bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Invasive intrauterine Therapien
Authors: Vonzun Ladina , Ochsenbein-Kölble Nicole
Published: April 2022

Fortschritte in Bildgebung und Medizintechnik haben mittlerweile dazu geführt, dass fetale Erkrankungen früh erkannt und in bestimmten Fällen auch intrauterin behandeln werden können. Ethisch darf eine fetale Therapie nur dann angeboten werden, wenn die intrauterine Behandlung einen deutlichen Vorteil gegenüber der postnatalen Behandlung darstellt bzw. wenn die intrauterine Therapie bleibende Schäden oder den intrauterinen Fruchttod (IUFT) verhindern kann. Invasive fetale Therapien werden z. B. bei einer fetalen Anämie, dem fetofetalen Transfusionssyndroms, der fetalen Spina bifida und der kongenitalen Zwerchfellhernie angeboten. Eine der Hauptkomplikationen der invasiven fetalen Eingriffe ist der vorzeitige Blasensprung.
Photonic-aware neural networks
Authors: Paolini Emilio , De Marinis Lorenzo , Cococcioni Marco , Valcarenghi Luca , Maggiani Luca , Andriolli Nicola
Published: April 2022

Photonics-based neural networks promise to outperform electronic counterparts, accelerating neural network computations while reducing power consumption and footprint. However, these solutions suffer from physical layer constraints arising from the underlying analog photonic hardware, impacting the resolution of computations (in terms of effective number of bits), requiring the use of positive-valued inputs, and imposing limitations in the fan-in and in the size of convolutional kernels. To abstract these constraints, in this paper we introduce the concept of Photonic-Aware Neural Network (PANN) architectures, i.e., deep neural network models aware of the photonic hardware constraints. Then, we devise PANN training schemes resorting to quantization strategies aimed to obtain the required neural network parameters in the fixed-point domain, compliant with the limited resolution of the underlying hardware. We finally carry out extensive simulations exploiting PANNs in image classification tasks on well-known datasets (MNIST, Fashion-MNIST, and Cifar-10) with varying bitwidths (i.e., 2, 4, and 6 bits). We consider two kernel sizes and two pooling schemes for each PANN model, exploiting $$2\times 2$$

2
×
2

and $$3\times 3$$

3
×
3

convolutional kernels, and max and average pooling, the latter more amenable to an optical implementation. $$3\times 3$$

3
×
3

kernels perform better than $$2\times 2$$

2
×
2

counterparts, while max and average pooling provide comparable results, with the latter performing better on MNIST and Cifar-10. The accuracy degradation due to the photonic hardware constraints is quite limited, especially on MNIST and Fashion-MNIST, demonstrating the feasibility of PANN approaches on computer vision tasks.
Von der Bottom-up-Bewegung zum UNESCO-Programm: Geoparks in Deutschland
Authors: Ellger Christof
Published: April 2022

Geoparks haben sich in den letzten 30 Jahren – weltweit und in Deutschland – als neue und besondere Kategorie von Großschutzgebiet etabliert. Ohne Verankerung in der Naturschutzgesetzgebung sind die bestehenden Geoparks – bottom-up – als Projekte einzelner regionaler Initiativen entstanden, haben sich in internationalen Netzwerken organisiert und werden seit 2015 als Teil eines UNESCO-Programms geführt. Mit ihren spezifischen Aufgaben (Vermittlung der Geowissenschaften in die Öffentlichkeit, Geotopschutz, Regionalentwicklung durch Geotourismus) bilden sie ein interessantes Arbeitsfeld für integratives raumbezogenes Arbeiten. Aus einer Basisbewegung entstanden, weisen Geoparks unterschiedliche Organisationsformen auf; auch geht ihre räumliche Verteilung auf die Zufälligkeit regionaler Einzelentscheidungen zurück und nicht auf eine übergeordnete Planung. Für die Anerkennung von Geoparks gelten Zertifizierungsrichtlinien, was zur Qualitätssicherung beiträgt. Hinsichtlich ihrer regionalwirtschaftlichen Wirkung besteht ebenso Forschungsbedarf wie zu Produktion und Rezeption geodidaktischer Materialien in den Geoparks.
Hopping between distant basins
Authors: Goodridge Maldon , Moriarty John , Vogrinc Jure , Zocca Alessandro
Published: April 2022

We present and numerically analyse the Basin Hopping with Skipping (BH-S) algorithm for stochastic optimisation. This algorithm replaces the perturbation step of basin hopping (BH) with a so-called skipping mechanism from rare-event sampling. Empirical results on benchmark optimisation surfaces demonstrate that BH-S can improve performance relative to BH by encouraging non-local exploration, that is, by hopping between distant basins.
Silica Zinc Titanate Wide Bandgap Semiconductor Nanocrystallites: Synthesis and Characterization
Authors: Mansour A. M. , Abou Hammad Ali B. , Bakr Ahmed M. , El Nahrawy Amany M.
Published: April 2022

SiO2x:ZnO: (1-x)TiO2 nanocrystallites were made via sol-gel route, and co-firing at a lower temperature (600oC). The synthesized nanocrystallites were characterized using several analytical techniques including XRD, SEM/TEM, FT IR, THz, and UV–visible spectroscopy analysis. The results appear that the silicate phase was used to promote the density of the nanocrystalline ceramic during calcination. The lower temperature calcined (∼600oC) nanocrystallites consist of ZnTiO3, Zn2SiO4, and TiO2 phases, with ZnTiO3 dominant rhombohedral phase, showing various electronic transitions. The obvious electronic properties give 2.8 eV as indirect bandgap transition and 3.35 ± 0.01 eV as direct bandgap transition with the increase of silica content. The dielectric constant is in the range 8 at a frequency higher than 104 Hz due to the formation of Zn2SiO4, and the ac conductivity is in the range 10− 10 to 10− 7 S/cm.
Concept of an efficient self-startup voltage converter with dynamic maximum power point tracking for microscale thermoelectric generators
Authors: Merten D. , Singer J. A. , Fiedler H. , Tappertzhofen S.
Published: April 2022

Microscale Thermoelectric Generators (microTEGs) have a high application potential for energy harvesting for autonomous microsystems. In contrast to conventional thermoelectric generators, microTEGs can only supply small output-voltages. Therefore, voltage converters are required to provide supply-voltages that are sufficiently high to power microelectronics. However, for high conversion efficiency, voltage converters need to be optimized for the limited input voltage range and the typically high internal resistance of microTEGs. To overcome the limitations of conventional voltage converters we present an optimized self-startup voltage converter with dynamic maximum power point tracking. The performance potential of our concept is theoretically and experimentally analyzed. The voltage conversion interface demonstrates energy harvesting from open-circuit voltages as low as 30.7 mV, and enables independent and full start-up from 131 mV. No additional external power supply is required at any time during operation. It can be operated with a wide range of internal resistances from 20.6 to − 4 kΩ with a conversation efficiency between η = 68–79%.
Sustainability planning, implementation, and assessment in cities: how can productivity enhance these processes?
Authors: Spiliotopoulou Maria , Roseland Mark
Published: April 2022

In this “urban century”, planetary realities and increased environmental and social awareness have led to significant international agreements and the recognition that local communities play a crucial role in successfully implementing long-term sustainability goals. Through two case studies in British Columbia, Canada, this research focused on how the concept, principles, and practices of holistic urban productivity can help address urban sustainability planning, implementation, and assessment processes. The research findings showed a range of challenges in urban sustainability such as the persistence on utilitarian approaches to resource management and community planning, the prioritization of short-term policies, a general resistance to systemic thinking, and various shortfalls in municipal capacity. These obstacles reflected the reality and complexity of urban sustainability processes and highlighted the need to redesign current decision-making. Addressing issues that transcend humanmade borders requires new configurations, non-hierarchical decision-making processes, and using local knowledge as a key guiding tool. Our recommendation is that cities embrace systems thinking in sustainability planning and implementation by focusing more on holistic evaluation of policy impact and finding synergies among policies and stakeholders in all sectors.
Human Rights Principles for Trade
Authors: Fakhri Michael
Published: April 2022

Most trade scholars treat agriculture as a commodity, and in a sense, agriculture workers and their technological replacements as commodities as well. From a food sovereignty perspective, however, agriculture is part of a food system and what is at stake in trade law is people's way of life. Peasants' and Indigenous peoples’ (and workers’) resistance against the World Trade Organization (WTO) has been an existential struggle. Most trade law scholars, with notable exceptions, have ignored social movements’ demands, including their call to end the WTO. By in effect disregarding the costs and violence of the existing trade system against food producers, trade scholarship makes social movements’ language and political demands less cognizable in international law. In this essay, I provide some context and language that may encourage trade law scholars to engage with the food sovereignty movement. I first explain what is at stake in trade law for the food sovereignty movements. I then briefly describe the underlying three pillars supporting the Agreement on Agriculture, and highlight the limits of trade law. I conclude by offering three principles—dignity, self-sufficiency, and solidarity—that could open trade law to wider perspectives. These principles blur the line between trade and the right to food in order to ensure that neither one is dominant nor an “other.”
Serum aldosterone and urine electrolytes dynamics in response to DASH diet intervention – An inpatient mechanistic study
Authors: Bielopolski Dana , Qureshi Adam , Bentur Ohad S. , Ronning Andrea , Tobin Jonathan N. , Kost Rhonda
Published: April 2022

Background:

Dietary approach to stop hypertension (DASH) diet reduces blood pressure (BP) as effectively as one antihypertensive drug, yet its mechanism of action was never fully characterized.

Methods:

We designed a translational inpatient trial to elucidate the biological pathway leading from nutritional change, through hormonal response, reversal of urine electrolytes ratio, to BP reduction.

Results:

A single-center open-label interventional trial. Volunteers were admitted for 14 days, transitioning from an American-style diet to DASH diet. Vital signs, blood, and urine samples were collected daily. Participants completed two 24-hour ambulatory BP measurements (ABPM) and two 24-hour urine collections on days 1 and 10. Nine volunteers completed the protocol. During inpatient stay, serum aldosterone increased from day 0 (mean 8.3 ± 5.0) to day 5 (mean 17.8 ± 5.8) after intervention and decreased on day 11 (mean 11.5 ± 4.7) despite continuous exposure to the same diet (p-value = 0.002). Urine electrolyte ratio ([Na]/[K]) decreased significantly from a mean of 3.5 to 1.16 on day 4 (p < 0.001). BP by 24-hour ABPM decreased by a mean of 3.7 mmHg systolic BP and 2.3 mmHg diastolic BP from day 1 to 10.

Conclusion:

Shifting from a high-sodium/low-potassium diet to the opposite composition leads to aldosterone increase and paradoxical BP reduction. Urine electrolyte ratio reflects nutritional changes and should guide clinicians in assessing adherence to lifestyle modification.
Secondary motions above a staggered multi-scale rough wall
Authors: Viggiano B. , Bossuyt J. , Ali N. , Meyers J. , Cal R.B.
Published: April 2022

Wind tunnel experiments were performed to investigate turbulent flow over an array of heterogeneous roughness elements using stereoscopic particle image velocimetry. Nine streamwise planes, covering one periodic cell of a multi-scale roughness element that is arranged in a staggered pattern, are combined to quantify mean flow features and Reynolds stresses. Dispersive stresses, arising from spatial variations in the temporally averaged mean velocity, are also presented. The results highlight that the roughness elements create a large deficit pathway along the surfaces. Outer scaling of the time-averaged streamwise velocity presents features which are nearly independent of the roughness element type, with parameters of the flow revealing values near those observed in smooth wall boundary layers, such as the wake strength parameter, opposing the earlier work containing aligned patterns. The strength of the secondary motion is most accentuated at the ridges of the roughness, showing that the formation of structures is sensitive to the location investigated in the spanwise direction.
The initial impact of drops cushioned by an air or vapour layer with applications to the dynamic Leidenfrost regime
Authors: Gordillo José M. , Riboux Guillaume
Published: April 2022

This work is devoted to the study of the conditions under which a drop directed normally towards a superheated or isothermal smooth substrate prevents the initial contact with the solid by skating over a micrometre-sized vapour or air layer. The results have been obtained analysing the gas flow at the spatio-temporal region where the maximum liquid pressure is attained, which is also where and when the minimum values of the film thickness are reached. For the common case in which

$We St^{-1/6}\gtrsim 1$

, where

$We=\rho _l U^{2} R/\gamma$

and

$St=\rho _l U R/\eta _a$

denote, respectively, the Weber and Stokes numbers, we find that capillary effects are negligible and the ratio between the minimum film thickness and the local drop radius of curvature is

$h_m/R\propto St^{-7/6}$

, with

$\rho _l$

,

$\gamma$

,

$\eta _a$

,

$U$

and

$R$

indicating the liquid density, interfacial tension coefficient, gas viscosity, impact velocity and drop radius, respectively. In contrast, when

$We St^{-1/6}\lesssim 1$

, capillary effects can no longer be neglected and

$h_m/R\propto We^{-1/3} St^{-10/9}$

. The predicted values of the minimum film thickness are compared with published experimental data, finding good agreement between predictions and measurements for the cases of both isothermal and superheated substrates. In addition, using mass conservation, we have also deduced an equation providing the minimum value of the substrate temperature for which a cylindrical central vapour bubble of constant height

$h_d/R\propto St^{-2/3}$

, with

$h_d\gg h_m$

, grows radially at the wetting velocity deduced in Riboux & Gordillo (Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 113, 2014, 024507). The predicted values are in good agreement with the dynamic Leidenfrost temperatures reported by Shirota et al. (Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 116, 2016, 064501).
Giant descendant trees, matchings, and independent sets in age-biased attachment graphs
Authors: Acan Hüseyin , Frieze Alan , Pittel Boris
Published: April 2022

We study two models of an age-biased graph process: the$\delta$-version of the preferential attachment graph model (PAM) and the uniform attachment graph model (UAM), withmattachments for each of the incoming vertices. We show that almost surely the scaled size of a breadth-first (descendant) tree rooted at a fixed vertex converges, for$m=1$, to a limit whose distribution is a mixture of two beta distributions and a single beta distribution respectively, and that for$m>1$the limit is 1. We also analyze the likely performance of two greedy (online) algorithms, for a large matching set and a large independent set, and determine – for each model and each greedy algorithm – both a limiting fraction of vertices involved and an almost sure convergence rate.
Disorder detection with costly observations
Authors: Bayraktar Erhan , Ekström Erik , Guo Jia
Published: April 2022

We study the Wiener disorder detection problem where each observation is associated with a positive cost. In this setting, a strategy is a pair consisting of a sequence of observation times and a stopping time corresponding to the declaration of disorder. We characterize the minimal cost of the disorder problem with costly observations as the unique fixed point of a certain jump operator, and we determine the optimal strategy.
Trial by Fire: Informal Agreements, Destructive Protest, and Civil Society in Bolivia
Authors: Hummel Calla
Published: April 2022

Civil society leaders develop relationships with officials and engage in contentious politics. Some resort to destructive tactics like arson and assault to target the officials they work with. Why do civil society leaders use destructive protest tactics? This article argues that leaders use destructive tactics when both they and officials need clear information and when leaders believe that officials will offer lucrative agreements to stop destructive protests. The research suggests that this dynamic is more likely in weakly institutionalized, highly politicized, and resource-strapped environments. The research supports the argument by process-tracing cases of peaceful and destructive protest by street vendor organizations and officials’ responses in El Alto, Bolivia. The argument and cases suggest that civil society leaders are more likely to target women and other minoritized people because leaders are more likely to underestimate minoritized officials, but that these officials are then more likely to punish the perpetrators.
Long-Term Contractual Commitments and Our Future Selves
Authors: Dagan Hanoch , Kricheli-Katz Tamar
Published: April 2022

This article studies relational contracts whose performance implicates the person of the promisor (as where the promisor is the promisee’s employee). We investigate whether people’s beliefs that their and others’ personalities are relatively malleable (or not) correlate with their tendency to engage in such long-term contracts. Our survey experiment shows that the more people believe that their own personality is intertemporally malleable the less they tend to make long-term commitments; by contrast, the more they believe that others’ personalities are malleable, the more they tend to engage in such commitments. Our findings imply that people’s intuitive tendencies to make long-term commitments align with those that underlie liberal contract law, which is careful about enforcing contracts that constrain the self-determination of contractors’ future selves.
Why Average When You Can Stack? Better Methods for Generating Accurate Group Credences
Authors: Kinney David
Published: April 2022

Formal and social epistemologists have devoted significant attention to the question of how to aggregate the credences of a group of agents who disagree about the probabilities of events. Moss (2011) and Pettigrew (2019) argue that group credences can be a linear mean of the credences of each individual in the group. By contrast, I argue that if the epistemic value of a credence function is determined solely by its accuracy, then we should, where possible, aggregate the underlying statistical models that individuals use to generate their credence functions, using “stacking” techniques from statistics and machine learning first developed by Wolpert (1992).
CONTACT SURGERY GRAPHS
Authors: KEGEL MARC , ONARAN SINEM
Published: April 2022

We define a graph encoding the structure of contact surgery on contact$3$-manifolds and analyse its basic properties and some of its interesting subgraphs.
TRANSLATING SOLITONS FOR THE MEAN CURVATURE FLOW IN
Authors: LEE HOJOO
Published: April 2022

We present a representation formula for translating soliton surfaces to the mean curvature flow in Euclidean space${\mathbb {R}}^{4}$and give examples of conformal parameterisations for translating soliton surfaces.
Infectious mononucleosis – should we routinely assess liver function in acute presentation and follow up?
Authors: Simpson L , Sutherland E , Wilkinson D , Saman R , Edafe O
Published: April 2022

Objective

Infectious mononucleosis is a relatively common acute presentation to the ENT department. There is an expected derangement in the liver function test results in most patients. There is no guidance regarding follow up, and practice varies. This study aimed to evaluate the utility of liver function tests and abdominal ultrasound in infectious mononucleosis.

Methods

This was a retrospective study of all adult patients admitted under ENT with infectious mononucleosis over a five-year period.

Results

A total of 153 patients were included; 80 per cent had abnormal liver function test results at presentation. Around 50 per cent had at least one liver function test assessment following discharge. Median (interquartile range) time to resolution of liver function test results was 32 days (20–50 days); maximum time was 10 months. Six patients had in-patient abdominal ultrasound: all showed a normal liver and biliary tree. No patient developed any liver disease sequelae.

Conclusion

The findings suggest that serial assessment of liver function is not required in immunocompetent adults with subclinical derangement in liver function.
Improved accuracy in degenerate variational integrators for guiding centre and magnetic field line flow
Authors: Burby Joshua W. , Finn John M. , Ellison C. Leland
Published: April 2022

First-order-accurate degenerate variational integration (DVI) was introduced in Ellison et al. (Phys. Plasmas, vol. 25, 2018, 052502) for systems with a degenerate Lagrangian, i.e. one in which the velocity-space Hessian is singular. In this paper we introduce second-order-accurate DVI schemes, both with and without non-uniform time stepping. We show that it is not in general possible to construct a second-order scheme with a preserved two-form by composing a first-order scheme with its adjoint, and discuss the conditions under which such a composition is possible. We build two classes of second-order-accurate DVI schemes. We test these second-order schemes numerically on two systems having non-canonical variables, namely the magnetic field line and guiding centre systems. Variational integration for Hamiltonian systems with non-uniform time steps, in terms of an extended phase space Hamiltonian, is generalized to non-canonical variables. It is shown that preservation of proper degeneracy leads to single-step (one-step) methods without parasitic modes, i.e. to non-uniform time step DVIs. This extension applies to second-order-accurate as well as first-order schemes, and can be applied to adapt the time stepping to an error estimate.
The Documentation Unit of the Nir, Botswana - What it is, What it Does
Authors: Kgathi D. L.
Published: April 2022

The National Institute of Development and Cultural Research (NIR), of which the Documentation Unit is a part, was established in 1975 under the sponsorship of the Friedrich-Ebert-Foundation and as an integral part of the University College of Botswana. This was followed by the signing of an agreement between the Botswana Government and the Foundation in which terms of reference with regard to day-to-day functioning of the Institute were stipulated. The Documentation Unit was the only Section when NIR was established but in 1978, the Research and Training Unit was formed. The aims of NIR as outlined in the pamphlet “National Institute of Development and Cultural Research Aims and Activities” are:- “to stimulate, co-ordinate, implement and follow-up research that will contribute to processes which ultimately will benefit large and less privileged parts of the population of Botswana and/or its peoples.
Some U.S. Archival Materials on African Exploration
Authors: Casada James A.
Published: April 2022

The activities of nineteenth-century explorers in Africa fascinated contemporaries, and the public greeted each chapter in the unfolding saga of African reconnaissance with enthusiasm. In his inimitable way, that prince of Victorian travellers, Sir Richard Burton, explained the appeal and aura of romanticism that surrounded exploration: “The theme has remoteness and obsurity of place, difference of custom, marvellousness of hearsay; events passing strange yet credible, sometimes barbaric splendour, generally luxuriance of nature, savage life, personal danger and suffering always borne … with patience, dignity, and even enthusiasm.” Even today, the subject retains much of its intrinsic interest, as is, exemplified by the veritable flood of books and articles marking the recent centenary of Dr David Livingstone's death. Moreover, Africanists in many academic disciplines are keenly aware of the important information to be found in the various records the explorers left to posterity.
The Oxford Colonial Records Project and the Research Worker
Authors: Hall Jolyon
Published: April 2022

The closure of the office of the Oxford Colonial Records Project, the retirement of J. J. Tawney who had been its director for the ten years of the Project's existence and the disbanding of the Project's Committee were an important stage in what had always been seen as a task of limited duration, the searching out, collection and deposit in Rhodes House Library, Oxford of the private papers of people who had served in the colonial empire. At the end of 1972, the Committee saw its work as having reached a point where it could be more closely integrated with the work of Rhodes House Library, the Commonwealth African and American section of the Bodleian Library which undertook to continue any uncompleted work of collection alongside the task it had had from the beginning of making the collections available to scholars and preserving for future use in conditions of adequate security those groups of papers which had been given on the understanding that they were not immediately accessible.
The Land Resources Division and its information services
Authors: Posnett N.W.
Published: April 2022

The Land Resources Division, located in Tolworth Tower, Surbition, Surrey, England, is part of the Overseas Development Administration, Foreign and Commonwealth Office, and assists developing countries, mainly tropical, in mapping, investigating and assessing land resources. It makes recommendations on the use of these resources for the development of crop and animal husbandry and forestry; it also gives advice on related subjects to overseas governments and organisations, makes scientific personnel available for appointment abroad, and provides lectures and training courses in the basic techniques of resource appraisal. The Division works in close co-operation with government departments, research institutes, universities and international organisations concerned with land resources assessment and development planning.

The information services are provided by the three units that form the Publications/Information/Library Section.
African Studies at the Hoover Institution
Authors: Duignan Peter
Published: April 2022

The African Studies’ Program of the Hoover Institution, Stanford University, combines building up a library and archival collecting with sponsoring research on modern Africa.

The African collection concentrates on the period from 1870 to the present and on the fields of history, politics, government and economics. The collection is especially strong on European colonialism in Africa and on African nationlist movements. (For a detailed description of the library holdings see African and Middle East Collections: A Survey of Holdings at the Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace, Hoover Institution Press, 1971.)

The research program is based on the library resources. There are four types of publications: bibliographies include: Peter Duignan, Guide to Research and Reference Works on Sub-Saharan Africa (1,102 p.); Robert L. Hess and Dalvan M. Coger, A Bibliography of Primary Sources for 19th Century Tropical Africa, as Recorded by Explorers, Missionaries, Traders, Travellers, Administrators, Military Men, Adventurers and Others (800 p.); and Harold G. Marcus, The Modern History of Ethiopia and the Horn of Africa: A Select and Annotated Bibliography (641 p.)
Official Publications in the British Library Reference Division - A Microfilm Supplement to the General Catalogue
Authors: Harris P. R.
Published: April 2022

Although the Official Publications Library of the British Library Reference Division contains the most extensive collection in Europe of British and foreign official publications, much of the foreign material has not been fully catalogued find has hitherto only been known to readers consulting a temporary catalogue card file in the Official Publications Library.

To help to overcome this difficulty and to make this invaluable body of material more widely known, the Library is issuing a microfilm of the unedited cards. It supplements in provisional form the corpus of official publications already included in the General Catalogue of Printed Books.

The time required to correct, expand and amend entries and headings is so considerable that this microfilm, with all its many imperfections and shortcomings, appears the only alternative to prolonging for many years the lack of any sort of published catalogue record of most of these holdings.
Libraries in a Siege Economy
Authors: Dellar Geoffrey
Published: April 2022

At home, I have not been allowed to forget my early response to the announcement of the unilateral declaration of independence in Rhodesia - it was rather similar to that of a former British Prime Minister, who had perhaps not been obliged to live quite so closely with the consequences as, until recently, I have.

“Weeks rather than months” was, if I recall correctly, his prognosis, and I have to confess that I too thought it would soon collapse in the face of world disapproval. Instead of which, I have lived through the thirteen years since in growing frustration, increasingly aware that the effort that librarians in Rhodesia had hoped to be able to put into the promotion and development of libraries in that country would be unlikely to bear fruit - largely through lack of that essential fertiliser, hard cash.
Exeter University Library
Authors: Guthrie D.H. , Scott C.F.
Published: April 2022

One of the continuing problems of participation in the SCOLMA “area specialization plan” for a medium-sized developing university library like Exeter's with many and increasing necessary commitments and interests, is that of being able to give to the particular collection the consistent attention it needs. In our case, an Assistant Librarian with various other duties, has had overall charge of the collection with occasional help from the Deputy Librarian and the Heads of the Orders and Accounts and of the Periodicals Departments. The Library has also benefited especially from the presence over the years from 1967 to 1973 of Mrs. Elsie Frimpong and Mrs. Grace Amonoo, two Ghanaian library assistants, wives of research students here, who were naturally interested in the collection and gave useful practical advice. Informed interest among the Library Staff has now been strengthened by the coming of our new Sub-Librarian Mr. D.W. Evans with his experience of the Africana collections at Birmingham.
The Teaching of African Bibliography
Authors: McIlwaine John
Published: April 2022

For obvious reasons I shall confine my comments almost entirely to the courses at the School of Library, Archive & Information Studies at University College London, of which alone I have first-hand knowledge. Equally, I shall be concerned very largely with discussing the situation at the level of the Diplomas, the first professional qualifications, in both Librarianship and Archives. It is only at this level that one can talk of “teaching” African Bibliography at the School. There are a number of ways in which an interest in African bibliography & librarianship can be followed at the higher degree level, for the M.A., M.Phil., or Ph.D., but for higher degree work, even for the M.A. which has an element of written examinations, there are normally no specific courses taught. Indeed at the M.A. level a regional interest can be pursued within a number of the stated options; not merely in “Regional studies” but also in “Comparative studies”, “Historical & Social Studies”, even in “Management” or “Classification & Cataloguing”.
The African Integrated Network of Administration Information - AINAI: A Conceptual Project Proposal
Authors: El Hadi Mohamed M.
Published: April 2022

This project proposal for establishing an African Integrated Network of Administrative Information - AINAI, is aimed at solving the problems of information and its utilization in the African administrative environment. It is a decentralized, co-ordinated and voluntary African administrative and managerial information system aimed at guiding, interpreting and stimulating action leading to increased co-operation and co-ordination among libraries and information services of the African institutions of public administration and management on the national and regional level. The AINAI system will provide accelerated diffusion and popularization of reliable administrative information, a steady increase in co-operative sharing without constraint of time, distance and form of data.
The Kenya Copying Project
Authors: Thurston Anne
Published: April 2022

A previous paper (ARD 23, pp.6-13) has described the initial phases of Kenya's programme to locate and describe documents in the United Kingdom relating to its history and development. These documents, it was noted, have accumulated in Britain since the nineteenth century as a natural consequence of correspondence, in the course of colonial administration, and by direct removal. This situation is not unique and applies in many other former colonial territories. Thus, while Kenya's programme has significance in its own right, it also has implications for other Commonwealth countries.

The aim of Kenya's programme has been two-fold. Firstly, it was established to provide the Kenya Government with a full picture of the extent of relevant documentation in Britain in order that priorities might be set for the supplementation of Kenya's archival holdings through a copying programme.
The Commonwealth Secretariat
Authors: Hannam Harry
Published: April 2022

The Commonwealth Secretariat, an international body at the service of all member countries of the Commonwealth, was established in 1965 to provide the central organisation for joint consultation and cooperation in many fields. In the words of the Agreed Memorandum, the Secretariat was to be “a visible symbol of the spitit of cooperation which animates the Commonwealth”.

Before describing the Secretariat's development since 1965, its present structure and functions, and in particular its involvement in African affairs, a backward look may not be out of place in order to discover why the Heads of Government meeting in 1964 decided that the time was then ripe for setting up a formal secretariat. With Britain's rapid programme of decolonisation almost completed surely there was no need to institutionalise a relationship which up till then had been remarkable for its informality.
The Archives of the Mill Hill Fathers
Authors: Henige David
Published: April 2022

The Mill Hill Missionaries (more properly, the St. Joseph's Society for the Missions) was established in 1866 by Fr. Herbert Vaughan, later Archbishop of Westminster. The first missionary field of the society was among the blacks of the American South. However, the major missionary effort of the Mill Hill missionaries has been Africa. In 1894 the Vicariate of the Upper Nile was organized and encompassed the whole of eastern Uganda and western Kenya including Kampala and Busoga. This was divided in 1947 into the Vicariates (later dioceses) of Kampala and Tororo, and later the diocese of Jinja was. formed from Kampala. In western Kenya the Mill Hill missionaries received the Prefecture of Kavirondo in 1925 and this later was divided into the dioceses of Kisii, Kisumu, Ngong, and Kakamega.
Recommendations for Somali Entries in Library Cataloguing Systems
Authors: Andrzejewski B. W.
Published: April 2022

Since the introduction of a national orthography in 1972 books and articles by Somali authors have been finding their way on an increasing scale into library catalogues in universities and centres of learning outside Somalia. Somali author entries are likely to present some difficulty for cataloguers and library users not acquainted with the Somali cultural background, and these brief notes are offered in the hope that they will be of some use to them.

As in many other Muslim countries, surnames are not normally used in Somalia. Instead, a person is identified by a sequence of names which begins with the given name, followed by the name of his or her father and sometimes also by the name of his or her grandfather. This is reminiscent of the system used in Arabic, except that the words corresponding to ‘son’ or ‘daughter’ are omitted.
African Studies and British Library Schools
Authors: Evans D. Wyn , Wise M. , McIlwaine J. H.
Published: April 2022

Up to now there does not seem to have been any report on the extent to which African studies are pursued in our library schools, and what follows is a brief attempt to describe the position. The schools mentioned were contacted by letter and asked to give a summary of the position. The schools, with the name of the correspondent, were: the School of Librarianship, Robert Gordon's Institute of Technology, Aberdeen (Mr. J. M. Orr); the College of Librarianship, Wales, at Aberystwyth (Mr. M. Wise); the Department of Library and Information Studies, Queen's University Belfast (Mr. W. J. Martin); the,Department of Librarianship, City of Birmingham Polytechnic (Mr. A. F. Johnson); the Department of Library and Information Studies, Liverpool Polytechnic (Mr. W. H. Snape); the School of Librarianship, Leeds Polytechnic (Mr. D. E. Davinson); the School of Library, Archive and Information Studies, University College London (Mr. J. H. Mcllwaine); the School of Librarianship, Polytechnic of North London; the Department of Library and Information Studies, Loughborough University (Mr. R. Cave); the Department of Library and Information Studies, Manchester Polytechnic (Mr. J. L. Ingham); the Department of Librarianship, Newcastle upon Tyne Polytechnic (Mr. W. Caldwell); the Postgraduate School of Librarianship and Information Studies, University of Sheffield (Professor M. F. Lynch); and the Department of Librarianship, University of Strathclyde (Professor W. E. Tyler).
Africana at Kew
Authors: Casada James A.
Published: April 2022

Most readers of this journal will be intimately familiar with Noel Matthews and M. Doreen Wainwright's indispensable work, A Guide to Manuscripts and Documents in the British Isles Relating to Africa. However, it is virtually inevitable that in a comprehensive work of this nature (and I should indicate straight away that theirs is an exceptionally fine work) that there will be oversights, omissions, or less than adequately full listings. One case in point is the coverage Matthews and Wainwright devote to African material held in the archives of the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew. Their listing, which covers pages 188-91 of the book, is accurate insofar as it goes, but it presents less than a total picture of the potential riches that await Africanists in a multitude of discplines who journey to Kew.
Archival Research in Niger - Some Practical Hints
Authors: Fuglestad Finn
Published: April 2022

In 1973 Dr. Stephen Baier published a short note on the archives in Niger. Since then, the structure, organization and even location of what is now officially called the Archives Nationales du Niger have undergone considerable changes. In fact, at the time Dr. Baier carried out his research in Niger, the Archives Nationales were little more than bundles of mostly unclassified documents and files stored away in a dark room in the Supreme Court building. However, in 1973 a professional archivist (Elhadji-Mahamane Sade) was appointed Director of the Service des Archives, which then came formally into being. One year later the archives were transferred to a newly completed building just a few yards away from that of the Supreme Court (and next to the ‘palais de la Présldence’).
African Music in the National Sound Archive
Authors: Duran Lucy
Published: April 2022

A National Sound Archive by its very nature has a particularly important role to play in the documentation and preservation of traditional music. “Traditional’ is used here to refer to those musical cultures which are primarily unwritten and therefore are passed down through oral tradition; this includes the ‘folk’ music of Europe and the Americas as well as most kinds of music from Africa and Asia. Such music is inadequately preserved through Western notation, which has no symbols for aspects of performance style essential to the understanding of traditional music. The audio recording, on the other hand, captures those aspects, and thus provides the main source of material for the study of traditional music. Without recordings, a large part of the world's musical cultures would be undocumented and probably unknown outside the country of origin. It is the role of a sound archive to acquire, preserve and make available this important and unique resource.
ASAUK Presidential Address Given at the Oxford Conference, September 1978: Four Hundred Years of Library Material on Africa
Authors: Simpson Donald
Published: April 2022

The African Studies Association gives its Presidents no formal guidance on the content or presentation of their addresses, but my predecessor Rowland Moss suggested that one method was to chose a title first and write the address afterwards. In my case, the major part of the title was easy to decide on, since it was as the representative of SCOLMA, the Standing Conference on Library Materials on Africa, that I first joined the A.S.A. Council in 1964. I do not, however, intend to speak about SCOLMA in any detail, since I have done so on more than one occasion; my aim is to look at the materials which one might find in a major library on Africa and consider how they came to be written, the categories into which they fall, and the way in which they reflect changing attitudes to Africa.
A Comprehensive Bibliography of Catholic Missionary Materials Relating to Africa: The Bibliotheca Missionum
Authors: Henige David
Published: April 2022

Except for explicitly missiological studies there has been little perceptible inclination on the part of Africanists to exploit a voluminous and important genre of source - the published writings of missionaries who served in Africa. For better or worse, the desire to devote as much time, energy, and expense to collecting oral materials in the field has come to dominate research programmes to the inevitable exclusion of analyzing as wide a range as possible of other materials. As far as the missionary materials are concerned, this failure is prompted to some degree by a tendency to devalue these materials because of the smug and patronizing attitudes so often manifested in them.

This conscious or unconscious eschewing of a major body of source material is unfortunate in itself.
A New Source for the Study of East African History: The Archives of the National Museum of Kenya
Authors: Diamond Elizabeth
Published: April 2022

The archives of the National Museum of Kenya in Nairobi have recently been sorted and listed. They are now, available to students of East African history and form a useful addition to the source material on the subject. As well as the Museum's own archives, they include collections of papers and photographs given to the Museum by private individuals. The material dates from about 1900 to the present day.

The Museum was begun in a single room by the East Africa and Uganda National History Society in 1910, and moved to its own building in 1920. In 1929 it was moved into the first buildings on the present site and renamed the Coryndon Memorial Museum. In December 1964 it became the National Museum of Kenya.
Regional Archival Training Workshops — Zanzibar 1984
Authors: Thurston Anne
Published: April 2022

In April of this year John Walford, Head of Modern Records at the PRO, gave a paper to the SCOLMA AGM on the preliminary findings of an investigation of the Zanzibar Archives covering their content and condition and proposals for their preservation. The essence of those proposals was a training/salvage workshop programme, which was carried out in Zanzibar from late July through August. The workshops were hosted by the Zanzibar Government and sponsored by the Commonwealth Foundation, the Leverhulme Trust and commercial firms in Tanzania, the UK, Kenya and Germany.

The programme comprised three concurrent workshops: Paper Conservation, Arrangement and Description of Documents and Archives Administration and Records Management. Each aimed to review or teach the fundamental procedures in its field, to provide practical supervised experience in dealing with real record problems and to achieve as much basic work on the records themselves as possible.
Zaϊre, Rwanda, Burundi: University of Leeds
Authors: Wellesley Smith Hugh
Published: April 2022

Since 1966 the Brotherton Library has been acquiring material published in and relating to Zaire, Rwanda and Burundi, the African countries formerly administered by Belgium. Acquisition has been concentrated on the social sciences, humanities and official publications. Up to present approximately 250 books and pamphlets have been obtained for the collection, about half of these consisting of items published in the area. This figure does not include periodical volumes and items on microfiche.

(1) Zaïre Publications from Zaïre (formerly Congo-Kinshasa) make up the largest part of the material from central Africa. The bulk of these are publications of the Université Nationale du Zaïre, Kinshasa, especially of its Institut de Recherches Economiques et Sociales. We have also had some success in collecting Zaïrean official publications, particularly those issued by the Office National de la Recherche et du Développement.
Other Cultures Other Anthropologists: the Experiences of an African Fieldworker
Authors: Yamba C. Bawa
Published: April 2022

Kwame Nkrumah, first president of the Republic of Ghana, and the scourge in his heyday, of what he termed “neo-colonialism”, is said to have had a painting displayed prominently in the main hall of his home. It is said to have depicted an outlined of a map of Africa in the midst of which an awakening black giant was shaking off his chains. Fleeing from the continent in terror were three pale Europeans: The first one grasped a suitcase, signifying the colonial administrator; the second in his white cassock, was, unmistakeably, the missionary; and the third was the anthropologist. This painting, needless to say, epitomized the feelings of most colonial peoples — at least those whose feelines could have any significant consequences — towards anthropologists and anthropology.
Political Instability and the Information World in Uganda
Authors: Harris Gordon
Published: April 2022

In 1983 I was asked if I would like to assist the Librarian of Bishop Tucker College in Uganda in the classifying of his stock by the Dewey Decimal scheme. I was rather intrigued by the project. I had taught in Uganda in the late 60s and was keen to see the country again. The profound changes effected during the seventies stimulated me to consider research into the effect of such changes on a national information system.

Development of Libraries was mooted in various post-war development plans, and some were set up in the late 1940s and 1950s in district commissioners’ offices and community centres under the aegis of the East African Literature Bureau. A systematic national library development plan was formulated by Sidney Hockey in 1960 and in 1964 legislation created a Public Libraries Board to maintain a service.