bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rational design of functionalized polyacrylate-based high internal phase emulsion materials for analytical and biomedical uses
Authors: Brusotti Gloria , Calleri Enrica , Milanese Chiara , Catenacci Laura , Marrubini Giorgio , Sorrenti Milena , Girella Alessandro , Massolini Gabriella , Tripodo Giuseppe
Published: November 2016

Functional polyacrylate-based materials rationally designed by high internal phase emulsion (polyHIPE) are reported.
Aerobic copper catalyzed α-oxyacylation of ketones with carboxylic acids
Authors: Huang Xin , Liang Xiao , Yuan Jun , Ni Zhangqin , Zhou Yifeng , Pan Yuanjiang
Published: November 2016

A copper catalyzed direct α-oxyacylation of ketones with carboxylic acids under air conditions has been developed.
The stability and reactivity of tri-, di-, and monofluoromethyl/methoxy/methylthio groups on arenes under acidic and basic conditions
Authors: Wang Lingfei , Wei Jun , Wu Ranran , Cheng Gang , Li Xinjin , Hu Jinbo , Hu Yongzhou , Sheng Rong
Published: November 2016

The stability and reactivity of tri-, di- and monofluoromethyl groups under acidic and basic conditions are described.
Three-dimensionally microporous and highly biocompatible bacterial cellulose–gelatin composite scaffolds for tissue engineering applications
Authors: Khan Shaukat , Ul-Islam Mazhar , Ikram Muhammad , Ullah Muhammad Wajid , Israr Muhammad , Subhan Fazli , Kim Yeji , Jang Jae Hyun , Yoon Sik , Park Joong Kon
Published: November 2016

In the current study, highly porous and biocompatible regenerated bacterial cellulose–gelatin (rBC–G) composite scaffolds were fabricated for tissue engineering applications.
ZnWO4/Ag3PO4 composites with an enhanced photocatalytic activity and stability under visible light
Authors: Guo Renqing , Wu Jianbo , Xu Aijiao , Huang Xiaohua , Zhu Huayue , Jiang Ru , Lin Yan , Guo Fuqiang
Published: November 2016

A simple and renewable approach to synthesize ZnWO4/Ag3PO4 composites has been explored for the enhancement of the photocatalytic activity and stability of Ag3PO4.
Polymerized imidazolium ionic liquids crosslinking sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (SPEEK) for high-temperature proton exchange membrane
Authors: Che Quantong , Yue Jie
Published: November 2016

An ionic liquid (IL) monomer of (acryloyloxy)propanylimidazolium chloride with unsaturated carbon–carbon double bonds was synthesized.
Concentration dependent electrochemical properties and structural analysis of a simple magnesium electrolyte: magnesium bis(trifluoromethane sulfonyl)imide in diglyme
Authors: Sa Niya , Rajput Nav Nidhi , Wang Hao , Key Baris , Ferrandon Magali , Srinivasan Venkat , Persson Kristin A. , Burrell Anthony K. , Vaughey John T.
Published: November 2016

Development of Mg electrolytes that can plate/strip Mg is not trivial and remains one of the major roadblocks to advance Mg battery research.
Fluorescent bio-nanocomposites based on chitosan reinforced hemicyanine dye-modified montmorillonite
Authors: Mekhzoum M. E. M. , Essassi E. M. , Qaiss A. , Bouhfid R.
Published: November 2016

The present investigation describes the synthesis and detailed characterization of novel fluorescent bio-nanocomposite films of chitosan reinforced by hemicyanine dye-modified montmorillonite (MMT–HD) using a solvent-casting method.
Enantioselective Diels–Alder reaction in the confined space of homochiral metal–organic frameworks
Authors: Tanaka Koichi , Nagase Shohei , Anami Taku , Wierzbicki Michał , Urbanczyk-Lipkowska Zofia
Published: November 2016

A novel homochiral porous MOF synthesized using (R)-2,2′-dihydroxy-1,1′-binaphthyl-4,4′-dibenzoic acid was shown to be an effective heterogeneous catalyst for asymmetric Diels–Alder reaction between isoprene and N-ethyl maleimide.
Regeneration ability of valvular interstitial cells from diseased heart valve leaflets
Authors: Jana Soumen , Hennessy Rebecca , Franchi Federico , Young Melissa , Hennessy Ryan , Lerman Amir
Published: November 2016

Valvular interstitial cells from diseased aortic valve leaflets show their ability to regenerate–to proliferate and grow, to express appropriate genes and to deposit suitable proteins–in a non-degenerative nanofibrous substrate.
Chirality controlled responsive self-assembled nanotubes in water
Authors: van Dijken D. J. , Štacko P. , Stuart M. C. A. , Browne W. R. , Feringa B. L.
Published: November 2016

We report the design, synthesis and study of nanotube-forming light-responsive amphiphiles, in which chirality can be used as a means to control the morphologies of self-assembled structures.
Immunological properties of gold nanoparticles
Authors: Dykman Lev A. , Khlebtsov Nikolai G.
Published: November 2016

This review summarizes what is known about the application of gold nanoparticles as an antigen carrier and adjuvant in immunization for the preparation of antibodies in vivo and evaluating their potential for the development of effective vaccines.
Nature's hydrides: rapid reduction of halocarbons by folate model compounds
Authors: Denk Michael K. , Milutinović Nicholas S. , Marczenko Katherine M. , Sadowski Natalie M. , Paschos Athanasios
Published: November 2016

Methylenetetrahydrofolate models (green substructure) reduce organohalides to the respective hydrocarbons under biomimetic conditions and mimic the activity of dehalohydrogenases.
To catalyze or not to catalyze: elucidation of the subtle differences between the hexameric capsules of pyrogallolarene and resorcinarene
Authors: Zhang Qi , Catti Lorenzo , Kaila Ville R. I. , Tiefenbacher Konrad
Published: November 2016

The molecular mechanisms responsible for the different catalytic properties of the hexameric resorcinarene and pyrogallolarene capsules I and II are reported.
Robust liquid-repellent coatings based on polymer nanoparticles with excellent self-cleaning and antibacterial performances
Authors: Fu Yuchen , Jiang Jingxian , Zhang Qinghua , Zhan Xiaoli , Chen Fengqiu
Published: November 2016

A robust superhydrophobic coating incorporated with poly(urea-formaldehyde) nanoparticles exhibited superior self-cleaning, liquid-repellent, and antibacterial properties.
Carbon electrodes for capacitive deionization
Authors: Huang Zheng-Hong , Yang Zhiyu , Kang Feiyu , Inagaki Michio
Published: November 2016

Carbon materials for electrodes of capacitive deionization (CDI) process are reviewed.
Combinatorial screening of Pd-based quaternary electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction in alkaline media
Authors: Li Jinyang , Stein Helge S. , Sliozberg Kirill , Liu Jingbei , Liu Yanhui , Sertic Genevieve , Scanley Ellen , Ludwig Alfred , Schroers Jan , Schuhmann Wolfgang , Taylor André D.
Published: November 2016

We examined the ORR activity of a combinatorial Pd–Au–Ag–Ti thin film library using high-throughput screening and correlate the electrochemical behavior to the crystallographic properties.
Catalytic properties of group 4 transition metal dichalcogenides (MX2; M = Ti, Zr, Hf; X = S, Se, Te)
Authors: Toh Rou Jun , Sofer Zdeněk , Pumera Martin
Published: November 2016

This work provides a first insight into the inherent electrochemistry and catalytic activities of group 4 transition metal dichalcogenides.
MaLISA – a cooperative method to release adsorbed gases from metal–organic frameworks
Authors: Li Haiqing , Sadiq Muhammad Munir , Suzuki Kiyonori , Doblin Christian , Lim Seng , Falcaro Paolo , Hill Anita J. , Hill Matthew R.
Published: November 2016

A dual stimuli-responsive metal–organic framework exhibits a cooperatively enhanced gas desorption capacity upon simultaneously exposing it to both UV light and an alternating magnetic field, highlighting a low-energy yet highly efficient strategy to regenerate MOF adsorbents.
Highly hemo-compatible, mechanically strong, and conductive dual cross-linked polymer hydrogels
Authors: Zhao Weifeng , Han Zhiyuan , Ma Lang , Sun Shudong , Zhao Changsheng
Published: November 2016

Novel hydrogels with highly hemo-compatible, mechanically strong and conductive properties are developed as promising candidates for a wide range of biomedical applications.
Core–shell alginate@silica microparticles encapsulating probiotics
Authors: Haffner F. B. , Girardon M. , Fontanay S. , Canilho N. , Duval R. E. , Mierzwa M. , Etienne M. , Diab R. , Pasc A.
Published: November 2016

Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) was encapsulated in core–shell alginate–silica microcapsules by coating the electrosprayed ionogel with a silica shell via hydrolysis/condensation of alkoxysilane precursors.
Combination of chemical etching of gold nanoclusters with aggregation-induced emission for preparation of new phosphors for the development of UV-driven phosphor-converted white light-emitting diodes
Authors: Lu Xin , Wang Tao , Shu Tong , Qu Xuanhui , Zhang Xueji , Liang Feng , Su Lei
Published: November 2016

The preparation of white light-emitting phosphors via TECP-induced etching of GNCs@BSA and Cd2+-induced aggregation, followed by grinding with GNCs@BSA.
Modulation of miR-146a/complement factor H-mediated inflammatory responses in a rat model of temporal lobe epilepsy
Authors: He Fang , Liu Bei , Meng Qiang , Sun Yang , Wang Weiwen , Wang Chao
Published: November 2016

Increasing evidence supports the involvement of inflammatory and immune processes in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). miRNAs represent small regulatory RNA molecules that have been shown to act as negative regulators of gene expression controlling different biological processes, including immune system homoeostasis and function. We investigated the expression and cellular distribution of miRNA-146a (miR-146a) in a rat model of TLE. Prominent up-regulation of miR-146a activation was evident in 1 week after status epilepticus (SE) and persisted in the chronic phase. The predicted miR-146a's target complement factor H (CFH) mRNA and protein expression was also down-regulated in TLE rat model. Furthermore, transfection of miR-146a mimics in neuronal and glial cells down-regulated CFH mRNA and protein levels respectively. Luciferase reporter assays demonstrated that miR-146a down-regulated CFH mRNA expression via 3′-UTR pairing. Down-regulating miR-146a by intracerebroventricular injection of antagomir-146a enhanced the hippocampal expression of CFH in TLE model and decreased seizure susceptibility. These findings suggest that immunopathological deficits associated with TLE can in part be explained by a generalized miR-146a-mediated down-regulation of CFH that may contribute to epileptogenesis in a rat model of TLE.
Inverse eigenvalue problems
Authors: Horváth Miklós , Sáfár Orsolya
Published: November 2016

In this article we consider inverse eigenvalue problems for the Schrödinger operator on a finite interval. We extend and strengthen previously known uniqueness theorems. A partially known potential is identified by some sets of eigenvalues and norming constants.
Reflection of light by anisotropic molecular crystals including exciton-polaritons and spatial dispersion
Authors: Meskers Stefan C. J. , Lakhwani Girish
Published: November 2016

A theory for the reflection of light by molecular crystals is described, which reproduces the minimum within the reflection band that is observed experimentally. The minimum in reflection is related to the excitation of polaritons in the crystal. The theory involves reformulation of the boundary conditions for electromagnetic waves at the interface between vacuum and material. The material is modeled by a cubic lattice of oriented Lorentz oscillators. By requiring uniformity of gauge of the electromagnetic potential across the interface between vacuum and the dipole lattice, the need for additional boundary conditions is obviated. The frequency separation between the maxima in reflectance on both sides of the minimum allows for the extraction of a plasma frequency. The plasma frequencies extracted from reflection spectra are compared to the plasma frequencies calculated directly from structural data on the crystals and the oscillator strengths of the constituent molecules. A good agreement between extracted and calculated plasma frequency is obtained for a set of 11 dye molecules.
A coarse-grained DNA model for the prediction of current signals in DNA translocation experiments
Authors: Weik Florian , Kesselheim Stefan , Holm Christian
Published: November 2016

We present an implicit solvent coarse-grained double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) model confined to an infinite cylindrical pore that reproduces the experimentally observed current modulations of a KaCl solution at various concentrations. Our model extends previous coarse-grained and mean-field approaches by incorporating a position dependent friction term on the ions, which Kesselheim et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 112, 018101 (2014)] identified as an essential ingredient to correctly reproduce the experimental data of Smeets et al. [Nano Lett. 6, 89 (2006)]. Our approach reduces the computational effort by orders of magnitude compared with all-atom simulations and serves as a promising starting point for modeling the entire translocation process of dsDNA. We achieve a consistent description of the system’s electrokinetics by using explicitly parameterized ions, a friction term between the DNA beads and the ions, and a lattice-Boltzmann model for the solvent.
A composite reactor with wetted-wall column for mineral carbonation study in three-phase systems
Authors: Zhu Chen , Yao Xizhi , Zhao Liang , Teng H. Henry
Published: November 2016

Despite the availability of various reactors designed to study gas-liquid reactions, no appropriate devices are available to accurately investigate triple-phased mineral carbonation reactions involving CO2 gas, aqueous solutions (containing divalent cations), and carbonate minerals. This report presents a composite reactor that combines a modified conventional wetted-wall column, a pH control module, and an attachment to monitor precipitation reactions. Our test and calibration experiments show that the absorption column behaved largely in agreement with theoretical predictions and previous observations. Experimental confirmation of CO2 absorption in NaOH and ethanolamine supported the effectiveness of the column for gas-liquid interaction. A test run in the CO2–NH3–MgCl2 system carried out for real time investigation of the relevant carbonation reactions shows that the reactor’s performance closely followed the expected reaction path reflected in pH change, the occurrence of precipitation, and the rate of NH3 addition, indicating the appropriateness of the composite device in studying triple-phase carbonation process.
Communication: XFAIMS—eXternal Field Ab Initio Multiple Spawning for electron-nuclear dynamics triggered by short laser pulses
Authors: Mignolet Benoit , Curchod Basile F. E. , Martínez Todd J.
Published: November 2016

Attoscience is an emerging field where attosecond pulses or few cycle IR pulses are used to pump and probe the correlated electron-nuclear motion of molecules. We present the trajectory-guided eXternal Field Ab Initio Multiple Spawning (XFAIMS) method that models such experiments “on-the-fly,” from laser pulse excitation to fragmentation or nonadiabatic relaxation to the ground electronic state. For the photoexcitation of the LiH molecule, we show that XFAIMS gives results in close agreement with numerically exact quantum dynamics simulations, both for atto- and femtosecond laser pulses. We then show the ability of XFAIMS to model the dynamics in polyatomic molecules by studying the effect of nuclear motion on the photoexcitation of a sulfine (H2CSO).
Properties of the two-dimensional heterogeneous Lennard-Jones dimers: An integral equation study
Authors: Urbic Tomaz
Published: November 2016

Structural and thermodynamic properties of a planar heterogeneous soft dumbbell fluid are examined using Monte Carlo simulations and integral equation theory. Lennard-Jones particles of different sizes are the building blocks of the dimers. The site-site integral equation theory in two dimensions is used to calculate the site-site radial distribution functions and the thermodynamic properties. Obtained results are compared to Monte Carlo simulation data. The critical parameters for selected types of dimers were also estimated and the influence of the Lennard-Jones parameters was studied. We have also tested the correctness of the site-site integral equation theory using different closures.
Optimized parameter selection reveals trends in Markov state models for protein folding
Authors: Husic Brooke E. , McGibbon Robert T. , Sultan Mohammad M. , Pande Vijay S.
Published: November 2016

As molecular dynamics simulations access increasingly longer time scales, complementary advances in the analysis of biomolecular time-series data are necessary. Markov state models offer a powerful framework for this analysis by describing a system’s states and the transitions between them. A recently established variational theorem for Markov state models now enables modelers to systematically determine the best way to describe a system’s dynamics. In the context of the variational theorem, we analyze ultra-long folding simulations for a canonical set of twelve proteins [K. Lindorff-Larsen et al., Science 334, 517 (2011)] by creating and evaluating many types of Markov state models. We present a set of guidelines for constructing Markov state models of protein folding; namely, we recommend the use of cross-validation and a kinetically motivated dimensionality reduction step for improved descriptions of folding dynamics. We also warn that precise kinetics predictions rely on the features chosen to describe the system and pose the description of kinetic uncertainty across ensembles of models as an open issue.
Modelling of the mercury loss in fluorescent lamps under the influence of metal oxide coatings
Authors: Santos Abreu A. , Mayer J. , Lenk D. , Horn S. , Konrad A. , Tidecks R.
Published: November 2016

The mercury transport and loss mechanisms in the metal oxide coatings of mercury low pressure discharge fluorescent lamps have been investigated. An existing model based on a ballistic process is discussed in the context of experimental mercury loss data. Two different approaches to the modeling of the mercury loss have been developed. The first one is based on mercury transition rates between the plasma, the coating, and the glass without specifying the underlying physical processes. The second one is based on a transport process driven by diffusion and a binding process of mercury reacting to mercury oxide inside the layers. Moreover, we extended the diffusion based model to handle multi-component coatings. All approaches are applied to describe mercury loss experiments under the influence of an Al2O3 coating.
Magnetic fluctuation behavior during the transition between quasi-single helicity and multi helicity states in the reversed-field pinch plasma
Authors: Yambe Kiyoyuki , Sakakita Hajime , Hirano Yoichi , Koguchi Haruhisa
Published: November 2016

We measured the variation of magnetic and electrostatic fluctuations observed during the transition between the quasi-single helicity (QSH) and multi helicity (MH) states in the edge region of the Toroidal Pinch Experiment-Reversed eXperiment reversed-field pinch plasma [Yagi et al., Fusion Eng. Des. 45, 421 (1999)]. The high-frequency magnetic fluctuations largely decrease at the start of the QSH state. During the QSH state, the toroidal and radial magnetic fluctuations slightly increase again between 12 and 18 kHz but the decrease in the poloidal magnetic fluctuation is maintained. The confinement of fast electrons may be improved in the period of the QSH state although the radial magnetic fluctuation increases between 12 and 18 kHz. It is suggested that the improved confinement of fast electrons may be obtained by the decrease in the fast radial magnetic fluctuation having the frequency higher than 20 kHz in the period of the QSH state. Contrarily, the transition from QSH to MH states occurs with the increase in the slow toroidal magnetic fluctuation having the frequency lower than 10 kHz. The QSH state may bring a good confinement of fast electrons by the reduced high-frequency magnetic fluctuation compared with the MH state.
Long wavelength interband cascade infrared photodetectors operating at high temperatures
Authors: Lei Lin , Li Lu , Ye Hao , Lotfi Hossein , Yang Rui Q. , Johnson Matthew B. , Massengale Jeremy A. , Mishima Tetsuya D. , Santos Michael B.
Published: November 2016

We report on a comparison study of long wavelength infrared interband cascade infrared photodetectors (ICIPs) with the goal of an improved understanding that will lead to further increases in the operation temperature. We studied four sets of detectors including single absorber barrier detectors and multi-stage ICIPs with four, six, and eight discrete absorbers. The 90% cutoff wavelength of these detectors was between 7.5 and 11.5 μm from 78 to 340 K. Multiple stage ICIPs were able to operate with monotonically increasing bias-independent responsivity up to 280 K, while the responsivity of the one-stage detectors decreased at 200 K with bias dependence. The advantages of the multi-stage ICIPs over the one-stage device are demonstrated in terms of lower dark current density, higher detectivity (D*), and higher operating temperatures. The one-stage detectors operated at temperatures up to 250 K, while the ICIPs were able to operate up to 340 K with D* higher than 1.0 × 108 cm·Hz1/2/W at 300 K. The D* for these ICIPs at 200 K was larger than 1.0 × 109 cm·Hz1/2/W at 8 μm, which is more than a factor of two higher than the corresponding value for photovoltaic HgCdTe detectors at similar cutoff wavelengths. Interestingly, negative differential conductance (NDC) was observed in these detectors at high temperatures. The underlying physics of the NDC was investigated and correlated with the number of cascade stages and electron barriers. With the enhancement of the electron barrier in the multiple-stage ICIPs, the NDC was reduced, and the overall device performance, in terms of D*, was improved.
Enhanced magnetocrystalline anisotropy in an ultra-dense array of air-exposed crystalline cobalt nanowires
Authors: Camara I. S. , Achkar C. , Liakakos N. , Pierrot A. , Pierron-Bohnes V. , Henry Y. , Soulantica K. , Respaud M. , Blon T. , Bailleul M.
Published: November 2016

The magnetic anisotropy of an ultradense array of crystalline cobalt nanowires is investigated by means of broadband ferromagnetic resonance and magnetic torque measurements. The array is grown epitaxially in solution on a Pt(111) film and consists of single crystalline metallic wires with a diameter of 6.2 nm and a center-to-center interwire distance of 9.6 nm. The shape anisotropy and the Co hexagonal compact structure with the c-axis along the wire axis combine with each other to impose a perpendicular magnetic anisotropy despite the high density of 8 × 1012 wires/in.2. The intrinsic uniaxial magnetocrystalline anisotropy constants K1 and K2 are extracted from the ferromagnetic resonance and torque measurements using a mean field approach accounting for the interwire dipolar interactions. At room temperature, and despite air exposure, an unexpected increase of K1 and K2 of more than 40% with respect to the bulk is evidenced.
Silicon induced stability and mobility of indium zinc oxide based bilayer thin film transistors
Authors: Chauhan Ram Narayan , Tiwari Nidhi , Liu Po-Tsun , Shieh Han-Ping D. , Kumar Jitendra
Published: November 2016

Indium zinc oxide (IZO), silicon containing IZO, and IZO/IZO:Si bilayer thin films have been prepared by dual radio frequency magnetron sputtering on glass and SiO2/Si substrates for studying their chemical compositions and electrical characteristics in order to ascertain reliability for thin film transistor (TFT) applications. An attempt is therefore made here to fabricate single IZO and IZO/IZO:Si bilayer TFTs to study the effect of film thickness, silicon incorporation, and bilayer active channel on device performance and negative bias illumination stress (NBIS) stability. TFTs with increasing single active IZO layer thickness exhibit decrease in carrier mobility but steady improvement in NBIS; the best values being μFE ∼ 27.0, 22.0 cm2/Vs and ΔVth ∼ −13.00, −6.75 V for a channel thickness of 7 and 27 nm, respectively. While silicon incorporation is shown to reduce the mobility somewhat, it raises the stability markedly (ΔVth ∼ −1.20 V). Further, IZO (7 nm)/IZO:Si (27 nm) bilayer based TFTs display useful characteristics (field effect mobility, μFE = 15.3 cm2/Vs and NBIS value, ΔVth =−0.75 V) for their application in transparent electronics.
Time-resolved photoacoustic measurement for evaluation of viscoelastic properties of biological tissues
Authors: Zhao Yue , Chen Conggui , Liu Hongwei , Yang Sihua , Xing Da
Published: November 2016

In this letter, we proposed a method for viscoelastic characterization of biological tissues based on time-resolved photoacoustic measurement. The theoretical and experimental study was performed on the influence of viscoelasticity effects on photoacoustic generation. Taking the time delay between the photoacoustic signal and the exciting laser, the viscoelasticity distribution of biological tissues can be mapped. To validate our method, gelatin phantoms with different densities were measured. We also applied this method in discrimination between fat and liver to confirm the usefulness of the viscoelastic evaluation. Furthermore, pilot experiments were performed on atherosclerosis artery from an apolipoprotein E-knockout mouse to show the viscoelastic characterization of atherosclerotic plaque. Our results demonstrate that this technique has the potential for visualizing the biomechanical properties and lesions of biological tissues.
Reversible magnetocaloric effect in materials with first order phase transitions in cyclic magnetic fields: Fe48Rh52 and Sm0.6Sr0.4MnO3
Authors: Aliev A. M. , Batdalov A. B. , Khanov L. N. , Kamantsev A. P. , Koledov V. V. , Mashirov A. V. , Shavrov V. G. , Grechishkin R. M. , Kaul' A. R. , Sampath V.
Published: November 2016

The magnetocaloric effect (MCE) in an Fe48Rh52 alloy and Sm0.6Sr0.4MnO3 manganite was studied in cyclic magnetic fields. The adiabatic temperature change in the Fe48Rh52 alloy for a magnetic field change (ΔB) of 8 T and a frequency (f) of 0.13 Hz reaches the highest value of (ΔTad) of −20.2 K at 298 K. The magnitude of the MCE in Sm0.6Sr0.4MnO3 reaches ΔTad = 6.1 K at the same magnetic field change at 143 K. The temperature regions, where a strong MCE is exhibited in an alternating magnetic field, are bounded in both compounds. In the case of the Fe48Rh52 alloy, the temperature range for this phenomenon is bounded above by the ferromagnetic to antiferromagnetic transition temperature in the zero field condition during cooling. In the case of the Sm0.6Sr0.4MnO3 manganite, the temperature range for the MCE is bounded below by the ferromagnetic-paramagnetic transition temperature in zero field during heating. The presence of these phase boundaries is a consequence of the existence of areas of irreversible magnetic-field-induced phase transitions. It is found that the effect of long-term action of thousands of cycles of magnetization/demagnetization degrades the magnetocaloric properties of the Fe48Rh52 alloy. This can be explained by the gradual decrease in the size of the ferromagnetic domains and increasing role of the domain walls due to giant magnetostriction at the ferromagnetic to antiferromagnetic transition temperature. The initial magnetocaloric properties can be restored by heating of the material above their Curie temperature.
Monolithic single mode interband cascade lasers with wide wavelength tunability
Authors: von Edlinger M. , Weih R. , Scheuermann J. , Nähle L. , Fischer M. , Koeth J. , Kamp M. , Höfling S.
Published: November 2016

Monolithic two-section interband cascade lasers offering a wide wavelength tunability in the wavelength range around 3.7 μm are presented. Stable single mode emission in several wavelength channels was realized using the concept of binary superimposed gratings and two-segment Vernier-tuning. The wavelength selective elements in the two segments were based on specially designed lateral metal grating structures defined by electron beam lithography. A dual-step dry etch process provided electrical separation between the segments. Individual current control of the segments allowed wavelength channel selection as well as continuous wavelength tuning within channels. A discontinuous tuning range extending over 158 nm in up to six discrete wavelength channels was achieved. Mode hop free wavelength tuning up to 14 nm was observed within one channel. The devices can be operated in continuous wave mode up to 30 °C with the output powers of 3.5 mW around room temperature.
Some reflections on Husserlian intentionality, intentionalism, and non-propositional contents
Authors: van Mazijk Corijn
Published: November 2016

This paper discusses Husserl’s theory of intentionality and compares it to contemporary debates about intentionalism. I first show to what extent such a comparison could be meaningful. I then outline the structure of intentionality as found inIdeas I. My main claims are that – in contrast with intentionalism – intentionality for Husserl (i) covers just a region of conscious contents; that it is (ii) essentially a relation between act-processes and presented content; and that (iii) the side of act-processes contains non-representational contents. In the third part, I show that Husserl also (iv) offers resources against intentionalism’s exclusive concern with propositional content.
Microstructure and mechanical behaviour of cold metal transfer welded Mg/Al dissimilar joint using wire AZ31 as filler metal
Authors: Wang P. , Hu S. S. , Shen J. Q. , Liang Y.
Published: November 2016

Mg/Al dissimilar butt joint was produced by modified cold metal transfer process using wire AZ31 as filler metal. The energy input characteristics and the microstructure and mechanical behaviour of the joint were investigated. Microstructural analysis shows that a diffusion Mg–Al intermetallic compounds interface layer formed along the weld boundary near Al substrate. The interface layer consisted of three intermediate layers from Al substrate to weld metal: Mg2Al3 layer, Mg17Al12 layer and Mg17Al12 +  α-Mg solid solution eutectic layer. The tensile strength of the welded joint was 38.4 MPa, which was fairly dependent on the lowest strength of the three intermediate layers. The brittle fracture occurred primarily within the thinnest Mg2Al3 intermediate layer adjacent to Al substrate.
Reactor plasma facing component designs based on liquid metal concepts supported in porous systems
Authors: Tabarés F.L. , Oyarzabal E. , Martin-Rojo A.B. , Tafalla D. , de Castro A. , Soleto A.
Published: November 2016

The use of liquid metals (LMs) as plasma facing components in fusion devices was proposed as early as 1970 for a field reversed concept and inertial fusion reactors. The idea was extensively developed during the APEX Project, at the turn of the century, and it is the subject at present of the biennial International Symposium on Lithium Applications (ISLA), whose fourth meeting took place in Granada, Spain at the end of September 2015. While liquid metal flowing concepts were specially addressed in USA research projects, the idea of embedding the metal in a capillary porous system (CPS) was put forwards by Russian teams in the 1990s, thus opening the possibility of static concepts. Since then, many ideas and accompanying experimental tests in fusion devices and laboratories have been produced, involving a large fraction of countries within the international fusion community. Within the EUROFusion Roadmap, these activities are encompassed into the working programs of the plasma facing components (PFC) and divertor tokamak test (DTT) packages.

In this paper, a review of the state of the art in concepts based on the CPS set-up for a fusion reactor divertor target, aimed at preventing the ejection of the liquid metal by electro-magnetic (EM) forces generated under plasma operation, is described and required R+D activities on the topic, including ongoing work at CIEMAT specifically oriented to filling the remaining gaps, are stressed.
Extracting microtubule networks from superresolution single-molecule localization microscopy data
Authors: Zhang Zhen , Nishimura Yukako , Kanchanawong Pakorn
Published: November 2016

Microtubule filaments form ubiquitous networks that specify spatial organization in cells. However, quantitative analysis of microtubule networks is hampered by their complex architecture, limiting insights into the interplay between their organization and cellular functions. Although superresolution microscopy has greatly facilitated high-resolution imaging of microtubule filaments, extraction of complete filament networks from such data sets is challenging. Here we describe a computational tool for automated retrieval of microtubule filaments from single-molecule-localization–based superresolution microscopy images. We present a user-friendly, graphically interfaced implementation and a quantitative analysis of microtubule network architecture phenotypes in fibroblasts.
Ras and Rab interactor 1 controls neuronal plasticity by coordinating dendritic filopodial motility and AMPA receptor turnover
Authors: Szíber Zsófia , Liliom Hanna , Morales Carlos O. Oueslati , Ignácz Attila , Rátkai Anikó Erika , Ellwanger Kornelia , Link Gisela , Szűcs Attila , Hausser Angelika , Schlett Katalin
Published: November 2016

Ras and Rab interactor 1 (RIN1) is predominantly expressed in the nervous system. RIN1-knockout animals have deficits in latent inhibition and fear extinction in the amygdala, suggesting a critical role for RIN1 in preventing the persistence of unpleasant memories. At the molecular level, RIN1 signals through Rab5 GTPases that control endocytosis of cell-surface receptors and Abl nonreceptor tyrosine kinases that participate in actin cytoskeleton remodeling. Here we report that RIN1 controls the plasticity of cultured mouse hippocampal neurons. Our results show that RIN1 affects the morphology of dendritic protrusions and accelerates dendritic filopodial motility through an Abl kinase–dependent pathway. Lack of RIN1 results in enhanced mEPSC amplitudes, indicating an increase in surface AMPA receptor levels compared with wild-type neurons. We further provide evidence that the Rab5 GEF activity of RIN1 regulates surface GluA1 subunit endocytosis. Consequently loss of RIN1 blocks surface AMPA receptor down-regulation evoked by chemically induced long-term depression. Our findings indicate that RIN1 destabilizes synaptic connections and is a key player in postsynaptic AMPA receptor endocytosis, providing multiple ways of negatively regulating memory stabilization during neuronal plasticity.
Shooting to Kill
Authors: Miller Seumas
Published: November 2016

Terrorism, the use of military force in Afghanistan, Iraq, and Syria, and the fatal police shootings of unarmed persons have all contributed to renewed interest in the ethics of police and military use of lethal force. In this book the various moral justifications and responsibilities involved in the use of lethal force by police and military combatants are analyzed, relying on a distinctive normative teleological account of institutional roles. The resulting conception provides a novel theoretical alternative to prevailing reductive individualist and collectivist accounts. Police and military uses of lethal force are morally justified in part by recourse to fundamental natural moral rights and obligations, especially the right to personal self-defense and the moral obligation to defend the lives of innocent others. Yet the moral justification for police and military use of lethal force is to some extent role-specific. Police have an institutionally based moral duty to use lethal force to uphold the law, and military combatants have an institutionally based moral duty to use lethal force to win just wars. Two key notions in play are joint action and the natural right to self-defense. A relational individualist theory of joint actions is used to construct the notion of multilayered structures of joint action in order to explicate organizational action. A novel theory of justifiable killing in self-defense is also provided. Specific topics covered include: police shootings of armed offenders and suicide bombers; military necessity; targeted killing, autonomous weapons, humanitarian armed intervention, and civilian immunity.
Police Use of Lethal Force and Suicide Bombers
Authors: Miller Seumas
Published: November 2016

In this chapter the morality of the use of lethal force by police against a suicide bomber in a well-ordered jurisdiction in a liberal democratic state is analyzed. Such operations involve a team of police officers with different roles, such as surveillance officers and firearms officers. So the question arises as to who is morally responsible for any mistakes leading to loss of innocent life (e.g., the Menezes killing by London police in 2005). Three key theoretical claims are: (1) collective moral responsibility is a species of relational individual moral responsibility; namely, joint moral responsibility; (2) police scenarios of this kind involve chains of institutional and moral responsibility; (3) an individual participant in a morally required joint action (omission) scenario that fails is not morally culpable if she or he did all that could be reasonably be expected but might share in the collective responsibility.
Explanation in the Epistemology of theMeno
Authors: Schwab Whitney
Published: November 2016

At the end of the Meno, the character Socrates claims that true doxa is distinguished from epistēmē by a working out of the explanation (aitiaslogismos). This chapter argues that working out the explanation consists, for Socrates, in seeing how the fact to be explained is grounded in facts about the natures of the relevant fundamental entities of the domain to which it belongs. It reconstructs the resulting conception of epistēmē. Once that reconstruction is complete, it argues that notions of epistemic justification are out of place in interpreting the Meno. It then appeals to recent work in epistemology to settle the long-standing question of whether Socrates' account of epistēmē is better interpreted as an account of knowledge or as an account of understanding, arguing that it is more charitably taken in the latter way. Moreover, the chapter notes that Socrates' account of epistēmē provides insights that any philosopher interested in the nature of understanding should take seriously.
The Role of Relatives in Plato’s Partition Argument,Republic4, 436 b 9–439 c 9
Authors: Duncombe Matthew
Published: November 2016

In Republic IV (436b9-439c9), Socrates argues that the soul has parts. Some commentators object that his argument fails to show that the soul has more than one part. Other commentators worry that Socrates' argument entails that the soul has indefinitely many parts. This chapter argues that both problems arise if desire and rejection can relate to different objects. Socrates' discussion of relative terms at 438a7-d9 specifies that each relative, including desire and rejection, relates only to its own special object. Thus, the discussion of relatives helps Socrates avoid both problems.
Ionized gases and plasmas—Historical overview, basic concepts, and applications
Authors: Bers Abraham
Published: November 2016

This introductory chapter provides a short historical perspective on the evolution of plasma physics and its fusion energy applications. It also examines the basic concepts and characteristics of plasma and describes the basic equations of models used in the study of collective plasma dynamics. The word “plasma” was introduced into physics in 1928 by Irving Langmuir to designate certain equipotential regions containing an electrically neutral ionized gas in quasi-neutral, dilute gas of free-charged particles. However, it can be argued that plasma physics emerged in the nineteenth-century electrical science studies that involved partially-ionized gases. Significant developments made in the decades that followed ultimately revealed two aspects of a plasma's dynamics—that of single-charged particle motions through binary collisions between charged particles, and collective motions in plasma oscillations.
Drift-free cold plasma, magnetized—I. Linearized electrodynamics—Appendix: Time dispersive media
Authors: Bers Abraham
Published: November 2016

This chapter continues the analysis and description of collective plasma modes in the hydrodynamical model of a drift-free, cold plasma by examining the first and third aspects of its dynamics: the amplitude limit for laminar dynamics, as required by any hydrodynamic model and the nonlinear coupling of these natural modes when the field amplitudes exceed their small-amplitude levels of independent linear modes. This chapter addresses: the linearization of the plasma dynamic model equations; the finding of the internal response functions—these are now gyrotropic tensors of susceptibility or related conductivity; the using of these internal response functions in Maxwell's equations to determine the self-consistent fields (SCF) and associated dispersion relations of the natural modes; and the deriving of the energy conservation equations associated with this model of plasma dynamics.
Dynamics with thermal pressures—I. Unmagnetized plasma
Authors: Bers Abraham
Published: November 2016

This chapter describes collective plasma modes in the simplest two-fluid reduced hydrodynamic model which accounts for thermal effects by an isotropic thermal pressure for each charged-particle species of the plasma. The gradient of this pressure enters into the momentum equation for the species, and the hydrodynamic equations are closed by an ad-hoc “equation of state” which relates the pressure to the density. The chapter situates the plasma as unmagnetized and each species as drift free. It examines linear, natural modes and their associated energy conservation equations for this model of a plasma's dynamics. The novel electrodynamic aspect examined here reveals that, although the medium is isotropic, its internal response function is, in general, a tensor due to the fact that by including the thermal pressure forces in its dynamics, the medium is not only temporally dispersive but also spatially dispersive.
E-beam waves, instabilities and devices
Authors: Bers Abraham
Published: November 2016

This chapter explores the study of linear instabilities in plasmas that contain some charge-particle species which, in their unperturbed equilibria, drift with constant velocities relative to each other. Within their cold plasma description such particle species are called streams or beams, and the plasma instabilities they produce are called streaming instabilities. In addition, even the simplest single charged-particle species plasma—a stable electron beam (e-beam)—when coupled to appropriate, passive EM structures exhibit linear instability and thus present the potential for generating and/or amplifying EM signals propagating on such structures; this is at the basis of many e-beam devices for generating and/or amplifying signals at microwave frequencies. To bring out the essentials of such streaming instabilities in plasmas, or in oscillator and/or amplifying e-beam devices, the chapter considers cold and collisionless plasmas spatially-homogeneous and of infinite extent.
Nonlinear coupling of modes and parametric interactions
Authors: Bers Abraham
Published: November 2016

This chapter is devoted to a study of the nonlinear coupling of coherent waves in plasmas. The foundation for describing this coupling—the nonlinear coupling of modes (NLCOM)—is based upon the dynamic mode perturbation analysis developed in the previous chapter. The plasmas considered are homogeneous, and in specific examples are based upon hydrodynamic model descriptions. The nonlinear aspect of plasma dynamics can be viewed to arise from the fact that the dynamics equations for a plasma entail current and charge densities that are nonlinear functions of the EM fields. When these current and charge densities are introduced into Maxwell's equations for the EM fields, the resultant SCF set of dynamic equations is nonlinear. The chapter puts emphasis on nonlinear interactions to second-order in field amplitudes and, in particular, on the generic conservative nonlinear interaction of three waves (3WI). It concludes with illustrating nonlinear coupling for a hydrodynamic model plasma in a magnetic field.
Vlasov–Landau–van Kampen/Case kinetic descriptions—Unmagnetized plasma
Authors: Bers Abraham
Published: November 2016

This chapter analyzes kinetic descriptions of high-temperature plasmas—fully ionized plasmas—whose dynamics are essentially collisionless and dominated by collective particle dynamics in self-consistent EM fields. Kinetic theory of plasmas gives a proper treatment of plasma temperature effects on collective modes. In such a description all charged particles of the plasma are assumed to interact with the self-consistent EM fields in essentially the same manner. In an unmagnetized plasma, as long as the phase velocities of the wave fields are much larger than any of the particle velocities, typically the thermal velocities, such an assumption is adequate. However, ES waves are slow waves and in high-temperature plasmas they can have their phase velocity near to the velocity of a significant number of charged particles. The emphasis in this chapter is on the linearized kinetic description of the simplest, one-d ES mode in a plasma.
Quasilinear theory and weak turbulence
Authors: Bers Abraham
Published: November 2016

This chapter examines nonlinear dynamics in plasmas. It covers the important quasilinear (QL) theory of plasma dynamics, not only as it was originally intended to describe the evolution of linear instabilities into their nonlinear regime, but also as more recently developed for the successful study of current drive and/or heating in plasma of interest to MCF. To evaluate the importance of some of these nonlinear effects on the linearized dynamics, the linearized treatments in various chapters is supplemented by the description of some basic nonlinear plasma dynamics phenomena which placed amplitude limits on the validity of the linearized descriptions. Plasmas that are not in thermodynamic equilibrium (NTE) exhibit linearized waves/modes that are unstable, and are typically associated with fields that grow exponentially in space and/or time. Most plasmas of interest are NTE, and thus only their incipient unstable evolution from small amplitudes is validly described by linearized dynamic equations.
A Dictionary of Social Research Methods
Authors: Elliot Mark , Fairweather Ian , Olsen Wendy , Pampaka Maria
Published: November 2016

Over 400 entries

This new dictionary offers succinct, clear, expert explanations of key terms from both method and methodology in social research. It covers the whole range of qualitative, quantitative, and other methods, and it ranges from practical techniques like correlation up to methodological approaches such as ethnography. This wide-ranging approach enables it to cover terms needed by every social science discipline along with business and management, education, health, and other areas that encompass social research within their remit. This is an invaluable resource for students, academics, and professional researchers who undertake social research, or need to evaluate and present its results.