bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hume’s Political Philosophy
Authors: McArthur Neil
Published: December 2014

Although David Hume never produced a single comprehensive work that encapsulated his views on politics, his various writings address a broad range of topics of relevance to political philosophy. He critiques the social contract theory of Hobbes and Locke, and he offers an alternative, evolutionary account of the origins of government. Hume sees all governments as the result of a struggle between authority and liberty, with the best of them achieving a balance between the two by implementing systems of “general laws.” Hume’s cautious approach to social change may fairly be called conservative. However, he is willing to endorse efforts at gradual reform when these efforts do not threaten the stability of the society. His legacy for modern political philosophy remains contested.
“Econogenic Harm”
Authors: DeMartino George F.
Published: December 2014

Economists have long recognized that virtually all economic policy interventions that they advocate entail foreseeable and/or unforeseeable harm to some economic actors, even while promising benefits for others. And yet there is no tradition in economics that explores carefully the harm that economists cause as they try to do good. “Iatrogenic harm” (from the Greek, “doctor-originating”) refers to the harm that results from medical practice. This chapter proposes the term “econogenic harm” to name the harm that results from economic practice. Despite the ubiquity of econogenic harm, economists have failed to give a good account of the complex nature of economic harm or to wrestle with its ethical entailments. Instead, economists have relied too eagerly on the Kaldor-Hicks compensation test, often operationalized through cost-benefit analysis, as a sufficient ethical guide for their own conduct in policy formation. But Kaldor-Hicks cannot serve the ethical purposes to which it has been put.
The Ethical Economist
Authors: Wight Jonathan B.
Published: December 2014

Potential market failures in economic research are addressed in part through enlightened self-interest (reputation building) and strengthened through nonconsequentialist ethical traditions that emphasize duty and virtue. To illustrate, this chapter follows a hypothetical student researcher making ethically laden professional choices; it draws attention to the moral hazards in truth seeking and the ways in which socially enforced norms can reduce cheating. The often-unstated yet critical role of an academic mentor is to indoctrinate students in the ideology of science and the virtues of integrity—in opposition to utility maximization. Critical thinking can be enhanced when these considerations are elaborated using the theory and evidence of Adam Smith and Vernon Smith, respectively. The chapter also explores the role of the economics profession in promoting ethical conduct among its members.
Cognitive Development in the Emerging Adult
Authors: King Patricia M. , Kitchener Karen Strohm
Published: December 2014

This chapter examines cognitive development in emerging adulthood by focusing on two concepts: cognitive complexity and development. More specifically, it explores how complex cognitive abilities enable emerging adults to better cope with the demands of adult life through the aid of complex thinking that results from cognitive development. To understand cognitive development, the chapter first outlines several conditions that make a cognitive change developmental in nature. It then discusses three cognitive processes, namely, cognition, metacognition, and epistemic cognition, with emphasis on the theory and research related to each. In addition, it considers age-related issues of cognitive development. William G. Perry Jr.’s seminal work on students’ intellectual and ethical development in the college years is also examined, together with the concepts of self-evolution and self-authorship. Finally, the chapter discusses the dynamic development theory developed by Fischer et al. and its implications for understanding epistemic development.
On the Trail of Social Comparison
Authors: Suls Jerry , Wheeler Ladd
Published: December 2014

Social comparison, a major source of social influence, refers to the selection and utilization of information about other people’s standings and opinions to make accurate self-assessments or to protect or enhance self-esteem. We survey the development of comparison theory over six decades, its ambiguities, and reformulations based on the psychology of attribution and social cognition. Selective comparisons allow people to gauge how well they have fulfilled their potential and capacity to accomplish important tasks, and whether their beliefs, values, and actions are appropriate and worthwhile. Exposure to superior and inferior targets shifts self-evaluations toward (assimilation) or away (contrast) from the targets, depending on the kinds of information made cognitively accessible by the situation or by individual differences. To illustrate comparison’s effects on social influence, applications, such as the effects of academic tracking on self-esteem and effects of large social networks on mental and physical health outcomes, are described.
The Legislative Agenda
Authors: Laker Scott R. , Herring Stanley A. , Adler Richard H.
Published: December 2014

Following the lead of Washington State and the Zackery Lystedt Law, all states have now passed laws that are designed to create a safer environment for youth athletes participating in sports with regard to concussions and head injury. These laws, while having a positive effect on concussion awareness, have created concern for some healthcare providers of legislated medical care. This chapter discusses the individual tenets of the Zackery Lystedt Law, its genesis in Washington State, the spread of concussion legislation across the United States, and its potential legal ramifications. Some of the major differences among states that have passed similar laws are also discussed.
Transparency in International Trade Policy
Authors: Plummer Michael G. , Tafti Alissa
Published: December 2014

This chapter focuses on transparency in the context of trade policy. It begins by considering the issue of “policy transparency” and the implications of improved transparency on uncertainty. It then examines “regulatory transparency” as well as issues related to transparency in the context of free trade agreements. It also highlights the net effects of transparency on trade and income and introduces the concept of “conveyance,” which stresses the importance of “advocacy.” Next, it discusses the potential effects of greater transparency in regional trading arrangements. In spite of the inherent difficulties in quantifying transparency measures and estimating their economic effects, improvements in transparency appear to have the potential to increase trade and economic welfare significantly.
Price Transparency and Market Integration
Authors: Friberg Richard
Published: December 2014

A few years back many predicted that new information technology and the common currency in Europe would exert a powerful equalizing pressure on prices of the same good in different locations. This chapter evaluates these predictions with a focus on empirical evaluations. We first survey the literature that links transparency to price dispersion (more transparency is associated with lower dispersion) and to price levels (there is a general presumption that prices fall as they become more transparent but by making collusion easier the effects can be the opposite in some markets). We also survey evidence that many markets are segmented along national borders and present an in-depth analysis of the mechanisms that link transparency and market segmentation. We conclude that greater transparency has important market integrating effects—but only if other barriers that separate markets are low and sellers are not able to endogenously create barriers. Overall the market integrating effects of greater transparency associated with new technology and a common currency in Europe have been minor so far.
Assessment in Instrumental Music
Authors: Russell Joshua A.
Published: December 2014

Assessment is a necessary and challenging task for many instrumental music educators. Limited instructional time, little to no assessment training, and large class sizes are but a few of the often cited reasons for the current state of assessment in instrumental music. Some steps, however, can be taken to improve student achievement in music through better assessment practices. In this chapter, I will focus on the assessment of student learning and achievement in the instrumental music classroom. I review the status of assessment, the differences between instrumental and choral assessment practices, rating scales, assessing musical knowledge, self-assessment, peer assessment, the psychological impact of assessment, technology in assessment, standardized tests, and the impact of case law on assessment. The chapter concludes with a series of general recommendations for improved assessment strategies.
Live Music and Noise Debates in New Orleans Post-Katrina
Authors: Le Menestrel Sara
Published: December 2014

This article explores the increased enforcement of legislation pertaining to live music in New Orleans. The resulting litigation has brought to light conflicting agendas among municipal administration, actors involved in the music scene, and neighborhood associations. Since the fall of 2012, a new force emerged in this public debate, the Music and Culture Coalition in New Orleans. At stake are distinct perceptions of noise, the uniqueness of the city, and the nature of public space.
Player Piano
Authors: Patteson Thomas
Published: December 2014

Despite falling out of widespread use after the end of the 1920s, the player piano remains one of the most important technological innovations of the twentieth century. The instrument, in its various forms, has been a lightning rod for vigorous debates about the nature of music, performance, and the ethical status of technology itself. Yet the player piano remains deeply misunderstood in both its cultural and technological workings. This article surveys the course of the instrument’s development, distinguishes its various manifestations, and charts its varied and unforeseen uses. It shows how the instrument served a variety of cultural ends, from the immortalization of great pianistic interpreters, to leisurely domestic entertainment, to experiments in modernism such as “mechanical music.” The player piano serves as an example of the seemingly unlimited potential for creative appropriation and a warning against the pitfalls of technological determinism.
Sex Offender Monitoring
Authors: McMahon Jennifer , Calkins Cynthia , Mesler Julia
Published: December 2014

The past two decades have been marked by increasing public concern about sex offenders in our community. Specific laws and policies focused on increasing the supervision of sex offenders have since been enacted in an effort to promote community safety and reduce sexual recidivism. However, the effectiveness and value of the techniques utilized to monitor and restrict sex offenders have been called into question. This chapter describes the development of legislation, including registration and community notification laws, residence and mobility restrictions, electronic monitoring, and sexually violent predator (SVP) statutes, as well as examines other community-based supervision methods such as polygraph testing and treatment approaches. Empirical data that sheds light on the success of these monitoring techniques is examined. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the implications of this data for the prevention of sexual violence in our communities.
Latin American Youth Gangs
Authors: Brenneman Robert , García Adriana
Published: December 2014

In recent decades, youth street gangs have captured the attention of the media both inside and outside the region. Particularly in the northern Central American countries of Guatemala, Honduras, and El Salvador, gangs underwent a transformation from pandillas to maras, and this transformation was fueled in part by the deportation of tens of thousands of immigrant gang youth from the United States. Presidential elections have been won and lost on the basis of promises about gang violence reduction. But much of the debate about gangs is based on ambiguous and often conflicting claims. This essay seeks to examine what we know about the Central American gangs, what we do not know about them, and how current research can and should shape attempts to reduce gang violence in northern Central America.
Unstressed antepartum cardiotocography in the management of the fetus suspected of growth retardation
Authors: Flynn Anna M. , Kelly J. , O'Conor M.
Published: December 2014

A detailed analysis of the antenatal cardiotocographs (CTGs) in 57 patients with suspected fetal growth retardation is presented. Four traces were normal and 53 were ‘non‐reactive. ‘Non‐reactive’ traces can be sub‐divided into three categories, which, in order of severity are, ‘suspect’, ‘flat’ and ‘ominous’. When compared with the ‘suspect’ group, perinatal mortality was significantly increased and the Apgar scores at one and five minutes significantly decreased in the ‘flat’ and ‘ominous’ groups. The presence of fetal distress in labour was significantly higher in the ‘flat’ group as compared with the ‘suspect’ group. Intrauterine deaths occurred only in the ‘ominous’ group. With experience, ten patients later in the series with ‘ominous’ patterns were delivered within 24 hours of the detection of such and nine infants survived. At follow‐up between 6 and 34 months after birth, psychomotor development was normal in 47 of the 49 surviving infants.
Maternal and child health after assisted vaginal delivery: five‐year follow up of a randomised controlled study comparing forceps and ventouse
Authors: Johanson R. B. , Heycock E. , Carter J. , Sultan A. H. , Walklate K. , Jones P. W.
Published: December 2014

Objective

To undertake a five year follow up of a cohort of women and children delivered by forceps or vacuum extractor in a randomised controlled study.

Design

Follow up of a randomised controlled trial.

Setting

District general hospital in the West Midlands.

Population

Follow up questionnaires were sent to 306 of the 313 women originally recruited at the North Staffordshire Hospital to a randomised controlled study comparing forceps and vacuum extractor for assisted delivery. Two hundred and twenty‐eight women responded (74·5%) and all were included in the study; forceps (n = 115) and vacuum extractor (n = 113).

Main outcome measures

Bowel and urinary dysfunction, child vision assessment, and child development.

Results

Maternal adverse symptoms at long term follow up were relatively common. Urinary incontinence of various severity was reported by 47%, bowel habit urgency was reported by 44% (98/225), and loss of bowel control ‘sometimes’ or ‘frequently’ by 20% of women (46/226). No significant differences between instruments were found in terms of either bowel or urinary dysfunction. Overall, 13% (20/158) of children were noted to have visual problems. There was no significant difference in visual function between the two groups: ventouse 11/86 (12·8%), compared with forceps 9/72 (12·5%); odds ratio 0·97, 95% CI 0·38–2·50. Of the 20 children with visual problems, a family history was known in 18, and 17/18 (94%) had a positive family history for visual problems. No significant differences in child development were found between the two groups.

Conclusions

There is no evidence to suggest that at five years after delivery use of the ventouse or forceps has specific maternal or child benefits or side effects.
A multicentre randomised controlled trial comparing elective and selective caesarean section for the delivery of the preterm breech infant
Authors: Penn Zoe J. , Steer Philip J. , Grant Adrian
Published: December 2014

Objective

To determine the optimum mode of delivery for women in preterm breech labour at a gestational age of 26 to 32 weeks.

Design

A multicentre randomised controlled trial.

Setting

Twenty‐six hospitals in England, UK.

Participants

Women with a singleton breech fetus in spontaneous preterm labour between 26 and 32 completed weeks of gestation, with no clear indication for a caesarean section or vaginal breech delivery.

Intervention

Random allocation to either ‘intention to delivery vaginally’ or ‘intention to deliver by caesarean section’.

Main outcome measures

Perinatal mortality, neonatal morbidity, maternal morbidity and gestation at delivery.

Results

The trial was closed after 17 months because of low recruitment, by which time substantial numbers of women had been in the eligible gestation period. Thirteen women from six hospitals were recruited. One infant, randomised to and delivered vaginally, was stillborn. Three fetal presentations were cephalic at delivery despite a diagnosis of breech presentation at trial entry. No formal statistical analysis was performed due to the small numbers.

Conclusions

No conclusions about the optimum mode of delivery for women in preterm labour with a fetus presenting by the breech can be drawn from this trial. The low accrual rate was due to clinicians’ reluctance to randomise eligible women, reflecting the circumstances and nature of the trial.
IL‐35: A potential therapeutic target for controlling hepatitis B virus infection
Authors: Xiang Xiao Gang , Xie Qing
Published: December 2014

Interleukin (IL)‐35, a recently identified cytokine of the IL‐12 family, is a potent immunosuppressive cytokine secreted by regulatory T (Treg) cells and the newly reported regulatory B (Breg) cells. IL‐35 functions as a crucial immunosuppressive factor in immune‐mediated diseases, and the predominant mechanism of suppression is its ability to suppress T cell proliferation and effector functions. The pathogenic processes of the non‐cytopathic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection‐related liver diseases are immune‐mediated, including liver damage and viral control. It has been found that IL‐35 is detectable in peripheral CD4+ T cells in chronic HBV‐infected patients, whereas it is undetectable in healthy individuals. There is growing evidence that cytokine‐mediated immune responses play a pivotal role in determining the clinical outcome during HBV infection. It is particularly important to investigate the effects of IL‐35 in the immunopathogenesis of chronic HBV infection. In this study, the recent understanding of this issue is discussed.
Requirement of MyD88 and Fas pathways for the efficacy of allergen‐free immunotherapy
Authors: Fonseca D. M. , Wowk P. F. , Paula M. O. , Gembre A. F. , Baruffi M. D. , Fermino M. L. , Turato W. M. , Campos L. W. , Silva C. L. , Ramos S. G. , Horn C. , Marchal G. , Arruda L. K. , Russo M. , Bonato V. L. D.
Published: December 2014

Background

We have shown that mycobacterial antigens and CpG oligodeoxynucleotides downmodulate airway allergic inflammation by mechanisms dependent on T‐cell activation. Here, we investigated the participation of the innate response, particularly the role of MyD88 adaptor, and Fas molecules in the effectiveness of DNA‐HSP65 or CpG/culture filtrated proteins (CFP) immunotherapy.

Methods

Mice sensitized and challenged with Der p 1 allergen were treated with DNA‐HSP65, CpG/CFP, or with adoptively transferred cells from immunized mice. The treatment efficacy was assessed by evaluating eosinophil recruitment, antibody, and cytokine production.

Results

In addition to downregulating the Th2 response, DNA‐HSP65 and CpG/CFP promoted IL‐10 and IFN‐γ production. Adoptive transfer of cells from mice immunized with DNA‐HSP65 or CpG/CFP to allergic recipients downmodulated the allergic response. Notably, transfer of cells from DNA‐HSP65‐ or CpG/CFP‐immunized MyD88−/− mice failed to reduce allergy. Additionally, for effective reduction of allergy by cells from CpG/CFP‐immunized mice, Fas molecules were required. Although DNA‐HSP65 or CpG/CFP immunization stimulated antigen‐specific production of IFN‐γ and IL‐10, the effect of DNA‐HSP65 was associated with IL‐10 while CpG/CFP was associated with IFN‐γ. Moreover, after stimulation with mycobacterial antigens plus Der p 1 allergen, cells from mite‐allergic patients with asthma exhibited similar patterns of cytokine production as those found in the lung of treated mice.

Conclusions

This study provides new insights on the mechanisms of allergen‐free immunotherapy by showing that both DNA‐HSP65 and CpG/CFP downregulated house dust mite‐induced allergic airway inflammation via distinct pathways that involve not only induction of mycobacterial‐specific adaptive responses but also signaling via MyD88 and Fas molecules.
Cognitive versus Non‐Cognitive Individual Differences and the Dynamics of Career Success
Authors: Ganzach Yoav , Pazy Asya
Published: December 2014

We examine the effects of cognitive and non‐cognitive individual differences on the dynamics of career success (i.e. pay, occupational status) by comparing temporal changes in the validities of two measures of personality—Core Self Evaluations and the Big Five personality dimensions—to temporal changes in the validities of two standard intelligence tests. The main finding of two studies based on large representative samples is that the validity of intelligence clearly increases over time, whereas the validity of personality tends to be stable, indicating that intelligence, but not personality, drives career success.
Core competencies, matching and the structure of foreign direct investment
Authors: Díez Federico J. , Spearot Alan C.
Published: December 2014

We develop a matching model of foreign direct investment to study how multinational firms choose between greenfield investment, acquisitions and joint ownership. Firms must invest in a continuum of tasks to bring a product to market. Each firm possesses a core competency in the task space, but the firms are otherwise identical. For acquisitions and joint ownership, a multinational enterprise (MNE) must match with a local partner that may provide complementary expertise within the task space. However, under joint ownership, investment in tasks is shared by multiple owners and, hence, is subject to a holdup problem that varies with contract intensity. In equilibrium, ex ante identical multinationals enter the local matching market, and, ex post, three different types of heterogeneous firms arise. Specifically, the worst matches are forgone and the MNEs invest greenfield; the middle matches operate under joint ownership; and the best matches integrate via full acquisition. We link the firm‐level model to cross‐country and industry predictions and find that a greater share of full acquisitions occur between more proximate markets, in hosts with greater revenue potential and within contract‐intensive industries. Using data on partial and full acquisitions across industries and countries, we find robust support for these predictions.
Inter‐regional competition, comparative advantage and environmental federalism
Authors: Ferrara Ida , Missios Paul , Yildiz Halis Murat
Published: December 2014

In this paper, we compare endogenous environmental policy setting with centralized and decentralized governments when regions have comparative advantages in different polluting goods. We develop a two‐region, two‐good model with inter‐regional environmental damages and perfect competition in product markets, where both regions produce both goods. Despite positive spillovers of pollution across regions, the model predicts that decentralization may lead to weaker or stricter environmental standards or taxes, depending on the degree of regional comparative advantage and the extent of transboundary pollution. This suggests that federalism can lead to either a “race to the bottom” or a “race to the top,” without relying on inefficient lobbying efforts or capital competition.
Mechanisms and Potential Therapeutic Applications of Microglial Activation after Brain Injury
Authors: Kim Jong‐Youl , Kim Nuri , Yenari Midori A.
Published: December 2014

As the resident immune cells of the central nervous system, microglia rapidly respond to brain insults, including stroke and traumatic brain injury. Microglial activation plays a major role in neuronal cell damage and death by releasing a variety of inflammatory and neurotoxic mediators. Their activation is an early response that may exacerbate brain injury and many other stressors, especially in the acute stages, but are also essential to brain recovery and repair. The full range of microglial activities is still not completely understood, but there is accumulating knowledge about their role following brain injury. We review recent progress related to the deleterious and beneficial effects of microglia in the setting of acute neurological insults and the current literature surrounding pharmacological interventions for intervention.
Vocabulary growth in young CLIL and traditional EFL learners: evidence from research and implications for education
Authors: Agustín‐Llach Maria Pilar , Canga Alonso Andrés
Published: December 2014

This paper presents a three‐year longitudinal study in which the receptive vocabulary size and lexical growth of a group of CLIL learners and of traditional EFL learners are compared. CLIL approaches are considered especially beneficial in lexical development. We tested the receptive vocabulary size of 58 learners in a CLIL programme and of 49 traditional EFL learners. The 2k VLT was used. Results revealed that learners' receptive vocabulary sizes lie within the most frequent 1,000 words, although CLIL learners throw significantly higher vocabulary scores in the last grades tested. Incorporation of new words each grade remains stable for both cohorts, although the vocabulary size of CLIL learners increases with grade. We believe that the CLIL approach offers a benefit for vocabulary acquisition, which grows as experience with the approach, age and proficiency augment.
Introduction to the updatedAustralian andNewZealand consensus guidelines for the use of antifungal agents in the haematology/oncology setting, 2014
Authors: Slavin M. A. , Thursky K. A. , Worth L. J. , Chang C. C. , Morrissey C. O. , Blyth C. C. , Chen S. C. , Szer J.
Published: December 2014

This article introduces the second revision of theAustralian and New Zealand consensus guidelines for the use of antifungal agents in the haematology/oncology setting. The current update occurs within the context of a growing population at risk of invasive fungal disease, improved understanding of risk factors, availability of new diagnostic tests, a much‐expanded evidence base and changing clinical paradigms. Here, we provide an overview of the history and purpose of the guidelines, including changes in scope since the last clinical update was published in 2008. The process for development, and for enabling review of draft recommendations by end‐users and other relevant stakeholders, is described. The approach to assigning levels of evidence and grades of recommendation is also provided, along with a comparison to international grading systems.
Clozapine influences cytoskeleton structure and calcium homeostasis in rat cerebral cortex and has a different proteomic profile than risperidone
Authors: Kedracka‐Krok Sylwia , Swiderska Bianka , Jankowska Urszula , Skupien‐Rabian Bozena , Solich Joanna , Buczak Katarzyna , Dziedzicka‐Wasylewska Marta
Published: December 2014

For over the last 50 years, the molecular mechanism of anti‐psychotic drugs' action has been far from clear. While risperidone is very often used in clinical practice, the most efficient known anti‐psychotic drug is clozapine (CLO). However, the biochemical background of CLO's action still remains elusive. In this study, we performed comparative proteomic analysis of rat cerebral cortex following chronic administration of these two drugs. We observed significant changes in the expression of cytoskeletal, synaptic, and regulatory proteins caused by both antipsychotics. Among other proteins, alterations in collapsin response mediator proteins,CRMP2 andCRMP4, were the most spectacular consequences of treatment with both drugs. Moreover, risperidone increased the level of proteins involved in cell proliferation such as fatty acid‐binding protein‐7 and translin‐associated factor X. CLO significantly up‐regulated the expression of visinin‐like protein 1, neurocalcin δ and mitochondrial, stomatin‐like protein 2, the calcium‐binding proteins regulating calcium homeostasis, and the functioning of ion channels and receptors.

image

Using two‐dimensional differential electrophoresis, we demonstrate that chronic treatment the healthy rats with anti‐psychotics, clozapine and risperidone, induce changes in expression of cytoskeletal, synaptic, and regulatory proteins in the cerebral cortex. While risperidone increases the level of proteins regulating cell proliferation, namely, fatty acid‐binding protein‐7 and translin‐associated factor X, the clozapine significantly up‐regulates calcium sensors, i.e., visinin‐like protein 1 and neurocalcin δ. 2D DIGE, Differential in Gel Electrophoresis; Cy2, Cy3, and Cy5 are cyanine dyes.
A Level Playing Field: An Optimal Weighting Scheme of Dismissal Protection Characteristics
Authors: Kind Michael
Published: December 2014

In collective redundancies, employers are forced to regard certain characteristics when deciding who to dismiss. This paper develops a procedure to derive an empirical‐based weighting scheme between protection characteristics in Germany (age, disability, dependencies, and tenure). Up to now, an objective weighting scheme is missing, and employers bargain with employee's representatives about the weighting of the characteristics. In the suggested procedure, the relationships of the four characteristics with reemployment probabilities and the quality of the new job are estimated. Then, the relevant outcome variable is chosen applying life satisfaction analysis. Finally, based on the empirical results, a weighting scheme for the characteristics is proposed, which serves as a guideline in the process of collective redundancies.
On the Systemic Fragility of Finance‐Led Growth
Authors: Bhaduri Amit , Raghavendra Srinivas , Guttal Vishwesha
Published: December 2014

The paper sets up a model of economic crisis by investigating the role played by movement in asset price as a driver of the dynamic interaction between the real and the financial sectors. Such movement influences income determination in the real economy in the short period through aggregate demand leading to the emergence of two macroeconomic regimes. A short period flow model, underpinned by the stock flow consistent accounting framework, is developed to formalize the dynamics of interaction between real and financial sectors mediated by movement in asset price, generates bistability, abrupt crashes, and systemic fragility in the macroeconomic regimes.
Moderation in the actor–partner interdependence model
Authors: GARCIA RANDI L. , KENNY DAVID A. , LEDERMANN THOMAS
Published: December 2014

Potential moderators of effects in the actor–partner interdependence model (APIM) include variables that vary within dyads, between dyads, or both between and within dyads (i.e., mixed moderators). Another factor in the moderation of the APIM is whether dyads are indistinguishable (e.g., same‐sex friendship pairs) or distinguishable (e.g., heterosexual couples). For each possibility, what are the potential moderator effects (up to 8), how they might be estimated and tested, and how they can be interpreted are discussed. Submodels are also presented, based on patterns of moderation of the actor and partner effects, which are statistically simpler, more conceptually meaningful, and more powerful in testing moderator effects. Example analyses illustrate the recommended steps involved in an APIM moderation analysis.
Walton on Fictionality
Authors: Woodward Richard
Published: December 2014

This paper provides an overview of the account of fictionality — i.e. the phenomenon of things being true “in” or “according to” fictions — that lies at the heart of Kendall Walton's (1990) account of representational art. Walton's central idea is that what it is for a proposition to be fictional is for there to be a prescription to imagine that proposition. As we shall see, however, properly understanding this proposal requires an antecedent grasp of Walton's picture of games of make‐believe and the relations that artworks bear to appreciators. Having explicated these connections, we will then examine the extensional accuracy of Walton's account of fictionality and its connections to the wider debate about the interpretation of artworks.
Bergson's Philosophy of Memory
Authors: Perri Trevor
Published: December 2014

Bergson identifies multiple forms of memory throughout his work. In Matter and Memory, Bergson considers memory from the perspectives of both psychology and metaphysics, and he describes what we might refer to as contraction memory, perception memory, habit memory, recollection memory, and pure memory. Further, in subsequent works, Bergson discusses at least two additional forms of memory – namely, a memory of the present and a non‐intellectual memory of the will. However, it is often not clear how these different forms of memory relate to one another. With the aim of providing an overview of Bergson's philosophy of memory that can also serve as a point of entry to his philosophy as a whole, this article explores the different senses and forms of memory that Bergson describes, paying special attention to how they are distinct from one another and how they are unified. It is my intention to show that, although these various senses and forms of memory are different from one another (sometimes essentially so), they are also continuous and unified insofar as they are equivalent to different tones of one's mental life and to different tensions of one duration.
Shopping or Specialization? Venue Targeting among Nonprofits Engaged in Advocacy
Authors: Buffardi Anne L. , Pekkanen Robert J. , Smith Steven Rathgeb
Published: December 2014

Studies of venue shopping have typically analyzed the case of an individual advocacy group or issue campaign rather than comparing venue strategies across multiple groups. Moreover, this literature focuses on interest groups and advocacy coalitions whose principal mandate is to influence public policy. Using original data, we test theories of venue selection among nonprofit organizations that report engaging in policy processes but the majority of which do not self‐identify as an advocacy group. Our analyses explore the “where” of nonprofit advocacy across three different venue types: branch (executive, legislative), domain (bureaucracy, elected officials), and level of government (local, state, federal). Like interest groups, we find that nonprofits shop among both executive and legislative branches and among elected and bureaucratic domains; however, they tend to specialize in one level of government. Geographic scope and revenue source predicted venue targeting, but most other organizational characteristics including age, capacity, and structure did not.
Policy Cues and Ideology in Attitudes toward Charter Schools
Authors: Reckhow Sarah , Grossmann Matt , Evans Benjamin C.
Published: December 2014

Charter schools have generated support from politicians in both major American political parties while stimulating intense debate among interest groups. We investigate whether and how public attitudes reflect interest group polarization or politician consensus. Using an original survey, we find that charter school opinions diverge along ideological lines among high‐information respondents. With embedded experiments, we manipulate respondents' information using policy cues tied to opposing sides of the charter debate: We assess whether the role of private companies and nonunion teachers changes support for charter schools. We find that the public responds favorably to some informational cues; conservatives without prior information are especially persuaded by information about nonunion teachers. This explains how polarized opinion can develop even in the absence of strong partisan sorting among top political leaders and clarifies the partisan and ideological context of ongoing education policy debates.
Happy 75th, Public Administration Review
Authors: Perry James L.
Published: December 2014

Perry Podcast Episode
Clopidogrel Use in End‐Stage Kidney Disease
Authors: Tanios Bassem Y. , Itani Houssam S. , Zimmerman Deborah L.
Published: December 2014

Clopidogrel irreversibly binds to the P2Y12 platelet receptor and acts as a potent inhibitor of platelet activation and aggregation. It is currently recommended for the prevention of cardiovascular events in patients with acute coronary syndromes, recent ischemic stroke, and peripheral arterial disease. Clopidogrel is a prodrug requiring hepatic conversion into its active metabolite. In the general population, genetic polymorphisms in the CYP2C19 gene interfering with hepatic conversion and the ABCB1 gene interfering with gut absorption of clopidogrel, account for the large interindividual response to clopidogrel and clopidogrel resistance. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) and ESKD are independent risk factors for clopidogrel resistance; 50–80% of patients with ESKD have high on‐treatment residual platelet reactivity when treated with clopidogrel. This may partially explain the abysmal outcomes for patients with kidney disease post coronary intervention. Several assays are used to determine residual on‐treatment platelet reactivity; however, their use in tailoring the suitability of clopidogrel treatment in patients with ESKD is unclear. Although clopidogrel decreased cardiovascular events in the general population after acute coronary syndromes and percutaneous intervention in the CURE and CREDO trials, a reanalysis of these studies in patients with CKD (eGFR <60 ml/minute) showed either a reduced or no benefit from clopidogrel treatment. ESKD patients were not represented in these two large trials; this is true for most of the trials that established clopidogrel as an integral part of the therapeutic armamentarium for cardiovascular disease. Furthermore, clopidogrel has been associated with an increased risk of death, death from bleeding, and hospitalization for bleeding in patients with ESKD. In conclusion, current evidence suggests that ESKD patients may not derive the same benefits from clopidogrel therapy as the general population and this therapy may be associated with harm. Properly designed observational studies and randomized controlled trials are needed to establish the role of clopidogrel in patients with ESKD, the use of platelet assays to tailor therapy, and the role of other antiplatelet agents such as prasugrel or ticagrelor in patients who exhibit high on‐treatment residual platelet reactivity.
Thinking about Others versus Another: Three Reasons Judgments about Collectives and Individuals Differ
Authors: Critcher Clayton R. , Dunning David
Published: December 2014

In this article, we review evidence that people are more positive in assessments of specific individuals than they are about collectives of others, even when people have essentially no information about the individual or collective they are judging. We offer three explanations for this difference. First, evaluative “attacks” on individuals are more aversive than similar attacks on collectives. Second, to encourage or smooth interaction, people sometimes “assume the best” about individuals until proven wrong. Social interaction occurs between specific individuals, so such optimism does not extend to people in general. Third, in making judgments of individuals versus collectives, people naturally focus on different types of information. For an individual, people spontaneously consider influences that operate inside an individual (e.g., one's will, one's moral conscience). But for collectives, people instead contemplate influences that operate at a social level (e.g., social influence, social norms). We explore how these three proposals help predict when judgments of individuals and collectives do or do not differ.
Asymmetries Between Positives and Negatives
Authors: Hsee Christopher K. , Rottenstreich Yuval , Tang Judy
Published: December 2014

How people react to negatives (what they dislike) is not always symmetric to how they react to positives (what they like). We propose a theoretical framework that links three potentially general types of positive–negative asymmetries: asymmetry in prediction errors (people err more when predicting others' attitudes about positives than about negatives), asymmetry in consensus (people agree more among themselves about negatives than about positives), and asymmetry in base rates (there are more negatives than positives). Our theory further explores a moderator for these asymmetries – importance of the stimulus to the self: greater importance engenders greater positive–negative asymmetries. We provide empirical evidence for our theory and discuss the boundaries and implications of our propositions and findings.
Behavioral Norms: Variants and Their Identification
Authors: Anderson Joanna E. , Dunning David
Published: December 2014

Behavioral norms influence human interaction in virtually every situation, yet the study of norms in the behavioral sciences lags relative to their real‐world power and significance. We describe basic distinctions in norms emerging in the behavioral and social sciences – in particular, how norms may be descriptive (i.e,, what people commonly do) versus injunctive (i.e,, what people should do), and social (i.e,, beliefs about what other people think one should do) versus moral (i.e,, what one privately thinks one should do). We further describe empirical methods that researchers can use to examine whether any particular behavior is inspired by norms and which variant might be responsible. We end by describing emerging findings and questions in recent work on norms. Thus, the purpose of this review is to attempt to organize scholarship about norms for social and personality psychology, in the hope that it may foster empirical investigation of norm‐driven behavior and thus build connections to other behavioral sciences.
Involvement of heme synthesis in the growth stimulation of maize seedlings by 5‐aminolevulinic acid
Authors: Yonezawa Tomoki , Sunohara Yukari , Matsumoto Hiroshi
Published: December 2014

The growth of maize seedlings was stimulated by shoot‐applied 5‐aminolevulinic acid 2 days after treatment at 90 and 120 μmol L−1. The effects of 5‐aminolevulinic acid on the activity of nitrate reductase (EC 1.6.6.2) and nitrite reductase (EC 1.7.7.1) and the chlorophyll, ammonium, heme and total free amino acid content were investigated by using maize seedlings to clarify the involvement of nitrogen metabolism and heme synthesis in the growth stimulation. 5‐Aminolevulinic acid increased the level of nitrate reductase activity at 90 μmol L−1 and the ammonium and heme content at 90 and 120 μmol L−1 2 days after treatment. The total amino acid content increased by 90 and 150 μmol L−1 5‐aminolevulinic acid 2 and 3 days after treatment, respectively. However, no significant change was observed in the activity of nitrite reductase or the chlorophyll content after the 5‐aminolevulinic acid treatment. These results suggest that the enhancement of nitrogen metabolism by nitrate reductase activation is involved in the 5‐aminolevulinic acid‐induced stimulation of maize seedling growth. The activation of nitrate reductase might be related to an increase in the heme content following the 5‐aminolevulinic acid treatment.
Systematic Review of Impact of Lifestyle‐Modification Programs on Metabolic Risks and Patient‐Reported Outcomes in Adults With Metabolic Syndrome
Authors: Lin Chia‐Huei , Chiang Shang‐Lin , Tzeng Wen‐Chii , Chiang Li‐Chi
Published: December 2014

Background

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is primarily attributed to an unhealthy lifestyle, which is a modifiable risk factor. Researchers have been exploring various strategies, including lifestyle‐modification programs (LMPs), to prevent the progression of MetS. However, the effectiveness of LMPs on metabolic risks and patient‐reported outcomes (PROs) among adults with MetS remains inconclusive.

Aim

To evaluate the effectiveness of LMPs on the metabolic risks and PROs among adults with MetS.

Methods

A systematic review of randomized controlled trials published from January 1985 to June 2014 was conducted. The review extracted LMP interventions that included outcomes on the metabolic risks and PROs (quality of life and any other psychological health indicators). The quality of the included studies was assessed using the Cochrane Collaboration criteria.

Results

Among the five trials included, the most commonly applied intervention components were diet plans, supervised exercise, health education, individual counseling, behavioral modification, and motivational interviewing. Three fifths of the studies were nurse‐led, and only one of the selected trials was theory‐guided. LMPs can effectively reduce triglyceride levels, waist circumference, and systolic blood pressure. However, few trials consistently confirmed the benefits of metabolic risks, and none revealed a significant effect on high‐density lipoprotein, fasting blood glucose, or any PRO, except quality of life. The duration of LMPs in the included trials ranged from 4 to 24 weeks, and durations of at least 12 weeks significantly improved quality of life.

Linking Evidence to Action

LMPs had positive effects on some metabolic risks and on quality of life, whereas longer‐duration LMPs may have highly beneficial effects on quality of life. The essential elements of LMPs need to be evaluated more thoroughly to determine their effectiveness. Larger and more rigorous randomized controlled trials are required to assess the effectiveness of LMPs on metabolic risks and PROs among adults with MetS.
A Novel Sequence of Exposition of Engineering Thermodynamics*
Authors: Paolo Beretta Gian , Gyftopoulos Elias P.
Published: December 2014

We present the foundations of thermodynamics in a novel sequence in which all basic concepts are defined in terms of well known mechanical ideas. Many definitions are new. The order of introduction of concepts is: system (constituents and parameters); properties; state; energy (without heat and work) and energy balance; classification of states in terms of time evolution; existence of stable equilibrium states; available energy; entropy (without heat and temperature) of any state (equilibrium or not) and entropy balance; properties of stable equilibrium states; temperature in terms of energy and entropy; chemical potentials; pressure; work; heat; applications of balances. This novel sequence not only generalizes the subject of thermodynamics to all systems (large or small) and all states (equilibrium and not equilibrium) but also avoids both the conceptual and definitional difficulties that have been recognized by so many teachers, and the confusion experienced by so many students.