bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
New frontiers in human hair follicle (neuro‐)endocrinology
Authors: Paus R. , Kromminga A. , Hasse S. , Laugsch M. , Jelkmann W. , Wenzel B. E. , Bodó E.
Published: August 2010

Recently, we have shown that normal human scalp hair follicles in anagen VI (a) synthesize CRH, ACTH, alpha‐MSH and cortisol and display a fully functional equivalent of the hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal axis (Ito et al. FASEB J 2005) (b) synthesize melatonin, up‐regulate melatonin synthesis and secretion upon stimulation with noradrenaline (just like in the pineal gland), and express melatonin receptors in a hair cycle‐dependent manner (Kobayashi et al. FASEB J 2005) and (c) synthesize prolactin, express functional prolactin receptors, and respond to their stimulation by premature catagen induction, which is mediated in part via up‐regulation of TGFβ2 (Foitzik et al. Am J Pathol, in press). Besides these, by now established, aspects of hair follicle (neuro‐) endocrinology, we present preliminary evidence that points to exciting new frontiers in this field: for example, human anagen VI scalp hair follicles also express erythropoietin and its receptor (EPO and EPO‐R) on the gene and protein level and up‐regulate EPO‐R expression under conditions of hypoxia, and that these hair follicles may have established yet another hypothalamus–pituitary axis equivalent, the TRH‐TSH system. Studying the effects of calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP), a key skin neuropeptide associated, e.g., with stress responses and neurogenic inflammation, on organ‐cultured human hair follicles, we also noted that CGRP inhibits both hair matrix keratinocyte proliferation in situ and hair follicle pigmentation. After defining the most immediately pressing open questions that remain to be addressed in these areas, our own data are discussed in the context of how the organ‐culture of human scalp hair follicles can be exploited for addressing questions of general importance in human dermatoendocrinology.
25‐hydroxyvitamin D3 1alpha‐hydroxylase splice variants in human skin
Authors: Seifert M. , Tilgen W. , Reichrath J.
Published: August 2010

1,25‐Dihydroxyvitamin D3[1,25(OH)2D3], the biologically active metabolite of vitamin D, has been shown to regulate the growth of various cell types, including human keratinocytes. There are two principal enzymes involved in the formation of circulating 1,25(OH)2D3 from vitamin D, the hepatic microsomal or mitochondrial vitamin D 25‐hydroxylase (25‐OHase) and the renal mitochondrial enzyme 1α‐hydroxylase (1α‐OHase) for vitamin D and 25(OH)D3, respectively. 25‐hydroxyvitamin D3−1α‐hydroxylase (1α‐hydroxylase) catalyses the synthesis of the active form of vitamin D, 1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3, in the kidney. Recently, extrarenal activity of 1α‐OHase has been reported in various cell types including macrophages, keratinocytes, prostate and colon cancer cells. Local production of calcitriol has been postulated to play an autocrine or paracrine role in vitamin D‐mediated growth control. Previously, we reported mRNA splice variants of the gene encoding the P450 cytochrome 25‐hydroxyvitamin D3‐1‐hydroxylase in human melanoma cell lines. As already described for other cytochrome P450 genes, alternative splicing can play a role in regulating the enzyme level and may cause tissue‐specific variations in healthy cells. Using nested touchdown reverse transcription‐PCR (RT‐PCR) and Western blot analysis, we identified CYP27B1 splice variants in cultured normal human melanocytes and keratinocytes (HaCaT) after treatment with UV‐B (10–50 mJ/cm2). Using real‐time RT‐PCR, we quantified the expression of CYP27B1. We identified several splice variants and a clear influence of UV‐B treatment on the expression pattern of CYP27B1 in HaCaT cells.
Apoptosis pathways and oncolytic adenoviral vectors: promising targets and tools to overcome therapy resistance of malignant melanoma
Authors: Eberle Jürgen , Fecker Lothar F. , Hossini Amir M. , Kurbanov Bahtier M. , Fechner Henry
Published: August 2010

Abstract:  In the last decades melanoma incidence has been increasing worldwide, while mortality remained on a high level. Until now, there is no suitable therapy for metastasized melanoma, which could lead to a significant increase in overall survival. Apoptosis deficiency is supposed to be a critical factor for therapy resistance, and previous work has characterized the basic mechanisms of apoptosis regulation in melanoma. Genes and strategies suitable for efficient induction of apoptosis in melanoma cells were identified, which are based on proapoptotic Bcl‐2 proteins (Bcl‐xS, Bcl‐xAK, Bik/Nbk and Bax) as well as on tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐related death ligands (CD95L/Fas ligand and TNF‐related apoptosis‐inducing ligand, TRAIL). Proapoptotic genes may be employed in improved gene therapeutic strategies, based on conditional oncolytic adenoviral vectors.
Review on the APP/PS1KI mouse model: intraneuronal Aβ accumulation triggers axonopathy, neuron loss and working memory impairment
Authors: Bayer T. A. , Wirths O.
Published: August 2010

Accumulating evidence points to an important role of intraneuronal Aβ as a trigger of the pathological cascade of events leading to neurodegeneration and eventually to Alzheimer’s disease (AD) with its typical clinical symptoms, like memory impairment and change in personality. As a new concept, intraneuronal accumulation of Aβ instead of extracellular Aβ deposition has been introduced to be the disease‐triggering event in AD. The present review compiles current knowledge on the amyloid precursor protein (APP)/PS1KI mouse model with early and massive intraneuronal Aβ42 accumulation: (1) The APP/PS1KI mouse model exhibits early robust brain and spinal cord axonal degeneration and hippocampal CA1 neuron loss. (2) At the same time‐point, a dramatic, age‐dependent reduced ability to perform working memory and motor tasks is observed. (3) The APP/PS1KI mice are smaller and show development of a thoracolumbar kyphosis, together with an incremental loss of body weight. (4) Onset of the observed behavioral alterations correlates well with robust axonal degeneration in brain and spinal cord and with abundant hippocampal CA1 neuron loss.
Conditionally inducible tau mice – designing a better mouse model of neurodegenerative diseases
Authors: Janus C.
Published: August 2010

Neuronal cell death underlies the majority of age‐related human neurodegenerative disorders that culminate with salient and severe cognitive decline affecting patients’ quality of life, identity and eventually leading to death. The identification of disease‐causing genes in familial forms of neurodegenerative diseases enabled the development of genetic models closely replicating pathologies found in human central nervous system. These models dramatically precipitated our understanding of molecular events leading to neuronal death in many neurodegenerative disorders. Today’s large range of cellular and animal models generate rapidly accumulating biochemical and neuropathological data on changes induced by mutated or dysfunctional proteins implicated in neuronal loss. Most of these models are complementary, although all have intrinsic limitations as well as specific advantages. Development of conditional transgenic mouse models in which a deleterious effect of a transgene can be regulated in a controlled way created new possibilities of addressing the basic mechanisms of neurodegeneration and provided a new angle for the development and testing of new therapeutic approaches.
Neurogenesis and cell cycle‐reactivated neuronal death during pathogenic tau aggregation
Authors: Schindowski K. , Belarbi K. , Bretteville A. , Ando K. , Buée L.
Published: August 2010

The aim of the present study was to investigate the relation between neurogenesis, cell cycle reactivation and neuronal death during tau pathology in a novel tau transgenic mouse line THY‐Tau22 with two frontotemporal dementia with parkinsonism linked to chromosome‐17 mutations in a human tau isoform. This mouse displays all Alzheimer disease features of neurodegeneration and a broad timely resolution of tau pathology with hyperphosphorylation of tau at younger age (up to 6 months) and abnormal tau phosphorylation and tau aggregation in aged mice (by 10 months). Here, we present a follow‐up of cell cycle markers with aging in control and transgenic mice from different ages. We show that there is an increased neurogenesis during tau hyperphosphorylation and cell cycle events during abnormal tau phosphorylation and tau aggregation preceding neuronal death and neurodegeneration. However, besides phosphorylation, other mechanisms including tau mutations and changes in tau expression and/or splicing may be also involved in these mechanisms of cell cycle reactivation. Altogether, these data suggest that cell cycle events in THY‐Tau22 are resulting from neurogenesis in young animals and cell death in older ones. It suggests that neuronal cell death in such models is much more complex than believed.
Paediatric Hashimoto encephalopathy, refractory epilepsy and immunoglobulin treatment – unusual case report and review of the literature
Authors: Berger I , Castiel Y , Dor T
Published: August 2010

Background:  Hashimoto encephalopathy (HE) is a rare autoimmune disorder. It is defined as a ‘corticosteroid‐responsive encephalopathy associated with thyroiditis’.

Clinical observation:  We describe a boy who suffered from HE, responded only to intravenous immunoglobulin therapy. This is the first case report of immunoglobulin therapy in paediatric HE.

Conclusion:  After review of the literature, we recommend that unexplained encephalopathy in children should lead to evaluation of thyroid autoantibody titres. Immunoglobulins should be considered.
Editorial
Authors: Kealy Kevin
Published: August 2010

The First International Conference of Veterinary Radiologists was held in Dublin, Ireland, September 6, 7, and 8, 1968. This meeting was an outstanding success. Eleven countries were represented and attendance averaged approximately 100 persons.

The following editorial reflects the thoughts of Dr. Kevin Kealy concerning this meeting and the significance of international cooperation in veterinary radiology. Dr. Kealy, radiologist at the Veterinary College of Ireland, organized The First International Conference of Veterinary Radiologists. It is through his tireless efforts that this meeting was a scientific and social success. Although this Journal cannot record the pleasures of personal contacts with one's colleagues and the making of new friends, it can serve as a forum for the presentation of the scientific program. Readers will note that the majority of manuscripts appearing in this Journal are footnoted as having been presented at The First International Conference of Veterinary Radiologists. Additional papers presented at this conference will appear in subsequent volumes.
DEVELOPMENT OF A WHOLE BODY MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING PROTOCOL IN NORMAL DOGS AND CANINE CANCER PATIENTS
Authors: KRAFT SUSAN , RANDALL ELISSA , WILHELM MELINDA , LANA SUSAN
Published: August 2010

Whole body magnetic resonance imaging (whole body MR imaging) could potentially provide accurate cancer staging as a single imaging modality. This study was done to develop a whole body MR imaging protocol for a 1.5 T MR instrument using four normal Beagle dogs (Phase I) and then to assess the protocol's feasibility in cancer‐bearing dogs (Phase II). In Phase I, anesthetized dogs were placed in dorsal recumbency with limbs flexed along the torso. T1, T2, and short tau inversion recovery sequences were acquired by spin echo or fast spin echo, and also using the more rapid single shot fast spin echo and gradient echo pulse sequences. Three large overlapping fields of view (FOV) were used to visualize the entire body and the sagittal and dorsal imaging planes were compared. Relative examination time, image quality, organ visibility and signal intensity were evaluated. Phase I results were used to establish a protocol that balanced image quality with examination time. In Phase II, whole body MR imaging was done on 10 dogs with cancer. Examination times were 60–75 min. Image quality was sufficient for all known lesions to be visualized, including mass lesions, pulmonary infiltrate, and lymphadenomegaly. Skeletal detail was sufficient to visualize known neoplastic lesions of the appendicular skeleton, yet it was suboptimal because of the large FOV and use of the body coil. Additional modifications of a whole body MR imaging protocol and continued technological improvements in MR imaging will further increase its potential for veterinary cancer staging.
TRANSSPLENIC PORTAL SCINTIGRAPHY USING 99MTC‐MEBROFENIN IN NORMAL DOGS
Authors: MORANDI FEDERICA , COLE ROBERT C. , ECHANDI RITA L. , DANIEL GREGORY B.
Published: August 2010

Transsplenic portal scintigraphy using sodium pertechnetate is superior to per‐rectal portal scintigraphy due to improved visualization of the portal vasculature with decreased patient and personnel exposure. The purpose of this study was to describe the use of 99mTc‐mebrofenin, the radiopharmaceutical of choice for the evaluation of hepatic function, in place of pertechnetate for transsplenic portal scintigraphy in normal dogs. Sixteen juvenile dogs underwent transsplenic portal scintigraphy using 37–130 MBq 99mTc‐mebrofenin in a 0.2–0.5 ml volume. After the initial dynamic acquisition obtained at 4 frames/s in right lateral recumbency, static right lateral, and ventral views were obtained at 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, and 60 min. A nuclear angiogram of the splenic and portal veins was visible in all dogs, followed by rapid distribution of the radiopharmaceutical in the liver. Hepatic morphology was more easily defined than with pertechnetate. Transit time could not be calculated due to the high hepatic extraction of 99mTc‐mebrofenin. Mean±SD shunt fraction was 0.8±0.8%. Time to peak liver activity was 3.1±1.1 min, and hepatic excretion T1/2 was 19.4±6.3 min. No visible blood pool and cardiac activity was seen after 5 min. The mean±SD time to visualization of defined biliary activity was 8.8±2.9 min. Absorption from the spleen was significantly higher than that reported for pertechnetate (87.9±8.2%, vs. 52.5±19.1%). 99mTc‐mebrofenin can be used in place of pertechnetate for transsplenic portal scintigraphy, with the advantage of combining quantitative parameters of liver function with the already known advantage of transsplenic portal scintigraphy.
COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC FEATURES OF THE NORMAL CANINE THYROID GLAND
Authors: TAEYMANS OLIVIER , SCHWARZ TOBIAS , DUCHATEAU LUC , BARBERET VIRGINIE , GIELEN INGRID , HASKINS MARK , VAN BREE HENRI , SAUNDERS JIMMY H.
Published: August 2010

The computed tomographic (CT) features of the normal thyroid gland were compiled from images acquired in 25 client‐owned dogs without thyroid gland disease. The mean pre‐ and postcontrast attenuation values were 107.5 and 169.0 Hounsfield Units, respectively. After injection of intravenous contrast medium (600 mg iodine/kg), the apparent thyroid gland volume (both lobes combined) increased from a mean value of 1148.0 mm3to a mean value of 1188.9 mm3. All thyroid lobes were homogeneous on pre‐ and postcontrast images. In a craniocaudal direction, the gland spanned a region from the 1st to the 8th tracheal ring and the right lobe was often more cranial than the left. On transverse images the lobe shape was ovoid in 72%, and its location was dorsolateral to the trachea in 90% of dogs. Parathyroid glands could not be identified and an isthmus connecting both thyroid lobes was only seen in one dog. Considering the excellent visibility of the normal canine thyroid gland, CT can be beneficial in the differentiation of thyroidal versus nonthyroidal neck masses. CT also yields potential in the staging of thyroid carcinomas.
ASSESSMENT OF LOW‐COST TELERADIOLOGY FOR GRADING ELBOW DYSPLASIA
Authors: HAMMOND GAWAIN , GEMMILL TOBY , MELLOR DOMINIC , SULLIVAN MARTIN
Published: August 2010

Teleradiology involves the creation of a radiographic image that is then transmitted electronically. It has been shown that low‐cost teleradiology has a high level of agreement when comparing the original radiograph to the digital image. However, there has been little investigation of the effect of digitization on the score allocated by a grading scheme. Radiographs of 60 canine elbows were selected, each in three projections (mediolateral flexed, mediolateral neutral, craniocaudal). Each radiograph was photographed at 3 megapixel (3 M) and 6 megapixel (6 M) resolution using a digital camera. The images were placed in groups (radiographs, 3 M and 6 M) and randomized. Each elbow was independently graded by a radiologist and an orthopedic surgeon using the BVA elbow scoring scheme, with the different image sets interpreted separately. Intra and interobserver agreement was compared using a κ analysis. The radiologist had substantial intraobserver agreement for repeated grading of radiographs, and moderate agreement for the other intraobserver tests (3 M vs. radiographs, 6 M vs. radiographs, 3 vs. 6 M). The surgeon had moderate to substantial agreement for the intraobserver tests. There was reduced interobserver agreement for all image groups. These results suggest that low‐cost teleradiology may only allow moderate accuracy when used for grading schemes, and this may affect its use for breed scoring schemes. However, there appears to be an inherent subjectivity present in the elbow‐grading scheme, seen in both intra and interobserver analysis. Therefore, further study of teleradiology using a different scoring model (e.g., hip dysplasia) may be indicated.
POSTOPERATIVE SUSCEPTIBILITY ARTIFACT DURING MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING OF THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN IN TWO DOGS AND A CAT
Authors: FREER SEAN R. , SCRIVANI PETER V.
Published: August 2010

In humans that have undergone cervical diskectomy, magnetic susceptibility artifacts are often found on postoperative magnetic resonance (MR) images of the affected region. In some patients, these artifacts complicate image interpretation, while in others the artifacts lead to a false diagnosis of spinal cord compression. We describe two dogs and one cat that had susceptibility artifacts visible in postoperative MR images. In each patient, multiple, small‐to‐large, distinct, magnetic susceptibility artifacts were visible along the surgery site. In both dogs, interpretation was impossible and subsequently computed tomography (CT) was performed. During CT, no cause for the MR artifact was identified. The most likely source of the artifact is microscopic metal fragments from the burr, suction tip or other surgical instruments, but other possible causes include hemorrhage or paramagnetic suture material. These artifacts may cause difficulty in interpretation or suggest a clinical problem. MR imaging therefore might not be the most appropriate examination for patients following certain types of surgery due to the possibility of susceptibility artifacts. Although this artifact probably is common in the postoperative patient, the frequency that this finding will prevent accurate diagnosis is unknown.
IMAGING DIAGNOSIS—COMPLEX INTRAHEPATIC PORTOSYSTEMIC SHUNT IN A DOG
Authors: D'ANJOU MARC‐ANDRÉ , HUNEAULT LOUIS
Published: August 2010

An unusual form of congenital intrahepatic portosystemic shunt was identified in a 3½‐month‐old female Labrador Retriever with neurologic signs. Ultrasonography and contrast‐enhanced computed tomography were used to characterize the shunt morphology. An unusual, looping right‐divisional shunt connected back to the portal vein that formed an ampula in the right‐central portion of the liver. An irregularly shaped window‐like opening connected the combined right‐divisional loop and aneurysmal portal vein, and the caudal vena cava, while this vascular pool gradually fused more cranially. Imaging features of this complex vascular anomaly, which has not been previously reported, are presented.
IMAGING DIAGNOSIS—ULTRASOUND‐GUIDED ETHANOL SCLEROTHERAPY FOR A SIMPLE RENAL CYST
Authors: AGUT AMALIA , SOLER MARTA , LAREDO FRANCISCO G. , PALLARES FRANCISCO J. , SEVA JUAN I.
Published: August 2010

Solitary renal cysts are benign and in the majority of instances asymptomatic and do not require treatment. Nevertheless, treatment may be required if abdominal discomfort or pain, hypertension, infection or renal outflow obstruction occur. Under these circumstances, percutaneous management of the cyst is the easiest and fastest procedure, and no major complications are generally encountered. In this report we describe a patient with a solitary renal cyst treated successfully by a single injection of ethanol into the cyst. The sonographic appearance of the cyst changed from a well‐defined hypoechoic structure to an ill‐defined hyperechoic region. Canine renal cysts may be successfully managed in some instances by a single ethanol injection.
ULTRASONOGRAPHIC ANATOMY OF ABDOMINAL LYMPH NODES IN THE NORMAL CAT
Authors: SCHREURS ELKE , VERMOTE KATHELIJN , BARBERET VIRGINIE , DAMINET SYLVIE , RUDORF HEIKE , SAUNDERS JIMMY H.
Published: August 2010

Lymph nodes are essential structures to be evaluated in an ultrasonographic examination of the feline abdomen. It was hypothesized that current technical proficiency would allow all feline abdominal lymph nodes to be identified ultrasonographically. Ten clinically normal, adult, domestic shorthair cats were examined using real‐time compound ultrasonographic imaging. The medial iliac lymph nodes were visible in 100% of the cats, the jejunal lymph nodes in 90%, the hepatic lymph nodes in 70%, the aortic lumbar, the splenic, and the pancreaticoduodenal lymph nodes in 60% each, the ileocecal and the colic lymph nodes in 50% each, and the renal, the gastric, the sacral and the caudal mesenteric lymph nodes in 40%, 30%, 20%, and 10% of the cats, respectively. The inconsistent presence of lymph nodes, their poor echocontrast and interposed gas of the gastrointestinal tract explain the lower percentages of identification. The ultrasonographic length and diameter of the lymph nodes were determined. The majority of these measurements corresponded to those in the literature. We conclude that ultrasonography is a valuable tool for the identification and evaluation of most abdominal lymph nodes in the normal cat. Average ultrasonographic measurements are presented as a preliminary guideline for normal feline abdominal lymph nodes.
CHARACTERIZATION OF NORMAL TISSUE COMPLICATIONS IN 51 DOGS UNDERGOING DEFINITIVE PELVIC REGION IRRADIATION
Authors: ARTHUR JENNIFER J. , KLEITER MIRIAM M. , THRALL DONALD E. , PRUITT AMY F.
Published: August 2010

Our objective was to further characterize the late normal tissue complications developing after definitive irradiation of pelvic region tumors in dogs, and to search for prognostic factors. The medical records of dogs receiving definitive irradiation of the pelvic region between 1987 and 2005 were reviewed. The following criteria were established for inclusion: total dose ≥45 Gy, a portion of colon in the primary field, and a minimum of 6 months follow‐up. Fifty‐one dogs were identified. Prognostic factors evaluated included multiple descriptors of the patient, tumor and radiation treatment. One or more late complications were documented in 20 of 51 patients (39%). Complications were necrotic drainage/ulceration in the skin and subcutaneous tissues within the radiation field (n=7), chronic colitis (n=4), strictures (n=4), osteopenia (n=2), and one each rectal perforation, urinary bladder thickening, iliosacral osteosarcoma, pelvic limb edema, and perianal pain. Two prognostic factors were identified. There was an increase in complications in dogs with perineal tumors compared with other pelvic region sites (P=0.04), and also in dogs with larger radiation fields (P=0.04). The finding of an association of tumor site to complications may be a spurious finding and the association between field size and complications is not unexpected although absolute difference in field size between dogs with and without complications was small. There was no association between development of complications and survival. Based on the observed complication rate, consideration can be given to reducing dose per fraction in dogs receiving definitive pelvic region irradiation to <3 Gy.
IMAGE DISPLAY
Authors: PUCHALSKI SARAH M.
Published: August 2010

Digital imaging systems are imaging chains where the diagnostic utility of the system is limited by its weakest link. Digital image display has had a major impact on the imaging chain. Radiologist performance can be greatly impacted by monitors and software choices. Many factors should be considered when purchasing monitors or an entire workstation and workstation rank or importance is of primary concern. The workstation should be likened to the studio or perhaps more appropriately the surgical suite of the radiologist. It should be comfortable, useful, and enable the radiologist to practice their trade to the best of their ability.
VETERINARY TELERADIOLOGY
Authors: POTEET BRIAN A.
Published: August 2010

Veterinary teleradiology was first commercially introduced in the early 1990s with limited success, mostly influenced by slow Internet speeds and large file sizes. Currently the practice of teleradiology in veterinary medicine is widespread due to the availability of broadband Internet connections, image compression, and economically priced PACS and DICOM software. This review article will discuss the current applications, equipment and configuration needs, the medicolegal aspects, image file formats, and methods of transmission needed for teleradiology in veterinary medicine.
DIGITAL IMAGE STORAGE
Authors: WALLACK SETH
Published: August 2010

Digital image archival requires less physical storage space, allows for rapid storage and retrieval and avoids loss in image quality over time or with image duplication compared with film storage. Because medical imaging data are critically important and, by law, must be stored in a safe, accessible manner, it is imperative not to have one computer error destroy all copies of the image data. Several options for image storage media are available including magnetic tape, optical media, spinning disks and solid state. Other considerations include on‐site vs. off‐site storage, redundancy, on‐line vs. off‐line storage, and removable storage media for disaster recovery. The different storage media can be used in different configurations to provide sufficient protection of digital data. Choose a storage system that will keep your data safe from unauthorized access, hardware failure, and clinic disasters.
PORTAL RADIOGRAPHY IN VETERINARY RADIATION ONCOLOGY: OPTIONS AND CONSIDERATIONS
Authors: McENTEE MARGARET C.
Published: August 2010

Portal radiography involves the acquisition of images to visualize radiation treatment field(s) using the radiation treatment source. The standard has been the use of film‐based systems with improvements over the years in film–screen technology providing near diagnostic quality images. More recent advances have included the development of digital systems with such notable improvements including ability to window/level images to enhance viewing and readability, and significant shortening of the time required to acquire images.
COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC IMAGING OF THE NORMAL IMMATURE CALIFORNIA SEA LION HEAD (ZALOPHUS CALIFORNIANUS)
Authors: DENNISON SOPHIE E. , SCHWARZ TOBIAS
Published: August 2010

Different computed tomography (CT) protocols were tested to optimize imaging of the head of the California sea lion. Transverse mode images were superior to helical mode images. Bone structures were best imaged using 1 mm slice width combined with a high‐frequency image reconstruction algorithm and best viewed using a wide window setting. Soft tissue structures were generally difficult to differentiate with the exception of the orbital region, which was best imaged using 2 mm slice width combined with a medium‐frequency image reconstruction algorithm and best viewed using a narrow window setting. Anatomic features specific to the California sea lion were identified on CT images and were consistent with previously published data. These included absence of the lacrimal bone, nasolacrimal ducts, and paranasal sinuses. Upon qualitative assessment of the orbit and nasal cavity, there was a triangular‐shaped interorbital nasal cavity on transverse images, and extensive, highly convoluted ethmoid turbinates. The permanent dental formula was identical to previous reports. In conclusion, we provide a detailed description of the anatomy of the immature California sea lion head and a definition of two imaging protocols.
ULTRASONOGRAPHIC ANATOMY OF THE BRACHIAL PLEXUS AND MAJOR NERVES OF THE CANINE THORACIC LIMB
Authors: GUILHERME SÉRGIO , BENIGNI LIVIA
Published: August 2010

A technique for ultrasonography of the brachial plexus and major nerves of the canine thoracic limb is described based on examination of five canine cadavers and three healthy dogs. The ventral branches of the spinal nerves that contribute to the brachial plexus are identifiable at their exit from the intervertebral foramina. These nerves may be followed distally, cranial to the first rib, until they form the brachial plexus. The musculocutaneous, ulnar, and median nerves are identified on the medial aspect of mid‐humerus and followed proximally to the axillary region and distally to the elbow. The radial nerve, formed by multiple nerve components, is seen on the mediocaudal aspect of the humerus. Nerves appear as hypoechoic tubular structures with an internal echotexture of discontinuous hyperechoic bands, surrounded by a thin rim of highly echogenic tissue. Improved understanding of the ultrasonographic anatomy of the brachial plexus and its main branches supports clinical use of this modality.
SERIAL GASTROINTESTINAL ULTRASONOGRAPHY FOLLOWING EXPLORATORY CELIOTOMY IN NORMAL ADULT PONIES
Authors: EPSTEIN KIRA , SHORT DIANA , PARENTE ERIC , REEF VIRGINIA , SOUTHWOOD LOUISE
Published: August 2010

The objective was to characterize ultrasonographic changes in bowel wall thickness, contractility, degree of distension, luminal contents, and peritoneal fluid associated with exploratory celiotomy in normal ponies. Gastrointestinal ultrasonographic examination was performed in 14 ponies on days 1, 3, 5, and 7 after an exploratory celiotomy. Wall thickness, contractility, degree of distension, and luminal contents were recorded for the duodenum and jejunum. Stomach wall thickness and location, cecal wall thickness, and peritoneal fluid location and character were recorded. Peritoneal fluid was identified most frequently on day 1 (P=0.0005). Duodenal wall thickness was significantly decreased on day 7 compared with days 1, 3, and 5 suggesting inflammatory thickening postoperatively (P=0.005). Stomach wall thickness was decreased on day 1 compared with days 3, 5, and 7 (P=0.03). All measurements, however, were within normal limits. Hypocontractile segments of jejunum were most frequently identified on day 1 (P=0.02) and hypoechoic contents were identified most frequently in the jejunum on day 1 and the duodenum on day 3, suggesting mild functional ileus or enteritis in the early postoperative period. Our findings support that bowel handling during abdominal exploration causes minimal changes in bowel wall thickness, contractility, degree of distension, luminal contents, and peritoneal fluid. This study was performed in ponies without gastrointestinal disease and further studies are necessary in patients.
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING OF THE CANINE OPTIC NERVE
Authors: BOROFFKA SUSANNE A. E. B. , GÖRIG CHRISTIANE , AURIEMMA EDUARDO , PASSON‐VASTENBURG MAARTJE H. A. C. , VOORHOUT GEORGE , BARTHEZ PAUL Y.
Published: August 2010

We describe the magnetic resonance (MR) imaging aspects of normal canine optic nerve, the diameter of the optic nerve as measured on MR images, and optimal MR sequences for the evaluation of the optic nerve using a 0.2 T MR unit. Three millimeter contiguous slides of the normal canine orbital region were acquired in transverse and dorsal oblique planes using a variety of tissue weighting sequences. It was apparent that detailed anatomic assessment of the optic nerve can be performed with low‐field MR imaging, but none of the sequences provided unequivocal superior image quality of the optic nerve. The mean diameter of the optic nerve sheath complex was 3.7 mm and of the optic nerve 1.7 mm. The intraorbital and intracanalicular parts of the optic nerve are consistently visible and differentiation between the optic nerve and optic nerve sheath complex is possible using low‐field MR systems.
POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY FEATURES OF CANINE NECROTIZING MENINGOENCEPHALITIS
Authors: EOM KI‐DONG , LIM CHAE‐YOUNG , GU SU‐HYUN , KANG BYEONG‐TECK , KIM YOUNG‐BO , JANG DONG‐PYO , WOO EUNG‐JE , KIM DAEYOUNG , CHO ZANG‐HEE , PARK HEE‐MYUNG
Published: August 2010

A Yorkshire terrier and a Chihuahua were referred for acute onset, generalized tonic‐clonic seizures and were suspected to have meningoencephalitis based on magnetic resonance (MR) imaging findings. Brain lesions appeared hyperintense with T2‐weighted imaging and hypointense with T1‐weighted imaging, and were characteristic of necrotizing meningoencephalitis. Both dogs were diagnosed with necrotizing meningoencephalitis based on pathologic findings. Fluorine‐18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG‐PET) was performed on both animals before euthanasia with the permission of the owner. In FDG‐PET images, these lesions seen in MR images were characterized by multifocal or diffuse hypometabolism. Our FDG‐PET results provided evidence of glucose hypometabolism in areas of necrosis and cavitation associated with necrotizing meningoencephalitis. FDG‐PET has the potential to provide valuable diagnostic information in dogs with suspected necrotizing encephalitis.
Neuropeptide Y and osteoblast differentiation – the balance between the neuro‐osteogenic network and local control
Authors: Franquinho Filipa , Liz Márcia A. , Nunes Ana F. , Neto Estrela , Lamghari Meriem , Sousa Mónica M.
Published: August 2010

Accumulating evidence has contributed to a novel view in bone biology: bone remodeling, specifically osteoblast differentiation, is under the tight control of the central and peripheral nervous systems. Among other players in this neuro‐osteogenic network, the neuropeptide Y (NPY) system has attracted particular attention. At the central nervous system level, NPY exerts its function in bone homeostasis through the hypothalamic Y2 receptor. Locally in the bone, NPY action is mediated by its Y1 receptor. Besides the presence of Y1, a complex network exists locally: not only there is input of the peripheral nervous system, as the bone is directly innervated by NPY‐containing fibers, but there is also input from non‐neuronal cells, including bone cells capable of NPY expression. The interaction of these distinct players to achieve a multilevel control system of bone homeostasis is still under debate. In this review, we will integrate the current knowledge on the impact of the NPY system in bone biology, and discuss the mechanisms through which the balance between central and the peripheral NPY action might be achieved.
Intra‐abdominal vacuum‐assisted closure (VAC) after necrosectomy for acute necrotising pancreatitis: preliminary experience
Authors: Sermoneta D , Di Mugno M , Spada PL , Lodoli C , Carvelli ME , Magalini SC , Cavicchioni C , Bocci MG , Martorelli F , Brizi MG , Gui D
Published: August 2010

Infection of pancreatic necrosis, although present in less than 10% of acute pancreatitis, carries a high risk of mortality; debridment and drainage of necrosis is the treatment of choice, followed by ‘open’ or ‘close’ abdomen management. We recently introduced the use of intra‐abdominal vacuum sealing after a classic necrosectomy and laparostomy. Two patients admitted to ICU for respiratory insufficiency and a diagnosis of severe acute pancreatitis developed pancreatic necrosis and were treated by necrosectomy, lesser sac marsupialisation and posterior lumbotomic opening. Both of the patients recovered from pancreatitis and a good healing of laparostomic wounds was obtained with the use of the VAC system. Most relevant advantages of this technique seem to be: the prevention of abdominal compartment syndrome, the simplified nursing of patients and the reduction of time to definitive abdominal closure.
Measures of star formation rates from infrared (Herschel) and UV (GALEX) emissions of galaxies in the HerMES fields
Authors: Buat V. , Giovannoli E. , Burgarella D. , Altieri B. , Amblard A. , Arumugam V. , Aussel H. , Babbedge T. , Blain A. , Bock J. , Boselli A. , Castro-Rodríguez N. , Cava A. , Chanial P. , Clements D. L. , Conley A. , Conversi L. , Cooray A. , Dowell C. D. , Dwek E. , Eales S. , Elbaz D. , Fox M. , Franceschini A. , Gear W. , Glenn J. , Griffin M. , Halpern M. , Hatziminaoglou E. , Heinis S. , Ibar E. , Isaak K. , Ivison R. J. , Lagache G. , Levenson L. , Lonsdale C. J. , Lu N. , Madden S. , Maffei B. , Magdis G. , Mainetti G. , Marchetti L. , Morrison G. E. , Nguyen H. T. , O'Halloran B. , Oliver S. J. , Omont A. , Owen F. N. , Page M. J. , Pannella M. , Panuzzo P. , Papageorgiou A. , Pearson C. P. , Pérez-Fournon I. , Pohlen M. , Rigopoulou D. , Rizzo D. , Roseboom I. G. , Rowan-Robinson M. , Portal M. Sánchez , Schulz B. , Seymour N. , Shupe D. L. , Smith A. J. , Stevens J. A. , Strazzullo V. , Symeonidis M. , Trichas M. , Tugwell K. E. , Vaccari M. , Valiante E. , Valtchanov I. , Vigroux L. , Wang L. , Ward R. , Wright G. , Xu C. K. , Zemcov M.
Published: August 2010

The reliability of infrared (IR) and ultraviolet (UV) emissions to measure star formation rates (SFRs) in galaxies is investigated for a large sample of galaxies observed with the Spectral and Photometric Imaging Receiver (SPIRE) and the Photodetector Array Camera and Spectrometer (PACS) instruments on Herschel as part of the Herschel Multi-Tiered Extragalactic Survey (HerMES) project. We build flux-limited 250-μm samples of sources at redshift z < 1, cross-matched with the Spitzer/MIPS and GALEX catalogues. About 60 per cent of the Herschel sources are detected in UV. The total IR luminosities, LIR, of the sources are estimated using a spectral energy distribution (SED) fitting code that fits to fluxes between 24 and 500 μm. Dust attenuation is discussed on the basis of commonly used diagnostics: the LIR/LUV ratio and the slope, β, of the UV continuum. A mean dust attenuation AUV of mag is measured in the samples. LIR/LUV is found to correlate with LIR. Galaxies with and 0.5 < z < 1 exhibit a mean dust attenuation AUV of about 0.7 mag lower than that found for their local counterparts, although with a large dispersion. Our galaxy samples span a large range of β and LIR/LUV values which, for the most part, are distributed between the ranges defined by the relations found locally for starburst and normal star-forming galaxies. As a consequence the recipe commonly applied to local starbursts is found to overestimate the dust attenuation correction in our galaxy sample by a factor of ∼2–3. The SFRs deduced from LIR are found to account for about 90 per cent of the total SFR; this percentage drops to 71 per cent for galaxies with (or ). For these faint objects, one needs to combine UV and IR emissions to obtain an accurate measure of the SFR.
The sensory effect of butter in culinary sauces
Authors: Rapp Erika , Öström Åsa , Bosander Fredrik , Gustafsson Inga‐Britt
Published: August 2010

A common belief is that when butter is added to food, a more desired flavour develops and that other flavours are enhanced. The aim of this study was to investigate how different amounts of added butter affected the perceived sensory characteristics of tomato sauce and chicken velouté using sensory analysis. In addition, a preference test was performed for tomato sauce. As more butter was added, the intensity of butter flavour and the viscosity increased, and the other flavour, aroma and taste attributes tested were perceived as being less intense in varying magnitudes. No significant difference was obtained in the preference study, except liking of the appearance among the men who preferred the sauce containing less butter. The results show that a large amount of butter is not always essential, unless it is the flavour and aroma of butter itself that is sought, or if it is necessary to balance the flavour, taste and texture attributes. These results could have a positive health effect for consumers if the use of fat in restaurant kitchens is reduced.
Application of annatto dye formulation in bakery and extruded food products
Authors: Rao Pamidighantam Prabhakara , Satyanarayana Akula , Balaswamy Karakala , Jyothirmayi Tummala , Nagender Allani , Rao Dubasi Govardhana
Published: August 2010

The natural orange‐yellow pigment extracted from annatto (Bixa orellana L.) seeds is used mainly as a food colourant. Water‐soluble annatto dye formulations are used to colour various extruded food products such as rice and wheat noodles, rice and sago fryums, as well as baked foods such as sugar cones and wafer biscuits. Desired shades of yellow‐orange to bright orange colour were obtained by using a dye formulation in a range of 15–50 mg norbixin/kg of the product. In sugar cones, application of norbixin at three levels (15, 25 and 50 mg/kg) of concentration was applied to yield colour shades that match those of vanilla, mango and strawberry respectively. The colour was completely lost during processing of wafers. The retention of colour in the sugar cones was in the range of 59.3, 51.6 and 41.4%, respectively, over a 6‐month period. The visual retention of colour and Lovibond tintometer colour values in extruded products such as noodles and fryums was found to be very good during the storage period. Norbixin in the extruded foods could not be quantified accurately as the extraction of colour into solvents was poor because of its affinity to bind with starch molecules.
Customer perceptions for expectations and acceptance of an authentic dining experience in Thai restaurants
Authors: Sukalakamala Piyavan , Boyce Janice B.
Published: August 2010

Multiculturalism is an intrinsic part of the historical formation and development of the USA. The USA is a multiethnic and multilingual society, a trend expected to increase in the future. One component of ethnicity is expressed in the manner by which ethnic groups prepare and serve their food. Today, Americans are more accepting of international cuisines. However, because of the high rate of restaurant failures, the importance of restaurateurs knowing consumer preferences and demands is essential to success. This research study investigated customers' perceptions, acceptance and expectations related to an authentic Thai dining experience. Additionally, this research assessed the degree of authenticity customers expect from the dining experience. One of the major goals of this research is to provide information for ethnic restaurant owners/managers based on customer expectations for an authentic ethnic cuisine experience.
An in‐use comparison of in‐line and in‐tank ultraviolet devices for reduction of the microbial load in water coolers
Authors: Hall A. , Fielding L. M. , Peters A. C.
Published: August 2010

Two ultraviolet (UV) systems were evaluated for use in water‐cooling devices: in‐tank (8 W, held in the centre of a 2‐L chilled water tank) and in‐line (6 W, treating chilled water at the point of dispense). The efficacy of these devices, under conditions of continual dispense (2 L/min), against a range of bacteria commonly associated with drinking water, was investigated. A rate of 1 L/min and the impact of a periodic dispense pattern (machine was not dispensing for 1 min between sampling) was examined with Escherichia coli. At 2 L/min, both devices achieved a 3 log reduction. At 1 L/min, both devices achieved greater than 4 log reduction. During periodic dispense, the in‐line device achieved a 3 log reduction, while the in‐tank device achieved greater than a 4 log reduction. UV was effective at reducing levels of bacteria commonly associated with water to acceptable levels. Under conditions of periodic use, the in‐tank device showed greater potential.
The nutritional value and health issues of in‐flight meals offered by Greek airlines – a preliminary study
Authors: Grammatikopoulou Maria G. , Zakas Athanasios , Papadopoulou Sousana K. , Panayiotoglou Angeliki
Published: August 2010

Recent data suggest that frequent flying may contribute to the prevalence of obesity. Frequent flyers are prone to excessive energy consumption and decreased physical activity. The aim of the present study was to determine the nutritional value of in‐flight meals. On 12 flights of two major Greek airlines, meals were collected in‐flight and weighed on the ground. Flight duration and destination, as well as passenger class, were recorded. Meals were analyzed using United States Department of Agriculture Food Search for Windows SR18. Analysis showed that menus were high in energy, fat and sodium, with international meals having the highest energy and fat content of all. The two airline companies provided meals with different energy and mineral content, as well as the majority of the vitamins examined. Passengers should aim to consume only half of the meals offered, in order to keep their energy balance. Menus of high nutritional value and low energy content might not necessarily be expensive for airlines, but would certainly provide a strong feeling of care and support for individual passengers and their health.
Incorporation of probiotic cultures in foodservice products: an exploratory study
Authors: Rodgers Svetlana
Published: August 2010

Foodservice organizations may be able to enter the fast‐growing functional food market by designing dishes with probiotics (beneficial bacteria). This is the first report on adding probiotic cultures to foodservice products. The viability of the commercial frozen and freeze‐dried preparations of two probiotic strains, Lactobacillus acidophilus (LA‐5) and Bifidobacterium animalis ssp. lactis (BB‐12), was evaluated during storage at −20°C and after incorporation into five dishes, four condiments and two ‘diluted’ culture preparations. The enumeration of viable populations was performed by the standard plating technique. Although the freeze‐dried cultures showed higher reduction in viability during the 120 days of storage at −20°C (3.6–4.0 log10 cfu/g reduction from the initial levels of 2 × 1011 cfu/g for LA‐5 and 1015 cfu/g for BB‐12), in food trials they provided higher inoculums (the range of 109–1011 cfu/g in comparison with 107–108 cfu/g for the frozen preparations). This resulted in higher viable counts at the end of storage. The product type affected the survival of the cultures. Items with high pH (served cold) showed potential as probiotic carriers: sandwich (viable counts of LA‐5 and BB‐12 in the range of 6.3 × 106–2.5 × 108 cfu/g after 3 h), sushi (7.9 × 106–1.2 × 108 cfu/g after 24 h) and smoothies (3.2 × 106–1.6 × 107 cfu/g, no storage). Butter, vegetable oil, mayonnaise and vinaigrette stored for 4 days, and the hot hamburger, however, were not suitable – no viable count was detected. Only freeze‐dried BB‐12 survived in butter at the level of 3.2 × 108 cfu/g. Freeze‐dried diluted powder mixes, which can be made available at the table for use by the customer, should be replaced frequently to maintain culture viability.