bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Political Cycles and Organizational Life Cycles: Delegation to Anticorruption Agencies in Central Europe
Authors: BATORY AGNES
Published: July 2012

A large number of “independent” anticorruption agencies (ACAs) sprung up around the world in past decades. Yet little comparative work has been done to explain the diversity of their organizational forms or development trajectories. Using insights from regulatory theory and the regulation of government literature, this article argues that the formal powers and independence ACAs are granted crucially depend on whether external and/or domestic impetuses for setting them up can counterbalance governments' incentives for no action, or only symbolic action. The ACAs' initial mandate influences but does not determine how they fare in later life: Support or obstruction from ruling governments, their own ability to use strategic resources, and leadership shape the extent to which the agencies are able to carry out their tasks in practice. These arguments are examined through comparison of three ACAs in the European Union's “new” member states—Latvia, Poland, and Slovenia.
Does the STAF score help detect paroxysmal atrial fibrillation in acute stroke patients?
Authors: Horstmann S. , Rizos T. , Güntner J. , Hug A. , Jenetzky E. , Krumsdorf U. , Veltkamp R.
Published: July 2012

Background and purpose

Detecting paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (pAF) soon after acute cerebral ischaemia has a major impact on secondary stroke prevention. Recently, the STAF score, a composite of clinical and instrumental findings, was introduced to identify stroke patients at risk of pAF. We aimed to validate this score in an independent study population.

Methods

Consecutive patients admitted to our stroke unit with acute ischaemic stroke were prospectively enrolled. The diagnostic work‐up included neuroimaging, neuroultrasound, baseline 12‐channel electrocardiogram (ECG), 24‐h Holter ECG, continuous ECG monitoring, and echocardiography. Presence of AF was documented according to the medical history of each patient and after review of 12‐lead ECG, 24‐h Holter ECG, or continuous ECG monitoring performed during the stay on the ward. Additionally, a telephone follow‐up visit was conducted for each patient after 3 months to inquire about newly diagnosed AF. Items for each patient–age, baseline NIHSS, left atrial dilatation, and stroke etiology according to the TOAST criteria – were assessed to calculate the STAF score.

Results

Overall, 584 patients were enrolled in our analysis. AF was documented in 183 (31.3%) patients. In multivariable analysis, age, NIHSS, left atrial dilatation, and absence of vascular etiology were independent predictors for AF. The logistic AF‐prediction model of the STAF score revealed fair classification accuracy in receiver operating characteristic curve analysis with an area under the curve of 0.84. STAF scores of ≥5 had a sensitivity of 79% and a specificity of 74% for predicting AF.

Conclusion

The value of the STAF score for predicting the risk of pAF in stroke patients is limited.
A neurophysiological marker of impaired preparation in an 11‐year follow‐up study of attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
Authors: Doehnert Mirko , Brandeis Daniel , Schneider Gudrun , Drechsler Renate , Steinhausen Hans‐Christoph
Published: July 2012

Background:  This longitudinal electrophysiological study investigated the course of multiple impaired cognitive brain functions in attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) from childhood to adulthood by comparing developmental trajectories of individuals with ADHD and typically developing controls.

Methods:  Subjects with ADHD (N = 11) and normal controls (N = 12) diagnosed in childhood [mean age ADHD/CTRL = 10.9 years [SD 1.72]/10.0 years (SD 1.03)] were followed up after 1.1 and 2.4 years, and as young adults [ADHD/CTRL: 21.9 years (SD 1.46)/21.1 years (SD 1.29)].

At all four times, event‐related potential (ERP) maps were recorded during a cued continuous performance test (CPT). We focused on residual deficits as adults, and on developmental trajectories (time and time × group effects) for CPT performance and attentional (Cue P300), preparatory (CNV: contingent negative variation) and inhibitory (NoGo P300) ERP components.

Results:  All ERP components developed without significant time × group interactions. Only the CNV remained reduced in the ADHD group, although 8/11 individuals no longer met a full ADHD diagnosis as adults. Cue P300 and NoGo P300 group differences became nonsignificant in early adulthood. The CNV parameters correlated with reaction time (RT) and RT‐SD. Perceptual sensitivity improved and the groups’ trajectories converged with development, while RT‐SD continued to be elevated in adult ADHD subjects.

Conclusions:  Attentional and preparatory deficits in ADHD continue into adulthood, and the attenuated CNV appears to reflect a particularly stable ADHD marker. Although some deficit reductions may have gone undetected due to small sample size, the findings challenge those developmental lag models postulating that most ADHD‐related deficits become negligible with brain maturation.
An urgency about bladder dysfunction in cerebral palsy
Authors: VARGUS‐ADAMS JILDA N
Published: July 2012

This commentary is on the original article by Murphy et al. on pages 945‐950 of this issue.
Life Cycle Sustainability Dashboard
Authors: Traverso Marzia , Finkbeiner Matthias , Jørgensen Andreas , Schneider Laura
Published: July 2012

One method to assess the sustainability performance of products is life cycle sustainability assessment (LCSA), which assesses product performance considering the environmental, economic, and social dimensions of the life cycle. The results of LCSA can be used to compare different products or to support decision making toward sustainable production and consumption. In both cases, LCSA results could be too disaggregated and consequently too difficult to understand and interpret by decision makers. As non‐experts are usually the target audience of experts and scientists, and are also involved in decision‐making processes, the necessity for a straightforward but comprehensive presentation of LCSA results is becoming strategically important.

The implementation of the dashboard of sustainability proposed in this article offers a possible solution. An outstanding characteristic of the dashboard of sustainability is the communicability of the results by means of a graphical representation (a cartogram), characterized by a suitable chromatic scale and ranking score.

The integration of LCSA and the dashboard of sustainability into a so‐called Life Cycle Sustainability Dashboard (LCSD) is described here. The first application of LCSD to a group of hard floor coverings is presented to show the applicability and limitations of the methodology.
Predictors of 1‐Year Change in Patient Activation in Older Adults with Diabetes Mellitus and Heart Disease
Authors: Chubak Jessica , Anderson Melissa L. , Saunders Kathleen W. , Hubbard Rebecca A. , Tuzzio Leah , Liss David T. , Morales Leo S. , Reid Robert J.
Published: July 2012

Objectives

To identify patterns and predictors of 1‐year change in patient activation in chronically ill older adults.

Design

Prospective cohort study.

Setting

Integrated healthcare delivery system.

Participants

Members of an integrated delivery system from 2007 to 2009 in western Washington state aged 65 and older with diabetes mellitus or heart disease; participants responded to baseline and 1‐year follow‐up mailed surveys about their health and health care (N = 2,341).

Measurements

Patient activation was measured using the 13‐item Patient Activation Measure (PAM) at baseline and follow‐up. Automated diagnoses and procedure data were extracted from databases. Multinomial logistic regression, stratified according to baseline activation stage, was used to estimate the odds ratios for increasing or decreasing activation stage associated with participant characteristics and serious adverse health events.

Results

Fifty‐two percent of participants changed activation stage between baseline and follow‐up. Of people who changed stage, 54% increased, and 46% decreased. Older age and worse baseline self‐reported health were independent predictors of activation change in multivariate models. Changes in health status or serious adverse health events such as the occurrence of hospitalizations, new major diagnoses, or procedures were not related to changes in activation in this age group.

Conclusion

Patient activation, as measured using the PAM, changes over time in elderly adults with chronic diseases. Clinicians and researchers who use the PAM for patient care or as an outcome measure in research studies should be aware of its fluctuation over time in chronically ill older persons.
The Relationship of Smoking Status to Alcohol Use, Problems, and Health Behaviors in College Freshmen
Authors: Haas Amie L. , Smith Shelby K.
Published: July 2012

Differences in drinking, consequences, and perceptions were examined between alcohol‐using college students by smoking status (current, past, and lifetime nonsmoker). Entering freshmen (N = 558: 45% male, 72% Caucasian, age M = 18) completed a questionnaire assessing smoking, drinking and current health perceptions. Results indicated current smokers drank more frequently, were more likely to drink to intoxication, and had more physiological consequences (e.g., blackouts, coordination problems) than past or lifetime nonsmokers, but past smokers also reported riskier drinking than lifetime nonsmokers. Despite a higher prevalence of alcohol‐related health problems in both current and past smokers, no current health differences were found. Results replicate findings that current smokers are at increased risk for problematic drinking and identify past smokers as another risk group.
Lookback procedures after postdonation notifications during a Q fever outbreak in the Netherlands
Authors: van Kraaij Marian G.J. , Slot Ed , Hogema Boris M. , Zaaijer Hans L.
Published: July 2012

BACKGROUND: Since 2007, large outbreaks of Q fever occurred in the Netherlands. The unprecedented number of Q fever infections resulted in the need for the Dutch blood transfusion service to evaluate the risk of transmission of Coxiella burnetii via blood.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: A lookback procedure (recipient tracing) was performed for transfused blood products of whole blood donors with confirmed C. burnetii infection within 3 weeks before to 3 weeks after blood donation. Repository samples of index donations were tested with real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for C. burnetii DNA. Hospitals were asked to review the medical records of recipients and—if considered necessary—to test the recipients for infection with C. burnetii.

RESULTS: From 2007 through 2011, a total of 33 blood donors notified the blood bank of infection with C. burnetii. Thirteen donations fulfilled the criteria for a lookback procedure (18 blood products). C. burnetii PCR was positive in 1 of 13 repository samples of index donations. Blood products were transfused to 18 recipients. Information was retrieved from 12 of them; seven were tested for C. burnetii. Two recipients showed positive serology. However, transmission of C. burnetii via transfusion was unlikely, especially since most recipients lived in the same Q fever–affected area as the donors.

CONCLUSION: Blood donors who have clinical Q fever around the time of blood donation are unlikely to test positive for C. burnetii by PCR in repository samples. Transmission of C. burnetii via transfusion of blood products could not be demonstrated in a lookback exercise.
A Randomized‐Controlled Pilot Study Comparing ICD Implantation with and Without Intraoperative Defibrillation Testing in Patients with Heart Failure and Severe Left Ventricular Dysfunction: A Substudy of the RAFT Trial
Authors: HEALEY JEFF S. , GULA LORNE J. , BIRNIE DAVID H. , STERNS LAWRENCE , CONNOLLY STUART J. , SAPP JOHN , CRYSTAL EUGENE , SIMPSON CHRIS , EXNER DEREK V. , KUS TERESA , PHILIPPON FRANCOIS , WELLS GEORGE , TANG ANTHONY SL.
Published: July 2012

Comparing ICD Implantation with and Without Intraoperative Defibrillation Testing.

Introduction:
The need to perform defibrillation testing (DT) at the time of implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) insertion is controversial. In the absence of randomized trials, some regions now perform more than half of ICD implants without DT.

Methods:
During the last year of enrolment in the Resynchronization for Ambulatory Heart Failure Trial, a substudy randomized patients to ICD implantation with versus without DT.

Results:
Among 252 patients screened, 145 were enrolled; 75 randomized to DT and 70 to no DT. Patients were similar in terms of age (65.9 ± 9.3 years vs 67.9 ± 8.9 years); LVEF (24.7 ± 4.6% vs 23.6 ± 4.6%), QRS width (154.8 ± 23.5 vs 155.8 ± 23.6 ms), and history of atrial fibrillation (5% vs 6%). All 68 patients in the DT arm tested according to the protocol achieved a successful DT (≤25 J); 96% without requiring any system modification. No patient experienced perioperative stroke, myocardial infarction, heart failure (HF), intubation or unplanned ICU stay. The length of hospital stay was not prolonged in the DT group: 20.2 ± 26.3 hours versus 21.3 ± 23.0 hours, P = 0.79. One patient in the DT arm had a failed appropriate shock and no patient suffered an arrhythmic death. The composite of HF hospitalization or all‐cause mortality occurred in 10% of patients in the no‐DT arm and 19% of patients in the DT arm (HR = 0.53, 95% CI: 0.21–1.31, P = 0.14).

Conclusions:
In this randomized trial, perioperative complications, failed appropriate shocks, and arrhythmic death were all uncommon regardless of DT. There was a nonsignificant increase in the risk of death or HF hospitalization with DT. (J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, Vol. 23, pp. 1313‐1316, December 2012)
Sterile Brain Abscess due to Juvenile Xanthogranuloma:DWI Characteristics
Authors: Kwak Ellie S. , Marrero Daniel E. , Pfannl Rolf , Erbay Sami H.
Published: July 2012

Juvenile xanthogranuloma (JXG) is a disorder of non‐Langerhans cell histiocytosis that usually displays as a self‐limiting course in children. Rare systemic involvement implies poor prognosis. Although conventional and spectroscopic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings of JXG in CNS have been described, diffusion imaging of intracranial JXG has not been reported. Our case report is the first manuscript to describe diffusion restriction of a cerebral lesion seen in the setting of JXG. Since diffusion restriction has not been described in the setting of JXG but it is more commonly associated with infectious cerebral abscess, this finding has had significant impact in the management. Central nervous system (CNS) lesion of our patient has also had additional imaging features similar to typical infectious cerebral abscess. Extensive work‐up has been unrevealing any infectious source. Patient has had biopsy proven peripheral sterile abscesses. After extensive discussion with the family, brain biopsy is deferred. Intravenous steroid therapy is initiated in intensive care setting. All of the lesions have gradually responded to steroid therapy. CNS lesion has taken the longest time to clear.
Identification of Protected Avian Species Using a Single Feather Barb*,†
Authors: Boonseub Sansook , Johnston Greg , Linacre Adrian
Published: July 2012

Abstract:  We report on the unambiguous identification of protected avian species from as little as one barb of a feather. Many avian species are protected by international agreements and national legislation, yet they are traded illegally because of their high value. Two sections of the avian mitochondrial genome were chosen to identify bird species, being a 561‐bp section of ND2 gene and a 921‐bp section of the ND5 gene. Two different DNA extraction methods were compared for their ability to reliably isolate sufficient DNA to be detected in a subsequent PCR. Using a commercial kit supplied by QIAGEN, a complete sequence was obtained from one barb for the ND2 gene, whereas two barbs were required to reliably sequence the 921‐bp section of the ND5 gene. The process worked on all species tested using feathers from archival museum specimens, resulted in minimal damage to the specimen and can readily be adopted by a forensic science laboratory.
High expression of EphA1 in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma is associated with lymph node metastasis and advanced disease
Authors: Wang Jiandong , Ma Jie , Dong Yingchun , Shen Zhen , Ma Henghui , Wang Xuan , Shi Shanshan , Wu Jinrong , Lu Guangming , Peng Libo , Zhoud Xiaojun
Published: July 2012

Eph receptors play important roles in the development of cancer. The present study aimed to investigate the expression of EphA1 and its clinicopathologic significance in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). The expression levels of the EphA1 transcript and protein were compared between ESCC and matched normal mucosa in the same patient. High expression levels of the EphA1 transcript and protein were detected in 25.6% (21/82) and 23.2% (19/82) of tumors compared with matched normal mucosa. The up‐regulation of EphA1 transcript in tumors was positively associated with differentiation (p = 0.002), disease stage (p = 0.034), and lymph node metastasis (p = 0.042). Increased expression of EphA1 protein in tumors was more often observed in patients with well‐differentiated tumors (p = 0.004), lymph node metastasis (p = 0.028), and advanced tumor stage (p = 0.008). EphA1 protein expression was detected in intraepithelial neoplasias as well. Decreased expression of EphA1 protein was detected in 65.2% (15/23) of samples with low‐grade neoplasia and in 85.3% (8/15) of samples with high‐grade intraepithelial neoplasia. Increased staining of EphA1 protein was not detected in low‐grade intraepithelial neoplasia samples, but was detected in 21.3% (2/15) of high‐grade intraepithelial neoplasia samples. Taken together, our results show that EphA1 appears to be a differentiation marker for esophageal squamous cells, and its increased expression is positively associated with lymph node metastasis and advanced disease stage.
Reconstruction of the moderately atrophic edentulous maxilla with mandibular bone grafts
Authors: Cordaro Luca , Boghi Ferdinando , Mirisola di Torresanto Vincenzo , Torsello Ferruccio
Published: July 2012

Background

Mandibular bone grafts are used for alveolar reconstruction in partially edentulous patients. Few reports describe the use of mandibular bone for total maxillary reconstruction.

Aim

To describe indications to the use of extensive mandibular bone grafts for maxillary reconstructions in edentulous patients.

Methods

A retrospective evaluation of a group of patients with edentulous resorbed maxillae reconstructed with mandibular bone grafts in preparation for implant placement was performed. The studied cohort consisted of 15 patients who were treated with mandibular onlay blocks and sinus augmentation with mandibular bone in an outpatient setting under local anesthesia (MG). This approach was chosen when residual bone height in the anterior maxilla was at least 8 mm combined with posterior vertical deficiency and anterior horizontal defects. Success and survival rates of the implants and prostheses together with the achievement of the planned prosthetic plan were recorded. Patients also performed an evaluation of the outcome with the aid of Visual Analog Scales. Mean follow‐up time was 19 months after prosthesis delivery.

Results

No major surgical complications occurred at recipient or donor sites. A total of 81 implants were inserted, and survival and success rates were 97.6% and 93%, respectively. Planned prostheses could be delivered to all patients (eight overdentures and seven fixed dental prostheses).

Conclusions

With the limitations of the present clinical study, it can be stated that edentulous maxillae with a moderate atrophy may be successfully augmented with mandibular bone grafts in an outpatient setting under local anesthesia and e.v. sedation. This is the case when posterior maxillary deficiency is combined with horizontal defects, but with a residual height of 8 mm or more in the anterior maxilla. When the residual anterior bone height is less than 8 mm, or when the inter‐arch discrepancy needs to be corrected with an osteotomy, extraoral bone harvesting needs to be considered.
Castrati Singers—All for Fame
Authors: Hatzinger Martin , Vöge Dominick , Stastny Matthias , Moll Friedrich , Sohn Michael
Published: July 2012

Introduction

The phenomenon of castration is very closely associated with the baroque era. In a period that placed emphasis on pure sensual pleasure, castrati singers, with their angelic voices, were a perverted outcome of this ambition. It was the intention that these castrato voices with their supernatural sound would mesmerize audiences. At that time, it could be said that within certain society circles, an addiction to these voices existed. Equally, they were oblivious to the spiritual side of the lives of the castrati. Farinelli, Caffarelli, and Senesino, three of the most famous castrati, were the first musical superstars of the 18th century. Their voices moved decadent audiences to tears and standing ovations. The price for this fame was, however, high.

Aim

The aim of this review is to provide an overview of castrati singers, especially in the baroque era, their sexuality and the effects of castration on their physical development.

Methods

A literature search of relevant databases, books, and articles in journals was performed and compared with current data concerning androgen suppression and endocrine aspects of male sexual dysfunction.

Results

The effects of castration on physical development were notoriously erratic. Much depended on the timing of the operation: boys pruned before the age of 10 or so very often grew up with feminine features; smooth, hairless bodies, incipient breasts, infantile penis, and often a complete lack of sex drive.

Conclusion

The peak success of the castrati ended with the end of the 18th century. The last castrato was Alessandro Moreschi, a solo singer in the choir of the Sistine Chapel of the Vatican. Following the ban on castration, Pope Pius X sent him into retirement in 1912, thus putting an end to a very impressive part of the history of music.
Effects of Phenylephrine on Spontaneous Activity and L-Type Ca2+ Current in Isolated Corpus Cavernosum Myocytes
Authors: Doyle Claire , Sergeant Gerard P. , Hollywood Mark A. , McHale Noel G. , Thornbury Keith D.
Published: July 2012

Introduction

Norepinephrine is important in maintaining detumescent tone in the corpus cavernosum, although the mechanism is incompletely understood. As α-adrenoceptor-induced tone is antagonized by L-type Ca2+ channel blockers, it is usually assumed that direct modulation of this current is involved. However, the effects of α-adrenoceptor agonists have never been directly examined on L-type current in corpus cavernosum myocytes (CCSMC), leaving open other possibilities. In particular, CCSMC are now known to develop spontaneous tone via a pacemaker mechanism involving spontaneous Ca2+ waves that activate Cl- currents, causing depolarization and voltage-dependent activation of L-type channels. We hypothesized that phenylephrine modulates tone via this system, rather than by directly activating L-type channels.

Aims

Examine in freshly isolated CCSMC the effect of phenylephrine on: (i) spontaneous Cl- currents and depolarizations; (ii) cytosolic Ca2+ waves; and (iii) L-type current.

Methods

CCSMC were enzymatically dispersed from male New Zealand White rabbits for patch clamp recording and real time Ca2+ imaging.

Main Outcome Measures

Spontaneous Cl- currents, spontaneous depolarizations, cytosolic Ca2+ and L-type current.

Results

Phenylephrine enhanced the amplitude and frequency of spontaneous Cl- currents, increased the duration and frequency of spontaneous depolarizations and increased the frequency of spontaneous Ca2+ waves. These effects were blocked by 2-aminoethoxy diphenylborate (2-APB), suggesting that they were mediated by IP3-induced Ca2+ release from intracellular stores. In contrast, 2-APB had no effect on Ca2+ transients evoked by releasing stored Ca2+ with caffeine, suggesting that it had little effect on store Ca2+ content. Phenylephrine depressed L-type current by around 30%. This effect was removed by blocking with 2-APB. Notably, phenylephrine failed to enhance the current, even in the presence of 2-APB. Furthermore, the phorbol ester, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, had no effect on L-type current.

Conclusion

Phenylephrine effects on the corpus cavernosum are mediated by modulation of the spontaneous pacemaker mechanism, rather than by direct stimulation of L-type channels.
Microstructure Contact Studies for Skutterudite Thermoelectric Devices
Authors: Zhao Degang , Geng Haoran , Chen Lidong
Published: July 2012

The skutterudite/electrode thermoelectric joints were fabricated with the insertion of Ti foil by spark plasma sintering. The interfacial microstructure and reliability of joints were studied during thermal duration test. A multilayer structure, which was composed of intermetallic compounds, was observed at the CoSb3/Ti interface after thermal aging of 20 days. The interfacial reactions and diffusion path between CoSb3 and Ti were discussed. The contact resistance of CoSb3/electrode junction was measured through four‐probe method and the thermal contact resistance was calculated based on multilayer mode measurement. Effects of the contact resistivity on the performance of CoSb3‐based device were discussed.
Joining of Sintered Silicon Carbide Ceramics Using Sodium Borosilicate Glass as the Solder
Authors: Luo Zhaohua , Jiang, Dongliang , Zhang Jingxian , Lin Qingling , Chen Zhongming , Huang Zhengren
Published: July 2012

Sodium borosilicate glass powder with the Si:B:Na molar ration of 53:44:6 has been developed and used as the solder to join sintered SiC ceramics. The coefficient of thermal expansion of the glass matches the silicon carbide substrate well at low temperature, and the wettability of the solder on SiC substrate becomes excellent above 1150°C. The 4‐point bending strength of the joint reaches 218 ± 23 MPa at room temperature and the joint strength at 400°C can be kept at 154 ± 35 MPa. The microstructure, compositions, and interfacial properties were studied. Results showed that a good adhesion between SiC substrate and the solder layer was achieved.
Integration of CMC Brake Disks in Automotive Brake Systems
Authors: Renz Ralph , Seifert Gerd , Krenkel Walter
Published: July 2012

Since the introduction of the Porsche Ceramic Composite Brake (PCCB) in the Porsche 911 GT2 in 2001, ceramic brake systems provide an exceptional braking power not only in Porsche vehicles but also in high performance cars of other Original Equipment Manufacturers. The ceramic brake disks of these high performance brake systems are based on a special carbon short fibre‐reinforced composite material, which is, after the manufacturing of the green body and the pyrolysis, exposed to liquid silicon in a high‐temperature vacuum process at approx. 1700°C. The results of this in situ reaction of silicon and carbon to silicon carbide are brake disks, which are significantly lighter, compared to conventional brake disks out of gray cast iron. These brake disks offer higher strength, higher thermal stability and thus lower wear such as higher fading stability. This article discusses on the one hand the advantages of this lightweight brake system and on the other hand essential aspects concerning the integration of ceramic composite brake disks, resulting from vehicle‐specific requirements, into the chassis. Furthermore, selected relationships between brake disk design, the manufacturing, the material composition, the assembly and the resulting component properties are explained.
Biochemical assessment of canine body cavity effusions using three bench‐top analysers
Authors: Hetzel N. , Papasouliotis K. , Dodkin S. , Murphy K.
Published: July 2012

Objectives

To assess the performance of three bench‐top chemistry instruments for the analysis of canine effusions. Acceptable results were compared with those obtained by a reference chemistry analyser.

Methods

Total protein, albumin, creatinine and bilirubin concentrations were measured in 74 effusions using the VetScanVS2, VetTest8008 and SpotchemEZ analysers. Cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations were also measured by the VetTest and Spotchem. Results were analysed using Westgard's error analysis, Spearman's correlation, Bland‐Altman plots and Deming regression. Results were considered acceptable when observed total error (TEobs) was less than allowable total error (TEA).

Results

VetScan error analysis revealed acceptable results for total protein (TEobs=1·11, TEA=4·7) and creatinine (TEobs=42·2, TEA=78·1). Correlation was fair for protein (rs=0·66) and creatinine (rs=0·76), but poor and not significant for bilirubin (rs=0·01, P=0·08), precluding error analysis. VetTest error analysis was acceptable for creatinine only (TEobs=5·55, TEA=25·5). Correlation was good (rs=0·81). The difference plot revealed a bias (95% confidence interval) of −1·5 (−37 to 40) and four outliers. The Spotchem did not generate a precise arithmetic value in most (56·9 to 73·6%) samples, precluding further analysis.

Clinical Significance

Acceptable results were obtained for total protein (VetScan) and creatinine [Vetscan, Vettest (with good correlation)]. The Spotchem is of limited value in canine effusion analysis.
Pandemic influenza A(H1)pdm09 in hospitals and intensive care units – results from a new hospital surveillance, Germany 2009/2010
Authors: Adlhoch Cornelia , Wadl Maria , Behnke Michael , Peña Diaz Luis Alberto , Clausmeyer Jörg , Eckmanns Tim
Published: July 2012

Please cite this paper as: Adlhoch et al. (2012) Pandemic influenza A(H1)pdm09 in hospitals and intensive care units – results from a new hospital surveillance, Germany 2009/2010. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 6(601), e162–e168.

Objectives  The pandemic influenza A(H1)pdm09 (PI) was introduced to Germany in April 2009. The Robert Koch Institute (RKI) implemented a nationwide voluntary hospital sentinel surveillance for to assess the burden and severity of PI.

Setting  Three modules were offered: a hospital module collected aggregated data from all hospital units on admissions and fatalities with and without PI; an intensive care module data on admissions, patient‐days, and ventilated patient‐days with and without PI; and a case‐based module retrieved clinical patient data of PI cases. A in‐patient with a PCR confirmation was defined as a PI case. Descriptive, trend, uni‐, and multivariable analysis were performed.

Results  Between week 49/2009 and 13/2010, the hospitals reported 103 (0·07%) PI cases among 159 181 admissions and 59/16 728 (0·35%) PI‐related admissions in intensive care units (ICUs). The weekly average incidence decreased in hospitals by 21·5% and in ICUs by 19·2%. In ICUs, 1848/85 559 (2·2%) patient‐days were PI‐related, 94·8% of those with mechanical ventilation. Case‐based data on 43 recovered and 16 fatal PI cases were reported. Among recovered, 61% were admitted to ICUs, 51% were mechanically ventilated, and 16% received extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). All fatal cases were admitted to ICUs and received mechanical ventilation, 75% ECMO. Fatal outcome was rather associated with complications than with underlying medical conditions.

Conclusion  The surveillance started shortly after the PI peak, which explains the small number of PI cases. The burden of PI disease was low, but higher in ICUs with a high proportion of severe cases needing ventilation and ECMO treatment. A continuous hospital surveillance system could be helpful to measure the burden of severe community‐acquired infections.
Inhibitory effect of Ginkgo biloba extract on fatty liver: Regulation of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1a and fatty acid metabolism
Authors: Wang Shi Dong , Xie Zuo Quan , Chen Jia , Wang Ke , Wei Ting , Zhao Ai Hua , Zhang Qing Hua
Published: July 2012

Objective

To investigate the potential effect of Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE) on the prevention and treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).

Methods

Male Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups (the control group, GBE group, high‐fat diet [HFD] group and HFD + GBE group). The human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line (HepG2) was treated with GBE and its flavonoid ingredients. The fatty acid composition of the rat liver was analyzed with gas chromatography/time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (GC/TOFMS). Triglyceride contents of both the rat liver and HepG2 cells were measured by enzymatic colorimetric method. The expressions of fatty acid metabolism‐related genes were analyzed with real‐time reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR). The protein expression and enzymatic activity were subsequently measured.

Results

In rat livers, GBE reduced the elevations of hepatic triglyceride contents caused by HFD and the increased hepatic fatty acids were differentially affected by GBE. Notably, the expression and total activity of the fatty acid β‐oxidation rate‐limiting enzyme, carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1a (CPT1A), were also promoted with GBE ingestion. In HepG2 cells, GBE and its ingredients, quercetin, kaempferol and isorhamnetin, could decrease the cellular triglyceride content and upregulate the expression and total activity of CPT1A, respectively.

Conclusions

The triglyceride‐lowering effect of GBE on the HFD rat liver is closely associated with the increased expression and activity of CPT1A, and the flavonoid ingredients are the major contributors of GBE.
Simultaneous resection of abdominal cancer and synchronous pancreaticoduodenal metastasis: Indications and literature review
Authors: Tan Jing Wang , Wang Hong Dong , Hu Ben Shun , Chen Ke , Xu Hong Bin , Chen Fei , Tan Yun Chang , Dong Jia Hong
Published: July 2012

Objective

This study was aimed to identify the potential indications for simultaneous resection of abdominal cancer and synchronous pancreaticoduodenal metastasis (SRAPM) and improve the efficacy of SRAPM.

Methods

The data of 34 patients who underwent SRAPM were retrospectively reviewed. The intraoperative findings, morbidity and mortality, patterns of tumor invasion in the pancreas and duodenum, lymph node metastases, long‐term outcomes and causes of death were evaluated.

Results

Fourteen patients (41.2%) developed complications, and 2 died of pancreatic fistulas with abdominal bleeding. The in‐hospital mortality was 5.9%. The overall 1‐year, 2‐year and 3‐year survival rates were 52.9%, 32.3% and 21.8%, respectively. The survival rates depended on the primary tumor, the invasion pattern, the presence of metastatic lymph nodes at the paraaortic site and the presence of residual tumor. The follow‐up outcomes revealed that the main causes of death were as follows: systemic metastasis (n = 7), peritoneal metastasis (n = 6) and intrahepatic metastasis (n = 6).

Conclusions

SRAPM is indicated for low‐grade malignant tumors and in cases with direct invasion of the pancreaticoduodenum. The presence of metastatic lymph nodes at the paraaortic site, intrahepatic metastasis, micro‐peritoneal metastasis, and distinct metastasis should be contraindications for the surgical procedure.
Evolved polygenic herbicide resistance in Lolium rigidum by low‐dose herbicide selection within standing genetic variation
Authors: Busi Roberto , Neve Paul , Powles Stephen
Published: July 2012

The interaction between environment and genetic traits under selection is the basis of evolution. In this study, we have investigated the genetic basis of herbicide resistance in a highly characterized initially herbicide‐susceptible Lolium rigidum population recurrently selected with low (below recommended label) doses of the herbicide diclofop‐methyl. We report the variability in herbicide resistance levels observed in F1 families and the segregation of resistance observed in F2 and back‐cross (BC) families. The selected herbicide resistance phenotypic trait(s) appear to be under complex polygenic control. The estimation of the effective minimum number of genes (NE), depending on the herbicide dose used, reveals at least three resistance genes had been enriched. A joint scaling test indicates that an additive‐dominance model best explains gene interactions in parental, F1, F2 and BC families. The Mendelian study of six F2 and two BC segregating families confirmed involvement of more than one resistance gene. Cross‐pollinated L. rigidum under selection at low herbicide dose can rapidly evolve polygenic broad‐spectrum herbicide resistance by quantitative accumulation of additive genes of small effect. This can be minimized by using herbicides at the recommended dose which causes high mortality acting outside the normal range of phenotypic variation for herbicide susceptibility.
Effective Sceptical Hypotheses
Authors: REYNOLDS STEVEN L.
Published: July 2012

The familiar Cartesian sceptical arguments all involve an explanation of our experiences. An account of the persuasive power of the sceptical arguments should explain why this is so. This supports a diagnosis of the error in Cartesian sceptical arguments according to which they mislead us into regarding our perceptual beliefs as if they were justified as inferences to the best explanation. I argue that they have instead a perceptual justification that does not involve inference to the best explanation and that should not be put in doubt by the sceptical hypotheses.
Is Perception a Source of Reasons?
Authors: ECHEVERRI SANTIAGO
Published: July 2012

It is widely assumed that perception is a source of reasons (SR). There is a weak sense in which this claim is trivially true: even if one characterizes perception in purely causal terms, perceptual beliefs originate from the mind's interaction with the world. When philosophers argue for (SR), however, they have a stronger view in mind: they claim that perception provides pre‐ or non‐doxastic reasons for belief. In this article I examine some ways of developing this view and criticize them. I exploit these results to formulate a series of constraints that a satisfactory account of the epistemic role of perception should fulfil. I also make a positive suggestion: coherentists are right when they claim that only beliefs can be reasons for other beliefs. Nevertheless, I depart from traditional coherentism, for I do not buy its conception of perception as bare sensation, nor explicate the justificatory status of beliefs in terms of coherence. My point is rather that, when one invokes experience to justify a belief, the justifying state must have structural features of beliefs.
Quercetin improves bone strength in experimental biliary cirrhosis
Authors: Derakhshanian Hoda , Ghadbeigi Sajad , Rezaian Maryam , Bahremand Arash , Javanbakht Mohammad Hassan , Golpaie Atefeh , Hosseinzadeh Payam , Tajik Narges , Dehpour Ahmad Reza
Published: July 2012

Aim:  Metabolic bone disorders and reduced bone mass are common complications in patients with biliary cirrhosis. As a result of there being no clear etiology, no specific therapy has been established yet. Previous studies have reported that quercetin, a plant‐derived flavonoid, might improve bone quality. The present study was designed to investigate the effect of quercetin on bone strength of biliary cirrhotic rats.

Methods:  Twenty‐four male Sprague–Dawley rats aged 6–7 months were randomized into three groups of eight. One group served as control (sham operated), while the other two groups underwent a complete bile duct ligation (BDL). Four weeks after the operation, serum bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase were measured in animal blood samples to confirm the occurrence of cirrhosis in the BDL rats. Then, one of the BDL groups received placebo and the other one was injected once a day with 150 µmol/kg of quercetin for 4 weeks. At the end of the study, femora were removed and tested for bone strength and histomorphometric parameters. The serum levels of osteocalcin, C‐terminal cross‐linked telopeptide of type I collagen, calcium and phosphorus were determined as bone turnover markers.

Results:  Femur breaking strength was dramatically lower in the BDL group compared with control. However, receiving quercetin could reverse the deteriorating effect of cirrhosis on bone strength of BDL rats. Quercetin could noticeably elevate osteocalcin as a bone formation marker.

Conclusion:  These data suggest that quercetin can significantly improve bone strength particularly due to increasing bone formation in biliary cirrhosis.
VimA–dependent modulation of the secretome in Porphyromonas gingivalis
Authors: Osbourne D. , Wilson Aruni A. , Dou Y. , Perry C. , Boskovic D.S. , Roy F. , Fletcher H. M.
Published: July 2012

The VimA protein of Porphyromonas gingivalis is a multifunctional protein involved in cell surface biogenesis. To further determine if its acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl‐CoA) transfer and putative sorting functions can affect the secretome, its role in peptidoglycan biogenesis and effects on the extracellular proteins of P. gingivalis FLL92, a vimA‐defective mutant, were evaluated. There were structural and compositional differences in the peptidoglycan of P. gingivalis FLL92 compared with the wild‐type strain. Sixty‐eight proteins were present only in the extracellular fraction of FLL92. Fifteen proteins present in the extracellular fraction of the parent strain were missing in the vimA‐defective mutant. These proteins had protein sorting characteristics that included a C‐terminal motif with a common consensus Gly‐Gly–CTERM pattern and a polar tail consisting of aromatic amino acid residues. These observations suggest that the VimA protein is likely involved in peptidoglycan synthesis, and corroborates our previous report, which suggests a role in protein sorting.
Object habituation in horses: The effect of voluntary versus negatively reinforced approach to frightening stimuli
Authors: Christensen J. W.
Published: July 2012

Reasons for performing the study: The ability of horses to habituate to novel objects influences safety in the horse–human relationship. However, the effectiveness of different habituation techniques has not been investigated in detail.

Objectives: 1) To investigate whether horses show increased stress responses when negatively reinforced to approach novel objects, compared with horses allowed to voluntarily explore the objects and 2) whether a negatively reinforced approach facilitates object habituation.

Methods: Twenty‐two 2–3‐year‐old Danish Warmblood geldings were included. Half of the horses (NR group) were negatively reinforced by a familiar human handler to approach a collection of novel objects in a test arena. The other half were individually released in the arena and were free to explore the objects (VOL group). On the next day, the horses were exposed to the objects again without a human handler, to investigate the rate of habituation. Behavioural and heart rate responses were recorded.

Results: All VOL horses initially avoided the unknown objects, whereas the handler was able to get all NR horses to approach and stand next to the objects within the first 2 min session. The NR horses had a significantly longer duration of alertness and a higher max heart rate in the first session. On the next day, however, NR horses spent significantly less time investigating the objects and had a shorter latency to approach a feed container, placed next to the objects, indicating increased habituation.

Conclusion: A negatively reinforced approach to novel objects increases stress responses during the initial exposure but facilitates habituation in young horses.

Potential relevance: Although a negatively reinforced approach appears beneficial for habituation, the procedure should be carefully managed due to increased stress responses in the horse, which may constitute a safety risk. Further experiments should aim to investigate differences in stimulus intensity.
Distribution of insulin receptor and insulin‐like growth factor‐1 receptor in the digital laminae of mixed‐breed ponies: An immunohistochemical study
Authors: Burns T. A. , Watts M. R. , Weber P. S. , Mccutcheon L. J. , Geor R. J. , Belknap J. K.
Published: July 2012

Reasons for performing study:Hyperinsulinaemia has been implicated in the pathogenesis of laminitis; however, laminar cell types responding to insulin remain poorly characterised.

Objectives:To identify laminar cell types expressing insulin receptor (IRc) and/or insulin‐like growth factor‐1 receptor (IGF‐1R); and to evaluate the effect of dietary nonstructural carbohydrate (NSC) on their expression.

Methods:Mixed‐breed ponies (n = 22) received a conditioning hay chop diet (NSC ∼6%); following acclimation, ponies were stratified into lean (n = 11, body condition score [BCS]≤4) or obese (n = 11, BCS ≥7) groups and each group further stratified to remain on the low NSC diet (n = 5 each for obese and lean) or receive a high NSC diet (total diet ∼42% NSC; n = 6 each for obese and lean) for 7 days. Laminar samples were collected at the end of the feeding protocol and stained immunohistochemically for IRc and IGF‐1R. The number of IRc(+) cells was quantified; distribution of IGF‐1R was qualitatively described. Laminar IRc content was assessed via immunoblotting.

Results:The number of IRc(+) cells was greater in the laminae of high NSC ponies than low NSC ponies (P = 0.001); there was a positive correlation between the change in serum insulin concentration and number of IRc(+) cells (r2= 0.74; P<0.0001). No epithelial IRc(+) cells were observed; IRc(+) cells were absent from the deep dermis. Analysis of serial sections identified IRc(+) cells as endothelial cells. The distribution of IGF‐1R was more extensive than that of IRc, with signal in vascular elements, epithelial cells and fibroblasts.

Conclusions:Increased dietary NSC results in increased laminar endothelial IRc expression. Laminar keratinocytes do not express IRc, suggesting that insulin signalling in laminar epithelial cells must be mediated through other receptors (such as IGF‐1R).

Potential relevance:Manipulation of signalling downstream of IRc and IGF‐1R may aid in treatment and prevention of laminitis associated with hyperinsulinaemia.
Adaptive Control of Multiagent Systems for Finding Peaks of Uncertain Static Fields
Authors: Jadaliha Mahdi , Lee Joonho , Choi Jongeun
Published: July 2012

In this paper, we design and analyze a class of multiagent systems that locate peaks of uncertain static fields in a distributed and scalable manner. The scalar field of interest is assumed to be generated by a radial basis function network. Our distributed coordination algorithms for multiagent systems build on techniques from adaptive control. Each agent is driven by swarming and gradient ascent efforts based on its own recursively estimated field via locally collected measurements by itself and its neighboring agents. The convergence properties of the proposed multiagent systems are analyzed. We also propose a sampling scheme to facilitate the convergence. We provide simulation results by applying our proposed algorithms to nonholonomic differentially driven mobile robots. The extensive simulation results match well with the predicted behaviors from the convergence analysis and illustrate the usefulness of the proposed coordination and sampling algorithms.
Sensitivity to a break in interaural correlation is co-modulated by intensity level and interaural delay
Authors: Kong Lingzhi , Xie Zilong , Lu Lingxi , Wu Xihong , Li Liang
Published: July 2012

This study investigated whether sound intensity affects listeners’ sensitivity to a break in interaural correlation (BIC) embedded in wideband noise at different interaural delays. The results show that the detection duration threshold remained stable at the intensity between 60 and 70 dB SPL, but increased in accelerating fashion as the intensity decreased toward 40 dB SPL. Moreover, the threshold elevated linearly as the interaural delay increased from 0 to 4 ms, and the elevation slope became larger as the intensity decreased from 50 to 40 dB SPL. Thus, detecting the BIC is co-modulated by both intensity and interaural delay.