bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pharmacokinetics and Safety of Single‐Dose Inhaled Loxapine in Children and Adolescents
Authors: Selim Sally , Riesenberg Robert , Cassella James , Kunta Jeevan , Hellriegel Edward , Smith Mark A. , Vinks Alexander A. , Rabinovich‐Guilatt Laura
Published: May 2017

This multisite open‐label study sought to characterize the pharmacokinetics and safety of a single dose of inhaled loxapine in children and adolescents. Loxapine powder for oral inhalation was administered via a single‐use handheld drug device to children and adolescents (aged 10–17 years) with any condition warranting chronic antipsychotic use. Patients were dosed according to body weight and cohort (<50 kg [n = 15], 2.5 or 5 mg; ≥50 kg [n = 15], 5 or 10 mg); the first 6 patients (cohort 1) enrolled in each weight group received the lower dose. Patients were enrolled in the higher‐dose group (cohort 2) after an interim pharmacokinetic and safety analysis of data from cohort 1. Blood samples were collected for 48 hours after dosing to determine the pharmacokinetic profile of loxapine and its metabolites. Safety was assessed using adverse event (AE), laboratory value, physical/neurologic examination, vital sign, electrocardiogram, suicidality, and extrapyramidal symptom assessment. Thirty patients were enrolled and evaluable for pharmacokinetics. Loxapine plasma concentrations peaked by 2 to 5 minutes in most patients; systemic exposure increased with dose in both weight subgroups. Loxapine terminal elimination half‐life was ∼13 to 17 hours. The most common AEs were sedation and dysgeusia. Sedation was severe in 1 patient in the <50‐kg group (2.5‐mg dose) and 1 patient in the ≥50‐kg group (5‐mg dose). No AEs indicative of bronchospasm or other serious AEs were reported. Inhaled loxapine was rapidly absorbed and generally well tolerated in pediatric patients; no new safety signals were observed.
Factors controlling adsorption of recalcitrant organic contaminant from bio‐treated coking wastewater using lignite activated coke and coal tar‐derived activated carbon
Authors: Zhang Chen , Li Jianfeng , Chen Zuliang , Cheng Fangqin
Published: May 2017

BACKGROUND

Low‐cost coal‐based carbonaceous material has attracted special attention for removal of organics from industrial wastewaters. In this study, coal tar‐derived activated carbon (AC1) and lignite activated coke (AC2) were employed to identify the fundamental factors that facilitate the selection of suitable adsorbents for removing recalcitrant organic contaminant (ROC) from bio‐treated coking wastewater (BTCW).

RESULTS

Results show that AC2 exhibited superior ROC adsorption efficiency (57.9%), which was apparently higher than that of AC1 (45.2%), in spite of its lower specific surface area (238.05 m2 g−1) and pore volume (0.21 cm3 g−1). FTIR and XPS characterization indicated that AC2 possessed a distinctive configuration of functional groups, of which the basic oxygenic groups (60%) provided more hydrophobic adsorption sites for ROC. 3D‐EEM spectra suggested more aromatics and fluorescent materials were removed by AC2 compared with AC1. GC‐MS further confirmed that AC2 had stronger affinity with the ROC in BTCW, especially for PAHs and heterocyclic compounds.

CONCLUSION

Surface chemistry is vital to the adsorption of ROC from coking wastewater, of which basic oxygenic functional groups have specific interactions with PAHs and heterocyclic compounds. The mechanism that best explains ROC adsorption is π–π dispersion between carbon materials and the pollutants, as well as the hydrogen‐bonding interactions. This study provides an encouraging and practical guide to ROC adsorption from BTCW in future operations. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
Treatment of 1,2‐dichloroethane and n‐hexane in a combined system of non‐thermal plasma catalysis reactor coupled with a biotrickling filter
Authors: Jiang Liying , Li Sha , Cheng Zhuowei , Chen Jianmeng , Nie Guofeng
Published: May 2017

BACKGROUND

A combined system with non‐thermal plasma catalysis, CuO/MnO2 as the catalyst, and biotrickling filter (BTF) unit for the treatment of gases containing 1,2‐dichloroethane and n‐hexane was investigated.

RESULTS

The degradation of single 1,2‐dichloroethane in the combined system was superior to that of the single BTF system. The combined system exhibited better adaptability when facing sudden changes in inlet concentrations and empty bed residence time. The presence of catalysts in the dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) reactor helped to reduce ozone generation and increase CO2 production and selectivity. Water solubility and degradability of the byproducts were also enhanced by the catalysts in the DBD reactor. Further studies showed that the degradation of 1,2‐dichloroethane and n‐hexane mixed exhaust gases and the re‐acclimation performance after starvation in the combined system were better than those in the single BTF. Analysis of microbial communities showed higher biological diversity and abundance of microbial communities in the single‐BTF system compared with the combined system.

CONCLUSION

The combined system with plasma‐catalysis as pretreatment for the BTF can be used effectively to remove slowly biodegradable pollutants and has better stability and adaptability to changes in experimental conditions. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
Progranulin increases phagocytosis by retinal pigment epithelial cells in culture
Authors: Murase Hiromi , Tsuruma Kazuhiro , Kuse Yoshiki , Shimazawa Masamitsu , Hara Hideaki
Published: May 2017

Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells take part in retinal preservation, such as phagocytizing the shed photoreceptor outer segments (POS), every day. The incomplete phagocytic function accelerates RPE degeneration and formation of the toxic by‐product lipofuscin. Excessive lipofuscin accumulation is characteristic of various blinding diseases in the human eye. Progranulin is a cysteine‐rich protein that has multiple biological activities, and it has a high presence in the retina. Progranulin has been recognized to be involved in macrophage phagocytosis in the brain. The purpose of this study is to determine whether progranulin influences phagocytosis by RPE cells. All experiments were performed on primary human RPE (hRPE) cells in culture. pHrodo was used to label the isolated porcine POS, and quantification of pHrodo fluorescence was used to determine the degree of phagocytosis. Western blotting and immunohistochemistry of key proteins involved in phagocytosis were used to clarify the mechanism of progranulin. Progranulin increased RPE phagocytosis in hydrogen peroxide–treated and nontreated RPE cells. The phosphorylated form of Mer tyrosine kinase, which is important for POS internalization, was significantly increased in the progranulin‐exposed cells. This increase was attenuated by SU11274, an inhibitor of hepatic growth factor receptor. Under the oxidative stress condition, exposure to progranulin led to an approximately twofold increase in integrin alpha‐v, which is associated with the first step in recognition of POS by RPE cells. These results suggest that progranulin could be an effective stimulator for RPE phagocytosis and could repair RPE function. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A transcriptome‐based assessment of the astrocytic dystrophin‐associated complex in the developing human brain
Authors: Simon Matthew J. , Murchison Charles , Iliff Jeffrey J.
Published: May 2017

Astrocytes play a critical role in regulating the interface between the cerebral vasculature and the central nervous system. Contributing to this is the astrocytic endfoot domain, a specialized structure that ensheathes the entirety of the vasculature and mediates signaling between endothelial cells, pericytes, and neurons. The astrocytic endfoot has been implicated as a critical element of the glymphatic pathway, and changes in protein expression profiles in this cellular domain are linked to Alzheimer's disease pathology. Despite this, basic physiological properties of this structure remain poorly understood including the developmental timing of its formation, and the protein components that localize there to mediate its functions. Here we use human transcriptome data from male and female subjects across several developmental stages and brain regions to characterize the gene expression profile of the dystrophin‐associated complex (DAC), a known structural component of the astrocytic endfoot that supports perivascular localization of the astroglial water channel aquaporin‐4. Transcriptomic profiling is also used to define genes exhibiting parallel expression profiles to DAC elements, generating a pool of candidate genes that encode gene products that may contribute to the physiological function of the perivascular astrocytic endfoot domain. We found that several genes encoding transporter proteins are transcriptionally associated with DAC genes.
Reconstruction of historical aerosol optical depth time series over Romania during summertime
Authors: Dumitrescu Alexandru , Gueymard Chris A. , Badescu Viorel
Published: May 2017

Ground‐based meteorological observations are used here as proxy data, as well as aerosol reanalysis estimates for training, to reconstruct aerosol optical depth (AOD) time series over Romania during a multidecadal period (1961–2015). The approach uses sunshine duration fraction (SDF) data computed for cloudless summer days (identified from 6‐hourly cloud observations) and AOD data from the Modern‐Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications, version 2 (MERRA‐2) reanalysis. MERRA‐2 AOD data were validated first by comparing them to high‐quality AErosol RObotic NETwork (AERONET) ground observations at eight stations located in Central and Eastern Europe. The comparison of MERRA‐2 AOD data with AERONET ground observations showed that the reanalysis estimates are reasonably accurate, but tend to underestimate AOD in the region of interest. Spaceborne AOD observations from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) were also considered, but were found too biased and not complete enough for this task.

A significant linear relationship between MERRA‐2's AOD and SDF data at the 57 of the 86 available stations was found, allowing the use of both a linear and bivariate regression models to back‐calculate the historical AOD time series from SDF observations. This reconstruction is restricted to clear summer days here because of the limited temporal resolution of the available cloud observations. The long‐term trends of the computed AOD time series correctly delineate the expected dimming and brightening periods that have been widely reported over Europe. The proposed method is suitable over areas where very long and concomitant time series of daily sunshine and hourly cloud observations are available, but also has limitations that are discussed.
Physiochemical and functional properties of chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) skin gelatin extracted at different temperatures
Authors: Liu Yang , Xia Lining , Jia Hui , Li Qi , Jin Wengang , Dong Xiuping , Pan Jinfeng
Published: May 2017

BACKGROUND

Aquatic source gelatins are gaining more attention due to the advantages in safety and religion acceptability compared with mammalian sources. For understanding the effects of extracting temperature on gelatins from chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) skins (GCSS), gelatins were extracted at temperatures from 40 to 90°C and the physiochemical properties of GCSS were investigated.

RESULTS

GCSS yield increased while imino acids content declined as the increase of temperature. GCSS40, 50 and 60 showed strong β‐, α1‐ and α2‐chains but the three faded in GCSS70, 80 and 90, with the presence of low molecular weight fragments. Amides A, I and III were shifted to higher wavenumber in GCSS70, 80 and 90 compared with that of GCSS40, 50 and 60. X‐ray diffraction showed lower intensity of peak at 7° in GCSS80 and 90 than in the other GCSS. Gel strength declined while a*, b* and ΔE* value increased as temperature increased. Foam expansion and stability of GCSS40, 50 and 60 were lower than those of GCSS70, 80 and 90. Emulsion activity and stability decreased as temperature increased.

CONCLUSION

Extracting temperature greatly affected yield, molecular composition and functionalities of GCSS. A temperature lower than 50°C is recommended for GCSS extraction. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
Bio‐functional properties of sardine protein hydrolysates obtained by brewer's spent yeast and commercial proteases
Authors: Vieira Elsa F , Pinho Olívia , Ferreira Isabel MPLVO
Published: May 2017

BACKGROUND

The canned‐sardine industry generates large amounts of protein‐rich waste, which demands useful exploitation. This paper describes the potential use of muscle and viscera proteins from canned sardine by‐products as substrate to obtain hydrolysates with biological and functional properties. Three enzymatic approaches, brewer's spent yeast (Bsy) proteases, Alcalase® and Neutrase® were applied to perform protein hydrolysis at the same proteolytic activity (1 U mL−1), using an enzyme/substrate ratio of 20% (v/v), at 50°C and for 7 h. Hydrolysis degree (DH), antioxidant and angiotensin I‐converting enzyme inhibitory (ACE‐I) activities, functional properties (i.e. solubility, emulsifying and foaming properties, water and oil binding capacity) and colour were investigated.

RESULTS

All hydrolysates presented a high protein content [52.7–83.2% dry weight (DW)] and low fat content (0.9–3.9% DW). Alcalase® treatment of muscle and viscera proteins resulted in higher DH (7.5% and 8.6%, respectively) and higher biological activities (P < 0.05). All hydrolysates had excellent solubility and presented functional properties. Among viscera hydrolysates, treatment with Bsy proteases promoted higher emulsion (80.1 m2 g−1), foaming (79.2%) and oil binding capacity (5.8 g g−1) of viscera sardine proteins.

CONCLUSION

Improved biological and functional properties were observed for sardine protein hydrolysates produced using the three enzymatic treatments tested. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
Technology as a Union Free Weapon
Authors: DeMaria Alfred T.
Published: May 2017

Two changes in recent years—one procedural, one technological—require employers who want to stay union‐free to adjust themselves accordingly. The first is the National Labor Relations Board's quickie election rules. The second is the firestorm growth of social media as a source of news and information and an influencer in our society.
Application of the movement disorder society prodromal Parkinson's disease research criteria in 2 independent prospective cohorts
Authors: Pilotto Andrea , Heinzel Sebastian , Suenkel Ulrike , Lerche Stefanie , Brockmann Kathrin , Roeben Benjamin , Schaeffer Eva , Wurster Isabel , Yilmaz Rezzak , Liepelt‐Scarfone Inga , von Thaler Anna‐Katharina , Metzger Florian G. , Eschweiler Gerhard W. , Postuma Ron B. , Maetzler Walter , Berg Daniela
Published: May 2017

Background: The research criteria for prodromal PD of the MDS propose a new approach for the assessment of the individual probability of prodromal PD. These criteria require a testing of their reliability in different prospective cohorts.

Objectives: The objective was to evaluate the MDS prodromal PD criteria in 2 independent prospective studies.

Methods: Prodromal PD probabilities of the Tübingen Evaluation of Risk Factors for Early Detection of Neurodegeneration cohort (TREND study, n = 650, recruited by the presence of probable rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder, depression, and/or hyposmia or none of these at baseline and 2‐, 4‐, and 6‐year follow‐up) and the population‐based Prospective Evaluation of Risk Factors for Idiopathic Parkinson's Syndrome cohort (PRIPS Tübingen subsample; n = 715, baseline and 3‐ and 5‐year follow‐up) were calculated. Baseline posttest probabilities, time to PD diagnosis, marker constellations, and longitudinal changes of prodromal PD probabilities were analyzed.

Results: Incident PD cases (TREND, n = 10; PRIPS = 7) showed significantly higher likelihood ratios of risk and prodromal markers at baseline when compared with nonconverters. Only 2 of 17 incident PD cases met the criteria for probable prodromal PD (ie, posttest probability > 80%) and 5 had possible prodromal PD (ie, > 50%) 1.4 to 3.8 years before diagnosis. The criteria showed high specificity and negative predictive values (>98%), but low sensitivity (TREND, 30%; PRIPS, 14%) and positive predictive values (TREND, 19%, PRIPS, 50%). The individual risk for prodromal PD in incident PD cases showed an inverse correlation with the time to conversion (Spearman rho = .80, P = .006) and unlike in nonconverters, increased during follow‐up.

Conclusion: The MDS prodromal criteria provide a practical framework for the calculation of prodromal PD risk. Although specificity of the criteria is high, most patients will not meet the criteria before diagnosis unless testing is thoroughly performed with numerous and highly specific markers objectively assessed. © 2017 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Application of Combination High‐Throughput Phenotypic Screening and Target Identification Methods for the Discovery of Natural Product‐Based Combination Drugs
Authors: Isgut Monica , Rao Mukkavilli , Yang Chunhua , Subrahmanyam Vangala , Rida Padmashree C. G. , Aneja Ritu
Published: May 2017

Modern drug discovery efforts have had mediocre success rates with increasing developmental costs, and this has encouraged pharmaceutical scientists to seek innovative approaches. Recently with the rise of the fields of systems biology and metabolomics, network pharmacology (NP) has begun to emerge as a new paradigm in drug discovery, with a focus on multiple targets and drug combinations for treating disease. Studies on the benefits of drug combinations lay the groundwork for a renewed focus on natural products in drug discovery. Natural products consist of a multitude of constituents that can act on a variety of targets in the body to induce pharmacodynamic responses that may together culminate in an additive or synergistic therapeutic effect. Although natural products cannot be patented, they can be used as starting points in the discovery of potent combination therapeutics. The optimal mix of bioactive ingredients in natural products can be determined via phenotypic screening. The targets and molecular mechanisms of action of these active ingredients can then be determined using chemical proteomics, and by implementing a reverse pharmacokinetics approach. This review article provides evidence supporting the potential benefits of natural product‐based combination drugs, and summarizes drug discovery methods that can be applied to this class of drugs.
Soft tissue reconstruction and salvage of infected fixation hardware in lower extremity trauma
Authors: Leland Hyuma A. , Rounds Alexis D. , Burtt Karen E. , Gould Daniel J. , Marecek Geoffrey S. , Alluri Ram K. , Patel Ketan M. , Carey Joseph N.
Published: May 2017

Background

Tibial fracture management may be complicated by infection of internal fixation hardware (iIFH) resulting in increased morbidity and amputation rate. When iIFH removal is not possible, salvage of the lower extremity is attempted through debridement, antibiotics, and vascularized soft tissue coverage. This study investigates lower extremity salvage with retention of iIFH.

Methods

Demographics, outcomes, and bacterial speciation in patients with tibial fractures at a level 1 trauma center from 2007 to 2014 were reviewed. The primary outcome was infection suppression, while secondary outcomes included limb salvage, amputation, and osseous union.

Results

Twenty‐five patients underwent soft tissue reconstruction for salvage of iIFH. Average age was 41, 19 (76%) were male, average BMI 30.1 kg/m2, 10 (40%) patients smoked. Tibial fractures were closed in 8 (32%), Gustilo‐Anderson grade I in 1 (4%), II in 8 (32%), IIIb in 5 (20%), and IIIc in 1 (4%). Staphylococcus was most commonly cultured with 11 (44%) demonstrating methicillin‐resistance. Soft tissue reconstruction was performed by local flap in 15 (60%) and free flap in 10 (40%). At an average of 16.1 months, 19 (76%) hardware salvage patients demonstrated clinical suppression of infection, 11 of 19 (57.9%) patients had bony union, and 24 (96%) maintained a salvaged limb. One patient was amputated for recurrent infection.

Conclusions

Following complex, infected tibial fractures, salvage of the lower extremity may be attempted even when iIFH cannot be removed. Thorough debridement, antibiotics, and vascularized soft tissue may suppress infection long enough to facilitate osseous union and subsequent removal of iIFH.
The Greek Registry of Shwachman Diamond‐Syndrome: Molecular and clinical data
Authors: Delaporta Polyxeni , Sofocleous Christalena , Economou Marina , Makis Alexandros , Kostaridou Stavroula , Kattamis Antonis
Published: May 2017

This study presents the clinical phenotype and molecular analysis findings from 11 patients recorded in the Greek Shwachman–Diamond syndrome (SDS) Registry. The most severely affected patient in our registry was diagnosed at birth and is the first patient reported to require bone marrow transplantation so early in life. Severe psoriasis, a feature not previously reported in SDS, was observed in one patient. Mutations in the Shwachman–Bodian–Diamond syndrome gene (SBDS) were found in all patients. Cytogenetic analyses revealed clonal abnormalities, one novel, in two patients.
Paratesticular desmoplastic small round cell tumors: A case report and review of the literature
Authors: Sedig Laura , Geiger James , Mody Rajen , Jasty‐Rao Rama
Published: May 2017

Desmoplastic small round cell tumor (DSCRT) is a rare malignancy most often seen in the abdomen or pelvis of young men. Unfortunately, this disease is usually metastatic at diagnosis and has dismal outcomes. We describe a case of isolated paratesticular DSCRT in a 14‐year‐old male successfully treated with surgical resection, chemotherapy, and adjuvant radiation, and we present a review of the relevant literature. It appears that isolated, paratesticular DSCRTs have a markedly better outcome than the classic abdominal or pelvic location. We hypothesize that this is due to earlier detection and the relative ease of surgical resection.
H3.1 K36M mutation in a congenital‐onset soft tissue neoplasm
Authors: Kernohan Kristin D. , Grynspan David , Ramphal Raveena , Bareke Eric , Wang You Chang , Nizalik Elizabeth ,   Care4Rare Canada Consortium, Ragoussis Jiannis , Jabado Nada , Boycott Kym M. , Majewski Jacek , Sawyer Sarah L.
Published: May 2017

We describe a patient who presented with a congenital soft tissue lesion initially diagnosed as infantile fibromatosis at 15 days of age. Unusually, the mass demonstrated malignant progression leading to death at 20 months of age. Biological progression to malignancy is not known to occur in fibromatosis, and fibrosarcoma is not known to progress from a benign lesion. Whole‐exome sequencing of the tumor identified a driver mutation in histone H3.1 at lysine (K)36. Our findings support the link between oncohistones and infantile soft tissue tumors and provide additional evidence for the oncogenic effects of p.K36M in H3 variants.
A review on aerogel: 3D nanoporous structured fillers in polymer‐based nanocomposites
Authors: Salimian S. , Zadhoush A. , Naeimirad M. , Kotek R. , Ramakrishna S.
Published: May 2017

There have been a number of review papers on layered silicate and carbon nanotube reinforced polymer nanocomposites, in which the fillers have high aspect ratios. Particulate‐polymer nanocomposites containing aerogel with extremely low density, large open pores, and high surface area are also an important class of polymer nanocomposites. Thus, this article provides an overview on the effect of aerogel on mechanical and thermal properties of polymer‐based nanocomposites. Moreover, the preparation, history, classification, and characteristics of the aerogel are addressed. Among the polymer‐aerogel nanocomposites, various categories including silica and carbon aerogel‐polymer nanocomposites were discussed in detail. POLYM. COMPOS., 39:3383–3408, 2018. © 2017 Society of Plastics Engineers
An investigation into hyper‐elastic behavior of BR/epoxy‐polyester hybrid/nanoclay nanocomposites
Authors: Zoghi Sepideh , Naderi Ghasem , Shokoohi Shirin
Published: May 2017

Butadiene Rubber (BR) was compounded with different compositions of Cloisite 15 and epoxy‐polyester hybrid (EPH), a powder coating waste, using a laboratory‐scale internal mixer at 100°C. Micromechanics of BR/Cloisite 15A (100/3, 100/5, and 100/7), BR/EPH (100/10, 100/20, 100/30, and 100/40) and BR/EPH/Cloisite 15A (100/20/3, 100/20/5, and 100/20/7) compounds were compared to the pure BR through uniaxial tensile and compression measurements. Micromechanical models including Halpin‐Tsai, Leidner‐Woodhams, Pukanszky, and Guth were used to estimate the nanoclay aspect ratio among which Halpin‐Tsai could present more acceptable conclusions confirmed with transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Finite element modeling through constitutive hyper‐elastic models, that is, Arruda‐Boyce, Marlow, Third‐order Ogden, Mooney‐Rivlin, second‐order polynomial, Van der Waals, Neo‐Hooke, and Yeoh was conducted (ABAQUS® software). Simulation results compared with the experimental data suggested that Marlow, Van der Waals, and Yeoh could describe the behavior of this material at whole strain ranges with an acceptable accuracy. POLYM. COMPOS., 39:E2028–E2035, 2018. © 2017 Society of Plastics Engineers
Integration of graphene in poly(lactic) acid by 3D printing to develop creep and wear‐resistant hierarchical nanocomposites
Authors: Bustillos Jenniffer , Montero Daniela , Nautiyal Pranjal , Loganathan Archana , Boesl Benjamin , Agarwal Arvind
Published: May 2017

Polylactic acid (PLA) and graphene reinforced polylactic acid (PLA‐graphene) composites have been fabricated by three‐dimensional (3D) fused deposition modeling (FDM) printing. Indentation creep resistance was analyzed in terms of the strain‐rate sensitivity index of PLA (0.11) and PLA‐graphene (0.21). Enhanced creep resistance in PLA‐graphene is attributed to the restriction of the polymeric chains by graphene, caused by low strain rates identified during secondary creep. The tribological properties of PLA and PLA‐graphene composites were evaluated by ball‐on‐disk wear tests. Wear resistance was increased by a 14% in PLA‐graphene as compared to PLA. A two‐stage coefficient of friction (COF) behavior has been observed for PLA‐graphene. Initially, PLA‐graphene exhibits a 65% decrease in COF as compared to PLA. During the second stage, PLA‐graphene approached similar COF behavior and value of PLA (∼0.58). PLA‐graphene composites have shown significant improvement in creep and wear resistance demonstrating 3D printing to be a novel manufacturing route. POLYM. COMPOS., 39:3877–3888, 2018. © 2017 Society of Plastics Engineers
Ethylene–octene copolymer–wood flour/oil flax straw biocomposites: Effect of filler type and content on mechanical properties
Authors: Zykova Anna , Pantyukhov Petr , Popov Anatoly
Published: May 2017

The properties of biocomposites based on ethylene–octene copolymers (EOCs) were studied. The mechanical, rheological, and physical properties of the biocomposites were investigated with attention to the filler type, filler content, and grade of EOC. Three grades of EOC with different viscosities were used as the polymer matrices. Two lignocellulosic raw materials were selected as fillers: birch wood flour (WF) and oil flax straw (FS). The effect of the filler variation range (30%–70%) on the biocomposites was studied. According to microphotographs, the filler particles were quite uniformly distributed in the polymer matrix. The WF particles had ellipsoid shapes, whereas the FS particles were characterized by cylindrical shapes. The addition of fillers decreased the elongations at the copolymer's break and tensile strengths, but increased the elasticity moduli. The fillers’ hard particles increased the stiffness of the polymer chains in the biocomposites, resulting in declines in elongation at break. The biocomposites with WF had higher tensile strengths and elongations at break than those with FS because the latter were characterized by lower density values than the former. Melt viscosity analysis showed that filler content increased with melt viscosity. The FS biocomposites had higher melt viscosities than the WF biocomposites. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 57:756–763, 2017. © 2017 Society of Plastics Engineers
First use of antidepressant medication in male partners of women with breast cancer in Denmark from 1998 to 2011
Authors: Cromhout Pernille F. , Latocha Kristine M. , Olsen Maja H. , Suppli Nis P. , Christensen Jane , Johansen Christoffer , Dalton Susanne O.
Published: May 2017

Objective

A diagnosis of breast cancer disrupts the life of the patient, but also the partner may experience adverse psychological effects. We examined partners' risk for first use of antidepressant medication, as a proxy for pharmacologically treated depression.

Methods

By linkage of national registers, we identified 1 420 592 depression‐free men living with a cancer‐free female partner in 1998 to 2011. During follow‐up, breast cancer was diagnosed in female partners of 26 256 men. In Poisson regression models, we estimated the rate ratios for first use of antidepressant medication compared to partners of breast cancer‐free women. Cox regression analyses examined associations between exposed partners' sociodemographic characteristics, somatic comorbidity, death of female partner, and first use of antidepressant medication.

Results

Male partners of women with breast cancer had an increased rate ratio of 1.08 (95% CI, 1.03‐1.13) for first use of antidepressant medication compared to the background population, corresponding to excess absolute risk of 12 cases per 10 000 person‐years. This increased risk persisted throughout 14 years of follow‐up. Higher age, shorter education, somatic comorbidity, and death of female partner were associated with increased risk among men whose partner had breast cancer.

Conclusion

The modest, but long term, increased risk for first use of antidepressant medication calls for attention by health care professionals to symptoms of depression among partners of breast cancer patients.
First‐principles calculations of thermodynamic properties and planar fault energies in Co3X and Ni3X L12 compounds
Authors: Breidi A. , Allen J. , Mottura A.
Published: May 2017

We do Density Functional Theory based total‐energy calculations of the phase in X and X compounds, X being a transition metal element. The lattice parameters, magnetic moments and formation enthalpies are determined and compared with the available experimental data. The (111) superlattice intrinsic stacking fault energy (SISF), a crucial factor affecting materials strength and their mechanical behavior, is calculated using the axial interaction model. We have applied the quasiharmonic Debye model in conjunction with first‐principles in order to establish the temperature dependence of the lattice parameters and the (111) SISF energies. We investigate our prediction of a low formation enthalpy in the system Ni −25 at.%Zn by doing auxiliary simulations for the fcc random alloy at the composition 25 at.%Zn. Our simulations indicate that the elements Ti, Zr, Hf, Nb, and Ta can help stabilizing the promising and extremely important alloy.
Glycyrrhetinic Acid Accelerates the Clearance of Triptolide through P‐gp In Vitro
Authors: Li Zhihua , Yan Miao , Cao Lingjuan , Fang Pingfei , Guo Zhaohui , Hou Zhenyan , Zhang Bikui
Published: May 2017

Triptolide (TP) is an active ingredient isolated from Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. f. (TWHF), which is a traditional herbal medicine widely used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and autoimmune disease in the clinic. However, its adverse reactions of hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity have been frequently reported which limited its clinical application. The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanism of glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) effecting on the elimination of TP in HK‐2 cells and the role of the efflux transporters of P‐gp and multidrug resistance‐associated proteins (MRPs) in this process. An ultra performance liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization–mass spectrometry (UPLC‐ESI‐MS) analytical method was established to determine the intracellular concentration of TP. In order to study the role of efflux transporters of P‐gp and MRPs in GA impacting on the accumulation of TP, the inhibitors of efflux transporters (P‐gp: verapamil; MRPs: MK571) were used in this study. The results showed that GA could enhance the elimination of TP and reduce the TP accumulation in HK‐2 cells. Verapamil and MK571 could increase the intracellular concentration of TP; in addition, GA co‐incubation with verapamil significantly increased the TP cellular concentration compared with the control group. In conclusion, GA could reduce the accumulation of TP in HK‐2 cells, which was related to P‐gp. This is probably one of the mechanisms that TP combined with GA to detoxify its toxicity. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Design of small hand‐launched solar‐powered UAVs: From concept study to a multi‐day world endurance record flight
Authors: Oettershagen Philipp , Melzer Amir , Mantel Thomas , Rudin Konrad , Stastny Thomas , Wawrzacz Bartosz , Hinzmann Timo , Leutenegger Stefan , Alexis Kostas , Siegwart Roland
Published: May 2017

We present the development process behind AtlantikSolar, a small 6.9 kg hand‐launchable low‐altitude solar‐powered unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) that recently completed an 81‐hour continuous flight and thereby established a new flight endurance world record for all aircraft below 50 kg mass. The goal of our work is to increase the usability of such solar‐powered robotic aircraft by maximizing their perpetual flight robustness to meteorological deteriorations such as clouds or winds. We present energetic system models and a design methodology, implement them in our publicly available conceptual design framework for perpetual flight‐capable solar‐powered UAVs, and finally apply the framework to the AtlantikSolar UAV. We present the detailed AtlantikSolar characteristics as a practical design example. Airframe, avionics, hardware, state estimation, and control method development for autonomous flight operations are described. Flight data are used to validate the conceptual design framework. Flight results from the continuous 81‐hour and 2,338 km covered ground distance flight show that AtlantikSolar achieves 39% minimum state‐of‐charge, 6.8 h excess time and 6.2 h charge margin. These performance metrics are a significant improvement over previous solar‐powered UAVs. A performance outlook shows that AtlantikSolar allows perpetual flight in a 6‐month window around June 21 at mid‐European latitudes, and that multi‐day flights with small optical‐ or infrared‐camera payloads are possible for the first time. The demonstrated performance represents the current state‐of‐the‐art in solar‐powered low‐altitude perpetual flight performance. We conclude with lessons learned from the three‐year AtlantikSolar UAV development process and with a sensitivity analysis that identifies the most promising technological areas for future solar‐powered UAV performance improvements.
Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs), Stress and Mental Health in College Students
Authors: Karatekin Canan
Published: May 2017

The goal of this short‐term longitudinal study was to examine whether adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) could be used to identify college students at risk for mental health problems and whether current level of stress mediates the relationship between ACEs and mental health. Data on ACEs and mental health (depression, anxiety and suicidality) were collected at the beginning of the semester, and data on current stressors and mental health were collected toward the end of the semester (n = 239). Findings indicated that ACEs predicted worsening of mental health over the course of a semester and suggested current number of stressors as a mediator of the relationship between ACEs and mental health. Results suggest that screening for ACEs might be useful to identify students at high risk for deterioration in mental health. Results further suggest that stress‐related interventions would be beneficial for students with high levels of ACEs and point to the need for more research and strategies to increase help‐seeking in college students.
Large‐Scale Suspended Graphene Used as a Transparent Substrate for Infrared Spectroscopy
Authors: Hu Hai , Liao Baoxing , Guo Xiangdong , Hu Debo , Qiao Xiaofen , Liu Ning , Liu Ruina , Chen Ke , Bai Bing , Yang Xiaoxia , Dai Qing
Published: May 2017

Due to weak interactions between micrometer‐wavelength infrared (IR) light and nanosized samples, a high signal to noise ratio is a prerequisite in order to precisely characterize nanosized samples using IR spectroscopy. Traditional micrometer‐thick window substrates, however, have considerable IR absorption which may introduce unavoidable deformations and interruptions to IR spectra of nanoscale samples. A promising alternative is the use of a suspended graphene substrate which has ultrahigh IR transmittance (>97.5%) as well as unique mechanical properties. Here, an effective method is presented for fabrication of suspended graphene over circular holes up to 150 µm in diameter to be utilized as a transparent substrate for IR spectroscopy. It is demonstrated that the suspended graphene has little impact on the measured IR spectra, an advantage which has led to the discovery of several missing vibrational modes of a 20 nm thick PEO film measured on a traditional CaF2 substrate. This can provide a better understanding of molecules' fine structures and status of hanging bands. The unique optical properties of suspended graphene are determined to be superior to those of conventional IR window materials, giving this new substrate great potential as part of a new generation of IR transparent substrates, especially for use in examining nanoscale samples.
In Situ Observation of Twin Boundary Sliding in Single Crystalline Cu Nanowires
Authors: Yue Yonghai , Zhang Qi , Zhang Xuejiao , Yang Zhenyu , Yin Penggang , Guo Lin
Published: May 2017

Using a homemade, novel, in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) double tilt tensile device, plastic behavior of single crystalline Cu nanowires of around 150 nm are studied. Deformation twins occur during the tests as predesigned before the experiments. In situ observation of twin boundary sliding (TBS) caused by full dislocation (extended dislocation) is first revealed at the atomic scale which is confirmed by molecular dynamics (MD) simulation results. Combined with twin boundary migration and multiple dislocations nucleated from surface, TBS causes a superlarge fracture strain which is over 166% and a severe necking which is over 93%, far beyond the typical values for most nanomaterials without twins.
Low‐Voltage Photodetectors with High Responsivity Based on Solution‐Processed Micrometer‐Scale All‐Inorganic Perovskite Nanoplatelets
Authors: Liu Xuhai , Yu Dejian , Cao Fei , Li Xiaoming , Ji Jianping , Chen Jun , Song Xiufeng , Zeng Haibo
Published: May 2017

All‐inorganic photodetectors based on scattered CsPbBr3 nanoplatelets with lateral dimension as large as 10 µm are fabricated, and the CsPbBr3 nanoplatelets are solution processed governed by a newly developed ion‐exchange soldering mechanism. Under illumination of a 442 nm laser, the photoresponsivity of photodetectors based on these scattered CsPbBr3 nanoplatelets is as high as 34 A W−1, which is the largest value reported from all‐inorganic perovskite photodetectors with an external driven voltage as small as 1.5 V. Moreover, the rise and fall times are 0.6 and 0.9 ms, respectively, which are comparable to most of the state‐of‐the‐art all‐inorganic perovskite‐based photodetectors. All the material synthesis and device characterization are conducted at room temperature in ambient air. This work demonstrates that the solution‐processed large CsPbBr3 nanoplatelets are attractive candidates to be applied in low‐voltage, low‐cost, ultra highly integrated optoelectronic devices.
Anionic Regulated NiFe (Oxy)Sulfide Electrocatalysts for Water Oxidation
Authors: Li Bo‐Quan , Zhang Shu‐Yuan , Tang Cheng , Cui Xiaoyang , Zhang Qiang
Published: May 2017

The construction of active sites with intrinsic oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is of great significance to overcome the limited efficiency of abundant sustainable energy devices such as fuel cells, rechargeable metal–air batteries, and in water splitting. Anionic regulation of electrocatalysts by modulating the electronic structure of active sites significantly promotes OER performance. To prove the concept, NiFeS electrocatalysts are fabricated with gradual variation of atomic ratio of S:O. With the rise of S content, the overpotential for water oxidation exhibits a volcano plot under anionic regulation. The optimized NiFeS‐2 electrocatalyst under anionic regulation possesses the lowest OER overpotential of 286 mV at 10 mA cm−2 and the fastest kinetics being 56.3 mV dec−1 to date. The anionic regulation methodology not only serves as an effective strategy to construct superb OER electrocatalysts, but also enlightens a new point of view for the in‐depth understanding of electrocatalysis at the electronic and atomic level.
Building design‐time and run‐time knowledge for QoS‐based component assembly
Authors: Caporuscio Mauro , Mirandola Raffaela , Trubiani Catia
Published: May 2017

Modern software systems are required to dynamically adapt to changing workloads, scenarios, and objectives and to achieve a certain Quality of Service (QoS). Guaranteeing QoS requirements is not trivial, as run‐time uncertainty might invalidate the design‐time rationale, where software components have been selected by means of off‐line analysis. In this work, we propose a QoS‐based feedback approach that makes a combined use of design‐time predictions and run‐time measurements to manage QoS data over time and support software architects while selecting software components that best fit QoS requirements. We illustrate the feasibility and efficacy of the approach on a case study, where the quantitative evaluation shows how the analysis effectively identifies the sources of QoS violations and indicates possible solutions to achieve QoS requirements.
Catalytic Asymmetric Inverse‐Electron‐Demand Hetero‐Diels−Alder Reactions
Authors: Xie Mingsheng , Lin Lili , Feng Xiaoming
Published: May 2017

In this review, the recent developments in catalytic asymmetric inverse‐electron‐demand hetero‐Diels−Alder reaction, which is recognized as one of the most powerful routes to construct highly functionalized and enantioenriched six‐membered heterocycles, are described. The article is organized on the basis of different kinds of electron‐deficient heterodienes, including α,β‐unsaturated ketones/aldehydes, o‐benzoquinones, α,β‐unsaturated imines, N‐aryl imines, o‐benzoqinone imides, and other aza‐olefins.
Degree growth in hard sciences outpaces other disciplines
Authors: Hope Joan
Published: May 2017

Degree completion in the hard sciences grew at a greater rate than overall degree completion from 2005–06 to 2015–16. That's according to the recent Snapshot 27: Science and Engineering Degree Completions by Gender from the National Student Clearinghouse Research Center.
Fetal cardiac remodeling in twin pregnancy conceived by assisted reproductive technology
Authors: Valenzuela‐Alcaraz B. , Cruz‐Lemini M. , Rodríguez‐López M. , Goncé A. , García‐Otero L. , Ayuso H. , Sitges M. , Bijnens B. , Balasch J. , Gratacós E. , Crispi F.
Published: May 2017

Objective

Recent data suggest that singleton fetuses conceived by assisted reproductive technology (ART) present cardiovascular remodeling that may persist postnatally. Twin pregnancies are more frequent in the ART population and are associated with increased adverse perinatal outcomes, such as hypertensive disorders, gestational diabetes and preterm birth. However, it is unknown whether cardiac remodeling is also present in twin pregnancies conceived by ART. Our aim was to assess the presence of fetal cardiac remodeling and dysfunction in twin pregnancies conceived by ART as compared with those conceived spontaneously (SC).

Methods

This was a prospective cohort study including 50 dichorionic twin fetuses conceived by ART and 50 SC twin fetuses. The study protocol included collection of baseline/perinatal data and a fetal ultrasound examination at 28–30 weeks' gestation, including assessment of estimated fetal weight, fetoplacental Doppler and fetal echocardiography. Measurements of atrial area, atrial/heart ratio, ventricular sphericity index, free wall thickness, mitral and tricuspid annular plane systolic excursions, and systolic and early diastolic peak velocities were assessed. Multilevel analyses were used to compare perinatal and ultrasonographic parameters. Comparisons of echocardiographic variables were adjusted for parental age, paternal body mass index and incidence of pre‐eclampsia.

Results

Compared with SC twins, ART twin fetuses showed significant cardiac changes, predominantly affecting the right heart, such as dilated atria (right atrial/heart area: 15.7 ± 3.1 vs 18.4 ± 3.2, P < 0.001), more globular ventricles (right ventricular sphericity index: 1.57 ± 0.25 vs 1.41 ± 0.23, P = 0.001) and thicker myocardial walls (septal wall thickness: 2.57 ± 0.45 mm vs 2.84 ± 0.41 mm, P = 0.034) together with reduced longitudinal motion (tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion: 6.36 ± 0.89 mm vs 5.18 ± 0.93 mm, P < 0.001).

Conclusions

ART twin fetuses present signs of cardiac remodeling and dysfunction. These changes are similar to those observed in ART singletons and reinforce the concept of fetal cardiac programing in ART. These results open opportunities for early detection and intervention in infants conceived by ART. Copyright © 2017 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
A panorama of dispersion curves for the weighted isotropic relaxed micromorphic model
Authors: d'Agostino Marco Valerio , Barbagallo Gabriele , Ghiba Ionel‐Dumitrel , Madeo Angela , Neff Patrizio
Published: May 2017

We consider the weighted isotropic relaxed micromorphic model and provide an in depth investigation of the characteristic dispersion curves when the constitutive parameters of the model are varied. The weighted relaxed micromorphic model generalizes the classical relaxed micromorphic model previously introduced by the authors, since it features the Cartan‐Lie decomposition of the tensors and in their , and spherical part. It is shown that the split of the tensor in the micro‐inertia provides an independent control of the cut‐offs of the optic banches. This is crucial for the calibration of the relaxed micromorphic model on real band‐gap metamaterials.

Even if the physical interest of the introduction of the split of the tensor is less evident than in the previous case, we discuss in detail which is its effect on the dispersion curves. Finally, we also provide a complete parametric study involving all the constitutive parameters of the introduced model, so giving rise to an exhaustive panorama of dispersion curves for the relaxed micromorphic model.
Game Theory and Economics
Authors: Montet Christian , Serra Daniel
Published: May 2017

Game Theory has been an area of rapid growth and substantial interest in economics and it has impacted upon all areas within economics. This text covers the main theory and techniques and gives particular emphasis to aspects that have been neglected, including co-operative games, experiments and empirical studies. It provides a comprehensive and up-to-date introduction to the use of game theory in economics.