bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Networked Organization and the Management of Interdependence
Authors: Rockart John f. , Short james e.
Published: November 2023

This chapter focuses on the three forces highlighted in Figure 7-1. Information technology has the inherent characteristic of being able to shrink the effects of time and space and provide humans with information sup port. Thus, electronic tools such as workstations can leverage a human’s mind, shorten the time needed to accomplish tasks, and through networks speed up information flow. The time between an event and its consequences, such as placing an order or changing a design, is shorter than ever before.
Language, Social Stratification, and Cognitive Orientation
Authors: Bright William
Published: November 2023

Sociolinguistics is a thriving infant, but an infant nevertheless.1 Thus, the literature is still meager in the subfield dealing with the linguistic correlates of social stratification. In 1956 it was noted that of two review articles on social stratification, ‘neither lists any study dealing with language as a status-related factor ‘ (Putnam and O ‘Hern 1956); and the same comment holds for a similar review article published in 1964 (Murphy 1964). In fact, it is only very recently that any combination of sociological and linguistic sophistication has been brought to bear on the subject.
Complex Verb Forms Colloquial Tamil
Authors: Lindenfeld Jacqueline
Published: November 2023

The difference between literary Tamil and colloquial Tamil has been well characterized by Matthews (1942:992) in the following passage:It is a common experience for the foreigner learning Tamil to discover to his dismay that after months of study with grammar and reader and munshi he is able to understand scarcely anything of the language spoken around him. In the villages and the fields, in the bazaars and on the highroads he hears a language spoken which he finds it hard to believe is the language of his study.
Phonological Rules in Literary and Colloquial Kannada
Authors: Bright William
Published: November 2023

It has been recognized for some time that the languages of India present several cases of the phenomenon which Ferguson (1959) has called diglossia: the co-existence of two styles of speech having a common origin but only a limited degree of mutual intelligibility, and functionally specialized in terms of a literary vs. colloquial dichotomy.1 Such diglossia has been described for Bengali and Tamil,2 as well as for the language under discussion in the present paper: Kannada (Kanarese), the Dravidian language of Mysore State in South India.
Hindi Numerals
Authors: Bright William
Published: November 2023

In most languages encountered by linguists, the numerals, considered as a paradigmatic set, constitute a morphosyntactic problem of only moderate complexity. Thus, a common pattern, not only in Indo-European but in other families as well, involves single morphemes for numbers ‘one ‘ through ‘ten ‘, and regular rules of co-occurrence to produce numbers ‘eleven ‘ through ‘ninety-nine ‘-with occasional ad hoc morphophonemic statements applying to the teens and the decades, e.g., English three.....,. thir-in the environment of -teen or -ty.
Written and Spoken Language in South Asia
Authors: Bright William
Published: November 2023

In 1964 I had the pleasure of organizing a conference on sociolinguistics at UCLA, the proceedings of which were subsequently published (Bright 1966). For me, and for other participants in the conference who had worked in India, such as John Gumperz and Paul Friedrich, the field of sociolinguistics had taken shape as a very direct result of our experiences in South Asia. We had gone there with backgrounds in post Bloomfieldian structural linguistics, but we had returned with the realization that new methodologies were needed to cope with such phenomena as diglossia, code-switching,
Economics and the Philosophy of Science
Authors: Redman Deborah A
Published: November 2023

This is a theoretical examination of the scientific assumptions underlying much of economic theory. Part I discusses the philosophy of science in general, including the work of Popper, Lakatos, Feyerabend, Bartley, Kuhn, Fleck, Polyani, Toulmin, and Hanson. Part II focuses on Popper, Lakatos and Kuhn and their philosophies of economics. The author concludes that economists abuse methodology, especially paradigms that are used to demonstrate that a given school of thought is more scientific than another.
The Pendulum Swings in the Other Direction: Sociological Explanations of Science
Authors: Redman Deborah A
Published: November 2023

I have lumped together Polanyi, Fleck, and Kuhn for two reasons. They have in common a view that science cannot be rationally justified and hence be­ longs to the sociology of science. Theirs is an elitist view: appraisal of theories is the job of scientists only. The scientific community is a closed community. They all agree that science is a special enterprise. On what does it base its authority, then? For Polanyi, the authority of science lies in the judgment of scientists—in the “tacit dimension” of science, shared and understood only by scientists. For Fleck, it rests in the Denkkollektiv; for Kuhn, in the leap of faith to a paradigm.
Whither the History of Science?
Authors: Redman Deborah A
Published: November 2023

Not all philosophers of science have been interested in historical aspects of science. The current emphasis on the history of science and on theories as complex structural wholes is in part due to the work of the historian of science Thomas Kuhn. But as the historian of science I. Bernard Cohen (1977, p. 309) indicates, Joseph Agassi, Gerd Buchdahl, Joseph Cark, Paul Feyerabend, Adolf Grünbaum, Mary Hesse, N. R. Hanson, Ernan McMullin, Imre Lakatos, Ernest Nagel, Dudley Shapere, Karl Popper, Hans Reichenbach, Stephen Toulmin, and others are philosophers of science who are very concerned with aspects of history of science. To the contrary, I. B. Cohen (1977, p. 310) mentions that Carnap and Quine are notable for their lack of interest in history.
The Philanthropic Process-Management, Operation, and Grant Making
Authors: London Nancy R
Published: November 2023

As the preceding two chapters have demonstrated, the legal and tax frameworks that shape Japanese philanthropy are the product of the unique Japanese cultural setting and hence are very different from those that give United States philanthropy its form. The internal procedures according to which grant-making foundations and corporate contributions programs govern themselves are also culturally derived, yet it is in this area that Japanese and U.S. foundations are most similar. Differences here seem to be predominantly those of degree rather than substance.
Of Race, Sex, and Lynching
Authors: Lane Roger
Published: November 2023

It may be argued that from the beginning there was a chicken-egg relationship between prejudice and American racial oppression, or even that racial attitudes grew up, after the fact, to justify a domination that preceded them. It is true at least that some specific stereotypes were conveniently tailored to specific social situations, as Thomas Jefferson’s insistence that blacks are better suited to work under a hot sun than whites, require less sleep, and feel loss and other emotions less keenly. But the evidence is overwhelming that racial prejudice is even wider than racial oppression. And the fact that hostility to blackness, in particular, is built into the whole Indo-European family of languages has given hostility to Afro-Americans a character wholly different, in kind and degree, from the prejudice which dominant white Protestants have historically directed at other ethnic and even racial groups.
Organization and Social Class
Authors: Lane Roger
Published: November 2023

Few things about late-19th-century black Philadelphia are more striking than the richness of its web of clubs, organizations, and associations, all of them, like politics, religion, and color itself serving at the same time to divide and unite the larger community. There were organizations for every purpose: fellowship and mutual insurance, charity and prestige, education and the celebration of common origins and experience. Given a population of only a few tens of thousands, collectively they represented a truly astonishing amount of energy and sometimes expense. Many of these groups competed for members; some were designed to set people apart from others, to draw lines based on social class, place of birth, or other differences. But it was hard in practice to establish a stable class system in a community so poor. The income difference between top and bottom was always narrow, and the many clubs and associations themselves often demanded a conspicuous consumption that combined with the uncertainties of economic life to make personal security hard to win and even harder to transmit across the generations. And despite efforts to reinforce class lines through selective association, the need to unite for religious, political, and other purposes prevented any group of Afro-Americans from truly isolating themselves from the rest.
Crew: Internationalism, Expansion, and the Yale-Harvard Pullout
Authors: Smith Ronald A
Published: November 2023

Harvard ‘s Dominance of crew as the first two decades of intercol legiate contests came to a close led its crew members to consider challenging the supposed supremacy of England ‘s Oxford and Cam bridge universities. The natural rivalry between the English and the Americans had been most marked by two major wars, the American Revolution and the War of 1812, but it also had been spurred on by the Civil War in which England had given aid to the Confederacy. Americans had sporadically contested the English in boating, boxing, cricket, horse racing, running, and yachting in non-collegiate contests in the decades before the Civil War. Americans may not have liked the English, but they did look up to them and their culture. Sport was an important part of that culture, and Americans had a desire to see how they would stand up in competition. If American colleges were to challenge the best of England, it was logical that Harvard should lead the way. It was the oldest, wealthiest, and most prestigious American college, and in America ‘s first intercollegiate sport, crew, it was the best.
Analyzing Discourse: Frame And Topic Coherence
Authors: Ribeiro Branca Telles
Published: November 2023

In language any one of these things can go wrong, since, as Becker adds, ‘‘it is at best an unstable integration’ (1982a:128). When the integration is disrupted, an unsuccessful language and interactional experience results. People do many things through talk. They introduce topics for discussion that are eventually negotiated as conversational topics in the interaction. They convey requests, make demands, respond to summonses, and present statements, among a variety of different actions. Participants in a conversation also take turns, take and yield the floor, interrupt, and reveal their listenership verbally and nonverbally. In performing all this work, people continuously signal their relationship to one another, as well as to what they are saying, through talk.
Conflicting Frames in the Discharge Interview
Authors: Ribeiro Branca Telles
Published: November 2023

Goffman’s extensive research in face-to-face encounters masterfully demonstrates the subtle ways in which context is constantly being recreated in interaction. It has stimulated inquiry into the variety of roles and alignments that come into play when people engage in face-to-face interaction. Investigating how subtle changes in participants’ stance or position vis-a-vis one another may alter or influence the direction of the ongoing talk is a fruitful approach to the understanding of different types of discourse.
Topic Coherence In The Discharge Interview
Authors: Ribeiro Branca Telles
Published: November 2023

My discussion so far has dealt with the different frames that emerged in the discharge interview. We have seen that the doctor controls the institutional frames of the interview by introducing questions which the patient must address. We will see that all of these questions follow an official topic agenda that Doctor Edna brings to the interview. In answering the doctor’s questions, Dona Jurema sometimes shifts out of the institutional frame and reframes the talk as a personal encounter. Doctor Edna may ratify this shift. When she does, she goes along during a short segment of talk until she finally steers the patient back to the interview frame by introducing or reintroducing a topic on her agenda. Topics, therefore, play a crucial role in reframings as well as in the shaping of frames.
Topicality In The Admitting Interview: Where Coherence Breaks Down
Authors: Ribeiro Branca Telles
Published: November 2023

We have seen thus far that a large part of what constitutes the institutional frame of the medical encounter is related to the topic agenda that the doctor brings to the interview. To be successful in the interview situation (and hence assess the official frame correctly), the patient must address the doctor’s topics. That is, she must be able to identify ‘‘what talk is about’ and provide some sort of satisfying response, which either addresses the doctor’s request for information or establishes a process of negotiation. Furthermore, the patient does not introduce topics from a personal agenda but instead may recycle a previous topic that the doctor has introduced or expand on an ongoing topic by introducing subtopics. That is, she must provide for topic continuity rather than topic introduction.
Toward a Model for the Analysis of Inappropriate Responses in Native/Nonnative Interactions
Authors: House Juliane
Published: November 2023

Why do learners of a second or foreign language often fail to respond in a way acceptable to their native interlocutors? ls it because they “misheard” or simply didn’t hear what was said to them, because they did not understand what was said to them, or because they did not understand what the interlocutor had meant by what he or she said to them?
Neutral Politics
Authors: Perry Michael J
Published: November 2023

The United States, like many other societies, is morally pluralistic: No one set of beliefs about how it is good or fitting for human beings to live their lives prevails in American society. (The morally pluralistic character of American society, however, unlike that of other societies, is congenital: “As it arose in America, the problem of pluralism was unique in the modern world, chiefly because pluralism was the native condition of American society. It was not, as in Europe and England, the result of a disruption or decay of a previously existent religious unity.”1) Although some quite general beliefs about human good are widely shared in American society, many beliefs about human good are widely, deeply, and persistently disputed. That state of affairs gives rise to a fundamental inquiry about the proper relation of morality to politics: In American society (or in any similarly pluralistic society).
Commitment and Depth Versus Detachment and Breadth
Authors: Demb Ada , Neubauer F -Friedrich
Published: November 2023

Distortions in the functioning of boards come about for variety of reasons: some intentional, some because of dynamics that are built in to the circumstances. The tensions that cause this paradox are embodied in the characteristics of individual board members, making them an inescapable aspect of board composition. The first tension relates to the capacity of a board member to remain detached from considerations of self-interest while retaining a commitment to and an involvement with the company. The second relates to the ability of the board member to bring to the table both in-depth understanding of the company and its industry setting as well as perspectives from the broader business and socioeconomic environments.
“Cozy Club” Versus Independent “Personalities”
Authors: Demb Ada , Neubauer F -Friedrich
Published: November 2023

It is the collective strength of the directors that gives the board its capability for judgment-the capability that translates into a distinct additive role. The challenge of this paradox is to forge a set of relationships among a group of strong individuals that will permit information to be shared, recommendations challenged, and actions evaluated, while at the same time avoiding the trap of becoming a group so trusting, familiar, and comfortable with itself that judgment is undermined by cozy self satisfaction. The nature of this paradox is illustrated in Figure 6.1. A board accommodating new members finds itself with “strangers” in the group, and therefore with a reduced ability to access its collective judgment. As the group continues to work together over a period of years, the inevitable familiarity may lead to complacency and a tendency to seek new members who “fit” with existing members. Slowly and very incrementally the board’s critical ability, its collective ability to challenge, deteriorates.
Dealing with Board Performance
Authors: Demb Ada , Neubauer F -Friedrich
Published: November 2023

Who talks about board performance? In the newspapers, in business circles, and on the cocktail circuit board failures and scandals elicit scorn, anger, and some righteous indignation. “Sadly,” John Harvey-Jones writes, “it is perfectly possible for boards of directors to meet regularly and never discuss any creative business at all.”1 Yet, by and large, few people focus on board performance, or board effective ness, until there is a crisis.
Introduction
Authors: Webelhuth Gert
Published: November 2023

One of the challenges in writing a book that makes a detailed comparison of certain areas in seven different languages is the efficient organization of the wealth of empirical data. There is every reason to believe that all readers except those most interested in the subject would put a book aside that did not present the data in portions manageable to someone with an average attention span. Therefore I have made every effort to bring the material presented below into a reader­ friendly format. I was helped in this endeavor by the supportive comments and suggestions of several readers and reviewers of pre­ final drafts.
Pied Piping
Authors: Webelhuth Gert
Published: November 2023

In Chapter 3 we dealt with some problems in the syntax of clausal arguments. Before we turn to nonclausal arguments in the next chapter, we will concern ourselves here with the phenomenon of S­ structure pied piping. I will show that the data from the Germanic languages suggests a strong correlation between the grammatical relation that an element bears in a phrase marker and its capacity to pied­ pipe its mother constituent, i.e. to cause its mother to move along with it into an operator position. To the extent that this claim is correct, the phenomenon of pied piping leads to valuable insights into the characterization of such universal building blocks of phrase structure as the complementation relation, modification, and specification. This may be an important result for two reasons: first, because it allows us a kind of reduction in the language­ acquisition process, which is pronounced desirable in the following discussion from Chomsky (1981, 9 ff) under the rubric of “epistemological priority”: Any theory­ in particular, a theory ofUG­ may be regarded ideally as a set of concepts and a set of theorems stated in terms of these concepts. We may select a primitive basis of concepts in terms of which the theorems are derivable....
Introduction: Political Structure, Democratic Theory, and Constitutional Text
Authors: Redish Martin H
Published: November 2023

It has become fashionable in certain academic circles to urge a dramatically reduced role for the courts in enforcement of the Constitution’s structural provisions. In the area of constitutional federalism, the Supreme Court has—with limited aberration—largely followed this scholarly lead, for the most part dropping out of the business of reviewing allegedly unconstitutional federal encroachments on state power. In the separation-of-powers area, however, the modern Court has evinced something of a split personality, seemingly wavering from resort to judicial enforcement with a formalistic vengeance to use of a so-called functional approach that appears to be designed to do little more than rationalize incursions by one branch of the federal government into the domain of another. The Court has gone from one extreme to the other, with the assertion of what are at best tenuous distinctions.
Involvement as Dialogue: Linguistic Theory and the Relation between Conversational and Literary Discourse
Authors: Tannen Deborah
Published: November 2023

Since the rise of transformational grammar as the dominant paradigm in linguistics, literary theorists have tended to look to it as the primary if not only available model of linguistic theory. At the same time there has developed among literary scholars, as it has among scholars in a range of other disciplines, a growing and spreading interest in the theoretical framework of Mikhail Bakhtin. The coincidence of these two strands of theoretical interest among literary theorists is in a sense ironic, since, as elucidated by Gary Saul Morson and Caryl Emerson in their book Mikhail Bakhtin (1990), Bakhtin positioned himself in opposition to linguistic theory, about which he was loudly skeptical.
Conversation as Dialogue
Authors: Searle John R
Published: November 2023

Traditionally speech act theory has a very restricted subject matter. The speech act scenario is enacted by its two great heroes, “S” and “H”; and it works as follows: S goes up to H and cuts loose with an acoustic blast; if all goes well, if all the appropriate conditions are satisfied, if S’s noise is infused with intentionality, and if all kinds of rules come into play, then the speech act is successful and nondefective. After that, there is silence; nothing else happens. The speech act is concluded and S and H go their separate ways. Traditional speech act theory is thus largely confined to single speech acts. But, as we all know, in real life speech acts are often not like that at all. In real life, speech characteristically consists of longer sequences of speech acts, either on the part of one speaker, in a continuous discourse; or it consists, more interestingly, of sequences of exchange speech acts in a conversation, where alternately S becomes H; and H, S.
Explanation
Authors: O’shaughnessy John
Published: November 2023

In Chapter 1 it was claimed that the major reason for studying the behavioural sciences is to attain the ability to explain behaviour; at the same time, it was argued that a firm understanding of any behavioural science revolves around understanding its mode of explanation. Yet up to now no attempt has been made to define “modes” of explanation or what constitutes an explanation. This chapter discusses the concept of explanation and the controversies that have arisen over the nature of a scientific explanation, explanatory adequacy, and the relationship between explanation and prediction.
Causal Temporal Modes of Explanation
Authors: O’shaughnessy John
Published: November 2023

Most of the interesting causal models in marketing would come under the heading of causal temporal modes of explanation. These generally display more explanatory depth than do simple cause-effect conjunctions. Causal temporal modes of explanation are concerned with chains of discrete events, linked together through time in some causal way. The temporal linkage receives prominence because
Philosophical Controversies Underlying Explanatory Systems and Methodologies
Authors: O’shaughnessy John
Published: November 2023

The different explanatory modes discussed in Chapters 3 to 6 give rise to different methodologies as to what data to collect and how the data are to be collected, manipulated, and interpreted. As shown in Chapters 7 and 8, each of the various systems of psychology and sociology adopts a methodology that fits the pursuit of one of the four modes of explanation. Thus the methodology of existential phenomenology pursues a goal ascription type of explanation and adopts a methodology for interpreting behavior. But there is no exact one-to-one correspondence between methodology and the type of explanation sought. Thus if l believe reasons are causes, I can still adopt a methodology that relies on interpreting verbal protocols and need not, like the behaviorist, resort to experimentation. However, regardless of the explanatory mode and corresponding methodology adopted, there is no avoiding philosophical controversies as researchers implicitly or explicitly take a position on issues like rationalism versus empiricism or realism versus idealism. The purpose of this chapter is to discuss both the philosophical underpinnings and the controversies involved in the various explanatory modes and the presuppositions inherent in any methodology.
Introduction
Authors: Abelson Elaine S
Published: November 2023

On December 10, 1898, the New York Times reported the arrest of two women in Siegel-Cooper, a large Sixth Avenue department store. Mrs. Sarah Raymond, wife of the manager of a safe deposit company, was charged by store detective George Bernard with stealing a bottle of perfume valued at one dollar. Mrs. Laura Swift, wife of a minister, was charged with stealing an umbrella and several other small articles valued at seven dollars. Mrs. Swift, Bernard testified, had hidden the umbrella in the folds of her skirt “when one of the clerks was not looking.”1 Described by the Times reporter as “well-dressed,” of “unblemished reputation,” “dutiful wife and mother,” the two women were each arraigned and released by the court when Siegel-Cooper dropped the com plaints. Only two of many similar incidents that Christmas sea son, the Sarah Raymond and Laura Swift episodes encapsulate the drama of ladies who went a-thieving in the late nineteenth century. Solidly middle class, if not necessarily well-to-do, and obviously respectable, these women entered the great dry-goods bazaars to shop and became enmeshed in a consumer world of seemingly unlimited dimensions. That they became shoplifters demonstrates the difficulties faced both by middle-class women and by Victorian society in the face of fundamental cultural and economic change.
The Dilemmas of Detection
Authors: Abelson Elaine S
Published: November 2023

At the moment the dry-goods emporium became a department store, the detective became part of the store’s labor force. But until the sensational arrest of Mrs. Elizabeth B. Phelps and four other “respectable women” for shoplifting at Macy’s in December 1870, the store detective remained a shadowy figure, an invisible member of the supporting cast. The notoriety and public indig-nation accompanying the Macy arrests placed store detectives in an immediate spotlight and, as we shall see, very much determined the response of the dry-goods bazaars to the complex problem of middle-class shoplifting. The reverberations from the Phelps case persisted into the twentieth century.
‘‘… Disposition Shady, but a Perfect Lady’’
Authors: Abelson Elaine S
Published: November 2023

At the forty-first meeting of the Association of Medical Superin­tendents of American Institutions for the Insane in 1887, Dr. Orpheus Everts, Superintendent of the Cincinnati Sanitarium, delivered a paper that recounted the case of a thirty-nine-year-old widow with children and of “good society.” Admitted to the asy­lum as hysterical, with a history of kleptomania, this woman proved to have “womb disease mania,” which the doctor labeled, in turn, “larceny and eroticism with hysteria.”
Transforming the Routines and Contexts of Management, Work, and Technology
Authors: Ciborra Claudio U , Schneider Leslie S
Published: November 2023

Rapid changes in technology, markets, and competition are forcing corporations to reconsider what it takes to sustain competitive advantage. In particular, much recent literature has emphasized the importance of addressing decisions about business strategy, technology, and organizational structure as part of a coherent whole, rather than in isolation (Walton, 1989). In the ideal case, depending on multiple parameters such as the complexity of tasks, uncertainty of the environment, prevailing competitive strategy, and so on, corporations would select specific organizational struqures, information systems, job designs, and systems development procedures and shape them into a coherent design that best fits environmental and internal constraints or “contingencies.” When one or more of the main parameters change or when the existing design fails, the corporations would implement a new combination of structures, systems, and tasks (Kotter, 1978).
Population Trajectories
Authors: Hannan Michael T , Carroll Glenn R
Published: November 2023

One of the motivations for the research reported in this book is to understand the empirical regularity of growth in density observed for diverse organizational populations. When examined over long periods of time, counts of the number of organizations in a population initially grow slowly, then grow rapidly for a short time, and finally stabilize (sometimes after declining for some time). In order to analyze these temporal patterns thoroughly, we decomposed the overall population growth rate into its constituent parts, the organizational founding and mortality rates.
In The Rings Of Saturn
Authors: Sherman Joe
Published: November 2023

In this compelling, readable narrative, Joe Sherman explores virtually every aspect of the Saturn project, America's biggest and most publicized industrial success of the last decade. Here is the whole story - Saturn's mysterious beginnings inside General Motors in 1982; the site hunt that involved 38 states and ended in Spring Hill, Tennessee; the plant's construction and the transfer of 5,000 UAW members to a historic Southern backwater; and finally the small car's triumph in the marketplace. Telling the story through the standpoint of dozens of characters, from local farmers, to inspired assembly line workers, to `car smarts and gut feel' engineers, Sherman brings to life a very American story of renewal and growth, of great hope and soured expectations, of greed and lost opportunities. And he reveals that if the USA wants to produce high quality products that the world will want to buy, it must begin to adopt methods similar to those used in making the Saturn car.
(Re)Designing Dynamic Organizations
Authors: Mongee Peter R
Published: November 2023

Almost all prescriptive work on organization design is focused on achieving a good fit or match among an organization’s components or among the organization’s design and the determinants of its design. Although it may consider ‘‘turbulent environments’‘ and ‘‘executive succession,’‘ rarely does it operationally deal with the dynamics of the relationships among these components or determinants. This chapter by Monge is unusual and commendable in that it examines the process of organizational design from a dynamic perspective and describes a set of techniques that an organization designer can use to analyze and deal with the dynamics of these relationships.
With Studied Ambiguity
Authors: Goldstein Joseph
Published: November 2023

In 1976, the Supreme Court, in National League of Cities, addressed, as it had in McCulloch and many times since, the meaning and application of the constitutional principle of federalism.It considered whether the powers “reserved to the States” in the Tenth Amendment place judicially expoundable limitations upon an otherwise proper exercise by Congress of the commerce power. Or, put differently, the Court had to decide whether the federal structure of government provided by the Constitution leaves the imposition of constraints in the name of state sovereignty solely to the political process.
Passive Effects Of Gravity
Authors: Rowell Loring B
Published: November 2023

The great French physician Piorry stated in 1826: “It is in consequence of gravity that when the arms are held down the veins swell and the capillaries are filled, and the reverse occurs when the arms are held up, that varicoceles enlarge on standing up, and diminish in the horizontal position, and that the head and face redden when held down” (from McDowall, 1956).“When man’s subhuman ancestors first dared to rise and walk upon their hind legs, they essayed a physiologic experiment of no mean difficulty” (Amberson, 1943).
What Signals Govern The Cardiovascular Responses To Exercise? Role Of Central Command
Authors: Rowell Loring B
Published: November 2023

The nature of the signals that initiate and maintain the close matching between blood flow and metabolism during exercise is still not well understood. The question of how the cardiovascular system is’ ‘informed” about the oxygen requirements of active muscle has challenged physiologists for nearly 100 years. The final three chapters of this book are about this question. They put forward three main ideas about the origin of the signals that activate the autonomic nervous system and control the cardiovascular system during exercise.
What Is a Life Story?
Authors: Linde Charlotte
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, I will define the life story as an oral unit of social interaction and indicate how it differs from other revelations or constructions of the self (autobiography, journals, psychological life history, and so on). In defining the life story, I am attempting to render precise and accessible to analysis the common-sense notion of a life story discussed in Chapter 1-a notion that is already in use by members of this culture, and that describes part of their social practice. Such a work of definition is a common practice in the history of linguistics. Just as “sentence,” “story,” and “argument” were folk notions before being investigated and described by linguistics (or her older sister, rhetoric), so “life story” is also a folk notion. Part of the interpretive equipment furnished to us by our culture is the idea that we “have” a life story, and that any normally competent adult has one. In this nontechnical use, the notion of the life story means something like “what events have made me what I am,” or more precisely, “what you must know about me to know me,” where knowing a person specifies a range of linguistic and social activities and relations by the knowers.
Common Sense and Its History
Authors: Linde Charlotte
Published: November 2023

In Chapter 6, we considered coherence systems-systems of beliefs and relations between beliefs that are used to structure life stories, explanations, and (presumably) other discourse types as well. The systems considered so far are all special systems that are synchronically related to and historically derived from professional coherence systems, which have a social framework that may include credentialed practitioners and specified occasions on which practitioners and clients meet to apply them. Special coherence systems are not used or even necessarily known by everyone in the culture, and they are not always used even by speakers who do know and use them.
Introduction
Authors: Boritt Gabor S
Published: November 2023

JOSHUA CHAMBERLAIN’S VOICE rang clear: “Bayonet!” The command “ran like fire along the line, from man to man, and rose into a shout.” Abandoning their protected positions up on the hill, the Twentieth Maine “sprang forward” and charged dawn “upon the enemy.” Gettysburg, July 2,1863. Little Round Top. The very end of the Union flank. Defend the ground at all cost. Men from Alabama attack. Up the slope into the Union line they tear, and as they retreat leave their dead behind, and those of Maine. Then up they charge again, and again. The New England line almost doubles back upon itself, forming a narrow “V,” trying to defend its flank, and rear too. Nearly two hours go by. Up on the hill ammunition runs low. Yet the Rebels seem ready to charge again. As dusk comes, bodies, cries, smoke, and dread cover the rocky hillside.
“Upon their Success Hang Momentous Interests”: Generals
Authors: Gallagher Gary w.
Published: November 2023

Any ASSESSMENT OF the impact of generalship on the result of the Civil War must necessarily Jocus on three individuals. Admirers of some of the more than one thousand other men who achieved the rank of general in either the Union or Confederate armies might construe this as a slight to their heroes. After all, those officers helped organize the respective national armies and influenced individual campaigns and battles in myriad ways. But Ulysses S. Grant, Robert E. Lee, and William Tecumseh Sherman shaped military events to a far greater degree than any of their comrades. Grant and Sherman directed Federal offensives in 1862-65 that eventually destroyed the morale and capacity to resist among southern whites, while Lee’s strategic and grand tactical skills more than once threatened to translate hopes for an independent Confederacy into reality. These three men made decisions that profoundly influenced events behind the lines and abroad as well as on the battlefield-indeed, it is impossible to discuss the reasons for northern victory or southern defeat without coming to terms with their dominant roles in the war. While some may disagree with the methods of Grant and Sherman, few contest their credentials as architects of Union victory. Lee's impact on Confederate fortunes remains more hotly debated, a circumstance that places him at the center of this essay.
The Perseverance of the Soldiers
Authors: Mitchell Reid
Published: November 2023

WHY DID THE Union win its war against the Confederate Rebellion? I find myself giving the same answer that Richard Current gave in his essay for Why the North Won—that, “As usual, God was on the side of the heaviest battalions.” What I would like to suggest, however, is that having the heaviest battalions does not proceed automatically from having the greater population, wealth, or resources. I'd also like to suggest that the battalion—or the company and the regiment—might be the right unit of analysis to answer the question of Union victory. The ideology and the morale of the Union soldier made a key contribution to Union victory; one reason the Union could triumph was the perseverance of its soldiers.*
The Evolution of Community Psychiatry in Britain
Authors: Freeman Hugh L
Published: November 2023

It is characteristic of some historical processes that they follow not a linear, but rather a circular-or more precisely, an elliptical-form. So far as the mentally ill in Britain are concerned, they came under the aegis of “community care” inpremodern times, as they still do today in most developing countries, where public responsibility is limited to confining those cases who present a physical danger to others. Recent trends in British mental health services-particularly the large-scale transfer of those with chronic disorders from the public to the private sector-provoke disquieting echoes of earlier periods. Before the early eighteenth century, there was only one institution in England for the care of the insane, and none in the other countries of the British Isles. This was the Bethlem (or more familiarly, Bedlam) Hospital in London which-particularly through Hogarth’s pictures-became an exemplar of neglect, cruelty, and professional incompetence. It was a reputation, though, that was not fully deserved (Allderidge, 1985). During the eighteenth century, the growth of humanitarianism, particularly associated with nonconformist religious groups, led to the opening of a number of hospitals for the insane, either as independent institutions or associated with general hospitals. These were supported by subscriptions from the wealthier classes, but others were operated for profit, initiating the “trade in lunacy” (Parry Jones, 1972). In many of them, care was little better than at Bethlem, and it was concern over this state of affairs that led the Quakers to establish a new type of institution at Yorlc, The Retreat, where the principle of Moral Treatment was first developed by William Tuke (Digby, 1985). This new approach was to be an influential force in psychiatric care, not only in Britain but also particularly in the United States.
Administration:The Psychiatrist as Manager
Authors: Diamond Ronald J , Stein Leonard I , Schneider-Braus Kathleen
Published: November 2023

Administration is a part of many professional activities. Administrative skills are required whenever resources need to be managed or allocated, or when a complex milieu needs to be developed or maintained. In organizations providing mental health services, psychiatrists play a critical role in these activities. Psychiatrists working in a public mental health system often have significant administrative influence and responsibility that goes beyond what is acknowledged in a formal job description. Many community mental health center psychiatrists do not appreciate the fact that they can significantly influence the mental health system to work more effectively for their clients. They often have great interest in improving patient care, but come away feeling frustrated and impotent when attempting interventions that might make the system work better.
Mental Health Services Research
Authors: Mark olfson , Goldman Howard H
Published: November 2023

Mental health services research uses a variety of epidemiological, experimental, and quasi-experimental methods to study the organization, financing, and performance of mental health services. Researchers study the need for and accessibility of services, the financial costs and clinical efficacy of services, and a host of other issues related to the delivery of care. The findings from mental health services research play an important role in the practice of modem community psychiatry. Community psychiatrists increasingly look to mental health services research to inform their decisions of who should receive which services and what benefits can reasonably be expected from these services.
Case Management
Authors: Goering Paula N , Wasylenki Donald
Published: November 2023

Mental health case management developed in response to the need for coordinating complex services for mentally ill people living in communities. This chapter provides a brief overview of the historical and conceptual underpinnings of case management; defines this approach to service delivery; addresses administrative issues; describes the nature of the clinical practice, identifying some of the key issues; and summarizes the findings from selected descriptive and evaluative research studies.
The Dually Diagnosed
Authors: Drake Robert E , Osher Fred C , Bartels Stephen J
Published: November 2023

This chapter reviews the literature on co-occurring severe mental illness and substance use disorder, often termed dual diagnosis. The review is restricted to patients with severe mental disorders, such as schizophrenia or bipolar disorder. It covers several aspects of substance abuse among patients with severe mental disorder: prevalence and etiology, clinical correlates, course and outcome, assessment, and treatment. Within each of these categories, practical clinical implications are emphasized.
Creating Incentives
Authors: McMillan John
Published: November 2023

How Can you make it in another person’s interest to behave as you want? How can you create incentives? The word “incentive” comes from the Latin incentiuus, which means “setting the tune”; in this chapter we will ask how best to set the tune. We will explore the uncontroversial, even bland proposition that people must be rewarded if they are to be induced to do something they would prefer not to do. The whole question of incentives arises because of some divergence of interests. An insurance company wants its sales people to be out looking for customers, but the salespeople might prefer to sit around playing poker. An author, seeking fame, wants her book priced low so as to achieve a large sale; while the publisher, seeking profit, prefers a higher price. A firm operating on borrowed capital, whose liability is limited in the event of bankruptcy, engages in more risky ventures than the banker desires. If a subcontracting firm is able to pass on part of its production-cost increases to the prime contractor, it will be less careful to hold down its costs than the prime contractor wants (it might carry excessive inventories, or use more workers than necessary, or fail to seek the most efficient techniques). A car-owner, after buying theft insurance, becomes less careful to prevent theft than the insurance company would want.
Prologue
Authors: Morris Norval
Published: November 2023

I tend to resent authority, its confident manner and plump bum, yet in Moulmein in my early twenties I exercised the combined authority of a district officer and a police magistrate over nearly one hundred thousand Burmese, Indians, and Chinese, and a few hundred Europeans. The seeds of my hostility to authority had been planted at St. Cyprian’s and Eton; but in Moulmein, as policeman, prosecutor, and judge rolled into one, I came to feel its temptations within myself. Dr. Veraswami thinks I succumbed; perhaps I did.
Ake Dah
Authors: Morris Norval
Published: November 2023

It would have been disapproved of, frowned on, even perhaps a matter for comment: teaching a Malay sergeant how to roll a cigarette in one of those filthy little tin and rubber machines that leave wisps of tobacco sticking out the end-the type you lick from side to side on the grey, sticky edge of the cigarette paper. But happily none of my superior officers was there to see my childish delinquency, and the Malay sergeant was clearly enjoying the lesson.
The Veraswami Story
Authors: Morris Norval
Published: November 2023

I told the story of the accident, if it was an accident, as starkly as I could. I suppose I hoped I could unburden myself to Dr. Veraswami and yet not allow him to see immediately what a fool I had been. The jungle in Burma can be very dense, particularly in areas close to rivers and streams, where there is never what passes for a dry season to reduce the bursting luxuriance. None of us had seen the cliff beside the overgrown path. We were aware only of the unbroken ceiling of trees above us, the taller trees at the foot of the precipice reaching to share the tropical sun equally with their shorter brethren beside the path. I was day­ dreaming when I heard the Burmese policeman’s cry, the noise of branches breaking, and then a thud as he struck the ground some thirty feet below.
Searching the Heart
Authors: Lystra Karen
Published: November 2023

This is well-argued study of romantic love between men and women in nineteenth-century America. Lystra discusses middle-class ideas of love in terms of their contribution to American individualism, to the secularization of American life, and to women’s empowerment in the home through sharing knowledge and intimacy with men.
“Lie Still and Think of the Empire” Sexuality in Victorian Courtship and Marriage
Authors: Lystra Karen
Published: November 2023

Captain Frederick Marryat, an English novelist who toured this country in 1837, reportedly observed piano legs modestly covered by little trousers in a seminary for young ladies.1 Although this story is often taken to epitomize Victorian prudery and excessive sexual repression, another incident in Marryat’s life may be a more accurate symbol of Victorian sexuality. When Marryat visited Louisville, he met a phrenologist, Dr. Collyer:3 Suspicious of his wife’s fidelity, Collyer decided to test her “bump of amativeness” against her “bump of discretion.” Announcing that he would be gone all night, Collyer hid under his wife’s bed “to await developments.” According to Marryat’s modern editor, “At one o’clock in the morning they materialized-the Captain lMarryatJ in a shortish night shirt, Mrs. Collyer in little more.