bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Scottish Enlightenment in Edinburgh
Authors: Jacob Margaret C.
Published: September 2019

This chapter assesses how the eighteenth century in Scotland witnessed a secular Enlightenment different from those found in Paris or London. For one thing, size mattered. The largest city in Scotland in 1700, Edinburgh, contained probably 40,000 people. It is much harder to police thought and behavior in cities with hundreds of thousands of inhabitants, such as London, Amsterdam, and Paris. Scotland was also far more rural than either England or the Dutch Republic. In a city like Edinburgh, the educated elite, among whom one might reasonably expect new ideas to germinate and take hold, can best be described as led by presbyterian clergy and university professors marked by “an extraordinarily high degree of inbreeding and clannishness.” The social cohesiveness of the urban elite with its strong ties to the landed gave Scotland a distinctiveness all its own.
After Victory
Authors: Ikenberry G. John
Published: September 2019

The end of the Cold War was a “big bang” reminiscent of earlier moments after major wars, such as the end of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815 and the end of the world wars in 1919 and 1945. But what do states that win wars do with their newfound power, and how do they use it to build order? This book examines postwar settlements in modern history, arguing that powerful countries do seek to build stable and cooperative relations, but the type of order that emerges hinges on their ability to make commitments and restrain power. The book explains that only with the spread of democracy in the twentieth century and the innovative use of international institutions—both linked to the emergence of the United States as a world power—has order been created that goes beyond balance of power politics to exhibit “constitutional” characteristics. Blending comparative politics with international relations, and history with theory, the book will be of interest to anyone concerned with the organization of world order, the role of institutions in world politics, and the lessons of past postwar settlements for today.
An Institutional Theory of Order Formation
Authors: Ikenberry G. John
Published: September 2019

This chapter examines the institutional logic of order building and variations in its manifestation. The aftermath of major war presents the winning state with choices. The destruction caused by war and the breakdown of the old order provide opportunities to establish new basic rules and organizing arrangements that are likely to persist well into the future. At such postwar junctures, the leading state has three broad choices. One is to use its power to dominate the weaker and defeated states. A second choice for the winning state is to abandon the other states and simply go home. A third choice is for the leading state to use its commanding power position to gain acquiescence and participation in a mutually acceptable postwar order.
The Settlement of 1815
Authors: Ikenberry G. John
Published: September 2019

This chapter looks at the order building in the settlement of 1815. The peace settlement that ended the Napoleonic wars in 1815 gave Europe the most elaborately organized political order yet. Led by Great Britain, the European states mounted a sustained effort to find a mutually agreeable, comprehensive, and stable order; this effort culminated in the celebrated Congress of Vienna. The Vienna settlement departed from earlier postwar settlements in the way the leading state attempted to use institutions to manage relations among the great powers. There were, however, sharp limits to the binding character of these institutions. The British proposal for general security guarantee failed primarily because of the inability of the states involved to make binding commitments. There are some traces of constitutional order, but the 1815 case reveals the limits to which nondemocratic states can create binding institutions.
A Short Introduction
Authors: Woods Marjorie Curry
Published: September 2019

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the book's main themes. This book discusses a project based on the E. H. Gombrich Lectures given at the Warburg Institute in 2014. The author had become fascinated with the tradition of boys performing emotional speeches in women's voices in schools and the evidence from manuscripts indicating that this tradition persisted during the Middle Ages, as well as before and after. The three chapters in this book begin with a boy: the historical Augustine who weeps for the suicide of a fictional queen; young Achilles waking up in a strange new land where he will be asked to pretend to be a young woman; and an anonymous boy in a medieval lyric poem who performs a woman's lament for her dead lover. Each provides a different window into three interrelated aspects of medieval teaching: emotion, gender, and performance, with special emphasis on emotion.
Sapphic Performances
Authors: Leontis Artemis
Published: September 2019

This chapter tracks Eva Palmer Sikelianos's involvement with Sappho's poetry. To study how her reading of Sappho “implicated” or involved her in Sappho's poetic corpus on both a physical and literary level, it pays attention to Eva's hair, dress, and gestures; the photographs for which she posed; the letters she wrote; and the ways in which these different media delivered the pain and pleasure of Sappho's effects. For instance, signs of Eva's involvement with Sappho's poetry are subtly coded in an early twentieth-century photograph. It features Eva seated in a leather chair holding a book upright on her lap, and a wall of books appears in the background to her left. While the picture represents an upper-class white American woman reading in a Victorian home study, the Greek prototype is suggested by the hair.
Weaving
Authors: Leontis Artemis
Published: September 2019

This chapter explores Eva Palmer Sikelianos's fascinating shift from one stage to another as she left behind the fashion-conscious performance world of her Sapphic circle to try out a new role in Greek society. It does so by returning to Paris to observe her first attempts at weaving fabric for the Greek costumes of Equivoque. It retraces her entry into Greece, paying close attention to multiple levels of change: her attachment to Penelope, courtship with Angelos, decision to abandon Western dress, creation of new materials and techniques for dressing herself, performance of the role of wife and mother, and the gradual widening of her frame of interest and testing of nationalist ideologies. Eva's way into Greece was definitely her own; at the same time, it is representative of the way that certain Western women of Eva's era and class broached Greece differently from men.
Relational Requirements without Relational Foundations
Authors: Wallace R. Jay
Published: September 2019

This chapter considers the question of whether the relational model can be extended into a general framework for thinking about moral obligation, even outside of contexts of personal interaction and in-group cooperation. It argues that any account of interpersonal morality will involve some degree of abstraction and extension as we adapt moral resources to do justice to the modern idea that we are members of an extensive community of moral equals. Drawing on the relational model for this purpose has the advantage that it enables us to understand interpersonal morality as a source of obligations that also have direct significance for our accountability practices. Philosophers have offered some general arguments against extending the relational morality in this way, but those arguments do not succeed. Morality may be understood as a set of self-standing relational obligations, ones that can link individuals who are not already connected through ties of history or causality or cultural practice.
Entrepreneurial Time and the Bounding of Politics
Authors: Irani Lilly
Published: September 2019

This chapter focuses on the history and political fallout of entrepreneurial urgency. It also considers the concept of “bias to action.” The bias to action was a regime of being-in-time that emerged in responses to shifts in political economy. Champions of the bias to action urge entrepreneurial citizens to proliferate experiments out of their lives, out of their social relationships, and out of their encounters with the poor. These relations become the “living lab” for experiments in adding value in the for-profit and non-profit sectors. At the same time that entrepreneurial citizens reach beyond their salaried jobs and into civil society and development, they worked in entrepreneurial time—amid a manufactured urgency that made democratic processes a threat to self-actualization and a threat to value.
The Promise and Peril of Credit
Authors: Trivellato Francesca
Published: September 2019

This book takes an incisive look at pivotal episodes in the West's centuries-long struggle to define the place of private finance in the social and political order. It does so through the lens of a persistent legend about Jews and money that reflected the anxieties surrounding the rise of impersonal credit markets. By the close of the Middle Ages, new and sophisticated credit instruments made it easier for European merchants to move funds across the globe. Bills of exchange were by far the most arcane of these financial innovations. Intangible and written in a cryptic language, they fueled world trade but also lured naive investors into risky businesses. This book recounts how the invention of these abstruse credit contracts was falsely attributed to Jews, and how this story gave voice to deep-seated fears about the unseen perils of the new paper economy. It locates the legend's earliest version in a seventeenth-century handbook on maritime law and traces its legacy all the way to the work of the founders of modern social theory—from Marx to Weber and Sombart. Deftly weaving together economic, legal, social, cultural, and intellectual history, the book describes how Christian writers drew on the story to define and redefine what constituted the proper boundaries of credit in a modern world increasingly dominated by finance.
Bordeaux, the Specter of Crypto-Judaism, and the Changing Status of Commerce
Authors: Trivellato Francesca
Published: September 2019

This chapter looks at the circumstances in which Étienne Cleirac composed his writings. Whether Cleirac coined or merely repeated it, the legend of the Jewish invention of marine insurance and bills of exchange was his attempt at making sense of the changes in the legal, political, and social orders that the expansion of overseas commerce set in motion. Cleirac's life unfolded in a city where Jews were indistinguishable from local and foreign Christian merchants involved in long-distance trade, many of whom no longer belonged to a guild. It would not have surprised anyone in seventeenth-century France that New Christians, Catholics, and Protestants signed each other's bills of exchange and underwrote each other's marine insurance policies. Until 1723, however, crypto-Judaism was an institutionalized reality in Bordeaux. As such, the specter of crypto-Judaism infuses Cleirac's narrative of the origins of marine insurance and bills of exchange.
One Family, Two Bestsellers, and the Legend’s Canonization
Authors: Trivellato Francesca
Published: September 2019

This chapter studies Jacque Savary's Le parfait négociant, which was first printed in 1675 and was the manifesto of seventeenth-century French commercial society. A far more experienced and effective writer than Cleirac, Savary shared with his predecessor a commitment to setting new legal and cultural standards for private trade and finance. He repeated the fictional account of Jews' invention of bills of exchange while also streamlining and purging the seven relevant pages of Us et coustumes de la mer of their overt anti-Jewish language. After Savary's death, two of his sons published a massive dictionary of commerce, the first of its genre, which proved to be another bestseller of the ars mercatoria and disseminated the legend even further. Taken together, the complete works of the Savarys constitute the most articulate explication of the norms and ethos that infused the practice and politics of commerce under the reigns of Louis XIV and Louis XV.
Between Usury and the “Spirit of Commerce”
Authors: Trivellato Francesca
Published: September 2019

This chapter focuses on two moments: the reworking of the meaning of the legend of the Jewish invention of bills of exchange by Montesquieu in the 1740s and the debates on emancipation that occurred during the last quarter of the century. The discursive and political contexts in which the legend was evoked account for the vastly different meanings that it acquired at those two moments. Montesquieu praised Jews for forging new credit instruments that benefited everyone because he assumed that Jews inhabited a society of status that kept them in a subordinate position. When equality emerged later in the century as a concrete possibility, Jewish commercial and financial dexterity was once again perceived as a threat rather than a boon to state and society. While Montesquieu drew a sharp line between commercial credit and usury, the two were conflated once again during the emancipation debates, as they had been in Cleirac's commentary.
The “Renaissance of Security” Languished until the Owl of Minerva Flew after 9/11
Authors: Desch Michael C.
Published: September 2019

This chapter traces the development of political science after Vietnam, chronicling how the discipline continued to professionalize on the model of the natural sciences. The result was to privilege the refinement of method over practical relevance. It was disciplinary professionalism, as much as ideology, which widened the gap between the academic and policy worlds after Vietnam. Thus, a complete explanation for the decline of policy-relevant national security studies must also include the dynamics of academic normal social science combined with the changing international security environment. The chapter then suggests that political science is most useful to policymakers when it takes a problem-driven, rather than method-driven, approach to setting the scholarly agenda for academic security specialists. Important problems—defined in terms not just of internal disciplinary agendas but also the priorities of policymakers and the general public—ought to be the primary focus.
Using the Model
Authors: Schwartz Richard Evan
Published: September 2019

This chapter explores some consequences of the results in Chapter 2, especially Theorem 2.3. It suggests that Theorem 2.3 gives a way to extract information from the geometry of the low capacity lines. Section 3.2 proves that, relative to the parameter p/q, the 0th block always contains a polygon whose projection onto the X-axis has diameter at least (p + q)/2. Section 3.3 elaborates on the theme in Section 3.2 to show how to extract increasingly fine scale information about the plaid polygons. Section 3.4 explains how to augment the idea in Section 3.3 to make it more useful. Section 3.5 shows how the ideas from Section 3.3 sometimes explain why the plaid model looks similar at different rational parameters.
Particles and Spacetime Diagrams
Authors: Schwartz Richard Evan
Published: September 2019

This chapter begins the process of making a 3D interpretation of the plaid model. The idea is to group together certain of the light points and think of them as instances of 1-dimensional worldlines rather than as a succession of points. It fixes an even rational parameter p/q and uses the notation from Section 1.2, i.e., ω‎ = p + q. Section 4.2 explains a different notion of adjacency for the ω‎ × ω‎ blocks, dividing up the plaid model. Section 4.3 says what it means for two horizontal light points in remotely adjacent blocks to be different instances of the same particle. Section 4.4 does the same for the vertical particles. Section 4.5 shows a few pictures of spacetime diagrams and discuss their symmetries. Section 4.6 proves a technical lemma, the Bad Tile Lemma, which is very similar in spirit to Theorem 1.4.
The Plaid Master Picture Theorem
Authors: Schwartz Richard Evan
Published: September 2019

This chapter aims to prove Theorem 1.4 and Theorem 0.3, the Plaid Master Picture Theorem. Both of these results are deduced from Theorem 8.2, which says that the union PLA of plaid polygons is generated by an explicitly defined tiling classifying space (ලA, XP). Moreover, there is a nice space X which has the individual spaces XP as rational slices. The space X has a partition into convex polytopes, and one obtains the partition of XP by intersecting the relevant slice with this partition. Section 8.2 describes the space X. Section 8.3 describes the partition of X into convex integer polytopes. The partition is called the checkerboard partition. Section 8.4 explains the classifying map Φ‎A : Π‎ → XP. Section 8.5 states Theorem 8.2 and deduces Theorem 1.4 and Theorem 0.3 from it.
The Segment Lemma
Authors: Schwartz Richard Evan
Published: September 2019

This chapter contains the statement and proof of the Segment Lemma. It fixes a parameter A = p/q and set P = 2A/(1 + A) and continues the notation from Chapter 8. The chapter is organized as follows. Section 9.2 explains the existence and image of the anchor point. Section 9.3 explains how to reinterpret the classifying map from Section 8.4 as a map defined on a certain subset of R
3. The technical result, Lemma 9.4, will be useful for the computations in this chapter. Section 9.4 and 9.5 treats the vertical and horizontal cases of the Segment Lemma, respectively.
Graph Master Picture Theorem
Authors: Schwartz Richard Evan
Published: September 2019

This chapter aims to prove Theorem 0.4, the Graph Master Picture Theorem. Theorem 0.4 is proven in two different ways, the first proof is discussed here; it deduces Theorem 0.4 from Theorem 13.2, which is a restatement of [S1, Master Picture Theorem] with minor cosmetic changes. The chapter is organized as follows. Section 13.2 discusses the special outer billiards orbits on kites. Section 13.3 defines the arithmetic graph, which is an arithmetical way of encoding the behavior of a certain first return map of the special orbits. Section 13.4 states Theorem 13.2, a slightly modified and simplified version of [S1, Master Picture Theorem]. Section 13.5 deduces Theorem 0.4 from Theorem 13.2 and one extra piece of information. Finally, Section 13.6 lists the polytopes comprising the partition associated to Theorems 13.2 and 0.4.
Pinwheels and Quarter Turns
Authors: Schwartz Richard Evan
Published: September 2019

This chapter is the first of three that will prove a generalization of the Graph Master Picture Theorem which works for any convex polygon P without parallel sides. The final result is Theorem 16.9, though Theorems 15.1 and 16.1 are even more general. Let θ‎ denote the second iterate of the outer billiards map defined on R
2 − P. Section 14.2 generalizes a construction in [S1] and defines a map closely related to θ‎, called the pinwheel map. Section 14.3 shows that, for the purposes of studying unbounded orbits, the pinwheel map carries all the information contained in θ‎. Section 14.4 will defines another dynamical system called a quarter turn composition. A QTC is a certain kind of piecewise affine map of the infinite strip S of width 1 centered on the X-axis. Section 14.5 shows that the pinwheel map naturally gives rise to a QTC and indeed the pinwheel map and the QTC are conjugate. Section 14.6 explains how this all works for kites.
Quarter Turn Compositions and PETs
Authors: Schwartz Richard Evan
Published: September 2019

This chapter proves a general compactification theorem for quarter turn compositions. It is organized as follows. Section 15.2 proves a well-known result from linear algebra which will help with the material in the following section. Section 15.3 defines the map Ψ‎: S → Ŝ and study the dimension of its image as a function of the parameters of Τ‎. Recall that Τ‎ is a composition of shears and quarter turn maps. Section 15.4 establishes Lemma 15.6, which shows that Ψ‎ interacts in the desired way with shears. Ψ‎15.5 establishes Lemma 15.7, which does the same thing for quarter turn maps. Ψ‎15.6 combines Lemmas 15.6 and 15.7 to prove Theorem 15.1.
The Nature of the Compactification
Authors: Schwartz Richard Evan
Published: September 2019

This chapter looks more closely at Theorem 15.1 and gives more information about the PET that appears in that result. The basic idea of the proof is to remove from the torus Ŝ the singular set, i.e., the places where the PET is not defined. What is left over is isometric to the interior of a convex parallelotope. Section 16.2 analyzes the singular set and Section 16.3 constructs X1. Section 16.4 constructs the second parallelotope based on the action of the PET from Theorem 15.1. The proof of Theorem 16.1 finishes at the end of Section 16.4. Section 16.5 restates the case of Theorems 15.1 and 16.1 that apply to the pinwheel map associated to outer billiards on a polygon without parallel sides. The result is Theorem 16.9. Finally, Section 16.7 shows how Theorems 0.4 and 16.9 match up.
Geometry of the Graph Grid
Authors: Schwartz Richard Evan
Published: September 2019

This chapter proves several results about the graph grid, GA = TA (Z2). It is organized as follows. Section 19.2 proves the Grid Geometry Lemma. Section 19.3 proves the Graph Reconstruction Lemma, a result which describes how the map Ψ‎A interacts with GA.
The Intertwining Lemma
Authors: Schwartz Richard Evan
Published: September 2019

This chapter gives a proof of the Intertwining Lemma. Section 20.2 lists out the formulas for all the maps involved. Section 20.3 recalls the definition of Z* and proves Statement 3 of the Intertwining Lemma. Section 20.4 proves statements 1 and 2 of the Intertwining Lemma for a single point. Section 20.5 decomposes Z* into two smaller pieces as a prelude to giving the inductive step in the proof. Section 20.6 proves the following induction step: If the Intertwining Lemma is true for g ɛ GA then it is also true for g + dTA (0, 1). Section 20.7 explains what needs to be done to finish the proof of the Intertwining Lemma. Section 20.8 proves the Intertwining Theorem for points in Π‎A corresponding to the points gn = (n + 1/2)(1 + A, 1 − A) for n = 0, 1, 2, ... which all belong to GA. This result combines with the induction step to finish the proof, as explained in Section 20.7.
Existence of Infinite Orbits
Authors: Schwartz Richard Evan
Published: September 2019

This chapter begins Part 5 of the book. This part is devoted mostly to the study of the distribution of the plaid polygons: their size and number depending on the parameter. Section 21.2 gives a criterion for a point in FX to have a well-defined orbit. Section 21.3 revisits the pixelated spacetime diagrams of capacity 2, and uses them to construct a large supply of plaid polygons having large diameter. The construction in Section 21.3 works one parameter at a time. Section 21.4 takes the limit of our construction relative to a sequence of even rational parameters converging to our irrational parameter. This limiting argument completes the proof. Section 21.5 explains how to associate a plaid path to an infinite orbit. Section 21.6 gives a quick alternate proof of Theorem 21.1, based on results from [S1].
Existence of Many Large Orbits
Authors: Schwartz Richard Evan
Published: September 2019

A plaid polygon is called N-fat if it is not contained in any strip of width N. As a related notion, a plaid polygon is called N-long if it has diameter at least N. This chapter will prove Theorem 0.8. Section 22.2 studies equidistribution properties of the plaid PET map Φ‎A, as a function of A. Section 22.3 uses these equidistribution properties to show that the N-fat polygons essentially appear everywhere in the planar plaid model. The result is called the Ubiquity Lemma. Section 22.4 examines how the plaid model interacts with the grid of all lines of capacity at most K. Section 22.5 uses the Rectangle Lemma on many scales to show the existence of many distinct N-fat polygons. Section 2.6 discusses some properties of continued fractions and circle rotations. Finally, Section 22.7 proves the Grid Supply Lemma.
Infinite Orbits Revisited
Authors: Schwartz Richard Evan
Published: September 2019

This is the first of four chapters giving a self-contained proof of Theorem 0.7. Section 23.2 describes a sequence of even rationals {pn/qn} that converges to A. Section 23.3 states the two main technical results, the Box Theorem and the Copy Theorem. Section 23.4 shows how to choose a sequence {cn}. Section 23.5 states three auxiliary results about arc copying in the plaid model. Section 23.6 deduces the Box Theorem from one of these auxiliary lemmas. Section 23.7 deduces the Copy Theorem from the auxiliary lemmas and some elementary number theory. Thus, after this chapter ends, the only remaining task is to prove the auxiliary copy lemmas and prove a few lemmas in elementary number theory.
Weil's Conjecture for Function Fields
Authors: Gaitsgory Dennis , Lurie Jacob
Published: September 2019

A central concern of number theory is the study of local-to-global principles, which describe the behavior of a global field K in terms of the behavior of various completions of K. This book looks at a specific example of a local-to-global principle: Weil's conjecture on the Tamagawa number of a semisimple algebraic group G over K. In the case where K is the function field of an algebraic curve X, this conjecture counts the number of G-bundles on X (global information) in terms of the reduction of G at the points of X (local information). The goal of this book is to give a conceptual proof of Weil's conjecture, based on the geometry of the moduli stack of G-bundles. Inspired by ideas from algebraic topology, it introduces a theory of factorization homology in the setting ℓ-adic sheaves. Using this theory, the authors articulate a different local-to-global principle: a product formula that expresses the cohomology of the moduli stack of G-bundles (a global object) as a tensor product of local factors. Using a version of the Grothendieck–Lefschetz trace formula, the book shows that this product formula implies Weil's conjecture. The proof of the product formula will appear in a sequel volume.
Introduction
Authors: Hui Andrew
Published: September 2019

This introductory chapter provides an overview of aphorisms. As a basic unit of intelligible thought, the aphorism has persisted across world cultures and histories. Yet in comparison to the rich theories and thick histories of the novel, lyric, or drama, the aphorism has been curiously understudied. As aphorisms have been for millennia anthologized and de-anthologized, revived and mutilated, quoted and misquoted, they constitute their own cultural network. As such, a philological understanding of aphorisms is as necessary as a philosophical one: that is to say, one must examine not only their internal meaning but also the circumstances of their material production, transmission, and reception in history.
Confucius
Authors: Hui Andrew
Published: September 2019

This chapter discusses how the Analects of Confucius is an assemblage of the master's sayings that, while not offering a systematic account of the good, virtue, or just governance, nevertheless propelled the commentarial tradition of China that sought to codify it. The conversations of Confucius are “infinite” in the sense that they have elicited inexhaustible commentary from the time of their compilation. At the same time, the conversations of Confucius are “discontinuous” because of their fragmentary nature: the material upon which they were written—bamboo and silk—contains the merest traces of the original scene of instruction; the received arrangement of individual sayings can be said to be only loosely organized at best.
O primeiro decênio da Capes: uma campanha extraordinária (1951-1960)
Authors: Gouvêa Fernando
Published: September 2019

Este artigo tem como objetivo analisar o primeiro decênio de existência da Campanha de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de nível Superior – CAPES – que abarca o período de 1951 a 1960, situando a instituição no âmbito do aparelho estatal federal num contexto histórico marcado pelo modelo nacional-desenvolvimentista. O caminho para o alcance deste objetivo tem como elementos essenciais a utilização de relatórios, correspondências, mensagens presidenciais e documentos legais articulados sob o signo da utilização de estratégias e táticas por indivíduos-coletivos que edificaram uma rede institucional que levou a CAPES a um papel central na elaboração de políticas públicas educacionais no seio do Ministério da Educação. Tal centralidade teve como resultados a tentativa de construção de um sistema nacional de pós-graduação que se constitui num legado a ser examinado no tempo presente.
Iniciativas mundiales para mejorar la formación de profesores
Authors: Vaillant Denise
Published: September 2019

En los últimos años, se han multiplicado los estudios e informes en América latina que muestran los pobres resultados de la formación inicial de docentes. Se hace necesario hoy más que nunca, preguntarse hacia dónde va la formación de maestros y profesores. Para ello, la autora propone analizar y reflexionar una serie de iniciativas promovidas en Estados Unidos y Australia, así como en Inglaterra, Holanda, Finlandia y Suecia. Entre las innovaciones más destacadas, la autora señala las referidas a la titulación alternativa; a la articulación de la formación con los centros educativos; a la acreditación y evaluación externa de las instituciones formadoras; a la investigación sobre la práctica docente y al uso de la evidencia en los programas de formación.
Quando o imaginário se diz educacional
Authors: Araújo Alberto Filipe
Published: September 2019

O imaginário educacional é devedor da concepção romântica de educação que privilegia a formação da interioridade do sujeito (daquilo que Jung denomina de Selbst: o si-mesmo) através de uma viagem iniciática sob a forma, por exemplo, do “romance de formação”. Daí a necessidade de se estudar, mediante uma hermenêutica adequada, aquilo que constitui a substância do imaginário educacional (alegorias, metáforas, símbolos, ideologemas e mitos), ainda que este apareça de um modo geral degradado sob a forma daquilo que designamos de ideologemas. Todavia, e não obstante o imaginário educacional apresentar um sintoma, variavelmente agudo, de carência do sentido figurado, não se pode abandonar a razão educativa a um imaginário atrofiado nem deixar que uma sobreexcitação de imagens “des-educadas” atrofie a racionalidade educacional e crítica.
STATIC AND DYNAMIC PRINCIPLES FOR ASSESSING ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF MODERNIZATION OF VESSELS
Authors: Marchenko Sergey Sergeevich , Lazarev Alexander Nikolaevich
Published: September 2019

The article deals with the problem of the economic feasibility of continuing the operation of obsolete vessels, their modernization and acquisition of new modern vessels. There have been analyzed the economic issues of modernization of obsolete vessels, content of work on the modernization of vessels, as well as fundamental differences between the modernization of existing vessels and their replacement with new ones. Static principles of determining the economic efficiency of the vessels modernization are formed, which allows a preliminary assessment of the economic feasibility of work on the modernization of vessels. Methodological guidelines for determining the economically viable payback period of a modernized vessel have been developed. It is recommended to evaluate the economic feasibility of modernizing an outdated vessel compared to replacing it with a new competitive vessel by comparing operating costs for an existing vessel after upgrading it with operating costs for a new vessel, as well as comparing capital investments in upgrading and purchasing a new vessel. Inequality is constructed, expressing the economic feasibility of the early replacement of obsolete vessels with new modern ones compared to the modernization. The dynamic principles of the economic evaluation of the modernization of vessels are formed, taking into account the change in the value of money over time during the investment stages of the project on the modernization of the vessel and the subsequent periods of operation of the upgraded vessel. Calculations were made of the economic efficiency of the modernization of the Volzhsky vessel of the project 05074, the purpose of which was to upgrade the power plant and reduce operating costs. The positive results of the modernization of vessels of the river fleet are considered. The negative aspects of the modernization of vessels that should be taken into account when choosing the direction of updating the fleet of the Russian shipping companies are identified.
DIGITALIZATION OF AGRICULTURE IN THE CONTEXT OF INCREASING COMPETITIVENESS OF NATIONAL AGROINDUSTRIAL COMPLEX
Authors: Aitpaeva Aigul Aldungarovna
Published: September 2019

The article focuses on the importance of digitization of agriculture for rising the competitiveness of the domestic agro-industrial complex (AIC). In order to obtain an objective picture of APC nowadays, there have been analyzed the supplies of the staples in the Russian Federation and revealed the problems with producing milk, beef, fruit and vegetables of sheltered ground. It is stated that today Russia is actively implementing import substitution strategies in the sectors of the national economy including the agricultural sector. The main purpose of functioning of the national AIC has been determined as ensuring the parameters of food security for the population of Russia. There are considered the burning issues on achieving food self-sufficiency, the solution of which lies in increasing the competitiveness of the national AIC. The emphasis is placed on the need to transfer agricultural production to the ecological and economic principles of management and the rational distribution of using all types of resources. It has been recommended to assess the soil-climatic and economic potential of the territory in order to identify the priorities of food self-sufficiency for basic types of food in all regions of the country. Formation of the organizational and economic mechanism for creating competitive advantages of AIC helps to develop agricultural production on the innovative basis and to ensure the long-lasting food security at the federal level. The factors increasing AIC competitiveness are: economic soil fertility, usable agricultural areas, optimization of the structure of sown areas, system development of fodder production and animal husbandry, digitization of agriculture, etc. There have been analyzed the problems of insufficient digital prevalence in agriculture; the role of digitalization in achieving the parameters of food security is substantiated. The study results can be used to improve the mechanism of ensuring food security for the population of Russia.
Hope: The Janus-faced virtue (with feathers)
Authors: Schrader Michael , Levine Michael P.
Published: September 2019

In this essay we argue for the Janus-faced nature of hope. We show that attempts to sanitise the concept of hope either by separating it conceptually from other phenomena such as wishful thinking, or, more generally, by seeking to minimise the negative aspects of hope, do not help us to understand the nature of hope and its functions as regards religion. Drawing on functional accounts of religion from Clifford Geertz and Tamas Pataki, who both—in their different ways—see the function of religion in terms of its capacity to satisfy deep psychological needs, we demonstrate that religion uniquely positions itself with regard to hope’s two faces, simultaneously exploiting positive and negative aspects of hope.
Machine Learning Platform for Profiling and Forecasting at Microgrid Level
Authors: Mele Enea , Elias Charalambos , Ktena Aphrodite
Published: September 2019

The shift towards distributed generation and microgrids has renewed the interest in forecasting algorithms and methods, which need to take into account the advances in information, metering and control technologies in order to address the challenges of forecasting problems. Technologies such as machine learning have been proven useful for short-term electricity load forecasting, especially for microgrids, as they can also take into account several types of historical data and can adapt to changes often encountered in small-scale systems and on a short time scale. In this paper, we present a flexible and easily customized modular toolbox, called Divinus, for electricity use profiling and forecasting in microgrids. Divinus may support a variety of machine learning algorithms for forecasting and profiling that can be used independently or combined. For demonstration purposes, we have implemented Self-Organizing Maps for profiling and k-Neighbors for forecasting. The testing of the platform was based on electricity consumption data of the Euripus campus of the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens in Evia, Greece, from January 2010 till March 2018. The tests that have been carried out so far show that the platform can be easily customized and the algorithms examined yield high accuracy and acceptable mean errors for the case of a university campus energy profile.
Study of Load Characteristics of Various Types of Silicon PV Panels for Sustainable Energy Efficient Road Pavement
Authors: Patlins Antons , Hnatov Andrii , Arhun Shchasiana , Hnatova Hanna , Migal Vasiliy
Published: September 2019

This paper presents a new approach to the creation of innovative roads having sustainable energy efficient road pavement as their basis. It is a new type of intelligent roads that is able to service itself and provide power, i.e. it is also a renewable source of electricity. It is planned to use the studies on the PV panels in sustainable energy efficient road pavement to determine their load parameters. The work used the methods of mathematical analysis and theoretical electrophysics to carry out the studies on load characteristics of various types of silicon PV panels in order to define the most effective panels from the point of view of generated electrical energy load resistance values. The analysis of the obtained results of the experimental research has shown that in order to make the operation of PV panels of series FS-100M and FS-110P most efficient, their load must be maintained within 3–3.5 Ω range. If load resistance exceeds the specified limits, the work of PV panels of this series will be ineffective. The road having a sustainable energy efficient road pavement is able to track road conditions, traffic, weather conditions and react quickly to their changes. It is shown how road markings can change dependance on road conditions.
CIE 234:2019 A Guide to Urban Lighting Masterplanning
Authors:   CIE TC 4-56
Published: September 2019

The purpose of this publication is to provide guidance about the objectives and underlying principles relating to the lighting aspects of the urban nightscape. It deals with the visual, organizational, environmental, and technical elements of these aspects of urban planning. This guide identifies the lighting planning criteria that should be considered when initiatives are being taken in relation to new or existing lighting in urban areas or newly planned conurbations. Guidance is provided to both the functional and expressive aspects of lighting. This publication is intended to support those decision makers who are required to initiate, promote, and manage the night-time image of their city and who require a masterplan to provide a sound basis for long term lighting developments. Keywords: exterior lighting, architectural use of light, lighting design, masterplan
Outcome trabekulektomi terhadap kontrol tekanan intraokular
Authors: Syauqie Muhammad , Ilahi Fitratul
Published: September 2019

Tujuan: Membandingkan outcome pada tindakan trabekulektomi, trabekulektomi dengan MMC dan trabekulektomi dengan ekstraksi katarak. Metode:  Penelitian retrospektif dari rekam medis pasien poliklinik Mata RSUP Dr. M. Djamil Padang. Hasil: Terdapat 64 kasus dari 46 pasien pada penelitian ini, dengan rasio laki-laki dan perempuan yaitu 1:1. Usia pasien berkisar antara 19 tahun hingga 90 tahun. Dari keseluruhan pasien didapatkan diagnosa POAG pada 67,2% kasus, PACG pada 18,8% kasus, glaukoma juvenile pada 6,2% kasus, dan glaukoma sekunder pada 7,8% kasus. Prosedur yang paling banyak dilakukan adalah trabekulektomi (28 mata) diikuti oleh trabekulektomi dikombinasikan dengan ekstraksi katarak (21 mata) dan trabekulektomi dengan MMC (15 mata). Trabekulektomi atau trabekulektomi dengan MMC menghasilkan efek pengendalian TIO yang lebih baik, yaitu 16,35±7,30 mmHg dan 13,23±6,46 mmHg, dibandingkan dengan trabekulektomi yang dikombinasikan dengan ekstraksi katarak (17,70±5,66 mmHg). Namun demikian, 42,85% kasus setelah trabekulektomi dan 50% kasus setelah trabekulektomi dikombinasikan dengan ekstraksi katarak masih memerlukan setidaknya satu obat untuk mencapai rentang TIO normal dibandingkan dengan hanya 7,14% kasus setelah trabekulektomi dengan MMC. Simpulan: Trabekulektomi dengan MMC lebih unggul daripada trabekulektomi atau trabekulektomi dikombinasikan dengan ekstraksi katarak dalam menurunkan tekanan intraokular (TIO) dan bermanfaat bagi kontrol TIO dalam jangka panjang.
Efek minyak ikan toman (Channa micropeltes) terhadap kadar profil lipid mencit jantan (Mus musculus) model dislipidemia
Authors: Sinulingga Sadakata , Putri Aprilia , Dewi Intan Rahma , Sari Melina Indah , Azhar Mutiara Budi , Suciati Tri , Mariana Mariana , Subandrate Subandrate
Published: September 2019

Tujuan: Untuk mengetahui efek minyak ikan toman (Channa micropeltes) terhadap profil lipid pada mencit jantan (Mus musculus). Metode: Penelitian ini adalah eksperimental laboratorium menggunakan rancangan randomized pre- dan post-test dengan menggunakan hewan coba yaitu 35 ekor mencit jantan (Mus musculus) yang telah diinduksi model hiperkolesterol menggunakan pakan tinggi lemak, kemudian dikelompokkan menjadi 7 kelompok untuk perlakuan, yaitu: kontrol negatif, kontrol positif dengan Simvastatin, kontrol positif dengan Gemfibrozil, minyak ikan dosis I (0,05g/30gBB), minyak ikan dosis II (0,1g/30gBB), minyak ikan dosis III (0,2g/30gBB), dan minyak ikan dosis IV (0,4g/30gBB). Pemeriksaan profil lipid dilakukan dengan mengambil sampel darah mencit dan diperiksa dengan menggunakan spektrofotometer. Hasil: Minyak ikan toman dapat menurunkan kadar kolesterol total, Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL), dan trigliserida pada mencit dengan Dosis II, dosis III, dan dosis IV sedangkan untuk kadar High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL) dapat turun pada dosis iv. Simpulan: Minyak Ikan toman dapat menurunkan kadar profil lipid pada mencit jantan model dislipidemia.
Kesesuaian ukuran kanalis spinalis lumbal berdasarkan Ultrasonografi dengan MR-Myelografi pada penderita nyeri punggung bawah
Authors: Jufianti Emilya , Ilyas Muhammad , Murtala Bachtiar , Zainuddin Andi Alfian , Kaelan Cahyono , Muis Mirna
Published: September 2019

Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan menilai kesesuaian ukuran kanalis spinalis lumbal berdasarkan ultrasonografi dengan MR myelografi lumbosakral pada penderita Nyeri Punggung Bawah (NPB). Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan desain observasi cross-sectional dan dilakukan di Bagian Radiologi RSUP Dr. Wahidin Sudirohusodo Makassar dari November 2018 - Februari 2019. Sampel penelitian sebanyak 54 dengan 22 sampel eksklusi dan 32 sampel inklusi. Dari 32 sampel pada level L3-L4 sebanyak 27 sampel normal dan 5 sampel stenosis, level L4-L5 sebanyak 21 sampel normal dan 11 sampel stenosis, level L5-S1 sebanyak 28 sampel normal dan 4 sampel stenosis. Data dianalisis dengan analisis statistik melalui uji korelasi Person. Hasil: Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terdapat kesesuaian ukuran kanalis spinalis lumbal berdasarkan ultrasonografi dengan MR myelografi lumbosakral pada penderita NPB  pada level L3-L4 dengan nilai p=0,001 (<0,05) dan memiliki kekuatan hubungan kuat dengan nilai r=0,985. Data juga menunjukkan bahwa terdapat kesesuaian antara hasil MR myelografi dengan Ultrasonografi lumbosakral pada level L4-L5 dengan nilai p=0,001 (<0,05) dan memiliki kekuatan hubungan kuat dengan nilai r=0,987. Data juga menunjukkan bahwa terdapat kesesuaian antara hasil MR myelografi dengan Ultrasonografi lumbosakral pada level L5-S1 dengan nilai p=0,001 (<0,05) dan memiliki kekuatan hubungan kuat dengan nilai r=0,973. Simpulan: Terdapat kesesuaian ukuran kanalis spinalis lumbal berdasarkan ultrasonografi dengan MR myelografi lumbosakral pada penderita NPB.
Pengambilan Keputusan dalam Manajemen Proyek KPR Nonsubsidi menggunakan Linier Programing
Authors: Hasanah Uswatun , Putrawangsa Susilahudin , Kumoro Danang Tejo
Published: September 2019

PT X merupakan salah satu pengembang perumahan subsidi dan nonsubsidi di kawasan Terong Tawah, Labu Api, Lombok Barat. Kekhawatiran PT X dalam manajemen usahanya terkait pembangunan perumahan nonsubsidi yang disebabkan karena keterbatasan sumber daya yang tersedia dan tingkat persaingan dengan para pengembang yang lain. Disamping itu, pertambahan jumlah penduduk yang semakin meningkat dapat mempengaruhi besarnya permintaan pasar akan ketersediaan rumah sehingga dapat mendorong pengembang PT X dalam mengoptimalkan profit atau keuntungan yang akan diperoleh. Linier programming dapat digunakan dalam menemukan solusi optimalisasi profit tersebut sehingga PT X dapat menentukan langkah yang tepat dalam pengambilan keputusan. Secara matematis, proses penyelesaian metode ini dilakukan secara iterasi berdasarkan pemodelan sumber daya yaitu PT X membangun perumahan nonsubsidi tipe A (40/100), tipe B (70/200) dan tipe C (200/350). Berdasarkan hasil simulasi dengan proses iterasi sebanyak empat kali dihasilkan bahwa untuk memperoleh profit secara optimal sebesar Rp. 857.140.000 maka PT X dapat membangun 71 unit rumah tipe A dengan ukuran 40 diatas luas tanah 100 meter persegi, 114 unit rumah tipe B dengan ukuran 70 diatas luas tanah 200 meter persegi dan 114 unit rumah tipe C dengan ukuran 200 diatas luas tanah 350 meter persegi.
Aplikasi Diagnosa Kerusakan Skuter Matik Menggunakan FUZZY Multi-criteria Decision Making
Authors: Thohari Afandi Nur Aziz , Dias Ramadhani Rima
Published: September 2019

Skuter matik (skutik) menjadi kendaraan roda dua dengan tingkat penjualan paling tinggi di Indonesia. Berdasarkan data Asosiasi Industri Sepeda motor Indonesia (AISI) tahun 2018, tercatat tingkat penjualan skutik adalah yang paling tinggi dari pada jenis sepeda motor lainnya. Namun jumlah skutik di Indonesia yang terus meningkat, ternyata tidak diimbangi dengan peningkatan jumlah bengkel skutik. Sehingga pengguna kesulitan mencari bengkel khusus untuk menangani kerusakan skutik. Penelitian ini menawarkan sebuah solusi untuk mendiagnosa dan menangani kerusakan skutik. Diagnosa kerusakan dapat dilakukan kapan saja dan dimana saja melalui smartphone. Tidak hanya sekedar menentukan kerusakan, apikasi yang dibangun juga dapat memberikan informasi mengenai penanganan solusi kerusakan. Metode yang digunakan untuk membangun aplikasi adalah Fuzzy Multi-Criteria Decision Making (FMCDM). Berdasarkan pengujian, hasil akurasi dari penerapan metode FMCDM sangat baik, yaitu 81,25 persen. Sedangkan tingkat kepuasan pengguna terhadap aplikasi FMCDM ini juga sangat puas. Hal ini dibuktikan dengan hasil survey kepuasan pengguna yang total nilai rata-ratanya diatas 75 persen.