bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evidence and potential clinical significance of changes in gene network interactions in ovarian cancer
Authors: Hill Christopher G. , McDonald John F.
Published: September 2015

The molecular basis of cancer is not merely the consequence of structural and/or regulatory mutations in genes, but additionally to disruptions in networks of regulatory interactions existing among these genes and other components of the genome. Disruptions in network relationships may manifest as the loss, gain or reversal of functionally significant interactive gene relationships in cancer cells. In this study, we first employ an unsupervised (Pearson correlation) approach to quantitatively estimate the overall change in network relationships between precursor (control) ovarian surface epithelial cells and ovarian cancer epithelial cells. We find that ovarian cancer cells display a significant overall reduction in correlated gene network interactions relative to normal precursor cells reflective of an overall loss of regulatory control.  We next focus on gene relationships that qualitatively change between normal and cancer samples. We find that biological processes significantly over represented among differentially expressed genes are substantially different from those associated with genes involved in qualitatively disrupted network interactions. Our findings provide novel insights into the processes underlying ovarian cancer and identify a potential new class of genes for targeted therapy.
Ectopic scrotum: A unique case report
Authors: Moorthy Krishna , Pillai Biju S. , Rathore Ranjeet Singh , Mehta Nisarg
Published: September 2015

Ectopic scrotum is a rare congenital anomaly. Most common location is supra-inguinal. We present a case of left ectopic scrotum in a three year old boy with no associated congenital anomalies, who underwent successful scrotoplasty and orchiopexy.
Risk factors for hemorrhage requiring embolization after percutaneous nephrolithotomy
Authors: Un Sitki , Cakir Volkan , Kara Cengiz , Turk Hakan , Kose Osman , Balli Omur , Yilmaz Yuksel
Published: September 2015

Introduction: Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) is the primary surgical intervention in kidney stone management. Even though it is performed quite often, the complication rates are also high. Arteriovenous fistulas following extended hemorrhages after PCNL are one of the most serious complications of this operation. Our main objective was to review the data of patients who required angiography and embolization.Methods: In total, we included 1405 patients who underwent PCNL between 2007 and 2014. All patient data were retrospectively reviewed. All patients went under PCNL using fluoroscopy. Following informed consent, all hemorrhagic patients underwent angiography in the interventional radiology department and embolization was performed in patients with a hemorrhage focus point.Results: A total of 147 patients (10.4%) required transfusion for post- PCNL hemorrhages. Of them, 14 (0.99%) underwent angiography and embolization (9 [64.2%] were male and 5 [35.8%] were female, with a mean age of 39.4 ± 10.2). The remaining 133 patients were conservatively managed (81 [60.9%] males and 52 [39.1%] females, with a mean age of 42.3 ± 12.4). When the predicting factors for angiography and embolization were reviewed, renal abnormalities and the mean size of stones were significant in both univariate and multivariate analysis (p < 0.001).Conclusion: Patients with extended and intermittent hematuria should be monitored closely for hemodynamics; if there is an ongoing necessity for transfusion, angiography should be considered.
A novel approach for manual de-torsion of an atypical (outward) testicular torsion with bedside Doppler ultrasonography guidance
Authors: Güneş Mustafa , Umul Mehmet , Çelik Ahmet Orhan , Armağan Hamit Hakan , Değirmenci Bumin
Published: September 2015

A 17-year-old boy presented with right testicular torsion to the lateral side. Torsion was diagnosed by physical examination; the colour Doppler ultrasonography (CDU) confirmed right testicular torsion with minimal peripheral hydrocele. Transverse and longitudinal examination of the spermatic cord with ultrasound and CDU revealed a counter-clockwise testicular torsion. Manual de-torsion was performed in a clockwise direction (720o) and testicular blood flow and the neutral position of the spermatic cord were confirmed by CDU. We did not encounter a residual twist of the spermatic cord upon surgical exploration. In our experience, ultrasound and CDU may predict the direction of testicular torsion and may allow appropriate management of cases prior to surgery.
Renal cancer seeding metastases following retroperitoneoscopic-assisted cryoablation: A case report
Authors: Van de Kamp Maaike W. , Kortekaas Bettina , Lagerveld Brunolf W.
Published: September 2015

Nephron-sparing laparoscopy is the standard surgical treatment for clinical T1a renal tumours. However, the laparoscopic technique brings in its specific oncological safety concerns. Seeding metastases are reported: peritoneal metastases, port-tract metastases, and (sub-) cutaneous metastases. The method of laparoscopic assisted renal mass cryoablation is marked by the fact that traumatic tumour tissue handling is unavoidable. This case report reviews the rare occasion of seeding metastases in the retroperitoneal space following laparoscopic cryoablation of a small renal mass. The primary tumour showed no focal recurrence as reported by histological examination. The combination of two events as harming the integrity of cancer tissue and gas-circulation leading to the development of metastases in the retroperitoneal cavity is discussed. The combination of iatrogenic harming cancer tissue integrity and CO2-circulation leads to metastases in the retroperitoneal cavity. Therefore, we recommend performing image-guided renal mass biopsies before considering cryoablative surgery.
Salvage HIFU for biopsy confirmed local prostate cancer recurrence after radical prostatectomy and radiation therapy: Case report and literature review
Authors: Rittberg Rebekah , Kroczak Tadeusz , Fleshner Neil , Drachenberg Darrel
Published: September 2015

High-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) is a treatment option for low- and intermediate-risk prostate cancer and more recently has been used as salvage therapy after failed radiation therapy. We present a case of local recurrence with biochemical failure after radical prostatectomy and salvage external beam radiation therapy with salvage HIFU without biochemical recurrence at 20 months.
Optimization of the current self-assembled urinary bladder model: Organ-specific stroma and smooth muscle inclusion
Authors: Orabi Hazem , Rousseau Alexandre , Laterreur Véronique , Bolduc Stéphane
Published: September 2015

Introduction: Due to the complications associated with the use of non-native biomaterials and the lack of local tissues, bioengineered tissues are required for surgical reconstruction of complex urinary tract diseases, including those of the urinary bladder. The selfassembly method of matrix formation using autologous stromal cells obviates the need for exogenous biomaterials. We aimed at creating novel ex-vivo multilayer urinary tissue from a single bladder biopsy.Methods: After isolating urothelial, bladder stromal and smooth muscle cells from bladder biopsies, we produced 2 models of urinary equivalents: (1) the original one with dermal fibroblasts and (2) the new one with bladder stromal cells. Dermal fibroblasts and bladder stromal cells were stimulated to form an extracellular matrix, followed by sequential seeding of smooth muscle cells and urothelial cells. Stratification and cellular differentiation were assessed by histology, immunostaining and electron microscopy. Barrier function was checked with the permeability test. Biomechanical properties were assessed with uniaxinal tensile strength, elastic modulus, and failure strain.Results: Both urinary equivalents could be handled easily and did not contract. Stratified epithelium, intact basement membrane, fused matrix, and prominent muscle layer were detected in both urinary equivalents. Bladder stromal cell-based constructs had terminally differentiated urothelium and more elasticity than dermal fibroblasts-based equivalents. Permeation studies showed that both equivalents were comparable to native tissues.Conclusions: Organ-specific stromal cells produced urinary tissues with more terminally differentiated urothelium and better biomechanical characteristics than non-specific stromal cells. Smooth muscle cells could be incorporated into the selfassembled tissues effectively. This multi-layer tissue can be used as a urethral graft or as a bladder model for disease modelling and pharmacotherapeutic testing.
The Endocannabinoid System: An Osteopathic Perspective
Authors: McPartland John M.
Published: September 2015

The present review provides an update on endocannabinoid basic science and clinical studies and proposes a new model to describe reciprocal interactions between somatic dysfunction and the endocannabinoid system. The endocannabinoid system consists of cannabinoid receptors, endogenous ligands, and ligand-metabolizing enzymes. The system exemplifies the osteopathic principle that the body possesses self-regulatory mechanisms that are self-healing in nature. Enhancing endocannabinoid activity has broad therapeutic potential, including the treatment of patients with somatic dysfunction, chronic pain, and neurodegenerative diseases as well as inflammatory conditions, bowel dysfunctions, and psychological disorders. Blockade of the endocannabinoid system with drugs such as rimonabant and taranabant may oppose self-healing mechanisms and elicit adverse effects. Osteopathic physicians wield several tools that can augment endocannabinoid activity, including lifestyle modifications, pharmaceutical approaches, and osteopathic manipulative treatment.
Three-Dimensional Mathematical Model for Deformation of Human Fasciae in Manual Therapy
Authors: Chaudhry Hans , Schleip Robert , Ji Zhiming , Bukiet Bruce , Maney Miriam , Findley Thomas
Published: September 2015

Context: Although mathematical models have been developed for the bony movement occurring during chiropractic manipulation, such models are not available for soft tissue motion.

Objective: To develop a three-dimensional mathematical model for exploring the relationship between mechanical forces and deformation of human fasciae in manual therapy using a finite deformation theory.

Methods: The predicted stresses required to produce plastic deformation were evaluated for a volunteer subject's fascia lata, plantar fascia, and superficial nasal fascia. These stresses were then compared with previous experimental findings for plastic deformation in dense connective tissues. Using the three-dimensional mathematical model, the authors determined the changing amounts of compression and shear produced in fascial tissue during 20 seconds of manual therapy.

Results: The three-dimensional model's equations revealed that very large forces, outside the normal physiologic range, are required to produce even 1% compression and 1% shear in fascia lata and plantar fascia. Such large forces are not required to produce substantial compression and shear in superficial nasal fascia, however.

Conclusion: The palpable sensations of tissue release that are often reported by osteopathic physicians and other manual therapists cannot be due to deformations produced in the firm tissues of plantar fascia and fascia lata. However, palpable tissue release could result from deformation in softer tissues, such as superficial nasal fascia.
Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome as the Underlying Cause of Intractable Nausea and Vomiting
Authors: Price Stephanie L. , Fisher Cynthia , Kumar Ravinder , Hilgerson Alan
Published: September 2015

Recently, reports have suggested that chronic cannabis abuse can result in cyclical vomiting, or cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome. With the increasing prevalence of cannabis use in the United States, this syndrome may be encountered in the emergency department. The authors describe a case of a 30-year-old man who presented to the emergency department with diffuse abdominal pain, nausea, and intractable vomiting. He reported symptomatic relief with prolonged hot showers. Results of a urine drug screen were positive for cannabis, and the patient admitted to chronic cannabis use for years. Results of the drug screen, combined with the patient's symptomatic relief with hot showers, led to the diagnosis of cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome. The patient was admitted to the hospital and underwent pharmaceutical treatment. However, hot showers continued to be the mainstay of the patient's symptomatic relief. Four days after presentation, the patient's symptoms resolved and he was discharged from the hospital.
Psoas Syndrome: A Frequently Missed Diagnosis
Authors: Tufo Andrea , Desai Gautam J. , Cox W. Joshua
Published: September 2015

Psoas syndrome is an easily missed diagnosis. However, it is important to consider this condition as part of the differential diagnosis for patients presenting with low back pain—particularly for osteopathic physicians, because patients may view these practitioners as experts in musculoskeletal conditions. The authors describe the case of a 48-year-old man with a 6-month history of low back pain that had been attributed to “weak core muscles.” The diagnosis of psoas syndrome was initially overlooked in this patient. After the correct diagnosis was made, he was treated by an osteopathic physician using osteopathic manipulative treatment, in conjunction with at-home stretches between office treatments. At his 1-month follow-up appointment, he demonstrated continued improvement of symptoms and a desire for further osteopathic manipulative treatment.
The Evaluation of Post-Keynesian Economics A Comparative Analysis
Authors: Hiç Özlen
Published: September 2015

In this article, we will make a comparative analysis of the evaluation and the developments in the Post-Keynesian Economics and then give the properties of Post-Keynesian Economics in terms of their assumptions and methodology, and their macroeconomic models; later on we will discuss the current state of Post-Keynesian Economics, again based on a comparative analysis.

Post-Keynesian Economics was developed in the mid ‘80s as a reaction not only against New Classical School but also against New Keynesian economists because the assumptions and hence the conclusions of the latter were not deemed Keynesian enough.

Keynesian Economics was mainstream both in the USA and Europe, both in academic circles and in the field of implementation by governments and Central Banks from 1936 and WW II up to the ‘70s. The debate that took place during this period between Neo-Keynesian economists in the USA and Neo-Classical economists that led to the Neo-Classical Synthesis and the reaction of Orthodox Keynesian Economists in the UK to Neo-Classical Synthesis will be referred to later. Keynesian economics here embraces both Neo-Keynesian economists and Orthodox Keynesian economists as mainstream against the Traditional Classical and the Neo-Classical System.

Today, we witness that at present New Keynesian School is more widespread and influential compared to Post-Keynesian. One possible reason is that the former school sprang up in the USA while the latter basically in the UK; and USA today is much more influential worldwide compared say to the times when Keynes lived. But this should not be the sole or even the major reason why Post-Keynesianism is less popular. The reason which would likely explain the difference in popularity is that in their normative value judgments Post-Keynesian economists assign a heavy weight to improving income distribution while New Keynesian economists, on the whole, are less concerned with this goal.
The Heterogeneity of the Eurozone Populations in Deposits’ Possession and Its Implications for Credit Institutions’ Funding Stability
Authors: Kochaniak Katarzyna Kinga
Published: September 2015

The European Union single liquidity standards - Liquidity Coverage Ratio and Net Stable Funding Ratio – point out household deposits as preferred, stable funding for credit institutions, under normal and stress conditions. The introduction of standards affects not only funding stability of entities, but also their future development opportunities. In countries with populations of low propensity to hold deposits this impact is expected to be negative.

The implementation of common standards in a group of diverse countries of the Eurozone seems to be a task of compromised effectiveness. During the last financial and economic crises individual populations were unequally capable to place deposits with credit institutions, leading to significant differences in their average levels per capita in the member states.

The aim of this paper is to identify the determinants of the Eurozone’s geographic disparities in the populations’ ability to provide deposits to domestic credit institutions, in selected years: 2006, 2008 and 2012. The indicated periods refer to significantly different macroeconomic background.

The results of empirical analysis demonstrate the priority impact of precise variables, referred to the financial market and national economies on the formation of the levels of household deposits per capita in the Euro area. The variables representing household features appear as less important for the considered problem.
Callistemon purpurascens: a new and threatened species from the Blue Mountains region, New South Wales, Australia
Authors: Douglas Steven Murray , Wilson Peter G
Published: September 2015

Callistemon purpurascens SM Douglas, S David & P Wilson is described from the Blue Mountains region in Central Tablelands Botanical Division of New South Wales, Australia. The conservation status of this taxon is considered with the conclusion that it should be assessed as Critically Endangered under both state and Commonwealth legislation.
Two new species of Prostanthera (Lamiaceae) from south eastern Queensland
Authors: Wilson Trevor Craig , Conn Barry John
Published: September 2015

Two locally restricted species of Prostanthera (Lamiaceae) are each known from a single locality in south eastern Queensland, Australia. Descriptions of the new species Prostanthera oleoides and P. spathulata are provided. The diagnostic features of both are illustrated, and notes on etymology, habitat preferences and conservation status are included.
First MESSENGER orbital observations of Mercury's librations
Authors: Stark Alexander , Oberst Jürgen , Preusker Frank , Peale Stanton J. , Margot Jean‐Luc , Phillips Roger J. , Neumann Gregory A. , Smith David E. , Zuber Maria T. , Solomon Sean C.
Published: September 2015

We have coregistered laser altimeter profiles from 3 years of MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry, and Ranging (MESSENGER) orbital observations with stereo digital terrain models to infer the rotation parameters for the planet Mercury. In particular, we provide the first observations of Mercury's librations from orbit. We have also confirmed available estimates for the orientation of the spin axis and the mean rotation rate of the planet. We find a large libration amplitude of 38.9 ± 1.3 arc sec and an obliquity of the spin axis of 2.029 ± 0.085 arc min, results confirming that Mercury possesses a liquid outer core. The mean rotation rate is observed to be (6.13851804 ± 9.4 × 10−7)°/d (a spin period of 58.6460768 days ± 0.78 s), significantly higher than the expected resonant rotation rate. As a possible explanation we suggest that Mercury is undergoing long‐period librational motion, related to planetary perturbations of its orbit.
Early morning irregularities detected with spaceborne GPS measurements in the topside ionosphere: A multisatellite case study
Authors: Zakharenkova Irina , Astafyeva Elvira , Cherniak Iurii
Published: September 2015

We present observations of the equatorial plasma bubbles (EPB) in the topside ionosphere at early morning hours (05–08 LT) in the recovery phase of the 18–19 February 2014 geomagnetic storm. This rare type of irregularities was detected in the Pacific sector using GPS measurements on board several low‐Earth‐orbit (LEO) satellites. We use a multisatellite constellation consisted of the three Swarm and one TerraSAR‐X satellites, that on 19 February flew in the same region and at similar altitudes ~500 km. The EPB occurrence in the LEO GPS data was observed for several consecutive orbits from ~11 UT to 16–17 UT on 19 February 2014, which suggests the following: (1) rather long duration (hours) of favorable conditions for EPB generation, (2) formation and evolution of EPB over wide longitude range of the Pacific Ocean, and (3) possible movement of the EPB region in the westward direction (with dawn). Registration of the early morning EPB in LEO GPS data was supported by concurrent in situ (Swarm and DMSP (Defense Meteorological Satellite Program)) and ground‐based (ionosonde and GPS) measurements. LEO‐based GPS technique is found to be essential and promising data source to study the topside EPB over regions with lack of the ground‐based facilities. In addition, we use the Prompt Penetration Model and the Thermosphere‐Ionosphere Electrodynamics Global Circulation Model (TIE‐GCM) to identify the possible mechanisms responsible for the observed phenomenon. The model simulation results indicate the occurrence of the zone with the enhanced vertical plasma drift (~40–45 m/s) owing to the disturbance dynamo action in the predawn/dawn sector during 09–17 UT.
Impact of the ConRed program on different cyberbulling roles
Authors: Del Rey Rosario , Casas José A. , Ortega Rosario
Published: September 2015

This article presents results from an evaluation of the ConRed cyberbullying intervention program. The program's impacts were separately determined for the different roles within cyberbullying that students can take, i.e., cyber‐victims, cyber‐bullies, cyber‐bully/victims, and bystanders. The ConRed program is a theory‐driven program designed to prevent cyberbullying and improve cyberbullying coping skills. It involves students, teachers, and families. During a 3‐month period, external experts conducted eight training sessions with students, two with teachers and one with families. ConRed was evaluated through a quasi‐experimental design, in which students from three secondary schools were separated into experimental and control groups. The sample comprised 875 students, aged between 11 and 19 years. More students (n = 586) were allocated to the experimental groups at the specific insistence of the management of all schools; the remainder (n = 289) formed the control. Repeated measures MANOVA showed that cyber victims, cyber aggressors and cyberbully/victims reduced their involvement in cyberbullying. Moreover, cyber‐victims and bystanders adjusted their perceptions about their control of personal information on the Internet, and cyber aggressors and bystanders reduced their Internet dependence. The ConRed program had stronger effects on male participants, especially in heightening their affective empathy. Aggr. Behav. 42:123–135, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Reducing cyberbullying: A theory of reasoned action‐based video prevention program for college students
Authors: Doane Ashley N. , Kelley Michelle L. , Pearson Matthew R.
Published: September 2015

Few studies have evaluated the effectiveness of cyberbullying prevention/intervention programs. The goals of the present study were to develop a Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA)‐based video program to increase cyberbullying knowledge (1) and empathy toward cyberbullying victims (2), reduce favorable attitudes toward cyberbullying (3), decrease positive injunctive (4) and descriptive norms about cyberbullying (5), and reduce cyberbullying intentions (6) and cyberbullying behavior (7). One hundred sixty‐seven college students were randomly assigned to an online video cyberbullying prevention program or an assessment‐only control group. Immediately following the program, attitudes and injunctive norms for all four types of cyberbullying behavior (i.e., unwanted contact, malice, deception, and public humiliation), descriptive norms for malice and public humiliation, empathy toward victims of malice and deception, and cyberbullying knowledge significantly improved in the experimental group. At one‐month follow‐up, malice and public humiliation behavior, favorable attitudes toward unwanted contact, deception, and public humiliation, and injunctive norms for public humiliation were significantly lower in the experimental than the control group. Cyberbullying knowledge was significantly higher in the experimental than the control group. These findings demonstrate a brief cyberbullying video is capable of improving, at one‐month follow‐up, cyberbullying knowledge, cyberbullying perpetration behavior, and TRA constructs known to predict cyberbullying perpetration. Considering the low cost and ease with which a video‐based prevention/intervention program can be delivered, this type of approach should be considered to reduce cyberbullying. Aggr. Behav. 42:136–146, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Participant roles of bullying in adolescence: Status characteristics, social behavior, and assignment criteria
Authors: Pouwels J. Loes , Lansu Tessa A. M. , Cillessen Antonius H. N.
Published: September 2015

This study had three goals. First, we examined the prevalence of the participant roles of bullying in middle adolescence and possible gender differences therein. Second, we examined the behavioral and status characteristics associated with the participant roles in middle adolescence. Third, we compared two sets of criteria for assigning students to the participant roles of bullying. Participants were 1,638 adolescents (50.9% boys, Mage = 16.38 years, SD =.80) who completed the shortened participant role questionnaire and peer nominations for peer status and behavioral characteristics. Adolescents were assigned to the participant roles according to the relative criteria of Salmivalli, Lagerspetz, Björkqvist, Österman, and Kaukiainen (1996). Next, the students in each role were divided in two subgroups based on an additional absolute criterion: the Relative Only Criterion subgroup (nominated by less than 10% of their classmates) and the Absolute & Relative Criterion subgroup (nominated by at least 10% of their classmates). Adolescents who bullied or reinforced or assisted bullies were highly popular and disliked and scored high on peer‐valued characteristics. Adolescents who were victimized held the weakest social position in the peer group. Adolescents who defended victims were liked and prosocial, but average in popularity and peer‐valued characteristics. Outsiders held a socially weak position in the peer group, but were less disliked, less aggressive, and more prosocial than victims. The behavior and status profiles of adolescents in the participant roles were more extreme for the Absolute & Relative Criterion subgroup than for the Relative Only Criterion subgroup. Aggr. Behav. 42:239–253, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
“It was only harmless banter!” The development and preliminary validation of the moral disengagement in sexual harassment scale
Authors: Page Thomas E. , Pina Afroditi , Giner‐Sorolla Roger
Published: September 2015

Sexual harassment represents aggressive behavior that is often enacted instrumentally, in response to a threatened sense of masculinity and male identity. To date, however, theoretical attention to the social cognitive processes that regulate workplace harassment is scant. This article presents the development and preliminary validation of the Moral Disengagement in Sexual Harassment Scale (MDiSH); a self‐report measure of moral disengagement in the context of hostile work environment harassment. Three studies (total n = 797) document the excellent psychometric properties of this new scale. Male U.K. university students (Study 1: n = 322) and U.S. working males (Studies 2 and 3: n = 475) completed the MDiSH and an array of measures for construct validation. The MDiSH exhibited positive correlations with sexual harassment myth acceptance, male gender identification, and hostile sexism. In Study 3, participants were exposed to a fictitious case of hostile work environment harassment. The MDiSH attenuated moral judgment, negative emotions (guilt, shame, and anger), sympathy, and endorsement of prosocial behavioral intentions (support for restitution) associated with the harassment case. Conversely, the MDiSH increased positive affect (happiness) about the harassment and attribution of blame to the female complainant. Implications for practice and future research avenues are discussed. Aggr. Behav. 42:254–273, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Tackling psychosocial risk factors for adolescent cyberbullying: Evidence from a school‐based intervention
Authors: Barkoukis Vassilis , Lazuras Lambros , Ourda Despoina , Tsorbatzoudis Haralambos
Published: September 2015

Cyberbullying is an emerging form of bullying that takes place through contemporary information and communication technologies. Building on past research on the psychosocial risk factors for cyberbullying in this age group, the present study assessed a theory‐driven, school‐based preventive intervention that targeted moral disengagement, empathy and social cognitive predictors of cyberbullying. Adolescents (N = 355) aged between 16 and 18 years were randomly assigned into the intervention and the control group. Both groups completed anonymous structured questionnaires about demographics, empathy, moral disengagement and cyberbullying‐related social cognitive variables (attitudes, actor prototypes, social norms, and behavioral expectations) before the intervention, post‐intervention and 6 months after the intervention. The intervention included awareness‐raising and interactive discussions about cyberbullying with intervention group students. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) showed that, after controlling for baseline measurements, there were significant differences at post‐intervention measures in moral disengagement scores, and in favorability of actor prototypes. Further analysis on the specific mechanisms of moral disengagement showed that significant differences were observed in distortion of consequences and attribution of blame. The implications of the intervention are discussed, and guidelines for future school‐based interventions against cyberbullying are provided. Aggr. Behav. 42:114–122, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Trifunctional TiO2 Nanoparticles with Exposed {001} Facets as Additives in Cobalt‐Based Porphyrin‐Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Zhai Peng , Hsieh Tsung‐Yu , Yeh Chen‐Yu , Reddy Kamani Sudhir K , Hu Chi‐Chang , Su Jhih‐Hao , Wei Tzu‐Chien , Feng Shien‐Ping
Published: September 2015

In this study, highly mesoporous TiO2 composite photoanodes composed of functional {001}‐faceted TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) and commercially available 20 nm TiO2 NPs are employed in efficient porphyrin‐sensitized solar cells together with cobalt polypyridyl‐based mediators. Large TiO2 NPs (approximately 50 nm) with exposed {001} facets are prepared using a fast microwave‐assisted hydrothermal (FMAH) method. These unique composite photoanodes favorably mitigate the aggregation of porphyrin on the surface of TiO2 NPs and strongly facilitate the mass transport of cobalt‐polypyridyl‐based electrolytes in the mesoporous structure. Linear sweep voltammetry reveals that the transportation of Co(polypyridyl) redox is a diffusion‐controlled process, which is highly dependent on the porosity of TiO2 films. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy confirms that the FMAH TiO2 NPs effectively suppress the interfacial charge recombination toward [Co(bpy)3]3+ because of their oxidative {001} facets. In an optimal condition of 40 wt% addition of FMAH TiO2 NPs in the final formula, the power conversion efficiency of the dye‐sensitized cells improves from 8.28% to 9.53% under AM1.5 (1 sun) conditions.
Enhanced Electrochemical H2 Evolution by Few‐Layered Metallic WS2(1−x)Se2x Nanoribbons
Authors: Wang Fengmei , Li Jinshan , Wang Feng , Shifa Tofik Ahmed , Cheng Zhongzhou , Wang Zhenxing , Xu Kai , Zhan Xueying , Wang Qisheng , Huang Yun , Jiang Chao , He Jun
Published: September 2015

As an effective alternative to noble platinum electrocatalyst, earth abundant and inexpensive layered transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) are investigated for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Compared with binary TMDs, the tunably composed ternary TMDs have hitherto received relatively little attention. Here, few‐layered ternary WS2(1−x)Se2x nanoribbons (NRs) with metallic 1T phases, much more catalytically active in HER, are prepared for the first time. The favorable ΔGHo introduced by the tensile region on the surface, along with the presence of local lattice distortions of the WS2(1−x)Se2x nanoribbons with metallic 1T phases, greatly promotes the HER process. These ternary NRs achieve the lowest overpotential of ≈0.17 V at 10 mA cm−2 and a Tafel slope of ≈68 mV dec−1 at a low catalyst loading (≈0.30 ± 0.02 mg cm−2). Notably, the long‐term durability suggests the potential of practical applications in acid electrolytes. The results here suggest that the ternary WS2(1−x)Se2x NRs with 1T phases are prominent alternatives to platinum‐based HER electrocatalysts.
Gadolinium‐Doped Iron Oxide Nanoprobe as Multifunctional Bioimaging Agent and Drug Delivery System
Authors: Zhang Guilong , Du Ruohong , Zhang Lele , Cai Dongqing , Sun Xiao , Zhou Yong , Zhou Jian , Qian Junchao , Zhong Kai , Zheng Kang , Kaigler Darnell , Liu Wenqing , Zhang Xin , Zou Duohong , Wu Zhengyan
Published: September 2015

In this study, a high‐performance T1–T2 dual‐model contrast agent by gadolinium‐doped iron oxide nanoparticle (GION) is developed. Following its development, the application of this agent in vivo by combining doxorubicin (DOX) and folic acid (FA) (FA–GION–DOX) for targeted drug delivery to monitor cancer treatment is explored. GION showed transverse and longitudinal relaxivities up to 182.7 × 10−3 and 7.87 × 10−3m−1 s−1, respectively, upon Gd/Fe ratio in GION at 1/4. DOX released from FA–GION–DOX is pH dependent and only kills cancer cell after FA receptor‐mediated internalization into the acidic environment of endosomes and lysosomes. Systemic delivery of FA–GION–DOX significantly inhibits the growth of tumors and shows good magnetic resonance enhancement in a human cervical cancer xenograft model. Thus, FA–GION–DOX has a potential application for the targeted and magnetic resonance imaging guided therapy of cervical cancer.
Probing the Role of Mucin‐Bound Glycans in Bacterial Repulsion by Mucin Coatings
Authors: Co Julia Y. , Crouzier Thomas , Ribbeck Katharina
Published: September 2015

Microbial colonization of implanted medical devices in humans can lead to device failure and life‐threatening infections. One strategy to prevent this unwanted colonization is to coat devices with polymers that reduce bacterial attachment. This study investigates how mucins, a class of biopolymers found in mucus, can be used as surface coatings to prevent attachment of selected respiratory pathogens to polystyrene surfaces. Our data show that coatings of porcine gastric mucins or bovine submaxillary mucins reduce surface attachment by Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus, but not Pseudomonas aeruginosa. To elucidate how mucin coatings repel S. pneumoniae and S. aureus, the molecular components of mucins are examined. Our data suggest that mucin‐bound glycans are key structural contributors of mucin coatings and are necessary for the repulsive effects toward S. pneumoniae and S. aureus.
Roll‐to‐Roll Production of Graphene Hybrid Electrodes for High‐Efficiency, Flexible Organic Photoelectronics
Authors: Hu Xiaotian , Chen Lie , Ji Ting , Zhang Yong , Hu Aifeng , Wu Feiyan , Li Gang , Chen Yiwang
Published: September 2015

Despite nearly two decades of research, the absence of ideal, flexible, and transparent electrodes has been the biggest bottleneck for realizing flexible and printable electronics via roll‐to‐roll (R2R) method. A fabrication of poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate):graphene:ethyl cellulose (PEDOT:PSS:G:EC) hybrid electrodes by R2R process, which allows for the elimination of strong acid treatment. The high‐performance flexible printable electrode includes a transmittance (T) of 78% at 550 nm and a sheet resistance of 13 Ω sq−1 with excellent mechanical stability. These features arise from the PSS interacting strongly with the ethyoxyl groups from EC promoting a favorable phase separation between PEDOT and PSS chains, and the highly uniform and conductive G:EC enable rearrangement of the PEDOT chains with more expanded conformation surrounded by G:EC via the π–π interaction between G:EC and PEDOT. The hybrid electrodes are fully functional as universal electrodes for outstanding flexible electronic applications. Organic solar cells based on the hybrid electrode exhibit a high power conversion efficiency of 9.4% with good universality for active layer. Moreover, the organic light‐emitting diodes and photodetector devices hold the same level to or outperform those based on indium tin oxide flexible transparent electrodes.
Kinetic modeling strategy for an exothermic multiphase reactor system: Application to vegetable oils epoxidation using Prileschajew method
Authors: Zheng Jun L. , Wärnå Johan , Salmi Tapio , Burel Fabrice , Taouk Bechara , Leveneur Sébastien
Published: September 2015

Epoxidation of cottonseed oil by peroxyformic acid (PFA) was studied in a semibatch calorimeter. This liquid–liquid reaction system is composed of different exothermic steps. Thus, a kinetic modeling strategy to diminish the number of parameters to estimate was developed by investigating each reaction system: PFA synthesis and decomposition, ring‐opening and epoxidation. A thermal study was conducted by determining heat capacity of the different organic species, and by analyzing the evolution of global heat‐transfer coefficient with the reaction extent. The epoxidation reaction was performed in a semibatch reactor under isoperibolic mode within an initial temperature range of 50–70°C, an organic phase of 30–34 wt %, a formic acid molar flow rate of 0.02–0.05 mol/min and an addition time of 25–50 min. The interfacial mass transfer was supposed to be faster than the intrinsic reaction kinetics suppressing the use of mass transfer correlation. Nonlinear regression was used to estimate the kinetic and thermal parameters. The kinetic parameters of epoxidation of the three different fatty acids, namely oleic, linoleic, and its intermediate were estimated. The reaction enthalpy of epoxidation was estimated to −230 ± 3.8 kJ/mol, and the reaction enthalpy of ring‐opening was measured to be −90 kJ/mol by Tian–Calvet calorimeter. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 62: 726–741, 2016
A new insight to validation of local composition models in binary mixtures using molecular dynamic simulation
Authors: Haghtalab Ali , Seyf Jaber Yousefi
Published: September 2015

A computational method based on molecular dynamics (MD) simulation is developed to predict the interaction parameters in local composition (LC) models such as Wilson, nonrandom two‐liquid (NRTL), and universal quasichemical activity coefficient (UNIQUAC) applicable in vapor‐liquid equilibrium calculations so that LC models are validated. The five binary mixtures of water‐acetonitrile, water‐isopropanol, methanol‐chloroform, acetone‐cyclohexane, and meta xylene‐benzene were simulated. The MD simulations are performed using the condensed phase optimized molecular potential for atomistic simulation studies force field and all ranges of radial distribution function (RDF) are considered. In addition, the interaction parameters are determined by optimization through experimental data and are compared with the MD results. The interaction parameters are calculated through RDF where the effective radius is investigated by experimental data. The present results demonstrate that interaction parameters are composition dependent which are best fitted by a third‐order polynomial relation. Based on the deviation in the activity coefficients, the results of the UNIQUAC model are more accurate than Wilson and NRTL models. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 62: 275–286, 2016
Making chromosome abnormalities treatable conditions
Authors: Cody Jannine DeMars , Hale Daniel Esten
Published: September 2015

Individuals affected by the classic chromosome deletion syndromes which were first identified at the beginning of the genetic age, are now positioned to benefit from genomic advances. This issue highlights five of these conditions (4p‐, 5p‐, 11q‐, 18p‐, and 18q‐). It focuses on the increased in understanding of the molecular underpinnings and envisions how these can be transformed into effective treatments. While it is scientifically exciting to see the phenotypic manifestations of hemizygosity being increasingly understood at the molecular and cellular level, it is even more amazing to consider that we are now on the road to making chromosome abnormalities treatable conditions. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Route to 1‐Alkenylphosphine Derivatives via the Zr‐Catalyzed Reaction of 1‐Alkynylphosphines with Triethylaluminum
Authors: Ramazanov Ilfir R. , Kadikova Rita N. , Saitova Zukhra R. , Dzhemilev Usein M.
Published: September 2015

The Cp2ZrCl2‐catalyzed reaction of 1‐alkynyldiphenylphosphines with Et3Al, followed by deuterolysis and oxidation, affords substituted (E)‐(but‐1‐en‐1‐yl‐1,4‐d2)diphenylphosphine oxides. It is suggested that the reaction proceeds through the formation of intermediate aluminacyclopent‐2‐enes. Substituted (E)‐but‐1‐en‐1‐yldiphenylphosphine sulfides and 4‐butyl‐5‐(diphenylphosphoryl)‐1‐phenyl‐2,3‐dihydrophosphole 1‐oxide were prepared by reacting intermediate organoaluminum compounds with S8 and PhPCl2. The mechanism of the cycloalumination of 1‐alkynylphosphines is proposed.
Convergent Synthesis of Solamargine and Analogues Thereof: Structural Revision of 16‐epi‐Solamargine and Cytotoxic Evaluation
Authors: Chen Pengwei , Wang Peng , Liu Li , Qiu Peiju , Zhang Lijuan , Song Ni , Ren Sumei , Guan Huashi , Li Ming
Published: September 2015

An effective and stereoselective protocol for convergent synthesis of solamargine, a representative of spirosolane‐type glycoalkaloids, is reported. HB(C6F5)4‐catalyzed coupling of 26‐azido‐pseudodiosgenin with chacotriosyl trichloroacetimidate as the key step for synthesis of solamargine proceeded in high yield and with excellent stereoselectivity. Three analogues of solamargine were synthesized by the method. Protonation of the nitrogen atom by deuterium chloride had a significant influence on the 1H NMR spectrum of solamargine. On the basis of these results, the structure of 16‐epi‐solamargine was revised to solamargine hydrochloride. The cytotoxicity of solamargine together with its analogues against cancer cell lines was evaluated.
Clear anterior rhinorrhea in the population
Authors: Rodriguez Kenneth , Rubinstein Elaine , Ferguson Berrylin J.
Published: September 2015

Background

Clear anterior rhinorrhea is commonly observed in older adults and is widely known as “senile rhinorrhea.” Although appreciated in the literature, no studies support that clear rhinorrhea increases with age. Our goal was to determine the prevalence of clear rhinorrhea in adults and the variation between young and old. Additionally, we sought to determine if clear rhinorrhea was bothersome enough for patients to seek treatment.

Methods

A questionnaire was randomly distributed to 158 adults, 76 young adults on the University of Pittsburgh Undergraduate campus, and 82 older adults at Longwood Retirement Community in 2011.

Results

Older subjects reported more drip and an increase in rhinorrhea over time regardless of gender (p < 0.05). Participants wanting to seek treatment reported drip occurred more often, that they used more tissues, and were more bothered by drip compared to those not wanting treatment (p < 0.05).

Conclusion

Clear, anterior rhinorrhea affects older adults regardless of gender significantly more often and more severely than young adults (p < 0.05). The more frequent and bothersome the nasal drip, the more likely individuals would elect treatment.
On‐Tip Photo‐Modulated Molecular Printing
Authors: Xie Zhuang , Zhou Yu , Hedrick James L. , Chen Peng‐Cheng , He Shu , Shahjamali Mohammad M. , Wang Shunzhi , Zheng Zijian , Mirkin Chad A.
Published: September 2015

The concept of using cantilever‐free scanning probe arrays as structures that can modulate nanoscale ink flow and composition with light is introduced and evaluated. By utilizing polymer pen arrays with an opaque gold layer surrounding the base of the transparent polymer pyramids, we show that inks with photopolymerizable or isomerizable constituents can be used in conjunction with light channelled through the pyramids to control ink viscosity or composition in a dynamic manner. This on‐tip photo‐modulated molecular printing provides novel chemically and mechanically controlled approaches to regulating ink transport and composition in real time and could be useful not only for rapidly adjusting feature size but also for studying processes including photoreactions and mass transport at the nanoscale, self‐assembly, and cell–material interactions.
Polyethylene with Reverse Co‐monomer Incorporation: From an Industrial Serendipitous Discovery to Fundamental Understanding
Authors: Cicmil Dimitrije , Meeuwissen Jurjen , Vantomme Aurélien , Wang Jian , van Ravenhorst Ilse K. , van der Bij Hendrik E. , Muñoz‐Murillo Ara , Weckhuysen Bert M.
Published: September 2015

A triethylaluminium(TEAl)‐modified Phillips ethylene polymerisation Cr/Ti/SiO2 catalyst has been developed with two distinct active regions positioned respectively in the inner core and outer shell of the catalyst particle. DRIFTS, EPR, UV‐Vis‐NIR DRS, STXM, SEM‐EDX and GPC‐IR studies revealed that the catalyst produces simultaneously two different polymers, i.e., low molecular weight linear‐chain polyethylene in the Ti‐abundant catalyst particle shell and high molecular weight short‐chain branched polyethylene in the Ti‐scarce catalyst particle core. Co‐monomers for the short‐chain branched polymer were generated in situ within the TEAl‐impregnated confined space of the Ti‐scarce catalyst particle core in close proximity to the active sites that produced the high molecular weight polymer. These results demonstrate that the catalyst particle architecture directly affects polymer composition, offering the perspective of making high‐performance polyethylene from a single reactor system using this modified Phillips catalyst.
Regulating Molecular Recognition with C‐Shaped Strips Attained by Chirality‐Assisted Synthesis
Authors: Liu Xiaoxi , Weinert Zackariah J. , Sharafi Mona , Liao Chenyi , Li Jianing , Schneebeli Severin T.
Published: September 2015

Chirality‐assisted synthesis (CAS) is a general approach to control the shapes of large molecular strips. CAS is based on enantiomerically pure building blocks that are designed to strictly couple in a single geometric orientation. Fully shape‐persistent structures can thus be created, even in the form of linear chains. With CAS, selective recognition between large host and guest molecules can reliably be designed de novo. To demonstrate this concept, three C‐shaped strips that can embrace a pillar[5]arene macrocycle were synthesized. The pillar[5]arene bound to the strips was a better host for electron‐deficient guests than the free macrocycle. Experimental and computational evidence is provided for these unique cooperative interactions to illustrate how CAS could open the door towards the precise positioning of functional groups for regulated supramolecular recognition and catalysis.