bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
« Un dessin vaut mieux  qu’un long discours »
Authors: Nada Eva , Toffel Kevin
Published: September 2018

De tous les moyens d’expression possibles, les doctorant·e·s mobilisent notamment la bande dessinée comme support à la critique de leur condition. Pour comprendre le recours à la BD et la manière dont celle-ci est investie par les jeunes chercheur·e·s, nous interrogeons les éléments qui les conduisent à se tourner vers ce médium pour mettre en scène leur quotidien. Dans cet article, nous montrons que ce choix est lié, d’une part, à leur position relativement invisibilisée dans le champ académique, qui inciterait certain·e·s d’entre eux et elles à se tourner vers la BD pour exprimer une critique de leur condition et, d’autre part, aux procédés sémiotiques propres à la BD qui permettent de dire des choses que n’autorise pas l’écriture académique. Nous verrons par ailleurs que si le choix de ce mode d’expression non académique peut accentuer la délégitimation d’une fraction déjà dominée d’un champ hautement stratifié, la BD s’avère toutefois être un vecteur de communication qui permet de produire une connaissance critique sur cet univers.
De l’enseignant à l’ethnographe
Authors: Lansade Godefroy
Published: September 2018

L’auteur, enseignant, de retour sur son ancien terrain d’exercice professionnel en tant qu’ethnographe, interroge de manière réflexive et critique l’expérience particulière de la relation de « familiarité double » qui le lie à son terrain d’enquête : au regard, d’une part, de sa connaissance du monde de l’institution scolaire et, d’autre part, des relations d’amitiés qu’il entretient avec certains de ses interlocuteurs. Parce qu’en anthropologie le terrain est souvent un fort lieu d’investissement subjectif du chercheur qui s’interpose dans la détermination des faits, l’auteur montre en quoi sa relation singulière au terrain informe, transforme ou encore menace les données elles-mêmes ou les conditions de leur recueil.
Sexualité et religion aux risques de l'enquête de terrain
Authors: Joël Myriam , Tricou Josselin
Published: September 2018

Sexualité et religion constituent deux champs bien définis de la sociologie comme de l’anthropologie. Leur articulation a été pensée au sein de divers travaux dont la coloration historique indique l’importance de situer dans le temps l’entreprise de réflexivité. Les pratiques et les représentations – et partant les analyses qui peuvent en être faites – s’avèrent en effet étroitement liées au contexte dans lequel elles s’inscrivent. Deux angles d’approche se distinguent dans la littérature existante. Le premier concerne l’étude des représentations et des pratiques sexuelles des individus déclarant une appartenance religieuse. La perspective quantitative est privilégiée comme guide de recueil et d’analyse des données, parfois dans une perspective comparative, pour comprendre comment la dimension religieuse s’agence avec la dimension sexuelle (Maître, Michelat, 2002). Le second angle d’approche se focalise sur des prescriptions et des restrictions en matière d’activité sexuelle telles qu’elles sont diffusées au travers des textes fondateurs des trois grandes religions monothéistes. Nourries d’une forme d’exégèse, les réflexions s’attachent alors à comprendre comment les acteurs interprètent les textes et se situent par rapport à eux pour organiser et vivre leur activité sexuelle. Il s’agit là de comprendre comment la dimension sexuelle s’agence avec la dimension religieuse dans les parcours biographiques (Sèvegrand, 1995 ; BuissonFenet, 2004 ; Rochefort, Sanna, 2013 ; Tricou, 2015).
Étudier la violence homophobe d’un point de vue anthropologique
Authors: Viola Lia
Published: September 2018

L’article est une analyse des enjeux liés au positionnement du chercheur, dans le contexte d’une recherche de doctorat sur la violence homophobe dans une ville africaine à majorité musulmane sunnite. Les différents niveaux de l’identité personnelle de l’auteur – provenance géopolitique, genre et orientation sexuelle – sont mis en rapport avec le contexte du terrain, le sujet de recherche et les choix politiques faits. Le récit suit les changements du terrain jusqu’à la description et l’analyse de certains épisodes de violence subis par la chercheuse. La violence potentielle ou effectivement subie est analysée comme le résultat des tentatives de contrôle et des jugements et donc comme une riche source méthodologique de travail. Les notions de visibilité et d’invisibilité sont utilisées de manière réflexive dans le but de comprendre comment la chercheuse peut utiliser son positionnement pour construire son réseau de terrain. En même temps, l’étude veut dénouer les enjeux liés aux choix du chercheur de s’engager politiquement dans la lutte pour les droits des minorités sexuelles. Ce choix a eu des conséquences inattendues, qui n’ont pas été seulement négatives. Dans ce sens les relations conflictuelles avec certains interlocuteurs de terrain sont considérées comme une partie très significative de l’enquête : elles constituent un véritable moyen pour ouvrir de nouvelles pistes d’analyse inattendues.
Esprits sexués et maux sexuels
Authors: Legrip-Randriambelo Olivia
Published: September 2018

Cet article propose une relecture de discours recueillis auprès de guérisseurs et de croyants, portant sur la religion à la lumière de la sexualité, peu évoquée à Madagascar (qu’elle soit factuelle ou symbolique, dans le cas d’alliance maritale Homme/entité). L’enquête de terrain permet de saisir les articulations entre religion et sexualité dans les salles de soins des devins-guérisseurs et montre comment les devins-guérisseurs, les croyants et/ou les malades rencontrés sur ce terrain de recherche mené dans la région betsileo, au Sud des Hautes Terres centrales de l’île, composent leurs discours sur la sexualité en contexte religieux et face à l’ethnologue. La sexualité rencontre le religieux à la fois par le biais d’alliances ou de filiation, comme cause de la consultation, ou encore, peut être passée sous silence, voire détournée par la plaisanterie.
En quête de la déviance sexuelle du clergé des Lumières
Authors: Deniel-Ternant Myriam
Published: September 2018

Enquêter sur la sexualité ecclésiastique au XVIIIe siècle semble d’emblée voué à l’échec. Il est en effet nécessaire de s’interroger sur la définition, poreuse, du clergé et les conditions de sa chasteté. Un tel objet d’études oblige ensuite à renoncer à des prétentions de chiffrage de la déviance, majoritairement restée dans les limbes de l’oubli, quand elle n’est pas au contraire inventée de toute pièce pour perdre un ecclésiastique impopulaire. Le choix d’un corpus dense et éclectique de sources paraît être le plus pertinent pour embrasser toutes les modalités de l’incontinence sexuelle cléricale, et ce d’autant plus qu’il met en lumière un traitement contrasté en fonction des auteurs, des instances, du contexte concerné. En définitive, s’interroger sur la sexualité ecclésiastique entraîne un travail heuristique fécond.
Pour une analyse dispositionnelle des pratiques professionnelles
Authors: Pichonnaz David , Toffel Kevin
Published: September 2018

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Appartenance générationnelle et figures professionnelles
Authors: Salaméro Émilie , Cordier Marine
Published: September 2018

L’avènement du nouveau cirque en France dans les années 1970 a inauguré son entrée dans le domaine de la culture subventionnée sur le modèle de la « création », en même temps que de profondes transformations en matière de socialisation des artistes. Les décennies suivantes ont vu se déployer les processus concomitants d’institutionnalisation, de professionnalisation et de légitimation de ce secteur culturel, ainsi que la scolarisation de l’apprentissage du métier. Cet article montre comment ces changements de contexte ont modifié le recrutement social des artistes de cirque et donné lieu à des figures différenciées en termes de dispositions et de rapport au métier. À partir d’entretiens menés auprès d’une trentaine d’artistes de cirque nés entre 1952 et 1981, l’approche générationnelle proposée ici permet de caractériser deux de ces figures. D’un côté, les artistes du nouveau cirque, polyvalents et soucieux de proposer un art du cirque pour tous, ont accédé au métier grâce à une socialisation affinitaire et informelle tardive, adossée au secteur de l’animation socioculturelle. De l’autre, les artistes de cirque contemporain, sportifs et plus diplômés que les premiers, ont appris leur métier en écoles professionnelles, conduisant à une spécialisation disciplinaire et à mener une carrière dans un paysage professionnel plus institutionnalisé. Issues de deux générations distinctes, ces figures sont associées aujourd’hui à des segments professionnels hiérarchisés.
Ce que les expériences extraprofessionnelles font à la pratique professionnelle
Authors: Saunier Émilie
Published: September 2018

À partir de l’analyse de la pratique littéraire d’Amélie Nothomb et de ses déterminants sociaux, notre article vise à montrer la portée heuristique d’une ouverture du champ d’observation de cette activité – que l’on peut qualifier de « professionnelle » – à des instances de socialisation extra-professionnelles. La trajectoire littéraire d’Amélie Nothomb, sa manière d’investir sa pratique d’écriture et de la publiciser ne peuvent se comprendre si l’on fait fi d’un certain nombre d’expériences extralittéraires vécues en amont de son entrée dans le champ littéraire et qui ont produit des effets sur son activité littéraire. Dans cette perspective, sa création littéraire ne peut se réduire aux seuls enjeux du champ littéraire dans la mesure où la romancière fait travailler dans son activité d’écriture un certain nombre de préoccupations et de questions qui la caractérisent en tant qu’individu socialement « fabriqué ». Nous montrerons notamment comment l’étude des expériences extraprofessionnelles de l’écrivaine, tout à la fois socialement situées et relativement singulières, permet d’éclairer le contenu thématique et stylistique de sa production littéraire, en prenant l’exemple du rapport particulier au langage mis en scène dans ses récits.
La construction impérative de l’habitat durable
Authors: Némoz Sophie
Published: September 2018

Devant le caractère indiscutable du bien-fondé de "l'habitat durable", cet article revient sur les dynamiques sociales à l'origine de cette récente catégorisation des logements écologiques, pour rendre compte de son caractère construit mais aussi de sa dimension normative. En interrogeant ce concept d'habitat durable, l'objectif plus général est d'examiner celui de "développement durable" et les applications de ce dernier dans le secteur résidentiel. Ce faisant, nous mettons à jour un manque certain de considération pour l'habitable tel que les ménages l'envisagent aujourd'hui. Un tel enseignement permet d'éclairer la faible légitimité de cette nouvelle rhétorique - voire idéologie - gouvernementale chez ses publics cibles. L'article procède en trois temps: d'abord nous examinons l'émergence, la mise en place du paradigme de l'éco-construction, ensuite nous faisons le point sur les stratégies, les redéfinitions de ce paradigme par ses différents acteurs, et enfin nous nous penchons brièvement sur le vécu de ce paradigme parmi les habitants.
Évolution et perspectives de la sociologie du travail au Maroc
Authors: Sadik Youssef
Published: September 2018

Le présent article propose de dresser un premier bilan du traitement réservé par les sociologues aux questions du travail et de l’entreprise au Maroc. Malgré les changements sociaux profonds ayant marqué la société marocaine durant les deux dernières décennies, la sociologie marocaine est restée prisonnière d’une approche classique privilégiant le monde rural et occultant les dynamiques associées aux villes et aux mondes productifs. Faut-il décoloniser les sciences sociales pour permettre aux sociologues marocains de s’ouvrir sur de nouveaux phénomènes sociaux, le travail en tête ? Ou alors la question renvoie-t-elle aux normes de formation et de reproduction des élites sociologiques dans le contexte marocain ? Pour situer les nouvelles perspectives esquissées récemment par les jeunes sociologues, nous présentons les travaux sur le monde de la production marocain tout en veillant à dresser une typologie afin de faciliter la tâche au lecteur.
Boko Haram et la radicalisation des jeunes au Nord-Cameroun. Entre protestation sociale et nécessité de survie
Authors: Owona Ndounda Nicolas
Published: September 2018

Aujourd’hui engagé dans une guerre militaire contre la secte Boko Haram dans sa partie septentrionale, le Cameroun doit aussi mener contre elle une guerre idéologique. Cela passe par une compréhension des mobiles de l’engagement dans ses rangs de certains jeunes originaires de cette région. Notre analyse part de l’hypothèse que la radicalisation de ces jeunes du Nord-Cameroun relève de la protestation sociale et de la nécessité de survie plus que de l’engagement religieux : survie face à un ennemi aux méthodes de recrutement usant souvent de force, mais aussi survie mêlée de protestation face à une situation économique et sociale désastreuse. De fait, nous tentons ici de comprendre le processus de radicalisation d’une partie de la jeunesse en analysant les causes sociohistoriques.
Modalités et espaces de pratique de loisirs des baby-boomers et des seniors
Authors: Roult Romain , Carbonneau Hélène , Lefebvre Sylvain , Adjizian Jean-Marc , Belley-Ranger Émilie , Duquette Marie-Michèle
Published: September 2018

Le vieillissement de la population commande de renouveler les façons de penser l’aménagement des milieux de vie pour renforcer le bien-être des aînés, dans lequel le loisir joue un rôle clé. À ce titre, le milieu municipal est appelé à jouer un rôle important sur cette problématique. Cet article présente les résultats d’un sondage mené en 2015 à Montréal auprès de 464 répondants âgés de 50 ans et plus. Cette recherche démontre l’importance accordée par les aînés aux pratiques de loisir libres et aux espaces extérieurs multifonctionnels. Finalement, les résultats obtenus révèlent certaines différences plus ou moins marquées entre les baby-boomers (personnes âgées entre 50 et 69 ans) et les seniors (personnes âgées de 70 ans et plus).
The administrative limitation of assemblies in Ukraine and Poland in the light of the international law regulations – some remarks on the Ukrainian road to democracy
Authors: Kołaczkowski Bartosz , Sobolieva Kateryna
Published: September 2018

Przedmiotem opracowania jest umiejscowiona w kontekście uregulowań prawnomiędzynarodowych oraz orzecznictwa Europejskiego Trybunału Praw Człowieka analiza porównawcza kształtu administracyjnej reglamentacji zgromadzeń na Ukrainie i w Polsce. W jego pierwszej części dokonano analizy tych spośród wiążących Ukrainę i Polskę aktów prawa międzynarodowego, w których podejmowana jest problematyka zgromadzeń, m.in. Międzynarodowego Paktu Praw Obywatelskich i Politycznych, Europejskiej Konwencji o Ochronie Praw Człowieka i Podstawowych Wolnościach czy też Konwencji Ramowej o Ochronie Mniejszości Narodowych. Część druga dotyczy zagadnień konstytucyjnych gwarancji wolności zgromadzeń na Ukrainie oraz dopuszczalnych w prawie tego kraju ograniczeń tej wolności. Wreszcie trzecia część zawiera reﬂ eksje na temat kształtu administracyjnoprawnej regulacji zgromadzeń w Polsce, obejmujące przede wszystkim zagadnienia deﬁnicji zgromadzenia, klasyﬁkacji zgromadzeń i wreszcie obowiązków organizatora oraz uprawnień porządkowych władz, takich jak np. możliwość rozwiązania zgromadzenia. W pracy wykazano między innymi, że wprawdzie na Ukrainie, podobnie jak w Polsce, wolność zgromadzeń gwarantowana jest konstytucyjnie, ale na tym podobieństwa się kończą. Trudno ocenić pozytywnie brak nowoczesnej ustawy, która zbiorczo regulowałaby zagadnienia zgromadzeń publicznych tak jak polska ustawa Prawo o zgromadzeniach. Wybiórcze stosowanie zupełnie nieprzystających do realiów państwa demokratycznego przepisów uchwalonych jeszcze w ZSRR, w połączeniu z konstytucyjnie wyrażonym prawem sądów do wprowadzania ograniczeń wolności zgromadzeń, sprzyja skrajnej arbitralności podejmowanych rozstrzygnięć, co niewątpliwie narusza istotę wolności. Problemem polskiej administracyjnoprawnej regulacji zgromadzeń są z kolei częste i nie zawsze przemyślane zmiany odpowiednich przepisów. Nie ulega jednak wątpliwości, że Polską regulację prawną można uznać za znacznie dojrzalszą.
Maciej Dercz, Konstytucyjne prawo dziecka do szczególnej opieki zdrowotnej, seria Monografie LEX, Wolters Kluwer SA, Warszawa 2016 (opr. Paulina Jankowska)
Authors: Jankowska Paulina
Published: September 2018

Maciej Dercz, Konstytucyjne prawo dziecka do szczególnej opieki zdrowotnej, seria Monografie LEX, Wolters Kluwer SA, Warszawa 2016 (opr. Paulina Jankowska)
Wykluczenie posła z posiedzenia Sejmu (art. 175 ust. 5 Regulaminu Sejmu) w świetle prac Komisji Regulaminowej i Spraw Poselskich
Authors: Malec-Lewandowski Paweł
Published: September 2018

This article provides an assessment of the correctness of the opinions formulated by the Rules and Deputies’ Aff airs Committee about deputies’ appeals to the Presidium of the Sejm against the Marshal of the Sejm’s decisions on their exclusions from the sittings of the Sejm. The assessment has been formulated on the basis of an analysis of the legitimacy of the arguments raised in the course of ﬁ ve sittings of the Committee. These arguments are related to problems associated with the classiﬁ cation of certain deputies’ behaviours as (i) ‘preventing conducting of the sitting’, which is the premise of deputies’ exclusion from the sitting of the Sejm, (ii) the correctness of application by the Marshal of the Sejm of the procedure leading to such exclusion and (iii) its consequences. The assessment of the correctness of the abovementioned arguments and its presentation is preceded by the description of the event occurred during the sitting of the Sejm and a reference to the content of Article 175 of the Standing Orders of the Sejm. The ﬁ rst conclusion drawn based on the analysis of the above is that the opinions issued by the Committee are correct. Another assessment concerned the legitimacy of the postulate formulated during one of the sittings of the Committee to change the body competent to recognise deputies’ appeals against the Marshal of the Sejm’s decisions on their exclusions from the sittings of the Sejm and move such competence should from the Sejm’s Presidium to the Sejm itself. The assessment of the legitimacy of that postulate has been based on the assessment of the legitimacy of the argument for such a solution, raised during the sitting in question of the Committee. The other conclusion drawn is that this postulate was legitimate.
W sprawie doktoratów w projektach założeń Prawa szkolnictwa wyższego (Ustawa 2.0)
Authors: Wojtczak Krystyna
Published: September 2018

W sprawie doktoratów w projektach założeń Prawa szkolnictwa wyższego (Ustawa 2.0)
Znamiona państwa wyznaniowego. Uwagi na kanwie dorobku współczesnego konstytucjonalizmu
Authors: Borecki Paweł
Published: September 2018

An analysis of contemporary constitutions indicates that the number of denominational states is slowly decreasing. However, we also encounter opposite tendencies. The model of a denominational, or a religious state is primarily characteristic for Muslim countries of the Near and Middle East and for a number of Southeast Asian countries. In the last decades, the number of Christian states and secular ideological states has declined signiﬁ cantly. There is a stable group of states with Buddhism as a privileged religion. The religious constitutional norms of states of confession are generally characterised by a high degree of generality. Detailed provisions are seldom and denominational clauses are primarily included among the principles of the supreme constitution. Underlying the religious character of the state lies the rejection of the neutrality of the worldview. It is not possible, on the basis of the constitution alone, to reconstruct a detailed, universal model of a religious state. In the light of fundamental laws, the most common characteristics of religious states are: the negation of the neutrality of the state in worldviews, the acceptance of a particular religion as the offi cial religion, the rejection of the equality of religious associations, the requirement of a head of state to follow the state religion or belief, and the state support for a given confession. The constitutions of most religious states formally provide for religious freedom. In the fundamental laws of some Muslim states, the guarantees for this freedom are, however, silent. The Western political culture fails the characteristics of an organisational unity of the state or the religious apparatus. The socio-political reality of contemporary religious states indicates that this model of statehood cannot be a priori regarded as contrary to the principles of democracy and human rights.
Tytuł profesora w Polsce w latach 1920–1990. Część 1. Warunki przyznawania tytułu profesora w prawie szkół wyższych
Authors: Wojtczak Krystyna
Published: September 2018

The Polish law on schools of higher education of the past years did not provide a uniformed deﬁ nition of the institution of the title of professor. Diff erences in its treatment generally corresponded to the legal and factual conditions in which the institutions of higher education were operating in interwar Poland in the ﬁ rst years of the Polish People’s Republic. This was not a period of simple change. The ﬁ rst establishments of higher education operating after 1918, and also after the end of World War II, were struggling not only with the acquisition of professors. Later years, despite the opening of new schools of higher education, did not manage to solve the problem of professorship shortages. What was more, a new threat emerged that was ideologisation of universities and scientiﬁ c research. Gradually ideological assumptions had become the criteria of professorship selection. This state of aff airs changed only as a result of the political transformation after 1989. In the interwar Poland and the ﬁ rst years of the Polish People’s Republic, the law provided for two titles of professor: extraordinary and ordinary. A special position was also given to honorary professors, and the award of other professorships was not an isolated act. The shortage of professorship staff was compensated by awarding titles of titular professor, contract professor and deputy professor. This solution continued to prevail in the early years of the Polish People’s Republic and changed only in 1952 when the Act of 1951 came into force. It provided for two scientiﬁ c titles: the extraordinary professor and the ordinary professor. The Act of 1958 Act extended their number by including the titles of contract professor and deputy professor and speciﬁ ed other conditions for awarding these titles. The article presents legal solutions of the past years not only in the scope in which they served the selection of professors’ staff and the conditions of scientiﬁ c advancement set for them in particular years, as well as the conditions in which these advancements were possible.
Prawo do nauki. Prawa dziecka-ucznia
Authors: Grzejdziak-Przybyłowicz Agnieszka
Published: September 2018

The subject matter of this article was the right to education with a particular regard to the rights of the child being a pupil and his/her right to personal treatment in the teaching and the whole educational process, the right to the open and motivated assessment of the progress in learning, the right to impact the school life via local government activities, as well as the right to the freedom of conscience and religion, and the right to recognise and preserve the national identity in the teaching process. The issue of pupil’s responsibilities, and in particular compulsory schooling and compulsory education, have also been raised. The article deﬁ ned the right to education and placed it among other acts of international law – the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, the Declaration of the Rights of the Child, as well as the Convention on the Rights of the Child, known as the World Constitution of the Rights of the Child. In addition to the nature of the right to education, the subject matter of the consideration was also the principles and guarantees of its implementation, contained in the Basic Law. Their analysis led to the conclusion about the limited nature of the right of parents to bring up the child according to their own convictions, the implementation of which should be compatible with the welfare of the child and the constitutionally guaranteed right to receive education. An analysis of the regulations applicable in the prescribed scope statutory, and in particular in terms of universal and equal access to education have also been discussed. The reﬂ ections presented in the article have been enriched with case law examples and judgments delivered by the European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg, the Supreme Court, and the Common Courts. The analysis of the existing legal references, the doctrine, and the case law has allowed to reach a conclusion on the fundamental nature of the right to education, the implementation of which conditions the development of an individual and the full use of its rights.
Karta Polaka w systemie instytucjonalnym prawa o cudzoziemcach
Authors: Narożniak Agnieszka
Published: September 2018

In recent years, there have been legislative cha nges as a result of which the role of the Pole’s Card in the Polish legal system has been increasing. The growing importance of the Pole’s Card requires reﬂ ection on its place in the system of Polish law on foreigners and its relation to other institutions of this law. According to the original concept, the Pole’s Card was to be an offi cial conﬁ rmation of the holder’s belonging to the Polish Nation and a way of granting a number of rights in order to make the foreigner’s stay in Poland easier. Today, it is justiﬁ ed to say that the Pole’s Card has acquired a new, “stay-in” function. Although the Card on its own does not give the right to reside in Poland, it allows its holder to apply for a permanent residence permit without having to meet standard migration requirements. The changes have also made it legitimate to talk about a “repatriation” function of the Pole’s Card. It does not grant Polish citizenship, nevertheless it lets to avoid many diffi culties connected to standard procedures. As far as leaving the country is concerned, the Pole’s Card does not constitute an obstacle to the imposition on its holder of an obligation to leave Poland. However, it should be noted that while fulﬁ lling its functions, the Card signiﬁ cantly reduces the likelihood of addressing a decision containing such an obligation. The attractiveness of the Pole’s Card holder status is demonstrated in practice by the growing interest in applying for this document. In the system of the law on foreigners, however, there remain some details that show that the whole concept is somehow incomplete. In practice, problems arise with the assessment of the connection to Polish culture and there are questions about the eff ects of unfair practices when applying for the Pole’s Card. Doubts are also raised by the lack of uniﬁ cation of the Card holder status, irrespective of the possession of another privileged status: the one of a citizen of the European Union or a member of her or his family. It leads to a conclusion that legislative corrections seem necessary at some points. At the same time it is claimed that apart from the above, the quality of the application of the existing law should be improved.
Powództwo przeciw dyskryminacji w Ustawie z dnia 3 grudnia 2010 r. o wdrożeniu niektórych przepisów Unii Europejskiej w zakresie równego traktowania
Authors: Śmiałek Paweł
Published: September 2018

Discrimination is a phenomenon that has been existing in our society for many years. The main cause of increased legislative activity in European countries is the action of the European Union, which has issued a number of directives dealing with the problem of discrimination. Poland, as a member of the European Union, was obliged to implement anti-discrimination directives. The legislator did this by enacting the Act of 3 December 2010 on the implementation of certain European Union regulations on equal treatment (hereafter: the equality statute). The equality statue was a good step towards combating discrimination in areas such as the provision of services or capital ﬂ ow. The legislator has also pointed to discriminatory features, including race, age, disability, sex, or sexual orientation. These features cannot serve as a basis for diff erentiating the legal position of legal entities. In carrying out a comprehensive analysis of the subject matter, the study presented in this article covered: the normative grounds of an anti-discrimination lawsuit, the right to compensation, which deviates signiﬁ cantly from the deﬁ nition set out in Article 361 of the Civ il Code, the substantive and legal grounds for action, the principles and the procedure for claiming compensation. The article also deals with the eff ectiveness of the application of the measure in the jurisprudence. To that end, the study examined the case law of common courts dealing with the facts related to the equality law. The Ombudsman and other anti-discrimination aut horities have also been contacted for information on the use of this measure. The paper identiﬁ es as well, the potential solutions aimed at increasing the eff ectiveness and frequency of the use of anti-discrimination lawsuits before Polish common courts.
W sprawie tytułu profesora w projektach założeń Prawa szkolnictwa wyższego (Ustawa 2.0)
Authors: Wojtczak Krystyna
Published: September 2018

W sprawie tytułu profesora w projektach założeń Prawa szkolnictwa wyższego (Ustawa 2.0)
Reform of the budget of the European Union as a process of strengthening the European identity. Are Europeans ready for it?
Authors: Nieborak Tomasz
Published: September 2018

Stan ﬁnansów Unii Europejskiej stanowi od wielu lat przedmiot ożywionej debaty publicznej. Dotyczy to kilku elementów, z których obecnie za najważniejsze należy uznać: kryzys ﬁnansowy, sytuację w streﬁe euro, kryzys migracyjny, a w ostatnim czasie wyzwania, przed jakimi stanie Unia Europejska w sytuacji opuszczenia jej przez Wielką Brytanię. Wszystkie wymienione elementy to jedynie część aktualnych problemów mogących zadecydować o przyszłości Zjednoczonej Europy – Europy, której proces jednoczenia, mimo niewątpliwych błędów popełnionych po drodze, uznać można za zakończony sukcesem. Wydaje się wszakże, iż w pewnym momencie ideologia jednoczenia przysłoniła istotę budowania efektywnych struktur europejskich. Zaczęły bowiem dominować interesy indywidualne poszczególnych państw, a wartości przyświecające ojcom założycielom Unii Europejskiej zostały zmarginalizowane. Dowodem na to jest sytuacja budżetu ogólnego Unii Europejskiej, który w swej istocie stanowić miał instrument realizacji idei i wartości unijnych. Niestety, poprzez wprowadzanie kolejnych wyjątków od zasad nim rządzących, wyrażających się między innymi w uprzywilejowaniu poszczególnych państw, doprowadzono do tego, że w dyskusji na jego temat zaczęła dominować retoryka zamykająca się w zdaniu: „kto dał więcej, a kto mniej”. W związku z tym zatracono sens realizacji zasady solidarności, tj. faktycznego wyrównywania szans pomiędzy państwami czy też regionami, a także wartości dodanej tworzonej przez poszczególne wydatki budżetowe. Należy stwierdzić, że wzrost nastrojów antyeuropejskich w połączeniu z powolnym odchodzeniem od fundamentalnych wartości, na których historycznie budowana była Europa, godzi w kształtowanie tożsamości europejskiej. Nie wszystko jednak stracone. Konieczne jest wprowadzenie zmian, które przywrócą Europie jej europejskość i pozwolą utrzymać pozycję we współczesnym świecie. Z całą pewnością jednym z instrumentów prowadzących do tego celu powinien być budżet ogólny Unii Europejskiej, którego struktura oraz mechanizmy funkcjonowania, podobnie jak instytucje unijne, muszą być wszakże poddane reformie.
Alysia Blackham, Tackling Age Discrimination against Older Workers: A Comparative Analysis of Laws in the United Kingdom and Finland (Radzenie sobie z dyskryminacją ze względu na wiek wobec starszych pracowników: analiza prawnoporównawcza regulacji w Wielkiej Brytanii i Finlandii), „Cambridge Journal of International and Comparative Law” 2015, vol. 4, no. 1 (opr. Agnieszka Narożniak)
Authors: Narożniak Agnieszka
Published: September 2018

Alysia Blackham, Tackling Age Discrimination against Older Workers: A Comparative Analysis of Laws in the United Kingdom and Finland (Radzenie sobie z dyskryminacją ze względu na wiek wobec starszych pracowników: analiza prawnoporównawcza regulacji w Wielkiej Brytanii i Finlandii), „Cambridge Journal of International and Comparative Law” 2015, vol. 4, no. 1 (opr. Agnieszka Narożniak)
Glosa do postanowienia Sądu Najwyższego z dnia 27 listopada 2014 r., sygn. IV CSK 115/14
Authors: Różowicz Konrad
Published: September 2018

Glosa do postanowienia Sądu Najwyższego z dnia 27 listopada 2014 r., sygn. IV CSK 115/14
Oxide ionic conductivity and microstructures of Pr and Sm co-doped CeO2-based systems
Authors: Arabacı Aliye
Published: September 2018

The compositions Ce0.80Sm0.2-xPrxO2-δ (x=0-0.12) were prepared through the citrate-nitrate method. The synthesized Pr3+ and Sm3+ co-doped ceria powders with different compositions were calcined at 600°C for 3 h. Phase structure of the calcined powders was characterized by X-Ray diffraction (XRD) analysis.All the calcined samples were found to be ceria based solid solutions of fluorite type structures. The morphology examinations were carried out by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. Relative density of more than 91% of the theoretical can be achieved by sintering the Ce0.80Sm0.2-xPrxO2-δ pellets at 1400°C for 6 h. The two-probe a.c. impedance spectroscopy was used to study the ionic conductivity of the doped ceria samples. The Ce0.80Sm0.80Pr0.12O1.90 composition showed the highest total ionic conductivity value which is 2.39 × 10−2 S/cm at 600°C.
Preparation of Calcium Fluoride using Phosphogypsum by Orthogonal Experiment
Authors: Zhou Lvshan
Published: September 2018

The resource utilization of phosphogypsum is confronted with great challenge. Of all the different methods for phosphogypsum resource utilization, using phosphocypsum to fabricate calcium fluoride (CaF2) is an effective resource utilization method. In this work, high-quality nano-calcium fluoride was successfully prepared in aqueous solution using calcined phosphogypsum by direct precipitation method. A series of orthogonal experiments were carried out in study. Here, the calcined phosphogypsum powder was mixed with NH4F to react at 40°C for 70 min according to the optimum molar ratio (Ca/ F=0.4). Meanwhile, the residue obtained by separating the mixture reacted was dried at 120°C for 90min. After preparation, the nano-calcium fluoride was analyzed by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscope, results found that the average particle diameter of calcium fluoride was around 70 nm. This work could increase the industrial chain of phosphogypsum application and apply a method to solve the fluorite resource shortage.
Representation of Real-World Event Schemas during Narrative Perception
Authors: Baldassano Christopher , Hasson Uri , Norman Kenneth A.
Published: September 2018

Understanding movies and stories requires maintaining a high-level situation model that abstracts away from perceptual details to describe the location, characters, actions, and causal relationships of the currently unfolding event. These models are built not only from information present in the current narrative, but also from prior knowledge about schematic event scripts, which describe typical event sequences encountered throughout a lifetime. We analyzed fMRI data from 44 human subjects (male and female) presented with 16 three-minute stories, consisting of four schematic events drawn from two different scripts (eating at a restaurant or going through the airport). Aside from this shared script structure, the stories varied widely in terms of their characters and storylines, and were presented in two highly dissimilar formats (audiovisual clips or spoken narration). One group was presented with the stories in an intact temporal sequence, while a separate control group was presented with the same events in scrambled order. Regions including the posterior medial cortex, medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), and superior frontal gyrus exhibited schematic event patterns that generalized across stories, subjects, and modalities. Patterns in mPFC were also sensitive to overall script structure, with temporally scrambled events evoking weaker schematic representations. Using a Hidden Markov Model, patterns in these regions predicted the script (restaurant vs airport) of unlabeled data with high accuracy and were used to temporally align multiple stories with a shared script. These results extend work on the perception of controlled, artificial schemas in human and animal experiments to naturalistic perception of complex narratives.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTIn almost all situations we encounter in our daily lives, we are able to draw on our schematic knowledge about what typically happens in the world to better perceive and mentally represent our ongoing experiences. In contrast to previous studies that investigated schematic cognition using simple, artificial associations, we measured brain activity from subjects watching movies and listening to stories depicting restaurant or airport experiences. Our results reveal a network of brain regions that is sensitive to the shared temporal structure of these naturalistic situations. These regions abstract away from the particular details of each story, activating a representation of the general type of situation being perceived.
A Druggable Genome Screen Identifies Modifiers of α-Synuclein Levels via a Tiered Cross-Species Validation Approach
Authors: Rousseaux Maxime W.C. , Vázquez-Vélez Gabriel E. , Al-Ramahi Ismael , Jeong Hyun-Hwan , Bajić Aleksandar , Revelli Jean-Pierre , Ye Hui , Phan Emily T. , Deger Jennifer M. , Perez Alma M. , Kim Ji-Yoen , Lavery Laura A. , Xu Qikia , Li Mamie Z. , Kang Hyojin , Kim Jean J. , Shulman Joshua M. , Westbrook Thomas F. , Elledge Stephen J. , Liu Zhandong , Botas Juan , Zoghbi Huda Y.
Published: September 2018

Accumulation of α-Synuclein (α-Syn) causes Parkinson's disease (PD) as well as other synucleopathies. α-Syn is the major component of Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites, the proteinaceous aggregates that are a hallmark of sporadic PD. In familial forms of PD, mutations or copy number variations inSNCA(the α-Syn gene) result in a net increase of its protein levels. Furthermore, common risk variants tied to PD are associated with small increases ofwild-typeα-Syn levels. These findings are further bolstered by animal studies which show that overexpression of α-Syn is sufficient to cause PD-like features. Thus, increased α-Syn levels are intrinsically tied to PD pathogenesis and underscore the importance of identifying the factors that regulate its levels. In this study, we establish a pooled RNAi screening approach and validation pipeline to probe the druggable genome for modifiers of α-Syn levels and identify 60 promising targets. Using a cross-species, tiered validation approach, we validate six strong candidates that modulate α-Syn levels and toxicity in cell lines,Drosophila, human neurons, and mouse brain of both sexes. More broadly, this genetic strategy and validation pipeline can be applied for the identification of therapeutic targets for disorders driven by dosage-sensitive proteins.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTWe present a research strategy for the systematic identification and validation of genes modulating the levels of α-Synuclein, a protein involved in Parkinson's disease. A cell-based screen of the druggable genome (>7,500 genes that are potential therapeutic targets) yielded many modulators of α-Synuclein that were subsequently confirmed and validated inDrosophila, human neurons, and mouse brain. This approach has broad applicability to the multitude of neurological diseases that are caused by mutations in genes whose dosage is critical for brain function.
The Measure of All Things
Authors: Lamy Jérôme
Published: September 2018

The TOPEX/POSEIDON satellite mission to observe the oceans triggered the formation of the new specialty of space oceanography from the 1970s to 1990s. Previously, in the 1960s in the United States, traditional oceanographers had shown little interest in the possibilities of space and thus space engineers and physicists worked on the first missions (Seasat in particular). TOPEX/POSEIDON brought together two projects, one American (TOPEX) and the other French (POSEIDON). The gradual crystallization of the disciplinary specialty of space oceanography occurred by making available a platform of instruments able to meet an ensemble of varied needs. Battery failures just before the launch of the joint mission meant that the mission had to focus on the essentials (notably El Niño effects). Subsequently, the discovery of a significant rise in sea levels due to global warming resulted in space oceanography becoming a recognized specialty. The case of TOPEX/POSEIDON shows the original ways in which instruments gained a place in the very large range of oceanographic techniques.
EL SLOGAN POLITICO UNA ESTRATEGIA DE COMUNICACIÓN Y MARKETING DE “EL BRONCO” PARA INCIDIR EN LAS ELECCIONES DE NUEVO LEÓN, MÉXICO
Authors: Susano García José Luis
Published: September 2018

Las campañas electorales cada vez se convierten en una lucha, dónde las estrategias creativas e innovadoras de comunicación y mercadotecnia política juegan un papel muy importante para elegir a un candidato.El presente, es el resultado de la opinión que los votantes tuvieron respecto al discurso político del entonces candidato al gobierno del estado de Nuevo León, Jaime Rodríguez Calderón “El Bronco”. La investigación es cuantitativa, con enfoque descriptivo y que mediante la técnica de análisis del discurso se hace a los mensajes propagandísticos de los spots oficiales que se emitieron durante la campaña electoral.Entre los hallazgos encontrados resulta importante mencionar que la población nuevoleonés no había experimentado un ejemplo de candidatura independiente, tampoco había escuchado en campaña un discurso agresivo y morboso y finalmente las palabras fuertes por parte del candidato crearon un interés y expectativa en los votantes.
Childhood Seizures After Phototherapy
Authors: Newman Thomas B. , Wu Yvonne W. , Kuzniewicz Michael W. , Grimes Barbara A. , McCulloch Charles E.
Published: September 2018

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:

In a recent Danish study, researchers found an increased risk of childhood epilepsy after phototherapy but only in boys. We investigated this association in a Kaiser Permanente Northern California cohort.

METHODS:

From 499 642 infants born at ≥35 weeks’ gestation in 1995–2011 followed for ≥60 days, we excluded 1773 that exceeded exchange transfusion thresholds and 1237 with seizure diagnoses at <60 days. We ascertained phototherapy, covariates, and outcomes from electronic records and existing databases. Our primary outcome was ≥1 encounter with a seizure diagnosis plus ≥1 prescription for an antiepileptic drug. We used Cox and Poisson models to adjust for bilirubin levels and other confounding variables.

RESULTS:

A total of 37 683 (7.6%) infants received any phototherapy. The mean (SD) follow-up time was 8.1 (5.2) years. The crude incidence rate per 1000 person-years of the primary outcome was 1.24 among phototherapy-exposed children and 0.76 among those unexposed (rate ratio: 1.63; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.44 to 1.85). The adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) was 1.22 (95% CI: 1.05 to 1.42; P = .009). Boys were at higher risk of seizures overall (aHR = 1.18; 95% CI: 1.10 to 1.27) and had a higher aHR for phototherapy (1.33; 95% CI: 1.10 to 1.61) than girls (1.07; 95% CI: 0.84 to 1.37), although effect modification by sex was not statistically significant (P = .17). The adjusted 10-year excess risks per 1000 were 2.4 (95% CI: 0.6 to 4.1) overall, 3.7 (95% CI: 1.2 to 6.1) in boys, and 0.8 (95% CI: −1.7 to 3.2) in girls.

CONCLUSIONS:

Phototherapy in newborns is associated with a small increased risk of childhood seizures, even after adjusting for bilirubin values, and the risk is more significant in boys.
Calcium-phosphate bions do specifically induce hypertrophy of damaged intima in rats
Authors: Shishkova D. K. , Velikanova E. A. , Krivkina E. O. , Mironov A. V. , Kudryavtseva Yu. A. , Kutikhin А. G.
Published: September 2018

Aim. To evaluate specificity of endothelial toxicity of calcium-phosphate bions (CPB) in vivo.

Material and methods. Toxicity of calcium-phosphate bions and magnesiumphosphate bions (MPB) in relation to intima of abdominal aorta of the Wistar rats, was assessed by single intravenous injection after balloon angioplastics with further explanting of aortas in five weeks. Bioptates were analyzed: 1) with classical histological methods (hematoxilin-eosine, alizarin red, van Gison, Russell-Movat) with light microscopy; 2) immune fluorescence coloring of cryoslices (combinational coloring for marker of mature endothelial cells CD31 and marker of progenitory CD34, for CD31 and marker of vascular smooth muscle cells α-smoothmuscle actin (α-SMA), for vimentin and α-SMA, for extracellular matrix marker collagen type IV and α-SMA, after all colorings there was additional nuclear 4’,6-diamidine-2-phenylindol color) with further confocal microscopy. In all animals the blood was collected with serum extraction for systemic inflammation molecules analysis, as chemoattractant protein (МСР-1/CCL2) and ceruloplasmin via the immune enzyme analysis.

Results. With the difference from CPB, MPB did not lead to intimal hypertrophy in abdominal aorta in rats. Shaping of neointima in aorta is related with CPB-induced endothelium damage that induces a phenotype shift in mesenchymal cells (smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts) from contractile (for smooth muscle) and non-active (for fibroblasts) towards synthetizing.

Conclusion. Intravenous load of MPB did not lead to intimal hypertrophy that witness on specificity of endothelial toxicity of CPB, with phenotypical shift of the mesenchymal cells in neointima.
High sympathetic tone in development of the left ventricle hypertrophy and beta-blockers for regression
Authors: Ostroumova О. D. , Kochetkov A. I. , Lopukhina M. V. , Pavleeva E. Е.
Published: September 2018

The review is focused on clinical significance of the left ventricle hypertrophy (LVH) — presentation of heart lesion as a target organ for systemic hypertension (SH). Various LVH development mechanisms are presented, and special attention is paid to sympathic nervous system and β-adrenoreceptors in pathogenesis. Fundamental methods of diagnostics are described for LVH, in comparison. The pathology is classified from the perspective of recent guidelines on echocardiographic diagnostics. Epidemiology provided. Taken current evidence, the prognostic role of LVH is described as a factor increasing the risk of fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular, cerebrovascular and renal complications in SH patients. Trials data presented that points on LVH regression with highly selective β1-blocker bisoprolol treatment. Pathophysiology of LVH regression is discussed for β1-blocker treatment.