bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Craft beer and linguistic lifestyle emblematization
Authors: Heyd Theresa , Eckert Marius
Published: March 2020

Craft beer is currently a highly popular form of
conspicuous consumption in many Western societies, including
Germany. As such, the craft beer movement is a prime example of
‘lifestyle emblematization’: to partake in it is to be involved in
the performance of exclusive and informed identities, a prerequisite
for claims to social distinction. This study is grounded in
ethnographic data from Berlin’s craft beer bars and complimentary
data from the Upper Franconia region, which constitutes a peripheral
space in terms of social geography yet doubles as a widely acclaimed
center of German brewing traditions. By drawing on comparative data
from these two differing sites, we can gain insight on discursive
processes of lifestyle emblematization, and the specific role of
Anglophone resources therein.
A rich sauce of comedy
Authors: Chiaro Delia
Published: March 2020

Food has been a traditional source of humour since the
beginning of time but nowadays it would appear that the way we joke
about food has changed as comedians have begun to target food fads
and dietary choices in new online formats such as YouTube videos and
memes. In this chapter, I explore traditional food jokes, that now occur online in multimodal formats such as memes
and gifs, that target Italians. I also discuss how Italians themselves use humour to
defend traditional dishes that they believe are corrupted by people
outside Italy who manipulate and localize original recipes.
Providing examples from Twitter and online newspaper fora, I will
argue that Italians adopt humour to make serious points.
台灣閩南語分類詞之檢驗
Authors: Chen Meng-Ying , Hsieh Miao-Ling , Her One-Soon
Published: March 2020

抽象

近年來台灣閩南語（以下簡稱台語）的研究逐漸受到重視，量詞相關的研究不少，然而專門針對台語分類詞的研究相對稀少，主要的原因可能在於分類詞的定義不清，導致各家看法不一，甚或略而不談，連帶影響分類詞的教學。本文以Her & Hsieh (2010)和Her
(2012)對於漢語分類詞與量詞所提出語意和語法測試作為基礎，界定台語分類詞範疇，並重新檢驗歷年文獻所提出的台語分類詞或量詞語料，建立83 個分類詞清單，其中65 個為分類詞，18 個為分類詞與量詞兼具，此清單可以與台灣華語的分類詞清單做比較（如：Her & Lai (2012)），作為台語分類詞研究與教學之參考。
漢語疑問副詞原位與前置的非移位製圖範本闡釋
Authors: Yuan Ye
Published: March 2020

抽象

特指問句中疑問詞的移位和原位現象複雜多樣，幾十年來一直是句法領域的熱門議題。本文在評介以往及最新相關研究的基礎上，並且在製圖理論思想啟發下，尤其針對漢語提出非移位製圖範本框架(NMCT)，把常規句法移位看做一個成分在範本上兩個或多個可能出現的功能投射位置之一進行顯性實現，從而對問句中疑問詞移位及原位現象，高、低位疑問副詞差異，A’移位以及優勢效應等句法現象都給出了一個較為統一且簡潔的闡釋。同時，由於否定了高位疑問副詞移位說，我們就可以避免Stepanov & Tsai (2008)關於疑問副詞「低位為變數高位為運算元」的二分說，認為高位WH副詞也可以看做變數，這樣也進一步貫徹和深化了Stepanov & Tsai (2008)推崇的一個理念，即擴充無擇約束的解釋範圍。
Task-based language teaching for beginner-level young learners
Authors: Ellis Rod
Published: March 2020

The purpose of this article is to discuss how task-based language teaching (TBLT) can work with beginner-level
learners by using input-based tasks. It begins by dismissing a common critique of TBLT, namely that learners need to be taught
some language before they can perform tasks, by arguing that input-based tasks make TBLT possible with beginner-level learners and
that such an approach is entirely compatible with what research has shown about the early stages of L2 acquisition. A review of
the research that has investigated input-based tasks follows and serves to identify key features in the design and implementation
of tasks. Designing input-based tasks involves considering the choice of topic, the non-verbal devices that are central to the
tasks, the pre-selection of target language, the verbal input for the task, and the task outcomes. Implementation options include
task preparation, use of the learners’ first language, input modification and elaboration, focus-on-form and feedback, and task
repetition.
How teachers promote young language learners’ engagement
Authors: Oga-Baldwin W. L. Quint , Nakata Yoshiyuki
Published: March 2020

Teachers of young learners often seek guidance on how best to engage and motivate their students. In this study,
we aimed to document engaging teacher practices in the context of foreign language classes in Japanese elementary schools. We
surveyed 16 public elementary school foreign language classes in western Japan using quantitative (questionnaire; external rating)
and qualitative (naturalistic observation) tools grounded in self-determination theory. Classes were sorted into three groups of
high, middle, and low teacher support based on student surveys, and observed for practices that influenced student engagement in
each tercile. Results indicate that students are most responsive in classrooms involving teacher warmth and strictness, homeroom
teacher involvement, appropriate pacing, instructional clarity, and a balance of activities. We offer descriptions of how these
practices were employed, with implications for classroom practice and teacher training.
Consciousness-raising and written error correction for young learners
Authors: Ito Lesley
Published: March 2020

Most experts in teaching children state that teaching grammar in the traditional way is inappropriate for children
under the age of ten. However, very little research has been done on the effectiveness of consciousness-raising (C-R) with young
learners. An action research (AR) project was conducted in a private language school for children, to investigate if a
consciousness-raising project would be an effective way to help children notice and correct the ten most commonly made errors they
made in their writing of weekly book reports. It was concluded that this consciousness-raising project was effective and a
positive experience for children over the age of ten, but sometimes frustrating and less effective for younger learners. The
conclusions reached through this action research project led to changes in school policy on error correction, as well as greater
efforts to educate the parents of the students.
Exploring the boundary between narrative research and narrative intervention
Authors: Abkhezr Peyman , McMahon Mary , Campbell Marilyn , Glasheen Kevin
Published: March 2020

Researchers need to be cautious and reflective about the boundaries between narrative research and narrative
intervention. Pursuing the ethics of care and the responsive and responsible practice of narrative inquiry obliges qualitative
researchers to remain sensitive about the implications of engaging participants in narrative inquiry. This is accentuated with
narrative inquiry into the life experiences of marginalised or disempowered populations. This study explored the implications of
engaging recently resettled young African participants in narrative inquiry interviews. Thematic analysis uncovered four themes
and 11 subthemes from the interviews. The Future Career Autobiography (FCA; Rehfuss,
2009, 2015) was used to understand these participants’ narrative themes and
explore the possibility of narrative change as a result of participating in narrative inquiry interviews. The findings illustrate
the transformative function of narrative inquiry as uncovered by the FCA, and how narrative inquiry could potentially cross a
boundary with narrative interventions such as narrative career counselling.
Self-presentation strategies and narrative identity
Authors: Dunlop William L. , McCoy Tara P. , Morse Patrick J.
Published: March 2020

Narrative identity is most often assessed via prompts for key autobiographical scenes (e.g., turning points).
Here, self-presentation strategies were examined in relation to the content and structure of key scenes. Participants
(N = 396) provided narratives of life high points, low points, and turning points from within one of four
assessment contexts and completed measures of self-deception positivity (SD) and impression management (IM). Narratives were coded
for a series of linguistic (e.g., causation words) and conceptual (e.g., redemption) dimensions. Individual differences in IM
corresponded with the linguistic and conceptual content of participants’ low points. This effect was particularly evident among
females (as compared to males) and the conceptual content of key scenes in conditions in which participants provided written (as
compared to spoken) narrative accounts. These results carry implications for the assessment and analysis of narrative
identity.
Grammatical uniformity of tense and aspect
Authors: Chandekar Amruta
Published: March 2020

This paper explores the pragmatic effects of Tense Shift in an Urdu narrative. A linguistic analysis of the semantic and pragmatic effects of Tense Shift is proposed. A key claim of this analysis is that the mechanisms of Tense Shift exist in sentence-level grammar in Urdu. The analysis seeks to provide an explanation for some of the properties of Tense Shift that have been pointed out in previous studies of Tense Shift in other languages. The paper discusses as well the extent to which this analysis is expected to apply to narratives in languages other than Urdu.
Horizontality and gender in contemporary social movements
Authors: Orton Naomi , de Andrade Biar Liana
Published: March 2020

The notion of horizontal, “structureless” organisation continues to hold resounding appeal for those seeking to create more egalitarian societies. Given horizontality’s comfortable status as the golden child of contemporary social movements, in this article we ask to what extent symmetrical relations may materialize discursively within an ostensibly horizontal group. To do so, we analyse two narratives of resistance which emerge during a meeting of bicycle advocates in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Uniting insider and outsider perspectives, our analysis suggests that gendered asymmetries are simultaneously contested and reified during the activists’ narrative and interactional practice. As such, this study highlights the need to take a critical stance towards discursive practice in order to further understand the construction of horizontality. In so doing, it may then be possible to build communities which foster minority groups’ active participation and the very transformative practice sought out by those who engage in social movements.
Usage-Based Studies in Modern Hebrew
Authors: Grossman Eitan , Nir Bracha , Reshef Yael
Published: March 2020

The goal of the volume is to shed fresh light on Modern Hebrew from perspectives aimed at readers interested in the domains of general linguistics, typology, and Semitic studies. Starting with chapters that provide background information on the evolution and sociolinguistic setting of the language, the bulk of the book is devoted to usage-based studies of the morphology, lexicon, and syntax of current Hebrew. Based primarily on original analyses of authentic spoken and online materials, these studies reflect varied theoretical frames-of-reference that are largely model-neutral in approach. To this end, the book presents a functionally motivated, dynamic approach to actual usage, rather than providing strictly structuralist or formal characterizations of particular linguistic systems. Such a perspective is particularly important in the case of a language undergoing accelerated processes of change, in which the gap between prescriptive dictates of the Hebrew Language Establishment and the actual usage of educated, literate but non-expert speaker-writers of current Hebrew is constantly on the rise.
Setting Modern Hebrew in space, time, and culture
Authors: Grossman Eitan , Reshef Yael
Published: March 2020

This introductory chapter presents general information about Modern Hebrew (MH), as the topic of the present
volume. It delineates major features of MH in order to contextualize the language in space – in terms of its community
of speakers; in time – in relation to its diachronic background and its status as a Semitic language; and in culture –
as reflected in various strands of research and the different labels assigned to the language at issue here. To this
end, the chapter starts with a short survey of the evolution and current use of MH as reviewed in the other chapters
of this introductory part of the book, followed by a brief survey of prescriptive and descriptive research on Modern Hebrew.
Historical overview of Modern Hebrew
Authors: Reshef Yael
Published: March 2020

The chapter starts by outlining the timeline of the language known as “Hebrew” from ancient times since the
2nd millennium BCE and Biblical times via the period of exile when the language existed in a state of diglossia for
nearly two millennia, serving mainly for ritual and religious purposes, and up to its transformation into a modern means of literary and journalistic expression in late 18th century Europe, and its revival as a means of everyday
communication, both spoken and written, in late 19th century and early 20th century ‘Eretz Yisrael’ (the land of Israel) or Palestine. The
chapter delineates the impact of classical strata on Modern Hebrew and traces processes of modernization and
standardization involved in its contemporary evolution.
Prescriptive activity in Modern Hebrew
Authors: Mor Uri
Published: March 2020

This chapter surveys prescriptive activity and discourse in Modern Hebrew from historical and
sociolinguistic perspectives. The first prescriptive efforts in the pre-Mandate period (up to 1918) were part of an
intensive language planning process aimed at creating a uniform functional national language based on classical Hebrew
sources. After the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948, the nationalistic tone of public discourse in Israel
increased, and with it prescriptive activity, up until the 1970s. At a very early stage in the formation of the speech
community, even prior to World War 1, two types of ideal (hegemonic) Hebrew began to emerge:
institutional (planned), reflecting a nationalistic and puristic stance grounded in the Jewish
past, and native (unplanned), reflecting a contrasting anti-institutional stance. Both types are
still active in contemporary public discourse in Israel, and together constitute a complex approach to prescriptivism
and the concept of correct language.
Derivation
Authors: Ravid Dorit
Published: March 2020

The chapter reviews derivational morphology in MH, as a domain critical to
lexical organization and content, with analyses based largely on empirical psycholinguistic
studies and distributional frequencies. Interrelations between derivation and inflection are
considered, with derivational processes analyzed as representing one-to-many and many-to-one
relations of form and meaning. Four major means of derivation are delineated: non-linear
root-pattern affixation, linear suffixation on stems , zero-derivation, and stem or root
reduplication. Verbs are analyzed as distinct from nominals (nouns and adjectives), the
binyan system of verb conjugations is reevaluated, with a distinction
between two subsystems of morphological, semantic, and syntactic interrelations, taking into
account the role of benoni present-tense/participials, defective roots,
frequency of use, transitivity and voice, and verb semantics. Nouns are analyzed in terms of
ontological categories such as Agent, Instrument, Location, and Adjectives are described as
basic, verb-derived, and noun-based, and Adverbs are noted as morphologically marginal in
MH.
Voice distinctions
Authors: Taube Dana
Published: March 2020

The category of voice in Modern Hebrew is perceived in the current study as
displaying a set of oppositions between two or three binyanim (templates)
for a single consonantal root, instantiating different argument structures that do not
affect the inventory of semantic roles characterizing a given root as a lexical entry. These
oppositions, once established, are examined for the complementary functional distribution of
their members in a variety of contexts in written Hebrew. Although the semantic
relationships between the binyanim are frequently unpredictable, the data
show that systematic form-function oppositions can nonetheless be distinguished, denoting
subtle voice distinctions as well as different degrees of argument participation in the
event. These oppositions can play an important role in the text.
Agreement alternations in Modern Hebrew
Authors: Melnik Nurit
Published: March 2020

Agreement is a type of relationship between two linguistic elements, often
characterized as an asymmetric relationship where one element, the
controller, determines the agreement features of another, the
target, within a particular syntactic domain. Although according to
prescriptive grammars, agreement relationships are stable and deterministic, usage-based
data reveal considerable variation. Building on data retrieved from
heTenTen 2014, a billion-token web-crawled Hebrew corpus, we present and
discuss two types of agreement alternations: (1) agreement targets which alternate between exhibiting feminine vs. masculine
gender, full vs. default agreement, and formal vs. semantic agreement, and (2) controller competition, where an agreement
target is controlled by one of two possible controllers. Naturally, this perspective on
agreement highlights the exceptions and overlooks the regularities, yet we argue that an
examination of such alternations provides clues as to the true nature of the agreement
relation.
The interplay of internal and external factors in varieties of
English
Authors: Hickey Raymond
Published: March 2020

The validity of a division of factors for
language change into internal and external forms the focus of the
present study. A distinction is made between speaker-internal and
speaker-external on the one hand and community-internal and
community-external on the other. A central concern is whether such
distinctions are merely artefacts of linguistic analysis or whether
they reflect the reality of speakers’ linguistic behaviour. Data is
considered from varieties of English to show that instances of
change are frequently combinations of factors and that the
disruption caused by socially-triggered change can be minimised by
speakers applying considerations of system symmetry and regularity
to a change and thus provide a clear trajectory which can be
transmitted across generations.
The myth of American English gotten as a
historical retention
Authors: Anderwald Lieselotte
Published: March 2020

In this article, I investigate where and when the
myth of American English as a conservative variety originates, and
how it has become linked to the verb form gotten in
particular. Drawing on corpus materials, prescriptive grammar
writers of the time, publications on Americanisms, and
nineteenth-century newspaper articles, this article shows that
gotten is not a historical retention, but was
revived in the nineteenth century in American English. However, this
revival was not linked (yet) to the idea of it being a specific
American form. Once this indexical link was established, however, it
seems to have fuelled the rise of gotten further.
The concept of gotten as indexing AmE linguistic
conservativism is thus indeed a myth (if a powerful one).
Diffusion of do
Authors: Hirota Tomoharu
Published: March 2020

This paper gives a diachronic perspective on
do-support of the semi-modal have
to under negation. Corpus evidence demonstrates that
do negation was regulated with have
to around the 1870s in American English and around the
1930s in British English. To elucidate the development of
have to towards do negation,
Krug (2000) invokes
two usage-based factors (analogical leveling and chunking); this
paper argues, however, that they do not adequately account for the
present findings. The current study instead provides the
constructionist approach in which language users are hypothesized to
have a form-driven abstraction over have to and the
main verb have, and proposes that the abstraction
played a key role in the change in question.
Women writers in the 18th century
Authors: Calvo Cortés Nuria
Published: March 2020

The present study analyses perfect auxiliaries
combined with a set of verbs that semantically encode an idea of
motion, either physical or metaphorical (arrived, become,
come, departed, entered, fallen, gone, got, grown, passed,
returned and run) in a corpus of eight
novels written by four women in the 18th century, Burney, Inchbald,
Radcliffe and Wollstonecraft. The focus is on whether the semantics
of the components of motion situations conditioned their choice of
auxiliary, and on whether there are differences within the texts
depending on where the perfect structures appear, in the narration
or in the dialogue. The conclusion indicates that the semantics of
motion situations, particularly the different types of
figure and ground, may have conditioned their
choices.
What it means to describe speech
Authors: Grund Peter J.
Published: March 2020

This article explores the form, frequency, and
function of “speech descriptors” (such as softly in
“It matters little,” she said, softly;
CLMET3.0, A Christmas Carol, Period 2: 1839) in
Late Modern English. Drawing on the narrative fiction category in
the CLMET3.0 corpus, I show the rise of speech descriptors across
the period, their linguistic characteristics, and their various
pragmatic functions. Most descriptors are evaluative in that they
indicate the narrator’s or author’s assessment of how the speech was
delivered. Often, the usage is connected with characterization,
demonstrating the evaluation of the original speaker in addition to
the speech. I also stress the importance of approaching speech
descriptors using variationist principles rather than word
normalization.
Case markers as subordinators in South American indigenous languages
Authors: van Gijn Rik
Published: March 2020

Nominalization (in different forms and guises) is one of the most common subordination strategies in South American indigenous languages. A frequently used nominalization strategy is to use case markers to indicate the semantic or structural relationship of the nominalized clause to the proposition expressed in the main clause. This paper aims to establish the extent to which these extensions of case markers to subordinate clauses are non-random, and to separate the role of language contact, genealogical retention, and universal preferences in explaining the distribution of case markers as subordinators in South American indigenous languages.
Nominalization in Central Alaskan Yup’ik
Authors: Tamura Yuki-Shige
Published: March 2020

This article analyzes related lexical and grammatical structures in Central Alaskan Yup’ik (CAY) in terms of the theory of nominalization (Shibatani 2018, this volume) focusing on the relationships between noun formation and grammatical structures paralleling so-called relative clauses in other languages. We first examine the characteristics of nominalizations lexicalized as nouns, showing that various types of nominalizers are employed in the formation of nouns, and then observe that essentially the same formal structure is utilized in relative-clause counterparts in CAY, with the use of some of the nominalizers seen in lexicalized forms (Jacobson 1995). We demonstrate that the differences between derived nouns and relative-clause counterparts are attributable to the different instantiations of the single process of nominalization–lexical nominalization and grammatical nominalization.
The ‘relative’ illusion and the origin of non-subject nominalizers in Cahita (Uto-Aztecan)
Authors: González Albert Álvarez
Published: March 2020

This paper proposes to analyze non-subject relative clauses in Cahita languages (†Tehueco, Yaqui, and Mayo, from the Uto-Aztecan family) as non-subject grammatical nominalizations used as appositives in restrictive appositions. This analysis is based on a diachronic perspective which considers the origin of the markers involved in these constructions as well as the evolutionary paths that lead to the relativization function. The study shows that the different origins proposed for non-subject nominalizers in Cahita (a possessed nominal classifier, a subject nominalizer, a directional postposition, and a locative postposition) are all different types of nominal markers indicating that the base clause/verb is treated as a nominal constituent; that is, that the construction has been nominalized. As for the evolution to the relativization function, the first nominalization uses of these markers are always associated with a referential function and the modifying function corresponds to a secondary development made via apposition, indicating that non-subject relativization in Cahita corresponds in fact to a specialized function of the non-subject nominalization: the modifying function of a possessed non-subject nominalization used as an appositive in a restrictive apposition.
The rise of the nominalizations
Authors: Bruil Martine
Published: March 2020

The nominalization of verbs in Ecuadorian Siona is carried out by nominal classifiers. The major types of nominalization in the language are event nominalization and subject nominalization. Object nominalization needs additional morphology. When verbs are not nominalized they carry portmanteau morphology that marks the categories of subject, clause type (assertive, reportative, interrogative, and dependent clauses) and tense. A peculiarity of the system is that the reportative, interrogative and dependent clause subject paradigms show a remarkable resemblance with nominal classifiers in the language. This paper proposes that the reportative forms grammaticalized from a reported speech construction through clause union, the interrogative forms grammaticalized from a (pseudo-)cleft construction through insubordination and the dependent clause forms developed from nominalizations that were used adverbially.
Semi-Commercial Field Evaluation of Yeast Formulations for Control of Mango Postharvest Decay Caused by Botryosphaeriacean Fungi in Organic Production
Authors: Carvalho Castro  , Tavares  , Araújo  , da Paz  , Gava
Published: March 2020

Botryosphaeriacean fungi usually cause mango rot in the tropics. They cause quiescent infections, and symptoms are detectable only in advanced stages of fruit ripening, imposing that control strategies begin in preharvest. Biocontrol is one of the few alternatives to control postharvest
decay of mango in organic or biological production. However, there is very few research specifically designed for organic mango production. The objective of this study was to evaluate four yeast strains applied in individual formulations to control postharvest decay of mango, as part of the
integrated management of postharvest fruit rot decay using preharvest spraying in an organic orchard. In a first experiment, the antagonist yeast strains Saccharomyces cerevisiae ESA45, Saccharomyces sp. ESA46, Saccharomyces sp. ESA47, and Pichia kudriavzevii CMIAT171
were applied to artificial wounds in organic mango fruits inoculated with propagule suspensions of virulent strains of Lasiodiplodia theobromae and Neofusicoccum parvum. All treatments significantly increased the period until the detection of rot symptoms and reduced rot severity.
Formulations containing starch+carboxymethyl celullose and the yeast strains were applied in two different production cycles (2014 and 2015/16) in a semi-commercial organic orchard. All treatments significantly reduced mango rot. Field spraying of Pichia kudriavzevii CMIAT171 reduced
disease index in 69.4% in an average for the two years.
Inductive conformal prediction for silent speech recognition
Authors: Zhang Ming , Wang You , Zhang Wei , Yang Meng , Luo Zhiyuan , Li Guang
Published: March 2020

Objective. Silent speech recognition based on surface electromyography has been studied for years. Though some progress in feature selection and classification has been achieved, one major problem remains: how to provide confident or reliable prediction. Approach. Inductive conformal prediction (ICP) is a suitable and effective method to tackle this problem. This paper applies ICP with the underlying algorithm of random forest to provide confidence and reliability. We also propose a method, test time data augmentation, to use ICP as a way to utilize unlabelled data in order to improve prediction performance. Main Results. Using ICP, p-values and confidence regions for individual predictions are obtained with a guaranteed error rate. Test time data augmentation also outputs relatively better conformal predictions as more unlabelled training data accumulated. Additionally, the validity and efficiency of ICP under different significance levels are demonstrated and evaluated on the silent speech recognition dataset obtained by our own device. Significance. These results show the viability and effectiveness of ICP in silent speech recognition. Moreover, ICP has potential to be a powerful method for confidence predictions to ensure reliability, both in data augmentation and online prediction.
Volume of the set of LOCC-convertible quantum states
Authors: Cunden Fabio Deelan , Facchi Paolo , Florio Giuseppe , Gramegna Giovanni
Published: March 2020

The class of quantum operations known as local operations and classical communication (LOCC) induces a partial ordering on quantum states. We present the results of systematic numerical computations related to the volume (with respect to the unitarily invariant measure) of the set of LOCC-convertible bipartite pure states, where the ordering is characterised by an algebraic relation known as majorization. The numerical results, which exploit a tridiagonal model of random matrices, provide quantitative evidence that the proportion of LOCC-convertible pairs vanishes in the limit of large dimensions, and therefore support a previous conjecture by Nielsen. In particular, we show that the problem is equivalent to the persistence of a non-Markovian stochastic process and the proportion of LOCC-convertible pairs decays algebraically with a nontrivial persistence exponent. We extend this analysis by investigating the distribution of the maximal success probability of LOCC-conversions. We show a dichotomy in behaviour between balanced and unbalanced bipartitions. In the latter case the asymptotics is somehow surprising: in the limit of large dimensions, for the overwhelming majority of pairs of states a perfect LOCC-conversion is not possible; nevertheless, for most states there exist local strategies that succeed in achieving the conversion with a probability arbitrarily close to one. We present strong evidence of a universal scaling limit for the maximal probability of successful LOCC-conversions and we suggest a connection with the typical fluctuations of the smallest eigenvalue of Wishart random matrices.
The Kibbutz and the Ashram: Sarvodaya Agriculture, Israeli Aid, and the Global Imaginaries of Indian Development
Authors: Siegel Benjamin
Published: March 2020

In the first two decades of Indian independence, members of the Sarvodaya movement—India’s popular, non-state program for Gandhian social uplift—sought to partner with representatives of Israel’s developmental apparatus to build a communal agricultural settlement at Gandhi’s former ashram. Working against the lure of large-scale, Nehruvian development, Cold War politics, and cool formal diplomatic relations between the two countries, Indian votaries of small-scale rural uplift saw in Israeli collective agriculture the chance to give Gandhian “constructive work” a practical program rooted in voluntary, village-based socialism—a goal that eluded Gandhi himself. Israeli planners saw their work with Indian civil society as a means of securing the formal diplomatic sanction largely stymied by India’s relationship with the broader Muslim world. Gandhi’s vision of the Indian “village Republic” and the Israeli model of agrarian collectivism both owed their origins to nineteenth-century utopian thought, and both projects felt anachronistic by the time of their decade-long joint effort, whose initial promise succumbed to realpolitik and the hegemony of the developmental state. Yet their work foregrounds the enduring international stake that Indian civil society maintained in development and nation-building, long presumed to have withered with the arrival of the nation-state.
Historians and Ethics: Finding Anne Moody
Authors: Hamlin Françoise N.
Published: March 2020

Anne Moody is best known for her 1968 autobiography, Coming of Age in Mississippi, which documented her first twenty-two years growing up in the Magnolia State, and her activism as part of the mass movement for civil rights before she fled the South. While the book was an instant success, assigned for decades in schools, colleges, and universities, we know little about Moody’s life thereafter. This essay tackles some of that history, and delves into the ethics of finding someone who did not want to be found and left nothing for researchers—yet a few legally obtained boxes containing sensitive personal information that highlighted trauma and mental illness became available for a couple of years in a university archive. The essay discusses some of the ethical issues historians must navigate as they follow research leads, and implicitly underscores the importance of personal and professional integrity in the method and product historians utilize and create.
Association of neuroinflammation with episodic memory: a [11C]PBR28 PET study in cognitively discordant twin pairs
Authors: Lindgren Noora , Tuisku Jouni , Vuoksimaa Eero , Helin Semi , Karrasch Mira , Marjamäki Päivi , Kaprio Jaakko , Rinne Juha O
Published: March 2020

Alzheimer’s disease is associated with chronic response of innate immune system, referred as neuroinflammation. PET radioligands binding to the 18 kDa translocator protein are potential biomarkers of neuroinflammation. Translocator protein PET studies in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease have indicated controversial results, possibly reflecting interindividual variation and heterogeneity of study populations. We controlled for genetic and environmental effects by studying twin pairs discordant for episodic memory performance. Episodic memory impairment is a well-known cognitive hallmark of early Alzheimer’s disease process. Eleven same-sex twin pairs (four monozygotic pairs, six female pairs, age 72–77 years) underwent [11C]N-acetyl-N-(2-methoxybenzyl)-2-phenoxy-5-pyridinamine ([11C]PBR28) PET imaging, structural magnetic resonance imaging and neuropsychological testing in 2014–17. Main PET outcome was the volume-weighted average standardized uptake value of cortical regions vulnerable to Alzheimer’s disease pathology. Ten pairs were discordant for episodic memory performance. In the eight pairs with identical translocator protein genotype, twins with poorer episodic memory had ∼20% higher cortical [11C]PBR28 binding compared with their better-performing co-twins (mean intra-pair difference 0.21 standardized uptake value, 95% confidence interval 0.05–0.37, P = 0.017). The result remained the same when including all discordant pairs and controlling for translocator protein genotype. Increased translocator protein PET signal suggests that increased microglial activation is associated with poorer episodic memory performance. Twins with worse episodic memory performance compared with their co-twins had on average 20% higher uptake of the neuroinflammatory marker translocator protein PET tracer 11[11C]PBR28. The findings support a negative association between neuroinflammation and episodic memory and the use of translocator protein positron emission tomography as a useful indicator of Alzheimer’s disease process.
Hippocampal Synaptic Plasticity, Spatial Memory, and Neurotransmitter Receptor Expression Are Profoundly Altered by Gradual Loss of Hearing Ability
Authors: Beckmann Daniela , Feldmann Mirko , Shchyglo Olena , Manahan-Vaughan Denise
Published: March 2020

Sensory information comprises the substrate from which memories are created. Memories of spatial sensory experience are encoded by means of synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus. Hippocampal dependency on sensory information is highlighted by the fact that sudden and complete loss of a sensory modality results in an impairment of hippocampal function that persists for months. Effects are accompanied by extensive changes in the expression of neurotransmitter receptors in cortex and hippocampus, consistent with a substantial adaptive reorganization of cortical function. Whether gradual sensory loss affects hippocampal function is unclear. Progressive age-dependent hearing loss (presbycusis) is a risk factor for cognitive decline. Here, we scrutinized C57BL/6 mice that experience hereditary and cumulative deafness starting in young adulthood. We observed that 2–4 months postnatally, increases in the cortical and hippocampal expression of GluN2A and GluN2B subunits of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor occurred compared to control mice that lack sensory deficits. Furthermore, GABA and metabotropic glutamate receptor expression were significantly altered. Hippocampal synaptic plasticity was profoundly impaired and mice exhibited significant deficits in spatial memory. These data show that during cortical adaptation to cumulative loss of hearing, plasticity-related neurotransmitter expression is extensively altered in the cortex and hippocampus. Furthermore, cumulative sensory loss compromises hippocampal function.
Direct Parabrachial–Cortical Connectivity
Authors: Grady Fillan , Peltekian Lila , Iverson Gabrielle , Geerling Joel C
Published: March 2020

The parabrachial nucleus (PB) in the upper brain stem tegmentum includes several neuronal subpopulations with a wide variety of connections and functions. A subpopulation of PB neurons projects axons directly to the cerebral cortex, and limbic areas of the cerebral cortex send a return projection directly to the PB. We used retrograde and Cre-dependent anterograde tracing to identify genetic markers and characterize this PB–cortical interconnectivity in mice. Cortical projections originate from glutamatergic PB neurons that contain Lmx1b (81%), estrogen receptor alpha (26%), and Satb2 (20%), plus mRNA for the neuropeptides cholecystokinin (Cck, 48%) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (Calca, 13%), with minimal contribution from FoxP2+ PB neurons (2%). Axons from the PB produce an extensive terminal field in an unmyelinated region of the insular cortex, extending caudally into the entorhinal cortex, and arcing rostrally through the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, with a secondary terminal field in the medial prefrontal cortex. In return, layer 5 neurons in the insular cortex and other prefrontal areas, along with a dense cluster of cells dorsal to the claustrum, send a descending projection to subregions of the PB that contain cortically projecting neurons. This information forms the neuroanatomical basis for testing PB–cortical interconnectivity in arousal and interoception.
Jurisdiction, State Immunity, and Judgments in the Restatement (Fourth) of US Foreign Relations Law
Authors: Dodge William S
Published: March 2020

In 2018, the American Law Institute published the Restatement (Fourth) of Foreign Relations Law, which restates the law of the United States governing jurisdiction, state immunity, and judgments. These issues arise with great frequency in international cases brought in US courts, including cases involving Chinese parties. This article provides an overview of many of the key provisions of the Restatement (Fourth). The article describes the Restatement (Fourth)’s treatment of the customary international law of jurisdiction, as well the rules of US domestic law based on international comity that US courts apply when deciding international cases.
Medicinal Cannabis for Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Survey of Perspectives, Experiences, and Current Use in Australian Patients
Authors: Benson Melissa J , Abelev Sarah V , Connor Susan J , Corte Crispin J , Martin Lewis J , Gold Lucy K , Suraev Anastasia S , McGregor Iain S
Published: March 2020

Background

Medicinal cannabis (MC) is an increasingly utilized treatment option for various refractory diseases. While robust clinical evidence supporting MC efficacy in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is lacking, many IBD patients report using MC to obtain symptomatic relief. Understanding this use and associated outcomes may help inform future clinical trials.

Methods

A cross-sectional anonymous online survey was conducted involving Australians with IBD. It examined attitudes and experiences with MC in relation to IBD management. The survey included validated sub-questionnaires assessing quality of life, medication adherence, IBD severity, and functional impairment.

Results

A total of 838 responses were obtained. Results showed 25.3% (n = 212) of respondents were current or previous users of MC (18.1% current, 7.2% previous). Half of the current users also consumed cannabis recreationally although less frequently than for medicinal purposes. Cannabis consumption was via smoking (joints 34.2%; water pipe/bongs 14.5%) or as an oral liquid (19.7%) with products obtained from recreational dealers (44.6%), friends/family (26.1%), or self-grown (9.8%). Only 3 respondents reported using legally accessed products. Clinical ratings of IBD severity did not differ according to cannabis use although users reported more hospitalizations, less engagement with specialist services, and lower medication adherence. IBD symptoms reported as positively affected by cannabis included abdominal pain, stress, sleep, cramping, and anxiety. Most users (92.7%) endorsed cannabis as effective in symptom management. Cannabis-using ulcerative colitis patients reported better quality of life than nonusers on some measures.

Conclusion

Many patients in Australia are using illicit MC to manage their IBD. Further clinical trials are required to validate, or refute, patient claims around MC efficacy for symptom control in IBD.
Settlement, Identity, and Memory in the Latin East: An Examination of the Term ‘Crusader States’
Authors: Buck Andrew D
Published: March 2020

In a recent article, Christopher MacEvitt posited that historians should eschew the term ‘crusader states’ to describe the four polities formed in the Levant and Syria as a result of the First Crusade (the kingdom of Jerusalem, the principality of Antioch, and the counties of Edessa and Tripoli), arguing that crusading and its remembrance had little influence in the east, and so these states should not be viewed as extensions of the west. This paper seeks to offer a critical response to this by making use of the methodological approaches which have recently traced the emergence, influence and definitions of crusading in the Latin West and have re-situated the movement within broader patterns of elite behaviours and cultural identities. The aim, therefore, is to examine the processes of identity formation among Latin settlers in the east, the active remembrance and memorialisation of the First Crusade, and, most especially, what influence the latter had over the nature of inter-cultural contact. It does so by adopting an interdisciplinary approach, which incorporates textual, literary, vernacular, documentary, material and artistic evidence. It will be argued that, although the term ‘crusader state’ cannot be used in a monolithic sense, it nevertheless remains a crucial medium through which to understand the complex social and cultural history of the Latin polities of Outremer, as well as their impact on the Near East. Examination of this concept not only contributes to modern understanding of these states, it also lends greater depth to historiographical discussions on the nature of the crusading movement as a whole.
Surgical treatment of pulmonary metastases in the Netherlands: data from the Dutch Lung Cancer Audit for Surgery
Authors: van Dorp Martijn , Beck Naomi , Steup Willem Hans , Schreurs Wilhelmina Hendrika
Published: March 2020

OBJECTIVES

Surgical resection is widely employed as a potential curative treatment option for patients with limited lung metastases originating from a wide range of primary tumours. However, there are no clear national or international practice guidelines and, thereby, the risk for potential practice variation exists. This study aims to define the current practice for the surgical treatment of pulmonary metastases in the Netherlands by using data from the Dutch Lung Cancer Audit for Surgery (DLCA-S).

METHODS

Data from the DLCA-S were used to analyse patients undergoing a parenchymal lung resection for the treatment of pulmonary metastases between 2012 and 2017. Volume of metastasectomies per hospital was calculated as a proportion of the volume of primary lung cancer resection. Studied outcomes were overall complications and postoperative mortality and complicated course. For the latter, both the national average and between-hospital variation were calculated.

RESULTS

A total of 2090 patients, distributed over 45 Dutch hospitals, were included for analysis. The most common primary cancer was colorectal carcinoma (N = 1087, 52.0%) followed by the urogenital carcinoma (N = 296, 14.2%). The most common type of parenchymal resection was a wedge resection (N = 1477, 70.7%) followed by a lobectomy (N = 424, 20.3%). Resection was performed minimally invasively in 1548 patients (74.1%) with a conversion rate of 3.8%. Resection of a solitary metastasis was performed in 1663 patients (79.6%). In 40 patients (1.9%), 4 or more metastases were resected. A postoperative complicated course was noted in 3.6%, and the 30-day mortality rate was 0.7%. The variety between hospitals in the volume of metastasectomies in proportion to the volume of primary lung cancer resections was 3.4–41.5%.

CONCLUSIONS

This analysis of the DLCA-S registry provides a unique insight into current practice on pulmonary metastasectomies in the Netherlands over a 6-year period. The rate of postoperative adverse outcome was limited, and the morbidity and mortality were lower compared to primary lung cancer resections in the DLCA-S database.
Human anelloviruses: diverse, omnipresent and commensal members of the virome
Authors: Kaczorowska Joanna , van der Hoek Lia
Published: March 2020

Anelloviruses are small, single stranded circular DNA viruses. They are extremely diverse and have not been associated with any disease so far. Strikingly, these small entities infect most probably the complete human population, and there are no convincing examples demonstrating viral clearance from infected individuals. The main transmission could be via fecal-oral or airway route, as infections occur at an early age. However, due to the lack of an appropriate culture system, the virus–host interactions remain enigmatic. Anelloviruses are obviously mysterious viruses, and their impact on human life is not yet known, but, with no evidence of a disease association, a potential beneficial effect on human health should also be investigated.