bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
To whom does art belong? On the origins of copyright law in Lithuania
Authors: Mulevičiūtė Jolita
Published: March 2019

In Lithuania, the history of copyright started with the abolishment of the Third Lithuanian Statute in 1840 and the establishment of Russia’s legal system. Introduced in 1828 as the rules on literary property, Russian copyright regulations were extended to cover music and visual art in 1845 and 1846, with further revisions following in 1857. The concept of fine art established in the copyright statute of 1857 was based on the image of an artwork as a unique manual product that was different from a mechanical reproduction devoid of any traces of authorship. The development of the art market and the progress of the image-making technologies, however, forced Russian legislators to adjust their legal criteria. The role played by photography was central in the process. The new visual medium overturned old assessments that were grounded in traditional opposition between unique and mass production. Thus, the copyright statute of 1911 was much more focused on artworks as intellectual values rather than tangible things.
The Russian copyright rules entrenched the supremacy of inventive personal creativity over the copying and multiplication of art objects. However, in Lithuania, the law for protecting the rights of artists remained unenforced. The principal causes of the law’s ineffectiveness were rooted in the archaic forms of local art market and the conservative features of regional culture. This is why during the nineteenth century the idea of individual rights and the call for personal artistic freedom was manifested only on a theoretical level, while in practice the commitment to the common interests and retrospective ideals prevailed, encouraging Lithuanian painters and sculptors to replicate canonical works. The only known case of protecting personal intellectual property was related not to traditional fine art but to photography. In 1874, a Vilnius-based photographer Józef Czechowicz applied to the Imperial Academy of Arts in St. Petersburg and received an official confirmation of authorship for twenty-five of his photographic prints. It was an extraordinary event not only in Lithuanian provinces but also throughout the Russian Empire. Not coincidentally, the first attempt to appeal to the copyright law was made by an artist representing new visual media and working in the field closely connected to the sphere of technical reproduction and commerce.
The copyright statute of 1911 was a relatively progressive legal act. After 1918, it was translated into Lithuanian and remained in effect until 1940, i.e. during the entire existence of the Republic of Lithuania. The fact that the government of a young independent state didn’t try to draft its own original copyright rules testifies not only to the progressiveness of the imperial document but also to the insignificance of the questions concerning authorship, intellectual property and artistic rights in the interwar period.
A Systematic Approach Towards Web Preservation
Authors: Khan Muzammil , Rahman Arif Ur
Published: March 2019

The main purpose of the article is to divide the web preservation process into small explicable stages and design a step-by-step web preservation process that leads to creating a well-organized web archive. A number of research articles are studied about web preservation projects and web archives, and designed a step-by-step systematic approach for web preservation. The proposed comprehensive web preservation process describes and combines strengths of different techniques observed during the study for preserving digital web contents into a digital web archive. For each web preservation step, different approaches and possible implementation techniques have been identified that can be adopted in digital archiving. The potential value of the proposed model is to guide the archivist, related personnel, and organizations to effectively preserved their intellectual digital contents for future use. Moreover, the model can help to initiate a web preservation process and create a well-organized web archive to efficiently manage the archived web contents. A section briefly describes the implementation of the proposed approach in a digital news stories preservation framework for archiving news published online from different sources.
Taking the Long Way Around: Improving the Display of HathiTrust Records in Primo
Authors: Bengtson Jason Alden , Coleman Jason
Published: March 2019

As with any shared format for serializing data, Primo’s PNX records have limits on the types of data which they pass along from the source records and into the Primo tool. As a result of these limitations, PNX records do not currently have a provision for harvesting and transferring rights information about HathiTrust holdings that the Kansas State University (KSU) Library system indexes through Primo. This created a problem, since Primo was defaulting to indicate that all HathiTrust materials were available to KSU Libraries (K-State Libraries) patrons, when only a limited portion of them actually were. This disconnect was infuriating some library users, and creating difficulties for the public services librarians. There was a library-wide discussion about removing HathiTrust holdings from Primo altogether, but it was decided that such a solution was an overreaction. As a consequence, the library IT department began a crash program to attempt to find a solution to the problem. The result was an application called hathiGenius.
The Democratization of Artificial Intelligence: One Library’s Approach
Authors: Finley Thomas K
Published: March 2019

This article argues that the current technological revolution that is happening in Artificial Intelligence is not just about its prevalence in daily life, but the real revolution is about the emergence of AI tools that may help to democratize its use. Lowering the barrier to a technology that is perceived more as science fiction than accessible for mass utilization. A Public Library shares its approach in leveraging available tools to enable AI education for all.
Valgene til Rigsrådets folketing og landsting i krigens skygge 1864
Authors: Hauge Anders
Published: March 2019

Dagen før krigsudbruddet i 1864 mellem Danmark og de tyske stormagter blev der udskrevet valg til Rigsrådets folketing og landsting. Da valgene den 31. januar 1864 blev udskrevet, var de formentlig tænkt som et redskab til at forhindre krigen  ved at få Rigsrådet sammenkaldt snarest og om muligt få ophævet krigens formelle årsag: Grundloven af 1863. Nu blev det krigen og okkupationen, der kom til at præge valgene. Visse steder opstod forsinkelser. Nogle steder var det umuligt at  gennemføre valget. Andre steder igen måtte man gribe til bemærkelsesværdige ordninger for at få valgene gennemført, som det var tilfældet i de slesvigske landstingsvalgkredse. Valgene skulle gennemføres – om muligt.
Aabenraa købstads skrå - dens tilblivelse og alder
Authors: Witte Jørgen
Published: March 2019

Det ældste middelalderlige dokument fra Aabenraa er dens skrå eller stadsret fra 1335, der stadfæster bestemmelser fra kong Valdemars tid hundrede år tidligere. Mag.art. Jørgen Wittes artikel tager sit udgangspunkt i affattelsen af skråen i 1335, men det centrale er en analyse af skråen som middelalderligt diplom ud fra formale og indholdsmæssige kriterier. Skråen viser sig at rumme et kernestykke fra 1234-41, der må opfattes som kong Valdemar Sejrs oprindelige aftale med borgerne i Opneraa, samt efterfølgende begunstigelser som ‘tillægslovgivning’. Afsluttende sættes den oprindelige skrå og Opneraas tidligste udvikling i forbindelse med behovet for en regional port of trade og kongens bestræbelser for en administreret  handel.
Diverse
Authors: Forfattere Flere
Published: March 2019

Anmeldelser, forfatterliste, årsberetninger og indholdsfortegnelse 2000-2014.
En øretæveindbydende fuckfinger til de politiske opgavestillere - nogle (efter)tanker om TV-serien "1864"
Authors: Christensen Jens Ole
Published: March 2019

Danmarks Radios og Ole Bornedals stort anlagte tv-serie »1864« delte vandene i 2014. Lad det være sagt straks, at følgende er min helt personlige og stærkt subjektive vurdering af den. Jeg er skuffet og ærgerlig, og jeg mener, at serien i bund og grund ikke handler om Krigen 1864 og dens langvarige og vidtrækkende følger. Det er ikke sårfeberen fra 1864, vi bliver klogere på, men sårfeberen fra 2001. Det lyder sikkert kryptisk – og lidt indebrændt, og det må faktisk gerne læses sådan. For jeg er dybt provokeret af tv-serien, så er også det sagt.
Stolligaffæren 1936-1940
Authors: Hansen Hans Schultz
Published: March 2019

Stollig er i dag en mindre landsby, som de fleste haster igennem på vejen mellem Aabenraa og stranden og sommerhusområdet ved Skarrev. De færreste tænker på, at Stollig i anden halvdel af 1930’erne lagde navn til en »affære «, der begyndte ved en tvangsauktion over en gård og fortsatte med trusler og hærværk mod gårdens nye ejer og endte i et omfattende retsligt opgør mellem ledende nazister i det tyske mindretal og landsdelens justitsmyndigheder. Her redegør Hans Schultz Hansen for Stolligaffæren og dens udløbere. Det sker hovedsagelig på grundlag af domstolenes og politiets akter, der nu er blevet almindeligt tilgængelige.
Slesvigland
Authors: Nissen Mogens Rostgaard
Published: March 2019

I artiklen undersøges baggrunden for tidsskriftet Slesvigland, der blev udsendt gratis til alle husstande i Sydslesvig i perioden 1980-2010. Der gives en analyse af de interesser, der lå bag udgivelsen, og de besværligheder, der var forbundet med projektet. Rigmanden Traugott Møller stod bag projektet, og han ønskede at bruge Slesvigland til at oplyse den sydslesvigske befolkning om områdets danske fortid. Hans langsigtede mål var en adskillelse mellem Slesvig og Holsten, og Sydslesvigs gradvise orientering mod Danmark. Fra tysk side blev Slesvigland mødt med heftig kritik.
Cimbria
Authors: Hjort-Lorenzen H. R.
Published: March 2019

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De nordslesvigske Optanter
Authors: Hanssen-Nørremølle H.P.
Published: March 2019

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Minder fra Flensborg Kirkegaard
Authors: Holdt A. C. C.
Published: March 2019

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Allerunderdanigst Indberetning til Hans Majestæt Kongen angaaende Sprogforholdene i Slesvig
Authors: Hanssen Nis
Published: March 2019

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À L’AUNE D’ANGÉLINE
Authors: BOUCHARD PIERRE-OLIVIER , DESBIENS MARIE-FRÉDÉRIQUE
Published: March 2019

Bien que Laure Conan occupe une place majeure dans l’histoire littéraire du xixe siècle québécois, il existe un décalage entre la mémoire de cette écrivaine et sa vie réelle. C’est cet écart que l’article mesure, en proposant également quelques hypothèses sur ses fondements et ses causes. Les auteurs s’intéressent d’abord aux représentations fictives de Conan dans la littérature de manière à cerner l’imaginaire entourant l’écrivaine. Ce portrait est ensuite confronté aux données factuelles concernant la trajectoire et la production de l’écrivaine, ce qui met en lumière une tout autre image de Conan, qui est loin de se réduire à celle largement répandue de pionnière sacrifiée. Ce parcours montre également l’importance d’un pan occulté de sa production littéraire, celui du roman historique, auquel seuls quelques commentateurs se sont intéressés.
FERRON, LE DOCTEUR SUBTIL
Authors: VIGNEAULT ROBERT
Published: March 2019

Pendant près d’un demi-siècle, l’écrivain Jacques Ferron a publié régulièrement des
articles sous la rubrique « Historiettes » dans deux périodiques bimensuels,
L’Information médicale et paramédicale et Le Courrier médical. Une centaine de
ces historiettes parues entre 1960 et 1961 sont demeurées inédites, c’est-à-dire non
publiées en recueil. La présente étude se propose de dégager de ce corpus réduit, mais
représentatif, une certaine unité thématique, idéologique et littéraire. L’approche critique
vise avant tout à éclairer le travail d’écriture de Ferron, en prenant en compte les modèles
littéraires dont l’écrivain se réclame, l’hybridité générique des historiettes et surtout le
recours constant à ces procédés rhétoriques que sont la satire, l’ironie, l’humour. À la
différence de l’Histoire, qui se veut le discours objectif de la réalité, les
Historiettes sont le fruit d’une subjectivité qui, grâce au langage littéraire,
propose une vision personnelle, une stylisation et une poétisation de l’historique, du
politique, du social et de l’individuel.
Chercher et rencontrer Dieu entre frontière, manque et paradoxe
Authors: Faye Anne Béatrice
Published: March 2019

La migration est, sans aucun doute, une des questions les plus débattues actuellement dans le monde. Nous avons suivi le parcours du migrant africain, entre frontière, paradoxe, océan et désert à la recherche de son identité socioculturelle et religieuse. Ces visages retrouvent leur humanité face à l’expérience de Salut qui traverse toute la Bible.
Le risque fou de l’hospitalité
Authors: Monge Claudio
Published: March 2019

La fragilité du « vivre » au quotidien nous oblige à prendre au sérieux « l’étrangéité ontologique » qui nous caractérise en tant qu’hommes et femmes cherchant à entrer en relation avec l’Autre/autre. Cette étrangéité exprime d’abord la diversité irréductible par rapport à « l’autre que moi », mais aussi par rapport « à l’autre moi » (la face cachée de notre identité) qu’on a parfois du mal à accepter et à accueillir, pour pouvoir, finalement, l’offrir en don aux autres. L’institution d’une pensée à partir de cette condition d’étrangéité, qui est principe d’humanisation, peut devenir un véritable « lieu théologique », une véritable catégorie de la Révélation, à savoir un contexte favorable pour saisir des traits essentiels du Dieu de notre foi, qui se manifeste librement au coeur de l’humanité en sollicitant l’hospitalité. Celle-ci s’ancre dans l’étrangeté ontologique, elle est la norme suprême de la coexistence et elle implique une sacramentalité de l’autre.
Le Québec et l’immigration
Authors: Baum Gregory
Published: March 2019

Cet article présente dans un premier temps les réflexions des papes Jean-Paul II et François et les propos des Congrégations romaines sur l’accueil des réfugiés et des migrants, s’arrêtant à la remarque de Jean Paul II voulant que chaque société devrait établir « un équilibre culturel », c’est-à-dire un compromis entre l’épanouissement de la culture fondatrice et les cultures amenées par les nouveaux citoyens. Dans un deuxième temps, cet article présente les propositions du jésuite Julien Harvey, fondateur du Centre justice et foi, qui a fait un grand effort pour définir cet équilibre culturel pour le Québec et pour suggérer des démarches pratiques afin de l’atteindre.
La question de l’immigration et la nécessaire reformulation des formes d’autorité en pastorale
Authors: Fanga Jean Patrick Nkolo
Published: March 2019

Nous partons du constat selon lequel les immigrés en France mettent en place des actions d’Églises en marge des Églises traditionnelles. Dans ces Églises issues de l’immigration, on retrouve des pratiques qui les relient à leurs origines et qui sont en décalage avec les réalités du pays d’accueil comme c’est le cas pour l’exercice de l’autorité. Nous avons réalisé une série d’entretiens auprès d’une dizaine de pasteurs et missionnaires exerçant un ministère dans une Église locale qui possède en son sein des immigrés d’origine africaine dans la ville de Marseille, en France. À travers ces entretiens, nous cherchons à déterminer le type d’autorité à mettre en oeuvre dans le cadre de la pastorale dans ces Églises.
« Dieu n’a pas honte d’être appelé leur Dieu » (Hb 11,16)
Authors: Carrière Jean-Marie
Published: March 2019

Hb 11,16 évoque tous ceux qui se reconnaissent en « voyage », en transit, et qui traversent frontières et territoires en quête d’un lieu. Comment comprendre que Dieu consente — et même peut-être prenne plaisir — à être le Dieu de ces migrants-là ? L’article commence par écouter la voix des réfugiés pour y discerner quelques éléments de leur expérience d’humanité. La lecture de Ep 2,11-22 cherche à comprendre comment cette lettre met en relation l’action de salut du Christ avec l’expérience du migrant étranger. Enfin, la figure d’Abraham fait apparaître le migrant archétypal dans l’humanité duquel s’entend la relation avec Dieu, telle que « Dieu n’en a point honte ». Ce qui advient dans l’expérience du migrant, c’est la manière dont la parole de la promesse peut trouver une réponse dans notre humanité selon la foi articulée à l’espérance, dans un style de vie qui est en rupture avec la manière « habituelle » dont nous concevons notre expérience.
Becoming a Guest
Authors: De Vries Roland
Published: March 2019

The question of ecclesiological identity is a pressing one in the contemporary context, particularly in the light of the church’s increasing marginalization or relative insignificance within Western society. This question of ecclesiological identity is explored by way of engagement with the guest Christology of the Nigerian Presbyterian theologian Enyi Ben Udoh, and by way of John Koenig’s New Testament Hospitality. The result is a suggestive and constructive vision of the church that prioritizes its status as guest, in relation to the Christ who comes to the human family as guest, then kin, then Lord. The implications of this guest Christology for the church are sketched in conclusion.
Une théologie de l’altérité : Michel de Certeau
Authors: Hervieux Lucie
Published: March 2019

La question de l’altérité chez Michel de Certeau est au coeur de sa (dé)-marche théologique et noue inséparablement la question d’un sujet en quête de son désir et en ce qu’il se reconnaît comme manque à être. Quelques repères nous permettent d’étayer l’état de la question. Il semble que pour Certeau, la théologie, s’il en est une, se fait autrement. Depuis la modernité quelque chose s’est rompue, le « dire » et le « faire » théologiques ne font plus consensus ni sur les pavés des Églises ni dans l’ordre des discours relatif à l’éveil des sciences humaines. Un socle s’est rompu. La rupture même fait office de lieu théologique, elle porte une coupure épistémologique : le travail théologique ne peut en aucun temps être fixé une fois pour toutes et figé dans des énoncés évidés de leur fondement, c’est-à-dire évacuer l’expérience même d’une rencontre de l’autre et de l’Autre. Il ne s’agit pas pour Michel de Certeau de poser un savoir sur Dieu ni de lui imposer un lieu mais de reconnaître l’(in)-appropriable d’un « non-lieu ». L’acte théologique pose désormais l’acte d’un sujet qui se met en mouvement, entamant une marche incessante, en travail de désir d’autre et en la rencontre de l’Autre. Le discours théologique porte le produit langagier de cette rencontre dans son (im)-possibilité d’en tenir lieu. La théologie devient ainsi elle-même acte d’énonciation.
Extracting super-resolution details directly from a diffraction-blurred image or part of its frequency spectrum
Authors: Sheffield Edward Y
Published: March 2019

It is usually believed that the low frequency part of a signal’s Fourier spectrum represents its profile, while the high frequency part represents its details. Conventional light microscopes filter the high frequency parts of image signals, so that people cannot see the details of the samples (objects being imaged) in the blurred images. However, we find that in a certain condition (isolated lighting or named separated lighting), a signal’s low frequency and high frequency parts not only represent profile and details respectively. Actually, any one of them also contains the full information (including both profile and details) of the sample’s structure. Therefore, for samples with spatial frequency beyond diffraction-limit, even if the image’s high frequency part is filtered by the microscope, it is still possible to extract the full information from the low frequency part. Based on the above findings, we propose the technique of Deconvolution Super-resolution (DeSu-re), including two methods. One method extract the full information of the sample’s structure directly from the diffraction-blurred image, while the other extract it directly from part of the observed image’s spectrum, e.g., low frequency part. Both theoretical analysis and simulation experiment support the above findings, and also verify the effectiveness of the proposed methods.
Dynamic succession of soil microbial community during continuous cropping of Astragalus membranaceus Bge. var. mongholicus (Bge.)
Authors: Sun Chuangshu , Li Bingzhen , Su Youla , Jia Xin , Chen Guilin
Published: March 2019

Background. Continuous cropping disturbs the balance between the microbes beneficial to a plant and the pathogenic microorganisms in the rhizosphere soil, which has both a direct and indirect adverse effect on soil and plant health. It is highly significant to understand the mechanism of the obstacle found in continuous cropping and to search for a reasonable rotation model to solve the problem of continuous cropping. Astragalus membranaceus Bge. var. mongholicus (Bge.) (A. mongholicus) is a critical traditional Chinese herb, which is negatively affected by continuous cropping. Previous studies on the root rot pathogens of A. mongholicus have been conducted, while reports on the effects of A. mongholicus on the health of soil affected by continuous cropping are lacking. Methods. In this study, we observed the microbial community structure and the diversity of the rhizosphere soil under continuous cropping for 1, 3, and 6 years using the pyrosequencing approach, and compared this to bulk soil, using A. Mongholicus as the experimental material. The 16S rDNA and ITS amplicon sequencing techniques were used to detect the composition and diversity of bacteria and fungi in the rhizosphere soil and the bulk soil of A. Mongholicus. The diversity of the bacterial community and the structures of the rhizosphere and bulk soils were compared. The dynamics of the soil enzyme activity were also analyzed. Results. The results of this study illustrated that the continuous cropping of A. mongholicus caused a decline in the root dry weight, the ratio of root-top, and also influenced the growth of the root system of A. mongholicus. Continuous cropping and the sampling time shifts the diversity and structure of the microbial community in the rhizosphere soil of A. mongholicus, showing that the diversity of the microbial community in the A. mongholicus rhizosphere soil was decreased with an increase in the replanting years, while the structure of the microbial community deteriorated. The relative abundance of pathogenic fungi, Fusarium, Erysiphe, Rhizobiales, and Burkholderiales as well as bacteria related to nodulation were enriched in the A. mongholicus rhizosphere soil at different sampling stages. The beneficial bacteria decreased with the increasing years of continuous cropping during growth, which resulted in the microecological imbalance in the A. mongholicus rhizosphere, caused serious replanting diseases of continuous cropping. A decline in soil urease and invertase activities was observed after 6 years of continuous cropping. Our experimental results suggest that continuous cropping has a significant impact on soil bacterial and fungal community development, and that an increase in replanting years resulted in more negative impact on rhizosphere soil health and A. mongholicus growth.
An application of PCR-RFLP species identification assay for environmental DNA detection
Authors: Igawa Takeshi , Takahara Teruhiko , Lau Quintin , Komaki Shohei
Published: March 2019

Recent advancement of eDNA methods for surveying species in aquatic ecosystems has been used for various organisms and contributed to monitoring and conservation of species and environments. Amphibians are one of the promising taxa which could be monitored efficiently by using eDNA. However, the cost of the eDNA detection can be quite high and requires instruments that are not usually installed in ecology laboratories. For aiding researchers foraying into eDNA studies of amphibians, especially those not specialized in molecular biology, we developed a cost efficient protocol using PCR-RFLP method. We attempted to detect eDNA of three Japanese Rana species (R. japonica, R. ornativentris, and R. tagoi tagoi) in various spatial scales including an area close to the Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant (FNPP) where the environment is recovering after the disaster in 2011. Our PCR-RFLP protocol was successful in detecting Rana species in static water in both laboratory and field; however, it could not detect Rana species in non-static water samples from the field. Even a more sensitive detection method (standard qPCR) was unable to detect frogs in all non-static water samples. We speculate that our new protocol is effective for frogs living in lentic habitats, but not for lotic habitats which may still require the gold standard of field observation for detection approach.
The 100 most-cited articles in the field of colorectal diseases from 1955 to 2018: A bibliometric analysis
Authors: LuoLuo Mengqi , Zhang Chunmei , Ren Yutang , Peng Wei , Zhong Chunyu , Peng Yan , Tang Xiaowei
Published: March 2019

Abstract

Background: The number of times that an article was cited reflected its impact. In this study, we aimed to recognize and analyze the characteristics of the most frequently cited articles in the field of colorectal diseases.

Methods: We identified the 100 highest cited articles using the terms ‘colorectal’ or ‘colon’ or ‘rectal’ or ‘IBD’ or ‘ulcerative colitis’ or ‘Crohn disease’ or ‘colonoscopy’ in Web of Science. Articles were analyzed to evaluate the characteristics including number of citations, country of origin, institutions of origin based on the first author affiliation, study type and others.

Results: Of the top cited publications, the number of citations ranged from 1479 to 8834 with a mean of 2304.85 citations per article. The journal with the greatest number of most-cited articles was New England Journal of Medicine (n=23), followed by Science (n=13) and Nature (n=12). These papers were published in 14 different countries, of which more than half were from the United States (n=64). The most popular field was colorectal cancer (n=51), followed by colonic tumor (n=21). Most of the papers were basic science studies (n=44) and randomized controlled trials (n=29).

Conclusion: Our study could provide a historical perspective on the scientific progress in the field of colorectal diseases, which would lay a firm foundation for future research.
Interpreting and integrating big data in the life sciences
Authors: Mangul Serghei
Published: March 2019

Recent advances in omics technologies have led to the broad applicability of computational techniques across various domains of life science and medical research. These technologies provide an unprecedented opportunity to collect omics data from hundreds of thousands of individuals and to study gene-disease association without the aid of prior assumptions about the trait biology. Despite the many advantages of modern omics technologies, interpretations of big data produced by such technologies require advanced computational algorithms. Below I outline key challenges that biomedical researches are facing when interpreting and integrating big omics data. I discuss the reproducibility aspect of big data analysis in the life sciences and review current practices in reproducible research. Finally, I explain the skills which biomedical researchers need to acquire in order to independently analyze big omics data.
Nominal licensing is driven by valued (phi-)features
Authors: Kalin Laura
Published: March 2019

This short paper lays out the components of a new model of nominal licensing, motivated by novel observations about parallels between the Person Case Constraint and Differential Object Marking. The model revolves around the idea that valued features on nominals---namely, phi-features and features related to definiteness and animacy---are the sorts of features that need abstract licensing, rather than an abstract Case feature. This model helps us understand where differential marking and featural restrictions occur, and in particular, why it is that subjects and indirect objects, in contrast to direct objects, tend not to be differentially marked or featurally restricted.
Large carnivore habitat suitability modelling for Romania and associated predictions for protected areas
Authors: Cristescu Bogdan , Domokos Csaba , Teichman Kristine J. , Nielsen Scott E.
Published: March 2019

Habitat characteristics associated with species occurrences represent important baseline information for wildlife management and conservation, but have rarely been assessed for countries recently joining the EU. We used footprint tracking data and landscape characteristics in Romania to investigate the occurrence of brown bear (Ursus arctos), gray wolf (Canis lupus) and Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) and to compare model predictions between Natura 2000 and national-level protected areas (gap analysis). Wolves were more likely to occur where rugged terrain was present. Increasing proportion of forest was positively associated with occurrence of all large carnivores, but forest type (broadleaf, mixed, or conifer) generally varied with carnivore species. Areas where cultivated lands were extensive had little suitable habitat for lynx, whereas bear occurrence probability decreased with increasing proportion of built areas. Pastures were positively associated with wolf and lynx occurrence. Brown bears occurred primarily where national roads with high traffic volumes were at low density, while bears and lynx occurred at medium-high densities of communal roads that had lower traffic volumes. Based on predictions of carnivore distributions, natural areas protected in national parks were most suitable for carnivores, nature parks were less suitable, whereas EU-legislated Natura 2000 sites had the lowest probability of carnivore presence. Our spatially explicit carnivore habitat suitability predictions can be used by managers to amend borders of existing sites, delineate new protected areas, and establish corridors for ecological connectivity. To assist recovery and recolonization, management could also focus on habitat predicted to be suitable but where carnivores were not tracked.
Evaluation of Potassium Bromate in Bread in Ibadan Metropolis: Fifteen Years after Ban in Nigeria
Authors: Airaodion Augustine I. , Ewa Ogbonnaya , Ogbuagu Emmanuel O. , Ogbuagu Uloaku , Agunbiade Aanu P. , Oloruntoba Abiodun P.
Published: March 2019

Background: In 2003, the National Agency for Food, Drug Administration and Control (NAFDAC), the agency responsible for regulating drugs, foods and chemicals in Nigeria, banned the use of potassium bromate in bread on account of its deleterious effect and carcinogenicity in humans.

Aim: This study is aimed at investigating the level of compliance to the use of potassium bromate in bread fifteen years after ban.

Study Design: This study was made to fit a one way Analysis of Variance.

Place and Duration of Study: This research was carried out in Ibadan, the Oyo State capital of Nigeria between July and December, 2018.

Methodology: Thirty loaves of bread were purchased in Ibadan metropolis. They were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively for the presence of potassium bromate in them. Quantitative determination was done using spectrophotometric method that is based on the redox reaction between bromate and promethazine hydrochloride in an acidic medium. The absorbance of the product was read at 620 nm. The qualitative test was performed directly on a portion of each bread sample using 2 ml of 0.01 M promethazine and 0.6 ml of 12 M hydrochloric acid. The change in colour of each bread sample to purple indicates the presence of potassium bromate.

Results: All the 30 bread samples analyzed contain potassium bromate. The concentration of KBrO3 in the sampled bread ranged between 1.24 µg/g and 9.31 µg/g. The quantity of KBrO3 in each bread sample correlates with the degree of purple colour obtained in the qualitative test.

Conclusion: Since all the sampled bread had potassium bromate in concentration above safe level for human consumption, bread consumers and bakers are at risk of exposure to potassium bromate with health implications. The need for continuous surveillance and enforcement of the ban on use of potassium bromate in baking industry in Nigeria is recommended.
Supply Chain Optimization for Farmer-Bepari System of Agricultural Products in Bangladesh
Authors: Islam Mohammad Khairul , Alam Md. Mahmud , Uddin Mohammed Forhad
Published: March 2019

This study, for the Farmer-Bepari system of agricultural products in Bangladesh, can be formulated as a mixed integer linear programming (MILP) model. Further, it will be investigated that the significant impact of profit the attributes such as labour cost, fertilizer cost, the raw material cost of different firms and also to estimate the product distribution in different locations. To solve this MILP model, with the help of a branch and bound algorithm by using A Mathematical Programming Language (AMPL). To investigate the model we have to collect data from seven locations of three districts in Bangladesh. Also, a numerical example presented this study, which objectives illustrate the models. From the sensitivity of the production, if the raw material cost, labour cost and fertilizer cost increase is about 5%, then decrease the profit by MILP model have 0.004%, 1.6% and 1.2% respectively. Labour cost is a significant factor in profit, which changes the profit more than the raw material cost and fertilizer cost of the product. The results are helping decision-makers to identify the desired agricultural production and distribution structure optimization strategy.
Evaluation of Carbon, Nitrogen and Phosphorus in Disturbed and Intact Tropical Coastal Forest Sites in Tanzania
Authors: Ligate Elly Josephat , Chen Can
Published: March 2019

This study investigated and established the variation of soil nitrogen, total carbon and phosphorus across closed forest; crop-agriculture and livestock disturbed sites. The study provides useful information for local management strategies. It sets initial basic data on the soil status of Uzigua Forest Reserve after 50 years of crop-agriculture and livestock grazing pressure. Forty-seven (50 m × 50 m) quadrats were established on each land uses for soil samples collection. Total nitrogen was analyzed by Kjeldahl acid-digestion, total carbon by the Walkley-Black procedures and phosphorus by Bray-II method. The mean values (percentage) were nitrogen = 16.07 ± 0.34, 1.75 ± 0.25, 6.5 ± 0.20; carbon =14.48 ± 0.23, 11.81 ± 0.13, 12.24 ± 0.30; phosphorus =14.12 ± 6.57, 17.74 ± 3.96, and 13.31± 2.86 for closed forest; agriculture disturbed and grazed sites respectively. There was a slightly lower amount of total carbon on crop agriculture disturbed sites than on the livestock grazed land uses. Carbon-nitrogen ratio was higher in closed forests than in the disturbed sites. The relationship between forest degradation and soil nutrient status is an indication that the below-ground nutrient pools are mainly determined by activities, which disturb the above-ground components mainly vegetation. To restore soil fertility status, it is important to establish the management of the disturbed sites through restoration of vegetation and minimization of disturbances.
Development and Gas Exchange of Pre-sprouted Sugarcane Seedlings in Three Different Growing Substrate Media
Authors: De Jesus Hanna Ibiapina , Medeiros Maria Luiza De Souza , Queiroz Lopes Maria De Fátima de , Souza Oliveira Bruno De , Da Silva Galileu Medeiros , Mielezrski Fábio
Published: March 2019

Objective: Evaluate the development and gas exchange of pre-sprouted sugarcane seedlings in different substrates.

Study Design: A randomized complete block design was used with two genotypes, three types of substrate (2 x 3), four replicates and five plants per replicate, totaling 120 plants.

Location and Duration of Study: Department of Crop Sciences of the Center for Agrarian Sciences, Universidade Federal de Paraíba in the city of Areia, Brazil, between August and October 2018.

Methods: The following were the treatments: T1 – genotype 1 in commercial substrate; T2 – genotype 1 in commercial substrate + bovine manure; T3 – genotype 1 in bovine manure + sand; T4 – genotype 2 in commercial substrate; T5 – genotype 2 in commercial substrate + bovine manure; T6 – genotype 2 in bovine manure + sand. Variables analyzed: height, diameter, dry mass of shoot and root and physiological response of seedlings.

Results: A significant difference at the 1% level was found for the dry matter of the seedling roots among treatments with difference substrates. A significant difference at the 1% level was also found for shoot length and a significant interaction at the 5% level was found between genotype and substrate for this characteristic. Significant effects were found with regard to the rate of photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, transpiration and carboxylation efficiency.

Conclusion: The substrate with manure + sand favored the accumulation of root dry matter and shoot length. Genotype 1 exhibited its best performance with regard to photosynthesis and stomatal conduction in the treatment with the commercial substrate and demonstrated greater carboxylation efficiency than genotype 2, independently of the substrates. The pre-sprouted seedling production system needs to be explored further to obtain greater information regarding the nutritional requirements and characteristics of the genotypes.
The Role of Ethylene on Banana Fruit Ripening Via Sugar and Starch Metabolism
Authors: Fonseca Sarah Nadja Araújo , Batista-Silva Willian , Mizobutsi Edson Hiydu , Cosme Silva Gláucia Michelle , Silva Pinheiro Juceliandy Mendes da , De Jesus Mariana Oliveira , Mizobutsi Gisele Polete
Published: March 2019

Banana as a climacteric fruit has a relatively short shelf-life period and thus, technologies that decrease the metabolism and the triggering of the maturation process are extremely necessary on its postharvest conservation. However, the consequences of these technologies on quality attributes are unknown. Therefore, we evaluate the effects of 1-Methylcyclopropene associated with low density polyethylene bags on physical and chemical attributes in the postharvest of banana fruits. Bananas were treated with different concentration of 1-Methylcyclopropene as 0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 ηL.L-1 under refrigeration and harvest in five different times after treatment. Further, fruits treated with 50 ŋL.L-¹ showed a more advanced stage of ripening after the 25 days of storage. Altogether, our results suggest 1-MCP is an effective treatment to control sugar and starch metabolism in banana and its efficiency is directly dependent of storage temperature. Additionally we identify interestingly correlation with skin color changes with sugars and starch content, which can indicate its potentiality of the fitted equations for prediction of central metabolism of bananas non-destructively using ‘hue angle and chrome’ value.
Does adolescent heavier alcohol use predict young adult aggression and delinquency? Parallel analyses from four Australasian cohort studies
Authors: Najman Jake M. , Plotnikova Maria , Horwood John , Silins Edmund , Fergusson David , Patton George C , Olsson Craig , Hutchinson Delyse M , Degenhardt Louisa , Tait Robert , Youssef George J. , Borschmann Rohan , Coffey Carolyn , Toumbourou John W , Mattick Richard P.
Published: March 2019

While the association between heavy alcohol consumption and aggression has been well documented, the causal direction of this association, particularly at a population level, is disputed. A number of causal sequences have been proposed. First, that aggression leads to heavy alcohol use. Second, that heavy alcohol use leads to aggression. Third, that the association between alcohol use and aggression is due to confounding by (a) sociodemographic variables or (b) delinquency. We report here data from four Australasian prospective longitudinal studies of adolescents, to assess the temporal sequence of heavy drinking and aggression over the period from adolescence to young adulthood. The four cohort studies provide a total sample of 6,706 persons (Australian Temperament Project, n = 1701; Christchurch Health and Development Study, n = 931; Mater‐University of Queensland Study of Pregnancy, n = 2437; Victorian Adolescent Health Cohort Study, n = 1637). We use multinomial logistic regression to determine whether early adolescent aggression predicts subsequent age of onset of heavy episodic drinking (HED), after adjustment for concurrent sociodemographic factors and delinquency. We then consider whether HED predicts subsequent aggression, after adjusting for past aggression, concurrent delinquency, and a range of confounders. There are broadly consistent findings across the four cohort studies. Early aggression strongly predicts subsequent HED. HED predicts later aggression after adjustment for prior aggression and other confounders. Policies that alter population levels of alcohol consumption are likely to impact on levels of aggression in societies where HED linked to aggression is more common.
An examination of the potential lingering effects of smartphone use on cognition
Authors: Frost Peter , Donahue Patrick , Goeben Keith , Connor Megan , Cheong Hoong Sing , Schroeder Aaron
Published: March 2019

Smartphones might offer an extension of our own cognitive abilities, potentially preventing practice of certain forms of cognition. Our first study established that heavier usage of smartphones was negatively correlated with social problem solving and delayed gratification, as well as positively correlated with some aspects of critical thinking. Studies 2 and 3 involved experiments where participants were assigned to either a lower or higher smartphone usage group. In both experiments, higher usage of smartphones led only to a diminished ability to interpret and analyze the deeper meaning of information. However, Study 3 showed that, after a 4‐week interval, the difference in the ability to interpret and analyze meaning between lower and higher phone usage groups was no longer evident. The findings of this study suggest that, even in the rare cases where smartphones might alter cognition, this effect is likely transitory.
High Contrast Thermal Conductivity Change in Ni–Mn–In Heusler Alloys near Room Temperature
Authors: Zheng Qiye , Zhu Gaohua , Diao Zhu , Banerjee Debasish , Cahill David G.
Published: March 2019

Materials with an abrupt transition between a low and a high thermal conductance state at a critical temperature would be useful for thermal regulation applications. Here, the authors report a high contrast reversible thermal conductivity change through the thermally‐induced martensitic transition (MT) in Ni–Mn–In alloys. The authors measure the thermal conductivity of a wide temperature range 130 < T < 530 K using time‐domain thermoreflectance (TDTR). The thermal conductivity of these alloys increases from ≈7.0–8.5 W m−1 K−1 to ≈11.5–13.0 W m−1 K−1 through the MT near 300 K as temperature rises, with a rate of change among the highest yet reported in solid‐state materials with thermally‐induced phase transitions. Based on Hall resistivity measurements, the authors further show that the change of thermal conductivity is dominated by the electronic contribution, which results from a unique carrier mobility change through the MT. Their findings highlight the interplay between the structural disorders and the thermal transport in alloys through solid‐state phase transitions and open a new avenue in the search of high‐performance materials for thermal regulation.
Scalable High‐Throughput Production of Modular Microgels for In Situ Assembly of Microporous Tissue Scaffolds
Authors: de Rutte Joseph Michael , Koh Jaekyung , Di Carlo Dino
Published: March 2019

Hydrogel scaffolds that template the regeneration of tissue structures are widely explored; however, there is often a trade‐off between material properties, such as stiffness and interconnected pore size, that may be equally important in supporting tissue growth. Microporous annealed particle scaffolds are introduced to address this trade‐off while maintaining a flowable precursor; however, manufacturing throughput, reproducibility, and flexibility of hydrogel microparticle building blocks are limited, hindering widespread adoption. The scalable high‐throughput production of bioactive microgels for the formation of microporous tissue scaffolds in situ is presented. Using a parallelized step emulsification device, scalable high‐throughput generation of monodisperse microgels is achieved. Crosslinking is initiated downstream of droplet generation using pH modulation via proton acceptors dissolved in the oil phase. This approach enables continuous production of microgels for over 12 h while ensuring highly uniform physicochemical properties. Using this platform, the effects of local matrix stiffness on cell growth orthogonal to scaffold porosity are studied. Formation of injectable cell‐laden mechanically heterogeneous microporous scaffolds is also demonstrated. This approach is particularly suited for the formation of modular, multimaterial scaffolds in situ, which could be applied to 3D bioprinting or to form more complex scaffolds to enhance regeneration of irregular wounds.
Identification of Phase Control of Carbon‐Confined Nb2O5 Nanoparticles toward High‐Performance Lithium Storage
Authors: Meng Jiashen , He Qiu , Xu Linhan , Zhang Xingcai , Liu Fang , Wang Xuanpeng , Li Qi , Xu Xiaoming , Zhang Guobin , Niu Chaojiang , Xiao Zhitong , Liu Ziang , Zhu Zizhong , Zhao Yan , Mai Liqiang
Published: March 2019

Niobium pentoxides (Nb2O5) have attracted extensive interest for ultrafast lithium‐ion batteries due to their impressive rate/capacity performance and high safety as intercalation anodes. However, the intrinsic insulating properties and unrevealed mechanisms of complex phases limit their further applications. Here, a facile and efficient method is developed to construct three typical carbon‐confined Nb2O5 (TT‐Nb2O5@C, T‐Nb2O5@C, and H‐Nb2O5@C) nanoparticles via a mismatched coordination reaction during the solvothermal process and subsequent controlled heat treatment, and different phase effects are investigated on their lithium storage properties on the basis of both experimental and computational approaches. The thin carbon coating and nanoscale size can endow Nb2O5 with a high surface area, high conductivity, and short diffusion length. As a proof‐of‐concept application, when employed as LIB anode materials, the resulting T‐Nb2O5@C nanoparticles display higher rate capability and better cycling stability as compared with TT‐Nb2O5@C and H‐Nb2O5@C nanoparticles. Furthermore, a synergistic effect is investigated and demonstrated between fast diffusion pathways and stable hosts in T‐Nb2O5 for ultrafast and stable lithium storage, based on crystal structure analysis, in situ X‐ray diffraction analysis, and density functional theoretical calculations. Therefore, the proposed synthetic strategy and obtained deep insights will stimulate the development of Nb2O5 for ultrafast and long‐life LIBs.
High‐Performance Ultrathin Co3O4 Nanosheet Supported PdO/CeO2 Catalysts for Methane Combustion
Authors: Li Wang , Liu Dapeng , Feng Xilan , Zhang Zheng , Jin Xin , Zhang Yu
Published: March 2019

Efficient utilization of methane via catalytic complete combustion is a very important pathway to realize energy efficiency and pollution reduction. From the viewpoint of structural design, herein a green water‐phase route is developed to prepare ultrathin Co(OH)2 nanosheet supported Pd catalysts. As a platform, the as‐obtained Pd/Co(OH)2 nanosheets are able to be further used to load CeO2 nanoparticles to form 2D nanostructured Pd/CeO2/Co(OH)2 multicomponent hybrids, and further calcination can result in the final well‐crystallized ultrathin Co3O4 nanosheet supported PdO/CeO2 catalysts. Catalytic tests on methane combustion reveal that CeO2 as a catalytic assistant greatly boosts the catalytic performance of PdO/Co3O4 via strong synergetic effects with Pd species and Co3O4 components. The best sample of PdO/CeO2‐0.1/Co3O4 exhibits surprisingly enhanced light‐off activity, indicating that such 2D Co3O4 nanosheet supported nanocatalysts might show promising prospect for heterogeneous catalysis.