bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Late Transition Metal Olefin Polymerization Catalysts Derived from 8-Arylnaphthylamines
Authors: Qiu Zonglin , Wang Wenyan , Zheng Handou , Wang Dengfei , Zhao Xinglong , Tu Guangshui , Yang Jiahao , Gao Haiyang
Published: October 2024

Late transition metal catalysts represent a significant class of olefin polymerization catalysts that have played an essential role in advancing the polyolefin industry owing to their highly tunable ligands and low oxophilicity. A key feature for the design of late transition metal catalysts lies in the steric bulk of the o-aryl substituents. Bulky 8-arylnaphthylamines have emerged as a promising aniline candidate for conducting high-performance catalysts by introducing axially steric hindrance around the metal center. This review focuses on late transition metal (Ni, Pd, Fe) catalysts derived from 8-arylnaphthylamines, surveying their synthesis, structural features, and catalytic applications in olefin (co)polymerizations. Additionally, the relationship between catalyst structure and catalytic performance is discussed, highlighting how these unique ligand systems influence polymerization activity, molecular weight, and polymer branching.
Assessing the Efficacy of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy on Body Image in Adolescent Scoliosis Patients Using Virtual Reality
Authors: Misterska Ewa , Tomaszewski Marek , Górski Filip , Gapsa Jakub , Słysz Anna , Głowacki Maciej
Published: October 2024

Background/Objectives: Adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis require emotional support to change their experience of their desired body shape and to feel optimistic about the cosmetic results of surgical treatment. Recently, the use of virtual reality in psychological assessment and treatment has given specialists a technology that appears particularly well-suited for addressing body image disorders. The study objectives were two-fold. Firstly, we aimed to evaluate changes within the body image of scoliosis patients pre- and postoperatively. Secondly, we aimed to investigate if differences in body image exist in scoliosis females after implementing cognitive-behavioral therapy. Methods: Thirty-six total scoliosis patients participated in the 1st and 2nd study phases. The psychotherapy took place before and after surgery and during the patient’s stay in the hospital. Body image was assessed using a virtual reality-based application, “Avatar Scoliosis 3D”. Results: Regarding body image dissatisfaction evaluated via virtual tasks, the difference between the desired by patients and actual (based on the radiographic parameters) body shape is significant preoperatively in both scoliosis samples: with and without therapy (p < 0.000001 and p < 0.000001, respectively). Conclusions: The results of the present study may have important implications for developing standards for body image disorder treatments in scoliosis patients. We revealed that irrespective of received therapeutic support, scoliosis patients accurately estimate their body shape pre- and postoperatively, and they feel dissatisfied with their body preoperatively but not postoperatively.
Psychopathological Profile of Patients with Moderate-to-Severe Plaque Psoriasis and Its Correlation to DLQI: Results from a Prospective, Monocentric Clinical Study
Authors: Rompoti Natalia , Tsiori Sofia , Kontoangelos Konstantinos , Kouzoupis Anastasios , Papageorgiou Charalabos , Gregoriou Stamatios , Stratigos Alexander , Rigopoulos Dimitrios
Published: October 2024

Background: Psoriasis is associated with a high psychological burden and comorbidities, such as depression and anxiety. The aim of this study was to evaluate the psychopathological profile of patients with moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis under systemic treatment and to explore the association between DLQI and alexithymia, depression, and other psychopathological disorders. Methods: In this monocentric, prospective clinical study, 104 adult patients with moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis were evaluated according to the disease severity (measured by PASI) influence of psoriasis on their quality of life (measured by DLQI) and their psychopathological profile (measured by the BDI, TAS-20, and SCL-90 questionnaires). Results: The psoriasis patients exhibited high levels of psychopathological symptoms, particularly for depression, obsessive-compulsive behavior, somatization, interpersonal sensitivity, and anxiety. More than half of the psoriatic patients (56.7%) were diagnosed with minimal depression, 26.9% with mild depression, and 16.3% with moderate or severe depression. The symptoms of possible and confirmed alexithymia were present in 19.2% and 15.4% of the patients, respectively. The patients with alexithymia appeared to experience a more significant impact on their QoL. Specifically, the percentage of patients with alexithymia/possible alexithymia who had a DLQI of ≥2 was 77.8% vs. 51.5% in those without alexithymia. Conclusions: Our study illuminates the intricate connection between the disease severity and psychological components that impact the QoL of patients with moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis. It is advised that clinicians adopt a comprehensive approach to managing psoriasis, which involves addressing both the physical symptoms of the condition and the psychological impact. In cases of patients with a DLQI of ≥2, despite adequate clinical responses, evaluating the possible coexistence of general psychopathology is recommended.
Pott’s Puffy Tumor in Young Age: A Systematic Review and Our Experience
Authors: Daloiso Antonio , Mondello Tiziana , Boaria Francesco , Savietto Enrico , Spinato Giacomo , Cazzador Diego , Emanuelli Enzo
Published: October 2024

Background: Pott’s Puffy Tumor (PPT) in young-age patients is a rare clinical entity characterized by osteomyelitis of the frontal bone with a subperiosteal abscess collection. Previous reviews primarily consist of small, retrospective case series and anecdotal reports. This study aims to present the largest, most up-to-date systematic review of essential clinical findings, diagnostic modalities, microbiologic considerations, and treatment approaches for managing PPT in pediatric and adolescent populations. Methods: PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases were systematically screened until 3 January 2024. The protocol of this investigation was registered on PROSPERO in January 2024, and the systematic review was performed according to the PRISMA statement. The study included 184 patients from 109 articles and an additional case from the authors’ institution. Results: PPT commonly stems from untreated rhinosinusitis, respectively, acute pansinusitis, frontal acute rhinosinusitis and chronic rhinosinusitis, and direct head trauma. Infections typically involve a polymicrobial anaerobe-predominant microbiome. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging are routinely used for presurgical assessment and posttreatment surveillance. Intracranial complications were significantly associated with the type of surgical treatment (p value < 0.0001). Conclusions: PPT is a significant and relatively morbid disease often under-recognized and misdiagnosed due to its variable clinical presentation. Management includes both antimicrobial therapy and surgical intervention, emphasizing the importance of an interdisciplinary approach.
Weaning Failure in Elderly Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Yayan Josef , Schiffner René
Published: October 2024

Background/Objectives: Weaning failure in elderly patients undergoing mechanical ventilation presents a complex clinical challenge due to age-related physiological changes and comorbidities. Understanding the dynamics of this phenomenon through systematic analysis can provide valuable insights for clinical management. This meta-analysis aims to investigate the factors contributing to weaning failure in elderly patients and to assess the efficacy of different strategies in mitigating this challenge. Design: The design of this study is a systematic review and meta-analysis. Methods: A systematic search of electronic databases was conducted to identify relevant studies focusing on weaning failure in elderly patients. Studies reporting outcomes related to mechanical ventilation weaning failure were included. Data extraction, quality assessment, and statistical analysis were performed following established guidelines. Results: A total of 15 studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in the meta-analysis. The average age of participants throughout the studies was 66.24 ± 10.21 years. This suggests that the study population largely consisted of older adults and displayed a moderate range of ages centered around the mean. The rate of weaning failure across these studies was slightly above 31.56%, indicating a significant occurrence of this complication in the patient cohorts. The analysis revealed age-related physiological changes, such as decreased respiratory muscle strength and increased chest wall stiffness, as significant contributors to weaning failure in elderly patients. Comorbidities, including chronic pulmonary diseases and cardiovascular conditions, further exacerbated the challenge. Various interventions, including tailored weaning protocols and respiratory therapies, showed promising results in improving weaning outcomes in this population. Conclusions: Weaning failure in elderly patients undergoing mechanical ventilation is influenced by a combination of age-related physiological changes and comorbidities. Tailored interventions addressing these factors are essential for optimizing weaning success rates in this vulnerable population. Further research is warranted to refine the strategies and enhance outcomes in elderly patients requiring mechanical ventilation.
Prospective and External Validation of Machine Learning Models for Short- and Long-Term Mortality in Acutely Admitted Patients Using Blood Tests
Authors: Jawad Baker Nawfal , Altintas Izzet , Eugen-Olsen Jesper , Niazi Siar , Mansouri Abdullah , Rasmussen Line Jee Hartmann , Schultz Martin , Iversen Kasper , Normann Holm Nikolaj , Kallemose Thomas , Andersen Ove , Nehlin Jan O.
Published: October 2024

Background: Predicting mortality in emergency departments (EDs) using machine learning models presents challenges, particularly in balancing simplicity with performance. This study aims to develop models that are both simple and effective for predicting short- and long-term mortality in ED patients. Our approach uses a minimal set of variables derived from one single blood sample obtained at admission. Methods: Data from three cohorts at two large Danish university hospitals were analyzed, including one retrospective and two prospective cohorts where prognostic models were applied to predict individual mortality risk, spanning the years 2013–2022. Routine biochemistry analyzed in blood samples collected at admission was the primary data source for the prediction models. The outcomes were mortality at 10, 30, 90, and 365 days after admission to the ED. The models were developed using Light Gradient Boosting Machines. The evaluation of mortality predictions involved metrics such as Area Under the Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve (AUC), sensitivity, specificity, negative predictive values, positive predictive values, and Matthews correlation coefficient (MCC). Results: A total of 43,648 unique patients with 65,484 admissions were analyzed. The models showed high accuracy, with very good to excellent AUC values between 0.87 and 0.93 across different time intervals. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that a single assessment of routine clinical biochemistry upon admission can serve as a powerful predictor for both short-term and long-term mortality in ED admissions.
Relationship Between Morphofunctional Alterations of the Foot and Its Functionality in Patients with Fibromyalgia Syndrome: A Case–Control Study
Authors: De Maya-Tobarra María , Zúnica-García Sara , Gracia-Sánchez Alba , Chicharro-Luna Esther
Published: October 2024

Objective: To evaluate the morphofunctional alterations in the foot and their association with functionality, considering aspects such as disability, pain, and limitations in daily activities in patients with fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS). Methods: A case–control study was conducted in patients with FMS (case group) and without FMS (control group), matched by age and sex. Foot posture was assessed using the foot posture index (FPI), along with the presence of hallux valgus (HV), trigger points, hyperkeratosis, and dorsiflexion of the first metatarsophalangeal joint and ankle. Foot functionality was evaluated using the foot function index (FFI) questionnaire. Results: A total of 100 women with FMS and 100 women without FMS, with a mean age of 61.97 ± 9.26 years, were recruited. HV (p < 0.001), hyperkeratosis (p < 0.001), pronated and supinated foot (p < 0.001), as well as limitations in dorsiflexion of the first metatarsophalangeal joint (p < 0.001) and the ankle with the knee flexed (p < 0.001) and extended (p < 0.001), along with the activity of the flexor hallucis brevis (p = 0.006), adductor hallucis (p = 0.006), and dorsal interosseous (p = 0.002) muscles, were significantly associated with the FFI, being higher in individuals with FMS, indicating greater impairment of foot functionality in these patients. Multivariate analysis revealed a statistical association between FMS and low educational level (OR = 2.57, 95% CI 1.05–5.72), the presence of another rheumatic disease (OR = 5.07, 95% CI 2.34–11), and the presence of any active trigger point (OR = 11.15, 95% CI 3.97–31.31). Conclusions: The study highlights the relationship between morphofunctional foot alterations, specifically the presence of active myofascial trigger points, and functionality in patients with FMS.
A 12-Year Review of Upper Extremity Deep Vein Thrombosis—Are They the Same as Lower Extremity Deep Vein Thrombosis?
Authors: Leung Patrick , Lui Brandon , Wang Julie , Ho Prahlad , Lim Hui Yin
Published: October 2024

Background: Upper extremity deep vein thrombosis (UEDVT) is uncommon but not insignificant. The current literature is limited, and the management is largely extrapolated from the treatment of lower extremity DVTs (LEDVT). Methods: A retrospective review was conducted on patients diagnosed with UEDVT at Northern Health, Victoria, Australia, between December 2010 and December 2022. Medical records were reviewed to assess baseline characteristics and treatment outcomes. The results were compared to our previously collected data for LEDVTs. Results: 137 patients with UEDVT were identified (52.6% females; median age 62 years, IQR 46–74 years). A total of 105 patients (76.6%) had at least one provoking factor at the time of diagnosis, most commonly malignancy (45.7%) and/or indwelling venous devices (58.1%). Fourteen patients (10.1%) were subsequently diagnosed with Paget–Schroetter syndrome, with nine receiving endovascular or surgical intervention. A total of 109 patients (79.6%) received limited therapeutic anticoagulation (median 3 months, IQR 1.5–6.0 months) with enoxaparin, the most common anticoagulant used. Six patients had major bleeding (5.2/100-patient-years), and seven developed clot progression while on anticoagulation (6.0/100-patient-years). Ten patients had recurrent VTE following anticoagulation cessation (4.6/100-patient-years). There were no significant differences seen in the complication rate between catheter-related UEDVT and other UEDVTs. Compared to LEDVT, UEDVT was more likely provoked with comparable complication rates. Conclusions: UEDVTs were commonly associated with a provoking factor, with indwelling catheters and/or malignancies being the most common. Interestingly, catheter-related UEDVT had comparable clot progression/recurrence and major bleeding compared to other UEDVTs and LEDVTs, which may be confounded by relatively high rates of malignancy.
Impact of Mannitol Administration on Postoperative Renal Function After Robot-Assisted Partial Nephrectomy
Authors: Taniguchi Kazuki , Taniguchi Tomoki , Muraoka Kentaro , Nishikawa Kohei , Ikehata Yoshinori , Setoguchi Kiyoshi , Oka Suguru , Ebara Shin , Fujisaki Akira , Makiyama Kazuhide , Inoue Takahiro , Kitamura Hiroshi , Saito Kazutaka , Urakami Shinji , Yoneda Tatsuaki , Koie Takuya
Published: October 2024

Background: This study investigated the effect of mannitol administration on postoperative renal function during robot-assisted partial nephrectomy (RAPN) in patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Methods: Patients with RCC who underwent RAPN at eight Japanese facilities between March 2016 and November 2023 were enrolled. In this study, patients were categorized into two groups according to those who received mannitol during RAPN (Group I) and those who did not receive mannitol (Group II). Differences in covariates between the two groups were adjusted using propensity score matching (PSM). Results: The study included 1530 patients with RCC who underwent RAPN. PSM was performed on 531 participants in each group. No difference was observed in perioperative outcomes between the two groups in terms of length of hospital stay, surgical outcomes, achievement ratio of Trifecta, and estimated glomerular filtration rate at 28 days, 90 days, and 1 year postoperatively. Conclusions: Intraoperative mannitol administration during RAPN for improving renal function may be unnecessary.
NIpple Position to Pinpoint Localization of Chest Drain Insertion in FEmale Trauma Patients: The NIPPLE-Trial—A Landmark Study
Authors: Beck Paula , Paul Mila M. , Düsing Helena , Wagner Johanna C. , Künle Sebastian , Imach Sebastian
Published: October 2024

Background: The insertion of chest drains (CD) in trauma patients is a lifesaving, albeit high-risk intervention. Safe insertion of CD in settings where aids like ultrasound are not available relies on a landmark technique defining the so-called triangle of safety. The inferior margin of this triangle is identified by nipple height, which is thought to correspond to the fifth intercostal space (ICS). Training manikins are modeled after a lean male body and oftentimes insinuating jokes fuel uncertainty about the height of the nipple as a reliable landmark in female trauma patients. This study aims to prove that the nipple can be considered a safe landmark for CD insertion in women: even if larger breasts follow the force of gravity, it should not act towards the direction of the feet, but to the sides of the thorax in a flat-lying trauma patient. Methods: An online questionnaire was designed and distributed amongst female surgeons. Epidemiological data (age, nr of pregnancies, history of breastfeeding) was collected. Height, weight, and body mass index (BMI) were reported. Chest circumference and underbust girth were self-measured. The nipple position in relation to the ICS was measured by the women while lying in a supine position. Results: 237 female surgeons completed the questionnaire. Nine questionnaires were excluded due to incomplete data sets. 20 women were excluded due to previous breast surgery. Thus, 208 participants (or 416 nipples) were included in analysis. In supine position, both nipples were located in the 5th (±0.8) intercostal space. Age, BMI, height, weight, and status post-pregnancy had no significant impact on nipple position. Interestingly, a history of breastfeeding correlated with lower nipple position. Conclusions: The nipple is a safe landmark for identifying the correct insertion position of chest drains in supine-lying female trauma patients.
Perspectives on Sotatercept in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension
Authors: Madonna Rosalinda , Biondi Filippo
Published: October 2024

Sotatercept acts as a type IIA-Fc activin receptor, thereby scavenging free activin from its physiological membrane receptor. Through this type of action, sotaterpect leads to a rebalancing of the proliferation and antiproliferation pathways of pulmonary smooth muscle cells in response to bone morphogenic protein (BMP). Although sotatercept has been approved as the fourth pillar of therapy for group 1 pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) in the United States and Europe, several studies are ongoing to broaden the application of the drug to non-Group 1 PAH. We provide an overview of the clinical and preclinical evidence of targeting the activation pathway by sotatercept in the treatment of PAH. We also discuss other potential applications of sotatercept in the context of pulmonary hypertension other than PAH group 1.
Assessing Students’ Critical Thinking in Dialogue
Authors: Cui Ruiguo , Zhao Lili
Published: October 2024

Critical thinking has been widely considered an important skill in the 21st century. In view of the value attached to critical thinking, various quantitative instruments have been developed to assess critical thinking, which only provide a product of critical thinking and cannot reveal the critical thinking process of test takers. Hence, this paper proposes a coding scheme facilitating a qualitative analysis of critical thinking exhibited in interaction. The coding scheme consists of five categories of critical thinking skills, i.e., analysis, comparison, evaluation, inference, and synthesis, each of which is coded at low, medium, and high levels. The use of this coding scheme is then illustrated by applying it to authentic classroom dialogue. This coding scheme is hopefully conducive to the assessment of critical thinking in educational settings.
Composite Risk Assessment of HNS Discharged from Marine Industrial Facilities: A Case Study on Incheon Port, South Korea
Authors: Kim Taeyun , Maeng Jun-Ho , Kim Eunchae , Yeo Bohyun , Si Seongjun , Nam Jihyeon , Kim Sunho , Kim Changkyum , Park Jae-Jin , Kim Tae-Sung , Lee Moonjin
Published: October 2024

This study conducted a composite risk assessment to evaluate the environmental impacts of phenol, a Hazardous and Noxious Substance (HNS) released or leaked from port facilities. The study area was designated as the vicinity of Incheon Port, South Korea, where the volume of petrochemical-related materials is substantial and various industrial facilities are located. For the composite risk assessment, various vulnerability maps were developed, incorporating the dispersion range of phenol calculated through numerical modeling. The vulnerability maps were generated by classifying socio-environment, legally protected areas, habitats, and species, followed by integrating these individual vulnerability maps to construct an integrated vulnerability map. The composite risk assessment was conducted by considering both the integrated vulnerability map and the dispersion range of phenol. The assessment results indicated that the highest risk by depth was observed in the lower layers due to the settling characteristics of phenol. Spatially, areas where islands and coastlines converge exhibited relatively higher risks. This was attributed to the high concentrations of phenol released from industrial facilities, such as crude oil refineries, petrochemical plants, and organic compound manufacturers, in regions characterized by intense human activity, sensitive habitats, and legally protected areas. Continuous monitoring of these high-risk areas is crucial for assessing the environmental impacts of HNS substances like phenol.
Modelling Sea-Surface Wave Motion and Ship Response Using Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics and Finite Element Analysis
Authors: Cartwright Bruce K. , Melchers Robert E. , Renilson Martin
Published: October 2024

The response of a ship or other vessel to surface sea waves, including extreme waves, may compromise crew and vessel safety and long-term operational capability. Herein, a novel high-fidelity numerical time-dependent simulation approach is presented using Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) for modelling sea waves coupled with Finite Element Analysis for modelling vessel structural response under wave loading conditions. The results are compared with physical scale model wave tank test results. Good agreement was obtained for heave and pitch motions and vertical bending moments for various forward (head) speeds in regular head waves, heave and pitch motions, and vertical bending moments. High computational demands can be met by the increasing availability of computation power. Ongoing research is outlined. The implications for the design of vessels such as ships and for through-life assessment are discussed.
Numerical Simulation of Resistance and Flow Field for Submarines near Ice Surface
Authors: Ye Pengcheng , Zhou Yijie , Zhang Hao , Shi Yao , Huang Qiaogao , Pan Guang , Song Dong
Published: October 2024

When a submarine operates in polar regions, the polar environment inevitably impacts its resistance and flow field characteristics, especially when the submarine navigates near the ice surface. This paper investigates the hydrodynamic characteristics of a submarine sailing near the free water surface and the ice surface using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methods. In order to quantify the impact of ice on the resistance and flow field characteristics of the submarine, the resistance coefficients are calculated for both near ice surface and free surface. The resistance, velocity field, and pressure distribution around the submarine at different depths and speeds are analyzed. The results indicate that the total resistance of the submarine sailing near the ice surface is lower than the free water surface. When the submarine is sailing near the ice surface, its total resistance coefficient decreases with increased submergence depth at a constant Froude number. At a fixed depth, the resistance coefficient also decreases as the Froude number increases. Additionally, when the dimensionless depth relative to the maximum hull diameter (D) exceeds 3.5, it has little effect on the resistance coefficient.
Automatically Differentiable Higher-Order Parabolic Equation for Real-Time Underwater Sound Speed Profile Sensing
Authors: Lytaev Mikhail
Published: October 2024

This paper is dedicated to the acoustic inversion of the vertical sound speed profiles (SSPs) in the underwater marine environment. The method of automatic differentiation is applied for the first time in this context. Representing the finite-difference Padé approximation of the propagation operator as a computational graph allows for the analytical computation of the gradient with respect to the SSP directly within the numerical scheme. The availability of the gradient, along with the high computational efficiency of the numerical method used, enables rapid inversion of the SSP based on acoustic measurements from a hydrophone array. It is demonstrated that local optimization methods can be effectively used for real-time sound speed inversion. Comparative analysis with existing methods shows the significant superiority of the proposed method in terms of computation speed.
Influencing Factors and Model of Shallow Gas Enrichment in the Quaternary Sediments of the Qiongdongnan Basin, South China Sea
Authors: Pei Jianxiang , Liu Entao , Song Peng , Yan Detian , Luo Wei , Zhan Junming , Wang Zhenzhen , Li Gupan , Uysal I. Tonguç , Yang Peifeng
Published: October 2024

Investigating the primary influencing factors that regulate the enrichment of shallow gas not only deepens our understanding of the rules governing shallow gas enrichment in deep-ocean environments but also has the potential to enhance the success rate of locating shallow gas reservoirs. Recent drilling activities in the LS36 gas field located in the central Qiongdongnan Basin have revealed a substantial shallow gas reserve within the sediments of the Quaternary Ledong Formation, marking it as the first shallow gas reservoir discovered in the offshore region of China with confirmed natural gas geological reserves surpassing 100 billion cubic meters. However, the formation mechanism and influencing factors of shallow gas enrichment remain elusive due to the limited availability of 3D seismic and well data. This study employs seismic interpretation and digital simulation to decipher the dynamics of shallow gas accumulation and utilizes the carbon isotope composition of methane to ascertain the origin of the shallow gas. Our results show that the shallow gas is primarily concentrated within a large-scale submarine fan, covering a distribution region of up to 2800 km2, situated in the deep-sea plain. The δ13 C1 methane carbon isotope data ranges from −69.7‰ to −45.2‰ and all δ13 C2 values are above −28‰, suggesting that the shallow gas within the Ledong Formation is derived from a mix of biogenic gas produced in shallow strata and thermogenic gas generated in deeper source rocks. The results of gas sources, seismic profiles, and digital simulations suggest that thermogenic gas originating from the Lingshui and Beijiao sags was transported to the Quaternary submarine fan via a complex system that includes faults, gas chimneys, and channel sands. The mass-transported deposits (MTDs) in the upper reaches of the submarine fan have effectively acted as a seal, preventing the escape of shallow gas from the fan. Therefore, the factors contributing to the enrichment of shallow gas in the Qiongdongnan Basin include the presence of favorable submarine fan reservoirs, the availability of two distinct gas sources, the effective sealing of MTDs, and the presence of two efficient transport pathways. A conceptual model for the accumulation of shallow gas is developed, illuminating the complex formation–migration–accumulation process. This study underscores the importance of aligning multiple influencing factors in the process of shallow gas accumulation, and the suggested accumulation model may be pertinent to shallow gas exploration in other marginal sea basins.
Influence of Ocean Current Features on the Performance of Machine Learning and Dynamic Tracking Methods in Predicting Marine Drifter Trajectories
Authors: Lin Huan , Yu Weiye , Lian Zhan
Published: October 2024

Accurately and rapidly predicting marine drifter trajectories under conditions of information scarcity is critical for addressing maritime emergencies and conducting marine surveys with resource-limited unmanned vessels. Machine learning-based tracking methods, such as Long Short-Term Memory networks (LSTM), offer a promising approach for trajectory prediction in such scenarios. This study combines satellite observations and idealized simulations to compare the predictive performance of LSTM with a resource-dependent dynamic tracking method (DT). The results indicate that when driven solely by historical drifter paths, LSTM achieves better trajectory predictions when trained and tested on relative trajectory intervals rather than the absolute positions of individual trajectory points. In general, LSTM provides a more accurate geometric pattern of trajectories at the initial stages of forecasting, while DT offers superior accuracy in predicting specific trajectory positions. The velocity and curvature of ocean currents jointly influence the prediction quality of both methods. In regions characterized by active sub-mesoscale dynamics, such as the fast-flowing and meandering Kuroshio Current and Kuroshio Current Extension, DT predicts more reliable trajectory patterns but lacks precision in detailed position estimates compared to LSTM. However, in areas dominated by the fast but relatively straight North Equatorial Current, the performance of the two methods reverses. The two methods also demonstrate different tolerances for noise and sampling intervals. This study establishes a baseline for selecting machine learning methods for marine drifter prediction and highlights the limitations of AI-based predictions under data-scarce and resource-constrained conditions.
Molecular Characterization and Pathogenicity of Colletotrichum falcatum Causing Red Rot on Sugarcane in Southern Florida
Authors: Silva Fernanda Rodrigues , Resende Mário Lúcio V. de , Ferreira Larissa Carvalho , Adesina Olamide , Xavier Katia V.
Published: October 2024

Red rot disease reduces sugarcane yield and impacts the sugar quality, posing an important threat to the sugarcane industry in Florida. Although Colletotrichum falcatum, the causal agent of red rot in Florida, was first reported in 1984 based on morphology, molecular and pathological data have remained limited, highlighting the critical need for comprehensive characterization. Thirteen isolates were obtained from three local sugarcane varieties in Belle Glade, Florida. Phylogenetic analyses of five genetic markers (ITS, ACT, TUB2, GAPDH, and CHS-1) confirmed all the strains as C. falcatum. In addition, the study documented the disease progression at the cellular level and assessed the pathogenicity of representative strains using the leaf sheath and whole-seedling inoculation methods. The varieties CP96-1252 and CP89-2143 showed greater host resistance. These findings represent the first report of C. falcatum causing red rot in southern Florida, offer valuable insights for/into red rot management, and provide a basis for future breeding programs to enhance sugarcane resistance to red rot disease.
An Overview of Reviews on Predictors of Neurorehabilitation in Surgical or Non-Surgical Patients with Brain Tumours
Authors: Gambarin Mattia , Malgrati Tullio , Di Censo Rita , Modenese Angela , Balestro Giulio , Muti Gloria , Cappellesso Marta , Fonte Cristina , Varalta Valentina , Gallinaro Ylenia , Pinto Monica , Carlucci Matilde , Picelli Alessandro , Smania Nicola
Published: October 2024

(1) Background. People suffering from brain cancer, regardless of histological tumour characteristics, often experience motor disturbances, cognitive–behavioural difficulty, language impairments, and functional and social limitations. The current treatment approach entails surgery and adjuvant therapy such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy combined with intensive rehabilitation. The primary focus of rehabilitation is usually motor and functional recovery, without specifically addressing the patient’s quality of life. The present systematic review identifies and evaluates the predictors of functional and cognitive rehabilitation outcomes and their influence on quality of life in adult patients with brain cancer. (2) Methods. Three electronic databases (PubMed, Elsevier, Cochrane) were searched for reviews about functional, cognitive, and quality-of-life outcomes in patients with central nervous system tumours, including articles published between January 2018 and May 2024. (3) Results. The search retrieved 399 records, 40 of which were reviewed. Five main areas of predictive factors were identified: diagnosis, therapy, complications, outcomes (in the motor, cognitive, and quality-of-life categories), and tailored rehabilitation. (4) Conclusions. These indicators may inform integrated care pathways for patients with primary central nervous system tumours.
Effect of Iliotibial Band Myofascial Release Combined with Valgus Correction Exercise on Pain, Range of Motion, Balance, and Quality of Life in Patients with Grade II Knee Osteoarthritis: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Nouman Mubashra , Shabnam Javeria , Anwar Sahreen , Perveen Wajida , Alexe Dan Iulian , Sánchez-Gómez Rubén , Sava Mihai Adrian , Alexe Cristina Ioana
Published: October 2024

The objective of this study was to find out the effect of the myofascial release technique combined with valgus correction exercise on the pain, range of motion, balance, and quality of life in participants with grade II knee osteoarthritis. Forty participants with grade II knee osteoarthritis were randomly assigned into two treatment groups in the present clinical trial; group A was the myofascial release group, and group B was the myofascial release with valgus correction exercises group. Measurement included pain, balance, range of motion, and quality of life, as measured through the visual analog scale (VAS), Berg balance scale (BBS), goniometer, and knee injury and osteoarthritis outcome score (KOOS), respectively. The data were collected at the baseline and 3rd and 6th weeks. The between-groups comparison at the end of the 6th week showed significant results in the iliotibial band myofascial release with the valgus correction exercise group (p < 0.001). The within-group difference showed improvement in both groups individually, with more significant values in group B. The current study showed that the myofascial release combined with valgus correction exercises can effectively improve the pain, range of motion, balance, and quality of life in participants with grade II knee osteoarthritis. Trial Registration: IRCT20230216057434N3.
Work of Breathing for Aviators: A Missing Link in Human Performance
Authors: Ribeiro Rodrigues Victoria , Pratt Rheagan A. , Stephens Chad L. , Alexander David J. , Napoli Nicholas J.
Published: October 2024

In this study, we explore the work of breathing (WoB) experienced by aviators during the Anti-G Straining Maneuver (AGSM) to improve pilot safety and performance. Traditional airflow models of WoB fail to adequately distinguish between breathing rate and inspiratory frequency, leading to potentially inaccurate assessments. This mismatch can have serious implications, particularly in critical flight situations where understanding the true respiratory workload is essential for maintaining performance. To address these limitations, we used a non-sinusoidal model that captures the complexities of WoB under high inspiratory frequencies and varying dead space conditions. Our findings indicate that the classical airflow model tends to underestimate WoB, particularly at elevated inspiratory frequencies ranging from 0.5 to 2 Hz, where resistive forces play a significant role and elastic forces become negligible. Additionally, we show that an increase in dead space, coupled with high-frequency breathing, elevates WoB, heightening the risk of dyspnea among pilots. Interestingly, our analysis reveals that higher breathing rates lead to a decrease in total WoB, an unexpected finding suggesting that refining breathing patterns could help pilots optimize their energy expenditure. This research highlights the importance of examining the relationship between alveolar ventilation, breathing rate, and inspiratory frequency in greater depth within realistic flight scenarios. These insights indicate the need for targeted training programs and adaptive life-support systems to better equip pilots for managing respiratory challenges in high-stress situations. Ultimately, our research lays the groundwork for enhancing respiratory support for aviators, contributing to safer and more efficient flight operations.
Optimizing Ammonium Polyphosphate–Acrylic Intumescent Coatings with Sustainable Fillers for Naval Fire Safety
Authors: Piperopoulos Elpida , Scionti Giuseppe , Atria Mario , Calabrese Luigi , Valenza Antonino , Proverbio Edoardo
Published: October 2024

This study explores the potential of natural and recycled materials to enhance the fire behavior of eco-friendly intumescent coatings, compared to a traditional ammonium polyphosphate (APP)-based one. To achieve this, cork, halloysite clay, and recycled glass were evaluated as natural fillers and sustainable components within the coating formulation. The aim was to reduce the reliance on synthetic materials and minimize the environmental impact while maintaining fire performance. Fire exposure tests were conducted to assess the in situ char formation and its relationship to the heat source and char foaming process. The results highlighted that all functionalized coatings exhibited suitable intumescent behavior. The best results were evidenced by cork-filled coating that evidenced an intumescent capacity about 40% higher than the traditional ammonium polyphosphate (APP)-based one. This provided valuable insights into the coating’s real-time response to fire, determining its suitability for various fire-resistant applications.
Influence of Process Parameters on Flatness During Single-Track Laser Cladding
Authors: Quan Guozheng , Wang Haitao , Ran Wenjing , Meng Fanxin
Published: October 2024

During the laser cladding process, poor flatness of the cladding track can cause the surface structure to be uneven or corrugated, affecting the geometrical accuracy of the workpiece. Adjusting process parameters is an effective way to achieve high cladding track flatness. This study established a mesoscale model of the laser cladding process for CoCrMoSi powder to simulate the formation of a single cladding track. Subsequently, the formation mechanism of cladding track flatness was revealed by analyzing the flow within the molten pool and the solidification behavior of the molten pool edge. The influences of laser power, scanning speed, and powder feeding rate on flatness were determined through simulations and physical experiments. Finally, a parameter window of flatness was established using simulation and experimental results. The window indicates that high flatness is achieved with a high scanning speed (v > 260 mm/min), high laser power (P > 2300 W), and low powder feed rate (Pf < 5.5 g/min). The accuracy of the numerical model was verified by comparing the simulated results with the experimental measurements.
Evolution of Microstructural and Mechanical Properties of Alloy 617B During Service on a Key-Component Test Platform at 700 °C
Authors: Li Jiang , Cui Xionghua , Yang Zheyi , Tang Liying , Zhang Lei
Published: October 2024

The evolution of the microstructural and mechanical properties of alloy 617B during long-term service on a key-component test platform at 700 °C was systematically investigated. The precipitation behavior and size changes of the M23C6 and γ′ phases were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results showed that carbide M23C6 precipitated in the form of discontinuous particles, plates, or needles at grain boundaries and within grains, while the γ′ phase had a spherical shape and was distributed in a dispersed manner. With prolonged service time, both the M23C6 and γ′ phases gradually coarsened. After 24,000 h of service, the yield strength, tensile strength, and Brinell hardness of alloy 617B significantly increased; however, the impact toughness decreased, accompanied by intergranular embrittlement. The increase in precipitate volume fraction and its contribution to the strength of the alloy were evaluated by a precipitation strengthening model. The coarsening of M23C6 was identified as the main cause of embrittlement. The findings of this study provide important experimental data and theoretical support for the stability of 617B alloys under long-term high-temperature service conditions.
Effect of Filler Wire Composition on Weld Metal Microstructure and Mechanical Properties in X80 Steel Laser Welds
Authors: Yang Hanwen , Chen James , Zhao Xiaoye , Huda Nazmul , Gerlich Adrian P.
Published: October 2024

Laser welding was performed using different filler wires, ER70S steel, commercially pure iron, and pure nickel filler, in the context of welding X80 pipeline steel to assess the microstructure and mechanical properties of the weld metal. Introducing an ER70S wire promoted acicular ferrite formation in the fusion zone, compared to a bainitic microstructure in an autogenous laser weld. The use of pure iron wire was considered as a potential strategy for reducing hardenability, as it led to the dilution of alloying elements in the fusion zone, increasing ferrite content and reducing weld metal hardness to a level compliant with API pipeline standards. The addition of pure nickel wire was used to reveal the degree of weld metal mixing imposed by the laser (thus providing an unambiguous tracer element) when it is combined with filler material dilution in the fusion zone, revealing that the upper region contained 38% wire material and the lower region only 12%. This accounts for the differences observed between the upper versus lower portions of the weld metal when other wires are used, and the use of hardness mapping and micro-indentation demonstrates the correlation between the variations in mechanical properties and microstructural differences introduced by incomplete mixing of the filler wire elements.
Optimization of a Low Surface Energy Coating for Enhanced Water Resistance and Condensation Suppression
Authors: Pan Siwei , Ouyang Yanwen , Zhao Yaohong , Wang Qing , Qian Yihua , He Chunqing
Published: October 2024

This study focuses on formulating a low-surface-energy, water-resistant, and anti-condensation coating utilizing a fluorocarbon and acrylic resins composite (FAC), enhanced by six functional additives: antistatic agents, water-repellent agents, nanofillers, anti-mold and anti-algae agent, leveling agents, and wetting and dispersing agents. An orthogonal experimental design was implemented to systematically investigate the effects of varying concentrations of these additives on the surface tension of the coating. The results show that the optimized combination of fluorocarbon and acrylic resins composite (OFAC)with functional additives significantly reduces the surface tension, thereby improving both water resistance and anti-condensation properties. This research advances the development of more efficient surface treatment technologies, particularly for applications requiring enhanced water resistance and anti-condensation performance.
Bamboo-Based Carbon/Co/CoO Heterojunction Structures Based on a Multi-Layer Periodic Matrix Array Can Be Used for Efficient Electromagnetic Attenuation
Authors: Han He , Chen Hui , Wang Rui , Lou Zhichao
Published: October 2024

With the popularization of wireless communication, radar, and electronic devices, the hidden harm of electromagnetic radiation is becoming increasingly serious. The design of green biomass carbon-based interface heterojunctions based on lightweight porous materials can effectively protect against electromagnetic radiation hazards. In this work, we constructed an anisotropic heterojunction interface with magnetic and dielectric coupling based on a honeycomb-like periodic matrix multi-layer array repeating unit. The removal of lignin components from bamboo through oxidation enriches the impregnation pores and uniform adsorption sites of the magnetic medium. Further, in situ pyrolysis promotes the formation of a large number of electric dipoles at the interface between the magnetic medium and dielectric coupling inside the periodic cell carbon skeleton, enhancing interface polarization and relaxation. Local carrier traps and uneven electromagnetic density enhance dielectric and hysteresis losses, resulting in excellent impedance matching. Therefore, the obtained bamboo-based carbon multiphase composite absorbent has satisfactory electromagnetic loss characteristics. At a thickness of 1.55 mm, the effective absorption bandwidth reaches 5.1 GHz, and the minimum reflection loss (RL) value reaches −54.7 dB. In addition, the far-field radar simulation results show that the sample has an excellent RCS (radar cross-section) reduction of 33.3 dB·m2. This work provides new directions for the diversified development of green biomass and the optimization of the design of magnetic and dielectric coupling in periodic array structures.