bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Experimental Studies of the Agar-Plate Precipitin Test of Ouchterlony
Authors: Wilson M. W. , Pringle B. H. , Bunday Betsy C. , Bartlett Earl G.
Published: January 2023

The agar-plate precipitin test of Ouchterlony was studied experimentally in order to evaluate the effects of the following factors: Initial concentration of agar, size of Petri dish, initial NaCl concentration in agar, pH of agar, temperature of incubation, arrangement of basins, absolute and relative concentrations of antigen and antibody, discontinuous diffusion.

It was found that precipitin reactions in liquid media did not provide reliable information as to the optimum concentrations of antigen and antibody in the agar-plate test.

No spurious precipitate lines were observed as a result of repeated simultaneous refilling of all reservoirs with fractional amounts of antigen and antibody in optimum proportions.

Temperature changes did not significantly alter the appearance of the precipitate lines. The effect of temperature changes under conditions differing from those of our experiments remains to be studied.

The precipitate lines developed better in agar containing no sodium chloride than in agar containing 0.9% or higher concentrations of sodium chloride. However, omission of the sodium chloride can not be recommended for routine use until its effect on the precipitation pattern has been more fully explored.

Separation of the specific precipitate into multiple zones was noted with high relative concentrations of antigen or antibody, and non-specific precipitation of highly concentrated γ-globulin was observed in salt-free agar. The significance of these findings was briefly discussed.
The Half-Life of I131 Labeled Normal Human Gamma Globulin in Patients with Hepatic Cirrhosis
Authors: Havens W. Paul , Dickensheets James , Bierly James N. , Eberhard Theodore P.
Published: January 2023

The half-life of normal human gamma globulin labeled with I131 was determined in sixteen patients with hepatic cirrhosis and in seventeen controls.

In the patients with cirrhosis the mean half-life measured 9.1 days, and in the controls it was 13.7 days. This difference was statistically highly significant.

These results are interpreted as supporting the concept that the accumulation of gamma globulins in patients with hepatic cirrhosis is due to increased production rather than delayed removal.
Further Studies Concerning a Receptor-Destroying Factor in Human Saliva from Healthy Donors and from Poliomyelitis Patients
Authors: Jungeblut Claus W. , Knox Alice W. , Danforth Harriet
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

Specimens of human saliva were examined for the presence of an active principle which inhibits hemagglutination by Col SK virus and renders the red cells panagglutinable. Since results obtained by inhibition of viral hemagglutination corresponded closely with those obtained by panagglutination, a simplified technique for the routine determination of the salivary principle is described which is based on the slide agglutination of saliva-treated human O cells by human AB serum. A study of the interaction between positive saliva and red cell suggests that the active principle is of enzymatic nature and is probably closely related to the receptor-destroying enzymes of bacterial origin (RDE). Comparative tests in which saliva was collected over a period of several days from 93 healthy individuals, from 173 poliomyelitis patients during the acute stage of the disease, and from 59 poliomyelitis patients during convalescence, indicated that the active principle was present more frequently and more consistently in the group of poliomyelitis patients than in the control group.
Studies of Hypersensitivity to Low Molecular Weight Substances
Authors: Eisen Herman N. , Carsten Mary E. , Belman Sidney
Published: January 2023

The 2,4-dinitrophenyl group, combined with proteins through azo linkage or by substitution in free amino groups, has been studied as a determinant in the precipitin reaction. The precipitin curves obtained resemble those encountered with purified antigens of high molecular weight with the chief exception that in the region of antibody excess antigen is not completely precipitated.

Dinitrophenyl-azo-ovalbumin was a less effective precipitant than the conjugated ovalbumin in which dinitrophenyl groups were substituted in free amino groups. The former, however, was relatively more effective in precipitating antibody from antisera to dinitrophenyl-azo-proteins than from antisera prepared against amino-substituted dinitrophenyl-proteins.

The globulin fraction of pooled antisera to dinitrophenyl-bovine γ globulin contained at least three species of antibodies—viz: those precipitated by bovine γ globulin; those precipitated by dinitrophenyl-ovalbumin and those precipitated only by dinitrophenyl-bovine γ globulin. These were present in the ratio of 1:1:1.3, respectively. After maximal precipitation with each of these antigens the supernates' binding of ε-N-dinitrophenyllysine, a hapten in which dinitrophenyl is combined with lysine in the same way as in the immunizing conjugate, was determined by the method of equilibrium dialysis. The binding in the three cases, relative to the binding by the unabsorbed immune globulin, was in the ratio of 1:0.6:0.25, respectively. Hence, the antibodies precipitated by bovine γ globulin had no detectable specificity for the dinitrophenyl group, and the antibodies precipitated by the heterologous conjugate (dinitrophenyl-ovalbumin) had a greater affinity for the dinitrophenyl determinant than those antihapten antibodies that required for precipitation the fully homolgous conjugate (dinitrophenyl-bovine γ globulin). Antibodies with dual specificity, i.e., with one specificity for the hapten and a distinctly different one for the protein of the immunizing conjugate, were not detected.
The Effect of Histamine Upon the Local Fixation of Antibodies in the Skin of the Guinea Pig
Authors: Benacerraf B. , Biozzi G. , Halpern B. N.
Published: January 2023

The latent period of sensitization of passive cutaneous anaphylaxis of the guinea-pig is inversely proportional to the amount of antibody injected intravenously to sensitize the animal.

The injection of very small doses of histamine intradermally, or the local treatment with mild irritants, can bring about preferentially the appearance of the reaction of passive cutaneous anaphylaxis at the treated site; small doses of histamine or other mild inflammatory agents are therefore able to bring about the local fixation of circulating antibody.
Quantitative Antigen Analysis by the Oudin Method
Authors: Rubinstein Herbert M.
Published: January 2023

The results of an attempt to utilize the agar diffusion technique of Oudin as a means of quantitatively evaluating the amount of antigen in a solution were presented. The linear relation between the logarithms of the antigen and antibody concentrations, and k, as reported by others, (3, 4) was confirmed, and empirical equations for egg albumin and bovine serum albumin systems were presented. The results of Becker et al. (4) were confirmed in that it was found possible to calculate the diffusion coefficient of these antigens by a derivative of Fick's equation for diffusion, though only to a rough approximation. Further, the results obtained agreed excellently with those obtained for the same antigens by these authors. The value of the diffusion coefficient so calculated depended on the ratio of antigen to antibody, and the best results for the diffusion coefficient were found at the highest ratios. The effect of increasing saline and protein (non-cross-reacting) content on the migration of the specific precipitate ring was studied. It was found that increasing the saline or protein content of the medium in which the antigen was suspended increased the velocity of descent of the ring, and that the increase in velocity thus demonstrated reached a maximum at 2–2.5% saline, or protein, or total saline and protein, concentration.
Strain-Specificity in Tissue Antigens of Mice
Authors: Adler Frank L.
Published: January 2023

By injecting rabbits with kidney suspensions from mice of different strains it is possible to obtain strain-specific immune sera. The strain-specificity may be demonstrated by agglutination of tanned erythrocytes which have been coated with soluble kidney components. The strain-specific antigens studied are water-soluble and probably proteins. They are present not only in kidney, but also in lung, liver, spleen and white cells. Testis and brain are poorer sources of these antigens and mouse erythrocytes and serum appear to be deficient in these substances. The strain-specific tissue antigens are thought to be distinct from blood group substances of mice.
Production of Isohemagglutinins in Rabbits for the Determination of Normal Erythrocyte Survival by Differential Hemagglutination
Authors: Wright Claude-Starr , Dodd Matthew C. , Bouroncle Bertha A. , Bunner Alvinza E.
Published: January 2023

Nine different isoimmune sera were prepared in rabbits and their serologic properties were characterized. A technic was devised for following survival of transfused erythrocytes in rabbits by means of differential agglutination of recipient cells with these isoimmune sera. Data on the survival of normal erythrocytes in normal and sensitized rabbits are presented.
Modification of the Neurotoxic Effect of Influenza Virus in Mice by Xerosin
Authors: Group Vincent , Herrmann Ernest C.
Published: January 2023

Subcutaneous injections of xerosin in mice previously inoculated intracerebrally with toxic doses of either influenza A or B virus delayed the onset of tonic convulsions induced by twirling the mice. Xerosin did not affect the toxic effect of influenza virus inoculated intravenously. Intracerebral injection of xerosin before, but not after, inoculation of virus by the same route completely prevented convulsions and mortality.
Antibody Production by Spleen in Vitro
Authors: Mountain Isabel Morgan
Published: January 2023

Eleven rabbits of the same breed but of various weights were given each a single intravenous injection of typhoid vaccine. Four days later, the weight of the spleen and the weight of the rabbit showed a positive correlation. Furthermore, the weight of the spleen (as well as the weight of the rabbit) showed a positive correlation with an index of the antibody-forming capacity of a given mass of the spleen in vitro.
New Tissue Culture Systems for Influenza, Newcastle Disease and Vaccinia Viruses
Authors: Tyrrell David A. J.
Published: January 2023

Newcastle-disease virus and vaccinia virus were shown to multiply in cultures of HeLa-strain human carcinoma cells, causing cell destruction.

Several strains of influenza virus (A and B) multiplied in cultures of chick-embryo lung cells, but only NWS caused cell damage.

Both NWS and NDV multiplied in chick-embryo liver cultures and caused cell damage.

The period and conditions of culture affected the production of virus and the destruction of cells.

Interference between influenza viruses and between influenza and NDV viruses has been shown in chick-embryo cultures by preventing multiplication of, or cell destruction by, the second virus.

The mean yield of hemagglutinating WS particles in infected chick-embryo lung cultures was 650 per cell.
Studies on the Transfer of Lymph Node Cells
Authors: Harris Susanna , Harris T. N.
Published: January 2023

Cells of the popliteal and axillary lymph nodes of uninjected rabbits were incubated in vitro with dysentery bacilli. The lymph node cells were then washed and transferred to fresh rabbits which had undergone x-ray irradiation 24 hours earlier. Such recipients developed agglutinins to dysentery bacilli on the fourth day after transfer. Recipients of heated aliquots of the same cell suspensions did not develop antibody, generally, until after the eighth day after transfer. These results were obtained with suspensions of dysentery bacilli in the range of 1 to .001%. Similar results were obtained when lymph node cells from uninjected rabbits were injected intravenously into irradiated recipients, which were then injected with dysentery bacilli. The numbers of dysentery bacilli present after manipulation in cell suspensions which had been incubated with various dilutions of suspensions of dysentery bacilli were estimated by setting up typical cell-transfer experiments with living cultures of Shigella paradysenteriae. Aliquots of the various preparations were plated in tryptose agar, and the colonies which appeared were counted. Irradiated rabbits were injected with similar numbers of alcohol-treated bacilli. It was found that the dose of irradiation was sufficient to suppress active formation of antibodies in the range in which the cell-transfer experiments were performed. Typhoid bacilli were injected subcutaneously into all rabbits injected with lymph node cells. Nonirradiated recipients responded with the formation of typhoid agglutinins. Irradiated recipients of heated lymph node cells, or no cells at all, did not generally develop agglutinins during the first 12 days. Irradiated recipients of untreated cells, however, developed agglutinins during the first week after transfer in over 70% of the cases. Irradiated recipients of untreated splenic cells incubated in vitro with dysentery bacilli also developed agglutinins on the fourth day after transfer. Transfer of cells of the thymus similarly incubated did not lead to the appearance of dysentery agglutinins.
Role of Host Defenses in Systemic Klebsiella Pneumoniae Infection: Effect of Antibiotics in Normal and X-Irradiated Mice
Authors: Marcus Stanley , Donaldson David M. , Esplin Don W.
Published: January 2023

No bacteremia was observed in adult albino Mus musculus for 10 days following exposure to 350 r (LD0/30 days) of total body irradiation. The natural resistance of such irradiated mice to intraperitoneally induced Klebsiella pneumoniae infection was significantly depressed on the first, second, fourth and ninth post-irradiation days when the animals were challenged. The significance of host defense participation in recovery from the experimental infection was inferred from the greater mortality among irradiated and treated mice than among non-irradiated and treated control animals. The critical significance of the cellular defense mechanisms of the albino mouse has been discussed.
Studies on Hemagglutination Inhibition Phenomena
Authors: Downs Cora M. , Fevurly James , Meyer Miriam M.
Published: January 2023

An antigen which interferes specifically with the agglutination of red cells sensitized with Chang's ESS has been demonstrated in the tissues of mice infected with murine typhus.

The antigen is heat stable, does not sensitize cells, and does not fix complement.

The soluble antigen used in the CF test also interferes with the agglutination of sensitized cells, but has not been demonstrated to be present in mouse or guinea pig tissues.

The injection of cortisone increases the amount of interfering antigen, probably by enhancing the multiplication of rickettsia in the infected mice.

The possible diagnostic use of this antigen is suggested.
Studies on Egg White and Its Constituents by Immunochemical Techniques in Gelified Media: Specific Precipitation by Double Diffusion and Immunoelectrophoretic Analysis
Authors: Kaminski Marie
Published: January 2023

The constituents of egg white and certain of its fractions were studied immunochemically, principally by double diffusion in agar and immunoelectrophoresis.

Ovomucoid was electrophoretically homogenous, but by specific precipitation in agar it appeared to contain two constituents with immunochemical specificities related to ovalbumin.

Lysozyme was found among the α-globulins but, because of its partial insolubility under the experimental conditions, its electrophoretic behavior in agar was abnormal.

Egg white contained three groups of ovoglobulins, according to their electrophoretic mobilities in agar, each of which was composed of at least two or three constituents.

The fraction precipitated by 40% saturation with ammonium sulfate was the fraction rich in globulins.

The immunoelectrophoretic composition of euglobulin preparations was different from that of pseudoglobulin preparations. The chief difference was in the absence of demonstrable γ-globulin in the euglobulin preparations.

The solubilization of ovomucin in alkaline solution gave a preparation containing an antigen fround only in this fraction.

Avidin did not precipitate antibodies in any of the sera used in these studies.
The Interaction of Meningopneumonitis Virus and Krebs 2 Carcinoma
Authors: Bernstein Alan , Sigel M. Michael
Published: January 2023

Meningopneumonitis virus was found to interfere with the development of both the ascitic and solid forms of Krebs 2 carcinoma.

The inhibitory action of the virus depended on the concentration of both virus and tumor cells.

Complete inhibition was only possible when the virus was administered immediately after the implantation of the tumor. A delay of 1 hour reduced the inhibiting effect of the virus.

The anti-tumor action of the virus did not take place in mice immune to the virus nor in mice receiving Aureomycin.

The virus did not apparently multiply in the tumor cells, nor was there evidence of destruction of the cells by the virus.

The implications of these findings are discussed.
Interpretation of the Ouchterlony Precipitin Test
Authors: Wilson M. W. , Pringle B. H.
Published: January 2023

Under ordinary test conditions specific precipitates in the agar plate do not interfere with the free diffusion of unrelated antigens and antibodies. Identical antigens always give rise to fusion of their specific precipitates. Unrelated antigens may produce complete intersection, partial intersection or fusion of their specific precipitates, depending on the relative concentration of the two precipitin systems. Comparison of several heated, formalized and urea-treated proteins with untreated controls resulted in complete fusion of their specific precipitates. Further studies are desirable in order to elucidate the precipitate patterns yielded by cross-reacting immune systems.
Enhanced Production of Antibodies by Local Irradiation
Authors: Graham John B. , Graham Ruth M. , Neri Lena , Wright Kenneth A.
Published: January 2023

Focal irradiation of the site previously injected with antigen enhances the antibody response. The implication of this observation is briefly discussed.
Arthus Reaction in the Mouse and the Rat after Intralabial Injection of Antigens
Authors: Freund Jules , Stone Sanford H.
Published: January 2023

Systemic anaphylaxis cannot be produced in mice and rats as readily as in many other species of animals. Local anaphylactic reaction in the skin of the rat is scant and in the mouse has not been demonstrated, at least in its typical form.

Selye (1) discovered that the normal rat responds with edema and purple discoloration of the “snout” and paws to the first injection of egg white given into a vein or the peritoneal cavity. He also has shown that the same reaction occurs following the injection of a relatively small amount of dextran (2) into the lip or the subcutaneous tissue of the dorsum of the paw; in these instances the “snout” and all of the paws develop purplish discoloration and edema. McMaster Kruse, Sturm and Edwards (3) found that the lips and paws of actively sensitized mice may respond with purple discoloration and swelling to the intravenous injection of rabbit serum containing the appropriate antibodies (reverse passive anaphylaxis)2.
Quantitative Determination of Residual Virus on Red Cells by Direct Infectivity Titrations
Authors: Evans Alfred S. , Lem Nancy
Published: January 2023

A method is described for determination of infective virus particles attached to chicken or human red cells. The technique involves photoelectric standardization of virus-red cell suspensions after thorough washing and subsequent titration of infectivity in embryonated eggs.

Application of this method to red cells following maximal elution of Newcastle disease and influenza viruses indicated the persistence of infective virus. Results of experiments with receptor destroying enzyme (RDE) or inelutable virus suggested the possibility that infective virus may attach to red cells at points other than those susceptible to enzymatic destruction.

Determination of the maximum number of ID50/chicken red cell yielded values of 83 and 166 ID50 for influenza and NDV respectively. Electron microscope counts by others indicates that the number of observable particles/red cell is at least 10-fold higher.

Comparison of the ID50/HA ratio by this technique with the classical method of simultaneous HA and ID50 titrations was made for influenza and NDV using both chicken and human red cells. Ratios by the classical method gave slightly higher values (3 to 5 times) with chicken red cells but much higher ratios (100 times) with human red cells than obtained by the technique reported.
The Antigenicity of Heterophile Tissues
Authors: Friedman Murray , Yeatman John
Published: January 2023

Agglutinins for sheep red blood cells (SRBC) were produced in rabbits by inoculation of tissue suspensions of guinea pig kidney, mouse spleen and chicken liver. SRBC agglutinins were also produced in chickens by injections of tissue homogenates consisting of guinea pig kidney, mouse spleen and rabbit kidney. The agglutinins produced in the rabbit were adsorbed by guinea pig kidney, mouse spleen and chicken liver, while those agglutinins produced in the chickens were adsorbed by guinea pig kidney, mouse spleen, rabbit kidney, rat kidney and beef red blood cells. Differential adsorption of rabbit and chicken immune sera by means of guinea pig kidney indicated that at least two heterophile type antigens were present in the kidney. One of these substances (F) was antigenic in the rabbit; the other component (X) proved antigenic in the chicken. Differences were observed in the alcohol solubility and serum toxicity of these antigens. Antigen (X) found in rabbit kidney, guinea pig kidney and mouse spleen was compared to the serum sickness antigen and similarities were noted between them. It was suggested that consideration be given to the type of animal immunized when the attempt is made to analyze complex tissues antigenically.
Isofixation Curves As a Method of Standardizing Quantitative Complement-Fixation Tests
Authors: de Almeida José Oliveira
Published: January 2023

The purpose of the present report is to call attention to the “isofixation curves,” which can be constructed from a box titration of serum and antigen in the presence of fixed amounts of complement, and the value such curves may have in defining the relationships between antigen and antibody in a variety of complement-fixation systems. The principles have been implicit in earlier work1 but their full usefulness may be greater than has been appreciated.

Materials and Methods. Sera. The sera used in each test are indicated in the figures. Sera were inactivated at 56°C for 30 min and dilutions were made in normal pooled sera or saline.

Antigens. The antigens were prepared according to specifications given elsewhere (2–12). Dilutions were made in borate salt solution, pH 7.6 (13).

Complement. Pooled guinea pig sera titrated in 50% hemolytic units with maximally sensitized sheep cells were used.
Temperature and Host Cell Factors in the Growth of Influenza Virus (PR8 Strain) in Avian Tissues in Vitro
Authors: Colville James M. , Dunbar James M. , Morgan Herbert R.
Published: January 2023

This study demonstrates that with PR8 strain of influenza A virus in tissue cultures of avian embryonic lung, raising the temperature of incubation from 37 to 41°C does not prevent virus multiplication. In contrast to embryonic lung tissue, lung tissue from 2-day hatched chicks gives no clear-cut evidence of virus under any of the conditions studied. Using embryonic tissues, PR8 virus multiplication, as evidenced by a rise in egg infectivity titer, is greatest with lung and chorioallantoic membrane tissue, less marked with skin-muscle, gut and liver tissue, and not detectable in the case of heart tissue.

The maturation of tissues from the embryonic stage to that of the 2-day hatched chick is associated with the loss of capacity to support PR8 virus multiplication. This difference in tissue susceptibility does not appear to be due to alteration of the environmental temperature of the cells from that of the embryo (37°C) to that of the hatched chick (41°C).
The Preparation of a Soluble Immunizing Antigen from Q-Fever Rickettsiae
Authors: Colter John S. , Brown Raymond A. , Bird Harris H. , Cox Herald R.
Published: January 2023

The preparation of purified suspensions of Coxiella burnetii by a process involving differential centrifugation using washed celite, and centrifugation through 8% KCl solution is described. The purification can be accomplished without any significant loss of rickettsiae as judged by estimations of infectious titer. The separation of a soluble antigen from suspensions of purified rickettsiae by means of ultrasonic vibration is described. The antigen solutions were shown capable of eliciting antibody production in guinea pigs, and to afford the animals at least partial protection against challenge with viable rickettsiae.
Antigenic Studies on the Psittacosis-Lymphogranuloma Venereum Group of Viruses
Authors: Benedict Albert A. , O'Brien Edith
Published: January 2023

A water-soluble group complement-fixing antigen was efficiently extracted with sodium lauryl sulfate from purified virus suspensions of the psittacosis-lymphogranuloma venereum group. Partial purification was effected by repeated acid precipitation at pH 4.0 to 4.5 which yielded a heat-stable nucleic acid-free antigen composed of protein, carbohydrate and lipid. Treatment of this complex with 5% phenol produced a periodate-sensitive, phenol-insoluble, complement-fixing antigen and a periodate-resistant, phenol-soluble antigen. The phenol precipitate was mainly a lipocarbohydrate and the phenol supernatant fraction was chiefly protein.
The Serology of Newcastle Virus Infection
Authors: Bang F. B. , Foard M.
Published: January 2023

Persons known to have systemic infection with Newcastle disease virus developed antibodies to this virus. Laboratory workers directly exposed to the virus developed neutralizing antibodies to it. Four workers in a poultry plant developed antibodies to Newcastle virus during their first year of work. The incidence of antibodies to Newcastle in people constantly exposed to the virus is much greater than that in people in other work. Some chicken workers have titers of antibodies that will neutralize as much as 10,000 LD50. An occasional person with no history of exposure to chickens has antibodies to Newcastle virus. There is a correlation between the presence of anti-hemagglutinin and neutralizing antibodies in human sera. The exact relationship of mumps virus to Newcastle virus remains undetermined. None of a group of people successfully vaccinated with mumps virus developed antibodies to Newcastle virus. None of 7 clinical cases of mumps developed antibodies to Newcastle, but 4 of these had antibodies to Newcastle when admitted to the hospital.
Leptospiral Antigens for Use in Complement Fixation
Authors: Terzin Alexander L.
Published: January 2023

In experiments undertaken to prepare stable, non-anticomplementary leptospiral antigens (type-specific as well as group-diagnostic) for use in the complement-fixation reaction, the following results were secured: Simple boiling of the crude leptospiral cultures in their Korthof medium removes the anticomplementary activity and reduces the finding of prozones in tests made with an excess of homologous antiserum.The type-specific leptospiral antigen is soluble in 50% acetone but is precipitated by 66% or higher concentrations of acetone.The type-specific antigen can be concentrated in its activity as determined by the least amount of antigen to give a reaction; in some instances the improvement is as high as 32-fold. Yet these preparations are less sensitive with respect to the least amount of antiserum to give a reaction.The anticomplementary activity of unboiled cultures is not removed by treatment with either ethanol or acetone.

The acetone-precipitated antigens seem to be closely related to or identical with the soluble antigen described by Ezell et al. and by Pike et al.

The findings seem to favor the use of crude boiled cultures as type-specific antigens in routine work, while a mixture of the less sensitive acetone-precipitated and concentrated antigens seems to be more promising for service as group-diagnostic antigenic preparation for screening purposes.
Changes in Activity of Newcastle Disease Virus after Adaption to Ehrlich Ascites Tissue Culture
Authors: Moore Alice E. , Diamond Leila C.
Published: January 2023

The adaption of Newcastle disease virus to growth in tissue cultures of Ehrlich carcinoma cells is described. The differences between the unadapted and adapted viruses in their behavior in in vitro adsorption and elution reactions is described.

A possible mechanism for the difference between the activities of the virus and tumor cell mixtures at 4° and 37°C is advanced.
Precipitin Production in Chickens
Authors: Gengozian Nazareth , Wolfe Harold R.
Published: January 2023

Dilution of chicken antisera prior to combination with the antigen causes a marked decrease in the antibody nitrogen precipitation. Application of the data to an adsorption equation permitted formulation of a “Desorption Equation” which was fairly successful in predicting antibody nitrogen values for diluted sera. This decrease in precipitation was also apparent with volume change of the undiluted reacting system. The explanation offered for the observed phenomenon was based on an adsorption mechanism along with multiplicity of antibody types believed to be present in antisera.
A Study of the Cellular Distribution of Forssman Antigen in Various Species
Authors: Tanaka Nobuo , Leduc Elizabeth H.
Published: January 2023

The fluorescein-labelled antibody technique was employed in the localization of Forssman antigen in the tissues of guinea pig, cat, dog, mouse, and chicken. Antisera to sheep blood cells and to horse kidney were prepared in rabbits. The globulin fractions of the sera were labelled with fluorescein isocyanate. The specificity of the stain was established by several methods. The Forssman antigen was found in the form of droplets in the endothelium and adventitial connective tissues of the blood vessels in all organs of all species examined. Species differences in the distribution of Forssman antigen in other tissues are described.
A Capillary-Tube Test for Antibody Against Coxiella Burnetii in Human, Guinea Pig, and Sheep Sera
Authors: Luoto Lauri
Published: January 2023

The capillary-tube test, using a stained antigen, was performed with undiluted human, guinea pig, and sheep sera to detect the presence of antibody against Coxiella burnetii. Titrations were carried out in saline containing fresh normal bovine serum.

Results of capillary-tube tests were specific and were readily reproduced.

Because undiluted sera can be tested by the C.T. method, lower levels of antibody were detected by the C.T. test than by the C.F. test; however, titers of sera containing more than a trace of antibody were essentially equal by both methods.

The simplicity of the technique permits rapid testing of sera in the absence of elaborate laboratory facilities and trained personnel.
The Presence of Forssman Antigen in Inbred Mice
Authors: Stern Kurt , Davidsohn Israel
Published: January 2023

Subcellular fractions were prepared from spleen, kidney, liver, 3 types of malignant tumors of the mouse, and from guinea pig kidney. Fresh and boiled portions of the homogenates and the cell fractions of these tissues were tested for their capacity of absorbing heterophilic and isophilic hemolysin for sheep red cells. By means of these absorption experiments, kidney, spleen, and tumors of the mouse were found to contain Forssman antigen in quantities increasing in the order of enumeration. No qualitative difference was found between the antigen in mouse tissues and the prototype Forssman antigen in guinea pig kidney. The mitochondrial and microsome fractions contained larger amounts of Forssman antigen than the nuclear fraction in all tissue examined. None of the normal mouse tissues showed qualitative or quantitative differences depending on the strain of derivation. Hence, there is no reason to assume that differences observed by us in presence and titer of natural antisheep agglutinins in various inbred strains, including C57BL and C3H, are caused by, or related to, differences in tissue antigens in these strains. In contrast to the thermostability of Forssman antigen commonly observed in tissue suspensions, boiled subcellular fractions, particularly those consisting of “small particles,” showed a reduction of absorptive potency for heterophilic antibody as compared with their fresh counterparts. In vivo experiments demonstrated inability of mice of 3 inbred strains to produce antibodies for sheep red cells after active immunization with heterophilic antigen (guinea pig kidney). Passively introduced heterophilic antibody, in contrast to isophilic antibody, disappeared in mice so rapidly that its absorption by tissue antigen is the most likely explanation. The findings in vivo confirm those in vitro with regard to the presence of Forssman antigen in the mouse. Of 3 mouse tumors (1 sarcoma, 2 carcinomas) a transplantable carcinoma of DBA mice had the highest content of Forssman antigen.
Cross-Reactions in the Ouchterlony Plate: Analysis of Native and Halogenated Bovine Serum Albumins
Authors: Wilson M. W. , Pringle B. H.
Published: January 2023

Cross-reactions in the Ouchterlony plate were studied by means of native and halogenated bovine serum albumins and several of their antisera. The following observations were made: The comparison of two immunologically related antigens yielded a major cross-reaction for that antigen which possessed a closer affinity to the reference antibody. The degree of cross-reactivity between the antigens was reflected by the length of the spur.When both antigens possessed nearly the same degree of immunologic affinity to the antibody, their precipitate lines would fuse.Identical pairs of cross-reacting antigens yielded different precipitate patterns with different reference antibodies.The formation of separate specific precipitates by cross-reacting antigens in mixtures depended on the relative concentrations of the antigens in the mixture, on the degree of immunologic affinity between these antigens, and on the antibody concentration.The immunologic distinction between related antibodies was much less pronounced than the distinction between the corresponding cross-reacting antigens.Variable precipitate patterns were obtained when cross-reacting antigens were analyzed by means of mixtures of their respective antisera and when immunologically related antisera were analyzed by means of mixtures of their respective antigens.

From findings in this and in a preceding paper (9) it was concluded that the basic precipitate patterns described by Ouchterlony do not always indicate immunologic identity, partial identity, or nonidentity; these patterns can be considerably modified by changes in the relative concentrations of the immune systems, by the degree of immunologic affinity between the reagents, by the choice of the reference reagent, and by the degree of immunologic purity of the reference reagent.
Clinical and Serologic Response of Man to Immunization with Attenuated Dengue and Yellow Fever Viruses
Authors: Schlesinger R. Walter , Gordon Irving , Frankel Jack W. , Winter Joseph W. , Patterson Paul R. , Dorrance William R.
Published: January 2023

Human volunteers inoculated with mouse-adapted type II dengue virus (New Guinea B strain) responded with mild clinical reactions indicating that the virus had become attenuated in a manner comparable to that previously shown for type I virus (Hawaii strain). The most significant and consistent sign was a maculopapular rash.

In 10 of 11 volunteers, a single dose of attenuated type II dengue virus induced formation of homologous neutralizing antibody.

When attenuated type II virus was given in combination with yellow fever vaccine or with yellow fever vaccine and attenuated type I dengue virus, the resulting antibody response was predominantly to type II virus, indicating suppression of the other antigens presumably as a result of interference. Not enough volunteers were available to vary the relative concentration of the components in the mixtures.

Attenuated type II dengue virus or combined vaccine was inadvertently administered to 4 men who had been immunized against yellow fever 7–7 ½ years previously. These men gave an anamnestic immune response characterized by rapid production of complement-fixing (3 men only) and neutralizing antibodies of comparable potency against types I and II dengue and yellow fever viruses.

The findings suggest consecutive immunization with yellow fever and an attenuated, related viral antigen as a possible method of broad-spectrum prophylaxis.
Concerning the Mechanism of Complement Action
Authors: Becker Elmer L.
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

Diisopropyl fluophosphate (DFP) has been shown to inhibit the hemolytic activity of guinea pig complement in the presence of sensitized cells. In the absence of sensitized cells this inactivation does not occur. On titration of the component activity of dialyzed supernatant from the DFP-complement-sensitized cell mixture only the first component, C′1, was found to be appreciably affected. DFP also removes C′1 activity from sensitized cells containing C′1 and C′4 activity. This activity can be partially restored by incubation of such DFP-treated cells with nicotinohydroxamic acid. It is concluded that the first component of guinea pig complement, C′1, is an esterase which exists in serum in a precursor form resistant to the action of DFP. In the course of immune hemolysis the C′1 precursor is changed to a form of C′1 capable of being inhibited by DFP.
Comparison of Antibody Responses Associated with the Transfer of Rabbit Lymph-Node, Peritoneal Exudate, and Thymus Cells
Authors: Dixon Frank J. , Weigle William O. , Roberts James C.
Published: January 2023

A wide variety of cells and tissues have been implicated in antibody synthesis as a result of transplantation studies. The two most commonly employed transplantation schemes have been a) the transfer of tissues from recently immunized animals to in vitro cultures with the determination of antibodies which subsequently appear in the culture fluid; and b) the transfer of tissues or free cell suspensions from either normal or previously immunized donors to recipient animals and, after appropriate immunization of the transferred tissues, determination of antibodies which appear in the serum of the recipient. With the transfer to in vitro culture, antibody synthesis has been demonstrated by spleen, lymph node, bone marrow, lung, liver, and granuloma which developed about the site of injection of antigen in Freund adjuvant (1–12). In addition to these tissues, other sources of antibody formation revealed by transfers to recipient animals include omentum, intrascapular fat, thymus, Peyer's patches and even cornea (13–23).
Studies of Anti-Horse Crystalbumin Sera
Authors: Naylor G. R. E. , Adair M. E.
Published: January 2023

The data presented in this paper concern the reactions of 44 anti-horse crystalbumin sera with human serum albumin and with bovine serum albumin. The antisera were obtained from 17 rabbits; 17 antisera were obtained after 2, 14 after 3 and 13 after 4 courses of injections of horse serum crystalbumin. In ring tests it was found that 1:128 and 1:512 dilutions of 2% solutions of heterologous albumins provided more sensitive tests for the presence of heterologous antibody than 1:2 and 1:8 dilutions. Ring tests and optimal proportions titrations on antisera obtained from an individual rabbit after successive courses of injections did not indicate a consistent increase in the concentration of antibody which reacted with a heterologous antigen. In a graph which represents the relationship between the logarithms of the optimal ratios and of the flocculation times of 44 anti-horse crystalbumin sera with homologous antigen, the points were considered to lie on a straight line (3). In an analogous graph showing the reactions of 23 of these anti-horse crystalbumin sera with human albumin, the points lie within a broad oblique band except for that representing one antiserum. Differences in the intensities of the homologous and heterologous reactions of the antisera cannot be explained solely by differences in their content of an antibody of uniform specificity: whereas some antisera reacted more rapidly with human than with bovine albumin others reacted more rapidly with bovine than with human albumin. The experiments recorded suggest the existence of antibodies of different specificity in the antisera.
Immunization Studies on Listeriosis in Mice
Authors: Osebold John W. , Sawyer Mary T.
Published: January 2023

Under the conditions of this experiment there was no passive protection of mice against Listeria monocytogenes from sheep and rabbit antilisteria serum. Active immunity was demonstrated in mice against two strains of Listeria monocytogenes. The implications of these findings are discussed.
Thermal Inactivation Studies with Different Strains of Poliovirus
Authors: Youngner J. S.
Published: January 2023

Variations in the rate of destruction of infectivity at 50°C were demonstrated for strains representing the three immunologic types of poliovirus as well as for strains of the same type. These strain differences were consistent upon serial passage of the different virus lines. In addition, variations in thermal resistance of individual infectious units making up a given virus population have been investigated and it has been found that progeny of different virus particles vary in their rates of thermal inactivation. Utilizing selection pressure in the form of propagation of survivors of partially inactivated virus pools, it has been possible to select 50°-resistant variants, the progeny of which retain this characteristic.

Other than temperature stability, no differences in properties of the parent and resistant lines could be demonstrated. Plaque morphology, rate of adsorption to monkey kidney cells, rate of destruction of infectivity and antigenicity by 1:4000 formalin, and inactivation at 36.5°C were the same for parent and resistant lines studied.

Virus lines readily distinguishable at 50°C were inactivated at identical rates at 36.5°C. Survivor selection at 36.5°C failed to yield variants resistant to this temperature, or to alter the characteristic inactivation rate at 50°C. These results suggest a different mechanism for inactivation at the two temperatures employed.
Serologic Comparisons with Lines of Influenza Virus Isolated and Serially Transferred in Different Experimental Hosts
Authors: Jensen Keith E. , Minuse Elva , Francis Thomas
Published: January 2023

Lines of virus derived from a single throat washing by isolation and transfers in different hosts were compared in cross tests with antisera from several species. Variations in antigenic potency and avidity for antibody were noted especially with viruses after passages in mice or in chorioallantoic membrane tissue culture.
Precipitin Production in Chickens
Authors: Wolfe Harold R. , Tempelis Constantine , Mueller August , Reibel Samuel
Published: January 2023

Very large intraperitoneal injections of bovine serum albumin given within 50 hr after hatching resulted in a reduced antibody response when the animals were subsequently reinjected. The unresponsiveness to the homologous antigen decreased with age since groups of 12- and 22-week-old chickens from the same hatch gave higher antibody titers than the 6-week groups. The degree of responsiveness seems to depend upon the size of dose given at hatching. The antibody response to a heterologous antigen, human γ globulin, was not affected.
Effects of X-Irradiation on Susceptibility to Infection Following Oral Challenge in Immunized and Nonimmunized Mice
Authors: Perkins Eugene H. , Marcus Stanley
Published: January 2023

Immunization with Salmonella typhimurium or Bacterium tularense, prior to near LD50 radiation, statistically increased resistance to oral challenge with the homologous living organism when the immunizing procedure conferred a sufficiently high degree of immunity. Antibiotic therapy in conjunction with preradiation immunization was more effective in increasing resistance than either of these methods used alone. A large total dose (900 r) given in regular small increments was found to be far less detrimental to the host defenses of the mouse than single exposure to smaller lethal doses.
Immunologic Relationships of C-Reactive Protein from Various Human Pathologic Conditions
Authors: Libretti A. , Goldin M. , Kaplan M. A.
Published: January 2023

The immunologic relationships were studied of C-reactive proteins (C-RP) obtained and crystallized from the sera of 3 patients with various pathologic conditions.

In the experiments performed by the gel diffusion method, it was observed that 3 clear-cut lines of precipitation appeared when the 3 crystallized C-RP's were allowed to diffuse against the same anti-C-RP sera.

The experiments performed with precipitin reactions and serologic cross-reactions between the various crystallized C-RP's and their specific antisera indicate that no antigenic differences could be demonstrated in the different C-RP's crystallized from the various patients by the quantitative precipitin reaction.

The quantitative complement fixation technique on diluted C-RP, C-RP antiserum systems yielding no visible precipitates demonstrated an apparently complete identity of the antigenic structures of the C-RP's isolated from the different patients. In these experiments, new evidence was presented of the lack of correlation between the antibody N content of an immune serum and its C′-fixing potency.

The possible interpretations of these results are discussed.
Behavior of Complement in Antigen-Antibody-Complement Precipitates
Authors: Weigle William O. , Maurer Paul H.
Published: January 2023

When complement from either guinea pig, rabbit, human or pig serum was fixed to immune precipitates it blocked the subsequent fixation of both hemolytic activity and complement N from added complements. In most instances when immune precipitates were “saturated” with respect to complement N they still could remove hemolytic activity from fresh sera. With the use of I131 (I*) complement it was demonstrated that the ability of “saturated” precipitates to remove additional hemolytic activity from fresh sera was, in part, the result of a “dissociation” of fixed complement in the presence of the fresh sera. A large amount of the I* material released from the immune precipitates was able to refix to fresh precipitates. Various protein solutions lacking complement also caused a release of I* material from the immune precipitates; however, this material did not refix very well to fresh immune precipitates. The nonrefixable I* material which was released from the antigen-antibody-I*C precipitates may well have been a substance or substances other than complement.
Specificity and Cross-Localization of Anti-Kidney Antibodies
Authors: Blau Monte , Day Eugene D. , Planinsek Jakob , Pressman David
Published: January 2023

Antibodies were prepared in rabbits against rat kidney and labelled with radioiodine. Groups of rats were given the labelled antibodies: 1) directly, 2) after passage through nephrectomized rats, 3) after passage through normal rats. The measurement of radioactivity of the organs shows that part of the antibodies in the anti-kidney antiserum tested which localize normally in kidney were directed against components in common with liver and other tissues; and that part were directed against kidney-specific components.