bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Efficiency of Different Mass Transfer Modes in Electrochemical Oxidation Treatment for Landfill Leachate
Authors: Dai Jin Guo , Song Qian Wu , Wu Qi
Published: November 2012

The effect of different mass transfer ways in landfill leachate treatment by electrochemical oxidation was studied, the electrochemical oxidation rate, current efficiency and energy consumption were mainly discussed by four different mass transfer ways—including higher pressure water jet electrode, aeration, mixing and natural convection. The results show that mass transfer way has an important influence for NH4+-N and CODcr removal in electrochemical oxidation landfill leachate, high pressure water jet has high current efficiency, oxidation rate and lower energy consumption, which is 7.41 mg/L.min, 48% and 0.11 Kwh/gNH4+-N in electrolytic 6 hours, respectively. Different mass transfer ways have different mass transfer coefficient, improving mass transfer coefficient could increase transfer rate and the overall efficiency of system.
Study on Adsorption and Desorption of Suspended Sediments to Phosphorus in Ganjiang River
Authors: Ouyang Qiu Lin , Gao Gui Qing , Liu Su Su , Shi Xiao Ling , Ju Hai Yan
Published: November 2012

Based on isothermal adsorption experiment and adsorption/desorption kinetic experiment,the adsorption and desorption characteristics of suspended sediments in Ganjiang River to phophorus was studied.The results show the phosphorus adsorption of sediment reaches balance basically in 2~4h; the adsorption capacity is increased with the increment of the initial concentration of phosphorus,and decreased with the increment of sediment conentration. The isothermal adsorption of phosphorus by sediment can be fitted preferably by Langmuir and Freundlic model. The adsorption and desorption process can be fitted by Langmuir equation.The phosphorus desorption of sediment reaches balance basically in about 14h. The phosphorus desorption capacity of sediment is decreased with the increment of sediment concentration.
Study on the Division of Geohydrologic Unit Based on Hydrochemical Characters of Groundwater
Authors: Yao Xiao Ping , Yao Lei Hua , Wang Xin Yi
Published: November 2012

The division of geohydrologic unit is the base of regional hydrogeologic research. Based on the weakness of the traditional method of dividing geohydrologic unit, the division method of geohydrologic unit based on hydrochemical characters of groundwater is put forward. The division of geohydrologic unit on Cambrian limestone in Pingdingshan coal field is done with Fuzzy C-Means Cluster, and the result is satisfying. It provides a new theoretical method for division of geohydrologic unit.
Analysis of Time-Spatial Characteristics of Summer Precipition in Chongqing Region during 45 a
Authors: Min Fan Hua , Xia Bai Cheng , Liu De , Han Yu
Published: November 2012

Using 1966~2010 year Jun.~Aug. precipitation data over 34 stations of Chongqing region, the temporal and spatial variability features were studied by applying the methods of EOF, REOF, Morlet wavelet analysis. The results indicate that the summer precipitation spatial differences are great. The summer precipitation distribution exhibits the common features as well as the spatial differences, which can be classified into four types as Northeast, Northwest, Southeast and Southwest Chongqing. The inter-annual variation characteristic in the four types is not correspondent. Northeast and Southwest ones are like a parabolic curve which have a maximum value and Southwest and Northwest ones exist upward tendency. The periods of the four types are not unanimous.
Study on the Effect of Debris Flows from Guanba River on Qiong Lake, Sichuan, China
Authors: Wei Xue Li , Qi Yun Long , Cheng Qian Gong , Chen Ning Sheng
Published: November 2012

Sediment deposition caused by debris flows and floods is an important process controlling the evolution and regression of lake, and even a pervasive environmental problem. Qiong Lake is regards as a “bright phearl of the altiplano” in the Yunnan Plateau, and because debris flows construct a vital links between mountain slope and Qiong Lake, so the debris flows drove by rainfall will control the evolution rule of rift lakes. Based on the data of lake shorelines of Qiong Lake, it was found that the shoreline was push forward by 665 m since 1998. In addition, in the recent 30 years, turbidity current deposits have generated underwater levee and other landscapes in the deep water area of Qiong River. This paper has analyzed the matter migration process induced by debris flows, and presented the regime change pattern of debris flow along river channel and corresponding mechanical mechanism, mainly revealed the submarine transportation and deposition pattern of debris flow. The above studies provide a helpful way of comprehending the formation mechanism of turbidity flow induced by debris flow, and the transportation pattern. Based on severe sediment deposition catastrophes in this kind of rift lakes from debris flows and floods, disaster mitigation must be planned and appropriate engineering countermeasures put in place as soon as possible.
Laboratory Measurement and Numerical Simulation of Evaporation Fluxes from a Thin Clay Layer
Authors: Hua Zhang , Kang Gao , Hu Wen Long
Published: November 2012

In order to measure evaporation fluxes from a thin clay layer in high precision, an enclosed chamber with high precision balance setting at the bottom was designed. It can control the humidity inside and measure mass changes with time automatically. Two clay samples in depth about 20mm were tested in laboratory and the data measurement lasted for 6 days. In the first 2 days, the evaporation flux was close to distilled water surface evaporation with the ratio between two values of 0.9. Within 3-5 days, the evaporation ratio reduced from 0.9 to 0.1. In the 6th days, the clay layer tended to dry and the evaporation ratio was close to zero. In contrast with laboratory test results, a numerical simulation was conducted by SEEP/W. The computed cumulative evaporation was only 0.14mm less than measured value, with the relative error no more than 4.1%.
Effect of Water Table Rise on Migration and Transformation Law of Nitrate under the Condition of Rainfall in Saturated - Unsaturated Soil Layer
Authors: Bai Shun Guo , Li Xiang , Xi Bei Dou , Yuan Zhi Ye , Wang Yue Ying , Tong Ying Wei
Published: November 2012

In this experiment, we simulated the migration and transformation law of nitrate under the condition of water table rise caused by rainfall in Changping District of Beijing. Two types of experimental apparatus were used in the experiment to simulate the distribution of NO3--N, NO2--N and NH4+-N, which were named soil column 1 and soil column 2. Soil column 2 was under the condition of rainfall and soil column 1 was for comparison. It took 50.3 hours for the experiment during which simples were taken and tested. The test items were the concentration of NO3--N, NO2--N and NH4+-N. The results indicated that (1) In unsaturated zone, the influence of leaching caused by rainfall on the concentrations of NO3--N and NH4+-N were significant. The decreasing range could reach to 95.9% and 90% which means that it was easily to lead to the contamination of groundwater. In saturated zone, NO3--N concentrations were mainly influenced by dispersion and could achieve balance between the dilution and dispersion with the increase of rainfall. The increasing range of NO3--N concentration was large, and the value could reach to 675%. In addition, the NH4+-N concentration had a slight trend of decrease. (2) Under the condition of rainfall, NO3--N concentrations increased in saturated zone, decreased in the path of water table rise and unsaturated zone. The NH4+-N concentrations had a decreasing trend in saturated-unsaturated zone. (3) NH4+-N concentrations in medium sand were more easily influenced by leaching from rainfall than those in silt.
Influence to Three Gorges Reservior for Implementation of Soil and Water Conservation Project in Jialing River
Authors: Quan Yang
Published: November 2012

Abstract: The Jialing River is one of the main branches of the Changjiang River. The average annual runoff of Beibei hydrometric station in Jialing River is 16% of Yichang in Changjiang River, and the average annual sediment load at Beibei is 25% of Yichang, so the Jialing River is one of the main sediment source watersheds to the Three Gorges Reservoir. About 25.8% erosion area has been improved at the end of 1996, since the Jialing River watershed has implemented soil and water conservation project from 1989. The result shows the sediment load in Jialing River watershed has the obvious reduction trend after 1989 by analysis and comparison of runoff and sediment yield before and after the implementation of soil and water conservation. It is advantageous to develop reservoir’s synthetic benefit for reducting the reservoir sediment.
Construction of Evaluating Indexes System of Soil Conservation Benefit in Small Watershed
Authors: Zhang Yong , Zhao Xiao Guang , Zhang An Hu , Yang Yang
Published: November 2012

Evaluation of soil and water conservation benefits in region is concerned more and more by government and relevant experts. First, considering small watershed, this paper analyzes the soil and water conservation benefits deeply in this special area from different views which are ecological, economic and social benefits. Then, on this basis, it proposes comprehensive evaluation index system framework of soil and water conservation benefits and describes the specific indicators and their content included in the ecology, economy, and society subsystem. At last, it hope that this research results can present the scientific evidences for scientific, reasonable and accurate quantitative evaluation of regional soil and water conservation benefits especially small watershed in the future.
Tracing Soil Erosion from Watershed Using Rare Earth Elements
Authors: Xiao Hai , Liu Gang , Xu Wen Nian , Xia Zhen Yao , Tang Zhen Quan , Yang Ping
Published: November 2012

Soil erosion continues to be one of the world's biggest environmental problems. Understanding erosion processes is the key to develop soil erosion prediction models that can provide a scientific basis for soil and water conservation planning. REE tracer method has been considered as an ideal monitoring technique. This paper introduced REE tracing method briefly, and reviewed the application of REE trace method in spatial and temporal distribution of soil erosion from watershed. The causes of error of REE tracing method were also analyzed to enhance its accuracy and precision. Finally, the shortcomings in current studies and the important direction of future researches were pointed out that could provide scientific references for improving the REE tracing method and extending its application in wider research areas.
Enzyme Activities of Soils during the Reversal of Desertification
Authors: Zhang Jing , Hou Pei
Published: November 2012

Desertification reversal is actually the change of shifting sand to more typical zonal soil. During the reversal process, soil properties has drastically changed, and assessment of these changes is essential for soil management and soil health. The activities of urease, alkaline phosphatase, invertase and catalase, soil organic matter, total nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, cation exchange capacity (CEC) contents of soils during reversal of desertification were investigated, and multivariate analysis was used to study the relationship between soil enzymes and soil physical-chemical properties. The results showed that urease activity, alkaline phosphatise activity and invertase activity were significantly higher from fixed sand land to semi-fixed sand land to semi mobile-sand land to mobile sand land. Soil organic matter had significant positive correlation with activities of invertase, urease and alkaline phosphatase. Soil organic matter, total N and available N were the major factors influencing activities of soil enzymes.
The Natural Restoration Capability of Vegetation in Different Site Types along the Expressway 25, Lu-Su Section, China
Authors: Li Ying Yong , Zhao Fang Ying , Wang Li , Liu Fei , Wang Jing , Zhu Cheng Du
Published: November 2012

The natural restoration capability of vegetation along the expressway is of vital importance for the slope revegetation and maintenance. The Margalef 's richness indexes (DMA), Shannon-Wiener's diversity index (Hp), Pielou's evenness (Jsw), Simpson Index (C), Importance Value Index (IVtr), Vegetation coverage and soil seed bank were used to assess the vegetation restoration capability of the expressway 25, Lu-Su section in China. Seventy-four quadrats ranged from 1 m X 1 m to 20 m X 20 m were studied and the analytical results indicated that Digitaria sanguinalis, Setariaviridis and Gramineae are the dominant species in the expressway slopes. Texture is the most important factor influencing the α diversity and vegetation coverage. Cinnamon soil is more suitable for the restoration compared with slopes the other kind of texture. The land use type and alien species invasion along the expressway are also vital important for the natural restoration. The soil seed bank in filling slope is more abundant than that of excavation slope. The natural restoration of vegetation along the expressway varies according to the site types and land use and most of the slopes have strong recovery ability.
Study on Features & Hazards of Harmful Aquatic Plants in Three Gorges Reservoir Area
Authors: Ning Ping , Wang Hong Mei
Published: November 2012

Aiming at related demands on ecological environmental protection and increasingly serious situation of harmful aquatic plants so far, through field observation, investigation, analysis and literature review; firstly, the features of harmful aquatic plants in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area were analyzed, involving physiology and structure, distribution, propagation, water level cycle laternating, etc; then the various hazards of harmful aquatic plants in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area were studied, including operation of hydroelectric power hub and flood control, safe navigation of ships, water pollution, breaking the ecological balance and so on; finally, it is pointed out that it is necessary and urgent to develop professional collecting facilities and salvage ships for harmful aquatic plants.
On the Impact of Timber Consumption on Environment due to Wooden Architecture Construction in the Tang Dynasty in Chang’an
Authors: Wang Tian Hang
Published: November 2012

As is known, there is great impact on the local eco-system and environment caused by timber consumptions. It is yet important to validate this common belief by scientific data. Considering there is generally a lag on the environmental impact, it is intuitive for us to study the influence based on historical facts in the past. Thus, this paper focuses on the time period of the Tang dynasty in Chang’an, which was famous for being the “Eastern Rome” to investigate the impact of timber consumption on the local environment due to wooden architecture constructions.
Exploitation and Sustainable Development of Ecological Environment Resources for Sports Tourism and Leisure Sports
Authors: Tao Yu Ping
Published: November 2012

Sports tourism and leisure sports are among the latest fashions of modern society, the exploitation of resources of which are of great importance. The aim of exploitation of sports tourism and leisure sports resources is to serve human beings by utilizing resources and to turn advantages of resources into those of products. Environmental pollution, ecological environment degradation and the impact of invasive alien species and the use of machines, resulting from exploitation of sports tourism and leisure sports resources, however, destroy the carrying capacity of places that bear these resources. Exploitation of sports tourism and leisure sports resources, therefore, must be planned scientifically and attention should be paid to the protection of ecological environment. Adopting methods of literature collecting and case study, this paper studies rational exploitation of sports tourism and leisure sports resources and regional economic development, emphasizing on adhering to sustainable development.
Study of Deashing and Activation on the Coke Fines and Semi-Cokes Based on Properties of Composite Materials
Authors: Wang Kun , Yang Qiao Wen , Liu Chuan , Zhao Hui , Chen Gan , Wang Shi Wei
Published: November 2012

Coke fines and semi-cokes have high ash content, low specific surface area and pore volume. In order to increase the properties of the sample and make the activated composite materials, it must be deashed and activated. In this research, the deashing experiment of the raw materials by different concentration of HNO3 and KOH was tested, then the material was activated in high temperature steam. From the FTIR test, we can acquire the content of the surface functional groups, such as carboxyl and hydroxyl. The specific surface area, pore size, volume of the material were determinated by using the N2 isothermal adsorption. From the experiments of acid and alkali treatment, we can conclude that the optimal technological condition of the material: the concentration 20% of alkali and acid treatment processing. The ash content is decreased to 8%. The acid functional groups increased rapidly after HNO3 treatment. The activated coke fines have mainly mesopores and its proportion of microspore is low. The specific surface area of the activated material reached 80m2/g and increased about 5 times than that of raw materials.
Preparation of Advanced Activated Carbon from Low Ash Shenmu Coal
Authors: Yang Qiao Wen , Wang Kun , Zhao Hui , Liu Chuan
Published: November 2012

By comparing two kinds of coal in the preparation of activated carbon, Shenmu coal and Shenmu low ash coal, this paper discussed the advantages of low ash coal in preparing activated carbon, as well as the influence of the carbonization temperature, the activation temperature, the activation time, and the steam flow on the performance of coal activated carbon. Key words: activated carbon, ash content, iodine value, pore structure
Experimental Study of Effects of Water-Cement Ratio on the Mechanical Property of High-Performance Cement-Based Iron-Tailings Grouting Material
Authors: He Pei Xiang , Yin Wan Yun , Han Zhang
Published: November 2012

This thesis aims to research the influence factors of the mechanical property of high performance cement-based iron-tailings grouting material (ICGM). By changing the parameter of water-cement ratio, the experiment is performed to contrast ordinary cement-based grouting material (OCGM) with ICGM. Their compression strength and anti-breaking strength are studied. Through the experimental results and the contrast of them, the influence of water-cement ratio on the mechanical property of the cement-based iron-tailings grouting material is evaluated and the reasonable water-cement ratio parameter is obtained. The experimental results show that the mechanical properties of ICGM reduce with the increase of water-cement ratio. Moreover, when the water-cement ratio reaches 0.31, there is an obvious reduction of early age strength. Thus, it is advisable to adopt 0.30 as the reasonable water-cement ratio.
An Experiment on Solid Circulation Characteristics of a Dual Circulating ﬂuidized Bed Based on Biomaterial Properties and Mechanics Properties
Authors: Mi Teng Ge , Zhao Ying , Dong Chang Qing , Cheng Wei Liang
Published: November 2012

In this paper, a dual fluidized bed has been established. The effect of bed material build-up height and gas velocity on the solid circulation rate of CFB (circulating fluidized bed) and BFB (bubble fluidized bed) has been studied. The results show that the solid circulation rate is increased with the increasing of gas velocity Uc and the bed material build-up height. Bed material build-up height of BFB and CFB is changed with the changing of gas velocity Uc. The bed material heights of CFB and BFB have been also investigated in this experiment.
Analysis of the Factors Petroleum Materials to the Influence of the Environment on Oil Depot
Authors: Li Xuan Min , Zhou Shan Dan , Zhou Yong Hai , Feng Dan
Published: November 2012

The current oil depot environmental risk is big with a wide range of environmental impact, although we have increased environmental protection efforts, but the situation is still grim. The transceiver of petroleum materials in the oil depot, storage and the oil vapor and water resulted by other operations will pollute the environment, and environmental pollution will limit the development of oil depots inevitably. So, we must pay attention to environmental protection for the sustainable development of oil depots. This paper mainly Analysis of the factors influencing petroleum materials on the environment of the oil depot.
The Discrimination of Fluorescence Spectra of Phytoplankton for Environment Protection Based on the PCA and SVM
Authors: Chen Hai Yan , Yang Ni , Han Feng Xia
Published: November 2012

Issues of environmental protection and sustainable development are gaining an increasing importance in everyday life, and nowhere is this more than in the field of Materials Science and Engineering. The alga is the most common phytoplankton, identifying them can estimate the community structure and distribute status of ecosystem in the sea area and realize the inspecting and comprehensive father of sea. In this paper, the three dimension fluorescence spectra and principal component analysis method is combined to identify the ocean phytoplankton. Aiming at the east China sea, adopt the selection of common seaweed three-dimensional fluorescence spectrum of first principal component scores spectrum as bacillariophyta and pyrrophyta identification features diatoms and spectrum, established the phytoplankton fluorescence features spectrum library. On this basis, the SVM classifier is used to identify the kinds of the phytoplankton. The accuracy of the experimental results recognition is for 95%.
Synthesis and Characterization of Cx-Siy-HA for Bone Tissue Engineering Application
Authors: Boyer Antoine , Marchat David , Bernache-Assollant Didier
Published: November 2012

The main goal of this work is to prepare carbon and silicon co-substituted calcium hydroxyapatite (Cx-Siy-HA) for bone tissue engineering application. This study includes the synthesis of pure powders with a controlled amount of carbonate (x) and silicate (y) ions within the apatite structure, their characterization with the establishment of database for different compositions, and the manufacture of dense bioceramics. Carbon-silicon co-substituted hydroxyapatite (C0.5-Si0.5-HA) powders are synthesized by aqueous precipitation. According to structural, spectroscopic and elemental characterizations, silicate and carbonate are included in the apatite lattice and their stoichiometries are controlled. The heat treatments under CO2 atmosphere allow the sintering of pellets without decomposition of the apatite structure.
Characterization and In Vitro Evaluation of Silicate-Containing Tricalcium Phosphate Prepared through Wet Chemical Process
Authors: Kamitakahara Masanobu , Umemoto Shota , Ioku Koji
Published: November 2012

Tricalcium phosphate (TCP) ceramics are useful biodegradable bone-repairing materials. Silicate-containing TCP ceramics are expected to be useful as biodegradable bone-repairing materials which promote the bone regeneration because it has been reported that the silicate promotes bone formation. In the present study, silicate-containing TCP ceramics were prepared through a wet chemical process at the starting compositions from 0 to 0.05 in the Si/(P+Si) molar ratio. The prepared silicate-containing TCP ceramics were characterized and evaluated in vitro. The crystal phase of the products was α-TCP, and the tendency that the lattice constants linearly shifted from 0 to 0.05 in the starting Si/(P+Si) molar ratio was observed. It is speculated that the added silicate was incorporated in the crystal structure of TCP. The pellets were prepared by a sintering process, and soaked in a simulated body fluid (SBF) to estimate their bone-bonding ability. The addition of silicate to TCP promoted to hydroxyapatite formation on the TCP ceramics in SBF. This result implies the high possibility that the silicate addition would promote the bone-bonding ability of the TCP ceramics.
Fabrications of Boron-Containing Apatite Ceramics via Ultrasonic Spray-Pyrolysis Route and their Surface Properties
Authors: Nakamura Mariko , Zhuang Zhi , Aizawa Mamoru
Published: November 2012

Boron-containing hydroxyapatite (BAp) powders with Ca/(P+B) molar ratio of 1.67 (x=0.4, 0.5, and 0.6) were prepared by an ultrasonic spray-pyrolysis (USSP) technique. The resulting BAp powders were uniaxially compressed to fabricate the green compacts. The BAp ceramics were fabricated by firing the compacts at 1200 °C for 5 h. The crystalline phases of the BAp (x=0.4) ceramics were bipahses of apatite and small amounts of α-tricalcium phosphate (a-Ca3(PO4)2; α-TCP). Meanwhile, HAp and BAp (x=0.5 and 0.6) ceramics were apatite single phase. The dense BAp ceramics with relative density of 90% over were fabricated from the powder of x=0.5 and 0.6. The static contact angles of the BAp ceramics (x=0.5 and 0.6) increased with an increase of pH; meanwhile, the surface potential decreased with an increase of pH. These changes in surface properties may be due to the increase of OH group in B(OH)3 formed via dissociation of BO2 group in BAp.
Observation of Transformation Behavior of Octacalcium Phosphate to Hydroxyapatite
Authors: Ito Natsuko , Kamitakahara Masanobu , Ioku Koji
Published: November 2012

Octacalcium phosphate (OCP) is regarded as a precursor of hydroxyapatite (HA) which is a main inorganic comstituent of human bones and teeth. OCP is becoming regarded as an important biomaterial. Recently, implanted OCP was found to be converted to apatitic phase in the body and support bone regeneration. Therefore, it is important to reveal the transformation mechanism of OCP to HA for revealing the mechanism of bone formation and for the development of biomedical materials for bone. In this study, we focused on the dissolution of OCP and precipitation of HA. OCP particles were immersed in distilled water at 60 °C. The temporal change of the immersed powders and immersing solution were examined, and the transformation mechanism of OCP to HA was discussed. As there was an unreactive period in the first stage of the transformation, HA crystals seemed to grow easily once HA nuclei were formed. It is speculated that HA nuclei formed on OCP crystals by heterogeneous nucleation, and then HA crystals grow using calcium and phosphoric ions supplied from dissolved OCP.
Characteristics and Bioactivity of CaP Porous Coating with Bio-Inspired Dopamine
Authors: Liu Yen Ting , Kung Kuan Chen , Lee Tzer Min , Lui Truan Sheng
Published: November 2012

mplants made of titanium and its alloys are widely used in dental and orthopedic fields due to their excellent chemical stability and mechanical properties. However, due to the bio-inert properties of titanium and its alloys, it is difficult to achieve a chemical bond with bone tissue and to form a new bond on the surface. To improve biocompatibility, surface treatments are often used to modify the chemical and morphological properties. Besides, the mussel-inspired molecule of 3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine (dopamine) shows excellent biological responses. The aim of this study is to investigate the physicochemical and biomedical properties of CaP porous coating with dopamine. The CaP porous coating was prepared on titanium by micro-arc oxidation, and then bio-inspired molecular of dopamine modified surface to improve the cell behavior. Characteristics of the morphology, chemical composition, and interfacial properties of dopamine-functionalized CaP porous architecture was performed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The osteoblastic cell behaviour, such as differentiation and morphology is evaluated. The nitrogen signal in XPS spectrum was indicated that the dopamine existed in the porous coating. The anatase and rutile phases of porous coating with dopamine were identified. Morphologies of porous coating with dopamine showed the uniform and three-dimensional structure. Cell culture experiments demonstrate that the porous coating with dopamine would improve cell behavior. All findings in this study indicated that CaP porous coating with dopamine have good bioactivity for clinical applications.
Clinical Studies of Anterior Cervical Fusion with PEEK Cages: Comparing Iliac Graft and a Macroporous Biphasic Calcium Phosphate
Authors: Daculsi Guy , Pascal-Moussellard H.
Published: November 2012

The objective of the study was to compare clinical efficiency of the fusion after reconstruction with an anatomically shaped PEEK cage associated with a iliac crest autograft or MBCP in the treatment of cervical disc disease in randomized clinical trial. A multicente randomized, comparative and prospective study on 58 patients, with a 12 months follow up are reported. They underwent anterior cervical decompression and fusion being randomized for autologous graft or MBCP. Patients presenting purely degenerative disc disease were implanted with a PEEK cage filled with iliac crest autograft or MBCP. Pain and functionality as well as patients satisfaction were assessed through VAS, Neck Disability Index (NDI) and Patient Satisfaction index were recorded until 24 month follow-up. Radiological evaluation included plain and dynamic short X-rays at each stage of the follow up. The patients satisfaction rates was of 82% in the autograft group versus 96% in the MBCP group. Pain at the donor site was significantly more important in the autograft group at 3 weeks, 3 months and 1 year follow-up. No implant failures were recorded. Previously goat preclinical study was performed. Micro CT, light microscopy and shistomorphometry were related to the high performance of the MBCP insert for filling cage fusion, completing the clinical assessment of our clinical study. The use of MBCP insert is safe and avoids potential graft site morbidity and pain in comparison with an autologous graft procedure.
Comparison of Polyethylene Wear between Highly Crosslinked and Annealed UHMWPE and Conventional UHMWPE against Ceramic Heads in Total Hip Arthroplasty
Authors: Sato Taishi , Nakashima Yasuharu , Akiyama Mio , Yamamoto Takuaki , Mawatari Taro , Itokawa Takashi , Ohishi Masanobu , Motomura Goro , Hirata Masanobu , Iwamoto Yukihide
Published: November 2012

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of ceramic femoral head material on the wear of annealed, crosslinked ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) (XLPE) in total hip arthroplasty compared to non-crosslinked conventional UHMWPE (CPE). XLPE was fabricated by crosslinking with 60 kGy irradiation and annealing. Femoral heads made from zirconia and alumina ceramics, and cobalt-chrome (CoCr) of 22 mm or 26 mm diameter were used. In this study, the femoral head penetration into the cup was measured digitally on radiographs of 70 hips with XLPE and 50 hips with CPE. The average follow-up periods were 6.1 and 12.7 years, respectively. The steady wear rate of XLPE was significantly lower than those of CPE (0.002 versus 0.08 mm/year, respectively). Zirconia displayed increased wear rates compared to alumina in CPE; however, there was no difference among head materials in XLPE (0.0028, 0.011 and 0.009 mm/year for zirconia, alumina and CoCr, respectively). Neither head size or implantation period impacted XLPE wear. In contrast to CPE, XLPE displayed low wear rates surpassing the effects of varying femoral head material, size, implantation period and patient demographics.
Osteoconductivity of New Sodium Calcium Phosphate Pastes
Authors: Tanaka Masashi , Takemoto Mitsuru , Fujibayashi Shunsuke , Matsuda Shuichi
Published: November 2012

We are developing a new bone paste (CaNaP paste), consists of calcium sodium phosphate (CaNaPO4), alpha-TCP, beta-TCP and citrate. It has improved handling and mechanical property with decreased setting time. For in vivo analysis using a rabbit model, four kinds of materials (Material 1: CaNaPO4 + alpha, beta-TCP + citrate, Material 2: commercially available CaP paste, Material 3: CaNaPO4 + alpha-TCP + citrate, and Material 4: commercially available porous beta-TCP) were prepared, and they were implanted into the rabbit femoral condyles (n=8). After 4 weeks and 12 weeks, histo-morphometrical analyses were performed, and bone-material contact index, bone area in the material, bone area ratio around the material, degree of bone penetration into the material, and material absorptivity were calculated. Results showed that Material 1 (newly developed CaNaP pasted containing beta-TCP) is more osteoconductive than Material 2 and Material 3 (CaNaP paste without beta-TCP), and can be expected as an attractive alternative for the bone substitute material.
The Clinical Application of the LEBRA-PXR in Imaging Diagnosis
Authors: Sekiya Kotaro , Kaneda Takashi , Mori Shintaro , Suemitsu Masaaki , Hayakawa Yasushi , Sakae Toshiro
Published: November 2012

In 1895, Dr. Wilhelm Conrad Röentgen discovered the electromagnetic radiation called X-rays. Since the great finding, the applications of X-ray imaging have expanded. One of most important application is medical use, such as imaging diagnosis or radiation therapy. Also, applications of X-ray are based on the strong interactions with materials including transmission, absorption, diffraction, reflection, scattering, and emission. Today, X-ray imaging is applied to more delicate medical and life sciences, as well as basic sciences, because it is needed for its brilliance, power, and coherence. [1-6]
Comparison between the Lateral and Medial Femur in Low-Mineral-Diet-Fed Ovariectomized Rats Using Raman Spectral Analysis
Authors: Sakae Toshiro , Nakada Hiroshi , Teranishi Mari , Kato Takao , Suzuki Shizuka , Yanagawa Akira , Yasuda Norio , Ochiai Shukichi , Kitagawa Nobby , Kawai Yasuhiko , LeGeros Racquel Z.
Published: November 2012

Differences in structural and crystallinity between the lateral and medial regions of the central femoral diaphysis in low-mineral-diet-fed ovariectomized rats were investigated using polarization microscopy and Raman spectral analysis. Eighteen 19-week-old female Wistar rats were divided into 3 groups (Group 1: sham ovariectomy + normal diet group, Group 2: ovariectomy + normal diet group, Group 3: ovariectomy + low-mineral-diet group). Measurements were performed in the lateral and medial regions of the femoral sagittal cross-section at 24 weeks of feeding. On polarization microscopy, tubular structures of haversian and Volkmanns canals and osteocytes were observed in the femur in Groups 1 and 2. In Group 3, the number of these tubular structures in the femur was decreased compared to those in Groups 1 and 2. Moreover, the bone width of the femur decreased in Group 3 compared to those in Groups 1 and 2. On Raman spectral analysis, the peaks of organic and inorganic components were observed in the lateral and medial regions of the femur in all groups. In magnified views of the peak of ν1PO43-spectrum, the peaks in the lateral and medial regions overlapped in Group 1, but the peak of the medial region was about 0.3 and 0.8 cm-1 shifted toward the low wavenumber side compared to those of the lateral region in Groups 2 and 3, respectively. Based on these findings, the influences of reduced estrogen secretion and the low-mineral diet were clarified as differences in the femoral structural and crystallinity on polarization microscopy and Raman spectral analysis. Since highly sensitive detailed point analysis can be performed within a short time using Raman spectral analysis, it may be useful for high-dimensional structural analysis.
Osteoinductive Coating on PEEK Surfaces by Using Nanocrystalline Biomaterial and In Vivo Test
Authors: Keuer Holger , Ganz Cornelia , Xu W. , Schubert A. , Frerich B. , Gerber Thomas
Published: November 2012

A surface coating on the polymer polyetheretherketone (PEEK) was developed to improve the osteointegration of an implantation model for cages (implant for spinal fusion). In a process of induction heating the polymer surface was coated with a synthetic biomaterial. The polymer surface melts during the coating process and crawls into the nanoporous structure of the biomaterial. After heat dissipation, a strong connection is reached between polymer and biomaterial. Finally, the model was implanted into New Zealand rabbit femur as control and coated group for 2, 4 and 6 weeks. The evaluation offers a ca. 10% higher bone-to-implant-contact value for the coated group.
Composite Bioceramics/Polymer Electrospun Scaffolds for Regenerative Medicine
Authors: Miramond Thomas , Borget Pascal , Colombeix Caroline , Baroth Serge , Daculsi Guy
Published: November 2012

The main goal of this study was to succeed in the relevant association of well-known osteoconductive biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) made of Hydroxyapatite (20% HA) and β-Tricalcium Phosphate (80% β-TCP) crystallographic phases and resorbable poly (L-lactide-co-D,L-lactide)(PLDLLA) 3D matrices synthesized by electrospinning. Two types of mineral particles were obtained, BCP new hollow granules, and classical BCP particles. It appeared that hollow shells/PLDLLA composite 3D matrices allowed higher cell adhesion in vitro, thanks to internal concavities and are promising scaffolds in terms of cell carrying.
Effect of Organic Polymer Addition on the Microstructure of Magnetite-Polymer Hybrid
Authors: Kuwahara Y. , Miyazaki Toshiki , Masakazu Kawashita
Published: November 2012

This study is concerning hybrid materials composed of the magnetite and the organic polymer such as dextran. They are useful for hyperthermia of cancer. In the preparation of this material, chemical structure or molecular weight of the added polymer is expected to affect ionic interaction between polymer and iron salts, and consequently the grain size and morphology of the prepared magnetite core. Therefore, we have synthesized magnetite-polymer hybrids using various polymers. Various polymers were dissolved in iron (II) chloride aqueous solution, and then NaOH aqueous solution was added to this mixed solution. As a result, in the case of neutral and cationic polymer crystalline magnetite was precipitated in the hybrid. On the other hand, in the case of anionic polyacrylic acid, lepidocrocite was precipitated rather than magnetite. It is known that the magnetite formation progresses through intermediate Fe (OH)2 formation and oxidation of the Fe (OH)2 by dissolved O2. Therefore it is considered that tight ionic interaction is constructed between the iron ions and the carboxyl group in the polyacrylic acid to form a complex, and the Fe (OH)2 formation is inhibited. When the hybrid was prepared by addition of NaOH aqueous solution to iron (II) chloride solution, and subsequent addition of the different polymers, magnetite formation was not inhibited irrespective of kind of polymer. The present results indicate that crystalline structure of the magnetite phase in magnetite-polymer hybrid is strongly affected by the chemical structure of polymer additives or the order of addition.
Coprecipitation of DNA and Calcium Phosphate Using an Infusion Fluid Mixture
Authors: Oyane Ayako , Araki Hiroko , Sogo Yu , Ito Atsuo , Tsurushima Hideo
Published: November 2012

A surface-mediated gene transfer system using DNA-calcium phosphate (CaP) composite layers (D-CaP layers) would be useful in tissue engineeing. In previous studies, D-CaP layers were fabricated in supersaturated CaP solutions prepared using chemical reagents. In this study, a so-called RKM solution prepared using clinically approved infusion fluids was employed as a supersaturated CaP solution. A D-CaP layer consisting of submicron spherical particles was successfully fabricated on a polystyrene substrate by immersing the substrate in the RKM solution for 24 h. When the immersion period was prolonged from 24 to 72 h, amount of CaP and DNA on the substrate increased. However, the gene transfer capability of the D-CaP layer for the CHO-K1 cells was kept unchanged irrespective of the immersion period. In the RKM solution process, immersion period of 24 h was found to be long enough for gene transfer application of the D-CaP layer. More importantly, the D-CaP layer fabricated by the RKM solution process exhibited a significantly higher gene transfer capability than our previous D-CaP layer fabricated in the conventional CaP solution with the same DNA concentration. The RKM solution process for the fabrication of D-CaP layers was found to be advantageous to the previous process in terms of not only safety but the layers gene transfer capability.
Preparation of Calcium Phosphate – Peptide Composites with Highly pH-Sensitive Drug Release
Authors: Tamura Chiharu , Sakurai Makoto , Kato Katsuya
Published: November 2012

Calcium phosphate (CaP) material has been used successfully for protein delivery. In the present work, our aim is the preparation of CaP combined with peptide and protein, and is the evaluation of pH-sensitive drug release ability. Protein used as the model drug was fluorescein isothiocyanate-bovine serum albumin (FITC-BSA). All compounds synthesized were low crystalline hydroxyapatite (HAp). The result of zeta potential indicated that incorporation of peptide in HAp could be changed the surface charge of particle. The CaP-BSA and CaP-BSA-pLys [Poly-L-lysine (pLys) was added to CaP composite.] were-23.1 mV and-12.0 mV, respectively. The ratio of protein release and dissolved Ca ion were measured by soaking CaP-peptide composites under various pH (pH 7.4, pH 6 and pH 5) conditions. BSA was released from CaP-BSA-pLys at only pH 5, not at pH 7.4 and pH 6.
Characteristics of Surface Behavior and Osteoinductivity of Biomimetic Ceramic Scaffold
Authors: Tazaki Junichi , Murata Masaru , Akazawa Toshiyuki , Yamamoto M. , Ito K. , Hino J. , Minamida Y. , Nagayasu H. , Arisue M. , Shibata T. , Tabata Y.
Published: November 2012

We previously reported functionally graded hydroxyapatite (fg-HAp) with the characteristics of blood permeability into the bulk and osteoinduction by adding low dose of bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2). In this study, we evaluated the bioactivity of the obtained dense HAp bodies in a simulated body fluid (SBF) and the osteoinductive activity with or without SBF treatment in vivo. The fg-HApSBF was prepared by immersing the fg-HAp in the SBF solution at 14 days and the surface structure was observed by SEM. The fg-HApSBF showed fine bone-like crystal on the surface of the HAp. Ectopic bone formation occurred in the fg-HAp/BMP-2 (1.0, 0.5μg) system at 3 weeks, while only in the fg-HApSBF/BMP-2 (1.0μg), bone induction was found. The histological finding showed body fluid permeation into the fg-HApSBF bulk and bone formation were obserbed.
Corrosion Resistance of Ti-29Nb-13Ta-4.6Zr Alloy in a Fluoride-Containing Solution
Authors: Takemoto Shinji , Nakai Masaaki , Hattori Masayuki , Yoshinari Masao , Kawada Eiji , Niinomi Mitsuo , Oda Yutaka
Published: November 2012

The objective of this study was to evaluate the corrosion behavior of Ti-29Nb-13Ta-4.6Zr alloy (TNTZ) with immersion in an acidic saline solution containing fluoride by investigating change in color and the surface structure of the oxide film. With immersion in fluoride-containing solution, TNTZ showed a less marked change in color than commercially pure titanium (TI), and a smaller decrease in glossiness. The outermost surface was covered with oxides from its constituent elements at before and after immersion in solution with or without fluoride. When immersed in fluoride-containing solution, the film consisted of larger niobium and tantalum oxides than that before or after immersion in solution without fluoride. In summary, TNTZ showed superior resistance to discoloration to TI after immersion in fluoride-containing solution. The results suggest that the subsequent increase in niobium and tantalum fractions in the oxide film in TNTZ improves resistance to corrosion.
The Long-Time Low-Temperature Degradation (“LTD”) Kinetics in 3Y-TZP Bioceramics
Authors: Nickel Klaus G. , Keuper Melanie , Berthold Christoph
Published: November 2012

This work follows a study on hydrothermal aged 3Y-TZP bioceramics, which showed that the surface X-ray diffraction data from moisture exposed samples give distorted results, reflecting a simple linear growth of a partially transformed layer from the surface into the interior. There is no indication for a leveling off or retardation of this growth at elevated temperatures (134°C) and here we present evidence that this is probably true at body temperatures as well. However, the rate constants at body temperature for the studied material are low and indicate a long lifetime. It should be noted that this statement is specific and other materials with minor changes to chemistry or microstructure may behave much better or much worse under those conditions. Furthermore slow crack growth and crack interactions are not yet investigated and may necessitate a minimum of low-temperature degradation susceptibility to ensure reliable long-time use.
Titania versus Ceria Alumina/Zirconia Composites: Structural Aspects and Biological Tolerance
Authors: Cavalu Simona , Simon Viorica , Ratiu Cristian , Rus Vasile , Akin Ipek , Göller G.
Published: November 2012

The aim of our study is to compare the structural and biological tolerance of novel Al2O3/3Y-TZP composites with ceria respectively titania addition (5 wt%). Scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy and XPS results are reported for structural characteristics and surface modifications upon different fluoride treatments. The biocompatibility of the samples was evaluated using an animal model (rabbit). The explants were analyzed at a specific period (6 weeks).The sections of implanted bone area were subjected to histological evaluation. Upon correlating the structural properties and in vivo evaluation, we concluded that the addition of both TiO2 and CeO2 to Al2O3/3Y-TZP implies similar properties and satisfactory biological tolerance. With respect to the surface treatment, qualitative and quantitative results show that the alumina/zirconia with titania addition are more sensitive to fluoride treatment.