bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Petrography and Geochemistry of the Upper Triassic Sandstones from the Western Ordos Basin, NW China: Provenance and Tectonic Implications
Authors: ZHAO Xiaochen , LIU Chiyang , XIAO Bo , ZHAO Yan , CHEN Yingtao
Published: May 2019

Petrographic and geochemical characteristics of the Upper Triassic sandstones in the western Ordos Basin were studied to provide insight into weathering characteristics, provenance, and tectonic implications. Petrographic features show that the sandstones are characterized by low‐medium compositional maturity and textural maturity. The CIA and CIW values reveal weak and moderate weathering history in the source area. The geochemical characteristics together with palaeocurrent data show that the northwestern sediments were mainly derived from the Alxa Block with a typical recycled nature, while the provenance of the western and southwestern sediments were mainly from the Qinling‐Qilian Orogenic Belt. The tectonic setting discrimination diagrams signify that the parent rocks of sandstones in the western and southern Ordos Basin were mainly developed from continental island arc, which is closely related to the evolution of the Qinling‐Qilian Orogenic Belt. However, the sandstones in the northwestern Ordos Basin show complex features, which may be resulted from a typical recycling process. Overall evidence from petrography, geochemistry and sedimentology, together with previous researches suggest the Kongtongshan and Helanshan areas were the southwestern and northwestern boundary of the Ordos Basin, respectively, and there was no clear boundary between the Hexi Corridor Belt and Ordos Basin, where a large, uniform sediment dispersal system developed during the Late Triassic.
A New Fracability Evaluation Approach for Shale Reservoirs Based on Multivariate Analysis: A Case Study in Zhaotong Shale Gas Demonstration Zone in Sichuan, China
Authors: LIU Shanyong , LI Lin , YUAN Yuan , LOU Yishan , LI Zhonghui
Published: May 2019

Fracability characterizes the effectiveness of hydraulic fracturing. The existing assessment methods cannot reflect the actual value of the effectiveness due to a lack of comprehensive consideration and neglect of the influences of engineering factors. This study aims to solve this problem by implementing geological static data and production dynamic data in multivariate analysis in Zhaotong shale gas demonstration zone. First, the reservoir quality index (RQI) was introduced to evaluate the exploration potential by integrating the geological parameters with gray relational analysis. Moreover, the differences in fracturing fluid types and proppant sizes were considered, and the operating parameters were normalized on the basis of the equivalence principle. Finally, the general reservoir fracability index (GRFI) was proposed based on a dimensioned processing of the various parameters. A case study was conducted to verify the accuracy and feasibility of this new approach. The results demonstrate that (1) the organic carbon and gas content are adjusted to contribute the most to the calculation of the RQI, while the effective porosity contributes the least; (2) the fracturing scale is the main operating parameter determining the fracability, which has the strongest correlation with the effectiveness of fracking; and (3) the GRFI has a positive correlation with shale gas production, and the lower limit of the GRFI of 2,000 corresponds to a daily production of 50,000 m3/d; this value is defined as the threshold value of a stripper well. The GRFI is consistent with the productivity trend of shale gas wells in the research block, which suggests that the new model is accurate and practical for well candidate selection.
Prediction Model of Coal Reservoir Pressure and its Implication for the Law of Coal Reservoir Depressurization
Authors: YAN Xinlu , ZHANG Songhang , TANG Shuheng , LI Zhongcheng , WANG Kaifeng , YI Yongxiang , DANG Feng , HU Qiuping
Published: May 2019

The main methods of coalbed methane (CBM) development are drainage and depressurization, and a precise prediction of coal reservoir pressure is thus crucial for the evaluation of reservoir potentials and the formulation of reasonable development plans. This work established a new reservoir pressure prediction model based on the material balance equation (MBE) of coal reservoir, which considers the self‐regulating effects of coal reservoirs and the dynamic change of equivalent drainage area (EDA). According to the proposed model, the reservoir pressure can be predicted based on reservoir condition data and the actual production data of a single well. Compared with traditional reservoir pressure prediction models which regard EDA as a fixed value, the proposed model can better predict the average pressure of reservoirs. Moreover, orthogonal experiments were designed to evaluate the sensitivity of reservoir parameters on the reservoir pressure prediction results of this proposed model. The results show that the saturation of irreducible water is the most sensitive parameter, followed by Langmuir volume and reservoir porosity, and Langmuir pressure is the least sensitive parameter. In addition, the pressure drop of reservoirs is negatively correlated with the saturation of irreducible water and the Langmuir volume, while it is positively correlated with porosity. This work analyzed the reservoir pressure drop characteristics of the CBM wells in the Shizhuangnan Block of the Qinshui Basin, and the results show that the CBM reservoir depressurization can be divided into three types, i.e., rapidly drop type, medium‐term stability type, and slowly drop type. The drainage features of wells were reasonably interpreted based on the comprehensive analysis of the reservoir depressurization type; the latter was coupled to the corresponding permeability dynamic change characteristics, eventually proving the applicability of the proposed model.
Transpressive Structures in the Ghadir Shear Belt, Eastern Desert, Egypt: Evidence for Partitioning of Oblique Convergence in the Arabian‐Nubian Shield during Gondwana Agglutination
Authors: ABD EL‐WAHED Mohamed , KAMH Samir , ASHMAWY Mahmoud , SHEBL Aly
Published: May 2019

Transpressional deformation has played an important role in the late Neoproterozoic evolution of the Arabian‐Nubian Shield including the Central Eastern Desert of Egypt. The Ghadir Shear Belt is a 35 km‐long, NW‐oriented brittle‐ductile shear zone that underwent overall sinistral transpression during the Late Neoproterozoic. Within this shear belt, strain is highly partitioned into shortening, oblique, extensional and strike‐slip structures at multiple scales. Moreover, strain partitioning is heterogeneous along‐strike giving rise to three distinct structural domains. In the East Ghadir and Ambaut shear belts, the strain is pure‐shear dominated whereas the narrow sectors parallel to the shear walls in the West Ghadir Shear Zone are simple‐shear dominated. These domains are comparable to splay‐dominated and thrust‐dominated strike‐slip shear zones. The kinematic transition along the Ghadir shear belt is consistent with separate strike‐slip and thrust‐sense shear zones. The earlier fabric (S1), is locally recognized in low strain areas and SW‐ward thrusts. S2 is associated with a shallowly plunging stretching lineation (L2), and defines ∼NW‐SE major upright macroscopic folds in the East Ghadir shear belt. F2 folds are superimposed by ∼NNW–SSE tight‐minor and major F3 folds that are kinematically compatible with sinistral transpressional deformation along the West Ghadir Shear Zone and may represent strain partitioning during deformation. F2 and F3 folds are superimposed by ENE–WSW gentle F4 folds in the Ambaut shear belt. The sub‐parallelism of F3 and F4 fold axes with the shear zones may have resulted from strain partitioning associated with simple shear deformation along narrow mylonite zones and pure shear‐dominant deformation in fold zones. Dextral ENE‐striking shear zones were subsequently active at ca. 595 Ma, coeval with sinistral shearing along NW‐ to NNW‐striking shear zones. The occurrence of upright folds and folds with vertical axes suggests that transpression plays a significant role in the tectonic evolution of the Ghadir shear belt. Oblique convergence may have been provoked by the buckling of the Hafafit gneiss‐cored domes and relative rotations between its segments. Upright folds, fold with vertical axes and sinistral strike‐slip shear zones developed in response to strain partitioning. The West Ghadir Shear Zone contains thrusts and strike‐slip shear zones that resulted from lateral escape tectonics associated with lateral imbrication and transpression in response to oblique squeezing of the Arabian‐Nubian Shield during agglutination of East and West Gondwana.
Expanding Video‐Cued Multivocal Ethnography for Activist Research in the Civic Action and Young Children Study
Authors: McManus Molly E. , Payne Katherina , Lee Sunmin , Sachdeva Shubhi , Falkner Anna , Colegrove Kiyomi , Adair Jennifer
Published: May 2019

This article describes the use of video‐cued multivocal ethnography (VCE) in the Civic Action and Young Children Study conducted with preschool children in South Texas. We detail how and why we continue to use the VCE method as a process of collective reflection and analysis with participating communities. We also explore how VCE helps us enact our commitment to equity, change, and justice as activist researchers and educators. [Video‐cued ethnography, early childhood education, civic action, school/community relations]
Comparison of portable blood‐warming devices under simulated pre‐hospital conditions: a randomised in‐vitro blood circuit study
Authors: Weatherall A. , Gill M. , Milligan J. , Tetlow C. , Harris C. , Garner A. , Lee A.
Published: May 2019

Pre‐hospital transfusion of blood products is a vital component of many advanced pre‐hospital systems. Portable fluid warmers may be utilised to help prevent hypothermia, but the limits defined by manufacturers often do not reflect their clinical use. The primary aim of this randomised in‐vitro study was to assess the warming performance of four portable blood warming devices (Thermal Angel, Hypotherm X LG, °M Warmer, Buddy Lite) against control at different clinically‐relevant flow rates. The secondary aim was to assess haemolysis rates between devices at different flow rates. We assessed each of the four devices and the control, at flow rates of 50 ml.min−1, 100 ml.min−1 and 200 ml.min−1, using a controlled perfusion circuit with multisite temperature monitoring. Free haemoglobin concentration, a marker of haemolysis, was measured at multiple points during each initial study run with spectrophotometry. At all flow rates, the four devices provided superior warming performance compared with the control (p < 0.001). Only the °M Warmer provided a substantial change in temperature at all flow rates (mean (95%CI) temperature change of 21.1 (19.8–22.4) °C, 20.4 (19.1–21.8) °C and 19.4 (17.7–21.1) °C at 50 ml.min−1, 100 ml.min−1 and 200 ml.min−1, respectively). There was no association between warming and haemolysis with any device (p = 0.949) or flow rate (p = 0.169). Practical issues, which may be relevant to clinical use, also emerged during testing. Our results suggest that there were significant differences in the performance of portable blood warming devices used at flow rates encountered in clinical practice.
Location and pattern of non‐invasive keratographic tear film break‐up according to dry eye disease subtypes
Authors: Kim Jieun , Kim Jung Yong , Seo Kyoung Yul , Kim Tae‐im , Chin Hee Seung , Jung Ji Won
Published: May 2019

Purpose

To compare the non‐invasive keratographic tear film break‐up time (NIKBUT) and the location and pattern of non‐invasive keratographic tear film break‐up between normal group and each group of three dry eye disease (DED) subtypes.

Methods

We enrolled 55 normal subjects and 250 patients with DED, who underwent tear meniscus height and NIKBUT measurements using the Keratograph® 5M. Ocular surface parameter assessments such as the fluorescein tear break‐up time, ocular surface staining, Schirmer's test, and lid margin and meibomian gland examinations were performed, and the ocular surface disease index was determined. These parameters, including the proportion of the first tear film break‐up location and simultaneous multiple tear film break‐up pattern, were compared amongst the normal and DED subtypes.

Results

Aqueous‐deficient dry eye disease (ADDE) and ADDE/meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) subtypes showed lower NIKBUTs than those of the normal group, whilst NIKBUTs of the MGD subtype did not differ from those of the normal group. The NIKBUTs showed a good diagnostic ability in diagnosing dry eye except MGD only. The occurrence of the first tear film break‐up in the central location was significantly higher in both the ADDE and ADDE/MGD subtypes, comprising approximately 40% in both subtypes (p < 0.001). The proportion of a simultaneous multiple tear film break‐up pattern was higher in the ADDE and ADDE/MGD subtypes, at 60.9% and 45.5%, respectively (p < 0.001).

Conclusion

The NIKBUTs and the location and pattern of non‐invasive tear film break‐up were different between normal group and each group of three DED subtypes.
Size‐related life‐history traits in geometrid moths: a comparison of a temperate and a tropical community
Authors: Holm Sille , Javoiš Juhan , Kaasik Ants , Õunap Erki , Davis Robert B. , Molleman Freerk , Roininen Heikki , Tammaru Toomas
Published: May 2019

1. Comparative studies on insect life histories are facilitated by the increasing availability of reliable phylogenies but are hampered by the scarcity of comparable data. Fortunately, morphological proxies of some life‐history traits can be measured on preserved specimens.

2. This study compared values of size‐related life‐history traits among a tropical (Ugandan) and a temperate (Estonian) assemblage of geometrid moths.

3. A comparative analysis based on an originally derived phylogeny revealed that tropical moths were, on average, larger than temperate ones. Tropical moths also had somewhat lower relative abdomen masses than temperate ones. This indicates that the tropical rather than the temperate moths tend to use an income (rather than capital) breeding strategy. Nevertheless, no difference was found in a related index of pro‐ovigeny. When body size was accounted for, tropical moths were found to lay smaller eggs than temperate ones.

4. The differences between the two compared areas are consistent with selection on higher mobility of the moths imposed by the more diverse tropical vegetation. Relatively larger eggs of temperate moths may constitute an adaptation to overcome the presumably stronger quantitative defences of their host plants.

5. Overall, however, we conclude that the differences in ecologically relevant size‐related traits are relatively low among moth assemblages of a tropical and a temperate forest region, indicating that these environments may not impose radically different selective pressures on insect life histories.
Ultrastructural localization of DREADDs in monkeys
Authors: Galvan Adriana , Raper Jessica , Hu Xing , Paré Jean‐François , Bonaventura Jordi , Richie Christopher T. , Michaelides Michael , Mueller Sascha A. L. , Roseboom Patrick H. , Oler Jonathan A. , Kalin Ned H. , Hall Randy A. , Smith Yoland
Published: May 2019

Designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADDs) are extensively used to modulate neuronal activity in rodents, but their use in primates remains limited. An essential need that remains is the demonstration that DREADDs are efficiently expressed on the plasma membrane of primate neurons. To address this issue, electron microscopy immunogold was used to determine the subcellular localization of the AAV vector‐induced DREADDs hM4Di and hM3Dq fused to different tags in various brain areas of rhesus monkeys and mice. When hM4Di was fused to mCherry, the immunogold labelling was mostly confined to the intracellular space, and poorly expressed at the plasma membrane in monkey dendrites. In contrast, the hM4Di‐mCherry labelling was mostly localized to the dendritic plasma membrane in mouse neurons, suggesting species differences in the plasma membrane expression of these exogenous proteins. The lack of hM4Di plasma membrane expression may limit the functional effects of systemic administration of DREADD‐actuators in monkey neurons. Removing the mCherry and fusing of hM4Di with the haemagglutinin (HA) tag resulted in strong neuronal plasma membrane immunogold labelling in both monkeys and mice neurons. Finally, hM3Dq‐mCherry was expressed mostly at the plasma membrane in monkey neurons, indicating that the fusion of mCherry with hM3Dq does not hamper membrane incorporation of this specific DREADD. Our results suggest that the pattern of ultrastructural expression of DREADDs in monkey neurons depends on the DREADD/tag combination. Therefore, a preliminary characterization of plasma membrane expression of specific DREADD/tag combinations is recommended when using chemogenetic approaches in primates.
Clinical and echocardiographic characteristics of cardioembolic stroke
Authors: Ferkh A. , Brown P. , O'Keefe E. , Zada M. , Duggins A. , Thiagalingam A. , Altman M. , Boyd A. , Byth K. , Kizana E. , Denniss A. R. , Thomas L.
Published: May 2019

Background and purpose

Ischaemic stroke frequently has a cardioembolic (CE) source. Clinical and echocardiographic parameters associated with CE stroke were evaluated.

Methods

In all, 93 consecutive ischaemic stroke patients who underwent a transthoracic echocardiogram were retrospectively analysed; strokes were classified by TOAST (Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment) criteria. Echocardiographic parameters related to CE stroke, including left atrial volumes and function, were compared to 73 healthy controls.

Results

Of 93 patients (mean age 66.1 years, 56% male), nine (10%) had large artery atherosclerosis, 38 (41%) CE stroke, two (2%) small vessel disease, two (2%) other and 42 (45%) undetermined aetiology. Left atrial (LA) maximum volumes (LAVImax) and minimum volumes (LAVImin) were larger in the CE group than the non‐CE group (45 vs. 32 ml/m2, 32 vs. 13 ml/m2, respectively, P < 0.001), whilst LA function indices including LA emptying fraction and LA function index (LAFI) were lower in the CE group (34% vs. 55%, and 0.12 vs. 0.35, respectively, P < 0.001). Adjusting for clinical characteristics, LAFI ≤0.3 was an independent predictor of CE stroke (adjusted odds ratio 5.3, P = 0.001). Additionally, LAVImax and LAVImin were larger (61 vs. 44 and 32 vs. 24 ml/m2 respectively, P < 0.01) and LAFI significantly lower (0.34 vs. 0.52, P < 0.001) in the undetermined aetiology group versus healthy controls.

Conclusions

Left atrial enlargement with reduced LA function was associated with CE stroke and LAFI was the best independent predictor. LA parameters were also altered in the undetermined aetiology group, suggesting an underlying LA myopathy in this subset.
Timescale of material circulation in subduction zone: U–Pb zircon and K–Ar phengite double‐dating of the Sanbagawa metamorphic complex in the Ikeda district, central Shikoku, southwest Japan
Authors: Nagata Mitsuhiro , Miyazaki Kazuhiro , Iwano Hideki , Danhara Tohru , Obayashi Hideyuki , Hirata Takafumi , Yagi Koshi , Kouchi Yoshikazu , Yamamoto Koshi , Otoh Shigeru
Published: May 2019

We have estimated the timescale of material circulation in the Sanbagawa subduction zone based on U–Pb zircon and K–Ar phengite dating in the Ikeda district, central Shikoku. The Minawa and Koboke units are major constituents of the high‐P Sanbagawa metamorphic complex in Shikoku, southwest Japan. For the Minawa unit, ages of 92–81 Ma for the trench‐fill sediments, are indicated, whereas the age of ductile deformation and metamorphism of garnet and chlorite zones are 74–72 Ma and 65 Ma, respectively. Our results and occurrence of c. 150 Ma Besshi‐type deposits formed at mid‐ocean ridge suggest that the 60‐Myr‐old Izanagi Plate was subducted beneath the Eurasian Plate at c. 90 Ma, and this observation is consistent with recent plate reconstructions. For the Koboke unit, the depositional ages of the trench‐fill sediments and the dates for the termination of ductile deformation and metamorphism are estimated at c. 76–74 and 64–62 Ma, respectively. In the Ikeda district, the depositional ages generally become younger towards lower structural levels in the Sanbagawa metamorphic complex. Our results of U–Pb and K–Ar dating show that the circulation of material from the deposition of the Minawa and Koboke units at the trench through an active high‐P metamorphic domain to the final exhumation from the domain occurred continuously throughout c. 30 Myr (from c. 90 to 60 Ma).
A prospective, randomised controlled trial evaluating the effectiveness of the fluid immersion simulation system vs an air‐fluidised bed system in the acute postoperative management of pressure ulcers: A midpoint study analysis
Authors: Mendoza Rafael A. , Lorusso Gabriella A. , Ferrer Daniela A. , Helenowski Irene B. , Liu Jing , Soriano Rachna H. , Galiano Robert D.
Published: May 2019

The use of pressure‐offloading support surfaces is considered the standard of care for pressure ulcers (PUs) by most surgeons. The fluid immersion simulation system (FIS) has shown significant results in previous studies. We compared it, for the first time, with a representative air‐fluidised bed (AFB) for outcomes related to post‐surgical flap closures. This trial was performed over 25 months, in which 40 subjects between 18 and 85 years of age with ≤2 PUs and history of <3 surgical closures underwent reconstruction by one surgeon. Subjects were randomly assigned to either treatment group for 2 weeks after closure. The primary endpoint was success of closure after the study period. Secondary endpoints included incidence of complications and nursing and patient acceptability of the device. The FIS group included 19 subjects, and the AFB group included 21. Flap failure rate was similar between groups (15% vs 17%; P = .99). The Minor complications rate, particularly dehiscence, was higher in the FIS group (66.7% vs 15%; P = .02). Nurse and patient self‐reported acceptability had better mean numeric scores in the FIS compared with AFB (nurse: 1.5 vs 1.9; P = .12; patient: 1.9 vs 2.2; P = .14). Further analysis will be conducted to gain better insight on the FIS as an alternative treatment for PUs.
Nursing Home Residents by Human Immunodeficiency Virus Status: Characteristics, Dementia Diagnoses, and Antipsychotic Use
Authors: Miller Susan C. , Cai Shubing , Daiello Lori A. , Shireman Theresa I. , Wilson Ira B.
Published: May 2019

OBJECTIVES

Given an aging human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) population, we aimed to determine the prevalence of HIV for long‐stay residents in US nursing homes (NHs) between 2001 and 2010 and to compare characteristics and diagnoses of HIV‐positive (HIV+) and negative (HIV‐) residents. Also, for residents with dementia diagnoses, we compared antipsychotic (APS) medication receipt by HIV status.

DESIGN

A cross‐sectional comparative study.

SETTING

NHs in the 14 states accounting for 75% of persons living with HIV.

PARTICIPANTS

A total of 9 245 009 long‐stay NH residents.

MEASUREMENTS

Using Medicaid fee‐for‐service claims data in the years 2001 to 2010, together with Medicare resident assessment and Chronic Condition Warehouse data, we identified long‐stay (more than 89 days) NH residents by HIV status and dementia presence. We examined dementia presence by age groups and APS medication receipt by younger (aged younger than 65 years) vs older (aged 65 years or older) residents, using logistic regression.

RESULTS

Between 2001 and 2010, the prevalence of long‐stay residents with HIV in NHs increased from 0.7% to 1.2%, a 71% increase. Long‐stay residents with HIV were younger and less often female or white. For younger NH residents, rates of dementia were 20% and 16% for HIV+ and HIV‐ residents, respectively; they were 53% and 57%, respectively, for older residents. In adjusted analyses, younger HIV+ residents with dementia had greater odds of APS medication receipt than did HIV‐ residents (AOR = 1.3; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.2‐1.4), but older HIV residents had lower odds (AOR = 0.9; 95% CI = 0.8‐0.9).

CONCLUSION

The prevalence of long‐stay HIV+ NH residents has increased over time, and given the rapid aging of the HIV population, this increase is likely to have continued. This study raises concern about potential differential quality of care for (younger) residents with HIV in NHs, but not for those aged 65 years and older. These findings contribute to the evidence base needed to ensure high‐quality care for younger and older HIV+ residents in NHs.
Achieving CLARITY on bisphenol A, brain and behaviour
Authors: Patisaul Heather B.
Published: May 2019

There is perhaps no endocrine disrupting chemical more controversial than bisphenol A (BPA). Comprising a high‐volume production chemical used in a variety of applications, BPA has been linked to a litany of adverse health‐related outcomes, including effects on brain sexual differentiation and behaviour. Risk assessors preferentially rely on classical guideline‐compliant toxicity studies over studies published by academic scientists, and have generally downplayed concerns about the potential risks that BPA poses to human health. It has been argued, however, that, because traditional toxicity studies rarely contain neural endpoints, and only a paucity of endocrine‐sensitive endpoints, they are incapable of fully evaluating harm. To address current controversies on the safety of BPA, the United States National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, the National Toxicology Program (NTP), and the US Food and Drug Administration established the Consortium Linking Academic and Regulatory Insights on BPA Toxicity (CLARITY‐BPA). CLARITY‐BPA performed a classical regulatory‐style toxicology study (Core study) in conjunction with multiple behavioural, molecular and cellular studies conducted by academic laboratories (grantee studies) using a collaboratively devised experimental framework and the same animals and tissues. This review summarises the results from the grantee studies that focused on brain and behaviour. Evidence of altered neuroendocrine development, including age‐ and sex‐specific expression of oestrogen receptor (ER)α and ERβ, and the abrogation of brain and behavioural sexual dimorphisms, supports the conclusion that developmental BPA exposure, even at doses below what regulatory agencies regard as “safe” for humans, contribute to brain and behavioural change. The consistency and the reproducibility of the effects across CLARITY‐BPA and prior studies using the same animal strain and almost identical experimental conditions are compelling. Combined analysis of all of the data from the CLARITY‐BPA project is underway at the NTP and a final report expected in late 2019.
Children as Vulnerable Consumers in Online Environments
Authors: Kennedy Ann‐Marie , Jones Katharine , Williams Janine
Published: May 2019

Children are seen as vulnerable consumers, yet little research has considered why they are more vulnerable than adults in an online context. This conceptual article uses an ecological paradigm to explore the underlying mechanisms that bring about vulnerability for children in general and specifically when interacting with online marketer created material. It does this by using the definition of a vulnerable consumer outlined by Baker, Gentry, and Rittenburg to focus on how marketing influence creates power imbalance, hinders consumption goals, and affects personal and social perceptions of self, leading children to be vulnerable consumers in online contexts. A social ecological conceptual framework is presented that demonstrates the interdependence of children's vulnerability with the social structure of their environments. Finally, in discussing how marketers are ultimately the agents in control of creating a fair marketplace for children online, policy implications are given.
New‐onset ulcerative colitis in pregnancy associated to toxic megacolon and sudden fetal decompensation: Case report and literature review
Authors: Brunelli Roberto , Perrone Seila , Perrone Giuseppina , Galoppi Paola , De Stefano Maria G. , Maragno Anna M. , Cesarini Monica , De Carolis Aurora , Masselli Gabriele , Vernia Piero
Published: May 2019

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory disease rarely arising during gestation. Because the available information is based on case reports or small retrospective studies, diagnosis may be difficult and treatment is still controversial. A case of toxic megacolon developing in late pregnancy associated to a sudden fetal decompensation is described. Diagnostic and clinical topics of acute UC onset in pregnancy are debated.A primipara, 34 years old, 33/0 weeks of gestation, was admitted with a diagnosis of preterm labor, associated to acute bloody diarrhea (up to 10 daily motions) and cramping abdominal pain. A diagnosis of new‐onset early‐stage UC was made by sigmoidoscopy. An intensive care regimen including hydrocortisone, antibiotics and parenteral nutrition was immediately started. Magnetic resonance imaging of maternal abdomen, fostered by the worsening patient conditions, evidenced dilatation of the entire colon and a severely hampered of fetal muscular tone.Toxic megacolon complicated by superimposed Clostridium difficile infection was associated to a sudden fetal decompensation diagnosed by chance during maternal abdominal magnetic resonance imaging. An emergency cesarean section was mandatory. According to a senior surgeon's decision, total colectomy was not immediately performed following cesarean section with reference to the absence of colonic perforation. We obtained a good short‐term maternal outcome and an uncomplicated neonatal course. Counseling of those patients must be focused on timely and multidisciplinary intervention in order to improve the course of maternal disease and to prevent fetal distress.
Being Real on Fake Instagram: Likes, Images, and Media Ideologies of Value
Authors: Ross Scott
Published: May 2019

This article elucidates how some users of the app Instagram follow particular rules—shaped by the medium's material constraints and affordances as well as social norms and pressures—to get as many likes as possible. I demonstrate how my interlocutors, young adult women in the United States, strategize their Instagram usage with creative practices in an effort to successfully accrue likes. But the pressure to perform in such a way lead some of them to create secondary accounts called “fake Instagrams” where these rules could be broken and users believe they can be more authentic. I analyze the importance of likes to social media use and how this feature structures the media ideologies users hold. Demonstrating how users trade the value of likes in one mode of Instagram for the value of authenticity in another, I show that media ideologies and media switching—conventionally analyzed between media—occur within them as well. These ideologies determine how users project different selves within a single medium, selves which are in dialogue with one another on social media.
Malignant transformation of craniomaxillofacial fibro‐osseous lesions: A systematic review
Authors: Wagner Vivian P. , Carlos Roman , Romañach Mário J. , Lopes Marcio A. , Speight Paul M. , Vargas Pablo A.
Published: May 2019

The purpose of this study was to perform a systematic review of the literature concerning all documented cases of malignant transformation of craniomaxillofacial fibro‐osseous lesions (FOLs). Three electronic databases were searched. Data were evaluated descriptively. Kaplan‐Meier survival curves were constructed and compared using the log‐rank test. A critical appraisal of included articles was performed through the Joanna Briggs Institute tool. A total of 19 studies including 27 patients were selected for data extraction. Twenty‐six cases were initially diagnosed as fibrous dysplasia and one as ossifying fibroma. The mean age at the time of malignant transformation was 38.11 years, and the average time from initial diagnosis to malignant transformation was 18.2 years. The male:female ratio was 1:1.2, and the maxilla:mandible ratio was 1.5:1. The histological type of the malignant tumor was predominantly osteosarcoma. Follow‐up was available for 21 patients. The 3‐year overall survival rate was 51%. Mandible tumors and diagnoses other than osteosarcoma tended to have poor survival rates, but no significant difference was identified. We concluded that between all FOLs, only fibrous dysplasia seems to have a considerable increased risk of malignant transformation. Thus, a regular and long follow‐up period is advised.
Identity Multiplicity, National Group Contact, and Acculturation: The Role of Identity‐Related Cognitions
Authors: Sixtus Frederick , Wesche Jenny S. , Kerschreiter Rudolf
Published: May 2019

Persons with migration background (PMB) face the question of whether they can become full members of the receiving society, and at the same time maintain their ethnic group identity and culture. Alongside experiences of contact with the national group, this research examined the role of three identity‐related cognitions for PMB's acculturation attitudes: (1) perceived permeability and (2) perceived compatibility of national and ethnic identities, and (3) perceived overlap of ethnic and religious identities. Data from two groups—Muslim Palestinian and Christian Hungarian PMB in Germany—provided initial support for the model. Multigroup path analysis showed that positive contact related positively with cultural adoption, both directly and indirectly via permeability, whereas negative contact related negatively only in sample 2. Compatibility moderated the association between the acculturation attitudes. Perceived overlap showed differential effects for Christian and Muslim PMB. The results highlight that different immigration groups face different contexts of integration. Implications for the study of religious identity and identity multiplicity are discussed.
A first report of microtektites from the shell beds of southwestern Florida
Authors: Meyer Mike , Harries Peter J. , Portell Roger W.
Published: May 2019

The Plio‐Pleistocene Upper Tamiami Formation (Pinecrest beds) of Florida is well known for its fossiliferous shell beds, but not for its extraterrestrial material. Here we report the first occurrence of tiny (~200 μm in diameter) silica‐rich microspherules from this unit and from the state. This material was analyzed using petrographic and elemental methods using energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDS). The majority of microspherules are glassy and translucent in reflected light with some displaying “contact pairs” (equal‐sized micro‐spherules attached to each other). Broken microspherules cleave conchoidally, often with small internal spherical vesicles, but most lack any other evidence of internal features, such as layering. Using the EDS data, the microspherules were compared to volcanic rocks, microtektites, and cosmic spherules (micrometeorites). Based on their physical characteristics and elemental compositions these are likely microtektites or a closely related type of material. The high Na content in the examined material deviates significantly from the abundances usually found in micrometeorites and tektite material; this is enigmatic and requires further study. This material may be derived from a nearby previously unknown impact event; however, more material and sites are required to confirm the source of this material. Because of the focus on molluscan fossils in southwestern Florida shell beds, microtektite material has likely been overlooked in the past, and it is probable that these microspherules are in abundance elsewhere in these units and possibly throughout the region.
The rise and fall of differentiated sex chromosomes in geckos
Authors: Rovatsos Michail , Farkačová Klára , Altmanová Marie , Johnson Pokorná Martina , Kratochvíl Lukáš
Published: May 2019

Amniotes possess variability in sex determination, ranging from environmental sex determination to genotypic sex determination with differentiated sex chromosomes. Differentiated sex chromosomes have emerged independently several times. Their noteworthy convergent characteristic is the evolutionary stability, documented among amniotes in mammals, birds, and some lineages of lizards, snakes and turtles. Combining the analysis of multiple partial transcriptomes with the comparison of copy gene numbers between male and female genomes, we uncovered partial gene content of the highly differentiated ZZ/ZW sex chromosomes in the gecko genus Paroedura. The differentiated ZZ/ZW sex chromosomes of these geckos share genes with the part of the chicken chromosome 4 homologous with the XX/XY sex chromosomes of viviparous mammals and the ZZ/ZW sex chromosomes of lacertid lizards, as well as with the chicken chromosome 15, homologous with the XX/XY sex chromosomes of iguanas and ZZ/ZW sex chromosomes of softshell turtles. Along with other analogous cases, this finding reinforces the observation that particular chromosomes are repeatedly coopted for the function of sex chromosomes in amniotes. Notably, according to the phylogenetic distribution, the subclade of the genus Paroedura represents a rare case of the reversal of the for a considerable evolutionary time highly differentiated ZZ/ZW sex chromosomes back to poorly differentiated state.
Heme catabolism in the causative agent of anthrax
Authors: Clark Justin , Terwilliger Austen , Nguyen Chinh , Green Sabrina , Nobles Chris , Maresso Anthony
Published: May 2019

A challenge common to all bacterial pathogens is to acquire nutrients from hostile host environments. Iron is an important cofactor required for essential cellular processes such as DNA repair, energy production and redox balance. Within a mammalian host, most iron is sequestered within heme, which in turn is predominantly bound by hemoglobin. While little is understood about the mechanisms by which bacterial hemophores attain heme from host‐hemoglobin, even less is known about intracellular heme processing. Bacillus anthracis, the causative agent of anthrax, displays a remarkable ability to grow in mammalian hosts. Hypothesizing this pathogen harbors robust ways to catabolize heme, we characterize two new intracellular heme‐binding proteins that are distinct from the previously described IsdG heme monooxygenase. The first of these, HmoA, binds and degrades heme, is necessary for heme detoxification and facilitates growth on heme iron sources. The second protein, HmoB, binds and degrades heme too, but is not necessary for heme utilization or virulence. The loss of both HmoA and IsdG renders B. anthracis incapable of causing anthrax disease. The additional loss of HmoB in this background increases clearance of bacilli in lungs, which is consistent with this protein being important for survival in alveolar macrophages.
Identification and functional evaluation of accessible chromatin associated with wood formation in Eucalyptus grandis
Authors: Brown Katrien , Takawira Lazarus T. , O'Neill Marja M. , Mizrachi Eshchar , Myburg Alexander A. , Hussey Steven G.
Published: May 2019

Accessible chromatin changes dynamically during development and harbours functional regulatory regions which are poorly understood in the context of wood development. We explored the importance of accessible chromatin in Eucalyptus grandis in immature xylem generally, and MYB transcription factor‐mediated transcriptional programmes specifically.

We identified biologically reproducible DNase I Hypersensitive Sites (DHSs) and assessed their functional significance in immature xylem through their associations with gene expression, epigenomic data and DNA sequence conservation. We identified in vitro DNA binding sites for six secondary cell wall‐associated Eucalyptus MYB (EgrMYB) transcription factors using DAP‐seq, reconstructed protein‐DNA networks of predicted targets based on binding sites within or outside DHSs and assessed biological enrichment of these networks with published datasets.

25 319 identified immature xylem DHSs were associated with increased transcription and significantly enriched for various epigenetic signatures (H3K4me3, H3K27me3, RNA pol II), conserved noncoding sequences and depleted single nucleotide variants. Predicted networks built from EgrMYB binding sites located in accessible chromatin were significantly enriched for systems biology datasets relevant to wood formation, whereas those occurring in inaccessible chromatin were not.

Our study demonstrates that DHSs in E. grandis immature xylem, most of which are intergenic, are of functional significance to gene regulation in this tissue.
Effect of anesthesia for hypospadias repair on perioperative complications
Authors: Splinter William M. , Kim Jarmila , Kim Alexa M. , Harrison Mary‐Ann
Published: May 2019

Background

Recent publications from the United States, India, and Korea report that children undergoing hypospadias repair with caudal regional anesthesia/analgesia could have increased postoperative surgical complications.

Aims

The purpose of this retrospective cohort study was to assess the impact between caudal regional anesthesia, other regional anesthesia, and no regional anesthesia on complications after hypospadias repair at a tertiary care children's hospital in Ottawa, Canada, with an expectation to changing practices if a link was found.

Method

We reviewed the health records of 827 children with hypospadias undergoing penile surgery from January 1991‐June 2017. The final sample size for the analysis consisted of 764 patients and 825 procedures.

Results

The overall complications were almost identical when considering anesthesia effects, and this similarity persisted when we assessed specifically for only surgical complications. We had 716, 94, and 15 subjects who had a caudal block, penile block, and general anesthesia only, respectively, and their complication rates were 28, 31, and 27%, respectively, and their fistula formation rates were 10, 6, and 0%, respectively, and their stricture formation rates were 8, 7, and 20%,, respectively. Hypospadias type and surgical repair technique were marked predictors of complications in the postoperative period.

Conclusion

Anesthesia technique appears to have minor impact on complications after hypospadias repair, while surgical technique and type of hypospadias impact complications after hypospadias surgery in children. Based upon these results, we will not change our current practice of using a variety of regional anesthesia techniques for children undergoing hypospadias repair.
Permissive Situations and Direct Doxastic Control
Authors: Roeber Blake
Published: May 2019

According to what I will call ‘the disanalogy thesis,’ beliefs differ from actions in at least the following important way: while cognitively healthy people often exhibit direct control over their actions, there is no possible scenario where a cognitively healthy person exhibits direct control over her beliefs. Recent arguments against the disanalogy thesis maintain that, if you find yourself in what I will call a ‘permissive situation’ with respect to p, then you can have direct control over whether you believe p, and you can do so without manifesting any cognitive defect. These arguments focus primarily on the idea that we can have direct doxastic control in permissive situations, but they provide insufficient reason for thinking that permissive situations are actually possible, since they pay inadequate attention to the following worries: permissive situations seem inconsistent with the uniqueness thesis, permissive situations seem inconsistent with natural thoughts about epistemic akrasia, and vagueness threatens even if we push these worries aside. In this paper I argue that, on the understanding of permissive situations that is most useful for evaluating the disanalogy thesis, permissive situations clearly are possible.
Poetry, Painting and Change on the Edge of England
Authors: Tarlo Harriet , Tucker Judith
Published: May 2019

In this article we discuss our creative research on and with a contested coastal community on one of the UK's last existing plotlands, the humberston Fitties. Plotlands can be briefly defined as places where individuals have historically self‐built holiday houses. This 56‐acre strip of land with 319 chalets is on the Humber estuary and lies close to Cleethorpes, a seaside resort, and Grimsby, a seaport now facing post‐industrial decline. Our cross‐disciplinary collaborative practice between poetry and visual art explores open, environmentally aware engagements and methodologies with landscape and rural place. We investigate the relation of social, environmental and energy politics, looking out to land and sea and back to the community. Our results include original art and poetry presented innovatively together in exhibitions and books, in addition to local people's responses to our methodologies and the work itself.
Long Work Hours and Job Satisfaction: Do Overworkers Get Trapped in Bad Jobs?
Authors: Fabian Mark , Breunig Robert
Published: May 2019

Objective

Motivated by a literature suggesting that people are getting “trapped” working long hours in jobs that they dislike, we investigate the relationship between overwork, job satisfaction, and job change.

Methods

We use panel data to follow overworkers who are dissatisfied with both their hours and their jobs overall, and fixed effects modelling to analyze the determinants of overwork.

Results

We find that while overworkers might be dissatisfied with their hours they are otherwise pleased with their jobs. The few overworkers who get trapped in unsatisfying jobs are typically low educated and work in jobs characterized by rigid hour requirements. Such workers may require experience to command high wages, which may increase their opportunity cost of job change and limit their outside options and job mobility.

Conclusion

We conclude that “trapped”, dissatisfied over‐workers are a rare phenomenon peculiar to a find industries.
The utility of intraoperative impression smear cytology of intracranial granular cell tumors: Three cases
Authors: Levitin Hilary A. , Foss Kari D. , Hague Devon W. , Connolly Sara L. , Vieson Miranda , Wycislo Kathryn L. , Lezmi Stephan , Lovett Mathew C.
Published: May 2019

Two adult male dogs (a 7‐year‐old shorthaired Chihuahua and 14‐year‐old Shih Tzu) and one adult female dog (a 9‐year‐old Maltese) presented for evaluation of new‐onset seizure activity. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain demonstrated a large, poorly marginated T2‐weighted hyperintense, and strong contrast enhancing extra‐axial mass in each case. A surgical biopsy for histopathologic evaluation was elected in all cases, and intraoperative impression smears were successfully obtained. Intraoperative cytology identified a homogenous population of round to polygonal cells with central to eccentric nuclei, coarse chromatin, and variably amphophilic to eosinophilic granular cytoplasm. Cytologic findings led to a suspected diagnosis of granular cell tumor (GCT) in all cases. Histopathologic review identified a densely cellular, unencapsulated neoplastic mass comprised of sheets of large round to polygonal cells with abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm containing numerous eosinophilic intracytoplasmic granules, confirming the diagnosis of GCT in all cases. The cases reported here are unique in that they reveal an accurate intraoperative cytologic diagnosis of a rare canine central nervous system neoplasm. Intraoperative cytology of the intracranial masses could provide clinicians with important and quick diagnostic and prognostic information; therefore, expediting decisions made intraoperatively. Further research is warranted to determine the diagnostic accuracy of intraoperative cytology for neoplasia in veterinary patients.