bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The foot microbiome
Authors: Adamczyk Katarzyna , Garncarczyk Agnieszka , Antończak Paweł , Wcisło‐Dziadecka Dominika
Published: March 2020

Background

The human skin microbiome is represented by bacteria, fungi, viruses, and mites.

Aims

Every human being possess their own unique skin microbiome because intrinsic and environmental factors have a significant impact on the quality and quantity of microorganism. Every site of the body is a separate microbial niche.

Patients

The feet are one of the most unique and heterogeneous microbial niches of human body with areas that differ by skin thickness, anatomical features, distribution of sweat glands, pH, and the availability of oxygen.

Results

Healthy skin of the foot is inhabited by Corynebacteriaceae, Micrococcaceae, Propionibacteriaceae, Actinobacteria, Clostridiales, Lactobacillaceae, Streptococcaceae, Enterobacteriaceae, Moravellaceae, Neisseriaceae, Pastereullaceae, and Proteobacteria. The most common fungi present on the feet are Malassezzia, Cryptococcus, Aspergillus, Rhodotorula, Epicoccum, Saccharomyces, Candida, Epidermophyton Microsporum, and Trichophyton.

Conclusions

The disturbance of the foot microbiome causes dysbiosis and may lead to pitted keratolysis, fungal, and viral infections or even to protothecosis.
Scaling Up and Out: Psychological Science in the Service of Promoting Sustainable Consumption
Authors: Romero‐Canyas Rainer , Hiltner Sofia
Published: March 2020

In this commentary for the special issue on the psychology of sustainable consumption, we infer four themes that are evident in the contributions and which serve as principles for psychological science on sustainable consumption. First, research should build on psychological science's existing strengths and expand in new directions, while continuing to improve the overall quality of research standards. Second, sustainability psychology should embrace a problem‐solving, solutions focused approach to go hand‐in‐hand with the traditional focus on theory building of most rigorous areas of psychology. Thinking about solutions will inevitably lead to the third theme, the need to explore broader community, social, cultural, national, and global processes. Research at these levels of analysis is necessary to produce the kind of solutions to environmental problems that can have sufficient impact to reverse the damage humanity has already caused to the planet. The fourth principle is interdisciplinary collaboration, a necessary approach to carry out research and translate knowledge into scalable solutions. The challenge is great, but the stakes are greater and psychologists must be a part of the efforts to bring about effective solutions.
Comparative Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of marbofloxacin in geese (Anser Anser domesticus) after two sites of intramuscular administrations
Authors: Abo‐EL‐Sooud Khaled , Swielim Gamal A. , EL‐Gammal Samar M. , Ramsis Meray Nabil
Published: March 2020

The pharmacokinetics of marbofloxacin (MAR) was compared in geese (Anser Anser domesticus) after single intravenous (IV) and intramuscular (IM) (thigh and pectoral muscles) administrations of 5 mg/kg. Serum concentrations of MAR were determined with high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Serum MAR concentrations versus time were analyzed by a noncompartmental method. After IV administration, MAR showed high volume of distribution at steady state (Vdss) of 5.24 ± 1.08 L/kg. The serum body clearance (Cl) and elimination half‐life (T1/2λz) of MAR were 0.79 ± 0.07 L hr−1 kg−1 and 6.94 ± 1.12 hr, respectively. The peak of MAR serum concentrations Cmax achieved at one and 0.50 hr after thigh and pectoral IM sites of injections, respectively, were 1.20 and 0.91 μg/ml. Significant differences were found in the mean absorption time (MAT), the systemic bioavailability (F%), and elimination parameters of MAR between two sites of injections, indicating that the absorption was fairly slow and complete after thigh IM injection. The pharmacokinetics of MAR in geese diverged according to the site of IM injection following a parallel study design. We recommend the thigh muscle as IM site of injection to obtain maximum concentrations of the administered drug in geese.
Plant‐based eating patterns and endurance performance: A focus on inflammation, oxidative stress and immune responses
Authors: Craddock J. C. , Neale E. P. , Peoples G. E. , Probst Y. C.
Published: March 2020

Plant‐based dietary patterns are associated with reduced risk of many chronic diseases. Athletes have increasingly been adopting plant‐based diets not only for the related health benefits but for perceived improvements in endurance performance. Several theoretical mechanistic underpinnings have been described as to why a plant‐based dietary pattern may improve endurance performance. This review focuses on plant‐based dietary patterns and their hypothesised ability to modulate endurance performance specifically from an antioxidant, inflammatory and immunological perspective. Studies quantifying the function of plant‐based dietary patterns on endurance performance are scarce; however, research exploring physiological changes in immune, oxidative and inflammatory systems with the adoption of a plant‐based dietary pattern appears to be favourable. Overall, research suggests that the consumption of a plant‐based diet may result in improvements in C‐reactive protein, interleukin‐6, fibrinogen and leukocyte concentrations, while some studies report improved lymphocyte responsiveness and improved natural killer cell functionality. These changes may be the result of an optimised intake of phytochemicals (particularly polyphenols), unrefined carbohydrates and saturated fat which could theoretically translate into small improvements to endurance performance. It is important to note that any improvement to endurance performance via these systems would likely be minor and difficult to quantify; nevertheless, the findings of the current body of evidence highlight the need for further research in this area.
Genome‐wide DNA hypomethylation shapes nematode pattern‐triggered immunity in plants
Authors: Atighi Mohammad Reza , Verstraeten Bruno , De Meyer Tim , Kyndt Tina
Published: March 2020

A role for DNA hypomethylation has recently been suggested in the interaction between bacteria and plants; it is unclear whether this phenomenon reflects a conserved response.

Treatment of plants of monocot rice and dicot tomato with nematode‐associated molecular patterns from different nematode species or bacterial pathogen‐associated molecular pattern flg22 revealed global DNA hypomethylation. A similar hypomethylation response was observed during early gall induction by Meloidogyne graminicola in rice. Evidence for the causal impact of hypomethylation on immunity was revealed by a significantly reduced plant susceptibility upon treatment with DNA methylation inhibitor 5‐azacytidine.

Whole‐genome bisulphite sequencing of young galls revealed massive hypomethylation in the CHH context, while not for CG or CHG nucleotide contexts. Further, CHH hypomethylated regions were predominantly associated with gene promoter regions, which was not correlated with activated gene expression at the same time point but, rather, was correlated with a delayed transcriptional gene activation. Finally, the relevance of CHH hypomethylation in plant defence was confirmed in rice mutants of the RNA‐directed DNA methylation pathway and DECREASED DNA METHYLATION 1.

We demonstrated that DNA hypomethylation is associated with reduced susceptibility in rice towards root‐parasitic nematodes and is likely to be part of the basal pattern‐triggered immunity response in plants.
Microgeographic adaptation and the effect of pollen flow on the adaptive potential of a temperate tree species
Authors: Gauzere Julie , Klein Etienne K. , Brendel Oliver , Davi Hendrik , Oddou‐Muratorio Sylvie
Published: March 2020

In species with long‐distance dispersal capacities and inhabiting a large ecological niche, local selection and gene flow are expected to be major evolutionary forces affecting the genetic adaptation of natural populations. Yet, in species such as trees, evidence of microgeographic adaptation and the quantitative assessment of the impact of gene flow on adaptive genetic variation are still limited.

Here, we used extensive genetic and phenotypic data from European beech seedlings collected along an elevation gradient, and grown in a common garden, to study the signature of selection on the divergence of eleven potentially adaptive traits, and to assess the role of gene flow in resupplying adaptive genetic variation.

We found a significant signal of adaptive differentiation among plots separated by < 1 km, with selection acting on growth and phenological traits. Consistent with theoretical expectations, our results suggest that pollen dispersal contributes to increase genetic diversity for these locally differentiated traits.

Our results thus highlight that local selection is an important evolutionary force in natural tree populations and suggest that management interventions to facilitate movement of gametes along short ecological gradients would boost genetic diversity of individual tree populations, and enhance their adaptive potential to rapidly changing environments.
E2 conjugases UBC1 and UBC2 regulate MYB42‐mediated SOS pathway in response to salt stress in Arabidopsis
Authors: Sun Yuhui , Zhao Jun , Li Xinyue , Li Yingzhang
Published: March 2020

Histone H2B monoubiquitination (H2Bub1) is recognized as a crucial eukaryotic regulatory mechanism that controls a range of cellular processes during both development and adaptation to environmental changes. In Arabidopsis, the E2 conjugated enzymes UBIQUITIN CARRIER PROTEINs (UBCs) ‐1 and ‐2 mediate ubiquitination of H2B. Here, we elucidated the functions of UBC1 and ‐2 in salt‐stress responses and revealed their downstream target genes.

Real‐time quantitative PCR assays showed that UBC1 and ‐2 positively regulated the salt‐induced expression of MYB42 and Mitogen‐Activated Protein Kinase 4 (MPK4). Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays revealed that H2Bub1 was enriched weakly on the chromatin of MYB42 and MPK4 in the ubc1,2 mutant. We further determined that UBC1/2‐mediated H2Bub1 enhanced the level of histone H3 tri‐methylated on K4 (H3K4me3) in the chromatin of MYB42 and MPK4 under salt‐stress conditions.

MPK4 interacted with and phosphorylated MYB42. The MPK4‐mediated MYB42 phosphorylation enhanced the MYB42 protein stability and transcriptional activity under salt‐stress conditions. We further showed that MYB42 directly bound to the SALT OVERLY SENSITIVE 2 (SOS2) promoter and mediated the rapid induction of its expression after a salt treatment.

Our results indicate that UBC1 and ‐2 positively regulate salt‐stress responses by modulating MYB42‐mediated SOS2 expression.
Surgical Outcomes after Arthroscopic Single Row Anchor Repair for Subscapularis Tears Concomitant with Injury of the Long Head of the Biceps Tendon
Authors: Shen Youliang , Zhao Xia , Qi Chao , Chen Feng , Fu Haitao , Zhang Yi , Zhang Yingze , Yu Tengbo
Published: March 2020

Objective

To analyze the clinical effects of single row anchor in repairing tears of the subscapularis muscle combined with the long head of the biceps tendon (LHBT) injury under arthroscopy.

Methods

From June 2016 to June 2017, the clinical data of 32 patients with subscapularis combined with biceps tendon injury were retrospectively analyzed. Preoperative MRI examination of the shoulder joint was performed to evaluate tendon injuries, and the subscapularis muscle was repaired with single row anchor under arthroscopy, and tenotomy or tenodesis was performed on the long head tendon of the biceps humerus in the intertubercular groove. The range of motion and the functional score of the shoulder joint before and after the operation were evaluated. All patients were followed up for at least 24 months.

Results

The mean follow‐up period was 28.8 months (range, 24–34 months). No infections occurred during the follow‐up period. The patients’ follow up exams showed significant improvement in postoperative shoulder joint flexion, external rotation, and internal rotation (P < 0.01), and the postoperative shoulder function American Society of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery Shoulder Joint Score (ASES; 80.6 ± 7.6) was significantly higher than the preoperative score (P < 0.01). The visual analog scale score (1.8 ± 0.8) was significantly lower than that before surgery (P < 0.01). The constant score (80.5 ± 7.4) was significantly higher than preoperation (P < 0.01). There was no significant difference in shoulder joint score between the tenotomy and tenodesis groups (P > 0.05). Preoperative and postoperative scores were, respectively: visual analog scale score (1.7 ± 0.9 vs 1.8 ± 0.0.8) ASES score (81.3 ± 7.9 vs 80.1 ± 8.0) and constant score (80.9 ± 8.0 vs 80.1 ± 6.9).

Conclusion

Using single row anchor under arthroscopy to repair subscapularis combined with long head of biceps tendon injury yielded good results and high tendon healing rates were obtained.
Fetal diagnosis of KCNQ1‐variant long QT syndrome using fetal echocardiography and magnetocardiography
Authors: Desai Lajja , Wakai Ron , Tsao Sabrina , Strasburger Janette , Gotteiner Nina , Patel Angira
Published: March 2020

A pregnant woman with KCNQ1 variant long QT syndrome (LQTS) underwent fetal magnetocardiography (fMCG) after atrioventricular (AV) block was noted during fetal echocardiogram—atypical for LQTS type 1. Concern for fetal LQTS on fMCG prompted monitoring of maternal labs, change of maternal beta blocker therapy, and frequent fetal echocardiograms. Collaboration between obstetricians, neonatologists, and pediatric cardiologists ensured safe delivery. Beta blocker therapy was initiated after birth, and postnatal evaluation confirmed genotype and phenotype positive LQTS in the infant. Our experience suggests diagnosis and evaluation of fetal LQTS can alter antenatal management to reduce risk of poor fetal and postnatal outcomes.
Ultrasonographic evaluation of gastric emptying after ingesting carbohydrate‐rich drink in young children: A randomized crossover study
Authors: Zhang Yan‐Ling , Li Hui , Zeng Hua , Li Qiao , Qiu Li‐Ping , Dai Ru‐Ping
Published: March 2020

Background

A recent consensus statement in Europe has suggested that the fasting time for clear liquid in children can be shortened to 1 hour before a surgery. However, the study to show that 1‐hour fasting time for clear fluids is safe in young children is still lacking. This study aimed to investigate the gastric emptying time for carbohydrate‐rich drink and regular 5% glucose solution in children aged 3‐7 years.

Methods

After overnight fasting, individuals were randomly assigned to ingest 5 mL kg−1 of either carbohydrate‐rich drink or 5% glucose solution. One week later, the same subjects were asked to ingest the other one. Ultrasonography was performed to examine the gastric contents. Gastric antral cross‐sectional area was measured, and the gastric fluid volume was calculated before and after fluid ingestion within 120 minutes. The primary outcome was the gastric emptying time for both the clear fluids calculated using the antral cross‐sectional area and logarithms of gastric fluid volume. The degrees of thirst and hunger of two drinks were evaluated using a visual analogue scale as the secondary outcomes.

Results

Data from 16 individuals were analyzed. In the glucose solution group, the antral cross‐sectional area and logarithms of gastric fluid volume returned to baseline at 30 minutes after ingestion. However, in the carbohydrate‐rich drink group, the median [interquartile range; range] antral cross‐sectional area (3.69 [2.64‐5.15; 1.83‐8.93] cm2 vs 2.41 [2.10‐2.96; 1.81‐4.37] cm2, P < .001) and mean (95% confidence interval) logarithms of gastric fluid volume (2.54 [2.30‐2.79] mL vs 2.12 [1.94‐2.30] mL, P = .048) were still higher than at 60 minutes and returned to the baseline values at 90 minutes after ingestion, respectively. The degree of thirst was lower in the glucose solution group than that in the carbohydrate‐rich drink group.

Conclusions

Gastric emptying of carbohydrate‐rich drink is slower than that of 5% glucose solution but the residual gastric fluid volume is low one hour after ingestion of 5 mL kg−1 of either fluid.
What Must Pro‐Lifers Believe About the Moral Status of Embryos?
Authors: Hershenov David B.
Published: March 2020

Embryo rescue cases and minimal miscarriage prevention research have been interpreted as showing that even pro‐lifers are not really committed to the unborn having the same moral status as the born. I will suggest instead that judgments about embryo rescues are often distorted by triage considerations that reveal nothing about differences in moral status between those saved and those not. I will present metaphysical and ethical considerations – none assuming a difference in moral status – why preventing millions of miscarriages does not warrant the massive redistribution of research funds that would occur to prevent the deaths of equal numbers of humans already born.
Optimal Learning Algorithms for Stochastic Inventory Systems with Random Capacities
Authors: Chen Weidong , Shi Cong , Duenyas Izak
Published: March 2020

We propose the first learning algorithm for single‐product, periodic‐review, backlogging inventory systems with random production capacity. Different than the existing literature on this class of problems, we assume that the firm has neither prior information about the demand distribution nor the capacity distribution, and only has access to past demand and supply realizations. The supply realizations are censored capacity realizations in periods where the policy need not produce full capacity to reach its target inventory levels. If both the demand and capacity distributions were known at the beginning of the planning horizon, the well‐known target interval policies would be optimal, and the corresponding optimal cost is referred to as the clairvoyant optimal cost. When such distributional information is not available a priori to the firm, we propose a cyclic stochastic gradient descent type of algorithm whose running average cost asymptotically converges to the clairvoyant optimal cost. We prove that the rate of convergence guarantee of our algorithm is [Formula: see text], which is provably tight for this class of problems. We also conduct numerical experiments to demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed algorithms.
How disappointing: Startle modulation reveals conditional stimuli presented after pleasant unconditional stimuli acquire negative valence
Authors: Green Luke J. S. , Luck Camilla C. , Lipp Ottmar V.
Published: March 2020

Past research on backward conditioning in evaluative and fear conditioning yielded inconsistent results in that self‐report measures suggest that the conditional stimulus (CS) acquired the valence of the unconditional stimulus (US) in fear conditioning (assimilation effects), but the opposite valence in evaluative conditioning (contrast effects). Conversely, implicit measures of CS valence suggest assimilation effects in evaluative backward conditioning, whereas startle modulation indicates contrast effects in backward fear conditioning. The current study investigated whether US intensity could account for the dissociation on implicit measures between fear and evaluative conditioning. Self‐report measures of evaluative learning indicated assimilation effects for forward conditioning, whereas backward contrast effects were observed with intense USs only. Blink startle modulation indicated assimilation effects in forward conditioning and contrast effects in backward conditioning, regardless of US intensity. Experiment 2 included a neutral US in order to assess whether the offset of the positive US elicits an opponent emotional response that mirrors relief (disappointment), which is thought to mediate the reduction in startle seen during backward CSs in fear conditioning. This opponent emotional response was evident as startle magnitude during backward CSs increased linearly with increasing US pleasantness. Omission of the forward CSs led to an assimilation effect in self‐report measures. The current results extend our understanding of emotional learning to stimuli encountered after salient emotional events. Startle reflects the emotion prevailing after US offset, relief or disappointment, whereas self‐report measures seem more attuned to factors such as US predictability and intensity.
Mechanisms of the breathing contribution to bodily self‐consciousness in healthy humans: Lessons from machine‐assisted breathing?
Authors: Betka Sophie , Canzoneri Elisa , Adler Dan , Herbelin Bruno , Bello‐Ruiz Javier , Kannape Oliver Alan , Similowski Thomas , Blanke Olaf
Published: March 2020

Previous studies investigated bodily self‐consciousness (BSC) by experimentally exposing subjects to multisensory conflicts (i.e., visuo‐tactile, audio‐tactile, visuo‐cardiac) in virtual reality (VR) that involve the participant's torso in a paradigm known as the full‐body illusion (FBI). Using a modified FBI paradigm, we found that synchrony of visuo‐respiratory stimulation (i.e., a flashing outline surrounding an avatar in VR; the flash intensity depending on breathing), is also able to modulate BSC by increasing self‐location and breathing agency toward the virtual body. Our aim was to investigate such visuo‐respiratory effects and determine whether respiratory motor commands contributes to BSC, using non‐invasive mechanical ventilation (i.e., machine‐delivered breathing). Seventeen healthy participants took part in a visuo‐respiratory FBI paradigm and performed the FBI during two breathing conditions: (a) “active breathing” (i.e., participants actively initiate machine‐delivered breaths) and (b) “passive breathing” (i.e., breaths’ timing was determined by the machine). Respiration rate, tidal volume, and their variability were recorded. In line with previous results, participants experienced subjective changes in self‐location, breathing agency, and self‐identification toward the avatar's body, when presented with synchronous visuo‐respiratory stimulation. Moreover, drift in self‐location was reduced and tidal volume variability were increased by asynchronous visuo‐respiratory stimulations. Such effects were not modulated by breathing control manipulations. Our results extend previous FBI findings showing that visuo‐respiratory stimulation affects BSC, independently from breathing motor command initiation. Also, variability of respiratory parameters was influenced by visuo‐respiratory feedback and might reduce breathing discomfort. Further exploration of such findings might inform the development of respiratory therapeutic tools using VR in patients.
Morality, reasoning and upbringing
Authors: O'Hear Anthony
Published: March 2020

This paper examines the relationship between morality and reasoning in a general sense. Following a broadly Aristotelian framework, it is shown that reasoning well about morality requires good character and a grounding in virtue and experience. Topic neutral ‘critical thinking’ on its own is not enough and may even be detrimental to morality. This has important consequences both for philosophy and for education. While morality is objective and universal, it should not be seen purely in terms of the intellectual grasp of true propositions. As Simone Weil shows, it emerges from very basic aspects of our nature. As well as reasoning in an abstract sense we need what Pascal calls esprit de finesse based in our humanity as a whole, in sens, raison et coeur. The paper concludes with some reflections on our propensity to fail morally and on the relationship between virtue and happiness.
What is ‘care quality’ and can it be improved by information and communication technology? A typology of family caregivers' perspectives
Authors: Leslie Myles , Gray Robin Patricia , Khayatzadeh‐Mahani Akram
Published: March 2020

Introduction

With governments worldwide reducing their involvement in the provision of institutional long‐term elder care, community‐based family caregivers (FCs) have become a key element in policies aimed at improving the quality of healthcare systems and maintaining their financial sustainability. This paper uses data from focus groups with FCs providing care to older adults to describe their approaches to and priorities for achieving care quality and sustainability as they work with formal health and social care systems. It describes FCs' views on information and communications technology (ICT) as potential supports for achieving these care quality and sustainability goals.

Methods

We held 10 focus groups from May 2017 to August 2018 and recruited 25 FCs through a mix of convenience and snowball sampling strategies. We employed an inductive approach and used qualitative thematic content analysis methods to examine and interpret the resulting data. We used NVIVO 12 software for data analysis.

Results

Quality of care – as delivered by both FCs themselves, and formal health and social care systems – was a major preoccupation for our participants. They saw communications quality as a key aspect of the broader concept of care quality. Our data analysis produced a typology of communications quality from the FC perspective. Analysis of our data also revealed ICT development opportunities and available products in key areas.

Conclusions

Our findings suggest that the formal care system providers could be more caregiver‐oriented in their communications by engaging FCs in the decision‐making process and allowing them to express their own concerns and goals. The implication of our findings for those seeking to develop policies and ICT products in support of FCs is that these should focus on human relationships and seek to expand facilitative communications.
Thromboelastography: a promising alternative to monitor fresh frozen plasma transfusion. A pilot Study in ICU patients
Authors: Praveen Ajay Singh , Bedi Ravneet Kaur , Gombar Satinder , Palta Anshu
Published: March 2020

Background and Objectives

Most of the fresh frozen plasma (FFP) transfusions given are inappropriate and are based on abnormal coagulation tests. The objective of our study was to determine whether thromboelastography (TEG) can be used as an alternate to guide and monitor FFP transfusions.

Methods

A prospective observational study was conducted, and 28 patients were observed during their ICU stay. Blood samples were collected before and 18–24 h post‐FFP transfusion. Platelet counts and conventional coagulation tests were manually measured, and TEG was performed simultaneously.

Results

Of 28 patients, 27 showed abnormal conventional coagulation tests results. In contrast, only 13/28 showed abnormal TEG before FFP transfusion. Of 28 patients, three experienced bleeding, and significant association of TEG parameters – R time, α angle and maximum amplitude, was observed (P < 0·05). Post‐FFP transfusion, five patients were lost to follow‐up. Of 23 patients, 20 had deranged coagulogram, while 13 patients had deranged TEG results. One patient experienced bleeding symptoms and showed abnormal TEG as well as conventional coagulation test results. Significant changes in K time were found in all patients following FFP transfusion (P < 0·05). Maximum amplitude (MA) showed weak correlation with platelet counts. With respect to bleeding, sensitivity of TEG was similar to conventional coagulation test results. However, the specificity of TEG was found to be higher (60%).

Conclusions

Thromboelastography can be considered as an effective tool to assess coagulation status of ICU patients. Moreover, TEG is more specific and can therefore decrease the use of inappropriate FFP transfusions.
Standing MRI lesions of the distal interphalangeal joint and podotrochlear apparatus occur with a high frequency in warmblood horses
Authors: Gutierrez‐Nibeyro Santiago D. , Werpy Natasha M. , Gold Sarah J. , Olguin Silvia , Schaeffer David J.
Published: March 2020

Foot pain is a common presenting complaint in Warmblood horses. The aim of this retrospective, cross‐sectional study was to determine the spectrum of foot lesions detected by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in Warmblood horses used for dressage, jumping, and eventing. The medical records of 550 Warmblood horses with foot pain that were scanned using standing MRI were reviewed and the following data were recorded: signalment, occupation, lameness, diagnostic analgesia, imaging results, treatments, and follow‐up assessments. Associations between standing MRI lesions and chronic lameness following treatment were tested. Abnormalities of the navicular bone (409 horses, 74%), distal interphalangeal joint (362 horses, 65%), and deep digital flexor (DDF) tendon (260 horses, 47%) occurred with the highest frequency. The following abnormalities were significantly associated (P < .05) with chronic lameness following conservative therapy: moderate to severe MRI lesions in the trabecular bone of the navicular bone, mild or severe erosions of the flexor surface of the navicular bone, moderate sagittal/parasagittal DDF tendinopathies, and moderate collateral sesamoidean desmopathies. Also, identification of concurrent lesions of the DDF tendon, navicular bone, navicular bursa, and distal sesamoidean impar ligament was associated with chronic lameness after conservative therapy. Development of effective treatment options for foot lesions that respond poorly to conservative therapy is necessary.
Multi-Direction Vibration Isolator for Momentum Wheel Assemblies
Authors: Yan Ge , Zou Hong-Xiang , Yan Han , Tan Ting , Wang Sen , Zhang Wen-Ming , Peng Zhi-Ke , Meng Guang
Published: March 2020

Momentum wheel assemblies (MWAs) play an important role in the attitude adjustment of the satellite by momentum exchange. The micro-vibration induced by the MWAs affects attitude adjustment and leads to unclear imaging and imprecise position. Considering the isolation of multi-directional vibration and transmission of the torque, a novel isolator inspired by rigid-flexible coupling characteristics of folded structure is proposed for the MWAs in this paper. Through the orthogonal arrangement of two Z-folded beams, the isolator has low stiffness in the translational directions and high stiffness in the direction of rotation. An equivalent dynamic model is developed to characterize the isolator. The experimental results verify that the developed model accurately predicts the response of the isolator under different excitations. The results also demonstrate that the prototype can effectively isolate vibration in low-frequency and a wide-frequency range under three excitation directions. Moreover, the isolator has been tested to verify that it has enough stiffness for torque transmission. The design is compact and can be applied to the MWAs of the satellite for multi-direction vibration isolation without influence on the attitude adjustment of the MWAs to the satellite.
Erratum: “Modeling the Gas Exchange Processes of a Modern Diesel Engine With an Integrated Physics-Based and Data-Driven Approach” [ASME 2019 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference, Volume 2: Modeling and Control of Engine and Aftertreatment Systems; Modeling and Control of IC Engines and Aftertreatment Systems; Modeling and Validation; Motion Planning and Tracking Control; Multi-Agent and Networked Systems; Renewable and Smart Energy Systems; Thermal Energy Systems; Uncertain Systems and Robustness; Unmanned Ground and Aerial Vehicles; Vehicle Dynamics and Stability; Vibrations: Modeling, Analysis, and Control, Park City, Utah, USA, October 8–11, 2019, Conference Sponsors: Dynamic Systems and Control Division, ISBN: 978-0-7918-5915-5, Copyright © 2019 by ASME. Paper No. DSCC2019-9226, pp. V002T11A004; 10 pages; doi: 10.1115/DSCC2019-9226]
Authors: Pulpeiro Gonzalez Jorge , Ankobea-Ansah King , Escuder Milian Elena , Hall Carrie M.
Published: March 2020

This erratum corrects errors that appeared in the paper “Modeling the Gas Exchange Processes of a Modern Diesel Engine With an Integrated Physics-Based and Data-Driven Approach” which was published in Proceedings of the ASME 2019 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference, Volume 2: Modeling and Control of Engine and Aftertreatment Systems; Modeling and Control of IC Engines and Aftertreatment Systems; Modeling and Validation; Motion Planning and Tracking Control; Multi-Agent and Networked Systems; Renewable and Smart Energy Systems; Thermal Energy Systems; Uncertain Systems and Robustness; Unmanned Ground and Aerial Vehicles; Vehicle Dynamics and Stability; Vibrations: Modeling, Analysis, and Control, (V002T11A004), October 2019, DSCC2019-9226, doi: 10.1115/DSCC2019-9226.
Influence of the Injection Parameters on the Efficiency and Power Output of a Hydrogen Fueled Engine
Authors: Sierens Roger , Verhelst Sebastian
Published: March 2020

The advantages of hydrogen fueled internal combustion engines are well known, certainly concerning the ultra low noxious emissions (only NOx is to be considered). Disadvantages are the backfire phenomenon and the gaseous state of hydrogen at atmospheric conditions. A complete control of the mixture formation is necessary and therefore a test engine with sequential port injection was chosen.

The tests are carried out on a single cylinder CFR engine with the intention to use the results to optimize a 6 and 8 cylinder engine with multipoint injection. Different positions of the injector against the intake air duct are examined (represented as different junctions).

A numerical simulation CFD code (FLUENT) is used under “stationary” conditions (continuous injection) for all geometries and under “real” conditions (sequential injection) for one situation.

For each of the geometries the influences of the start of injection, the air/fuel equivalence ratio, injection pressure and ignition timing on the power output and efficiency of the engine are analyzed. A comparison and discussion is given for all results.

It is clearly shown that the start of injection for a certain engine speed and inlet geometry influences the volumetric efficiency and thus the power output of the engine due to the interaction between the injected hydrogen and the inlet pressure waves. Furthermore, the small influence of the injection pressure and the contradictory benefits of the different junctions between power output and fuel efficiency are measured.

With retarded injection, so that cool air decreases the temperature of the “hot-spots” in the combustion chamber before the fuel is injected, backfire safe operation is possible.
Calibration of a Methodology to Determine Pollutant Production in Urban Areas and its Application to Real Situations
Authors: Artusi E. R. , Cacozza A. , Danieli G. A. , Merenda F. , Muraca P. , Viola R.
Published: March 2020

The paper illustrates a first calibration of the Danieli-d’Elia method for pollutant production determination in urban areas, as described in previous articles, and its application to measured road conditions in a Southern Italian City.

In order to perform the calibration, the method was applied to UDC + EUDC driving cycles, theoretically obtained for a given vehicle, both catalysed and non-catalysed. Model predictions were then compared to law requirements for the relative model-year, obtaining the calibration. Next, it was also necessary to devise a procedure to filter the data, which was often subject to heavy electronic noise, causing unrealistic values of the acceleration, and this was also performed and applied to the different sets of experimental data. Once this was obtained, the comparison to real city pollutant production in various traffic and elevation conditions was performed. Finally, on the assumption that in real traffic the individual car’s kinematic conditions are conditioned by the presence of other cars, the measured kinematic diagrams were extended to different car typologies by changing engine speed in the appropriate manner, and consequently the torque. This allows the experimental measurement to be extended to the entire fleet of cars, running on a certain street at a given time, also taking into account velocity distributions, as will be shown.
PFPE Lubricant Bonding to Carbon Overcoats
Authors: Lei Ryan Z. , Paserba Kris R. , Gellman Andrew J. , Shukla Nisha , Cornaglia Laura M.
Published: March 2020

Continued reduction in the head-disk spacing of magnetic data storage systems and the resulting increase in the frequency of head-disk contacts will place increasing burdens on the perfluoropolyalkyl ether (PFPE) lubricant and amorphous carbon (a-C) overcoat used to protect the surfaces of magnetic media. In addition, environmental conditions such as temperature, humidity, and contamination that influence the lubricant-overcoat interactions become increasingly important to the tribological performance of the head-disk interface. It is of utmost importance to obtain a fundamental understanding of the molecular interactions at the lubricant-overcoat interface in order to maintain the reliability of future hard disk drives. Recent progress has generated insight into the heterogeneous nature of the a-C overcoat surface, the interaction mechanisms of PFPEs with a-C overcoats, the effects of humidity on lubricant-overcoat interactions, and the evaporation kinetics of PFPE lubricants.
Characterizing protein G B1 orientation and its effect on immunoglobulin G antibody binding using XPS, ToF-SIMS, and quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring
Authors: Harrison Elisa T. , Wang Yung-Chen , Carter Lauren , Castner David G.
Published: March 2020

Controlling how proteins are immobilized (e.g., controlling their orientation and conformation) is essential for developing and optimizing the performance of in vitro protein-binding devices, such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Characterizing the identity, orientation, etc., of proteins in complex mixtures of immobilized proteins requires a multitechnique approach. The focus of this work was to control and characterize the orientation of protein G B1, an immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody-binding domain of protein G, on well-defined surfaces and to measure the effect of protein G B1 orientation on IgG antibody binding. The surface sensitivity of time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) was used to distinguish between different proteins and their orientation on both flat and nanoparticle gold surfaces by monitoring intensity changes of characteristic amino acid mass fragments. Amino acids distributed asymmetrically were used to calculate peak intensity ratios from ToF-SIMS data to determine the orientation of protein G B1 cysteine mutants covalently attached to a maleimide surface. To study the effect of protein orientation on antibody binding, multilayer protein films on flat gold surfaces were formed by binding IgG to the immobilized protein G B1 films. Quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis revealed that coverage and orientation affected the antibody-binding process. At high protein G B1 coverage, the cysteine mutant immobilized in an end-on orientation with the C-terminus exposed bound 443 ng/cm2 of whole IgG (H + L) antibodies. In comparison, the high coverage cysteine mutant immobilized in an end-on orientation with the N-terminus exposed did not bind detectable amounts of whole IgG (H + L) antibodies.
Ammonium salts are a reservoir of nitrogen on a cometary nucleus and possibly on some asteroids
Authors: Poch Olivier , Istiqomah Istiqomah , Quirico Eric , Beck Pierre , Schmitt Bernard , Theulé Patrice , Faure Alexandre , Hily-Blant Pierre , Bonal Lydie , Raponi Andrea , Ciarniello Mauro , Rousseau Batiste , Potin Sandra , Brissaud Olivier , Flandinet Laurène , Filacchione Gianrico , Pommerol Antoine , Thomas Nicolas , Kappel David , Mennella Vito , Moroz Lyuba , Vinogradoff Vassilissa , Arnold Gabriele , Erard Stéphane , Bockelée-Morvan Dominique , Leyrat Cédric , Capaccioni Fabrizio , De Sanctis Maria Cristina , Longobardo Andrea , Mancarella Francesca , Palomba Ernesto , Tosi Federico
Published: March 2020

Ammonium salts on comet 67P

The distribution of carbon and nitrogen in the Solar System is thought to reflect the stability of carbon- and nitrogen-bearing molecules when exposed to the heat of the forming Sun. Comets have a low nitrogen-to-carbon ratio, which is contrary to expectations because they originate in the outer Solar System where nitrogen species should be common. Poch
et al.
used laboratory experiments to simulate cometary surfaces and compared the resulting spectra with comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. They assigned a previously unidentified infrared absorption band to nitrogen-containing ammonium salts. The salts could contain enough nitrogen to bring the comet's nitrogen-to-carbon ratio in line with the Sun's.

Science
, this issue p.
eaaw7462
Liquid droplets in the skin
Authors: Rai Arpan , Pelkmans Lucas
Published: March 2020

Creating enough glue to protect the body may require phase separation in skin cells
A Histone Methyltransferase Inhibitor Can Reverse Epigenetically Acquired Drug Resistance in the Malaria Parasite Plasmodium falciparum
Authors: Chan Amanda , Dziedziech Alexis , Kirkman Laura A. , Deitsch Kirk W. , Ankarklev Johan
Published: March 2020

Malaria parasites invade and replicate within red blood cells (RBCs), extensively modifying their structure and gaining access to the extracellular environment by placing the plasmodial surface anion channel (PSAC) into the RBC membrane. Expression of members of the cytoadherence linked antigen gene 3 (
clag3
) family is required for PSAC activity, a process that is regulated epigenetically. PSAC is a well-established route of uptake for large, hydrophilic antimalarial compounds, and parasites can acquire resistance by silencing
clag3
gene expression, thereby reducing drug uptake.
Flavivirus Envelope Protein Glycosylation: Impacts on Viral Infection and Pathogenesis
Authors: Carbaugh Derek L. , Lazear Helen M.
Published: March 2020

Flaviviruses encode one, two, or no
N
-linked glycosylation sites on their envelope proteins. Glycosylation can impact virus interactions with cell surface attachment factors and also may impact virion stability and virus replication. Envelope protein glycosylation has been identified as a virulence determinant for multiple flaviviruses, but the mechanisms by which glycosylation mediates pathogenesis remain unclear. In this Gem, we summarize current knowledge on flavivirus envelope protein glycosylation and its impact on viral infection and pathogenesis.
Structure-Guided Mutagenesis Alters Deubiquitinating Activity and Attenuates Pathogenesis of a Murine Coronavirus
Authors: Deng Xufang , Chen Yafang , Mielech Anna M. , Hackbart Matthew , Kesely Kristina R. , Mettelman Robert C. , O’Brien Amornrat , Chapman Mackenzie E. , Mesecar Andrew D. , Baker Susan C.
Published: March 2020

Coronaviruses employ a genetic economy by encoding multifunctional proteins that function in viral replication and also modify the host environment to disarm the innate immune response. The coronavirus papain-like protease 2 (PLP2) domain possesses protease activity, which cleaves the viral replicase polyprotein, and also DUB activity (deconjugating ubiquitin/ubiquitin-like molecules from modified substrates) using identical catalytic residues. To separate the DUB activity from the protease activity, we employed a structure-guided mutagenesis approach and identified residues that are important for ubiquitin binding. We found that mutating the ubiquitin-binding residues results in a PLP2 that has reduced DUB activity but retains protease activity. We engineered a recombinant murine coronavirus to express the DUB mutant and showed that the DUB mutant virus activated an earlier type I interferon response in macrophages and exhibited reduced replication in mice. The results of this study demonstrate that PLP2/DUB is an interferon antagonist and a virulence trait of coronaviruses.
Contralateral effect of systemic absorption of low dose bevacizumab (Avastin) after unilateral intravitreal injection in severe retinopathy of prematurity (ROP)
Authors: Shafiq Ayad , Hillier Roxane , Hearn Richard
Published: March 2020

An extremely premature baby boy born at 23 weeks’ gestational age was treated with unilateral low dose of 0.16 mg/0.025 mL intravitreal bevacizumab in the left eye for aggressive retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). He developed photographically documented changes in his contralateral right eye on imaging 5 days later. Second eye treatment was at 12 days. He has development assessment and ophthalmic review beyond age 2, which is normal. Systemic absorption of the drug caused an end organ effect to slow down and reverse ROP in his untreated right eye. Both eyes vascularised fully. His normal Bayley III developmental score at age 2 is uncommon for a 23-week gestation baby. Even at a low dose, bevacizumab has the potential for end organ effect on the second eye, and therefore other organs. In this case, there are no medium-term measurable neurodevelopmental side-effects. We suggest longer term follow-up is required before excluding unwanted side-effects.
Clenbuterol: a new toxic substance in paediatrics
Authors: Tester Andrew A , Logan Sheena , Pollock Louisa , McKie Allison
Published: March 2020

A 13-year-old girl presented to the emergency department with acute onset of chest pain, nausea and tremor. The patient denied drug ingestion, and urine toxicology was negative. ECG demonstrated sinus tachycardia, prolonged QTc (541 ms) and ST depression. Laboratory testing demonstrated metabolic acidosis, hypokalaemia, hypophosphataemia and hyperglycaemia. She was commenced on continuous cardiac monitoring and treated with intravenous fluids and electrolyte replacement. Presenting features and laboratory abnormalities resolved within 48 hours. The National Poisons Information Service and Clinical Biochemistry were integral to her management, advising the clinical team on the likeliest aetiology. Five weeks after discharge, urine toxicology, using mass spectrometry, identified clenbuterol. Clenbuterol is an oral β2-agonist with anabolic and lipolytic effects that is misused as a performance and image enhancing drug. Clinicians must be aware of the increasing availability of these drugs and their potential for causing harm in children and adolescents.
Rat bite fever in senior health medicine
Authors: Pannetier Lucile Wei-Xi , Lombard Emma
Published: March 2020

A 71-year-old man was admitted with confusion having been discovered on the floor of his unkempt home. Social services would later confirm that the home was infested by rats. An infection of unclear origin was suspected, and he was immediately started on broad spectrum antibiotics. He subsequently developed a swollen left knee. Two knee aspirates showed a raised white cell count but no microbiological or cytological diagnosis. Finally, samples sent for 16S rDNA PCR identifiedStreptobacillus monilliformis. Fastidious organisms and early treatment with antibiotics can limit microbiological diagnosis through standard laboratory analysis. Newer techniques such as sequence-based testing can overcome these limitations; however, they are not widely available and require the clinician to have a high index of suspicion. Crucially, the patient continued to be treated for his clinical sepsis despite initial laboratory results being negative and conflicting specialist opinions.