bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characteristic Transfer of Colostrum‐derived Biologically Active Substances into Cerebrospinal Fluid via Blood in Natural Suckling Neonatal Pigs
Authors: HARADA E. , ARAKI Y. , FURUMURA E. , TAKEUCHI T. , SITIZYO K. , YAJIMA T. , KUWATA T.
Published: March 2003

The characteristic transfer of colostral components into cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) via serum after natural suckling has been studied by sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) electrophoresis, two‐dimensional electrophoresis, immunoblot and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay methods in non‐suckling pigs. Total protein concentrations in the serum increased immediately after first suckling, reached a peak value at 12 h, corresponding to a 2.3‐fold compared with pre‐suckling level. The protein concentration in CSF also increased and reached peak value at 6 h corresponding to 1.6‐fold compared with pre‐suckling level. IgG in serum not detected before suckling, increased steeply after suckling, IgG, IgM and IgA transported into the serum were observed in completely intact form by immunoblot method. The IgG transported into serum was quickly transferred into CSF after natural suckling in contrast to the case of bovine IgG. Serum concentration of transferrin was maintained at high level before suckling and was not changed by suckling. Transferrin also detected in CSF was not changed by suckling. Bovine lactoferrin (Lf) administered into the intestinal lumen was transported into serum (0.01%) and also detected in CSF after 6 hasundegraded form (3.1%). Thus, homologous IgG and bovine Lf are transported into CSF, suggesting that the transport of macromolecules into CSF is selective in neonatal pigs.
Biochemical Markers of Bone Activity in Young Standardbred Horses during Different Types of Exercise and Training
Authors: VERVUERT I. , COENEN M. , WEDEMEYER U. , HARMEYER J.
Published: March 2003

SummarySeven untrained Standardbred horses were used in a training programme of 6 weeks to evaluate the effects of exercise and training on bone metabolism.The horses were exercised on a treadmill according to a standardized exercise test (SET 1: six incremental steps, 5 min duration each; start 5 m/s, increase 1 m/s). SET 1 was followed by a training programme of 6 weeks. In alternating order: high‐speed exercise (HSE): 15 min duration, start at VLa4, continuous increase in speed every 60 s by 0.3 m/s (14 incremental steps); low‐speed exercise (LSE): constant velocity at VLa2.5, duration: ∼ 60‐‐90 min (total training programme: eight HSE and eight LSE sessions). SET 2 finished the training programme and a deconditioning period of 12 weeks followed. Blood samples for lactate, total plasma protein (TPP), osteocalcin, and ICTP (cross‐linked C‐telopeptide of type I collagen) were collected.

ICTP increased during SET 1 and SET 2, whereas osteocalcin decreased to below resting concentration 24 h after SET 1. A rise in ICTP was observed during LSE 1 and LSE 8, which was followed by a drop 24 h after exercise. No changes in osteocalcin were noted during LSE 1, but 24 h after LSE 1 osteocalcin dropped to below pre‐exercise levels. LSE 8 resulted in an increase in osteocalcin, followed by a drop 24 h after LSE 8. Osteocalcin and ICTP were not affected by HSE. Baseline osteocalcin levels dropped during the course of training.

The acute response of biochemical bone markers indicates a direct influence of a single bout of exercise on bone metabolism.
Factors Affecting the Transfer of Porcine Parvovirus Antibodies from Sow to Piglets
Authors: Damm B. I. , Friggens N. C. , Nielsen J. , Ingvartsen K. L. , Pedersen L. J.
Published: March 2003

The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of a number of environmental, behavioural and biological factors on passive immunization of piglets as assessed by transfer of porcine parvovirus (PPV) antibodies (ab) from the colostrum of PPV vaccinated mothers to the serum of the piglets. Twenty primiparous sows were housed in pens with peat, straw and branches for nest building. Half the sows were prevented from achieving feedback from a completed farrowing nest by repeated removal of the nest from 10 to 12 h after nest building had begun, whereas the other half kept their nests. Sow serum PPV‐ab titres were positively related to colostrum PPV‐ab titres at birth of the first piglet (BFP) (P<0.001). Litter average piglet PPV‐ab titre was positively related to both sow serum and colostrum PPV‐ab titres (bothP<0.001). In addition, in the individual piglets, PPV‐ab titres were reduced as time from BFP to birth and time from birth to first sucking increased and time spent sucking decreased (allP<0.01). There were no effects of treatment, time spent in lateral recumbency by the sow, number of times the sow stood or piglet weight on day 1 on piglet serum PPV‐ab titres. Preventing prolonged farrowing, while at the same time ensuring the piglets’ access to the udder, is important for transfer of maternal immunity. Measurements of specific antibodies in sow serum during the periparturient period and in piglet serum at 28 days of age may provide a practical tool for evaluating transfer of maternal immunity from sow to piglets.
Determination of Autoantibodies to Thyroglobulin, Thyroxine and Triiodothyronine in Canine Serum
Authors: Patzl M. , Möstl E.
Published: March 2003

Enzyme immunoassays (EIAs) for the determination of autoanti‐bodies (AA) to thyroid antigens in canine serum were developed. Streptavidin (SA) was immobilized as capture molecule on microtitreplates (MTP). Thyroglobulin (Tg) purified from canine thyroids and the thyroid hormones thyroxine and triiodothyronine (T3 and T4) were conjugated to biotin labelling reagents and attached to the MTP over the SA–biotin bridge. Bound AA were detected with anti‐dog‐immunoglobulin G (IgG) labelled with horseradish peroxidase. Serum samples from dogs which were allotted to four groups were analysed: A (n = 31), biochemical evidence of hypothyroidism; B (n = 76), clinical signs of hypothyroidism; C (n = 47), euthyroid with non‐thyroidal disease; D (n = 186), clinically healthy. The validity of the assays was tested with two different methods. After thiophilic absorption chromatography of positive sera, a positive reaction in the EIA was only detected in those fractions which coeluted with the canine IgG standard. Furthermore, the positive reaction was blocked by the addition of the corresponding antigen. In 55% of the hypothyroid dogs AA to Tg and/or T3 and T4, respectively, were found (up to a titre of 1 : 1600). In group B 34% of the dogs were diagnosed positive, but the titre was lower (up to 1 : 400). In the groups C and D the number of dogs with AA and their titre was significantly lower. Two different methods for distinguishing positive and negative test results were compared in order to increase the specificity of the tests without decreasing the sensitivity. The EIAs are precise and based on high agreement with previous reported assays able to discriminate dogs with thyroiditis from healthy ones. These assays represent a good alternative to the isotope assays generally used for the analysis of AA to T4 and T3.
Equine Third Metacarpal Bone Assessment by Quantitative Ultrasound and Dual Energy X‐Ray Absorptiometry: An Ex vivo Study
Authors: Carstanjen B. , Duboeuf F. , Detilleux J. , Lepage O. M.
Published: March 2003

The purpose of this ex vivo study was to analyse two commonly established methods of mechanical bone property assessment for application in horses: Quantitative ultrasound (QUS), which depends on the bone's density and Young's modulus, and dual energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DXA), which depends on the areal bone mineral density (BMD). The third metacarpal bone (MC III) of horses was selected as examination region for practical reasons. An interrelationship between QUS‐ and DXA‐values was examined. Both MC III of eleven randomly selected equine cadavers were divided in nine regions of interest (ROI). A multi‐site QUS device was used for axial transmission speed of sound (SOS) measurements and a DXA device was used for BMD evaluation. Full cortical thickness BMD (FcBMD), overall aspect BMD and 4 mm cortical border slice BMD (4 mmBMD) were evaluated. In addition, each ROI of one MC III was measured 10 times to determine QUS‐ and DXA‐measurement precision. SOS values and BMD values obtained at different aspects of MC III were different (P < 0.001). FcBMD and overall BMD obtained at different levels were different (P < 0.001). SOS data correlated with FcBMD‐, overall BMD‐ and 4 mmBMD‐data at various ROI. FcBMD‐, overall BMD‐ and 4 mmBMD‐data were strongly correlated. The intra‐operator coefficient of variation was 1.3% for SOS‐measurements and ranged between 1.94 and 10.3% for BMD‐measurements. Multi‐site axial transmission QUS as well as DXA can be used to precisely measure bone characteristics of MC III in horses. However, both techniques do not measure the same bone properties. It is therefore concluded, that QUS and DXA techniques are complementary for application in horses.
Changes in Coagulation and Markers of Fibrinolysis in Horses Undergoing Colic Surgery*
Authors: Feige K. , Kästner S. B. R. , Dempfle C. E. , Balestra E.
Published: March 2003

Activation of coagulation can be frequently found in horses with colic. However, it has also been demonstrated as a sequela of surgical trauma alone in humans. The purpose of the present study was to determine changes in coagulation and fibrinolysis in horses that underwent colic surgery and to evaluate whether these changes were secondary to the colic or the surgery and wound healing.

Thirty horses that underwent colic surgery with uncomplicated recovery were included. Ten horses with a Forssell's procedure served as control group with a standardized surgical trauma. Besides daily physical examinations during the observation period of 10 days, activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), prothrombin time and thrombin time as well as fibrin monomer (FM), D‐Dimer (DD) and antithrombin (AT) III were determined.

Compared with the control group the aPTT was the only standard coagulation test that was significantly prolonged before and after the event of colic surgery. After surgery, hyperfibrinogenaemia occurred in all groups. In colic groups FM and DD concentrations were within reference range at admission, and were significantly greater than in control horses after surgery. AT III activity decreased after colic surgery, but did not change in the control group. It was concluded that an activated coagulation state after colic surgery has to be expected, resulting not only from the colic disease, but also from the event of surgery.
Typing by Polymerase Chain Reaction of Buffalo Rotaviruses Isolated in Italy
Authors: Martella V. , Pratelli A. , Pinto O. , Ferrara G. , Tempesta M. , Buonavoglia D.
Published: March 2003

Six group A rotaviruses were isolated in Italy from buffaloes during different outbreaks of calf diarrhoea occurring in the same dairy herd over a 5‐year period of observation. The isolates were characterized by polymerase chain reaction assay for G‐ and P‐type antigens. G8 and P1 were the types most frequently isolated.
Immunohistochemical Detection of Mycoplasma agalactiae in Formalin‐Fixed, Paraffin‐Embedded Tissues from Naturally and Experimentally Infected Goats
Authors: RODRÍGUEZ F. , RAMÍREZ G. A. , RAMÍREZ A. S. , BALL H. J. , DE LOS MONTEROS A. ESPINOSA , FERNÁNDEZ A.
Published: March 2003

Samples from the mammary tissue of 14 lactating goats (12 naturally infected and two experimentally infected) were examined for the presence of Mycoplasma agalactiae. A monoclonal antibody (5G12) was applied to formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐wax‐embedded sections and labelled by the avidin–biotin peroxidase complex (ABC) method. Histological examination of tissue sections revealed strong immunoreactivity in all animals included in the study. Mycoplasma agalactiae antigen was mainly detected in the cellular debris at the periphery of purulent exudates present within lactiferous sinuses, and lactiferous and interlobular ducts. In addition, M. agalactiae organisms appeared in the cytoplasm of the epithelium of ducts, and in infiltrating macrophages and neutrophils within the ducts, alveoli, interstitial tissue and regional lymph node sinuses. It is concluded that this monoclonal antibody‐based immunohistochemical technique is an efficient and specific method for the post‐mortem detection of M. agalactiae in cases of clinical mastitis as well as being a useful tool for the study of the route of infection and cellular types involved during mastitis caused by this organism.
Partial Sequencing of env Gene of Bovine Leukaemia Virus from Brazilian Samples and Phylogenetic Analysis
Authors: Camargos M. F. , Stancek D. , Rocha M. A. , Lessa L. M. , Reis J. K. P. , Leite R. C.
Published: March 2003

Analysis of the partial bovine leukaemia virus (BLV) env gp51 gene sequences obtained from three BLV strains isolated in three different regions of Brazil was carried out. The Brazilian BLV env gp51 sequences were compared with seven other corresponding sequences of BLV strains isolated in different countries and with consensus sequence as well. The obtained data point on qualitative and quantitative differences among the analysed strains as far as the occurrence of single point mutations is concerned. Two Brazilian strains show significantly higher mutation rate than other analysed strains. Amino acid analysis did not show, however, any substantial changes of the primary protein structure coded by well conserved region of BLV env gp51 gene. Based on the obtained data, the putative dendogram image of possible phylogenetic relations among the studied BLV strains is presented as well.
Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations of 20 Antimicrobial Agents against Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Bovine Intramammary Infections in Japan
Authors: Yoshimura H. , Ishimaru M. , Kojima A.
Published: March 2003

Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 20 antimicrobial agents were determined against 51 isolates of Staphylococcus aureus from bovine intramammary infections. Fourteen (27.4%) isolates were resistant to benzylpenicillin, but none of the isolates was resistant to cloxacillin, nafcillin, or cephems. Among aminoglycosides, gentamicin was the most active, with an MIC50 of 0.2 μg/ml, followed by kanamycin, with an MIC50 of 0.78 μg/ml. Five isolates (9.8%) were resistant to dihydrostreptomycin, three isolates (5.9%) to kanamycin and two isolates (3.9%) to gentamicin. Resistance to erythromycin was observed in two isolates (3.9%). Tylosin was less active than erythromycin, with MIC50s of 1.56 μg/ml versus 0.39 μg/ml, but none of the isolates was resistant to this antibiotic. Oxytetracycline MICs were situated in the range of 0.39–1.56 μg/ml for 48 susceptible isolates. Although 19 (37.3%) isolates were resistant to one or more antimicrobial agents, a single resistance pattern was most frequent: benzylpenicillin (12 isolates), dihydrostreptomycin (two isolates) and kanamycin (one isolate). There were no isolates resistant to antimicrobial agents such as methicillin, lincomycin, clindamycin, chloramphenicol, florfenicol and virginiamycin, which have not been approved for use in cattle husbandry in Japan.
Sheep‐Associated Malignant Catarrhal Fever Involving 3–5‐Week‐Old Calves in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Abu Elzein E. M. E. , Housawi F. M. T. , Gameel A. A. , Al‐Afaleq A. I. , El‐Bashir A. M.
Published: March 2003

Between late December 1999 and late April 2000, three locally bred Friesian calves (ageing 25, 28 and 35 days) in a dairy farm, at Al‐Ahsa locality of the eastern region of Saudi Arabia showed dullness and inappetence. Their rectal temperatures ranged between 41 and 41.5°C. One to 2 days later and onwards, the calves showed lacrimation, nasal discharge, salivation, oedema of the head, conjunctivitis, exo‐ophthalmia and corneal opacity. One calf showed diarrhoea. The superficial lymph nodes were oedematous and swollen. The calves died after 7, 5 and 8 days, respectively, following the onset of the disease. Calves and rabbits were experimentally infected with materials from the naturally infected calves. The rabbits showed fever, mild conjunctivitis and one rabbit showed wet faeces. The experimentally inoculated calves showed rise in temperature and mild symptoms but none of them died. The virus from the naturally infected calves and from the experimentally infected rabbits was identified as malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) virus using both the complement fixation test and the fluorescent antibody test, employing a reference anti‐serum against the WC 11 strain of MCF virus. Serological survey for MCF antibodies in cattle, sheep and goats from the affected farm revealed that 54% of the examined animals were positive. The situation of MCF in Saudi Arabia was discussed in relation to sheep and wild game. This paper constitutes the first report of MCF in Saudi Arabia and the Gulf region.
Experimental Dual Infection of Specific Pathogen‐Free Pigs with Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus and Pseudorabies Virus
Authors: Shibata I. , Yazawa S. , Ono M. , Okuda Y.
Published: March 2003

Twenty 6‐week‐old specific pathogen‐free pigs were divided into four groups. On day 0 of the experiment, PRRSV–PRV (n = 6) and PRRSV (n = 4) groups were intranasally inoculated with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) (105.6TCID50). On day 7, the PRRSV–PRV and PRV (n = 6) groups were intranasally inoculated with pseudorabies virus (PRV) (103.6TCID50). Control pigs (n = 4) were kept as uninoculated negative controls. Half of the pigs in each group were euthanized and necropsied on day 14 or 21. Clinical signs such as depression and anorexia were observed in the PRRSV–PRV and PRV groups after inoculation with PRV. Although febrile response was observed after virus inoculations, the duration of that response was prolonged in the PRRSV–PRV group compared with the other groups. The lungs in the PRRSV–PRV group failed to collapse and were mottled or diffusely tan and red, whereas the lungs of the pigs in the other groups were grossly normal. Histopathologically, interstitial pneumonia was present in all PRRSV‐inoculated pigs, but the pneumonic lesions were more severe in the PRRSV–PRV group. Mean PRRSV titres of tonsil and lung in the PRRSV–PRV group were significantly (P < 0.05) higher than that in the PRRSV group on day 21. These results indicate that dual infection with PRRSV and PRV increased clinical signs and pneumonic lesions in pigs infected with both viruses, as compared to pigs infected with PRRSV or PRV only, at least in the present experimental conditions.
Differences in Antibiotic Resistance inEscherichia coli,Isolated from East‐European Swine Herds With or Without Prophylactic Use of Antibiotics
Authors: Docic M. , Bilkei G.
Published: March 2003

The aim of the study was to compare the resistance patterns ofEscherichia coliisolates from pig herds with or without prophylactic use of anti‐microbial substances. The presented pig units received either antibiotics or oregano as preventive feed additives. The trial was performed from April to October 2001, in the large ‘country‐corner’, Hungary–Rumania–Serbia. Thirty of 39 evaluated herds sufferedE. coliO139 K88 ac or ad LT STb caused losses, the remaining were negative forE. coliO139. Thirteen of the selected 30 herds produced with oregano feed supplementation (Oregpig®Pecs, Hungary) antibiotic‐free pigs. These units had no history of prophylactic antibiotic use since 1995. The remaining 17 herds routinely used prophylactic antibiotic feed supplementation. In each herd, pigs of four different age groups (suckling piglets, weaners, fattening swine and breeding sows), showing the clinical symptoms of wasting, were investigated.E. coliO139 K88 ac or ad LT STb were tested for their resistance to antibiotics, available in this region. Oregano‐fed herds demonstrated high significantly (P < 0.001) lower MICs (μg/ml) for ampicillin, doxycyclin, enrofloxacin, gentamycin, oxytetracyclin and sulfamethacin compared to herds with prophylactic use of antibiotics. Resistance to ceftiofur revealed significant (P < 0.05) differences between the antibiotic‐ or oregano‐treated units. The present results confirm literature data, that prophylactic use of antibiotics likely plays a role in inducing resistance ofE. coliand other intestinal bacteria. Thus, imposing greater restrictions on antibiotic use in animal agriculture is likely to reduce but not eliminate the occurrence of resistant isolates.
Effects of Larval Settlement and Post‐Settlement Mortality on the Distribution Pattern and Abundance of the Spirorbid Tube Worm Neodexiospira brasiliensis (Grube) (Polychaeta) Living on Seagrass Leaves
Authors: Hamamoto Kyoko , Mukai Hiroshi
Published: March 2003

Abstract. The role of larval settlement, post‐settlement mortality and competition with a red algae in determining the patterns of abundance and distribution of the spirorbid tube worm Neodexiospira brasiliensis (Grube) (Polychaeta: Spirorbidae) on leaves of three seagrass species: Zostera marina Linnaeus, Zostera asiatica Miki and Phyllospadix iwatensis Makino were examined in Aininkap, Akkeshi Bay, Akkeshi, Hokkaido, Japan. Field collections of seagrass shoots were made at about 1‐week intervals. The density of newly settled larvae (< 0.3 mm in tube diameter) increased significantly on Z. asiatica and P. iwatensis, but not on Z. marina during the sampling period. It was highest on Z. asiatica among the three seagrass species, followed by P. iwatensis and Z. marina. Newly settled larvae occurred more on the basal part of younger leaves of each seagrass species. Mortality tended to be high on Z. marina, followed by Z. asiatica and P. iwatensis, although the differences were not great. Size‐specific mortality showed the existence of high mortality in early post‐settlement stages on Z. asiatica and P. iwatenisis. Relatively high mortality was also suffered by individuals with a tube diameter over 1.5 mm. Growth in tube diameter of N. brasiliensis was slower on P. iwatensis than on the other two seagrasses. The effect of a calcareous red algae on larval settlement was investigated with removal experiments; however, no effect of red algae was detected. Patterns in the distribution and abundance of N. brasiliensis on leaves of three seagrass species resulted from the heterogeneity of larval settlement rather than from post‐settlement mortality or competition with red algae. Different densities of larval settlement among the three seagrass species or on a leaf are likely to relate to larval behaviour, such as negative phototaxis.
Redescription of Two Antarctic Cory­morphidae Species and the Reestablishment of the Genus Monocaulus (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa)
Authors: Svoboda Armin , Stepanjants Sofia D.
Published: March 2003

Abstract. New material from the Antarctic region offers the opportunity for the redescription of two known Antarctic Corymorphidae species: Lampra microrhiza and L. parvula. The assignment of these species into genus Monocaulus (Allman 1864) (= LampraBonnevie 1898) is discussed. The Antarctic Monocaulus species are compared with the Arctic representatives of this genus.
Seasonal Variation in the Covering ­Behaviour of the Echinoid Paracentrotus lividus (Lamarck)
Authors: Crook Anne C. , Barnes David K. A.
Published: March 2003

Abstract. Covering behaviour is displayed by several regular echinoid species but its functional significance has yet to be quantified. Some of the most popular theories have interpreted this behaviour as an adaptive response to avoid over‐exposure to light and/or as an anti‐predator strategy. Since both predation pressure and light intensity may be seasonal as well as diurnal in nature, the aim of the present study was to quantitatively examine, in situ, the potential seasonality of covering behaviour in the purple sea urchin, Paracentrotus lividus (Lamarck). Data were collected over a one‐year period at Lough Hyne, Co. Cork in Ireland. A peak in covering activity was observed over the summer months. Predator density and light intensity (sunlight hours) were also shown to vary seasonally at Lough Hyne. Covering behaviour in P. lividus, as in other echinoids, may be a response to a number of simultaneously interacting factors. At Lough Hyne, however, light intensity and covering item availability appear to be particularly important factors.
Genetic Relationships Among One Non‐Endemic and Two Endemic Mediterranean Triplefin Blennies (Pisces, Blennioidei)
Authors: Geertjes Gerard J. , Kamping Albert , Van Delden Wilke , Videler John J.
Published: March 2003

Abstract. Three triplefin blennies occur sympatrically in the Mediterranean Sea; Tripterygion tripteronotus and T. melanurus are endemic, whereas T. delaisi is also found in the Eastern Atlantic. Although very similar in morphology, ecology and behaviour, some striking differences exist among reproductive strategies. Several authors proposed hypotheses on the evolution of these species. In order to enhance insight into the genetic structure of this genus, an enzyme electrophoretic survey was performed. Samples of 40 to 45 specimens of each species were collected near Calvi (Corsica, France). Twenty‐four enzyme loci were analysed, of which 17 appeared polymorphic. T. delaisi showed a high level of average observed heterozygosity (Ho) of 0.140, as opposed to very low levels of 0.009 and 0.021 in T. tripteronotus and T. melanurus, respectively. Nei’s genetic distance was 0.21 between T. delaisi and T. tripteronotus, 0.35 between T. delaisi and T. melanurus and 0.45 between T. tripteronotus and T. melanurus. We hypothesise that divergence of these species started before the Pleistocene and that the endemic species survived the Pleistocene glaciations in refugia within the Mediterranean. The possibility that T. tripteronotus and T. delaisi diverged through sympatric speciation is discussed.
The Pectinid Bivalve Pedum spondy­loideum (Gmelin 1791): Amount of Surface and Volume Occupied in Host Corals From the Red Sea
Authors: Kleemann Karl
Published: March 2003

Abstract. In the northern Red Sea, the nestling and facultatively boring pectinid bivalve Pedum spondyloideum lives embedded in various scleractinian host corals of seven families, including the previously unrecorded hosts Astreopora, Leptastrea and Hydnophora. Pedum density varied according to host species, locality and depth. The bivalve‐occupied coral surface (OCS) was measured on samples and from close‐up photos taken in the field. Based on the 9 × 6 cm photo frames, Pedum density ranged from 1.9 – 18.6 · (100 cm2)– 1. In 14 Montipora, apparently the favourite host genus, mean density was 6.5 · (100 cm2)– 1 and mean OCS 3.4 %, but maximum OCS amounted to 12.5 %. In 19 × 13 cm frames, Pedum density ranged from 0.4 – 10.7 · (100 cm2)– 1. The maximum density occur­red again in Montipora, followed by Porites [6.7 · (100 cm2)– 1] and Cyphastrea [6.0 · (100 cm2)– 1]. The OCS ranged from 0.2 – 7.0 %. The latter was found in Goniastrea, and 6.6 % OCS in Montipora. The mean density of Pedum in 13 Montipora was 3.6 · (100 cm2)– 1 and mean OCS 2.2 %.

Heavy infestation does not appear to impact the corals, except in growth form. Shell size and dwelling volume are highly correlated. From the opening length on the coral surface, the expected volume can be calculated using the regression y = 0.2127 x2.7447. A high Pedum density indicates a southerly reef site or near‐shore locality with ample suspended nutrients in the water. Successions of Pedum generations in the same host demonstrate that corals usually outlive their inhabitants by many years. The embedded traces are less distinct than in the coral‐associated mytilid Lithophaga. Compared with the latter, Pedum dwellings have a less regular shape and a much wider opening. Coral overgrowth partly fills and camouflages dwellings. Although no fossil record is known, Pedum traces have a fossilisation potential.
Optimum Sample Size to Detect Perturbation Effects: The Importance of Statistical Power Analysis – A Critique
Authors: Ortiz Marco
Published: March 2003

Abstract. The current article describes statistical power analysis as an efficient strategy for the estimation of the optimum sample size. The principle aim is constructively to criticise and enrich the results presented by Mouillot et al. (1999), who estimate the optimum sample size for evaluating possible perturbations. The authors did not make any reference to statistical power analysis, even though their objective clearly went beyond a simple stock evaluation to assess management strategies in a particular marine ecosystem. Surprisingly, they proposed (a priori) an ANOVA design to test a hypothesis considering both space and temporal scales. However, the authors did not cover important topics related with power analysis and the precautionary principle, both used into environment impact assessment programmes for marine ecosystems. Based on their results and on statistical power analysis, it is demonstrated that the variability (dispersion statistics), a key factor they used to estimate the sample size, is less relevant than the magnitude of perturbation (effect size). Therefore, a greater effort must be devoted to estimate the effect size of a particular phenomenon rather than a desired variability.
Size‐Frequency Distributions of Miocene Micromorphic Brachiopods: Interpretation Tool for Population Dynamics
Authors: Bitner Maria Aleksandra
Published: March 2003

Abstract. The population dynamics of the fossil micromorphic brachiopods from shallow‐water Miocene deposits (calcareous clays to hard bottom of reef cavities) of the Roztocze Hills, south‐eastern Poland were studied by means of size‐frequency distributions. The following four species, which all also occur in the Recent Mediterranean, were used for the study: Megathiris detruncata (Gmelin), Argyrotheca cuneata (Risso), A. cordata (Risso) and Megerlia truncata (Linnaeus).  The size‐frequency distributions for 28 assemblages studied here vary widely, even within a single species, from right‐skewed, through bell‐shaped to polymodal; no left‐skewed distribution was noted.  The size‐frequency distributions with a large peak in the smaller size classes represent mostly assemblages collected from marly deposits. Those assemblages may be interpreted as inhabiting soft bottoms where small brachiopods are more vulnerable to burial by sediment and/or clogging effects on the lophophore apparatus.  The assemblages collected from the reef cavities produced bell‐shaped size‐frequency distributions or distributions with a relatively high percent of larger individuals. This is because the protected hard bottom cryptic habitats are characterised by lower juvenile mortality and enable the brachiopods to reach a larger size.  These results suggest that environmental factors play a crucial role in shaping brachiopod population structures, and that empty shells can be used to study population dynamics as well in Recent environments.
In vitro susceptibility of opportunistic Fusarium spp. to essential oils
Authors: Rai  , Qureshi S. , Pandey A. K.
Published: March 2003

The inhibitory effects of essential oils extracted from 10 Indian plants were evaluated against five fungi. The plants used for extraction of essential oils were six species of the genus Eucalyptus and Ocimum basilicum, Prosopis cineraria and Derris indica. The fungi used in the experiments were Fusarium solani, F. oxysporum, F. pallidoroseum, F. acuminatum and F. chlamydosporum. The susceptibility of the Fusarium species was tested by the paper disc method and the serial dilution technique. The results were compared with the inhibitory effects of miconazole on the fungi. The essential oils extracted from the Eucalyptus species markedly inhibited fungal growth. Prosopis cineraria did not show inhibiting properties. Among the fungi, F. oxysporum proved to be the most resistant species.
In vitro activity of rilopirox against fluconazole‐susceptible and fluconazole‐resistant Candida isolates from patients with HIV infection
Authors: Nenoff P. , Taneva Elina , Pfeil B. , Oswald Ulrike , Haustein U.‐F.
Published: March 2003

The in vitro antifungal activity of the new hydroxypyridone antimycotic rilopirox has been evaluated against 38 fluconazole‐susceptible and ‐resistant clinical isolates of Candida albicans together with other Candida species isolated from patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and oropharyngeal candidosis. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of both rilopirox and fluconazole were measured by a microdilution method using high‐resolution medium supplemented with asparagine and glucose at pH 7.0. In comparison, an agar dilution technique was carried out for susceptibility testing of the antifungal agents. Rilopirox was found to be able to inhibit growth of all clinical yeast isolates. The rilopirox MICs at which 50% and 90% of strains were inhibited (MIC50 and MIC90 respectively), as determined by the microdilution method, were 4 and 8 μg ml−1 respectively. The highest MIC values for rilopirox using microdilution and the agar dilution method were 32 or 25 μg ml−1 respectively. On the other hand, for fluconazole, the MIC50 and MIC90 achieved were 0.5 and 128 μg ml−1, respectively, which means that the MIC90 value of fluconazole was 16‐fold higher than that of rilopirox. Using the agar dilution technique, the MIC values of rilopirox were in the range 0.006–25 μg ml−1 with a median of 3.12 μg ml−1. For fluconazole, the MIC90 value was four‐fold higher than that for rilopirox, indicating a considerable proportion of yeast strains with high MICs of 100 μg ml−1, suggesting in vitro resistance to this azole antifungal. All strains with diminished fluconazole susceptibility were susceptible to rilopirox. Even Candida krusei and Candida glabrata exhibited good in vitro susceptibility to rilopirox. Therefore, this new antifungal agent may be used as an alternative not only in the treatment of vaginal candidosis, but also in oropharyngeal Candida infections, e.g. in AIDS patients.
Efficacy, safety and toleration of fluconazole suppositories in the treatment of oral candidosis
Authors: Plettenberg  , Stoehr  , Heise  , Schlote  , Sarnow  , Migdal
Published: March 2003

An open multicentre, non‐comparative study was conducted in three countries to investigate the efficacy, safety and tolerance of fluconazole suppositories in the treatment of oropharyngeal candidosis. Patients received fluconazole 100 mg day−1 in the form of suppositories or capsules. Minimum duration of total treatment was 7 days, maximum total treatment duration was 14 days, and median duration of total treatment was 9.5 (7–14) days. After having received suppository‐based treatment for at least 5 days, patients could be switched to oral treatment. Eighty‐two male and 19 female patients with a mean age of 43 years were enrolled in the study. The median duration of suppository treatment was 8.9 (5–14) days. Patients were evaluated clinically and mycologically at regular intervals during and at the end of treatment. Seventy‐ nine of 101 patients enrolled in the study were considered efficacy‐evaluable. Clinical cure was achieved in 75 of 79 (95%) patients and improvement was seen in four of 79 (5%) at the end of therapy. At follow‐up after 1 month, clinical cure was observed in 48 of 63 (76%) patients. The results of this study demonstrates that the fluconazole suppository formulation is effective, safe and well tolerated.
Non‐randomized comparison of surgical modalities for paranasal sinus mycoses with intracranial extension
Authors: Gupta  , Mann  , Khosla  , Sastry  , Hundal
Published: March 2003

Mycotic infections of paranasal sinuses are frequently reported in southern Asia. Aspergillus and Mucor species are the predominant ones. Intracranial extension of paranasal sinus mycoses is a difficult problem to manage. We report 18 cases of paranasal sinus mycoses with intracranial extensions. The commonest manifestations were nasal discharge (67%), nasal obstruction (50%), ocular symptoms such as proptosis (44%), telecanthus (39%) and ophthalmoplegia. Computerized tomography scans were found to be quite informative regarding the nature and extent of the disease (100% sensitivity and 78% specificity). A combined intracranial–extracranial approach (six cases) gave a distinct advantage over only adopting an extracranial approach (12 cases). A 17% incidence of CSF leak was noted by adopting only an extracranial approach as well as a recurrence in four cases out of the 12 that were treated using this method (P<0.05). A slight increase in morbidity was associated with the combined intracranial–extracranial treatment, but no recurrence or significant complications were noted in this approach.
Case Reports. Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in non‐neutropenic patients treated with liposomal amphotericin B
Authors: Zhirong Y. , Wanqing L. , Weihua P.
Published: March 2003

We report two cases of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis due to Aspergillus flavus in one patient who with chronic nephritis and to A. fumigatus in another with malignant lymphoma. After receiving intravenous liposomal amphotericin B therapy for 31 and 35 days, respectively, the patients were cured and did not experience any severe adverse effects.
Green and brown colour effects in tremellaceous yeast fungi on Staib agar
Authors: Golubev  , Staib
Published: March 2003

Fifty‐eight species of basidiomycetous yeast fungi were examined for green and brown colour effects (GCE, BCE) on Staib agar (Guizotia abyssinica creatinine agar). In addition to 9% of Cryptococcus laurentii strains tested, only Cryptococcus podzolicus was GCE‐positive. Out of 14 strains of this species, 13 showed a GCE and four showed a BCE. All GCE‐positive strains utilized creatinine and creatine as a source of nitrogen but not of carbon. None of these strains could grow at 37  °C. Unlike Cr. laurentii, no strains of Cr. podzolicus assimilated glycine as a source of carbon. No association was found to exist between GCE and killer activity. Some tremellaceous creatinine‐negative species (Cryptococcus gastricus) showed a BCE whereas some sporidiobolaceous creatinine‐positive yeasts (Leucosporidium, Rhodotorula) produced neither GCE nor BCE.
Experimental coccidioidomycosis in hamsters. Disease kinetics and death curve in relation to infective dose
Authors: Finquelievich J. L. , Iovannitti C. , Negroni R. , Elias Costa M. R.
Published: March 2003

A study of experimental coccidioidomycosis in hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) is presented. Two experiments were conducted on 75 animals inoculated intracardially with the mycelial form of Coccidioides immitis. The first research (experiment I) studied the kinetics of experimental disease in 15 hamsters inoculated with 300 C. immitis arthroconidia. The parameters studied were: (a) presence of macroscopic lesions in the brain, lungs, liver, spleen and kidneys; (b) microscopic identification of spherules in wet mount preparations of these specimens; (c) samples from all organs cultured at 37 °C on Sabouraud glucose agar; (d) blood cultures drawn every 24 h during the first week and subsequently every 48 h and (e) histopathological studies of all organs. The second experiment (experiment II) determined the relationship between the inoculum size and death curve in six groups of 10 animals each, which had received doses of 10, 50, 100, 150, 200 and 300 arthroconidia, respectively. On day 14 post‐inoculation, all the animals underwent skin tests and 1 ml of blood was obtained by cardiac puncture to detect antibodies. Disseminated disease with persistent fungaemia developed in all the studied animals. Coccidioides immitis was recovered from all organs, with the lungs being the first to present disease. Death occurred in all groups, regardless of the dose of arthroconidia and 83.3% died between day 22 and day 28 post‐infection. The use of this model is proposed for the biological standardization of antigens, the study of prophylactic measures and the ‘‘in vivo’’ evaluation of new antifungal treatments.
Phenotypic variation and antifungal susceptibility patterns of Candida albicans strains isolated from neutropenic patients
Authors: Kiraz N. , Angˇ Ö. , Akgün Y. , Erturan Z.
Published: March 2003

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between phenotypes of Candida albicans strains isolated from clinical specimens and the susceptibility of the strains to three antifungal agents, fluconazole, amphotericin B and flucytosine. Oropharyngeal, gastrointestinal and urogenital tract specimens were collected from 122 neutropenic patients who had received no previous prophylactic treatment. Each of 122 C. albicans strains recovered was found to express one of the six phenotypes: smooth, fuzzy, irregular, star, ring and stipple. The mean minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of fluconazole was consistently higher for C. albicans strains expressing the stipple phenotype. The mean MICs for the six phenotypes of C. albicans strains ranged between 1.22 and 7.94 μg ml−1 for fluconazole, 0.99 and 2.55 μg ml−1 for amphotericin B and 1.23 and 1.83 μg ml−1 for flucytosine. The antifungal susceptibility of the stipple phenotype requires attention, especially in patients who are clinically unresponsive to fluconazole chemotherapy or in cases of life‐threatening C. albicans infections of immunocompromised hosts. Long‐term use of fluconazole may explain the outcome of the resistant stipple phenotype.
Adherence in tissues of immunocompromised mice of a non‐mycelium producing strain of Candida albicans
Authors: Vespa Maria Novella
Published: March 2003

Summary. A non‐mycelial strain of wild‐type Candida albicans strain 3153 A was produced by repeated subculturing on Sabouraud glucose agar, and maintained on yeast extract‐peptone‐glucose medium resulting in hydrophobic cells at 26  °C and hydrophilic cells at 37  °C. The behaviour of cells of this strain was studied in male BALB/c mice, immunocompromised by treatment with cyclophosphamide and cortisone acetate. An ex‐vivo assay of cell adherence to tissue sections of liver, spleen, kidney and lymph‐nodes was used. The adherence of yeast cells at 26 and 37  °C was predominantly produced by hydrophobic cells and was significantly greater in spleen and liver of immunosuppressed mice compared with the organs of control animals. Adhesion was observed in the white and red pulp as well as in the marginal zone of the spleen.
Case Report. Cutaneous cryptococcosis in a patient with systemic erythematous lupus
Authors: Ramos L. , López C. , Gómez C. , Mathurín S. , Mateo A.
Published: March 2003

Summary. The first case of a cutaneous cryptococcosis associated with systemic erythematous lupus (SLE) diagnosed in our Mycology Reference Centre is presented: a 24‐year‐old female patient diagnosed with SLE, nephrotic syndrome, arterial hypertension, renal insufficiency due to glomerulonephritis type IV and cellulitis in the right thigh and gluteus. Cryptococcus neoformans was isolated by cutaneous biopsy and haemoculture. Cryptococcal antigen was detected in serum by the latex agglutination test. As the patient did not respond to fluconazol intravenous treatment, amphotericin B administration was performed. She died of acute renal insufficiency.
Epidemiological data of cryptococcosis in Austria, Germany and Switzerland: part of the ECMM survey in Europe
Authors: Tintelnot K. , Schär G. , Polak A.
Published: March 2003

Summary. The data raised for Cryptococcus neoformans and cryptococcosis in Austria, Germany and Switzerland during the period from July 1997 to December 1999 are presented and analysed according to the epidemiological criteria. This is part of the ECMM survey in Europe.
Efficacy of ozonized sunflower oil in the treatment of tinea pedis
Authors: Menéndez S. , Falcón L. , Simón D. R. , Landa N.
Published: March 2003

Summary. Ozonized sunflower oil, Oleozon®, has a remarkable germicidal action. In the present study, the efficacy of Oleozon®in the treatment of tinea pedis was demonstrated in a controlled randomized phase III assay, comparing topical Oleozon®with ketoconazole cream 2% (Nizoral®) in 200 patients (100 in each group). The treatment administered was twice per day for a period of 6 weeks. The efficacy was evaluated clinically (disappearance of all lesions, with or without negative mycological results) and mycologically (negative culture results). A complete clinical and mycological cure was obtained in 75 and 81% for Oleozon®and ketoconazole, respectively, with no significant differences between both groups. No side‐effects or bacterial super‐infections were observed. Patients were evaluated 6 months after the end of the treatment and no recurrence was observed in the Oleozon®group. Oleozon®can be an effective alternative low‐cost antimycotic drug.
Isolation of keratinophilic fungi from elementary schools and public parks in Isfahan, Iran
Authors: Shadzi S. , Chadeganipour M. , Alimoradi M.
Published: March 2003

Summary.  A total of 330 dust and soil samples collected from different sites at 13 elementary schools and seven public parks in the province of Isfahan, Iran were examined for the frequency of keratinophilic fungi by the hair‐baiting technique. Two hundred and fourteen isolates of keratinophilic fungi belonging to seven species were identified. The most frequent isolate was Chrysosporium keratinophilum (54.2%). The frequency and distribution of these keratinophilic fungi are discussed in relation to the presence of children in these environments.
Serological differences in three Blastomyces dermatitidis strains
Authors: Axtell R. C. , Scalarone G. M.
Published: March 2003

Summary.  Yeast phase lysate antigens, prepared from three isolates of Blastomyces dermatitidis (T‐58, Tennessee dog; 48089, Zaire human; ERC‐2, Wisconsin dog) were assayed for their ability to detect antibodies in human sera, dog sera and sera from rabbits immunized with each of the lysate antigens. The dog sera were from animals diagnosed with blastomycosis from various endemic regions in North America. T‐58 and ERC‐2 lysate antigens exhibited a high reactivity with the serum from dogs infected with blastomycosis; however, 48089 lysate showed low reactivity with the same sera. With the immunized rabbit sera, 48089 lysate was the only lysate with a high reactivity with the 48089 serum and it exhibited little reactivity with the heterologous sera. The T‐58 and ERC‐2 lysate antigens reacted minimally with the 48089 serum but reacted highly with both the T‐58 and ERC‐2 sera. The human sera were from individuals potentially exposed to B. dermatitidis while working on a prairie dog relocation project in Colorado. Remarkably, all three lysate antigens could detect antibodies in the individuals diagnosed with blastomycosis. This study indicated that there were serological differences in the 48089 Zaire lysate compared with the other lysate antigens and it may be designated serotype 2.
Exopolysaccharides and capsules in human pathogenic Exophiala species
Authors: Yurlova N.A. , De Hoog G. S.
Published: March 2003

Summary.  The black yeasts Exophiala spinifera and E. dermatitidis produce extracellular slimes, which may be either in the form of a well‐delimited capsule or of diffusely exuded exopolysaccharides (EPS). The optimal conditions for their production were studied. The presence or absence of polysaccharide material can be used for recognition of the two species. Five‐day‐old cultures grown on potato glucose agar at 24 °C were observed in India ink, and positive identification for E. spinifera was obtained when significant halos were seen around yeast cells. In contrast, E. dermatitidis had irregular EPS with a fibrillar substructure made visible by alcian blue staining. Other Exophiala species produce insignificant amounts of extracellular mucus or none at all. The diagnostic method is particularly useful with yeast‐like primary cultures, which often consist entirely of budding cells and lack the characteristic structures of the filamentous Exophiala synanamorph.