bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Clinical adhesion score (CLAS): development of a novel clinical score for adhesion-related complications in abdominal and pelvic surgery
Authors:   CLAS Collaboration, Lier Elisabeth Jacomine , van den Beukel Barend A. W. , Gawria Larsa , van der Wees Philip J. , van den Hil Leontine , Bouvy Nicole D. , Cheong Ying , de Wilde Rudy-Leon , van Goor Harry , Stommel Martijn W. J. , ten Broek Richard P. G.
Published: May 2020

Background

Adhesions are a major cause of long-term postsurgical complications in abdominal and pelvic surgery. Existing adhesion scores primarily measure morphological characteristics of adhesions that do not necessarily correlate with morbidity. The aim of this study was to develop a clinical adhesion score (CLAS) measuring overall clinical morbidity of adhesion-related complications in abdominal and pelvic surgery.

Methods

An international Delphi study was performed to identify relevant score items for adhesion-related complications, including small bowel obstruction, female infertility, chronic abdominal or pelvic pain, and difficulties at reoperation. The CLAS includes clinical outcomes, related to morbidity of adhesions, and weight factors, to correct the outcome scores for the likelihood that symptoms are truly caused by adhesions. In a pilot study, two independent researchers retrospectively scored the CLAS in 51 patients to evaluate inter-observer reliability, by calculating the Intraclass correlation coefficient. During a feasibility assessment, we evaluated whether the CLAS completely covered different clinical scenarios of adhesion-related morbidity.

Results

Three Delphi rounds were performed. 43 experts agreed to participate, 38(88%) completed the first round, and 32 (74%) the third round. Consensus was reached on 83.4% of items. Inter-observer reliability for the CLAS was 0.95 (95% CI 0.91–0.97). During feasibility assessment, six items were included. As a result, the CLAS includes 22 outcomes and 23 weight factors.

Conclusion

The CLAS represents a promising scoring system to measure and monitor the clinical morbidity of adhesion-related complications. Further studies are needed to confirm its utility in clinical practice.
Poland as a hub of the Silk Road Economic Belt: is the narrative of opportunity supported by developments on the ground?
Authors: Jakubowski Andrzej , Komornicki Tomasz , Kowalczyk Karol , Miszczuk Andrzej
Published: May 2020

The article presents an analysis of Poland’s potential role as a European hub supporting the transportation of goods on the route between China and the EU. The authors point out a number of factors that can favour the development of a Silk Road Economic Belt (SREB) hub in Poland. At the same time, they emphasise that higher demand for shipments through the New Eurasian Land Bridge within the SREB does not automatically mean that Poland will become the main hub on its European end. The study highlights several important aspects of competition as a result of which Poland is likely to adopt the role of a regional hub in Central and Eastern Europe.
A matheuristic approach to large-scale avionic scheduling
Authors: Karlsson Emil , Rönnberg Elina , Stenberg Andreas , Uppman Hannes
Published: May 2020

Pre-runtime scheduling of avionic systems is used to ensure that the systems provide the desired functionality at the correct time. This paper considers scheduling of an integrated modular avionic system which from a more general perspective can be seen as a multiprocessor scheduling problem that includes a communication network. The addressed system is practically relevant and the computational evaluations are made on large-scale instances developed together with the industrial partner Saab. A subset of the instances is made publicly available. Our contribution is a matheuristic for solving these large-scale instances and it is obtained by improving the model formulations used in a previously suggested constraint generation procedure and by including an adaptive large neighbourhood search to extend it into a matheuristic. Characteristics of our adaptive large neighbourhood search are that it is made over both discrete and continuous variables and that it needs to balance the search for feasibility and profitable objective value. The repair operation is to apply a mixed-integer programming solver on a model where most of the constraints are treated as soft and a violation of them is instead penalised in the objective function. The largest solved instance, with respect to the number of tasks, has 54,731 tasks and 2530 communication messages.
Artificial intelligence as law
Authors: Verheij Bart
Published: May 2020

Information technology is so ubiquitous and AI’s progress so inspiring that also legal professionals experience its benefits and have high expectations. At the same time, the powers of AI have been rising so strongly that it is no longer obvious that AI applications (whether in the law or elsewhere) help promoting a good society; in fact they are sometimes harmful. Hence many argue that safeguards are needed for AI to be trustworthy, social, responsible, humane, ethical. In short: AI should be good for us. But how to establish proper safeguards for AI? One strong answer readily available is: consider the problems and solutions studied in AI & Law. AI & Law has worked on the design of social, explainable, responsible AI aligned with human values for decades already, AI & Law addresses the hardest problems across the breadth of AI (in reasoning, knowledge, learning and language), and AI & Law inspires new solutions (argumentation, schemes and norms, rules and cases, interpretation). It is argued that the study of AI as Law supports the development of an AI that is good for us, making AI & Law more relevant than ever.
Evaluating alternative approaches for the seismic design of structures
Authors: Gkimprixis Athanasios , Tubaldi Enrico , Douglas John
Published: May 2020

The current design approach recommended by seismic codes is often based on the use of uniform-hazard response spectra, reduced to account for inelastic structural behaviour. This approach has some strong limitations that have been highlighted in many studies, including not allowing a direct control of the seismic risk and losses. This study aims at quantifying the levels of safety and the costs associated with this design approach, and to investigate alternative design approaches that have been developed in the last decades. In particular, a risk-targeting approach and a minimum-cost approach are considered. The first one, allowed by US codes, aims at designing structures with the same risk of collapse throughout regions of different seismicity. The second one aims to minimize the sum of the initial construction cost and the cost of expected losses due to future earthquakes. The comparison of the three approaches is performed by considering, as an example structure, a four-storey reinforced concrete frame building located in different areas in Europe, and by looking at the implications in terms of achieved safety levels, initial costs, and future losses. The study’s results provide useful information on how the design criteria and the different hazard levels throughout Europe affect the cost and safety levels of seismic design.
Local Business, Local Peace? Intergroup and Economic Dynamics
Authors: Joseph Jay , Katsos John E. , Daher Mariam
Published: May 2020

The field of “business for peace” recognizes the role that businesses can play in peacebuilding. However, like much of the discussion concerning business in conflict zones, it has prioritized the view of multinationals, often overlooking the role of indigenous local firms. The economic, social, and intergroup dynamics experienced by local businesses in conflict zones are understudied, with the current paper beginning by positioning micro- and small enterprises (MSEs) in the peacebuilding debate, then engaging with multidisciplinary works to understand how they foster peace. Through a case study set in north Lebanon, we conducted semi-structured interviews with twenty-three MSE owners in one industry who operate across sectarian divisions and with recently displaced Syrian refugees. Our findings indicate that local business activity can simultaneously promote peace and foster conflict, with peacebuilding improved when intergroup differences are reduced within the operating environment. Furthermore, the importance of economic development was elevated for local businesses, suggesting that peace through mechanisms such as social development, the rule of law, and training, is only achieved if economic needs are alleviated through these measures. We conclude by citing how contextual factors in conflict zones can enhance intergroup differences, and how resolving such factors can promote peacebuilding, with further empirical work needed in this area.
Angiography-derived index of microcirculatory resistance as a novel, pressure-wire-free tool to assess coronary microcirculation in ST elevation myocardial infarction
Authors:   Oxford Acute Myocardial Infarction (OXAMI) Study Investigators, De Maria Giovanni Luigi , Scarsini Roberto , Shanmuganathan Mayooran , Kotronias Rafail A. , Terentes-Printzios Dimitrios , Borlotti Alessandra , Langrish Jeremy P. , Lucking Andrew J. , Choudhury Robin P. , Kharbanda Rajesh , Ferreira Vanessa M. , Channon Keith M. , Garcia-Garcia Hector M. , Banning Adrian P.
Published: May 2020

Immediate assessment of coronary microcirculation during treatment of ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) may facilitate patient stratification for targeted treatment algorithms. Use of pressure-wire to measure the index of microcirculatory resistance (IMR) is possible but has inevitable practical restrictions. We aimed to develop and validate angiography-derived index of microcirculatory resistance (IMRangio) as a novel and pressure-wire-free index to facilitate assessment of the coronary microcirculation. 45 STEMI patients treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention (pPCI) were enrolled. Immediately before stenting and at completion of pPCI, IMR was measured within the infarct related artery (IRA). At the same time points, 2 angiographic views were acquired during hyperaemia to measure quantitative flow ratio (QFR) from which IMRangio was derived. In a subset of 15 patients both IMR and IMRangio were also measured in the non-IRA. Patients underwent cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) at 48 h for assessment of microvascular obstruction (MVO). IMRangio and IMR were significantly correlated (ρ: 0.85, p < 0.001). Both IMR and IMRangio were higher in the IRA rather than in the non-IRA (p = 0.01 and p = 0.006, respectively) and were higher in patients with evidence of clinically significant MVO (> 1.55% of left ventricular mass) (p = 0.03 and p = 0.005, respectively). Post-pPCI IMRangio presented and area under the curve (AUC) of 0.96 (CI95% 0.92–1.00, p < 0.001) for prediction of post-pPCI IMR > 40U and of 0.81 (CI95% 0.65–0.97, p < 0.001) for MVO > 1.55%. IMRangio is a promising tool for the assessment of coronary microcirculation. Assessment of IMR without the use of a pressure-wire may enable more rapid, convenient and cost-effective assessment of coronary microvascular function.
Cross-border cooperation in the execution of sentences between the Netherlands, Germany and Belgium: an empirical and comparative legal study on the implementation of EU framework decisions 2008/909/JHA and 2008/947/JHA
Authors: Hofmann Robin , Nelen Hans
Published: May 2020

This study aims at comparing legal practices in the execution of sentences within the framework of cross-border cooperation between The Netherlands, Belgium and Germany. Based on quantitative and qualitative data, the implementation of the EU Framework Decisions 2008/909/JHA on the transfer of prisoners and 2008/947/JHA on the mutual recognition of judgments and probation decisions in the three countries is analyzed. Interview data with legal practitioners suggest that social rehabilitation, consents of the convicted individuals and the actual place of living, play an important role in the initiations of transfers. Empirical evidence that both Framework Decisions are increasingly instrumentalized for migration control purposes, as the current scientific debate suggest, is weak in the three case countries. The relatively small numbers of transfers of prisoners and judgements show, that the transfer instrument is still not implemented to its full potential. This study exemplifies remaining challenges connected to the principle of mutual trust in the daily practice of cross-border legal cooperation within the EU.
The Relationship Between Tool Use and Prey Availability in Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) of Northern Democratic Republic of Congo
Authors: Hicks Thurston C. , Kühl Hjalmar S. , Boesch Christophe , Menken Steph B. J. , Hart John , Roessingh Peter , Ewango Corneille , Mundry Roger
Published: May 2020

A key feature of human behavioral diversity is that it can be constrained by cultural preference (“cultural override”); that is, population-specific preferences can override resource availability. Here we investigate whether a similar phenomenon can be found in one of our closest relatives, as well as the potential impacts of ecological differences on feeding behavior. Our study subjects were different subpopulations of Eastern chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) occupying two very different habitats, moist tropical lowland forests vs. moist tropical forest–savanna mosaic on opposite sides of a major river. Given differences in encounter rates of different kinds of tool sites on both sides of the Uele River, we predicted that these subpopulations would differ in their likelihood of using tools to prey on two insect species despite similar availability. In surveys conducted over a 9-year period at 19 different survey regions in northern Democratic Republic of Congo (10 in lowland forest and 9 in mosaic), we collected and analyzed data on chimpanzee tool-assisted exploitation of insects. To determine the availability of insect species eaten by the chimpanzees, we counted insects and their mounds on transects and recces at 12 of these sites. For stick tools used to harvest epigaeicDorylusand ponerine ants, we evaluated seasonal, geographical, and prey-availability factors that might influence their occurrence, using nest encounter rate as a proxy to control for chimpanzee abundance. Across the 19 survey regions spanning both sides of the Uele, we found little difference in the availability of epigaeicDorylusand ponerine ants. Despite this, tool encounter rates for epigaeicDorylus, but not ponerine, ants were significantly higher in the mosaic to the north of the Uele. Furthermore, we found no evidence for termite fishing anywhere, despite the availability ofMacrotermesmounds throughout the region and the fact that chimpanzees at a number of other study sites use tools to harvest these termites. Instead, the chimpanzees of this region used a novel percussive technique to harvest two other types of termites,Cubitermessp. andThoracotermes macrothorax.This mismatch between prey availability and predation is consistent with cultural override, but given the different habitats on the two sides of the Uele River, we cannot fully rule out the influence of ecological factors. Comparing our findings with those of similar studies of other chimpanzee populations promises to contribute to our understanding of the evolution of behavioral diversity in humans and our closest cousins.
The need to consider the predictive capacity of intelligence and its malleability within design and technology education research
Authors: Buckley Jeffrey
Published: May 2020

General intelligence is a fundamental human capacity with significant educational implications. However, it is often not considered in educational research despite substantial evidence illustrating its association with positive life outcomes and student’s capacity to learn. There are a number of potential reasons for this including the controversial history of the use of intelligence tests, validity concerns, counter-moral implications associated with equality, lack of related training, and discipline research priorities. Design and technology (D&T) education however presents a subject area where consideration of student’s intelligence appears particularly important. The focus on design provides students with regular variation learning contexts, with a similar phenomenon occurring through the subject areas focus on technology as a result of constant cultural and societal technological advances. However, intelligence is rarely considered within D&T education research. Therefore, this article puts forward an argument and rationale as to why D&T researchers need to give more consideration to the predictive value of general intelligence and its malleability in pertinent research and discusses some implications for intelligence in practice.
Trajectories of Autism Symptom Severity Change During Early Childhood
Authors: Waizbard-Bartov Einat , Ferrer Emilio , Young Gregory S. , Heath Brianna , Rogers Sally , Wu Nordahl Christine , Solomon Marjorie , Amaral David G.
Published: May 2020

Autism symptom severity change was evaluated during early childhood in 125 children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Children were assessed at approximately 3 and 6 years of age for autism symptom severity, IQ and adaptive functioning. Each child was assigned a change score, representing the difference between ADOS Calibrated Severity Scores (CSS) at the two ages. A Decreased Severity Group (28.8%) decreased by 2 or more points; a Stable Severity Group (54.4%) changed by 1 point or less; and an Increased Severity Group (16.8%) increased by 2 or more points. Girls tended to decrease in severity more than boys and increase in severity less than boys. There was no clear relationship between intervention history and membership in the groups.
Monitoring the role of enantiomers in the surface modification and adsorption process of polymers imprinted by chiral molecules: theory and practice
Authors: Woźnica Marcin , Sobiech Monika , Pałka Norbert , Luliński Piotr
Published: May 2020

The objective of this study was to explore the role of enantiomers in the surface modification and adsorption process of polymers imprinted by chiral molecules. Here, R-, S- and R/S-1-aminoindanes (TR, TS and TR/S) were used as the model template molecules. Optimization of synthetic protocols facilitated preselection of the most efficient composition for a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP)—methacrylic acid-co-ethylene glycol dimethacrylate—with satisfactory specificity and an imprinting factor equal to 3. This polymer composition was used further to analyse the effect of configuration of the template on adsorption properties. The results showed preferable adsorption of R-enantiomer, TR in the R-MIP and S-enantiomer, TS in the S-MIP but revealed variations in the binding capacities of TR and TS in the R- and S-cavity (stereoselectivity factor; k = 1.66 to 1.22, respectively). The theoretically analysed binding energies (ΔEB) of both TR and TS in the R-cavity (ΔEB = − 506.14 to − 256.77 kcal mol−1) and S-cavity (ΔEB = − 302.42 to − 347.18 kcal mol−1) were in agreement with empirical data. Morphology and porosity analyses revealed the impact of the template molecule on the pore system of the MIP and control (a non-imprinted polymer), but enantiomers were only found to have a negligible role. Binding characterization revealed that the physisorption-governed adsorption process and Dubinin–Radushkevich model fitted the experimental data best. Finally, terahertz spectroscopy was employed to confirm the similarity between both materials imprinted by each enantiomer.
Disclosure, Privacy and Workplace Accommodation of Episodic Disabilities: Organizational Perspectives on Disability Communication-Support Processes to Sustain Employment
Authors: Gignac Monique A. M. , Bowring Julie , Jetha Arif , Beaton Dorcas E. , Breslin F. Curtis , Franche Renee-Louise , Irvin Emma , Macdermid Joy C. , Shaw William S. , Smith Peter M. , Thompson Aaron , Tompa Emile , Van Eerd Dwayne , Saunders Ron
Published: May 2020

PurposeEmployers increasingly are asked to accommodate workers living with physical and mental health conditions that cause episodic disability, where periods of wellness are punctuated by intermittent and often unpredictable activity limitations (e.g., depression, anxiety, arthritis, colitis). Episodic disabilities may be challenging for workplaces which must comply with legislation protecting the privacy of health information while believing they would benefit from personal health details to meet a worker’s accommodation needs. This research aimed to understand organizational perspectives on disability communication-support processes.MethodsTwenty-seven participants from diverse employment sectors and who had responsibilities for supporting workers living with episodic disabilities (e.g., supervisors, disability managers, union representatives, occupational health representatives, labour lawyers) were interviewed. Five participants also had lived experience of a physical or mental health episodic disability. Participants were recruited through organizational associations, community networks and advertising. Semi-structured interviews and qualitative content analysis framed data collection and analyses, and mapped communication-support processes.ResultsSeven themes underpinned communication-support process: (1) similarities and differences among physical and mental health episodic disabilities; (2) cultures of workplace support, including contrasting medical and biopsychosocial perspectives; (3) misgivings about others and their role in communication-support processes; (4) that subjective perceptions matter; (5) the inherent complexity of the response process; (6) challenges arising when a worker denies a disability; and (7) casting disability as a performance problem.ConclusionsThis study identifies a conceptual framework and areas where workplace disability support processes could be enhanced to improve inclusion and the sustainability of employment among workers living with episodic disabilities.
Misinformation, subjectivism, and the rational criticizability of desire
Authors: Jian Jay
Published: May 2020

Orthodox Humeans about normative reasons for action believe that there are no rational principles governing the substantive content of desire. But they also believe that desires with misinformed content should be rejected and cannot be the proper subjective sources of normative reasons for action. These two ideas, I argue, in fact stand in tension with each other: The Humean rejection of misinformed desire actually has to invoke afeasibility principlefor desire, a semi-substantive rational principle that is already built into the very conceptions of rationality and desire that underlie orthodox Humeanism. This rational principle then provides a new account of the substantive rationality of desire, which in turn has some interesting implications in metaethics and first-order normative theories.
The lateral order on Riesz spaces and orthogonally additive operators
Authors: Mykhaylyuk Volodymyr , Pliev Marat , Popov Mikhail
Published: May 2020

The paper contains a systematic study of the lateral partial order $$\sqsubseteq $$
⊑
in a Riesz space (the relation $$x \sqsubseteq y$$

x
⊑
y

means that x is a fragment of y) with applications to nonlinear analysis of Riesz spaces. We introduce and study lateral fields, lateral ideals, lateral bands and consistent subsets and show the importance of these notions to the theory of orthogonally additive operators, like ideals and bands are important for linear operators. We prove the existence of a lateral band projection, provide an elegant formula for it and prove some properties of this orthogonally additive operator. One of our main results (Theorem 7.5) asserts that, if D is a lateral field in a Riesz space E with the intersection property, X a vector space and $$T_0:D\rightarrow X$$

T
0

:
D
→
X

an orthogonally additive operator, then there exists an orthogonally additive extension $$T:E\rightarrow X$$

T
:
E
→
X

of $$T_0$$

T
0

. The intersection property of E means that every two-point subset of E has an infimum with respect to the lateral order. In particular, the principal projection property implies the intersection property.
Polycratic hierarchies and networks: what simulation-modeling at the LHC can teach us about the epistemology of simulation
Authors: Boge Florian J. , Zeitnitz Christian
Published: May 2020

Large scale experiments at CERN’s Large Hadron Collider (LHC) rely heavily on computer simulations (CSs), a fact that has recently caught philosophers’ attention. CSs obviously require appropriate modeling, and it is a common assumption among philosophers that the relevant models can be ordered into hierarchical structures. Focusing on LHC’s ATLAS experiment, we will establish three central results here: (a) with some distinct modifications, individual components of ATLAS’ overall simulation infrastructure can be ordered into hierarchical structures. Hence, to a good degree of approximation, hierarchical accounts remain valid at least as descriptive accounts of initial modeling steps. (b) In order to perform the epistemic function Winsberg (in Magnani L, Nersessian N, Thagard P (eds) Model-based reasoning in scientific discovery. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, pp 255–269, 1999) assigns to models in simulation—generate knowledge through a sequence of skillful but non-deductive transformations—ATLAS’ simulation models have to be considered part of a network rather than a hierarchy, in turn making the associated simulation modeling messy rather than motley. Deriving knowledge-claims from this ‘mess’ requires two sources of justification: (i) holistic validation (also Lenhard and Winsberg in Stud Hist Philos Sci Part B Stud Hist Philos Modern Phys 41(3):253–262, 2010; in Carrier M, Nordmann A (eds) Science in the context of application. Springer, Berlin, pp 115–130, 2011), and (ii) model coherence. As it turns out, (c) the degree of model coherence sets HEP apart from other messy, simulation-intensive disciplines such as climate science, and the reasons for this are to be sought in the historical, empirical and theoretical foundations of the respective discipline.
Freedom trumps profit: a liberal approach to business ethics
Authors: Ostermaier Andreas , van Aaken Dominik
Published: May 2020

Liberalism is denounced by its critics as an ideology that advocates profit seeking and breeds economic crises. Even much of the CSR literature is pitched against liberalism. Liberalism, however, is about freedom much more than profits. It both legitimizes and confines contracting in markets. Specifically, contracts are legitimate if they are based on voluntary consent and thus reflect contractors’ freedom. We propose a broad understanding of freedom and derive criteria as guidance for contractors to establish voluntary consent. For illustration, we discuss the example of sweatshops. We suggest that liberalism is a potentially valuable resource in developing CSR theory.
Phase behavior of heavy oil–solvent mixture systems under reservoir conditions
Authors: Sun Xiao-Fei , Song Zhao-Yao , Cai Lin-Feng , Zhang Yan-Yu , Li Peng
Published: May 2020

A novel experimental procedure was proposed to investigate the phase behavior of a solvent mixture (SM) (64 mol% CH4, 8 mol% CO2, and 28 mol% C3H8) with heavy oil. Then, a theoretical methodology was employed to estimate the phase behavior of the heavy oil–solvent mixture (HO–SM) systems with various mole fractions of SM. The experimental results show that as the mole fraction of SM increases, the saturation pressures and swelling factors of the HO–SM systems considerably increase, and the viscosities and densities of the HO–SM systems decrease. The heavy oil is upgraded in situ via asphaltene precipitation and SM dissolution. Therefore, the solvent-enriched oil phase at the top layer of reservoirs can easily be produced from the reservoir. The aforementioned results indicate that the SM has promising application potential for enhanced heavy oil recovery via solvent-based processes. The theoretical methodology can accurately predict the saturation pressures, swelling factors, and densities of HO–SM systems with various mole fractions of SM, with average error percentages of 1.77% for saturation pressures, 0.07% for swelling factors, and 0.07% for densities.
Nutritional management during treatment for head and neck cancer
Authors: Wagner Christina
Published: May 2020

Background

The majority of patients who suffer from head and neck cancer are malnourished even prior to treatment initiation. In addition, side effects from cancer therapy including change in taste, mucositis, nausea or diarrhea increase patients’ malnutrition. Therefore, early management is crucial to improve nutritional status, prognosis and quality of life of patients.

Methods

A literature research was performed in PubMed, Medline and other available databases. The guidelines of the German Society for Nutritional Medicine, the European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism and common recommendations of other countries were selected, analyzed and summarized.

Results

Early screening for malnutrition is recommended for all cancer patients. Adequate intake of energy and protein should be ensured which may be achieved by consumption of oral nutritional supplements or enteral nutrition such as tube feeding.

Conclusion

It is important to determine the best course of management to maintain body weight and reduce typical adverse effects of malnutrition to improve quality of life. All patients at any stage of their treatment should receive intensive dietary counseling.
Erratum zu: Kooperationsfaktoren in den Klimaverhandlungen: Eine vergleichende Analyse der Klimagipfel in Kopenhagen 2009 und in Paris 2015
Authors: Högl Maximilian
Published: May 2020

Der Artikel Kooperationsfaktoren in den Klimaverhandlungen: Eine vergleichende Analyse der Klimagipfel in Kopenhagen 2009 und in Paris 2015 von Maximilian Högl wurde ursprünglich am 23.12.2019 ohne „Open Access“ online auf der Internetplattform des Verlags publiziert. Die Autoren haben sich jedoch
Correction to: Teaching health professionals how to tailor gender-affirming medicine protocols: A design thinking project
Authors: MacKinnon Kinnon R. , Ross Lori E. , Gualdron David Rojas , Ng Stella L.
Published: May 2020

The original version of this article unfortunately contained a mistake. The name of David Rojas Gualdron was presented incorrectly in the author list and in the conflict of interest. The corrected author list is given above. The original article has been …
The rationale for FLEX (cochlear implant) electrode with varying array lengths
Authors: Dhanasingh Anandhan
Published: May 2020

With cochlear implantation (CI) being the standard of care for profoundly deaf cases, more and more patients with low frequency residual hearing are currently being treated with CI. In view of preserving the residual hearing, the ultimate aim of both the surgeons and the CI companies is to achieve zero‐degree of electrode insertion trauma. Variations in the size and shape of cochlea, cross‐sectional dimensions of ST, electrode insertion techniques with and without metal stylet rod and the experience level of the operating surgeons, all play a role in the electrode array related insertion trauma. An effective electrode design must include flexible array to accommodate the cochlear shape variation, electrode with variety of array lengths to support the concept of cochlear size specific electrode array and finally smaller cross‐sectional dimensions of electrode array in matching the cross‐sectional dimensions of ST. As per published reports, FLEX electrode array design offers minimal degree of electrode insertion trauma along with the possibility of patient specific electrode array length matching their cochlear size. Looking at the cross‐sectional dimensions of FLEX electrode array along with its volume, it appear to be highly safe to the cochlea by not taking too much volume inside the ST. To offer additional support, otological pre‐planning software tool like OTOPLAN is now clinically available in measuring the cochlear size in finding the best electrode array match along with the possibilities of anatomy based post‐operative speech processor fitting.
Fishing, Subsistence Change, and Foraging Strategies on Western Santa Rosa Island, California
Authors: Jazwa Christopher S. , Joslin Terry L. , Kennett Douglas J.
Published: May 2020

Shifting from shellfish collecting to fishing as a primary coastal foraging strategy can allow hunter-gatherers to obtain more food and settle in larger populations. On California's northern Channel Islands (NCI), after the development of the single-piece shell fishhook around 2500 cal BP, diet expanded from primarily shellfish to include nearshore fishes in greater numbers. During the Medieval Climatic Anomaly (1150–600 cal BP), settlement on the islands condensed to a small number of large coastal villages with high population densities supported largely by nearshore fish species including rockfishes, surfperches, and señoritas. Faunal data from five sites on western Santa Rosa Island (CA-SRI-15, -31, -97, -313, and -333) demonstrate an increase in nearshore fishing through time. We argue that demographic changes that occurred on the northern Channel Islands were accompanied by changes in subsistence strategies that were related in part to risk of failure when attempting to acquire different resources. As population density increased, the low-risk strategy of shellfish harvesting declined in relative importance as a higher-risk strategy of nearshore fishing increased. While multiple simultaneous subsistence strategies are frequently noted among individual hunter-gatherer communities in the ethnographic record, this study provides a framework to observe similar patterns in the archaeological record.
Using Twitter to Track Unplanned School Closures: Georgia Public Schools, 2015-17
Authors: Ahweyevu Jennifer O. , Chukwudebe Ngozi P. , Buchanan Brittany M. , Yin Jingjing , Adhikari Bishwa B. , Zhou Xiaolu , Tse Zion Tsz Ho , Chowell Gerardo , Meltzer Martin I. , Fung Isaac Chun-Hai
Published: May 2020

Objectives:

To aid emergency response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) researchers monitor unplanned school closures (USCs) by conducting online systematic searches (OSS) to identify relevant publicly available reports. We examined the added utility of analyzing Twitter data to improve USC monitoring.

Methods:

Georgia public school data were obtained from the National Center for Education Statistics. We identified school and district Twitter accounts with 1 or more tweets ever posted (“active”), and their USC-related tweets in the 2015-16 and 2016-17 school years. CDC researchers provided OSS-identified USC reports. Descriptive statistics, univariate, and multivariable logistic regression were computed.

Results:

A majority (1,864/2,299) of Georgia public schools had, or were in a district with, active Twitter accounts in 2017. Among these schools, 638 were identified with USCs in 2015-16 (Twitter only, 222; OSS only, 2015; both, 201) and 981 in 2016-17 (Twitter only, 178; OSS only, 107; both, 696). The marginal benefit of adding Twitter as a data source was an increase in the number of schools identified with USCs by 53% (222/416) in 2015-16 and 22% (178/803) in 2016-17.

Conclusions:

Policy-makers may wish to consider the potential value of incorporating Twitter into existing USC monitoring systems.
A measure of social coordination and group signaling in the wild
Authors: Bell Adrian Viliami
Published: May 2020

Production of a sign for a new health center in the Kingdom of Tonga. Note the cultural significant motifs, orkupesi, comprising the border.
Counseling clients during New York City’s COVID-19 pandemic: observations on fundamental elements of emotions management
Authors: Sweeney M.
Published: May 2020

New York City is in the grip of the COVID-19 pandemic. Health care centers are stretched beyond capacity. Daily death rates are staggering. The city’s population is hunkered down in fear. Our anxiety treatment center is treating patients via video appointments. We are helping anxious individuals adapt to tumultuous changes that we ourselves are experiencing. Our work in this time has reinforced our core beliefs about managing one’s emotions; that difficult times require more active coping and that we all draw heavily from social support and familiarity to create a feeling of well-being. These principles and the experiences of our patients are discussed.
COVID-19 and its impact on child and adolescent psychiatry – a German and personal perspective
Authors: Fegert Jörg M. , Schulze Ulrike M. E.
Published: May 2020

As in other European countries, the current COVID-19 pandemic has not only massively restricted normal life in Germany but it is also having a significant effect on medical treatment, particularly in the areas of child and adolescent psychiatric care, as well as on university teaching. The federal structure of Germany and epidemiological differences between individual federal states have had a crucial impact on the regulations issued and their success. During the last number of weeks, tele-child-psychiatry and psychotherapy have increased, and outpatient services have been used cautiously and sparingly. Medical staff numbers will be augmented by doctors and nurses returning from retirement and also by medical students on a voluntary basis. The federal government has warned that discrepancies in education will increase due to the closure of schools. Questions of child protection are currently of particular importance in the context of such closures and the non-availability of day-care centers.
General practitioner and obstetrician views on system changes to improve smoking cessation care in pregnancy in Australia: a cross-sectional survey
Authors: Gould Gillian Sandra , Chiu Simon , Oldmeadow Christopher , Bar-Zeev Yael
Published: May 2020

Introduction

Systemic barriers impacting smoking cessation in pregnant women may include nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) access and training.

Aim

Assess general practitioner (GP) and obstetrician's agreement with system-based changes to improve the management of smoking in pregnancy; compare group responses.

Methods

National cross-sectional survey with two samples: (1) online survey emailed to a random sample of 500 GPs from Royal Australian College of General Practitioners (RACGP); (2) paper survey posted to 5571 GPs and obstetricians from Royal Australia and New Zealand College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (RANZCOG). Percentages agreeing that specified changes would improve the management of smoking in pregnancy were calculated. Pairwise comparisons used Kruskal–Wallis tests (RACGP/RANZCOG GPs/obstetricians).

Results

N = 378 participated. Response rates 8.4% (N = 42; online survey) and 6% (N = 335; paper survey), respectively. Total percentages agreeing with system-based changes: 79% training, 64% oral NRT subsidy, 62% Medicare item for smoking cessation, 54% improved access to NRT patches. Within RANZCOG, more GPs (73.1%) agreed that oral NRT should be subsidised (P = 0.001) than obstetricians (53.7%).

Conclusion

GPs and obstetricians agreed that system changes would improve their management of smoking in pregnancy. Oral NRT subsidy was the only pairwise group difference. Subsequently, oral NRT has been subsidised; in time, this may influence prescribing and quit rates.
Coastal occupation and foraging during the last glacial maximum and early Holocene at Waterfall Bluff, eastern Pondoland, South Africa
Authors: Fisher Erich C. , Cawthra Hayley C. , Esteban Irene , Jerardino Antonieta , Neumann Frank H. , Oertle Annette , Pargeter Justin , Saktura Rosaria B. , Szabó Katherine , Winkler Stephan , Zohar Irit
Published: May 2020

Waterfall Bluff is a rock shelter in eastern Pondoland, South Africa, adjacent to a narrow continental shelf that limited coastline movements across glacial/interglacial cycles. The archaeological deposits are characterized by well-preserved stratigraphy, faunal, and botanical remains alongside abundant stone artifacts and other materials. A comprehensive dating protocol consisting of 5 optically stimulated luminescence ages and 51 accelerator mass spectrometry14C ages shows that the record of hunter-gatherer occupations at Waterfall Bluff persisted from the late Pleistocene to the Holocene, spanning the last glacial maximum and the transition from the Pleistocene to the Holocene. Here, we provide detailed descriptions about the sedimentary sequence, chronology, and characteristics of the archaeological deposits at Waterfall Bluff. Remains of marine mollusks and marine fish also show, for the first time, that coastal foraging was a component of some hunter-gatherer groups’ subsistence practices during glacial phases in the late Pleistocene. The presence of marine fish and shellfish further demonstrates that hunter-gatherers selectively targeted coastal resources from intertidal and estuarine habitats. Our results therefore underscore the idea that Pondoland's coastline remained a stable and predictable point on the landscape over the last glacial/interglacial transition being well positioned for hunter-gatherers to access resources from the nearby coastline, narrow continental shelf, and inland areas.
THE THREE CERTAINTIES REQUIRED TO DECLARE A TRUST – OR IS IT FOUR? “DISTRIBUTIONAL CERTAINTY”
Authors: Wilde David
Published: May 2020

This article argues certainty in trusts is better understood by recognising a fourth certainty: “distributional certainty”. Distributional certainty is required in private trusts that involve dividing the property between beneficiaries: their shares must be clear. Distributional uncertainty is not, as usually understood, merely an instance of uncertainty of property: it has differing consequences, special resolution techniques, and may explain “administrative unworkability” in discretionary trusts. Distributional certainty is not required in charitable trusts. But this is not, as usually understood, merely an instance of the rule that charitable trusts do not need certainty of objects: it is an independent proposition.
Diafiltration affects the gelation properties of concentrated casein micelle suspensions obtained by filtration
Authors: Zhao Zhengtao , Renhe Isis , Fu Robert , Corredig Milena
Published: May 2020

Using membrane filtration it is possible to selectively concentrate proteins and, in the case of microfiltration, concentrate casein micelles. During filtration, water is often added and this practice, called diafiltration, causes further release of permeable components and maintains filtration efficiency. Filtration causes changes in composition of the protein as well as the soluble phase, including soluble calcium, which is a critical factor controlling the gelation properties of the casein micelles in milk. It was hypothesized that concentrates obtained using membrane filtration with or without diafiltration would have different gelation behavior. To test this hypothesis, two concentrates of similar casein micelle volume fraction were prepared, using spiral wound polymeric microfiltration membranes with a 800 kDa molecular weight cutoff, with or without diafiltration. The concentrates showed a gelation behavior comparable to that of skim milk, with a similar gelation time and with a higher firmness, due to the higher number of protein linkages in the network. In contrast, the hydrolysis of κ-casein by chymosin and casein aggregation were inhibited in diafiltered casein micelle suspensions. When the concentrates were recombined with the original skim milk to a final concentration of 5% protein, which re-established a similar soluble phase composition, differences in gelation behavior were no longer observed: both treatments showed similar gelation time and gel firmness. These results confirmed that membrane filtration can result in concentrates with different functionality, and that ionic environmental conditions are critical to the aggregation behavior of casein micelles. This is of particular significance in industrial settings where these fractions are used as a way to standardize proteins in cheese making.
New species ofParasaccocoelium(Haploporidae) and new genusPseudohaplosplanchnus(Haplosplanchnidae) from mullet fish in the Far East of Russia and Vietnam: morphological and molecular data
Authors: Atopkin D.M. , Besprozvannykh V.V. , Ha D.N. , Nguyen V.H. , Nguyen V.T.
Published: May 2020

A description and the molecular characterization of two new species in the Haploporidae and Haplosplanchnidae families are provided herein.Parasaccocoelium armatumn. sp. was collected from the intestine of aMugil cephalusLinnaeus, 1758 from the Primorsky region, Russia, andPseudohaplosplanchnus catbaensisn. g. n. sp. was collected fromMoolgarda seheli(Forsskål, 1775) in the coastal waters of Cat Ba Island, Vietnam. The morphological features ofP. armatumn. sp. closely resemble those ofParasaccocoelium polyovum, but these species differ from one another by hermaphroditic sac and vitellaria area length and by maximal egg size. The main difference betweenP. armatumn. sp. andP. polyovumis the presence of an armed hermaphroditic duct in the new species. Molecular data support the case for inclusion of the studied trematodes inP. armatumn. sp. WormsP. catbaensisn. g. n. sp. from the mullet from Vietnam are morphologically close toHaplosplanchnus(Haplosplosplanchninae). The only difference betweenP. catbaensisn. g. n. sp. and species ofHaplosplanchnusis the presence of few (1–7) large eggs, measuring 135–142 × 92–104 μm, versus numerous small eggs with a maximal size of 75 × 50 μm. Phylogenetic analysis showed that there is a contradiction between the morphological similarity of the worms and their position in the Haplosplanchnidae system, based on the genetic data. Results of this study indicate thatP. catbaensisn. g. n. sp. is genetically distant from other representatives ofHaplosplanchnus, despite their morphological similarity. According to the molecular data,P. catbaensisn. g. n. sp. is close toHymenocotta mulliManter, 1961 (Hymenocottinae). However, these species are considerably different to each other morphologically. Molecular data argue for the possibility of establishing a new subfamily forP. catbaensisn. g. n. sp. However, considering earlier studies of Haplosplanchnidae, we support the view that creating new subfamilies within this family is unreasonable because of the lack of molecular data for most haplosplanchnid species, which are necessary to resolve the problematic systematics and phylogeny of this family.