bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A neurological presentation caused by brain metastases in a dog with interventricular septal hemangiosarcoma
Authors: Bunn TA , Robveille C , Irwin PJ , Langner KFA
Published: January 2021

Background

Brain metastases are well known for disseminated hemangiosarcoma involving the right atrium/auricle.

Case report

An 8‐year‐old male Australian Shepherd Dog presented with a 3‐day history of circling to the left. A neurological examination revealed obtunded mentation, right hemi‐inattention, bilateral strabismus towards the left side and absent physiological nystagmus. In addition, the dog had muffled heart sounds on auscultation and exercise‐induced weakness. Laboratory findings included hypercoagulability and marked elevation in the C‐reactive protein concentration. Electrocardiography detected a sinus rhythm with right bundle‐branch block and ventricular bigeminy. Echocardiography revealed an extensive interventricular septal mass. Due to the grave prognosis, the owners elected for euthanasia, and a complete necropsy was performed. The main pathological findings were an interventricular septal and left ventricular hemangiosarcoma, with metastases in the brain, lungs, spleen and adrenal glands. No evidence of tumour infiltration was found in the right atrium.

Conclusion

To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of neurological signs due to confirmed brain metastases in a dog with interventricular septal hemangiosarcoma. Although the right atrium is the main location for cardiac hemangiosarcoma, the interventricular septum should be evaluated in all cases.
A survey of ewe mortality on the Central Tablelands of New South Wales in 2010, a year of above‐average rainfall
Authors: Watt B , Eppleston J , Dhand NK
Published: January 2021

Background

Sheep producers reported elevated ewe mortality following a wetter‐than‐average season on the tablelands of New South Wales in 2010. We conducted a survey of local producers to determine the extent and cause of ewe losses, as well as associated risk factors.

Methods

A questionnaire was designed and posted to sheep producers running at least 1000 sheep. Data from questionnaires were analysed using linear mixed models to identify risk factors associated with ewe mortality. Data on the likely causes of deaths, particularly those associated with foot abscess, were analysed by ordinal generalised linear mixed models to determine the most prevalent causes of ewe death.

Results

The mean annual ewe mortality was 5.4% (range 0.1%–28.6%). Higher mortality was associated with older ewes and lambing in paddocks with longer pastures. The two most important causes of ewe death reported by farmers were ‘died during lambing’ and ‘foot abscess’. Mortality due to foot abscess was more commonly reported in adult ewes than maiden ewes (odds ratio and 95% confidence interval: 5.61; 3.52, 8.94), when lambing on pasture longer than 5 cm than ≤5 cm (2.96; 1.54, 5.70) and when lambing in spring than in autumn (4.87; 1.36, 17.41).

Conclusions

The level of ewe mortality observed was at the upper end of that reported previously in Australia. Risk factor analysis suggested that, in wet years, losses due to foot abscess could be reduced by lambing older heavier ewes in autumn on pasture swards less than 5 cm high.
Neural changes in youth at high risk for bipolar disorder undergoing family‐focused therapy or psychoeducation
Authors: Garrett Amy S. , Chang Kiki D. , Singh Manpreet K. , Armstrong Casey C. , Walshaw Patricia D. , Miklowitz David J.
Published: January 2021

Background

Patients with mood disorders may benefit from psychosocial interventions through changes in brain networks underlying emotion processing. In this study, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate treatment‐related changes in emotion processing networks in youth at familial high risk for bipolar disorder (BD).

Methods

Youth, ages 9–17, were randomly assigned to family‐focused therapy for high‐risk youth (FFT‐HR) or an active comparison treatment, Enhanced Care (EC). Before and after these 4‐month treatments, participants underwent fMRI while viewing happy, fearful, and calm facial expressions. Twenty youth in FFT‐HR and 20 in EC were included in analyses of pre‐ to post‐treatment changes in activation across the whole brain. Significant clusters were assessed for correlation with mood symptom improvement.

Results

In the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), activation increased from pre‐ to post‐treatment in the FFT‐HR group and decreased in the EC group. Insula activation decreased in the FFT‐HR group and did not change in the EC group. Across both treatments, decreasing activation in the hippocampus and amygdala was correlated with pre‐ to post‐treatment improvement in hypomania, while increasing activation in the DLPFC was correlated with pre‐ to post‐treatment improvement in depression.

Discussion

Psychosocial treatment addresses abnormalities in emotion regulation networks in youth at high risk for BD. Increased prefrontal cortex activation suggests enhanced emotion regulation from pre‐ to post‐treatment with FFT‐HR. Improvements in family interactions may facilitate the development of prefrontal resources that provide protection against future mood episodes.
Post‐selection inference for changepoint detection algorithms with application to copy number variation data
Authors: Hyun Sangwon , Lin Kevin Z. , G'Sell Max , Tibshirani Ryan J.
Published: January 2021

Changepoint detection methods are used in many areas of science and engineering, for example, in the analysis of copy number variation data to detect abnormalities in copy numbers along the genome. Despite the broad array of available tools, methodology for quantifying our uncertainty in the strength (or the presence) of given changepoints post‐selection are lacking. Post‐selection inference offers a framework to fill this gap, but the most straightforward application of these methods results in low‐powered hypothesis tests and leaves open several important questions about practical usability. In this work, we carefully tailor post‐selection inference methods toward changepoint detection, focusing on copy number variation data. To accomplish this, we study commonly used changepoint algorithms: binary segmentation, as well as two of its most popular variants, wild and circular, and the fused lasso. We implement some of the latest developments in post‐selection inference theory, mainly auxiliary randomization. This improves the power, which requires implementations of Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithms (importance sampling and hit‐and‐run sampling) to carry out our tests. We also provide recommendations for improving practical useability, detailed simulations, and example analyses on array comparative genomic hybridization as well as sequencing data.
Small‐sample inference for cluster‐based outcome‐dependent sampling schemes in resource‐limited settings: Investigating low birthweight in Rwanda
Authors: Sauer Sara , Hedt‐Gauthier Bethany , Rivera‐Rodriguez Claudia , Haneuse Sebastien
Published: January 2021

The neonatal mortality rate in Rwanda remains above the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 3 target of 12 deaths per 1000 live births. As part of a larger effort to reduce preventable neonatal deaths in the country, we conducted a study to examine risk factors for low birthweight. The data were collected via a cost‐efficient cluster‐based outcome‐dependent sampling (ODS) scheme wherein clusters of individuals (health centers) were selected on the basis of, in part, the outcome rate of the individuals. For a given data set collected via a cluster‐based ODS scheme, estimation for a marginal model may proceed via inverse‐probability‐weighted generalized estimating equations, where the cluster‐specific weights are the inverse probability of the health center's inclusion in the sample. In this paper, we provide a detailed treatment of the asymptotic properties of this estimator, together with an explicit expression for the asymptotic variance and a corresponding estimator. Furthermore, motivated by the study we conducted in Rwanda, we propose a number of small‐sample bias corrections to both the point estimates and the standard error estimates. Through simulation, we show that applying these corrections when the number of clusters is small generally reduces the bias in the point estimates, and results in closer to nominal coverage. The proposed methods are applied to data from 18 health centers and 1 district hospital in Rwanda.
Ilexgenin A restrains CRTC2 in the cytoplasm to prevent SREBP1 maturation via AMP kinase activation in the liver
Authors: Lu Yawen , Ma Jingjie , Li Ping , Liu Baolin , Wen Xiaodong , Yang Jie
Published: January 2021

Background and Purpose

Ilexgenin A is a triterpenoid from ShanLv Cha with beneficial effects on metabolic homeostasis. We investigated whether ilexgenin A could inhibit hepatic de novo fatty acid synthesis via the interfering with SREBP1 maturation.

Experimental Approach

The effects of Ilexgenin A on CRTC2 translocation and SREBP1 maturation were investigated in the liver of fasted mice and hepatocytes exposed to saturated fatty acids. The effect of Iilexgenin A on hepatic lipid accumulation was also observed in high‐fat diet fed mice.

Key Results

Sec23A and Sec31A are two subunits of COPII complex and their interaction is essential for the processing of SREBP1 maturation. Ilexgenin A activates AMPK by reducing cellular energy and preventing cytoplasmic CRTC2 to compete with Sec23A for binding to Sec31A under nutrient‐rich conditions. Consequently, ilexgenin A impaired COPII‐dependent SREBP1 maturation via disrupting Sec31A–Sec23A interaction, leading to the inhibition of de novo fatty acid synthesis in the liver. In contrast, mTORC1 phosphorylated Ser136 of CRTC2, facilitating the formation of Sec31A–Sec23A interaction to promote SREBP1 maturation, whereas this action was reversed by ilexgenin A in an AMPK‐dependent manner. Ilexgenin A protected CRTC2 function and restrained hepatic lipogenic response in high fat diet‐fed mice, providing in vivo evidence to support the beneficial effects of ilexgenin A on lipid metabolism.

Conclusions and Implications

Ilexgenin A activated AMPK and restrained CRTC2 to the cytoplasm to prevent SREBP1 maturation via impairing COPII function in the liver. This suggests that CRTC2 might be a potential target for pharmacological intervention to prevent hepatic lipid deposition.

LINKED ARTICLES

This article is part of a themed issue on Preclinical Models for Cardiovascular disease research (BJP 75th Anniversary). To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v179.5/issuetoc
Hyperoxia‐induced miR‐342‐5p down‐regulation exacerbates neonatal bronchopulmonary dysplasia via the Raf1 regulator Spred3
Authors: Wen Xin , Zhang Hui , Xiang Bo , Zhang Weiyu , Gong Fang , Li Shiling , Chen Hongyan , Luo Xuan , Deng Juan , You Yaoyao , Hu Zhangxue , Jiang Changke
Published: January 2021

Background and Purpose

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is the most prevalent chronic paediatric lung disease and is linked to the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. MicroRNA‐based regulation of type II alveolar epithelial cell (T2AEC) proliferation and apoptosis is an important factor in the pathogenesis of BPD and warrants further investigation.

Experimental Approach

Two murine models of hyperoxic lung injury (with or without miR‐342‐5p or Sprouty‐related, EVH1 domain‐containing protein 3 [Spred3] modulation) were employed: a hyperoxia‐induced acute lung injury model (100% O2 on postnatal days 1–7) and the BPD model (100% O2 on postnatal days 1–4, followed by room air for 10 days). Tracheal aspirate pellets from healthy control and moderate/severe BPD neonates were randomly selected for clinical miR‐342‐5p analysis.

Key Results

Hyperoxia decreased miR‐342‐5p levels in primary T2AECs, MLE12 cells and neonatal mouse lungs. Transgenic miR‐342 overexpression in neonatal mice ameliorated survival rates and improved the BPD phenotype and BPD‐associated pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). T2AEC‐specific miR‐342 transgenic overexpression, as well as miR‐342‐5p mimic therapy, also ameliorated the BPD phenotype and associated PAH. miR‐342‐5p targets the 3′UTR of the Raf1 regulator Spred3, inhibiting Spred3 expression. Treatment with recombinant Spred3 exacerbated the BPD phenotype and associated PAH. Notably, miR‐342‐5p inhibition under room air conditions did not mimic the BPD phenotype. Moderate/severe BPD tracheal aspirate pellets exhibited decreased miR‐342‐5p levels relative to healthy control pellets.

Conclusion and Implications

These findings suggest that miR‐342‐5p mimic therapy may show promise in the treatment or prevention of BPD.
Can variation in seed removal patterns of Neotropical pioneer tree species be explained by local ant community composition?
Authors: Ruzi Selina A. , Zalamea Paul‐Camilo , Roche Daniel P. , Achury Rafael , Dalling James W. , Suarez Andrew V.
Published: January 2021

Many plants depend on animals for seed dispersal, and ants commonly fill this role. We examined whether heterogeneity in ant community composition among sites, between above‐ and belowground foraging guilds, or between seasons predicts observed variation in seed removal rates for 12 nonmyrmecochorous Neotropical pioneer tree species on Barro Colorado Island, Panama. We also investigated whether ants associated with removing seeds differed in specific morphological characters from the larger ant community. We observed ant–seed interactions at caches to determine which ants removed seeds of 12 tree species. We also sampled ant community composition by placing 315 pitfall traps and 160 subterranean traps across the five sites where seed removal rates were quantified. Aboveground ant community composition varied by site but not season. Among‐site variation in ant composition did not predict seed removal patterns at these same sites. Belowground ant communities differed from aboveground ant communities but were not structured by either site or seed cache type. Finally, ants that removed seeds did not differ morphologically from the broader ant community. Overall, our results suggest ant communities vary over relatively small spatial scales but exhibit a high degree of functional redundancy in terms of seed removal services provided for Neotropical pioneer tree species.

Abstract in Spanish is available with online material.
Trends in survival of leukemia among children, adolescents, and young adults: A population‐based study in Osaka, Japan
Authors: Nakata Kayo , Okawa Sumiyo , Fuji Shigeo , Sato Akira , Morishima Toshitaka , Tada Yuma , Inoue Masami , Hara Junichi , Kawa Keisei , Miyashiro Isao ,   the Osaka Cancer Association for Children, Adolescents, Young Adults
Published: January 2021

This study focused on children as well as adolescents and young adults (AYAs) and aimed to examine trends in survival of leukemia over time using population‐based cancer registry data from Osaka, Japan. The study subjects comprised 2254 children (0‐14 years) and 2,905 AYAs (15‐39 years) who were diagnosed with leukemia during 1975‐2011. Leukemia was divided into four types: acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), acute myeloid leukemia (AML), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), and other leukemias. We analyzed 5‐year overall survival probability (5y‐OS), using the Kaplan‐Meier method and expressed time trends using the joinpoint regression model. For recently diagnosed (2006‐2011) patients, a Cox proportional hazards model was applied to determine predictors of 5y‐OS, using age group, gender, and treatment hospital as covariates. Over the 37‐year period, 5y‐OS greatly improved among both children and AYAs, for each leukemia type. Among AYAs, 5y‐OS of ALL improved, especially after 2000 (65% in 2006‐2011), when the pediatric regimen was introduced but was still lower than that among children (87% in 2006‐2011, P < .001). Survival improvement was most remarkable in CML, and its 5y‐OS was over 90% among both children and AYAs after the introduction of molecularly targeted therapy with tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Among patients with recently diagnosed AML, the risk of death was significantly higher for patients treated at nondesignated hospitals than those treated at designated cancer care hospitals. The changes in survival improvement coincided with the introduction of treatment regimens or molecularly targeted therapies. Patient centralization might be one option which would improve survival.
Pediatric demyelinating disease and anti‐MOG antibody
Authors: Tenembaum Silvia N.
Published: January 2021

Significant progress has been made in the field of pediatric neuroimmunology over the past few years. With the detection of conformationally correct myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibodies using cell‐based assays, children with different monophasic and relapsing phenotypes have been increasingly described. However, there is still controversy regarding the severity of the disease course and outcome of this emerging and rapidly expanding spectrum of MOG‐associated demyelination. Accumulating evidence seems to identify MOG‐IgG–associated disorder as a disease entity different from multiple sclerosis and aquaporin 4 (AQP4)‐IgG–positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. This review will summarize recent findings regarding the spectrum of MOG‐associated disorders in pediatric patients related to diagnosis, clinical presentation, and neuroimaging patterns, including data on current available and emerging treatment options for children.
Cataract and systemic disease: A review
Authors: Ang Michael J. , Afshari Natalie A.
Published: January 2021

We review the current literature regarding the risk factors for cataract and the association between cataract and systemic disease. Numerous epidemiologic studies have found that the risk factors for age‐related cataract formation include age, sex, race and myopia. Modifiable risk factors include smoking, socioeconomic status and ultra‐violet light exposure. Alcohol intake and nutritional status may play a role in cataract formation. Cataract has been associated with many systemic diseases mainly diabetes mellitus, hypertension, obesity, chronic kidney disease and autoimmune disease. Cataract is also a hallmark of many metabolic disorders and syndromes. These findings are important to help implement risk factor and lifestyle‐modification strategies that can hopefully decrease the burden of global cataract blindness.
Diagnosis and management of giant cell arteritis: Major review
Authors: Simon Sumu , Ninan Jem , Hissaria Pravin
Published: January 2021

Giant cell arteritis is a medical emergency because of the high risk of irreversible blindness and cerebrovascular accidents. While elevated inflammatory markers, temporal artery biopsy and modern imaging modalities are useful diagnostic aids, thorough history taking and clinical acumen still remain key elements in establishing a timely diagnosis. Glucocorticoids are the cornerstone of treatment but are associated with high relapse rates and side effects. Targeted biologic agents may open up new treatment approaches in the future.
Appraisals and de/legitimation of classroom well‐being: A study based on Chilean students' voices
Authors: Ramírez‐Casas del valle Lorena P. , López Leiva Verónica A. , Baeza Duffy Patricia M.
Published: January 2021

This study analysed, from a social justice perspective, how students from two Chilean public schools evaluate, legitimise and delegitimise processes and social actors associated with classroom well‐being. Using a participatory qualitative design, fifty‐nine (59) seventh grade students were asked to take and then select photographs about their school experience, and later participated in semi‐structured interviews and a group workshop. Findings regarding the classroom context showed that children legitimised active learning methodologies, teachers to whom they feel close, and the use of technology for learning. They delegitimised punishment and teachers who ignored minority students or those with learning difficulties.
Glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonists in the era of COVID‐19: Friend or foe?
Authors: Belančić Andrej , Kresović Andrea , Troskot Dijan Marija
Published: January 2021

The aim of the present manuscript is to discuss on potential pros and cons of glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonists (GLP‐1RAs) as glucose‐lowering agents during COVID‐19 pandemic, and what is more to evaluate them as potential candidates for the treatment of patients, affected by COVID‐19 infection, with or even without diabetes mellitus type 2. Besides being important glucose‐lowering agents, GLP‐1RAs pose promising anti‐inflammatory and anti‐obesogenic properties, pulmonary protective effects, as well as beneficial impact on gut microbiome composition. Hence, taking everything previously mentioned into consideration, GLP‐1RAs seem to be potential candidates for the treatment of patients, affected by COVID‐19 infection, with or even without type 2 diabetes mellitus, as well as excellent antidiabetic (glucose‐lowering) agents during COVID‐19 pandemic times.
Cognitive Pathways to Belief in Karma and Belief in God
Authors: White Cindel J. M. , Willard Aiyana K. , Baimel Adam , Norenzayan Ara
Published: January 2021

Supernatural beliefs are ubiquitous around the world, and mounting evidence indicates that these beliefs partly rely on intuitive, cross‐culturally recurrent cognitive processes. Specifically, past research has focused on humans' intuitive tendency to perceive minds as part of the cognitive foundations of belief in a personified God—an agentic, morally concerned supernatural entity. However, much less is known about belief in karma—another culturally widespread but ostensibly non‐agentic supernatural entity reflecting ethical causation across reincarnations. In two studies and four high‐powered samples, including mostly Christian Canadians and mostly Hindu Indians (Study 1,N = 2,006) and mostly Christian Americans and Singaporean Buddhists (Study 2,N = 1,752), we provide the first systematic empirical investigation of the cognitive intuitions underlying various forms of belief in karma. We used path analyses to (a) replicate tests of the previously documented cognitive predictors of belief in God, (b) test whether this same network of variables predicts belief in karma, and (c) examine the relative contributions of cognitive and cultural variables to both sets of beliefs. We found that cognitive tendencies toward intuitive thinking, mentalizing, dualism, and teleological thinking predicted a variety of beliefs about karma—including morally laden, non‐agentic, and agentic conceptualizations—above and beyond the variability explained by cultural learning about karma across cultures. These results provide further evidence for an independent role for both culture and cognition in supporting diverse types of supernatural beliefs in distinct cultural contexts.
The utility of PRAME staining in identifying malignant transformation of melanocytic nevi
Authors: Lohman Mary E. , Steen Aaron J. , Grekin Roy C. , North Jeffrey P.
Published: January 2021

Background

PReferentially expressed Antigen in MElanoma (PRAME) immunohistochemical (IHC) staining is used to aid melanoma diagnosis. PRAME expression in nevus‐associated melanoma (NAM) has not been evaluated.

Methods

PRAME IHC was applied to cases of NAM; staining for each population of melanocytes (benign and malignant) was graded based on the percentage of labeled cells. No labeling was graded 0, 1% to 25% labeling was 1+, 26% to 50% was 2+, 51% to 75% was 3+, and >76% was 4+.

Results

Thirty‐six cases were reviewed. Sixty‐seven percent (24/36) of melanomas were PRAME positive (4+) while no (0/36) nevi showed 4+ positivity. Eighty‐one percent (29/36) of nevi were completely PRAME negative compared to 17% (6/36) of melanomas. In 67% of cases (24/36) PRAME differentiated between benign and malignant melanocyte populations.

Conclusions

We identified a high rate (67%) of differential PRAME staining in adjacent benign and malignant melanocyte populations in NAM. In PRAME positive (4+) melanomas, PRAME differentiates 100% (24/24) of benign and malignant melanocyte populations. When 4+ staining is used as the threshold for positivity, PRAME staining has a sensitivity of 67% (24/36) and a specificity of 100% (36/36). These results support PRAME IHC can assist in distinguishing melanocyte populations in melanoma arising within nevi.
Women with type 1 diabetes and women with type 2 diabetes differ in knowledge and beliefs about contraception and pregnancy
Authors: Hendrieckx Christel , Morrison Melinda , Audehm Ralph , Barry Alison , Farrell Kaye , Houvardas Effie , Nankervis Alison , Porter Cynthia , Scibilia Renza , Ross Glynis
Published: January 2021

Aims

To assess differences in knowledge and beliefs about pregnancy in women with diabetes.

Methods

Questions were from the Australian ‘Contraception, Pregnancy & Women's Health’ survey. Women (18–50 years) were eligible if pregnant or planning pregnancy. Knowledge and beliefs items were adapted from the Reproductive Health and Behaviours Questionnaire.

Results

Compared to women with type 2 diabetes (n = 103), women with type 1 diabetes (n = 526) had higher scores for knowledge about pregnancy in diabetes (type 1 diabetes 9.8 ± 2.4 vs. type 2 diabetes 7.7 ± 3.1), beliefs about benefits (type 1 diabetes 18.4 ± 2.2 vs. type 2 diabetes 17.2 ± 3.3), cues‐to‐action (type 1 diabetes 2.7 ± 1.4 vs. type 2 diabetes 1.5 ± 1.3) and self‐efficacy (type 1 diabetes 22.6 ± 5.5 vs. type 2 diabetes 20.2 ± 6.1 (all p < 0.001) regarding preparing for pregnancy. Major knowledge gaps were the need for higher dose folate compared to women without diabetes and uncertainty about breastfeeding recommendations. Women with type 1 diabetes believed more strongly in the benefits of ‘close to target’ glucose levels prior to pregnancy and using contraception to prevent unplanned pregnancy; they also felt more confident to access pre‐pregnancy care and to wait for optimal glycaemia before pregnancy. Women with type 2 diabetes were less aware of contraceptive choices, and risks associated with hyperglycaemia before or early in pregnancy.

Conclusions

The findings highlighted main gaps in knowledge and beliefs about planning for pregnancy. Especially in type 2 diabetes, there is a need for evidence‐based messaging and strategies addressing these gaps, to raise understanding to prepare for future pregnancies.
Giant pseudoaneurysm masquerading as large pericardial effusion in a patient with old myocardial infarction
Authors: Sonsöz Mehmet Rasih , Dervis Emir , Kahveci Gökhan
Published: January 2021

Pericardial effusions are common in patients with anterior myocardial infarction and resolve slowly after it. The diagnosis is generally established via echocardiography. However, a persistent, large pericardial effusion after the myocardial infarction may mask a more hazardous complication: pseudoaneurysm. Herein, we report a young gentleman presenting with dyspnea who had myocardial infarction and was misdiagnosed with large pericardial effusion.
The association between serum homocysteine and depression: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of observational studies
Authors: Moradi Fatemeh , Lotfi Keyhan , Armin Maryam , Clark Cain C.T. , Askari Gholamreza , Rouhani Mohammad Hossein
Published: January 2021

Background

Hyperhomocysteinaemia is known to interfere with neurological functions; however, there is a controversy regarding the relationship between homocysteine and depression.

Materials and methods

Science Direct, MEDLINE and ISI Web of Science were searched to find relevant articles, published up to August 2020. Studies were included if they compared homocysteine levels in healthy subjects with subjects with depression. Also, articles that reported the association between hyperhomocysteinaemia and risk of depression were included. Odds ratios of depression and means of homocysteine were used to ascertain the overall effect size.

Results

Homocysteine level was higher in subjects with depression in comparison with healthy controls (weight mean difference = 2.53 µmol/L, 95% confidence interval: 1.77, 3.30), and the depression diagnostic tool was a source of heterogeneity. Homocysteine level was significantly higher in subjects with depression in studies that used Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders‐IV (DSM‐IV), Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), Zung Self‐Rating Depression Scale (ZDRS) and Beck Depression Index II (BDI‐II) as depression diagnostic tools. Also, participants with hyperhomocysteinaemia had a higher chance of depression (Pooled risk = 1.34, 95% confidence interval: 1.19, 1.52), where the depression diagnostic tool was a source of heterogeneity. In contrast to ZDRS and Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) subgroups, hyperhomocysteinaemia yielded a significantly higher risk of depression in DSM‐IV, GDS and ‘other’ subgroups.

Conclusion

Homocysteinemia level is higher in individuals with depression. However, the depression diagnostic tool used is instrumental in influencing their association, and thus, future studies should focus on the tools for depression assessment.
Pulp healing in immature replanted permanent teeth: A competing risk analysis
Authors: Amaro Roberta Gabriela , dos Santos Letícia Canhestro Machado , Lima Thiago César da Silva , Coste Sylvia Cury , Barbato Ferreira Daniela Augusta , Côrtes Maria Ilma de Souza , Colosimo Enrico Antonio , Bastos Juliana Vilela
Published: January 2021

Background/Aim

Tooth displacement during avulsion causes total rupture of the pulp's neurovascular supply. Revascularization and pulp healing may occur in immature teeth, which gives rise to the recommendation that root canal treatment may not be required. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prognostic factors for the pulp’s response after replantation of young permanent teeth.

Methods

Records from 117 patients with 133 replanted permanent immature teeth were reviewed, and pulp outcomes were classified as healing (hard tissue deposition on the dentinal walls followed by narrowing of the pulp lumen or ingrowth of bone‐like tissue inside the pulp canal) or non‐healing (pulp necrosis with infection). The effect of clinical and demographic co‐variates on the hazards of both outcomes was assessed performing a competing risk model.

Results

Pulp necrosis with infection was diagnosed in 78.2% of the teeth, and healing was observed in 12.8% of the teeth. A total of 12 teeth (9.0%) were censored due to prophylactic removal of the pulp or severe external root resorption caused by eruption of adjacent canines. The cs‐Cox model demonstrated that the hazards of pulp healing increased in teeth with extra‐alveolar periods <15 min (csHR: 7.83, 95% CI 1.76–34.80, p = .01), while the hazards of pulp necrosis with infection decreased (csHR: 0.31, 95% CI: 0.10–0.92, p = .04). Teeth replanted with Moorrees’ stages 4 and 5 of root development had higher hazards of pulp necrosis with infection than teeth with stage 2 of root development (csHR: 2.23, 95% CI 1.11–4.50, p = .03; csHR: 2.89, 95% CI: 1.40–5.95; p = .01).

Conclusions

Pulp healing rarely occurred after replantation of young permanent teeth being associated with short extra‐alveolar periods <15 min. Early stages of root development decreased the hazards of pulp necrosis with infection.
Lava crickets (Caconemobius spp.) on Hawai'i Island: first colonisers or persisters in extreme habitats?
Authors: Heinen‐Kay Justa L. , Rotenberry John T. , Kay Adam D. , Zuk Marlene
Published: January 2021

1. Primary succession after a volcanic eruption is a major ecological process, but relatively little is known about insects that colonise barren lava before plants become established.

2. On Hawai'i Island, the endemic cricket, Caconemobius fori Gurney & Rentz, 1978, is known as the first multicellular life form to colonise lava after an eruption from Kīlauea Volcano. In the Kona region, a congener, Caconemobius anahulu Otte, 1994 inhabits unvegetated lava flows from Hualālai Volcano, but little has been documented about its distribution.

3. Our aim was to characterise the presence/absence of Caconemobius spp. across lava flows that are largely unvegetated, but differ in age since eruption and connectivity to older flows. We used baited live traps to survey 9 month–50 year‐old Kīlauea lava flows for C. fori, and ∼220 year‐old Hualālai lava flows for C. anahulu.

4. We found no evidence that C. fori has colonised the Kīlauea flows from the 2018 eruption. However, we did discover that C. fori was persistent and widespread on Kīlauea lava up to 50 years old within Hawai'i Volcanos National Park. We also captured C. anahulu across much of the Hualālai lava flows we surveyed in Kona.

5. We demonstrated that C. fori do not always arrive on new lava within months after an eruption, in contrast to previous reports, and that both C. fori and C. anahulu can remain on lava longer than previously appreciated. Vegetation successional state may be more important than true age for the persistence of these endemic crickets.
Look into my eyes: Pupillometry reveals that a post‐hypnotic suggestion for word blindness reduces Stroop interference by marshalling greater effortful control
Authors: Parris Benjamin A. , Hasshim Nabil , Dienes Zoltan
Published: January 2021

The mechanisms underpinning the apparently remarkable levels of cognitive and behavioural control following hypnosis and hypnotic suggestion are poorly understood. Numerous independent studies have reported that Stroop interference can be reduced following a post‐hypnotic suggestion that asks participants to perceive words as if made up of characters from a foreign language. This effect indicates that frontal executive functions can be more potent than is generally accepted and has been described as resulting from top‐down control not normally voluntarily available. We employed eye tracking and pupillometry to investigate whether the effect results from voluntary visuo‐attentional strategies (subtly looking away from the word to prevent optimal word processing), reduced response conflict but not overall conflict, Stroop effects being pushed from response selection to response execution (response durations) or increased proactive effortful control given enhanced contextual motivation (as indexed via pupil dilation). We replicated the reduction in Stroop interference following the suggestion despite removing any trials on which eye movements were not consistent with optimal word processing. Our data were inconclusive with regards to conflict type affected by the suggestion in the latency data, although preserved semantic conflict was evident in the pupil data. There was also no evidence of Stroop effects on response durations. However, we show that baseline‐corrected pupil sizes were larger following the suggestion indicating the socio‐cognitive context and experimental demands motivate participants to marshal greater effortful control.
The relationship between resilience and neurophysiological stress in Special Operations Forces combat service members
Authors: Barczak‐Scarboro Nikki E. , Roby Patricia R. , Kiefer Adam W. , Bailar‐Heath MaryBeth , Burke Riley J. , DeLellis Stephen M. , Kane Shawn F. , Lynch James H. , Means Gary E. , Depenbrock Patrick J. , Mihalik Jason P.
Published: January 2021

Military resilience research is increasing due to the growing literature associating resilience with stress adaptation. This study aimed to investigate which physiological stress adaptation components were associated with resilience in Special Operations Forces combat service members. Special Operations Forces combat service members (n = 117) self‐reported resilience (ER89) and lifetime clinician‐confirmed mild traumatic brain injury history. Participants also underwent transcranial Doppler ultrasonography to measure middle cerebral artery velocity during rest and a breath‐holding task. Neither resilience nor mild traumatic brain injury history was significantly associated with middle cerebral artery velocity percent increase following breath‐holding; younger Special Operations Forces combat service members had a higher percent increase in middle cerebral artery velocity following a breath‐holding task. Resilience was negatively associated with time to return to baseline middle cerebral artery velocity following peak velocity; whereas, mild traumatic brain injury history did not have a significant association. The Special Operations Forces combat service members that scored higher in resilience tended to return to baseline middle cerebral artery velocity following peak velocity faster than their less resilient counterparts. More resilient Special Operations Forces combat service members recovered faster from physiological stress (breath‐holding) than less resilient counterparts. This is the first study to investigate resilience and cerebrovascular stress response and recovery in this population. Our initial findings indicated that the Ego Resiliency Scale may be an optimal resilience psychometric and should be used to evaluate effective military resilience trainings, which aim to improve performance and mental health.
An epigenetic clock to estimate the age of living beluga whales
Authors: Bors Eleanor K. , Baker C. Scott , Wade Paul R. , O'Neill Kaimyn B. , Shelden Kim E. W. , Thompson Michael J. , Fei Zhe , Jarman Simon , Horvath Steve
Published: January 2021

DNA methylation data facilitate the development of accurate molecular estimators of chronological age or “epigenetic clocks.” We present a robust epigenetic clock for the beluga whale, Delphinapterus leucas, developed for an endangered population in Cook Inlet, Alaska, USA. We used a custom methylation array to measure methylation levels at 37,491 cytosine–guanine sites (CpGs) from skin samples of dead whales (n = 67) whose chronological ages were estimated based on tooth growth layer groups. Using these calibration data, a penalized regression model selected 23 CpGs, providing an R2 = 0.92 for the training data; and an R2 = 0.74 and median absolute age error = 2.9 years for the leave one out cross‐validation. We applied the epigenetic clock to an independent dataset of 38 skin samples collected with a biopsy dart from living whales between 2016 and 2018. Age estimates ranged from 11 to 27 years. We also report sex correlations in CpG data and describe an approach of identifying the sex of an animal using DNA methylation. The epigenetic estimators of age and sex presented here have broad applications for conservation and management of Cook Inlet beluga whales and potentially other cetaceans.
Sociocultural Attunement to Vulnerability in Couple Therapy: Fulcrum for Changing Power Processes in Heterosexual Relationships
Authors: Knudson‐Martin Carmen , Kim Lana , Gibbs Emily , Harmon Raquel
Published: January 2021

Increasingly, couple therapists are called to promote equity in their clinical practice, yet little research illuminates the intricacy of doing this work. The purpose of this study was to clarify the clinical processes involved when therapists facilitate a more equitable balance of power in couple relationships while utilizing a sociocontextual frame of reference. It is part of larger research explicating Socio‐Emotional Relationship Therapy (SERT), an approach that places equity and social justice at the core. The sample included 72 SERT sessions with nine heterosoexual couples in which there was an observable power difference between partners. Using Charmaz’s (2014, Constructing grounded theory: A practical guide through qualitative analysis, Sage) grounded theory coding, theoretical sampling, and interpretive methods, we examined therapist/client responses over multiple sessions to explain shifts in the couples’ power balance. Analysis identified sociocultural attunement to vulnerability as the core clinical process and detailed five sociocultural expressions: socialized vulnerability, socialized invulnerability, reactive (in)vulnerability, reactive vulnerability, and shared vulnerability. Shifts in power involved each of three therapist stances: (a) identification of the societal power context of vulnerability, (b) therapist leadership and responsive persistence, and (c) facilitating mutual sociocultural attunement to vulnerability to promote shared relational responsibility and influence. Implications address the connections between power and vulnerability in couples work and what therapists can do to more effectively facilitate relational equity.
The effect of residual stress on mixed‐mode crack propagation behaviour in friction stir welded 7075‐T6 aluminium alloy panel under biaxial loading
Authors: Zhang Xiushuo , Ma Yu'e. , Wang Zhenhai , Guo Yanning
Published: January 2021

The effect of residual stress on mixed‐mode crack propagation behaviour in friction stir welded (FSW) 7075‐T6 panel under biaxial loading was investigated. Stress intensity factors (KI and KII) were used to study the effects of residual stress on crack behaviours with five different biaxial loading ratios. It was observed that residual stress has a considerable effect on the mixed‐mode crack growth. In most cases, the crack deviation from the initial crack is mainly affected by residual stress at the beginning of crack propagation. The variation of crack path is strongly linked with the residual stress as well as the biaxial loading ratio. In addition, KI and KII are susceptible to residual stress under biaxial loading conditions. Residual stresses contribute to a higher proportion of KII compared with that of KI. KI and KII in the retreating side are more affected by the residual stress.
Eating, looking, and living clean: Techniques of white femininity in contemporary neoliberal food culture
Authors: Wilkes Karen
Published: January 2021

This article contributes to Gender Work and Organization's Special Themed Section on Foodwork, by addressing the intersections of race, gender, and class in representations of labor, whiteness, and neoliberalism in popular and digital food cultures. The discussion responds to the journal's call for papers by examining the clean eating trend as a vehicle for the ideals of white femininity, and the techniques of femininity that are employed to convey messages of normalcy and exceptionalism in this contemporary popular food culture. In the analysis of an article in the high‐end home interiors magazine, Elle Decoration, the visual authoritativeness of clean eating advocates is considered to highlight the strategies and devices used to deploy ideals of white femininity and to create boundaries around a remodeled white female neoliberal self. The article aims to advance current debates regarding digital foodwork, by examining the esthetics of whiteness that are contained within the message of relatability communicated by social media food influencers. Thus, in keeping with the broader concerns of the journal, the article addresses developments in the fields of gender and digital labor, with respect to the overwhelming dominance of privileged white women in this sphere and the esthetics of their labor, which has thus far received limited attention within existing debates.
Management of primary headaches during pregnancy, postpartum, and breastfeeding: A systematic review
Authors: Saldanha Ian J. , Cao Wangnan , Bhuma Monika Reddy , Konnyu Kristin J. , Adam Gaelen P. , Mehta Shivani , Zullo Andrew R. , Chen Kenneth K. , Roth Julie L. , Balk Ethan M.
Published: January 2021

Background

Primary headaches (migraine, tension headache, cluster headache, and other trigeminal autonomic cephalgias) are common in pregnancy and postpartum. It is unclear how to best and most safely manage them.

Objective

We conducted a systematic review (SR) of interventions to prevent or treat primary headaches in women who are pregnant, attempting to become pregnant, postpartum, or breastfeeding.

Methods

We searched Medline, Embase, Cochrane CENTRAL, CINAHL, ClinicalTrials.gov, Cochrane Database of SRs, and Epistemonikos for primary studies of pregnant women with primary headache and existing SRs of harms in pregnant women regardless of indication. No date or language restrictions were applied. We assessed strength of evidence (SoE) using standard methods.

Results

We screened 8549 citations for studies and 2788 citations for SRs. Sixteen studies (mostly high risk of bias) comprising 14,185 patients (total) and 26 SRs met the criteria. For prevention, we found no evidence addressing effectiveness. Antiepileptics, venlafaxine, tricyclic antidepressants, benzodiazepines, β‐blockers, prednisolone, and oral magnesium may be associated with fetal/child adverse effects, but calcium channel blockers and antihistamines may not be (1 single‐group study and 11 SRs; low‐to‐moderate SoE). For treatment, combination metoclopramide and diphenhydramine may be more effective than codeine for migraine or tension headache (1 randomized controlled trial; low SoE). Triptans may not be associated with fetal/child adverse effects (8 nonrandomized comparative studies; low SoE). Acetaminophen, prednisolone, indomethacin, ondansetron, antipsychotics, and intravenous magnesium may be associated with fetal/child adverse effects, but low‐dose aspirin may not be (indirect evidence; low‐to‐moderate SoE). We found insufficient evidence regarding non‐pharmacologic treatments.

Conclusions

For prevention of primary headache, calcium channel blockers and antihistamines may not be associated with fetal/child adverse effects. For treatment, combination metoclopramide and diphenhydramine may be more effective than codeine. Triptans and low‐dose aspirin may not be associated with fetal/child adverse effects. Future research should identify effective and safe interventions in pregnancy and postpartum.
The genesis of private dispute resolution in Irish industrial relations
Authors: Roche William K.
Published: January 2021

This article examines the genesis of private dispute resolution arrangements introduced by employers and unions in Ireland. These forms of collective alternative dispute resolution (ADR) comprise three‐person panels or sole adjudicators, who mediate and issue findings on collective disputes. Findings may be non‐binding or binding. Using data and interviews covering 11 private dispute resolution arrangements in 10 organisations, the paper identifies the circumstances in which they have emerged and a series of influences that lead employers and unions make path‐breaking changes in dispute resolution procedures.
Coproduction Challenges in the Context of Changing Rural Livelihoods
Authors: Popovici Ruxandra , Mazer Katy E. , Erwin Anna E. , Ma Zhao , Cáceres José P. Pinto , Bowling Laura C. , Bocardo‐Delgado Edwin F. , Prokopy Linda S.
Published: January 2021

Coproduction is a process that involves scientists and citizens engaging throughout the production of knowledge, decisions, and/or policies. This approach has been widely applied in an international context for addressing global environmental issues. It is customary for scientists to travel to rural communities, where both scientists and local knowledge holders work together and jointly design solutions to pressing problems. Such collaboration, however, often involves high costs for both residents and scientists, which can reduce project effectiveness. This study examines the challenges associated with coproduction in the context of changing rural livelihoods in beneficiary communities. We specifically conduct a self‐analysis of the coproduction process led by our own university team, where scientists designed tools for water and crop management together with community members in Peru's Caylloma province. We collected qualitative data on the coproduction challenges in five local districts in Caylloma, using focus groups and semi‐structured interviews. Our results indicate that changing socioeconomic conditions in rural communities undermined the long‐term sustainability and effectiveness of the coproduction efforts and deliverables. These included increased migration, market integration, and reliance on regional institutions for water and crop management.