bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Transforming universities
Authors: Kumar Satendra
Published: June 2022

In the last few years, Indian universities have witnessed a wave of student protests. By focusing on Allahabad University, one of India’s oldest universities, this chapter examines the nature of student mobilizations in the city of Allahabad (recently renamed Prayagraj), India. Drawing on ten months of ethnographic field research, this chapter shows how students respond to recent political and economic changes that include the implementation of the Mandal Commission Report and the new economic reforms. While the implementation of the Mandal Report has transformed the social composition of students, the new economic reforms have stagnated public expenditure on higher education. These contradictory phenomena have larger implications on the lives and politics of ‘new students’, the majority of which come from the Other Backward Classes (OBCs) and Dalits. The case of Allahabad University highlights the critical importance of considering the wider environment within which student social interactions can create new political mobilizations.
‘Another kind of beating’
Authors: Kuttig Julian
Published: June 2022

Violence in Bangladesh’s student politics is complex and closely connected to political party contestations and shifting power relations. When Tarikul Islam Tarek, a non-partisan student from Rajshahi University and joint convener of the quota reform movement, was severely beaten by the ruling party’s student wing, in what is known as the ‘hammer incident’, the equilibrium that spared non-partisan students from becoming victims of political violence was broken. This ‘another kind of beating’ led to a shift in the ‘geographies of violence’, producing an autocratic social order marred by an atmosphere of fear. In the past, student politics in Bangladesh were mostly deployed in the struggle for self-determination (i.e. the partition from India in 1947 and independence in 1971) and to open democratic spaces in 1991. Since then, student politics have increasingly shifted to protect political party stakes. The violence between political party student wings has emerged as part of a new social order—a trend also observed in other parts of South Asia (e.g. Pakistan, India, and Nepal). The ‘hammer incident’ serves as a marker of how violence in student politics transforms and integrates into a well-performing, autocratic party machine to enforce societal control within and beyond university campus confines.
Anti-democracy in England 1570-1642
Authors: Cuttica Cesare
Published: June 2022

This book is a detailed study of anti-democratic ideas in early modern England. By examining the rich variety of debates that took place between 1570 and 1642 about democracy, it shows the key importance anti-democratic language held in the late Tudor and early Stuart periods. In particular, it argues that anti-democratic critiques were addressed at ‘popular government’ as a regime that empowered directly and fully the irrational, uneducated, dangerous commonalty; it explains why and how criticism of democracy was articulated in the contexts here under scrutiny; and it demonstrates that the early modern era is far more relevant to the development of democratic concepts and practices than has hitherto been acknowledged. The study of anti-democracy is carried out through a close textual analysis of sources often neglected in the history of political thought and by way of a contextual approach to Elizabethan, Jacobean, and Caroline history. Most importantly, the book re-evaluates the role of religion and cultural factors in the history of democracy and of political ideas more generally. The point of departure is at a time when the establishment and Presbyterians were at loggerheads on pivotal politico-ecclesiastical and theoretical matters; the end coincides with the eruption of the Civil Wars. The book not only places the unexplored issue of anti-democracy at the centre of historiographical work on early modern England but also offers a novel analysis of a precious portion of Western political reflection and an ideal platform to discuss the legacy of principles that are still fundamental today.
The Anti-democratic Paradigm (1570s–1590s)
Authors: Cuttica Cesare
Published: June 2022

Chapter 1 analyses the first important moment at which the issue of anti-democracy rose to prominence: the 1570s–1590s. It all blew up around the contentious question of the organization of the Church, and the role of ministers and their election in it. Holders of the status quo—including intellectual bigwigs such as John Whitgift and Richard Bancroft—strenuously opposed Presbyterianism. They denounced Presbyterian exponents like Thomas Cartwright for promoting ‘popularity’, which here meant the search for direct democracy and its practices (‘popular government’). The kernel of this diatribe, and of subsequent ones, mirrored the Admonition Controversy’s debates on Church government in post-Reformation England. More specifically, Church establishment representatives such as Richard Cosin, Thomas Cooper, and Matthew Sutcliffe identified Presbyterian principles and practices with those set up in democratic Athens, Anabaptist Germany, and Calvinist Geneva. Besides singling out the Presbyterians as subversive fanatics who made cunning use of religion to rally the most ignorant portions of the population behind their democratic agenda, the fierce ecclesiastical disputes between people like Whitgift and Cartwright and their followers not only revealed the pivotal place of questions concerning democratic government, popular power, and people’s obedience at this time. They also set the tone for a great of deal of subsequent anti-democratic polemics that were to shape the history of the Jacobean and Caroline reigns. Finally, Chapter 1 argues that anti-Presbyterianism did not run counter to what Patrick Collinson has called ‘republicanism applied to the Church’. Instead, it pointed to something much more sinister and treacherous than republicanism: this was the menace of plebeian democracy.
Democracy’s External Allies
Authors: Cuttica Cesare
Published: June 2022

Chapter 2 looks at foreign doctrines, practices, and people that were held to be sources of democratic dynamics. Amongst them were the much-despised Jesuits, who became stigmatized as fomenters of democracy. In particular, Cardinal Robert Bellarmine, Robert Parsons, and Juan de Mariana were identified as ambitious democratic leaders who instilled in the populace the fanciful and obnoxious idea that power resided in popular hands and that monarchs could be disposed of in order to promote popular government. In line with events concerning the Society of Jesus and ideological attitudes towards it, developed in France, amongst English thinkers—the most prominent being King James VI and I (reigned 1603–25)—the Jesuits were branded corruptors of ordinary people’s minds and, therefore, were seen as popular demagogues. In turn, Jesuit authors accused their Protestant counterparts (notably, Genevan Calvinists and those influenced by them) of being radical democrats intent on turning political and ecclesiastical life wholly upside down. Particular targets were theorists such as John Knox and George Buchanan. Whether directed at Jesuit opinions or at Puritan principles, anti-democratic criticism expressed a deep fear of the power of rhetoric, which was associated with democratic politics and democratic life. Democracy as a regime was, therefore, coupled with cacophonous speech and with the degeneration of civilization. Lastly, this chapter shows how anti-democracy was an encompassing ideological critique in that it tackled political, theological, and social issues. By attacking all sorts of novelties, anti-democracy also connected a multiplicity of political and religious scenarios nationally and internationally.
Democracy’s Internal Allies
Authors: Cuttica Cesare
Published: June 2022

Chapter 3 elucidates in detail how a large number of attacks on democracy were propelled by fear of the changes it would bring about in society. This does not mean that democracy would have altered things quite so irrevocably; what matters, though, is that in the eye of the authorities, and of many intellectuals, a democratic society was perceived to do just that. For them, democracy constituted the opening of the floodgates for the worst types of disruptions: the abolition of traditional societal practices inculcating deference and all sense of hierarchy; the instauration of conventicles-based free preaching; and the entitlement of base mechanics to express their unpredictable judgement on things they knew nothing of. This chapter stresses how criticism of Brownists, MPs, and libellers as democratic agents was coupled with scorn for the multitude. The latter formed the underlying thread weaving together a socially and ideologically variegated pattern of positions on the anti-democratic canvas. Moreover, this chapter examines those who were denigrated—from many professional standpoints, social angles, and ideological positions—as English propagators of democracy: amongst them were various Protestant groups belonging to the more radical factions of the Reformation, who were accused of operating from within plotting conventicles. There were also MPs who vented their popular opposition to the monarchy in tribunitial style, as well as rebellious plebeians who were blamed for inflaming an already tense socio-economic atmosphere in the country. Ignorant mechanics appropriating words and spaces in order to voice their political discontent appeared on the anti-democratic radar too.
Ecosystems, Innovation, and Transformation
Authors: Rouse William B.
Published: June 2022

This chapter sets the stage by defining and illustrating the concept of public-private ecosystems, contrasting the relative roles and priorities of both public and private enterprises. The notion of enterprise transformation is introduced, and fundamental findings in this area are summarized. The broad construct of innovation is reviewed and its relevance in public-private ecosystems discussed. Key questions include what are public-private ecosystems and why are they important? What is enterprise transformation and why is it difficult? What is innovation and why is it difficult? This chapter concludes with a brief articulation of how the rest of the book will unfold.
Wicked Problems and Human-Centered Design
Authors: Rouse William B.
Published: June 2022

This chapter provides the analytic framework for addressing the case studies discussed in Chapters 3–6. Multi-level models of complex systems are discussed and illustrated. The notion of complex adaptive systems is introduced in conjunction with discussion of wicked problems. This provides inisghts into the complexity of problems being addressed. A human-centered design methodology is described in terms of how it can be employed to address wicked problems. Interactive visualizations, often associated with this methodology, are discussed. Economic valuation of investments in solving wicked problems is considered, including how investment portfolios can be characterized and value estimated for the elements of a portfolio.
National Security
Authors: Rouse William B.
Published: June 2022

This chapter addresses the multi-level structure of the national security ecosystem and its many varied stakeholders. Five historical innovations are briefly summarized. The types of future innovations needed are considered as well as how these innovations might be enabled. The ways in which enterprise transformation might facilitate these changes are considered, including how such investments could be economically justified. Contemporary innovations in national security that are discussed include human effectiveness investments, value-centered organizations, the acquisition of military ships, and technologies for airborne surveillance and reconnaissance. It is shown that new approaches to investment valuation provide substantial increases in management flexibility.
Higher Education
Authors: Rouse William B.
Published: June 2022

This chapter addresses the structure, processes, and stakeholders of the higher education ecosystem. Five historical innovations are considered including the Morrill Land-Grant Acts of 1862 and 1890, the formation of the Agricultural Extension Service in 1914, the GI Bill in 1944, the formation of the National Science Foundation in 1950, and the Bayh-Dole Act of 1980. Potential contemporary innovations include computational modeling of the future of research universities and impacts of resource demographics of particular institutions. Opportunities for transformational investments, as well as enhancing the STEM talent pipeline are discussed. The resource bases of institutions are shown to be highly significant in terms of possible strategies and, consequently, what types of innovations may be feasible. Also of great importance is the need for detailed understanding how to attribute revenues and costs across processes.
Enabling Change
Authors: Rouse William B.
Published: June 2022

This chapter addresses the innovations needed to enable fundamental change. A key is understanding stakeholders’ values, concerns, and perceptions, as well as their underlying needs and beliefs. Managing complex adaptive systems is discussed in terms of designing and articulating incentives to engage stakeholders, including adversaries, in change initiatives. A value philosophy is outlined compromised of transparency, information sharing, communications, and trust. The requisite information needs are discussed, including the roles of organizational stories. The role of leadership is elaborated based on surveys of executives’ assessments . The possibilities of abilities to change becoming a core competency are considered and advocated.
Hyperreals, Limits, and Continuity
Authors: Dawson C. Bryan
Published: June 2022

“Hyperreals, Limits, and Continuity” tackles the usual limit and continuity questions, but from the vantage point of the hyperreal numbers instead of the classic epsilon–delta definitions. The chapter begins with arithmetic on infinitesimals, infinite numbers, and hyperreals in general, including a discussion of different “levels” of numbers. Next comes approximation in the hyperreals, upon which the unique procedures of this text are based. Evaluating functions at hyperreal numbers allows readers to practice the calculations involved in finding limits before encountering limits per se. The concept of limit, and calculations of limits, are then very straightforward and are based directly on the (infinitesimal) definition of limit. Exercises on verifying continuity of a function make intuitive sense in this formulation of calculus, and evaluating limits using continuity is delayed until after continuity has been explored. The chapter ends with a very natural discussion of slope, velocity, and rate of change.
Alternate Representations: Parametric and Polar Curves
Authors: Dawson C. Bryan
Published: June 2022

“Alternate Representations: Parametric and Polar Curves” is an introduction to the algebra and differential calculus of these topics. Methods presented vary from the traditional, such as polar graph paper, to the use of technology, such as determining an interval for which a curve is traversed exactly once. Infinitesimals make only a brief appearance in the development of a formula for tangent lines. A review of conic sections precedes the presentation of conic sections in polar coordinates. Note that integration is not required for this chapter and, as a result, it can be covered earlier if desired.
Stimulated Raman Scattering
Authors: He Guang S.
Published: June 2022

The gain of stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) is based on the fact that the photon degeneracy of the pump beam (n¯p) and that of the scattering beam (n¯s) can be both >> 1, and therefore the latter can be increased exponentially. The SRS can be generated in both forward and backward directions. Owing to Raman resonance-enhanced refractive-index change, the self-focusing effect, the four-wave frequency mixing (FWFM) effect, the spectral broadening effect, and the opto-thermal influence-induced self-defocusing effect may take place during the SRS processes. These additional effects can be distinguished from each other using appropriate experimental design. Most SRS studies are related to the molecular vibrational transitions, although some SRS studies are also related to the spin-flip transition in a low-temperature semiconductor crystal, to the electronic transition in a metal vapor, and to the rotational transition in a molecular gas medium.
Stimulated Mie Scattering
Authors: He Guang S.
Published: June 2022

In a fluid medium containing multiphoton active nanoparticles, the pump laser beam may interfere with the initial backward Mie scattering from the nanoparticles to form a standing-wave field with a spatially periodic intensity modulation. This leads to the formation of the induced Bragg grating through the intensity-dependent refractive-index change of the scattering medium. The nonlinear reflection from the induced stationary Bragg grating provides the necessary gain to the backward Mie scattering beam and may lead to the generation of stimulated Mie scattering (SMS) without any frequency shift. It has been shown that the primary contribution to the induced refractive-index change is from the spatial redistribution of the nanoparticles driven by the multiphoton resonance enhanced gradient force imposed by the standing-wave field.
Multiphoton Photoelectric Effects
Authors: He Guang S.
Published: June 2022

Multi-photon excitation may produce the photoelectron emission from the surface of a metal sample or induce the conductivity change in a semiconductor sample. In both cases and under appropriate experimental conditions, the photoelectric yield resulting from the m-photon excitation is proportional to the mth power of the incident laser intensity. When one of the intermediate-state energy levels related to the multi-photon transitions is close to or overlapped with one of the material’s eigenenergy levels, the photoelectric yield is significantly enhanced. Based on this kind of resonance enhancement, the image-potential states (IPSs) of a metal surface and the exciton transition behavior of a semiconductor sample can be well studied via the multi-photon excitation technique. In addition, the time-resolved IPS study can be implemented using a pump-probe approach.
Introduction
Authors: Konrád Ota , Kučera Rudolf
Published: June 2022

This study of violence, specifically murder and collective violence in the Habsburg Monarchy and its selected successor states, addresses how the perception of these two violent acts changed from 1914 to 1922 as a result of the First World War. The book argues that the experience of war meant that previously unacceptable forms of violence, such as murder, took on a more acceptable character, while collective violence took on a new, more violent character. Studying violence and its interpretations can help us understand the changing mental horizons of societies that were confronted with the apocalypse of the First World War and then sought a path out of it. The book zones in on certain areas of the Habsburg Monarchy, namely the industrial and densely populated Austrian and Czech lands, as well as the rural, less industrial German-speaking area of South Tyrol. Following the war and the dissolution of the Monarchy these areas transformed into the “defeated” Austrian Republic and the “victorious” Czechoslovak Republic, whilst South Tyrol was annexed by Italy, thus providing us with various versions of postwar national and state contexts in which the phenomena of violence occurred. By exploring murder and collective violence in these regions our aim is to grasp how ideas about humanity and the world in which it lived were transformed by the First World War, and how people who lived through it reacted to these changes as they reconstructed their societies following the end of the war.
Jack the Ripper and Sherlock Holmes
Authors: Konrád Ota , Kučera Rudolf
Published: June 2022

Rapid urban development and industrialization resulted in a sharp increase in the population of both Vienna and Prague at the end of the nineteenth century. This dynamic population growth in turn led to the need to diversify the press, leading to cheap newspapers that were aimed at the lower classes, who had moved to the cities from the countryside. These new types of newspapers placed an emphasis on sensationalist reporting, including in the case of murder, showing the dark side of urban modernity. The modern city, in opposition to the countryside, became the symbolic center of a dark and violent form of deviance, around which a cultural narrative also formed. The most emblematic example was the case of Jack the Ripper in east London. Soon all states in Europe were in search of their own Ripper, with the tabloid press in hot pursuit to boost sales and quench the thirst of its readership for sensationalist murder cases and to strengthen the stereotype of the dark urban metropolis. The glorification of crime and its perpetrators however led to a counter-narrative that put at its center the detective fighting these crimes. Similarly to the case of Jack the Ripper, another British (in this case fictional) protagonist, Arthur Conan Doyle’s detective Sherlock Holmes, became an inspiration for writers in the Habsburg Monarchy. The sensationalist press and the heroes of dime novels transformed the perception of physical violence into one of the defining features of urban modernity.
Prostitutes and Workers
Authors: Konrád Ota , Kučera Rudolf
Published: June 2022

Women, the youth, children, and workers created a new form of action in the public sphere, which traditional politics had difficulty controlling. Collective violence, this chapter shows, broke out during hunger demonstrations and rioting crowds were part of a new “politics” and a new “political culture” of spontaneous protest. Representatives of the state were unable to understand fully what was occurring in front of them and they attempted to explain it in a way that in with their worldview, which was structured around ethnicity, party affiliation, class, and gender. Thus, calling protesters “prostitutes” or “low class” helped them to make sense of the situation, even if the labels that they attached to the protesters were incorrect. The gender, age, and social diversity of the participants was a new phenomenon of these protests—women were participants and the number of children engaged in illegal activities as well as in protests steeply increased from the prewar period. Apart from the diversity of the participants another striking characteristic of these demonstrations was the speed with which the behavior of those taking part could turn violent. Authorities also suspected conspiracies and enemy spies amongst the mob, which again helped them to make sense of the spontaneity of the demonstrations. However, the protests were very much real with their own language of discontent that turned into collective violence.
Blackshirts
Authors: Konrád Ota , Kučera Rudolf
Published: June 2022

In the first days of November 1918, as Austrian troops were replaced by Italian ones, swarms of soldiers were trying to make their way home through South Tyrol. Reports of units misbehaving and looting were widespread, and violence broke out as attempts were made to restore order. The moral vacuum in the region, however also helped the locals to obtain scarce goods. The Italian troops were initially welcomed, but the enthusiasm soon subsided and, with the help of the press, nationalist German politicians, as this chapter shows, framed the arrival of the Italians as a struggle between two nations. Local German nationalist politicians mobilized the population with this ethnic spin on the situation unfolding, ethnizing violence. Italian Fascists provoked open conflict with the German speakers of the region, which reached its peak during “Bloody Sunday” and the killing of the German teacher, Franz Innerhofer, whose death was incorporated into the regional culture of memory. Thus, South Tyrolean vigilance against the many intruders who threatened them during the war was transformed after 1918 into an ethnic-based resistance to the Italian presence in the region.
Beliefs Are States Not Performances
Authors: Chrisman Matthew
Published: June 2022

Some epistemologists (especially virtue reliabilists) argue that belief is a performance, which is a claim they employ to explain the axiological and deontological dimensions of epistemic normativity. This chapter shows, with some relatively simple linguistic tests, that ordinary belief attributions should be classified aspectually as state descriptions, and not as performance descriptions. Because of this, an account of epistemic normativity that is based on the virtue reliabilist idea that beliefs are performances rather than states threatens to simply change the topic, rather than answering to difficult questions about epistemic normativity.
The Activity of Maintaining Beliefs
Authors: Chrisman Matthew
Published: June 2022

Where do we find agency with respect to belief? Many accounts of doxastic agency focus on belief itself or the event of belief-formation to answer this question, to the exclusion of the activity of maintaining a system of beliefs. This chapter argues that the activity of maintaining a system of beliefs is different from the state of believing something. Moreover, the activity of maintaining a system of beliefs, like all activities, does not itself have the temporal structure of a performance. It is characterized here as a sui generis, always ongoing cognitive doing by which we check, sustain, and adjust our belief systems, thereby basing beliefs on reasons. This chapter argues that a full account of epistemic normativity will need to make sense of this activity as a central locus of doxastic agency.
The Aim of Belief and the Goal of Truth
Authors: Chrisman Matthew
Published: June 2022

This chapter considers the idea that truth is the fundamental “epistemic” end grounding a norm of belief. By carefully reconstructing an argument for the radical claim that truth cannot be the end that individual believers pursue in forming beliefs, we can identify a way that truth can still be a constitutive aim of the activity of belief-system maintenance. Moreover, by distinguishing between the cognitive epistemic conducts of individual believers and the broader social epistemic practices of a belief-regulating community, we can identify a way that true belief remains a goal of our epistemic interactions with one another, even if it is not an explicit goal individual believers pursue in forming beliefs. This lays important groundwork for a social epistemological account of the nature and source of epistemic normativity developed in later chapters.
Doxastic Involuntarism and ‘Ought to Believe’
Authors: Chrisman Matthew
Published: June 2022

This chapter considers the apparent tension between the doxastic involuntaris thesis that we do not exercise voluntary control directly over what we believe and the idea that there are true epistemic normative claims about what people ought to believe. To overcome the apparent tension and to begin to develop an account of epistemic normative evaluations, Sellars’s account of the relation between rules of action and rules of criticism is adapted for the doxastic case. Normative claims about what someone ought to believe are treated here as articulations or applications of state norms with complex inferential relations to action norms pertaining to inquiry and instruction. By conceiving of ‘ought to believe’ in this way, we can make sense of the fact that some of these claims are true, even if we do not exercise direct voluntary control over what we believe.
Bringing Maimonides to Oxford
Authors: Williams Benjamin
Published: June 2022

Among the books owned by Edward Pococke (1604–1691), Regius Professor of Hebrew and Laudian Professor of Arabic at Oxford, were numerous copies of the Mishnah with Maimonides’ Commentary, including a manuscript now known to have been annotated by Maimonides himself (Bodleian Library, MS Poc. 295). This chapter considers how Pococke studied these texts and whether he realized that he owned part of Maimonides’ working copy. An analysis of Pococke’s annotated books and published works shows that he acquired texts from Aleppo, studied the Mishnah under Rabbi Jacob Roman of Constantinople, used his copies of Maimonides’ Commentary to edit excerpts for publication (Porta Mosis, 1655), and deposited manuscripts at the press to serve as printers’ copy. Pococke’s incomplete knowledge of the transmission of Maimonides’ works and the caution with which he treated the autograph emendations in MS Poc. 295 suggest that the provenance of this manuscript was unknown.
William Guise
Authors: Hamilton Alastair
Published: June 2022

This chapter analyses William Guise’s use of Arabic in his notes to his partial translation of Zera´im. His main sources were the monolingual Arabic dictionaries—al-Jawharī’s Ṣiḥāḥ, Fīrūzābādī’s Qāmūs, the Asās al-balāgha by al-Zamakhsharī, al-Fayyūmī’s Miṣbāḥ al-munīr, and al-Muṭarrizī’s Mughrib—and the medical and botanical ‘dictionaries’ of Ibn Jazla, Ibn al-Bayṭar, and Serapion the Younger. From these sources he derived quotations from other, far earlier, writers. His principal objective was to confirm, or, more often, to contradict, interpretations by other commentators, and to give the Arabic equivalents of certain Hebrew words. His ability to translate some of the more difficult texts proves that, despite the arrogance for which he was so frequently reproached, Guise was one of the most accomplished Arabists of his generation
Johann Christoph Wagenseil
Authors: Boxel Piet van
Published: June 2022

Johann Christoph Wagenseil, professor of Oriental languages at the University of Altdorf from 1674 to 1697, is particularly known for his Tela ignea Satanae, which he published in 1681. In spite of the title, the work contains a noteworthy and positive section on Mishnah and Talmud. His esteem for the Mishnah had already in 1674 materialized in an annotated Latin translation of tractate Sotah, which in 1700 was included in Surenhusius’s complete Latin Mishnah edition. In 1699, Wagenseil published German translations of Mishnah tractate Negaʻim and excerpts from tractate Yevamot. This chapter argues that unlike his Sotah translation in which Wagenseil presented himself as orientalist, antiquary, and exegete, the German translations served a different purpose, facilitating the idea of the Institutum Judaicum, which in 1724 was established in Halle for the purpose of converting the Jews.
‘To the advantage of the Republic of Letters’?
Authors: Miert Dirk van
Published: June 2022

This chapter demonstrates how Guilielmus Surenhusius tried to make a career out of both the Mishnah specifically and Hebrew studies more generally through the book trade and the publishing of Hebrew works. The information is culled mostly from his correspondence, from which we learn that he was working with both Jews and Christians. It is demonstrated that the Surenhusius’s achievements were not only limited to his monumental edition of the Mishnah, but also that he also collaborated on Nuñez and Athias’s Amsterdam edition of Maimonides’ Mishneh Torah (1702), the lost commentary on the whole of the Talmud by Benjamin ben Immanuel Musaphia, the lost Latin translation of the whole of the Talmud by Balthasar Scheidt, and Breithaupt’s Latin translation of Jarchi (Rashi).
Jesuit Casuistry
Authors: Ucerler M. Antoni J.
Published: June 2022

Chapter 3 explores how casuistry developed in Europe and was adapted in Japan. It explores the particular interpretation of Thomas Aquinas’s moral theology by Jesuits such as Gabriel Vázquez and Francisco Rodrigues. As the Ratio studiorum, the blueprint for Jesuit education was being revised, a debate ensued as to how strictly the Society’s members had to adhere to Aquinas’s teachings. Moral probabilism, reflected in the work of the Dominicans Domingo de Soto and Bartolomé de Medina, had a major impact on these debates. The Society opted for flexibility, which was reflected in Gomez’s casuistry for Japan. The compendium discusses the different types of ‘law’ that govern Christian life. Valignano notes the need for caution in promulgating any prescriptive, namely ‘positive’ laws, in Japan. Making the faith accessible required ‘re-inventing’ Christianity, that is, translating and transmitting it to a different cultural milieu and finding new ways to explain Catholic orthodoxy and orthopraxis.
‘Temporal’ or ‘Spiritual Conquest’?
Authors: Ucerler M. Antoni J.
Published: June 2022

Chapter 12 discusses in depth the ideological framework that the Japanese adopted to explain why Christianity was a ‘pernicious doctrine’. The Japanese theory of the unity and interdependence of the ‘Buddhist Law’ and ‘Imperial Law’, which was proclaimed, among others, by Saichō (767–822), the founder of Tendai Buddhism, left no room for foreign doctrines. ‘Buddhist law’, according to the belief in honji suijaku and shinbutsu shūgō, incorporated both Buddhas and Shinto deities. The Japanese apostate and former Jesuit Fabian Fukansai would thereby argue that Christian teachings fundamentally undermined the very fabric of Japanese culture, religiosity, and the state. As Arai Hakuseki subsequently stated, the subjugation of Japan was not so much an issue of foreign invasions but the deleterious effects of an alien belief system on the body politic. This would result in what the Europeans referred to positively as ‘spiritual conquest’, but what the Japanese feared would destroy the essential spiritual unity of the nation.
Kink Online
Authors: Wignall Liam
Published: June 2022

This chapter focuses on sociosexual networking sites (SSNS) to explore kink that occurs beyond kink communities and venues. These sites have been mostly ignored in much research on kink, either viewed as a threat to existing communities or used only to recruit participants. Using interview data to consider how these sites are part of kink communities and help reinvigorate them, this chapter outlines some of the key kinky and non-kinky SSNS used by participants and distinguishes differences in uses. Non-community participants primarily use SSNS to seek casual kinky sexual encounters. Community members described similar uses but also acknowledged using kinky SSNS to establish new social connections and maintain existing ones. Finally, given the lack of literature on kink SSNS, the chapter explores what online profiles look like on kink SSNS for community members and how discussions occur in these spaces.
Pup Play as a Sexual Subculture
Authors: Wignall Liam
Published: June 2022

This chapter focuses on the social and community aspects of pup play that have led to its development as a subculture. The importance of community for pups is highlighted, with the community providing friendships and intimacy, and it is a key motivator for engaging in pup play. The defining characteristics of a subculture are also applied to pup play. The role of Twitter in helping maintain a pup play community is explored. Participants’ online Twitter profiles are described in detail, in addition to the unique ways that participants use the social media platform, describing this as Pup Twitter. Issues of privacy for participants are discussed, and the features of Pup Twitter are evaluated.
The Soul of Minstrelsy
Authors: Harker Brian
Published: June 2022

This chapter covers the seven years in Bubbles’s youth—age seven to fourteen—when he made his entry into show business as a child performer. In Black theaters in Nashville, Louisville, and Indianapolis, he sang and danced with his older sister, Annie Gertrude, attracting the approval of critics and audiences alike. He worked in the century-old tradition of blackface minstrelsy, a dying art then in the process of absorbing foreign elements from ragtime, the blues, and vaudeville proper. In 1917, shortly after a critic hailed him as a child prodigy, Bubbles was involved in a violent confrontation with white children at an Indianapolis park. In the aftermath, his family was compelled to leave the state and return to Louisville.
Reinvention
Authors: Harker Brian
Published: June 2022

This chapter seeks to explain how Bubbles revolutionized the art of tap dancing. According to legend, the process began in 1921 when he was laughed out of the Hoofers Club, a gathering place for Black tap dancers in Harlem. Furious, he spent months working up new dance techniques with which to humble his detractors. When he returned to the Hoofers Club the following year, he redeemed himself with a revolutionary new approach. Although it is impossible to know what exactly Bubbles came up with back in 1921, his mature style marks a departure from that of his influential predecessor, Bill “Bojangles” Robinson. Whereas Robinson favored a contrast of simple ragtime rhythms, Bubbles developed a more jazz-like conception of endlessly varied patterns. Tap dancers today call this style rhythm tap.
Beautiful Days
Authors: Harker Brian
Published: June 2022

This chapter summarizes Buck and Bubbles’s comedy routine as it existed in the late 1920s. Like many others, theirs was an act that combined music, dance, and comedy. Between the musical sections they engaged in humorous repartee. Bubbles played the straight man, Buck the comedian: Bubbles would harass and torment Buck, who, with his short stature, devilish wit, and long clown shoes, delivered the punchlines. They also embedded comedy into the musical portions of their act. Bubbles would tap dance, then Buck would imitate him with a sleepy dance parody. Some critics compared them to Williams and Walker, the greatest Black team of the previous generation. Like their theatrical forebears, it is true, they used self-deprecating racial humor. But Buck and Bubbles distinguished themselves with piano-playing and dancing virtuosity. This gave them an added gravitas that previous Black duos lacked.
Swing Is King
Authors: Harker Brian
Published: June 2022

This chapter marks the beginning of Buck and Bubbles’s decline in the late 1930s. By this time, vaudeville bookings had become increasingly rare, as “swing,” a newly popular style of jazz, overshadowed everything else. For a while, Buck and Bubbles avoided the problem by making their second tour of England, during which they appeared on history’s first television broadcast in 1936. When they got home, they tried non-vaudeville routes to success, appearing in Hollywood films and leading their own swing band. Neither paid off. Unlike successful Black movie stars like Bill Robinson and Stepin Fetchit, Bubbles appears to have been hamstrung by his own sexual magnetism in his first full-length picture, Varsity Show. In Cabin in the Sky, he was given greater freedom of movement and expression, but as an all-Black film catering to African American audiences, this movie narrowed his influence in other ways.
Exile
Authors: Harker Brian
Published: June 2022

This chapter addresses the four years Bubbles spent in Europe in the mid-1950s. After Buck and Bubbles broke up, Bubbles scrambled to make a living as a single. Hearing he could make a movie in Germany, he flew to Frankfurt. Although the movie didn’t pan out, he began performing for the Special Services, the US government’s entertainment program for American service members abroad. In time he fell in love and began living with a white dancer thirty years his junior named Aysha De Festa. When Mabel, his wife back home, found out, she conspired with Peter Lind Hayes, a rising name in daytime television, to bring Bubbles back to the States. Hayes invited Bubbles to join his act at the Sands Hotel in Las Vegas, and Bubbles accepted.
Turn Back the Universe
Authors: Harker Brian
Published: June 2022

This chapter covers the revival of Bubbles’s career with his return to the United States in the late 1950s. This dramatic comeback began with the patronage of Peter Lind Hayes, a longtime champion of Bubbles, who made him a regular on his daytime TV show. Other talk show hosts invited him on their shows as well. He played Sportin’ Life in regional revivals of Porgy and Bess. In 1959 Judy Garland recruited him for one of her comeback tours. And in 1960 Bubbles was featured on American Musical Theatre, a TV show dedicated to educating the public about its distinguished entertainment past. In all these forums, Bubbles’s appeal depended less on the skill of his singing or dancing and more on his ability to channel nostalgia for middle-aged viewers who remembered him from past decades.
Bubbles Bounces Back!
Authors: Harker Brian
Published: June 2022

This chapter surveys Bubbles’s career in the 1960s, his most profitable period since the early 1930s. After a serious downturn after American Musical Theatre, Bubbles’s career took off again in 1962 when Johnny Carson hosted him on the Tonight Show and asked him to return regularly over the next three years. From there Bubbles joined Bob Hope for his USO shows and toured the high-class supper club circuit as part of a twosome, first with Anna Maria Alberghetti, then with Eddie Fisher. Yet despite the outward success of this period, reports of Bubbles’s private behavior reveal an angry man. As the civil rights movement heated up, Bubbles was required to tap dance and play the fool as he used to with Buck and Bubbles, but now with powerful white actors standing over him. The changed social context made beloved old routines an excruciating exercise in self-abasement.
Musical care in infancy
Authors: Sanfilippo Katie Rose M. , de l’Etoile Shannon , Trehub Sandra E.
Published: June 2022

Musical care in infancy, as construed here, encompasses two broad realms, natural and targeted musical care for infants and their caregivers. Natural musical care refers to the everyday use of music in interactions with infants, reinforcing cultural practices that accommodate infant nurture and development, caregiver well-being, and the parent–infant relationship. Targeted musical care draws on educational and clinical approaches to create musical interventions and music therapy practices aimed at optimizing well-being in special or vulnerable populations. Findings from several disciplines—including developmental psychology, ethnomusicology, music therapy, perinatal mental health, and paediatrics—enrich our understanding of musical care in infancy. This chapter begins by considering infants’ capacity for musical engagement, which provides the foundation for musical care interventions in special circumstances. The chapter proceeds to describe mothers’ (or primary caregivers’) intuitive singing and musical care rituals, highlighting natural musical care in Western and non-Western cultures. Subsequently, the chapter focuses on research and practice in musical care interventions and music therapy, or targeted musical care. The chapter considers the role of musical care in supporting maternal and infant well-being in situations involving maternal anxiety and depression, infants with disabilities, and prematurely born infants in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Finally, the chapter suggests future directions for research and practice, including an exploration of musical care with other caregivers (e.g., fathers and grandparents), development of more interdisciplinary and evidence-based interventions for infants with special needs, and the potential for musical care in support of infants and caregivers from marginalized or seldom-heard communities.
Musical care in childhood
Authors: Farrant Camilla , Rabinowitch Tal-Chen , Dunbar Nicola
Published: June 2022

Musical care has multiple roles in the nurturing of a child. Music can have a powerful influence on children’s emotions, behaviour, and cognition. The chapter focuses on the ages 5 to 12 years: a period of childhood that typically encompasses rapid and vast developmental change. Drawing together research and clinical perspectives from the authors’ disciplines of music psychology, music education, and music therapy, the chapter frames itself around the three main areas of childhood development: cognitive, physiological/physical, and social-emotional. Research on the cognitive outcomes of musical care for children range from improved spatial abilities and IQ to enhanced memory and verbal intelligence. The physiological outcomes include pain reduction, relaxation, and reduced secretion of the stress hormone cortisol. The physical outcomes include improved gross and fine motor skills, temporal coordination, strength, and greater ability to synchronize with others. Social-emotional outcomes ranges from changes in intrapersonal capacities such as self-esteem, confidence, emotional regulation, and stability to changes in interpersonal capacities, including empathy, social relationships and bonding, shared attention, and communication skills. The chapter discusses the various methodologies used in research studies on music and children and suggests ways towards interdisciplinary collaboration. Then further research directions for musical care in childhood are presented. In conclusion, the authors argue that music is an act of caregiving that can influence the quality of a child’s development and therefore offers one way to nurture children’s cognitive, physical, and social-emotional capacities in preparation for the next stage of life.
Musical care at the end of life
Authors: Tsiris Giorgos , Hockley Jo , Dives Tamsin
Published: June 2022

Throughout human history, music has been integral to the way that people have cared for the dying and for those around them. Today, musical care at the end of life involves a spectrum of diverse music practices, experiences, and contexts. These range from people’s everyday engagement with music, to music interventions by professionals within specialized contexts. Music emerges as a resource for people and communities as they cope with change, loss, and grief in life. Musical care can offer a sense of well-being and promote quality of life for the dying person, their family, and their wider community. Informed by developments in the field of palliative care, this chapter explores the different facets of musical care and documents contemporary practices with specific reference to adult end-of-life care. Musical care practices are discussed along two continua of care ranging from everyday to specialist, and from public to private. These continua provide a conceptual framework within which four main areas of musical care at the end of life are explored: music therapy as a distinct professional field of practice with an expanding research base and interdisciplinary approaches; music in death education and health promotion; live music performance and its role in end-of-life care; and, musical care by non-music professionals. This chapter highlights how music can generate a space where the unknowns, tensions, and resolutions of living and dying can be embraced, expressed, and celebrated. The chapter points to future directions, including methodological advancements with interdisciplinary collaboration at heart.
Third Leg
Authors: Bell Graham
Published: June 2022

This book gives an account of the remarkable discoveries that were made during the voyage and describes the strange and bizarre creatures that live in perpetual darkness a kilometre or more below the surface of the sea. The voyage had momentous consequences: not only uncovering a whole vast new range of animals whose existence had never before been suspected, but also initiating the systematic exploration of the oceans.
Challenger then sails back over the Atlantic to the Azores.
Fifth Leg
Authors: Bell Graham
Published: June 2022

This book gives an account of the remarkable discoveries that were made during the voyage and describes the strange and bizarre creatures that live in perpetual darkness a kilometre or more below the surface of the sea. The voyage had momentous consequences: not only uncovering a whole vast new range of animals whose existence had never before been suspected, but also initiating the systematic exploration of the oceans.
In this chapter, Graham Bell details when Challenger left Salvador and heads south towards Tristan da Cunha. The ship stays in harbour at Cape Town for several weeks.