bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ugandan Context and Description of Sample and Data
Authors: Kabay Sarah
Published: September 2021

In any country-specific case study, how a country is perceived will influence how the subject of the case is perceived, as well as its broader relevance. In addition, primary education in many ways reflects the society in which it takes place. For these reasons, it is useful to consider the Ugandan context in order to consider its experience with primary education and its position as a case study. This chapter offers some details and background to help frame the Ugandan context, intending to serve as a brief sketch of the issues that define the population of children served by Uganda’s primary education and the factors that influence and define that education. The chapter also includes a basic description of the sample, data, and methods of analysis used in the empirical analysis throughout the book.
Legitimate Expectation
Authors: Daly Paul
Published: September 2021

Chapters 2 to 7 laid out the argument that contemporary administrative law can be understood in terms of administrative law values. This chapter is less concerned with interpreting the decided cases than with prescribing how judges ought to deal with potential conflict between the values. The chapter’s extended case study of legitimate expectation allows the demonstration of how the values might guide the resolution of difficult administrative law questions. A pluralist account of legitimate expectation is set out, building on the values present in the decided cases. The chapter begins by explaining how the values of individual self-realisation, good administration, electoral legitimacy and decisional autonomy manifest themselves in the decided cases. It then proceeds to outline how the values should be reconciled so as to guide the resolution of difficult questions, focusing on the contentious areas of knowledge and reliance, substantive legitimate expectations and enforcement of ultra vires legitimate expectations.
The Necessity of Contingency
Authors: Özsu Umut
Published: September 2021

Of all the standard criticisms of Marxism, the claim that it is wedded to a mechanical and deterministic account of history is among the most pervasive. It is also among the least defensible. This chapter argues that Marxism affords an especially strong set of analytical tools for explaining the contingencies of international law. Romanticising the concept of contingency as illuminative of aporia or ruptures—moments of radical uncertainty utterly at odds with the broader social contexts in which they register—risks relegating the events under scrutiny to the status of mutually unrelated accidents, to be lauded or lambasted in isolation or loose association. By contrast, a Marxist analysis of international law, one that is alive to the co-constitutive relations between class power and juridical authority, provides an explanatory framework within which contingencies may be comprehended. My argument proceeds in two stages. I first revisit some of the ways in which Marx engaged directly with questions of law and rights. I then draw upon Nicos Poulantzas’ theory of the state to propose a new Marxist approach to international law. My contention is that the question of law under capitalism is closely related to the question of contingency under capitalism, that the Marxist tradition’s responses to both questions are considerably more nuanced than they have generally been made out to be, and that being a ‘Marxist’ requires commitment not to the view that all contingency is illusory but simply to the view that contingency (like agency) is socially conditioned.
Historical Base and Legal Superstructure
Authors: Tedeschini Michele
Published: September 2021

As international criminal law lives through an endless crisis, some commentators cast doubt on its suitability to confront episodes of mass atrocity. This chapter addresses the question of international criminal law’s necessity from a historical perspective, revisiting a moment in which the whole enterprise seemed on the verge of collapsing: Duško Tadić’s 1995 challenge to the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY). Following out Susan Marks’s famous appeal, the analysis attempts to read both contingency and necessity into the reasoning which led the ICTY Trial and Appeals chambers to dismiss said challenge. It then claims that the judges’ approach can be interpreted through the lens of Pierre Bourdieu’s notion of habitus, internalised history orienting individuals towards certain choices and away from others. But even when the behaviour of specific agents is at stake, using the habitus as an explanatory tool keeps redirecting towards questions of structure. Accordingly, it appears that in instances of groundless adjudication like the Tadić challenge, where international law is called to pronounce on the foundations of the very practices it supports, structure determines outcomes much more than human agency does. Yet, noting that any analytical concept is an authorial construct—including contingency and necessity, agency and structure—the chapter concludes by problematising its own findings, and by reminding scholars of the political responsibility intrinsic to historical inquiry.
What If Arvid Pardo Had Not Made his Famous Speech?
Authors: Ranganathan Surabhi
Published: September 2021

This chapter explores whether and what might have changed had one famous speech not been made. The speech in question was Arvid Pardo’s November 1967 address to the First Committee of the UN General Assembly. Through the lens of tracking Pardo’s contribution which is both over- and understated in the literature, the chapter discusses why in the 1960s and after, states, international lawyers, and even civil society organisations became and have remained invested in the unlikely project of deep seabed mining. By retrieving the contingencies of the moment in which the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea was drafted and its provisions and concepts given fixed associations, the chapter argues for radical readings that might be truer to that treaty’s constitutional promise.
Contravention and Creation of Law during the French Revolution
Authors: Kolla Edward
Published: September 2021

Moments of infraction of international law can generate new law. These can also be important examples of contingency in the history of international law, if the process occurs as an unintended consequence of actors’ aims. The French Revolution was just such an instance. The transmission of sovereignty from the person of the king to the collective populace of France was a central feature of the Revolution. Unplanned by revolutionaries, the principle of popular sovereignty bled into international law and became a new justification for claims to territory—a precept which, by the twentieth century, came to be called national self-determination. This chapter explores how the will of the people became a force in international law, inadvertently from the perspective of revolutionaries, as a result of changing public opinion, claims of jurisprudential and moral legitimacy, and military force.
Polling for Peace
Authors: Faragher Megan
Published: September 2021

Reflecting on British public response to Italy’s incursion into Abyssinia in 1935, journalist F.W. Deedes argued that the 1934 Peace Ballot, a widespread national referendum evincing public support for the League of Nations, had successfully turned public opinion against interventionism. Completed by over eleven million people, the Peace Ballot was the most influential public opinion survey of the 1930s. It was also a press sensation, drawing praise by League advocates and disdain from conservative papers, which referred to it as a “Ballot of Blood.” This chapter traces both optimism and skepticism over polling when it first entered public discourse via the newspapers. While Waugh’s Scoop (1938) details the hapless efforts of the aesthete and nature-writer William Boot to provide honest reporting of the Abyssinian Crisis, the overwhelming powers of press magnates and their financial interests undermine his work by manipulating and capitalizing on public opinion. Waugh’s skeptical vision of public opinion in Scoop mirrored his public critiques of the research organization Mass-Observation, whose practices of public observation he likened to the actions of “keyhole-observers and envelope-steamers,” and whose methods, he argued, would empower authoritarians seeking to control public opinion. Mirroring similar themes of Storm Jameson’s novel None Turn Back (1936), Scoop not only critiques the newspaper trade, but also denounces institutionalized public opinion and its imbrication in the newspaper industry in the 1930s. Like other skeptics, Waugh challenges the utopian notion that polling fosters unmediated exposure to public thought; the mediation of polling through the political morass of newspapers elicited fears that polling would become just one more media cudgel with which to shape and manipulate public sentiment.
What Is the Spectrum?
Authors: Lazzarini Victor
Published: September 2021

This chapter provides a gentle introduction to the concepts of audio signals, functions, the time and frequency domains. It discusses the fundamental ideas about the spectrum in a mostly non-mathematical way. The reader is guided through the typical parameters of sound waveforms, and shown various ways to represent their spectra. Rudiments of auditory perception and psychoacoustics are also introduced, providing the basis for the rest of the volume. A provisional definition of the spectrum is put forward at the conclusion.
The Spectra of Filters
Authors: Lazzarini Victor
Published: September 2021

This chapter now turns to the discussion of filters, which extend the notion of spectrum beyond signals into the processes themselves. A gentle introduction to the concept of delaying signals, aided by yet another variant of the Fourier transform, the discrete-time Fourier transform, allows the operation of filters to be dissected. Another analysis tool, in the form of the z-transform, is brought to the fore as a complex-valued version of the discrete-time Fourier transform. A study of the characteristics of filters, introducing the notion of zeros and poles, as well as finite impulse response (FIR) and infinite impulse response (IIR) forms, composes the main body of the text. This is complemented by a discussion of filter design and applications, including ideas related to time-varying filters. The chapter conclusion expands once more the definition of spectrum.
Was It All Worth It? Queen in the 1980s
Authors: Braae Nick
Published: September 2021

Queen’s albums in the 1980s were received with mixed reactions by critics, and such reactions present a clear historiographical narrative: a downturn with Hot Space, followed by a return to mediocre hard rock from The Works onwards. This chapter considers how the themes of these receptions relate to musical details. It is argued that the disparaging of Hot Space rests on Queen altering the instrumental structures of their songs compared with their idiolect of the previous decade. By comparison, the later albums return to this sound-world, but with repetitive harmonic and rhythmic formulae, such that there is a lack of variety in the newer hard rock songs. The chapter closes with a reading of the 1989 track ‘Was It All Worth It?’ which aims to emulate a ‘classic’ Queen song from the 1970s, but appears jumbled and structurally incoherent, an apt metaphor for the band in the 1980s.
Queen’s Jubilee
Authors: Braae Nick
Published: September 2021

Queen’s final album before Mercury’s death was widely viewed as a return to Queen’s distinct style, and also includes a number of reflective lyrics that were likely written with knowledge of the singer’s ill health. It is demonstrated how the title track embodies the idiolect principles of Queen’s 1970s output in terms of exploring new stylistic ground, while staying rooted in the familiar textural and arrangement patterns. Drawing on Said and Straus, Innuendo can be viewed as reflecting a ‘late style’ for Queen, but one that is defined by a retreat to a past musical style of their own, in contrast to other conceptions of this aesthetic defined in relation to classical composers.
Origins
Authors: Leibman Laura Arnold
Published: September 2021

How does a family lose its past? Portuguese Jew Abraham Rodrigues Brandon claimed his daughter Sarah had always been Jewish but shortly after her birth Sarah Brandon was baptized Anglican at Saint Michael’s Church in Bridgetown, Barbados. Like her brother Isaac, Sarah was born enslaved and would not be freed until the nineteenth century dawned, her manumission detailed in the record books of the same church. Sarah and her brother were enslaved by the Jewish Lopez family—and sometimes used their last name. Like most urban enslaved families, Sarah and Isaac’s family was matriarchal, with at least four generations living under the Lopez’s roof. Yet despite living amid the Jewish community, Sarah and Isaac technically were not part of it. This chapter traces how Sarah and Isaac Brandon’s British, Jewish, and African ancestors came to the Caribbean, and it investigates the challenges of colonial archives for understanding multiracial Jewish histories.
When I Am Gone
Authors: Leibman Laura Arnold
Published: September 2021

Personal and financial loss continued to blight Isaac, Joshua, and their children’s lives. Joshua and Isaac immersed themselves in business, and left the child rearing to the unwed Moses sisters. Bookkeeping wasn’t the men’s forte: they lived beyond their means in a fashionable neighborhood near St. John’s Park, where they were joined briefly by Isaac’s father Abraham Rodrigues Brandon, his new mistress, and his second brood of children. When Brandon’s death left Isaac guardian of his younger half-siblings, he enrolled them in British Jewish boarding schools as per his father’s wishes. Then Joshua died unexpectedly, and Sarah’s children became utterly beholden to their Moses aunts and uncles. Increasingly, Isaac sought refuge on the island, the old controversy about whether he should count as a full Jew having been laid to rest.
Thralls in Runic Inscriptions
Authors: Brink Stefan
Published: September 2021

Runes are the indigenous writing system in Viking-Age Scandinavia, and therefore a very important source for this, otherwise, oral society. There are around 3,000 runic inscriptions, but the mentioning of thralls are extremely rare. Only a handful examples can be discussed, such as the words bryti and fostri/fostra, and a couple concerning freed slaves, løysar. This should not be surprising, since there probably was no cause for commemorating a slave in a runic inscription.
Terms for Thralls and Their Meanings
Authors: Brink Stefan
Published: September 2021

In this chapter words for slaves are discussed using etymological and semantic analyses, and confronting the result with non-linguistic contextual evidence. The main words for a male and a female slave was obviously þræll and ambótt, the former probably an indigenous North-Germanic construction, the latter a loan word from Gallo-Latin. The terminological analysis reveal that although the legal situation for a slave in early Scandinavia was rather black-and-white – you where either free or unfree – socially there was more of a gliding grey-scale. This is also found in the earliest laws, especially where the laws describe the penalties for killing or abusing a slave; the penalties differed, sometimes quite remarkably. This analysis leads over to a discussion of a “patron–client” kind of situation. With a background in personal names, such as Wealtheow, Ansedeus, Angelþéow etc., where the second element is a word tewaz ‘slave, servant’, and the first element often the name of a god or a people, it is possible to identify an cultural code in early European societies.
Thralls in the Archaeological Material
Authors: Brink Stefan
Published: September 2021

It is natural that archaeology becomes a very important source for an non-literacy (pre-historic) society such as Viking-Age Scandinavia. The problem here isif it is possible to excavate “unfreedom”? Many archaeologists have addressed this conundrum. I am in this book assuming that the so-called double burials, where one of the burid has been decapitated, can be one of the more “certain” cases, where we can assume that the decapitated has been a slave, which has been thrown into the grave to follow his master to the other world. Also some circumstantial evidences have been highlighted by archaeologists, supposed to be linked with slavery, such as pit houses, pottery, iron shackles, DNA and strontium analyses.
Insurgents Left to their Own Devices—1942
Authors: Pavlowitch Stevan K.
Published: September 2021

This chapter introduces the eminent historian and constitutional lawyer, Slobodan Jovanović, who took over a reshuffled Yugoslav government in London from General Dušan Simović. Jovanović wanted to improve the position of the government by contributing Dragoljub Mihailović's resistance to the Allied cause, while helping him obtain unity among, and loyalty from, the insurgent forces. The chapter then highlights the idea of a 'Ravna Gora movement,' which would reorganise Yugoslavia into a state with social justice and without political differences, and one where Serbs would never again be trapped under the non-Serb rule. It recounts Mihailović's campaign of total civil disobedience in Serbia and the impacts of his sabotage action on Germany. The chapter also details a power-sharing arrangement between the Italian military, Montenegrin Greens, and two sets of unionist chetniks, described as an 'Italian—Chetnik condominium' and the move of Marshall Tito's Supreme Staff and of his main force from Užice to Foča, in the highlands of south-east Bosnia following the continued risings in the country. Ultimately, the chapter analyses the outcome of the expulsion of the intelligentsia, the mass enrolment of the population in official German organisations and continued reprisals for even minor offences on the resistance in northern Slovenia.
Conclusion: The Death and Rebirth of Yugoslavia
Authors: Pavlowitch Stevan K.
Published: September 2021

This concluding chapter discusses Yugoslavia, by the time that it had been destroyed, and how all Balkan governments became part of the Nazi New Order. It analyses the ideologies and occupation policies of Hitler's Germany and Mussolini's Italy and the historical justification of Yugoslavia. What German plans were made for the Balkans reveal a future of toil, subsistence standards of living and political impotence. Their purpose was to provide the Reich with the material means to pursue the war, and then to ensure the continued oppression of the non-Germanic subject populations. By the time Hitler attacked the Soviet Union, Yugoslavia had been well and truly conquered, destroyed, partitioned, 'revisioned' and subjugated. The chapter then takes a look at how Yugoslavia survived as a nominal legal entity in the Allied camp, upheld by its government in exile, and acknowledged and supported by Britain, the US and the USSR. The chapter also introduces the concept of 'national liberation', which became the predicate of Tito's KPJ movement — Narodnooslobodilački pokret (NOP) and Narodnooslobodilačka vojska (NOV).
Introduction
Authors: Rhode Deborah L.
Published: September 2021

This chapter begins by defining ambition and situating it in contemporary context. In conventional usage, ambition has come to focus on external markers of success, such as recognition, power, and money. Recent technological and cultural forces have given ambitions a wider stage, made power grabs more dangerous, and made competition for wealth and recognition more intense and consequential. The chapter concludes with an overview of the central themes of the book. One is the toxic consequences of an excessive focus on external metrics such as recognition, power, and money. Another is the obstacles to ambition based on gender, race, class, and national origin. A third is the important role of families and schools in developing constructive ambition. And a final theme is the importance of focusing on ambitions that will meet intrinsic needs for meaning and fulfillment, such as nurturing relationships and contributing to ends that transcend the self.
In Reverse Order—The Third Pandemic First
Authors: Wiedenmann Robert N. , Fisher J. Ray
Published: September 2021

This chapter reviews the history of the human disease popularly known as plague, which has caused three major pandemics in the past two millennia, focusing on the most recent pandemic and the discovery of the insect that transmitted the disease. It begins with the Third Pandemic started in 1855, which began in Yunnan Province in southwestern China, an area rich in geological and biological diversity. Infections increased as the disease slowly spread to Hong Kong, where it reached epidemic levels in 1894. From there, maritime trade on steamships carried the plague to India, Australia, and then worldwide, to Africa, Europe, and the Americas. The chapter describes how, while the pandemic raged, scientists investigated the cause of the disease, learning that bacteria carried by Oriental rat fleas and rats were responsible. This pandemic killed at least 15 million people, mostly in India, and continued for nearly a century.
The Caribbean, Carlos Finlay, Walter Reed, and Serendipity
Authors: Wiedenmann Robert N. , Fisher J. Ray
Published: September 2021

This chapter reviews the role of expanding sugarcane plantations throughout the Caribbean in the movement of slaves, mosquitoes and disease, as world empires jockeyed for dominance in world sugar markets. It relates how increased sugarcane production and exports to Europe led to increased importation of slaves to work the fields. As the African embarkation point of slaves moved north to the Slave Coast, yellow fever and the mosquito Aedes aegypti came into play, though when England banned slaveholding, sugar production shifted to the Spanish colonies of Puerto Rico and Cuba. The brief Spanish-American War of 1898, over control of Cuba, cemented the fame of Colonel Theodore Roosevelt but resulted in more deaths from yellow fever than combat, with the outbreak continuing during the post-war occupation of Cuba. Serendipity played a significant role in the subsequent discovery of the cause of the disease, connecting the Yellow Fever Commission, led by Major Walter Reed, with Cuban physician, Dr. Carlos Finlay, whose early experiments pointed to mosquitos and others while a series of experiments by Reed's team showed Aedes aegypti was the vector.
Tying the Silken Threads
Authors: Wiedenmann Robert N. , Fisher J. Ray
Published: September 2021

This chapter considers the five insects highlighted in this book and a common thread they all share, linked by the Silk Roads of Asia. All have had immeasurable impacts on human history, both positive and negative, though numerous other insect species also have stories to tell. As this chapter shows, the stories of all five insects in this book converge in their influence on the life and legacy of Napoleon, who wore silk clothes, was impacted by the diseases vectored by fleas and mosquitoes, and took honey bees as his emblem. The vectors of diseases were particularly impactful, and three species feature in decisive battles lost by Napoleon: fleas carrying plague defeated his expeditionary force in Egypt and Syria; mosquitos carrying yellow fever forced the withdrawal of French forces in Haiti; and human lice carrying typhus defeated the Grand Armée in Russia. Following their defeat and withdrawal from Haiti, the French sold their American land to the United States in the Louisiana Purchase. As this chapter shows: never doubt for a moment that insects have shaped history in ways that are usually not seen.
The (Un)Written Constitution
Authors: Thomas George
Published: September 2021

The late Justice Scalia relished pointing to departures from text as departures from the Constitution, but in fact his jurisprudence relied on unwritten ideas. As textualism has become more prominent with the elevation of Justices Gorsuch, Kavanaugh, and Barrett to the Supreme Court—jurists in the mold of Scalia—it is crucial to reveal the unwritten ideas that drive textualist readings of the Constitution. Our deepest debates about America’s written Constitution are not about constitutional text but about the unwritten ideas and understandings that guide our reading of text. This fact is obscured by the public understanding of textualism and originalism as put forward by its most prominent judicial advocates. The (Un)Written Constitution makes these ideas visible by turning to the practices of Supreme Court justices and political actors in interpreting the Constitution over more than two centuries. From founding debates about freedom of speech and religion to contemporary arguments about judicial review, the separation of powers, same-sex marriage, and partisan gerrymandering, this work highlights the too-often unacknowledged ideas that animate our debates about the written Constitution. Contrary to textual jurists, these recurrent debates are not about whether to follow the text; they are disputes about what fidelity to the text requires. How do we weigh and balance different textual provisions and see them as part of a constitutional whole? The text does not answer such questions. This book illustrates that moving beyond the text is an inescapable feature of interpreting America’s written Constitution.
Conclusion
Authors: Thomas George
Published: September 2021

Being faithful to the text of the Constitution inescapably requires us to make judgments that are not rooted in constitutional text. Even if we agree that we are bound by the formal written Constitution, what that entails cannot be answered by constitutional text alone. How we balance different constitutional rules, commands, and concepts will largely be determined by our unwritten ideas—by our constructions of the Constitution. When it comes to our deepest constitutional debates, we cannot just read the words of the Constitution. Alone the text does not answer many of the constitutional questions we are required to wrestle with. So where do we turn? We cannot escape this question. Wherever we turn to illuminate constitutional text, we are implicitly or explicitly rendering constitutional judgments.
“No Bishop, No Tyrant!”
Authors: Steward Gary L.
Published: September 2021

This chapter discusses the apprehensions many American clergy felt over the issues of religious liberty on the eve of the American Revolution. The clergy in America were concerned about a rising political absolutism in England that threatened both their civil and religious liberties, and concern over religious issues played a significant role in the final break between the colonies and Great Britain. The plans to impose Episcopal bishops upon the colonies generated great concern, even as the British Parliament adopted an increasingly absolutist posture toward the colonies. The fear of a rising Roman Catholic presence in North America also put the colonies and clergymen on edge, provoking further calls for resistance and vigilance against these growing religious threats.
Critical Considerations
Authors: Jarow E. H. Rick
Published: September 2021

This chapter takes up some of the literary, theoretical issues of the poem: the potentials of figurative language, the use of the Cloud as the poem’s semiotic axis of conversion, the place of the “image and imagination” in literary poetics, the centrality of loss and longing (viraha), the depths of Kālidāsa’s “tantric sensibility,” the understanding of “place,” the poem’s vision, of nature, and the centrality of memory as recapitulation. All of these considerations are taken up in the context of the Indian aesthetic tradition as well as in Western post-structuralist poetics that are strongly resonant with the rasa-dhvani poetic tradition of classical India.
Transitions
Authors: Cutting James E.
Published: September 2021

Filmmaking at its most basic level is the cutting and joining of lengths of film or their digital analogs. This chapter first discusses the historical poetics of various transitions—fades, dissolves, wipes, iris outs, and cuts—as well as a few experimental failures. It then concentrates on where each type was originally used, what that meant, and how and why their distribution has changed over time. It explains and shows graphic matches across dissolves, and it explains hooks, J-cuts, and L-cuts and how they affect the viewer. It also discusses the efficacy of matching on action to hide cuts and how Hollywood has figured out how to make jump cuts not so jumpy, with examples from several movies.
Comrade Orgsec
Authors: Klinger William , Kuljiš Denis
Published: September 2021

This chapter highlights Marshal Tito's departure from Prague to Ljubljana and Zagreb to start working on another task he was entrusted with in Moscow, which added a political dimension to his agent-related activities. It elaborates how Tito organized two founding congresses of autonomous parties instead of the usual all-Yugoslav “land conferences.” It also talks about editor-in-chief of Proleter Živojin Pavlović's publication of The Balance Sheet of the Soviet Thermidor, which is an informed account of the purges in the Soviet Union. The chapter examines Tito's founding of the Communist Party of Croatia in Samobor, which completed the reorganization of the party in Yugoslavia. It mentions Ivo Lola Ribar and Aleksandar Ranković, who oversaw the numerous communist sympathizers among the Belgrade student population.
Neither War Nor Pact
Authors: Klinger William , Kuljiš Denis
Published: September 2021

This chapter talks about Marshal Tito's meeting with the Belgrade-based members of his leadership on 27 March 1941, when the anti-government demonstrations began in Belgrade and the Tripartite Pact was signed. It explains that the Belgrade demonstrations were a public reaction to Prince Paul's attempt to avoid involvement in the world war by joining the Tripartite Pact. It also emphasizes how the Serbian people did not want to take part in another wholescale massacre due to trauma from the two Balkan wars and the Great War. The chapter looks at Joseph Stalin's wire to the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia (CPY), instructing them to stay neutral. It examines Bulgaria's assurance as a signatory of the Tripartite Pact that it would not declare war on the Soviet Union.
The Bridge of Blood
Authors: Klinger William , Kuljiš Denis
Published: September 2021

This chapter cites the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht, which ordered for the desctruction of the communist Partisan army led by Marshal Tito. The first part of the operation “Fall Weiss” included the strategic encirclement of the main operational force of the National-Liberation Army in Bosnia. The chapter mentions that Tito's forces consisted of his Supreme Command, the first and second Proletarian Divisions, ninth Dalmatian Division, and two Krajina corps. The chapter analyzes Tito's order to destroy all the bridges, which protected his rear, cut off his own line of retreat, and counterattacked with his entire force. The Partisans were as many as the Germans and fought all day on Makljen mountain pass, which ultimately ended in a stalemate.
A Rendezvous with Stalin
Authors: Klinger William , Kuljiš Denis
Published: September 2021

This chapter discusses Marshal Tito's departure from the Adriatic “eagle's nest” that was prepared in utmost secrecy, not even Tito's closest associates had been informed about it. It describes Tito's retreat as the prehistory of containment, the Cold War, and the Berlin Wall. It also mentions Robert Murphy and Frank Wiesner, US experts for Europe that accompanied Tito for political affairs and intelligence issues. The chapter reviews Vladimir Bakarić's long account that reveals the most important information about the events on Vis and the session of the ZAVNOH, the national front government of Croatia, where Andrija Hebrang ran the show. It provides a background on Hebrang and how he presided over the Eighth Conference of the Zagreb party organization, where he appeared together with the organizing secretary and head of the apparatus.
Conquering the Balkans, Act 1
Authors: Klinger William , Kuljiš Denis
Published: September 2021

This chapter recounts Marshall Tito's departure from Vršac to Belgrade, in which the Purga radio (renamed Alpha) had a much stronger transmitter under the competence of the Soviet embassy in Yugoslavia. It talks about the failure of the Soviet thrust across the Danube after a fierce fight ended with an unsuccessful attempt of a combined landing at Vukovar. It also examines the members of the NOVJ 51st Division and Soviet marines that tried to form a bridgehead with the support of the Danube River flotilla of Admiral Sergey Georgyevich Gorshkov, future commander of the Soviet navy. The chapter explains why the NOVJ did not attempt a westward thrust on the Slavonian front. It demonstrates how the Soviet army crossed over to the Danube's left bank, while Tito's army attacked Thessalonica and Trieste.
Conquering the Balkans, Act 2
Authors: Klinger William , Kuljiš Denis
Published: September 2021

This chapter discusses Marshal Tito's plan to take the whole of the Balkans, which failed before it even started to materialize due to the disintegration of the Communist Party of Greece (KKE). It details how the KKE survived the repression carried out by dictator Ioannis Metaxas between 1936 and 1941 and fell apart completely in 1940, when Italy invaded Greece from Albanian soil. It also describes the faction of the Bulgarians that became dominant in the KKE when the German armies entered Greece after having overrun Yugoslavia in their Balkan onslaught. The chapter discusses how the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact secured the position of the Bulgarian communists as collaborationists. It mentions Metodij Šatorov, a man installed into the Communist Party of Yugoslavia leadership for Macedonia by Georgi Dimitrov that detached the Skopje-based Regional Committee from the CPY and attached it to the Bulgarian Communist Party.
Plan Maximum
Authors: Klinger William , Kuljiš Denis
Published: September 2021

This chapter looks at Joseph Stalin's decision to put Lavrentiy Beria at the helm of the Soviet nuclear program as strategic weapon systems had become a priority. It notes the release of spacecraft designer Sergei Pavlovich Korolev from exile in Kolyma and who was appointed head of the NII-88 Institute to develop the first intercontinental ballistic missile 8K71. It also describes the efforts invested in the development of critical technologies as the Soviet Union refused to waste its energy on pointless local wars on its borders. The chapter demonstrates Marshal Tito's establishment of his power in Yugoslavia and relinquishment of the Yalta arrangement that obliged him to share power and cooperate with non-communists. It discusses the termination of the provisional wartime government of national unity, which is considered a fusion of the royal government and the puppet parliament.
The Maharaja of the Balkans
Authors: Klinger William , Kuljiš Denis
Published: September 2021

This chapter investigates the outline of Ambassador George Kennan's so-called “long telegram,” which called for patient but firm and vigilant containment of Russian expansive tendencies. It explains how Kennan helped define the Marshall Plan as an instrument of US European policy. It also analyzes Marshall Tito's decision to send his people to Western capitals to establish political relations immediately after his public split with Joseph Stalin. The chapter discusses Tito's absolute split with Stalin that made Yugoslavia leave the Soviet bloc, however it did not indicate a change in Tito's ideological course. It looks at the devastating assessment of the Yugoslavian economic situation, particularly of its agricultural production, concluding that the 1947 harvest indicated shortage of staple foods, growth of inflation, and decrease of industrial production due to obsolete equipment.
A Secret War in the Mediterranean
Authors: Klinger William , Kuljiš Denis
Published: September 2021

This chapter recounts thirty coordinated attacks and bombings that took place in Algiers on 1 November 1954, in which seven people were killed and five of them were white colonists (pied-noir). It analyzes the statement of French Prime Minister Mendes that there should be no compromise when it came to the integrity of the sovereign territory of the republic after France had suffered a terrible defeat in Indochina. It also mentions the peasant army of the brilliant Vietnamese General Vo Nguyen Giap that captured 11,000 French troops after the fall of Dien Bien Phu. The chapter talks about thirty-eight-year-old Ahmed Ben Bella, who stood out among the top leaders of FLN, a socialist party founded in Switzerland. It investigates the French counterintelligence and executive illegal groups that was used to solve the Algerian question with counterterror all over Europe.
The Arsenal of the Mediterranean Revolution
Authors: Klinger William , Kuljiš Denis
Published: September 2021

This chapter elaborates the capture of the Yugoslav ship Srbija off the Algerian coast by the French navy on 7 August 1957, which was then escorted to the military port of Mers-el-Kebir. It notes the independence of Morocco and the crowning of Sultan Mohammed as King Mohammed V, who provided strong support to those fighting against French and Spanish colonialism. It also discusses police officers in Casablanca that confiscated war material from the shipment of the Czechoslovak party and secretly distributed it to the Algerian insurgents. The chapter reviews the Warsaw Pact summit that took place in Budapest from 1 to 4 January 1957, wherein the renewed communist unity under the leadership of Nikita Khrushchev was demonstrated. It pays attention to Marshal Tito's attendance at the summit, where he gave his public support to the renewed Cominform, hoping to redeem himself for the secret support he had been giving to Imre Nagy.
The Emperor Without an Empire
Authors: Klinger William , Kuljiš Denis
Published: September 2021

This chapter recounts the end of the age of destalinization and the changes of every aspect of Soviet policy under Mikhail Suslov and Leonid Brezhnev. It mentions Indonesian President Sukarno's disagreement with Marshal Tito's claim that the 1963 Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty had contributed to the safety of small countries. It also talks about the drafted resolution for nuclear disarmament, which became obsolete as soon as it was written and sent to the United Nations in New York. The chapter details how Brezhnev and Suslov set in motion a massive armaments race and the creation of the greatest military force in human history that prioritized Russian imperialism and total militarization of state and society. It discusses the year of the Lusaka conference that saw the fall of Prince Norodom Sihanouk of Cambodia, who was ousted in a military coup.
Coping with Uncertainty
Authors: Valmisa Mercedes
Published: September 2021

The previous chapter closed with a problem posed by the process of reification of fate: faced with an external world of heteronomous, opposing, and limiting forces, how can humans recover their existential and agential competence? Chapter 5 exposes the different strategies, mantic and philosophical, that early Chinese thinkers devised to cope with the uncertainty produced by a world that seemed to escape human control. This chapter first discusses the conforming model of agency typical of mantic methods as a prescriptive approach to uncertainty. Then it analyses three different philosophical approaches: (1) matching (in the Huangdi sijing and Huainanzi), (2) turning inward (in the Guodian Qiongda yishi), and (3) turning outward or adapting (in the Zhuangzi).
The Unifying Pattern
Authors: Valmisa Mercedes
Published: September 2021

Chapter 6 places adaptive agency at the heart of the unifying pattern of understanding the relationship between self and world, agent and fate. In the unifying pattern, fate and the realm of phenomena that extend beyond the person do not become externalized, objectified, and hypostasized. Instead, they are perceived as an integral part of the person, thereby dissolving all potential dichotomies. In the midst of this unifying view, the problem of fate disappears. Everything that is (phenomena) and everything that happens (events) belongs to the world much as to the person. Agents who understand this basic unity think and act adaptively, which leads to a playful and free existence. Huainanzi 1 “Yuandao” serves as main textual basis for analyzing the unifying pattern.
Conclusion
Authors: Tutino Stefania
Published: September 2021

This chapter concludes the book by providing some reflections about the meaning of forgeries in early modern Europe. It examines the effects that the growing ability to detect forgeries had on the intellectual and cultural landscape of early modern Europe, and it shows the peculiar tension that this provoked in early modern Catholic culture. The chapter also shows that the relationship between evidence, truth, authenticity, and belief was as complex for early modern people as it is for us, albeit in different terms. Reflecting on what changed between then and now, and on and what didn't, can help us understand better not only the early modern world, but also our own.
Conflict Transformation and Prevention in Tunisia
Authors: Melin Molly M.
Published: September 2021

Tunisia is the only country to emerge from the Arab Spring with a functioning democratic government. This chapter argues that a powerful private sector prevented violence from erupting during the Jasmine Revolution and has helped keep stability since. Activists in the main labor union, UGTT, played a leading role in spreading information and participating in the early responses to the Bouazizi self-immolation. Businesses and their organizations have played an important role in Tunisia’s continuing transition to democracy. Tunisia’s transition to a democratic state with strong institutions and capacity is far from over, however. While Tunisia has been celebrated as the success story of the Arab Spring, but the state remains very weak and requires fundamental reforms, especially in the security sector. This chapter looks at the role of corporations in Tunisia’s democratic transition and their importance as the country moves forward.
Private Securities Litigation
Authors: Steinberg Marc I.
Published: September 2021

This chapter focuses on the erratic and unacceptable private securities litigation framework that prevails in the United States. The litigation structure contained in the federal securities acts was based on a different era and is not suitable for today’s securities markets. Although federal legislation has been enacted to address perceived shortcomings on an episodic basis, significant gaps and inconsistencies exist. Likewise, the federal courts, faced with a fractured statutory regimen, frequently have construed the remedial provisions in a wooden and unduly restrictive manner. The consequence of these congressional and judicial actions is a disparate liability framework that lacks sound logic, consistency, and even-handed treatment for plaintiffs and defendants alike. This chapter provides several examples of the inconsistencies and disparate treatment that prevail under the federal securities laws. Thereafter, recommendations for corrective measures are proffered. These proposals, if adopted and effectively implemented, should instill a substantially greater degree of certainty, uniformity, and equity than currently exists.
Mergers and Acquisitions
Authors: Steinberg Marc I.
Published: September 2021

This chapter focuses on mergers and acquisitions (M&A), entailing going-private transactions, tender offers, proxy contests, mergers, and similar types of transactions. While the framework established by the SEC and Congress on the federal level is commendable, significant gaps exist. This chapter focuses on these gaps and recommends specified measures that should be implemented. The recommended measures are directed toward elevating the federal government’s role to serve as the principal regulator overseeing the M&A process. Among the measures that should be adopted are that: state anti-takeover statutes should be federally preempted; the legitimacy of tactics undertaken in response to takeover bids should be within the province of federal law; and a necessary condition as to whether an offensive or defensive maneuver is permissible and given effect is whether the requisite shareholder approval has been obtained. Importantly, the recommendations advanced in this chapter do not materially impede M&A transactions, recognize that shareholder voice merits a primary role in this process, and correctly place matters of national policy with the federal government rather than the applicable state of incorporation.
The Securities and Exchange Commission
Authors: Steinberg Marc I.
Published: September 2021

This chapter focuses on the Securities and Exchange Commission’s numerous failures to engage in meaningful regulation and enforcement and recommends a fundamental solution that should substantially ameliorate the current unpalatable situation. As compared to yesteryear, the SEC no longer is viewed as a champion of investor protection. In its analysis, the chapter provides many examples, including: the Commission’s failure to adopt a current reporting system mandating disclosure (absent the existence of meritorious business justification) of all material information; its regulatory activism to insulate from private liability exposure certain misconduct engaged in by companies and their insiders; its levying of large money penalties against major enterprises without pursuing their officers and directors; and its refusal to implement statutory directives, including its failure to use the control person provision against corporate insiders. The solution to this unacceptable situation is to reconstitute the composition of SEC Commissioners. As elaborated upon in the chapter, this objective would be achieved by increasing the size of the Commission and requiring that the composition of the SEC Commissioners (including the SEC Chair) would be far more diverse than is current practice.
The Origins of the Debate
Authors: Bronner Yigal
Published: September 2021

This chapter lays out the prehistory of the book’s main controversy. Sequence is not mentioned in the Mīmāṃsāsūtra, and the precedence of earlier over later is only rarely invoked by its commentator, Śabara. Śabara’s follower Kumārila Bhaṭṭa develops the most important argument for why earlier should be stronger than later in cases of contradiction. For the founder of Nondualist Vedānta, Śaṅkara, sequential priority was not at all a factor; his emphasis is not on how either beginning or ending could overrule the other, but on harmony between them as one of several factors that direct the ideal reader toward the correct interpretation of the Veda. Madhva, founder of Dualist Vedānta, introduced a sequential priority in which later overcomes earlier, seemingly by misreading or misrepresenting an earlier list of such factors compiled by one of Śaṅkara’s important followers, Prakāśātman. With this provocative inversion, our debate begins in earnest.