bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Relationship between Self-Actualization and Assertiveness in Males and Females
Authors: Olczak Paul V. , Goldman Jeffrey A.
Published: September 2011

The relationship between self-actualization (psychological health) and assertiveness was investigated in a sample of college students, 69 males and 151 females. Analysis indicated a moderately high positive relationship between self-actualization and self-reported assertiveness on the Rathus and Galassi scales. Differences for sex were generally statistically nonsignificant. The findings were related to previous research and exhortations toward a “behavioral humanism.”
Toward a Unique/Useful Concept of Values for Interpersonal Behavior: A Critical Review of the Literature on Value
Authors: Kilmann Ralph H.
Published: September 2011

The concept of values has been defined differently within each discipline in the social sciences and many different methods have been proposed to measure individual values. For the purpose of deriving a unique concept of values it was necessary to distinguish values from other related concepts. This was accomplished by viewing values as evaluative dimensions, e.g., good-bad, desirable-undesirable, shoulds and oughts. Since the focus of this paper is not on values for values' sake, the value literature was critically examined in order to suggest the value concepts, value lists, and instrument methodologies which are expected to be useful for explaining, predicting, or changing behavior; specifically, interpersonal behavior. The paper concludes by systematically summarizing the research issues that need to be addressed, i.e., uniqueness and usefulness, if social scientists are to further substantive knowledge about values and behavior.
Practice, Performance, and Level of Aspiration
Authors: Teevan Richard C. , Smith Barry D. , Greenfeld Norman , Loomis David J. , Hancock John G.
Published: September 2011

Teevan and Smith (1975) demonstrated that statements of level of aspiration set by subjects fearing failure were better understood as representing a range of aspirations. The region between the lower and upper boundaries was termed a confirming interval. The present study hypothesized that this interval narrowed with experience, that subjects were affectively indifferent to scores located within the interval, and that subjects scoring within the interval set more realistic levels of aspiration. 45 male high-school students were asked to comment on their expected performance on an electronically operated rifle range. After their performance, the students completed an affect scale designed to describe their feelings in respect of their performance. All hypotheses were confirmed.
Effect of Subjects' Incentives for Participation on Estimated Compliance for Self and Others
Authors: Maughan Micol R. C. , Higbee Kenneth L.
Published: September 2011

Two studies investigated the effect of four incentives for participation (no-mention, volunteer, paid, required) on college students' estimates of their own compliance (Self) and of most other subjects' compliance (Others), in the Orne demand-characteristics situation and the Milgram obedience situation. Students estimated that they would be more compliant than others in the Orne situation but less compliant in the Milgram situation. They also estimated higher compliance for paid and required participation than for no-mention and voluntary participation, for Self and Others, in the Orne situation; and for Others in the Milgram situation, where estimated compliance for Self was uniformly low in all four incentive conditions.
Decision-Making Style and Acquisition of Information: Further Exploration of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
Authors: Kerin Roger A. , Slocum John W.
Published: September 2011

This study examined whether the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator Thinking-Feeling Scale, which measures the preferred method of judging, is useful in explaining preference for different types of information among intuitive perceivers. Data from 40 graduates indicated that intuitive thinking types and feeling types do differ in their information preference with the principal difference being that thinking types prefer more objective, quantitative data than feeling types.
Correlates of Change in Attitudes toward Mental Illness among Vocational Nursing Students
Authors: Napoletano Margo A.
Published: September 2011

Those 16 students who had completed the two psychology courses (a) tended to complete the practicum and (b) reported being more influenced by experiential rather than cognitive components of the practicum. In view of the previously reported findings of favorable attitude change following a psychiatric practicum for the students who had completed the two psychology courses, over-all results presented in both reports (a) confirm previous studies which suggest the effectiveness of a psychiatric practicum in changing nursing students' attitudes toward mental illness and (b) empirically support Rabkin's 1977 statement that academic instruction seems maximally effective in combination with factors such as personal experience with mental patients, etc. (as reported by the student nurses) in changing attitudes toward mental illness.
Relationship of Client-Perceived Facilitative Conditions on Outcome of Behaviorally Oriented Assertive Training
Authors: Chiappone David , McCarrey Michael , Piccinin Serge , Schmidtgoessling Nancy
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the enhancement of assertive outcome via the addition of emphasis on development of a therapist-client facilitative relationship. Three assertive conditions were run for 8 wk. at 2 hr. per week. One condition concluded sessions with a 15-min. discussion, another with 15 min. facilitative interchange, the third in the usual behavioral training manner. All three used modeling, role-playing, imagery, and feedback. Significant changes in assertion were noted in all three conditions. While gains between conditions were not significant, clients, irrespective of treatment, who perceived higher levels of facilitative conditions had lower post-treatment scores of discomfort associated with assertive behavior. Results suggest support for an enhancer or additive effects of a facilitative relationship between therapist and client on change in assertiveness following the behaviorally oriented training program. Training in assertiveness was conceptualized as a two-stage process, an initial stage of realistic self-assessment and assessment of the situation, followed by a stage in which acquisition and practice predominate.
Learning in the Submerged Formica Rufa
Authors: Morgan Robert F.
Published: September 2011

Following a brief review of selected key studies of ant learning, an escape learning technique for future exploration is demonstrated. In a series of 10 experiments on 131 Formica rufa, submerged red ants escaped from water with increasing speed over trials so long as photo-positive cues prevailed.
State-Trait Anxiety and Biofeedback Mediated Control of Peripheral Vasomotor Responses
Authors: Bass Anthony E. , Mittenberg Wiley , Petersen Jerry
Published: September 2011

42 undergraduates completed the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and then received biofeedback for increases in index finger-skin temperature. Subjects with high-trait anxiety increased their temperature significantly more than subjects with low-trait anxiety. No significant differences were found among state anxiety groups. The results supported the conclusion that predisposition to anxiety (trait), and not situational (state) anxiety, improves peripheral vasomotor control.
Abuse of Inhalants: Motivation and Consequences
Authors: Matthews Robert W. , Korman Maurice
Published: September 2011

188 inhalant users, 157 heavy polydrug users, and 157 light polydrug users were interviewed concerning their reasons for drug abuse and the consequences they saw. Inhalant users were consistently more negatively affected by drug abuse and more strongly motivated toward drug abuse. The negative effects included factors of personal behavior, interpersonal adjustment, impulsivity, bad and distal consequences, and general drug-related trouble. Motivational factors implicated by inhalers were equally diverse, including internal, interpersonal, positive, and negative factors. These results are consistent with many current theories of drug addiction in general, suggesting that these theories may also be valid for the more specific, although less frequently addressed problem of inhalant abuse.
Hypnotic Susceptibility and Conformity: On the Mediational Mechanism of Suggestibility
Authors: Shames Morris L.
Published: September 2011

A preliminary investigation was undertaken to scrutinize the relationship between hypnotic susceptibility, as measured by the Spiegel Hypnotic Induction Profile, and conformity, determined by means of the classic Asch (1) paradigm. It was assumed that suggestibility is the construct mediating the synthesis of these two research areas. The profile was administered to 8 male and 2 female subjects following which they participated in the Asch compliance paradigm of line-length estimation. Significant correlations between hypnotic susceptibility and conformity as well as between hypnotic susceptibility and grade of conformity suggest that hypnotic susceptibility is a reasonable predictor of conformity, and both appear to be tied to the construct of suggestibility. These data lend validational support to Spiegel's profile which has come under dispute in recent years.
Passive-Avoidance Learning in Bullfrogs, Grass Frogs, and Toads
Authors: Harvey C. Brian , Moore Monica , Lomax Lindsay
Published: September 2011

A passive operant-avoidance procedure was employed to condition 12 bullfrogs and 6 grass frogs to inhibit the righting-reflex. To avoid an electric shock of .8 mA, both species, when flipped, remained frozen rather than showing the short-latency righting-reflex; 6 toads failed to show passive-avoidance learning. The data are considered within the context of species-specific behavior and tonic immobility.
Antecedents of Personal Adequacy of Filipino College Students
Authors: Watkins David , Astilla Estela
Published: September 2011

Responses of 307 male and 842 female Filipino university students to the California Psychological Inventory were related to measures of sex, socioeconomic status, family size, quality of family relationships, intelligence, level of academic aspiration, and school achievement. A multiple R of 0.34 was found between personal adequacy as measured by the inventory and these antecedents. The main contributors to the prediction of personal adequacy were intelligence, quality of family communication, own academic aspiration, sex, and socioeconomic status.
Distribution of Self-Reported Alcohol Consumption: Comments on Gregson and Stacey
Authors: Skog Ole-Jørgen
Published: September 2011

The method used by Gregson and Stacey for estimating individual drinking levels is shown to be strongly biased and unreliable. Their correction for underreporting is based on several unrealistic assumptions.
Parents' Perceptions of Father's Involvement with Hearing-Impaired Children
Authors: McNeil Martin , Chabassol David
Published: September 2011

20 sets of parents of hearing-impaired children were asked to respond to 10 questions relating to the role, expectations, and beliefs of the father in his involvement in programs for such children. Two hypotheses were offered and negated. The respondents did not see the role of the father as inferior to that of the mother, and the mother's perceptions of the importance of the father's role matched the latter's perception of himself.
How Foregone Conclusions about the Mind-Body Relation Inhibit Research
Authors: Barone Nancy C.
Published: September 2011

In light of psychology's growing acceptance of the study of mental events in research, the mind-body problem has become an issue of concern. An observer's conclusions in 1980 concerning the issue and his proof of the mythological origins of consciousness are questioned. Premature conclusions in the mind-body issue can be detrimental to progress in psychological research. The emergence theory of consciousness is presented as an example of a useful approach that does not necessitate a decision concerning the mind-body problem. A practical appeal is made for cooperation among behavioral scientists toward the goal of advancing knowledge through research and eventual understanding of the relation between mind and body.
Dilemma of the Untreated Control Group in Applied Research: A Proposed Solution
Authors: Di Tomasso Robert A. , McDermott Paul A.
Published: September 2011

Among the various impediments to controlled research in applied settings are the difficulties attendant upon the withholding or withdrawal of treatment that might prove beneficial to subjects and the inability of researchers to present simultaneously treatment conditions to all subjects. The multiple pretest-posttest control group design is introduced as an efficient and effective remedy to the problems with special focus upon controls for internal and external validity threats. Several variations of this basic strategy, including the alternating model, the staggered model, and the multiple pretest-posttest replications design, are illustrated and discussed. Finally, the arrangement of factors for statistical analysis is presented for both the case of analysis of covariance with posttest scores and analysis of variance using corrected gain scores.
Influence of Level of Meaningfulness on Conditioned Meaning
Authors: Wilson Gail P. , Rust James O. , Wilson William H.
Published: September 2011

The effects of initial level of meaningfulness of CS on acquisition of new meaning was studied. Three groups of 10 children each were trained to associate words of positive, negative, or neutral evaluative meaning with nonsense syllables. Meaningfulness of the CS (low, middle, or high) was a between-groups variable. Conditioning was effective for the low- and middle-meaningfulness groups, and the degree of conditioning was negatively related to meaningfulness.
Physically Impaired Mainstreamed Pupils' Reactions to School
Authors: Rich Yisrael
Published: September 2011

Preliminary data regarding the perceptions of school life among 75 physically impaired mainstreamed pupils and a norm group of children learning in regular classrooms are presented. Scores on the Israeli Quality of School Life scale suggest differences and similarities among extremely short, diabetic, and orthopedically impaired pupils. In general, physically impaired mainstreamed pupils show levels of satisfaction with school comparable to those of the norm group.
Silverstein's Nonparametric Many-One Test for a Two-Way Design: A Monte Carlo Study
Authors: Church James D. , Wike Edward L.
Published: September 2011

A Monte Carlo study was done to find the Type I error rates for three nonparametric procedures for making k – 1 many-one comparisons in a two-way design. The tests were the Silverstein and Steel many-one tests and the two-sample step-down sign test. k = 3, 5, 7, and 10 treatments were crossed with n = 8, 11, and 15 blocks with 1000 simulations per k, n combination. The Silverstein test had the best experimentwise error rates and is recommended for many-one comparisons in a two-way design.
Effect of Delay of CS Termination and Similarity between CS and Safety Signal (FS) on the Extinction of Shuttlebox-Avoidance Responding
Authors: Cotton M. M.
Published: September 2011

Two groups of 48 rats were trained on an avoidance task with a 2000-Hz tone CS. A safety signal or feedback stimulus (FS) following a hurdle response was provided by either a 4000-Hz tone (FSI) or 8000-Hz tone (FS2) for two groups, respectively. During extinction FS1 and FS2 groups were divided into four subgroups receiving 0-, 2-, 5-, or 10-sec. delay of CS offset (and therefore FS onset), respectively. FS2 facilitated acquisition but not extinction of the avoidance response. Extinction was facilitated by greater delay of CS offset and greater similarity between CS and feedback stimulus, with the two variables exerting independent additive effects. Results support the proposition that the similarity of CS and feedback stimulus and the delay of reinforcement function independently in avoidance situations.
The Affective Sensitivity Test as a Function of Stimulus Modality: Does Complete Information Hinder Performance?
Authors: Kushner Kenneth , Elliott Robert , Kunst-Wilson William Raft
Published: September 2011

The study investigated performance on the Affective Sensitivity Test as a function of the stimulus modality. Subjects were administered one of four variations of the test: (1) the standard sound film version, (2) the audio but not the visual portion of the film, (3) the visual but not the audio portion of the film, (4) the test booklet with neither the visual nor audio portion. Contrary to prediction, the standard administration (audio plus visual) resulted in significantly lower scores than did either the minimal information-booklet-only condition or the audio-only condition. Several explanations of these findings are discussed; data suggest the need for more research on the effect of different types of information on affective sensitivity.
A School-Based Counseling Program for Parents of Learning Disabled Children Using Paraprofessional Co-Counselors
Authors: Graybill Daniel , Gabel Harris
Published: September 2011

This study evaluated counseling groups held in four public schools for parents of learning disabled children utilizing parents of exceptional children as paraprofessional co-counselors. The counseling groups were evaluated using 13 of the 23 participating parents for whom data were available. Control groups were formed on a post hoc basis by matching for family education. Parents who participated in the counseling increased the frequency of their visits with their children's teachers subsequent to initiation of the counseling groups, but no other improvements were found.
Inter-Relationships among Three Measures of Disordered Thinking in Continuous Word Association
Authors: Silverstein Marshall L. , Harrow Martin
Published: September 2011

This report investigated the inter-relationships among three word-association indices (response commonality, degree of logical relatedness, and idiosyncratic responses) for a continuous word-association test to examine continuous-association procedures as a technique for studying associative thought disorder in schizophrenia. Results indicated high intercorrelations among all measures for both schizophrenics ( n = 42) and nonschizophrenic psychiatric controls ( n = 30). These data provide evidence in support of the utility of the continuous word-association test as an instrument capable of assessing associative disturbance in schizophrenia in a manner similar to the more familiar single word-association test.
Effect of Worldmindedness among Professional Buyers upon Their Willingness to Buy Foreign Products
Authors: Crawford John C. , Lamb Charles W.
Published: September 2011

The Worldmindedness scale (W-scale) developed by Sampson and Smith was administered to 376 professional buyers by mail questionnaire to determine the incidence of worldmindedness among them and its effect upon their willingness to buy foreign products. Willingness to buy was measured by a rating scale. Indications are that worldmindedness is normally distributed among those business executives and that variations in this value or attribute are related to their willingness to buy foreign products.
Measurement of Level I and Level II Mental Abilities as a Function of Test and Socioeconomic Status
Authors: Townsend Michael A. R.
Published: September 2011

In Jensen's dual process hypothesis of mental abilities Digit-Span and Progressive Matrices are seen as relatively pure measures of Level I and Level II, respectively, while paired-associate learning is seen as a less pure measure of Level I since it can vary with respect to loading on Level II ability. A sample of 227 10- to 11-yr.-old New Zealand children from varying socioeconomic groups completed Raven's Progressive Matrices, a digit-span test, and three paired-associate learning tests varying in abstractness. Analysis indicated no clear distinction between relatively pure and impure measures of Level I ability. Both Raven IQ and digit span were related to socioeconomic status, while paired-associate learning was not.
Effects of Location, Appearance, and Monetary Value on Altruistic Behavior
Authors: Chierco Susan , Rosa Carol , Kayson Wesley A.
Published: September 2011

Several studies have suggested that more altruism is found in smaller American communities, when the value of the money is increased and when the victim is neatly dressed. A female confederate, dressed either neatly or casually, dropped either a quarter or a dollar while approaching an unsuspecting subject ( N = 40 men and 40 women, 18 to 65 yr. of age), a student on campus or person on a street. Time for the subject to pick up the money and return it to the dropper was recorded. Location significantly affected altruistic behavior; the money was returned faster on campus than on the city street. A dollar was returned to the owner faster than a quarter.
Restraint Use with Emergency Psychiatric Patients: A New Perspective on Racial Bias
Authors: Kuhlman Thomas , Telintelo Suzanne , Winget Carolyn
Published: September 2011

This study examined the use of interventions of physical restraint by a staff of predominantly white therapists ( N = 37) with psychiatric emergency room patients ( N = 697) as a function of patients' race. Evidence of racial “bias” was found but not across all levels of severity of assessed psychopathology. This effect weakened after extended evaluation and treatment but did not disappear. The results question the value of the bias concept as a pervasive, cognitive set variable in its influence upon clinical judgment.
Jealousy, a Creation of Human Culture?
Authors: Mathes Eugene W. , Deuger Donna J.
Published: September 2011

To refute the position that jealousy is primarily a creation of human culture, two hypotheses were tested. The first was that jealousy in cats and dogs is frequently inferred by humans. The second was that the positive relationship between love and jealousy noted in human beings would also be inferred for cats and dogs. Support was found for both hypotheses in reports of animals' behavior by student-owners. It was concluded that jealousy is an innate distress response which is then modified by learning (culture).
Psychological Issues in the Care of Critically-Ill Respirator Patients: Differential Perceptions of Patients, Relatives, and Staff
Authors: Riggio Ronald E. , Singer Robert D. , Hartman Karen , Sneider Ronald
Published: September 2011

Using questionnaire rating scales, 21 ventilator patients, 17 family members, and 31 members of the medical staff who cared for the patients indicated their perceptions of the ventilator care situation with particular attention given to factors that may be sources of psychological stress for respirator patients. As expected, patients who reported problems in communicating with staff and family due to inability to talk and, in some cases, to write while on the respirator also reported strong feelings or negative emotions, e.g., anger, frustration, fear. The perceptions of staff, patients, and family differed significantly concerning problematic aspects of the respirator care situation. These results have implications for future research dealing with psychological issues of patients in critical care settings
Evolutionary Logic and Adlerian Social Interest
Authors: Christopher Steven B. , Leak Gary
Published: September 2011

Evolutionary explanations of human social behavior are increasing in popularity among social scientists. Unfortunately, many psychologists are ill-equipped to argue for or against evolutionary explanations. While numerous examples of inappropriate evolutionary analyses exist, the present article focuses upon one which is a subtle yet profound distortion in the service of maintaining the status quo of individual psychology. We hope our analysis will encourage others to be cautious when applying evolutionary principles to the psychological domain.
Cognitive Irrationality and Defensiveness
Authors: Morelli George , Andrews Lori
Published: September 2011

Cognitive irrationality was related to defensiveness as measured by the Defense Mechanism Inventory of Gleser and Ihilevich. Rationality was positively related to the principalization and reversal defenses. Catastrophizing subjects employed the defenses of turning against objects and projection; guilty subjects employed the reversal defense; and subjects prone to inertia and avoidance, and projected misfortune employed the defense of turning against objects. Multiple regression analyses supported the correlations. The theoretical and clinical relevance of cognitive irrationality and defense styles is discussed.
Electromyographic Response to Evaluative Stress in Test Anxiety
Authors: Hughes Richard L. , Harris Dickie A.
Published: September 2011

High and low test-anxious subjects performed a challenging tracking task after receiving instructions designed to maximize or minimize their evaluative apprehension. Electromyographic measures of frontalis muscle tension were recorded during the task. Actual tracking performance, subjective tension, and estimates of relative success on the task were also assessed. There were no statistically significant differences between high and low test-anxious subjects on either the physiological or the performance measures. There were, however, significant differences on the two self-report measures, suggesting a primary role for cognitive factors in test anxiety. Highly test-anxious subjects described themselves as more tense, and they more harshly evaluated their own performance.
Evaluation of Effectiveness of a One-Time Alcohol Abuse Preventive Education Assembly
Authors: Cuenot Randall G.
Published: September 2011

The effectiveness of most preventive education measures for alcohol abuse is not evaluated. This study assessed the impact of such an approach on personal, peer, and parental behavior as viewed by seventh grade students ( N = 332) in a posttest-only, control-group experimental design. Students who were exposed to the educational presentation ( n = 179) were compared to those who were not ( n = 153). The treated group immediately after a 50-min. session more readily identified the existence of peers' and parental drinking behavior; however, they did not communicate any differences regarding personal drinking behavior and values. These students did not perceive their parents as approachable for discussions of alcohol-related concerns.
Personal and Social Resources as Correlates of Coping Behaviour among the Aged
Authors: Clark Alfred W.
Published: September 2011

A questionnaire was administered to a national sample of 1,841 people over 60 years of age in Great Britain. Coping behaviour was influenced by the availability of personal and social resources, the correlations being .52 and .25, respectively.
Childhood Play Behavior of Homosexual and Heterosexual Men
Authors: Grellert Edward A.
Published: September 2011

Previous studies of male homosexuals' childhood play behavior have reported a limited selection of play activities. To get a more complete picture, 25 homosexual men and 25 comparison men were interviewed extensively about their play activities during ages 3 to 13 yr. at home and ages 6 to 11 yr. at school. Differences were found on 11 specific activities. Compared to heterosexual men, fewer homosexuals played “masculine” activities and more homosexuals played “feminine” activities. More homosexual subjects also recalled poor skill in throwing or catching a ball.
Sex and the Single Armrest: Use of Personal Space during Air Travel
Authors: Hai Dorothy M. , Khairullah Zahid Y. , Coulmas Nancy
Published: September 2011

Studies using a questionnaire and direct observation were designed to explore the correlation between sex and territorial space on airplanes. Subjects were observed in the coach section of airplanes to determine whether men or women used the common armrest more, when seated in mixed-sex arrangement. Other subjects responded to an interview questionnaire at a major airport. Results indicate that men, with or without control for size, had a much greater tendency to use the common armrest. Also those subjects accustomed to using the armrest felt angrier when denied this space.
Responses of Albino Rats to Distress of Littermates and Nonfamiliar Agemates
Authors: Wills Georgia D. , Moore Frank R. , Anderson Howard N. , Sisemore David A.
Published: September 2011

It was hypothesized that the pain or distress of littermates would yield higher levels of stress-indicators (urinations and defecations) in rats than the pain or distress of nonfamiliar agemates. Albino rats were exposed to the shock of biological littermates, cross-fostered littermates, biological siblings reared in another litter, and unfamiliar agemates. Statistical analysis indicated that, when the subjects were exposed to the shock of biological littermates, urinations and defecations were more frequent than when the subjects were exposed to the shock of the other animals.
Effects of Induced Mood on Social Cognitions
Authors: Bollenbach A. K. , Madigan R. J.
Published: September 2011

Previous studies have shown that depressed persons make negative interpretations of social stimuli. In the present study normal undergraduates were exposed to elated or depressed mood-induction procedures and were asked to interpret drawings of social situations. Subjects rated their own stories on a pleasantness-unpleasantness scale. The stories were also transcribed and rated by independent judges. Both the ratings of judges and subjects differed for elated and depressed subjects. The data suggest that mood may alter social perceptions in important ways and that these effects can be observed in normal persons after a brief mood-altering experience. The results are related to cognitive theories of depression.
Factors in Students' Dishonesty
Authors: Singhal Avinash C.
Published: September 2011

This paper summarizes the findings from surveys of faculty and students on academic dishonesty conducted at an American university. Two separate surveys administered to a sample of 364 engineering students and 80 faculty indicated the attitudes and occurrences of cheating. While 62% of the students admitted to copying homework or laboratory reports, only 51% of the faculty considered this cheating. Students (38%) and faculty (86%) believe “second-time” cheaters should be expelled from the university. Of students, 68% believe competition for grades is the major reason for cheating. Over 56% of the students admitted to cheating but methods of prevention or detection are not adequate as only 3% were caught. Monitoring during exams is a deterrent to cheating according to almost half the students. Surveys of students and faculty and a quiz for faculty on cheating have increased awareness about students' cheating and reduced its incidence.
Effect of Training to Clarify Values and Manage Time on Feelings of Time Competency
Authors: Ware Roger
Published: September 2011

26 students were trained to clarify their values and manage time. Trained more than untrained students reported significantly more feelings of time competency after the training. Further research should emphasize objective as well as affective outcomes.
University Students and Community Leaders: Awareness of Cross-Cultural Issues
Authors: Cour Jean La , Balvin Richard S. , O'Reilly Aida Takla
Published: September 2011

Studies of university outreach programs have reported on recruiting efforts, adult education, extension courses, etc. There appears to be no research on interaction of academic institutions and multi-ethnic communities, or of students' involvement in community affairs. This study investigated awareness of cross-cultural issues of students and community leaders. 119 students in a Southern California university, departments of Education, Pan-African Studies, Psychology, and Sociology and 19 local community leaders responded to a questionnaire asking about awareness of issues, perceived role of the university, and knowledge of leaders in each sector. Students identified fewer issues than community leaders; community leaders foresaw a larger role for the university. Neither group recognized leaders of the other. Possible responses by the university to identified concerns are considered.
Occupational Demands on Administrators and Spouses' Satisfaction and Well-Being
Authors: Burke Ronald J.
Published: September 2011

This field study investigated the relationship of work demands experienced by 41 male senior administrators of probation/parole/aftercare services and the well-being of their spouses. Data were collected by questionnaires completed independently by the husbands and their wives. Analysis indicated that wives whose husbands reported greater occupational demands reported greater life demands, less self-worth, and less life satisfaction. Some work demands were associated with greater spouses' satisfaction, however, suggesting that complex frameworks must be developed to understand occupational stress and the work-family interface. Work demands had an influence beyond the workplace and into the lives of spouses.
Sex-Role Attitudes of Australian and United States Women's Rights Activists
Authors: Joesting Joan
Published: September 2011

This study compared views of sex roles of Australian and United States women's rights demonstrators. Responses to the items of the questionnaire indicated that the 134 Australians were somewhat more conservative than the 392 United States marchers. In these samples teenagers were more concerned about child care, and married or widowed people were more conservative about marriage. As in previous studies, even the more liberal males who attended women's rights demonstrations were less liberal than the women.
Females in Dentistry: Variations in Psychological Androgyny
Authors: Hamby Carol L. , Shapiro Stewart
Published: September 2011

This study assessed the variations of psychological androgyny among females in dentistry. By means of the Bem Sex-role Inventory, 27 female dental students, 38 dental hygiene students, and 26 dental assistants were classified as being psychologically androgynous, feminine, masculine, or undifferentiated. 33% of dental students were classified as psychologically androgynous whereas 29% of dental hygienists and 31% of dental assistants were classified as being psychologically sex-typed feminine in their behavior. The implications of sex-typing may have some influence in the career choice of females into the human resources within dentistry.
Brief Overview of the Clinical Neuropsychological Evaluation
Authors: Brooker Alan E.
Published: September 2011

Specific differences between psychological and neuropsychological evaluations are discussed in terms of how each evaluation can contribute to physicians' understanding of human cognitive, affective, and characterological behavior.
Word-Stimulated Brain Activity and Verbal Responses
Authors: Golda Veroslav , Pons Louis
Published: September 2011

After verbal presentation of “stimulus words,” latency and variety of associative response, emotional power, and EEG alpha and amount of beta-one bands energy were analyzed with two test groups (11 Czechoslovakians, 74 French). Emotional power of words measured on the Osgood scale was compared to both the cognitive and the EEG responses. The question as to whether it is the cognitive or the emotional effect which acts first in the electrical brain response was discussed.
Toward a Comprehensive Assessment of Leadership Behaviors in Groups
Authors: Gardner Kathryn G. , De Palma Diane M. , Zastowny Thomas R.
Published: September 2011

One pressing and continuing task in group therapy research is the specific description and refinement in measurement of variables related to leadership. This paper briefly reviews two different methods used to study leadership and presents data on combining two approaches. The first approach is represented by the work of Lieberman, Yalom, and Miles, and the second approach by Wile, Bron, and Pollack. In this study, group therapists were asked to consider the items on leaders' behavior from Wile, et al.'s Group Leadership Questionnaire and conceptually match them to descriptions of the four leadership dimensions constructed by Lieberman, et al. The results suggested that the two approaches and their related research could be integrated to yield a conceptual perspective that is promising for assessment of leadership.
Individual Differences Approach to Multi-Attribute Attitude Model: An Application to Choice of Graduate Program in Business
Authors: Ahmed Sadrudin A.
Published: September 2011

The study examined the moderating effect of personality variable of excellence on the predictive effectiveness of multi-attribute attitude model. Data were collected from Master's students in business administration at four Canadian universities. Analysis indicated that the students who scored high on excellence showed a stronger correlation between attitude and intention to enter a program than the students who scored low. It was speculated that excellence has potential as a segmentation variable for complex, high involvement products.
Geophysical Variables and Behavior: X. Detecting Lunar Periodicities: Something Old, New, Borrowed, and True
Authors: Rotton James , Kelly I. W. , Frey James
Published: September 2011

This methodological note corrects errors in classic and recent studies on phases of the moon and abnormal behavior. It also describes more appropriate (time series analyses) procedures for detecting lunar periodicities in behavior.
MMPI-168 Factor Score Profiles for Major Diagnostic Groups
Authors: Lloyd Camille , McLaughlin Edward J. , Overall John E.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of the present study was to examine the MMPI-168 factor score profiles for groups of psychiatric patients whose clinical scale score profiles matched prototype patterns for schizophrenia ( N = 199), depression ( N = 215), and personality disorder ( N = 126). The MMPI-168 factor score profiles for a sample of 27 psychiatric outpatients meeting DSM III criteria for borderline personality were also examined. Suggestion of significant psychopathology was attributed to mean factor scores at or above the 90th percentile in a college student normative sample. According to this criterion, the personality disorder group had mean factor score: profile that evidenced significant elevation only on the Somatization factor. The depression group evidenced significant elevation on the Somatization and Depression factors. The borderline personality group evidenced significant elevation on Somatization and Depression, plus marginal elevation on Low Morale and Psychotic Distortion. The schizophrenia group evidenced significant elevation on Somatization, Depression, and Psychotic Distortion. All four diagnostic groups have elevated scores on a new general psychopathology screening scale (PSY). The results suggest that factor score profiles may contribute toward diagnostic interpretation of MMPI-168 records through simple representation of primary dimensions of psychopathology.
Academic Achievement after Self-Paced Testing: A Long-Term Study
Authors: Najmaie Mohammed H. , Dolphin Warren D.
Published: September 2011

University records of 302 students who had taken an introductory biology course under either traditional ( n = 147) or self-paced ( n = 155) testing conditions were examined 1 yr. after the class was over to determine whether instructional method, gender, major or the interactions of these variables affected students' achievement or matriculation in subsequent biology courses. A multiple covariance model was used to adjust for individual differences in ability and background. Women who had the beginning course under self-pacing earned higher adjusted grades in subsequent, traditional courses. Men did not show similar gains. The number of subsequent life-science courses taken was influenced only by student's major.
Salience and Assignment of Blame to Victims
Authors: Graves Laura M. , Lowe Charles A.
Published: September 2011

The effects of salience (conspicuousness) of victim and situation, perspective of respondent, and sex of subject on attributions of responsibility for a robbery were examined utilizing 78 male and 107 female undergraduates. Greater blame was attributed to the victim and the victim's behavior when the salience of the victim was high than when it was low. High salience of the situation decreased attributions of responsibility to the victim's behavior. Subjects attributed relatively greater blame to the victim when responding in terms of others' rather than their own attributions. Implications regarding measures of attribution and effects of newspaper accounts of crimes were discussed.
Comparison of Procedures Used to Induce Offensive Attack in Mice
Authors: Flannelly Kevin J. , Flannelly Laura , Pang Pamela
Published: September 2011

Three groups of male mice ( n = 6 per group) were tested in a study of the effects of repeated exposure to an intruder, dangled opponents, and isolation on territorial aggression (offense). Daily home-cage tests with intruders produced significantly more offensive behavior than either of the other procedures commonly used to induce this type of attack in mice.
Comparison of Administrators and Direct Service Workers in Agencies Dealing with the Elderly
Authors: Kabacoff Robert I. , Shaw Ilene Changar , Putnam Georgia , Klein Helen E.
Published: September 2011

This article presents comparative information, gained from mailed questionnaires, on the attitudes, knowledge, and perceptions of clients' needs held by 62 administrators and 57 direct-service personnel working with the aged. Administrators and direct-service workers were remarkably similar on each of these dimensions. Both groups demonstrated positive attitudes toward the aged and a deficit of certain types of factual knowledge about aging. Education was positively related to factual knowledge and favorable attitudes toward the elderly.
Effects of Progressive Muscle Relaxation Training on Trait Anxiety
Authors: Kibler Virginia E. , Foreman Russell J.
Published: September 2011

To measure the effects of progressive muscle relaxation training on trait and state anxiety of 27 college students enrolled in a class intended for stress reduction the Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale was administered prior to and immediately after training. Pulse rates and peripheral skin temperatures were measured for each student prior to and after training. A significant decrease was evidenced in trait anxiety scores after training. A significant drop was found in pulse rates and a significant increase found in skin temperature responses immediately following training.
Conceptual Analysis of the Sex-Role Ideology Scale
Authors: Milo Tamar , Badger Lee W. , Coggins Deborah R.
Published: September 2011

The authors report a statistical and conceptual analysis of the usefulness of the Sex-role Ideology Scale in research employing a population outside of Canada where the instrument was developed and validated. Factor analysis yielded four factors, two of which had only four items each and poor interitem reliability. The remaining two factors are interpreted as measuring agreement with the over-all goals and values of the feminist ideology and the norms of a traditional family-oriented sex-role division. The authors suggest some problems introduced by the treatment of these values and norms as points on a theoretical continuum. Modification of the scale should provide information leading to a greater understanding of the complex factors involved in the changing patterns of interpersonal relationships.
Effects of Environmental/Architectural Sensitizations on Different Groups of Clients: A Bibliography
Authors: Miller Mark J. , Morris Miriam Jan , Soper Barlow
Published: September 2011

This paper provides a noncritically evaluated listing of 50 references relevant to the differential effects of environmental/architectural design on individual behavior. This article is based on the premise that knowledge of the literature can provide mental health workers with information germane to their particular needs.
Full Scale IQ Equivalents for a Two Subtest Short Form of the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children Revised
Authors: Silverstein A. B.
Published: September 2011

A table is presented giving Full Scale IQ equivalents of sums of scaled scores on Vocabulary and Block Design for both the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised.
Concurrent and Predictive Validity of Two Group Intelligence Tests in a Juvenile Forensic Setting
Authors: Haynes Jack P. , Howard Rodney C. , Atkinson David
Published: September 2011

The study examined concurrent and predictive validity of two group intelligence tests in 110 institutionalized white delinquents with a mean age of 15 yr., 4 mo. Scores on the Otis-Lennon Mental Abilities Test and the Culture-Fair Intelligence Test correlated .67 with each other. The latter scores were greater than the former for 82.7% of the subjects. The prediction criterion of scores on Scale B of the High School Personality Questionnaire correlated .61 with Otis-Lennon scores and .39 with Culture-Fair scores. The Otis-Lennon was more appropriate as a brief measure of intelligence, but concurrent and predictive validity of both tests for different ethnic groups need study.
Infant Feeding and Maternal Attitudes among Mothers of Low-Income
Authors: Leeper James D. , Milo Tamar , Collins Terence R.
Published: September 2011

Demographic variables, maternal attitudes, knowledge, practices, and support systems were studied in a sample of 50 low-income mothers from one area to assess the basis for the low incidence of breastfeeding in this group. Attitudes were compared with those of a previous study of middle-class women. These women of low income emphasized the homemaking role, favored earlier motor and emotional development of the child, and had a more favorable attitude toward breastfeeding. Being unmarried and living with parents or other relatives proved to be an impediment to breastfeeding. More education, encouragement, and support from medical personnel are needed to increase the rate of breastfeeding in such a low-income population.
Life Stress, Personality and Illness Behavior: A Prospective Study
Authors: Duckitt John , Broil Teresa
Published: September 2011

Six personality dimensions derived from a principal components analysis of the 16 PF were examined as possible modifiers of the impact of recent life changes on illness behavior in a prospective study of a student sample ( N = 136). Results indicated that undesirable life changes significantly predicted illness behavior while total life changes did not. None of the six personality dimensions proved to be significant predictors of illness behavior. The results did, however, indicate a significant interaction between the dimension of sensitivity and life stress, with low scorers on this dimension showing a strong tendency to react to life stress with increased illness behavior while high scorers did not. This finding is interpreted in terms of Sheldrake's hypothesis that more outer-directed persons would tend to suppress direct evidence of stress and therefore discharge stresses through forms of illness commonly regarded as non-stress-related.
Stability of Assistance Needed in Learning by the Student Body of an Adult College
Authors: Suddick David E. , Owens Lee F. , Collins Burton A.
Published: September 2011

Needs for learning assistance of an adult upper-division Master's level student body were found to be stable over time and similar for continuing and entering students. The findings were based upon three student groups: 994 continuing students sampled in 1980, 1061 continuing students sampled in 1982, and 333 newly admitted students sampled in 1982. The percentage of degree-seeking students in each year was 37% in 1980 and 52% in 1982. These groups were representative of the student body, and there was minimum overlap of the 1980 and 1982 groups of continuing students.