bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Unveiling the Promoting Mechanism of H2 Activation on CuFeOx Catalyst for Low-Temperature CO Oxidation
Authors: Shen Zhenghua , Xing Xiangdong , She Yuan , Meng Hao , Niu Wenkang , Ren Shan
Published: July 2024

The effect of H2 activation on the performance of CuFeOx catalyst for low-temperature CO oxidation was investigated. The characterizations of XRD, XPS, H2-TPR, O2-TPD, and in situ DRIFTS were employed to establish the relationship between physicochemical property and catalytic activity. The results showed that the CuFeOx catalyst activated with H2 at 100 °C displayed higher performance, which achieved 99.6% CO conversion at 175 °C. In addition, the H2 activation promoted the generation of Fe2+ species, and more oxygen vacancy could be formation with higher concentration of Oα species, which improved the migration rate of oxygen species in the reaction process. Furthermore, the reducibility of the catalyst was enhanced significantly, which increased the low-temperature activity. Moreover, the in situ DRIFTS experiments revealed that the reaction pathway of CO oxidation followed MvK mechanism at low temperature (<175 °C), and both MvK and L-H mechanism was involved at high temperature. The Cu+-CO and carbonate species were the main reactive intermediates, and the H2 activation increased the concentration of Cu+ species and accelerated the decomposition carbonate species, thus improving the catalytic performance effectively.
Theoretical Study of Molybdenum Separation from Molybdate Assisted by a Terahertz Laser
Authors: Ren Haoxin , Li Yining , Yin Yi , Liu Sicheng , Zhang Jingqi , Zhang Jingyu , Li Peilin , Wang Zhe , Zhang Peng
Published: July 2024

Molybdenum (Mo) is a rare and important element extensively utilised in aerospace, radar communications, optoelectronic devices, and the military. This study proposes an environmentally friendly physical method based on photon–phonon resonance absorption for the separation of Mo from sodium molybdate (Na2MoO4). We examined the vibrational spectrum of Na2MoO4 using the CASTEP code, employing first-principles density functional theory. Through dynamic process analysis, we analysed the vibrational modes and assigned peaks corresponding to experimental infrared (IR) and Raman data. We focused on the vibrational modes associated with Mo and identified that the highest-intensity IR-active peak at 858 cm−1 corresponded to Mo–O bond asymmetric stretching. Therefore, we propose the use of a high-power terahertz laser at ~25 THz to facilitate the separation of Mo from Na2MoO4. Experimental investigations are expected in the future.
LDH-Indomethacin Nanoparticles Antitumoral Action: A Possible Coadjuvant Drug for Cancer Therapy
Authors: Alves Kelly Costa , Costa Carlos Emmerson Ferreira da , Remédios Cláudio Márcio Rocha , Calcagno Danielle Queiroz , Lima Marcelo de Oliveira , Silva José Rogério A. , Alves Cláudio Nahum
Published: July 2024

Indomethacin (INDO) has a mechanism of action based on inhibiting fatty acids cyclooxygenase activity within the inflammation process. The action mechanism could be correlated with possible anticancer activity, but its high toxicity in normal tissues has made therapy difficult. By the coprecipitation method, the drug carried in a layered double hydroxides (LDH) hybrid matrix would reduce its undesired effects by promoting chemotherapeutic redirection. Therefore, different samples containing INDO intercalated in LDH were synthesized at temperatures of 50, 70, and 90 °C and synthesis times of 8, 16, 24, and 48 h, seeking the best structural organization. X-ray diffraction (XRD), vibrational Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), spectrophotometric analysis in UV-VIS, and differential thermogravimetric analysis (TGA/DTA) were used for characterization. Our results indicate that higher temperatures and longer synthesis time through coprecipitation reduce the possibility of INDO intercalation. However, it was possible to establish a time of 16 h and a temperature of 50 °C as the best conditions for intercalation. In vitro results confirmed the cell viability potential and anticancer activity in the LDH-INDO sample (16 h and 50 °C) for gastric cancer (AGP01, ACP02, and ACP03), breast cancer (MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7), melanoma (SK-MEL-19), lung fibroblast (MRC-5), and non-neoplastic gastric tissue (MN01) by MTT assay. Cell proliferation was inhibited, demonstrating higher and lower toxicity against MDA-MB-231 and SK-MEL-19. Thus, a clinical redirection of INDO is suggested as an integral and adjunctive anticancer medication in chemotherapy treatment.
Introduction of Electron Donor Groups into the Azulene Structure: The Appearance of Intense Absorption and Emission in the Visible Region
Authors: Merkhatuly Nurlan , Iskanderov Ablaykhan , Abeuova Saltanat , Iskanderov Amantay , Zhokizhanova Saltanat
Published: July 2024

In this work, through the Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling reaction with high yields, new π-conjugated azulene compounds containing diphenylaniline groups at positions 2 and 6 of azulene were synthesized. The obtained diphenylaniline–azulenes have intensely visible-light absorbing and emitting (in the wavelength range from 400 to 600 nm) properties. It has been shown that such unique optical properties, in particular fluorescent emission in the region of blue and green photoluminescence (λem at 495 and 525 nm), which were absent in the original azulene, are the result of the electron donor effect of diphenylaniline groups, which significantly changes the electronic structure of azulene and leads to the allowed HOMO → LUMO electron transition.
Primed for Interactions: Investigating the Primed Substrate Channel of the Proteasome for Improved Molecular Engagement
Authors: Loy Cody A. , Trader Darci J.
Published: July 2024

Protein homeostasis is a tightly conserved process that is regulated through the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) in a ubiquitin-independent or ubiquitin-dependent manner. Over the past two decades, the proteasome has become an excellent therapeutic target through inhibition of the catalytic core particle, inhibition of subunits responsible for recognizing and binding ubiquitinated proteins, and more recently, through targeted protein degradation using proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs). The majority of the developed inhibitors of the proteasome’s core particle rely on gaining selectivity through binding interactions within the unprimed substrate channel. Although this has allowed for selective inhibitors and chemical probes to be generated for the different proteasome isoforms, much remains unknown about the interactions that could be harnessed within the primed substrate channel to increase potency or selectivity. Herein, we discuss small molecules that interact with the primed substrate pocket and how their differences may give rise to altered activity. Taking advantage of additional interactions with the primed substrate pocket of the proteasome could allow for the generation of improved chemical tools for perturbing or monitoring proteasome activity.
Comparative Study of Two Spectral Methods for Estimating the Excited State Dipole Moment of Non-Fluorescent Molecules
Authors: Avadanei Mihaela Iuliana , Dorohoi Dana Ortansa
Published: July 2024

The electronic absorption spectral characteristics of cycloimmonium ylids with a zwitterionic structure have been analyzed in forty-three solvents with different hydrogen bonding abilities. The two ylids lack fluorescence emission but are very dynamic in electronic absorption spectra. Using the maximum of the ICT band, the goal was to establish an accurate relationship between the shift of the ICT visible band and the solvent parameters and to estimate two of the descriptors of the first (the) excited state: the dipole moment and the polarizability. Two procedures were involved: the variational method and the relationships of the Abe model. The results indicate that the excited state dipole moment of the two methylids decreases in the absorption process in comparison with the ground state. The introduction of a correction term in the Abe model that neglects the intermolecular H-bonding interactions leads to a more accurate determination of the two descriptors. The strong solvatochromic response of both ylids has been further applied in distinguishing the solvents as a function of their specific parameters. Principal component analysis was applied to five selected properties, including the maximum of the charge transfer band. The results were further applied to discriminate several binary solvent mixtures.
Combined Theoretical and Experimental Investigations: Design, Synthesis, Characterization, and In Vitro Cytotoxic Activity Assessment of a Complex of a Novel Ureacellobiose Drug Carrier with the Anticancer Drug Carmustine
Authors: Hoelm Marta , Porwański Stanisław , Jóźwiak Paweł , Krześlak Anna
Published: July 2024

Drug delivery systems (DDSs) are used to transport drugs which are characterized by some pharmaceutical problems to the specific target site, enhancing therapeutic efficacy and reducing off-target accumulation in the body. In this work, one of the recently synthesized molecules, 1,10-N,N’-bis-(β-ᴅ-ureidocellobiosyl)-4,7,13,16-tetraoxa-1,10-diazacyclooctadecane (TN), was tested as a potential drug carrier towards the anticancer drug carmustine. For this purpose, different techniques were used, from synthesis and calculations to cytotoxicity assessment. Our results showed that TN is characterized by a very compact geometry, which significantly impacts its complexation properties. Although it forms a very stable complex with carmustine, it adopts a non-inclusion geometry, as verified by both experimental and theoretical NMR analyses. The cytotoxicity study performed for all analyzed molecules (TN; carmustine; TN:carmustine complex) towards normal and cancer (breast and colon) cells revealed that TN is not toxic and that the formation of complexes with carmustine reduces the toxicity of carmustine to normal cells.
Synergistic Effect of Doxorubicin and Blue Light Irradiation on the Antitumor Treatment of HepG2 Cells in Liver Cancer
Authors: Teng Yun , Li Zhige , Liu Junsong , Teng Lesheng , Li Hongdong
Published: July 2024

Doxorubicin (DOX) has been an effective antitumor agent for human liver cancer cells; however, an overdose might lead to major side effects appearing in clinical applications. In this work, we present a strategy of combining DOX and blue light (BL) irradiation for the antitumor treatment of HepG2 cells (one typical human liver cancer cell line). It is demonstrated that synergetic DOX and BL can significantly reduce cell proliferation and increase the apoptotic rate of HepG2 cells in comparison to individual DOX treatment. The additional BL irradiation is further helpful for enhancing the inhibition of cell migration and invasion. Analyses of reactive oxygen species (ROS) level and Western blotting reveal that the strategy results in more ROS accumulation, mitochondrial damage, and the upregulation of proapoptotic protein (Bcl-2) and downregulation of antiapoptotic protein (Bax). In addition to the improved therapeutic effect, the non-contact BL irradiation is greatly helpful for reducing the dosage of DOX, and subsequently reduces the side effects caused by the DOX drug. These findings offer a novel perspective for the therapeutic approach toward liver cancer with high efficiency and reduced side effects.
Evaluating the Safety of Imidacloprid FS Seed Treatment Use in Potato Production: A Case Study from China
Authors: Kaium Abdul , Wu Chi , Man Yanli , Liu Xingang , Dong Fengshou , Zheng Youngquan
Published: July 2024

This study evaluated the residue behavior and dissipation dynamics of a new imidacloprid FS 600 seed treatment in potato cultivation systems in Shandong and Jilin, China. Sensitive and accurate UPLC-MS/MS methods were established to quantify imidacloprid residues in potatoes, potato plants, and soil. Results showed that imidacloprid dissipation followed a first-order kinetic model, with half-lives ranging from 6.9 to 26.7 days in plants and 19.8 to 28.9 days in soil. At harvest, the highest average residues in potatoes and soil were 0.778 mg/kg and 0.149 mg/kg, respectively. The dietary risk assessment indicated a chronic risk quotient (CRQ) of 39.73% for adults, indicating minimal risk to human consumers, while the ecological risk quotient (ERQ) and ecotoxicity exposure ratio (TER) revealed low to moderate toxicity to earthworms, warranting caution in the use of this formulation. This research provides valuable data for assessing the safety of imidacloprid FS seed treatment in potato cultivation.
Molecular Periphery Design Allows Control of the New Nitrofurans Antimicrobial Selectivity
Authors: Vinogradova Lyubov , Lukin Alexey , Komarova Kristina , Zhuravlev Maxim , Fadeev Artem , Chudinov Mikhail , Rogacheva Elizaveta , Kraeva Lyudmila , Gureev Maxim , Porozov Yuri , Dogonadze Marine , Vinogradova Tatiana
Published: July 2024

A series of 13 new 3-substituted 5-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazoles was synthesized from different aminonitriles. All compounds were screened in the disc diffusion test at a 100 μg/mL concentration to determine the bacterial growth inhibition zone presence and diameter, and then the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined for the most active compounds by serial dilution. The compounds showed antibacterial activity against ESKAPE bacteria, predominantly suppressing the growth of 5 species out of the panel. Some compounds had similar or lower MICs against ESKAPE pathogens compared to ciprofloxacin, nitrofurantoin, and furazidin. In particular, 3-azetidin-3-yl-5-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazole (2h) inhibited S. aureus at a concentration lower than all comparators. Compound 2e (5-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-3-[4-(pyrrolidin-3-yloxy)phenyl]-1,2,4-oxadiazole) was active against Gram-positive ESKAPE pathogens as well as M. tuberculosis. Differences in the molecular periphery led to high selectivity for the compounds. The induced-fit docking (IFD) modeling technique was applied to in silico research. Molecular docking results indicated the targeting of compounds against various nitrofuran-associated biological targets.
Preparation and Properties of Composite Double-Network Gel for Inhibiting Coal Spontaneous Combustion
Authors: Wang Jianguo , Zhang Zhenzhen , Fu Wen , Zhao Yifan
Published: July 2024

In order to improve the inhibition effect of gel on coal spontaneous combustion, a chitosan (CS)/polyacrylamide (PAM)/metal ion (Al3+) composite double-network gel was developed in this study. The optimum formula of the composite double-network gel was determined using orthogonal experimentation. The microstructure, water retention, compressibility, and anti-destruction properties of the composite double-network gel were analyzed. The inhibition effect of the composite double-network gel on coal spontaneous combustion was studied via infrared spectroscopy and a synchronous thermal analyzer from the micro and macro perspectives. The results show that the composite double-network gel has a denser interpenetrating double-network structure and a larger void ratio than the ordinary gel. The water retention rate was 55% after standing at 150 °C for 12 h. The deformation memory ratio of the composite double-network gel was 78%, which was 26.8% higher than that of the ordinary gel, and the compressive strength also increased by 59.96%. In addition, the critical temperature point and the maximum thermal weight-loss rate temperature point decreased by 7.01 °C and 39.62 °C, respectively, and the composite double-network gel effectively reduced active functional groups in the treated coal sample, such as hydroxyl and aliphatic hydrocarbons. In this study, a CS/PAM/Al3+ composite double-network gel was produced, which exhibited good gel performance and inhibition effects, with physical effects such as the covering, wetting, and cementation of coal.
Efficient Synthesis, Structural Characterization, Antibacterial Assessment, ADME-Tox Analysis, Molecular Docking and Molecular Dynamics Simulations of New Functionalized Isoxazoles
Authors: Arzine Aziz , Hadni Hanine , Boujdi Khalid , Chebbac Khalid , Barghady Najoua , Rhazi Yassine , Chalkha Mohammed , Nakkabi Asmae , Chkirate Karim , Mague Joel T. , Kawsar Sarkar M. A. , Al Houari Ghali , M. Alanazi Mohammed , El Yazidi Mohamed
Published: July 2024

This work describes the synthesis, characterization, and in vitro and in silico evaluation of the biological activity of new functionalized isoxazole derivatives. The structures of all new compounds were analyzed by IR and NMR spectroscopy. The structures of 4c and 4f were further confirmed by single crystal X-ray and their compositions unambiguously determined by mass spectrometry (MS). The antibacterial effect of the isoxazoles was assessed in vitro against Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, and Staphylococcusaureus bacterial strains. Isoxazole 4a showed significant activity against E. coli and B. subtilis compared to the reference antibiotic drugs while 4d and 4f also exhibited some antibacterial effects. The molecular docking results indicate that the synthesized compounds exhibit strong interactions with the target proteins. Specifically, 4a displayed a better affinity for E. coli, S. aureus, and B. subtilis in comparison to the reference drugs. The molecular dynamics simulations performed on 4a strongly support the stability of the ligand–receptor complex when interacting with the active sites of proteins from E. coli, S. aureus, and B. subtilis. Lastly, the results of the Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion and Toxicity Analysis (ADME-Tox) reveal that the molecules have promising pharmacokinetic properties, suggesting favorable druglike properties and potential therapeutic agents.
The Non-Histone Protein FgNhp6 Is Involved in the Regulation of the Development, DON Biosynthesis, and Virulence of Fusarium graminearum
Authors: Cao Jiakuo , Lv Junbo , Zhang Limin , Li Heng , Ma Hao , Zhao Yanxiang , Huang Jinguang
Published: July 2024

Fusarium graminearum is the primary causative agent of Fusarium head blight (FHB), a devastating disease affecting cereals globally. The high-mobility group (HMG) of non-histone proteins constitutes vital architectural elements within chromatin, playing diverse roles in various biological processes in eukaryotic cells. Nonetheless, the specific functions of HMG proteins in F. graminearum have yet to be elucidated. Here, we identified 10 HMG proteins in F. graminearum and extensively characterized the biological roles of one HMGB protein, FgNhp6. We constructed the FgNhp6 deletion mutant and its complementary strains. With these strains, we confirmed the nuclear localization of FgNhp6 and discovered that the absence of FgNhp6 led to reduced radial growth accompanied by severe pigmentation defects, a significant reduction in conidial production, and a failure to produce perithecia. The ∆FgNhp6 mutant exhibited a markedly reduced pathogenicity on wheat coleoptiles and spikes, coupled with a significant increase in deoxynivalenol production. An RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis indicated that FgNhp6 deletion influenced a wide array of metabolic pathways, particularly affecting several secondary metabolic pathways, such as sterol biosynthesis and aurofusarin biosynthesis. The findings of this study highlight the essential role of FgNhp6 in the regulation of the asexual and sexual reproduction, deoxynivalenol (DON) production, and pathogenicity of F. graminearum.
Questionnaire on the Current Status and Awareness of Palliative Medicine by Community Cooperation Pharmacies
Authors: Nagatani Keigo , Nakahara Mayu , Omotani Sachiko , Myotoku Michiaki
Published: July 2024

Community cooperation pharmacies are equipped to prepare narcotics and sterile injectable drugs for palliative medicine at home for cancer pain and end-of-life care; however, to the best of our knowledge, the actual status of the system to provide palliative medicine at home has not yet been examined. Therefore, in this study, given that home palliative medicine is one of the accreditation criteria for community cooperation pharmacies, a questionnaire survey was conducted among managing pharmacists engaged in community cooperation pharmacies to investigate the actual status of the system to provide appropriate services, mainly pain management, to patients who need home palliative medicine. An analysis of responses to the questionnaire showed that pharmacists working in community cooperation pharmacies had a high level of understanding of the proper use of rescue doses of medical narcotics and patient guidance. Pharmacists with experience in sterile and injection preparations also had a high level of understanding of palliative medicine. On the other hand, they had a low level of understanding of the WHO method for cancer pain treatment and appropriate suggestions for opioid switching. These results indicate that the creation of learning opportunities, such as training on injectables and prescription designs, for pharmacists in community cooperation pharmacies is one of the measures that may improve their understanding of palliative medicine.
Design and Optimization of an Ultraviolet Scattering Communication System Based on Duty Cycle Regulation
Authors: Jiao Yu , Zhao Yingkai , Kuang Li , Lin Ranxi , Ning Jin , Liu Jianguo
Published: July 2024

In this paper, a novel ultraviolet (UV) scatter communication scheme is presented, designed to dynamically adjust the signal duty cycle to optimize on–off keying (OOK) modulation and reduce the bit error rate (BER), particularly under varying rate settings. This approach addresses the significant challenge posed by LED tailing effects, which cause signal fluctuations and increase BER in high-speed communications. This BER suppression scheme is proposed for the first time in UV communication research, enhancing communication performance without the need for additional hardware or complex algorithms. A UV communication model that incorporates both path loss and LED tailing effects is introduced, with the probability density function of the signal from transmitter to receiver derived. By varying the signal duty cycle, tailing-induced BER is effectively minimized. Additionally, a closed-form expression for signal transmission BER using a single-scattering model is provided, and the proposed UV communication system is validated through comprehensive simulations and experimental tests. The results indicate that LED tailing has a pronounced impact on BER at higher communication speeds, while its effects are less significant at lower speeds. By optimizing the duty cycle parameters for various communication rates, findings demonstrate that lower duty cycle settings significantly reduce the BER at higher speeds. This further demonstrates the excellent performance of the proposed UV communication solution for OOK-modulated optical communication.
A Mathematical Model for Axial Length Estimation in a Myopic Pediatric Population Based on Easily Obtainable Variables
Authors: Noya-Padin Veronica , Nores-Palmas Noelia , Castro-Giraldez Alba , Giraldez Maria J. , Pena-Verdeal Hugo , Yebra-Pimentel Eva
Published: July 2024

Determining the axial length (AL) of the eye is of significant interest in the management of myopia. However, the devices that allow this value to be obtained are either expensive, for example, optical biometers, or inconvenient for use in pediatric population, such is the case with ultrasound biometers. Therefore, this study aimed to develop a mathematical model for estimating the AL value based on easily obtainable variables, with the novel addition of body height to the analysis. A total of 170 eyes of 85 myopic volunteers (mean age of 10.8 ± 1.45 years, ranging from 7 to 14 years) were included in the analysis. Participants underwent anamnesis, keratometry by NVISION-K 5001, subjective refraction by an optometrist, AL measurement by the Topcon MYAH biometer, and body height measurement. Spearman’s correlation test was employed to analyze the relationships between AL and keratometry, spherical equivalent, body height (Sperman’s correlation, all r ≥ 0.267, all p < 0.001), and age (Spearman’s correlation, p = 0.081). Subsequently, multiple regression analysis was conducted on the variables that demonstrated a previous correlation. The mathematical model obtained permits the estimation of AL based on average keratometry, spherical equivalent, and body height. This model is significant (p < 0.001) and explains 82.4% of AL variability.
Does Trema micranthum (L.) Blume Produce Cannabinoids?
Authors: Oliveira Gerlon de Almeida Ribeiro , Estrada-Semprun Omar Enrique , Arantes Luciano Chaves , Rodrigues Patrícia Marques , Ribeiro Rebekah Alves , Fagg Christopher William , Magalhães Pérola Oliveira , Fonseca-Bazzo Yris Maria , Silveira Damaris
Published: July 2024

There are inconclusive claims in the scientific literature that the species Trema micranthum, widely distributed throughout the Brazilian territory, may produce phytocannabinoids, potentially serving as an alternative to Cannabis sativa. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive investigation to assess the presence of phytocannabinoids in two Trema micranthum samples collected in the Midwest region of Brazil. In trying to detect cannabinoids in T. micranthum, a recommended cannabis screening test was employed, the Fast Blue BB Salt (FBBBS) colorimetric assay, followed by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and instrumental techniques: high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). When employed without chloroform extraction, the FBBBS reagent yielded positive results for extracts from all parts of T. micranthum (leaves, branches, fruits, and inflorescences). However, these initial positive results from the FBBBS test, suggesting the presence of cannabinoids, were not corroborated by FBBBS followed by chloroform extraction, TLC, or the instrumental techniques used in this study. These additional outcomes suggest that the positive FBBBS test results were likely due to the presence of other phenolic compounds rather than phytocannabinoids. For example, the presence of vitexin-like compounds in T. micranthum extracts might explain the positive FBBBS test results. Therefore, new assertions that T. micranthum produces cannabinoids will require the support of more selective experiments to avoid false-positive claims based on less selective screening tests.
3D-Printed Hydrogels as Photothermal Actuators
Authors: Ghelardini Melanie M. , Geisler Martin , Weigel Niclas , Hankwitz Jameson P. , Hauck Nicolas , Schubert Jonas , Fery Andreas , Tracy Joseph B. , Thiele Julian
Published: July 2024

Thermoresponsive hydrogels were 3D-printed with embedded gold nanorods (GNRs), which enable shape change through photothermal heating. GNRs were functionalized with bovine serum albumin and mixed with a photosensitizer and poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm) macromer, forming an ink for 3D printing by direct ink writing. A macromer-based approach was chosen to provide good microstructural homogeneity and optical transparency of the unloaded hydrogel in its swollen state. The ink was printed into an acetylated gelatin hydrogel support matrix to prevent the spreading of the low-viscosity ink and provide mechanical stability during printing and concurrent photocrosslinking. Acetylated gelatin hydrogel was introduced because it allows for melting and removal of the support structure below the transition temperature of the crosslinked PNIPAAm structure. Convective and photothermal heating were compared, which both triggered the phase transition of PNIPAAm and induced reversible shrinkage of the hydrogel–GNR composite for a range of GNR loadings. During reswelling after photothermal heating, some structures formed an internally buckled state, where minor mechanical agitation recovered the unbuckled structure. The BSA-GNRs did not leach out of the structure during multiple cycles of shrinkage and reswelling. This work demonstrates the promise of 3D-printed, photoresponsive structures as hydrogel actuators.
A Promising Biocontrol Agent of Bacillus velezensis VC3 against Magnaporthe oryzae and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides in Plants
Authors: Li Kui , Zhang Xin , Chen Yue , Zhang Tong , Sun Qianlong , Wu Hongtao , Chen Zhen , Sun Yan , Liu Dehua , Tan Xinqiu
Published: July 2024

Fungal diseases of plants are one of the key factors causing global crop losses. In this study, we isolated a Bacillus velezensis strain VC3, which was found to have a broad-spectrum inhibitory effect on a variety of phytopathogenic fungi through in vitro and in planta experiments, especially on Magnaporthe oryzae and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Further genomic and transcriptomic analyses revealed that the B. velezensis VC3 has multiple functional gene clusters encoding for the synthesis of a variety of antifungal secondary metabolites, including antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) and lipopeptides (LPs). In addition, AMPs and LPs were isolated and purified from B. velezensis VC3 fermentation broth and their antifungal activities were verified in this study. AMPs and LPs significantly inhibited spore germination, appressorium formation, and disease development, and AMPs have a better potential for controlling M. oryzae and C. gloeosporioides than LPs. These findings open new avenues for utilizing B. velezensis VC3 as biocontrol agents, providing potential sustainable solutions for agricultural production.
Key Takeaways on the Cost-Effective Production of Cellulosic Sugars at Large Scale
Authors: Arora Richa , Reis Cristiano , Chandel Anuj
Published: July 2024

The production of cellulosic sugars in lignocellulose biorefinery presents significant economic and environmental challenges due to the recalcitrant nature of biomass. The economic and facile production of renewable sugars with high yield and productivity is pivotal for the success of biorefinery. The cellulosic sugars are valorized either by biochemical routes or chemical routes or by hybrid (biological and chemical) routes into renewable chemicals, fuels, and materials. This manuscript focuses on the critical parameters affecting the economic viability of cellulosic sugar production at large scale, including biomass-specific pretreatment strategies and enzyme cost efficiency. High pretreatment costs, carbohydrate loss, and inhibitors production during pretreatment are identified as major contributors to overall production costs. To address these issues, we highlight the importance of developing cost-effective and efficient pretreatment methods tailored to specific biomass types and strategies for enzyme reuse and recycling. Future research should focus on innovations in pretreatment technologies, improved logistics for high-density feedstocks, biomass feeding systems, and advancements in enzyme technology to enhance the economic and environmental sustainability of lignocellulosic biorefineries. The findings highlight the need for continued innovation and optimization to make the commercial-scale production of cellulosic sugars more viable and sustainable.
Development and Characterization of a Novel Microwave Plasma Source for Enhanced Healing in Wound Treatment
Authors: Bogdanov Todor , Simeonova Maria , Traikov Lubomir , Hikov Todor , Petrov Andrey , Peychinov Dimitar , Bakalov Dimitar , Sabit Zafer , Tafradjiiska-Hadjiolova Radka , Mileva Rene
Published: July 2024

Our study explores the potential of a novel microwave plasma source for enhancing wound healing in BALB-C mouse models. Chronic wounds, particularly in diabetic individuals, present significant challenges due to impaired regenerative capacity. Cold Atmospheric Plasma (CAP) has emerged as a promising approach, offering diverse therapeutic benefits. However, its specific efficacy in the context of diabetic wounds remains underexplored. We developed and characterized a microwave plasma source optimized for wound treatment, inducing acute wounds and treating them with CAP in a controlled experimental setup. The treated group exhibited accelerated wound closure compared to controls, suggesting CAP’s potential to enhance the healing process. Our findings underscore CAP’s multifaceted impact on the wound healing cascade, highlighting its ability to promote angiogenesis, modulate inflammatory responses, and exhibit antimicrobial properties. These results position CAP as a promising intervention in acute wound management, paving the way for further exploration of its therapeutic potential in clinical settings.
Economic Optimization of Thermal Insulation Thickness for Insulated and Electrically Traced Pipelines in Drilling Applications
Authors: Xu Meng , Gao Meng , Yang Ruitong , Wang Keping , Yuan Zhe
Published: July 2024

This study presents an economic optimization model for determining the optimal insulation thickness for both thermal insulation and electric tracing pipelines. Using Life-Cycle Cost (LCC) analysis, optimization research was conducted under various working conditions to identify the most cost-effective insulation thickness. Factors such as pipe diameter, operational duration, drilling fluid temperature, and heat cost were analyzed to assess their impact on the economic thickness of the insulation layer, specifically within the unique environment of drilling sites. The results provide the economic thickness and total cost for both insulated and electrically traced pipelines under different scenarios. For instance, for a DN100 pipe with rock wool insulation operating for 3600 h, the economic thickness of the electrically traced pipe insulation was determined to be 5.18 cm greater per unit length compared to the non-electrically traced pipe, resulting in an additional cost of 19.36 CNY/m. These findings offer valuable insights for optimizing pipeline insulation in drilling applications.
Evolution of Coastal Environments under Inundation Scenarios Using an Oceanographic Model and Remote Sensing Data
Authors: Cappucci Sergio , Carillo Adriana , Iacono Roberto , Moretti Lorenzo , Palma Massimiliano , Righini Gaia , Antonioli Fabrizio , Sannino Gianmaria
Published: July 2024

A new methodology to map Italian coastal areas at risk of flooding is presented. This approach relies on detailed projections of the future sea level from a high-resolution, three-dimensional model of the Mediterranean Sea circulation, on the best available digital terrain model of the Italian coasts, and on the most advanced satellite-derived data of ground motion, provided by the European Ground Motion Service of Copernicus. To obtain a reliable understanding of coastal evolution, future sea level projections and estimates of the future vertical ground motion based on the currently available data were combined and spread over the digital terrain model, using a GIS-based approach specifically developed for this work. The coastal plains of Piombino-Follonica and Marina di Campo (Tuscany Region), Alghero-Fertilia (Sardinia), and Rome and Latina-Sabaudia (Lazio Region) were selected as test cases for the new approach. These coastal stretches are important for the ecosystems and the economic activities they host and are relatively stable areas from a geological point of view. Flood maps were constructed for these areas, for the reference periods 2010–2040, 2040–2070, and 2040–2099. Where possible, the new maps were compared with previous results, highlighting differences that are mainly due to the more refined and resolved sea-level projection and to the detailed Copernicus ground motion data. Coastal flooding was simulated by using the “bathtub” approach without considering the morphodynamic processes induced by waves and currents during the inundation process. The inundation zone was represented by the water level raised on a coastal DTM, selecting all vulnerable areas that were below the predicted new water level. Consequent risk was related to the exposed asset.
Identification Method for Spring Dust Intensity Levels Based on Multiple Remote Sensing Parameters
Authors: Jiang Qi , An Linchang , Wang Fei , Wu Guozhou , Wen Jianwei , Li Bin , Jin Yuchen , Wei Yapeng
Published: July 2024

The advancement of more precise remote sensing inversion technology for dust aerosols has long been a hot topic in the field of the atmospheric environment. In 2023, China experienced 18 dust-related weather events, predominantly in spring. These high-intensity and frequent dust events have attracted considerable attention. However, gridded observation data of dust intensity levels are not collected in current dust monitoring and forecasting operations. Based on the Himawari 9 geostationary satellite data, this study establishes a new method to identify spring dust events. This method integrates the brightness temperature difference method and the multiple infrared dust index, taking into account the response discrepancies of the multiple infrared dust index under various underlying surfaces. Furthermore, by obtaining dynamic background brightness temperature values eight times a day, threshold statistics are applied to analyze the correlation between the infrared difference dust index and ground-observed dust level, so as to establish a satellite-based near-surface dust intensity level identification algorithm. This algorithm aims to improve dust detection accuracy, and to provide more effective gridded observation support for dust forecasting and monitoring operations. The test results indicate that the algorithm can effectively identify the presence or absence of dust, with a misjudgment rate of less than 3%. With regard to dust intensity, the identification of blowing sand and floating dust aligns relatively well with ground-based observations, but notable uncertainties exist in determining a dust intensity of sand-storm level or above. Among these uncertainties, the differences between ground-based observations and satellite identification caused by non-grounded dust in the upper air, and the selection of dust identification thresholds, are two important error sources in the dust identification results of this study.
Martian Dust Storms: Reviews and Perspective for the Tianwen-3 Mars Sample Return Mission
Authors: He Fei , Rong Zhaojin , Wu Zhaopeng , Gao Jiawei , Fan Kai , Zhou Xu , Yan Limei , Wang Yuqi , Wei Yong
Published: July 2024

Dust storms play a crucial role in the climate system and the space environment of Mars, significantly impacting human exploration activities on the planet. The Martian dust storms exhibit significant regional, seasonal and interannual variations due to various controlling factors such as large-scale atmospheric circulation, varying solar radiation forcing, and Martial orbital and rotational motions and their coupling to the atmospheric dynamics. This paper aims to review current understandings of Martian dust storms. This paper begins by elucidating the basic properties of dust storms, their driving mechanisms, and their impacts on atmospheric dynamics, atmospheric electric property, space environment, topography, and Mars explorations. The paper then introduces the observation methods on different platforms, including orbiters and landers/rovers, along with datasets constructed based on these historical observations of Martian dust storms. Finally, we propose dust storm monitoring and predicting for the upcoming Chinese Tianwen-3 Mars sample return mission. It concludes by depicting the future research topics aimed at systematically understanding Martian dust storms.
Joint Antenna Scheduling and Power Allocation for Multi-Target Tracking under Range Deception Jamming in Distributed MIMO Radar System
Authors: Li Zhengjie , Yang Yang , Wang Ruijun , Qi Cheng , Huang Jieyu
Published: July 2024

The proliferation of electronic countermeasure (ECM) technology has presented military radar with unprecedented challenges as it remains the primary method of battlefield situational awareness. In this paper, a joint antenna scheduling and power allocation (JASPA) scheme is put forward for multi-target tracking (MTT) in the distributed multiple-input multiple-output (D-MIMO) radar. Aiming at radar resource scheduling in the presence of range deception jamming (RDJ), the false target discriminator is designed based on the Cramer–Rao lower bound (CRLB) in terms of the spoofing range, and the predicted conditional CRLB (PC-CRLB) plays a role in evaluating tracking accuracy. The JASPA scheme integrates the quality of service (QoS) principle to develop an optimization model based on false target discrimination, with the objective of enhancing both the discrimination probability of false targets and the tracking accuracy of real targets concurrently. Since the optimal variables can be separated in constraints, a four-step optimization cycle (FSOC)-based algorithm is developed to solve the multidimensional non-convex problem. Numerical simulation results are provided to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed JASPA scheme in dealing with MTT in the RDJ environment.
A Survey on Green Enablers: A Study on the Energy Efficiency of AI-Based 5G Networks
Authors: Ezzeddine Zeinab , Khalil Ayman , Zeddini Besma , Ouslimani Habiba Hafdallah
Published: July 2024

In today’s world, the significance of reducing energy consumption globally is increasing, making it imperative to prioritize energy efficiency in 5th-generation (5G) networks. However, it is crucial to ensure that these energy-saving measures do not compromise the Key Performance Indicators (KPIs), such as user experience, quality of service (QoS), or other important aspects of the network. Advanced wireless technologies have been integrated into 5G network designs at multiple network layers to address this difficulty. The integration of emerging technology trends, such as machine learning (ML), which is a subset of artificial intelligence (AI), and AI’s rapid improvements have made the integration of these trends into 5G networks a significant topic of research. The primary objective of this survey is to analyze AI’s integration into 5G networks for enhanced energy efficiency. By exploring this intersection between AI and 5G, we aim to identify potential strategies and techniques for optimizing energy consumption while maintaining the desired network performance and user experience.
Pulsed-Mode Magnetic Field Measurements with a Single Stretched Wire System
Authors: Vella Wallbank Joseph , Buzio Marco , Parrella Alessandro , Petrone Carlo , Sammut Nicholas
Published: July 2024

In synchrotrons, accurate knowledge of the magnetic field generated by bending dipole magnets is essential to ensure beam stability. Measurement campaigns are necessary to characterize the field. The choice of the measurement method for such campaigns is determined by the combination of magnet dimensions and operating conditions and typically require a trade-off between accuracy and versatility. The single stretched wire (SSW) is a well-known, polyvalent method to measure the integral field of magnets having a wide range of geometries. It, however, requires steady-state excitation. This work presents a novel implementation of this method called pulsed SSW, which allows the system to measure rapidly time-varying magnetic fields, as is often needed, to save power or gain beam time. We first introduce the measurement principle of the pulsed SSW, followed by a combined strategy to calculate the absolute magnetic field by incorporating the classic DC SSW method. Using a bending magnet from the Proton Synchrotron Booster located at the European Organization for Nuclear Research as a case study, we validate the pulsed SSW method and compare its dynamic measurement capabilities to a fixed induction coil, showing thereby how the coil calibration must be adjusted according to the field level. Finally, we assess the method’s measurement accuracy using the standard SSW as a reference and present an analysis of the primary noise contributors.
Weather Radar Calibration Method Based on UAV-Suspended Metal Sphere
Authors: Ye Fei , Wang Xiaopeng , Li Lu , Chen Yubao , Lei Yongheng , Yu Haifeng , Yin Jiazhi , Shi Lixia , Yang Qian , Huang Zehao
Published: July 2024

Weather radar is an active remote sensing device used to monitor the full lifecycle changes in severe convective weather with high spatial and temporal resolution. Effective radar calibration is a crucial foundation for ensuring the high-quality application of observational data. This paper utilizes a UAV platform equipped with a high-precision RTK system and standard metal spheres to study the principles and methods of metal sphere calibration, constructing a complete calibration process and calibration accuracy evaluation metrics. Additionally, a collocated radar comparison observation experiment was conducted for cross-validation, and metal sphere calibration tests were performed on problematic radars. The experimental results indicate the following: (1) The combined application of a high-precision RTK system and a laser range camera can provide real-time position information on the metal sphere, improving the efficiency of radar target acquisition. (2) The calibration method based on UAV-suspended metal spheres can periodically conduct the quantitative calibration of Z and ZDR, achieving calibration accuracies within 0.5 dB and 0.2 dB, respectively, and supports the qualitative inspection of key parameters such as beamwidth and pulse width. (3) During field tests, a high success rate “coarse adjustment + fine adjustment + staring” sphere-finding technique was established, based on automatic switching between RHI, PPI, and FIX scanning modes. This method directs the UAV to adjust the metal sphere to the center of the radar distance bin, reducing the impact of uneven beam filling and bin crossing, ensuring the accuracy of scattering characteristic measurements.
UAV-UGV Collaborative Localisation with Minimum Sensing
Authors: De Silva A. H. T. Eranga , Katupitiya Jayantha
Published: July 2024

This paper presents a novel methodology to localise Unmanned Ground Vehicles (UGVs) using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs). The UGVs are assumed to be operating in a Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)-denied environment. The localisation of the ground vehicles is achieved using UAVs that have full access to the GNSS. The UAVs use range sensors to localise the UGV. One of the major requirements is to use the minimum number of UAVs, which is two UAVs in this paper. Using only two UAVs leads to a significant complication that results an estimation unobservability under certain circumstances. As a solution to the unobservability problem, the main contribution of this paper is to present a methodology to treat the unobservability problem. A Constrained Extended Kalman Filter (CEKF)-based solution, which uses novel kinematics and heuristics-based constraints, is presented. The proposed methodology has been assessed based on the stochastic observability using the Posterior Cramér–Rao Bound (PCRB), and the results demonstrate the successful operation of the proposed localisation method.