bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An empirical Bayesian approach for estimating fleet- and vessel-level bycatch rates in fisheries with effort heterogeneity and limited data: a prospective tool for measuring bycatch mitigation performance
Authors: Parsa Mahdi , Emery Timothy J , Williams Ashley J , Nicol Simon
Published: February 2020

Minimizing fishing-induced mortality on bycatch and endangered, threatened or protected species is a necessity for fisheries managers. Estimating individual vessel bycatch rates by dividing the amount of bycatch by effort (nominal rate) can be biased, as it does not consider effort heterogeneity within the fleet and ignores prior knowledge of fleet bycatch rates. We develop an empirical Bayesian approach for estimating individual vessel and fleet bycatch rates that: (i) considers effort heterogeneity among vessels and; (ii) pools data from similar vessels for more accurate estimation. The proposed standardized bycatch rate of a vessel is, therefore, the weighted average of the pool rate and nominal rate of the vessel; where the weights are functions of the vessel’s fishing effort and a constant estimated from the model. We apply this inference method to the estimation of seabird bycatch rates in the component of the Australian Eastern Tuna and Billfish Fishery targeting yellowfin tuna. We illustrate the capability of the method for providing fishery managers with insights on fleet-wide bycatch mitigation performance and the identification of outperforming and underperforming vessels. This method can also be used by fishery managers to develop fleet-wide performance measures or quantitative evaluation standards.
Space still matters: Toward even more pluralism in public law: Afterword to the Foreword by Ran Hirschl and Ayelet Shachar
Authors: Neo Jaclyn L
Published: February 2020

This Afterword considers Hirschl and Shachar’s Foreword on spatial statism by situating the discussion within existing debates on postcolonial legacies and constitutional pluralism. It argues that surfacing the critical links between space and state power provides fresh perspectives to analyzing the consolidation of power in a colonial and postcolonial state and gives further insight into claims by indigenous groups and other groups for spatial autonomy within more pluralistic arrangements. Finally, this Afterword examines how challenging the state’s spatial monopoly has important and essential implications for the politics and laws of belonging.
Surgical management of a giant left distal pulmonary artery aneurysm caused by Behcet’s disease
Authors: Li Xiaobing , Fan Xian , Shen Li , Zhang Rufang
Published: February 2020

Pulmonary artery (PA) aneurysm is a very rare complication of Behcet’s disease. We report on a 14-year-old boy with a giant left distal PA aneurysm caused by Behcet’s disease. A left thoracotomy was first performed to separate the aneurysm, but it was interrupted due to continuous and massive tracheorrhagia. We immediately converted to a median sternotomy and established cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). The patient’s condition was stable; aneurysmectomy and left-down lobectomy were successfully performed. Results of the 2-year follow-up were favourable. Based on our experience, we recommend selecting CPB when performing surgery on patients with PAA, especially those with Behcet’s disease.
PD-1+ Tim3+ tumor-infiltrating CD8 T cells sustain the potential for IFN-γ production, but lose cytotoxic activity in ovarian cancer
Authors: Sawada Masaaki , Goto Kumiko , Morimoto-Okazawa Akiko , Haruna Miya , Yamamoto Kei , Yamamoto Yoko , Nakagawa Satoshi , Hiramatsu Kosuke , Matsuzaki Shinya , Kobayashi Eiji , Kawashima Atsunari , Hirata Michinari , Iwahori Kota , Kimura Toshihiro , Ueda Yutaka , Kimura Tadashi , Wada Hisashi
Published: February 2020

Persistent exposure to tumor antigens results in exhausted tumor-infiltrating T cells (TILs) that express the immune checkpoint molecules, PD-1 and Tim3, and lack anti-tumor immunity. To examine the exhausted status of TILs in ovarian cancer, the potential for cytokine production, proliferation and cytotoxicity by purified PD-1+ Tim3+ CD8 TILs was assessed. The production of IFN-γ and TNF-α by PD-1+ Tim3+ CD8 TILs remained the same in an intracellular cytokine staining assay and was higher in a cytokine catch assay than that by PD-1− Tim3− and PD-1+ Tim3− CD8 TILs. %Ki67+ was higher in PD-1+ Tim3+ CD8 TILs than in PD-1− Tim3− CD8 TILs. However, patients with high PD-1+ Tim3+ CD8 TILs had a poor prognosis. The potential for cytotoxicity was then examined. %Perforin+ and %granzyme B+ were lower in PD-1+ Tim3+ CD8 TILs than in PD-1− Tim3− and PD-1+ Tim3− CD8 TILs. To observe the potential for direct cytotoxicity by T cells, a target cell line expressing membrane-bound anti-CD3scFv was newly established and a cytotoxic assay targeting these cells was performed. The cytotoxicity of PD-1+ Tim3+ CD8 TILs was significantly lower than that of PD-1− Tim3− and PD-1+ Tim3− CD8 TILs. Even though PD-1+ Tim3+ CD8 TILs in ovarian cancer showed a sustained potential for cytokine production and proliferation, cytotoxicity was markedly impaired, which may contribute to the poor prognosis of patients with ovarian cancer. Among the impaired functions of exhausted TILs, cytotoxicity may be an essential target for cancer immunotherapy.
In vitro activity of the novel β-lactamase inhibitor taniborbactam (VNRX-5133), in combination with cefepime or meropenem, against MDR Gram-negative bacterial isolates from China
Authors: Wang Xiaojuan , Zhao Chunjiang , Wang Qi , Wang Zhanwei , Liang Xinyue , Zhang Feifei , Zhang Yawei , Meng Han , Chen Hongbin , Li Shuguang , Zhou Chengcheng , Li Henan , Wang Hui
Published: February 2020

Objectives

To evaluate in vitro activity of the novel β-lactamase boronate inhibitor taniborbactam (VNRX-5133) combined with cefepime or meropenem against 500 urinary Gram-negative bacilli.

Methods

Cefepime/taniborbactam and 14 comparators were tested by broth microdilution or agar dilution methods. A total of 450 Enterobacteriaceae and 50 Pseudomonas aeruginosa were selected from 2017 to 2019 based on different β-lactamase-producing or resistance phenotypes. For carbapenem-non-susceptible isolates, the modified carbapenem inactivation method (mCIM), EDTA-CIM (eCIM) and amplification of carbapenemase genes were performed. For NDM-producing isolates and those with cefepime/taniborbactam MICs >8 mg/L, the MICs of meropenem/taniborbactam and/or mutations in PBP3 were investigated.

Results

Taniborbactam improved cefepime activity with the same efficiency as avibactam improved ceftazidime activity against 66 KPC-2 producers, 30 non-carbapenemase-producing carbapenem-non-susceptible Enterobacteriaceae and 28 meropenem-susceptible P. aeruginosa. However, cefepime/taniborbactam exhibited more potent activity than ceftazidime/avibactam against 56 ESBL-producing, 61 AmpC-producing, 32 ESBL and AmpC co-producing, 87 NDM-producing and 21 MBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae predicted by phenotypic mCIM and eCIM, 82 Enterobacteriaceae that were susceptible to all tested β-lactams and 22 carbapenem-non-susceptible P. aeruginosa. A four-amino acid ‘INYR’ or ‘YRIN’ insertion, with or without a one/two-amino acid mutation in PBP3, may have caused cefepime/taniborbactam MICs >8 mg/L among 96.6% (28/29) of the NDM-5-producing Escherichia coli, which accounted for the majority of isolates with cefepime/taniborbactam MICs >8 mg/L (76.1%, 35/46).

Conclusions

Taniborbactam’s superior breadth of activity, when paired with cefepime or meropenem, suggests these β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitor combinations could be promising candidates for treating urinary tract infections caused by ESBL and/or AmpC, KPC or NDM-producing Enterobacteriaceae or P. aeruginosa.
Effect of anti-inflammatory compounds or antibiotic administration on receiving performance and physiological responses of transported heifers
Authors: Wu Xin , Cao Na , Zhou Zhenming , Beck Paul A , Wu Hao , Meng Qingxiang
Published: February 2020

The objectives of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of products with anti-inflammatory properties (yeast product [YEA; 20 g/heifer daily] or astragalus polysaccharide [APS; 20 g/heifer daily]) or an antibiotic (TUL, tulathromycin; 0.025 mL/kg body weight [BW]) on receiving performance and stress responses of transported heifers. Angus heifers (n = 80) were ranked by BW (315 ± 6 kg) and assigned to one of four treatments (five pens per treatment, four heifers per pen) 7 d before shipping 1,400 km (day −7): 1) fed a basal diet of ad libitum hay and concentrate supplement (CON) from day −7 to day 29; 2) YEA in supplemental concentrate from day −7 to day 7 (YEA); 3) APS in supplemental concentrate from day −7 to day 7 (APS); 4) administration of TUL at loading for shipping (day 0; TUL). Upon arrival at the receiving facility (day 1), heifers within each treatment were ranked by BW and assigned to 20 feedlot pens in the same manner as pre-transport. Daily dry matter intake (DMI) was recorded from day 1 to day 28. Full BW was recorded on days −7, −1, 0, 1, 28, and 29. Blood samples were collected on days −7, −1, 1, 4, 7, 14, and 28. Over the receiving period, average daily gain (ADG) and gain: feed did not differ (P ≥ 0.19) for YEA, APS, and TUL, which were greater (P ≤ 0.01) than CON. Average daily gain was also lower (P < 0.01) for CON vs. YEA, APS, and TUL from day −7 to day 28. During the first week of receiving, hay, concentrate, and total DMI were lower (P < 0.01) in CON than the YEA, APS, and TUL, but did not differ (P ≥ 0.13) among these three groups. Hay and total DMI were still lower (P < 0.01) in CON vs. TUL in the second week. Total DMI was greater (P = 0.01) for TUL vs. YEA, and greater (P < 0.01) for YEA vs. CON. Serum nonesterified fatty acid concentrations were greater (P ≤ 0.05) for CON and TUL vs. YEA and APS on day 1. Plasma cortisol concentrations were greater (P ≤ 0.05) for YEA and CON vs. APS and TUL on day 1. Serum tumor necrosis factor-α concentrations were lower (P ≤ 0.05) for APS vs. CON, YEA, and TUL on days 1 and 4. Plasma haptoglobin concentrations were greater (P ≤ 0.05) for CON vs. YEA, APS, and TUL on days 1 and 4, greater (P ≤ 0.05) for YEA, APS vs. TUL on day 1, and greater (P = 0.03) for YEA vs. TUL on day 4. Plasma ceruloplasmin concentrations were greater (P ≤ 0.05) for CON vs. YEA, APS and TUL vs. APS on days 1, 4, and 7. In conclusion, YEA, APS, and TUL modulated the physiological stress responses and alleviated the performance losses caused by long-distance transportation.
Isoform-dependent subcellular localization of LMTK1A and LMTK1B and their roles in axon outgrowth and spine formation
Authors: Wei Ran , Sugiyama Arika , Sato Yuta , Nozumi Motohiro , Nishino Hironori , Takahashi Miyuki , Saito Taro , Ando Kanae , Fukuda Mitsunori , Tomomura Mineko , Igarashi Michihiro , Hisanaga Shin-ichi
Published: February 2020

Lemur kinase 1 (LMTK1) is a membrane-bound Ser/Thr kinase that is expressed in neurons. There are two splicing variants of LMTK1 with different membrane binding modes, viz., cytosolic LMTK1A that binds to membranes through palmitoylation at the N-terminal cysteines and LMTK1B, an integral membrane protein with transmembrane sequences. We recently reported that LMTK1A regulates axon outgrowth and spine formation in neurons. However, data about LMTK1B are scarce. We analysed the expression and cellular localization of LMTK1B along with its role in axon and spine formation. We found that both LMTK1B and LMTK1A were expressed equally in the cerebral cortex and cerebellum of the mouse brain. Similar to LMTK1A, the wild type of LMTK1B was localized to Rab11-positive pericentrosomal compartment. The kinase negative (kn) mutant of LMTK1B was found to be associated with an increase in the tubular form of endoplasmic reticulum (ER), which was not the case with LMTK1A kn. Furthermore, unlike LMTK1A kn, LMTK1B kn did not stimulate the axon outgrowth and spine formation. These results suggest that while LMTK1A and LMTK1B share a common function in recycling endosomal trafficking at the pericentrosomal compartment, LMTK1B has an additional unique function in vesicle transport in the ER region.
Tenonplasty Combined With Amniotic Membrane Transplantation for Patients With Severe Ocular Burns Induced Anterior Segment Necrosis
Authors: Peng Wen-yan , He Li-wen , Zeng Peng , Chen Dong-cui , Zhou Shi-you
Published: February 2020

This article describes a novel surgical technique for successful repair of intractable corneoscleral necrosis caused by severe ocular burns. In this prospective case series, 19 eyes of 15 consecutive patients with sectional scleral necrosis and persistent corneal epithelial defects were treated with tenonplasty and amniotic membrane transplantation. The main outcome measure was the stability of the ocular surface after reepithelialization and repair of defects. All patients underwent successful combined surgery involving tenonplasty and amniotic membrane transplantation, in which the conjunctival and corneal surfaces were reconstructed. The interval from injury to surgery was 37.4 ± 24.5 days (3–91 days), and the ocular surfaces became stabilized in 82.2 ± 35.4 days (26–156 days, median 87 days). At the final visit, all cases presented with corneal opacity and neovascularization to various degrees. The best-corrected visual acuity decreased from 2.83 ± 1.02 LogMAR preoperatively to 2.87 ± 1.31 LogMAR postoperatively. The results imply that tenonplasty combined with amniotic membrane transplantation could provide vascular supply to the ischemic sclera, repair defects in the conjunctiva, and promote corneal reepithelialization, thus facilitating ocular surface stabilization after burns.
The Effects of Recombinant Human Granulocyte–Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor Gel on Third-Degree Frostbite Wounds in Northeastern China: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Zhang Xiu-Hang , Cui Chang-Lei , Zhu Hao-Yue , Wang Jian , Xue Yan , Zhang Nan , Sun Zhan-Ao , Gao Xin-Xin , Zhou Xin , Yu Jia-Ao , Chen Xin-Xin
Published: February 2020

The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of the rhGM-CSF gel on third-degree frostbite wounds. Sixty-two patients who had suffered third-degree frostbite on their hand or foot (91 wounds in total) were selected using a convenience sampling method and randomly allocated to two groups: the rhGM-CSF group(31patients,45 frostbite wounds) received the rhGM-CSF gel when wound dressing change daily; however, the control group (31patients, 46 frostbite wounds) received aloe glue. The wound healing time, the score of inflammation about the wound and the positive bacterial culture of wound secretions were used to measure outcomes, respectively. Data were analyzed using SPSS (25.0), Student’s t test or Mann–Whitney U test and chi-square test or Fisher exact test were selected, as appropriate. The healing time of the rhGM-CSF group was (12.2 ± 5.0) days, which was significantly shorter than that of the control group (15.5 ± 4.7) days (P < .0001). The rhGM-CSF group’s wound inflammation scores on the 7th and 14th day of treatment were (0.96 ± 0.21) and (1.88 ± 0.29), respectively, which were better than those of the control group (1.12 ± 0.24) and (1.38 ± 0.15) (both P < .0001). The positive bacterial culture of wound secretions in the rhGM-CSF group was also better than that in the control group on the 3rd, 7th, and 14th day after treatment (P = .027, .004, .030, respectively). According to the results, using rhGM-CSF gel considerably increases the speed of frostbite wounds healing, and have an effect on protecting third-degree frostbite wounds regarding the positive effects.

Trial Registration: This trial was registered in the Chinese Clinical Trial Register, ChiCTR1900021299.
Efficacy and Safety of High Vs Standard Daptomycin Doses Examined in Chinese Patients With Severe Burn Injuries by Pharmacokinetic Evaluation
Authors: Huang Yingzi , Lv Guozhong , Hu Linlin , Wu Yunfu , Guo Nan , Zhu Yugang , Ding Lingtao , Li Qing , Liu Songqiao , Yang Yi , Shao Hua
Published: February 2020

Previous studies and the concentration-dependent antibacterial actions of daptomycin suggested that a high dose would be needed for difficult-to-treat infections in burn patients. Here, we evaluated the effects of administration of low and high doses of daptomycin in patients with severe burn injuries. The study retrospectively analyzed 10 patients with severe burn injuries, using pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) evaluations of daptomycin doses given to combat serious infections. Daptomycin was administered as a single dose or by multiple doses intravenously at a standard dose of 6 mg/kg/d or a high dose of 12 mg/kg/d for 7 to 14 days. The serum concentrations of daptomycin from patients were analyzed by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Burn injury patients treated with high-dose daptomycin had a linear PK profile and a negative correlation between the AUC0–24 and Baux score (R2 = .953 and R2 = .801). The Cmax, AUC0–24, and t(h)½ increased significantly compared with patients given a standard dose. The efficacy of daptomycin against Staphylococcus aureus showed significantly higher rates of (AUC0–24)/MIC and Cmax/MIC after high-dose daptomycin compared with the standard dose, reflected in a significant correlation between a high dose and the Baux score (r = .976, P < .001). Positive S. aureus cultures from two of three high-dose and none of two daptomycin low-dose patients converted from positive to negative after therapy. No serious adverse events or discontinuation of the drug occurred during the treatment period. Daptomycin doses up to 12 mg/kg/d were well tolerated in Chinese patients with severe burn injuries, which were complicated by infections with S. aureus.
External Fixation During the Acute Phase of Deep Burned Hands: Description of Saint Louis’ Burn Center Technique
Authors: Serror Kevin , Chaouat Marc , Chatelain Sarah , Dutot Marie Charlotte , Haddad Jonathan , Roncier Sandrine , Romano Golda , Boccara David , Mimoun Maurice
Published: February 2020

Restoration of a good hand function and limitation of the sequelae are the main concerns in burns treatment. The intrinsic plus position is known as the safe position for hand splinting. This article aims at describing the technique of external fixation that have been developed in Saint Louis’ Burn Center in management of burned hands during the acute phase. Since 2013, a technique of external fixation has been developed in our burn center using Hoffmann II External Fixation System from Stryker® and pins from Medicalex®. External fixation of a deep burned hand is an efficient and safe way to immobilize the hand in a correct intrinsic plus position, to secure the skin grafts to improve graft take and to permit changes of the dressings without removing the immobilization device.
3D printing CFD simulation results using structural mechanics☆
Authors: Takeda Hiroki , Ohtake Yutaka , Suzuki Hiromasa
Published: February 2020

Good visualizations of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) results are key to making the best use of them. In many cases, CFD results involve multidimensional data embedded in 3D, and it can be difficult to recognize such complicated 3D shapes when they are projected onto 2D displays. A promising alternative approach uses a 3D printer to build real objects representing the CFD results. In this paper, we present a method of 3D printing the isosurfaces of CFD results to visualize them. However, there is a problem that the isosurfaces are not connected. Therefore, to prevent the structure from breaking up, we must find a way to connect them, and we achieve this by using beams to generate a support structure. We take a structural mechanics approach, using an algorithm to optimize the support structure such that the printed object does not break under gravity, enabling us to hold it safely for observation.
The impacts of refugee repatriation on receiving communities
Authors: Ruiz Isabel , Vargas-Silva Carlos
Published: February 2020

Using longitudinal data from Burundi, we explore the consequences of refugee repatriation for stayee households in a context in which returnees faced restrictions on economic activities and mobility while abroad. We use geographical features of the receiving communities, including altitude and distance to the border, for identification. We find that a 1 percentage point increase in the local share of the population accounted for by returnees leads to a reduction in the livestock of stayee households which is equivalent to 1 fowl per adult member or a 5% with respect to the mean. A higher share of returnees in a community also leads to less land access, lower subjective well-being and higher food insecurity for stayees. The negative effects on subjective well-being and food security disappear over the rounds of the survey (5 years), likely as a consequence of stayee households adjusting their economic activities in response to the presence of returnees.
When Governments Promise to Prioritize Public Debt: Do Markets Care?
Authors: Gulati Mitu , Panizza Ugo , Weidemaier W Mark C , Willingham Gracie
Published: February 2020

During the European sovereign debt crisis of 2011–13, some nations faced with rising borrowing costs adopted commitments to treat bondholders as priority claimants. That is, if there were a shortage of funds, bondholders would be paid first. In this article, we analyse the prevalence and variety of these types of commitments and ask whether they impact borrowing costs. We examine a reform that was widely touted at the height of the Euro sovereign debt crisis in 2011, in which Spain enshrined in its constitution a strong commitment to give absolute priority to public debt claimants. We find no evidence that this reform had any impact on Spanish sovereign bond yields. By contrast, our examination of the US Commonwealth of Puerto Rico suggests that constitutional priority promises can have an impact, at least where the borrower government is subject to supervening law and legal institutions.
Just the Basic Facts: The Certification of Insanity in the Era of the Form K
Authors: Sposini Filippo Maria
Published: February 2020

This paper investigates the certification of insanity through a standardized template called Form K which was used in Ontario between 1873 and 1883. My main thesis is that the introduction of the Form K had profound and long-lasting effects on the determination of insanity. In particular, it created a unique case in the history of certification, it grounded civil confinement on a strategy of consensus, and it informed mental health documentation for more than a century. As the result of a transnational mediation from Victorian England, the Form K prescribed an examination setting which involved a high number of participants, including three physicians and several witnesses. By comparing this case with other jurisdictions of the time, this paper shows how Ontario became a distinctive case worldwide. In order to get a closer look at this medico-legal procedure, I consider the archival records of the Toronto asylum and conclude that the certification of insanity relied on a strategy of consensus. While the Form K proved quite successful in preventing legal actions, it produced financial, logistic, and bureaucratic issues. The Form K was thus discontinued after a decade, yet its structure influenced Ontario’s mental health documentation throughout the twentieth century. This paper shows the relevance of the certification of insanity for transnational history and for understanding contemporary issues of involuntary confinement and stigma in mental health.
Effects of Pre-Diapause Temperature and Body Weight on the Diapause Intensity of the Overwintering Generation of Bactrocera minax (Diptera: Tephritidae)
Authors: Zhou Zhixiong , Dong Xiaolin , Su Qi , Xia Zhenzhou , Wang Zailing , Yuan Jiangjiang , Li Chuanren
Published: February 2020

The Chinese citrus fruit fly, Bactrocera minax (Enderlein), is an economically important pest of citrus. The fly has an obligatory pupal diapause in soil from November to March. However, techniques for predicting or determining the emergence of the adult have, thus far, not been well documented. In this study, we investigated the effects of different pre-diapause temperatures (8, 12, 16, and 20°C) and pupal body weight (five groups according to pupal weight: G-58, 55.0–61.0 mg; G-68, 65–71 mg; G-78, 75–81 mg; G-88, 85–91 mg; G-95, 92–98 mg) on pupal period (the indicator of diapause intensity). The pupal period of B. minax larvae pupated at 8°C was 193.41 d, which was significantly shorter than that of larvae incubated at higher temperatures, suggesting that there was a lower diapause intensity for larvae pupated at lower pre-diapause temperatures. There were also significant differences in the pupal periods at different pupal body weights. The pupal period of G-58 was significantly shorter than that of the heavier groups (G-88 and G-95), and the pupal period increased with increasing pupal body weight in the five groups. Moreover, the pupal period of B. minax significantly and positively correlated to pupal body weight. These findings demonstrate that the pre-diapause temperature and pupal body weight are suitable indicators for predicting the pupal period of overwintering individuals, and the results of this study will contribute to the development of new and effective strategies for predicting the occurrence and population dynamics of B. minax adult.
Association between PD-L1 status and immune checkpoint inhibitor response in advanced malignancies: a systematic review and meta-analysis of overall survival data
Authors: Wallis Christopher J D , Lawson Keith , Butaney Mohit , Satkunasivam Raj , Parikh Jigarkumar , Freedland Stephen J , Patel Sandip P , Hamid Omid , Pal Sumanta K , Klaassen Zachary
Published: February 2020

Background

Targeting the programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) pathway has become standard for many advanced malignancies. Whether PD-L1 expression predicts response is unclear. We assessed the association between PD-L1 expression and immunotherapy response using stratified meta-analysis.

Methods

We performed a systematic review of randomized clinical trials published prior to October 2018 comparing overall survival (OS) in patients with advanced solid organ malignancies treated with immunotherapy or standard treatment. Pooled hazard ratios were calculated among patients with high and low PD-L1 levels independently. Differences between the two estimates were assessed using meta-analysis of study-level differences. Our primary analysis assessed a 1% threshold while secondary analyses utilized 5, 10 and 50%.

Results

14 eligible trials reporting on 8887 patients were included. While there was a significant OS benefit for immunotherapy compared with standard treatment for all patients, the magnitude of benefit was significantly larger among those with high PD-L1 expression (P = 0.006). This finding persisted regardless of threshold used and across subgroup analyses according to PD-L1 assay type, tumor histology, line of therapy, type of inhibitor and study methodology.

Conclusions

PD-L1 levels have important predictive value in determining the response to immunotherapy. However, patients with low PD-L1 levels also experience improved survival with immunotherapy compared with standard treatment.
Does Self-Efficacy Mediate the Link Between Impulse Control and Diabetes Adherence?
Authors: Silva Karol , Miller Victoria A
Published: February 2020

Objective

The goal of this study was to test the hypothesis that diabetes self-efficacy mediates the relationship between impulse control and type 1 diabetes (T1D) management from ages 8 to 18 years, using multilevel modeling.

Methods

Participants included 117 youth with T1D and their parents. Youth (aged 8–16 years at baseline) and parents were assessed 5 times over 2 years. Using a cohort sequential design, we first estimated the growth trajectory of adherence from age 8 to 18 years, then specified a multilevel mediation model using impulse control as the main predictor, diabetes self-efficacy as the mediator, and changes in adherence (both within- and between-individuals) as the outcome.

Results

According to youth-reported adherence only, self-efficacy partially mediated the within-person effect of impulse control on adherence. On occasions when youth reported increases in impulse control, they tended to report higher adherence, and this was, in part, due to increases in youths’ perceived self-efficacy. Self-efficacy accounted for approximately 21% of the within-person relationship between impulse control and youth-reported adherence. There was no association between impulse control and adherence between-individuals. Impulse control and self-efficacy were not related to parent-reported adherence.

Conclusion

Environments that enrich youth with confidence in their own diabetes-related abilities may benefit self-care behaviors in youth with T1D, but such increases in youths’ perceived competence do not fully account for, or override, the behavioral benefits of impulse control. Efforts to improve adherence in youth with T1D will benefit from consideration of both impulse control and self-efficacy.
Can the French flag and reaction–diffusion models explain flower patterning? Celebrating the 50th anniversary of the French flag model
Authors: Vadde Batthula Vijaya Lakshmi , Roeder Adrienne H K
Published: February 2020

It has been 50 years since Lewis Wolpert introduced the French flag model proposing the patterning of different cell types based on threshold concentrations of a morphogen diffusing in the tissue. Sixty-seven years ago, Alan Turing introduced the idea of patterns initiating de novo from a reaction–diffusion network. Together these models have been used to explain many patterning events in animal development, so here we take a look at their applicability to flower development. First, although many plant transcription factors move through plasmodesmata from cell to cell, in the flower there is little evidence that they specify fate in a concentration-dependent manner, so they cannot yet be described as morphogens. Secondly, the reaction–diffusion model appears to be a reasonably good description of the formation of spots of pigment on petals, although additional nuances are present. Thirdly, aspects of both of these combine in a new fluctuation-based patterning system creating the scattered pattern of giant cells in Arabidopsis sepals. In the future, more precise imaging and manipulations of the dynamics of patterning networks combined with mathematical modeling will allow us to better understand how the multilayered complex and beautiful patterns of flowers emerge de novo.
Franz Rosenzweig, Adele Alsberg Rosenzweig, and the German-Jewish Family*
Authors: Shevitz Amy Hill , Hillman Susanne
Published: February 2020

The Jewish family was foundational to philosopher and theologian Franz Rosenzweig’s understanding of Jewish life. This article examines his view of the Jewish family in the light of two memoirs, only recently translated into English, written by his mother, Adele Alsberg Rosenzweig, with whom he had a very close yet contentious relationship. The memoirs illustrate the historical contexts of both Adele’s and Franz’s generations, as well as the personal, familial contexts in which Franz was raised, and are thus a good starting point from which to examine the significance of the Jewish family in his experience and thought.
Classical logic with Mendler induction
Authors: Devesas Campos Marco , Fiore Marcelo
Published: February 2020

We investigate (co-) induction in classical logic under the propositions-as-types paradigm, considering propositional, second-order and (co-) inductive types. Specifically, we introduce an extension of the Dual Calculus with a Mendler-style (co-) iterator and show that it is strongly normalizing. We prove this using a reducibility argument.
Large-scale dynamo action of magnetized Taylor–Couette flows
Authors: Rüdiger G , Schultz M
Published: February 2020

A conducting Taylor–Couette flow with quasi-Keplerian rotation law containing a toroidal magnetic field serves as a mean-field dynamo model of the Tayler–Spruit type. The flows are unstable against non-axisymmetric perturbations which form electromotive forces defining α effect and eddy diffusivity. If both degenerated modes with m = ±1 are excited with the same power then the global α effect vanishes and a dynamo cannot work. It is shown, however, that the Tayler instability produces finite α effects if only an isolated mode is considered but this intrinsic helicity of the single-mode is too low for an α2 dynamo. Moreover, an αΩ dynamo model with quasi-Keplerian rotation requires a minimum magnetic Reynolds number of rotation of Rm ≃ 2000 to work. Whether it really works depends on assumptions about the turbulence energy. For a steeper-than-quadratic dependence of the turbulence intensity on the magnetic field, however, dynamos are only excited if the resulting magnetic eddy diffusivity approximates its microscopic value, ηT ≃ η. By basically lower or larger eddy diffusivities the dynamo instability is suppressed.
Fast numerical method to generate halo catalogues in modified gravity (part I): second-order Lagrangian perturbation theory
Authors: Moretti C , Mozzon S , Monaco P , Munari E , Baldi M
Published: February 2020

We present a new numerical method to determine second-order Lagrangian displacement fields in presence of modified gravity (MG). We start from the extension of Lagrangian perturbation theory (LPT) to a class of MG models, which can be described by a parametrized Poisson equation. We exploit Fast Fourier transforms to compute the full source term of the differential equation for the second-order Lagrangian displacement field. We compare its mean to the source term computed for specific configurations, for which a k-dependent solution can be found numerically. We choose the configuration that best matches the full source term, thus obtaining an approximate factorization of the second-order displacement field as the space term valid for Λ Cold Dark Matter (ΛCDM) times a k-dependent, second-order growth factor. Such approximation is used to compute second-order displacements for particles. The method is tested against N-body simulations run with standard and f(R) gravity: we rely on the results of a friends-of-friends code run on the N-body snapshots to assign particles to haloes, then compute the halo power spectrum. We find very consistent results for the two gravity theories: second-order LPT (2LPT) allows to recover the N-body halo power spectrum within ∼10 per cent precision to k ∼ 0.2–0.4 h Mpc−1, as well as halo positions. We show that the performance of 2LPT with MG is the same (within 1 per cent) as the one obtained for standard ΛCDM case. This formulation of 2LPT can quickly generate dark matter distributions with f(R) gravity, and can easily be extended to other MG theories.
Follicular hormone dynamics during the midcycle surge of gonadotropins in women undergoing fertility treatment
Authors: Poulsen L C , Englund A L M , Andersen A S , Bøtkjær J A , Mamsen L S , Damdimopoulou P , Østrup O , Grøndahl M L , Yding Andersen C
Published: February 2020

Changes in concentrations of intra-follicular hormones during ovulation are important for final oocyte maturation and endometrial priming to ensure reproductive success. As no human studies have investigated these changes in detail, our objective was to describe the dynamics of major follicular fluid (FF) hormones and transcription of steroidogenic enzymes and steroid receptors in human granulosa cells (GCs) during ovulation. We conducted a prospective cohort study at a public fertility clinic in 2016–2018. Fifty women undergoing ovarian stimulation for fertility treatment were included. From each woman, FF and GCs were collected by transvaginal ultrasound-guided follicle puncture of one follicle at two specific time points during ovulation, and the study covered a total of five time points: before ovulation induction (OI), 12, 17, 32 and 36 h after OI. Follicular fluid concentrations of oestradiol, progesterone, androstenedione, testosterone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, anti-Mullerian hormone, inhibin A and inhibin B were measured using ELISA assays, and a statistical mixed model was used to analyse differences in hormone levels between time points. Gene expression of 33 steroidogenic enzymes and six hormone receptors in GCs across ovulation were assessed by microarray analysis, and selected genes were validated by quantitative reverse transcription PCR. We found that concentrations of oestradiol, testosterone, progesterone, AMH, inhibin A and inhibin B (P < 0.001) and gene expression of 12 steroidogenic enzymes and five receptors (false discovery rate < 0.0001) changed significantly during ovulation. Furthermore, we found parallel changes in plasma hormones. The substantial changes in follicular hormone production during ovulation highlight their importance for reproductive success.
Tissue sodium concentrations in chronic kidney disease and dialysis patients by lower leg sodium-23 magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Qirjazi Elena , Salerno Fabio R , Akbari Alireza , Hur Lisa , Penny Jarrin , Scholl Timothy , McIntyre Christopher W
Published: February 2020

Background

Sodium-23 magnetic resonance imaging (23Na MRI) allows direct measurement of tissue sodium concentrations. Current knowledge of skin, muscle and bone sodium concentrations in chronic kidney disease (CKD) and renal replacement therapy patients is limited. In this study we measured the tissue sodium concentrations in CKD, hemodialysis (HD) and peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients with 23Na MRI of the lower leg and explored their correlations with established clinical biomarkers.

Methods

Ten healthy controls, 12 CKD Stages 3–5, 13 HD and 10 PD patients underwent proton and 23Na MRI of the leg. The skin, soleus and tibia were segmented manually and tissue sodium concentrations were measured. Plasma and serum samples were collected from each subject and analyzed for routine clinical biomarkers. Tissue sodium concentrations were compared between groups and correlations with blood-based biomarkers were explored.

Results

Tissue sodium concentrations in the skin, soleus and tibia were higher in HD and PD patients compared with controls. Serum albumin showed a strong, negative correlation with soleus sodium concentrations in HD patients (r = −0.81, P < 0.01). Estimated glomerular filtration rate showed a negative correlation with tissue sodium concentrations (soleus: r = −0.58, P < 0.01; tibia: r = −0.53, P = 0.01) in merged control–CKD patients. Hemoglobin was negatively correlated with tissue sodium concentrations in CKD (soleus: r = −0.65, P = 0.02; tibia: r = −0.73, P < 0.01) and HD (skin: r = −0.60, P = 0.04; tibia: r = −0.76, P < 0.01).

Conclusion

Tissue sodium concentrations, measured by 23Na MRI, increase in HD and PD patients and may be associated with adverse metabolic effects in CKD and dialysis.
Predictive and Discriminative Power of Pressure Reactivity Indices in Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Riemann Lennart , Beqiri Erta , Younsi Alexander , Czosnyka Marek , Smielewski Peter
Published: February 2020

BACKGROUND

Dysfunctional cerebral blood flow autoregulation plays a crucial role in the secondary damage after traumatic brain injury. The pressure reactivity index (PRx) can be used to monitor dynamic cerebral blood flow autoregulation indirectly.

OBJECTIVE

To test different versions of the long pressure reactivity index (LPRx), which is based on minute-by-minute data and calculated over extended time windows, and to study their predictive ability and examine whether “long” and “short” pressure reactivity indices could improve predictive power.

METHODS

PRx and 3 versions of the LPRx calculated over 20-, 60-, and 240-min time windows were assessed in relation to outcome at 6 mo in 855 patients with traumatic brain injury. Predictive power and discriminative ability of indices were evaluated using area under the operator curves and determination of critical thresholds. PRx and LPR indices were combined to evaluate whether LPR indices could improve outcome prediction by adding information about static components of autoregulation.

RESULTS

Correlation of each LPRx with the PRx decreased with increased time windows. LPR indices performed successively worse in their predictive and discriminative ability from 20-min to 240-min time frames. PRx had a significantly higher predictive ability compared to each LPRx. Combining LPRx and PRx did not lead to an improvement of predictive power compared to the PRx alone.

CONCLUSION

The critical threshold and predictive value of the PRx for unfavorable outcome and mortality have been confirmed in one of the largest so far published patient cohorts. LPRx performed significantly worse, and its discriminative and predictive abilities decreased with an increasing calculation window.
Super-critical column accretion on to strongly magnetized neutron stars in ULX pulsars
Authors: Kawashima Tomohisa , Ohsuga Ken
Published: February 2020

We carry out axisymmetric two-dimensional radiation hydrodynamical simulations of super-critical accretion columns on to strongly magnetized neutron stars. The effect of the strong magnetic field is taken into account by inhibiting the fluid motion across the radial magnetic field of the neutron stars. It is found that the high-density matter falls on to the neutron star along the sidewall of the column. Within the column, two high-density inflow regions shaped like a hollow cone are found for the case of extremely high mass accretion rates, ${\dot{M}}/(L_{\rm Edd}/c{\,}^2) \sim 5\times 10^{2}$, where $\dot{M}$, $L_{\rm Edd}$, and $c$ are the mass accretion rate on to the neutron star, the Eddington luminosity, and the speed of light, respectively. The less dense matter in the gap between the high density inflow regions is blown away via the radiative force. The resultant structure of the inflow looks like a triple hollow cone. Matter falls on to the neutron star only through the sidewall for the case of moderately high mass accretion rates, ${\dot{M}}/(L_{\rm Edd}/c{\,}^2)\, {\sim 3 \times 10^1}$. A low-density outflow fills the interior of the column. In this case, the inflow structure looks like a single hollow cone. Although the copious photons are generated in the inflow regions via a shock, the photons escape from the sidewall of the column and the radiation force does not prevent inflow. The resulting luminosity of the sidewall exceeds $\sim\! 30$ times the Eddington luminosity for neutron stars, which is consistent with the observed luminosity of ultra-luminous X-ray pulsars.
Civil Death, Radical Protest and The Theatre of Punishment in the Reign of Alexander II*
Authors: Beer Daniel
Published: February 2020

Civil executions in Imperial Russia were punitive ceremonies that were staged before crowds and presaged a sentence of penal labour and lifelong exile in Siberia. Intended to underline the absolute supremacy of the autocracy, they choreographed the public humiliation of the criminal and collective condemnation from the crowds who gathered to witness the stripping away of the rights and entitlements that gave civil life in the autocracy its meaning. Many took place without incident, and followed the ritual of debasement and expulsion endorsed by the state. Yet when at the civil executions of revolutionaries during the reign of Alexander II both convicts and spectators departed from the state’s script of public humiliation and orderly opprobrium, the performance of monarchical power and autocratic justice proved liable to subversion. Russian radicals sometimes succeeded in hijacking the ceremony to denounce despotism and proclaim an alternative vision of activism, solidarity, and revolution. In so doing, they contested the autocrat’s position as the source of status, rights and, ultimately, of sovereignty. Building on studies of law, punishment, performance, and the revolutionary movement, this article demonstrates how radicals and their supporters recast “scenarios of power” as “scenarios of rebellion”.
Compression of Cerebellar Functional Gradients in Schizophrenia
Authors: Dong Debo , Luo Cheng , Guell Xavier , Wang Yulin , He Hui , Duan Mingjun , Eickhoff Simon B , Yao Dezhong
Published: February 2020

Our understanding of cerebellar involvement in brain disorders has evolved from motor processing to high-level cognitive and affective processing. Recent neuroscience progress has highlighted hierarchy as a fundamental principle for the brain organization. Despite substantial research on cerebellar dysfunction in schizophrenia, there is a need to establish a neurobiological framework to better understand the co-occurrence and interaction of low- and high-level functional abnormalities of cerebellum in schizophrenia. To help to establish such a framework, we investigated the abnormalities in the distribution of sensorimotor-supramodal hierarchical processing topography in the cerebellum and cerebellar-cerebral circuits in schizophrenia using a novel gradient-based resting-state functional connectivity (FC) analysis (96 patients with schizophrenia vs 120 healthy controls). We found schizophrenia patients showed a compression of the principal motor-to-supramodal gradient. Specifically, there were increased gradient values in sensorimotor regions and decreased gradient values in supramodal regions, resulting in a shorter distance (compression) between the sensorimotor and supramodal poles of this gradient. This pattern was observed in intra-cerebellar, cerebellar-cerebral, and cerebral-cerebellar FC. Further investigation revealed hyper-connectivity between sensorimotor and cognition areas within cerebellum, between cerebellar sensorimotor and cerebral cognition areas, and between cerebellar cognition and cerebral sensorimotor areas, possibly contributing to the observed compressed pattern. These findings present a novel mechanism that may underlie the co-occurrence and interaction of low- and high-level functional abnormalities of cerebellar and cerebro-cerebellar circuits in schizophrenia. Within this framework of abnormal motor-to-supramodal organization, a cascade of impairments stemming from disrupted low-level sensorimotor system may in part account for high-level cognitive cerebellar dysfunction in schizophrenia.
Association between weekend catch-up sleep and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels in adults: a population-based study
Authors: Han Kyu-Man , Lee Heon-Jeong , Kim Leen , Yoon Ho-Kyoung
Published: February 2020

Study Objectives

To investigate the association between weekend catch-up sleep (WCS) and the levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP)—a serum inflammatory maker—in adults

Methods

Data of 5,506 adults aged 19 years or older were obtained from the nationwide cross-sectional Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys conducted in 2016. Serum hsCRP level, weekday and weekend sleep durations, and sociodemographic and health-related characteristics were assessed. Participants whose weekend sleep duration was more than 1 h longer than their weekday sleep duration were included in the WCS group. hsCRP level was categorized into quartiles (i.e. highest, middle-high, middle-low, and lowest). Obesity was defined by body mass index ≥ 25.0 kg/m2.

Results

The WCS group included 1,901 participants (34.5%). In the logistic regression analysis controlling for all variables, adults in the WCS group were significantly less likely to show the highest hsCRP level (versus the lowest level) compared with those without WCS in the complete sample (adjusted odds ratio = 0.795, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.662 to 0.955). In a subgroup analysis, this association was significant only for those with weekday sleep duration of 6 h or lower. Longer WCS (≥3 h) was not associated with hsCRP levels. Non-obese people with WCS demonstrated a lower risk for high hsCRP levels, while there was no significant difference in obese people with WCS.

Conclusions

Our findings indicate that WCS may be beneficial for low-grade systemic inflammation in adults, particularly among those with shorter weekday sleep durations. WCS may also interact with obesity.