bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Factors associated with depressive symptoms measured by the 12-item General Health Questionnaire in Community-Dwelling Older Adults (The Bambuí Health Aging Study)
Authors: Castro-Costa Érico , Lima-Costa Maria Fernanda , Carvalhais Sandra , Firmo Josélia O A , Uchoa Elizabeth
Published: May 2008

OBJECTIVE: To investigate factors associated with depressive symptoms in community-dwelling older adults. METHOD: This study evaluated 1,510 participants of the Bambuí Health Aging Study baseline. The dependent variable was the presence of depressive symptoms assessed by the 12-item General Health Questionnaire and predictive variables were sociodemographic characteristics, social support network, lifestyle and health conditions. RESULTS: The prevalence of depressive symptoms was 38.5% (12-item General Health Questionnaire ≥ 5). Depressive symptoms were positively and independently associated with female gender (PR = 1.15; 95%CI 1.01-1.33), aged 80 years or over (PR = 1.22; 95%CI: 1.02-1.54) compared with 60-69 years, single (PR = 1.25; 95%CI: 1.02-1.46) or separated (PR = 1.30; 95%CI: 1.03-1.65) marital status, less than 4 years of schooling (PR = 1.42; 95%CI: 1.04-2.00), self-reported global health (reasonable: PR = 1.84; 95%CI 1.45-2.34; bad or very bad: PR = 2.44; 95%CI 1.91-3.12), incapacity or great difficulty in performing daily activities (PR = 1.39; 95%CI: 1.22-1.57) and complaint of insomnia in the last month (PR = 1.77; 95%CI: 1.22-1.99). CONCLUSION: The similarities between factors associated with depressive symptoms in this population and in others do not explain the high prevalence rates previously reported in Bambuí. These findings may guide efforts to investigate others factors to elucidate the etiopathogenesis of depression in this population.
A population-based study on binge drinking among elderly Brazilian men: evidence from the Belo Horizonte and Bambuí health surveys
Authors: Prais Hugo A C , Loyola Filho Antônio Ignácio de , Firmo Josélia O A , Lima-Costa Maria Fernanda , Uchoa Elizabeth
Published: May 2008

OBJECTIVES: To assess the prevalence and factors associated with binge drinking in two populations of older adults (≥ 60 years). METHOD: A random sample of 685 subjects in the metropolitan area of Belo Horizonte (4.4 million inhabitants) and 643 subjects (92.7% from total residents) in Bambuí City (15,000 inhabitants), both in Southeast Brazil, participated in the study. The dependent variable was binge drinking (≥ 5 drinks on a single occasion in the last 30 days), and independent variables included sociodemographic characteristics, social network, health conditions and use of health services. RESULTS: The prevalence of binge drinking was higher in the metropolitan area of Belo Horizonte (27.0%) than in Bambuí (13.7%). In the multivariate analysis, worse self-rated health was the only variable associated with binge drinking in both populations (Prevalence ratios [PR] 0.62; 95%CI 0.45-0.85 and 0.57; (0.40-0.83), respectively). On the other hand, two important differences were found: 1) in the metropolitan area of Belo Horizonte, binge drinking was associated with higher school level [8+ years] (PR = 1.55; 95%CI 1.07-2.26) and functional disability (PR = 0.12); 95%CI (0.02-0.83) 2) in Bambuí, binge drinking was associated with being divorced or separated (PR = 2.49; 95%CI 1.55-3.99). CONCLUSIONS: Among older adults, differences of prevalence and factors associated with binge drinking can be found in a same country, probably due to sociocultural influences.
Recovery after ECT: comparison of propofol, etomidate and thiopental
Authors: Rosa Moacyr A , Rosa Marina O , Belegarde Iara M T , Bueno Celso R , Fregni Felipe
Published: May 2008

OBJECTIVES: To compare post anesthetic time for patient recovery after electroconvulsive therapy, as measured by the post anesthetic Recovery Score of Aldrete and Kroulik, using three different types of hypnotic drugs (propofol, etomidate and thiopental). METHOD: Thirty patients were randomized to receive one of the three drugs (n = 10 in each group), during a course of electroconvulsive therapy treatment. Patients and raters were blinded to which drug was received. Main treatment characteristics were recorded (as total electric charge received seizure threshold, number of treatments, and the mean time for recovery) along the whole treatment. RESULTS: Thiopental and propofol were associated with a significance increase in charge needed to induce a seizure (p < 0.0001) when compared to etomidate, as well as a significant decrease of time for recovery (p = 0.042). CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that, although there seems to be no difference in the clinical outcome across these three drugs, propofol offers the best recovery profile. However, it makes a higher mean electric charge necessary.
Psicanálise e Universidade: a interface possível por meio da pesquisa psicanalítica clínica. Alice quebra-vidros
Authors: Silva Julieta Freitas Ramalho da , Yazigi Latife , Fiore Maria Luiza de Mattos
Published: May 2008

As relações entre Psicanálise, Ciência e Universidade são antigas. Remontam à época de Freud e têm se mostrado tema importante para a Psicanálise no século XXI. Os psicanalistas que trabalham nas Universidades sofrem demandas por evidenciar o funcionamento e os resultados de sua disciplina. Este artigo comenta os modelos possíveis de pesquisa psicanalítica e defende a pesquisa clínica de caso individual por meio do próprio método psicanalítico acrescido por elementos da pesquisa qualitativa. Para tanto, as autoras estudam o processo de psicoterapia psicanalítica e o funcionamento mental de uma paciente borderline atendida durante quatro anos em uma clínica universitária pública. Aproximadamente 120 sessões foram registradas de um total de 340 sessões. Estas foram lidas e relidas como se fossem narrativas pela psicanalista investigadora, revelando momentos significativos do trabalho da dupla analista-paciente.
Craving decrease with topiramate in outpatient treatment for cocaine dependence: an open label trial
Authors: Reis Alessandra Diehl , Castro Luiz André , Faria Roberta , Laranjeira Ronaldo
Published: May 2008

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate anticraving action and tolerability of topiramate in cocaine user treatment. METHOD: Male users of inhaled cocaine which met criteria for cocaine dependence (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition) were selected for outpatient 12-week, open label trial with topiramate; individual dosage ranged between 25-300 mg/day. Main clinical variables were abstinence rate, craving intensity, frequency and duration, adherence, dropouts, side effects and impulsivity measure through Barratt Impulsivity Scale. Patients received assertive strategic counseling for abstinence assistance and medication monitoring evaluation every two weeks. Comparative analysis was made with intention to treat, missing values were replaced (last observation carried forward), and significance level was 5%. RESULTS: Adherence to treatment was 57% (at least three evaluations), 32% dropped out (one evaluation). There were no severe side effects. Negative test average was 25.4% (31.2). Significant reduction in craving intensity and duration was observed in 25% of the sample. No statistical significant reduction in craving frequency was observed in 7.1%. Increase in frequency was observed in 10.7% and 82.1% did not present any variation. No significant statistical variations in Barratt Impulsivity Scale or in the total score were found in the final evaluation when compared to baseline. CONCLUSION: More randomized placebo-controlled trials with topiramate for cocaine dependants should be performed to evaluate preliminary evidence.
Species-environment relationship in the herb-subshrub layer of a moist Savanna site, Federal District, Brazil
Authors: Munhoz CBR. , Felfili JM. , Rodrigues C.
Published: May 2008

The soils are seasonally or permanently saturated in the moist grassland savanna, locally known as Campo Limpo Úmido. Soil moisture variation seems to determine spatial distribution of communities. The objective of this study is to analyse the relationship between environmental variables and the patterns of spatial distribution of species in the herbaceous-subshrub layer of an area of moist grassland at the Água Limpa Farm, Brasília, DF (15° 56’ to 15° 59’ S and 47° 55’ to 47° 58’ W Gr.). An area of 400 x 400 m was divided into four sections of 200 x 200 m where four transects were randomly sampled. A line intercept method was adopted for the phytossociological study. Superficial soils samples (0-20 cm) were collected for chemical and textural analyses. Gravimetric soil moisture was measured quarterly during the study-year. A total of 85 species in 67 genera and 24 families were found. The diversity was high, Shannon’s index, H’, was 2.60 nats.cover-1. Floristic composition of the transects in soils with a high gravimetric soil moisture and high content of organic matter and sand differed from those transects in soils with a lower gravimetric soil moisture indicating seasonal variation. A Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) showed significant correlations between soil texture and soil moisture features and species distribution. Gravimetric soil moisture, organic matter, clay, silt and sand were significantly correlated to species distribution in the moist grassland determining mosaics in the vegetation.
Ecotoxicological assessment of water and sediment of the Corumbataí River, SP, Brazil
Authors: Jardim GM. , Armas ED. , Monteiro RTR.
Published: May 2008

The Corumbataí River drains an economically important area which is mainly represented by the municipalities of Piracicaba and Rio Claro. In view of the impacts caused by the discharge of industrial waste and domestic sewage into the Piracicaba River, the Corumbataí has become increasingly significant as a source of water for the municipality of Piracicaba. However, chemical, physical, and microbiological analyses carried out prior to the present study had already indicated a decline in the quality of the Corumbataí waters. This study aimed to assess, through water and sediment samples, both acute and chronic toxicity to Daphnia magna and Daphnia similis, and to analyze acid-volatile sulfide (AVS) and simultaneously extracted metal (SEM) in the sediment. Resulting data were intended to be a contribution to future projects for the management and recuperation of this system. To that aim, water and sediment were collected at seven Corumbataí sampling stations in November 2003 and March 2004. Acute toxicity to D. similis was detected in water and sediment samples from the Piracicaba station, located at the mouth of the Corumbataí River. Chronic toxicity was identified in the water or sediment samples of all stations, with the exception of Analândia Montante (upstream), at the head of the river. This was found to affect survival, growth, and fecundity of the test-organisms. The AVS and SEM analyses showed the bioavailability of the metals, thus explaining toxicity found in bioassaying samples of water and sediment. The use of two test-organism species made it possible to obtain a better assessment of the condition of both water and sediment samples of the Corumbataí River.
Frog species richness, composition and beta-diversity in coastal Brazilian restinga habitats
Authors: Rocha CFD. , Hatano FH. , Vrcibradic D. , Van Sluys M.
Published: May 2008

We studied the species richness and composition of frogs in 10 restinga habitats (sand dune environments dominated by herbaceous and shrubby vegetation) along approximately 1500 km of coastal areas of three Brazilian States: Rio de Janeiro (Grumari, Maricá, Massambaba, Jurubatiba and Grussaí), Espírito Santo (Praia das Neves and Setiba) and Bahia (Prado and Trancoso). We estimated beta-diversity and similarity among areas and related these parameters to geographic distance between areas. All areas were surveyed with a similar sampling procedure. We found 28 frog species belonging to the families Hylidae, Microhylidae, Leptodactylidae and Bufonidae. Frogs in restingas were in general nocturnal with no strictly diurnal species. The richest restinga was Praia das Neves (13 species), followed by Grussaí and Trancoso (eight species in each). The commonest species in the restingas was Scinax alter (found in eight restingas), followed by Aparasphenodon brunoi (seven areas). Our data shows that richness and composition of frog communities vary consistently along the eastern Brazilian coast and, in part, the rate of species turnover is affected by the distance among areas. Geographic distance explained approximately 12% of species turnover in restingas and about 9.5% of similarity among frog assemblages. Although geographic distance somewhat affects frog assemblages, other factors (e.g. historical factors, disturbances) seem to be also involved in explaining present frog assemblage composition in each area and species turnover among areas. The frog fauna along restinga habitats was significantly nested (matrix community temperature = 26.13°; p = 0.007). Our data also showed that the most hospitable restinga was Praia das Neves and indicated that this area should be protected as a conservation unit. Frog assemblage of each area seems to partially represent a nested subset of the original assemblage, although we should not ignore the importance of historical factors. This nestedness pattern, in part, probably results from the intensive fragmentation of restinga habitats. Possibly, many frog species may have been lost in some studied areas as a result of the extensive habitat degradation to which restinga habitats are presently exposed.
Fecundity, body size and population dynamics of Chrysomya albiceps (Wiedemann, 1819) (Diptera: Calliphoridae)
Authors: Riback TIS. , Godoy WAC.
Published: May 2008

In this study, the seasonal variation of fecundity, wing and tibia length were investigated in natural populations of Chrysomya albiceps (Wiedemann, 1819) in an attempt to determine the changes in life history of the species as a function of seasonality. A relative constant temporal trajectory was found for fecundity, wing and tibia length over twenty-four months. Positive correlations between fecundity and wing size, fecundity and tibia size and wing and tibia sizes were observed. The implications of these results for population dynamics of C. albiceps are discussed.
Assessment of the mutagenic, antimutagenic and cytotoxic activities of ethanolic extract of araticum (Annona crassiflora Mart. 1841) by micronucleus test in mice
Authors: Vilar JB. , Ferreira FL. , Ferri PH. , Guillo LA. , Chen Chen L.
Published: May 2008

A typical Brazilian plant, araticum (Annona crassiflora Mart.), is widely used in humans as therapeutic medicine to treat several diseases such as diarrhea, rheumatism and syphilis. It contains acetogenins which present cytotoxic, antitumogenic, and antiparasitic properties. In this study, mutagenic, antimutagenic and cytotoxic effects of araticum leaves ethanolic extract were evaluated by micronucleus test in mice. To evaluate the mutagenic activity, animals were treated with ethanolic extract of araticum (EEA) using 10, 20, 50, 100 and 160 mg.kg-1. For all doses, micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MNPCE) frequency was evaluated at 24, 48 and 72 hours after treatment. To evaluate the antimutagenic activity, animals were treated with 10, 20, 50 and 100 mg.kg-1 of EEA and 4 mg.kg-1 of MMC simultaneously. The frequency of MNPCE was evaluated 36 hours after exposure. Cytotoxicity was evaluated by the polychromatic and normochromatic erythrocytes ratio (PCE/NCE). In the mutagenicity assessment, all doses of EEA resulted in no significant increase of MNPCE (P > 0.05), compared to solvent- control group. Regarding administration time, no significant difference among three evaluation periods was observed (P > 0.05). Such results indicate that EEA did not exert mutagenic activity. Cytotoxicity was evident in doses of 50, 100 and 160 mg.kg-1 at 24 and 48 hours after exposure. Concerning antimutagenicity, except the 10 mg.kg-1 co-administered with 4 mg/kg of MMC, all doses reduced significantly the frequency of MNPCE compared to the positive control group (P < 0.05). These results, therefore, indicate an antimutagenic activity of the EEA. Cytotoxicity was significantly increased (P < 0.01) at 100 mg.kg-1 EEA doses co-administered with 4 mg.kg-1 of MMC.
Absence of antimutagenicity of Cochlospermum regium (Mart. and Schr.) Pilger 1924 by micronucleus test in mice
Authors: Andrade LS. , Santos DB. , Castro DB. , Guillo LA , Chen-Chen L.
Published: May 2008

Cochlospermum regium (Mart. and Schr.) Pilger, popularly known as "algodãozinho do campo", is a medicinal plant that grows in the Cerrado of Brazil. This plant has been used in traditional medicine against various diseases such as leucorrhoea, gastritis and ulcers. It has also been effective in treating skin problems like pimples, boils and blotches. In the present study, the in vivo antimutagenicity of aqueous extract of C. regium was evaluated. The Micronucleus Test was performed in polychromatic erythrocytes from Swiss male mice treated with one of the four doses of extract of the plant (19, 38, 76 and 114 mg.kg-1 body weight), administered by intraperitonial injection (i.p.) simultaneously with cyclophosphamide (24 mg.kg-1 b.w.) or mitomycin C (4 mg.kg-1 b.w.). The cytotoxicity was evaluated by polychromatic and normochromatic erythrocytes ratio (PCE/NCE). The results showed no significant reduction of the micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes frequency (P > 0.05). In conclusion, the data indicate that C. regium roots aqueous extract, for the conditions used, did not exhibit the antimutagenic effect.
Discrimination of Spartocera dentiventris (Berg, 1884) (Hemiptera: Coreidae) eggs by Gryon gallardoi (Brèthes, 1913) (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae)
Authors: Rocha L. , Sant’Ana J. , Redaelli LR.
Published: May 2008

This paper aimed to evaluate the stimuli that orient Gryon gallardoi females to the eggs of Spartocera dentiventris and allow their discrimination. Using a four-arm olfactometer connected to four odor sources - S. dentiventris eggs; hexane washed eggs; tobacco leaves; and tobacco leaves with eggs - the arrestment of female parasitoids with previous oviposition experience and without was individually verified. The time of permanence in each odor field was registered for a period of 15 minutes. Host discrimination, regarding age and previous parasitism, was tested using arenas, where females were exposed for 30 minutes, individually, to egg groups with different treatments. To evaluate age discrimination, three groups of eggs, previously washed with hexane, were employed in the following conditions: one day-old eggs; one-day brushed with 12-days-old egg extract; 12-days-old eggs with extract of one day-old eggs; and control (washed eggs, one day-old). The same procedure was done using five and eight days-old eggs jointly with control. Age-dependent egg discrimination was verified exposing four egg groups in the following treatments: parasitized, parasitized and washed with hexane, not parasitized, and not parasitized with extract of parasitized eggs. Olfactometer tests showed that inexperienced females remained more time next to tobacco leaves when compared to experienced ones. Experienced females responded to odors that emanated from eggs. Egg extracts did not promote age discrimination; however, non parasitized eggs, with extract of parasitized eggs were partially avoided. The results obtained indicate that G. gallardoi females might modify their responses upon contact with host. This fact suggests learning occurs; however, the acceptance and discrimination of host may be influenced by a complex array of stimuli, difficult to evaluate in isolation.
Pentastomid infection in Philodryas nattereri Steindachner, 1870 and Oxybelis aeneus (Wagler, 1824) (Squamata: Colubridae) in a caatinga of northeastern Brazil
Authors: Almeida WO. , Guedes TB. , Freire EMX. , Vasconcellos A.
Published: May 2008

The relationship between pentastomids and two Colubridae species, Phillodryas nattereri Steindachner, 1870 and Oxybelis aeneus (Wagler, 1824), were investigated in the federal government’s reserve Estação Ecológica do Seridó (ESEC, Seridó) situated at lat 6° 35’-40’ S and long 37° 15’-20 W in the municipality of Serra Negra do Norte, state of Rio Grande do Norte, Northeast Brazil and run by IBAMA (the Brazilian Institute for the Environment and Natural Resources). Throughout 2005, 26 specimens of snakes, 13 of P. nattereri and 13 of O. aeneus were collected. After anatomical dissection and laboratorial examination of the snakes’ respiratory tracts, P. nattereri was found to be parasitized by two species of pentastomids: Cephalobaena tetrapoda Heymons, 1922 with a prevalence of 30.8% and a mean intensity of infection of 51.5 ± 32.7 (range 3-147), and Raillietiella furcocerca (Diesing, 1863) which had a prevalence of 7.7% and a mean intensity of infection of 1.0. Only one female of O. aeneus was found to be infected by C. tetrapoda, with a prevalence of 7.7% and mean intensity of infection of 2.0. There was no significant relationship between size of snout-vent length (SVL) and intensity of infection in the specimens investigated here. The two individuals of P. nattereri infected by more than 40 specimens of pentastomids had their lungs completely infected including the pulmonary peritoneum and trachea. It is noteworthy that the hosts had their lung tissues partially destroyed with apparent haemorrhage, and the trabecular structure of their lungs was also destroyed. The contrasting rates of infection estimated here may be related to differences in foraging strategies, in diet, and habitat selection carried out by individuals of P. nattereri and O. aeneus.
A new species of pentastomida infecting Tropidurus hispidus (Squamata: Tropiduridae) from Caatinga in Northeastern Brazil
Authors: Almeida WO. , Freire EMX. , Lopes SG.
Published: May 2008

This article describes a new species of Brazilian Raillietiella Sambon, 1910 from lungs of Tropidurus hispidus (Spix, 1825). Between July and October 2005 eighteen specimens of T. hispidus were actively captured with elastic rubber slings in granite outcrops (lajeiros) (06° 59’ S and 39° 31’ W) from caatinga formations in the municipality of Farias Brito, State of Ceará, Northeastern Brazil. One female and one male of T. hispidus had lungs infected by Raillietiella mottae sp. nov. (prevalence 11.1% and mean intensity of infection 6.0 ± 1.4, range 5-7). The parasite’s main diagnostic characteristics include the dimensions of sharp hooks and strongly curved or "C-shaped" male copulatory spicules with knob-like posterior projection from the base towards the inner curvature of the spicule.
Spatial distribution of Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) larvae in three scales
Authors: Jesus CR. , Redaelli LR.
Published: May 2008

The spatial distribution of larvae of Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae), the citrus leaf miner, in leaves, shoots, and tree crowns of Montenegrina tangerine (Citrus deliciosa Tenore) and Murcott tangor (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck x Citrus reticulata Blanco) was determined. Fortnightly samplings from July/2001 to June/2003, in orchards located in Montenegro (29º 68’ S and 51º 46’ W), RS, Brazil, were carried out. At each sampling occasion eighth shoots randomly selected were collected. The spatial distribution pattern of P. citrella larvae between tree crowns and in the shoots was aggregated in most sampling occasions in both citrus species. Nevertheless, on the leaves, this pattern followed a random distribution, as indicated by the indices I, Idelta and k parameter.
Em busca de um delineamento de proposta para classificação dos periódicos internacionais de contabilidade para o Qualis CAPES
Authors: Beuren Ilse Maria , Souza José Carlos de
Published: May 2008

O artigo objetiva buscar subsídios ao delineamento de uma proposta para classificação dos periódicos internacionais de contabilidade para o Qualis CAPES. Para tanto, foi realizada pesquisa exploratória, por meio de levantamento, com abordagem quantitativa dos dados e corte seccional. Os dados foram levantados no Portal de Periódicos da CAPES, obtendo-se um total de 50 periódicos. Os resultados da pesquisa mostram: os periódicos internacionais de contabilidade disponíveis no Portal de Periódicos da CAPES; os periódicos internacionais de contabilidade indexados no SCOPUS ou ISI e não disponíveis no Portal de Periódicos da CAPES; os periódicos da área contábil citados por periódicos da área contábil indexados no SCOPUS; os periódicos da área contábil citados por periódicos da área contábil indexados no SCOPUS e não disponíveis no Portal de Periódicos da CAPES e o fator de impacto 2006 dos periódicos da área contábil citados por periódicos da área contábil indexados no SCOPUS. Com base nos achados da pesquisa foi delineada uma proposta de classificação dos periódicos internacionais de contabilidade para o Qualis CAPES, a qual pretende ser um ponto de partida para a discussão e construção de uma proposta em face da revisão do Qualis CAPES em 2007.
Análise das habilidades cognitivas requeridas dos candidatos ao cargo de contador na Administração Pública Federal, utilizando-se indicadores fundamentados na visão da Taxonomia de Bloom
Authors: Santana Junior Jorge José Barros de , Pereira Dimmitre Morant Vieira Gonçalves , Lopes Jorge Expedito de Gusmão
Published: May 2008

O presente estudo objetiva detectar, através dos seis níveis de conhecimento da Taxonomia de Bloom, qual a tendência das habilidades cognitivas requeridas, quando da demanda por profissionais contadores pela Administração Direta e Indireta da União, utilizando-se da análise das questões de algumas recentes provas de concursos (1999 a 2006), o que evidenciará um perfil de desempenho intelectual delineado por esse setor público. A partir dessa análise, busca-se fazer uma reflexão sobre os caminhos a serem percorridos, para que o profissional contador possa atingir as demandas de desempenho intelectual exigidas pelo atual cenário de desenvolvimento tecnológico e econômico mundial. O artigo foi desenvolvido utilizando-se do método indutivo, mediante pesquisas bibliográficas e documentais, além de técnicas de investigação estatística. Aborda-se o histórico das últimas mudanças ocorridas no mercado profissional, em especial do setor público, e o entendimento dos fundamentos da Taxonomia de Bloom, apresentando como proposta alguns indicadores de aprendizagem mais voltados para uma realidade atual. O resultado da pesquisa demonstrou que não se está exigindo dos candidatos ao cargo de contador (ou com especialidade em contabilidade) os mais altos indicadores de habilidades cognitivas. Verifica-se, portanto, a necessidade de mudanças efetivas nos rumos dessa profissão, para que se possa garantir o espaço almejado para todos aqueles que optaram em trabalhar e desenvolver as Ciências Contábeis.
An overview of preharvest factors influencing mango fruit growth, quality and postharvest behaviour
Authors: Léchaudel Mathieu , Joas Jacques
Published: May 2008

Mango, a tropical fruit of great economic importance, is generally harvested green and then commercialised after a period of storage. Unfortunately, the final quality of mango batches is highly heterogeneous, in fruit size as well as in gustatory quality and postharvest behaviour. A large amount of knowledge has been gathered on the effects of the maturity stage at harvest and postharvest conditions on the final quality of mango. Considerably less attention has been paid to the influence of environmental factors on mango growth, quality traits, and postharvest behaviour. In this paper, we provide a review of studies on mango showing how environmental factors influence the accumulation of water, structural and non-structural dry matter in the fruit during its development. These changes are discussed with respect to the evolution of quality attributes on the tree and after harvest. The preharvest factors presented here are light, temperature, carbon and water availabilities, which can be controlled by various cultural practices such as tree pruning, fruit thinning and irrigation management. We also discuss recent advances in modelling mango function on the tree according to environmental conditions that, combined with experimental studies, can improve our understanding of how these preharvest conditions affect mango growth and quality.
Ecophysiology of tea
Authors: De Costa W.A. Janendra M. , Mohotti A. Janaki , Wijeratne Madawala A.
Published: May 2008

Tea [Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze] is one of the most important beverage crops in the world. The major tea-growing regions of the world are South-East Asia and Eastern Africa where it is grown across a wide range of altitudes up to 2200 m a.s.l.. This paper reviews the key physiological processes responsible for yield determination of tea and discusses how these processes are influenced by genotypic and environmental factors. Yield formation of tea is discussed in terms of assimilate supply through photosynthesis and formation of harvestable sinks (i.e. shoots). The photosynthetic apparatus and partial processes (i.e. light capture, electron transport and carboxylation) of tea show specific adaptations to shade. Consequently, maximum light-saturated photosynthetic rates of tea are below the average for C3 plants and photoinhibition occurs at high light intensities. These processes restrict the source capacity of tea. Tea yields are sink-limited as well because shoots are harvested before their maximum biomass is reached in order to maintain quality characters of made tea. In the absence of water deficits, rates of shoot initiation and extension are determined by air temperature and saturation vapour pressure deficit, with the former having positive and the latter having negative relationships with the above rates. During dry periods, when the soil water deficit exceeds a genotypically- and environmentally-determined threshold, rates of shoot initiation and extension are reduced with decreasing shoot water potential. Tea yields respond significantly to irrigation, a promising option to increase productivity during dry periods, which are experienced in many tea-growing regions.
Reproductive physiology of mango
Authors: Davenport Thomas L.
Published: May 2008

Mango flowering involves hormonal regulation of shoot initiation and induction events resulting in reproductive shoot formation. A balance or ratio of endogenously regulated phytohormones, thought to be auxin from leaves and cytokinins from roots, appears to govern the initiation cycle independently from inductive influences. Induction of reproductive or vegetative shoots is thought to be governed by the ratio of a temperature-regulated florigenic promoter and an age regulated vegetative promoter at the time of shoot initiation. Management of off-season flowering in mango trees is being accomplished in the tropics by successfully synchronizing shoot initiation through tip pruning and use of nitrate sprays coupled with management of the stem age to induce flowering such that it can be accomplished during any desired week of the year.
Some aspects of citrus ecophysiology in subtropical climates: re-visiting photosynthesis under natural conditions
Authors: Ribeiro Rafael V. , Machado Eduardo C.
Published: May 2008

In this review we re-visit and discuss the current knowledge on ecophysiology of citrus trees, addressing the influence of environmental conditions on citrus photosynthesis. Knowledge of physiological responses of citrus trees to their surrounding environment is essential in order to improve crop production and plant development, both being consequences of appropriate horticultural management in citrus orchards. In this context, citrus photosynthesis is addressed as the primary source of carbon and energy for plant growth and development. The photosynthetic activity on both a daily and a seasonal scale is reviewed, taking into consideration the physiological aspects related to seasonal variation of photochemical and biochemical activities, stomatal conductance and leaf water potential. These aspects are treated for citrus plants growing in subtropical climates with varying environmental conditions, such as moderate to severe drought during the winter season. In addition, the possible inhibitory/stimulatory effects of carbohydrate metabolism on citrus photosynthesis are discussed with regard to the source-sink relationship. Field experimentation that enhances knowledge concerning citrus ecophysiology in subtropical climates is highlighted. Among interesting subjects to be unraveled by future research, we may point out the effects of low temperatures on citrus photosynthesis and water relations, the nature of the relationship between leaf carbohydrate content and photosynthesis, and the significance of photosynthesis in different canopy layers and positions in relation to the total carbon gain in mature citrus trees.
Environmental physiology of the bananas (Musa spp.)
Authors: Turner David W. , Fortescue Jeanie A. , Thomas Dane S.
Published: May 2008

The bananas are thought to be particularly sensitive to changes in the environment. This review considers some historical and recent investigations into the response of the leaf, root and reproductive system to the environment. Monteith's analysis of the response of plants to intercepted radiation is appropriate for analyzing the productivity of bananas and plantains. The banana is sensitive to soil water deficits, and expanding tissues such as emerging leaves and growing fruit are among the first to be affected. As soil begins to dry, stomata close and leaves remain highly hydrated, probably through root pressure. Productivity is affected because of the early closure of stomata. We find the common belief that bananas use large amounts of water does not have a strong physiological basis. Improvements in water-use efficiency in irrigated plantations could come from a closer match between plant water use and the amount of water applied. We examine recent data on water-use efficiency of different banana cultivars and propose that agronomists, physiologists and breeders could quantify the amount of water available in each rain-fed environment and work towards directing more of that water through the plant. The banana is day neutral for floral induction, but photoperiods of less than 12 h are associated with a slowing in the rate of bunch initiation that is independent of temperature expressed as growing degree days. This may contribute to seasonal variations in banana flowering, even in more tropical environments with moderate temperatures.
Eph receptors and zonation in the rat adrenal cortex
Authors: Brennan Caroline H , Chittka Alexandra , Barker Stewart , Vinson Gavin P
Published: May 2008

Although the zonation of the adrenal cortex has a clear functional role, the mechanisms that maintain it remain largely conjectural. The concept that an outer proliferative layer gives rise to cells that migrate inwards, adopting sequentially the zona glomerulosa, fasciculata and reticularis phenotypes, has yet to be explained mechanistically. In other tissues, Eph receptor (EphR)/ephrin signalling provides a mechanism for cellular orientation and migration patterns. Real-time PCR and other methods were used to determine the possible role of Eph/ephrin systems in the rat adrenal. mRNA coding for several members of the EphR family was detected, but out of these, EphA2 provided the closest parallel to zonal organisation. In situ hybridisation showed that EphA2 mRNA and EphA protein were predominantly located in the zona glomerulosa. Its transcription closely reflected expected changes in the glomerulosa phenotype, thus it was increased after a low-sodium diet, but decreased by pretreatment with the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, captopril. It was also decreased by ACTH treatment, but unaffected by betamethasone. mRNA coding for ephrin A1, the major ligand for the EphA receptors, was also detected in the rat adrenal, though changes evoked by the various pretreatments did not clearly reflect the expected changes in zonal function. Because the maintenance of cellular zonation requires clear positional signals within the adrenal cortex, these data support a role for Eph forward and reverse signalling in the maintenance of adrenocortical zonation.
Using eggshell waste in red wall tiles
Authors: Freire M. N. , Sousa S. J. G. , Holanda J. N. F.
Published: May 2008

Large quantities of eggshell waste are discarded in the food processing industry. This work investigates the incorporation of eggshell waste as a raw material into a wall tile body, replacing natural carbonate material by up to 15 wt%. Formulations containing eggshell were uniaxially dry pressed and fired at 1150°C using a fast-firing cycle. Physico-mechanical properties of the fired tiles (e.g. linear shrinkage, water absorption, apparent density, flexural strength) were then determined. Development of the microstructure was followed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses. The results showed that eggshell waste could be used in wall tiles, in the range 5–10 wt%, as a partial replacement for traditional carbonate-based materials with only a slight decrease in the end product properties.
Comparison of timber and metal formwork systems
Authors: Yip R. , Poon C. S.
Published: May 2008

Formwork is one of the most important temporary works for reinforced-concrete superstructures in building projects. The use of traditional timber formwork has dominated the construction industry in Hong Kong for many years. Now, however, low-waste technologies for superstructure construction are becoming more common. The study reported here compares the advantages and disadvantages of using traditional timber formwork and a large panel steel formwork system integrated with precast concrete semi-slab (composite formwork system) in superstructure construction in Hong Kong. The study compares these two different formwork systems used in two identically designed school projects in Hong Kong. The comparisons are focused on construction cost, time required for completion of work and construction waste generation. By conducting a detailed cost comparison, this paper shows that, despite the fact that the composite formwork system is able to produce less construction waste, the traditional timber formwork system is still more favourable economically. However, if the composite formwork could be reused in other standard school projects after completion of the project, economic advantages would be realised.
Modeling effects of herbicide drift on the competitive interactions between weeds
Authors: Damgaard Christian , Mathiassen Solvejg Kopp , Kudsk Per
Published: May 2008

Herbicides may drift onto road verges or natural areas adjacent to arable fields and affect nontarget plants. The effect of low doses of mecoprop-P on the competitive interactions and plant community dynamics was investigated in a model system using Capsella bursa-pastoris and Geranium dissectum as test plants. Dose–response experiments on single species showed that compared to G. dissectum, C. bursa-pastoris was more affected by mecoprop-P. Consequently, we expected that G. dissectum would outcompete C. bursa-pastoris when mecoprop-P was applied at a low dose in the competition experiment. Indeed, mecoprop-P had a significant effect on the interspecific competitive ability of both C. bursa-pastoris and G. dissectum. Our previous expectation, however, was not met: The interspecific competitive ability of both species increased significantly with the dose of the herbicide, and it was predicted that C. bursa-pastoris and G. dissectum are more likely to coexist in natural habitats with low concentrations of the herbicide compared to natural habitats with relatively high concentrations. The results from the dose–response experiments on the single species and the more laborious competition experiment approach, which is assumed to mimic the dynamics of plant communities more closely, show considerable discrepancies even though the experiments were performed at the same time and in the same greenhouse. This finding generally reduces the credibility of using single-species tests in ecological risk assessment of herbicide use.
Responses of zooplankton in lufenuron-stressed experimental ditches in the presence or absence of uncontaminated refuges
Authors: López-Mancisidor Patricia , Van den Brink Paul J , Crum Steven J.H , Maund Steve J , Carbonell Gregoria , Brock Theo C.M
Published: May 2008

Outdoor experimental ditches were used to evaluate the influence of untreated refuges on the recovery of zooplankton communities following treatment with the fast-dissipating insecticide lufenuron. Each experimental ditch was divided into three sections of the same surface area. The treatments differed in the proportion of ditch (0, 33, 67, and 100% of the surface area) to which the insecticide was applied at the same nominal treatment (3 μg/L). During the first week postapplication, a barrier was placed between treated and untreated ditch sections. The untreated sections were included to provide a source of organisms for recovery of affected zooplankton populations in the treated sections of the ditch after the removal of the barrier. Cyclopoida were the most affected by lufenuron treatment, followed by Daphnia gr. galeata. These and other direct effects of treatment on larvae of the phantom midge Chaoborus spp. resulted in clear indirect effects on populations of Calanoida, Ceriodaphnia, and Rotifera. Overall, faster recovery of the zooplankton community was observed in the treated sections of ditches that were sprayed for a smaller proportion of their surface area. Nevertheless, individual zooplankton populations showed considerable differences in rate of recovery. Cyclopoida showed a relatively slow rate of recovery even in the partially treated ditches. Daphnia gr. galeata recovered more rapidly in treated ditch sections in the presence of unsprayed ditch sections, illustrating the potential influence of unexposed refuges. Furthermore, the presence of refuges most likely dampened the magnitude and duration of indirect effects in the ditches treated with lufenuron.
Effect of aging on desorption kinetics of sediment-associated pyrethroids
Authors: Xu Yiping , Gan Jay , Wang Zijian , Spurlock Frank
Published: May 2008

Pyrethroids are insecticides commonly used in both agricultural and urban environments. Residues of pyrethroids frequently are found in bed sediments of regions such as California (USA), and as such, sediment toxicity from pyrethroid contamination is an emerging concern. Pyrethroids are highly hydrophobic, and toxicity from sediment-borne pyrethroids is expected to depend closely on their desorption rate. In the present study, we evaluated the effect of aging on desorption kinetics of sediment-borne pyrethroids. Two sediments spiked with four pyrethroids were incubated for 7, 40, 100, and 200 d at room temperature. Desorption measured using sequential Tenax® extractions was well described by a three-compartment model. The estimated rapid desorption fraction (Frapid) decreased quickly over time and was accompanied by an increase of the very slow desorption fraction. The aging effect on desorption kinetics followed a first-order model, with half-lives for the decrease in Frapid for all four pyrethroids in both sediments ranging from two to three months. When coupled with degradation, the estimated half-lives of the rapidly desorbing fraction (and, thus, the potentially bioavailable concentration) were two months or less for all four pyrethroids. Two field-contaminated sediments displayed distinctively different desorption kinetics. The sediment with fresh residues exhibited rapid desorption, and the sediment containing aged residues was highly resistant to desorption. The observation that desorption of pyrethroids decreased quickly over contact time implies that the bioavailability of sediment-borne pyrethroids may diminish over time and that use of nonselective extraction methods may lead to overestimating the actual sediment toxicity from pyrethroid contamination.
Evaluation of estrogenic activity of phthalate esters by gene expression profiling using a focused microarray (estrarray®)
Authors: Parveen Meher , Inoue Akio , Ise Ryota , Tanji Masao , Kiyama Ryoiti
Published: May 2008

Phthalates are used industrially as plasticizers and are known to contaminate natural environments, mostly as di-ester or mono-ester complexes. Because they are structurally similar to natural estrogens, they could act as endocrine disruptors. Here, we used a DNA microarray containing estrogen responsive genes (EstrArray®) to examine gene expression profiles in MCF-7 cells treated with 10 μM butylbenzyl phthalate (BBP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), and diisopropyl phthalate (DIP) along with the natural estrogen 17β-estradiol ([E2], 10 nM). The profiles for phthalate esters and E2 were examined by correlation analysis using correlation coefficients (r-values) and cluster analysis. We found that BBP showed the highest correlation with E2 (r = 0.85), and DEP and DIP showed moderate r-values (r = 0.52 and r = 0.49, respectively). Dibutyl phthalate exhibited the lowest (but still significant) correlation with E2 (r = 0.36). Furthermore, among the pairs of chemicals, DEP-DIP and DIP-DBP showed very high correlations (r = 0.90 and r = 0.80, respectively), and the other pairs showed moderate relationships, which reflected how structurally close they are to each other. The analysis of six functional groups of genes (enzymes, signaling, proliferation, transcription, transport, and others) indicated that the genes belonging to the enzyme, transcription, and other functional groups showed common responses to phthalate esters and E2. Although the effect of BBP was similar to that of E2, the other phthalate esters showed different types of effects. These results indicate that the structure of estrogenic chemicals is strongly related to their estrogenic activity and can be evaluated by appropriate grouping of the responsive genes by focused microarray analysis.
Influence of copper exposure on whole-body sodium levels in larval fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas)
Authors: Van Genderen Eric J , Tomasso Joseph R , Klaine Stephen J
Published: May 2008

Because metals such as Cu inhibit ionoregulation, the increased energy requirement to counter passive diffusive losses in soft water may translate into increased sensitivity to metal exposure. We developed a method to determine whole-body Na concentrations of larval fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) as a physiological indicator of health. This method was used to characterize net rates of Na flux from fish exposed to Cu in the presence of varying levels of hardness and alkalinity. In extremely soft waters (hardness, ≤10 mg/L as CaCO3), larval fish experienced rates of net whole-body Na loss greater than what has been observed in juvenile and adult fish when exposed to Cu at concentrations near the median lethal concentration. Elevating hardness (>10 mg/L as CaCO3), however, decreased the apparent kinetics of Na loss caused by Cu exposure, which suggests the process was related to uncompetitive inhibition of Cu by hardness cations. Although the percentage of Na loss associated with mortality in larval fish was similar to that in juvenile and adult fish (30% loss of exchangeable Na pool), larvae reached this level within 12 h of exposure, and it was not representative of the onset of mortality. These results suggested that ionoregulatory measures by themselves are not a conclusive metric for Cu regulation using larval fish. To account for increased sensitivity in low-hardness waters in the development of biotic ligand models, the critical amount of Cu associated with the gill to cause mortality (i.e., the median lethal accumulation value) should be characterized more appropriately as a function of hardness below 20 mg/L as CaCO3.