bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The synthesis of phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylserine containing acetylenic or cyclopropane fatty acids and the activity of these phosphatides in blood coagulation
Authors: Turner D. L. , Silver M. J. , Baczynski E. , Holburn R. R. , Herb S. F. , Luddy F. E.
Published: November 2006

Six different phosphatides were made by combination of phosphorus oxychloride and eithert‐butyloxycarbonylaminoethanol or the phthalimidomethyl ester of anisyloxycarbonyl‐L‐serine with three different diglycerides. The diglycerides wererac‐1,2‐distearoloylglycerol,rac‐1‐stearoloyl‐2‐stearoylglycerol, andrac‐1,2‐di(9,10‐methyleneoctadecanoyl) glycerol. The phosphatides were freed of protective groups by methods that did not cause rupture of the cyclopropane rings. The resulting phosphatides were purified by chromatography and evaluated for their effects on blood coagulation in vitro after solubilization with sodium desoxycholate. The phosphatidyl(distearoloyl)serine and the phosphatidyl di(9,10‐methyleneoctadecanoyl) serine were as active as beef brain phosphatidylserine in the antithromboplastin test and the Hicks‐Pitney test. The phosphatidyl(stearoloyl, stearoyl)serine was slightly less active in the Hicks‐Pitney test. The phosphatidylethanolamines accelerated coagulation in the Hicks‐Pitney test. The cyclopropane phosphatidylethanolamine was also tested in a test of prothrombin conversion using all purified components and was found to be active. The high activity of the cyclopropane phosphatidylserine is specially important because of its resistance to autoxidation.
The effect of hydrogen peroxide on serum lecithin‐cholesterol acytransferase activity
Authors: Mickel Hubert S. , Foulds Emmett L.
Published: November 2006

Glomset has reported an acyltransferase in plasma which effects the transfer of a fatty acid from the beta position of lecithin to cholesterol, forming cholesteryl esters. Peroxide is shown to have an inhibitory effect on the enzyme activity in a concentration of 0.1 M. There is a variable effect with a concentration of 0.01 M, with a stimulation of activity in some sera, while in others an inhibition. The addition of a synthetic saturated lecithin does not cause a reversal of the inhibition at 0.1 M H2O2.
Lipid alterations and their reversion in the central nervous system of growing rats deficient in essential fatty acids
Authors: Galli C. , White H. B. , Paoletti R.
Published: November 2006

Essential fatty acid (EFA) deficiency modifies several biological parameters, i.e., growth, metabolic rate and water balance and induces functional changes in liver, kidney and lung tissues. The brain fatty acid changes reported in the literature are generally smaller than those observed in other tissues. However, EFA deficiency initiated in rats prior to birth and continued for a prolonged period of time results in decreased brain weight, brain lipid and phospholipid content and in considerable changes in polyunsaturated fatty acid distribution, especially in the ethanolamine phosphoglyceride fraction. The unsaturation level of this phospholipid is maintained at a constant level in spite of the fatty acid distribution changes. Brain lipid analyses, carried out at various time intervals in EFA deficient animals, indicate that brain weights are already reduced in 10‐day‐old deficient rats, that brain phospholipids decrease, especially in the males after three months, and that fatty acid distribution changes begin rather early. The latter consist of a decrease of tetraenes and increase of trienes and of the triene‐tetraene ratios as early as at 10 days, a decrease of hexaenes after six months, and after six months, an increase of pentaenes, which are elevated at birth but usually disappear after three months of age. Similar changes are observed in myelin. The induced changes are not completely reversed upon return to normal diet.
Effect of EFA deficiency on lipid transport from liver
Authors: Fukazawa Toshio , Privett O. S. , Takahashi Yoshiyata
Published: November 2006

Studies are reported of the effect of an essential fatty acid (EFA) deficiency on synthesis of triglycerides (TG) and phospholipids (PL) and secretion of these compounds by livers of male Sprague‐Dawley rats. Animals were fed a semipurified diet containing corn oil or hydrogenated coconut oil (HCO) as the sole source of fat or no fat from weaning to 20 weeks of age. Liver function of the animals in each group was compared by an isolated liver perfusion technique with perfusates containing erythrocytes and linoleate, and in vivo experiments via tail vein injection of palmitate‐3H. Perfusion experiments showed that an EFA deficiency reduced the ability of the liver to secrete TG and PL. Accumulation of TG in the liver and its diminished secretion into the blood of EFA deficient animals were demonstrated by in vivo experiments with palmitate‐3H. The rate of conversion of linoleate to arachidonate and synthesis of PL was greater in livers of EFA deficient rats than in the control, corn oil fed animals. The results suggest a relationship of EFA metabolism to lipid transport.
Deposition of cyclopropenoids in the tissue lipids of rainbow trout fed methyl sterculate
Authors: Roehm J. N. , Lee D. J. , Sinnhuber R. O. , Polityka S. D.
Published: November 2006

Groups of young rainbow trout were fed diets containing 0, 100 and 200 ppm methyl sterculate. Their tissue lipids were analyzed for cyclopropene content using the modified Halphen test. Halphenpositive compounds, calculated as sterculic acid, accumulated in all tissues analyzed and reached concentrations approximately equal to those of the dietary lipid. Gas liquid chromatography used in conjuction with mild hydrogenation of the cyclopropene ring revealed that these Halphen‐positive compounds were predominantly, if not entirely, sterculic acid which was esterified in the triglycerides. To facilitate analysis of cyclopropenes in liver tissue, a method was developed whereby interfering pigments were removed prior to the Halphen test.
Renal cerebroside in globoid cell leukodystrophy (Krabbées disease)
Authors: Suzuki Kunihiko
Published: November 2006

The kidney tissues of five patients with globoid cell leukodystrophy (Krabbées disease) and of seven agematched normal individuals were analyzed for the content of galacto‐and glucocerebrosides. There was a statistically significant increase of galactocerebroside (+25%) in the pathological specimens. However, glucocerebroside was also similarly increased (+30%). Therefore, despite the genetic defect of the degradative enzyme, galactocerebroside β‐galactosidase, there is no specific accumulation of galactocerebroside in the kidneys of patients with globoid cell leukodystrophy.
The incorporation of phosphorylethanolamine into the phospholipids of brain microsomes in vitro
Authors: Porcellati G. , Biasion M. G. , Arienti G.
Published: November 2006

Synthesis of ethanolamine phosphoglycerides (EPG) from labeled14C‐phosphorylethanolamine (PE) and cytidine triphosphate (CTP) has been studied in vitro in particles and in soluble fractions of chicken brain. The microsomal membranes can carry out this conversion, but supplementing the microsomes with an enzymic fraction derived from the particle‐free supernatant results in a noticeable increase of the rate of EPG synthesis. Mitochondria are almost inactive, in this connection. The conversion of PE to lipid is very low, in no case exceeding 0.5–0.6%, even in the presence of diacyl glycerols or 1‐alkenyl 2‐acyl glycerol. No stimulation occurs by supplementing the incubation system with natural lipid acceptors, intermediates of lipid synthesis, energy‐producing cofactors or monoacylsn‐glycero‐3‐phosphorylethanolamine (GPE), monoacylsn‐glycero‐3‐phosphorylcholine (GPC) and other lipid material. From these and other results, the conclusion is made that the PE:CTP cytidylyltransferase (E.C. 2.7.7.14) must display very low activity in vitro, thus limiting the overall rate of synthesis from PE. Diacyl GPE is the only lipid which has been found labeled after incubation with PE of the brain preparations. A small synthesis of alkenyl acyl GPE takes place, only when PE is incubated with suitable concentrations of a plasmalogenic diglyceride.
Fatty acid composition of human and rat adrenal lipids: Occurrence of ω6 docosatrienoic acid in human adrenal cholesterol ester
Authors: Takayasu Ken , Okuda Kunihiko , Yoshikawa Iwao
Published: November 2006

Fatty acids in human and rat adrenal lipids were analyzed by AgNO3‐impregnated silica gel, thin layer chromatography and gas liquid chromatography (GLC). In human adrenal cholesterol ester, 26 kinds of fatty acids were estimated. The percentage of 18∶1 was highest, and 20∶3ω6 and 22∶4ω6 represented high percentages in polyenoic acids. Docosatrienoate was found in all the five men, representing from 1.0% to 2.8%. Its retention time on GLC was different from that of 22∶3ω9 found in the adrenal cholesterol ester of fat deficient rats. The methyl esters of dicarboxylic acids produced by KMnO4‐oxidation of the docosatrienoate had a chain of 10 carbon atoms. These results elucidate that the docosatrienoate from human adrenal cholesterol ester belongs to the linoleate family. In the adrenal cholesterol ester of 10‐week fat free rats, the percentages of 22∶4ω6 and 22∶5ω6 did not decrease, compared with control rats, though arachidonate apparently decreased. The adrenal phospholipid contained about 20% of arachidonate in four of five men and about 40% of arachidonate in rats. Much more polyenoic acids were found in the triglyceride of an adrenal adenoma of primary aldosteronism than in the adjacent adrenal tissue, shereas the fatty acid compositions of phospholipid and cholesterol ester in the adenoma resembled those in the adjacent tissue.
Fatty acid and long chain base composition of adrenal medulla gangliosides
Authors: Ledeen Robert , Salsman Kenneth
Published: November 2006

Five ganglioside fractions from bovine adrenal medulla were analyzed with respect to their fatty acid and long chain base compositions. The five fractions included two hematosides and three hexasamine‐containing species, the latter having chromatographic properties comparable to the major gangliosides of brain. The fatty acid compositions of all five were similar: 22∶0 was the most abundant, but significant amounts of 16∶0, 18∶0, 24∶0 and 24∶1 were also present. No hydroxy fatty acids were detected. The principal long chain base in each fraction was 4‐sphingenine (sphingosine), with lesser amounts of the C16 and C17 homologues. Minor quantities of the corresponding saturated bases were also detected. These were identified by two gas liquid chromatography methods: (a) trimethylsilyl ether derivatives, (b) aldehydes formed by periodate oxidation of the long chain bases. No 4‐eicosasphingenine (C20‐sphingosine), characteristic of brain gangliosides, was found in any of the fractions. The results demonstrate that gangliosides of the adrenal medulla show tissue specificity in fatty acid and long chain base composition which is independent of carbohydrate structure.
Blood α‐tocopherol: Erythrocyte and plasma relationships in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Poukka R. K. H. , Bieri J. G.
Published: November 2006

When rat plasma labeled with3H‐α‐tocopherol was incubated with tocopherol‐deficient red cells, uptake of radioactivity by cells was rapid with a maximum being reached in 6–8 hr. The equilibrium ratio of red cell‐plasma α‐tocopherol, from 0.3–0.6, was independent of the initial plasma concentration. When labeled red cells were incubated with tocopherol‐deficient plasma, radioactivity in plasma became maximal in 11.5 hr. When both plasma and cells had normal α‐tocopherol concentrations initially, the rate of exchange was similar in either direction with equilibrium of specific activity being attained in 6 hr. After a single oral dose of3H‐α‐tocopherol the activity in both plasma and cells reached a maximum in 8 hr and then fell rapidly during the next four days. The ratio of red cell‐plasma radioactivity at all intervals after 8 hr was 0.5.
Biosynthesis of triglycerides from triose phosphates by microsomes of intestinal mucosa
Authors: Ananda Rao G. , Sorrels M. F. , Reiser Raymond
Published: November 2006

Microsomes of hamster intestinal mucosa synthesize triglycerides from dihydroxyacetone phosphate or DL‐glyceraldehyde 3‐phosphate in the presence of palmitate, ATP, CoASH and NADPH or NADH but in the absence of soluble enzymes. An inhibitor of triose phosphate isomerase, 1‐hydroxy‐3‐chloro‐2‐propanone phosphate, completely inhibits glyceride synthesis from glyceraldehyde 3‐phosphate. This compound does not inhibit glyceride synthesis from dihydroxyacetone phosphate. These reactions confirm the conversion of glyceraldehyde 3‐phosphate to dihydroxyacetone phosphate prior to glyceride synthesis.
Effect of bound gossypol in cottonseed meal on enzymic degradation
Authors: Cater Carl M. , Lyman Carl M.
Published: November 2006

The nutritive value of cottonseed protein is lowered by the presence of bound gossypol. Samples of cottonseed protein containing from 0.003% to 1.03% bound gossypol were hydrolyzed enzymically and the amounts of free amino acids released were determined. The amounts of amino acids contained in peptides not precipitated by 1% picric acid were also determined. The proportionate reduction in the release of free and peptide amino acids in the presence of bound gossypol was noted. Although the amount of lysine released is reduced in the presence of bound gossypol as expected, there is a markedly larger reduction in the release of a number of other amino acids.
Triose phosphates as precursors of glyceride biosynthesis by rat liver microsomes
Authors: Puleo L. E. , Ananda Rao G. , Reiser R.
Published: November 2006

Washed rat liver microsomes synthesize phosphatidate and di‐ and triglycerides from dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) or DL‐glyceraldehyde 3‐phosphate (DL‐GAP) and fatty acids. The cofactors required in either case are ATP, CoASH, Mg++, and either NADH or NADPH. NADH is twice as active as NADPH. In the presence of γ‐32P‐ATP, 1‐14C‐palmitate, CoASH and NADH, the combined actions of glycerol kinase (ATP‐glycerol phosphotransferase EC 2.7.1.30), and microsomes convert dihydroxyacetone to phosphatidate with the molar ratio of14C∶32P approximately 2∶1. Since glycerol 3‐phosphate dehydrogenase (L‐glycerol 3‐phosphate: NAD oxidoreductase EC 1.1.1.8) is not present in microsomes, the synthesis of glycerides from either DHAP or GAP need not occur via their conversion to glycerol 3‐phosphate (GP). However, the presence of triose phosphate isomerase (D‐glyceraldehyde 3‐phosphate:ketol‐isomerase EC 5.3.1.1) in microsomes, suggests the conversion of GAP to DHAP during glyceride synthesis. The requirement for this conversion was confirmed by the use of 1‐hydroxy‐3‐chloro‐2‐propanone phosphate (HCPP), an irreversible inhibitor of triose phosphate isomerase. The synthesis of glycerides from DL‐GAP was completely inhibited by HCPP, whereas that from DHAP was not.
A simple preparative procedure for the rapid isolation of phytosphingosine from the yeastHansenula ciferrii
Authors: Weiss Benjamin , Stiller Richard L.
Published: November 2006

Phytosphingosine and dihydrosphingosine were isolated as a mixture of their N‐acetyl derivatives from the cells of the yeastHansenula ciferrii. After alkaline hydrolysis of the N‐acetyl compounds, the free base mixture was reacted with either acetone orp‐nitrobenzaldehyde. The reaction products consisting of the carbonyl derivative of phytosphingosine and free dihydrosphingosine were separated on an acetyl cellulose column. The acetone orp‐nitrobenzaldehyde derivative of phytosphingosine recovered from the benzene eluate contained no dihydrosphingosine as determined by thin layer and gas liquid chromatography. The operating time from preparation of the derivative through column purification was less than 3 hrs. Mass spectrometry of the acetone andp‐nitrobenzaldehyde derivatives disclosed in each case that ring closure with the carbonyl reagent involved the amino and primary hydroxyl groups to giveD‐ribo‐2‐dimethyl‐4‐(2,3‐dihydroxyhexadecyl) oxazolidine andD‐ribo‐2‐p‐nitrophenyl‐4‐(2,3‐dihydroxyhexadecyl) oxazolidene, respectively.
Interaction of detergents with transfusion gelatin
Authors: Malik W. U. , Ashraf S. M.
Published: November 2006

Binding of sodium dodecyl and octyl sulphate to transfusion gelatin has been studied at pH 7.7 by equilibrium dialysis. At lower detergent concentration the binding is statistical, whereas at higher concentrations the binding increases apparently without limit. This may be explained by assuming unfolding of the protein molecule with formation of detergent micelles around the binding sites.
Cyanolipids ofKoelreuteria paniculata Laxm. seed oil
Authors: Mikolajczak K. L. , Smith C. R. , Tjarks L. W.
Published: November 2006

Koelreuteria paniculata Laxm. (Sapindaceae) seed oil is a mixture of cyanolipids (42%) and ordinary triglycerides. The cyanolipid portion contains two classes of components. One of these (25% of the oil) is a mixture of diesters composed of two fatty acid moieties (predominantly C18 and C20 monoenoic) esterified with an unsaturated five‐carbon dihydroxynitrile (1‐cyano‐2‐hydroxymethylprop‐1‐ene‐3‐ol). The other class (17% of the oil) consists of cyanolipids having one fatty acid moiety (predominantly C20 monoenoic) esterified with 1‐cyano‐2‐methylprop‐1‐ene‐3‐ol. Monoesters based on this same hydroxynitrile were previously isolated fromStocksia brahuica seed oil and characterized. Hydrogenation of the diesters was accompanied by varying degrees of hydrogenolysis of the ester groups. The hydrogenated diester was reduced with lithium borohydride and the dihydroxynitrile portion was isolated. Acetolysis of the hydrogenated diester in glacial acetic acid with sulfuric acid catalyst yielded an acetylated γ‐lactone. The double bond of the dihydroxynitrile moiety in the diester does not react with bromine in carbon tetrachloride.
Studies on the glycolipids and phospholipids of immature soybeans
Authors: Singh H. , Privett O. S.
Published: November 2006

The lipid of immature soybeans was extracted with chloroform‐methanol and fractions containing the glycolipids and phospholipids were separated by column chromatography. Phosphatidyl choline (PC), phosphatidyl ethanolamine (PE), phosphatidyl inositol (PI), phosphatidic acid (PA) phosphatidyl glycerol (PG), n‐acyl phosphatidyl ethanolamine (APE) and sulfolipid (SL) were identified by thin layer chromatography (TLC). Sterol glucoside (SG), esterified sterol glucoside (ESG), digalactosyl diglyceride (DGDG) and cerebrosides (CE) were isolated by TLC and identified by color reactions, chemical degradation and spectral analysis.
MRA microeactions for lipid analysis
Authors: Bitner E. D. , Lanser Alan C. , Dutton H. J.
Published: November 2006

Many types of reactions have been performed on a microscale with the microreactor apparatus (MRA) system, which incorporates a modified soldering gun. Specific procedures developed for some typical reactions include bromination of olive methyl esters, silylation of castor methyl esters, homogeneous reduction of oleic acid, heterogeneous reduction of soybean methyl esters, several methods of methyl ester preparation from soybean fatty acids and saponification of soybean triglycerides followed by esterification. The reaction chamber of the MRA has been redesigned to increase its versatility and to reduce explosion hazards when diazomethane is used. Advantages of the MRA over other systems are less handling of sample, minimum hazards due to small sample size and direct injection of products into analytical instruments, such as a gas chromatograph or mass spectrometer.
Comparative autoxidative susceptibility of fatty esters with 0–6 methylene‐interrupted double bonds
Authors: Slawson Vida , Stein Robert A.
Published: November 2006

Disappearance of unsaturated fatty esters due to autoxidation was estimated by gas liquid chromatography. The stability of a mixture containing from 0–6 methylene‐interrupted double bonds was significantly increased by chromatography over silver nitrate‐silicic acid. The relative stability of the esters is a linear function of the number of double bonds.
Unsaturated fatty acids of mycobacteria
Authors: Hung Julia G. C. , Walker Robert W.
Published: November 2006

The double bond locations have been determined for the mono‐unsaturated fatty acids, C14 to C26 ofM. smegmatis andM. bovis BCG. The 14∶1 and 16∶1 fatty acids fromM. smegmatis are principally Δ10, while the 17∶1, 18∶1 and 19∶1 fatty acids from both organisms are Δ9. In the case ofM. smegmatis, the 20∶1, 22∶1 and 24∶1 fatty acids are principally Δ11, Δ13 and Δ15, respectively, while the 22∶1, 24∶1 and 26∶1 fatty acids of BCG are principally Δ13, Δ15 and Δ17, respectively.
Free fatty acids in the protective coats ofSpongilla wagneri gemmules
Authors: Laseter J. L. , Poirrier M. A.
Published: November 2006

A gas chromatographic and mass spectrometric analysis of the free fatty acids found in the resistant coat ofSpongilla wagneri gemmules was performed. The coats were found to contain 8.79% extractable lipids with 18.53% free fatty acids, ranging in chain length from C10 to C24. The unsaturated acids were in relatively low concentrations with the preponderant saturated being palmitic and behenic. Distinct differences in distribution were observed when compared to the total gemmule fatty acids.
Lipid synthesis in peripheral nerve from alloxan diabetic rats
Authors: Eliasson Sven G.
Published: November 2006

Decreased conduction velocity in the peripheral nerves of rats is noted after induction of diabetes. The slowing of nerve conduction is accompanied by a decrease in the in vitro incorporation of radioactive precursors into some of the myelin lipids isolated from nerve segments. Cerebroside synthesis is more depressed than that of any other fraction. A change in the type of cerebrosides synthesized is seen with a pronounced decrease in the rate of incorporation of saturated fatty acids.
Effect of diet handling on nutritional studies with used frying fats
Authors: Alexander J. Craig
Published: November 2006

A four‐week experiment to study the significance of careful diet handling was carried out with weanling rats fed purified rations containing 15% of various fats. Fresh soybean oil was the fat in the control diet and the other fats, which had been used to prepare food by a commercial‐type deep‐frying operation, were soybean oil, partially hydrogenated soybean oil with iodine value (I.V.) 70, partially hydrogenated soybean oil with I.V. 108, and cotton‐seed oil. A purified diet was fed ad libitum.

Treatment of the dietary groups in regard to preparation and handling of the rations proved to be highly significant. That is, as opposed to weekly mixing and twice weekly feeding of the diets, daily preparation and feeding along with the use of antioxidants and refrigeration of the ingredients resulted in a much superior growth rate and a higher efficiency of feed conversion. Since this very significant response became apparent in less than four weeks, the importance of careful handling to minimize secondary effects within the diet must be emphasized. The fresh soybean oil control, and all of the used frying fats gave similar results.
Phospholipase a properties of several snake venom preparations
Authors: Nutter L. J. , Privett O. S.
Published: November 2006

The hydrolytic properties of the venoms of seven species of snakes,Crotalus adamanteus, Ancistrodon contortrix, Naja naja, Bothrops atrox, Ophiophagus hannah, Crotalus atrox andVipera russeli, were studied with purified lecithins and mixtures of lecithins of known fatty acid and class composition as substrates.

The relative rates of hydrolysis of the fatty acids by the above venoms were studied by analysis of the products of the reaction at intervals during the course of the reaction. Of the seven venoms studied, that ofOphiophagus hannah was the only one which did not give some degree of preferential rate of hydrolysis of individual fatty acids.

In general, saturated fatty acids were liberated faster than unsaturated fatty acids; differences in the rates of the hydrolysis of individual saturate and unsaturated fatty acids were also observed. Individual classes of lecithin were also hydrolyzed at different rates. For the determination of the distribution of the fatty acids between the α‐ and β‐position of lecithin, the reaction should be carried to completion. If the reaction requires a prolonged time to go to completion, it should be carried out under nitrogen to prevent autoxidation.
Keto fatty acids formCuspidaria pterocarpa seed oil
Authors: Smith C. R.
Published: November 2006

The seed oil ofCuspidaria pterocarpa contains three keto fatty acids with unusually long carbon chains: 15‐oxo‐cis‐18‐tetracosenoic (5.4%), 17‐oxo‐cis‐20‐hexacosenoic (13.4%), and 19‐oxo‐cis‐22‐octacosenoic (3.3%) acids. These acids were isolated by countercurrent distribution of the corresponding methyl esters. Their structures were established by oxidative degradation, by reduction to known compounds, and by nuclear magnetic resonance and infrared spectra.
An ethanolamine plasmalogen artifact formed by acetone extraction of freeze‐dried tissue
Authors: Helmy F. M. , Hack M. H.
Published: November 2006

Extraction of freeze‐dried tissues by acetone results in the in vitro production of an acetone derivative (imine) of the ethanolamine phosphatides. Some of the properties of the acetone imine of ethanolamine plasmalogen are discussed.
Lipase from egg of southern corn rootworm
Authors: Krysan James L. , Guss Paul L.
Published: November 2006

The lipolytic activity in homogenates and aqueous extracts of acetone powders of eggs of the southern corn rootworm (Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi Barber) was studied. The general properties were determined using as substrate olive oil in an emulsion stabilized by gum arabic. Bovine serum albumin or Triton X‐100 were required in the assay system; they protected the enzyme from spontaneous denaturation. The lipase had activity optima at pH 7 and at 45 C. The preparation was inactive towards triacetin, and activity increased in the series tripropionin<tributyrin<trihexanoin< trioctanoin<tridecanoin. Activity towards tridecanoin. Triolein was hydrolyzed to oleic acid and glycerol with no marked accumulation, even transient, of partial glycerides.
Differential effects of benzodioxane, chroman and dihydrobenzofuran analogs of clofibrate in a triton hyperlipemic rat model
Authors: Newman Howard A. I. , Hellman William P. , Witiak Donald T.
Published: November 2006

Clofibrate (ethyl 2‐methyl‐2‐[4‐chlorophenoxy] propionate) is currently an important hypolipemic agent. In this study we describe the biological properties of certain acyclic and cyclic analogs of clofibrate in a hyperlipemic rat model in which the hyperlipemia was induced by ip injection of Triton WR‐1339. Cyclic analogs studied for their hypocholesterolemic and hypotriglyceridemic activities, as well as their ability to modify lipoprotein patterns, include the ethyl esters of 1,4‐benzodioxane‐2‐carboxylic acid, 6‐chlorochroman‐2‐carboxylic acid and 5‐chloro‐2,3‐dihydrobenzofuran‐2‐carboxylic acid. Among the clofibrate analogs, ethyl 6‐chlorochroman‐2‐carboxylate compares most favorably with the parent compound. Whereas the 6‐chlorochroman‐2‐carboxylate is effective as a hypocholesterolemic and hypotriglyceridemic agent, the 1,4‐benzodioxane analog exhibits mainly hypotriglyceridemic activity, while the 2,3‐dihydrobenzofuran analog exhibits hypocholesterolemic activity. Except for the benzodioxane, deschloro analogs are inactive. Results obtained in these studies are discussed in terms of structural requirements for biological activity and modes of action proposed for the parent drug clofibrate.
Effect of diet on triglyceride structure and composition of egg yolk lipids
Authors: Couch J. R. , Saloma A. E.
Published: November 2006

Hens were fed a practical diet supplemented and unsupplemented with 5% menhaden oil and a synthetic fat‐free diet for a period of 90 days. Egg yolks from hens fed each of the three diets were analyzed for fatty acid composition and positional distribution of the fatty acids by successive chromatographic techniques. The triglycerides were resolved into fractions containing, 0, 1, 2 and 3+ double bonds per molecule. Each of these types was quantitated and analyzed for fatty acid distribution. The positional distribution was determined with the aid of pancreatic lipase hydrolysis. The feeding of the practical diet supplemented with 5% menhaden oil produced an increase in the 14∶0 acid in the intact triglycerides, 2‐monoglycerides and 1,3‐diglycerides with the majority of this acid being bound in the 1,3 positions. In the monounsaturated triglycerides the 16∶0 acid was linked predominantly at the 1,3 positions. The feeding of the fat‐free diet produced a decrease in the 16∶1 acid content of the egg yolk lipids in the monounsaturated series, in the intact triglycerides, the 2‐monoglycerides and the 1,3‐diglycerides. The 18∶0 acid was linked more often at the 1,3 positions than at the 2 position, and was not affected by the diet consumed by the hens. Hens fed the fat‐free diet produced more monounsaturated and diunsaturated triglycerides than those fed the other diets. Linoleic acid exhibited the greatest degree of preference for the 2 position, which was followed in turn by oleic acid. All other major acyl components were found to be preferentially esterified at the 1,3 positions. The difference observed in the fatty acid composition of egg yolk neutral and polar lipids was attributable to the fatty acid content of the diet. In the case of the oleic and linoleic acids, there was less variation in the saturated fatty acid content, which could be traced to the type of diet fed.
Extraction of prostaglandins E1, E2 and E3 from human seminal plasma
Authors: Srivastava K. C. , Clausen J.
Published: November 2006

Isolation of individual prostaglandins of the E group from human seminal plasma consists of three main steps: preliminary purification from other lipids; resolution of this partially purified material into various groups of prostaglandins on a column of silicic acid; and further purification and resolution of various prostaglandins of each group by reversed phase partition chromatography. The last step is time‐consuming and has been replaced by a two‐step thin layer chromatography: first on silica gel, which ensures purification of the PGEs, followed by argentation thin layer chromatography, which resolves them into E1, E2 and E3 in microgram quantities.
Net increase of lipid fatty acid in ehrlich ascites carcinoma during growth
Authors: Baker Nome , Mermier Pierre , Wilson Leon
Published: November 2006

The net rate of total lipid fatty acid accumulation was measured in cells and extracellular fluid of Ehrlich ascites carcinomas grown in mice. Between 5 and 12 days after ip tumor inoculation, the tumor volume increased from 2.5 to 17.7 ml and the tumor cell volume increased from 1.5 to 3.9 ml. Total lipid fatty acids increased from 60 to 160 μmol during this same period. Thus the amount of fatty acid present increased at a rate of ca. 10 nmol/min for the tumor (cells and fluid). This rate is much smaller than the rate of fatty acid influx into Ehrlich ascites tumor cells in vivo. The major lipid fatty acids in both whole tumor and extracellular fluid were 16∶0, 18∶0, 18∶1 and 18∶2; no major changes in fatty acid composition were observed during growth.
Brain gangliosides of myelin synthesis‐deficient mice
Authors: Bosch M. A. , Rebel G. , Sarliève L. L. , Neskovic N. M.
Published: November 2006

Study of the brain gangliosides of normal and myelin synthesis deficient mice shows no appreciable differences in the quantitative or qualitative composition. This result shows that gangliosides have little or no relation to the synthesis of myelin.
Fatty acid composition of sarcoplasmic reticulum phospholipids from red and white muscles of the rabbit
Authors: Tume R. K. , Newbold R. P.
Published: November 2006

The fatty acid composition of the phospholipids of sarcoplasmic reticulum preparations from rabbit psoas (white) and soleus (red) muscles was determined. The sarcoplasmic reticulum from psoas muscle was lower in stearic and oleic acids and higher in palmitic and linoleic acids than that from soleus muscle, and contained a greater proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids. However most of the differences in fatty acids were small.
Turnover of bile acids in the hypercholesterolemic rat as influenced by saturation of dietary fat
Authors: McGovern R. F. , Quackenbush F. W.
Published: November 2006

Injections of [24‐14C] chenodeoxycholate and3H‐cholate were made by heart puncture into 300 g male rats that bore T‐cannulas in their bile ducts. The animals had been raised on diet A, containing glucose, cholesterol and cholate, or diet B, containing sucrose and cholesterol; each of the diets contained 5% safflower oil or 5% beef tallow as variables. From analysis of bile samples collected from the T at intervals over a 5 day period, it was observed that the safflower oil group fed diet B had a 17% shorter cholate half‐life, a 29% larger cholate pool size and 52% higher rate of cholate synthesis than those fed beef tallow in the same diet. The safflower group fed diet A also had a larger cholate pool size, but synthesis and half‐life were obscured by cholate feeding. Chenodeoxycholate turnover data were not obtainable because the decay curves were bimodal for all treatments and hence did not conform to a simple pool model. It is concluded that dietary safflower oil causes more rapid formation of cholate than does dietary beef tallow in the cholesterol‐fed rat.
Influence of dietary fat on bile acid secretion of rats after portal injection of3H‐cholesterol and [4‐14C] cholesteryl esters
Authors: McGovern R. F. , Quackenbush F. W.
Published: November 2006

Labeled cholesterol and its esters were injected via the portal vein into bile duct‐cannulated rats, subsequent to a 7 week regimen of either 5% safflower oil or 5% beef tallow in a hypercholesterolemic diet. Analysis of bile collected over a 6 hr period from the safflower group showed 8.6% higher output of bile acids, 13.6% higher conversion of3H‐cholesterol to bile acids and 40% higher conversion of [4‐14C]cholesteryl oleate to bile acids than bile collected from the tallow group. During the 1st hr conversion of both oleyl and linoleyl esters of14C‐cholesterol to bile acids was much slower than conversion of the free3H‐cholesterol to bile acids, thus eliminating these esters as preferred substrate for bile acid formation. However at 6 hr two‐thirds of the injected14C of oleyl ester was recovered in the liver, and about half of this was in the form of free cholesterol. Thus cholesterol ester hydrolase, though inhibited by dietary cholesterol, evidently did not impose limitations on formation of free cholesterol for subsequent oxidation reactions. Specific radioactivities were of doubtful significance because of uncertainities as to “active” pool size. The data suggest that dietary linoleate exerts its hypocholesterolemic effect in some manner other than ester formation and that its point of action involves stimulation of cholesterol oxidation to bile acids.
Influence of vitamin C on hydroxylation and side chain oxidation of cholesterol in vitro
Authors: Kritchevsky David , Tepper Shirley A. , Story Jon A.
Published: November 2006

The addition of ascorbic acid (20–160 μg) to mitochondrial preparations of rat or guinea pig liver has no effect upon the oxidation of [26‐14C]‐cholesterol to14CO2. The 7α‐hydroxylation of cholesterol by rat liver microsomes is also unaffected by addition of ascorbic acid. Hydroxylation by guinea pig liver microsomes is increased in the presence of ascorbic acid, but the results are not statistically significant.
Search for prostaglandin A1 in onion
Authors: Attrep Katherine A. , Mariani John M. , Attrep Moses
Published: November 2006

A fatty cid fraction separated from yellow onion has been subjected to thin layer chromatographic techniques, UV and IR spectrophotometric analyses. This silicic acid‐chromatographed fraction corresponds to the prostaglandin A1 fraction. Preliminary identification strongly suggests that this component of onions appears to be a prostaglandin (PGA1) or a prostaglandin‐like compound.
Tocopherols in foods and fats
Authors: Slover Hal T.
Published: November 2006

Methods are now available for the determination of all the specific tocopherol forms found in nature. Although the greatest interest centers on alpha‐tocopherol, much information has been gathered on the amounts of individual tocopherols in foods and fats contributing to the human diet. This paper summarizes and discusses the recent literature on the tocopherols in natural, processed and prepared foods. Alpha‐tocopherol, although the most widely distributed, is in many instances not the predominant form. In a number of important tocopherol sources, e.g., soybean oil, much larger amounts of gamma‐tocopherol are found. The levels of tocopherols are variable, but the evidence suggests that the identities of the specific forms are characteristic of the source. In cereal grains the further observation may be made that the related tocol‐tocotrienol pairs tend to be found together. Processing and preparation almost invariably reduce the tocopherol content, sometimes to insignificant levels.
A function for α‐tocopherol: Stabilization of the microsomal membrane from radical attack during TPNH‐dependent oxidations
Authors: McCay Paul B. , Lee Poyer J. , Pfeifer Peter M. , May Hubert E. , Gilliam James M.
Published: November 2006

Events accompanying electron transport in the membrane fraction of liver and other tissues have led us to propose a specific function for α‐tocopherol based on a sequence of biochemical changes we observed to occur in these membranes and on pertinent information from other laboratories. The activity of a membrane‐bound enzyme system (TPNH oxidase) which involves transport of electrons from substrate to oxygen, has been shown to promote simultaneous formation of peroxide functions on the β position polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) of phospholipids in the membrane. The phospholipid peroxides then undergo a chain cleavage reaction producing phospholipids containing a variety of carbonyl moieties in the β position. The process results in marked alteration of the membrane structure. During the overall reaction α‐tocopherol present in the membrane is converted to a compound more polar than tocopheryl quinone and the conversion is dependent on the same enzymic factors promoting the phospholipid alterations. The membrane alteration process is enhanced in microsomes from animals fed diets containing relatively high levels of PUFA or diets low in α‐tocopherol, and is diminished by low levels of dietary PUFA or relatively high levels of α‐tocopherol. The experimental data indicate that enzymic electron transport associated with TPNH oxidation by the microsomal membrane involves free radical functions. The latter apparently can promote extensive peroxidative alterations of phospholipids that result in structural changes in the membrane unless adequate α‐tocopherol is present in this organelle. This system appears to be part of the microsomal drug metabolizing system.
Studies of differential turnover of palmitoyl and stearoyl species of glycerophosphatides using labeled unsaturated acids
Authors: Holub B. J. , Breckenridge W. C. , Kuksis A.
Published: November 2006

Normal and bile fistula rats were injected with 1‐14C‐linoleate and arachidonate as albumin complex and the glycerides and glycerophosphatides of the liver and bile were isolated at various time intervals. The distribution of radioactivity among the individual molecular species was determined by thin layer and radio gas chromatography and specific enzymic hydrolyses. At 30 min after administration of linoleate 30% of the radioactivity in liver was in lecithins and 8% in cephalins, while at 120 min 48% was in lecithins and 16% in cephalins. After arachidonate, 58% and 64% of the counts were in lecithins and 12% to 13% in the cephalins at the above periods of sampling. The specific activity of the palmitoyl linoleoyl lecithins and cephalins was two to three times higher than that of the corresponding stearoyl linoleoyl species, which was of the same order but much lower magnitude than found previously for lecithins using labeled phosphate and choline. The palmitoyl and stearoyl species of arachidonoyl lecithins possessed equal specific activities, in sharp contrast to previous findings with radioactive phosphate, which showed a 12 times higher specific activity for the palmitoyl arachidonate. The palmitoyl arachidonoyl cephalins had two to three times greater specific activity than the corresponding stearoyl species in agreement with previous work using labeled phosphate. The distribution of radioactivity suggests that the arachidonate was incorporated into the lecithins largely via acyl transfer, while the linoleate contributed to both acyl transfer and de novo synthesis. Interpretation of the mechanism of uptake of these acids into the cephalins awaits further studies.
Incorporation of P32 orthophosphate into phospholipid of epiphyseal cartilage
Authors: Havivi Eli
Published: November 2006

Injected P32 orthophosphate was found to be incorporated into phospholipids in the epiphyseal cartilage of young chicks. The phospholipid levels were found to be greater in the ossifying cartilage and in new bone then in the resting cartilage. Phosphatidyl choline was the most heavily labeled lipid, reaching peak specific activity at 24–26 hr. The specific activity of phosphatidyl ethanolamine continued to increase for the 48 hr period of the experiment. Phosphatidyl serine and sphingomyeline were labeled to a lesser extent; however phosphatidyl serine displayed the most rapid turnover of any of the phospholipid studied, attaining peak specific activity at 12–15 hr.
Characteristics of fatty acid esterification by homogenates of bovine mammary tissue
Authors: Askew E. W. , Emery R. S. , Thomas J. W.
Published: November 2006

Fatty acid esterifying activity of homogenates of bovine mammary tissue was associated with the particulate fraction of the cell, was strongly dependent upon ATP, CoA,d,l‐glycerol‐3‐phosphate, and Mg2+, and was stimulated by NaF, dithiothreitol and bovine serum albumin. The system made phospholipids, mono‐, di‐ and triglycerides but did not esterify butyrate. The inability to form greater than 58% triglyceride suggested some factor(s) was limiting the acylation of di‐to triglyceride. The results were consistent with glyceride synthesis by the α‐glycerophosphate pathway.
The effect of prolonged fasting and of glucose refeeding on rat serum and liver lipid levels
Authors: Kerpel Shmuel , Rubenstein Bernard , Rubinstein David
Published: November 2006

The effects upon serum lipids of prolonged fasting of rats followed by refeeding with glucose or chow was studied. Fasting caused a decrease in the levels of serum triglyceride, phospholipid and cholesterol ester, while the level of total cholesterol remained unchanged. Refeeding 20% glucose in water for one day after three days of fasting caused a significantly greater decrease in serum lipid levels than did an additional day of fasting, while refeeding chow for one day restored the serum lipid levels to normal. Seven days of fasting or one day of glucose refeeding following three days of starvation resulted in almost complete disappearance of all serum lipoprotein bands on paper electrophoresis. After four days of refeeding glucose to rats previously fasted for three days the serum lipid levels and lipoprotein patterns approached those seen in fed animals. Serum free fatty acids increased upon fasting, but after seven days of starvation their concentration dropped to that observed in the fed rats. Refeeding for one day with glucose or chow reduced the serum free fatty acid concentration to less than half of the starvation levels. Four days of starvation caused a great decrease in liver weight without causing very pronounced changes in the content of phospholipid and triglyceride in the whole liver; the cholesterol content, notably esterified cholesterol, decreased. Glucose feeding for one day after three days of starvation, while increasing liver weight, did not cause any appreciable change in the hepatic lipid content. Following the three days of starvation lipogenesis from glucose by liver slices is restored to the same extent by refeeding glucose or chow for one day. The role of liver, adipose tissue and diet in supplying fatty acids for serum lipids following fasting is discussed.
Trans‐6‐hexadecenoic acid and the corresponding alcohol in lipids in the sea anemoneMetridium dianthus
Authors: Hooper S. N. , Ackman R. G.
Published: November 2006

Trans‐6‐hexadecenoic acid was found in polar lipids, triglycerides, was esters and diacylglyceryl ethers of the sea anemoneMetridium dianthus from Passamaquoddy Bay. The corresponding alcomaquoddy Bay. The corresponding alcohol also apparently occurs in the wax esters of this species. The long‐chain (C20, C22) monoethylenic alcohols reported for other species of sea anemones from neighboring waters were absent and the major alcohol and glyceryl ether chain both had 16∶0 structures. The isomers of C18 and C20 monoethylenic fatty acids in polar lipids and triglycerides were unusual in their high proportion of theω7 isomer. These two lipids also contained higher proportion of the polyunsaturated fatty acids than the others.
Linoleic and linolenic acid as precursors of the cucumber flavor
Authors: Grosch Werner , Schwarz Jorg M.
Published: November 2006

Cucumber homogenates were incubated with14C‐linolenic and14C‐linoleic acid. Of the radioactivity, 0.3% was recovered in the fraction of flavor active aldehydes. The distribution of the specific racioactivity indicated that propanal,trans‐2‐hexenal andtrans‐2,cis‐6‐nonadienal are related to 18∶3 and hexanal andtrans‐2‐nonenal to 18∶2. A pathway for the development of these compounds is discussed.
Phospholipid composition of the boll weevil,Anthonomus grandis boheman
Authors: Henson R. D. , Thompson A. C. , Gueldner R. C. , Hedin P. A.
Published: November 2006

When phospholipids of newly‐emerged adults of the boll weevil,Anthonomus grandis Boheman, were studied in detail, phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidyl ethanolamine were found to be the major phospholipids; sphingomyelin and cardiolipin were present in smaller amounts, and four other minor components were identified. Fatty acid analyses performed on the intact phospholipids and on the enzyme degradation products of phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidyl ethanolamine demonstrated that oleic and linoleic acids were the major fatty acids present in the glycerophosphatides; the sphingomyelin contained fatty acids in the range of 20–22 carbons.
Preparation of pure methyl esters by counter double current distribution
Authors: Scholfield C. R. , Butterfield R. O. , Dutton H. J.
Published: November 2006

Counter double current distribution with continuous stills for solvent and product recovery and an acetonitrile‐hexane solvent system is a convenient method for preparative isolation of individual fatty methyl esters. Preparations of pure methyl linoleate from safflower esters and a methyl arachidonate concentrate from hog liver lipids are described.
A simple, rapid micromethod for the determination of the structure of unsaturated fatty acids via ozonolysis
Authors: Nickell E. Christense , Privett O. S.
Published: November 2006

A micromethod for the localization of double bonds in unsaturated fatty acids via ozonolysis employing pyrolytic cleavage of ozonides in the presence of a hydrogenation catalyst is described. Cleavage of the ozonides is carried out in a gasliquid chromatographie instrument in a small glass tube, containing the catalyst, inserted in the top of the column opposite the in input heaters at 225C. Ozonides of methyl esters of straight chain unsaturated fatty acids are cleaved through the action of the catalyst to aldehyde fragments which are swept simultaneously into the column for analysis.

The double bond positions are deduced from the chain length of the fragments. The method is demonstrated on methyl oleate, linoleate, linolenate and arachidonate.