bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The early stages of shallow flows in an inclined flume
Authors: ANTUONO MATTEO , HOGG ANDREW J. , BROCCHINI MAURIZIO
Published: August 2009

The motion of an initially quiescent shallow layer of fluid within an impulsively tilted flume is modelled using the nonlinear shallow water equations. Analytical solutions for the two-dimensional flow are constructed using the method of characteristics and, in regions where neither of the characteristic variables is constant, by adopting hodograph variables and using the Riemann construction for the solution. These solutions reveal that the motion is strongly influenced by the impermeable endwalls of the flume. They show that discontinuous solutions emerge after some period following the initiation of the flow and that for sufficiently long flumes there is a moving interface between wetted and dry regions. Using the hodograph variables we are able to track the evolution of the flow analytically. After the discontinuities develop, we also calculate the velocity and height fields by using jump conditions to express conservation of mass and momentum across the shock and thus we show how the hydraulic jump moves within the domain and how its magnitude grows. In addition to providing the behaviour of the flow in this physical scenario, this unsteady solution also provides an important test case for numerical algorithms designed to integrate the shallow water equations.
Global mode interaction and pattern selection in the wake of a disk: a weakly nonlinear expansion
Authors: MELIGA PHILIPPE , CHOMAZ JEAN-MARC , SIPP DENIS
Published: August 2009

Direct numerical simulations (DNS) of the wake of a circular disk placed normal to a uniform flow show that, as the Reynolds number is increased, the flow undergoes a sequence of successive bifurcations, each state being characterized by specific time and space symmetry breaking or recovering (Fabre, Auguste & Magnaudet, Phys. Fluids, vol. 20 (5), 2008, p. 1). To explain this bifurcation scenario, we investigate the stability of the axisymmetric steady wake in the framework of the global stability theory. Both the direct and adjoint eigenvalue problems are solved. The threshold Reynolds numbers Re and characteristics of the destabilizing modes agree with the study of Natarajan & Acrivos (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 254, 1993, p. 323): the first destabilization occurs for a stationary mode of azimuthal wavenumber m = 1 at RecA = 116.9, and the second destabilization of the axisymmetric flow occurs for two oscillating modes of azimuthal wavenumbers m ± 1 at RecB = 125.3. Since these critical Reynolds numbers are close to one another, we use a multiple time scale expansion to compute analytically the leading-order equations that describe the nonlinear interaction of these three leading eigenmodes. This set of equations is given by imposing, at third order in the expansion, a Fredholm alternative to avoid any secular term. It turns out to be identical to the normal form predicted by symmetry arguments. Though, all coefficients of the normal form are here analytically computed as the scalar product of an adjoint global mode with a resonant third-order forcing term, arising from the second-order base flow modification and harmonics generation. We show that all nonlinear interactions between modes take place in the recirculation bubble, as the contribution to the scalar product of regions located outside the recirculation bubble is zero. The normal form accurately predicts the sequence of bifurcations, the associated thresholds and symmetry properties observed in the DNS calculations.
Reactive Rayleigh–Taylor turbulence
Authors: CHERTKOV M. , LEBEDEV V. , VLADIMIROVA N.
Published: August 2009

The Rayleigh–Taylor (RT) instability develops and leads to turbulence when a heavy fluid falls under the action of gravity through a light one. We consider a model in which the RT instability is accompanied by a reactive transformation between the fluids. We study the model using direct numerical simulations (DNSs), focusing on the effect of the reaction (flame) on the turbulent mixing. We discuss ‘slow’ reactions in which the characteristic reaction time exceeds the temporal scale of the RT instability, τ ≫ tinst. In the early turbulent stage, tinst ≲ t ≲ τ, effects of the flame are distributed over a maturing mixing zone, whose development is weakly influenced by the reaction. At t ≳ τ, the fully mixed zone transforms into a conglomerate of pure-fluid patches of sizes proportional to the mixing zone width. In this ‘stirred flame’ regime, temperature fluctuations are consumed by reactions in the regions separating the pure-fluid patches. This DNS-based qualitative description is followed by a phenomenology suggesting that thin turbulent flame is of a single-fractal character, and thus distribution of the temperature field is strongly intermittent.
Wall-shear stress patterns of coherent structures in turbulent duct flow
Authors: GROSSE SEBASTIAN , SCHRÖDER WOLFGANG
Published: August 2009

The wall-shear stress distribution in turbulent duct flow has been assessed using the micro-pillar shear-stress sensor MPS3. The spatial resolution of the sensor line is 10.8l+(viscous units) and the total field of view of 120l+along the spanwise direction allows to capture characteristic dimensions of the wall-shear stress distribution at sufficiently high resolution. The results show the coexistence of low-shear and high-shear regions representing ‘footprints’ of near-wall coherent structures. The regions of low shear resemble long meandering bands locally interrupted by areas of higher shear stress. Conditional averages of the flow field indicate the existence of nearly streamwise counter-rotating vortices aligned in the streamwise direction. The results further show periods of very strong spanwise wall-shear stress to be related to the occurrence of high streamwise shear regions and momentum transfer towards the wall. These events go along with a spanwise oscillation and a meandering of the low-shear regions.
Infestation rates of the pedunculated barnacle Octolasmis lowei (Cirripedia: Poecilasmatidae) on the spider crab Libinia spinosa (Decapoda: Majoidea)
Authors: Cordeiro C.A.M.M. , Costa T.M.
Published: August 2009

The prevalence and infestation intensities of Octolasmis lowei in the branchial chambers of Libinia spinosa were evaluated according to the host's sex, size, and moult condition. Epibionts were classified as cyprid larvae, non-ovigerous or ovigerous according to their developmental stage. A median intensity of infestation of 21 epibionts/host was found (range = 1–644; Q3 = 81). Epibiont prevalence values (88%) were higher on ovigerous female hosts than on males (55%) or on non-ovigerous females (31%). Intensity of infestation was positively correlated with host size in both sexes for non-ovigerous and ovigerous epibionts. No preference between host sex by cyprid larvae was observed, nor any correlation between cyprid abundance and host size. Cyprid larvae abundance was positively correlated with settled epibionts on both host sexes. The duration of the intermoult phase was the main factor linked to the establishment of sessile epibionts. These observations are important in relation to crabs that have a terminal moult, because these animals cannot eliminate their epibionts in future moults, thus increasing the importance of density-dependent mechanisms on epibiont establishment; in that way, prevalence of infestation alone can underestimate the real impact of infestation on the host's life cycle.
Limes Germanicus—Bridge and Frontier
Authors: Briefs Goetz A.
Published: August 2009

THE PENDULUM of dynamic subjectivism swings from a faithful, dreamy, or thoughtful absorption in the world to an aggressive, defiant protest against the world. German history proves it abundantly from the days of the Cimbers and Teutons to the days of the Reformation and up to our present age. Or is it a mere accident that German thinkers formulated that man is obsessed by the will to the infinite, or, as Nietzsche put it: “that man could not tolerate God to be unless he be himself God?” We may well ask if Luther was not expressing a German truth by his word that the soul finds his way to his door by swaying to and fro. Is it a mere accident that dialectic philosophy and dialectic theology were made in Germany and actually acquired reputation only there? Is it not a characteristic self-analysis to assert with Hegel that religion and thought develop in permanent self-contradictions and antagonism and move by such antagonisms to ever higher and higher forms? Is it not a distinctly German appreciation and interpretation of history to say that it is nothing but a sequence of wars? The German mind evidences a clear imperialism interrupted by periods of a self-forgotten devotion to the world, but even in the imperialistic phases there remains some of this self-forgotten devotion—just as in the selfforgotten devotion there surges some of this imperialism. A wellbalanced equilibrium obviously is very hard to attain; it does not even lie in the intention of the German mind because it would entail the recognition of and submission to an ontological order, to form and law.
The Bureaucratic State–: Some Remarks on Mosca's Ruling Class
Authors: Marx Fritz Morstein
Published: August 2009

IT IS a painful paradox that the defeats suffered by the democratic myth abroad have coincided with the rise of a critical realism toward democratic institutions at home. No trend is more marked in contemporary American political science than that of comprehending the polity in terms of “pressure groups” competing for control. Such atomistic segregation inevitably minimizes the essential function of a firmly established ideological framework. Without it, the state is limp; allegiance is reduced to considerations of material satisfaction, changing with demand and supply; individual freedom lacks a dedication to superindividual objectives.
The American Universities and the Future of Western Civilization
Authors: Nef John U.
Published: August 2009

We who are a part of the civilization that has developed in Europe since the eleventh century and in America since the sixteenth, are living in a world many times richer in material comforts than any before in history. We are living in a world where people are more confused about the nature of the moral and the intellectual virtues than they have been since the Dark Ages, possibly since the last century of the Roman Empire. Few are capable of recognizing those who practice these virtues. It is fashionable to deny that there can be any firm criteria for judging between good and bad private conduct, between good and bad philosophy or art, teaching or statesmanship.
The Growth of the Race Idea
Authors: Voegelin Eric
Published: August 2009

The race problem is branching out today into so many fields that a preliminary understanding becomes necessary as to the special topic with which the present paper is concerned. Let us first make it clear negatively that the question of the classification of the human races does not come within the scope of this inquiry. The race idea should be distinguished from the race concept which is used in natural science. Furthermore, we are not concerned with the improvement of a given human population through eugenic measures. And, finally we do not intend to deal with the problem of political and social relations between the white and the colored races. When we speak of the race idea we have in mind chiefly the idea as it is used by modern creeds, of the type of National Socialism, in order to integrate a community spiritually and politically.
A Dialectic of Morals—I
Authors: Adler Mortimer J.
Published: August 2009

In St. Thomas and the Gentiles I tried to define the obligations of perennial philosophy in the twentieth century. Philosophy may be perennial, but its work changes according to the cultural conditions in which the philosopher lives and thinks. In its Greek beginnings, philosophy arose out of the dialectical efforts of Plato and Aristotle to clarify and order the welter of opinion. They struggled not only with the sophists to divide the line between knowledge and opinion; but they also moved in the realm of opinion to distinguish the true from the false; and, in their patient consideration of pre-Socratic thought, they both tried, though differently, to convert right opinion into knowledge by making it evident to reason. Although the result of their work was the establishment of philosophy as a body of knowledge, founded on principles and developed by demonstrations, we must not forget that, in their day, the mode of their work was primarily dialectical. In saying this I do not overlook the demonstrative or scientific achievements of Plato and Aristotle; but those must be regarded a secondary, for the first work of pioneers is to stake out the land, to clear away the brush, to prepare the soil, and to dig for firm foundations Only thereafter can a city be planned, buildings raised, and interiors decorated The Platonic dialogues certainly reveal an intellectual pioneer at work; but no less do the so-called “scientific” works of Aristotle, for they are primarily records of exploration and discovery. Rather than orderly expositions of accomplished knowledge, they are, not only in their opening chapters but throughout, dialectical engagement with adversaries, wrestlings with the half-truths of error and opinion in order to set the whole truth forth.
Passion and the Origin of Hitlerism
Authors: de Rougemont Denis , Langwell Earl F.
Published: August 2009

Hitlerism is not the creation of a single individual, the personal creation of Hitler: it is a mass phenomenon. Nor is it the necessary result of a determined economic system, since we see individuals in the most dissimilar countries, who are “converted”: rich and poor, industrialists and farmers, intellectuals and army men. The enumeration of the more or less immediate historical causes of Hitler's success, such as Eternal Germanism, the Versailles Treaty, inflation, the fear of Bolshevism, the Dictator's personality, the defects of the democracies, the complicity of big business, does not suffice to explain why they have all converged to the same result. Viewing the breadth and depth of the phenomenon, these heterogeneous “causes” seem to play the part of mere pretexts, of catalyzing agents determined, orientated and carried along by the phenomenon itself—which, therefore, still remains to be explained.
Mass Age In Agony
Authors: Briefs Goetz A.
Published: August 2009

The philosophy of the Enlightenment and the rise of capitalistic industrialism ushered in the age of the masses. The one represents a social philosophy which undermined the traditional relations between state and society, and in addition, the well-established forms of precapitalistic society; the other brought in the machine and large-scale enterprises both leading to the formation of masses in our modern society. A sort of a natural process seemed to be in operation here; suddenly, called forth by nobody and wanted by nobody, the masses appeared. They grew with breath-taking rapidity. No sooner did they make their appearance than the first danger signals were hoisted. Primarily they came from representatives of the declining order, protagonists of the ancient regime such as, to mention a few, de Maistre, Donoso Cortes, Alexis de Tocqueville. Adam Mueller and Gentz among the romanticists sounded the same warnings. Somewhat later they were joined by such diverse representatives of bourgeois humanism as Wilhelm Bensen, J. Burckhardt, Spengler, and Sombart. The new, masses are visualized here as the forces undermining all cultural and religious institutions and values. At last even the very beneficiaries themselves of the new order became concerned about the social consequences of the machine-age. Thomas R. Malthus and John Stuart Mill expressed this concern very strongly; however, they saw in the masses not so much a necessary concomitant of an individualisticmachine- age and of materialistic progress as the effect of an irrational behavior of the “poor” with regard to marriage and child-bearing.
Bureaucracy and Dictatorship
Authors: Marx Fritz Morstein
Published: August 2009

Bureaucracy may mean many things. So may dictatorship. Until Sulla, the technique of dictatorial interludes provided the Roman republic with a convenient form of political catharsis to relieve the constitutional framework from the strain of military exigencies. Greek depotism was not the style of Caesar; Richelieu'sgouvernement personnel was not an imperialist versionof Cromwell's Commonwealth. Less compelling still are the parallels between Latin America's “strong man” regimes, Japan's “new structure”à laKonoye, and the one-party systems of National Socialist Germany, Fascist Italy and Soviet Russia. It is the totalitarian formula alone to which we intend to address ourselves —dictatorship built upon the masses.
Linguistic Nationalism in Eire
Authors: Bromage Mary Cogan
Published: August 2009

The development of nationalism during the past century and a half is increasingly recognized as one of the major phenomena calling for careful study by historians. To comprehend all the implications of this growth, the interrelations of the political, cultural and, in particular, linguistic forms of nationalism must be investigated. This is especially necessary in the case of separatist movements—the efforts of subject peoples to achieve political independence. The motives and aims of cultural and political nationalism are not always identical. The two may exist together or apart; they may develop coevally or one may precede the other. In parts of Switzerland and to some extent in Wales, cultural and linguistic distinctness and homogeneity endure without political separation. When separatist forces, both political and cultural, develop coincidentally, the question arises as to the relative strength of the two factors. In the case of the modern Irish state, now scarcely twenty years old, a common culture existed long before political statehood established itself. It was partly because of the reëmphasis early in this century upon Ireland's ancient civilization, a civilization which included a different language, that sympathy for her political aspirations was aroused. Ireland's consciousness of her Gaelic past, her golden age, survived six centuries of assault when she was deprived of political power. In the knowledge of distinctive speech of her own, in the remembrance of cultural preeminence during Europe's Dark Ages, and in the possession of tangible relics, the Irish people kept alive their sense of unity after repeated rebellions failed.
The American Idealist
Authors: O'Malley Frank
Published: August 2009

The mind of Franklin Roosevelt was young and spacious. There was a lot of room in it, room for imagination, room for the freshness of ideas and room for the future. He was not content to live by formulas or under the pressure of the routine and the antiquated. He was never deluded by the lies and phrases which try to conceal reality and deaden truth. He saw our dangers and our weaknesses and he pioneered to save us from them. For, among our various statesmen, he was a pioneer in the establishing of social and economic responsibility. He believed in the notion of community within our own nation and beyond in the entire world. From the moment of his taking office he revealed his own sense of responsibility towards the whole people, not to any single class or group. And he instructed—sometimes bitterly—the people of power and fortune so that they would recognize their obligations towards the less powerful and the less fortunate members of society. With grimness and reluctance this teaching was often received. Nevertheless it was instructive and it was inescapable. No man could fail to learn the great lesson—that he was not to be alone and self-concerned, that he was rather to be conscious of his responsible membership with other men in an American community.
Roosevelt: A Modern Jefferson
Authors: McAvoy Thomas T.
Published: August 2009

The full measurement of our late president must wait for the passage of time, but the continuation of his influence upon current politics must depend upon the immediate evaluations of his character and his greatness. Today's evaluation, despite the loyalty evoked by war time and the charitableness expected at death, must be colored by political feeling, personal prejudices, and previous attitudes towards his policies. Yet, all observers agree that he was the central figure of twelve momentous years of our history. In the fact of his death in wartime service he has been compared to Abraham Lincoln, and, like Lincoln, Franklin Delano Roosevelt assumed strong attributes of power to meet emergencies. But in his character, in his general policies, in his background, and, I think, sometimes in his own opinion of himself, Roosevelt can much better be compared with Thomas Jefferson.
Roosevelt and Social Justice
Authors: Ryan John A.
Published: August 2009

Social justice is that form of justice which impels men to promote the common good; that is, the welfare of the community as such, as a unified entity, and also the common good as comprising the welfare of all members of society. This was the meaning attached to the term by Pope Pius XI. In Atheistic Communism he declared: “It is impossible to care for the social organism and the good of society as a unit unless each single part and each individual member… is supplied with all that is necessary for the exercise of his social functions.”
Has Fascism Ended with Mussolini?
Authors: Sturzo Don Luigi
Published: August 2009

This question may be answered by “yes” or “no,” according to one's point of view. Mussolini's Fascism—that of the black shirts, of banners bearing the skull and bones emblem, of the so-called Roman salute, of parades, punitive expeditions with muskets, clubs and castor oil, of the East African Empire and the Albanian Kingdom—may be called dead, even buried. But the Fascism that ante-dates Mussolini, the Fascism of all times and all countries—that brand of Fascism never dies. It adapts itself, instead, to all climates and all temperatures; it dresses according to the fashion, disguises itself and hides. That brand of Fascism has not died because it is deathless.
France in Algeria—A Problem of Culture Contact
Authors: Cahnman Werner J.
Published: August 2009

If We are to discuss race and culture contacts in North Africa, we must first appraise the historico-geographical conditions under which such contacts have taken place. It seems significant then that the Arab geographers called what is now Italian, French, and Spanish North Africa,Djesiret el Maghreb, that is the Island of the West. On a closer look, North Africa is indeed an island, separated, as it is, from the European North by the Mediterranean Sea, from Egypt and the Near East by the Libyan desert, and from the Negro country of the Sudan by the desert belt of the Sahara. To the West, it borders on the open Ocean. Within this so-bounded island, however, there is no unity. There are wild mountain ranges and fertile valleys, wind-swept plateaus, and the dry steppe regions which fade out into the immensity of the desert; but a core of integration, a central landscape, as it were, is lacking. As a result of these geographical conditions, there has been sufficient isolation for ancient customs and particular creeds to be preserved, but there has been not enough concentrated political power to enable the peoples of North Africa to fend off frequent invasion and the ever recurring play of outside intervention.
Church and State in Argentina
Authors: Masten Peter , Dunne S. J.
Published: August 2009

So many books and articles have been written during the past several years about Argentina that there would seem to be little reason, at the present time, for adding another weight to the already over-burdened press. There is a phase, however, of Argentine development both of the past and of the present which has not received a great deal of consideration, and that is the relationship between Church and State in the republic of the South. Circumstances of the past help to explain conditions of the present. North Americans are inclined to judge of ecclesiastical conditions in Latin America according to a North American background. Such judgments cannot be correct because the background has been different. Perhaps then it will be an aid to clear thinking and just appraisal to try to throw a bit of light upon Argentina's ecclesiastical past that we may better understand Argentina's ecclesiastical present.
Britain and the World: The Position of the Labour Party in Foreign Policy
Authors: Shils Edward A.
Published: August 2009

The war which Great Britain entered in 1939 has now been won by the United Nations. But for the first of the great partners of the Alliance the costs have been tremendous. Of the £4 billions in overseas investments which Britain possessed before the war, only about £2 billions remain—most of the rest were spent in meeting charges of war goods which had to be purchased during the period of Cash and Carry. Not only has this important source of British income been lost but during the same period Britain built up an external debt of £3½ billions. Britain's great merchant fleet, which lost about 11 million tons by enemy action during the war, has by a prodigious effort recovered 2/3 of its 1937 level of 17½ million gross tons. But the quality of many of the ships is unsatisfactory and at the same time the United States has developed a merchant fleet several times larger than Britain's. In the competition to carry the world's shrunken international trade, Britain will be at a greater disadvantage than it has ever been during the present century. In other invisible exports also she faces serious difficulties; for example, the overseas business of British insurance companies which contributed £12 to £15 million annually to the balance of trade is threatened with restrictions in capitalistic countries and extermination in collectivistic ones. The British export trade which in 1938 contributed about £450 million to the national income and on which Britain depends to a greater extent than any other great country for the maintenance of its standard of living (the fourth highest in the world,) has shrunk by 1944 to 55% in value and 31% in volume of the 1938 level.
The Immortality of Man
Authors: Maritain Jacques
Published: August 2009

Let us think of the human being, not in an abstract and general way, but in the most concrete possible, the most personal fashion. Let us think of this certain old man we have known for years in the country, —this old farmer with his wrinkled face, his keen eyes which have beheld so many harvests and so many earthly horizons, his long habits of patience and suffering, courage, poverty and noble labor, a man perhaps like those parents of a great living American statesman whose photographs appeared some months ago in a particularly moving copy of a weekly magazine. Or let us think of this certain boy or this girl who are our relatives or our friends, whose everyday life we well know, and whose loved appearance, whose soft or husky voice is enough to rejoice our hearts. Let us remember—remember in our heart—a single gesture of the hand, or the smile in the eyes of one we love. What treasures on earth, what masterpieces of art or of science, could pay for the treasures of life, feeling, freedom and memory, of which this gesture, this smile is the fugitive expression? We perceive intuitively, in an indescribable not inescapable flash, that nothing in the world is more precious than one single human being. I am well aware how many difficult questions come to mind at the same time and I shall come back to these difficulties, but for the present I wish only to keep in mind this simple and decisive intuition, by means of which the incomparable value of the human person is revealed to us. Moreover, St. Thomas Aquinas warns us that the Person is what is noblest and most perfect in the whole of nature.
The German Enigma
Authors: Briefs Goetz A.
Published: August 2009

No country within the Western orbit offers to foreign thinkers such an ambiguous and enigmatic aspect as does Germany. There is no end of books and articles wrestling with this problem.

German history presents sufficient justification for the existence of an enigmatic dualism within the nation. To begin with: Germany is that country in Europe through which a line of profound cultural demarcation runs. The Limes Germanicus (cf. my articles in this Review, July and October, 1939) signified the borderline of Roman conquest and Roman cultural penetration. Within this line Mediterranean civilization took undisputed hold both during the Roman Empire and throughout the middle ages, in the latter period mediated by the Church. The lands farther to the East and North became christianized hundreds of years later than the lands around the Danube and Rhine valley. Often the christianization of the East was pushed forward by force of arms. Riehl, Nietzsche, Ricarda Huch and others have remarked that, to all appearances, the christianization of the German North and East was only superficial, a thin veneer over a basically heathen reality; of late H. Rauschning expressed his concern over the quick disappearance of the Christian faith and ethics among the Northern German peasants after Nazism came to power, and the prophets of the “German Faith” today spread the suggestion that the Northern German peasant never was a Christian.
Civilization at the Crossroads - II
Authors: Nef John U.
Published: August 2009

The last four or five decades have been a period of increasing tension and insecurity throughout the world, especially among the Western peoples. Pessimism, cynicism, and despair have gained the ascendancy over most of Europe; uncertainty and lack of confidence over much of the United States. It would be natural for businessmen and for social scientists, who measure civilization mainly in terms of real income or the volume of industrial production, to attribute this tension and discouragement to the slowing down in the rate of industrial progress, to the material crisis of the twentieth century.
Government Control of Labor Representation?
Authors: McCabe David A.
Published: August 2009

The question has repeatedly obtruded itself in the past four years whether the recent legislation intended to prevent employer denial of collective bargaining to employees necessarily leads to a degree of government control over labor representation previously unknown in this country. In facing this question there is no implication that government control over worker organization was intended. The purpose behind the legislation was undoubtedly to prevent interference by employers with the organization of workers and refusal by employers of collective bargaining. Nevertheless, the entrance of the government into the field to prevent employer interference with worker representation has apparently led also to the curtailment of the freedom of the workers in this sphere.
Romanticism and Realism among Czechs and Slovaks
Authors: Kohn Hans
Published: August 2009

In the 1820's and 1830's the romantic movement was at the height of its influence throughout Europe* In its origins, among the Lake poets in England and in the circle around the brothers Schlegel in Germany, romanticism opposed the libertarian and rationalist tendencies of the French Revolution. In its later stage romanticism presented a more complex attitude, its imagination turned simultaneously to the fascination of the past and the Middle Ages and to the appeal of the future happiness of free men. Under the quiet surface of the Biedermeier the unrest of the Napoleonic wars continued to arouse in the educated young generation a longing for change, for activity, for a new sense of self-fulfillment.
On Jeffersonian Tradition
Authors: Wilson Francis G.
Published: August 2009

It is now two hundred years since the birth of Thomas Jefferson. His name has become one of the major symbols in the tradition we call American. The personality of the man shows vigorously in his letters, in the results of his policies as a leader and in the restored Monticello which he loved more than any other spot on the face of the earth. We study his personality because of his interest in science, his appreciation of invention, but surely not because of his metaphysics. We admire him because of his belief in progress, but not because he avowed himself a materialist. We remember him because he could see in outline the drama of a growing United States, but not because of his perverse judgments on New England leaders. Those who love America as it is, can see the results of his policy in our imperial domain and in the establishment of political traditions that still seem valid for contemporary life. To those who dream of a society that yet is not, Jefferson stands as a symbol of the new world, the progenitor of benevolent reforms that may yet make men happy. Both the realist and the Utopian can find in the complexities of Jefferson's personality much that gives them encouragement and emotional support. We see Jefferson's work in the living America, both that which is and that which many believe ought to be.
Race-Thinking Before Racism
Authors: Arendt Hannah
Published: August 2009

If race-thinking were a German invention, as it is now sometimes asserted, then “German thinking” (whatever that may be) was victorious in many parts of the spiritual world long before the Nazis started their illfated attempt at world conquest. Hitlerism exercised its strong international and inter-Europeanappeal during the 'thirties because racism, although a state doctrine only in Germany, had been everywhere a powerful trend in public opinion. The Nazi political warmachine had long been in motion when in 1939 German tanks began their march of destruction, since—in political warfare—racism was calculated to be a more powerful ally than any paid agent or any secret organization of fifth columnists. Strengthened by the experiences of almost two decades in the various capitals, the Nazis were confident that their best “propaganda” would be their racial policy itself, from which, despite many other compromises and broken promises, they had never drifted away for expediency's sake. Racism was neither a new nor a secret weapon, though never before had it been used with this thorough-going consistency.
First Principles and the Paraguayan Constitution
Authors: Gross-Brown Sigfrido V.
Published: August 2009

The outstanding merit of James Madison consists in having contributed notably to the making of a constitution that would serve as an instrument of government to achieve the happiness of the nation and the greatness of the United States of America. Without departing from modern political doctrines, the formula conceived by him is perfectly suited to the social life, temperament, manners, and natural inclination of the American people; reconciling in this way the rational juridical principle of self-government with what Santa Maria de Paredes calls “the historical positive.” It is something made to measure, by masterly hands, in accordance with the supreme postulates of science.
The Free Germany Committee— An Historical Study
Authors: Lowenfeld Andreas F.
Published: August 2009

In the summer of 1943 a group of German prisoners in the Soviet Union founded an association under Russian auspices designed to combat the war effort and government of Nazi Germany. The group, made up of soldiers, officers, and political exiles, called itself the National Committee “Free Germany,” and under that title operated with varying intensity throughout the remainder of the war. It was disbanded late in 1945, and by now has been largely forgotten. But many of its arguments are still effective in Germany today, and many of its members are now politically active in the Eastern Zone. I shall attempt to reconstruct here the history of the Free Germany movement, primarily as an addition to our historical knowledge of the Second World War. At the same time, I think, this account can provide an interesting insight into the workings of a certain type of German officer's mind, as well as a picture of a complete Russian operation in political warfare. With German rearmament an imminent problem and Soviet political strategy a continuing one, an examination of the Free Germany movement seems to be appropriate at the present time.
The Supreme Court and Its Critics: Is the Court Moving Left?
Authors: Losos Joseph O.
Published: August 2009

InTheLight of recent decisions of the United States Supreme Court, it might appear that the judiciary is currently the most radical branch of the Federal Government. In certain respects circumstances today, present a scene similar to that of 1937. The Court, now as then, is denounced as an unelected, undemocratic group which, under the pretense of interpreting the laws and Constitution, makes a law contrary to the will of the majority of the American people. Only today it is the right that denounces the Court and the left that comes to its defense.
The Belfast Letters, the Irish Volunteers 1778–79 and the Catholics
Authors: Burns R. E.
Published: August 2009

A Distinguished contemporary historian of eighteenthcentury Ireland has observed that “the early history of the Volunteers has never been written.” This is not to say that the Volunteers have not been written about, for no subject has urged Irish pens to greater industry than have the Volunteers. Yet, during the past one hundred and fifty years historians of each generation have been content for the most part to rely upon the research and repeat the generalizations of the previous generation. Consequently, the circumstances surrounding the raising of independent companies in Belfast and the reasons for the spread of that institution over the rest of Ireland in 1778–79 remain obscured and confused.
The Political Teaching of Pope Pius XII
Authors: Cour Raymond F.
Published: August 2009

Appraisals of the pontificate of Pope Pius XII have pictured him as a democratic-minded person who did his best to modernize a tradition-bound, authoritarian-minded institution with not completely satisfactory results. In the words of one author, “Pacelli, a modern man set down in a dank maze of dusty dogma, musty custom, dark superstition, and moss-grown standpattism, may very well have done all that one man can do to let in light and air.” Comments of this type are, obviously, mixed compliments, the laudatory references to the late pope and his personal achievements being counterbalanced by less favorable epithets for the Church. It is not the purpose of this article to consider the alleged stand-pattism, dustiness, mustiness, or totalitarian-mindedness of the Church. Its object is to present a study of some of the political teaching of Pius XII, and to inquire whether any of his doctrines are of a modernizing nature and to what extent they “let in light and air.”
America and the British Foreign Policy-Making Elite, from Joseph Chamberlain to Anthony Eden, 1895–1956
Authors: Watt D. C.
Published: August 2009

This study suggested itself to the author when he noticed that such work as had been done on British attitudes to America fell into two main divisions: (a) studies, usually of American origin, of movements in the mass of British opinion; (b) studies of the radical and politically “nonconformist” elements in British political society. Both of these seemed to the author to be vitiated as contributions to the understanding of the various developments of Anglo-American relations, the former because the social structure of British political power does not weigh mass movements of opinion very highly, the latter because in the 61 years from 1895–1956, radical elements have controlled British foreign policy for a mere eight years and disputed control only for a further six.
The Pragmatic Revolt in Politics: Twenty Years in Retrospect
Authors: Elliott W. Y.
Published: August 2009

THE editors of the Review of Politics have asked me to do something that is indicated by the title of this informal essay. It is something that I have long had in mind. Substantially I am asked to assess after the passage of almost twenty years the thesis laid down in The Pragmatic Revolt in Politics. Ordinarily the biography of a book or of a writer's ideas had better, in good taste, be left to others. But I hope that I may be forgiven some notes on the nature of that work, because of their relevance not only to this return to the subject, but because of their relevance as well to what seems to me to be a general change in scholarly attitude toward a central problem: the place of ethics and the place of science in that study which Aristotle named by one word, Politics. It is peculiarly a pleasure to contribute this revision of a position to a journal devoted to the high cultivation of that Aristotelian conception. The distinction already achieved by the Review of Politics is in itself a witness of the changed temper of contemporary thought to a deep concern with political values.
Some Moral Aspects of Neutrality
Authors: Miltner Charles C.
Published: August 2009

THE war in Europe and our own declared neutrality make the discussion of this subject particularly timely. Much is being said and written on the question as to what is the best procedure to maintain this neutrality: whether we should retain our embargo on arms or not, and whether if lifted or not, we should demand that cash payments be made by all belligerents who purchase goods from us, and that these goods be transported in vessels sailing under the flags of the nations that purchase them. A point which both parties in the controversy try to make is that if their solution is accepted we shall be less likely drawn into war ourselves. Into the merits of this debate we shall not enter. It is one of practical politics, concerned, not directly with the declaration of neutrality or with its justification, but with maintaining such relations with the belligerents as will best safeguard our national rights and most effectively prevent our being drawn out of our neutral status and into the war on one side or the other. The aim of the present paper is rather to examine the conception of neutrality itself, and under its moral, rather than under its immediately legal aspects. Legal justice is not always synonymous with moral justice, and over-insistence on our legal rights is liable to cause us to forget our moral duties of justice and of charity.
Agrarianism and the Jeffersonian Philosophy
Authors: Quinn Patrick F.
Published: August 2009

THE ARGUMENT from authority is at least as old as the twelfth century. At that time it was thought a very good argument. The modern age believes it has found some better ones, and likes to think of the argument from authority as a relic, curious, perhaps, but certainly extinct. It is not really so. The argument from authority has still its adherents today, and these adherents, to our great surprise, are proving themselves convincing.
Philosophy, Ideology, and Policy in the Soviet Union
Authors: Kline George L.
Published: August 2009

On Marx's characteristic — although not wholly consistent—view, an ideology is a false theory (or, in his own words, a form of “false consciousness”) of a special kind, namely, one that serves to mask or “rationalize” the unpleasant realities of a given socioeconomic system. Lenin drastically expanded the sense of the term, making ideology equivalent to theory, whether rational or “rationalizing,” and to knowledge, whether adequate or inadequate. Leninists regard all knowledge as “superstructurally” determined by socioeconomic relationships, and thus, in “class society,” partisan to the interests of a given class.
Pierre Charron: Precursor to Hobbes
Authors: Grendler Paul F.
Published: August 2009

The political philosophy of Thomas Hobbes is rightly considered as marking the end of one era in political theory and the beginning of a new one. Formerly, men had sought and found a guide to political conduct in a basic principle upon which the order of well-being of the state depended. Hobbes broke with the past by postulating the state as simply a rationalization of the needs of men. He analyzed man's psychology and relied on his own observation and ratiocination to establish the best possible state commensurate with mankind's situation, but his supreme emphasis on force and authority left no room for the older constitutional, religious, and traditional safeguards of the citizen. This was the price that Hobbes willingly paid to achieve a secure state during the English Civil War.
Work and Wealth
Authors: Simon Yves R.
Published: August 2009

IN DISCUSSIONS concerning such problems as labor-time, leisure, unemployment and thefuture of industrial society, it can be noticed that a number of persons become entangled in a net of confusions and sophisms by failing to consider the finalities of work in the right order. In short, we observe that men profit by working because work provides them with the commodities they need; they profit by working, on the other hand, because labor activities secure a sound training of the mind together with a salutary discipline of the appetites. Thus, two lines of results can be ascribed to labor activity. We maintain that they cannot have the same significance in terms of finality. Harmful confusions are to be feared unless we keep in mind their subordination to one another. We have seen, in a previous study, that labor-activity belongs to the category of transitive activities in the strict sense of the word. It consists in a production, in a casual flow, in the emanation of a term, in the bringing into existence of an effect. Moreover, it is essentially, at least in the primary form of manual work, the production of a term exterior to the acting individual. However profoundly the worker may be affected, in his person, by the work he exercises, it is quite clear that the termswhich defines laboractivity is not its immanent, but its exterior result.
Lenin and the Total Critique of Society A Study in Ideological Activism
Authors: Niemeyer Gerhart
Published: August 2009

Modern Totalitarianism has often been grouped with various forms of authoritarianism in a genus characterized by excessive discipline. Is it not true, though, that the typical totalitarian motivation of our times can be described as revolutionary rather than authoritarian? Is it not a spirit that sees in revolution a vocation, an end in itself, a way of life? A faith in the creativeness of total destruction can be found in Bakunin, Goebbels, and Lenin. Their will to revolution stems not from an identification with the grievances of a suffering class, but from an ideological rejection of everything that exists.