bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Artificial Intelligence Method for Energy Efficient Operation of Crude Distillation Units under Uncertain Feed Composition
Authors: Durrani Muhammad Amin , Ahmad Iftikhar , Kano Manabu , Hasebe Shinji
Published: November 2018

The crude distillation unit (CDU) is one of the most energy-intensive processes of a petroleum refinery. The composition of crude is subject to change on regular basis. The uncertainty in crude oil composition causes wastage of a substantial amount of energy in the CDU operation. In this study, a novel approach based on a multi-output artificial neural networks (ANN) model was devised to cope with variations (uncertainty) in crude composition. The proposed method is an extended version of another method of cut-point optimization based on hybridization of Taguchi and genetic algorithm. A data comprised of several hundred variations of crude compositions and their optimized cut point temperatures, derived from the hybrid approach, was used to train the ANN model. The proposed method was validated on a simulated CDU flowsheet for a Pakistani crude, i.e., Zamzama. The proposed method is faster and computationally less expensive than the hybrid method. In addition, it can efficiently predict optimum cut point temperatures for any variant of the crude composition.
Development of a Dimming Lighting Control System Using General Illumination and Location-Awareness Technology
Authors: Lee Heangwoo , Choi Chang-ho , Sung Minki
Published: November 2018

As part of ongoing research into saving lighting energy, studies on lighting control integrating location-awareness technologies have recently been increasing, but these have led to the indoor illuminance imbalance problem by controlling only the lighting adjacent to the occupant. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to develop a dimming lighting control system using general illumination and location-awareness technology by integrating general illumination and dimming technology with lighting control technology that is based on location-recognition, and to verify the effectiveness of this system. This study built a full-scale test bed to evaluate the performance of the developed technology, and derived the energy reduction rate and indoor light environment improvement rate to evaluate the performance of dimming lighting control (Case 1), dimming lighting control using location-awareness technology (Case 2), and dimming lighting control using general illumination and location-awareness technology (Case 3). The conclusions are as follows. (1) Case 3 reduces lighting energy by 47.9–64.2% as compared to Case 1, and Case 3 reduces lighting energy compared to Case 2 when there are three occupants. (2) Case 3 improves indoor light environment comfort by increasing the uniformity by 17.8–49% compared to Case 2. These results confirm the effectiveness of Case 3 proposed in this study.
Underground Diesel Exhaust Wet Scrubbers: Current Status and Future Prospects
Authors: Abdulwahid Ahmed Adeeb , Situ Rong , Brown Richard J.
Published: November 2018

Diesel engines release a range of harmful components into the environment in the form of gases, liquids, and particulate matter (PM). These components have a direct and indirect impact on human health and climate change. Wet scrubbers are used to clean diesel exhaust emissions, by bubbling them through a liquid (usually water) to reduce their temperature and remove some soluble components and particles. Then, these emissions pass through a filter to remove further diesel particulate matter. The PM-capturing mechanism, heat transfer mechanism, and fluid mechanism of a wet scrubber are reviewed. Several parameters have a major influence on wet scrubber performance, such as inlet gas velocity. Modeling of a wet scrubber can be conducted through thermodynamics analysis, heat transfer analysis, and computational simulation. These investigations may lead to optimizing wet scrubber performance, and then to reducing both humidity and temperature at the scrubber exit. This humidity reduction increases filter life and reduces maintenance costs.
A New Analysis Model for Potential Contamination of a Shallow Aquifer from a Hydraulically-Fractured Shale
Authors: Peng Weihong , Du Menglin , Gao Feng , Dong Xuan , Cheng Hongmei
Published: November 2018

Hydraulic fracturing (HF) is widely used in shale gas development, which may cause some heavy metals release from shale formations. These contaminants could transport from the fractured shale reservoirs to shallow aquifers. Thus, it is necessary to assess the impact of pollution in shallow aquifers. In this paper, a new analysis model, considering geological distributions, discrete natural fractures (NFs) and faults, is developed to analyze the migration mechanism of contaminants. Furthermore, the alkali erosion of rock caused by high-pH drilling of fluids, is considered in this paper. The numerical results suggest that both NFs and alkali erosion could reduce the time required for contaminants migrating to aquifers. When NFs and alkali erosion are both considered, the migration time will be shortened by 51 years. Alkali erosion makes the impact of NFs, on the contaminant migration, more significant. The migration time decreases with increasing pH values, while the accumulation is on the opposite side. Compared with pH 12.0, the migration time would be increased by 45 years and 29 years for pH 11.0 and 11.5, respectively. However, the migration time for pH 12.5 and 13.0 were found to be decreased by 82 years and 180 years, respectively. Alkali erosion could increase the rock permeability, and the elevated permeability would further enhance the migration velocity of the contaminants, which might play a major role in assessing the potential contamination of shallow aquifers.
Diverse Schemes of Cost Pooling for Carbon-Reduction Outsourcing in Low-Carbon Supply Chains
Authors: Wang Qinpeng , He Longfei , Zhao Daozhi , Lundy Michele
Published: November 2018

Among responses to governmental regulations for curbing carbon emissions, outsourcing carbon reduction to a specialized third-party is an important means to satisfy a variety of carbon-emission restraints. In this situation, however, designing efficient contracts for emission reducing while retaining appropriate supply-chain profit is a substantial but challenging problem. We therefore refine this from practice and consider a low-carbon supply chain consisting of one manufacturer and one retailer to analyze in which conditions the system should outsource its carbon reduction efforts to an external expert firm under the assumption that consumers with a sense of social responsibility prefer low carbon products. In the decarbonization expert firm embedded supply chain, we examine the respective impacts of three cost-pooling schemes for emission reduction on supply chain performances. We find that the manufacturer-undertaking contract is the worst in terms of profit and carbon reduction level among the contracts being studied, while the retailer-undertaking contract yields the best outcome in terms of the profit and performs well in carbon reduction when the contractor has cost efficiency in carbon reduction, which is even better than the joint-undertaking contract in carbon reduction when the contractor is inefficient. The study shows the diversity of contracts on outsourcing carbon reduction significantly impacts the supply chain profitability, carbon reduction efficiency and sustainability of operations.
Acetate Activates Deep Subsurface Fracture Fluid Microbial Communities in Olkiluoto, Finland
Authors: Miettinen Hanna , Bomberg Malin , Vikman Minna
Published: November 2018

Crystalline bedrock has been chosen for deep geologic long-term storage of used nuclear fuel in Finland. The risks generated by the deep subsurface microbial communities in these disposal sites need to be well characterised in advance to ensure safety. Deep subsurface microbial communities in a steady state are unlikely to contribute to known risk factors, such as corrosion or gas production. However, the construction of the geological final-disposal facility, bedrock disturbances, and hydraulic gradients cause changes that affect the microbial steady-state. To study the induced metabolism of deep microbial communities in changing environmental conditions, the activating effect of different electron donors and acceptors were measured with redox sensing fluorescent dyes (5-Cyano-2,3-ditolyl tetrazolium chloride, CTC and RedoxSensor™ Green, RSG). Fluids originating from two different fracture zones of the Finnish disposal site in Olkiluoto were studied. These fracture fluids were very dissimilar both chemically and in terms of bacterial and archaeal diversity. However, the microbial communities of both fracture fluids were activated, especially with acetate, which indicates the important role of acetate as a preferred electron donor for Olkiluoto deep subsurface communities.
Locating and Mapping the Traces of the Covered Ancient Theater of Amphipolis (Eastern Macedonia, Greece)
Authors: Kaimaris Dimitris , Karadedos George , Georgiadis Charalampos , Patias Petros
Published: November 2018

Ancient Amphipolis (Eastern Macedonia, Greece) is one of the most important archaeological sites of Greece. Despite the restricted excavation studies, important monuments have been discovered, such as the city walls and the Macedonian burial site at the Kasta hill, etc. Currently, the location of the ancient theater is unknown and only assumptions can be made regarding its location. In the current study, we aim to detect the accurate location of the ancient theater using archaeological prospection tools, data collected from the excavated sites, and testimonies of people of the modern city. For the first step of the approach, the approximate location of the ancient theater was determined using information derived by archived geospatial data (multi-temporal aerial photographs, satellite image, and Digital Terrain Model (DTM) of the area) as well as information regarding the neighboring excavated sites. For the in-depth study of the area of interest, a drone was used for the acquisition of high-resolution geospatial data. The generated orthorectified image (3 cm spatial resolution), DTM, and Digital Surface Model (DSM) allowed the determination of the potential location of the buried orchestra’s center using geometric rules for the design of ancient theaters. Furthermore, using the produced DSM and DTM, terrain cross-sections were generated.
Assessing Looting from Space: The Destruction of Early Iron Age Burials in Northern Xinjiang
Authors: Caspari Gino
Published: November 2018

Burial mounds (kurgans) of the Early Iron Age in the steppe zones of Central Asia have long been the target of severe looting activities. Protection of these monuments in remote areas is difficult since accurate mapping is rarely available. We map an area in northern Xinjiang using a combination of high-resolution optical data and on-ground survey to establish a quantitative and qualitative assessment of looting. We find that at least 74.5% of burial mounds are looted or otherwise destroyed. Due to the large number of visibly impacted burial mounds, it becomes clear that the bulk of cultural heritage of the Early Iron Age in this area is under threat. The looting, however, continues until present day. Rescue excavation of potentially untouched burials in the area is advisable.
Risk Factors Contributing to Higher Mortality Rates in Elderly Patients with Acute Traumatic Subdural Hematoma Sustained in a Fall: A Cross-Sectional Analysis Using Registered Trauma Data
Authors: Hsieh Ching-Hua , Rau Cheng-Shyuan , Wu Shao-Chun , Liu Hang-Tsung , Huang Chun-Ying , Hsu Shiun-Yuan , Hsieh Hsiao-Yun
Published: November 2018

Background: We aimed to explore the risk factors that contribute to the mortality of elderly trauma patients with acute subdural hematoma (SDH) resulting from a fall. Mortality rates of the elderly were compared to those of young adults. Methods: A total of 444 patients with acute traumatic subdural hematoma resulting from a fall, admitted to a level I trauma center from 1 January 2009 to 31 December 2016 were enrolled in this study. Patients were categorized into two groups: elderly patients (n = 279) and young adults (n = 165). The primary outcome of this study was patient mortality in hospital. The adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) for mortality was calculated according to gender and pre-existing comorbidities. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to identify factors related to mortality in the elderly. Results: The odds ratio for mortality caused by falls in the elderly patients was four-fold higher than in the young adults, after adjusting for gender and pre-existing comorbidities. In addition, the presence of pre-existing coronary artery disease (OR 3.2, 95% CI 1.09–9.69, p = 0.035), end-stage renal disease (OR 4.6, 95% CI 1.48–14.13, p = 0.008), hematoma volume (OR 1.2, 95% CI 1.11–1.36, p < 0.001), injury severity score (OR 1.3, 95% CI 1.23–1.46, p < 0.001), and coagulopathy (OR 4.0, 95% CI 1.47–11.05, p = 0.007) were significant independent risk factors for mortality in patients with acute traumatic SDH resulting from a fall. Conclusions: In this study, we identified that pre-existing CAD, ESRD, hematoma volume, ISS, and coagulopathy were significant independent risk factors for mortality in patients with acute traumatic SDH. These results suggest that death following acute SDH is influenced both by the extent of neurological damage and the overall health of the patient at the time of injury.
Epidemiological Trend of Typhoid and Paratyphoid Fevers in Zhejiang Province, China from 1953 to 2014
Authors: Gu Hua , Yan Congcong , Jiang Zhenggang , Li Xiuyang , Chen Enfu , Jiang Jianmin , Jiang Qingwu , Zhou Yibiao
Published: November 2018

Background: The incidences of typhoid and paratyphoid remain high and these diseases still pose a public health problem in China and in Zhejiang Province in particular. This study aimed to investigate the trend of typhoid and paratyphoid in Zhejiang Province from 1953 to 2014 and to provide a theoretical basis for the prevention and control of these diseases. Methods: Included in this study were compiled epidemiological data of typhoid and paratyphoid cases in Zhejiang from 1953 to 2003 and epidemiological data of those from 2004 to 2014 registered in the China Information System for Diseases Control and Prevention. Description methods were employed to explore the epidemiological characteristics, including long-term trend, gender distribution, age distribution, and occupation distribution. Incidence maps were made to represent the annual average incidences for each municipality. Spearman’s rank correlation was performed to detect the correlation between incidence and average elevation, and circular distribution was calculated to identify the seasonality and peak days of the diseases. A p-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: A total of 182,602 typhoid and paratyphoid cases were reported in Zhejiang Province from 1953 to 2014, and the average annual incidence was 7.89 per 100,000 population. The incidence in 2014 decreased by 93.82% compared with that in 1953 and by 95.00% compared with the highest incidence rate. The average incidence before 2003 was negatively correlated with the average elevation of each region in Zhejiang province (r < 0, p < 0.05), but there was no statistically significant correlation from 2003. The peak period of diseases fell in the months from April to October every year. The incidence among the population group aged over 35 rose gradually but declined sharply among those between 20 and 34. Conclusions: The incidence of typhoid and paratyphoid decreased in Zhejiang Province from 1953 to 2014 but remained high in some regions. Proper measures for prevention and control are warranted in the southeast coast areas and for high-risk populations.
Intensity of Energy Drink Use Plus Alcohol Predict Risky Health Behaviours among University Students in the Caribbean
Authors: Reid Sandra D. , Gentius Jannel
Published: November 2018

The relationship between energy drink (ED) use and risky behaviours has not been explored in the Caribbean, where youth risky behaviours are prevalent. This paper examines the relationship between ED use and risky behaviours and the moderating effect of gender among 1994 undergraduate students in Trinidad and Tobago. Analyses examined the association between ED use and risky behaviours, and the significant predictors of risky behaviours. Analysis of variance determined whether there were differences in risky behaviours between those who used only alcohol or EDs, both alcohol and EDs, alcohol mixed with EDs and neither alcohol nor EDs; and the difference between those with high and low intensity of ED use. In both males and females current use of energy drinks was positively associated with harmful substance use, risky sexual behaviours, and risky non-sexual behaviours, more strongly for males. The strongest predictor of risky behaviours was gender. Males consuming both alcohol and EDs, independently or mixed, were most likely to have risky behaviours. Consistent with previous reports, harmful alcohol use and other risk taking health behaviours appear to be predicted by a combination of high intensity use of EDs and alcohol. In countries like Trinidad and Tobago where violence, alcohol use disorders, STI/HIV infection and teenaged pregnancy are prevalent, the assessment of consumption of EDs and alcohol may be an important potential predictor of health compromising behaviours.
From Water Source to Tap of Ceramic Filters—Factors That Influence Water Quality Between Collection and Consumption in Rural Households in Nepal
Authors: Meierhofer Regula , Bänziger Carola , Deppeler Sandro , Kunwar Bal Mukund , Bhatta Madan
Published: November 2018

The study assessed changes in water quality between the water source and the tap of locally produced low cost ceramic water filters used by a community living in hygienically critical conditions in a remote mountainous area in Western Nepal. Data was collected from 42 rural households during two visits. The effectiveness of filter handling on its performance was assessed through microbiological analysis, structured household interviews and structured observations. Water quality decreased significantly when source water was filled into transport containers, while the use of the filters improved drinking water quality for about 40% of the households. Highly inadequate filter cleaning practices involving the use of contaminated raw water, hands (geo mean = 110 E. coli CFU/100 mL) and cleaning tools (geo mean = 80 E. coli CFU/100 mL) stained hygienic parts of the filter. The use of boiling water to disinfect the filters was significantly correlated with improved filter performance and should be further promoted. However, even disinfected filters achieved a very low average LRV for E. coli of 0.4 in the field and performed worse than during laboratory tests (LRV for E. coli of 1.5–2). Comprehensive training on adequate filter handling, as well as better filter products, are required to improve the impact of filter use.
“After End-2008 Structural Changes in Containership Market” and Their Impact on Industry’s Policy
Authors: Goulielmos Alexandros M.
Published: November 2018

The inability of carriers to forecast “demand for containerships” led them to order larger ships. Maritime economists were also unable to forecast it. The new-buildings cut cost per TEU, but “estimated economies of scale” are exhausted with ships beyond 21,000 TEUs, higher than the present. As average cost-AC was not at minimum, carriers did not produce at minimum efficient scale (MES). As larger ships are more competitive, smaller ships led to laid-up, and eventually scrapped. This strategy, however, did not bring the desirable balance between demand and supply. Due to falling demand, following the meltdown at the end of 2008, carriers priced their services at marginal cost-MC, and thus they accumulated losses. As a result, carriers resorted to frequent GRIs (freight rate increases). Supply exceeded demand and average distances fell after 2008. Containership market will remain depressed if economies of scale lead carriers to shipyards. Scrapping—the last hope—removed only 1/7 of the oversupply. Revenue, operating profits, and net profits, due to increased financial expenses, were lower than in the past. Aggressive ship-building programs could not be carried-out, because the depression meant that there are available only limited funds. The estimated funds required for new buildings were as high as $4 billion per carrier. So, the sector is in a vicious circle. The only helpful sign was the reduction in fuel prices after 2011 from $800/ton to $278 (2015). We also showed that ports and canals, through their traditional charging policy on size, penalized containerships for their efficiency—if volume discounts are not provided. Port dues and container handling and canal dues account for as much as 40% of the annualized containership cost. Finally, to study the relationship between concentration (market share) and revenue, operating profit and net profit, we ran three regressions; but only one gave a high correlation coefficient (0.97). This suggests that the containership market is purely competitive. We also showed that the Herfindahl index was 683 units (i.e., <1000) and Lerner’s index was 0.55—both indicating oligopolistic trends. Our model shows that containership market is either oligopolistic or purely competitive. This finding shows the double face of containership markets, which so much confused maritime economists.
Nuclear Lipid Microdomains Regulate Daunorubicin Resistance in Hepatoma Cells
Authors: Codini Michela , Conte Carmela , Cataldi Samuela , Arcuri Cataldo , Lazzarini Andrea , Ceccarini Maria Rachele , Patria Federica , Floridi Alessandro , Mecca Carmen , Ambesi-Impiombato Francesco Saverio , Beccari Tommaso , Curcio Francesco , Albi Elisabetta
Published: November 2018

Daunorubicin is an anticancer drug, and cholesterol is involved in cancer progression, but their relationship has not been defined. In this study, we developed a novel experimental model that utilizes daunorubicin, cholesterol, and daunorubicin plus cholesterol in the same cells (H35) to search for the role of nuclear lipid microdomains, rich in cholesterol and sphingomyelin, in drug resistance. We find that the daunorubicin induces perturbation of nuclear lipid microdomains, localized in the inner nuclear membrane, where active chromatin is anchored. As changes of sphingomyelin species in nuclear lipid microdomains depend on neutral sphingomyelinase activity, we extended our studies to investigate whether the enzyme is modulated by daunorubicin. Indeed the drug stimulated the sphingomyelinase activity that induced reduction of saturated long chain fatty acid sphingomyelin species in nuclear lipid microdomains. Incubation of untreated-drug cells with high levels of cholesterol resulted in the inhibition of sphingomyelinase activity with increased saturated fatty acid sphingomyelin species. In daunodubicin-treated cells, incubation with cholesterol reversed the action of the drug by acting via neutral sphingomyelinase. In conclusion, we suggest that cholesterol and sphingomyelin-forming nuclear lipid microdomains are involved in the drug resistance.
TNF-α-Induced YAP/TAZ Activity Mediates Leukocyte-Endothelial Adhesion by Regulating VCAM1 Expression in Endothelial Cells
Authors: Choi Hyun-Jung , Kim Na-Eun , Kim Byeong Mo , Seo Miran , Heo Ji Hoe
Published: November 2018

YAP/TAZ, a transcriptional co-activator of Hippo pathway, has emerged as a central player in vessel homeostasis such as sprouting angiogenesis and vascular barrier stabilization, during development. However, the role of YAP/TAZ in pathological angiogenesis remains unclear. Here, we demonstrated that YAP/TAZ is a critical mediator in leukocyte-endothelial adhesion induced by the vascular inflammatory cytokine TNF-α. YAP/TAZ was dephosphorylated, translocated from the cytosol to the nucleus, and activated by TNF-α in endothelial cells. A specific inhibitor of Rho GTPases suppressed the TNF-α-induced dephosphorylation of YAP. Knockdown of YAP/TAZ using siRNA significantly reduced the expression of the leukocyte adhesion molecule VCAM1 induced by TNF-α. The adhesion of monocytes to endothelial cells was also markedly reduced by YAP/TAZ silencing. However, knockdown of YAP/TAZ did not affect TNF-α-induced NF-κB signaling. Overall, these results suggest that YAP/TAZ plays critical roles in regulating TNF-α-induced endothelial cell adhesive properties without affecting the NF-κB pathway, and implicate YAP/TAZ as a potential therapeutic target for treating inflammatory vascular diseases.
Hepatocyte Growth Factor Activator: A Proteinase Linking Tissue Injury with Repair
Authors: Fukushima Tsuyoshi , Uchiyama Shuichiro , Tanaka Hiroyuki , Kataoka Hiroaki
Published: November 2018

Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) promotes pleiotropic signaling through its specific receptor tyrosine kinase, MET. As such, it has important roles in the regeneration of injured tissues. Since HGF is produced mainly by mesenchymal cells and MET is expressed in most epithelial, endothelial and somatic stem cells, HGF functions as a typical paracrine growth factor. HGF is secreted as an inactive precursor (proHGF) and requires proteolytic activation to initiate HGF-induced MET signaling. HGF activator (HGFAC) is a serum activator of proHGF and produces robust HGF activities in injured tissues. HGFAC is a coagulation factor XII-like serine endopeptidase that circulates in the plasma as a zymogen (proHGFAC). Thrombin, kallikrein-related peptidase (KLK)-4 or KLK-5 efficiently activates proHGFAC. The activated HGFAC cleaves proHGF at Arg494-Val495, resulting in the formation of the active disulfide-linked heterodimer HGF. Macrophage stimulating protein, a ligand of RON, is also activated by HGFAC in vivo. Although HGFAC functions primarily at the site of damaged tissue, a recent report has suggested that activated HGFAC relays a signal to stem cells in non-injured tissues via proHGF activation in the stem cell niche. This review focuses on current knowledge regarding HGFAC-mediated proHGF activation and its roles in tissue regeneration and repair.
Hydroxysteroid 11-Beta Dehydrogenase 1 Overexpression with Copy-Number Gain and Missense Mutations in Primary Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors
Authors: Li Chien-Feng , Liu Ting-Ting , Wang Jui-Chu , Yu Shih-Chen , Chen Yen-Yang , Fang Fu-Min , Li Wan-Shan , Huang Hsuan-Ying
Published: November 2018

The lipid-metabolizing enzymes remain underexplored in gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs). Through transcriptomic reappraisal, hydroxysteroid 11-beta dehydrogenase-1 (HSD11B1) was identified as a top-upregulated, progression-associated gene. To validate the clinical relevance of HSD11B1, the informative results of Sanger sequencing (n = 58), mRNA quantification by branched-chain DNA in situ hybridization assay (n = 70), copy number assay by fluorescent in situ hybridization (n = 350), and immunohistochemistry (n = 350) were correlated with clincopathological variables, KIT/PDGFRA/BRAF genotypes, and disease-free survival (DFS). HSD11B1 was stably silenced to explore its oncogenic function. HSD11B1 mRNA varied between high-risk and non-high-risk groups (p = 0.009) and positively correlated with HSD11B1 immunoexpression (r = 0.783, p < 0.001). HSD11B1 copy-number gain (CNG), including polysomy (5.4%) and amplification (12%), associated with HSD11B1 overexpression (p < 0.001). Predominantly involving the homodimer interface-affecting exon 6 or exon 7, missense HSD11B1 mutations (17.2%) were related to high risk (p = 0.044), age ≥70 years (p = 0.007), and shorter DFS among relapsed cases (p = 0.033). CNG was related to unfavorable KIT/PDGFRA/BRAF genotypes (p = 0.015), while HSD11B1 overexpression was preferential in non-gastric cases (p < 0.001). Both abnormalities strongly associated with risk levels (both p < 0.001) and shorter univariate DFS (both p < 0.0001), and HSD11B1 CNG remained prognostically independent (p < 0.001) with a 3-fold increased hazard ratio. In vitro, HSD11B1 knockdown significantly inhibited proliferation and caused G2/M arrest. In conclusion, HSD11B1 overexpression may occur owing to CNG, confer a pro-proliferative function, and predict a worse prognosis in GISTs.
Low-Cost Low-Power Acceleration of a Microwave Imaging Algorithm for Brain Stroke Monitoring
Authors: Sarwar Imran , Turvani Giovanna , Casu Mario R. , Tobon Jorge A. , Vipiana Francesca , Scapaticci Rosa , Crocco Lorenzo
Published: November 2018

Microwave imaging can effectively image the evolution of a hemorrhagic stroke thanks to the dielectric contrast between the blood and the surrounding brain tissues. To keep low both the form factor and the power consumption in a bedside device, we propose implementing a microwave imaging algorithm for stroke monitoring in a programmable system-on-chip, in which a simple ARM-based CPU offloads to an FPGA the heavy part of the computation. Compared to a full-software implementation in the ARM CPU, we obtain a 5× speed increase with hardware acceleration without loss in accuracy and precision.
On the Rising Complexity of Bank Regulatory Capital Requirements: From Global Guidelines to their United States (US) Implementation
Authors: Barth James , Miller Stephen
Published: November 2018

After the Latin American Debt Crisis of 1982, the official response worldwide turned to minimum capital standards to promote stable banking systems. Despite their existence, however, such standards have still not prevented periodic disruptions in the banking sectors of various countries. After the 2007–2009 crisis, bank capital requirements have, in some cases, increased and overall have become even more complex. This paper reviews (1) how Basel-style capital adequacy guidelines have evolved, becoming higher in some cases and overall more complex, (2) how the United States (US) implementation of these guidelines has contributed to regulatory complexity, even when omitting other bank capital regulations that are specific to the US, and (3) how the US regulatory measures still do not provide equally valuable information about whether a bank is adequately capitalized.
Preservation of Bone Tissue Integrity with Temperature Control for In Situ SR-MicroCT Experiments
Authors: Peña Fernández Marta , Dall’Ara Enrico , Kao Alexander P. , Bodey Andrew J. , Karali Aikaterina , Blunn Gordon W. , Barber Asa H. , Tozzi Gianluca
Published: November 2018

Digital volume correlation (DVC), combined with in situ synchrotron microcomputed tomography (SR-microCT) mechanics, allows for 3D full-field strain measurement in bone at the tissue level. However, long exposures to SR radiation are known to induce bone damage, and reliable experimental protocols able to preserve tissue properties are still lacking. This study aims to propose a proof-of-concept methodology to retain bone tissue integrity, based on residual strain determination using DVC, by decreasing the environmental temperature during in situ SR-microCT testing. Compact and trabecular bone specimens underwent five consecutive full tomographic data collections either at room temperature or 0 °C. Lowering the temperature seemed to reduce microdamage in trabecular bone but had minimal effect on compact bone. A consistent temperature gradient was measured at each exposure period, and its prolonged effect over time may induce localised collagen denaturation and subsequent damage. DVC provided useful information on irradiation-induced microcrack initiation and propagation. Future work is necessary to apply these findings to in situ SR-microCT mechanical tests, and to establish protocols aiming to minimise the SR irradiation-induced damage of bone.
Reinforcement of Rubber Magnetic Composites with Zinc Salts of Acrylic and Methacrylic Acids
Authors: Kruželák Ján , Karlíková Viera , Dosoudil Rastislav , Tomanová Katarína , Hudec Ivan
Published: November 2018

Strontium ferrite was compounded with acrylonitrile butadiene rubber to prepare rubber magnetic composites. For cross-linking of the prepared materials, peroxide curing systems consisting of dicumyl peroxide as curing agent and zinc salts of acrylic and methacrylic acids as co-agents were used. The amount of strontium ferrite was kept constant in all experiments, while the main objective of the work was to investigate the composition of curing system and both types of co-agents on the cross-linking, physical-mechanical, dynamic and magnetic properties of the rubber magnets. The results showed that the change in composition of curing system has significant influence on cross-link density and properties of the tested composite materials. With an increasing amount of zinc based co-agents, significant improvement of tensile strength was achieved. The application of zinc based co-agents in peroxide vulcanization of rubber magnetic composites leads to the preparation of rubber magnets with not only good magnetic properties, but also with improved physical-mechanical characteristics.
A Coupled Finite Element and Crystal Plasticity Study of Friction Effect on Texture Evolution in Uniaxial Compression of NiTi Shape Memory Alloy
Authors: Hu Li , Jiang Shuyong , Zhou Tao , Chen Qiang
Published: November 2018

A coupled macro-meso-scale numerical simulation is applied to investigate the friction effect on texture evolution during uniaxial compression of NiTi shape memory alloy at 400 °C. In this approach, macroscale finite element simulations in consideration of various friction coefficient are conducted and then the corresponding velocity gradients in various regions are extracted mainly based on the delivery deformation gradient in the user-defined material subroutine (UMAT) in ABAQUS code. These velocity gradients are regarded as the deformation conditions applied in the mesoscale VPSC model. Simulation results in terms of macroscale finite element modeling demonstrate that only within the region of minimum deformation zone which is close to the die, friction effect has a nonnegligible influence on the velocity gradient. Simulation results with respect to the mesoscale VPSC modeling show that the affine and Neff = 10 linearization schemes provide the best predictions for NiTi shape memory alloy with cubic structure. Furthermore, the friction effect does have an influence on the evolution of slip mode activities in various deformation zones and therefore results in the inhomogeneous texture evolution within the deformed sample during uniaxial compression.
Joint Optimization of Preventive Maintenance, Spare Parts Inventory and Transportation Options for Systems of Geographically Distributed Assets
Authors: Wang Keren , Djurdjanovic Dragan
Published: November 2018

Maintenance scheduling for geographically dispersed assets intricately and closely depends on the availability of maintenance resources. The need to have the right spare parts at the right place and at the right time inevitably calls for joint optimization of maintenance schedules and logistics of maintenance resources. The joint decision-making problem becomes particularly challenging if one considers multiple options for preventive maintenance operations and multiple delivery methods for the necessary spare parts. In this paper, we propose an integrated decision-making policy that jointly considers scheduling of preventive maintenance for geographically dispersed multi-part assets, managing inventories for spare parts being stocked in maintenance facilities, and choosing the proper delivery options for the spare part inventory flows. A discrete-event, simulation-based meta-heuristic was used to optimize the expected operating costs, which reward the availability of assets and penalizes the consumption of maintenance/logistic resources. The benefits of joint decision-making and the incorporation of multiple options for maintenance and logistic operations into the decision-making framework are illustrated through a series of simulations. Additionally, sensitivity studies were conducted through a design-of-experiment (DOE)-based analysis of simulation results. In summary, considerations of concurrent optimization of maintenance schedules and spare part logistic operations in an environment in which multiple maintenance and transpiration options are available are a major contribution of this paper. This large optimization problem was solved through a novel simulation-based meta-heuristic optimization, and the benefits of such a joint optimization are studied via a unique and novel DOE-based sensitivity analysis.
A New {Dy5} Single-Molecule Magnet Bearing the Schiff Base Ligand N-Naphthalidene-2-amino-5-chlorophenol
Authors: Alexandropoulos Dimitris I. , Alaimo Alysha A. , Sun Di , Stamatatos Theocharis C.
Published: November 2018

A new {Dy5} cluster compound has been synthesized and structurally characterized from the initial use of the Schiff base ligand N-naphthalidene-2-amino-5-chlorophenol (nacpH2) in coordination chemistry. The 1:1 reaction between Dy(hpd)3∙2H2O and nacpH2, in a solvent mixture comprising CH2Cl2 and MeOH, afforded orange crystals of [Dy5(OH)2(hpd)3(nacp)5(MeOH)5] (1) in 70% yield, where hpd− is the anion of 3,5-heptadione. The {Dy5} complex can be described as two vertical {Dy3(μ3-OH)}8+ triangles sharing a common vertex; such a metal topology is unprecedented in 4f-metal cluster chemistry. Direct current (dc) magnetic susceptibility studies revealed the presence of some weak ferromagnetic exchange interactions between the five DyIII ions at low temperatures. Alternating current (ac) magnetic susceptibility measurements at zero applied dc field showed that complex 1∙3MeOH∙CH2Cl2 exhibits temperature- and frequency-dependent out-of-phase signals below ~20 K, characteristics of a single-molecule magnet (SMM). The resulting relaxation times were used to construct an Arrhenius-type plot and determine an effective energy barrier, Ueff, of 100 K for the magnetization reversal. The application of a small dc field of 200 Oe resulted in the surpassing of the quantum tunneling process and subsequently the increase of the Ueff to a value of 170 K. The reported results are part of a long-term program aiming at the preparation of structurally and magnetically interesting lanthanide complexes bearing various Schiff base chelating/bridging ligands.
Suboptimal Temperature Acclimation Affects Kennedy Pathway Gene Expression, Lipidome and Metabolite Profile of Nannochloropsis salina during PUFA Enriched TAG Synthesis
Authors: Gill Saba Shahid , Willette Stephanie , Dungan Barry , Jarvis Jacqueline M. , Schaub Tanner , VanLeeuwen Dawn M. , St. Hilaire Rolston , Holguin F. Omar
Published: November 2018

In humans, dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are involved in therapeutic processes such as prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases, neuropsychiatric disorders, and dementia. We examined the physiology, PUFA accumulation and glycerol lipid biosynthesis in the marine microalga Nannochloropsis salina in response to constant suboptimal temperature (<20 °C). As expected, N. salina exhibited significantly reduced growth rate and photosynthetic activity compared to optimal cultivation temperature. Total fatty acid contents were not significantly elevated at reduced temperatures. Cultures grown at 5 °C had the highest quantity of eicosapentanoic acid (EPA) (C20:5n3) and the lowest growth rate. Additionally, we monitored broadband lipid composition to model the occurrence of metabolic alteration and remodeling for various lipid pools. We focused on triacylglycerol (TAG) with elevated PUFA content. TAGs with EPA at all three acyl positions were higher at a cultivation temperature of 15 °C. Furthermore, monogalactosyldiacylglycerol and digalactosyldiacylglycerol, which are polar lipids associated with chloroplast membranes, decreased with reduced cultivation temperatures. Moreover, gene expression analysis of key genes involved in Kennedy pathway for de novo TAG biosynthesis revealed bimodal variations in transcript level amongst the temperature treatments. Collectively, these results show that Nannochloropsis salina is a promising source of PUFA containing lipids.
Effect of Probiotics on the Glucose Levels of Pregnant Women: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Authors: Peng Tzu-Rong , Wu Ta-Wei , Chao You-Chen
Published: November 2018

Background: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a condition, in which women develop high blood sugar levels during pregnancy without having diabetes. Evidence on the effects of probiotics on the blood glucose levels of women with GDM is inconsistent. Objective: The present study aimed to investigate the effects of probiotics on the blood glucose levels of pregnant women. Methods: Online databases, such as PubMed, Cochrane, and Excerpta Medica Database (EMBASE) were searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published before July 2018. Trials had to meet the inclusion criteria of our study. Methodological quality and risk bias were independently assessed by two reviewers. Data were pooled using a random effects model and were expressed as the mean difference (MD) and 95% confidence interval (CI). Heterogeneity was evaluated and quantified as I2. Results: In total, 12 RCTs were included in this study. Studies have shown that the use of probiotics significantly reduced the fasting blood glucose (FBG) level (MD: −0.10 mmol/L; 95% CI: −0.19, −0.02), insulin concentration (MD: −2.24 μIU/mL; 95% CI: −3.69, −0.79), Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) score (MD: −0.47; 95% CI: −0.74, −0.21), and Homeostasis model of assessment-estimated β cell function (HOMA-B) score (MD: −20.23; 95% CI: −31.98, −8.49) of pregnant women. In a subgroup analysis, whether the blood glucose-lowering effect of probiotics influenced the diagnosis of pregnant women with GDM was assessed. The results showed that probiotics had significantly reduced the fasting blood glucose (FBG) level (MD: −0.10 mmol/L; 95% CI: −0.17, −0.04) and HOMA-IR score (MD: −0.37; 95% CI: −0.72, −0.02) of pregnant women who were not diagnosed with GDM. Conclusion: Probiotics reduce the blood glucose level of pregnant women, especially without GDM diagnosis. However, further research using RCTs must be conducted to validate the results of the present study.
New Functions of Classical Compounds against Orofacial Inflammatory Lesions
Authors: Moritani Norifumi H. , Hara Emilio Satoshi , Kubota Satoshi
Published: November 2018

Anti-inflammatory agents have been widely used to ameliorate severe inflammatory symptoms of a number of diseases, and such therapeutics are particularly useful for diseases with intolerable pain without significant mortality. A typical example of this is a disease known as stomatitis; although stomatitis itself is not a life-threatening disease, it severely impairs the individual’s quality of life, and thus a standard therapeutic strategy for it has already been established. The topical application of a bioactive agent is quite easy, and a strong anti-inflammatory agent can be used without significant adverse effects. In contrast, natural products with relatively mild bioactivity are used for systemic intervention. However, new aspects of classical drugs used in these established therapeutic methods have recently been discovered, which is expanding the utility of these compounds to other oral diseases such as osteoarthritis of temporomandibular joints (TMJ-OA). In this review article, after summarizing the general concept and pathobiology of stomatitis, its established therapeutics are explained. Thereafter, recent advances in the research into related compounds, which is uncovering new biological functions of the agents used therein, are introduced. Indeed, regenerative therapeutics for TMJ-OA may be developed with the classical compounds currently being used.
An Analysis of Creep Phenomena in the Power Boiler Superheaters
Authors: Duda Piotr , Felkowski Łukasz , Duda Andrzej
Published: November 2018

Higher temperatures of the power boiler superheater operation may lead to high strains caused by the creep phenomenon. This paper presents a determination of the maximum allowable operating temperature limited by the creep phenomenon for steam superheater SH3. The calculations are carried out first on the basis of applicable European standards. Then, calculations are performed based on conducted creep tests, a proposed creep model, and a finite element method (FEM) model. A detailed creep phenomenon analysis based on the conducted creep tests shows that stresses that determine the creep process are mainly caused by pressure. Normal stresses resulting from bending are mainly the effect of thermal expansion. These stresses undergo significant relaxation because of creep. The creep phenomenon analysis explains the equations of the European standards. The presented calculations enable estimation of a safe value of the operating temperature which is constant over time. The estimated time of safe operation does not take account of temperature spikes. For this reason, pressure elements working at high temperatures must be inspected regularly to assess their wear state.
Effect of Hydrothermal Activity on Organic Matter Enrichment of Shale: A Case Study of the Upper Ordovician and the Lower Silurian in the Lower Yangtze, South China
Authors: Huang Yizhou , Jiang Zhenxue , Zhang Kun , Song Yan , Jiang Shu , Liu Weiwei , Wen Ming , Li Xin , Xie Xuelian , Liu Tianlin , Cao Xiangni , Sun Yue , Zhu Lin , Shu Dongchu
Published: November 2018

The effect of organic matter on hydrocarbon potential, storage space, and gas content of shale is well-known. Additionally, present-day content of sedimentary organic matter in shale is controlled by depositional and preservation processes. Therefore, a study of the enrichment mechanisms of sedimentary organic matter provides a scientific basis for the determination of favorable areas of shale gas. In this study the Upper Ordovician Xinkailing Fm. and the first member of the Lower Silurian Lishuwo Fm. were examined. Stratigraphic sequences were identified through conventional logs and elemental capture spectrum data. Oxygen isotope analysis was applied to recover paleotemperature of seawater in the study area. The excess silicon content was calculated and the origin of the silica was determined by the Fe-Al-Mn ternary plot. The enrichment mechanism of organic matter was analyzed by two aspects: redox conditions and paleoproductivity. As a result, the stratigraphic interval was divided into two 3rd-order sequences. Through oxygen isotope, the paleotemperature of seawater was 62.7–79.2 °C, providing evidence of the development of hydrothermal activity. Analysis of excess siliceous minerals identified two siliceous mineral origins: terrigenous and hydrothermal. It also revealed an upwards decreasing tendency in hydrothermal activity intensity. Strong hydrothermal activity during the Late Ordovician, recognized as TST1, formed a weak-oxidizing to poor-oxygen environment with high paleoproductivity, which promoted organic matter enrichment. During the Late Ordovician to the Early Silurian, identified as RST1, TST2, and RST2, weakening hydrothermal activity caused the decline of paleoproductivity and increased oxidation of bottom waters, leading to a relative decrease of organic matter content in the shale. Therefore, favorable areas of shale gas accumulation in the Upper Ordovician and Lower Silurian are determined stratigraphically as the TST1, with a high total organic carbonate content. Geographically, the hydrothermally-active area near the plate connection of the Yangtze and the Cathaysian is most favorable.