bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Unraveling solvent and substituent effects in the photodynamics of light-dependent microtubule inhibitors for cancer phototherapy
Authors: Bakhtiiari Amirhossein , Liang Ruibin
Published: October 2024

In photopharmacology, molecular photoswitches enable light-controlled drug activities, offering precision in targeting biomolecular functions while minimizing side effects. For instance, photostatins (PSTs) have recently been designed to inhibit tubulin polymerization for cancer treatment in a light-dependent manner. However, the influence of substituents and molecular environments on their photochemistry remains unclear. In this work, the cis-to-trans photodynamics of five PSTs (PST1 to PST5) in the vacuum and aqueous solution were simulated using the ab initio multiple spawning (AIMS) coupled with correlated multireference electronic structure calculations. Four distinct minimum energy conical intersections (MECIs) were discovered and confirmed by optimizations using highly accurate multireference methods, and they serve as major non-radiative decay channels. The aqueous environment slows photoisomerization and lowers its quantum yields. Substituent position and electronegativity significantly impact the isomerization kinetics by altering energy gaps between MECIs and the S1 state at the Franck-Condon region. We also suggest a multiscale approach to preparing initial conditions for non-adiabatic dynamics simulations in order to generate unbiased results. These findings provide useful insights into designing next-generation phototherapeutics for cancer.
Elucidating the Proton Source for CO2 Electro-reduction on Cu(100) using Many-body Perturbation Theory
Authors: Cheng Dongfang , Wei Ziyang , Sautet Philippe
Published: October 2024

The protonation of CO is recognized as the rate-determining step in the generation of C1 products during the electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) on Cu surfaces. Despite its importance, the detailed mechanism and the precise proton source for this elementary step remain elusive and are under intense debate. Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations have been used to investigate such a mechanism. However, semi-local functionals at the generalized gradient approximation (GGA) level face significant challenges in accurately describing adsorbate-metal interactions and surface stability. In this work, we employed the Random Phase Approximation (RPA), a method based on many-body perturbation theory, to overcome these limitations. We coupled the RPA framework with the linearized Poisson–Boltzmann equation to model solvation effects and incorporated a surface charging method to account for the influence of the electrochemical potential. Our study reveals that, in neutral or alkaline electrolytes, adsorbed water at the surface acts as the proton source for the reduction of *CO to *COH over a wide range of potentials via the Grotthuss mechanism. At highly negative potentials, solvent water becomes the primary proton donor, with multiple competing mechanisms observed. In contrast, DFT-GGA functionals not only significantly underestimate the reaction barriers for *COH formation but also consistently predict solvent water as the proton source across all the potentials of interest. Additionally, RPA offers distinct insights into H2O adsorption and highlights the significant range of reducing potential within which surface *OH can exist, which is crucial for accurate CO2RR modeling. These potential-dependent thermodynamic and kinetic data illustrate a pronounced divergence between the mechanistic insights offered by RPA and those derived from DFT-GGA functionals. Our findings offer a fresh perspective on proton transfer in CO2RR and establish a framework for future theoretical studies of electrochemical processes.
Autonomous Discovery of Functional Random Heteropolymer Blends through Evolutionary Formulation Optimization
Authors: Wu Guangqi , Jin Tianyi , Alexander-Katz Alfredo , Coley Connor
Published: October 2024

While developing new polymers typically requires years of investigation, blending existing polymers offers a cost-effective strategy for creating new materials that meet specific requirements. Yet identifying functional polymer blends is often a laborious development process, complicated by the vast design space and non-additive nature of polymer properties, exacerbated by an often-limited understanding of structure-function relationships. To this end, we report an autonomous closed-loop platform with an evolutionary algorithm for the development of functional polymer blends. We focus on random heteropolymers (RHPs), which are gathering increasing interest as versatile materials with a range of promising applications. Using enzyme thermal stabilization as an objective, we identify blended compositions from combinatorial 96- or 192-dimensional spaces (with over 10^9 potential candidates) that exhibit emergent function and outperform all of their constituent polymers by an absolute margin of 26% retained enzyme activity. Our findings highlight the immense potential of leveraging autonomous closed-loop discovery platforms for polymer blend discovery, as well as the opportunity for materials discovery within the RHP blend space. The algorithmic goal of blend optimization also bears a strong resemblance to other formulation optimization problems that are pervasive in molecular and material discovery.
RULE-IT: AN ONLINE PLATFORM FOR REACTION NETWORK EXPLORATIONS FOR CHEMICAL EVOLUTION
Authors: Cuevas-Zuviria Bruno , Sokolskyi Tymofii
Published: October 2024

Exploring the chemical space of prebiotic reactions is crucial for understanding the emergence of life. However, the combinatorial explosion of compounds and the lack of user-friendly computational tools pose significant challenges. To address these issues, we developed Rule-it, a web platform that enables prebiotic chemists to build, expand, prune, and visualize chemical reaction networks. The platform integrates experimental data and provides a comprehensive framework for studying chemical evolution. By simplifying the generation and analysis of reaction networks, Rule-it aims to advance research in prebiotic chemistry.
Ligand Substitution, Catalyst Activation, and Oxidative Addition Studies of a Stable Dialkyl Palladium Precatalyst
Authors: Chagunda Ian C. , Kropp Antonia , Leitch David C. , McIndoe J. Scott
Published: October 2024

Palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions are indispensable in chemical synthesis, but efficient in situ catalyst activation remains a persistent challenge. Current Pd(II) precatalysts often lead to inefficient catalyst activation, necessitating higher catalyst loadings and limiting selectivity. We investigated the ligand substitution and activation mechanism of the stable Pd(II) dialkyl complex (DMPDAB)Pd(CH2SiMe3)2 in real-time using mass spectrometric monitoring. The introduction of charged phosphine ligands enabled the detection of key catalytic intermediates and identification of off-cycle species. Our findings demonstrate a low activation energy for the ligand dissociation of the DMPDAB ligand and the reductive elimination of (Me3SiCH2)2 resulting in rapid formation of monoligated LPd(0) species, the active catalytic species for oxidative addition. These mechanistic insights offer a path towards developing more efficient and selective Pd-catalyzed processes, offering valuable guidance for the future design of precatalysts with improved performance.
Photooxygenation reactions under flow conditions: An experimental and in-silico study
Authors: Moroni Giada , Tsai Yi-Hsuan , Ballarotto Marco , Carotti Andrea , Monbaliu Jean-Christophe M. , Gioiello Antimo
Published: October 2024

The photooxygenation reaction of a different set of olefins was investigated in LED flow reactor module from both experimental and in silico point of view. Initially, operating parameters potentially affecting the photoreaction efficiency, including the loading of the photosensitizer (methylene blue) (mol%), residence time and temperature were screened. The optimal conditions were then applied for the synthesis of 1,2-dioxetanes proving a straightforward and scalable approach to important chemiluminescent molecular probes for bioanalytical and diagnostic applications. Moreover, the scope of the reaction was tested for the oxidation of diverse alkenes under Schenck ene conditions providing synthetically useful allyl hydroperoxides. From this, a chemometric analysis was performed to propose a preliminary in silico model useful to both rationalize and predict the photooxygenation reaction outcome.
Definición de la estructura curricular en el plan de estudio de ingeniería industrial caso estudio: Fundación Universitaria Tecnológico Comfenalco
Authors: Carrillo Landazábal Martha Sofía , Solana Garzón José Manuel , Haydar Martínez Olga
Published: October 2024

El programa de ingeniería Industrial de la Fundación Universitaria Tecnológico Comfenalco, a partir de los lineamientos institucionales y del MEN, realizo un trabajo teórico practico, en el ejercicio de definir cuáles son los Resultados de Aprendizaje del profesional que debía egresar de la institución. Esta labor inicialmente parte de un proceso de análisis, sobre ¿Cuál es ingeniero que necesita la región?, por lo tanto, el Comité curricular realiza un focus group con los empresarios del sector y con el closter de mantenimiento que permitió un rastreando sobre las competencias y el aprendizaje que debe alcanzar el profesional acorde con el contexto. En segunda instancia, se hace una matriz de comparación entre los resultados de aprendizaje que se tienen instituidos y los resultados de aprendizaje determinados por los entes certificadores establecidos por ABET y ACOFI especificados como competencias en solución de problemas, diseño, experimentación, responsabilidad ética, trabajo en equipo, comunicación efectiva y adquisición de nuevo conocimiento. El ejerció permitió una trazabilidad que plateo reflexiones que proporcionó nuevas perspectivas y ajustes en contenidos de saberes establecidos en para los Microcurriculo Este trabajo, se hace por medio de un análisis cualitativo que se realiza con el fin de analizar la eficacia y la conveniencia de la formación en relación con los fines y competencias del perfil y su articulación en el contexto socio laboral. De esta manera, el programa de Ingeniería Industrial busca siempre un proceso de mejora permanente, que permite reconocer y comprobar las acciones esenciales y fundamentales para renovar el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje a lo largo de la formación académica del estudiante.
Explorando el futuro digital del sector agroindustrial en Córdoba: Una mirada a las innovaciones tecnológicas
Authors: De la Ossa Saez Luis , Echeverri Flórez Heidi María
Published: October 2024

El sector agropecuario en Colombia tuvo una participación aproximada del 8% del PIB nacional y representó el 15% del empleo del país, mientras que para el departamento de Córdoba, esta contribución alcanzó el 13%, según datos del Ministerio de Comercio, Industria y Turismo. Sin embargo, a pesar de su importancia económica y laboral, el sector agroindustrial se ha rezagado en la adopción de tecnologías digitales, a diferencia de otras industrias del país. Esta investigación se llevó a cabo con el objetivo de mejorar la productividad, la competitividad y la sostenibilidad de las organizaciones agroindustriales en el departamento de Córdoba. Se realizaron entrevistas a empresarios, cultivadores, ganaderos y otros actores del sector para evaluar su situación actual y comprender los desafíos que enfrentan. Los resultados de esta investigación proporcionan una visión detallada del estado actual del sector agroindustrial en el departamento de Córdoba y destacan la necesidad urgente de adoptar tecnologías digitales para mejorar su desempeño. Se espera que estos hallazgos sirvan como base para el desarrollo e implementación de estrategias que impulsen la modernización y el crecimiento sostenible del sector en la región
Potenciando la interacción universidad-entorno en los procesos educativos a través de metodologías basadas en proyectos
Authors: Gaffaro Alix , Sánchez Arévalo Mónica Lizeth , Cadenas Anaya Carmelina Rosario
Published: October 2024

Esta propuesta aborda la importancia de incorporar la vinculación con el entorno en las estrategias de aprendizaje de los estudiantes, buscando fortalecer los lazos entre la academia y la sociedad, permitiendo a los estudiantes aplicar sus conocimientos en proyectos reales que generen un impacto positivo. El objetivo principal de este trabajo es desarrollar e implementar estrategias de aprendizaje que integren efectivamente la vinculación con los entornos, evaluando su efectividad a través de la ejecución y seguimiento de proyectos con propuesta para problemáticas sociales, académicos, ambientales, tecnológicos y de salud. Se espera que los resultados de este trabajo contribuyan a la consolidación de modelos educativos más pertinentes y alineados con las necesidades del entorno, fomentando así la formación integral de los estudiantes y el cumplimiento efectivo del compromiso social de las universidades.
Consumer Legal Protection for Whitening Cream Cosmetic Products
Authors: Arlina Sri , Syafrinaldi Syafrinaldi , Mufidi Faiz
Published: October 2024

This research aims to determine the implementation of the principles of justice and supervision of consumer protection in protecting consumers who use whitening cream cosmetic products (from the perspective of legal justice theory). The urgency of this research was initiated because many whitening cream products are circulating that contain dangerous ingredients and are sold at low prices. The research involved takes a juridical-normative approach. Techniques for data collection include literature studies and observations at BPOM Pekanbaru City. The principle of justice in consumer legal protection has not been effectively implemented by Article 2 paragraph (2) of the UUPK. One of the factors is a lack of effective compensation. The government merely issues administrative and criminal sanctions without being obliged to compensate for damages or restore the health of the skin affected by products. Then, according to UUPK rules, the BPOM does not have the authority to supervise the execution of consumer protection (Article 30 (1) UUPK). As a result, the Pekanbaru City BPOM's supervisory function on this research issue is ineffective, leaving consumers with insufficient facilities and infrastructure, free legal aid, and quick access to settle consumer disputes with business actors.
Legal Protection for Debtors in the Pre-Project System of Sale of Credit Agreements Ownership of Apartments
Authors: Disty Nafsi Khotimah , Surahmad Surahmad
Published: October 2024

This research aims to find out the validity of the apartment ownership credit agreement (KPA) with PPJB as collateral and legal protection for debtors if the developer of the pre-project selling system defaults. This research is motivated by cases of developers of pre-project selling systems that default and cause losses to consumers who have been bound in KPA with the bank. This research is needed because there are no regulations governing PPJB as collateral and there is an imbalance of power between the debtor and the creditor because of a standard agreement. The discussion on this topic has not been comprehensively explained in previous studies. This research uses normative legal research with a statutory approach with data collection techniques in the form of a literature study. The results show that PPJB as collateral is not ideal, but it does not affect the validity of the KPA agreement. Then, in terms of legal protection for debtors who are harmed by developers, they can refer to Law 8 of 1999 concerning Consumer Protection because the position of debtors is equated with consumers.
Validity of Sale and Purchase Binding Agreement in Pre-Project Selling Transaction
Authors: Aurellia Clara Sabrina , Winanti Atik
Published: October 2024

This research aims to analyze the legal aspects of the PPJB, identify factors that affect its validity, and evaluate the legal protection provided to consumers. In recent years, there have been increasing cases of consumers being harmed when buying property on a pre-project selling basis because the PPJB often disregards consumer rights according to applicable laws, thus favoring developers. This research is important to contribute to the development of regulations that are more comprehensive and provide legal certainty for all parties involved in pre-project selling property transactions. This topic has not been comprehensively addressed in previous studies. The research method used in this study is normative legal research with a statutory approach, and the data collection technique employed is a literature study. The results of this research indicate that developers must fulfill all existing requirements before selling property through pre-project selling, which should be formalized in a PPJB executed before a notary or in an informal PPJB. The PPJB is binding, and the parties must comply with its contents. Developers are obligated to compensate consumers if their actions have caused harm.
The Attempt to Fulfill Restitution for Victims of Domestic Abandonment Crimes
Authors: Lubis Syafrina , Agustanti Rosalia Dika
Published: October 2024

This article aims to analyze the legal protection for victims of domestic abandonment through restitution fulfillment. It is because imprisonment in the case of domestic abandonment basically cannot accommodate the economic losses suffered by the victims. Legal protection for victims should also focus on restoring the economic losses incurred during the abandonment. Therefore, the urgency of this article is the attempt to fulfill restitution for victims as the manifestation of the victim’s right. This article is normative legal research. The novelty of this article is about the attempt to fulfill restitution, which is studied based on positive law in Indonesia and the problems were analyzed using Gustav Radburch's legal theory on the principle of priority in three legal objectives. The research results indicate that one of the challenges of restitution fulfillment in the current legal system is when the victims are not submitting the restitution request before or even after a court verdict. Hence, the judges in their verdict cannot accommodate this restitution for the victims and they cannot receive their rights of restitution. Because of that it is expected that the attempt of restitution fulfillment will accommodate the economic losses suffered by victims during abandonment.
Analysis of the Status Quo and Influencing Factors of Advanced Lung Cancer Patients’ Quality of Life
Authors: Tang Xuehong , Tang Tao , Jiang Xuemei
Published: October 2024

Objective: To investigate the quality of life and related influencing factors of patients with advanced lung cancer. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted on 51 patients with advanced lung cancer who were hospitalized in the Department of Oncology from January 2023 to December 2023, and the influencing factors of patients’ quality of life were analyzed. Results: Among the five functional scales (physical, role, cognitive, emotional, and social functioning) of the QLQ-C30 scale, the social and emotional function scores were the lowest, respectively 16.7 (IQR: 0, 33.3) points, and 16.7 (IQR: 8.3, 25), and among the three symptom scales (fatigue, pain, nausea and vomiting), the fatigue symptom score was the highest: 77.7 (IQR: 66.7, 88.9) points. The results of Spearman correlation analysis showed that the anxiety score of patients with advanced lung cancer was positively correlated with depression score (P < 0.01), while the quality of life of patients with advanced lung cancer was not correlated with anxiety and depression score (P > 0.1). The self-care ability, the nature of the disease, and whether the patient was treated for chemotherapy were the independent influencing factors of the patient’s quality of life, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.001). Conclusion: Patients with advanced lung cancer have different degrees of anxiety and depression, and their quality of life is affected by many factors, which are mainly related to the patient’s self-care ability, the nature of the disease, and whether they received chemotherapy.
The Excess and Fabrication about Historical novels of Movement (Hussein son of Ali) in (61 K/683AD)
Authors: Sabah Perbal Taban , Mohammad Izzat Fayza
Published: October 2024

Hussein son of Ali's movement is one of the most interesting events of the Umayyad era that attracts the attention of many historians, especially because he was martyred as a result of this movement in the year 61 A.D., which It is worth noting that some historians have exceeding the recording of the events of this movement in narrating some phenomena and events after the revolution that are far from the truth, which is due to the sympathy of the historian's supporters and the influence of the political side.
In writing history in the later Abbasid era, except for the critical deficiencies in recording history in this era, this research shows all the excesses in the event with the cause of excess, and at the same time the response and attention of some later historians on the excesses of this event.
The Effect of The Type of Testing (Essay Question, Objective Question) On the Student Achievement Among University Students
Authors: Qadir Ibrahim Hazhar
Published: October 2024

The purpose of this study was to examine how essay question and objective question test formats impact student achievement among university students. A semi-experimental approach was employed, with the study population consisting of students from the College of Basic Education at the University of Raparin. A purposive sample of 40 students was selected, and the tool used for testing included essay questions and objective questions in the subject of measurement and evaluation in the third stage. The results of the study indicated that there was no significant difference in student achievement based on the type of test, whether it was an essay question or objective question. Furthermore, no significant differences were found based on the variables studied. Based on these results, several recommendations and suggestions were presented.
The conflict of Kurdish political parties and their effects on social stability
Authors: Hadi Mohammad Kaify , Ali Saeed Barazanji Abdulhameed
Published: October 2024

The aim of this research is to find the impact of the conflicts on the political parties in the Kurdistan Region over the stability of the community, Also, showing the style and level of conflict of the political parties of Kurdistan region what role and roles do the political parties have in the community, There are some positive and negative effects on the official servants and the civil community, The existence of the political parties of Kurdistan region to what extent has been a place of trust and importance in the community. Then in the background of the research theory, the researcher reveals that, despite the severe conflict between the parties, the stability of the community is always under threat, and the same has been achieved. And in deep political conflict, there is always injustice in most aspects of the life of individuals and the community. Whenever there is a severe conflict between the parties, it will have impact on economical aspect and development. The severe political conflict affects the change of the community, instability, security, and instability of the people’s life. The existence of political conflict will have influence on the development of the cultural structure of the community (non-measure-anomi).
The role conflict among Female teachers and employees of Raparin University
Authors: Omar Ismail Sivan , Babakr Braim Peshawa , Yazdanseta Farogh
Published: October 2024

The aim of this study was to determine the level of role conflict among female teachers and employees of Raperin University in general and according to the variables (marital status, educational level, and years of service). The research community consists of all female teachers and employees in Raperin University, and the sample consists of (114) teachers and employees. The research tool consists of a role conflict scale consisting of 36 items prepared by the researchers. The statistical methods used were: one-sample t test and (ANOVA). The results showed that role conflict was low in the sample. According to the variables, the marital status variable did not show significant differences between the single and married groups, but there were significant differences according to education and years of service.
The effect of an educational program based on the strategy of generating ideas (Scamper) in the teaching of history on developing critical thinking skills among gifted students in the center of Erbil Governorate.
Authors: Samaan saifaldin Sewda , Yassin Mohammed Al-Dabbagh Afrah
Published: October 2024

The research aims to identify the impact of an educational program based on the strategy of generating ideas (Scamper) in developing critical thinking skills among gifted students. The experimental approach and the two equal groups with pretest and posttest design have been adopted which requires the two groups, one experimental group and the other control group, and two zero hypotheses were formulated to achieve the research objectives. The research community consisted of students of the seventh grade of day schools in the center of Erbil Governorate for the academic year (2021-2022), where (Shinirwe Mixed Basic Education School for the Gifted Students) was chosen, and two classes were chosen randomly from four classes in the seventh grade to be: (a) The Experimental Group and (b) The Control Group, where it included (40) students, of whom (20) twenty students were distributed to the experimental group and (20) other twenty students were distributed to the control group. The experimental group studied according to the educational program based on the strategy of generating ideas (Scamper), while the control group studied according to the traditional (usual) method. To achieve the objectives of the research, the critical thinking standard of (Watson and Kleiser) was used where the number of its paragraphs in its final form has reached to (147) paragraphs distributed on critical thinking skills (hypothesis skill, interpretation skill, discussion skill, reasoning skill, conclusion skill). This is after verifying the validity and reliability using the Cronbach's alpha coefficient, where the reliability coefficient was (0.87) and the reliability coefficient by the two-half method, and after its modification, the value of the stability coefficient was (0.85). Among the most important results reached are the following:
There is a statistically significant difference at the level of significance (a = 0.05) between the average grades of the experimental group and the control group in developing critical thinking skills, in favor of the experimental group.
In light of the results reached, the two researchers recommended the necessity of adopting an educational program based on the (Scamper) strategy in teaching history, and a number of proposals were proposed.
An Analytical Theoretical Study of Terrorism According to the Social Action Theory of ‘Talcott Parsons’ as an Instance of Sociological Theories
Authors: Ahmed Mohammed Bakhan , Mohammed Faraj Najat
Published: October 2024

The main focus of sociology is presenting the social life of people and their behaviours, whether in groups or societies. Sociology, usually, is defined as a field of research which studies the social interaction between people and their behaviours. Thus the sociological theories and scholars have given great importance to social action concept. In this study, which is an extract from a PhD dissertation, the terrorism has analysed sociologically according to the Talcott Parsons’ theory of social action. Since terrorism is one of the common social phenomena around the world, it has various factors and reasons that vary according to the communities’ nature of life. Terrorism, also, is a concept which used for any violent acts committed by an organization, an individual or a group. It has been experienced by humanity in many different ways throughout different eras. Therefore this study has tried to determine a theoretical framework for analysing and reviewing this phenomenon besides talking about it according to the reality of society and its most important causes and effects on the life of society and individuals. Because the Parsons’ theory serves the study aims and gives us the opportunity of conducting and analysing the study in a more detailed approach, it has been utilised for the current study. The main aim of the study is to analyse the phenomenon of terrorism from the perspective of “Talcott Parsons' theory of social action as a sociological theory”.
The Impact of Managerial Accounting Techniques on Short-term Decisions
Authors: Abdullah Rashid Chnar , Mahmood Hamad Salam
Published: October 2024

This study aims to determine the importance of managerial accounting in the process of short-term decision-making. Since managerial accounting is a crucial component of the financial information system and is crucial in making decisions in big companies or SMEs, while managerial accounting is only briefly discussed in the majority of economic units, there are some organizations where certified public accountants view managerial accounting as an optional component of the business.
Financial data was collected from one of the SME companies in KRG/Sulaimani governorate, which is Mariwan Gallery, located in Bazian. The results indicate that managerial accounting has a significant effect on the process of short-term decision-making. This study recommends that all businesses, including small shops, hire accountants in order to make critical financial decisions. This helps businesses perform better, and it also provides more job opportunities for society.
Statistical Analyses of the Effect of Precipitation on Levels of Underground Water in Central Sulaimani Province
Authors: Qadir Karim Bushra , Hamaamen Ahmad Soran , M.Ali Peshawa
Published: October 2024

In this study, we tried to shade light on effect of precipitation on the underground water level in Central Sulaimani Province, based on collected data of precipitation of different weather station in Sulaimani, Bakrajo, Bazyan. Data of all the wells, in practical fields using electrical sounder for measuring weather levels. GPS was also used to detect the astronomical position of the wells and define their places on map using ArcGis10.8. On two different time periods, the water levels were measured including Autumn, when the underground water position is in its mining level, from 17-9-2021 to 13-11-2021, and on Spring from 4-3-2022 to 17-4-2022 when water is at lightest level. To compare water levels before and after precipitation, another method of quantitative analysis based on statistical results and Pearson Coefficient to realize correction of degree of precipitation and underground water levels. Moreover, effect of precipitation on underground water level has been shown using SPSS-26.
   The aim of this research is to define the relation and precipitation effects on underground water level, and ultimately propose a scientific plan to preserve the underground water level.
  As a result, according to Pearson Coefficient Correlation, there is negative relation between precipitation and the depth of underground water level. This means that the depth to reach underground water is reduced when the precipitation increases. Furthermore; precipitation has an estimated effect of 90.2% on static level of underground water, and of 67.6% on dynamic level of underground water.
Newspapers in the time of Sheikh Mahmud The two newspapers Bang Kurdistan (1922) and Roj Kurdistan (1922-1923) as examples
Authors: Saeed Mahmoud Bakhtiar
Published: October 2024

During the second reign of Sheikh Mahmud in Sulaimani between 1922-1923, the newspapers Bang Kurdistan and Roj Kurdistan were published. These two newspapers are considered as a second official media of Sheikh Mahmud's government in Sulaimani, although Roj Bang Kurdistan was initially the official media of the Kurdistan Community of Mustafa Pasha Yamulki. But, from the tenth issue, the newspaper became the official media for Sheikh Mahmud's government, thus, we thought to do historical research on these two newspapers to discuss the articles of both newspapers. This study consists of three themes. The first theme explains the political situation in which these two newspapers were published. In the second theme, the two newspapers Bang Haq and Omed Istiqlal are briefly discussed, but the third theme is devoted to the two newspapers Bang Kurdistan and Roj Kurdistan.
The 1991 Gulf War and the role of the Allied Air Force in destroying Iraq
Authors: Sharef Qadir Karwan
Published: October 2024

When the Iraqi army invaded Kuwait, it quickly followed by a strong international reaction, each one of the United States and its allies in the West and the Gulf countries expressed their opposition and disapproval to this act of Iraq. Not only the aforementioned countries but also some of those countries that considered themselves friends of Iraq like the former Soviet Union condemned this aggressive act of Iraq. Hence, to prevent Iraq from taking further actions to attack some other Gulf countries, the United States began to send troops to Saudi Arabia. Along with the military preparations, Iraq was repeatedly warned to withdraw its forces from Kuwait, but it ignored these demands and did not withdraw from it. Consequently, an international military operation involving 34 countries could expel Iraqi forces from Kuwait from December 17 th to February 24 th 1991. Again, the Kuwaiti ruling family could return to power.
 In this study, we want to elucidate that although the air force strikes played a role in defeating the Iraqi army, but it was not the main factor in defeating it. In addition, it is true that during the six weeks of the International Allies’ air strikes, they dropped dozens of tons of bombs and missiles on the Iraqi army, and the Iraqi army was not capable of fighting the Allies ground forces. We have also briefly discussed the Gulf War and the reasons that led the Iraqi army to invade Kuwait, then we have discussed the role of the Allied countries’ air forces in this war, whether the air force played a major role in the Gulf War or not. Finally, the effects of the Gulf War on the Iraqi government have been explicated.
Mobile devices integrated into Mathematics teaching practice: contributions emerging from continuing training
Authors: Nunes da Silva Karina , Lisete Oliveira Groenwald Claudia
Published: October 2024

This article presents the investigation of a Continuing Training course for Mathematics teachers in the final years of Elementary School, with a view to integrating mobile devices into teaching practice. In the theoretical framework, Digital Technologies, Didactic Sequences and the Technological model were addressed. Pedagogical Content Knowledge. The general objective of the research was to investigate the contributions of a continuing education course for the integration of mobile devices in the teaching practice of Mathematics teachers. As a result, it was found that the main contributions of the course to the participants' teaching practice refer to the expansion of their Knowledge about applications that address mathematical content, increasing teachers' confidence in integrating mobile devices, and the expansion of teachers' vision regarding the integration of technological resources, resulting from the sharing of experiences and the study of the theoretical basis covered during the course.
Synthesis, crystal structure, and Hirshfeld analysis of a novel Schiff base compound 5-hydroxy-2-{[(propan-2-yl)iminio]methyl}phenolate
Authors: Ayyappan A. , Arockiasamy S.
Published: October 2024

5-hydroxy-2-{[(propane-2-yl)iminio]methyl}phenolate, with an empirical formula of C 10 H 13 NO 2 was synthesized by a reaction between 2, 4-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde and isopropyl amine in an aqueous ethanolic medium. The Schiff base compound was characterized by elemental analysis, infrared (IR) spectroscopy, Nuclear magnetic spectroscopy (NMR), Mass spectrometry (MS), thermogravimetry (TG), and single-crystal X-ray diffraction (XRD). The compound was crystallized in an orthorhombic crystal system with a space group of Pna21. The azomethine functional group (-HC=N-) was confirmed by the band at 1638 cm -1 in its IR spectrum. The compound is thermally stable from 40-154 o C losing only 0.2% of its weight. The thermogram (TG) indicated the absence of any water of hydration or lattice water. The compound exhibits keto-enol tautomerism with a zwitterionic structure. The non-covalent interactions (NCI) were studied by various computational methods such as Hirshfeld surface analysis, NCI plot, and scatter plot (RDG vs sign (λ 2 )ρ). The major contributors to the Hirshfeld surface (HS) contacts are O--/H--O (21.5%) and C--/H--C (25.3%). The non-covalent interactions (NCI) and the crystal parameters are, a (Å): 10.3839(9), b (Å):9.9442(8), c (Å): 9.2223(8), α=β=γ= 90 o , Z = 4.
ВЛИЯНИЕ ЗАМЕСТИТЕЛЬНОГО ДОПИРОВАНИЯ АТОМАМИ БОРА И АЗОТА НА ЭЛЕКТРОННЫЕ И ОПТИЧЕСКИЕ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКИ ДИАМАНОВ
Authors: Грекова А.А. , Гришаков К.С. , Катин К.П. , Маслов М.М.
Published: October 2024

Проведено исследование влияния введения примесных атомов азота и бора на электронные и оптические свойства углеродных диаманов с типом упаковки АА. Расчеты в теории функционала плотности показали, что внедрение примесных атомов высокой концентрации 6.3 и 12.5 % (от числа атомов углерода) в структуру диамана практически не влияет на постоянную решетки, вызывая при этом значительное изменение ширины запрещенной зоны. Внедрение атома азота увеличивает ширину запрещенной зоны диамана на 0.97 эВ, внедрение атома бора уменьшает запрещенную зону на 0.94 эВ, а одновременное включение примесных атомов азота и бора уменьшает запрещенную зону на 0.82 эВ. Отмеченные особенности структурных и электронных свойств позволяют рассчитывать на успешное использование диаманов, допированных бором и азотом, для синтеза латеральных гетероструктур, которые могут быть использованы для создания приборов наноэлектроники. Полученные в работе спектры комбинационного рассеяния и ИК-спектры окажутся полезными при идентификации легированных диаманов, поскольку атомы бора и азота внутри кристаллической решетки диамана обладают характерными колебательными модами.
Um Professor Indígena a Menos nas Ciências da Natureza: Uma Análise Antirracista das Razões do Abandono de Um Curso de Licenciatura em Biologia
Authors: Dos Santos Regiane Lopes , Lima Junior Paulo , Karajá Adriano Dias Gomes
Published: October 2024

O racismo estrutural e o projeto moderno-colonizador em curso na América Latina não seriam os mesmos sem as contribuições da ciência moderna ocidental. Contraditoriamente, é também por meio das ciências — sobretudo das ciências sociais — que as colonialidades têm sido contestadas. Inspirados pela crítica decolonial, contamos a história de vida de Waxihô Karajá, um homem indígena Karajá Xambioá que ingressou e abandonou um curso de Biologia. Os resultados ilustram como a educação indígena Iny contribuiu para o desenvolvimento do interesse de Waxihô Karajá por Biologia. Nossa análise também revela que a baixa qualidade da educação básica ofertada em comunidades indígenas; o despreparo das instituições de educação superior para receber a diversidade; as dificuldades experimentadas por jovens oriundos de realidades de baixa escolarização e a energia dispensada por minorias culturais para combater uma miríade de violências coloniais por meio do ativismo estudantil podem comprometer o sucesso acadêmico. Os resultados indicam que a aproximação e o afastamento de cursos de ciências da natureza por jovens indígenas parecem ter motivos ora similares ora distintos daqueles elencados pela pesquisa com jovens da sociedade envolvente. Urge reorientar as políticas de permanência universitária para fomentar o sucesso acadêmico de estudantes indígenas em cursos de ciências da natureza.
Um Professor Indígena a Menos nas Ciências da Natureza: Uma Análise Antirracista das Razões do Abandono de um Curso de Licenciatura em Biologia
Authors: Dos Santos Regiane Lopes , Lima Junior Paulo , Karajá Adriano Dias Gomes
Published: October 2024

O racismo estrutural e o projeto moderno-colonizador em curso na América Latina não seriam os mesmos sem as contribuições da ciência moderna ocidental. Contraditoriamente, é também por meio das ciências — sobretudo das ciências sociais — que as colonialidades têm sido contestadas. Inspirados pela crítica decolonial, contamos a história de vida de Waxihô Karajá, um homem indígena Karajá Xambioá que ingressou e abandonou um curso de Biologia. Os resultados ilustram como a educação indígena Iny contribuiu para o desenvolvimento do interesse de Waxihô Karajá por Biologia. Nossa análise também revela que a baixa qualidade da educação básica ofertada em comunidades indígenas; o despreparo das instituições de educação superior para receber a diversidade; as dificuldades experimentadas por jovens oriundos de realidades de baixa escolarização e a energia dispensada por minorias culturais para combater uma miríade de violências coloniais por meio do ativismo estudantil podem comprometer o sucesso acadêmico. Os resultados indicam que a aproximação e o afastamento de cursos de ciências da natureza por jovens indígenas parecem ter motivos ora similares ora distintos daqueles elencados pela pesquisa com jovens da sociedade envolvente. Urge reorientar as políticas de permanência universitária para fomentar o sucesso acadêmico de estudantes indígenas em cursos de ciências da natureza.
Peer review of the pesticide risk assessment of the active substance penoxsulam
Authors:   European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), Álvarez Fernando , Arena Maria , Auteri Domenica , Batista Leite Sofia , Binaglia Marco , Castoldi Anna Federica , Chiusolo Arianna , Cioca Ana‐Andreea , Colagiorgi Angelo , Colas Mathilde , Crivellente Federica , De Lentdecker Chloe , De Magistris Isabella , Egsmose Mark , Fait Gabriella , Ferilli Franco , Giner Santonja German , Gouliarmou Varvara , Halling Katrin , Herrero Nogareda Laia , Ippolito Alessio , Istace Frederique , Jarrah Samira , Kardassi Dimitra , Kienzler Aude , Lanzoni Anna , Lava Roberto , Leuschner Renata , Linguadoca Alberto , Louisse Jochem , Lythgo Christopher , Magrans Oriol , Mangas Iris , Mavriou Galini , Mioč Andrea , Miron Ileana , Molnar Tunde , Padovani Laura , Padricello Vincenzo , Panzarea Martina , Parra Morte Juan Manuel , Rizzuto Simone , Romac Anamarija , Rortais Agnès , Santos Miguel , Serafimova Rositsa , Sharp Rachel , Szentes Csaba , Terron Andrea , Theobald Anne , Tiramani Manuela , Vianello Giorgia , Villamar‐Bouza Laura
Published: October 2024

Abstract
The conclusions of the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) following the peer review of the initial risk assessments carried out by the competent authorities of the rapporteur Member State, Italy, and co‐rapporteur Member State, Poland, for the pesticide active substance penoxsulam are reported. The context of the peer review was that required by Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 844/2012, as amended by Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 2018/1659. The conclusions were reached on the basis of the evaluation of the representative uses of penoxsulam as a herbicide on rice and chicory. The reliable end points, appropriate for use in regulatory risk assessment, are presented. Missing information identified as being required by the regulatory framework is listed. Concerns are reported where identified.
A BIBLIOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF BEHAVIOURAL FINANCE: INVESTOR SENTIMENTS
Authors: Satpal  , Reetu
Published: October 2024

This study presents a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of research on investor sentiment using the Scopus database. The dataset includes publications from 1994 to 2023, focusing on "investor sentiment" and related terms across subject areas such as finance,  economics, management  sociology etc. The analysis was conducted using VOSViewer software to visualize trends in academic publishing, co-authorship networks, and citation patterns. Our findings indicate a growing interest in the influence of investor sentiment on financial markets, with a notable rise in publications in the past decade. Key research themes identified include behavioral finance, the impact of sentiment on asset pricing, and the role of investor psychology in market volatility. The analysis also highlights key authors, influential papers, emerging sources etc. This bibliometric study contributes to a deeper understanding of the intellectual structure and evolution of the investor sentiment research field, providing valuable insights for academics, policymakers, and market participants.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN AGE AND BRAND RECOGNITION IN HATCHBACK CAR OWNERS
Authors: Jayanthi K. , Ashok Kumar Dr. P.
Published: October 2024

In this study, the variance between the socio-economic status and usage pattern of car and factors of brand knowledge of owners towards hatchback cars such as brand preference, repurchase intention, brand experience, brand attributes, brand price, brand appearance, and self-congruity have been analysed through one-way ANOVA and Independent Sample ‘t’ test. The ANOVA is used to find variation among the two more variables and the ‘t’ test is applied for dichotomous variables. The factors of brand knowledge of owners towards hatchback cars and socio-economic status and usage patterns of a car are considered as dependent and independent variables respectively.
The effect of task types on foreign language learners’ social presence in synchronous computer mediated communication (SCMC)
Authors: Ko Chao-Jung
Published: October 2024

This study aims to clarify the relationship between task types and foreign language learners’ social presence (sp) in text-based scmc learning modes. The participants in this study comprised 38 high-intermediate level English as a foreign language (efl) learners from different disciplines of a university in Taiwan. They were divided into two groups (text-chat without webcam, text-chat with webcam). The task types selected for this study included jigsaw tasks (jts) and decisionmaking tasks (dmts). The empirical data for this study were collected from students’ sp surveys, interview transcripts, learning journals, and online discussion records. The findings of this study suggest that the task types could affect efl learners’ sp development in scmc. The dmts in this study enhanced learners’ sp development better. In addition, the learners’ image provided by the webcam seemed to enhance learners’ sp perception. The learners perceived the highest sp in the dmt-webcam condition, and the lowest sp in the jt-nonwebcam condition. However, the learners did not recognize the advantage of the webcam image. Therefore, it is highly recommended that learners be trained to adapt to learning environments in order to enhance sp before the start of learning
El derecho operacional en Colombia: protagonismo militar y ausencias civiles
Authors: León Marín Alejandro
Published: October 2024

Outside military circles, little is known about operational law. However, this legal regime has grown dramatically in the last twenty years in Colombia. This research investigates the practice of operational law through interviews with five operators and identifies two characteristics of this field: the juridification of military operations and combat experience as a factor of legal expertise. The results evidence that the practice of operational law has developed with a leading role of military actors, as opposed to a marked civil absence. Therefore, the development of this military legal project should continue with its opening to external controls from civil governance.