bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The influence of lifecourse financial strains on the later-life health of the Japanese as assessed by four models based on different health indicators
Authors: Sugisawa Hidehiro , Sugihara Yoko , Kobayashi Erika , Fukaya Taro , Liang Jersey
Published: June 2018

In this study, four models used for assessing the influence of lifecourse financial strains on later-life health (the latent period effects, pathway, social mobility and accumulative effects models) were tested in the context of Japan by using different types of health indicators: comorbidity, disabled activities of daily living, disabled cognitive function, self-rated health and depressive symptoms. We hypothesised that suitable models for describing the influence of financial strain would differ according to the type of health indicator used. Participants aged 60–92 years (N = 2,500) were obtained in 2012 by using a two-stage stratified random sampling method. The final number of participants in the sample was 1,324. The results indicate that three models – pathway, accumulative effects and social mobility – describe the influence of a person's lifecourse financial strain on comorbidity, cognitive function, self-rated health and depressive symptoms. In turn, the latent period effects model explains the influence of lifecourse financial strain on comorbidity. However, only the pathway model described the influence of lifecourse financial strain on activities of daily living. These results suggest that disadvantages in lifecourse socio-economic status influence the decline of health in elderly Japanese people, similar to people in Western countries. However, the finding that suitable models for describing the influence of socio-economic status on health will differ according to the type of health indicator is an original contribution of this study.
The kinematic image of RR, PR, and RP dyads
Authors: Rad Tudor-Dan , Scharler Daniel F. , Schröcker Hans-Peter
Published: June 2018

We provide necessary and sufficient conditions for all projective transformations of the projectivized dual quaternion model of rigid body displacements that are induced by coordinate changes in moving and/or fixed frame. These transformations fix the quadrics of a pencil and preserve the two families of rulings of an exceptional three-dimensional quadric. Moreover, we fully characterize the constraint varieties of dyads with revolute and prismatic joints in the dual quaternion model. The constraint variety of a dyad with two revolute joints is a regular ruled quadric in a three-space that contains a “null quadrilateral.” If a revolute joint is replaced by a prismatic joint, this quadrilateral collapses into a pair of conjugate complex null lines and a real line but these properties are not sufficient to characterize such dyads. We provide a complete characterization by introducing a new invariant, the “Study fibre projectivity,” and we present examples that demonstrate its potential to explain hitherto not sufficiently well-understood phenomena.
Campylobacter control measures in indoor broiler chicken: critical re-assessment of cost-utility and putative barriers to implementation
Authors: Pitter J. G. , Vokó Z. , Józwiak Á , Berkics A.
Published: June 2018

As campylobacteriosis is one of the most important foodborne infections, a European Union (EU)-27 level cost-effectiveness model has been developed on the socio-economic costs and benefits of applying certain control measures for the reduction ofCampylobacterin broiler meat. This is expected to be a gold standard for food safety policymakers in the EU; hence, the validity of its modelling assumptions is essential. The authors of the present paper conducted an independent review of model input parameters on health and economic burden and found that the model most probably overestimated the burden of human campylobacteriosis. A discounted, quality-adjusted life year (QALY)-based European estimate has been developed for human campylobacteriosis and resulted in 15.23 QALY loss per 1000 human gastroenteritis cases. Country-specific cost of illness estimates have been developed for various countries in the EU-27. Based on these model adaptations, a selectedCampylobactercontrol strategy was re-assessed and its high cost-effectiveness was confirmed at the EU level, and also in all but three Member States. Bacteriocin treatment or vaccination of the animals, two alternative control measures were also re-evaluated, and these strategies seemed to be far less cost-effective than the investigated strategy. Putative barriers to the rapid implementation of the investigatedCampylobactercontrol strategy are discussed, and potential solutions are proposed. Further research is required on stakeholder perspectives pertaining to the realistic barriers and implementation opportunities.
Different latent class models were used and evaluated for assessing the accuracy of campylobacter diagnostic tests: overcoming imperfect reference standards?
Authors: Asselineau J. , Paye A. , Bessède E. , Perez P. , Proust-Lima C.
Published: June 2018

In the absence of perfect reference standard, classical techniques result in biased diagnostic accuracy and prevalence estimates. By statistically defining the true disease status, latent class models (LCM) constitute a promising alternative. However, LCM is a complex method which relies on parametric assumptions, including usually a conditional independence between tests and might suffer from data sparseness. We carefully applied LCMs to assess new campylobacter infection detection tests for which bacteriological culture is an imperfect reference standard. Five diagnostic tests (culture, polymerase chain reaction and three immunoenzymatic tests) of campylobacter infection were collected in 623 patients from Bordeaux and Lyon Hospitals, France. Their diagnostic accuracy were estimated with standard and extended LCMs with a thorough examination of models goodness-of-fit. The model including a residual dependence specific to the immunoenzymatic tests best complied with LCM assumptions. Asymptotic results of goodness-of-fit statistics were substantially impaired by data sparseness and empirical distributions were preferred. Results confirmed moderate sensitivity of the culture and high performances of immunoenzymatic tests. LCMs can be used to estimate diagnostic tests accuracy in the absence of perfect reference standard. However, their implementation and assessment require specific attention due to data sparseness and limitations of existing software.
Coins and Cosmologies in Iron Age Western Britain
Authors: Pudney Caroline
Published: June 2018

This paper offers a material culture-based approach to British Western Iron Age coins (i.e. those often attributed to the Dobunni). Through analysis of the materiality and imagery of these objects, the author explores the embodiment of later Iron Age cosmologies. In doing so, the cycles of day and night and of life and death are discussed. The ways in which these cosmologies could have been transposed onto the landscape through coin production and depositional contexts helps to demonstrate how Iron Age societies in Western Britain may have understood their world and confirmed their space within it.
Multispectral imaging – a new tool in seed quality assessment?
Authors: Boelt Birte , Shrestha Santosh , Salimi Zahra , Jørgensen Johannes Ravn , Nicolaisen Mogens , Carstensen Jens Michael
Published: June 2018

Multispectral imaging is a new technology that is being deployed to assess seed quality parameters. Examples of applications in the detection and identification of fungi on seeds are presented, together with an example of the technology used for maturity determination in sugar beet seed. Results from multispectral imaging are compared with reference methods, and a high correlation is found. Applications of the technique for varietal discrimination and insect damage are also presented. There is a need for non-destructive, reliable and fast techniques, and it is concluded that multispectral imaging has potential for seed quality assessment, in particular for those components associated with surface structure and chemical composition, seed colour, morphology and size.
Asymmetric Rényi Problem
Authors: DRMOTA M. , MAGNER A. , SZPANKOWSKI W.
Published: June 2018

In 1960 Rényi, in his Michigan State University lectures, asked for the number of random queries necessary to recover a hidden bijective labelling ofndistinct objects. In each query one selects a random subset of labels and asks, which objects have these labels? We consider here an asymmetric version of the problem in which in every query an object is chosen with probabilityp> 1/2 and we ignore ‘inconclusive’ queries. We study the number of queries needed to recover the labelling in its entirety (Hn), before at least one element is recovered (Fn), and to recover a randomly chosen element (Dn). This problem exhibits several remarkable behaviours:Dnconverges in probability but not almost surely;HnandFnexhibit phase transitions with respect topin the second term. We prove that forp> 1/2 with high probability we need$$H_n=\log_{1/p} n +{\tfrac{1}{2}} \log_{p/(1-p)}\log n +o(\log \log n)$$queries to recover the entire bijection. This should be compared to its symmetric (p= 1/2) counterpart established by Pittel and Rubin, who proved that in this case one requires$$ H_n=\log_{2} n +\sqrt{2 \log_{2} n} +o(\sqrt{\log n})$$queries. As a bonus, our analysis implies novel results for random PATRICIA tries, as the problem is probabilistically equivalent to that of the height, fillup level, and typical depth of a PATRICIA trie built fromnindependent binary sequences generated by a biased(p) memoryless source.
Betreute Urlaube als Entlastungsangebot am Beispiel von pflegenden Frauen – eine qualitative Studie
Authors: Rolf Ariane , Drees Anna , Vetter Nils Sebastian , Seidl Norbert , Latteck Änne-Dörte
Published: June 2018

Zusammenfassung.Hintergrund: Pflegende Frauen erleben aufgrund ihrer pflegenden Tätigkeit vielschichtige Belastungen im Alltag. Betreute Urlaube sind eine Option zu bestehenden Entlastungs- und Unterstützungsleistungen. Bislang fehlen empirisch gesicherte Erkenntnisse zu Bedarfen und Einstellungen pflegender Frauen zu diesen Urlauben sowie Hinweise zu deren Gestaltung. Ziel: Erhebung der Einstellungen und Erwartungen pflegender Frauen bezüglich betreuter Urlaube, um positive Effekte und fördernde Faktoren zu identifizieren. Methode: Es wurden zehn problemzentrierte Interviews mit pflegenden Frauen, die betreute Urlaubsreisen in Anspruch nahmen, ein Gruppeninterview mit Mitarbeiterinnen eines Anbieters für betreute Urlaubsreisen sowie ein Experteninterview mit der Leitung des Anbieters durchgeführt. Die Auswertung folgte den Kriterien der qualitativen Inhaltsanalyse nach 13-1Gläser und Laudel (2010). Ergebnisse: Durch eine gezielte Anamnese vor dem Urlaub, kontinuierlichen Vertrauens- und Beziehungsaufbau sowie professionelle, proaktive Unterstützung und Übernahme von pflegerischen Tätigkeiten können pflegende Frauen im Urlaub Entlastung und Erholung erfahren. Wesentlich tragen sechs identifizierte Gelingensbedingungen („Abstand vom Alltag“, „Verantwortung abgeben“, „Pflege abgeben“, „Wohlbefinden des Ehepartners“, „Verstanden fühlen“ sowie die „Professionalität“) zur Erholung während des Urlaubs bei. Schlussfolgerungen: Durch sorgfältig organisierte und auf einer vertrauensvollen Grundlage durchgeführte Urlaube erschließt sich den Mitarbeitenden eine umfangreiche Informationsbasis, die für eine kontinuierliche Betreuung nach dem Urlaub genutzt werden sollte. Betreute Urlaube sollten als selbstverständliche Entlastungsoption für pflegende Frauen professionell im Betreuungsprozess verankert sein.
A Systematic Review of Trials Targeting Depression and Anxiety in Patients With Delusions
Authors: Opoka Sandra M. , Ludwig Lea , Lincoln Tania M.
Published: June 2018

Abstract. Negative affect and impaired emotion regulation skills are prevalent in patients with delusions and contribute to delusion formation and maintenance. This review evaluates existing research on interventions targeting negative affect and emotional processes as a causal mechanism on the pathway to delusions. A MEDLINE and PsycINFO search identified 7,909 articles. Five studies with randomized-controlled designs and three with uncontrolled designs met the inclusion criteria. Interventions comprised cognitive-behavioral and compassion-focused techniques. Overall, the review studies found positive intervention effects on negative affect and delusions. Where significant, controlled effect sizes ranged from small to large for negative affect and from moderate to large for delusions. Thus, existing research indicates that negative affect in patients with delusions can be modified by psychological therapy and points toward a carryover effect from the reduction of negative affect to a reduction of delusions. More large-scale randomized-controlled studies are needed to be able to draw valid conclusions on which types of interventions are most beneficial.
Maintaining Delusional Beliefs to Satisfy and Protect Psychological Needs
Authors: Westermann Stefan , Gantenbein Vivien , Caspar Franz , Cavelti Marialuisa
Published: June 2018

Abstract. Affiliation, control, and self-esteem are psychological needs that human beings attempt to satisfy and protect ( Epstein, 2003 ; Grawe, 2004 ). From a motivational perspective, behaviors, attentional and cognitive biases as well as symptoms can have an instrumental function for need satisfaction and protection ( Caspar, 2011 ). In this opinion paper, we elaborate the idea that the maintenance of delusions could be a motivated process. This approach helps to view the maintenance of delusional beliefs as a purposeful, yet mostly nonconscious, and not completely adaptive attempt to satisfy and protect psychological needs. Conclusions for case formulations, therapy planning, and therapeutic relationship building are drawn within the framework of cognitive-behavioral therapy for psychosis. In addition, limitations of the approach and future research avenues are discussed.
Thermal Damage and Pore Pressure Effects of the Brittle‐Ductile Transition in Comiso Limestone
Authors: Castagna A. , Ougier‐Simonin A. , Benson P. M. , Browning J. , Walker R. J. , Fazio M. , Vinciguerra S.
Published: June 2018

Volcanic edifices are commonly unstable, with magmatic and non‐magmatic fluid circulation, and elevated temperature gradients having influence on the mechanical strength of edifice and basement rocks. We present new mechanical characterization of the Comiso limestone of the Mount Etna Volcano (Italy) basement to constrain the effects of regional ambient conditions associated with the volcanic system: the effects of pore fluid on rock strength and the effects of distal magmatic heating (~20 °C to 600 °C) at a range of simulated depths (0.2 to 2.0 km). The presence of water promotes ductile behaviour at shallow depths and causes a significant reduction in brittle rock strength compared to dry conditions. Thermal stressing, in which specimens were heated and cooled before mechanical testing at room temperature, has a variable effect for dry and saturated cases. In dry conditions, thermal stressing up to 450 °C homogenizes the strength of the specimen such that the majority of the specimens exhibit the same peak stress; at 600 °C, the brittle failure is promoted at lower differential stress. The presence of water in thermally‐stressed specimens promotes ductile behaviour and reduces peak strength. Acoustic emission monitoring suggests that accumulated damage is associated with the heating–cooling sequence, particularly in the 300–450‐600°C. Based on conduction modeling, we estimate this temperature range could affect basement rocks up to 300 m away from minor sheet intrusions and much further with larger bodies. Considering the dyke spacing beneath Etna, these conditions may apply to a significant percentage of the basement, promoting ductile behaviour at relatively shallow depths.
Role of Meteorologically Induced Water Level Oscillations on Bottom Shear Stress in Freshwater Estuaries in the Great Lakes
Authors: Linares Álvaro , Wu Chin H. , Anderson Eric J. , Chu Philip Y.
Published: June 2018

The role of meteorologically induced water level oscillations (MIWLOs) on bottom shear stresses in a freshwater estuary in the Great Lakes is investigated. Atmospheric data including air pressure, wind speed and direction, and radar reflectivity are compiled, and comprehensive field measurements including velocity profiles, water levels, river discharges, and bottom sediment properties in the Manistique River (MR) estuary, Michigan, are conducted. Wavelet and cross‐wavelet analysis reveals that large velocity events (>0.5 m/s) in the MR estuary are generated by high‐frequency MIWLOs (i.e., meteotsunamis and high‐frequency seiches) induced by energetic oscillations in air pressure and/or wind speed and direction with periods below 2 hr. Measured velocity profiles reveal that MIWLO‐dominated conditions can increase bottom shear stress by an order of magnitude in comparison with river‐dominated flow conditions. The hydrodynamic model indicates that bottom shear stresses under both the downstream and upstream flows during the MIWLO‐dominated event were significantly larger than those during river‐dominated conditions. The interactions of MIWLOs and flood flows can significantly alter the bottom shear stresses in the main river channel, and MIWLOs are revealed to be the principal resuspension mechanism in areas such as the upstream tributary branches where flood flows individually do not cause resuspension. Furthermore, the role of MIWLOs asymmetry in fresh water Great Lakes estuaries on velocity residuals and net sediment transport is revealed and discussed. Overall, this paper fills important knowledge gaps in the role of MIWLOs on sediment transport in enclosed basin estuaries, thus providing essential information for coastal management and estuarine remediation.
Online Model Parameter Estimation With Ensemble Data Assimilation in the Real Global Atmosphere: A Case With the Nonhydrostatic Icosahedral Atmospheric Model (NICAM) and the Global Satellite Mapping of Precipitation Data
Authors: Kotsuki Shunji , Terasaki Koji , Yashiro Hisashi , Tomita Hirofumi , Satoh Masaki , Miyoshi Takemasa
Published: June 2018

This study aims to improve precipitation forecasts by estimating model parameters of a numerical weather prediction model with an ensemble‐based data assimilation method. We implemented the parameter estimation algorithm into a global atmospheric data assimilation system NICAM‐LETKF, which incorporates Nonhydrostatic Icosahedral Atmospheric Model (NICAM) and the Local Ensemble Transform Kalman Filter (LETKF). This study estimated a globally uniform model parameter of a large‐scale condensation scheme known as the B1 parameter of Berry's parameterization. We conducted an online estimation of the B1 parameter using the Global Satellite Mapping of Precipitation (GSMaP) data and successfully reduced NICAM's precipitation forecast bias relative to the GSMaP data, especially for weak rains. The estimated B1 parameter evolved toward the optimal value obtained by manual tuning. The parameter estimation also mitigated a dry bias for the lower troposphere in the Tropics. However, the estimated B1 intensified biases for cloud water mixing ratio and outgoing long‐wave radiation in the regions where shallow clouds are dominant. This is because only precipitation data were used to estimate the optimal value of B1, and more constraints will be required to obtain a suitable value for climatological simulations.
Mechanisms of Abrupt Extreme Precipitation Change Over the Northeastern United States
Authors: Huang Huanping , Winter Jonathan M. , Osterberg Erich C.
Published: June 2018

In 1996, the northeastern United States experienced an abrupt increase in extreme precipitation, but the causal mechanisms driving this increase remain poorly understood. We find that 89% of the 1996–2016 increase relative to 1979–1995 is explained by only 273 unique extreme events affecting >5 stations and occurring in the months of February, March, June, July, September, and October. We use daily weather maps to classify the 273 extreme precipitation events by meteorological cause (tropical cyclones, fronts, and extratropical cyclones) and use reanalysis data to determine large‐scale changes in the atmosphere and ocean associated with increased extreme precipitation for each classification. Results show that tropical cyclones account for almost half (48%) of the post‐1996 extreme precipitation increase, while fronts and extratropical cyclones are responsible for 25% and 15% of the increase, respectively. The remaining 11% is from extreme events in the other 6 months of the year and extreme events that affected <5 stations. The increase in extreme precipitation from tropical cyclones after 1996 is associated with a shift to the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation warm phase, higher total column water vapor, and potentially weakened steering winds. September and October tropical cyclones caused significantly more extreme precipitation during the current Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation warm phase (1996–present) than during the last warm phase (1928–1962), despite the same number of northeast tropical cyclones in both periods. Increased extreme precipitation from fronts is associated with a wavier (higher amplitude) jet stream, which likely facilitates the development of more frequent fronts through the advection of cool northern air into the American Midwest.
Paradigm Shifts on Flood Risk Management in Japan: Detecting Triggers of Design Flood Revisions in the Modern Era
Authors: Nakamura Shinichiro , Oki Taikan
Published: June 2018

Flood risk management (FRM) has repeatedly evolved through paradigm shifts in human history. In modern FRM, a design flood, which reflects the protection standard or safety level of the FRM, is one of the most important elements. It has been historically revised and increased to reflect the sociohydrological situation of each era. Through this study we aimed to identify these changes to FRM and their reasons (after the advent of the modern society in Japan), focusing on the design flood revision triggers in 109 river basins. We extracted all these triggers through critical reviews of governmental reports (and other historical resources), then tried to identify and divide this time period into a few eras, based on these shifts. In addition, we performed a quantitative trend analysis of several sociohydrological variables that contributed to (or refracted) the shifts and conducted a qualitative analysis of their sociohydrological backgrounds. The revision triggers could be classified into five categories: “national policy change,” “mega flood,” “dam construction,” “economic growth,” and “others.” From the transition of triggers, the Japanese modern history of FRM was divided into three eras: “Era 1: 1910–1935, changing society,” “Era 2: 1935–1970, response to mega floods,” and “Era 3: 1970–2010, response to economic growth.” The paradigms shifted in each era due to variations in both socio‐hydrological events and backgrounds. The results showed that the Japanese FRM paradigm has shifted from “green society” to “technological society,” with respect to human‐technology‐flood evolution.
Source Complexity of the 2015 Mw 7.9 Bonin Earthquake
Authors: Chen Yu , Meng Lingsen , Zhang Ailin , Wen Lianxing
Published: June 2018

The 30 May 2015 Mw 7.9 Bonin earthquake, one of the largest and deepest earthquakes ever recorded by modern seismology, provides a unique opportunity to study the source process and physical mechanisms of deep‐focus earthquakes. We develop a novel back projection technique that allows source imaging in full three‐dimensional space with a high‐depth resolution. Our results indicate an initial SW‐NE bilateral source propagation followed by a northwest source extension. The multiple‐source inversion reveals a two‐step source process with propagating directions nearly perpendicular to each other, consistent with the 3‐D back projection result. The spatial distribution and focal mechanisms of the subevents cannot be modeled by a single planar rupture, which may display a curved rupture plane or subevents crossing multiple fault interfaces. The complex source process can be best explained by stress or structure heterogeneity within the deep slab.
Kinetic‐Scale Ion Flux Fluctuations Behind the Quasi‐Parallel and Quasi‐Perpendicular Bow Shock
Authors: Rakhmanova L. , Riazantseva M. , Zastenker G. , Verigin M.
Published: June 2018

Properties of kinetic‐scale plasma turbulence are examined observationally with the help of Spektr‐R measurements in the Earth's magnetosheath. The statistics covers 6 years of ion flux measurements during years 2011–2017 and includes a few dozens of the magnetosheath crossings with total duration of 250 hr. Several types of Fourier spectra are distinguished in the magnetosheath according to a spectral shape at the scales of transition from magnetohydrodynamic to kinetic regimes. Spectral indices and occurrence rate of different spectral shapes are examined at different locations with respect to the magnetosheath boundaries—the magnetopause and the bow shock. Magnetosheath plasma behind the quasi‐parallel and quasi‐perpendicular bow shock is explored separately. Clear dynamics of spectral shapes across the magnetosheath is shown: spectra with broad bump at the transition frequencies occur more frequently in the vicinity of the bow shock, while spectra with plateau at the same frequencies are usually observed closer to the magnetopause. Spectral indices such as spectral slope at the kinetic scales and break frequency are shown to be weakly affected by the boundaries behind the quasi‐perpendicular bow shock. The steepest spectra are observed close to the quasi‐parallel bow shock.
Energetic Ion Injections Inside Geosynchronous Orbit: Convection‐ and Drift‐Dominated, Charge‐Dependent Adiabatic Energization (W = qEd)
Authors: Mitchell D. G. , Gkioulidou M. , Ukhorskiy A. Y.
Published: June 2018

Particle injection, a major mode of plasma transport and energization throughout the magnetosphere, has been studied for decades. Nonetheless, the physical processes that lead to the acceleration and transport of very energetic ions in the inner magnetosphere during injection events are still under debate. In this paper, we analyze several injection events occurring near the Van Allen Probes apogee. Our analysis shows that the highest energy of an injected ion population depends on the charge state of that population. We show that most of the helium injected is doubly ionized (He++), while oxygen charge states are consistent with the presence of both ionospheric (O+) and solar wind (O6+) source populations. Based on the findings of our data analysis and with the use of a simple model, we demonstrate that the behavior of each injection of energetic ions near the Van Allen Probes apogee (5 < L < 7 RE) is well explained by simple adiabatic or nearly adiabatic transport within flow channels from higher L (≥10 RE) with velocities at 10 RE ranging between ~200 and 2,000 km/s and falling with inward transport consistent with fixed potential drops across the flow channels. Gradient/curvature drift during transport limits the highest energy/charge observed for each injection at the Van Allen Probes. Even at the highest measured ion energies where gyroradius and scattering effects might be expected to appear, energization depends on charge state but not on ion mass.
Scale and Boundary Effects on the Effective Elastic Properties of 2‐D and 3‐D Non‐REV Heterogeneous Porous Media
Authors: Wollner Uri , Kerimov Abdulla , Mavko Gary
Published: June 2018

A digital 3‐D representation of a heterogeneous medium can be used as an input to physics‐based numerical methods to obtain an estimate of the effective physical properties of the composite, such as transport, electrical, and elastic properties. These properties can then be used to simplify large‐scale numerical simulations of physical processes by considering the constitutive equations of the heterogeneous composite as if it was a homogenous continuum. By definition, effective physical properties do not depend on the boundary conditions applied to a medium during an experiment. In finite‐sized media, computing effective properties for a medium may not be feasible due to the boundary effects on the computed parameters. Through numerical experiments, we developed a methodology to minimize the boundary effects by considering a subdomain within a sample onto which the experiment was performed. Specifically, we analyzed the boundary effects on the computed elastic properties of 2‐D and 3‐D subdomains located within a digitized sample of a Berea sandstone and a compacted random pack of identical spherical particles. As the parent sample size increases while the size of the subdomain remains fixed, the elastic properties of the latter converge to constant values. These values correspond to the effective elastic values of the subsample, though they depend on the immediate region surrounding the subdomain. In addition, we propose a method to relate the effective elastic properties of rock samples to another microstructural parameter to be used in prediction of elastic properties of other samples having the same type and geological conditions.
Deformation Behavior of Sandstones From the Seismogenic Groningen Gas Field: Role of Inelastic Versus Elastic Mechanisms
Authors: Pijnenburg R. P. J. , Verberne B. A. , Hangx S. J. T. , Spiers C. J.
Published: June 2018

Reduction of pore fluid pressure in sandstone oil, gas, or geothermal reservoirs causes elastic and possibly inelastic compaction of the reservoir, which may lead to surface subsidence and induced seismicity. While elastic compaction is well described using poroelasticity, inelastic and especially time‐dependent compactions are poorly constrained, and the underlying microphysical mechanisms are insufficiently understood. To help bridge this gap, we performed conventional triaxial compression experiments on samples recovered from the Slochteren sandstone reservoir in the seismogenic Groningen gas field in the Netherlands. Successive stages of active loading and stress relaxation were employed to study the partitioning between elastic versus time‐independent and time‐dependent inelastic deformations upon simulated pore pressure depletion. The results showed that inelastic strain developed from the onset of compression in all samples tested, revealing a nonlinear strain hardening trend to total axial strains of 0.4 to 1.3%, of which 0.1 to 0.8% were inelastic. Inelastic strains increased with increasing initial porosity (12–25%) and decreasing strain rate (10−5 s−1 to 10−9 s−1). Our results imply a porosity and rate‐dependent yield envelope that expands with increasing inelastic strain from the onset of compression. Microstructural evidence indicates that inelastic compaction was controlled by a combination of intergranular cracking, intergranular slip, and intragranular/transgranular cracking with intragranular/transgranular cracking increasing in importance with increasing porosity. The results imply that during pore pressure reduction in the Groningen field, the assumption of a poroelastic reservoir response leads to underestimation of the change in the effective horizontal stress and overestimation of the energy available for seismicity.
A Snow Distribution Model Based on Snowfall and Snow Drifting Simulations in Mountain Area
Authors: Li G. , Wang Z. S. , Huang N.
Published: June 2018

Snow distribution modeling is important to hydrological research of alpine catchments, for the temporal and spatial evolution of snow cover has significant influence on snowmelt runoff. However, few snow distribution models have considered the slope effect on drifting snow transport. In this work, a drifting snow parameterization scheme considering the slope effect is proposed, and a snow distribution model based on snowfall and snow drifting simulations is established for alpine terrain. The validation wind‐tunnel experiments and field observations show high accuracy of our model in snow depth evaluation. Then we have analyzed the snow deposition patterns of complex terrain in detail. The results show different deposition patterns for snowfall and drifting snow, for deposition patterns for snowfall are controlled by both terrain and wind, while deposition patterns for drifting snow are mainly dominantly controlled by terrain, and the erosion or deposition rate is sensitive to the local wind speed. This work has considerable value in improving the accuracy of snow distribution prediction in alpine area, which we believe is essential for hydrological research of alpine catchments.
Is There a Change From a Warm‐Dry to a Warm‐Wet Climate in the Inland River Area of China? Interpretation and Analysis Through Surface Water Balance
Authors: Long Biao , Zhang Baoqing , He Chansheng , Shao Rui , Tian Wei
Published: June 2018

The Inland River Area of China (IRAC), being the most water‐stressed region in the world, faced with increasingly severe ecological degradation risk and water shortage issue under global climate warming. Previous studies indicated that the climate of IRAC have changed from warm‐dry to warm‐wet, because both precipitation (P) and air temperature have increased. However, the analysis in this study, considering the effects of climate change on hydrologic cycle rather than simply on climate conditions, indicates that there has been no substantial change from a warm‐dry to a warm‐wet climate in the IRAC during 1948–2010. The Standardized Moisture Anomaly Index (SZI), which is a comprehensive multiscalar drought indicator, was used to identify the patterns of dry and wet weather. The Global Land Data Assimilation System 2 (GLDAS2) Noah model, based on advanced land surface modeling and data assimilation techniques, were used to provide input surface water‐energy variables for calculating SZI. The results show that both the forcing data and the output of the GLDAS2 Noah model are in good agreement with different types of observations. The variabilities in SZI are more consistent with evidence of multiple droughts (including residual water/energy ratio, evapotranspiration deficit, and historical drought records) than the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI). Based on SZI, it is known that increases in the water supply (P) are balanced by the increased water demand caused by significant climate warming; that is, terrestrial water storage has generally remained balanced over the past four decades.
Nonlagged Response of Vegetation to Climate Change During the Younger Dryas: Evidence from High‐Resolution Multiproxy Records from an Alpine Lake in Northern China
Authors: Zhang Zhiping , Liu Jianbao , Chen Shengqian , Chen Jie , Zhang Shanjia , Xia Huan , Shen Zhongwei , Wu Duo , Chen Fahu
Published: June 2018

The use of pollen analysis to reconstruct regional vegetation changes, and subsequently climate, is a common approach in paleoclimatic reconstruction. However, it is unclear whether or not vegetation exhibits a lagged response to climate change during shifts from rapid cooling to rapid warming. The Younger Dryas (YD) cold event, spanning the last glacial/Holocene transition, was a prominent abrupt climatic event. To investigate the vegetation response to climate change during the YD, we compared profiles of independent climatic indicators from the sediments of alpine Lake Gonghai, on the margin of the modern Asian summer monsoon, with a pollen record from the same site. Our aim was to assess the phase lag of vegetation change relative to independent climate proxies that would have responded near instantaneously to climate change. The results show that the vegetation changed synchronously with the climate proxies, and consequently, we conclude that vegetation succession around Lake Gonghai exhibited a nonlagged response to climate change during the YD. This result confirms that a previous pollen‐based quantitative regional precipitation record from Lake Gonghai reliably depicts variations in the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM), especially its decreasing trend during the YD. This conclusion differs from that of related research on the Baxie loess section and Hani peat deposits. Also, we suggest that our findings provide an improved understanding of the likely response of the EASM during cooling intervals and that the YD is a useful analog for studying the response of vegetation to possible abrupt cooling events under future global warming scenarios.
New Observed Data Sets for the Validation of Hydrology and Land Surface Models in Cold Climates
Authors: Hamlet Alan F.
Published: June 2018

In a recent WRR paper, Yan et al. (2018, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017WR021290) have derived a simple, elegant, and useful way of reanalyzing quality‐controlled SNOTEL data sets to produce quantitative estimates of water reaching the land surface during rain, snowmelt, and rain‐on‐snow events, and use these data to generate “next‐generation” intensity duration, and frequency curves for these quantities at SNOTEL measurement locations. These new data sets may prove useful as direct inputs to design processes in some cases, but I argue in this commentary that they will probably have much more important application to the validation and refinement of off‐line hydrology models and land surface schemes embedded in climate models, which can then be used to extend these data in space and time to create more comprehensive products to guide infrastructure design. If well validated, such tools can be used to extend backward in time to make detailed hindcasts of the historical record with more complete spatial and temporal coverage (which also facilitates more accurate estimation of extremes with longer return intervals) and forward in time to project future conditions that are needed to design long‐lived infrastructure in what will likely be a highly nonstationary environment. In addition, there is a need to extend these data sets to include lower elevation areas in mountain environments, and other areas of the United States and Canada with cold winter climates.
Hydrocarbon degradation and response of seafloor sediment bacterial community in the northern Gulf of Mexico to light Louisiana sweet crude oil
Authors: Bacosa Hernando P , Erdner Deana L , Rosenheim Brad E , Shetty Prateek , Seitz Kiley W , Baker Brett J , Liu Zhanfei
Published: June 2018

The Deepwater Horizon (DWH) blowout resulted in the deposition to the seafloor of up to 4.9% of 200 million gallons of oil released into the Gulf of Mexico. The petroleum hydrocarbon concentrations near the wellhead were high immediately after the spill, but returned to background levels a few years after the spill. Microbial communities in the seafloor are thought to be responsible for the degradation of hydrocarbons, however, our knowledge is primarily based upon gene diversity surveys and hydrocarbon concentration in field sediment samples. Here, we investigated the oil degradation potential and changes in bacterial community by amending seafloor sediment collected near the DWH site with crude oil and both oil and Corexit dispersant. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were rapidly degraded during the first 30 days of incubation, while alkanes were degraded more slowly. With the degradation of hydrocarbons, the relative abundances of Colwelliaceae, Alteromonadaceae, Methylococales, Alcanivorax, Bacteriovorax, and Phaeobacter increased remarkably. However, the abundances of oil-degrading bacteria changed with oil chemistry. Colwelliaceae decreased with increasing oil degradation, whereas Alcanivorax and Methylococcales increased considerably. We assembled seven genomes from the metagenome, including ones belonging to Colwellia, Alteromonadaceae, Rhodobacteraceae, the newly reported genus Woeseia, and candidate phylum NC10, all of which possess a repertoire of genes for hydrocarbon degradation. Moreover, genes related to hydrocarbon degradation were highly enriched in the oiled treatment, suggesting that the hydrocarbons were biodegraded, and that the indigenous microflora have a remarkable potential for the natural attenuation of spilled oil in the deep-sea surface sediment.
Guanylate binding proteins facilitate caspase-11-dependent pyroptosis in response to type 3 secretion system-negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Balakrishnan Arjun , Karki Rajendra , Berwin Brent , Yamamoto Masahiro , Kanneganti Thirumala-Devi
Published: June 2018

Detection of bacterial ligands is a pre-requisite for inflammasome activation. During Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection, flagellin which is secreted through the T3SS is detected by the NLRC4 inflammasome. Activation of the NLRC4 inflammasome is believed to contribute to high IL-1β production and pathogenicity in cystic fibrosis patients with chronic P. aeruginosa infection. Interestingly, the majority of P. aeruginosa isolated from cystic fibrosis patients with chronic airway infection are non-motile and T3SS-negative, suggesting that yet un-characterized inflammasome pathways regulate IL-1β production in cystic fibrosis patients. Here we demonstrate the role of guanylate-binding proteins (GBPs) in regulating bacterial proliferation and inflammasome activation in response to T3SS-negative P. aeruginosa. Bacterial ligands liberated by the action of GBP2 and IRGB10 activate caspase-11 and regulate non-canonical NLRP3 inflammasome activation and IL-1β release. Overall, our results reveal the role of caspase-11 in inhibiting bacterial proliferation and promoting IL-1β secretion during T3SS-negative P. aeruginosa infection. This study suggests that non canonical inflammasomes might have co-evolved to detect Gram-negative bacterial pathogens that have evolved to bypass detection by canonical NLRs.
Inward-facing conformation of l-ascorbate transporter suggests an elevator mechanism
Authors: Luo Ping , Dai Shuliu , Zeng Jianwei , Duan Jinsong , Shi Hui , Wang Jiawei
Published: June 2018

Various bacteria can ferment vitamin C (l-ascorbate) under anaerobic conditions via the phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent phosphotransferase system (PTS). The PTSasc system is composed of two soluble energy-coupling proteins (EI and HPr) and an enzyme II complex (EIIA, EIIB, and EIIC) for the anaerobic uptake of ascorbate and its phosphorylation to l-ascorbate 6-phosphate in vivo. Crystal structures of the ascorbate-bound EIIC component from Escherichia coli are available in outward-open and occluded conformations, suggesting a possible elevator mechanism of membrane transport. Despite these advances, it remains unclear how EIIC actually transports the substrate across the membrane and interacts with EIIB, which transfers its phosphate group to the EIIC-embedding ascorbate. Here, we present the crystal structure of the EIICasc component from Pasteurella multocida in the inward-facing conformation. By comparing three conformational states, we confirmed the original proposed model: the ascorbate translocation can be achieved by a rigid-body movement of the substrate-binding core domain relative to the V motif domain, which brings along the transmembrane helices TM2 and TM7 of the V motif domain to undergo a winding at the pivotal positions. Together with an in vivo transport assay, we completed the picture of the transport cycle of the ascorbate superfamily of membrane-spanning EIIC components of the PTS system.
The REN4 rheostat dynamically coordinates the apical and lateral domains of Arabidopsis pollen tubes
Authors: Li Hui , Luo Nan , Wang Weidong , Liu Zengyu , Chen Jisheng , Zhao Liangtao , Tan Li , Wang Chunyan , Qin Yuan , Li Chao , Xu Tongda , Yang Zhenbiao
Published: June 2018

The dynamic maintenance of polar domains in the plasma membrane (PM) is critical for many fundamental processes, e.g., polar cell growth and growth guidance but remains poorly characterized. Rapid tip growth of Arabidopsis pollen tubes requires dynamic distribution of active ROP1 GTPase to the apical domain. Here, we show that clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) coordinates lateral REN4 with apical ROP1 signaling. REN4 interacted with but antagonized active ROP1. REN4 also interacts and co-localizes with CME components, but exhibits an opposite role to CME, which removes both REN4 and active ROP1 from the PM. Mathematical modeling shows that REN4 restrains the spatial distribution of active ROP1 and is important for the robustness of polarity control. Hence our results indicate that REN4 acts as a spatiotemporal rheostat by interacting with ROP1 to initiate their removal from the PM by CME, thereby coordinating a dynamic demarcation between apical and lateral domains during rapid tip growth.
Spin–phonon couplings in transition metal complexes with slow magnetic relaxation
Authors: Moseley Duncan H. , Stavretis Shelby E. , Thirunavukkuarasu Komalavalli , Ozerov Mykhaylo , Cheng Yongqiang , Daemen Luke L. , Ludwig Jonathan , Lu Zhengguang , Smirnov Dmitry , Brown Craig M. , Pandey Anup , Ramirez-Cuesta A. J. , Lamb Adam C. , Atanasov Mihail , Bill Eckhard , Neese Frank , Xue Zi-Ling
Published: June 2018

Spin–phonon coupling plays an important role in single-molecule magnets and molecular qubits. However, there have been few detailed studies of its nature. Here, we show for the first time distinct couplings ofgphonons of CoII(acac)2(H2O)2(acac = acetylacetonate) and its deuterated analogs with zero-field-split, excited magnetic/spin levels (Kramers doublet (KD)) of theS = 3/2 electronic ground state. The couplings are observed as avoided crossings in magnetic-field-dependent Raman spectra with coupling constants of 1–2 cm−1. Far-IR spectra reveal the magnetic-dipole-allowed, inter-KD transition, shifting to higher energy with increasing field. Density functional theory calculations are used to rationalize energies and symmetries of the phonons. A vibronic coupling model, supported by electronic structure calculations, is proposed to rationalize the behavior of the coupled Raman peaks. This work spectroscopically reveals and quantitates the spin–phonon couplings in typical transition metal complexes and sheds light on the origin of the spin–phonon entanglement.
Microscopic structure of the polymer-induced liquid precursor for calcium carbonate
Authors: Xu Yifei , Tijssen Koen C. H. , Bomans Paul H. H. , Akiva Anat , Friedrich Heiner , Kentgens Arno P. M. , Sommerdijk Nico A. J. M.
Published: June 2018

Many biomineral crystals form complex non-equilibrium shapes, often via transient amorphous precursors. Also in vitro crystals can be grown with non-equilibrium morphologies, such as thin films or nanorods. In many cases this involves charged polymeric additives that form a polymer-induced liquid precursor (PILP). Here, we investigate the CaCO3 based PILP process with a variety of techniques including cryoTEM and NMR. The initial products are 30–50 nm amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC) nanoparticles with ~2 nm nanoparticulate texture. We show the polymers strongly interact with ACC in the early stages, and become excluded during crystallization, with no liquid–liquid phase separation detected during the process. Our results suggest that “PILP” is actually a polymer-driven assembly of ACC clusters, and that its liquid-like behavior at the macroscopic level is due to the small size and surface properties of the assemblies. We propose that a similar biopolymer-stabilized nanogranular phase may be active in biomineralization.