bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Differences in Leaf Color and Stage of Development at Harvest Influenced Phytochemical Content in Three Cultivars of Kale (Brassica oleracea L. and B. napus)
Authors: Waterland Nicole L. , Moon Youyoun , Tou Janet C. , Kopsell Dean A. , Kim Moo Jung , Park Suejin
Published: January 2019

Microgreens and red colored plants have been suggested to contain higher level of health promoting phytochemicals. Kale (Brassica oleracea L. and other species) is regarded as a ‘superfood’ due to its antioxidant properties. In our study, three kale cultivars (B. oleracea L. ‘Dwarf Blue Curled’ and ‘Scarlet’, and B. napus ‘Red Russian’) differing in leaf pigmentation were harvested at five different leaf developmental stages and the concentrations of bioactive antioxidants compounds were evaluated. Carotenoids were measured by high performance liquid chromatography, and spectrometry analyses were used for total phenolics and anthocyanin measurements. Red leaf kale (‘Scarlet’) was generally higher in total carotenoids, phenolics, and anthocyanins than green leaf kales (‘Dwarf Blue Curled’ and ‘Red Russian’). As kale matured, water content decreased and dry mass increased. On a dry weight basis, total carotenoids were more abundant in microgreens and young seedlings with 4 to 6 true leaves (baby greens) than adult stage. In contrast, on a fresh weight basis, baby greens or adult kales generally contained more carotenoids and total phenolic compounds than microgreens, more likely due to the lower dry mass and phytochemical accumulation at microgreen stages. Although some microgreens vegetables may contain more health promoting phytochemicals, based on our study, higher phytochemicals were detected in young seedlings or mature leaves of kale.
Improving Water Use Efficiency and Insect Pest Exclusion on French Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Using Different Coloured Agronet Covers
Authors: Ngelenzi Munywoki James , Otieno Ogweno Joshua , Mwanarusi Saidi
Published: January 2019

French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is important in the socio-economic farming systems of East and Central Africa. It is a crop with great potential for addressing food insecurity, income generation and poverty alleviation in the region. Enhanced French bean productivity is hindered by a number of biotic and abiotic constraints as the crop is predominantly grown in open fields. The crop is mostly grown under irrigation and cannot withstand prolonged dry spells. Farmers rely heavily on insecticides to control insect pests. This increases the risk of rejection of their produce due to stringent maximum residue levels (MRLs) in export markets. This study was undertaken in the Horticulture Research and Teaching Field, Egerton University, Kenya to determine the potential of coloured net covers in improving French bean water use efficiency and insect pest exclusion. The experiment was set in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with six treatments replicated four times. French bean ‘Source’ was grown under different coloured nets (white, blue, yellow, grey, and tricolour) and control (open field). Variables measured included; pest population, fresh pod yield, total plant biomass, leaf relative water content (LRWC) and water use efficiency for plant growth (WUE DW). Covering French bean with different coloured net covers reduced the numbers of silverleaf whitefly and black bean aphids. Coloured net covers enhanced crop performance marked by higher fresh pod yield and total plant biomass as well as improved LRWC and WUE DW of the crop. Results of this study present the potential of coloured net covers to be used as part of integrated French bean management programme(s) to reduce insect pest population and pesticide application while enhancing water use efficiency and crop performance under tropical field conditions.
Development and Yield of Irrigated Sugarcane as Affected by Nitrogen Sources and Rate in Brazilian Cerrado Oxisol
Authors: Silva N. F. da , Cunha F. N. , Teixeira M. B. , Soares F. A. L. , Silva E. C. da , Coelho R. D. , Cabral Filho F. R.
Published: January 2019

Sugarcane is the most promising crop among renewable biofuels producers and one of the countries that produces the most green matter per unit area, whose greater limitations to productivity are mainly related to the adequate availability of water and mineral nutrients, in particular nitrogen (N). Based on the hypothesis that the source and the availability of nitrogen influence the growth, development and yield of irrigated sugarcane in the cerrado region. The objective of this study was evaluate the biometric variables and yield of irrigated sugarcane, in the cane-plant cycle, as affected by source and nitrogen rate. The soil utilized was an Oxisol (Rhodic Hapludox), cerrado (savannah) phase. The experiment was carried out at Farm of the Raízen Mill, located in the municipality of Jataí, Goias State, Brazil. The variety IACSP95-5000 was used in a randomized block design, analyzed in a split-split-plot scheme, with three replicates. The treatments were four N rates (0, 60, 120 and 180 kg ha-1); two fertilizer sources (urea and ammonium nitrate). The factors evaluated were in the plots of four doses of N (0, 60, 120 and 180 kg ha-1). In the subplot two sources of N (urea and ammonium nitrate) and as sub-subplot were represented by four evaluation periods (210, 250, 290 and 330 days after the planting-DAP). The irrigation was by sprinkling, in a central pivot. The evaluated variables were: plant height, stalk diameter, total number of leaf, leaf area, number of industrializable tillers, stalk yield, pointer yield and total recoverable sugars. The highest stalk yield, pointer yield and total recoverable sugars occurred at the average dose of 143.61 kg ha-1 of N, with an average increase of 25.87%.
Extracts From Leaves of Allamanda blanchetti Inducing Mechanism of Defense to Diseases in Sugarcane
Authors: Oliveira Louise M. S. , Almeida Clebia M. A. , Silva Alexandre Gomes da , Veras Bruno Oliveira de , Oliveira Fernanda Granja da Silva , Tenório Juciara Carneiro Gouveia , Correia Maria Tereza dos Santos , Cavalcanti Leonardo Sousa , Coelho Rildo S. B. , Silva Márcia Vanusa da
Published: January 2019

This research aims to analyze the effect of the extract from a native plant from Caatinga, Allamanda blanchetti, in the induction of resistance mechanisms in a sugarcane variety smut-susceptible. Initially, it carried out a phytochemical analysis to know the main plant compounds used in this study. Diverse chemicals content in ethanolic extract from A. blanchetii were detected by thin-layer chromatography (TLC). Flavonoids, were more abundant compounds following by terpenes, stereroids and saponins. Under greenhouse conditions the sugarcane plants, SP-791011 (smut-susceptible), were sprayed with extracts from A. blanchetti extracted at cold at concentrations of 1000 ppm and acilbenzolar-S-metil (ASM) (100 mg/L). Leaves were collected at 0, 24 and 48 hours after spraying and used in the RT-PCR analysis for to identify the defense gene expression. Change in gene expression were observed in the different treatments, especially in the expression of pathogenesis-related (PR) genes. The extract of A. blanchetti induced an increase in the glucanase expression and was more effective than ASM inducer. SNPR1 gene show increased in the two treatment. The results indicate that A. blanchetti extracts was able to activate the resistance mechanism as observed in resistant plants. This paper is the first report about the use of Caatinga natural plant extracts inducing resistance genes against Sporisorium scitamineum in sugarcane susceptible genotype.
Gene Expression Related to Physiological Quality of Soybean Seeds
Authors: Moreno Kiliany A. A. , Pires Raquel M. O. , Castro Maria L. R. , Vasconcellos Renato C. C. , Santos Heloisa O. , Pinho Édila V. R. V.
Published: January 2019

Production of soybeans with high physiological quality is important to ensure the productivity of improved plant populations. The objective of this work was to select soybean genotypes for high physiological quality of seeds, through germination and vigor tests, and to study gene expression by transcripts and proteins. In a first trial, seeds of 12 soybean cultivars were evaluated and selected six cultivars with contrasting physiological quality levels. At the protein level, the isoenzyme systems alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), malate dehydrogenase (MDH), phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI), sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), isocitrate lyase (ICL), esterase (EST), glutamate oxaloacetate transferase (GOT), and heat-resistant proteins were evaluated. For the transcript levels, the real-time PCR technique (qRT-PCR) was used, and the genes coding for the SOD, CAT, MDH, PGI, ICL and PRX enzymes were studied. The germination and vigor tests classified the seeds of cultivars CD201, CA115 and MS8400 as high quality, while the cultivars Syn1263, Syn1279 and CD202 were classified as of low quality. The enzymes involved in the process such as dehydrogenase and phosphoglucose isomerase, are promising markers for assessing the physiological quality of soybean seeds. Higher expression of peroxiredoxin enzyme is related to the low physiological quality of soybean seeds.
A Case Study on the Dairy Project “Full Bucket” in Brazil: Socioeconomic and Environmental Characteristics in Areas Under Its Guidelines
Authors: Andrade Álvaro Antônio Xavier de , Teixeira Rafael da Silva , Sousa Rodrigo Nogueira de , Teixeira Reinaldo Duque Brasil Landulfo , Cunha Dênis Antônio da , Soares Emanuelle Mêrces Barros
Published: January 2019

Socioeconomic and environmental characteristics in areas under Brazilian Balde Cheio Project (BCP) were evaluated. Questionnaires were applied to identify productive and socioeconomic characteristics of small farmers, and farmers’ perceptions on the implementation and operation of BCP. Soil and water samples were also taken. It seems that farmer’s perception about the BCP is associated to their socioeconomic reality; while environmental issue does not have the same relevance. According to the farmers, it was verified increase of productivity, and financial income. All farmers agree that they have not followed carefully the NGO guidelines, which is a matter of concern, because the differences among reality farms. In studied soils were observed that organic carbon levels decreased in areas under the BCP management. The NO32-, Cl- and SO42- concentrations in the waters samples were below the maximum stipulated by Brazilian environmental legislation. However, it should be highlighted that high nutrient addition and low C input in the system, can result in high losses of nutrients and also CO2 into the atmosphere.
Morphological and Ecophysiological Indicators for Coriander Under Irrigation Depths and Nitrogen Levels
Authors: Delazari Fábio Teixeira , Copati Mariane Gonçalves Ferreira , Silva Gustavo Henrique da , Gomes Ronaldo Silva , Silva Derly José Henriques da , Nick Carlos
Published: January 2019

Nitrogen fertilization and supplying of water are crucial factors for quality and quantity produces of coriander. The objective of this study was to evaluate morphological and ecophysiological characteristics for coriander under five irrigation depths and two doses of nitrogen (N). Experimental layout was completely randomized design in a split plot scheme with five replications. The irrigation depths (plot) was 25, 50, 75, 100 and 125% of crop evapotranspiration (ETc). The doses of N (subplot) corresponded to 35 and 70 kg ha-1. The cultivation of coriander (“Vedete”) was in a protected environment. The ratio between the aerial part and roots linearly increased with the increment of the irrigation depths and was highest under 70 kg ha-1 of nitrogen. The leaf area index linearly increased with the increment of the irrigation depths at both doses of N. The leaf index of chlorophyll “a” was highest under irrigation depths of 87 and 75% of ETc for 35 and 70 kg ha-1 of N, respectively. The leaf index of chlorophyll “b” decrease linearly with the increase of irrigation depths in both doses of N. The nitrogen use efficiency was maximized with high soil moisture conditions. The water use efficiency decreases linearly with increasing of irrigation depth. The best irrigation depth and nitrogen dose obtained in this study was 125% of ETc and 70 kg/ha. The leaf index of chlorophyll “a” and “b” are important indicators of hydric stress. The leaf index of chlorophyll “b” are negatively correlated with leaf area index. N supply increase the water use efficiency.
The Role of Sustainability for Enhancing Third-Party Logistics Management Performance
Authors: Ali Ahmed , Chauhan Kaushal , Barakat Mahmoud , Eid Ahmed
Published: January 2019

Technological development and globalization made the supply chain more complex in today’s business environment. In competitive market conditions, shippers tend to outsource most of their logistical activities to Third-Party Logistics (3PL) service providers. These activities have drawn attention of decision makers regarding sustainability concerns. This study examines sustainability initiatives which have been implemented particularly for the 3PL functions namely; transportation, warehousing and packaging services and their influence on performances. Empirical data have been collected through a worldwide online survey which has been sent to industrial experts working in logistics and supply chain management fields. The results were analyzed through the Structural Equation Modelling (SEM). The analysis indicated that, the 3PL functions significantly affect environmental, economic, social and operational performance, except packaging which had no significant impact on economic, operational and social performance, in addition to transportation which had no significant impact on social performance. Regarding the performance outcome and its impact on logistics efficiency, logistics effectiveness and competitiveness, empirical results indicated that there is no significant impact between the variables except, social performance which had a significant impact on logistics efficiency and competitiveness, operational performance which had a significant impact on logistics efficiency, logistics effectiveness and competitiveness. The proposed model and hypotheses developed give further understanding regarding 3PL industries thereby help decision makers in solving the problems related to 3PL sustainability initiatives.
International and Interactive European Pain Federation
Liverpool Winter Cancer Pain School 2018
Authors: Ortenburger Dorota
Published: January 2019

The title of the present work reflects vital features of Cancer Pain School Liverpool 2018. We must mention here an international exellent team of lecturers and participants, the presence of specialists representing different fields of science and highly interactive character of the fantastic course. The present report is made from the perspective of a participant (psychologist in hospital and in the university) of the 2018 EFIC School edition, a member of Polish Association for the Study of Pain interested in the results of research and constantly advancing knowledge within pain treatment. Polish Association for the Study of Pain.
Introduction
Authors: Lindsay Keisha
Published: January 2019

The Nation of Islam’s Louis Farrakhan, Facebook’s Mark Zuckerberg, Democratic presidential candidate Hillary Clinton, and other strange political bedfellows champion the black-male led effort to open ABMS. This chapter uses these bedfellows to outline the simultaneously anti-feminist and anti-racist claim -- that black boys are oppressed by racist, white women teachers -- behind the push for ABMS. The rest of the chapter highlights feminists’ contention that these schools obscure black girls’ oppression. It also examines ABMS’ emergence against the backdrop of historically black colleges, industrial schools, and other single-gender schooling for black males. The chapter ends by contextualizing pro-ABMS discourse within feminist debates about the merits of making experience-based claims and by positing policy discourse analysis as the best means of understanding ABMS’ complex politics.
The Double Dialectic between Experience and Politics
Authors: Lindsay Keisha
Published: January 2019

There is a third reason why ABMS’ black male supporters proclaim their experience of oppression in ways that help and hinder a politics of resistance. Simply put, their experiential claims rest on harmful political assumptions and facilitate liberatory political demands. After noting feminist theorists who gesture toward but do not fully recognize this dialectic reality, this chapter highlights an important exception - historian Frances White’s realization that social groups often resist their oppression by embracing the discourse of their oppressors. This chapter ends by detailing what feminists can learn from White’s insight. The answer is that black males and other social groups cannot make ideal claims about their experience of oppression precisely because these claims shape and are shaped by all manner of politics.
Ugly Differences
Authors: Howard Yetta
Published: January 2019

Ugly Differences explores queer female sexuality’s symbiotic relationship with ugliness and offers a way to see worth in ugliness as a generative category for reimagining the inhabitation of gender, sexual, and ethnic differences. Ugliness, in this book, is a multipronged concept: it equates with the disagreeable and pejorative traits that are attributed to queerness; it aligns itself with nonwhite, nonmale, and nonheterosexual physicality and experience; and it refers to anti-aesthetic textual practices, which are located in/as underground culture. This study shows how late-twentieth- and twenty-first-century contexts of ugliness register discontent with culturally normative models of queerness and why the underground is necessary for articulating difference. Locating ugliness at the intersections of the physical, experiential, and textual, the book’s central claim is that queer female sexuality needs to be understood as ugliness and the repertoire of underground cultural practices becomes its obligatory archive. In Ugly Differences, accounting for a minoritarian queerness associated with gender, sexual, and ethnic differences requires turning to marginal forms and, as reflecting ugliness, these forms provide options outside heteronormative modes of being that open up possibilities for envisioning deeply counterintuitive domains of queer world-making.
A History of the Ozarks, Volume 1
Authors: Blevins Brooks
Published: January 2019

A History of the Ozarks, Vol. I: The Old Ozarks is the first book-length account of life in the Ozark region of Missouri, Arkansas, and Oklahoma in the era before the Civil War. Placing the region’s story within the context of North American and United States history, The Old Ozarks follows the human story in the Middle American highlands from prehistoric times until the eve of the Civil War. Along the way it chronicles the rise and fall of the powerful Osages, the settlement of the French in the Mississippi Valley and the flood of Anglo-Americans on the frontier, the resettlement of immigrant Indians from the East, and the development of antebellum society in the diverse terrain of the Ozark uplift. Above all The Old Ozarks follows a narrative approach that focuses on the people whose activities and ambitions brought life to the region, from the Shawnee Quatawapea to Moses Austin, and in turn brings life to many long-forgotten individuals and the lifeways that they brought with them from Tennessee, Kentucky, and other parts of the Upland South. The storyline that flows throughout The Old Ozarks underscores not a region of isolated backwoodsmen but a regional variation of the American story.
Contextualizing Race and Gender in Gershwin’s Porgy and Bess
Authors: André Naomi
Published: January 2019

This chapter addresses Gershwin’s Porgy and Bess story as it was told in 1935 awash in minstrel characterizations and then adapted in 2011 on Broadway to rethink how the depth inherent in the original characters could be made more visible. This analysis fleshes out the larger view of black womanhood in the 1930s and the first decades of the twenty-first century. This chapter also explores the opera in terms of constructions of the folk, the Harlem Renaissance, and the efforts of black writers (Alain Locke, James Weldon Johnson, Harold Cruse, and James Baldwin) to come to grips with its negative stereotypes and celebrated opportunities for black performers in virtuosic roles.
Jocular Juvenilia
Authors: Westfahl Gary
Published: January 2019

This chapter argues that Clarke’s fiction falls into two categories: farcical pieces filled with adolescent humor--his juvenilia and later texts described as his “mature juvenilia”; and his professional science fiction, which manifests only occasional, and subdued, touches of humor. The young Clarke prefers parodies, puns, wordplay, and slapstick, and he displays a rather cruel sense of humor in jocularly describing various deaths and catastrophes. Yet some early works also show Clarke developing his skill in extrapolation and the development of future worlds as well as his interests in outer space and the oceans. Pieces recalling Clarke’s juvenilia surface through his career, and similar material may someday be discovered in his private journals.
Materialist Factors
Authors: Kaplan Jonathan , Umaña Federico Paredes
Published: January 2019

This chapter details the two principal materialist research foci of the project, water and cacao. Water control systems in Mesoamerica and at ancient Maya cities are reviewed in order to set the discoveries at Chocolá in context in an attempt to understand both functional and ideological meanings of water control at the ancient city. Chocolá’s hydraulic engineering, including stone conduits and canals, closely resembles the systems at Takalik Abaj and Kaminaljuyu, suggesting a deliberate sharing of technology and underscoring the likelihood of links between these three ancient cities and polities. Similarly, the context of cacao in ancient Mesoamerica and specifically in the ancient Maya world is explained, leading to the hypothesis of intensive surplus arboriculture—large cacao groves—that, it is proposed, underlay Chocolá’s rise to wealth and power as a complex society. In addition, a “mystery tale” is recounted, in which one of the most stunning carved monuments of the Southern Maya Region, the so-called Shook Altar, plays a central role in the authors’ theory of surplus cacao production at Chocolá and long-distance trade of the commodity.
Exploring Linear Enamel Hypoplasia as an Embodied Product of Childhood Stress in Late/Final Jomon Period Foragers Using Incremental Microstructures of Enamel
Authors: Temple Daniel H.
Published: January 2019

Childhood is an ecologically and socially mediated component of life history. Among prehistoric foragers from the Late/Final Jomon period (3400 to 2300 BP), socially visible identities associated with childhood begin at approximately 2.0 years, while ecologically identifiable childhood begins at approximately 3.5 years. Incremental microstructures of enamel were evaluated for evidence of linear enamel hypoplasia (LEH), and age-at-defect formation was estimated in the dental remains of these individuals. Interquartile ranges for age-at-defect formation were between 2.8 and 4.1 years, while 90% confidence intervals were between 2.1 and 4.8 years. The number of LEH formed during these ages was, however, neutral with respect to mortality. These results argue that the transition from infancy to childhood was a period for increased growth disruption among these prehistoric foragers, although these disruptions did not influence mortality patterns. These findings suggest that the stress experienced during the infancy/childhood transition was incorporated into the Jomon physiological system in such a way that it did not diminish energetic investments into surviving future stress events.
Dietary Histories
Authors: Miller Melanie J. , Agarwal Sabrina C. , Langebaek Carl H.
Published: January 2019

Chapter 8 reviews some of the stable isotope analysis studies of human skeletal remains that have taken a life course approach to understand childhood dietary practices in relation to adult dietary practices and concludes with a bioarchaeological case study from the Muisca of northern South America, in present-day Colombia. Archaeological dietary studies continue to contribute new understandings to human food practices and the layers of biological and social meaning that accompany that information, including evidence of the role of food in the socialization of children, gendered food differentiation, and the social relationships that become evidenced through repetitive food consumption practices. For dietary studies, carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur stable isotope analyses are used.
Catholicism and Narrative Time, Continued
Authors: Salius Erin Michael
Published: January 2019

Chapter 4 continues the discussion of temporal disjunction started in the previous chapter through an extended examination of Edward P. Jones’s use of the flash-forward technique in his highly acclaimed 2003 novel The Known World. Jones manipulates conceptions of the future, just as Perry and Johnson manipulate past and present time, to disrupt the linearity of the narrative. These narrative disruptions, the chapter contends, are similarly framed in terms of Augustinian theology. Specifically, the chapter argues that the flash-forward technique in The Known World is informed to a significant extent by the concept of divine prescience that Augustine of Hippo developed in his analysis of the biblical story of creation. Jones’s engagement with Augustine reveals itself throughout The Known World, especially with regard to how the novel represents art and artists. Moreover, the Augustinian subtext of Jones’s writing accounts for the surprising presence of Catholic characters and Catholic themes in the narrative.
Introduction
Authors: Knowles Sebastian D.G.
Published: January 2019

This introduction argues that error is the central theme in Joyce’s work, and all of Joyce is written in what he calls “the language of the outlaw.” Together with this internal moral compass, there is a parallel drive in Joyce’s work to explore the boundaries of experience, to travel outwardly, or through centrifugal motion, in an attempt to widen the range of human thought. Both movements are necessary for a student’s exploration of the world.
The True Story of Jumbo the Elephant
Authors: Knowles Sebastian D.G.
Published: January 2019

Chapter 4 takes as its point of departure one single line from the “Cyclops” section of Ulysses about an elephant called Jumbo. It follows Jumbo the elephant through a thicket of cultural history in the 1880s to discover the elephant as a symbol of imperial ambition, of the carnivalesque and the tragic, of a Victorian age. The approach to Jumbo the Elephant reveals a way in to Joyce through exhumation, through the recovery of a world that has been lost, just as Ulysses is a recovery of a pre-war world.
Seeing the Joe Miller
Authors: Knowles Sebastian D.G.
Published: January 2019

This chapter contains a study of the processes of neurology involved in humor detection and what those processes tell us about incongruity and risk-taking in the works of Joyce. A “Joe Miller” is a joke, and this study of Joyce’s jokes takes us into the heart of Joyce’s treasure hoard, which is language. Getting a joke is a cognitive function, performed in the same section of the brain where language tasks take place; appreciating a joke is an affective function, performed in the insular cortex, which is also implicated in pain perception, the perception of disgust, and vomiting. Both depend on parallax, or comparison with existing paradigms; the ability to think of two things at the same time is a useful way into the lexical world of Joyce.
The War Within
Authors: Lounsberry Barbara
Published: January 2019

Chapter 1 begins with a swift summary of fascism's rise in both England and Germany from 1929 to 1931: or what I call “the war without.” It then notes Woolf's response, including her scrapbooks, which collected articles on tyranny and war. As Woolf seeks out a bound diary book in June 1929 and embarks on her third and final diary stage, her mind also turns inward to the lonely artistic battle she foresees with The Waves. Both her diary and that novel reveal what she will further argue in Three Guineas: that the private and the public are inseparably linked. In October of 1929, Woolf publishes a tribute to “Dorothy Wordsworth's Journals,” a vivid illustration of her ability to choose diaries and to find in them just what she needs to assist her public prose.
Adept Sailing before the Storm
Authors: Lounsberry Barbara
Published: January 2019

Woolf's next two diary books, her 1932 diary and her 1933–34 diary, help her to navigate the difficult strait between the outer and the inner conflicts. She needs these diaries’ support, for, as the gathering outer storm forms, she faces both the strains of her inner artistic self and the loss of her friends. In late November of 1933, she consciously turns from the troubling outer world to the dual-voiced diary of Katherine Bradley and Edith Cooper, the aunt and niece verse dramatists who published together under the name Michael Field. There, she finds not only lesbian playwrights and their trials but also the word “outsiders.” In February 1934, her response to a famous travel diary—Arthur Young’s Travels in France during the years 1787, 1788, 1789—shows her recoil from war.
Tightness & Struggle
Authors: Lounsberry Barbara
Published: January 2019

In May 1935, the Woolfs view Nazi Germany first hand. Woolf's 1935 diary reveals the three daunting challenges she now faces; it also showcases her great courage and effort as she seeks to counter each negation with a book. However, her inner artistic battle involves a creeping tightness. She wants to keep loose (and supple) even as she tightens The Years. Is this possible? Her diary, as usual, helps her; she turns to other diaries as well. In September, as Mussolini prepares to pounce on Abyssinia, Woolf reads first a country doctor's (Dr. John Salter’s) diary for the years 1849 to 1932 and then a literary critic’s (John Bailey's Letters and Diaries, 1861–1931). She reads, in short, male voices across “the years,” as chronicled in her novel. She enters into a dialogue with these diarists in her public works.
War Shades Life & Work
Authors: Lounsberry Barbara
Published: January 2019

Though Woolf opposed the darkened waters of the dictators in 1938, in 1939, as the war edges closer, she can’t avoid letting it shade her life and work. On March 22, Madrid “surrender[s]” to the fascists (D 5: 211). The week before, Hitler marches into Prague and proclaims (Woolf writes) that “Czecko-Slovakia has ceased to exist).” Although Woolf's fluidity is affected, she remains bold. In January, she dons the mask of Cleopatra (perhaps ominously) for her brother Adrian's costume party. Using diary form, she starts her memoirs in April. And she continues her inner artistic struggle to resurrect Roger Fry. Across the year, she also seeks life enduring through her own diary—and in many other diaries as well. Some diarists aid her—like her diary-father, Sir Walter Scott. In January, Woolf wishes to also write on the remarkable journals of French painter Eugène Delacroix. However, in August, she finds, in F. L. Lucas's Journal Under the Terror, 1938, an invitation to noble suicide. In the Journals of Charles Ricketts, R. A., the brilliant outsider and friend of Michael Field, which she reads in late December, she meets a diary stopped by war.
In Search of Truth, Not Sensation
Authors: Lear Ashley Andrews
Published: January 2019

“In Search of Truth, Not Sensation” examines the critical reception both Ellen Glasgow and Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings encountered and explores how they each dealt with critical reception, namely being classified as regional writers or writers of juvenilia. This chapter focuses on their discussions with one another and about one another’s works to defend and define “regionalism” to literary critics and book reviewers.
Introduction
Authors: Hild Matthew , Merritt Keri Leigh
Published: January 2019

In many ways, the problems that have beset southern labor for the past century and a half—unfree labor, low wages, lack of collective bargaining rights, and virulent and sometimes violent repression of those who have tried to organize unions—have become the problems of workers across the United States, as the regional convergence of labor markets has pulled wages and conditions for workers across the nation closer to those of southern workers rather than the reverse. By addressing the troubled state of labor and the deep inequalities inherent today, we will use this volume to demonstrate how the South’s long history of worker exploitation and labor practices have become standard fare throughout America.
Origins of the Charleston Mechanic Society
Authors: Brown Thomas
Published: January 2019

In chapter 1 Brown examines the emergence of labor activism in Charleston during the early national era. Concern about slave competition with journeymen was the major impetus for the formation of the various mechanics’ societies. The early labor movement was not an overt class struggle between capital and labor. However, class interests did influence the movement’s trajectory. Elite slave-owning mechanics were able to move into the leadership and control the movement for their own financial and political benefit and prevented any significant limitations on slave labor in the mechanical trades to the detriment of the journeymen’s interests.
To Carry That Burden
Authors: Diaz Maria Angela
Published: January 2019

In chapter 4 Maria Angela Diaz focuses on a short-lived incident called the Cart War of 1857, which took place in Central Texas. The war consisted of a series of attacks on Mexican-Texan cart drivers who transported goods back and forth between the Gulf Coast ports of Texas and San Antonio. The attacks, likely executed by whites interested in taking over the trade of cart-driving, reveal much about both the racial and class hierarchies that existed in the borderlands of the American South in the antebellum era and the struggles of Mexican Texans to fit into that landscape.
Beyond Boosterism
Authors: Carson Adam
Published: January 2019

This chapter examines the development of the labor movement in Fort Smith, Arkansas, after World War II to answer the question of why unions in the South lacked the strength and influence of their northern counterparts. City leaders created a culture based on conservative economic principles to attract industry and disseminated it through the media and civic events. Unions organized arriving factories but anti-labor laws and infighting reduced the scope and effectiveness of their actions. Faced with hostile state Democrats and weak unions, the white working class increasingly supported racially moderate, economically conservative Republicans over Democrats whose campaigns continued to focus on opposition to integration which culminated in an election wherein a supermajority decided to change the municipal form of government into one more closely resembling corporate governance. Electoral results show that political realignment in Fort Smith was predicated upon residents’ adoption of local elites’ business-friendly ideology.
Why Labor History Still Matters
Authors: Hild Matthew , Merritt Keri Leigh
Published: January 2019

The late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries posed new challenges for working-class southerners even as old problems persisted. Some of the new problems resulted from the globalization of the American economy. For most of the twentieth century, textile manufacturing was a major source of jobs in the South (as well as elsewhere in the United States). In 1973, more than 2.4 million Americans worked in the textile and apparel industries. By 1996 that figure had dropped to 1.5 million, and by 2012 it had plummeted to 383,600. Between 1997 and 2006, Georgia lost more than 100,000 manufacturing jobs, about 60 percent of them in the textile and apparel industries. The replacement of American labor with cheaper foreign labor in the textile industry reached its fruition after the United States ratified the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) in 1993 and increased further after China joined the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 2001.
Introduction to Entomophagy Anthropology
Authors: Lesnik Julie J.
Published: January 2019

Chapter 1 introduces the key players currently and historically involved in what may be called the entomophagy movement towards more sustainably produced animal protein. There have also been a number of advocates for the study of edible insects in the field of biological anthropology whose contributions have not been as broadly accepted as those who reconstruct hunting and meat eating. This chapter introduces readers to the study of insects as food in the field of anthropology and the challenges of reconstructing the use of a food source in the past that does not easily leave a signal in the archaeological record.
Insect Eating in Nonhuman Primates
Authors: Lesnik Julie J.
Published: January 2019

Species in each family within the primate order consume insects. Although some species specialize in eating insects, considered insectivores, many primates utilize insects as a supplement to their diets otherwise comprised of a combination of leaves and fruit. Patterns of insectivory in these “non-insectivorous” primates may help unveil how eating insects may attenuate nutritional inadequacies. Interestingly, there is good evidence of female primates consuming more insects than their male counterparts. This pattern is well recognized for tool-using chimpanzees and orangutans, but similar evidence from other primates such as capuchins and mangabeys suggests that this is not related to difference in tool using preferences between the sexes but rather may be due to different dietary requirements.
Edible Insects and the Genus Homo
Authors: Lesnik Julie J.
Published: January 2019

In this second paleoanthropology chapter, the focus shifts to later human evolution with members of the genus Homo. Over the evolution of our genus, morphology and behaviors emerge that are more similar to our own. In reconstructing the insect portion of the diet for these hominins, present-day foragers provide a better-fit model than nonhuman primates. The genus Homo was the first to colonize outside of Africa, and as humans began to occupy the far reaches of the world, environmental conditions were less suitable for insect eating in some regions over others. Outside of the tropics, the predictability and reliability of insects as a food source is greatly reduced, so the absence of insect eating in these regions today may have a deep history.
Introduction
Authors: Goodyear Albert C. , Moore Christopher R.
Published: January 2019

This chapter reviews the significant features of early prehistoric occupations of the Southeastern U.S. Coastal Plain. Along with the Pleistocene age archaeological sites, salient aspects of the geology, including sea level positions, are presented. Possible Pre-Clovis sites dating from pre-LGM to late Pleistocene times are considered. Clovis is seen to have a Coastal Plain settlement focus that includes the now-drowned shelf. The dramatic onset of the Younger Dryas and its potential effects on people, including the “Younger Dryas Impact Hypothesis,” are reviewed.
The Pre-Clovis Occupation of the Topper Site, Allendale County, South Carolina
Authors: Goodyear Albert C. , Sain Douglas A.
Published: January 2019

Located in a Pleistocene terrace on the Savannah River, evidence for a Pre-Clovis occupation of the Topper site is presented including radiocarbon and OSL dating of the Pleistocene sediments. Topper is a core and flake technology with numerous examples of small tools such as bend breaks, unifaces, small blades, and abundant lithic debris from chert quarrying. It has been named the Clariant complex. Pre-Clovis at Topper is pre-LGM and one of the oldest sites in the Western Hemisphere.
The Quarry Cluster Approach to Chert Provenance
Authors: Austin Robert J. , Upchurch Sam B. , Dunbar James S. , Estabrook Richard W. , Endonino Jon C. , Burke Adam M.
Published: January 2019

The quarry cluster approach developed for Florida chert sources in the 1980s has continued to be a robust and reliable method of sourcing artifacts. Provenance is based on visually observable textural and paleontologic attributes. Some improvements have been developed using Weights of Evidence Bayesian analysis and Portable X-ray Fluorescence (pXRF).
Potential Consequences of the YDB Cosmic Impact at 12.8 kya
Authors: Kennett James P. , Kennett Douglas J. , LeCompte Malcolm A. , West Allen
Published: January 2019

The Younger Dryas cooling episode came about in the Northern Hemisphere in an abrupt manner atypical of deglaciation events. This cooling resulted in the Pleistocene extinctions of many genera of faunas and coincided with the disappearance of the Clovis culture. The Younger Dryas Cosmic Impact of 12.8 kya is then considered as a hypothesis that explains these dramatic and enigmatic events. As a nonlinear climate episode, the YDB Impact Hypothesis can have explanatory power in accounting for the associated environmental and cultural changes.
Regional Manifestations of Late Quaternary Climate Change and Archaeological Site Burial Along the South Atlantic Coastal Plain
Authors: Moore Christopher R. , Brooks Mark J. , Daniel I. Randolph , Ivester Andrew H. , Feathers James K. , Barbour Terry E.
Published: January 2019

Archaeological site investigations on the South Atlantic Coastal Plain have revealed stratified cultural remains in sand deposits of mixed aeolian and fluvial origins, aeolian sand sheets and dunes, alluvial terraces, and Carolina Bay rims. These sites are typically shallow but have yielded discernible archaeostratigraphy within sand dominated deposits by using luminescence dating (OSL), AMS radiocarbon dating, and close interval sediment sampling. Periods of site burial are linked to regional and global paleoclimate records, including Bond events, and provide broader reconstructions for human ecology and periods of site burial.
Discerning Early Archaic Bolen Territories Using Geometric Morphometrics
Authors: Thulman David K.
Published: January 2019

Analyses of shapes of Bolen points from the Early Archaic period of North Central Florida were conducted, including side- and corner-notched varieties. The goal was to discern prehistoric social organization by creating more rigorous definitions of point typologies, focusing on shapes versus traditional subjective classifications. Data were collected from the bases to ensure that stable shape features were not affected by use and maintenance. Shape was recorded by using land, mark-based, geometric morphometrics (LGM). Statistically, significant geographic clusters are derived which are thought to be a function of social differences.
Late Pleistocene/Early Holocene Archaeology of the Southeastern Atlantic Slope
Authors: Anderson David G.
Published: January 2019

In recent decades, great progress has been made in perennial topics and questions in the Southeast such as the existence and nature of Pre-Clovis and Clovis occupations; the role of sea level rise and fall and its affects on prehistoric peoples; the need for effective prospecting for possible inundated sites; the studies of the nature of the Younger Dryas climatic reversal and its affects on climate, environment, and humans, including the proposed cosmic impact hypothesis; and the expansion of more sophisticated methodologies for analysing Early Archaic, notched-point attributes to reveal the social dimensions of these widespread early Holocene societies.
Migrations and the Early Human Ecology of the Southeastern Atlantic Slope
Authors: Schuldenrein Joseph
Published: January 2019

The analytic sophistication demonstrated in this volume can be traced back to pioneering works in studies of prehistoric human ecology and what is now recognized as geoarchaeology. The combining of several subfields in geology, geomorphology, hydrology, soil morphology, and advanced dating methods have resulted in the realization of many of the aspirations of the inter-disciplinary research that was advocated for in previous decades. This chapter contrasts the drainage basin morphology along the lower Southeastern U.S., with its expansive Coastal Plains stands, with the shorter river valleys in the northeast, which are controlled by bedrock. The alluvial valleys in the Southeast combined with the milder climates throughout the Pleistocene set this area of the U.S. apart for prime geomorphological and geoarchaeological studies. These regions are contrasted with landforms in the near East at similar time periods, emphasizing the value in global comparisons.
Archives of Afro-Affirmation
Authors: Chetty Raj
Published: January 2019

Raj Chetty demonstrates that in the period following General Rafael Trujillo's assassination in 1961, literary and cultural journals published works that evidenced engagement with an African diaspora worldview decades before the massive wave of migration from the Dominican Republic to the United States. These works of twentieth-century Dominican literature engage with ideas of Dominican blackness and Dominican negritude against the backdrop of the Dominican Civil War.
Global Capital Disguised as Sustainability in Post-Earthquake Haiti
Authors: Jayaram Kiran C.
Published: January 2019

This chapter offers a staggering critique of post-earthquake development plans in Haiti. In the wake of the Haitian earthquake, Haiti became an example of disaster capitalism in action. Kiran Jayaram argues that the idea of sustainability, as in new plans for mango production, has been co-opted, becoming code for the continuation of exploitative economic policies within the political economy.
Epilogue
Authors: Mayes April J. , Jayaram Kiran C.
Published: January 2019

The epilogue summarizes the overall arguments presented in the edited volume. It assesses the relationship between the Dominican Republic, Haiti, the ecology of Hispaniola, occidentalism, and issues of liberation and sovereignty.
Painting Mestizaje in a New Light
Authors: Dalton David S.
Published: January 2019

This chapter analyzes the state-funded murals of Diego Rivera and José Clemente Orozco, two artists who served as de facto mouthpieces for the state as they trumpeted the postrevolutionary tenets of official mestizaje through their work. Despite sharing the state’s seal of approval, the two men communicated contradictory racial discourses as they disagreed about the proper place of the nation’s European and indigenous heritage within the official ideology. That said, both men’s work was pro-mestizo despite the fact that they conceived mixed-race identity in very different ways. Orozco’s understanding of racial and technological hybridity tended toward hispanismo as he constantly validated the result—if not the means—of the Spanish conquest. Unlike Orozco, Rivera carefully separated European science—which he celebrated—from the cosmology that had permitted the destruction of thousands of indigenous lives. Instead, he posited an essentialistic indigenous spirit that would redeem mestizo Mexico from the conquering nature it had inherited from its European progenitors. This paternalistic understanding of indigeneity led to an indigenista discourse that became the favored paradigm of official mestizaje throughout the mid-twentieth century.