bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Beyond Autistic Politics
Authors: Dallmayr Fred
Published: May 2019

The chapter zeroes in on the contemporary malaise of neo-liberalism, libertarianism, and social atomization and discusses the upsurge of narcissism—an extreme form of buffered individualism—as a widespread social pathology. In a first step, the chapter’s focus is on the process of fragmentation analyzed by Zygmunt Bauman. Narcissism, in his treatment, fosters the habit of radical self-assertion, producing conflict and a bellicose “state of nature.” In a second step, the chapter illustrates the steady globalization of selfishness by turning to the work of the Indian theorist Ashis Nandy, who shows that egotism, rather than leading to happiness or self-fulfillment, most commonly results in a “decentralized but no less global regime of desperation.” Finally, the chapter ponders efforts to restore public spaces and shared meanings, as undertaken by Hannah Arendt—who argued that modern self-centeredness has entailed alienation and loss for many people and sometimes whole societies.
Self-Will Versus All-Will
Authors: Dallmayr Fred
Published: May 2019

The chapter engages the work of the philosopher Friedrich Schelling, especially his treatise on Human Freedom. Schelling placed human freedom into the cauldron of competing forces, especially the antagonism of individual selfishness and universal or holistic aspirations. The most destructive outcome of this cauldron is the usurpation of holistic “all-will” by an imperialistic “self-will,” usually leading to violence and imperial domination. For Schelling, this strife could only be overcome by integrating self-will into the bonding power of a broader relationality. The chapter then shifts to Heidegger’s lectures on Schelling and his endeavors to vindicate Schelling’s sharp distinction between relational freedom and arbitrary atomistic willfulness (involving a critique of self-centered liberalism or libertarianism).
Concluding Comments
Authors: Dallmayr Fred
Published: May 2019

The chapter links together and provides a brief overview of all the main topics covered in the preceding chapters, showing that they are animated by an overarching concern: the relationality between unity and diversity, concord and discord. The roots of this relationality can be found in a certain open-ended understanding of humanity. The book posits that self-serving individualism threatens Western democracy, with the equality of citizens at large squashed by the egocentric liberty of a few. Ethical teachings, especially virtue ethics, dovetail with the philosophies of natural rightness and social justice, all underpinning a newer conception of freedom and understanding of what it means to be human. The study closes with reflections on the task of “learning to be human.”
Restrictionism and Expansionism
Authors: Studd J. P.
Published: May 2019

If her view is to diffuse charges of mystical censorship, the relativist needs a well-motivated account of what prevents our quantifying over an absolutely comprehensive domain. But relativists may seek to meet this challenge in different ways. One option is to draw on more familiar cases of quantifier domain restriction in order to motivate the thesis that a quantifier’s domain is always subject to restriction. An alternative is to permit unrestricted quantifiers but maintain that even these fail to attain absolute generality on the grounds that the universe of discourse is always open to expansion. This chapter outlines restrictionist and expansionist variants of relativism and argues that the importance of the distinction comes out in two influential objections that have been levelled against relativism.
EU Authorization of GMOs—The Failure of Deliberation
Authors: Weimer Maria
Published: May 2019

This chapter examines the extent to which epistemic, political, and diversity challenges arising from the authorization of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are actually met in practice. It first considers how the European Commission defines the boundaries of its discretionary power as the risk administration of the internal market by contrasting Commission decision-making with two ideal models of administrative legitimation, the control, and the deliberative model. It then looks at two controversial cases of GMO authorization that illustrate the role of the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) in GMO risk assessment, as well as the scientification of the Commission’s risk management and the politicization of comitology decision-making. It also discusses the European Union General Court's responses to the administrative process of GMO authorizations. The chapter shows that top-down decision-making combined with scientification has contributed to the failure of deliberation in GMO risk regulation.
Conclusions
Authors: Weimer Maria
Published: May 2019

The concluding chapter to this book provides a summary of the discussions in the text thus far, which were centred around trying to reveal the broader constitutional implications of EU regulation of agricultural biotechnology as a paradigmatic example of the challenges and wicked problems that public regulators encounter when regulating technological risks in globalized risk societies. The concluding chapter also looks at lessons learned from the controversy surrounding genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and GMO failures. It finishes with the view that there is a need for a societal debate about modern agri-food production.
Introduction
Authors: Hirschkop Ken
Published: May 2019

Chapter 1 focuses on the distinctiveness of the ‘linguistic turns’ of early twentieth-century Europe, differentiating them from nineteenth-century work on language and insisting on the need to think of these multiple turns as a whole, as a constellation across Europe. That there is such a constellation, demanding our attention, is the first of the book’s three organizing claims. The second is that language draws such a crowd because crowds have become a problem: in the linguistic turns of the early twentieth century, language is a metonym for problems of social order and social division, democracy and consent, nationality and difference. Hence the third claim: that the distinguishing feature of these linguistic turns is a commitment to some version of ‘language as such’, a force or structure within language that can provide the vitality, the order, the lucidity, or some combination of these, necessary to cure language of its present ills.
Setting the Stage
Authors: Juslin Patrik N.
Published: May 2019

This chapter sets the stage by introducing the field of music and emotion. It addresses the following questions: Why do musical emotions matter? Why did Freud not enjoy music? Studies show that in both ‘primitive’ cultures and modern society, a considerable amount of time is spent on singing, music, and dance. And it is not just time: According to musicologist David Huron (2001), people in North America spend more money on music than on prescription drugs. There are a number of theories about the possible origin and function of music, for instance that music originally served a purpose in parent-infant bonding, language acquisition, work coordination, transmission of cultural knowledge, sexual courtship, or social coherence. There are also theories which claim that music served no purpose at all.
Music, Experience, and Affect
Authors: Juslin Patrik N.
Published: May 2019

This chapter explores the relationship between emotions and music. It argues that of all the various affective states that music can arouse, none is more important than the emotions. To the degree that music affects moods, these are less likely than emotions to be remembered (since intense affective reactions are remembered better), and will have a weaker impact on subsequent behaviour. The chapter highlights a distinction of key importance for the field, which may be traced to ancient Greece and is encountered in both Western and non-Western cultures. On the one hand, a person may simply perceive (or recognize) a certain emotion ‘expressed’ or ‘represented’ in the music. On the other hand, a person may actually feel an emotion.
What is Meant by Emotional Expression?
Authors: Juslin Patrik N.
Published: May 2019

This chapter sets out the aims and objectives of Part 2 of this book, which is to take a closer look at a phenomenon that is almost universally acknowledged across the disciplines — namely, that music is heard as expressive of emotions by listeners. It addresses the following questions: Why is music perceived as expressive of emotions? Can musicians actually convey emotions to listeners? Which emotions does music express? How are the different emotions expressed? What is the role of the performer? Are there cross-cultural similarities in how the emotions are expressed? How is emotional expression related to the human voice? Can a computer express emotions? How is music able to convey complex emotions? Why are some authors critical of regarding music as the expression of emotions?
Breaking the Code
Authors: Juslin Patrik N.
Published: May 2019

Having established that expression and perception of emotions are important phenomena in music, this chapter takes a closer look at how psychological processes actually work. A first step is to consider the musical features. Which are the relevant features? How do they co-vary with specific emotion categories and dimensions? How are they modulated by musical style, culture, and historical context? It is a recurring notion from Ancient Greece that there are systematic relationships between musical structure and expression of emotions. Modern studies, however, differ from previous treatises by using psychological experiments to uncover ‘causal relationships’ between musical features and perceived emotions. The chapter focuses on the five emotions most frequently studied thus far (sadness, happiness, anger, tenderness, and fear). It also considers how musical features correlate with broader emotion dimensions, such as tension, arousal, and valence.
Further Layers
Authors: Juslin Patrik N.
Published: May 2019

This chapter first reviews the notions of intrinsic coding and associative coding. It then considers how these may be combined to produce musical expression of emotions, both basic and complex emotions. It suggests that there are some prototypical musical emotions frequently expressed in music, which are linked to the ‘functions’ of music in our evolutionary past. It proposes a list of seven ‘prototypical’ emotions which are expressed often in music: happiness (festive songs), sadness (mourning), love-tenderness (lullabies and tender love songs), anxiety (existential fears in life), nostalgia (social/cultural identity), anger (protest and war songs), spirituality-solemnity (religion), and sexual desire (mating).
Deviation from the Exact
Authors: Juslin Patrik N.
Published: May 2019

This chapter focuses on performance. It asks: what does it really mean to perform a piece of music? What is it that a performer is ‘adding’ to make a musical score ‘come alive’, and sound musical and expressive? It argues that expression derives from five main sources, collectively referred to as the GERMS model: generative rules (G) that mark the structure in a musical manner; emotional expression (E) that serves to convey emotions to listeners; random fluctuations (R) that reflect human limitations in motor precision; motion principles (M) which hold that tempo changes should follow natural patterns of human movement, such as gestures; and stylistic unexpectedness (S) that reflects a performer's deliberate attempt to deviate from stylistic expectations regarding performance conventions to add tension and unpredictability to the performance.
The Prevalence of Emotional Reactions
Authors: Juslin Patrik N.
Published: May 2019

This chapter looks at the prevalence of specific emotions. The issue was initially mostly a matter of speculation among researchers — often based on personal experience, and sometimes slipping into the treacherous territory of debating what people ought to experience, rather what they actually do experience. However, over the last ten years or so, a large number of empirical studies have addressed the question empirically. The results accumulated to date suggest the following three conclusions: music arouses mostly positive emotions; music may arouse both basic and complex emotions; and certain emotions occur more frequently and consistently than others.
How does Music Arouse Emotions?
Authors: Juslin Patrik N.
Published: May 2019

This chapter considers the question of how music arouses emotions. It is a question with far-reaching implications for other issues about music and emotion. Which emotions does music arouse? Which brain regions are involved in this process? When do musical emotions develop? Are they universal or culture-specific? What is the relationship between perceived and aroused emotions? Are musical emotions somehow unique? The answers to these questions are all linked to the ‘how’ question: They cannot be answered satisfactorily without understanding the psychological processes through which the emotions come into being. The chapter suggests that previous attempts to explain musical emotions have succeeded to different degrees in this task. These attempts can be divided into three categories, referred to ‘the good, the bad, and the ugly’.
Mirroring the Expression
Authors: Juslin Patrik N.
Published: May 2019

This chapter considers a psychological mechanism that can arouse musical emotions called contagion. Contagion is something that people have experienced numerous times in everyday life — outside a musical context. For instance, some people can feel depressed after a conversation with someone who is depressed. Emotional contagion refers to a process whereby an emotion is induced by a piece of music because an independent region of the brain reacts to certain acoustic features as if they were coming from a human voice that expresses an emotion, which leads the listener to mirror the emotional expression internally. The contagion mechanism is strongly related to the emotional expression of the music.
Blast from the Past
Authors: Juslin Patrik N.
Published: May 2019

This chapter considers the psychological mechanism known as episodic memory. Episodic memory is defined as a process whereby an emotion is induced in a listener because the music evokes a personal memory of a specific event in the person's life; when the memory is evoked, so is also the emotion associated with the event. The emotion can be intense, perhaps because the physiological response pattern to the original event is stored in memory, together with the experiential content. Episodic memory requires detached mental representations (i.e. representations of events or objects that are not currently sensed in the external world) and a sense of self, which ties together the individual episodes. Episodic memory is also an important aspect of what it means to be human.
Seeing in the Mind’s Eye
Authors: Juslin Patrik N.
Published: May 2019

This chapter considers the psychological mechanism known as visual imagery. Visual imagery is defined as a process whereby an emotion is evoked in the listener because he or she conjures up inner images while listening to the music. Images might come about in three ways. First, mental imagery may occur when listeners conceptualize the musical structure through a nonverbal mapping between the metaphorical ‘affordances’ of the music and image-schemata grounded in bodily experience. A second type of imagery might occur when a listener brings to a listening experience certain types of knowledge or myths about the circumstances surrounding the creation of the piece or about the artist in question. Thirdly, a music listener can create images based on how certain aspects of the music mirror aspects of the listener's current life experience.
Aesthetics
Authors: Juslin Patrik N.
Published: May 2019

This chapter sets out the aims and objectives of Part 4 of this book, which is to look closer at the nature of aesthetic judgment. It addresses questions such as: are listeners' judgments of music reliable? What criteria do listeners rely on in such judgments? Are there individual differences in how these criteria are weighted? Could individual differences be explained by expertise? Which aesthetic criteria tend to be most influential? How are aesthetic judgments affected by contextual factors? How do aesthetic judgment, preference, and emotion relate to one another? The chapter then discusses what a working definition of aesthetic response may look like.
Traditional Approaches to Aesthetics
Authors: Juslin Patrik N.
Published: May 2019

This chapter focuses on empirical aesthetics, which can be regarded as one of the oldest subfields in psychology. The most important contribution to the domain was made by the scholar Daniel Berlyne, who launched the ‘New Empirical Aesthetics’. In accordance with the prevailing ‘Zeitgeist’ of the 1960s, Berlyne focuses mainly on the notion of autonomic arousal as opposed to discrete emotions; he notes that art influences its perceivers mainly by manipulating their arousal. Berlyne further suggests that listeners' preferences are related to arousal in the form of an inverted U-shaped curve, sometimes referred to as the Wundt curve. The chapter then discusses what empirical aesthetics has contributed to the understanding of aesthetic responses to music.
What’s Special?
Authors: Juslin Patrik N.
Published: May 2019

This chapter considers the notion of aesthetic attitude. It asks: how can we be sure that there is such a thing as an aesthetic attitude? Is there evidence that our perception of an event or object can change depending on the attitude we adopt towards it, or that there is a change in brain activity? Few music psychologists have adopted the position that aesthetic responses are distinct or that they involve an aesthetic attitude. Therefore, to investigate these notions in more detail, and to understand the kind of perceptual dimensions that may come into play, the chapter turns to a neighbouring field for guidance, i.e. philosophical aesthetics.
A Novel Approach Towards Aesthetic Judgment
Authors: Juslin Patrik N.
Published: May 2019

This chapter considers a more complete description of the judgment process, in order to pave the way for the explanation of how aesthetic judgments may produce both preferences and emotional states. It proposes a novel approach that takes philosophical aesthetics as its point of departure — but that adopts a descriptive (as opposed to normative) and empirical (as opposed to speculative) perspective, and that takes individual differences explicitly into consideration, instead of ignoring them. A preliminary psychological model is needed to guide the exploration. Aesthetic judgment is regarded as one of the psychological mechanisms through which music may arouse emotions. Thus, before describing the model, the chapter situates the mechanism within the broader BRECVEMA framework.
Aesthetics and Affect in Broader Perspective
Authors: Juslin Patrik N.
Published: May 2019

This chapter broadens the perspective and discuss some questions raised by the model outlined in Chapter 30. Are aesthetic judgments reliable? Do listeners agree in their ratings of pieces of music? How is aesthetic judgment influenced by the social context? What role does music preference play in emotional responses? Should we distinguish between utilitarian and aesthetic uses of music? To address these issues, there is a need to measure aesthetic judgments using a statistical technique called multiple regression analysis. Judgment analysts use multiple regression models to capture how individual raters combine multiple differentially-weighted bits of information (‘cues’) to arrive at an overall judgment.
‘Amphibious Agents’
Authors: Davey Jennifer
Published: May 2019

By the mid nineteenth century, the terms ‘female diplomacy’ and ‘female diplomat’ had begun to creep into contemporary usage, as women sought to exert influence in international politics. This chapter places Mary within this wider context of female diplomatic activity and focuses on her role as an agent of international politics. It examines her involvement in international affairs, considering her connections with diplomats, ambassadors, and foreign politicians. It explores two connected facets of her activities as a diplomatic agent: her role in the dissemination of news and intelligence and her function as an advisor. It also explores Mary’s intellectual ideas about international affairs, and her opinions on key diplomatic developments. As this chapter will suggest, incorporating the activities of diplomatic women into the narrative of international affairs forces us to think afresh about the types of sources used to construct diplomatic history, as well as the nature of nineteenth-century diplomatic life itself.
‘I should be open to the still graver charge of betraying H. M. Govt.’
Authors: Davey Jennifer
Published: May 2019

In the months leading up to the Christmas of 1877, a series of rumours began to gain traction in political society. At their heart, they all had the same kernel—that details of cabinet discussions were being made known to the Russian Government in St Petersburg—and they implicated and involved a wide range of political society, from the Prime Minister to civil servants, ambassadors to the press. By Boxing Day, the rumours had morphed into something more damaging. The Queen, through her chaplain, the Dean of Windsor, accused Mary of leaking government secrets to her friend the Russian Ambassador. While little scholarly attention has been paid to the role rumour and gossip played in political society, public men, as Trollope warned, ‘felt horror at the thought of being made the subject of common gossip and public criticism’. This chapter charts the origins of and journeys these rumours took through political society and considers their implications for Mary’s political reputation.
Introduction: Aristocratic women and Victorian political culture
Authors: Davey Jennifer
Published: May 2019

This introductory chapter examines why historians have often overlooked the pivotal role Lady Mary Derby played in mid-Victorian politics. It argues that, despite the processes of political reform, the Victorian aristocracy still retained their political status. It explores how this status combined with particular features of political culture to help facilitate the political careers of aristocratic women. As such, it suggests that by paying close attention to Mary’s activities, we are afforded a fuller picture of Victorian political culture than might otherwise be the case. It then considers Victorian understandings of political femininity, exploring how contemporaries sought to explain, delineate, and confine female political influence. Finally, this chapter closes with an outline of the chapters that make up the rest of the book.
Assimilation, Changes in Cohort Quality, and the Earnings of Immigrants
Authors: Borjas George J. , Chiswick Barry R. , Borjas George J. , Chiswick Barry R.
Published: May 2019

This chapter reexamines the empirical basis for two “facts” that seem to be found in most cross-section studies of immigrant earnings: (1) the earnings of immigrants grow rapidly as they assimilate into the United States; and (2) this rapid growth leads to many immigrants overtaking the earnings of the natives within 10-15 years after immigration. Using the 1970 and 1980 U.S. Censuses, this chapter studies the earnings growth experienced by specific immigrant cohorts during the period 1970-80. It is found that within-cohort growth is significantly smaller than the growth predicted by cross-section regressions for most immigrant groups. This differential is consistent with the hypothesis that there has been a secular decline in the “quality” of immigrants admitted to the United States.
The Self-Employment Experience of Immigrants
Authors: Borjas George J. , Chiswick Barry R.
Published: May 2019

Self-employment is an important aspect of the immigrant experience in the labor market. Self-employment rates for immigrants exceed 15 percent for some national groups. Using the 1970 and 1980 U.S. Censuses, the analysis shows that self-employment rates of immigrants exceed those of native-born men; that there is a strong, positive impact of assimilation on self-employment rates; that more recent waves of immigrants are opting with increasing frequency for the self-employment option; and that part of the immigrant/native-born differential in self-employment rates can be attributed to “enclave” effects.
Ethnic Networks and Language Proficiency Among Immigrants
Authors: Borjas George J. , Chiswick Barry R. , Borjas George J. , Chiswick Barry R. , Borjas George J. , Chiswick Barry R.
Published: May 2019

Recent research on the linguistic adjustment of minority-language-speaking immigrants in several destinations has found that acquisition of destination language skills is inhibited by living in an area where many others speak the same minority language. This chapter uses a unique data set for Australia (1988) that includes a variety of ethnic network variables to analyze the role of the language concentration measure. These ethnic variables, in particular, ethnic press, relatives in Australia, and spouse's origin language, are highly statistically significant. Their inclusion in the equation eliminates the effect of the minority-language concentration variable. The model for analyzing the determinants of English reading and English writing skills in Australia is also shown to be very similar to the model for speaking fluency, including the effect of the ethnic network variables.
The Economic Benefits from Immigration
Authors: Borjas George J. , Chiswick Barry R. , Borjas George J. , Chiswick Barry R.
Published: May 2019

Natives benefit from immigration mainly because of production complementarities between immigrant workers and other factors of production, and these benefits are larger when immigrants are sufficiently “different” from the stock of native productive inputs. The available evidence suggests that the economic benefits from immigration for the United States are small, on the order of $6 billion and almost certainly less than $20 billion annually. These gains, however, could be increased considerably if the United States pursued an immigration policy which attracted a more skilled immigrant flow.
Reflections on Immigration Economics
Authors: Borjas George J.
Published: May 2019

It has been most rewarding to witness the explosive growth in the amount of effort and attention that economists pay to immigration-related issues over the past 30 years. In the early 1980s, few economists seemed interested in these topics; the debate over immigration issues in the United States and Europe did not raise fundamental questions about social policy; and there were few technical or conceptual issues that cried out for an unambiguous resolution. The intellectual landscape has changed dramatically. Thirty years later, immigration-related issues attract an ever-increasing number of economists to examine the many questions that are raised by the policy debate; by the role that migration flows – and international migration flows, in particular – play in determining labor market outcomes in both sending and receiving countries; and by the ambiguities and difficult identification problems that permeate the models and econometric methods that are used to measure these outcomes....
Introduction
Authors: Stecker Robert
Published: May 2019

This chapter provides an overview of the book. It includes a chapter-by-chapter summary, a sketch of its central concepts, especially aesthetic value and artistic value, and an explanation of the importance of studying these concepts. It identifies the sense in which both the values mentioned above are universal human values. The chapter concludes with a discussion of value as a general notion. Aesthetic value is universal in the sense that most people are motivated to seek it out and that this desire can be fulfilled by a wide array of types of human experience. Art is universal because one will find painting, sculpting, ceramics, poetry, storytelling, music, dance in every culture that exists or has existed. If there are exceptions, there are very few. It is important to study these values because their universality indicates their great significance in our lives. But an equally important theme explores the way the aesthetic intersects with other values—especially ethical, cognitive, and functional ones. No important appreciative context or practice is completely centered on a single value, and such contexts can only be fully understood in terms of a plurality of values.
Two Definitions of Artistic Value
Authors: Stecker Robert
Published: May 2019

This chapter compares two definitions of artistic value that accommodate its second order, pluralistic nature. The first, the composite view, defines this value in terms of the evolving functions of central art forms. The second, the buck-passing view, defines artistic value in terms of art forms (‘arts’) but instead of doing so by appealing the functions of artworks, it does so more directly in terms of ‘value of work as a k,’ for example, value of a work as a painting. The chapter argues that the chief objections to each definition can be answered. It concludes by assessing the comparative strengths and liabilities of each approach, but the main message is that there are multiple resources for sustaining a pluralistic approach to artistic value.
Sharing the Global Emissions Budget
Authors: Blomfield Megan
Published: May 2019

This chapter concerns how the global emissions budget should be shared, critiquing the equal per capita emissions view (EPC). First, it is explained how theorists have used claims about natural resource rights to formulate the atmospheric commons argument for EPC. Then, drawing on the assessment reports of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and Elinor Ostrom’s work on common-pool resources, it is shown that these arguments invoke a misleading analysis of climate change as a global commons problem. Accurate understanding of how climate change results from overuse of a global commons suggests that proponents of the commons argument for EPC overlook potential territorial claims to the climate sink. Two options for EPC theorists who wish to maintain the view in the face of this critique are identified, but both turn out to necessitate deeper engagement with the question of how rights to the world’s resources should be assigned.
Global Justice and Natural Resources
Authors: Blomfield Megan
Published: May 2019

This chapter starts by looking at what natural resources are and their place in a theory of justice. It identifies two forms that claims to natural resources tend to take: general claims and particular claims. General claims are then used to formulate a simple argument to show that natural resources are appropriate objects of egalitarian justice, because they are the subject of equal original claims. There follows a discussion of how best to understand Equal Original Claims, in terms of four understandings of original ownership that are common to Western political philosophy: No Ownership, Joint Ownership, Equal Division, and Common Ownership. No Ownership and Joint Ownership are dismissed on the basis that they are incompatible with Equal Original Claims, leaving Equal Division and Common Ownership as the two remaining contenders.
Against Equal Division of Natural Resources
Authors: Blomfield Megan
Published: May 2019

This chapter rejects Equal Division, focusing on Hillel Steiner’s formulation of the view. First, further explanation of why one might take Equal Division to follow from Equal Original Claims is provided. Then, David Miller’s objection is introduced, according to which there is no defensible metric by which resource shares can be made commensurate, given the fact of reasonable value pluralism. The chapter argues that what the metric problem really shows, is that Equal Division possesses insufficient impartiality to satisfy the equal original claims that motivate the view in the first place. This case is made by critiquing the three principal metrics proposed to amalgamate individual valuations of natural resources and thereby render Equal Division both coherent and defensible; namely, economic value, opportunity cost, and ecological space. The chapter concludes that to respect Equal Original Claims, the better approach will be to formulate a Common Ownership conception of justice for natural resources.
Revisiting the Global Emissions Budget
Authors: Blomfield Megan
Published: May 2019

This chapter reconsiders the global emissions budget using the conception of natural resource justice defended previously. Noting that this is to adopt a method of partial integrationism, it is shown that the two principles can at least be applied not only to the problem of sharing the emissions budget, but also the prior matter of setting it. Applying the principle of collective self-determination to these problems is found to be more difficult, because it grounds many conflicting claims. This difficulty is addressed by formulating guidelines for adjudicating between self-determination claims. It is concluded that the emissions budget should be set within the parameters of enabling basic needs satisfaction for current and future individuals and protecting collectives from climate impacts that threaten the legitimate exercise of self-determination through territorial displacement. If this allows for more than subsistence emissions, fair international negotiations will be required to distribute any such secondary emissions entitlements.
The Evolving Role of Nationality in the Protection and Enjoyment of Human Rights
Authors: Foster Michelle , Lambert Hélène
Published: May 2019

Chapter 3 considers the role of nationality in the protection and enjoyment of human rights. It examines the history of international law’s involvement in and regulation of matters concerning nationality, thereby providing a crucial link between Chapter 2 and Chapters 4, 5, and 6. It begins by reviewing the traditional position whereby considerations of nationality, including the practice of re-admission for non-nationals, fell within the reserved domain of states through their own nationality laws. The chapter outlines the evolution of international human rights law and its impact on state discretion, such that in many instances, deprivation of nationality (i.e. denial of nationality and/or withdrawal of nationality) may now well violate norms of international law. The chapter therefore examines deprivation of nationality, and the consequences for the persons concerned, in treaty law, UN documents, and the jurisprudence of international and regional courts.
The Mode of Disagreement
Authors: Sienkiewicz Stefan
Published: May 2019

This chapter distinguishes between two different principles (consistent with Sextus’ text) that connect the phenomenon of disagreement with the suspension of judgement and—correspondingly—two different versions of the mode of disagreement. It argues that one version, which turns on the phenomenon of peer disagreement, is a dogmatic version of the mode insofar as only the sceptic’s dogmatic opponent can come to suspend judgement on the basis of it. The other version, which turns on the phenomenon of evidentially undecided disagreement, is a version of the mode on the basis of which a sceptic might come to suspend judgement. This is because it is one and the same thing to suspend judgement on the basis of an evidentially undecided disagreement as it is to suspend judgement on the basis of a pair of equipollent arguments.
Coalitions of the Willing and the Shared Responsibility to Protect
Authors: Erskine Toni
Published: May 2019

There has been widespread support for the idea that the so-called ‘international community’ has a remedial moral responsibility to protect vulnerable populations from mass atrocities when their own governments fail to do so. Moreover, military intervention may, when necessary, be one means of discharging this proposed ‘responsibility to protect’ or, more colloquially, ‘R2P’. But, where exactly is this responsibility located? In other words, which body or bodies can be expected to discharge a duty to safeguard those who lack the protection of—or, indeed, come under threat from—their own government? In this chapter, I propose ‘coalitions of the willing’ as one (likely provocative) answer to this question, and explore how the informal nature of such associations should inform the judgements of moral responsibility that we make in relation to them. Perhaps most controversially, I suggest that, under certain circumstances, states and other entities each have a duty to contribute to establishing such an ad hoc association.
Free Movement, Sovereignty and Cosmopolitan State Responsibility
Authors: Cabrera Luis
Published: May 2019

How ‘cosmopolitan’ can a sovereign state be? That question is considered here in the context of unauthorized immigration and arguments for free movement of persons across state boundaries. Details are first presented on non-cosmopolitan attitudes commonly expressed by receiving-state leaders in response to unauthorized immigration. They focus not on equal moral standing and the cosmopolitan mandate to give fair consideration to all persons’ interests, but on the criminality of unauthorized entry, often the perceived criminality or poor character of entrants themselves, and a ‘war’ on human smugglers. A robustly cosmopolitan state, it is argued, would support much freer movement of persons. This raises a question, however: is a state which does not seek to control its borders still a cosmopolitan state? It is acknowledged, in relation to an argument from Joseph Carens, that state sovereignty might, in principle, be defined separate from state control of borders. In practice, however, free movement has been strongly associated in recent years with fairly intensive projects of regional integration. These entail significant pooling of sovereignty, creating in effect more-cosmopolitan regions, rather than more-cosmopolitan sovereign states. Overall, the analysis reinforces some significant challenges, highlighted by institutional cosmopolitans, to realizing robust cosmopolitan moral aims in a system of independent sovereign states. It also, however, highlights ways in which states can be ‘more-cosmopolitan’ in relation to migration in the current system.
Cosmopolitanism in the Face of Gridlock in Global Governance
Authors: Held David
Published: May 2019

The chapter examines the impact of gridlock on multilateral politics, and the pathways beyond gridlock that states could promote in order to advance a more cosmopolitan form of global governance. The chapter traces the extent to which global politics has been shaped by a cosmopolitan agenda since the end of the Second World War. It then argues that we are at a political crossroads, with one road pointing to the rise of nationalism and authoritarianism while the other to a more cosmopolitan future. The chapter explores pathways of change that yield avenues of possible progress through and beyond gridlock, including avenues for states and people to pursue greater cosmopolitan responsibilities. The concluding section assesses the balance of risks to cosmopolitanism. While precedents and practices of cosmopolitan politics have been put in place, they remain deeply contested.
The Metaphysical Modesty of Narrowly Linguistic Semantics
Authors: Taylor Kenneth A.
Published: May 2019

Some foundational assumptions of the generative paradigm in linguistic semantics are outlined. It is argued that they do not suffice, on their own, to license the drawing of metaphysically immodest conclusions about the assigned semantic values on the basis of narrowly semantic premises. It is concluded that if we seek to establish metaphysical conclusions from semantic starting points, we need additional premises not provided by narrowly linguistic semantics alone. The possibility is bruited that we may be furnished such premises from some style or other of broadly philosophical semantics and metasemantics, setting the stage for a subsequent discussion of various alternative metasemantical theses about the proper dialectical role of semantic analyses vis-à-vis metaphysical inquiry.
Modesty as Incompleteness
Authors: Taylor Kenneth A.
Published: May 2019

Metaphysical modesty may be thought to be a form of incompleteness. And incompleteness may be thought to be a bug rather than a feature. But it is argued that the incompleteness of a metaphysically modest semantics is a feature rather than a bug. It is a feature that both lightens the metaphysical burdens of the special science of semantics and thereby brings semantics into greater metaphysical alignment with the special sciences generally. It is argued that there is no more reason to think that a semantics not weighed down by metaphysical burdens is a bar to ever deepening metaphysical insight any more than a psychology or biology or economics not weighed down by heavy metaphysical burdens would be.
The Politics of Coexistence
Authors: Glickman Gabriel
Published: May 2019

After 1714, lingering conflict over the British throne gave a lease of life to old religious animosities. This chapter will examine the relationship between English Dissenters and the communities of Catholics and Jacobites who stood seemingly at the opposing ideological pole. It will suggest that behind the invective declared in print and sermon was a more complex reality. In England, common distrust of the Established Church meant that Catholics and Nonconformists shared public strategies, political rhetoric, and occasional personal affinities. In parishes and counties, patterns of sociability softened the pressure of confessional division. Yet the chapter will argue that dynastic uncertainty rendered these relationships fragile. For Nonconformists, a Catholic claim upon the throne served reminder of an undiminished Catholic claim over the entire kingdom, sowing fears that friendship across the religious divide remained only skin-deep in Hanoverian Britain.
The Tories and the Dissenters in the Reign of George I
Authors: Aston Nigel
Published: May 2019

The gulf in values and beliefs between Tories and Dissenters on the death of Queen Anne in 1714 stood wider than it had done at any point since the Revolution of 1688–9. This essay looks for any signs and symbols of accommodation between the Tories and the Dissenters in the reign of George I (and, per contra, for evidence of enduring hostilities) and poses the underlying question: how far did these two sides remain un-reconciled throughout the reign? It suggests grounds for arguing that the gap between them narrowed as the Hanoverian Succession bedded in: more moderate Tories and Dissenters moved into the religio-political mainstream as the Whigs consolidated their hold on power, their numbers declined, and issues such as toleration that had mattered so much in the 1700s and 1710s became less pressing and receded in public importance.
The Hanoverian Succession and the Fragmentation of Scottish Protestantism
Authors: Raffe Alasdair
Published: May 2019

This chapter examines the politics of Scottish Presbyterianism in the years surrounding George I’s accession. After assessing the fortunes of the Scottish Episcopalians, the chapter analyses the tensions among Presbyterians within, and on the fringes of, the established Church of Scotland. It first reconstructs the critique of the establishment articulated by the Hebronites and United Societies, Presbyterian groups that advocated partial or complete withdrawal from the Church. The chapter then shows how the controversy over the oath of abjuration, imposed on clergy in 1712, prompted the separation from the Church of two ministers in the Dumfries area. The ministers made a coherent case for separation and propagated a Presbyterian critique of the Hanoverian succession. Moreover, they set a precedent for future secessions from the Church of Scotland. The catastrophe of the Jacobite rising in 1715 weakened the Episcopalian cause, and thereafter Presbyterian Dissent became the main motor driving the further fragmentation of Scottish Protestantism.
The Dissemination and Reception of Isaac Watts’s Hymns and Psalms in the British North American Colonies to 1748
Authors: Giscombe Jane
Published: May 2019

The hymns and psalms of the Congregational minister Isaac Watts circulated in the North American colonies prior to the revivals of the 1730s and’40s. Watts's transatlantic links are clearly evident in his regular correspondence with ministers and academics including Cotton Mather and Benjamin Colman. He gave forty-nine of his own books to Yale and many of these survive. Watts exchanged many letters with Benjamin Colman, pastor in Boston and an overseer of Harvard. Watts has often been regarded as having been first published in America in 1729 when Benjamin Franklin reprinted his Psalms of David. This paper examines two earlier publications of Watts's work, both printed in 1720 in Boston, and Cotton Mather’s reception of Watts’ early work. In so doing, it seeks to understand better Watts's influence in the American colonies before the arrival of George Whitefield and the Great Awakening of mid-century.
Aristotle’s meta-zoology
Authors: Brill Sara
Published: May 2019

Brill argues that the particular political forms of human intimacy that arise for Aristotle from the possession of language and the capacity for choice—intimacies collectively understood as arising from the sharing of life—can only be fully understood when measured on a zoological scale. Here, they emerge not as categorically distinct from forms of shared animal life, but rather as an intensification of them. Political community, in turn, emerges from Aristotle’s Politics as the properly human habitat (topos), by merit of its foundation on the fragile shared perception of advantage and disadvantage. This tenuousness creates an instability that requires a very particular form of ecological thought, one that must attend to what is shared between human and non-human animals.
Change of Organizations
Authors: Borrás Susana , Edquist Charles
Published: May 2019

Organizations are crucial elements in innovation systems. Yet, their role is so ubiquitous that it is difficult to grasp and to examine all kinds of organization that are present in an innovation system. The purpose of this chapter is to define the conceptual basis of innovation policy in relation to the role of organizations, looking in particular at the roles of entrepreneurship and intrapreneurship as examples of organizational change. In so doing, this chapter aims at making three contributions. Firstly, it defines the roles of entrepreneurship and intrapreneurship in the innovation system, a crucial topic in understanding innovation dynamics and its blurring boundaries. Secondly, it identifies some common entrepreneurship- and intrapreneurship-related obstacles and barriers in the innovation system, and examines the policy instruments to solve or mitigate them. Thirdly, it discusses the limits of public policy and suggests key issues in the design of innovation policy.
Public Financing of Early-Stage Innovations
Authors: Borrás Susana , Edquist Charles
Published: May 2019

Financing innovation processes is one of the crucial activities for developing commercially successful products and processes (innovations) and to facilitate their diffusion in the innovation system. This chapter addresses the rationales for public intervention, i.e. in which situations policy should be pursued in the field of financing. The chapter identifies a number of policy instruments for financing innovations that are available by the state, and which public agencies use for funding early-stage innovation. The chapter also describes the provision of risk capital by the Swedish state. This case describes a situation where unintended consequences of the policy pursued in Sweden led to the non-fulfilment of the additionality condition. We also describe how this mistake has begun to be resolved after discussions in the Swedish National Innovation Council. The chapter concludes with a number of important issues with regard to public financing of innovations.