bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ANALISIS KESALAHAN SISWA KELAS VII DALAM MENYELESAIKAN SOAL BENTUK ALJABAR
Authors: Sitompul Marchtina Theresa , Effendi Kiki Nia Sania
Published: January 2022

Penelitian ini bertujuan mendeskripsikan jenis kesalahan yang dilakukan siswa dalam menyelesaikan soal aljabar yaitu kesalahan konsep, kesalahan prinsip, dan kesalahan operasi, sehingga dapat meminimalisir kesalahan yang serupa pada penyelesaian selanjutnya. Penelitian dilakukan dengan pendekatan kualitatif deskriptif. Subjek sebanyak 3 siswa yang dipilih dari 30 siswa kelas VII pada salah satu SMP Negeri di Kabupaten Karawang. Penentuan subjek menggunakan metode purposive sampling. Instrumen yang digunakan adalah tes uraian memuat tiga soal pada materi aljabar. Jawaban siswa selanjutnya dikelompokkan dalam kategori siswa berkemampuan tinggi, sedang, dan rendah serta dianalisis berdasarkan jenis kesalahan. Terdapat tiga jenis kesalahan dalam penelitian ini yaitu : (1) kesalahan menggunakan konsep-konsep yang terkait dengan materi, (2) kesalahan menggunakan prinsip, aturan atau rumus matematika, dan (3) kesalahan melakukan operasi atau perhitungan, baik penjumlahan, pengurangan, perkalian, maupun pembagian.
ANALISIS KESULITAN DAN PEMBERIAN SCAFFOLDING DALAM PEMBELAJARAN DISCOVERY LEARNING
Authors: Eric Dwi Putra  , Lutfiyah Lutfiyah , Anggraini Sri Retno
Published: January 2022

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mendeskripsikan kesulitan siswa dalam menyelesaikan masalah matematika dalam pembelajaran Discovery Learning serta pemberian scaffolding untuk mengatasi kesulitan. Data diperoleh menggunakan instrument tes dan lembar wawancara. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif dengan pendekatan kualitatif. Sumber data siswa kelas X SMK Islam Bustanul Ulum Pakusari sebanyak 24 siswa. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kesulitan yang dialami saat menyelesaikan soal program linier antara lain: (1) menentukan kondisi awal, (2) menentukan sistem persamaan linier, (3) proses penyelesaian sistem persamaan linier, (4) proses penerjemahan jawaban, (5) pengecekan jawaban. Adapun bentuk pemberian scaffolding yang tepat untuk mengatasi beberapa kesulitan diantaranya: (1) explaining dengan penjelasan penentuan variabel sebelum membuat sistem persamaan sangat penting, (2) reviewing dengan meminta membaca ulang soal untuk mendapatkan informasi yang diketahui dan ditanya, (3) restructuring dengan memberikan contoh pengerjaan, (4) meminta kelompok untuk melihat kembali proses eliminasi yang telah dilakukan, (5) making connection dengan meminta membuat hubungan yang diketahui dengan pemisalan variabel, serta (6) meminta menghubungkan yang ditanyakan dengan hasil.
GENERALISASI KETAKSAMAAN COSINUS PADA SEBARANG SEGITIGA
Authors: Hidayatin Nur
Published: January 2022

Artikel ini membahas tentang ketaksamaan sinus dan cosinus pada sudut-sudut segitiga. Ketaksamaan ini meliputi ketaksamaan jumlahan sinus pada segitiga, ketaksamaan jumlahan sinus setengah sudut–sudut pada segitiga, ketaksamaan jumlahan cosinus pada segitiga, serta ketaksamaan perkalian cosinus yang berlaku pada sebarang segitiga. Sinus merupakan perbandingan sisi yang menghadap sudut dengan sisi miring pada segitiga, dan cosinus merupakan perbandingan sisi yang bersebelahan dengan sudut dengan sisi miring/hipotenusa segitiga. Selain itu, juga digunakan aturan sinus dan cosinus, konsep segitiga meliputi jejari lingkaran dalam dan lingkaran luar segitiga, serta ketaksamaan rata-rata aritmatika dan geometri. Dengan menggunakan konsep-konsep segitiga dan sinus–cosinus tersebut, dapat diperoleh ketaksamaan cosinus yang berlaku pada segitiga. Dari ketaksamaan cosinus tersebut, dapat ditentukan generalisasi ketaksamaan jumlahan cosinus dan generalisasi ketaksamaan perkalian cosinus yang berlaku pada sebarang segitiga.
PENERAPAN DISCOVERY LEARNING KOMBINASI VIDEO UNTUK MENINGKATKAN HASIL BELAJAR MATEMATIKA SISWA
Authors: Nuroidah Etik , Maf’ulah Syarifatul
Published: January 2022

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan hasil belajar matematika siswa melalui discovery learning yang dikombinasikan dengan video. Penelitian ini merupakan Penelitian Tindakan Kelas (PTK) dengan subjek penelitian siswa kelas IX-B SMP Negeri 2 Peterongan sebanyak 32 siswa. Instrumen penelitian ini adalah lembar observasi aktivitas guru, lembar observasi aktivitas siswa, dan tes. Indikator keberhasilan penelitian ini adalah : (1) aktivitas guru dan aktivitas siswa selama pembelajaran berada pada kategori minimal baik; dan (2) ketuntasan hasil belajar siswa secara klasikal mencapai ³ 80%. Siswa dikatakan tuntas secara individu apabila memperoleh skor hasil tes hasil belajar ³ 75. Hasil observasi pada siklus 1 menunjukkan persentase aktivitas guru mencapai 79% (baik), persentase aktivitas siswa mencapai 67% (cukup baik), dan secara klasikal sebesar 75% siswa tuntas hasil belajarnya. Sedangkan pada siklus 2, aktivitas guru mencapai 86% (sangat baik), aktivitas siswa sebesar 86% (sangat baik), dan secara klasikal sebesar 88% siswa tuntas hasil belajarnya. Artinya telah terjadi peningkatan hasil belajar matematika siswa pada siklus ke-2, sehingga penerapan discovery learning kombinasi video dapat meningkatkan hasil belajar matematika siswa.
Pemberdayaan Taman Pendidikan Quran (TPQ) Melalui Pembuatan Kurikulum Berdasarkan Metode Multi-Sensori
Authors: Septania Sovi , Khairani Khairani , Huwaina Mashdaria
Published: January 2022

TPQ sebagai lembaga pembelajaran Al-Quran harus memiliki metode pembelajaran yang terstandar melalui kurikulum sehingga evaluasi pembelajaran dapat dilakukan secara optimal. Masalah saat ini yang dihadapi TPQ Safaril ‘Ulum yaitu belum memiliki kurikulum yang terstandar sehingga proses belajar hanya difokuskan pada aktivitas rutin tanpa metode pembelajaran yang dapat dinilai efektivitasnya. Tujuan kegiatan untuk memberikan pendampingan dalam pembuatan kurikulum berdasarkan metode multi-sensori yang telah terbukti mampu berpengaruh terhadap kemampuan menghafal siswa. Metode pelaksanaan kegiatan terdiri dari  focus group discussion, observasi dan demostrasi hasil atau sosialisasi. Proses kegiatan dibagi menjadi tiga tahapan yaitu tahap persiapan untuk memetaan kondisi awal TPQ, tahap kedua sebagai proses FGD dalam pembuatan kurikulum dan tahap ketiga yaitu sosialisasi kurikulum. Dengan kurikulum berlandaskan metode multi-sensori, tenaga pendidik memiliki panduan sekaligus mampu menerapkan metode pembelajaran yang baru bagi peserta didik. Selain itu, kegiatan ini dapat menghasilkan siswa didik yang tidak hanya cepat dalam proses menghafal Al-Quran, namun menempatkan standar yang sama bagi seluruh siswa didik dengan kurikulum yang terstandar.
Pentingnya Penuhi Asupan Serat dengan Kebun Gizi (Pesan Kenzi)
Authors: Rohmalia Desi , Kushargina Rosyanne
Published: January 2022

Riset Kesehatan Dasar tahun 2018 menyebutkan bahwa 95,5% penduduk indonesia pada umumnya dinyatakan masih kurang mengkonsumsi buah dan sayur padahal buah dan sayur banyak jenisnya. Persentase kurang mengonsumsi buah dan sayur pada kelompok anak usia sekolah lebih tinggi yaitu sekitar 96%.  Sayuran dan buah-buahan sangat penting  sebagai pendukung pemenuhan gizi yang optimal diantaranya vitamin, mineral dan serat pangan. Kegiatan ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan pengetahuan responden dalam memenuhi asupan serat harian dengan kebun gizi secara hidroponik. Kegiatan terdiri dari tahap edukasi, pelatihan dan evaluasi program. Metode yang digunakan yaitu ceramah dan diskusi. Dilakukan pre test dan post testuntuk mengevaluasi kegiatan edukasi dan pelatihan yang telah dilakukan. Terdapat peningkatan rata-rata hasil pre test dan post test responden dari 35,80% meningkat menjadi 56,79%. Kegiatan edukasi dan pelatihan efektif meningkatkan pengetahuan sasaran dan diharapkan dapat meningkatkan perilaku konsumsi sayur dan buah.
Edukasi Gizi dan Kesehatan Wujudkan Tubuh Sehat di Era Pandemic Covid-19
Authors: Ari Devi Wastiti , Kushargina Rosyanne
Published: January 2022

Menjaga tubuh tetap sehat di Era Pandemi Covid-19  ini sangat penting karena merupakan salah satu upaya dalam pencegahan penyebaran covid-19. Obat untuk covid-19 saat ini belum ada yang teruji efektif, sehingga meningkatkan imunitas tubuh adalah upaya paling bermanfaat saat ini. Kegiatan edukasi bertujuan untuk memberikan informasi tentang bagaimana cara menjaga tubuh tetap sehat di era pandemi covid-19 sehingga imunitas tetap terjaga kepada anggota karang taruna. kegiatan edukasi dilaksanakan secara langsung dengan metode ceramah dan diberikan pretest posttest untuk mengevaluasi peningkatan pengetahuan. Responden mengalami peningkatan dengan persentase rata-rata dari 56,65% meningkat menjadi 84,67%. Peserta edukasi ini berjumlah 15 orang dengan rentang usia 16-25 tahun. Hasil edukasi menyatakan bahwa terjadi peningkatan pengetahuan pada responden mengenai menjaga tubuh tetap sehat di Era Pandemi Covid-19.
Considerations on Armenian Political Elites, Diasporas and Armenian Economy in 1991-2019 Period
Authors: Bocutoğlu Ersan
Published: January 2022

After the liberation of Dağlık Karabağ and close vicinity from the long-standing Armenian occupation by Azerbaijan in 2020, different scenarios concerning the future of Armenia and South Caucasus have come to fore. Therefore, there should be a realistic evaluation of status quo of Armenian political elites, diasporas and Armenian economy relations before taking into account of the scenarios. It is not difficult to estimate that since the realization of optimistic scenarios need a mental transformation of Armenian political elites and diasporas that takes considerable time, they are not likely to happen let alone in the short run but even in the medium run. The aim of this paper is to investigate the status quo of Armenian political elites, diasporas, and Armenian economy relations during 1991-2019 period so as to be able to set up a scientific base on which the evaluation of scenarios concerning the future of Armenia and South Caucasus is placed. The method adopted in the paper is a descriptive one and data are collected via internet. Paper suggests that the divergence of Armenian political elites and diasporas on fundamental issues such as Armenia-diaspora relations, Armenia-Russia relations, Armenia-the West Relations and Armenia-Turkey-Azerbaijan relations blackens not only the future of Armenia but also the future of South Caucasus.
The Relationship Between Public Expenditures, Total Factor Productivity and Economic Growth: A Panel Data Analysis
Authors: Yılmaz Remzi Can , Ardoğan Ahmet Rutkay
Published: January 2022

According to the economics literature, there are two main sources of economic growth. While the first of the resources is the accumulation of production factors, the other is the part of the output that cannot be explained by the amount of input used in production, in other words, the total factor productivity. The level of total factor productivity is measured according to how efficiently the inputs are used in the production process. In this study, the hypothesis that public spending affects real economic growth through total productivity is investigated. In the first stage, whether the changes in public expenditures affect the total factor productivity or not; if it does, to what extent and in what direction it has been tried to be revealed. In the second stage, the effect of total factor productivity on economic growth was examined and the statistical significance, direction and extent of the relationship between variables were investigated. Annual data were used in the study and the year range is 2000-2017. The sampling economies were selected according to data availability, and there are a total of 20 developed and developing economies. Research was conducted using multiple panel regression analysis. According to the findings, the relationship between public expenditures and total factor productivity is statistically significant. An increase in public expenditures reduces the total factor productivity. The relationship between total factor productivity and economic growth is statistically significant, and an increase in total factor productivity also increases economic growth. An increase in public expenditures affects economic growth negatively by reducing the total factor productivity.
Access to infrastructure and social services in the regions of Kyrgyzstan
Authors: Turdalieva Ainura , Abdiyeva Raziya
Published: January 2022

Access to social services and infrastructure are key factors that determine the standard of living. The well-being of the population is closely associated with adequate access to these services. The aim of this work is to determine the coverage of the population with social services (education, healthcare, public order and security, communications, and financial services), access to infrastructure (electricity, drinking water, public transport and roads, Internet) and its level of access in the regions of Kyrgyzstan. This paper examines household access to these services by studying the data of the Life in Kyrgyzstan Survey (LIK) for the 2016. The received finding will be useful for policymakers in the implementation of regional policies.
Analysis of Financing Practice of the State Healthcare System in the Kyrgyz Republic
Authors: Japarova Damira
Published: January 2022

Health care in the Kyrgyz Republic is financed from the following sources: the national budget, the funds of the Compulsory Health Insurance Fund and the local budget of the city of Bishkek, as well as co-payments of patients. Financial resources received from the state budget to finance the State Guarantee Program do not meet its real needs. The Kyrgyz Republic maintains a residual principle of health financing. Finding potential sources of resources for health and identifying ways to distribute and use them effectively requires better funding for public health organizations. In this regard, it is relevant to develop a mechanism to attract additional sources of funding and their effective use. The article assesses the sources of funding for public health organizations and examines potential sources of the public health system.
The Relationship Democracy with Health and Governance Indicators: Panel Probit Approach
Authors: Acar Tuğçe , Çağlayan Akay Ebru
Published: January 2022

The relationship of politics with health has been documented in Greece and Rome in ancient times and has been the center of attention from past to present. The difficulty of interpreting the causal relationships between politics and democracy and outcome measures as the macro-social determinants of population health has limited the studies in the field. On the other hand, in the state-society relationship, governance and indicators representing the traditions and institutions in which authority is applied in a country are used as a tool to evaluate the tendencies of countries in the field of democracy over time.
Accordingly, the study aims to address the issue in the relationship between democracy and health, together with governance indicators, within the framework of broader structural factors. For this aim, panel probit analysis was carried out for 144 countries between 2010 and 2018, examining the effect of explanatory variables on the probability of occurrence of the dependent variable. The limited number of studies dealing with the impact of democracy studies on the international level and over time makes the method used advantageous.
According to the findings, the variables of freedom of expression and accountability, political stability and regulatory quality, which are among the indicators of governance, were found to be statistically significant on the democracy index, along with the variables of domestic general government health expenditures, infant mortality rate, GDP per capita, and the reasons for the results obtained were discussed.
Is the Resource Curse Thesis Affect Only Least Developed Countries? Examples from Resource-Rich Developed Countries
Authors: Bal Harun , Palandökenlier Berk
Published: January 2022

Whether the Dutch Disease thesis, which is one of the best-known economic explanations on this subject, which puts forward the thesis that countries rich in natural resources can have negative effects on long-term economic growth, directly or indirectly, depending on the way they are used, is valid or not. tried to be demonstrated. The Dutch disease thesis is one of the main explanations for resource misfortune, emphasizing the negative effects of resource abundance on the national economy in countries with rich resource endowments and pointing to a paradox that economic conditions will be better in countries that do not have relatively little (or scarce) natural resources. is happening. Therefore, in our study, it is aimed to investigate whether resource richness causes an economic recession or not, especially for developed countries by considering indirect transmission channels. In this context, 11 developed countries such as Netherlands, Norway, Ireland, Germany, New Zealand, the United States of America, Canada, Australia, Poland, the United Kingdom, and Denmark, between 1990 and 2019, are based on the experiences of developed countries, which are especially rich in different sources of Dutch Disease syndrome. The country has been researched with static and dynamic panel analysis methods. As a result of the estimation, findings were found that the Dutch Disease was partially valid in terms of developed country samples throughout the sample period considered.
The Effects of COVID-19 Global Crisis on Production, Employment, Trade and Tourism Revenues in the Macro Economy
Authors: Uslu Kamil
Published: January 2022

The world, very different from the 1929 Economic Crisis, the global economy faced a new epidemic health crisis with Covid-19 in China's Wuhan Province in December 2019.This crisis, unlike any other, still continues. The epidemic was originally detected in those found in the seafood and animal market in this region. Later, it threatens the whole world by transmitting from person to person. Countries were quick to stop the economic life with the great global lockdown in order to overcome the Health Emergency. Great uncertainty has overshadowed the future of the global economy as international financial institutions (such as the WB and IMF) are moving fast to help people and countries. Governments have been able to hold back some of the free fall of global growth with exceptional monetary and financial support to individuals and firms. This financial support reached a global level of $ 11.5 trillion as of September 2020. The purpose of our study; Covid-19 Global Crisis; Its Effects on Macroeconomics on Production, Employment, Trade and Tourism Incomes will be investigated. In addition, WHO and countries have been accelerated in search of a solution to the epidemic.
The Impact of the Covid-19 Outbreak on the Banking Sector of Kyrgyzstan
Authors: Bayrak Metin , Aseinov Dastan
Published: January 2022

In the literature, the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic has been compared to the Great Depression of the 1930s, World War II, the 2008 Global Financial Crisis, or natural disasters. The COVID-19 outbreak has deeply affected the economies of countries. Almost every country has endeavored to implement remedial and precautionary packages in a way to overcome the effects of the epidemic with minimum damage in this process. As a result of the limitations and constraints applied according to this crisis, there is an economic crisis. The aim of this study is to research the impact of the COVID-19 outbreak on the banking sector of Kyrgyzstan. The comparative analysis in this study will be carried out using data on the pre-pandemic and pandemic periods of the banking sector. Our results show that the COVID crisis has negatively impacted the Kyrgyz banking sector, mainly in the form of problem loans. The COVID-19 pandemic did not create a serious problem in the form of a lack of liquidity and depreciation of capital. Based on our analysis, the acceleration of the digital transformation of the banking system can be indicated as a positive effect of the pandemic.
Blockchain Beyond Cryptocurrency: Non-Fungible Tokens
Authors: Sakız Burcu , Gencer Ayşen Hiç
Published: January 2022

Blockchain technology is a disruptive innovation with the potential to replace existing business models that rely on centralized systems and third parties for trust. Even if there are a lot of application areas, blockchain used primarily for cryptocurrencies. Satoshi Nakamoto implemented the first blockchain application and invented the world’s first digital currency which is named as Bitcoin in 2008. Fundementally Bitcoin relies on cryptographic “proof of work” mechanism, digital signatures, and peer to peer distributed networking layer in order to provide a distributed ledger holding transactions. In 2014, a second generation of blockchains allow to program and execute them over distributed networks such as Ethereum project. The code to program any asset stored in blockchain’s peer-to-peer network is called as "smart contract" and smart contracts gives a powerful tool to developers for decentralized applications. There are various types of tokens that anyone can built on top of Ethereum and by combining smart contracts and new tokens, this paved the way of possibility to build a wide range of decentralized projects. One of the disruptive blockchain based innovation impacting intellectual property is called non-fungible-tokens or NFTs firstly introcuced in late 2017 on Ethereum network. This research contends that blockchain and non-fungible tokens (NFTs) which are cryptographically unique, scarce, non-replicable digital assets created through smart contracts and provably digital collectible assets. Our objective is to give NFT taxonomy, review NFT platforms and discuss technical challenges as well as recent advances in tackling the challenges. Moreover, this paper also aims to point out the future directions for NFT technology.
Econometric Models of Structural Shifts of the Economy of the Kyrgyz Republic
Authors: Choroev Kalybek
Published: January 2022

One of the urgent problems of economic development in the Kyrgyz Republic is overcoming structural imbalances. This article is devoted to the analysis and econometric modeling of the problems of overcoming structural imbalances in economic development. Methods for analyzing structural changes in the national economy using an econometric model based on a production function are proposed. The necessity of developing a three-sector model based on the production function has been substantiated. Analyzed the state of socio-economic development, the state of the investment climate in the Kyrgyz Republic.
Currently, one of the most difficult problems of economic reforms in countries with economies in transition is that they are faced with the task of overcoming complex structural imbalances in the economic system inherited from the planned economy of the past. Ensuring sustainable balanced economic development of the country is an urgent task. For the accelerated development of the national economy of the country, the main goal is to optimize the intersectoral and intra-sectoral distribution of resources. In a transitional economy, the market mechanism cannot provide the desired scheme for the intersectoral allocation of resources of the national economy.
The government of the country must take into account the existence of economic imbalances at the macro level and in the future, it is necessary to coordinate the distribution of foreign investment resources at the state level. Optimization measures should be aimed at identifying economic imbalances at an early stage and taking measures to resolve them in a timely manner.
Asymmetric Effect of Economic Growth and Oil Price on Carbon Emission in Turkey
Authors: Serin Oktay Duygu
Published: January 2022

Today, one of the most important global problems is the phenomenon of climate change. The main reason for this phenomenon is that all the energy required for production and consumption is provided from fossil fuels instead of renewable energy sources. The widespread use of fossil fuels increases carbon emissions intensity. Due to the importance of carbon emissions, it is aimed to determine the asymmetric effect of economic growth and oil price on carbon emissions in Turkey. For this purpose, the long and short-term effects of per capita income and oil price on carbon emissions are analyzed using the nonlinear ARDL cointegration method between 1987-2019. The findings support the Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis for the relationship between carbon emissions and per capita income for Turkey. In addition, it has been determined that there is a significant and asymmetrical effect between oil prices and carbon emissions in the long run. While the increase in the oil price tends to decrease carbon emission, the decrease in the oil price leads to increase in carbon emission in the long term. In line with these results, economic growth and energy policies are critical in reducing environmental problems caused by carbon emissions in Turkey. Namely, it is necessary to implement environmental policies that support economic growth to reduce the impact of environmental degradation in Turkey. Especially renewable energy consumption should be increased for sustainable growth. Therefore, research on renewable energy should be encouraged and it is important to implement training activities required for technology production.
Women's Labor Force Participation and Economic Growth: Evidence from Transition Economies
Authors: Algan Neşe , Serin Oktay Duygu
Published: January 2022

Sustainable economic growth at national and global level depends on the significant participation of women in the labor force. Because women compose half of the world population in terms of human capital and labor. Despite the developments in recent years, there is still gender inequality in labor markets around the world and labor force participation rate of women is lower than men. There are many factors affecting the participation of women in the labor force in all developed and developing countries. The effect levels of these factors on the participation rate differ depending on the development levels of the countries. In this context, the role of women's education and labor force participation on development is an important issue especially for all developing country. Therefore, the aim of the study is to examine the relationship between women's labor force participation rates and economic growth in transition economies. For this purpose, the generalized method of moments, which is a dynamic panel data analysis technique, is applied in the study using data between 1995-2019. Analysis findings reveal that there is a U-shaped relationship between women's labor force participation rate and economic growth in transition economies competible with the literature. As a result, reducing gender inequality and increasing women's labor force participation rates positively affect economic growth, income inequality and social welfare, so it is great importance that policy practitioners create a comprehensive women's employment policy and ensure that women play an active role in the labor force.
Analysis of Human Capital and Natural Resource Use as Sources of Growth: Turkey Example
Authors: Şahinkoç Ender Mehmet , Tuğsal Türker
Published: January 2022

The aim of this research is to analyze human capital, natural resources, and technological developments, which are the determinants of growth. The use of these resources has been evaluated with country data sets. In this research, the sources of growth have been examined; moreover, growth performance of Turkey has also been analyzed. Human capital can be considered as a prominent factor among the sources of growth. In this context, studies on measuring the quality of human capital have been examined. The use of natural resources and technology for economic growth is one of the areas examined in this research. Furthermore, literature has been reiterated and the concept of growth has been explained theoretically with traditional and modern aspects.
In order to measure "human capital" which is one of the sources of growth; Turkish Statistical Institution (TUIK) and the World Bank data have been used. In the tables, the data that show the education level develeopment in Turkey are presented over the years. Besides, Turkey's potential growth rate and annual growth rates have been evaluated. To conclude, the growth performance of Turkey has been evaluated and the importance of increasing the quality of human capital is emphasized. Recommendations have been made to increase potential growth and ensure sustainable growth. Some structural problems have been identified as a result of examining the development of the Turkish economy over the years. These structural problems have been addressed and solutions investigated.
Paradigm Shift of Tourist Behavior in Eurasian Countries under Pandemic Conditions
Authors: Oralkan Ayça
Published: January 2022

Tourism has become a dynamic economic resource for Eurasian countries in recent decades, providing well-being for the people living in the destinations. The pandemic has forced societies to adapt to the constraints it imposes due to significant socioeconomic effects. Because of the fact that the tourist behavior and social life in the destinations are significantly affected by pandemic conditions, the countries are developing strategies to overcome the safety concerns with reconstructed travel and tourism norms. Due to the nature of the process, the main source of the competitive environment of the tourism sector is tourist behavior, and one of the primary criteria of potential tourists in their destination selection is security risk assessments. With the constraints shaped under pandemic conditions, a dramatic decrease has been observed in the intensity of tourism activities on a global basis. Yet, tourism is recognized as one of the most dynamic and fast-growing sectors worldwide with a positive welfare effect on the people living in the destinations. Therefore, there is a strong intention to develop favorable conditions, including innovative solutions, to meet tourist motivations. The aim of this paper is to develop theoretical approaches to evaluate the potential tourist behavior regarding Eurasian Countries under the constraints of the pandemic.
Are There Any Housing Bubbles in Turkey?
Authors: Korkmaz Özge , Çağlayan Akay Ebru , Bülbül Hoşeng
Published: January 2022

It is very important that the housing market, which meets the most basic need of people is needed for shelter from the past to the present, has a stable structure. The instability structure of the housing market is generally associated with the presence of housing bubbles. The deviation of housing prices from their basic value and not being able to be explained by economic fundamentals leads to the formation of housing bubbles. Housing bubbles can lead to permanent losses, as it may take a long time to return to normal prices. For Turkey as a developing country, it is important to identify an unstable structure in house prices discuss the basic economic factors related to this. After the global increases in housing prices, inflation, and depreciation in the Turkish lira, Turkey has become the country with the highest housing price increases globally in 2020. In the study, the presence of bubbles in the housing market for Ankara, Izmir, Istanbul, and Turkey in general, was investigated by SADF and GSADF unit root tests for the period 2010:01-2021:02. In this context, the study examines the presence of bubbles in housing prices for Ankara, Izmir, Istanbul, and Turkey in general, which are the three cities with the highest price increases. As a result of the study, the presence of bubbles in the housing market has been determined for Ankara, Istanbul, Izmir, and Turkey in general.
Determinants of Chinese Exports to the United States: An Empirical Analysis
Authors: Taşseven Özlem , Yılmaz Naci
Published: January 2022

The main objective of this study is to investigate the short and the long run relationships between bilateral export performance of China to United States using variables such as the real exchange rate of dollar to yuan, the growth of per capita US GDP, the growth of per capita Chinese GDP. The annual data covers the period between 2001 and 2018. The Johansen testing approach to cointegration is performed in the estimation process. The causalities among the variables in the model are determined based on the estimated models. The empirical results reveal that the variables of interest are cointegrated. Real exchange rate has no significant effect on Chinese exports to the US, whereas the growth of per capita US GDP and the growth of per capita GDP of China have positive and significant effects. Our findings suggest that United States should concentrate on the growth of both two countries rather than focusing on the low level of Chinese domestic currency.
Environmental Degradation: Monetary Transmission Mechanism and CO2 Emission
Authors: Taştan Buket , Terzioğlu Kenan
Published: January 2022

As a result of recent changes in traditional risk perception accompanying industrialization and technology, global economic risks are increasingly based on the climate. While risks are considered using a two-dimensional approach in traditional risk perception, risk structures occur in a chain under globalization. In the concept of sustainability, environmental degradation and economic growth establish the link between environmental degradation and other macroeconomic variables. Monetary transmission channels—including the interest, exchange rate, asset price, credit, and expectation channels—impact the real economy and productivity by enabling capital accumulation, the orientation of small funds, and technological diffusion. In this context, the evaluation of the efficiency of monetary transmission channels and environmental degradation policy recommendations need to be addressed, especially, within the industrial sector. Although the cointegration approach is based on the fact that linear combinations of non-stationary series are stationary, cointegration analyses in which structural breaks are defined as dummy variables should be performed since the linear combination may change at a certain point in the sample. This study aims to reveal the effect of industrial production index and energy consumption on greenhouse gas emissions using a structural break approach with cointegration methods. Policy suggestions within the scope of sustainability are evaluated considering the long-term structural results among the variables.
Nuclear Energy in The World and Turkey
Authors: Kavaz İsmail
Published: January 2022

Although the usage of nuclear power has been severely criticised, it tends to increase worldwide. Especially developing countries and the countries that prioritize increasing the energy supply security are taking steps to generate electricity by using nuclear power technologies. In other respects, countries that utilised from nuclear energy extensively in the past are now highlighting the harms of this energy type and they defend the usage of nuclear power should be limited. Turkey, on the other hand, carried its nuclear power adventure, which lasted more than half-century, to a new stage with the Akkuyu Power Plant. With this step, it is aimed primarily to enrich the energy profile of the country. In addition, it is projected to make a significant contribution of the energy supply security of the country with this power plant, which is planned to be set into operation in 2023. In this study, the general situation of nuclear energy in the world will be examined. Furthermore, the positive and negative aspects of nuclear power will be emphasized. For this purpose, the current data on the usage of nuclear power in the world will be utilized. In addition, the process of establishing a nuclear power plant in Turkey will be evaluated. Lastly, several suggestions will be presented within the framework of possible opportunities and risks that the country may face in terms of the nuclear energy.
Long Memory in Exchange Rate Volatility
Authors: Yaşar Aysu , Terzioğlu Kenan
Published: January 2022

Considering rapidly evolving technology and effective markets, wherein information and news are quickly and effectively reflected in financial asset prices, the positions of investors trading in financial markets regarding financial asset prices vary according to the continuous stream of information coming to the market. However, markets are not fully efficient in terms of maintaining a long memory that enables future pricing estimates based on the past market price of the financial asset. Revealing the existence of a long memory structure is essential to the development of monetary policies since exchange rates that tend to return to average exert high resistance. In this study, the exchange rate’s long-range dependence is determined in the scope of the log-periodogram estimator and using a fractional model structure, the average model, and the variance model structure related to the exchange rate between February 22, 2001–March 16, 2020 are examined. In this context, the parameters in the model allow an examination of the long memory process. According to the fractionally integrated exponential generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity model, it is determined that the effects of shocks in the exchange rate market continue and persist for a long period. Policy suggestions within the scope of exchange rates are evaluated within model outputs.
Inflation and Marginal Costs in Open Economies: The New Keynesian Hybrid Phillips Curve
Authors: Acaroğlu Doğaç , Terzioğlu Kenan
Published: January 2022

The inclusion of the inflation rate in wage determination affects the behavior of economic actors and also positions the expected inflation as one of the main factors in determining inflation. Changes in currency parities in developing countries, which make their production dependent on imports, affect costs and prices. Moreover, changes in labor market structures resulting from free capital flows affect employment and the inflation phenomenon. This paper analyzes the current inflation, expected inflation, and output gap relations with the fuzzy linear regression method in the context of the Turkish economy, which has inflation and effective external dependency. Based on the results obtained using marginal cost instead of the output gap, policy recommendations are provided. The scope of this paper comprises the New Keynesian Hybrid Phillips curve that includes external factors. The relationship between inflation and relevant variables is statistically significant and positive, proving the fuzzy linear regression results as promising. To obtain economic stability and policy precautions, we must examine whether the use of tight monetary policies for coping with inflation leads to unemployment and whether expansionist monetary policies lead to inflation.
Determinants of Stock Market Development in Eurasian Countries
Authors: Bal Hakan
Published: January 2022

Stock market capitalization has been regarded as an important component of financial development of countries, as an instrument of economic growth. This study examines the effect of private credit, real income, inflation, foreign direct investment, financial openness, stock market liquidity, liquid liabilities, and domestic savings on stock market capitalization for 55 Eurasian countries between 1975 and 2017. I find that real income, stock market liquidity, foreign direct investment and financial openness have a positive effect, while inflation has a negative effect on stock market capitalization to GDP ratio. Other variables are found to be insignificant. I also examine pre-1990 and post-1990 periods due to political and structural changes in the region, however the results are robust to both periods.
Analysis of Eurasian Countries in Terms of Economic Freedom with Cluster Analysis
Authors: Orman Ferhat
Published: January 2022

Governments in economically free societies; aim to increase the level of sustainable growth and prosperity of the country while allowing labor, capital, and products to move freely. To determine the economic freedom of the countries, it publishes indices by various independent institutions, and thus, their position in comparison to other countries is determined. Especially ın order to determine the group structure among countries that are close to each other in terms of regions; In addition to revealing the status of the region in terms of economic freedom, it is beneficial in terms of acting with similar countries for plans and determining policies.
In the index called the Economic Freedom Index published annually by the Heritage Foundation, a ranking including the countries that are members of the United Nations is made. This index value is measured through variables based on 12 quantitative and qualitative factors divided into four broad categories of economic freedom. In this study in which 2021 data was used, cluster analysis, one of the multivariate statistical analysis techniques, was preferred to group countries.
Findings from the analysis showed that Eurasian countries were divided into 4 different clusters according to the economic freedom index. Among the countries, the most striking country was North Korea. In the formation of this situation. It can be thought that it is due to the state's adoption of an excessively interventionist policy in the economic policies of the country.
Supporting Agricultural-Based Economic Investments and Rural Economic Investments Within the Scope of Rural Development Support of 2021 in Kastamonu
Authors: Gürel Fatih , Tengiz Zehra Meliha , İnan Osman
Published: January 2022

Rural development policies aim to raise the people living in rural areas to the level of the cities in agricultural, economic, social and cultural issues and to increase their living standards. Rural areas in Turkey are areas where a significant portion of the population is engaged in agriculture. Improving the infrastructure of agricultural enterprises will increase the living standards of the people living in rural areas. Turkey should support its rural infrastructure in order to be competitive in rural development. In this sense, with the order of the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry of the Republic of Turkey, the first 50% grant support, and the Rural Development Investments Support Program started to be implemented in the whole country with the decision of the Council of Ministers in 2011. In 2021, the support continued in two different parts under the name of agricultural-based economic investments and supporting rural economic infrastructure investments. In the study, Kastamonu province, which has an important potential, was examined in terms of rural development. The contribution of the supports provided with the program "Supporting Economic Investments Based on Agriculture within the Scope of Rural Development Supports" implemented in the province in 2021 has been evaluated. There have been 18 project applications for agricultural-based economic investments in Kastamonu province for 2021. Their total project cost is 12.8 million TL. 279 project applications were made to support rural economic infrastructure investments. The total project cost of these was 30.8 million TL.
Creating a Positive Image of an Entrepreneur in the EAEU Countries in the Digital Economy
Authors: Gurunyan Tatyana
Published: January 2022

In the EAEU countries, unfortunately, entrepreneurship has not yet become a driver of economic development. Informal institutions can be considered a significant barrier to the development of entrepreneurship. The formation of a positive image of an entrepreneur is a necessary condition for the development of entrepreneurial activity and the strengthening of trust between business, society and government. Objective: to determine the direction of forming a positive image of an entrepreneur in the EAEU countries for the development of the entrepreneurial layer of society. Research methods: An abstract-logical approach is used based on a system analysis of the formation of a positive image of an entrepreneur. The analysis is based on the data of the international project Global Monitoring of Entrepreneurship, and the results of research work in the SIU-branch of the RANEPA. The correlation between the attitude to the image of the entrepreneur and entrepreneurial activity is proved. In higher education institutions, it is necessary to develop entrepreneurial education. At the same time, digital educational technologies should be widely applied, soft skills should be formed. The media have significant potential for impact on society, constitute the main PR tool. Material on promoting entrepreneurship should be presented in new online media forms: forums, blogs, online conferences, Internet messengers integrated into the mobile phone interface. The formation of a stable positive image of an entrepreneur among all sectors of the population will strengthen trust between society and businesses, business and the state to realize the entrepreneurial potential of the EAEU countries.
Arbitral Awards Under ISTAC Arbitration
Authors: Topaloğlu Mustafa
Published: January 2022

Arbitration is a well-established and widely used method of resolution of disputes outside the state courts. There are various arbitration centers around the world. The Istanbul Arbitration Centre ISTAC is an independent, neutral and impartial institution providing efficient dispute resolution services for both international and domestic parties. The arbitral awards rendered under ISTAC Arbitration Rules are subject to enforcement by officers just as court decisions. ISTAC arbitration proceeding is carried out by The Sole Arbitrator or Arbitral Tribunal which consist of President and other arbitrators. The Sole Arbitrator or Arbitral Tribunal shall render the award on the merits of the dispute, within 6 months from the date upon which the completion of the signatures on the terms of reference. When the dispute is resolved by an Arbitral Tribunal, it shall decide by majority. In the absence of majority, the award shall be made by the President of the Arbitral Tribunal. The arbitral award contains information of parties and arbitrators, the reasoning of the award, the decision, the decision concerning the costs of the arbitration. The awards are signed by Sole Arbitrator or Arbitral Tribunal. The Sole Arbitrator or Arbitral Tribunal may correct ex officio any computational and typographical errors in the award within 30 days of the date on which the award was rendered. The arbitration proceedings are terminated by the issuance of the award or by the occurrence of any circumstances which are stipulated under ISTAC Arbitration Rules Article 3.
Market Manipulation According to the Capital Market Law
Authors: Çetin Soner Hamza
Published: January 2022

The behavior (manipulation) for prompting selling or buying a capital market instrument or increasing or decreasing the value of capital market instrument artificially by deceiving the investors in the capital market sprincipally deteriorate the trust and stability of the capital market and damages the rights of the investors. Besides, such behavior upsets the transparency of the market and causes that the trust that should be in the market is breached. Such behavior called as manipulation in the capital markets are arranged under the name “market manipulation” in the article 107 of the Capital Market Law (SPKn) no: 6362. Because of the negative impacts on the market, having an arrangement as a crime separate from the fraud provisions included in the criminal code is principally a statement of a necessity. Market manipulation is subjected to a dual distinction as committed based on insider information and committed based on transaction. Article 107/1 regulates the market manipulation based on trade and Article 107/2 of SPKn the market manipulation based on information. Even though the same imprisonment is anticipated in the law for both market manipulation, for the market manipulation based on trade, a special remorse circumstance is included in the Article 107/3 and a special compliance with the laws reasons in the Article 108.