bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CUPRIETHYLENEDIAMINE AS A REAGENT FOR HEMICELLULOSE SEPARATION FROM WHEAT STRAW HOLOCELLULOSE
Authors: Harwood V. D.
Published: May 2006

Wheat straw and wheat straw holocellulose were dispersed in aqueous cupriethylenediamine solutions and fractionated by graded precipitation with acid and alcohol. From the holocellulose a 25.4% recovery of a hemicellulose containing negligible quantities of hexoses was achieved. The corresponding product from wheat straw was contaminated with both lignin and cellulose but a comparison of the chemical compositions of the two hemicelluloses showed that the acid chlorite used for delignification had caused very little hydrolytic action. The acetate of the hemicellulose from holocellulose was fractionated from chloroform solution by the addition of petroleum ether into a series of fractions and subfractions. Analysis of representative fractions from this series led to the conclusion that the hexoses present were not chemically combined with pentosan. Molecular weights were determined by periodate oxidation, the Signer isothermal distillation method, and from the lowering of the vapor pressure of their chloroform solutions and showed that the hemicellulose molecules were relatively small (mol. wt. < 10,000). The decreasing ratio of xylose to arabinose in the fractions of lower molecular weight indicated increasing chain branching.
INFLUENCE DE GAZ ETRANGERS SUR LA FLAMME FROIDE DE L'ETHER
Authors: Ouellet Ludovic , Ouellet Cyrias
Published: May 2006

not available
THE RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF SOME SOAP–OIL SYSTEMS
Authors: Moses G. B. , Puddington I. E.
Published: May 2006

The flow properties of dispersions of sodium, lithium, and aluminum soaps in hydrocarbon oils have been measured over a range of temperature, concentration, and rate of shear using an extrusion plastometer. The variations of residual viscosity and coefficient of thixotropy, with temperature, are similar for all of these soaps. Abrupt changes occur at temperatures that are characteristic of the individual soaps. The variation of thixotropy with concentration is in accord with theoretical predictions, and axial ratios of the solid phase particles, calculated from viscosity data, are in agreement with observed values.
THE BIOGENESIS OF ALKALOIDS: IV. THE FORMATION OF GRAMINE FROM TRYPTOPHAN IN BARLEY
Authors: Bowden K. , Marion Léo
Published: May 2006

dl-Tryptophan-β-C14 was fed to sprouting barley and radioactive gramine isolated from the shoots. Activity in the alkaloid resided entirely in one position, corresponding to that in the tracer administered to the plants, indicating that tryptophan is a precursor of gramine.
PHOTOLYSIS OF 2, 2′, 4, 4′-TETRADEUTERODIETHYL KETONE
Authors: Wijnen M. H. J. , Steacie E. W. R.
Published: May 2006

The photolysis of CH3CD2COCD2CH3 has been studied over a temperature range from 25°C. to 365°C. The results confirm several features of the mechanism, previously proposed for the photolysis of diethyl ketone. It is concluded that disproportionation of ethyl radicals occurs by a "head to tail" mechanism. As activation energy for the reaction[Formula: see text]a value E4 = 8.7 kcal. was found. As activation energy for Reaction (5)[Formula: see text]a value of E5 = 11.7 kcal. was found. An activation energy of ∼ 17 kcal. is estimated for the thermal decomposition of the pentanonyl radical
A COMPARISON OF THE PROTECTIVE COLLOID INDEX AND POLAROGRAPH WAVE FOR NORMAL AND CANCER SERA
Authors: Munro L. A. , Boyd D. J.
Published: May 2006

The protective colloid indices have been determined on the sera of 83 normal rats and on 74 rats with transplanted Walker carcinosarcoma. As previously found with humans, the sera from tumor animals have much less of the protective colloids than the sera of normals. When 0.12 ml. of serum was used, 82% of the cancerous animal gave residual dye of less than 51γ per ml., whereas 100% of the normals gave concentrations above this value. Half of the false negative tests were from rats having tumors less than 15 gm. in weight. When 0.10 ml. of serum was used, 89.2% had an index below 15γ with an average of 7.8γ while the index of 91% of the normals was above 15γ with an average of approximately 42γ. The protective indices and polarograms have been compared for the sera of 43 cancerous and 47 normal rats. In 91% of the cancerous animals characteristic curves were obtained having a wave height greater than 50 mm., with 4.2% false positives in the normal group. The two tests are of approximately equal value in classifying the sera. The serum constituents responsible for the polar-graph wave are different from those indicated by the protective colloid index.
A Note on the Thermodynamic Properties of the Hydrates of Sodium Carbonate
Authors: Bauer Thomas W. , Dorland Rodger M.
Published: May 2006

not available
THE POLYMERIZATION OF ISOPRENE AND 2, 3-DIMETHYLBUTADIENE AND COPOLYMERIZATION WITH STYRENE AT −18 °C. IN EMULSION
Authors: Orr R. J. , Williams H. Leverne
Published: May 2006

The rate of polymerization increased with purification of the monomers. It was possible that the dienes formed cyclic compounds or dimers in side reactions. The 1,2 addition of the monomer decreased with decreasing polymerization temperature. A study was made of the copolymerization of isoprene and dimethylbutadiene with styrene at −18° C. From analyses of bound diene in the product at various conversions and initial diene to styrene ratios the reactivity ratios for these diene-styrene systems were calculated to be r1 = 1.30 ± 0.02 and r2 = 0.48 ± 0.01 for isoprene and styrene and r1 = 0.92 ± 0.02, r2 = 0.42 ± 0.02 for dimethylbutadiene and styrene (styrene always being considered monomer 2). Q and e values from the Alfrey-Price equation were calculated as Q = 119 and e = −0.112 for isoprene and Q = 1.09 and e = −0.181 for dimethylbutadiene relative to Q = 1.0 and e = −0.8 for styrene. Fom these and the values previously determined for butadiene, reactivity ratios for all combinations of the three dienes were calculated. The chain transfer reaction between dienyl radicals and mixed tertiary mercaptans was studied and it was found that isoprenyl and dimethylbutadienyl radicals were much more reactive than butadienyl. The effect of this was illustrated by number and viscosity average molecular weights. Intrinsic viscosities of homo- and copolymers formed in a mercaptan-free recipe were measured and compared.
THE CONDUCTANCES OF STRONG SOLUTIONS OF STRONG ELECTROLYTES AT 95°
Authors: Campbell A. N. , Kartzmark E. M.
Published: May 2006

Measurements of conductance and fluidity of silver nitrate and of ammonium nitrate solutions, over a range of concentration varying from 0.05  N to 14  N (silver nitrate) and from 0.08  N to 15  N (ammonium nitrate) have been made. In both cases, a maximum is observed in the specific conductances but in neither case does a minimum occur in the plot of equivalent conductance against concentration. While the equivalent conductance in very dilute solutions is proportional to [Formula: see text], in very concentrated solutions it appears to be directly proportional to C. Temperature coefficients of conductance and of fluidity are evaluated and their theoretical importance discussed. Partial molar volumes of water in these solutions are evaluated.
ISOTOPE EFFECTS IN THE THERMAL DEAMMONATION OF PHTHALAMIDE
Authors: Stacey F. W. , Lindsay J. G. , Bourns A. N.
Published: May 2006

A study has been made of the nitrogen isotope effects occurring in the deammonation of phthalamide of normal isotopic abundance. It has been found that the reaction of phthalamide-N14N15leading to N14H3formation occurs 1.2% more readily than that giving N15H3. In addition, a 0.6% greater probability of formation of N14H3from phthalamide-N14,N15than from phthalamide-N14,N14has been observed, due consideration being given to the presence of one N14atom in the former and two N14atoms in the latter amide species. An explanation has been advanced based on the effect upon activation energy of the isotopic mass of the nitrogen atom in the C–N bonds broken and formed in the reaction.
INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE ON THE INTERMOLECULAR C13 ISOTOPE EFFECT IN THE DECARBOXYLATION OF NORMAL MALONIC ACID
Authors: Lindsay J. G. , Bourns A. N. , Thode H. G.
Published: May 2006

not available
Wheat Straw Native Lignin
Authors: Stone J. E. , Tanner K. G.
Published: May 2006

not available
CHARCOAL SORPTION STUDIES: I. THE PORE DISTRIBUTION IN ACTIVATED CHARCOALS
Authors: McDermot H. L. , Arnell J. C.
Published: May 2006

The pore distributions of three activated charcoals have been calculated from the low temperature nitrogen and water isotherms. The method of Barrett, Joyner, and Halenda has been used with the nitrogen data, while the Kelvin equation has been applied to the water isotherm. The two curves coincide if cos θ = 0.65 is used in the Kelvin equation, where θ is the wetting angle. This figure is in general agreement with a published figure obtained by an independent method.
SYNTHESIS OF 1,1,1-TRICHLORO-2,2-BIS-(p-CYANOPHENYL)-ETHANE
Authors: Perron Yvon , Barré Roger
Published: May 2006

The synthesis of 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis-(p-cyanophenyl)-ethane was carried out with the condensation product of chloral and toluene as starting material. This product was converted, through the corresponding tetraacetate, to 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis-(p-aldehydophenyl)-ethane which in turn reacted with hydroxylamine to give the dioxime. The subsequent dehydration of the latter gave rise to the desired dinitrile. The corresponding dichloro derivatives of the oxime and nitrile were also prepared.
THE SYNTHESIS OF DIBENZ[a,c][1,3]CYCLOHEPTADIENE - 5,7-DIONE
Authors: Lucien Harold W. , Taurins Alfred
Published: May 2006

The synthesis of dibenz[a, c][1,3]cycloheptadiene-5,7-dione (I), a new member of the dibenz[a,c][1,3]cycloheptadiene (II) series, has been accomplished by (1) the condensation of diethyl diphenate and ethyl acetate with alkaline catalysts, (2) the reaction of diphenoyl chloride and sodiomalonic ester, and (3) the condensation of diphenic anhydride and malonic ester with zinc chloride. In addition to the (I), these reactions afford comparable amounts of 2,21-diacetyl biphenyl (XIII). It has been possible to establish the identity of (I) from the carbonyl and enolic derivatives and products obtained in reactions of hydrolysis, oxidation, and reduction.
Urea Derivatives
Authors: McKay A. F. , Hatton W. G.
Published: May 2006

not available
THE ACTION OF LIQUID AMMONIA ON WHEAT STRAW HOLOCELLULOSE
Authors: Bishop C. T.
Published: May 2006

Exhaustive extraction with anhydrous liquid ammonia removed 8.0% of wheat straw holocellulose. Acetamide was isolated from the extract and identified as the dihydrogen bromide salt. A polyuronide fraction, making up 1.3% of the holocellulose, was isolated and shown to consist of D-xylose, L-arabinose, D-glucose, D-galactose, and D-glucuronic acid in approximate molar ratios of 11:3:3:1:2.5. Analysis and hydrogenation of the noncarbohydrate portion of the liquid ammonia extract showed it to consist of low molecular weight degradation products among which methylamine was identified. A separate experiment showed that anhydrous liquid ammonia degraded an isolated polyuronide by 8.4%; all components of the polyuronide were equally affected.
THE QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF THE FREE MONOXIDES OF CALCIUM, STRONTIUM, AND BARIUM AND OF CALCIUM ETHYLATE BY THE ALCOHOL–GLYCEROL METHOD
Authors: Swenson E. G. , Thorvaldson T.
Published: May 2006

The alcohol–glycerol method for the determination of free calcium oxide in solid systems can be used to determine the monoxides of strontium and barium with a similar degree of precision. The determination of calcium ethylate by this method shows promise. The soluble magnesium salts, magnesium chloride and magnesium acetate, interfere with the determination of the oxides through a replacement reaction liberating magnesium oxide. The chlorides of calcium, strontium, and barium increase the initial titer obtained in the determination of the monoxides of calcium and strontium, but have no such effect in the determination of barium oxide. For calcium oxide this increase in titer for equimolecular concentrations of the chlorides is in the ascending order: barium, strontium, calcium; for strontium oxide the effectiveness is in the reverse order. The method involves reactions between the monoxides and glycerol to form titratable metal triglycerol hydroxides and possibly two nontitratable products, the mono- and di-glyceroxides of the metals. The relative amounts of these compounds appear to be determined by the physical state of the oxide, the period of heating, the ratio of alcohol to glycerol, and the amount of water present.
THE MECHANISMS OF GLUCOSE PENTAACETATE ANOMERIZATION AND LEVOGLUCOSAN FORMATION
Authors: Lemieux R. U. , Brice Carol
Published: May 2006

The stannic chloride catalyzed anomerization of the pentaacetyl-D-gluco-pyranoses in chloroform solution is specific for the C1-acetoxy group. The reactions involve complete dissociation of the C1-carbon atom to acetoxy group bond with an intermediate formation of carbonium ions. The initial step of the beta to alpha rearrangement is a rapid dissociation, involving the participation of the C2-acetoxy group, to a resonance-stabilized carbonium ion with the lactol carbon atom occupied in the α-configuration. The rate-controlling step in the reaction appears to be the rearrangement of this ion to other ions which are capable of recombining with acetate ion to yield the α-acetate. The α-acetate is highly stable, as compared to the β-anomer, and the dissociation of the C1-carbon atom to acetoxy group bond is the rate-controlling step in its rearrangement. The stability of the α-acetate toward a variety of acidic reagents which readily dissociate the β-form is pointed out. For example, although the α-acetate is highly stable toward titanium tetrachloride, the reaction of the β-anomer with this reagent, to yield tetraacetyl-β-D-glucopyranosyl chloride, is extremely fast. This product is unstable under the reaction conditions used and rearranges to the α-form at a measurable rate. 1,2,3,4-Tetraacetyl-β-D-glucopyranose with stannic chloride in chloroform solution yielded triacetyl-D-glucosan  β <1, 6>.The alkaline hydrolysis of triacetyl-D-glucosan <1, 5> α <1, 2> yielded D-glucosan <1, 5> β <1, 6>. The mechanisms of these reactions are discussed.
THE BINDING OF ANIONS BY LYSOZYME, CALF THYMUS HISTONE SULPHATE, AND PROTAMINE SULPHATE
Authors: Colvin J. Ross
Published: May 2006

The adsorption of a large series of anions by positively charged lysozyme, calf thymus histone sulphate, and protamine sulphate has been studied by dialysis equilibrium. One group of anions was not adsorbed by lysozyme while the adsorption isotherms for Orange I, Orange II, and 2, 4-dinitro-1-naphthol-7-sulphonic acid were S-shaped. These anomalous isotherms, which were also obtained with histone sulphate and protamine sulphate, have an appreciable temperature coefficient at intermediate dye concentrations. It is emphasized that this type of adsorption is inconsistent with the exclusively electrostatic view of protein binding of anions. It is also shown that −ΔF, −ΔH, and ΔS per mole of anion bound must pass through a maximum for intermediate free anion concentrations in such systems. The lack of binding of some anions and the anomalous isotherms for others is interpreted in terms of a solvation sheath about the charged protein. Their significance for the general process of binding of ions by proteins is discussed.
1-INDOLEACETIC ACID
Authors: Smith W. S. , Moir R. Y.
Published: May 2006

1-Indoleacetic acid, 3-methyl-1-indoleacetic acid, and several of their derivatives were formed from phenylhydrazineacetic ester, and their structures were determined in three different ways. Several of the new compounds exhibited plant growth regulating activity.
A THEORETICAL EVALUATION OF THE NITROGEN ISOTOPE EFFECT IN THE THERMAL DEAMMONATION OF PHTHALAMIDE
Authors: Bigeleisen Jacob
Published: May 2006

A theoretical analysis is made of the effect of nitrogen isotopic substitution on the rate of deammonation of phthalamide. Good agreement is found between theory and experiment.
THE PREPARATION OF P-BROMOPHENACYL ESTERS AND THE CHARACTERIZATION OF P-BROMOPHENACYL FORMATE
Authors: Neish A. C. , Lemieux R. U.
Published: May 2006

The compound, m.p. 140 °C., widely used as a derivative for the identification of formic acid was found to be p-bromophenacyl alcohol and not p-bromophenacyl formate. p-Bromophenacyl alcohol was also the product from an attempt to prepare p-bromophenacyl pyruvate.p-Bromophenacyl formate, m.p. 92 °C., was prepared in 80% yield by refluxing equivalent amounts of the reactants in 66% alcohol for 30 min. This ester is readily hydrolyzed under the conditions used for its preparation and the hydrolysis appears to be catalyzed by salts of carboxylic acids. The melting point of p-bromophenacyl alcohol depended on the rate of heating, varying from 137 °C. with slow heating to 142 °C. with the rapid heating obtained on a melting point bar.
THE FORMATION OF TRIFLUOROMETHYL RADICALS IN THE GAS PHASE
Authors: Hodgins J. W. , Haines R. L.
Published: May 2006

Trifluoromethyl radicals were produced by the reaction between atomic sodium and iodo-, bromo-, and chloro-trifluoromethane in the diffusion flame apparatus. The results indicate that:(1). The primary reaction is CF3X + Na → NaX + CF3.(2). For the reaction between sodium and iodo-, bromo-, and chloro-trifluoromethane, the activation energy is 1.7, 2.3, and 7.4 kcal. per mole, respectively.(3). Some decomposition of trifluoromethyl radicals occurs, yielding chiefly tetrafluoroethylene.(4). Reaction occurs between molecular hydrogen and trifluoromethyl radicals yielding fluoroform.
Synthesis of P32 Labeled Parathion
Authors: Murray D. H. , Spinks J. W. T.
Published: May 2006

not available
EFFECT OF ADDITION AGENTS ON COPPER DEPOSITION IN A CONVECTION-FREE SYSTEM
Authors: Turner R. C. , Winkler C. A.
Published: May 2006

The effects of gelatin and chloride ion on deposition in a convection-free system were similar in most respects to those observed when convection currents were present. Gelatin concentrations up to and including 250 mgm. per liter and chloride concentrations of 4 and 45 mgm. per liter had no effect on concentration polarization. There was a difference, however, in the effect of the two addition agents on polarization other than concentration polarization.
PURIFICATION AND COMPOSITION OF A POLYURONIDE HEMICELLULOSE ISOLATED FROM WHEAT STRAW
Authors: Adams G. A. , Castagne A. E.
Published: May 2006

A homogeneous polyuronide hemicellulose has been prepared from a crude hemicellulose isolated from wheat straw holocellulose by hot water. The method of preparation consisted of fractional precipitation of the acetylated hemicellulose from chloroform solution by petroleum ether. Approximately 50% of the recovered fractions consisted of a polysaccharide made up of 28 moles of D-xylose, 5 moles of L-arabinose, and 3 moles of uronic acid and having an [Formula: see text] and a molar ratio, methoxyl: uronic anhydride, of approximately 1.0. Intrinsic viscosity measurements indicated a degree of polymerization of approximately 30. Separation of hexosans present in the original hemicellulose showed that they were not chemically combined with the main pentosan fraction. They were recovered admixed with short chain pentosan material containing a higher proportion of arabinose to xylose than the main homogeneous fraction.
COEXISTENCE PHENOMENA IN THE CRITICAL REGION: I. THE GRAVITY EFFECT IN ETHANE FROM LIGHT SCATTERING
Authors: Murray F. E. , Mason S. G.
Published: May 2006

A method of measuring density gradients caused by gravitational compression in gases near the critical region is described. Relative light scattering coefficients of ethane in bombs 40 cm. long increase, remain constant, or decrease in the downward direction, depending upon the mean filling density. These observations have been correlated with the variation of scattering coefficient with density, and show that appreciable density gradients exist. These observations are confirmed by parallel studies of condensation, and serve to explain the flat portion of the liquid–vapor coexistence curve found with a carefully purified system.
SYNTHESIS OF α-AMINO ACIDS FROM ETHYL CYANOACETATE
Authors: Gagnon Paul E. , Nadeau Guy , Côté Raymond
Published: May 2006

Monosubstituted cyanoacetic esters, obtained by condensation of 1-bromo-3(s)-phenoxypropanes (s = o-Cl, o-Br, o-I, o-, m-, and p-NO2) or 1-bromo-2(s)-phenoxyethanes (s = o-Cl, o-Br, o-I, and m-NO2) with ethyl cyanoacetate by means of potassium carbonate, were transformed through a Curtius degradation into cyanoacetisocyanates. These compounds by hydrolysis in acid or alkaline medium gave α-amino acids. However, hydrolysis of the corresponding carbobenzyloxy- or carbethoxyaminonitriles afforded better yields. The carbobenzyloxyaminonitriles were more readily hydrolyzed in aqueous hydrochloric acid than the carbethoxyaminonitriles. Moreover, the mild action of dry hydrochloric acid on the carbobenzyloxy derivatives yielded the α-amino acids readily whereas similar treatment of the carbethoxy derivatives gave the carbethoxyamino acids.
LYCOPODIUM ALKALOIDS: I. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND X-RAY CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC DATA OF SOME LYCOPODIUM ALKALOIDS
Authors: Knop Osvald , MacLean David B.
Published: May 2006

Physical properties and X-ray crystallographic data of three major alkaloids of the Lycopodium group and of some of their hydrohalide salts were determined. The hydrobromide and hydroiodide of annotinine were shown to be isomorphous and therefore suitable for a detailed investigation by X-ray diffraction methods.
DISILYL ALKANES
Authors: English W. D. , Taurins A. , Nicholls R. V. V.
Published: May 2006

By passing appropriate dichloroalkanes, e.g. 1,1-dichloroethane, over a mixture of silicon and copper at elevated temperature, the new compounds 1,1-bis-trichlorosilylethane, 1,2-bis-trichlorosilylpropane, and 1,4-bis-trichlorosilylbutane and the previously reported bis-trichlorosilylmethane, dichlorosilyltrichlorosilylmethane, and 1,2-bis-trichlorosilylethane were synthesized. Trichloromethane yielded perchlorodisilane; 2-chloropropane gave propene.By causing the chlorosilylalkanes to react with lithium aluminum hydride, disilylmethane, 1,1-disilylethane, 1,2-disilylethane, and 1,2-disilylpropane were synthesized.Several physical constants of the compounds were measured.
THE POLAROGRAPHIC DETERMINATION OF TITANIUM IN STEELS AND NICKEL-BASE ALLOYS
Authors: Graham R. P. , Hitchen A. , Maxwell J. A.
Published: May 2006

Titanium in steels and nickel-base alloys can conveniently be determined polarographically after electrolysis of a solution of the alloy in a mercury-cathode cell. A well-formed wave, the height of which is directly proportional to the concentration of titanium in the solution, is recorded using a supporting electrolyte that is 1.0 M in tartaric acid, 0.5 M in sulphuric acid, and 1.2 M in ammonium sulphate.The method is one of good precision and yields values in excellent agreement with those given by umpire methods for samples of basic open-hearth steel, 18-11 chromium-nickel steel, Monel, Inconel "W", and Nimonic 75 and 80.
THE PREPARATION OF CHLORITE HOLOCELLULOSE
Authors: Herbst J. H. E.
Published: May 2006

Mildly acid sodium chlorite solutions were allowed to act on white birch and black spruce sawdust at room temperature for various times; the insoluble fraction and the soluble nondialyzable fraction were isolated and weighed. If chlorite acts selectively on lignin the sum of these two fractions in time approaches true holocellulose. Chlorine and methoxyl determinations and examination of the ultraviolet absorption spectra showed that this was only approximately true. A small amount of carbohydrates was probably lost, and evidence was found for the existence of a chlorite-resistant lignin fragment in the soluble nondialyzable fraction.
SOLVENT EFFECTS IN CIS-TRANS ISOMERIZATION
Authors: Luner P. , Winkler C. A.
Published: May 2006

The cis-trans isomerizations of azoxybenzene, p,p′-azoxytoluene, and p-chloro-benzenediazocyanide have been investigated in a variety of solvents. While linear relations between log k and [Formula: see text] were found to exist for reactions of the azoxy compounds in solvents of internal pressure greater than nine, no such correlation was found for the diazocyanide. Linear relations have been observed between the logarithms of the rate constants for isomerization of azobenzene, azoxybenzene, and p, p′-azoxytoluene in a series of solvents.
THE CONSTITUTION OF A POLYURONIDE HEMICELLULOSE FROM WHEAT STRAW
Authors: Adams G. A.
Published: May 2006

The structure of a polyuronide hemicellulose from wheat straw containing xylose, arabinose, and hexuronic acid units has been investigated. Graded hydrolysis preferentially removed anhydro-L-arabinose units leaving a xylan to which uronic acid units were attached. Methylation and hydrolysis yielded 2,3,4-trimetliyl xylose (2.7%) indicating one nonreducing end group per 37 units; 2,3,5-trimethyl-L-arabinose, 2,3-dimethyl-D-xylose, and 2-methyl-D-xylose were found in a molar ratio 1:5:1. In addition, a methylated uronic acid complex was recovered which on extensive hydrolysis yielded an aldobiuronic acid. The latter, on reduction with sodium borohydride, yielded 2,3,4-trimethyl glucose (1 mole) and 2-methyl xylose (1 mole); the structure 2-methyl 3[2,3,4-trimethyl α-D-glucuronosido] D-xylose was therefore indicated for the methylated aldobiuronic acid.A structure for the hemicellulose is proposed which consists of approximately 32 anhydro-D-xylose units linked β 1,4- in a chain to which five anhydro-L-arabinose and three D-glucuronic acid units are attached as side groups by 1,3-glycosidic bonds. Results of periodate oxidation and estimation of reducing power support the proposed structure.
THE PREPARATION OF SOME STEROIDS CONTAINING DEUTERIUM
Authors: Nolin B. , Jones R. Norman
Published: May 2006

The preparation of several deuterated steroids is described, viz.,(i) the trideuteroacetates of the following alcohols: Δ5,7,9-estratrienol-17β;Δ1,5:10estrienol-3-one-17 (estrone); androstanol-3a; androstanol-3β; an-drostanol-17β; pregnanol-20a; Δ5-pregnenol-3β -one-20; Δ5-pregnenol-3β -one-20-d4-17,21; Δ5-cholestenol-3β; Δ-cholestadienol-3β; ergostanol-3 β; Δ14-ergostenol-3β; Δ22-5-isoergostenol-3a.(ii) Δ5-pregnenol-3 β -one-20-d3-21 acetate; Δ -pregnenol-3 β -one-20-d4-17,21.(iii) androstanone-3-d4,-2,4; cholestanone-3-d4-2,4; Δ8:14-ergostenone-3-d4-2,4; cholestanone- 7-d2-6; androstanone-17-d2-16.From difficulties encountered in the preparation of cholestanone-7-d2-6, it is inferred that 7-ketones enolize less readily than 3-, 17-, or 20-ketones.
THE CHARACTERIZATION OF NARCOTICS AS REINECKATES
Authors: Levi Leo , Farmilo Charles G.
Published: May 2006

Ammonium reineckate was found to react with methorphinan hydrobromide, codeine phosphate, and the hydrochlorides of methadone, phenadoxone, pipidone, cocaine, pethidine, ketobemidone, alphaprodine, morphine, diamorphine, and metopon to yield characteristic crystals. The molecular composition, decomposition range, optical rotation, solubility in water and ethanol, and spectral transmittance of these crystalline compounds are reported with the pKB values of the narcotics in water and in 50% acetone.
THE QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF NARCOTICS ION EXCHANGE
Authors: Levi Leo , Farmilo Charles G.
Published: May 2006

Codeine phosphate, amorphine sulphate, methorphinan hydrobromide, and the hydrochlorides of methadone, phenadoxone, alphaprodine, cocaine, pethidine, diamorphine, dilaudid, morphine, and papaverine were quantitatively determined with a precision of ±1.6% by ion exchange chromatography. The method was found to be applicable to pharmaceutical preparations and narcotic seizures, provided these did not contain additional ionizing constituents. Use of a solvent system in which the free base remained dissolved throughout the entire process was an important factor in the analysis. The dissociation constants of the narcotics in the solvent systems used are also reported.
THE REACTIONS OF CH3 AND CD3 RADICALS WITH HYDROGEN AND DEUTERIUM
Authors: Majury T. G. , Steacie E. W. R.
Published: May 2006

The reaction of CH3 and CD3 radicals with hydrogen and deuterium have been investigated, acetone being used as a source of methyl radicals. The results indicate (1) that the substitution of D2 for H2 has a considerable effect, (2) the substitution of CD3 for CH3 has relatively little effect. (3) It is concluded that, contrary to the results of Burton et al., the activation energy of the reaction[Formula: see text]is 9.7 ± 0.6 kcal.
An Important Reflectance Correction in Light-scattering Studies
Authors: Sheffer H. , Hyde J. C.
Published: May 2006

not available
THE SIZE AND SHAPE OF LYSOZYME
Authors: Colvin J. Ross
Published: May 2006

The molecular weight of lysozyme has been redetermined by the ultracentrifuge as 14,100 ± 500. The molecule appears to be a stubby prolate ellipsoid of rotation, with a maximum length of 90 Å and a minimum equatorial diameter of about 18 Å depending on the degree of hydration assumed. Alternative possibilities of chain orientation within this shape are discussed assuming that the chains are coiled in Pauling–Corey helices.
ADDITION COMPOUNDS OF THE GROUP IV HALIDES: I. TRIETHYLAMINE AND THE TETRACHLORIDES OF SILICON, GERMANIUM, TIN, AND TITANIUM
Authors: Trost W. R.
Published: May 2006

Compounds with the composition of tetraminates were prepared from the tetrachlorides of silicon, germanium, tin, and titanium with triethylamine. Thermal decomposition of the tetraminates leads to the suggestion that they are molecular addition compounds.
ADDITION COMPOUNDS OF THE GROUP IV HALIDES: II. ETHYLAMINE AND THE TETRACHLORIDES OF SILICON, GERMANIUM, TIN, AND TITANIUM
Authors: Trost W. R.
Published: May 2006

Aminates of tin tetrachloride and titanium tetrachloride are reported. On the bases of these compounds, and the recovery of a tetraminate, SiCl4•4EtNH2, from among the substitution products in the reaction of silicon tetrachloride with ethylamine at −78 °C., it is suggested that the transition state in the substitution reaction corresponds to an addition compound.
SYNTHESIS OF 2-METHYL-C14-1,4-NAPHTHOQUINONE
Authors: Phillips R. V. , Trevoy L. W. , Jaques L. B. , Spinks J. W. T.
Published: May 2006

2-Methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone (menadione or vitamin K3) has been synthesized labeled with C14 in the methyl group. Starting with 0.2 mc. of radioactive sodium carbonate, the intermediate compounds 2-naphthoic acid-carboxyl-C14, 2-naphthalenemethanol-C14, and 2-methyl-C14-naphthalene were prepared. Oxidation of the latter compound by chromic oxide yielded 2-methyl-C14-1,4 naphthoquinone with specific activity of 3.3 × 105 counts per min. per mgm. using a gas-flow type Geiger-Müller counter. Over-all yield was 23%.
THE ACTION OF HYDROXYLAMINE, ITS O-METHYL ETHER, AND THEIR HYDROCHLORIDES ON CELLULOSE TRINITRATE IN PYRIDINE
Authors: Segall G. H. , Purves C. B.
Published: May 2006

Solution of cellulose trinitrate in dry pyridine containing an excess of hydroxylamine base caused the evolution of 1 mole of nitrogen gas of 99% purity and the formation in high yield of a fibrous cellulose substituted with 1.7 nitrate and about 0.08 oxime groups per glucose unit. The replacement of the hydroxylamine by o-methylhydroxylamine suppressed the evolution of gas in the above reaction but the product was similar except for a small substitution (about 0.2) of methyloxime groups. Replacement of hydroxylamine base by the hydrochloride altered the composition of the evolved gas to nitrous oxide, about 85%, and nitrogen, about 15%. The fibrous product, isolated in high yield, had the composition of a cellulose substituted with 1.7 nitrate and about 1 oxime groups. No gas was produced in the parallel experiments with o-methylhydroxylamine hydrochloride and the product contained 1 methyloxime instead of 1 oxime unit.The above partial denitrations involved only an incidental degradation of the cellulose trinitrate, and probably only nitrate groups in the second, or third, rather than the sixth, positions of the glucose residues. All four products had a. wide solubility in organic liquids and were remarkable for their relatively great stability toward pyridine or caustic soda.
STRUCTURE OF A LEVAN PRODUCED BYBACILLUSPOLYMYXA
Authors: Murphy Diarmuid
Published: May 2006

A strain of Bacillus polymyxa has been shown to produce two different polysaccharides when grown on a yeast extract – salts – sucrose medium in the presence of calcium carbonate. One of these polysaccharides is a levan. Methylation and hydrolysis of this compound followed by chromatographic separation on a silica column gave 1:3:4-trimethyl-D-fructofuranose, l:3:4:6-tetramethyl D-fructofuranose, and 3:4-dimethyl-D-fructofuranose in the proportions 6:1.5:1 (by weight). A possible formula is suggested.
PHASE TRANSITIONS IN MULTIMOLECULAR LAYERS OF ADSORBED NITROGEN
Authors: Morrison J. A. , Drain L. E. , Dugdale J. S.
Published: May 2006

The heat capacity of nitrogen adsorbed on titanium dioxide has been measured for amounts adsorbed corresponding to 2.2, 3.1, 4.0, and 4.8 molecular layers in the temperature range 14 ° to 75 °K. The occurrence in the adsorbed films of melting and of the transition in the solid phase of nitrogen is shown by maxima in the heat capacity. The melting process is completely reversible and takes place at temperatures below the normal melting point. The solid phase transition does not occur reversibly, the magnitude of the anomaly in the heat capacity depending upon the extent to which the system has been cooled prior to the measurement of the heat capacity. The experimental results are discussed in terms of current thermodynamic treatments of phase transitions in adsorbed films.
SYNTHESIS OF PYRAZOLONES FROM α-KETO AND α-CYANO ESTERS
Authors: Gagnon Paul E. , Boivin Jean L. , Chisholm Alexander
Published: May 2006

1,4-Dimethyl-3-amino-5-pyrazolone and 4-methyl- and 4-ethyl-3-amino-1-phenyl-5-pyrazolones were synthesized from α-keto esters and methyl- and phenylhydrazines. The hydrazones first obtained were transformed into pyrazolones having a carbethoxy group in position 3, which was converted into an amino group by a Curtius degradation. 2,4-Dimethyl-3-amino-5-pyrazolone was obtained directly from methylhydrazine and ethyl α-cyanopropionate. A series of 3-imino-2-methyl-5-pyrazolones monosubstituted in position 4 with pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, and octyl groups and another series disubstituted in position 4 with butyl, hexyl, and heptyl groups were also prepared from the corresponding mono- and disubstituted cyanoacetates and methylhydrazine.The ultraviolet absorption spectra were determined in neutral and acid medium.
DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES OF POLYVINYL ACETALS
Authors: Funt B. L. , Sutherland T. H.
Published: May 2006

Measurements of dielectric dispersion in vinyl acetal and formal polymers were performed over the frequency range 0.050 to 100 kc. at temperatures between 25 and 135 °C. The results reflect the effects of internal plasticization on the electrical properties of the polymers. With increasing size of the substituent groups from formal to butyral the dispersion range is shifted to lower temperatures at a given frequency. Electrical relaxation times and transition temperatures were obtained and values of enthalpies, free energies, and entropies of activation were calculated. A tentative physical picture of the mechanism of dielectric relaxation in these polymers was also formulated.
KINETICS OF THE REACTIONS BETWEEN ISOPROPYL CUMENE AND TERTIARY BUTYL CUMENE HYDROPEROXIDES AND IRON(II) IN DILUTE AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS IN THE ABSENCE OF OXYGEN
Authors: Orr R. J. , Williams H. Leverne
Published: May 2006

From studies of the rate of reaction at 11°, 15°, 20°, and 26 °C. it was deduced that the bimolecular reaction between iron(II) and isopropyl cumene hydroperoxide is represented by[Formula: see text]At 0 °C. the radical induced oxidation of iron(II) due to inability of the monomer to remove the free radicals became appreciable. Addition of up to 7.5% methanol did not change the rate appreciably. The effect of traces of oxygen was negligible. Rate constants were measured at 15°, 9°, and 0 °C. for the reaction between iron(II) and the tertiary butyl cumene hydroperoxide. The average probable error in the determinations was 5.4%. From the data, the Arrhenius equation was determined as[Formula: see text]Comparison of the equations measured for cumene hydroperoxide, isopropyl cumene hydroperoxide, and tertiary butyl cumene hydroperoxide and iron(II) has been made. Changes in the constants have been explained qualitatively. The iodometric method of analysis when applied to tertiary butyl cumene hydroperoxide must be modified for accurate results. It is believed that the heating necessary in the presence of water decomposes the hydroperoxide.
THE VISCOMETRIC DETECTION OF BRANCHING IN POLYMERS: I. BRANCHING IN GR-S AS A FUNCTION OF CONVERSION
Authors: Cragg L. H. , Brown A. T.
Published: May 2006

Samples of GR-S—the familiar copolymer of butadiene and styrene—were taken from a continuous emulsion-polymerization system at conversions 32.0, 45.1, 61.2, and 73.4% respectively, and each, after careful drying, was carefully fractionated to give five or six "top" fractions. For each of these fractions values of intrinsic viscosity [η] and of the viscosity slope "constants" β and k′ were determined. As with normal and cross-linked polystyrene, β and k′ appear to be constant for all linear species, but to have higher values for branched species, the increase being a measure of the extent or degree of branching. From the data obtained it is concluded that in GR-S there is little or no branching at low conversions, that the degree of branching increases markedly with increasing conversion, and that branching occurs to the greatest degree in the species of highest molecular weight.There seemed to be, for this polymer at least, a molecular weight below which branching could not be detected, regardless of conversion, but above which branching increased with increasing molecular weight.
N-BENZOYLPHENYLHYDROXYLAMINE AS A REAGENT FOR TIN
Authors: Ryan D. E. , Lutwick G. D.
Published: May 2006

N-Benzoylphenylhydroxylamine precipitates tin quantitatively from stannic chloride solutions; complete precipitation is obtained in solutions varying from 1 to 8% in concentrated hydrochloric acid. The reagent reduces stannic to stannous tin before forming the addition compound (C13H11O2N)2 SnCl2; this compound is stable and may be used as a weighing form for tin. Tin can be determined readily in brasses; copper, lead, and zinc do not interfere.
KINETIC STUDIES OF A REDOX POLYMERIZATION
Authors: Brown R. M. , Winkler C. A.
Published: May 2006

Kinetic studies of a redox-initiated polymerization have indicated activation energies of 9.7 kcal. per mole for the decomposition of the initiating system, approximately 6 kcal. per mole for the propagation reaction, and 9.0 kcal. per mole for the consumption of MTM-4 in the emulsion system. Lower polymerization temperatures raised the gel point without shortening the polymer chains, apparently by decreasing the proportion of cross-linking to propagation reactions. Two types of nonmercaptan termination have been found to occur to appreciable extents: mutual termination of free radicals and a termination process involving the emulsifier.
THE KINETICS OF COAGULATION OF AN EMULSION
Authors: Brady G. , Mandelcorn L. , Winkler C. A.
Published: May 2006

Under suitable conditions, the coagulation of GR-S latex by sulphuric acid has been found to exhibit second order rate characteristics, and to be represented by the equation,[Formula: see text]where C is the concentration of polymer at time t, C0 is the initial concentration of polymer, and (H+)′ is the concentration of H+ ion in excess of the critical concentration necessary to initiate coagulation. Coagulation is accompanied by desorption of soap from the surface of the latex particles, and the variation of surface tension resulting from this follows the equation log γ = A − B log t, where γ is the surface tension and A and B are constants. Appropriate adjustment of the temperature was found to stabilize the emulsion markedly in the presence of acid. A mechanism for the coagulation process is considered.
THE DIELECTRIC BEHAVIOR OF VAPORS ADSORBED ON SILICA GEL
Authors: Snelgrove J. A. , Greenspan H. , Mcintosh R.
Published: May 2006

Experiments to determine the dielectric constants of adsorbed butane, ethyl chloride, and water on an activated silica at frequencies up to 3.7 Mc. per sec. are reported. No Debye-type dispersion was observed for the polar adsorbates down to −30 °C, the lowest temperature employed. Mixtures of ethyl chloride and water, and of butane and water, were also studied. The assumption that adsorption of ethyl chloride and water occurs with both adsorbates sharing two types of sites sufficed to explain the findings for this system. No explanation was apparent to account for the behavior of the butane–water system.Formulae due to Kurbatov and to Snelgrove and McIntosh have been used to interpret the results obtained with polar adsorbates. On the assumption that the adsorbates have densities equivalent to those for the liquid state at the same temperature, it is concluded that adsorbed water undergoes oscillatory motion. The first quantities of ethyl chloride adsorbed behave as though the molecules may rotate freely within an angle of 98°. The ethyl chloride adsorbed nearer the saturation pressure shows oscillatory motion, as a negligible temperature coefficient of the molar polarization is observed.
THE RATE OF DEHYDRATION OF COPPER SULPHATE PENTAHYDRATE AT LOW PRESSURES OF WATER VAPOR
Authors: Frost G. B. , Campbell R. A.
Published: May 2006

The rate of dehydration of copper sulphate pentahydrate has been determined over a range of low pressures of water vapor. It has been found that as the pressures are increased, the rate at first drops very rapidly; this drop is followed by a period of marked acceleration, which is followed in turn by a gradual decline. Copper sulphate pentahydrate has been found to be similar in this respect to manganous oxalate dihydrate, which has been hitherto regarded as unique in its behavior. The observed effects are probably due to amorphous to crystalline transitions occurring during induction periods, the durations of which have also been found to depend on water vapor pressure.
THE FISSION YIELD OF I131 IN THE THERMAL NEUTRON FISSION OF U235
Authors: Bartholomew Rosalie M. , Brown F. , Hawkings R. C. , Merritt W. F. , Yaffe L.
Published: May 2006

The fission yield of I131 has been investigated using improved extraction techniques and disintegration rate measurements. The value obtained for the fission yield is (3.1 ± 0.1)%. This is relative to a Ba140 reference fission yield of 6.1%. The half-life for I131 has been determined and found to be 8.05 ± 0.01 days.
ISOLATION OF THE ALDOBIURONIC ACID, 3-(XYLOPYRANOSYL) -α-D-GLUCURONOPYRANOSIDE, FROM WHEAT STRAW HOLOCELLULOSE AND SYNTHESIS OF ITS β-ISOMER
Authors: Bishop C. T.
Published: May 2006

Extraction of wheat straw holocellulose with 4% potassium hydroxide removed a polysaccharide fraction containing D-xylose (77.2%), L-arabinose (6.9%), and uronic acid anhydride (7.9%). Hydrolysis of this polysaccharide with dilute acid produced a degraded polysaccharide which was precipitated by ethanol after removing free D-xylose from the hydrolyzate by fermentation with Hansenulasuaveolans. Prolonged hydrolysis of the degraded polysaccharide yielded an aldobiuronic acid which was shown to be 3-(xylopyranosyl)-α-D-glucuronopyranoside. The β-isomer of this compound was synthesized from D-glucurone and D-xylose and its structure was confirmed by degradative studies after methylation. The enzyme β-glucuronidase did not hydrolyze the α- or β-isomers of this aldobiuronic acid.
PHOTOLYSIS OF ACETONE – HYDROGEN HLORIDE MIXTURES
Authors: Cvetanović R. J. , Steacie E. W. R.
Published: May 2006

The photolysis of acetone – hydrogen chloride mixtures has been investigated at 150 °C. and at room temperature. A strong suppression of ethane formation with a corresponding large increase in the formation of methane results from additions of relatively very small amounts of hydrogen chloride to acetone. The importance of the reactions[Formula: see text]and[Formula: see text]has been demonstrated. The collision yield of reaction (1) at 28 °C. is 2 × 10−4, and, therefore, the upper limit for E1 is 5.1 kcal. per mole. The effects observed at 150° and 28° indicate that, on the assumption of a zero activation energy and a steric factor of unity for combination of methyl radicals, E1 = 2.1 ± 1 kcal. per mole, and P1 is approximately 7 × 10−3.
THE PAPILIONACEOUS ALKALOIDS: XIX. THE STRUCTURE OF LUPANOLINE
Authors: Moore Barry P. , Marion Léo
Published: May 2006

Lupanoline which contains both a carbonyl and a hydroxyl group was reduced by lithium aluminum hydride to β-isosparteine. The identity of β-isosparteine was established by its conversion into sparteine by dehydrogenation and subsequent rehydrogenation. Attempts to acylate lupanoline resulted in the formation of anhydrolupanoline which was hydrogenated to dihydroanhydrolupanoline, a compound also obtained by the direct oxidation of β-isosparteine.It is concluded that lupanoline is 2-hydroxy-17-oxo-β-isosparteine.
THERMAL NEUTRON CAPTURE CROSS-SECTION OF Na23 AND Mn55
Authors: Bartholomew Rosalie M. , Hawkings R. C. , Merritt W. F. , Yaffe L.
Published: May 2006

The thermal neutron capture cross sections of Na23 and Mn55 have been determined using the activation method. The values are 0.53 ± 0.03 and 12.7 ± 0.3 barns respectively with respect to σAul97 = 93 barns. These agree well with recent pile oscillator results. The half-life for Mn56 is found to be 2.576 ± 0.002 hr.
THE NONSPECIFIC PRECIPITATION OF PROTEINS BY POLYHAPTENIC DYES
Authors: Morrison J. L.
Published: May 2006

The serum proteins albumin and γ-globulin were precipitated by two polyhaptenic azobenzenearsonic acid dyes, at pH values in the region of or below the isoelectric points of the proteins. The occurrence of an optimum zone of precipitation suggests either a colloidal precipitation or the formation of a framework of dye and protein. The molecular ratios of dye to protein in the precipitate suggest increasing aggregation of the dye with lowering pH. The aggregation appears to be an acid constant effect. An estimate of the number of protein combining groups for one of the dyes is 22 for albumin, and 44 for γ-globulin. At pH values between 5.0 and 5.4, at which albumin is not precipitated, the precipitation of γ-globulin by the dyes is dramatically reduced by the presence of albumin. Apparently albumin forms soluble complexes with either the dye or γ-globulin or with both these substances.