bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Ex Vivo Effect of Ligation Technique on the Static Frictional Resistance of Stainless Steel Brackets and Archwires
Authors: Edwards G. D. , Davies E.H. , Jones S. P.
Published: December 2014

This ex vivo investigation compared the effect of various orthodontic ligation techniques on the static frictional resistance of stainless steel brackets and archwires under both dry and wet conditions. The techniques studied were: elastomeric modules tied conventionally and in a ‘figure of 8’ pattern, stainless steel ligatures, and Teflon-coated ligatures. The first part of the investigation involved the construction of calibration curves for each of the materials, so an estimate of the normal force exerted by the ligatures could be ascertained. Secondly, a pair of ligature locking pliers were modified so that ligatures could be placed with a standardized force. Finally, the four methods of ligation were directly compared on a specially constructed testing apparatus. Results revealed that elastomeric modules tied in a ‘figures of 8’ pattern produced significantly more friction than any other method tested, under both dry and wet conditions. NO significant differences in frictional resistance were found between conventionally tied elastomeric modules and stainless steel ligatures. Teflon-coated ligatures, however, were associated with the lowest frictional forces. The results of the calibration tests indicated that the normal forces exerted by all four methods of ligation may be higher than previously estimated.
The Effects of Archwire Forces on Incisor Intrusion
Authors: Hamdan A. M. , Rock W. P.
Published: December 2014

The forces exerted by archwires were measured in association with both Begg and Straight-Wire® attachments. Seven stainless steel and three nickel-titanium wires were tested at vertical deflections equivalent to 20, 30, and 40 degrees, these being incorporated via anchor bends or reverse curve of Spee as appropriate to each system. All seven brands of stainless steel arches demonstrated similar performance. An increase in archwire diameter from 0·016 to 0·018 inch increased intrusive forces by 64 per cent for stainless steel and 58 per cent for nickel-titanium. Increasing anchor bend or reverse curve of Spee produced considerable force increases across the range of specimens. Begg archforms produced more force than Straight-Wire® archforms of similar deflection when attached to molars only. Attachment of archwires to second premolars in addition to molars reduced the intrusive forces produced by Begg arches, but increased the forces of Straight-Wire arches.
The Effects of Sandblasting on the Retention of First Molar Orthodontic Bands Cemented with Glass Ionomer Cement
Authors: Millett D. T. , McCabe J.F. , Bennett T. G. , Carter N. E. , Gordon P. H.
Published: December 2014

This study examined the effect of sandblasting, in vitro, on the bond strength and survival time of first molar orthodontic bands. Survival time was assessed following simulated mechanical fatigue in a ball mill. The amount of cement left attached to the band after debanding was also assessed. In addition, the effect of sandblasting on the failure rate of 320 first molar bands cemented in 107 patients was examined in a half-mouth trail. Ketac-cem®, mixed according, to manufacturers' instructions was used as the luting agent for both laboratory and clinical trails.

In vitro, sandblasting increased bond strength by 27 per cent (P<·01) and produced a three-fold increase in the median survival time relative to the untreated sample (P<0·001) in the ball mill experiment. Sandblasting resulted in more cement remaining on the band rather than on the tooth enamel after band removal. in vivo, sandblasting reduced the clinical failure rate of the first molar bands (P<0·001).
Pneumosinus Dilatans of the Ethmoid Sinus—Incidental Finding on a Cephalometric Radiograph
Authors: van Rensburg L. J. , Nortje C. J. , Wood R. E.
Published: December 2014

A case of pneumosinus dilatans of the posterior ethmoidal region is presented. The condition known as pneumosinus dilatans is discussed, as are accessory ethmoidal air cells with respect to their most common location and radiographic appearance. The diagnostic imaging features of this condition are described and a recommendation of views to adequately delineate this disorder are given. The importance of an adequate and thorough review of the cephalometric radiograph for pathologic conditions is stressed.
Customized Jig for a Bonded Palatal Retainer: A Case Report
Authors: Oliver Richard G. , Richards Brian H.
Published: December 2014

The construction of a customized jig to assist with the placement of multiple multistranded wire retainers is described and illustrated. Its use in a patient with severe resorption of the roots and surrounding alveolar bone of the upper anterior teeth is reported.
Ex vivo Bond Strength of Adhesive Precoated Metallic and Ceramic Brackets
Authors: Bearn David R. , Aird John C. , McCabe John F.
Published: December 2014

Compared with conventional adhesive systems, adhesive precoated (APC) brackets are reported to have advantages in clinical use. The ex vivo bond strength to human premolar teeth of metallic and ceramic APC brackets was compared wi1h that of identical brackets bonded with Transbond® (3M Unitek) light cured orthodontic adhesive, and patterns of failure were examined. There was no significant difference (P>0·05) in mean bond strength between metallic brackets bonded with the two systems. Ceramic brackets bonded with Transbond® had significantly higher (P<0·05) mean bond strength and failure more normally occurred at the composite/enamel interface when compared with APC ceramic brackets and metallic brackets. Following debonding no enamel damage was observed with either APC or conventionally bonded ceramic brackets.
Post-retention Crowding and Incisor Irregularity: A Long-term Follow-up Evaluation of Stability and Relapse
Authors: Kahl-Nieke B. , Fischbach H. , Schwarze C. W.
Published: December 2014

The aim of the present long-term follow-up study of orthodontically-treated patients (mean: 15·7 years) was to analyse post-retention changes and to reveal factors which may play a role as predictors for long-term prognosis. Pretreatment, end-of-treatment, and post-retention models of 226 cases with all types of anomaly were used to measure intercanine and intermolar width, arch length, and sum of the mesiodistal dimension of the incisors, Irregularity Index, crowding, molar and canine relationship, overjet, and overbite. In order to assess the influence of sex, initial and end-of-treatment alignment, type of therapy, amount of tooth movement, and presence of third molars on the extent of postretention changes, the total sample was divided into subgroups. Findings indicated that post-retention crowding and incisor irregularity increased more frequently in the mandible than in the maxilla. Pretreatment variables such as increased mesiodistal incisor dimension, severe crowding and incisor irregularity, arch length deficiency, arch constriction, and increased overbite as well as post-treatment spacing, arch expansion, increased arch length, and residual Class II or III molar relationships were found to be associated factors in the process of post-retention increase of crowding and incisor irregularity. ‘Overexpansion’ was found to be a factor in mandibular incisor relapse.
Direct Bonding to Unerupted Teeth Using Light-cured Adhesive
Authors: Ferguson J. W.
Published: December 2014

A technique is described for bonding gold traction chain directly to the enamel surface of unerupted teeth using a visible light-cured adhesive. This method obviates the need for a bracket and relies on direct, rather than transmitted illumination.
Displacement of Maxillary Canines: A Twist in the Root
Authors: Kerrigan J. , Sandy J. R.
Published: December 2014

This report describes two cases in which the possible aetiology of displacement of a maxillary canine was the presence of a deviated root on the adjacent maxillary first premolar.
A Report on the Hazards Encountered When Taking Neonatal Cleft Palate Impressions (1983–1992)
Authors: Chate R. A. C.
Published: December 2014

A questionnaire was sent to 193 United Kingdom Hospital Consultant Orthodontists, in order to survey their individual involvement and clinical protocols for neonatal cleft palate impressions. Information regarding any untoward events that might have been experienced with this procedure during the period 1983–1992 was sought.

Sixteen episodes where withdrawal of an impression had been extremely difficult and five respiratory obstructions due to an impression fragment were reported. Eighty-nine cyanotic events were reported, of which four resulted in asphyxiation, although none progressed to a fatality.

Factors such as the level of consultants' experience or the choice of impression material used did not appear to be contributory.
An Ex Vivo Study of Self-, Light-, and Dual-cured Composites for Orthodontic Bonding
Authors: Sargison Anne E. , McCabe John , Gordon Peter H.
Published: December 2014

It was postulated that using a dual-cured composite to bond orthodontic brackets could result in bond strengths comparable with those of chemically-activated materials and higher than those for light-activated materials.

The shear bond strength of four composite resins used to attach mesh-backed orthodontic brackets was measured at 24 hours and following mechanical insult in the ball-mill.

Analysis of variance and an SNK range test showed that at 24 hours Dual-cured Porcelite® gave a significantly higher mean bond strength than the other materials (P<0·05). However, following ball-milling the mean bond strength for Right-on® was apparently significantly higher than that of the other materials. (P<0·05).

In this study, the mode of bond failure is also analysed and the use of Weibull analysis in bond strength testing is described.
Ex Vivo Shear Bond Strength of Fibreglass Reinforced Aesthetic Brackets
Authors: Crow V.
Published: December 2014

Fibreglass reinforced brackets (FGBs) and ceramic brackets were bonded to the enamel of extracted premolars to evaluate their shear bond strength and fracture mode. One-hundred extracted premolars were divided into five groups, and combinations of two-paste and no-mix composite, and plastic bracket conditioner were used in the test groups. Bond strength testing was carried out 24 hours after direct bonding. The shear strength of ceramic brackets bonded with a two-paste composite was significantly higher than FGBs bonded with either two-mix or no-mix composite (P < 0·05). Ceramic brackets bonded with two-mix and no-mix composite demonstrated a 30 and a 10 per cent enamel fracture rate, respectively. There were no enamel or bracket fractures in any of the FGB groups.
Adult Orthodontics—A Review
Authors: Nattrass C. , Sandy J. R.
Published: December 2014

The increased demand for orthodontic treatment by adults suggests a review of the literature might be timely. In this review we explore whether the increase in demand is real and matched by need. We also examine the reasons for treatment being sought and special considerations which are Important during orthodontic treatment. Finally, we compare the orthodontic experience of adults and adolescents. We conclude that adults seeking treatment can be excellent patients with high motivation and co-operation. The limitations of orthodontic treatment must be explained at the beginning of treatment since adult expectations of orthodontics can be very high.
A Comparison of Consecutive Orthodontic Referrals Seen by a Consultant Unit and Specialist Orthodontic Practitioners
Authors: Langford J. W. , Ferguson J. W.
Published: December 2014

It has been suggested that the consultant orthodontic service and specialist practitioner service should have different roles, with the former concentrating its treatment input on the management of severe malocclusions. In an attempt to determine whether referring dental practitioners appeared to be aware of these differences, 100 consecutive orthodontic referrals seen at a consultant orthodontist's clinic were compared and contrasted with the same number seen at each of four specialist orthodontic practices located in the same city, and within 4 miles of the consultant unit. Comparisons were made both on the basis of clinical information obtained from study models and from analysis of referral letters. The consultant sample contained a greater proportion of requests for treatment plans, but there were few differences in terms of the range and severity of the actual malocclusions referred to each of these specialist services. The implications of these findings are discussed in relation to possible future developments of orthodontic services in the U.K.
A Combined Obturator and Expansion Appliance for use in Patients with Patent Oral-Nasal Fistula
Authors: Hobson R. S. , Clasper Rosalind
Published: December 2014

A combined obturator and expansion appliance design is described for use in patients with patent oronasal fistulae. This is helpful in cleft palate cases, where small fistulae may increase in size during orthodontic expansion of the upper arch, resulting in increased hypernasality of speech and nasal escape.
Functional Appliance Therapy in Conjunction with Growth Hormone Treatment. A Case Report
Authors: Davies T. I. , Rayner P. H. W.
Published: December 2014

A case of Turners' syndrome is presented, in which a successful orthodontic treatment was facilitated by the administration of human growth hormone (HGH).
The Development and Validation of an Orthodontic Expert System
Authors: Stephens C. D. , Mackin N. , Sims-Williams J. H.
Published: December 2014

An expert system for providing advice on the selection and treatment of cases suitable for treatment by means of removable applications has been developed. Its assessment by peer review us described
A National Survey of Orthodontic Facebow Injuries in the UK and Eire
Authors: Samuels R. H. A. , Willner F. , Knox J. , Jones M. L.
Published: December 2014

There have been several reports of soft tissue injuries from orthodontic facebows in the dental and medical literature, but the magnitude of the problem in the UK and Eire has been previously investigated. In order to obtain information, questionnaires were distributed to 1682 Dental practitioners providing orthodontic treatment in the UK and Eire. A total of 1117 (66 per cent) replied. Of these 859 (77 per cent) reported using Kloehn type facebows. Thirty-one practitioners (3·6 per cent) gave details of 33 injuries from Kloehn type facebows. The results of this questionnaire are compared and discussed with previous reports in the dental and medical literature. The relative effectiveness of extra-oraltraction safety products is discussed.
The Effects of Cross-infection Control Procedures on the Tensile and Flextural Properties of Superelastic Nickel-titanium Wires
Authors: Crotty O. P. , Davies E. H. , Jones S. P.
Published: December 2014

The development of Superelastic nickel-titanium archwires has simplified the alignment phase of orthodontic treatment by permitting the use of highly flexible, resilient archwires and avoiding the need for complex loops. The majority of relatively high cost has led to sterilization and recycling of these wires by some clinicians. This study way designed to examine the effects of currently used infection contorl procedures on the mechanical properties of superelastic nickel-titanium alloy (SENTA®) archwires. One-hundred-and-forty lengths of a SENTA® wire were subjected to various sterilization and disinfection procedures. These included cold disinfection in 2 per cent glutaraladehyde solution for 3-and 24-hour cyles, and steam autoclaving. Single and double cycles were used. The properties investigated were the 0·1 per cent yield strengh, the ultimate tensile strength, and the flexural regidity. No statistically significant differences were found between the groups or against an untreated control.
The Consultant Orthodontists Group 1994 Survey of the Use of the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN)
Authors: Holmes Ann , Willmot D. R.
Published: December 2014

A questionnaire, relating to the use and acceptance of occlusal indices and in particular the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN), was sent to all UK hospital consultancts in orthodontics. Of the respondents 74·6 per cent routinely recorded the Dental Health Component of IOTN for their patient referrals. The reasons for the increased acceptance of the IOTN amongst hospital orthodontic consultants are evaluated and some of the difficulties in usage, reported by respondents, are discussed.
Direct Bonding to Typodont Teeth
Authors: Titshall M. J. , McKnight M. M. , Hunt N. P.
Published: December 2014

Three methods of bonding orthodontic brackets to acrylic teeth were investigated for use with a typodont. One-hundred-and-twenty Dentaurum® 0·018 × 0·025 inch standard Edgewise brackets were bonded to Crylopax® cross-linked acrylic teeth using three cements: Concise® composite, Concise® with acrylic primer, and GAC® acrylic cement on a previously roughened tooth surface. Half the specimens in each group was immersed in a thermostatically controlled water bath for 15 min on 20 occasions over a 5-day period, to simulate the conditions of a typodont, prior to measuring tensile bond strength on an Instron™ machine. Under dry conditions Concise® composite was significantly stronger than either Concise® with acrylic primer or GAC® cold cure acrylic resin. Under wet conditions, however, the mean bond strengh of the acrylic resin increased significantly compared to the other cements. The bond strength of both Concise® and Concise® composite with primer deteriorated following water immersion. It is suggested that when setting up typodont teeth with brackets bonded with GAC® acrylic resin, immersion of the bonded teeth in hot water prior to positioning of the teeth in the typodont may greatly reduce the risk of subsequent bracket loss.
A Clinical and Laboratory Evaluation of Three Types of Operating Gloves for Use in Orthodontic Practice
Authors: Chua K. L. , Taylor G. S. , Bagg J.
Published: December 2014

This prospective study examined the durability and user acceptability of three types of operating glove for use in orthodontic practice. The glove types studied were a lightweight examination glove (Microtouch® Johnson and Johnson), a dedicated dental procedure glove (Biogel D®; Regent Hospital Products) and a non-latex, nitrile glove (N-Dex®; Best Manufacturing Europe N.V.). A water-leak test was used to examine 50 pairs of unused gloves of each type for manufacturing defects. Subsequently, six operators of varying experience were asked to use 20 pairs of each type of glove for fixed appliance treatment sessions and record their suitability for different clinical procedures. The used gloves were collected and tested in the laboratory for punctures. At the end of the study the six operators completed a detailed questionnaire recording their preferences for each glove type.
Discontinued Orthodontic Treatment in the General Dental Service and Community Dental Service in England and Wales during the Summer of 1991
Authors: Eaton K. A. , Stephens C. D. , Heesterman R. A.
Published: December 2014

This paper reports on two studies which investigated levels of discontinued orthodontic treatment amongst patients under IS years, who had been treated in the General Dental Service (GDS) and Community Dental Service (CDS) of the National Health Service during June and July 1991. These complement the study of discontinued Hospital Dented Service treatment already reported. The studies indicated that, at the time, the levels were 13·1 per cent in the GDS and 12·5 per cent in the CDS. The figure for the GDS was much lower than that of 20 per cent reported in the Sehansehieff Report. There was little difference in the levels of discontinued treatment between those working in the GDS with an orthodontic qualification (12·1 per cent) and those without (13·5 per cent).

The results suggest that the levels for discontinued orthodontic treatment in those aged under 18 years of age may be lower than previously reported.
Alteration in Facial Shape in the Anencephalic Human Foetus
Authors: Trenouth M. J.
Published: December 2014

Tracings were produced from frontal radiographs of 11 anencephalic foetuses. These were compared analytically with standards derived from 60 normal foetuses.

The anencephalics showed a marked reduction in the relative size of the cranium with considerable flattening of the calvarium, which is characteristic of the condition. The orbits were more medially placed, being closer together and somewhat higher in position than the normal foetal outline. The right and left mandible were more elongated with an increase in the intermaxillary space. The condyles were more medially positioned and were closer to the orbits than in the normal outlines.

In normal growth, expansion of the brain flattens the cranial base, displacing the nasomaxillary segment forwards In anencephally this does not happen so that the nasomaxillary segment rotates in an antero-inferior postero-superior direction along with the intermaxillary space and mandible. This produces a significant lengthening of the face accompanied by narrowing in the region of the cranial base relative to the normal outline.
The Assessment of Crowding without the Need to Record Arch Perimeter. Part I: Arches with Acceptable Alignment
Authors: Battagel Joanna M.
Published: December 2014

A simplified, mathematically determined technique for calculating arch perimeter (the overlap method) is described and its validity in determining an accurate assessment of crowding is tested. Indices, expressed in millimeters of crowding or spacing, were computed for both, the whole arch and the labial segment alone.

Study casts of 36 individuals with, clinically acceptable lower arches were used to validate the method. The degree of crowding or spacing calculated was compared with a ‘clinical’ assessment of each arch, in which the irregularity was measured directly using a steel ruler.

Various calculation schemes were tested. Depending on exactly how the overlap was determined, the results varied slightly. Although the arches showed acceptable alignment, it was preferable to include a strategy for normalizing the positions of any rotated teeth before the overlaps were calculated. Repositioning any bucco-lingually displaced teeth into the line of the arch, however, was not useful.

For the complete arch good agreement with the clinical assessment was reached on 31 occasions and for the labial segment, all but one appraisals were within 0·5 mm of each other. In the remaining instances (five complete arches and one labial segment), the degree of crowding or spacing was between 0–5 and 1 mm of the clinical assessment Considering that clinical measurement of minor degrees of crowding and spacing cannot be precise, these results were considered acceptable.

The method was easy to use, relying only on the recording of mesio-distal tooth widths and was acceptably reproducible. The technique would therefore appear to provide a valid yet simple research tool with winch to record the degree of crowding. Its ability to cope with irregular and crowded arches will be the subject of a subsequent review.
Training Dental Nurses in the use of the PAR Index: A Pilot Study
Authors: Burden Donald J. , Stratford Nora
Published: December 2014

This paper reports the results of a PAR Index training and calibration course organized for dental nurses. Using a similar contact teaching time to that normally employed when training orthodontists, approximately one-quarter of the dental nurses were successfully calibrated in the use of the PAR index.
Effects of Thalassaemia Major on Components of the Craniofacial Complex
Authors: Başsimitçi Şule , Yücel-Eroğlu Emel , Akalar Mine
Published: December 2014

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the craniofacial effects of thalassaemia major and involved a cephalometric analysis of two samples, consisting of 30 thalassaemic patients and 30 control cases. Differences between the groups were tested by Variance analysis (two factors completely randomized design). It was found that thalassaemia major had significant effects on components of the craniofacial complex: The typical thalassaemic patient had a moderate Class 2 skeletal discrepancy with pronounced vertical mandibular growth direction, prominent mandibular incisors, everted lips, and a narrowed nasal cavity.
Balancing the Books on Orthodontic Treatment: An Integrated Analysis of Change
Authors: Johnston Lysle E.
Published: December 2014

A method of cephalometric analysis is presented in which molar and overjet corrections are seen as the algebraic sum of facial skeletal growth and tooth movement relative to basal bone. The steps of superimposition and measurement are described, and a means of summarizing these changes—the pitchfork diagram—is suggested.
A New Approach to Incisor Retention—the Lingual Spur Retainer
Authors: McNamara Ted G. , McNamara Triona , Sandy Jonathan R.
Published: December 2014

Late lower incisor crowding and incisor rotations remain a problem in orthodontics. We describe a new fixed retainer which is simple to use, allows physiological tooth movement, but prevents rotational and labio-lingual relapse.
An Analysis of Papers Published in the British and European Journals of Orthodontics
Authors: Harrison Jayne E. , Ashby Deborah , Lennon M.A.
Published: December 2014

Objectives

To identify all randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and compare papers published in two orthodontic journals.

Design

A retrospective, observational study.

Setting

The British Journal of Orthodontics (BJO) and European Journal of Orthodontics (EJO).

Data source

Papers published between 1989 and 1993.

Method

A hand search of all papers was performed. The type, subject, setting and methods of each paper were classified and recorded.

Results

200 papers were identified in BJO and 275 in EJO. Six RCTs were identified which represents 2·8 per cent of clinical research papers. Significant differences were found between the type (P < 0·001), subject (P < 0·001), setting (P < 0·01), and methods (P < 0·05) of papers published in the two Journals. More papers in BJO were case reports clinical opinions, and update articles, and reported on orthodontic materials or assessed methods of measuring the outcome of treatment. Ninety per cent of papers in EJO reported the results of research projects. More papers were related to animal studies; were laboratory based or epidemiological.

Conclusion

Despite the RCT being regarded as the ‘Gold Standard’ for the evaluation of therapeutic interventions and materials only six (5.1 per cent) of such studies used this method. Significant differences in the type, setting and subject of papers published in BJO and EJO between 1989 and 1993 were found.
Assessment of General Dental Services Orthodontic Standards: The Dental Practice Board's Gradings Compared to PAR and IOTN
Authors: Turbill Elizabeth A. , Richmond Stephen , Wright Jean L.
Published: December 2014

The subjective grading of cases at the Dental Practice Board of England and Wales was compared to the Peer Assessment Rating Index (PAR) and Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN) in assessing 1505 cases sampled at the Board between Late 1990 and mid-1991. Whilst some criteria are common to both systems, case by case there is only limited agreement; sources of disagreement are evaluated. The indices are essentially epidemiological tools; whilst they have shortcomings in assessing individual cases, they are related to peer opinion, and show good reliability when used on samples of cases. They can be readily updated, as findings of research or future peer opinion may dictate. Use of PAR and IOTN at the Board, instead of subjective gradings, would require a departure from decisions on withholding payment on a case by case basis. If, however, they were used onsamples of practitioners' caseloads to assess reduction of malocclusion, and residual malocclusion and need for treatment, practitioners fees could be up- or down-graded periodically according to their overall performance, to encourage more to adopt higher standards. Allowances could be made, however, for ‘limited objective treatments’ and cases where poor co-operation had impaired the result.
A critical assessment of orthodontic standards in England and Wales (1990–1991) in relation to changes in prior approval
Authors: Turbill Elizabeth A , Richmond Stephen , Wright Jean L
Published: December 2014

Targeting, use of appliances, and standards of outcome for General Dental Service orthodontic cases collected between 1990 and 1991 were compared with a sample of cases from an earlier study, collected between 1987 and 1988, using the PAR index and IQTN.

Comparisons are made generally and in relation to the changes in prior approval regulations for cases started since October 1987. More tower-need cases were treated, but there were no more ‘unnecessary’ treatments and there has been a limited improvement in outcomes, as assessed by the indices, associated with increased use of fixed appliances since 1987.

Prior approval appeared to give no tangible benefits in terms of levels of unnecessary treatment or quality of outcome.
Late Lower Arch Crowding in Relation to Skeletal and Dental Morphology and Growth Changes
Authors: Richardson Margaret E.
Published: December 2014

Skeletal and dental morphology, and related growth changes during a 3-year period following second permanent molar eruption, were compared in a group of 21 subjects who had no increase in lower arch crowding, with another group of 21 subjects whose lower arch crowding had increased by 1.0 mm or more during the same period.

The crowding group showed a significantly greater increase in M3 space, forward movement of the second permanent molar and increase in the inter-incisal angle than the non-crowding group. None of the other parameters examined differed significantly.
The Prevalence of Temporomandibular Disorder in Patients Referred for Orthodontic Assessment
Authors: Morrant D. G. , Taylor G. S.
Published: December 2014

A total of 301 unselected orthodontic referrals were assessed for temporomandibular disorder, using a standardized questionnaire and clinical examination protocol. The mean age of the patients was 13·4 years. Over one-third of the 301 patients were found to exhibit at least one sign of TMD, and two-thirds had a mandibular dysfunction index (MDI) score of 1, 2 or 3, indicating mild to moderate. dysfunction. Only five patients were found to have severe temporomandibular dysfunction. Statistically significant relationships were found between patient age and mandibular opening, and temporomandibular joint noises. No relationship was found between signs detected by clinical examination and symptoms reported by the patients.
Distal Movement without Headgear: The Use of an Upper Removable Appliance for the Retraction of Upper First Molars
Authors: Lewis David H. , Fox Nigel A.
Published: December 2014

The potential hazards and patient resistance to wearing extra-oral appliances are well documented. A method of distalizing molars without the need for head-gear is described.
Bonded Retainers ‘Hands Free’
Authors: Crow V. , Ash S. P.
Published: December 2014

A simple technique is described to position and maintain a wire retainer during direct bonding using a custom made acrylic carrier.
Adhesive Pre-coated Brackets, a Comparative Clinical Study
Authors: Ash Simon , Hay Norman
Published: December 2014

The adhesive pre-coated bracket system along with the application of light curing for orthodontic bracket placement were compared with a conventional adhesive system, in a prospective randomized study. Of 38 consecutive patients requiring fixed orthodontic appliances, half were treated with adhesive pre-coated brackets and half with a no-mix adhesive. The timings for the clinical stages involved in bracket placement, were recorded. This also included the time and reliability of bracket identification and orientation. The peri-bracket flash distribution, time taken for clean up at the subsequent visit, the site, and number of bracket failures at the time of bracket placement and during the first 3 months, were recorded.

The study showed that althought the time taken to place and care the adhesive pre-coated system was longer than for the no-mix system, this difference was not statistically significant. However, this difference in time was compensated for in the time taken for bracket orientation in the control group and subsequent clean up at the second visit. Both the bracket failure rate and peri-bracket flash scores were reduced in the adhesive pre-coated group as compared with the control and these differences were statistically significantly. Other advantages of the adhesive pre-coated system are reported.
Orthodontic Treatment Planning by General Dental Practitioners
Authors: Parfitt A. A. , Rock W. P.
Published: December 2014

A group of 30 general dental practitioners were asked to plan treatment for a series of 10 Class II division 1 malocclusions of graded severity. The results were assessed against a gold standard provided by three consultants. Only 14 per cent of practitioner treatment plans agreed with the gold standard and agreement was worst for those cases requiring the use of headgear. When consultants and General Dental Practitioners (GDPs) were asked whether a case should be referred for advice before the GDP began treatment, 64 per cent of GDP decisions agreed with those of the consultants. On 13 per cent of occasions, however, the GDP would have initiated incorrect treatment without seeking consultant advice.
Transition from NHS to Private Practice
Authors: Perks Simon
Published: December 2014

This article describes the process of change in a specialist orthodontic practice from NHS to private, the development of a business plan and its subsequent implementation. The very nature of change is variability and the unique personality of an orthodontic practitioner and the make-up of the regional orthodontic environment mean that this article cannot provide a definitive guide to change. However, the general principles are applicable to changes in most circumstances and are illustrated with reference to the author's own practice.
The Case for Extending Basic Training in Orthodontics
Authors: Robertson N. R. E.
Published: December 2014

A case is presented for a two year basic specialty training in orthodontics. This has been done in the belief that orthodontic care in the United Kingdom will be provided for the forseeable future by general dental practitioners, specialist orthodontic practitioners and consultant orthodontists. It is suggested that any reduction in the numbers trained would be outweighed by the improvement in standards.
Two Years' Basic Specialty Training in Orthodontics: The British Prospect in 1975
Authors: Orton H. S.
Published: December 2014

In this paper the author acknowledges the importance to the aspirant specialist orthodontist of a 2-year period of basic specialty training, whether the orthodontist is going into an academic post, the hospital consultant service or whether he is going to limit his practice to orthodontics within the general dental services. He discusses the need to complete a period of general training in dentistry before going on to a 2-year course of training in orthodontics. This type of training should be given at a limited number of centres in university departments. During this extended period of basic specialty training the graduate is often under financial pressure. The need to pay the graduates who spend half of their time in a service role is stressed. The author discusses why Britain is moving into a situation in which in orthodontic training it is internationally in a minority of one and considers the dento-political background which has led to this. He is hopeful but pessimistic about the possibility of change.
Continuing Orthodontic Education for the General Dental Practitioner
Authors: Broadway R. T.
Published: December 2014

A short history of the development of postgraduate education for the General Practitioner is given, together with information regarding administration of postgraduate courses and the development of postgraduate centres at District General Hospitals. Following graduation, the practitioner should be imbued with the idea that continuing education is a necessity if he is to keep up to date in his professional work. Incentives such as seniority awards or compulsory attendance for continuing registration are discussed. Personal experience in the development and organization of Orthodontic Courses for the General Dental Practitioner are presented, together with findings in other Regions.

Finally, future developments in organizing courses with particular emphasis on the part the Community Dental Surgeon may play are discussed.
The Orthodontic Study Circle
Authors: Gardiner J. H.
Published: December 2014

The general dental practitioner who is interested in carrying out simple orthodontic procedures may wish to associate with others of similar interests and to learn more not only from his own orthodontic consultant but from the consultants and teachers of other areas.
Continuing Education for the Orthodontist
Authors: Mills J. R. E.
Published: December 2014

The need for continuing education is not confined to the general practitioner of dentistry. The specialist orthodontist generally welcomes new ideas but his isolation is even greater than that of the general practitioner. Facilities for refresher courses exist within the National Health Service and it is suggested that these should be of three types. Short symposia give an opportunity for the interchange of ideas between a large number of specialists. Courses of about one week's duration would involve limited numbers and might be either of a non-technical nature, concentrating on advances in orthodontic thought, or of a technical nature, teaching a new appliance.
Some Methods of Uprighting Lower Second Molars—II
Authors: Vig Katherine W. L.
Published: December 2014

This article completes a two-part series. Previously the control of lower second molars following loss of first molars was discussed. It is now proposed to describe methods of uprighting the lower second molar when the first molar is still present. The impacted second molar is typically mesio-angularly inclined and may also be rotated. The severity of the impaction is related to the type of treatment recommended but the methods described are not original. This two-part series is not intended to be a comprehensive account of the many techniques available but selected methods are illustrated by case reports.
Uprighting Lower Molar Teeth
Authors: Reynolds Lesley M.
Published: December 2014

Several methods of uprighting lower molar teeth are discussed. The method of choice depends on features of the individual case and partly on the type of impaction to be corrected.
The Future of Orthodontics in the United Kingdom
Authors: Tulley W. J.
Published: December 2014

The period since the war has seen a vast increase in the amount of orthodontic treatment provided for children in the United Kingdom. This is currently given by practitioners within the general dental service, orthodontists in the former local authority dental service and by consultants and their teams in the hospitals. The training programme for consultants has been evolved but there is a need for appropriate training programmes for other orthodontists. While we have reason to be proud of the present situation, there is room for improvement.
Attitudes to Malocclusion Amongst the Parents of 10–12 Year Old Children in Glasgow
Authors: Luffingham J. K. , Campbell Morag
Published: December 2014

Attitudes to malocclusion amongst the parents of 10–12 year old children in Glasgow have been assessed by means of a simple questionnaire distributed via schoolteachers. Parental attitudes have been compared with observations recorded at an examination of 731 children. Although 98 per cent of parents considered orthodontic treatment important and 71 per cent said that they were keen to receive treatment, only 8 per cent were already actually receiving it. Only about 50 per cent of parents recognized severe malocclusion in the mouths of their own children.
Index for Measurement of Lower Labial Segment Crowding
Authors: Betteridge Margaret Ann
Published: December 2014

A technique has been developed to measure crowding of the lower labial segment which involves measurement of photographic enlargements produced from models of the lower arch. The width of the individual six anterior teeth was measured following specific criteria and the space available in the labial segment was measured with a flexible ruler. The index was expressed as the ratio of the sum of the individual tooth widths to the space available.

The index was found to be reproducible both within and between examiners with a standard deviation of 0·015 to 0·02 when the index was between 0·89 and 1·24. The index was also found to have a high degree of correlation when compared with subjective ranking.
The Anomalous Mandibular Canine
Authors: Howard R. D.
Published: December 2014

A small series of cases has been investigated in which the unerupted mandibular canine has crossed the mid-line. The angle that the canine assumes during its developmental period may provide some indication of its subsequent behaviour. It is likely that the migration of the canine commences early, from 8½ years in the present study and 7 years 10 months in the case described by Ando et al (1964). Normal intra-oral radiographs are probably inadequate in the early detection of this condition and in the later stages of migration may lead to the condition escaping undetected.
Periodontal Problems Associated with the Surgical Exposure of Unerupted Teeth
Authors: Heaney T. G. , Atherton J. D.
Published: December 2014

Conventional excisional surgical exposure of an unerupted tooth into the mobile non-keratinized alveolar mucosa results in elongation of the clinical crown, a narrow and non-functional buccal gingival zone, and a predisposition to chronic inflammation of the affected oral mucosa. Use of alternative flap techniques designed to conserve a keratinized mucosa in relation to the crown are only partially successful in avoiding these problems. Surgical exposure of teeth therefore should be avoided whenever possible. On the rare occasions when it becomes necessary, a flap technique must be used to minimise postoperative periodontal pathology.
Direct Bonding of Orthodontic Attachments to Teeth: The Relation of Adhesive Bond Strength to Gauze Mesh Size
Authors: Reynolds I. R. , von Fraunhofer J. A.
Published: December 2014

Filled diacrylate resins have been found to satisfactorily bond metal gauze-backed orthodontic attachments directly to enamel. Polymeric materials do not bond to stainless steel and usually gauze is welded to brackets and other attachments to provide mechanical retention.

Gauzes of various mesh sizes were welded to orthodontic buttons and the bond strength to etched human enamel determined. It was found that the mesh size of the gauze affects the bond strength between the orthodontic button and enamel.
Orthodontic Management of Choanal Atresia of the Newborn
Authors: Johnson J. S.
Published: December 2014

Inability to breathe at birth due to stenosis of the nasal airway is not normally compensated by resort to oral breathing and the patient rapidly becomes cyanosed. A method is described which creates an oral airway as a presurgical measure to ensure stabilisation prior to later surgical measures to introduce a patent nasal airway.
The Mechanics of Plain and Looped Arches: Part 2
Authors: Waters N. E.
Published: December 2014

The force-displacement characteristics of an idealized multiple loop arch having built in ends to both horizontal and vertical displacements is derived from simple beam theory. Modifications to the analyses for the cases where the central span is partially rigid and also where the ends of the arch are supported are considered. Check measurements on enlarged models were in good agreement with the theory presented. The variations in stiffness resulting from changes in the size and shape of the loops is discussed.
High Pull Begg
Authors: Marx Richard
Published: December 2014

Indications for the use of extra-oral traction in conjunction with the Begg technique are presented. Two cases utilizing ‘High Pull’ extra-oral traction are described.
A Simple Appliance to Help Older Children Overcome the Thumb-Sucking Habit
Authors: Shuff R. Y.
Published: December 2014

Previous methods of discouraging thumb-sucking have included the use of intraoral appliances with sharp spurs or numerous soldered joints which may cause difficulties for patient and operator. A simple, efficient appliance is described which avoids these disadvantages.
Late Results of Activator-Treatment: A cephalometric study
Authors: Ahlgren Johan , Laurin Cristina
Published: December 2014

The purpose of this study was to analyse cephalometrically the long-term effect of Activator treatment on the dentofacial skeleton in 50 consecutively treated cases of postnormal and prenormal occlusion. Comparisons of dentofacial form between successful and unsuccessful cases were performed. The results of the study showed that the sagittal relationship between the jaws became normal in postnormal and prenormal cases during Activator treatment. The effect was achieved mainly by reciprocal dentoalveolar changes of the maxilla and mandible supported by a retardation of the forward growth of the maxilla in Class II cases and a stimulation of the forward growth of the maxilla in Class III cases. The normal downward-forward growth of the mandible appeared unaffected. The effect of Activator treatment on the vertical growth of the jaws was a significant increase in lower face height (bite-raising). No tendency to induce a harmful posterior growth rotation of the mandible was noted. Before treatment there was no highly significant difference in the morphology of the dentofacial skeleton between successfully and unsuccessfully treated Activator cases, except for the basal relationship between the jaws (ss-n-sm) which was larger in the successful cases. It would rather appear that good cooperation, high growth intensity and a favourable growth pattern of the patient together with a well constructed appliance is of decisive importance for a successful result of treatment.
Responsibility and the Orthodontist
Authors: Campbell A. C.
Published: December 2014

The Orthodontist requires a background of training in general dentistry, child care and in the specialty of orthodontics. He is thus equipped to guide the public and the profession on the importance to oral, dental and general health of informed management of the developing dentition. It is his responsibility to continue his education and that of his colleagues, and to foster interest in the advance of knowledge to the benefit of the public as a whole.
Innovation in Skeletal II Treatment Including Effective Incisor Root Torque in a Prelimary Removable Appliance Phase
Authors: Bass Neville M.
Published: December 2014

A new removable appliance design is presented which offers the possibility of significant palatal movement of the maxillary incisor roots and which is capable of producing marked changes in the position of the root apices. Heavy extra-oral forces may be applied through the appliance to the entire maxilla to orthopaedically change the facial growth pattern and ameliorate the Skeletal II problem, with the torquing movements being carried out concurrently.

A second phase of Edgewise treatment, often with directly bonded transparent plastic brackets, is then carried out to complete the correction. This stage is much reduced in complexity and may be confined to alignments and detailing of the occlusion over a relatively short period of time.