bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Sun's global magnetic field
Authors: Mackay Duncan H.
Published: May 2012

Our present-day understanding of solar and stellar magnetic fields is discussed from both an observational and theoretical viewpoint. To begin with, observations of the Sun's large-scale magnetic field are described, along with recent advances in measuring the spatial distribution of magnetic fields on other stars. Following this, magnetic flux transport models used to simulate photospheric magnetic fields and the wide variety of techniques used to deduce global coronal magnetic fields are considered. The application and comparison of these models to the Sun's open flux, hemispheric pattern of solar filaments and coronal mass ejections are then discussed. Finally, recent developments in the construction of steady-state global magnetohydrodynamic models are considered, along with key areas of future research.
Magnetohydrodynamic waves and coronal seismology: an overview of recent results
Authors: De Moortel Ineke , Nakariakov Valery M.
Published: May 2012

Recent observations have revealed that magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) waves and oscillations are ubiquitous in the solar atmosphere, with a wide range of periods. We give a brief review of some aspects of MHD waves and coronal seismology that have recently been the focus of intense debate or are newly emerging. In particular, we focus on four topics: (i) the current controversy surrounding propagating intensity perturbations along coronal loops, (ii) the interpretation of propagating transverse loop oscillations, (iii) the ongoing search for coronal (torsional) Alfvén waves, and (iv) the rapidly developing topic of quasi-periodic pulsations in solar flares.
Bridging the bonding gap: the transition from primates to humans
Authors: Dunbar R. I. M.
Published: May 2012

Primate societies are characterized by bonded social relationships of a kind that are rare in other mammal taxa. These bonded relationships, which provide the basis for coalitions, are underpinned by an endorphin mechanism mediated by social grooming. However, bonded relationships of this kind impose constraints on the size of social groups that are possible. When ecological pressures have demanded larger groups, primates have had to evolve new mechanisms to facilitate bonding. This has involved increasing the size of vocal and visual communication repertoires, increasing the time devoted to social interaction and developing a capacity to manage two-tier social relationships (strong and weak ties). I consider the implications of these constraints for the evolution of human social communities and argue that laughter was an early evolutionary innovation that helped bridge the bonding gap between the group sizes characteristic of chimpanzees and australopithecines and those in later hominins.
Evolving communicative complexity: insights from rodents and beyond
Authors: Pollard Kimberly A. , Blumstein Daniel T.
Published: May 2012

Social living goes hand in hand with communication, but the details of this relationship are rarely simple. Complex communication may be described by attributes as diverse as a species' entire repertoire, signallers' individualistic signatures, or complex acoustic phenomena within single calls. Similarly, attributes of social complexity are diverse and may include group size, social role diversity, or networks of interactions and relationships. How these different attributes of social and communicative complexity co-evolve is an active question in behavioural ecology. Sciurid rodents (ground squirrels, prairie dogs and marmots) provide an excellent model system for studying these questions. Sciurid studies have found that demographic role complexity predicts alarm call repertoire size, while social group size predicts alarm call individuality. Along with other taxa, sciurids reveal an important insight: different attributes of sociality are linked to different attributes of communication. By breaking social and communicative complexity down to different attributes, focused studies can better untangle the underlying evolutionary relationships and move us closer to a comprehensive theory of how sociality and communication evolve.
Face to face with the social brain
Authors: Dobson Seth
Published: May 2012

Recent comparative evidence suggests that anthropoid primates are the only vertebrates to exhibit a quantitative relationship between relative brain size and social group size. In this paper, I attempt to explain this pattern with regard to facial expressivity and social bonding. I hypothesize that facial motor control increases as a secondary consequence of neocortical expansion owing to cortical innervation of the facial motor nucleus. This is supported by new analyses demonstrating correlated evolution between relative neocortex size and relative facial nucleus size. I also hypothesize that increased facial motor control correlates with enhanced emotional expressivity, which provides the opportunity for individuals to better gauge the trustworthiness of group members. This is supported by previous evidence from human psychology, as well as new analyses demonstrating a positive relationship between allogrooming and facial nucleus volume. I suggest new approaches to the study of primate facial expressivity in light of these hypotheses.
4-Hydroxyanilinium 2-chloroacetate
Authors: Wang Ying-Chun
Published: May 2012

In the crystal of the title salt, C6H8NO+·C2H2ClO2
−, the 4-hydroxyanilinium cation links to adjacent chloroacetate anions via N—H...O and O—H...O hydrogen bonds; weak C—H...O interactions also occur between the anions and cations.
2-[Hydroxy(4-methoxyphenyl)methylidene]indane-1,3-dione
Authors: Gu Jing-Chi , Zhu Bi-Xue , Zhang Yun-Qian
Published: May 2012

In the title compound, C17H12O4, there is an intramolecular O—H...O hydrogen bond. The dihedral angle between the indane ring system [maximun deviation = 0.023 (2) Å] and the benzene ring is 37.42 (9)°.
Bis[4-(2-azaniumylethyl)piperazin-1-ium] di-μ-sulfido-bis[disulfidogermanate(II)]
Authors: Zhang Bei-Bei , Xu Chao , Duan Taike , Chen Qun , Zhang Qian-Feng
Published: May 2012

In the title compound, (C6H17N3)2[Ge2S6], the dimeric [Ge2S6]4− anion is formed by two edge-sharing GeS4 tetrahedral units. The average terminal and bridging Ge—S bond lengths are 2.164 (2) and 2.272 (8) Å, respectively. The dimeric inorganic anions and the organic piperazinium cations are organized into a three-dimensional network by N—H...S hydrogen bonds.
Bis{1-[(1H-benzotriazol-1-yl)methyl]-2-methyl-1H-imdazole-κN
3}dichloridozinc
Authors: Yang Haiyan , Li Yinghua
Published: May 2012

In the mononuclear title compound, [ZnCl2(C11H11N5)2], the ZnII atom is coordinated by two Cl atoms and two imidazole N atoms in a distorted tetrahedral geometry. Adjacent complex molecules are stacked through aromatic π–π interactions; the closest distance between adjacent aromatic rings is 3.598 (2) Å.
Bis(2-amino-1,3-benzothiazol-3-ium) bis(7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-2,3-dicarboxylato)cadmate hexahydrate
Authors: Zhang Fan , Lin Qiu-Yue , Chen Ling-Ling , Ke Jun-Gang
Published: May 2012

In the structure of the title complex, (C7H7N2S)2[Cd(C8H8O5)2]·6H2O, the CdII atom is located on an inversion center and is O,O′,O′′-chelated by two symmetry-related 7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-2,3-dicarboxylate ligands in a distorted octahedral geometry. The 2-aminobenzothiazolium cation links with the Cd complex anion via N—H...O hydrogen bonding. Extensive O—H...O and N—H...O hydrogen bonds involving lattice water molecules occur in the crystal structure.
2,4,5-Tris(pyridin-4-yl)-4,5-dihydro-1,3-oxazole
Authors: Campos-Gaxiola José J. , Höpfl Herbert , Aguirre Gerardo , Parra-Hake Miguel
Published: May 2012

In the title compound, C18H14N4O, the molecules are disordered about a crystallographic twofold axis, leading to 50:50 disorder of the O- and N-atom sites within the oxazole ring. As a consequence, symmetry-related oxazole C—N and C—O bonds are averaged. The oxazole ring makes a dihedral angle of 6.920 (1)° with the pyridyl ring in the 2-position and 60.960 (2)° with the pyridyl rings in the 4- and 5-positions.
(2,2′-Bipyridine-κ2
N,N′){N-[(2-oxidonaphthalen-1-yl-κO)methylidene]-L-valinato-κO}copper(II) trihydrate
Authors: Zuo Jian , Bi Caifeng , Fan Yuhua , Zhang Nan , Zhang Pengfei
Published: May 2012

In the title complex, [Cu(C16H15NO3)(C10H8N2)]·3H2O, the CuII atom is five coordinated by O,N,O′-donor atoms of the Schiff base ligand and by two N atoms of the 2,2′-bipyridine ligand in a distorted square-pyramidal geometry. In the crystal, molecules are linked into a two-dimensional network parallel to (011) by O—H...O hydrogen bonds.
Dibromido(2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline-κ2
N,N′)zinc
Authors: Dehghani Ali , Amini Mostafa M. , Najafi Ezzatollah , Tadjarodi Azadeh , Notash Behrouz
Published: May 2012

The reaction of equimolar amounts of zinc bromide and 2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline in dry methanol provided the title compound, [ZnBr2(C14H12N2)], in good yield. The ZnII ion is coordinated in a distorted tetrahedral environment by two N atoms from the chelating 2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline ligand and two bromide ions. There is intermolecular π–π stacking between adjacent phenanthroline units, with centroid–centroid distances of 3.594 (3) and 3.652 (3) Å.
Di-μ-glutarato-κ4
O
1:O
5-bis{aqua[5,6-diphenyl-3-(pyridin-2-yl)-1,2,4-triazine-κ2
N
2,N
3]copper(II)}
Authors: Xu Wei , Feng Lan-Jing-Qian
Published: May 2012

In the centrosymmetric dinuclear title complex, [Cu2(C5H6O4)2(C20H14N4)2(H2O)2], the Cu atom displays a distorted square-pyramidal coordination environment with the basal plane occupied by two 5,6-diphenyl-3-(pyridin-2-yl)-1,2,4-triazine N atoms and two O atoms from different glutarate dianions, while a water molecule is located at the apical position. Of the two water H atoms, one is engaged in an intramolecular O—H...O hydrogen bond, whereas the second is engaged in an intermolecular O—H...O hydrogen bond. The intermolecular hydrogen bonds lead to the formation of a chain along [010].
4-Phenethoxyaniline hemihydrate
Authors: Akhter Toheed , Masood Siddiqi Humaira , Akhter Zareen , McKee Vickie
Published: May 2012

The crystal structure of the title compound, C14H15NO·0.5H2O, features N—H...O and O—H...N hydrogen bonds between the amino group and water molecule of crystallization, which generate a chain along the c axis. The water molecule lies on a twofold rotation axis. A C—H...π interaction is observed between the phenyl and aniline rings. The angle between the mean planes of the phenyl rings is 72.51 (7)°.
Benzyltriethylammonium tetrachloridoferrate(III)
Authors: Jin Lei
Published: May 2012

In the title molecular salt, (C13H22N)[FeCl4], three of the chloride ions of the tetrahedral FeIII-containing anion are disordered over two orientations in a 0.656 (11):0.344 (11) ratio. In the crystal, there are no identifiable directional interactions between cations and anions except for Coulombic forces.
Tetraaquabis(N,N-dimethylformamide-κO)zinc(II) bis[(2-{3-[2-(carboxylatomethoxy-κ2
O,O′)phenyl]pyrazol-1-yl-κN
2}acetato-κO)chloridozincate(II)]
Authors: Yang Jie , Shen Lei , Ji Cheng , Shen Xiao-Feng , Yang Gao-Weng
Published: May 2012

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, [Zn(C3H7NO)2(H2O)4][Zn(C13H10N2O5)Cl]2, is composed of a single anion and half a cation. The ZnII atom in the monoanion has a distorted triganol–pyramidal geometry, being coordinated by three O atoms and one N atom from one 2-{3-[2-(carboxylatomethoxy)phenyl]pyrazol-1-yl}acetate ligand and one Cl atom. In the dication, the ZnII atom is located on an inversion center and is coordinated by six O atoms in a slightly distorted octahedral geometry. In the crystal, the ions are linked by O—H...O hydrogen bonds, forming a two-dimensional network lying parallel to the ab plane. There are also C—H...O and C—H...Cl interactions present, which lead to the formation of a three-dimensional structure.
4-[(3-Hydroxyanilino)(phenyl)methylidene]-3-methyl-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-5(4H)-one
Authors: Saida Keraghel , Fatiha Benghanem , Ouarda Dehbi , Ali Ourari , Kamel Ouari , Brelot Lydia
Published: May 2012

In the title compound, C23H19N3O2, the dihedral angles formed by the pyrazolone ring with the three benzene rings are 30.91 (6), 60.96 (4) and 57.01 (4)°. The ligand is in the enamine–keto form and its structure is stabilized by an intramolecular N—H...O hydrogen bond. In the crystal, O—H...N hydrogen bonds link molecules into chains parallel to [01-1].
Bis(N,N′,N′′-triisopropylguanidinium) fumarate–fumaric acid (1/1)
Authors: Said Farouq F. , Ali Basem F. , Richeson Darrin , Korobkov Ilia
Published: May 2012

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C10H24N3
+·0.5C4H2O4
2−·0.5C4H4O4, comprises a triisopropylguanidinium cation, half of a fumarate dianion and half of a fumaric acid molecule; both the fumarate dianion and the fumaric acid molecule are located on inversion centres. In the crystal, intermolecular O—H...O hydrogen bonds between the carboxyl groups of the fumaric acid molecules and the carboxylate groups of the fumarate anions lead to the formation of a hydrogen-bonded supramolecular twisted chain along the b axis. The triisopropylguanidinium cations interact with the fumarate–fumaric acid chains via extensive N—H...O and C—H...O hydrogen bonds, leading to a ladder arrangement, with the cation being the rungs that bridge three curled chains of fumarate–fumaric acid. The crystal packing is stabilized by N—H...O and C—H...O (cation...fumarate/fumaric) and O—H...O (fumarate...fumaric) hydrogen bonds, consolidating a three-dimensional network.
2-Anilino-3-(2-hydroxypropyl)-4-methyl-1,3-thiazol-3-ium chloride
Authors: Mohamed Shaaban K. , Akkurt Mehmet , Tahir Muhammad N. , Abdelhamid Antar A. , Khalilov Ali N.
Published: May 2012

In the title compound, C13H17N2OS+·Cl−, the thiazolium ring mean plane makes a dihedral angle of 55.46 (9)° with the benzene ring. In the propanol group, the N—C—C—C and N—C—C—O torsion angles are 172.58 (15) and 52.9 (2)°, respectively, and the S—C—C—C torsion angle is 178.99 (18)°. In the crystal, molecules are linked by O—H...Cl and N—H...Cl hydrogen bonds, forming zigzag chains along [001]. There is also a C—H...Cl interaction present.
Tris(3-chloropentane-2,4-dionato-κ2
O,O′)aluminium
Authors: Perdih Franc
Published: May 2012

In the title compound, [Al(C5H6ClO2)3], the AlIII cation is situated on a twofold rotation axis and is coordinated by six O atoms from three 3-chloropentane-2,4-dionate ligands in an octahedral environment. Al—O bond lengths are in the range 1.8741 (14)–1.8772 (14) Å. In the crystal, molecules are linked via C—H...Cl contacts.
Aquabis[N′-(1,3-dithiolan-2-ylidene)-2-hydroxybenzohydrazidato(0.5−)-κ2
N′,O]sodium(I)
Authors: Bouchameni Chahra , Beghidja Chahrazed , Beghidja Adel , Boutebdja Mehdi
Published: May 2012

The title compound, [Na(C10H9.5N2O2S2)2(H2O)], is a molecular sodium complex with N′-(1,3-dithiolan-2-yl)-2-hydroxybenzohydrazide ligands with the negative charge spread evenly over both, and a water molecule. The NaI ion coordination is distorted trigonal–bipyramidal, formed by two N and three O atoms, with the NaI ion lying on a twofold rotation axis. Intramolecular N—H...O hydrogen bonds occur. Molecules pack as discrete units and the crystal packing is stabilized by strong O—H...O hydrogen bonds, which give rise to chains along [010]; the chains are interlinked by strong O—H...O hydrogen bonds.
2,2′-[(E,E)-cis-(Cyclohexane-1,4-diyl)bis(nitrilomethanylylidene)]diphenol
Authors: Mohamed Shaaban K. , Akkurt Mehmet , Tahir Muhammad N. , Abdelhamid Antar A.
Published: May 2012

In the title compound, C20H22N2O2, the asymmetric unit contains two independent half-molecules, which are both completed by crystallographic inversion symmetry. The cyclohexane rings of both molecules adopt chair conformations; the N atoms are in equatorial orientations in one molecule and in axial orientations in the other. Both molecules feature two intramolecular O—H...N hydrogen bonds, which generate S(6) rings.
Identification of biomarkers indicative of barotrauma and recovery in black rockfish Sebastes melanops
Authors: Pribyl A. L. , Schreck C. B. , Parker S. J. , Weis V. M.
Published: May 2012

A Sebastes‐specific complementary DNA (cDNA) microarray was developed to identify potential biomarkers involved in the capture stress and recovery of Sebastes species if they are assisted in returning to their original depth of capture following barotrauma. Black rockfish Sebastes melanops were exposed to simulated decompression from 450 kPa (c. 35 m depth) (which resulted in barotrauma) and subsequent recompression. Sebastes melanops were sampled for liver tissue at days 3, 15 and 31 post‐barotrauma. Potential candidate genes were identified from the microarray and then quantitative real‐time PCR (qrt‐PCR) was used to validate expression levels in biological replicates. Six potential biomarkers associated with the innate immune system were identified that were up‐regulated in liver tissue at 3 days post‐barotrauma: complement C1q‐like protein 2, complement component C3, complement regulatory plasma protein, serum amyloid A‐5, c‐type lysozyme and hepcidin precursor type I. In addition, complement c1q was correlated to the presence of a ruptured swimbladder, providing further support that this gene may be a good biomarker of injury and recovery. Immune genes were no longer up‐regulated at day 31 post‐barotrauma, a good indication of recovery in S. melanops.
Intermedin is overexpressed in hepatocellular carcinoma and regulates cell proliferation and survival
Authors: Guo Xiaojia , Schmitz John C. , Kenney Barton C. , Uchio Edward M. , Kulkarni Sanjay , Cha Charles H.
Published: May 2012

Angiogenesis is one of the hallmarks of tumor growth and metastasis. Identification of tumor angiogenic factors has been a critical component in understanding cancer biology and treatment. Intermedin (IMD) has been reported to promote angiogenesis in a rat ischemic model and human umbilical vascular endothelial cells. Our study sought to determine the role of IMD in human hepatocellular carcinoma tumor progression. High IMD mRNA expression levels were observed in human hepatocellular carcinoma tumors, even in early stage disease, by real‐time RT‐PCR. Immunohistochemical analysis of hepatocellular carcinoma clinical samples demonstrated that the tumor regions were significantly more immunoreactive for IMD than adjacent benign liver. Inhibition of IMD expression using RNA interference reduced cell proliferation in SK‐Hep‐1 and SNU‐398 cells. Blockage of IMD signaling using either an antagonist peptide or a neutralizing antibody inhibited growth in a dose‐dependent manner with concomitant induction of apoptosis, causing cleavage of caspase‐8 and downregulation of Gli1 and Bcl2. Conversely, addition of IMD active peptide increased the phosphorylation level of extracellular signal‐regulated kinase. Thus, IMD might play an important role in cell proliferation and survival of hepatocellular carcinoma. Our data suggests that IMD is a potential biomarker and therapeutic target for hepatocellular carcinoma. (Cancer Sci, doi: 10.1111/j.1349‐7006.2012.02341.x, 2012)
Automatic processes in at‐risk adolescents: the role of alcohol‐approach tendencies and response inhibition in drinking behavior
Authors: Peeters Margot , Wiers Reinout W. , Monshouwer Karin , van de Schoot Rens , Janssen Tim , Vollebergh Wilma A. M.
Published: May 2012

Aims

This study examined the association between automatic processes and drinking behavior in relation to individual differences in response inhibition in young adolescents who had just started drinking. It was hypothesized that strong automatic behavioral tendencies toward alcohol‐related stimuli (alcohol‐approach bias) were associated with higher levels of alcohol use, especially amongst adolescents with relatively weak inhibition skills.

Design

To test this hypothesis structural equation analyses (standard error of mean) were performed using a zero inflated Poisson (ZIP) model. A well‐known problem in studying risk behavior is the low incidence rate resulting in a zero dominated distribution. A ZIP‐model accounts for non‐normality of the data.

Setting

Adolescents were selected from secondary Special Education schools (a risk group for the development of substance use problems).

Participants

Participants were 374 adolescents (mean age of M = 13.6 years).

Measurements

Adolescents completed the alcohol Approach Avoidance Task (a‐AAT), the Stroop Colour Naming Task (Stroop) and a questionnaire that assessed alcohol use.

Findings

The ZIP‐model established stronger alcohol‐approach tendencies for adolescent drinkers (P < 0.01) and the interaction revealed a stronger effect of alcohol‐approach tendencies on alcohol use in the absence of good inhibition skills (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

Automatically‐activated cognitive processes are associated with the drinking behavior of young, at‐risk adolescents. It appears that alcohol‐approach tendencies are formed shortly after the initiation of drinking and particularly affect the drinking behavior of adolescents with relatively weak inhibition skills. Implications for the prevention of problem drinking in adolescents are discussed.
Exploring the spectrum of 3‐M syndrome, a primordial short stature disorder of disrupted ubiquitination
Authors: Clayton Peter E. , Hanson Dan , Magee Lucia , Murray Philip G. , Saunders Emma , Abu‐Amero Sayeda N. , Moore Gudrun E. , Black Graeme C. M.
Published: May 2012

3‐M syndrome is an autosomal recessive primordial growth disorder characterized by small birth size and post‐natal growth restriction associated with a spectrum of minor anomalies (including a triangular‐shaped face, flat cheeks, full lips, short chest and prominent fleshy heels). Unlike many other primordial short stature syndromes, intelligence is normal and there is no other major system involvement, indicating that 3‐M is predominantly a growth‐related condition. From an endocrine perspective, serum GH levels are usually normal and IGF‐I normal or low, while growth response to rhGH therapy is variable but typically poor. All these features suggest a degree of resistance in the GH‐IGF axis. To date, mutations in three genes CUL7, OBSL1 and CCDC8 have been shown to cause 3‐M. CUL7 acts an ubiquitin ligase and is known to interact with p53, cyclin D‐1 and the growth factor signalling molecule IRS‐1, the link with the latter may contribute to the GH‐IGF resistance. OBSL1 is a putative cytoskeletal adaptor that interacts with and stabilizes CUL7. CCDC8 is the newest member of the pathway and interacts with OBSL1 and, like CUL7, associates with p53, acting as a co‐factor in p53‐medicated apoptosis. 3‐M patients without a mutation have also been identified, indicating the involvement of additional genes in the pathway. Potentially damaging sequence variants in CUL7 and OBSL1 have been identified in idiopathic short stature (ISS), including those born small with failure of catch‐up growth, signifying that the 3‐M pathway could play a wider role in disordered growth.
The role of the North Atlantic Oscillation in controlling U.K. butterfly population size and phenology
Authors: WESTGARTH‐SMITH ANGUS R. , ROY DAVID B. , SCHOLZE MARTIN , TUCKER ALLAN , SUMPTER JOHN P.
Published: May 2012

1. The North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) exerts considerable control on U.K. weather. This study investigates the impact of the NAO on butterfly abundance and phenology using 34 years of data from the U.K. Butterfly Monitoring Scheme (UKBMS).

2. The study uses a multi‐species indicator to show that the NAO does not affect overall U.K. butterfly population size. However, the abundance of bivoltine butterfly species, which have longer flight seasons, were found to be more likely to respond positively to the NAO compared with univoltine species, which show little or a negative response.

3. A positive winter NAO index is associated with warmer weather and earlier flight dates for Anthocharis cardamines (Lepidoptera: Pieridae), Melanargia galathea (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae), Aphantopus hyperantus (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae), Pyronia tithonus (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae), Lasiommata megera (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) and Polyommatus icarus (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae). In bivoltine species, the NAO affects the phenology of the first generation, the timing of which indirectly controls the timing of the second generation.

4. The NAO influences the timing of U.K. butterfly flight seasons more strongly than it influences population size.
Trade‐off between flight capability and reproduction in male Velarifictorus asperses crickets
Authors: ZENG YANG , ZHU DAO‐HONG
Published: May 2012

1. There are numerous data that support the trade‐off between flight capability and reproduction in female wing polymorphic insects, but the relationship between wing form and fitness remains poorly investigated in males.

2. In the present study, the development of flight muscle and gonads, spermatophore size, and multiple copulation ability were investigated in both long‐winged (LW) and short‐winged (SW) males to verify this trade‐off, using a wing dimorphic cricket species Velarifictorus aspersus (Walker).

3. The LW males had better‐developed wing muscles than the SW males on the day of emergence, and both of them developed wing muscles after emergence, but the peak of weight in SW males was achieved 4 days later than that of the LW males. The accessory glands (AG) of the LW males developed significantly slower than that of the SW males. These results suggest that development and maintenance of flight muscles have a cost on the development of reproductive organs in male V. asperses.

4. The SW males produced significantly heavier spermatophores in a single copulation and mated more often than LW males. This indicates the SW males have a higher mating success than the LW males, thereby increasing their chance of siring offspring.
The ‘Polish Solnhofen’: a long‐awaited alternative?
Authors: Kin Adrian , Błażejowski Błażej , Binkowski Marcin
Published: May 2012

Here we briefly report on the discovery of a new Fossil‐Lagerstätte locality, Owadów‐Brzezinki quarry (central Poland), which exposes Late Jurassic (Late Tithonian) carbonate sediments with an extremely fossiliferous horizon of lithographic‐type limestones. Numerous specimens of horseshoe crabs were found in association with an enormously rich assemblage of the soft‐shelled bivalves Corbulomima obscura and Mesosaccella sp., the remains of various fishes and marine reptiles, rare ammonites, crustaceans, land insects and pterosaurs. The uniqueness of this new locality lies in its very close stratigraphical relationship to one of the most famous Fossil‐Lagerstätte localities in the world—Solnhofen, in southern Germany, with approximately 2 Ma separating them. Marine and terrestrial creatures lived and died during the Late Jurassic both at Solnhofen (Hybonotum Zone) and in another area (Owadów‐Brzezinki quarry, Zarajskensis Subzone), under closely related environmental conditions. The small palaeogeographical distance separating these two locations enables, for the first time, an effective palaeobiological test of the pace of evolutionary speciation amongst different groups of organisms.
Off the Shelves—new dinosaur species from Western Canada and the importance of museum collections, again
Authors: Tokaryk Tim
Published: May 2012

It seems almost on a weekly basis that a new discovery in palaeontology is announced. Perhaps, in part, this is because the outlets for publishing have increased, with new online publications, or at least—once paper and bound only—the traditional sources now have internet accessibility allowing priory viewing to the print version. There is also the fact that dinosaurs and other fossils (and the ideas that surround them) are a marketable item; for authors, and the institutions that house the specimens or researchers. The fact is that in a news cycle, which is almost below hourly, and amongst the sensational stress and despair of many of the stories, fossils are a quick ‘feel‐good’ or minimally distractive piece. Collectively, palaeontologists and their fossils are more often than not taking advantage of these public opportunities.
Musings About Regulation by T‐Suppressors: A Response to the Commentary by Kristofor Ellestad on ‘Meanderings into the Regulation of Effector Class by the Immune System: Derivation of the Trauma Model’
Authors: Cohn M.
Published: May 2012

Any discussion of the regulation of effector class must include feedback control on the magnitude of the response. The induced effector activities are biodestructive and ridding. They are, in and of themselves, unspecific with respect to self and nonself. Consequently all responses include some level of innocent bystander pathology. The regulation of magnitude is essential to keeping this level of pathology at an evolutionarily acceptable level. This is my postulated role of suppressor T‐cells, more popularly referred to as Treg. In order to perform this function they must be somatically selected to be anti‐nonself like all other T/B‐cells. If correct, any role that they might play in determining normal tolerance is excluded. As the commentary of Ellestad illustrates, their function to regulate autoimmunity is the consensus view today and, therefore, this competing concept and my analysis of suggested papers should invite a wide ranging debate.
Exposure to farming environments in childhood and asthma and wheeze in rural populations: a systematic review with meta‐analysis
Authors: Genuneit Jon
Published: May 2012

To cite this article: Genuneit J. Exposure to farming environments in childhood and asthma and wheeze in rural populations: a systematic review with meta‐analysis. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2012: 23: 509–518.

Asthma is a chronic respiratory disorder that has become substantially more common over the past decades. One environmental factor for which particularly strong associations with asthma and allergic diseases have been described is exposure to farming environments in childhood. The aim of this systematic review was to update and extend existing narrative reviews, test for heterogeneity of effect across studies, and conduct a meta‐analysis to report a summary effect measure. Published relevant literature was searched through PubMed including all articles added to PubMed before September 1, 2011. Articles were included if they reported an epidemiological study on the exposure to a farming environment in childhood and subsequent wheeze or asthma. Heterogeneity of effect measures across studies was evaluated using Cochran’s Q and I2. Random‐effects meta‐analysis was performed to summarize effect measures for various outcome definitions. In total, 357 retrieved abstracts revealed 52 original articles from 39 studies with data considered for the meta‐analysis. Most studies were conducted among children or on childhood onset of disease. Most data were published on doctor‐diagnosed asthma or current wheeze. The meta‐analysis showed substantial heterogeneity across studies with similar outcome definitions. Nonetheless, the combined effects were statistically significant and showed an approximate 25% lower asthma prevalence among exposed subjects compared with unexposed subjects. The protective ‘farm‐effect’ on asthma was reported in numerous studies. Its underlying factors ought to be studied, and promising efforts have been already made. However, the heterogeneity of the effect across studies should also be investigated because whatever causes it is a potential threat to valid synthesis of evidence and to the detection of specific protective factors.
Breathlessness perception assessed by visual analogue scale and lung function in children with asthma: A real‐life study
Authors: Tosca Maria A. , Silvestri Michela , Olcese Roberta , Pistorio Angela , Rossi Giovanni A. , Ciprandi Giorgio
Published: May 2012

To cite this article: Tosca MA, Silvestri M, Olcese R, Pistorio A, Rossi GA, Ciprandi G. Breathlessness perception assessed by visual analogue scale and lung function in children with asthma: A real‐life study. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2012: 23: 537–542.

Background:  In children with asthma, discrepancies between objective indicators of airway obstruction and symptom perception are often observed. Although visual analogue scale (VAS) has been proposed as a useful tool for assessing accurate symptom perception, previous studies conducted in children with asthma included only small cohorts. A study was therefore designed to investigate the usefulness of VAS in establishing a reliable relationship between breathlessness perception and lung function in a large cohort of children with clinical diagnosis of asthma.

Methods:  A total of 703 children [470 boys and 233 girls, median age 10.29 (8.33–12.58) yr] with asthma were included in this cross‐sectional, real‐life study. Perception of breathlessness was assessed by using VAS, and lung volumes and expiratory flows were measured by spirometry.

Results:  Most children had intermittent or mild persistent asthma (93.3%), and only 46 children had a significant bronchial obstruction defined by FEV1 values <80% of predicted. Globally, VAS was significantly, even though weakly, related to lung function. Analyzing children with bronchial obstruction, a moderate relationship between both FEV1 (r = 0.47) and FEF25–75 (r = 0.42) and VAS was detected. A VAS value of 6 was found to be a reliable cutoff for discriminating children with bronchial obstruction (AUC 0.83 at ROC curve; OR 9.4).

Conclusion:  The present study demonstrates that VAS might be considered a useful tool to assess symptom perception, mainly in children with airflow limitation.
Evaluation of arterial structure and function in pediatric patients with end‐stage renal disease on dialysis and after renal transplantation
Authors: Tawadrous Hanan , Kamran Haroon , Salciccioli Louis , Schoeneman Morris J. , Lazar Jason
Published: May 2012

Tawadrous H, Kamran H, Salciccioli L, Schoeneman MJ, Lazar J. Evaluation of arterial structure and function in pediatric patients with end‐stage renal disease on dialysis and after renal transplantation.

Abstract:  CVD is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in pediatric patients with CKD. It is unclear whether vascular abnormalities in these patients are reversible, and if transplantation portends salutary effects on arterial function. We compared FMD, PWV, AI75, and CIMT in 15 dialysis (D), 14 transplant patients (T), and 15 controls (C), and their associations with cardiovascular risk factors. There was stepwise lower FMD (p < 0.001), higher AI75 (p < 0.001), higher PWV (p = 0.01), and higher CIMT SDS for age (p = 0.03) and height (p = 0.006) in the D group than T and C groups. FMD, PWV, and CIMT were unrelated to dialysis duration or time from transplantation. On multivariate analysis, group status was independently associated with FMD (β = 3.15, p = 0.002), AI75 (β = −5.95, p = 0.01), PWV (β = −0.57, p = 0.07) and CIMT (β = −0.02, p = 0.04) and CIMT SDS for height (β = −0.541, p = 0.009). FMD is lower and AI75, PWV and CIMT are higher in pediatric patients maintained on D than T/C. T patients have similar AI75, PWV and CIMT to C although FMD remains reduced. These findings suggest that transplantation stabilizes or improves CKD associated arteriopathy.
Hepatitis B prophylaxis post liver transplantation with newer nucleos(t)ide analogues after hepatitis B immunoglobulin discontinuation
Authors: Cholongitas E. , Vasiliadis T. , Antoniadis N. , Goulis I. , Papanikolaou V. , Akriviadis E.
Published: May 2012

Newer nucleos(t)ide analogues (NUCs) have better resistance profiles making hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIG)‐sparing protocol an attractive prophylactic approach against hepatitis B virus (HBV) recurrence after liver transplantation (LT). We evaluated the risk of HBV recurrence after withdrawal of HBIG in patients who had been under HBIG plus NUCs after LT. Stable patients without HBV recurrence after LT while receiving combination of HBIG plus NUCs for at least 12 months were eligible for HBIG discontinuation. The patients were at low risk for HBV recurrence (only 4.5% had detectable HBV DNA at the time of LT, and 32% had HBV/hepatitis D virus co‐infection). All patients were followed up with HBV serum markers, HBV‐DNA, and evaluation of renal function, including glomerular filtration rate. Forty‐seven recipients discontinued HBIG and were maintained on newer NUCs. Median follow‐up post‐HBIG withdrawal was 24 months (range: 6–40 months). Twenty‐eight (60%) patients continued on lamivudine in combination with adefovir dipivoxil (n = 23, 82%) or tenofovir (n = 5, 18%); 10 (21%) and 9 (19%) of the 47 patients continued on tenofovir and entecavir monoprophylaxis, respectively. Although 3 (6.3%) patients developed detectable hepatitis B surface antigen, all of them had undetectable HBV DNA and no clinical manifestations of HBV recurrence. Renal function was similar between the different groups of patients. In conclusion, maintenance therapy with newer NUCs after discontinuation of HBIG prophylaxis was effective, but further studies in larger cohorts with longer follow‐up are needed.
Sex differences in bipolar disorder: a review of neuroimaging findings and new evidence
Authors: Jogia Jigar , Dima Danai , Frangou Sophia
Published: May 2012

Jogia J, Dima D, Frangou S. Sex differences in bipolar disorder: a review of neuroimaging findings and new evidence.  Bipolar Disord 2012: 14: 461–471. © 2012 The Authors. Journal compilation © 2012 John Wiley & Sons A/S.

Objectives:  The sex of an individual is known to modulate the clinical presentation of bipolar disorder (BD), but little is known as to whether there are significant sex‐by‐diagnosis interactions on the brain structural and functional correlates of BD.

Methods:  We conducted a literature review of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies in BD, published between January 1990 and December 2010, reporting on the effects of sex and diagnosis. In the absence of any functional MRI (fMRI) studies, this review was supplemented by original data analyses focusing on sex‐by‐diagnosis interactions on patterns of brain activation obtained during tasks of working memory, incentive decision‐making, and facial affect processing.

Results:  We found no support for a sex‐by‐diagnosis interaction in global gray or white matter volume. Evidence regarding regional volumetric measures is limited, but points to complex interactions between sex and diagnosis with developmental and temperamental factors within limbic and prefrontal regions. Sex‐by‐diagnosis interactions were noted in the pattern of activation within the basal ganglia during incentive decision‐making and within ventral prefrontal regions during facial affect processing.

Conclusions:  Potential sex‐by‐diagnosis interactions influencing the brain structural and functional correlates of disease expression in BD have received limited attention. Our data suggest that the sex of an individual modulates structure and function within subcortical and cortical regions implicated in disease expression.
Review of functional magnetic resonance imaging studies comparing bipolar disorder and schizophrenia
Authors: Whalley Heather C , Papmeyer Martina , Sprooten Emma , Lawrie Stephen M , Sussmann Jessika E , McIntosh Andrew M
Published: May 2012

Whalley HC, Papmeyer M, Sprooten E, Lawrie SM, Sussmann JE, McIntosh AM. Review of functional magnetic resonance imaging studies comparing bipolar disorder and schizophrenia.  Bipolar Disord 2012: 14: 411–431. © 2012 The Authors. Journal compilation © 2012 John Wiley & Sons A/S.

Objective:  Although bipolar disorder (BD) and schizophrenia (SCZ) have a number of clinical features and certain susceptibility genes in common, they are considered separate disorders, and it is unclear which aspects of pathophysiology are specific to each condition. Here, we examine the functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) literature to determine the evidence for diagnosis‐specific patterns of brain activation in the two patient groups.

Method:  A systematic search was performed to identify fMRI studies directly comparing BD and SCZ to examine evidence for diagnosis‐specific activation patterns. Studies were categorized into (i) those investigating emotion, reward, or memory, (ii) those describing executive function or language tasks, and (iii) those looking at the resting state or default mode networks. Studies reporting estimates of sensitivity and specificity of classification are also summarized, followed by studies reporting associations with symptom severity measures.

Results:  In total, 21 studies were identified including patients (n = 729) and healthy subjects (n = 465). Relative over‐activation in the medial temporal lobe and associated structures was found in BD versus SCZ in tasks involving emotion or memory. Evidence of differences between the disorders in prefrontal regions was less consistent. Accuracy values for assignment of diagnosis were generally lower in BD than in SCZ. Few studies reported significant symptom associations; however, these generally implicated limbic regions in association with manic symptoms.

Conclusions:  Although there are a limited number of studies and a cautious approach is warranted, activation differences were found in the medial temporal lobe and associated limbic regions, suggesting the presence of differences in the neurobiological substrates of SCZ and BD. Future studies examining symptom dimensions, risk‐associated genes, and the effects of medication will aid clarification of the mechanisms behind these differences.
Neuroprogression in bipolar disorder
Authors: Schneider Marguerite Reid , DelBello Melissa P , McNamara Robert K , Strakowski Stephen M , Adler Caleb M
Published: May 2012

Schneider MR, DelBello MP, McNamara RK, Strakowski SM, Adler CM. Neuroprogression in bipolar disorder.  Bipolar Disord 2012: 14: 356–374. © 2012 The Authors. Journal compilation © 2012 John Wiley & Sons A/S.

Objective:  Recent theories regarding the neuropathology of bipolar disorder suggest that both neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative processes may play a role. While magnetic resonance imaging has provided significant insight into the structural, functional, and connectivity abnormalities associated with bipolar disorder, research assessing longitudinal changes has been more limited. However, such research is essential to elucidate the pathophysiology of the disorder. The aim of our review is to examine the extant literature for developmental and progressive structural and functional changes in individuals with and at risk for bipolar disorder.

Methods:  We conducted a literature review using MEDLINE and the following search terms: bipolar disorder, risk, child, adolescent, bipolar offspring, MRI, fMRI, DTI, PET, SPECT, cross‐sectional, longitudinal, progressive, and developmental. Further relevant articles were identified by cross‐referencing with identified manuscripts.

Conclusions:  There is some evidence for developmental and progressive neurophysiological alterations in bipolar disorder, but the interpretation of correlations between neuroimaging findings and measures of illness exposure or age in cross‐sectional studies must be performed with care. Prospective longitudinal studies placed in the context of normative developmental and atrophic changes in neural structures and pathways thought to be involved in bipolar disorder are needed to improve our understanding of the neurodevelopmental underpinnings and progressive changes associated with bipolar disorder.
Age‐ and temperature‐dependent oviposition model of Neoseiulus californicus (McGregor) (Acari: Phytoseiidae) with Tetranychus urticae as prey
Authors: Kim T. , Ahn J. J. , Lee J.‐H.
Published: May 2012

In this study, we developed an oviposition model of Neoseiulus californicus (McGregor) with Tetranychus urticae Koch as prey. To obtain data for the model, we investigated the longevity, fecundity and survivorship of adult female N. californicus at six constant temperatures (16, 20, 24, 28, 32 and 36°C), 60–70% RH and a photoperiod of 16 : 8 (L : D) h. Longevity (average ± SE) decreased as temperature increased and was longest at 16°C (46.7 ± 5.25 days) and shortest at 36°C (12.8 ± 0.75 days). Adult developmental rate (1/average longevity) was described by the Lactin 1 model (r2 = 0.95). The oviposition period (average±SE) was also longest at 16°C (29.8 ± 2.93 days) and shortest at 36°C (6.7 ± 0.54 days). Fecundity (average±SE) was greatest at 24°C (43.8 ± 3.23 eggs) and lowest at 36°C (15.9 ± 1.50 eggs). The oviposition model comprised temperature‐dependent fecundity, age‐specific cumulative oviposition rate and age‐specific survival rate functions. The temperature‐dependent fecundity was best described by an exponential equation (r2 = 0.81). The age‐specific cumulative oviposition rate was best described by the three‐parameter Weibull function (r2 = 0.96). The age‐specific survival rate was best described by a reverse sigmoid function (r2 = 0.85).
Psychosocial and psychiatric characteristics of suicide completers with psychiatric treatment before death: A psychological autopsy study of 76 cases
Authors: Hirokawa Seiko , Matsumoto Toshihiko , Katsumata Yotaro , Kitani Masahiko , Akazawa Masato , Takahashi Yoshitomo , Kawakami Norito , Watanabe Naoki , Hirayama Masami , Kameyama Akiko , Takeshima Tadashi
Published: May 2012

Aim:  The present study was conducted to examine differences in psychosocial and psychiatric characteristics between suicide completers with and without a history of psychiatric treatment within the year before death, using a psychological autopsy method.

Methods:  A semi‐structured interview was administered by a psychiatrist and other mental health professionals for the closest bereaved of 76 suicide completers.

Results:  Suicide completers with a history of psychiatric treatment (n = 38) were significantly younger than those without (n = 38) (P < 0.01), and a significantly higher proportion of cases in the treatment group were estimated to be suffering from schizophrenia. Further, in 57.9% of the treatment group, the fatal suicidal behavior involved overdose with prescribed psychotropic drugs. In addition, female suicide completers in the treatment group were more likely to have a history of self‐harm or non‐fatal suicidal behavior.

Conclusion:  Many suicide completers who received psychiatric treatment were young adults. It was common for suicide completers to overdose on prescribed drugs as a supplementary means of suicide, and many experienced self‐harming behavior before death. In addition, a higher proportion of the treatment cases suffered from schizophrenia.
Site‐dependent and state‐dependent inhibition of pruritogen‐responsive spinal neurons by scratching
Authors: Akiyama Tasuku , Tominaga Mitsutoshi , Carstens Mirela Iodi , Carstens Earl E.
Published: May 2012

The relief of itch by scratching is thought to involve inhibition of pruritogen‐responsive neurons in the spinal cord. We recorded the responses of superficial dorsal horn neurons in mice to intradermal injection of the pruritogens chloroquine and histamine. Scratching within an area 5–17 mm distant from the injection site, outside of the units’ mechanoreceptive fields (off‐site), significantly inhibited chloroquine‐evoked and histamine‐evoked responses without affecting capsaicin‐evoked firing. This is consistent with observations that scratching at a distance from a site of itch is antipruritic. In contrast, scratching directly at the injection site (within the receptive field; on‐site) had no effect on chloroquine‐evoked neuronal firing, but enhanced the same neurons’ responses to intradermal injection of the algogen capsaicin. Moreover, neuronal responses to histamine were enhanced during on‐site scratching, and this was followed by suppression of firing below baseline levels after termination of scratching. Scratching thus inhibits pruritogen‐responsive neurons in a manner that depends on the input modality (i.e. pain vs. histamine‐dependent or histamine‐independent itch) and skin location.