bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The fibroblast surface markers FAP, anti‐fibroblast, and FSP are expressed by cells of epithelial origin and may be altered during epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition
Authors: Kahounová Zuzana , Kurfürstová Daniela , Bouchal Jan , Kharaishvili Gvantsa , Navrátil Jiří , Remšík Ján , Šimečková Šárka , Študent Vladimír , Kozubík Alois , Souček Karel
Published: April 2017

The identification of fibroblasts and cancer‐associated fibroblasts from human cancer tissue using surface markers is difficult, especially because the markers used currently are usually not expressed solely by fibroblasts, and the identification of fibroblast‐specific surface molecules is still under investigation. It was aimed to compare three commercially available antibodies in the detection of different surface epitopes of fibroblasts (anti‐fibroblast, fibroblast activation protein α, and fibroblast surface protein). The specificity of their expression, employing fibroblast cell lines and tumor‐derived fibroblasts from breast and prostate tissues was investigated. Both the established fibroblast cell line HFF‐1 and ex vivo primary fibroblasts isolated from breast and prostate cancer tissues expressed the tested surface markers to different degrees. Surprisingly, those markers were expressed also by permanent cell lines of epithelial origin, both benign and cancer‐derived (breast‐cell lines MCF 10A, HMLE and prostate‐cell lines BPH‐1, DU 145, and PC‐3). The expression of fibroblast activation protein α increased on the surface of previously described models of epithelial cells undergoing epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition in response to treatment with TGF‐β1. To prove the co‐expression of the fibroblast markers on cells of epithelial origin, we used freshly dissociated human prostate and breast cancer tissues. The results confirmed the co‐expression of anti‐fibroblast and fibroblast surface protein on CD31/CD45‐negative/EpCAM‐positive epithelial cells. In summary, our data support the findings that the tested fibroblast markers are not fibroblast specific and may be expressed also by cells of epithelial origin (e.g., cells undergoing EMT). Therefore, the expression of these markers should be interpreted with caution, and the combination of several epitopes for both positive (anti‐fibroblast or fibroblast activation protein α) and negative (EpCAM) identification of fibroblasts from breast and prostate tumor tissues is advised. © 2017 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Performance of a single‐duct portable propane air conditioning system under different refrigerant charge levels
Authors: Siang Jeri Tangalajuk , Sharifian Ahmad
Published: April 2017

The effects of the refrigerant charge on the performance of a portable propane air conditioning system have been evaluated and compared to nonportable systems in which the surrounding temperatures of the evaporator and condenser are not equal. This study aims to determine the similarities and differences in the performance of the two types of propane air conditioners under different charge levels, and to serve as a source of reference for future designs of portable air conditioners. The refrigerant charge was changed from −12.3% to +30% of its normal charge at several room temperatures ranging from 20 °C to 35 °C. The performance parameters include the refrigerant temperature, mass flow rate, maximum velocity of refrigerant, maximum pressure, cooling capacity, compressor work, specific cooling capacity, and coefficient of performance of the system. It has been found that an increase in charge level was found to increase the cooling capacity, coefficient of performance, and maximum velocity of refrigerant in the system while decreasing specific cooling capacity. The increase in the charge caused a relatively insignificant rise in the maximum pressure of the system and useful work of the compressor.
HOW COST EFFECTIVE IS YOUR V & V?
Authors: Pickard Andrew C. , Nolan Andy J.
Published: April 2017

There are many reasons for verification and validation (V&V) including their use to mature a product and reduce the overall development costs. However, there are many V&V approaches that can be applied, from review through modeling, analysis and testing. How effective are these at finding issues with the product? How cost effective are they? Does it matter when the approaches are performed, or in what sequence? This paper examines the V&V approaches applied during the development of gas turbine engine control and monitoring systems. How cost effective are they? In some cases, it is a requirement of the certification process that certain verification approaches are used – but if an approach is not cost effective, would you also use it during development of the product?
Coupling between skeletal muscle fiber size and capillarization is maintained during healthy aging
Authors: Barnouin Yoann , McPhee Jamie S. , Butler‐Browne Gillian , Bosutti Alessandra , De Vito Giuseppe , Jones David A. , Narici Marco , Behin Anthony , Hogrel Jean‐Yves , Degens Hans
Published: April 2017

Background

As muscle capillarization is related to the oxidative capacity of the muscle and the size of muscle fibres, capillary rarefaction may contribute to sarcopenia and functional impairment in older adults. Therefore, it is important to assess how ageing affects muscle capillarization and the interrelationship between fibre capillary supply with the oxidative capacity and size of the fibres.

Methods

Muscle biopsies from healthy recreationally active young (22 years; 14 men and 5 women) and older (74 years; 22 men and 6 women) people were assessed for muscle capillarization and the distribution of capillaries with the method of capillary domains. Oxidative capacity of muscle fibres was assessed with quantitative histochemistry for succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activity.

Results

There was no significant age‐related reduction in muscle fibre oxidative capacity. Despite 18% type II fibre atrophy (P = 0.019) and 23% fewer capillaries per fibre (P < 0.002) in the old people, there was no significant difference in capillary distribution between young and old people, irrespective of sex. The capillary supply to a fibre was primarily determined by fibre size and only to a small extent by oxidative capacity, irrespective of age and sex. Based on SDH, the maximal oxygen consumption supported by a capillary did not differ significantly between young and old people.

Conclusions

The similar quantitative and qualitative distribution of capillaries within muscle from healthy recreationally active older people and young adults indicates that the age‐related capillary rarefaction, which does occur, nevertheless maintains the coupling between skeletal muscle fibre size and capillarization during healthy ageing.
Reactive extraction of acrylic acid with tri‐n‐butyl phosphate in natural oils
Authors: Kar Aparajita , Bagde Ashwini , Athankar Kanti Kumar , Wasewar Kailas L , Shende Diwakar Z
Published: April 2017

BACKGROUND

Acrylic acid has a wide range of applications in plastic additives, textiles, sealants, adhesives, and surface coatings industries. Owing to its widespread demand, production through a biotechnological method has emerged as low‐cost, energy‐efficient, environment friendly with few challenges at downstream stage. Reactive extraction is a promising method to recover carboxylic acid, but suffers from toxicity problems of the diluent and extractant employed. Therefore, there is a need for a nontoxic extractant and diluent or a combination of less toxic extractants in a nontoxic diluent that can recover acid efficiently. In this context, reactive extraction of acrylic acid from aqueous phase was employed with tri‐n‐butyl phosphate dissolved in natural diluents soybean oil, sunflower oil, and rice bran oil.

RESULTS

Reactive extraction results are discussed in terms of the partition coefficient (α), dimerization constant (β), distribution coefficient (KD), extraction efficiency (η%), overall equilibrium complexation constant (KE), and loading ratio (ϕs). Higher distribution coefficient and extraction efficiency range was found in tri‐n‐butyl phosphate (TBP) + sunflower oil as 0.672 to 2.019 and 39.76 to 66.49, respectively. Average extraction efficiency was in the range 30.85 to 71.94% for soybean oil, 39.76 to 66.49% for sunflower oil, and 31.27 to 69.42% for rice bran oil with 0.366 to 1.464 mol kg−1 of tri‐n‐butyl phosphate.

CONCLUSION

Sunflower oil with tri‐n‐butyl phosphate showed higher extraction efficiency for the reactive extraction of acrylic acid. The order of extraction efficiency was observed as: TBP+sunflower oil > TBP+soybean oil > TBP+rice bran oil. Since evasion of direct contact of the organism with the organic phase or use of nontoxic diluents can substantially reduce toxic effects, natural oils were used in the present study. Reactive extraction results can be employed for the design of extraction columns. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
New opportunities for fracture healing detection: Impedance spectroscopy measurements correlate to tissue composition in fractures
Authors: Lin Monica C. , Yang Frank , Herfat Safa T. , Bahney Chelsea S. , Marmor Meir , Maharbiz Michel M.
Published: April 2017

Accurate evaluation of fracture healing is important for clinical decisions on when to begin weight‐bearing and when early intervention is necessary in cases of fracture nonunion. While the stages of healing involving hematoma, cartilage, trabecular bone, and cortical bone have been well characterized histologically, physicians typically track fracture healing by using subjective physical examinations and radiographic techniques that are only able to detect mineralized stages of bone healing. This exposes the need for a quantitative, reliable technique to monitor fracture healing, and particularly to track healing progression during the early stages of repair. The goal of this study was to validate the use of impedance spectroscopy to monitor fracture healing and perform comprehensive evaluation comparing measurements with histological evidence. Here, we show that impedance spectroscopy not only can distinguish between cadaver tissues involved throughout fracture repair, but also correlates to fracture callus composition over the middle stages of healing in wild‐type C57BL/6 mice. Specifically, impedance magnitude has a positive relationship with % trabecular bone and a negative relationship with % cartilage, and the opposite relationships are found when comparing phase angle to these same volume fractions of tissues. With this information, we can quantitatively evaluate how far a fracture has progressed through the healing stages. Our results demonstrate the feasibility of impedance spectroscopy for detection of fracture callus composition and reveals its potential as a method for early detection of bone healing and fracture nonunion. © 2017 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 35:2620–2629, 2017.
Potential applications of subseasonal‐to‐seasonal (S2S) predictions
Authors: White Christopher J. , Carlsen Henrik , Robertson Andrew W. , Klein Richard J.T. , Lazo Jeffrey K. , Kumar Arun , Vitart Frederic , Coughlan de Perez Erin , Ray Andrea J. , Murray Virginia , Bharwani Sukaina , MacLeod Dave , James Rachel , Fleming Lora , Morse Andrew P. , Eggen Bernd , Graham Richard , Kjellström Erik , Becker Emily , Pegion Kathleen V. , Holbrook Neil J. , McEvoy Darryn , Depledge Michael , Perkins‐Kirkpatrick Sarah , Brown Timothy J. , Street Roger , Jones Lindsey , Remenyi Tomas A. , Hodgson‐Johnston Indi , Buontempo Carlo , Lamb Rob , Meinke Holger , Arheimer Berit , Zebiak Stephen E.
Published: April 2017

While seasonal outlooks have been operational for many years, until recently the extended‐range timescale referred to as subseasonal‐to‐seasonal (S2S) has received little attention. S2S prediction fills the gap between short‐range weather prediction and long‐range seasonal outlooks. Decisions in a range of sectors are made in this extended‐range lead time; therefore, there is a strong demand for this new generation of forecasts. International efforts are under way to identify key sources of predictability, improve forecast skill and operationalize aspects of S2S forecasts; however, challenges remain in advancing this new frontier. If S2S predictions are to be used effectively, it is important that, along with science advances, an effort is made to develop, communicate and apply these forecasts appropriately. In this study, the emerging operational S2S forecasts are presented to the wider weather and climate applications community by undertaking the first comprehensive review of sectoral applications of S2S predictions, including public health, disaster preparedness, water management, energy and agriculture. The value of applications‐relevant S2S predictions is explored, and the opportunities and challenges facing their uptake are highlighted. It is shown how social sciences can be integrated with S2S development, from communication to decision‐making and valuation of forecasts, to enhance the benefits of ‘climate services’ approaches for extended‐range forecasting. While S2S forecasting is at a relatively early stage of development, it is concluded that it presents a significant new window of opportunity that can be explored for application‐ready capabilities that could allow many sectors the opportunity to systematically plan on a new time horizon.
Crystal structure of importin‐α bound to the nuclear localization signal of Epstein‐Barr virus EBNA‐LP protein
Authors: Nakada Ryohei , Matsuura Yoshiyuki
Published: April 2017

Epstein‐Barr virus EBNA‐LP protein is a transcriptional coactivator of EBNA2. Efficient nuclear localization of EBNA‐LP is essential for cooperation with EBNA2. Here, we report the crystal structure of the nuclear import adaptor importin‐α1 bound to the nuclear localization signal (NLS) of EBNA‐LP that shows EBNA‐LP residues 44‐RRVRRR‐49 binding to the major NLS‐binding site at the P0‐P5 positions. In contrast to previously characterized classical NLSs that invariably have a basic residue [either lysine (in the vast majority of cases) or arginine] at the P2 position, the EBNA‐LP NLS is unique in that it has valine at the P2 position. The loss of the critical P2 lysine (or arginine) is compensated by arginine at the P0 position in the EBNA‐LP NLS.
Altered dynamics upon oligomerization corresponds to key functional sites
Authors: Mishra Sambit Kumar , Sankar Kannan , Jernigan Robert L.
Published: April 2017

It is known that over half of the proteins encoded by most organisms function as oligomeric complexes. Oligomerization confers structural stability and dynamics changes in proteins. We investigate the effects of oligomerization on protein dynamics and its functional significance for a set of 145 multimeric proteins. Using coarse‐grained elastic network models, we inspect the changes in residue fluctuations upon oligomerization and then compare with residue conservation scores to identify the functional significance of these changes. Our study reveals conservation of about ½ of the fluctuations, with ¼ of the residues increasing in their mobilities and ¼ having reduced fluctuations. The residues with dampened fluctuations are evolutionarily more conserved and can serve as orthosteric binding sites, indicating their importance. We also use triosephosphate isomerase as a test case to understand why certain enzymes function only in their oligomeric forms despite the monomer including all required catalytic residues. To this end, we compare the residue communities (groups of residues which are highly correlated in their fluctuations) in the monomeric and dimeric forms of the enzyme. We observe significant changes to the dynamical community architecture of the catalytic core of this enzyme. This relates to its functional mechanism and is seen only in the oligomeric form of the protein, answering why proteins are oligomeric structures. Proteins 2017; 85:1422–1434. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Norovirus RNA‐dependent RNA polymerase: A computational study of metal‐binding preferences
Authors: Shaik Md Munan , Bhattacharjee Nicholus , Feliks Mikolaj , Ng Kenneth K.‐S. , Field Martin J.
Published: April 2017

Norovirus (NV) RNA‐dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP) is essential for replicating the genome of the virus, which makes this enzyme a key target for the development of antiviral agents against NV gastroenteritis. In this work, a complex of NV RdRP bound to manganese ions and an RNA primer‐template duplex was investigated using X‐ray crystallography and hybrid quantum chemical/molecular mechanical simulations. Experimentally, the complex crystallized in a tetragonal crystal form. The nature of the primer/template duplex binding in the resulting structure indicates that the complex is a closed back‐tracked state of the enzyme, in which the
‐end of the primer occupies the position expected for the post‐incorporated nucleotide before translocation. Computationally, it is found that the complex can accept a range of divalent metal cations without marked distortions in the active site structure. The highest binding energy is for copper, followed closely by manganese and iron, and then by zinc, nickel, and cobalt. Proteins 2017; 85:1435–1445. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Simulating the fidelity and the three Mg mechanism of pol η and clarifying the validity of transition state theory in enzyme catalysis
Authors: Yoon Hanwool , Warshel Arieh
Published: April 2017

Pol η belongs to the important Y family of DNA polymerases that can catalyze translesion synthesis across sites of damaged DNA. This activity involves the reduced fidelity of Pol η for 8‐oxo‐7,8‐dhyedro‐2′‐deoxoguanosin(8‐oxoG). The fundamental interest in Pol η has grown recently with the demonstration of the importance of a 3rd Mg2+ ion. The current work explores both the fidelity of Pol η and the role of the 3rd metal ion, by using empirical valence bond (EVB) simulations. The simulations reproduce the observed trend in fidelity and shed a new light on the role of the 3rd metal ion. It is found that this ion does not lead to a major catalytic effect, but most probably plays an important role in reducing the product release barrier. Furthermore, it is concluded, in contrast to some implications, that the effect of this metal does not violate transition state theory, and the evaluation of the catalytic effect must conserve the molecular composition upon moving from the reactant to the transition state. Proteins 2017; 85:1446–1453. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Diurnal temperature range in CMIP5 models and observations on the Tibetan Plateau
Authors: You Qinglong , Wang Dai , Jiang Zhihong , Kang Shichang
Published: April 2017

The diurnal temperature range (DTR), defined as the difference between the maximum and minimum temperature, is a useful diagnostic index for evaluating global climate models. In this study, the DTR from 17 GCMs available in the fifth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) is evaluated on the Tibetan Plateau (TP) by comparison with the observations during 1961–2005. During the studied period, the observed maximum/minimum temperatures on the TP show statistically increasing trends with the annual rates of 0.19/0.36 °C decade−1, respectively, leading to the reduction of DTR (−0.22 °C decade−1). Compared with the observed DTR, most CMIP5 models generally underestimate DTR, with absolute error ranging from −4.58 °C (GFDL‐ESM2M) to −1.36 °C (CESM1‐BGC). Fifteen CMIP5 models have reproduced the overall negative trends of DTR on the TP, but their trend magnitudes are smaller. Furthermore, the CMIP5 model biases in DTR are investigated by means of correlative approach, to reveal the dominant variables. The differences between the surface downwelling short‐wave radiation (SDSR) with clear skies (SDSRcs) and the SDSR can be used to describe the surface short‐wave cloud radiative effect. Similarly, the differences between the surface downwelling long‐wave radiation (SDLR) and the SDLR with clear skies (SDLRcs) are defined to address the surface long‐wave cloud radiative effect. It is found that the mean DTR in the CMIP5 models has significantly negative correlations with both SDLR–SDLRcs and SDSRcs–SDSR, suggesting that the model differences in DTR on the TP are probably determined by radiation variables and total cloud fraction in the CMIP5 models.
Templated Sub‐100‐nm‐Thick Double‐Gyroid Structure from Si‐Containing Block Copolymer Thin Films
Authors: Aissou Karim , Mumtaz Muhammad , Portale Giuseppe , Brochon Cyril , Cloutet Eric , Fleury Guillaume , Hadziioannou Georges
Published: April 2017

The directed self‐assembly of diblock copolymer chains (poly(1,1‐dimethyl silacyclobutane)‐block‐polystyrene, PDMSB‐b‐PS) into a thin film double gyroid structure is described. A decrease of the kinetics of a typical double‐wave pattern formation is reported within the 3D‐nanostructure when the film thickness on mesas is lower than the gyroid unit cell. However, optimization of the solvent‐vapor annealing process results in very large grains (over 10 µm²) with specific orientation (i.e., parallel to the air substrate) and direction (i.e., along the groove direction) of the characteristic (211) plane, demonstrated by templating sub‐100‐nm‐thick PDMSB‐b‐PS films.
Changes in the Effects of Peyronie's Disease After Treatment With Collagenase Clostridium histolyticum: Male Patients and Their Female Partners
Authors: Goldstein Irwin , Knoll L. Dean , Lipshultz Larry I. , Smith Ted , Kaufman Gregory J. , McMahon Chris G.
Published: April 2017

Introduction

Collagenase Clostridium histolyticum (CCH) intralesional injection was efficacious for the management of Peyronie's disease (PD) in the double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled Investigation for Maximal Peyronie's Reduction Efficacy and Safety Studies I and II (IMPRESS I and II). Little is known about the consequences of PD or treatment on the sexual partners of affected men.

Aim

To assess the safety and efficacy of CCH treatment in men who received placebo in the IMPRESS I or II study and to evaluate the men's PD symptoms and partner bother as reported by female sexual partners.

Methods

In this phase 3, open-label study (NCT01685437), men (n = 189) received up to eight injections of CCH (0.58 mg/injection). Female sexual partners who provided informed consent at screening (n = 30) participated in the study.

Main Outcome Measures

Co-primary end points were change or percentage of change in penile curvature deformity and change in PD symptom bother domain score of the Peyronie's Disease Questionnaire (PDQ) from baseline to week 36. Participating women completed the PDQ for female sexual partners (PDQ-FSP) and the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI).

Results

Statistically significant mean improvements were observed in penile curvature deformity (36.3% decrease; 95% CI = −41.6 to −30.9) and PDQ symptom bother score (2.4-point decrease; 95% CI = −3.0 to −1.8) from baseline to week 36. Most treatment-emergent adverse events were mild or moderate. After CCH treatment of their male partners, female sexual partners reported improvement (using the PDQ-FSP) in their male partner's PD symptoms and female bother regarding their partner's PD. The percentage of female sexual partners with sexual dysfunction (FSFI total score ≤ 26.55) also decreased after male partner treatment, from 75.0% at baseline to 33.3%.

Conclusions

These results support the safety and efficacy of CCH in the management of appropriate patients with PD and the potential benefits for patients' partners. Goldstein I, Knoll LD, Lipshultz LI, et al. Changes in the Effects of Peyronie's Disease After Treatment With Collagenase Clostridium histolyticum: Male Partners and Their Female Partners. Sex Med 2017;5:e124–e130.
An Expression of Classical Dynamics
Authors: Moreau J.-J.
Published: April 2017

The proposed formulation extends the Euler variable approach, classical in Continuum Mechanics, up to make it valid for such singular systems as, for instance, a single mass-point. The key concept is the
kinetic tensor measure
of the investigated material, relative to some
window
in time-space. This is first developed in the framework of Galilean time-space. In that case, the fundamental equation involves the four-dimensional vector distribution
divergence
of the kinetic tensor measure. It is shown, in particular, how the initial conditions of an evolution problem or the confinement of the investigated system by a given boundary, possibly with shocks, may be described through adequate terms in the fundamental equation. In order to develop similar procedures in the Riemannian manifold setting of Analytical Dynamics, one introduces the differential operator
equilibrium
, acting on the doubly contravariant symmetric tensor measures of the manifold. This operator receives a variational interpretation, in terms of the
transport by test flows
. Thereby, the connection of the proposed formulation of Dynamics with Hamilton’s principle is explained.
An Impulsive Control Problem with State Constraint
Authors: Lions P.L. , Perthame B.
Published: April 2017

We consider an impulsive control problem where state constraints are imposed by minimizing the cost function only over admissible controls such that the controlled diffusion exists from an open set

Ω

only when no impulse can get it back into

Ω

.

Then, the optimal cost function satisfies the Quasi-Variational Inequality

\tag{1}
\left\{\begin{array}{l}
\mathrm{Max}(-\Delta\mathrm{u} + \lambda\mathrm{u}-\mathrm{f},\mathrm{u}-\mathrm{Mu}) = 0\:\mathrm{in}\:\Omega\subset\mathbb{R}^{\mathrm{N}}, \\
\mathrm{u}\rvert_{\Gamma_{\mathrm{o}}} = \varphi, \\
\mathrm{u}\rvert_{\partial\Omega\setminus\Gamma_{\mathrm{o}}} = \mathrm{Mu},
\end{array}\right.

where

\mathrm{Mu}(\mathrm{x}) = \mathrm{k} + \inf\limits_{\substack{\mathrm{x} + \xi \in \bar{\Omega} \\ \xi\geq 0}}
\{\mathrm{c}_{\mathrm{o}}(\xi) + \mathrm{u}(\mathrm{x} + \xi)\}

\Gamma_{\mathrm{O}} = \{\mathrm{x}\in\partial\Omega,\;\forall\:\xi = (\xi_1,\ldots,\xi_{\mathrm{N}}),\:
\xi_{\mathrm{i}}\geq 0,\:\forall\:\mathrm{i},\:\exists\:\mathrm{j},\:
\xi_{\mathrm{j}} > 0,\:\mathrm{x} + \xi \notin \bar{\Omega}\}.

The solution of (1) is not continuous on the boundary and we give a notion of weak solution such that (1) has one and only one solution which is the optimal cost.

On considère un problème de contrôle impulsionnel dans lequel on impose une contrainte d’état en minimisant la fonction coût seulement sur les contrôles admissibles tels que la diffusion contrôlée ne sort de l’ouvert de référence

Ω

, que si aucune impulsion ne peut la ramener dans

Ω

.

La fonction coût optimal satisfait alors l’inéquation quasi-variationnelle

\tag{1}
\left\{\begin{array}{l}
\mathrm{Max}(-\Delta\mathrm{u} + \lambda\mathrm{u}-\mathrm{f},\mathrm{u}-\mathrm{Mu}) = 0\:\mathrm{in}\:\Omega\subset\mathbb{R}^{\mathrm{N}}, \\
\mathrm{u}\rvert_{\Gamma_{\mathrm{o}}} = \varphi, \\
\mathrm{u}\rvert_{\partial\Omega\setminus\Gamma_{\mathrm{o}}} = \mathrm{Mu},
\end{array}\right.

où:

\mathrm{Mu}(\mathrm{x}) = \mathrm{k} + \inf\limits_{\substack{\mathrm{x} + \xi \in \bar{\Omega} \\ \xi\geq 0}}
\{\mathrm{c}_{\mathrm{o}}(\xi) + \mathrm{u}(\mathrm{x} + \xi)\}

\Gamma_{\mathrm{O}} = \{\mathrm{x}\in\partial\Omega,\;\forall\:\xi = (\xi_1,\ldots,\xi_{\mathrm{N}}),\:
\xi_{\mathrm{i}}\geq 0,\:\forall\:\mathrm{i},\:\exists\:\mathrm{j},\:
\xi_{\mathrm{j}} > 0,\:\mathrm{x} + \xi \notin \bar{\Omega}\}.

La solution de (1) n’est pas continue au bord et nous étudions une notion de solution faible telle que (1) ait une unique solution qui coïncide avec le coût optimal.
Transitional behaviour of convective patterns in free convection in porous media
Authors: Karani Hamid , Huber Christian
Published: April 2017

The present study focuses on the transition between steady convective patterns in fluid-saturated porous media. We conduct experiments to identify the transition point from the single- to double-cell pattern in a two-dimensional porous medium. We then perform a basin stability analysis to assess the relative stability of different convective modes. The resulting basin stability diagram not only provides the domains of coexistence of different modes, but it also shows that the likelihood of finding convective patterns depends strongly on the Rayleigh number. The experimentally observed transition point from single- to double-cell mode agrees well with the stochastically preferred mode inferred from the basin stability diagram.
Mixing of the fluid phase in slowly sheared particle suspensions of cylinders
Authors: Thøgersen Kjetil , Dabrowski Marcin
Published: April 2017

We introduce a finite element model for neutrally buoyant particle suspensions of cylinders at zero Reynolds number and infinite Péclet number in the purely hydrodynamic limit, which allows us to access a high-accuracy fluid velocity field at any time during the simulation. We use the diffusive strip method to characterize the development of the concentration field in the fluid phase of sheared suspensions from initial thin filaments, and characterize the structures that form with their fractal dimension. We find that the growth of the fractal dimension of the filaments scales with the increase of mean square displacement in the fluid phase. Further, we measure the concentration distribution of tracers in the fluid phase, as well as the shear-induced self-diffusion coefficient in both the solid phase and the fluid phase. We demonstrate that the shear-induced self-diffusion coefficient is slightly larger in the fluid phase at infinite Péclet number. Finally, we investigate enhanced mass diffusivity in the fluid phase by systematic measurements of the shear-induced self-diffusion coefficient in the fluid phase for a wide range of fluid tracer Péclet numbers. We find that the functional dependence $D_{s}/D=1+\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}\unicode[STIX]{x1D719}^{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}}Pe^{\unicode[STIX]{x1D701}}$ (where $D_{s}$ is the shear-induced self-diffusion coefficient, $D$ is the molecular diffusivity and $\unicode[STIX]{x1D719}$ is the particle volume fraction) fits the observations fairly well. We measure the constants $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}=2.98\pm 0.39$, $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}=1.61\pm 0.26$ and $\unicode[STIX]{x1D701}=0.900\pm 0.031$.
Yield-stress fluid deposition in circular channels
Authors: Laborie Benoît , Rouyer Florence , Angelescu Dan E. , Lorenceau Elise
Published: April 2017

Since the pioneering works of Taylor and Bretherton, the thickness $h$ of the film deposited behind a long bubble invading a Newtonian fluid is known to increase with the capillary number power $2/3$ ($h\sim RCa^{2/3}$), where $R$ is the radius of the circular tube and $Ca$ is the capillary number, comparing the viscous and capillary effects. This law, known as Bretherton’s law, is valid only in the limit of $Ca<0.01$ and negligible inertia and gravity. We revisit this classical problem when the fluid is a yield-stress fluid (YSF) exhibiting both a yield stress and a shear-thinning behaviour. First, we provide quantitative measurement of the thickness of the deposited layer for Carbopol, a Herschel–Bulkley fluid, in the limit where the yield stress is of a similar order of magnitude to the capillary pressure and for $0.1<Ca<1$. To understand our observations, we use scaling arguments to extend the analytical expression of Bretherton’s law to YSFs in circular tubes. In the limit of $Ca<0.1$, our scaling law, in which the adjustable parameters are set using previous results concerning non-Newtonian fluids, successfully retrieves several features of the literature. First, it shows that (i) the thickness deposited behind a Bingham YSF (exhibiting a yield stress only) is larger than for a Newtonian fluid and (ii) the deposited layer increases with the amplitude of the yield stress. This is in quantitative agreement with previous numerical results concerning Bingham fluids. It also agrees with results concerning pure shear-thinning fluids in the absence of yield stress: the shear-thinning behaviour of the fluid reduces the deposited thickness as previously observed. Last, in the limit of vanishing velocity, our scaling law predicts that the thickness of the deposited YSF converges towards a finite value, which presumably depends on the microstructure of the YSF, in agreement with previous research on the topic performed in different geometries. For $0.1<Ca<1$, the scaling law fails to describe the data. In this limit, nonlinear effects must be taken into account.
Human resources practices as predictors of organizational citizenship behaviour: The role of job breadth and organizational support
Authors: Pohl Sabine , Vonthron Anne-Marie , Closon Caroline
Published: April 2017

This study contributes to our understanding of the mediating and moderating processes through which satisfaction with developmental human resources practices are linked with organizational citizenship behaviour. Our model posits that the effect of satisfaction with developmental human resources practices on organizational citizenship behaviour is mediated by perceived organizational support and is moderated by job breadth. The methodology consisted of collecting data from 331 nurses who were surveyed about their satisfaction with developmental human resources practices, perceived organizational support, organizational citizenship behaviours and job breadth. Results support this model.
The “chicken-and-egg” development of political opinions
Authors: Beattie Peter
Published: April 2017

Twin studies have revealed political ideology to be partially heritable. Neurological research has shown that ideological differences are reflected in brain structure and response, suggesting a direct genotype-phenotype link. Social and informational environments, however, also demonstrably affect brain structure and response. This leads to a “chicken-and-egg” question: do genes produce brains with ideological predispositions, causing the preferential absorption of consonant information and thereby forming an ideology, or do social and informational environments do most of the heavy lifting, with genetic evidence the spurious artifact of outdated methodology? Or are both inextricably intertwined contributors? This article investigates the relative contributions of genetic and environmental factors to ideological development using a role-play experiment investigating the development of opinions on a novel political issue. The results support the view that the process is bidirectional, suggesting that, like most traits, political ideology is produced by the complex interplay of genetic and (social/informational) environmental influences.
Anthropogenic origins of a late Holocene, basin-wide unconformity in the middle reaches of the Yellow River, the Luoyang Basin, Henan Province, China
Authors: Storozum Michael J. , Mo Duowen , Wang Hui , Ren Xiaolin , Zhang Yifei , Kidder Tristram R.
Published: April 2017

We evaluate the relative importance of climate change, fluvial dynamics, and anthropogenic environmental modification in forming the Holocene sedimentary record of the Luoyang Basin, a tributary drainage basin of the Yellow River, located in western Henan Province, China. Our 2011 fieldwork south of the Erlitou site in the Luoyang Basin indicates that an unconformity dating to ca. AD 1100 is roughly coincident with a major southward shift in the lower course of the Yellow River. In AD 1128, the governor of Kaifeng breached the dikes of the Yellow River to impede an advancing army, causing the Yellow River to flow south out to the Yellow Sea. We argue that the dike breach not only changed the fluvial dynamics of the Yellow River but also switched the rivers in the Luoyang Basin from an aggrading to an incising system. The resumption of sedimentation in the Luoyang Basin is roughly coincident with the next major shift of the Yellow River’s main course northward to the Bohai Sea in AD 1855. The unconformity found in the Luoyang Basin may be a legacy of historically contingent human agency rather than climatic shifts or gradual environmental modification.
Associations of estimated Δ-5-desaturase and Δ-6-desaturase activities with stroke risk factors and risk of stroke: the Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study
Authors: Daneshmand Roya , Kurl Sudhir , Tuomainen Tomi-Pekka , Virtanen Jyrki K.
Published: April 2017

Stroke is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. The role of PUFA in reducing the risk of stroke is uncertain. The concentrations of PUFA in the human body are determined both by dietary intake and by activities of desaturase enzymes. Desaturase enzymes have been associated with chronic diseases, but little is known about their association with stroke risk. We investigated the associations of Δ-6-desaturase (D6D) and Δ-5-desaturase (D5D) activities with stroke risk factors and risk of stroke among 1842 men from the prospective, population-based Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study, aged 42–60 years and free of CVD at baseline in 1984–1989. ANCOVA and Cox regression models were used for the analyses. Whole serum desaturase activities were estimated as product:precursor ratios – γ-linolenic acid:linoleic acid for D6D and arachidonic acid:dihomo-γ-linolenic acid for D5D. Higher D6D activity was associated with higher systolic and diastolic blood pressure, BMI, serum insulin and TAG concentrations and worse homoeostatic model assessment (HOMA) indices. In contrast, higher D5D activity was associated with lower systolic and diastolic blood pressure, BMI, serum insulin, LDL-cholesterol, TAG and C-reactive protein concentrations, higher HDL-cholesterol concentration, and better HOMA indices. During the mean follow-up of 21·2 years, 202 stroke cases occurred. Neither D6D activity (multivariable-adjusted extreme-quartile hazard ratios (HR) 1·18; 95 % CI 0·80, 1·74) nor D5D activity (HR 1·06; 95 % CI 0·70, 1·60) were associated with stroke risk. In conclusion, higher D5D activity was favourably associated and higher D6D activity unfavourably associated with several stroke risk factors, but not with the risk of incident stroke.
When Will People Pay to Pollute? Environmental Taxes, Political Trust and Experimental Evidence from Britain
Authors: Fairbrother Malcolm
Published: April 2017

This article presents results from survey experiments investigating conditions under which Britons are willing to pay taxes on polluting activities. People are no more willing if revenues are hypothecated for spending on environmental protection, while making such taxes more relevant to people – by naming petrol and electricity as products to which they will apply – has a modestly negative effect. Public willingness increases sharply if people are told that new environmental taxes would be offset by cuts to other taxes, but political distrust appears to undermine much of this effect. Previous studies have argued that political trust shapes public opinion with respect to environmental and many other policies. But this article provides the first experimental evidence suggesting that the relationship is causal, at least for one specific facet: cynicism about public officials’ honesty and integrity. The results suggest a need to make confidence in the trustworthiness of public officials and their promises more central to conceptualizations of political trust.
Revision of the genus Trachytedania (Porifera: Poecilosclerida) with a description of Trachytedania ferrolensis sp. nov. from the north-east Atlantic
Authors: Cristobo F.J. , Urgorri V.
Published: April 2017

The genus Trachytedania Ridley, 1881 (Porifera: Poecilosclerida), includes those tedaniidae sponges characterized by the presence of acanthostyles. To date, only five species of the genus Trachytedania have been described of which only three actually belong to this genus. Other species described as Tedania could be considered as Trachytedania because of the presence of acanthostyles in their skeletons. Some authors propose retaining Trachytedania as a subgenus of Tedania because of its skeletal structure. In this work, a taxonomic revision and consideration of the validity of the genus is provided. The morphology and anatomy of Trachytedania ferrolensis sp. nov. from the Ría de Ferrol (Spain, north-east Atlantic) are described in detail, and the types of the three valid species described as Trachytedania to date: Trachytedania spinata, Trachytedania patagonica and Trachytedania biraphidora are studied. A key to this genus is provided.
Meltwater effects on intertidal Antarctic limpets, Nacella concinna
Authors: Davenport John
Published: April 2017

Responses of the Antarctic limpet Nacella concinna (Mollusca: Gastropoda) to meltwater exposure were studied at Adelaide Island (67°34′S 68°08′W). Limpets in crevices could be bathed in pure meltwater, though animals in large pools often avoided significant exposure to lowered salinity because of marked halocline formation. Small pools containing limpets showed extremely demanding osmotic environments with fluctuations between salinities of 3 and 30 psu being recorded within 1–2 min because of alternating meltwater and wave action. Analysis of haemolymph osmolarities in animals taken from the field demonstrated significant falls in osmolality (to 600–800 mOsm kg−1) compared with control animals living in seawater (1000 mOsm kg−1). A few moribund animals had osmolarities <600 mOsm kg−1. Nacella concinna are stenohaline osmoconformers with a median lower lethal salinity (96 h) of 20·9 psu and a median lethal time for freshwater exposure of 2 h 18 min. A 1 h exposure to freshwater caused a 14% increase in body volume and a 27% loss of body fluid ions. Nacella concinna responds behaviourally to meltwater by short-term, ineffective, clamp down of the shell, retraction of the head, cephalic tentacles and mantle margin tentacles. On vertical surfaces limpets respond actively to freshwater exposure by rapid detachment; 50% of animals lose adhesion within 5 min. Consideration of tidal regimes at Adelaide Island suggests that an individual intertidal limpet has a risk of being exposed to severe meltwater exposure about once per year.
Automatic telemetry to monitor the activity of limpets and sea level oscillations
Authors: Santini Giacomo , Righini Nicoletta , Chelazzi Guido
Published: April 2017

A new version of a technique, based on telemetric devices, to monitor temporal aspects of the activity of homing species of limpets and the parallel recording of sea level oscillations is described. The home/away status of individual limpets was continually assessed by means of a magnetic reed switch. Signals from the reed sensors were transmitted to a distant automatic scanner/receiver, located away from the shoreline. The system can be easily replicated and employed for extensive long-lasting monitoring in the field, even in those cases where previous versions, based on cable connections, were unsuitable.
Aspects of the biology of Hoplostethus mediterraneus from the south coast of Portugal
Authors: Pais C.
Published: April 2017

The beryciform fish Hoplostethus mediterraneus (Beryciformes: Trachichthyidae) is a species discarded from the southern Portuguese coastal fisheries. It is taken as by-catch by deep water trawls, at depths of between 234 and 618 m, more than 80% being taken at depths of between 234 and 422 m. Immature fish ranged from 4 to 13 cm in length and were present at all seasons. Of the mature individuals, males ranged from 7 to 17 cm and females from 7 to 21 cm. From autumn until spring, fish with gonads at various stages of maturation were present, although there were no specimens with mature gonads.
Cleaning behaviour in Diplodus spp.: chance or choice? A hint for future investigations
Authors: Mariani Stefano
Published: April 2017

Ectoparasitic crustaceans (Copepoda: Caligidae) occurred at considerable frequency in stomach contents of young specimens of Diplodus sargus and Diplodus puntazzo (Pisces: Sparidae) from two central Mediterranean coastal lagoons. This finding suggests that the ectoparasites might give a non-negligible contribution to the diet of the studied fish species and reveal a certain adaptive advantage of cleaning behaviour in coastal environments.
Jibhabhu's Rights to Ghee: Land control and vernacular capitalism in Gujarat,circa1803–10
Authors: SHEIKH SAMIRA
Published: April 2017

By examining the career of a woman agrarian entrepreneur in early nineteenth-century Gujarat, this article seeks to foreground the role of family firms specializing in the assessment, realization, and investment of land revenue. The article argues that such firms, which were commonly found service providers in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, were deemed to be alienators of the loyalties and revenues that the East India Company state considered its due. They were allowed to persist on sufferance for a few decades but were phased out by the 1830s, an obliteration that has erased their role from the history of South Asian capitalism.
Country Politics and Agrarian Systems: Land grab on Bengal frontiers, 1750–1800
Authors: LUDDEN DAVID
Published: April 2017

The forceful expropriation of land, labour, water, and other productive resources is fundamental for processes of agricultural expansion and intensification. What is known today as ‘land grab’ was theorized by Marx as ‘primitive accumulation’ and by David Harvey as ‘accumulation by dispossession’. Today it is most prominent and controversial in Africa, where the governments of India and China are major perpetrators; and it also drives most contemporary urban expansion in India and China. This article deploys David Washbrook's idea of ‘country politics’ to explore the process of land grabbing in the early-modern expansion of agrarian Bengal, where local peasant society and worldwide imperial political economy came together to expand frontiers of farming in what is now the Sylhet District of Bangladesh.
Perceptions of challenges to subsistence agriculture, and crop foraging by wildlife and chimpanzees Pan troglodytes verus in unprotected areas in Sierra Leone
Authors: Garriga Rosa M. , Marco Ignasi , Casas-Díaz Encarna , Amarasekaran Bala , Humle Tatyana
Published: April 2017

The 2009–2010 Sierra Leone National Chimpanzee Census Project estimated there was a population of 5,580 chimpanzees Pan troglodytes verus distributed across the country, with > 50% occurring outside protected areas. The census also highlighted the significance of competition between people and chimpanzees for resources in areas dominated by farming activities where wild chimpanzees forage on crops. We selected four study areas in two districts in Sierra Leone with high chimpanzee density in habitats dominated by agriculture, far from any protected areas. Our objectives were to assess farmers’ perceptions of the main challenges to their agricultural yields, and the wildlife involved in crop foraging, and their perceptions of chimpanzees in particular, as well as the main crop protection measures used. We conducted 257 semi-structured interviews with local farmers across the four study areas. We found that (1) farmers reported wild animals as the main challenge to their agricultural practices; (2) most complaints concerned cane rats Thryonomys swinderianus, which targeted almost all crop types, especially rice and cassava; (3) chimpanzees reportedly targeted 21 of the 23 crop types cultivated, but did so less often than cane rats, focusing particularly on oil palm, cassava and domestic fruits; (4) overall, chimpanzees were not among the top three most destructive animals reported; (5) chimpanzees were generally perceived as being more destructive than dangerous and as having declined since before the civil war; and (6) the main crop protection measure employed was fencing interspersed with traps. Our findings show the importance of investigating farmers’ perceptions to inform the development of appropriate conservation strategies aimed at promoting coexistence of people and wildlife in degraded landscapes.