bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Impacts of logging roads on tropical forests
Authors: Kleinschroth Fritz , Healey John R.
Published: June 2017

Road networks are expanding in tropical countries, increasing human access to remote forests that act as refuges for biodiversity and provide globally important ecosystem services. Logging is one of the main drivers of road construction in tropical forests. We evaluated forest fragmentation and impacts of logging roads on forest resilience and wildlife, considering the full life cycle of logging roads. Through an extensive evidence review we found that for logging road construction, corridors between 3 and 66 m (median 20 m) width are cleared, leading to a loss of 0.6–8.0 percent (median 1.7%) of forest cover. More severe impacts are increased fire incidence, soil erosion, landslides, and sediment accumulation in streams. Once opened, logging roads potentially allow continued access to the forest interior, which can lead to biological invasions, increased hunting pressure, and proliferation of swidden agriculture. Some roads, initially built for logging, become converted to permanent, public roads with subsequent in‐migration and conversion of forest to agriculture. Most logging roads, however, are abandoned to vegetation recovery. Given the far‐reaching impacts of the roads that become conduits for human access, its control after the end of logging operations is crucial. Strategic landscape planning should design road networks that concentrate efficient forest exploitation and conserve roadless areas.
Empirical Tests of a Brain‐Based Model of Executive Function Development
Authors: Perone Sammy , Plebanek Daniel J. , Lorenz Megan G. , Spencer John P. , Samuelson Larissa K.
Published: June 2017

Executive function (EF) plays a foundational role in development. A brain‐based model of EF development is probed for the experiences that strengthen EF in the dimensional change card sort task in which children sort cards by one rule and then are asked to switch to another. Three‐year‐olds perseverate on the first rule, failing the task, whereas 4‐year‐olds pass. Three predictions of the model are tested to help 3‐year‐olds (N = 54) pass. Experiment 1 shows that experience with shapes and the label “shape” helps children. Experiment 2 shows that experience with colors—without a label—helps children. Experiment 3 shows that experience with colors induces dimensional attention. The implications of this work for early intervention are discussed.
Investigation of the Integration of Supports for Youth Thriving Into a Community‐Based Mentoring Program
Authors: DuBois David L. , Keller Thomas E.
Published: June 2017

A randomized control trial involving 806 youth (ages 10–16; 85.4% low‐income households) served in U.S. Big Brothers Big Sisters affiliates investigated effects of incorporating activities to promote youth thriving into mentoring relationships over a 15‐month period. Outcomes included support for thriving in youths’ relationships with adults, youths’ personal resources for thriving, and levels of problem behavior. Intent‐to‐treat analyses revealed no differences in outcomes based on assignment to thriving promotion or standard services. There was substantial variability in youth exposure to thriving promotion activities, primarily in association with premature endings of mentoring relationships. In path analyses, positive engagement with the activities predicted enhanced support for thriving from adults and, via this support, increased personal resources for thriving and reduced problem behavior.
Prolactin correction for adequacy of petrosal sinus cannulation may diminish diagnostic accuracy in Cushing's disease
Authors: De Sousa Sunita M. C. , McCormack Ann I. , McGrath Shaun , Torpy David J.
Published: June 2017

Objective

Petrosal venous prolactin concentrations have been promoted to improve the diagnostic accuracy of inferior petrosal sinus sampling (IPSS), beyond that achieved with ACTH measurement alone, in diagnosing a pituitary ACTH source and determining corticotrophinoma side (L/R). Our objective was to assess the effect of using prolactin to confirm adequacy of petrosal cannulation in a cohort of patients with ACTH‐dependent Cushing's syndrome.

Design

Retrospective cohort study.

Patients

Thirteen patients with clinical and biochemical Cushing's syndrome who underwent IPSS.

Measurements

Serum prolactin and ACTH in peripheral and inferior petrosal sinus blood before and after corticotrophin‐releasing hormone (CRH) injection.

Results

Thirteen consecutive patients were diagnosed with Cushing's disease using uncorrected ACTH ratios. The side of PRL excess was the same as the side of ACTH excess in all cases. Use of various published prolactin‐related equations suggested that the ACTH non‐dominant side was not cannulated in four, six or seven patients depending on the equation used. The equations generally decreased the central‐to‐peripheral gradient on the uncorrected ACTH dominant side, increased the central‐to‐peripheral gradient on the contralateral side and diminished or even reversed the ACTH intersinus gradient.

Conclusions

Consistent co‐lateralisation of prolactin and ACTH in IPSS strongly suggests that prolactin cannot act as an independent guide to the diagnosis and lateralisation of Cushing's disease. All patients with Cushing's disease had a prolactin intersinus gradient towards the tumourous side of the pituitary, for likely biological reasons. PRL‐corrected ACTH concentrations may threaten the sensitivity and specificity of IPSS in diagnosing Cushing's disease and conceal lateralisation.
Clinical and radiographic evaluation of early loaded narrow‐diameter implants: 5‐year follow‐up of a multicenter prospective clinical study
Authors: Galindo‐Moreno Pablo , Nilsson Peter , King Paul , Worsaae Nils , Schramm Alexander , Padial‐Molina Miguel , Maiorana Carlo
Published: June 2017

Objective

This study was initiated to evaluate the 5‐year implant survival rate and marginal bone levels around a 3.0‐mm implant when replacing a single tooth in the anterior region.

Materials and methods

The study was designed as a prospective, single‐arm, multicenter clinical study. Patients missing 12, 22, 32, 31, 41 or 42 teeth were included, and implants of 3.0 mm diameter and different lengths were placed by a one‐stage surgery protocol. Definitive cemented crowns were placed 6–10 weeks later. Clinical and radiographic measurements were taken at implant installation, at loading and at the 6‐, 12‐, 24‐, 36‐, 48‐ and 60‐month follow‐up visits.

Results

Sixty‐nine patients with 97 implants were included in this study. Four implants were lost before loading (4.12% failure rate). Implant marginal bone levels did not differ statistically after the 1‐year follow‐up visit. After 5 years, no bone loss was observed for 50.60% of the implants and only 8.43% of them lost more than 1 mm. Similarly, probing pocket depths and gingival zenith scores did not change significantly.

Conclusions

The use of the two‐piece narrow 3.0‐mm titanium dental implant for the restoration of upper lateral or lower incisors is safe and results in stable marginal bone levels and probing pocket depths after 5 years of function.
If Possible, Incentivize Individuals Not Groups: Evidence from Lab‐in‐the‐Field Experiments on Forest Conservation in Rural Uganda
Authors: Gatiso Tsegaye T. , Vollan Björn , Vimal Ruppert , Kühl Hjalmar S.
Published: June 2017

Payment for ecosystem services has become one of the most important conservation policy options worldwide. In developing countries, however, payments are often targeted toward communities instead of individuals. Nonetheless, there is little evidence for the effectiveness of different payment schemes in promoting proconservation behavior. We compare three payment schemes (community‐based payments [CBP], equality‐based individual payments [EBIP], and performance‐based individual payments [PBIP]) using dynamic behavioral experiments with 450 participants in 34 Ugandan villages. We further assess the interplay of the payment schemes with stylized local organizations including communication, leadership, and external advice. We find that PBIP lead to better conservation outcomes than EBIP and CBP. Furthermore, PBIP outperform CBP under all tested conditions. Thus, our results provide important insights for the design of future incentive‐based conservation interventions, and we underscore how our novel and low‐cost approach can be used to increase the effectiveness of conservation policies.
Superficial papular neuroma: Case series of a new entity
Authors: Chen Stephanie J.T. , Patel Rajiv M. , Hans Christine P. , Chan May P. , Fullen Douglas R.
Published: June 2017

Background

Dermal neural lesions arise in various circumstances and may be difficult to classify.

Methods

We describe the clinical, histopathologic and immunophenotypic features of a series of terminally differentiated neural lesions not described previously, to our knowledge.

Results

Four cases from men aged 58 to 66 years were included. Some lesions reportedly bled, but no inciting trauma or prior biopsies were reported. None recurred after biopsy, with follow‐up ranging from 19 to 113 months. All lesions were papular, with vertically oriented S100‐positive spindled cells and nerve fibers in the papillary dermis. Slight epidermal hyperplasia, dilated superficial thin‐walled vessels and minimal to mild inflammation were seen in each. Fibers were uniformly fine in 3 cases, with slightly thicker central fibers in the fourth. Three had parakeratotic scale. None were associated with dermal fibrosis or adnexal proliferation. Neurofilament stained axons in each. EMA was negative in all cases. CD34, melan‐A and HMB45 were negative when performed.

Conclusions

We report a small series of benign neural lesions and propose the name “superficial papular neuroma” for this distinct entity. Awareness is important to understand the clinical significance of these lesions and avoid misinterpretation that could lead to overtreatment, unnecessary work‐up and increased cost.
The Presence of Women Photographers in the Permanent Collections of Ten European Museums
Authors: Muñoz‐Muñoz Ana M , González‐Moreno M Barbaño
Published: June 2017

Gender inequality in the various artistic disciplines is still a socio‐political problem despite the efforts of governments and institutions. The aim of this article was to examine the catalogues of the permanent collections of ten European museums: the Tate Modern, the Centre Pompidou, the MACBA (Museu d'Art Contemporani de Barcelona), the Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofía, the Istanbul Modern Art Museum, the MUMOK (Museum Moderner Kunst), the Stedelijk Museum, the Kiasma, the Hermitage Museum and the Astrup Fearnley Museet, and then compare the proportion of women among the artists in their collections. For this purpose, the number of works and artists was counted and analysed in each museum in the sample taking into account the social, political and economic conditions of the institution and relating them to the rest of art institutions. The results show a clear underrepresentation of women artists.
A Museum in a Refugee Camp. The National Museum of the Saharawi People in Algeria, Its Use and Function
Authors: Alcalde Gabriel
Published: June 2017

The paper considers the unique conditions that describe the National Museum of the Saharawi People, its relationship with visitors and its representation of the rights of residents of the refugee camp where it is located. In 1998, a National Museum of the Saharawi People was created in one of the several Saharawi refugee camps established in Eastern Algeria in the mid‐1970s. The museum was designed to provide knowledge about the cultures of the Western Sahara and to disseminate information about the challenges faced in the Saharawi territory. In 2006, a new curatorial investment was made and new exhibits mounted following a devastating flood that destroyed a substantial portion of the museum. In 2013 the Museum was remodelled. This case study undertaken after the 2013 reinstallation explored comments in the visitor books to understand how the museum contributed to cultural heritage, participated in the process of social cohesion, and supported the political struggle of a people demanding their right to self‐determination after decades of exclusion as residents in a refugee camp.
Ancient Carvings. Living Symbols. Sacred Space. Unlocking the Mysteries of Jeffers Petroglyphs
Authors: Sanders Thomas Lee , Williams Joe , Ross Tom
Published: June 2017

At Jeffers Petroglyphs, Historic Site, a team of American Indian elders and archaeologists working as colleagues have engaged in a day to day dialogue of researching and telling of American Indian history for 18 years. This research/education/management project explores the rich cultural landscape of JPHS located on the Red Rock Ridge in Southwest Minnesota's Cottonwood County. This 160‐acre site, owned and managed by the Minnesota Historical Society, is home to an estimated 5000 American Indian petroglyphs. The site is sacred to many American Indian communities and is situated in a Dakota homeland. The purpose of this article is to present one model for best research, education programming, conservation and operational management museum practice. This model privileges American Indian tradition knowledge, oral traditions spirituality, inquiry methods, and perspectives. Museum staff and non‐Indian inquiry methods play a supporting role. This model not only provides a telling of American Indian history from perspective of American Indian elders for museum visitors, but also satisfies the goal of these elders to recover, preserve, enhance and expand our knowledge of indigenous people before the coming of Europeans.
Determining the impact of cell mixing on signaling during development
Authors: Uriu Koichiro , Morelli Luis G.
Published: June 2017

Cell movement and intercellular signaling occur simultaneously to organize morphogenesis during embryonic development. Cell movement can cause relative positional changes between neighboring cells. When intercellular signals are local such cell mixing may affect signaling, changing the flow of information in developing tissues. Little is known about the effect of cell mixing on intercellular signaling in collective cellular behaviors and methods to quantify its impact are lacking. Here we discuss how to determine the impact of cell mixing on cell signaling drawing an example from vertebrate embryogenesis: the segmentation clock, a collective rhythm of interacting genetic oscillators. We argue that comparing cell mixing and signaling timescales is key to determining the influence of mixing. A signaling timescale can be estimated by combining theoretical models with cell signaling perturbation experiments. A mixing timescale can be obtained by analysis of cell trajectories from live imaging. After comparing cell movement analyses in different experimental settings, we highlight challenges in quantifying cell mixing from embryonic timelapse experiments, especially a reference frame problem due to embryonic motions and shape changes. We propose statistical observables characterizing cell mixing that do not depend on the choice of reference frames. Finally, we consider situations in which both cell mixing and signaling involve multiple timescales, precluding a direct comparison between single characteristic timescales. In such situations, physical models based on observables of cell mixing and signaling can simulate the flow of information in tissues and reveal the impact of observed cell mixing on signaling.
Oral health status of children and adolescents with intellectual disabilities: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Zhou Ni , Wong Hai Ming , Wen Yi Feng , Mcgrath Colman
Published: June 2017

Aim

To compare the oral health status of children and adolescents affected by intellectual disabilities with their unaffected counterparts.

Method

Citations published in English were searched from electronic databases (PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Scopus) from their start dates to March 2017. The whole process was conducted following PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta‐Analyses) guidelines. The PICO (population, intervention/interest, comparator, outcome) principle was used to formulate the topic. Studies were synthesized through qualitative summary or, whenever possible, meta‐analysis.

Results

The initial search yielded 2393 records. Thirty‐nine studies from 22 countries were identified for qualitative analysis; 26 studies were eligible for meta‐analysis. Participants with intellectual disabilities had higher levels of dental plaque, worse gingival status, fewer decayed and filled permanent teeth, and similar caries experience between males and females. These findings were supported by both qualitative and quantitative analysis. Various patterns of caries experiences were indicated by qualitative analysis, but it was not substantiated by meta‐analysis.

Interpretation

There is increasing worldwide interest in oral health status of children with intellectual disabilities. Differences in dental plaque deposition, gingival inflammation, and the number of decayed and filled permanent teeth were investigated between children and adolescents with and without intellectual disabilities. Evidence remains elusive about the pattern of caries experience among those children.
Treatment by a moisturizer of xerosis and cracks of the feet in men and women with diabetes: a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study
Authors: Gin H. , Rorive M. , Gautier S. , Condomines M. , Saint Aroman M. , Garrigue E.
Published: June 2017

Aim

To evaluate a moisturizer containing urea, glycerine and petrolatum for healing deep open fissures on the feet of people with diabetes. If left untreated, open fissures, an entry point for bacteria, can lead to infection, ulceration and further complications.

Methods

This randomized, double‐blind, multicentre study at 19 hospitals, general practices and diabetologists in France and Belgium included participants with diabetes and a deep open target fissure on their heel. Participants were randomized to test cream or placebo (1 : 1) for 4 weeks. Complete target fissure healing after 4 weeks (primary criterion) and 2 weeks, target fissure closure, overall fissure healing and xerosis were assessed.

Results

Some 167 participants were randomized (80 to test cream; 87 to placebo); all were included in the efficacy analyses. The percentage of participants with complete target fissure healing after 4 weeks was higher with test cream than placebo (46.3% vs. 33.3%): the difference did not reach statistical significance (P = 0.088). Fewer participants still had a deep open target fissure with test cream than placebo, the difference was statistically significant and clinically relevant after 2 (24.7% vs. 42.7%, P = 0.027) and 4 weeks (6.4% vs. 24.1%, P = 0.002). The difference in overall fissure healing between test cream and placebo was significant (P < 0.001) and test cream resulted in greater xerosis improvement (P < 0.001 and P = 0.002 at 2 and 4 weeks, respectively).

Conclusion

The activity of the test cream for treating feet fissures of people with diabetes was confirmed by an improvement in open fissure healing and xerosis. The cream was well tolerated.
Micro‐investment perspective and the potential of the universal basic income
Authors: Eskelinen Teppo , Perkiö Johanna
Published: June 2017

The article evaluates prospects of the Basic Income (BI) as a development policy tool. While BI is a relatively new initiative within development policy, the article argues that it should be seen as a serious option in the future, given the changing geography of poverty and the findings from existing cash transfer schemes. The analysis is carried out as a synthesis of existing findings on BI pilot programmes, along with cash transfer instruments more generally. While not including new empirical data, the synthesis allows preliminary estimates on the likely impacts of abolishing conditioning and targeting in cash transfer schemes. Particular attention is paid to the notion of micro‐investment and the psychological conditions of micro‐investment.
Tooth autotransplantation as a pillar for 3D regeneration of the alveolar process after severe traumatic injury: A case report
Authors: Anitua Eduardo , Mendinueva‐Urkia Maialen , Galan‐Bringas Sandra , Murias‐Freijo Alia , Alkhraisat Mohammad Hamdan
Published: June 2017

In dental traumatology, the loss of teeth and the supporting alveolar bone in children compromise the proper development of maxillofacial structures and also limit the solutions that can be offered. In this case report, multidisciplinary management is described of a child with a significant loss of alveolar bone and associated teeth due to a traffic accident at 8 years of age. The management involved staged teeth autotransplantation into surgically prepared sites with bone expanders, orthodontic treatment and dental implants. The 3D regeneration of the alveolar process was successfully stimulated by teeth autotransplantation. At the 4‐year follow‐up visit, evaluation of the autotransplanted teeth and the implants indicated a successful outcome for the patient.
Stability of outcomes after 5 years of treatment in an early intervention programme
Authors: Norman Ross M.G. , Anderson Kelly K. , MacDougall Arlene , Manchanda Rahul , Harricharan Raj , Subramanian Priya , Richard Julie , Northcott Sandra
Published: June 2017

Aim

It has been hypothesized that the first 5 years are critical in determining long‐term recovery from psychotic disorders. We examine stability in recovery indices after 5 years for 56 patients treated in an early intervention programme for psychosis.

Methods

Assessments of symptom remission and functional recovery were carried out 5 and 10 years after initiation of treatment.

Results

Although overall rates of recovery were comparable at both times, there were significant changes for individuals reflecting both improvement and deterioration.

Conclusions

Evidence concerning the critical period hypothesis should examine stability in individuals rather than relying on cumulative indices.
A field trial to test effects of watering, seed addition and disturbance on perennial species recruitment in Belah woodland
Authors: Callister Kate , Westbrooke Martin
Published: June 2017

Failure of perennial species to regenerate is a significant threat to semi‐arid woodlands across south‐eastern Australia. High grazing pressure eliminates the recruitment of many perennial species in semi‐arid woodlands, but little is known about requirements for regeneration under low grazing pressure. We tested the effects of addition of water (irrigation to match the largest rainfall events of the last century), seed, soil disturbance and fire within a grazing exclosure in Belah (Casuarina pauper) woodland in the Murray‐Sunset National Park, Victoria. Recruitment was observed in 13 perennial species and was dominated by chenopods. Addition of water, seed and soil disturbance increased abundance of juvenile perennial species above the low‐level background recruitment that occurred in the prevailing drought conditions. This supports the view that continuous recruitment occurs for many semi‐arid perennials. Low seed availability and an inability to maintain soil moisture conditions matching that of regeneration events are likely factors in the lack of recruitment for tree species and limited response of shrubs in this experiment.
Directional selection to improve the sterile insect technique: Survival and sexual performance of desiccation resistant Anastrepha ludens strains
Authors: Tejeda Marco T. , Arredondo‐Gordillo José , Orozco‐Dávila Dina , Quintero‐Fong Luis , Díaz‐Fleischer Francisco
Published: June 2017

The sterile insect technique (SIT) is an effective, environmentally friendly method for insect control whose success depends on the sexual performance and survival of sterile males. These two parameters are influenced by environmental conditions of target areas, and releasing insects with a higher tolerance to stressful environments can improve SIT efficiency. Directional selection can be used to produce insect strains with higher tolerance to extreme environmental conditions, such as low humidity, for extended periods. We evaluated, under field cage conditions, the sexual competitiveness, sexual compatibility, and survival of strains of Anastrepha ludens (Loew) selected for desiccation resistance to determine the value of directional selection as a possible approach to enhance SIT efficiency. Fly strains (selected and unselected and those mass‐reared) were exposed to stressful conditions of low humidity and food and water deprivation for 24 hr before test. As a control, mild conditions without the stressors were used. No differences in sexual competitiveness and sexual compatibility between selected, nonselected, and mass‐reared strains were observed when previously exposed to mild conditions. Thus, selection for desiccation resistance does not modified negatively the sexual performance. However, when insects were exposed to stressful conditions, males of selected strains sexually outperform mass‐reared males. Additionally, selected strains presented higher survival than mass‐reared flies. The approach to integrate directional selection with other technologies in the SIT as well as the implications of using a desiccation‐selected strain in the current pest management program is discussed.
Validation of masks for determination of V̇O2max in horses exercising at high intensity
Authors: Sides R. H. , Kirkpatrick R. , Renner E. , Gough K. , Katz L. M. , Evans D. L. , Bayly W. M.
Published: June 2017

Background

The need for a horse to be ridden while wearing a measurement device that allows unrestricted ventilation and gas exchange has hampered accurate measurement of its maximal oxygen consumption (V̇O2max) under field conditions.

Objectives

Design and validate a facemask with the potential to measure V̇O2max accurately in the field.

Study design

Experiment with 6 × 6 Latin square design.

Methods

Two variations of a mask and associated electronic control module (ECM) were designed to enable breath‐by‐breath measurement of airflows through two 7.8 cm diameter pneumotachometers located 7.5 cm in front of each narus. TheECMwas comprised of an analogue‐to‐digital converter and a lithium‐ion battery that provided power and signal filtering to the pneumotachometers and an oxygen sensing cell, and powered a pump connected to gas sampling ports between the nares and pneumotachometers. Airflow and oxygen content of inspired and expired gases were recorded through theECMand electronically transferred to a notebook. V̇O2was determined from these recordings using a customised software program. Mask B encased the lower jaw. Mask R left the jaw free so the horse could wear a bit if ridden. V̇O2max and arterial blood gases were measured in 6 horses during multiple treadmill tests. Each mask was worn twice and results compared to those from an established open flow‐through system (O) byANOVA‐RM(P<0.05). System utility was evaluated using the intraclass correlation coefficient of 4 independent raters.

Results

Blood gases and V̇O2max (151.9±7.0 [mean±s.d.; O], 151.5±9.6 [B], 149.5±7.5 [R] ml/[kg.min]) were not different between masks. V̇O2max measures were reproducible for each mask. Intraclass correlation coefficient between raters = 0.99.

Main limitations

Some rebreathing of expired air from mask dead space.

Conclusion

Masks capable of measuring V̇O2max during treadmill exercise were developed, tested and found to be accurate. Mask R has potential application to measurement of V̇O2max under field conditions.
Enhancer of rudimentary homologue interacts with scaffold attachment factor B at the nuclear matrix to regulate SR protein phosphorylation
Authors: Drakouli Sotiria , Lyberopoulou Aggeliki , Papathanassiou Maria , Mylonis Ilias , Georgatsou Eleni
Published: June 2017

Scaffold attachment factor B1 (SAFB1) is an integral component of the nuclear matrix of vertebrate cells. It binds to DNA on scaffold/matrix attachment region elements, as well as to RNA and a multitude of different proteins, affecting basic cellular activities such as transcription, splicing and DNA damage repair. In the present study, we show that enhancer of rudimentary homologue (ERH) is a new molecular partner of SAFB1 and its 70% homologous paralogue, scaffold attachment factor B2 (SAFB2). ERH interacts directly in the nucleus with the C‐terminal Arg‐Gly‐rich region of SAFB1/2 and co‐localizes with it in the insoluble nuclear fraction. ERH, a small ubiquitous protein with striking homology among species and a unique structure, has also been implicated in fundamental cellular mechanisms. Our functional analyses suggest that the SAFB/ERH interaction does not affect SAFB1/2 function in transcription (e.g. as oestrogen receptor α co‐repressors), although it reverses the inhibition exerted by SAFB1/2 on the splicing kinase SR protein kinase 1 (SRPK1), which also binds on the C‐terminus of SAFB1/2. Accordingly, ERH silencing decreases lamin B receptor and SR protein phosphorylation, which are major SRPK1 substrates, further substantiating the role of SAFB1 and SAFB2 in the co‐ordination of nuclear function.
Spatial distribution analysis of the North Pacific spiny dogfish, Squalus suckleyi, in the North Pacific using generalized additive models
Authors: Yano Toshikazu , Ohshimo Seiji , Kanaiwa Minoru , Hattori Tsutomu , Fukuwaka Masa‐aki , Nagasawa Toru , Tanaka Sho
Published: June 2017

The North Pacific spiny dogfish (SPD), Squalus suckleyi, is a commercially exploited shark species that plays an important role in the ecosystem. To elucidate the distribution of the SPD in the North Pacific and to evaluate the effects of sea surface temperature (SST) and prey availability on its distribution, we estimated the probability of SPD presence using a generalized additive model with a binomial error distribution from SPD presence/absence data on 14,824 operations in fishery‐independent gillnet surveys between 1972 and 2011. The habitat model was structured in the east and west to reflect differences in the North Pacific oceanic environments. In the east, a higher probability of SPD presence was identified along the coast from the eastern Gulf of Alaska to Queen Charlotte Sound. In the west, it was identified around northern Japan. The estimated distribution was continuous between the two areas, whereas the probability of SPD presence was relatively low. Although the probability of SPD presence was higher at SSTs between 6°C and 12°C, the SST at the peak probability of SPD presence differed between the west and east. The prey species, Japanese sardine, Sardinops melanostictus, and walleye pollock, Gadus chalcogrammus, in the west and boreal clubhook squid, Onychoteuthis borealijaponica, in the east significantly affected the probability of SPD presence, which was higher if the prey species co‐existed with SPD. Therefore, SPD might adapt their distribution to that of available prey species. SPD stock assessment and management in these two important areas are required for its sustainable utilization.
Change in university governance structures in continental Europe
Authors: Gornitzka Åse , Maassen Peter , de Boer Harry
Published: June 2017

This article discusses changes with respect to university governance structures in six comprehensive universities in Europe. We present an analytical framework on the basis of which we conduct a comparative analysis of the university governance structures along four different dimensions: (a) the internal democratic nature of the governance structure, (b) the external involvement in university governance, (c) the level of centralisation of decision‐making authority in the university and (d) the concentration of authority in an individual leadership position versus authority in a collective body or spread over various collective bodies.
Aberrant expression of CD10 and BCL6 in mantle cell lymphoma
Authors: Pizzi Marco , Agostinelli Claudio , Righi Simona , Gazzola Anna , Mannu Claudia , Galuppini Francesca , Fassan Matteo , Visentin Andrea , Piazza Francesco , Semenzato Gianpietro C , Rugge Massimo , Sabattini Elena
Published: June 2017

Aims

Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is characterized by distinctive histological and molecular features. Aberrant expression of BCL6 and CD10 has been reported occasionally, but the biological features of such cases are largely unknown. This study aimed to define the epidemiological, histological and cytogenetic characteristics of BCL6 and CD10‐positive MCLs, also investigating possible biological features.

Methods and results

A total of 165 cases of cyclin D1 and t(11;14)(q13;q34)‐positive MCLs were studied for CD10 and BCL6 immunohistochemical expression, which was documented in 26 of 165 (15.8%) cases (BCL6 17 of 165; CD10 11 of 165; BCL6 and CD10 co‐expression two of 165). CD10‐positivity was significantly more frequent in females (63.3%; P < 0.01). Either expression correlated significantly with higher mean proliferation index and higher prevalence of MUM1 positivity (P < 0.05). Fluorescence in‐situ hybridization (FISH) for BCL6 (3q27) gene derangements was performed on the BCL6‐ and CD10‐positive cases and 98 matched controls: amplifications were documented more frequently in BCL6‐positive than ‐negative cases (50.0% versus 19.4% of cases) (P < 0.05). The mutational status of the variable immunoglobulin heavy chain genes (IGVH) was investigated by Sanger sequencing: five of the six successfully tested cases (83.3%) showed no somatic hypermutations.

Conclusions

Aberrant CD10 and BCL6 expression defines a subset of MCLs with higher mean Ki‐67 index and higher prevalence of MUM1 expression. BCL6 protein positivity correlates with cytogenetic aberrations involving the BCL6 gene. Although examined successfully in few cases, the high prevalence of unmutated IGVH genes also points at a pregerminal cell origin for these phenotypically aberrant cases.
Highly reliable yttria‐stabilized zirconia prepared by direct coagulation casting‐high valence counter ions using calcium polyphosphate
Authors: Yang Jinlong , Xu Jie , Wang Yali , Gan Ke
Published: June 2017

Ceramic components with high reliability are crucial to engineering applications. Direct coagulation casting via high valence counter ions using submicron calcium polyphosphate as coagulating agent was presented. Tri‐ammonium citrate was used as dispersant to prepare electrostatic stabilized YSZ suspension with high solid loading and low viscosity. Calcium polyphosphate with average particle size of 0.18 μm and a narrow particle size distribution was prepared. Glycerol diacetate was used to tailor the pH value of the suspension by hydrolysis to produce acetic acid which helps to decompose calcium polyphosphate and release of calcium ions. It is indicated that the viscosities of suspensions with the addition of calcium polyphosphate suspension and glycerol diacetate are high enough for in‐situ coagulation casting at 60‐70°C within 20 minutes. YSZ suspension with 3 vol% calcium polyphosphate suspension and 1 vol% glycerol diacetate treated at 60°C could be coagulated within 20 minutes and the compressive strength of the wet samples is 2.64±0.35 MPa. Dense YSZ ceramics with relative density above 98.9% and flexural strength of 826±48 MPa and Weibull modulus of 21 had been prepared.
Effects of hydrothermal processing on rutin retention and physicochemical properties of Tartary buckwheat enriched dough and Chinese steamed bread
Authors: Wang Xia , Fan Dong , Zhang Tianliang
Published: June 2017

Effects of hydrothermal processing on content changes of rutin, quercetin and total flavonoids and physicochemical properties of Tartary buckwheat (TB) enriched dough and Chinese steamed bread (CSB) were investigated. Rutin loss and bitterness in CSB made from mixed wheat flour and hydrothermally processed TB flour decreased markedly compared with control. Total flavonoids were increased in dough after fermentation but decreased afterwards in CSB significantly (P < 0.05). The development time, stability time, extensibility, storage and loss moduli and tan δ of TB enriched dough, along with the volume, textural properties, sensory evaluation and bitterness of derived CSB, were significantly affected by hydrothermal processing temperature and time. Hydrothermal processing of TB flour at 100 °C for 20 min, compared with 100 °C for 10 min, 30 min or 121 °C for 10 min, 20 min, 30 min, was suggested to be a relatively better pretreatment condition for the present TB enriched CSB.
Silodosin versus naftopidil in the treatment of premature ejaculation: A prospective multicenter trial
Authors: Sato Yoshikazu , Otani Toshikazu , Amano Toshiyasu , Araki Tohru , Kondou Nobuyuki , Matsukawa Masanori , Tobe Musashi , Haga Kazunori , Uchida Kousuke , Honma Ichiya
Published: June 2017

Objectives

To determine the efficacy of two α1‐adrenoceptor antagonists with different affinities for α1‐adrenoceptor subtypes, silodosin and naftopidil, in the treatment of premature ejaculation.

Methods

This was a prospective, open‐label, multicenter trial. A total of 26 patients with untreated acquired premature ejaculation were enrolled. Premature ejaculation was defined based on the International Society for Sexual Medicine recommendation. Patients self‐administered on demand silodosin 4 mg or naftopidil 25 mg 1 h before intercourse, alternating drugs at least three times each. Clinical global impression change for premature ejaculation, premature ejaculation profile, and intravaginal ejaculation latency time were evaluated at baseline and during treatment.

Results

Due to clinical global impression change, 24 patients (92%) and 12 patients (46%) reported improvement in their own premature ejaculation problems under silodosin and nafitopidil administration, respectively. Silodosin treatment produced a significantly higher improvement rate compared with naftopidil (P = 0.0002). Objectively, silodosin significantly prolonged intravaginal ejaculation latency time compared with baseline and naftopidil (P < 0.01). Mean intravaginal ejaculation latency times were 1.9, 4.1, and 7.6 min at baseline, control and with silodosin, respectively. The rate of reduced semen volume during silodosin treatment was higher than during naftopidil treatment. There were no adverse systemic effects in either group.

Conclusions

Silodosin, a highly selective α1A‐adrenoceptor antagonist, produces greater improvements in premature ejaculation profiles and related symptoms along with intravaginal ejaculation latency time in acquired premature ejaculation patients with or without erectile dysfunction. This result supports the clinical use of silodosin as an alternative treatment for premature ejaculation.
Caries treatment decisions among undergraduate and postgraduate students supported by visual detection systems
Authors: Nogueira Vinícius Krieger Costa , Bussaneli Diego Girotto , Restrepo Manuel Restrepo , Spin‐Neto Rubens , dos Santos‐Pinto Lourdes Aparecida Martins , Boldieri Thalita , Cordeiro Rita de Cássia Loiola
Published: June 2017

Background

The difficulties of caries diagnosis and the level of examiner’s experience may influence the treatment decision, resulting excessive and inefficient intervention.

Aim

This randomized experimental study evaluated caries treatment decisions made by undergraduate (UG) and postgraduate (PG) students when examination was performed through conventional visual clinical examination (CVCE) and when supported by ICDAS (IC) or Nyvad's (NY) criteria.

Design

Four UG and four PG initially analyzed, by CVCE, 300 primary incisors and molars surfaces of 25 children aged 5–12 years, and choose between no treatment, non‐operative, and operative treatment. Students were randomized between IC (2UG; 2PG) and NY (2UG; 2PG) and, after one week of receiving training, repeated evaluations and treatment suggestions. Reference standard was established by two researchers’ consensus. Sensitivity, specificity, ROC analysis, and kappa were calculated. Treatment decisions were analyzed by means of contingency tables.

Results

Only sensitivity showed statistical difference (P < 0.05). Operative treatment had high percentage for initial lesions at first evaluation for both criteria; second evaluation showed higher percentage of non‐operative treatments for the same lesions.

Conclusions

IC and NY present satisfactory performance in primary teeth by UG and PG, and their use may assistance UG to adopt a less interventionist approach for initial enamel lesions.
The presence of the diagnostic character of the genus Paraleucilla (Amphoriscidae, Calcarea, Porifera) may depend on the volume and body wall thickness of the sponges
Authors: Lanna Emilio , Rattis Ludmila , Cavalcanti Fernanda F.
Published: June 2017

The main difference between the sponge genera Leucilla and Paraleucilla (Porifera, Calcarea, Amphoriscidae) is the presence of a disorganized zone (DZ) in the inner region of the skeleton of the latter genus. However, it has been repeatedly observed that specimens from different species of Paraleucilla lack this feature. It is assumed that the size of the sponge may have an effect on the presence or the absence of the DZ, but no investigation of this morphological variation has previously tested this hypothesis. Here, we examined this assumption and described the frequency with which the DZ is absent from individuals of Paraleucilla magna. We also investigated possible drivers of the observed variation using generalized linear models to evaluate whether the month of the year, rainfall, reproductive activity, volume, and body wall thickness could influence the presence or the absence of the DZ. The DZ was absent from 46.5% of the analyzed individuals, indicating that it may be misleading to use this trait to identify the genera Leucilla and Paraleucilla. The presence of the DZ in P. magna is influenced negatively by volume and positively by body wall thickness of the individuals. Our results confirm the previous assumptions for the family Amphoriscidae and highlight problems with the current classification of Calcarea. A discussion of the validity of some morphological characters and the importance of analyzing their variation is provided.
Glycine max and Glycine soja are capable of cold acclimation
Authors: Robison J. , Arora N. , Yamasaki Y. , Saito M. , Boone J. , Blacklock B. , Randall S.
Published: June 2017

Soybean has been considered a cold intolerant species; based largely upon seed germination and soil emergent evaluations. This study reports a distinct acquisition of cold tolerance, in seedlings, following short acclimation periods. Diversity in cold responses was assessed in eight cultivars of Glycine max and six accessions of G. soja. All varieties of soybean significantly increased in freezing tolerance following acclimation. This study indicates soybean seedlings are indeed capable of sensing cold and acquiring cold tolerance. Germination rates after cold imbibition were negatively correlated with maturity group, but positively correlated with cold acclimation potential in G. soja. Seed fatty acid composition was varied between the species, with Glycine soja accessions containing about 2‐times more linolenic acid (18:3) than G. max. Furthermore, high levels of linoleic acid (18:2) in seeds were positively correlated with germination rates following cold imbibition in G. soja only. We suggest that domestication has not impacted the overall ability of soybean to cold acclimate at the seedling stage and that there is little variation within the domesticated species for ability to cold acclimate. Thus, this brief comparative study reduces the enthusiasm for the “wild” species as an additional source of genetic diversity for cold tolerance.
Residual stress and electrical properties of Pb(Zr0.52,Ti0.48)O3 thin films RF sputtered directly on Cu foils
Authors: Walenza‐Slabe Joel , Gibbons Brady J.
Published: June 2017

Polycrystalline Pb(Zr0.52Ti0.48)O3 (PZT) thin films between 250 and 1000 nm thick were deposited on Cu foils via RF magnetron sputtering. Samples were crystallized ex situ between 550°C and 750°C in a low oxygen partial pressure atmosphere, pO2, in order to avoid oxidation of the substrate. These were compared to films made on more common Pt/TiOx/SiO2/Si substrates also crystallized under low pO2 conditions. The mismatch of the coefficients of thermal expansion for Cu and PZT caused large compressive residual stresses to develop in the films, whereas films on Pt‐Si experienced more moderate tensile stresses. Stress was measured using the sin2ψ method. In addition to mechanical implications, i.e., film cracking and delamination, the effect of residual stress on electrical properties is discussed. Dielectric constants of PZT were lower on Cu than on Pt/TiOx/SiO2/Si. This could be due either to a dead layer effect or to the residual stress imposed by the substrate. The remanent polarizations for films on Cu were between 18 and 41 μC/cm2, while coercive fields were between 37 and 54kV/cm. Rayleigh analysis was used to describe the role of defects affecting domain wall mobility, as they act as pinning centers and decrease the extrinsic polarization response.
Microstress in the matrix of a melt‐infiltrated SiC/SiC ceramic matrix composite
Authors: Wing Bradley L. , Halloran John W.
Published: June 2017

Microstress in the SiC: Si matrix of a ceramic matrix composite (CMC) has been characterized, using Raman spectroscopy. The matrix of the composite was manufactured using liquid melt infiltration, and has about 20% unreacted free silicon. During the processing of the composite, the unreacted free silicon expands 11 vol% when transforming from liquid to solid. This crystallization expansion creates compressive microstress in the silicon phase of the matrix, which ranges from 2.4 to 3.1 GPa, and tensile microstress in the SiC of the matrix which ranges from 0.24 to 0.75 GPa. The microstress varies significantly with position, following a normal distribution.
The influence of phase transition on electrocaloric effect in lead‐free (Ba0.9Ca0.1)(Ti1−xZrx)O3 ceramics
Authors: Nie Xin , Yan Shiguang , Guo Shaobo , Cao Fei , Yao Chunhua , Mao Chaoliang , Dong Xianlin , Wang Genshui
Published: June 2017

In this paper, the influence of phase evolution on polarization change and electrocaloric response in lead‐free (Ba0.9Ca0.1)(Ti1−xZrx)O3 ceramics (BCTZ) was systematically investigated. With increasing Zr/Ti ratio, the phase structure and phase transition behavior were greatly changed, resulting in various temperature and electric field dependence of electrocaloric responses. For x=0.05, a peak electrocaloric temperature change 1.64 K (at 130°C) and corresponding entropy change 1.78 J·kg−1·K−1 were obtained for 0‐7 kV·mm−1 electric field. Negative electrocaloric temperature change in −0.1 K was obtained below Curie temperature (Tc), which may be induced by the orthorhombic‐tetragonal ferroelectric phase transition. With the increase in x, the peak value of the electrocaloric response decreased but much better temperature stability was observed. Simultaneously the negative electrocaloric response gradually disappeared with the disappearance of the low temperature ferroelectric‐ferroelectric phase transition. For x=0.2, electrocaloric response showed good temperature stability ranging from room temperature to 130°C, attributing to the relaxor ferroelectric feature.