bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Facile One‐Pot Synthesis of Carbamoylbenzotriazoles Directly from CO2: Synthesis of Tolbutamide.
Authors: Hunter Roger , Msutu Ath'enkosi , Dwyer Cathy L. , Emslie Neville D. , Hunt Raymond C. , Bezuidenhoudt Barend C. B.
Published: January 2012

Various title compounds are prepared following a novel method which uses amines and CO2.
ChemInform Abstract: Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Paraselective Oxidative Cross‐Coupling of Arenes and Cycloalkanes.
Authors: Guo Xiangyu , Li Chao‐Jun
Published: January 2012

The reaction proceeds selectively for substrates with electron‐withdrawing substituents.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Catalyzed Intramolecular Oxidative 6‐exo‐trig Cyclization of 1,6‐Enynes with H2O and O2.
Authors: Wang Zhi‐Qiang , Zhang Wen‐Wu , Gong Lu‐Bin , Tang Ri‐Yuan , Yang Xu‐Heng , Liu Yu , Li Jin‐Heng
Published: January 2012

The method allows the preparation of 1,4‐naphthoquinones by incorporation of 2 oxygen atoms into the organic framework from molecular oxygen and water.
ChemInform Abstract: Vinylogous Nicholas Reactions in the Synthesis of Icetexane, Faveline, and Related Ring Systems.
Authors: Kolodziej Izabela , Green James R.
Published: January 2012

The method renders possible a rapid access to the 6,7,6‐systems of the icetexane diterpenes and related systems.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and anti‐HIV Activity of New Benzimidazole, Benzothiazole and Carbohydrazide Derivatives of the Antiinflammatory Drug Indomethacin.
Authors: Al‐Masoudi Najim A. , Jafar Nadhir N. A. , Abbas Layla J. , Baqir Sadiq J. , Pannecouque Christophe
Published: January 2012

Only compounds (IIIb) and (IIIc) exhibit anti‐HIV activity.
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Step Synthesis of 4‐Alkyl‐3‐aryl‐2,6‐dicyanoanilines and Their Use in the Synthesis of Highly Functionalized 2,3,5,6,7‐ and 2,3,4,5,7‐Substituted Indoles.
Authors: Sawargave Sangmeshwer P. , Kudale Ananada S. , Deore Jaydeep V. , Bhosale Dattatry S. , Divse Jaisingh M. , Chavan Subhash P. , Borate Hanumant B.
Published: January 2012

The three‐component reaction of aldehydes (I) and (II) with malononitrile provides the desired aniline derivatives (VI) as the major products, accompanied by lower amounts (8‐13%) of the aniline strutures (V).
ChemInform Abstract: A Facile Four‐Component Sequential Protocol in the Expedient Synthesis of Novel 2‐Aryl‐5‐methyl‐2,3‐dihydro‐1H‐3‐pyrazolones in Water and Their Antitubercular Evaluation.
Authors: Gunasekaran Pethaiah , Perumal Subbu , Yogeeswari Perumal , Sriram Dharmarajan
Published: January 2012

The title compounds (V) (15 examples) display significant in vitro antimycobacterial activity against M.
ChemInform Abstract: Design and Synthesis of Some New Thiophene, Thienopyrimidine and Thienothiadiazine Derivatives of Antipyrine as Potential Antimicrobial Agents.
Authors: Aly Hala M. , Saleh Nashwa M. , Elhady Heba A.
Published: January 2012

A variety of hitherto unknown heterocyclic compounds incorporating the antipyrine moiety are synthesized using 4‐acetamidopyrazolone (I) as starting compound.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Diels—Alder Cycloadditions of exo‐Imidazolidin‐2‐one Dienes.
Authors: Bautista Rafael , Bernal Pablo , Herrera Rafael , Santoyo Blanca M. , Lazcano‐Seres J. Miguel , Delgado Francisco , Tamariz Joaquin
Published: January 2012

Base‐mediated coupling of imines of type (III) with isocyanates allows an efficient access to novel title compounds.
ChemInform Abstract: Pd‐Catalyzed C4‐Olefination of Oxazoles via C—H Bond Activation: Divergent Synthesis of Functionalized Amino Alcohol and Amino Acid Derivatives.
Authors: Cui Sunliang , Wojtas Lukasz , Antilla Jon C.
Published: January 2012

The products can be further functionalized furnishing amino alcohol derivatives (IV) or homophenylalanine product (IX).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Structure—Activity Relationship of 1‐ and 2‐Substituted 1,2,3‐Triazole Letrozole‐Based Analogues as Aromatase Inhibitors.
Authors: Doiron Jeremie , Soultan Al Haliffa , Richard Ryan , Toure Mamadou Mansour , Picot Nadia , Richard Remi , Cuperlovic‐Culf Miroslava , Robichaud Gilles A. , Touaibia Mohamed
Published: January 2012

1,2,3‐Triazole analogues, e.g. (III) and (V), of letrozole are synthesized by employing the “click” chemistry as the key step.
ChemInform Abstract: A Chrysin Analogue Exhibited Strong Inhibitory Activities Against both PGE2 and NO Production.
Authors: Che Haiyan , Lim Hyun , Kim Hyun Pyo , Park Haeil
Published: January 2012

5 Chrysin analogues of type (IV) are prepared and evaluated for their inhibitory activities of cyclooxygenase‐2 catalyzed prostaglandin E2 and iNOS‐mediated NO production.
ChemInform Abstract: Organocatalytic Asymmetric Intermolecular Dehydrogenative α‐Alkylation of Aldehydes Using Molecular Oxygen as Oxidant.
Authors: Zhang Bo , Xiang Shi‐Kai , Zhang Li‐He , Cui Yuxin , Jiao Ning
Published: January 2012

Alkylation products of xanthene thioxanthene and acridine are available with moderate to high enantioselectivities tolerating aldehydes bearing aliphatic, alkenic and aromatic substituents.
ChemInform Abstract: A Short Microwave‐Assisted Synthesis of Tetrahydroisoquinolin‐pyrrolopyridinones by a Triple Process: Ugi‐3CR‐Aza Diels—Alder/S‐Oxidation/Pummerer.
Authors: Islas‐Jacome Alejandro , Gonzalez‐Zamora Eduardo , Gamez‐Montano Rocio
Published: January 2012

The four‐step sequence produces the title compounds (VIII) as single diastereomers.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Fluorescent Pyrrolo[3,4‐b]quinolizine Derivatives and Evaluations as a Protein‐Labeling Probe.
Authors: Hagimori Masayori , Mizuyama Naoko , Yokota Kenichirou , Morinaga Osamu , Yamaguchi Yasuchika , Saji Hideo , Tominaga Yoshinori
Published: January 2012

The new fluorescent compounds (III), (V), (VII), and (VIII) are synthesized via an one‐pot condensation reaction.
ChemInform Abstract: Tandem Prins/Friedel—Crafts Cyclization for Stereoselective Synthesis of Heterotricyclic Systems.
Authors: Reddy B. V. Subba , Borkar Prashant , Yadav J. S. , Sridhar B. , Gree Rene
Published: January 2012

The reaction allows a convenient and stereoselective access to benzoisoquinoline, benzoisothiochromene, and benzoisochromene derivatives.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Screening of Galactose‐Linked Nitroimidazoles and Triazoles Against Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Authors: Muguntan G. , Ramakrishna Kuppala , Sriram Dharmarajan , Yogeeswari Perumal , Kartha K. P. Ravindranathan
Published: January 2012

The screening against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv shows, that the compounds show promising activity even under aerobic conditions under which metronidazole is inactive.
ChemInform Abstract: Brief, Efficient and Highly Diastereoselective Synthesis of (.+‐.)‐Pumiliotoxin C Based on the Generation of an Octahydroquinoline Precursor via a Four‐Component Reaction.
Authors: Maiti Swarupananda , Menendez J. Carlos
Published: January 2012

The overall yield of pumiliotoxin C (XIII) is 66%.
ChemInform Abstract: Hydrogenous Zintl Phases: Interstitial Versus Polyanionic Hydrides
Authors: Haeussermann Ulrich , Kranak Verina F. , Puhakainen Kati
Published: January 2012

Review: 57 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Zintl Clathrates
Authors: Shevelkov Andrei V. , Kovnir Kirill
Published: January 2012

Review: 205 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: TiO2 — A Prototypical Memristive Material
Authors: Szot K. , Rogala M. , Speier W. , Klusek Z. , Besmehn A. , Waser R.
Published: January 2012

Review: 102 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Structure—Activity Relationships of Flavonoids
Authors: Jacob Vaya , Hagai Tavori , Soliman Khatib
Published: January 2012

Review: 169 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Oxidative Heck Reaction
Authors: Su Yijin , Jiao Ning
Published: January 2012

Review: 135 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Heterofunctionalization of C—H, C:C, and CC Bonds
Authors: Adrio Luis A. , Hii King Kuok
Published: January 2012

Review: 109 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Pd‐Catalyzed α‐Arylation of Carbonyl and Related Compounds: Recent Developments and Perspectives
Authors: Novak Petr , Martin Ruben
Published: January 2012

Review: 119 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Tailor‐Made MgFe2‐Based Catalysts by Sol—Gel Synthesis
Authors: Kemnitz Erhard , Wuttke Stefan , Coman Simona M.
Published: January 2012

Review: 133 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Coordination Chemistry of Macrocyclic Ligands Featuring NHC Donor Groups
Authors: Edwards Peter G. , Hahn F. Ekkehardt
Published: January 2012

Review: 104 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Precision Synthesis of Biodegradable Polymers
Authors: Thomas Christophe M. , Lutz Jean‐Francois
Published: January 2012

Review: 36 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Industrial Biotechnology — The Future of Green Chemistry?
Authors: Wenda Stefanie , Illner Sabine , Mell Annett , Kragl Udo
Published: January 2012

Review: 371 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Triterpenoid Saponins from the Genus Camellia
Authors: Zhao Ping , Gao Da‐Fang , Xu Min , Shi Zhuo‐Gong , Wang Dong , Yang Chong‐Ren , Zhang Ying‐Jun
Published: January 2012

Review: 49 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Wraparound Hosts for Fullerenes: Tailored Macrocycles and Cages
Authors: Canevet David , Perez Emilio M. , Martin Nazario
Published: January 2012

Review: about 100 refs.
Predicting US‐ and state‐level cancer counts for the current calendar year
Authors: Chen Huann‐Sheng , Portier Kenneth , Ghosh Kaushik , Naishadham Deepa , Kim Hyune‐Ju , Zhu Li , Pickle Linda W. , Krapcho Martin , Scoppa Steve , Jemal Ahmedin , Feuer Eric J.
Published: January 2012

BACKGROUND:

A study was undertaken to evaluate the temporal projection methods that are applied by the American Cancer Society to predict 4‐year‐ahead projections.

METHODS:

Cancer mortality data recorded in each year from 1969 through 2007 for the United States overall and for each state from the National Center for Health Statistics was obtained. Based on the mortality data through 2000, 2001, 2002, and 2003, Projections were made 4 years ahead to estimate the expected number of cancer deaths in 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, respectively, in the United States and in each state, using 5 projection methods. These predictive estimates were compared to the observed number of deaths that occurred for all cancers combined and 47 cancer sites at the national level, and 21 cancer sites at the state level.

RESULTS:

Among the models that were compared, the joinpoint regression model with modified Bayesian information criterion selection produced estimates that are closest to the actual number of deaths. Overall, results show the 4‐year‐ahead projection has larger error than 3‐year‐ahead projection of death counts when the same method is used. However, 4‐year‐ahead projection from the new method performed better than the 3‐year‐ahead projection from the current state‐space method.

CONCLUSIONS:

The Joinpoint method with modified Bayesian information criterion model has the smallest error of all the models considered for 4‐year‐ahead projection of cancer deaths to the current year for the United States overall and for each state. This method will be used by the American Cancer Society to project the number of cancer deaths starting in 2012. Cancer 2012; © 2012 American Cancer Society.
Predicting US‐ and state‐level cancer counts for the current calendar year
Authors: Zhu Li , Pickle Linda W. , Ghosh Kaushik , Naishadham Deepa , Portier Kenneth , Chen Huann‐Sheng , Kim Hyune‐Ju , Zou Zhaohui , Cucinelli James , Kohler Betsy , Edwards Brenda K. , King Jessica , Feuer Eric J. , Jemal Ahmedin
Published: January 2012

BACKGROUND.

The current study was undertaken to evaluate the spatiotemporal projection models applied by the American Cancer Society to predict the number of new cancer cases.

METHODS.

Adaptations of a model that has been used since 2007 were evaluated. Modeling is conducted in 3 steps. In step I, ecologic predictors of spatiotemporal variation are used to estimate age‐specific incidence counts for every county in the country, providing an estimate even in those areas that are missing data for specific years. Step II adjusts the step I estimates for reporting delays. In step III, the delay‐adjusted predictions are projected 4 years ahead to the current calendar year. Adaptations of the original model include updating covariates and evaluating alternative projection methods. Residual analysis and evaluation of 5 temporal projection methods were conducted.

RESULTS.

The differences between the spatiotemporal model‐estimated case counts and the observed case counts for 2007 were < 1%. After delays in reporting of cases were considered, the difference was 2.5% for women and 3.3% for men. Residual analysis indicated no significant pattern that suggested the need for additional covariates. The vector autoregressive model was identified as the best temporal projection method.

CONCLUSIONS.

The current spatiotemporal prediction model is adequate to provide reasonable estimates of case counts. To project the estimated case counts ahead 4 years, the vector autoregressive model is recommended to be the best temporal projection method for producing estimates closest to the observed case counts. Cancer 2012;. © 2012 American Cancer Society.
A species assemblage approach to comparative phylogeography of birds in southern Australia
Authors: Dolman Gaynor , Joseph Leo
Published: January 2012

We present a novel approach to investigating the divergence history of biomes and their component species using single‐locus data prior to investing in multilocus data. We use coalescent‐based hierarchical approximate Bayesian computation (HABC) methods (MsBayes) to estimate the number and timing of discrete divergences across a putative barrier and to assign species to their appropriate period of co‐divergence. We then apply a coalescent‐based full Bayesian model of divergence (IMa) to suites of species shown to have simultaneously diverged. The full Bayesian model results in reduced credibility intervals around divergence times and allows other parameters associated with divergence to be summarized across species assemblages. We apply this approach to 10 bird species that are wholly or patchily discontinuous in semi‐arid habitats between Australia's southwest (SW) and southeast (SE) mesic zones. There was substantial support for up to three discrete periods of divergence. HABC indicates that two species wholly restricted to more mesic habitats diverged earliest, between 594,382 and 3,417,699 years ago, three species from semi‐arid habitats diverged between 0 and 1,508,049 years ago, and four diverged more recently, between 0 and 396,843 years ago. Eight species were assigned to three periods of co‐divergence with confidence. For full Bayesian analyses, we accounted for uncertainty in the two remaining species by analyzing all possible suites of species. Estimates of divergence times from full Bayesian divergence models ranged between 429,105 and 2,006,355; 67,172 and 663,837; and 24,607 and 171,085 for the earliest, middle, and most recent periods of co‐divergence, respectively. This single‐locus approach uses the power of multitaxa coalescent analyses as an efficient means of generating a foundation for further, targeted research using multilocus and genomic tools applied to an understudied biome.
Metal–Ligand Electron Transfer in 4d and 5d Group 9 Transition Metal Complexes with Pyridine, Diimine Ligands
Authors: Sieh Daniel , Schlimm Mandy , Andernach Lars , Angersbach Friedrich , Nückel Stefan , Schöffel Julia , Šušnjar Nevena , Burger Peter
Published: January 2012

Our recent results of the chemistry of group 9 Rh and Ir metal complexes bearing the ubiquitous pyridine, diimine (PDI) terdentate nitrogen donor are reviewed. Examples reflecting the special nature of the PDI ligand include a facile C–H activation process and the stabilization of a very rare late transition metal iridium nitrido compound, (PDI)Ir≡N, and its direct hydrogenation to the corresponding amido complex according to (PDI)Ir≡N + H2 → (PDI)Ir–NH2. The amount of electron transfer to the PDI ligands in (PDI)Rh,Ir–R,X complexes encompassing a variety of R,X ligands with weak/strong σ‐ and π‐donors/acceptors was analyzed in terms of the innocence of the PDI ligand. With this regard, a combination of DFT methods, X‐ray‐crystallographic data, and, in particular, 13C NMR spectroscopy was employed for a series of square‐planar Rh and Ir complexes including a large number of new representatives. Their syntheses, spectroscopic characterization, and X‐ray crystal structures are reported.
Selective Saccharide Recognition Using Modular Diboronic Acid Fluorescent Sensors
Authors: Xing Zhitao , Wang Hui‐Chen , Cheng Yixiang , Zhu Chengjian , James Tony D. , Zhao Jianzhang
Published: January 2012

Modular diboronic acid receptors R‐1 and S‐1 were synthesized and found to be selective fluorescent chemosensors for saccharides. The fluorescence intensity of R‐1 and S‐1 increased on addition of saccharides due to the formation of intramolecular 1:1 cyclic complexes. In general, R‐1 has higher binding constants and produces a higher fluorescent response with saccharides than S‐1.
Structural changes in metallothionein isoforms revealed by capillary electrophoresis and Brdicka reaction
Authors: Ryvolova Marketa , Hynek David , Skutkova Helena , Adam Vojtech , Provaznik Ivo , Kizek Rene
Published: January 2012

Metallothionein (MT) as a potential cancer marker is at the center of interest and its properties, functions and behavior under various conditions is intensively studied. In the present study, two major mammalian MT isoforms (MT‐1 and MT‐2) were separated using capillary electrophoresis (CE) coupled with UV detector in order to describe their basic behavior. Under the optimized conditions, the separation of both isoforms was enabled as well as estimation of detection limits as subunits and units of ng per μL for MT‐2 and MT‐1, respectively. Further, the effects of thermal treatment and the presence of denaturing agent such as urea on MT‐1 and MT‐2 isoforms were studied by CE‐UV. Thermal treatment caused an increase in the signals of both isoforms. A new parameter called precipitation rate has been defined based on this finding. This parameter can be expressed as a slope of the linear regression of the time dependency curve recalculated on the MT concentration. The thermal precipitation rate for MT‐1 and MT‐2 was determined as 1.1 and 0.9 ng of MT/min, respectively. The chemical precipitation rate calculated from the linear regression for both isoforms provided the same value of 0.25 ng of MT/min. The results were confirmed by manual spectrometric measurements and by differential pulse voltammetry Brdicka reaction. Based on these results, a model of MT behavior under the conditions studied was suggested.
Effect of heavy oil exposure on antibacterial activity and expression of immune-related genes in Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus
Authors: Song Jun-Young , Nakayama Kei , Kokushi Emiko , Ito Kazuki , Uno Seiichi , Koyama Jiro , Rahman M. Habibur , Murakami Yasunori , Kitamura Shin-Ichi
Published: January 2012

Heavy oil (HO) pollution is one of the most important environmental issues globally. However, little is known about the immunotoxicity of HO in fish. We therefore investigated the effects of HO exposure on immunocompetence and expression of immune-related genes in Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus. To test immunocompetency, serum collected from the fish was mixed with Edwardsiella tarda, plated, and the resultant numbers of bacterial colonies were counted. Plates with serum from HO-exposed fish (5 d postexposure [dpe]) had significantly higher numbers of colonies than those of the untreated control group, suggesting that HO exposure suppresses immunocompetency. Downregulation of the immunoglobulin light chain (IgM) gene in HO-exposed fish at 5 dpe was detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction. These results suggest that IgM-mediated immunity is suppressed by HO exposure. We measured polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentrations in the liver of the fish. Low molecular weight PAHs were found to be taken up at high concentrations in fish liver; therefore, they are likely the cause of immune suppression in the fish. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012;31:828–835. © 2012 SETAC
Flood changes during the past 50 years in Wujiang River, South China
Authors: Wang Li‐Na , Shao Quan‐Xi , Chen Xiao‐Hong , Li Yan , Wang Da‐Gang
Published: January 2012

Changing trends of peak flood and flood duration in the Wujiang River Basin are detected with the help of the Mann–Kendall test and the Pettitt analysis during the past 50 years. Results indicate that the peak flood and the flood duration at Lishi Station have different changing features. The peak flood showed only marginally increasing trend, whereas the flood duration exhibited decreasing trend at the significance level of 90%. The result shows a weak positive correlation between the peak flood and the flood duration. The changes of flood duration are influenced by the total rainfall duration, which is in downward trend at significance level 90%. In addition, the changing trends of peak flood are similar to the total rainfall amount. In the change‐point analysis, it was found that the change points for the peak flood and flood duration series were in the years 1993 and 1966, respectively. Human activities such as the construction of reservoirs were the main driving forces causing the change of flood duration. The periodicity of the peak flood during the period 1955–2007 at Lishi Station is detected by using the wavelet analysis. The result indicates that the peak flood at Lishi Station displayed alternation between big floods and small floods on the 25‐ to 26‐year period. At the same timescale, the peak flood of Wujiang River showed an evidence of change between big floods and small floods. It was essential to be prepared and aware of the consequences of climate changes and human influences affecting the water resources in the Wujiang River Basin. This result is expected to draw more attention from the local governments in its decision making and water resource management. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cycle structure of autotopisms of quasigroups and latin squares
Authors: Stones Douglas S. , Vojtěchovský Petr , Wanless Ian M.
Published: January 2012

An autotopism of a Latin square is a triple (α, β, γ) of permutations such that the Latin square is mapped to itself by permuting its rows by α, columns by β, and symbols by γ. Let Atp(n) be the set of all autotopisms of Latin squares of ordern. Whether a triple (α, β, γ) of permutations belongs to Atp(n) depends only on the cycle structures of α, β, and γ. We establish a number of necessary conditions for (α, β, γ) to be in Atp(n), and use them to determine Atp(n) forn⩽17. For generaln, we determine if (α, α, α)∈Atp(n) (that is, if αis an automorphism of some quasigroup of ordern), provided that either αhas at most three cycles other than fixed points or that the non‐fixed points of α are in cycles of the same length. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Combin Designs
Aerobic biodegradation and inhibition kinetics of poly‐aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in a petrochemical industry wastewater in the presence of biosurfactants
Authors: Sponza Delia Teresa , Gok Oguzhan
Published: January 2012

BACKROUND: In Izmir, Turkey, wastewaters from the petrochemical industry are treated using conventional activated sludge systems. A significant proportion of poly‐aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) with high‐molecular weights remains in this treatment system and inhibits the biological activity. Biosurfactants increase PAHs degradation by enhancing the solubility of the petroleum components. The aerobic inhibition kinetics of PAHs has not previously been investigated in the presence of biosurfactants for a real petrochemical industry wastewater.

RESULTS: Among the kinetic models used (Monod‐type, zero, first‐order and second‐order) it was found that the Monod kinetic was effective for describing the biodegradation of PAHs in petrochemcal industry wastewater in the presence of three biosurfactants, namely Rhamnolipid (RD), Surfactine (SR) and Emulsan (EM) in an aerobic activated sludge reactor (AASR). The maximum PAH removal rate (Rmax) and specific growth rate of PAH degrading bacteria (µmax) increased, while the half saturation concentration of PAH (Ks) decreased at 15 mg L−1 RD concentration compared with the control without biosurfactant at a sludge retention time (SRT) of 25 days.

CONCLUSION: PAH oxidation is typified by competitive inhibition at RD concentrations > 15 mg L−1 resulting in increases in Ks values with PAH accumulation. Low inhibition constant (KID) values reflect difficulties in the metabolizability of PAHs. Metabolite production decreased at RD = 25 mg L−1 in the PAHs indeno (1,2,3‐cd) pyrene (IcdP), flourene (FLN), phenanthrene (PHE) and benzo(a)pyrene (BaP). Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Process synthesis and economics of combined biomethanol and CHP energy production derived from biomass wastes
Authors: Kempegowda Rajesh S. , Pannir Selvam P.V. , Skreiberg Øyvind , Tran Khanh‐Quang
Published: January 2012

BACKGROUND: This paper reports on process synthesis and economics of combined methanol and CHP (combined heat and power) energy production from crude biooil, waste glycerol produced in biodiesel factories and biomass wastes using integrated reactor design for hydrogen rich syngas. This new process consists of three process steps: (a) pyrolysis of organic waste material to produce biooil, char and pyrogas; (b) steam assisted hydrogasification of the crude glycerol wastes, biooil mixed with pyrogas for hydrogen rich gas; and (c) a low temperature methanol synthesis process. The H2‐rich gas remaining after methanol synthesis is recycled back to the pyrolysis reactor, the catalytic hydro‐gasification process and the heat recovery steam generator (HRSG).

RESULTS: The breakeven price of the Hbiomethanol process yields positive net financial NPV and IRR above 600 USD per tonne. The total capital cost for a small‐scale methanol plant of capacity 2 tonne h−1 combined with a cogeneration plant of capacity 2 MWe power is estimated to be 170.5 million USD.

CONCLUSION: Recycling gas allows the methanol synthesis reactor to perform at a relatively lower pressure than conventionally while the plant still maintains a high methanol yield. The integrated hydrogasification reactor and energy recovery design process minimizes heat loss and increases the process thermal efficiency. The Hbiomethanol process can convert any condensed carbonaceous material and liquid wastes, to produce methanol and CHP. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Evaluation of MBEC™‐HTP biofilm model for studies of implant associated infections
Authors: Coraça‐Hubér Debora C. , Fille Manfred , Hausdorfer Johann , Pfaller Kristian , Nogler Michael
Published: January 2012

The bacteria in implant‐related infections can evade host defenses by forming biofilms. The more we understand biofilm behavior, the better we can fight against then clinically. In vitro models for biofilms allow tests simulating in vivo conditions. In this study we evaluated the Minimum Biofilm Eradication Concentration‐High Throughput Plates (MBEC™‐HTP) as biofilm in vitro model for studies of implant associated infections. Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilms were grown on MBEC™‐HTP. To ensure the biofilm formation, antibiotic susceptibility tests and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was carried out. Susceptibility tests were carried out using gentamicin, vancomycin, rifampicin, fosfomycin, clindamycin, and linezolid. Colony forming units counting were carried out. Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and biofilm inhibitory concentration (BIC) were estimated. The CFU counting showed potency of rifampicin and daptomycin against S. epidermidis biofilms and rifampicin against S. aureus biofilms. SEM images showed proteic material in contact with cells. The differences between BIC and MIC demonstrated the biofilm formation as well as the SEM images. Rifampicin and daptomycin are good choices against biofilm related infections. Moreover, after suggested modifications, the model used in this study is eligible to further studies of implant associated infections. © 2012 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 30:1176–1180, 2012
Optimisation of microwave‐assisted extraction for functional properties of Vitis coignetiae extract by response surface methodology
Authors: Kim Hyun‐Ku , Do Jeong‐Ryong , Lim Tae‐Soo , Akram Kashif , Yoon Sung‐Ran , Kwon Joong‐Ho
Published: January 2012

BACKGROUND: Consumer preference for selection of natural substances, with their safe and beneficial effects on the human body as well as various physiological efficacies, is increasing. In this study, response surface methodology (RSM) was used to monitor the extraction characteristics of Vitis coignetiae (wild grape) and thereby optimise the functional properties of the resulting extract.

RESULTS: A maximum total polyphenol content (TPC) of 415.74 mg per 100 g was obtained at a microwave power (MWP) of 102.36 W, an ethanol concentration (ETC) of 42.62% (by volume) and an extraction time (EXT) of 12.35 min. Electron‐donating ability (EDA) reached a maximum of 69.20% at 125.65 W MWP, 41.81% ETC and 13.65 min EXT. The maximum nitrite‐scavenging ability (NSA) obtained was 87.50% at 119.13 W MWP, 37.41% ETC and 13.20 min EXT. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) showed a maximum pseudo‐activity (SDA) of 56.74% at 69.54 W MWP, 94.88% ETC and 10.32 min EXT. The effect of ETC was most prominent among the studied factors.

CONCLUSION: Based on the superimposition of four‐dimensional response surfaces with respect to TPC, EDA, NSA and SDA, the optimum ranges of extraction conditions were 70–150 W MWP, 30–50% ETC and 8–18 min EXT. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Regeneration of mastoid air cells using polycaprolactone/β‐tricalcium phosphate biocomposites: An experimental study
Authors: Jang Chul Ho , Cho Yong Beom , Kim Jun Sung , Lee Hyeong Jin , Kim Geun Hyung
Published: January 2012

Objectives/Hypothesis:

The study aimed to regenerate pneumatic air cells in guinea pig bulla using three‐dimenisonal (3D) biocomposite scaffolds consisting of polycaprolactone/β‐tricalcium phosphate (PCL/β‐TCP).

Study Design:

Prospective controlled study in experimental animals.

Methods:

PCL/β‐TCP composites were implanted into the bulla with mucosa preservation in group A (n = 10). PCL/β‐TCP composites coated with collagen were implanted in group B (n = 10). After 12 weeks, the bullae were extracted and evaluated by micro‐computed tomography (micro‐CT) and were processed for histological analyses.

Results:

In group A, micro‐CT showed a well‐maintained honeycomb appearance of micropores without obstruction. Regeneration of the mucosa was noted inside the pores of the 3D scaffold. However, partial obstruction of the micropores with new bone formation was evident in group B.

Conclusions:

Group A showed more satisfactory mucosal regeneration into the micropores. Our results indicate that the 3D scaffold may be amenable for use during mastoidectomy. Further studies for gas exchange in the regenerated mucosa are necessary.
Volumetric changes of the anterolateral thigh free flap following adjuvant radiotherapy in total parotidectomy reconstruction
Authors: Higgins Kevin M. , Erovic Boban M. , Ravi Ananth , Yeung Robert , Lee Justin W. , Yao Christopher , Enepekides Danny J.
Published: January 2012

Objectives/Hypothesis:

The aim of this study was to prospectively evaluate volume change in anterolateral thigh free flaps pre‐ and postradiotherapy and to compare computed tomography (CT) volumetric analysis with intraoperative water displacement calculation.

Study Design:

Matched pair cohort study.

Methods:

Thirteen patients with advanced carcinoma of the parotid gland underwent anterolateral thigh free flap reconstruction following total parotidectomy resections and neck dissection. Before the initiation of external beam radiation, routine CT planning scans were done on all patients. A minimum of 6 months after surgery, a CT scan of the head and neck was carried out, and a detailed volumetric assessment was performed.

Results:

The mean preradiotherapy flap volume was 94.3 mL, and the postradiotherapy volume was 84.8 mL. The mean volume reduction in all 13 patients was 8.12%.

Conclusions:

In this prospective study we observed an 8% volume loss in anterolateral thigh free flaps 6 months postradiotherapy. This loss of volume should be taken into account when reconstructing large defects of the face and lateral skull base. Intraoperative water displacement measurement is a useful adjunctive tool for shaping free tissue transfers that are to be used for volume replacement and soft‐tissue fill‐in. Laryngoscope, 2012
Direct health care costs of laryngeal diseases and disorders
Authors: Cohen Seth M. , Kim Jaewhan , Roy Nelson , Asche Carl , Courey Mark
Published: January 2012

Objectives/Hypothesis:

To estimate the annual direct costs associated with the diagnosis and management of laryngeal disorders.

Study Design:

Retrospective analysis of data from a large, nationally representative, administrative US claims database.

Methods:

Patients with a laryngeal disorder based on International Classification of Diseases,Ninth Revision‐Clinical Modification codes from January 1, 2004 to December 31, 2008 and who were continuously enrolled for 12 months were included. Data regarding age, gender, geographic location, and type of physician providing the diagnosis were collected. Medical encounter, medication, and procedure costs were determined. Total and mean costs per person for 12 months were determined.

Results:

Of almost 55 million individuals in the database, 309,300 patients with 12 months follow‐up, mean age of 47.3 years (standard deviation: 21.3), and 63.5% female were identified. Acute and chronic laryngitis, nonspecific causes of dysphonia, and benign vocal fold lesions were the most common etiologies. The total annual direct costs ranged between $178,524,552 to $294,827,671, with mean costs per person between $577.18 and $953.21. Pharmacy claims accounted for 20.1% to 33.3%, procedure claims 50.4% to 69.9%, and medical encounter claims 16.3% to 8.6% of overall direct costs. Antireflux medication accounted for roughly 10% and antibiotics 6% of annual direct costs.

Conclusions:

This study establishes the economic impact of the assessment and management of patients with laryngeal disorders and permits cost comparisons with other diseases. Laryngoscope, 2012
Tumor necrosis factor‐α receptor expression correlates with mucosal changes and biofilm presence in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis
Authors: Karosi Tamás , Csomor Péter , Sziklai István
Published: January 2012

Objectives/Hypothesis:

Biofilms might play a potential role in the pathogenesis and high recurrence rate of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis (CRSwNP). Biofilm persistence has been thought to correlate with epithelial damage, subepithelial inflammatory cell infiltration, and tumor necrosis factor‐α receptor (TNFR) expression in CRSwNP.

Study Design:

Case‐control experimental study.

Methods:

A total of 36 patients with CRSwNP undergoing endoscopic sinus surgery were analyzed. The negative control group consisted of eight patients undergoing septoplasty for nasal obstruction without CRSwNP. The nasal polyps and inferior turbinate mucosa samples applied as negative controls were processed by hematoxylin‐eosin (HE) and Gram staining and TNFR‐I and TNFR‐II–specific immunofluorescent assay.

Results:

Biofilm was detected in 29 of 36 patients with CRSwNP and in none of the eight negative controls. Staining by HE showed strong correlation with the results of Gram staining protocol. In the biofilm‐positive cases, TNFR‐I and TNFR‐II displayed homogeneous pattern of significantly increased epithelial expression compared to the biofilm‐negative nasal polyps. In cases of biofilm absence, the expression pattern of TNF‐α receptors was characterized by increased TNFR‐II–specific immunoreaction. It was found that biofilm detectability corresponded to the integrity of nasal epithelium and to the dominant inflammatory cell type of the subepithelial layer.

Conclusions:

Persisting biofilms might increase the epithelial sensitivity against TNF‐α that result in epithelium destruction. Coexistence of biofilms and increased TNFR expression might explain the inflammatory mucosal changes, functional disorders, and therapy resistance featuring CRSwNP. Laryngoscope,, 2012
Metabolic symbiosis in cancer: Refocusing the Warburg lens
Authors: Nakajima Erica C. , Van Houten Bennett
Published: January 2012

Using relatively primitive tools in the 1920s, Otto Warburg demonstrated that tumor cells show an increased dependence on glycolysis to meet their energy needs, regardless of whether they were well‐oxygenated or not. High rates of glucose uptake, fueling glycolysis, are now used clinically to identify cancer cells. However, the Warburg effect does not account for the metabolic diversity that has been observed amongst cancer cells nor the influences that might direct such diversity. Modern tools have shown that the oncogenes, variable hypoxia levels, and the utilization of different carbon sources affect tumor evolution. These influences may produce metabolic symbiosis, in which lactate from a hypoxic, glycolytic tumor cell population fuels ATP production in the oxygenated region of a tumor. Lactate, once considered a waste product of glycolysis, is an important metabolite for oxidative phosphorylation in many tissues. While much is known about how muscle and the brain use lactate in oxidative phosphorylation, the contribution of lactate in tumor bioenergetics is less defined. A refocused perspective of cancer metabolism that recognizes metabolic diversity within a tumor offers novel therapeutic targets by which cancer cells may be starved from their fuel sources, and thereby become more sensitive to traditional cancer treatments. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Can managerial economics aid the chief executive officer?: 1st annual MDE lecture, Pace University, Graduate School of Business, New York City, USA
Authors: Beasley Wm. Howard
Published: January 2012

This paper contains the text of a speech given in New York in early 1981. Dr Beasley chose his topic for the occasion of the Annual Lecture sponsored by Managerial and Decision Economics. The lecture was attended by academics and businessmen from the American East Coast Future lectures will be held in different locations. Managerial and Decision Economics is delighted to have had a man of Dr Beasley's stature to present this, the Inaugural Lecture of the series. We believe readers will find it both helpful and unconventionally provocative.
Product liability: The special problem of medicines
Authors: Massam A. D. W.
Published: January 2012

Product liability has been the subject of increasing interest in many countries of the world over the last few years. There has been a developing public view that the manufacturers of all kinds of products should take greater responsibility for them. The product liability problems which can arise from the use of medicines by man have received particular attention; the special features of such products giving rise to misunderstandings. The paper views the present position from the point of view of the pharmaceutical industry in the UK. Recent developmends arising in Europe and elsewhere are described.
The causes and development of health care system costs: The danish experience
Authors: Pyndt P. E.
Published: January 2012

In most western countries the cost of health care occupies an increasing share of the available resources in the economy. By analysing the pharmaceutical technology, which is one of the technologies in the health care system, it is demonstrated that this development cannot totally or partially be referred to the cost of medicine. On the contrary, medicine occupies a decreasing share of the total health care cost in most countries. It is shown that in the past the use of medicine has considerably reduced the loss in society by reducing the human sufferings and the economic implications of lost working days. But also today real and potential savings exist. By using Swedish findings in the areas of rheumatic illnesses and gastric ulcers it occurs that large savings can be obtained by reducing the losses due to lost working days. The author calls for a more positive understanding of the pharmaceutical industry and the conditions in which it operates. To achieve this the industry itself must be more open minded.
Foreign exchange risk: Relevance and management
Authors: Hekman Christine R.
Published: January 2012

Few senior corporate managers profess even a limited understanding of foreign exchange exposure management. This article offers a description of foreign exchange risk and the characteristics and costs of risk hedging alternatives. Because the costs of protection from exchange market fluctuations are company‐specific, the cost differentials explain why some managers hedge extensively while others choose to bear the risk.
Activity analysis with activity switching
Authors: Panik Michael J.
Published: January 2012

This study presents a multi‐activity profit‐maximization model which includes a set of zero‐one activity switching variables. The contribution of these variables to total cost, in the form of fixed charges, provides a departure from the usual necessary and sufficient conditions for optimality. In particular, under certain conditions a system of penalties/subsidies emerges which facilitates the allocation of the firm's scarce resources.
A note on profitability as a measure of company efficiency
Authors: O'Donnell A. T. , Swales J. K.
Published: January 2012

In this paper a sample of UK mechanical engineering companies is ranked by a number of one‐factor and two‐factor efficiency measures. Of the one‐factor measures, profitability proves to be most closely related to the more theoretically correct two‐factor measures. Whilst this empirical finding supports a priori reasoning, care must be taken with its interpretation. For when profitability differences between companies do not reflect efficiency differences, conventional two‐factor efficiency measures will themselves be unreliable indicators of true efficiency.
Business behaviour and management structure—2: A case study comparison of managerial initiative in four industrial enterprises
Authors: Minkes A. L. , Nuttall C. S.
Published: January 2012

Four large UK firms, Cadbury Schweppes, Manganese Bronze, Tube Investments and Thomas Tilling, were asked to provide detailed comments on their company's evolution and management styles. This paper reports in detail on the interviews.
Risk, rent seeking and the social cost of monopoly power
Authors: Jadlow Joseph M. , Jadlow Janice W.
Published: January 2012

Some recent empirical studies that have estimated the social cost of monopoly power have included in these estimates observed monopoly rents as a proxy for the unobserved value of the resources expended by rent seekers. This has involved adding these estimates of resources wasted by rent seekers to estimates of deadweight welfare loss triangles so as to produce an overall estimate of the social cost of monopoly. The present paper points out that each firm seeking a monopoly rent flow not only may be uncertain about obtaining the flow but also about retaining it in future periods. It is shown that this is likely to cause the proportion of the rent flow converted into social cost to be well below 100% regardless of whether the rent sought is small relative to initial wealth and regardless of whether rent seekers are risk‐neutral or risk‐averse. These findings demonstrate that large errors are likely to be made in monopoly welfare loss studies if observed monopoly rents continue to be employed as a measure of the value of resources used in rent‐seeking activities.
Activation of fast‐twitch fibers assessed with twitch potentiation
Authors: Sasaki Kazushige , Tomioka Yukie , Ishii Naokata
Published: January 2012

Introduction: The augmentation of twitch response following brief muscle activation, called twitch potentiation, has been shown to be much more pronounced in fast‐twitch than in slow‐twitch fibers. We thus explored the possibility of twitch potentiation as a noninvasive measure of fast‐twitch fiber activation, by studying its dependence on the intensity of preceding contraction. Methods: Twitch contraction of plantar flexor muscles was evoked with supramaximal stimulation of the posterior tibial nerve, before and immediately after 6‐s voluntary contractions at intensities of 10–100% of maximal voluntary contraction (MVC). Results: Except for low‐intensity contractions (< 30%MVC), voluntary contraction induced twitch potentiation, the magnitude of which increased with increasing contraction intensity (P < 0.001). The shortened contractile process was associated with the potentiation. Conclusions: These results are consistent with the concept of “hierarchical order of fiber activation”, suggesting that the magnitude of twitch potentiation reflects the activation of fast‐twitch fibers during a brief contraction. Muscle Nerve 46: 218–227, 2012
Proteomic analysis in giant axonal neuropathy: New insights into disease mechanisms
Authors: Mussche Silke , De Paepe Boel , Smet Joél , Devreese Katrien , Lissens Willy , Rasic Vedrana Milic , Murnane Matthew , Devreese Bart , Van Coster Rudy
Published: January 2012

Introduction: Giant axonal neuropathy (GAN) is a progressive hereditary disease that affects the peripheral and central nervous systems. It is characterized morphologically by aggregates of intermediate filaments in different tissues. Mutations have been reported in the gene that codes for gigaxonin. Nevertheless, the underlying molecular mechanism remains obscure. Methods: Cell lines from 4 GAN patients and 4 controls were analyzed by iTRAQ. Results: Among the dysregulated proteins were ribosomal protein L29, ribosomal protein L37, galectin‐1, glia‐derived nexin, and aminopeptidase N. Also, nuclear proteins linked to formin‐binding proteins were found to be dysregulated. Although the major role of gigaxonin is reported to be degradation of cytoskeleton‐associated proteins, the amount of 76 structural cytoskeletal proteins was unaltered. Conclusions: Several of the dysregulated proteins play a role in cytoskeletal reorganization. Based on these findings, we speculate that disturbed cytoskeletal regulation is responsible for formation of aggregates of intermediate filaments. Muscle Nerve 46: 246–256, 2012
Dual sourcing: Responsive hedging against correlated supply and demand uncertainty
Authors: Sting Fabian J. , Huchzermeier Arnd
Published: January 2012

This article analyzes dual sourcing decisions under stochastically dependent supply and demand uncertainty. A manufacturer faces the trade‐off between investing in unreliable but high‐margin offshore supply and in reliable but low‐margin local supply, where the latter allows for production that is responsively contingent on the actual demand and offshore supply conditions. Cost thresholds for both types of supply determine the optimal resource allocation: single offshore sourcing, single responsive sourcing, or dual sourcing. Relying on the concept of concordance orders, we study the effects of correlation between supply and demand uncertainty. Adding offshore supply to the sourcing portfolio becomes more favorable under positive correlation, since offshore supply is likely to satisfy demand when needed. Selecting responsive capacity under correlated supply and demand uncertainty is not as straightforward, yet we establish the managerially relevant conditions under which responsive capacity either gains or loses in importance. Our key results are extended to the broad class of endogenous supply uncertainty developed by Dada et al. [Manufact Serv Operat Mange 9 (2007), 9–32].© 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2012