bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Thermal Resistance of Mineral Wool Products with Density Gradients: Theory and Experimental Procedures
Authors: Campanale Manuela , De Ponte Francesco , Moro Lorenzo
Published: March 2007

Some standardized experimental procedures for the characterization of most common homogeneous insulating materials, in particular, low-density high- thickness mineral wool products, are based on some analytical models (two-flux model) which take into account combined heat transfer by conduction and radiation in homogeneous media. Interlaboratory comparisons and experimental validation of the models during some years has now covered most commercial products and proved that agreement is far better than testing accuracy. However, the above proce dures can no longer be applied when a density gradient occurs along the thickness of the specimen and hence a gradient of the radiative extinction coefficients is orig inated. The gradient occurs due to the weight of the upper layers of the product on the lower layers during binder polymerization. The system of differential equations which described the above models was therefore improved to take this effect into ac count.

The solution was only possible by splitting the insulation into three layers, two facing the bounding surfaces of the product and a third forming a core. The solution is then used as the interpolating function of measured data in a procedure to characterize mineral wool products with density gradients, exceeding the maximum specimen thickness for the apparatus to be used, and such that the homogeneity assumption of standard models does not supply acceptable accuracy levels.
Moisture Management of EIFS Walls— Part 2: Classification of EIFS Systems
Authors: Bomberg Mark , Kumaran Kumar , Day Kevin
Published: March 2007

When durability of EIFS-clad houses located in some coastal ar eas with high moisture exposure was questioned, the EIFS industry introduced new solutions. Most of the newly developed EIFS products are based on the prem ise that a weather resistant, continuous, exterior skin can be difficult to achieve, let alone maintain, during the service life of a building. These new systems have two identifiable features: (1) EIFS cladding and (2) a multifunctional second-line of de fense to contain and manage water that passed the cladding. Three subsystems and systems, namely, source drained (SD-EIFS), drained screen (DS-EIFS), and vented screen (VS-EIFS), rely on water drainage from the wall assembly. The fourth multifunctional EIFS is primarily based on the storage and drying capabilities of the wall assembly.

Another prerequisite of a functional wall assembly is the presence of an air barrier. Experience indicates that only the redundant wall system with multiple defense mechanisms presents the opportunity for a durable and low-maintenance building envelope.
Special Feature: Needs Assessment
Authors: Scriven Michael , Roth Jane
Published: March 2007

TRACES are what evaluators left behind — discoveries, records, tracks — which made marks on the profession of program evaluation. Published here are excerpts from our past (e.g., articles. passages from books, speeches) that show where we have been or affected where we are g(r)o(w)ing. Suggestions for inclusion should be sent to the Editor, along with rationale for their import. Photocopies of the original printed versions are preferred with full bibliographic information. Copying rights will be secured by the Editor.
How Policy Is Made and How Evaluators Can Affect It
Authors: Grob George
Published: March 2007

Essays, opinions, and professional judgments are welcome in this section of EP.Forum articles speak to and about the philosophical and ethical dilemmas of our profession. Authors are invited to express their views to encourage constructive dialogue centered on issues. To keep the dialogue substantive, other articles moti vated by previousForum presentations should have independent titles and themes. Items labeled "Comments on ... " and "Rejoinder to... " will not be published inForum— such responses, and those not of article length or nature, are welcome and encouraged in theIn Response section of EP. Standard citations and reference lists should acknowledge and identify earlier contributions and viewpoints. Manuscripts should not exceed 10 double-spaced typewritten pages in length.
Treatment of Illegal-Use-of-Force Complaints Against Police Officers in Israel: the Beleaguered Path To Civilian Involvement
Authors: Herzog Sergio
Published: March 2007

In 1992, a new civilian board was established in Israel for the investigation of complaints against police officers accused of violence. The decision to transfer these investigative powers to an external body was preceded by prolonged negotiation between police representatives and various civilian bodies commissioned to review internal police processes. Such negotiations can be typi fied by a cyclical dynamic: public and political pressure, civilian interven tion, the publishing of a very critical report on police treatment of complaints, and recommendations for changes. Thereafter, following police opposition, the recommendations are adopted, but only in part, and the situation improves, pending the next crisis. The present research describes the development of the treatment of illegal-use-of-force complaints against police officers in Israel according to this negotiating dynamic.
A Historical Perspective on the Discovery of Adenyl Purines
Authors: Cheek Dennis J. , McHugh Jeannette M. , Blood-Siegfried Jane , McFetridge Judy F. , Turner Barbara S.
Published: March 2007

In 1929, Drury and Szent-Gyorgyi described the effects of a simple extract of heart muscle and other tissues on the mammalian heart. This extract was identified as adenylic acid and found to have profound effects on the cardiovascular system. The discovery and identification of adenyl purines and their effects on the cardiovascular system has now extended to other biological functions such as neurotransmission, neuromodulation, and endocrine/exocrine secretory functions and beyond. This review examines the history of the discovery and identification of the many roles played by adenyl purines in regulation of physiological homeostasis.
Reducing Disruption of Circadian Temperature Rhythm Following Surgery
Authors: Farr Lynne , Todero Catherine , Boen Lonna
Published: March 2007

Temperature and other circadian rhythms are disrupted following surgery and other traumatic events. During recovery, coordination between temperature rhythms and other rhythmic physiologic processes is reduced. Studies of animals and humans have shown that return of synchrony is not immediate, but that it is important in the recovery process. The purpose of this study was to test a combination of cues that have been shown to adjust the timing of circadian temperature rhythm. The combined cues consisted of timed ingestion of caffeine and protein foods and adjustment of the sleep/wake cycle. The intervention was tested in 26 age-and gender-matched maxillofacial surgery patients. Patients were randomly assigned to control or experimental groups. Circadian temperature rhythm was measured by continuous monitoring with axillary probes and miniature recorders before and after surgery. Following surgery, both experimental and control subjects displayed 24-hour circadian temperature rhythms; however, the peak-to-trough difference was decreased more following surgery in the control subjects than in the subjects who had prepared for surgery by practicing the intervention. Control subjects also had less day-to-day stability in the phase of their rhythms following surgery. These results suggest that the intervention reduced circadian disruption following surgery and provides a way for patients to prepare themselves to resist rhythm changes.
Consuming the West
Authors: Philips Deborah
Published: March 2007

Main Street, USA is the corridor to the Disneyland parks, whether in Los Angeles, Paris, Florida, or Tokyo. Main Street offers the appearance of a public space, with architectural references to civic institutions, but is a bounded and privatized site, which requires an entrance fee. Main Street offers a nostalgic construction of early twentieth century American small-town life. It is also the space in the theme parks that is most dedicated to consumption. Main Street is an idealized urban landscape that has not stopped at the theme park; the Disney owned town, “Celebration,” in Florida is organized around the same nostalgic wish for an urban context that offers itself as both traditional and modern. Main Street offers a version of America frozen at a point of late nineteenth century modernity; it presents a mythical reconciliation of past and future, ecology and consumption, and the local and the global in its simulacrum of a small-town America which could never have existed, but which can be endlessly reproduced across the globe.
Speed and Space within a NAFTA Corridor
Authors: Henrici Jane
Published: March 2007

At present there is a resurgence of interest in the city as nexus and metaphor within conceptualizations of globalization. Debates concern the city, community, and neighborhood as units of study and the use of such terms to link spaces to race or ethnicity and then to social conditions. Within the United States there is an additional propensity by some to view certain cities as entirely distinct from others within the country and from those outside of it. However, this author is among those who consider urban-suburban units to be less helpful in representing current relations among groups of people than linkages among possibly distant sprawls and business districts. Speed of contact from this viewpoint alters configurations and expands an interest in the exchanges that cross borders, time zones, and hemispheres. Within the Americas in particular, deregulated north-south connections entrench certain avenues and cause new ones to be built for increased transactions and speed. This article is a condensed expression of some of the issues in identity and power that may be reconfigured along one such corridor, Interstate Highway 35, as it passes between northern Mexico and southern and central Texas.
Zones of Indistinction
Authors: Diken Bülent , Laustsen Carsten Bagge
Published: March 2007

Since the late 1970s, the focus on the “urban question” has shifted from the question of social movements to the question of social control and violence, from political struggle to “postpolitical” risk management. In this context, the city is increasingly transformed into a “network city”: fragmented space held together by technologies of mobility and flexible forms of power. The transition from “disciplinary society” to “societies of control” is decisive. It is increasingly evident that post-politics, based on technologies of control, is not a peaceful social order and brings with it new forms of violence: terror. The article elaborates on the relationship between these three successive forms of power (discipline, control, and terror) by focusing on their common denominator, that is, the creation of spaces of “indistinction.” With Agamben, it is argued that the “camp,” the logic that combines discipline, control, and terror, is becoming the biopolitical paradigm of today's societies.
The Space of Stage Magic
Authors: Pringle Trish
Published: March 2007

Interior architecture/design is differentiated from interior decoration or architecture by being a spatial discipline of performance and experience rather than composition or style. The perception of space as active became part of a way of seeing during the 19th century. The new discipline of interior design emerged from a general shift in spatial sensibility and a heightened appetite for spatial experience. The study of the physiological and psychological mechanisms behind such experience has its roots in the natural magic of earlier times. In this article, the author looks at another body of work that harnesses natural magic, that of the stage illusionist, to discuss our human fascination with impossible spatial actions, such as dematerialising, defying gravity, vanishing, or changing form. She speculates as to how stage illusions were able to feed spatial desires in the late 19th century and identify analogies in spatial design from the late 20th century.
Learning-Network Theory
Authors: Poell Rob F. , Chivers Geoff E. , Van Der Krogt Ferd J. , Wildemeersch Danny A.
Published: March 2007

This study presents a theoretical perspective on organizing learning networks in relation to work processes within organizations. Despite the potential wealth in combining various learning and work arrangements, the field seems to be characterized by a single-minded pursuit of highly uniform ways to organize learning and work. The learning-network perspective rejects both a functionalist tool of management approach and a context-independent organizational learning view. Instead, it demonstrates how learning networks are (re-)produced by interactions among employees, managers, training consultants, and other actors, who each have their own theories and strategies in organizing work-related learning. Learning networks can take various shapes depending both on actor dynamics and on work characteristics. The learning-network theory is a descriptive theory that allows employees, managers, training consultants, and other learning actors to understand and develop alternative ways of organizing employee learning in relation to work. An indicative rationale for the key differences between the learning-network perspective and some rival approaches is provided.
From `Learning Organization' to `Adaptive Organization'
Authors: Jankowicz Devi
Published: March 2007

It is argued that much contemporary discussion about organizational learning is unfocused and unproductive because it fails to distinguish between learning and adaptation, the latter being the chief characteristic of any learning organization. A simple cybernetic model, the finite function machine, is examined in order to outline the defining properties of an adaptive system, and shown to be consistent with assertions made by several key authors while offering greater clarity about our concept of the `learning organization'. Its fractal properties are outlined.
Employees' Perception of the Learning Organization
Authors: Thomsen Hanne Kargaard , Hoest Viggo
Published: March 2007

This article is about employees' perception of the Learning Organization, and it confirms our theoretical model claiming that employees see causality between frames for learning and a learning environment. This indicates that to some extent it is possible to design and manage a learning organization by working with the frames for learning. The model furthermore shows that the reward system as a learning frame has a high effect on the learning environment according to the employees. We base our theoretical model on a theory of the Learning Organization where the Learning Organization is described by 11 characteristics, and we test the model on data from four Danish service firms by using the technique of structural equation modelling (LISREL).
Learning Styles and Adaptive Flexibility
Authors: Mainemelis Charalampos , Boyatzis Richard E. , Kolb David A.
Published: March 2007

This research used three instruments derived from experiential learning theory—the Learning Style Inventory, the Adaptive Style Inventory and the Learning Skills Profile—to test hypotheses about differences between balanced and specialized learning styles in a sample of 198 part-time and full-time MBA students. Learning styles that balanced experiencing and conceptualizing showed greater adaptive flexibility in responding to experiencing and conceptualizing learning contexts. The learning style specializing in experiencing showed higher levels of skill development in interpersonal skills and lower levels of skill development in analytic skills; while the reverse was true for the learning style specializing in conceptualizing. Similar tests for the acting/reflecting specialized and balanced learning styles showed no consistent results. Analysis of male and female subsamples produced results supporting these general conclusions. The study adds further construct validity for the hypothesis that adaptive flexibility in learning style is predictive of highly integrated and complex levels of adult development.
Social Architecture as a Prerequisite for Organizational Learning
Authors: Bogenrieder Irma
Published: March 2007

Organizational learning is often viewed as an individual cognitive activity. However, in the organizational structure, it is only the conditions to improve individual learning that can be created. In this article, it is argued that organizational learning can better be understood as a social-relational and a cognitive activity. Cognitive learning depends on the organizational members who participate in the learning process. The concept of the socio-cognitive conflict is suggested as a form of organizational learning in which the relationships between the participating members cause and determine (the result of) the learning process. Starting with this notion of the socio-cognitive conflict as a vehicle for learning it is reasoned that the organization has to provide the underlying social networks to foster learning. Social networks should be actively installed. The question of which social network is appropriate for learning depends on the problem situation. Drawing heavily on insights from social networks, different types of networks are identified which foster learning in specific problem situations.
A Typology of the Idea of Learning Organization
Authors: Örtenblad Anders
Published: March 2007

A topology of the idea of `learning organization' is developed and presented. The typology is inductively created and based on how the term `learning organization' is used in the literature and by practitioners. Four distinct types of understanding were found: `organizational learning', `learning at work', `learning climate' and `learning structure'. The same types of understanding seem to appear both in the literature and in accounts made by practitioners. Thus the term `learning organization' is probably not unduly confusing to the practitioners. Instead, the different versions of the idea in the literature seem to give companies the opportunity to choose a version suitable for their specific situation.
Outdoor Management Development: Cellulose or Celluloid?
Authors: Kirk Philip
Published: March 2007

Outdoor management development programmes are increasingly regarded as an attractive way to develop managers. This paper presents a framework for reviewing such programmes developed out of the author's own experiences as participant and tutor. The framework comprises three dimensions of reality: participant reality, theoretical reality and resource reality, each of which is considered in terms of its effect on the design of outdoor learning events.
Planned and Emergent Learning
Authors: Megginson David
Published: March 2007

This paper addresses the distinction between learning styles and learning strategies. Two learning strategies are proposed-planned and emergent. A model is developed which suggests that there are four types of learner, who are named sleepers, warriors, adventurers and sages. A survey of 168 managers was analysed and it was found that the degree to which individuals adopted the two learning strategies was only slightly positively correlated, and that it was possible to draw up scales of items relating to these two strategies where the items within each scale were strongly inter-correlated. Implications of the findings of the survey are examined for individual learners, for developers and for researchers, and the findings are put into the context of changes in the practice of education, development and training.
Learning from Forgetting
Authors: Carmona Salvador , Gronlund Anders
Published: March 2007

Innovative firms decentralize decision-making power to foster organizational learning at the lower levels of the chain of command. However, abilities to capitalize on organizational learning may be impeded by a concomitant process of organizational forgetting. Empirical evidence concerning this process was gathered at the subsidiaries in Spain and Sweden of two large automobile manufacturing corporations. This evidence shows the antecedents of organizational forgetting and how the process of forgetfulness occurs after a long period of learning and success. It is argued that organizational structure and national culture play a significant role in the relative success or failure of innovative projects aiming at implementing organizational learning at the operational level.
Integrating Action and Reflection Through Co-Operative Inquiry
Authors: Reason Peter
Published: March 2007

Co-operative inquiry is a radically participative form of inquiry in which all those involved are both co-researchers and co-subjects. The methodology of co-operative inquiry is set out in a ‘Layperson’s Guide’ which might be used to introduce the method to a new group. This is followed by a reflection on the learning process of an inquiry group, particularly the process of research cycling, the importance of the peer group, and the paradoxical self-reflexive quality of attention. Finally, co-operative inquiry is compared with other action approaches.
Competing Interpretations of Computer-Supported Cooperative Work in Organizational Contexts
Authors: Hayes Niall , Walsham Geoff
Published: March 2007

This paper will investigate the competing discourses between empowerment and control that surrounded the use of Lotus Notes in the UK selling division of a pharmaceuticals company called Compound UK. We will suggest that managing and using Notes in Compound UK was itself a rhetorical accomplishment, and that, by focusing on rhetoric, we can illuminate some of the contradictions that surround the management and use of the technology. We will also show how the political and normative context is deeply implicated in the reproduction of these competing interpretations. Finally, we will suggest that the introduction of the discourse of empowerment is implicated in changes in the work practices in Compound UK, at least to a minimal degree.
The Place of Culture in Organization Theory: Introducing the Morphogenetic Approach
Authors: Archer Robert
Published: March 2007

As Allaire and Firsirotu (1984) pointed out over a decade ago, the concept of culture seemed to be sliding inexorably into a superficial explanatory pool that promised everything and nothing. However, since then, some sophisticated and interesting theoretical developments have prevented drowning in the pool of superficiality and hence theoretical redundancy. The purpose of this article is to build upon such theoretical developments and to introduce an approach that maintains that culture can be theorized in the same way as structure, possessing irreducible powers and properties that predispose organizational actors towards specific courses of action. The morphogenetic approach is the methodological complement of transcendental realism, providing explanatory leverage on the conditions that maintain for cultural change or stability.
The Role of Funding Bodies in the Creation and Diffusion of Management Fads and Fashions
Authors: Newell Sue , Swan Jacky , Kautz Karlheinz
Published: March 2007

Previous authors have questioned the notion of scientific rationality and method in understanding the ways in which knowledge is produced through academic research. These critiques make clear that the production of academic knowledge cannot be separated from the context in which it is produced. In this paper, we focus on the ways in which the meso-level context, in particular in terms of relations between a research funding body and a research team, shapes this process of knowledge construction. It is argued that the logics used by funding bodies to promote knowledge creation and diffusion are not only at times unrealistic and inappropriate but also contradictory and conflated. Using two case examples of academic management research, this paper argues that, instead of stimulating innovation, the policies of funding bodies may at times encourage the creation and diffusion of just those types of management fads and fashions that academics tend to be very critical of. This is especially likely where research is carried out in multidisciplinary and multinational teams.
Applying an Eliasian Approach to Organizational Analysis
Authors: Dopson Sue
Published: March 2007

The central focus of the article is managing change in the National Health Service (NHS). In particular, it uses the implementation of general management (see the Griffiths Report, 1983) to explore the value of the process-sociological approach for understanding a number of unintended outcomes associated with this change. Elias is not a sociologist associated with the study of the NHS, or indeed the management of change, yet it is argued his approach has much to offer in exploring change in complex organizations such as the NHS. The article is organized as three sections. First, the central elements of a figurational approach are discussed and used to explore existing studies of change in the NHS. Second, the article applies a figurational approach to the study of the implementation of general management. Here the value of Elias's game models is explored in some detail. Finally, Elias's contribution to the study of complex social change is critically assessed.
Losing the Plot? Middle Managers and Identity
Authors: Thomas Robyn , Linstead Alison
Published: March 2007

There is now a large body of research attempting to `discover' the `answer' to the question `what is happening to middle management in contemporary organizations?', following unprecedented levels of delivering, downsizing and restructuring. Two contrasting views, positive and negative, on the state of middle management have been identified in the literature. Adopting a social constructionist framework, this paper argues that there is a need to move beyond current attempts to find the most `accurate' and `truthful' picture on the state of middle management, to adopt a theoretical framework that can accommodate both diversity and agency. Drawing from interviews with middle managers, the paper illustrates how middle managers construct their identities, what discourses they draw on in this construction process and what tensions are present in their attempts to secure economic and social legitimacy during organizational restructuring.
The Management Guru as Organizational Witchdoctor
Authors: Clark Timothy , Salaman Graeme
Published: March 2007

This paper suggests that the work of management gurus resembles the performance of a witchdoctor. Central to the work of management gurus is the achievement of transformations of consciousness among their audiences of managers. The view of management gurus offered in this paper has three elements: (1) the key to understanding the power and impact of gurus is to see what they do as a performance; (2) that this performance is of a particular kind-that of a witchdoctor; (3) that management gurus act as the functional equivalents to witchdoctors in modern organizations. The paper argues that at the heart of the guru performance there lies a concern for, and an emphasis on, the irrational, emotional and symbolic aspects of organization. Successful gurus have always known and exploited what this article is arguing-that success depends upon the magic and mystery of the performance.
Situating Discourse in Environmental Innovation Networks
Authors: Steward Fred , Conway Steve
Published: March 2007

Network mapping and discourse analysis are combined in the study of organizational communication in `green' innovation in UK and German firms. The `focal action-set' approach is introduced as a method for mapping actors, links and flows mobilized in the development of discrete innovations; this enables a `situated' focus on discourse between actors in different parts of the network. Capabilities for handling multiple discourses across a range of different interfaces were a key element of organizational communication in all cases. Two different network types are identified: those with strong knowledge/customer linkages which are prominent in the UK sample and those characterized by regulator! supplier linkages which feature in the majority of German cases. Texts exchanged across a variety of network boundaries are analysed with regard to content and argumentation. Contrasting patterns of discourse are found to be associated with the different network types.
Organizing and the Search for Excellence: Making Sense of the Times in Theory and Practice
Authors: Colville Ian D. , Waterman Robert H. , Weick Karl E.
Published: March 2007

This paper seeks to draw out commonalities between the organizational/practitioners' and academic agenda and to explore the idea that academe may not only reflect the times but also help to create them. In so doing, it examines the extent to which In Search of Excellence, a significant and timely exemplar of the organizational agenda, in effect operationalized The Social Psychology of Organizing. If, it concludes, sensemaking is retrospective, then how can it help us to think about current issues that require action and shape our conversations and sensemaking about time future? To this end, much of academic management treats much of management practice as beyond the pale and, for that reason, what matters in this paper is not just a consideration of how to break out of Hambrick's closed loop, but also how others can be encouraged to break in. We see this as part of an ongoing conversation that matters.
Organization Unbound: Actor-Network Theory, Research Strategy and Institutional Flexibility
Authors: Lee Nick , Hassard John
Published: March 2007

We develop two related Actor-Network Theory (ANT) arguments for organizational analysis. The first concerns research strategy and draws upon Latour's (1999) notion of definitional `sliding' to describe how ANT overcomes its analytical limitations by removing conditions that exclude the `other'. Through this discussion, we argue that, research-wise, ANT appears to be ontologically relativist, in permitting the world to be organized differentially, yet empirically realist in providing `theory-laden' descriptions of organization. Our second argument concerns institutional boundedness and flexibility, and suggests that ANT's ontological slipperiness may actually be of value for studies of organizational form. We outline how, under ANT, the analytical focus shifts from structural prescription to processual deconstruction, the associated political dimension concerning where and for whom boundaries are produced/consumed. Overall, we argue for organizational field research that avoids any obligation to impose and defend its own theoretical discriminations.
The Role of Science in Environmental Regimes: The Case of LRTAP
Authors: LIDSKOG ROLF , SUNDQVIST GÖRAN
Published: March 2007

The aim of this article is to analyse the role of science in environmental regimes. The focus is on through which conceptual lenses social scientists should judge the role of science in this area. In answering this question, the article takes as its point of departure the sociology of scientific knowledge (SSK). Three key findings of SSK are central to understanding the role of science in environmental regimes, namely that knowledge never moves freely, that the value of science is the result of negotiations and that science and policy are co-produced. The usefulness and explanatory power of this perspective is illustrated by a case study of one of the most science-based regimes that exist today, the Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (LRTAP). By way of conclusion, it is stated that science has no strength in itself but is given strength by different institutions and actors, and this has to be explained by social scientists.
Regimes of Sovereignty: International Morality and the African Condition
Authors: GROVOGUI SIBA N.
Published: March 2007

Theorists of the `African state' and Africa's external relations frequently focus on the causes, consequences, and repercussions of its failures. They are justified in their appreciation of `failure' and in their concerns for African populations who bear the brunt of political dysfunction. Yet, their diagnoses are frequently erroneous in regard to the genesis of the African state and the modes of governance within which it has come to exist. One source of mis-diagnosis is the prevailing assumption that modern sovereignty is an epiphenomenon of the peace of Westphalia in 1648. The insufficiency of Westphalian commonsense becomes apparent when one considers the effects of the historical coordinates of sovereignty instituted by modern hegemonic powers in Europe and Africa. Focusing on the cases of Belgium, Switzerland and Congo, my aim is to show that their modulations of power, interest and identity continue to favor European entities at the expense of African ones.
Explaining International Human Rights Regimes:
Authors: MORAVCSIK ANDREW
Published: March 2007

Under what conditions are effective international regimes for the promotion of human rights likely to emerge? Case studies of European institutions — the European Convention on Human Rights, the European Community and the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe — confirm hypotheses more consistent with Liberal theories of international relations than their Institutionalist or Realist counterparts. The uniquely successful mechanisms of the European regime, in particular its fine-grained system of individual petition and supranational judicial review, function not by external sanctions or reciprocity, but by `shaming' and `coopting' domestic law-makers, judges and citizens, who pressure governments from within for compliance. The evolution of these mechanisms presupposes the existence of an autonomous independent civil society and robust domestic legal institutions and, even in the relatively propitious circumstances of postwar Europe, required several generations to evolve. Such institutions appear to be, with only a few exceptions, most successful when they seek to harmonize and perfect respect for human rights among nations that already effectively guarantee basic rights, rather than introducing human rights to new jurisdictions. Those nations in which individuals, groups or governments seek to improve or legitimate their own democratic practices benefit the most from international human rights regimes.
Contending Liberalisms:
Authors: RICHARDSON JAMES L.
Published: March 2007

The claim that the ending of the Cold War signifies the triumph of Western liberalism — irrespective of whether this is celebrated or deplored — overlooks the extent to which the liberal tradition, as commonly understood, incorporated radical differences within it. These often shaped the major political cleavages of the time — between Whigs and radicals, Girondins and Jacobins, the liberalism of privilege versus the liberalism of egalitarian democracy. Similar tensions can be identified today — between the liberalisms of `globalization from above' and `globalization from below', the liberalism of international business and finance and that of radical social movements, the liberalism of privilege and that of human rights in the full sense. Not all these espouse the same liberal principles, but they can be seen as contending over which of the rival liberalisms should be accorded legitimacy in the post-Cold War world.
North American Free Trade Negotiations:
Authors: CAMERON MAXWELL A.
Published: March 2007

Why has Mexico shifted from a defecting free-rider on the international trading system to a conceding free-trader? An analytical model of bargaining between asymmetric players is developed to show how cooperation can be achieved through the strategic use of side payments. Mexico made concessions beyond the conventional agenda of trade negotiations (liberalizing investment rules, financial services, intellectual property rights, labor and environmental standards) in an effort to alter the payoff for the United States, and thereby create a game with a more optimal solution for both countries. Market liberalization between Mexico and the United States is analyzed over three periods (the 1980 GATT decision, GATT accession in 1986, and NAFTA and supplemental negotiations in 1991-3), and changes are identified leading to different types of games. The model achieves two results — (1) it helps explain the shift in Mexican policy from nationalism to liberalization, and (2) it shows how side payments can be used as part of a strategy of game change.
International Commitment and Domestic Politics:
Authors: ROTTE RALPH
Published: March 2007

Diversionary foreign policy is a traditional means employed by governments with domestic political problems. This short article hints at the diversionary role of the Maastricht Treaty as an international commitment for domestic economic policy. Moreover, it emphasizes the crucial role of the European commitment imposed by the Treaty, reinforcing the political stabilization effect for the ruling elites. Empirical evidence for these two parts of the argument is given by demonstrating a structural break in fiscal policy and the significant part played by national support for European integration and the EU since 1992.
Second Natures:
Authors: BARTELSON JENS
Published: March 2007

This article analyses existing assumptions about state identity within contemporary International Relations theory, arguing that the quest for the identity of the state leads to either circularity or regress. Departing from commonsensical criteria of self-identity such as indivisibility, distinctness and spatiotemporal continuity, this article examines how these criteria are interpreted and applied within essentialist, institutionalist, historicist and poststructuralist theories of International Relations, depending on their different background understandings of the relationship between problems of being and problems of knowing. The article ends by suggesting a reconceptualization of the state in terms of proper identity.
Narrative Tools of History and Identity
Authors: Wertsch James V.
Published: March 2007

History has widely been viewed as being an essential ingredient in the formation of identity. This article examines this assumption from the perspective of how narratives about the past serve as a kind of 'cultural tool' in 'mediated action' that creates and re-creates identity. Some properties of narratives as cultural tools are outlined, and it is argued that both the production and consumption of these cultural tools must be taken into account in order to develop an adequate analysis of history and identity. The notions of 'mastery' and 'appropriation' are introduced as preferable to the undifferentiated construct of 'internalization' when interpreting findings reported in other articles of this issue's special topic as well as elsewhere.
Ernst E. Boesch at 80: Reflections from a Student on the Culture of Psychology
Authors: Baltes Paul B.
Published: March 2007

Using recollections of Ernst Boesch as a teacher, the author summarizes Boesch's impact on his own thinking but also on psychology in general and cultural psychology in particular. Special attention is paid to the methodological and theoretical frame which Boesch espouses, including systematic methodological pluralism, functionalism, action theory, contextualism and the powerful application of introspective and hermeneutic methods. Achieving an intellectual coalitionof ideas generated by different schools of thought (most notably Janet, Rey, Lewin and Piaget), Boesch proffers in his work an original and integrative view on mind and human behavior. In his approach, cultural psychology is not identical with cross-cultural psychology but treated as an endeavor which highlights the cultural and contextual in any aspect of human functioning.
On Human Beings, Computers and Representational-Computational vs Hermeneutic-Dialogical Approaches to Human Cognition and Communication
Authors: Rommetveit Ragnar
Published: March 2007

Current representational-computational approaches to human cognition and communication, it is argued, represent natural-scientifically coached ramifications of an analyticrationalist philosophical tradition concerned with formal features D of 'pure' and de-contextualized human reason. Scholars conducting their inquiries within hermeneutic-dialogically founded traditions, on the other hand, are seriously concerned with the inherent perspectivity of human cognition and the embeddedness of linguistically mediated meaning in pervasive background conditions and fluctuating human interests and concerns. The epistemological gulf between analytic-rationalist and herrneneutic-dialogical approaches is reflected in their answers to the question whether the researcher's and informant's mastery of meaning 'from within' should be considered a cumbersome residual or an opaque, yet indispensable resource. What has to be dealt with as a residual to get rid of in attempts at externalization and machine representation of human knowledge and reasoning, it is suggested, may constitute an indispensable resource in any potentially emancipatory study of language and mind.
From Collective to Social Representations: Aller et Retour
Authors: Farr Robert M.
Published: March 2007

A century ago this year Durkheim (1898), in distinguishing collective from individual representations, separated sociology from psychology. In formulating his theory of social representations more than half a century later, Moscovici (1961/1976) established a sociological form of social psychology. Differences between sociological and psychological forms of social psychology are briefly discussed and a distinction is drawn between ancestors and founders. Durkheim is an ancestor of the theory of social representations whilst Moscovici is its founder. The rationale for moving from collective to social representations is outlined and a case established for a move, now, in the reverse direction. In modernizing Durkheim, Moscovici is more successful in preserving an explicitly social social psychology than he is in handling the notion of culture within his theory of social representations. Changes in the notion of culture in the period of late modernity are noted. Proposals are made for restoring the cultural dimension in (a) psychology and (b) social psychology.
Social Representations and Psychologic
Authors: Smedslund Jan
Published: March 2007

Some concepts and assumptions in Moscovici's theory of social representations are analyzed from the point of view of psychologic. Psychologic is an explication and systematization of the psychological common sense embedded in ordinary language. It emphasizes preciseness and logical strictness in contrast to Moscovici's reluctance to define his terms. After a brief presentation of psychologic, the following topics are discussed: the concept of social representation, the concept of trust, the role of logic, intrapersonal processes, translatability, validity, familiarity, anchoring, objectifying, time and creativity.
The Maintenance of Self-Esteem: Lessons from the Culture of Alzheimer’s Sufferers
Authors: Sabat Steven R. , Fath Heather , Moghaddam Fathali M. , Harr¥e Rom
Published: March 2007

There is now an extensive body of research both on independent selves as conceived in western societies, and more recently on interdependent selves common to many non-western cultures. Instead of looking at the growth of self-esteem from a developmental angle, we focus on the issue of the maintenance of self-esteem as seen in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) sufferers. We use a case study approach to examine relations between AD sufferers and the non-afflicted, focusing on the strategies used by the former to maintain their sense of self-worth. Our analysis questions the suitability and logic of standard ways of conceptualizing and measuring self-esteem and points to the importance of discursive, normative aspects of revealing the details of self-worth.
Candidate Recruitment and the Development of Russian Political Parties, 1993-99
Authors: Ishiyama John T.
Published: March 2007

This article tracks the candidate recruitment behavior of three continuous Russian parties across three State Duma elections from 1993 to 1999 - the KPRF, LDPR and Yabloko. These parties were selected for inclusion in this analysis because they were the only Russian parties successfully to contest all three parliamentary elections in the 1990s. There are three principal findings: (1) all three parties exhibited a trend towards recruiting more elite candidates to stand for election, especially in rural districts, and this is most pronounced in the case of the KPRF and LDPR; (2) the differences between parties in terms of recruiting elite candidates to stand for district elections has lessened over time; (3) not all parties `recognize' their constituencies; only the KPRF has concentrated its nominations in districts where its voter support is strongest.
The Emerging Party System in the New South Africa
Authors: Mattes Robert B. , Gouws Amanda , Kotze Hennie J.
Published: March 2007

This report presents evidence from a recent national post-election study concerning South Africa's prospects for developing into either a truly competitive multi-party system or the one-party-dominant system characteristic of so many other emerging democracies. Focusing on long-term party identification, the evidence indicates that the African National Congress (ANC) not only commands an overwhelming, but also intense, share of partisan loyalty. The potential sources of fluidity and electoral uncertainty - independent voters and those with weak party loyalties - are not large enough to threaten the ANC's re-election prospects. Surprisingly, the source of the ANC's (and the National Party's) support base is not an explicitly racial or ethnic one. Nevertheless, the prospects for a one-party-dominant system are high.
The Conservative Party and European Integration 1988-95
Authors: Sowemimo Matthew
Published: March 2007

The 1995 Conservative leadership contest provided further evidence of the growth of factionalism within the party on the European issue. The article shows that European integration has led to unprecedented parliamentary dissidence. It contextualizes Europe within an older tradition of Tory conflicts over foreign economic policy. The article provides a detailed typology of Tory Party divisions. It shows that the European issue combines conflicts over the Anglo-American alliance, the future of Thatcherite economic policy and Tory conceptions of British nationhood. The creation of a single European currency could be the trigger for a Conservative split.
Party Policies and Government Accountability
Authors: Narud Hanne Marthe
Published: March 2007

This article deals with the accountability of coalition governments in multi-party systems. How does government responsibility affect popular support for parties? To what extent are `blame' and `credit' conditioned by the ideological distinctiveness of the parties concerned? These questions are analysed by investigating the electoral fate of incumbent parties in The Netherlands and Norway. Two case studies from these countries are also presented. The analysis reveals that it is rare for parties in a coalition government to suffer the same electoral fate. In the Dutch system, only the Liberal Conservatives show a fairly consistent pattern of losing as incumbents. This fate is shared by the Norwegian Conservatives. Analysis of the aggregate election results suggests that parties competing on the left-right dimension are penalized more for incumbency than are parties with other ideological leanings. In addition, the two case studies support the proposition that `blame' and `credit' are related to the economic performance of the government in general and the ideological distinctiveness of the parties in particular. Overall, the analysis indicates that voter expectations towards government performance are related to the control that the various parties can exert over distinct areas of policy.