bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
How Behavioral Economics can enrich the Perspective of the Austrian School
Authors: Kähler Malte Tobias
Published: March 2021

Economists early felt that something was not quite right with equi- librium economics and its corresponding «feature», the rational homo oeconomicus. Critique came from the Austrian school (see for instance: Huerta de Soto (1998), Kirzner (1997), Mises (1940, 1957), Rothbard (1962, 1997), yet from other sides, as well.

Complexity economics (Arthur 1999) was built on physics — just like León Walras’ equilibrium approach (Walras 1874). But it added interdisciplinary findings from biology, psychology and computer science. It views the economy not as a deterministic, predictable and stable system, but as an evolving process (see Arthur (1999, 1995, 2013) and Beinhocker (2006) for a review of the paradigm).

Furthermore, behavioral economics (Kahnemann and Tversky 1979 and Kahnemann 2011), showed that real human behavior often times falls prey to systematic errors, so called biases, and that the mind may take mental shortcuts (heuristics) when weigh- ing decisions. Behavioral Economics (BE), thus attacked the model of homo oeconomicus from another angle and eventually, Kahnemann received the Nobel Prize in economics for his achievements in 2002.

This rising critique against the mainstream model could have been applauded by Austrian scholars, for it finally seemed to shake the walls of the neoclassical dominance. Yet, contrary to the Austrian perspective, the new model of human beings was not an entrepreneur, but an often erring homo heuristicus  that even needed paternalistic policies for his guidance. At least this is the culminating conclusion implied by the book «Nudge» in which Thaler and Sunstein (2009) even argued for a libertarian paternalism.

The behavioral school of economics and especially their impli- cations for public policy were instantly criticized by Austrians — see for example (Shostak 2002), but the aim of this paper is to show how adding psychology can, in fact, enrich the Austrian paradigm and that the critique against BE from the Austrian side should be evaluated with a closer look. For instance, findings of the most prominent opponent of Kahnemann, the German psychologist Gerd Gigerenzer (Gigerenzer 1996), suggest that men indeed act rational and that they do so using the mind to gather and evaluate many chunks of information simultaneously in a bottom-up way. Thus, «Fast-and-frugal» rules of thumbs beat top-down algorithms in that model and resemble the mechanisms of free market dynamic.
The Role of Money Market Funds (MMFs) in the Austrian Theory of Money: a Comment on Money and the Business Cycle
Authors: Dirkmaat Olav A.
Published: March 2021

Money market funds (MMFs) represent $3 trillion dollars in finan- cial industry assets. However, regulations regarding MMFs have increased substantially after various of them have “broken the buck” in the 2008 crisis. Moreover, negative interest rates have  destroyed a great part of the MMF industry in Europe, since it is impossible to maintain a stable net asset value (NAV) and pay div- idends (which can be considered de facto interest payments) when the underlying assets have negative yields. Yet, despite the recent exodus of MMFs, MMFs rarely get into trouble. In 1978, First Multi- fund for Daily Income (FMDI) went bankrupt, with investors even- tually taking a 6% loss. Yet the average maturity of FMDI’s assets was longer than two years, so FMDI could hardly be considered a MMF. In 1994, the Community Bankers Fund “broke the buck,” leading to a 4% loss to shareholders; curiously, no “redemption run” (equivalent of a bank run) occurred. In 2008, the Reserve Pri- mary Fund “broke the buck” due to their exposure to Lehman, but eventually paid back 99 cents on the dollar (1% loss).
Stellate Ganglion Blockade in Digital Ischemia Due to Raynaud’s Phenomenon: A Case Report
Authors: Mehel Murat , Kara Deniz , Turkoz Ayda
Published: March 2021

Stellate ganglion block is used as an adjunctive therapy method in various painful situations mediated by the sympathetic nervous system, especially complex regional pain syndrome. The process after medical and stellate ganglion block treatment in a 66-year-old female patient diagnosed with hypertension, ischemic heart disease, heart failure, Raynaud phenomenon, who presented to our algology outpatient clinic for complaints of bruising and severe pain at the fingertip, is presented with literature information.
Manejo infectológico de la aplasia medular severa en pacientes pediátricos
Authors: Mónaco Andrea
Published: March 2021

La aplasia medular es una enfermedad poco frecuente en pediatría, siendo el tratamiento de elección en las formas severas el trasplante de células progenitoras hematopoyéticas (TCPH). Gracias a los avances en TCPH, los nuevos tratamientos inmunosupresores y al adecuado tratamiento de sostén, se ha logrado en las últimas décadas una franca disminución de la mortalidad asociada a esta patología. Es por ello que uno de los principales desafíos consiste en prevenir la aparición de infecciones asociadas a la neutropenia severa y prolongada que padecen estos pacientes, siendo actualmente las infecciones bacterianas y fúngicas una de las principales causas de morbimortalidad. Por otra parte, la mayoría de las guías de manejo y tratamiento de sostén se basan en recomendaciones de expertos, siendo la evidencia escasa, más aún en pediatría. Gran parte de las recomendaciones de tratamiento empírico se basan en guías de neutropenia febril de pacientes hemato-oncológicos. A su vez, existe gran variabilidad, de acuerdo al centro de atención, en cuanto al uso de antimicrobianos para profilaxis primaria, debiéndose tener en cuenta la mayor propensión a presentar infecciones invasivas por hongos filamentosos y, en el caso de pacientes con linfopenia marcada, de enfermedad por P jirovecii a la hora de valorar la indicación de profilaxis de estos pacientes.Se detallarán a continuación las principales recomendaciones sobre manejo de prevención de infecciones y tratamiento precoz de pacientes pediátricos con aplasia medular severa.
Factores contextuales, sociales e individuales como barreras y facilitadores para el acceso a la salud de mujeres trans: desde la perspectiva de la comunidad
Authors: Zalazar Virginia , Arístegui Inés , Cardozo Nadir , Sued Omar , Rodríguez Allan E. , Frola Claudia , Pérez Héctor
Published: March 2021

Introducción: Las mujeres transgénero (MT) son vulnerables a diversos problemas de salud, incluyendo el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) y otras infecciones de transmisión sexual (ITS), que reducen significativamente su expectativa de vida. Consecuentemente, existe la necesidad de entender los factores que afectan su acceso a la salud.

Métodos: Se realizó una investigación cualitativa en MT que viven en alojamientos comunitarios (HT, hoteles trans) en Buenos Aires. El objetivo del estudio fue explorar las barreras y facilitadores contextuales, sociales e individuales para el acceso a la salud, particularmente los servicios de VIH, y la aceptabilidad de diferentes intervenciones. Se realizaron dos grupos focales y cinco entrevistas en tres hoteles trans.

Resultados: Las barreras contextuales descriptas fueron los turnos limitados y las largas horas de espera. Los obstáculos sociales incluyeron el estigma y la discriminación por parte del personal y la culpabilización de las MT de sus problemas de salud, así como el estigma por VIH dentro de los grupos de MT. El facilitador más importante fueron los servicios inclusivos. Las barreras individuales incluyeron la auto-exclusión y el estigma anticipado, resultando en altos índices de automedicación e inyección de siliconas. Las pares juegan un rol importante acompañando a otras MT a los servicios. Aun reportando problemas similares, las MT recomendaron intervenciones diferentes según su perfil de hotel.

Conclusiones: Dado que el estigma y la discriminación son la principal barrera, es imprescindible sensibilizar a todo el personal de salud. Se necesita implementar una amplia gama de estrategias en los establecimientos de salud y evaluar la aceptación de intervenciones domiciliarias para responder a las diferentes demandas de las MT.
La era de los microorganismos multirresistentes: impacto en pacientes neutropénicos febriles
Authors: Herrera Carolina , Córdova Ezequiel , Badía Marcela , Gomez Nora , Cornistein Wanda , Oviedo Viviana , Wachs Adolfo
Published: March 2021

Introducción: El tratamiento antimicrobiano para los pacientes neutropénicos febriles (NF) se ha convertido en un desafío debido a la emergencia de microorganismos multirresistentes (MOR). El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar las características de estos pacientes y la incidencia de MOR.

Materiales y métodos: Estudio retrospectivo, observacional y descriptivo desde junio de 2015 hasta agosto de 2017 en adultos neutropénicos febriles hospitalizados en un hospital público de la ciudad de Buenos Aires. Se analizaron características demográficas, clínicas y microbiológicas, incluyendo los siguientes MOR: enterobacterias productoras de carbapenemasas (EPC) y beta-lactamasas de espectro extendido (BLEE), Acinetobacter baumannii complex, Enterococcus vancomicina resistente (EVR) y Stenotrophomonas maltophilia.

Resultados: Fueron incluidos 32 pacientes, 56% mujeres con 84% de neoplasias hematológicas. Hubo colonización por EPC o EVR en el 59% de los pacientes. Se registraron 148 episodios infecciosos con 41% de documentación microbiológica. Los MOR fueron responsables del 25% de los episodios, siendo los más frecuentes Klebsiella pneumoniae productora de carbapenemasa y BLEE; los focos más frecuentes fueron bacteriemias e infecciones urinarias. Los pacientes con leucemias agudas (67%) presentaron colonización por EPC o EVR en el 80%. El tratamiento fue inadecuado en el 63% de las infecciones por MOR y en el 12% por microorganismos sensibles (MS) (p<0,01). La mortalidad global fue 53% con MOR y del 27% con MS (p=ns).

Conclusión: las infecciones por MOR fueron frecuentes con predominio de bacteriemias, especialmente EPC y BLEE. Por ello los MOR deben ser tenidos en cuenta para el tratamiento empírico en pacientes neutropénicos febriles.
COVID-19 en terapia intensiva: ¿qué pacientes tienen más riesgo de requerir ventilación mecánica?
Authors: Rodríguez Alejandra , Lista Nicolás , Flores Montes Marco , Pombo Martín , Artigas Eugenia , Prieto Ignacio , Peralta Mirta , Calderón María Inés , De Vedia Lautaro , Cunto Eleonora
Published: March 2021

Introducción: En COVID-19 grave, identificar pacientes con mayor riesgo de ventilación mecánica (VM) ayuda a optimizar el manejo.

Materiales y métodos: Análisis retrospectivo de características clínico-epidemiológicas de pacientes con COVID-19 ingresados a UTI entre marzo/septiembre 2020. Se utilizó estadística descriptiva, análisis univariado (p significativa <0.05) y multivariado (variables significativas en el univariado).

Resultados: Ingresaron 114 pacientes, 91 (79,8%) hombres, edad promedio 54,6 ±14,8 años. 66 (57,9%) eran obesos, 44 (38,6%) ≥ 60 años, 38 (33,3%) hipertensos (33,3%) y 28 (24,6%) diabéticos. 39 (23%) tenían ferritina elevada, 62 (76,5%) linfopenia y 33 (41,3%) LDH aumentada. Mortalidad global 34%. 72 pacientes (63,1%) requirieron VM. Los predictores independientes de requerimiento de VM en el análisis multivariado fueron sexo masculino, edad ≥60 años, diabetes, linfopenia y ferritina y LDH aumentadas.

Conclusiones: En pacientes con COVID-19 grave, los predictores independientes de necesidad de VM fueron sexo masculino, edad ≥ 60 años, diabetes, niveles elevados de ferritina y LDH y linfopenia.
Fluoride Contamination in Groundwater, Around Bhopalpatnam Area, District-Bijapur, Chhattisgarh: Adverse Effect on Human Health
Authors: Munna Korsa , Guhey Rajeeva
Published: March 2021

In India many cases of fluorosis (dental and skeletal) have been reported in Archaean and Proterozoic granitic and gneissic t errain from Andhra Pradesh, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, and Chhattisgarh. The origin of hazardous fluoride is attributed to geological reasons. A systematic study is required to understand the behavior of fluoride in drinking water particularly in terms of hydrogeological settings, climatic conditions etc. The present study is an effort to assess hydrogeological study of groundwater in parts of Bhopalpatnam area, District-Bijapur, Chhattisgarh. The study is conducted to understand the fluoride contamination in groundwater and to infer the chemical parameters responsible for distribution of fluoride. The study area is underlain partly by crystalline basement and partly by Proterozoic sedimentary rocks (sandstone, shale and limestone). A total 57 water samples have been taken from dug cum bored wells from the study area in June 2015. The results of chemical analysis showed fluoride concentration from 0.12mg/l to 3.58mg/l. The fluoride bearing minerals in host rock interacted with groundwater and through chemical decomposition, dissociation, reactions dissolution fluoride concentration increased in groundwater. Chemical weathering with relatively high alkalinity favors high concentration of fluoride in Groundwater. Villagers have no option to drink high fluoride groundwater as a result they were badly suffered from dental and skeletal fluorosis.
Transformation of Rana tigrina during Progressive Metamorphosis
Authors: Mishra Dhananjay , Achari K.Venu
Published: March 2021

We determined the kinetics of metamorphosis, apoptosis, and tail regression in Rana tigrina. Acid phosphatase activity (µMole Pi.hr-1.tail-1) in the growing and regressing tail attended six to thirty fold increase respectively. However total activity in the trunk was decreased through progressive growing stages of metamorphosis. Total protein content in the trunk of tadpoles at climax stage (XXI) was decrease (35%) from 2.6mg/ml to 1.7mg/ml. The tail of tadpole tissue has shown a two fold increase in total Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) content from stage III to stage XVIII. But there was again decrease in total RNA content at climax stage (stage XXI). This might be possible due to decreased protein synthetic status. When the experiment was performed in trunk homogenate the amount of total carbohydrate (mg/ml) was slightly increased from 37mg/ml to 38.6mg/ml. this might be due to increase in the activity of α-amylase enzymes in the viscera of developing tadpole when it reached the climax stage.
Simultaneous Determination of Cationic and Anionic Surfactants in Domestic, Sewage and River Effluent by Diffuse Reflectance -Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscop ic Analysis
Authors: Kurrey Ramsingh , Thakur Kaushlya , Chandrawanshi Swati , Deb Manas Kanti
Published: March 2021

A new, simple, rapid and precise novel hyphenated diffuse reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (DRS-FTIR) technique for the simultaneous determination of the most frequently used cationic surfactants (CS+) i.e. cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and anionic surfactant (AS-) i.e. sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) in domestic, sewage and river wastewater samples has been stabilised. CS+ and AS- were analyzed using DRS-FTIR, the most steady and strongest vibrational IR peak at 2917.13 cm-1 for CTAB and 1226.07 for SDS were selected for the simultaneous quantiflcation of CS+ and AS- under the optimized condition such as effect of samples volume and effect of temperature. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantiflcation (LOQ) of the present method were 5 µg/mL and 15 µg/mL, respectively. The absorbance and peak area were determined by the DRS-FTIR method, which shows excellent linearity with a correlation coefflcient value of 0.985 and 0.981 for the concentration range of 10-100 µg/mL. The standard deviation (SD) and relative standard deviation (RSD) for six replicate measurements were found to be 0.052 µg/L and 2.8 %, respectively.
UV-Visible Spectrophotometric Determination of Lambda-Cyhalothrin Insecticide in Vegetables, Soil and Water Samples
Authors: Sahu Deepak Kumar , Rai Joyce , Bhatt Chhaya , Rai Manish K. , Goswami Jyoti , Sahu Ajay Kumar , Singh Thakur Vikram , Nirmala Mamta , Mundeja Kalpana Wani and Prashant
Published: March 2021

In modern age pesticide is used widely in agriculture. Lambda-cyhalothrin (LCT) is one of the most used pesticides which are used as a insecticide to kill pest, tricks, flies etc in agricultural field and it is also used for crop production. We have developed new method to detect LCT insecticide in agriculture field and reduce its uses. In this method we found the maximum absorbance at 460 nm for yellow colour dye. We also calculated limit of detection and limit of quantification 0.001 mg kg-1 and 0.056 mg kg-1 respectively. Molar absorptivity and Sandell’s sensitivity was also calculated and obtained 1.782 ×107 mol-1 cm-1 and 9.996 ×10-6 µg cm-2 respectively. The obtained yellow colour dye obeyed Beer’s law limit range of 0.5 µg ml -1 to 16 µg ml-1 in 25 ml. This method is less time consuming, selective, simple, sensitive and low cost. Present method is successfully applied in various soil, water and vegetable samples.
Isolation, Characterization, Evaluation and Establishment of Polymeric Principles from Curcuma Angustifolia as Multitasking Excipient
Authors: Gupta Anshita
Published: March 2021

In India, Chhattisgarh is famous as Herbal state with its beautiful natural resources of forests and agricultural fields and value addition has been done so far in Chhattisgarh to maintain or improve the quality of the plants before the material reaches the industry. Presently, the herbal industry in Chhattisgarh is not very organized. The plant derived gums, mucilages from natural sources like carrageen an, thaumatin, lard, storax, agar, gum acacia, tragacanth and many more to name comply with many requirements of pharmaceutical excipients. These can be preferred for formulation development as being stable and involving less regulatory issues as compared to their synthetic counter parts. They can also be easily modified to meet the specific needs, thereby being a potent and economic vehicle for delivering active pharmaceutical ingredient in formulation. Thus our concerned and aims of the study is to throw light on the potential of natural excipients which can be proposed to be used as diluent, binder, disintegrant as well as lubricant in various types of formulations as they are biocompatible and capable of giving additional nutrition to the developed dosage form from indigeneous sources of Chhattisgarh state which could serve for cost effective and economical medicament and will enhance the value addition to the proposed herb and herbal species.
Empirical search and characterization of contemporaneity using breaks and regime switching
Authors: Delbianco Fernando , Fioriti Andrés
Published: March 2021

This paper describes a technique to determine the contemporaneity of two economic events. It is also possible to determine some characteristics of the contemporaneity, as a descriptive stage previous to causality analysis and model estimations. As an illustration, a case of contemporaneity between news and volatility in finan- cial markets is shown. The main result of the exercise is a Laffer curve relationshipbetween corruption and volatility given news.
Rotación de cultivos en la región pampeana: volviendo a las fuentes
Authors: Loewy Tomás
Published: March 2021

Debido a los cambios en la actividad agropecuaria, palabras y conceptos, otrora estables, van mutando. La "rotación de cultivos" es una Buena Práctica Agrícola (BPA) emblemática en sistemas mixtos. El objetivo de este trabajo es rescatar su concepto agronómico, propiciando su adopción en escenarios de desarrollo local y cuidado del ambiente. Se presenta un esquema que diferencia monocultivo, secuencia, pradera y rotación, con sus respectivos impactos sobre la calidad del suelo. Las tecnologías nunca son neutrales y para calificarlas hay que ubicar lo agrario dentro de lo nacional/global, en períodos de tiempo abarcativos. La decantación de técnicas de procesos y de insumos es parte del diseño de sistemas y de la sustentabilidad de los territorios
Introducción a la Economía de Comunión
Authors: Caravaggio Leonardo A.
Published: March 2021

Este trabajo se propone presentar una racionalidad económica alternativa llamada Economía de Comunión. Se trata de una idea fuerza que invita a participar de la actividad económica mirando, además del propio interés, el de quienes nos rodean. Hoy en día, más de ochocientas empresas en la Argentina y en el mundo adhieren a esta propuesta que tiene entre sus principales objetivos la eliminación de la pobreza.
Presión tributaria efectiva y potencial en Argentina
Authors: Garriga Marcelo , Rosales Walter , Mangiacone Norberto
Published: March 2021

El objetivo de este trabajo es estimar la presión tributaria potencial, que permita inferir si la presión tributaria observada en la Argentina está en un sendero sostenible en el tiempo. Se realizan estimaciones econométricas de corte transversal, para una muestra de 178 países con información de un conjunto de variables explicativas de la presión tributaria para el año 2015. Si bien no existen modelos normativos que sugieran un nivel de presión tributaria óptima, hay un amplio tratamiento empírico en la literatura. Los resultados econométricos muestran que en la Argentina la presión tributaria efectiva estaría considerablemente por arriba de su potencial, poniendo en duda la sostenibilidad temporal de la política impositiva.
Una evaluación del pass-through en la Argentina usando funciones impulso respuesta de cuantiles multivariados
Authors: Montes Rojas Gabriel Victorio
Published: March 2021

Este trabajo implementa modelos econométricos de cuantiles multivariados para evaluar el pass-through del tipo de cambio a precios y producto. El nuevo análisis revela heterogeneidad en las respuestas ante un shock cambiario. Primero, los efectos de la media, calculados con un modelo VAR en la media, no resultan adecuados para el producto y la inflación. De hecho los efectos calculados de esta manera se condicen con cuantiles extremos en el análisis propuesto en este trabajo. Segundo, los efectos de pass-through usando el tipo de cambio oficial sobre el producto y la inflación dependen mayormente de los cuantiles de cada variable y no parece haber efectos cruzados. Es decir, los efectos sobre el producto varían con los cuantiles del producto pero no de la inflación. En el mismo sentido, los efectos sobre la inflación no dependen de los cuantiles del producto y sí de la misma inflación. Existen efectos cruzados, sin embargo, cuando usamos el tipo de cambio blue. En términos del pass-through a precios se observa que el traslado es mayor (menor) para menores (mayores) cuantiles de la inflación.  Tercero, tanto el producto como la inflación dependen de los cuantiles del tipo de cambio. Esto significa que ciertas dinámicas altas del tipo de cambio pueden producir dinámicas de alto pass-through (negativo para el producto, positivo para la inflación).
Precios de commodities y parámetros críticos para el desempeño macroeconómico: un análisis de equilibrio general computado para Argentina, Brasil y Chile
Authors: Chisari Omar O , Mastronardi Leonardo J , Romero Carlos A
Published: March 2021

Estudiamos el desempeño potencial de la Argentina, Chile y Brasil como resultado de una reducción de precios de la exportación e importación de bienes en mercados competitivos internacionales. Para ese ﬁ n, construimos tres modelos de Equilibrio General Computado basados sobre una estructura analítica similar. El impacto de bajos precios de dichos bienes depende de la participación de las exportaciones en el PBI, de su participación en el total de exportaciones, de la intensidad en importaciones de las industrias manufactureras y de la participación del trabajo en el PBI. Encontramos que la Argentina es vulnerable a la reducción del precio de los commodities porque es altamente dependiente de las  exportaciones agrícolas y de sus derivados. Chile es vulnerable a reducciones del precio del cobre aun cuando su economía está protegida por una correcta política macroeconómica y porque su economía es menos trabajo-intensiva que la de los otros países. Y Brasil sería menos afectado por una caída generalizada de precios pues su economía está más diversiﬁcada.
Una “tercera vía” para la construcción de sistemas económicos
Authors: Witte Hermann
Published: March 2021

La economía busca desde hace mucho una “tercera vía”, la cual no resulta de una combinación especial de planiﬁ cación estatal y mercado, sino por intermedio de la cooperación. Las pruebas de teoría de juegos y la metalogística ilustran la ventaja de la cooperación sobre la competencia, la cual, en las formas relevantes de la práctica de competencia imperfecta, tiene un carácter perturbador que conduce a la pérdida de riqueza. La cooperación, por otro lado, tiene un carácter sostenido que evita pérdidas de bienestar pudiendo lograr un mayor nivel de prosperidad que en competencia imperfecta. A través de la cooperación se pueden evitar los puntos de partida para las crisis económicas, haciendo posible una economía eﬁ ciente. Los subcomponentes de la metalogística muestran los puntos de partida para la cooperación de las unidades económicas entre sí y con el Estado. El consiguiente aprovechamiento de estos puntos de partida permite evitar los déﬁcits de coordinación entre el sector privado (superestructura) y el sector estatal (infraestructura) de una economía. De esta manera, se aumentará la eﬁcacia y la eﬁciencia de la economía.
Crescimento sob restrição externa em países de renda média: uma análise empírica da Lei de Thirlwall multisetorial (2000-2013)
Authors: Batista Henrique Rogê , Neder Henrique Dantas
Published: March 2021

O artigo visa testar a validade do modelo de crescimento sob restrição do balanço de pagamentos segundo a Lei de Thirlwall Multisetorial (2007) para um grupo de 69 países de renda média entre 2000 e 2013. Os resultados apontam para a validade da lei testada, que apresentou relevante poder preditivo da taxa de crescimento efetiva, e constatam que o crescimento de tais economias sofreu restrição pelo balanço de pagamentos. Dada a não signifi cância estatística das variáveis que compõem o modelo, o mesmo não pode ser afi rmado para uma amostra desagregada de 15 países. Os resultados ainda destacam a importância da composição setorial no comércio internacional e a heterogeneidade da amostra.
Repensando el impuesto al valor agregado
Authors: Garriga Marcelo
Published: March 2021

El objetivo de este trabajo es estudiar los efectos de la existencia de tasas reducidas, bienes a tasa cero y exenciones del IVA en Argentina sobre los precios de los bienes (efectos sobre la eficiencia económica), el impacto distributivo y la eficiencia recaudatoria. El impuesto al valor agregado se ha constituido a lo largo del tiempo en un tributo clave de la estructura impositiva argentina, con una recaudación de 7.36% del PBI en el año 2018 y una participación en el total de recursos tributarios del 32.6%. La eficiencia “C” es del 47%, lo que muestra que el potencial recaudatorio del IVA es importante y cualquier posible reforma tributaria debería poner el foco en la mejora del diseño e implementación de este impuesto.
Empirical Works on the Growth Center Concept
Authors: Xiarchos Stavros
Published: March 2021

Despite the importance of whether mechanisms actually exist by which positive changes in growth centers have beneficial effects on their regions, few studies have used the existing data in order to assess their existence and strength. It is necessary that they do, in fact, exist and, further, that they be capable of transmitting impulses of sufficient magnitude to bring about the desired changes in their regions. There are several possibilities concerning the existence and strength of these mechanisms: 1. They may exist and be sufficiently strong as to be capable of achieving the desired objectives in the event that sufficient effort is concentrated in the growth center(s). This would be sufficient justification for a growth centers policy. 2. Linkage mechanisms between growth center and periphery may be absent entirely or may be so weak as to have little effect on the peripheral area, or the time lag between investment in the center and the desired result may be unduly long. In these cases serious reconsideration must be given to the use of growth center policy. 3. Linkages of the growth center and its periphery may be stronger with the rest of the world than with each other, in which case policy emphasis must be given to national growth, with special attention to those sectors and/or industries which have the strongest ties with the object areas. 4. It is possible that no indirect mechanisms exist for raising incomes and the standard of life in backward or stagnating areas, and that the appropriate policy would involve transfers, in the form of money or services, to the people living in these areas. This would rule out a growth center policy also.
The Role of Interregional Trade in Virtual Water on the Blue Water Footprint and the Water Exploitation Index in Brazil
Authors: Coelho Visentin Jaqueline , Martins Guilhoto Joaquim Jose
Published: March 2021

Brazil is known for its abundant water supply. However, an uneven spatial distribution of water and strong concentration of economic activities has caused some regions to face water restrictions. The objective of this research is to identify the main water users in Brazil, in terms of virtual blue water, and the impacts of the water use pattern on the regional Water Exploitation Index. Among the main results, the hydrographic basin Tiet^{e} was identified as the largest responsible basin for virtual blue water demand, while the hydrographic basin Litoral AL PE PB was an important virtual water supplier. Virtual blue water flows are largely interregional and a majority of the flows (66 percent) were exports from basins where the water balance indicates potential water restrictions. These results suggest that interregional trade in virtual blue water affects water availability for some Brazilian hydrographic basins, potentially undermining water security.
Industrial Generation of Electricity in 1985: A Regional Forecast
Authors: Moody Jr. Carlisle E.
Published: March 2021

While several studies have estimated the industrial demand for electricity, this paper explicitly estimates the relationship between the industrial self-generation of electricity and electricity prices, an area of analysis which to our knowledge has not been explicitly modelled. The result is a possibly sharper analysis of the industrial demand for electricity, given the choice to self-generate, and perhaps more accurate forecasts of energy demand. Further, this study recognizes the regional differences that characterize energy systems, including utility electric systems. We use this regional model to forecast industrial generation of electricity in 1985 under the Department of Energy Reference Scenario and under an electricity rate reform scenario which would implement marginal cost prices for electricity.
An Entropy Analysis of Areal Concentration for Manufacturing Plants
Authors: Luisa Peter C. , Dillman B.L.
Published: March 2021

The overall objective of this analysis was to see if industrial dispersion, as measured by a series of entropy indexes for South Carolina, is related to the population potential of various localities and to see whether this dispersion is different for recently established plants (since 1969). Further, we wished to see if the degree of dispersion is less for heavy water users, on the assumption that these firms are less footloose and thus less able to select areas of high population potential. A change in concentration of heavy water using plants was expected after about 1970 because of the new and anticipated federal and state water pollution control regulations of the late 1960’s which, presumably, removed much of the incentive for locating on flowing streams.
Interregional Variations In Manufacturing Investment
Authors: Winkler Albert L.
Published: March 2021

Investment behavior has been an empirically elusive phenomenon in both temporal and spatial investigations. Although a variety of conceptual apparatuses and data sources have been employed to facilitate an understanding of variations in investment, the results have been less than satisfactory. The purpose of this paper is to explore the potential of an alternative investment model formulation which incorporates theoretical constructs from location theory, regional growth theory, and theory of the firm in an interregional model of manufacturing investment. An ancillary purpose is to formulate some empirical measures of investment determinants, particularly in the area of expected rates of return.
A Note On Mobility Determinants In Canada, 1965-1971
Authors: Ostrosky Anthony L.
Published: March 2021

Accordingly, the purpose of this Note is to examine the possible impact of geographic welfare differentials on interregional migration in Canada. The focus is on a net migration to Canada’s 22 largest central metropolitan areas (CMA’s) over the I965-I97I period. The model is structurally some what similar to Grant and Vanderkamp in its inclusion of the income and population variables.
The Effectiveness of Community Industrial Development Programs: A Study of a Development District in Southern Appalachian
Authors: Ervin Osbin L.
Published: March 2021

A cursory look at the economy of southern Appalachia suggests the reasons for vigorous government programs find strong citizen and group support for industrial development. In simplest terms, (and as is well known), per capita income in the region has for decades lagged well behind that for the rest of the nation. This is reflected in the lives of the people in terms of inadequate housing, medical care, public schools, and nutrition. Federal government policy is directed toward improving the economy of the region vis-a-vis the nation; states seek to increase the tax base and decrease public-aid expenditures; and governments, citizens and business groups at the local level associate industrial development with some element of community prosperity (increased tax base, higher individual incomes, increased spending, better schools and public services, etc,).
An Empirical Locational Analysis of the Wheat Flour Milling Industry
Authors: Babcock Michael W.
Published: March 2021

Wheat flour milling is not a labor intensive industry and the labor skills that are required are ubiquitous. Thus labor costs are not an important location factor to the industry. The industry is not a large consumer of energy and therefore not oriented to cheap energy locations. Other operating costs such as interest and taxes likewise have little locational significance. The location pattern of the wheat flour milling industry can best be understood by examining spatial variations in the transportation cost of assembling the major raw material (wheat) and the cost of distributing the output (flour) to markets.
Implications of the Tiebout Hypothesis for Residential Property Valuation Within Small Metropolitan Regions: An Empirical Analysis
Authors: Premus Robert
Published: March 2021

In this paper, the weakness of Gates’ test are overcome and the adjusted Gates’ model is applied to explain residential property value differentials among communities within the Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, area. Besides aggregative measures of community tax rates and public expenditure levels, the Harrisburg test utilizes the principle component model to select variables to control for housing quality and neighborhood effects. Also, the sign of the distance-from-central-city-variable is postulated to be indeterminant since it depends upon the relative strength of conflicting forces.
Regional Construction Manpower Projection Models: Michigan - A Case Study
Authors: Mattila John M. , Moor, Jr. James R.
Published: March 2021

To the best of our knowledge, the Michigan Craft Study is the first such local area manpower study to: 1. use a local, econometric model as an integral part of a manpower study for the purpose of generating endogenous, simultaneously derived, industry employment projections; 2. construct local industry-occupational matrices for the purpose of converting industry employment projections into craft employment projections. Previous studies have either relied on national industry-occupational matrices or, at best, on slightly modified national tables; 3. use local craft actuarial data to derive local craft-specific replacement rates.
Economic-Environmental Planning for Water Quality Control in the Chesapeake Bay Region
Authors: Cumberland John H. , Herzog Jr. Henry W.
Published: March 2021

The quality of the natural environment has become an important determinant in the universal search for the “quality of life”. The relationship between this determinant and the monetary component of the “quality of life” is often observed in a sub-national or regional geographic setting where the relationship provides the foundation for the debate between regional economic development and environmental protection. This study examines one aspect of the debate, namely the conflict between regional economic development and the preservation of regional aquatic resources in one of the largest and most valuable estuarial systems on earth, the Chesapeake Bay region.
Demographic Factors Affecting the Educational Level of the South Atlantic States
Authors: Bouvier Leon F. , Cahill Edward E.
Published: March 2021

In recent years much has been written about the “New South.” Not only have numerous changes in social attitudes and practices occurred, but the area is witnessing tremendous population growth. Since 1970 the region has had the most rapid rate of growth of the four regions of the nation. There is much speculation on the effects of this large in-migration. In the past such movements have resulted in increasing the number of better educated as well as contributing to other socioeconomic changes. To be sure, many other factors are involved in the dramatic changes that have been taking place in the South. Nevertheless, net migration warrants special investigation to determine what effect it has had on the educational level of the region itself.
De-Population and Re-Population: A Demographic Analysis of Turn-Around Counties of the South
Authors: Cahill Edward E. , Saluja Urmil
Published: March 2021

After identifying the components of change in each of the counties or equivalent units in the United States by race where data were available, we were also able to determine not only which counties were turn around counties but the primary source of the reversal and the differences by race. Moreover, operationally defining a strong tum-around county as one growing faster than the national rate of 13.3 percent for the decade, a marginal turn-around county as one growing 5-13.3 percent for the decade, and a borderline turn-around county as one growing less than five percent for the decade after losses in the 1960’s, we further categorized counties by the source of that growth. Counties reversing losing trends primarily through natural increase, but still having net out-migration, are less hkely to continue growth patterns than a county reversing a losing trend through net in-migration and natural increase, or through net in-migration only. This paper concentrates on the components of change for the turn-around counties of the South.
The Impact of Highways on Rural Population Density
Authors: Tsong Peter Z.W.
Published: March 2021

The purpose of this paper is to estimate the impact of highways on rural population density. A generalized population potential model was used. Twelve counties of Georgia and twenty-five adjacent SMSA’s in Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Tennessee, North and South Carolina were selected to estimate the coefficients of the model for the census year of 1970. Results show that the model is applicable to selected cities with a low population density but not to the twelve county area. Further research to test the limits of the model would be useful.
The Potential Demography Impact of Migration
Authors: Serow William J.
Published: March 2021

This paper takes this procedure one step further by considering that migration not only brings in or takes out additional persons to/from a region, but also that migrants will have offspring which will increase or decrease an area’s population even more. This latter component is referred to in this paper as the indirect impact of migration—that is, the effect from fertility among migrants on the size and composition of a region’s population.
Assessing Regional Effects of Income Maintenance Programs: A Guide to Policy Analysis
Authors: DaVanzo Julie , Greenberg David H.
Published: March 2021

This paper is concerned with research issues that must be faced in assessing the potential subnational effects of proposed income maintenance programs, a job that has barely just begun. The paper is divided into discussions of four major tasks that must be performed by pohcy analysts if they are to help policymakers evaluate these effects. The first of these tasks is simply to list program provisions that may have important subnational effects, either directly or by changing the behavioral patterns of participating families. Examples of spheres of behavior that income maintenance legislation may affect include labor supply, the propensity to migrate, investments in human capital (such as in schooling and on-the-job training), consumption patterns, the propensity to marry and to stay married, and fertihty. The second task is to construct a set of socioeconomic indicators whereby these effects can be gauged in a manner readily comprehensible to policymakers. The third task is to develop an appropriate theoretical framework for analyzing behavioral changes systematically. The fourth task involves obtaining the information necessary to estimate the magnitude of program effects, that is, to predict the changes in the socioeconomic indicators that would result from adoption of the proposed income maintenance alternatives under consideration.
Some Policy Implications of Labor Mobility in the South with Special Reference to the Tennessee Valley Region
Authors: Matson Roger A. , Smith Wesley G.
Published: March 2021

One of the major determinants of a region’s ability to respond to investment in production facilities and infrastructure is the quality of its labor force. Importation of labor involves costs and is often in conflict with developmental objectives related to better utilization of the resident labor force. While some importation necessarily accompanies any developmental program, substantial utilization of resident labor is usually desired on both efficiency and equity grounds.
Potential Economic Costs of Migration: Comment
Authors: Lurie-Lawrence William J.
Published: March 2021

This paper discusses Evans and Serow (1973).
Simulating the Residential Development of Rural Recreation Areas
Authors: Burby III Raymond J. , Donnelly Thomas G. , Weiss Shirley F.
Published: March 2021

Accompanying the rapid increase in outdoor recreation over the past 25 years has been an equally significant growth in the development of recreational communities on the periphery of most metropolitan areas. The penetration of thousands of recreation-oriented households into rural hinterlands of metro areas poses a number of serious environmental and service problems for affected local government units. The research presented in this paper examines factors influencing residential location in reservoir recreation areas and proposes a computer model for simulating residential development patterns. The model provides planners and policy makers with a useful tool for anticipating problems and needs occasioned by vacation home development and policy guidance required to control development and maintain the quality of the environment.
The Selection of Variable Combinations for Predicting House Characteristics
Authors: Shenkel William M. , Bennett Cathie
Published: March 2021

Housing characteristics and their prediction have assumed increased importance among urban economists. Of major importance are special purpose models that treat housing values as the dependent variable relative to a series of housing characteristics. The general objective of these studies is to formulate an equation to predict housing values from a set of independent varaibles. This paper discusses and examines these predictive models applied to the housing market.
Housing and Residential Development: Comment
Authors: Brueggeman William B.
Published: March 2021

This paper discusses Shenkel and Bennett (1973).
Income Distribution and Regional Policy: The Case of Appalachia
Authors: Gunther William D. , Leather Charles G.
Published: March 2021

The fundamental question examined by this paper is whether the size distribution of income in depressed areas is a factor of sufficient significance to warrant explicit concern in regional development policy. In the past, estimates of regional inequalities have explicitly focused upon differences in per capita income and unemployment rates, and regions, however large, have been viewed as homogeneous units with respect to these welfare measures. While these indicators of economic welfare reduce a complex array of factors to several proxy variables, insufficient treatment of supplementary welfare measures is an unfortunate possibility.
The Impact of Projected Changes in the Textile and Apparel Industries on the Economy of the Southeast
Authors: Floyd Charles F. , Fields Mary M.
Published: March 2021

The decades of the 1950’s and 1960’s constituted a period of transition for the Southeastern United States, during which the Region’s economy greatly reduced its dependence upon the agricultural sector. Agricultural employment declined by 52 percent, reducing its relative importance to the Region from 24 percent of total employment in 1950 to only 9 percent in 1967. Since regional employment expansion in the textile and apparel industries had an important positive impact in providing employment for many of those displaced by the declining agricultural sector, an examination of historical and future industry trends is relevant. In this paper we will identify the causal factors that have influenced the growth and regional allocation of textile and apparel employment in the United States since 1950 and examine possible national and regional industry growth trends to 1980.
Environmental Aspects of Municipal Policy Outputs: Planning and Growth-Related Policies
Authors: Bradbury Raymond J.
Published: March 2021

Research concerning urban growth patterns has demonstrated the influence of public policy instruments on the location of new development. When applying these concepts to local governments, we must specify policies which influence development policies but understand when they are best used. This paper presents a preliminary report based on a larger study of planning policies in American local government.
Regional Science as an Input to Public Planning
Authors: Steiss Alan Walter
Published: March 2021

Despite many advances in the last two decades, many formidable gaps in the theory and practice of public planning remain. This paper looks at how the research on regional science and urbanization can help inform the effective design of policy.
Discriminant Function Analysis of Regional Economic Development
Authors: Mazek Warren F. , Haworth Charles T.
Published: March 2021

This paper examines the usefulness of discriminant analysis in assessing regional economic development. To determine the usesfulness of discriminant analysis in assessing regional economic development, the techniques are applied to Florida counties in the 1960s.
Issues in Marketing to Low-Income Urban Consumers: A Case Study
Authors: Andersen Arthur T.
Published: March 2021

In recent years, various aspects of the retail distribution system serving low-income segments of our society have been subjected to detailed study. The basic conclusion of this research is that too often the poor are poorly served. This paper discusses key findings relating to food chain marketing in low-income areas of Washington, DC. The paper then reviews retail sales practices involving household furniture and appliances in the same city. Finally, views are presented as to the direction that continuing research into consumer problems of the poor should take.