bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The heart in Duchenne muscular dystrophy: early detection of contractile performance alteration
Authors: Wagner Sören , Knipp Stephan , Weber Cornelia , Hein Selina , Schinkel Stefanie , Walther Andreas , Bekeredjian Raffi , Müller Oliver J , Friedrich Oliver
Published: September 2012

Progressive cardiomyopathy is a major cause of death in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) patients. Coupling between Ca2+ handling and contractile properties in dystrophic hearts is poorly understood. It is also not clear whether developing cardiac failure is dominated by alterations in Ca2+ pathways or more related to the contractile apparatus. We simultaneously recorded force and Ca2+ transients in field‐stimulated papillary muscles from young (10–14 weeks) wild‐type (wt) and dystrophic mdx mice. Force amplitudes were fivefold reduced in mdx muscles despite only 30 % reduction in fura‐2 ratio amplitudes. This indicated mechanisms other than systolic Ca2+ to additionally account for force decrements in mdx muscles. pCa‐force relations revealed decreased mdx myofibrillar Ca2+ sensitivity. ‘In vitro’ motility assays, studied in mdx hearts here for the first time, showed significantly slower sliding velocities. mdx MLC/MHC isoforms were not grossly altered. Dystrophic hearts showed echocardiography signs of early ventricular wall hypertrophy with a significantly enlarged end‐diastolic diameter ‘in vivo’. However, fractional shortening was still comparable to wt mice. Changes in the contractile apparatus satisfactorily explained force drop in mdx hearts. We give first evidence of early hypertrophy in mdx mice and possible mechanisms for already functional impairment of cardiac muscle in DMD.
Phototolerance induced by narrow‐band UVB phototherapy in severe erythropoietic protoporphyria
Authors: García‐Martín Patricia , De Argila Diego , To‐Figueras Jordi , Llamas‐Velasco Mar , Fraga Javier , García‐Diez Amaro
Published: September 2012

Erythropoietic protoporphyria arises from an inherited disorder of porphyrin metabolism which leads to an accumulation of protoporphyrin IX in the erythropoietic system and other tissues. It is characterized by cutaneous photosensitivity, usually difficult to keep under control. Among the scant therapeutic options proposed to reduce photosensitivity in erythropoietic protoporphyria, narrow‐band UVB phototherapy has occasionally been used to induce sunlight tolerance. We report an adult case of erythropoietic protoporphyria with a severe photosensitivity treated with narrow‐band UVB that developed an appropriate sunlight phototolerance, without adverse events during phototherapy.
Successful treatment of generalized elastolytic giant cell granuloma with psoralen‐ultraviolet A
Authors: Pérez‐Pérez Lidia , García‐Gavín Juan , Allegue Francisco , Ortiz‐Rey José Antonio , Zulaica Ander
Published: September 2012

Elastolytic giant cell granuloma (EGCG) is an infrequent granulomatous skin disorder with variable response to different therapeutic regimens. Information on the benefit of phototherapy is very scarce as this therapy has seldom been tried in the affected patients. We present the results achieved in two female patients after undergoing psoralen‐ultraviolet A (PUVA). Two 54‐year‐old otherwise healthy female patients received a course of PUVA after trying other alternatives. Complete clearance was achieved in the two patients with excellent tolerance and no adverse effects. We consider PUVA is a well‐tolerated, safe, and effective treatment for patients with EGCG.
Comparison of sunscreen availability in Chicago Hispanic and non‐Hispanic neighborhoods
Authors: Hernandez Claudia , Calero Diana , Robinson Gina , Mermelstein Robin , Robinson June K.
Published: September 2012

Background

Poorer survival rates from melanoma among Hispanics have been previously reported. There is little information regarding sunscreen acquisition behaviors or availability/access to products that may help reduce the risk of skin cancer in Hispanic communities. This study sought to understand perceptions regarding sun protection and skin cancer risk and whether the availability of over‐the‐counter sunscreen products differed in three Chicago neighborhoods with different ethnic compositions.

Methods

We drew on interviews with 65 adult Spanish speaking Hispanics (23–72 years) recruited from faith‐based institutions to better understand sunscreen use perceptions. Commercial establishments open to the general public were physically canvassed to determine whether there were any differences in sunscreen products availability.

Results

Stores carrying sun protection products are nearly twice as common in non Hispanic White neighborhoods versus Hispanic. In addition, when sunscreens are available for sale, Hispanics have fewer sunscreens to choose from.

Discussion

Emergent themes that were elicited during the interviews revealed that barriers to increased sunscreen use include economic and erroneous perceptions regarding skin cancer incidence and risk. Environmental factors that may reinforce these beliefs include lower availability and variety of sun protection products in Hispanic neighborhoods.

Conclusion

These findings indicate that providing culturally appropriate public health information encouraging the use of sunscreen and improving its availability in Hispanic communities are potential points of intervention in attempts to improve morbidity from skin cancer.
Practical communication guide for paediatric procedures
Authors: Stock Amanda , Hill Amber , Babl Franz E
Published: September 2012

Children undergo many diagnostic and therapeutic procedures in the ED. Although emergency staff can often intervene to reduce physical pain through topical anaesthesia, analgesia and sedation, much procedural distress can be addressed by better preparing patients and families for the procedures. A key to guiding children through procedures is the use of age‐appropriate and non‐threatening language by all clinicians involved. We present a practical language guide for procedures and equipment for use by clinicians in the ED before, during and after procedures. The language tables might be most usefully placed in the procedure rooms for easy reference or incorporated into clinical practice guidelines.
Intentionally Retained Pressure-Regulating Balloon in Artificial Urinary Sphincter Revision
Authors: Köhler Tobias S. , Benson Aaron , Ost Loren , Wilson Steven K. , Brant William O.
Published: September 2012

Introduction

The traditional surgical approach for revision of a malfunctioning artificial urinary sphincter (AUS) includes removal and replacement of all device components, identical to that employed in the setting of an infected or eroded AUS.

Aims

To describe outcomes of our technique in which we intentionally leave behind the original pressure-regulating balloon (PRB) at time of AUS revision in a clinically non-infected setting.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed our combined institutional series of 35 patients who underwent 36 AUS revisions in which the original pressure-regulating balloon was left undisturbed. We removed and replaced the defective cuff and pump through a single peno-scrotal incision for most patients requiring revision of a non-infected AUS. The new PRB was then placed on the opposite side through this single incision.

Main Outcome Measures

Assessment of outcomes, complication, and infection rate of this surgical series.

Results

All of the patients had the original pressure-regulating balloon placed through an inguinal counter-incision. Mean follow-up time was 14 months (2−33 months). Overall complication rate for the revision series was 11%. No infections or complications occurred secondary to the retained PRB.

Conclusion

Follow-up of our series provides evidence that retention of the original PRB at the time of non-infected AUS revision is safe. Potential advantages include elimination of a counter incision and technically challenging exploration. By eliminating these aspects, the potentially resultant decreased operative time may help counter the theoretical yet unproven risk of infection from leaving the old PRB in place.
Common Pitfalls in Some of the Experimental Studies in Erectile Function and Dysfunction: A Consensus Article
Authors: Cellek Selim , Bivalacqua Trinity J. , Burnett Arthur L. , Chitaley Kanchan , Lin Ching-Shwun
Published: September 2012

Introduction

Experimental studies investigating physiology of erectile function and pathophysiology erectile dysfunction employ several in vitro and in vivo techniques. As the field of sexual medicine expanding, the proper conduct of such techniques is becoming an even more important necessity than before.

Aim

This review article aims to guide scientists, particularly young researchers and new comers in the field, toward employment of these techniques in an appropriate, timely, and competent fashion.

Methods

The authors reviewed the existing available published articles on the following topics: intracavernosal pressure measurements, cavernous nerve injury models, nitric oxide–cyclic guanosine monophosphate pathway, hypertension- and smoking-induced erectile dysfunction models, and stem cells.

Results

The authors present a consensus on how to best perform these models and techniques and also highlight the pitfalls.

Conclusions

The authors hope that this article will assist and encourage young scientists in the field and that similar articles covering other important models will be also available to them soon.
Adherence to Phosphate Binder Therapy Is the Primary Determinant of Hyperphosphatemia Incidence in Patients Receiving Peritoneal Dialysis
Authors: Hung Kai‐Yin , Liao Shang‐Chih , Chen Tzu‐Hsiu , Chao Mei‐Chen , Chen Jin‐Bor
Published: September 2012

We investigated the major determinant of hyperphosphatemia incidence among patients receiving peritoneal dialysis. Seventy‐six patients aged 25–55 years who had received peritoneal dialysis for more than 3 months were recruited. The patients were divided into three groups according to their serum phosphorus levels (Group 1, ≥6 mg/dL; Group 2, 5.9–4.8 mg/dL; and Group 3, <4.8 mg/dL). Renal dietitians interviewed the patients to determine their phosphate intake and adherence to phosphate binder therapy. No statistical differences in demographics or phosphate intake were identified among the groups. However, adherence to phosphate binders was greater in Group 3 than in Groups 1 and 2 (96.3% vs. 21.4% and 52.4%, respectively; P < 0.001). Multivariate analysis showed that adherence to phosphate binder therapy was the only significant contributor to serum phosphorus levels (P= 0.0001). Adherence to diet was better than adherence to phosphate binder therapy among patients receiving peritoneal dialysis, and the latter determined the incidence of hyperphosphatemia.
High Prevalence of Anti‐Apolipoprotein/A‐1 Autoantibodies in Maintenance Hemodialysis and Association With Dialysis Vintage
Authors: Pruijm Menno , Schmidtko Jan , Aho Anthony , Pagano Sabrina , Roux‐Lombard Pascale , Teta Daniel , Burnier Michel , Vuilleumier Nicolas
Published: September 2012

Autoantibodies to apolipoprotein/A‐1 (anti‐ApoA‐1 IgG) have pro‐atherogenic properties in patients at high cardiovascular risk, but its prevalence in patients with end‐stage kidney disease is unknown. The aims of this single‐center, cross‐sectional study were to assess the prevalence of anti‐ApoA‐1 antibodies in patients on maintenance hemodialysis (MHD), and to examine its correlation with inflammatory biomarkers related to atherosclerotic plaque vulnerability and dialysis vintage. To this purpose, anti‐ApoA‐1 IgG levels and the concentrations of interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), interleukin‐8 (IL‐8), monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 (MCP‐1), metalloproteinase‐9 (MMP‐9), tumor necrosis factor‐α, and C‐reactive protein (CRP) were assessed in the sera of 66 MHD patients (mean age: 68 ± 14 years, 36% women, 32% diabetics). Anti‐ApoA‐1 IgG positivity (defined as a blood value ≥ 97.5th percentile of the normal distribution as assessed in healthy blood donors) was 20%. Circulating levels of anti‐ApoA‐1 IgG correlated positively with dialysis vintage, but not with cardiovascular risk factors or previous cardiovascular events; no significant correlations were found between the anti‐ApoA1 IgG levels and circulating levels of IL‐6, IL‐8, MCP‐1, MMP‐9, CRP, or low‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol. In multivariable linear regression, adjusted for age and sex, only dialysis vintage remained positively and independently associated with anti‐ApoA‐1 titers (β = 0.05, 95% CI: 0.006; 0.28, P = 0.049). In conclusion, the prevalence of anti‐ApoA‐1 IgG is raised in the MHD‐population, and positively associated with dialysis vintage, a major determinant of cardiovascular outcome. Whether antiApoA‐1 antibodies play a role in the pathophysiology of accelerated atherosclerosis in the MHD‐population merits further study.
Risk of Cardiovascular Events and Death in the Life after Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Haemorrhage: A Nationwide Study
Authors: Nieuwkamp Dennis J. , Vaartjes Ilonca , Algra Ale , Rinkel Gabriel J. E. , Bots Michiel L.
Published: September 2012

Background and aim

The increased mortality rates of survivors of aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage have been attributed to an increased risk of cardiovascular events in a registry study in Sweden. Swedish registries have however not been validated for subarachnoid haemorrhage and Scandinavian incidences of cardiovascular disease differ from that in Western European countries. We assessed risks of vascular disease and death in subarachnoid haemorrhage survivors in the Netherlands.

Methods

From the Dutch hospital discharge register, we identified all patients with subarachnoid haemorrhage admission between 1997 and 2008. We determined the accuracy of coding of the diagnosis subarachnoid haemorrhage for patients admitted to our centre. Conditional on survival of three-months after the subarachnoid haemorrhage, we calculated standardized incidence and mortality ratios for fatal or nonfatal vascular diseases, vascular death, and all-cause death. Cumulative risks were estimated with survival analysis.

Results

The diagnosis of nontraumatic subarachnoid haemorrhage was correct in 95·4% of 1472 patients. Of 11 263 admitted subarachnoid haemorrhage patients, 6999 survived more than three-months. During follow-up (mean 5·1 years), 874 (12·5%) died. The risks of death were 3·3% within one-year, 11·3% within five-years, and 21·5% within 10 years. The standardized mortality ratio was 3·4 (95% confidence interval: 3·1 to 3·7) for vascular death and 2·2 (95% confidence interval: 2·1 to 2·3) for all-cause death. The standardized incidence ratio for fatal or nonfatal vascular diseases was 2·7 (95% confidence interval: 2·6 to 2·8).

Conclusions

Dutch hospital discharge and cause of death registries are a valid source of data for subarachnoid haemorrhage, and show that the increased mortality rate in subarachnoid haemorrhage survivors is explained by increased risks for vascular diseases and death.
The Burden of Stroke in the Lao People's Democratic Republic
Authors: Loo Keat Wei , Gan Siew Hua
Published: September 2012

In the Lao People's Democratic Republic (Laos), stroke is ranked as the third leading cause of death, with a 9·01% mortality rate. To date, neither the prevalence nor the incidence of stroke has been recorded in Laos. This omission may be attributed to a lack of awareness among Laotians of the signs and symptoms of stroke, incomplete data, or insufficient database recording. The only risk factor for stroke that has been studied extensively is cigarette smoking; studies have found that smokers have twice the risk of stroke. Unfortunately, smoking is increasing among youths, adults, and even healthcare professionals. The Southeast Asia Tobacco Control Alliance stated that 42% of hospitalized stroke patients are smokers. Laos is one of the least developed countries in the world, and the country has only one fully trained neurologist for the growing number of stroke cases. The Laos government should seek help from international bodies, such as the World Health Organization, to monitor and rehabilitate stroke patients and prevent stroke occurrence and recurrence.
Potential vessel collisions with Southern Hemisphere humpback whales wintering off Pacific Panama
Authors: Guzman Hector M. , Gomez Catalina G. , Guevara Carlos A. , Kleivane Lars
Published: September 2012

Vessel collision is a threat to many whale species, and the risk has increased with expanding maritime traffic. This compromises international conservation efforts and requires urgent attention from the world's maritime industry. Humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) are at the top of the death toll, and although Central America is a wintering area for populations from both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, existing efforts to reduce ship‐whale collisions are meager. Herein, we evaluated the potential collisions between vessels and humpback whales wintering off Pacific Panama by following the movements of 15 whales tagged with satellite transmitters and comparing these data with tracks plotted using AIS real‐time latitude‐longitude points from nearly 1,000 commercial vessels. Movements of whales (adults and calves) in the Gulf of Panama coincide with major commercial maritime routes. AIS vessel data analyzed for individual whale satellite tracks showed that 53% (8 whales) of whales had 98 encounters within 200 m with 81 different vessels in just 11 d. We suggest implementing a 65 nmi Traffic Separation Scheme and a 10 kn maximum speed for vessel routing into the Gulf of Panama during the wintering season. In so doing, the area for potential whale‐vessel collisions could be reduced by 93%.
Effects of Crede's method on urine voiding within the first 8 h after surgery among post‐haemorrhoidectomy patients: a comparison study
Authors: Lin Yu‐Hua , Chi Shu‐Ching , Liu Kuang‐Wen , Chen Hsin‐Pao , Kung Yung‐Tang , Wu Yu‐Hsin
Published: September 2012

Urinary retention is a common complication among patients after haemorrhoidectomy. Although Crede's method is recommended for urinary retention in nursing practice textbooks, its effects require further examination. The purpose of this study was to investigate the rate of urine voiding within the first 8 h following haemorrhoidectomy and to examine the effects of Crede's method on this postoperative outcome. A two‐group comparison study was conducted. All participants were over 20 years of age, and each had undergone haemorrhoidectomy. Outcome measurements included patients' self‐reported urine voiding within 8 h of surgery, personal demographics and disease‐related data. Before the surgical procedure, participants were divided into Crede's group and non‐Crede's group, and written educational materials were given. Patients in the Crede's group were taught Crede's method for application in the event that they were unable to void urine after haemorrhoidectomy. The non‐Crede's group patients were taught traditional methods without Crede's method. We examined urine voiding within the first 8 h after haemorrhoidectomy. The mean rate of urine voiding within 8 h of surgery was 60·9% overall, with 91·3% (21/23) in the Crede's group and 30·4% (7/23) in the non‐Crede's group reporting successful voiding. After controlling for the two groups' personal characteristics and disease‐related variables, age, educational level and perioperative fluid administration were treated as covariates and included in the multinomial logistic regression model. The odds ratio of urine voiding within the first 8 h after surgery was 52·70‐fold higher in the Crede's group than in the non‐Crede's group (p < 0·01). This study shows that Crede's method is an effective strategy to aid in urine voiding within the first eight postsurgical hours among patients following haemorrhoidectomy. Clear and concise information about urinary retention and related management strategies should be given to patients before haemorrhoidectomy.
Evaluation of a nurse‐led service for follow up of patients with prostate cancer
Authors: Robertson Allison Fraser , Windsor Phyllis Margaret , Smith Alison
Published: September 2012

The incidence of prostate cancer in Scotland continues to grow; men are now living with their disease which can be seen as an increased burden for the health service and in particular the Uro‐Oncology team which delivers its treatment and manage its follow up. A new model of follow up was established for men who have received treatment for prostate cancer, replacing conventional outpatient clinic. The virtual prostate cancer follow‐up clinic was set up for men who are 2 years post radiotherapy with stable prostate‐specific antigen. The aim of this follow up was to improve the patient experience of living with prostate cancer and reduce the high demand to the service. A successful bid to Macmillan allowed a nurse to be employed by the department for a 3‐year project post. The aim of this role was to develop the prostate cancer follow‐up clinic and evaluate this new way of working. Method A questionnaire was designed to obtain the views of the patients who were recipients of care and treatment from the clinical nurse specialist rather than the oncologist. The questionnaire was sent to all 302 men recruited to this new clinic. The patients were asked six questions which focused on support/communication, problems experienced and improvement. Results for 191 questionnaires were returned out of the 302 questionnaires sent, giving a 63·2% response rate. About 98% was very happy with the new service, 98·8% of patients reported being well supported by this new service. The success of this new follow‐up system will allow us to use this model for men post prostatectomy and receiving hormone suppression treatment. The role of the uro‐oncology nurse is vital to ensure that this clinic continues to be effective and give positive outcomes for patients with prostate cancer and the team involved in their journey.
Photosynthetic Electron Transport in an Anoxygenic Photosynthetic Bacterium Afifella (Rhodopseudomonas) marina Measured Using PAM Fluorometry
Authors: Ritchie Raymond J. , Runcie John W.
Published: September 2012

Blue diode‐based pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) technology can be used to measure the photosynthetic electron transport rate (ETR) in a purple nonsulfur anoxygenic photobacterium, Afifella (Rhodopseudomonas) marina. Rhodopseudomonads have a reaction center light harvesting antenna complex containing an RC‐2 type bacteriochlorophyll a protein (BChl a RC‐2‐LH1) which has a blue absorption peak and variable fluorescence similar to PSII. Absorptance of cells filtered onto glass fiber disks was measured using a blue–diode‐based absorptance meter (Blue‐RAT) so that absolute ETR could be calculated from PAM experiments. Maximum quantum yield (Y) was ≈0.6, decreasing exponentially as irradiance increased. ETR vs irradiance (P vs E) curves fitted the waiting‐in‐line model (ETR = (ETRmax × E/Eopt) × exp(1 − E/Eopt)). Maximum ETR (ETRmax) was ≈1000–2000 μmol e− mg−1 BChl a h−1. Fe2+, bisulfite and thiosulfate act as photosynthetic electron donors. Optimum irradiance was ≈100 μmol m−2 s−1 PPFD even in Afifella grown in sunlight. Quantum efficiencies (α) were ≈0.3–0.4 mol e− mol hλ−1; or ≈11.8 ± 2.9 mol e− mol hλ−1 m2 μg−1 BChl a). An underlying layer of Afifella in a constructed algal/photosynthetic bacterial mat has little effect on the measured ETR of the overlying oxyphotoautotroph (Chlorella).
Neuroprotective effect of epigallocatechin‐3‐gallate against N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate‐induced excitotoxicity in the adult rat retina
Authors: Chen Fei , Jiang Libin , Shen Ceying , Wan Hongfei , Xu Liang , Wang Ningli , Jonas Jost B.
Published: September 2012

Purpose:  Epigallocatechin‐3‐gallate (EGCG), the major polyphenol of green tea, has been suggested to reduce glutamate excitotoxicity. We therefore investigated the potentially protective effects of EGCG against N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate (NMDA)‐induced excitotoxicity in the retina.

Methods:  Female Wistar rats (n = 171) were divided into a normal control group (n = 9); saline control group with intravitreal saline injections (n = 54); NMDA control group with an intravitreal NMDA injection and intraperitoneal saline injections (n = 54); and NMDA study group (n = 54) receiving an intravitreal NMDA injection plus intraperitoneal EGCG (25 mg/kg) injections. Starting at 2 days prior to the intravitreal NMDA injection, the intraperitoneal injections were performed daily for the whole study period. At 12 hr, 1, 2, 3 days, 1 and 2 weeks after the intravitreal NMDA injection, the animals were killed. We counted the neurons in the retinal ganglion cell layer (GCL) on histological sections, measured the thickness of Thy‐1 immunoreactivity and assessed the expression of Thy‐1 mRNA by real‐time polymerase chain reaction.

Results:  At all time‐points, GCL cell density, thickness of Thy‐1 immunoreactivity and expression of Thy‐1 mRNA were significantly (all p < 0.05) lower in the NMDA control group than in the NMDA study group, in which the parameters were significantly (all p < 0.05) lower than in the saline control group and the normal control group. In both groups with an intravitreal NMDA injection, GCL cell density, thickness of Thy‐1 immunoreactivity and expression of Thy‐1 mRNA decreased significantly with increasing follow‐up time.

Conclusions:  Intraperitoneal application of EGCG resulted in a significantly less marked NMDA‐associated loss of retinal ganglion cells.
Primary localized amyloidosis of the ureter presenting as a ureteral stone
Authors: Jang Se Min , Han Hulin , Jun Young Jin , Sim Jongmin , Ahn Hye In , Lee Tchun Yong , Jang Ki‐Seok , Paik Seung Sam
Published: September 2012

Primary localized amyloidosis of the urinary tract is a rare disease, usually mimicking a malignancy or inflammation in its clinical presentation and in diagnostic imaging studies. We present a case of localized amyloidosis arising in the left upper ureter in a 77‐year‐old man. The patient visited the hospital complaining of painless gross hematuria and dysuria for 1 month. Laboratory examination revealed hematuria only. Urine cytology was unremarkable. Abdominal computed tomography revealed an obstructing mass with calcification in the ureter. The clinical impression was of a ureteral stone or malignancy. A nephroureterectomy was performed. The ureter showed segmental fibrotic thickening with luminal obstruction. Microscopic examination revealed deposition of pale‐eosinophilic amorphous material with calcification and ossification. Congo‐red staining showed amyloid deposits with positive polarizing microscopic findings. Although its incidence is rare, localized amyloidosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of ureteral tumorous lesions to avoid unnecessary surgery.
Palm species richness, abundance and diversity in the Yucatan Peninsula, in a neotropical context
Authors: Alvarado‐Segura Arturo A. , Calvo‐Irabién Luz María , Duno de Stefano Rodrigo , Balslev Henrik
Published: September 2012

Species richness, abundance and diversity patterns in palm communities in the Yucatan Peninsula were compared at three sites with different forest types (semi‐deciduous, semi‐evergreen and evergreen), as well as different precipitation, geomorphology and soil depth. All individual palms, including seedlings, juveniles and adults, were identified and counted in forty‐five (0.25 ha) transects. A total of 46 000 individual palms belonging to 11 species from nine genera and two subfamilies were recorded. Palm richness, diversity and abundance were highest in the evergreen forest. Species from the subfamily Coryphoideae dominated the semi‐deciduous and semi‐evergreen forests while species from the subfamily Arecoideae dominated the evergreen forest. Seven species were found only in the evergreen forest. Chamaedorea seifrizii and Sabal yapa were found in all three forest types, while Thrinax radiata was found in the semi‐deciduous and semi‐ evergreen forests and Cocothrinax readii only in the semi‐evergreen forest. Compared to other neotropical palm communities, the richness and diversity in the Yucatan Peninsula are lower than in the western Amazon basin. Although palm richness and diversity on the Yucatan Peninsula were positively associated with precipitation, other variables, in particular soil depth and fertility as well as habitat heterogeneity (microtopography and canopy cover), need to be considered to better understand the observed patterns.
Bacterial assemblages shifts from healthy to yellow band disease states in the dominant reef coral Montastraea faveolata
Authors: Cróquer Aldo , Bastidas Carolina , Elliott Amy , Sweet Michael
Published: September 2012

Descriptions of microbial diversity in healthy and diseased corals are necessary first steps before further investigating the mechanisms that lead to coral pathology. This is the first study that characterizes the microbial associates from healthy corals to yellow band disease (YBD) lesions using two complementary screening techniques of bacterial 16S rRNA genes [amplified 16S ribosomal DNA restriction analysis (ARDRA) of clone libraries and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE)]. Both these techniques showed similar trends, namely a significant difference in the bacterial community and an increase in diversity from healthy to YBD diseased lesions. There was an increase in the number of sequences retrieved of potentially pathogenic bacteria in diseased tissues compared with healthy samples, most notably from the genus Vibrio. Furthermore, we also detected a number of known pathogenic bacteria within the natural healthy microbiota such as Vibrio carchariae and Vibrio harveyi, a result supporting previous studies, showing healthy corals have the ability to harbour these species.
Will Plain Packaging Reduce Cigarette Consumption?*
Authors: Clarke Harry , Prentice David
Published: September 2012

The Australian Parliament has passed legislation compelling tobacco products to be sold in “plain packaging.” This article reviews this legislation and its likely effects on prices, market structure in the tobacco industry and on smoking behaviour. Industry changes following two previous sets of restrictions on advertising are examined for relevant empirical evidence. Without offsetting tax increases, the legislation will plausibly reduce prices but significant entry into the industry and greater consumption of counterfeit/illegal cigarettes are unlikely. Provided that tax increases offset any induced fall in prices, plain packaging will reduce cigarette consumption.
Sepsis‐associated liver injury: Incidence, classification and the clinical significance
Authors: Kobashi Haruhiko , Toshimori Junichi , Yamamoto Kazuhide
Published: September 2012

Aim:  Although it is a common complication of sepsis, sepsis‐associated liver injury has not been substantially recognized, because its diagnostic criteria and clinical implications are unclear. We aimed to elucidate the incidence, manifestation, disease type classification and prognosis of sepsis‐associated liver injury.

Methods:  The subjects were 588 patients admitted to our hospital for sepsis between 2001 and 2010. They were classified into “normal liver function”, “sepsis‐associated liver injury” and “sepsis‐not‐associated liver injury” groups. Sepsis‐associated liver injury was classified as either “cholestatic”, “hepatocellular” or “shock liver.” Each of these three subgroups was further classified into “with jaundice” or “without jaundice”. The primary end‐point was the “poor prognosis ratio”, defined as the proportion of patients whose prognosis was “unchanged”, “worsened” or “died”.

Results:  Among the 449 subjects except for sepsis‐not‐associated liver injury (n = 139), the incidence of sepsis‐associated liver injury was 34.7% (156/449), including 75 cholestatic (48.1%), 34 hepatocellular (21.8%) and 47 shock liver (30.1%) cases. Jaundice was a complication in 25 (33%), six (17.6%) and four (8.5%) patients in each group, respectively. The poor prognosis ratio was higher in males (37.5%) and in the elderly (47.7%); it was 48.0%, 38.2% and 62.8% in the cholestatic, hepatocellular and shock liver groups, respectively, and higher than the normal liver function (18.4%) group (P < 0.0001). It was also higher in patients with jaundice (68.6%) than in those without (45.5%) (P < 0.0001).

Conclusion:  Sepsis‐associated liver injury, especially with jaundice, is a significant predictive sign of poor prognosis in patients with sepsis.
Association between an IL‐28B genetic polymorphism and the efficacy of the response‐guided pegylated interferon therapy in children with chronic hepatic C infection
Authors: Komatsu Haruki , Inui Ayano , Tsunoda Tomoyuki , Sogo Tsuyoshi , Fujisawa Tomoo
Published: September 2012

Aim

The relation between interleukin‐28B (IL‐28B) genotypes and treatment‐induced hepatitis C virus (HCV) clearance in children is unknown. This was a retrospective study to evaluate the association between an IL‐28B genotype (rs8099917) and pegylated (PEG) interferon (IFN) response.

Methods

Sixty‐three children (median age, 7 years; range, 3–17 years; 22 with HCV genotype 1 and 41 with genotype non‐1) with chronic HCV infection who were treated with response‐guided PEG IFN on the basis of viral load were evaluated.

Results

The duration of treatment with PEG IFN was 24 weeks in one child (2%), 36 weeks in eight children (13%), 48 weeks in 36 children (57%), 60 weeks in 11 children (17%) and 72 weeks in seven children (11%). Of the total 63 children, 54 (86%) were initially treated with PEG IFN‐α‐2a monotherapy. The remaining nine (14%) received PEG IFN plus ribavirin as the initial therapy. Of the 54 children initially treated with monotherapy, 35 (65%) continued receiving monotherapy until the end of treatment. In the remaining 19 (35%), monotherapy was changed to PEG IFN plus ribavirin at 12 or 24 weeks of treatment. Of the total 63 children, 54 (86%) achieved a sustained virological response (SVR). In univariate analysis, rs8099917 genotype TT (P = 0.075) showed a weak association with SVR. However, the multivariate analysis revealed no predictive factors which had a significant association with SVR.

Conclusion

The IL‐28B genotype was not a strong pretreatment predictor for SVR in a mixed genotype cohort of children treated with response‐guided PEG IFN therapy.
Floriculture du Suroît inc.*
Authors: Martel Louise , Paul Diane
Published: September 2012

Floriculture du Suroît inc. est une PME dans le domaine de l'horticulture. Elle cultive et vend des géraniums et, par l'entremise de sa filiale, Les Roses de Caroline, elle vient de démarrer la culture des roses. Floriculture vient d'obtenir une subvention gouvernementale. Pour respecter les conditions imposées par l'organisme subventionnaire, la société devra produire pour la première fois des états financiers préparés selon les PCGR et certifiés par un auditeur externe. Les deux propriétaires‐dirigeants auront donc à choisir entre deux référentiels comptables, soit les normes internationales d'information financière (IFRS) et les normes canadiennes pour les entreprises à capital fermé (NCECF). Non seulement de nombreuses différences existent entre ces deux référentiels, en particulier les normes IFRS propres à l'agriculture et aux immeubles de placement, mais les NCECF offrent également des choix à analyser avant de prendre une décision. Les propriétaires étant des néophytes en matière comptable, ils ont besoin de conseils avisés.
Locally delivered 0.5% clarithromycin, as an adjunct to nonsurgical treatment in chronic periodontitis with well‐controlled type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled clinical trial
Authors: Bajaj Pavan , Pradeep A R , Agarwal Esha , Kumari Minal , Naik Savitha B.
Published: September 2012

Objective

Several epidemiologic studies have identified a greater incidence of periodontitis in patients with type 2 diabetes. Recent developments suggest that local delivery of antimicrobials into periodontal pockets improve periodontal health. The present study was designed to investigate the adjunctive effects of subgingivally delivered clarithromycin (CLM) (0.5% concentration) as an adjunct to scaling and root planing for treating chronic periodontitis in patients with well‐controlled type 2 diabetes.

Methods

Sixty‐three patients were categorized into two treatment groups: Group 1, scaling and root planing (SRP) plus 0.5% CLM; Group 2, SRP plus placebo gel. Clinical parameters were recorded at baseline, 1, 2, and 3 months; which included gingival index (GI), sulcus bleeding index (SBI), plaque index (PI), probing depth (PD), and periodontal attachment level (PAL).

Results

Both therapies resulted in significant improvements. Using a subject‐based analysis, patients in Group 1 treated with SRP + CLM showed enhanced reductions in PI, GI, SBI, and PD, and gains in PAL (P < 0.001) over a period of 6 months as compared to Group 2.

Conclusion

Although both treatment strategies seemed to benefit the patients, the adjunctive use of 0.5% CLM as a controlled drug delivery system enhanced the clinical outcome.
Study of drug supersaturation for rational early formulation screening of surfactant/co-solvent drug delivery systems
Authors: Stillhart Cordula , Cavegn Martin , Kuentz Martin
Published: September 2012

Objectives

To advance in vitro screening of surfactant/co-solvent formulations in early development by considering drug supersaturation and the mechanism of solubilization upon aqueous dilution.

Methods

Two surfactant/co-solvent model systems were studied at practically relevant aqueous dilution ratios. Precipitation of the model drug fenofibrate was characterized by focused beam reflectance measurement, X-ray diffraction, and Raman spectroscopy. We calculated drug supersaturation in diluted systems and introduced a theoretical model to study the role of excipient interaction in the process of drug solubilization. Finally, vehicle phase changes upon dilution were examined using dynamic light scattering and ultrasound analysis.

Key Findings

Phase changes occurred at low dilution levels, while more extensive dilution barely led to further structural changes. In undiluted formulations, ethanol–surfactant domains were responsible for fenofibrate solubilization. In dispersed formulations, however, the co-solvent partitioned out of the surfactant microstructure, leading to drug solubilization by independent micellization and co-solvency. This loss of excipient interaction caused formulation-specific supersaturation, which was indicative for the risk of drug precipitation.

Conclusions

Experimental protocols of in vitro formulation screening should include both low and high dilution levels of physiological relevance. The study of excipient interaction and estimation of supersaturation allows the identification of formulations that are prone to drug precipitation.
Expression of Bak and Bak/Mcl‐1 ratio can predict photodynamic therapy outcome for oral verrucous hyperplasia and leukoplakia
Authors: Yu Chuan‐Hang , Chen Hsin‐Ming , Lin Hung‐Pin , Chiang Chun‐Pin
Published: September 2012

Background

Our previous studies showed that topical 5‐aminolevulinic acid‐mediated photodynamic therapy (ALA‐PDT) is very effective for oral verrucous hyperplasia (OVH) and relatively less effective for oral leukoplakia (OL) lesions. Nevertheless, there has been no report on the association of the expression of apoptosis‐related proteins in OVH and OL biopsy tissues prior to PDT with PDT treatment outcomes.

Methods

This study used immunohistochemistry to evaluate whether the expression of Bak, Mcl‐1, caspase‐3, caspase‐8, caspase‐9, p53, p21, or PCNA protein in biopsy specimens of OVH and OL lesions could be used to predict the clinical outcomes of 18 OVH and 40 OL lesions treated with topical ALA‐PDT. The marker labeling score (LS) was defined as labeling index (positive cells/total cells) multiplied by staining intensity. The lesions after ALA‐PDT treatment were divided into complete response (CR) group and partial or no response (PR/NR) group.

Results

The mean Bak LS and the mean Bak/Mcl‐1 LS ratio were significantly higher in the CR group than in the PR/NR group. However, there was no significant difference in the Mcl‐1, caspase‐3, caspase‐8, caspase‐9, p53, p21, or PCNA protein LS between the CR and PR/NR groups.

Conclusion

We conclude that the Bak LS or Bak/Mcl‐1 LS ratio may be a useful biomarker to predict the clinical outcomes of OVH and OL lesions treated with topical ALA‐PDT. Pre‐PDT epithelial cell levels of Mcl‐1, caspase‐3, caspase‐8, caspase‐9, p53, p21, and PCNA may not have a significant influence on the clinical outcome of OVH and OL lesions treated with topical ALA‐PDT.
Salivary markers of oxidative stress are related to age and oral health in adult non‐smokers
Authors: Celecová Viera , Kamodyová Natália , Tóthová Ľubomíra , Kúdela Matúš , Celec Peter
Published: September 2012

Background

Salivary concentrations of thiobarbituric acid‐reacting substances (TBARS) are associated with the periodontal status assessed as papillary bleeding index (PBI). Whether this association is age independent is currently unclear. Salivary concentrations of advanced oxidation protein products (AOPPs) and advanced glycation end products (AGEs) have not been assessed in relation to age or oral health yet. The aim of our study was to analyse salivary markers of oxidative stress in dental patients in relation to age, gender and oral health.

Methods

Consecutive adult non‐smoking dental patients were enrolled (n = 204; aged 19–83 years).PBIand the caries index (CI) were assessed. Markers of oxidative stress, such asTBARS,AOPPs andAGEs, and the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were measured in saliva samples taken before clinical examination.

Results

Linear regression showed that salivaryTBARS,AGEs andTACsignificantly increase with age (rsquared = 5.3%, 2.1% and 5%, respectively).PBIis an independent predictor of salivaryTBARS(rsquared = 5.5%), and theCInegatively affectedAOPPs (r = 3.2%) and positively affectedTBARS(r = 2.5%). Gender did not affect any of the analysed parameters.

Conclusions

Age as a significant contributor to the variance should be taken into account in studies focusing on salivary markers of oxidative stress. The relationship betweenPBIand salivaryTBARSconfirms results from previous studies. In addition, our results show that the association is age independent. Negative association between theCIandAOPPs might be related to recent findings thatAOPPmight be actually a marker of non‐enzymatic antioxidant status.
Effect of bone morphogenetic protein‐2, demineralized bone matrix and systemic parathyroid hormone (1‐34) on local bone formation in a rat calvaria critical‐size defect model
Authors: Stancoven B. W. , Lee J. , Dixon D. R. , McPherson J.C. , Bisch F. C. , Wikesjö U. M. E. , Susin C.
Published: September 2012

Aim

To determine the potential of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein‐2 (rhBMP‐2) soak‐loaded on to an absorbable collagen sponge (ACS) to induce local bone formation compared with the clinical reference demineralized bone matrix (DBM) and to investigate potential additive/synergistic effects of exogenous parathyroid hormone (PTH).

Methods

Critical‐size (8 mm), through‐through calvaria osteotomy defects in 160 adult male Sprague–Dawley rats were randomized to receive one of eight interventions: rhBMP‐2/ACS, DBM, ACS, or serve as controls (empty defects) combined or not with systemic PTH. Ten animals from each group were followed for 4 and 8 wks for radiographic and histometric analysis. Multivariable analysis was used to assess the effect of experimental intervention and healing time on local bone formation.

Results

In the multivariable analysis, rhBMP‐2/ACS exhibited significantly greater histologic bone formation than control (β ± SE: 54.76 ± 5.85, p < 0.001) and ACS (β ± SE: 9.14 ± 3.31, p = 0.007) whereas DBM showed significantly less bone formation than control (β ± SE: −32.32 ± 8.23, p < 0.001). Overall, PTH did not show a significant effect on bone formation (β ± SE: 2.72 ± 6.91, p = 0.70). No significant differences in histological defect closure were observed between 4 and 8 wks for all but the control group without PTH.

Conclusion

rhBMP‐2/ACS significantly stimulates local bone formation whereas bone formation appears significantly limited by DBM. Systemic application of PTH provided no discernible additive/synergistic effects on local bone formation.
Structure of WbdD: a bifunctional kinase and methyltransferase that regulates the chain length of the O antigen in Escherichia coliO9a
Authors: Hagelueken Gregor , Huang Hexian , Clarke Bradley R. , Lebl Tomas , Whitfield Chris , Naismith James H.
Published: September 2012

The Escherichia coli serotype O9a O‐antigen polysaccharide (O‐PS) is a model for glycan biosynthesis and export by the ATP‐binding cassette transporter‐dependent pathway. The polymannose O9a O‐PS is synthesized as a polyprenol‐linked glycan by mannosyltransferase enzymes located at the cytoplasmic membrane. The chain length of the O9a O‐PS is tightly regulated by the WbdD enzyme. WbdD first phosphorylates the terminal non‐reducing mannose of the O‐PS and then methylates the phosphate, stopping polymerization. The 2.2 Å resolution structure of WbdD reveals a bacterial methyltransferase domain joined to a eukaryotic kinase domain. The kinase domain is again fused to an extended C‐terminal coiled‐coil domain reminiscent of eukaryotic DMPK (Myotonic Dystrophy Protein Kinase) family kinases such as Rho‐associated protein kinase (ROCK). WbdD phosphorylates 2‐α‐d‐mannosyl‐d‐mannose (2α‐MB), a short mimic of the O9a polymer. Mutagenesis identifies those residues important in catalysis and substrate recognition and the in vivo phenotypes of these mutants are used to dissect the termination reaction. We have determined the structures of co‐complexes of WbdD with two known eukaryotic protein kinase inhibitors. Although these are potent inhibitors in vitro, they do not show any in vivo activity. The structures reveal new insight into O‐PS chain‐length regulation in this important model system.
Mycoredoxin‐1 is one of the missing links in the oxidative stress defence mechanism of Mycobacteria
Authors: Van Laer Koen , Buts Lieven , Foloppe Nicolas , Vertommen Didier , Van Belle Karolien , Wahni Khadija , Roos Goedele , Nilsson Lennart , Mateos Luis M. , Rawat Mamta , van Nuland Nico A. J. , Messens Joris
Published: September 2012

To survive hostile conditions, the bacterial pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis produces millimolar concentrations of mycothiol as a redox buffer against oxidative stress. The reductases that couple the reducing power of mycothiol to redox active proteins in the cell are not known. We report a novel mycothiol‐dependent reductase (mycoredoxin‐1) with a CGYC catalytic motif. With mycoredoxin‐1 and mycothiol deletion strains of Mycobacterium smegmatis, we show that mycoredoxin‐1 and mycothiol are involved in the protection against oxidative stress. Mycoredoxin‐1 acts as an oxidoreductase exclusively linked to the mycothiol electron transfer pathway and it can reduce S‐mycothiolated mixed disulphides. Moreover, we solved the solution structures of oxidized and reduced mycoredoxin‐1, revealing a thioredoxin fold with a putative mycothiol‐binding site. With HSQC snapshots during electron transport, we visualize the reduction of oxidized mycoredoxin‐1 as a function of time and find that mycoredoxin‐1 gets S‐mycothiolated on its N‐terminal nucleophilic cysteine. Mycoredoxin‐1 has a redox potential of −218 mV and hydrogen bonding with neighbouring residues lowers the pKa of its N‐terminal nucleophilic cysteine. Determination of the oxidized and reduced structures of mycoredoxin‐1, better understanding of mycothiol‐dependent reactions in general, will likely give new insights in how M. tuberculosis survives oxidative stress in human macrophages.