bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of carbon nanotube addition on the microstructures, martensitic transformation, and internal friction of Cu–Al–Ni shape-memory alloys
Authors: Gholami-Kermanshahi Mozhgan , Hsiao Yuan-Chien , Lange Günther , Chang Shih-Hang
Published: December 2023

In this study, we analyze the influences of carbon nanotube (CNT) addition on the martensite transformation and internal friction of Cu–Al–Ni shape-memory alloys (SMAs). X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry results demonstrate that Cu–13.5Al–4Ni–xCNT (x = 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8 wt%) SMA/CNT composites exhibit a $${\upbeta }_{1}({\mathrm{DO}}_{3})\rightleftarrows {\upbeta }_{1}^{\mathrm{^{\prime}}}(18\mathrm{R})$$

β
1

(

DO
3

)

⇄

β

1

′

(
18
R
)

martensitic transformation. The martensitic transformation temperatures and transformation enthalpies of the martensitic transformation peaks for the Cu–13.5Al–4Ni–xCNT (x = 0–0.8 wt%) composites gradually decrease with the increase in the amount of CNT addition. Compared to the Cu–13.5Al–4Ni SMA, the Cu–13.5Al–4Ni–xCNT (x = 0.2–0.8 wt%) SMA/CNT composites exhibit significant improvements in the amount of dissipation of energy (storage modulus ($${E}^{\prime}))$$

E

′

)
)

and mechanical strength. However, the tan δ of the internal friction peak gradually decreases with the increase in the CNT content above 0.6 wt%. The reduction in tan δ is attributed to the decrease in the magnitude of the austenite-to-martensite transformation and precipitation of γ2 (Cu9Al4) phase particles, which impede the interface motion in between the parent/martensitic phase and martensitic phase.
3-(4-Hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl) propionic acid contributes to improved hepatic lipid metabolism via GPR41
Authors: Ohue-Kitano Ryuji , Masujima Yuki , Nishikawa Shota , Iwasa Masayo , Nishitani Yosuke , Kawakami Hideaki , Kuwahara Hiroshige , Kimura Ikuo
Published: December 2023

3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl) propionic acid (HMPA) is a metabolite produced by the gut microbiota through the conversion of 4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamic acid (HMCA), which is a widely distributed hydroxycinnamic acid-derived metabolite found abundantly in plants. Several beneficial effects of HMPA have been suggested, such as antidiabetic properties, anticancer activities, and cognitive function improvement, in animal models and human studies. However, the intricate molecular mechanisms underlying the bioaccessibility and bioavailability profile following HMPA intake and the substantial modulation of metabolic homeostasis by HMPA require further elucidation. In this study, we effectively identified and characterized HMPA-specific GPR41 receptor, with greater affinity than HMCA. The activation of this receptor plays a crucial role in the anti-obesity effects and improvement of hepatic steatosis by stimulating the lipid catabolism pathway. For the improvement of metabolic disorders, our results provide insights into the development of functional foods, including HMPA, and preventive pharmaceuticals targeting GPR41.
Local adaptation shapes functional traits and resource allocation in black spruce
Authors: Silvestro R. , Mura C. , Alano Bonacini D. , de Lafontaine G. , Faubert P. , Mencuccini M. , Rossi S.
Published: December 2023

Climate change is rapidly altering weather patterns, resulting in shifts in climatic zones. The survival of trees in specific locations depends on their functional traits. Local populations exhibit trait adaptations that ensure their survival and accomplishment of growth and reproduction processes during the growing season. Studying these traits offers valuable insights into species responses to present and future environmental conditions, aiding the implementation of measures to ensure forest resilience and productivity. This study investigates the variability in functional traits among five black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) provenances originating from a latitudinal gradient along the boreal forest, and planted in a common garden in Quebec, Canada. We examined differences in bud phenology, growth performance, lifetime first reproduction, and the impact of a late-frost event on tree growth and phenological adjustments. The findings revealed that trees from northern sites exhibit earlier budbreak, lower growth increments, and reach reproductive maturity earlier than those from southern sites. Late-frost damage affected growth performance, but no phenological adjustment was observed in the successive year. Local adaptation in the functional traits may lead to maladaptation of black spruce under future climate conditions or serve as a potent evolutionary force promoting rapid adaptation under changing environmental conditions.
State policies increase vaccination by shaping social norms
Authors: Fayaz-Farkhad Bita , Jung Haesung , Calabrese Christopher , Albarracin Dolores
Published: December 2023

In a survey and four preregistered experiments, we examined if implementing a vaccine-promoting policy is likely to encourage vaccination by shaping the norms of a society. By combining state-level policy data with a longitudinal survey, we found that vaccine-supportive policies and laws are associated with more positive social norms. To establish a causal effect, we conducted four preregistered experiments to gauge the impact of policies, including the government recommendation for children to receive the COVID-19 vaccine and changes in funding for immunization programs. We find that vaccine-supportive policies strengthen the intention to receive an additional recommended COVID-19 booster shot and the intention to vaccinate children against COVID-19. We also find that these effects are mediated by the promotion of social norms supportive of vaccination. In this context, communicating about laws and policies in favor of vaccination may create a culture of vaccination and increase vaccination coverage.
Magnet-responsive choline carbomer ionogels as a versatile and recyclable catalyst for one-pot synthesis of benzopyran in water
Authors: Shojaee Sara , Azizi Najmedin , Mirjafary Zohreh , Saeidian Hamid
Published: December 2023

Ionogels are gaining popularity as a potential replacement for volatile organic solvents in various processes, such as catalysts, electrochemistry, spectroscopy, and medicinal chemistry, due to their low toxicity, high thermal stability, and good solubility. Magnet-responsive ion gels with high magnetic susceptibility are promising and can be used as catalysts, sensors, and MRI contrast agents. Herein, we fabricated simple and novel magnet choline carbomer ionogels using a precipitation-deposition method with carbomers and choline hydroxide. The morphology and structure of the resulting ionogels were analyzed using various characterization techniques, including FTIR, EDX, TGA, and SEM spectroscopy. These magnet ionogels were effective catalysts for a one-pot, three-component synthesis of benzopyran derivatives, providing mild reaction conditions, environmental friendliness, and good to excellent (78–96%) yields within a short reaction time (1–2 h). Additionally, the magnet ionogels were easily recyclable, and they could be reused up to five times without catalytic deactivation.
Chelate facilitated phytoextraction of Pb, Cd, and Zn from a lead–zinc mine contaminated soil by three accumulator plants
Authors: Hosseinniaee Sadegh , Jafari Mohammad , Tavili Ali , Zare Salman , Cappai Giovanna
Published: December 2023

This study aims to evaluate the enhancement of phytoextraction of heavy metals (Pb, Cd, and Zn) by speciesMarrubium cuneatum,Stipa arabica, andVerbascum speciosum, through EDTA amendment. Assisted phytoextraction pot experiments were performed at different EDTA dosages (0, 1, 3, and 5 mmol kg−1soil). The DTPA-extractable metal content increased in the presence of EDTA, followed by their contents in the tissues of all three studied species. Resulting from oxidative stress, the activity of antioxidant enzymes such as glutathione peroxidase (GPX), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) increased when the chelating agent was added. EDTA in higher doses partially decreased chlorophyll concentration, and 5 mmol kg−1of that reduced the biomass of the studied species. The bioconcentration factor (BCF) for Cd was notably high in all studied plants and considerably elevated for Zn and Pb with the addition of EDTA inM. cuneatumandS. arabica(BCF > 1), whilst an accumulation factor greater than one (AF > 1) was found for Cd in all species and for Pb in the case ofS. arabica. In general, the results demonstrated that EDTA can be an effective amendment for phytoextraction of Cd, Zn, and Pb byM. cuneatum,V. speciosumandS. arabicain contaminated soils.
Mixed-magnesium/zinc calix[4]arene complexes: structure, and ring opening polymerisation studies
Authors: Banks Henry J. S. , Frese Josef W. A. , Elsegood Mark R. J. , Redshaw Carl
Published: December 2023

Molecular structures of mixed magnesium/zinc calix[4]arene complexes are reported. Such systems are capable of the ring opening polymerization of ε-caprolactone affording mixtures of low and high molecular weight products with differing end groups.
Predictive machine learning models trained on experimental datasets for electrochemical nitrogen reduction
Authors: Rosser Darik A. , Farris Brianna R. , Leonard Kevin C.
Published: December 2023

Obtaining useful insights from machine learning models trained on experimental datasets collected across different groups to improve the sustainability of chemical processes can be challenging due to the small size and heterogeneity of the dataset.
Electrochemical chlorination of least hindered tertiary and benzylic C(sp3)–H bonds
Authors: Zhao Jianyou , Zhang Jiatai , Fang Pengkai , Wu Jintao , Wang Fan , Liu Zhong-Quan
Published: December 2023

Functionalization of C(sp3)–H bonds should greatly benefit the synthesis of natural products and pharmaceuticals.
Simultaneous analysis of gadolinium and surface imaging using a fiber-coupled acoustic wave-assisted microchip LIBS system
Authors: Batsaikhan Munkhbat , Ohba Hironori , Karino Takahiro , Akaoka Katsuaki , Wakaida Ikuo
Published: December 2023

Laser-plasma optical and acoustical emissions were simultaneously recorded by an acoustic wave-assisted microchip LIBS (AW-mLIBS) system to obtain gadolinium concentration and surface imaging of surrogate debris samples.
Managing transition metal interferences during chemical vapor generation using the hydrolysis products of tetrahydridoborate: a proof-of-concept study
Authors: Buoso Michelle , Campanella Beatrice , Onor Massimo , Pitzalis Emanuela , D'Ulivo Alessandro
Published: December 2023

In this work, the different reactivity of BH4− and its hydrolysis intermediates towards analytical substrates (Sb and, Bi) and interfering metal ions was is studied for (ultra)trace-level quantifications in challenging matrices.
PPh3-Mediated cascade reaction of 2-alkynylnitrobenzenes and 1,2-diaminoarenes for the construction of 2-aryl-3-(2-aminoaryl)quinoxalines
Authors: Liao Xiaoming , Xu Yao , Fan Hui , Zhao Xuechun , Wang Wenjun , Yang Zhuoran , Zhang Xiaoxiang
Published: December 2023

A metal-free strategy to 2-aryl-3-(2-aminoaryl)quinoxalines from 2-alkynylnitrobenzenes and 1,2-diaminobenzenes is developed.
Synthesis of novel AgI/BiOI nanocomposites and their high-efficiency visible-light-driven photocatalytic degradation performance for norfloxacin
Authors: Liu Xiaomeng , Zhong Yitian , Feng Haosheng , Zhao Yanxi , Li Qin , Huang Tao
Published: December 2023

AgI/BiOI composites are prepared with BiOI nanosheets as the substrate by an in situ ion-exchange process. The AgI/BiOI-1.2 with a Ag/Bi molar ratio of 1.2 demonstrates a Bi5O7I composition and a high photocatalytic performance for NOR degradation.
Nanomaterials in electrochemical nanobiosensors of miRNAs
Authors: Mousazadeh Marziyeh , Daneshpour Maryam , Rafizadeh Tafti Saeed , Shoaie Nahid , Jahanpeyma Fatemeh , Mousazadeh Faezeh , Khosravi Fatemeh , Khashayar Patricia , Azimzadeh Mostafa , Mostafavi Ebrahim
Published: December 2023

Nanomaterial-based miRNA biosensors have received significant attention owing to their unique properties, especially enhanced sensitivity.
Accelerated size-focusing light activated synthesis of atomically precise fluorescent Au22(Lys–Cys–Lys)16 clusters
Authors: Aminfar Parimah , Ferguson Travis , Steele Emily , MacNeil Emerson M. , Matus María Francisca , Malola Sami , Häkkinen Hannu , Duchesne Paul N. , Loock Hans-Peter , Stamplecoskie Kevin G.
Published: December 2023

A new method for light activated size focussing of peptide stabilized gold clusters converting to a single, photocatalytically active cluster.
Fabrication of a tough, long-lasting adhesive hydrogel patch via the synergy of interfacial entanglement and adhesion group densification
Authors: Lu Yunjie , Li Zhaohui , Li Zewei , Zhou Shihao , Zhang Ning , Zhang Jianming , Zong Lu
Published: December 2023

Excellent mechanical, adhesion, and conductivity properties are achieved in highly carboxylated cellulose nanocrystals (SCNCPA) and polyacrylic acid hydrogels (PACPH) by the synergy of interfacial entanglement and adhesion group densification.
The fabrication of silicon/dual-network carbon nanofibers/carbon nanotubes as free-standing anodes for lithium-ion batteries
Authors: Zhao Yixin , Pan Xingchen , Liu Mingqi , Chen Xiangxiang , Zhang Rui , Zhiyong Xie
Published: December 2023

A novel free-standing Si/C anode (noted as Si/CNFs/CNTs) is synthesized by combining electrospinning and in situ chemical vapor deposition, in which Si nanoparticles are composited with conducting dual-network composed of carbon nanofibers (CNFs) and in situ deposited carbon nanotubes (CNTs).
High-aspect-ratio nanostructured hydroxyapatite: towards new functionalities for a classical material
Authors: Diez-Escudero Anna , Espanol Montserrat , Ginebra Maria-Pau
Published: December 2023

Hydroxyapatite-based materials have been widely used in countless applications, such as bone regeneration, catalysis, air and water purification or protein separation.
The structures and reactivity of NHC-supported copper(i) triphenylgermyls
Authors: Charman Rex S. C. , Evans Nick J. , English Laura E. , Neale Samuel E. , Vasko Petra , Mahon Mary F. , Liptrot David J.
Published: December 2023

Four N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) supported copper(i) germyls have been synthesised containing both normal- and ring-expanded NHCs. Their π-insertion and σ-bond metathesis chemistry has been explored in stoichiometric and catalytic regimes.
Photo-enhanced piezocatalytic hydrogen evolution using in situ silver piezodeposited scheelite-type BaMoO4 and BaWO4
Authors: Kuru Talha , Sarilmaz Adem , Aslan Emre , Ozel Faruk , Hatay Patir Imren
Published: December 2023

BaWO4 and BaMoO4 structures were investigated for photo/piezocatalytic hydrogen production by in situ Ag piezodeposition.
Revealing bactericidal events on graphene oxide nano films deposited on metal implant surfaces
Authors: Schickle Karolina , Gołda-Cępa Monika , Vuslat-Parlak Zümray , Grigorev Nikita , Desante Gaelle , Chlanda Adrian , Mazuryk Olga , Neuhaus Kerstin , Schmidt Christina , Amousa Nima , Drożdż Kamil , Neuss Sabine , Pajerski Wojciech , Esteves-Oliveira Marcella , Brzychczy-Włoch Monika , Kotarba Andrzej , Gonzalez-Julian Jesus
Published: December 2023

A graphene oxide nano film, known for its insulating properties, when deposited on conducting substrates, redirects the flow of electrons, leading to the death of bacteria.
Transparent silk fibroin film-facilitated infected-wound healing through antibacterial, improved fibroblast adhesion and immune modulation
Authors: Zhang Jiamei , Wang Lingshuang , Xu Cheng , Cao Yingui , Liu Shengsheng , Reis Rui L. , Kundu Subhas C. , Yang Xiao , Xiao Bo , Duan Lian
Published: December 2023

Pluronic F127 modified silk fibroin film could load different types of antibacterial agents to accelerate wound recovery by promoting fibroblast adhesion, eradicating bacteria and facilitating angiogenesis and re-epithelialization.
A self-powered p-CuBr/n-Si heterojunction photodetector based on vacuum thermally evaporated high-quality CuBr films
Authors: Xia Bin , Zhang Lichun , Tian Dan , He Shunli , Cao Ning , Xie Guanying , Zhang Dengying , Chu Xinbo , Zhao Fengzhou
Published: December 2023

Violet heterojunction photodetectors based on p-CuBr/n-Si are prepared by the vacuum thermal evaporation technique. The photodetectors have a sensitive violet response with self-powered characteristics and excellent imaging capability.
Supplementary damping controller design for FACTS devices using the Fuzzy Elman Wavelet Neural Network
Authors: Sheikhlar Zahra , Tafti Abdolreza Dehghani , Hedayati Mahdi , Farahani Hassan Feshki
Published: December 2023

The occurrence of inter‐area oscillations in a power system is challenging to prevent. Thus, it is imperative to dampen inter‐area oscillations due to their potential to cause various instability problems. In this study, the Fuzzy Elman Wavelet Neural Network (FEWNN) was created as a novel neuro‐fuzzy network that combines the beneficial features of the Wavelet Neural Network (WNN), Takagi‐Sugeno‐Kang (TSK) fuzzy model, and cross‐coupled feedbacks inspired by the Elman Neural Network (ENN). Compared to alternative fuzzy wavelet networks, the representations of high‐order nonlinear dynamic systems in the proposed novel FEWNN are more effective, the training speed and computational power are greater, and interval type‐2 fuzzy membership functions are able to manage uncertainties in the power system. This paper uses FEWNN to develop a novel method for damping inter‐area oscillations caused by flexible alternating current transmission systems (FACTS) employing a supplementary damping controller (SDC) based on direct adaptive control theory (DACT). The proposed SDC is integrated into a Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC) in a two‐machine two‐area power system and Kundor's four‐machine two‐area power system, as well as a Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) in Kundor's four‐machine two‐area power system. In conclusion, the damping power of the system is compared to that of other SDCs presented in recent studies. The MATLAB/SIMULINK environment was used to conduct all simulations for this work.
Comprehensive optimization framework for transmission expansion planning with fractional frequency transmission system
Authors: Cai Zhongqi , Wang Xiuli , Yang Kun , Peng Sui , Hu Zhaoqin , Zhang Likai , Zhao Boyang
Published: December 2023

The Fractional Frequency Transmission System (FFTS) operates with low frequency to decrease the electrical length of AC transmission lines, consequently enhancing transmission capacity. The integration of renewable energy sources via FFTS will significantly impact power system planning. This paper presents a Fractional Frequency Transmission Expansion Planning (FF‐TEP) model, which considers the interaction between FFTS and the industrial‐frequency power grid. This model addresses the challenges posed by the integration of offshore wind power through FFTS, and takes several key factors into account, including the active power coupling of Modular Multilevel Matrix Converter (M3C), inverter capacity, and converter transformer capacity. To address the non‐convexity caused by AC power flow, this paper introduces a Genetic‐Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm (G‐PSO) with dynamic penalties tailored to the M3C structure. This approach incorporates both crossover and mutation operators from Genetic Algorithms (GA) into Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). The penalty function dynamically adapts according to the M3C structure, resulting in improved global optimization while maintaining computational efficiency. The results of two case studies demonstrate that FFTS can significantly enhance transmission capacity while reducing cable charging power. This reduces investment costs and decreases voltage offset issues.
A multi‐emission‐driven efficient network design for green hub‐and‐spoke airline networks
Authors: Sun Mengyuan , Tian Yong , Dong Xingchen , Lv Yangyang , Zhang Naizhong , Li Zhixiong , Li Jiangchen
Published: December 2023

The green hub‐and‐spoke airline network (GHSAN) is emerging as a dominant feature due to its excellent economic and environmental‐friendly capabilities. However, environmental GHSAN designs still have some concerns, including single pollutant‐domain oversimplification and lack of comprehensive network‐level operation impacts. This paper proposes a multi‐emission‐driven efficient network design approach for GHSAN, utilizing a system, green, and user threefold optimization methodology. The approach includes a multi‐objective optimization model and a two‐layer solving method. The multi‐objective optimization aims at minimizing multiple emissions, including carbon dioxide, carbonic oxide hydrocarbon, and nitric oxide, while also considering transportation system costs and journey user costs. A two‐layer optimization algorithm is adopted to address different scales of optimization. Real‐world results demonstrate that the proposed method mitigates environmental impact and user costs and increases overall airline density in airline networks. The proposed method can have a 16.29% reduction in green‐fold (10 nodes) and a 12.06% decrease in user costs for the user‐fold (10 nodes). As the number of nodes (15, 25, 50 nodes) and hubs (3, 4, 5, 6, 7 hubs) increase, the genetic algorithm (GA) proves to be more efficient and suitable in large‐scale GHSAN. This work is further significant for the long‐term and sustainable development of the future air transport industry.
Deep Q‐network based multi‐layer safety lane changing strategy for vehicle platoon
Authors: Zhang Jinqi , Yan Maode , Zuo Lei
Published: December 2023

The vehicle platoon lane changing is significant for alleviating road congestion and diminishing transportation energy consumption. However, the lane changing strategy for a group of vehicles is still a great challenge in this field. This paper investigates the vehicle platoon lane changing problems, in which the safety and efficiency in the lane changing procedure are both taken into consideration. Since the safety of the platoon lane changing would be affected by the lane changing gap and the length of the platoon, a novel platoon lane changing strategy is proposed by using the deep Q‐network. In detail, the proposed platoon lane changing strategy contains two layers, where the first one is a decision layer and the other one is the verification layer. In the decision layer, the deep Q‐network is employed to improve the lane changing efficiency. Then, the verification layer is presented to enhance the platoon lane changing safety. In final, some typical platoon lane changing scenarios are provided in an existing ramp containing a vehicle platoon and some random vehicles. The related numerical simulations are conducted to validate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed approaches.
An improved radar clutter suppression by simple neural network
Authors: Perďoch Jozef , Gažovová Stanislava , Pacek Miroslav
Published: December 2023

The presented paper is further focused on the presentation and subsequent assessment of utilising a proposed Neural Network (NN) with simple architecture in the role of a signal preprocessing algorithm for the Constant False Alarm Rate detector and the fixed threshold detector applied on a Range‐Doppler (RD) map with the aim of radar clutter impact reduction and minimisation of processing time. Based on a comparison of all tested algorithm results, it is possible to state that utilising the proposed NN with simple architecture led to reducing the impact of radar clutter when detecting radar targets on RD maps created from provided datasets. Comparing the mean processing time tmean values of all tested algorithms, the authors can state that employing the proposed NN in combination with the fixed threshold detector led to a significant improvement in the computation time needed for processing one RD map while preserving the suppression of radar clutter and detection of the radar targets.
GLRT‐based compressive subspace detectors in single‐frequency multistatic passive radar systems
Authors: Ma Junhu , Zhao Jixiang , Wang Jianyu , Liang Tianchen
Published: December 2023

The authors study the problem of compressive target detection in a single‐frequency network (SFN)‐based multistatic passive radar system (MS‐PRS) consisting of multiple illuminators of opportunity (IOs) and one receiver. Firstly, a generalised likelihood ratio test (GLRT)‐based SFN‐based compressive subspace detector (SFN‐CSD) is derived by exploiting the sparsity of the target echoes for the case of known noise variance. When the noise variance is unknown, an SFN‐based unknown‐noise (UN) compressive subspace detector is proposed, referred to as the SFN‐UNCSD. Moreover, closed‐form expressions of the probability of false alarm and detection of the proposed detectors are deriived. It is proved that the SNF‐UNCSD has a constant false alarm rate (CFAR) property. Finally, numerical simulations are conducted to verify the theoretical analysis and illustrate the performance of the proposed detector relative to several benchmark detectors.
A decentralized algorithm for a mean field control problem of piecewise deterministic Markov processes
Authors: Séguret Adrien , Le Corre Thomas , Oudjane Nadia
Published: December 2023

This paper provides a decentralized approach for the control of a population ofNagents to minimize an aggregate cost. Each agent evolves independently according to a Piecewise Deterministic Markov dynamics controlled via unbounded jumps intensities. TheN-agent high dimensional stochastic control problem is approximated by the limiting mean field control problem. A Lagrangian approach is proposed. Although the mean field control problem is not convex, it is proved to achieve zero duality gap. A stochastic version of the Uzawa algorithm is shown to converge to the primal solution. At each dual iteration of the algorithm, each agent solves its own small dimensional sub problem by means of the Dynamic Programming Principal, while the dual multiplier is updated according to the aggregate response of the agents. Finally, this algorithm is used in a numerical simulation to coordinate the charging of a large fleet of electric vehicles in order to track a target consumption profile.
Remote Enantioselective Epoxidation Reactions Catalyzed by Chiral Iron Porphyrin Complexes with a Hydrogen-Bonding Site
Authors: Bach Thorsten , Ahmed Hussayn , Pöthig Alexander , Truong Khai-Nghi
Published: December 2023

Iron porphyrin complexes, which were linked via a para-phenylethynyl group to a chiral scaffold with a lactam binding site, were probed as catalysts in the enantioselective epoxidation of 4-(ω-alkenyl)-quinolones. It was found that the 3-butenyl group in the substrate accounts for the highest enantioselectivity (up to 44% ee) and the absolute configuration of an oxirane product was elucidated by electron diffraction. A two-point hydrogen bond of the substrate to the catalyst is likely responsible for enantioface differentiation at a remote position. The study shows chirality transfer to be possible via four nonstereogenic carbon atoms between the binding site of the substrate and its reactive C=C double bond.
Lingual Abscess after Posterior Fossa Surgery: An Unusual Complication of the Concorde Position
Authors: Datta Debajyoti , Chatterjee Debarshi , Tiwari Mona
Published: December 2023

Posterior fossa tumors are one of the most common tumors occurring in children. These tumors are often operated in the Concorde or prone position. Venous congestion can occur due to neck flexion during the positioning causing macroglossia. We report a case of a lingual abscess in a child after surgery in the Concorde position. There was no preoperative evidence of any lingual and dental complaints or injury during intubation. We hypothesize that the lingual abscess in the immediate postoperative period was secondary to venous stasis during the positioning for surgery.
FRESH™ 3D bioprinted cardiac tissue, a bioengineered platform for in vitro pharmacology
Authors: Finkel Samuel , Sweet Shannon , Locke Tyler , Smith Sydney , Wang Zhefan , Sandini Christopher , Imredy John , He Yufang , Durante Marc , Lagrutta Armando , Feinberg Adam , Lee Andrew
Published: December 2023

There is critical need for a predictive model of human cardiac physiology in drug development to assess compound effects on human tissues. In vitro two-dimensional monolayer cultures of cardiomyocytes provide biochemical and cellular readouts, and in vivo animal models provide information on systemic cardiovascular response. However, there remains a significant gap in these models due to their incomplete recapitulation of adult human cardiovascular physiology. Recent efforts in developing in vitro models from engineered heart tissues have demonstrated potential for bridging this gap using human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) in three-dimensional tissue structure. Here, we advance this paradigm by implementing FRESH™ 3D bioprinting to build human cardiac tissues in a medium throughput, well-plate format with controlled tissue architecture, tailored cellular composition, and native-like physiological function, specifically in its drug response. We combined hiPSC-CMs, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts in a cellular bioink and FRESH™ 3D bioprinted this mixture in the format of a thin tissue strip stabilized on a tissue fixture. We show that cardiac tissues could be fabricated directly in a 24-well plate format were composed of dense and highly aligned hiPSC-CMs at >600 million cells/mL and, within 14 days, demonstrated reproducible calcium transients and a fast conduction velocity of ∼16 cm/s. Interrogation of these cardiac tissues with the β-adrenergic receptor agonist isoproterenol showed responses consistent with positive chronotropy and inotropy. Treatment with calcium channel blocker verapamil demonstrated responses expected of hiPSC-CM derived cardiac tissues. These results confirm that FRESH™ 3D bioprinted cardiac tissues represent an in vitro platform that provides data on human physiological response.
Fiber-based broadband detection of a rotational object with superposed vortices
Authors: Tang Ziyi , Wan Zhenyu , Cao Han , Liang Yize , Zhou Wei , Zhang Yuchen , Fang Liang , Wang Jian
Published: December 2023

Recently, the rotational Doppler effect has attracted broad attention in detecting rotational motion. However, the presently proposed detection techniques based on the rotational Doppler effect are generally configured relying on discrete components in free space, resulting in cumbersome and inflexible systems, which brings challenges to practical applications. In this paper, we demonstrate a fiber-based configuration on rotational Doppler measurements for the detection of a rotational object using an ultra-broadband mode-selective coupler to convert the superposed vortices. Remarkably, the results show the broadband operating range of the fiber-based measurement system intuitively through wavelength scanning. The refinement of rotational Doppler detection techniques is of great significance for lowering the cost, reducing system complexity, improving system integration, and industrial manufacturing. This fiber-based scheme might be a promising candidate for facilitating the rotational Doppler effect applied as novel motion monitoring and sensing equipment in engineering and industry.
Thawed matrix method for computing local mechanical properties of amorphous solids
Authors: Rottler Jörg , Ruscher Céline , Sollich Peter
Published: December 2023

We present a method for computing locally varying nonlinear mechanical properties in particle simulations of amorphous solids. Plastic rearrangements outside a probed region are suppressed by introducing an external field that directly penalizes large nonaffine displacements. With increasing strength of the field, plastic deformation can be localized. We characterize the distribution of local plastic yield stresses (residual local stresses to instability) with our approach and assess the correlation of their spatial maps with plastic activity in a model two-dimensional amorphous solid. Our approach reduces artifacts inherent in a previous method known as the “frozen matrix” approach that enforces fully affine deformation and improves the prediction of plastic rearrangements from structural information.
Interacting fronts in a prototypical, two-dimensional model of entropy-stabilized reactive phase formation
Authors: McNamara C. , Rickman J. M. , Chan H. M. , Zhang J.
Published: December 2023

Solid-state reactions proceeding from an initial microstructure enable the synthesis of complex materials in a wide variety of applications. However, despite the importance of such reactions in materials’ processing, the connection between an initial, reactant microstructure and the ensuing transformation kinetics has been relatively little studied. In this work, we employ computer simulation of a reaction–diffusion model and a quantitative analysis of the associated kinetic equations to examine the propagation and interaction of evolving fronts in a prototypical system transforming via a solid-state reaction. It is found that the interaction between fronts dictates transformation kinetics. We then use our results to describe the kinetics of phase formation in the Co–Ti–O system, which contains the entropy-stabilized line compound cobalt dititanate, CoTi2O5. This system is of particular interest as it has been shown that the solid-state synthesis may be exploited to produce single-crystal cobalt dititanate.
Time-resolved Raman spectroscopy for monitoring the structural evolution of materials during rapid compression
Authors: Chen XiaoHui , Zhang Yi , Ye Shijia , Li Shourui , Liu Lei , Jing Qiuming , Gao Junjie , Wang Hao , Lin Chuanlong , Li Jun
Published: December 2023

Rapid compression experiments performed using a dynamic diamond anvil cell (dDAC) offer the opportunity to study compression rate-dependent phenomena, which provide critical knowledge of the phase transition kinetics of materials. However, direct probing of the structure evolution of materials is scarce and so far limited to the synchrotron based x-ray diffraction technique. Here, we present a time-resolved Raman spectroscopy technique to monitor the structural evolutions in a subsecond time resolution. Instead of applying a shutter-based synchronization scheme in previous work, we directly coupled and synchronized the spectrometers with the dDAC, providing sequential Raman data over a broad pressure range. The capability and versatility of this technique are verified by in situ observation of the phase transition processes of three rapid compressed samples. Not only the phase transition pressures but also the transition pathways are reproduced with good accuracy. This approach has the potential to serve as an important complement to x-ray diffraction applied to study the kinetics of phase transitions occurring on time scales of seconds and above.
Axisymmetric motion of a solid particle embedded in a Brinkman micropolar fluid in the presence of a plane wall
Authors: Faltas M. S. , Ashmawy E. A. , Hossam Hesham
Published: December 2023

The axisymmetric motion of a solid spherical particle embedded in a hydrogel medium in the presence of a planar wall surface is investigated semi-analytically. The hydrogel medium is modeled as a porous medium saturated with a microstructure fluid of micropolar type. The no-slip velocity and no-slip spin boundary conditions are considered at both the particle surface and the plane wall surface. The sixth-order differential equation describing the stream function of the micropolar fluid flow through the voids of the porous medium is constructed under the assumption of low Reynolds numbers. The general solution of the equation satisfied by the stream function in the porous region is obtained from the superposition of basic solutions in both cylindrical and spherical coordinates. To satisfy first the boundary condition at the planar surface, we apply the Fourier–Bessel transforms and then at the surface of the particle by a boundary collocation technique. The collocation scheme for the normalized drag force acting on the particle is calculated with good convergence for various values of the relevant parameter. Our results are in good agreement with the available data in the literature. The findings of the present investigation demonstrate that the presence of the planar surface, micropolarity, and permeability parameters has significant effects on the drag force. This study is motivated by its potential application on micro- and ultra-filtration.
Performance evaluation of cosmic ray muon trajectory estimation algorithms
Authors: Ughade Reshma , Bae JungHyun , Chatzidakis Stylianos
Published: December 2023

Muons, being elementary particles with minimal interaction with nuclear materials and abundant at sea level, have sparked interest in utilizing them for imaging various applications, such as mining [Borselli et al., Sci. Rep. 12, 22329 (2022)], volcano imaging [Nagamine et al., Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A, 356, 585(1995)], and underground tunnel detection [Guardincerri et al., Pure Appl. Geophys. 174, 2133 (2017)]. Recently, their use in nuclear nonproliferation and safeguard verification has gained attention, particularly in cargo screening for nuclear waste smuggling [Baesso et al., J. Instrum. 9, C10041 (2014)], source localization [L. J. Schultz et al., Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A 519, 687 (2004)], and locating nuclear fuel debris in reactors [Borozdin et al., Phys. Rev. Let. 109, 152501 (2012)]. However, the resolution of muon image reconstruction techniques is limited due to multiple Coulomb scattering (MCS) within the target object. To achieve robust muon tomography, it is crucial to develop efficient and flexible physics-based algorithms that can model the MCS process accurately and estimate the most probable trajectory of muons as they pass through the target object. To address this limitation, in this study, a novel algorithmic approach utilizing the Bayesian probability theory and Gaussian approximation of MCS is chosen. Different energy levels, materials, and target sizes were considered in the evaluations. The results demonstrate that the Generalized Muon Trajectory Estimation (GMTE) algorithm offers significant improvements over currently used algorithms. Across all test scenarios, the GMTE algorithm demonstrated ∼50% and 38% increase in precision compared to Straight Line Path (SLP) and Point of Closest Approach (PoCA) algorithms, respectively. Furthermore, it exhibited 10%–35% and 10%–15% increases in muon flux utilization for high and medium Z materials, respectively, compared to the PoCA algorithm. In conclusion, the extensive simulations confirm the enhanced performance and efficiency of the GMTE algorithm, offering improved resolution and reduced measurement time for cosmic ray muon imaging compared to the current SLP and PoCA algorithms.
Transient dose rate effects in silicon–germanium heterojunction bipolar transistors
Authors: Li Pei , Dong Zhiyong , Guo Hongxia , Ma Yingqi , He Chaohui , Guo Yaxin , Li Yonghong
Published: December 2023

Transient γ-radiation and laser-simulated experiments were carried out to investigate the transient dose rate effect (TDRE) in SiGe heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBTs) for the first time. The results indicate that IBM43RF0100 SiGe HBTs experience a significant sensitivity of TDRE. For the laser-simulated experiment, the duration of transient current and charge collection are matched well with that of transient γ-radiation. The amplitude of transient photocurrent induced by the lower energy order of μJ approaches the transient photocurrent induced by transient γ-radiation. It is demonstrated that laser-simulated experiments are a candidate and a convenient method to evaluate the TDRE response of SiGe HBTs, which avoids serious electromagnetic interference in the transient γ-radiation environment.
Pathways of two-body dissociation of BrCNq+ (q = 2, 3) induced by electron collision
Authors: Zhao Wenchao , Jia Congcong , Chen Lei , Hu Xiaoqing , Wang Enliang , Wu Yong , Wang Jianguo , Shan Xu , Chen Xiangjun
Published: December 2023

Pathways of two-body fragmentation of BrCNq+ (q = 2, 3) have been explored by combined experimental and theoretical studies. In the experiment, the BrCN molecule is ionized by 1 keV electron impact and the created fragment ions are detected using an ion momentum imaging spectrometer. Six two-body fragmentation channels are identified. By measuring the momentum vectors of the fragment ions, the kinetic energy release (KER) distributions for these channels have been determined. Theoretically, the potential energy curves of BrCNq+ (q = 2, 3) as a function of Br–C and C–N internuclear distances are calculated by the complete active space self-consistent field method. By comparing the measured KER and theoretical predictions, pathways for the fragmentation channels are assigned. The relative branching ratios of the channels are also determined.
An investigation of the cavitation and vibration phenomena in a cylindrical cyclone
Authors: Chen Hu , Liu Shuo , Zhang Jian , Xu Jingyu
Published: December 2023

Cylindrical cyclones are a popular choice for oil-water separation and sewage treatment in the petroleum industry. Here, we investigate the cavitation and vibration phenomena in a cylindrical cyclone with a vortex finder by using various cyclone operating parameters and conducting multiphase flow numerical simulations. The lowest point of pressure on the cross section of the main cylinder is defined as the pressure center point and is used to understand the generation of the flow field oscillation, which is shown to exhibit an approximately circular motion. This circular oscillation of the flow field is an important characteristic that influences the overall performance and behavior of the cyclone system. Cavitation analysis results show that an increase in the inlet velocity leads to more intense cavitation and an expansion of the cavitation area. At lower split ratios, cavitation primarily occurs at the junction of the inlet pipe and the main cylinder, while at higher split ratios, the cavitation area gradually extends into the overflow pipe. Additionally, structural response analysis demonstrates that increasing the inlet velocity and overflow split ratio significantly enhances the vibrational degree of the structure, leading to greater stress levels. Adjusting the oil content at the inlet has a relatively minimal impact on the structural response compared with the influence of the inlet velocity and split ratio. Furthermore, dimensional analysis is used to analyze the change of wall pressure, and the wall pressure that induces structural vibration can be calculated using the inlet velocity and the split ratio.
Ionic liquid gating of YBa2Cu3O7−x with a BN capping layer for enhanced stability and efficiency
Authors: Liu Yuting , Chen Yiming , Liang Jianlin , Zhao Jianyuan , Li Kang , Zhao Weiwei
Published: December 2023

In this study, we explored the impact of ionic liquid gating on YBa2Cu3O7−x superconductivity. We observed that direct contact of YBa2Cu3O7−x and the ionic liquid N-diethyl-N-methyl-N-(2methoxyethyl)ammonium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (DEME-TFSI) results in irreversible electrochemical reactions, despite the application of a relatively low gate voltage at 220 K. Capping a thin layer of boron nitride (BN) on YBa2Cu3O7−x enabled a reversible modulation of carrier density at 300 K. Benefiting from the higher ion mobility of ionic liquid at 300 K, this modification led to more than a one-time increase in carrier density, a 3-time improvement in voltage modulation efficiency, and a reversible tuning of the superconducting temperature. These findings suggest that using a BN capping layer holds promise for enhancing the stability and efficiency of devices using ionic liquid gating.
Anisotropic electronic structure of NaAlSi studied by angle-resolved soft x-ray emission spectroscopy
Authors: Ebisu Ryogo , Sato Yohei K. , Yamada Takahiro , Terauchi Masami
Published: December 2023

The characteristic x-ray emission direction of a material indicates the direction of the bonding orbitals and spatial symmetry of the electron orbitals. Accordingly, the intensity of x-ray emission, which varies with the direction of emission and crystal orientation, provides crucial information regarding anisotropic electronic structures. This study utilized angle-resolved soft x-ray emission spectroscopy (SXES) on a layered material, NaAlSi, to ascertain the spatial distribution of the valence electrons. Distinct alterations in the spectral intensity distributions were observed in the Al–L2,3 and Si–L2,3 spectra with respect to the emission angle. To interpret the anisotropic SXES spectra, the spatial distribution of each valence electronic state was simulated using first-principle calculations. Although the anisotropic emission intensity could not explain the symmetry of the spatial distributions of the isolated s and d atomic orbitals, the anisotropy of the SXES spectra could be interpreted as the spatial distribution of these orbitals when hybridized with p orbitals. Furthermore, the spectral structure corresponding to the electronic states near the Fermi level reflected the characteristics of the d orbitals. Therefore, angle-resolved SXES measurements can effectively discern the spatial distribution of hybridized electron orbitals with specific energy levels, which could enhance techniques related to electron distribution analysis, with potential applications in material science and electronic structure characterization.
Enhancing the reactivity of Si(100)–Cl toward PBr3 by charging Si dangling bonds
Authors: Pavlova T. V. , Shevlyuga V. M.
Published: December 2023

The interaction of the PBr3 molecule with Si dangling bonds (DBs) on a chlorinated Si(100) surface was studied. The DBs were charged in a scanning tunneling microscope (STM) and then exposed to PBr3 directly in the STM chamber. Uncharged DBs rarely react with molecules. On the contrary, almost all positively charged DBs were filled with molecule fragments. As a result of the PBr3 interaction with the positively charged DB, the molecule dissociated into PBr2 and Br with the formation of a Si–Br bond and PBr2 desorption. These findings show that charged DBs significantly modify the reactivity of the surface toward PBr3. Additionally, we calculated PH3 adsorption on a Si(100)–2 × 1–H surface with DBs and found that the DB charge also has a significant impact. As a result, we demonstrated that the positively charged DB with a doubly unoccupied state enhances the adsorption of molecules with a lone pair of electrons.
Lizardite–h-BN heterostructures—Application of clay minerals in technology
Authors: Frota H. O. , Chaudhuri Puspitapallab , Ghosh Angsula , Frota C. A.
Published: December 2023

Graphene has been a subject of great interest not only due to its fascinating properties but also for being the pioneer among 2D van der Waals (vdW) materials. Hexagonal boron nitride, an isomorph of graphene and a wide gap insulator, is commonly referred to as white graphene. The combination of the insulating hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) with other crystals to form heterostructures provide a path for engineering and manipulating new physics and device properties. In this work, we investigate the vdW heterostructures formed by assembling h-BN and lizardite, a clay-mineral that is abundant in nature and represents the most stable polymorph of the serpentine family. The optoelectronic properties of three distinct heterostructures are presented to discern the characteristics of the systems. We observe that unlike lizardite and h-BN which are insulators, all the three heterostructures exhibit a semiconducting nature. The direct gap of the heterostructure in which two h-BN sheets are simultaneously placed above and below the octahedral and tetrahedral layers also makes it relevant for optoelectronic devices. Additionally, unlike lizardite, the heterostructures demonstrate a polarization-dependent optical properties. The study of the assembled structures combining the clay-mineral with h-BN not only widens the spectrum of vdW heterostructures but also explores their potential within the context of the serpentine family.