bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ruthenium‐Doped Cobalt–Chromium Layered Double Hydroxides for Enhancing Oxygen Evolution through Regulating Charge Transfer
Authors: Dong Chenlong , Zhang Xilin , Xu Jie , Si Rui , Sheng Jun , Luo Jun , Zhang Shaoning , Dong Wujie , Li Guobao , Wang Weichao , Huang Fuqiang
Published: January 2020

Exploring the origin of transition metal (TM) lattice‐doped layered double hydroxides (LDHs) toward the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) plays a crucial role in engineering efficient electrocatalysts. Without understanding the physics behind the TM‐induced catalytic enhancements, it would be challenging to design the next generation of electrocatalysts. Herein, single Ru atoms are introduced into a CoCr LDHs lattice to improve activity. In 0.1 m KOH, CoCrRu LDHs require only 290 mV overpotential to drive to 10 mA cm−2 and show a Tafel slope of 56.12 mV dec−1. Electronic structure analyses based on density functional theory confirm that promoted OER activity originates from synergetic charge transfer among Ru, Cr, and Co elements. Specifically, Ru dopants can downshift d states of Co and enhance electron donation of Cr to oxygenates, which essentially breaks the scaling relation and achieves higher activity. This work provides insights into how single atomic Ru dopant tunes the electronic structures of its neighbor's active site Co and thus increases OER activities.
Standalone noise and anomaly detection in wireless sensor networks: A novel time‐series and adaptive Bayesian‐network‐based approach
Authors: Safaei Mahmood , Ismail Abul Samad , Chizari Hassan , Driss Maha , Boulila Wadii , Asadi Shahla , Safaei Mitra
Published: January 2020

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) consist of small sensors with limited computational and communication capabilities. Reading data in WSN is not always reliable due to open environmental factors such as noise, weakly received signal strength, and intrusion attacks. The process of detecting highly noisy data is called anomaly or outlier detection. The challenging aspect of noise detection in WSN is related to the limited computational and communication capabilities of sensors. The purpose of this research is to design a local time‐series‐based data noise and anomaly detection approach for WSN. The proposed local outlier detection algorithm (LODA) is a decentralized noise detection algorithm that runs on each sensor node individually with three important features: reduction mechanism that eliminates the noneffective features, determination of the memory size of data histogram to accomplish the effective available memory, and classification for predicting noisy data. An adaptive Bayesian network is used as the classification algorithm for prediction and identification of outliers in each sensor node locally. Results of our approach are compared with four well‐known algorithms using benchmark real‐life datasets, which demonstrate that LODA can achieve higher (up to 89%) accuracy in the prediction of outliers in real sensory data.
Understand institutional duties to provide access to education records
Authors: Gelpi Aileen
Published: January 2020

Although the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act is mostly known for the privacy rights it grants to students, it also affords them the right to access and review their education records. Pursuant to 20 U.S.C. 1232g(a)(1)(A), colleges and universities may not adopt policies that deny students and former students — or prevent them from exercising — the right to “inspect and review” their education records.
The top 5 FERPA sections: Practical applications, Part 3
Authors: Rainsberger Richard
Published: January 2020

For the past two months we have focused on real‐time situations that require you to make a decision on whether to disclose education records. In both of those situations, I led you through a step‐by‐step process that led to an appropriate decision.
Dopamine and glutamate in schizophrenia: biology, symptoms and treatment
Authors: McCutcheon Robert  A. , Krystal John H. , Howes Oliver D.
Published: January 2020

Glutamate and dopamine systems play distinct roles in terms of neuronal signalling, yet both have been proposed to contribute significantly to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. In this paper we assess research that has implicated both systems in the aetiology of this disorder. We examine evidence from post‐mortem, preclinical, pharmacological and in vivo neuroimaging studies. Pharmacological and preclinical studies implicate both systems, and in vivo imaging of the dopamine system has consistently identified elevated striatal dopamine synthesis and release capacity in schizophrenia. Imaging of the glutamate system and other aspects of research on the dopamine system have produced less consistent findings, potentially due to methodological limitations and the heterogeneity of the disorder. Converging evidence indicates that genetic and environmental risk factors for schizophrenia underlie disruption of glutamatergic and dopaminergic function. However, while genetic influences may directly underlie glutamatergic dysfunction, few genetic risk variants directly implicate the dopamine system, indicating that aberrant dopamine signalling is likely to be predominantly due to other factors. We discuss the neural circuits through which the two systems interact, and how their disruption may cause psychotic symptoms. We also discuss mechanisms through which existing treatments operate, and how recent research has highlighted opportunities for the development of novel pharmacological therapies. Finally, we consider outstanding questions for the field, including what remains unknown regarding the nature of glutamate and dopamine function in schizophrenia, and what needs to be achieved to make progress in developing new treatments.
Catalytic Dehydrogenation of Amine‐Boranes using Geminal Phosphino‐Boranes
Authors: Boom Devin H. A. , de Boed Ewoud J. J. , Nicolas Emmanuel , Nieger Martin , Ehlers Andreas W. , Jupp Andrew R. , Slootweg J. Chris
Published: January 2020

The reaction of the intramolecular frustrated Lewis pair (FLP) tBu2PCH2BPh2 with the amine‐boranes NH3·BH3 and Me2NH·BH3 leads to the formation of the corresponding FLP‐H2 adducts as well as novel five‐membered heterocycles that result from capturing the in situ formed amino‐borane by a second equivalent of FLP. The sterically more demanding tBu2PCH2BMes2 does not form such a five‐membered heterocycle when reacted with Me2NH·BH3 and its H2 adduct liberates dihydrogen at elevated temperatures, promoting the metal‐free catalytic dehydrogenation of amine‐boranes.
Simultaneous choice bioassays accompanied by physiological changes identify civetone and decanoic acid as pheromone candidates for giant pandas
Authors: Wilson Abbey E. , Sparks Darrell L. , Knott Katrina K. , Willard Scott , Brown Ashli
Published: January 2020

Chemicals present in urine are thought to play an important role in mate identification in the solitary giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca). During the breeding season, females will deposit chemical signals to advertise sexual receptivity to potential mates. The goal of this study was to determine if specific volatile compounds found in female urine could be considered as pheromones that elicit behavioral and physiological responses in males. Experimental simultaneous choice trials were conducted with captive male giant pandas (n = 3) housed at Memphis Zoo, San Diego Zoo, and Zoo Atlanta. Octanoic acid, 1H‐pyrrole‐2‐carboxaldehyde, decanoic acid, and civetone were selected as stimuli because previous studies reported their elevation in urine during the breeding season. Male interest was determined by a behavioral preference toward these volatile compounds diluted in synthetic urine compared with nontreated synthetic urine. Male urine samples were collected 1 week prior, during, and 1 week after the experimental period to assess changes in urinary semiochemical composition and urinary androgen concentrations. No significant differences in investigation response (p = .395) or flehmen response (p = .600) were found when stimuli were compared; however, decanoic acid and civetone elicited a behavioral preference over the control (response ratio > 0.5). The relative abundance of 16 compounds identified in male urine was significantly elevated (p < .05) above baseline values after the males were exposed to the stimuli. Androgen levels were significantly elevated (p < .05) in one male after exposure to 1H‐pyrrole‐2‐carboxaldehyde, decanoic acid, and civetone. These data suggested that civetone and decanoic acid in female urine may motivate sexual responses in males.
Topic model for four-top at the LHC
Authors: Alvarez Ezequiel , Lamagna Federico , Szewc Manuel
Published: January 2020

Abstract

We study the implementation of a Topic Model algorithm in four-top searches at the LHC as a test-probe of a not ideal system for applying this technique. We study this Topic Model behavior as its different hypotheses such as mutual reducibility and equal distribution in all samples shift from true. The four-top final state at the LHC is not only relevant because it does not fulfill these conditions, but also because it is a difficult and inefficient system to reconstruct and current Monte Carlo modeling of signal and backgrounds suffers from non-negligible uncertainties. We implement this Topic Model algorithm in the Same-Sign lepton channel where S/B is of order one and all backgrounds cannot have more than two b-jets at parton level. We define different mixtures according to the number of b- jets and we use the total number of jets to demix. Since only the background has an anchor bin, we find that we can reconstruct the background in the signal region independently of Monte Carlo. We propose to use this information to tune the Monte Carlo in the signal region and then compare signal prediction with data. We also explore Machine Learning techniques applied to this Topic Model algorithm and find slight improvements as well as potential roads to investigate. Although our findings indicate that still with the full LHC run 3 data the implementation would be challenging, we pursue through this work to find ways to reduce the impact of Monte Carlo simulations in four-top searches at the LHC.
Population growth correlates with increased fecundity in three-spined stickleback populations in a human-disturbed environment
Authors: Candolin Ulrika , Voigt Heinz-Rudolf
Published: January 2020

Human activity is altering the dynamics of populations through effects on fecundity, mortality and migration. An increased abundance of three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) in the Baltic Sea has been attributed to a human-caused decline of top predators. However, recent research indicates that a top-down effect cannot fully explain the population growth, but the contribution of a bottom-up effect has not been investigated. Yet, anthropogenic eutrophication has increased algae biomass at the spawning sites of the stickleback and, thus, the abundance of benthic prey. We investigated if increased fecundity could have contributed to the population growth of the stickleback by analysing a two decade time series of stickleback abundance, fecundity, and body size at three spawning sites. The results show an increase in the proportion of gravid females in the populations, which correlates with the population growth. In particular, the proportion of gravid females late in the spawning season has increased, which indicates enhanced food intake at the sites during the spawning season. Thus, a bottom-up effect could have contributed to the growth of the populations by increasing the number of egg clutches females produce. These results stress the importance of considering both bottom-up and top-down processes when investigating the mechanisms behind human impact on population dynamics.
The importance of being earliest: birth order and educational outcomes along the socioeconomic ladder in Mexico
Authors: Esposito Lucio , Kumar Sunil Mitra , Villaseñor Adrián
Published: January 2020

We study the effect of birth order on educational outcomes in Mexico using 2 million observations from the 2010 Census. We find that the effect of birth order is negative, and a variety of endogeneity and robustness checks suggest a causal interpretation of this finding. We then examine whether these effects vary across households’ economic status, and we find significant heterogeneity across absolute as well as relative standards of living, operationalized as household wealth and relative deprivation. Finally, we find that firstborns’ advantage is amplified when they are male, and in particular when other siblings are female.
Effects of oral iron and calcium supplement on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of molidustat: an oral HIF–PH inhibitor for the treatment of renal anaemia
Authors: Lentini Silvia , Kaiser Andreas , Kapsa Stefanie , Matsuno Kumi , van der Mey Dorina
Published: January 2020

Purpose

The present studies assessed the drug–drug interaction of molidustat, a hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor, with iron and calcium supplements, which are common medications in patients with anaemia due to chronic kidney disease (CKD).

Methods

Forty-two healthy men received molidustat alone (fasted or fed) or combined with oral iron(II) or calcium(II), given immediately before or between 4 h before and 1 h after molidustat in three randomized, open-label, crossover studies (12–15 participants per study). Molidustat AUC and Cmax were assessed as the main pharmacokinetic parameters, and endogenous erythropoietin (EPO) was measured to evaluate pharmacodynamics.

Results

Depending on prandial state, concomitant intake of iron(II) reduced molidustat AUC and Cmax by 50–75% and 46–84%, respectively, and EPO AUC(0-24) and Cmax by 31–44% and 36–48%, respectively. The influence of iron(II) declined with increasing the time interval to the intake of molidustat, with reductions in molidustat AUC and Cmax of 9% and 10%, respectively, when iron(II) intake occurred 4 h before molidustat. Accordingly, effects on endogenous EPO were less pronounced with increased time separation between oral iron(II) and molidustat intake. Calcium(II) reduced molidustat AUC and Cmax by 15% and 47%, respectively, without influence on EPO response. All treatments were well tolerated.

Conclusions

In contrast to concomitant oral intake of calcium, the effect of oral iron supplements on molidustat pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics should be considered, and the two agents should be administered with an appropriate time separation.
Naproxen in the environment: its occurrence, toxicity to nontarget organisms and biodegradation
Authors: Wojcieszyńska Danuta , Guzik Urszula
Published: January 2020

This article summarizes the current knowledge about the presence of naproxen in the environment, its toxicity to nontarget organisms and the microbial degradation of this drug.

Currently, naproxen has been detected in all types of water, including drinking water and groundwater. The concentrations that have been observed ranged from ng/L to μg/L. These concentrations, although low, may have a negative effect of long-term exposure on nontarget organisms, especially when naproxen is mixed with other drugs. The biological decomposition of naproxen is performed by fungi, algae and bacteria, but the only well-described pathway for its complete degradation is the degradation of naproxen by Bacillus thuringiensis B1(2015b). The key intermediates that appear during the degradation of naproxen by this strain are O-desmethylnaproxen and salicylate. This latter is then cleaved by 1,2-salicylate dioxygenase or is hydroxylated to gentisate or catechol. These intermediates can be cleaved by the appropriate dioxygenases, and the resulting products are incorporated into the central metabolism.

Key points

•High consumption of naproxen is reflected in its presence in the environment.

•Prolonged exposure of nontargeted organisms to naproxen can cause adverse effects.

•Naproxen biodegradation occurs mainly through desmethylnaproxen as a key intermediate.
The effect of focus size and intensity on stone fragmentation in SWL on a piezoelectric lithotripter
Authors: Veser Julian , Jahrreiss Victoria , Seitz Christian , Özsoy Mehmet
Published: January 2020

Purpose

We aim to analyze the efficacy of different focus sizes and the influence of pulse pressure (intensity) during shock wave lithotripsy (SWL) in terms of stone fragmentation.

Methods

Combination of three focal sizes (F1 = 2 mm, F2 = 4 mm, F3 = 8 mm) and 11 output pressure settings (intensity 10–20) of a piezoelectric lithotripter (Wolf PiezoLith 3000) were tested on artificial stones (n = 99). The stones were placed within a 2 mm mesh cage. The needed number of shockwaves (SW) to first visible crack, 50% and 100% stone disintegration were recorded.

Results

Similar number of SW’s were observed until the first crack 10, 11 and 11 SW’s for F1, F2, and F3, respectively (p > 0,05). The median number of SW needed for 50% stone disintegration was 245 for F1 group, 242 for F2 group and 656 for F3 group. F1 vs F2 p = 0.7, F1 vs F3 and F2 vs F3 p < 0.05. Similarly, with larger focus size a higher number of shockwaves were necessary for 100% stone disintegration. 894, 877 and 1708 SW’s for F1, F2 and F3, respectively. Only for F1 vs F3 and F2 vs F3 (all p < 0.05) a statistical difference was observed. These findings were consistent in all different power settings, with an increased difference in lower power levels (≤ 14).

Conclusions

A smaller focus size, as well as a higher peak pressure results in a more effective stone fragmentation. However, these results need to be confirmed in an in vivo setting with multiple parameters interfering the efficacy, like BMI, respiration or stone migration.
Improving sea-level projections on the Northwestern European shelf using dynamical downscaling
Authors: Hermans Tim H. J. , Tinker Jonathan , Palmer Matthew D. , Katsman Caroline A. , Vermeersen Bert L. A. , Slangen Aimée B. A.
Published: January 2020

Changes in ocean properties and circulation lead to a spatially non-uniform pattern of ocean dynamic sea-level change (DSLC). The projections of ocean dynamic sea level presented in the IPCC AR5 were constructed with global climate models (GCMs) from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 5 (CMIP5). Since CMIP5 GCMs have a relatively coarse resolution and exclude tides and surges it is unclear whether they are suitable for providing DSLC projections in shallow coastal regions such as the Northwestern European Shelf (NWES). One approach to addressing these shortcomings is dynamical downscaling – i.e. using a high-resolution regional model forced with output from GCMs. Here we use the regional shelf seas model AMM7 to show that, depending on the driving CMIP5 GCM, dynamical downscaling can have a large impact on DSLC simulations in the NWES region. For a business-as-usual greenhouse gas concentration scenario, we find that downscaled simulations of twenty-first century DSLC can be up to 15.5 cm smaller than DSLC in the GCM simulations along the North Sea coastline owing to unresolved processes in the GCM. Furthermore, dynamical downscaling affects the simulated time of emergence of sea-level change (SLC) above sea-level variability, and can result in differences in the projected change of the amplitude of the seasonal cycle of sea level of over 0.3 mm/yr. We find that the difference between GCM and downscaled results is of similar magnitude to the uncertainty of CMIP5 ensembles used for previous DSLC projections. Our results support a role for dynamical downscaling in future regional sea-level projections to aid coastal decision makers.
Proteinuria—take a closer look!
Authors: Bökenkamp Arend
Published: January 2020

Proteinuria is a hallmark of kidney disease. Therefore, measurement of urine protein content plays a central role in any diagnostic work-up for kidney disease. In many cases, proteinuria analysis is restricted to the measurement of total protein content knowing that very high levels of proteinuria (nephrotic proteinuria) are characteristic of glomerular disease. Still, proteinuria can also be a manifestation of impaired tubular protein reabsorption or even be physiological. This review will discuss the physiology of renal protein handling and give guidance on a more sophisticated analysis of proteinuria differentiating albumin, low-molecular weight proteins and immunoglobulins. These non-invasive tests are available in most routine clinical laboratories and may guide the clinician in the diagnostic process before ordering far more expensive (molecular genetic testing) and/or invasive (kidney biopsy) diagnostics.
Correction to: Recent progress in multidisciplinary treatment for patients with esophageal cancer
Authors: Watanabe Masayuki , Otake Reiko , Kozuki Ryotaro , Toihata Tasuku , Takahashi Keita , Okamura Akihiko , Imamura Yu
Published: January 2020

The article Recent progress in multidisciplinary treatment for patients with esophageal cancer, written by Masayuki Watanabe, Reiko Otake, Ryotaro Kozuki, Tasuku Toihata, Keita Takahashi, Akihiko Okamura, Yu Imamura, was originally published Online First without Open Access.
The Role of Intermediary Objects of Learning in Early Years Chemistry and Physics
Authors: Fridberg Marie , Jonsson Agneta , Redfors Andreas , Thulin Susanne
Published: January 2020

The overall aim of the present study is to study model-based teaching and the collaborative inquiry learning of chemical processes and physical phenomena in preschool, with a specific focus on the verbal communication established between teachers and children (4–5 years old). According to variation theory, learning is always directed at a specific content, called the object of learning. This study aims at highlighting what ‘threatens’ the teacher’s and preschool children’s intersubjectivity during the teaching of chemistry and physics content, and at discussing possible ways to continue the teaching of an object of learning, once sufficient intersubjectivity in a teaching/learning situation has been lost. The result shows the need for the teacher to divide and split a larger object of learning, such as water purification, into smaller learning steps ‘on the way’ in order to hinder breaks in intersubjectivity that otherwise may arise. We introduce the notion of ‘overarching object of learning’ and ‘intermediary object of learning’, and the intermediary objects of learning identified in this study are categorized as belonging to three different themes: the role of words, the role of theoretical models and science concepts, and the role of analogies and abstractions. The teacher’s awareness of intermediary objects of learning as critical aspects for children’s individual learning is crucial for the teaching of everyday science in a preschool setting.
Construction of ecological security pattern based on the importance of ecosystem service functions and ecological sensitivity assessment: a case study in Fengxian County of Jiangsu Province, China
Authors: Jin Xingxing , Wei Luyao , Wang Yi , Lu Yuqi
Published: January 2020

The construction of ecological security pattern is one of the important ways to alleviate the contradiction between economic development and ecological protection, as well as the important contents of ecological civilization construction. How to scientifically construct the ecological security pattern of small-scale counties, and achieve sustainable economic development based on ecological environment protection, it has become an important proposition in regulating the ecological process effectively. Taking Fengxian County of China as an example, this paper selected the importance of ecosystem service functions and ecological sensitivity to evaluate the ecological importance and identify ecological sources. Furthermore, we constructed the ecological resistance surface by various landscape assignments and nighttime lighting modifications. Through a minimum cumulative resistance model, we obtained ecological corridors and finally constructed the ecological security pattern comprehensively combining with ecological resistance surface construction. Accordingly, we further clarified the specific control measures for ecological security barriers and regional functional zoning. This case study shows that the ecological security pattern is composed of ecological sources and corridors, where the former plays an important security role, and the latter ensures the continuity of ecological functions. In terms of the spatial layout, the ecological security barriers built based on ecological security pattern and regional zoning functions are away from the urban core development area. As for the spatial distribution, ecological sources of Fengxian County are mainly located in the central and southwestern areas, which is highly coincident with the main rivers and underground drinking water source area. Moreover, key corridors and main corridors with length of approximately 115.71 km and 26.22 km, respectively, formed ecological corridors of Fengxian County. They are concentrated in the western and southwestern regions of the county which is far away from the built-up areas with strong human disturbance. The results will provide scientific evidence for important ecological land protection and ecological space control at a small scale in underdeveloped and plain counties. In addition, it will enrich the theoretical framework and methodological system of ecological security pattern construction. To some extent, it also makes a reference for improving the regional ecological environment carrying capacities and optimizing the ecological spatial structure in such kinds of underdeveloped small-scale counties.
The Gender Cliff in the Relative Contribution to the Household Income: Insights from Modelling Marriage Markets in 27 European Countries
Authors: Grow André , Van Bavel Jan
Published: January 2020

In Western countries, the distribution of relative incomes within marriages tends to be skewed in a remarkable way. Husbands usually do not only earn more than their female partners, but there is also a striking discontinuity in their relative contributions to the household income at the 50/50 point: many wives contribute just a bit less than or as much as their husbands, but few contribute more. This ‘cliff’ has been interpreted as evidence that men and women avoid situations where a wife would earn more than her husband, since this would go against traditional gender norms. In this paper, we use a simulation approach to model marriage markets and demonstrate that a cliff in the relative income distribution can also emerge without such avoidance. We feed our simulations with income data from 27 European countries. Results show that a cliff can emerge from inequalities in men’s and women’s average incomes, even if they do not attach special meaning to a situation in which a wife earns more than her husband.
Housing Affordability, Housing Tenure Status and Household Density: Are Housing Characteristics Associated with Union Dissolution?
Authors: Krapf Sandra , Wagner Michael
Published: January 2020

Housing is an important dimension of social inequality between couples, but it has been largely ignored in prior research on union dissolution. Extending the literature that controlled for the stabilizing effect of homeownership, we investigate whether housing, measured as household density, housing tenure and housing affordability, is related to the risk of union dissolution. Based on data from the German Family Panel (pairfam), we analyze 3441 coresidential partnerships. We run discrete-time event-history models to assess the risk of separation within a time frame of 7 years. Housing affordability is found to be negatively related to the risk of union dissolution among couples, as those couples with a high residual income (i.e., household income after deducting housing costs) were less likely to separate than those with a lower residual income. By contrast, household density is found to be unrelated to separation. In line with previous research, our findings indicate that homeowners had more stable relationships than tenants. The analysis shows that this was the case regardless of whether the home was jointly owned or was owned by one partner only.
Correction to: Magnetism and Conductivity Along Structural Domain Walls of SrTiO3
Authors: Frenkel Yiftach , Xie Yanwu , Hwang Harold Y. , Kalisky Beena
Published: January 2020

The article Magnetism and Conductivity Along Structural Domain Walls of SrTiO3, written by Yiftach Frenkel, Yanwu Xie, Harold Y. Hwang and Beena Kalisky, was originally published electronically on the publisher’s internet portal on 16 November 2019 without open access.
A New Parental Mentalization Focused Ultrasound Intervention for Substance Using Pregnant Women. Effect on Self-reported Prenatal Mental Health, Attachment and Mentalization in a Randomized and Controlled Trial
Authors: Jussila Heidi , Ekholm Eeva , Pajulo Marjukka
Published: January 2020

The effect of a novel mentalization-based parenting intervention was explored on prenatal self-reported mentalization (P-PRFQ), attachment (MFAS), depression (EPDS) and anxiety (STAI) among women with substance use problems. The participants were 90 pregnant women referred to obstetric outpatient care due to recent or current substance use and randomized into intervention (n = 46) and control (n = 44) groups. The intervention group received three interactive 4D ultrasound sessions and a week-by-week pregnancy diary. The control condition was constituted of treatment-as-usual in obstetric care. Unfortunately, the efficacy of the intervention on maternal prenatal mental health, attachment, and parental mentalization was not substantiated. The negative results may be related to the small sample size, the patient-reported outcomes, or insufficient efficacy within this high-risk group. In the context of high psychosocial risks and follow-up by Child Welfare Services, the patient-reported outcomes may have underestimated prenatal adversity. The role of the research context, methodology, and possible sources of bias in the outcome assessment are discussed.

The trial registration number in the ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03413631
Single-Atom Catalysts for Electrochemical Hydrogen Evolution Reaction: Recent Advances and Future Perspectives
Authors: Pu Zonghua , Amiinu Ibrahim Saana , Cheng Ruilin , Wang Pengyan , Zhang Chengtian , Mu Shichun , Zhao Weiyue , Su Fengmei , Zhang Gaixia , Liao Shijun , Sun Shuhui
Published: January 2020

Hydrogen, a renewable and outstanding energy carrier with zero carbon dioxide emission, is regarded as the best alternative to fossil fuels. The most preferred route to large-scale production of hydrogen is by water electrolysis from the intermittent sources (e.g., wind, solar, hydro, and tidal energy). However, the efficiency of water electrolysis is very much dependent on the activity of electrocatalysts. Thus, designing high-effective, stable, and cheap materials for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) could have a substantial impact on renewable energy technologies. Recently, single-atom catalysts (SACs) have emerged as a new frontier in catalysis science, because SACs have maximum atom-utilization efficiency and excellent catalytic reaction activity. Various synthesis methods and analytical techniques have been adopted to prepare and characterize these SACs. In this review, we discuss recent progress on SACs synthesis, characterization methods, and their catalytic applications. Particularly, we highlight their unique electrochemical characteristics toward HER. Finally, the current key challenges in SACs for HER are pointed out and some potential directions are proposed as well.
A population-based study of 2347 fall-related injuries among older people in a Finnish emergency department
Authors: Soukola Saara K. , Jämsen Esa R. K. , Pauniaho Satu-Liisa K. , Ukkonen Mika T.
Published: January 2020

Purpose

Fall-related injuries are a significant cause of morbidity, mortality and functional decline among older people. The aim of this study is to analyze the incidence of fall-related emergency department (ED) visits and compare the characteristics of single and recurrent fallers in a population-based sample.

Methods

Consecutive patients aged ≥ 80 years and living in the Tampere city region who visited collaborative emergency department within a two-year study period (1 January 2015 to 31 December 2016) due to fall-related injury were included. The incidence of fall-related injuries and recurrent falls was calculated using population statistics.

Results

A total of 6915 ≥ 80-year-old patients visited our ED 17,769 times during the study period. Thirteen percent of these visits (n = 2347, median 87 years, 80–103 years; 74% female) were fall-related. The incidence of fall-related ED visits increased from 94/1000 person-years to 171/1000 among those aged 80–89 years and ≥ 90 years, respectively. Twenty-four percent of patients had recurrent falls (range 2–5) during the observational period. Twenty-five percent of those discharged home had a subsequent fall-related injury within one month after the index visit. The distribution of diagnoses was similar among those with single and recurrent falls.

Conclusion

Fall-related injuries are a significant health issue. Almost one in eight of all ED visits were fall-related, and 24% of patients had recurrent fall-related injuries. The risk of subsequent injury was high during the first month after the first injury, emphasizing the need to intervene with the fall risk promptly.
Medienkompetenz als unbekannte Praxis. Ethnographische Perspektiven auf Digital Natives
Authors: Lange Jochen
Published: January 2020

Medienkompetenz ist vielfach normativ definiert und quantitativ geprüft. Eine andere Perspektive einnehmend, greift der vorliegende Beitrag die Debatten um Medienkompetenz von „Digital Natives“ auf, indem er die ethnologische Metapher kulturanalytisch fokussiert. Mit Bezügen zur neueren Kindheitsforschung geht es explorativ um die kulturspezifische Entdeckung von Medienkompetenz als noch unbekannte Praxis. Ethnographisch wird aufgezeigt, wie sich diese Medienkompetenz von Kindern in der Schule konstituiert, beschreiben und verstehen lässt. Dabei tritt die situative Verwicklung dieser Kompetenz mit Grundschule analytisch hervor.
Heterogenität im Mathematikunterricht der Grundschule mit digitalen Medien begegnen?
Authors: Walter Daniel , Dexel Timo
Published: January 2020

Der Umgang mit Heterogenität gilt als eine Kernherausforderung im Mathematikunterricht der Grundschule. Insbesondere seitens bildungspolitischer Entscheidungsträger wird digitalen Medien – trotz allenfalls vereinzelt vorliegenden empirischen Belegen – das Potential eingeräumt, dieser Herausforderung zielführend begegnen zu können. Daher wurde im Rahmen einer qualitativen Interviewstudie beispielhaft untersucht, wie die App „virtuelles Zwanzigerfeld“ sowie das physische Pendant von 19 Grundschulkindern genutzt wird. Der Fokus wurde dabei darauf gelegt, ob die Medien der Heterogenität von kindlichen Vorgehensweisen bei den Fokusaufgaben gerecht werden. Resultierend werden Empfehlungen für den Einsatz physischer und virtueller Arbeitsmittel bei heterogenen Schülerschaften unterbreitet.
Refinements and higher-order beliefs: a unified survey
Authors: Kajii Atsushi , Morris Stephen
Published: January 2020

This paper presents a simple framework that allows us to survey and relate some different strands of the game theory literature. We describe a “canonical” way of adding incomplete information to a complete information game. This framework allows us to give a simple “complete theory” interpretation (Kreps in Game theory and economic modelling. Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1990) of standard normal form refinements such as perfection, and to relate refinements both to the “higher-order beliefs literature” (Rubinstein in Am Econ Rev 79:385–391, 1989; Monderer and Samet in Games Econ Behav 1:170–190, 1989; Morris et al. in Econ J Econ Soc 63:145–157, 1995; Kajii and Morris in Econ J Econ Soc 65:1283–1309, 1997a) and the “payoff uncertainty approach” (Fudenberg et al. in J Econ Theory 44:354–380, 1988; Dekel and Fudenberg in J Econ Theory 52:243–267, 1990).
Could biopolymers answer the single-use problem?
Authors: Jahnke Ashlee
Published: January 2020

A biopolymer made from renewable feedstocks could answer the UK’s ban on single-use plastics. The UK is pressing ahead with its ban on single-use plastics, to take effect in April 2020. Yet eight million tons of single-use plastics are still produced each year. So, how can the ban overcome this growing reliance? Dr Ashlee Jahnke, director of research at plastic substitute specialist Teysha Technologies, explains why a breakthrough in biopolymers might hold the key.
The Corporate Keepers of International Law
Authors: Butler Jay
Published: January 2020

In transborder environmental protection, territorial disputes, internet governance, anticorruption, international human rights, and humanitarian law, private businesses are increasingly supporting the implementation and enforcement of international law. This Article analyzes the various ways that corporate decision making contributes to this phenomenon, and assesses its prospects for enhancing international law's existing enforcement paradigms. In doing so, the Article opens new ground for scholarly and policy consideration of the proper role of corporations in the global legal order.
Geographic Access to Stroke Care Services in Rural Communities in Ontario, Canada
Authors: Kapral Moira K. , Hall Ruth , Gozdyra Peter , Yu Amy Y.X. , Jin Albert Y. , Martin Cally , Silver Frank L. , Swartz Richard H. , Manuel Douglas G. , Fang Jiming , Porter Joan , Koifman Julius , Austin Peter C.
Published: January 2020

Background:

Optimal stroke care requires access to resources such as neuroimaging, acute revascularization, rehabilitation, and stroke prevention services, which may not be available in rural areas. We aimed to determine geographic access to stroke care for residents of rural communities in the province of Ontario, Canada.

Methods:

We used the Ontario Road Network File database linked with the 2016 Ontario Acute Stroke Care Resource Inventory to estimate the proportion of people in rural communities, defined as those with a population size <10,000, who were within 30, 60, and 240 minutes of travel time by car from stroke care services, including brain imaging, thrombolysis treatment centers, stroke units, stroke prevention clinics, inpatient rehabilitation facilities, and endovascular treatment centers.

Results:

Of the 1,496,262 people residing in rural communities, the majority resided within 60 minutes of driving time to a center with computed tomography (85%), thrombolysis (81%), a stroke unit (68%), a stroke prevention clinic (74%), or inpatient rehabilitation (77.0%), but a much lower proportion (32%) were within 60 minutes of driving time to a center capable of providing endovascular thrombectomy (EVT).

Conclusions:

Most rural Ontario residents have appropriate geographic access to stroke services, with the exception of EVT. This information may be useful for jurisdictions seeking to optimize the regional organization of stroke care services.
Historical Disaster Exposure and Household Preparedness Across the United States
Authors: Malmin Natasha P.
Published: January 2020

Objectives:

The study determined whether households in disaster-exposed communities were more likely to be prepared.

Methods:

Three measures of preparedness were created using the 2013 American Housing Survey: cumulative, adequate, and minimal preparedness. Cumulative and adequate preparedness were created based on the existing literature. Minimal preparedness measured whether households had at present food, water, access to a vehicle, and funds with which to evacuate. Disaster exposure was measured using historical FEMA disaster declarations. The various preparedness measures were regressed onto historical disaster exposure, controlling for sociodemographic factors.

Results:

Across all measures of preparedness, historical disaster exposure was a statistically significant predictor of preparedness. Vulnerable households included those where children or the disabled were present. African-American headed households emerged as vulnerable only when minimal preparedness was assessed.

Conclusions:

Prior disaster exposure increased household preparedness regardless of how preparedness was defined. However, assessing minimal preparedness may better reflect the changing disaster landscape where more and more households are asked to evacuate or shelter-in-place by policy-makers.
On Baire measurable colorings of group actions
Authors: BERNSHTEYN ANTON
Published: January 2020

The field of descriptive combinatorics investigates to what extent classical combinatorial results and techniques can be made topologically or measure-theoretically well behaved. This paper examines a class of coloring problems induced by actions of countable groups on Polish spaces, with the requirement that the desired coloring be Baire measurable. We show that the set of all such coloring problems that admit a Baire measurable solution for a particular free action $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}$ is complete analytic (apart from the trivial situation when the orbit equivalence relation induced by $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}$ is smooth on a comeager set); this result confirms the ‘hardness’ of finding a topologically well-behaved coloring. When $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}$ is the shift action, we characterize the class of problems for which $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}$ has a Baire measurable coloring in purely combinatorial terms; it turns out that closely related concepts have already been studied in graph theory with no relation to descriptive set theory. We remark that our framework permits a wholly dynamical interpretation (with colorings corresponding to equivariant maps to a given subshift), so this article can also be viewed as a contribution to generic dynamics.
RELIABILITY OF AMS 14C DATES OF MOSS TEMPER PRESERVED IN NEOLITHIC POTTERY FROM THE SCHELDT RIVER VALLEY (BELGIUM)
Authors: Teetaert Dimitri , Boudin Mathieu , Goemaere Eric , Crombé Philippe
Published: January 2020

Direct dates of pottery obtained from food crusts or other organic residues on the vessel surfaces can be affected by a reservoir effect and/or an old wood effect and therefore be unreliable. Hence, there is a need for alternative ways to directly date pottery. Moss is used as temper by several cultural groups of the late 6th to early 4th millennium cal BC in northwestern Europe. After the pottery is fired, charred moss remains are often preserved in the clay, so that relatively short-lived plant material with a direct chronological link to the pottery and human occupation is available for radiocarbon (14C) dating. In this study, charred moss temper is extracted for accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) 14C dating from pottery of the Swifterbant Culture and Spiere group in the Scheldt river valley (Belgium). The moss dates are then compared to reference dates of organic macro-remains from the same sites and food crust dates with or without a reservoir effect of the same pottery. Eleven out of 13 moss dates are in line with the expected pottery age. The paired dates of moss temper and food crusts from the same potsherds confirm a freshwater reservoir effect (FRE) for the latter. We conclude that moss temper has great potential as a sample material for direct pottery dating. However, more research on the extraction and pretreatment of moss temper as well as on the reliability of moss dates is necessary in the future.
CLOSED FORMS FOR DEGENERATE BERNOULLI POLYNOMIALS
Authors: DAI LEI , PAN HAO
Published: January 2020

Qi and Chapman [‘Two closed forms for the Bernoulli polynomials’, J. Number Theory159 (2016), 89–100] gave a closed form expression for the Bernoulli polynomials as polynomials with coefficients involving Stirling numbers of the second kind. We extend the formula to the degenerate Bernoulli polynomials, replacing the Stirling numbers by degenerate Stirling numbers of the second kind.
Holly polyphenols alleviate intestinal inflammation and alter microbiota composition in lipopolysaccharide-challenged pigs
Authors: Xu Xiao , Hua Hongwei , Wang Longmei , He Pengwei , Zhang Lin , Qin Qin , Yu Cheng , Wang Xiuying , Zhang Guolong , Liu Yulan
Published: January 2020

The effect of holly polyphenols (HP) on intestinal inflammation and microbiota composition was evaluated in a piglet model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced intestinal injury. A total of twenty-four piglets were used in a 2 × 2 factorial design including diet type and LPS challenge. After 16 d of feeding with a basal diet supplemented with or without 250 mg/kg HP, pigs were challenged with LPS (100 μg/kg body weight) or an equal volume of saline for 4 h, followed by analysis of disaccharidase activities, gene expression levels of several representative tight junction proteins and inflammatory mediators, the SCFA concentrations and microbiota composition in intestinal contents as well as proinflammatory cytokine levels in plasma. Our results indicated that HP enhanced intestinal disaccharidase activities and reduced plasma proinflammatory cytokines including TNF-α and IL-6 in LPS-challenged piglets. Moreover, HP up-regulated mRNA expression of intestinal tight junction proteins such as claudin-1 and occludin. In addition, bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequencing showed that HP altered hindgut microbiota composition by enriching Prevotella and enhancing SCFA production following LPS challenge. These results collectively suggest that HP is capable of alleviating LPS-triggered intestinal injury by improving intestinal disaccharidase activities, barrier function and SCFA production, while reducing intestinal inflammation.
War against “Internal Enemies”: Dr. Franz Lucas's Sterilization of Sinti and Roma in Ravensbrück Men's Camp in January 1945
Authors: Wisely Andrew
Published: January 2020

Following the passing of the “Law for the Prevention of Offspring with Genetic Diseases” in July 1933, sterilization became a means to tighten the borders of the German ethnic community against outsiders, including Sinti and Roma. For a while, Sinti soldiers were spared sterilization. After Himmler's Auschwitz decree of December 1942, they were deported to Auschwitz-Birkenau. They escaped the extermination of other Sinti and Roma in theZigeunerlageron the night of August 2, 1944, only because they represented a human shield deployable against advancing Russian troops. Still, the Reich insisted on sterilizing them and their families before placing them in front of enemy guns because they were still considered “internal enemies.” As a result, some forty Sinti men and boys were sterilized by Dr. Franz Lucas in the men's camp in Ravensbrück in January 1945. Focusing on their story challenges Lucas's portrayal as the victim of SS practices, a narrative that long benefitted from the testimony of non-Sinti prisoners. In addition, compensation agencies in Germany underestimated the ongoing effects of psychological trauma resulting from sterilization. Sinti victims who were subjected to an “expert assessment” of their blood purity before war's end underwent a renewed assessment of their productivity for German society after the war.