bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A 1‐year follow‐up study of capacity to love and work: What components of borderline personality disorder most impair interpersonal and vocational functioning?
Authors: Miller Caitlin E. , Lewis Kate L. , Huxley Elizabeth , Townsend Michelle L. , Grenyer Brin F.S.
Published: August 2018

Background

For individuals with borderline personality disorder (BPD), both the reduction in symptoms and the improvement of vocational and interpersonal function (psychosocial function) are important for recovery. Research suggests that some components of BPD make it harder to achieve functional recovery; however, findings are varied and inconclusive. The present study assesses recovery over time in BPD, investigates which symptoms make it harder to function and explores the relationships between these symptoms.

Method

One hundred ninety‐nine consecutively recruited individuals in psychological treatment for personality disorder were studied over 12 months. Measures of BPD symptom severity at intake were used to predict improvements in social and vocational function at follow‐up. Exploratory modelling was conducted to understand the relationships between symptoms and function.

Results

Following 12 months of treatment, symptoms and functioning improved. Those who experienced more severe emptiness, impulsivity and self‐harm had worse outcomes. A relationship between chronic emptiness at intake and impaired vocational outcome (days out of work) at follow‐up was found, mediated by severity of impulsivity and frequency of self‐harm.

Conclusion

Chronic emptiness is associated with dysfunctional behaviours such as impulsivity and self‐harm, and poor psychosocial improvement. Interventions targeting chronic emptiness in those most vulnerable may improve functional outcomes. © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interactions between the Intrinsically Disordered Proteins β‐Synuclein and α‐Synuclein
Authors: Williams Jonathan K. , Yang Xue , Baum Jean
Published: August 2018

Several intrinsically disordered proteins have been implicated in the process of amyloid fibril formation in neurodegenerative disease, and developing approaches to inhibit the aggregation of these intrinsically disordered proteins is critical for establishing effective therapies against disease progression. The aggregation pathway of the intrinsically disordered protein alpha‐synuclein, which is implicated in several neurodegenerative diseases known as synucleinopathies, has been extensively characterized. Less attention has been leveraged on beta‐synuclein, a homologous intrinsically disordered protein that co‐localizes with alpha‐synuclein and is known to delay alpha‐synuclein fibril formation. In this review, we focus on beta‐synuclein and the molecular‐level interactions between alpha‐synuclein and beta‐synuclein that underlie the delay of fibril formation. We highlight studies that begin to define alpha‐synuclein and beta‐synuclein interactions at the monomer, oligomer, and surface levels, and suggest that beta‐synuclein plays a role in regulation of inhibition at many different stages of alpha‐synuclein aggregation.
Se Atom‐Induced Synthesis of Concave Spherical Fe3O4@Cu2O Nanocrystals for Highly Efficient MRI–SERS Imaging‐Guided NIR Photothermal Therapy
Authors: Wang Zhiyi , Zhang Jie , Wang Hao , Hai Jun , Wang Baodui
Published: August 2018

Developing multifunctional nanoplatform, which generally integrates multimodality imaging and therapeutic functions into a single nanocarrier, is of great importance for biomedicine and nanoscience. Herein, concave spherical Fe3O4@Cu2O nanocrystals (NCs) is first reported as a multifunctional diagnostic agent for in vitro magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) imaging‐guided photothermal therapy (PTT) based on Se atom‐induced transformation of core–shell Fe3O4@Cu2O NCs. Notably, a remarkable increase is found in SERS enhancement from rhodamine 123 (R123) molecules adsorbed on concave spherical Fe3O4@Cu2O NCs with a detection limit of 3 × 10−8m and enhancement factor up to 6.62 × 105. Due to it containing MRI‐active Fe3O4 nanoparticles, the synthesized probe could be used as a MRI‐SERS imaging in vitro (r2 relaxivity value: 72.37 mm−1 s−1). The detection limit is as low as 50 cells mL−1 based on SERS detection. Moreover, due to its high photothermal conversion efficiency (31.5%), the concave spherical Fe3O4@Cu2O NCs could be used for PTT in cellular level. The studies illustrate for the first time integrating MRI‐SERS imaging‐guided PTT all in one based on noble metal free nanostructures, which have great potential for precision theranostic nanomedicines.
Safe chemical repellents to prevent the spread of invasive ants
Authors: Chen Siqi , Chen Hongyu , Xu Yijuan
Published: August 2018

BACKGROUND

The red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta, is one of the most dangerous invasive species in the world. Fire ants can spread by hiding among plant material and soil that are transported from infested areas in vehicles and vessels. Therefore, efficient repellents may be used to prevent fire ants from infesting transported goods. Although some fire ant repellants have been identified, novel, cost‐effective and environmentally friendly materials for fire ant control are still needed. Recent studies with other model insects have suggested readily available, non‐toxic alternatives (e.g., anthranilates) to commercial repellents.

RESULTS

We measured the repellent effects of the food additives ethyl anthranilate and butyl anthranilate against nesting by fire ant workers, and the results demonstrated that extremely low concentrations of these compounds can prevent fire ant nesting in pots. The tested compounds remained active at concentrations < 100 µL/L, which is many times lower than the minimum active concentration of any other proposed compound, including the established insect repellent N,N‐diethyl‐3‐methylbenzamide (DEET).

CONCLUSION

These inexpensive chemicals are safely used by the food and cosmetics industries, and their high efficiency differentiates them as the most promising chemicals for use in preventing the spread of fire ants; thus, these chemicals should be evaluated for further potential applications. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
Antiviral activity of titanium dioxide nanostructures as a control strategy for broad bean strain virus in faba bean
Authors: Elsharkawy Mohsen M , Derbalah Aly
Published: August 2018

BACKGROUND

This study fabricated titanium dioxide nanostructures (TDNS) to control broad bean stain virus (BBSV) in faba bean plants. Protection of faba bean against BBSV was evaluated biologically with respect to virus severity, reduction in BBSV accumulation and expression of a pathogenesis‐related gene.

RESULTS

The results indicate that faba bean plants treated with TDNS show a significant reduction in disease severity relative to untreated plants. The regulatory and defense gene involved in the salicylic acid signaling pathway was highly expressed in faba bean plants treated with TDNS compared with untreated plants. The structural features of TDNS, such as the small particle size and suitable shape, contributed to its high efficacy against BBSV. Growth of faba bean plants treated with TDNS was significantly enhanced relative to untreated plants.

CONCULSION

TDNS is an important, eco‐friendly and safe strategy for controlling BBSV in faba bean and this study is the first report of this control strategy. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
Unravelling the demographic dynamics of ethnic residential segregation
Authors: Kauppinen Timo M. , van Ham Maarten
Published: August 2018

Selective intraurban migration of ethnic groups is often assumed to be the main microlevel mechanism reproducing ethnic residential segregation. However, other demographic processes, such as natural change and international migration, also matter. This paper contributes to the literature by unravelling the impacts of different demographic processes to changes in ethnic segregation. It uses longitudinal individual‐level register data on the complete population of the Helsinki region in Finland. We calculate observed changes in exposure indices, segregation indices in counterfactual scenarios, and decompositions of population changes. Results indicate that intraregional migration is the main process affecting segregation between Finnish‐origin and non‐Western‐origin populations, but whereas migration of the former increases segregation, migration of the latter decreases it. International migration and natural change among the non‐Western‐origin population are the main processes increasing exposure of the non‐Western‐origin population to other members of the group. No indication is found of a general tendency to “self‐segregate.”
Intrinsic Dissipation in Superconducting Junctions Probed by Qubit Spectroscopy
Authors: Golubev Dmitry S. , Galaktionov Artem V. , Zaikin Andrei D.
Published: August 2018

The study of frequency‐dependent intrinsic dissipation in a highly transparent Josephson junction by means of quantum‐bit (qubit) spectroscopy is proposed. The spectral density of the effective dissipative bath may contain significant contributions from Andreev bound states coupled to fluctuations of the Josephson phase. Varying either the bias current applied to the junction or magnetic flux through a superconducting ring in the radiofrequency superconducting quantum interference device (rf‐SQUID) setup, one can tune the level splitting value close to the bottom of the Josephson potential well. Monitoring the qubit energy relaxation time one can probe the spectral density of the effective dissipative bath and unambiguously identify the contribution emerging from Andreev levels.
Quantifiable Simulation of Quantum Computation beyond Stochastic Ensemble Computation
Authors: Bang Jeongho , Ryu Junghee , Lee Chang‐Woo , Yee Ki Hyuk , Lee Jinhyoung , Son Wonmin
Published: August 2018

In this study, a distinctive feature of quantum computation (QC) is characterized. To this end, a seemingly‐powerful classical computing model, called “stochastic ensemble machine (SEnM),” is considered. The SEnM runs with an ensemble consisting of finite copies of a single probabilistic machine, hence is as powerful as a probabilistic Turing machine (PTM). Then the hypothesis—that is, the SEnM can effectively simulate a general circuit model of QC—is tested by introducing an information‐theoretic inequality, named readout inequality. The inequality is satisfied by the SEnM and imposes a critical condition: if the hypothesis holds, the inequality should be satisfied by the probing model of QC. However, it is shown that the above hypothesis is not generally accepted with the inequality violation; namely, such a simulation necessarily fails, implying that PTM ⊆ QC.
A Cut‐Resistant and Highly Restorable Graphene Foam
Authors: Liang Yuan , Liu Feng , Deng Yaxi , Zhou Qinhan , Cheng Zhihua , Zhang Panpan , Xiao Yukun , Lv Lingxiao , Liang Hanxue , Han Qing , Shao Huibo , Qu Liangti
Published: August 2018

High‐pressure resistant and multidirectional compressible materials enable various applications but are often hindered by structure‐derived collapse and weak elasticity. Here, a super‐robust graphene foam with ladder shape microstructure capable of withstanding high pressure is presented. The multioriented ladder arrays architecture of the foam, consisting of thousands of identically sized square spaces, endow it with a great deal of elastic units. It can easily bear an iterative and multidirectional pressure of 44.5 MPa produced by a sharp blade, and may completely recover to its initial state by a load of 180 000 times their own weight even under 95% strain. More importantly, the foam can also maintain structural integrity after experiencing a pressure of 2.8 GPa through siphoning. Computational modeling of the “buckling of shells” mechanism reveals the unique ladder‐shaped graphene foam contributes to the superior cut resistance and good resilience. Based on this finding, it can be widely used in cutting resistance sensors, monitoring of sea level, and the detection of oily contaminants in water delivery pipelines.
Bifunctional Au@Bi2Se3 Core–Shell Nanoparticle for Synergetic Therapy by SERS‐Traceable AntagomiR Delivery and Photothermal Treatment
Authors: Mohammadniaei Mohsen , Lee Taek , Bharate Bapurao G. , Yoon Jinho , Choi Hye Kyu , Park Soo‐jeong , Kim Junghoon , Kim Jungho , Choi Jeong‐Woo
Published: August 2018

For the first time, topological insulator bismuth selenide nanoparticles (Bi2Se3 NP) are core–shelled with gold (Au@Bi2Se3) i) to represent considerably small‐sized (11 nm) plasmonic nanoparticles, enabling accurate bioimaging in the near‐infrared region; ii) to substantially improve Bi2Se3 biocompatibility, iii) water dispersibility, and iv) surface functionalization capability through straightforward gold–thiol interaction. The Au@Bi2Se3 is subsequently functionalized for v) effective targeting of SH‐SY5Y cancer cells, vi) disrupting the endosome/lysosome membrane, vii) traceable delivery of antagomiR‐152 and further synergetic oncomiR knockdown and photothermal therapy (PTT). Unprecedentedly, it is observed that the Au shell thickness has a significant impact on evoking the exotic plasmonic features of Bi2Se3. The Au@Bi2Se3 possesses a high photothermal conversion efficiency (35.5%) and a remarkable surface plasmonic effect (both properties are approximately twofold higher than those of 50 nm Au nanoparticles). In contrast to the siRNA/miRNA delivery methods, the antagomiR delivery is based on strand displacement, in which the antagomiR‐152 is displaced by oncomiR‐152 followed by a surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy signal drop. This enables both cancer cell diagnosis and in vitro real‐time monitoring of the antagomiR release. This selective PTT nanoparticle can also efficiently target solid tumors and undergo in vivo PTT, indicating its potential clinical applications.
Hierarchy Design in Metal Oxides as Anodes for Advanced Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Jin Jun , Wu Liang , Huang Shaozhuan , Yan Min , Wang Hongen , Chen Lihua , Hasan Tawfique , Li Yu , Su Bao‐Lian
Published: August 2018

Hierarchical structures are ubiquitous in both animals and plants. The coordination of the hierarchical structures and functions makes living organisms function efficiently. This explains why hierarchical metal oxide (HMO)‐based micro/nanostructures have recently received huge attention as anodes for application in highly efficient lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs). Indeed, hierarchy in such micro/nanostructured HMOs offers high specific surface area, stable structure, short path length, and improved higher packing density to improve the reaction kinetics and Li+/e− transport kinetics, resulting in highly enhanced rate capability and cycling stability for LIBs. This report focuses on the hierarchical design from structural, morphological, porous, and component levels to engineer the HMOs as anodes for LIBs. The advantages of micro/nanostructured HMO‐based on three reaction mechanisms (intercalation/deintercalation, conversion, and alloying/dealloying), important challenges ahead, and future perspectives on designing advanced electrode materials for next‐generation high‐performance LIBs are discussed.
Two Faces of Self and Emotion in Symbolic Interactionism: From Process to Structure and Culture—And Back
Authors: Francis Linda E. , Adams Richard E.
Published: August 2018

During the heyday of modernist sociology, two theories emerged within symbolic interaction, each attempting to refine and extend aspects of Mead's framework: Affect Control Theory and Identity Theory. The similarities between these two different theories have led to confusion as well as speculation about their continuance as separate theories. We trace the development of both, contrast their foci and contributions, and outline paradigmatic changes that may reconcile some differences. In addition, we highlight the growing potential for interface with processual symbolic interactionist work, and the possible benefits for all such “faces” of the framework.
On the Demystification of “HPbI3” and the Peculiarities of the Non‐innocent Solvents H2O and DMF
Authors: Daub Michael , Hillebrecht Harald
Published: August 2018

Detailed investigations by XRD reveal that the precursor “HPbI3” that was obtained by reaction of aq. conc. hydroiodic acid HI and PbI2 in DMF is (CH3)2NH2PbI3. (CH3)2NH2+ is formed by solvent reaction as already described in the literature but not properly assigned. Attempts to synthesize HPbI3 by gas phase reaction of PbI2 with aq. conc. HI yielded light‐yellow crystals of the oxonium salt H18O8Pb3I8 (Pbam, Z = 2, a = 10.075, b = 30.162, c = 4.5664 Å). The crystal structure of H18O8Pb3I8 consists of trimeric ribbons of edge‐sharing PbI6 octahedra. These ribbons [Pb3I8]2– are separated by protonated fragments of crystalline ice [H18O8]2+ or (H2O)6(H3O+)2. H18O8Pb3I8 can also be precipitated from PbI2 and aq. conc. HI. H18O8Pb3I8 is not stable at room temperature but transforms within a few days to light‐yellow (H3O)2x(H2O)2–2xPb1–xI2 with x ≈ 0.23 (R3m, Z = 3, a = 4.5554, c = 29.524 Å). The crystal structure represents a CdCl2‐type layer structure with H2O/H3O+ in between. Charge compensation is achieved by Pb2+ vacancies. Via topotactic reaction (H3O)2x(H2O)2–2xPb1–xI2 releases H2O/HI and forms crystals of the pristine PbI2. All steps were characterized by P‐XRD, IR/Raman spectra, and UV/Vis spectra. H18O8Pb3I8 acts as a precursor for the synthesis of MAPbI3 because the reaction with gaseous CH3NH2 yields MAPbI3, so it can mimic a composition “HPbI3”.
Periodic locomotion of a two‐body crawling system along a straight line on a rough inclined plane
Authors: Bolotnik N. , Schorr P. , Zeidis I. , Zimmermann K.
Published: August 2018

The motion of a two‐body limbless crawler along a line of maximum slope on an inclined plane is considered. Dry friction (anisotropic in the general case) acts between the system's bodies and the underlying plane. The motion is excited and controlled by a periodic change in the distance between the bodies. Of most interest is the periodic upward motion of the system, when the velocity of the system's center of mass changes periodically with a period coinciding with that of the excitation. A mathematical model of the crawler is presented. An upper bound for the inclination angles of the plane at which the system can move upward is estimated. This estimate is based on the averaged model, which implies smallness of the coefficient of friction. Numerical and physical simulation is performed to verify the theoretical results and define an applicability area for them.
The frozen phase of F-theory
Authors: Bhardwaj Lakshya , Morrison David R. , Tachikawa Yuji , Tomasiello Alessandro
Published: August 2018

Abstract

We study the interpretation of O7+-planes in F-theory, mainly in the context of the six-dimensional models. In particular, we study how to assign gauge algebras and matter content to seven-branes and their intersections, and the implication of anomaly cancellation in our construction, generalizing earlier analyses without any O7+-planes. By including O7+-planes we can realize 6d superconformal field theories hitherto unobtainable in F-theory, such as those with hypermultiplets in the symmetric representation of su. We also examine a couple of compact models. These reproduce some famous perturbative models, and in some cases enhance their gauge symmetries non-perturbatively.
Conformal spacelike-timelike correspondence in QCD
Authors: Mueller A. H.
Published: August 2018

Abstract

This paper is a study of a spacelike-timelike conformal correspondence in QCD. When the times at vertices are fixed in an A
+ = 0 gauge calculation the distribution of gluons in a highly virtual decay have an exact correspondence with the gluons in the lightcone wavefunction of a high energy dipole with the identification of angles in the timelike case and transverse coordinates in the lightcone wavefunction. Divergences show up when the time integrals are done. A procedure for dropping these divergences, analogous to the Gell-Mann Low procedure in QED, allows one to define a conformal QCD, at least through NLO. Possible uses of such a conformal QCD are discussed.
Asymptotic safety in the dark
Authors: Eichhorn Astrid , Held Aaron , Griend Peter Vander
Published: August 2018

Abstract

We explore the Renormalization Group flow of massive uncharged fermions — a candidate for dark matter — coupled to a scalar field through a Higgs portal. We find that fermionic fluctuations can lower the bound on the scalar mass that arises from vacuum stability. Further, we discuss that despite the perturbative nonrenormalizability of the model, it could be ultraviolet complete at an asymptotically safe fixed point. In our approximation, this simple model exhibits two mechanisms for asymptotic safety: a balance of fermionic and bosonic fluctuations generates a fixed point in the scalar self-interaction; asymptotic safety in the portal coupling is triggered through a balance of canonical scaling and quantum fluctuations. As a consequence of asymptotic safety in the dark sector, the low-energy value of the portal coupling could become a function of the dark fermion mass and the scalar mass, thereby reducing the viable parameter space of the model.
Identifying neoantigens for use in immunotherapy
Authors: Hutchison Sharon , Pritchard Antonia L.
Published: August 2018

This review focuses on the types of cancer antigens that can be recognised by the immune system and form due to alterations in the cancer genome, including cancer testis, overexpressed and neoantigens. Specifically, neoantigens can form when cancer cell-specific mutations occur that result in alterations of the protein from ‘self’. This type of antigen can result in an immune response sufficient to clear tumour cells when activated. Furthermore, studies have reported that the likelihood of successful immunotherapeutic targeting of cancer by many different methods was reliant on immune response to neoantigens. The recent resurgence of interest in the immune response to tumour cells, in conjunction with technological advances, has resulted in a large increase in the predicted, identified and functionally confirmed neoantigens. This growth in identified neoantigen sequences has increased the contents of training sets for algorithms, which in turn improves the prediction of which genetic mutations may form neoantigens. Additionally, algorithms predicting how proteins will be processed into peptide epitopes by the proteasome and which peptides bind to the transporter complex are also improving with this research. Now that large screens of all the tumour-specific protein altering mutations are possible, the emerging data from assessment of the immunogenicity of neoantigens suggest that only a minority of variants will form targetable epitopes. The potential for immunotherapeutic targeting of neoantigens will therefore be greater in cancers with a higher frequency of protein altering somatic variants. There is considerable potential in the use of neoantigens to treat patients, either alone or in combination with other immunotherapies and with continued advancements, these potentials will be realised.
MiRNA-126 expression inhibits IL-23R mediated TNF-α or IFN-γ production in fibroblast-like synoviocytes in a mice model of collagen-induced rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Gao Jie , Kong Ruina , Zhou Xiaoli , Ji Lianmei , Zhang Ju , Zhao Dongbao
Published: August 2018

Both miR-126 and IL-23R affect rheumatoid arthritis (RA) procession. This study aimed to investigate the association of miR-126 and IL-23R and the possible modulation of miR-126 to RA pathogenesis. Serum, synovial tissue and synovial fluid were collected from patients with RA, and expression of miR-126, IL-23R, TNF-α and IFN-γ were detected. Fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) was established using a collagen-induced arthritis mice model. The expression of miR-126 was manual intervened using pro-miR-126 and anti-miR-126 encoding lentivirus plasmids, or miR-126 agonists and corresponding negative controls. MiR-126 expression was inhibited in RA patients when compared with controls (P < 0.05). TNF-α and IFN-γ production and IL-23R expression were significantly upregulated in RA patients when compared to controls (P < 0.05). In pro-miR-126 treated FLS cells, the administration of pro-miR-126 plasmids upregulated miR-126, but inhibited IL-23R, TNF-α and IFN-γ expression or production. Moreover, the miR-126 agonist reversed the effects of the anti-miR-126 plasmid on FLS. These results revealed that miR-126 negative regulated the expression of IL-23R, TNF-α and IFN-γ. These results suggest the key impact of miR-126 on RA procession. Moreover, pro-miR-126 might be explored to be a potential therapy for RA.
Erratum to: Statistical Modeling of Thermal Properties of Biobased Compostable Gloves Developed from Sustainable Polymer
Authors: Maqsood Muhammad , Seide Gunnar
Published: August 2018

The article Statistical Modeling of Thermal Properties of Biobased Compostable Gloves Developed from Sustainable Polymer, written by Muhammad Maqsood and Gunnar Seide, was mistakenly originally published without open access. After publication in volume 19, issue 5, page 1049-1101 this was corrected and the article was made an open access publication. Therefore, the copyright of the article has been changed to © The Author(s) 2018 and the article is forthwith distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits use, duplication, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The original article has been corrected.
The perception of parental bonding in pregnant adolescents and its association with generalized anxiety disorder
Authors: Matos Mariana Bonati de , Scholl Carolina Coelho , Trettim Jéssica Puchalski , Molina Mariane Lopez , Soares Mariana Carret , Coelho Fernanda Teixeira , Castelli Rochele Dias , Silva Ricardo Azevedo da , Pinheiro Karen Amaral Tavares , Coelho Fábio Monteiro da Cunha , Quevedo Luciana de Avila , Pinheiro Ricardo Tavares
Published: August 2018

Background:

The parental bonding is influenced by two dimensions: care and control or protection over the child of both parents. The lack of care during childhood may make the individual more susceptible to the onset of psychiatric disorders when adult. These psychiatric disorders when present during pregnancy may have a negative impact on the health of pregnant women and children. The aim of this study was to assess the association between generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) in pregnant adolescents and the perception of parental bonding.

Methods:

This is a cross-sectional study with 871 pregnant women under the age of 19, receiving prenatal care in 47 Basic Health Units in the one city, Brazil. The generalized anxiety disorder was measured using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) and the perception of parental bonding in childhood using the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI).

Results:

The prevalence of GAD was 8.5%. Among all the parental bonding dimensions, only a perceived lack of maternal care under 16 years was associated with GAD.

Conclusions:

The results showed that only the perception of maternal bonding was associated with later GAD. It suggests that an adequate maternal bond is an essential component of psychological health.
Ultrasonographic Evaluation for the Effect of Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy on Gastrocnemius Muscle Spasticity in Patients With Chronic Stroke
Authors: Lee Chang Han , Lee Seung Hun , Yoo Jun‐Il , Lee Shi‐Uk
Published: August 2018

Background

Extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) has been suggested as a useful treatment for spasticity in patients with stroke. To date, most studies have used clinical or biomechanical assessments to determine the effects of treatment.

Objectives

To assess the effect of a single session of ESWT through ultrasonographic assessment on spasticity in patients with chronic stroke.

Design

Randomized controlled trial.

Setting

Rehabilitation center.

Participants

Eighteen patients with chronic stroke.

Methods

Participants were randomly assigned to an ESWT group (n = 9) or control group (n = 9). In the ESWT group, a single session of ESWT was given in the medial head of the gastrocnemius muscle of the spastic side at 4 Hz, 2000 shots with intensity of stimulation using energy of 0.1 mJ/mm2. Sham stimulation was provided by only making sound without putting the device into contact with the skin in the control group. The clinical trial registration number of this study is KCT0002582.

Main Outcome Measures

Participants were evaluated prior to the treatment, 30 minutes, 1 week, and 4 weeks after treatment. Clinical measures included Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS), passive range of motion (PROM), and Fugl‐Meyer Assessment (FMA). As the primary outcome measure, the ultrasonographic measures were Achilles tendon length (ATL), muscle fascicle length (MFL), muscle thickness (MT), and pennation angle (PA).

Results

There were no significant differences between the 2 groups for any demographic or baseline measures. At all follow‐up evaluations, improvement was shown in MAS as well as changes from baseline of ultrasonographic measures in the ESWT group compared to the control group. In the case of ultrasonographic measures, the difference between the group was greatest at 4 weeks. At follow‐up of 4 weeks, between‐group difference was 0.66 points (P = .04) on MAS scores, 5.45 points (P = .004) on ATL scores, 4.95 points (P = .002) on MFL scores, 1.83 points (P < .001) on MT scores, and 3.73 points (P < .001) on PA scores.

Conclusions

Some ultrasonographic measures of spasticity as well as MAS were improved after a single session of ESWT. Future studies with larger numbers of subjects compared with other spasticity metrics are necessary to further evaluate the treatment effect of ESWT.

Level of Evidence

II
Profiling the Isokinetic Muscle Strength of Athletes Involved in Sports Characterized by Constantly Varied Functional Movements Performed at High Intensity: A Cross‐Sectional Study
Authors: Motta Caroline , de Lira Claudio A.B. , Vargas Valentine Z. , Vancini Rodrigo L. , Andrade Marilia S.
Published: August 2018

Background

Constantly varied functional movements performed at high intensity (FMHI) is a type of strength and general conditioning program that has gained widespread popularity in recent years. The very intense exercises performed with lower and upper limbs may create muscular asymmetry or imbalance between agonist and antagonist muscles, and therefore the characterization of isokinetic muscle strength, side‐to‐side difference, and balance ratios for lower and upper limbs may contribute to a better understanding of the modality characteristics.

Objective

To evaluate the knee and shoulder strength of FMHI athletes of both sexes.

Design

Cross‐sectional study.

Setting

Exercise physiology laboratory.

Participants

Sixty FMHI athletes (30 M/30 W) with more than 2 years' experience.

Methods

Athletes performed isokinetic tests in both lower and upper limbs: concentrically at 60°/s and 240°/s and eccentrically at 240°/s.

Main Outcome Measurements

Isokinetic peak torque of knee flexor and extensor and shoulder internal and external rotator muscles. Conventional and functional strength balance ratios and side‐to‐side strength difference.

Results

Concentric peak torque values relative to total body mass for shoulder and knee joints were higher in men than women on both sides. Eccentric peak torque values for knee flexor‐dominant and extensor‐nondominant limbs showed no difference between the sexes. The knee conventional strength balance ratio for dominant and nondominant sides in women (51.5% ± 7.0% and 51.0% ± 7.1%, respectively) and for dominant and nondominant sides in men (54.4% ± 15.2% and 51.5% ± 9.9%, respectively) were no different between the sexes or limbs. The shoulder conventional strength balance ratio was higher in women (78.1 ± 13.2%) than in men (67.6% ± 10.9%) on the nondominant side. Knee and shoulder functional strength balance ratios in nondominant limbs were higher for women than men. Both sexes presented no side‐to‐side difference for knee joints or muscles, or for shoulder IR muscles, but ER was stronger in dominant limbs.

Conclusions

These data from highly trained FMHI athletes can be compared to that of other athletes to help determine individual weaknesses, strengths, and imbalances, and may be useful for designing training programs.

Level of Evidence

III.
The role of bitter and sweet taste receptors in upper airway innate immunity: Recent advances and future directions
Authors: Maina Ivy W. , Workman Alan D. , Cohen Noam A.
Published: August 2018

Bitter (T2R) and sweet (T1R) taste receptors have been implicated in sinonasal innate immunity and in the pathophysiology of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). Taste receptors are expressed on several sinonasal cell types including ciliated epithelial cells and solitary chemosensory cells. Bitter agonists released by pathogenic microbes elicit a T2R dependent signaling cascade which induces the release of bactericidal nitric oxide, increases mucociliary clearance, and promotes secretion of antimicrobial peptides. Genetic variation conferred by polymorphisms in T2R related genes is associated with differential CRS susceptibility, symptomatology and post‐treatment outcomes. More recently, based on our understanding of T1R and T2R function, investigators have discovered novel potential therapeutics in T2R agonists and T1R antagonists. This review will discuss bitter and sweet taste receptor function in sinonasal immunity, explore the emerging diagnostic and therapeutic implications stemming from the most recent findings, and suggest directions for future research.
Singapore
Authors: Tan Kenneth Paul
Published: August 2018

Contemporary Singapore is simultaneously a small postcolonial multicultural nation state and a cosmopolitan global city. To manage fundamental contradictions, the state takes the lead in authoring the national narrative. This is partly an internal process of nation building, but it is also achieved through more commercially motivated and outward facing efforts at nation and city branding. Both sets of processes contribute to Singapore's capacity to influence foreign affairs, if only for national self-preservation. For a small state with resource limitations, this is mainly through the exercise of smart power, or the ability to strategically combine soft and hard power resources.
A Legal Mirage: State Responsibility for Non-State Actor Interference with Space Systems
Authors: FOGO HEATHER S.
Published: August 2018

Outer space is becoming a more accessible and less expensive domain in which to operate. Consequently, growing numbers of state and non-state actors (NSAs) are operating in, to, and through space. At the same time, instances of space-based and ground-based interference with space systems are also increasing, disrupting crucial space-supported services and applications relied on by millions, with great financial and operational costs. The increased participation of NSAs in space activities raises particular concerns, especially the threat of intentional interference with space systems by nefarious actors like terrorist organizations. It also requires consideration of whether states bear responsibility and/or liability for the acts of NSAs with a nexus to those states. At first glance, it is tempting to conclude that one or more normative legal regimes would apply. The potential regimes include international space law, international telecommunications law, and the law of state responsibility. On further examination, however, when it comes to interference, there appears to be no effective legal mechanism to hold states accountable for NSA interference with space systems, which can be exploited by NSAs and challenge efforts by states to enforce “good” behaviour.
WHEN DOES THE BOMBIERI–VINOGRADOV THEOREM HOLD FOR A GIVEN MULTIPLICATIVE FUNCTION?
Authors: GRANVILLE ANDREW , SHAO XUANCHENG
Published: August 2018

Let $f$ and $g$ be 1-bounded multiplicative functions for which $f\ast g=1_{.=1}$. The Bombieri–Vinogradov theorem holds for both $f$ and $g$ if and only if the Siegel–Walfisz criterion holds for both $f$ and $g$, and the Bombieri–Vinogradov theorem holds for $f$ restricted to the primes.
Stock Price Co-Movement and the Foundations of Pairs Trading
Authors: Farago Adam , Hjalmarsson Erik
Published: August 2018

We study the theoretical implications of cointegrated stock prices on the profitability of pairs-trading strategies. If stock returns are fairly weakly correlated across time, cointegration implies very high Sharpe ratios. To the extent that the theoretical Sharpe ratios are “too large,” our results suggest that either i) cointegration does not exist pairwise among stocks, and pairs-trading profits are a result of a weaker or less stable dependency structure among stock pairs, or ii) the serial correlation in stock returns stretches over considerably longer horizons than is usually assumed. Empirically, there is little evidence of cointegration, favoring the first explanation.
The first report of cerebral, pulmonary and gastrointestinal angiostrongyliasis in the water rat Hydromys chrysogaster from Queensland, Australia
Authors: Shamsi S. , Miles S. , Tozer K. , Raidal S.R. , Smales L.R.
Published: August 2018

We describe the first case of angiostrongyliasis in a water rat, Hydromys chrysogaster, a large rodent adapted to aquatic life, which is endemic to Australia, New Guinea and adjacent islands.
Structure and function of nematode assemblages in contaminated sediments: what can we learn from the Mar Piccolo of Taranto (Ionian Sea)?
Authors: Franzo Annalisa , Guilini Katja , Cibic Tamara , Del Negro Paola
Published: August 2018

Free-living nematodes were investigated in the Mar Piccolo of Taranto (Ionian Sea), a semi-enclosed basin of strategic importance for its complex productive infrastructure but in need of remediation due to the alarming amounts of heavy metals and synthetic organic contaminants in the sediments. Abundance, genera composition, biodiversity and trophic traits of nematodes were related to the gradual transition from marine to more brackish conditions and to the varying levels of contaminants in different sub-areas of the basin. Nematodes were more abundant and diverse at the most marine site while low numbers and diversity characterized the most contaminated station. Going towards the innermost part of the basin, gradually increasing values of abundance and biodiversity were observed although the assemblage was susceptible to the organic enrichment caused by mussel farms. The use of nematodes as ecological indicators mirrored the response of the assemblage to the main patterns acting in the basin (High/Good scores at the most marine site and Poor/Bad scores at the most contaminated station), giving a clear indication of environmental quality to stakeholders/authority that can contribute to address remediation actions in contaminated sediments.
Descartes: A Metaphysical Solution to the Mind–Body Relation and the Intellect's Clear and Distinct Conception of the Union
Authors: Christofidou Andrea
Published: August 2018

First, I offer a solution to the metaphysical problem of the mind–body relation, drawing on the fact of its distinctness in kind. Secondly, I demonstrate how, contrary to what is denied, Descartes’ metaphysical commitments allow for the intellect's clear and distinct conception of the mind–body union. Central to my two-fold defence is a novel account of the metaphysics of Descartes’ Causal Principle: its neutrality, and the unanalysable, fundamental nature of causality. Without the presupposition, and uniqueness of the mind-body union there can be no mind-body interaction; this throws new light on current concerns in metaphysics and philosophy of mind.
Exploring what the Notion of ‘Lived Experience’ Offers for Social Policy Analysis
Authors: MCINTOSH IAN , WRIGHT SHARON
Published: August 2018

In this article, we suggest that social policy may be on the cusp of a large-scale adoption of the notion of lived experience. However, within social policy and allied disciplines, the growing use of the term ‘lived experience’ is unaccompanied by discussion of what it may mean or imply. We argue that now is a good time to consider what this term could mean for social policy analysis. The peculiarities of Anglo-centric usage of the broader term ‘experience’ are explored, before we identify and discuss several roots from which understandings of ‘lived experience’ as a concept and a research strategy have grown: namely, phenomenology, feminist writing and ethnography. Drawing on multiple historical and contemporary international literatures, we identify a set of dilemmas and propositions around: assumed authenticity, questioning taken-for-grantedness, intercorporeality, embodied subjectivity; political strategies of recognition, risks of essentialising, and immediacy of unique personal experiences versus inscription of discourse. We argue that lived experience can inform sharp critique and offer an innovative window on aspects of the ‘shared typical’. Our central intention is to encourage and frame debate over what lived experience could mean theoretically and methodologically within social policy contexts and what the implications may be for its continued use.
Evidence for Reduced Autobiographical Memory Episodic Specificity in Cognitively Normal Middle-Aged and Older Individuals at Increased Risk for Alzheimer’s Disease Dementia
Authors: Grilli Matthew D. , Wank Aubrey A. , Bercel John J. , Ryan Lee
Published: August 2018

Objectives:Alzheimer’s disease (AD) typically eludes clinical detection for years, if not decades. The identification of subtle cognitive decline associated with preclinical AD would not only advance understanding of the disease, but also provide clinical targets to assess preventative and early intervention treatments. Disrupted retrieval of detailed episodic autobiographical memories may be a sensitive indicator of subtle cognitive decline, because this type of memory taxes a core neural network affected by preclinical AD neuropathology.Methods:To begin to address this idea, we assessed the episodic specificity of autobiographical memories retrieved by cognitively normal middle-aged and older individuals who are carriers of the apolipoprotein E ε4 allele – a population at increased risk for subtle cognitive decline related to neuropathological risk factors for AD. We compared the ε4 carriers to non-carriers of ε4 similar in age, education, and gender.Results:The ε4 carriers did not perform worse than the non-carriers on a comprehensive battery of neuropsychological tests. In contrast, as a group, the ε4 carriers generated autobiographical memories that were reduced in “internal” or episodic details relative to non-carriers.Conclusions:These findings support the notion that reduced autobiographical episodic detail generation may be a marker of subtle cognitive decline associated with AD. (JINS, 2018,24, 1073–1183)
Large left innominate vein aneurysm presenting as an anterior mediastinal tumour in a young female
Authors: Lohrenz Christina , Rückner Daniel , Wintzer Olof , Gross-Fengels Walter , Meierling Stefan
Published: August 2018

Abstract. We report a rare case of large innominate vein aneurysm in a young women clinically presenting with persistent dry cough and retrosternal pressure. Chest X-ray showed a mediastinal widening leading to thoracic computed tomography, MRI, and phlebography. Initial conservative treatment with regular follow-up was performed. Upon aneurysm growth and recurrent pulmonary infection we decided to surgically resect the aneurysm via a minimally invasive approach.
Therapie von Insomnien und Albträumen im Kindes- und Jugendalter
Authors: Schlarb Angelika A.
Published: August 2018

Zusammenfassung. Schlafprobleme und Schlafstörungen sind im Kindes- und Jugendalter weitverbreitet. Im Allgemeinen legen sich solcherlei Schlafbeschwerden jedoch nicht, sondern neigen zur Chronifizierung. Die Auswirkungen von Schlafstörungen sind dabei umfassend, so zeigen sich oft Leistungseinschränkungen, mangelnde physische Gesundheit sowie psychische Auffälligkeiten bis hin zum erhöhten Risiko bezüglich Suizidalitätsentwicklung. Aus diesen Gründen ist eine frühzeitige und effektive Therapie sinnvoll und notwendig. Die Schlafprobleme unterscheiden sich in ihrem Erscheinungsbild je nach Alter, daher sollte die Therapie dem angepasst sein. Diverse altersorientierte Verfahren für das Vorschulalter, Grundschulalter sowie Jugendalter werden vorgestellt. Die Evidenz dieser Verfahren ist in unterschiedlichen Studien überprüft worden. Insgesamt muss jedoch festgestellt werden, dass die Studienlage noch deutlich verbesserungsfähig ist. So fehlen meist umfangreiche randomisiert kontrollierte Studien sowie Studien, die komorbide Störungen oder Schlafstörungen im Rahmen von anderen psychischen Störungen adressieren.
Auch Du Hast Sommerferien
Authors: Babocsai Lysett , Vonderlin Eva , Rauch Wolfgang , Pauen Sabina
Published: August 2018

Zusammenfassung. Das Sommertherapiecamp (STC) ist ein multimodaler kognitiv-verhaltenstherapeutischer Intensivbehandlungsansatz für die Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-/ Hyperaktivitätsstörung (ADHS). Der Artikel berichtet über Befunde einer Wirksamkeitsstudie für das STC mit Prä-Post-Design und Kontrollgruppenvergleich. Die Eltern von N = 31 Kindern (7 – 11 Jahre) mit einer ADHS-Diagnose füllten vor und nach dem dreiwöchigen STC folgende Symptom-Fragebögen aus: CBCL/4 – 18, DISYPS-II FBB-ADHS und FBB-SSV. N = 13 weitere Kinder der gleichen Grundgesamtheit, die in der selben Zeit unbehandelt blieben oder „treatment as usual“ erhielten, dienten als Kontrollgruppe. Die STC-Gruppe zeigte eine Verbesserung der ADHS-Symptomatik sowie eine Reduktion weiterer Verhaltensauffälligkeiten, während vergleichbare Effekte für die Kontrollgruppe nicht nachweisbar waren. Angesichts kleiner Stichproben sind diese Befunde vorerst vorsichtig zu interpretieren, liefern jedoch erste ermutigende Hinweise auf die Brauchbarkeit des STC.
Estimation and Impact Assessment of Input and Parameter Uncertainty in Predicting Groundwater Flow With a Fully Distributed Model
Authors: Mustafa Syed Md. Touhidul , Nossent Jiri , Ghysels Gert , Huysmans Marijke
Published: August 2018

We present a general and flexible Bayesian approach using uncertainty multipliers to simultaneously analyze the input and parameter uncertainty of a groundwater flow model with consideration of the heteroscedasticity of the groundwater level error. Groundwater recharge and groundwater abstraction multipliers are introduced to quantify the uncertainty of the spatially distributed input data of the groundwater model in addition to parameter uncertainty. The heteroscedasticity of the groundwater level error is also considered in our Bayesian approach by incorporating a new heteroscedastic error model. The proposed methodology is applied in an overexploited aquifer in Bangladesh where groundwater abstraction and recharge data are highly uncertain. The results of the study confirm that consideration of recharge and abstraction uncertainty through the use of recharge and abstraction multipliers is feasible even in a fully distributed physically based groundwater flow model. Heteroscedasticity is present in the groundwater level error and has an effect on the model predictions and parameter distributions. The input uncertainty affects the model predictions and parameter distributions and it is the dominant source of uncertainty in the groundwater flow prediction. Additionally, the approach described also provides a new way to optimize the spatially distributed recharge and abstraction data along with the parameter values under uncertain input conditions. We conclude that considering model input uncertainty along with parameter uncertainty and heteroscedasticity of the groundwater level error is important for obtaining realistic model predictions and a correct estimation of the uncertainty bounds.