bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Surgically accelerated orthodontic techniques and periodontal response: a systematic review
Authors: Rekhi Umar , Catunda Raisa Queiroz , Gibson Monica Prasad
Published: December 2019

Background

Reduction in orthodontic treatment time is gaining popularity due to patient demands. Several new techniques of acceleratory orthodontic treatment have been introduced to effectively treat the malocclusion in a shorter time period with minimal adverse effects.

Objective

The objective of this systematic review is to critically evaluate the potential effect of accelerated surgically assisted orthodontic techniques on periodontal tissues.

Materials and methods

Electronic databases used to perform the search were Medline (Ovid), EMBASE, PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane, Google Scholar, and hand searching of the literature was also performed.

Selection criteria

Only randomized control trials (RCTs) that assessed the relationship between accelerated surgically assisted orthodontic techniques and its effects on periodontium were included.

Data collection and analysis

The Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) critical appraisal checklist tool (2016) was used to assess the finally selected studies. Among these studies, five evaluated corticotomy-facilitated orthodontics, two tested accelerated tooth movement with piezocision, one compared corticotomy-facilitated orthodontics with piezocision, and one studied the effects of periodontally accelerated osteogenic orthodontics. The duration of these studies was relatively short and had moderate to high risk of bias.

Results

Literature search identified 225 records from 5 databases and 50 articles from the partial grey literature (Google scholar) search. Finally, nine eligible RCTs were included in the review.

Limitations

Most of the included studies were of a high risk of bias due to high experimental heterogeneity and small sample size. Long-term follow-up of the periodontal response to these interventions was also lacking.

Conclusions

There is an absence of evidence considering the lack of long-term follow-up and small sample size therefore, the results of this review should be carefully interpreted.

Implications

Due to the need for more studies with less risk of bias, these techniques should be implemented in dental practice with caution. With stronger evidence, the study may be confirmed to provide quicker desired results for orthodontic patients.

Registration

This study protocol was not registered.

Funding

No funding was obtained for this systematic review.
Imagining the un-encoded: staging affect in Blondel de Nesle’s Mes cuers me fait conmencier
Authors: Leach Elizabeth Eva
Published: December 2019

In an article published in Music Analysis I argued that the finely wrought complexities of melody in trouvère song have been obscured by the persistent treatment of song structure as merely reflecting that of the poetry, its phrases bounded by the poetic line. By granulating the melody into units smaller than that of the poetic line I showed the high levels of creativity and structural fashioning of the music in some of Blondel de Nesle’s most unusual songs. The present article conversely focuses on one of Blondel’s most seemingly simple and straightforward works and explores what analysis has to offer our understanding of a song that at first view (and first hearing) has nothing special or interesting about its melody. Ultimately I propose that musicologists have no choice but to indulge in a serious exercise of the informed scholarly imagination when it comes to the performance possibilities offered by such a song. In such imagined performances, a flat, lifeless song can spring suddenly to life, offering insight into medieval music-making that is not currently available (and perhaps cannot be?) in modern performances.
Diversity of methicillin-resistant staphylococci among wild Lepus granatensis: first detection of mecA-MRSA in hares
Authors: Silva Vanessa , Pereira José Eduardo , Maltez Luís , Ferreira Eugénia , Manageiro Vera , Caniça Manuela , Capelo José L , Igrejas Gilberto , Poeta Patrícia
Published: December 2019

MRSA in humans, pets and livestock have been widely investigated, nevertheless, there is still little information of MRSA in wild animals. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the occurrence and antimicrobial resistance profiles of methicillin-resistant staphylococci (MRS) in wild Iberian hares and to characterize their genetic lineages. Samples from 83 wild hares (Lepus granatensis) were collected during the hunting season. Isolation of MRS was accomplish using Oxacillin Resistant Screening Agar medium with 2 mg/L of oxacillin. The susceptibility of the isolates was tested by the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. The presence of resistance and virulence genes was studied by PCR. S. aureus strains were further characterized by multilocus sequence typing, agr, spa and SCCmec typing. From the 83 samples, 12 (14.45%) coagulase-negative staphylococci and 3 (3.6%) MRSA strains were isolated. Nine coagulase-negative isolates showed resistance to at least one antibiotic. One MRSA isolate showed a multidrug-resistant profile with resistances to ß-lactams, aminoglycosides, macrolides and lincosamides. All MRSA strains were ascribed to ST2855, t1190 and SCCmec type III. The frequency of MRSA strains in wild hares was low, nevertheless, the presence of MRSA in game animals is considered a public health problem and may represent a route of transmission between animals and humans.
Lactobacillus reuteri A9 and Lactobacillus mucosae A13 isolated from Chinese superlongevity people modulate lipid metabolism in a hypercholesterolemia rat model
Authors: Jiang Jinchi , Feng Ninghan , Zhang Chengcheng , Liu Fengping , Zhao Jianxin , Zhang Hao , Zhai Qixiao , Chen Wei
Published: December 2019

While there is strong evidence showing that many food-borne probiotics regulate cholesterol metabolism, few studies have examined how probiotics of human origin affect cholesterol metabolism. Because people living in so-called ‘longevity villages’ are unlikely to have hypercholesterolemia, we hypothesized that probiotics isolated from the residents would have cholesterol-reducing effects on rats with hypercholesterolemia. We isolated 16 strains of Lactobacillus from four longevity populations in China. The strains were tested in vitro for bile salt hydrolase (BSH) activity and two isolates, Lactobacillus reuteri A9 and Lactobacillus mucosae A13, were screened out. These two strains were then administered daily for 28 d to rats fed a cholesterol-rich diet. The serum total cholesterol levels in the L. reuteri A9 and L. mucosae A13 groups decreased by 24.3% and 21.6%, respectively. The serum low density lipoprotein cholesterol levels decreased by 23.8% and 25.2%, respectively. The L. reuteri A9 and L. mucosae A13 groups also exhibited upregulated hepatic mRNA expression of Sterol regulatory element-binding protein 2 (Srebp2) by 2.71-fold and 2.54-fold, respectively. The mRNA expression levels of hepatic low-density lipoprotein receptor (Ldlr) in the two groups were significantly up-regulated by 1.28-fold and 2.17-fold, respectively. The composition of gut microbiota was recovered by oral gavage in both experimental groups, and the destroyed diversity of gut microbiota was relieved.
Functional Architecture of Deleterious Genetic Variants in the Genome of a Wrangel Island Mammoth
Authors: Fry Erin , Kim Sun K , Chigurapti Sravanthi , Mika Katelyn M , Ratan Aakrosh , Dammermann Alexander , Mitchell Brian J , Miller Webb , Lynch Vincent J
Published: December 2019

Woolly mammoths were among the most abundant cold-adapted species during the Pleistocene. Their once-large populations went extinct in two waves, an end-Pleistocene extinction of continental populations followed by the mid-Holocene extinction of relict populations on St. Paul Island ∼5,600 years ago and Wrangel Island ∼4,000 years ago. Wrangel Island mammoths experienced an episode of rapid demographic decline coincident with their isolation, leading to a small population, reduced genetic diversity, and the fixation of putatively deleterious alleles, but the functional consequences of these processes are unclear. Here, we show that a Wrangel Island mammoth genome had many putative deleterious mutations that are predicted to cause diverse behavioral and developmental defects. Resurrection and functional characterization of several genes from the Wrangel Island mammoth carrying putatively deleterious substitutions identified both loss and gain of function mutations in genes associated with developmental defects (HYLS1), oligozoospermia and reduced male fertility (NKD1), diabetes (NEUROG3), and the ability to detect floral scents (OR5A1). These data suggest that at least one Wrangel Island mammoth may have suffered adverse consequences from reduced population size and isolation.
Does Self-Efficacy and Team Leader Equity Matter for Older Workers’ Mental Health?
Authors: Choi Mi Sun , Dabelko-Schoeny Holly , Lee Mo Yee , Bunger Alicia C
Published: December 2019

Background and Objectives

Prolonged working life is not necessarily associated with good mental health. Despite the importance of healthy working life in later years, little research has been conducted on predictors of mental health in the workplace among older workers. This study aimed to investigate how personal (self-efficacy) and team (leader equity) factors are associated with older workers’ mental health through work engagement.

Research Design and Methods

We analyzed responses of 508 U.S. workers aged 50 years and older from the Age and Generations Study data using structural equation modeling.

Results

Results showed that perceived self-efficacy was a strong predictor of mental health. Also, work engagement was a powerful mechanism for promoting older adults’ mental health; engagement partially mediated the relationship between perceived self-efficacy and mental health, and fully mediated the relationship between team leader equity and mental health.

Discussion and Implications

The findings highlight how important it is for employers to invest in human capital development, suggesting human resource programs should focus on strategies that target older adults’ engagement through tailored self-efficacy programs and inclusive leadership training programs. Such attempts would contribute to enhancing the mental health of older workers.
Geostatistical characterization of internal structure of mass-transport deposits from seismic reflection images and borehole logs
Authors: Ford Jonathan , Camerlenghi Angelo
Published: December 2019

Seismic reflection images of mass-transport deposits often show apparently chaotic, disorded or low-reflectivity internal seismic facies. The lack of laterally coherent reflections can prevent horizon-based interpretation of internal structure. This study instead inverts for geostatistical parameters which characterize the internal heterogeneity of mass-transport deposits from depth-domain seismic reflection images. A Bayesian Markov Chain Monte Carlo inversion is performed to estimate posterior probability distributions for each geostatistical parameter. If the internal heterogeneity approximates an anisotropic von Kármán random medium these parameters can describe the structural fabric of the imaged mass-transport deposit in terms of lateral and vertical dominant scale lengths and the Hurst number (roughness). To improve the discrimination between vertical and lateral dominant scale lengths an estimate of the vertical dominant scale length from a borehole is used as a prior in the inversion. The method is first demonstrated on a synthetic multichannel seismic reflection image. The vertical and lateral dominant scale lengths are estimated with lower uncertainty when data from a synthetic borehole data are included. We then apply the method to a real data example from Nankai Trough, offshore Japan, where a large mass-transport deposit is imaged in a seismic profile and penetrated by a borehole. The results of the inversion show a downslope shortening in lateral scale length, consistent with progressive down-slope disaggregation of the mass-flow during transport. The dominant scale lengths can be used as a proxy for strain history, which can improve understanding of post-failure dynamics and emplacement of subacqueous mass-movements, important for constraining the geohazard potential from future slope failure.
Framing climate change and health: New Zealand’s online news media
Authors: Harrison Sarah , Macmillan Alexandra , Rudd Chris
Published: December 2019

Climate change is a major threat to public health worldwide. Conversely, well-designed action to mitigate climate change offers numerous opportunities to improve health and equity. Despite this, comprehensive climate action has not been forthcoming within New Zealand. The media plays an important role in shaping public opinion and support for policy change. Previous literature has suggested that certain types of framing may be more effective than others at encouraging support for climate action and policy. This includes positive, personally relevant framing, as well as key journalistic tools which appear counter-intuitive, such as an increase in human interest stories and ‘sensationalist’ framing. We undertook a qualitative thematic analysis of climate change and health media coverage in two online New Zealand news outlets to understand how the issue was framed, and how it may be framed more effectively to encourage climate action. We compared the framing used by journalists in mainstream media outlet the New Zealand Herald Online (NZHO) with that of contributors to independent news repository site Scoop. Content in both outlets emphasized the threat unchecked climate change poses to health, which overshadowed the positive health opportunities of climate action. The NZHO was more prone to negative framing, and more likely to favour stories which could be sensationalized and were international in scope. We considered the possible effectiveness of the framing we found for attracting greater media attention and encouraging support for climate action and policy.
On Moduli Spaces of Positive Scalar Curvature Metrics on Highly Connected Manifolds
Authors: Wiemeler Michael
Published: December 2019

Let $M$ be a simply connected spin manifold of dimension at least six, which admits a metric of positive scalar curvature. We show that the observer moduli space of positive scalar curvature metrics on $M$ has non-trivial higher homotopy groups. Moreover, denote by $\mathcal{M}_0^+(M)$ the moduli space of positive scalar curvature metrics on $M$ associated to the group of orientation-preserving diffeomorphisms of $M$. We show that if $M$ belongs to a certain class of manifolds that includes $(2n-2)$-connected $(4n-2)$-dimensional manifolds, then the fundamental group of $\mathcal{M}_0^+(M)$ is non-trivial.
Clustering, growth and inequality in China
Authors: Guo Di , Jiang Kun , Xu Chenggang , Yang Xiyi
Published: December 2019

This study examines the effects of China’s industrial clusters on regional economic growth and urban–rural income inequality within a region. A density-based index (DBI) is developed to capture the unique features of cluster development in China. From a county-level DBI panel data constructed based on firm- and county-level datasets, we find that clusters enhance local economic growth substantially. Moreover, the existence of entrepreneurial clusters (clusters mainly consist of nonstate-owned firms) helps to reduce local urban–rural income inequality by increasing the income of local rural residents. We also find that the clustering effects on growth and reduction of inequality are less significant in more urbanized regions or megacities. Identification issues are carefully addressed by deploying two-stage estimations with instrumental variables and Granger test.
Explicit Q expressions for inhomogeneous P- and SV-waves in isotropic viscoelastic media
Authors: Liu Xu , Greenhalgh Stewart , Zhou Bing , Li Huijian
Published: December 2019

We derive explicit expressions for the dissipation factors of inhomogeneous P and SV-waves in isotropic viscoelastic media. The Q−1 values are given as concise and simple functions of material parameters and the wave inhomogeneity parameter using two different definitions. Unlike homogenous waves, inhomogeneous waves may have significant differences in the values of dissipation factors because of different definitions. For example, under one of the three dissipation factor definitions that Q−1 is equal to the time-averaged dissipated-energy density divided by twice the time-averaged strain-energy density, it is found and proved that the dissipation factor of SV-waves is totally independent of the inhomogeneity parameter. For materials in which P-waves are normally more dissipative than S-waves (e.g. a porous reservoir), the dissipation factors of P-waves tend to decrease with increasing degree of inhomogeneity. Based on Buchan's classic real value energy balance equation, a parallel investigation is conducted for each step similar to that based on the Carcione equations, including derivation of explicit formulas (with inhomogeneity angle representing the degree of inhomogeneity of a plane wave), and dissipation curves calculations. We also obtain an inhomogeneity independent formula of $Q_{\, SV}^{ - 1}$, and exactly the same phase velocity and attenuation dispersion results for the example material.
Potential Distribution of Six North American Higher-Attine Fungus-Farming Ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Species
Authors: Senula Sarah F , Scavetta Joseph T , Banta Joshua A , Mueller Ulrich G , Seal Jon N , Kellner Katrin
Published: December 2019

Ants are among the most successful insects in Earth’s evolutionary history. However, there is a lack of knowledge regarding range-limiting factors that may influence their distribution. The goal of this study was to describe the environmental factors (climate and soil types) that likely impact the ranges of five out of the eight most abundant Trachymyrmex species and the most abundant Mycetomoellerius species in the United States. Important environmental factors may allow us to better understand each species’ evolutionary history. We generated habitat suitability maps using MaxEnt for each species and identified associated most important environmental variables. We quantified niche overlap between species and evaluated possible congruence in species distribution. In all but one model, climate variables were more important than soil variables. The distribution of M. turrifex (Wheeler, W.M., 1903) was predicted by temperature, specifically annual mean temperature (BIO1), T. arizonensis (Wheeler, W.M., 1907), T. carinatus, and T. smithi Buren, 1944 were predicted by precipitation seasonality (BIO15), T. septentrionalis (McCook, 1881) were predicted by precipitation of coldest quarter (BIO19), and T. desertorum (Wheeler, W.M., 1911) was predicted by annual flood frequency. Out of 15 possible pair-wise comparisons between each species’ distributions, only one was statistically indistinguishable (T. desertorum vs T. septentrionalis). All other species distribution comparisons show significant differences between species. These models support the hypothesis that climate is a limiting factor in each species distribution and that these species have adapted to temperatures and water availability differently.
A rare case of mesenteric heterotopic pancreas presenting as an inflammatory mass
Authors: Xu Yaying Eileen , Hendahewa Rasika
Published: December 2019

Heterotopic pancreas (HP) is a rare condition, is commonly asymptomatic and found incidentally at autopsy or during abdominal surgery. HP is usually found in the upper gastrointestinal tract, particularly in the stomach, duodenum and jejunum. Mesenteric heterotopic pancreas (MHP) has been rarely described in the literature, and there has been no reported case under ten years of age. We report a unique case of a 7-year-old African boy who presented with clinical appendicitis and intraoperatively was found to have a necrotic nodular mass in the jejunal mesentery which required segmental small bowel resection. Histology revealed mesenteric heterotopic pancreas with normal pancreatic tissue. As pre-operative diagnosis of MHP is difficult; we encourage a heightened awareness of this condition as a differential diagnosis in children presenting with abdominal pain and an inflammatory mass, which will subsequently aid in the management of these patients.
Primary breast lymphoma
Authors: Moura Catarina , Leite Maria Inês , Parreira Rafaela , Medeiros Armando
Published: December 2019

Primary breast lymphoma is a rare entity that accounts for only 1% of malignant breast neoplasms. It is characterized by the presence of a breast lump, with or without associated regional adenopathy and without systemic involvement. Imaging findings are nonspecific, and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma is the most common histological type. Given its rarity, there is still no consensus on the best approach, with chemotherapy being the most accepted treatment. This article aims to present a literature review as well as to present a clinical case.
Amputated Men, Colonial Bureaucracy, and Masculinity in Post–World War I Colonial Nigeria
Authors: Njung George N
Published: December 2019

Since the 1980s, several aspects of masculinity in relation to the First World War, including the image of the citizen-soldier, have been well studied. Other aspects, however, such as the experience of combat and its impact on peacetime masculinities lag well behind. Though wartime and postwar experiences in Africa provide a repertoire for gender and masculinity research, the continent has been neglected in this realm of studies. British colonial Nigeria contributed tens of thousands of combat men to the war with thousands becoming disabled and facing challenges to their masculine identities, yet there is no serious research on this topic for Nigeria. This paper contributes to this long-neglected aspect of African history. Known in colonial archival documents only as “amputated men,” war-disabled Nigerian men struggled to navigate colonial bureaucracy in order to obtain artificial limbs and redeem what they considered their lost manhood. Employing data collected from the Nigerian and British archives, the article’s objectives are twofold: it analyzes the diminishment of the masculine identities of war-disabled men in Nigeria following the First World War, and it explains how such diminishment was accentuated by an inefficiently structured British colonial bureaucracy, paired with British colonial racism. The article contributes to scholarship on WWI, disability studies, gender studies, and colonial studies, through examination of the protracted legacies of the global conflict on the African continent.
Low-temperature chemistry induced by cosmic rays: positive and negative ion desorption from nitrile-bearing astrophysical ice analogues
Authors: Ribeiro Fabio de A , Almeida Guilherme C , Wolff Wania , Boechat-Roberty Heloisa M , Rocco Maria L M , da Silveira Enio F
Published: December 2019

In cold core of dark molecular clouds, where the UV radiation from external sources is strongly attenuated, cosmic rays can induce chemical reactions on the surface of ice-covered grains promoting the ejection of the processed material to the gas phase. We report the positive and negative secondary ion emission from pure CH3CN, C2H3CN, and i-C3H7CN ices due to the bombardment of heavy ions (252Cf fission fragments), simulating the incidence of cosmic rays on to icy surfaces. The secondary ions emitted from each sample were analysed by time-of-flight mass spectrometry, using Plasma Desorption Mass Spectrometry technique. Several ionic species were identified, indicating strong fragmentation on the frozen surface. Proton-transfer processes are suggested to play a role for positive ion desorption, as evidenced by the protonated RCNH+ parent molecules and (RCN)nH+ ionic clusters. The high electron affinity of the cyano radical seems to contribute to the strong emission of CN−, as well as anions attributed to the CHmCN− fragment and (RCN)nCN− cluster series. Sputtering and desorption of ion clusters (positive and negative) induced by heavy ion bombardment are suggested to constitute a route by which new neutral or ionized molecular species may be delivered to the gas phase where thermal desorption is negligible.
A global-scale multidecadal variability driven by Atlantic multidecadal oscillation
Authors: Yang Young-Min , An Soon-Il , Wang Bin , Park Jae Heung
Published: December 2019

Observational analysis shows that there is a predominant global-scale multidecadal variability (GMV) of sea-surface temperature (SST). Its horizontal pattern resembles that of the interdecadal Pacific oscillation (IPO) in the Pacific and the Atlantic multidecadal oscillation (AMO) in the Atlantic Ocean, which could affect global precipitation and temperature over the globe. Here, we demonstrate that the GMV could be driven by the AMO through atmospheric teleconnections and atmosphere–ocean coupling processes. Observations reveal a strong negative correlation when AMO leads GMV by approximately 4–8 years. Pacemaker experiments using a climate model driven by observed AMO signals reveal that the tropical Atlantic warm SST anomalies of AMO initiate anomalous cooling in the equatorial central-eastern Pacific through atmospheric teleconnections. Anticyclonic anomalies in the North and South Pacific induce equatorward winds along the coasts of North and South America, contributing to further cooling. The upper-ocean dynamics plays a minor role in GMV formation but contributes to a delayed response of the IPO to the AMO forcing. The possible impact of the GMV on AMO was also tested by prescribing only Pacific SST in the model; however, the model could not reproduce the observed phase relationship between the AMO and the GMV. These results support the hypothesis that the Atlantic Ocean plays a key role in the multidecadal variability of global SST.
Imaginative Frames for Scientific Inquiry
Authors: Camp Elisabeth
Published: December 2019

Philosophers of science in the last half century have emphasized that scientific theories are not sets of transparently interpretable, logically connected true descriptions; rather, they involve implicit appeal to only partially articulated theoretical, practical, and empirical assumptions, and depart from stating the truth in various ways. One influential trend treats scientific theorizing as largely a process of model construction, and analyzes models as fictions. While this chapter embraces the increased role accorded to imagination and interpretation in scientific practice by the models-as-fictions view, it argues that different scientific representations relate to the world in importantly different ways. It distinguishes among a range of distinct representational tropes, or “frames,” all of which function to provide a perspective: an overarching intuitive principle for noticing, explaining, and responding to some subject. Starting with Max Black’s metaphor of metaphor as a pattern of etched lines on smoked glass, the chapter explains what makes frames in general powerful cognitive tools. It then distinguishes metaphor from some of its close cousins, especially telling details, just-so fictions, and analogies, first in the context of ordinary cognition and then in application to science, focusing on the different sorts of gaps that frames or models can open up between scientific representations and reality.
Neurointerventions, Crime, and Punishment
Authors: Ryberg Jesper
Published: December 2019

Can it be justified to use neuroscientific technologies for influencing the functioning of human brain as a means of preventing offenders from engaging in future criminal conduct? This is indeed a highly controversial question and one which has a dark prehistory. Moreover, it is also a question that has attracted recent optimistic attention from researchers across different scientific fields. The purpose of this book is to consider various ethical challenges surrounding this question. More precisely, the author discusses issues such as, Is it morally acceptable to offer more lenient sentences to offenders in return for participation in neuroscientific treatment programmes? Would such offers be unacceptably coercive? Can it ever be morally justified to use compulsory neurointerventions as a means of preventing crime? Is it possible to administer neurointerventions as a type of punishment? Would it be acceptable for physicians to participate in the administration of neurointerventions on offenders? What is the moral significance of the sordid history of brain interventions for the present or future use of such treatment options? The author argues, on the one hand, that many of the in-principle objections to neuroscientific treatment are premature but also, on the other, that—given the way criminal justice systems currently function—we are well-advised not to put such treatment methods into practice.
Parenting Musically
Authors: Koops Lisa Huisman
Published: December 2019

Parents use music in family life to accomplish practical tasks, make relational connections, and guide their children’s musical development. Parenting Musically portrays the musicking of eight diverse Cleveland-area families in home, school, and community settings. Family musical interactions are analyzed using the concepts of musical parenting (actions to support a child’s musical development) and parenting musically (using music to accomplish extramusical parenting goals), arguing the importance of recognizing and valuing both modes. An additional construct, practical~relational musicking, lends nuance to the analysis of family musical engagement. Practical musicking refers to musicking for a practical purpose, such as learning a scale or passing the time in a car; relational musicking is musicking that deepens relationships with self, siblings, parents, or community members, such as a grandmother singing to her grandchildren via FaceTime as a way to feel connected. Families who embraced both practical and relational musicking expressed satisfaction in long-term musical involvement. Weaving together themes of conscious and intuitive parenting, the rewards and struggles of musical practice, the role of mutuality in community musicking, and parents’ responses to media messages surrounding music and parenting, the discussion incorporates research in music education, psychology, family studies, and sociology. This book serves to highlight the multifaceted nature of families’ engagement in music; the author urges music education practitioners and administrators to consider this diversity of engagement when approaching curricular decisions.
Functional structure
Authors: Dalrymple Mary , Lowe John J. , Mycock Louise
Published: December 2019

Functional structure is the abstract functional syntactic organization of the sentence, familiar from traditional grammatical descriptions, representing syntactic predicate-argument structure and functional relations like subject and object. Section 2.1 presents motivation for the categories and information appearing in functional structure and outlines some common characteristics of functional structure categories. Section 2.2 demonstrates that grammatical functions are best treated as primitive concepts, as they are in LFG, rather than defined in terms of morphological or phrase structure concepts. Section 2.3 shows that syntactic subcategorization requirements, the array of syntactic arguments required by a predicate, are best stated in functional terms. The formal representation of functional structure (f-structure) and constraints on f-structure representations are discussed in Section 2.4. Finally, Section 2.5 provides an overview of the content and representation of f-structure features.
Beyond c-structure and f-structure: Linguistic representations and relations
Authors: Dalrymple Mary , Lowe John J. , Mycock Louise
Published: December 2019

In the first part of the book, there was an examination of the two levels of syntactic structure: f-structure and c-structure. Besides these two syntactic structures, LFG research has explored other linguistic levels and their representations. In considering the overall architecture of our theory of grammar, the following questions must be addressed: How do we determine when it is necessary to postulate the existence of a new linguistic level, distinct from those already assumed within the theory? How do we determine the best representation for a proposed level of structure? And how can constraints within a level, or constraints that hold across levels, be defined within this architecture? Our theory must respect modularity and the independence of different levels of linguistic structure, while stating the relations among levels in a clear, easily understandable way. This chapter addresses these issues, and introduces the projection architecture as a piece-wise correspondence between levels of grammatical representation.
Argument structure and mapping theory
Authors: Dalrymple Mary , Lowe John J. , Mycock Louise
Published: December 2019

This chapter explores argument structure and its relation to syntax, particularly concentrating on its role in determining the grammatical functions of the semantic arguments of a predicate. The chapter examines different views of the representation and content of argument structure, and outlines the theory of the relation between thematic roles and grammatical functions. The first five sections explore issues relating to the theory of argument structure, including grammatical function alternations (Section 9.3) and argument selection and classification (Sections 9.4 and 9.5). The next four sections focus on the analysis of some important phenomena: the active/passive alternation (Section 9.6), impersonal predication (Section 9.7), locative inversion (Section 9.8), and complex predicates (Section 9.9). Further issues relating to grammatical functions and argument structure, including gradient distinctions and optionality, are considered in Section 9.10.
Eternal Dawn
Authors: Gingeras Ryan
Published: December 2019

In the first years after its founding, the Republic of Turkey was widely praised as a model state governed by an enlightened elite. In contrast to the Soviet Union or Nazi Germany, Turkey was viewed as politically moderate, stable, and friendly to the West. It instead appeared to be a state that had radically transformed itself into a strong, united, and progressive nation unburdened by its past. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk was held to be the chief architect and engineer of this feat and was placed by many among the greatest reforming statesmen in world history. These perceptions of Atatürk and his revolutionary rule have endured to this day. As a study grounded in untapped archival and scholarly sources, Eternal Dawn presents a definitive look inside the development and evolution of Atatürk’s Turkey. Ryan Gingeras presents Turkey’s early years as the culmination of a variety of social and political forces dating back to the late Ottoman Empire. Eternal Dawn presses beyond the reigning mythology that still envelops this period and challenges many of the standing assumptions about the limits, successes, and consequences of the reforms of Mustafa Kemal. Through a detailed survey of the social and political conditions that defined life in Turkey’s diverse provinces, Ryan Gingeras lays bare many of the harsh realities and bitter legacies of the republic’s founding. Atatürk’s revolution destroyed as much as it built and established precedents that strengthened and undermined the country’s long-term stability.
Multi-stage sampling
Authors: Hankin David G. , Mohr Michael S. , Newman Ken B.
Published: December 2019

In multi-stage sampling, there are two or more stages of sampling and the simplest version, which the chapter emphasizes is called two-stage sampling. In two-stage sampling, an initial first-stage sample of n primary units (or clusters) is selected. Then, at the second stage of sampling, mi subunits are selected from the Mi subunits in the selected primary units. First- and second-stage units may be selected with equal or unequal probabilities and a wide variety of estimators may be used to estimate totals within selected primary units and to estimate the total of the target variable in the finite population. Illustrative sample spaces are provided for equal sized two-stage cluster sampling with SRS selection at both stages, and for two-stage unequal size cluster sampling, with clusters selected by PPSWOR and units within clusters selected by SRS. Sampling variance is shown to originate from two sources: variation between primary unit totals or means (first-stage variance), and errors of estimation of primary units totals (second-stage variance). Topics of optimal allocation and net relative efficiency are addressed in the two-stage context with equal and unequal size clusters. General expressions for sampling variance are presented for three or more stages of sampling. The multi-stage framework can take powerful advantage of all of the concepts and sampling designs considered in previous chapters and the ecologist or natural resource scientist can apply everything he/she knows about an ecological or natural resource setting to guide development of an intelligent multi-stage sampling strategy.
Postdramatic Tragedies
Authors: Cole Emma
Published: December 2019

Ancient tragedy has played a well-documented role in contemporary theatre since the mid-twentieth century. In addition to the often-commented-upon watershed productions, however, is a significant but overlooked history involving classical tragedy in experimental and avant-garde theatre. Postdramatic Tragedies focuses upon such experimental reinventions. It analyses receptions of Greek and Roman tragedy that come under the banner of ‘postdramatic theatre’, a style of performance in which the traditional components of drama, such as character and narrative, are subordinate to the immediate, affective power of more abstract elements, such as image and sound. The book is in three parts, each of which explores classical reception within a specific strand of postdramatic theatre: text-based theatre, devised theatre, and theatre that transcends the usual boundaries of time and space, such as durational and immersive theatre. Across the three sections the author conducts a semiotic and phenomenological analysis of seven case studies, of productions from 1995 to 2015 from the United Kingdom, the United States, Australia, and Continental Europe. The book covers a mixture of widely known productions, such as Sarah Kane’s Phaedra’s Love, alongside works largely unknown in Anglophone scholarship, such as Martin Crimp’s Alles Weitere kennen Sie aus dem Kino and Jan Fabre’s Mount Olympus. It reveals that postdramatic theatre is related to the classics at its conceptual core, and that the study of postdramatic tragedies reveals a great deal about both the evolution of theatre in recent decades, and the status of ancient drama in modernity.
Greatness of Spirit in the Arabic Tradition
Authors: Vasalou Sophia
Published: December 2019

This chapter explores the approaches taken to ‘the virtues of greatness’ in the Islamic world. There are in fact two Arabic concepts that can be identified as counterparts of the ancient virtue of megalopsychia. The focus of one (kibar al-nafs) was on the right attitude to the self and its merits, and it bore a strong affinity to Aristotle’s configuration of the virtue. The focus of the second (ʿiẓam al-himma) was on right desire or aspiration, and some of its key architects parsed it specifically as a foundational virtue of aspiration to virtue. Unlike the first concept, which failed to establish itself in Arabic-Islamic ethical culture, the second spread like wildfire through several genres of ethical writing. This reflects the roots this virtue strikes—more directly than in the Greek tradition—in the values of pre-Islamic Arab society and its heroic ethic, an ethic which it perpetuates but also transforms.
The Developmental State
Authors: Eslava Luis
Published: December 2019

The battle for international law during the era of decolonization in the mid-twentieth century was to a large extent a battle fought over the nature, function and objectives of the state—above all, over their relationship to the idea of ‘development’. A particular normative and institutional formation resulted from this battle: the ‘developmental state’, the impact of which on (in)dependence in the South was and continues to be profound. However, the ‘developmental state’ did not spring ready-made out of nowhere. On the contrary, using Latin America’s much earlier experience of colonialism, decolonization and independent statehood as a starting-point, this chapter draws attention to the long and complex process through which the developmental state’s most important elements emerged, defining what was thinkable and doable there and elsewhere in the post-colonial world.
A Battlefield TransformedThe United Nations and the Struggle over Postcolonial Statehood
Authors: Sinclair Guy Fiti
Published: December 2019

As much as the United Nations (UN) provided an institutional context for decolonization, decolonization itself effected a profound transformation in the legal structures and powers of the UN. This chapter argues that that transformation was understood as necessary for the construction of modern states in the decolonized world—but that the meaning and expression of modern statehood was intensely contested throughout the period of decolonization. The chapter traces a series of interconnected struggles in the early UN over the form and functions of the nation-state, each of which resulted in innovations in the institutional framework and powers of the UN. In particular, it focuses on three axes of struggle, over the meaning of self-government, the values and practices of modern government, and the import of sovereign equality.
Impact of Climate Change on India
Authors: Srinivasan J.
Published: December 2019

India’s high population density, large spatial and temporal variability in rainfall, and high poverty rates make it particularly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. This chapter provides a baseline of knowledge on evidence and impacts. More frequent episodes of extreme rainfall, longer dry spells, higher sea levels, and heat waves are expected. This will have unpredictable impacts on agriculture and public health. There has been an increase in the national mean surface air temperature and the number of hot days, significant regional variations in rainfall patterns, measurable melting of Himalayan glaciers, and a rise in sea level on both the coasts of the country. High levels of air pollution could exacerbate changes in rainfall patterns. India will need better climate models to predict impacts by state and region, a prerequisite for informed adaptation policy.
Efficacy of Physical Therapy on Nociceptive Pain Processing Alterations in Patients with Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Arribas-Romano Alberto , Fernández-Carnero Josué , Molina-Rueda Francisco , Angulo-Diaz-Parreño Santiago , Navarro-Santana Marcos José
Published: December 2019

Introduction

Chronic musculoskeletal pain is a major health, social, and economic problem. Most of the subjects who suffer from chronic musculoskeletal pain present processes of central sensitization. Temporal summation and conditioned pain modulation are the two most commonly used clinical measures of this. The objective of this review is to evaluate the effects of physical therapy on temporal summation (TS) and conditioned pain modulation (CPM) in patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain.

Methods

This is a systematic review and meta-analysis. We searched the MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, EBSCO, PubMed, PEDro, Cochrane Collaboration Trials Register, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and SCOPUS databases. Different mesh terms and key words were combined for the search strategy, with the aim of encompassing all studies that have used any type of physical therapy treatment in patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain and have measured both TS and CPM.

Results

Eighteen studies remained for qualitative analysis and 16 for quantitative analysis. Statistically significant differences with a 95% confidence interval (CI) were obtained for TS (–0.21, 95% CI = –0.39 to –0.03, Z = 2.50, P = 0.02, N = 721) and CPM (0.34, 95% CI = 0.12 to 0.56, Z = 2.99, P = 0.003, N = 680) in favor of physical therapy as compared with control. Manual therapy produces a slight improvement in TS, and physical therapy modalities in general improve CPM. No significant differences between the subgroups of the meta-analysis were found. The methodological quality of the studies was high.

Conclusions

Physical therapy produces a slight improvement in central sensitization (CS)–related variables, with TS decreased and CPM increased when compared with a control group in patients with CMP. Only significant differences in TS were identified in the manual therapy subgroup.
Replication or Innovation? Structuration in Policy Implementation
Authors: Sandfort Jodi R , Moulton Stephanie
Published: December 2019

Why does a program, policy, or management approach implemented with success in one jurisdiction or organization fail to achieve similar results in another context? There is a large body of literature in public affairs and related fields that wrestle with this question. Scholars place varying emphasis on the constraints of the institutional system relative to humans’ agency in bringing about successful outcomes, and there is a tendency to generate lists of factors that enable or impede successful implementation. In this article, we present an alternative theoretical approach grounded in structuration processes. We turn to recent empirical scholarship and theory to re-examine what is known about structural elements that influence the implementation process: rules, routines, culture, and resources. This literature emphasizes that the work of these mechanisms is fundamentally shaped by endogenous factors within a system, fueled by the agency of actors within the setting. This is a more robust way to understand how microdynamics shape meso conditions in organizations and networks. Rather than understanding the implementation puzzle as how to replicate effective ideas, this frame suggests more attention to how to support innovation and learning is warranted.
Preparation and characterization of methacrylated gelatin/bacterial cellulose composite hydrogels for cartilage tissue engineering
Authors: Gu Liling , Li Tao , Song Xiongbo , Yang Xianteng , Li Senlei , Chen Long , Liu Pingju , Gong Xiaoyuan , Chen Cheng , Sun Li
Published: December 2019

Methacrylated gelatin (GelMA)/bacterial cellulose (BC) composite hydrogels have been successfully prepared by immersing BC particles in GelMA solution followed by photo-crosslinking. The morphology of GelMA/BC hydrogel was examined by scanning electron microscopy and compared with pure GelMA. The hydrogels had very well interconnected porous network structure, and the pore size decreased from 200 to 10 µm with the increase of BC content. The composite hydrogels were also characterized by swelling experiment, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, rheology experiment and compressive test. The composite hydrogels showed significantly improved mechanical properties compared with pure GelMA. In addition, the biocompatility of composite hydrogels were preliminarily evaluated using human articular chondrocytes. The cells encapsulated within the composite hydrogels for 7 days proliferated and maintained the chondrocytic phenotype. Thus, the GelMA/BC composite hydrogels might be useful for cartilage tissue engineering.