Dark‐Field Imaging with Electron Backscatter Diffraction Patterns
Authors: Gauvin Raynald , Demers Hendrix , Brodusch Nicolas 
Published: December 2016

Dark‐field (DF) imaging can be performed by selecting a specific diffracted beam in the selected area diffraction pattern in conventional transmission electron microscope (CTEM) or in the convergent beam electron diffraction pattern in scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) mode [1]. The resultant micrograph provides high intensity of the objects in the probed volume that diffract in this particular direction. In contrast, dark‐field micrographs can be obtained in STEM mode by capturing the signal from a specific range of scattering angles, with the most representative example being the high‐angle annular dark‐field imaging (HAADF) [2]. This leads to a contrast mostly based on atomic number differences between the different objects analysed [3].

These techniques were developed originally for CTEM and STEM. Because DF based on scattering angles is technically easy to obtain in a scanning electron microscope (SEM) by collecting the transmitted/diffracted signals with an electron detector below the thin specimen, it has been implemented in SEMs seriously since several years. This permitted taking advantage of the high contrast and low beam damage obtained at low accelerating voltages STEM in the SEM is now routinely achieved with a spatial resolution close to 1 nm in field‐emission SEMs [4]. Despite these new possibilities, DF imaging only based on diffracted beams has not been achieved yet in a SEM.

The mostly used diffraction technique in the SEM has been, since the discovery of Venables [5], electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) which has a spatial resolution of roughly 20‐30 nm and which needs a limited bulk surface preparation compared to CTEM or STEM. EBSD is assumed to be related to the electron channeling pattern (ECP) diffraction technique by the reciprocity theorem [6], although its angular resolution is, at this time, limited by the pixel resolution of the acquisition equipment. Figure 1 is a comparison between an ECP and an EBSP acquired at 20 kV from a [001] (001) silicon wafer. In this work, pseudo‐Kikuchi patterns (EBSP) recorded via EBSD were stored and reprocessed by reporting pixels or clusters of pixels intensities from a specific location in a reference EBSP to reconstruct the final image (EBSD map). A resulting micrograph (called EBSD‐DF image) was produced with a direct link to the diffracted beams in the EBSP and hence, to the crystallography of the sample, i.e., a DF image. The origin of the contrast is then similar to that of electron channeling contrast image (ECCI) as shown in Figure 2, in which EBSD‐DF micrographs of an indented compressed iron specimen with different reflections are displayed. However, the post‐acquisition processing is an invaluable advantage over ECCI because it allows generating multiple micrographs at the same time with only one set of EBSPs recorded in a beam raster fashion. This opens new ways of extracting and using the information contained in each EBSP and the main applications, at this point, are understanding deformation behaviors and interpretation [7] of channeling contrast [8].