bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lessons learned: Building a coalition to advance equity in cancer and mental health care
Authors: Callaway Catherine A. , Corveleyn Amy E. , Barry Maura J. , Gorton Emily I. , Nierenberg Andrew A. , Irwin Kelly E.
Published: November 2021

Key points

Engage diverse stakeholders and share narratives of those with lived experience

Establish shared language, mission, and infrastructure to build trust

Cultivate diverse partnerships to build bridges between fragmented systems

Build stakeholder capacity to take action and track progress toward defined goals

Create targeted dissemination strategies and foster sustainability
Heat waves affect prey and predators differently via developmental plasticity: who may benefit most from global warming?
Authors: Tscholl Thomas , Nachman Gösta , Spangl Bernhard , Walzer Andreas
Published: November 2021

BACKGROUND

Climate warming is considered to affect the characteristics of heat waves by increasing their duration, frequency and intensity, which can have dramatic consequences for ectothermic arthropods. However, arthropods may respond to heat waves via plastic modifications, which could differently affect a predator and its prey. We examined this assumption using prominent counterparts in biological control, the predatory mite Phytoseiulus persimilis and its prey, the spider mite Tetranychus urticae. Individuals of both species were separately exposed to mild and extreme heat waves during their juvenile development.

RESULTS

Both species developed faster during extreme heat waves, but the proportional increase of the developmental rates was higher in the prey. Independent of sex, P. persimilis reached smaller size at maturity under extreme heat waves, whereas the body size modifications were sex‐dependent in T. urticae: males became smaller, but females were able to maintain their size.

CONCLUSIONS

An accelerated development may result in the reduction of the exposure time of susceptible juvenile stages to heat waves and prey stages to predators. Plastic size adjustments caused a shift in the female predator–prey body size ratio in favor of the prey, which may lead to higher heat resistance and reduced predation risk for prey females under extreme heat waves. In conclusion, our findings indicate that species‐specific shifts in age and size at maturity may result in lower suppression efficacy of the predator P. persimilis against its prey T. urticae with severe consequences for biological control of spider mites, if global warming continues.
The evolution of Catholic/Protestant unemployment inequality in Northern Ireland, 1983–2016
Authors: Rowland Neil , McVicar Duncan , Shuttleworth Ian
Published: November 2021

Ethnic and religious differentials in labour market outcomes within many countries have been remarkably persistent. Yet one very well‐known differential—the Catholic/Protestant unemployment differential in Northern Ireland—has largely (although not completely) disappeared. This paper charts its decline since the early 1980s and examines potential explanations using Census data from 1991, 2001 and 2011 together with annual survey data. These data span the ending of The Troubles, the signing of the Good Friday Agreement, the introduction of fair employment legislation, growth in hidden unemployment and major structural changes in Northern Ireland. We assess the potential impact of these changes.
A doubly robust method to handle missing multilevel outcome data with application to the China Health and Nutrition Survey
Authors: Butera Nicole M. , Zeng Donglin , Green Howard Annie , Gordon‐Larsen Penny , Cai Jianwen
Published: November 2021

Missing data are common in longitudinal cohort studies and can lead to bias, particularly in studies with informative missingness. Many common methods for handling informatively missing data in survey samples require correctly specifying a model for missingness. Although doubly robust methods exist to provide unbiased regression coefficients in the presence of missing outcome data, these methods do not account for correlation due to clustering inherent in longitudinal or cluster‐sampled studies. In this work, we developed a doubly robust method to estimate the regression of an outcome on a predictor in the presence of missing multilevel data on the outcome, which results in consistent estimation of regression coefficients assuming correct specification of either (1) the probability of missingness or (2) the outcome model. This method involves specification of separate hierarchical models for missingness and for the outcome, conditional on observed auxiliary variables and cluster‐specific random effects, to account for correlation among observations. We showed this proposed estimator is doubly robust and derived its asymptotic distribution, conducted simulation studies to compare the method to an existing doubly robust method developed for independent data, and applied the method to data from the China Health and Nutrition Survey, an ongoing multilevel longitudinal cohort study.
Spatiotemporal Quantification of Endosomal Acidification on the Viral Journey
Authors: Wang Zhi‐Gang , Zhao Liang , Chen Lu‐Lu , Liu Hao‐Yang , Wang Lei , Hu Yusi , Shi Xue‐Hui , Zhao Dongbing , Liu Shu‐Lin , Pang Dai‐Wen
Published: November 2021

Many enveloped viruses utilize endocytic pathways and vesicle trafficking to infect host cells, where the acidification of virus‐containing endosomes triggers the virus‐endosome fusion events. Therefore, simultaneous correlation of intracellular location, local pH, and individual virus dynamics is important for gaining insight into viral infection mechanisms. Here, an imaging approach is developed for spatiotemporal quantification of endosomal acidification on the viral journey in host cells using a fluorescence resonance energy transfer based ratiometric pH sensor consisting of a photostable and high‐brightness QD, pH‐sensitive fluorescent dyes, and virus‐binding proteins. Ratiometric analysis of sensor‐based single‐virus tracking data enables to dissect a two‐step endosomal acidification process during the infection of influenza viruses and elucidates the occurrence of the fission and sorting of virus‐containing endosomes to recycling endosomes after initial acidification. This technique should serve as a robust approach for in situ quantification of endosomal acidification on the viral journey.
Photo Rechargeable Li‐Ion Batteries Using Nanorod Heterostructure Electrodes
Authors: Kumar Amar , Thakur Pallavi , Sharma Rahul , Puthirath Anand B. , Ajayan Pulickel M. , Narayanan Tharangattu N.
Published: November 2021

New ways of directly using solar energy to charge electrochemical energy storage devices such as batteries would lead to exciting developments in energy technologies. Here, a two‐electrode photo rechargeable Li‐ion battery is demonstrated using nanorod of type II semiconductor heterostructures with in‐plane domains of crystalline MoS2 and amorphous MoOx. The staggered energy band alignment of MoS2 and MoOx limits the electron holes recombination and causes holes to be retained in the Li intercalated MoS2 electrode. The holes generated in the MoS2 pushes the intercalated Li‐ions and hence charge the battery. Low band gap, high efficiency photo‐conversion and efficient electron–hole separation help the battery to fully charge within a few hours using solar light. The proposed concept and materials can enable next generation stable photo‐rechargeable battery electrodes, in contrast to the reported materials.
White Light Afterglow in Carbon Dots Achieved via Synergy between the Room‐Temperature Phosphorescence and the Delayed Fluorescence
Authors: Zhu Jinyang , Hu Junhua , Hu Qiang , Zhang Xiaoyu , Ushakova Elena V. , Liu Kaikai , Wang Shixun , Chen Xu , Shan Chongxin , Rogach Andrey L. , Bai Xue
Published: November 2021

Carbon dot (CD) based long‐lived afterglow emission materials have attracted attention in recent years, but demonstration of white‐light room‐temperature afterglow remains challenging, due to the difficulty of simultaneous generation of multiple long‐lived excited states with distinct chromatic emission. In this work, a white‐light room‐temperature long‐lived afterglow emission from a CD powder with a high efficiency of 5.8% and Commission International de l'Eclairage (CIE) coordinates of (0.396, 0.409) is realized. The afterglow of the CDs originates from a synergy between the phosphorescence of the carbon core and the delayed fluorescence associated with the surface CN moieties, which is accomplished by matching the singlet state of the surface groups of the CDs with the long‐lived triplet state of the carbon core, resulting in an efficient energy transfer. It is demonstrated how the long‐lived afterglow emission of CDs can be utilized for fabrication of white light emitting devices and in anticounterfeiting applications.
Computational Method‐Based Optimization of Carbon Nanotube Thin‐Film Immunosensor for Rapid Detection of SARS‐CoV‐2 Virus
Authors: Kim Su Yeong , Lee Jeong-Chan , Seo Giwan , Woo Jun Hee , Lee Minho , Nam Jaewook , Sim Joo Yong , Kim Hyung-Ryong , Park Edmond Changkyun , Park Steve
Published: November 2021

The recent global spread of COVID‐19 stresses the importance of developing diagnostic testing that is rapid and does not require specialized laboratories. In this regard, nanomaterial thin‐film‐based immunosensors fabricated via solution processing are promising, potentially due to their mass manufacturability, on‐site detection, and high sensitivity that enable direct detection of virus without the need for molecular amplification. However, thus far, thin‐film‐based biosensors have been fabricated without properly analyzing how the thin‐film properties are correlated with the biosensor performance, limiting the understanding of property−performance relationships and the optimization process. Herein, the correlations between various thin‐film properties and the sensitivity of carbon nanotube thin‐film‐based immunosensors are systematically analyzed, through which optimal sensitivity is attained. Sensitivities toward SARS‐CoV‐2 nucleocapsid protein in buffer solution and in the lysed virus are 0.024 [fg/mL]−1 and 0.048 [copies/mL]−1, respectively, which are sufficient for diagnosing patients in the early stages of COVID‐19. The technique, therefore, can potentially elucidate complex relationships between properties and performance of biosensors, thereby enabling systematic optimization to further advance the applicability of biosensors for accurate and rapid point‐of‐care (POC) diagnosis.
An Efficient Carbon‐Based Drug Delivery System for Cancer Therapy through the Nucleus Targeting and Mitochondria Mediated Apoptotic Pathway
Authors: Zhang Junfeng , Li Chenchen , Xue Qianghua , Yin Xuelian , Li Yajie , He Wen , Chen Xuerui , Zhang Jian , Reis Rui L. , Wang Yanli
Published: November 2021

The emergence of nanocarriers solves the problems of antitumor drugs such as non‐targeting, huge side effects, etc., and has been widely used in tumor therapy. Some kinds of antitumor drugs such as doxorubicin (DOX) mainly act on the nucleic acid causing DNA damage, interfering with transcription, and thereby disrupting or blocking the process of cancer cell replication. Herein, a new nanodrug delivery system, the carbon‐based nanomaterials (CBNs)‐Pluronic F127‐DOX (CPD), is designed by using CBNs as a nanocarrier for DOX. As a result, the tumor growth inhibition rate of CPD group is as high as 79.42 ± 2.83%, and greatly reduces the side effects. The targeting rate of the CPD group of DOX in the tumor nucleus is 36.78%, and the %ID/g in tumor tissue is 30.09%. The CPD regulates the expression levels of Caspase‐3, p53, and Bcl‐2 genes by increasing intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and reducing mitochondrial membrane potential, which indicates that mitochondrial‐mediated pathways are involved in apoptosis. The CPD nanodrug delivery system increases the effective accumulation of DOX in tumor cell nuclei and tumor tissues, and generates massive ROS, thereby inhibiting tumor growth in vivo, representing a promising agent for anticancer applications.
An Integrated Droplet Manipulation Platform with Photodeformable Microfluidic Channels
Authors: Liu Quan , Yu Guodong , Zhu Chongyu , Peng Bo , Li Ruohan , Yi Tao , Yu Yanlei
Published: November 2021

Manipulating droplets by light in microscale allows precise control of microfluidics, liquid delivery, micromachines, and so on. Among these applications, microfluidic technology is of particular interest for miniaturization of the portable analysis systems, which require the integration of various liquid operations in one device. Here, a photodeformable microfluidic platform is constructed by combining Laplace pressure and capillary condensation to integrate the transportation, fusion, separation, and mixing of liquid slugs in one chip. The Laplace pressure, attributed to the photodeformation of the liquid crystal polymers, is generated to propel the slug. The capillary condensation is introduced by the delicate design of the fluid channels, allowing the fusion and separation of slugs without any connected microvalves. Catalytic oxidation reaction and protein detection processes are realized in the platform, which are amenable to a variety of miniaturized bio‐medical applications, such as portable analysis and point of care testing.
Exploring Inorganic Hole Collection Materials from Mixed‐Metal Dawson‐Type Polyoxometalates for Efficient Organic Photovoltaic Devices
Authors: Fang Yu , Zhang Qiu , Li Fengyan , Xu Lin
Published: November 2021

Interfacial layer materials play an important role in performance enhancement of organic solar cells (OSCs). Herein, the utilization of mixed‐metal Dawson‐type polyoxometalates, namely P2Mo3W15O62 (POM‐1) and P2Mo9W9O62 (POM‐2), as anode interlayer (AIL) materials, for efficiently collecting holes to boost the photovoltaic efficiency of OSCs, is explored. The increase in molybdenum substitution in the mixed‐metal POMs can lower the conduction band level and increase the reduction potential. Meanwhile, the high work function of POMs helps to remove the energy barrier in the hole collection, which solves the serious problem of Voc loss in OSCs. As a result, OSCs modified by POM‐2 can exhibit superior photovoltaic performance with power conversion efficiency of 14.8%. The results of Mott−Schottky analysis, current density−light intensity dependence, and excitons dissociation probability indicate the efficient hole collection and the depressed charge recombination in the POM‐2‐based OSC device. By means of fabricating OSCs, the effect of the two POM‐based AILs on various photoactive layers is also investigated, and POM‐2 exhibits excellent hole collection capability. Moreover, the advantages of low‐cost and solution‐processable conduct make POM‐2 a promising candidate as the AIL material for future mass production of OSCs.
Genomic prediction of preliminary yield trials in chickpea: Effect of functional annotation of SNPs and environment
Authors: Li Yongle , Ruperao Pradeep , Batley Jacqueline , Edwards David , Martin William , Hobson Kristy , Sutton Tim
Published: November 2021

Achieving yield potential in chickpea (Cicer arietinumL.) is limited by many constraints that include biotic and abiotic stresses. Combining next‐generation sequencing technology with advanced statistical modeling has the potential to increase genetic gain efficiently. Whole genome resequencing data was obtained from 315 advanced chickpea breeding lines from the Australian chickpea breeding program resulting in more than 298,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) discovered. Analysis of population structure revealed a distinct group of breeding lines with many alleles that are absent from recently released Australian cultivars. Genome‐wide association studies (GWAS) using these Australian breeding lines identified 20 SNPs significantly associated with grain yield in multiple field environments. A reduced level of nucleotide diversity and extended linkage disequilibrium suggested that some regions in these chickpea genomes may have been through selective breeding for yield or other traits. A large introgression segment that introduced fromC. echinospermumfor phytophthora root rot resistance was identified on chromosome 6, yet it also has unintended consequences of reducing yield due to linkage drag. We further investigated the effect of genotype by environment interaction on genomic prediction of yield. We found that the training set had better prediction accuracy when phenotyped under conditions relevant to the targeted environments. We also investigated the effect of SNP functional annotation on prediction accuracy using different subsets of SNPs based on their genomic locations: regulatory regions, exome, and alternative splice sites. Compared with the whole SNP dataset, a subset of SNPs did not significantly decrease prediction accuracy for grain yield despite consisting of a smaller number of SNPs.
Molecular detection and antibiotyping of multi‐drug resistant Enterococcus faecium from healthy broiler chickens in Bangladesh
Authors: Roy Krishna , Islam Md. Saiful , Paul Anamika , Ievy Samina , Talukder Mithun , Sobur Md. Abdus , Ballah Fatimah Muhammad , Khan Md. Shahidur Rahman , Rahman Md. Tanvir
Published: November 2021

Background

Enterococcus faecium is a ubiquitously distributed member of the intestinal microbiota of both humans and animals. Antibiotic resistant E. faecium are a major public health concern.

Objectives

This study aimed to detect multi‐drug resistant (MDR) E. faecium and their antibiotic resistance genes from broiler chickens in Bangladesh.

Methods

A total of 100 faecal samples of healthy broilers were screened by conventional methods and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect E. faecium and their resistance genes. Disk diffusion test was employed to determine antibiotic profiles.

Results

By PCR, among 100 samples, 45% [95% confidence interval (CI): 35.62%–54.76%] were positive for E. faecium. Based on antibiogram, all the E. faecium isolates were found resistant to ampicillin, and frequently (93.33%–55.56%) resistant to ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, streptomycin, erythromycin, and imipenem; moderate to lower (26.67%–4.44%) resistance to tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, chloramphenicol, gentamicin, and vancomycin. Interestingly, 80% (95% CI: 66.18%–89.10%) E. faecium isolates were MDR in nature. In addition, the indices of multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) ranged from 0.08 to 0.83. By bivariate analysis, high positive significant correlations were observed between resistance profiles of erythromycin and imipenem, ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin, erythromycin and streptomycin, ceftriaxone and cefotaxime, tetracycline and chloramphenicol, and streptomycin and imipenem. Furthermore, the prevalence of resistance genes of E. faecium was 58.33% (tetA), 33.33% (tetB), 35.56% (blaTEM), 60% (CITM), 13.33% (aadA1), and 12% (SHV).

Conclusions

To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study in Bangladesh to detect MDR and MAR E. faecium and their associated resistance genes. The detection of MDR and MAR E. faecium and their corresponding resistance genes from healthy broilers is of public health concern because of their potential to enter into the food chain.
Contested climate policies and the four Ds of public participation: From normative standards to what people want
Authors: Perlaviciute Goda
Published: November 2021

Stimulating public participation in decision making is heralded as a way to get climate policies accepted by the public. Yet, little is known about whether and when public participation can increase policy acceptability. This is true in particular of practices organized by responsible parties to engage the public in decision making. Based on a vast body of interdisciplinary literature, four types of normative standards for effective public participation can be distilled, which I call the four Ds: dialogue, decision‐making power, diversity, and deliberation. However, normative standards may not be enough for reaching socially acceptable climate policies, if people do not want to participate, or want to participate too late in decision making, and are not open to different perspectives. The result can be fake participation, exclusion, and polarization—all which may reduce, rather than increase, public acceptability of climate policies. Understanding public preferences for participation is therefore critical for the implementation of the four Ds and for reaching socially acceptable climate policies. This Perspective article is relevant for scientists, policy makers, NGO's, businesses, interest groups, and other parties wanting to understand how to engage the public in climate decision making.

This article is categorized under:

Perceptions, Behavior, and Communication of Climate Change > Perceptions of Climate Change

Policy and Governance > Governing Climate Change in Communities, Cities, and Regions
Covariant chiral kinetic equation in non-Abelian gauge field from “covariant gradient expansion”
Authors: Luo Xiao-Li , Gao Jian-Hua
Published: November 2021

Abstract

We derive the chiral kinetic equation in 8 dimensional phase space in non- Abelian SU(N) gauge field within the Wigner function formalism. By using the “covariant gradient expansion”, we disentangle the Wigner equations in four-vector space up to the first order and find that only the time-like component of the chiral Wigner function is independent while other components can be explicit derivative. After further decomposing the Wigner function or equations in color space, we present the non-Abelian covariant chiral kinetic equation for the color singlet and multiplet phase-space distribution functions. These phase-space distribution functions have non-trivial Lorentz transformation rules when we define them in different reference frames. The chiral anomaly from non-Abelian gauge field arises naturally from the Berry monopole in Euclidian momentum space in the vacuum or Dirac sea contribution. The anomalous currents as non-Abelian counterparts of chiral magnetic effect and chiral vortical effect have also been derived from the non-Abelian chiral kinetic equation.
Interpretation of LHC excesses in ditop and ditau channels as a 400-GeV pseudoscalar resonance
Authors: Arganda Ernesto , Da Rold Leandro , Díaz Daniel A. , Medina Anibal D.
Published: November 2021

Abstract

Since the discovery in 2012 of the Higgs boson at the LHC, as the last missing piece of the Standard Model of particle physics, any hint of new physics has been intensively searched for, with no confirmation to date. There are however slight deviations from the SM that are worth investigating. The CMS collaboration has reported, in a search for heavy resonances decaying int$$ \overline{t} $$t¯with a 13-TeV center-of-mass energy and a luminosity of 35.9 fb−1, deviations from the SM predictions at the 3.5σlevel locally (1.9σafter the look-elsewhere effect). In addition, in the ditau final state search performed by the ATLAS collaboration at$$ \sqrt{s} $$s= 13 TeV and$$ \mathcal{L} $$L= 139 fb−1, deviations from the SM at the 2σlevel have been also observed. Interestingly, both slight excesses are compatible with a new pseudoscalar boson with a mass around 400 GeV that couples at least to fermions of the third generation and gluons. Starting from a purely phenomenological perspective, we inspect the possibility that a 400-GeV pseudoscalar can account for these deviations and at the same time satisfy the constraints on the rest of the channels that it gives contributions to and that are analyzed by the ATLAS and CMS experiments. After obtaining the range of effective couplings compatible with all experimental measurements, we study the gauge invariant UV completions that can give rise to this type of pseudoscalar resonance, which can be accommodated in an SO(6)/SO(5) model with consistency at the 1σlevel and in a SO(5) × U(1)P× U(1)X/SO(4) × U(1)Xat the 2σlevel, while exceedingly large quartic couplings would be necessary to account for it in a general two Higgs doublet model.
Risk factors for poor outcomes of spontaneous supratentorial cerebral hemorrhage after surgery
Authors: Zhang Kangwei , Wei Lai , Zhou Xiang , Yang Baoqing , Meng Jinxi , Wang Peijun
Published: November 2021

Objective

This study aimed to explore the factors affecting the outcomes of spontaneous supratentorial cerebral hemorrhage 90 days after surgery.

Methods

A total of 256 patients with spontaneous supratentorial intracerebral hemorrhage underwent craniotomy evacuation of hematoma. The control group included 120 patients who received conservative treatment. The patients were divided into two subgroups based on a bifurcation of the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) 90 days after clinical therapeutics: good outcome (mRS score 0–3) and poor outcome (mRS score 4–6). The differences in clinical and imaging data between the two subgroups were analyzed. Based on difference analysis results, a binary logistic regression model was constructed to analyze the influencing factors related to poor outcomes.

Results

The difference analysis results in the surgery group showed statistically significant differences in age, sex, Glasgow Coma Score (GCS) on admission, coronary atherosclerosis, smoking, stroke history, blood glucose, D-dimer, hematoma size, deep cerebral hemorrhage, midline shift, hematoma burst into the ventricle, vortex sign, island sign, and black hole sign. Binary logistic regression analysis showed that deep cerebral hemorrhage, midline shift, and age > 58 years independently correlated with the poor outcomes of patients after surgery. The binary logistic regression results of the control group showed that age > 58 years and GCS ≤ 8 independently correlated with the poor outcomes of patients.

Conclusions

Deep cerebral hemorrhage, midline shift, and age > 58 years significantly increased the risk of adverse prognosis in patients after surgery. The findings might help select the clinical treatment plan and evaluate the postoperative prognosis of patients.
Vascular endothelial growth factor ameliorated palmitate-induced cardiomyocyte injury via JNK pathway
Authors: Wang Shi-ya , Zou Cao , Liu Xiao-feng , Yan Yon-jin , Gu Shun-zhon , Li Xun
Published: November 2021

Enhanced apoptosis of cardiomyocytes in suffering overloaded saturated fatty acids (SFAs) can result in myocardial infarction and cardiac dysfunction. The function of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in cardiomyocyte protection was not clearly described. To investigate the preservative effects of VEGF sensitization on ceramide-mediated programmed cell death of cardiomyocytes, palmitate-induced injury in H9c2 cells was established as an in vitro model. Results revealed that 0.5 mM palmitate application effectively led to debased viability and activated apoptotic factors. A significant time-dependent relation between PAL and cardiomyocyte injury was observed. The apoptosis rate was increased greatly after 16 h of treatment with 0.5 mM PAL. In addition, cell viability was restored by VEGF overexpression during treatment with 0.5 mM PAL. Reduced apoptosis rate and expression of caspase 3, Bax, and NF-κB p65 were observed in this process, while boosted Bcl-2, p-JNK/JNK expression and activity of caspase 3 were checked. However, p-ERK/ERK levels did not exhibit a significant change. These findings indicated the protective effects of VEGF in confronting the ceramide-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis, and would devote therapeutic targets for cardiovascular safeguard in dealing with fatty acid stress.
Brain structural and functional anomalies associated with simultanagnosia in patients with posterior cortical atrophy
Authors: Cui Yue , Liu Yang , Yang Caishui , Cui Chunlei , Jing Donglai , Zhang Xuxiang , Chen Yaojing , Li Bingkun , Liang Zhigang , Chen Kewei , Zhang Zhanjun , Wu Liyong
Published: November 2021

Simultanagnosia is a common symptom of posterior cortical atrophy, and its association with brain structural and functional changes remains unclear. In our study, 18 posterior cortical atrophy patients with simultanagnosia, 29 patients with Alzheimer’s disease and 20 cognitively normal controls were recruited and subjected to full neuropsychological evaluation, including simultanagnosia tests, and structural and resting-state functional MRI. The gray matter volume was assessed by voxel-based morphometry, while the intrinsic functional connectivity was evaluated using the reduced gray matter volume regions of interest as the seed. In contrast to the patients with Alzheimer’s disease, those with posterior cortical atrophy showed the following: (1) markedly lower simultanagnosia test scores, (2) an altered regional gray matter volume of the left middle occipital gyrus and ventral occipital areas, and (3) lowered intrinsic functional connectivity with the left middle occipital gyrus, left lingual gyrus and right middle occipital gyrus separately. Additionally, the gray matter volume of the left middle occipital gyrus and left inferior occipital gyrus were each correlated with simultanagnosia in posterior cortical atrophy patients. The intrinsic functional connectivity of the left middle occipital gyrus with the right superior occipital gyrus and that of the right middle occipital gyrus with the left superior parietal gyrus were also correlated with simultanagnosia in posterior cortical atrophy patients. In summary, this study indicated that simultanagnosia is associated with gray matter reductions and decreased functional connectivity in the left middle occipital gyrus and the left inferior occipital gyrus in patients with posterior cortical atrophy.
The Influence of Developmental Contexts in Adolescent’s Expected Sociopolitical Participation through the Sense of Unity: An Analysis of the Mediation Model Invariance through Sex, Age, and Socioeconomic Status
Authors: Salado Vanesa , Moreno-Maldonado Concepción , Moreno Carmen , Rivera Francisco
Published: November 2021

Civic engagement plays a positive role in adolescent wellbeing, as well as being the basis for maintaining a democratic society. This research analyzed how perceived support from developmental contexts contributes to adolescent civic engagement –assessed through their expectations of future sociopolitical participation–, mediated by sense of unity, and differences according to sex, age, and socioeconomic status. The sample included 3,715 participants (13–18 years old) from the 2019OPINA Barometerwho were selected using multistage random sampling stratified by conglomerates. The measures assessed sex, age, family, friends, classmates, and teacher support, the expectations of future sociopolitical participation, and sense of unity. Socioeconomic status was assessed by the Family Affluence Scale (FAS). Data analysis was conducted using descriptive statistics, mean comparisons, and structural equation models using bootstrapping and measurement invariance. Results showed developmental contexts to significantly affect expected sociopolitical participation only through the mediator role of the sense of unity. In addition, peer support (both friends and classmates) showed a stronger direct influence on sense of unity –and indirect influence on the expectations of future sociopolitical participation– than family and teachers. The model was invariant across sex, age, and FAS. This research highlights that a sense of unity, derived from feeling part of a larger dependable structure, is crucial for establishing behaviors in the interest of the common good, and that this social connectedness is learned in the most immediate developmental contexts, specifically, that of peers.
‘What’s the Problem Represented to Be?’ The Place and Wellbeing of Young People in Azerbaijan’s Drug Policy
Authors: Sultan Aysel
Published: November 2021

This policy paper bridges interdisciplinary research to analyze the effects of drug policy in Azerbaijan on the provision of social care and treatment for young people who use illicit drugs. Drawing on Carol Bacchi’s critical policy analysis method – ‘what’s the problem represented to be’ – the paper focuses on what the state’s drug policy enables and/or impedes in the implementation of better protection and care for young people aged between 14 and 17. To do this, two texts are selected for the analysis to explore representations and social construction of youth through various problematizations in policy legislations. The analysis suggests that drug policy in Azerbaijan is formulated to further cultural and political purposes to maintain a community-based immunity to drugs, rather than psycho-social and medical interventions or individual engagement with young people’s wellbeing.
Evaluation of stability in maize hybrids using univariate parametric methods
Authors: Shojaei Seyed Habib , Mostafavi Khodadad , Lak Amirparviz , Omrani Ali , Omrani Saeed , Mousavi Seyed Mohammad Nasir , Illés Árpád , Bojtor Csaba , Nagy János
Published: November 2021

Genotype × environment interaction is one of the complex issues of breeding programs to produce high-yielding and compatible cultivars. Interaction of genotype × environment and make the more accurate selection, the performance and stability of hybrids need to be considered simultaneously. This study aimed to investigate stable genotypes with yield using 12 maize hybrids in different climatic conditions of Iran. The experimental design used was a randomized complete blocks design in three replications in two cropping years in Karaj, Birjand, Shiraz, and Arak stations. The simple analysis of variance performed on grain yield of genotypes indicated that all hybrids studied each year and station were significantly different in grain yield. Also, the combined analysis results showed a significant effect on the environment, the effects of genotype, and the interaction of genotype × environment and t in the studied hybrids different. Comparing Duncan's mean on the data obtained from the research, KSC705 genotypes with an average yield of 7.21 and KSC704 genotype with an average yield of 7.04 were identified as high yield cultivars. In order to identify stable cultivars, six stability parameters were used. KSC260 and KSC707 genotypes had stability Based on the environmental variance, also had stability based KSC705, KSC707 genotype on environmental the coefficient of variation, and KSC260 genotypes had stability based methods of genotype and environment interaction. As well as based on Eberhart and Russell regression coefficient had the stability to KSC400 and SC647 genotypes. Also, they were identified as the most stable genotypes based on the detection coefficient method, KSC707, and KSC703 genotypes.
Academic Emotions
Authors: Barclay Katie
Published: November 2021

The University is an institution that disciplines the academic self. As such it produces both a particular emotional culture and, at times, the emotional suffering of those who find such disciplinary practices discomforting. Drawing on a rich array of writing about the modern academy by contemporary academics, this Element explores the emotional dynamics of the academy as a disciplining institution, the production of the academic self, and the role of emotion in negotiating power in the ivory tower. Using methodologies from the History of Emotion, it seeks to further our understanding of the relationship between the institution, emotion and the self.
Knowledge politics in the smart city: A case study of strategic urban planning in Cambridge, UK
Authors: Nochta Timea , Wahby Noura , Schooling Jennifer M.
Published: November 2021

This paper highlights the need and opportunities for constructively combining different types of (analogue and data-driven) knowledges in evidence-informed policy decision-making in future smart cities. Problematizing the assumed universality and objectivity of data-driven knowledge, we call attention to notions of “positionality” and “situatedness” in knowledge production relating to the urban present and possible futures. In order to illustrate our arguments, we draw on a case study of strategic urban (spatial) planning in the Cambridge city region in the United Kingdom. Tracing diverse knowledge production processes, including top-down data-driven knowledges derived from urban modeling, and bottom-up analogue community-based knowledges, allows us to identify locationally specific knowledge politics around evidence for policy. The findings highlight how evidence-informed urban policy can benefit from political processes of competition, contestation, negotiation, and complementarity that arise from interactions between diverse “digital” and “analogue” knowledges. We argue that studying such processes can help in assembling a more multifaceted, diverse and inclusive knowledge-base on which to base policy decisions, as well as to raise awareness and improve active participation in the ongoing “smartification” of cities.
Typical properties of periodic Teichmüller geodesics: Lyapunov exponents
Authors: HAMENSTÄDT URSULA
Published: November 2021

Consider a component
${\cal Q}$
of a stratum in the moduli space of area-one abelian differentials on a surface of genus g. Call a property
${\cal P}$
for periodic orbits of the Teichmüller flow on
${\cal Q}$
typical if the growth rate of orbits with property
${\cal P}$
is maximal. We show that the following property is typical. Given a continuous integrable cocycle over the Teichmüller flow with values in a vector bundle
$V\to {\cal Q}$
, the logarithms of the eigenvalues of the matrix defined by the cocycle and the orbit are arbitrarily close to the Lyapunov exponents of the cocycle for the Masur–Veech measure.
The international law of jurisdiction: A TWAIL perspective
Authors: Chimni B. S.
Published: November 2021

The concept of jurisdiction is a relatively undertheorized category of international law. Mainstream international law scholarship advances an ahistorical and asocial account of the rules of jurisdiction in international law. The present article contends that any serious understanding of the categories and rules of jurisdiction, in particular that of extraterritorial jurisdiction, calls for deep appreciation of the evolving material structures over time. It argues that the key factors that have influenced the evolution and development of the doctrine, rules, and practices of jurisdiction are the emergence of the modern state, capitalism, and imperialism. In order to appreciate this contention there is a need to undertake on the one hand a genealogical analysis of modern state and capitalism and on the other hand problematize the categories ‘territory’ and ‘extraterritorial’. The internal relationship between capitalism and imperialism has meant that, despite the territorial organization of the international system, a process of harmonization of legal rules has taken place across geographical spaces in both colonial and postcolonial eras. The outcome is a critical loss of policy and legal space for nations of the Global South. In the colonial era the outcome was achieved through legislation in the instance of colonized nations and through capitulation regimes in the case of semi-colonies. The strategy of advanced capitalist states in the postcolonial era for achieving harmonization of laws has been multi-layered and multi-dimensional. The article concludes by touching on two models of reform of the rules and practices of jurisdiction viz., liberal and subaltern internationalism.
High‐Pressure Elasticity of δ‐(Al,Fe)OOH Single Crystals and Seismic Detectability of Hydrous MORB in the Shallow Lower Mantle
Authors: Satta Niccolò , Criniti Giacomo , Kurnosov Alexander , Boffa Ballaran Tiziana , Ishii Takayuki , Marquardt Hauke
Published: November 2021

Oxyhydroxides like δ‐(Al,Fe)OOH may stabilize “water” in Mid‐Ocean Ridge Basalt (MORB) subducted into the Earth's lower mantle. The single‐crystal elasticity of δ‐(Al,Fe)OOH has not been experimentally constrained, hampering an accurate evaluation of the seismic detectability of this high‐pressure solid solution, and the presence of “water,” in the deep Earth. Here, we report the first experimental single‐crystal elasticity results of δ‐(Al0.97Fe0.03)OOH measured by X‐ray diffraction and Brillouin spectroscopy. We use our results to compute seismic properties of hydrous and anhydrous MORB at pressures and temperatures expected in slabs at shallow lower mantle conditions. We show that hydrous MORB is less dense than anhydrous MORB, but has faster aggregate seismic velocities. This suggests that hydration in MORB has an effect on velocities opposite to that observed in other lithologies, and further indicates that hydration of MORB increases the seismic contrast to the background mantle.
The Fine‐Scale Structure of Long Beach, California, and Its Impact on Ground Motion Acceleration
Authors: Castellanos Jorge C. , Clayton Robert W.
Published: November 2021

The metropolitan Los Angeles region represents a zone of high‐seismic risk due to its proximity to several fault systems, including the San Andreas fault. Adding to this problem is the fact that Los Angeles and its surrounding cities are built on top of soft sediments that tend to trap and amplify seismic waves generated by earthquakes. In this study, we use three dense petroleum industry surveys deployed in a 16 × 16‐km area at Long Beach, California, to produce a high‐resolution model of the top kilometer of the crust and investigate the influence of its structural variations on the amplification of seismic waves. Our velocity estimates reveal substantial lateral contrasts and correlate remarkably well with the geological background of the area, illuminating features such as the Newport‐Inglewood fault, the Silverado aquifer, and the San Gabriel river. We then use computational modeling to show that the presence of these small‐scale structures have a clear impact on the intensity of the expected shaking, and can cause ground‐motion motion acceleration to change by several factors over a subkilometer horizontal scale. These results shed light onto the scale of variations that can be expected in this type of tectonic settings and highlight the importance of resolution in modern‐day seismic hazard estimates.
Hurricane Michael Altered the Structure and Function of Longleaf Pine Woodlands
Authors: Kenney G. , Staudhammer C. L. , Wiesner S. , Brantley S. T. , Bigelow S. W. , Starr G.
Published: November 2021

Tropical cyclones can physically alter ecosystems, causing immediate and potentially long‐lasting effects on carbon dynamics. In 2018, Hurricane Michael hit the southeastern United States with category 5 winds at landfall and category 2 winds reaching over 100 miles inland, resulting in extensive damage. Longleaf pine woodlands in the path of the hurricane were damaged, but severity varied based on the storm track. We used a combination of eddy covariance measurements, airborne LiDAR, and forest inventory data to determine whether hurricane affects structure, function, and recovery of two longleaf pine woodlands at the ends of an edaphic gradient. We found that the carbon sink potentials in both sites were diminished following the storm, with reductions in net ecosystem exchange (NEE) primarily due to lower rates of photosynthesis, as respiration only increased marginally. The xeric site carbon losses and physiological reductions were smaller following the disturbance, which led to the recovery of ecosystem physiological activity to prestorm rates before that of the mesic site, as indicated by maximum ecosystem CO2 uptake rates. Two years following the hurricane both stands continued to have reduced NEE, which signaled altered function. We expect both locations to recover their lost carbon stocks in ∼10–35 years; however, long‐term studies are needed to examine how longleaf woodlands respond to compounding disturbances, such as drought, fire, or other wind storms, which vary significantly across the ecosystem's range. Additionally, hurricanes are intensifying due to climate change, potentially amplifying the degree to which they will alter this ecosystem in the future.
Effects of Uplift on Carboniferous Exhumation and Mountain Glaciations in Pericratonic Areas of SW Gondwana, Central Argentina
Authors: Dávila Federico M. , Martina Federico , Parra Mauricio , Ávila Pilar
Published: November 2021

The late Paleozoic ice age (or LPIA) glaciations in Gondwana were the longest and most widespread in Phanerozoic history. Despite their paleobiogeographic significance for Earth evolution, their drivers are strongly debated. In this work, we used field observations (upper Paleozoic glaciogenic strata lapping onto Mississippian granites), low‐temperature cooling ages (apatite fission track), thermochronology modeling (apatite and zircon fission track, and apatite U‐Th/He data) and landscape numerical simulations in a pericratonic scenario far away from the late Paleozoic plate margin to demonstrate that exhumation, tectonic uplift and glaciations were coeval and genetically linked. Considering low temperatures alone cannot drive a glaciation, we propose that this uplift and mountain building were key controls to trap humid air masses within the interior foreland of SW Gondwana.
What Can We Learn From the Water Retention Characteristic of a Soil Regarding Its Hydrological and Agricultural Functions? Review and Analysis of Actual Knowledge
Authors: Assouline Shmuel
Published: November 2021

The soil properties of the upper soil layer determine the partitioning between infiltration, runoff, and evaporation, key processes related to soil agricultural and hydrological functioning. It is therefore important to have some information on these soil functions based on available and easy‐to‐measure properties. This study presents what we can learn a‐priori from the soil water retention characteristic (WRC) on some important hydrological and agricultural functions. Based on a mathematical expression of the soil WRC, it is possible to estimate: the characteristic length, LC, related to the disruption of hydraulic continuity of the water liquid phase in the soil; the saturated hydraulic conductivity Ks; the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity function of water and air, K(θw) and K(θa); the saturation degree SeFC at field capacity and how long it will take to reach that state; the available water content in the soil, AWC; the capillary head at the wetting front, ψf; the infiltration capacity curve based on the Green and Ampt model, qcap(t); the time to ponding, tp, for any prescribed wetting rate; the cumulative water loss during stage‐1 evaporation; the duration of stage‐1 evaporation. All these a‐priori estimates are valuable and sometimes necessary for efficient design and planning in agricultural and hydrological applications. The values of these estimates depend upon the specific mathematical expression chosen to represent the WRC.
High-performance lasers for fully integrated silicon nitride photonics
Authors: Xiang Chao , Guo Joel , Jin Warren , Wu Lue , Peters Jonathan , Xie Weiqiang , Chang Lin , Shen Boqiang , Wang Heming , Yang Qi-Fan , Kinghorn David , Paniccia Mario , Vahala Kerry J. , Morton Paul A. , Bowers John E.
Published: November 2021

Silicon nitride (SiN) waveguides with ultra-low optical loss enable integrated photonic applications including low noise, narrow linewidth lasers, chip-scale nonlinear photonics, and microwave photonics. Lasers are key components to SiN photonic integrated circuits (PICs), but are difficult to fully integrate with low-index SiN waveguides due to their large mismatch with the high-index III-V gain materials. The recent demonstration of multilayer heterogeneous integration provides a practical solution and enabled the first-generation of lasers fully integrated with SiN waveguides. However, a laser with high device yield and high output power at telecommunication wavelengths, where photonics applications are clustered, is still missing, hindered by large mode transition loss, non-optimized cavity design, and a complicated fabrication process. Here, we report high-performance lasers on SiN with tens of milliwatts output power through the SiN waveguide and sub-kHz fundamental linewidth, addressing all the aforementioned issues. We also show Hertz-level fundamental linewidth lasers are achievable with the developed integration techniques. These lasers, together with high-Q SiN resonators, mark a milestone towards a fully integrated low-noise silicon nitride photonics platform. This laser should find potential applications in LIDAR, microwave photonics and coherent optical communications.