bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Safaitic Hunting Scene
Authors: Beeston A. F. L.
Published: January 2010

The extremely interesting Safaitic rock-drawing recently published by G. Lankester Harding (Annals of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan, ii, pp. 29–30) as no. 73 of the inscriptions from the cairn of Hāni’, shows two scenes. One represents goats being herded into a catttle-pen, the other a hunting scene. In the latter three largish animals are being htmted by a man with bow and arrow, a man with upraised arms, and a third man who holds three hunting-dogs by a leash (this, rather than Harding's ‘ whip or long rope ’, is surely the correct interpretation of the line which extends from the man's hand round the heads of the dogs). Harding confesses himself unable to identify the animals being hunted. Two at least of these, however, are very clearly characterized in the drawing by long straight horns and a long tail with a tuft at the end. The combination of these characteristics indicates pretty clearly, I suggest, that the animals are intended to represent the oryx (see the Encyclopedia Britannica description of this animal).
The Name ‘ Nepal ’
Authors: Burton-Page J.
Published: January 2010

In a recently published historical work, Nepālko aitihāsih rūp-rekhā (Historical Outline of Nepal) by Bālcandra Śarmā, Banāras 2008 V.S. (═ A.D. 1951/52) the author devotes some space to the meaning of the name Nepal; as he has no faith in the ‘ traditional ’ explanation, and as the alternative which finds favour with him is open to grave misgivings, a re-examination of this problem might not be out of place now.

The first occurrence of the name to which any near date can be assigned is undoubtedly in the posthumous panegyric of Samudragupta, presumed to have been inscribed at the order of his son Candragupta II in the middle of the 4th century A.D., on the rock-pillar of Allāhābād, which cites, among others, the sovereign of Nepāla as a tributary prince:—
Note on Urdu Orthography
Authors: Ali A. Yusuf
Published: January 2010

It is not my intention in this note to discuss the question of Urdu Orthography in any comprehensive manner. All I wish to do is to draw attention to two points in Urdu Orthography in regard to which European printing presses can render us a great deal of service.
The Matta-Vilāsa and “Bhāsa”
Authors: Barnett L. D.
Published: January 2010

In 1912 Pandit Ganapati Sastri, the learned editor of the Trivandrum Sanskrit Series, began to publish a group of thirteen plays, all apparently by the same author, which now fill numbers 15–17, 20, 22, 26, 39, and 42 of the series, and for which he claims Bhāsa as author. As Bhāsa was considerably earlier than the great Kālidāsa, who speaks of him in the prelude of his Mālaxikâgnimitra as a poet of established reputation, and as no works of Bhāsa have hitherto been known to survive, this discovery has naturally aroused much interest, and the erudite accepted.
Rifā،ah Badawī Rāfi، aṭ-Ṭahṭāwī: The Egyptian Revivalist
Authors: Heyworth-Dunne J.
Published: January 2010

The first thing which strikes the student of the Arabic literature of this period is the remarkable number of works attributed to Rifā،ah, but, in reality, there is nothing new or startling about the quantity, for the eighteenth century provides us with the names of many Egyptian scholars who produced long lists of works on all the subjects in which the learned were interested and for which there was a constant demand in scholastic circles. Rifā،ah had a gift for writing which was encouraged by the exceptional circumstances in which he found himself once he had become absorbed into the military system created by Muḥammad ،Alī. What is so pleasing about Rifā،ah is the variety of his literary interests, and he must be credited with having been the principal actor in laying the foundations of the “new” literature. His verses, too, were admired by his contemporaries; as a student in the mosque of al-Azhar, he wrote an urjūzdh on tauḥīd which attracted the attention of one of his teachers, Shaikh al-Faḍḍālī, but it was never published.
‘Wisdom and Lies’: Variations on a Georgian Literary Theme
Authors: Lang D. M.
Published: January 2010

Prominent among the authors of the ‘Silver Age’ or Renaissance of Georgian literature was Sulkhan-Saba Orbeliani (1658–1726). A scion of one of the leading K‘art‘lian princely families, Sulkhan Orbeliani was related on his father's side to the Mukhranian reigning dynasty of Eastern Georgia; his mother, T‘amar, was the daughter of the feudal magnate Zaal, Erist‘avi or Duke of the Aragvi. On becoming a monk in later life Sulkhan replaced his Christian name by that of Saba, and is therefore usually known as Sulkhan-Saba.
Un voyaǵeur du treizième siècle: le Dominicain Julien de Honǵrie
Authors: Sinor Denis
Published: January 2010

Le 28 juin 1245, à l'ouverture du Concile de Lyon, le pape Innocent IV groupa sous cinq chefs ses principaux soucis. Parmi ceux-ci figurent les ravages des Tatares qui, terram Christianorum intraverant et Ungariam occupaverant non parcentes sexui vel etati quin omnes interficerent.
A Prayer of Sankaracharya
Authors: Kanheke S. G.
Published: January 2010

Śankaráchárya, the great philosopher, the founder of Vedic Monism, the avowed and uncompromising opponent of Buddhism, the commentator on Sutras of Bádaráyana, the Upanisads and the Bhagavadgītá, flourished at the end of the eighth century A.D. His life has been written by his direct disciple Ánandagiri, in Sanskrit prose and also by Sāyanāchārya, the great Sanskrit scholar, who also held the proud position of minister to the state of Vijayānagar.
Vīs u Rāmīn a Parthian Romance
Authors: Minorsky V.
Published: January 2010

The romance of Vīs and Rāmīn has many claims to our attention. Fakhr A al-dīn As'ad Gurgānī wrote his version of it some time between A.D. 1040 and 1054, almost nine centuries ago, and only half a century after Firdausī completed the Shāh-nāma. The poem is based on an old “pahlavī” tale vaguely reminiscent of Tristan and Isolde, King Mark and Brangane. Many of its episodes echo feelings and attitudes dissonant with the post-Islamic ideas of marriage, women, and love. The poetic gifts of Fakhr al-dīn Gurgānī are also beyond doubt. Whatever the inconsistencies in the presentation of characters, whatever the length of the dialogues and soliloquies of the two lovers, these defects are redeemed both by the purity of diction of the poet and by bis truly humane understanding of men's passions, soarings, and failures.
Phonology of the Sinhalese Inscriptions up to the End of the Tenth Century
Authors: Wijeratne P. B. F.
Published: January 2010

The material for this study is culled from the Epigraphia Zeylanica, and references are given to the various volumes in which the respective Inscriptions occur.
The Poetry of Shāh Ismā'īl I
Authors: Minorsky V.
Published: January 2010

MY interest in Shāh Ismā'īl's poetry was aroused thirty-six years ago, when from my Ahl-i Ḥaqq friends I learnt that the Khāṭu'ī mentioned in one of their hymns was no lessa person than the founder of the Ṣafavi dynasty: Khatā'ī-dä nāṭiq oldï, Türkistanïn pīri oldï “(Godhead) came to speech in the person of Khatā'ī, (who) became the pīr of the Turks (of Āzarbāyjān)”, according to the explanation given to me.

For some time I suspected the Ahl-i Ḥaqq doctrines to be identical with the arcana of the Safavids, but later came to the conclusion that the home of the former was in Kurdistan, in the region of Sulaymānī, and that only by a kind of alliance were they related to the Ṣafavi propaganda.

It was only in 1920, in Paris, that I could carefully study a copy of Khatā'ī's dīvān (Bibliothéque Nationale, sup. turc 1307). This time my attention was attracted by the autobiographical hintsof the crowned poet and by the dialectic peculiarities of his Turkish poems. I read a paper on Shāh Ismā'īl's poems before the Sociètè Asiatique (9th December, 1921), and started on the preparation of a selection from Khatā'ī's dīvān. My work was several times interrupted.
Matta-vilāsa: a Farce
Authors: Mahendravikrama Varman , Barnett L. D.
Published: January 2010

The little farce entitled Matta-vilāsa derives a peculiar interest from the personality of its author. For Mahendravikrama-varman (or Mahendra-varman, as he is sometimes called for brevity's sake) was a king of the glorious Pallava dynasty, and one of the most brilliant of his great race.

The founders of the Pallava dynasty seem to have been adventurers of Northern origin, who settled in the Dekkan about the beginning of the Christian era. The dissolution of the Sātavāhana or Āndhra empire about the third century gave the family an opportunity to establish themselves as an independent little power, and they rapidly extended their dominions until they ranked among the greatest states of the South, rivalling the mighty neighbouring kingdoms of the Colas, the Ceras, and the Pāṇḍyas. Their chief capital was Kāñcī or Kāñcī-puram, the modern Conjevaram, in which the scene of the present play is laid. To art, literature, and science they extended a generous and cultured patronage, and many of the noblest monuments of architecture and sculpture in Southern India perpetuate the memory of their splendid era.
The History of the Japanese Particle “ I ”
Authors: Yoshitake S.
Published: January 2010

The Japanese language contains a number of words that are pronounced differently when standing in the attributive position. The following is a list of such words, taken mainly from the literary monuments of the eighth century A.D.1

(1) e:a. ame heaven, sky: ama-hire (sky—shawl) cloud. ame rain: ama-giri2 (rain—mist) rainy mist. fune ship: funa-de ( < *funa-ide ship—departure) departure of a ship. ine rice-plant: ina-muširo (rice plant—mat) a pillow-word used for qualifying šiki (dense, heavy, frequent) and kaha (river) which are homonymous with šiki (to spread) and kaha (skin).
Two Malay Letters from Ternate in the Moluccas, Written in 1521 and 1522
Authors: Blagden C. O.
Published: January 2010

The two letters with which this article is concerned were written in the name of Sultan Abu Hayat of Ternate. when he was about 7 years old, and are of peculiar interest as being, perhaps, the oldest Malay letters extant. The first, which is catalogued under the reference Gavetas 15–16–38 in the Lisbon archives known as Torre do Tombo, appears to have been written between 27th April and 8th November, 1521. The second, preserved in the same archive under the reference Gavetas 15-15-7, was probably written early in the following year. These conclusions are based on what is known from other sources about the history of the Moluccas in this period, combined with the internal evidence of the letters themselves. Unfortunately their style betrays the fact that they were not writtenby a Malay, but by some scribe (or, as seems more likely, two scribes)probably indigenous to Ternate and certainly very imperfectly acquainted with the Malay language.
Arya III
Authors: Bailey H. W.
Published: January 2010

In a picturesque set of Avestan verses the converted Vštaspa now champion of thedaēnāfaith is described as a warrior making free way for the religion. This passage occurs twice: in the list of faithful early believers in Yašt 13.99 and with different introduction in Yašt 19.85.
Phonology of the word in Highland Yao
Authors: Downer G. B.
Published: January 2010

The Yao dialects constitute a clearly differentiated branch of the Miao-Yao language family, both in vocabulary and phonology. Phonologically, they are characterized by a wide range of vowels and the presence of final consonants, whereas the Miao dialects have generally a very simple system of rhymes but great complexity in the initials. Their close connexion is very apparent, although the rules for sound-correspondences have not yet been worked out. No affiliation of the Miao-Yao languages with any of the neighbouring groups— Tibeto-Burman, Chinese, Thai-Sui, or Mon-Khmer—has yet been convincingly demonstrated.
The Future Stem in Aśoka
Authors: Turner R. L.
Published: January 2010

The normal suffix of the future in Sanskrit was –syá-. The root had full grade, e.g. kartsyáti, jeṣyāti. It follows that in the futures of dissyllabic (seṭ) roots the suffix was preceded by i (< IE. ә), e.g. jani-ṣyāti, bhavi-ṣyāti. Even monosyllabic (aniṭ) roots ending in –r (-ͬ) had an i between the root and the suffix, e.g. mar-i-ṣyáti. The Ŗgveda adheres to this division except for one apparent exception, asiṣyát-, fut. part, of ásyati. But, despite ástra- and astá-, ásyati perhaps contains a dissyllabic root **esē(i) (cf. ásira- ‘ ray ’). Of this ásy-ati (which, as a transitive verb, probably does not contain the suffix –ye- of the intransitives of the type táp-yati) and ásira show full grade in the first syllable; á-sát ‘ he has slain ’ and sāy-aka- ‘ javelin ’ show full grade in the second syllable. In that case asi-ṣyá should be analysed like jani-ṣyá-.
The Head-offering to the Goddess in Pallava Sculpture
Authors: Vogel J. Ph.
Published: January 2010

The remarkable group of five rock-cut temples at Māmallapuram or Māvalivaram, to the south of Madras, has often been described. Popular imagination has associated these wonderful shrines with the Pāṇḍvas; thus it has happened that the one which is smallest in size has become known as the rath of Draupadi. Evidently this temple was in reality dedicated to some form of the goddess Durga, whose effigy, standing on the severed head of the Buffalodemon, is found carved upon the outer wall, whereas her vehicle in the form of a well-conceived but unfinished lion-statue may be seen at no great distance.
The Number “A Hundred” in Sino-Tibetan
Authors: Przyluski J. , Luce G. H.
Published: January 2010

In their Notes d'Etymologie Taï, published in 1926 in the Journal of the Siam Society, vol. xx, pt. i, MM. J. Burnay and G. Coedès have compared the various Taï words meaning “a hundred”. Ahom pāk, Shan pāk1, Khamti pāk1, White Taï pdk1, Thô pāk1, Nùng pāh1, Dioi pā1—all go back to a form *pāk, which is very close to the sixth century Chinese (pak).
A Farewell Address in Urdu Presented to John Panton Gubbins by the Citizens of Delhi in 1852
Authors: Rizvi S. A. A.
Published: January 2010

This document is in the possession of Mr. J. K. Gubbins of High Wycombe, Buckinghamshire, and a photocopy has recently been acquired by the library of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. It is unique in the history of Urdu prose, being the earliest known farewell address written in Urdu. The language is simple and idiomatic and the style is free from affectation and turgidity—defects from which documents of this type are not free even to-day. Though some commonplace adjectives have been used, it on the whole satisfactorily brings out the main contributions of John Panton Gubbins to the social and cultural life of the Delhi of the mid-nineteenth century.
A corpus of ‘Mughal’ glass
Authors: Digby Simon
Published: January 2010

In the history of Indian art some areas are in very much better order than others. For those whose interests are concentrated in the Mughal period (sixteenth to eighteenth centuries), the study of the history of painting has been vastly advanced in the last 20 or 30 years. Every year increases the great number of paintings known to exist in public or private collections, or passing through the sale-rooms and the stocks of dealers in three continents, and almost every year there are significant discoveries and publications. In the field of Mughal architecture, perhaps, the same rapid progress is not visible. Some attractive coffee-table books figuring it have recently been published but there is a disappointing lack of analytical examination.
Altun Khan
Authors: Bailey H. W.
Published: January 2010

Though the linguistic interest for Indo-Iranian predominates in the study of the texts from Gostana-dea (Khotan), the contents offer also considerable materials for closer understanding of pre-Muslim Chinese Turkistan in Central Asia.
The Russian Seizure of Bardha‘ah in 943 A.D.
Authors: Margoliouth D. S.
Published: January 2010

It appears from those who have written the history of Russia that neither native nor European authorities know anything about it before the latter half of the ninth century, and that the tenth century is nearing its end before anything like firm ground is reached. Their name is by this time quite familiar to the Arabic chroniclers, and Ibn al-Athir even takes the trouble to record the commencement of the conversion of the Russians to Christianity; according to him in the year 375, i.e. 985–6 a.d., the Byzantine emperors being besieged found it necessary to invoke the aid of the king of the Russians, and offered him their sister in marriage. She declined to marry one who was not of her religion, whence this Russian king adopted Christianity, and that was how the religion began to be propagated in his country. The date of the first conversion of a Russian king given by Morfill on the authority of a Russian chronicle is within two years of that assigned by Ibn al-Athir; the former 988, the latter apparently 986; and Ibn al-Athir is here following a contemporary record. The name Rūs, i.e. Russians, was already familiar to Ibn al-Athir's readers and indeed those of the authority whom he excerpts owing to their being mentioned by the popular poet Mutanabbi in his most celebrated poem, describing the victory won by the Hamdanide Saif al-daulah in 954 over a force mustered by the Byzantine general called the Domesticus, wherein according to the poet so many tribes and tongues were represented that a staff of interpreters was required.
Utendi wa Ayubu
Authors: Webner Alice
Published: January 2010

The following abbreviations have been used: L. = Lamu dialect, Mb. = Mombasa, Z. = Zanzibar, Kr. = Krapf, M. = Madan, T. = Taylor, H. = Howe (this refers to information or suggestions furnished by the Eev. W. G. Howe—formerly of the United Methodist Mission, Ribe—who has rendered valuable help in the preparation of these notes)
Notes on the Statical and some other Participles in Hindustani
Authors: Phillott D. C.
Published: January 2010

(a) (1) Considerable confusion exists as regards the Statical Participles.

On page 174 of his Grammar, Platts states: “ Rem. The so-called Staticals differ from Conthraatives in denoting temporary or accidental state. The two forms are clearly distinguished in most native grammars, but are strangely misunderstood by European grammarians, who teach that the participle is inflected in Staticals and not inflected in Continuatives! Now, the fact is that it is just to indicate duration or continuity (and occasionally a habitual state) that the particle (sic) or verbal adjective is changed into an adverb and inflected. This is evident from such forms as chalte chalte thak gayā, ‘ I wearied through much or continued walking …,’ ”
Kurdish Stories from my Collection
Authors: Nikitine Basile
Published: January 2010

The stories published in this issue of the Bulletin are from the same stock as the tale of Suto and Tato given in Vol. III, Part I, which I had the good fortune to publish with the most kind help of the late Major E. B. Soane. whose premature death we have to deplore so deeply. The Kurdish in which our stories are written may be termed the Central dialect of the Northern group according to E. B. Soane's classification. The author, Molla Said Kazi of Kurdistan, was a learned Kurd from Nahri, the capital of Shamsdinan. Indeed, we see in the text some characteristics which can only be met with in the Northern group, such as the plural in īd, the termination rā, the preposition zhe (from), which is only used in the Northern group and replaces la which has the same value in the Southern group; and the preterite hābū (he was), which only extends as far south as Rawandiz, whose dialect is decisively Southern. But on the other hand, there are some peculiarities which lead one to think that this Shamsdinan dialect is not a pure Northern group dialect, but may present a transition to the Southern group. For example this dialect uses indifferently as the genitive particle ä and ī it also makes indiscriminate use of the preposition zhe or la. These, of course, are only faint signs, but one can hope that further careful investigations may furnish other proofs. Anyhow, we must remember that Molla Said was born in the Nahia of Girdi, i.e. the most southward part of this qazā.
An Arabic and a Persian metrical version of Burzoe's autobiography from “Kalila and Dimna”
Authors: Ross E. Denison
Published: January 2010

In my Foreword to the fifth volume of The Ocean of Story (Mr. Penzer's reprint of Tawney's translation), I had occasion to discuss the well-known Burzoë Legend, which forms part of the preliminary matter in Ibn Muqaffa's Kalila wa Dimna. This legend relates how Burzoë, a physician at the court of Anushirwan the Just, was sent to India to discover a wonderful book of wisdom, how after infinite pains he found it, and having translated it, brought back a Pahlavi version to the Persian monarch. The story is too well known to need repetition, nor am I here concerned with the question of its origin.
Remarks on the Identification of Some Jataka Pictures
Authors: Charpentier Jarl
Published: January 2010

While busying himself with reviewing, for this Bulletin, vols. iii–v of Professor von Le Coq' great work Die Buddhistische Spätantike in Mittelasien the present writer had an opportunity of making a somewhat closer acquaintance also with Professor Grünwedel's very important book Altbuddhistische Kultstätten in Chinesisch-Turkistan (1912). Various Passages of this work, and most specially pp. 65–75, contain interesting descriptions and pictures of Jātakas (or Avadānas) found in the different caves in Eastern Turkestān Visited by Herren Grünwedel and von Le Coq.
A Burushaski Text from Hunza
Authors: Lorimer D. L. R.
Published: January 2010

Burushaski, the language of Hunza and Nagir, has not up to the present received any undue measure of attention.

The list of authorities in the Linguistic Survey of India is a short one containing only nine items. Of these only three are of serious importance:—

Dr. G. W. Leitner, The Languages and Races of Dardistan, Lahore, 1877.

Col. J. Biddulph, JRAS., vol. xvi, pt. i (1884), “The Boorishki Language,” being a corrected reprint of the Grammar and Vocabulary of the language, published in his Tribes of the Hindu Rush, Calcutta, 1880.

Dr. G. W. Leitner. The Hunza and Nagyr Handbook, pt. i, Calcutta, 1889.
Notes on some Ismaïli Manuscripts
Authors: Tritton A. S. , Kraus Paul
Published: January 2010

The School of Oriental Studies has bought a small collection of Ismaili books which were the property of a Bohra mullah in India. He died about three years ago, and some of his books went to his son who had become a Christian. Having no interest in Ismaili theology he arranged with a missionary to sell them outside India. It looks as if the library had been divided in a way typical of India, one heir getting the first volume of a work and another the second.
Hāshim and the Musabba'āt
Authors: O'Fahey Rex S. , Spaulding Jay L.
Published: January 2010

The Musabba'āt played an important part in the history of the Kordofan/Dār Fūr region in the late seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. This article attempts to define who they were and to examine the careers of three generations of Musabba'āt sultans, in particular that of the grandson, their most famous sultan, Hashim b. ‘Isāwī al-Musabba'āwī.
Two Substantival Complexes in Standard Chinese
Authors: Simon H. F.
Published: January 2010

‘Standard Chinese’ is here offered as a translation of Gwoyeu and is defined, for the purpose of this paper, as ‘polite Peking speech’, i.e. the language spoken by a youngish man, born and brought up in Peking, when he avoids any features which he himself would describe as tuuhuah or local—i.e. Peking—dialect. The grammatical features described are based exclusively on the speech system of Mr. James Liou, and may therefore include personal idiosyncrasies which other Gwoyeu speakers would not recognize as ‘standard’. Mr. Liou was born in Peking in 1927 and lived there until 1950. His family come from a village within 30 miles of Peking, and have lived in the capital for the last three generations. He has not therefore been subject to ‘non-Pekinese’ linguistic influences to any great extent.
Studies on the Structure of the Mamluk Army—II
Authors: Ayalon David
Published: January 2010

The term ḥalqa, as a name of a military unit, seems to be mentioned for the first time in 1174, when Tūrānshāh set out, under Ṣalāḥ ad-Dīn's orders, on his expedition to the Yemen. This unit is also mentioned a few times during the siege of Acre in 587/1191. The sources do not indicate the date of its founding, and no authoritative explanation of the meaning of its name is available. Two opinions as to the latter may be submitted with all due reservations: Quatremere thinks that the halqa was so called because it was a corps which surrounded the sultan and constituted his bodyguard, and indeed the sources' description of its position and part in combat support the impression that it was composed of the élite of Ṣalāḥ ad-Dīn's forces; A. N. Poliak disagrees, and holds that the name is derived from the special tactics the Turkish peoples used to employ in attack, i.e. that of surrounding the enemy in the form of a ring (ḥalqa). Poliak supports his view by alluding to the frequent recurrence of these tactics in the combat manoeuvres described in the furūsīya literature and in the hunting expeditions which the Ayyubid and Mamluk sultans frequently organized. In the present state of our knowledge, both explanations must be viewed as hypothetical, since no data are available to support either the one or the other; the writer inclines to favour Quatremere's view.
Turkish Syntax As A System Of Qualification
Authors: Mundy C. S.
Published: January 2010

This outline of the basic principles of Turkish syntax was originally intended as an introduction to my study on the syntactical relations of the -e/-ü gerund in Old Ottoman. I found that I could not give a satisfactory account of the very interesting syntactical features presented by that gerund without laying before the reader the premises upon which my conclusions were based. Once embarked upon this task, it soon appeared that no brief introduction would serve the purpose. There was no accepted body of syntactical doctrine to which the reader could be referred for more detailed information. Indeed, it was necessary to discuss fundamental principles which, so far as I am aware, no one has attempted to elucidate. It seemed best therefore to postpone publication of the study on the gerund, and instead to devote a paper to the fundamental syntactical principles of the language.
Isaiah's Oracle Against Assyria (Isaiah 30, 27–33) In The Light Of Archæology
Authors: Guillaume Alfred
Published: January 2010

A TEXT which others have confessed their inability to translate is always a challenge, and on reading some of the commentaries on Is. 30, 32 it seemed to me that it was possible to render it quite differently in such a way as to bring it into line with its context. However, if my interpretation were sound it would have to be established that it referred to an object which had special significance for Assyrians and Judeans in the 8th century B.C.
Towards a classification of Bedouin dialects in Israel
Authors: Rosenhouse Judith
Published: January 2010

The purpose of the present article is to examine the available data on Bedouin dialects in Israel and to attempt to classify them with a view to placing them in the larger framework of Bedouin dialects in the region as a whole. Section I below presents a geographical-demographical review of Bedouin groups in Israel as background information to support the linguistic material. The linguistic discussion which follows is based mainly on material from the following sources: for the Negev dialects, Bergsträsser's Sprachatlas (1915), Bauer (1913), Blanc (1970), and Piamenta (1979); for the Rashāida dialect in the Judean Desert, Katz (1980); for North Israeli Bedouin dialects, Rosenhouse (1980, 1982); for Bedouin dialects outside Israel, in Jordan, Syria and Northern Najd, Cantineau (1936–7), Cleveland (1963), Palva (1976, 1980), Abboud (1964), and Ingham (1982).
A reconsideration of Fortunatov's law
Authors: Bubrow T.
Published: January 2010

It is now more than 90 years since Fortunatov first enunciated that rule of phonetic development in Sanskrit which has since borne his name. The article in which this theory was proposed appeared in A. Bezzenberger's Beiträge zur Kunde der indogermanischen Sprachen, VI, 1881, 215–20, and the rule formulated by him was that in the group l + dental in Sanskrit the l disappears and the dental is changed to lingual (cerebral, retroflex). This process of phonetic change is illustrated by the comparison of the Sanskrit word paṭa- ‘cloth’ with OSlav. platǐno, Russ. polotnó ‘linen cloth’, etc., where Sanskrit paṭa- has replaced a pre-Sanskrit *palta-. Fortunatov cited a large number of examples in support of this rule, and although many of these are unacceptable, there still remain enough good etymologies in his list to provide significant support for his theory. It is a noteworthy feature of this change that the cerebral replacing the combination of l with dental is a single consonant, in marked contrast to the later assimilation of r followed by dental in Middle Indo-Aryan where the result is always a double consonant (e.g. -ṭṭ- in vaṭṭai 〈 vartate, etc.). Another significant difference is that whereas in MIA the combination of r with dental results in dental as well as cerebral (vattai beside vaṭṭai, etc.), the product of l + dental in Sanskrit is invariably cerebral.
A Polysystemic Approach, in Proto-Tibetan reconstruction, to tone and syllable-initial consonant clusters
Authors: Sprigg R. K.
Published: January 2010

In an earlier article (Sprigg, 1963b) I drew on Burmese, with only a few examples from certain Tibetan dialects (Lhasa, Sherpa), to advocate applying prosodic analysis, the name commonly given to the polysystemic type of phonological analysis devised by J. R. Firth, to the languages of the TibetoBurman group for purposes of comparison and reconstruction; since then I have had an opportunity of studying two typologically different Tibetan dialects, the non-tonal Golok and the slightly tonal Balti, both of them remarkable for syllable-initial consonant clusters; and the relations of tone in the tonal Tibetan dialects to syllable-initial consonant clusters in the non-tonal dialects much strengthens the case, to my mind, for basing comparison of Tibetan dialects, and. through them, Proto-Tibetan reconstruction, on polysystemic analysis. The two main characteristics of such an analysis would be: (i) separate phonological systems for different types of syllable feature and syllable-initial feature; (ii) the emphasis on the syntagmatic association of successive phonetic features of the utterance rather than on purely paradigmatic contrast.
Some Remarks on Śvetadvīpa.
Authors: Rönnow Kasten
Published: January 2010

Svetadvipa, “The White Island,” is the name of an island, situated in the far North, inhabited by Nārāyana and by pious White Men, who worship him. The description of their worship, which can be read in that part of the Śāntiparvan, the twelfth of the Mahābhārata books, devoted to Nārāyana is distinguishable to an obvious degree from the stories of other cults found in the Brahminical literature, and has led researchers of both earlier and more recent date to try certain more or less successful interpretations. The attempt at solving the problem of Śvetadvīpa, which has, during more recent times, attracted the greatest attention, is that of Garbe.
Shams Ud-Din Iltutmish
Authors: E. D. R.
Published: January 2010

The correct Turkish name of the third of the Slave Kings of Delhi, Shams ud-Dīn Iltutmish, so long read as Altmish or Altamsh, has been finally decided as Iltutmish, i.e. one who has seized and holds the country, corresponding more or less to the Persian Jahāngīr. This name was also borne by the Uighur Khan who introduced the Manichæan religion among his people about 760 A.D. (see F. W. K. Müller, Uigurica, ii, p. 95. See also an interesting note by Horovitz, Epigraphia Indo-Moslemica, 1911–12, p. 21). This name occurs on at least one coin in Nagari script, where it seems to read Lititimi (see The Coins of the Sultans of Delhi in the British Museum, 1884, p. 15). This, while disposing of the misreadings Altamsh and Altmish, does not quite suit the reading Iltutmish. The Nagari inscription according to this catalogue reads: Sri Sultā Lititimi, (Samvat) 1283. I have always doubted the correctness of this reading, and recently I asked Mr. Allan, of the British Museum, to look into the matter, and he was good enough to send me the following note: “ I think the form Altamsh owes its origin to a careless reading of a coin like Brit. Mus. Catalogue Sultans of Delhi, pl. ii, No. 37, in which the engraver was a little cramped for space.
Notes on Japanese Litebatube
Authors: Yoshitake S.
Published: January 2010

In April, 1927, the School received from Mrs. H. de Watteville a large collection, comprising over 400 volumes, of Japanese books, mostly of the nineteenth century. This gift was made in memory of her brother, Lieut.-Col. E. F. Calthrop, who had during his residence as Military Attaché at Tokyo formed this valuable collection.
Caucasica II.
Authors: Minorsky V.
Published: January 2010

§ 1. Muhammad Nasawi, the biographer of the Khwarāzm-shah Jalāl al-dīn, several times refers to the story of Nuṣrat al-dīn Muhammad (*Mahmūd) b. *Bīshkīn. When in 614/1217 the atabek of Azarbayjan, Özbek, was expelled from Isfahan by the Khwārazm-shāh Muhammed, Özbek's vassal Nuţrat al-din led the army back to Azarbayjan and thus enabled his master to escape with a small detachment. In Miyāna Nuṣrat al-din was taken prisoner by the Khwarazmians and brought to Hamadan. Wishing to humiliate him and other distinguished prisoners, the Khwārazm-shāh ordered them to stand on their feet while he played polo on the hippodrome. One day the conqueror's interest was aroused by the pair of unusually large ear-rings which Nusrat was wearing. Nu๣rat explained (p. 18) that his grandfather was captured by Alp Arslan during his expedition into Georgia (possibly that of 456/1064). Later, Alp Arslan liberated the prisoners but ordered them (as his slaves) to wear ear-rings with his name.
The Varṇārhavarṇa Stotra of Mātṛceṭa (II)
Authors: Bailey D. R. Shackleton
Published: January 2010

For the remaining eight sections of this stotra the Tibetan text has not been published. The version here reproduced is that of the Snar than edition of the Bstan hgyur (Bstod pa, folios 100–110), for the loan of which I am indebted to the Librarian of the Commonwealth Relations Office. It contains a thirteenth chapter of thirty-two slokas for which the Sanskrit MSS. have no equivalent (cf. JRAS., 1948, p. 57), and which is therefore omitted here.

Perhaps the most interesting of these sections is the seventh, with its elaborate (and to European taste frigid) parallels between Brahmanical and Buddhist vocabulary. In establishing Mātṛceṭa's identity and date, Sect. VIII, v. 23, which proves him to have been a Mahāyānist, is of capital importance. I should add that my own conclusions, summarized on p. 672, n. 2, of the last issue of this journal, were reached independently of this (corroborative) piece of evidence.
Ad BSOAS., xiii, 1950, p.275: ġrkh frt = Oxford
Authors: Wittek Paul
Published: January 2010

This most convincing identification by Dr. A. F. L. Beeston would gain in strength by a more plausible explanation of how the form has come about.
Possessive pronouns in Dóngola
Authors: Palmer F. R.
Published: January 2010

A detailed though somewhat unsophisticated account of Dóngola is that of Armbruster (1960). During 1975–6 I had the opportunity of working for short periods with a speaker of Dóngola, Mr. Ibrahim Abdel Karim, and there was little doubt that his speech was the dialect described by Armbruster. I paid particular attention to the possessive pronouns and found that both my observations and my interpretation differed in some important ways from those of Armbruster.
The Khwarezmian glossary—I
Authors: MacKenzie D. N.
Published: January 2010

Khwarezmian linguistic studies have progressed but slowly since their inception in 1927, when A. Z. V. Togan published his discovery of some Khwarezmian (hereafter Xw.) sentences in an Arabic fiqh book. W. B. Henning's first article appeared after nine years and a quarter of a century later H. W. Bailey could still refer to ‘the slowly emerging Chorasmian’. The latest bibliography cannot boast more than two dozen titles. It is our tragic loss that Henning, having studied all the available Xw. material in the course of four decades, should have left ready for publication only the first 260 entries (from '– to ' kiv) of the Khwarezmian dictionary on which he was working at his most untimely death. Of course, Togan's publication in 1951 of the facsimile of a manuscript of Zamakhshari's Arabic dictionary Muqaddimatu 'l-adab, almost completely glossed in Xw., made the greater part of the extant Xw. material generally available, but, not least because of the labour involved, few have cared to duplicate or anticipate Henning's work. Now suddenly, however, in the words of a colleague, ‘everyone has become a Khwarezmologist’, through the publication of a transliteration and translation of this same linguistic material by Johannes Benzing.
New light on the Siddhasāra
Authors: Emmerick R. E.
Published: January 2010

It seldom occurs that a philologist has the opportunity of seeing the results of his labours confirmed or disproved by the discovery of new material. In the field of Oriental studies such events occur relatively less seldom but bear equal testimony to the value of philological studies. What would in many instances have remained conjectures concerning the text of the Siddhasāra, conjectures having various degrees of probability according to the arguments advanced and the material available, have now been proved correct by the discovery of three previously unknown MSS of the Siddhasāra composed by Kavigupta. It could, of course, be claimed that this discovery has rendered superfluous the philological studies hitherto made, but it is in fact precisely these studies which enable us to appreciate the value of the readings provided by the newly dis-covered MSS. Moreover, the confirmation provided by the new discovery shows that the state of knowledge achieved by philological research was in fact a definite advance in our knowledge of the text.
Some observations on the history of the Parsi Dar-i Mihrs
Authors: Kotwal Firoze M.
Published: January 2010

Within a few years of their landing at Sanjan in Gujarat, in A.C. 916, the Parsis established a great sacred fire there, an Ātaš Bahrām. This was a costly and laborious undertaking, which must have taxed the resources of the small new colony to the utmost. One of the most exacting tasks was to fetch by land from Iran ash from an old Ātaš Bahrām, to be used in the preparatory rituals. Through this the Ātaš Bahrām of the Parsis acquired a physical descent, a silsila, from the sacred fires of Iran; and once they had enthroned it, with rites which took months to complete, the Parsis were content to let this be their only temple fire for hundreds of years. A second Ātaš Bahrām was not installed until 1765. Since then another six have been consecrated, making a total of eight of these great fires.
Al-Djaihnl's lost Kitb al-Maslik val-Mamlik: is it to be found at Mashhad?
Authors: Janicsek Stephen
Published: January 2010

A B Abdallh Muhammad Ibn Ahmad Al-Djaihn, the famous tutor, and later vazr, of the Smnid amr, Nasr ibn Ahmad, is one of the most interesting figures in Arabic literature and history. From the scanty information which is to be found in Ibn al-Athr. Yqt, and Mrkhwnd, we can judge that he was an excellent statesman and a good general, whose political and strategic abilities directed the affairs of the Smnids at one of the most critical periods in their history. Nor can it be doubted, from the information supplied by Ibn Hauqal, al-Muqaddas, al-Masd, and the Fihrist, that al-Djaihn was a man of wide learning and a good writer, with an intelligence far above the average of Oriental authors. We know from the Fihrist that he wrote several books on different subjects, but unfortunately all his works are lost.
The coming of the Fulani: a Bachama oral tradition
Authors: Carnochan J.
Published: January 2010

In 1963 I was given leave by the School to make a preliminary study of Bachama, a language spoken in the east of Northern Nigeria, and in parts ofthe adjacent territory of the Cameroons Republic. In general the topics onwhich people were most willing to talk freely to me, and to record, were storiesabout the folk-lore and their history. Besides being good language material, some of these accounts may be of interest to historians and others working inthe Nigerian field. The text given below is from a tape recording made at Lamurde on 3 May of that year, by Nikodimu Sondo Bukumdi, a local manof some 50 years or more. Lamurde, or Bácámá as the Bachama call it, is thenormal home of the chief of the tribe, and is one of their most important cultural centres. It is here that a new chief is elected, and given instruction in his duties. It is here that many of the objects connected with the religious festival of Nzeanzo at Farei are kept during the rest of the year. Recently, the chiefhas found it more convenient for his administrative duties to live at Numan, and he is now seldom at Lamurde. In his absence on the occasion of my visit, the head of the town assembled a number of elders in the open air who sataround and talked together of the remembered history of their people.
The Anglo-Ethiopian treaty of 1902
Authors: Ullendorff Edwakd
Published: January 2010

The Anglo-Ethiopian Treaty of 1902 was designed to determine the frontier between the Sudan and Ethiopia. In an annex to this treaty the British, Italian, and Ethiopian Governments embodied a number of agreed modifications to the frontier between the Sudan and Eritrea (Italy's colonia primogenita) as well as to that between Ethiopia and Eritrea. While the latter survived until the Italo-Ethiopian war of 1935–6 (and was re-established, in substance, by the British Military Administration in 1941 subsisting until the Ethiopian-Eritrean federation in 1952), the Sudan-Ethiopian frontier has remained substantially unchanged to the present day. The treaty was the culmination of protracted negotiations between the Emperor Menelik and the British Agent in Ethiopia, Lt.-Col. J. L. Harrington.
The Neolithic Stone Industry of the North Karnataka Region
Authors: Allchin F.R.
Published: January 2010

Neolithic sites of the North Karnataka region produce artifacts belonging to two distinct industries.1 The first comprises mainly blade and ‘geometric’ tools manufactured from a series of siliceous rocks. Their manufacture entails a definite tradition of core preparation and striking of bladeflakes.2 The second industry comprises core and flake tools manufactured from a group of igneous and metamorphic rocks. Their manufacture entails different techniques based upon flaking, grinding, and pecking. The artifacts to be studied here belong to the second industry.
Tragedy and melodrama in early ch'uan-ch'i plays: ‘Lute song’ and ‘Thorn hairpin’ Compared
Authors: Birch Cyril
Published: January 2010

This paper is intended first as a tribute to my teacher, and second as a small contribution to the perennial discussion of the place or extent of the tragic in Chinese literature. I shall plead limited space as excuse for refraining from philosophical discussion, definition, or comparison with Classical Greek or Shakespearean manifestations of the tragic. My suggestion will be simply that P'i-p'a chi ‘Lute song’ (hereafter ‘Lute’) may be added to Kuan Han-ch'ing's Ton O yuan and the ‘Red chamber dream ‘on that select list of Chinese works which in the conflicts they present and the resolutions they propose tend towards the tragic.
Zur Chronologie des Stimmtonverlusts im dravidischen Anlaut.
Authors: Kuiper F. B. J.
Published: January 2010

Bekanntlich unterscheidet sich die Tamil-Malayālam-Gruppe in ihrem Lautsystem dadurch von den anderen dravidischen Sprachen in wesentlicher Weise, dass sie im Anlaut nur stimmlose Verschlusslaute, in intervokalischer Stellung und nach tönenden Lauten dagegen nur die stimmhaften Varianten derselben kennt. Weil die Aussprache eines Verschlusslautes somit durch seineStellung im Worte bestimmt ist, kann die Schrift mit einem Zeichen für die stimmlose und stimmhafte Variante beide Lautwerte wiedergeben. Nun zeigt die Tamilschrift, die aus den ersten Jahrhunderten unserer Zeitrechnung stammen muss, dieses Prinzip seit der ältesten Zeit, offenbar wurde also das Lautsystem schon zur Zeit der Einführung der Schrift von dieser eigentümlichen Regel beherrscht.

Im Anschluss an diese Auffassung hat dann Subbaya, Ind. Ant., 1909, 217 u.s.w., zuerst den Versuch gemacht, den stimmhaften Anlaut, der in alien dravidischen Sprachen ausser der Tamil-Malayālam- Gruppe sehr häufig vorkommt, zu erklären. Einige Jahre vorherhatte dagegen Sten Konow, Ling. Survey, iv, 288, den entgegengesetzten Standpunkt verteidigt, dass namlich die eigentümliche Eegel, die im Tamil den Gebrauch von stimmlosen und stimmhaften Konsonanten beherrscht, sekundär und sogar ziemlich jungen Datums sei. Auch Bloch, BSL., XXV, 12, vertritt diese Ansicht.
The Segmental Phonemes of 'Afar
Authors: Hayward R. J.
Published: January 2010

The most northerly section of the African Rift Valley is inhabited by a pastoral people who call themselves 'Afar. Their present territory extends eastward from the scarp of the Ethiopian plateau and as far north and east as the Red Sea. The railway line between Addis Ababa and Jibuti appears to coincide with the southernmost fringes of 'Afar population. The area is mainly desert or semi-desert, and contains numerous tokens of its geological past in the form of volcanoes, lava fields, and hot springs. Survival is not easy in this harsh environment, so that to some extent most 'Afars are obliged to live a seasonally nomadic existence. Certain areas do have permanent habitations, but 'Afars have never taken seriously to agriculture and those who live in villages along the coast and engage in fishing probably exemplify the most radical departure from pastoralism. Most of the terrain described lies within Ethiopia, but there are a great many 'Afars in the contiguous Territoire Français des Afars et des Issas. As far as the 'Afar are concerned this political boundary does not underscore any tribal divisions of note and there is a good deal of contact between folk occupying areas on different sides of the border.
The Arabian hound, the saiūqī– further consideration of the word and other observations on the breed
Authors: Smith G. Rex
Published: January 2010

The name salūqī was that given by the Arabs, from, at the latest, the beginning of Islam, to the medium-sized gazehound with long pendulous ears which had hunted in the area of the Near and Middle East for perhaps thousands of years. As far as we are aware, the earliest occurrence of the word in Arabic literature is in a poem of Yazīd b. Dirār al-Muzarrid, who was born before Islam and who talks of banāt salūqiyyayn, ‘the offspring of two salūqīs’. Although the actual term salūqī does not, to my knowledge, occur in the classical hunting songs (ṭardiyyāt) of the Abbasid era, it is a word in general use in animal literature and that of the chase right through the medieval and late medieval periods. The word has survived to this day in the areas of the Arab World where the hound is still to be found, notably in the Hijaz and Najd areas of Saudi Arabia and the Gulf states.