bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Curcumin in Cancer Chemoprevention: Molecular Targets, Pharmacokinetics, Bioavailability, and Clinical Trials
Authors: Shehzad Adeeb , Wahid Fazli , Lee Young Sup
Published: November 2010

Review: 100 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Hexameric Macrocyclic Architectures in Heterocyclic Chemistry
Authors: Soler Monica , Moorefield Charles N. , Newkome George R.
Published: November 2010

Review: ca. 200 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: The Annulation of 2‐Imidazolines
Authors: Jones Raymond C. F.
Published: November 2010

Review: 55 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Next‐Generation Peptide Nanomaterials: Molecular Networks, Interfaces and Supramolecular Functionality
Authors: Zelzer Mischa , Ulijn Rein V.
Published: November 2010

Review: ca. 100 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Elastin‐Based Materials
Authors: Almine Jessica F. , Bax Daniel V. , Mithieux Suzanne M. , Nivison‐Smith Lisa , Rnjak Jelena , Waterhouse Anna , Wise Steven G. , Weiss Anthony S.
Published: November 2010

Review: 78 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Multi‐Component Extracellular Matrices Based on Peptide Self‐Assembly
Authors: Collier Joel H. , Rudra Jai S. , Gasiorowski Joshua Z. , Jung Jangwook P.
Published: November 2010

Review: 67 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthetic Collagen Mimics: Self‐Assembly of Homotrimers, Heterotrimers and Higher Order Structures
Authors: Fallas Jorge A. , O'Leary Lesley E. R. , Hartgerink Jeffrey D.
Published: November 2010

Review: 187 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Pyrrolysine Analogues for Translational Incorporation into Proteins.
Authors: Fekner Tomasz , Li Xin , Chan Michael K.
Published: November 2010

Review: design and synthesis of compounds that can act as effective pyrrolysine mimics, site specifical incorporation into proteins; ca. 60 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Myxobacterial Secondary Metabolites: Bioactivities and Modes‐of‐Action
Authors: Weissman Kira J. , Mueller Rolf
Published: November 2010

Review: 212 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Thiamine in Plants: Aspects of Its Metabolism and Functions
Authors: Goyer Aymeric
Published: November 2010

Review: ca. 100 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Possible anti‐Obesity Therapeutics from Nature
Authors: Yun Jong Won
Published: November 2010

Review: about 200 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Characterization and Environmental Applications of Nanocrystalline Zeolites
Authors: Grassian Vicki H. , Larsen Sarah C.
Published: November 2010

Review: 84 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Last Decade of Research on Activated Carbons as Catalytic Support in Chemical Processes
Authors: Calvino‐Casilda V. , Lopez‐Peinado A. J. , Duran‐Valle C. J. , Martin‐Aranda R. M.
Published: November 2010

Review: 418 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Coordination Polymer Networks: An Alternative to Classical Polymers?
Authors: Fromm Katharina M. , Sague Jorge L. , Mirolo Laurent
Published: November 2010

Review: 36 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Hosting Anions. The Energetic Perspective
Authors: Schmidtchen Franz P.
Published: November 2010

Review: 95 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Amplification of Chirality at Solid Surfaces
Authors: Ernst Karl‐Heinz
Published: November 2010

Review: 45 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Liquid‐Phase Separations by Crystalline Microporous Coordination Polymers.
Authors: Cychosz Katie A. , Ahmad Rashid , Matzger Adam J.
Published: November 2010

Review: 56 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Molecular Geochemistry in Hydrogeology: A Pathway to Reactive Transport Process Understanding in Natural Systems
Authors: Schaefer Thorsten
Published: November 2010

Review: 214 refs.
Scale‐down of the Jet Zone Loop Reactor: Development of a Screening Tool for Chemical Reactions
Authors: Wiedemann Mathias , Räbiger Norbert , Schlüter Michael , Eisenlauer Josef , Riener Franz‐Xaver , Kutschera Dirk , Neumann Stefan
Published: November 2010

Eine Möglichkeit zur Prozessintensivierung ist die Anwendung spezieller Hochleistungsschlaufenreaktoren. An praxisrelevanten Systemen konnte im halbtechnischen Maßstab gezeigt werden, dass die gezielte Nutzung der skalenübergreifenden Transportvorgänge zu einer signifikanten Erhöhung der Umsätze bei verschiedenen chemischen Reaktionen führt. Da der Einsatz des Strahlzonen‐Schlaufenreaktors (SZR) im halbtechnischen Maßstab mit einem hohen Aufwand verbunden ist, sollte ein Screening‐Tool im Labormaßstab zur schnellen Abschätzung der Anwendbarkeit neuer Technologien entwickelt werden. Zur Beurteilung des Scale‐down wurden hydrodynamische Studien durchgeführt.
Explosion Characteristics of Ethylene Oxide and Ethylene Oxide/Propylene Oxide Mixtures
Authors: Askar Enis , Baumeier Andreas , Holtappels Kai , Schröder Volkmar , Franzen Stefan , Büttgen Franz
Published: November 2010

In Gasphasen aus Ethylenoxid (EO) und Propylenoxid (PO), die bei technischen Alkoxylierungsreaktionen vorkommen, können auch ohne den Zutritt von Luft Zerfallsreaktionen stattfinden, die explosionsartig mit einer vielfachen Temperatur‐ und Drucksteigerung verlaufen. Zur Abschätzung der Auswirkungen solcher Explosionen wurden die Explosionsdrücke und die zeitlichen Druckanstiege von reinem EO und EO/PO‐Gemischen bei Temperaturen von 100 °C bis 200 °C und Drücken von 1 – 10 bar in einem 3‐dm3‐Behälter und punktuell in einem 100‐dm3‐Behälter experimentell bestimmt.
Gut–brain signalling: how lipids can trigger the gut
Authors: Breen Danna M. , Yang Clair S. , Lam Tony K. T.
Published: November 2010

The gut plays a unique role in the metabolic defence against energy excess and glucose imbalance. Nutrients, such as lipids, enter the small intestine and activate sensing mechanisms to maintain energy and glucose homeostasis. It is clear that a lipid‐induced gut‐brain axis exists and that cholecystokinin and a neuronal network are involved, yet the underlying mechanisms in gut lipid sensing that regulate homeostasis remain largely unknown. In parallel, studies underscore the importance of enzymes involved in lipid metabolism within the brain, such as adenosine monophosphate ‐activated protein kinase, to maintain homeostasis. In this review, we will first examine what is known regarding the mechanisms involved in this lipid‐induced gut‐brain neuronal axis that regulate food intake and hepatic glucose production. We will also discuss how enzymes that govern brain lipid metabolism could potentially reveal how lipids trigger the gut, and that both the gut and brain may share common biochemical pathways to sense lipids. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inter‐disciplinary perspectives on processes in the hyporheic zone
Authors: Krause S. , Hannah D. M. , Fleckenstein J. H. , Heppell C. M. , Kaeser D , Pickup R. , Pinay G. , Robertson A. L. , Wood P. J.
Published: November 2010

The interface between groundwater and surface water within riverine/riparian ecosystems—the hyporheic zone (HZ)—is experiencing a rapid growth of research interest from a range of scientific disciplines, often with different perspectives. The majority of the multi‐disciplinary research aims to elucidate HZ process dynamics and their importance for surface water and groundwater ecohydrology and biogeochemical cycling. This paper presents a critical inter‐disciplinary review of recent advances of research centred on the HZ and highlights the current state of knowledge regarding hydrological, biogeochemical and ecohydrological process understanding. The spatial and temporal variability of surface water and groundwater exchange (hyporheic exchange flows), biogeochemical cycling and heat exchange (thermal regime) are considered in relation to both experimental measurements and modelling of these phenomena. We explore how this knowledge has helped to increase our understanding of HZ ecohydrology, and particularly its invertebrate community, the processing of organic matter, trophic cascading and ecosystem engineering by macrophytes and other organisms across a range of spatial and temporal scales. In addition to providing a detailed review of HZ functions, we present an inter‐disciplinary perspective on how to advance and integrate HZ process understanding across traditional discipline boundaries. We therefore attempt to highlight knowledge gaps and research needs within the individual disciplines and demonstrate how innovations and advances in research, made within traditional subject‐specific boundaries (e.g. hydrology, biochemistry and ecology), can be used to enhance inter‐disciplinary scientific progress by cross‐system comparisons and fostering of greater dialogue between scientific disciplines. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lewis‐Acid‐Mediated Domino Reactions of Bis(diacetoxymethyl)‐Substituted Arenes and Heteroarenes
Authors: Clement J. Arul , Sivasakthikumaran Ramakrishnan , Mohanakrishnan Arasambattu K. , Sundaramoorthy S. , Velmurugan Devadasan
Published: November 2010

A one‐pot synthesis of annulated heterocycles involving a Lewis‐acid‐mediated domino reaction of bis(diacetoxymethyl)‐substituted arenes and heteroarenes is described. The reaction of the tetraacetates with arenes and heteroarenes leads to the formation of 1,1‐bis‐arylated diacetates upon elimination followed by electrocyclohetero‐arylated intermediate may lead to the formation of bis‐arylated 1,1‐diacetates, which on cyclization followed by aromatization furnish annulated heterocycles.
Preparation and Characterisation of Proton Exchange Membranes Based on Crosslinked Polybenzimidazole and Phosphoric Acid
Authors: Guan Y. S. , Pu H. T. , Jin M. , Chang Z. H. , Wan D. C.
Published: November 2010

Crosslinked polybenzimidazole (PBI) was synthesised via free radical polymerisation between N‐vinylimidazole and vinylbenzyl substituted PBI. The degree of crosslinking increases with increasing content of the crosslinker. The phosphoric acid doping behaviour, mechanical properties, proton conductivity and acid migration stability of crosslinked PBI and linear PBI are discussed. The results show that the acid doping ability decreases with increasing degree of crosslinking of PBI. The introduction of N‐vinylimidazole in PBI is beneficial to its oxidation stability. The mechanical stability of crosslinked PBI/H3PO4 membrane is better than that of linear PBI/H3PO4 membrane. The proton conductivity of the acid doped membranes can reach ∼10–4 S cm–1 for crosslinked PBI/H3PO4 composite membranes at 150 °C. The temperature dependence of proton conductivity of the acid doped membranes can be modelled by an Arrhenius relation. The proton conductivity of crosslinked PBI/H3PO4 composite membranes is a little lower than that of linear PBI/H3PO4 membranes with the same acid content. However, the migration stability of H3PO4 in crosslinked PBI/H3PO4 membranes is improved compared with that of linear PBI/H3PO4 membranes.
A new species ofSiluraster(echinodermata: Asteroidea) from the Late Ordovician of North Wales
Authors: Botting Joseph P. , Appleton Peter , Muir Lucy A. , Malpas Jacqui , Riddington Kathryn
Published: November 2010

A new species of starfish,Siluraster caemorensissp. nov., is described from a loose block of probably the Bryn Siltstone Formation or Teirw Siltstone Formation (Caradocian) from near Glyn Ceiriog, on the north side of the Berwyn Range, North Wales. The species is similar toSiluraster perfectusfrom Bohemia and indicates that there may have been closer faunal links between the areas than are generally suggested. It is separated from known Welsh species of similar age by relatively subtle structural details that are not invariably preserved. This suggests that there is a higher diversity of asterozoan species in the Late Ordovician of Wales than has previously been recognized. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Molecular modeling‐based evaluation of dual function of IκBζ ankyrin repeat domain in toll‐like receptor signaling
Authors: Manavalan Balachandran , Govindaraj Rajivgandhi , Lee Gwang , Choi Sangdun
Published: November 2010

IκBζ (inhibitor of NF‐κB (nuclear factor κB) ζ) is a nuclear protein induced upon stimulation of toll‐like receptors (TLRs) and interleukin‐1 receptor. Induced IκBζ, especially its C‐terminal ankyrin repeat domain (ARD), interacts with NF‐κB in the nucleus, where it regulates the transcriptional activity of target genes. Recent studies have shown that human ARD of IκBζ binds with p50/p65 heterodimer and inhibits the transcription of NF‐κB regulated genes, whereas mouse ARD of IκBζ binds with p50/p50 homodimer and exhibits transcriptional activation activity. Since human and mouse IκBζ ARD are identical, it is unclear how IκBζ can be a positive and negative regulator of NF‐κB‐mediated transcription. Therefore, we generated a structural model of IκBζ ARD and constructed a detailed molecular dynamics (MD) simulation of IκBζ in explicit solvent to investigate ARD flexibility. In addition, we used molecular docking to screen for potential sites of interaction between IκBζ and the p50/p65 heterodimer and IκBζ and the p50/p50 homodimer. The docking experiments revealed that the binding of IκBζ ankyrin repeats with the p50/p65 N‐terminal DNA binding domain prevents NF‐κB‐mediated transcriptional activation. Furthermore, the IκBζ–p50 homodimer complex, which lacks Pro, Glu (and Asp), Ser and Thr (PEST motif), facilitated gene expression. These two different binding schemes of IκBζ may be responsible for its opposite function, which is consistent with the currently available biochemical data. Moreover, our data implicate structurally highly flexible ARD residues as the prime contributors to this dual function. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Medical Microbiology
Authors: Kurzai Oliver , Kothe Erika
Published: November 2010

Infectious diseases can affect the previously healthy adolescent as well as severely immuno‐compromised intensive care unit patients. The effects may be merely annoying, but in many cases they can become life‐threatening. The immediate impact of infectious diseases on everyday life can be seen with Helicobacter pylori, which infects more than 50% of the global population, or Borrelia burgdorferi, which causes a major tick‐borne disease in Europe and America. On the other hand, in less‐developed countries, infections causing diarrhea are still among the most important causes of death – especially in children. Research in Medical Microbiology ranges from attempts to better understand the physiology and ecology of the causative agents to epidemiological typing of clinical isolates. It covers the mutual interactions of pathogenic microbes as well as the interplay between microorganism and host. Among the most pressing problems in medical microbiology is the emerging of antibiotic resistances. In recent years, both Gram‐positive bacteria – with the first description of vancomycin resistant Staphylococcus aureus – as well as Gram‐negative species – e.g. with the emergence of extended spectrum beta‐lactamases – have seen new and dramatic occurrences of resistance. Consequently, the detection and characterization of new antimicrobial compounds is, more than ever, an important task. All these topics are covered by the research articles compiled in this Special Issue of the Journal of Basic Microbiology. Further, the publication of this Special Issue should underline the importance of “Basic Microbiology” for “Medical Microbiology”: The sometimes existing gap between basic research and application needs to be bridged urgently and in a time‐saving manner as often as possible. We are convinced that only combined efforts of experts in both areas will allow us to tackle future's problems in infectious diseases efficiently (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Simultaneous separation and identification of limonoids from citrus using liquid chromatography‐collision‐induced dissociation mass spectra
Authors: Jayaprakasha Guddadarangavvanahally K. , Dandekar Deepak V. , Tichy Shane E. , Patil Bhimanagouda S.
Published: November 2010

Limonoids are considered as potential cancer chemopreventive agents and are widely distributed in the Citrus genus as aglycones and glucosides. In the present study, reversed‐phase HPLC coupled with CID mass spectra was developed for the simultaneous separation and identification of aglycones and glucosides of limonoids from citrus. Five aglycones such as limonin, deacetyl nomilin, ichangin, isolimonoic acid and nomilin were identified by positive ion CID MS/MS, whereas five glucosides, viz. limonin glucoside, isoobacunoic acid glucoside, obacunone glucoside, deacetyl nomilinic acid glucoside and nomilinic acid glucoside were analyzed by negative ion CID mass spectra. The developed method was successfully applied to complex citrus samples for the separation and identification of aglycones and glucosides. Citrus seeds were extracted with methanol and partially purified and analyzed by LC‐CID mass spectra. The separation was achieved by C‐18 column; eight limonoids were identified by comparing the retention times and mass spectral fragmentation. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the identification of citrus limonoids using CID technique.
Applicability of the SECI Model of knowledge creation in Russian cultural context: Theoretical analysis
Authors: Andreeva Tatiana , Ikhilchik Irina
Published: November 2010

While the potential influence of national culture on the efficiency of knowledge management interventions has been widely accepted, the question of whether the knowledge management theories are influenced by culture received little attention. This paper aims to address this gap by analyzing SECI model of knowledge creation by Nonaka and Takeuchi in the context of Russian national culture. The model's authors claim of its universal validity, and current criticism against this position is limited and controversial. We maintain that it is partly due to the fact that SECI model in its original format resists empirical verification. Thus we propose a framework for operationalization of the SECI model. We suggest that decomposing SECI model into three levels—basic cognitive processes, societal and organizational conditions, and managerial tools—opens the ways for its empirical and cross‐cultural investigation. Applying this framework to Russia, we develop a set of theoretical propositions regarding opportunities and limits of SECI application in Russian cultural context. Finally we discuss theoretical and management implications of our analysis. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A comparative analysis of Channels TV and CNN's coverage of World News
Authors: Angela Igbinoba Osarieme , Stella Emenike Ebube
Published: November 2010

This study did an analysis of the Western and Third world coverage of World News using the broadcast stations (CNN and Channels TV) as case study. In other words, the study sought to examine if the Western and Third World nations are still guilty of imbalance, bias and distortion in their treatment of news. The findings showed that both the North and South nations are guilty of bias and imbalance in their coverage of World News and that each nation seeks to promote their interest rather than a true world interest or the interest of their counterpart nations. The study further revealed that the Third World media still depend heavily on Western media sources for its news albeit their standpoint on the News Flow debate. About 50% of the entire World News stories on Channels TV were sourced ‘outside’, while about 40% were unidentified. Only 10% were from the in‐house personnel. It was also observed that about 55 and 67% of World News coverage by Channels TV and CNN, respectively, were focused on ‘bad news’; an age‐long controversy that has bedeviled news coverage globally. In view of the foregoing, it has been recommended that there is need for the acceptance of ‘imbalance’ as a major feature of all media systems as well as a re‐evaluation of the standards and values of news evaluation. The rapid industrialization of Third World economies will also go a long way to stop the one‐way traffic in international communication which is what encourages media dependence. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pharmacy student driven detection of adverse drug reactions in the community pharmacy setting
Authors: Christensen Søren Troels , Søndergaard Birthe , Honoré Per Hartvig , Bjerrum Ole Jannik
Published: November 2010

Purpose

Post‐marketing safety studies of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) form an important part of pharmacovigilance. Countries having a formal pharmacovigilance system to a large extent rely on voluntary ADR reporting from health professionals through spontaneous report systems. The contribution of pharmacists in ADR reporting, although varies significantly among countries. Pharmacists in community pharmacies are in a unique position for detection of experienced ADRs by the drug users. The study reports from a study on community pharmacy internship students' proactive role in ADR detection through direct encountering and questioning with drug users.

Method

Pharmacy students undertaking internship in a community pharmacy were approached. Thirteen students from nine community pharmacies participated in the project as data collectors. Prior to the study students attended an educational seminar focusing on ADR detection and reporting in general. Ibuprofen was chosen as the drug of study. Pharmacy students approached recurrent drug users purchasing the drug. Participating users were asked about experienced ADRs linked to ibuprofen use. Reported ADRs were collected and analysed.

Results

Hundred and twenty eight ibuprofen users participated in the study out of who thirty three reported forty five ADRs possibly linked to ibuprofen use. The reported ADRs followed earlier reported patterns of distribution with gastric pain showing up as the most commonly reported symptom followed by heartburn, nausea, diarrhoea and constipation.

Conclusions

Through adequate training community pharmacy internship students get competencies and are capable of detecting and reporting ADRs through direct questions to drug users. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Medicinal use of potato‐derived products: conclusions of a rapid versus full systematic review
Authors: Van de Velde Stijn , De Buck Emmy , Dieltjens Tessa , Aertgeerts Bert
Published: November 2010

Vlachojannis et al reported a systematic review on the medicinal use of potato‐derived products. The authors identified five trials for inclusion in the review, including one study on the treatment of burns. Based on this RCT the review authors concluded that potato peel is not recommended for burns.

As the authors of a rapid review on the use of potato peels for burns, we read this systematic review with great interest. Although the concept of rapid review is rising, accelerating the review process might introduce bias and its conclusions may be subject to change once a systematic review is available. Since this rapid and systematic review were done at similar times, we explored if the results were consistent.

We identified three trials on the use of potato peels. Two of these trials were not mentioned in the systematic review. The evidence indicates that sterile potato peel dressings are better than gauze alone during the healing phase. While there is no evidence of an antibacterial effect, we concluded that potato peels promote healing.

Potato peel dressings might be the best available dressing in resource poor countries. Because systematic reviews have a major impact it is crucial that systematic reviews meet specified quality criteria. Therefore we draw attention to adherance to the PRISMA statement. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A three‐dimensional Lagrangian hurricane eyewall computation
Authors: Rutherford Blake , Dangelmayr Gerhard
Published: November 2010

The computation of a hurricane eyewall is necessary to determine mixing between the eyewall and the neighbouring eye and environment regions. We define a Lagrangian eyewall region by computing the Lagrangian structures of hyperbolic stability that distinguish the eyewall from surrounding regions. The methods used guarantee the stability and continuity of the eyewall for time‐dependent velocity fields. As an added benefit of our methods, fast convergence gives the opportunity to utilize the methods in real‐time simulations. The exact location of Lagrangian coherent structures is accomplished through a ridge‐extraction algorithm, which is efficient for locating the ridges found in this model. A complete construction of three‐dimensional coherent structures is accomplished by overlaying horizontally continuous ridge curves on z levels. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
Three‐dimensional fog forecasting in complex terrain
Authors: Müller M. D. , Masbou M. , Bott A.
Published: November 2010

Fog in complex terrain shows large temporal and spatial variations that can only be simulated with a three‐dimensional model, but more modifications than simply increasing the resolution are needed. For a better representation of fog, we present a second‐moment cloud water scheme with a parametrization of the Köhler theory which is combined with the mixed‐phase Ferrier microphysics scheme. The more detailed PAFOG microphysics produce many differences to the first‐moment Ferrier scheme and are responsible for the typically low liquid water content of fog. The inclusion of droplet sedimentation in the Ferrier scheme cannot reproduce the results obtained with PAFOG, as there is a large sensitivity to the sedimentation velocity. With explicitly predicted droplet number concentrations, sedimentation of cloud water can be modelled with variable fall speeds, which mainly affects the vertical distribution of cloud water and the end of the fog's life cycle. The complex topography of the Swiss Alps and their surroundings are used for model testing. As the focus is on the model's ability to forecast the spatial distribution of fog, cloud patterns derived from high‐resolution MSG satellite data, rather than few point observations from ground stations, are used. In a five‐day period of anticyclonic conditions, the satellite‐observed fog patterns showed large day‐to‐day variations from almost no fog to large areas of fog. This variability was very well predicted in the three‐dimensional fog forecast. Furthermore, the second‐moment cloud water scheme shows a better agreement with the satellite observations than its first‐moment counterpart. For model initialization, the complex topography is actually a simplifying factor, as cold air flow and pooling dominate the more uncertain processes of evapotranspiration or errors in the soil moisture field. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
Evidence and controversies on the role of XMRV in prostate cancer and chronic fatigue syndrome
Authors: Menéndez‐Arias Luis
Published: November 2010

The recent discovery of xenotropic murine leukaemia virus‐related virus (XMRV) in prostate cancer tissues and in the blood of individuals suffering from chronic fatigue syndrome has attracted considerable interest. However, the relevance and significance of XMRV to human disease remain unclear, since the association has not been confirmed in other studies. XMRV is the first gammaretrovirus to be found in humans. XMRV and murine leukaemia viruses share similar structures and genomic organisation. Human restriction factors such as APOBEC3 or tetherin inhibit XMRV replication. Although XMRV induces low rates of transformation in cell culture, it might be able to induce cancer by low‐frequency insertional activation of oncogenes or through the generation of highly active transforming viruses. A preference for regulatory regions of transcriptional active genes has been observed after a genomic‐wide analysis of XMRV integration sites. Genes related to carcinogenesis and androgen signalling have been identified in the vicinity of integration sites. The XMRV genome contains a glucocorticoid responsive element, and androgens could modulate viral replication in the prostate. Evidence supporting the involvement of XMRV in chronic fatigue syndrome is still very weak, and needs further confirmation and validation. Currently approved anti‐retroviral drugs such as zidovudine, tenofovir and raltegravir are efficient inhibitors of XMRV replication in vitro. These drugs might be useful to treat XMRV infection in humans. The identification of XMRV has potentially serious health implications for the implementation of novel techniques including gene therapy or xenotransplantation, while raising concerns on the need for screening donated blood to prevent transmission through transfusion. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Aqueous extract of Acacia cyanophylla leaves as environmentally friendly inhibitor for mild steel corrosion in 1 M H2SO4 solution
Authors: AVCI Gülşen , KELEŞ Yüksel
Published: November 2010

The efficiency of Acacia cyanophylla leaves extract as an environmentally friendly inhibitor for mild steel in aerated aqueous 1 M H2SO4 solution has been investigated by potentiodynamic polarization measurements and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy techniques. Addition of inhibitor decreases the corrosion current whereas the corrosion potential values show slight shifts in positive directions. Inhibition efficiency was found to be about 93% (the maximum value was determined from the polarization curve). Efficiencies obtained from both electrochemical techniques are in good agreement. Adsorption of Acacia cyanophylla leaves extract on mild steel surface in 1 M H2SO4 solution obeys Langmuir adsorption isotherm. Polarization curves were also obtained at different temperatures in order to measure changes of corrosion rate. Corrosion current increases and inhibition efficiency decreases with temperature increasing in H2SO4 solutions with and without Acacia cyanophylla extract. Corrosion parameters also changed with exposure time. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Flexural ductility design of high‐strength concrete columns
Authors: Bai Z. Z. , Au F. T. K.
Published: November 2010

In the seismic design of a structure, it is necessary to provide not only sufficient strength, but also a minimum level of flexural ductility for reinforced concrete (RC) columns. Eurocode EN1998‐1 directly specifies such minimum flexural ductility, while Chinese code GB50011 limits the normalized design axial force to achieve a nominal minimum flexural ductility. American code ACI 318‐08 uses the tension steel strain at peak resisting moment to control the failure mode. To provide the required flexural ductility, a much lower axial strength reduction factor is assigned to compression‐controlled failure than to tension‐controlled failure. To develop an effective strategy for flexural ductility design of RC columns, it is necessary to identify the essential parameters and control them properly. This is particularly important to those cast of high‐strength concrete that is inherently more brittle. The essential parameters identified include the maximum normalized axial force and maximum normalized neutral axis depth at peak resisting moment, as they help to guarantee various flexural ductility requirements. Their relationship with the flexural ductility is studied using a rigorous full‐range moment‐curvature analysis procedure. Empirical formulae and tables are also developed to facilitate flexural ductility design of RC columns. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prenatal ultrasound screening for orofacial clefts
Authors: Maarse W. , Pistorius L. R. , Van Eeten W. K. , Breugem C. C. , Kon M. , Van den Boogaard M. J. H. , Mink van Der Molen A. B.
Published: November 2010

Objectives

To evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of ultrasound for detecting prenatal facial clefts in low‐risk and high‐risk populations.

Methods

This study prospectively followed up a non‐selected population, namely all pregnant women who underwent routine second‐trimester prenatal ultrasound screening in the Utrecht region during the 2‐year period from January 2007 to December 2008.

Results

A total of 35 924 low‐risk and 2836 high‐risk pregnant women underwent ultrasound screening. Orofacial clefts were present in 62 cases, an incidence of 1:624. The distribution of clefts was as follows: 18 (29%) cleft lip, 25 (40%) cleft lip with cleft palate, 17 (27%) cleft palate only, one median cleft and one atypical cleft. Of these, 38 (61%) were unilateral and 23 (37%) were bilateral. Thirty‐nine per cent (24/62) had associated anomalies, with most chromosomal defects found in the cleft lip with cleft palate and cleft palate only groups. Cleft lip with or without cleft palate was detected prenatally in 38/43 cases, a sensitivity of 88%. No case of cleft palate only was detected prenatally. There were three false‐positive cases, of which two were fetuses with multiple congenital deformities.

Conclusions

Ultrasound screening has a high sensitivity for the detection of cleft lip with and without cleft palate in high‐risk and low‐risk pregnancies in our region, where well‐trained sonographers carry out primary screening. The key to a high sensitivity of prenatal ultrasound is likely to be a combination of excellent training of sonographers, referral to specialized centers when a cleft is suspected, routine visualization of the fetal face and advances in ultrasound techniques. Copyright © 2011 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Barriers to the implementation of response options aimed at mitigating the impact of wind power on electricity systems
Authors: Olmos L. , Cossent R. , Lobato E. , Gómez T.
Published: November 2010

Increasing shares of renewable energy in transmission and distribution grids are significantly changing the way electricity systems must function. While these technologies offer great opportunities to fight climate change and reduce Europe's dependency on foreign energy sources, their successful integration poses significant challenges. This article identifies and discusses a set of barriers that have been identified by market parties, European institutions and partners in the European project RESPOND. According to the research findings, main barriers to be overcome include the lack of incentives for generation from some technologies to be installed and participate in markets (both renewable and required conventional generation acting as a back‐up), lack of participation of renewables in ancillary services markets, lack of conventional generation and demand providing flexibility to the system, difficulty to carry out required reinforcements to the transmission grid both at local and at regional level, inefficiency of existing network congestion management schemes, as well as well‐designed transmission and distribution network charges and lack of incentives for distribution system operators to implement Active Network Management practices in the operation and planning of their networks. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Forest gene diversity is correlated with the composition and function of soil microbial communities
Authors: Schweitzer Jennifer A. , Fischer Dylan G. , Rehill Brian J. , Wooley Stuart C. , Woolbright Scott A. , Lindroth Richard L. , Whitham Thomas G. , Zak Donald R. , Hart Stephen C.
Published: November 2010

The growing field of community and ecosystem genetics indicates that plant genotype and genotypic variation are important for structuring communities and ecosystem processes. Little is known, however, regarding the effects of stand gene diversity on soil communities and processes under field conditions. Utilizing natural genetic variation occurring in Populus spp. hybrid zones, we tested the hypothesis that stand gene diversity structures soil microbial communities and influences soil nutrient pools. We found significant unimodal patterns relating gene diversity to soil microbial community composition, microbial exoenzyme activity of a carbon‐acquiring enzyme, and availability of soil nitrogen. Multivariate analyses indicate that this pattern is due to the correlation between gene diversity, plant secondary chemistry, and the composition of the microbial community that impacts the availability of soil nitrogen. Together, these data from a natural system indicate that stand gene diversity may affect soil microbial communities and soil processes in ways similar to species diversity (i.e., unimodal patterns). Our results further demonstrate that the effects of plant genetic diversity on other organisms may be mediated by plant functional trait variation.
Gaucher disease with foamy transformed macrophages and erythrophagocytic activity
Authors: Machaczka Maciej , Klimkowska Monika , Regenthal Sofie , Hägglund Hans
Published: November 2010

Foamy transformation of macrophages is typically seen in lysosomal storage disorders in patients with Niemann‐Pick disease, but foamy Gaucher cells (GC) were previously reported only once, in the autopsy report. Although the majority of stored glucocerebroside in GC is of erythrocyte origin, apparent erythrophagocytosis by GC in bone marrow is an unusual finding. Here, we describe the case of an adult non‐Jewish Caucasian male with a heterozygous Gaucher disease type 1 (mutations c.1226A>G and c.1448T>C in the GBA1 gene) who presented with atypical morphology of GC on bone marrow examination. Approximately 15% of his GC showed a notable erythrophagocytic activity or unusual appearance of foamy transformed macrophages with a great number of vacuoles and erythrocyte rests in the cytoplasm. This report highlights the fact that morphological examination of cells and tissue specimens is very helpful in the diagnosis of a storage disorder but that confirmatory testing for specific diseases should always follow. Moreover, it is now clear that Gaucher disease should be a part of the differential diagnosis of foamy transformed macrophages.
Expanding the clinical spectrum of 3‐phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase deficiency
Authors: Tabatabaie L. , Klomp L. W. J. , Rubio‐Gozalbo M. E. , Spaapen L. J. M. , Haagen A. A. M. , Dorland L. , de Koning T. J.
Published: November 2010

3‐Phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (3‐PGDH) deficiency is considered to be a rare cause of congenital microcephaly, infantile onset of intractable seizures and severe psychomotor retardation. Here, we report for the first time a very mild form of genetically confirmed 3‐PGDH deficiency in two siblings with juvenile onset of absence seizures and mild developmental delay. Amino acid analysis showed serine values in CSF and plasma identical to what is observed in the severe infantile form. Both patients responded favourably to relatively low dosages of serine supplementation with cessation of seizures, normalisation of their EEG abnormalities and improvement of well‐being and behaviour. These cases illustrate that 3‐PGDH deficiency can present with mild symptoms and should be considered as a treatable disorder in the differential diagnosis of mild developmental delay and seizures. Synopsis: we present a novel mild phenotype in patients with 3‐PGDH deficiency.
Customization of the online purchase process in electronic retailing and customer satisfaction: An online field study
Authors: Thirumalai Sriram , Sinha Kingshuk K.
Published: November 2010

This paper investigates the customization of the online purchase process in electronic retailing. We conceptualize customization relevant to the two constituent sub‐processes in the online purchase process: (i) decision customization—the customization of the information content delivered to customers to help them in the decision‐making sub‐process; and (ii) transaction customization—the customization of the purchase transaction sub‐process for each customer. We draw on and synthesize the theoretical perspectives of Website Usability, Technology Acceptance Model, and Transaction Costs, to triangulate and deduce hypotheses linking customization of the online purchase process in electronic retailing and customer satisfaction. The hypotheses are tested by analyzing: (i) primary data on customization of the online purchase process collected from an online field study involving a direct observation and content analysis of the websites of 422 retailers; and (ii) secondary data on customer satisfaction with the online purchase process for the same set of 422 electronic retailers collected from a publicly available data source. The research method used for the empirical analysis is Multivariate Analyses of Covariance (MANCOVA). The results indicate that decision customization that provides choice assistance by way of personalized product recommendations is positively associated with customer satisfaction with the decision‐making sub‐process; and transaction customization, oriented towards making the transaction sub‐process personal, convenient, and interactive is positively associated with customer satisfaction with the purchase transaction sub‐process. Additionally, the results indicate that both decision customization and transaction customization are associated with overall customer satisfaction with the online purchase process of electronic retailers. The contributions, managerial implications, and limitations of the study, and directions for future research are discussed.
Cross‐functional alignment in supply chain planning: A case study of sales and operations planning
Authors: Oliva Rogelio , Watson Noel
Published: November 2010

In most organizations, supply chain planning is a cross‐functional effort. However, functional areas such as sales, marketing, finance, and operations traditionally specialize in portions of the planning activities, which results in conflicts over expectations, preferences, and priorities. We report findings from a detailed case analysis of a supply chain planning process that seemingly weathers these cross‐functional conflicts. In contrast to traditional research on this area, which focuses on incentives, responsibilities, and structures, we adopt a process perspective and find that integration was achieved despite formal functional incentives that did not support it. By drawing a distinction between the incentive landscape and the planning process, we identify process as a mediator that can affect organizational outcomes. Thus, organizations may be capable of integration while functions retain different incentives and orientations to maintain focus on their stakeholders’ needs. Through iterative coding, we identify the attributes of the planning process that can drive planning performance—information, procedural, and alignment quality—but also find evidence that achieving alignment in the execution of plans can be more important than informational and procedural quality. In addition to process attributes, we also identify social elements that influenced the performance of the planning process and place the information processing attributes within a broader social and organizational context.
Field vehicle fleet management in humanitarian operations: A case‐based approach
Authors: Pedraza Martinez Alfonso J. , Stapleton Orla , Van Wassenhove Luk N.
Published: November 2010

Transportation is the second largest overhead cost to humanitarian organizations after personnel. Academic knowledge about fleet management in humanitarian operations is scarce. Using a multiple case research design we study Field Vehicle Fleet Management (Field VFM) in four large International Humanitarian Organizations (IHO): the International Committee of the Red Cross, the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, the World Food Program and World Vision International. Our field research includes more than 40 interviews at headquarters, regional and national level in Africa, the Middle East and Europe. The paper answers three research questions: (1) How do IHO manage their field vehicle fleets? (2) What are the critical factors affecting IHO Field VFM? (3) How does Field VFM affect in‐country program delivery? The contribution of this research is twofold. First, it helps to fill the existing gap in the humanitarian literature regarding Field VFM. Second, it expands the fleet management literature to a new and virtually unexplored area.
Methylation profiling with a panel of cancer related genes: Association with estrogen receptor, TP53 mutation status and expression subtypes in sporadic breast cancer
Authors: Rønneberg Jo Anders , Fleischer Thomas , Solvang Hiroko Kato , Nordgard Silje H. , Edvardsen Hege , Potapenko Ivan , Nebdal Daniel , Daviaud Christian , Gut Ivo , Bukholm Ida , Naume Bjørn , Børresen-Dale Anne-Lise , Tost Jörg , Kristensen Vessela
Published: November 2010

Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease that can be divided in subtypes based on histology, gene expression profiles as well as differences in genomic aberrations. Distinct global DNA methylation profiles have been reported in normal breast epithelial cells as well as in breast tumors. However, the influence of the tumor methylome on the previously described subgroups of breast cancer is not fully understood. Here we report the DNA methylation profiles of 80 breast tumors using a panel of 807 cancer related genes interrogating 1505 CpG sites. We identified three major clusters based on the methylation profiles; one consisting of mainly tumors of myoepithelial origin and two other clusters with tumors of predominantly luminal epithelial origin. The clusters were different with respect to estrogen receptor status, TP53 status, ErbB2 status and grade. The most significantly differentially methylated genes including HDAC1, TFF1, OGG1, BMP3, FZD9 and HOXA11 were confirmed by pyrosequencing. Gene Ontology analysis revealed enrichment for genes involved in developmental processes including homeobox domain genes (HOXA9, HOXA11, PAX6, MYBL2, ISL1 and IPF1) and (ETS1, HDAC1, CREBBP, GAS7, SPI1 and TBX1). Extensive correlation to mRNA expression was observed. Pathway analyses identified a significant association with canonical (curated) pathways such as hepatic fibrosis including genes like EGF, NGFR and TNF, dendritic cell maturation and the NF‐κB signaling pathway. Our results show that breast tumor expression subtypes harbor major epigenetic differences and tumors with similar gene expression profiles might belong to epigenetically different subtypes. Some of the transcription factors identified, with key roles in differentiation and development might play a role in inducing and maintaining the different phenotypes.
Transpulmonary Plasma Catecholamines in Acute High-Altitude Pulmonary Hypertension
Authors: Berger Marc M. , Luks Andrew M. , Bailey Damian M. , Menold Elmar , Robotti Guido C. , Mairbäurl Heimo , Dehnert Christoph , Swenson Erik R. , Bärtsch Peter
Published: November 2010

Objective

High altitude leads to an increase in sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activity and pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP). We assessed whether the SNS contributes to this increase in PAP.

Methods

Sympathetic discharge to the pulmonary vasculature was assessed by measuring plasma norepinephrine concentrations in central venous blood entering the lung and systemic arterial blood leaving the lung (arterial-central venous difference; a − cvdiff). Sympathetic activity in the adrenal gland was assessed by measuring systemic plasma epinephrine concentrations. The a − cvdiff of epinephrine was assessed to investigate its metabolism across the lung. The measurements were performed in 34 mountaineers during both rest and exercise at low altitude and after 20 hours at high altitude (4559 m). Norepinehrine and epinephrine concentrations were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography. Pulmonary blood flow was assessed by inert gas rebreathing, and systolic PAP (PASP) by transthoracic Doppler-echocardiography.

Results

Exercise and high altitude increased PASP and increased arterial and central venous plasma norepinephrine. In contrast, exercise but not high altitude increased arterial and central venous epinephrine. There was no significant a − cvdiff for norepinephrine and epinephrine during rest and exercise at low altitude, nor during rest at high altitude. However, during exercise at high altitude the a − cvdiff for norepinephrine was positive. There was no correlation between the a − cvdiff of both norepinephrine and epinephrine with PASP during exercise, high altitude or during a combination of both.

Conclusions

The degree of pulmonary hypertension that occurs upon high-altitude exposure is largely independent of the SNS activity in the pulmonary vasculature and adrenal gland.