bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Health status (arthritis impact) in children with chronic rheumatic diseases. Current measurement issues and an approach to instrument design
Authors: Singsen Bernhard H.
Published: February 2007

Arthritis outcome measures in adults have evolved from biologic “disease activity,” to observations of motor/movement based “functional status,” to assessment of “health status.” This monograph suggests a framework for developing a pediatric arthritis health status (impact) instrument in which measurable global outcome dimensions include psychological, social, ADL, pain, school, family, behavioral, and developmental variables. Physical and laboratory parameters of inflammation/disease activity are not part of either functional status or arthritis impact, but rather perhaps the most important predictor variable of outcome.

Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) is a prototypic chronic disease for development of a health status instrument for children. Prior obstacles have been (a) that systemic, polyarticular, and pauciarticular JRA appear to have very different amounts of impact on health status; and (b) although juvenile arthritis has proven a useful term for medical and public education, its value as a study entry criterion for functional status instrument development is limited.

Any new pediatric arthritis impact instrument must fulfill five criteria: enable quantification; demonstrate reliability, validity, and precision; and specify data collection procedures. Important design issues include (a) developing a self‐report format for children, (b) ensuring generalizability across age groups, and (c) the parent as proxy in most patient‐related dialogue and interventions. Instrument elements could come from 8–10 adult and pediatric health/functional status instruments already in use. By 10 years of age, children can provide much independent information. Whether global assessments by patient, parent, and physician should be included, or be a separate “gold standard,” is not yet clear. The creation of better health status measures is an important and formidable challenge for pediatric rheumatology.
Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis aquatic exercise and lower‐extremity function
Authors: Bacon Melanie C. , Nicholson Carol , Binder Helga , White Patience H.
Published: February 2007

This pilot study investigates the effects of aquatic therapeutic exercise on lower‐extremity range of motion, gait, balance, and functional mobility in children with juvenile arthritis. Eleven patients, aged 4–13, with lower‐extremity joint involvement, diagnosed as functional class I–III, completed a 6‐week program of aquatic exercise aimed at increasing lower‐extremity range of motion and strength. Despite the small sample size and short duration of the study program, significant improvement was noted in external and internal hip rotation, bilaterally (p < 0.05). Improvement was noted in the median scores for most other parameters; however, these did not reach statistical significance. Aquatic exercises performed in a group setting can serve as an enjoyable and beneficial part of therapy for children with arthritis. Further investigation is recommended to determine fully the effects of aquatic therapeutic exercise on mobility and fitness in children with juvenile arthritis.
The effects of social support on the relationship of functional limitations and pain to depression
Authors: Roberts Beverly L. , Matecjyck Mary‐Blair , Anthony Mary
Published: February 2007

Objective. This study assessed the effects of social support on the relationship of functional impairments and pain to depression.

Methods. Fifty‐nine persons with end‐stage joint disease (27 men and 32 women with an average age of 65 years) were interviewed. The Arthritis Impact Measurement Scales (AIMS) was used to assess functional impairment and depression. The modified Inventory of Socially Supportive Behaviors was used to assess 4 types of social support (emotional, informational, tangible, and integrative).

Results. Contrary to the moderator model of social support, only low tangible support attenuated the adverse effects of functional impairments on depression, while other levels of this type and 3 other types of support either had no effect or enhanced the deleterious effects of functional impairments. Social support did not attenuate the relationship between pain and depression.

Discussion. The findings suggest that certain types and levels of social support may reduce the effects of functional limitation and pain on depression, while other types and levels may increase their adverse effects.
The relationship between socioeconomic status and recently diagnosed rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Berkanovic Emil , Oster Pamela , Wong Weng Kee , Bulpitt Ken , Clements Philip , Sterz Millie , Paulus Harold
Published: February 2007

Objective. To examine the role of socioeconomic status (SES) in physical functioning, pain, and depressive symptoms among newly diagnosed rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients with severe disease.

Methods. Data are from 118 non‐Hispanic patients of European origin at baseline of a longitudinal study of early, severe RA. Outcome measures were the Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) functional disability index, the HAQ visual analog pain scale, and the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. Hierarchical regression analyses were conducted using a health status block (disease activity and comorbidities), a non‐SES related social structure block (age, sex, and Lubben Social Network Scale), and indicators of SES (income and education).

Results. Non‐SES related social structure and SES were important independent determinants of functional disability and depressive symptoms, but both they and the health status variables were unrelated to pain. Further, neither income nor education was related to disease activity or comorbidities.

Conclusion. It cannot be argued from these data that poorer health status explains the link between SES and disability and depressive symptoms. Although, at baseline, the psychosocial effects of early RA are more severe for those with lower SES, the disease does not appear to be more severe. It may be that the biologic impact of status differentials will become clearer as the effects of treatment and the course of the disease unfold over time.
Quality‐adjusted life years lost to arthritis: Effects of gender, race, and social class
Authors: Kaplan Robert M. , Alcaraz John E. , Anderson John P. , Weisman Michael
Published: February 2007

Objective. To estimate the public health impact of self‐reported arthritis in terms of Quality‐Adjusted Life Years.

Method. The Quality of Well‐Being Scale (QWB) is a general measure of health‐related quality of life that scores levels of wellness on a continuum between death (0.0) and optimum functioning (1.0). Values for the QWB were imputed for the National Health Interview Survey. These estimates were adjusted for mortality based on the life tables. Age‐specific estimates were obtained for those reporting arthritis and compared to estimators for the population not reporting arthritis. These estimates were broken down by race (white versus nonwhite), gender, and socioeconomic status.

Results. The expected life years lost because of arthritis were 1.86 (95% confidence interval 1.40–2.32 years). Arthritis was reported more often among those of lower income, those living in rural areas, those of lower educational attainment, and older respondents. Men and women did not differ in rates of reporting arthritis, but men with arthritis had lower QWB scores than women with arthritis.

Conclusion. Arthritis has a significant public health impact.
Health care costs for volunteers and non‐volunteers in an intervention for people with osteoarthritis
Authors: Cronan Terry A. , Durkin Kathleen A. , Groessl Erik , Tomita Mitsuo
Published: February 2007

Objective. To determine whether older people who volunteered for a health intervention study used the health care system differently from a randomly selected group of eligible non‐volunteers.

Methods. Three hundred sixty‐three volunteers and 92 non‐volunteers were compared; both groups were members of a large health maintenance organization (HMO).

Results. Volunteers were more educated and had been members of the HMO longer. Volunteers used the health care system significantly more at all time periods, but their cost per contact was significantly lower than that for non‐volunteers. Non‐volunteers were more likely to have a comorbid condition and had fewer arthritis‐related health care contacts.

Conclusions. There will always be problems in generalizing results of studies with volunteers, but volunteers are, nevertheless, the most appropriate controls if the experimental participants are also volunteers. Designs should ideally include both volunteer and non‐volunteer controls.
Do people with rheumatoid arthritis develop illness‐related schemas?
Authors: Devellis Robert F. , Patterson Carol Carswell , Blalock Susan J. , Renner Barbara R. , Devellis Brenda M.
Published: February 2007

Objective. To assess, using both qualitative/inductive and quantitative data, whether people with rheumatoid arthritis (FLA) have schemas related to arthritis.

Methods. Themes identified from interview and focus group transcripts were used to develop 1) questionnaire items, and 2) statements participants were asked to recall during home interviews. Two hundred one people with FLA completed questionnaires and recall tasks of the type used in cognitive research, followed 10 days later by another recall assessment by telephone.

Results. Qualitative methods, item‐level questionnaire data, and category‐level recall data yielded convergent results supporting 4 final categories: mastery, support, loss of independence, and depression. Regression analyses indicated that category of earlier recollections predicted subsequent recollections assessed via phone.

Conclusions. Results from widely different methods offer at least partial support for arthritis schemas and suggest that the concepts identified are meaningful to patients as well as to researchers.
Satisfaction of patients attending an arthritis clinic in a county teaching hospital
Authors: Sole Timothy J. , Lipsky Peter E.
Published: February 2007

Objective. To gather information about the satisfaction of medically indigent arthritis patients with their health care.

Methods. Patients attending a university‐affiliated county hospital arthritis clinic were surveyed using a questionnaire about their satisfaction with various aspects of the clinic.

Results. Two hundred thirty‐two out of 283 questionnaires were completed. Patients were most satisfied with the care given by doctors, and least satisfied with the waiting times; accessibility, environment, and information received intermediate responses. Although most patients said that they were satisfied with their overall care, only 53% would continue to attend the clinic if they had full insurance.

Conclusion. A number of aspects of health care delivery were sources of dissatisfaction for medically indigent arthritis patients. Attention to these concerns could increase overall satisfaction and perhaps improve compliance in this group of patients.
Rating satisfaction research: Is it poor, fair, good, very good, or excellent?
Authors: di Palo Michele T.
Published: February 2007

Satisfaction is one of the core outcome measures for health care. It is intuitively more appealing than measures of health care effectiveness or efficiency that are more difficult to understand. Satisfaction with health care is a measure with a long history in the social sciences. Most current research is less interested in correlations between patient characteristics and satisfaction and more focused on improving the quality of care and service delivered to patients and health plan members. While this article provides a brief overview of historical satisfaction literature, the primary focus is on current trends in measuring satisfaction, including efforts by the National Committee for Quality Assurance and the Foundation for Accountability. Limitations of current satisfaction measures are discussed; alternatives to using satisfaction to understand the experience of the health care system are suggested.
Psychosocial contributors to mental and physical health in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Dobkin Patricia L. , Fortin Paul R. , Joseph Lawrence , Esdaile John M. , Danoff Deborah S. , Clarke Ann E.
Published: February 2007

Objective. To delineate psychosocial and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)‐related medical factors that contribute to the mental and physical health of SLE patients.

Methods. In a cross‐sectional study, 44 women completed standardized instruments assessing daily hassles, social support, psychologic distress, and quality of life and underwent a physician examination to assess disease activity and disease damage. Four multiple linear regression analyses were computed to identify factors associated with the following outcomes: patient‐perceived psychologic distress and global physical health and physician‐assessed disease activity and damage. Variables entered into the regression analyses were: hassles severity, types of social support, SLE disease activity and damage, age, disease duration, education, ethnicity, and global psychologic distress (for the outcomes of self‐perceived global physical health and disease activity and damage).

Results. The best model explaining global psychologic distress included hassles severity and self‐esteem social support. The best model explaining patients' perceptions of their global physical health included hassles severity and tangible social support. Psychologic distress accounted for a significant proportion of variance in both disease activity and damage.

Conclusion. High stress (assessed by hassles severity), poor social support, and psychologic distress—potentially modifiable variables—are associated with the mental and physical health of SLE patients.
Protocol for verifying expertise in locating fibromyalgia tender points
Authors: McIntosh Matthew J. , Hewett John E. , Buckelew Susan P. , Conway Robert R. , Rossy Lynn A.
Published: February 2007

Objective. To develop a protocol for determining when an individual is adequately trained to locate the tender points relative to fibromyalgia in an exam.

Methods. The error distance for each tender point was established by polling individuals with experience in conducting tender point exams. Bayesian statistical methods were employed to form a protocol for determining an individual's proficiency in locating the tender points. A predictive distribution was utilized to find the probability of remaining trained at locating tender points. Also, the probability of classifying at least 11 tender points as tender (mild) under different “locating” criteria and different number of points that are truly tender was computed.

Results. Critical values indicating the number of tender points needed in the qualification process for various standards of reliability—80%, 85%, and 90%—are presented. To be certified after 3 subjects have been examined in the 80%, 85%, and 90% criteria, one has to correctly identify 48, 50, and 52, respectively, out of the 54 possible tender points.

Conclusion. We believe that at least 3 subjects should be examined before certification is granted using any of the 3 criteria—80%, 85%, and 90%. In our example, when using the 85% criterion, the qualification process required 7 subjects to certify an individual.
Psychological factors in the prediction of Lyme disease course
Authors: Solomon Sanford P. , Hilton Eileen , Weinschel Barbara S. , Pollack Simcha , Grolnick Elizabeth
Published: February 2007

Objective. To determine whether history of severe, long‐term, premorbid, psychological stress is associated with increased incidence of chronic physical symptoms in presumed Lyme disease patients.

Methods. Fifty‐seven patients presenting at Lyme Disease Clinic of Long Island Jewish‐Hillside Medical Center were studied for presenting symptoms, presence or absence of Lyme disease, and past history of psychological trauma. They were restudied 1 to 1.5 years later for presence or absence of physical symptoms. Statistical analyses compared symptom course for patients with and without Lyme disease, antibiotic and nonantibiotic treatments, and past history of psychological trauma.

Results. There was correlation between history of past traumatic psychological events and chronicity of physical symptoms whether or not the patient had presumed Lyme disease or had received antibiotic treatment.

Conclusion. Traumatic psychological experiences predating onset of Lyme disease symptoms may play an important etiologic role in the chronicity of these symptoms.
L‐glutamine and palmitate catabolism in pancreatic islets from rats depleted in long‐chain polyunsaturated ω3 fatty acids
Authors: Zhang Ying , Louchami Karim , Carpentier Yvon A. , Malaisse Willy J. , Sener Abdullah
Published: February 2007

The catabolism of D‐glucose was recently found to be impaired in pancreatic islets from rats depleted in long‐chain polyunsaturated ω3 fatty acids. The specificity of this alteration was now investigated by characterizing the oxidative fate of endogenous nutrients in islets preincubated with either L‐[U‐14C]glutamine or [U‐14C]palmitate and then incubated variously in the absence of D‐glucose, presence of the hexose or presence of metabolic poisons. Relative to their radioactive content after preincubation, the production of 14CO2 by islets prelabelled with [U‐14C]glutamine was higher in ω3‐depleted rats than control animals. The enhancing action of D‐glucose upon such production was impaired, however, in the ω3‐depleted rats. The net uptake of 14C‐palmitate and absolute value for 14CO2 output were both increased in ω3‐depleted rats, whilst the ratio between 14CO2 output and islet radioactive content was decreased in the same animals. The inhibition of 14CO2 production by metabolic poisons was comparable in all cases. These results are consistent with recent findings on such items as the availability of endogenous amino acids and uptake of unesterified fatty acids in extrapancreatic sites of the ω3‐depleted rats. They also support the view that the alteration of D‐glucose metabolism in the islets of the latter animals may be attributable, in part at least, to alteration of glucokinase kinetics by high intracellular acyl‐CoA levels. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Broensted Acid Promoted Cyclizations of Siloxy Alkynes with Unactivated Arenes, Alkenes, and Alkynes.
Authors: Zhang Liming , Sun Jianwei , Kozmin Sergey A.
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Novel C—C Bond Cleavage from Arylacetonitriles in Alcohols to Aryl Carboxylic Esters Using Potassium Iodide and Catalytic Amount of Samarium.
Authors: Yu Mingxin , Wen Weijiang , Wang Zhiyuan
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of 2‐(2‐Arylethenyl)‐5‐arylfurans by Regioselective Palladium(0)‐Catalyzed Coupling Reactions of 2‐(2‐Bromo‐2‐nitroethenyl)‐5‐bromofuran.
Authors: Tuan Dang Thanh , Tung Dang Thanh , Langer Peter
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Intramolecular Enolate O‐Arylation and Thio‐Enolate S‐Arylation: Synthesis of Benzo[b]furans and Benzo[b]thiophenes.
Authors: Willis Michael C. , Taylor Dawn , Gillmore Adam T.
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Unexpected Ring Closure Between Hydrazono and Nitro Groups: A Useful Synthesis of Substituted Pyrazole N‐Oxides.
Authors: Attanasi Orazio A. , Favi Gianfranco , Filippone Paolino , Giorgi Gianluca , Lillini Samuele , Mantellini Fabio , Perrulli Francesca R.
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Reactions of Cyclopropyl Aryl Ketones with α‐Ketoacetic Acids Catalyzed by C8F17SO3H in Fluorous Phase.
Authors: Yang Yong‐Hua , Liu Ying‐Hao , Shi Min
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A Stereocontrolled Access to Ring‐Fused Piperidines Through a Formal [2 + 2 + 2] Process.
Authors: Godineau Edouard , Schaefer Christian , Landais Yannick
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis, Stability Studies, Antiinflammatory Activity and Ulcerogenicity of Morpholinoalkyl Ester Prodrugs of Niflumic Acid.
Authors: Talath Sirajunisa , Gadad Andanappa K.
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
General and Easy Access to 11‐Substituted 4‐Hydroxy‐2,3,4,5‐tetrahydro[1,4]diazepino[1,2‐a]indol‐1‐one Derivatives.
Authors: Putey Aurelien , Fournet Guy , Joseph Benoit
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of Primary Arylselenoamides by Reaction of Aryl Nitriles with Woollins′ Reagent.
Authors: Hua Guoxiong , Li Yang , Slawin Alexandra M. Z. , Woollins J. Derek
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A Novel Synthesis of the 2‐Aminoimidazol‐4‐carbaldehyde Derivatives, Versatile Synthetic Intermediates for 2‐Aminoimidazole Alkaloids.
Authors: Ando Naoki , Terashima Shiro
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Al—Ni—Zr (Aluminum—Nickel—Zirconium)
Authors: Raghavan V.
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Al—Ni—Re (Aluminum—Nickel—Rhenium)
Authors: Raghavan V.
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthetic Molecular Motors and Mechanical Machines.
Authors: Kay Euan R. , Leigh David A. , Zerbetto Francesco
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Tetra‐tert‐butylethylene, Fantasy, Fake, or Reality?
Authors: Lenoir Dieter , Wattenbach Carsten , Liebman Joel F.
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Mono‐ and Heterodimetallic FeII and RuII Complexes Based on a Novel Heteroditopic 4′‐{Bis(phosphanyl)aryl}‐2,2′:6′,2″‐terpyridine Ligand
Authors: Gagliardo Marcella , Perelaer Jolke , Hartl František , van Klink Gerard P. M. , van Koten Gerard
Published: February 2007

In the search for a versatile building block that allows the preparation of heteroditopic tpy‐pincer bridging ligands, the synthon {4′‐[C6H3(CH2Br)2‐3,5]‐2,2′:6′,2″‐terpyridine} was synthesized. Facile introduction of diphenylphosphanyl groups in this synthon gave the ligand {4′‐[C6H3(CH2PPh2)2‐3,5]‐2,2′:6′,2″‐terpyridine} ([tpyPC(H)P]). The asymmetric mononuclear complex [Fe(tpy){tpyPC(H)P}](PF6)2, prepared by selective coordination of [Fe(tpy)Cl3] to the tpy moiety of [tpyPC(H)P], was used for the synthesis of the heterodimetallic complex [Fe(tpy)(tpyPCP)Ru(tpy)](PF6)3, which applies the “complex as ligand” approach. Coordination of the ruthenium centre at the PC(H)P‐pincer moiety of [Fe(tpy){tpyPC(H)P}](PF6)2 has been achieved by applying a transcyclometallation procedure. The ground‐state electronic properties of both complexes, investigated by cyclic and square‐wave voltammetries and UV/Vis spectroscopy, are discussed and compared with those of [Fe(tpy)2](PF6)2 and [Ru(PCP)(tpy)]Cl, which represent the mononuclear components of the heterodinuclear species. An in situ UV/Vis spectroelectrochemical study was performed in order to localize the oxidation and reduction steps and to gain information about the FeII–RuII communication in the heterodimetallic system [Fe(tpy)(tpyPCP)Ru(tpy)](PF6)3 mediated by the bridging ligand [tpyPCP]. Both the voltammetric and spectroelectrochemical results point to only very limited electronic interaction between the metal centres in the ground state. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
N‐(Aryl)picolinamide Complexes of Ruthenium: Usual Coordination and Strategic Cyclometalation
Authors: Nag Sumon , Butcher Ray J. , Bhattacharya Samaresh
Published: February 2007

Reaction of five N‐(4‐R‐phenyl)picolinamides (R = OCH3, CH3, H, Cl, and NO2) with [Ru(PPh3)2(CO)2Cl2] in refluxing 2‐methoxyethanol in the presence of a base (NEt3) affords two geometrical isomers of a group of complexes (1‐R and 2‐R), each of which contains an amide ligand coordinated to the metal center as a monoanionic bidentate N,N donor along with two triphenylphosphanes, a carbonyl, and a hydride. Similar reaction of N‐(naphthyl)picolinamide with [Ru(PPh3)2(CO)2Cl2] affords an organometallic complex, 3, in which the amide ligand is coordinated to the metal center, by C–H activation of the naphthyl ring at the 8‐position, as a dianionic tridentate N,N,C donor along with two triphenylphosphanes and one carbonyl. Structures of the 1‐OCH3, 2‐CH3, and 3 complexes have been determined by X‐ray crystallography. In all the complexes the two triphenylphosphanes are trans. In the 1‐R complexes the hydride is trans to the pyridine nitrogen and in the 2‐R complexes it is trans to the amide‐nitrogen. All the complexes are diamagnetic, and show characteristic 1H NMR signals and intense MLCT transitions in the visible region. Cyclic voltammetry on all the complexes shows a RuII–RuIII oxidation within 0.71–0.93 V versus SCE. An oxidation and a reduction of the coordinated amide ligand are also observed within 1.29–1.69 V versus SCE and –1.02 to –1.21 V versus SCE respectively.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Selective Oxidation of Unprotected Carbohydrates to Aldehyde Analogues by Using TEMPO Salts
Authors: Breton Tony , Bashiardes George , Léger Jean‐Michel , Kokoh Kouakou B.
Published: February 2007

The primary alcohol function of essentially unprotected carbohydrates (methyl‐α‐D‐mannopyranoside, methyl‐α‐D‐glucopyranoside and methyl‐α‐D‐galactopyranoside) was selectively converted into the corresponding aldehyde in the form of acetals by using TEMPO+ BF4– (2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidine‐1‐oxoammonium tetrafluoroborate) in organic medium with 2,6‐lutidine as the base. Indeed, organic anhydrous conditions prevent over oxidation of the alcohol group to the carboxylate form. The resulting compounds, methyl‐α‐D‐glucohexodialdo‐1,5‐pyranoside and methyl‐α‐D‐manohexodialdo‐1,5‐pyranoside were characterized by NMR and mass spectrometry. Additionally, the results obtained in a TEMPO electrochemically mediated system were compared with those of the pure TEMPO+ BF4– system, but lower yields were attained under the electrochemical conditions as a result of a very slow reaction rate. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Use of the Brief Smell Identification Test for olfactory deficit in a Norwegian population with Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Kjelvik Grete , Sando Sigrid Botne , Aasly Jan , Engedal Knut A. , White Linda R.
Published: February 2007

Aims

Several studies have shown that Alzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with hyposmia. Olfactory identification may be a cheap and simple additional test in the assessment of early cognitive changes. The sense of smell is influenced by factors such as experience and culture and the aim of the present study was to assess the validity of the Brief Smell Identification Test (B‐SIT) in distinguishing patients with AD from healthy gender and age‐matched controls in a Norwegian population.

Methods

The study included 39 patients with a diagnosis of probable AD, and 52 gender and age‐matched controls. Olfactory function was assessed with B‐SIT, and a non‐standardized olfactory identification task (freshly ground coffee).

Results

The difference in olfactory performance between patients and controls was highly significant, both for the whole AD patient group and the subgroup of patients with MMSE ≥ 24. Receiver operating curve (ROC) analyses indicated that B‐SIT distinguished patients from controls with high sensitivity and specificity. All the odours in B‐SIT with the exception of turpentine showed highly significant differences between patients and controls. AD‐associated memory impairment did not seem to affect the answers given for B‐SIT in this population.

Conclusions

For patients with AD, the Brief Smell Identification Test (B‐SIT) appears to be well‐suited for detecting a deficit in olfactory identification in a Norwegian population. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
John Wiley & Sons: 200th anniversary!
Authors: Thoß Andreas
Published: February 2007

This year, the publisher John Wiley & Sons celebrates its 200th anniversary. When Charles Wiley first opened his print shop in lower Manhattan in 1807, America was a young nation, full of potential and seeking its cultural identity on the global stage. Wiley was there, contributing to the emerging American literary tradition by publishing such great 19th century American writers as James Fenimore Cooper, Washington Irving, Herman Melville, and Edgar Allan Poe. Later on, Wiley published the works of outstanding European writers such as Hans Christian Andersen, Charles Dickens, John Ruskin, and Elizabeth Barrett Browning. Yet, during the second industrial revolution – and its resulting knowledge revolution – Wiley abandoned its literary programme to pursue knowledge publishing for a global community. Today Wiley publishes a broad variety of journals, encyclopedias, books, and online products. The spectrum reaches from medicine to astronomy, from trade journals to consumer books and it includes educational materials for students as well as for lifelong learners.

Since 1807, the world has seen 41 U.S. Presidents, but there have only been ten Wiley Presidents. Today, Wiley is a publicly held, independently managed family business. That is the formula of success that has sustained the company for two centuries. In 2007 Wiley is one of the major global publishers with more than one billion dollar revenue and about 3.900 employees. This will increase even more, when the acquisition of Blackwell Publishing will be completed in 2007.

Aged only three years, the Laser Technik Journal is one of the youngest among the Wiley Journals. But it fits well in the history of Wiley. Thomas Alva Edison, the “Wizard of Menlo Park”, held William H. Wiley in high regard, and so there is a long tradition of close contacts between the publishing house and the engineering community. The purpose of the journals has changed little: Our mission is to provide the community with up to date information on the latest in technology, reports and discussions on trends and markets, and finally the journal serves as a forum for key people from science and business to share their visions and experiences.

2007 will be a great year not only for Wiley, but for the laser community as well. Company reports from Coherent, Trumpf or Rofin Sinar show two‐digit growths and excellent earnings. Record numbers are expected also at conferences and trade shows. At Photonics West in San Jose, CA, 1.000 exhibitors and more than 15.000 visitors are expected. The Laser. World of Photonics 2007 in Munich (June) will be even bigger. It is a “can't miss” event particularly for those visitors interested in Laser material processing. The Laser Technik Journal will be on both shows. Please stop by at the Wiley booth, for a chat or to see the latest from the Wiley book program!
Laser Micro Processing using short Laser Pulses
Authors: Klug Ulrich , Siegel Frank
Published: February 2007

Pulsed laser radiation is a powerful tool for micro machining of different materials. The laser beam can be focused to spot diameters in the micron range. Depending on the material properties (e.g. heat conductivity), the thermal influence can be limited by using different pulse duration between nanoseconds (10–9 s) and femtoseconds (10–15 s).
Numerical modelling of turbulent flow through spillway with gated operation
Authors: Bhajantri M. R. , Eldho T. I. , Deolalikar P. B.
Published: February 2007

Numerical simulation of rapidly varied, free surface turbulent flow over spillway with the existence of both sub‐critical and super‐critical flow regimes is a challenging task. Vertical acceleration plays a dominant role in the spillway flows. This paper describes the formulation and development of a numerical model for flow over the spillway. The computer model is developed using the finite volume method based on weakly compressible flow equations and large Eddy simulation (LES)‐based turbulence model. The model is applied to a real world case study of partial gate operation of sluice spillway to investigate the hydraulic characteristics by simulating the velocity distribution, pressure distribution and discharge characteristics. Numerical modelling of sluice spillway is complicated because both moving free surface region and fixed conduit pressure flow in the sluice barrel are present. The numerical model results are compared with the physical model study. The simulated results are in close agreement with the measured values. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and characterization of optically active star‐shaped poly (N‐phenylmaleimide)s with a calixarene core
Authors: Lou Liping , Jiang Liming , Liu Jianzhao , Sun Weilin , Shen Zhiquan
Published: February 2007

Two N‐phenylmaleimide derivatives bearing a chiral oxazoline group, N‐[o‐(4‐phenyl‐4,5‐dihydro‐1,3‐oxazol‐2‐yl)phenyl]maleimide [(R)‐PhOPMI] and N‐[o‐(4‐isopropyl‐4,5‐dihydro‐1,3‐oxazol‐2‐yl)phenyl]maleimide [(S)‐PriOPMI], were polymerized using in situ generated calixarene‐based phenates as initiators to yield optically active polymers. The formation of star‐shaped architectures was strongly dependent on both polymerization conditions and calixarene moieties. In the case of polymerization conducted in toluene at 80–100 °C, the arm‐chain numbers achieved their respective maxima for the polymers with these multifunctional initiators. In contrast, the polymers obtained in polymerizations at lower temperature possessed fewer arm chains. The structure and chiroptical properties were investigated on the basis of 13C NMR, multiangular laser light scattering, gel permeation chromatography, and circular dichroism for the macromolecules with calixarene cores. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Genome‐wide linkage analysis for aggressive prostate cancer in Utah high‐risk pedigrees
Authors: Christensen G.B. , Camp N.J. , Farnham J.M. , Cannon‐Albright L.A.
Published: February 2007

BACKGROUND

It has been proposed that studying alternative phenotypes, such as tumor aggressiveness, may be a solution for overcoming the apparent heterogeneity that has hindered the identification of prostate cancer (PC) genes. We present the results of a genome‐scan for predisposition to aggressive PC using the Utah high‐risk pedigree resource.

METHODS

We identified 259 subjects with aggressive PC in 57 extended and nuclear families. Parametric and non‐parametric multipoint linkage statistics were calculated for a genome‐wide set of 401 microsatellite markers using the MCLINK software package. Stratification analyses by the number of affected subjects per pedigree (<5, ≥5) and the average age at diagnosis of affected subjects (<70 years, ≥70 years) were also performed.

RESULTS

No significant results were observed at the genome‐wide level, but suggestive evidence for linkage was observed on chromosomes 9q (HLOD = 2.04) and 14q (HLOD = 2.08); several pedigrees showed individual evidence for linkage at each locus (LOD > 0.58). The subset of pedigrees with earlier age at onset demonstrated nominal linkage evidence on chromosomes 3q (HLOD = 1.79), 8q (HLOD = 1.67), and 20q (HLOD=1.82). The late‐onset subset showed suggestive linkage on chromosome 6p (HLOD = 2.37) and the subset of pedigrees with fewer than five affected subjects showed suggestive linkage on chromosome 10p (HLOD = 1.99).

CONCLUSIONS

Linkage evidence observed on chromosomes 6p, 8q, and 20q support previously reported PC aggressiveness loci. While these results are encouraging, further research is necessary to identify the gene or genes responsible for PC aggressiveness and surmount the overarching problem of PC heterogeneity. Prostate 67: 605–613, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Scaling analysis of field‐enhanced bandtail hopping transport in amorphous carbon nitride
Authors: Godet C. , Kleider J. P. , Gudovskikh A. S.
Published: February 2007

Hopping transport within a bandtail distribution of localized electronic states has been investigated in amorphous carbon nitride (a‐C1–x Nx :H, x = 0.23) as a function of temperature T and electric field F. The conductivity σ follows Mott's law in the ohmic regime, i.e. ln (σohmic) varies linearly with T–1/4, while at higher field, a scaling law, ln (σ /σohmic) = φ [FS /T ] with S = 0.67 (±0.05), is found. Data are fully consistent with a field‐enhanced bandtail hopping (FBTH) model in which the effective temperature concept describes the non‐equilibrium occupation probability of tail states. A “filling rate” method, considering forward non‐activated hopping transitions, is developed to analyze the high field regime of FBTH. For an exponential distribution with disorder energy E0, increasing F shifts the transport energy EDL towards shallower tail states, with a density of states N (EDL) ∼ (F)3 (E0)–4. In this model, FBTH is parametrized using ln σ (T, F) vs T–1/4 plots, which provide field‐dependent apparent values of prefactor (ln σ00) and slope (T01/4). As F increases, both parameters strongly decrease. This behavior (observed in a‐C1–x Nx :H, x = 0.23, for F > 5 × 104 V cm–1) is a signature of band tail hopping transport. Our FBTH model predicts a minimum value $ \sigma^{00}_{\rm min} $ of σ00(F), which is indeed observed in a‐C1–x Nx :H (x = 0.23) for T < 70 K ($ kT^*_{\rm eff} $ ≈ 10–6 S cm–1 at Fmin ≈ 3 × 105 V cm–1). Near Fmin, kT *eff = (1/kTeff – 1/E0)–1 is parametrized by kT *eff ∼ Fq. The value of q that best reproduces the experimental results, q = 0.7 ± 0.1, is consistent with the scaling exponent S = 0.67 and with the density of states parameters deduced from the Ohmic regime. Hence, this “filling rate” method applied to FBTH transport appears to be very useful to analyze the apparent prefactor σ00(F) and to derive the effective temperature Teff(T, F) which governs bandtail states occupation and FBTH conductivity. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Phase transitions in the two‐dimensional Falicov–Kimball model on the triangular lattice
Authors: Čenčariková Hana , Farkašovský Pavol
Published: February 2007

A recently developed numerical method, based on the modification of exact diagonalization calculations, is used to study the ground‐state properties of the spinless Falicov–Kimball model on the triangular lattice. The phase diagram as well as the valence and metal–insulator transitions are analysed and compared with results of the conventional Falicov–Kimball model on the square lattice. It is shown that the different cluster geometry leads to various changes in basic characteristics of the model. In particular, the triangular lattice destroys the symmetry of the phase diagram as well as the valence transitions, and stabilizes the new types of spatial charge ordering – the axial stripes and the phase separated distributions of localized f ‐electrons. Studying the conducting properties of the Falicov–Kimball model on the triangular lattice, the Mott‐Hubbard transition has been observed. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Using Internet nodes and routers onboard satellites
Authors: Wood L. , Ivancic W. , Hodgson D. , Miller E. , Conner B. , Lynch S. , Jackson C. , da Silva Curiel A. , Cooke D. , Shell D. , Walke J. , Stewart D.
Published: February 2007

An Internet router was integrated into the UK‐DMC remote‐sensing satellite as a secondary experimental payload. This commercial product has been orbiting in space for over three years. We describe the integration of the router and satellite and the successful on‐orbit testing of the router, which took place using the Virtual Mission Operations Center (VMOC) application as part of a larger systems internetworking exercise. Placing this Cisco router in Low Earth Orbit (CLEO) onboard a small satellite is one step towards extending the terrestrial networking model to the near‐Earth space environment as part of a merged space–ground architecture. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Motivating biomorphic constructions based on complex systems science
Authors: Joye Yannick , Van Locke Philip
Published: February 2007

There is evidence that the human brain consists of a specialized subsystem for processing natural stimuli. This hypothesis is related to research showing that certain classes of living things cause aesthetic and restorative responses. This body of evidence is used to support biomorphic approaches to art and construction. Different examples of such biomorphic proposals are presented, based on core principles of complex systems theory. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Seeds of engagement: design conversations for educational change
Authors: Stokes Helga , Carr‐Chellman Alison
Published: February 2007

Change models revolve around communication between designers and adopters, but the processes involved are far less often the focus of our scholarship. We present design conversation as an inclusive, participatory avenue to designing educational changes and as a legitimate focus of design scholarship. Design conversation sits apart from other forms of communication, such as dialectic conversation and discussions, in which opinions are staked out and defended. Design conversation is a group endeavour where a group searches for common meaning and designs a new entity. Design conversation is linked here to the need for a systems approach to educational change. We discuss this need; describe the nature of design conversation, its theoretical foundation in systems thinking and its use for educational systems design. The direction and nature of communication in selected change models is then compared to design conversation and, finally, its implications for educational systems design are discussed. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Lanchester–Betz–Joukowsky limit
Authors: van Kuik Gijs A.M.
Published: February 2007

The maximum efficiency of an ideal wind turbine rotor is well known as the ‘Betz limit’, named after the German scientist that formulated this maximum in 1920. In 1976, Bergey showed that the British scientist Lanchester derived the same maximum already in 1915. Betz and Lanchester were representatives of leading aerodynamic research schools in the first decades of the previous century. A study of early Russian publications on rotor aerodynamics now shows that the Russian aerodynamic school also produced the same result; its leader Joukowsky derived the maximum efficiency for an ideal wind turbine in 1920, the same year as Betz did. Consequently, in order to honour all, this ideal efficiency should be named the ‘Lanchester‐Betz‐Joukowsky limit’ in scientific writing. The well‐established and convenient name Betz limit is to be considered an easy abbreviation of this full name. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Variation in northern bobwhite demography along two temporal scales
Authors: Folk Travis H. , Holmes Randall R. , Grand James B.
Published: February 2007

Quantification and understanding of demographic variation across intra‐ and inter‐annual temporal scales can benefit from the development of theoretical models of evolution and applied conservation of species. We used long‐term survey data for northern bobwhites (Colinus virginianus) collected at the northern and southern extent of its geographic range to develop matrix population models which would allow investigation of intra‐ and inter‐annual patterns in bobwhite population dynamics. We first evaluated intra‐annual patterns in the importance of a seasonal demographic rate to asymptotic population growth rate with prospective perturbation analysis (elasticity analysis). We then conducted retrospective analysis (life table response experiments) of inter‐annual patterns in the contribution of observed changes in demography to the observed change in population growth rate. Survival in the earliest age class during the nonbreeding season had the greatest potential influence in both the northern and southern populations. Examination of inter‐annual variation in demography indicated that variation in nonbreeding season survival in the earliest age class contributed the most to observed changes in population growth rate in the northern population. In contrast, changes in fertility in the earliest age class in the southern population had the greatest influence on changes in population growth rate. Prospective elasticity analyses highlight the similarities in bobwhite demography throughout different parts of its geographic range, while retrospective life table response experiments revealed important patterns in the temporal differences of bobwhite life history at the northern and southern extent of its geographic range.
Comparison of QSAR and QSPR Based Aquatic Toxicity for Mixed Surfactants
Authors: Joshi Vishal Y. , Kadam Mahesh M. , Sawant Manohar R.
Published: February 2007

In the present study, quantitative structure‐activity relationship (QSAR) equations were derived using the logarithm of the octanol/water partition co‐efficient for the prediction of acute aquatic toxicity of mixed surfactant systems. Further mixed surfactant systems of an anionic surfactant (sodium lauryl sulfate) and several nonionic surfactants (alkyl polyglucoside) of different hydrophobic chain lengths were taken together to calculate the parameter pEC50. Quantitative structure‐properties relationship (QSPR) equations based on pC20, and Amin were developed from the surface tension data to predict pEC50 values and compared with QSAR derived pEC50 values to understand the probable mechanisms of action of the mixed surfactants blends for aquatic toxicity. The established QSAR and QSPR equations for mixed surfactants indicate that given blends of surfactants act as a polar narcotic.