bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Selection for feed efficiency does not change the selection for growth and carcass traits in Nellore cattle
Authors: Moraes Giovanna Faria , Abreu Luíza Rodrigues Alves , Toral Fabio Luiz Buranelo , Ferreira Isabel Cristina , Ventura Henrique Torres , Bergmann José Aurélio Garcia , Pereira Idalmo Garcia
Published: July 2019

The objectives were to conduct a genetic evaluation of residual feed intake (RFI) and residual feed intake adjusted for fat (RFIFat) and to analyse the effect of selection for these traits on growth, carcass and reproductive traits. Data from 945 Nellore bulls in seven feed efficiency tests in a feedlot were analysed. Genetic evaluation was performed using an animal model in which the feed efficiency test and age of the animal at the beginning of the test were considered as a systematic effect. Direct additive genetic and residual effects were considered as random effects. Correlations and genetic gains were estimated by two‐trait analysis between feed efficiency measures (RFI and RFIFat) and other traits. Feed conversion showed low heritability (0.06), but dry matter intake (DMI), average daily gain, RFI, RFIFat, metabolic body weight and scrotal circumference measured at 450 days of age (SC450) showed moderate to high heritability (0.49, 0.28, 0.33, 0.36, 0.38 and 0.80, respectively). Similarly, ribeye area, backfat thickness, rump cap fat thickness, marbling score and subcutaneous fat thickness also had high heritability values (0.46, 0.37, 0.57, 0.51 and 0.47, respectively). Genetic correlations between RFI and SC450 were null, and between RFIFat and SC450 were strongly positive. Genetic and phenotypic correlations of RFI and RFIFat with carcass traits were not different from zero, as correlated responses for carcass traits were also not different from zero. The Nellore selection for feed efficiency by RFI or RFIFat allows the recognition of feed efficient animals, with DMI reduction and without significant changes in growth and carcass traits. However, because of the observed results between RFIFat and SC450, selection of animals should be analysed with caution and a preselection for reproductive traits is necessary to avoid reproductive impairments in the herd.
Consumption Taxation in the European Economic Community: Fostering the Common Market or Financing the Welfare State?
Authors: Haffert Lukas , Schulz Daniel F.
Published: July 2019

The literature on the comparative political economy of taxation often links consumption taxation to the welfare state. It argues that the expansion of consumption taxation paid for the expansion of welfare states and that bigger welfare states therefore tax consumption more heavily. We challenge this perspective by looking at the introduction of the Value Added Tax (VAT) in the European Economic Community in 1967, the breakthrough of this form of consumption taxation. Studying the crucial case of Germany, and complementing it with the shadow case of the Netherlands, we demonstrate that political struggles about this reform did not center on a conflict between supporters and opponents of welfare state expansion. Instead, the VAT was primarily a tool to foster market integration in Europe by reducing barriers to trade. As we show, the coalition in support of the VAT only succeeded after it won the backing of important export interests.
Higher triglyceride to high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio increases cardiovascular risk: 10‐year prospective study in a cohort of Chinese adults
Authors: Chen Zekai , Chen Guanzhi , Qin Hailun , Cai Zefeng , Huang Jianhuan , Chen Haojia , Wu Weiqiang , Chen Zhichao , Wu Shouling , Chen Youren
Published: July 2019

Aims/Introduction

A higher ratio of triglyceride to high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (TG/HDL‐C) is considered as the independent risk index of cardiovascular (CV) events. However, cohort studies regarding this correlation are rarely reported, especially in the Chinese population. The aim of present study was to explore the relationship of the TG/HDL‐C ratio with CV risks among Chinese adults during 10‐year follow‐up period.

Materials and Methods

We carried out a prospective study using data obtained from 96,542 individuals in Kailuan, who were grouped through the median value (0.8533) of the TG/HDL‐C ratio. Adverse outcomes mainly referred to major CV events. We used the person‐years incidence and cumulative incidence to predict the morbidity. The risk of CV events was estimated through Cox proportional hazard models.

Results

The mean age of the cohort was 51.5 ± 12.6 years, and 79.6% of participants were men. During a median follow‐up period of 9.75 years, 5,422 major CV events occurred, including 1,312 myocardial infarction cases and 4,228 stroke cases. The cumulative incidence of myocardial infarction, stroke and total CV events was 1.36% (range 1.29–1.43%), 4.38% (range 4.25–4.51%) and 5.62% (range 5.47–5.76%), respectively. Compared with low the TG/HDL‐C ratio (≤0.8533) group, the high TG/HDL‐C ratio (>0.8533) group had higher morbidity of CV events. The hazard ratio of total CV events, stroke and myocardial infarction was 1.19 (95% CI 1.12–1.26), 1.11 (95% CI 1.03–1.18) and 1.50 (95% CI 1.33–1.70), respectively. Furthermore, the TG/HDL‐C ratio and major CV events had a line‐shaped relationship with each other.

Conclusions

Among the Chinese population, a higher TG/HDL‐C ratio is correlated with an increased risk of major CV events.
Reflectance confocal microscopy and dermoscopy aid in evaluating repigmentation within or adjacent to lentigo maligna melanoma surgical scars
Authors: Navarrete‐Dechent C. , Cordova M. , Liopyris K. , Rishpon A. , Aleissa S. , Rossi A.M. , Lee E. , Chen C.‐C.J. , Busam K.J. , Marghoob A.A. , Nehal K.S.
Published: July 2019

Background

Determining whether repigmentation within or adjacent to lentigo maligna or lentigo maligna melanoma (LM/LMM) scars represents recurrence of melanoma is challenging. The use of reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) and dermoscopy may aid in differentiating true melanoma recurrence from other causes of repigmentation.

Objectives

To describe the characteristics of repigmentation within or adjacent to LM/LMM scars observable on RCM and dermoscopy.

Methods

We retrospectively analysed patients who presented with new pigmentation within or adjacent to scars from surgically treated LM/LMM between January 2014 and December 2018. Clinical and demographic characteristics and time to recurrence were recorded. RCM was used to evaluate areas of pigmentation before biopsy. If available, dermoscopic images were also evaluated.

Results

In total, 30 confocal studies in 29 patients were included in the study cohort. Twenty‐one patients had biopsy‐confirmed recurrent LM/LMM; the remainder had pigmented actinic keratosis (n = 4) or hyperpigmentation/solar lentigo (n = 5). RCM had sensitivity of 95.24% (95% CI, 76.18–99.88%), specificity of 77.7% (95% CI, 39.99–97.19%), positive predictive value of 90.91% (95% CI, 74.58–97.15%) and negative predictive value of 87.5% (95% CI, 50.04–98.0%). The most common dermoscopic feature observed among patients with recurrent LM/LMM was focal homogeneous or structureless areas of light‐brown pigmentation (92.8% vs. 37.5% in patients with other diagnoses; P = 0.009). LM‐specific dermoscopic criteria were present in only 28.5% of patients with recurrent LM/LMM.

Conclusions

Reflectance confocal microscopy and dermoscopy are valuable tools for the comprehensive evaluation of repigmentation within or adjacent to LM scars.
The interactive effects between air pollution and meteorological factors on the hospital outpatient visits for atopic dermatitis in Beijing, China: a time‐series analysis
Authors: Guo Q. , Xiong X. , Liang F. , Tian L. , Liu W. , Wang Z. , Pan X.
Published: July 2019

Background

The prevalence of atopic dermatitis (AD) dramatically increased over these years and environmental factors were considered as potential contributors towards these trends.

Objective

This study aimed to explore several major environmental exposures, including air pollution, temperature and relative humidity, in order to identify potential modifiable risk factors and their interactive effects on AD.

Methods

We applied a bivariate response surface model and stratification model based on time‐series Poisson generalized additive models to examine the interactive effects of air pollution and meteorological factors on AD.

Results

A total of 64 987 outpatient visits for AD were recorded from 1 January 2013 to 31 December 2017. Interactive effects were found between air pollutants and meteorological factors. Enhanced positive associations between pollutants and outpatient visits for AD were found at the highest quartile temperature level. A 10 μg/m3 increase in PM2.5, PM10, NO2 and SO2 were associated with 0.42% (95% CI: 0.16–0.67%), 0.34% (95% CI: 0.15–0.54%), 1.11% (95% CI: 0.38–1.84%) and 1.06% (0.21–1.93%) increase in outpatient visits for AD at the highest quartile temperature level.

Conclusion

That effects of air pollutants on AD can be modified by meteorological factors, with enhanced effects on hot days.
Association of vitamin D receptor gene polymorphism (rs10735810) and chronic periodontitis
Authors: Murthykumar Karthikeyan , Arjunkumar Radhika , Jayaseelan Vijayashree Priyadharsini
Published: July 2019

Aim

The aim of the present study was to analyze the association between vitamin D receptor (VDR) (rs10735810) gene polymorphism and chronic periodontitis (CP).

Methods

A total of 100 subjects were recruited for this study, which included 50 CP and 50 healthy controls. Genomic DNA was extracted from the whole blood collected from the subjects. DNA was amplified using specific primers flanking the FokI region of the VDR gene (rs10735810). The amplicon was further subjected to genotyping using restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) using the FokI enzyme. The genotype obtained based on RFLP pattern was recorded and used for statistical analysis. The distribution of genotypes and allele frequencies in the chronic periodontitis and control groups were compared using the χ2‐test.

Results

The CP group displayed the highest frequency of CT (20%) and TT (6%) genotypes when compared with the control subjects. Allele frequency was found to be similar in both groups. The C allele was found to be predominant in the study population compared with the T allele.

Conclusion

The present study denotes that the VDR polymorphism (rs10735810) is not associated with CP in the study group analyzed.
Ki67, CD105 and α‐smooth muscle actin expression in disease progression model of oral submucous fibrosis
Authors: Gadbail Amol R. , Chaudhary Minal S. , Sarode Sachin C. , Gondivkar Shailesh M. , Belekar Lalita , Mankar‐Gadbail Mugdha P. , Dande Ravi , Tekade Satyajit A. , Yuwanati Monal B. , Patil Shankargouda
Published: July 2019

Aim

The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of Ki67, CD105 and α‐smooth muscle actin (α‐SMA) expression in oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) and oral squamous cell carcinoma in the background of OSF (OSCC‐SMF).

Methods

The study was carried out on paraffin‐embedded tissues of 30 normal oral mucosa (NOM), 50 OSF cases and 105 OSCC‐SMF. The immunohistochemistry was carried out to evaluate the expression of Ki67, CD105 and α‐SMA antigen.

Results

Ki67 labelling index (LI), CD105 and α‐SMA expression showed increasing trend from NOM, low‐risk epithelial dysplasia (LRED), high‐risk epithelial dysplasia (HRED), well‐differentiated squamous cell carcinoma (WDSCC), moderately differentiated squamous cell carcinoma to poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma. However, there was no significant difference of α‐SMA expression between HRED and WDSCC. In OSCC‐SMF, Ki67 LI, CD105 and α‐SMA were significantly higher in advanced clinical TNM stage, metastasis and less than 3 years patient survival as compared with early clinical TNM stage, non‐metastasis and 3 years or more patient survival.

Conclusion

Ki67 LI, α‐SMA and CD105 expression alone or together correspond with the disease progression model of SMF. Hence, expression of these markers can be used as a predictive marker of clinical outcome of OSCC‐SMF.
High specificity of widely used phospho‐tau antibodies validated using a quantitative whole‐cell based assay
Authors: Li Dan , Cho Yong Ku
Published: July 2019

Antibodies raised against defined phosphorylation sites of the microtubule‐associated protein tau are widely used in scientific research and being applied in clinical assays. However, recent studies have revealed an alarming degree of non‐specific binding found in these antibodies. In order to quantify and compare the specificity phospho‐tau antibodies and other post‐translational modification site‐specific antibodies in general, a measure of specificity is urgently needed. Here, we report a robust flow cytometry assay using human embryonic kidney cells that enables the determination of a specificity parameter termed Φ, which measures the fraction of non‐specific signal in antibody binding. We validate our assay using anti‐tau antibodies with known specificity profiles, and apply it to measure the specificity of seven widely used phospho‐tau antibodies (AT270, AT8, AT100, AT180, PHF‐6, TG‐3, and PHF‐1) among others. We successfully determined the Φ values for all antibodies except AT100, which did not show detectable binding in our assay. Our results show that antibodies AT8, AT180, PHF‐6, TG‐3, and PHF‐1 have Φ values near 1, which indicates no detectable non‐specific binding. AT270 showed Φ value around 0.8, meaning that approximately 20% of the binding signal originates from non‐specific binding. Further analyses using immunocytochemistry and western blotting confirmed the presence of non‐specific binding of AT270 to non‐tau proteins found in human embryonic kidney cells and the mouse hippocampus. We anticipate that the quantitative approach and parameter introduced here will be widely adopted as a standard for reporting the specificity for phospho‐tau antibodies, and potentially for post‐translational modification targeting antibodies in general.

image

Cover Image for this issue: doi: 10.1111/jnc.14727.
Differential serotonin transporter (5‐HTT) and 5‐HT2 receptor density in limbic and neocortical areas of adults and children with autism spectrum disorders: implications for selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor efficacy
Authors: Brandenburg Cheryl , Blatt Gene J.
Published: July 2019

As selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are among the most commonly prescribed medications in autism, we aimed to determine whether targets for SSRIs are differentially affected in three cortical areas in children and adults with autism compared to neurotypical individuals. Utilizing a large cohort of postmortem brain tissue (n = 14–19 per group), saturation ligand binding assays were conducted on sections from the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), posterior cingulate cortex, and fusiform gyrus (FG). Specific binding to the 5‐HT transporter (5‐HTT) as well as to 5‐HT2 and 1A receptors (5‐HT₂, 5‐HT1A) was quantified in superficial and deep layers of each region using the ligands [3H]‐citalopram (5‐HTT), [3H]‐ketanserin (5‐HT2), and [3H]‐8‐OH‐DPAT (5‐HT1A). A Welch’s t‐test was utilized to compare receptor densities (Bmax), revealing a statistically significant decrease in 5‐HTT within the ACC of the entire autism cohort. There was also a decrease in 5‐HT2 receptor density in the ACC in the adult cohort, but not in child postmortem autism cases as compared to controls. Comparing linear regression lines of Bmax values plotted against age, shows a significantly lower intercept for 5‐HTT in autism (p = 0.025). 5‐HT₂ density increases with age in control cases, whereas in autism there is a decrease with age and significantly different slopes between regression lines (p = 0.032). This suggests a deficit in 5‐HTT within the ACC in individuals with autism, while decreases in 5‐HT₂ density are age‐dependent. There were no differences in receptor densities in the posterior cingulate cortex or FG in autism and no differences in ligand affinity (KD) across all regions and ligands examined.

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Nurse‐led integration of palliative care for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: An integrative literature review
Authors: Ora Linda , Mannix Judy , Morgan Lucy , Wilkes Lesley
Published: July 2019

Aims and objectives

To uncover what is known about nurse‐led models or interventions that have integrated palliative care into the care of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Background

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is a highly symptomatic, incurable disease characterised by chronic symptoms that without appropriate palliation can lead to unnecessary suffering for patients and their caregivers. While palliative care practices can relieve suffering and improve quality of life, most palliative models of care remain cancer‐focused. New models, including nurse‐led care that integrates palliative care for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, could address patient suffering and therefore need to be explored.

Method

A mixed‐studies integrative review was undertaken. Seven databases were searched for articles published between 2008–2018. The PRISMA framework was applied to the search, and six studies met the review eligibility criteria. Content analysis of the articles was undertaken, and data were compared, looking for different nurse‐led models and outcomes related to palliative care in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Results

Nurse‐led, integrated palliative care models for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are rare and just four of the six articles found in this review had published results. Advance care planning was found to be the most common focus for nurse‐led interventions in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and in all cases, results demonstrated an improvement in end‐of‐life discussions and completion of advance care directives. Of the reviewed articles, none used a qualitative framework to explore nurse‐led models that integrated palliative care in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Conclusion

While nurse‐led advance care planning was one type of palliative care practice associated with positive patient outcomes, there is a need for deeper exploration of nurse‐led models that holistically address the bio‐psycho‐social‐spiritual needs of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and their caregivers.

Relevance to clinical practice

Integrating nurse‐led supportive care clinics into chronic obstructive pulmonary disease services could be a way forward to address the unmet bio‐psycho‐social‐spiritual needs of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and their caregivers.
Too Much of a Good Thing? The Boomerang Effect of Firms’ Investments on Corporate Social Responsibility during Product Recalls
Authors: Liu Alfred Zhu , Liu Angela Xia , Wang Rui , Xu Sean Xin
Published: July 2019

Prior research shows that a good record of corporate social responsibility (CSR) has an insurance‐like effect on shareholder value in negative events. We posit and provide empirical evidence that excessive CSR activities can also cause a boomerang effect during negative events. In the setting of product recalls, we show that overinvestment in CSR has a boomerang effect on shareholder value when a company with excessive CSR activities announces a recall. Further analysis shows that the boomerang effect is exacerbated when institutional ownership is low or when customer awareness is high. Our study adds to the literature new insights on how CSR affects shareholder value during a reputation crisis.
High levels of ANXA2 are characteristic of malignant salivary gland tumors
Authors: Cardoso Claudio Marcelo , de Jesus Sabrina Ferreira , de Souza Marcela Gonçalves , Queiroz Lorena dos Reis Pereira , Santos Eloa Mangabeira , dos Santos Erivelton Pereira , Oliveira Luis Paulo , Cordeiro Santos Cristiane Karine , Santos Sérgio Henrique Sousa , de Paula Alfredo Maurício Batista , Farias Lucyana Conceição , Guimaraes Andre Luiz Sena
Published: July 2019

Objective

Malignant salivary gland tumors (MSGTs) present different phenotypic characteristics and various clinical outcomes, which proved to be a diagnostic challenge. Considering the heterogeneity of MSGT, this study aims to identify molecule related to the nature of MSGT.

Methods

For screening, proteomic analysis comparing MSGT with pleomorphic adenoma (PA) and salivary gland was performed. The MSGT‐associated protein which presented in the higher number in the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database was selected. To validate the data, immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed in 14 patients with PA, 22 patients with MSGT, and 14 controls.

Results

16 proteins were associated with MSGT. ANXA2 was the primary protein, according to GEO database analyses. ANXA2 was most expressed in the cell membrane. However, some ANXA2 staining was also observed in the cytoplasm and nucleus. ANXA2 was highly expressed in MSGT in comparison with control. Also, ANXA2 has a higher expression in adenocarcinoma not otherwise specified (ANOS) and myoepithelial carcinoma (MC) in comparison with PA.

Conclusion

In conclusion, this study demonstrated that MSGT presented higher levels of ANXA2 in comparison with normal salivary glands. Also, ANXA2 might be interesting as a molecular marker of ANOS and MS.
Dictyochophyceae Plastid Genomes Reveal Unusual Variability in Their Organization
Authors: Han Kwi Young , Maciszewski Kacper , Graf Louis , Yang Ji Hyun , Andersen Robert A. , Karnkowska Anna , Yoon Hwan Su
Published: July 2019

Dictyochophyceae (silicoflagellates) are unicellular freshwater and marine algae (Heterokontophyta, stramenopiles). Despite their abundance in global oceans and potential ecological significance, discovered in recent years, neither nuclear nor organellar genomes of representatives of this group were sequenced until now. Here, we present the first complete plastid genome sequences of Dictyochophyceae, obtained from four species: Dictyocha speculum, Rhizochromulina marina, Florenciella parvula and Pseudopedinella elastica. Despite their comparable size and genetic content, these four plastid genomes exhibit variability in their organization: plastid genomes of F. parvula and P. elastica possess conventional quadripartite structure with a pair of inverted repeats, R. marina instead possesses two direct repeats with the same orientation and D. speculum possesses no repeats at all. We also observed a number of unusual traits in the plastid genome of D. speculum, including expansion of the intergenic regions, presence of an intron in the otherwise non‐intron‐bearing psaA gene, and an additional copy of the large subunit of RuBisCO gene (rbcL), the last of which has never been observed in any plastid genome. We conclude that despite noticeable gene content similarities between the plastid genomes of Dictyochophyceae and their relatives (pelagophytes, diatoms), the number of distinctive features observed in this lineage strongly suggests that additional taxa require further investigation.
Thyroid and renal function in cats following low‐dose radioiodine (111Mbq) therapy
Authors: Finch N. C. , Stallwood J. , Tasker S. , Hibbert A.
Published: July 2019

Objectives

To describe the effect of low‐dose (111MBq) radioiodine therapy on thyroid and renal function in hyperthyroid cats over a 12‐month follow‐up period.

Materials and Methods

Client‐owned hyperthyroid cats underwent low‐dose radioiodine therapy and were followed‐up for 12 months. Immediately before radioiodine treatment, and at 1, 6 and 12 months afterwards, total thyroxine, thyroid stimulating hormone, serum creatinine and glomerular filtration rate were measured.

Results

Fifteen of the 24 (63%) cats achieved euthyroidism following low‐dose radioiodine treatment. The incidence of overt hypothyroidism was six of 24 (25%) cats. Of the six cats developing overt hypothyroidism, three had decreased renal function, with decreased glomerular filtration rate preceding azotaemia in two of these individuals. Transient overt or subclinical hypothyroidism before restoration of euthyroidism was not observed.

Clinical Significance

Low‐dose radioiodine is effective treatment for hyperthyroidism in most cats but overt hypothyroidism may develop in some. Concurrent early decline in renal function may only be detected by measuring glomerular filtration rate rather than serum creatinine in some cats. Monitoring following radioiodine treatment should include total thyroxine and thyroid stimulating hormone and measurement of glomerular filtration rate should be considered in non‐azotaemic cats.
Attitudes, practices and perceived barriers to hepatitis C screening among medical residents at a large urban academic medical center
Authors: Winetsky Daniel , Zucker Jason , Carnevale Caroline , Theodore Deborah , Scherer Matthew , Sani Fereshteh , Elkington Katherine , Cohall Alwyn , Sobieszczyk Magdalena E. , Gordon Peter , Olender Susan
Published: July 2019

Infections with hepatitis C virus (HCV) are increasing among adolescents and adults born after 1965. Screening strategies may need to be adapted for this changing population. We surveyed trainees in different specialties about attitudes and practices related to HCV screening and identified specific barriers to screening across various healthcare settings. Constraints related to health system resources and the provider's role were among the most common barriers cited across specialties, but paediatrics residents also cited barriers specific to their population, which can likely be addressed with targeted education.
Glucose and insulin response after intravenous and subcutaneous somatostatin administration in healthy horses
Authors: Luethy Daniela , Johnson Amy L. , Stefanovski Darko , Boston Raymond C. , Orsini James Anthony
Published: July 2019

Equine metabolic syndrome (EMS) is prevalent in the equine population, and somatostatin analogs might be useful for diagnosis and/or treatment of EMS in horses. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the glucose and insulin responses to subcutaneous and intravenous administration of somatostatin. Six healthy research horses were included in this prospective study. An initial pilot study was performed to assess several different doses (10–22 µg/kg [4.5–10 µg/lb]) in two horses, then a final dosage of 22 µg/kg (10 µg/lb) was administered to six horses IV and SQ in a two‐period randomized cross‐over study performed over a 3‐month study period. Blood samples were collected for measurement of plasma insulin and glucose concentrations during a 24‐hr study period. Both IV and SQ somatostatin resulted in decreased insulin and increased glucose concentrations. SQ somatostatin resulted in a longer clinical effect, with return to baseline insulin occurring at 1.5 hr postadministration, versus 45 min for IV. Both IV and SQ administration of somatostatin to normal horses resulted in decreased insulin and increased glucose concentrations, likely due to suppression of insulin secretion by somatostatin. A more prolonged effect was seen following SQ administration as compared to IV administration, and no adverse effects were noted at varying doses. This study provides additional information regarding the effect of somatostatin administration on insulin and glucose concentrations in clinically healthy horses.
Comparing ultra‐high spatial resolution remote‐sensing methods in mapping peatland vegetation
Authors: Räsänen Aleksi , Juutinen Sari , Tuittila Eeva‐Stiina , Aurela Mika , Virtanen Tarmo
Published: July 2019

Questions

How to map floristic variation in a patterned fen in an ecologically meaningfully way? Can plant communities be delineated with species data generalized into plant functional types? What are the benefits and drawbacks of the two selected remote‐sensing approaches in mapping vegetation patterns, namely: (a) regression models of floristically defined fuzzy plant community clusters and (b) classification of predefined habitat types that combine vegetation and land cover information?

Location

Treeless 0.4 km2 mesotrophic string–flark fen in Kaamanen, northern Finland.

Methods

We delineated plant community clusters with fuzzy c‐means clustering based on two different inventories of plant species and functional type distribution. We used multiple optical remote‐sensing data sets, digital elevation models and vegetation height models derived from drone, aerial and satellite platforms from ultra‐high to very high spatial resolution (0.05–3 m) in an object‐based approach. We mapped spatial patterns for fuzzy and crisp plant community clusters using boosted regression trees, and fuzzy and crisp habitat types using supervised random forest classification.

Results

Clusters delineated with species‐specific data or plant functional type data produced comparable results. However, species‐specific data for graminoids and mosses improved the accuracy of clustering in the case of flarks and string margins. Mapping accuracy was higher for habitat types (overall accuracy 0.72) than for fuzzy plant community clusters (R2 values between 0.27 and 0.67).

Conclusions

For ecologically meaningful mapping of a patterned fen vegetation, plant functional types provide enough information. However, if the aim is to capture floristic variation in vegetation as realistically as possible, species‐specific data should be used. Maps of plant community clusters and habitat types complement each other. While fuzzy plant communities appear to be floristically most accurate, crisp habitat types are easiest to interpret and apply to different landscape and biogeochemical cycle analyses and modeling.
Ambient temperature provides an adaptive explanation for seasonal reproduction in a tropical mammal
Authors: McNutt J. W. , Groom R. , Woodroffe R.
Published: July 2019

Understanding how reproductive timing has evolved to reflect climatic conditions is increasingly important as the climate changes, influencing species persistence and ecosystem dynamics. Among endotherms, seasonal reproduction is often linked to natural selection for reproducing when biotic conditions (e.g. food availability) are most favourable. In contrast, we present evidence that direct effects of an abiotic factor have selected for seasonal reproduction in a tropical mammal. We have shown previously that the African wild dog (Lycaon pictus), a diurnally active coursing predator, has lower reproductive success at high ambient temperatures, when its hunting activity is constrained. We therefore hypothesized that natural selection would favour reproduction during cool weather conditions, in locations where such conditions occur predictably. We show that, as predicted, wild dogs reproduce seasonally at latitudes from 7 to 25°S, such that their pup‐rearing periods coincide with the coolest (but not the driest) weeks of the year. Wild dog reproduction is aseasonal at latitudes ≤2°. As the climate warms, some temperate‐zone species have tracked optimal conditions through altered phenology. However, in seasonally breeding wild dog populations, any alteration in phenology would require breeding in hotter weather, probably reducing reproductive success. This endangered species may thus have a limited ability to adapt to climate change. Seasonal reproduction might be a trait indicating climate change vulnerability among tropical species.
Long‐term dynamics of Alpine ungulates suggest interspecific competition
Authors: Corlatti L. , Bonardi A. , Bragalanti N. , Pedrotti L.
Published: July 2019

Studies identifying interspecific competition require the investigation of negative long‐term effects between sympatric species showing overlap in resource use. A potential for competition exists between red deer Cervus elaphus and chamois Rupicapra spp., as revealed by the high dietary overlap observed throughout the range where the species co‐occur. Furthermore, some studies have recently reported negative demographic consequences on chamois populations living in sympatry with red deer. Using time series of counts spanning 35 years between 1984 and 2018 in the Stelvio National Park (Central Italian Alps), we tested for density dependence using state‐space models and explored the evidence of competitive interaction through Ricker‐like models on the growth rate of both species. We contrasted alternative hypotheses for the processes explaining the trends of (decreasing) chamois and (increasing) red deer populations. We expected chamois dynamics to be negatively affected by increasing deer abundance, while deer dynamics should be primarily affected by climate forcing and density dependence. We found evidence that resources were limiting for both species. In particular, growth rates were negatively affected by the synergistic effect of winter weather conditions and density dependence. The most important variable limiting the chamois population, however, was the increase in red deer numbers. The dynamics of this species was unaffected by chamois numbers. While causality cannot be inferred from the data, these results are consistent with the hypothesis of a negative effect of red deer on chamois dynamics, thus supporting the occurrence of interference or exploitation competition between sympatric mountain‐dwelling ungulates. Understanding the processes underlying temporal dynamics is pivotal for informed management of wildlife. Consequences of interspecific competition should be carefully evaluated where the populations of the weaker competitor are of conservation concern, especially in the light of the negative effects of anthropogenic environmental change on animal populations.
Water abundance in the Tagish Lake meteorite from TGA and IR spectroscopy: Evaluation of aqueous alteration
Authors: Gilmour Cosette M. , Herd Christopher D. K. , Beck Pierre
Published: July 2019

Here, we evaluate the extent of aqueous alteration among five pristine specimens of the ungrouped Tagish Lake carbonaceous chondrite (TL5b, TL11h, TL11i, TL4, and TL10a) using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and infrared (IR) transmission spectroscopy. Both TGA and IR spectroscopy have proven to be reliable methods for determining the extent of aqueous alteration among different carbonaceous chondrites, in particular the CM chondrites (e.g., Garenne et al. 2014), with which Tagish Lake shares some affinities. Using these two methods, our goal is to incorporate TL4 and TL10a into the known alteration sequence of TL5b < TL11h < TL11i (Herd et al. 2011; Blinova et al. 2014a). This study highlights the compositional variability of the Tagish Lake specimens, which we ascribe to its brecciated nature. Our TGA and IR spectroscopy results are congruent with the reported alteration sequence, allowing us to introduce the TL4 and TL10a specimens in the following order: TL4 < TL5b ≤ TL10a < TL 11h < TL11i. Notably, these two specimens appear to be similar to the least altered lithologies previously reported, and the alteration of Tagish Lake is similar to that experienced by lesser altered members of the CM chondrites (>CM1.6). Based on these findings, Tagish Lake could be considered a 1.6–2.0 ungrouped carbonaceous chondrite. Visible and near‐IR reflectance measurements of Tagish Lake were also acquired in this study to revisit the Tagish Lake parent body connection. While other studies have paired Tagish Lake with D‐ and T‐type asteroid parent bodies, the reflectance spectra acquired in this study are variable among the different Tagish Lake specimens in relation to their alteration sequences; results match with spectra characteristic of C‐, X‐, Xc‐, and D‐type asteroids. The heterogeneity of Tagish Lake coupled with its low albedo makes the parent body connection a challenge.
Genome structure predicts modular transcriptome responses to genetic and environmental conditions
Authors: Mark Stephanie , Weiss Joerg , Sharma Eesha , Liu Ting , Wang Wei , Claycomb Julie M. , Cutter Asher D.
Published: July 2019

Understanding the plasticity, robustness and modularity of transcriptome expression to genetic and environmental conditions is crucial to deciphering how organisms adapt in nature. To test how genome architecture influences transcriptome profiles, we quantified expression responses for distinct temperature‐adapted genotypes of the nematodeCaenorhabditis briggsaewhen exposed to chronic temperature stresses throughout development. We found that 56% of the 8,795 differentially expressed genes show genotype‐specific changes in expression in response to temperature (genotype‐by‐environment interactions, GxE). Most genotype‐specific responses occur under heat stress, indicating that cold vs. heat stress responses involve distinct genomic architectures. The 22 co‐expression modules that we identified differ in their enrichment of genes with genetic vs. environmental vs. interaction effects, as well as their genomic spatial distributions, functional attributes and rates of molecular evolution at the sequence level. Genes in modules enriched for simple effects of either genotype or temperature alone tend to evolve especially rapidly, consistent with disproportionate influence of adaptation or weaker constraint on these subsets of loci. Chromosome‐scale heterogeneity in nucleotide polymorphism, however, rather than the scale of individual genes predominates as the source of genetic differences among expression profiles, and natural selection regimes are largely decoupled between coding sequences and noncoding flanking sequences that containcis‐regulatory elements. These results illustrate how the form of transcriptome modularity and genome structure contribute to predictable profiles of evolutionary change.
Lack of gene flow: Narrow and dispersed differentiation islands in a triplet of Leptidea butterfly species
Authors: Talla Venkat , Johansson Anna , Dincă Vlad , Vila Roger , Friberg Magne , Wiklund Christer , Backström Niclas
Published: July 2019

Genome scans in recently separated species can inform on molecular mechanisms and evolutionary processes driving divergence. Large‐scale polymorphism data from multiple species pairs are also key to investigate the repeatability of divergence—whether radiations tend to show parallel responses to similar selection pressures and/or underlying molecular forces. Here, we used whole‐genome resequencing data from six wood white (Leptidea sp.) butterfly populations, representing three closely related species with karyomorph variation, to infer the species' demographic history and characterize patterns of genomic diversity and differentiation. The analyses supported previously established species relationships, and there was no evidence for postdivergence gene flow. We identified significant intraspecific genetic structure, in particular between karyomorph extremes in the wood white (L. sinapis)—a species with a remarkable chromosome number cline across the distribution range. The genomic landscapes of differentiation were erratic, and outlier regions were narrow and dispersed. Highly differentiated (FST) regions generally had low genetic diversity (θπ), but increased absolute divergence (DXY) and excess of rare frequency variants (low Tajima's D). A minority of differentiation peaks were shared across species and population comparisons. However, highly differentiated regions contained genes with overrepresented functions related to metabolism, response to stimulus and cellular processes, indicating recurrent directional selection on a specific set of traits in all comparisons. In contrast to the majority of genome scans in recently diverged lineages, our data suggest that divergence landscapes in Leptidea have been shaped by directional selection and genetic drift rather than stable recombination landscapes and/or introgression.
From folklore to patriotic and protest songs: Music, youth, and Basque identity during the 1960s
Authors: Lamikiz Jauregiondo Amaia
Published: July 2019

Taking a bottom‐up approach to the study of nationalism, the following pages constitute an attempt to shed light on the role singing played for a young generation of Basques who actively participated in the process of construction of Basque collective identity during the cultural revival movement of the 1960s. In doing so, this article aims at showing the fundamental role of active audiences, as well as their changing political and social context, in conforming the meaning of “Basque songs” as means to promote Basque nationalism and sustain opposition to the Franco regime. The study of the production, reception, and reinterpretation of Basque music during the cultural revival of the 1960s presented here intends to emphasize the interest of focusing on how ordinary people contribute to the recreation of the nation through their appropriation and interpretation of cultural symbols and practices.
Wondering about …. Geography—Its nature and its relevance?
Authors: Binns Tony , Kinder Alan
Published: July 2019

In the context of the current review of New Zealand's National Certificate of Educational Achievement (NCEA), the paper reflects on the nature and relevance of geography in education, life and work. The context of school geography programmes is critically examined, and a checklist of points for further consideration and action is presented.
A manual propofol infusion regimen for neonates and infants
Authors: Morse James , Hannam Jacqueline A. , Cortinez Luis Ignacio , Allegaert Karel , Anderson Brian J.
Published: July 2019

Aims

Manual propofol infusion regimens for neonates and infants have been determined from clinical observations in children under the age of 3 years undergoing anesthesia. We assessed the performance of these regimens using reported age‐specific pharmacokinetic parameters for propofol. Where performance was poor, we propose alternative dosing regimens.

Methods

Simulations using a reported general purpose pharmacokinetic propofol model were used to predict propofol blood plasma concentrations during manual infusion regimens recommended for children 0‐3 years. Simulated steady state concentrations were 6‐8 µg.mL−1 in the first 30 minutes that were not sustained during 100 minutes infusions. Pooled clinical data (n = 161, 1902 plasma concentrations) were used to determine an alternative pharmacokinetic parameter set for propofol using nonlinear mixed effects models. A new manual infusion regimen for propofol that achieves a steady‐state concentration of 3 µg.mL−1 was determined using a heuristic approach.

Results

A manual dosing regimen predicted to achieve steady‐state plasma concentration of 3 µg.mL−1 comprised a loading dose of 2 mg.kg−1 followed by an infusion rate of 9 mg.kg−1.h−1 for the first 15 minutes, 7 mg.kg−1.h−1 from 15 to 30 minutes, 6 mg.kg−1.h−1 from 30 to 60 minutes, 5 mg.kg−1.h−1 from 1 to 2 hours in neonates (38‐44 weeks postmenstrual age). Dose increased with age in those aged 1‐2 years with a loading dose of 2.5 mg.kg−1 followed by an infusion rate of 13 mg.kg−1.h−1 for the first 15 minutes, 12 mg.kg−1.h−1 from 15 to 30 minutes, 11 mg.kg−1.h−1 from 30 to 60 minutes, and 10 mg.kg−1.h−1 from 1 to 2 hours.

Conclusion

Propofol clearance increases throughout infancy to reach 92% that reported in adults (1.93 L.min.70 kg−1) by 6 months postnatal age and infusion regimens should reflect clearance maturation and be cognizant of adverse effects from concentrations greater than the target plasma concentration. Predicted concentrations using a published general purpose pharmacokinetic propofol model were similar to those determined using a new parameter set using richer neonatal and infant data.
A Novel Technique Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Supine and Prone Positions for Diagnosing Lumbar Adhesive Arachnoiditis: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Tsuchida Rikuhei , Sumitani Masahiko , Azuma Kenji , Abe Hiroaki , Hozumi Jun , Inoue Reo , Oshima Yasushi , Katano Shuichi , Yamada Yoshitsugu
Published: July 2019

Background

Lumbar adhesive arachnoiditis is a debilitating neuropathic condition and is difficult to diagnose owing to lack of definitive diagnostic criteria. By focusing on the intrathecal mobility of nerve roots, we assessed whether useful diagnostic criteria could be established using MRI.

Methods

Seventeen patients with a high risk for lumbar adhesive arachnoiditis and 18 no‐risk patients with chronic low back pain and/or leg pain participated in this study. The patients underwent MRI in both the supine and prone positions. Eleven axial T2‐weighted images between the L2 and L5/S levels were obtained, and the proportion of the low‐intensity area in the dorsal half to the total low‐intensity area in the dural sac was calculated for each axial view.

Results

At some lumbar levels, the low‐intensity area in the dorsal half of the dural sac was relatively larger in patients with a high risk for lumbar adhesive arachnoiditis than in the no‐risk patients. In the no‐risk group, the proportion of the low‐intensity area in the dorsal half in the supine position was significantly higher than that in the prone position at all lumbar levels. However, in the high‐risk group, at some levels, the proportions were not significantly different in the dorsal half of the dural sac between the supine and prone positions.

Conclusion

In patients with a known risk for lumbar adhesive arachnoiditis, nerve roots lose their potential to migrate in the dural sac in the gravitational force direction on MRI.
Biotechnological mechanism for improving plant remobilization of phosphorus during leaf senescence
Authors: Da Ros Letitia M. , Mansfield Shawn D.
Published: July 2019

Phosphorus enrichment of aquatic ecosystems through diffuse source pollution is an ongoing issue worldwide. A potential solution lies in the use of fast‐growing, multipurpose feedstocks, such as trees, to limit the flow of phosphorus into riparian areas through luxury consumption. However, the perennial nature of trees and their use of leaves as storage organs for excess phosphorus may reduce the effectiveness of contaminant removal during periods of leaf abscission. In an attempt to improve phosphorus remobilization during autumnal senescence, transgenic hybrid poplar P39 (Populus alba × Populus grandidentata) and Arabidopsis thaliana harbouring a constitutively expressed low‐affinity potato phosphate transporter (35S::StPht1‐1) were generated using Agrobacterium‐mediated transformation. For both species, the highest expressing 35S::StPht1‐1 lines were grown alongside wild‐type plants and subjected to increasing phosphate applications. StPht1‐1 expression in A. thaliana led to a reduction in biomass when grown under high‐phosphate conditions and had no effect on phosphate remobilization during senescence. In contrast, StPht1‐1 constitutive expression in P39 resulted in increased leaf phosphate content in the highest expressing transgenic line and minimal to no effect on P resorption efficiency. Surprisingly, sulphate resorption showed the greatest improvement in all three transgenic poplar lines, displaying a 31%–37% increase in resorption efficiency. These results highlight the complexity of nutrient resorption mechanisms in plants.