bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nanoscaled Polyaniline Fibers Prepared by Ferric Chloride as an Oxidant
Authors: Zhang Lijuan , Wan Meixiang , Wei Yen
Published: February 2006

Summary: Nanoscaled polyaniline (PANI) fibers with 17–30 nm in diameter were successfully prepared by oxidation polymerization using ferric hydrochloride (FeCl3 · 6H2O) as an oxidant in the presence of p‐toluenesulfonic acid (p‐TSA), β‐naphthalenesulfonic acid (β‐NSA), and camphorsulfonic acid (CSA) as the dopants. The resulting nanofibers show smaller diameter, higher crystallinity and conductivity (10−1 S · cm−1) compared with the nanofibers oxidized by ammonium persulfate (APS), which may be due to the lower oxidation/reduction potential of FeCl3.

SEM images of the PANI nanofibers prepared by oxidation polymerization using ferric hydrochloride as an oxidant.

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SEM images of the PANI nanofibers prepared by oxidation polymerization using ferric hydrochloride as an oxidant.
Preparation of Hybrid Microgels Functionalized by Silver Nanoparticles
Authors: Pich Andrij , Karak Arpita , Lu Yan , Ghosh Arnup K. , Adler Hans‐Juergen P.
Published: February 2006

Summary: Hybrid microgels functionalized with silver nanoparticles (AgNP) have been prepared and their physico‐chemical properties examined. Composite particles have been obtained by formation of AgNP in presence of poly[vinylcaprolactam‐co‐(acetoacetoxyethyl methacrylate)] (VCL/AAEM) microgel particles. It has been demonstrated that hybrid particles with different AgNP amounts can be prepared. Hybrid particles are sensitive to temperature and swelling, and collapse processes are reversible. Incorporation of AgNP leads to shrinkage of microgel template due to the partial immobilization of polymer chains on the microgel surface. As a consequence, gradual loss of temperature sensitivity is observed. Hybrid microgels form highly transparent well‐organized films on solid substrates, providing homogeneous distribution of AgNP in bulk material. Presence of AgNP increases considerably the thermal stability of composite films.

Schematic representation (left) and TEM image (right) of hybrid microgels containing silver nanoparticles (AgNP).

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Schematic representation (left) and TEM image (right) of hybrid microgels containing silver nanoparticles (AgNP).
Mixed Aluminum‐Magnesium‐Rare Earth Allyl Catalysts for Controlled Isoprene Polymerization: Modulation of Stereocontrol
Authors: Ajellal Noureddine , Furlan Luciano , Thomas Christophe M. , Casagrande Osvaldo L. , Carpentier Jean‐François
Published: February 2006

Summary: The performances of readily available Ln(allyl)2Cl(MgCl2)2 · (THF)4 precursors (Ln = Nd, 1; Y, 2; La, 3), in combination with alkyl aluminum activators [MAO, AlMe3, AlEt3, Al(iBu)3], have been studied in isoprene polymerization. The catalyst combination 1/MAO (1:30) shows a high activity (average TOFs up to ca. 5 × 104 mol (Ip) · mol (Nd)−1 · h−1 at 20 °C) and produces polyisoprene in a controlled fashion with up to 98.5% cis content, number‐average molecular weights in reasonable agreement with calculated values, and relatively narrow polydispersities index ($\overline M _{\rm w} /\overline M _{\rm n}$ = 1.20–1.70). The yttrium precursor 2 affords systems with much lower activity and degree of control, but enables the formation of either 1,4‐cis‐enriched (75%) or 1,4‐trans‐enriched (91%) polyisoprenes, simply replacing the MAO activator by AlEt3 or Al(iBu)3, respectively.

Formation of 1,4‐cis‐ or 1,4‐trans‐enriched polyisoprenes upon activation with MAO.

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Formation of 1,4‐cis‐ or 1,4‐trans‐enriched polyisoprenes upon activation with MAO.
Cover Picture: Macromol. Rapid Commun. 4/2006
Authors: Sudhakar Sundarraj , Sellinger Alan
Published: February 2006

Cover: The picture on the cover shows a molecular model of a cyclic phosphazene (CP) based luminescent nanocomposite dendrimer. The model shows luminescent diarylpyreneamine based dendrons projecting off the rigid CP core in three dimensions to provide materials with excellent physical, thermal and optical properties. The model was performed with the Materials Studio software package from Accelrys Inc. using a molecular mechanics (MM) method. Further details can be found in the Communication by S. Sudhakar and A. Sellinger* on page 247.
Outcomes for patients with RA: a rheumatology nurse practitioner clinic compared to standard outpatient care
Authors: Hill Jackie , Thorpe Ruth , Bird Howard
Published: February 2006

Objectives:

The study aimed to extend our previous work by comparing the outcome of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) attending a rheumatology nurse practitioner (RNP) clinic with those of patients attending the more traditional junior hospital doctor's clinic (JHD).

Method:

A randomised controlled trial of 80 people with RA were allocated to either an RNP or JHD clinic and seen six times in 12 months. The primary outcome measure was the DAS28. Secondary measures included stiffness, fatigue, physical function, psychological status, knowledge and satisfaction.

Results:

Number of patients: RNP 39 (8 males); JHD 41 (9 males). Age of patients: RNP 36–76 years (median 57); JHD 35–74 years (median 57). Median disease duration: RNP 12 years (range 2–40); JHD 17 years (range 1.5–41). Years of full time education: RNP 8–17 years (median 10); JHD 9–20 years (median 10). Week 48 DAS scores compared to baseline: RNP 19 unchanged, 6 worse and 11 better; JHD 22 unchanged, 7 worse, 6 better. Length of morning stiffness increased significantly at week 24 (p = 0.05) in the JHD cohort but improved to become non‐significant at week 48 (p = 0.09). By week 48 fatigue had improved in the RNP cohort (p = 0.038) and deteriorated in JHD patients (p = 0.008). The AIMS showed decreases in pain in the RNP cohort (p = 0.044) and worsening physical function in JHD patients (p = 0.038). Patient satisfaction in the RNP cohort increased significantly (overall satisfaction p = 0.000). The JHD cohort showed a decrease in satisfaction with access and continuity (p = 0.027).

Conclusions:

The findings from this research confirm that care from the RNP is both effective and safe. Furthermore, a specialist RNP can bring additional benefits in the form of greater symptom control and enhanced patient self‐care. Copyright © 2003 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Developing a service for biologic therapies: a personal experience
Authors: Somerville Margaret
Published: February 2006

Tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) has been identified in the pathogenesis of synovitis and joint destruction in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). Therefore selected targeting of pathogenic elements of disease is possible (Chu et al., 1991). TNFα is a pro‐inflammatory cytokine (mediator) and the over‐expression of mediators is considered to be responsible for the damage to articular cartilage in bones. Elevated levels of TNFα, correlating with disease activity, have been measured in the serum and synovial fluid of patients with rheumatic diseases and are therefore an ideal target for therapy (Mangge et al., 1995; Cope et al., 1992). The National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE) approved the use of two therapies; entanercept (Enbrel) and infliximab (Remicade) for use in patients with active RA in 2002 (NICE, 2002). Other biologic treatments including adalimumab (D2E7) and anakinra (Kineret) will also be available for use in the future. This paper explores the development of a service to provide these therapies to patients. Copyright © 2003 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
The immune system and new therapies for inflammatory joint disease
Authors: Oliver Susan M.
Published: February 2006

This article provides an overview of the immune system with a specific focus on the role of biologic therapies in treating the consequences of an altered immune response as seen in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Cytokines are powerful chemical messengers that have a significant role to play in activating an inflammatory response. Two dominant cytokines have been identified as crucial in the inflammatory process that can be seen in RA – tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and interleukin‐1. The term ‘biologic’ is used to describe biologically engineered therapies that are specifically designed to prevent pro‐inflammatory cytokines inducing an inflammatory response. Research trials and now clinical practice have clearly demonstrated a significant benefit to patients receiving biologic therapies. The responsibility of the practitioner is to ensure a sound knowledge of biologic therapies, to understand the essential aspects of care and to recognize the importance of guidance documents available to support management and, ultimately, the long‐term provision of safe and effective administration of these therapies. Copyright © 2003 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
A new dawn: a consultant physiotherapist in musculoskeletal disease
Authors: Stevenson Kay
Published: February 2006

A new dawn has occurred with the creation of new occupational roles for allied health professionals (AHPs). This paper explores the key components of the consultant physiotherapist's role and gives examples to illustrate how the role can be applied in the context of the management of patients presenting with musculoskeletal conditions. Copyright © 2003 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Control perceptions in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: the role of social support
Authors: Ryan Sarah , Hassell AB , Dawes PT , Kendall Sally
Published: February 2006

Objective:

To identify factors that patients perceive as influencing control in living with rheumatoid arthritis.

Method:

A sample of 40 patients with rheumatoid arthritis were randomly recruited from an outpatient population and partook in an in depth, qualitative interview by one researcher to identify control perceptions. The data were analysed utilizing Colaizzi's procedural steps.

Results:

Four major categories were identified that positively influenced control perceptions:

The reduction of physical symptoms.

Social support matching perceived need.

The provision of information.

The nature of the clinical consultation.

Three components were identified in relation to social support:

Remaining involved in family activities.

Ongoing support from family members.

Achieving a balance between support needs and support provision.

Conclusion:

The categories identified can be influenced by practitioners enabling patients with RA to obtain perceived control over their condition. Copyright © 2003 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Clinical governance: the ethical dimension
Authors: Ford Lyn
Published: February 2006

The main thrust of the Government's White Paper ‘A First Class Service: Quality in the new NHS’ (DOH, 1998) was to tackle the issues of quality and modernization in health services. While in part, clinical governance was aligned with positive, developmental and collaborative approaches to quality improvement, it was also designed to protect service users from risks associated with poor performance. Certainly there was more than a suggestion that the implementation of clinical governance would help restore public confidence in health professionals and care delivery. In essence clinical governance for Trusts was intended as a single, coherent local programme for quality improvement. Quality was to infuse all aspects of service delivery and unite fragmented policies and approaches. Clinical governance was also to challenge indifferent organizational cultures and connect grass roots staff to the quality agenda, so encouraging the widespread adoption of the principles and methods of continuous quality improvement. Copyright © 2003 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
A review of the history of hand exercises in rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Chadwick Anne
Published: February 2006

The management of the hand in the patient with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a challenge to all therapists and evidence for optimum management historically scarce. Given that it is estimated that hands and wrists are affected in 80–90% of RA patients (Maini and Feldmann, 1998), it is apparent that this is an important area for both the patient and practitioner. While acknowledging the importance of hand function to the patient with RA (Jones et al., 1991), it should also be admitted that there is little research evidence relating to the conservative management of hand function in this patient population. This paper reviews the research that has been carried out in this area and explores possible areas for further research. Copyright © 2004 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Biologic agents used to treat rheumatoid arthritis and their relevance to podiatrists: a practice update
Authors: Otter S.J. , Young A. , Cryer J.R.
Published: February 2006

This review considers the pharmacological management of rheumatoid arthritis including the role of anti‐tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) agents, as a precursor to highlighting some of the issues for podiatrists involved in the care of patients on this particular medication. Copyright © 2004 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Nurse prescribing in rheumatology: a case study
Authors: Hennell Sheena L.
Published: February 2006

This case study outlines the clinical management, and in particular the drug management, of a patient with polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) in secondary care. The lady in question, Mrs Adams (pseudonym as per NMC Guidelines), is under the care of the consultant rheumatologist. Within this clinical setting, and in conjunction with an appropriate, agreed clinical management plan, this paper demonstrates that the nurse consultant can effectively manage Mrs Adams' care and treatment. Copyright © 2004 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Pain mechanisms and the rheumatic diseases
Authors: McCabe C.S.
Published: February 2006

Pain is the predominant complaint of those with a rheumatological condition. This paper provides a broad overview of the current theories on the mechanisms of pain, the structure of the nervous system, and how these may relate to the sometimes seemingly incomprehensible symptoms of pain and other sensory disturbances that some rheumatology patients describe. Three case histories relating to rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis and fibromyalgia are used to illustrate how this knowledge can be applied to clinical practice. Copyright © 2004 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Drug treatment for fibromyalgia
Authors: Bird Howard A.
Published: February 2006

The term ‘fibromyalgia’ probably covers a variety of diagnoses for which we have no formal diagnostic tests. Nevertheless, it remains a cause of discomfort and disability, often amenable to non‐drug treatment that should always be tried first. This article reviews the different drug treatments available that are of interest to the rheumatology community because the drugs that often procure pain relief are not always the same as those that are conventionally used for degenerative or inflammatory polyarthritis. This, in turn, may provide a clue to causation. Copyright © 2004 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Occupational balance of women with rheumatoid arthritis: a qualitative study
Authors: Stamm Tanja , Wright Jon , Machold Klaus , Sadlo Gaynor , Smolen Josef
Published: February 2006

Objective:

Occupational balance has been shown to be an important factor in maintaining health. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) reduces functional ability and quality of life and may thus reduce occupational balance. The aim of this qualitative pilot study was to explore occupational balance in women who have RA.

Methods:

Nine women with RA with past, but not current, paid work experience, no other confounding neuro‐motor disease and with disease duration of 0.75–31 years were selected from an Austrian rheumatology outpatient clinic. Age range of the participants was 28–68 years. A semi‐structured interview was conducted with each participant and transcribed verbatim. Data were analysed by the constant comparative method from an occupational perspective.

Results:

Three main categories emerged: (1) The participants experienced a process of change that affected their occupational balance. (2) This new state of occupational balance was characterized by changed levels of involvement in physical, mental, social and rest occupations and by a certain level of unpredictability of symptoms. (3) Overall, the new state of occupational balance was valued differently: positively, indifferently or negatively. Conclusion: RA was found to have a considerable impact on occupational balance. The experience is not invariably seen as negative as previous literature would suggest. Further research should explore the longitudinal dimension of occupational balance in people with RA. Copyright © 2004 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Rehabilitation in rheumatoid arthritis: a critical review
Authors: Hammond Alison
Published: February 2006

This article considers the evidence for effectiveness and timing of rehabilitation for people with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The Cochrane Library, DARE, Medline, Embase, CINAHL and AMED were searched to identify systematic reviews and randomized controlled trials evaluating rehabilitation interventions for people with rheumatoid arthritis. Many trials identified had methodological limitations (e.g. short follow‐up periods, small sample sizes). Evidence to date is that symptomatic relief results from thermotherapy, laser therapy, acupuncture and assistive devices. In the short‐term, comprehensive occupational therapy (in established rheumatoid arthritis), orthoses, and mind–body approaches can help maintain function. Over at least a one‐year period, the following are effective in reducing pain and maintaining function: patient education and joint protection training using behavioural approaches; dynamic exercise therapy, hand exercises and hydrotherapy; and cognitive‐behavioural therapy (in people with poorer psychological status). Many trials have recruited people with moderate to severe, established RA and relatively little is known about the long‐term effectiveness of early rehabilitation, although this is becoming much more common in practice. Despite the increased availability of guidelines and systematic reviews, most conclude there is insufficient evidence for many areas of rheumatology rehabilitation. Further well‐designed clinical trials are needed recruiting people with early disease using patient‐centred outcomes. Copyright © 2004 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
The role of social comparison in coping with rheumatoid arthritis: an interview study
Authors: Hooper Helen , Ryan Sarah , Hassell Andrew
Published: February 2006

Objective:

This study aimed to explore the effects of participants' perceptions of support, ways of coping and feelings of control, on their accounts of well‐being.

Methods:

Semi‐structured interviews were conducted with 10 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and explored the dynamics of participants' accounts of coping with their everyday lives.

Results:

Four categories of coping mechanisms were evident in all participants' accounts: support during the medical consultation, nurse support, social support, and comparative strategies. This paper focuses on just one of the themes that emerged from our analysis. Further insight into coping mechanisms was provided by the prevalence of comparative coping strategies. A comparison with previous disease states was used by every participant. This comparison enhanced their sense of control and fostered a sense of well‐being. Social comparison was used by seven participants to show themselves how fortunate they were in relation to others with RA.

Conclusion:

Comparative coping has been identified as an important strategy adopted by these participants that could be explored in further intervention‐based studies of coping. Copyright © 2004 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
The impact of group education on participants' management of their disease in lupus and scleroderma
Authors: Brown Susan J , Somerset Maggie E , McCabe Candy S , McHugh Neil J
Published: February 2006

Objectives:

The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of the pilot education programmes, entitled ‘Focus on Lupus’ and ‘Focus on Scleroderma’, upon participants' management of their disease.

Methods:

Five people with lupus and five with scleroderma were invited to take part in individual semi‐structured interviews. Qualitative analysis of transcripts was performed using a framework approach. Views relating to changes in knowledge and behaviour, increased empowerment, meeting others and the format and delivery of the programmes were explored.

Results:

Analysis of the interviews revealed overall satisfaction with both programmes, however people with lupus had more positive feelings about their attendance. Both disease groups considered it valuable to meet others with the same disease and welcomed the involvement of a patient educator within the programme planning team. The main difference between the two groups concerned behaviour change. The lupus group revealed more definite life changes. Participants unanimously regarded the format of the programme highly and most were satisfied with the content. Copyright © 2004 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
An introduction to medical statistics for health care professionals: describing and presenting data
Authors: Thomas Elaine
Published: February 2006

This article is the first in a series of three that will give health care professionals a sound and helpful introduction to medical statistics. This article covers three main areas: description of the different types of data available, appropriate summary measures used to describe different data types, and methods used to present these data. Copyright © 2004 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
The development of a user‐led clinical service for newly diagnosed rheumatoid arthritis patients. An action research study
Authors: Cox Maureen
Published: February 2006

Objective:

To identify the clinical services required to meet the perceived needs of patients within the first 6–12 months following a diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis in an orthopaedic NHS trust.

Methods:

An action research methodology was utilized. Twenty three newly diagnosed patients were asked to complete a questionnaire focusing on their needs at the time of diagnosis. The content included reactions to diagnosis, physical and psychological implications and clinical services that were required. A sub‐sample of patients (n = 6) participated in an interview to explore these issues in more depth. A questionnaire was also distributed to 14 members of the multidisciplinary team (MDT) to ascertain their views on the purpose, content, and provision of a clinical service for newly diagnosed patients.

Results:

Eighteen patients agreed to take part (M:F, 9:9, age range 23–74 years, mean age 52.3 years, mean disease duration from diagnosis 16 weeks).

Data from the questionnaires and interviews led to the following themes being identified: pre‐diagnosis anxiety and fear, the impact of the diagnosis, physical and psychological implications of the diagnosis, and issues related to control perceptions. There was concordance between the MDT and the patients regarding impact of the disease and the need for information. Areas of the service that were identified independently by patients related to the importance of the period of time pre‐diagnosis while awaiting the hospital appointment, and employment issues.

Conclusions:

This study has identified the impact of RA in the early stages of pre‐ and post‐ diagnosis on physical, psychological and social functioning and has consequently informed service development. Copyright © 2004 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Sarcoplasmic reticulum: The dynamic calcium governor of muscle
Authors: Rossi Ann E. , Dirksen Robert T.
Published: February 2006

The sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) provides feedback control required to balance the processes of calcium storage, release, and reuptake in skeletal muscle. This balance is achieved through the concerted action of three major classes of SR calcium‐regulatory proteins: (1) luminal calcium‐binding proteins (calsequestrin, histidine‐rich calcium‐binding protein, junctate, and sarcalumenin) for calcium storage; (2) SR calcium release channels (type 1 ryanodine receptor or RyR1 and IP3 receptors) for calcium release; and (3) sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca2+‐ATPase (SERCA) pumps for calcium reuptake. Proper calcium storage, release, and reuptake are essential for normal skeletal muscle function. We review SR structure and function during normal skeletal muscle activity, the proteins that orchestrate calcium storage, release, and reuptake, and how phenotypically distinct muscle diseases (e.g., malignant hyperthermia, central core disease, and Brody disease) can result from subtle alterations in the activity of several key components of the SR calcium‐regulatory machinery. Muscle Nerve, 2006
Intranuclear nemaline rod myopathy
Authors: Kaimaktchiev Vassil , Goebel Hans , Laing Nigel , Narus Michael , Weeks Douglas , Nixon Randal
Published: February 2006

The clinical, pathologic, and genetic findings of a boy with intranuclear nemaline rod myopathy are described. Serial muscle biopsies revealed myocyte nuclei containing inclusions that were immunoreactive for α‐actinin and increased with age. Genetic analysis revealed a Val163Leu ACTA1 mutation previously associated with nemaline rod myopathy. Although initially delayed, he has reached all milestones and remains stable. These findings suggest intranuclear rods may increase with time and do not necessarily imply a poor prognosis. Muscle Nerve, 2006
A Generalized Finite Element Method for polycrystals with discontinuous grain boundaries
Authors: Simone A. , Duarte C. A. , Van der Giessen E.
Published: February 2006

We present a Generalized Finite Element Method for the analysis of polycrystals with explicit treatment of grain boundaries. Grain boundaries and junctions, understood as loci of possible displacement discontinuity, are inserted into finite elements by exploiting the partition of unity property of finite element shape functions. Consequently, the finite element mesh does not need to conform to the polycrystal topology. The formulation is outlined and a numerical example is presented to demonstrate the potential and accuracy of the approach. The proposed methodology can also be used for branched and intersecting cohesive cracks, and comparisons are made to a related approach (Int. J. Numer. Meth. Engng. 2000; 48:1741). Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Postzygotic isochromosome formation as a cause for false‐negative results from chorionic villus chromosome examinations
Authors: Riegel Mariluce , Wisser Josef , Baumer Alessandra , Schinzel Albert
Published: February 2006

Objective

To investigate the origin and mechanisms of formation of isochromosomes 13q and 21q in instances where prenatal chromosome examination revealed a normal karyotype while postnatal chromosome examination from blood showed translocation trisomy 13 and 21.

Methods

G and/or Q‐banded chromosome examinations from CVS cultures and lymphocyte chromosome examinations from two newborns. Microsatellite marker analysis of DNA from the probands and their parents. Prenatal ultrasonic examinations of the fetuses and postnatal clinical examinations of the probands.

Results

Short and long‐term CVS examinations from two fetuses revealed normal karyotypes. Lymphocyte karyotypes of the newborns showed the karyotype 46,XY,i(21)(q10) in the first case and 46,XY,i(13)(q10) in the second. The isochromosomes 21q and 13q were shown, by microsatellite marker analysis of the patients and their parents, to be of maternal and paternal origin, respectively.

Conclusion

Postzygotic isochromosome formation is one of the possible mechanisms that may lead to false‐negative results of chorionic villus chromosome examinations, even if both short‐term and long‐term cultures are performed and give normal results. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An automatable screen for the rapid identification of proteins amenable to refolding
Authors: Cowieson Nathan P. , Wensley Beth , Listwan Pawel , Hume David A. , Kobe Bostjan , Martin Jennifer L.
Published: February 2006

Insoluble expression of heterologous proteins in Escherichia coli is a major bottleneck of many structural genomics and high‐throughput protein biochemistry projects. Many of these proteins may be amenable to refolding, but their identification is hampered by a lack of high‐throughput methods. We have developed a matrix‐assisted refolding approach in which correctly folded proteins are distinguished from misfolded proteins by their elution from affinity resin under non‐denaturing conditions. Misfolded proteins remain adhered to the resin, presumably via hydrophobic interactions. The assay can be applied to insoluble proteins on an individual basis but is particularly well suited for high‐throughput applications because it is rapid, automatable and has no rigorous sample preparation requirements. The efficacy of the screen is demonstrated on small‐scale expression samples for 15 proteins. Refolding is then validated by large‐scale expressions using SEC and circular dichroism.
Comparative proteome analysis of subcellular fractions from Borrelia burgdorferi by NEPHGE and IPG
Authors: Nowalk Andrew J. , Nolder Christi , Clifton Dawn R. , Carroll James A.
Published: February 2006

Borrelia burgdorferi, the cause of Lyme disease, produces excessive amounts of membrane lipoproteins such as outer surface protein A (OspA) when grown in vitro, and consequently many low or moderately abundant proteins are underrepresented when cell lysates are examined by 2‐DE. We analyzed the B. burgdorferi B31 proteome computationally and by IPG or modified NEPHGE after subcellular fractionation into membrane‐associated and soluble proteins. The B. burgdorferi B31 theoretical proteome is comprised of 1623 proteins and has a mean pI of 8.36 and a median pI of 9.03 with 68% of the proteome possessing a pI ≥7.5. Separation of soluble proteins by IPG resulted in 205 individual spots and identification of 78 protein spots by MALDI‐TOF MS. Separation by modified NEPHGE routinely resulted in approximately 185 soluble and 160 membrane protein spots with the identification of 88 individual protein spots combined by MALDI‐TOF MS. Homologues to GroEL and aminopeptidase I were present in greater amounts in the membrane faction, with enolase at nearly equivalent amounts in the soluble and membrane fractions. Identification of proteins isolated and separated by such methods will enable future determination of proteome changes in membrane and soluble protein fractions as spirochetes adapt to their changing environments.
Differential protein expression in hypertrophic heart with and without hypertension in spontaneously hypertensive rats
Authors: Jin Xian , Xia Li , Wang Li‐Shun , Shi Jun‐Zhi , Zheng Ying , Chen Wen‐Li , Zhang Lei , Liu Zhen‐Guo , Chen Guo‐Qiang , Fang Ning‐Yuan
Published: February 2006

Although cardiac hypertrophy in hypertension has been well recognized, the molecular mechanisms for the development of hypertrophy are still largely unknown. In this study, the protein expression profiles of left ventricular myocardia in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and Wistar‐Kyoto (WKY) rats at different ages were analyzed using 2‐DE in combination with MALDI‐TOF/TOF MS/MS. The results showed that 20 proteins were modulated in the hypertrophic myocardium. Out of these modulated proteins, 13 proteins presented significant changes in SHR at an early stage prior to the development of sustained hypertension, while the changes of the other 7 protein expressions occurred only at a late stage in SHR when the blood pressure was significantly elevated, and were largely reversible by treatment with rennin‐angiotensin‐aldosterone system inhibitors losartan or enalapril. These data demonstrate that the changes in energy metabolism in the hypertrophied heart favor an increase in glycolysis and a decrease in oxidation of fatty acid and glucose, which occur at an early stage in SHR without hypertension. Our results also provide evidence to support the hypothesis that oxidative stress plays an important role in the development of hypertensive cardiac hypertrophy.
Multiplex detection of surface molecules on colorectal cancers
Authors: Ellmark Peter , Belov Larissa , Huang Pauline , Lee C. Soon , Solomon Michael J. , Morgan Daniel K. , Christopherson Richard I.
Published: February 2006

A technique of fluorescence multiplexing is described for analysis of the plasma membrane proteome of colorectal cancer cells from surgically resected specimens, enabling detection and immunophenotyping when the cancer cells are in the minority. A single‐cell suspension was prepared from a colorectal tumour, and the mixed population of cells was captured on a CD antibody microarray. The cancer cells were detected using a fluorescently tagged antibody for carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA‐Alexa647) or epithelial cell adhesion marker (EpCAM‐Alexa488). Using this multiplexing procedure, dot patterns from colorectal cancers were distinct from those of adjacent normal tissue. Subtraction of the expression levels for each antigen from normal tissue from those for the cancer shows differential expression in the cancer of CD66c, CD15s, CD55, CD45, CD71, CD45RO, CD11b and CEA, in descending order. Cells captured on the same microarray were also labelled with fluorescent CD3‐phycoerythrin antibody revealing the presence of tumour‐infiltrating lymphocytes. The immunophenotypes of T lymphocytes from the tumour samples showed differential expression of HLA‐DR, TCR α/β, CD49d, CD52, CD49e, CD5, CD95, CD28, CD38 and CD71, in descending order. Fluorescence multiplexing of mixed cell populations captured on a single antibody microarray enables expression profiling of multiple sub‐populations of cells within a tumour sample.
Optimizing search conditions for the mass fingerprint‐based identification of proteins
Authors: Ossipova Elena , Fenyö David , Eriksson Jan
Published: February 2006

The two central problems in protein identification by searching a protein sequence collection with MS data are the optimal use of experimental information to allow for identification of low abundance proteins and the accurate assignment of the probability that a result is false. For comprehensive MS‐based protein identification, it is necessary to choose an appropriate algorithm and optimal search conditions. We report a systematic study of the quality of PMF‐based protein identifications under different sequence collection search conditions using the Probity algorithm, which assigns the statistical significance to each result. We employed 2244 PMFs from 2‐DE‐separated human blood plasma proteins, and performed identification under various search constraints: mass accuracy (0.01–0.3 Da), maximum number of missed cleavage sites (0–2), and size of the sequence collection searched (5.6×104–1.8×105). By counting the number of significant results (significance levels 0.05, 0.01, and 0.001) for each condition, we demonstrate the search condition impact on the successful outcome of proteome analysis experiments. A mass correction procedure utilizing mass deviations of albumin matching peptides was tested in an attempt to improve the statistical significance of identifications and iterative searching was employed for identification of multiple proteins from each PMF.
On the development of special positive isotactic polypropylene spherulites
Authors: Li Huihui , Sun Xiaoli , Wang Jijun , Yan Shouke , Schultz Jerold M.
Published: February 2006

A new type of positive α‐iPP spherulites has been developed by self‐seeding process. The growth process of these positive α‐iPP spherulites is just like “photographic development process,” which is very different from the conventional growth process of polymer spherulites. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to explore the morphologies of these positive α‐iPP spherulites on a lamellar level. The results show that these spherulites are composed of a large number of lamellae having interwoven structures, which result in different optical character, special melting behavior, and different contrast under SEM as compared with the conventional melt‐crystallized spherulites. The development of these interwoven lamellar structures has been considered because in the sites of the original spherulites, a large number of self‐nuclei are formed because of the incomplete melting of the original spherulites and these induce nearly equal number of radial and tangential lamellae at rather high temperatures. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 44: 1114–1121, 2006
Polymer modification using difluoromethane (HFC 32) and carbon dioxide
Authors: Abbott Andrew P. , Brooks Nick , Eltringham Wayne , Hillman A. Robert , Hope Eric G.
Published: February 2006

The infusion of difluoromethane (HFC 32) and CO2 into polystyrene and polyethylene has been characterized using a quartz crystal microbalance technique over a range of temperatures and pressures. The results were adequately modeled by Flory‐Huggins theory. Significant plasticization was observed in the polymeric materials and it is shown that manipulation of the experimental temperature, pressure, and rate of depressurisation can cause significant changes in the morphology of the samples. It is demonstrated for the first time how rate constant data for the kinetics of gas sorption can be extracted quickly and easily from in situ quartz crystal microbalance measurements. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 44: 1072–1083, 2006
On the nature of cavities on protein surfaces: Application to the identification of drug‐binding sites
Authors: Nayal Murad , Honig Barry
Published: February 2006

In this article we introduce a new method for the identification and the accurate characterization of protein surface cavities. The method is encoded in the program SCREEN (Surface Cavity REcognition and EvaluatioN). As a first test of the utility of our approach we used SCREEN to locate and analyze the surface cavities of a nonredundant set of 99 proteins cocrystallized with drugs. We find that this set of proteins has on average about 14 distinct cavities per protein. In all cases, a drug is bound at one (and sometimes more than one) of these cavities. Using cavity size alone as a criterion for predicting drug‐binding sites yields a high balanced error rate of 15.7%, with only 71.7% coverage. Here we characterize each surface cavity by computing a comprehensive set of 408 physicochemical, structural, and geometric attributes. By applying modern machine learning techniques (Random Forests) we were able to develop a classifier that can identify drug‐binding cavities with a balanced error rate of 7.2% and coverage of 88.9%. Only 18 of the 408 cavity attributes had a statistically significant role in the prediction. Of these 18 important attributes, almost all involved size and shape rather than physicochemical properties of the surface cavity. The implications of these results are discussed. A SCREEN Web server is available at http://interface.bioc.columbia.edu/screen. Proteins 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nearest‐neighbor effects and structural preferences in dipeptides are a function of the electronic properties of amino acid side‐chains
Authors: Dwyer Donard S.
Published: February 2006

The electronic properties of amino acid side‐chains are emerging as an important factor in the preference for secondary structure in proteins. These properties have not been fully characterized, nor has their role in the behavior of peptides been explored in any detail. The present studies sought to evaluate several possibilities: 1) that hydrophilicity can be expressed solely in electronic terms, 2) that substituent effects of side‐chains extend across the peptide bond, and (3) nearest‐neighbor effects in dipeptides correlate with secondary structural preferences. Quantum mechanics (QM) calculations were used to define the electronic properties of individual amino acids and dipeptides. It was found that the hydrophilicity of an amino acid side‐chain can be accurately represented as a function of the electron densities of its component atoms. In addition, the nature of an amino acid in the second position of a dipeptide affects the electronic properties (Mulliken populations and electron densities) of the main‐chain atoms of the first residue. Certain electronic features of the dipeptides strongly correlated with propensity for secondary structure. Specifically, Mulliken population data at the Cα atom and N atom predicted preference for α‐helices versus coil and strand conformations, respectively. Analysis of dipeptides arrayed in either helical or extended structures revealed lengthening of main‐chain bonds in the α‐helical conformations. A thorough characterization of the electronic properties of amino acids and short peptide segments may provide a better understanding of the forces that determine secondary structure in proteins. Proteins 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Phytogrowth‐ and photosynthesis‐inhibiting properties of nostoclide analogues
Authors: Barbosa Luiz CA , Demuner Antônio J , de Alvarenga Elson S , Oliveira Alberto , King‐Diaz Beatriz , Lotina‐Hennsen Blas
Published: February 2006

Six nostoclide analogues were synthesised from 3‐benzyl‐2(5H)‐furanone in one step, with yields ranging from 10 to 71%, and subjected to several biological assays. The two most active of these, 5d and 5e, were shown to be phytogrowth inhibitors of the radicle of Lolium multiflorum Lam, while enhancing the root growth of Physalis ixocarpa Brot. Both compounds inhibited electron flow (basal, phosphorylating and uncoupled) from water to methylviologen (MV); both acted as Hill reaction inhibitors, since the synthesis of ATP was prevented. The uncoupled electron transport from photosystem II (PSII) (water to 2,6‐dichlorophenol‐indophenol (DPIP)) and photosystem I (PSI) (2,6‐dichlorophenol‐indophenol reduced (DPIPred) to MV) was inhibited with 500 µM of 5d by 22 and 14% respectively. In addition, 400 µM of 5d inhibited PSI (from tetramethyl‐p‐benzohydroquinone (TMQH2) to MV) by 40%. Thus 5d inhibited electron transport at the b6f complex. Finally, 500 µM of 5e inhibited electron flow (basal and phosphorylating) by 25%, and 300 µM of 5e enhanced light‐activated membrane‐bound Mg2+‐ATPase by 66%. Thus 5e behaved as a weak Hill reaction inhibitor and an uncoupler. In general, the phytotoxicity of the synthetic lactones was only weakly related to inhibition of photosynthesis. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
In vitro selection of an effective fungicide against Armillaria mellea and control of white root rot of grapevine in the field
Authors: Aguín Olga , Mansilla J Pedro , Sainz María J
Published: February 2006

Armillaria mellea (Vahl ex Fr) Kummer is an aggressive pathogen which causes white root rot in a wide range of hosts. Most chemicals tested so far against Armillaria, both in vitro and in the field, have not been effective in reducing fungal growth and/or preventing plant decline and mortality. In the present work the effects of four DMI (sterol demethylation inhibitor) fungicides, cyproconazole, hexaconazole, propiconazole and tetraconazole, and another six downwardly mobile systemic chemicals, azoxystrobin, cubiet (copper bis(ethoxy‐dihydroxy‐diethylamino)sulfate), fosetyl‐Al, potassium phosphite, sodium tetrathiocarbonate (STTC) and 2‐(thiocyanomethylthio)benzothiazole (TCMTB), on the mycelial growth of A. mellea were compared and evaluated; the product yielding the best results in in vitro experiments was selected to determine its efficacy in preventing decline and mortality of grapevines in the field. Best results on in vitro fungal growth reduction were obtained with the four azoles tested, in particular with cyproconazole and hexaconazole, achieving 67–72% mycelial growth inhibition at the lowest dose. Results obtained in the field showed that a dose of 50 mg AI litre−1 of cyproconazole once or twice a year was efficient in controlling the disease even in vines seriously affected by the pathogen. However, further research is required to study minimum effective doses, residual effects and the convenience of the application of annual dressings in damaged vineyards, so as to gradually reduce the pathogen inoculum potential in soil and control the disease while reducing chemical residues in the plant and preventing development of fungal resistance. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Acaricidal activity against Panonychus citri of a ginkgolic acid from the external seed coat of Ginkgo biloba
Authors: Pan Weigao , Luo Peng , Fu Ruobin , Gao Ping , Long Zhangfu , Xu Feiyi , Xiao Haibo , Liu Shigui
Published: February 2006

An acaricidal substance extracted from the external seed coat of Ginkgo biloba L. was identified by UV (ultraviolet), IR (infrared), EI‐MS (electron impact ion source mass spectrometry), 1H NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) and 13C NMR as 6‐[(Z)‐10‐heptadecenyl]‐2‐hydroxybenzoic acid (compound 1). Laboratory bioassay on citrus red mite, Panonychus citri (Mcg), showed that compound 1 possessed the following properties. (i) Powerful contact toxicity with an LC50 of 5.2 mg litre−1 after 24 h that was similar to that of pyridaben (LC50 = 3.4 mg litre−1) and significantly superior to that of omethoate (LC50 = 122 mg litre−1). Furthermore, its LC90 was 13.4 mg litre−1 after 24 h, which is significantly superior to both pyridaben (LC90 = 69.6 mg litre−1) and omethoate (LC90 = 453 mg litre−1). (ii) Quick‐acting acaricidal activity. At identical concentrations, compound 1 was much faster‐acting than pyridaben or omethoate. (iii) Compound 1 had strong corrosive action on the cuticle of P. citri but no phytotoxicity to plants. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Baylis–Hillman adducts with molluscicidal activity against Biomphalaria glabrata
Authors: Vasconcellos Mário LAA , Silva Tania MS , Camara Celso A , Martins Rodrigo M , Lacerda Kelly M , Lopes Horacimone M , Pereira Vera LP , de Souza Rodrigo OMA , Crespo Lívia TC
Published: February 2006

The molluscicidal activities of ten Baylis–Hillman adducts against Biomphalaria glabrata (Say) snails, the intermediate host of schistosomiasis, have been determined. Nine of these compounds showed significant molluscicidal activity against B. glabrata, falling below the threshold of 100 µg ml−1 set for potential molluscicidal activity by the World Health Organisation. Among these compounds, 3‐hydroxy‐2‐methylene‐3‐(4‐nitrophenyl)propanenitrile had the highest activity, with LC50 = 6.64 µg ml−1. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Fumigant distribution in forest nursery soils under water seal and plastic film after application of dazomet, metam‐sodium and chloropicrin
Authors: Wang Dong , Fraedrich Stephen W , Juzwik Jennifer , Spokas Kurt , Zhang Yi , Koskinen William C
Published: February 2006

Adequate concentration, exposure time and distribution uniformity of activated fumigant gases are prerequisites for successful soil fumigation. Field experiments were conducted to evaluate gas phase distributions of methyl isothiocyanate (MITC) and chloropicrin (CP) in two forest‐tree nurseries. Concentrations of MITC and CP in soil air were measured from replicated microplots that received dazomet, metam‐sodium and CP. Half of the plots were covered with high‐density polyethylene tarp immediately after fumigation; the other half were not covered but received daily sprinkler irrigation for 1 week to create and maintain a water seal. The magnitude of MITC concentrations was similar between nurseries for metam‐sodium in both tarp and water seal treatments and for dazomet in the tarp treatment. Consistently greater MITC and CP concentrations were found in the upper 30 cm of soil in the tarped plots compared with the water‐sealed plots. Despite potential environmental and economic benefits with the water seal method, tarp covers were more reliable for achieving and maintaining higher MITC and CP concentrations and less prone to variations due to irrigation/rain, soil bulk density and other environmental conditions. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry