bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Simulation of MESFET device by streamline‐diffusion finite element methods
Authors: Jiang Xunlei
Published: July 2002

Uses a streamline‐diffusion finite element method, specially designed for semiconductor device models, to simulate silicon MESFET devices in two space dimensions. Considers the full hydrodynamic model, a simplified hydrodynamic model and drift‐diffusion model. The method, which reduces to the well‐known Scharfetter‐Gummel discretization for the conventional drift‐diffusion model in one space dimension, proves to be a robust numerical tool. It performs well also when the solution has layers of rapid variation across junctions which are not aligned with mesh lines. Makes comparisons for the different models. Finds a qualitative discrepancy between the solutions of the hydrodynamic model and the drift diffusion model. Observes a small difference, however, between the full and simplified hydrodynamic models.
Global stability of the solutions of impulsive differential‐difference equations with variable impulsive perturbations
Authors: Bainov D.D. , Stamova I.M.
Published: July 2002

Investigates the global stability of the zero solution of an impulsive system of differential‐difference equations with variable impulsive perturbations. By means of piecewise continuous functions which are analogues of Lyapunov’s functions, and of the comparison principle, sufficient conditions for global stability of the zero solution of the systems considered are found.
Radiation of pulsed dipole antennas
Authors: Hillion Pierre
Published: July 2002

Using the Jefimenko generalization of the Biot‐Savart law and the Laplace transform we analyse the electromagnetic radiation of a vertical dipole antenna fed with a pulsed current. We get the magnetic field from the vector potential directly while the electric field is obtained through Maxwell’s equations. We write explicitly the expressions of the electromagnetic field for an exponentially decaying pulse and for a truncated harmonic pulse in vacuum and in a dispersive dielectric of the ionosphere type.
DOTIG4, a time‐domain numerical code for the study of the interaction of electromagnetic pulses with arbitrary conducting surfaces
Authors: Fornieles Callejón Jesús , Salinas Alfonso , Gómez Martín Rafael
Published: July 2002

This paper describes a computer program DOTIG4, for the study in the time domain, of the interaction of transient electromagnetic pulses (EMP) with arbitrary perfect conducting (PEC) surfaces modelled by planar triangular patches. DOTIG4 is based on the solution of the Time Domain Electric Field Integral Equation (TD‐EFIE) by the method of moments (MoM) using a marching‐on‐in‐time procedure. The code is applied to transient scattering of several structures and to calculate the input impedance of several broadband antennas.
3D coupled field‐circuit simulation of electromechanical converter dynamics
Authors: Nowak Lech , Demenko Andrzej
Published: July 2002

An algorithm for simultaneous solution of equations describing transient 3D magnetic field coupled to the Kirchhoff’s equations and the equation of motion has been presented. The nonlinearity and anisotropy of the magnetic core have been taken into account. Numerical implementation of the algorithm is based on the finite element method. In order to solve the 3D problem a special iterative procedure, in which the 3D task is substituted with a sequence of 2D problems, has been proposed. The time‐stepping backward difference algorithm for the time‐discretization of the electric circuit equations has been applied. To determine the moving armature position, an implicit procedure, which is unconditionally stable has been proposed. For the sake of example, the calculations of dynamic operation of the E‐type electromagnetic actuator equipped with the shading coil have been performed.
Fluxoid dynamics methods for electromagnetic phenomena of superconductors
Authors: Miya Kenzo , Demachi Kazuyuki , Takase Kentaro
Published: July 2002

In this study the numerical method was developed to simulate behavior of the fluxoids in NbTi and Bi‐2212. The method was named the Fluxoid Dynamics (FD) method, and is based on a combination of two concepts : the Molecular Dynamics (MD) and Ginzburg‐Landau (G‐L) theory. Several macroscopic electromagnetic phenomena were predicted by these methods, and the results were compared with the well‐known empirical ones.
Analysis of drifting charged aerosols from HVDC ionizers via a hybrid CSM‐FD method
Authors: Angeli Marco , Cardelli Ermanno
Published: July 2002

In this paper are summarized our research activities dealing with the theoretical and experimental analysis of high voltage direct current (HVDC) ionizers. We present here the basic principle of a hybrid charge simulation‐finite difference method, that has been used to simulate the electric behaviour of these devices, by computing the electric field strength and the ionic current density distribution, therefore the efficiency of emission. We have realized an experimental ion counter and we have used it to verify the values predicted by means of this numerical technique.
3D eddy current computation with edge elements in terms of the electric intensity
Authors: Golias N.A. , Antonopoulos C.S. , Tsiboukis T.D. , Kriezis E.E.
Published: July 2002

A finite element formulation for the solution of 3D eddy current problems in terms of the electric intensity E is presented. A weak formulation, based on a Galerkin weighted residual procedure, is presented and edge elements, that impose only tangential continuity across element interfaces of the approximated field, are employed for the discretization of the problem with the finite element method. The reliability and validity of the suggested method is verified by its application to the calculation of the 3D eddy current distribution in two conducting systems.
On the Lorenz gauge
Authors: Bossavit Alain
Published: July 2002

Although edge elements satisfactorily solve the eddy current problem, formulations allowing the use of standard, node‐based elements, are still looked for. But “well‐posed” formulations have been elusive up to now. We propose one, based on a particular gauge, div(σ α)=−σ 2μ v, close to the “Lorenz gauge” of several recent publications, but not identical if one does not assume a piecewise uniform conductivity.
Capacitive effect models for a magnetic field sensor
Authors: Ioan Daniel , Munteanu Irina , Popeea Corneliu
Published: July 2002

The paper presents an efficient modeling technique for the fluxset magnetic field sensor. Using separate numerical solutions for the electric and magnetic fields, an equivalent SPICE circuit is extracted in the postprocessing phase. The main contribution of the paper is the technique used to model the distributed capacitive effects in insulation between coils, by concentrating them in an “Extended II scheme”, an infinite circuit which is optimally reduced to a finite one. The results are in qualitative agreement with the experimental ones.
Fast analytical model of induction motor for approaching rotor eccentricity
Authors: Spalek Dariusz
Published: July 2002

Deals with the problem of the electromagnetic torque calculation in the case of either nonuniformity of the air‐gap or eccentricity of the rotor. The electromagnetic field distributions have been evaluated for drag‐cup motors. An analytical model has been introduced for linear motor based on the variation method for magnetic flux density magnitudes. The total torque and its components have been evaluated for the motors chosen. The decrease of the electromagnetic torque and increase of eddy‐current losses have been discussed due to either rotor circular asymmetry or its eccentricity.
The Norbert Wiener Memorial Gold Medal address
Authors: Prigogine Ilya
Published: July 2002

The Norbert Wiener Memorial Gold Medal address delivered by the Nobel Laureate recipient. Considers Norbert Wiener and the idea of contingence. Refers to Wiener’s book The Human Use of Human Beings and in particular to the preface entitled “The idea of a contingent universe” and to the epilogue of the book by Rosenblith. This raises the question faced by Wiener: how to reconcile a deterministic world à la Newton with the intrinsically probabilistic universe of Gibbs, the relativistic universe of Einstein and the Heisenberg uncertainty principle? Notes the parallelism among the questions Wiener is asking with the ones to which the Gold Medallist has devoted most of his scientific life. Presents a different point of view, as a tribute to the visionary ideas developed by Wiener. Discusses the “new physics” and the problems facing physics today, at the end of the twentieth century.
Formalism, Language and Information Science
Authors: George F.H.
Published: July 2002

Cybernetics and artificial intelligence are viewed primarily as being a major part of information science which is considered as we would any other scientific discipline. It is suggested that such a science must be capable of formalization. Language is considered as a major feature of science, where mathematics is a specialized part of language. The analysis of language in the form of semantics and pragmatics is regarded as essential to the understanding of any linguistic usage, particularly when some degree of precision is entailed. Discusses information science and its foundations in philosophy, logic and especially in semantics and pragmatics.
Theseus – A Way of Doing
Authors: Harnden Roger
Published: July 2002

Considers recent developments that encourage the exploration of the potential of computers. Gives current examples of their treatment “as theatre” or to explore a novel “space of expression”. New design guidelines are emerging shaped by a foundational switch in approaches to thinking and doing. This shift is underwritten by recent findings in second‐order cybernetics concerning the importance of the orthogonal intersection of a variety of motor‐sensory correlations, for effective behaviour in a particular domain of action. Describes a recently built system which is representative of this shift. Theseus is both a methodology for multimedia applications and a model for learning a concrete implementation in the shape of a stand‐alone, multimedia training package.
Norbert Wiener in the Early 1950s
Authors: Vallée Robert
Published: July 2002

Memories about Norbert Wiener are presented by the author who had the opportunity to meet him in Paris (1951 and 1953), then at MIT and in his country house in New Hampshire in 1954. The foundation of the “Cercle d’Etudes Cybernétiques” is evoked as well as many statements made by Wiener about himself, and his researches on hidden variables in quantum mechanics and other subjects.
The Presence of Norbert Wiener in Both Order Cybernetics
Authors: Bernard‐Weil E.
Published: July 2002

When confronted with issues dealing with first and second order cybernetics, it seems that the manner of defining the former has been somewhat caricatured. The second appears to sometimes give rise to conclusions which are almost opposite to those of Wiener by questioning the possibility of a control for a system. We find in Wiener’s research a prefiguration of the autonomy concept, which, in our opinion, could bring an explanation – and a solution – in cases where control elicits some perverse effect; an acceptance of positive feedback if it serves a desired purpose; the central importance held for him by ergodic theory that we use in an addendum on imbalanced strange attractors control; the idea of a knowledge which may be the fruit of the control; an interest for logical paradoxes he put in relation to communication in nervous system; and already the notion of dialogue in the core of the relation man/man or man/machine. Of course, Wiener did not accord an equal development to all his insights, but we have not yet finished scrutinizing his writings. First and second order cybernetics perhaps form an agonistic/antagonistic couple of which neither element could overshadow the other.
The decade of the brain – some comments
Authors: Andrew Alex M.
Published: July 2002

Proposes that halfway through the decade which has been termed that of the brain, our level of understanding is still primitive despite much excellent research. Discusses new findings, such as those presented in a recent lecture, which can still alter profoundly the perception of neural mechanisms, and shows that we may even be wrong in the customary assumption that the well‐known electro‐chemical neural transmission is the only important form of rapid internal communication in the brain.
On integral, differential, and integro‐differential equations, perturbation and averaging methods
Authors: Adomian George
Published: July 2002

Averaging methods with closure approximations and perturbative methods have been discussed in control literature. Suggests that continuing mathematical developments in the decomposition method allow a better approach without the disadvantages of the above.
Fuzzy threshold functions and applications
Authors: Lee Edward T. , Chou Te‐Shun
Published: July 2002

The set of fuzzy threshold functions is defined to be a fuzzy set over the set of functions. All threshold functions have full memberships in this fuzzy set. Defines and investigates a distance measure between a non‐linearly separable function and the set of all threshold functions. Defines an explicit expression for the membership function of a fuzzy threshold function through the use of this distance measure and finds three upper bounds for this measure. Presents a general method to compute the distance, an algorithm to generate the representation automatically, and a procedure to determine the proper weights and thresholds automatically. Presents the relationships among threshold gate networks, artificial neural networks and fuzzy neural networks. The results may have useful applications in logic design, pattern recognition, fuzzy logic, multi‐objective fuzzy optimization and related areas.
Adaptive estimation methods: their applications to modelling time varying economic systems
Authors: Papakyriazis Artemis
Published: July 2002

Discusses recursive estimation techniques which can be used to update or revise estimates of the parameters of an economic model to account for new data. Such methods admit the possibility of proceeding with the gathering of observed data until a specified accuracy of the parameters is achieved or if the economic processes are time‐varying the parameters can be tracked. Recursive methods can also be used for adaptive learning, forecasting and control. Examines both single equation ‐ static as well as dynamic ‐ economic models.
On applying information principles to fuzzy controls
Authors: Padet Colette
Published: July 2002

The use of fuzzy control techniques requires categorizing membership grades for various controlling (input) and controlled (output) parameters. In many engineering situations, such grades are specified, a priori, only partially; several values might either be missing or be presented as subject to certain constraints. The principle of maximum uncertainty, a fuzzy analogue of maximum entropy, would then serve as a basis for resolving the ambiguity of missing values and thus for deciding the precise nature of control rules. It is shown that the uncertainty principle follows from certain natural assumptions about consistent decision making.
Automation and cybernetics: control of a flexible one‐link manipulator
Authors: Gamarra‐Rosado V.O. , Fernández G. , Grieco J.C. , Armada M. , Aliane N.
Published: July 2002

States that control is of the essence in cybernetics. Summarizes the dynamic equations for a flexible one‐link manipulator moving in the horizontal plane. Employs the finite element method, based on elementary beam theory, during the process of formulation. Develops and instruments a one‐link flexible manipulator in order to control its vibration modes. Uses a simple second‐order vibration model which permits vibrations on the rod to be estimated using the hub angle. The validation of the dynamic model and the structural analysis of the flexible manipulator is reached using proper infrared cameras and active light sources for determining actual positions of objects in space. Shows that the performance of the control is satisfactory, even under perturbation action.
Man in a garrulous silence
Authors: Beer Stafford
Published: July 2002

Written in 1982 for a closed meeting of scholars, provides an insight into the thinking of the time and in particular to the contributions of the author to systems and cybernetics. Illustrates the challenge of technology to humankind and sees the coming of a second Tower of Babel which is as counter‐productive as the first. Believed it was necessary to consider practical strategies for change. Looks at the concept of human identity, considering “Oneself: a systems viewpoint”, “A Tripartite selfhood” and “The community consequence”. Provides a schematic framework for the discussion of the social cybernetics of the human condition. Considers a basic stance, and the application of rules detected by cybernetic scholarship. Outlines strategies for inducing change and examines new dimensions for planning. Emphasizes the importance of regarding planning as a matter of obtaining recognition of the frameworks that have been introduced and then facilitating choice.
Experiences in managing an expert systems project
Authors: Liebowitz Jay , Krishnamurthy Vijaya , Rodens Ira , Houston Chapman , Liebowitz Alisa , Baek Seung , Radko Joe , Zeide Janet , Potter William
Published: July 2002

Describes some of the authors’ experiences in managing a two‐year expert scheduling system project called GUESS (Generically Used Expert Scheduling System), developed for NASA. Many expert systems are technical successes, but technology transfer failures. Part of the reason that some expert system projects fail is due to management issues. First discusses the GUESS project and then highlights some lessons learned on managing an expert systems project based on the GUESS experience.
Reflexivity and feed‐before: from sociology to systemics
Authors: Perez de Guzman Torcuato
Published: July 2002

Upholds the equivalence between the sociological notion of reflexivity and the idea of self‐reference, which epistemologically and structurally distinguish those complex systems where humans participate as elements. Once there is a conceptual bridge between sociology and cybernetics, the reflexivity processes are analysed, and the expression feed‐before is proposed for the corresponding circuits, as they operate after the input, but before the output characteristic of the other complex systems is produced. After distinguishing between micro‐ and macro‐reflexivity, studies mutual connections and submits graphic designs of both types of circuit. Also briefly analyses the tempo of social reflexivity, while deducing the consequences regarding the predictability of social dynamics.
Hypothesis testing for positive feedback models: some uses of a modified Poisson distribution for loops involving the self‐fulfilling prophecy
Authors: Henshel Richard L.
Published: July 2002

Briefly reviews the standard Poisson distribution and then examines a set of derivative, modified Poisson distributions for testing hypotheses derived from positive deviation‐amplifying feedback models, which do not lend themselves to ordinary statistically based hypothesis testing. The “reinforcement” or “contagious” Poisson offers promise for a subset of such models, in particular those models with data in the form of rates (rather than magnitudes). The practical difficulty lies in distinguishing reinforcement effects from initial heterogeneity, since both can form negative binomial distributions, with look‐alike data. Illustrates these difficulties, and also opportunities, for various feedback models employing the self‐fulfilling prophecy, and especially for confidence loops, which incorporate particular self‐fulfilling prophecies as part of a larger dynamic process. Describes an actual methodology for testing hypotheses regarding confidence loops with the aid of a “reinforcement” Poisson distribution, as well as its place within sociocybernetics.
Knowledge discovery and system‐user adversary
Authors: Chen Zhengxin
Published: July 2002

Examines the relationship between systems and their users from the knowledge discovery perspective. Recently knowledge discovery in databases has made important progress, but it may also bring some potential problems to database design, such as issues related to database security, as an unauthorized user may derive highly sensitive knowledge from unclassified data. There is a need for a comprehensive study on knowledge discovery in human‐computer symbiosis. Borrowing terms from algorithm design and artificial intelligence literature, proposes a notion called database‐user adversarial partnership. This notion is general enough to cover various knowledge discovery and security issues related to databases and their users. Furthermore, the notion of database‐user adversarial partnership can be further generalized into system‐user adversarial partnership. Opportunities provided by knowledge discovery techniques and potential social implications are discussed and illustrated by examples.
Recursive least squares modelling: empirical evidence from the Finnish and Japanese markets
Authors: Höglund Rune , Östermark Ralf
Published: July 2002

Previous evidence suggests that the relationship between different stock markets is unstable over time. In particular, the Finnish and Japanese financial economies are interrelated and exhibit non‐linear behaviour. Presents an approximation of the influence of the Japanese stock market on the Finnish derivatives market by an adaptive recursive least squares (RLS) algorithm. The parameters are allowed to change over time through a discounting factor, thus providing a convenient means for recognizing past information to a specified degree. Following the reasoning of Bera et al. (1992), shows that the RLS algorithm is, theoretically, able to cope with conditional heteroscedasticity. Compares the results with different values on the discount factor and when choosing a suitable value the ARCH‐like effects in the residuals seem to vanish. On the other hand, some new peculiarities in the RLS residuals emerge when ARCH effects are eliminated. The results indicate that the standard RLS algorithm combined with a proper specification of the discount factor could be useful in studying relationships of this kind.
3. Blown‐ups: a leap from specified local confusions to a general whole evolution
Authors: Wu Yong
Published: July 2002

In this paper, we will derive new understandings of some of the problems of mathematics and physics dealt with in the introduction of the concept of blown‐ups and the study of related traditional thinking logic and establishment of mathematical models. The concept of blown‐ups not only explains clearly the mystery of nonlinearity, but also suggests a change to our traditional way of thinking. Blown‐ups embody a leap from specified local confusions to a general whole evolution.
5. The transformation group of branching solutions of Lorenz’s equations and “chaos”
Authors: OuYang Soucheng , Wu Yong
Published: July 2002

In this paper, the theory of groups is used in the discussion of the properties of branching solutions of Lorenz’s models with fixed constants. The result shows that the three branching solutions of Lorenz’s model with fixed constants can be connected together through the group {I, e}, and that if an orbit of Lorenz’s equation is given, there must exist another corresponding orbit through the group {I, e}. Just as the model is deterministic, so is the solution.
From the anthropic principles towards the global strategy
Authors: Kuskov Andrey
Published: July 2002

In this work, which is purely argumentative, the author has made an attempt to apply a system approach to explain a phenomenon of biological structures in the universe. The suggested approach leads to a hypothesis of the physical function of the Earth’s ecosystem biota as a participant to a large‐scale non‐linear dynamic process which is the universe itself within the frames of the thermodynamics of the non‐equilibrium systems. The hypothesis is substantiated by the anthropic argumentation of cosmology but implemented through finding system links in conceptualizations and data of other sciences. The consequence of this hypothesis can facilitate the development of a general principle of the global ecology strategy.
The influence of the solubility of zinc phosphate pigments on their anticorrosive behaviour
Authors: Blustein G. , del Amo B. , Romagnoli R.
Published: July 2002

The objective of this work was to study the anticorrosive behaviour of three commercial pigments containing micronized zinc phosphate. The chemical analyses of the pigments were carried out in the laboratory to characterise them with respect to their composition and soluble matter. It was proposed to check pigments’ efficiency in solvent‐borne paints with 30 per cent v/v of the pigment by volume and a pigment volume concentration/critical pigment volume concentration ratio (PVC/CPVC) equal to 0.8. The behaviour of paints formulated with two binders (alkyd and epoxy) was assessed by accelerated (salt spray cabinet, humidity chamber and accelerated weathering) and electrochemical (corrosion potential, ionic resistance and polarisation resistance) tests. It was demonstrated that pigment performance is highly influenced by their solubility which, in turn, could influence the formation of the protective layer on the metal substrate. Good correlation was obtained between salt spray and electrochemical tests.
Effect of silane coupling agents on properties of sodium‐aluminium silicate P‐820
Authors: Werner Radosllaw , Krysztafkiewicz Andrzej , Jesionowski Teofil
Published: July 2002

Studies on the surface modification of sodium‐aluminium silicate P‐820 using silane coupling agents are described. The best modifiers were selected, which induced a change of the silicate surface from hydrophilic to hydrophobic. Physicochemical analyses of the modified silicate were performed. The methods of evaluating silicate surface modification degree were presented. The degree of hydrophobization of silicate surface was determined by a calorimetric method. Near infra‐red spectroscopy (NIR) was used to determine the degree of condensation of the silicate surface silanol groups. Studies on morphology and microstructure using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were performed. Attempts were made to apply the unmodified and modified sodium‐aluminium silicate P‐820 as filler and pigment in silicate and dispersion paints.
Preparation of starch ethers using the dry process: carbamoylethyl and cyanoethyl starches and their copolymeric products with acrylamide/acrylonitrile mixture
Authors: Hebeish A. , Waly A. , Abdel‐Mohdy F.A. , Aly A.S.
Published: July 2002

Carbamoylethyl starch (CrES) and cyanoethyl starch (CES) were prepared by making use of the concept of the dry process under conditions which were developed to form the bases of environmentally sound (clean) technology. The obtained CrES and CES were saponified using alcoholic NaOH solution. The CrES and CES along with their saponified products were further modified by subjecting them to graft polymerization with Aam/AN mixture. Saponification of the so‐obtained grafted substances was also carried out. Presents the findings of these investigations which are explained in terms of structural changes in the starch, the ‐CN and CONH2 groups, the Aam/AN polymeric graft and the site of attachment of the latter on the modified starch.
Recent developments in understanding film‐formation by latex paints
Authors: Nicholson John W.
Published: July 2002

Discusses latexes (which consist of aqueous colloidal dispersions of polymer particles) as the basis of water‐based coatings ‐ which are commonly, but wrongly, known as emulsion paints. Looks at the different processes and regulations in industrial use and the challenges for the future.
Iron as the colouring impurity in bisphenol A
Authors: Wasilewska Mariola , Hreczuch Wieslaw , Szymanowski Jan , Krysztafkiewicz Andrzej
Published: July 2002

Investigates the direct relationship between iron contamination of bisphenol A and its colour. Discusses the possibility of electrochemical migration of the metal impurity from installation material into reaction medium during the synthesis. Also suggests reducing the reaction time despite the less concentrated product obtained, especially since a better quality bisphenol A can be obtained.
Dilute solution viscosimetry of carboxylated acrylic lactices
Authors: Amalvy J.I.
Published: July 2002

Measures the intrinsic viscosities, in acetone and tetrahydrofurane (THF) at different temperatures, of a terpolymer of methyl methacrylate, ethyl acrylate and methacrylic acid, prepared by semicontinuous emulsion polymerization (latex). Analyses data with the aid of the equations of Huggins, Kraemer, Martin, Schulz‐Blaschke and an equation recently suggested by Rao. Considers relationships between different parameters. By comparing uncleaned samples with samples purified by single precipitation or by dissolution and precipitation from THF, observes the effects of low‐molecular weight and water‐soluble on the intrinsic viscosities. Discusses solvent powers and effects of degree of purification and temperature on viscosity. Discusses polymer‐solvents interactions in terms of the acceptor/donor properties of the solvents. Concludes that purification of functionalized latices can lead to modifications of the original systems, through the elimination of different polymer chains.
Silicates of green colour ‐ highly dispersed pigments
Authors: Krysztafkiewicz Andrzej , Jesionowski Teofil , Walkowiak Jacek
Published: July 2002

The technique is presented for obtaining green pigments in the reaction of precipitation from sodium metasilicate solution and from chromium (III) salts. Sulphates and chlorides of chromium (III) as well as chromium sulphates from the tanning industry refuses were applied. The studies were directed to obtain pigments of the following composition: xCr2O3 ySiO2 zH2O. Basic conditions of precipitation process, filtration and drying of silicate pigments were established. Moreover, principal physicochemical parameters of the precipitated pigments were evaluated as well as the size and morphology of pigment particles being estimated by electron microscopy. The performed physicochemical studies aimed also at determining suitability of the pigments as fillers and carriers in oil paints.
Importance and measurement of minimum film‐forming temperature
Authors: Sewell Graham
Published: July 2002

The minimum film forming temperature (MFFT) has been described as “the minimum temperature at which a waterborne synthetic latex or emulsion will coalesce when laid on a substrate as a thin film”. If there are no pigments present, such materials will form a smooth, clear, transparent film when dried at temperatures above their MFFT. At temperatures below their MFFT, drying will result in a white, powdery, cracked film. For effective use, it is therefore important that paints and coatings based on emulsions are applied only to surfaces with a temperature above that of their MFFT. This is usually derived by the manufacturer and printed on the side of the tin.
Preparation of some organotin polymers via new synthetic route
Authors: Radwan Mohamed A.
Published: July 2002

Aims to prepare some organotin polymers based on N‐substituted acrylamide and methylacrylamide acid esters via a new synthetic route. Tri‐n‐butyltin‐∝‐bromoacrylate monomer (TBTBA) was prepared and polymerisation carried out. Organotin polymers were prepared via the new synthetic route by exchange reactions.
Product, paint and curing method ‐ the essential components of an integrated coating system
Authors: Lewin Ian
Published: July 2002

This article describes the move towards integrated coating systems, where the coating and method of drying or curing are selected to ensure efficient coating processes, while ensuring there is no reduction in the function of the coating itself. It briefly explores various methods of radiation curing and explains how these techniques can be used to meet production requirements and constraints and develop optimum coating solutions. There is also a brief case study, which describes the installation of an infra‐red system for pre‐heating steel drums in order to speed up a lacquering operation.
Dyes from benzamide
Authors: Rajendran Susai , Pascal Regis A. Peter , Trivedi D.C.
Published: July 2002

Aqueous sodium chloride solution, containing benzamide was electrolysed (pH = 2), using platinised titanium anode and graphite cathode. The filtrate of the reaction mixture (pH = 4.5) was diazotised and coupled with α‐naphthol in NaOH and also with β‐naphthol in NaOH. Dyes were produced. These dyes were matched with the standard dyes prepared from aniline. Uv‐visible absorption spectral study reveals that the dyes produced are slightly different from the standard dyes. During the course of the reaction benzamide is converted into aniline with a long chain polymeric unit having a free amino end; and/or a polymeric unit which generates a free amino end during the process of diazotisation.
Coating curing – the role of infrared
Authors: Bartley Ian
Published: July 2002

This article describes the background to the widespread application of infrared radiation as a curing technique for paints and coatings, from its origins in the 1930s to the present day. It explains the mechanism of infrared and elaborates on some of the developments which have been made in the technology, especially in terms of control and response. The benefits of infra‐red drying and curing are further illustrated by reference to case studies demonstrating infrared in action.
Perceived Similarity:
Authors: Orpen Christopher
Published: July 2002

Tests the validity and reliability of peer evaluations of student
performance among 75 third‐year university students on a management
course. Each student predicted the future performance of the other
members of his/her seminar group in the final exam for the course on two
separate occasions. Validates the extent to which these predictions
matched the actual performances of the ratees in the final exam. The
students also rated their similarity to each of the ratees on three
aspects relevant to the course. The test‐retest reliability and
validity coefficients of the peer evaluations were both significant. The
validity of evaluations for others perceived to be similar was
significantly higher than for those perceived to be dissimilar. Develops
implications of these results for assessment and evaluation in higher
education.
Community Involvement: The Hidden Factor in Devolution
Authors: Townsend Tony
Published: July 2002

Considers the changing role of parents and the community within the
framework of devolution and accountability in educational decision
making in Australia. Calls on international literature to provide a
global perspective for the changes currently under way. Considers the
changing relationship between schools and their local communities since
the Karmel report of 1973 and gives examples of some of the recent
innovations at both state and federal level. Questions the processes
being used for many of the restructuring activities and suggests that
the current acceptance of the role of the community in educational
decision making is not new, but is based on community education
principles and practices. Concludes that the devolution of education may
still have some way to go and that consideration of the needs of the
whole community, rather than just the students of that community, might
be one avenue for schools to consider.
Nursery education: what is it for?
Authors: Penn Helen
Published: July 2002

Sets the context for this special issue focusing on nursery
education. Discusses the way in which nursery education relates to other
types of early childhood services.
Constraints on the effectiveness of schools and their principals
Authors: Smith Donna M. , Holdaway Edward A.
Published: July 2002

Explores the perceptions of junior high‐school principals about
constraints on their leadership effectiveness and the overall
effectiveness of their schools. Data were collected in Alberta, Canada,
using a questionnaire completed by 87 per cent of the 108 junior high
principals and an interview conducted with ten principals. The most
frequently listed constraints on leadership effectiveness were
inadequate funding, time taken dealing with problem students, and
inadequate physical facilities, while the most frequently listed
constraints on school effectiveness were financial support by the
province, financial support by the school system, and ineffective
provincial leadership. Different perceptions of constraints on
effectiveness were associated with selected demographic variables
including the number of years served as principal and the number of
years the school had been in operation. Several constraint‐resolution
strategies were recommended by respondents, including redistribution of
budget allocations.
Problems and issues in the financing and management of basic education in Akwa Ibom State
Authors: Ibe‐Bassey George S.
Published: July 2002

Determines and analyses the constraints on the financing and management of basic education in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. A survey design, developed into 17 modules and administered as interview schedules, was used to collect the data from respondents. At all levels of basic education, there was inadequate funding for the provision of physical and instructional facilities. This affected the management of basic education because of poor morale of teaching personnel, declining enrolment of pupils and students, except women in adult education classes. Financial support was very disappointing. Recommends that local government areas, state government, NGOs and communities should complement the efforts of the Federal Government by contributing towards the development of basic education, especially at primary and adult levels.
School restructuring American style: flattening the decision‐making pyramid
Authors: Dondero Grace
Published: July 2002

Highlights the fact that the call for educational reform in the USA remains a persistent concern for educators. Suggests that one avenue receiving considerable attention to meet the reform agenda is school‐based management through shared decision making. Shared decision making is based on the practices of successful organizations in the private sector, where decisions are made collectively by front‐line personnel, as well as by supervisors and corporate department heads. Argues that this practice allows for decisions to be made as close as possible to the actual locus of implementation. Staff members involved in such decision making generally exhibit a high level of job satisfaction. This decentralized decision making is characteristic of schools identified in the literature as being effective.
The need for implementing total quality management in education
Authors: Motwani Jaideep , Kumar Ashok
Published: July 2002

Looks at the applicability of total quality management (TQM) in education and some of the concerns addressed in the literature. Explores the different approaches used by several educational institutions in implementing TQM. Suggests a five‐step programming model that any university can use for implementing TQM.
Social class and the effective school paradigm
Authors: Leo Doyle John , Wells Samantha
Published: July 2002

The effective school paradigm has dominated educational and political thinking concerning the nature of schools for the last two decades. This paradigm asserts that it is the characteristics of schools that are the important factors that influence academic achievement. It is a perspective that is the opposite of the view that was widely held in the 1960s and early 1970s; which placed a much greater emphasis on the social context. Explores weaknesses in the effective school paradigm, considers how adequately the effective school paradigm explains recent developments such as the events at Hackney Downs in the London Borough of Hackney, and stimulates a debate on how the social environment affects what happens inside schools.
Reinventing school leadership ‐ back to the future in the UK?
Authors: Creissen Terry , Ellison Linda
Published: July 2002

There have, over the last 15 years, been many UK government initiatives aimed at improving the leadership and management of schools but there has never been any compulsion to receive training either before or after taking up post as a headteacher (principal). Greater responsibilities at the school level have resulted in greater pressure from a wide range of sources, including government and the teaching profession, for a more coherent approach to leadership and management development for both middle managers and for headteachers. Examines the initiatives which have been introduced in the last 15 years. Then discusses the need for and the development of the National Professional Qualification for Headship (NPQH) which is being trialled and piloted across England and Wales from 1996‐98.
A strategy for extranet development for professional programs
Authors: Preston Paul , McCrohan Kevin
Published: July 2002

The Extranet Infrastructure Project (EIP) described in this paper can enable a professional program to employ the latest technology advances toward improving the educational experience of students while lowering per unit academic costs. For presentation purposes an extranet for a school of business administration (SBA) is presented. The implementation of an extranet by an SBA will accommodate the informational needs of students, faculty and administration by utilizing an easy‐to‐use WWW‐based interface with instantly available and up‐datable information. Faculty will be able to publish course material online with little or no programming experience. Students will be able to communicate with faculty and other students and retrieve updated class notes, syllabi, research resources, tutorials and tests, all from their WWW browser at home or at school. In addition to the pedagogical advantages, students will become proficient in the use of technology that is widely used in the commercial world.
Best practices in information technology (IT) management: insights from K‐12 schools’ technology audits
Authors: Michael Steve O.
Published: July 2002

Information regarding best practices of information technology (IT) management in K‐12 schools provides school leaders with a basis for developing their own IT systems or evaluating their existing systems. Important as this information is, limited literature coverage exists on this topic. Over 100 technology audits conducted by graduate students in school organizations in north‐east Ohio in the United States have yielded insights of best practices that school leaders should find useful. The insights discussed in this article include attention to the access rate of users, leadership promise, technology planning, staff development, technical support, strategic hardware and software procurement, the technology budget, and an expanded view of infrastructural facilities. The article concludes with recommendations to school leaders who are interested in taking their IT practices to another level of excellence.
School enterprise bargaining and the need for qualitative research: some reflections from Australia
Authors: O’Donoghue Thomas A. , Clarke Simon
Published: July 2002

The traditional system of industrial relations in Australia has emphasised arbitrated decisions by central tribunals in order to achieve uniform wage increases without any consideration being given to productivity. Since the late 1980s, there has been a move towards negotiation at the enterprise level. Legislative reforms have occurred at both federal and state levels which present opportunities for individual enterprises to negotiate agreements defining terms and conditions considered to be most appropriate for their circumstances. One major arena where this development, popularly known as enterprise bargaining, is impacting, is that of education. Focuses on the phenomenon by: considering some of the literature on the theoretical and conceptual dimensions of the underlying notion of “bargaining”; outlining the general policy context within which enterprise bargaining has been taking place in Australia; presenting an overview of the emerging research base on award restructuring and enterprise‐based bargaining; outlining the need for research aimed at understanding participants’ perceptions of enterprise bargaining and of their experiences of the bargaining process; examining a major approach to engaging in such research, namely, the micro‐political approach.
Mechanics, problems and contributions of tertiary strategic alliances: the case of 22 Australian universities
Authors: Saffu Kojo , Mamman Aminu
Published: July 2002

This study reports the mechanics, problems and contributions of international strategic alliances involving 22 Australian universities. The findings suggest that the majority of Australian universities have a framework for internationalisation initiatives, with top university management being instrumental in initiating joint ventures with overseas institutions even though inadequate resources are provided especially at the pre‐negotiation and implementation phases of the partnership. Our study shows that Australian universities believe they bring to the partnership high quality higher education and reputable credentials while their overseas partners’ major contributions include financial resources and market opportunities.
The effect of Pb contamination on the microstructure and mechanical properties of SnAg/Cu and SnSb/Cu solder joints in SMT
Authors: Zhu Qinong , Sheng Mei , Luo Le
Published: July 2002

The effects of Pb contamination on the microstructure and shear strength of lead‐free solder joints with non‐lead containing finishes on both the PCB and terminals of 1,206 chip capacitors at different temperatures were investigated. Two kinds of lead‐free solders (Sn96.5Ag3.5 and Sn95Sb5) were selected, and different amounts of eutectic Sn‐Pb were added to these lead‐free solders according to the potential Pb contamination in a 1,206 chip capacitor solder joint. It was found that there was no difference in shear strength of solder joint at room temperature for those with or without Pb contamination, but the shear strength at 1258C for the solder joint without Pb contamination was about 15 percent higher than for those with Pb contamination.