bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Fat‐Sucrose Seesaw in Relation to Age and Dietary Variety of French Adults
Authors: Drewnowski Adam , Henderson Susan Ahlstrom , Shore Amy Beth , Fischler Claude , Preziosi Paul , Hercberg Serge
Published: September 2012

DREWNOWSKI, ADAM, SUSAN AHLSTROM HENDERSON, AMY BETH SHORE, CLAUDE FISCHLER, PAUL PREZIOSI, SERGE HERCBERG. The fatsucrose seesaw in relation to age and dietary variety of French adults.

Guidelines for a healthy diet often recommend limiting dietary sugars and fats. Some researchers have called these aims mutually incompatible, suggesting that fat and sugar intakes, when expressed as percent dietary energy, are inversely linked. Others have argued that sugar, more specifically sucrose, acts as a vehicle for dietary fat and serves to suppress the overall quality of the diet. This study examined the relationship between age, sucrose and fat intakes, body mass index (BMI), and measures of dietary diversity and variety in a communitybased sample of 837 French adults. Consistent with other studies, high consumption of added sucrose (in g/day or g/1000 kcal per day) was associated with higher consumption of energy and fat and lower consumption of vegetables and fruit. However, eating patterns were strongly influenced by age. High‐sucrose consumers were significantly younger and had lower BMI values than did low‐sucrose consumers, who were both older and had higher BMIs. High‐sucrose diets had minimal effect on the diet diversity score and were associated with more varied diets, as evidenced by a higher dietary variety score.
Varying Body Mass Index Cutoff Points to Describe Overweight Prevalence Among U. S. Adults: NHANES III (1988 to 1994)
Authors: Kuczmarski Robert J. , Carroll Margaret D. , Flegal Katherine M. , Troiano Richard P.
Published: September 2012

KUCZMARSKI, ROBERT J, MARGARET D CARROLL, KATHERINE M FLEGAL, RICHARD P TROIANO. Varying body mass index cutoff points to determine overweight prevalence among U. S. adults: NHANES III (1988 to 1994).

Body mass index (BMI; kg/m2) distributions are commonly reported in the scientific literature to describe weight for stature. These data are collected for various groups of subjects in local health and body composition studies, and comparisons with national distributions are often desirable. Tabular data for population prevalence estimates from thethird National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III, 1988 to 1994) at selected gender‐ and age‐specific BMI levels ranging from <18. 0 to >45. 0 are presented and compared with various examples of BMI criteria reported in the scientific literature. NHANE HI was a statistically representative national probability sample of the civilian, noninstitutionalized population of the United States in which height and weight were measured as part of a more comprehensive health examination. The implications of varying population prevalence estimates based on varying BMI cutoff points are briefly discussed for selected examples including World Health Organization overweight/obesity criteria and the U. S. Dietary Guidelines for Americans. The median BMI for U. S. adults aged 20 years and older is 25. 5 kg/m2. Median stature and weight for men are 175. 5 cm and 80. 0 kg and for women are 161. 6 cm and 65. 6 kg, respectively. The percentage of the population with BMI <19. 0 is 1. 6% for men, 5. 7% for women; BMI 19. 0 to <25. 0 is 39. 0% for men, 43. 6% for women; BMI 25. 0 is 59. 4% for men, 50. 7% for women. An estimated 97. 1 million adults have a BMI 25. 0. Additional prevalence estimates based on other BMI cutoff points and ages are presented.
Physical Activity, Obesity, and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Children. The Belgian Luxembourg Child Study II
Authors: Guillaume Michèle , Lapidus Leif , Björntorp Per , Lambert André
Published: September 2012

GUILLAUME, MICHÈLE, LEIF LAPIDUS, PER BJÖRNTORP, ANDRE LAMBERT. Physical activity, obesity, and cardiovascular risk factors in children. The Belgian Luxembourg Child Study II.

Physical activity was measured in relation to cardiovascular (CV) risk factors in a randomly selected population of 1028 children from Province de Luxembourg in Belgium, a mainly rural area with a high prevalence of such risk factors among adults and children. Physical activity was estimated as participation in sport activities, a major indicator of leisure‐time physical activity in schoolchildren, and physical inactivity was estimated as frequency and duration of television (TV) watching. Boys participated more frequently in sport activities than girls did (p=0. 001). A majority of the children watched TV daily. After age adjustment, bodyweight (girls, p<0. 012; boys, p<0. 027) and, in boys, body mass index (BMI) (p<0. 039) were related to days per week of TV watching. No significant relationships with other CV risk factors remained after adjustments for BMI. In analyses of independent contributions of age, TV watching, and sports activity on CV risk factors, age showed highly significant relationships. In boys, TV showed relationships with BMI (P<0. 04) and (borderline) with systolic blood pressure, independent of age and sports activity, whereas the latter was significantly related to subscapular skinfold (p<0. 04) and (borderline) with triceps skinfold and cholesterol. In girls, no significant independent contributions to risk factor associations were found. The father's education was directly associated with sports activities, whereas the mother being a housewife showed negative relationships to physical activity and positive to TV watching in their children, suggesting socioeconomic influence on the activity patterns of children. Furthermore, registrations suggested less physical activity in the most rural part of the area. It is concluded that children in this mainly rural area watch TV frequently. In boys, physical inactivity, measured both as TV watching and as registrations of sports activities, contributes independently to body fat mass. In girls, no contribution or weaker contributions of physical inactivity were found. This suggests that contributory factors leading to obesity might be different in girls and boys.
Changes of Islet Size and Islet Size Distribution Resulting from Protein‐Malnutrition in Lean (Fa/Fa) and Obese (fa/fa) Zucker Rats
Authors: Tse Elizabeth O. , Gregoire Francine M. , Reusens Brigitte , Remade Claude , Hoet Joseph J. , Johnson Patricia R. , Stern Judith S.
Published: September 2012

TSE, ELIZABETH O, FRANCINE M GREGOIRE, BRIGITTE REUSENS, CLAUDE REMACLE, JOSEPH J HOET, PATRICIA R JOHNSON, JUDITH S STERN. Changes of islet size and islet size distribution resulting from protein malnutrition in lean (Fa/Fa) and obese (fa/fa) Zucker rats.

Potential alterations in islet size and islet size distribution resulting from protein malnutrition were studied in lean (Fa/Fa) and obese (fa/fa) Zucker rats. The purpose was to investigate whether the distribution of enlarged islets in obese rats was altered by low‐protein feeding. Four‐week‐old, male, lean and obese Zucker rats were fed either a diet containing 20% (w/w) protein (control diet) or a diet containing 5% (w/w) protein (low‐protein diet) for 3 weeks. Pancreata were dissected at autopsy and immunostained for insulin. Islet size and distribution were determined by morphometric analysis. Body‐weight gain, food intake, and serum insulin and glucose were also measured. After 3 weeks on the diets, serum insulin was significantly lower in both lean (‐75%) and obese (‐54%) rats fed low protein compared with that in controls. However, obese rats were still hyperinsulinemic compared with lean rats. Protein malnutrition resulted in a shift in distribution of islets to smaller size both in lean and in obese rats, with an increase in the population of small islets (100 μm2) and a decrease in the population of large islets (>20,000 μ;m2). In lean and obese rats fed low protein, β‐cell weight was significantly lower, B cell volume fraction tended to decrease, and islet number per section area was significantly elevated when compared with controls. Taken together, these results show that protein deficiency alters the endocrine pancreas in both lean and obese Zucker rats. Although the decrease in islet size and the shift in distribution to smaller islets most likely contribute to the decrease in serum insulin concentration, these changes appear insufficient to normalize hyperinsulinemia in the obese Zucker rat.
Are Elevated Aminotransferases and Decreased Bilirubin Additional Characteristics of the Metabolic Syndrome?
Authors: Torgerson Jarl S:son , Lindroos Anna‐Karin , Sjöström C. David , Olsson Rolf , Lissner Lauren , Sjöström Lars
Published: September 2012

Abnormal liver tests, as well as morphological changes in the liver, are frequent among obese patients. Other frequent disturbances are visceral fat accumulation, insulin resistance, non‐insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), hypertriglyceridemia, and hypertension; these are a set of aberrations known as the metabolic syndrome. In order to investigate a possible relationship between the metabolic syndrome and impaired liver status we examined associations between liver tests, metabolic variables (insulin, glucose, and triglycerids), body composition and nutrition in 1083 men (BMI 28.8–63.8 kg/m2) and 1367 women (BMI 26.7–68.0 kg/m2) in the ongoing intervention study of Swedish Obese Subjects (SOS). Standard biochemical techniques were used to assess liver status and metabolic variables. Lean body mass (LBM) and masses of visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue (AT) were estimated by means of computed tomography (CT) calibrated anthropometric equations. In both genders aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase were, or tended to be, positively correlated to fasting serum insulin, visceral AT (women), and alcohol intake. In women, the aminotransferases were also correlated with fasting blood glucose. In both genders alkaline phosphatase was, or tended to be, positively associated with visceral AT, insulin (women), and glucose. Bilirubin was negatively correlated to insulin and visceral AT in men and women. Additional multivariate analyses indicated that alcohol had less explanatory power than serum insulin for the examined liver tests, especially among women. These results suggest that pathological liver tests in the obese may represent an expression of the metabolic syndrome.
Prader‐Willi Syndrome: Relationship of Adiposity to Plasma Leptin Levels
Authors: Pietrobelli Angelo , Allison David B. , Faith Myles S. , Beccaria Luciano , Bosio Laura , Chiumello Giuseppe , Campfield L. Arthur , Heymsfield Steven B.
Published: September 2012

Objective: Prader‐Willi syndrome (PWS) is an autosomal dominant disorder involving the proximal long arm of chromosome 15, in which obesity is common. However, there is limited information on the underlying physiological mechanisms promoting obesity in this population. We tested whether there was a significant positive association between leptin and total body fat (TBF) in subjects with PWS, and whether this association was stronger among subjects with than without PWS.

Research Methods and Procedures: We studied 21 PWS patients and 64 non‐PWS controls on whom we measured serum leptin, total body fat, glucose, insulin, and resting energy expenditure. We tested whether the slope of the regression line between leptin and TBF (in kg), measured by dual energy X‐ray absorptiometry, was the same for PWS patients and aon‐PWS controls.

Results: Regression analyses indicated that the leptin‐TBF association was significantly stronger among PWS patients. In contrast, the slope of the leptin‐body mass index association did not significantly differ between PWS patients and non‐PWS controls. None of the other outcome variables showed associations with leptin.

Discussion: Results suggest that the role of leptin in promoting obesity may be greater among subjects with PWS than among non‐PWS controls.
The Efficacy of Dietary Fat Vs. Total Energy Restriction for Weight Loss
Authors: Harvey‐Berino Jean
Published: September 2012

Objective: Dietary fat restriction is currently being promoted as a weight loss strategy. However, previous investigations suggest that fat restriction alone may not be more beneficial than total energy restriction for the treatment of obesity. The purpose of this project was to assess whether an energy‐restricted or fat‐restricted diet was more effective at promoting weight loss, improving eating behaviors, and reducing barriers to dietary adherence.

Research Methods and Procedures: Eighty individuals (15 men and 65 women) were randomized into the two treatment conditions. Subjects were 120% to 140% of ideal body weight and 25 years to 45 years old. Treatment consisted of 24 weeks of dietary fat (22 g/day to 26 g/day) or energy restriction (4,186 kJ/day to 5,023 kJ/day), including behavior modification and exercise. Body weight change, dietary intake, eating behaviors, and barriers to adherence were measured at baseline and after treatment.

Results: Results show that subjects in the energy‐restricted condition lost over twice as much weight as those in the fat‐restricted group (11.5 kg vs. 5.2 kg). Additionally, subjects in the low‐energy condition had greater improvements in eating behavior scores, enhanced feelings of wellness, a greater distaste for dietary fat, and no more pronounced feelings of deprivation than did those in the fat‐restricted condition.

Discussion: An energy‐restricted diet produces greater short‐term weight loss than dietary fat restriction without many of the negative consequences commonly attributed to reducing energy intake.
The Fen‐Phen Finale: A Study of Weight Loss and Valvular Heart Disease
Authors: Wadden Thomas A. , Berkowitz Robert I. , Silvestry Frank , Vogt Renee A. , Sutton Martin G. St. John , Stunkard Albert J. , Foster Gary D. , Aber Jennifer L.
Published: September 2012

Objective: To assess weight loss, as well as the prevalence of valvular heart disease, in 21 obese women who completed 2 years of treatment by fenfluramine and phentermine (fen‐phen) in June 1997.

Research Methods and Procedures: Patients were 21 of 22 women who had completed a 1‐year, open‐label trial of fen‐phen combined with lifestyle modification. This study describes the results of a second year of treatment. The presence of valvular heart disease, defined as aortic regurgitation of mild or greater severity and/or mitral regurgitation of moderate or greater severity, was assessed using two‐dimensional, color Doppler and pulsed‐ and continuouswave Doppler examinations.

Results: At 2 years, the 21 patients had a mean reduction in initial weight of 13.9 ±10.1%, which was significantly (p<<0.001) smaller than their 1‐year loss of 17.1 ±8.7%. Nine of 21 patients reported that they took fen‐phen irregularly during the last 4 months of the study because of fears of developing health complications. These nine patients had a 2‐year weight loss of 8.7 ± 7.5%, compared with a significantly (p<0.04) larger loss of 17.6 ± 10.5% for participants who reported taking medication regularly. Six of 20 (30%) patients met criteria for valvular heart disease. None of the six had signs or symptoms of this condition.

Discussion: Fenfluramine was withdrawn from the market on September 15, 1997 because of concerns that it was associated with valvular heart disease. The present findings are discussed in terms of the potentially favorable long‐term benefits of combining lifestyle modification with weight loss medications that are both safe and effective.
Genetic and Behavioral Determinants of Waist‐Hip Ratio and Waist Circumference in Women Twins
Authors: Rose Kathryn M. , Newman Beth , Mayer‐Davis Elizabeth J. , Selby Joseph V.
Published: September 2012

ROSE, KATHRYN M, BETH NEWMAN, ELIZABETH J. MAYER‐DAVIS, JOSEPH V. SELBY. Genetic and behavioral determinants of waist‐hip ratio and waist circumference in women twins.Obes Res. 1998;6:383–392.

Objectives: This study examines genetic and behavioral determinants of waist‐hip ratio (WHR) and waist circumference among women twins.

Research Methods and Procedures: Six hundred eighty participants from the second examination of the Kaiser‐Permanente Women Twins Study (1989 to 1990) were included. Women ranged in age from 31 to 90 years, and included 59% monozygotic and 41% dizygotic twins. Heritabilities of WHR and waist circumference were estimated (range = 0 to 1) using three different statistical methods. Linear regression models that adjusted for the lack of independence within twin pairs were used to assess associations between behavioral variables, WHR, and waist circumference.

Results: Age and body mass index‐adjusted heritability estimates ranged from 0.36 to 0.61 for WHR and 0.72 to 0.82 for waist circumference. When considered individually, after adjusting for age and body mass index, all behavioral characteristics, except calorie‐adjusted fat intake, were significantly (p<0.10) associated with waist circumference and WHR. Greater central adiposity was associated with lower education, higher alcohol consumption, lower physical activity, current cigarette smoking, higher parity, and postmenopausal status without hormone replacement therapy. In multivariate models, these associations persisted, except neither educational attainment nor alcohol intake was significantly associated with waist circumference. In longitudinal analyses, both measures were positively associated with current or recent‐past smoking; infrequent or inconsistent physical activity; and long‐term, daily consumption of alcohol.

Discussion: These cross‐sectional and longitudinal associations are consistent with genetic and behavioral predictors of waist circumference and WHR. Whereas the evidence for genetic influences is stronger for waist circumference, both body fat measures may be similarly influenced by the behavioral factors considered.
Prediction of Visceral Adipose Tissue from Simple Anthropometric Measurements in Youths with Obesity
Authors: Owens Scott , Litaker Mark , Allison Jerry , Riggs Sharon , Ferguson Michael , Gutin Bernard
Published: September 2012

OWENS, SCOTT, MARK LITAKER, JERRY ALLISON, SHARON RIGGS, MICHAEL FERGUSON, AND BERNARD GUTIN. Prediction of visceral adipose tissue from simple anthropometric measurements in youths with obesity. Obes Res. 1999;7:16–22.

Objective: Although visceral adipose tissue (VAT) is the component of body composition most highly associated with cardiovascular risk factors, its measurement requires expensive procedures, such as magnetic resonance imaging. This study examined the ability of simple demographic and anthropometric measurements to predict magnetic resonance imaging‐derived VAT in 76 apparently healthy, black and white youths with obesity who were 7 years to 16 years of age.

Research Methods and Procedures: Stepwise multiple linear regression was used to develop a prediction equation for VAT based on 13 simple anthropometric variables (height, weight, body mass index, triceps skinfold, calf skinfold, sagittal diameter, waist circumference, hip circumference, thigh circumference, waist/hip ratio, waist/thigh ratio, sagittal diameter/thigh ratio, and percent body fat from the sum of calf and triceps skinfolds) and three demographic variables (age, gender and ethnicity).

Results: The stepwise multiple regression procedure yielded a final model that included two anthropometric variables (sagittal diameter and waist/hip ratio) and one demographic variable (ethnicity). The prediction equation was: VAT = −124.06+16.67 (ethnicity)+4.15 (sagittal diameter)‐+17.89 (waist/hip ratio), where ethnicity was coded as 0 = black and 1 = white. The model explained 63% of the variance in VAT and was associated with a measurement error of 23.9%.

Discussion: Although the model seems to lack sufficient explanatory power for routine use in clinical settings with individual patients, it may have some utility in epidemiological studies given its relatively small (<25%) standard error of estimate.
The Presence of the “fa” Gene in Heterozygous (FA/fa) Lean Female Rats: Effects on Body Weight, Body Fat and Serum Leptin
Authors: Cleary Margot P. , Phillips Frederick C.
Published: September 2012

CLEARY, MARGOT P., AND FREDERICK C. PHILLIPS. The presence of the “fa” gene in heterozygous (FA/fa) lean female rats: effects on body weight, body fat and serum leptin. Obes Res.

Objective: In previous studies, suckling lean heterozygous (FA/fa) pups had higher body fat levels in comparison to lean homozygous (FA/FA) pups. However, in older male rats fed either low‐ or high‐fat diets, we found no effects of the “fa” gene in heterozygous lean rats compared to homozygous lean rats. Other studies have reported effects of the “fa” gene on aspects of insulin metabolism for lean heterozygous female rats compared to their homozygous counterparts. In the present study, the effect of the “fa” gene on body weight and body fat in lean female rats was investigated.

Research Methods and Procedures: Homozygous lean female rats were obtained by mating homozygous lean male and female rats. Heterozygous lean female rats were obtained by mating homozygous obese male rats with heterozygous lean female rats. Following weaning, rats were maintained on a standard laboratory diet until 10 weeks of age when they were killed after an overnight fast.

Results: Body weight (p<0. 03) and inguinal (p = 0. 01) and combined retroperitoneal+parametrial (p = 0. 06) fat pad weights were heavier in heterozygous lean compared to homozygous lean female rats. Combined fat pad‐to‐body weight ratio (p = 0. 05) and fat cell sizes (p = 0. 06) were also higher in the heterozygous lean compared to homozygous lean rats. No differences in serum triacylglycerol, cholesterol, glucose, or insulin concentrations were found between the two groups, but serum leptin levels were significantly higher (p<0. 004) in heterozygous lean rats.

Discussion: These results indicate that effects of the “fa” gene are present during the postweaning period in lean female rats. Implications for increased body fat and leptin with respect to sexual maturation and fertility are discussed.
Binge Eating, Body Image, Depression, and Self‐Efficacy in an Obese Clinical Population
Authors: Cargill Byron R. , Clark Matthew M. , Pera Vincent , Niaura Raymond S. , Abrams David B.
Published: September 2012

CARGILL, BRIAN R., MATTHEW M. CLARK, VINCENT PERA, RAYMOND S. NIAURA, AND DAVID B. ABRAMS. Binge eating, body image, depression, and self‐efficacy in an obese clinical population. Obes Res.

Objective: Binge eating disorder appears to be an important factor in obesity treatment. Researchers have proposed that specialized treatment programs be developed to address chronic binge eating behavior. This study was conducted to examine the relationships between binge eating, depression, body image, and self‐efficacy. Based on related research, it was hypothesized that depression and negative body image would be greater for binge eaters whereas weight self‐efficacy would be lower.

Research Methods and Procedures: Subjects were 159 clinic patients participating in a multidisciplinary weight management program. Baseline measurements of binge eating status, body image and related eating behaviors, depression, and self‐efficacy were obtained, whereas follow‐up measures consisted of weight loss and attendance. Exploratory factor analyses were performed to obtain factors for items contained in the Eating Habits Questionnaire. Chi‐square, t‐tests, and logistic regression analyses determined relationships between binge eating, body image, depression, and self‐efficacy.

Results: Univariate comparisons indicated that increased perceptions of poor body image were significantly related to binge eating. Higher levels of depression and lower weight self‐efficacy were related to binge eating, but the results were qualified after applying corrective statistics for multiple comparisons. A stepwise regression analysis indicated that body image, particularly characterized by a sense of shame and concern with public appearance, had the strongest relationship to binge eating among all the factors examined in this study.

Discussion: These findings extend current understanding of the relationships between binge eating, body image, depression, and self‐efficacy. The significance of body image, especially in relation to negative social consciousness, was determined when comparing several psychological and behavioral factors thought to influence binge eating. Further research is needed to determine the causal relationships between binge eating and the other factors examined in this study.
Adrenalectomy Reduces Adiposity by Decreasing Feed Efficiency, Not Direct Effects on White Adipose Tissue
Authors: Edens N. K. , Moshifar A. , Potter G. M. , Fried S. K. , Castonpay T. W.
Published: September 2012

EDENS, N. K., A. MOSHIRFAR, G. M. POTTER, S. K. FRIED, AND T. W. CASTONGUAY. Adrenalectomy reduces adiposity by decreasing feed efficiency, not direct effects on white adipose tissue. Obes Res.

Objective: This study was conducted to establish the effects of adrenalectomy (ADX) on adipose tissue metabolism in male Sprague—Dawley rats fed a standard chow diet.

Research Methods and Procedures: The effects of adrenalectomy on adipose cell size, lipoprotein lipase activity, and basal and insulin‐stimulated glucose conversion to lipid and lipolysis were measured.

Results: ADX decreased body weight gain during the postoperative period in the absence of changes in food intake; feed efficiency was decreased significantly. ADX decreased adipocyte size by 30%. ADX increased adipocyte response to the effect of submaximal concentrations of insulin on lipid synthesis and lipolysis. ADX decreased maximally insulin‐stimulated lipid synthesis, but this effect was accounted for by decreased adipocyte size. In contrast, ADX had no effect on maximally insulin‐inhibited lipolysis. ADX did not affect heparin‐releasable LPL. The small effect of ADX on residual extractable adipose tissue LPL activity was accounted for by decreased fat cell size.

Discussion: ADX decreased adiposity in the absence of changes in food intake, lipoprotein lipase activity, and adipocyte lipid metabolism. The effect is best attributed to decreased feed efficiency.
Weight Loss and Leptin Changes in Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Williams Katherine V. , Mullen Monica , Lang Wei , Considine Robert V. , Wing Rena R.
Published: September 2012

WILLIAMS, KATHERINE V., MONICA MULLEN, WE1 LANG, ROBERT V. CONSIDINE, AND RENA R. WING. Weight loss and leptin changes in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Obes Res.

Objective To identify variables associated with leptin change in subjects with type 2 diabetes after 3 weeks and 20 weeks of weight loss.

Research Methods and Procedures Subjects with type 2 diabetes treated with diet or sulfonylureas (n = 54) were enrolled in a 20‐week behavioral weight control program. Sulfonylureas were stopped ≥2 weeks before study entry. Seven subjects who restarted sulfonylureas after week 3 had their data analyzed separately after this point.

Results Leptin, fasting plasma glucose, and insulin levels were measured at baseline and at 3, 10, and 20 weeks. After 3 weeks, subjects lost 2.7±2.0 kg (p<0.001), and had significant decreases in leptin (5.2±7.0 ng/mL, p<0.001), fasting plasma glucose (1.8±1.8 mmol/L, p<0.001), and insulin (23±60 pmol/L, p<0.03). Between week 3 and week 20, subjects lost an additional 6.3±4.4 kg (P<0.001), but had no further changes in leptin. The primary determinants of leptin change at all time‐points were weight loss and initial leptin level. Changes in insulin were not related to changes in leptin after controlling for the effects of weight loss. At week 20, more recent weight loss (week 10 to week 20) was as strong a predictor of overall change in leptin as overall weight loss (baseline to 20 week). Subjects who restarted sulfonylureas had an increase in both leptin levels (+1.9±9.0 ng/mL, p<0.05) and insulin levels (+23±65 pmol/L, p<0.05), despite significant overall weight loss (‐7.4±4.0 kg, p<0.01). Initial changes in leptin (0 weeks to 3 weeks) did not affect subsequent ability to lose weight.

Discussion Both short‐ and long‐term changes in weight had an effect on leptin changes in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Although physiological insulin changes did not independently influence changes in leptin concentration with weight loss, increases in insulin levels with sulfonyl‐urea therapy were associated with increases in leptin levels despite weight loss.
Weight Control Behaviors Among Adult Men and Women: Cause for Concern?
Authors: Neumark‐Sztainer Dianne , Shenvood Nancy E. , French Simone A. , Jefsery Robert W.
Published: September 2012

NEUMARK‐SZTAINER, DIANNE, NANCY E. SHERWOOD, SIMONE A. FRENCH, AND ROBERT W. JEFFERY. Weight control behaviors among adult men and women: cause for concern? Obes Res.

Objectives To examine gender differences in weight control behaviors; their duration and the consistency of their use over a 3‐year period; and variations of these behaviors by body mass index (BMI).

Research Methods and Procedures The study population included 714 women and 229 men participating in a community‐based weight gain prevention program who completed surveys about their weight control behaviors annually for 3 years. General dieting behaviors (e.g., current, regular, and past dieting), dietary restraint (using Restrained Eating subscale of the Three‐Factor Eating Questionnaire), and specific weight control practices (e.g., increasing exercise, skipping meals, and taking laxatives) were assessed.

Results Women were more likely than men to report weight control behaviors, with particularly strong associations found between gender and “history of dieting” (odds ratio = 8.1) and “participation in an organized weight loss program” (odds ratio = 11.7). Among both genders, exercise was the most frequently reported specific weight loss practice (66% of women and 53% of men), followed by decreasing fat intake (62% of women and 48% of men). The use of at least one unhealthy weight control behavior over the past year was reported by 22% of the women and 17% of the men. Gender differences were not found for duration of use of most of the specific weight control practices over the past year, or for consistency of general dieting behaviors and dietary restraint over time. Although both gender and BMI were strongly associated with dieting behaviors, interactions between gender and BMI on prevalence rates of dieting were not significant.

Discussion Although weight control behaviors were more prevalent among women than men, in general, large gender differences were not found in the types of behaviors used and the duration and consistency of their use. The high percentages of adults using healthy methods of weight control was encouraging. However, there is still cause for concern, in that unhealthy weight control practices were also reported by a significant percentage of the population.
Effect of Physical Training and Its Cessation on Percent Fat and Bone Density of Children with Obesity
Authors: Gutin Bernard , Owens Scott , Okuyama Tomoki , Riggs Sharon , Ferguson Michael , Litaker Mark
Published: September 2012

GUTIN, BERNARD, SCOTT OWENS, TOMOKI OKUYAMA, SHARON RIGGS, MICHAEL FERGUSON, AND MARK LITAKER. Effect of physical training and its cessation on percent fat and bone density of children with obesity. Obes Res.

Objective We determined the effect of 4‐month periods of physical training (PT) and detraining on percent fat (percent fat) and bone density of children with obesity.

Research Methods and Procedures Subjects were 79 7‐ to 11‐year‐old children with obesity; 34 were white, 44 were black, and 1 was Asian, 26 were male and 53 were female. They were randomly assigned to two groups: group 1 engaged in PT for the first 4 months, while group 2 engaged in PT during the second 4 months. Body composition was measured with dual energy absorptiometry, and diet was measured with 4 days of recall for each 4‐month period. PT was offered 5 dayslweek for 40 minuteslsession, heart rate monitors were worn, and no dietary information was given; mean attendance was 80%, and mean heart rate per session was 157 bpm.

Results Group by time interactions across the three time‐points (from analysis of variance) were significant for percent fat (p = <0.001) and bone density (p = 0.045). Both groups declined in percent fat during the periods of PT, by an average of 1.6 %fat units; in the 4 months after cessation of PT, group 1 increased by 1.3 %fat. In both groups, bone density increased more during periods of PT (0.025 g/cm2) than during periods of no PT (0.010 g/cm2). No significant PT vs. no‐PT differences were found for dietary intake of energy, macronutrients, or calcium.

Discussion This study suggests that regular exercise, without dietary intervention, can enhance the body composition of children with obesity.
Overeating in America: Association between Restaurant Food Consumption and Body Fatness in Healthy Adult Men and Women Ages 19 to 80
Authors: McCrory Megan A. , Fuss Paul J. , Hays Nicholas P. , Vinken Angela G. , Greenberg Andrew S. , Roberts Susan B.
Published: September 2012

McCRORY, MEGAN A., PAUL J. FUSS, NICHOLAS P. HAYS, ANGELA G. VINKEN, ANDREW S. GREENBERG, AND SUSAN B. ROBERTS. Overeating in America: association between restaurant food consumption and body fatness in healthy adult men and women ages 19 to 80. Obes Res.

Purpose: To examine the association between the frequency of consuming restaurant food and body fatness in adults.

Research Methods and Procedures: Usual free‐living dietary intake and the frequency of consuming food from seven different restaurant types (fried chicken, burger, pizza, Chinese, Mexican, fried fish, and “other”) were assessed by food frequency questionnaire in 73 healthy men and women [ages 19 to 80, body mass index (BMI) 18 to 331. In addition, body fatness (percent weight) was determined by hydrostatic weighing, and physical activity and other lifestyle parameters were assessed by questionnaire. The relationship between the frequency of consuming restaurant food and body fatness was determined after controlling for age, sex, and other confounders by using multiple regression techniques.

Results: Restaurant food consumption averaged 7.5±8.5 (Standard Deviation) timedmonth. After controlling for age and sex, the frequency of consuming restaurant food was positively associated with body fatness (partial r = 0. 36, p = 0. 003). The strength of this association did not change after controlling for education level, smoking status, and alcohol intake, but after additionally controlling for physical activity, the partial r increased to 0. 42 (p = 0. 004). Total daily intakes of energy, fat, and fiber were significantly associated with restaurant food consumption frequency (r = 0. 59, 0. 28, and −0.45, respectively, p = 0.02 to 0.0001).

Discussion: The frequency of consuming restaurant food was positively associated with increased body fatness in adults. The increasing proportion of household food income spent on food prepared away from home in the United States may therefore help explain the rising national prevalence of obesity.
Effects of Exogenous Gonadal Steroids on Leptin Homeostasis in Rats
Authors: Wu‐Peng Sharon , Rosenbaum Michael , Nicolson Margery , Chua Streamson C. , Leibel Rudolph L.
Published: September 2012

WU‐PENG, SHARON, MICHAEL ROSENBAUM, MARGERY NICOLSON, STREAMSON C. CHUA, AND RUDOLPH L. LEIBEL. Effects of exogenous gonadal steroids on leptin homeostasis in rats. Obes Res.

Background: In humans, circulating concentrations of the hormone leptin, normalized to body fat mass, are significantly higher in females compared to males. This experiment was designed to determine whether the administration of exogenous androgen or estrogen would significantly alter the relationship between plasma leptin and fat mass in rats.

Methods: In the first experiment, plasma leptin and retro‐peritoneal and parametrial (female)/epididymal (male) adipose tissue expression of leptin mRNA were measured in five male and five female 9. 5‐week‐old Sprague‐Dawley rats. In a second experiment, gonadectomized 10. 5‐week‐old female Sprague‐Dawley rats received 1 or 2 weeks of daily intraperitoneal injections (in oil) of 750 mg testosterone propionate, 2. 5 μg of estradiol benzoate or vehicle. At 0, 1, and 2 weeks, plasma concentrations of leptin, fat pad weight of parametrial and retroperitoneal fat pads, and leptin mRNA expression by Northern blot in retroperitoneal fat pads were determined. Daily weight and food intake of animals were monitored throughout the study.

Results: Circulating leptin concentrations per unit of fat pad mass and leptin mRNA expression normalized to actin mRNA were higher in gonadally intact female compared to male rats. Compared to placebo, estrogen administration decreased food intake and body weight, but had no significant effect on leptin mRNA expression or on circulating leptin concentration. Testosterone administration increased body weight and decreased expression of leptin mRNA (only after 2 weeks), but did not change food intake or circulating leptin concentration.

Conclusions: Administration of estrogen did not affect either leptin expression or the circulating concentration of leptin. Administration of androgen decreased expression of leptin mRNA. However, even after 2 weeks of testosterone administration to gonadectomized females, plasma leptin concentration, corrected for fat pad weight, was higher in gonadectomized females than in intact males, Thus, sex steroid‐associated changes in plasma leptin concentration and leptin mRNA expression are not sufficient to explain the observed sexual dimorphism in plasma leptin concentrations in rats.
Liposomal Bupivacaine: An Innovative Nonopioid Local Analgesic for the Management of Postsurgical Pain
Authors: Candiotti Keith
Published: September 2012

Local anesthetics are a cornerstone of multimodal pain control strategies in the surgical setting as they have a long history of use and an established safety profile. Although effective, their duration of action is relatively short, which usually leads to the use of other agents, such as opioids, for effective postsurgical pain control in most patients. A medical need exists to extend the duration of analgesia with local anesthetics to help reduce the reliance on opioids in the postsurgical setting. Liposomal bupivacaine uses a product delivery platform to release bupivacaine slowly over 96 hours after infiltration at the surgical site. Liposomal bupivacaine was compared with placebo in two pivotal, multicenter, randomized, double‐blind, parallel‐group trials in 189 adults undergoing soft‐tissue surgery (hemorrhoidectomy) and 193 adults undergoing orthopedic surgery (bunionectomy). Among patients undergoing hemorrhoidectomy, liposomal bupivacaine significantly reduced cumulative pain scores for up to 72 hours (primary end point) as measured by the area under the curve of pain scores on the numeric rating scale (p<0.0001), reduced overall opioid consumption (p≤0.0006), increased the proportion of patients who did not receive opioids (p<0.0008), delayed time to first opioid by more than 13 hours (p<0.0001), and was associated with significantly higher rates of patient satisfaction (p=0.0007) compared with placebo. Similarly, in patients undergoing bunionectomy, liposomal bupivacaine significantly reduced total consumption of rescue opioids (p=0.0077) and cumulative pain scores as measured by the area under the curve of pain scores on the numeric rating scale (p=0.0005) during the first 24 postsurgical hours (primary end point) relative to placebo. Furthermore, liposomal bupivacaine also significantly delayed the time to first use of opioid rescue (p<0.0001) and increased the proportion of patients requiring no rescue opioid treatment (p≤0.0404) compared with placebo. The most common adverse events with liposomal bupivacaine were nausea, vomiting, and constipation. No adverse effects on the QTc interval or cardiac safety signal have been detected in the clinical trial development program (823 patients) when liposomal bupivacaine was infiltrated into the surgical site. The beneficial effects of liposomal bupivacaine on postsurgical pain management and opioid use, significantly reducing both, are likely to translate into improved clinical and economic outcomes.
Synthesis of novel haptens against ciprofloxacin and production of generic monoclonal antibodies for immunoscreening of fluoroquinolones in meat
Authors: Liu Yan Z , Zhao Guo X , Liu Jing , Zhang Hui C , Wang Ping , Wang Jian P
Published: September 2012

Background

The residues of fluoroquinolone drugs in foods of animal origin are dangerous to the consumers. The objective of this study was to produce a generic monoclonal antibody for determination of fluoroquinolone residues in meat.

Results

Two novel haptens of ciprofloxacin containing a free amidogen group on the piperazinyl ring were synthesised that were used to produce the monoclonal antibodies. The antibodies obtained simultaneously recognised 12 fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, norfloxacin, sarafloxacin, diflocaxin, danofloxacin, ofloxacin, marbofloxacin, pefloxacin, lomefloxacin, amifloxacin and enofloxacin). After evaluation of different coating antigen–antibody combinations, a heterologous competitive indirect ELISA was used to determine the 12 drugs. The cross‐reactivities were in the range of 23–120% and the limits of detection were in the range of 1.0–4.5 ng mL−1. Eight fluoroquinolone drugs licensed as veterinary drugs in China were fortified into blank chicken for analysis. The recoveries were in the range of 61.5–82.5% with coefficients of variation in the range of 7.5–15.2%.

Conclusion

This method could be used as a rapid screening tool for routine monitoring the residues of these fluoroquinolone drugs in animal‐derived foods.
The development of education for social entrepreneurship and nonprofit management: Diverging or converging paths?
Authors: Mirabella Roseanne , Young Dennis R.
Published: September 2012

Although nonprofit management education has developed within a variety of university settings to date, curricula content of these programs has converged over time. However, recent social entrepreneurship programming calls into question whether such convergence will continue. This article compares social entrepreneurship education programming in schools of public administration and policy, schools of business and management, and religiously oriented institutions and considers whether curricula among these groups will remain distinct. Possible scenarios include convergence toward the traditional nonprofit management education model, toward the new business school model of social entrepreneurship, toward new blended models, or continued bifurcation between traditional and business school models.
Nonprofit and university strategic partnerships to strengthen the sector
Authors: Harwell Schaffer Regan
Published: September 2012

There is a mutually beneficial partnership inherent in the structured collaboration between universities and nonprofit organizations. This article outlines a pilot program designed to address management challenges of nonprofits and provide meaningful and relevant learning experiences for students through the use of community‐based research, a joint research study among students, faculty, and nonprofits designed to produce recommendations that will positively affect the community. Assessment data are significant, indicating that students increased their understanding of the sector while nonprofit partners received valuable resources. The article concludes with strategies for nonprofit practitioners and faculty who wish to develop a similar model.
Nod2 deficiency impairs inflammatory and epithelial aspects of the cutaneous wound‐healing response
Authors: Campbell Laura , Williams Helen , Crompton Rachel A , Cruickshank Sheena M , Hardman Matthew J
Published: September 2012

Infection is a significant causative factor in human chronic wounds that fail to heal. Complex innate host response mechanisms have evolved whereby potentially harmful pathogens are recognized by multiple host pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), yet understanding of PRR function, or dysfunction, in the context of chronic wounds remains limited. NOD2, a cytoplasmic PRR, has been strongly implicated in chronic inflammation of the gut, where loss‐of‐function mutations have been linked to Crohn's disease; however, cutaneous Nod2 function remains poorly characterized. Here we demonstrate an important role for Nod2 in murine skin wound healing. Cutaneous Nod2 is induced in key wound cell types in response to injury. In the absence of Nod2, mice display a substantial delay in acute wound repair associated with epithelial and inflammatory changes. Specifically, Nod2‐null mice display altered epidermal migration and proliferation, an initial delay in neutrophil recruitment associated with decreased expression of the chemokine receptor CXCR2, and reduced numbers of alternatively activated macrophages (Ym1+ cells). Somewhat surprisingly, these Nod2‐null phenotypes were associated with little or no expression change in other PRRs, even though compensatory mechanisms have been shown to exist. In this study we show that healing in TLR2‐null mice was essentially normal. These findings reveal a novel intrinsic role for Nod2 in cutaneous wound repair in addition to its role in recognizing invading pathogens.
Preparation and characterization of plla composite scaffolds by ScCO2‐induced phase separation
Authors: Ding Zhaohong , Liu Zhijun , Wei Wei , Li Zhiyi
Published: September 2012

Composite Scaffolds have received much attention in the tissue engineering, and how to choose the materials has become the research focus in this field. Supercritical CO2 (ScCO2)‐induced phase separation process was employed to prepare porous poly‐L‐lactide (PLLA) composite scaffolds. An experiment system was set up for the purpose of investigating the effects of such parameters as the mass ratios of PLLA to polyethylene glycol (PEG) and PLLA to β‐TCP on porosity and compressive strength of composite scaffolds. The obtained composite scaffolds were characterized in many ways. Scanning electron microscopy was used to examine the morphology and pore size; porosity was analyzed by pycnometer; and the compressive strength was recorded by texture analyzer. The results indicated that the porosity was increased with the addition of PEG, and the highest porosity of PLLA/PEG composite scaffolds was 92% with the mass ratio of PLLA to PEG of 1:0.05; the compressive strength was increased with the addition of β‐TCP, and the highest compressive strength of PLLA/β‐TCP composite scaffolds was 1.76 MPa with the mass ratio of PLLA to β‐TCP of 1:0.1. POLYM. COMPOS., 2012. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers
Synthesis, characterization and thermal degradation of dual temperature‐ and pH‐sensitive RAFT‐made copolymers of N,N‐(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate and methyl methacrylate
Authors: Roy Saswati Ghosh , Bauri Kamal , Pal Sunirmal , Goswami Ankur , Madras Giridhar , De Priyadarsi
Published: September 2012

Poly{[(N,N‐(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate]‐co‐(methyl methacrylate)} copolymers of various compositions were synthesized by reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization at 70 °C in N,N‐dimethylformamide. The polymer molecular weights and molecular weight distributions were obtained from size exclusion chromatography, and they indicated the controlled nature of the RAFT polymerizations; the polydispersity indices are in the range 1.1–1.3. The reactivity ratios of N,N‐(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA) and methyl methacrylate (MMA) (rDMAEMA = 0.925 and rMMA = 0.854) were computed by the extended Kelen–Tüdös method at high conversions, using compositions obtained from 1H NMR. The pH‐ and temperature‐sensitive behaviour were studied in aqueous solution to confirm dual responsiveness of these copolymers. The thermal properties of the copolymers with various compositions were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis. The kinetics of thermal degradation were determined by Friedmann and Chang techniques to evaluate various parameters such as the activation energy, the order and the frequency factor. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry