bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rumford's Theory of Heat: A Reassessment
Authors: Goldfarb Stephen J.
Published: January 2009

As a natural philosopher, Count Rumford is best known for his vehement advocacy of a motion or mechanical hypothesis of heat and for the dramatic experiments that he performed to support this hypothesis. Although a motion hypothesis which held that heat was merely the motion of the ultimate particles of a body had a distinguished history, with advocates that included Bacon, Boyle, Hooke, and Newton, most British natural philosophers by the beginning of the nineteenth century believed that the phenomena associated with heat were caused by an imponderable fluid. William Henry reflected contemporary opinion in 1803, when he wrote:

The former of these opinions [i.e. the existence of caloric], though far from being universally admitted, is now generally received; and the peculiar body, to which the phenomena of heat are referred, has been denominated by M. Lavoisier [as] caloric.
Collections VIII: Library and Archive Resources in the History of Science and Medicine at the University of Leeds
Authors: Wood P. B. , Golinski J. V.
Published: January 2009

Although the University of Leeds has attained something of a reputation for the quality of its scholarship in the history of science, few historians are aware of the impressive collection of early scientific and medical books and manuscripts to be found in the University libraries. In order to make the library resources more widely known, we embarked on a systematic survey of the contents of the main historical collections. We wanted not only to give a general impression of the particular strengths and distinctive features of each collection, but also to mention the interesting or rare copies of individual works to be found in them. We have, therefore, examined every book related to the history of science and medicine in the relevant collections, and in doing so we have uncovered a number of important items. For example, we have identified a book which was once in Newton's library, and a previously unrecorded copy of Joseph Black's chemical lectures. More generally, we had not suspected the true size and range of the Chaston Chapman Collection, which makes it a valuable resource for the history of alchemy and early chemistry; nor were we initially aware of the strength of the Historical Collection of the Medical and Dental Library. The wealth of the legacies to (and the discrimination shown in recent purchases for) the Brotherton and Special Collections also impressed us.
Atomism and Eschatology: Catholicism and Natural Philosophy in the Interregnum
Authors: Henry John
Published: January 2009

In spite of vigorous opposition by a number of historians it has now become a commonplace that the rapid development of the ‘new philosophy’ sprang from the ideology of Puritanism. What began its career as the ‘Merton thesis’ has now been refined, developed, and so often repeated that it seems to be almost unassailable. However, the two foremost historians in the entrenchment of this new orthodoxy are willing, in principle, to concede that ‘in reality things were very mixed up’, and that non-Puritan natural philosophers at the time were operating ‘in a precisely similar manner’ to their Puritan contemporaries. Indeed, it would be impossible not to concede this in the face of the many critiques launched against the Merton thesis.
The Emergence of Evolutionary Biology of Behaviour in the Early Nineteenth Century
Authors: Richards Robert J.
Published: January 2009

The sciences of ethology and sociobiology have as premisses that certain dispositions and behavioural patterns have evolved with species and, therefore, that the acts of individual animals and men must be viewed in light of innate determinates. These ideas are much older than the now burgeoning disciplines of the biology of behaviour. Their elements were fused in the early constructions of evolutionary theory, and they became integral parts of the developing conception. Historians, however, have usually neglected close examination of the role behaviour has played in the rise of evolutionary thought.
Theory and application: the early chemical work of J. A. C. Chaptal
Authors: Le Grand H. E.
Published: January 2009

Jean Antoine Claude Chaptal was not only a chemical manufacturer and one of the first ‘industrial scientists’ but was also, according to his own testimony, one of the early supporters of Lavoisier's system of chemistry. It might be assumed that Chaptal's pioneering work in industrial chemistry was intimately linked with his acceptance of the oxygen system of chemistry; more specifically, that this theory served to direct and inform his applied research and contributed not a little to its success. Indeed, he himself in 1790 explicitly stated this to have been the case. A close study of his work prior to 1790 fails, however, to establish the importance of such a linkage. First, his selection of research topics proves to have owed little to the ‘new chemistry’ but much to the scientific and economic milieu of his province of Languedoc and of Montpellier, its administrative seat. Second, the significance of his acceptance of the ‘new chemistry’ appears rather problematic, not the least because of the rather hazy boundaries between the phlogistic and Lavoisian theories in the 1780s. Third, it is not clear from the evidence available how the new theory helped solve the various problems of industrial chemistry he faced, or could have done so, other than to offer alternative explanations for processes with which he was already familiar and indeed had often mastered. It will be suggested that it is precisely this less dramatic role which was filled by the new chemistry: that of ‘rectifying’ his ideas by providing alternative and more satisfactory rationalizations of his experiences and experiments in the laboratory and the factory, not that of enabling him to simplify and perfect old processes nor to invent new ones. To put the point more bluntly: Chaptal's early successes and reputation in industrial chemistry were not a by-product of his allegiance to the new chemistry; rather, his growing adherence to that system was a by-product of its ability to provide satisfactory post-hoc explanations of the chemical processes and products with which he was concerned.
Beyond the planets: early nineteenth-century studies of double stars
Authors: Williams Mari
Published: January 2009

In 1837 the German-born astronomer F. G. W. Struve published his famous catalogue of double stars. For Struve this was the culmination of 12 years' detailed observation of a class of celestial objects lying exclusively beyond the solar system; for historians of astronomy it poses the problem of explaining why the study of double stars became a significant part of astronomical endeavour, as it did, during the 1820s and 1830s. For, although Struve's interest was extreme, it was shared to a lesser extent by several eminent contemporaries, including John Herschel, Friedrich Bessel, Johann Encke, James South and Félix Savary. Their combined efforts represented an important transition in astronomy: for the first time one of the emphases of the subject moved beyond the solar system to the so-called fixed stars. The question of the emergence of interest in double stars is of historical significance, therefore, as it is related to the problem of the origins of ‘stellar astronomy’. This essay is thus intended to offer an explanation of astronomers' interest in double stars, and to tackle the related question of whether this transition constituted a major break in the history of astronomy. Furthermore it is proposed that answers to these problems may be found by considering the practice of astronomy dominant during the first half of the nineteenth century. Astronomers in this period were overwhelmingly concerned with a refined form of positional astronomy. The problems they chose to solve were by and large related to the difficulties of the accurate reduction of observational data, and the compilation of reliable tables and star charts, which were then used as a background against which the motions of solar system objects were plotted. By assessing individuals' studies of double stars within this context it can be seen firstly that such studies were no more or less than specific examples of a general case, and secondly that the stars themselves were not usually of intrinsic interest. In general it was the positions of the stars on the
Ampère's Invention of Equilibrium Apparatus: A Response to Experimental Anomaly
Authors: Hofmann James R.
Published: January 2009

André-Marie Ampère's contributions to electrodynamics came at a late stage in an unconventional career. In 1820, he had reached the age of forty-five and had not as yet done any systematic research in physics. As a member of the mathematics section of the Académie des Sciences, his only significant contributions to the physical sciences had been some constructive criticisms of Fresnel's wave theory of light and three memoirs on chemical classification and gas theory. Meanwhile, his longstanding interests in metaphysics and epistemology had resulted in pointed methodological and philosophical attitudes which both motivated and structured his subsequent work in electrodynamics. Not surprisingly, events during the first few months of Ampère's research included many unplanned and unexpected encounters as this wildly enthusiastic theoretician grappled for the first time with the recalcitrant complexity of actual experimentation in an uncharted new domain.
The Founding of Numerical Taxonomy
Authors: Vernon Keith
Published: January 2009

This paper is based on my M.Sc. dissertation: ‘The Origins of Numerical Taxonomy’ 1985, submitted to the University of Leicester during the tenure of a D.E.S. State Studentship. For this work I drew extensively on interviews with Professors A. J. Cain, G. A. Harrison, R. R. Sokal and P. H. A. Sneath. I am very grateful to them for their time, interest and encouragement. Without the indefatigable assistance of Jon Harwood, this paper would never have been finished.
The rhetoric of Eugenics: expert authority and the Mental Deficiency Bill
Authors: Larson Edward J.
Published: January 2009

‘We greatly want a brief word to express the science of improving stock … especially in the case of man’, the influential English scientist Francis Galton wrote in 1883. ‘The word eugenics sufficiently expresses the idea.’ During the ensuing half century, Gallon's new word and the underlying theories that he had already begun developing from the evolutionary concepts advanced by his cousin, Charles Darwin, spread throughout the Western world. With Galton's blessing these theories spawned a political movement advocating the enactment of statutes designed to encourage the propagation of eugenically fit human beings and discourage the propagation of eugenically unfit ones. Yet, while such laws were commonly adopted throughout North America and Northern Europe, the British homeland of Galton and Darwin proved reluctant to act by statutory fiat in the field of eugenics.
Eleanor Ormerod (1828–1901) as an economic entomologist: ‘pioneer of purity even more than of Paris Green’
Authors: Clark J. F. McDiarmid
Published: January 2009

In 1924, Virginia Woolf wrote a short story based upon the life of Eleanor Ormerod. A wealthy spinster, Ormerod achieved notoriety in late nineteenth-century Britain as an economic entomologist. In 1904, Nature compared her to Caroline Herschel and Mary Somerville. In terms of recent scholarship devoted to the history of women in science, Ormerod's career differed markedly from that of her two predecessors. The emotional or intellectual support of a brother, husband, father, or male family relation made no considerable contribution to her commitment to the study of entomology. Furthermore, her life as an independent spinster offered no positive proof for Francis Power Cobbe's dictum: as she aged, Eleanor Ormerod showed no tendency to become a ‘women's rights woman’. She publicly accepted or internalized the dominant, masculine ideology of science; and by contemporary standards, she achieved success.
Writing energy history: explaining the neglect of CHP/DH in Britain
Authors: Russell S.
Published: January 2009

It is inherent in the process of producing mechanical and hence electrical energy from a heat engine that much of the energy input is released as relatively low temperature heat. By various techniques it is possible to produce reject heat at a temperature useful for space heating or industrial process heating, giving a much higher overall efficiency of conversion and saving fuel over separate production of electricity and heat. Heat from combined heat and power (CHP) plant, or from another central source, can be piped in the form of hot water or steam to users' premises, in district heating (DH) networks.
Laboratory science versus country-house experiments. The controversy between Julius Sachs and Charles Darwin
Authors: De Chadarevian Soraya
Published: January 2009

In 1880, Charles Darwin publishedThe Power of Movement in Plants, a heavy volume of nearly six hundred pages in which he presented the results of many years of experiments conducted with his son Francis on the reaction of plants to the influence of light and gravity. His results contradicted the observations and explanations of the same phenomena offered by the German plant physiologist Julius Sachs in his influentialLehrbuch der Botanik(1868, English translation 1875). Darwin wished rather to ‘convert him than any other half-dozen botanies put together’. Sachs, however, regarded Darwin's work with contempt. Taking up the topic in hisVorlesungen über Pflanzenphysiologiein 1882 and taking issue especially with Darwin's experiments on the movement of root radicles in reaction to gravity, he remarked sharply: In such experiments with roots not only is great precaution necessary, but also the experience of years and extensive knowledge of vegetable physiology, to avoid falling into errors, as did Charles Darwin and his son Francis, who, on the basis of experiments which were unskilfully made and improperly explained, came to the conclusion, as wonderful as it was sensational, that the growing point of the root, like the brain of an animal, dominates the various movements in the root.
Polyhedra and the Abominations of Leviticus
Authors: Bloor David
Published: January 2009

How are social and institutional circumstances linked to the knowledge that scientists produce? To answer this question it is necessary to take risks: speculative but testable theories must be proposed. It will be my aim to explain and then apply one such theory. This will enable me to propose an hypothesis about the connexion between social processes and the style and content of mathematical knowledge.
Delaroche and Bérard and experimental error
Authors: Mendoza Eric
Published: January 2009

In 1813, two young physicists, François Delaroche and Jacques-Étienne Bérard, published a series of highly influential measurements of the specific heats of a number of common gases. Their results, obtained in answer to a prize competition set by the Institut de France, were accepted as the most accurate then available and they continued to exert a powerful, if diminishing, influence on studies of heat for the next forty years. Among the results obtained by Delaroche and Bérard were two measurements which showed that the specific heat of air decreased when the pressure was raised. This was a new and important experimental result. The ‘effect’ was found to be spurious of course (definitively by Victor Regnault as late as 1862), but in the meantime it was clear endorsement of some of the tenets of the caloric theory of heat. It could be invoked, for example, to explain the rise of temperature of a gas when it was compressed adiabatically. Robert Fox in his study of the rise and fall of the caloric theory has written:

Their error, although less than 10 per cent, was to prove one of the most influential in the whole history of the study of heat. Backed by the prestige associated with victory in the Institute's competition, the result quickly became standard and… was to mislead many calorists.
John of TynemouthaliasJohn of London: emerging portrait of a singular medieval mathematician
Authors: Knorr Wilbur R.
Published: January 2009

In 1953 Marshall Clagett presented a preliminary scheme of the medieval Latin versions of Euclid'sElements. Since then a considerable body of these texts has become available in critical editions, thanks to Clagett's labours on the Archimedean tradition and H. L. L. Busard's work on the Euclidean versions. Further, Busard, M. Folkerts, R. Lorch and C. Burnett have scrutinized the pivotal ‘second’ version of Adelard of Bath, and have thereby exposed a diversity of text forms that spells real complications for the effort to establish its provenance and use. In his recent overview of the medieval Euclidean tradition, Folkerts displays not only how these studies have filled out and expanded upon Clagett's initial framework, but also how they have compelled rethinking of some basic issues, such as on the source relations and authorship of the various versions.
The Magnetic Circuit Model, 1850–1890: The Resisted Flow Image in Magnetostatics
Authors: Jordan D.W.
Published: January 2009

The magnetic circuit model acts as a unifying principle in descriptive magnetostatics, and as an approximate computational aid in electrical machine design. It was the subject of repeated rediscoveries through the period 1855 to 1886, taking different forms and being provided with different justifications but all motivated by the mathematical difficulty of existing magnetic theory. The process culminated in several competitively-slanted announcements of the principle made during 1884 to 1886, arising in connection with the already comparatively efficient designs of contemporary dynamos which made its application plausible. The preferred conceptual imagery, of induction flow against a ‘resistance’, originated in the magnetic theories of Faraday, though these underwent considerable changes before adoption.
The biculture in bilingual
Authors: Agar Michael
Published: January 2009

Based on the bilingualism literature, the author's recent experiences in Austrian German, and a discourse analysis perspective, a way of looking at biculturalism is hammered together to enable an understanding of how adult L2acquisition proceeds in more and less cultural ways. (Bilingualism, biculturalism, discourse, ethnography, Whorf)
The History of the Determination of the Ohm
Authors: Sims L. G. A.
Published: January 2009

A century ago the work of laying the first Atlantic cable and the measurements which were needed of the electrical resistivity of the copper, as well as of the resistance of the cable itself, had shown the inadequacy of the resistance standards which then existed.
Gravity wave excitation through resonant interaction in a compressible atmosphere
Authors: Huang Kai Ming , Zhang Shao Dong , Yi Fan
Published: January 2009

Starting from a set of fully nonlinear equations, the whole process of a gravity wave excited through resonant interaction under sum resonant conditions is clearly exhibited. In the whole interaction, the wavelength and frequency of the excited wave are in agreement with the values derived from the sum resonant conditions. And the energy growth of the excited wave is mainly from the primary wave. Moreover, strong energy exchange in the interaction shows that the nonlinear interaction may play a significant role in determining the atmospheric wave spectrum and transporting the momentum to higher altitudes. A discussion on the resonant and nonresonant interactions is also presented, and the detuning degree of interaction is proposed, which may be applied to measure whether or not the effective energy exchange occurs in the nonlinear interactions of gravity waves.
Anomalous water: polywater or impurities?
Authors: Rothenberg Marian S.
Published: January 2009

A year ago last June the results of University of Maryland spectroscopist Ellis Lippincott and his coworkers at the National Bureau of Standards seemed to indicate that anomalous water, first studied in the Soviet Union, was a new compound of formula (H2O). Since then “polywater” and Lippincott's assertions about it have been vigorously attacked with a variety of experimental, theoretical and linguistic techniques.
Magic even–even nuclei show phase transition
Authors: Lubkin Gloria B.
Published: January 2009

In possibly the first mother–son scientific collaboration, Gertrude Scharff-Goldhaber (Brookhaven) and Alfred S. Goldhaber (Stony Brook) have suggested that in singly or doubly magic even–even nuclei there is a change in the nucleus resembling a first-order phase transition, such as occurs when a superconductor goes normal. This change or rearrangement occurs between the 0+ ground state and a band of excited states 2+, 4+, 6+, and so on. The remarkable point, in the authors' view, is not the existence of this phase transition, but rather that all other even–even nuclei exhibit a single phase in which the ground state is part of a quasi-rotational band.
The relevance of physics
Authors: Holton Gerald
Published: January 2009

What reasons are there for thinking physics to be of basic importance? What is the present relevance of science? There are at least five parts to a complete answer. I want to sketch these here, in a frankly didactic manner, in a way that might make sense to an earnest, beginning student. (He will also see some worrisome aspects of the present state of science, but it is not my purpose to rehearse those here.) That questions about “relevance” have in the last few years become almost clichés does not change the need to be clear about the subject; we shall attack it head on.
Three-level oscillator in indium phosphide
Authors: Lubkin Gloria B.
Published: January 2009

A microwave oscillator with three electronic levels instead of two has been built by Cyril Hilsum and his collaborators at the Royal Radar Establishment in Malvern, UK. At the International Conference on the Physics of Semiconductors (at MIT in August) Hilsum said he had made a three-level microwave oscillator that oscillated sinusoidally at frequencies higher than the Gunn effect would produce. He made the oscillator out of indium phosphide after predicting theoretically that the device should work. One solid stater remarking on the work said, “It shows we really understand the solid state well enough that we can almost design materials.”
A Mott transition? It all depends on what you mean
Authors: Lubkin Gloria B.
Published: January 2009

One of the most talked-about talks at the International Conference on the Physics of Semiconductors (held in Boston in August) was that given by Maurice Rice of Bell Labs. The discussion period lasted longer than the talk itself. It was part of a year-long controversy over whether or not the metal–insulator transition in V2O3 should be regarded as a Mott transition.
Impact of energy demands
Authors: Cambel Ali B.
Published: January 2009

A fundamental difference between Man and other animals is Man's ability to develop methods and devices that increase his energy supply far beyond what his muscles can provide. Whereas early man consumed about 2000 calories per day, the average US citizen currently uses about 200 000 calories daily. This tremendous increase in energy consumption affects our life style not only in degree but also in kind. We can no longer treat energy as a subject in physics alone but must consider it as a social force.
Cloning and Sequencing an Inverted Repeat
Authors: Svoboda Petr
Published: January 2009

INTRODUCTION

RNA interference (RNAi) is a suitable method for sequence-specific post-transcriptional gene silencing for a number of model systems. The production of a transgene for transgenic RNAi in mouse can be accomplished by cloning an inverted repeat (IR) into the Zp3 transgenic cassette. Here, we describe three different strategies that have been used successfully to clone an IR: cloning by ligating polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products, sequential cloning using a short spacer, and sequential cloning using a temporary long spacer. Once cloning has been completed, sequencing the IR is the best way to assure that both arms are sufficiently long and intact; thus, we also describe typical problems one may encounter when sequencing IRs. There are two possible strategies for sequencing a cloned IR: (1) one internal primer at the end of the IR can be used to sequence both arms in a single sequencing run or (2) external primers can be used to sequence both arms separately. Although we have successfully sequenced IRs using both strategies, we suggest using the latter to sequence transgenic constructs.
Preparation of dsRNA for Microinjection Experiments in Mouse
Authors: Svoboda Petr
Published: January 2009

INTRODUCTION

RNA interference (RNAi) is a suitable method for sequence-specific post-transcriptional gene silencing for a number of model systems. The protocol presented here is designed for the preparation of microgram amounts of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) for microinjection experiments in mouse oocytes and early embryos. Briefly, dsRNA is produced after annealing sense and antisense RNA strands, or spontaneously during in vitro transcription of an inverted repeat. We usually include RNase T1 treatment of the annealed RNA prior to the purification step in order to remove unannealed single-stranded RNA (ssRNA), which can interfere with the quantification of dsRNA in a nondenaturing agarose gel.
Cloning a Transgene for Transgenic RNAi in Mouse Oocytes
Authors: Svoboda Petr
Published: January 2009

INTRODUCTION

RNA interference (RNAi) is a suitable method for sequence-specific post-transcriptional gene silencing for many model systems. The protocol presented here describes the cloning of a plasmid construct for use in transgenic RNAi experiments in mouse oocytes. The protocol is intended for production of a transgene by cloning an inverted repeat (IR) into the Zp3 transgenic cassette. The procedure begins with the selection of sequences and formulation of the cloning strategy. Subsequently, the IR is cloned, inserted into the transgenic cassette, and characterized by sequencing. Finally, the transgene is released from the cassette, purified, and provided to the transgenic facility.
Necks and networks: a preliminary study of population structure in the reticulated giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis reticulata de Winston)
Authors: Shorrocks Bryan , Croft Darren P.
Published: January 2009

This paper describes a method of scoring the neck pattern of reticulated giraffes as a simple code that can be searched for in an Excel spreadsheet. This enables several hundred individual giraffe to be recognized and repeatedly found within a database. Possible sources of error are described and quantified. Data on group size, dispersal within groups and social network patterns are described. The latter is facilitated using Ucinet 6.85 for Windows, a software package that helps to visualize and analyse such networks.
Lateral accretion in a deep‐marine channel complex: implications for channellized flow processes in turbidity currents
Authors: DYKSTRA MASON , KNELLER BEN
Published: January 2009

Some deep‐marine channels show striking similarities to fluvial channels, despite major differences in the properties of the flows that they conduct. Some field observations from deep‐marine channel deposits within a Late Cretaceous palaeo‐canyon in the Rosario Formation of Baja California, Mexico, that bear on these comparisons have been reported. These channel deposits contain erosively based lateral accretion sets. These sets are generally a few metres thick and resemble fluvial point bar deposits. Sediment movement and deposition within these accretion deposits was induced by turbidity currents several to many times thicker than the depth of the channel, moving at several metres per second. The inclined sets define laterally migrating and sinuous channels locally at a high angle to the confining canyon. The instantaneous channel widths varied from 6 to 39 m, the depths from 2·5 to 4 m and the sinuosities from 1·3 to 3·1. Palaeocurrent data, taken mostly from clast imbrication in conglomerates, indicates current modes along the channel thalweg, but with other directions representing either secondary flow (oriented primarily up the point bar) or over‐passing canyon‐confined flow. It is suggested that, at times, the lower part of the turbidity currents flowing down the channels behaved similarly to within‐bank fluvial currents, with a cross‐channel component of flow towards the cut bank, and return flow at the bed sweeping up the point bar. At other times, this secondary circulation may be absent or reversed, which may be related to changes in flow thickness, coupling with the overriding flow and possible flow separation.
The Influence of National Parliaments over Domestic European Union Policies
Authors: Ahlbäck Öberg Shirin , Jungar Ann‐Cathrine
Published: January 2009

This article presents survey results on Swedish and Finnish parliamentarians' perceptions concerning their influence over domestic decision making in European Union (EU) matters. In the literature the parliaments in Sweden and Finland are classified as powerful ones that can exert considerable influence over domestic EU policy making. Moreover, Finland and Sweden joined the EU at the same time. Therefore the overall expectation is that the parliaments should be equally powerful. However, the results from this survey indicate a significant difference in perceived influence between the two parliaments. It is obvious that Swedish parliamentarians perceive themselves as more marginalised in relation to the government than Finnish parliamentarians. After trying different explanations, it is concluded that the differences can be ascribed to the parliaments' different organisational set‐ups for government oversight.
Non-Parametric Tests for Distributional Treatment Effect for Randomly Censored Responses
Authors: Lee Myoung-jae
Published: January 2009

For a binary treatment ν = 0, 1 and the corresponding ‘potential response’Y0 for the control group (ν = 0) and Y1 for the treatment group (ν = 1), one definition of no treatment effect is that Y0 and Y1 follow the same distribution given a covariate vector X. Koul and Schick have provided a non-parametric test for no distributional effect when the realized response (1−ν)Y0+νY1 is fully observed and the distribution of X is the same across the two groups. This test is thus not applicable to censored responses, nor to non-experimental (i.e. observational) studies that entail different distributions of X across the two groups. We propose ‘X-matched’ non-parametric tests generalizing the test of Koul and Schick following an idea of Gehan. Our tests are applicable to non-experimental data with randomly censored responses. In addition to these motivations, the tests have several advantages. First, they have the intuitive appeal of comparing all available pairs across the treatment and control groups, instead of selecting a number of matched controls (or treated) in the usual pair or multiple matching. Second, whereas most matching estimators or tests have a non-overlapping support (of X) problem across the two groups, our tests have a built-in protection against the problem. Third, Gehan’s idea allows the tests to make good use of censored observations. A simulation study is conducted, and an empirical illustration for a job training effect on the duration of unemployment is provided.
A New Class of Models for Bivariate Joint Tails
Authors: Ramos Alexandra , Ledford Anthony
Published: January 2009

A fundamental issue in applied multivariate extreme value analysis is modelling dependence within joint tail regions. The primary focus of this work is to extend the classical pseudopolar treatment of multivariate extremes to develop an asymptotically motivated representation of extremal dependence that also encompasses asymptotic independence. Starting with the usual mild bivariate regular variation assumptions that underpin the coefficient of tail dependence as a measure of extremal dependence, our main result is a characterization of the limiting structure of the joint survivor function in terms of an essentially arbitrary non-negative measure that must satisfy some mild constraints. We then construct parametric models from this new class and study in detail one example that accommodates asymptotic dependence, asymptotic independence and asymmetry within a straightforward parsimonious parameterization. We provide a fast simulation algorithm for this example and detail likelihood-based inference including tests for asymptotic dependence and symmetry which are useful for submodel selection. We illustrate this model by application to both simulated and real data. In contrast with the classical multivariate extreme value approach, which concentrates on the limiting distribution of normalized componentwise maxima, our framework focuses directly on the structure of the limiting joint survivor function and provides significant extensions of both the theoretical and the practical tools that are available for joint tail modelling.
GOVERNANCE AND CHARITIES: AN EXPLORATION OF KEY THEMES AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF A RESEARCH AGENDA
Authors: Hyndman Noel , McDonnell Paul
Published: January 2009

The concept of governance has been widely discussed in both the business and non‐business sectors. The debate has also been entered into within the charity sector, which comprises over 169,000 organizations in the UK. The UK‐based Charity Commission, which describes itself as existing to ‘promote sound governance and accountability’, has taken a lead in this debate by promoting greater regulation and producing numerous recommendations with regard to the proper governance of charitable organizations. However, the concept of what is meant by governance is unclear and a myriad of ideas are placed under the umbrella of ‘good governance’. This paper explores the major themes that form the basis of much of this discussion, examining both the theoretical underpinnings and empirical investigations relating to this area (looking from the perspective of the key stakeholders in the charity sector). Based on an analysis of the extant literature, this paper presents a broad definition of governance with respect to charities and outlines a future research agenda for those interested in adding to knowledge in this area
Can we count on each other? Reciprocity and conflicts in financial support in Sweden
Authors: Espvall Majen , Dellgran Peter
Published: January 2009

Espvall M, Dellgran P. Can we count on each other? Reciprocity and conflicts in financial support in Sweden Int J Soc Welfare 2010: 19: 84–94 © 2008 The Author(s), Journal compilation © 2008 Blackwell Publishing Ltd and the International Journal of Social Welfare.

This article explores the experiences of reciprocity and conflicts in social relationships, and how these experiences are related to financial support (loans and gifts) in the wider social network. The balance of exchange within the social network as a whole is considered in relation to socio‐demographic features, financial conditions and the availability of social relationships. The data are drawn from a study of financial support exchange in Sweden based on a representative survey among Swedish citizens (n= 500). The results reveal that people living in economic hardship and who have more problematic life circumstances appear to be at risk of receiving more limited informal financial support and experience more feelings of conflict and nonreciprocal social relations.
Application of IHS Criteria to Headache Attributed to Spontaneous Intracranial Hypotension in a Large Population
Authors: Mea E , Chiapparini L , Savoiardo M , Franzini A , Grimaldi D , Bussone G , Leone M
Published: January 2009

We applied the recent International Headache Society (IHS) criteria for headache related to spontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH) to 90 consecutive patients with a final diagnosis of SIH confirmed by cerebral magnetic resonance imaging with contrast. Orthostatic headache (developing within 2 h of standing or sitting up) was present in 67 patients (75%) but appeared within 15 min after standing or sitting—as required by point A of the criteria—in only 53 (59%). Forty-four (49%) patients did not satisfy point A, including 22 (24%) with non-orthostatic headache and 14 (16%) with headache developing ≥ 15 min after standing or sitting up; 80 (89%) did not satisfy point D. Only three (3%) patients had headache fully satisfying the IHS criteria. These findings indicate that the current IHS criteria do not capture most patients with SIH-associated headache. Excluding the requirement for response to epidural blood patch (criterion D) and considering headaches appearing within 2 h of sitting or standing up would capture more patients.
A Spatio‐temporal Model of Farmland Values
Authors: Maddison David
Published: January 2009

Despite the fact that data on farm sales are invariably collected over both time and space, previous papers have allowed for the presence of either temporal or spatial relationships in the data, but not both. Some papers have also inadvertently assumed that although farmland values are influenced by prices realised by nearby sales, these sales need not necessarily be comparable in terms of their attributes. Using data on sales of farmland obtained through public auctions in England and Wales, this paper examines the consequences of explicitly allowing for the presence of a spatio‐temporal lag in the estimation of hedonic models of farmland value. The results indicate that spatio‐temporally lagged values of the dependent and independent variables contribute significant additional explanatory power. Accounting for spatio‐temporal relationships appears moreover to somewhat alter the perceived size and statistical significance of key farmland attributes.
Verapamil for Cluster Headache. Clinical Pharmacology and Possible Mode of Action
Authors: Tfelt‐Hansen Peer , Tfelt‐Hansen Jacob
Published: January 2009

Verapamil is used mainly in cardiovascular diseases. High‐dose verapamil (360‐720 mg) is, however, currently the mainstay in the prophylactic treatment of cluster headache. The oral pharmacokinetics are variable. The pharmacodynamic effect of verapamil, the effect on blood pressure, also varies considerably among subjects. The dose of verapamil used for cluster headache is approximately double the dose used in cardiovascular disease, most likely because verapamil is a substrate for the efflux transporter P‐glycoprotein in the blood–brain barrier. The access of verapamil to the central nervous system is therefore limited. The clinical use of verapamil in cluster headache is reviewed and several relevant drug interactions are mentioned. Finally, its possible mode of action in cluster headache is discussed. The effect of verapamil in cluster headache most likely takes place in the hypothalamus.Verapamil is an L‐type calcium channel blocker but it is also a blocker of other calcium channels (T‐, P‐, and possibly N‐ and Q‐type Ca2+channels) and the human ether‐a‐go‐go‐related gene potassium channel. With so many different actions of verapamil, it is impossible at the present time to single out a certain mode of action of the drug in cluster headache.
Perspectives of healthy elders on advance care planning
Authors: Malcomson Heather , Bisbee Shannon
Published: January 2009

Purpose: To present a qualitative study that explored the perspectives of healthy elders on advance care planning.

Data source: Data were gathered through four focus groups and a demographic questionnaire. The focus group data were analyzed using content analysis. A convenience sample of 20 healthy men and women, aged 60–94 years old, was drawn from one community senior center and two assisted living facilities.

Conclusions: The data reveal five major themes: advance care planning is strongly influenced by concern for others; elders assume that preferences are known to their trusted friends, family, and providers, even in the absence of explicit communication with these people; elders value a healthcare system that supports provider time, focus, and continuity; being “known” to a provider is critical to comfort that advance care planning preferences will be respected; and elders are generally ready and eager to discuss advance care planning. Additional findings include: elders are better prepared for the event of death than the dying process; lawyers and financial planners play a prominent role in guiding elders through end‐of‐life decisions; and elders believe that the optimal time for advance care planning discussion is during periods of relative wellness.

Implications for practice: Enhanced understanding of the patient perspective is key to incorporating advance care planning for healthy elders in the ideal milieu of primary care.
Control of Lipids at Baseline in the Bypass Angioplasty Revascularization Investigation 2 Diabetes (BARI 2D) Trial
Authors: Pambianco Georgia , Lombardero Manuel , Bittner Vera , Forker Alan , Kennedy Frank , Krishnaswami Ashok , Mooradian Arshag D. , Pop‐Busui Rodica , Rana Jamal S. , Rodriguez Annabelle , Steffes Michael , Orchard Trevor J.
Published: January 2009

In order to examine lipids, a major treatment parameter in those with diabetes and heart disease, the authors analyzed baseline data from the Bypass Angioplasty Revascularization Investigation 2 Diabetes (BARI 2D) trial. The study consisted of 2368 participants with type 2 diabetes and coronary artery disease from 49 sites in 6 countries (2295 provided lipid measurements). Fifty‐nine percent of participants had a low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol level <100 mg/dL. Levels of total, LDL, and non–high‐density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and triglycerides differed by age group (younger than 55, 55–64, and 65 years and older); they were lowest in those aged 65 years. Women had higher total, LDL, and non‐HDL cholesterol values. Education was associated with lower total, LDL, and non‐HDL cholesterol levels. LDL cholesterol and triglyceride values were lower in the United States and Canada. Adjustment for age, sex, education level, randomization year, and medication did not eliminate these differences. Geographic variation was seen and was not fully accounted for by demographic or treatment characteristics (all P values <.05).
Reference Materials in Geoanalytical and Environmental Research ‐ Review for 2006 and 2007
Authors: Jochum Klaus Peter , Brueckner Stefanie M.
Published: January 2009

This review surveys the literature on reference materials for geological and environmental research for the two year period 2006–2007. In this time ca. 1200 publications appeared containing analytical data on reference materials, indicating that their importance for analytical work has been recognised by geochemists and environmental scientists. Although many reference materials exist, there remains a pressing need for further samples, especially for certified rock reference materials, homogeneous reference glasses, mineral reference materials and so‐called delta‐zero materials for normalisation purposes of stable isotopes. This review focuses on six topics: rock reference materials, reference materials for platinum‐group elements, reference glasses, mineral reference materials, environmental reference materials (seawater, soil) and isotopic reference materials (radiogenic, stable isotopes). In addition, a short description is given of the GeoReM database for reference materials of geological and environmental interest, which contains analytical data from the publications discussed in this review.
Trace Element Determination by ICP‐AES and ICP‐MS: Developments and Applications Reported During 2006 and 2007
Authors: Linge Kathryn L.
Published: January 2009

This review describes developments in trace element determination using inductively coupled plasma‐atomic emission spectrometry (ICP‐AES) and inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS) that were reported in 2006 and 2007. It focuses on the application of ICP techniques to geological and environmental samples; fundamental studies in ICP‐MS and ICP‐AES instrumentation have largely been ignored. New advances in ICP‐MS and ICP‐AES were incremental over this period, partly because both techniques are now well‐established. A continuing shift towards the hyphenation of low‐flow separation techniques has sparked activity in the development of appropriate low‐flow interfaces, and papers discussing interference removal also contribute significantly to the volume of research for both ICP‐AES and ICP‐MS. Whereas the majority of new ICP publications concerned advances in ICP‐MS analysis rather than ICP‐AES, development for ICP‐AES still occurs in almost all areas, particularly in sample introduction and hyphenated techniques.
Effects of a High Porous Material on Heat Transfer and Flow in a Circular Tube
Authors: Ichimiya Koichi , Takeda Tetsuaki , Uemura Takuya , Norikuni Tetsuya
Published: January 2009

This paper describes the heat transfer and flow characteristics of a heat exchanger tube filled with a high porous material. Fine copper wires (diameter: 0.5 mm) were inserted in a circular tube dominated by thermal conduction and forced convection. The porosity was from 0.98 to 1.0. The working fluid was air. The hydraulic equivalent diameter was cited as the characteristic length in the Nusselt number and the Reynolds number. The Nusselt number and the friction factor were expressed as functions of the Reynolds number and porosity. The thermal performance was evaluated by the ratio of the Nusselt number with and without a high porous material and the entropy generation. It was recognized that the high porous material was effective in low Reynolds numbers and the Reynolds number, which minimized the entropy generation existed.
Modeling Air Jet Penetration Into Gas-Particle Suspension Cross Flow
Authors: Tossavainen Ville , Karvinen Reijo , Ylitalo Matti
Published: January 2009

In the paper, numerical modeling of air jet mixing in gas–particle suspension is discussed. The theory on which the modeling is based on is presented and to get a reliable opinion of its capability as a boiler design tool, the results are compared with those obtained experimentally in a cold pilot boiler. Based on the research on the pilot unit, the modeling seems to give reliable results. The modeling has also been applied to a full-scale boiler.
Solids Flow Pattern in the Bottom Zone of a Rectangular Cross-Section Circulating Fluidized Bed
Authors: Li Hong-Shun , Wang Yi-Jun , Jin Shi-Ping
Published: January 2009

Solids flow pattern in the bottom zone of a rectangular cross-section CFB was investigated by using hot particles as the tracer. The experiments were carried out in a cold model circulating fluidized bed. The riser has an inner cross-section of 0.3 m by 0.5 m and a height of 5.8 m. The solids were returned into the riser at a height of 0.75 m above the air distributor within an angle of about 40 degree. Quartz sand was used as the bed material. The hot particles were also quartz sand but with a little smaller size. Specially designed miniature electrically heating devices were installed flush with the inner bed wall or inside the bed. At each run, about 10–15 cm3 hot particles were slowly pulled into the bed. The temperature response around the device was measured with four copper-constantan thermocouples. Based on the experimental results, a 3-D core-annulus model describing the solids flow pattern in the bottom zone of the CFB riser is proposed.
Influence of Petrographic Composition of Sorbents on Attrition Characteristics in a CFB Boiler
Authors: Rozelle Peter L. , Pisupati Sarma V. , Scaroni Alan W.
Published: January 2009

The cost of sorbent use can be significant for a CFB power project, notably where the plant fuel includes high sulfur coal or petroleum coke products. Minimizing sorbent costs will improve the economic competitiveness of individual CFB power plants, as well as the technology in general.