bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Secrets, Lies, and Consequences
Authors: Lincoln Bruce
Published: October 2023

In May 1991, having received threats that terrified him, Ioan Petru Culianu (1950–91) entrusted a set of papers to a colleague a week before his killer made good on those threats. Some years later, those papers came into the author’s hands and prompted him to write this book. In brief, these were English translations of articles that Mircea Eliade (1907–86)—the world’s foremost historian of religions—had written in the 1930s. Some articles voiced his support for the Legion of the Archangel Michael, also known as the Iron Guard, Romania’s virulently anti-Semitic mystical fascist movement. Other were pieces that spoke warmly and generously about some of Eliade’s Jewish colleagues. At the time of his death, Culianu was struggling to publish these articles, which he—and others—saw as the most important evidence concerning Eliade’s politics. His attempt to do so, however, encountered fierce resistance from Professor Eliade’s widow, and most have never appeared in translation. This book explores what those articles reveal about Eliade’s past, his subsequent efforts to conceal that past, his complex relations with Culianu, whom he saw as his protégé and heir, and the possible motives for Culianu’s shocking murder, which remains unsolved to this day.
Civil fury and civil war
Authors: Tatum W. Jeffrey
Published: October 2023

This chapter concentrates on the outbreak of fresh civil war. Topics include: Antony’s difficult relationship both with the Liberators and past devotees of Caesar; Cicero’s Philippics and the break between Antony and Cicero; the disintegration of the amnesty of 17 March; Antony’s open hostility against the Liberators, accusing them of parricidium in the assassination of Caesar; Octavian’s raising of a private army and his suborning of Antony’s soldiers; Cicero’s justifications for Octavian’s actions by appealing to libertas; Octavian’s march on Rome and his unsuccessful attempt to turn the veterans against Antony; Antony’s final acts as consul and his ceremonial departure; Cicero’s attempts to have Antony declared a hostis; Antony’s confrontation with Decimus Brutus at Mutina; Cicero’s success in annulling Antony’s legislation; the dispatch of Octavian, Hirtius, and Pansa to defend Decimus Brutus at Mutina; Dolabella’s success in the east against the Liberator Trebonius; Antony’s public letter to Hirtius and Pansa preserved in Cicero’s Thirteenth Philippic and its invocation of the party of Caesar; the battles of Forum Gallorum and Mutina; Antony’s defeat and withdrawal from Italy.
The domination of the triumvirs
Authors: Tatum W. Jeffrey
Published: October 2023

This chapter concentrates on the formation of the Second Triumvirate and Antony’s victory over Brutus and Cassius at Philippi. Topics include: the senate’s declaration of Antony as a hostis; Antony’s alliance with Lepidus, Munatius Plancus, and Asinius Pollio; Octavian’s march on Rome and his assumption of a consulship; passage of the lex Pedia establishing a tribunal for trying Caesar’s assassins and their enablers; the conference at Bononia, at which the Second Triumvirate was formed with Antony as its senior member; passage of the lex Titia establishing the triumvirs as Rome’s top magistrates; the proscriptions and the death of Cicero; the possibility that Antony’s coinage at this time depicts Fulvia; the depredations of Brutus and Cassius in the east; the campaign against the Liberators culminating in Antony’s victory at Philippi and the deaths of Brutus and Cassius; new triumviral arrangements made by Antony and Octavian after Philippi; the necessity of confiscating municipal properties in Italy in order to establish colonies for veterans, an assignment given to Octavian; Antony’s assignment in the east: re-imposing order in the east and extracting its wealth in order to compensate the veterans.
Dissolution
Authors: Tatum W. Jeffrey
Published: October 2023

This chapter addresses the collapse of Antony’s relationship with Octavian, the battle of Actium, the defence of Alexandria, and Antony’s death. Topics include: Antony’s offer to restore the republic and the question of its sincerity; the conflict between Octavian and Antony, especially its expression in propaganda and invective; Octavian’s deployment of orientalist prejudice and misogyny; Antony’s military preparations for war against Octavian; the flight of many in the senate who joined Antony in Ephesus; the problem of Cleopatra in Antony’s high command; Antony’s ceremonial and festive progress to Greece; Octavian’s revelation of Antony’s will and its implications; Octavian’s preparations for war against Cleopatra; Agrippa’s naval strategy, which wrongfooted Antony; the battle of Actium and Antony’s decision to separate himself from his legions; the subsequent defection of Antony’s legions; Antony’s final months in Alexandria and his defence of the city; Antony’s suicide.
When Peacekeeping Missions Collide
Authors: Diehl Paul F. , Druckman Daniel , Mueller Grace B.
Published: October 2023

Most analyses of peacekeeping focus on attempts to limit violent conflict. Yet contemporary peace operations are asked to do much more, including unconventional roles of monitoring elections, facilitating transitions to the rule of law, distributing humanitarian aid, and resolving conflicts in civil societies undergoing transformation. This pathbreaking work takes the lid off peace operations to explore missions (e.g., Disarmament, Demobilization, and Reintegration) that go beyond traditional peacekeeping and the ways mission outcomes influence one another. This work begins by documenting patterns of peacekeeping missions in seventy UN operations, noting the dramatic increase in their number and diversity since the end of the Cold War and the shift to conflicts with a substantial internal conflict component. The core of the book examines eight expectations about how different missions interact with one another. The expectations are guided by theoretical logics associated with sequencing, compatibility, and multitasking. These are examined in five detailed case studies of UN operations: United Nations Protection Force or UNPROFOR (Bosnia); United Nations Operation in the Congo or ONUC (Congo); United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor or UNTAET (East Timor); United Nations Organization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo or MONUC (Congo); and United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone or UNAMSIL (Sierra Leone). The final chapter reviews the findings in terms of their implications for the expectations. It also provides a policy-relevant framework for organizing the various parts and stages of a peace operation, offering a future research agenda on multiple mission peacekeeping.
Limited Mission Cases
Authors: Diehl Paul F. , Druckman Daniel , Mueller Grace B.
Published: October 2023

Chapter 4 focuses on two operations—the United Nations Protection Force or UNPROFOR (Bosnia) and the United Nations Operation in the Congo or ONUC (Congo)—that are the oldest ones in the study’s set and involve the fewest number of missions. Examining these two cases in tandem allows the authors to consider whether problems with multiple missions are primarily in the domain of the more recent peacebuilding operations or whether such problems are seemingly inherent to UN peace operations. For each operation, the chapter provides a brief overview of the conflict background and the key elements in the timeline for the operations. The core of the analysis is an assessment of the outcomes for each of the missions in the operation, with an eye toward how they are connected in ways laid out by our expectations (or not).
Mexico
Authors: Martin Philip
Published: October 2023

Mexico developed a system of estates employing peasants until the 1910–17 revolution created the ejido system, which gave farmers land they could use but not sell. Mexican agricultural policies that offered high prices for corn and beans benefitted primarily large commercial farmers who had surpluses to sell rather than the more numerous subsistence farmers who farmed to feed their families, and worsening poverty on the ejidos in the 1980s prompted rising Mexico-US migration. NAFTA aimed to substitute trade for migration, to allow Mexico to export tomatoes rather than tomato pickers to the United States, and led to the creation of a farm export sector that provides 750,000 jobs for young Mexicans with little education, in which they earn two or three times Mexico’s minimum wage. Export agriculture is a NAFTA success story that offers a first step up the job ladder for rural Mexicans and their families.
Alternatives to US Workers
Authors: Martin Philip
Published: October 2023

Are US workers necessary to produce fresh fruits and vegetables for Americans? There are three major alternatives to US farm workers: labor-saving mechanization, migrant guest workers, and imported fruits and vegetables. Mechanization is being spurred by rapidly rising farm wages and by rapid progress in robotics and artificial intelligence that produces machines to detect and harvest fruits and vegetables with minimal damage. The H-2A program tripled in size over the past decade so that a sixth of jobs on US crop farms are filled by guest workers, raising questions how to facilitate farmer access to migrant workers while preventing abuse and exploitation. The United States imports 60 percent of its fresh fruit and 35 percent of its fresh vegetables. Mexico provides half of fresh fruit imports and three-fourths of fresh vegetable imports; most of the avocados and tomatoes consumed by Americans are products of Mexico. The choices for supplying fresh produce are machines, migrants, or imports, and the most likely outcome is a combination of all three.
Fruit
Authors: Martin Philip
Published: October 2023

American households or consumer units spend an average $12 a week on fresh fruits and vegetables. Farmers receive a third of the retail price of apples and lettuce, and farm labor costs are a third of farm revenue, so a $2 pound of apples or a $2 head of lettuce generates $0.66 for farmers and $0.22 for farm workers. The choice between machines, migrants, and imports varies by commodity. Blueberry and raisin grape farms are likely to mechanize because machines are available and imports limit price increases, while apple, table grape, and strawberry farms are likely to employ more migrant guest workers until a combination of biological and engineering advances leads to mechanization in these commodities.
Protecting Farm Workers
Authors: Martin Philip
Published: October 2023

Enforcing farm labor laws is difficult and complicated by agricultural exceptionalism, the practice of exempting farm workers from laws setting minimum wages, requiring overtime pay, or prohibiting child labor. Federal investigators visit 1 percent of US farm employers each year and find violations on two-thirds of the farms investigated. The enforcement data reveal a bad-apple problem: the 5 percent of berry, vegetable, and orange farms with the most labor law violations account for half to three-fourths of all violations found in these commodities. If the worst labor law violators could be eliminated, total farm labor violations could fall sharply. One way to identify and target violators is to adapt the food safety model of continuous monitoring that requires farms to identify possible hazards to food safety, train workers, and routinely test water and other items that could contaminate fresh produce. Similar plans, training, and data from electronic record keeping could improve labor law compliance.
Leading Change at the Team and Organizational Levels
Authors: Herrick Jeannine , Welter Christina R. , Orton Steve
Published: October 2023

This chapter builds on the role of leadership in change management and explores the ways in which change management occurs through development of skills throughout the organization to support change processes. It explains the role of essential change agents at the individual, interpersonal, organizational, and community levels. Using examples of change management efforts, the chapter provides an overview of various models for change management. The examples show successful change and the skills and components that supported that change, including key organizational components that provide a sound foundation for an environment ready for change.
Effective Communication
Authors: Schiavo Renata , Arana Mayela
Published: October 2023

This chapter examines the skill of effective communication in public health. It defines and discusses the role effective communication plays in the context of social and behavior-change communication in public health. It explores key factors, such as empathy, storytelling, cultural humility, community, key group participation, engagement, equity, and other core concepts, for effective public health communication. Using models and examples, it provides recommendations for how effective communication skills can be used to combat the effects of misinformation in public health, an issue that has been made acutely obvious during the COVID-19 pandemic. Armed with strategies and considerations for effective communication, the public health professional can develop an effective communication framework tailored for systems with changes required or needs that are unmet.
Problem-Solving and Decision-Making Skills for Public Health Practice
Authors: Fraser Michael R.
Published: October 2023

This chapter provides an initial definition of problem-solving and the components of the problem-solving process. It identifies common mistakes early in the process and their implications. It explains that the first step toward successful problem-solving is thoroughly and accurately defining the problem and acknowledging that multiple solutions must be considered. It explores multiple approaches to problem-solving, such as rational problem-solving and organic problem-solving, as well as a type of organic problem-solving called appreciative inquiry. The chapter also explores seven decision-making styles and elaborates on common mistakes made during the process, as well as how to overcome them.
Growing Strategic Skills to Support Innovation in Governmental Public Health
Authors: Fisher Jessica Solomon , Chudgar Reena , Castillo Grace
Published: October 2023

This chapter covers the theory of, and case studies on, innovation in public health. Data and discussions of systems thinking, design thinking, and the innovation mindset are used to underscore the importance of innovation, evolution, and dynamic improvement of public health agencies, especially in governmental public health. In public health, an example of innovation could be a new program or tool to address equity. Or it could take the form of internal focus on creating a new business practice in a health department. While innovation is not the answer to every public health problem, the process helps raise the right questions as well as find the right solutions, keeping communities at the center throughout. Innovation isn’t just a task added to day-to-day work—it requires a shift in the approach to work. Public health must reimagine traditional tactical skills and develop a collation of more strategic skills.
Overview: Moving from Programs to Policies
Authors: Hunter Edward L. , Castillo Grace
Published: October 2023

This chapter covers the process of creating lasting policies and the roles of public health leaders as advocates for their programs. Recently, public health advocates have sought greater influence over social and economic circumstances that affect health, as well as sustainable interventions in the face of resource constraints. The country’s experience addressing the COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the importance of, and need for, effective use of policy levers to build more equitable and resilient communities, to control infectious diseases, to mitigate the impacts of health emergencies, and to protect public health science. The COVID-19 crisis made it clear that stepping back from policy engagement is not an option for those working to improve the public’s health. By making policy a strategic priority, public health practitioners and advocates can have real influence outside the health sector and can help shape the broad social and economic conditions that are fundamental to improving the public’s health.
Policy Development and Engagement
Authors: Forrest Katrina , Hearne Shelley
Published: October 2023

From epidemiologists to emergency responders, public health nurses to program managers, practitioners often face challenges with significant policy implications. This chapter aims to equip public health professionals and all who seek to advocate for evidence-based policy solutions with tangible tools, skills, and insights necessary for achieving a policy objective. Policy development and policy engagement are supported by six essential keys to success: know your ask; know your audience, supporters, and decision makers; know and engage the opposition; develop consistent and clear messaging; consider timing; and stay the course. Public health practitioners are uniquely positioned to influence policy change through strong policy development, compelling storytelling, and effective policy engagement.
Evidence-Based Policymaking and Public Health Practice
Authors: Plescia Marcus , Brownson Ross C.
Published: October 2023

This chapter focuses on the processes, challenges, and contexts of developing, communicating, implementing, and evaluating evidence-based public health policy. There is a wide range of resources available to the public health workforce to identify evidence-based policy interventions and monitor policies enacted at the federal, state, and local levels. This information must be communicated effectively to policymakers and their staff. The political process makes the strict practice of enacting only evidence-based policies unrealistic, but public health can work to make policies as evidence-informed as possible and advocate for strong evaluation plans to be included with innovative approaches that are yet to be fully assessed. This chapter highlights the importance of clear and concise communication of the messaging of evidence to back up emerging public health policies, as well as the specific challenges of implementing and monitoring evidence-based policies.
Public Health’s Essential Ingredient
Authors: Aboelata Manal J. , Savannah Sheila B.
Published: October 2023

This chapter discusses community engagement as an essential aspect of community health and public health, using the Public Health 3.0 framework to discuss challenges and practices. Community engagement is a practice, and it can yield tremendous benefits. Equity and inclusion are central to successful community engagement, which must entail relationship-building, regular communication, and decision-making that involves residents. The people most likely to be affected by the conditions that impede health, safety, and well-being are those most experienced with solutions to those problems. Fully activated, public health appreciates its role in relationship to building the social justice movement and seeks to be included as an ally and a resource in reaching social justice aims.
From Silo to Spoon
Authors: Thompson Paul B.
Published: October 2023

Key questions in food ethics—food aid, local diets, food labeling, sustainability and agricultural pollution—have been understood through a lens that takes production, processing, and distribution to be general features of the industrial economy. Challenging these fundamental assumptions calls for an approach that goes beyond dietary advice. A deep inquiry into the nature of food and farming, and into the institutions that structure food purchases and environmental regulation, shows how a place-based agrarian outlook reveals unappreciated philosophical complexity, opening to a more satisfactory ethos for contemporary food practices. At the same time, the promise of an alternative food ethics requires uncovering the way that traditional agrarian norms continue to be implicated in structural racism and oppression. Thompson’s “agrarian pragmatism” counters mainstream applied ethics with a line of argument contrasting ethical inquiry with discourses of persuasion and social control. The book concludes with a study of how food ethics provides an entry into dialog between themes in environmental philosophy and the philosophy of race.
Pollution as a Moral Problem
Authors: Thompson Paul B.
Published: October 2023

Mary Douglas investigated how pollution ideas establish basic categories for organizing social life. Present-day scientists understand pollution as the release of harmful substances into the environment. This notion presumes one categorical distinction emphasizing human agency (substances that occur naturally are not pollutants) and another classifying hazards in terms of their availability to the methods of the biophysical sciences. The latter classification excludes forms of harm that eventuate through socioeconomic mechanisms. However, agricultural practices challenge these categories: some argue that contaminants affecting a farmer’s ability to sell a crop as “organic” or “GMO-free” are pollutants in the same way as contaminants that make it unfit for consumption. Douglas’s analysis thus has import for the philosophy of agricultural science. The ethical importance of this usage is that pollution beliefs establish an implicit moral communities reflected in the pragmatics—the implicit background—of pollution discourse. Wilfrid Sellars’s notion of “we-intentions” helps investigate this phenomenon, but it leaves scholars in the ironic and uncomfortable position of implicitly taking sides in a dispute even when the goal is to foster conversations in which the substance of dispute becomes explicitly available for philosophical analysis and evaluation.
Sustainable Food Systems
Authors: Thompson Paul B.
Published: October 2023

A logical analysis of the concept of sustainability shows that many current uses of the word derive their ethical content from theories of development rather than sustainability as such. When the aphorism equating sustainability with that which “meets the needs of current generations while allowing future generations to meet their needs” is examined, meeting present day needs becomes a necessary condition for satisfying the conditions for sustainability. Thus no form of agriculture that allows food needs anywhere to go unmet can be judged sustainable. Although this formulation is appealing to food movement activists seeking social justice, it is inconsistent with the view advocated by critics of industrial farming methods who have claimed that inadequate soil and water conservation (not to mention polluting and climate-forcing impacts of agrichemicals) are the factors making current food systems unsustainable. An alternative systems analysis is offered as more faithful to the conceptual content of sustainability as such. One consequence of this analysis is that some sustainable systems may be producing social evils rather than goods.
Agrarian Pragmatism
Authors: Thompson Paul B.
Published: October 2023

Notions of agrarianism are reviewed and a preferred understanding of a sociopolitical philosophy stressing the role of agriculture and food systems in the organization and survival of human cultures is developed. This form of agrarianism emphasizes an evolutionary understanding of character traits, habits, and cultural systems. The chapter explores conceptual links to the pragmatism of Charles Peirce, William James, John Dewey, and Jane Addams. The view is contrasted to environmental philosophies that ground environmental duties in terms of human use value, on the one hand, or the intrinsic value of nature, on the other. Thomas Jefferson’s particular adaptation of an agrarian philosophy is shown to turn upon the political sustainability of the early American republic rather than on a romantic or bucolic understanding of morality, as some critics write. Jefferson is drawing on an understanding of the relationship between culture and the natural world that has a long philosophical history, continuing into the 20th century with Dewey’s emphasis on organism–environment interaction. Although the view has unappreciated strengths, it also supported racism and colonial exploitation, and these features are examined in detail.
Scottish History, Presbyterian Culture, and the Right to Bear Arms
Authors: McIntyre Neil
Published: October 2023

This chapter illuminates how Scottish Presbyterian and covenanting history and culture shaped views of legitimate arms-bearing in parts of America in the decades leading up to the Second Amendment’s ratification. This chapter shows the diversity of non-English legal, political, and theological influences on self-defense and arms-bearing in the early United States. This history grounded both rights and duties to resist tyrannical government initially in religious understanding and obligations, before it shifted to a more individualized level as the American Revolution approached.
Gun Laws in Early America
Authors: Hadden Sally E.
Published: October 2023

Scholars readily assume that early America guns laws focused purely on military readiness and community defense. However, analysis of seventeenth- and eighteenth-century enactments reveals that European colonists in North America created conflicting, contradictory laws for multiple reasons affecting gun ownership, control, and use. Economic advantages competed with personal protection, for human foes (pirates, Native Americans enemies, Spanish or French imperial rivals) were not their sole targets; Southern colonists also hunted deer for profit and wolves for bounties. Native allies (voluntarily) and African slaves (involuntarily) might also do so on their behalf, frequently without White participation or supervision. Armed slaves were even briefly inducted into South Carolina’s militia as imperial defenders, and armed Native Americans proved skillful in producing skins for export, a major source of trade income. But equipping Natives and enslaved people with guns brought Southern colonists into conflict with each other. Armed and hostile Natives and slaves constituted security threats to colonists. Thus, colonial laws veered between priorities of arming, controlling, or disarming gun owners, particularly Native American and enslaved gun users as well as vagrants. White legislatures applied gun control laws to specific groups, influenced by racism and assumptions about what constituted civilization (hunting versus farming). Driven by profit, reckless colonists evaded disarming laws and continued to provide weapons to slaves or Natives, dangerously increasing White community vulnerability.
Historical Gun Laws Targeting “Dangerous” Groups and Outsiders
Authors: Blocher Joseph , Carberry Caitlan
Published: October 2023

This chapter grapples with two lines of historical regulation that lack obvious modern equivalents: laws regulating sales to Native Americans and laws regulating possession by those disaffected to the cause of America. Relying largely upon the Repository of Historical Gun Laws, the chapter provides a historical overview of these laws and explores an underlying methodological question: What is to be done with the array of gun regulations at the founding with targets that no longer are desirable, or even constitutional? If the Second Amendment demands rigorous historical analysis, it is difficult to ignore such laws entirely, even though they would of course be unconstitutional today. They might be probative of broad framing-era principles—such as governmental power to disarm “dangerous” groups—even if we reject the framing-era application of those principles—such as a determination that particular groups were (or were not) dangerous.
Strange Bedfellows
Authors: Rivas Brennan Gardner
Published: October 2023

This chapter takes as its starting point the unusual and intriguing convergence of gun rights and ethnic studies scholars upon the idea that American gun regulations are rooted in racism. Through an exploration of weapon-related regulations and state constitutional provisions in effect from the colonial period to the end of Reconstruction, the chapter rebuts many of the arguments put forward by such scholars regarding the role of racism in American gun control efforts. Laws have directed the ownership, sale, possession, and carrying of firearms and other weapons throughout American history, and most of them have applied to White Americans as much as their Black counterparts. Race as a critical part of the American story of gun regulation should not be mistaken for racism as the whole story.
A Brief Overview of Gun Registration in U.S. History
Authors: Cefali Genesa C. , Charles Jacob D.
Published: October 2023

This chapter traces early laws requiring firearms registration. It identifies and explores the various mechanisms states have used to track firearm ownership and connect weapons with owners. The chapter notes differences in how these laws operated on a variety of different metrics: whether laws required registration of both long and hand guns or only the latter, whether the individual owners themselves or retailers who sold the weapons were responsible for registration, and the types and detail of information required. Finally, the chapter demonstrates that although some of these laws were rather intrusive, there does not appear to be a great outcry that they would inevitably lead to tyrannical efforts to disarm law-abiding citizens or that they violated state or federal rights to keep and bear arms.
Constitutional Liquidation, Surety Laws, and the Right to Bear Arms
Authors: Leider Robert
Published: October 2023

Some scholars have claimed that, in the nineteenth century, many states heavily restricted the public carriage of weapons through surety laws. They call these surety laws the “Massachusetts Model” (in this volume the “Free States Model”) and they argue that these laws evidence that the right to bear arms was not widely understood to encompass a general right to carry weapons publicly. This chapter challenges that historical narrative, and more importantly, it disputes the relevance of the Massachusetts Model for constitutional interpretation. First, this chapter argues that the relevance of nineteenth-century laws and judicial decisions lies in the idea of “constitutional liquidation,” that postenactment practice can settle the meaning of legal text. Next, this chapter argues that the right to bear arms did not liquidate in favor of the constitutionality of generally prohibiting individuals from carrying arms. Most basically, the surety laws did not prohibit individuals from publicly carrying arms. They merely required a person to post a bond on complaint of a plaintiff who had “reasonable cause to fear an injury, or breach of the peace.” Regardless of their scope, however, the surety laws are also irrelevant for determining the legal meaning of the constitutional right to bear arms. No evidence has emerged that, in passing the surety laws, legislatures considered whether broad restrictions on public carry were consistent with the right to bear arms. And as applied to the carriage of weapons for lawful purposes, the surety laws went largely unenforced. All “Massachusetts Model” jurisdictions eventually adopted statutory crimes governing the carrying of weapons. Most states restricted only the carrying of concealed weapons, while a few others (including Massachusetts) had more lenient laws. Ultimately, the “Massachusetts Model” did not serve as a model for restricting public carry anywhere, even in Massachusetts.
Presidential Leadership in Feeble Times
Authors: Taylor Mark Zachary
Published: October 2023

Do presidents matter for America’s economic performance? We tend to stereotype Gilded Age presidents as weak. We also assume that the American people were intellectually misguided about the economy and the government’s role in it. And we generally dismiss the Gilded Age macro-economy as boring—little interesting or important happened. Instead, the micro-economics of the business world was where the action was located. More broadly, many economists and political scientists believe that individual presidents do not matter much, even in the 21st century. Institutional constraints and historical circumstance dictate success or failure; the White House is just along for the ride. This book shows that all of this is mistaken. It tells the story of three decades of Gilded Age economic upheaval with a focus on presidential leadership: Why did some presidents crash and burn, while others prospered? It turns out that neither education nor experience mattered much. Nor did brains, personal ethics, or party affiliation. Instead, differences in presidential vision and leadership style had dramatic consequences. And even in this unlikely period, presidents powerfully affected national economic performance, and their success came from surprising sources, with important lessons for us today.
Interlude
Authors: Taylor Mark Zachary
Published: October 2023

Going into the 1870s, the US economy was still mostly agricultural, the presidency was decidedly premodern, and the age was not yet gilded. The country still predominantly ran on animal power, waterwheels, wood, and human muscle. And other than railroads, telegraphs, and a handful of textile factories and mines, there were few large corporations or manufacturers. The West and Great Plains were sparsely inhabited and beckoned economic development, but long-distance transportation and communications remained skeletal and costly. Thus, even in the East, most Americans produced for local markets. The fragmented US economy badly needed investment, but historic levels of debt and taxes made lenders wary. The Confederate Army’s surrender ended the debate over slavery and secession. These issues had touched almost every aspect of American political economy for a generation. Henceforth, politics would instead be dominated by battles over reunification, citizenship, economic development, debt, and the role and power of the federal government, especially the presidency, to intervene in these matters. Meanwhile, government increasingly existed to distribute the spoils among partisan loyalists. Republicans were solidly in control of the federal government and most state governments. Thus, it would be up to Presidents Grant and Hayes to return the country to financial stability, develop the West, and deliver on the promises of Reconstruction.
Grover Cleveland
Authors: Taylor Mark Zachary
Published: October 2023

As a whole, the 1880s were rocky years and, during his first term, the strictly constitutional Grover Cleveland oversaw a merely average economy. It prospered during some months and years, but not in others. Cleveland was a sternly ethical but inexperienced and poorly educated politician who entered the White House during the apex of the corrupt spoils system and on the tail of the smoldering depression of 1881–1885. He saw little role for presidents, or governments, in managing the economy. Before entering office, he took extraordinary action to ward off a brewing dollar panic. Thereafter he preferred to mostly just cheer or harangue from the sidelines. Many Americans, including Cleveland himself, blamed government corruption for the nation’s economic problems, which by now included recurring financial crises, economic recessions, labor strikes, monopoly abuses, and unnecessary trade protectionism. Each of these evils seemed to flow from the spoils system. Cleveland’s solution was to hark back to pre–Civil War democratic ideals: an honest and limited federal government, run with business efficiency and strictly according to the Constitution. And if government must act, the intervention should be objective, nonpartisan, and minimal. Cleveland’s numerous vetoes were perhaps his most assertive use of executive power. He used them to strike down hundreds of spending bills that benefited individuals or special interests. But his inflexible attachment to minimal government and a restrained presidency rendered him incapable of actions that might have better grown the economy and prevented the crises that would ruin his second term.
Abbatial Authority and the Writing of History in the Middle Ages
Authors: Pohl Benjamin
Published: October 2023

This book argues that abbatial authority was fundamental to monastic historical writing in the period c.500–1500. Writing history was a collaborative enterprise integral to the life and identity of medieval monastic communities, but it was not an activity for which time and resources were set aside routinely. Each act of historiographical production constituted an extraordinary event, one for which singular provision had to be made, workers and materials assigned, time carved out from the monastic routine, and licence granted. This allocation of human and material resources was the responsibility and prerogative of the monastic superior. Drawing on a wide and diverse range of primary evidence gathered from across the medieval Latin West, this book is the first to investigate systematically how and why abbots and abbesses exercised their official authority and resources to lay the foundations on which their communities’ historiographical traditions were built by themselves and others. It showcases them as prolific authors, patrons, commissioners, project managers, and facilitators of historical narratives who not only regularly put pen to parchment personally, but also, and perhaps more importantly, enabled others inside and outside their communities by granting them the resources and licence to write. Revealing the intrinsic relationship between abbatial authority and the writing of history with unprecedented clarity, this book urges us to revisit and revise our understanding of monastic historiography, its processes and protagonists in ways that require some radical rethinking of the medieval historian’s craft in communal and institutional contexts.
Abbatial Patronage
Authors: Pohl Benjamin
Published: October 2023

This chapter turns to patronage as another principal mode of abbatial historiographical involvement in the Middle Ages. Introduced by a series of case studies (2.1), it situates abbatial sponsorship within other forms of patronage (2.2) before considering ways in which monastic authors sought to subvert and undermine the authority of abbatial patrons, and the consequences they faced for doing so (2.3), external commission, competition, and quality control (2.4), cases of obscured and/or concealed patronage (2.5), and the role of abbots as architects of memory (2.6). The conclusions are summarized at the end of the chapter (2.7). A critical mass of monastic historiography was produced on the commission and patronage of abbots and abbesses, comprising many of the best-known histories to survive from the Middle Ages. Some acknowledge their abbatial sponsors explicitly in their prefaces, dedicatory letters, and illuminations, whereas others contain more subtle marks that need to be uncovered. Abbatial patronage was governed not by the transactional laws of supply and demand, but by the fundamental and unnegotiable monastic principles of authority and obedience.
Abbatial Book Provision and Library Building
Authors: Pohl Benjamin
Published: October 2023

This chapter explores the abbatial facilitation of historiographical activity through book provision and library building. Following a review of the evidence provided by monastic rules and customaries (3.1), it discusses various modes of production and procurement (3.2), books as commemorative currency (3.3), resourcing and collaboration (3.4), and the importance of library networks and interlibrary loans (3.5). The conclusions are summarized at the end of the chapter (3.6). Books were indispensable resources for monastic historians, and without ready access to them few (if any) of the histories studied in this book could have been produced. Abbots and abbesses were amongst the most prolific providers of monastic books, from individual items to entire libraries comprising hundreds or thousands of volumes. Abbatial book provision helped sustain historiographical production in the short and long term, and the libraries built by monastic superiors enabled not just contemporary authors and protégés, but future generations of historians, too.
‘In studio abbatis’
Authors: Pohl Benjamin
Published: October 2023

This chapter focuses on the practicalities of historiographical production by taking us into the physical workplaces inhabited by medieval abbot- and abbess-historians. Following an introductory case study (4.1), it provides a survey of abbatial writing and study spaces (4.2) before discussing the private collection of books (4.3) and their custodianship, inheritance, and bequest (4.4). This discussion brings the book full circle by showing us the spaces in which many of the activities studied in Chapters 1–3 took place and how the availability of private workplaces influenced the processes of historiographical production. The conclusions are summarized at the end of the chapter (4.5). Knowledge of the physical workplaces available to medieval monastic superiors is essential to understanding their historiographical involvement and contribution, yet little attention has been paid to them in scholarship. Many maintained personal studies and libraries alongside those they curated for their communities, offering them a privacy unavailable to others and permitting them to write history in the quiet and comfort of their own quarters with study and research materials close at hand.
Mental Imagery in Psychology and Neuroscience
Authors: Nanay Bence
Published: October 2023

This chapter introduces the concept of mental imagery as it is used in psychology and neuroscience. Mental imagery is perceptual representation that is not directly triggered by the sensory input. The key terms of this definition are explained, with special attention to directness.
Varieties of Mental Imagery
Authors: Nanay Bence
Published: October 2023

Mental imagery may be voluntary or involuntary, it may or may not be accompanied by the feeling of presence, it may or may not localize its objects in one’s egocentric space and it may or may not be top-down driven. Further, mental imagery may be more or less vivid, with some people—aphantasics—not reporting any mental imagery at all.
The Unity of Mental Imagery
Authors: Nanay Bence
Published: October 2023

Mental imagery is a wide category and all the following mental phenomena will count as mental imagery: the “filling in” of the blind spot, peripheral vision, amodal completion, various optical illusions, most forms of hallucination, dreaming, episodic memory, perceptual expectations, attentional templates. But not all perceptual phenomena count as mental imagery and drawing the boundaries of mental imagery in this wide manner helps us to make distinctions between seemingly similar, but in fact very different, perceptual phenomena.
Mental Imagery in Perception
Authors: Nanay Bence
Published: October 2023

This chapter is about the relation between perception and mental imagery. There is a well-demonstrated similarity between the two in terms of the brain areas involved as well as the eye movements they elicit. But another aspect of the relation between the two is that it has been argued that mental imagery is a key component of perception itself. Various versions of this view are distinguished and the most plausible is argued for.
Amodal Completion
Authors: Nanay Bence
Published: October 2023

Amodal completion is the representation of those parts of the perceived object that we don’t get sensory information from. In the case of vision, it is the representation of occluded parts of the objects we see. Amodal completion is not a perceptual curiosity, it happens virtually all the time we perceive. And amodal completion is a form of mental imagery.
Attention and Mental Imagery
Authors: Nanay Bence
Published: October 2023

Mental imagery may or may not be attended. When it is attended, it is more determinate. The same goes for perception. But while in the case of perception, this increase in determinacy comes from the world itself, in the case of mental imagery, it comes from our own background beliefs and knowledge. This explains both the similarities and the differences between the phenomenal character of (conscious) perception and (conscious) mental imagery
Pragmatic Mental Imagery
Authors: Nanay Bence
Published: October 2023

The representation of those features of the environment that are necessary for the performance of an action are called pragmatic representations. The imagery version of this kind of representation is pragmatic mental imagery. Pragmatic mental imagery plays a key role in many of our actions as well as various forms of pretense.
Motor Imagery and Action
Authors: Nanay Bence
Published: October 2023

Mental imagery is a form of perceptual representation: the first stop in perceptual processing that is not triggered directly by sensory input. Motor imagery is not perceptual representation. It is motor representation. It is the last stop in motor processing that does not directly trigger bodily action. The relation between motor imagery and mental imagery is examined as well as the role played by motor imagery in action execution.
Cognitive Dissonance
Authors: Nanay Bence
Published: October 2023

If you have two representations that clash with one another, this can lead to a negatively valenced state, which then, in turn, leads to a change in your attitude. This is called cognitive dissonance. This chapter argues that the representations involved in cognitive dissonance are not beliefs, as it is usually assumed, but mental imagery. Taking cognitive dissonance to involve mental imagery makes it possible to explain this phenomenon in a much simpler manner.
Implicit Bias
Authors: Nanay Bence
Published: October 2023

Some of our behavior is biased: the behavior goes against our reported beliefs. And often we are not fully aware of these biases. There are two major candidates for what mediates between the trigger and the biased behavior in the philosophical and psychological literature: associations and propositional representations. This chapter argues that mental imagery is a better candidate for explaining how implicit bias comes about than either of these two candidates.
Classical mechanics
Authors: Tuckerman Mark E.
Published: October 2023

Chapter 1 begins laying a foundation for classical statistical mechanics with a discussion of relevant topics in classical mechanics. The chapter begins with a discussion of Newton’s laws of motion and the concept of a phase space and builds up to the Lagrangian and Hamiltonian formulations of classical mechanics and the Legendre transform relation that connects them. The action integral is introduced, and its stationarity is shown to lead to the Euler-Lagrange equations of motion. It is shown how mechanical constraints can be incorporated into the action integral and Euler-Lagrange equations via Lagrange multipliers, and analytical forms of Lagrange multipliers are derived using Gauss’ principle of least constraint. The chapter concludes with a discusion of rigid-body motion in terms of Euler angles and quaternions followed by a brief discussion of non-Hamiltonian equations of motion and the types of problems they describe. Throughout the chapter, concepts are illustrated with analytically solvable examples.
Theoretical foundations of classical statistical mechanics
Authors: Tuckerman Mark E.
Published: October 2023

After a review of the basic definitions and laws of thermodynamics, Chapter 2 builds the foundations of classical statistical mechanics. First, the concepts classical microscopic states or “microstates” in phase space and classical ensembles as phase-space distributions are introduced. Following this, the connection between the time evolution prescribed by Hamilton’s equations of motion and the conservation laws of phase-space volume and phase-space probability are used to derive two fundamental results in classical statistical mechanics: Liouville’s theorem and the Liouville equation for the evolution of the ensemble distribution in time and phase space. Liouville’s equation is then solved under equilibrium conditions to yield the general form of a classical equilibrium ensemble