bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dental and social effects of malocclusion and effectiveness of orthodontic treatment: a review
Authors: Shaw W. C. , Addy M. , Ray C.
Published: May 2006

The relationship between malocclusion and the health of the masticatory apparatus is reviewed. While there is evidence that certain features such as traumatic deep overbite, unprotected incisors and impacted teeth may adversely affect the longevity of the dentition, the relationship of dental irregularity to periodontal disease, caries and mandibular dysfunction is less certain. Studies in the Held of social psychology indicate that an unattractive physical appearance may evoke an unfavourable social response in many facets of social interaction but the place of dentofacial anomalies in this context has not been satisfactorily assessed. The individual's adjustment to his own imperfections in dental alignment is variable and there is no evidence that children with visible irregularities will in general be emotionally handicapped. Effectiveness studies have yet to be undertaken but the factors which will have to be taken into account in assessing the benefits of orthodontic treatment are the definition of treatment need, treatment standards, the disadvantages of treatment and the influence of other determinants of dental health. The need for further research is underlined.
Radiographic survey of periodontal disease in 264 adolescent schoolboys in Lagos, Nigeria
Authors: Macgregor I. D. M.
Published: May 2006

Periapical radiographs were taken of central incisor and first molar teeth in 264 Nigerian boys (12–20 years) from a school in Lagos. From the radiographs, bone loss involving central incisors and first molars was measured. Bone loss was evident in 28.4% of subjects examined. The prevalence of bone loss rose through the age groups from 23.2% at 12–13 years to 34.6% at 18–20 years. Over all ages the prevalence of bone loss involving mandibular central incisors was 14.4%, mandibular first molars 9.8%, maxillary first molars 8.3% and maxillary central incisors 7.6%. Two subjects showed features characteristic of juvenile periodontitis (periodontosis).
44‐year dental health survey of Helsinki schoolchildren
Authors: Rytömaa Inkeri , Järvinen Varpu , Boris Calonius P.‐E.
Published: May 2006

The purpose of the present study was to establish whether the number of intact teeth in Helsinki schoolchildren aged 7–13 years was rationally correlated with the wartime reduction in sugar consumption and, later, with dental health education programs in Finland. The period covered is 44 years. The results show that dental health education is effective in caries prevention and that enforced programs can lead to an improvement similar to that seen during the war.
Effect of an instructional motivation program on oral health in Danish adolescents after 1 and 2 years
Authors: Melsen Birte , Agerbæk Nina
Published: May 2006

A 2‐year study of the isolated effect of an intensive motivation program in the oral health of 11‐15‐year‐old schoolchildren was carried out in a Danish provincial town. The motivation program consisted of small‐group sessions during which maximum effort was made to obtain active engagement from the children. After 1 year the experimental group was supplemented with two new groups of children who in addition to the motivation participated in a competition on dental hygiene. The effect of the motivational program on knowledge and behavior was evaluated. While the program seemed to result in a reinforcement, of the already existing positive attitude, the cognitive level was only slightly improved and no change in behavior resulting in improved oral health was registered.
Determination of optimal fluoride concentration in drinking water in an area in India with dental fluorosis
Authors: Chandra Shiv , Sharma Rameshwar , Parshuram Thergaonkar Veenayak , Chaturvedi Shyam Kumar
Published: May 2006

The present study was made to determine the optimal fluoride concentration in drinking water in a fluorotic zone. The area under study was divided in four parts on the basis of fluorides present in drinking water. A sample of 1320 persons was examined, where prevalence of dental fluorosis varied from 3.8% to 65.4% depending on the fluoride concentration in drinking water. Statistically significant increase in the prevalence of dental fluorosis was found (a) with I he rise in fluoride in drinking water, (b) with the rise in age, peak being found at 15‐19 years age group and (c) amongst the bona fide residents of the area. A significant positive correlation was found between fluoride in drinking water and Community Fluorosis Index. While determining the optimal level of fluoride in drinking water, values obtained were 1.05 parts/106, 0.8 parts/106and 0.34 part/106, respectively, by different formulae in a fluorotic zone of western India.
Economic aspects of a caries preventive program
Authors: Klock Björn
Published: May 2006

Cost‐benefit and cost‐effectiveness analyses (CBA and CEA) have been done on a preventive program. The program included professional toothcleaning, dietary and oral hygiene instruction, topical fluoride application and sealing of pits and fissures in 9‐12‐year‐old children over 2 years. All measures were delivered by a specially trained dental nurse. In spite of a marked reduction in caries activity both CBA and CEA indicated that the preventive program was highly uneconomic compared to traditional dental care (3.73/1). However, when comparing the cost per completely treated child and year in the trial clinic continuing to use the preventive measures described, with that in dental clinics with no special preventive programs the cost seemed to be lower in the trial clinic now markedly interested in prophylaxis.
Evaluation of the use of colour transparencies for scoring gingivitis
Authors: Dunne S. M. , Day C. R. , Alexander A. G.
Published: May 2006

The effects of altering exposure, angle at which the exposure was made, magnification, type of flash, and the method of viewing, on scoring gingivitis from colour transparencies were evaluated. The results of this study suggest that, by using a standardised photographic technique, the scoring of gingivitis from colour transparencies is a valid procedure. However, many practical drawbacks arose, indicating that this method is not entirely satisfactory.
Dental anxiety and needs in low‐income pregnant women
Authors: Silberman Stephen L. , Cohen Leonard A. , Meydrech Edward F.
Published: May 2006

This study utilized the Dental Anxiety Scale (DAS) in examining 128 pregnant women, aged 15‐34. The data indicated that 71 % had not been to the dentist within the past year, 58% had made their last visit to the dentist because of pain, and 36% had presented to the dentist in pain. These patients had a mean of 7.3 tooth surfaces, or almost two teeth, that needed to be extracted, and 11.3 tooth surfaces, or almost three teeth, that had been extracted previously. Fillings were almost non‐existent in this group of women. The moderately high anxiety scores were anticipated due to the inverse association between socioeconomic status and dental anxiety. However, knowing the anxiety level and needs prior to treatment prepared the operator to use caution and tact during each procedure. This brief test is invaluable in dental treatment situations.
Relationship between reported toothbrushing and dental caries in adults
Authors: Rajala Matti , Seläinaho Kalevi , Paunio Ilkka
Published: May 2006

The relationship of toothbrushing to dental decay has remained unclear. In the present study an effort was made to throw more light on this problem. Clinical and interview data were obtained from 212 males. Potential confounding risk indicators were controlled by a multivariate confounder summarizing score. In general it was found that the values of caries prevalence indicator were consistently higher for sporadic toothbrushers. It was concluded that the current study provides evidence in favor of a positive association between toothbrushing and low caries prevalence.
Attitudes toward National Health Insurance: dentists, dental students, and dental hygiene students
Authors: Abrams Richard A. , Petterson Mary Vogt
Published: May 2006

The attitudes toward National Health Insurance held by 126 second year dental students and 108 second year dental hygiene students enrolled in the state of Wisconsin, U.S.A., were measured and compared with the attitudes held by practicing dentists in the U.S.A. Although some similarities were noted, marked differences were revealed, with students, generally, preferring broader coverage and more government involvement than practicing dentists. There is virtually no published data in this area, and more research is needed, as the success or failure of any National Health Insurance plan depends critically on the altitudes of both health care providers and those studying to become health care providers.
Assessment of the validity of two plaque indices
Authors: Mander Carol I. , Mainwaring Peter J.
Published: May 2006

The validity of the Podshadley and Haley Patient Hygiene Performance Index (PHPI) and the Silness and Löe Index (PlI) was investigated. Fifty children aged 11–12 years were examined by a single examiner and plaque collected from all accessible smooth surfaces, and dry‐weight determined. Statistically, there were significant positive correlations between plaque dry weight and PlI (r = 0.61) & PHPI (r = 0.63). The results indicate that both indices were equally good indicators of the amount of plaque on accessible smooth surfaces.
A survey of dental disease in children of Wuvulu Island, Papua New Guinea
Authors: Slome Beryl Abrams , Rozier Richard Gary , Seidel James S.
Published: May 2006

A convenience sample of 153 boys and girls, aged 3‐16 years, inhabiting Wuvulu Island were examined for the prevalence of dental caries and periodontal disease and for oral hygiene status. Average of teeth and surface scores for the group were 2.08 and 3.35, respectively, while average DMF teeth and surface scores were 0.90 and 1.20, respectively. Of the sample, 30.7% were caries free. Oral hygiene was poor and males had significantly more periodontal disease than females. While primary teeth were about three times more susceptible to caries than permanent teeth, tooth loss due to caries was not a problem in primary teeth. The authors discuss findings of other researchers and reasons for the greater prevalence of caries in primary teeth.
Discriminatory ability of caries diagnosis from bitewing radiographs in caries prophylactic trials
Authors: Howat Alison P. , Brandt R. S.
Published: May 2006

The discriminatory ability of radiological criteria in common use in clinical trials was tested on 99 female teenagers selected from a larger sample taking part in a 3–year caries prophylactic clinical trial. Four radiological caries diagnostic criteria were selected as generally representative of those in current use following a comprehensive review of the literature. A significant preventive effect was evident from the radiographic examinations after 3 years. At this time a significant difference between mean DFS increments was recorded when enamel lesions were omitted (P < 0.05). Although preventive treatment effects were evident at all diagnostic levels, the discriminatory abilities differed. The criterion “involvement of amelodentinal junction but not beyond” was most discriminatory.
Oral findings in glassblowers
Authors: Schiödt Morten , Larsen Vagn , Bessermann Mogens
Published: May 2006

Oral changes related to the occupation of glassblowing have been examined in 74 Danish glassblowers, consisting of 44 active glassblowers (Group 1) and 30 past glassblowers (Group 2). In addition, 15 non‐glassblowers (Group 3) were examined. All three groups worked in the same department of mouth‐blown glassware in Holmegaard's Glassworks. White patches of the buccal mucosa occurred in 23 % of active glassblowers, but did not occur among past or non‐glassblowers. Histologically, the white lesions revealed morsicatio buccarum‐Like changes. The lesions are reversible and should be distinguished from leukoplakias. The term “glassblower's white patch” is suggested. Furthermore black discolorations of vermilion border and front teeth occurred in 30% and 62%, respectively, of active glassblowers. Tooth fractures, mostly enamel fractures, caused by the blowpipe were found in 43% of active glassblowers and 19% of past glassblowers.
Factors that influence dental visiting amongst young adults 16–20 years old
Authors: Craft Michael , Croucher Ray
Published: May 2006

Interviews investigating factors influencing dental visiting were held with a nationally drawn (England + Wales) random sample of 690 16–20‐year‐olds. The results presented relate specifically to the last reported dental visit, the balance of self and professional dental care, knowledge and acceptability of charges for dental treatment, factors in choosing a dentist, feelings about visiting the dentist and whether information relating to treatment or prevention is either asked of or given by the dentist. The results were found to vary by age, sex, social class and region. The implications of these findings for the training of dentists and dental health education messages are discussed.
Network capitation practices: a new concept
Authors: Rosenstein David I. , Cogan Gerald L. , Joseph Lireka P.
Published: May 2006

The percentage of consumers in the U. S. covered by dental insurance has increased dramatically over the last 10 years. As dental insurance grows, it is becoming increasingly important to examine the context of dental care payment systems. At present, almost all insurance programs are geared toward the fee‐for‐service system, which reimburses dentists a fixed sum for each type of procedure. The exceptions to fee‐for‐service dental insurance plans are few. A capitation program for dental care, which reimburses dentists a fixed amount per enrolled patient regardless of services rendered, offers many advantages for both consumers and providers and should be available as an option. Network capitation represents a new approach to the payment of dental care. A network capitation program is being developed in the United States and will use an approach involving two contracts, one which will be used with an insurance company, and the second with a network of private practitioners. The insurance company will supply dental practices with dental patients and funds on a capitation basis. Patients will be given the choice of fee‐for‐service or capitation. Network capitation allows fee‐for‐service solo or group practitioners to incorporate capitation patients into their practice.
Dental treatment needs and demands of an elderly population in England
Authors: Smith Joyce M. , Sheiham Aubrey
Published: May 2006

A sociodental investigation was conducted among 254 elderly people living at home in Nottingham. A clinical assessment was made of the subjects' dental treatment needs and this was compared with the subjects' felt and expressed needs. Seventy‐eight percent of the sample were clinically judged as needing denial treatment, mainly some form of prosthetic treatment. There was, however, a wide discrepancy between the normative and perceived needs of this elderly population. Only 42% of those who were clinically assessed as needing treatment felt that they required it and only 19% had actually tried to obtain it. Many of the elderly mentioned a number of barriers to obtaining dental care; these included the cost of treatment, fear of the dentist, immobility and the feeling that they should not “bother” the dentist.
Relation of traumatized permanent anterior teeth to occlusion and lip condition
Authors: Ghose Leonora J. , Baghdady Virgin S. , Enke Helmut
Published: May 2006

A comparative epidemiologic study on traumatized permanent anterior teeth was conducted on 6090 Iraqi and 3507 Sudanese primary schoolchildren. A significant relationship was found between the severity of trauma to protrusion of maxillary incisors and amount of lip coverage in Iraqis and a similar tendency was observed for the Sudanese. In a comparison between the two population groups the frequency of traumatized permanent maxillary incisors with greater tooth loss (types 3 + 4) were significantly higher in Iraqi than in Sudanese children with protrusion and inadequate lip coverage.
Stability of fluoride levels in surface layer of normal enamel during a 21‐month fluoride mouthrinsing program
Authors: Pearce Euan I. F. , Craig Eric W. , Suckling Grace W.
Published: May 2006

A 21‐month trial of the caries‐preventive effect of a 0.2% NaF mouthrinse included monitoring changes in the concentration of F in normal enamel. Subsamples of 25 children were randomly selected from groups receiving either normal dental treatment (Control group); additional fortnightly professional prophylaxes (Test group); or prophylaxes plus fortnightly 2‐min fluoride rinses (Test + F group). At the start of the trial the sound labial surface of tooth 24 (occasionally 23 or 22) was etched with 2 N HCL and the etchant analysed for F, Ca and phosphate. The contralateral tooth was sampled at the end of the trial. The caries increments (DFS) for the three groups over 21 months were Control, 2.88; Test, 2.51 and Test + F, 1.77, the last being significantly less than the others (P<0.05). The average sound enamel surface F concentrations were similar for the three groups at the start and the end of the trial. F parameter calculations showed that all differences were non‐significant. Thus this factor could not explain the reduced caries increment due to F mouthrinsing. F biopsies for the purpose of predicting likely‐clinical effectiveness of neutral 0.2% NaF mouthrinsing will find little application in public health dentistry.
Three factors predicting irregular versus regular dental attendance: A model fitting to empirical data
Authors: Schuurs Albert H. B. , Duivenvoorden Huco J. , Thodenvan Velzen Sijo K. , Verhage Frans
Published: May 2006

A tentative theory, based upon the results of a survey that was performed in an urbanized village in the Netherlands, and proposing that the (ir) regularity of dental attendance is predicted by 1) dental anxiety, 2) the family dental health pattern and 3) the preference for preservation of the teeth, has been explored with loglinear models (logit approach). It has been shown that dental anxiety in combination with preference for preservation of the teeth is significantly associated with the (ir)regularity, but the family dental health pattern has a modifying effect. The probabilities of being an irregular dental attender were estimated for the levels discernible in the two predictor variables and with the odds of irregular dental attendance corresponding 95% confidence intervals were approximated. The results were discussed and it seems warranted to conclude that (ir) regular dental attendance dependent on the levels of the variables, mentioned above, is predicted more or less accurately. A further exploration of the theory and the variables involved seems worthwhile.
Measurement of plaque growth following toothbrushing
Authors: Stean H. , Forward G.C.
Published: May 2006

A method measuring plaque by area has been developed which can be used to evaluate the antiplaque effect of agents such as dentifrices when used in combination with toothbrushing. The extent of disclosed plaque 24 hours after treatment on tooth surfaces previously cleaned of all observable plaque was drawn by the examiner onto accurate enlarged scale drawings of the outline of the labial surfaces of all incisors, canines, premolars and 1st molars. Areas were then measured by an electronically recording planimeter. Three separate blind crossover trials were performed using this plaque area measurement in which a minimum of 15 subjects brushed normally on one occasion only, with either a calcium carbonate dentifrice or water. Compared with when subjects brushed with water, a statistically significant reduction of 45%‐52% in plaque was observed in subjects 24 hours after brushing with the dentifrice in each of the three trials. In a study with 27 subjects, the periodontal condition of the papillae was found to be related to plaque present on labial surfaces on adjacent teeth as measured by this method. The teeth adjacent to papillae which bled on probing had 77% greater plaque area than teeth adjacent to papillae which did not bleed. Plaque area measured by this method on a continuous scale has a sensitivity advantage over the commonly used four‐point plaque indices, especially when comparing effective antiplaque treatments or combination of treatments.
Effect of operator variability and patient age on the retention of fissure sealant resin: 3‐year results
Authors: Rock W. P. , Bradnock Gillian
Published: May 2006

Abstract Results of a 3‐year clinical trial of Delton fissure sealant resin are reported. 41 % of first molar fissures remained fully sealed after 3 years. Significant differences were found between the levels of resin retention produced by the two operators and retention was significantly better on mandibular molars than on maxillary molars. In a separate group of 11‐year‐old children 77% of fissures were full)’sealed after 3 years.
Dental health of young Vietnamese immigrants
Authors: Riordan Paul J. , Birkeland Jan Magne , Olsen Gunvor Merok , Boe Olavv E.
Published: May 2006

Abstract About 3000 refugees from Vietnam have come to Norway in the last 5 years. A survey, including a clinical and radiographic examination for caries and gingival health, was carried out on 142 refugees. They were aged from 2 to 18 years and were examined within 6 weeks of arrival in Norway. The mean dmfs score of subjects 2‐5 years old was 23.9, for subjects 6‐11, dmfs was 12.4 and DMFS 7.7, and for subjects 12‐18, DMFS was 20.0. The dmf/DMF scores were mainly composed of caries grades 3 and 4 (dentin caries or caries with pulpal involvement), and teeth missing or indicated for extraction. Only eight subjects had restorations, and these were often of poor quality. All subjects over 6 years had gingivitis (GBI 62%). About 10% had enamel hypoplasias on permanent anterior teeth. Denial abscesses and periapical areas indicated an acute treatment need, and most subjects were in urgent need of restorative treatment. Average time required for treatment of 12‐18‐year‐old patients is estimated to be 7‐10 hours, about four times that required for Norwegian schoolchildren. Dental examination of newly arrived Vietnamese refugees is recommended.
Eruption time of primary teeth in Iraqi children
Authors: Baghdady Virgin S. , Ghose Leonora J.
Published: May 2006

Abstract The mean times and order of eruption of primary teeth were determined cross‐sectionally from 1017 Iraqi nursery schoolchildren, ranging in age from 1 to 40 months. No statistical differences were found in the mean ages of eruption between corresponding right and left primary teeth in both sexes. The order of eruption for the maxilla and the mandible was the same in both sexes. In boys teeth erupted earlier than girls except for the maxillary central incisors and the mandible second molars.
Longitudinal evaluation of a preventive program provided by general dental practitioners to young adult Danes
Authors: Schwarz Eli
Published: May 2006

Abstract In 1976, a preventive program was established for young adults under the general dental program of the Danish National Health Insurance. Utilization and effects of and the feasibility of public economic support for preventive dentistry was studied longitudinally during the years 1976–80. Out of approximately 140000 evaluation cards sent out, 42000 were returned from general dental practitioners concerning 20000 individuals, 12000 of whom were reported twice or more. Information was collected on use of preventive service and health status based on Visible Plaque Index (VPI) and Gingival Bleeding Index (GBI). About one‐fifth of the study population received the preventive service, consisting of chairside dental education and oral hygiene instruction. Associations between provision of prevention and VPI/GBI scores were found. From first to last dental visit in the evaluation period improvement in VPI and GBI scores was registered, proportionally more in the group that received preventive service. Internal and external validity of the results and policy implications of the study are discussed.
Why covariance analysis should replace increment analysis of variance in caries studies
Authors: Slakter Malcolm J. , Wu Bill Y.
Published: May 2006

Abstract Consider a caries study where experimental units are a) randomly assigned lo groups, b) premeasured on DMFS, c) administered a specified treatment depending on group membership, and d) postmeasured on DMFS. Traditional analysis of these data consists of analysis of variance of the increment scores (increment ANOVA). In place of increment ANOVA, others have suggested analysis of covariance with the postmeasure as criterion and the premeasure as covariate (ANOCOV). The present paper examines and documents the following: 1) Increment ANOVA and ANOCOV test the same null hypothesis. 2) Increment ANOVA and ANOCOV have exactly the same assumptions. 3) Increment ANOVA is usually less precise than ANOCOV. 4) The same concern for violations of assumptions must be expressed with increment ANOVA as with ANOCOV (see No. 2 above). 5) ANOCOV should replace increment ANOVA in caries studies (see points 1‐4).
Effect of repeated dental health care education on gingival health, knowledge, attitude, behavior and perception
Authors: Tan H. H. , Ruiter E. , Verhev H.
Published: May 2006

Abstract To evaluate the effect of repeated dental health care instructions plus a single initial prophylaxis a study was conducted in the Dutch Royal Military Academy. The experimental group consisted of second year cadets and the control group of first year students. The final examination took place 1 year after the baseline examination. After the final examination the study was repeated to see whether the results of the first experiment were reproducible. Experimental effects were measured by a questionnaire and dental indices. The results of the study showed significant and relevant improvements in dental knowledge, attitude, reported behavior, the participants' perception of the gingival status, the ability to diagnose gingivitis and the condition of the supporting tissues. The effects were reproduced in the second experiment.
Oral health of Australian children using surface and artesian water supplies
Authors: Schamschula R. G. , Cooper M. H. , Agus H. M. , Un P. S. H.
Published: May 2006

Abstract Oral health parameters were compared for 6–8 and 10–11‐year‐old children living in neighbouring N. S. W. towns, where the community water supplies consisted of artesian and river water respectively. The demographic characteristics, living pattern and dietary carbohydrate challenge were similar in the two areas and effective oral hygiene practices were uniformly lacking. Children in the artesian water area had 40% lower caries prevalence (DIMFT), 50% less severe carious lesions (SR) and significantly better oral hygiene (OHI) and gingival condition (PI) and correspondingly lesser treatment needs than those supplied by river water. The findings were examined in relation to the concentrations of 10 elements in roof catchment, river and artesian water. Apart from a contribution by fluoride to better oral health, the results implicate lithium as a possible beneficial element.
Prognostic stratification for the mandibular pain dysfunction syndrome
Authors: Smith James Pitchford
Published: May 2006

Abstract Combinations of the symptoms and signs of the mandibular pain dysfunction syndrome (MDS) provoked by movements of the mandible are complex and patients are treated as a homogeneous group. The process of prognostic stratification applied to an inception cohort of 169 MDS patients, separated groups of patients according to affected movements of the mandible associated with similar outcomes of treatments. From the data, two staging systems for the dysfunction were derived and evaluated. It is suggested that further analyses of more data would distinguish groups of patients with comparable prognoses enabling universal and valid comparisons of treatment of the dysfunction to be made.
Frequency and distribution of proximal overlappings on posterior bitewing radiographs
Authors: Sewerin Ib
Published: May 2006

Abstract 4374 proximal surfaces on 791 posterior bitewing radiographs were classified according to overlappings. Six categories were used: 1) no overlapping, 2) blurred contact areas, 3) less than half of the enamel overlapped, 4) more than half of the enamel overlapped, 5) dentin overlapped, and 6) unclassifiable overlappings. Filled surfaces and surfaces not in contact were excluded. Only 19% of the surfaces did not have overlappings. 65 % exhibited mild overlappings (categories 2 and 3), and 16 % severe overlappings (categories 4, 5 and 6). The frequencies of no overlappings varied from 7% to 40% for single tooth surfaces. The relationship between distribution of overlappings and tooth surfaces was statistically significant at the 0.05% level. Principles of excluding overlapping surfaces have been inconsistent in previous epidemiologic studies and clinical trials. The use of exact criteria for exclusion is recommended.
Interview or questionnaire? A comparison based on the relationship between caries and dietary habits in preschoolchildren
Authors: Schröder Ulla , Lindström Lars‐Göran , Olsson Lena
Published: May 2006

The aim was to select a method for gaining correct past history data about dietary habits by studying how caries varied in relation to dietary habits. Therefore, an interview was used in one group of preschoolchildren and a questionnaire in another group. Ninety‐three 4‐year‐old children were included and divided by lot into two groups. The groups were comparable concerning dmfs, gingival status and oral hygiene. The parents were either interviewed or filled in a questionnaire about the children's dietary habits. The interview contained the same questions as the questionnaire and was standardized with the instructions for filling in the questionnaire, which concentrated on frequency of eating different foods. An average frequency of cariologically unsuitable eating of food per day was calculated for each child. Each group was distributed over frequency classes: <2, ≥2 <5 and ≥5 unsuitable food intakes per day, and the mean caries value was calculated for each class. The amount of caries increased in a logical way with increasing frequency of unsuitable eating in the interview group, but not in the questionnaire group. It might therefore be concluded, for groups of preschoolchildren, that the interview technique gives more relevant information than the questionnaire technique.
Dental caries, gingival health and malocclusion in 12‐year‐old urban Black schoolchildren from Soweto, Johannesburg
Authors: Hirschowitz A. S. , Rashid S. A. A. , Cleaton‐Jones P. E.
Published: May 2006

Abstract The oral health of 402 12‐year‐old Black schoolchildren was studied. Dental caries was seen in 65.6%, but 58.2% had a DMFT of less than 6, while the mean DMFT was 2.3. Few teeth were missing or filled, the majority being decayed. No significant association was found between DMFT and sex, ethnic group or father's occupation. Periodontal disease was seen in 40.3% and malocclusions were rare, being present in only 11.1%.
Infraocclusion of primary molars: an epidemiologic and familial study
Authors: Kurol Jüri
Published: May 2006

Abstract The prevalence of infraocclusion of primary molars was studied in 1059 Swedish children aged 3–12 years with an even distribution between the age groups. No extractions were performed due to infraocclusion. 94 children (8.9%) showed infraocclusion of primary molars Infraocclusion was found from 3 years of age. The prevalence varied between age groups, with a maximum of 14.3% in 8‐and 9‐year‐old children and a minimum of 1.9% in 12‐year‐old children 49 children had a single tooth in infraocclusion. The primary mandibular molars were affected more than 10 times as often as the maxillary. The prevalence of infraocclusion of primary mandibular first molars rose to a maximum at 8 years. The prevalence of infraocclusion of the primary mandibular second molar showed a similar patten but with a 1–2‐year delay, up to a maximum in 9‐year‐old children. After this age the mandibular second molar was the tooth most commonly found in infraocclusion. In a study of 138 3–12‐year‐old siblings of 109 children with infraocclusion the prevalence of infraocclusion was found to be 18.1 %. When compared with the frequency in the total material (8.9%), the difference proved to be significant, supporting the hypothesis that there is a familial tendency in infraocclusion of primary molars. The mode of inheritance is discussed and it is concluded that the most likely explanation is that the condition is inherited on a multifactorial basis.
Fluoride exposure combinations and caries in permanent dentition among Finnish children
Authors: Hausen Hannu , Heinonen Olli P. , Paunio Ilkka
Published: May 2006

Abstract A representative sample (2865 persons, 7–16 years old) of children visiting municipal denial clinics was studied. Caries diagnoses were made by local dentists; structured questionnaires were used to collect data on fluoride and sugar exposures. Fluoridated pipe water was used by 26% of the children, 63% had supervised fluoride rinses and/or paintings, and 69% used fluoridated dentifrice. Water fluoridation prevented caries best. No major differences were observed between single and combined applications of different topical fluoride preventive measures as they are applied in everyday practice.
Attitudes concerning water fluoridation among Swedish dentists in 1975
Authors: Petterson Elof O.
Published: May 2006

Abstract The purpose of the investigation was to assess the attitudes concerning water fluoridation among dentists actively engaged in the practice of dentistry in Sweden. A 25% random sample was selected from the aforementioned population of 6,669 dentists. A questionnaire was sent out by mail in 1974/75. The rate of return was 93%. A 99% confidence estimate indicated that 60–66% of Swedish dentists approved a water fluoridation; 58% would welcome fluoridation of their own community water supplies; 56% expressed a willingness to sign a petition to the Parliament requesting that water fluoridation again be permitted. Approximately 11 % were not certain about the effectiveness of water fluoridation in preventing dental decay. One‐third of the respondents were uncertain about the safety of the technical procedures; 20% were undecided concerning the possibility of combining procedures for topical application of fluorides with water fluoridation, and 15 % stated that topical application of fluorides could not be combined with water fluoridation. More than 19% were not able to report the F‐content of their own community water supplies.
Loss of periodontal attachment in adolescents
Authors: Mann Jonathan , Cormier Patrecia P. , Green Paul , Ram Carol A. , Miller Michael F. , Ship Irwin I.
Published: May 2006

Abstract Loss of attachment as measured by a portion of Ramfjord's Index (PDI) was determined in 383, 12–16‐year‐old schoolchildren in rural Juniata County, PA. Prevalence and distributions were tabulated for sex, last dental visit, and type of treatment received. Denial knowledge test scores, toothbrushing effectiveness, periodontal status and oral cleanliness were determined at annual intervals Irom Spring '75 to Spring '79. Mean scores were contrasted with bone loss measurements. 47.3% had loss of attachment (>1 mm) including 24.5% with 2 mm or more of attachment loss per mouth. Females (41.0%) had significantly lower prevalence rates than males (52.7%). Students who visited a dentist in the last 6 months and who received scaling had less bone loss, lower GI, PII, PI, and QHI scores. An inverse relationship was found between dental knowledge and the other variables measured. Similar patterns were seen with high, medium and low bone loss groups. Many variables in this study were associated with bone loss, including: plaque, dental knowledge, dental behavior (toothbrushing and visiting a dental clinic), recent treatment received and sex. None appeared more significant than the others.
Salivary lactobacillus counts in the prediction of caries activity
Authors: Crossner Cleas‐Göran
Published: May 2006

Abstract The aim of the study was lo investigate the reliability and clinical value for prediction of caries activity of determining the number of lactobacilli in saliva, the salivary secretion rate and the presence of yeasts in the saliva. For this purpose one entire age group of pupils (115 14‐year‐olds) attending one of the compulsory 9‐year comprehensive schools in Örebro was selected for longitudinal examination. Over a period of 64 weeks three clinical recordings were made and seven salivary samples were collected. The correlations between caries activity, caries frequency (DFS), lactobacillus counts, yeasts in saliva, salivary secretion rate and gingivitis were examined. The results showed that in spite of a well‐organized dental health service, including adequate preventive measures, a pronounced variation in caries activity remained and thus a means of predicting the onset of caries would be a valuable asset. Statistically significant correlations were found between caries activity on the one hand and caries frequency and lactobacillus counts on the other. The lactobacillus count was found to be a suitable measure in predicting caries activity. It was concluded that the lactobacillus count should be used for caries prediction in healthy, properly treated patients. It is important that there are no areas of microbial retention on the teeth such as open carious lesions, poorly executed restorations, dentures or orthodontic bands. In such situations, the lactobacillus count seems to relied the frequency of ingested fermentable carbohydrates and thus, indirectly, the risk of initiating carious lesions.
Traumatic dental injuries in a sample of Dominican schoolchildren
Authors: García‐Godoy Frankling , Sánchez Rigoberto , Sánchez José R.
Published: May 2006

Abstract The purpose of this retrospective study was to analyze 1) the prevalence of traumatic injuries to permanent incisors and canines, 2) their distribution according to type, 3) etiology, 4) place of occurrence, and 5) location of trauma, in a population sample of schoolchildren from the Dominican Republic, located in the Caribbean Archipelago. The sample consisted of 596 children aged 7–14 years enrolled in 21 public and private schools from the city of San Pedro de Macoris, in the southeastern part of the country. This sample represents 10.8% of the schoolchildren of the city. The prevalence of injuries was 18.1 % (17.4% in boys and 18.8% in girls). The largest number of injuries was found in the 14‐year‐old children followed by the 12‐year‐olds. Significantly, girls had a larger number of actual teeth injured than boys (P < 0.05). The most common type of injury in both sexes was the enamel fracture (51.1%) followed by concussions (25.6%). Significantly, more girls suffered concussions than boys (P < 0.05). The most common cause of injury in both sexes was falling against an object (60.0% in boys and 42.6% in girls). The most frequent place of occurrence of trauma, in both sexes, was at home (34.1 %), followed by outside of home (19.3%) and at school (12.5%). The teeth most commonly injured were the maxillary central incisors (63.9%). Girls presented significantly more mandibular lateral incisors injured than boys (P < 0.02).
Caries in primary dentition and social class in high and low fluoride areas
Authors: Hausen Hannu , Milen Anneli , Heinonen Olli P. , Paunio Ilkka
Published: May 2006

Abstract Of the two random samples studied, the first represented 6–8‐year‐old residents of a natural high fluoride area (n= 115) and residents of all other areas of Finland (n= 1219). The second sample was representative for 7–9‐year‐old children participating in public dental care in an area with artificially fluoridated pipe water (n= 182) and areas with low fluoride (n = 530) in one Finnish county. Structured questionnaires were used to collect data on social class; caries diagnoses were made by local dentists in municipal dental clinics. Children in the highest social class had the lowest caries experience in both high and low fluoride areas. Differences between middle and lower social class children were small. Fluoride affected caries in the primary dentition similarly in all social classes; in both samples this was shown statistically by non significant interaction between social class and fluoride. In Finland, differences between social classes in caries in the primary dentition cannot be removed solely by implementing water fluoridation.
Caries increment in primary teeth after application of Duraphat® fluoride varnish
Authors: Grodzka K. , Augustyniak L. , Budny J. , Czarnocka K. , Janicha J. , Mlosek K. , Moszczeńska B. , Szpringer M. , Wacińska M. , Petersson L. , Frostell G.
Published: May 2006

Abstract In order to evaluate the possible cariostatic effect of a fluoride varnish in the primary dentition, Duraphat® varnish was applied twice yearly for 2 years to the teeth of 195 31/2‐year‐old children of both sexes attending nine preparatory schools in the Warsaw area. A control group of 127 children attending nine other preparatory schools was also examined. For each child a dmfs1 index (including “caries without macroscopic defect”) and a dmfs2 index (“caries without macroscopic defect” excluded) were determined as well as a dmft1 and a dmft2 index. After 2 years the difference between the test and the control groups regarding the mean dmfs1 and dmft2 index increments was 9.39% (P > 0.1) and 24.09% (P < 0.05) respectively. No significant differences were found, however, concerning the dmft2 and dmfs2 indices, the percentage children with new gingival caries, the number of teeth extracted on account of caries and the number of remaining teeth. A test group of 46 children treated with fluoride varnish in which a complete radiological examination could be carried out before and after the experimental period and which was treated with fluoride varnish was compared with a similar group of 27 children, which was not treated with fluoride varnish. The differences in caries increments were small, less than 15%, and were not significant. Taking into consideration the great variation between the schools it was concluded that the cariostatic effect of Duraphat application twice yearly in the primary dentition of these children was slight.
Quality assessment of dental restorations provided to adult kibbutz residents in Israel
Authors: Anaise Joseph Z.
Published: May 2006

Abstract The purpose of the present study was to assess the quality of restorations provided to adult kibbutz residents. Two kibbutzim were selected for the study. A random sample of 72 adults aged 21–50 was drawn from a population of 670 adults residing in the kibbutzim. A total of 488 restorations were studied and recorded for quality under standardized conditions. The quality of restorations was assessed according to an index devised for this purpose. The quality of restorations was rather low. It was suggested that lack of standardization of performance levels in Israel is reflected in part in the observed low quality of dental restorations. This study points clearly to measures which can be initiated through dental education, financing and public health, planning sectors of society to increase awareness of this problem and to define specific steps for improving the quality of restorative dental care delivered in kibbutzim in Israel.
Oral health of children in Southern Sudan
Authors: Dowty Alison M.
Published: May 2006

Abstract 426 4–17‐year‐old children (89% males) from the Jonglei Province and 50 12‐and 15, year‐old children from Juba town in Southern Sudan were examined according to WHO criteria (9). The prevalence of calculus and intense gingivitis was high, and highest at ages 8 and 9 years. 8% of 15‐year‐old children had advanced periodontal disease but this was confined to the anterior mandibular region. Caries prevalence was very low, but much higher in Juba town (36% at both age 12 and age 15 years) than in the Jonglei Province children (4% at 12 years and 8% at 15 years of age). The pastoral, isolated existence of the inhabitants of the Jonglei Province is likely to change with the completion of the Jonglei canal.
Periodontal disease prevalence and dental needs among schoolchildren in Saudi Arabia
Authors: El‐Angbawi Mohammed Farouk , Younes Salwa Abd El Samad
Published: May 2006

Abstract The study population consisted of 1174 intermediate Saudi schoolchildren; 601 girls and 573 boys, aged 13, 14 and 15 years. Periodontal disease was assessed by the method recommended by WHO and data were computerized by using IBM 3033, SAS package. Boys had significantly higher debris, calculus deposits and intense gingivitis counts than girls by sex and age. But for advanced periodontal involvement, the result shows no significant differences by sex and age. There was a position correlation between debris, calculus and periodontal diseases There was a highly significant difference between girls and boys. The results of this study suggest the need for an oral health program for the entire community.
Causal analysis on the use of dental services among old‐age pensioners in Norway
Authors: Rise J. , Holst D.
Published: May 2006

Abstract The purpose of the present paper was to establish and evaluate a causal model on the use of dental services in Norwegian old‐age pensioners living at home. Data were derived from the Health Survey of 1975. The independent variables sex, age, education and dental status were dichotomized and arranged in this assumed temporal sequence. The dependent variable was also dichotomized into use versus non‐use of dental sen‐ices last year. The analysis started with the bivariate percentage table for sex and use, and then proceeded stepwise by adding one by one of the independent variables in the order of their lime sequence. In this way the statistical relationship between an independent and the dependent variable was decomposed into direct, indirect and spurious effects. Dental status was the most influential determinant of use of services, having the greatest direct effect (0.40) and mediating indirect effect of the prior variables. Education came second with a direct effect of 0.18 and an indirect effect (0.11) by affecting dental status. There were only negligible differences in use rates between the age groups (< 75≥ 75 years of age) when the other variables were held constant (0.05, P > 0.05). The greater part of the direct effect of sex (0.11) was limited to dentate persons aged 65–74 with low education. Both age and sex affected use of services indirectly through dental status (0.09 and –0.04, respectively).
Reduction of caries in 8‐year‐old Swedish children between 1967 and 1979
Authors: Bäuckman Birgitta , Crossner Claes‐Göran , Holm Anna‐Karin
Published: May 2006

Abstract In this paper, the caries prevalence of groups of 8‐year‐old children in Umea, Sweden, examined in 1967, 1971, 1975 and 1979 is described. A reduction of caries of 45%in the permanent teeth and 54% in the primary teeth is shown between 1967 and 1979. During the same period there has been a gradual extension of dental care for children and adolescents, and there has been an increasing emphasis on preventive dentistry. The reduction in caries docs not, however, continue at the same rapid rate. Further preventive efforts therefore ought to be focused on those individuals with the highest caries indices.