bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A secure energy‐efficient access control scheme for wireless sensor networks based on elliptic curve cryptography
Authors: Zhang Yuanyuan , Kumar Neeraj , Chen Jianhua , Rodrigues Joel J. P. C.
Published: February 2015

With the rapid expansion of technology, the wireless sensor network has been spawned in recent years. Recently, Chi et al. proposed an improved energy‐efficient access control scheme for wireless sensor networks based on elliptic curve cryptography. In this article, we analyze the scheme of Chi et al. and point out that their scheme cannot withstand the replay attack. To surmount the weaknesses of the Chi et al. scheme, we propose a secure energy‐efficient access‐control scheme for wireless sensor networks based on elliptic curve cryptography. In addition, we prove that our scheme is secure and efficient with respect to various types of attacks. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Facet‐Dependent Optical Properties Revealed through Investigation of Polyhedral Au–Cu2O and Bimetallic Core–Shell Nanocrystals
Authors: Huang Michael H. , Rej Sourav , Chiu Chun‐Ya
Published: February 2015

The ability to prepare Au–Cu2O core–shell nanocrystals with precise control over particle size and shape has led to the discovery of facet‐dependent optical properties in cuprous oxide crystals. The use of Au cores not only allows the successful formation of Au–Cu2O core–shell nanocrystals with tunable sizes, but also enables the observation of facet‐dependent optical properties in these crystals through the Au localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) absorption band. By tuning the Cu2O shell morphology from rhombic dodecahedral to octahedral and cubic structures, and thus the exposed facets, the Au LSPR band position can be widely tuned. Such facet‐dependent optical effects are not observed in bimetallic Au–Ag and Au–Pd core–shell nanocrystals with the same precisely tuned particle sizes and shapes. It is believed that similar facet‐dependent optical properties could be observed in other ionic solids and other metal–metal oxide systems. The unusually large degree of plasmonic band tuning covering from the visible to the near‐infrared region in this type of nanostructure should be quite useful for a range of plasmonic applications.
Human collective reactions to threat
Authors: Dezecache Guillaume
Published: February 2015

A common assumption regarding mass emergency situations is that individuals in such contexts behave in a way that maximizes their likelihood to escape, at the expense, or with little concern for, the welfare and survival of their neighbors. Doing so, they might even compromise the effectiveness of group evacuation. This conception follows the views of early works on crowd psychology, a tradition born with Gustave Le Bon's The Crowd: a study of the Popular Mind, first published in 1895, and which has had a tremendous impact on scientific representations of people's behavior in mass emergency contexts. Indeed, this work has greatly contributed to the idea that, in such situations, people revert to a primitive, impulsive, irrational, and antisocial nature, causing the breakdown of social order. However, more empirically oriented studies have consistently reported little collective panic, as well as a great deal of solidarity and pro‐social behavior during mass emergency situations. Because of institutional barriers, such views have remained largely unknown to cognitive psychologists. Yet these are important results in that they show that human individual and collective reactions to threat are primarily affiliative. Indeed, far from leading to the breakdown of the social fabrics, the presence of a common threat can strengthen social bonds. WIREs Cogn Sci 2015, 6:209–219. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1344

This article is categorized under:

Psychology > Emotion and Motivation

Neuroscience > Behavior
Educational neuroscience: definitional, methodological, and interpretive issues
Authors: Byrnes James P. , Vu Lien T.
Published: February 2015

In this study, we hope to accomplish three aims as follows: (1) provide greater clarity regarding the nature and scope of the field of educational neuroscience, (2) propose a framework for understanding when and how neuroscientific research could be informative for educational practice, and (3) describe some examples of neuroscientific findings from the domains of reading and mathematics that are informative according to this framework. We propose that psychological models of learning‐related processes should be the basis of instructional decisions, and that neuroscientific evidence in combination with traditional evidence from psychological experiments should be used to decide among competing psychological models. Our review of the neuroscientific evidence for both reading and mathematics suggests that while much has been learned over the past 20 years, there is still a ‘disconnect’ between contemporary psychological models that emphasize higher level skills and neuroscientific studies that focus on lower level skills. Moreover, few researchers have used neuroscientific evidence to decide among psychological models, but have focused instead on identifying the brain regions that subtend component skills of reading and math. Nevertheless, neuroscientific studies have confirmed the intrinsic relationship between reading and spoken language, revealed interesting predictive relationships between anatomical structures and reading and math disabilities, and there is the potential for fruitful collaborations between neuroscientists and psychologists in the future. WIREs Cogn Sci 2015, 6:221–234. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1345

This article is categorized under:

Neuroscience > Cognition
The Development of Pre-Primary Services in Hong Kong: Quality Review as a Lever of Continuous School Improvement
Authors: Poon Andrew C. S.
Published: February 2015

At present, early childhood education is not part of the universal and compulsory system of education in Hong Kong. All pre-primary services are run by non-profit-making institutions or private independent bodies in Hong Kong. The operation of pre-primary services is largely market driven. According to the organic system model, the development of pre-primary services in Hong Kong had gone through a period of stable development with self-managing institutions which have placed an emphasis on internal effectiveness in the early stages. Since 1997, the services have undergone changes that have been brought forth by the education reforms which hinted upon the interface effectiveness between the pre-primary services operators and the government. Taking effect from 2007, the pre-primary institutions experienced a period of enhanced development under the Pre-primary Education Voucher Scheme. This period stressed the importance of intraface effectiveness among the key stakeholders—parents, professionals and government. Upon the implementation of the education voucher scheme, a Quality Review system was poised to ensure the deliver of standards-based quality pre-primary services with a clear vision and sense of mission, performance indicators, as well as intended and expected outcomes. The Quality Review aimed to adopt a two-pronged approach based on internal quality assurances undertaken by School Self-evaluations and external school reviews. It can be argued that this represents the best way to improve standards through the collaborative efforts of pre-primary institutions and the government. All pre-primary institutions under the Scheme should be accountable to their stakeholders by optimizing the school data by perfecting their planning cycle through on-going process of self-evaluation, while the government should monitor the state of education at both the national and district levels. The Quality Review is the lever of change that has a direct bearing on the quality performance of pre-primary institutions, children’s learning and leadership issues at both the school and system levels.
United States Child Care Policy and Systems of Care: The Emerging Role of Quality Rating and Improvement Systems
Authors: Buettner Cynthia K. , Andrews David W.
Published: February 2015

The developmental and educational importance of high quality early care and education is well documented. The value of access to high quality care combined with the increasing demand for care has made access to high quality child care a central focus of U.S. public policy. State level licensure and national accreditation are the most prevalent strategies for promoting and assuring higher levels of care. More recently, Quality Rating and Improvement Systems (QRIS) have emerged as mechanisms for motivating child care professionals to provide higher quality care. QRIS systems are in their infancy, but are gaining popularity in several states. The future of these ratings systems will be determined by their predictive validity in improving observed levels of care, and ultimately in improved child outcomes. Strategically planned and rigorously designed research is needed to validate the use of these potentially effective rating systems.
Assessing Quality of Early Care and Education: Lessons Learned from San Francisco’s Gateway to Quality
Authors: Park Soyeon , Ferretti Charlotte , Ames Gretchen
Published: February 2015

This 10 year overview of a citywide program implemented to improve the quality of childcare and education in San Francisco provides a description of critical issues related to implementation of an assessment process as well as factors that influence success related to initiating and sustaining quality improvement efforts in early care and education (ECE). The population of interest included all licensed childcare programs and family childcare homes in the city and county of San Francisco receiving public funding and those serving families with subsidies. The assessment tool chosen by city childcare leaders was the Environmental Rating Scales (ERS) for preschool, infant toddler and family childcare sites. Quality improvement plans were developed based on the results of the assessment of each classroom or family childcare home, followed by technical assistance targeted at improving the quality of the environment and teaching practice. Because assessment scores are currently tied to city funded subsidies, motivation for participation in the program becomes a critical factor for those programs that depend on the subsidies. Lessons learned can support other endeavors to improve the quality of childcare and education and include engaging ECE teachers in intentional dialogue that results in internal motivation to improve the quality of their teaching, along with systemic supports that include teachers, families and funding streams to sustain quality care.
Enzyme complexity in intermediary metabolism
Authors: Van Schaftingen Emile , Veiga‐da‐Cunha Maria , Linster Carole L.
Published: February 2015

A good appraisal of the function of enzymes is essential for the understanding of inborn errors of metabolism. However, it is clear now that the ‘one gene, one enzyme, one catalytic function’ rule oversimplifies the actual situation. Genes often encode several related proteins, which may differ in their subcellular localisation, regulation or function. Furthermore, enzymes often show several catalytic activities. In some cases, this is because they are multifunctional, possessing two or more different active sites that catalyse different, physiologically related reactions. In enzymes with broad specificity or in multispecificity enzymes, a single type of catalytic site performs the same reaction on different physiological substrates at similar rates. Enzymes that act physiologically in only one reaction often show nonetheless substrate promiscuity: they act at low rates on compounds that resemble their physiological substrate(s), thus forming non‐classical metabolites, which are in some cases eliminated by metabolite repair. In addition to their catalytic role, enzymes may have moonlighting functions, i.e. non‐catalytic functions that are most often not related with their catalytic activity. Deficiency in such functions may participate in the phenotype of inborn errors of metabolism. Evolution has also made that some enzymes have lost their catalytic activity to become allosteric proteins.
Two Stages of N‐Deficient Cultivation Enhance the Lipid Content of Microalga Scenedesmus sp.
Authors: Li Xiaomei , Wang Mingzi , Liao Xinhui , Chen Han , Dai Youfen , Chen Bilian
Published: February 2015

Scenedesmus sp. 14‐3 was identified as a suitable candidate for producing biodiesel. The present work studied the effects of nitrogen concentration on the biomass and lipid productivity of algae, the consumption of sodium nitrate, and the two‐stage N‐deficient cultivation that could enhance dramatically the accumulation of biomass and lipids of Scenedesmus sp. 14‐3. The two‐stage N‐deficient cultivation was described as follows: microalga Scenedesmus sp. 14‐3 was cultured under low light intensity (LL) for 10 days in an N‐deficient medium by 20 % inoculum concentration, and transferred to complete N‐depletion BG11 under high light intensity (HL) for 8 days. The highest lipid content of Scenedesmus sp. 14‐3 was 53.05 ± 0.08 % (10 % inoculum concentration) following the second stage of N‐deficient cultivation after 8 days. For the second stage of N‐deficient cultivation, the lipid content of Scenedesmus sp. 14‐3 was 49.85 ± 0.22 %, which was 1.8 times higher than that under low light intensity (LL) (46–48 μmol m−2 s−1 ) in 10 days. Meanwhile, the high algal biomass productivity was around 0.10 g L−1 day−1 after the first stage of N‐deficient cultivation (10 days) and the biomass productivity was around 0.037 g L−1 day−1 under the second stage of N‐deficient cultivation (8 days). The comparison under different culture conditions showed a significant effect of the two‐stage of N‐deficient cultivation on lipid accumulation of Scenedesmus sp. 14‐3. The two‐stage N‐deficient cultivation without centrifugation achieved a complete N‐depletion condition, but the two‐stage process required centrifugation which is unsuitable for commercialization and large‐scale utilization. In summary, two‐stage N‐deficient cultivation is a more suitable and effective culture method for commercial applications and dramatic accumulation of lipids than the two‐stage process.
Preparation and Characterization of Virgin Olive Oil‐Beeswax Oleogel Emulsion Products
Authors: Öğütcü Mustafa , Arifoğlu Nazan , Yılmaz Emin
Published: February 2015

Virgin olive oil and beeswax were used to prepare four oleogel emulsions (EM1–EM4) through simultaneous oleogelation emulsification, and these oleogels were compared with breakfast margarine (BM). The melting temperatures of the oleogel emulsions ranged from 52.29 to 57.52 °C, while it was 40.36 °C for the BM sample. Similarly, the solid fat content (SFC) of the oleogel emulsions was between 3.57 and 3.68 % at 20 °C, and that of BM was 7.70 %. Except the EM3 sample, all oleogel emulsions exhibited mechanical stability. The firmness and stickiness values of the oleogel emulsion samples were lower than those of the BM sample, but they remained almost constant through 90 days of storage. Furthermore, the fine water droplets and needle‐like beeswax crystals within the continuous oil phase were stable during the storage. The X‐ray diffraction patterns of the samples revealed that the oleogel emulsions contain crystals similar to β′ polymorphs, characterized by a homogenous, smooth and fine texture. The presence of inter and intramolecular hydrogen bonds was proved by Fourier Transform Infrared (FT‐IR) measurements. The developed oleogel emulsions were found to be stable in terms of texture, color and oxidation during 90 days of storage. In conclusion, these oleogel emulsion products can be used as margarine/spread stocks.
Clinical and radiographic outcomes of supracondylar humerus fractures treated surgically by pediatric and non-pediatric orthopedic surgeons
Authors: Dodds Seth D. , Grey Monique A. , Bohl Daniel D. , Mahoney Eamonn M. , DeLuca Peter A.
Published: February 2015

Purpose

This study compares clinical and radiographic outcomes of operatively managed pediatric supracondylar humerus fractures between patients treated by pediatric orthopedists (POs) and patients treated by non-pediatric orthopedists (NPOs).

Patients and methods

A retrospective cohort study of pediatric patients with surgically managed supracondylar humerus fractures was conducted. For clinical outcomes analyses, 3 months of clinical follow-up were required, resulting in a sample size of 90 patients (33 treated by NPOs, 57 by POs). For radiographic outcomes analyses, 3 months of both clinical and radiographic follow-up were required, resulting in a sample size of 57 patients (23 treated by NPOs, 34 by POs).

Results

The rate of inadequate fracture fixation was higher for patients treated by NPOs (43.5 %) than for patients treated by POs (14.7 %; p = 0.030), but rates of clinical complications, malreduction, and postoperative loss of reduction did not differ. Treatment with open reduction was more common for patients treated by NPOs (33.3 %) than for patients treated by POs (3.5 %; p < 0.001). Total operating room time was longer for patients treated by NPOs (110.9 min) than for patients treated by POs (82.9 min; p < 0.001).

Conclusions

While patients treated by POs differed from patients treated by NPOs with respect to several intermediate outcomes, including having a lower rate of open reduction and a lower rate of inadequate fracture fixation, there were no differences between POs and NPOs in the rates of the more meaningful and definitive outcomes, including clinical complications, malreduction, and postoperative loss of reduction.
Delivering Quality Pain Management: The Challenge for Nurses
Authors: Hayes Kim , Gordon Debra B.
Published: February 2015

The delivery of high‐quality pain management in the perioperative environment can be challenging and difficult to quantify. Commonly used tools in delivering care, such as pain intensity ratings, individual pain experience reporting, assessments of individual patients’ expectations, and patient satisfaction scores, have limitations and are not always useful when addressing quality improvement measures. Despite clinical advances in pain management, patients continue to experience inadequate pain control and inconsistent pain management practices. In this article, we discuss the challenges in providing consistent quality pain management, the need for a coordinated plan of care with a goal of meeting desired pain outcomes, and the essential role that perianesthesia and perioperative nurses play throughout the transitions in perioperative care to promote optimal pain management interventions based on the patient's individual needs.
Clinical Issues‐March 2015
Authors: Denholm Bonnie , Spruce Lisa
Published: February 2015

This Month:

Cost of stocking dantrolene for malignant hyperthermia

Key words: cost‐benefit analysis, stocking dantrolene sodium, ambulatory surgical facility, ambulatory surgery center, ASC, malignant hyperthermia, MH, transferring MH patient.

Preparing dantrolene for a mock malignant hyperthermia drill

Key words: malignant hyperthermia, MH, mock drill, dantrolene sodium, new suspension.

Covering chest hair

Key words: surgical attire, hair.

Laundering surgical attire in health care–accredited laundry facilities

Key words: surgical attire, laundry facility, health care–accredited laundry.
Multimodal Pain Management and the Future of a Personalized Medicine Approach to Pain
Authors: Manworren Renee C.B.
Published: February 2015

In the soon‐to‐be‐released clinical practice guidelines from the American Pain Society, multimodal analgesia is recommended for pain management after all surgical procedures. Multimodal analgesia is a surgery‐specific population‐based approach to optimize pain relief by treating pain through multiple mechanisms along multiple sites of the nociceptive pathway. The reliance on multiple medications and therapies inherent to the multimodal approach also may address individual patient differences in analgesic pharmacogenetics (ie, the influence of allelic differences in single genes and the associated variability in specific medication responses). Perioperative nurses may see a shift from surgery‐specific population‐based multimodal analgesic protocols to a personalized medicine approach as knowledge of the genetic influences of analgesic metabolism and pain sensitivity is translated into clinical practice. Personalized medicine is proposed as an individualized pain management treatment plan that eventually may be based on each patient's genetic coding for metabolism of analgesics and pain sensitivity.
Transcriptional analysis of glial cell differentiation in the postnatal murine spinal cord
Authors: Raddatz Barbara B. , Lehmbecker Annika , Kalkuhl Arno , Deschl Ulrich , Baumgärtner Wolfgang , Ulrich Reiner
Published: February 2015

Postnatal murine spinal cord represents a good model system to study mammalian central nervous system myelinationin vivoas a basis for further studies in demyelinating diseases.

Transcriptional changes were analyzed in SJL/J mice on postnatal day 0, 14, 49 and 231 (P0, P14, P49, P231) employing Affymetrix GeneChip Mouse Genome 430 2.0 Arrays. Additionally, marker gene signatures for astrocyte and oligodendrocyte lineage‐stages were defined to study their gene expression in more detail. In addition, immunohistochemistry was used to quantify the abundance of commonly used glial cell markers.

6092 differentially regulated genes (DEGs) were identified. The up‐regulated DEGs at P14, P49 and P231 compared to P0 exhibited significantly enriched associations to gene ontology terms such as myelination and lipid metabolic transport and down‐regulated DEGs to neurogenesis and axonogenesis. Expression values of marker gene signatures for neural stem cells, oligodendrocyte precursor cells, and developing astrocytes were constantly decreasing, whereas myelinating oligodendrocyte and mature astrocyte markers showed a steady increase. Molecular findings were substantiated by immunohistochemical observations.

The transcriptional changes observed are an important reference for future analysis of degenerative and inflammatory conditions in the spinal cord.
Resources and the Property Rights Curse
Authors: Weis Lael K.
Published: February 2015

This paper offers a critical appraisal of the growing body of philosophical work on questions of justice in the exploitation of natural resources. It argues that failure to treat property as a distinct set of considerations from those of distributive justice has led to an impoverished philosophical analysis. Moreover, it demonstrates how a property-based approach contributes to a more complete view of the interests at stake in resource exploitation by drawing attention to aspects of human relationships with the physical environment that cannot be captured through the allocation of wealth, such as environmental and cultural integrity. The reason that philosophers have not, by and large, appreciated this contribution rests on mistaken views about the function of property rules that could be rectified through legal understanding. In pursuing this line of argument, the paper considers a recent proposal that seems promising on this front: Leif Wenar’s analysis of the resource curse. Wenar’s proposal is unique in suggesting that questions of resource justice be analysed and resolved through settled principles of property law, rather than through a theory of distributive justice. However, he makes several key tactical errors. Examining where the proposal goes wrong and why provides important insights into the use of legal concepts to analyse intractable questions of justice in political philosophy, and into the place of property in particular—methodological issues that have not received adequate attention, despite the increasingly interdisciplinary nature of scholarship in this area.
MULTIPLICITY AND ŁOJASIEWICZ EXPONENT OF GENERIC LINEAR SECTIONS OF MONOMIAL IDEALS
Authors: BIVIÀ-AUSINA CARLES
Published: February 2015

We obtain a characterisation of the monomial ideals $I\subseteq \mathbb{C}[x_{1},\dots ,x_{n}]$ of finite colength that satisfy the condition $e(I)={\mathcal{L}}_{0}^{(1)}(I)\cdots {\mathcal{L}}_{0}^{(n)}(I)$, where ${\mathcal{L}}_{0}^{(1)}(I),\dots ,{\mathcal{L}}_{0}^{(n)}(I)$ is the sequence of mixed Łojasiewicz exponents of $I$ and $e(I)$ is the Samuel multiplicity of $I$. These are the monomial ideals whose integral closure admits a reduction generated by homogeneous polynomials.
CLIMATE VARIABILITY AND CHANGE IN SOUTHERN MALI: LEARNING FROM FARMER PERCEPTIONS AND ON-FARM TRIALS
Authors: TRAORE BOUBA , VAN WIJK MARK T. , DESCHEEMAEKER KATRIEN , CORBEELS MARC , RUFINO MARIANA C. , GILLER KEN E.
Published: February 2015

Agricultural production in the Sudano–Sahelian zone of west Africa is highly vulnerable to the impacts of climate variability and climate change. The present study aimed to understand farmers’ perceptions of climate variability and change and to evaluate adaptation options together with farmers, including tactical management of planting date in combination with the use of mineral fertilizer. Farmers perceived an increase in annual rainfall variability, an increase in the occurrence of dry spells during the rainy season, and an increase in temperature. Overall, this is in line with the observed meteorological data. Drought tolerant, short maturing crop varieties and appropriate planting dates were the commonly preferred adaptation strategies to deal with climate variability. On-farm trials confirmed that planting delays significantly reduce crop yields. The use of mineral fertilizer is often promoted, but risky for smallholders: although larger fertilizer applications increased the yield of maize (Zea mays) and millet (Pennisetum glaucum) significantly, a gross margin analysis indicated that it did not lead to more profit for all farmers. We conclude that integrating management of nutrients and planting time with improved farmer access to timely weather information, especially on the onset of the rains, is critical to enhancing adaptive capacity to increased climate variability and change.
The Masculinities of Post-colonial Governance: Bureaucratic memoirs of the Indian Civil Service
Authors: GREWAL INDERPAL
Published: February 2015

This article examines the memoirs of Indian Civil Service officers as they continued to work in what became the Indian Administrative Service after independence. Rather than being understood solely as historical archives, these texts constitute a genre that can be called the ‘bureaucratic memoir’ which reveals masculinities that are both colonial and post-colonial. These memoirs, and their publication decades after independence reveal attempts by elites to preserve the power of the bureaucracy into subsequent decades. The texts hope to disavow but instead also reveal the patriarchal intimacies of these elites, even as these were challenged by charges of corruption and failure which emerged almost from the first moments of independence.
Depression in Gulf War veterans: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Blore J. D. , Sim M. R. , Forbes A. B. , Creamer M. C. , Kelsall H. L.
Published: February 2015

Background

Although post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been a focus of attention in 1990/1991 Gulf War veterans, the excess risk of depression has not been clearly identified. We investigated this through a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies comparing depression in Gulf War veterans to depression in a comparison group of non-deployed military personnel.

Method

Multiple electronic databases and grey literature were searched from 1990 to 2012. Studies were assessed for eligibility and risk of bias according to established criteria.

Results

Of 14 098 titles and abstracts assessed, 14 studies met the inclusion criteria. Gulf War veterans had over twice the odds of experiencing depression [odds ratio (OR) 2.28, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.88–2.76] and dysthymia or chronic dysphoria (OR 2.39, 95% CI 2.0–2.86) compared to non-deployed military personnel. This finding was robust in sensitivity analyses, and to differences in overall risk of bias and psychological measures used.

Conclusions

Despite divergent methodologies between studies, depression and dysthymia were twice as common in Gulf War veterans and are important medical conditions for clinicians and policymakers to be aware of in managing Gulf War veterans’ health.
STRATEGIES FOR ADVICE TAKING: THE ROLE OF EPISTEMIC SOCIAL INFORMATION
Authors: Wallin Annika , McElreath Richard
Published: February 2015

How does an individual decision maker update his or her beliefs in the light of others’ beliefs? We present an empirical investigation that varies decision makers’ access to other peoples’ beliefs: whether they know what course of action others have taken (in this case how a problem is solved) and whether they know why this course of action was taken (why a particular solution is preferred). We propose a number of process models of advice taking that do and do not accommodate the reasons given for belief (epistemic social information), and evaluate which is used through model comparison techniques.
Children's use of gesture in ambiguous pronoun interpretation
Authors: GOODRICH SMITH WHITNEY , HUDSON KAM CARLA L.
Published: February 2015

This study explores whether children can use gesture to inform their interpretation of ambiguous pronouns. Specifically, we ask whether four- to eight-year-old English-speaking children are sensitive to information contained in co-referential localizing gestures in video narrations. The data show that the older (7–8 years of age) but not younger (4–5 years) children integrate co-referential gestures into their interpretation of pronouns. This is the same age at which they show sensitivity to order-of-mention, the only other cue available in the stimuli. Interestingly, when children show sensitivity to the gestures, they are quite similar to adults, in that gestures consistent with order-of-mention increase first-mentioned responses as compared to stimuli with no gestures, but only slightly, while gestures inconsistent with order-of-mention have a larger effect on interpretation, decreasing first-mentioned responses and increasing second-mentioned responses.
Acute gastrointestinal illness in two Inuit communities: burden of illness in Rigolet and Iqaluit, Canada
Authors: HARPER S. L. , EDGE V. L. , FORD J. , THOMAS M. K. , PEARL D. L. , SHIRLEY J. ,   IHACC,   RICG, McEWEN S. A.
Published: February 2015

Food- and waterborne disease is thought to be high in some Canadian Indigenous communities; however, the burden of acute gastrointestinal illness (AGI) is not well understood due to limited availability and quality of surveillance data. This study estimated the burden of community-level self-reported AGI in the Inuit communities of Rigolet, Nunatsiavut, and Iqaluit, Nunavut, Canada. Cross-sectional retrospective surveys captured information on AGI and potential environmental risk factors. Multivariable logistic regression models identified potential AGI risk factors. The annual incidence of AGI ranged from 2·9–3·9 cases/person per year in Rigolet and Iqaluit. In Rigolet, increased spending on obtaining country foods, a homeless person in the house, not visiting a cabin recently, exposure to puppies, and alternative sources of drinking water were associated with increased odds of AGI. In Iqaluit, eating country fish often, exposure to cats, employment status of the person responsible for food preparation, not washing the countertop with soap after preparing meat, a homeless person in the house, and overcrowding were associated with increased odds of AGI. The results highlight the need for systematic data collection to better understand and support previously anecdotal indications of high AGI incidence, as well as insights into unique AGI environmental risk factors in Indigenous populations.
Compound tensification and laryngeal co-occurrence restrictions in Yanbian Korean
Authors: Ito Chiyuki
Published: February 2015

In Korean compound nouns, the onset of the second element tensifies: /pjəl + picʰ/ → [pjəl.p*icʰ]. This process displays a substantial number of exceptions. We show that in the Yanbian dialect phonological factors influence compound tensification; their influence is confirmed by the results of a wug test. These results mostly mirror generalisations informed by lexical data, but a pattern not clearly observed in the existing lexicon also emerged (analytic bias or ‘overlearning’), while phonologically implausible interactions were not actively incorporated (‘underlearning’). Preliminary acoustic analysis motivates an OCP restriction against multiple laryngeally marked segments, due to the shared feature [long non-modal voicing]. But in simplex nouns the co-occurrence of two tense onsets is overrepresented. This apparent contradiction is explained by a directionality difference: compound tensification is progressive, as opposed to the regressive assimilation of creaky voice from the vowel of the following syllable in simplex words.
Review article
Authors: Magri Giorgio
Published: February 2015

In his recent bid for the presidency of the Association for Mathematics of
Language, Makoto Kanazawa writes:*

The scientific study of language is such a large and important field that
it's strange that so little mathematical research is being
carried out. By comparison, the latest issue of Journal of
Economic Theory has 14 original articles, and all but one
of them are mathematical papers in the sense of containing theorems and
proofs. And the title of the journal is not ‘Journal
of Mathematical Economics’, which is actually a
separate journal.1

That linguistics lags behind economics is not surprising: making
more money is a stronger drive for change and progress than better understanding
the language faculty. But Bruce Tesar's book shows that the time
might be ripe for change and progress in our field as well. Employing a formally
sophisticated analytical approach (as opposed to a purely simulation-based
approach), the book provides a beautiful example of the interplay between
learnability and structural assumptions on the typological space. It thus shows
that computational phonology has become a mature subfield of generative
linguistics.
Constraints on the social meaning of released /t/: A production and perception study of U.S. politicians
Authors: Podesva Robert J. , Reynolds Jermay , Callier Patrick , Baptiste Jessica
Published: February 2015

Previous studies on released /t/ collectively suggest that the linguistic feature is associated with intelligence and education, social meanings that can be recruited in constructing articulate personas. This study examines the production of released /t/ by six prominent U.S. political figures, as well as the social meanings listeners attribute to the variant. Employing a matched guise technique facilitated by digital stimulus manipulation, we find that the social meanings associated with released /t/ are constrained by linguistic and social factors. Regarding the former, word-medial /t/ releases carry stronger social meanings than those appearing word-finally. With respect to social factors, listener interpretations vary according to the identity of the speaker and knowledge of how frequently particular speakers produce /t/ releases. Thus, even though conventionalized associations between linguistic forms and meanings can be drawn upon to construct articulate personas, not all speakers can do so with equal effectiveness.
finishvariation and grammaticalization in a signed language: How far down this well-trodden pathway is Auslan (Australian Sign Language)?
Authors: Johnston Trevor , Cresdee Donovan , Schembri Adam , Woll Bencie
Published: February 2015

Language variation is often symptomatic of ongoing historical change, including grammaticalization. Signed languages lack detailed historical records and a written literature, so tracking grammaticalization in these languages is problematic. Grammaticalization can, however, also be observed synchronically through the comparison of data on variant word forms and multiword constructions in particular contexts and in different dialects and registers. In this paper, we report an investigation of language change and variation in Auslan (Australian Sign Language). Signs glossed asfinishwere tagged for function (e.g., verb, noun, adverb, auxiliary, conjunction), variation in production (number of hands used, duration, mouthing), position relative to the main verb (pre- or postmodifying), and event types of the clauses in which they appear (states, activities, achievements, accomplishments). The data suggest ongoing grammaticalization may be part of the explanation of the variation—variants correlate with different uses in different linguistic contexts, rather than social and individual factors.
The neurobiology of psychopathy: recent developments and new directions in research and treatment
Authors: Cummings Michael A.
Published: February 2015

Psychopathic individuals account for substantial predatory and impulsive violence. To the present, the principal intervention used to decrease the harm inflicted by psychopaths has been confinement. Nevertheless, most confined psychopathic persons return to the community. Recent advances in the understanding of the neurobiology of psychopathy hold promise for new research directions and more effective treatments. In this article, we will explore recent advances in genetics, electrophysiology, brain imaging, and psychopharmacology, as well as, in brief, their implications for new directions in research and treatment.
Do older Chinese people’s diets meet the Chinese Food Pagoda guidelines? Results from the China Health and Nutrition Survey 2009
Authors: Xu Xiaoyue , Hall John , Byles Julie , Shi Zumin
Published: February 2015

Objective

To evaluate dietary intake based on the Chinese Food Pagoda (CFP) and to determine what factors may be associated with adherence to CFP guidelines for older Chinese.

Design

This cross-sectional population-based study used 24 h recall over three consecutive days to assess dietary intake and adherence to CFP among older Chinese participating in the China Health and Nutrition Survey 2009.

Setting

Nine provinces across four diverse regions (Northeast, East Coast, Central and West).

Subjects

A total of 2745 older Chinese, aged 60–69 years (n 1563) and ≥70 years (n 1182), with dietary data.

Results

None of the participants reached all ten food group recommendations. More than half of the participants exceeded the recommended amount for grains (63 %), oil (62·8 %) and salt (55·7 %). Ten per cent of the participants consumed dairy, while merely 0·5 % met the recommended amount. Average Chinese Food Pagoda Score (CFPS) was 3·3 in men and 3·5 in women, far below the maximum possible score of 10. Women had 0·26 higher CFPS than men (P<0·001; 95 % CI 0·16, 0·36). People living in medium and high urbanicity areas had significantly higher scores than those living in low urbanicity areas (P<0·001). Also, there were significant differences in CFPS according to gender, BMI, work status, education level and region.

Conclusions

Few older Chinese are meeting the intake of the various food groups based on the recommendations in the CFP guidelines, thus increasing the risk of malnutrition and non-communicable diseases. Action is needed to increase dissemination and uptake of nutrition education, with interventions targeted at socio-economic regions. Moreover, specific dietary guidelines for older Chinese people should be developed.
Prenatal diethylstilbestrol exposure and risk of obesity in adult women
Authors: Hatch E. E. , Troisi R. , Palmer J. R. , Wise L. A. , Titus L. , Strohsnitter W. C. , Ricker W. , Hyer M. , Hoover R. N.
Published: February 2015

Diethylstilbestrol (DES) is a non-steroidal estrogen that was commonly prescribed during pregnancy from the late 1940s to 1971. A potent endocrine disruptor, prenatal DES exposure has been linked with reproductive tract malformations, adverse pregnancy outcomes, cancer, infertility and earlier menopause. DES was used for years as a growth promoter in animal production. Some animal studies suggest that prenatal DES exposure is associated with obesity and metabolic disturbances. Using data from the National Cancer Institute DES Follow-Up Study, we evaluated the association between DES and adult obesity, weight gain from age 20 to mid-life, central adiposity and height among 2871 prenatally exposed and 1352 unexposed women between 23 and 52 years of age (median 41.5) at baseline in 1994. DES exposure status was confirmed by prenatal medical record review. We used multivariable log-binomial models to calculate risk ratios (RRs) for obesity in 2006, and linear regression to calculate mean differences in body mass index, weight gain, waist circumference and height. The adjusted RR for DES and obesity was 1.09 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.97, 1.22], and RRs were 1.23 (CI: 1.07, 1.42) and 1.05 (CI: 0.91, 1.20) for low and high estimated total DES dose, respectively, compared with no exposure. DES-exposed women gained slightly more weight than unexposed women [mean difference, 0.70 kg (CI: −0.27, 1.66)]. This study suggests that prenatal DES exposure may be associated with a small increase in adult obesity.
Quality assessment of elective abdominal aortic aneurysm repair from referral to surgery
Authors: Noronen Katariina , Laukontaus Sani , Kantonen Ilkka , Aho Pekka , Albäck Anders , Venermo Maarit
Published: February 2015

Background: The risk of rupture for a large (≥ 55 mm) abdominal aortic aneurysm(AAA) is significant and therefore operative treatment should take place before possible aneurysm rupture. Timing of elective AAA surgery has rarely been investigated previously. The aim of this study is to evaluate success in the elective treatment process of large AAAs from referral to surgery in Helsinki University Central Hospital. Patients and methods: We retrospectively analyzed all 361 patients who were assigned for elective treatment of AAA during 2005 - 2010. We divided the patients into subgroups according to size of the aneurysm: <60 mm, 61 - 70 mm and >70 mm. The main focus was set on the preoperative period and on potential factors causing delay. End points indicating failure in the treatment process were aneurysm ruptures and deaths before surgery. Results: The median time from referral to surgery for the three subgroups was 112, 91 and 45 days respectively (p < 0,001). There were no significant differences between the treatment methods: open repair (OR) with 103 days and endovascular aortic repair (EVAR) with 113 days until surgery. Twenty three (6.4 %) patients were operated on emergency basis while waiting for the operation, six of them for ruptured aneurysm. There were an additional five patients with aneurysm ruptures who all died, as did four out the six operated ones. Conclusions: The whole treatment process starting from the referral should be considered in order for elective AAA treatment to succeed. Recommendations should be established for the preoperative period to guarantee rapid preoperative evaluation.
Winter diversity and expression of proteorhodopsin genes in a polar ocean
Authors: Nguyen Dan , Maranger Roxane , Balagué Vanessa , Coll-Lladó Montserrat , Lovejoy Connie , Pedrós-Alió Carlos
Published: February 2015

Mixotrophy is a valuable functional trait used by microbes when environmental conditions vary broadly or resources are limited. In the sunlit waters of the ocean, photoheterotrophy, a form of mixotrophy, is often mediated by proteorhodopsin (PR), a seven helices transmembrane protein binding the retinal chromophore. Altogether, they allow bacteria to capture photic energy for sensory and proton gradient formation cell functions. The seasonal occurrence and diversity of the gene coding for PR in cold oligotrophic polar oceans is not known and PR expression has not yet been reported. Here we show that PR is widely distributed among bacterial taxa, and that PR expression decreased markedly during the winter months in the Arctic Ocean. Gammaproteobacteria-like PR sequences were always dominant. However, within the second most common affiliation, there was a transition from Flavobacteria-like PR in early winter to Alphaproteobacteria-like PR in late winter. The phylogenetic shifts followed carbon dynamics, where patterns in expression were consistent with community succession, as identified by DNA community fingerprinting. Although genes for PR were always present, the trend in decreasing transcripts from January to February suggested reduced functional utility of PR during winter. Under winter darkness, sustained expression suggests that PR may continue to be useful for non-ATP forming functions, such as environmental sensing or small solute transport. The persistence of PR expression in winter among some bacterial groups may offer a competitive advantage, where its multifunctionality enhances microbial survival under harsh polar conditions.
Exploring atomic defects in molybdenum disulphide monolayers
Authors: Hong Jinhua , Hu Zhixin , Probert Matt , Li Kun , Lv Danhui , Yang Xinan , Gu Lin , Mao Nannan , Feng Qingliang , Xie Liming , Zhang Jin , Wu Dianzhong , Zhang Zhiyong , Jin Chuanhong , Ji Wei , Zhang Xixiang , Yuan Jun , Zhang Ze
Published: February 2015

Defects usually play an important role in tailoring various properties of two-dimensional materials. Defects in two-dimensional monolayer molybdenum disulphide may be responsible for large variation of electric and optical properties. Here we present a comprehensive joint experiment–theory investigation of point defects in monolayer molybdenum disulphide prepared by mechanical exfoliation, physical and chemical vapour deposition. Defect species are systematically identified and their concentrations determined by aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy, and also studied by ab-initio calculation. Defect density up to 3.5 × 1013 cm−2 is found and the dominant category of defects changes from sulphur vacancy in mechanical exfoliation and chemical vapour deposition samples to molybdenum antisite in physical vapour deposition samples. Influence of defects on electronic structure and charge-carrier mobility are predicted by calculation and observed by electric transport measurement. In light of these results, the growth of ultra-high-quality monolayer molybdenum disulphide appears a primary task for the community pursuing high-performance electronic devices.
Enantioselective discrimination of l-/d-phenylalanine by bovine serum albumin and gold nanoparticles modified glassy carbon electrode
Authors: Liu Bingdi , Zhang Xin , Ding Yaping , Luo Liqiang , Zhang Fenfen
Published: February 2015

A new chiral biosensor able to discriminate and detect phenylalanine (Phe) enantiomers was fabricated by immobilizing bovine serum albumin (BSA) on gold-nanoparticle-modified glassy carbon electrodes.
Progress and developments in the turbo Grignard reagent i-PrMgCl·LiCl: a ten-year journey
Authors: Li-Yuan Bao Robert , Zhao Rong , Shi Lei
Published: February 2015

The structural and kinetic perspectives of i-PrMgCl·LiCl help to rationalize the trends of its unique reactivity and selectivity.
Study on the morphology and shape control of volcano-shaped patterned sapphire substrates fabricated by imprinting and wet etching
Authors: Jiang S. X. , Chen Z. Z. , Jiang X. Z. , Fu X. X. , Jiang S. , Jiao Q. Q. , Yu T. J. , Zhang G. Y.
Published: February 2015

A novel method based on imprinting lithography and wet etching to fabricate a volcano-shaped patterned sapphire substrate (VPSS) is presented.
The co-operative performance of a hydrated salt assisted sponge like P(VDF-HFP) piezoelectric generator: an effective piezoelectric based energy harvester
Authors: Adhikary Prakriti , Garain Samiran , Mandal Dipankar
Published: February 2015

The sponge like high performance FPG enables to lighten several LEDs instantly.
Measuring poly(acrylamide) flocculants in fresh water using inter-polymer complex formation
Authors: Swift Thomas , Swanson Linda , Bretherick Andrew , Rimmer Stephen
Published: February 2015

A novel detection method for poly(acrylamide) flocculants was developed using interpolymer complexation between flocculants and a probe (poly(acrylic acid-co-acenaphthylene)).