bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nondestructive continuous physical property measurements of core samples recovered from hole B, Taiwan Chelungpu‐Fault Drilling Project
Authors: Hirono Tetsuro , Yeh En‐Chao , Lin Weiren , Sone Hiroki , Mishima Toshiaki , Soh Wonn , Hashimoto Yoshitaka , Matsubayashi Osamu , Aoike Kan , Ito Hisao , Kinoshita Masataka , Murayama Masafumi , Song Sheng‐Rong , Ma Kuo‐Fong , Hung Jih‐Hao , Wang Chien‐Ying , Tsai Yi‐Ben , Kondo Tomomi , Nishimura Masahiro , Moriya Soichi , Tanaka Tomoyuki , Fujiki Toru , Maeda Lena , Muraki Hiroaki , Kuramoto Toshikatsu , Sugiyama Kazuhiro , Sugawara Toshikatsu
Published: July 2007

The Taiwan Chelungpu‐Fault Drilling Project was undertaken in 2002 to investigate the faulting mechanism of the 1999 Mw 7.6 Taiwan Chi‐Chi earthquake. Hole B penetrated the Chelungpu fault, and core samples were recovered from between 948.42‐ and 1352.60‐m depth. Three major zones, designated FZB1136 (fault zone at 1136‐m depth in hole B), FZB1194, and FZB1243, were recognized in the core samples as active fault zones within the Chelungpu fault. Nondestructive continuous physical property measurements, conducted on all core samples, revealed that the three major fault zones were characterized by low gamma ray attenuation (GRA) densities and high magnetic susceptibilities. Extensive fracturing and cracks within the fault zones and/or loss of atoms with high atomic number, but not a measurement artifact, might have caused the low GRA densities, whereas the high magnetic susceptibility values might have resulted from the formation of magnetic minerals from paramagnetic minerals by frictional heating. Minor fault zones were characterized by low GRA densities and no change in magnetic susceptibility, and the latter may indicate that these minor zones experienced relatively low frictional heating. Magnetic susceptibility in a fault zone may be key to the determination that frictional heating occurred during an earthquake on the fault.
Numerical simulation of swash zone fluid accelerations
Authors: Puleo Jack A. , Farhadzadeh Ali , Kobayashi Nobuhisa
Published: July 2007

A volume‐of‐fluid Navier‐Stokes solver incorporating a k‐ɛ closure model, NumErical Water FLUME (NEWFLUME) (Lin and Xu, 2005) is used to investigate the temporal and spatial structure of accelerations in the swash zone of steep beaches for surging, plunging, and nearly spilling waves. Simulations for idealized swash over planar slopes show that shoreward directed local accelerations exist only for up to 22% of the swash cycle depending on wave type. In general, shoreward directed local accelerations were predicted to occur only near the wave run down limit (Baldock and Holmes, 1997). Similarly, convective accelerations had the largest magnitudes during this time and tended to be either near zero or shoreward directed for the remainder of the swash cycle. This finding is in direct contrast to a modified ballistic theory for swash motion arising as a particular solution to the depth‐averaged nonlinear shallow water equations (Peregrine and Williams, 2001) that predicts the convective acceleration maintains the sign of the fluid velocity. Near‐bed pressure gradients are found to be poorly correlated to both the depth‐averaged and near‐bed local acceleration. These numerical findings indicate that local fluid accelerations are not a proxy for pressure gradients in the swash zone for enhanced sediment transporting mechanisms or parameterizations. However, the numerical results require corroboration with highly resolved swash zone data.
Mobilization pathways of organic carbon from permafrost to arctic rivers in a changing climate
Authors: Guo Laodong , Ping Chien‐Lu , Macdonald Robie W.
Published: July 2007

Arctic warming may cause the release of vast amounts of soil organic carbon (SOC) from permafrost, which will manifest itself in the fluxes and composition of organic carbon in northern rivers and Arctic coastal regions. To elucidate the transport pathways of SOC, radiocarbon composition was measured for dissolved organic carbon (DOC), particulate organic carbon (POC), sediments and SOC from the Mackenzie, Sagavanirktok, and Yukon river basins, and soil leaching experiments were conducted. The radiocarbon ages of riverine suspended POC and sediments ranged from 4430 to ∼7970 yr BP, while DOC was much younger (390–1440 yr BP) except samples from the Sag River. Soil leaching experiments released <1% of SOC as DOC. The decoupling in age and partitioning between POC and DOC indicates that POC in these rivers is dominated by old SOC derived from permafrost thawing and river‐bank erosion in contrast to DOC, which is more readily influenced by modern terrestrial biomass, especially in large river basins which also drain subarctic regions. These observations imply that melting of permafrost will be manifest in the age and amounts of POC in arctic rivers whereas change in DOC will reflect altered plant ecology.
In vitro culture of disaggregated rabbit keratinocytes
Authors: Breidahl A. F. , Judson R. T. , Dumble L. J. , Clunie G. J. A.
Published: July 2007

A technique is described for the culture of disaggregated rabbit keratinocytes and the production of confluent sheets of immunologically pure keratinocytes suitable for use in transplantation studies. The benefits of various feeder layers, nutrients and growth hormones were examined by the use of paired controls. The ability of the cultured keratinocyte sheets to be removed from the culture vessel intact and survive as viable autografts was demonstrated, thus establishing a new animal model for the investigation of allograft rejection responses to cultured keratinocytes. The benefits of using the rabbit model for such studies and the advantages of this culture technique over a previously described method of rabbit keratinocyte cell culture are discussed.
A serum factor for macrophage activation after in vitro dodecylglycerol treatment of mouse lymphocytes
Authors: Homma Sadamu , Millman Irving , Yamamoto Nobuto
Published: July 2007

Alkylglycerols, inflammation products of cancerous tissues, are potent macrophage activating agents. A brief in vitro treatment (30 min) of mouse peritoneal tells with a low concentration (50 ng/mL) of dodecylglycerol (DDG) in 10% foetal calf serum supplemented RPMI‐1640 medium (FCS medium) activates macrophages for Fc‐receptor mediated ingestion activity. A serum factor(s) was shown to be required for the activation of macrophages. When non‐adherent cells were treated with rac‐sn‐l(3)‐dodecylglycerol (DDG) in a serum free‐0·1% egg albumin supplemented RPMI medium (EA medium) for 30 min and cultured in FCS medium for 2 h, the resultant conditioned medium contained a signal factor able to activate macrophages (macrophage activating factor). A conditioned medium prepared with electrophoresed serum α2‐globulin fraction in EA medium markedly enhanced activation of macrophages. Incubation of DDG‐treated non‐adherent cell ghosts in EA medium containing α2‐globulin also produced the macrophage activating signal factor. Therefore, it is concluded that a serum factor in α2‐globulin fraction is processed by pre‐existing functions or enzymes of DDG‐treated non‐adherent cell membrane to yield a macrophage activating signal factor.
Lymphocyte activation as measured by interleukin‐2 receptor expression to gluten fraction 111 in coeliac disease
Authors: Penttila I. A. , Gibson C. E. , Forrest B. D. , Cummins A. G. , LaBrooy J. T.
Published: July 2007

Lymphocyte activation was examined by interleukin‐2 (IL‐2) receptor expression on peripheral blood mononuclear cells from coeliac and control subjects. Purified T cells were incubated with gluten fraction 111 (a known toxic peptide for coeliac subjects), soyabean hydrolysate (an unrelated hydrolysed food antigen), and Concanavalin‐A (Con‐A, a non‐specific mitogen). After 1–5 days incubation, expression of IL‐2 receptors was assessed using a cellular enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Gluten fraction 111 induced expression of IL‐2 receptors on T lymphocytes from coeliac but not from normal subjects (P= 0·0005), whereas soyabean hydrolysate did not induce IL‐2 receptor expression. Lymphocytes from both coeliac and normal subjects had similar increased IL‐2 receptor expression after incubation with Con‐A. Flow cytometry was also used to confirm specific expression of IL‐2 receptor expression of lymphocytes from coeliac subjects. Interlcukin‐2 receptor expression increased from 0 to 5·4% of cultured mononuclear cells after 7 days incubation with gluten fraction III. These cells were CD3‐positive and CD4‐positive. We conclude that peripheral blood lymphocytes from coeliac subjects are sensitized specifically to gluten fraction III.
An immunodominant antigen of Candida albicans shows homology to the enzyme enolase
Authors: Franklyn K. M. , Warmington J. R. , Ott A. K. , Ashman R. B.
Published: July 2007

Antibody to an immunodominant antigen of approximately 48 kDa is found in a high proportion of patients with mucocutaneous or systemic infections of the yeast Candida albicans. A cDNA encoding part of the 48 kDa antigen has been isolated. From the deduced amino acid sequence of the cDNA clone, the 48 kDa antigen shows homology to the enzyme enolase.
Anti‐colorectal carcinoma monoclonal antibodies reactive with human milk fat globular membranes
Authors: Teh Jin‐Ghee , Xing Pei‐Xiang , McKenzie Ian F. C.
Published: July 2007

Two monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) were produced against human colorectal cancer and were found to react with many colorectal carcinomas (MoAb DH‐1 detected 25 of 32 and MoAb SMA‐1 detected 28 of 32) by the immunoperoxidase technique. These two antibodies were found to detect epitopes present on human milk fat globules (HMFG) by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). There have been few reports of anti‐mucin antibodies being produced to colon cancer and so we examined the reactions of these and 13 other anti‐HMFG MoAbs with colonic cancers. Thirty‐two colonic tumours were examined and different staining patterns were noted. Staining was particularly marked on the cell membranes and glandular deposits of the tumours rather than in the cytoplasm of the cells. All colonic tumours tested were positive with at least one MoAb, but no single MoAb stained all tumours; this suggested that at least one epitope of HMFG could be found on ail colonic tumours but no epitope detected by any one MoAb could be found on all colonic tumours. The 15 MoAbs were also tested on a panel of adult tissues, and with the exception of two, all had unique reaction patterns. Thus, at least 13 different epitopes associated with HMFG could be detected by the panel of MoAbs based on their different tissue distributions. However, no normal tissue expressed all the epitopes detected by all the MoAbs (i.e. none was positive with all the MoAbs) and no ‘monomorphic’ HMFG epitope could be found. The antibodies were shown to react with carbohydrate or peptide‐based epitopes, but this reactivity had no relationship with the pattern of tissue reaction and the significance of the expression of different epitopes is not clear. Preliminary results of serum tests with three different anti‐HMFG MoAbs showed that ∼ 10% of colorectal cancer patients had elevated HMFG levels but with the cut‐off level selected. 10% of normal subjects also had raised levels. From this study, antibodies to HMFG, commonly associated with breast cancer, can also react with carcinoma of the colon and can indeed be useful in detecting this disease histologically (e.g. MoAbs CC3, 4 and 5 which detect >80% of colonic tumours). In addition it is clear that some of the mucins produced in carcinoma of the colon arc similar to those produced by breast tumours.
Elevated MHC class I and II antigens in cultured human embryonic myoblasts following stimulation with γ‐interferon
Authors: Bao Shisan , King Nicholas J. C. , dos Remedios Cristobal G.
Published: July 2007

The expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens on the surface of cultured human embryonic myoblasts was studied by fluorescence microscopy. Class I or II MHC antigens were detected by monoclonal antibodies (MoAb) recognizing monomorphic determinants on HLA‐A, B and C (class I), or HLA‐DP. DQ and DR (class II) and a secondary fluorescein‐labelled sheep anti‐mouse immunoglobulin (Ig) antibody. Myoblasts were simultaneously identified using a MoAb directed against myosin light chains 1 and 2 (MLC1 and MLC2) and a combination of biotin‐labelled sheep anti‐mouse Ig antibody and Texas Red labelled streptavidin. We found that myoblasts demonstrated only very weak expression of either class of MHC but that, in the presence of more than 100 units of γ‐interferon (γ‐IFN) for 56–72 h, both class I and II MHC antigen expression increased significantly. During this time, class I antigen increased more than class II and at lower γ‐IFN concentrations. The implications of these findings for myoblast transfer therapy in Duchenne muscular dystrophy patients is discussed.
Distinction between ‘inflammatory’ and ‘immune’ macrophages killing Listeria monocytogenes in murine infection
Authors: Tran Huong Thi Thu , Cook Andrew D. , Ganas Marina , Cheers Christina
Published: July 2007

Two populations of efficiently phagocytic and bactcriolytic cells have been defined in the peritoneal cavity following infection of mice with Listeria monocytogenes. One was the result of a transient inflammatory response 2 days after intraperitoneal (i.p.) infection. It consisted of a mixture of monocyte/macrophages and neutrophils which, when separated on Percoll gradients or by adherence, were both highly bacteriolytic compared with normal resident peritoneal macrophages. It was rich in recently divided cells as evidenced by in vivo labelling with tritiated thymidine. Although having the enlarged, vacuolated appearance of ‘activated’ macrophages, three‐quarters of the monocyte/macrophages stained positive for myeloperoxidase (MPO), characteristic of monocytes rat her than mature macrophages. In contrast, intravenous (i.v.) infection, which localizes in spleen and liver, did not produce this early response in the peritoneal cavity. However, 8 days after either i.v. or i.p. infection there existed in the peritoneal cavity a highly active population of cells comprising chiefly macrophages of typical foamy appearance which did not stain for MPO+. They were actively phagocytic and bacteriolytic and, like the early inflammatory exudates, produced increased amounts of oxygen degradative products. They appear to typify the concept of macrophages activated by T cell mediated immunity. Two day peritoneal exudates induced in these previously infected mice by i.p. rechallenge with L. monocytogenes organisms comprised mostly MPO‐ macrophages.
Partial purification and characterization of low molecular weight antigens of Salmonella enteritidis 11RX
Authors: Vordermeier Hans‐Martin , Kotlarski Ieva
Published: July 2007

Sephadex G100 chromatography and preparative sodium dodecylsulfate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophorosis (SDS‐PAGE) using 16% polyacrylamide gels were used for the partial purification of 16–18 kDa proteins able to stimulate Salmonella enteritidis llRX‐primed T cells of (BALB/c × C57BL/6J) Fl mice. A soluble antigen (Ag) extract of S. enteritidis 11RX (s11RX) was used as the starting material for purification for two reasons. First, s11RX had been previously shown to induce in vitro proliferation of Salmonella‐primed T cells; second, initial analysis of SDS‐PAGE fractionated s11RX Ag using the “T cell western blot” technique indicated that T cell stimulatory activity was located only in the 16–18 kDa region. T he partially purified antigens were able to elicit delayed‐type hypersensitivity reactions in vivo, and stimulated in vitro proliferation and interleukin‐2 release from 11RX‐primod T cells and T cell lines and clones derived from these cells, indicating that they are major antigenic determinants of S. enteritidis 11RX. Testing of 16–18 kDa proteins of several other bacteria indicated that these antigens may be “common” and expressed by a number of organisms belonging to the Enterobaeteriacae.
Vaccinia virus‐mediated damage of murine ovaries and protection by virus‐expressed interleukin‐2
Authors: Karupiah Gunasegaran , Coupar Barbara , Ramshaw Ian , Boyle David , Blanden Robert , Andrew Marion
Published: July 2007

Vaccinia virus was shown to replicate in the ovaries of normal inbred mice and cause sufficient damage to ovarian follicles to decrease fertility of the mice. The mouse‐adapted strain. VV‐WR, had a greater affinity for growth in ovaries than the vaccine strains, VV‐Elstree. VV‐NYBH or VV‐Copenhagen. Virus reached the ovaries after intravenous or intraperitoneal inoculation, but not after subcutaneous inoculation in the foot pad. Intcrleukin‐2 (IL‐2), when expressed by a recombinant vaccinia virus was able to decrease the titre of virus in the ovaries and prevent infertility. Both non‐specific (natural killer cells) and antigen‐specific mechanisms were active within the ovaries and may play a role in the IL‐2‐mediated clearance of vaccinia virus.
Depression of humoral responses by murine cytomegalovirus infection
Authors: Price Patricia
Published: July 2007

The ability of mice infected with murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) to respond to unrelated antigens in vivo was studied in genetically sensitive BALB/c and genetically resistant CBA mice. Suppressed humoral responses were observed following intraperitoneal or intravenous antigen challenge a few days after infection. IgG production was depressed more frequently than IgM. The suppression was correlated with splenic atrophy and hyporesponsiveness of the residual spleen cells in vitro. The peritoneal macrophage response to intraperitoneal adjuvant challenge was also modified by the infection. Subcutaneous antigenic challenge elicited normal or elevated humoral and delayed‐type hypersensitivity responses, during which peripheral lymph nodes were consistently expanded. Antigen administered intraperitoneally without adjuvant on the day of infection also evoked elevated humoral responses. This correlates with the host's ability to respond to MCMV itself, possibly via primed cells seeded to the lymph nodes before the spleen was damaged by the infection.
The effect of glutamine on murine splenic leukocyte responses to T and B cell mitogens
Authors: Griffiths M. , Keast D.
Published: July 2007

Murine splenic leukocytes cannot be stimulated to synthesize [3H]‐DNA by various concentrations of either the T cell mitogens, Concanavalin‐A (Con‐A) or phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) or the B cell mitogen, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), unless glutamine is present in the culture medium. The optimum concentration of the T cell mitogens (Con‐A, PHA) remained constant for all levels of glutamine while that of the B cell mitogen (LPS) increased as the concentration of glutamine in the medium increased.
A novel approach to evaluating the reproducibility of a replication technique for the manufacture of electroconductive replicas for use in quantitative clinical dental wear studies
Authors: Chadwick R. G. , Mitchell H. L. , Ward S.
Published: July 2007

summary  The assessment of the progression of tooth surface loss has until recently been limited to either the application of subjective ranking scales or visual comparison of sequential study casts. The development of quantitative measuring techniques offers the potential of greater accuracy and sensitivity. As direct intra‐oral measurement is problematical such approaches often utilize impressions of the teeth, recorded at different epochs, to construct replicas for mapping and comparison. This in vitro investigation sought to determine the reproducibility of such an approach taking into account the total process chain. Two inlay cavities (one large, one small) were prepared in the palatal aspect of a plastic maxillary central incisor and restored with two flush fitting inlays. A series of impressions of this tooth were recorded, using a special tray and an addition cured light bodied silicone impression material (President, Coltene, Switzerland), with (a) both inlays in (b) both inlays out (c) large inlay out and small inlay in (d) large inlay in and small inlay out – a total of 16 impressions. Electroconductive replicas were fabricated from these and mapped using a computer controlled probe. Each series simulated wear of the tooth. A surface matching and difference detection algorithm was then used to compare each series of replicas and calculate the proportion of the surface undergoing simulated wear by a direct comparison of (a) matched to (b) or, indirectly as the summation of the results of matches of (a) with (c) and (a) with (d). The mean proportion of the surface with wear calculated directly was 26·6% (s.d.=0·6) and indirectly 26·1% (s.d. = 0·5). A one‐way anova revealed no significant difference (P > 0·05). It is concluded that determining wear by this method is highly reproducible.
Effects of variation in particle size on biaxial flexural strength of two conventional glass–ionomer cements
Authors: Kaplan A. E. , Williams J. , Billington R. W. , Braden M. , Pearson G. J.
Published: July 2007

summary  Conventional glass–ionomer cements (GICs) have a slow maturation time. Reduction in time of maturation may be achieved by acceleration of the setting reaction. One factor that assists this is the reduction in glass particle size producing a larger surface area for reaction. The resulting rapid set and more rapid maturation should potentially lead to less long‐term degradation. Biaxial strength measurements were made with respect to time for two GICs of similar compositions but with differing particle size distributions at different time intervals after immersion in both water and artificial saliva. There was little difference between the strength of the two materials over periods up to 12 weeks. A theoretical estimation of the relative surface areas of glasses showed that, despite there being twice the surface area available for reaction for one glass, there was little difference in strengths values between the two materials at any of the times tested here. The similarity in strength values despite this substantial difference suggests that the larger particles may have a greater influence in the cement forming process.
A potential link between oral status and hearing impairment: preliminary observations
Authors: Peeters J. , Naert I. , Carette E. , Manders E. , Jacobs R.
Published: July 2007

summary  Some previous studies suggest an association between tooth loss and hearing loss. The aim of this study is to assess the relation between oral status and hearing acuity. Forty‐eight patients (mean age: 64·7 years) were allocated to four groups: one was wearing complete dentures in both jaws, another had shortened dental arches, a third had full dental arches in both jaws and the last lacked any occlusal stops (i.e. no occlusal vertical dimension, because of the absence of teeth or occlusal pairs). Audiological testing was performed in a noise‐free chamber. Air and bone conduction were checked at different frequencies and the air‐bone gap was determined. After correction for age and gender, a difference in air and bone conduction because of the oral status was found for low and for high frequencies while no significant differences were (P < 0·05) found for the air‐bone gap. The number of teeth, number of occluding tooth pairs and presence or lack of occlusal vertical dimension, was significantly related to the gradient of hearing loss (P < 0·05). The discrepancy in hearing loss between complete denture wearers and patients without any occlusal vertical dimension, strengthens the hypothesis that it is the lack of the latter that is associated with hearing loss. At what level hearing loss occurs, needs further investigation.
Signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorders in Ecuadorian Indians
Authors: Jagger R. G. , Woolley S. M. , Savio L.
Published: July 2007

Summary  The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) in indigenous South American Indians. A total of 140 consecutive indigenous Indians (69 Quechua and 71 Colorado) attending a mobile dental health caravan in the Santo Domingo region of Ecuador were examined objectively and subjectively for signs and symptoms of TMD using a method similar to that used in previous studies. There was a prevalence of up to 41% of at least one symptom. The Quechua Indians reported a significantly higher prevalence of difficulty in opening of the mouth and pain in front of the ears than the Colorado Indians. There was a prevalence of up to 63% of at least one sign. The objective findings in the Colorado Indians were similar to those found to be present in a Scandinavian population and an Arab population in previous studies using similar methods. Signs and symptoms of TMD are common in Latin American Indians. Differences occur between different populations in the same geographical area.
Control of magnetic islands by pellet injection in tokamaks
Authors: Shaing K. C. , Houlberg W. A. , Peng M.
Published: July 2007

The appearance of magnetic islands in tokamaks degrades plasma confinement. It is therefore important to control or eliminate the growth of the islands to improve the performance of a tokamak. A theory is developed to control magnetic islands using the localized pressure gradient driven bootstrap current by injecting pellets at the O-point of the island to create a peaked plasma pressure profile inside the island. This localized bootstrap current replenishes the missing equilibrium bootstrap current density that causes the island to grow in the first place. It is shown that the effect of the localized bootstrap current tends to reduce or eliminate the original drive for the growth of the island in the island evolution equation. The theory is also valid for the localized bootstrap current created by localized heating, but with much less effectiveness. A possibility of eliminating the island by controlling the equilibrium profiles is also discussed.
Control of wave packets in Li2 by shaping the pump and probe pulses for a state-selected pump-probe analysis of the ionization continuum
Authors: Dai Xingcan , Leone Stephen R.
Published: July 2007

Wave packet signals in Li2 prepared by shaped pump pulses are also detected with state-selected shaped probe pulses in the ionization continuum. The results show that the final states are discrete Rydberg states instead of continuum states. Final autoionizing states in the continuum are observed and characterized. By selecting specific resonant rovibrational electronic transitions from the superposition states prepared in the wave packets to the final autoionizing states with the pulse shaping system, the modulation depths of the wave packet signals are increased by as much as 5.20±0.03 times. Control of the wave packets is also realized by shaping the probe pulses to select specific resonant transitions between the states in the wave packets and the highly excited Rydberg states. The detected amplitude ratio of one specific vibrational quantum beat to one specific rotational quantum beat can be decreased by ten times.
Inner topological structure of Hopf invariant
Authors: Ren Ji-rong , Li Ran , Duan Yi-shi
Published: July 2007

In light of ϕ-mapping topological current theory, the inner topological structure of Hopf invariant is investigated. It is revealed that Hopf invariant is just the winding number of Gauss mapping. According to the inner structure of topological current, a precise expression for Hopf invariant is also presented. It is the total sum of all the self-linking and all the linking numbers of the knot family.
Understanding light trapping by light scattering textured back electrodes in thin film n-i-p-type silicon solar cells
Authors: Franken R. H. , Stolk R. L. , Li H. , van der Werf C. H. M. , Rath J. K. , Schropp R. E. I.
Published: July 2007

For substrate n-i-p-type cells rough reflecting back contacts are used in order to enhance the short-circuit currents. The roughness at the electrode∕silicon interfaces is considered to be the key to efficient light trapping. Root-mean-square (rms) roughness, angular resolved scattering intensity, and haze are normally used to indicate the amount of scattering, but they do not quantitatively correlate with the current enhancement. It is proposed that the lateral dimensions should also be taken into account. Based on fundamental considerations, we have analyzed by atomic force microscopy specific lateral dimensions that are considered to have a high scattering efficiency. Textured back reflectors with widely varying morphologies have been developed by the use of sputtered Ag and Ag:AlOx layers. For these layers we have weighted the rms roughness of the surface with the lateral dimensions of the effective scattering features. A clear correlation is found between the current generation under (infra)red light in microcrystalline (μc-Si:H) n-i-p solar cells and the weighted rms value of the Ag back contacts. Furthermore, the surface plasmon absorption of the rough Ag back contact has been found to be a significant limiting factor for the current enhancement. Using Ag:AlOx layers on glass, deposited at substrate temperatures below 300°C, a μc-Si:H n-i-p solar cell is obtained with an efficiency of 8.1%. Using textured Ag layers made at a higher substrate temperature on a stainless steel substrate we have developed a hot-wire chemical vapor deposited μc-Si:H n-i-p-type solar cell with 8.5% efficiency.
Structural effect of a two-dimensional SiO2 photonic crystal layer on extraction efficiency in sputter-deposited Y2O3:Eu3+ thin-film phosphors
Authors: Ko Ki-Young , Lee Young Kwang , Do Young Rag , Huh Young-Duk
Published: July 2007

We determined the effects of varying the structural parameters of two-dimensional (2D) square lattice SiO2 photonic crystal (PC) arrays on the efficiency of extraction of the photoluminescence (PL) of sputter-deposited Y2O3:Eu3+ thin films, in which the interface between the phosphor layer and the quartz substrate was modified with the 2D SiO2 PC pattern. The structural parameters of the 2D PC pattern were optimized according to their effects on the light extraction efficiency and similar trends were found for both the as-grown and the post-annealed samples; the samples with lattice constants in the range 400−600 nm exhibit the largest enhancement, there is increased enhancement with pattern height increases up to ∼420 nm, and the samples with a filling ratio of ∼0.20 exhibit the maximum enhancement of the extraction efficiency. For 2D PC patterns with a depth of 420 nm, a lattice constant of 600 nm, and a filling ratio of 0.2, the optimum PL extraction efficiencies of as-grown (350 °C) and post-annealed (900 °C) Y2O3:Eu3+ thin-film phosphors were improved by factors of more than 8.6 and 4.8, respectively, with respect to those of flat Y2O3:Eu3+ thin films. We investigated the reasons for this difference between the enhancements of the extraction efficiencies of the as-grown and post-annealed Y2O3:Eu3+ thin films deposited on 2D PC quartz substrates, in order to determine the factors affecting the extraction efficiencies of 2D PC layer assisted thin-film phosphors.
Dynamic diamond anvil cell (dDAC): A novel device for studying the dynamic-pressure properties of materials
Authors: Evans William J. , Yoo Choong-Shik , Lee Geun Woo , Cynn Hyunchae , Lipp Magnus J. , Visbeck Ken
Published: July 2007

We have developed a unique device, a dynamic diamond anvil cell (dDAC), which repetitively applies a time-dependent load/pressure profile to a sample. This capability allows studies of the kinetics of phase transitions and metastable phases at compression (strain) rates of up to 500GPa∕s (∼0.16s−1 for a metal). Our approach adapts electromechanical piezoelectric actuators to a conventional diamond anvil cell design, which enables precise specification and control of a time-dependent applied load/pressure. Existing DAC instrumentation and experimental techniques are easily adapted to the dDAC to measure the properties of a sample under the varying load/pressure conditions. This capability addresses the sparsely studied regime of dynamic phenomena between static research (diamond anvil cells and large volume presses) and dynamic shock-driven experiments (gas guns, explosive, and laser shock). We present an overview of a variety of experimental measurements that can be made with this device.
Light emission from an ambipolar semiconducting polymer field effect transistor: Analysis of the device physics
Authors: Swensen James S. , Yuen Jonathan , Gargas Dan , Buratto Steven K. , Heeger Alan J.
Published: July 2007

Light emitting field-effect transistors (LEFETs) were fabricated with a low work function metal (calcium) and a high work function metal (gold) as the source and drain electrodes. The gold electrode serves as the source for holes into the π band and the drain for electrons from the π* band; the calcium electrode serves as the source for electrons into the π* band and the drain for holes from the π band. For 65V<VG<103V, the LEFET operates in the ambipolar regime. The emission zone has been spatially resolved (as it is moved across the channel by sweeping the gate voltage) using confocal microscopy; the full width at half maximum is 2μm. At the gate voltage extremes (VG=0 or VG=150V), the electron (hole) density extends all the way across the 16μm channel such that the electron (hole) accumulation layer functions as the cathode (anode) for a light-emitting diode, with opposite carrier injection by tunneling; i.e., the carrier densities are sufficiently high that the accumulation layer functions as a low resistance contact, implying near metallic transport.
Threading dislocation behavior in AlN nucleation layers for GaN growth on 4H-SiC
Authors: Picard Y. N. , Twigg M. E. , Mastro M. A. , Eddy C. R. , Henry R. L. , Holm R. T. , Neudeck P. G. , Trunek A. J. , Powell J. A.
Published: July 2007

Threading dislocations in thin (<200nm) AlN nucleation layers (NLs) grown by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition on top of 4H-SiC on-axis mesas with atomic-scale steps were analyzed by transmission electron microscopy. The AlN NL controlled threading dislocations in an overlying ∼2μm GaN layer through two identified mechanisms: threading half-loop formation and dislocation bending at V-shaped pits. Threading dislocations in the AlN film could be traced directly to bilayer 4H-SiC steps at the substrate/film interface. These observations reveal several approaches to extended defect reduction in GaN films grown on 4H-SiC.
Association of cervical cancer with the presence of CD4+regulatory T cells specific for human papillomavirus antigens
Authors: van der Burg Sjoerd H. , Piersma Sytse J. , de Jong Annemieke , van der Hulst Jeanette M. , Kwappenberg Kitty M. C. , van den Hende Muriel , Welters Marij J. P. , Van Rood Jon J. , Fleuren Gert Jan , Melief Cornelis J. M. , Kenter Gemma G. , Offringa Rienk
Published: July 2007

Because of their important role in the maintenance of self-tolerance, CD4+regulatory T cells prevent autoimmune diseases but also curtail the efficacy of T cell immune responses against cancers. We now show that this suppressive action of CD4+regulatory T cells is not limited to cancers displaying tumor-associated self antigens, such as melanomas, but also extends to human papillomavirus (HPV)-positive cervical cancers that express foreign tumor antigens. HPV-specific CD4+T cells isolated from lymph node biopsies of cervical cancer patients were found to suppress proliferation and cytokine (IFN-γ, IL-2) production by responder T cells. The capacity of HPV-specific CD4+T cells to exert this suppressive effect depended on their activation by cognate HPV antigen and on close-range interactions with responder T cells. HPV-specific CD4+regulatory T cells were also retrieved from cervical cancer biopsies, suggesting that they interfere with the anti-tumor immune response at both the induction and effector levels. Our findings offer a plausible explanation for the observed failure of the tumor-specific immune response in patients with cervical carcinoma.
Contemporary Iranian Art: The Emergence of New Artistic Discourses
Authors: Keshmirshekan Hamid
Published: July 2007

This article deals with the emerging discourses and concerns that have dominated the Iranian art community mainly since 1997. It discusses the existing, or rather conflicting, views of the current situation of the visual arts in Iran as expressed in recent artistic events, productions, and exhibitions as well as in critical reviews. It does not fully discuss the variety of artistic genres in Iran, but examines the dominant ideas from the main opposing factions of cultural and artistic thought. It also aims at identifying the structural changes in Iranian art as well as the prevailing artistic policy of recent years.
Two Tales of a City: An Exploratory Study of Cultural Consumption among Iranian Youth
Authors: Jafari Aliakbar
Published: July 2007

The complexity of the issues of youth has made this broad subject a focal theme for a large number of researchers and scholars who have looked at it from different perspectives (e.g., anthropology, sociology, psychology, and politics). Positioned in consumer culture theory, this paper is another attempt to explore a different dimension of the youth's world: cultural consumption among Iranian youth. The article, therefore, follows two objectives: First, within the context of cultural consumption among young Iranians, it seeks to demonstrate the complexity of consumption as a creative process of reflecting and constructing identities, meanings, and values. Second, it examines the impact of cultural globalization on the identity of such consumers and the varying relationships between their consumption patterns and identity construction. In so doing, the first part of the paper will concisely elaborate on consumer culture. Then, cultural globalization will be briefly defined and, within this framework, consumer culture among Iranian youth will be discussed.
Clinical implications of HER‐2/neu overexpression and proteolytic activity imbalance in breast cancer
Authors: Swellam Menha , Arab Lobna R. Ezz El , Bushnak Hussein A.
Published: July 2007

The aggressive biological behavior of invasive and metastatic cancer is considered to be the most insidious and life‐threatening aspect for breast cancer patients. It is mostly the result of changes in many molecular characteristics of tumor cells, including alterations in gene expression and the balance of proteolytic activity. The objective of this study was to determine the level of MMP‐2, its natural inhibitor TIMP‐2, their ratio and HER‐2/neu as diagnostic and prognostic factors. Markers were analyzed in 240 tissue samples categorized into 96 benign breast disease and 144 breast cancer patients. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay procedure was used to evaluate the level of MMP‐2 and TIMP‐2 in the cell lysate, HER‐2/neu in the membrane fraction, and steroid hormone receptors (ER and PgR) in the cytosol fraction. Breast cancer patients were followed‐up for three years. Receiver operating characteristic curves were used to determine the cutoff points for the investigated factors. Positive values for all investigated factors were significantly increased in breast cancer patients compared to benign ones. Mean levels for all investigated factors were significantly correlated with lymph node and hormone receptor status, while MMP‐2 and TIMP‐2 were correlated with tumor grade (P < 0.05). In Univariate analysis, positive MMP‐2, MMP‐2/TIMP‐2, HER‐2/neu overexpression, higher tumor grade, late clinical stages and positive lymph nodes status were significantly associated with relapse. By multivariate analysis, all aforementioned factors apart from tumor grade were independent variables. Thus, the investigated markers are constructive for biologic aggressiveness of breast cancer and MMP‐2/TIMP‐2 ratio might be a new significant marker in early diagnosis and estimate prognosis in breast cancer.
iubmb Life, 59: 1‐8, 2007
Yeast Cells Lacking theCIT1-encoded Mitochondrial Citrate Synthase Are Hypersusceptible to Heat- or Aging-induced Apoptosis
Authors: Lee Yong Joo , Hoe Kwang Lae , Maeng Pil Jae
Published: July 2007

In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the initial reaction of the tricarboxylic acid cycle is catalyzed by the mitochondrial citrate synthase Cit1. The function of Cit1 has previously been studied mainly in terms of acetate utilization and metabolon construction. Here, we report the relationship between the function of Cit1 and apoptosis. Yeast cells with cit1 deletion showed a temperature-sensitive growth phenotype, and they displayed a rapid loss in viability associated with typical apoptotic hallmarks, i.e., reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and nuclear fragmentation, DNA breakage, and phosphatidylserine translocation, when exposed to heat stress. On long-term cultivation, cit1 null strains showed increased potentials for both aging-induced apoptosis and adaptive regrowth. Activation of the metacaspase Yca1 was detected during heat- or aging-induced apoptosis in cit1 null strains, and accordingly, deletion of YCA1 suppressed the apoptotic phenotype caused by cit1 null mutation. Cells with cit1 deletion showed higher tendency toward glutathione (GSH) depletion and subsequent ROS accumulation than the wild type, which was rescued by exogenous GSH, glutamate, or glutathione disulfide (GSSG). These results led us to conclude that GSH deficiency in cit1 null cells is caused by an insufficient supply of glutamate necessary for biosynthesis of GSH rather than the depletion of reducing power required for reduction of GSSG to GSH.
The effect of including length structure in yield-per-recruit estimates for northeast Arctic cod
Authors: Kvamme Cecilie , Bogstad Bjarte
Published: July 2007

Kvamme, C., and Bogstad, B. 2007. The effect of including length structure in yield-per-recruit estimates for northeast Arctic cod. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 64: 357–368. For northeast Arctic cod (Gadus morhua), traditional age-based estimates of yield per recruit (YPR) are compared with alternative, though comparable, YPR estimates calculated using an age–length-structured model. In the age–length-structured model, growth, fishing mortality, and natural mortality depend only on length, not on age. This model considers possible changes in size-at-age caused by, for example, a length-selective fishery, and therefore, by comparing the different YPR estimates, the importance of considering the stock's length structure can be evaluated. Length- and weight-at-age of stock and catches were influenced by exploitation pattern and pressure. Such changes are not considered in traditional estimates of YPR, for which weight-at-age is fixed and strictly speaking only representative for the current fishery. Consequently, traditional YPR estimates were somewhat higher than the age–length-based estimates for exploiting smaller fish than at present, and the other way round for exploiting larger fish. Both models indicated a gain in YPR for reducing just exploitation pressure (traditional YPR, 13%; alternative model, 20%) or both reducing exploitation pressure and postponing exploitation (traditional YPR, 23–31%; alternative model, 33–48%), compared with the current fishery.
Negotiation framework for Baltic fisheries management: striking the balance of interest
Authors: Aps Robert , Kell Laurence T. , Lassen Hans , Liiv Innar
Published: July 2007

Aps, R., Kell, L.T., Lassen, H., and Liiv, I. 2007. Negotiation framework for Baltic fisheries management: striking the balance of interest. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 64: 858–861. We explore the issue of balancing stakeholder interests in the translation of science-based advice into agreed management measures. We also analyse the outcome of negotiations within the International Baltic Sea Fishery Commission (IBSFC) for setting the total allowable catch (TAC) for Baltic herring, sprat, cod, and salmon between 1977 and 2004. Given the political and economic pressure inherent in fishery management, IBSFC Contracting Parties, as maximizers of economic value, often set the TAC by unit stock in excess of what was considered sustainable. TACs set in excess of sustainable levels of exploitation (decision-overfishing) reflect the relative importance that negotiating parties attribute to the interests of multiple groups participating in the fishing industry. Such decision-overfishing can be seen as management failure to secure public interest in the long-term health of fish populations. The potential political and social causes of overfishing have to be addressed and removed before measures can be implemented that might reach the goal of sustainable development.
Inferring marine distribution of Canadian and Irish Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) in the North Atlantic from tissue concentrations of bio-accumulated caesium 137
Authors: Spares Aaron D. , Reader Jeffery M. , Stokesbury Michael J. W. , McDermott Tom , Zikovsky Lubomir , Avery Trevor S. , Dadswell Michael J.
Published: July 2007

Spares, A.D., Reader, J.M., Stokesbury, M.J.W., McDermott, T., Zikovsky, L., Avery, T.S., and Dadswell, M.J. 2007. Inferring marine distribution of Canadian and Irish Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) in the North Atlantic from tissue concentrations of bio-accumulated caesium 137. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 64: 394–404. Atlantic salmon returning from marine migrations to eastern Canada and western Ireland during 2002 and 2003 were analysed for tissue concentrations of bio-accumulated caesium 137 (137Cs). Salmon from Canadian and Irish waters demonstrated concentrations (0.20 ± 0.14 Bq kg−1 and 0.19 ± 0.09 Bq kg−1, mean ± s.d., respectively) suggesting similar oceanic feeding distributions during migration. Canadian aquaculture escapees had a similar mean tissue concentration (0.28 ± 0.22 Bq kg−1), suggesting migration with wild salmon. However, significantly higher concentrations in 1-sea-winter (1SW) escapees (0.43 ± 0.25 Bq kg−1) may alternatively suggest feeding within local estuaries. High concentrations in some Canadian 1SW salmon indicated trans-Atlantic migration. Low concentrations of Canadian multi-sea-winter (MSW) salmon suggested a feeding distribution in the Labrador and Irminger Seas before homeward migration, because those regions have the lowest surface water 137Cs levels. Estimates of wild Canadian and Irish salmon feeding east of the Faroes (∼8°W) were 14.2% and 10.0% (1SW, 24.7% and 11.5%; MSW, 2.9% and 0.0%), respectively. We propose that most anadromous North Atlantic salmon utilize the North Atlantic Gyre for marine migration and should be classified as a single trans-Atlantic straddling stock.
The Norwegian ecosystem-based management plan for the Barents Sea
Authors: Olsen Erik , Gjøsæter Harald , Røttingen Ingolf , Dommasnes Are , Fossum Petter , Sandberg Per
Published: July 2007

Olsen, E., Gjøsæter, H., Røttingen, I., Dommasnes, A., Fossum, P., and Sandberg, P. 2007. The Norwegian ecosystem-based management plan for the Barents Sea. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 64: 599–602.

In April 2006, the Norwegian government launched a White Paper on a new holistic management plan for the Norwegian part of the Barents Sea, including the fishery protection zone around Svalbard. Following international guidelines for ecosystem-based management, the plan provides an overall framework for managing all human activities (oil and gas industry, fishing, and shipping) in the area to ensure the continued health, production, and function of the Barents Sea ecosystem. The primary function of area-based management is the identification of areas of special importance from either ecological or human perspectives. In each area, access for different human activities is to be carefully managed. The plan is based on an assessment of the current and anticipated impact of human activities and of the interactions between them, taking into account deficits in current knowledge of ecosystem state and dynamics. To monitor the overall development of the Barents Sea's state of health, a set of indicators with associated environmental quality objectives has been developed.