bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Understanding the Causalities between Multiple Environmental Variables and Droughts in Amazon Basin
Authors: Qian Weikang , Wen Yixin , Farahmand Alireza , Kisembe Jesse
Published: March 2024

Establishing an early-warning system for droughts in the Amazon Basin holds paramount importance due to the region's critical role in global climate regulation and biodiversity. Droughts in the Amazon not only impact local ecosystems and communities but also have far-reaching effects on global weather patterns and carbon storage capabilities. To fully understand the drought mechanism and improve early-warning monitoring, it is important not only to detect drought conditions by creating indicators but also to extract signals that could describe the risk of drought outbreaks. To reach this goal, our research characterizes pre-drought signals from multiple environmental variables using causal inference and information theory. This study focuses on environmental variables, such as temperature, precipitation, vapor pressure deficit, evapotranspiration rate, and relative humidity from three perspectives, spatiotemporal characteristic, anomalies, and accumulation. Environmental variables are obtained from satellite observations and reanalysis datasets. We harness the potential of these characteristics, exploring their intricate connections as precursors to drought formation and propagation. Expanding on simple association, we introduce causal inference techniques to discover causalities among environmental variables, and between environmental variables and droughts, while information theory helps us capture non-linear relationships among environmental variables. Thereby, we identify critical thresholds and pre-drought signals where these characteristics contribute to drought onset. This causality-based approach marks a departure from traditional indices, integrating temporal dynamics with a detailed understanding of system interactions. Our findings aim to contribute to sustainable land and water management in the Amazon, ultimately aiding in the preservation of its unique ecosystems and the services they provide.
Securing Antarctica’s Environmental Future: the East Antarctic Ice Sheet 
Authors: Mackintosh Andrew , McCormack Felicity , Jones Richard , Purich Ariaan , Beckmann Johanna , Tielidze Levan , Saunderson Dominic , Macha Jessica , Rand Cari , Bird Lawrence , Strugnell Jan , Lau Sally , Smith Jodie , McNeil Mardi , Whitmore Ross , McLennan Steph , Fulop Reka , Zammit Mangion Andrew , Henley Benjamin , McGregor Helen ,   Securing Antarctica's Environmental Future - Theme 1 Ice Sheets Team
Published: March 2024

Securing Antarctica’s Environmental Future (SAEF) is an Australian Research Council Special Research Initiative involving Australian and international universities and partner organisations. The scope of SAEF is broad, with three themes (1) climate processes and change, (2) biodiversity status and trends, and (3) environmental stewardship. Assessing the vulnerability of the Antarctic Ice Sheet in a warming climate is a focus of Theme 1 with objectives including (a) reconstructing past glacier behaviour to assess whether the current retreat is exceptional, or within the realm of natural variability, and to identify thresholds for future ice loss; (b) improving constraints on modern ice sheet boundary conditions and processes such as continental shelf, sub-glacial and sub-ice shelf topography, variability in snow accumulation, ice shelf melting and oceanographic processes, and (c) modelling past, present day and future ice sheet response to climate variability and change, including the influence of anthropogenic climate change, tropical-polar connections and high-latitude climate modes on the ice sheet. SAEF Theme 1 considers the entire Antarctic Ice Sheet, but we have a specific focus on the East Antarctic Ice Sheet including Denman and Vanderford glaciers which have experienced rapid grounding line retreat and have potential to contribute significantly to future sea level rise due to the presence of large subglacial basins inland of their current positions. 
I will summarise our initial findings and future scope of work including fresh insights into (1) the past behaviour of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet during warm interglacials, and from the Last Glacial Maximum leading into the preindustrial period, (2) the impacts of climate variability including the El Niño Southern Oscillation and the Southern Annular Mode on snow accumulation and surface melt in Antarctica, and (3) preliminary modelling to assess the vulnerability of the ice sheet to climate warming.
Learning Situation about Canary Islands and Western Sahara a relationship of proximity. 
Authors: Delgado García Antonio
Published: March 2024

The region between the coasts of Western Sahara, former territory administered by the Kingdom of Spain, and the eastern Canary Islands, Spanish overseas territory; Due to their proximity, they have had and have close relationships, both historical and current, of population communication, economic activities, and present the same challenges for the future. Analyzing a geostrategic and geopolitical vision of that region will allow us to understand the potential of the area, the challenges and challenges in the future in a changing world in its global and geopolitical order.
Provide usefulness and practical content for life as future citizens with critical thinking, through the use of geographical, social, economic sources that deal with the topic of study of the space between the Canary Islands and the Coasts of Western Sahara, so historically united during centuries.
Know how to analyze and understand the close relationships between:
-Have a holistic vision of the geographical space of the coasts of Western Sahara and the eastern Canary Islands (Gran Canaria, Fuerteventura, Lanzarote, La Graciosa).
-Analyze historical and current relationships between these spaces from the point of view of the activities that have geographical space as a medium (economic fishing activities, migrations and movement of populations throughout history, biogeographic region, use of the same space air, etc.).
-Have a long-term vision of the natural resources existing in that strip that are elements of current geopolitics (rare earths under the Canary Islands waters, presence of lithium, cobalt and phosphates on the coasts and interior of the Sahara; oil and gas reserves between coastal strips; submerged aquifers accessible from Western Sahara, etc.).
The methodology is directive teaching with the teaching role as facilitator of learning. and designer of learning situations that promote the acquisition of life skills and geographical content. Management of updated geographical and social sources is promoted, allowing field work and analysis in virtual or real contexts.
The aim is to develop in students a set of capacities, skills and attitudes that allow them to identify information, search for it effectively, in different formats, use various procedures specific to geography, manage and critically evaluate the information received; transform it into knowledge and communicate it appropriately and ethically. We will work transversally on the skills, or Key Competencies of the European Commission directives for educational issues; applying a competency approach, to integrate with special emphasis Digital Competence as it is the most frequent means of work; Competence in Linguistic and Multilingual Communication; the Learning to Learn Competition; and Social and Civic Competencies.
In order for the students to achieve this learning, and surpass the contents by acquiring these digital skills, they are asked to make a final digital product, through a PPT presentation, or an explanatory video with Explain Everything.
Temporal evolution of fracture connectivity and permeability in crystalline basement volumes: an applied stochastic modelling approach for the Mid-Norwegian margin
Authors: Hodge Matthew , Cottrell Mark , Knies Jochen , Viola Giulio
Published: March 2024

Offshore crystalline basement volumes forming fractured reservoirs contain hydrocarbons within hydraulically conductive fracture networks. These networks, in places occurring at sub-seismic scales, may develop from geologically long and complex polyphase deformation histories. If, on the one hand, characterising fracture-related permeability and connectivity is vital in assessing hydrocarbon play prospectivity, on the other it is challenging due to the inaccessibility of the off-shore volumes and the small average size and intricacy of transmissive fractures. Indeed, approaches relying on deep wells and regional seismic data usually lack the spatial, temporal, and genetic resolution to properly resolve the sub-seismic fracture networks that guarantee the secondary permeability of those rock volumes. Correlative studies on onshore analogues, may therefore be of great assistance. Leveraging the improved resolution advantages of a series of geologically well-constrained onshore analogues, this study incorporates multi-scalar lineament trace maps, outcrop, and drill hole orientation data from Smøla Island in Central Norway to identify a number of systematic fracture sets, associated fracture size distributions, and fracture frequency and trace intensities. Crucially, this study also incorporates both deterministic cross-cutting/termination information, and absolute K-Ar age constraints from fault gouges on Smøla on the age of formation of the main faults and fracture sets. These fracture and temporal input variables were used to generate several ‘grown’ discrete fracture network (DFN) models. By generating fractures in a series of timesteps, these models produce a more realistic simulation of natural fracture patterns, including important fracture intersections and terminations. The models represent stochastic fracture network realisations which 'back-strip’ from the present to the Mid-Cretaceous, Late Triassic-Early Jurassic, and the Late Carboniferous/Early Permian. Based on each of these time-stage models, probabilistic outputs of 3D fracture network connectivity, and permeability tensor orientations using assumed reservoir values were produced. Our findings suggest a temporal shift in the principal permeability (K) tensor orientations during the extension of the Mid-Norwegian margin, opening of the North Atlantic, and Norwegian Sea basin development. A comparative analysis with known Norwegian Sea reservoir charging and fluid migration events suggests possible key basement-hosted tectonic structural geometries that have had permeability values through time that are of interest for hydrocarbon accumulation and potential geofluid storage.
Examining the groundwater turnover in a lowland salt steppic oak forest
Authors: Kele Zsombor , Kalicz Péter , Gribovszki Zoltán
Published: March 2024

Over the past centuries, many changes have occurred in addition to climate change, from human encroachment to deforestation and drainage, and much more. Research has shown that lowland forests use a significant amount of groundwater, without which it is much harder to imagine their existence, even as a dominant source of water. It is therefore crucial to understand how much and how forests can be maintained under the expected conditions, because groundwater levels are sinking year by year in large parts of the Hungarian lowlands.From a conservation perspective, it is also crucial to investigate the activities taking place in the Ohat oak forest, which is a remnant area along the Tisza. Two groundwater wells were drilled in the region in 2021, and automated measuring equipment was put in each of them to track the daily variations in groundwater levels. In order to estimate the groundwater abstraction from the forest, we will utilize the White method to compute the groundwater recharge during times when there is no precipitation.Additionally, we will look at how the local conditions have changed in relation to the region's long-term meteorological data series. We will be able to compare the soil water recharge in various years thanks to the multi-year data series, and search for connections between the recharging and the monthly and yearly weather conditions. We will also compare the summer and winter periods of the recharging.This three years are very good for the examination, because there was also drought and wet years, the groundwater level was deeply subslided, and after that, in 2023, it was recharged a lot, because of the rainy weather. These conditions caused a big difference between every year’s recharging, which is instructive for the ecosystem functioning.The following joint projects (143972SNN project and the TKP2021-NKTA-43 project) supported the preparation of this paper. TKP2021-NKTA-43 has been implemented with the support provided by the Ministry of Innovation and Technology of Hungary (successor: Ministry of Culture and Innovation of Hungary) from the National Research, Development and Innovation Fund, financed under the TKP2021-NKTA funding scheme.
Global Extremes in Burnt Area
Authors: Hantson Stijn , Obando Cabrera Laura , Forrest Matthew
Published: March 2024

In recent years, the world has witnessed a surge in "extreme" fire events, with notable occurrences in regions like California and Australia, where their disproportionate impacts have been evident. However, the term "extreme fire" lacks a standardized definition, leading to a diverse and ambiguous usage. To address this, we utilize the MODIS burnt area record spanning 2002-2022 to systematically identify extreme fire years across diverse ecoregions worldwide. Our analysis detects most of the reported events in developed regions, but also additional extreme fire occurrences in less developed areas.While global fire models are commonly employed to estimate the overall impact of fires on a global scale, their ability to accurately represent extreme events remains uncertain. To assess this, we compare extreme events identified in the MODIS time series with simulations from six global fire models participating in FireMIP. The results reveal variations in model performance, with some models accurately simulating extreme events in burnt area while others exhibit limitations.Our findings highlight biases in reporting on extreme events and underscore the importance of a quantitative identification framework. Additionally, our analysis suggests that certain global fire models hold promise for studying extreme fire events. This research contributes to a more comprehensive understanding of global fire dynamics and impacts.
Analyzing drought legacy effects on streamflow with machine learning
Authors: Hoek van Dijke Anne , Oh Sungmin , Yu Xin , Orth Rene
Published: March 2024

Prolonged periods of below-average precipitation decrease streamflow, deplete soil moisture and groundwater reservoirs, and affect vegetation health. These effects can last for several years even after precipitation returns to normal. This way, droughts can decrease or increase streamflow for post-drought years. These drought legacy effects were found in a few local studies, but they have not yet been studied at global scale. Here, we study drought legacy effects on streamflow in > 1100 catchments distributed across the globe using Long-Short Term Memory (LSTM) models. This type of data-driven model is very suitable for time-series predictions with long-term dependencies, and LSTMs are therefore frequently used to model streamflow. We train our LSTM model for each catchment to predict streamflow based on meteorological forcing data. For training, we include all available data between 1980 – 2019, but we exclude the drought legacy years (the two years after each drought year). We assume that our models do therefore not know about the drought legacy effects. After training we use the LSTM models to predict streamflow for drought legacy years. We then define the legacy effects as the difference between model errors (the difference between the predicted and measured streamflow) for drought legacy years, in comparison to the model errors for normal years. Using this methodology, we find catchments that show no, positive, or negative drought legacy effects. In the next step we will study if these legacy effects vary along climate or land cover gradients. And we additionally include satellite data of vegetation greenness, evaporation, and terrestrial water storage in the LSTM training to study two hypotheses: 1) we find negative drought legacy effects due to a depletion of groundwater, and 2) we find positive drought legacy effects, because vegetation mortality leads to decreased evaporation after the drought.Our study offers a new perspective on understanding drought legacy effects on streamflow using observational data and demonstrates the usefulness of machine learning in uncovering complex drought impacts. 
Water Footprints of Growing Maize Crops in the Danube Plain (Bulgaria)
Authors: Nikolova Nina , Matev Simeon
Published: March 2024

The water footprint of maize production is an indicator that provides information not only about direct water use for crop yields but also about indirect water use and virtual water trade. The general aim of the present research is to enlarge the knowledge about climate variability's impact on agriculture concerning improving sustainable water use for crop production. The accent of the proposed work will be on the assessment and analysis of green (rainfed production) and blue (irrigation water) water used for growing maize crops in the Danube Plain (Bulgaria).The investigation is based on the following data: climatic data (air temperature, precipitation, wind speed, relative humidity); statistical data from agriculture, local authorities, and farmers (data about crop parameters and yields, and irrigation), and geographical data (climatic maps, maps about land use, soil maps, maps of main agricultural plants dissemination). The calculation and assessment of the water footprint of growing maize is done by the application of Cropwat software. The water needed for irrigation under various crop management options is determined. The main investigated period is 1961-2022 but special attention is given to water footprints of maize production during the extreme dry and extreme wet years. The results of the present work allow us to identify the hotspots regarding water use and water scarcity. The knowledge about the water footprint and climate-agriculture relationship could be used in water resources management and for effectively coping with the environmental and economic problems related to water scarcity and drought.Acknowledgments: This study has been carried out in the framework of the project “The Nexus Approach in Agriculture. The water-food nexus in the context of climate change”, supported by the Ministry of Education and Science (MES) of Bulgaria (Agreement № КП-06-КОСТ-2/17.05.2022 and is based upon work from COST Action NEXUSNET, CA20138, supported by COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology).
A citywide analysis of urban soil in parks: metals and organic matter concentration and homogeneous infiltration capacity  
Authors: Acevedo Sara , Vega Alejandra , Pastén Pablo , Bonilla Carlos
Published: March 2024

Urban soil parks have been extensively studied, but there is still no consensus on how urban soils properties change both spatially and at different urbanization levels. There is evidence that anthropogenic pressures such as the level of urbanization can affect the physical and chemical properties of urban soils, but the conclusions change depending on the city studied. This paper evaluates how topsoil properties differ as a function of urbanization level (parks located inner or outer the main city ring-road) and park characteristics (type of park i.e. treed or turf-covered). The following soil properties were measured in 59 urban topsoils: organic matter (OM), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn).  Near-saturated hydraulic conductivity (Knear) was measured in two urban parks. Comparison of urban soils located inside and outside the main city ring showed a significant increase in the amount of OM (p < 0.05). Based on a soil survey from the 1990s, the increase in OM was confirmed by comparison with background values. Higher values of Cu, Pb and Zn (p < 0.05) inner the ring was found in comparison to outer. Knear ranged from 0.192 mm/hour to 150.0 mm/hour, near to the lower bound values reported in other similar urban soil studies. No statistically significant differences between parks were found (treed vs. turf-covered). OM and metals show higher values in more urbanized areas, showing the potential effect of anthropogenic pressure on urban soils, while Knear did not vary regards to different parks, showing a lower infiltration capacity than in other studies.
Development of JAGFLUX: An eddy covariance flux tower network in the Mobile-Tensaw Delta, the second largest delta in the United States
Authors: de Oliveira Gabriel , Hellenkamp Skye , Lehrter John
Published: March 2024

The Mobile-Tensaw Delta comprises one of the United States most important urban-influenced coastal systems. Known as the “North America’s Amazon”, the Mobile-Tensaw Delta has experienced significant anthropogenic disturbance such as from logging, land- cover change, and hydrologic modification. This region is also extremely susceptible to the consequences of climate change. On the land, these consequences include temporal trends and variability in temperature, precipitation, evapotranspiration and primary productivity. Whereas from the water, stressors include sea level rise, increasing salinity, changing period and frequency of wetland inundation, and changing sedimentation regimes. In combination, trends and variability in the environment are expected to increase plant water stress and alter water and carbon cycling processes in the Mobile-Tensaw Delta. Eddy covariance is of great use to several regulatory and commercial applications, related to environmental and water management, industrial monitoring, agricultural production, and other areas where directly measured energy, water vapor or gas exchanges, emissions and budgets are of interest. Major flux measurement networks exist to provide global synthesis, which allows interpretation of one particular site in the context of world-wide observations. Automated and semi-automated technical tools are now also available to expand the use of automated flux stations, individually and as a part of cross shared flux networks, into modelling and remote sensing with global coverage and local resolution. In the JAGFLUX network, we are designing and implementing a structure of eddy covariance towers throughout the Mobile-Tensaw Delta in order to understand the responses of different terrestrial ecosystems on releasing/absorbing water to and from the atmosphere and emitting/absorbing carbon to and from the atmosphere. The idea is to create a network of eddy covariance flux towers over hardwood evergreen forests, wetlands, marshes and also agricultural areas in the surroundings. These towers, together with remote sensing (satellite) data and modeling we will be able to investigate, e.g., how different ecosystems in the Delta are behaving, both spatially and temporally, in terms of acting a sink or source of carbon. Moreover, the measurements will help to improve fundamental, process-level understanding of the vegetation structure across the Mobile-Tensaw Delta, serving as a basis for future studies addressing the future link between forest degradation, water-use efficiency, and climate change in the region.
Connecting warming patterns of the paleo-ocean to our future
Authors: Zhang Yige , Liu Xiaoqing , Huber Matthew , Chang Ping , Wang Lei
Published: March 2024

Evolution of the spatial pattern of ocean surface warming impacts global radiative feedbacks, but different climate models have yielded different estimates of the spatial pattern in future climate change. Paleoclimate data, particularly those from past warm climates can help constrain the future, equilibrium warming pattern. Here, employing a novel regression-based technique, we eliminated the temporal domain in sea surface temperature (SST) over the past 10 million years to reveal the underlying spatial pattern of SST changes during global warming, facilitating direct comparisons between past climate data and present/future climates. Long and globally distributed paleo-SSTs are regressed onto records from the Western Pacific Warm Pool (WPWP), the warmest endmember of the global ocean, and the resulting regression slope is used to quantify the SST change of non-WPWP regions relative to the WPWP. We thereby identify a distinct spatial pattern of amplified warming that aligns with the patterns observed in certain equilibrated model simulations under high CO2 conditions. The agreement between paleoclimate records and model outputs showcases the convergence of efforts to understand Earth's past and predict its future climates. Collectively they help us to define an equilibrium warming pattern that substantially differs from the transient pattern observed over the past 160 years, illuminating our potential future path of “pattern effect” and its impact on global mean surface temperature change.
The first global survey of the Earth’s surface waters with the SWOT satellite mission
Authors: Morrow Rosemary , Fu Lee-Lueng , Farrar J. Thomas , Pavelsky Tamlin , Cretaux Jean-Francois
Published: March 2024

The NASA/CNES international Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) mission was launched in December 2022 to provide the first global survey of the Earth’s surface waters. The fundamental advancement of SWOT is the capability to observe the elevation of the ocean and terrestrial surface waters with the resolution of SAR imagery.  The 2D spatial resolution is more than an order of magnitude better than conventional satellite altimetry, enabling the study of water storage and exchange from millions of small-scale lakes, rivers and floodplains, as well as observing the small-scale ocean eddies and fronts that are essential to the ocean’s heat and carbon uptake from the atmosphere. The increased resolution will also advance the study of nearshore processes to assess the coastal impact of sea level rise, flooding and severe weather. SWOT’s global coverage up to 78° in latitude allows enhanced observation of the ocean circulation and sea-ice dynamics in the rapidly-changing polar oceans.During the first 6 months of the mission, SWOT was in a 1-day fast-repeat orbit, firstly for engineering checkout and then for scientific validation. This provided a unique data set to explore the rapid evolution of the small-scale dynamics and water storage and exchange. From mid-July 2023 onwards, SWOT has provided global coverage in its 21-day orbit, and will continue for a minimum of 3 years. Numerous field campaigns were conducted in 2023 to validate SWOT in the open ocean, nearshore and coastal regions, and over the lakes and rivers sampled by SWOT’s repeat orbits.SWOT’s unique, high-resolution 2D observations of water elevation and SAR imagery, combined with field campaign data, and other satellite data and models, provide a new vision of many small-scale dynamical phenomena: from ocean and nearshore zones (mesoscale eddies, dynamical fronts, tides and internal tides, effects of air-sea interactions) to coastal and estuarine contexts (tidal deformation, multi-scale water level changes, flooding) and the global freshwater water storage and exchange between lakes, reservoirs, and rivers. Yet the rapid changes of the ocean and inland waters revealed by the 1-day repeat data pose a challenge to the analysis of the 21-day repeat data from the global mapping phase of the mission.  New mapping techniques are required to enable us to retain the small-scale, rapidly-evolving structures that are observed as snapshots during the global 21-day sampling phase. The SWOT mission team are reaching out to machine learning, data inversion and assimilation specialists to help us reap the rewards from a wealth of new global information about the Earth’s surface waters. Finally, SWOT is the first global mission demonstrating excellent results with SAR-Interferometry, paving the way for future planned operational missions in the 2030s (eg Copernicus Sentinel-3 Next Generation Topography missions).
Intra- and interannual variability in the Atlantic Water inflow region north of Svalbard: sea ice, hydrography, nutrients and the potential for primary production
Authors: Renner Angelika , Sundfjord Arild , Reigstad Marit , Bailey Allison , Lundesgaard Øyvind , Ingvaldsen Randi , Chierici Melissa , Jones Elizabeth , Beszczynska-Möller Agnieszka
Published: March 2024

Atlantic Water (AW) is the major source of heat and nutrients to the Arctic Ocean. Changing AW inflow promotes sea ice decline and borealisation of marine ecosystems and affects primary production in the Eurasian Arctic. North of Svalbard, the AW inflow dominates oceanographic conditions along the shelf break and hence the distribution of heat and nutrients in the region. However, interaction with sea ice and Polar Surface Water determines nutrient supply to the euphotic layer. Using a combination of multidisciplinary approaches such as ship-based measurements and sampling, moored sensors, remote sensing and numerical modelling, we have been monitoring and studying the AW boundary current north of Svalbard since 2012. In this presentation, I will show some of our findings with particular focus on repeated measurements from a transect across the AW inflow at 31°E, 81.5°N. Large interannual variability in hydrography, nutrients and chl a indicates varying levels of nutrient drawdown by primary producers over summer. Sea ice conditions impact surface stratification, light availability, and wind-driven mixing, with a strong potential for steering chl a concentration over the productive season. In early winter, nutrient re-supply through vertical mixing varied in efficiency, again related to sea ice conditions. The autumn re-supply elevated nutrient concentrations sufficiently for primary production but likely happened too late as high-latitude light levels limited potential autumn blooms. Multidisciplinary observations are key to gain insight into the interplay between physical, chemical, and biological drivers and to understand ongoing and future changes. They are particularly important in regions like north of Svalbard that can indicate what we can expect in the central Arctic Ocean in the future.
A Deep Learning Approach to Lightning Nowcasting and Forecasting
Authors: Jones Randall , Thornton Joel , Durran Dale , Jaeglé Lyatt , Wright Christopher , Holzworth Robert
Published: March 2024

Lightning plays a fundamental role in Earth’s climate system and is a frequently occurring natural hazard. However, lightning remains a relatively unpredictable area of meteorology, especially in terms of lightning frequency per convective event, with limited ability for nowcasting and forecasting of lightning occurrence. The goal of this study is to develop a deep learning algorithm able to replicate lightning stroke density on a climatological average, as well as on a convective feature basis. We use a convolutional neural network (CNN) containing combinations of the following variables at 0.5-degree by 0.5-degree spatial resolution and a 3-hourly temporal-resolution over a domain that encompasses most of the Western Hemisphere: lightning from the World-Wide Lightning Location Network (WWLLN), precipitation rate from NASA’s Integrated Multi-satellite Retrievals for GPM (IMERG) and convective available potential energy (CAPE), cloud base height (CBH), two-meter temperature (T2M) and zero degree level (ZDL) from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasting (ECMWF). We train the CNN on the years from 2010 to 2018, and tested on the years 2019 to 2022. Model performance was evaluated on a four-year average through changes to the initial seed used to train the model, the loss function used, transformations to the lightning dataset, and changing the spatial and temporal resolution of the input datasets. We further examined the value of 11 input variable combinations, from single variables to all five variables used in training. Preliminary results show that changing the initial seed, as well as changing the loss function from mean squared error to mean-squared logarithmic error, does not greatly impact model performance when running the model with more than one input variable. Results vary amongst the variable combinations, but amongst the different initial seeds and loss functions, the r-squared values remain above 0.75 for every model configuration over both land and ocean. Model performance is improved when using higher time resolution training set but not necessarily a higher spatial resolution. For example, a 1-degree by 1-degree spatial resolution and a 3-hourly time resolution resulted in an r-squared between predicted and observed lightning frequency 0.1 higher than that using 0.5-degree by 0.5-degree spatial resolution and a daily time resolution. The model is able to reproduce the approximate evolution of lightning stroke density of individual convective events, but tends to overestimate the stroke density on a 3-hourly basis. Future work will include a steeper penalty for overestimating lightning occurrence during training. These results show that larger-scale weather forecasting and earth system models could significantly improve lightning stroke density parameterizations by incorporating deep learning results.
Constraining Ion Precipitation onto Ganymede’s Surface with Backscattered Energetic Neutral Atoms
Authors: Szabo Paul S. , Poppe Andrew R. , Mutzke Andreas , Liuzzo Lucas , Carberry Mogan Shane R.
Published: March 2024

Ion precipitation onto Ganymede, shaped by interaction between the Jovian plasma and Ganymede’s magnetosphere, has been connected to brightness patterns and radiolysis products on its surface [1,2]. JUICE will measure ion fluxes in-situ at around 500 km altitude, leaving uncertainties for the precipitation patterns on the surface [3]. At Earth’s Moon, backscattered Energetic Neutral Atoms (ENAs) have been shown to be suitable for studying the ion-surface interaction from an orbiting spacecraft [4]. We now present the first modeling of ENAs created by backscattered H, O and S ions at Ganymede, which will enable JUICE to remotely observe the ion impacts. Using the SDTrimSP code [5], which has been verified for backscattered ENAs at the Moon [6, 7], we account for inputs of magnetospheric plasma precipitation from hybrid simulations [8] and Ganymede’s surface composition from telescopic observations [9].Our simulation results support that backscattering is an important formation process mainly for atomic H and O populations, whose properties are directly related to the precipitation conditions. Especially backscattered H ENAs dominate over any sputtered ENAs [10] above at least around 1 keV, making them ideal candidates for observing the plasma-surface interaction at Ganymede. Compared to lunar ENAs, backscattering probabilities are lower, but extended high-energy tails occur due to energetic ion populations in the Jovian plasma. The backscattering process thus creates neutral atom contributions that are candidates for observation with both JUICE’s JNA and JENI instruments. [1]          S. Fatemi, et al., Geophys. Res. Lett. 43 (2016), 4745.[2]          S.K. Trumbo, et al., Sci. Adv. 9 (2023), eadg3724.[3]          C. Plainaki , et al., Astrophys. J. 940 (2022), 186.[4]          Y. Futaana, et al., Gephys. Res. Lett. 40 (2013), 262.[5]          A. Mutzke, et al., IPP Report 2019-02 (2019).[6]          P.S. Szabo, et al., Geophys. Res. Lett. 49 (2022), e2022GL101232.[7]          P.S. Szabo, et al., J. Geophys. Res.: Planets 128 (2023), e2023JE007911.[8]          A.R. Poppe, et al., J. Geophys. Space Phys. 123 (2018), 4614.[9]          N. Ligier, et al., Icarus 333 (2019), 496.[10]       A. Pontoni, et al., J. Geophys. Space Phys. 127 (2022), e2021JA029439.  
Integrated geophysical-geodetic-geotechnical systems for slope-scale landslide monitoring
Authors: Chambers Jonathan , Boyd James , Wilkinson Paul , Meldrum Philip , Kuras Oliver , Harrison Harry , White Adrian , Swift Russell , Dashwood Ben , Novellino Alessandro , Kirkham Matthew , Bruce Edward , Donohue Shane , Watlet Arnaud , Whiteley Jim , Uhlemann Sebastian , Binley Andrew
Published: March 2024

Moisture induced landslides in clay slopes are generally driven by heterogeneity in both saturation levels and material properties and their arising complex and dynamic interactions in the subsurface. The use of time-lapse geophysical imaging can illuminate four-dimensional subsurface moisture dynamics and geotechnical property changes at the slope-scale, thereby complementing conventional geotechnical point sampling and sensing, and geodetic observations of the ground surface. Here we consider: (1) the development of novel time-lapse geoelectrical, seismic and fibre-optic geophysical imaging technologies for landslide monitoring; (2) in-situ and laboratory derived petrophysical relationships to enable geotechnical information to be estimated from geophysical models; (3) surface topography determination and ground deformation tracking using geodetic observations; (4) coupled geophysical-hydrological modelling of slopes; (5) perspectives and recommendations for the incorporation of integrated geophysical-geodetic-geotechnical technologies into landslide early warning systems – illustrated using results from a number of long-term field observatories.
Future technologies to detect unknown dangerous substances in wastewater
Authors: Rübig Peter
Published: March 2024

Wastewater ist collected and mixed in a big network from urban and rural areas. Many methods exist to detect the danger of viruses, germs, pathogens or others. You can also detect from the endpoints like toilet seats or some sensors in check valves can also be mixed by mixer and compressor to gain data quality. Also you can add some chemicals like chlorine to get better quality. The values can be collected in big secure databases to ensure the gpdr and other standards to provide maximal data protection for the people. This personal data should be confidential with maximum trust of users.
From the Surface Ocean to the Seafloor: Linking Modern and Paleo-Genetics at the Sabrina Coast, East Antarctica (IN2017_V01)
Authors: Armbrecht Linda , Focardi Amaranta , Lawler Kelly-Anne , O’Brien Phil , Leventer Amy , Noble Taryn , Opdyke Bradley , Duffy Meghan , Evangelinos Dimitris , George Simon C. , Lieser Jan , López-Quirós Adrián , Post Alix , Ostrowski Martin , Paulsen Ian , Armand Leanne
Published: March 2024

With ongoing climate change, research into the biological changes occurring in particularly vulnerable ecosystems, such as Antarctica, is critical. The Totten Glacier region, Sabrina Coast, is currently experiencing some of the highest rates of thinning across all East Antarctica. An assessment of the microscopic organisms supporting the ecosystem of the marginal sea-ice zone over the continental rise is important, yet there is a lack of knowledge about the diversity and distribution of these organisms throughout the water column, and their occurrence and/or preservation in the underlying sediments. Here, we provide a taxonomic overview of the modern and ancient marine bacterial and eukaryotic communities of the Totten Glacier region, using a combination of 16S and 18S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing (modern DNA) and shotgun metagenomics (sedimentary ancient DNA, sedaDNA). Our data show considerable differences between eukaryote and bacterial signals in the water column versus the sediments. Proteobacteria and diatoms dominate the bacterial and eukaryote composition in the upper water column, while diatoms, dinoflagellates, and haptophytes notably decrease in relative abundance with increasing water depth. Little diatom sedaDNA was recovered from the sediments. Instead, sedaDNA was dominated by Proteobacteria and Retaria. We compare the diatom microfossil and sedaDNA record and link the weak preservation of diatom sedaDNA to DNA degradation while sinking through the water column to the seafloor. This study provides the first assessment of DNA transfer from ocean waters to sediments and an overview of the microscopic communities occurring in the climatically important Totten Glacier region. Such knowledge is important when reconstructing past ecosystems using the emerging sedaDNA approach as a new paleo-proxy, and the interpretation of biological changes in response to Antarctic ice sheet advances and retreats.
The seismic source parameters of the South Hangay Fault System in Central Mongolia
Authors: Dashdondog Mungunsuren , Chimed Odonbaatar , Meltzer Anne , Dorjsuren Ankhtsetsteg
Published: March 2024

The purpose of the study is to describe a geodynamic process in the study area using its focal mechanism and stress field inversion to characterize precise events along the study area, the rupture zones of the South Hangay Fault System (SHFS). This fault system was activated by four earthquakes which are occurred along the Bayanbulag fault (2012/10/03, Mw=4.7) and Bayankhongor fault (2013/01/05, Mw=4.2, & Mw=4.2; 2013/11/25, Mw=3.9). These earthquakes are the strongest in the fault zone.From the Mongolian National Data Center's database, it has chosen 2228 occurrences (0.1ML5.4) from the Handay Experiments, which used 72 broadband seismometers to cover Hangay Dome. Using HypoDD with a double-difference technique, its seismic station density provides us with precise hypocenter location along the fault system. Among these events, 47 focal mechanism solutions were determined using the first-motion polarity of the P wave from the experimental seismic networks of Mongolia. Then, we classified the determined focal mechanism parameters. According to classification, three main cluster zones are related to the Bayanbulag (BB), Bayankhongor North (BHN), and Bayankhonor South (BHS) fault zones along the rupture area of the South Hangay Fault System. Furthermore, we determined the stress fields, stress regime, and the horizontal maximum (SHmax), and minimum (Shmin) stress orientations for all three zones.  We concluded that the whole SHFS is a left-lateral strike-slip fault with normal and reverse components, NE-SW shortening, and corresponding NW-SE extension. Its compression orientation in the NE-SW direction is the same as the azimuth direction of the India-Asia collision.We hope that this stress inversion results can be a useful tool for geodynamic and seismotectonic analysis of this part of Mongolia and it will give a better understanding of different stress regimes.
Multimodel – multidata simulations for mapping evapotranspiration and its uncertainty of estimation from remote sensing data
Authors: Olioso Albert , Mwangi Samuel , Desrutins Hugo , Sobrino José , Skoković Drazen , Carrière Simon , Farhani Nesrine , Etchanchu Jordi , Demarty Jérôme , Hu Tian , Mallick Kanishka , Jia Aolin , Buis Samuel , Weiss Marie , Ollivier Chloé , Boulet Gilles
Published: March 2024

Evapotranspiration (ET) is a fundamental element of the hydrological cycle which plays a major role on surface water balance and surface energy balance. At local scale, ET can be estimated from detailed ground observations, for example using flux towers, but these measurements are only representative of very limited homogeneous area. When regional information is required, e.g.  for monitoring ground water resources, ET can be mapped using thermal infrared and spectral reflectance data. Various ET models have been developed but there was no competitive evaluation of them over a large range of situations, so that it is not possible to evaluate the intrinsic performance of one model compared to another. In such situation, ensemble model averaging may provide a coherent estimation of ET with an increased overall accuracy. In this work the ensemble modelling approach is extended to a multi-model – multi-data framework that provides ET estimations together with an uncertainty of estimation.We developed the EVASPA framework for estimating ET through ensemble averaging with the objective of providing estimates of ET together with an estimation uncertainty. In this presentation we present a full analysis of the uncertainties of ET estimation in relation to uncertainties in input variables and models. Airborne remote sensing data were acquired over the Grosseto area in Italy in the frame of the ESA SurfSense experiment (high spatio-temporal Resolution Land Surface Temperature Experiment) in support of the LSTM mission project (Copernicus Land Surface Temperature Monitoring). Evapotranspiration was computed using two different types of models considering: -1) the evaporative fraction (EF) computed from the variability of surface temperature versus vegetation amount (fraction cover) or albedo over the investigated areas ('triangle' approach) and -2) the residual aerodynamic equation. Two types of uncertainties were computed: the ‘novice user’ uncertainty and the ‘expert user’ uncertainty which differed by the previous knowledge on the accuracy of input data and on the performances of models that was available to users. Evapotranspiration uncertainties ranged between 0.8 mm.d-1 (EF model, expert case) and 2.7 mm.d-1 (aerodynamic model, novice case). The analysis showed that the main uncertainty sources were related to model formulations (evaporative fraction calculation and ground heat flux calculation for both types of models) and to solar radiation (both types of models), wind speed and air temperature (aerodynamic model).The EVASPA framework is presently used for the definition of the ET product in the frame of the TRISHNA thermal infrared space mission (CNES/ISRO).
Exploring englacial hydrology with surface nuclear magnetic resonance
Authors: Gabriel Laura , Hertrich Marian , Moser Raphael , Ogier Christophe , Maurer Hansruedi , Farinotti Daniel
Published: March 2024

The amount and distribution of liquid water inside a glacier are relevant for its dynamics, related natural hazards or for sediment transport. Experimentally investigating the glacier's hydrology is challenging because of restricted accessibility, investigation depth, material properties, and environmental factors. In addition, the subglacial drainage network is highly dynamic and undergoes diurnal and seasonal changes.This contribution investigates the application of surface nuclear magnetic resonance (SNMR) to characterize the liquid water distribution within Swiss Alpine glaciers. Analogous to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in medicine, SNMR utilizes an oscillating magnetic field to excite nuclear spins of hydrogen atoms within water molecules. The subsequent spin relaxation is then analyzed, providing insights into the probed material. In simpler terms, this process allows us to directly detect liquid water in ice and gain information on its spatial distribution.We conducted a first SNMR field survey on Rhonegletscher in the summer of 2023. During this survey, we tested various measurement configurations, including separate-loop measurements and the application of noise-compensation loops. The latter proved crucial for subsequent data processing. After carefully optimizing the processing scheme, we extracted SNMR signals in several recordings despite the poor signal-to-noise ratio. The results were compared to 1D forward-modelled data, suggesting that the average water content in the survey area lay between 0.7 and 1.2 %. In addition, we could show that a homogenous water distribution over the entire ice column cannot explain the observed data and that we need to consider more complex subsurface models including at least one additional water layer. Specifically, our ongoing research aims to identify which configurations of the subglacial water distribution (e.g., homogenous water distribution vs layered water-ice structure resulting from an englacial water channel) are distinguishable experimentally. Moreover, the study seeks to optimize measurement design and data processing methodologies to acquire information more efficiently, and effectively handle the expected low signal-to-noise ratios.In future field campaigns, we intend to deploy SNMR for selected glaciological case studies within the Swiss Alps. A primary focus will be on efficiently detecting water pockets that may pose a potential risk of downstream flooding upon rupture. Similarly, we want to investigate the extent to which we can distinguish cold from temperate ice.