bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Penetrating Ballistic Brain Injury Produces Acute Alterations in Sleep and Circadian-Related Genes in the Rodent Cortex: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Mountney Andrea , Blaze Jennifer , Wang Zhaoyu , Umali Michelle , Flerlage William Jesse , Dougherty Jacqueline , Ge Yongchao , Shear Deborah , Haghighi Fatemeh
Published: October 2021

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) affects millions of Americans each year, with extremely high prevalence in the Veteran community, and sleep disturbance is one of the most commonly reported symptoms. Reduction in the quality and amount of sleep can negatively impact recovery and result in a wide range of behavioral and physiological symptoms, such as impaired cognition, mood and anxiety disorders, and cardiovascular effects. Thus, to improve long-term patient outcomes and develop novel treatments, it is essential to understand the molecular mechanisms involved in sleep disturbance following TBI. In this effort, we performed transcriptional profiling in an established rodent model of penetrating ballistic brain injury (PBBI) in conjunction with continuous sleep/wake EEG/EMG recording of the first 24 h after injury. Rats subjected to PBBI showed profound differences in sleep architecture. Injured animals spent significantly more time in slow wave sleep and less time in REM sleep compared to sham control animals. To identify PBBI-related transcriptional differences, we then performed transcriptome-wide gene expression profiling at 24 h post-injury, which identified a vast array of immune- related genes differentially expressed in the injured cortex as well as sleep-related genes. Further, transcriptional changes associated with total time spent in various sleep stages were identified. Such molecular changes may underlie the pathology and symptoms that emerge following TBI, including neurodegeneration, sleep disturbance, and mood disorders.
Living Conditions and Social Outcomes in Adults With Cerebral Palsy
Authors: Pettersson Katina , Rodby-Bousquet Elisabet
Published: October 2021

Objectives: To analyse the living conditions and social outcomes (housing, engagement in employment or higher education, access to personal assistance and having a partner) in adults with cerebral palsy (CP) relative to their age, sex, communication ability, and motor skills.

Methods: Cross-sectional registry-based study of 1,888 adults (1,030 males/858 females) with CP in the Swedish CP follow-up programme, median age 25 years (range 16–78 y). Type of housing, occupation, access to personal assistance and having a partner were analysed relative to their age, sex, and the classification systems for Gross Motor Function (GMFCS) and Communication Function (CFCS). Binary logistic regression models were used to calculate odds ratios (OR) for independent living, competitive employment, and having a partner.

Results: Most of the 25- to 29-year olds (55.6%) lived independently, increasing to 72.4% in 40- to 49-year olds, while the majority (91.3%) of those under 20 years lived with their parents. Independent living was almost equal in adults at GMFCS levels I (40.2%) and V (38.6%). This parity was explained by access to personal assistance, which increased with higher GMFCS and CFCS levels. Personal assistance of >160 hours/week was associated with a high probability of independent living (OR 57). In the age span 20–64 years, 17.5% had competitive employment and 45.2% attended activity centres for people with intellectual disabilities. In the younger age group up to 24 years old, 36.9% went to mainstream/higher education and 20.5% went to special schools. In total, 13.4% had a partner and 7.8% lived together. Slightly more women than men had a partner, and most individuals were classified at CFCS level I.

Conclusion: Only one in eight adults with CP has a partner, and one in six has competitive employment. Access to personal assistance is the single most important factor for independent living. It is vital to support adults with CP throughout their lifespan to achieve the best possible outcomes in all aspects of life.
The Association Between Lentiform Nucleus Function and Cognitive Impairments in Schizophrenia
Authors: Li Ping , Zhao Shu-Wan , Wu Xu-Sha , Zhang Ya-Juan , Song Lei , Wu Lin , Liu Xiao-Fan , Fu Yu-Fei , Wu Di , Wu Wen-Jun , Zhang Ya-Hong , Yin Hong , Cui Long-Biao , Guo Fan
Published: October 2021

Introduction: Cognitive decline is the core schizophrenia symptom, which is now well accepted. Holding a role in various aspects of cognition, lentiform nucleus (putamen and globus pallidus) dysfunction contributes to the psychopathology of this disease. However, the effects of lentiform nucleus function on cognitive impairments in schizophrenia are yet to be investigated.

Objectives: We aim to detect the fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (fALFF) alterations in patients with schizophrenia, and examine how their behavior correlates in relation to the cognitive impairments of the patients.

Methods: All participants underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and cognitive assessment (digit span and digit symbol coding tests). Screening of brain regions with significant changes in fALFF values was based on analysis of the whole brain. The data were analyzed between Jun 2020 and Mar 2021. There were no interventions beyond the routine therapy determined by their clinicians on the basis of standard clinical practice.

Results: There were 136 patients (75 men and 61 women, 24.1 ± 7.4 years old) and 146 healthy controls (82 men and 64 women, 24.2 ± 5.2 years old) involved in the experiments seriatim. Patients with schizophrenia exhibited decreased raw scores in cognitive tests (p < 0.001) and increased fALFF in the bilateral lentiform nuclei (left: 67 voxels; x = −24, y = −6, z = 3; peak t-value = 6.90; right: 16 voxels; x = 18, y = 0, z = 3; peak t-value = 6.36). The fALFF values in the bilateral lentiform nuclei were positively correlated with digit span-backward test scores (left: r = 0.193, p = 0.027; right: r = 0.190, p = 0.030), and the right lentiform nucleus was positively correlated with digit symbol coding scores (r = 0.209, p = 0.016).

Conclusion: This study demonstrates that cognitive impairments in schizophrenia are associated with lentiform nucleus function as revealed by MRI, involving working memory and processing speed.
Effects of Nisin, Cecropin, and Penthorum chinense Pursh on the Intestinal Microbiome of Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio)
Authors: Ke Famin , Xie Peijuan , Yang Yanrong , Yan Liu , Guo Ailing , Yang Jian , Zhang Jing , Liu Li , Wang Qin , Gao Xiaowei
Published: October 2021

Following a ban on antibiotic use in the feed industry, trials on the effects of various immunostimulants (prebiotics, probiotics, antimicrobial peptides [AMPs], and herbs) on the survival, growth, immunity, and disease control of farmed fish in aquaculture are being rapidly conducted. The wide variety of microbes with roles in nutrition, metabolism, and immunity in the fish intestine is the primary factor affecting the fermentability and functionality of dietary immunostimulants. For this reason, the dynamic interactions between immunostimulants and the intestinal microbiome may influence fish health. In this study, the effects of two agriculturally important AMPs (nisin and cecropin) and one herb (Penthorum chinense) on the gut microbiome of common carp were investigated, using 16S rDNA high-throughput sequencing. The results suggest that all three substances can alter the richness, diversity, and composition of the intestinal microbiota of common carp. P. chinense had a similar effect on the gut microbiota of common carp to that of nisin, and both promoted more striking changes in the gut microbiota community than did cecropin. The relative abundance of Proteobacteria was lower in the nisin and P. chinense groups than in the control and cecropin groups. The relative abundance of Bacteroidetes in the nisin, cecropin, and P. chinense groups was markedly increased, compared with that of the control group. Additionally, nisin, cecropin, and P. chinense showed obvious anti-inflammatory effects on the fish intestine, which was reflected by significantly increasing the expression levels of two anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10 and TGF-β. Some digestive enzyme activities in the fish intestine were also significantly enhanced by supplementing these three substances in feeds.
Characterization of NAD+/NADP+-Specific Isocitrate Dehydrogenases From Oleaginous Fungus Mortierella alpina Involved in Lipid Accumulation
Authors: Tang Xin , Sun Xiaoqi , Wang Xuxu , Zhang Hao , Chen Yong Q. , Zhao Jianxin , Chen Haiqin , Chen Wei
Published: October 2021

Mortierella alpina has a strong capacity for lipid accumulation. Isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) plays an important role in affecting the flow of intracellular carbon sources and reducing power NADPH for lipid biosynthesis. In this study, the effect of various IDHs (NAD+- and NADP+-specific) in M. alpina on the lipid accumulation was investigated through homologous overexpression. The results showed that the transcription level and enzyme activity of the IDHs from M. alpina (MaIDHs) in homologous overexpressing strains were higher than those of the control strain, but that their biomass was not significantly different. Among the various NAD+-specific MaIDH1/2/3 overexpression, NAD+-MaIDH3 reduced total lipid content by 12.5%, whereas overexpression NAD+-MaIDH1 and NAD+-MaIDH2 had no effect on fatty acid content. Intracellular metabolites analysis indicated that the overexpression NAD+-MaIDH3 strain had reduced the fatty acid accumulation, due to its greater carbon flux with the tricarboxylic acid cycle and less carbon flux with fatty acid biosynthesis. For the NADP+-MaIDH4/5/6 recombinant strains overexpressing only NADP+-MaIDH4 enhanced the total fatty acid content by 8.2%. NADPH analysis suggested that this increase in lipid accumulation may have been due to the great reducing power NADPH is produced in this recombinant strain. This study provides theoretical basis and guidance for the analysis of the mechanism of IDH function and the potential to improve lipid production in M. alpina.
Application of OXITEST for Prediction of Shelf-Lives of Selected Cold-Pressed Oils
Authors: Tsao Chieh-Hsi , Chang Chih-Wei , Ho Yu-Chi , Chuang Yung-Kun , Lee Wei-Ju
Published: October 2021

Introduction: Due to the enhanced awareness of consumers concerning healthy foods, homemade expeller-pressed oils have become popular worldwide. However, an extended storage period may lead to oxidization of the oil and exposure to hazardous byproducts by consumers.

Methods: In this study, 10 pressed oil samples prepared from common oilseeds using a small-scale expeller oil press were analyzed by OXITEST with a sample amount of 5 g of oil and an oxygen pressure of 800 kPa under accelerated conditions for shelf-life projections. The oil properties were investigated, including the recovery, smoke point, acid value, iodine value, “fatty acid composition, and contents of pigments and tocopherols”.

Results: The autoxidation reaction of various expeller-pressed oils under an accelerated testing system followed zero-order Arrhenius kinetics (R2 > 0.99). Shelf-lives of the pressed oils at 25°C were estimated by extrapolation to range 105~1,089 days. The obtained shelf-lives were significantly correlated with log induction period (IP) values (r > 0.81, p < 0.05) and unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) (r < −0.69, p < 0.05), but not with the iodine value, acid value, or smoke point. Scatter diagrams between shelf-lives and UFAs suggested that these pressed oils could be grouped by two linear regression curves (r > 0.98, p < 0.05). The predictive equations using multiple linear regression are presented herein, with predictor variables of UFAs and an unspecified item involving potential influencing factors such as tocopherol contents (r > 0.88, p < 0.05).

Conclusions: Our findings first revealed that the UFA portion was partially correlated with the shelf-lives of selected expeller-pressed seed oils as estimated by the OXITEST. The derived equations can be applied for shelf-life predictions of expeller-pressed oils stored under dark ambient conditions based on the fatty acid profile.
Association Between Traditional Herbal Diet and Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Risk: A Prospective Cohort Study in Southern China
Authors: Lyu Yun-Hong , Lin Chu-Yang , Xie Shang-Hang , Li Tong , Liu Qing , Ling Wei , Lu Yu-Qiang , Cao Su-Mei , Lin Ai-Hua
Published: October 2021

Introduction

Prospective evidence for herbal diet and nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) development is absent. We therefore evaluated the associations of herbal soup and herbal tea with NPC in a prospective cohort study in southern China.

Methods

Based on an NPC screening cohort established in 2008–2015, information on herbal diet consumption, potential confounding factors, and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) antibody levels were collected from 10,179 individuals aged 30–69 years in Sihui city, southern China. Cox regression models were performed to examine herbal diet with NPC risk, and logistic regression models were used to examine herbal diet with EBV reactivation.

Results

During a median of 7.54 years of follow-up, 69 participants developed NPC. Herbal soup consumption was associated with decreased NPC risk, with HRs of 0.31 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.15–0.62) for the highest intake frequency and 0.29 (95% CI: 0.16–0.51) for a longer duration. However, herbal tea was not significantly associated. Moreover, we identified herbal soup was inversely associated with EBV seropositivity among all the participants at baseline, with the adjusted ORs being 0.78 (95% CI: 0.65–0.93) for immunoglobulin A antibodies against EBV capsid antigens (VCA-IgA) and 0.76 (95% CI: 0.64–0.91) for nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1-IgA) in those with the highest frequency and 0.70 (95% CI: 0.59–0.84) for VCA-IgA and 0.64 (95% CI: 0.54–0.77) for EBNA1-IgA in those with the longer duration. Inverse associations were also observed in non-NPC individuals.

Conclusions

With inhibition of EBV reactivation by plants, herbal soup could significantly decrease the risk of NPC in endemic areas.
Identification of Key Genes Affecting the Tumor Microenvironment and Prognosis of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer
Authors: Yi Jiarong , Zhong Wenjing , Wu Haoming , Feng Jikun , Zouxu Xiazi , Huang Xinjian , Li Siqi , Shuang Zeyu
Published: October 2021

Although the tumor microenvironment (TME) plays an important role in the development of many cancers, its roles in breast cancer, especially triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), are not well studied. This study aimed to identify genes related to the TME and prognosis of TNBC. Firstly, we identified differentially expressed genes (DEG) in the TME of TNBC, using Expression data (ESTIMATE) datasets obtained from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Estimation of Stromal and Immune cells in Malignant Tumor tissues. Next, survival analysis was performed to analyze the relationship between TME and prognosis of TNBC, as well as determine DEGs. Genes showing significant differences were scored as alternative genes. A protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed and functional enrichment analysis conducted using the DEG. Proteins with a degree greater than 5 and 10 in the PPI network correspond with hub genes and key genes, respectively. Finally, CCR2 and CCR5 were identified as key genes in TME and prognosis of TNBC. Finally, these results were verified using Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) datasets and immunohistochemistry of TNBC patients. In conclusion, CCR2 and CCR5 are key genes in the TME and prognosis of TNBC with the potential of prognostic biomarkers in TNBC.
Safety Profile of Oxaliplatin in 3,687 Patients With Cancer in China: A Post-Marketing Surveillance Study
Authors: Yu Zaoqin , Huang Rui , Zhao Li , Wang Ximin , Shangguan Xiaofang , Li Wei , Li Min , Yin Xianguo , Zhang Chengliang , Liu Dong
Published: October 2021

Background

Oxaliplatin (OXA), a third-generation platinum derivative, has become one of the main chemotherapeutic drugs for colorectal cancer and other cancers, but reports of adverse reactions are also increasing with the extensive application of OXA. In this study, post-marketing surveillance was carried out to investigate the safety profile of OXA in a real-world setting in Chinese cancer patients to provide a reference for the rational application of OXA.

Methods

All patients with cancer who received OXA-based chemotherapy in 10 tertiary hospitals in Hubei Province, China, between May 2016 and November 2016 were enrolled. A central registration method was used to document patients’ demographics, clinical use, and any incidence of adverse reactions to OXA. All adverse drug reactions (ADRs) were collected and analyzed to assess causality, severity, treatment, and outcome.

Results

In total, 3687 patients were enrolled in this study. Approximately 64.6% of the patients were male, and 68.8% were aged 50-70 years, with a mean age of 55.3 years. The proportions of patients diagnosed with colorectal and gastric cancers were 59.3% and 31.6%, respectively. In this study, the overall incidence of ADRs and serious ADRs was 42.7% and 1.3%, respectively. The most common ADRs were gastrointestinal disorders (25.7%), blood disorders (21.1%), and peripheral nervous system disorders (8.0%). The serious ADRs identified were hypersensitivity reactions, thrombocytopenia, abnormal hepatic function, and leukopenia/neutropenia. The median onset of gastrointestinal toxicity, myelosuppression, peripheral neurotoxicity, and abnormal hepatic function was 1 d, 5 d, 1 d, and 14 d, respectively. The majority (84.7%) of hypersensitivity reactions were mild to moderate, and the median time to onset of these reactions was within the first 20 min of OXA infusion. Almost 88.0% of patients who experienced ADRs recovered or improved with treatment.

Conclusion

Our data suggest that OXA-induced ADRs are very common in Chinese patients with cancer; however, more attention should be paid to hypersensitivity reactions caused by OXA. This study provides a valuable reference regarding the safe application of OXA in a real-world setting.
LncRNA PPM1A-AS Regulate Tumor Development Through Multiple Signal Pathways in T-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
Authors: Li Guoli , Lei Xinyue , Zhang Yingchi , Liu Zhe , Zhu Kegan
Published: October 2021

ALL (Acute lymphoblastic leukemia) is the most common pediatric malignancy and T-ALL (T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia) comprises about 15% cases. Compared with B-ALL (B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia), the prognosis of T-ALL is poorer, the chemotherapy is easier to fail and the relapse rate is higher. Previous studies mainly focused in Notch1-related long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in T-ALL. Here, we intend to investigate lncRNAs involved in T-ALL covering different subtypes. The lncRNA PPM1A-AS was screened out for its significant up-regulation in 10 T-ALL samples of different subtypes than healthy human thymus extracts. Besides, the PPM1A-AS expression levels in 3 T-ALL cell lines are markedly higher than that in CD45+ T cells of healthy human. We further demonstrate that PPM1A-AS can promote cell proliferation and inhibit cell apoptosis in vitro and can influence T-ALL growth in vivo. Finally, we verified that PPM1A-AS can regulate core proteins, Notch4, STAT3 and Akt, of 3 important signaling pathways related to T-ALL. These results confirm that lncRNA PPM1A-AS can act as an oncogene in T-ALL and maybe a potential clinical target of patients resistant to current chemotherapy or relapsed cases.
Neurodevelopmental Outcomes of Young Children Born to HIV-Infected Mothers: A Pilot Study
Authors: McHenry Megan S. , Oyungu Eren , Yang Ziyi , Ombitsa Ananda R. , Cherop Cleophas , Vreeman Rachel C.
Published: October 2021

Introduction: Over 15 million children who were exposed to HIV perinatally but uninfected (HEU) are alive globally, and they are faced with multiple risk factors for poor neurodevelopment. While children who are HIV-infected (HIV+) appear to have worse neurodevelopmental scores compared to children unexposed and uninfected with HIV (HUU), the evidence is mixed in children who are HEU. This small descriptive pilot study aimed to compare neurodevelopmental scores of children who are HIV+, HEU, and HUU in Kenya.

Methods: This cross-sectional pilot study included children ages 18–36 months who were HIV+, HEU, or HUU. Neurodevelopment was assessed, along with sociodemographic, lab, and growth data. Statistical analysis included descriptive statistics, one-way ANOVA, chi-squared, and adjusted linear regression models.

Results: One hundred seventy two were included (n = 24 HIV+; n = 74 HEU; n = 74 HUU). Mothers of children who were HEU experienced more depressive symptoms (p < 0.001). The only neurodevelopmental differences were found among groups was that children who were HIV+ had higher receptive language scores (p = 0.007). Lower height-for-age z-scores and being left home alone were associated with worse neurodevelopmental scores.

Conclusions: Being stunted, left completely alone for at least an hour within the last week, and having higher sociodemographic status were associated with worse neurodevelopmental scores. The higher levels of depressive symptoms within mothers of children who are HEU warrants further investigation.
Saikosaponin D Attenuates Pancreatic Injury Through Suppressing the Apoptosis of Acinar Cell via Modulation of the MAPK Signaling Pathway
Authors: Li Caixia , Cui Lihua , Zhang Lanqiu , Yang Lei , Zhuo Yuzhen , Cui Jialin , Cui Naiqiang , Zhang Shukun
Published: October 2021

Chronic pancreatitis (CP) is a progressive fibro-inflammatory syndrome. The damage of acinar cells is the main cause of inflammation and the activation of pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs), which can thereby possibly further aggravate the apoptosis of more acinar cells. Saikosaponind (SSd), a major active ingredient derived from Chinese medicinal herb bupleurum falcatum, which exerted multiple pharmacological effects. However, it is not clear whether SSd protects pancreatic injury of CP via regulating the apoptosis of pancreatic acinar cells. This study systematically investigated the effect of SSd on pancreatic injury of CP in vivo and in vitro. The results revealed that SSd attenuate pancreatic damage, decrease the apoptosis and suppress the phosphorylation level of MAPK family proteins (JNK1/2, ERK1/2, and p38 MAPK) significantly in the pancreas of CP rats. In addition, SSd markedly reduced the apoptosis and inflammation of pancreatic acinar AR42J cells induced by cerulein, a drug induced CP, or Conditioned Medium from PSCs (PSCs-CM) or the combination of PSCs-CM and cerulein. Moreover, SSd significantly inhibited the activated phosphorylation of JNK1/2, ERK1/2, and p38 MAPK induced by cerulein or the combination of PSCs-CM and cerulein in AR42J cells. Furthermore, SSd treatment markedly decreased the protein levels of p-JNK and p-p38 MAPK caused by PSCs-CM alone. In conclusion, SSd ameliorated pancreatic injury, suppressed AR42J inflammation and apoptosis induced by cerulein, interrupted the effect of PSCs-CM on AR42J cells inflammation and apoptosis, possibly through MAPK pathway.
Microgels and Nanogels at Interfaces and Emulsions: Identifying Opportunities From a Bibliometric Analysis
Authors: Fernandez-Rodriguez Miguel Angel , Alvarez Laura
Published: October 2021

In this work, we used Bibliometrix and Biblioshiny to perform a bibliometric qualitative and quantitative analysis on the main topic “microgels and nanogels”, and the sub-topic “microgels and nanogels at interfaces and emulsions”. Word-counting of the titles of the publications enabled a descriptive analysis of thematic trends. A more complex conceptual analysis used the co-occurrence of words in titles, clustered into research themes with links to other themes. A thematic map allowed to characterize the centrality and density of the themes within the topic. A similar clustering of co-authorship enabled the mapping of the collaborations. We identified in this way research opportunities theme- and collaboration-wise, such as the opportunity to bring more fundamental studies into biomedical applications and into Pickering emulsions stabilized with microgels.
Progressive Protrusive Tongue Exercise Does Not Alter Aging Effects in Retrusive Tongue Muscles
Authors: Glass Tiffany J. , Figueroa Joanie E. , Russell John A. , Krekeler Brittany N. , Connor Nadine P.
Published: October 2021

Purpose: Exercise-based treatment approaches for dysphagia may improve swallow function in part by inducing adaptive changes to muscles involved in swallowing and deglutition. We have previously shown that both aging and progressive resistance tongue exercise, in a rat model, can induce biological changes in the genioglossus (GG); a muscle that elevates and protrudes the tongue. However, the impacts of progressive resistance tongue exercise on the retrusive muscles (styloglossus, SG; hyoglossus, HG) of the tongue are unknown. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of a progressive resistance tongue exercise regimen on the retrusive tongue musculature in the context of aging. Given that aging alters retrusive tongue muscles to more slowly contracting fiber types, we hypothesized that these biological changes may be mitigated by tongue exercise.

Methods: Hyoglossus (HG) and styloglossus (SG) muscles of male Fischer 344/Brown Norway rats were assayed in age groups of young (9 months old, n = 24), middle-aged (24 months old, n = 23), and old (32 months old, n = 26), after receiving an 8-week period of either progressive resistance protrusive tongue exercise, or sham exercise conditions. Following exercise, HG and SG tongue muscle contractile properties were assessed in vivo. HG and SG muscles were then isolated and assayed to determine myosin heavy chain isoform (MyHC) composition.

Results: Both retrusive tongue muscle contractile properties and MyHC profiles of the HG and SG muscles were significantly impacted by age, but were not significantly impacted by tongue exercise. Old rats had significantly longer retrusive tongue contraction times and longer decay times than young rats. Additionally, HG and SG muscles showed significant MyHC profile changes with age, in that old groups had slower MyHC profiles as compared to young groups. However, the exercise condition did not induce significant effects in any of the biological outcome measures.

Conclusion: In a rat model of protrusive tongue exercise, aging induced significant changes in retrusive tongue muscles, and these age-induced changes were unaffected by the tongue exercise regimen. Collectively, results are compatible with the interpretation that protrusive tongue exercise does not induce changes to retrusive tongue muscle function.
Characterization, and Functional Analysis of Hsp70 and Hsp90 Gene Families in Glyphodes pyloalis Walker (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)
Authors: Ding Jian-hao , Zheng Lu-xin , Chu Jie , Liang Xin-hao , Wang Jun , Gao Xiao-wen , Wu Fu-an , Sheng Sheng
Published: October 2021

Glyphodes pyloalis Walker (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) is a destructive mulberry pest, causing great damage to mulberry in China. Heat shock proteins (Hsps) are involved in various signal pathways and regulate lots of physiological processes in insects. The function of Hsps in G. pyloalis, however, has still received less attention. Here, we identified five Hsp genes from G. pyloalis transcriptome dataset including two Hsp70 family genes (GpHsp71.3 and GpHsp74.9) and three Hsp90 family genes (GpHsp82.4, GpHsp89, and GpHsp93.4). Quantitative Real-time PCR validation revealed that all Hsps of G. pyloalis have significant expression in pupal and diapause stage, at which the larvae arrest the development. Expressions of GpHsp71.3 and GpHsp82.4 were increased significantly after thermal treatment at 40°C, and this upregulation depended on heat treatment duration. Furthermore, silencing GpHsp82.4 by RNA interference led to a significant increase in mortality of G. pyloalis larvae under the heat stress compared to the control group. After starvation stress, the expression levels of GpHsp82.4 and GpHsp93.4 were significantly increased. At last, after being parasitized by the parasitoid wasp Aulacocentrum confusum, Hsp70 and Hsp90 genes of G. pyloalis were decreased significantly in the early stage of parasitization and this moderation was affected by time post-parasitization. This study highlights the function of G. pyloalis Hsps in response to environmental stress and provides a perspective for the control of this pest.
Analysis of Phenotypic Characteristics and Sucrose Metabolism in the Roots of Raphanus sativus L.
Authors: Kang Ji-Nam , Kim Jung Sun , Lee Si Myung , Won So Youn , Seo Mi-Suk , Kwon Soo-Jin
Published: October 2021

The taproot of radish (Raphanus sativus L.) is an important sink organ; it is morphologically diverse and contains large amounts of secondary metabolites. Sucrose metabolism is believed to be important in the development of sink organs. We measured the amounts of glucose, fructose, and sucrose in the roots of sixty three radish accessions and analyzed the association between the sugar content and the root phenotype. Fructose content correlated with the root color and length characteristics, glucose was the most abundant sugar in the roots, and the sucrose content was very low, compared to that of the hexoses in most of the accessions. Expression analysis of the genes involved in sucrose metabolism, transportation, starch synthesis, and cell wall synthesis was performed through RNA sequencing. The genes encoding sucrose synthases (SUSY) and the enzymes involved in the synthesis of cellulose were highly expressed, indicating that SUSY is involved in cell wall synthesis in radish roots. The positive correlation coefficient (R) between the sucrose content and the expression of cell wall invertase and sugar transporter proteins suggest that hexose accumulation could occur through the apoplastic pathway in radish roots. A positive R score was also obtained when comparing the expression of genes encoding SUSY and fructokinase (FK), suggesting that the fructose produced by SUSY is mostly phosphorylated by FK. In addition, we concluded that sucrose was the most metabolized sugar in radish roots.
Light and Temperature Shape the Phenylpropanoid Profile of Azolla filiculoides Fronds
Authors: Costarelli Alma , Cannavò Sara , Cerri Martina , Pellegrino Roberto Maria , Reale Lara , Paolocci Francesco , Pasqualini Stefania
Published: October 2021

Azolla is a genus of floating freshwater ferns. By their high growth and N2 fixation rates, Azolla species have been exploited for centuries by populations of South-east Asia as biofertilizers in rice paddies. The use of Azolla species as a sustainable plant material for diverse applications, such as feeding, biofuel production, and bioremediation, has encountered a growing interest over the last few years. However, high levels of feed deterrent flavonoids in their fronds have discouraged the use of these ferns as a sustainable protein source for animal consumption. Additionally, information on how and to what extent environmental determinants affect the accumulation of secondary metabolites in these organisms remains poorly understood. Moving from these considerations, here, we investigated by an untargeted metabolomics approach the profiles of phenylpropanoid compounds in the fronds of Azolla filiculoides sampled under control and pigment-inducing stress conditions. In parallel, we assayed the expression of essential structural genes of the phenylpropanoid pathway by quantitative RT-PCR. This study provides novel information concerning A. filiculoides phenylpropanoid compounds and their temporal profiling in response to environmental stimuli. In particular, we show that besides the already known 3-deoxyanthocyanidins, anthocyanidins, and proanthocyanidins, this fern can accumulate additional secondary metabolites of outstanding importance, such as chemoattractants, defense compounds, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavengers, and crucial as dietary components for humans, such as dihydrochalcones, stilbenes, isoflavones, and phlobaphenes. The findings of this study open an opportunity for future research studies to unveil the interplay between genetic and environmental determinants underlying the elicitation of the secondary metabolites in ferns and exploit these organisms as sustainable sources of beneficial metabolites for human health.
Democratic Citizenship-in-the-Making: Dis/Engagement Profiles of Portuguese Youth
Authors: Malafaia Carla , Ferreira Pedro D. , Menezes Isabel
Published: October 2021

Coming to terms with the multidimensionsionality of civic and political engagement implies analyzing it in a comprehensive manner: not limited to conventional modes of expression, nor to dichotomic perspectives or observable acts of participation. Studies in this field tend to overlook cognitive and emotional dimensions as types of engagement which, alongside with behavior, constitute citizenship. In this article, we analyze data from the Portuguese sample of the CATCH-EyoU Project’s survey (1,007 young people aged between 14 and 30 years old). The main result is the identification of four distinct profiles according to behavioral, emotional and cognitive forms of engagement: Alienated, Passive, Disengaged and Engaged. These profiles are then examined to assess whether and how they differ in terms of: i) national and European identification, ii) relationships with alternative and traditional media, iii) democratic support, and iv) attitudes towards immigrants and refugees. The relationship between the different profiles and individual socio-demographic variables is also examined. We discuss how different dis/engagement profiles relate with socio-political dimensions and have different consequences both in terms of the political integration of young people and of the political challenges faced by democratic societies.
How Presenteeism Shaped Teacher Burnout in Cyberbullying Among Students During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Ferreira Paula da Costa , Barros Alexandra , Pereira Nádia , Marques Pinto Alexandra , Veiga Simão Ana Margarida
Published: October 2021

The pandemic caused by SARS-CoV2 has had an impact on the education sector, and its stakeholders, such as teachers who had to do remote work from their home, despite many constraints. These professionals tried to perform their teaching functions, despite having to deal with adverse situations, such as cyberbullying among their students, as well as their difficulties related to presenteeism and burnout. In this context, this study aimed to understand whether observing cyberbullying among students can be associated with teachers’ productivity loss due to presenteeism and burnout. This study also proposed to examine the role of productivity loss due to presenteeism in the relationship between observing cyberbullying situations among students and teacher burnout. A random sample of 1,044 (Mage=51.05,SD=7.35; 76.6% female) middle school and high school teachers answered an inventory about their experience working at home during the COVID-19 pandemic, specifically with regards to cyberbullying incidents they observed among their students, their productivity loss due to presenteeism, and their burnout levels. Results from structural equation modeling revealed that observing students engaging in cyberbullying situations was positively associated with productivity loss due to presenteeism and teacher burnout. Also, teacher’s productivity loss due to presenteeism mediated the relationship between observing cyberbullying incidents among their students and their burnout levels. Specifically, the effect of productivity loss due to presenteeism explained the effect of observing cyberbullying incidents on teachers’ burnout levels. These results are innovative and shed light on the importance of teacher wellbeing at their job in the midst of a pandemic, namely, when they observe their students engaging in hostile situations, which may lead them to greater levels of burnout.
Sexual Orientation Identity Development Milestones Among Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Queer People: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Hall William J. , Dawes Hayden C. , Plocek Nina
Published: October 2021

This paper is a systematic review and meta-analysis on sexual orientation identity development milestones among people who are lesbian, gay, bisexual, or another sexual minority identity (LGB+). Common milestones measured in the 30 studies reviewed were becoming aware of queer attractions, questioning one’s sexual orientation, self-identifying as LGB+, coming out to others, engaging in sexual activity, and initiating a romantic relationship. Milestones occurred in different sequences, although attraction was almost always first, often followed by self-identification and/or sexual activity; coming out and initiating a romantic relationship often followed these milestones. Meta-analysis results showed that the mean effect sizes and 95% confidence intervals varied by milestone: attraction [Mage=12.7 (10.1, 15.3)], questioning one’s orientation [Mage=13.2 [12.8, 13.6]), self-identifying [Mage=17.8 (11.6, 24.0)], sexual activity [Mage=18.1 (17.6, 18.6)], coming out [Mage=19.6 (17.2, 22.0)], and romantic relationship [Mage=20.9 (13.2, 28.6)]. Nonetheless, results also showed substantial heterogeneity in the mean effect sizes. Additional meta-analyses showed that milestone timing varied by sex, sexual orientation, race/ethnicity, and birth cohort. Although patterns were found in LGB+ identity development, there was considerable diversity in milestone trajectories.
Proposing a Core Outcome Set for Physical Activity and Exercise Interventions in People With Rare Neurological Conditions
Authors: Ramdharry Gita , Buscemi Valentina , Boaz Annette , Dawes Helen , Jaki Thomas , Jones Fiona , Marsden Jonathan , Paul Lorna , Playle Rebecca , Randell Elizabeth , Robling Michael , Rochester Lynn , Busse Monica
Published: October 2021

Rare neurological conditions (RNCs) encompass a variety of diseases that differ in progression and symptoms but typically include muscle weakness, sensory and balance impairment and difficulty with coordinating voluntary movement. This can limit overall physical activity, so interventions to address this are recommended. The aim of this study was to agree a core outcome measurement set for physical activity interventions in people living with RNCs. We followed established guidelines to develop core outcome sets. Broad ranging discussions in a series of stakeholder workshops led to the consensus that (1) physical well-being; (2) psychological well-being and (3) participation in day-to-day activities should be evaluated in interventions. Recommendations were further informed by a scoping review of physical activity interventions for people living with RNCs. Nearly 200 outcome measures were identified from the review with a specific focus on activities or functions (e.g, on lower limb function, ability to perform daily tasks) but limited consideration of participation based outcomes (e.g., social interaction, work and leisure). Follow on searches identified two instruments that matched the priority areas: the Oxford Participation and Activities Questionnaire and the Sources of Self-Efficacy for Physical Activity. We propose these scales as measures to assess outcomes that are particularly relevant to assess when evaluating physical activity interventions mong people with RNCs. Validation work across rare neurological conditions is now required to inform application of this core outcome set in future clinical trials to facilitate syntheses of results and meta-analyses.
An Innovative Calcium Looping Process as Energy Storage System Integrated With a Solar-Powered Supercritical CO2 Brayton Cycle
Authors: Cannone Salvatore F. , Lanzini Andrea , Stendardo Stefano
Published: October 2021

Coupling solar thermal energy with the hybrid TC/CG-ES (thermochemical/compressed gas energy storage) is a breakthrough option used to overcome the main challenge of solar energy, i.e., intermittent resource and low density. This paper proposes an innovative storage system that improves the competitiveness of solar thermal energy technologies compared to conventional fossil-based power plants, potentially leading to deep decarbonization of the energy and industrial sectors. This study uses thermochemical energy storage based on the calcium looping (CaL) process and takes advantage of a number of factors: high energy density (2 GJ/m3), absence of heat loss (seasonal storage), high operation temperature (high efficiency of the power plant), and use of cheap and environmentally friendly reactant feedstock (CaO/CaCO3). This work deals with the integration of the solar CaL storage system with an unconventional supercritical CO2 (s-CO2) Brayton cycle. We analyze different s-CO2 Brayton cycle layouts suitable for direct integration with the storage system. Energy integration via pinch analysis methodology is applied to the whole system to optimize the internal heat recovery and increase the efficiency of the system. A parametric study highlights how the integration of solar CaL with an intercooling Brayton cycle shows better results than the combination with the Rankine cycle that we investigated previously, resulting in net and global system efficiencies equal to 39.5 and 51.5%. Instead, the new calculated net and global system efficiencies are 44.4 and 57.0%, respectively, for TC-CG-ES coupled with the Brayton power cycle.
Insight on Current Advances in Food Science and Technology for Feeding the World Population
Authors: Valoppi Fabio , Agustin Melissa , Abik Felix , Morais de Carvalho Danila , Sithole Jaison , Bhattarai Mamata , Varis Jutta J. , Arzami Anis N. A. B. , Pulkkinen Elli , Mikkonen Kirsi S.
Published: October 2021

While the world population is steadily increasing, the capacity of Earth to renew its resources is continuously declining. Consequently, the bioresources required for food production are diminishing and new approaches are needed to feed the current and future global population. In the last decades, scientists have developed novel strategies to reduce food loss and waste, improve food production, and find new ingredients, design and build new food structures, and introduce digitalization in the food system. In this work, we provide a general overview on circular economy, alternative technologies for food production such as cellular agriculture, and new sources of ingredients like microalgae, insects, and wood-derived fibers. We present a summary of the whole process of food design using creative problem-solving that fosters food innovation, and digitalization in the food sector such as artificial intelligence, augmented and virtual reality, and blockchain technology. Finally, we briefly discuss the effect of COVID-19 on the food system. This review has been written for a broad audience, covering a wide spectrum and giving insights on the most recent advances in the food science and technology area, presenting examples from both academic and industrial sides, in terms of concepts, technologies, and tools which will possibly help the world to achieve food security in the next 30 years.
A Comprehensive Proteome and Acetyl-Proteome Atlas Reveals Molecular Mechanisms Adapting to the Physiological Changes From Pre-laying to Peak-Laying Stage in Liver of Hens (Gallus gallus)
Authors: Wang Zhang , Wang Dandan , Jiang Keren , Guo Yulong , Li Zhuanjian , Jiang Ruirui , Han Ruili , Li Guoxi , Tian Yadong , Li Hong , Kang Xiangtao , Liu Xiaojun
Published: October 2021

Along with sexual maturity, the liver undergoes numerous metabolic processes to adapt the physiological changes associated with egg-laying in hens. However, mechanisms regulating the processes were unclear. In this study, comparative hepatic proteome and acetyl-proteome between pre- and peak-laying hens were performed. The results showed that the upregulated proteins were mainly related to lipid and protein biosynthesis, while the downregulated proteins were mainly involved in pyruvate metabolism and were capable of inhibiting gluconeogenesis and lactate synthesis in peak-laying hens compared with that in pre-laying hens. With unchanged expression level, the significant acetylated proteins were largely functioned on activation of polyunsaturated fatty acid oxidation in peroxisome, while the significant deacetylated proteins were principally used to elevate medium and short fatty acid oxidation in mitochondria and oxidative phosphorylation. Most of the proteins which involved in gluconeogenesis, lipid transport, and detoxification were influenced by both protein expression and acetylation. Taken overall, a novel mechanism wherein an alternate source of acetyl coenzyme A was produced by activation of FA oxidation and pyruvate metabolism to meet the increased energy demand and lipid synthesis in liver of laying hens was uncovered. This study provides new insights into molecular mechanism of adaptation to physiological changes in liver of laying hens.
Three-Dimensional Segmentation and in silico Comparison of Equine Deep Digital Flexor Tendon Pathology in Horses Undergoing Repeated MRI Examination
Authors: Trolinger-Meadows Kimberly D. , Biedrzycki Adam H. , He Hongjia , Werpy Natasha
Published: October 2021

The use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has led to increased clinical and research applications using 3D segmentation and reconstructed volumetric data in musculoskeletal imaging. Lesions of the deep digital flexor tendon (DDFT) are a common pathology in horses undergoing MRI. Three-dimensional MRI reconstruction performed for volumetric tendon analysis in horses has not previously been documented. The aim of this proof-of-concept study was to evaluate the 3D segmentation of horses undergoing repeated MRI at several time points and to perform an analysis of the segmented DDFTs across time. MRI DICOM files were acquired from six horses undergoing repeated MRI examination of the foot for DDFT injury. Once segmented, volumetric tendon surface tessellation language (STL) files were created. Thickness and volumetric data were acquired for each tendon in addition to a tendon comparison across timepoints within each horse. Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated for comparison of MRI reports to computer analysis. There was a significant and positive correlation between MRI and medial record reports of clinical improvement or deterioration and computer analysis (r = 0.56, p = 0.01). The lower end range limit for tendon thickness varied between 0.16 and 1.74 mm. The upper end range limit for DDFT thickness varied between 4.6 and 23.6 mm. During tendon part comparison, changes in DDFT were reported between −3.0 and + 14.3 mm. Changes in DDFT size were non-uniform and demonstrated fluctuations throughout the tendon. The study was successful in establishing the volumetric appearance and thickness of the DDFT as it courses in the foot and tracking this over time. We encountered difficulties in accurate segmentation of the distal insertion of the DDFT as it blends with the distal phalanx. The data demonstrated that the DDFT can be segmented and volumetric studies based on size and shape can be performed using an in silico approach.