bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the modified generalized multidimensional KP equation in plasma physics and fluid dynamics in (3 + 1) dimensions
Authors: Sáez S.
Published: October 2022

This paper considers a modified generalized multidimensional Kadomtsev–Petviashvili equation depending on several real constants, which characterizes the dynamics of solitons and the nonlinear waves in plasma physics and fluid dynamics. We derive the Lie point symmetry generators and Lie symmetry groups and we will apply this symmetry analysis to the equation in order to obtain exact solutions. Finally by means ot the multiplier method, we classify all low-order conservation laws of the equation that have been obtained by applying the corresponding symmetries of the family.
Error Estimates for Adaptive Spectral Decompositions
Authors: Baffet Daniel H. , Gleichmann Yannik G. , Grote Marcus J.
Published: October 2022

Adaptive spectral (AS) decompositions associated with a piecewise constant function, u, yield small subspaces where the characteristic functions comprising u are well approximated. When combined with Newton-like optimization methods for the solution of inverse medium problems, AS decompositions have proved remarkably efficient in providing at each nonlinear iteration a low-dimensional search space. Here, we derive $$L^2$$

L
2

-error estimates for the AS decomposition of u, truncated after K terms, when u is piecewise constant and consists of K characteristic functions over Lipschitz domains and a background. Our estimates apply both to the continuous and the discrete Galerkin finite element setting. Numerical examples illustrate the accuracy of the AS decomposition for media that either do, or do not, satisfy the assumptions of the theory.
Performance-aware design for piezoelectric energy harvesting optimisation via finite element analysis
Authors: Martinelli Cristiano , Coraddu Andrea , Cammarano Andrea
Published: October 2022

Most of the optimisation studies of Vibration Energy Harvesters (VEHs) account for a single output quantity, e.g. frequency bandwidth or maximum power output, but this approach does not necessarily maximise the system efficiency. In those applications where VEHs are suitable sources of energy, to achieve optimal design it is important to consider all these performance indexes simultaneously. This paper proposes a robust and straightforward multi-objective optimisation framework for Vibration Piezoelectric Energy Harvesters (VPEHs), considering simultaneously the most crucial performance indexes, i.e., the maximum power output, efficiency, and frequency bandwidth. For the first time, a rigorous formulation of efficiency for Multi-Degree of Freedom (MDOF) VPEHs is here proposed, representing an extension of previous definitions. This formulation lends itself to the optimisation of FE and MDOF harvesters models. The optimisation procedure is demonstrated using a planar-shape harvester and validated against numerical results. The effects of changing some structural parameters on the harvester performance are investigated via sensitivity analysis. The results show that the proposed methodology can effectively optimise the global performance of the harvester, although this does not correspond to an improvement of every single index. Furthermore, the optimisation of each performance index individually results in a variety of design configurations that greatly differs from one another. It is here demonstrated that the design obtained with the multi-objective function here proposed is similar to the design obtained when optimising the efficiency.
The nonlinear singular Burgers equation with small parameter and p-regularity theory
Authors: Medak Beata , Tret’yakov Alexey A.
Published: October 2022

In this paper, we study a solutions existence problem of the following nonlinear singular Burgers equation $$\begin{aligned} F(u,\varepsilon )=u_{t}'-u_{xx}''+uu_{x}'+\varepsilon u^{2}=f(x,t), \end{aligned}$$

F

(
u
,
ε
)

=

u

t

′

-

u

xx

′
′

+
u

u

x

′

+
ε

u
2

=
f

(
x
,
t
)

,

where $$F: \Omega \rightarrow \mathcal {C}([0,\pi ]\times [0,\infty ))$$

F
:
Ω
→
C
(
[
0
,
π
]
×
[
0
,
∞
)
)

, $$\Omega = \mathcal {C}^{2}([0,\pi ]\times [0,\infty ))\times \mathbb {R}$$

Ω
=

C

2

(

[
0
,
π
]

×

[
0
,
∞
)

)

×
R

, $$u(0,t)=u(\pi ,t) =0$$

u
(
0
,
t
)
=
u
(
π
,
t
)
=
0

, $$u(x,0)=g(x)$$

u
(
x
,
0
)
=
g
(
x
)

, and F, f(x, t), g(x) will be describe in the text. The first derivative of operator F at the solution point is degenerate. By virtue of p-regularity theory and Michael selection theorem, we prove the existence of continuous solution for this nonlinear problem.
Development of silent reading fluency and reading comprehension across grades 1 to 9: unidirectional or bidirectional effects between the two skills?
Authors: Psyridou Maria , Tolvanen Asko , Niemi Pekka , Lerkkanen Marja-Kristiina , Poikkeus Anna-Maija , Torppa Minna
Published: October 2022

Purpose

This study examines the developmental interplay between silent reading fluency and reading comprehension from Grade 1 to Grade 9 (age 7 to 15) in a large Finnish sample (N = 2,518). Of particular interest was whether the associations are bidirectional or unidirectional.

Methods

Children’s silent reading fluency and reading comprehension skills were assessed using group-administered tests, at seven time points, in Grades 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, and 9. A random intercept cross-lagged panel model with latent factors was used to identify between- and within-person associations between silent reading fluency and reading comprehension. The use of latent factors allowed for the controlling of measurement error.

Results

The model showed that silent reading fluency and reading comprehension correlated at the between-person level, indicating that those who were proficient in one reading skill were typically good at the other also. At the within-person level, however, only some developmental associations emerged: in the early reading acquisition phase (Grade 1–2), silent reading fluency predicted reading comprehension, and in adolescence, reading comprehension weakly predicted silent reading fluency (Grade 7–9).

Conclusions

The results thus suggest only weak developmental within-person associations between silent reading fluency and comprehension, although some unidirectional associations emerged with a change in the direction of the associations over time.
An inquiry into the nature and causes of the Description - Experience gap
Authors: Cubitt Robin , Kopsacheilis Orestis , Starmer Chris
Published: October 2022

The Description-Experience gap (DE gap) is widely thought of as a tendency for people to act as if overweighting rare events when information about those events is derived from descriptions but as if underweighting rare events when they experience them through a sampling process. While there is now clear evidence that some form of DE gap exists, its causes, exact nature, and implications for decision theory remain unclear. We present a new experiment which examines in a unified design four distinct causal mechanisms that might drive the DE gap, attributing it respectively to information differences (sampling bias), to a feature of preferences (ambiguity sensitivity), or to aspects of cognition (likelihood representation and memory). Using a model-free approach, we elicit a DE gap similar in direction and size to the literature’s average and find that when each factor is considered in isolation, sampling bias stemming from under-represented rare events is the only significant driver of the gap. Yet, model-mediated analysis reveals the possibility of a smaller DE gap, existing even without information differences. Moreover, this form of analysis of our data indicates that even when information about them is obtained by sampling, rare events are generally overweighted.
The case for case in Putin’s speeches
Authors: Janda Laura A. , Fidler Masako , Cvrček Václav , Obukhova Anna
Published: October 2022

Vladimir V. Putin has banned the use of the word ‘war’ to refer to the conflict in Ukraine. While one’s choice of words is deliberate and conscious, grammatical categories are obligatory and pivotal to signaling the roles notions have in a discourse. Over- and underrepresentation of grammatical cases can be identified by Keymorph Analysis, which measures deviations from corpus norms analogously to Keyword Analysis. This first application of Keymorph Analysis to Russian data compares the use of grammatical case for the nouns meaning ‘Russia’, ‘Ukraine’, and ‘NATO’ in Putin’s speeches in the period leading up to and immediately after the invasion of Ukraine. Our analysis reveals a narrative in which Putin depicts Russia as a dynamic, agentive, foregrounded actor, a reliable partner for collaboration, but also the victim of unfair geopolitical maneuvers. Ukraine, by contrast, is dehumanized as relatively static and backgrounded, often merely a territorial location rather than a state. NATO appears primarily as the label for an untrustworthy organization and a destination for Ukraine.
Robust approach for comparing two dependent normal populations through Wald-type tests based on Rényi’s pseudodistance estimators
Authors: Castilla Elena , Jaenada María , Martín Nirian , Pardo Leandro
Published: October 2022

Since the two seminal papers by Fisher (Biometrika 10:507–521, 1915; Metron 1:1–32, 1921) were published, the test under a fixed value correlation coefficient null hypothesis for the bivariate normal distribution constitutes an important statistical problem. In the framework of asymptotic robust statistics, it remains being a topic of great interest to be investigated. For this and other tests, focused on paired correlated normal random samples, Rényi’s pseudodistance estimators are proposed, their asymptotic distribution is established and an iterative algorithm is provided for their computation. From them the Wald-type test statistics are constructed for different problems of interest and their influence function is theoretically studied. For testing null correlation in different contexts, an extensive simulation study and two real data based examples support the robust properties of our proposal.
Evidence and analogy in Archaeoastronomy
Authors: Nappo Francesco , Magli Giulio , Valente Giovanni
Published: October 2022

This paper addresses the role of analogical reasoning in archaeoastronomy - the discipline which studies the connections between the ancient monuments and the heavens. Archaeoastronomy is a highly interdisciplinary science, placed at the border between the humanities – especially archaeology – and the scientific approach to cultural heritage. As a consequence, its scientific foundations are a delicate matter. We plan to investigate here the question of what constitutes the evidence for analogical inferences in archaeoastronomy and to what extent one can achieve confirmation of archaeoastronomical hypotheses by means of such analogies. Our claim will be that, when deployed in accordance with the methodology articulated in this paper, analogies can be a highly effective epistemic tool for generating and supporting hypotheses about the relation of archaeological sites with astronomical events.
Lord Nicholls on the likelihood of crimes
Authors: Kapsner Andreas
Published: October 2022

In the decision to the British appeals case Re H (Minors), Judge Lord Nicholls, talking about criminal behavior, stated that “that the more serious the allegation the less likely it is that the event occurred”. There is actually quite a bit of discussion about the conclusions that should be drawn from this observation in the literature, but I have not found much discussion of the question whether the observation is right. I find this surprising, and in this essay I want to inspect this question.
Antifungal and antibiofilm activities of bee venom loaded on chitosan nanoparticles: a novel approach for combating fungal human pathogens
Authors: El-Didamony Samia E. , Kalaba Mohamed H. , El-Fakharany Esmail M. , Sultan Mahmoud H. , Sharaf Mohamed H.
Published: October 2022

The prevalence of opportunistic human fungal pathogens is increasing worldwide, and antimicrobial resistance is one of the greatest medical challenges the world faces. Therefore, this study aimed to develop a novel agent to control fungal pathogens. The honeybee products (honey, royal jelly, propolis, bee bread, and bee venom) were screened against unicellular fungal (UCF) pathogens (Cryptococcus neoformans, Kodamaea ohmeri, and Candida albicans) and the bee venom was only exhibited an inhibitory effect against them. The protein contents of crude bee venom were separated using the gel filtration technique into eight fractions which were visualized on sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS–PAGE) to confirm the presence of five bands with molecular weights of 65, 43, 21, 15, and 3 KDa. Bee venom (BV) of Apis mellifera loaded chitosan nanoparticles were prepared by the ionotropic gelation method. The encapsulation efficiency%, average size, zeta potentials, and surface appearance by Transmission electron microscope (TEM) were evaluated for the prepared nanoparticles. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of crude BV and BV loaded chitosan nanoparticles (BV-CNPs) was evaluated against the offer mentioned UCF where the MIC values of crude BV were 6.25, 3.12 & 6.25 while MIC values in the case of BV-CNPs were decreased to 3.12, 3.12 & 1.56 mg/ml against C. neoformans, K. ohmeri and C. albicans, respectively. Also, the results showed that BV-CNPs suppressed the biofilm formation as well as yeast to hyphal transition formed by the examined UCF. These results revealed that BV-CNPs are a promising natural compound for fungal pathogens treatment.

Graphical abstract
Interaction between price and expectations in the jar-guessing experimental market
Authors: Akinaga Toshiaki , Kudo Takanori , Akai Kenju
Published: October 2022

This study evaluates the interdependence between pricing and expectations. We investigated not only the ways in which traders’ thoughts determined asset prices, but also the feedback process from prices to expectations. In our laboratory market, subjects were asked to estimate the number of balls in a jar and trade an asset whose value was equal to that number. Our asset market, where transactions were eventually settled at the asset value, was like futures markets. The subjects alternately repeated the process of guessing and transaction. A double-auction was used to design our market. Our findings indicated a downward bias in the subjects’ estimates, which led to lower transaction prices, since the price converged to the equilibrium price that was determined by the median of estimates. The subjects’ experience in our laboratory markets had no systematic effect on the accuracy of estimates, but made them less heterogenous. Our subjects were apt to revise their estimates with reference to prices in a market. We examined the estimation revision process of the subjects using the partial adjustment model.
Chemical characterization, antioxidant and cytotoxic activity of hydroalcoholic extract from the albedo and flavedo of Citrus limon var. pompia Camarda
Authors: Rosa Antonella , Petretto Giacomo Luigi , Maldini Mariateresa , Tirillini Bruno , Chessa Mario , Pintore Giorgio , Sarais Giorgia
Published: October 2022

Due to the high nutritional value as well as the appreciated sensory characteristicCitruscrop is one of the most popular fruits over the world. Albedo and flavedo are commonly discarded as waste and could represent an important by-product of food industry. In a circular economy contest we carried out a characterization of albedo and flavedo ofCitrus limonvarpompia(pompia) followed by the evaluation of antioxidant potential and cytotoxic activity. The chemical analysis showed the presence of several functional ingredients such as the flavanones, naringin, neohesperidin, nereriocitrin and hesperidin while quinic acid resulted the main phenolic acid detected. The flavedo extract exerted a complete inhibition of the cholesterol oxidative process from 25 μg of extract.Pompiaextracts showed an inhibition of lipid oxidation in the β-carotene-linoleate system with an activity equivalent to about 0.31% (albedo) and 0.34% (flavedo) of the BHT activity, while the antiradical activity resulted equivalent to that of 62.90% (albedo) and 60.72% (flavedo) of the trolox activity. Finally, all extracts did not show any cytotoxic effect on differentiated Caco-2 cells by the AlamarBlue assay while exhibited, by MTT assay, a significant decrease in colon cancer Caco-2 cell viability.
Observation of Autonomous Behavioral Selection in Physarum Plasmodium
Authors: Shirakawa Tomohiro , Sato Hiroshi , Ishimaru Kazuki
Published: October 2022

The plasmodium of Physarum polycephalum is a unicellular and multinuclear giant amoeba with computational abilities. The plasmodium has been widely used as a model organism in the field of bio-computing; however, its ability to perform computation related to its biological nature itself in the essential sense has not yet been fully realized. Therefore, in this study, we focused on the phenomenon in which a plasmodium trapped in a closed space surrounded by repellent substances escapes from the field by changing its own behavior rules. We demonstrated that this phenomenon is bio-computationally important in that it may enable the implementation of biological characteristics in computing.
Geomorphosite Inventory of Apollonia and Cyrene in Northeast Libya: involvement in Geotourism Promotion
Authors: AbdelMaksoud Kholoud M. , Abdulsamad Esam O. , Muftah Ahmed M. , Aly Mohamed F.
Published: October 2022

Libya is located on the southern shore of the Mediterranean Sea in the northern part of Africa. Geomorphological landforms known as geomorphosites are those that have been seen or exploited by humans as having scientific, cultural/historical, aesthetic, or social/economic significance. Various geomorphosites transverse Libya and can be found in other parts of the world. United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) geoparks need to conduct a comprehensive inventory of such geomorphosites to protect, promote, and geoconserve these sites for future generations. Geotourism promotion in Libya offers a great opportunity for the local community to grow and prosper. Additional African and developing countries with attractive geosites and landforms that can be promoted as geotourism destinations should be included in this initiative. The present study evaluates and assesses the geomorphosites in Cyrene and Apollonia. These sites are considered to possess regional importance, whose particular archeological and world heritage sites are indexed in UNESCO World Heritage, which makes the region a unique study subject. The area is highly recommended to be a geopark. Libya’s substantial geological assets, notably geoheritage, are enhanced in this study. These resources can promote local, sustainable development through scientific research, educational initiatives, geotourism expansion, and diversification of Libya’s isolated desert areas.
Explaining reviewing effort: Existing reviews as potential driver
Authors: Rohde Christoph , Kupfer Alexander , Zimmermann Steffen
Published: October 2022

Online review systems try to motivate reviewers to invest effort in writing reviews, as their success crucially depends on the helpfulness of such reviews. Underlying cognitive mechanisms, however, might influence future reviewing effort. Accordingly, in this study, we analyze whether existing reviews matter for future textual reviews. From analyzing a dataset from Google Maps covering 40 sights across Europe with over 37,000 reviews, we find that textual reviewing effort, as measured by the propensity to write an optional textual review and (textual) review length, is negatively related to the number of existing reviews. However, and against our expectations, reviewers do not increase textual reviewing effort if there is a large discrepancy between the existing rating valence and their own rating. We validate our findings using additional review data from Yelp. This work provides important implications for online platforms with review systems, as the presentation of review metrics matters for future textual reviewing effort.
Professionalisierung im Medium von (Hochschul‑)Bildung – Zur Einheit und Differenz von beruflicher und allgemeiner Bildung am Beispiel der pädagogischen Professionalisierung im Studium
Authors: Glaß Elise
Published: October 2022

Ausgehend von der Feststellung, dass auch das grundständige Studium aus bildungsbiografischer Perspektive von immer mehr Studierenden als Weiterbildung eingeordnet wird, wird das Studium nach einem knappen Überblick über den Forschungsstand zunächst übergreifend hinsichtlich seiner Verortung zwischen beruflicher und allgemeiner Bildung skizziert und vertiefend im Kontext pädagogischer Professionalisierung betrachtet. Aufgezeigt wird, dass das Studium grundsätzlich allgemeine und berufliche Bildungsziele verbindet, die sich unter demLeitziel der Entwicklung von Kritikalität und Reflexivitätfassen lassen. Die hypothetische Abgrenzung von allgemeiner und beruflicher Bildung im Studium wird anhand der exemplarischen Vertiefung in das Feld der pädagogischen Professionalisierung im Studium verdeutlicht. Hier wird das Paradoxstarker Berufsfeldbezug bei hohem Allgemeinbildungspotentialaufgestellt: So kann dem pädagogischen Studiumgeradeaufgrund seines starken Berufsfeldbezugs ein hohes Bildungspotential, das sich nicht nur an beruflicher Verwertbarkeit orientiert, zugesprochen werden. Abschließend wird diskutiert, dass, analog zur in der Berufsbildung gesetzten FormelBildung im Medium des Berufs,möglicherweise auch vonProfessionalisierung im Medium von (Hochschul‑)Bildunggesprochen werden könnte. Der Beitrag schließt mit Hinweisen zur weiteren theoretischen und empirischen Bearbeitung des Forschungsfelds sowie Überlegungen zur didaktischen Gestaltung von Hochschullehre ab.
Local detour centrality: a novel local centrality measure for weighted networks
Authors: Cohen Haim , Nachshon Yinon , Naim Paz M. , Jost Jürgen , Saucan Emil , Maril Anat
Published: October 2022

Centrality, in some sense, captures the extent to which a vertex controls the flow of information in a network. Here, we propose Local Detour Centrality as a novel centrality-based betweenness measure that captures the extent to which a vertex shortens paths between neighboring vertices as compared to alternative paths. After presenting our measure, we demonstrate empirically that it differs from other leading central measures, such as betweenness, degree, closeness, and the number of triangles. Through an empirical case study, we provide a possible interpretation for Local Detour Centrality as a measure that captures the extent to which a word is characterized by contextual diversity within a semantic network. We then examine the relationship between our measure and the accessibility to knowledge stored in memory. To do so, we show that words that occur in several different and distinct contexts are significantly more effective in facilitating the retrieval of subsequent words than are words that lack this contextual diversity. Contextually diverse words themselves, however, are not retrieved significantly faster than non-contextually diverse words. These results were obtained for a serial semantic memory task, where the word’s location constitutes a significant mediator in the relationship between the proposed measure and accessibility to knowledge stored in memory.
Effect of temperature on the synthesis of g-C3N4/montmorillonite and its visible-light photocatalytic properties
Authors: Li Yao , Sun Hongjuan , Peng Tongjiang , Qing Xiao
Published: October 2022

Graphite phase carbon nitride (g-C3N4) is a non-metal semiconductor material with a suitable band gap (2.7 eV) for visible photocatalysis. However, the high cost of relevant synthesis methods and poor adsorption performance have limited its practical applications. The objective of the present study was to mitigate these problems by synthesizing the g-C3N4 in the presence of exfoliated montmorillonite (Mnt). Compared with bulk montmorillonite, the specific surface area of exfoliated two-dimensional Mnt layers was significantly increased. As a result, the light transmittance of the lamella improved noticeably due to the fact that a freshly exposed surface had a large number of active reaction sites, making Mnt an excellent carrier for the photocatalyst g-C3N4. In order to improve the photocatalytic performance of g-C3N4, a series of g-C3N4/Mnt composites was prepared by a wet chemical method using Mnt nanolayers as the matrix. X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller nitrogen adsorption/desorption, transmission electron microscopy, and ultraviolet-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy were used to analyze the phase structure, the chemical bonds, the specific surface area and pore sizes, the morphology, and the light absorption characteristics of the composites, respectively. Rhodamine B (RhB) served as the target dye to test the photocatalytic degradation performance of the composites under visible light. According to the findings, the surface of the Mnt nanolayers was densely and uniformly covered by g-C3N4, forming a multi-layered stack structure. An increase of the calcination temperature improved the crystallinity of g-C3N4, leading first to densification and then to relaxation of the layered composite structure. Conversely, the band gap of the composite gradually decreased from 2.56 to 2.4 eV. Furthermore, temperature exposure changed the photocatalytic performance of the composite drastically. While the largest photocatalytic activity was observed at 610°C, it started to decrease with further heating of the composite. The complete degradation of RhB solution occurred after 2 h of visible light irradiation. The findings of the current study provide a scientific basis for the synthesis of a new generation of photocatalysts.
A novel Group-FlowSort method for sorting large-scale problems with application to market segmentation
Authors: Qin Jindong , Guo Qiuwei , Qu Chenhui
Published: October 2022

In the big data era, promising telecom companies need to develop their user strategies when facing large-scale data. For this purpose, we considered a typical strategy decision problem like market segmentation using a novel group sorting method based on FlowSort and applied it to a real case in the telecom market. A novel Group-FlowSort procedure based on stochastic multi-criteria acceptability analysis (SMAA) was developed for sorting large-scale problems. This method could process and integrate multiple expert opinions to reach a consensus by using the Clustering In QUEst (CLIQUE) algorithm and an improved Jaya algorithm. Furthermore, Group-FlowSort based on SMAA-2 is proposed to eliminate the impact of incomplete preference information and several main characteristics and properties are discussed. In addition, a real case study including 8000 customers and 25 experts is used to illustrate the feasibility of the proposed method for telecom market segmentation. Finally, a comparative analysis with FlowSort-GDSS and sensitivity analysis using SMAA-2 are demonstrated to verify the effectiveness and robustness of the method.
Advancing interpretability of machine-learning prediction models
Authors: Trenary Laurie , DelSole Timothy
Published: October 2022

This paper proposes an approach to diagnosing the skill of a machine-learning prediction model based on finding combinations of variables that minimize the normalized mean square error of the predictions. This technique is attractive because it compresses the positive skill of a forecast model into the smallest number of components. The resulting components can then be analyzed much like principal components, including the construction of regression maps for investigating sources of skill. The technique is illustrated with a machine-learning model of week 3–4 predictions of western US wintertime surface temperatures. The technique reveals at least two patterns of large-scale temperature variations that are skillfully predicted. The predictability of these patterns is generally consistent between climate model simulations and observations. The predictability is determined largely by sea surface temperature variations in the Pacific, particularly the region associated with the El Nino-Southern Oscillation. This result is not surprising, but the fact that it emerges naturally from the technique demonstrates that the technique can be helpful in “explaining” the source of predictability in machine-learning models.
The Legal Treatment of Muslims in Italy in the Age of Fear and Insecurity
Authors: Alicino Francesco
Published: October 2022

Although diverging influences have always characterized the relation between religion and democracy, in Italy, tensions arising from these divergences are especially exacerbated by the country’s current religious diversity and plurality, and they are magnified when combined with chronic emergencies such as immigration and international terrorism. These critical factors complicate the application of freedom of religion and the supreme principle of secularism (principio supremo di laicità), which are essential parts of the Italian legal system. This article analyzes these aspects of the law by considering the relation between Islamic communities and the state. In particular, the article focuses on both endogenous influences (Italy’s traditional system of state-church relationship) and exogenous influences (immigration and international terrorism). These factors muddle the interpretation of constitutional rights, including the right of Muslims and Islamic groups to be equal and equally free before the law.
Do Violent Protests Affect Expressions of Party Identity? Evidence from the Capitol Insurrection
Authors: EADY GREGORY , HJORTH FREDERIK , DINESEN PETER THISTED
Published: October 2022

The insurrection at the United States Capitol on January 6, 2021, was the most dramatic contemporary manifestation of deep political polarization in the United States. Recent research shows that violent protests shape political behavior and attachments, but several questions remain unanswered. Using day-level panel data from a large sample of US social media users to track changes in the identities expressed in their Twitter biographies, we show that the Capitol insurrection caused a large-scale decrease in outward expressions of identification with the Republican Party and Donald Trump, with no indication of reidentification in the weeks that followed. This finding suggests that there are limits to party loyalty: a violent attack on democratic institutions sets boundaries on partisanship, even among avowed partisans. Furthermore, the finding that political violence can deflect copartisans carries the potential positive democratic implication that those who encourage or associate themselves with such violence pay a political cost.
AFFINE CONVOLUTIONS, RAMANUJAN–FOURIER EXPANSIONS AND SOPHIE GERMAIN PRIMES
Authors: FUENTES ELIEZER
Published: October 2022

For a fixed integer h, the standard orthogonality relations for Ramanujan sums
$c_r(n)$
give an asymptotic formula for the shifted convolution
$\sum _{n\le N} c_q(n)c_r(n+h)$
. We prove a generalised formula for affine convolutions
$\sum _{n\le N} c_q(n)c_r(kn+h)$
. This allows us to study affine convolutions
$\sum _{n\le N} f(n)g(kn+h)$
of arithmetical functions
$f,g$
admitting a suitable Ramanujan–Fourier expansion. As an application, we give a heuristic justification of the Hardy–Littlewood conjectural asymptotic formula for counting Sophie Germain primes.
Do Politically Irrelevant Events Cause Conflict? The Cross-continental Effects of European Professional Football on Protests in Africa
Authors: Kikuta Kyosuke , Uesugi Mamoru
Published: October 2022

We examine whether politically irrelevant events can cause conflicts, by analyzing the effects of professional football games in Europe on protests in Africa—an unintended spillover across the continents. By expanding psychological theories, we argue that the outcomes of the football games in Europe can affect African people's subjective evaluation of domestic politicians, which in turn can trigger protests. By exploiting as-if random variation in the results of 15,102 close football games conditional on betting odds, we find that compared to draw games, close losses of African players’ teams increase peaceful protests in their original countries while not changing the likelihood of riots or armed conflicts. The effect is particularly large for non-ethnic protests targeted at a central government. Close losses also temporarily decrease people's trust in their country's leader. By contrast, close victories do not have equivalent or compensating effects on protests or public opinion. These results suggest asymmetric misattribution: people in Africa unreasonably blame domestic politicians for bad luck in European football games, prompting protests; but they do not credit politicians with football victories.
Mechanised Pits and Artisanal Tunnels: The Incongruences and Complementarities of Mining Investment in the Peruvian Andes
Authors: Gilfoy Kieran
Published: October 2022

Conflict has become a central concept to understanding the recent expansion of mining across the Andes. Yet, while contestation can emerge and has done so, the continued extraction of minerals requires scholars to attend to how mining projects maintain viability. This article moves beyond analyses of conflict to elucidate the role of compromise in achieving temporary states of homeostasis. Using ethnographic data collected at the Las Bambas copper mine in the highlands of southern Peru, I explore the agential navigation of communities affected by mining and the projects they develop in pursuit of ‘a better life’. The article elucidates the challenges that industrial production presents for professional employment, the limitations of boomtown hustling (informal economic activity) for aspiring individuals, and the rise of artisanal mining as a project of social mobility. Ultimately, the acceptance of such ‘illegal’ mining by corporate proprietors demonstrates the complementary nature that informal and formal extraction play in allaying the momentum of conflict.
Rationality as the end of thought
Authors: Chater Nick
Published: October 2022

Bermúdez convincingly argues that framing effects are ubiquitous and that this is not a sign of human irrationality, but an unavoidable feature of any intelligent system. The commentary adds that framing effects arise even in formal domains, such as chess and mathematics, which appear paradigms of rational thought. Indeed, finding and attempting to resolve clashes between different frames is a major impetus for deliberative cognition.
The framing of decisions “leaks” into the experiencing of decisions
Authors: Schwartz Barry , Cheek Nathan N.
Published: October 2022

We connect Bermúdez's arguments to previous theorizing about “leaky” rationality, emphasizing that the decision process (including decision frames) “leaks” into the experience of decision outcomes. We suggest that the implications of Bermúdez's analysis are broadly applicable to the study of virtually all real-world decision making, and that the field needs a substantive and not just a formal theory of rationality.
Biases and suboptimal choice by animals suggest that framing effects may be ubiquitous
Authors: Zentall Thomas R.
Published: October 2022

Framing effects attributed to “quasi-cyclical” irrational complex human preferences are ubiquitous biases resulting from simpler mechanisms that can be found in other animals. Examples of such framing effects vary from simple learning contexts, to an analog of human gambling behavior, to the value added to a reinforcer by the effort that went into obtaining it.
Defining preferences over framed outcomes does not secure agents' rationality
Authors: Fisher Sarah A.
Published: October 2022

Bermúdez claims that agents think about framed outcomes, not outcomes themselves; and that seemingly incoherent preferences can be rational, once defined over framed outcomes. However, the agents in his examples know that alternative frames describe the same outcome, neutrally understood. This undermines the restriction of their preferences to framed outcomes and, in turn, the argument for rational framing effects.
Reframing rationality: Exogenous constraints on controlled information search
Authors: Teoh Yi Yang , Roberts Ian D. , Hutcherson Cendri A.
Published: October 2022

Bermúdez argues that framing effects are rational because particular frames provide goal-consistent reasons for choice and that people exert some control over the framing of a decision-problem. We propose instead that these observations raise the question of whether frame selection itself is a rational process and highlight how constraints in the choice environment severely limit the rational selection of frames.
A reputational perspective on rational framing effects
Authors: Dorison Charles Adam
Published: October 2022

To assess whether behaviors like framing effects are rational, researchers need to consider decision makers' goals. I argue that researchers should broaden the scope of analysis to include impression management goals. Under predictable conditions, behaviors traditionally considered irrational (e.g., loss–gain framing effects on risk preferences) can be reputationally rewarding, casting doubt on strict claims of irrationality.
Incomplete preferences and rational framing effects
Authors: Sher Shlomi , McKenzie Craig R. M.
Published: October 2022

The normative principle of description invariance presupposes that rational preferences must be complete. The completeness axiom is normatively dubious, however, and its rejection opens the door to rational framing effects. In this commentary, we suggest that Bermúdez's insightful challenge to the standard normative view of framing can be clarified and extended by situating it within a broader critique of completeness.
Why framing effects can be rational
Authors: Kühberger Anton
Published: October 2022

When communication is not disinterested, seemingly inconsistent preferences are predictable from language pragmatics and information non-equivalence. In addition, the classic risky choice framing effect found in the Asian disease task – risk-aversion with gains and risk-seeking with losses – applies to gambles, but tends to be overgeneralized to non-gambling situations.
What characterizes helpful personal practice in psychotherapy training? Results of an online survey
Authors: Hahn Daniela , Weck Florian , Witthöft Michael , Kühne Franziska
Published: October 2022

Background:

Personal practice (PP) is often considered as a central component in psychotherapy training aiming to promote personal and therapeutic competences. However, its implementation varies considerably in practice.

Aims:

The purpose of this exploratory study was to examine the current practice of PP regarding the frequency/occurrence and perceived usefulness/impairment of topics, techniques and effects, as well as its helpful characteristics in psychotherapy training.

Method:

407 German psychotherapy trainees (214 cognitive behavioural therapy; 178 psychodynamic therapy) were surveyed online as to their current practice of PP.

Results:

For trainees, personal and therapeutic related topics were discussed. Reflection techniques and self-experiential practice were among the most frequently reported strategies, while the fostering of personal and interpersonal competences was among the effects with the strongest occurrence. However, negative PP effects were recorded as well. Differences in PP practice emerged between therapeutic orientations.

Conclusions:

As certain techniques which are central to PP (e.g. self-experience) were also rarely or not used, and negative effects reported, its potential might not be fully utilized.
The axes of time: spatiotemporal relations in Old English vocabulary
Authors: CASTAÑO EMILIA , VERDAGUER CLAVERA ISABEL
Published: October 2022

This article analyzes Old English vocabulary of time to shed light on the historical, sociocultural dimensions of space–time metaphorical mappings in English. First, we offer an overview of the most significant theoretical and experimental findings on the metaphorical conceptualization of time in Modern English. Then we analyze the sense of time in Old English and describe how native cultural conventions and cross-cultural contact might have contributed to shaping the perception of time in the Old English period. Finally, through corpus and dictionary searches, we explore how space and time were intertwined to convey time notions in the earliest attestations of English. Results show a persistent metaphorical link between space and time in Old English vocabulary and provide evidence for a circular and linear conceptualization of time that flexibly recruited the vertical and sagittal (front–back) axes, and that allowed for time-based and ego-based metaphorical construals, including the time-moving and ego-moving subcases. These data suggest that a baseline conceptualization of time grounded in spatial relations and sensitive to sociocultural factors has existed through time surviving to the present day.
Subcortical plasticity and enhanced neural synchrony in multilingual adults
Authors: Jafari Zahra , Villeneuve Caroline , Thompson Jordon , Koravand Amineh
Published: October 2022

Whereas growing evidence supports the advantages of bilingualism for brain structure and function, no study has shown multilingual-related neuroplasticity in response to speech stimuli at the subcortical level. To investigate the impact of multilingualism on subcortical auditory processing, the speech auditory evoked response (speech-ABR) was recorded on 35 young adults. The multilingual group completed the language experience and proficiency questionnaire (LEAP-Q). The results were that multilingual participants demonstrated evidence of enhanced neural timing processing, including a shorter wave D latency and the V-A duration, and a sharper V-A slope compared to the monolinguals in silence. In the noise condition, the speech-ABR measures degraded in most components, and no significant difference was observed between the two groups. The association between the total proficiency score and several subcortical responses was significant. This shows subcortical evidence of stronger neural synchronization in multilinguals relative to monolinguals, correlated with the self-report of multilingual experience.
Gait monitoring for older adults during guided walking: An integrated assistive robot and wearable sensor approach
Authors: Zhao Qingya , Chen Zhuo , Landis Corey D. , Lytle Ashley , Rao Ashwini K. , Zanotto Damiano , Guo Yi
Published: October 2022

An active lifestyle can mitigate physical decline and cognitive impairment in older adults. Regular walking exercises for older individuals result in enhanced balance and reduced risk of falling. In this article, we present a study on gait monitoring for older adults during walking using an integrated system encompassing an assistive robot and wearable sensors. The system fuses data from the robot onboard Red Green Blue plus Depth (RGB-D) sensor with inertial and pressure sensors embedded in shoe insoles, and estimates spatiotemporal gait parameters and dynamic margin of stability in real-time. Data collected with 24 participants at a community center reveal associations between gait parameters, physical performance (evaluated with the Short Physical Performance Battery), and cognitive ability (measured with the Montreal Cognitive Assessment). The results validate the feasibility of using such a portable system in out-of-the-lab conditions and will be helpful for designing future technology-enhanced exercise interventions to improve balance, mobility, and strength and potentially reduce falls in older adults.
The Gravity Signal of Mercury's Inner Core
Authors: Dumberry Mathieu
Published: October 2022

In a reference frame rotating with Mercury's mantle and crust, the inner core and fluid core precess in a retrograde sense with a period of 58.646 days. The precession of a triaxial inner core with a different density than the fluid core induces a periodic gravity variation of degree 2, order 1. Elastic deformations from the pressure that the precessing fluid core exerts on the core‐mantle boundary also contribute to this gravity signal. We show that the periodic change in Stokes coefficients ΔC21 and ΔS21 for this signal of internal origin is of the order of 10−10, similar in magnitude to the signal from solar tides. The relative contribution from the inner core increases with inner core radius and with the amplitude of its tilt angle with respect to the mantle. The latter depends on the strength of electromagnetic coupling at the inner core boundary which in turn depends on the radial magnetic field Br; a larger Br generates a larger tilt. The inner core signal features a contrast between ΔC21 and ΔS21 due to its triaxial shape, discernible for an inner core radius >500 km if Br > 0.1 mT, or for an inner core radius >1100 km if Br < 0.01 mT. A detection of this contrast would confirm the presence of an inner core and place constraints on its size and the strength of the internal magnetic field. These would provide key constraints for the thermal evolution of Mercury and for its dynamo mechanism.
Dust Aerosol Impacts on the Time of Cloud Formation in the Badain Jaran Desert Area
Authors: Zhao Xin , Zhao Chuanfeng , Yang Yikun , Sun Yue , Xia Yan
Published: October 2022

Dust, as absorbing aerosols, can change the stability of the atmosphere through radiative effects, thereby affecting the formation and characteristics of clouds. In order to explore the influence of dust aerosols on cloud formation, this study takes the Badain Jaran Desert area as the research area where cloud formation is less disturbed by human activities compared to other densely populated areas such as the North China Plain, and uses the high temporal resolution Himawari‐8 satellite data to identify 469 cases with cloud formation after 03:00 UTC (11:00 Beijing time). Through the analysis of individual cases, we find that the cloud formation time is dominated by the low tropospheric stability (LTS) when the total precipitable water (TPW) is less than about 18.5 kg/m2, and greatly affected by the TPW when it is larger than 18.5 kg/m2. Dust aerosols near the ground absorb shortwave solar radiation, making the atmospheric structure unstable (decreased LTS) and conducive to cloud formation. Statistically, for every 0.1 increase in aerosol optical depth, the cloud formation time is advanced about 138 min compared to low aerosol cases. Further analysis shows that dust aerosols actually inhibit the formation of convective clouds through microphysical processes when the TPW is small, while promote the formation of convective clouds through radiative processes when the TPW is large. This study reveals the effects of dust aerosols on the time of cloud formation along with the underlying mechanisms, which provides observational support for improving cloud parameterization in numerical models.