bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Attention switching through text dissimilarity: a cognition research on fragmented reading behavior
Authors: Cao Jingjing , Luo Jingtao , Zhou Jia , Jiang Yunshan
Published: June 2024

People tend to obtain information through fragmented reading. However, this behavior itself might lead to distraction and affect cognitive ability. To address it, it is necessary to understand how fragmented reading behavior influences readers’ attention switching. In this study, the researchers first collected online news that had 6 theme words and 60 sentences to compose the experimental material, then defined the degree of text dissimilarity, used to measure the degree of attention switching based on the differences in text content, and conducted an EEG experiment based on P200. The results showed that even after reading the fragmented text content with the same overall content, people in subsequent cognitive tasks had more working memory capacity, lower working memory load, and less negative impact on cognitive ability with the text content with lower text dissimilarity. Additionally, attention switching caused by differences in concept or working memory representation of text content might be the key factor affecting cognitive ability in fragmented reading behavior. The findings disclosed the relation between cognitive ability and fragmented reading and attention switching, opening a new perspective on the method of text dissimilarity. This study provides some references on how to reduce the negative impact of fragmented reading on cognitive ability on new media platforms.
Navigating phenylketonuria management to improve it in Latin America: a systematic literature review and applicability analysis
Authors: Aguirre Alex S. , Haro Edison , Campodónico Alberto , Mendoza Alissa , Bahamonde Bernarda , Romero Vanessa I.
Published: June 2024

Introduction

Phenylketonuria (PKU) is an autosomal recessive metabolic disorder resulting from phenylalanine hydroxylase deficiency, which impacts neurodevelopment. Lifelong low-phenylalanine diets and multidisciplinary care are pivotal for managing PKU. Latin American challenges in PKU care include diverse newborn screening programs, limited specialized healthcare, and resource scarcity.

Methods

A systematic literature review was conducted (2010–2023) on PKU management following PRISMA guidelines. Inclusion criteria encompassed English/Spanish articles focusing on PKU management guidelines approved by an organization as well as articles focusing on PKU management in Latin America. After screening 127,276 results, 6 articles were included.

Results

Six articles were analyzed, highlighting shared principles like multidisciplinary care, lifelong dietary adherence, personalized plans, and regular monitoring. Guides emphasized regional variations, breastfeeding complexities, and challenges for pregnant women with PKU.

Discussion

Multidisciplinary care emerges as critical, incorporating physicians, psychologists, dietitians, nurses, and genetic counselors. Lifelong adherence to low-phenylalanine diets and personalized strategies for different life stages are emphasized. Challenges in Latin America include healthcare gaps, scarce resources, and reliance on international guidance. The importance of breastfeeding, preconception care, and comprehensive support for pregnant women with PKU is underscored.

Conclusion

Collaborative efforts are essential to address PKU challenges in Latin America. Advocacy for awareness, specialized training, regional databases, and international collaborations can enhance diagnosis and management, ensuring a better quality of life for PKU individuals in the region. Embracing lessons from existing guides will contribute to improved PKU care and overall well-being.
Validation of miRNA signatures for ovarian cancer earlier detection in the pre-diagnosis setting using machine learning approaches
Authors: Stawiski Konrad , Fortner Renée T. , Pestarino Luca , Umu Sinan U. , Kaaks Rudolf , Rounge Trine B. , Elias Kevin M. , Fendler Wojciech , Langseth Hilde
Published: June 2024

Introduction

Effective strategies for early detection of epithelial ovarian cancer are lacking. We evaluated whether a panel of 14 previously established circulating microRNAs could discriminate between cases diagnosed <2 years after serum collection and those diagnosed 2–7 years after serum collection. miRNA sequencing data from subsequent ovarian cancer cases were obtained as part of the ongoing multi-cancer JanusRNA project, utilizing pre-diagnostic serum samples from the Janus Serum Bank and linked to the Cancer Registry of Norway for cancer outcomes.

Methods

We included a total of 80 ovarian cancer cases contributing 80 serum samples and compared 40 serum samples from cases with samples collected <2 years prior to diagnosis with 40 serum samples from cases with sample collection ≥2 to 7 years. We employed the extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) algorithm to train a binary classification model using 70% of the available data, while the model was tested on the remaining 30% of the dataset.

Results

The performance of the model was evaluated using repeated holdout validation. The previously established set of miRNAs achieved a median area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.771 in the test sets. Four out of 14 miRNAs (hsa-miR-200a-3p, hsa-miR-1246, hsa-miR-203a-3p, hsa-miR-23b-3p) exhibited higher expression levels closer to diagnosis, consistent with the previously reported upregulation in cancer cases, with statistical significance observed only for hsa-miR-200a-3p (beta=0.14; p=0.04).

Discussion

The discrimination potential of the selected models provides evidence of the robustness of the miRNA signature for ovarian cancer.
The application of organoids in colorectal diseases
Authors: Liu Yanxin , Wang Dongxu , Luan Yanhong , Tao Boqiang , Li Qirong , Feng Qiang , Zhou Hengzong , Mu Jianfeng , Yu Jinhai
Published: June 2024

Intestinal organoids are a three-dimensional cell culture model derived from colon or pluripotent stem cells. Intestinal organoids constructed in vitro strongly mimic the colon epithelium in cell composition, tissue architecture, and specific functions, replicating the colon epithelium in an in vitro culture environment. As an emerging biomedical technology, organoid technology has unique advantages over traditional two-dimensional culture in preserving parental gene expression and mutation, cell function, and biological characteristics. It has shown great potential in the research and treatment of colorectal diseases. Organoid technology has been widely applied in research on colorectal topics, including intestinal tumors, inflammatory bowel disease, infectious diarrhea, and intestinal injury regeneration. This review focuses on the application of organoid technology in colorectal diseases, including the basic principles and preparation methods of organoids, and explores the pathogenesis of and personalized treatment plans for various colorectal diseases to provide a valuable reference for organoid technology development and application.
Managing drug shortages in pediatric care
Authors: Rosário Alexandra , Hankó Balázs , Zelkó Romána
Published: June 2024

The global impact of drug shortages on healthcare systems is a concerning issue that needs urgent attention. These shortages not only jeopardize patient care, public health, and healthcare delivery but also pose distinct challenges for pediatric populations due to their specific medication requirements and vulnerabilities. It is imperative to address this issue to safeguard the health and wellbeing of this specific age group. This review Gaimed to conduct a systematic analysis of strategies for addressing drug shortages in pediatric care from 2014 to 2024. The search included five databases: PubMed, Reaxys, Embase, Scopus, and Science Direct, using the keywords “drug shortage” and “pediatric”. The final protocol was developed following the guidelines outlined in the " The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews”. In total, 234 publications were identified. After screening the search results and applying inclusion and exclusion measures, a total of 27 original research papers were included. The primary finding indicates that a comprehensive approach rooted in risk management can significantly mitigate drug shortages in pediatric settings. This approach should address underlying causes such as manufacturer and delivery challenges and focus on prevention through enhanced forecasting and vigilant shortage monitoring. The most prevalent response involved seeking alternative treatment options. It is imperative to implement institutional and national guidelines, foster communication, and provider education, and minimize waste to effectively mitigate drug shortages in pediatric settings.
PpSAUR5 promotes plant growth by regulating lignin and hormone pathways
Authors: Li Xin-Miao , Zhai Han-Han , An Xiu-Hong , Zhang He , Zhang Xueying , Wang Pengfei , Chen Haijiang , Tian Yi
Published: June 2024

Introduction

Peach (Prunus persica) has a high nutritional and economic value. However, its overgrowth can lead to yield loss. Regulating the growth of peach trees is challenging. The small auxin-up RNA (SAUR) gene family is the largest family of auxin-responsive genes, which play important roles in plant growth and development. However, members of this gene family are rarely reported in peach.

Methods

In this study, we measured leaf area, chlorophyll and lignin content to detect the role of PpSAUR5 on growth through transgenic Arabidopsis.

Results

PpSAUR5 responds to auxin and gibberellin, promoting and inhibiting the synthesis of gibberellin and auxin, respectively. The heterologous transformation of PpSAUR5 in Arabidopsis led to enhanced growth of leaves and siliques, lightening of leaf color, decrease in chlorophyll content, increase in lignin content, abnormalities in the floral organs, and distortion of the inflorescence axis. Transcriptome data analysis of PpSAUR5 overexpression and wild-type lines revealed 854 differentially expressed genes (DEGs). GO and KEGG analyses showed that the DEGs were primarily involved in biological processes, such as cellular processes, metabolic processes, response to stimuli, and catalytic activity. These genes were mainly enriched in pathways, such as phenylalanine biosynthesis, phytohormone signaling, and MAPK signaling.

Discussion

In summary, these results suggested that PpSAUR5 might regulate tree vigor by modulating the synthesis of auxin and gibberellin. Future studies can use PpSAUR5 as a candidate gene to elucidate the potential regulatory mechanisms underlying peach tree vigor.
Biosynthesis and metabolic engineering of isoflavonoids in model plants and crops: a review
Authors: Wang Lijun , Li Chaofeng , Luo Keming
Published: June 2024

Isoflavonoids, the major secondary metabolites within the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway, play important roles in plant defense and exhibit free radical scavenging properties in mammals. Recent advancements in understanding the synthesis, transport, and regulation of isoflavonoids have identified their biosynthetic pathways as promising targets for metabolic engineering, offering potential benefits such as enhanced plant resistance, improved biomass, and restoration of soil fertility. This review provides an overview of recent breakthroughs in isoflavonoid biosynthesis, encompassing key enzymes in the biosynthetic pathway, transporters influencing their subcellular localization, molecular mechanisms regulating the metabolic pathway (including transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation, as well as epigenetic modifications). Metabolic engineering strategies aimed at boosting isoflavonoid content in both leguminous and non-leguminous plants. Additionally, we discuss emerging technologies and resources for precise isoflavonoid regulation. This comprehensive review primarily focuses on model plants and crops, offering insights for more effective and sustainable metabolic engineering approaches to enhance nutritional quality and stress tolerance.
Development of a 45K pepper GBTS liquid-phase gene chip and its application in genome-wide association studies
Authors: Li Zixiong , Jia Zhiqi , Li Jisuo , Kang Dongmu , Li Mingxuan , Ma Shijie , Cheng Qing , Shen Huolin , Sun Liang
Published: June 2024

Introduction

Pepper (Capsicum spp.) is a vegetable that is cultivated globally and has undergone extensive domestication, leading to a significant diversification in its agronomic traits. With the advancement of genomics in pepper and the reduction in sequencing costs, the high-throughput detection of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and small insertions-deletions (indels) has become increasingly critical for analyzing pepper germplasms and improving breeding programs. As a result, there is a pressing need for a cost-effective, high-throughput, and versatile technique suitable for both foreground and background selection in pepper breeding.

Methods

In the present study, Python-based web scraping scripts were utilized to systematically extract data from published literatures and relevant sequence databases focusing on pepper genomes. Subsequent to data extraction, SNPs and indels were meticulously identified and filtered. This process culminated in the delineation of core polymorphic sites, which were instrumental in the development of specific probes. Following this, comprehensive phenotypic and genotypic analyses were conducted on a diverse collection of 420 pepper germplasms. Concurrently, a genome-wide association study (GWAS) was conducted to elucidate the genetic determinants of helical fruit shape in peppers.

Results

In this study, a 45K pepper Genotyping-By-Target-Sequencing (GBTS) liquid-phase gene chip was developed on the GenoBaits platform. This chip is composed of 45,389 probes, of which 42,535 are derived from core polymorphic sites (CPS) in the background genetic landscape, while 2,854 are associated with foreground agronomic traits, spanning across 43 traits. The CPS probes are spaced at an average interval of 68 Kb. We have assessed the performance of this chip on 420 pepper germplasms, with successful capture of target DNA fragments by 45,387 probes. Furthermore, the probe capture ratio surpassed 70% in 410 of the 420 germplasms tested. Using this chip, we have efficiently genotyped 273 germplasms for spiciness levels and elucidated the genetic relationships among 410 pepper germplasms. Our results allowed for precise clustering of sister lines and C. chinense germplasms. In addition, through a GWAS for helical fruit shape, we identified three quantitative trait loci (QTLs): heli2.1, heli11.1, and heli11.2. Within the heli11.1 QTL, a gene encoding the tubulin alpha chain was identified, suggesting its potential role in the helical growth pattern of pepper fruits.

Discussion

In summary, the 45K pepper GBTS liquid-phase gene chip offers robust detection of polymorphic sites and is a promising tool for advancing research into pepper germplasm and the breeding of new pepper varieties.
Integrity of xylan backbone affects plant responses to drought
Authors: Barbut Félix R. , Cavel Emilie , Donev Evgeniy N. , Gaboreanu Ioana , Urbancsok János , Pandey Garima , Demailly Hervé , Jiao Dianyi , Yassin Zakiya , Derba-Maceluch Marta , Master Emma R. , Scheepers Gerhard , Gutierrez Laurent , Mellerowicz Ewa J.
Published: June 2024

Drought is a major factor affecting crops, thus efforts are needed to increase plant resilience to this abiotic stress. The overlapping signaling pathways between drought and cell wall integrity maintenance responses create a possibility of increasing drought resistance by modifying cell walls. Here, using herbaceous and woody plant model species, Arabidopsis and hybrid aspen, respectively, we investigated how the integrity of xylan in secondary walls affects the responses of plants to drought stress. Plants, in which secondary wall xylan integrity was reduced by expressing fungal GH10 and GH11 xylanases or by affecting genes involved in xylan backbone biosynthesis, were subjected to controlled drought while their physiological responses were continuously monitored by RGB, fluorescence, and/or hyperspectral cameras. For Arabidopsis, this was supplemented with survival test after complete water withdrawal and analyses of stomatal function and stem conductivity. All Arabidopsis xylan-impaired lines showed better survival upon complete watering withdrawal, increased stomatal density and delayed growth inhibition by moderate drought, indicating increased resilience to moderate drought associated with modified xylan integrity. Subtle differences were recorded between xylan biosynthesis mutants (irx9, irx10 and irx14) and xylanase-expressing lines. irx14 was the most drought resistant genotype, and the only genotype with increased lignin content and unaltered xylem conductivity despite its irx phenotype. Rosette growth was more affected by drought in GH11- than in GH10-expressing plants. In aspen, mild downregulation of GT43B and C genes did not affect drought responses and the transgenic plants grew better than the wild-type in drought and well-watered conditions. Both GH10 and GH11 xylanases strongly inhibited stem elongation and root growth in well-watered conditions but growth was less inhibited by drought in GH11-expressing plants than in wild-type. Overall, plants with xylan integrity impairment in secondary walls were less affected than wild-type by moderately reduced water availability but their responses also varied among genotypes and species. Thus, modifying the secondary cell wall integrity can be considered as a potential strategy for developing crops better suited to withstand water scarcity, but more research is needed to address the underlying molecular causes of this variability.
Volatile metabolomics and transcriptomics analyses provide insights into the mechanism of volatile changes during fruit development of ‘Ehime 38’ (Citrus reticulata) and its bud mutant
Authors: He Jiaxian , Qin Zeyu , Liu Kexin , Li Xiangyi , Kou Yiming , Jin Zhenghua , He Ruiyuan , Hong Min , Xiong Bo , Liao Ling , Sun Guochao , He Siya , Zhang Mingfei , Liang Dong , Lv Xiulan , Wang Xun , Wang Zhihui
Published: June 2024

Volatile compounds are important determinants affecting fruit flavor. Previous study has identified a bud mutant of ‘Ehime 38’ (Citrus reticulata) with different volatile profile. However, the volatile changes between WT and MT during fruit development and underlying mechanism remain elusive. In this study, a total of 35 volatile compounds were identified in the pulps of WT and MT at five developmental stages. Both varieties accumulated similar and the highest levels of volatiles at stage S1, and showed a downward trend as the fruit develops. However, the total volatile contents in the pulps of MT were 1.4–2.5 folds higher than those in WT at stages S2-S5, which was mainly due to the increase in the content of d-limonene. Transcriptomic and RT-qPCR analysis revealed that most genes in MEP pathway were positively correlated with the volatile contents, of which DXS1 might mainly contribute to the elevated volatiles accumulation in MT by increasing the flux into the MEP pathway. Moreover, temporal expression analysis indicated that these MEP pathway genes functioned at different developmental stages. This study provided comprehensive volatile metabolomics and transcriptomics characterizations of a citrus mutant during fruit development, which is valuable for fruit flavor improvement in citrus.
Strain and serenity: exploring the interplay of stress, burnout, and well-being among healthcare professionals
Authors: Dobešová Cakirpaloglu Simona , Cakirpaloglu Panajotis , Skopal Ondřej , Kvapilová Barbora , Schovánková Tereza , Vévodová Šárka , Greaves Jane Peta , Steven Alison
Published: June 2024

Introduction

Stress and burnout can negatively affect performance, mental health, and the overall well-being of healthcare workers. The study aims to examine the prevalence of stress and burnout, and investigate links between stress, burnout, mental state, and well-being among healthcare workers in the Czech Republic.

Methods

A cross-sectional survey was conducted in the Czech Republic, focusing on healthcare professionals working in various healthcare settings. A total of 1,064 healthcare workers participated in the study. A standardized questionnaire battery was used, consisting of the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI), Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) and Supso-7 measuring mental state. Separate correlation and multiple regression analyses were conducted.

Results

46.24% of the healthcare workers reported high levels of emotional exhaustion, 25.56% reported high levels of depersonalization, 24.15% reported low levels of personal accomplishment, while 11.18% reported high levels of perceived stress. The findings revealed that emotional exhaustion, a core component of burnout, was associated with increased feelings of anxiety and depression. Perceived stress was also linked to anxiety and depression, while personal accomplishment appeared to mitigate depression and support positive psychological well-being.

Conclusion

The study provides promising evidence suggesting that addressing stress and emotional exhaustion, while fostering a sense of personal achievement, could lead to improvements in the mental health and work performance of healthcare workers. These findings highlight the importance of addressing burnout and stress management strategies to support the overall well-being of healthcare professionals.
Comparative analysis and evolution of civilian versus combatant mortality ratios in Israel-Gaza conflicts, 2008–2023
Authors: Ayoub Houssein H. , Chemaitelly Hiam , Abu-Raddad Laith J.
Published: June 2024

Background

There is a need for statistical methodologies that scrutinize civilian casualties in conflicts, evaluating the degree to which the conduct of war affects civilians and breaches the laws of war. Employing an epidemiological method, this study introduced, developed, and applied a novel approach for investigating mortality of civilians versus combatants in conflicts.

Methods

A deterministic mathematical model, structured by age and sex, was developed to describe the process of conflict-related deaths among both combatants and civilians. The model was calibrated using demographic and conflict-related data from different Israel-Gaza conflicts. To quantify the extent of the impact on civilians and determine whether they are the primary focus of a conflict, a statistical metric, the index of killing civilians, along with associated criteria, was devised.

Results

The model-estimated proportion of deaths in Gaza categorized as combatants was 62.1% (95% uncertainty interval (UI): 57.6–66.2%), 51.1% (95% UI: 47.1–54.9%), and 12.7% (95% UI: 9.7–15.4%) in the 2008–2009, 2014, and 2023 Israel-Gaza conflicts, respectively. The index of killing civilians was 0.61 (95% UI: 0.51–0.74), 0.96 (95% UI: 0.82–1.12), and 7.01 (95% UI: 5.50–9.29) in the 2008–2009, 2014, and 2023 conflicts, respectively. These index values indicate strong evidence for civilians being an object of war in the 2008–2009 and 2014 conflicts, but combatants were still identified as the primary focus of the conflict. In the 2023 conflict, there is robust evidence for civilians being an object of war, with civilians identified as the primary focus of the conflict.

Conclusion

Findings imply a progressive shift in Israel’s rules of engagement over time, with a trend towards higher acceptance of casualties among civilians. The 2023 conflict stands apart from preceding Israel-Gaza conflicts, with civilians identified as the primary focus of the conflict.
Growth mindset and well-being in social interactions: countering individual loneliness
Authors: Wang Chao , Li Shanshan , Wang Yilin , Li Mengxia , Tao Weidong
Published: June 2024

Introduction

Loneliness is a prevalent negative emotion experienced by college students. This study explores the relationship between a growth mindset and loneliness among college students.

Methods

A total of 560 college students completed the Growth Mindset Scale (GMS), UCLA Loneliness Scale (UCLA), Interpersonal Relationships Assessment Scale (IRS), and two measures assessing distinct facets of well-being the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) and the revised Positive Affect and Negative Affect Scale (PANAS).

Results and discussion

The results found a significant negative correlation between a growth mindset and loneliness. A growth mindset negatively predicted loneliness through the chain-mediated effects of interpersonal distress and well-being. These findings underscore the important role of a growth mindset in influencing loneliness, providing teachers and practitioners a new perspective to understand and intervene college students’ psychological challenges.
Age and estimated glomerular filtration rate in Chinese older adults: a cohort study from 2014 to 2020
Authors: Jiang Ying , Cao Qin , Hong Weiqi , Xu Tianwei , Tang Molian , Li Yun , Xu Renying
Published: June 2024

Objectives

This study aimed to fill the data gap of the course of renal function decline in old age and explore changes in renal function across different health states with increasing age.

Methods

This observational, retrospective, single-center cohort study included 5,112 Chinese older adults (3,321 men and 1,791 women, range 60–104 years). The individual rate of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) decline was analyzed using linear mixed-effects model to account for repeated measures over the years.

Results

The median age was 66 years, median BMI was 24.56 kg/m2, and median eGFR was 89.86 mL/min.1.73 m2. For every 1-year increase in age, women’s eGFR decreased by 1.06 mL/min/1.73 m2 and men’s by 0.91 mL/min/1.73 m2. We observed greater age-related eGFR decline in men and women with high systolic blood pressure (SBP). Men with high triglyceride (TG), high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), had greater age-related eGFR decline. In women, different BMI groups showed significant differences in age-related eGFR decline, with the highest decline in those with obesity. Additionally, participants with normal baseline eGFR had a faster age-related decline than those with low baseline eGFR.

Conclusion

The eGFR declined linearly with age in Chinese older adults, with women exhibiting a slightly faster decline than men. Both men and women should be cautious of SBP. Older adults with normal baseline renal function experienced a faster eGFR decline. Men with high TG, LDL-C, and low HDL-C levels, as well as obese women, should be vigilant in monitoring renal function.
Upper tract access in patients with urinary diversions
Authors: Modai Jonathan , Bhanji Yasin , Patel Parth M. , Scotland Kymora , Dunn Matthew D.
Published: June 2024

Urinary tract diversions are a common reconstructive solution for patients with malignant, anatomic or functional pathologies of the lower urinary tract. Although urinary diversions often represent the patient’s best alternative, they are not devoid of complications. Some of these complications, mainly anastomotic strictures and kidney stones, can be managed endoscopically, although upper tract access of such patients is not straightforward, requiring a fundamental understanding of the many types of diversions. In this article we will review the inherent difficulties of accessing the upper tract of patient with different diversions, the different approaches to the upper tract of diverted patients, and the equipment and techniques that can help facilitate upper tract access in diverted patients.
Boosting Memory Through Magnetic Brain Stimulation
Authors: Hebscher Melissa , Voss Joel L.
Published: June 2024

When you think back to a past birthday party, you can probably remember who was there and what you ate. This might seem easy to you, but memory is a complicated process that scientists are still trying to understand. Memory takes place in the brain, which is made up of billions of cells called neurons. Recent research has shown that memory can be improved safely using a tool called transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). TMS works by sending a very strong magnetic field through the skull and into the brain, where it changes the activity of neurons, causing changes in behavior. In this article, we will discuss how the brain remembers, how we can make the brain remember better using TMS, and how TMS could be used in the future to help people with memory problems.
Uncovering the Mental Effort of Reading Using Eye-Tracking Technology
Authors: Martinez Jennifer E. , Hout Michael C.
Published: June 2024

Whenever we learn about new topics by reading, we use varying degrees of effort to process what we read. Many factors may affect how much effort you feel like you are using (called cognitive workload) to perform reading tasks—such as how long you have already been reading, your reading skill, and even how you feel that day. Understanding how much effort it takes to understand reading material is vital because scientists can use this information to create better reading experiences and programs—especially for those who find reading difficult. Scientists have explored the effects of cognitive workload on reading comprehension to better understand how readers process information and store it in memory. One of the ways scientists do this is by using tools called eye trackers to measure the cognitive workload a reader is experiencing as they read.
Navigating the politics and processes of food systems transformation: guidance from a holistic framework
Authors: Béné Christophe , Abdulai Abdul-Rahim
Published: June 2024

The call for transforming food systems from their current unsustainable trajectories toward more desirable, healthy, sustainable, resilient, and equitable outcomes has received unprecedented echoes recently—particularly following the 2021 UN Food Systems Summit. But lack of guidance on how to do so in a comprehensive and integrated manner has left many actors uncertain, skeptical, or even low-spirited about the prospects of delivering such an ambitious task. Through this work, we argue that food systems transformation is not an impossible goal to aspire for; however, whether we achieve any form of transformation is essentially down to how food systems politics are enacted. Politics, we posit, is at the center of creating and maintaining current unsustainable food system trajectories and will also be crucial in guiding change processes toward sustainable goals. In this paper, we explore this argument through a conceptual framework. The framework, which is relevant for both high and lower-income countries, integrates multiple perspectives and practical experiences on transition, transformation and politics to propose a holistic diagnostic and prescriptive tool for food systems transformation. Three critical lessons emerge from this: first, the transformation (of food systems) must be normative, deliberate and goal-oriented—as opposed to driven by technological innovations; second, the process must account for, integrate, and build on the multi-dimensional and multi-procedural nature of the politics that drive (or resist) changes; and third, the transformation needs to build on a strong driving environment, one that transforms not just food systems but also their governance.
A retrospective study on the efficacy of the ERAS protocol in patients who underwent laparoscopic left and right colectomy surgeries
Authors: Zhao Xuemei , Jin Siyu , Peng Mingxiu , Wang Jingjing
Published: June 2024

Objective

Retrospective analysis and comparison of the effects of Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) protocol for patients having left and right colectomy surgeries.

Method

Out of the patients admitted to Chengdu Shang Jin Nan Fu Hospital and West China Hospital from December 2019 to December 2022, a total of 498 who met the inclusion criteria were selected, 255 with right colectomy(RC) and 243 with left colectomy (LC). Under the conditions of strict compliance with ERAS protocol, the relevant physical indexes of RC and LC, including postoperative rehabilitation (especially median post-operative stay) and complications (especially prolonged postoperative ileus, PPOI), were statistically analyzed and compared.

Results

In terms of intraoperative variables, fluid doses were higher in the LC group than in the RC group (P < 0.05), and there was no significant difference between them in terms of operative time, blood loss, need for open surgery, peritoneal contamination, epidural catheter placement, or opioid use (P > 0.05). Compared with the RC group, the LC group had a higher intake of oral liquid at the second postoperative day (POD), and faster first flatulence (P < 0.05). 30 (11.76%) RC patients required nasogastric tube insertion, while only 3 (1.23%) patients in the LC group required the same (P < 0.05). Prolonged postoperative ileus (PPOI) occurred in 48 (18.82%) and 29 (11.93%) patients in the RC and LC groups, respectively (P < 0.05). No significant differences in terms of postoperative complications or length of hospital stay (LoS). stay were observed.

Conclusion

As the location of colon cancer changes, the effectiveness of ERAS also varies. More personalized and precise ERAS protocols can reduce the incidence of postoperative complications and promote rapid recovery after surgery.
Frequency of De-Quervain Syndrome in Mobile Users Among Undergraduate Students of Allied Health Sciences Peshawar
Authors: Iqbal Sohail , Khattak Hafsah Gul , Aman Saba , Anwar Kinza , Ali Babar , Malakandi Hazrat Bilal
Published: June 2024

Background: Repetitive strain injuries are more common in mobile phone users due to repetitive use of phone for mobile texting and games. De Quervain syndrome is as a painful complain of the wrist as stenosing tenosynovitis involving abductors of thumb at radial styloid process. The inflammation of first dorsal compartment of wrist triggers pain in De Quervain syndrome. Cell phone users who are involved in repetitive activities of thumb during text messages are more prone to develop repetitive strain injuries.
Objectives: To determine the frequency of De Quervain syndrome in mobile users among under graduate students of allied health sciences Peshawar.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among undergraduate students in different institutes of allied health sciences Peshawar. Sample size of 384 was selected using convenient sampling technique. Data was collected through self-administered questionnaire and Universal Pain Assessment Tool was used to assess the severity of pain. Finkelstein test was performed to diagnose De Quervain’s syndrome. Data was analyzed by using SPSS version 20.
Results: Mean age of the participants was 20.73±1.78 years. Out of 384 participants, 315 (82%) were male and 69 (18%) were females, with male to female ratio 4:1 respectively. Finkelstein test was positive in 223 (58.1%) participants and negative in 161 (41.9%) participants.
Conclusion: The study concluded that mobile phone users are at a greater risk of developing De Quervain’s syndrome due to repetitive movement of thumb while mobile texting, playing games without taking rest in -between activities.
Correlation between body mass index, body perception and physical activity among university students
Authors: Khalid Momina , Khan Saleha Amin , Awan Memoona , Asif Kanwal , Waseem Mehwish , Tariq Muhammad Iqbal
Published: June 2024

Background: With the current advancement in technology, sedentary lifestyles, and decreased physical activities, university students are highly prone to distorted body perceptions and obesity. However, limited studies have been conducted about body weight and body perception in university students studying in Pakistan.
Objective: This research aimed to determine correlation between BMI, body perception and physical activity in university students.
Methods: This is a correlational study. A sample size of 437 was calculated by online sample size calculator. Non-probability convenience sampling technique was used. The study was carried out in different universities of Islamabad and Rawalpindi and the tools such as International Physical Activity Questionnaire, Body Mass Index, and Figure Rating Scale were used. Data was analyzed using SPSS 22.
Results: BMI and body perception showed significant moderate positive correlation (r=0.472, p=<0.05). Physical activity showed significant weak correlation with body perception and BMI (r=0.125 and 0.024, p=<0.05).
Conclusion: It was concluded from the results of current study that students have misperceptions regarding their body weight but weight misperception was not a cognitive barrier in participants for physical activity and majority participants performed moderate to vigorous activities.
Frequency of Postpartum Depression (PPD) in Rawalpindi and its determinants
Authors: Iqbal Asma , Ahmed Madiha , Azhar Khadijha , Raza Asia , Shifa Nazish , Tabassum Hina
Published: June 2024

Background: Postpartum Depression (PPD) is a common complication after childbirth. It has serious impact on mental health of mother as well as behavioral and cognitive development of infant.
Objective: To determine frequency of PPD in a metropolitan area of Pakistan and its associated factors.
Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted at Gynecology and Obstetrics Department of Fauji Foundation Hospital, Rawalpindi over a period of six months from January to June 2022. A total of 252 female patients fulfilling the inclusion criteria were included. Patients Health Questionnaire (PHQ 9) was used for screening of PPD in the test subjects. Patients were categorized into two major groups: PPD (PHQ 9 ≥ 5) and No PPD (PHQ 9 ≤ 4). Odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval was used to determine the association of various factors with PPD.
Results: Out of 252 patients, 87 (34.5%) had PPD while 165 (65.5%) had no PPD. The major determinants were Age > 35 years (OR 5.00, CI 1.286-19.440), BMI > 30 (OR 3.333, CI 0.77-14.43), Gestational Age ≤35 weeks (OR 6.354, CI 2.65-10.678), Parity >4 (OR 2.364, CI 0.548-10.19), number of female children >4 (OR 7.670, CI 3.458-9.650), Low birth weight baby (OR 2.529, CI 1.109-5.766), COVID-19 in pregnancy (OR 2.371, CI 1.162-4.838), family history of depression (OR 4.425, CI 2.119-9.242), past history of PPD (OR 3.793, CI 1.780-8.085), no social support from husband (OR 11.379, CI 3.447-37.5) and family (OR 6.322, CI 3.145- 12.707).
Conclusion: The major determinants of PPD in this study were lack of social support from husband and family members, previous female children and preterm deliveries. Other risk factors included age, obesity, multiparity, low birth weight, COVID-19 in pregnancy, family history of depression and stressful event during pregnancy, sleep deprivation, bottle feeding practice, and neonatal admission in NICU.
Physical activity and sleep quality in association to mental health among physical therapy students in different universities of Karachi: A cross sectional survey
Authors: Haider Muhammad Mehran , Fatima Kinza , Ali Areeba , Abbasi Mehtab , Nadeem Hira
Published: June 2024

Background: Quality sleep is vital for mental function, with its deprivation reducing alertness and impairing concentration. Similarly, a lack of physical activity leads to problematic living and mental health issues such as depression and anxiety. Therefore, the main reason of this study was to solely focus on physiotherapy students and the effect of sleep and physical activity on their mental health.
Objective: The research project aimed to observed physical activity and sleep quality in association to mental health among physical therapy students in different universities of Karachi
Methods: A cross-sectional study on 360 DPT students in various. Karachi universities was conducted after obtaining approval from the Institute of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. The participants, DPT undergraduates aged 18-28 years, were selected through convenient sampling. Exclusion criteria included diagnosed systemic diseases or psychological conditions. The study utilized PSQI, DASS-21, and IPAQ shortform tools. Fisher's exact test was employed to analyse variable associations.
Result: The sample's mean age was 21.75 years, Range= 18-28 years. Most (80.60%) were females. Almost all were single (94.90%), and 97.5% were poor sleepers. However, no association was found between sleep quality and depression, anxiety, or stress levels (p values = 0.117, 0.181, 0.293).
Conclusion: The study revealed no association was found between poor sleep and physical activity levels with depression, anxiety, and stress in physiotherapy students, even though many face poor sleep. Students with poor sleep quality had higher physical activity levels than those with good sleep quality.
The Effects of the Co-Application of MCPA Herbicide and Urea on Grass Rhizosphere Microcosms
Authors: Campos Marco A. , Palma Graciela , Faundez Carlos , Elgueta Sebastian
Published: June 2024

Background: Urea fertilizer and MCPA herbicide are widely used agrochemicals in pastures. Even though urea hydrolysis impacts soil pH, potentially affecting MCPA dissipation, little is known about the effects of their co-application into the rhizosphere. Hence, we aimed to analyze the dynamics of urea transformation and MCPA dissipation when both are co-applied to the soil. Methods: A greenhouse experiment was conducted with a planted control and treatments incorporating urea and/or MCPA. Subsequently, pH changes, urea transformation into N-NH4+ and N-NO3−, the enzymatic activity of urease and dehydrogenase, and MCPA dissipation were monitored for 30 d. Results: Urea application induced a significant (p < 0.05) pH change, production of N-NH4+ (from 50 and 250 mg kg−1) and N-NO3− (from 206 to 347 mg kg−1), and urease (from 12 to 35 µmol N-NH4+g−1 h−1) and dehydrogenase (from 0.5 to 2.5 mg TPF g−1 h−1) activities. Urea also decelerated MCPA dissipation in the latter half of the experiment, whereas MCPA reduced urease activity when urea and herbicide were co-applied. Conclusions: Urea was the primary factor modifying the properties of the rhizosphere by stimulating the activity of microbial enzymes, shaping the pH changes during its mineralization, and decelerating MCPA dissipation. MCPA did not reduce urea mineralization but slowed urease activity, constituting an insight that requires further study.
Infrared Thermography of the Blowhole as a Potential Diagnostic Tool for Health Assessment in Killer Whales (Orcinus orca)
Authors: Russell Jennifer P. , Osborn Steve D. , Herrick Kelsey E. S. , Schmitt Todd L. , Robeck Todd
Published: June 2024

Killer whales (Orcinus orca) are experiencing increasing environmental pressures, with some ecotypes being identified as endangered, and the development and validation of non-invasive health assessment tools is critical for assessing the well-being of individuals within these endangered populations. Infrared thermography of the blowhole is a non-contact method of temperature measurement that was recently investigated in killer whales in managed care. Two male killer whales presenting with clinical signs at separate institutions had veterinary clinical health assessments performed, which included infrared thermography of the blowhole as well as concurrent rectal temperature measurement. The current case report is aimed at describing the clinical use of infrared thermography of the blowhole as a method to detect elevated body temperature in two killer whales. Both animals exhibited blowhole temperatures above the previously reported values (36.4 °C and 37.6 °C; the mean in healthy whales is reported to be 34.21 ± 1.47 °C) with concurrently elevated rectal temperatures, as well as clinicopathologic findings consistent with a systemic inflammatory response (e.g., neutrophilia, increased fibrinogen and erythrocyte sedimentation rate, hypoferritinemia). Following veterinary intervention, both animals’ blowhole and rectal temperatures returned to baseline. Infrared thermography of the blowhole represents a promising tool for the identification of pyrexic animals and with further investigation may be considered as part of conservation health assessments for threatened free-ranging populations.
Liturgical Spaces and Devotional Spaces: Analysis of the Choirs of Three Catalan Nuns’ Monasteries during the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries
Authors: Crispí Marta
Published: June 2024

Choirs in female monastic and convent communities are spaces whose complexity has been highlighted because of their multipurpose and multifunctional nature. Although they are within the community’s private sphere of prayer of the divine office, it has also been noted that they play a liturgical role as the space from which the nuns ‘hear’ and follow the celebrations taking place in the church and even in the choral altars. The devotional–liturgical binomial is joined by other contrasting terms, like esglesia dintra–sgleya de fora, indicating a duality, as follows: the claustration (as an enclosed, internal and private space of the nuns) and the external church accessible to priests and laypeople, as well as private devotion versus community devotion. The Poor Clares of the monastery of Sant Antoni i Santa Clara actually mentioned the choir altar as nostro altar, underscoring the close bonds that joined them to a liturgical table in this private space, as opposed to those of the esglesia defora. The objective of this article is to study the choirs of three female monasteries in Barcelona during the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries—Sant Pere de les Puel·les (Benedictines), Sant Antoni i Santa Clara and Santa Maria de Pedralbes (both Clarissan)—from a holistic standpoint, including spaces, functions, goods, furnishings and decorations.
Whole Life Carbon Assessment of Buildings: The Process to Define Czech National Benchmarks
Authors: Železná Julie , Felicioni Licia , Trubina Nika , Vlasatá Barbora , Růžička Jan , Veselka Jakub
Published: June 2024

In recent years, there has been a growing interest in addressing human-induced impacts on the environment, with a particular focus on transitioning to sustainability and achieving carbon neutrality. However, the current implementation of Whole Life Carbon (WLC) and Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) in the construction sector in the Czech Republic is hindered by several challenges. These include gaps in stakeholders’ knowledge, limited availability of LCA data on construction products and buildings, insufficient market incentives, and low institutional capacity. This study, conducted as part of the INDICATE project, aims to streamline the process of WLC calculation and establish a consistent national assessment method specific to the Czech context. The project encompasses various phases, i.e., a case study collection of office, multi-family, single-family, education, and logistic hall buildings, followed by the development of a comprehensive unified materials database, classification of building parts and uniform work with the bill of quantities, stakeholder engagement, an LCA of case studies with a sensitivity analysis, and WLC policy suggestions, including the quality of the project data, simplifications, and a benchmarks definition. The Global Warming Potential (GWP) is calculated throughout the entire life cycle of each considered building, utilizing the EU Level(s) methodology incorporated in the OneClick LCA software. By adhering to these newly developed methodological steps, benchmarks for multi-residential buildings are shown. The same methodology could be replicated by stakeholders in other countries to enhance their evaluation processes and ensure consistent results across their projects.
Navigating the Neurobiology of Migraine: From Pathways to Potential Therapies
Authors: Tanaka Masaru , Tuka Bernadett , Vécsei László
Published: June 2024

Migraine is a debilitating neurological disorder characterized by recurring episodes of throbbing headaches that are frequently accompanied by sensory disturbances, nausea, and sensitivity to light and sound [...]