bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
L’euro, le brut et le marchand: la traducción de los juegos de palabras en francés y español de la economía y los negocios
Authors:   Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (Francia), Vicente Christian
Published: December 2019

El problema de la traducción de los juegos de palabras representa uno de los mayores debates relativos a la traducción en general, ya que obliga a reflexionar, entre otras cosas, acerca de las cuestiones de la correspondencia lingüística y de la equivalencia textual. Partiendo de la distinción establecida por Roman Jakobson, que diferencia entre lenguaje objeto y metalenguaje, nos centraremos en este trabajo en una de las problemáticas traductológicas de este último: la traducción de los juegos de palabras como manifestación de la utilización intensiva del material léxico. Este recurso es a menudo utilizado por economistas, periodistas y divulgadores con el objetivo de facilitar la comprensión y la transmisión de un concepto complejo del modo más simple posible. En este trabajo, llevamos a cabo un estudio de casos en los que analizamos, desde la traductología general, las funciones y los efectos de los juegos de palabras en el discurso económico, así como las técnicas de traducción más adecuadas.
Evaluation of Tactile Comfort of Mulberry Silk Waste and Viscose Blended Knitted Fabrics by using Kawabata Evaluation System (KES) for Apparel Use
Authors: Bajaj Shikha , Bains Sandeep
Published: December 2019

Tactile sensations are among the first parameters, which play an important role in guiding a consumer’s decision while selection of fabric. In the present investigation, hand properties of knitted fabrics were studied. Attempt was made on four knitted fabrics, blended in proportions of 50% mulberry silk: 50% viscose and 40% mulberry silk: 60% viscose, each in two unequal counts. Objective assessment of the fabrics has been carried out in order to obtain the scores on various aspects of hand. Parameters like low stress mechanical and surface properties were chosen for experimental design. Blended knitted fabrics were subjected to tests for prediction of tensile, shear, bending, surface and compression properties. The results could bring about the useful data for design and production of ideal fabric having desirable handle. It was witnessed that knitted fabric blended in proportion of 50% mulberry silk: 50% viscose in 20 Nm yarn count carried finest hand properties with total hand value of 3.49; hence same was recommended for apparel use, commercial handling and production.
A Comparative Assessment of Quality Features and Physicochemical Characteristics of Rice Bran Supplemented Breads with Local Breads
Authors: Rahman Md. Lutfor , Absar Nurul , Islam Md. Jahidul , Moulick Shyama Prosad , Ahmed Sabbir , Saha Mandira , Hasan Md. Sabbir , Modak Khokan Chandra
Published: December 2019

Aims: Qualitative assessment of rice bran supplemented bread with local breads.

Study Design: The study was designed to identify good quality bread between rice bran supplemented bread and local breads.

Place and Duration of Study: Sample: Five different varieties of rice brans (BR-5, BR-10, BRRI-28, BRRI-39, and Kalijira) were collected from Noor-Habib Grain Industries Ltd. Sopura, Rajshahi, Janata Auto Rice and Flour Mills Ltd.Bogura, North Bengal Auto Rice Mills, Naogan, Biswas Rice Mills, Natore, and Chaudhuri Auto Rice Mills Dinajpur respectively. The research was carried out at Natural Products Research Division, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR) Laboratories, Rajshahi, Bangladesh.

Methodology: A comparative analysis of prepared rice bran supplemented bread and locally available bread has been done for the parameters such as moisture, ash, Fiber, Fat, protein, carbohydrate, total sugar,  saponification value, FFAs and iodine value.

Results: The prepared rice bran bread contained wheat flour and five different varieties of rice bran named BR-5, BR-10, BRRI-28, BRRI-39 and kalijira. The physicochemical characteristics of prepared rice bran supplemented bread such as moisture, ash, Fiber, Fat, protein, carbohydrate, total sugar, saponification value, FFA and iodine value were varied from 26.0-28.4 %,  2.17-2.83%,  1.54-1.96%,  6.95-8.04%, 6.64-7.25%,  43.2-46.3%,  5.60-6.80%, 150-169 mg KOH/g fat,1.16-1.51 mg KOH/g fat,92.1-100 g I2/100 g fat respectively. On the other hand,  physicochemical characteristics of locally available bread like moisture, ash, Fiber, Fat, protein, carbohydrate, total sugar, saponification value, FFA and iodine value were found to be ranged from 31.1-32.9%,  2.70-2.93%, 2.04-2.61%, 7.91-8.12%, 5.49-6.21%, 39.9-41.4%, 7.13-8.61%, 138-149 mg KOH/g fat, 1.63-1.86 mg KOH/g fat, 57.4-71.0 g I2/100 g fat respectively. 

Conclusion: It may be concluded that prepared rice bran supplemented bread might be considered superior quality than the locally available bread.
Formulation Development and Evaluation of Fast Dissolving Oral Films of Alprazolam
Authors: Latif Riffat , Ashfaq Muhammad
Published: December 2019

Fast dissolving oral films provide convenient, safe and simple way of drug administration. Moreover they offer improved patient compliance due to straightforward and non-invasive nature. The aim of current research was to develop fast dissolving oral films of alprazolam for treatment of anxiety disorders. Films were developed by solvent casting method using HPMC (Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose) as film former and PEG (Polyethylene Glycol) as plasticizer. All formulation (F1- F12) were assessed for various parameters including thickness, tackiness, percent elongation, folding endurance, tensile strength, contact angle, transparency, content uniformity, disintegration and dissolution times. The thickness of optimized formulation was found to be 65µm and the Tensile strength, Percent elongation, Folding Endurance, Transparency, contact angle, Assay content uniformity, Disintegration Time and Dissolution for optimized formulation were found to be 5.38%, 45%, 290 times, 100.1%, 180o, 98.65%, 20 seconds and 106.6% respectively. Drug release studies displayed 106.60% release of total drug content after time duration of 1.813 minutes. The results of the study concluded that newly developed fast dissolving film of alprazolam have potential to provide fast delivery of the drug and thereby enhanced patient compliance.
Robust fault estimation for Takagi‐Sugeno fuzzy systems with state time‐varying delay
Authors: You Fuqiang , Cheng Shiya , Zhang Xinyan , Chen Nan
Published: December 2019

This paper deals with the problem of H∞ robust fault estimation for a class of Takagi‐Sugeno (T‐S) fuzzy systems with state time‐varying delay, sensor, and actuator faults. The faults considered in this paper are time‐varying signals whose k‐order derivatives with respect to time are bounded. Then, we propose a proportional multiple integral observer to achieve simultaneous estimation of system states and time‐varying actuator and sensor faults. Furthermore, one less conservative delay‐dependent sufficient condition for the existence of fault estimation observer is given in terms of linear matrix inequality. The disturbance attenuation is constrained to a given level using H∞ performance index. Finally, simulation results of one numerical example is presented to show the effectiveness of the proposed method.
An Artificial Somatic Reflex Arc
Authors: He Ke , Liu Yaqing , Wang Ming , Chen Geng , Jiang Ying , Yu Jiancan , Wan Changjin , Qi Dianpeng , Xiao Meng , Leow Wan Ru , Yang Hui , Antonietti Markus , Chen Xiaodong
Published: December 2019

The emulation of human sensation, perception, and action processes has become a major challenge for bioinspired intelligent robotics, interactive human–machine interfacing, and advanced prosthetics. Reflex actions, enabled through reflex arcs, are important for human and higher animals to respond to stimuli from environment without the brain processing and survive the risks of nature. An artificial reflex arc system that emulates the functions of the reflex arc simplifies the complex circuit design needed for “central‐control‐only” processes and becomes a basic electronic component in an intelligent soft robotics system. An artificial somatic reflex arc that enables the actuation of electrochemical actuators in response to the stimulation of tactile pressures is reported. Only if the detected pressure by the pressure sensor is above the stimulus threshold, the metal–organic‐framework‐based threshold controlling unit (TCU) can be activated and triggers the electrochemical actuators to complete the motion. Such responding mechanism mimics the all‐or‐none law in the human nervous system. As a proof of concept, the artificial somatic reflex arc is successfully integrated into a robot to mimic the infant grasp reflex. This work provides a unique and simplifying strategy for developing intelligent soft robotics, next‐generation human–machine interfaces, and neuroprosthetics.
Fabrication and Mechanical Properties of Engineered Protein‐Based Adhesives and Fibers
Authors: Sun Jing , Su Juanjuan , Ma Chao , Göstl Robert , Herrmann Andreas , Liu Kai , Zhang Hongjie
Published: December 2019

Protein‐based structural biomaterials are of great interest for various applications because the sequence flexibility within the proteins may result in their improved mechanical and structural integrity and tunability. As the two representative examples, protein‐based adhesives and fibers have attracted tremendous attention. The typical protein adhesives, which are secreted by mussels, sandcastle worms, barnacles, and caddisfly larvae, exhibit robust underwater adhesion performance. In order to mimic the adhesion performance of these marine organisms, two main biological adhesives are presented, including genetically engineered protein‐based adhesives and biomimetic chemically synthetized adhesives. Moreover, various protein‐based fibers inspired by spider and silkworm proteins, collagen, elastin, and resilin are studied extensively. The achievements in synthesis and fabrication of structural biomaterials by DNA recombinant technology and chemical regeneration certainly will accelerate the explorations and applications of protein‐based adhesives and fibers in wound healing, tissue regeneration, drug delivery, biosensors, and other high‐tech applications. However, the mechanical properties of the biological structural materials still do not match those of natural systems. More efforts need to be devoted to the study of the interplay of the protein structure, cohesion and adhesion effects, fiber processing, and mechanical performance.
Unveiling Bandgap Evolution and Carrier Redistribution in Multilayer WSe2: Enhanced Photon Emission via Heat Engineering
Authors: Li Yuanzheng , Liu Weizhen , Xu Haiyang , Chen Heyu , Ren Hang , Shi Jia , Du Wenna , Zhang Wei , Feng Qiushi , Yan Jiaxu , Zhang Cen , Liu Yichun , Liu Xinfeng
Published: December 2019

Manipulating the bandgap structure and carrier distribution of multilayer transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) is crucial for improving their fluorescence efficiency and extending their optoelectronic applications. Herein, the evolution of the conduction band minimum of multilayer WSe2 as a function of the temperature and thickness is experimentally demonstrated and an ≈70‐fold fluorescence enhancement of the K–K direct emission is observed at 560 K in multilayer WSe2 flakes (≈170 nm) by heat engineering. This abnormal enhancement is attributed to thermally driven carrier redistribution achieved via intervalley transfer, which is confirmed by the theoretical calculations and temperature‐dependent time‐resolved photoluminescence. In addition, a threshold temperature of the intervalley transfer is proposed to describe the on‐state of the carrier redistribution model. The corresponding threshold temperature is determined to be ≈580 K, which is consistent with the temperature at which the maximum photoluminescence enhancement is observed. The study provides a useful strategy to optimize the optical and electric performances of multilayer WSe2 and other TMDs materials.
Bio‐Orthogonal, Site‐Selective Conjugation of Recombinant Proteins to Microporous Annealed Particle Hydrogels for Tissue Engineering
Authors: Jivan Faraz , Alge Daniel L.
Published: December 2019

Protein conjugation to biomaterial scaffolds is a powerful approach for tissue engineering. However, typical chemical conjugation methods lack site‐selectivity and can negatively impact protein bioactivity. To overcome this problem, a site‐selective strategy is reported here for installing tetrazine groups on terminal poly‐histidines (His‐tags) of recombinant proteins. These tetrazine groups are then leveraged for bio‐orthogonal conjugation to poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogel microparticles, which are subsequently assembled into microporous annealed particle (MAP) hydrogels. The efficacy of the strategy is demonstrated using recombinant, green fluorescent protein with a His‐tag (His‐GFP), which enhances fluorescence of the MAP hydrogels compared to control protein lacking tetrazine groups. Subsequently, to demonstrate efficacy with a therapeutic protein, recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein‐2 (His‐BMP2) is conjugated. Human mesenchymal stem cells growing in the MAP hydrogels respond to the conjugated BMP2 and significantly increase mineralization after 21 days compared to controls. Thus, this site‐selective protein modification strategy, coupled with bio‐orthogonal click chemistry, is expected to be useful for bone defect repair and regeneration therapies. Broader application to the integration of protein therapeutics with biomaterials is also envisioned.
Recent Advances in Chemical Functionalization of 2D Black Phosphorous Nanosheets
Authors: Thurakkal Shameel , Zhang Xiaoyan
Published: December 2019

Owing to their tunable direct bandgap, high charge carrier mobility, and unique in‐plane anisotropic structure, black phosphorus nanosheets (BPNSs) have emerged as one of the most important candidates among the 2D materials beyond graphene. However, the poor ambient stability of black phosphorus limits its practical application, due to the chemical degradation of phosphorus atoms to phosphorus oxides in the presence of oxygen and/or water. Chemical functionalization is demonstrated as an efficient approach to enhance the ambient stability of BPNSs. Herein, various covalent strategies including radical addition, nitrene addition, nucleophilic substitution, and metal coordination are summarized. In addition, efficient noncovalent functionalization methods such as van der Waals interactions, electrostatic interactions, and cation–π interactions are described in detail. Furthermore, the preparations, characterization, and diverse applications of functionalized BPNSs in various fields are recapped. The challenges faced and future directions for the chemical functionalization of BPNSs are also highlighted.
Formation of Short Zn−Zn Bonds Stabilized by Simple Cyanide and Isocyanide Ligands
Authors: Andrews Lester , Cho Han‐Gook
Published: December 2019

Cyanogen diluted in argon was reacted with laser ablated Zn atoms to produce the NCZnCN and NCZnZnCN cyanides and higher energy isocyanides ZnNC, CNZnNC, and CNZnZnNC, which were isolated in excess argon at 4 K. These reaction products, identified from the matrix infrared spectra of their ‐CN and ‐NC chromophore ligand stretching modes, were confirmed by 13C and 15N isotopic substitution and comparison with frequencies calculated by the B3LYP and CCSD(T) methods using the all electron aug‐cc‐pVTZ basis sets. The cyanide and isocyanide products were increased markedly by mercury arc UV photolysis, which covers the zinc atomic absorption. The above electronic structure calculations that produce appropriate ligand frequencies for these dizinc products also provide their Zn−Zn bond lengths: CCSD(T) calculations find a short 2.367 Å Zn−Zn bond in the NCZnZnCN cyanide, a shorter 2.347 Å Zn−Zn bond in the 37.4 kJ mol−1 higher energy isocyanide CNZnZnNC, and a longer 4.024 Å bond in the dizinc van der Waals dimer. Thus, the diatomic cyanide (‐CN) and isocyanide (‐NC) ligands are as capable of stabilizing the Zn−Zn bond as many much larger ligands based on their measured and our calculated Zn−Zn bond lengths. This is the first example of dizinc complexes stabilized by different ligand isomers. Additional weaker bands in this region can be assigned to the analogous trizinc molecules NCZnZnZnCN and CNZnZnZnNC.
Retracted: Physcion 8‐O‐β‐glucopyranoside inhibits testicular germ cell tumors through regulating microRNA‐199a
Authors: Dou Xiangyang , Wang Meihua , Zhang Tao , Yao Jiapei
Published: December 2019

“Physcion 8‐O‐β‐glucopyranoside inhibits testicular germ cell tumors through regulating microRNA‐199a”, by Xiangyang Dou, Meihua Wang, Tao Zhang, Jiapei YAO. The above article, published in The Anatomical Record on Early View on Wiley Online Library on 04/Dec/2019 (DOI: 10.1002/ar.24324) is retracted by agreement among the authors and the Editor‐in‐Chief, Dr. Kurt H. Albertine, with notification to the American Association for Anatomy and Wiley Periodicals LLC. The decision is the result of an investigation that revealed issues of scientific integrity in the data that compromise the findings of the paper.
Retracted: Quercetin alleviates lipopolysaccharide‐induced inflammatory responses by up‐regulation miR‐124 in human renal tubular epithelial cell line HK‐2
Authors: Guo Shuxia , Sun Juanjuan , Zhuang Yan
Published: December 2019

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a persistent kidney structural and functional disorder. Quercetin is one of active extracted flavonoids and has protective effects. Therefore, we proposed to survey the effect of Quercetin on CKD. HK‐2 cells were preprocessed by Quercetin and then irritated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). CCK‐8 assay and flow cytometry were utilized to test viability and apoptosis. ELISA assay was utilized to estimate the IL‐6 and TNF‐α secretion. Western blot was performed to examine the expression of apoptosis and inflammation‐associated mediators. After that HK‐2 cells were transfected by miR‐124 inhibitor. And the above‐mentioned parameters were reassessed. LPS stimulated apoptosis and declined viability in HK‐2 cells. Additionally, LPS stimulated inflammatory responses. Meanwhile, Quercetin attenuated LPS‐stimulated apoptosis, production of IL‐6, and TNF‐α in experimental cells. Subsequently, MyD88 and miR‐124 expression was elevated by LPS and alleviated by Quercetin. Finally, Quercetin exerted its protective function through NF‐κB pathway via up‐regulating miR‐124. Our data demonstrated that Quercetin reduced apoptosis and inflammation stimulated by LPS in HK‐2 cells. Moreover, Quercetin alleviated LPS‐stimulated injury by up‐regulating miR‐124.
Transanal total mesorectal excision for rectal cancer has been suspended in Norway
Authors: Wasmuth H H , Færden A E , Myklebust T Å , Pfeffer F , Norderval S , Riis R , Olsen O C , Lambrecht J R , Kørner H , Larsen S G ,   Norwegian TaTME Collaborative Group, Forsmo H M , Bækkelund O , Lavik S , Knapp J C , Sjo O , Rashid G
Published: December 2019

Background

Transanal total mesorectal excision (TaTME) for rectal cancer has emerged as an alternative to the traditional abdominal approach. However, concerns have been raised about local recurrence. The aim of this study was to evaluate local recurrence after TaTME. Secondary aims included postoperative mortality, anastomotic leak and stoma rates.

Methods

Data on all patients who underwent TaTME were recorded and compared with those from national cohorts in the Norwegian Colorectal Cancer Registry (NCCR) and the Norwegian Registry for Gastrointestinal Surgery (NoRGast). Kaplan–Meier estimates were used to compare local recurrence.

Results

In Norway, 157 patients underwent TaTME for rectal cancer between October 2014 and October 2018. Three of seven hospitals abandoned TaTME after a total of five procedures. The local recurrence rate was 12 of 157 (7·6 per cent); eight local recurrences were multifocal or extensive. The estimated local recurrence rate at 2·4 years was 11·6 (95 per cent c.i. 6·6 to 19·9) per cent after TaTME compared with 2·4 (1·4 to 4·3) per cent in the NCCR (P < 0·001). The adjusted hazard ratio was 6·71 (95 per cent c.i. 2·94 to 15·32). Anastomotic leaks resulting in reoperation occurred in 8·4 per cent of patients in the TaTME cohort compared with 4·5 per cent in NoRGast (P = 0·047). Fifty-six patients (35·7 per cent) had a stoma at latest follow-up; 39 (24·8 per cent) were permanent.

Conclusion

Anastomotic leak rates after TaTME were higher than national rates; local recurrence rates and growth patterns were unfavourable.
Intermittent fasting increases adult hippocampal neurogenesis
Authors: Baik Sang‐Ha , Rajeev Vismitha , Fann David Yang‐Wei , Jo Dong‐Gyu , Arumugam Thiruma V.
Published: December 2019

Introduction

Intermittent fasting (IF) has been suggested to have neuroprotective effects through the activation of multiple signaling pathways. Rodents fasted intermittently exhibit enhanced hippocampal neurogenesis and long‐term potentiation (LTP) at hippocampal synapses compared with sedentary animals fed an ad libitum (AL) diet. However, the underlying mechanisms have not been studied. In this study, we evaluated the mechanistic gap in understanding IF‐induced neurogenesis.

Methods

We evaluated the impact of 3 months of IF (12, 16, and 24 hr of food deprivation on a daily basis) on hippocampal neurogenesis in C57BL/6NTac mice using immunoblot analysis.

Results

Three‐month IF significantly increased activation of the Notch signaling pathway (Notch 1, NICD1, and HES5), neurotrophic factor BDNF, and downstream cellular transcription factor, cAMP response element‐binding protein (p‐CREB). The expression of postsynaptic marker, PSD95, and neuronal stem cell marker, Nestin, was also increased in the hippocampus in response to 3‐month IF.

Conclusions

These findings suggest that IF may increase hippocampal neurogenesis involving the Notch 1 pathway.
RAS and TP53 can predict survival in adults with T‐cell lymphoblastic leukemia treated with hyper‐CVAD
Authors: Sakhdari Ali , Thakral Beenu , Loghavi Sanam , Kanagal‐Shamanna Rashmi , Yin C. Cameron , Zuo Zhuang , Routbort Mark J. , Luthra Rajyalakshmi , Medeiros L. Jeffrey , Wang Sa A. , Patel Keyur P. , Ok Chi Young
Published: December 2019

Adult T‐cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T‐ALL) is a heterogeneous group of acute leukemias that account for about one third of all cases of Philadelphia chromosome (Ph)‐negative ALL. Recently, a molecular classifier using the mutational status of NOTCH1, FBXW7, RAS, and PTEN (NFRP) has been shown to distinguish low‐ vs high‐risk groups in adult T‐ALL patients treated using the Berlin‐Frankfurt‐Münster ALL protocol. However, it is unknown if this molecular classifier can stratify adult T‐ALL patients treated with hyper‐CVAD ± nelarabine. We identified a relatively small cohort of 27 adults with T‐ALL who were uniformly treated with hyper‐CVAD ± nelarabine with available mutational analysis at time of diagnosis. The most commonly mutated genes in this group were NOTCH1 (52%), NRAS (22%), DNMT3A (19%), KRAS (15%), and TP53 (7%). The NFRP molecular classifier failed to stratify overall survival (OS; P = .84) and relapse‐free survival (RFS; P = .18) in this cohort. We developed a new stratification model combining K/NRAS and TP53 mutations as high‐risk factors and showed that mutations in these genes predicted poorer OS (P = .03) and RFS (P = .04). While the current study is limited by cohort size, these data suggest that the NFRP molecular classifier might not be applicable to adult T‐ALL patients treated with hyper‐CVAD ± nelarabine. RAS/TP53 mutation status, however, was useful in risk stratification in adults with T‐ALL.
Recanalization of an atretic intramural left main coronary artery after bypass surgery in a pediatric patient with anomalous aortic origin of the left main coronary artery arising from the right sinus of Valsalva
Authors: Orr William B. , Johnson Mark C. , Abarbanell Aaron M. , Sintek Marc
Published: December 2019

We report a pediatric patient with nonatherosclerotic chronic total occlusion (CTO) of the left main coronary artery (LMCA) leading to complete LMCA atresia which was successfully recanalized via retrograde techniques through a previous internal mammary bypass graft. After the CTO was treated, the artery was found to be anomalous off the right cusp with an intramural coarse and slit‐like orifice. The patient's ischemic symptoms resolved after Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI), and she has continued to do well.
Stabilization treatment of rice bran alters phenolic content and antioxidant activity
Authors: Saji Nancy , Schwarz Lachlan J. , Santhakumar Abishek B. , Blanchard Christopher L.
Published: December 2019

Background and objectives

Rice bran (RB), a by‐product of the rice milling process, is known to be a rich source of bioactive phytochemicals. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of RB stabilization treatments, usually applied to inhibit rancidification, on its phenolic composition and antioxidant activity.

Findings

Total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant assays were performed on RB that was exposed to extrusion, drum‐drying, microwave, and oven stabilization treatments. Chemical profiling was conducted using ultra‐high performance liquid chromatography (uHPLC) coupled to an online ABTS system, and liquid chromatography quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (LC‐QTOF‐MS).

Extrusion and drum‐dried stabilization significantly increased TPC when compared to non‐stabilized RB (NS‐RB). All stabilization treatments increased antioxidant capacity and radical scavenging activity. uHPLC/online ABTS and LC‐QTOF‐MS identified all treatments to increase the concentration of free phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity compared to NS‐RB. More specifically, drum‐dried RB significantly altered RB phenolic composition when compared to all other treatments.

Conclusions

All stabilization treatments significantly altered TPC and antioxidant activity of RB. Drum‐dried RB treatment was most effective in improving free phenolic composition and antioxidant activity.

Significance and novelty

This study demonstrated that drum‐dried stabilization treatment may be a crucial technique that can be applied to RB to ensure essential phenolic compounds with antioxidant activity remain intact, thereby adding value to the functional and nutritional quality of RB.
Sustained resolution of anticoagulation related iron deficiency anemia with the use of apixaban
Authors: Choo Alex , Bragagnolo Alessia , Ekanayake Siyaguna K. D. M. , Alghamry Alaa
Published: December 2019

Successful resolution of iron deficiency anemia in the context of anticoagulation with rivaroxaban was seen when apixaban is used alternatively. Prospective cohort studies utilizing similar or different approaches are required.
A 116‐Nuclear Metallosupramolecular Cage‐of‐Cage Showing Multistep Single‐Crystal‐to‐Single‐Crystal Transformation
Authors: Imanishi Kento , Wahyudianto Benny , Kojima Tatsuhiro , Yoshinari Nobuto , Konno Takumi
Published: December 2019

Here a unique single‐crystal‐to‐single‐crystal (SCSC) transformation of a 116‐nuclear AuI72CdII40NaI4 cage‐of‐cage (2CdNa) is reported, which was created from a trigold(I) metalloligand with d‐penicillamine by way of a 9‐nuclear AuI6CdII3 cage (1). Cage‐of‐cage 2CdNa is composed of 12 cages of 1 that are linked by 4 Cd2+ and 4 Na+ ions, with its surface being covered by 12 NO3− ions to form a discrete, spherical molecule with a diameter ca. 4.7 nm. In crystal 2CdNa, the cage‐of‐cage molecules are packed in a cubic lattice with a huge cell volume of ca. 4.5×105 Å3, so as to have large interstices with diameters of more than 3 nm. Upon soaking crystals 2CdNa in aqueous Cu(NO3)2, all Cd2+ and Na+ were quickly exchanged by Cu2+ to produce an analogous AuI72CuII44 cage‐of‐cage (2Cu) in a SCSC manner. Prolonged soaking led to the SCSC transformation to another supramolecular structure (2′Cu) consisting of 152‐nuclear AuI72CuII80 cage‐of‐cages that are alternately H‐bonded with the AuI72CuII44 cage‐of‐cages. 2′Cu showed the accommodation of MoO42− and the conversion of MoO42− to β‐Mo8O264− in the crystal, with retention of single‐crystallinity.
Advances in Artificial Layers for Stable Lithium Metal Anodes
Authors: Qi Liya , Wu Zhengwei , Zhao Binglu , Liu Bojun , Wang Wenyun , Pei Hao , Dong Yuqing , Zhang Shijun , Yang Zhengjin , Qu Liangliang , Zhang Weixia
Published: December 2019

Lithium (Li) metal is considered as the most promising anode material for rechargeable high‐energy batteries. Nevertheless, the practical implement of Li anodes is significantly hindered by the growth of Li dendrites, which can cause severe safety issues. To inhibit the formation of Li dendrites, coating an artificial layer on the Li metal anode has been shown to be a facile and effective approach. This review mainly focuses on recent advances in artificial layers for stable Li metal anodes. It summarizes the progress in this area and discusses the different types of artificial layers according to their mechanisms for Li dendrite inhibition, including regulation of uniform deposition of Li metal and suppression of Li dendrite growth. By doing this, it is hoped that this contribution will provide instructional guidance for the future design of new artificial layers.
Two Push–Pull Channels Enhance the Dinitrogen Activation by Borylene Compounds
Authors: Zhang Huaiyu , Yuan Rui , Wu Wei , Mo Yirong
Published: December 2019

Recently, Braunschweig et al. found that borylene (CAAC)DurB, in which CAAC is a cyclic alkyl(amino) carbene and Dur refers to 2,3,5,6‐tetramethylphenyl, can bind and activate N2, and the resulting [(CAAC)DurB]2N2 is of a bent BNNB core. The N2 ligand in transition metal complexes is generally linear, so herein, the bonding nature of both terminal end‐on and end‐on bridging borylene‐N2 complexes is investigated with valence bond (VB) theory. In the terminal end‐on (CAAC)HBN2 the bonding follows the mechanism in transition metals with a σ donation and a π back‐donation, but in the end‐on bridging borylene‐N2 complex, the σ donation comes from the π orbitals of N2, and thus, there are two opposite and perpendicular push–pull channels. It is the push–pull interaction that governs the enhanced activation of N2 and the BNNB bent geometry. It is expected that the substituents bonded to B can modulate the bent angle and the strength of the push–pull interaction. Indeed, (CAAC)FB exhibits enhanced catalytic capacity for the activation of N2.
Fluorohalogenation of gem‐Difluoroalkenes: Synthesis and Applications of α‐Trifluoromethyl Halides
Authors: Liu Chi , Zhu Chuanle , Cai Yingying , Yang Zhiyi , Zeng Hao , Chen Fulin , Jiang Huanfeng
Published: December 2019

A novel strategy for 1,2‐dihalogenation of alkenes is reported that occurs through a sequential nucleophilic halide addition and electrophilic halogenation. By trapping the in situ generated unstable α‐trifluoromethyl carbanion intermediates derived from the nucleophilic fluoride addition to electron‐poor gem‐difluoroalkenes, this fluorohalogenation of gem‐difluoroalkenes with electrophilic haloalkynes affords various useful α‐trifluoromethyl halides in high yields. A pesticidal active compound and various attractive trifluromethylated molecules could be smoothly synthesized from these obtained α‐trifluoromethyl halides.
Minimalist in der Baumkrone
Authors: Tetsch Larissa
Published: December 2019

Das Gift der Gelbbauchschnupfenschlange enthält nur wenige Toxine. Trotzdem kann die Schlange damit so verschiedene Beutetiere wie Eidechsen und Mäuse töten. Verantwortlich hierfür sind zwei Vertreter einer Proteinfamilie, die sich nur geringfügig unterscheiden und doch beutespezifisch wirken.
Die Lithium‐Ionen‐Batterie: Eine Erfindung voller Energie
Authors: Welter Kira
Published: December 2019

Der diesjährige Nobelpreis für Chemie geht an John Goodenough, Stanley Whittingham und Akira Yoshino für die Entwicklung von Lithium‐Ionen‐Batterien. Die mobilen Stromspeicher sind fast überall zu finden – von Smartphones, Laptops und Elektroautos bis zu tragbaren medizinischen Geräten. Ein Leben ohne sie ist inzwischen undenkbar. Die leichten Akkus begleiten uns bei der Arbeit, erleichtern unsere Kommunikation und haben eine neue Form der Mobilität ermöglicht. Außerdem kann die aus Wind und Sonne gewonnene Energie mithilfe von Lithium‐Ionen‐Batterien gespeichert werden, was – zusammen mit anderen Technologien – eine wichtige Rolle beim Übergang zu einer Welt ohne fossile Treibstoffe spielen könnte. Obwohl die Suche nach noch besseren Akkus aus umweltfreundlicheren und einfacher verfügbaren Rohstoffen andauert, hat die Arbeit der drei Preisträger die Grundlage für die Forschung in diesem Gebiet gelegt und den Weg für verbesserte Nachfolgeversionen eröffnet.
Synthesis of Dual‐Responsive Materials with Reversible and Switchable Phase‐Transition Properties for High‐Performance Cellulose Enzymatic Hydrolysis
Authors: Zhu Xing , Tian Yi , He Bin , Gan Ting , Hu Xiao , Wang Xuechuan
Published: December 2019

The solid–solid (immobilized cellulase–insoluble cellulose) phase cellulose hydrolysis reaction is significant in cellulosic biomass conversion processes but hindered because of its low efficiency. Herein, a smart temperature–pH dual‐responsive material (D‐N‐N material) was prepared to be used as a carrier for cellulase recovery. This D‐N‐N material could undergo reversible and switchable transitions between solution, hydrogel, and solid phases. The following results were demonstrated: 1) the hydrolytic degree of this strategy could be as high as that of free cellulase in buffer solution; 2) the cellulase could be encapsulated into the D‐N‐N hydrogel without significant leaching and most of the cellulase activity was retained after recycling for at least 10 batches; and 3) more than 95 % of the glucose inside the hydrogel could be extracted during the hydrogel–solid transition within 1 h, which can assist in the high‐efficiency separation of cellulase from glucose. The results suggested that this strategy provides a feasible platform for efficient cellulose hydrolysis and could be applied to other bio‐derived reactions.
Pitfalls in drug testing by hyphenated low‐ and high‐resolution mass spectrometry
Authors: Maurer Hans H.
Published: December 2019

This paper reviews various pitfalls observed during developing, validation, application, and interpretation of drug testing approaches using GC–MS and low‐ and high‐resolution LC–MS. They include sampling and storage of body samples, sample adulteration and contamination, analyte stability, sample preparation without or with cleavage of conjugates, extraction, derivatization, internal standardization, false negative and positive results by GC–MS or LC–MS screening and/or confirmation procedures including artifact formation, ion suppression or enhancement by electrospray ionization, and finally pitfalls in data interpretation. Conclusions and prospects close the Tutorial.
Sensitivity of habitat hydraulic model outputs to DTM and computational mesh resolution
Authors: Papaioannou George , Papadaki Christina , Dimitriou Elias
Published: December 2019

In this study, a state‐of‐the‐art approach in modelling fish habitats, using high‐resolution topographical data, obtained from unmanned aerial vehicle, was applied. Habitat Suitability Indices are used to predict how changes in discharge affect instream fish habitats. Habitat Suitability Indices regarding depth and velocity for two size classes (small sized fish 5–15 cm total length and large sized >15 cm total length) of Salmo pelagonicus and Barbus balcanicus were used, in combination with a two‐dimensional hydraulic‐hydrodynamic model, for the estimation of the weighted usable area (WUA) in a mountainous stream. Computational mesh and/or digital terrain model (DTM) resolution selection may influence the accuracy of WUA results, especially in boulder and cobble‐bed streams with complex habitat structures. The aim of the study is to examine the sensitivity of various hydraulic‐hydrodynamic modelling geometry configurations on WUA at ungauged or poorly gauged streams. Comparisons of three different geometry configurations: (1) identical computational mesh and DTM resolution (SensComb); (2) finest computational mesh resolution combined with different DTM resolutions (SensDTM); (3) finest DTM resolution combined with different computational mesh resolutions, as part of two‐dimensional hydrodynamic modelling, were applied to test the differences in WUA (SensMesh). WUA maps were generated for both fish species and class sizes for each modelling geometry configuration and compared with each other for assessing the sensitivity of the two‐input data (computational mesh and DTM). Results provided by both indices and their spatial distribution indicated the optimal DTM and computational mesh resolution as well as the sensitivity of a specific hydraulic‐habitat model on them.
Local‐regional similarity in drylands increases during multiyear wet and dry periods and in response to extreme events
Authors: Petrie M. D. , Peters D. P. C. , Burruss N. D. , Ji W. , Savoy H. M.
Published: December 2019

Climate change is predicted to impact ecosystems through altered precipitation (PPT) regimes. In the Chihuahuan Desert, multiyear wet and dry periods and extreme PPT pulses are the most influential climatic events for vegetation. Vegetation responses are most frequently studied locally, and regional responses are often unclear. We present an approach to quantify correlation of PPT and vegetation responses (as Normalized Difference Vegetation Index [NDVI]) at the Jornada ARS‐LTER site (JRN; 550 km2 area) and the surrounding dryland region (from 0 to 500 km distance; 400,000 km2 study area) as a way to understand regional similarity to locally observed patterns. We focused on fluctuating wet and dry years, multiyear wet or dry periods of 3–4 yr, and multiyear wet periods that contained one or more extreme high PPT pulses or extreme low rainfall. In all but extreme high PPT years, JRN PPT was highly correlated (r > 0.9) to PPT across the regional study area (0–500 km distance; high correlation from 25th to 75th percentiles) and was highly correlated across a greater PPT range subregionally (0–200 km distance; high correlation from 10th to 90th percentiles). In contrast, the statistical distribution of JRN NDVI was less similar to that of regional NDVI. Yet, local‐regional NDVI similarity increased during multiyear periods to a maximum of >90% similarity for 10th–90th percentiles in a number of years. Thus, local‐regional heterogeneity in PPT and vegetation responses is reduced in both multiyear wet and dry periods, with the largest changes in climatic forcing and responses during multiyear wet periods. These wet and dry events support greater similarity between local‐regional PPT and vegetation response patterns. We conclude that site‐based research on multiyear periods can be extended to anticipate larger regional responses, and illustrate the opportunity to enhance understanding of future PPT change through increased focus on multiyear periods.
Evidence for trait‐based community assembly patterns in hardwood hammock forests
Authors: Subedi Suresh C. , Hogan J. Aaron , Ross Michael S. , Sah Jay P. , Baraloto Christopher
Published: December 2019

The hardwood forests of south Florida, commonly referred to as hammocks, persist as well‐drained patches of broadleaf forest, embedded in a matrix of brackish water swamp, freshwater marsh, or pineland. Little is known about the patterns of community assembly of these subtropical forest communities in the landscape mosaic of south Florida. We used a functional trait approach to understand the composition of these communities and their responses to environmental variation across four areas of south Florida: the pine rocklands and freshwater marshes in Everglades National Park, and the lower and upper Florida Keys, where the hammocks are surrounded by halophytic swamp communities. These sites represent an environmental gradient from less‐productive, more xeric sites in the lower Florida Keys, to more‐productive, wetter sites in the Everglades marshes. We examined the patterns of trait variation at three levels (individual, population, and community) to examine the underlying processes driving assembly in these hammock communities. To understand processes governing community composition in each site, we used methods that partition variance in six traits (maximum tree height, specific leaf area, wood specific gravity, leaf nitrogen, leaf phosphorus, and leaf stable carbon isotope ratios) into internal and external filtering components. Community‐weighted mean trait values for three traits (specific leaf area, height, and leaf phosphorus) increased significantly from dry, less‐productive coastal sites in the Florida Keys to the moist, more‐productive areas on the mainland, while wood specific gravity and leaf δ13C showed the opposite pattern. For one or more traits per site, standardized effect sizes differed significantly from null expectation. Processes such as competition for resources (e.g., water, nutrients, light) and species sorting across microhabitats (i.e., within site) operate to increase local functional trait variation within communities and among species across sites. External filtering on individuals for height and leaf phosphorus differed significantly from null expectations across sites, while external filtering on species was only observed for specific leaf area, maximum tree height, and leaf phosphorus. These results are consistent with strong environmental filtering across the region, among local communities differing in freshwater accessibility or that occupy different positions along strong edaphic gradients. Our results confirm the importance of intraspecific variation among species and reflect a high degree of trait plasticity across the environmental gradient.
Life in a contaminant milieu: PPCP mixtures generate unpredictable outcomes across trophic levels and life stages
Authors: Parrish Samantha C. , Dormio Samantha M. , Richards Stephanie L. , McCoy Krista A. , McCoy Michael W.
Published: December 2019

Nearly all aquatic ecosystems are affected by sublethal levels of anthropogenic chemical contamination, but other agents of large‐scale anthropogenic disruption of ecosystems have received more attention. Consequently, ecologists do not fully appreciate how sublethal contaminant exposure affects ecosystems. Sublethal contaminants can affect ecological systems directly via their impacts on an organism's fitness or indirectly by changing the strengths of species interactions. This study investigated how an emerging class of contaminants—pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs)—influences food webs by affecting the biology of organisms and by interfering with predator–prey interactions. Specifically, we investigated how three common PPCPs—caffeine, DEET (N,N‐diethyl‐meta‐toluamide), and triclosan—affect the strength of the interaction between a common mosquito predator (i.e., mosquito fish) and mosquito larvae as well as how these PPCPS affect mosquito survival, life history traits, and oviposition site choices. We found that all three PPCPs, individually and combined as a mixture, reduced predator consumption rates. Relative to a contaminant‐free control, the presence of predator cues reduced mosquito oviposition and larval abundance for all PPCP treatments except for DEET. Predator cues reduced mosquito adult emergence across PPCP treatments; however, mosquitoes that were exposed to caffeine did not emerge as adults even in the absence of predator cues. This study shows that the effects of PPCPs are diverse and can interact with mosquitoes and their predators in ways that cannot be predicted by their individual effects. In a contaminated world, ecologists need to better understand how sublethal concentrations of ubiquitous, biologically active pollutants might challenge what we think we know about how ecological systems function.
Effects of Different Enzymatic Hydrolyses of Mutton Tallow on the Aroma Characteristics of the Maillard Reaction of Xylose–Cysteine Based on GC‐MS, E‐Nose, and Statistical Analysis
Authors: Ma Xueping , Zhan Ping , Tian Honglei , Wei Zhisheng , Wang Peng
Published: December 2019

Solid‐phase micro extraction/gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (SPME/GC‐MS), electronic nose (E‐nose), and descriptive sensory analysis (DSA) are used to evaluate the changes in aroma characteristic of six mutton tallow flavor (MF) samples prepared from xylose–cysteine with mutton tallow or different enzymatic hydrolysis mutton tallow (EM) with different enzymes. 61 compounds are identified by GC‐MS as crucial compounds contributing to the MF for the evaluation of the sensory characteristics of MFs. Most of the volatiles, including aldehydes, alcohols, furans, and thiophenes, decrease because of the addition of EMs. The EM with lipase MER produces more appropriate volatile compounds through the Maillard reaction than the other samples. Five attributes are selected for the appraisal of MFs. DSA results show a remarkable difference in sensory attributes among the MFs. MF5 has the strongest aroma in the muttony and meaty flavors, and the weakest in the burnt and off‐flavor. Further investigation of the six MFs is conducted based on the volatile compounds evaluated by E‐nose. The results of the correlation analysis among the volatile compounds and the DSA confirm that EM with lipase MER may be an appropriate precursor for MF's sensory characteristics.

Practical Applications: Moderate lipid oxidation is a prerequisite to achieving a characteristic flavor. However, over‐treatment will lead to an undesirable smell. The thermal method requires high temperature and is difficult to control, and the resulting natural meat flavor needs improvement. A possible solution is to use enzymes to make a difference in the molecular weight of the enzymatically hydrolyzed fragments. To achieve controlled enzymatic hydrolysis of a fragment, the correct selection of enzyme is an important step. The present study helps elucidate how lipids contribute to the formation of meat flavor, thereby providing guidance for the preparation of thermal reaction meat flavor.
General Fmoc‐Based Solid‐Phase Synthesis of Complex Depsipeptides Circumventing Problematic Fmoc Removal
Authors: Lobo‐Ruiz Ariadna , Tulla‐Puche Judit
Published: December 2019

Development of an Fmoc‐based solid‐phase depsipeptide methodology has been hampered by base‐promoted fragmentation and diketoperazine formation upon Fmoc group elimination. Such a strategy would be a useful tool given the number of commercially available Fmoc‐protected residues. Herein we report that the addition of small percentages of organic acids to the Fmoc‐removal cocktail proves effective to circumvent these drawbacks and most importantly, allowed the development of an exclusively solid‐phase stepwise methodology to prepare a highly complex depsipeptide with multiple and consecutive esters bonds. Alongside, the optimal protecting group scheme for residue incorporation, which is not as straightforward as it is for traditional peptide synthesis, was explored. The developed stepwise strategy proved effective for the synthesis of a highly complex cyclodepsipeptide, being comparable to the yields obtained when using traditional combined chemistry approaches.
Carbonylative Acetylation of Heterocycles
Authors: Zhang Youcan , Yin Zhiping , Wu Xiao‐Feng
Published: December 2019

Herein, a new procedure for the carbonylative acetylation of heterocycles has been developed. In this process, organic peroxide acts as the methyl source. Various heterocycles were transformed into the corresponding methyl heterocyclic ketones in moderate to good yields.