bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Percutaneous Radiofrequency Denervation in Patients With Contraindications for Total Hip Arthroplasty
Authors: Rivera Fabrizio , Mariconda Carlo , Annaratone Giovanni
Published: March 2012

Multiple comorbidities sometimes represent a contraindication for total hip arthroplasty (THA). Major symptoms of patients with hip pain include groin, thigh, and trochanteric pain. Groin and thigh pain arise from sensory branches of the obturator nerve, whereas trochanteric pain arises from sensory branches of the femoral nerve. Between January 2009 and October 2010, eighteen patients with chronic hip pain with several contraindications for THA were selected for a prospective study. Predenervation diagnosis was osteoarthritis in 16 patients and prolonged postoperative hip pain in 2 (1 THA, 1 Girdlestone). Hip joint pain was treated by percutaneous radiofrequency lesioning of the sensory branches of the obturator and femoral nerves. Six-month follow-up data revealed a statistically significant decrease in visual analog scale (VAS) scores and Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) scores, and a statistically significant increase of Harris Hip Score. Before radiofrequency and at 6-month follow-up, mean VAS scores were 9.52 (range, 7–10; standard deviation [SD], 0.79) and 6.35 (range, 3–10; SD, 2.17), respectively; mean Harris Hip Scores were 28.64 (range, 19–41; SD, 6.98) and 43.88 (range, 23–71; SD, 16.38), respectively; and mean WOMAC scores were 75.70 (range, 92–59; SD, 9.70) and 63.70 (range, 78–44; SD, 11.37), respectively. All values were statistically significant (
P
<.05) for Student’s
t
test and Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Eight patients reported ⩾50% pain relief at 6-month follow-up. No side effects were reported.

Use of this technique for hip pain control is controversial. In our experience, percutaneous radiofrequency lesioning of the sensory branches of the nerves innervating the hip joint can be an option for patients with intractable hip joint pain.
Clinical and Functional Outcomes of Tibial Intercalary Allografts After Tumor Resection
Authors: Farfalli Germán L. , Aponte-Tinao Luis , Lopez-Millán Lucas , Ayerza Miguel A. , Muscolo D. Luis
Published: March 2012

Reconstruction after intercalary resection of the tibia is demanding due to subcutaneous location, poor vascularity of the tibia, and high infection rate. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the survivorship, complications, and functional outcome of intercalary tibial allograft reconstructions following tumor resections.

Intercalary tibia segmental allografts were implanted in 26 consecutive patients after segmental resections. Patients were followed for an average of 6 years. Allograft survival was determined with the Kaplan-Meier method. Patient function was evaluated with the Musculoskeletal Tumor Society (MSTS) scoring system. Survivorship was 84% (95% confidence interval [CI], 98%–70%) at 5 years and 79% (95% CI, 63%–95%) at 10 years. Allografts were removed in 5 patients due to 3 infections and 2 local recurrences. Two patients showed diaphyseal nonunion, and 3 patients underwent an incomplete fracture; no allografts were removed in these patients. Average MSTS functional score was 29 points (range, 27–30 points).

Despite the incidence of complications, this analysis showed an acceptable survivor-ship with excellent functional scores. The use of intercalary allograft has a place in the reconstruction of a segmental defect created by the resection of a tumor in the diaphyseal or metaphyseal portion of the tibia.
Detection of
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
DNA in the Sclerotic Spinal Wall
Authors: Si Jianwei , Geng Guangqi , Wang Zili
Published: March 2012

Recent studies have shown that the major spinal lesion in spinal tuberculosis is predominantly sclerotic and accounts for >70% of the lesion. In this type of sclerosis, apart from spinal reactive hyperplasia and increased bone density, the most severe lesion is the formation of a hard outer osteoid shell (the sclerotic wall) around the cheese-like substances and granulated tissues. In the current study, polymerase chain reaction detection of
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
in the sclerotic wall was performed. Surgical specimens were obtained from 18 patients with spinal tuberculosis with peripheral sclerotic wall (as shown by computed tomography) and included the sclerotic wall, subnormal bone tissue outside the sclerotic wall, and iliac bone tissue (control). The IS986 gene in the samples was amplified by polymerase chain reaction followed by DNA sequencing. The obtained sequences were then compared with the published sequences in GenBank using DNATools version 5.1 software (International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Trieste, Italy). The polymerase chain reaction results showed that 16 specimens from the sclerotic spinal wall, 3 from the subnormal bone, and 0 from the controls were positive for
M tuberculosis
, indicating a statistically significant difference (
P
<.05). These results indicated that
M tuberculosis
was present in the spinal sclerotic wall. Combined with our previous studies, we conclude that the sclerotic wall should be considered a lesion in patients with spinal tuberculosis.
Use of the F-Tool for the Removal of a Bent Intramedullary Femoral Nail With a Sagittal Plane Deformity
Authors: Heffernan Michael J. , Leclair Walter , Li Xinning
Published: March 2012

Locked intramedullary nailing is the current standard of treatment for femoral shaft fractures and has low complication rates. Bent femoral intramedullary nails resulting from secondary trauma are rare and technically challenging. This article describes a case of a 36-year-old man who presented with a bent femoral intramedullary nail following a motorcross accident. The patient had a previous femoral shaft fracture treated with an intramedullary nail. Previous reports outlined methods to remove bent femoral nails through the fracture site and proximally; however, this article describes a novel technique combining the use of a Midas Rex MR7 high-speed burr (Medtronic, Minneapolis, Minnesota) and the F-Tool (Synthes, West Chester, Pennsylvania) to facilitate nail extraction.

The patient was placed in the lateral decubitus position. After limited exposure at the fracture site, the intramedullary nail was weakened at the apex of the deformity with a Midas Rex MR7 high-speed burr. We then used the F-Tool to straighten the nail to facilitate removal through the original proximal insertion site. The F-Tool allows forces to be concentrated at the apex of the deformity and minimizes soft tissue damage. Additional advantages of our technique include limited exposure and the ability to remove the nail in 1 piece.
Soft Tissue Tumor Recurrence After Intramedullary Stabilization of Impending Pathologic Fractures
Authors: Pap Daniel P. , Mayerson Joel L. , Scharschmidt Thomas J.
Published: March 2012

This article describes the cases of 3 patients who were treated for impending pathologic fractures with intramedullary stabilization who developed soft tissue tumor recurrence along the surgical tract site postoperatively, with confirmed histologic diagnoses consistent with each of their prior-known metastatic primaries. This sequela of treatment can lead to additional surgical procedures, longer recovery, and a delay in further systemic treatment, which negatively affects patient outcomes and survival. This can occur despite the use of adjuvant radiation therapy to the surgical site. Between June 2008 and July 2010, our institution surgically treated 71 pathologic (or impending) fractures, of which 52 were femoral nails and 19 were humeral nails. Three of these patients sustained soft tumor tissue recurrence along the surgical tract.

Due to the unfavorable long-term prognoses for patients with metastatic disease, these surgeries are palliative and not curative in nature. The purpose of this article is to draw attention to this sequala and heighten awareness for physicians who treat inpending or pathologic fractures. It is difficult to make strong recommendations based on a series of 3 patients, but some general principles can be used. We recommend copious intraoperative irrigation of the wound sites and consideration for routine surveillance with physical examination and prompt imaging and biopsy if any suspicion for local soft tissue recurrence arises. Our approach includes fine-needle aspiration of suspicious lesions followed by resection. The plastic surgery team is consulted pre- or intraoperatively if the resection defect cannot be closed primarily. The patient is also referred back to a medical oncologist for consideration of systemic chemotherapy because soft tissue tumor recurrence is a sign of progressive disease.
Increased Th17 and Regulatory T Cell Responses in EBV-Induced Gene 3-Deficient Mice Lead to Marginally Enhanced Development of Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
Authors: Liu Jin-Qing , Liu Zhenzhen , Zhang Xuejun , Shi Yun , Talebian Fatemeh , Carl Joseph W. , Yu Chuan , Shi Fu-Dong , Whitacre Caroline C. , Trgovcich Joanne , Bai Xue-Feng
Published: March 2012

EBV-induced gene 3 (EBI3)-encoded protein can form heterodimers with IL-27P28 and IL-12P35 to form IL-27 and IL-35. IL-27 and IL-35 may influence autoimmunity by inhibiting Th17 differentiation and facilitating the inhibitory roles of Foxp3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells, respectively. In this study, we have evaluated the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in EBI3-deficient mice that lack both IL-27 and IL-35. We found that myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein peptide immunization resulted in marginally enhanced EAE development in EBI3-deficient C57BL6 and 2D2 TCR-transgenic mice. EBI3 deficiency resulted in significantly increased Th17 and Th1 responses in the CNS and increased T cell production of IL-2 and IL-17 in the peripheral lymphoid organs. EBI3-deficient and -sufficient 2D2 T cells had equal ability in inducing EAE in Rag1−/− mice; however, more severe disease was induced in EBI3−/−Rag1−/− mice than in Rag1−/− mice by 2D2 T cells. EBI3-deficient mice had increased numbers of CD4+Foxp3+ Treg cells in peripheral lymphoid organs. More strikingly, EBI3-deficient Treg cells had more potent suppressive functions in vitro and in vivo. Thus, our data support an inhibitory role for EBI3 in Th17, Th1, IL-2, and Treg responses. Although these observations are consistent with the known functions of IL-27, the IL-35 contribution to the suppressive functions of Treg cells is not evident in this model. Increased Treg responses in EBI3−/− mice may explain why the EAE development is only modestly enhanced compared with wild-type mice.
Cutting Edge: Nitrogen Bisphosphonate-Induced Inflammation Is Dependent upon Mast Cells and IL-1
Authors: Norton John T. , Hayashi Tomoko , Crain Brian , Cho John S. , Miller Lloyd S. , Corr Maripat , Carson Dennis A.
Published: March 2012

Nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates (NBPs) are taken by millions for bone disorders but may cause serious inflammatory reactions. In this study, we used a murine peritonitis model to characterize the inflammatory mechanisms of these agents. At dosages comparable to those used in humans, injection of NBPs into the peritoneum caused recruitment of neutrophils, followed by an influx of monocytes. These cellular changes corresponded to an initial increase in IL-1α, which preceded a rise in multiple other proinflammatory cytokines. IL-1R, IL-1α, and IL-1β were required for neutrophil recruitment, whereas other MyD88-dependent signaling pathways were needed for the monocyte influx. Mice deficient in mast cells, but not mice lacking lymphocytes, were resistant to NBP-induced inflammation, and reconstitution of these mice with mast cells restored sensitivity to NBPs. These results document the critical role of mast cells and IL-1 in NBP-mediated inflammatory reactions.
Neutrophilic Granulocytes Modulate Invariant NKT Cell Function in Mice and Humans
Authors: Wingender Gerhard , Hiss Marcus , Engel Isaac , Peukert Konrad , Ley Klaus , Haller Hermann , Kronenberg Mitchell , von Vietinghoff Sibylle
Published: March 2012

Invariant NKT (iNKT) cells are a conserved αβTCR+ T cell population that can swiftly produce large amounts of cytokines, thereby activating other leukocytes, including neutrophilic granulocytes (neutrophils). In this study, we investigated the reverse relationship, showing that high neutrophil concentrations suppress the iNKT cell response in mice and humans. Peripheral Vα14 iNKT cells from spontaneously neutrophilic mice produced reduced cytokines in response to the model iNKT cell Ag α-galactosyl ceramide and expressed lower amounts of the T-box transcription factor 21 and GATA3 transcription factor than did wild-type controls. This influence was extrinsic, as iNKT cell transcription factor expression in mixed chimeric mice depended on neutrophil count, not iNKT cell genotype. Transcription factor expression was also decreased in primary iNKT cells from the neutrophil-rich bone marrow compared with spleen in wild-type mice. In vitro, the function of both mouse and human iNKT cells was inhibited by coincubation with neutrophils. This required cell–cell contact with live neutrophils. Neutrophilic inflammation in experimental peritonitis in mice decreased iNKT cell T-box transcription factor 21 and GATA3 expression and α-galactosyl ceramide-induced cytokine production in vivo. This was reverted by blockade of neutrophil mobilization. Similarly, iNKT cells from the human peritoneal cavity expressed lower transcription factor levels during neutrophilic peritonitis. Our data reveal a novel regulatory axis whereby neutrophils reduce iNKT cell responses, which may be important in shaping the extent of inflammation.
MHC Class II Tetramers
Authors: Nepom Gerald T.
Published: March 2012

MHC class II tetramers have emerged as an important tool for characterization of the specificity and phenotype of CD4 T cell immune responses, useful in a large variety of disease and vaccine studies. Issues of specific T cell frequency, biodistribution, and avidity, coupled with the large genetic diversity of potential class II restriction elements, require targeted experimental design. Translational opportunities for immune disease monitoring are driving the rapid development of HLA class II tetramer use in clinical applications, together with innovations in tetramer production and epitope discovery.
Expression of telomerase & its significance in the diagnosis of pancreatic cancer
Authors: Zisuh Anutebeh Verdo , Han Tian-Quan , Zhan Shen-Dao
Published: March 2012

Pancreatic cancer has one of the worst prognoses among all types of cancers. The survival rate is less than 5 per cent; this is due to difficulty in diagnosing at an early stage. Despite the improvements in diagnostic imaging techniques such as computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, etc., the early diagnosis of pancreatic cancer is still difficult. Alternative methods of diagnosing pancreatic cancer at an early stage are presently been explored. The detection of telomerase activity has been proposed to be a useful tool in the diagnosis of pancreatic cancer. Telomerase is made up of three major parts namely, human telomerase reverse transcriptase, human telomerase and telomerase -associated protein. Several researchers have shown telomerase activity in tissues and fluids of patients with pancreatic and other types of cancers. About 95 per cent telomerase activity has been detected in pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Since telomerase activity is present in a vast majority of human cancers, it might have a role in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer.
Bone mineral density in patients of Graves disease pre- & post-treatment in a predominantly vitamin D deficient population
Authors: Jyotsna Viveka P. , Sahoo Abhay , Singh Achouba Ksh , Sreenivas V. , Gupta Nandita
Published: March 2012

Background & objectives:

Hyperthyroidism causes bone loss, and its treatment may restore bone mass, however, concomitant vitamin D deficiency may prevent this. We undertook this study to measure the bone mineral density (BMD) 25 (OH) vitamin D levels in patients with Graves disease in our population which is predominently vitamin D deficient and how we change with when patients become euthyroid.

Methods:

The biochemical, thyroid functions, serum vitamin D levels and BMD were estimated in 80 consecutive patients with Graves and 80 euthyroid controls. Patients were treated and rendered euthyroid. Fifty four completed one year, and 27 completed two years of follow up.

Results:

Patients had significant reduced BMD during hyperthyroid state compared to normal healthy controls. The mean vitamin D levels at baseline were in the insufficient range both patients (12.67±6.24 ng/ml) and controls (10.99±7.05 ng/ml). The BMD improved at all sites with antithyroid treatment. But, the BMD adjusted for body mass index (BMI) and age at all sites showed significant decrease with time.

Interpretation & conclusions:

Age and body mass index positively correlated with BMD. There was improvement in absolute BMD of patients at one and two years of follow up. When the BMD was adjusted for age and BMI, there was a decrease in BMD at one year which was less in the second year including that the damage in BMD caused by thyroid hormone excess is not made up even after two years of patient being euthyroid. Whether vitamin D replacement would change this needs to be studied.
Cytogenetic & molecular analyses in adult chronic myelogenous leukaemia patients in north India
Authors: Anand Maninder Singh , Varma Neelam , Varma Subhash , Rana Kamer Singh , Malhotra Pankaj
Published: March 2012

Background & objectives:

Chronic myelogenous leukaemia (CML) is the commonest leukaemia in Asia. There is a paucity data on cytogenetic and molecular analyses of Indian CML patients. This apparently reflects the low availability of cytogenetic and molecular techniques in our country. This study aimed to document various types of BCR-ABL fusion transcripts in different phases of CML and to compare the Ph chromosome positivity/negativity vis-a-vis BCR-ABL fusion transcripts in adult CML patients.

Methods:

Between June 2004 and February 2009, 208 patients were diagnosed as CML in chronic phase (CP), accelerated phase (AP) and blast crisis (BC), according to standard criteria. Cytogenetic and molecular genetic analyses were performed in all patients. Various types of BCR-ABL hybrid transcripts were compared with phases of CML and cytogenetic abnormalities.

Results:

Among 208 CML patients, b3a2 BCR-ABL transcripts were most commonly detected (66.82%) followed by b2a2 (28.84%), b3a2 + b2a2 (3.36%), b3a2 + e19a2 (0.48%) and b2a2 + e19a2 (0.48%). b3a2 transcripts were more frequently detected than b2a2 transcripts, in the whole group of 208 as well as in 183 CML-CP patients (P<0.0001). Ph chromosome was positive in 135 of 139 patients with b3a2 transcripts and 56 of 60 patients with b2a2 transcripts, difference not being significant. Additional cytogenetic abnormalities detected in 3.8 per cent patients in CML-CP and 44 per cent patients in CML-AP/BC, did not show predilection for any BCR-ABL transcript type.

Interpretation & conclusions:

This study documents higher Ph positivity (96.15%) by cytogenetic analysis among CML patients, as confirmed by qualitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis in a large patient group from north India. Both the techniques contribute towards understanding the disease biology, and have important implications for diagnosis and management of CML patients.
Polymorphisms in base-excision & nucleotide-excision repair genes & prostate cancer risk in north Indian population
Authors: Mandal Raju K. , Gangwar Ruchika , Kapoor Rakesh , Mittal Rama Devi
Published: March 2012

Background & objectives:

Genetic variation in the DNA repair genes might be associated with altered DNA repair capacities (DRC). Reduced DRC due to inherited polymorphisms may increase the susceptibility to cancers. Base excision and nucleotide excision are the two major repair pathways. We investigated the association between two base excision repair (BER) genes (APE1 exon 5, OGG1 exon 7) and two nucleotide excision repair (NER) genes (XPC PAT, XPC exon 15) with risk of prostate cancer (PCa).

Methods:

The study was designed with 192 histopathologically confirmed PCa patients and 224 age matched healthy controls of similar ethnicity. Genotypes were determined by amplification refractory mutation specific (ARMS) and PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) methods.

Results:

Overall, a significant association in NER gene, XPC PAT Ins/Ins (I/I) genotype with PCa risk was observed (Adjusted OR- 2.55, 95%CI-1.22-5.33, P=0.012). XPC exon 15 variant CC genotypes presented statistically significant risk of PCa (Adjusted OR- 2.15, 95% CI-1.09-4.23, P=0.026). However, no association was observed for polymorphism with BER genes. Diplotype analysis of XPC PAT and exon 15 revealed that the frequency of the D-C and I-A diplotype was statistically significant in PCa. The variant genotypes of NER genes were also associated with high Gleason grade.

Interpretation & conclusions:

The results indicated that there was a significant modifying effect on the association between genotype XPC PAT and exon 15 polymorphism and PCa risk which was further confirmed by diplotype analysis of XPC PAT and exon 15 in north Indian population.
Comparison of thrice daily biphasic human insulin (30/70) versus basal detemir & bolus aspart in patients with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus – A pilot study
Authors: Shanmugasundar G. , Bhansali Anil , Walia Rama , Dutta Pinaki , Upreti Vimal
Published: March 2012

Background & objectives:

Conventionally, biphasic human insulin (30/70, BHI) is used twice daily for the management of patients with diabetes. However, this regimen is suboptimal to control post-lunch and/or pre-dinner hyperglycaemia in some patients. This study was undertaken to compare the efficacy and safety of thrice-daily biphasic human insulin (30/70, BHI) versus basal detemir and bolus aspart (BB) in patients with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

Methods:

In this open labelled randomized pilot study, 50 patients with uncontrolled T2DM on twice-daily BHI and insulin sensitizers were randomized either to BHI thrice-daily or BB regimen. HbA1c, six point plasma glucose profile, increment in insulin dose, weight gain, hypoglycaemic episodes and cost were compared between the two treatment groups at the end of 12 wk.

Results:

Mean HbAlc (±SD) decreased from 9.0±0.9 per cent at randomization to 7.9±0.8 per cent in BHI (P<0.001) and from 9.4±1.3 to 8.2±1.0 per cent in BB regimen (P<0.001) after 12 wk of treatment. The mean (±SEM) weight gain in patients in the BHI regimen was 1.5±0.33 kg compared to 1.4±0.34 kg in the BB regimen. Insulin dose increment at 12 wk was significantly more in the BB regimen 0.46±0.32 U/kg/day compared to 0.15±0.21 U/kg/day in the BHI regimen (P<0.001). The incidence of major as well as minor hypoglycaemic episodes was not different in both the regimen. The BB regimen was more expensive than the BHI regimen (P<0.001).

Interpretation & conclusions:

The thrice daily biphasic human insulin regimen is non-inferior to the basal bolus insulin analogue regimen in terms efficacy and safety in patients with poorly controlled T2DM. However, these data require further substantiation in large long term prospective studies.
Sex worker-led structural interventions in India
Authors: Reza-Paul Sushena , Lorway Rob , O’Brien Nadia , Lazarus Lisa , Jain Jinendra , Bhagya M. , Fathima Mary P , Venukumar KT , Raviprakash K.N. , Baer James , Steen Richard
Published: March 2012

Background & objectives:

Structural interventions have the capacity to improve the outcomes of HIV/AIDS interventions by changing the social, economic, political or environmental factors that determine risk and vulnerability. Marginalized groups face disproportionate barriers to health, and sex workers are among those at highest risk of HIV in India. Evidence in India and globally has shown that sex workers face violence in many forms ranging from verbal, psychological and emotional abuse to economic extortion, physical and sexual violence and this is directly linked to lower levels of condom use and higher levels of sexually transmitted infections (STIs), the most critical determinants of HIV risk. We present here a case study of an intervention that mobilized sex workers to lead an HIV prevention response that addresses violence in their daily lives.

Methods:

This study draws on ethnographic research and project monitoring data from a community-led structural intervention in Mysore, India, implemented by Ashodaya Samithi. Qualitative and quantitative data were used to characterize baseline conditions, community responses and subsequent outcomes related to violence.

Results:

In 2004, the incidence of reported violence by sex workers was extremely high (> 8 incidents per sex worker, per year) but decreased by 84 per cent over 5 years. Violence by police and anti-social elements, initially most common, decreased substantially after a safe space was established for sex workers to meet and crisis management and advocacy were initiated with different stakeholders. Violence by clients, decreased after working with lodge owners to improve safety. However, initial increases in intimate partner violence were reported, and may be explained by two factors: (i) increased willingness to report such incidents; and (ii) increased violence as a reaction to sex workers’ growing empowerment. Trafficking was addressed through the establishment of a self-regulatory board (SRB). The community's progressive response to violence was enabled by advancing community mobilization, ensuring community ownership of the intervention, and shifting structural vulnerabilities, whereby sex workers increasingly engaged key actors in support of a more enabling environment.

Interpretation & conclusions:

Ashodaya's community-led response to violence at multiple levels proved highly synergistic and effective in reducing structural violence.
Mosquito biting activity on humans & detection of Plasmodium falciparum infection in Anopheles stephensi in Goa, India
Authors: Korgaonkar Nandini S. , Kumar Ashwani , Yadav Rajpal S. , Kabadi Dipak , Dash Aditya P.
Published: March 2012

Background & objectives:

Knowledge of the bionomics of mosquitoes, especially of disease vectors, is essential to plan appropriate vector avoidance and control strategies. Information on biting activity of vectors during the night hours in different seasons is important for choosing personal protection measures. This study was carried out to find out the composition of mosquito fauna biting on humans and seasonal biting trends in Goa, India.

Methods:

Biting activities of all mosquitoes including vectors were studied from 1800 to 0600 h during 85 nights using human volunteers in 14 different localities of three distinct ecotypes in Goa. Seasonal biting trends of vector species were analysed and compared. Seasonal biting periodicity during different phases of night was also studied using William's mean.

Results:

A total of 4,191 mosquitoes of five genera and 23 species were collected. Ten species belonged to Anopheles, eight to Culex, three to Aedes and one each to Mansonia and Armigeres. Eleven vector species had human hosts, including malaria vectors Anopheles stephensi (1.3%), An. fluviatilis (1.8%), and An. culicifacies (0.76%); filariasis vectors Culex quinquefasciatus (40.8%) and Mansonia uniformis (1.8%); Japanese encephalitis vectors Cx. tritaeniorhynchus (17.4%), Cx. vishnui (7.7%), Cx. pseudovishnui (0.1%), and Cx. gelidus (2.4%); and dengue and chikungunya vectors Aedes albopictus (0.9%) and Ae. aegypti (0.6%). Two An. stephensi of the total 831 female anophelines, were found positive for P. falciparum sporozoites. The entomological inoculation rate (EIR) of P. falciparum was 18.1 and 2.35 for Panaji city and Goa, respectively.

Interpretation & conclusions:

Most of the mosquito vector species were collected in all seasons and throughout the scotophase. Biting rates of different vector species differed during different phases of night and seasons. Personal protection methods could be used to stop vector-host contact.
Association of TNF-α with insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Swaroop Jatla Jyothi , Rajarajeswari Duggirala , Naidu J.N.
Published: March 2012

Background & objectives:

TNF-α is an adipocytokine that has been implicated in the development of insulin resistance. Dysregulation of TNF-α production has been implicated in a variety of human diseases including type 2 diabetes mellitus. We aimed to find out the association of TNF-α levels with insulin resistance, body mass index and waist hip ratio; and to elicit its role with respect to duration of the disease, if any.

Methods:

50 type-2 diabetic patients attending Narayana Medical Hospital, Nellore, were studied. Body mass index and Waist hip ratio were calculated. Homeostasis model assessment method was used to calculate insulin resistance (HOMA IR) and per cent β cell function (HOMA B). Insulin was estimated by chemiluminescence method and TNF-α by ELISA method. The subjects were arbitrarily categorized into three groups based on duration of diabetes. Group 1 included subjects with diabetes of less than 5 yr duration, group 2 included diabetics of 6-10 yr duration and group 3 greater than 10 yr duration.

Results:

Our study revealed a significant correlation between TNF-α levels and BMI (P=0.006), the correlation being stronger in males when compared to females. A significant correlation was found between per cent β cell function and TNF-α (P=0.008). TNF-α correlated significantly with HOMA IR, HOMA B and insulin, in group 2 diabetes.

Interpretation & conclusions:

Our results suggest the possible role of TNF-α in the pathogenesis of type-2 diabetes mellitus and the importance of reducing obesity to prevent elevated levels of the cytokine and related complications.
Obesity and Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Is Adiponectin the Molecular Link between these Conditions?
Authors: Summer Ross , Walsh Kenneth , Medoff Benjamin D.
Published: March 2012

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a condition of unknown etiology whose pathological features include increased vascular resistance, perivascular inflammatory cell infiltration and pulmonary arteriolar remodeling. Although risk factors for PAH are poorly defined, recent studies indicate that obesity may be an important risk factor for this condition. The mechanisms leading to this association are largely unknown, but bioactive mediators secreted from adipose tissue have been implicated in this process. One of the most important mediators released from adipose tissue is the adipokine adiponectin. Adiponectin is highly abundant in the circulation of lean healthy individuals, and possesses well‐described metabolic and antiinflammatory actions. Levels of adiponectin decrease with increasing body mass, and low levels are directly linked to the development of PAH in mice. Moreover, overexpression of adiponectin has been shown to protect mice from developing PAH in response to inflammation and hypoxia. Based on the findings from these studies, it is suggested that the effects of adiponectin are mediated, in part, through its antiinflammatory and antiproliferative properties. In this review, we discuss the emerging evidence demonstrating a role for adiponectin in lung vascular homeostasis and discuss how deficiency in this adipocyte‐derived hormone might explain the recent association between obesity and PAH.
Cardiopulmonary Hemodynamic Clues for Pulmonary Vein Stenosis Diagnosis
Authors: Porres‐Aguilar Mateo , Fernandez Genaro , Elliott C. Gregory
Published: March 2012

Pulmonary vein stenosis (PVS) post radiofrequency ablation for chronic atrial fibrillation poses a diagnostic challenge for the clinician. PVS presents with nonspecific symptoms, signs and radiographic features, and may be associated with significant pulmonary vascular involvement. Interestingly, others have described variation of the pulmonary artery wedge pressure between sites of the lung as a clue to pulmonary veno‐occlusive disorders. We report, to the best of our knowledge, the first case that describes the regional loss of V waves while recording the mean pulmonary artery wedge pressure (mPawp) as well as the difference in pulmonary artery wedge pressure gradients as the main diagnostic clues for PVS.
Aerosols-cloud microphysics-thermodynamics-turbulence: evaluating supersaturation in a marine stratocumulus cloud
Authors: Ditas F. , Shaw R. A. , Siebert H. , Simmel M. , Wehner B. , Wiedensohler A.
Published: March 2012

Abstract. This work presents a unique combination of aerosol, cloud microphysical, thermodynamic and turbulence variables to characterize supersaturation fluctuations in a turbulent marine stratocumulus (SC) layer. The analysis is based on observations with the helicopter-borne measurement platform ACTOS and a detailed cloud microphysical parcel model following three different approaches: (1) From the comparison of aerosol number size distributions inside and below the SC layer, the number of activated particles is calculated as 435±87 cm−3 and compares well with the observed median droplet number concentration of Nd = 464 cm−3. Furthermore, a 50% activation diameter of Dp50≈115 nm was derived, which was linked to a critical supersaturation Scrit of 0.16% via Köhler theory. From the shape of the fraction of activated particles, we estimated a standard deviation of supersaturation fluctuations of σS' = 0.09%. (2) These estimates are compared to more direct thermodynamic observations at cloud base. Therefore, supersaturation fluctuations (S') are calculated based on highly-resolved thermodynamic data showing a standard deviation of S' ranging within 0.1%≤σS'≤0.3 %. (3) The sensitivity of the supersaturation on observed vertical wind velocity fluctuations is investigated with the help of a detailed cloud microphysical model. These results show highest fluctuations of S' with σS'=0.1% at cloud base and a decreasing σS' with increasing liquid water content and droplet number concentration. All three approaches are independent of each other and vary only within a factor of about two.
Insights into hydroxyl measurements and atmospheric oxidation in a California forest
Authors: Mao J. , Ren X. , Brune W. H. , Van Duin D. M. , Cohen R. C. , Park J.-H. , Goldstein A. H. , Paulot F. , Beaver M. R. , Crounse J. D. , Wennberg P. O. , DiGangi J. P. , Henry S. B. , Keutsch F. N. , Park C. , Schade G. W. , Wolfe G. M. , Thornton J. A.
Published: March 2012

Abstract. The understanding of oxidation in forest atmospheres is being challenged by measurements of unexpectedly large amounts of hydroxyl (OH). A significant number of these OH measurements were made by laser-induced fluorescence in low-pressure detection chambers (called Fluorescence Assay with Gas Expansion (FAGE)) using the Penn State Ground-based Tropospheric Hydrogen Oxides Sensor (GTHOS). We deployed a new chemical removal method to measure OH in parallel with the traditional FAGE method. The new method gives on average only 40–50% of the OH from the traditional method and this discrepancy is temperature-dependent. Evidence indicates that the new method measures atmospheric OH while the traditional method is affected by internally generated OH, possibly from oxidation of biogenic volatile organic compounds. The agreement between OH measured by this new technique and modeled OH suggests that oxidation chemistry in at least one forest atmosphere is better understood than previously thought.
Electromagnetic ELF wave intensification associated with fast earthward flows in mid-tail plasma sheet
Authors: Liang J. , Ni B. , Cully C. M. , Donovan E. F. , Thorne R. M. , Angelopoulos V.
Published: March 2012

Abstract. In this study we perform a statistical survey of the extremely-low-frequency wave activities associated with fast earthward flows in the mid-tail central plasma sheet (CPS) based upon THEMIS measurements. We reveal clear trends of increasing wave intensity with flow enhancement over a broad frequency range, from below fLH (lower-hybrid resonant frequency) to above fce (electron gyrofrequency). We mainly investigate two electromagnetic wave modes, the lower-hybrid waves at frequencies below fLH, and the whistler-mode waves in the frequency range fLH < f < fce. The waves at f < fLH dramatically intensify during fast flow intervals, and tend to contain strong electromagnetic components in the high-plasma-beta CPS region, consistent with the theoretical expectation of the lower-hybrid drift instability in the center region of the tail current sheet. ULF waves with very large perpendicular wavenumber might be Doppler-shifted by the flows and also partly contribute to the observed waves in the lower-hybrid frequency range. The fast flow activity substantially increases the occurrence rate and peak magnitude of the electromagnetic waves in the frequency range fLH < f < fce, though they still tend to be short-lived and sporadic in occurrence. We also find that the electron pitch-angle distribution in the mid-tail CPS undergoes a variation from negative anisotropy (perpendicular temperature smaller than parallel temperature) during weak flow intervals, to more or less positive anisotropy (perpendicular temperature larger than parallel temperature) during fast flow intervals. The flow-related electromagnetic whistler-mode wave tends to occur in conjunction with positive electron anisotropy.
Holocene evolution of the Southern Hemisphere westerly winds in transient simulations with global climate models
Authors: Varma V. , Prange M. , Merkel U. , Kleinen T. , Lohmann G. , Pfeiffer M. , Renssen H. , Wagner A. , Wagner S. , Schulz M.
Published: March 2012

Abstract. The Southern Hemisphere Westerly Winds (SWW) have been suggested to exert a critical influence on global climate through the wind-driven upwelling of deep water in the Southern Ocean and the potentially resulting atmospheric CO2 variations. The investigation of the temporal and spatial evolution of the SWW along with forcings and feedbacks remains a significant challenge in climate research. In this study, the evolution of the SWW under orbital forcing from the mid-Holocene (7 kyr BP) to pre-industrial modern times (250 yr BP) is examined with transient experiments using the comprehensive coupled global climate model CCSM3. In addition, a model inter-comparison is carried out using orbitally forced Holocene transient simulations from four other coupled global climate models. Analyses and comparison of the model results suggest that the annual and seasonal mean SWW were subject to an overall strengthening and poleward shifting trend during the course of the mid-to-late Holocene under the influence of orbital forcing, except for the austral spring season, where the SWW exhibited an opposite trend of shifting towards the equator.
The cumulative effects of forest disturbance on streamflow in a large watershed in the central interior of British Columbia, Canada
Authors: Zhang M. , Wei X.
Published: March 2012

Abstract. The Baker Creek watershed (1570 km2) situated in the central interior of British Columbia, Canada has been severely disturbed by both human-being logging and natural disturbance, particularly by a recent large-scale mountain pine beetle (MPB) infestation (up to 2009, 70.2% of the watershed area was attacked by MPB) and subsequent salvage logging. The concept of equivalent clear-cut area (ECA) was used to indicate the magnitude of forest disturbance with consideration of hydrological recovery following various types of disturbances (wildfire, logging and MPB infestation) cumulated over space and time in the studied watershed. The cumulative ECA was up to 62.2% in 2009. A combined approach of statistical analysis (time series analysis) with modified double mass curve was employed to evaluate the impacts of forest disturbance on hydrology. Our results showed that severe forest disturbance significantly increased annual mean flow. The average increment in annual mean flow caused by forest disturbance was 48.4 mm yr−1, while the average decrease in annual mean flow caused by climatic variability during the same disturbance period was −35.5 mm yr−1. The opposite change directions and magnitudes clearly suggest offsetting effect between forest disturbance and climatic variability, with the absolute influential strength of forest disturbance (57.7%) overriding that from climate variability (42.3%). Forest disturbances also produced significant positive effect on low flow and dry season (fall and winter) mean flow. Implications of our findings for future forest and water resources management are discussed in the context of long-term watershed sustainability.
Claudia Verhoeven, The Odd Man Karakazov: Imperial Russia, Modernity and the Birth of Terrorism
Authors: Pawley Simon
Published: March 2012

In this provocative monograph, ClaudiaVerhoeven examines the relationship between terrorism and modern forms of political thought and action; avoiding a programmatic definition, she treats terrorism “not simply [as] a strategy…but rather a paradigmatic way of becoming a modern political subject.” (4) Verhoeven explores this connection through an investigation of what she argues was the foundational act of modern terrorism – the failed attempt by Dmitry Karakozov to assassinate Russian Tsar Alexander II in 1866. This act has received so little attention from historians, she suggests, because it was unsuccessful and because Karakazov – said to have been mentally disturbed – is thought not to have understood the significance of his actions.
Report for Planners on the Urban Politics of Deptford Regeneration
Authors: Lobo Daniel
Published: March 2012

This report was developed to help the understanding of the power structure and discourse politics emergent from the Lewisham and Greenwich joint Local Development Framework (LDF) for the regeneration of Deptford district in London. As an urban politics case, the study of the power structure will highlight the relation between practices and policies in spatial planning and its outcomes. I will explain the planning process hierarchy constituted by the planning framework from which the key visions and strategies for the regeneration of Deptford are devised. Focusing on a key discourse politics this study will analyse how the state, the market and the civil society influence the decision-making, consensus-making and agenda-setting of Deptford regeneration. I will argue the existence of a „subtle form of socialization‟ (Kearns and Philo 1993, 3) of regeneration initiatives, that create an agile source of economic gain, and a means for social and political consensus by cultural manipulation and the disguise of public participation, within an unjust process, to the detriment of the most socio-economic disadvantaged groups of civil society.
Advances Towards Personalised Medicine: What is the Cost of Knowing your Genome?
Authors: Byron Kimberley
Published: March 2012

Since the completion of the Human Genome Project (HGP) in 2003, scientists have been working towards making whole genome sequencing a useful clinical diagnostic tool. The aim of many of the big biotechnology companies is to make this technique affordable and accessible so that it can be routinely used to diagnose rare genetic disorders and tailor medical treatment to an individual’s genetic code – a practice called personalised medicine.
Alois Hotschnig, Maybe this Time
Authors: Panteli Georgia
Published: March 2012

Alois Hotschnig‟s collection of short stories Maybe This Time is like a visit to the House of Mirrors in a dark forgotten amusement park; you only see your reflection: distorted, but still yours. Like with a David Lynch film, you know that a part of you understands what it is all about, even though you cannot properly articulate it.
Reconstruction of Long Anterior Urethral Strictures by Dorsally Quilted Penile Skin Flap
Authors: Abuzeid Abdel Moneim M. , Abdel Kader M. S.
Published: March 2012

Objective. To present the results of reconstruction of long (>5 cm), penile, bulbar, and bulbopenile urethral strictures by penile skin flap as dorsal onlay in one-stage procedure. Patients and Methods. Between January, 1998 and December, 2004, 18 patients (aged from 28-65 years) presented with long urethral strictures, 5.6–13.2 cm (penile in 6, bulbar in 2 and combined in 10 cases), those were repaired utilizing long penile skin flaps placed as dorsal onlay flap in one stage (Orandi flap 6 cm in 6 cases, circular flaps 7–10 cm in 8, and spiral flaps 10–15 cm in 4). Followup of all patients after reconstruction included urine flow rate at weekly intervals, RUG at 6–12 weeks, and urethrocystoscopy at 12 and 18 months. Results. The urethral patency was achieved in 77% of patients. The complications were fistula in one patient (5.5%), restricture occurred in 3 patients (16.6%) that required visual internal urethrotomy and two patients (11%) showed curvature on erection that dose not interfere with sexual intercourse. Diverticulum (penile urethra) was seen in one patient (5.5%) containing stones and was excised surgically. There was penile skin loss in 3 patients (16.6%). All patients completed at least one-year followup period. Conclusion. Free penile skin flaps offer good results (functional and cosmetic) in long penile and/or bulbar urethral strictures. Meticulously fashioned longitudinal, circular or spiral penile skin flaps could bridge urethral defects up to 15 cm long.
The Liquidation of Exile
Authors: Kettler David
Published: March 2012

A theoretical overview and six case studies showing that the exile of intellectuals is a difficult, dependent, and fluid condition, whose achievements are dearly bought and whose endings rarely fulfill the missions informing their beginnings.
World Atlas of Atmospheric Pollution
Authors: Molina Mario
Published: March 2012

Provides a revealing global overview of air pollution and its startling impact through graphical and visual representation of data.
Locating the Anglo-Indian Self in Ruskin Bond
Authors: Bandyopadhyay Debashis
Published: March 2012

This study explores the dialogue between the biographical and authorial selves of the writer Ruskin Bond, whose liminal subjectivity is informed by the fantasies of space and time.
The Transformation of the Organization of American States
Authors: Horwitz Betty
Published: March 2012

This book explores the extent and significance of the transformation of the Organisation of American States since 1991: its roots, the reasons for and extent of its emergence, and the role that the organisation currently plays in the promotion of regional governance.
Toward a Politics of the (Im)Possible
Authors: Das Anirban
Published: March 2012

This book presents a philosophical discussion on the issues of the body and knowledge from a feminist perspective.
Special Economic Zones in India
Authors: Amitendu Palit , Bhattacharjee Subhomoy , Debroy Bibek
Published: March 2012

The first book to examine India's Special Economic Zones and the different popular perceptions - both good and bad - surrounding this issue.
ICTs and Development in India
Authors: Sreekumar T. T.
Published: March 2012

'ICTs and Development in India' is a unique attempt to study the nature and consequences of the growing presence of Information Technology in development projects in India.
Citizenship and Statelessness in Sri Lanka
Authors: Kanapathipillai Valli
Published: March 2012

Citizenship and Statelessness in Sri Lanka analyses the context of the agreement between the Sri Lankan and Indian government that led to the loss of citizenship of Indian Tamil estate workers in Sri Lanka.
Lloyd George at War, 1916–1918
Authors: Cassar George
Published: March 2012

Lloyd George at War, 19161918 refutes the traditional view that Lloyd George was the person most responsible for winning the Great War.