bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A nomogram illustrating the probability of anastomotic leakage following cervical esophagogastrostomy
Authors: Lindenmann Joerg , Fink-Neuboeck Nicole , Porubsky Christian , Fediuk Melanie , Anegg Udo , Kornprat Peter , Smolle Maria , Maier Alfred , Smolle Josef , Smolle-Juettner Freyja Maria
Published: October 2020

Background

Early diagnosis of anastomotic dehiscence following cervical esophagogastrostomy may become difficult. Estimation of an individual probability could help to establish preventive and diagnostic measures. The predictive impact of epidemiological, surgery-related data and laboratory parameters on the development of anastomotic dehiscence was investigated in the immediate perioperative period.

Methods

Retrospective study in 412 patients with cervical esophagogastrostomy following esophagectomy. Epidemiological data, risk factors, underlying disease, pre-treatment- and surgery-related data, C-reactive protein and albumin levels pre-and post-operatively were evaluated. We applied univariable and multivariable logistic regression analysis and developed a nomogram for individual risk assessment.

Results

There were 345 male, 67 female patients, mean aged 61.5 years; 284 had orthotopic, 128 retrosternal gastric pull-up; 331 patients had carcinoma, 81 non-malignant disease. Mean duration of operation was 184 min; 235 patients had manual, 113 mechanical and 64 semi-mechanical suturing; 76 patients (18.5%) developed anastomotic dehiscence clinically evident at mean 11.4 days after surgery. In univariable testing young age, retrosternal conduit transposition, manual suturing, high body mass index, high ASA and high postoperative levels of C-reactive protein were predictors for anastomotic leakage. These six parameters which had yielded a p < 0.1 in the univariable analysis, were entered into a multivariable analysis and a nomogram allowing the determination of the patient’s individual risk was created.

Conclusion

By using the nomogram as a supportive measure in the perioperative management, the patient’s individual probability of developing an anastomotic leak could be quantified which may help to take preventive measures improving the outcome.
Risk of the high-riding variant of vertebral arteries at C2 is increased over twofold in rheumatoid arthritis: a meta-analysis
Authors: Klepinowski Tomasz , Cembik Jagoda , Sagan Leszek
Published: October 2020

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) might lead to atlantoaxial instability requiring transpedicular or transarticular fusion. High-riding vertebral artery (HRVA) puts patients at risk of injuring the vessel. RA is hypothesized to increase a risk of HRVA. However, to date, no relative risk (RR) has been calculated in order to quantitatively determine a true impact of RA as its risk factor. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first attempt to do so. All major databases were scanned for cohort studies combining words “rheumatoid arthritis” and “high-riding vertebral artery” or synonyms. RA patients were qualified into the exposed group (group A), whereas non-RA subjects into the unexposed group (group B). Risk of bias was explored by means of Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. MOOSE checklist was followed to ensure correct structure. Fixed-effects model (inverse variance) was employed. Four studies with a total of 308 subjects were included in meta-analysis. One hundred twenty-five subjects were in group A; 183 subjects were in group B. Mean age in group A was 62,1 years, whereas in group B 59,9 years. The highest risk of bias regarded “comparability” domain, whereas the lowest pertained to “selection” domain. The mean relative risk of HRVA in group A (RA) as compared with group B (non-RA) was as follows: RR = 2,11 (95% CI 1,47–3,05), I2 = 15,19%, Cochrane Q = 3,54 with overall estimate significance of p < 0,001. Rheumatoid arthritis is associated with over twofold risk of developing HRVA, and therefore, vertebral arteries should be meticulously examined preoperatively before performing craniocervical fusion in every RA patient.
Clapping with Two Hands: Transforming Gender Relations and Zoonotic Disease Risks through Community Conversations in Rural Ethiopia
Authors: Mulema Annet Abenakyo , Kinati Wole , Lemma Mamusha , Mekonnen Mesfin , Alemu Biruk G. , Elias Belay , Demeke Yifru , Desta Hiwot , Wieland Barbara
Published: October 2020

Gender inequalities and zoonoses are major concerns in livestock production systems worldwide. Livestock producers are at high risk of zoonotic diseases due to direct and indirect contact with their livestock and livestock products. Gender differences and inequalities in roles, access to and control over resources, decision-making, and cultural norms influence exposure to, perceptions, and management practices for zoonotic disease risks. Using participatory action research, we tested the effectiveness of community conversations in changing gender relations and practices that expose livestock keepers to zoonoses in three districts of rural Ethiopia. Our findings show that community conversations change mindsets and practices regarding gender roles, access to and control over resources, decision-making in households, handling livestock, and consumption of animal-source foods. Behavioral change happens when women and men diagnose and understand the problem, reflect on the beliefs/norms that determine their practices, make shifts in cognitive and emotional mental models, commit, and take actions. This has practical and policy implications for interventions that aim to change behavior. The process requires nurturing collaborative relations, trust-building, community-driven social learning, enhancing local capacities, breaking belief traps, and complementarity to existing interventions.
Is and Ought? How the (Social) Ontological Circumscribes the Normative
Authors: Gädeke Dorothea
Published: October 2020

Is normative theory grounded in ontology and if so, how? Taking a debate between Kwame Gyekye and Thaddeus Metz as my point of departure, my aim in this article is to show that something normative does indeed follow from ontological views: The social ontological, I maintain, circumscribes the normative without, however, fully determining its content. My argument proceeds in two steps: First, I argue that our social ontological position constrains what kind of normative theory we may plausibly defend. A relational ontology as defended by Gyekye entails a relational normative theory, whereas an atomist ontology calls for an individualist normative approach and a collectivist ontology for a strong communitarian one. Second, this link between the ontological and the normative has substantive implications for how to interpret the normative content of a theory; it entails interpreting normative values in light of the appropriate kind of normative thought. I illustrate the importance of this implication by showing that it suggests a decidedly relational reading of the core value of well-being in Gyekye’s moderate communitarianism, that resolves the alleged tension between communal and individual values in his account.
Are Cognitive, Affective, and Eudaimonic Dimensions of Subjective Well-Being Differently Related to Consumption? Evidence from Japan
Authors: Tsurumi Tetsuya , Yamaguchi Rintaro , Kagohashi Kazuki , Managi Shunsuke
Published: October 2020

In this study, we investigate the relationship between consumption and subjective well-being (SWB). There is clear evidence in the literature that the income–SWB relationship depends on the SWB measure, but the reasons are not fully clear yet; however, the main reason may be related to consumption because most income is used for that. This study is the first to examine directly whether the consumption–SWB relationship differs between affective, cognitive, and eudaimonic SWB measures. We adopt the following four SWB indices: life satisfaction, the Cantril ladder, affect balance, and eudaimonia. In addition, on the consumption side, we consider both material and relational consumption. Nonparametric analysis of our uniquely collected survey results in Japan suggests that total consumption contributes to cognitive measures of SWB and eudaimonia, while there is a certain threshold for affective measures. However, once material versus relational consumption is considered in total consumption, we find that relational consumption contributes to any SWB measure without clear upper bounds, while material consumption contributes to all SWB measures only to certain thresholds. Our results also show that the marginal effects of total consumption, material consumption, and relational consumption on cognitive measures of SWB and eudaimonia are greater than on affective measures. In addition, our results show that the marginal effects of relational consumption tend to be greater than those of material consumption for all SWB indices. Based on the findings, we expect relational consumption to be key for improving well-being.
The Status of Family Resilience: Effects of Sustainable Livelihoods in Rural China
Authors: Yang Bo , Feldman Marcus W. , Li Shuzhuo
Published: October 2020

Family resilience is the capacity of a family to mitigate adversity using its resources, structure, and internal connections. In rural China, where sustainable livelihoods are changing rapidly because of urbanization and migration, it is not clear how family resilience interacts with sustainability of livelihoods. This study of rural Chinese families classifies individual’s perceived family resilience and discusses how sustainable livelihoods influence this classification. A multilevel survey of rural families reveals three categories of perceived resilience in families: perceived optimistic families, perceived cooperative families, and perceived pessimistic families. Sustainable livelihoods, including natural, social, financial, and human capitals, have significant impacts on this classification of perceived family resilience. We conclude that rural families in China vary in their levels of family resilience, and the more physical and financial capital they have, the more internal cooperation there is within families. The more natural and traditional social capital families have, the less internal cooperation there is within families. The more human resources families have, the more resilience they have.
Cassini Exploration of the Planet Saturn: A Comprehensive Review
Authors: Ingersoll Andrew P.
Published: October 2020

Before Cassini, scientists viewed Saturn’s unique features only from Earth and from three spacecraft flying by. During more than a decade orbiting the gas giant, Cassini studied the planet from its interior to the top of the atmosphere. It observed the changing seasons, provided up-close observations of Saturn’s exotic storms and jet streams, and heard Saturn’s lightning, which cannot be detected from Earth. During the Grand Finale orbits, it dove through the gap between the planet and its rings and gathered valuable data on Saturn’s interior structure and rotation. Key discoveries and events include: watching the eruption of a planet-encircling storm, which is a 20- or 30-year event, detection of gravity perturbations from winds 9000 km below the tops of the clouds, demonstration that eddies are supplying energy to the zonal jets, which are remarkably steady over the 25-year interval since the Voyager encounters, re-discovery of the north polar hexagon after 25 years, determination of elemental abundance ratios He/H, C/H, N/H, P/H, and As/H, which are clues to planet formation and evolution, characterization of the semiannual oscillation of the equatorial stratosphere, documentation of the mysteriously high temperatures of the thermosphere outside the auroral zone, and seeing the strange intermittency of lightning, which typically ceases to exist on the planet between outbursts every 1–2 years. These results and results from the Jupiter flyby are all discussed in this review.
Investigations of Hydrocarbon Species on Solid Catalysts by Inelastic Neutron Scattering
Authors: Lin Longfei , Mei Qingqing , Han Xue , Parker Stewart F. , Yang Sihai
Published: October 2020

The status of surface species on solid catalysts during heterogeneous catalysis is often mysterious. Investigations of these surface species are crucial to deconvolute the reaction network and design more efficient catalysts. Vibrational spectroscopy is a powerful technique to study the interactions between surface species and the catalysts and infrared (IR) and Raman spectroscopies have been widely applied to study reaction mechanisms in heterogeneous catalysis. However, IR/Raman spectra are difficult to model computationally and important vibrational modes may be IR-, Raman- (or both) inactive due to restrictions by optical selection rules. Inelastic neutron scattering (INS) is another form of vibrational spectroscopy and relies on the scattering of neutrons by the atomic nucleus. A consequence of this is that INS is not subject to any optical selection rules and all vibrations are measurable in principle. INS spectroscopy has been used to investigate surface species on catalysts in a wide range of heterogeneous catalytic reactions. In this mini-review, we focus on applications of INS in two important fields: petrochemical reactions and C1 chemistry. We introduce the basic principles of the INS technique, followed by a discussion of its application in investigating two key catalytic systems: (i) the behaviour of hydrocarbons on metal-oxide and zeolite catalysts and (ii) the formation of hydrocarbonaceous species on methane reforming and Fischer–Tropsch catalysts. The power of INS in studying these important catalytic systems is demonstrated.
Freiraum im Jugendalter – ein theoretischer und empirischer Versuch
Authors: Peyerl Katrin , Züchner Ivo
Published: October 2020

Der Beitrag unternimmt eine inhaltliche Bestimmung des schillernden Begriffs „Freiraum“, der im Kontext des Heranwachsens junger Menschen wieder Konjunktur hat. Hierzu wird ein theoretisches Modell vorgeschlagen, das Freiraum über die Dimensionen Raum, Zeit und Selbstbestimmung konzipiert. Dieses Modell wird auch empirisch, anhand einer quantitativen Studie zum Aufwachsen Jugendlicher in Internaten, auf seine Tragfähigkeit geprüft. Der sehr breit den Alltag umfassende Charakter von Internaten wird dabei genutzt, um neben einer Relationierung dieser Dimensionen auch institutionelle, interaktionelle und personale Einflussfaktoren auf das Freiraumerleben zu prüfen, die sich hier stark auf das Internat verdichten.
Obesità sarcopenica
Authors: Parrinello Edda , Donini Lorenzo M.
Published: October 2020

Sommario

L’obesità sarcopenica è una sindrome più frequentemente presente nella popolazione anziana, associata ad aumentato rischio di disabilità, morbilità e mortalità. Questo articolo discute l’evoluzione e le controversie legate alla definizione di tale patologia, i fattori di rischio, i meccanismi fisiopatologici, le conseguenze clinico-funzionali, le modalità di valutazione della composizione corporea e i criteri diagnostici presenti. Vengono descritte, inoltre, le possibili strategie di trattamento.
Visualization of 3D Property Data and Assessment of the Impact of Rendering Attributes
Authors: Seipel Stefan , Andrée Martin , Larsson Karolina , Paasch Jesper M. , Paulsson Jenny
Published: October 2020

Visualizations of 3D cadastral information incorporating both intrinsically spatial and non-spatial information are examined here. The design of a visualization prototype is linked to real-case 3D property information. In an interview with domain experts, the functional and visual features of the prototype are assessed. The choice of rendering attributes was identified as an important aspect for further analysis. A computational approach to systematic assessment of the consequences of different graphical design choices is proposed. This approach incorporates a colour similarity metric, visual saliency maps, and k-nearest-neighbour (kNN) classification to estimate risks of confusing or overlooking relevant elements in a visualization. The results indicate that transparency is not an independent visual variable, as it affects the apparent colour of 3D objects and makes them inherently more difficult to distinguish. Transparency also influences visual saliency of objects in a scene. The proposed analytic approach was useful for visualization design and revealed that the conscious use of graphical attributes, like combinations of colour, transparency, and line styles, can improve saliency of objects in a 3D scene.
Effect of enhanced weld cooling on the mechanical properties of a structural steel with a yield strength of 700 MPa
Authors: Laitila Juhani , Keränen Lassi , Larkiola Jari
Published: October 2020

In this study, we present the effect of enhanced cooling on the mechanical properties of a high-strength low-alloy steel (having a yield strength of 700 MPa) following a single-pass weld process. The properties evaluated in this study include uniform elongation, impact toughness, yield, tensile and fatigue strengths alongside the cooling time of the weld. With the steel used in this study, the enhanced cooling resulted in a weld joint characterized with excellent cross-weld uniform elongation, yield and fatigue strength. The intensified cooling reduced the time it takes for the weld to reach 100 °C by around 190 s. Not only the fusion line of the weld was less pronounced, but also the grain size of the CGHAZ was greatly refined as a result of the enhanced cooling. The results indicate that combining external cooling to the welding processes can be beneficial for the studied high-strength steel.
-spectra of measures on planar non-conformal attractors
Authors: FALCONER KENNETH J. , FRASER JONATHAN M. , LEE LAWRENCE D.
Published: October 2020

We study the

$L^{q}$
-spectrum of measures in the plane generated by certain nonlinear maps. In particular, we consider attractors of iterated function systems consisting of maps whose components are

$C^{1+\alpha }$
and for which the Jacobian is a lower triangular matrix at every point subject to a natural domination condition on the entries. We calculate the

$L^{q}$
-spectrum of Bernoulli measures supported on such sets by using an appropriately defined analogue of the singular value function and an appropriate pressure function.
Structures of an extradiol catechol dioxygenase – C23O64, from 3-nitrotoluene degrading Diaphorobacter sp. strain DS2 in substrate-free, substrate-bound and substrate analog-bound states
Authors: Mishra Keerti , Arya Chetan Kumar , Subramanian Ramaswamy , Ramanathan Gurunath
Published: October 2020

This manuscript reports structure–function studies of Catechol 2,3-dioxygenase (C23O64), which is the second enzyme in the metabolic degradation pathway of 3-nitrotoluene by Diaphorobacter sp. strain DS2. The recombinant protein is a ring cleavage enzyme for 3-methylcatechol and 4-methylcatechol products formed after dioxygenation of the aromatic ring. Here we report the substrate-free, substrate-bound, and substrate-analog bound crystal structures of C23O64. The protein crystallizes in the P6(2)22 space-group. The structures were determined by molecular replacement and refined to resolutions of 2.4, 2.4, 2.2 Å, respectively. A comparison of the structures with related extradiol dioxygenases showed 22 conserved residues. A comparison of the active site pocket with catechol 2,3-dioxygenase (LapB) from Pseudomonas sp KL28 and homoprotocatechuate 2,3-dioxygenase (HPCD) from Brevibacterium fuscum shows significant similarities to suggest that the mechanism of enzyme action is similar to HPCD.
The prevalence of mental health problems in sub-Saharan adolescents living with HIV: a systematic review
Authors: Dessauvagie A.S. , Jörns-Presentati A. , Napp A.-K. , Stein D.J. , Jonker D. , Breet E. , Charles W. , Swart R. L. , Lahti M. , Suliman S. , Jansen R. , van den Heuvel L.L. , Seedat S. , Groen G.
Published: October 2020

Despite the progress made in HIV treatment and prevention, HIV remains a major cause of adolescent morbidity and mortality in sub-Saharan Africa. As perinatally infected children increasingly survive into adulthood, the quality of life and mental health of this population has increased in importance. This review provides a synthesis of the prevalence of mental health problems in this population and explores associated factors. A systematic database search (Medline, PsycINFO, Scopus) with an additional hand search was conducted. Peer-reviewed studies on adolescents (aged 10–19), published between 2008 and 2019, assessing mental health symptoms or psychiatric disorders, either by standardized questionnaires or by diagnostic interviews, were included. The search identified 1461 articles, of which 301 were eligible for full-text analysis. Fourteen of these, concerning HIV-positive adolescents, met the inclusion criteria and were critically appraised. Mental health problems were highly prevalent among this group, with around 25% scoring positive for any psychiatric disorder and 30–50% showing emotional or behavioral difficulties or significant psychological distress. Associated factors found by regression analysis were older age, not being in school, impaired family functioning, HIV-related stigma and bullying, and poverty. Social support and parental competence were protective factors. Mental health problems among HIV-positive adolescents are highly prevalent and should be addressed as part of regular HIV care.
Inclusion at the Workplace: An Exploratory Study of People with Disabilities in South Africa
Authors: Bam Armand , Ronnie Linda
Published: October 2020

Research on the employment experiences of persons with disabilities on a global level indicates that this group is faced with the challenge of inclusion in the workplace. While South Africa has a well-defined legislative framework that has been determined in consultation with disabled people’s organisations, compliance with legislation appears to have failed to ensure that employment targets are met. As a response to these challenges, this study explored the early inclusion experiences of persons with disabilities in the workplace via a qualitative, explorative, case study. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 12 people with a range of different disabilities and working for different organisations, in order to provide insight into the initial experiences of inclusion for persons with disabilities in the workplace. Findings showed challenges in induction and orientation practices, struggles with disclosure of disability to coworkers, a desire to strive for ‘normality’, and frustration and vulnerability in the workplace. Taken together, the findings point to the importance of early experiences of inclusion in the workplace – that is, inclusionary practices during the employee induction phase. This study offers insights to organisations and management practitioners for the promotion of better employment experiences. Recommendations include the appointment of a disability champion to account for disability equity within the organisation, the development of more inclusive recruitment and orientation practices, drawing on coworkers for support, and the active involvement of persons with disabilities in shaping onboarding processes. Embarking on these steps may ultimately result in a more diverse workforce within South Africa.
DECOMPOSING FUNCTIONS OF BAIRE CLASS ON POLISH SPACES
Authors: DING LONGYUN , KIHARA TAKAYUKI , SEMMES BRIAN , ZHAO JIAFEI
Published: October 2020

We prove the Decomposability Conjecture for functions of Baire class
$2$
from a Polish space to a separable metrizable space. This partially answers an important open problem in descriptive set theory.
Ethnography and Political Opinion: Identity, Alienation and Anti-establishmentarianism in Rural Alberta
Authors: Banack Clark
Published: October 2020

This article documents an ethnographic case study designed to provide deeper insight into the manifestation of political opinion in the rural areas of Alberta, Canada. Employing “a method of listening,” the study demonstrates that rural Albertans, like rural Americans, are feeling politically alienated and angry in ways that go beyond ideological preference, age or income level. In fact, the grievances unveiled in this study are connected directly to key aspects of their social identites: to thier sense of belonging as Albertans, as “ordinary citizens” and as explicitly rural. Importantly, these forms of alienation are often experienced as being layered, frequently melting into each other and strongly informing both these citizens’ strong support for anti-establishment politics and the rather negative fashion in which they interpret the plight of newcomers to Canada and of Indigenous Canadians.
Experts, Exiles, and Textiles: German “Rationalisierung” on the 1930s Turkish Shop Floor
Authors: Akgöz Görkem
Published: October 2020

In the wake of the Great Depression, in the early 1930s the Turkish state decided to undertake an ambitious project of industrialization. Though state factories were presented and celebrated as model institutions of national modernity, their operations were characterized from the outset by serious and chronic problems of inefficiency and low productivity. To secure technical and managerial know-how on the shop floor, the Turkish state approached knowledgeable German industrial managers to organize its industrial production rationally, hoping to take advantage of the increasingly repressive political climate in Germany, which was driving leading experts into exile. This article analyses the transfer of scientific management from the German industrial context, with its craft control of the labour process and predominance of skilled labour with a strong labour movement, to Turkey, with its army of unskilled, cheap, and unorganized labour and where industrial development was in its infancy.
Engagement with life among the oldest-old in assisted living facilities: enriching activities and developmental adaptation to physical loss
Authors: Boeder Jordan , Hwang Sarah , Chan Thomas
Published: October 2020

The objective of this study was to examine the activities, motivations, and barriers of activity engagement in the oldest-old residing in assisted living facilities (ALFs). Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 20 participants, aged 80–94 (standard deviation = 4.38), from two ALFs. Thematic analyses were used to identify and corroborate clusters of experiences. All residents stated that they desired enriching activities, most often in the form of productive work or community events. Although engaging in enriching activities was a universal desire, residents who experienced more functional limitations had an increased difficulty satisfying this need. Participants believed that activities offered by the ALF primarily served those who are cognitively impaired. ALF residents with severe mobility issues were not able to access more enriching activities outside the ALF compared to those with fewer physical limitations. However, the more physically impaired residents used a range of adaption methods that fit into the selection, optimisation, and compensation framework to overcome barriers to participate in meaningful activities. ALF residents who are cognitively fit but experience severe mobility limitations may be the most in need of enriching activities. To help these residents maintain a high quality of life, ALFs need to provide activities that appeal to residents of varying cognitive abilities and provide interventions to help aid their adaption to physical loss.
Association rules mining between service demands and remanufacturing services
Authors: Zhou Wenbin , Xia Xuhui , Zhang Zelin , Wang Lei
Published: October 2020

The potential relationship between service demands and remanufacturing services (RMS) is essential to make the decision of a RMS plan accurately and improve the efficiency and benefit. In the traditional association rule mining methods, a large number of candidate sets affect the mining efficiency, and the results are not easy for customers to understand. Therefore, a mining method based on binary particle swarm optimization ant colony algorithm to discover service demands and remanufacture services association rules is proposed. This method preprocesses the RMS records, converts them into a binary matrix, and uses the improved ant colony algorithm to mine the maximum frequent itemset. Because the particle swarm algorithm determines the initial pheromone concentration of the ant colony, it avoids the blindness of the ant colony, effectively enhances the searchability of the algorithm, and makes association rule mining faster and more accurate. Finally, a set of historical RMS record data of straightening machine is used to test the validity and feasibility of this method by extracting valid association rules to guide the design of RMS scheme for straightening machine parts.
Standardisation of management after Norwood operation has not improved 1-year outcomes
Authors: Pisesky Andrea , Shah Shilpa , Seed Michael , Schwartz Steven M. , Russell Jennifer , Pereira-Solomos Paula , Thomas Jennifer , Van Arsdell Glen , Floh Alejandro
Published: October 2020

Introduction:

Treatment of hypoplastic left heart syndrome varies across institutions. This study examined the impact of introducing a standardised programme.

Methods:

This retrospective cohort study evaluated the effects of a comprehensive strategy on 1-year transplant-free survival with preserved ventricular and atrioventricular valve (AVV) function following a Norwood operation. This strategy included standardised operative and perioperative management and dedicated interstage monitoring. The post-implementation cohort (C2) was compared to historic controls (C1). Outcomes were assessed using logistic regression and Kaplan–Meier analysis.

Results:

The study included 105 patients, 76 in C1 and 29 in C2. Groups had similar baseline characteristics, including percentage with preserved ventricular (96% C1 versus 100% C2, p = 0.28) and AVV function (97% C1 versus 93% C2, p = 0.31). Perioperatively, C2 had higher indexed oxygen delivery (348 ± 67 ml/minute/m2 C1 versus 402 ± 102ml/minute/m2 C2, p = 0.015) and lower renal injury (47% C1 versus 3% C2, p = 0.004). The primary outcome was similar in both groups (49% C1 and 52% C2, p = 0.78), with comparable rates of death and transplantation (36% C1 versus 38% C2, p = 0.89) and ventricular (2% C1 versus 0% C2, p = 0.53) and AVV dysfunction (11% C1 versus 11% C2, p = 0.96) at 1-year. When accounting for cohort and 100-day freedom from hospitalisation, female gender (OR 3.7, p = 0.01) increased and ventricular dysfunction (OR 0.21, p = 0.02) and CPR (OR 0.11, p = 0.002) or ECMO use (OR 0.15, p = 001) decreased the likelihood of 1-year transplant-free survival.

Conclusions:

Standardised perioperative management was not associated with improved 1-year transplant-free survival. Post-operative ventricular or AVV dysfunction was the strongest predictor of 1-year mortality.
Seed-shattering phenology at soybean harvest of economically important weeds in multiple regions of the United States. Part 2: Grass species
Authors: Schwartz-Lazaro Lauren M. , Shergill Lovreet S. , Evans Jeffrey A. , Bagavathiannan Muthukumar V. , Beam Shawn C. , Bish Mandy D. , Bond Jason A. , Bradley Kevin W. , Curran William S. , Davis Adam S. , Everman Wesley J. , Flessner Michael L. , Haring Steven C. , Jordan Nicholas R. , Korres Nicholas E. , Lindquist John L. , Norsworthy Jason K. , Sanders Tameka L. , Steckel Larry E. , VanGessel Mark J. , Young Blake , Mirsky Steven B.
Published: October 2020

Seed shatter is an important weediness trait on which the efficacy of harvest weed seed control (HWSC) depends. The level of seed shatter in a species is likely influenced by agroecological and environmental factors. In 2016 and 2017, we assessed seed shatter of eight economically important grass weed species in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] from crop physiological maturity to 4 wk after maturity at multiple sites spread across 11 states in the southern, northern, and mid-Atlantic United States. From soybean maturity to 4 wk after maturity, cumulative percent seed shatter was lowest in the southern U.S. regions and increased moving north through the states. At soybean maturity, the percent of seed shatter ranged from 1% to 70%. That range had shifted to 5% to 100% (mean: 42%) by 25 d after soybean maturity. There were considerable differences in seed-shatter onset and rate of progression between sites and years in some species that could impact their susceptibility to HWSC. Our results suggest that many summer annual grass species are likely not ideal candidates for HWSC, although HWSC could substantially reduce their seed output during certain years.
Role of vitamin B12 in treating recurrent aphthous stomatitis: A review
Authors: Taleb Rim , Hafez Bassel , El Kassir Nadim , El Achkar Hani , Mourad Mohamad
Published: October 2020

Abstract. Vitamin B12, a water-soluble vitamin, plays a vital role in the formation of hematopoietic stem cells and has been associated with oral mucosal diseases, mainly recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS). The latter is a debilitating condition, and B12 was proposed as a potential treatment given its role in regenerating oral mucosal tissue. There is conflicting evidence that B12 deficiency causes RAS. Five of the seven randomized controlled trials reviewed used the inactive form of B12 (cyanocobalamin) as intervention, while the other two used the active form (methylcobalamin). Of the latter two, buccal discs (500 μg B12) showed significant improvement and reduced perceived pain in 77% of the subjects, and submucosal injections showed a significant difference in pain, starting from the second day. Moreover, three studies administered vitamin B12 sublingually with different dosages, which revealed that the higher dose (1000 μg) achieved a significant reduction in outbreaks, number, and duration of ulcers, especially after six months. Multivitamins showed no difference in new RAS episodes and duration. Injectable B12 was compared with the oral form, and nearly 50% of the injection group reported a desired response by the eighth week. An ointment form (500 μg) showed a significant reduction in pain levels after two days of treatment. Based on the available literature, we suggest that a daily dose of 1000 μg of vitamin B12 sublingually for six months can be used to treat RAS. Nevertheless, this conclusion should be considered tentative due to the lack of high quality, large scale studies.
Reply to Comment by E. T. Swenson, D. Das, and J. Shukla on “Unraveling the Mystery of Indian Summer Monsoon Prediction: Improved Estimate of Predictability Limit”
Authors: Saha Subodh Kumar , Hazra Anupam , Pokhrel Samir , Chaudhari Hemantkumar S. , Rai Archana , Sujith K. , Rahaman Hasibur , Goswami B. N.
Published: October 2020

Swenson et al. (2020, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JD033037) (hereafter SN20) raise some technical issues on observed correlations between the synoptic variances and the seasonal mean of area averaged (all‐India or central India) Indian summer monsoon rainfall (ISMR) reported in Saha et al. (2019, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JD030082) (hereafter SA19). SN20 did not comment on the other major finding of SA19 on model‐based prediction and predictability of the ISMR. Therefore, we focus in this reply only on the observational part of SA19 even though the modeling part is closely related to the observations. While we disagree with SN20 in all three aspects of their comments, we present additional analysis to clarify the scientific basis for our selection of area averaging, the selection of 30‐year period for the study and argue that the relevant probability density function of daily rainfall is not that of the individual stations (or grid points) but that of the daily averaged rainfall over a comparable area. On the debate of small area averaging (major point of SN20), we argue that it is physically meaningless in the context of ISMR.
Fully Implicit Dynamic Pore‐Network Modeling of Two‐Phase Flow and Phase Change in Porous Media
Authors: Chen Sidian , Qin Chaozhong , Guo Bo
Published: October 2020

Dynamic pore‐network model (PNM) has been widely used to model pore‐scale two‐phase flow. Numerical algorithms commonly used for dynamic PNM including IMPES (implicit pressure explicit saturation) and IMP‐SIMS (implicit pressure semi‐implicit saturation) can be numerically unstable or inaccurate for challenging flow regimes such as low capillary number (Ca) flow and unfavorable displacements. We perform comprehensive analyses of IMPES and IMP‐SIMS for a wide range of flow regimes under drainage conditions and develop a novel fully implicit (FI) algorithm to address their limitations. Our simulations show the following: (1) While IMPES was reported to be numerically unstable for low Ca flow, using a smoothed local pore‐body capillary pressure curve appears to produce stable simulations. (2) Due to an approximation for the capillary driving force, IMP‐SIMS can deviate from quasi‐static solutions at equilibrium states especially in heterogeneous networks. (3) Both IMPES and IMP‐SIMS introduce mass conservation errors. The errors are small for networks with cubic pore bodies (less than 1.4% for IMPES and 1.2% for IMP‐SIMS). They become much greater for networks with square‐tube pore bodies (up to 45% for IMPES and 46% for IMP‐SIMS). Conversely, the new FI algorithm is numerically stable and mass conservative regardless of the flow regimes and pore geometries. It also precisely recovers the quasi‐static solutions at equilibrium states. The FI framework has been extended to include compressible two‐phase flow, multicomponent transport, and phase change dynamics. Example simulations of two‐phase displacements accounting for phase change show that evaporation and condensation can suppress fingering patterns generated during invasion.
Slug regulates the Dll4-Notch-VEGFR2 axis to control endothelial cell activation and angiogenesis
Authors: Hultgren Nan W. , Fang Jennifer S. , Ziegler Mary E. , Ramirez Ricardo N. , Phan Duc T. T. , Hatch Michaela M. S. , Welch-Reardon Katrina M. , Paniagua Antonio E. , Kim Lin S. , Shon Nathan N. , Williams David S. , Mortazavi Ali , Hughes Christopher C. W.
Published: October 2020

Slug (SNAI2), a member of the well-conserved Snail family of transcription factors, has multiple developmental roles, including in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Here, we show that Slug is critical for the pathological angiogenesis needed to sustain tumor growth, and transiently necessary for normal developmental angiogenesis. We find that Slug upregulation in angiogenic endothelial cells (EC) regulates an EMT-like suite of target genes, and suppresses Dll4-Notch signaling thereby promoting VEGFR2 expression. Both EC-specific Slug re-expression and reduced Notch signaling, either by γ-secretase inhibition or loss of Dll4, rescue retinal angiogenesis in SlugKO mice. Conversely, inhibition of VEGF signaling prevents excessive angiogenic sprouting of Slug overexpressing EC. Finally, endothelial Slug (but not Snail) is activated by the pro-angiogenic factor SDF1α via its canonical receptor CXCR4 and the MAP kinase ERK5. Altogether, our data support a critical role for Slug in determining the angiogenic response during development and disease.
The evolution of tit-for-tat in bacteria via the type VI secretion system
Authors: Smith William P. J. , Brodmann Maj , Unterweger Daniel , Davit Yohan , Comstock Laurie E. , Basler Marek , Foster Kevin R.
Published: October 2020

Tit-for-tat is a familiar principle from animal behavior: individuals respond in kind to being helped or harmed by others. Remarkably some bacteria appear to display tit-for-tat behavior, but how this evolved is not understood. Here we combine evolutionary game theory with agent-based modelling of bacterial tit-for-tat, whereby cells stab rivals with poisoned needles (the type VI secretion system) after being stabbed themselves. Our modelling shows tit-for-tat retaliation is a surprisingly poor evolutionary strategy, because tit-for-tat cells lack the first-strike advantage of preemptive attackers. However, if cells retaliate strongly and fire back multiple times, we find that reciprocation is highly effective. We test our predictions by competing Pseudomonas aeruginosa (a tit-for-tat species) with Vibrio cholerae (random-firing), revealing that P. aeruginosa does indeed fire multiple times per incoming attack. Our work suggests bacterial competition has led to a particular form of reciprocation, where the principle is that of strong retaliation, or ‘tits-for-tat’.
Automated and optimally FRET-assisted structural modeling
Authors: Dimura Mykola , Peulen Thomas-Otavio , Sanabria Hugo , Rodnin Dmitro , Hemmen Katherina , Hanke Christian A. , Seidel Claus A. M. , Gohlke Holger
Published: October 2020

FRET experiments can provide state-specific structural information of complex dynamic biomolecular assemblies. However, to overcome the sparsity of FRET experiments, they need to be combined with computer simulations. We introduce a program suite with (i) an automated design tool for FRET experiments, which determines how many and which FRET pairs should be used to minimize the uncertainty and maximize the accuracy of an integrative structure, (ii) an efficient approach for FRET-assisted coarse-grained structural modeling, and all-atom molecular dynamics simulations-based refinement, and (iii) a quantitative quality estimate for judging the accuracy of FRET-derived structures as opposed to precision. We benchmark our tools against simulated and experimental data of proteins with multiple conformational states and demonstrate an accuracy of ~3 Å RMSDCα against X-ray structures for sets of 15 to 23 FRET pairs. Free and open-source software for the introduced workflow is available at https://github.com/Fluorescence-Tools. A web server for FRET-assisted structural modeling of proteins is available at http://nmsim.de.
Detecting and tracking drift in quantum information processors
Authors: Proctor Timothy , Revelle Melissa , Nielsen Erik , Rudinger Kenneth , Lobser Daniel , Maunz Peter , Blume-Kohout Robin , Young Kevin
Published: October 2020

If quantum information processors are to fulfill their potential, the diverse errors that affect them must be understood and suppressed. But errors typically fluctuate over time, and the most widely used tools for characterizing them assume static error modes and rates. This mismatch can cause unheralded failures, misidentified error modes, and wasted experimental effort. Here, we demonstrate a spectral analysis technique for resolving time dependence in quantum processors. Our method is fast, simple, and statistically sound. It can be applied to time-series data from any quantum processor experiment. We use data from simulations and trapped-ion qubit experiments to show how our method can resolve time dependence when applied to popular characterization protocols, including randomized benchmarking, gate set tomography, and Ramsey spectroscopy. In the experiments, we detect instability and localize its source, implement drift control techniques to compensate for this instability, and then demonstrate that the instability has been suppressed.
Vortex phase matching as a strategy for schooling in robots and in fish
Authors: Li Liang , Nagy Máté , Graving Jacob M. , Bak-Coleman Joseph , Xie Guangming , Couzin Iain D.
Published: October 2020

It has long been proposed that flying and swimming animals could exploit neighbour-induced flows. Despite this it is still not clear whether, and if so how, schooling fish coordinate their movement to benefit from the vortices shed by others. To address this we developed bio-mimetic fish-like robots which allow us to measure directly the energy consumption associated with swimming together in pairs (the most common natural configuration in schooling fish). We find that followers, in any relative position to a near-neighbour, could obtain hydrodynamic benefits if they exhibit a tailbeat phase difference that varies linearly with front-back distance, a strategy we term ‘vortex phase matching’. Experiments with pairs of freely-swimming fish reveal that followers exhibit this strategy, and that doing so requires neither a functioning visual nor lateral line system. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that fish typically, but not exclusively, use vortex phase matching to save energy.
Neglecting uncertainties biases house-elevation decisions to manage riverine flood risks
Authors: Zarekarizi Mahkameh , Srikrishnan Vivek , Keller Klaus
Published: October 2020

Homeowners around the world elevate houses to manage flood risks. Deciding how high to elevate a house poses a nontrivial decision problem. The U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) recommends elevating existing houses to the Base Flood Elevation (the elevation of the 100-year flood) plus a freeboard. This recommendation neglects many uncertainties. Here we analyze a case-study of riverine flood risk management using a multi-objective robust decision-making framework in the face of deep uncertainties. While the quantitative results are location-specific, the approach and overall insights are generalizable. We find strong interactions between the economic, engineering, and Earth science uncertainties, illustrating the need for expanding on previous integrated analyses to further understand the nature and strength of these connections. Considering deep uncertainties surrounding flood hazards, the discount rate, the house lifetime, and the fragility can increase the economically optimal house elevation to values well above FEMA’s recommendation.
Mendelian randomization study of maternal influences on birthweight and future cardiometabolic risk in the HUNT cohort
Authors: Moen Gunn-Helen , Brumpton Ben , Willer Cristen , Åsvold Bjørn Olav , Birkeland Kåre I. , Wang Geng , Neale Michael C. , Freathy Rachel M. , Smith George Davey , Lawlor Deborah A. , Kirkpatrick Robert M. , Warrington Nicole M. , Evans David M.
Published: October 2020

There is a robust observational relationship between lower birthweight and higher risk of cardiometabolic disease in later life. The Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD) hypothesis posits that adverse environmental factors in utero increase future risk of cardiometabolic disease. Here, we explore if a genetic risk score (GRS) of maternal SNPs associated with offspring birthweight is also associated with offspring cardiometabolic risk factors, after controlling for offspring GRS, in up to 26,057 mother–offspring pairs (and 19,792 father–offspring pairs) from the Nord-Trøndelag Health (HUNT) Study. We find little evidence for a maternal (or paternal) genetic effect of birthweight associated variants on offspring cardiometabolic risk factors after adjusting for offspring GRS. In contrast, offspring GRS is strongly related to many cardiometabolic risk factors, even after conditioning on maternal GRS. Our results suggest that the maternal intrauterine environment, as proxied by maternal SNPs that influence offspring birthweight, is unlikely to be a major determinant of adverse cardiometabolic outcomes in population based samples of individuals.