bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Law, technology, and data‐driven security: infra‐legalities as method assemblage
Authors: SULLIVAN GAVIN
Published: March 2022

As complex data‐driven systems are increasingly used to know and govern global problems, the terrain for socio‐legal studies research is rapidly changing. Both ‘the social’ and ‘the legal’ are transformed through processes of algorithmic regulation and automated decision making. In the security field, these changes are giving rise to novel global infrastructures for countering potential risks through the extraction, exchange, and analysis of vast amounts of data. This article critically examines the key methodological implications of these data infrastructures for socio‐legal research and argues that confronting these challenges requires a different approach to research methods – one that studies regulation and data infrastructures together, that is empirically attuned to socio‐material practices and emergent relations, and that is performative rather than representational in orientation. Drawing principally from actor–network theory, materiality‐orientated socio‐legal work, and critical security studies, this article outlines an experimental ‘method assemblage’ (‘infra‐legalities’) for knowing and intervening in global security infrastructures and explores the main features of this research approach. The focus of socio‐legal studies on ‘law in the real world’ – and its associated epistemological and methodological assumptions – needs to be challenged and modified to grapple with the problems posed by global security infrastructures and algorithmic regulation.
Showing Up: A Theoretical Model of Anti‐Racist Identity and Action for Latinx Youth
Authors: Bañales Josefina , Rivas‐Drake Deborah
Published: March 2022

Historical and contemporary political events underscore that Latinx people do not necessarily view race and racism in the United States through a shared lens with other Latinx people and other communities of color. Thus, it is critical to understand how Latinx youth develop attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors that challenge white supremacy—or anti‐racist identities and behaviors—that actively disrupt racial oppression communities of color face as well as their own communities. In this paper, we review theoretical mechanisms by which Latinx youth may develop anti‐racist identities and actions on behalf of their own ethnic/racial communities and other communities oppressed by white supremacy. We conclude by offering suggestions for how institutions may support Latinx youth’s anti‐racist identities and actions.
Describing South Carolina Public School Administrators' Perceptions and Experiences Related to School‐Based Interventions and Strategies to Promote Healthy Physical Activity and Eating Behaviors: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Camp‐Spivey Logan J. , Newman Susan D. , Stevens Robert N. , Nichols Michelle
Published: March 2022

BACKGROUND

School‐based interventions and strategies targeting physical activity (PA) and eating patterns have successfully addressed unhealthy behaviors contributing to excess weight in school‐age children. The purpose of this study was to investigate South Carolina (SC) public school administrators' perceptions of and experiences with weight‐related issues in schools and associated barriers and facilitators to awareness, selection, and implementation of school‐based healthy PA and eating interventions and strategies.

METHODS

This qualitative descriptive study, guided by the Social Ecological Model and the Steps in Quality Intervention Development Model, involved semistructured interviews with SC public school administrators from all academic levels (N = 28). Data were analyzed using thematic analysis.

RESULTS

Four themes were identified from interviews (N = 28): weight‐related terminology or stigma, experiences with school‐based healthy PA and eating interventions and strategies, barriers to school‐based healthy PA and eating interventions and strategies, and facilitators to school‐based healthy PA and eating interventions and strategies.

CONCLUSIONS

Schools are well‐positioned to provide interventions and strategies to improve PA and dietary habits leading to childhood obesity. School administrators, while knowledgeable and experienced with weight‐related issues and school‐based interventions and strategies, encounter barriers and facilitators that impact offerings and delivery. Understanding these challenges and supports is important in the development, adaptation, and implementation of school‐based interventions and strategies focused on healthy PA and eating behaviors.
Effect of yeast culture supplementation on blood characteristics, body development, intestinal morphology, and enzyme activities in geese
Authors: Zhang Jie , Yuan Yancong , Wang Fen , He Hang , Wan Kun , Liu Anfang
Published: March 2022

The objective of this experiment is to evaluate the effects of yeast culture (YC) supplementation on blood characteristics, body size, carcass characteristics, organ weights, intestinal morphology, and enzyme activities. Five groups of geese were randomly assigned to five dietary treatments: the basal diet (control) and basal diets plus 0.5%, 1.0%, 2.0%, or 4.0% YC. Compared with the controls, YC supplementation at 0.5% and 1.0% increased the serum total protein (TP), albumin (ALB), and globulin (GLO) and decreased the uric acid and creatine kinase (CK) contents (p < 0.05). YC supplementation at 2.0% and 4.0% increased the CK, growth hormone, catalase and glutathione reductase contents, and relative proventriculus weights, and decreased the TP, ALB, and GLO contents, relative liver, gizzard, jejunum, ileum, and thymus weights (p < 0.05). YC supplementation at 2.0% improved fossil bone length, breast muscle percentage, jejunal villus height, ileal and jejunal villus height/crypt depth ratios, pepsin, lipase, amylase and pancreatic trypsin activities, and decreased abdominal fat percentage (p < 0.05). Furthermore, YC inclusion increased the body slope length (linear, p = 0.002; quadratic, p = 0.02), breast width (quadratic, p = 0.02), ileal (linear, p = 0.04; quadratic, p = 0.01) and duodenal villus height (cubic, p = 0.04), and decreased the relative gizzard (quadratic, p = 0.04) and thymus (linear, p = 0.002; quadratic, p = 0.02; cubic, p = 0.02) weights, liver (linear, p = 0.002; quadratic, p = 0.02), and serum (linear, p = 0.006; quadratic, p = 0.03) malondialdehyde contents, and jejunal crypt depth (quadratic, p = 0.03). The findings indicated that the YC supplementation had a positive effect on the growth and development of geese, with 2% YC being the most effective.
Prevalence of hepatitis C in sexual assault survivors presenting to a SANE clinic: A descriptive analysis
Authors: Ward Erin , Carlisle Nicholas , Williams Ebony , Heath Sonya L. , Meloun Kellie , Walter Lauren A.
Published: March 2022

While previous epidemiologic research has demonstrated that sexual assault survivors (SAS) may be at disproportionate risk for exposure to Hepatitis C (HCV), HCV screening in SAS is not addressed in current post‐sexual assault testing recommendations. We sought to identify the prevalence of HCV among a SAS cohort along with associated basic demographics. Opt‐out HCV antibody screening and RNA confirmatory testing was provided for all SAS at a Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner (SANE) clinic in Birmingham, Alabama, from April 2020 through March 2021. A retrospective chart review was conducted using descriptive statistical and Chi‐squared analyses. A total of 293 SAS presented to the clinic during the study timeframe. Two hundred forty‐two (82.6%) were screened for HCV and 26 (8.9%) were found to be HCV antibody (Ab) positive [significantly higher than state (<1.0%) and national (1.0%) HCV incidence rates (p < 0.0001)]. SAS age groups 25–34 and 35–44 were more likely to screen HCV Ab‐positive (15.2% and 14.9% respectively; p = 0.02). Female SAS were more likely to be tested for HCV then males (p = 0.02), although male SAS were more likely to be found HCV Ab‐positive when screened (24.4%, p < 0.0001). Overall, SAS demographics also demonstrate the presence of significant social vulnerabilities, specifically high rates of homelessness (4.4%) and incarceration (5.1%). This data highlight the potential impact of universal HCV screening and risk counselling in a high social risk population and suggests a potential for future focused interventions.
Low incidence and prevalence of hepatitis C in two cohorts of HIV pre‐exposure prophylaxis adherence interventions in men who have sex with men in Southern California
Authors: Hassan Adiba , Agustin Harold Glenn San , Burke Leah , Kofron Ryan , Corado Katya , Bolan Robert , Landovitz Raphael J. , Dubé Michael P. , Morris Sheldon R.
Published: March 2022

HIV pre‐exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) has been associated with incident hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in men who have sex with men (MSM) due to decreased condom use. We examined rates of HCV among MSM and transgender women at high‐risk of HIV on PrEP in Southern California using data from two trials (NCT01761643 and NCT01781806). Five of 599 participants (0.84%, 95% CI, 0.27–1.93) had HCV antibodies detected at entry. Factors associated with HCV seropositivity included being older (p = .002) and lower education level (p < .001). HCV‐positive participants had no reported cases of sexually transmitted infection (rectal, urethral or pharyngeal gonorrhoea and/or chlamydia) at entry while HCV‐negative participants had a prevalence of 18% (95% CI, 15%–21%). There were no significant differences in substance use and sexual risk behaviour between HCV‐positive and HCV‐negative participants 1–3 months prior to entry. Among early PrEP adopters, incident HCV did not occur despite ongoing condomless intercourse. Screening intervals for HCV in MSM on PrEP should be led by a risk behaviour assessment.
Efficacy and safety of direct‐acting antiviral therapy for hepatitis C virus in elderly patients (≥65 years old): A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Lee Jieun , Ahn Sang Bong , Yim Sun Young , An Jihyun , Jun Dae Won , Ko Min Jung , Park Dong Ah , Yoo Jeong‐Ju
Published: March 2022

Direct‐acting agents (DAAs) have launched a new era of hepatitis C virus (HCV) treatment. As aged individuals comprise a large percentage of HCV‐infected patients, the effectiveness and safety of DAAs in the elderly have come under scrutiny. This meta‐analysis aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of DAAs in elderly patients. After a systematic search in PubMed (MEDLINE), Embase, OVID MEDLINE, the Cochrane Library and other databases, two investigators reviewed relevant abstracts and selected manuscripts for examination. The sustained virologic response (SVR) and adverse event (AE) rates were calculated with a random‐effects model. Ninety studies evaluating SVR rates of elderly patients (≥65 years old) receiving DAAs were selected. DAAs in elderly patients exhibited a notable SVR rate of 96% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 95%–97%), accompanied by comparable rates in subgroup analyses. The comparison of SVR rates in elderly and non‐elderly patients indicated no significant discrepancy (odds ratio [OR] 1.01, 95% CI: 1.00–1.01). The overall event rate of AEs was 45% (95% CI: 31%–60%), though AE rates varied by subgroups. Furthermore, AEs were comparatively more frequent (OR 1.15, 95% CI: 1.04–1.28) in the elderly than non‐elderly, especially in subgroups such as SAE (OR 1.89, 95% CI: 1.52–2.36) and dose reduction in ribavirin (OR 1.90, 95% CI: 1.53–2.36). However, in the ribavirin (RBV)‐free regimen, there was no significant difference in the incidence of AEs between the elderly and non‐elderly groups. DAAs have high efficacy in elderly patients. Considering the possibility of AE, the RBV‐free regimen should be given prior consideration for the treatment of elderly patients with HCV.
Spatiotemporal dynamics of FERONIA reveal alternative endocytic pathways in response to flg22 elicitor stimuli
Authors: Xing Jingjing , Ji Dongchao , Duan Zhikun , Chen Tong , Luo Xiaomin
Published: March 2022

The plant receptor‐like kinase FERONIA (FER) functions in the response to multiple extracellular signals, thereby regulating diverse cellular processes, such as polarized cell growth, hormone signaling and responses to pathogens.

Here, we reported that in Arabidopsis thaliana, flagellin peptide flg22 stimulus significantly promoted the lateral mobility and dissociation of FER from the plasma membrane by inducing the association of FER with membrane microdomain components.

FER underwent constitutive endocytosis and recycling in a brefeldin A (BFA)‐sensitive manner via a clathrin‐mediated pathway. Following flg22 elicitation, FER localized to bona fide endosomes via two distinct endocytic routes, showing differential sensitivity to BFA.

These results at the single‐particle level confirm that FER acts as an essential regulator during flg22 perception and immune activation, thus broadening our understanding of location‐specific protein dynamics and membrane trafficking in receptor/receptor kinase signaling.
Fortification of staple foods with calcium: a novel costing tool to inform decision making
Authors: Palacios Alfredo , Rojas‐Roque Carlos , Balan Dario , Sosa Estani Isabela , Belizán José M. , Cormick Gabriela , Augustovski Federico
Published: March 2022

Low calcium intake and its impact on maternal and child health are a major concern in low‐ and middle‐income countries. Given the low calcium in diet, as well as the low adherence and acceptability of calcium pills in those settings, the discussion about policies to increase calcium intake has moved toward staple food fortification strategies. Nevertheless, there is scarce information on the economic feasibility of implementing these strategies. We aimed to design and propose a novel costing tool to estimate the cost of the flour fortification with calcium by carrying out a literature review about costing studies for staple food fortification programs and costing tools previously developed. A deliberative meeting with stakeholders was held to discuss and face‐validate the conceptual framework proposed. We showed the costing tool application for the case of Costa Rica (a country with a population with low calcium intake), including the absolute cost of the staple food fortification production process, the incremental cost of fortification according to the public/private sector, and the incremental cost by target population. This open‐source and publicly available costing tool can be useful to inform policymaking in countries considering the implementation of staple food fortification programs.
Photoprotection conferring plant tolerance to freezing stress through rescuing photosystem in evergreen Rhododendron
Authors: Liu Bing , Zhao Fangmeng , Zhou Hong , Xia Yiping , Wang Xiuyun
Published: March 2022

Light stress is one of the important stresses for winter survival in evergreens, especially for plants with broad leaves, like evergreen rhododendrons. Photoprotection has been shown to upregulate dramatically in rhododendrons during winter, but whether it directly contributes to enhancing the freezing tolerance is still unknown. In this study, we found that the expression and circadian rhythm of an early light‐induced protein (ELIP)—RhELIP3—which exerts photoprotection in Rhododendron ‘Elsie Lee’, could be impacted by both photoperiod and low temperature, with low temperature being the predominant inducer. Arabidopsis overexpressing RhELIP3 displayed significantly stronger freezing tolerance and better photosystem II function after a 3‐day recovery from freezing treatment. Moreover, RhHY5 binds with the RhELIP3 promoter to activate its expression. Arabidopsis overexpressing RhHY5 exhibited stronger freezing tolerance and better photosystem II function. AtELIP1 and AtELIP2 were significantly induced in RhHY5‐overexpressed Arabidopsis at low temperatures. We also discovered that RhBBX24 binds directly to RhELIP3 promoter and suppresses its expression. RhBBX24 can also interact with RhHY5 and inhibit the interaction of RhHY5–RhELIP3. RhELIP3, RhHY5, and RhBBX24 exhibited similar circadian rhythms under low temperature with short period. Overall, our investigation highlights that photoprotection is involved in improving the freezing tolerance of evergreen rhododendrons.
Drought exerts a greater influence than growth temperature on the temperature response of leaf day respiration in wheat (Triticum aestivum)
Authors: Fang Liang , Yin Xinyou , van der Putten Peter E. L. , Martre Pierre , Struik Paul C.
Published: March 2022

We assessed how the temperature response of leaf day respiration (Rd) in wheat responded to contrasting water regimes and growth temperatures. In Experiment 1, well‐watered and drought‐stressed conditions were imposed on two genotypes; in Experiment 2, the two water regimes combined with high (HT), medium (MT) and low (LT) growth temperatures were imposed on one of the genotypes. Rd was estimated from simultaneous gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence measurements at six leaf temperatures (Tleaf) for each treatment, using the Yin method for nonphotorespiratory conditions and the nonrectangular hyperbolic fitting method for photorespiratory conditions. The two genotypes responded similarly to growth and measurement conditions. Estimates of Rd for nonphotorespiratory conditions were generally higher than those for photorespiratory conditions, but their responses to Tleaf were similar. Under well‐watered conditions, Rd and its sensitivity to Tleaf slightly acclimated to LT, but did not acclimate to HT. Temperature sensitivities of Rd were considerably suppressed by drought, and the suppression varied among growth temperatures. Thus, it is necessary to quantify interactions between drought and growth temperature for reliably modelling Rd under climate change. Our study also demonstrated that the Kok method, one of the currently popular methods for estimating Rd, underestimated Rd significantly.
Experience of parents of preschool children in Hawaii during the COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: Glauberman Gary , Wong Daisy Kristina , Qureshi Kristine
Published: March 2022

Objective

The COVID‐19 pandemic has resulted in major disruption to economic, health, education, and social systems. Families with preschool children experienced extraordinary strain during this time. This paper describes a qualitative study examining the experience of parents of preschool children in Hawaii during the COVID‐19 pandemic.

Sample

Thirteen (N = 13) parents of preschool children living on the island of Oahu, Hawaii, participated in small group discussions occurring in February and March 2021, approximately 1 year after the start of the pandemic in the state. Discussion transcripts were coded and sorted into themes.

Results

Four themes emerged: stressors due to the COVID‐19 pandemic, family coping and resources, meaning of the COVID‐19 crisis to the family, and family adaptation patterns. Themes mapped to the Family Adjustment and Adaptation Response model.

Conclusion

Families relied on various resources to cope with stressors experienced due to the COVID‐19 pandemic, and adopted new patterns related to seeking healthcare and household emergency preparedness. Findings may inform policies and interventions to support families during the ongoing COVID‐19 pandemic and future public health emergencies.
Neonatal and pediatric transfusion practices and policies in India: A survey‐based cross‐sectional assessment of blood centers
Authors: Arora Satyam , Dua Seema , Goel Ruchika
Published: March 2022

Background

Blood centers play a critical role in supporting neonatal and pediatric transfusions. We aim to study the variation in pediatric/neonatal transfusion policies and practices for blood centers in India.

Study Design and Methods

This is a survey‐based (45 question) cross‐sectional assessment of blood centers in India supporting pediatric/neonatal transfusions.

Results

One hundred three centers responded to the survey (response rate 51.2%; 103/201). As a part of pretransfusion testing, use of “microtainers” was reported by 58.4% (59/101) centers and only 57.4% (58/101) centers provide antibody screening. In case of absence of maternal sample, type O negative blood is most commonly used (48.5%; 49/101), and in case of ABO incompatibility, 68.3% (69/101) use units compatible with both mother and newborn. Leukoreduced RBCs are provided by 89% (90/101) centers and irradiated products are provided by 48.5% (49/101). 82% (83/101) of centers reported not receiving requests for CMV negative units considering the high incidence of CMV‐seropositivity in donors. Fresh units are defined as <7 days old by 44.5% (45/101) and <5 days old by 31.6% (32/101) centers. 97% centers reported SAGM suspended RBCs in inventory but only 67.3% (68/101) use them for top‐up transfusions to neonates. Overall >80% centers use the buffy‐coat method for platelet concentrates preparation. Volume‐based (ml/kg) aliquots preparation is done by 88% (89/101), mainly using the sterile connecting device (84.6%; 83/98).

Conclusion

This survey shows heterogeneity and lack of standardization in practices across blood centers in India and highlights the need for more studies to establish best practices for this vulnerable age group.
COVID-19: Providing a student-centred, living library of resources and feedback to struggling students at scale
Authors: Judd Belinda Karyn , Brentnall Jennie
Published: March 2022

Abstract not applicable for this format.
Tensions in Shared Leadership in Elite Women’s Cricket: Implications for Coaching
Authors: Andrews Max H. , Rynne Steven B. , Mallett Clifford J.
Published: March 2022

Many sports are shifting to shared leadership models, but cricket remains somewhat wedded to traditional models of leadership. Female cricket especially might challenge this traditional model. Understanding how players and coaches have similar, or differing, views can inform how to implement contemporary leadership models into cricket and extend conceptions of athlete leadership. Therefore, this study examined how the coach and players have similar or differing understandings of shared athlete leadership in their cricket team. An interpretative phenomenological analysis approach was adopted. Semistructured interviews were conducted with three female cricket players and their male coach. Results suggest that the coach and players value the social leadership skills of the captain more than the task leadership skills, whereas informal athlete leaders are relied on by the captain to provide tactical guidance. Nonetheless, there were different expectations regarding the role of athlete leaders. While the coach expected athlete leaders to deliver his message to the rest of the team, players wanted athlete leaders who maintained lines of communication among the players, and with the coach. Therefore, this study offers another perspective on leadership that is fluid and promotes collaboration to appoint and develop appropriate leaders who are accepted by all team members.
From telomere to telomere: The transcriptional and epigenetic state of human repeat elements
Authors: Hoyt Savannah J. , Storer Jessica M. , Hartley Gabrielle A. , Grady Patrick G. S. , Gershman Ariel , de Lima Leonardo G. , Limouse Charles , Halabian Reza , Wojenski Luke , Rodriguez Matias , Altemose Nicolas , Rhie Arang , Core Leighton J. , Gerton Jennifer L. , Makalowski Wojciech , Olson Daniel , Rosen Jeb , Smit Arian F. A. , Straight Aaron F. , Vollger Mitchell R. , Wheeler Travis J. , Schatz Michael C. , Eichler Evan E. , Phillippy Adam M. , Timp Winston , Miga Karen H. , O’Neill Rachel J.
Published: March 2022

Mobile elements and repetitive genomic regions are sources of lineage-specific genomic innovation and uniquely fingerprint individual genomes. Comprehensive analyses of such repeat elements, including those found in more complex regions of the genome, require a complete, linear genome assembly. We present a de novo repeat discovery and annotation of the T2T-CHM13 human reference genome. We identified previously unknown satellite arrays, expanded the catalog of variants and families for repeats and mobile elements, characterized classes of complex composite repeats, and located retroelement transduction events. We detected nascent transcription and delineated CpG methylation profiles to define the structure of transcriptionally active retroelements in humans, including those in centromeres. These data expand our insight into the diversity, distribution, and evolution of repetitive regions that have shaped the human genome.
Perovskite solar cells can take the heat
Authors: Luther Joseph M. , Schelhas Laura T.
Published: March 2022

Layered surface structure adds durability to packaged perovskite cells
Pain-resolving microglia
Authors: Sideris-Lampretsas George , Malcangio Marzia
Published: March 2022

An emergent subgroup of spinal cord microglia mediates recovery from persistent pain
In Other Journals
Authors: Lopez Bianca , Nusinovich Yevgeniya , Suleymanov Yury , Yiu Yuen , Szuromi Phil , Scanlon Seth Thomas , Ash Caroline
Published: March 2022

Editors’ selections from the current scientific literature
Software-designed miniproteins could create new class of drugs
Authors: Service Robert F.
Published: March 2022

Small versions of antibodies bind to virtually any target protein
Disruption of c-di-GMP Signaling Networks Unlocks Cryptic Expression of Secondary Metabolites during Biofilm Growth in
Burkholderia pseudomallei
Authors: Borlee Grace I. , Mangalea Mihnea R. , Martin Kevin H. , Plumley Brooke A. , Golon Samuel J. , Borlee Bradley R.
Published: March 2022

Burkholderia pseudomallei
is a saprophytic bacterium residing in the environment that switches to a pathogenic lifestyle during infection of a wide range of hosts. The environmental cues that serve as the stimulus to trigger this change are largely unknown.
Role for a Lytic Polysaccharide Monooxygenase in Cell Wall Remodeling in Streptomyces coelicolor
Authors: Zhong Xiaobo , Zhang Le , van Wezel Gilles P. , Vijgenboom Erik , Claessen Dennis
Published: March 2022

Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases are used in industry for the efficient degradation of recalcitrant polysaccharide substrates. Only recently, we have begun to appreciate some of their important biological roles.
A Feedback Regulatory Loop Containing McdR and WhiB2 Controls Cell Division and DNA Repair in Mycobacteria
Authors: Zhou Wei , Huang Shaojia , Cumming Bridgette M. , Zhang Yong , Tang Wei , Steyn Adrie J. C. , Chen Shiyun , Hu Yangbo
Published: March 2022

Drug-resistant
M. tuberculosis
poses a threat to the control and prevention of tuberculosis (TB) worldwide. Thus, there is a need to identify the mechanisms enabling
M. tuberculosis
to adapt and grow under drug-induced stress.
Core complex fault rocks of the Silurian to Devonian Keisarhjelmen detachment in NW Spitsbergen
Authors: Maher* Harmon , Braathen* Alvar , Ganerød* Morgan , Osmundsen* Per Terje , Redfield* Tim , Myhre* Per Inge , Serck* Christopher , Parcher* Sara
Published: March 2022

A Silurian–Devonian metamorphic core complex has recently been recognized in northwest Spitsbergen, on the northwest corner of the Barents Shelf at the junction between the Atlantic and Arctic oceans. The associated Keisarhjelmen detachment, a major, ductile-brittle fault zone, is 200–500 m thick and has a map trace >150 km. A top-to-the-north transport direction is parallel to the axis of a large-scale, shallowly north-plunging, detachment corrugation. This detachment zone separates overlying faulted Silurian–Devonian aged cover strata from underlying migmatitic rocks in the core. The detachment shows a diverse array of fault and metamorphic rocks with structural ascent, ranging from sheared migmatite, mylonite, ultramylonite, foliated cataclasite, pseudotachylite, and breccia. Footwall post-kinematic granitic intrusions occurred shortly prior to, and likely during, deposition of the older cover strata. Variably deformed, syn-kinematic granitic sheets and veins within the detachment zone are considered coeval. Thin sections show significant grain size reduction, porphyroclasts, and well-developed composite fault surfaces. Relict garnet sigma porphyroclasts associated with chlorite and sericite indicate retrogression. Feldspar porphyroclasts show significant sericite alteration, undulose extinction and limited recrystallization low in the detachment, and brittle deformation throughout. Quartz deformation textures and grain size vary considerably within and between samples. Deformation during retrogression continued into the brittle realm with the development of thick foliated cataclasites, fault breccias, and local pseudotachylites concentrated at the top of the detachment. Biotite in particular shows grain size reduction, concentration along C-surfaces, and shredding and redistribution, suggesting it played a significant role in both ductile and brittle faulting. Veins, micro-veins, and fluid inclusion planes are ubiquitous throughout the detachment, indicating substantial fault-related fluid flow. Given existing geochronologic and P-T (pressure-temperature) data from the basement rocks of the area, the kinematics, retrogression, and ductile-brittle transition are consistent with exhumation of a core complex developing by orogen-parallel extension associated with transtension during the Late Silurian and Early to Middle Devonian in northwest Spitsbergen. Remaining questions include how this core complex connects with coeval plate-scale strike-slip faults in Svalbard, and its relationship to mainland Norwegian core complexes and Devonian basins to the south.
Supplemental Material: The low-angle breakaway system for the Northern Snake Range décollement in the Schell Creek and Duck Creek Ranges, eastern Nevada, USA: Implications for displacement magnitude
Authors: Long S.P. , et al.
Published: March 2022

Figure 5. (A) Cross-section B-B′, showing the modern geometry. Schell Creek Range detachment system (SCRDS) faults B1–B5 are labeled, and bold italic numbers are referenced to footnotes. The subsurface geometry for Spring Valley and the western part of the Northern Snake Range is from the interpreted seismic cross section of Gans et al. (1985, their fig. 2). Translucent areas above the modern surface represent eroded rock. (B) Cross-section B-B′ after retrodeformation of displacement on post–Schell Creek Range detachment system high-angle normal faults and 15° of post–Schell Creek Range detachment system westward tilting (see footnote 2). Stratigraphic cutoff angles are labeled for Schell Creek Range detachment system faults.
Structural Universalities in a Two-Dimensional Yukawa Fluid
Authors: Klumov B. A.
Published: March 2022

The structural properties of a two-dimensional fluid in a wide range of the screening parameter κ are considered by example of a Debye–Hückel (Yukawa) system. The behavior of structural indicators appears universal and is independent of the screening parameter κ. This property makes it possible, in particular, to easily and noninvasively determine the key parameters of the interparticle interaction from the configuration of particles observed in experiments with complex (dusty) and colloidal plasmas.
On the Nature of the Excess Internal Energy and Entropy of Metallic Glasses
Authors: Makarov A. S. , Kretova M. A. , Afonin G. V. , Qiao J. C. , Glezer A. M. , Kobelev N. P. , Khonik V. A.
Published: March 2022

The excess internal energies ΔUQ and excess entropies $$\Delta {{S}_{Q}}$$ of ten metallic glasses with respect to their parent crystalline states are determined from calorimetric studies. The elastic energy ΔUel of the subsystem of interstitial defects responsible for relaxation phenomena in metallic glasses according to interstitialcy theory is calculated within this theory using the measured high-frequency shear modulus. It is established that the quantities ΔUQ and ΔUel coincide with each other within an accuracy of no less than 10–15%. It is concluded that the excess internal energy and excess entropy of metallic glasses are due primarily to the elastic energy of the subsystem of interstitial defects. The dissipation of this energy into heat under heating reduces ΔUQ and ΔSQ to zero because of the complete crystallization. The entropy per defect is estimated from calorimetric data as Sd ≈ (20–30)kB, which is characteristic of interstitial defects.
Background polygenic risk modulates the association between glaucoma and cardiopulmonary diseases and measures: an analysis from the UK Biobank
Authors: Kolli Ajay , Sekimitsu Sayuri , Wang Jiali , Segre Ayellet , Friedman David , Elze Tobias , Pasquale Louis R , Wiggs Janey , Zebardast Nazlee
Published: March 2022

Aims

To assess whether associations of cardiopulmonary conditions and markers with glaucoma differ by background genetic risk for primary open angle glaucoma (POAG).

Methods

We constructed a POAG polygenic risk score (PRS) using genome-wide association study summary statistics from a large cross-ancestry meta-analysis. History of glaucoma (including self-report and codes for POAG, ‘other glaucoma’ or unspecified glaucoma), history of common cardiopulmonary conditions and cardiopulmonary measures were assessed in the UK Biobank. Stratifying by PRS decile 1 (lowest risk) versus decile 10 (highest risk), separate multivariable models were estimated to assess the associations of cardiopulmonary diseases or factors with glaucoma, adjusting for age, sex, smoking and medication use. A Bonferroni correction was used to adjust p values for multiple comparisons.

Results

Individuals in POAG PRS decile 1 (417 cases, 44 458 controls; mean age 56.8 years) and decile 10 (2135 cases, 42 413 controls; mean age 56.7 years) were included. Within decile 1, glaucoma cases had significantly higher glycated haemoglobin (38.5 vs 35.9 mmol/mol) and higher prevalence of diabetes (17.5% vs 6.5%), dyslipidaemia (31.2% vs 18.3%) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) (6.7% vs 2.0%) than controls (adjusted p<0.0013 for each). Within decile 10, glaucoma was associated with higher prevalence of dyslipidaemia (27.7% vs 17.3%, p=6.9E-05). The magnitude of association between glaucoma and diabetes, CKD and glycated haemoglobin differed between deciles 1 and 10 (contrast test p value for difference <0.05).

Conclusion

The relations between systemic conditions and glaucoma vary by underlying genetic predisposition to POAG, with larger associations among those who developed glaucoma despite low genetic risk.
Association of computed tomography screening with lung cancer stage shift and survival in the United States: quasi-experimental study
Authors: Potter Alexandra L , Rosenstein Allison L , Kiang Mathew V , Shah Shivani A , Gaissert Henning A , Chang David C , Fintelmann Florian J , Yang Chi-Fu Jeffrey
Published: March 2022

Objective

To determine the effect of the introduction of low dose computed tomography screening in 2013 on lung cancer stage shift, survival, and disparities in the stage of lung cancer diagnosed in the United States.

Design

Quasi-experimental study using Joinpoint modeling, multivariable ordinal logistic regression, and multivariable Cox proportional hazards modeling.

Setting

US National Cancer Database and Surveillance Epidemiology End Results program database.

Participants

Patients aged 45-80 years diagnosed as having non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) between 1 January 2010 and 31 December 2018.

Main outcome measures

Annual per cent change in percentage of stage I NSCLC diagnosed among patients aged 45-54 (ineligible for screening) and 55-80 (potentially eligible for screening), median all cause survival, and incidence of NSCLC; multivariable adjusted odds ratios for year-to-year changes in likelihood of having earlier stages of disease at diagnosis and multivariable adjusted hazard ratios for changes in hazard of death before versus after introduction of screening.

Results

The percentage of stage I NSCLC diagnosed among patients aged 55-80 did not significantly increase from 2010 to 2013 (from 27.8% to 29.4%) and then increased at 3.9% (95% confidence interval 3.0% to 4.8%) per year from 2014 to 2018 (from 30.2% to 35.5%). In multivariable adjusted analysis, the increase in the odds per year of a patient having one lung cancer stage lower at diagnosis during the time period from 2014 to 2018 was 6.2% (multivariable adjusted odds ratio 1.062, 95% confidence interval 1.048 to 1.077; P<0.001) higher than the increase in the odds per year from 2010 to 2013. Similarly, the median all cause survival of patients aged 55-80 did not significantly increase from 2010 to 2013 (from 15.8 to 18.1 months), and then increased at 11.9% (8.9% to 15.0%) per year from 2014 to 2018 (from 19.7 to 28.2 months). In multivariable adjusted analysis, the hazard of death decreased significantly faster after 2014 compared with before 2014 (P<0.001). By 2018, stage I NSCLC was the predominant diagnosis among non-Hispanic white people and people living in the highest income or best educated regions. Non-white people and those living in lower income or less educated regions remained more likely to have stage IV disease at diagnosis. Increases in the detection of early stage disease in the US from 2014 to 2018 led to an estimated 10 100 averted deaths.

Conclusions

A recent stage shift toward stage I NSCLC coincides with improved survival and the introduction of lung cancer screening. Non-white patients and those living in areas of greater deprivation had lower rates of stage I disease identified, highlighting the need for efforts to increase access to screening in the US.
A plasma metabolite score of three eicosanoids predicts incident type 2 diabetes: a prospective study in three independent cohorts
Authors: Tuomisto Karolina , Palmu Joonatan , Long Tao , Watrous Jeramie D , Mercader Kysha , Lagerborg Kim A , Andres Allen , Salmi Marko , Jalkanen Sirpa , Vasan Ramachandran S , Inouye Michael , Havulinna Aki S , Tuomilehto Jaakko , Jousilahti Pekka , Niiranen Teemu J , Cheng Susan , Jain Mohit , Salomaa Veikko
Published: March 2022

Introduction

Peptide markers of inflammation have been associated with the development of type 2 diabetes. The role of upstream, lipid-derived mediators of inflammation such as eicosanoids, remains less clear. The aim of this study was to examine whether eicosanoids are associated with incident type 2 diabetes.

Research design & methods

In the FINRISK (Finnish Cardiovascular Risk Study) 2002 study, a population-based sample of Finnish men and women aged 25–74 years, we used directed, non-targeted liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to identify 545 eicosanoids and related oxylipins in the participants’ plasma samples (n=8292). We used multivariable-adjusted Cox regression to examine associations between eicosanoids and incident type 2 diabetes. The significant independent findings were replicated in the Framingham Heart Study (FHS, n=2886) and DIetary, Lifestyle and Genetic determinants of Obesity and Metabolic syndrome (DILGOM) 2007 (n=3905). Together, these three cohorts had 1070 cases of incident type 2 diabetes.

Results

In the FINRISK 2002 cohort, 76 eicosanoids were associated individually with incident type 2 diabetes. We identified three eicosanoids independently associated with incident type 2 diabetes using stepwise Cox regression with forward selection and a Bonferroni-corrected inclusion threshold. A three-eicosanoid risk score produced an HR of 1.56 (95% CI 1.41 to 1.72) per 1 SD increment for risk of incident diabetes. The HR for comparing the top quartile with the lowest was 2.80 (95% CI 2.53 to 3.07). In the replication analyses, the three-eicosanoid risk score was significant in FHS (HR 1.24 (95% CI 1.10 to 1.39, p<0.001)) and directionally consistent in DILGOM (HR 1.12 (95% CI 0.99 to 1.27, p=0.07)). Meta-analysis of the three cohorts yielded a pooled HR of 1.31 (95% CI 1.05 to 1.56).

Conclusions

Plasma eicosanoid profiles predict incident type 2 diabetes and the clearest signals replicate in three independent cohorts. Our findings give new information on the biology underlying type 2 diabetes and suggest opportunities for early identification of people at risk.
Incidence of atrial fibrillation in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Matsumoto Chisa , Ogawa Hisao , Saito Yoshihiko , Okada Sadanori , Soejima Hirofumi , Sakuma Mio , Masuda Izuru , Nakayama Masafumi , Doi Naofumi , Jinnouchi Hideaki , Waki Masako , Morimoto Takeshi
Published: March 2022

Introduction

The incidence of atrial fibrillation (AF), a significant risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD), is increasing worldwide. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) and advanced age are recognized as major risk factors for AF, but herein, we evaluated the incidence of AF in elderly patients with T2D and compared the prognosis between these patients with/without AF.

Research design and methods

The Japanese Primary Prevention of Atherosclerosis with Aspirin for Diabetes (JPAD2) study is a follow-up cohort study of the JPAD trial, a randomized controlled clinical trial initiated in 2002 in 2535 Japanese patients with T2D, to examine whether low-dose aspirin prevents CVD. After completion of that trial, we followed up the patients until 2019 and evaluated the incidence of AF. We also compared the incidence of cerebral cardiovascular events in elderly patients with T2D with/without AF.

Results

During the median follow-up period of 10.9 years, 132 patients developed AF (incidence rate: 5.14/1000 person-years). The adjusted HRs for cerebral cardiovascular events, stroke, coronary artery disease, heart failure, and all-cause death in elderly patients with T2D with versus without AF were 1.65 (95% CI 1.03 to 2.66), 1.54 (95% CI 0.81 to 2.93), 1.96 (95% CI 1.03 to 3.73), 5.17 (95% CI 2.46 to 10.89), and 1.82 (95% CI 1.24 to 2.67), respectively.

Conclusions

Annually, 1 in 200 elderly Japanese patients with T2D are estimated to develop AF. Because elderly patients with T2D with AF are at an elevated risk for CVD, careful follow-up of this patient subgroup is necessary.

Trial registration number

NCT00110448.
Practice variation across five European paediatric emergency departments: a prospective observational study
Authors: Ropers Fabienne , Bossuyt Patrick , Maconochie Ian , Smit Frank J , Alves Claudio , Greber-Platzer Susanne , moll Henriette A , Zachariasse Joany
Published: March 2022

Objectives

To compare paediatric healthcare practice variation among five European emergency departments (EDs) by analysing variability in decisions about diagnostic testing, treatment and admission.

Design and population

Consecutive paediatric visits in five European EDs in four countries (Austria, Netherlands, Portugal, UK) were prospectively collected during a study period of 9–36 months (2012–2015).

Primary outcome measures

Practice variation was studied for the following management measures: lab testing, imaging, administration of intravenous medication and patient disposition after assessment at the ED.

Analysis

Multivariable logistic regression was used to adjust for general patient characteristics and markers of disease severity. To assess whether ED was significantly associated with management, the goodness-of-fit of regression models based on all variables with and without ED as explanatory variable was compared. Management measures were analysed across different categories of presenting complaints.

Results

Data from 111 922 children were included, with a median age of 4 years (IQR 1.7–9.4). There were large differences in frequencies of Manchester Triage System (MTS) urgency and selected MTS presentational flow charts. ED was a significant covariate for management measures. The variability in management among EDs was fairly consistent across different presenting complaints after adjustment for confounders. Adjusted OR (aOR) for laboratory testing were consistently higher in one hospital while aOR for imaging were consistently higher in another hospital. Iv administration of medication and fluids and admission was significantly more likely in two other hospitals, compared with others, for most presenting complaints.

Conclusions

Distinctive hospital-specific patterns in variability of management could be observed in these five paediatric EDs, which were consistent across different groups of clinical presentations. This could indicate fundamental differences in paediatric healthcare practice, influenced by differences in factors such as organisation of primary care, diagnostic facilities and available beds, professional culture and patient expectations.
Interventions for physician prescribers of opioids for chronic non-cancer pain: protocol for an overview of systematic reviews
Authors: Wennberg Erica , Windle Sarah B , Filion Kristian B , Gore Genevieve , Thombs Brett D , Kudrina Irina , Paraskevopoulos Elena , Martel Marc O , Kimmelman Jonathan , Johnson Sonia , Taylor Andrew , Eisenberg Mark J
Published: March 2022

Introduction

Interventions targeting behaviours of physician prescribers of opioids for chronic non-cancer pain have been introduced to combat the opioid crisis. Systematic reviews have evaluated effects of specific interventions (eg, prescriber education, prescription drug monitoring programmes) on patient and population health outcomes and prescriber behaviour. Integration of findings across intervention types is needed to better understand the effects of prescriber-targeted interventions.

Methods and analysis

We will conduct an overview of systematic reviews. Eligible systematic reviews will include primary studies that evaluated any intervention targeting the behaviours of physician prescribers of opioids for chronic non-cancer pain in an outpatient or mixed setting, compared with no intervention, usual practice or another active or control intervention. Eligible outcomes will pertain to the intervention effect on patient and population health or opioid prescribing behaviour. We will search MEDLINE, Embase and PsycInfo via Ovid; the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews and Epistemonikos from inception. We will also hand search reference lists for additional publications. Screening and data extraction will be conducted independently by two reviewers, with disagreements resolved by consensus or consultation with a third reviewer. The risk of bias of included systematic reviews will be assessed in duplicate by two reviewers using the Risk of Bias in Systematic Reviews tool. Results will be synthesised narratively by intervention type and grouped by outcome. To assist with result interpretation, outcomes will be labelled as intended or unintended according to intervention objectives, and as positive, negative, evidence of no effect or inconclusive evidence according to effect on the population (for patient and population health outcomes) or intervention objectives (for prescriber outcomes).

Ethics and dissemination

As the proposed study will use published data, ethics approval is not required. Dissemination of results will be achieved through publication of a manuscript in a peer-reviewed journal and conference presentations.

PROSPERO registration number

CRD42020156815.