bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the Development of the Structural Potentialities of Rhythm, Dynamics, and Timbre in the Early Nontonal Music of Arnold Schoenberg
Authors: Tenney James
Published: May 2017

In this essay, James Tenney discusses the development of the structural potentialities of rhythm, dynamics, and timbre in the early nontonal music of Arnold Schoenberg. Beginning with the Three Piano Pieces op. 11, and continuing through Pierrot Lunaire and the Four Songs with Orchestra opp. 21 and 22, Schoenberg developed a style that he later characterized as one based on “the emancipation of the dissonance.” His further descriptions of the developments of the period are almost exclusively in terms of harmonic innovations. Analytical writings by others have reflected this same concern with the harmonic (and, to a lesser extent, the melodic) aspects of the music. Tenney considers the twelve-tone method in music and argues that it is a partial systematization of procedures that Schoenberg had used. He hopes that his observations on rhythm, dynamics, and timbre that are articulated in this essay might later serve as the basis for a broader generalization of the basic ideas underlying twelve-tone music.
META Meta ⌿ Hodos
Authors: Tenney James
Published: May 2017

James Tenney introduces a number of propositions, along with corresponding definitions and comments, concerning perceptual organization, musical parameters, formal perception and description, and entropy as a measure of variation. Among these propositions are: temporal gestalt-units (TGs) are formed at several different hierarchical levels during the process of musical perception; the perceptual formation of TGs at any hierarchical level is determined by a number of factors of cohesion and segregation, the most important of which are proximity and similarity; pitch, timbre, and (musical) time are not simply one-dimensional parameters, because each includes at least two relatively independent “subparameters”; the perception of form at any hierarchical level involves the apprehension of three distinct aspects of form at that and all lower levels—state, shape, and structure; the statistical entropy of an ergodic TG is zero.
“Global Motherhood”
Authors: Shome Raka
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines how contemporary transnational intimacies—the transnational connections through which the figure of the global mother is staged in dominant cultural narratives in the West—are imagined through white femininity, and more specifically through the nationalized white female body. Drawing on the Diana phenomenon, it considers the construction of global motherhood and its role in the New Labor culture of 1990s in recasting the image of Britain through logics of humanitarianism, community, and the international. More specifically, it considers how the discourse of global motherhood, embodied in the figure of the white celebrity woman such as Princess Diana and others, functions as a tool for a cosmopolitan renationalization of the national self. It shows that such renationalization obscures the geopolitical violences and neoliberal policies that result in children being abandoned or deprived in the Global South. The chapter also discusses the discourse of international adoption, transnational struggles over maternities and modernities and how they are imbricated in a politics of “compulsory heterosexuality,” and how infantilized cosmopolitanism is enacted through transnational white femininity.
Cosmopolitan Healing
Authors: Shome Raka
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines what it calls the “spiritual fix” of white femininity. More specifically, it looks at a particular kind of borderlessness of white femininity—one that is organized around a discourse of spirituality, well-being, and healing—by focusing on Princess Diana's representations. The chapter first considers some examples of celebrity white women embodying the logics of interiority to highlight a larger millennial trend within which to situate Diana's turn to interiority. It then explores how a particular relation among white femininity, inner wellness, transcendence, and citizenly belonging is being forged in contemporary culture since the mid-to-late 1990s. The discussion proceeds by turning to Diana, New Britain, and the emergence of a “reflexive self” in British culture. The chapter concludes with an assessment of the implications of transnational/multicultural reworking of white female interiorities. It suggests that spirituality is increasingly functioning as cultural capital and a site of consumption through which a new kind of gendered white national transcendence is being imagined today in popular and consumer culture.
Networked Militarization
Authors: Schiller Dan
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the rise of networked militarization in the United States. It considers how increased spending for U.S. military procurement sparked a shift into networks in capitalist development, casting digital capitalism as a permanent, pervasively militarized social formation. It shows that, throughout every presidency from the Truman administration to Ronald Reagan and beyond, the United States did its best to capture and to reorganize the frontiers of the world political economy to serve capital's short- and/or long-term designs. It argues that a militarized digital capitalism carried forward capital's longstanding structural reliance on government spending, extending and reorienting it. Finally, it describes how massive and compounding investments in computer networks became a marked feature across the length and breadth of the political economy.
Web Communications Commodity Chains
Authors: Schiller Dan
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the workings of extended, Web-oriented communications commodity chains. It begins with a discussion of networks and access devices—an expansive, malleable infrastructure comprised of service, software, and applications powered by other intermediaries, vendors of everything from operating systems, browsers, search engines, and social networks to program content. It then considers how recomposition continued at a frenzied pace across this great range throughout the digital depression, signifying capital's scramble to open and to occupy high-profit boxes. It also explores the ways in which network infrastructures impacted a century-old manufacturing base and describes the apparently neutral technical feature of the emerging system's network engineering that attested to the changes that characterized the transition to the Internet. The chapter concludes with an assessment of the erosion of social responsibility around networks and how telecommunications liberalization induced a growing potential for market turmoil.
Services and Applications
Authors: Schiller Dan
Published: May 2017

This chapter describes the impact of giant multimedia conglomerates on internet services and applications. It first considers the media conglomerates that had dominated the political economy of communications and that now continued to help structure its capital logic. In particular, it looks at the competition presented not only by broadband and mobile internet operators but also by well-financed outsiders and upstarts such as Google and Facebook. It then examines three possible forms of revenue generation for communications and media beyond financing by venture capital and the sale of stock: direct payments, advertising, and noncommercial support, either through governmental or philanthropic finance or voluntary donations. The chapter concludes with a discussion of changes in specific media industries such as the book publishing industry, e-book industry, television industry, music industry, and film industry.
The Sponsor System Resurgent
Authors: Schiller Dan
Published: May 2017

This chapter discusses the modernization of the sponsor system. It first considers how advertising sustained and deepened its role as a primary source of finance for digital services, even as it continued its voracious and uneven globalization. It then examines how advertisers accelerated their drive to revamp communications commodity chains, along with issues that arose from Google's entanglement in a larger set of commercial relationships and its impact on the political economy of the commodity chain within which search is embedded. The chapter also looks at the politics of privacy, with particular emphasis on the case of Edward Snowden, the internet as an engine of surveillance, and the debate over personal information that pitted big advertisers, network operators, internet intermediaries, and media conglomerates against popular will.
(Dis)Adventures of Female Desire in the 1940s Woman’s Film
Authors: Pravadelli Veronica
Published: May 2017

This chapter studies noir's twin genre, the woman's film. While this genre's formal politics are quite similar to noir's, its focus on female identity entails a representation of female desire. The woman's film is the site of contradictory and antithetical functions: its narrative is structured by twisted plots and tortuous trajectories that often split into two opposite scenarios or styles—one representing the public/male/urban space and the other the private/female/domestic space. The genre's formal convolutions correspond with the contradictory discourse on postwar femininity, namely the opposition between the need to conform to normative femininity and the relentless effort by women to find new ways of being and new forms of desire. While the genre's proximity to noir's modern concerns cannot be underestimated, its gender interests lead to an excessive focus on the female body.
Immigration, Assimilation, and Conflict
Authors: Githire Njeri
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the deployment of counter-incorporative strategies as a means to thwart potentially dangerous elements from entering the eating body. In particular, it examines how, through the language of disease and contamination that proliferates in the realm of immigration and its effect on culture, select national cultures are portrayed as under attack from foreigners and their filthy, debased bodies. Marked with cannibalism as the ultimate expression of savagery and human degradation, these bodies evoke anxiety and deep-seated fear of extinction in the national consciousness. Focusing on select texts by Edwidge Danticat, Andrea Levy, and Gisèle Pineau—works that have become entrenched in the canon of Caribbean women's writings thanks to their framing of food and eating as symbolic practices in diasporic identity formation—the chapter analyzes the national body as an ingesting, digesting, and excreting organism. It explores the twin phenomena of cannibalism, that is: taking in difference in order to neutralize its negative impacton the receiving body, and anthropemy—the elimination of sickening symptoms by vomiting the ingested foreign body.
Representation, Accountability, and Collaborative Border Crossings
Authors: Nagar Richa
Published: May 2017

This chapter is a revised version of an article originally written between 2002 and 2003 in consultation with Farah Ali (an alias) and what was then called the Sangtin Samooh, or Sangtin women's collective, of Sitapur District in India. It argues for a postcolonial and transnational feminist praxis that focuses on (a) conceptualizing and implementing collaborative efforts that insist on crossing difficult borders; (b) the sites, strategies, and skills deployed to produce such collaborations; and (c) the specific processes through which such collaborations might find their form, content, and meaning. To ground this discussion, it draws on two collaborative initiatives that the author undertook in Uttar Pradesh—the first with “Farah Ali,” a Muslim woman who shared her life story in the aftermath of 9/11 with an explicit aim of reentering the United States with her daughter; the second with members of the Mahila Samakhya Programme in Sitapur, who were beginning to imagine the future of the organization, Sangtin. The chapter ends with a poem that confronts the limits of critique that academics undertake.
“Anything but …”
Authors: Labrador Roderick N.
Published: May 2017

This chapter explores the relationship between language, identity, and politics, and Filipino responses to broader racializing discourses. Where do language and identity fit in Filipino identity territorializations? How do Filipinos present themselves to each other and how do they present themselves to a society that sees them as somewhat familiar but primarily assigns them a cultural and linguistic otherness? Using the Katipunan Club at the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, it analyzes events that employ a nationalist ideology of language and identity that equates one language, “Filipino/Tagalog,” with one nation-state, “the Philippines,” to create one people, “Filipino.” In short, language serves a critical role in shaping identity territorializations in terms of how the boundaries of the social group are defined and what political interests are deemed meaningful and important.
Tales, Tunes, and Tassa Drums
Authors: Manuel Peter
Published: May 2017

Today's popular tassa drumming emerged from the fragments of transplanted Indian music traditions half-forgotten and creatively recombined, rearticulated, and elaborated into a dynamic musical genre. A uniquely Indo-Trinidadian form, tassa drumming invites exploration of how the distinctive nature of the Indian diaspora and its relationship to its ancestral homeland influenced Indo-Caribbean music culture. The book traces the roots of neotraditional music genres like tassa drumming to North India and reveals the ways these genres represent survivals, departures, or innovative elaborations of transplanted music forms. Drawing on ethnographic work and a rich archive of field recordings, the book contemplates the music carried to Trinidad by Bhojpuri-speaking and other immigrants, including forms that died out in India but continued to thrive in the Caribbean. It reassessment of ideas of creolization, retention, and cultural survival defies suggestions that the diaspora experience inevitably leads to the loss of the original culture, while also providing avenues to broader applications for work being done in other ethnic contexts.
The Trajectories of Transplants
Authors: Manuel Peter
Published: May 2017

Most of the North Indian music heritage brought to the Caribbean consisted of folk styles and genres that were predominantly text-driven, in that their expressive interest lay primarily in lyric content rather than purely musical dimensions. The vitality of such genres in the Caribbean has been gravely undermined by the decline of the Bhojpuri language. And yet, the fate of these music idioms has not been one of uniform decadence. This chapter discusses three genres of Bhojpuri-region narrative song—birha, the Ālhā epic, and antiphonal Ramayan singing—suggesting how their functions, inherent features, and relation to print culture have conditioned their trajectories in the Caribbean context.
Concluding Perspectives
Authors: Manuel Peter
Published: May 2017

This concluding chapter presents some hypotheses and conclusions about Bhojpuri diasporic dynamics, broader implications for diaspora studies in general, the relation of music genres like tassa to Afrocreole culture, and the implications of this relationship for our understanding of the phenomenon of Caribbean creolization. It suggests that Indo-Caribbean culture, including music culture, can be seen as an ongoing dialectic product of three primary cultural realms—the transplanted but deeply local Bhojpuri little tradition, the imported North Indian great traditions (whether of visiting godmen or Bollywood blockbusters), and Afrocreole culture. The relation between the local Bhojpuri little tradition and the imported Indian great traditions is complex and in some ways competitive. While some cultural activists do lament the hegemony of imported filmsong over local music, others seem to feel that both Bhojpuri traditional songs and Bollywood fare can comfortably coexist.
Francis Ford Coppola
Authors: Menne Jeff
Published: May 2017

Acclaimed as one of the most influential and innovative American directors, Francis Ford Coppola is also lionized as a maverick auteur at war with Hollywood's power structure and an ardent critic of the postindustrial corporate America it reflects. However, this book argues that Coppola exemplifies the new breed of creative corporate person and sees the director's oeuvre as vital for reimagining the corporation in the transformation of Hollywood. Reading auteur theory as the new American business theory, the book reveals how Coppola's vision of a new kind of company has transformed the worker into a liberated and well-utilized artist, but has also commodified individual creativity at a level unprecedented in corporate history. Coppola negotiated the contradictory roles of shrewd businessman and creative artist by recognizing the two roles are fused in a postindustrial economy. Analyzing films like The Godfather (1972) and the overlooked Tucker: The Man and His Dream (1988) through Coppola's use of opera, the book illustrates how Coppola developed a defining musical aesthetic while making films that reflected the idea of a corporation as family—and how his studio, American Zoetrope, came to represent a new brand of auteurism and the model for post-Fordist Hollywood.
Protestantism and Labor Reform Movements
Authors: Mirola William A.
Published: May 2017

This introductory chapter discusses the central issue that generated a movement within the labor movement: overwork and the hours of labor. Shortening the workday and reducing the workweek were umbrella issues for the American labor movement. Reducing the hours of labor linked a host of other industrial reforms and spawned a class-based consciousness among American workers that no other issue had done previously or since. As such, the eight-hour day was salient to native-born and immigrant workers, to labor radicals and conservatives, to the skilled and unskilled, and to men and women, and Chicago's workers were at the center of it all. Indeed, overwork and long hours were the basis for some of the most contentious conflicts between employers and their workers in Chicago, and they forced Protestant clergy, willing or no, to engage the labor question.
Opening Eight-Hour Protests and the 1867 Eight-Hour Law
Authors: Mirola William A.
Published: May 2017

This chapter looks at the first eight-hour-day campaign of 1866–67 in Chicago, which resulted in the first eight-hour law in the United States. The first eight-hour movement began shortly before the end of the Civil War, spearheaded by Boston mechanic Ira Steward and George McNeill and was soon taken up by native-born and British craft workers joined by German and Irish workers in Chicago. In 1865, Scottish printer Andrew C. Cameron formed Chicago's Grand Eight Hour League as a political organization independent of both the Republican and the Democratic Parties, with fourteen branches operating across the city hosting mass meetings, further pushing state and local politicians to support eight-hour reform. Initial eight-hour agitation quickly produced new arguments for shorter hours that capitalized on the themes of freedom and equality that had been crafted by the abolitionist movement to end slavery but also on themes familiar to those steeped in a heavily Protestant religious culture.
Digital Rebellion
Authors: Wolfson Todd
Published: May 2017

This book examines the impact of new media and communication technologies on the spatial, strategic, and organizational fabric of social movements. It begins with the rise of the Zapatistas in the mid-1990s, and how aspects of the movement—network organizational structure, participatory democratic governance, and the use of communication tools as a binding agent—became essential parts of Indymedia and all Cyber Left organizations. From there the book charts the media-based think tanks and experiments that continued the Cyber Left's evolution through the Independent Media Center's birth around the 1999 WTO protests in Seattle. After examining the historical antecedents and rise of the global Indymedia network, the book melds virtual and traditional ethnographic practice to explore the Cyber Left's cultural logic, mapping the social, spatial and communicative structure of the Indymedia network and detailing its operations on the local, national and global level. It also looks at the participatory democracy that governs global social movements and the ways the movement's twin ideologies, democracy and decentralization, have come into tension, and how what the book calls the switchboard of struggle conducts stories of shared struggle from the hyper-local and dispersed worldwide. As the book shows, understanding the intersection of Indymedia and the Global Social Justice Movement illuminates their foundational role in the Occupy struggle, Arab Spring uprising, and the other emergent movements that have in recent years re-energized radical politics.
The Violence of Memory
Authors: Misri Deepti
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on a set of women's narrations regarding the patriarchal memorializations of Partition and uncovers a widely disavowed form of violence against women: the preemptive killing of women by their own male family members as part of preserving community honor. It begins with Krishna Mehta's recently republished memoir, Kashmir 1947, showing how a “woman's account” of such violence does not serve automatically to interrogate patriarchal memorializations. Yet, a close reading may demonstrate its potential to destabilize the narrative of “death before dishonor.” Against Mehta's Hindu and nationalist narrative, the chapter analyzes the minority perspective of Sikh Canadian writer Shauna Singh Baldwin's novel What the Body Remembers, which reveals how the dismembered body in the text figures an ideological continuity across competing communal patriarchies.
“This Is Not a Performance!”
Authors: Misri Deepti
Published: May 2017

This chapter explores a set of visual representations deployed by the Association of Parents of Disappeared Persons (APDP),the now iconic women-led organization that draws attention to the enforced disappearances of Muslim men, judged “anti-nationals” en masse by the Indian state. The APDP members utilize a performative repertoire in their public protests, such as recognizable iconography—“branding” the organization into the public eye through the use of badges, headscarves, and banners; and the insistence that “This is Not a Performance (tamasha)!” The chapter looks at some graphic and cinematic practices that have accreted around the APDP's protests, placing this range of countervisual practices against the scopic regime of the Indian state.
Bin Laden’s Ghost and the Epistemological Crises of Counterterrorism
Authors: Jackson Richard
Published: May 2017

This chapter argues that despite all the media attention, punditry, scholarly analysis, and official commentary, Osama bin Laden's death remains an essentially meaningless (non-)event. His death is meaningless or without consequence in two main senses of the word. First, it is meaningless in real-world strategic and material terms. For example, as a direct consequence of bin Laden's death, no counterterrorism programs have been scaled back or ended, counterterrorism laws repealed, military or security funding reduced, security agencies scaled down or closed, foreign training programs ended, overseas military forces withdrawn, or military bases closed. Instead, the global counterterrorism effort remains completely unchanged by his death and continues on as it has for the past ten years. Second, and perhaps more importantly, bin Laden's death has generated so many divergent meanings that it has been rendered ultimately meaningless in terms of its analytical consequences, symbolism, and epistemological significance.
Congratulations! You Have Killed Osama bin Laden!!
Authors: Ferrari Simon
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the political and cultural narratives surrounding bin Laden and the Global War on Terrorism through the field of video games. It begins with an exploration of games about the news and one method of critiquing them. It then deals with the first wave of Flash games made after September 11, 2001 (the term Flash game denotes any videogame created in Adobe's Flash software development platform). It compares and contrasts those early offerings with the more refined documentary videogames made after bin Laden's death. Finally, it reflects on how the mainstream industry has capitalized on the War on Terror and what a look back at this tumultuous decade of experimentation tells us about the state of game design and its relation to the broader context of cultural production.
Muslims in America and the Post-9/11 Terrorism Debates
Authors: Nacos Brigitte L.
Published: May 2017

This chapter discusses representations of bin Laden, terrorists, and Muslims in U.S. media, focusing on the “post-9/11 ‘us’ versus ‘them’” narrative structures that enable the positioning of Muslims as the enemy. It argues that depictions of Muslims as enemies were not only a commonly shared trope across mainstream media and popular culture, but that these depictions themselves shaped the attitudes toward and practices of torture of presumed Muslim terrorists by the U.S. military. By looking at the television program 24, the chapter shows the overlaps between popular narratives, mainstream media, and political discourses. With politicians, judges, and newscasters all using the program's star, Jack Bauer, as an example of what to do to stop future terrorist attacks, it is clear that the boundaries between forms of media are permeable and cross-pollinating. The chapter also analyzes the ways in which media portrayals of Muslims changed after 9/11 and the decade following.
Carl Rowan and the Dilemma of Civil Rights, Propaganda, and the Cold War
Authors: Krenn Michael L.
Published: May 2017

This chapter considers the influence of Cold War politics and policies exerted on journalist and State Department spokesperson Carl Rowan during the 1950s and 1960s. It argues that Rowan's contention that “the civil rights issue was being dealt with in an effective and speedy manner” was not an indication of his naïve optimism about America's racial problem, but rather speaks to his understanding of the need for propaganda in America's struggle against communism. Once the Cold War was well over, as his book The Coming Race War in America: A Wake-Up Call attests, Rowan considered America's racial problems in a much less optimistic light.
White Shame/Black Agency
Authors: Grant Vera Ingrid
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the role of race in the transformation of the former German enemy into an American friend that took place in the Rhineland occupation zone between 1918 and 1923. It proposes that in the crucible of the occupation zone, dissimilar and heightened American and German understandings and practices of race converged with usual postwar indignities of brutality, revenge, and survival. What emerged was a transformed global pattern of racial perspectives and reconciled alliances. W. E. B. Du Bois named this reorganization of racial discourse “the discovery of personal whiteness among the world's peoples.” The chapter proposes that another stream of interactions bound Germans and Americans together: they grappled with their perceptions of interior “racialized” enemies, deepened their crafting of white supremacy, and expressed similar interior visions while at work on their world visions.
Emir Kusturica
Authors: Bertellini Giorgio
Published: May 2017

Emir Kusturica is one of Eastern Europe's most celebrated and influential filmmakers. Over the course of a thirty-year career, Kusturica has navigated a series of geopolitical fault lines to produce subversive, playful, often satiric works. On the way he won acclaim and widespread popularity while showing a genius for adjusting his poetic pitch—shifting from romantic realist to controversial satirist to sentimental jester. This book divides Kusturica's career into three stages—dissention, disconnection, and dissonance—to reflect both the historic and cultural changes going on around him and the changes his cinema has undergone. The book uses Kusturica's Palme d'Or winning Underground (1995)—the famously inflammatory take on Yugoslav history after World War II—as the pivot between the tone of romantic, yet pungent critique of the director's early works and later journeys into Balkanist farce marked by slapstick and a self-conscious primitivism. Eschewing the one-sided polemics that Kusturica's work often provokes, the book employs balanced discussion and critical analysis to offer a fascinating and up-to-date consideration of a major figure in world cinema.
Conclusion
Authors: Godreau Isar P.
Published: May 2017

This concluding chapter presents the four key discursive processes and scripts that may be pertinent to other sites and regions racialized as black across Afro-Latin America. First is the systematic use of “black” as a category that people attach to spaces and communities via metaphors and symbols that racialize particular communities and bodies, while constructing the rest of the nation as nonblack. Second, discourses of benevolent slavery bolster the racialization of such communities as exceptional by creating sites of “condensed slavery,” where the historical effects of bondage are exaggerated and simplified by a politics of erasure. Third, discourses of Hispanicity support such scripts of the celebrated “exceptional” black community by placing a high premium on the concept of culture—particularly Hispanic culture—as the defining element that differentiates national Puerto Rican whiteness from foreign U.S. Anglo-Saxon whiteness. Fourth, constructions of Hispanic whiteness as culturally normative confine the significance of Africa to biological qualities associated with the body—specifically blood or the dark color of the skin.
Marshall, Texas, 1883–1909
Authors: Guzmán Will
Published: May 2017

This chapter presents a historical analysis of Nixon's character and his formative years growing up in the racially charged South. He was born on February 9, 1883, to Jennie Valerie Engledow and Charles Blanton Nixon in Marshall, Texas, as the eldest of five. Charles Nixon was employed by the Texas and Pacific Railway Company, which eventually enabled his son to spend his childhood within a diverse neighborhood in New Orleans. His childhood also coincided with a period of social and political unrest, during which time race relations had dramatically deteriorated. Notwithstanding the political turmoil, however, the Nixon family would return to Marshall in the early 1890s, where Nixon would complete his undergraduate degree before leaving for Meharry Medical College in Tennessee. Later on, Nixon would eventually marry his childhood sweetheart, Esther Josephine Calvin, and establish his medical practice in Cameron, Texas.
Bullets and Ropes
Authors: Guzmán Will
Published: May 2017

This chapter shows how Nixon helped dismantle the racial status quo in Texas. Nixon's involvement, by way of the local NAACP, in the Henry Lowry tragedy and his attempts to secure an all-Black swimming pool in El Paso through his association with the local Negro Ministerial Alliance were deliberate steps he took to help make W.E.B. Du Bois's “American Negro” who would have a “right to vote and a right to work and a right to live without insult” a reality. Beyond Nixon, the whole Black El Pasoan arena was evolving. Movements such as the Texas's Juneteenth celebration provided a way for Black El Pasoans to join together in solidarity and strength and to exercise their political influence.
Nixon, the NAACP, and the Courts, 1924–1934
Authors: Guzmán Will
Published: May 2017

This chapter recounts how Nixon helped lay the foundation for Black voting rights in the South as the central plaintiff in two landmark U.S. Supreme Court cases: Nixon v. Herndon (1927) and Nixon v. Condon (1932), and the little-discussed case of Nixon v. McCann (1934), Nixon's third attempt to dismantle the all-white Democratic primary. Nixon, along with the NAACP, helped set legal precedent that ultimately led to the dismantling of all-white primaries throughout the entire South. The political and social climate at the local, state, and national levels during the 1920s, as well as the 1923 Texas law that barred African Americans from voting in the Democratic primaries, compelled Nixon and the NAACP to take action. As these changes were brewing in the South, many—such as the Ku Klux Klan—would come to see them as a threat.
The Bones of Digital History
Authors: Osmond Gary , Phillips Murray G.
Published: May 2017

This introductory chapter discusses the relationship between history making and the digital era, particularly sport historians' use of digital tools and engagement with digital history. The digital era provides extensive options for sharing the thoughts and experiences of sport historians on any topic. Indeed, the digital era opens new avenues for pre-publication review, including open-access feedback channels for either the general public or for specific communities of readers. The chapter then differentiates digital history from digital tools. Whereas digital tools can be adapted for a variety of purposes in historical research, teaching, and communication, digital history uses the digital tool box to create or analyze particular forms of online historical representations.
Sport History and Digital Archives in Practice
Authors: Johnes Martin , Nicholson Bob
Published: May 2017

This chapter identifies the limitations of the digitization of newspapers—one of the most popular resources for sport historians. First, copyright restricts the scope of digitization of some twentieth-century newspapers and periodicals. Second, digitization is compromised when the quality of newspaper print affects the ability to scan accurately and when scanning software confuses letters in texts using old fonts. Finally, searching by scanning software relies on an exact match between the keyword selected by the researcher and the description used by the journalist. Nevertheless, digital archives enable sport historians to access and examine large databases in relation to individuals, sports, teams, events, and sporting metaphors as these topics arise in newspapers and in other sources such as Google Books and court records.
@www.olympic.org.nz
Authors: Kohe Geoffery Z.
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the website of the New Zealand Olympic Committee (NZOC), the country's premier sport authority. NZOC has responded to museological e-trends to ensure its prominence, position, and relevance by appealing to the widest possible audience through a website that is an archive/history in its own right while also drawing partially on other, traditional records. It includes mixed media—historical entries and blog postings, announcements, and links—and is ever-changing. It also contains both fact and affect, allowing visitors to “furrow in its histories, understand its present administration, interact with elite athletes, and network our private online existence(s) with an increasingly popular and populated social sporting space.” The extensive nature of the NZOC site and its merging of historical and contemporary elements raises issues about how sport historians might best use such spaces and what work might result.
“Dear Collective Brain …”
Authors: Cronin Mike
Published: May 2017

This chapter explores the potential of social media as a research tool. There are three key uses of social media: gaining assistance from fellow sport historians and researchers, collecting data, and accessing already-collected data through the social media archive of posts. However, there are some practical issues in using social media, the biggest of which is “simply getting the message out there.” This was a particular issue with Facebook, where the reluctance of individuals to extend their usage beyond their own social relationships and networks of friends frustrated attempts to engage the public in participating in the research projects. Twitter, the chapter proposes, has the greater potential as a research tool because of its more open access and focused style of engagement. Ultimately, for all forms of social media, accessing previously collected data is simpler than generating or “harvesting” new data.
Into the Digital Era
Authors: Magdalinski Tara
Published: May 2017

This chapter discusses the numerous opportunities for incorporating interactive, Internet-based technologies for collaborative learning into sport history pedagogy. These include blogs, wikis, Wikipedia, Twitter, and Facebook, and extend to lesser-known platforms and tools such as Curatr and TED-Ed “Flip this Lesson.” Indeed, as new platforms continue to be developed, and as students—who are already largely digital natives—engage with these, and as pedagogical practice continues to move away from passive receipt of static knowledge toward active engagement in knowledge creation, sport historians themselves need to be “competent and critical users.” The interactive and collaborative potential of many web-based platforms offers possibilities for engagement both within the classroom and with external communities of interest.
Digital History Flexes its Muscle
Authors: Phillips Murray G. , Osmond Gary
Published: May 2017

This concluding chapter discusses the potentially far-reaching impact of the intersection between history and the digital era. An important consequence of this discussion is the encouragement of experimentation in history making. Digital history, at its maximalist end, engages with the practice of experimentation by denaturalizing every dimension of traditional history: the dominance of qualitative research, traditional source materials, the practice of sole authoring, one-way scholarly communication, peer review, filter-then-publish models, linear narratives, intellectual property, and the viability of the monograph as the gold-standard, professionally approved, artifact. In these ways, “the digital does provide us with an important opportunity to explore the possibilities of reconsidering and reformulating the practice and value of history to contemporary society.”
Bradbury on Space
Authors: Seed David
Published: May 2017

This chapter discusses Ray Bradbury's writings on space. Throughout his career, Bradbury expressed his sense of writing in the Space Age, a time which he felt was characterized by the visual sublime, and from his earliest writings space was an important concern. For Bradbury, space was the big subject, constantly drawing him to explore its potential in his fiction, essays, films, and other projects. He not only saw flight into space as the ultimate physical and speculative act. He figured it as a willed realization of an evolutionary destiny somehow independent of physical form. As early as 1953, he was speculating “why build rockets at all?”; space retained a speculative and spiritual fascination for Bradbury throughout his career.
Becoming Julia de Burgos
Authors: Rosario Vanessa Pérez
Published: May 2017

While it is rare for a poet to become a cultural icon, Julia de Burgos has evoked feelings of bonding and identification in Puerto Ricans and Latinos in the United States for over half a century. This book, the first book-length study written in English, examines poet and political activist Julia de Burgos's development as a writer, her experience of migration, and her legacy in New York City. The book situates de Burgos as part of a transitional generation that helps to bridge the historical divide between Puerto Rican nationalist writers of the 1930s and the Nuyorican writers of the 1970s. Focusing on the poet's contributions to New York Latino/a literary and visual culture, the book moves beyond the tragedy-centered narratives of de Burgos's life to examine her place within a nuanced historical understanding of Puerto Rico's peoples and culture. The book unravels the cultural and political dynamics at work when contemporary Latina/o writers and artists in New York revise, reinvent, and riff off of Julia de Burgos as they imagine new possibilities for themselves and their communities.
Introduction
Authors: Rosario Vanessa Pérez
Published: May 2017

This introductory chapter provides an overview of Julia de Burgos's poetry. With her imagery of waterways, routes, and pathways, Burgos creates a dynamic subject that could not be fixed or contained, placing her among the historical vanguardias. She attempts to create escape routes as a liberatory strategy, but in the end she confronts similar patriarchal structures abroad, suggesting that migration is not a liberatory strategy. She also satisfied her quest for freedom through the imagination. While themes of Puerto Rican independence and U.S. imperialism cut across her work, other important motifs include the rights of women and their struggle to assert themselves in a patriarchal society.
Fort d’Orléans and the Grotton–St. Ange Family
Authors: Ekberg Carl J. , Person Sharon K.
Published: May 2017

This chapter shows that the Grotton–St. Ange family was the most important political and military family in Upper Louisiana for the half century between 1720 and 1770. Louis St. Ange de Bellerive first came to prominence under the sponsorship of his father, Robert Grotton St. Ange. Shortly after Robert Grotton St. Ange's marriage to his second wife, Élisabeth Chorel, in 1718, the couple and Robert's two sons by his first wife, Pierre and Louis, headed west to establish the St. Anges as a leading family in the Illinois Country. This chapter traces the history of the Grotton–St. Ange family in the Illinois Country and looks at the expeditions of Étienne Veniard de Bourgmont, the first white man to ascend the Missouri River valley in 1714 and the one who built Fort d'Orléans. It also considers the presence of the St. Ange family at Fort d'Orléans, where Louis St. Ange de Bellerive replaced Robert Grotton St. Ange as commandant.
The Illinois Country in Transition, 1763–1765
Authors: Ekberg Carl J. , Person Sharon K.
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on Louis St. Ange de Bellerive's career during the critical years 1763–1765, as he moved his commandancy westward across the Illinois Country from Vincennes to Fort de Chartres and finally on across the Mississippi to St. Louis. It begins by discussing Pierre Laclède Liguest's career, which tracked simultaneously with, but quite independently of, that of St. Ange. In particular, it examines how these two separate tracks ultimately converged in a raw, new settlement perched on a bluff overlooking the Mississippi River. It then examines Laclède's activities during the autumn of 1763, Auguste Chouteau's accounts of events associated with St. Louis's founding, and Indians' opposition to British occupation of the Mississippi Valley. It also considers Great Britain's efforts to take possession of Illinois and concludes by describing the British takeover of Fort de Chartres on October 10, 1765.
St. Louis and the Wider World
Authors: Ekberg Carl J. , Person Sharon K.
Published: May 2017

This conclusion summarizes the history of early St. Louis, tracing its emergence as the most thoroughly French community in the Mississippi River valley to the time when the French empire in North America collapsed. It shows that Indians of various nations (especially Illinois, Osages, and Missouris, but also Sioux and Iowas) and languages (Algonquian and Siouan) passed through the village on a regular basis. Numerous Indian and black slaves resided in the village and influenced daily life in St. Louis. Creoles were a distinct minority within the village's population, and this condition persisted in the village throughout the French regime. The evolution of building practices and architecture in St. Louis offers a glimpse into the process of creolization in the community. This conclusion also considers how, during the French regime of Louis St. Ange de Bellerive, St. Louis established itself as the most important commercial entrepôt of the Upper Mississippi Valley. Finally, it describes St. Louis's participation in trade and commerce, including fur and slave trades, in the broad Atlantic world.
Conclusion
Authors: Hasinoff Amy Adele
Published: May 2017

This book has explored three dominant problems in how people tend to think about sexting: that sexting is a crime, that adolescents sext because they are biologically irrational and irresponsible, and that sexting is a psychological problem of girls' low self-esteem. It has made a case for the decriminalization of consensual sexting and advocated viewing sexting as a form of media production. It has also interrogated both the theory that sexualization causes sexting and the idea that new media participation is inherently good. Finally, it has criticized the assumptions that “information wants to be free” and “privacy is dead” and instead suggested a model of explicit consent for all private media circulation. The chapter concludes by offering three key recommendations: first, we must recognize that granting youth the right to sext will offer them a significant defense against possible harms that the state and peers can commit; second, we need to incorporate consent into how we think about private media circulation; third, we need to accept adolescent girls' sexual agency.
Deportations and Reverse Migration, 1902–1910
Authors: Baer James A.
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on the anarchist movement in Argentina to 1910, as its ties to Spain were reinforced through deportations from Argentina as well as continued immigration from Spain. The Argentine government passed the Residency Law after strikes and labor unrest in 1902, which allowed the deportation of unruly immigrants. Deportations of anarchists then occurred sporadically until the 1930s. Many deported writers, editors, and activists remained active after returning to Spain. Juana Rouco Buela, deported in 1907 for her role in an anarchist feminist organization, took part in the movement in Spain before returning surreptitiously to Argentina. Antonio Loredo had been a member of the editorial board of the anarchist daily La Protesta prior to his 1909 deportation and later surfaced as an editor of Barcelona's influential anarchist newspaper, Tierra y Libertad. These deportations of Spanish anarchists show not only that population movements can be involuntary as well as voluntary, but also that these returnees brought experiences and ideas from Argentina.
The FORA and the CNT
Authors: Baer James A.
Published: May 2017

This chapter describes the transnational conflict between Argentina's Federación Obrera Regional Argentina (FORA) and Spain's Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (CNT) during the 1920s, when the administration of Hipólito Yrigoyen in Argentina presented opportunities for anarchists but the dictatorship of Miguel Primo de Rivera in Spain repressed the movement there. The 1922 creation of the International Workingmen's Association gave Abad de Santillán a forum in which to present the American emphasis on antipolitical anarchism and oppose the reformist leadership of Ángel Pestaña and Salvador Seguí in Spain. The Spanish created a new leadership group, the Federación Anarquista Ibérica (FAI), to serve as an ideological guide to the CNT, much as La Protesta's editorial group had provided leadership within the FORA. These developments illustrate how the back-and-forth nature of population movements influenced anarchist organizations in both nations.
Introduction
Authors: Bauer Nancy
Published: May 2017

In January of 1947, Simone de Beauvoir flew from Paris to New York to begin her first tour of the United States. It was to be a momentous four months. Under the auspices of the French government, Beauvoir gave two dozen lectures at colleges and universities across the country on the topic “the ethical problems of the post-war writer.” Her friendship with the novelist Richard Wright and his wife, Ellen, who took her under their wing during her whirlwind first weeks in New York, sensitized her to the pervasiveness of racism that she would witness in America, which she chronicled with startling (and, still, underappreciated) insight in ...