bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of the Prevalence of HIV/AIDS and the Life Expectancy Rate on Economic Growth in SSA Countries: Difference GMM Approach
Authors: Waziri Salisu Ibrahim , Mohamed Nor Norashidah , Raja Abdullah Nik Mustapha , Adamu Peter
Published: September 2015

The productivity of countries around the globe is adversely affected by the health-related problems of their labour force. This study examined the effect of the prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) and life expectancy on the economic growth of 33 Sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries over a period of 11 years (2002–2012). The study employed a dynamic panel approach as opposed to the static traditional approach utilised in the literature. The dynamic approach became eminent because of the fact that HIV/AIDS is a dynamic variable as its prevalence today depends on the previous years. The result revealed that HIV/AIDS is negatively correlated with economic growth in the region, with a coefficient of 0.014, and significant at the 1% level. That is, a 10% increase in HIV/AIDS prevalence leads to a 0.14% decrease in the GDP of the region. Tackling HIV/AIDS is therefore imperative to the developing Sub-Saharan African region and all hands must be on deck to end the menace globally.
Effects of Letrozole-HMG and Clomiphene-HMG on Incidence of Luteinized Unruptured Follicle Syndrome in Infertile Women Undergoing Induction Ovulation and Intrauterine Insemination: A Randomised Trial
Authors: Azmoodeh Azra , Pejman Manesh Mansoureh , Akbari Asbagh Firouzeh , Ghaseminejad Azizeh , Hamzehgardeshi Zeinab
Published: September 2015

BACKGROUND: Luteinized unruptured follicle (LUF) syndrome is considered a cause of ovulation failure and a subtle cause of infertility. Preovulatory injection of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) prevents or treats LUF syndrome, but it has also occurred after the induction of ovulation with clomiphene/HMG and HCG. This study was designed for evaluation and comparison of LUF incidence in eligible infertile women undergoing two stimulation protocols (clomiphene + HMG and letrozole + HMG) in addition to intrauterine insemination (IUI). Some related factors were compared between LUF and non-LUF cycles as secondary outcomes.

METHODS: The study was designed as a prospective randomized controlled trial. Patients were randomized using a table of random numbers into two equal protocol groups. For group A, (n = 90) clomiphene citrate was administrated orally in doses of 100 mg/day, and group B (n = 90) orally received letrozole 5 mg/day from day 3 to 7 of the menstrual cycle. Then HMG 75IU/day was administered intramuscularly in both groups on day 8 of the menstrual cycle and the dose was adjusted on the basis of ovarian response. The optimum size of preovulatory follicles for the injection of HCG (10,000 IU) was considered 18–23 mm. The number and size of preovulatory follicles were assessed by vaginal ultrasound 12 h before HCG (D0). Endometrial thickness was measured as well. IUI was performed on all patients 38–40 h after HCG. The second ultrasound examination was performed to observe the evidence of oocyte releasing at the time of IUI (D1). If the follicles were unruptured, a third sonography was performed on day 7 after HCG (D7) to observe LUF syndrome.

RESULTS: There was a significant difference between clomiphene-HMG and letrozole-HMG in LUF (p = 0.021) and pregnancy (p = 0.041). The complete LUF in letrozole-HMG was lower than the alternative group and the pregnancy rate was higher. The patients in the non-LUF group had higher midluteal progesterone and a thicker endometrium compared to LUF cycles (p = 0.039) and (p < 0.001). The results of our multivariate logistic regression indicate that size 18–19.9 mm leads to the complete LUF  less than ≥22 mm [AOR: 0.25, P = 0.005], and  in size 20– 21.9 mm  as well [AOR: 0.17, P = 0.002].

CONCLUSION: Letrozole, with lower incidences of LUF, is more effective than clomiphene citrate for the induction of ovulation in IUI cycles. In our study, we illustrated that larger follicles of ≥22 mm diameter were associated with higher incidences of LUF. We recommend that further studies investigate and focus on the relationship between follicular size and/or full hormonal profiles and LUF.
Iranian Clinical Nurses’ Activities for Self-Directed Learning: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Ghiyasvandian Shahrzad , Malekian Morteza , Cheraghi Mohammad Ali
Published: September 2015

BACKGROUND: Clinical nurses need lifelong learning skills for responding to the rapid changes of clinical settings. One of the best strategies for lifelong learning is self-directed learning. The aim of this study was to explore Iranian clinical nurses’ activities for self-directed learning.

METHODS: In this qualitative study, 23 semi-structured personal interviews were conducted with nineteen clinical nurses working in all four hospitals affiliated to Isfahan Social Security Organization, Isfahan, Iran. Study data were analyzed by using the content analysis approach. The study was conducted from June 2013 to October 2014.

FINDINGS: Study participants’ activities for self-directed learning fell into two main categories of striving for knowledge acquisition and striving for skill development. The main theme of the study was ‘Revising personal performance based on intellectual-experiential activities’.

CONCLUSIONS: Study findings suggest that Iranian clinical nurses continually revise their personal performance by performing self-directed intellectual and experiential activities to acquire expertise. The process of acquiring expertise is a linear process which includes two key steps of knowledge acquisition and knowledge development. In order to acquire and advance their knowledge, nurses perform mental learning activities such as sensory perception, self-evaluation, and suspended judgment step-by-step. Moreover, they develop their skills through doing activities like apprenticeship, masterly performance, and self-regulation. The absolute prerequisite to expertise acquisition is that a nurse needs to follow these two steps in a sequential manner.
Agriculture and Climate Change: Perceptions of Provincial Officials in Vietnam
Authors: Son Tran Van  , William Bill Boyd  , Peter Slavich  , Trinh Mai Van
Published: September 2015

Climate change is expected to have serious impacts on developing countries, including Vietnam. The central government of Vietnam has launched programs to study climate change trends and impacts on natural resources, environment and socio-economic development, and adaptation strategies. These programs have the active involvement of many ministries, sectors, research institutions and local governments. This paper addresses theperceptions of provincial officers in Vietnam regarding climate change, its impacts on agricultural activities, and adaptation options. It examines the current knowledge and understanding capacity of provincial officials in implementing the National Target Program to Respond to Climate Change, and the Action Plan to Response to Climate Change of the Agriculture and Rural Development Sector. The results from the study provide insight into the perceptions on climate change and climate change adaptation measures held by Vietnamese government officials working in environmental and agricultural sectors. The survey data indicate that Vietnamese government officials are aware of climate change and its potential impacts, but have relatively poor understanding of some aspects, given the key role of government officials in implementing Vietnamese adaptation policies and mitigation measures. These new findings are important to Vietnamese and international organizations involved in assisting agricultural research and extension agencies with identifying and implementing strategies to adapt Vietnamese farming systems to a changing climate.
To Assess the Quality of Life in Patients Suffering from Allergic Rhinitis
Authors: Nikhil Sharma  , Prithpal S. Matreja  , Monika Gupta  , Vipan Gupta  , Manish Gupta  , Ashwani K. Gupta
Published: September 2015

Background: Allergic Rhinitis (AR) associated with impairments in patients day-to-day functioning at home and work is a global health problem. It’s associated with sleep disorders, emotional problems, impairment in activities, and social functioning. However, it’s not known to what extent quality of life (QOL) scores, work impairment, or sleep is altered in Indian setup hence, this study was designed to assess the quality of life of patients suffering from allergic rhinitis.Methodology: This prospective, observational, cross sectional study was conducted on patients suffering from allergic rhinitis visiting the out patients | department. The patients who gave written informed consent were divided into two groups based on gender, Group 1 was males and Group 2 was females. A detailed history was taken and participants underwent thorough medical examination, followed by assessment on Rhino conjunctivitis Quality of Life Questionnaire (RQLQ) and WHOQOL – Bref scores.Results: A total of 87 patients were screened of which 40 patients were enrolled in study. The average age of patients in the study was 28.08±10.01, a total of 26 males and 14 females completed the study. There were significantly worse non nose/eyes symptoms scores, practical problems, and emotional scores in patients in Group 2 as compared to Group 1. Group 1 had better aspect of sleep, nasal symptoms, and eyes symptoms as compared to Group 2. Whereas, Group2 had better aspect of activities score as compared to Group 1.Conclusion: To conclude both groups had compromised quality of life, with females being more affected as compared to males
Can a Racist Society Produce and Sustain Just and Healthy Interracial Relationships? A Few South African Case Studies
Authors: Mojapelo-Batka E.M.
Published: September 2015

In this study the experiences, perceptions and challenges of being in a mixed-race relationship (M-R) are explored against the backdrop of previous South African pieces of legislation meant to keep the various race groups apart. The study is located within a conceptual framework predominantly informed by a constructivist approach, including some tenets from the social constructionist approach. For the purposes of this study, six cases of mixed-race couples consisting of black and white partners only were recruited through snowball sampling. The results of the study indicate that individuals found their involvement in M-R relationships to be a positive experience, and thus resulting in a positive attitude change and a sense of personal growth. However, M-R couples and their extended families experienced cognitive dissonance which required them to discard their previously internalised racial stereotypes. To do this, strategies such as cognitive differentiation, re-categorization and de-categorization were used. This enabled the couples and their families to attempt the shift toward non-racial socially constructed categories. Most of the challenges of being in M-R relationships were experienced on both the interpersonal and the inter-group levels. The losses, disadvantages, challenges, concerns and pains experienced by M-R couples were mainly related to family and social disapproval as well as general family and social efforts aimed at discouraging race mixing.
The Effect of Marijuana Legalization on Anticipated Use: A Test of Deterrence Theory
Authors: Arazan Christine , Costelloe Michael , Hall Tricia M.
Published: September 2015

Marijuana is the most frequently used illicit drug in the world (Erickson, Van Der Maas, and Hathaway, 2013:428). Here in the United States, public support for the legalization of marijuana for recreational use is substantial. With public support, both Colorado and Washington passed state initiatives in 2012 to legalize recreational use of marijuana for individuals aged 21 years and older. Even the federal government has recently reversed their initial position to continue to enforce federal drug laws within these states. With what appears to be increasingly liberal attitudes toward marijuana use and even toward legalization, some are concerned about what this may mean for drug use in America. To many, it appears obvious that with changing attitudes and more lenient policies, use of marijuana will increase and in turn exacerbate a host of individual and societal problems that marijuana use is thought to cause. The primary focus of this study examines the first part of these concerns: to what extent will marijuana use increase with these policy changes? Specifically, this research looks at what extent current abstainers of marijuana might use if it were legalized.
Influência da cultura organizacional sobre a decisão de internalizar ou externalizar as atividades de P&D
Authors: Schreiber Dusan
Published: September 2015

Os critérios normativos e objetivos que predominavam na literatura técnica que tratava de áreas organizacionais como produção e P&D mostraram-se insuficientes para abarcar os processos de interação social inerentes nestas unidades organizacionais. Os textos mais recentes demonstraram que as variáveis subjetivas influenciam a forma de perceber o mundo e a organização, das pessoas presentes nestas áreas, até então consideradas eminentemente técnicas. Destarte, entende-se que as variáveis subjetivas, decorrentes de cultura organizacional idiossincrática, devem ser avaliadas na construção de novos critérios de decisão. Uma das decisões mais relevantes da área de P&D refere-se à definição da forma de realizar as atividades (internamente, externamente ou de forma combinada), juntamente com os fatores mais objetivos como os custos de transação, confiança, estratégia e gestão do conhecimento. Ao mesmo tempo percebe-se que a subjetividade presente no referido processo decisório pode colocar em risco a objetividade que assegura o alinhamento dos critérios de decisão com os objetivos organizacionais. Com o objetivo de contribuir para o debate foi realizado o estudo de caso múltiplo, por meio de abordagem qualitativa, entrevistas em profundidade e análise de narrativas, que facultou evidenciar a influência das variáveis subjetivas sobre o referido processo decisório. O autor entende que o tema apresenta grande relevância com base na centralidade da inovação de produtos e serviços para as organizações contemporâneas.
Aplicação da matriz de avaliação estratégica no planejamento estratégico de um centro de pesquisa ambiental
Authors: Zampieri Sergio Luiz
Published: September 2015

O planejamento estratégico da Epagri/Ciram decênio 2012-2022, teve a participação de entidades representativas dos setores público e privado catarinense e nacional. Os subsídios para compor este estudo têm origem no seminário estadual do setor público catarinense para prospecção e identificação de demandas em pesquisa e serviços ambientais e o workshop interno da Epagri/Ciram, além de análises documentais. A metodologia constou das matrizes de avaliação estratégica, que traduz as interações possíveis para os cruzamentos das oportunidades e ameaças, em relação ao ambiente externo, frente às forças e fraquezas relacionadas ao ambiente interno da organização. Os resultados oriundos da matriz estratégica permitem, no âmbito da Epagri/Ciram identificar oportunidades a serem conquistadas, face as potencialidades da atuação ofensiva, em consonância com a sua capacidade defensiva, que é maior que a média esperada. Também, identificou-se que ainda persiste a dificuldade de aproveitar as oportunidades do ambiente externo e verificou-se que o Centro ainda é vulnerável nas relações com o ambiente interno, situação que pode comprometer a sua atuação. Em relação a sua capacidade ofensiva, identificou-se que esta qualificada para engendrar o potencial de captura de oportunidades, e que o seu posicionamento está próximo da neutralidade, numa situação levemente favorável para realizar a captura de oportunidades. Quanto a capacidade defensiva, aspecto que trata da neutralização das ameaças, o estudo indica um posicionamento equilibrado com tendência a tornar-se desfavorável, devido a capacidade que possui para neutralizar as ameaças do ambiente externo. O estudo possibilitou estruturar as diretrizes e os objetivos estratégicos, que originaram projetos estratégicos, ações, tecnologias, produtos e serviços a ser desenvolvidos em prol da sociedade catarinense.
The spread of Ebola: How the world health organization’s rhetoric contributed to virus transmission
Authors: Condit Celeste
Published: September 2015

The tragedy of the 2014 Ebola epidemic in West Africa was exacerbated by World Health Organization (WHO) rhetoric that depicted medical personnel as saviors of an irrational and emotional public. That common rhetoric rests on a faulty image of scientific knowledge as a substance that binds its affiliates into a community with special powers and immunities. This analysis shows how such rhetoric blinded the international community to attending to the potential role of health care sites and health care workers as vectors of disease transmission. This case illustrates why analysis of rhetoric is part of a full scientific approach to gaining, sharing, and deploying knowledge.
Sir2 phosphorylation through cAMP-PKA and CK2 signaling inhibits the lifespan extension activity of Sir2 in yeast
Authors: Kang Woo Kyu , Kim Yeong Hyeock , Kang Hyun Ah , Kwon Ki-Sun , Kim Jeong-Yoon
Published: September 2015

Silent information regulator 2 (Sir2), an NAD+-dependent protein deacetylase, has been proposed to be a longevity factor that plays important roles in dietary restriction (DR)-mediated lifespan extension. In this study, we show that the Sir2's role for DR-mediated lifespan extension depends on cAMP-PKA and casein kinase 2 (CK2) signaling in yeast. Sir2 partially represses the transcription of lifespan-associated genes, such as PMA1 (encoding an H+-ATPase) and many ribosomal protein genes, through deacetylation of Lys 16 of histone H4 in the promoter regions of these genes. This repression is relieved by Sir2 S473 phosphorylation, which is mediated by active cAMP-PKA and CK2 signaling. Moderate DR increases the replicative lifespan of wild-type yeast but has no effect on that of yeast expressing the Sir2-S473E or S473A allele, suggesting that the effect of Sir2 on DR-mediated lifespan extension is negatively regulated by S473 phosphorylation. Our results demonstrate a mechanism by which Sir2 contributes to lifespan extension.
Cell type-specific transcriptomics of hypothalamic energy-sensing neuron responses to weight-loss
Authors: Henry Fredrick E , Sugino Ken , Tozer Adam , Branco Tiago , Sternson Scott M
Published: September 2015

Molecular and cellular processes in neurons are critical for sensing and responding to energy deficit states, such as during weight-loss. Agouti related protein (AGRP)-expressing neurons are a key hypothalamic population that is activated during energy deficit and increases appetite and weight-gain. Cell type-specific transcriptomics can be used to identify pathways that counteract weight-loss, and here we report high-quality gene expression profiles of AGRP neurons from well-fed and food-deprived young adult mice. For comparison, we also analyzed Proopiomelanocortin (POMC)-expressing neurons, an intermingled population that suppresses appetite and body weight. We find that AGRP neurons are considerably more sensitive to energy deficit than POMC neurons. Furthermore, we identify cell type-specific pathways involving endoplasmic reticulum-stress, circadian signaling, ion channels, neuropeptides, and receptors. Combined with methods to validate and manipulate these pathways, this resource greatly expands molecular insight into neuronal regulation of body weight, and may be useful for devising therapeutic strategies for obesity and eating disorders.
The effects of tides on the water mass mixing and sea ice in the Arctic Ocean
Authors: Luneva Maria V. , Aksenov Yevgeny , Harle James D. , Holt Jason T.
Published: September 2015

In this study, we use a novel pan‐Arctic sea ice‐ocean coupled model to examine the effects of tides on sea ice and the mixing of water masses. Two 30 year simulations were performed: one with explicitly resolved tides and the other without any tidal dynamics. We find that the tides are responsible for a ∼15% reduction in the volume of sea ice during the last decade and a redistribution of salinity, with surface salinity in the case with tides being on average ∼1.0–1.8 practical salinity units (PSU) higher than without tides. The ice volume trend in the two simulations also differs: −2.09 × 103 km3/decade without tides and −2.49 × 103 km3/decade with tides, the latter being closer to the trend of −2.58 × 103 km3/decade in the PIOMAS model, which assimilates SST and ice concentration. The three following mechanisms of tidal interaction appear to be significant: (a) strong shear stresses generated by the baroclinic clockwise rotating component of tidal currents in the interior waters; (b) thicker subsurface ice‐ocean and bottom boundary layers; and (c) intensification of quasi‐steady vertical motions of isopycnals (by ∼50%) through enhanced bottom Ekman pumping and stretching of relative vorticity over rough bottom topography. The combination of these effects leads to entrainment of warm Atlantic Waters into the colder and fresher surface waters, supporting the melting of the overlying ice.
Responses of carbon uptake and oceanic pCO2 to climate change in the North Atlantic: A model study with the Bergen Earth System Model
Authors: Goris Nadine , Tjiputra Jerry , Schwinger Jörg , Heinze Christoph
Published: September 2015

Several model studies diagnose the carbon uptake of the North Atlantic as most sensitive to climate change when considered per unit area. Yet the main drivers of the modeled sensitivity and the share of biological production and physical transport are under debate. In order to contribute to this ongoing discussion, two simulations with the Bergen Earth System Model were carried out for period 1850–2099. One of the simulations (COU) includes the radiative effect of rising CO2 (i.e., climate change), while the second simulation (BGC) excludes this effect. The modeled carbon fluxes show substantially different responses to climate change for different parts of the North Atlantic. Based on these differences, we divide the North Atlantic into two regions, namely, the subpolar gyre (SPG) and the rest of the North Atlantic (rNAT*, covering mainly the subtropical gyre). The highest climate sensitivity is found in the SPG region (accounting for an uptake reduction of 8.06 Pg C over the period 1850–2099), while the response of the rNAT* region is moderate (reduction of 4.00 Pg C). We show that the changing CO2 fluxes in both SPG and rNAT* regions are driven by increasing oceanic pCO2. The pCO2 changes in the rNAT* region are caused by both changing physical and biogeochemical processes, while changes in dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and alkalinity are the primary contributor to the high climate sensitivity of the SPG region. We identify a reduced biological production to be responsible for the modeled response of DIC and alkalinity, yet the differences between biological contribution and contributions of ocean circulation and CO2 uptake are small, highlighting our need for a better understanding of the marine biological cycle.
Characterization and Petrological Constraints of the Midlithospheric Discontinuity
Authors: Rader Erika , Emry Erica , Schmerr Nicholas , Frost Daniel , Cheng Cheng , Menard Julie , Yu Chun‐Quan , Geist Dennis
Published: September 2015

Within continental lithosphere, widespread seismic evidence suggests a sharp discontinuous downward decrease in seismic velocity at 60–160 km depth. This midlithospheric discontinuity (MLD) may be due to anisotropy, melt, hydration, and/or mantle metasomatism. We survey global seismologic observations of the MLD, including observed depths, velocity contrasts, gradients, and locales across multiple seismic techniques. The MLD is primarily found in regions of thick continental lithosphere and is a decrease in seismic shear velocity (2–7% over 10–20 km) at 60–160 km depth, the majority of observations clustering at 80–100 km. Of xenoliths in online databases, 25% of amphibole‐bearing xenoliths, 90% of phlogopite‐bearing xenoliths, and none of carbonate‐bearing xenoliths were formed at pressures associated with these depth (2–5 GPa). We used Perple_X modeling to evaluate the elastic moduli and densities of multiple petrologies to test if the MLD is a layer of crystallized melt. The fractional addition of 5–10% phlogopite, 10–15% carbonate, or 45–100% pyroxenite produce a 2–7% velocity decrease. We postulate this layer of crystallized melt would originate at active margins of continents and crystallize in place as the lithosphere cools. The concentration of mildly incompatible elements (Y, Ho, Er, Yb, and Lu) in xenoliths near the MLD is consistent with higher degrees of melting. Thus, we postulate that the MLD is the seismological signature of a chemical interface related to the paleointersection of a volatile‐rich solidus and progressively cooling lithosphere. Furthermore, the MLD may represent a remnant chemical tracer of the lithosphere‐asthenosphere boundary (LAB) from when the lithosphere was active and young.
Mercury's low‐degree geoid and topography controlled by insolation‐driven elastic deformation
Authors: Tosi N. , Čadek O. , Běhounková M. , Káňová M. , Plesa A.‐C. , Grott M. , Breuer D. , Padovan S. , Wieczorek M. A.
Published: September 2015

Mercury experiences an uneven insolation that leads to significant latitudinal and longitudinal variations of its surface temperature. These variations, which are predominantly of spherical harmonic degrees 2 and 4, propagate to depth, imposing a long‐wavelength thermal perturbation throughout the mantle. We computed the accompanying density distribution and used it to calculate the mechanical and gravitational response of a spherical elastic shell overlying a quasi‐hydrostatic mantle. We then compared the resulting geoid and surface deformation at degrees 2 and 4 with Mercury's geoid and topography derived from the MErcury, Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry, and Ranging spacecraft. More than 95% of the data can be accounted for if the thickness of the elastic lithosphere were between 110 and 180 km when the thermal anomaly was imposed. The obtained elastic thickness implies that Mercury became locked into its present 3:2 spin orbit resonance later than about 1 Gyr after planetary formation.
Dust‐rainfall feedback in West African Sahel
Authors: Yu Kailiang , D'Odorico Paolo , Bhattachan Abinash , Okin Gregory S. , Evan Amato T.
Published: September 2015

Drought persistence in West African Sahel has often been explained as an effect of positive vegetation‐atmosphere feedback associated with surface albedo or the partitioning of solar radiation into sensible and latent heat fluxes. An often overlooked aspect of land‐atmosphere coupling results from vegetation controls on dust emissions and the ability of mineral aerosols to suppress precipitation. Here we first consider the case of local (endogenous) dynamics within the Sahel, whereby enhanced dust emissions resulting from a decrease in vegetation partly suppress precipitation, thereby further reducing vegetation cover. We then account for teleconnections between Sahel precipitation and exogenous (i.e., Saharan) dust emissions due to an increase in Saharan wind speed in years of above average Sahel precipitation. We find that in both cases vegetation‐climate dynamics may have two stable states, one with low precipitation and high concentration of atmospheric dust and the other with high precipitation and lower levels of atmospheric dust.
Mercury's three‐dimensional asymmetric magnetopause
Authors: Zhong J. , Wan W. X. , Slavin J. A. , Wei Y. , Lin R. L. , Chai L. H. , Raines J. M. , Rong Z. J. , Han X. H.
Published: September 2015

Mercury's magnetopause is unique in the solar system due to its relatively small size and its close proximity to the Sun. Based on 3 years of MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry, and Ranging orbital Magnetometer and the Fast Imaging Plasma Spectrometer data, the mean magnetopause location was determined for a total of 5694 passes. We fit these magnetopause locations to a three‐dimensional nonaxially symmetric magnetopause which includes an indentation for the cusp region that has been successfully applied to the Earth. Our model predicts that Mercury's magnetopause is highly indented surrounding the cusp with central depth ~0.64 RM and large dayside extension. The dayside polar magnetopause dimension is, thus, smaller than the equatorial magnetopause dimension. Cross sections of the dayside magnetopause in planes perpendicular to the Mercury‐Sun line are prolate and elongated along the dawn‐dusk direction. In contrast, the magnetopause downstream of the terminator plane is larger in the north‐south than the east‐west directions by a ratio of 2.6 RM to 2.2 RM at a distance of 1.5 RM downstream of Mercury. Due to the northward offset of the internal dipole, the model predicts that solar wind has direct access to the surface of Mercury at middle magnetic latitudes in the southern hemisphere. During extremely high solar wind pressure conditions, the northern hemisphere middle magnetic latitudes may also be subject to direct solar wind impact.
Magmatic expressions of continental lithosphere removal
Authors: Wang Huilin , Currie Claire A.
Published: September 2015

Gravitational lithosphere removal in continental interior has been inferred from various observations, including anomalous surface deflections and magmatism. We use numerical models and a simplified theoretical analysis to investigate how lithosphere removal can be recognized in the magmatic record. One style of removal is a Rayleigh‐Taylor‐type instability, where removal occurs through dripping. The associated magmatism depends on the lithosphere thermal structure. Four types of magmatism are predicted: (1) For relatively hot lithosphere (e.g., back arcs), the lithosphere can be conductively heated and melted during removal, while the asthenosphere upwells and undergoes decompression melting. If removal causes significant lithospheric thinning, the deep crust may be heated and melted. (2) For moderately warm lithosphere (e.g., average Phanerozoic lithosphere) in which the lithosphere root has a low density, only the lithosphere may melt. (3) If the lithosphere root has a high density in moderately warm lithosphere, only asthenosphere melt is predicted. (4) For cold lithosphere (e.g., cratons), no magmatism is induced. An alternate style of removal is delamination, where dense lithosphere peels along Moho. In most cases, the lithosphere sinks too rapidly to melt. However, asthenosphere can upwell to the base of the crust, resulting in asthenospheric and crustal melts. In delamination, magmatism migrates laterally with the detachment point; in contrast, magmatism in Rayleigh‐Taylor‐type instability has a symmetric shape and converges toward the drip center. The models may explain the diversity of magmatism observed in areas with inferred lithosphere removal, including the Puna Plateau and the southern Sierra Nevada.
Dust aerosol feedback on the Indian summer monsoon: Sensitivity to absorption property
Authors: Das Sushant , Dey Sagnik , Dash S. K. , Giuliani G. , Solmon F.
Published: September 2015

We examine the sensitivity of dust radiative feedback to the dust absorption property during the Indian summer monsoon (June–September) season from 2005 to 2010 using the Regional Climate Model version 4.1. The dust direct radiative forcing at top of atmosphere switches from cooling to warming for absorbing dust over the Indian subcontinent. The dust‐induced low pressure anomaly plays a crucial role in building up large‐scale convergence particularly over the Arabian Peninsula, which strengthens the monsoon circulation leading to enhanced precipitation over India. The intensity of precipitation and wind field at 850 hPa increases over India by considering more absorbing dust. Air temperature and cloud fraction change by 20–50% in the lower to middle troposphere as a result of dynamic response due to modification in dust absorptive characteristics. Our results demonstrate that the response of monsoon circulation to dust radiative feedback is highly sensitive to dust absorption; and hence, it should be accurately represented in the models for improved simulation of monsoon precipitation. The results have important implications in case of break‐to‐active transition within the Indian summer monsoon season.
Identifying the Culprit: An International Perspective on the National Academy of Sciences Report on Eyewitness Identification Evidence
Authors: Valentine Tim , Fitzgerald Ryan J.
Published: September 2015

The recent National Research Council report on eyewitness identification evidence includes fifteen recommendations intended to improve the procedures used to obtain eyewitness identification evidence, strengthen its value in court, and improve the scientific basis of research. The report includes some important insights on the applied research and makes some novels proposals, which are critically reviewed. It is argued that the report is limited by a lack of international comparison and by its focus exclusively on lineups rather than a wider range of methods available to identify perpetrators from their face.
The New Materiality
Authors: DeLanda Manuel
Published: September 2015

In the last few decades an entirely new conception of the material world has emerged. Here, philosopher Manuel DeLanda, whose work has become synonymous with this ‘new materialism’, introduces this novel understanding of materiality. Like any other conceptual framework, it has precedents in the history of philosophy ‐ the work of the Dutch philosopher Baruch Spinoza is a good example ‐ but only recently has it become coherently articulated with science and technology. Gone is the Aristotelian view that matter is an inert receptacle for forms that come from the outside (transcendent essences), as well as the Newtonian view in which an obedient materiality simply follows general laws and owes all its powers to those transcendent laws. In place of this, we can now conceptualise an active matter endowed with its own tendencies and capacities, engaged in its own divergent, open‐ended evolution, animated from within by immanent patterns of being and becoming.
Performative Wood: Physically Programming the Responsive Architecture of the HygroScope and HygroSkin Projects
Authors: Menges Achim , Reichert Steffen
Published: September 2015

In today's race for ever more ‘intelligent’ materials, wood, with its long association with craft and vernacular building traditions, is all too often overlooked. But upon closer examination it reveals a spectrum of properties that constitute a smart rather than an outdated material. Based on its moisture‐sensitive characteristics, Guest‐Editor Achim Menges, Director of the Institute for Computational Design (ICD) at the University of Stuttgart, and Steffen Reichert, Research Associate at the ICD, have developed a number of groundbreaking weather‐responsive systems. These integrate the function of sensor, motor and responsive components in strikingly simple wood elements. They demonstrate the material's capacity to replace machines and to unfold a truly ecologically embedded architecture by tapping into the abundant flows and energies of the environment.
Macrofabrication with Digital Materials: Robotic Assembly
Authors: Gershenfeld Neil , Carney Matthew , Jenett Benjamin , Calisch Sam , Wilson Spencer
Published: September 2015

Rapid‐prototyping processes are being extended to increasingly large scales, including 3D printing from gantries, and robotic arms for cutting, milling and winding. These all use designs that are digital, but materials that are not: they are continuously deposited or removed. Neil Gershenfeld, Matthew Carney, Benjamin Jenett, Sam Calisch and Spencer Wilson of the MIT Center for Bits and Atoms explore the implications of the use of digital materials, reversibly assembled from a discrete set of parts with a discrete set of relative positions and orientations, for applications on scales ranging from aerostructures to geoprinting. Here, they discuss the production of the parts, the modelling of structures made with them, and their automated assembly.
Actualising (Overlooked) Material Capacities
Authors: Kolarevic Branko
Published: September 2015

An emphasis on material synthesis is not without its pitfalls and challenges. Here Branko Kolarevic, Professor and Chair in Integrated Design at the University of Calgary Faculty of Environmental Design, alerts us to the dangers of overlooking materials' shifting capacities, which are so often scale dependent, while also disregarding existing materials in favour of the new or novel. As the potential grows for material systems in buildings to become more adaptive and to harness automation, Kolarevic describes some exciting developments that are taking place in dynamic facade design, providing the much‐heralded promise of an efficient use of ambient energy.
Investigations on Grain Boundary Segregation Energy of Phosphorus in 12Cr1MoV Steel Under Elastic Stress
Authors: Zheng Lei , Fu Yudong , Lejček Pavel , Song Shenhua , Schmitz Guido , Meng Ye
Published: September 2015

Grain boundary (GB) concentration of P in 12Cr1MoV steel after aging for 15 h under elastic stress of 30 MPa is found to be nearly equal to its initial thermal equilibrium level, which confirms that elastic stress affects thermal equilibrium segregation slightly. By the model and formulation between elastic stress and segregation Gibbs energy, the effect of elastic stress on GB segregation thermodynamics of P is calculated to be slight. The consistency between experiment and calculation gives direct evidence to the validity of the model and formulation.
Engineering‐Aligned 3D Neural Circuit in Microfluidic Device
Authors: Bang Seokyoung , Na Sangcheol , Jang Jae Myung , Kim Jinhyun , Jeon Noo Li
Published: September 2015

The brain is one of the most important and complex organs in the human body. Although various neural network models have been proposed for in vitro 3D neuronal networks, it has been difficult to mimic functional and structural complexity of the in vitro neural circuit. Here, a microfluidic model of a simplified 3D neural circuit is reported. First, the microfluidic device is filled with Matrigel and continuous flow is delivered across the device during gelation. The fluidic flow aligns the extracellular matrix (ECM) components along the flow direction. Following the alignment of ECM fibers, neurites of primary rat cortical neurons are grown into the Matrigel at the average speed of 250 μm d−1 and form axon bundles approximately 1500 μm in length at 6 days in vitro (DIV). Additionally, neural networks are developed from presynaptic to postsynaptic neurons at 14 DIV. The establishment of aligned 3D neural circuits is confirmed with the immunostaining of PSD‐95 and synaptophysin and the observation of calcium signal transmission.
The Way to Nanoarchitectonics and the Way of Nanoarchitectonics
Authors: Aono Masakazu , Ariga Katsuhiko
Published: September 2015

The critical differences between microtechnology and nanotechnology are discussed, and the necessity of a new paradigm, nanoarchitectonics, is proposed for the future development of nanotechnology. An important task in material fabrication is to harmonize various factors and effects, and to combine them into functional nanomaterials and nanosystems. It is the way of architectonics rather than that of an individual technology. Therefore, a novel terminology, nanoarchitectonics (nano + architecto +nics) has been proposed as a new paradigm of materials science and technology on the nanoscale. The statement by Feynman that “there's plenty of room at the bottom” is really true. With nanoarchitectonics in our hands, we can re‐open the door to Feynman's huge room.
Molecular Ordering at the Interface Between Liquid Water and Rutile TiO2(110)
Authors: Serrano Giulia , Bonanni Beatrice , Di Giovannantonio Marco , Kosmala Tomasz , Schmid Michael , Diebold Ulrike , Di Carlo Aldo , Cheng Jun , VandeVondele Joost , Wandelt Klaus , Goletti Claudio
Published: September 2015

The pivotal importance of TiO2 as a technological material involves most applications in an aqueous environment, but the single‐crystal TiO2/bulk‐water interfaces are almost completely unexplored, since up to date solid/liquid interfaces are more difficult to access than surfaces in ultrahigh vacuum (UHV). Only a few techniques (as scanning probe microscopy) offer the opportunity to explore these systems under realistic conditions. The rutile TiO2(110) surface immersed in high‐purity water is studied by in situ scanning tunneling microscopy. The large‐scale surface morphology as obtained after preparation under UHV conditions remains unchanged upon prolonged exposure to bulk water. Moreover, in contrast to UHV, atomically resolved images show a twofold periodicity along the [001] direction, indicative of an ordered structure resulting from the hydration layer. This is consistent with density‐functional theory based molecular dynamics simulations where neighboring interfacial molecules of the first water layer in contact with the bulk liquid form dimers. By contrast, this dimerization is not observed for a single adsorbed water monolayer, i.e., in the absence of bulk water.
Fabrication of Polyurethane and Nylon 66 Hybrid Electrospun Nanofiber Layer for Waterproof Clothing Applications
Authors: AMINI GOLCHEHR , SAMIEE SAMIRA , GHAREHAGHAJI ALI AKBAR , HAJIANI FARIDEH
Published: September 2015

Waterproof textiles have wide applications in many fields such as sportswear, protective clothing, and orthopedic dressing. Breathability is an important factor of clothing comfort. Nanofibrous layers have application in these fields due to their interconnected porous area and high surface area. In this work, two different nanofiber layers were fabricated and examined as waterproof and breathable layers. Polyurethane (PU) and PU/nylon 66 (hybrid) nanofiber layers were produced via electrospinning set up with different electrospinning durations. Some of the samples’ characteristics such as tensile strength, microindentation, air permeability, water vapor permeability (WVP), and contact angle of water were investigated. Moreover, a novel approach was applied for determining the performance of layers against acidic water to simulate acidic rain. The results show that the tensile strength, indentation force, and acidic waterproof ability of the layers increased with increasing the process duration, that is, while air permeability was decreased simultaneously. This work shows that the required force for indentation and strength of the hybrid layer was less than that of PU nanofiber layer. Also, the electrospun hybrid layers show better air permeability than the PU membrane but still have lower WVP, which affects the breathability of the layer.
Study of the effect of porous particles on vapor‐liquid equilibrium using the headspace gas chromatography
Authors: Tang Zhong‐Li , Wang Qi‐Lun , Peng Lin‐Ming
Published: September 2015

The effect of certain porous particles on vapor‐liquid equilibrium (VLE) of ethanol + water, ethanol + ethyl acetate, acetic acid + ethyl acetate, and n‐hexane + n‐heptane systems was investigated using the headspace gas chromatography (HSGC) at 60, 50, 50, and 50°C, respectively. Four kinds of porous particles were studied: molecular sieves (3 Å, 4 Å, 5 Å, and 13 X), activated carbons (columnar activated carbon, powdered activated carbon), activated alumina balls, and nonpolar adsorption resins (D4006, D4020). Good agreement was noticed when the experimental results in the absence of porous particles were compared with the NRTL model's predictions. These results added to the validity of using the HSGC in studying the VLE of binary systems. The results obtained showed that the VLE of these four kinds of binary mixtures in the presence of molecular sieves and activated alumina balls was altered considerably. The presence of activated carbons had no effect on the VLE of these binary systems, but the VLE of n‐hexane + n‐heptane system was altered in the presence of D4006 or D4020 nonpolar adsorption resin. Other factors, such as pore size, type, weight, properties of porous particles, and solvents were also investigated. The results showed that the alteration in the VLE of a given binary solution was a function of the pore size, type, weight, properties of porous particles and the properties of solvents. In addition, the mechanism of the porous particles altering the VLE was also analyzed accordingly. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 62: 256–263, 2016
Musculoskeletal disorders and associated healthcare costs among family members of injured workers
Authors: Asfaw Abay , Pana‐Cryan Regina , Bushnell Tim , Sauter Steven
Published: September 2015

Background

Research has infrequently looked beyond the injured worker when gauging the burden of occupational injury.

Objectives

We explored the relationship between occupational injury and musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) among family members of injured workers.

Data and Methods

We used 2005 and 2006 Truven Health Analytics databases, which contain information on workers' compensation and family healthcare claims. We used descriptive analyses, and negative binomial and two‐part models.

Results

Family members of severely injured workers had a 15% increase in the total number of MSD outpatient claims and a 34% increase in the mean cost of MSD claims compared to family members of non‐severely injured workers within 3 months after injury. Extrapolating cost results to the national level implies that severe occupational injury would be associated with between $29 and $33 million additional cost of family member outpatient MSD claims.

Conclusion

Occupational injury can impose a formerly unrecognized health burden on family members of injured workers. Am. J. Ind. Med. 58:1205–1216, 2015. Published 2015. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Isotopic and genetic analyses of a mass grave in centralCalifornia: Implications for precontact hunter‐gatherer warfare
Authors: Eerkens Jelmer W. , Carlson Traci , Malhi Ripan S. , Blake Jennifer , Bartelink Eric J. , Barfod Gry H. , Estes Alan , Garibay Ramona , Glessner Justin , Greenwald Alexandra M. , Lentz Kari , Li Hongjie , Marshall Charla K.
Published: September 2015

Objectives

Analysis of a mass burial of seven males at CA‐ALA‐554, a prehistoric site in the Amador Valley, CA, was undertaken to determine if the individuals were “locals” or “non‐locals,” and how they were genetically related to one another.

Methods

The study includes osteological, genetic (mtDNA), and stable (C, N, O, S) and radiogenic (Sr) isotope analyses of bone and tooth (first and third molars) samples.

Results

Isotopes in first molars, third molars, and bone show they spent the majority of their lives living together. They are not locals to the Amador Valley, but were recently living to the east in the San Joaquin Valley, suggesting intergroup warfare as the cause of death. The men were not maternally related, but represent at least four different matrilines. The men also changed residence as a group between age 16 and adult years.

Conclusions

Isotope data suggest intergroup warfare accounts for the mass burial. Genetic data suggest the raiding party included sets of unrelated men, perhaps from different households. Generalizing from this case and others like it, we hypothesize that competition over territory was a major factor behind ancient warfare in Central California. We present a testable model of demographic expansion, wherein villages in high‐population‐density areas frequently fissioned, with groups of individuals moving to lower‐population‐density areas to establish new villages. This model is consistent with previous models of linguistic expansion. Am J Phys Anthropol 159:116–125, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.