness and fatigue. Furthermore, these individuals showed faster reaction times and greater phase advances in circadian rhythms, leading to earlier sleep onset at night. As we work towards focusing our attention on addressing mental health issues, investigating the benefits of non-pharmacological interventions such as blue-light therapy can help improve the health outcomes of PTSD patients.
Elite vs. Experienced Male and Female Trail Runners: Comparing Running Economy, Biomechanics, Strength, and Power
Authors: Besson Thibault , Sabater Pastor Frederic , Varesco Giorgio , Berthet Marilyne , Kennouche Djahid , Dandrieux Pierre-Eddy , Rossi Jeremy , Millet Guillaume Y.
Published: June 2023

Besson, T, Pastor, FS, Varesco, G, Berthet, M, Kennouche, D, Dandrieux, P-E, Rossi, J, and Millet, GY. Elite vs. experienced male and female trail runners: comparing running economy, biomechanics, strength, and power. J Strength Cond Res 37(7): 1470–1478, 2023—The increased participation in trail running (TR) races and the emergence of official international races have increased the performance level of the world best trail runners. The aim of this study was to compare cost of running (Cr) and biomechanical and neuromuscular characteristics of elite trail runners with their lower level counterparts. Twenty elite (10 females; ELITE) and 21 experienced (10 females; EXP) trail runners participated in the study. Cr and running biomechanics were measured at 10 and 14 km·h−1 on flat and at 10 km·h−1 with 10% uphill incline. Subjects also performed maximal isometric voluntary contractions of knee and hip extensors and knee flexors and maximal sprints on a cycle ergometer to assess the power-torque-velocity profile (PTVP). Athletes also reported their training volume during the previous year. Despite no differences in biomechanics, ELITE had a lower Cr than EXP (p < 0.05). Despite nonsignificant difference in maximal lower-limb power between groups, ELITE displayed a greater relative torque (p < 0.01) and lower maximal velocity (p < 0.01) in the PTVP. Females displayed shorter contact times (p < 0.01) compared with males, but no sex differences were observed in Cr (p > 0.05). No sex differences existed for the PTVP slope, whereas females exhibited lower relative torque (p < 0.01) and velocity capacities (p < 0.01) compared with males. Although not comprehensively assessing all determining factors of TR performance, those data evidenced level and sex specificities of trail runners in some factors of performance. Strength training can be suggested to lower level trail runners to improve Cr and thus TR performance.
Disentangling the Role of Affect in the Evolution of Depressive Complaints Using Complex Dynamical Networks
Authors: Lunansky Gabriela , Hoekstra Ria H. A. , Blanken Tessa F.
Published: June 2023

Many studies have found that depressive complaints are associated with the regulation of affect while facing stress. Individuals inclined towards the experience of negative affect are more vulnerable to developing depressive complaints, while frequent experiences of positive affect buffer the development of such complaints. To better understand the dynamic mechanisms between affect and depression in detail, this paper investigates how different evaluations of depressive complaints over a prolonged period of stress relate to fluctuations in affect. We included assessments of affect (Positive and Negative Affect Scale) and depressive complaints (Patient Health Questionnaire) in 228 participants who completed at least 20 assessments spanning between 9-14 weeks. We (i) explored affect trajectories for different evolutions of depressive complaints, (ii) estimated longitudinal multilevel network models to examine the direct interplay between affect and depressive complaints in detail, and (iii) investigated how person-specific network density relates to changes in depressive complaints over time. When separating affect trajectories based on depressive complaints, we identified that individuals consistently experiencing depressive complaints (PHQ > 4) report higher negative affect levels than positive affect. Contrary, individuals consistently reporting no depressive complaints (PHQ ≤4) showed the opposite pattern. Furthermore, the longitudinal networks included many and strong relations between the affects and depressive complaints variables. Lastly, we found a strong correlation between the density of person-specific networks and their change (aggravation or alleviation) in depressive complaints. We conclude that affect fluctuations and evolutions of depressive complaints are directly related both within- and across individuals over time.
Is It Safe Now? Intolerance of Uncertainty as a Pre-treatment Predictor of Exposure Outcome
Authors: Carpentier Naomi , Hermans Dirk , Scheveneels Sara
Published: June 2023

Safety learning is considered to be a key aspect in attaining symptom reduction for patients with anxiety disorders. While treatment based on safety learning principles is highly effective in general, individual differences exist in the speed and retention of fear reduction. An individual difference variable that has been demonstrated to be associated with difficulties in safety learning in laboratory paradigms is intolerance of uncertainty, or the incapacity to endure the absence of key information and the corresponding perception of uncertainty. In this study, we sought to determine if intolerance of uncertainty is associated with the course and outcome of an exposure intervention. Intolerance of uncertainty was assessed in 104 subclinical spider-fearful participants, prior to a 30-minute exposure session in virtual reality. While the exposure session was found to be successful in modifying spider fear and avoidance, we failed to find significant correlations between intolerance of uncertainty and any of the outcome measures. Exploratory analyses assessed if intolerance of uncertainty was associated with reductions in physiological arousal during the exposure session itself. No significant correlations were found between intolerance of uncertainty and arousal reduction within the exposure exercises or throughout the session. In conclusion, deviating from some of the findings in extinction research, we failed to find evidence for associations between intolerance of uncertainty and the outcome and course of exposure. Still, additional research is needed to assess the replicability of these findings.
Temporal Factors Associated With Visual Processing Bias in Peripersonal Space
Authors: Maurya Ankit , Thomas Tony
Published: June 2023

The immediate space surrounding the body, reachable to the hands, is referred to as the Peripersonal Space (PPS). The PPS is characterized by anticipatory mechanisms to perform efficient goal-oriented or defensive actions towards objects in the environment on-time. Previous studies have shown visuo-spatial processing bias for stimuli presented in the PPS, reported in the form of faster Reaction Time, better Accuracy and enhanced Visual Sensitivity. However, recent studies show that the PPS-related effects are sensitive to temporal factors associated with the early anticipatory mechanisms in the PPS. The current manuscript highlights the temporal mechanisms underlying the PPS-related visual processing bias. Specifically, the PPS effect is conceptualized as comprising of an early anticipatory component that gives temporal allowance for the manifestation of a late component. The early component accommodates the previous studies that have explained the PPS effects to be perceptual in nature, whereas the late component accommodates the previous studies that have explained the PPS effects to be attentional in nature. To the best of our knowledge, no previous attempts have been made to conceptualize the PPS effects in terms of its time-separable components. The current conceptualization of the PPS-related effects seems more wholistic vis-à-vis the previous explanation that the effect is either perceptual or attentional in nature. Also, the current manuscript attempts to make theoretical integration between Time Perception and Peripersonal Space literature.
Indonesian Travel Policy during the Outbreaks: Vaccination and Quarantine Legal Culture and Policy on Indonesian Air Transportation
Authors: Yahanan Annalisa , Nurhidayatuloh Nurhidayatuloh , Apriandi Mada , Si Tongle , Murzal Murzal
Published: June 2023

During the pandemic, the Indonesian government implemented policies to protect citizens from the virus. One such policy mandated the use of the PeduliLindungi application for passengers traveling domestically or internationally by land, sea, or air. The application helps monitor and track the virus's spread, and provides vaccination information. This study examines the government's policies on PeduliLindungi's use and how the existing legal culture relates to vaccination and quarantine within the app. The research methodology employed a doctrinal approach, analyzing laws, concepts, interpretations, and cases. The study found that the PeduliLindungi application is mandatory for all travelers. It allows passengers to access their vaccination status and determines the required quarantine duration. Violating quarantine orders can result in imprisonment and fines, as per Judge Decision No. 21/Pid.S/2021/PN.Tng. However, limited smartphone ownership restricts public access to the app. Therefore, the government must formulate policies that accommodate individuals without smartphones, ensuring their safety while traveling. Public legal awareness and understanding of the PeduliLindungi app's importance are crucial for protecting public health. Strengthening the legal culture is necessary to promote compliance with health guidelines and informed decision-making. By fostering a robust legal culture, individuals will prioritize health measures, safeguarding their well-being and that of the community.
The Intersection of the Progressive Law Theory and the Self-Declaration Concept of MSEs Halal Certification
Authors: Khalimy Akhmad , Yusriyadi Yusriyadi , Setyowati Ro'fah , Syahruddin Syahruddin , Wadud Abdul Muizz Abdul
Published: June 2023

The self-declaration by Small Micro Enterprises (MSEs) for obtaining a halal logo has both advantages and disadvantages. Proponents argue that self-declaration makes it easier for MSEs to acquire a halal certificate, reduces the submission period, and streamlines the certification process. However, opponents argue that self-declaration violates certain laws, such as the UUJPH and the Consumer Protection Act. The Omnibus Law (UUCK) conceptually includes halal in the licensing cluster to facilitate business, but the Constitutional Court has deemed UUCK formally flawed and conditionally unconstitutional. Self-declaration simplifies the licensing process for obtaining a halal certificate specifically for SMEs. It waives certification fees, reduces processing time, and simplifies aspects of business licensing. MSEs can obtain a free certificate through self-declaration if their products meet certain conditions, including not being at risk, being made from natural ingredients, being halal, having a simple production process, having assistance with Halal Production Process (PPH), and being supported by an MUI fatwa. Progressive law recognizes that the law is not absolute or final, but an evolving process aimed at achieving justice and improving human lives. This article explores the intersection between self-declaration and Satjipto Raharjo's progressive legal theory. It highlights the shared objectives of realizing justice, assisting MSEs in obtaining halal certification, humanizing the law, facilitating licenses for MSEs, and adapting regulations to societal changes. The approach encourages breaking and making rules to create progressive laws and involves business actors and companions in the halal certification process, making the law responsive and participatory.
Under-Legislation in Electronic Trials and Renewing Criminal Law Enforcement in Indonesia (Comparison with United States)
Authors: Saputra Rian , Setiodjati Josef Purwadi , Barkhuizen Jaco
Published: June 2023

This paper aims to propose the implementation of electronic justice within the Indonesian criminal justice system, focusing on the reform of criminal law enforcement. The research methodology employed is normative legal research. The findings of the study reveal two key points. Firstly, it is crucial to regulate digital-based criminal justice at the legislative level, particularly through the reform of the Code of Criminal Procedure (KUHAP). The current implementation of electronic criminal trials presents challenges, and the legal foundation for conducting such trials is established by external entities rather than the legislative institution. Therefore, incorporating regulations on electronic criminal trials in future KUHAP reforms is vital to facilitate criminal law reform. As it stands, electronic criminal trials lack specific legal regulations. Secondly, the existing KUHAP does not sufficiently address the issue of technological advancements, as it cannot anticipate rapid changes in technology. Consequently, a legal framework should be established to address this issue. This framework should ensure the availability of modern technological devices and necessary resources to facilitate digital-based criminal justice. Additionally, it should introduce laws governing electronic courts and initiate legal reforms through the revision of Law Number 8 of 1981 concerning Criminal Procedure Law (KUHAP). To provide an example, the United States has regulated electronic criminal proceedings through the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (CARES Act), which implements fiscal stimulus policies and allows for video conferencing in certain cases. Such regulations can serve as a reference point for the implementation of electronic criminal proceedings in Indonesia.
Steam explosion pulping of oil palm empty fruit bunch fiber
Authors: Wang Xiwen , Hu Jian , Zeng Jingshan
Published: June 2023

team explosion pulping was evaluated for oil palm empty fruit bunches fiber. The fiber morphology was observed by SEM and TEM. Results indicated that lignin was molten and the cell wall damaged after the steam explosion pulping and that the fiber was partly separated at the same time. The results of handsheet tests showed that the steam exploded pulp had a high yield (78.2%), good physical properties (especially for ring crush 8.6 N·m/g), and low effluent load (SS=910 mg/L; BOD5=3952 mg/L; CODCr=8140 mg/L). The SEP pulp from oil palm EFB fiber was very suitable for packaging paper when combined with American OCC pulp.
Biochemimechanical pulping of hornbeam chips with Phanerochaete chrysosporium
Authors: Ebrahimpour Kasmani Jafar , Talaeipour Mohammad , Hemmasi Amir Hooman , Mahdavi Saeed , Samariha Ahmad
Published: June 2023

The effect of fungal pretreatment of Hornbeam (Carpinus betulus) wood chips on the performance of treated pulps was studied. The chips were pretreated with P. chrysosporium BKM-1767 fungus at 1, 2, and 4 weeks using an inoculation temperature and relative humidity of 39 oC and 65%, respectively with two pulping times (80 and 90 min) and three sodium sulfite charges (14, 18, and 22%). The cooking temperature of 165 °C, and liquor-to-wood ratio of 7:1 were kept constant. Beating energy consumption showed a maximum savings of 43% for four-week treatment of wood chips with the fungus. The screen yield of the unbleached CMP ranged between 76 and 84% depending on the chip inoculation time and cooking conditions. A decreasing trend in screen yield of the pulp after chips incubation could be explained by the enzyme action on the lignin or polysaccharides. Pulp strengths including tensile, burst, tear, and fold declined with an increase in chip treatment time. Applying 3% H2O2, 4.2% NaOH, 3% NaSiO3, and 0.3% DTPA for 1 hour in two similar stages and 2 weeks fungal pretreatment of chips showed the best optical properties of bleached pulp. After a two-stage H2O2-bleaching sequence, the maximal brightness value for the control and biopulps were 54.8% and 56.2%, respectively. Overall, two-week treatment showed the better performance of P. chrysosporium on Hornbeam chips.
Extracellular proteins produced by different species of the fungus Trichoderma on a secondary paper mill sludge substrate
Authors: Vaskova Ida , Jeng Robert , Tyagi Vibha , Rodriguez Arturo , Sain Mohini
Published: June 2023

Kraft pulping is the most commonly used pulping process in the pulp and paper industry. In this process wood chips are chemically delignified using sodium sulfide and sodium hydroxide. Delignification is usually followed by mechanical fiberization and a bleaching process of the resulting wood pulp. In addition to lignin-free wood pulp, this process also produces waste that contains residues of used chemicals, lignin, cellulose, hemicelluloses, and small amounts of other wood components. Because of the worldwide large-scale production of paper, the sludge from paper mills contributes significantly to environmental pollution. Although there have been great efforts being made to utilize this lignin-rich material, sludge is mostly disposed in landfills or incinerated in a boiler. This research project used secondary sludge as a substrate for 7 wood-decay fungi taxonomically belonging to the genus Trichoderma. The examined fungi expressed the capability of consuming sludge components as a carbon source to produce extracellular proteins. The proteins were separated by gel electrophoresis. Before and after fungi cultivation, the sludge was analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR).
Physical and mechanical properties of particleboard laminated with thermally compressed veneer
Authors: Buyuksari Umit
Published: June 2023

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of thermally compressed veneer laminating on some of the physical and mechanical properties of particleboard. Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky)veneers were compressed under various press conditions. Commercially produced particleboard samples were laminated with such compressed veneer sheets. The density, 2-h and 24-h water absorption (WA) and thickness swelling (TS), bending strength (MOR), and modulus of elasticity (MOE) in the parallel and perpendicular directions to grain orientation were measured. The results showed that all of the particleboards laminated with compressed veneer had higher MOR and MOE values compared to unlaminated particleboard and particleboard laminated with non-compressed veneer. In the sandwiched panels, particleboards laminated with veneer sheets and compressed at a pressure of 4 MPa and a temperature of 150 oC had the highest MOR and MOE values. The MOR and MOE values decreased with increasing temperatures higher than 150 oC. The TS value for 2-h and 24-h immersion times decreased with increasing press temperature. The findings of this work could provide some insight in producing sandwich-type panels with improved properties. It appears that compressed veneer using different press temperatures and pressures could be considered as an alternative way of developing sandwich-type products with satisfactory structural properties.
Effect of steam-heat treatment on mechanical properties of Chinese fir
Authors: Cao Yongjian , Jiang Jinghui , Lu Jianxiong , Huang Rongfeng , Zhao Xiu , Jiang Jiali
Published: June 2023

Heat treatment often brings about some negative effects on mechanical properties of wood. Chinese fir is currently underutilized due to some inherent properties that limit its further applications. Using steam as a heating medium and a shielding gas, the heartwood and sapwood of Chinese fir were treated at a temperature ranging from 170ºC to 230ºC and time from 1 to 5 hours in an airtight chamber. Both the modulus of rupture (MOR) and modulus of elasticity (MOE) were increased for the sapwood specimens under the temperature less than 200ºC for short treatment times. The hardness was increased for both two kinds of specimens under the temperature less than or about 200ºC, compared to the untreated specimens. The temperature has a stronger effect on mechanical properties of wood than the time, and the temperature of 200 ºC is a critical point in modifying mechanical properties of wood.
Development of a novel empirical model to estimate the kraft pulp yield of fast-growing Eucalyptus
Authors: Liu Jing , Hu Huichao , Luo Xiaolin
Published: June 2023

In this study, several kraft pulps were produced by kraft pulping of fast-growing Eucalyptus with a wide range of cooking conditions. The dependences between pulp yields and some pulp properties, namely, kappa number, HexA contents, and cellulose viscosities, were well investigated. It was found that kraft pulp yields linearly decreased with the reduction of HexA-free kappa number in two different stages, respectively, in which a transition point of measured pulp yield of 48.7% was observed. A similar relationship between pulp yield and HexA was also found, in which the resulting transition point of HexA content was 67 μmol/g. Moreover, the logarithm of pulp viscosity was linearly proportional to the reduction of lignin-free pulp yields. Then, a novel empirical model was successfully developed based on these findings. The parameters in this empirical model were calculated by least-squares estimation using the experimental data from active alkali values of 13.2, 14.7 and 17.8. Another data set was used to verify the effectiveness of this model in predicting the pulp yields. Finally, a good agreement (a linear regression coefficient of 90.59%) between experimental and fitting data was obtained, which indicated that the kraft pulp yield of fast-growing Eucalyptus could be accurately predicted by this novel empirical model.
Kinetic characterization of purified laccase produced from Trametes versicolor IBL-04 in solid state bio-processing of corncobs
Authors: Asgher Muhammad , Iqbal Hafiz M. Nasir , Asad M. Javaid
Published: June 2023

A locally isolated white rot fungal strain Trametes versicolor IBL-04 produced high laccase activities in solid state bio-processing of corn cobs. Addition of glucose and yeast extract (C: N ratio; 25:1) enhanced laccase synthesis. Addition of Tween-80 and CuSO4 enhanced laccase production to 1012 U/mL under optimized process conditions. Laccase was further purified to 2.89-fold (specific activity of 840 U/mg) by ammonium sulfate fractional precipitation, dialysis, and Sephadex G-100 gel filtration chromatography. The purified laccase had a relative molecular mass of 63 kDa as detected by sodium dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Best enzyme activity was at pH 5 and 40oC. Using 2,2′-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) as substrate, the enzyme showed maximum activity (Vmax) of 780 U/mL with a corresponding Michaelis constant (Km) value of 73µM. Among the different activators/inhibitors, Cu2+, Mn2+, and Fe2+ stimulated laccase activity, whereas EDTA and cystein inhibited the enzyme. The higher Vmax and lower Km for T. versicolor IBL-04laccase as compared to most of the reported laccases suggests its potential for industrial applications.
Crystal violet (triphenylmethane dye) decolorization potential of Pleurotus ostreatus (MTCC 142)
Authors: Kunjadia Prashant D. , Patel Fenil D. , Nagee Anju , Mukhopadhyaya Pratap N. , Dave Gaurav S.
Published: June 2023

The extracellular enzyme production capacity of Pleurotus ostreatus MTCC 142 was investigated for decolorization of crystal violet under solid and submerged conditions. Laccases are the major extracellular lignocellulolytic enzymes produced by fungus. Pleurotus ostreatus provided an effective decolorization of dye at 20 mg/L concentration up to 92%. Mycelial growth was observed maximum on plate for a dye concentration 20 mg/L while lowest on 200 mg/L on day 12, respectively. At all concentrations of dye studied, maximum laccase activity was observed on day 8. For 20 mg/L of dye laccase activity was 133 U/L. The decolorization was attributed to microbial action and without role of pH change; less than 0.4 pH change was observed. Manganese dependent peroxidase activity was 106 U/L, maximum on day 8 incubated with 20 mg/L dye concentration. The present study suggested that the high efficiency decolorization of crystal violet by P. ostreatus was assisted by laccase and manganese-dependent peroxidase activity and can be exploited as a promising in biological treatment of waste water containing crystal violet.
The structure and mechanical properties of spines from the cactus Opuntia ficus-indica
Authors: Gindl-Altmutter Wolfgang , Keckes Jozef
Published: June 2023

The mechanical properties and structure of cactus Opuntia ficus-indica spines were characterised in bending and by means of x-ray diffraction. Using spruce wood cell walls for reference, the modulus of elasticity of Opuntia cactus spines was high in absolute terms, but comparable when specific values were considered, which can be explained by similarities in the cell wall structure of both materials. Differently from the modulus of elasticity, the bending strength of cactus spines was unexpectedly high both in absolute and in specific terms. The unique cellulose-arabinan composite structure of cactus spines, together with high cellulose crystallinity, may explain this finding.
Soybean meal-based wood adhesives enhanced by modified polyacrylic acid solution
Authors: Gao Qiang , Shi Sheldon Q. , Li Jianzhang , Liang Kaiwen , Zhang Xiumei
Published: June 2023

sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and a modified polyacrylic acid solution (MPA) on a soybean meal adhesive were investigated. Three-ply plywood specimens were fabricated to measure the water resistance of the adhesive (three-cycle soak test). The viscosity and solid content of the adhesive were measured. The cross-section and functional groups of the cured adhesive were evaluated using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, respectively. The results showed that using SDS improved the water resistance of the soybean meal adhesive by 30%. After incorporating MPA, the water resistance of the soybean meal/SDS/MPA adhesive was further improved by 60%, the viscosity of the adhesive was reduced by 81%, and the solid content of the adhesive increased by 15%. The plywood bonded by the soybean meal/SDS/MPA adhesive met the interior plywood requirements. SEM results showed no holes and cracks on the cross-section of the cured soybean meal/SDS/ MPA adhesive. FTIR analysis indicated that more peptide linkages were formed in the cured adhesive as MPA was incorporated.
Biodegradation, morphological, and FTIR study of rattan powder-filled natural rubber composites as a function of filler loading and silane coupling agent
Authors: Muniandy Komethi , Ismail Hanafi , Othman Nadras
Published: June 2023

Natural rubber (NR) composites were prepared by the incorporation of rattan (Calamus Manan) powder at filler loadings in the range of 0 to 30 phr into a natural rubber matrix with a laboratory size two roll mill. The particle size of rattan powder was less than 180 µm. The biodegradation of the rattan powder-filled natural rubber (NR) composites were investigated as a function of filler loading and a silane coupling agent. A soil burial test was carried out for six months, and the degradation of the NR compound and the NR composites was evaluated through tensile testing. Morphological properties were determined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to evaluate the degradation of the samples after six months of soil exposure. The results indicate that the tensile strength, elongation at break, and stress at 100% elongation (M 100) all decreased after soil burial testing due to the biological attack by microbes onto the sample. Improvement in tensile properties was seen with the addition of the silane coupling agent due to better adhesion between the rattan filler and the rubber matrix. The deterioration in tensile properties due to the biodegradation process was confirmed by SEM and FTIR studies.
In Vitro Photo-Catalytic Degradation of Chloramphenicol Using Pharmaceutical Wastewater
Authors: Mahendran G. , Arthanareeswaran G.
Published: June 2023

Abstract: In this work, the performance of composite membranes for the treatment of Chloramphenicol (CAP) pollutants was investigated from pharmaceutical industrial wastewater. The composite membrane was under operated with different concentrations of CAP with Titanium dioxide (TiO2) in 10mg/L, 20mg/L and 30 mg/L. The composite membranes were cross-linked with glutaraldehyde for the elimination of H2SO4. Characterizations of synthesized composite membranes were carried out to analyze functionality, morphology, and hydrophilic behaviours. In continuous operation, the different time intervals of TiO2 were removed in centrifuging. The performance of the composite membrane is the removal of pollutant CAP by UV analysis, and kinetics model at different concentrations. The degree of swelling and contact angle were measured in different concentrations of CAP at TiO2. Liquid Chromatography (LC) is used to CAP with Titanium dioxide mixtures. Mass Spectrometry (MS) can be used for structural identity with high specificity. The MS is also used to analyze CAP from pharmaceutical industrial wastewater. The membranes were subjected to filtration of pharmaceutical wastewater which gave a maximum rejection of 95% of Chloramphenicol.