bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Environmental Policies for Evaluating Suppliers' Performance Based on GRI Indicators
Authors: Chiarini Andrea
Published: September 2015

Many companies use a performance measurement system (PMS) to evaluate their suppliers' environmental performance (SEP). To do this a company can establish its own set of measures or adopt indicators borrowed from specific standards and guidelines such as the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI). However, the results of a literature review indicate that the weights of the different environmental performance indicators within an overall SEP rating are unclear. The aim of this paper is to understand what the environmental policies adopted by European manufacturing companies to evaluate their suppliers really are. In order to reach this objective, a quantitative model based on multiple linear regression has been developed. The model correlates different environmental aspects taken from the GRI set of indicators with the overall SEP rating. Interestingly, results show that performances on aspects such as transport and ISO 14001 certification do not count towards the final ranking, whereas compliance with laws and regulations is the cornerstone of the evaluation of the supplier. Other performance indicators can in some ways be linked to compliance with laws and regulations. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
Supportive evidence for FOXP1,BARX1, and FOXF1 as genetic risk loci for the development of esophageal adenocarcinoma
Authors: Becker Jessica , May Andrea , Gerges Christian , Anders Mario , Veits Lothar , Weise Katharina , Czamara Darina , Lyros Orestis , Manner Hendrik , Terheggen Grischa , Venerito Marino , Noder Tania , Mayershofer Rupert , Hofer Jan‐Hinnerk , Karch Hans‐Werner , Ahlbrand Constantin J. , Arras Michael , Hofer Sebastian , Mangold Elisabeth , Heilmann‐Heimbach Stefanie , Heinrichs Sophie K. M. , Hess Timo , Kiesslich Ralf , Izbicki Jakob R. , Hölscher Arnulf H. , Bollschweiler Elfriede , Malfertheiner Peter , Lang Hauke , Moehler Markus , Lorenz Dietmar , Müller‐Myhsok Bertram , Ott Katja , Schmidt Thomas , Whiteman David C. , Vaughan Thomas L. , Nöthen Markus M. , Hackelsberger Andreas , Schumacher Brigitte , Pech Oliver , Vashist Yogesh , Vieth Michael , Weismüller Josef , Neuhaus Horst , Rösch Thomas , Ell Christian , Gockel Ines , Schumacher Johannes
Published: September 2015

The Barrett's and Esophageal Adenocarcinoma Consortium (BEACON) recently performed a genome‐wide association study (GWAS) on esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) and Barrett's esophagus. They identified genome‐wide significant association for variants at three genes, namely CRTC1, FOXP1, and BARX1. Furthermore, they replicated an association at the FOXF1 gene that has been previously found in a GWAS on Barrett's esophagus. We aimed at further replicating the association at these and other loci that showed suggestive association with P <  10−4 in the BEACON sample. In total, we tested 88 SNPs in an independent sample consisting of 1065 EAC cases and 1019 controls of German descent. We could replicate the association at FOXP1, BARX1, and FOXF1 with nominal significance and thereby confirm that genetic variants at these genes confer EAC risk. In addition, we found association of variants near the genes XRCC2 and GATA6 that were strongly (P < 10−5) although not genome‐wide significantly associated with the BEACON GWAS. Therefore, both variants and corresponding genes represent promising candidates for future EAC association studies on independent samples.
Interrupting the Intergenerational Transmission of Violence
Authors: Pinna Keri L. M.
Published: September 2015

Children exposed to domestic violence are at increased risk for a wide range of emotional and behavioural disorders. Conduct disorder, in particular, may ultimately lead to the perpetration of further domestic violence in the next generation. Parental characteristics such as warmth and positive attributions may mitigate the risk for intergenerational transmission of violence. Sixty‐one children, ages eight to 17, and their parents completed self‐report measures of disruptive behaviour, parental warmth and parental attributions in order to determine the extent to which parental warmth and attributions of child behaviours may relate to behaviour problems that serve as risk factors for the intergenerational transmission of violence. Children were also interviewed about stressful life events to which they had been exposed, in addition to domestic violence, in order to better understand results in the context of children's lives. As predicted, parental warmth and positive attributions were related to fewer disruptive behaviour problems, r = −0.35, p = 0.04 and r = −0.32, p = 0 .05, respectively. Results were similar for boys and girls, but specific to adolescents versus younger children. Findings were maintained after accounting for other forms of adversity. Potential implications for interrupting the intergenerational transmission of violence, particularly during adolescence, are discussed.

‘Parental characteristics such as warmth and positive attributions may mitigate the risk for intergenerational transmission of violence’

Key Practitioner Messages

Children exposed to domestic violence are exposed to a wide range of other forms of adversity.

Cumulative adversity may contribute to disruptive behaviours that may ultimately develop into violent acts, manifesting a transmission of violence from one generation to the next.

Parental warmth and positive attributions of children's behaviours may be one way in which healthy parenting may prevent the intergenerational transmission of violence.

These parenting factors may be particularly critical during adolescence.
The ɛ‐Amino Group of Protein Lysine Residues Is Highly Susceptible to Nonenzymatic Acylation by Several Physiological Acyl‐CoA Thioesters
Authors: Simic Zeljko , Weiwad Matthias , Schierhorn Angelika , Steegborn Clemens , Schutkowski Mike
Published: September 2015

Mitochondrial enzymes implicated in the pathophysiology of diabetes, cancer, and metabolic syndrome are highly regulated by acetylation. However, mitochondrial acetyltransferases have not been identified. Here, we show that acetylation and also other acylations are spontaneous processes that depend on pH value, acyl‐CoA concentration and the chemical nature of the acyl residue. In the case of a peptide derived from carbamoyl phosphate synthetase 1, the rates of succinylation and glutarylation were up to 150 times than for acetylation. These results were confirmed by using the protein substrate cyclophilin A (CypA). Deacylation experiments revealed that SIRT3 exhibits deacetylase activity but is not able to remove any of the succinyl groups from CypA, whereas SIRT5 is an effective protein desuccinylase. Thus, the acylation landscape on lysine residues might largely depend on the enzymatic activity of specific sirtuins, and the availability and reactivity of acyl‐CoA compounds.
Consequences and Implications of Anthropogenic Desalination of Salt Marshes on Macrobenthos
Authors: Li Shanze , Cui Baoshan , Xie Tian , Shao Xiaojing , Zhang Menglu
Published: September 2015

Coastal wetlands are important natural habitats. Wetland restoration and creation projects are often conducted, in part to mitigate for habitat loss, but the factors leading to the success of such projects are not fully understood. A management project was examined in the Yellow River Delta Natural Nature Reserve where large impounded salt marshes were flooded with freshwater with the goal of creating fresh marsh habitat. Areas flooded with freshwater had greater water depth, lower salinity, and bulk density, and more porous and softer soils than unmanipulated areas. The freshwater plant Phragmites australis replaced the salt marsh species Suaeda salsa and Tamarix chinensis at high elevations, but flooding with freshwater led to an extinction of plants at middle elevations. Freshwater flooding reduced densities and the diversity of macrobenthos in high marsh, and macrobenthos were almost absent in the middle marsh. There was no overlap of macrobenthic species between treated and control areas, and the macrobenthic species richness in treated areas was very low. The results suggest that this management technique is more likely to achieve its goals at higher marsh elevations. The success of future projects may be improved by selecting high elevation sites or improving techniques to better reduce salinities in middle elevation sites. As the project replaced salt marshes with fresh marshes that are only partially functional, future projects of this type should only proceed after identifying better techniques that will produce better results.
pH‐Cleavable Nucleoside Lipids: A New Paradigm for Controlling the Stability of Lipid‐Based Delivery Systems
Authors: Oumzil Khalid , Benizri Sébastien , Tonelli Giovanni , Staedel Cathy , Appavoo Ananda , Chaffanet Max , Navailles Laurence , Barthélémy Philippe
Published: September 2015

Lipid‐based delivery systems are an established technology with considerable clinical acceptance and several applications in human. Herein, we report the design, synthesis and evaluation of novel orthoester nucleoside lipids (ONLs) for the modulation of liposome stability. The ONLs contain head groups with 3′‐orthoester nucleoside derivatives featuring positive or negative charges. The insertion of the orthoester function in the NL structures allows the formation of pH‐sensitive liposomes. ONL‐based liposomes can be hydrolyzed to provide nontoxic products, including nucleoside derivatives and hexadecanol. To allow the release to be tunable at different hydrolysis rates, the charge of the polar head structure is modulated, and the head group can be released at a biologically relevant pH. Crucially, when ONLs are mixed with natural phosphocholine lipids (PC), the resultant liposome evolves toward the formation of a hexadecanol/PC lamellar system. Biological evaluation shows that stable nucleic acid lipid particles (SNALPs) formulated with ONLs and siRNAs can effectively enter into tumor cells and release their nucleic acid payload in response to an intracellular acidic environment. This results in a much higher antitumor activity than conventional SNALPs. The ability to use pH‐cleavable nucleolipids to control the stability of lipid‐based delivery systems represents a promising approach for the intracellular delivery of drug cargos.
Electrocatalytic Transformation of Carbon Dioxide into Low Carbon Compounds on Conducting Polymers Derived from Multimetallic Porphyrins
Authors: Dreyse Paulina , Honores Jessica , Quezada Diego , Isaacs Mauricio
Published: September 2015

The electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide is studied herein by using conducting polymers based on metallotetraruthenated porphyrins (MTRPs). The polymers on glassy carbon electrodes were obtained by electropolymerization processes of the monomeric MTRP. The linear sweep voltammetry technique resulted in polymeric films that showed electrocatalytic activity toward carbon dioxide reduction with an onset potential of −0.70 V. The reduction products obtained were hydrogen, formic acid, formaldehyde, and methanol, with a tendency for a high production of methanol with a maximum value of turnover frequency equal to 15.07 when using a zinc(II) polymeric surface. Studies of the morphology (AFM) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy results provide an adequate background to explain that the electrochemical reduction is governed by the roughness of the polymer, for which the possible mechanism involves a series of one‐electron reduction reactions.
MALDI MSI and LC‐MS/MS: Towards preclinical determination of the neurotoxic potential of fluoroquinolones
Authors: Shobo Adeola , Baijnath Sooraj , Bratkowska Dominika , Naiker Suhashni , Somboro Anou M. , Bester Linda A. , Singh Sanil D. , Naicker Tricia , Kruger Hendrik G. , Govender Thavendran
Published: September 2015

Fluoroquinolones are broad‐spectrum antibiotics with efficacy against a wide range of pathogenic microbes associated with respiratory and meningeal infections. The potential toxicity of this class of chemical agents is a source of major concern and is becoming a global issue. The aim of this study was to develop a method for the brain distribution and the pharmacokinetic profile of gatifloxacin in healthy Sprague‐Dawley rats, via Multicenter matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI MSI) and quantitative liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS). We developed a sensitive LC‐MS/MS method to quantify gatifloxacin in plasma, lung, and brain homogenates. A pharmacokinetic profile was observed where there is a double peak pattern; a sharp initial increase in the concentration soon after dosing followed by a steady decline until another increase in concentration after a longer period post dosing in all three biological samples was observed. The imaging results showed the drug gradually entering the brain via the blood brain barrier and into the cortical regions from 15 to 240 min post dose. As time elapses, the drug leaves the brain following the same path as it followed on its entry and finally concentrates at the cortex. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Policy Discourses and Environmental Rationalities Underpinning India's Biofuel Programme
Authors: Chaliganti Raghu , Müller Ulrike
Published: September 2015

The use of renewable energy for transportation has received increasing support in environmental policy‐making around the globe. Following this trend, the Indian government launched a large‐scale biofuel programme in selected federal states, which involved the ecological rehabilitation of so‐called wastelands with energy crops. Although met with considerable opposition from civil society actors, the programme was further expanded and a national biofuel policy was adopted. Employing a critical discourse approach, this study argues that the government's strategy to promote biofuels can be explained based on technocratic design principles that have underpinned previous public policies in India. A consolidated view of these factors indicates that the continued domination of the pro‐biofuel discourse draws on a notion of weak ecological modernization. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
Comparative Study of the Catalytic Amination of Benzylic C–H Bonds Promoted by Ru(TPP)(py)2 and Ru(TPP)(CO)
Authors: Manca Gabriele , Mealli Carlo , Carminati Daniela Maria , Intrieri Daniela , Gallo Emma
Published: September 2015

A combined experimental and DFT‐based theoretical analysis elucidated the influence of the axial ligand L on the catalytic activity of Ru(porphyrin)L complexes in promoting the amination of benzylic C–H bonds by organic azides (RN3). Experimental data indicated that the catalytic activity of Ru(TPP)(CO) (1) (TPP = dianion of tetraphenylporphyrin) is comparable to that of Ru(TPP)(py)2 (2) (py = pyridine). DFT modelling disclosed that 2 can be regarded as a precatalyst that becomes active after the endergonic loss of one pyridine ligand to give the unsaturated species [Ru](py) (11) {[Ru] = Ru(porphine)}. This complex would react with RN3 to give the mono‐imido singlet complex [Ru](py)(NR)S (6S), which can be easily transformed into the triplet isomer 6T having diradical character at the imido N atom. The subsequent formation of the benzylic amine PhCH2NHR occurs through a radical homolytic activation of one C–H bond of the toluene substrate (PhCH3). Conversely, by staying on the singlet potential‐energy surface, 6S can undergo dissociation of the pyridine ligand to form [Ru](NR). This complex can activate another RN3 molecule to form the bis‐imido compound [Ru](NR)2, which is also catalytically active. At this point, the mechanism becomes independent of the nature of the original ligand L coordinated to [Ru].
Synthesis of a 4‐Vinyltetrahydrocarbazole by Palladium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Allylic Alkylation of Indole‐Containing Allylic Carbonates
Authors: Pignataro Luca , Fiorito Daniele , Vece Vito , Ferraccioli Raffaella , Gennari Cesare
Published: September 2015

Palladium‐catalyzed intramolecular asymmetric allylic alkylation was used for the first time to prepare 4‐vinyltetrahydrocarbazole 3. Suitable indole‐containing allylic carbonates were synthesized and cyclized in the presence of a chiral catalyst formed in situ from Pd(OAc)2 and members of the PhthalaPhos ligand library (i.e., 1,1′‐bi‐2‐naphthol‐monophosphites possessing a phthalic acid diamide group). The use of a stable and readily available palladium source such as Pd(OAc)2―reduced in situ by the phosphite to form the Pd0 catalyst―allowed better and more reproducible results to be obtained relative to the results achieved by using [Pd2(dba)3·CHCl3] (dba = dibenzylideneacetone) and [Pd(allyl)Cl]2. A ligand screening led to identification of the best ligand [(S)‐L1], which, after optimization of the reaction parameters, gave product 3 with 75 % ee. Remarkably, the reaction turned out to be stereodivergent: by using ligand (S)‐L1, the absolute configuration of product 3 was found to depend on the geometry of the substrate's double bond [(E)‐substrate → (S)‐3, (Z)‐substrate → (R)‐3].
Surfactant‐assisted electromembrane extraction combined with capillary electrophoresis as a novel technique for the determination of acidic drugs in biological fluids
Authors: Fakhari Ali Reza , Hasheminasab Kobra Sadat , Aladaghlo Zolfaghar , Koruni Mohammad Hosein
Published: September 2015

In this paper, for the first time, surfactant‐assisted electromembrane extraction coupled with capillary electrophoresis with UV detector was introduced for the extraction of acidic drugs from biological fluids. In this technique, in the presence of the nonionic surfactant in the donor phase, tendency of analyte ions into the supported liquid membrane (SLM) was increased. Naproxen and diclofenac were selected as model acidic drugs. In order to obtain the best extraction efficiency, several factors influencing the extraction efficiency were investigated. Optimal extractions were accomplished with 1‐octanol as the SLM, 15 Volt dc potential as the driving force, pH 12 in acceptor solution, and 0.2 mmol/L Triton X‐100 with pH 7.4 in donor solution. Equilibrium extraction conditions were obtained after 15 min of operation where the whole assembly agitated at 1000 rpm. Under the optimized conditions, preconcentration factors in the range of 176–184 and recoveries in the range of 88–92% were obtained. The applied method offers acceptable linearity with correlation coefficients higher than 0.9992. Limits of detection of 1.51 ng/mL and 2.42 ng/mL were obtained for naproxen and diclofenac, respectively. Finally, the developed method was successfully applied for the determination of naproxen and diclofenac in different matrices including plasma and urine samples.
Immunoblot as a potential diagnostic tool for myofibrillar myopathies
Authors: Marini Matteo , Guglielmi Valeria , Faulkner Georgine , Piffer Silvio , Tomelleri Giuliano , Vattemi Gaetano
Published: September 2015

Myofibrillar myopathies (MFMs) are a group of inherited or sporadic neuromuscular disorders morphologically characterized by foci of myofibril dissolution, disintegration of the Z‐disk, and insoluble protein aggregates within the muscle fibers. The diagnosis is based on muscle biopsy. Light and electron microscopy has a central role in the diagnostic work up, and immunohistochemistry shows abnormal deposition of several proteins including αB‐crystallin, desmin, and myotilin. In contrast, immunoblotting does not have any diagnostic value because it does not highlight differences in the amount of involved proteins. We investigated the pattern and level expression of desmin, αB‐crystallin, myotilin, and ZASP (Z‐band alternatively spliced PDZ motif‐containing protein) in muscle of seven patients with MFMs by immunoblotting after SDS‐PAGE and 2D‐PAGE using two different solubilizing solutions, one radioimmunoprecipitation assay (RIPA) buffer, and the other urea‐containing buffer. Our data demonstrated that urea‐containing buffer improves the solubilization and recovery of desmin, αB‐crystallin, myotilin, and ZASP as compared with RIPA buffer and that the total content of these proteins is increased in muscles of patients. The present results provide evidence that immunoblotting is an additional tool for confirming diagnosis of MFMs.
Nondenaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to study the dissociation of the p53·MDM2/X complex by potentially anticancer compounds
Authors: Sgammato Roberta , Desiderio Doriana , Lamberti Anna , Raimo Gennaro , Novellino Ettore , Carotenuto Alfonso , Masullo Mariorosario
Published: September 2015

A new analytical method to study the dissociation of the complexes between the oncosuppressor p53 and its negative modulators murine double‐minute protein 2 (MDM2) or MDMX, is proposed. This technique is reliable to determine the dissociative power exerted by small molecules on the complex taking advantage of the appearance of migrating MDM2 or MDMX in a native polyacrylamide gel, when inhibitors are added to the complex mixture. Therefore, we propose this new approach to easily screen library of compounds, with potential pharmacological anticancer activity.
Assessing Civic Competency and Engagement in Higher Education: Research Background, Frameworks, and Directions for Next‐Generation Assessment
Authors: Torney‐Purta Judith , Cabrera Julio C. , Roohr Katrina Crotts , Liu Ou Lydia , Rios Joseph A.
Published: September 2015

Civic learning is increasingly recognized as important by the higher education and workforce communities. The development of high‐quality assessments that can be used to evaluate students' civic learning during the college years has become a priority. This paper presents a comprehensive review of existing frameworks, definitions, and assessments of civic‐related constructs from approximately 30 projects relevant to higher education, and includes a discussion of the challenges related to assessment design and implementation. Synthesizing information from the review, we propose an assessment framework to guide the design of a next‐generation assessment of individuals' civic learning that takes advantage of recent advances in assessment methods. The definition identifies 2 key domains within civic learning: civic competency and civic engagement. Civic competency encompasses 3 areas (civic knowledge; analytic skills; and participatory and involvement skills), and civic engagement also captures 3 areas (motivations, attitudes, and efficacy; democratic norms and values; and participation and activities). We discuss item formats and task types that would ensure fair and reliable scoring for the assessment. The review of definitions of civic learning and its components developed by organizations, the proposed assessment framework, and assessment considerations presented here have potential benefits for a range of higher education institutions. This includes institutions that currently have students engaged in relevant curricular or cocurricular activities and also institutions that would find assessments of civic competency and engagement helpful in program development or in evaluating students' accomplishments.
Effects of permeability heterogeneity on CO2 injectivity and storage efficiency coefficient
Authors: Tian Liang , Yang Zhibing , Fagerlund Fritjof , Niemi Auli
Published: September 2015

We study the dependency of CO2 storage efficiency coefficient (E) and injectivity index (Iinj) on the geostatistical parameters of the permeability field. CO2 injection simulations are conducted for multiple realizations of log‐normally distributed permeability fields parameterized by log permeability standard deviation (σ) and dimensionless horizontal correlation length (λ). Results show that the injectivity index increases with increasing λ, the magnitude of the effect depending on σ. Increasing σ leads to poorer injectivity for cases with small λ, but improves injectivity when λ is large. Further analysis indicates that the enhancing effect of σ on injectivity can be attributed to cases with channelized flow, while the decrease effect of σ is seen in more dispersive flow regime. The dependence of injectivity on both λ and σ is captured with a linear correlation between Iinj and a parameter group , where ξ is a dimensionless scaling parameter. The storage efficiency coefficient, on the other hand, decreases with both increasing σ and λ, and a simple linear fit is found between E and the parameter group λσ2, a well‐established heterogeneity parameter group describing e.g. macro‐dispersivity in solute transport studies. These relationships provide potentially useful tools for the preliminary evaluation of a site. Future studies should address the validity of the relationships in alternative injection scenarios and domain geometries. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Pleomorphic adenoma of the parotid gland 1985–2010: A Danish nationwide study of incidence, recurrence rate, and malignant transformation
Authors: Andreasen Simon , Therkildsen Marianne H. , Bjørndal Kristine , Homøe Preben
Published: September 2015

Background

Pleomorphic adenoma is the most frequent salivary gland tumor and is known for its tendency to recur and for its ability to transform to carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma (Ca‐ex‐PA). Along with pleomorphic adenoma demographics, we present the first nationwide study with long‐term follow‐up on these topics.

Methods

The Danish Pathology Data Bank was searched for parotid pleomorphic adenoma and Ca‐ex‐PA in the period 1985 to 2010 and all pathology descriptions were reviewed. Ca–ex–PA specimens were reviewed by a pathologist.

Results

A total of 5.497 patients were identified and 2.86% had at least one recurrence. An incidence of 4.29/100,000/year was found. The rate of malignant transformation in recurrent pleomorphic adenoma was 3.3%.

Conclusion

We report an up‐to‐date assessment of the epidemiology of pleomorphic adenoma. We found an increasing incidence and low recurrence rate compared with previous studies. The risk of Ca‐ex‐PA for patients with recurrent pleomorphic adenoma was low compared to the literature. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: E1364–E1369, 2016
Guest Editors’ Introduction: Human Resource Management in Health Care and Elderly Care: Current Challenges and Toward a Research Agenda
Authors: Cooke Fang Lee , Bartram Timothy
Published: September 2015

Given the universal pressures within the health and elderly care sectors for cost reduction and the need for high‐quality care, the effective management of the workforce in care organizations is of critical importance. In this article, we examine the changing landscape of the health care and aged care systems and identify key challenges for the human resource management (HRM) field. We assess existing research evidence on the role of HRM and high‐performance work systems in the health care sector. We also outline a number of research areas as fruitful avenues for future studies, drawing particular attention to aged care as an underresearched subsector, and immigrants as an important group of research targets. The key message of our article is that future research on HRM in the care sector has much to gain by adopting an interdisciplinary, multilevel, and multistakeholder approach. More cross‐sectoral and cross‐country comparative studies of HRM in health care and other care work are also needed to shed light on how policy orientations, institutional arrangements, social norms, and cultural traditions influence care regimes across different societies, and to encourage the sharing of learning across societies. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Reduced AZGP1 expression is an independent predictor of early PSA recurrence and associated with ERG‐fusion positive and PTEN deleted prostate cancers
Authors: Burdelski Christoph , Kleinhans Sandra , Kluth Martina , Hube‐Magg Claudia , Minner Sarah , Koop Christina , Graefen Markus , Heinzer Hans , Tsourlakis Maria Christina , Wilczak Waldemar , Marx Andreas , Sauter Guido , Wittmer Corinna , Huland Hartwig , Simon Ronald , Schlomm Thorsten , Steurer Stefan
Published: September 2015

Zinc‐alpha 2‐glycoprotein (AZGP1) is involved in lipid metabolism and was suggested as a candidate prognostic biomarker in prostate cancer. To evaluate the clinical impact and relationship with key genomic alterations in prostate cancer, AZGP1 expression was analyzed by immunohistochemistry on a tissue microarray containing 11,152 prostate cancers. Data on ERG status and PTEN, 3p13, 5q21 and 6q15 deletions were available from earlier studies. AZGP1 expression was strong in benign prostatic glands but absent in 38.0% of 8,510 interpretable prostate cancers. Reduced AZGP1 expression was associated with TPMRSS2:ERG fusions, both by FISH and immunohistochemical analysis (p < 0.0001 each). For example, AZGP1 was absent in 54.6% of 2,029 ERG IHC positive but in only 28.1% of 2,398 ERG negative cancers. Irrespective of the ERG status, reduced AZGP1 expression was tightly linked to high Gleason score, advanced pathological tumor stage, positive nodal status and early PSA recurrence (p < 0.0001 each). Reduced AZGP1 expression was also strongly associated with PTEN deletions. AZGP1 immunostaining was lacking in 62.7% of 842 PTEN deleted but in only 37.3% of PTEN non‐deleted cancers but retained strong prognostic influence in both subgroups (p < 0.0001 each). The prognostic role of AZGP1 expression was also independent of Gleason score, pT stage, pN stage, surgical margin status and preoperative PSA, irrespective of whether preoperative or postoperative variables were used for modeling. In conclusion, the results of our study demonstrate that reduced AZGP1 expression is strongly related to adverse prostate cancer prognosis, independently of established clinic‐pathological variables and PTEN deletions.
Using multiple schedules during functional communication training to promote rapid transfer of treatment effects
Authors: Fisher Wayne W. , Greer Brian D. , Fuhrman Ashley M. , Querim Angie C.
Published: September 2015

Multiple schedules with signaled periods of reinforcement and extinction have been used to thin reinforcement schedules during functional communication training (FCT) to make the intervention more practical for parents and teachers. We evaluated whether these signals would also facilitate rapid transfer of treatment effects across settings and therapists. With 2 children, we conducted FCT in the context of mixed (baseline) and multiple (treatment) schedules introduced across settings or therapists using a multiple baseline design. Results indicated that when the multiple schedules were introduced, the functional communication response came under rapid discriminative control, and problem behavior remained at near‐zero rates. We extended these findings with another individual by using a more traditional baseline in which problem behavior produced reinforcement. Results replicated those of the previous participants and showed rapid reductions in problem behavior when multiple schedules were implemented across settings.
Assessment and treatment of pica and destruction of holiday decorations
Authors: Mitteer Daniel R. , Romani Patrick W. , Greer Brian D. , Fisher Wayne W.
Published: September 2015

Problem behavior exhibited by individuals with autism can be disruptive to family traditions, such as decorating for the holidays. We present data for a 6‐year‐old girl who engaged in automatically reinforced pica and destruction of holiday decorations. Treatment was evaluated within an ABCDCD reversal design. During baseline (Phases A and B), we observed elevated rates of problem behavior. We implemented differential reinforcement of alternative behavior in Phase C to teach a response to compete with problem behavior. Little change in toy play or problem behavior occurred. In Phase D, we added a facial screen to the differential reinforcement procedures, which resulted in increases in toy play and decreases in problem behavior. Findings are discussed in terms of how interventions for problem behavior can promote alternative behavior while they facilitate household activities and traditions.
FTIR and SEM analysis applied in tissue engineering for root recovering surgery
Authors: Costa Davidson Ribeiro , Nicolau Renata Amadei , Costa David Ribeiro , Raniero Leandro José , Oliveira Marco Antonio
Published: September 2015

Gingival recession is defined by the displacement of the gingival margin in the apical direction, which overcomes the cementum enamel junction. The etiology of gingival retraction is related to tissue inflammation caused by the accumulation of biofilm, by trauma from brushing action. Aesthetic periodontal surgery aims to return the root coverage to aesthetic harmony, and reduce the risk of periodontal disease and caries. To assist in the root coverage process, the porcine collagen matrix (PCM) has been widely studied. The objectives of this study are to identify the types of collagen that make up the PCM and analyze their morphology. For this, five PCM fragments, 2 mm (thickness) × 2.6 mm (width), were analyzed with the aid of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The analysis by SEM showed that the PCM consists of two layers; the surface layer is compact, low porosity, and smooth surface, and a foamed underlying layer has high porosity. Through FTIR we identified that the surface and underlying layers are composed of collagen types I and III, respectively. This biomaterial is conducive to root coverage; it allows adsorption and cell proliferation following the matrix resorption and periodontal tissue neoformation. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 105B: 1326–1329, 2017.
Synthesis and Quantum Chemical Calculation of Benzamide Derivatives Containing Capsaicin and Their Bacteriostatic and Antifouling Properties
Authors: Wu Gang , Jiang Xiaohui , Yu Liangmin , Xia Shuwei , Yu Xiaolin
Published: September 2015

Thirteen benzamide derivatives containing capsaicin (BDCCs) have been successfully synthesized via the current method (Friedel‐Crafts alkylation reaction). The resultant monomers were characterized by IR, 1H and 13C NMR, elemental analysis and HRMS. Characterization results were in agreement with the proposed structures of the products. Quantum chemistry calculation yielded three parameters, namely, ΔεL‐H, HF values (total energy) and dipole that could explain activity, stability and polarity respectively, and the relationship of each parameter with antimicrobial and antifouling performance was also preliminary discussed. The bacteriostatic property of the 13 compounds was evaluated by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and bacteriostatic ring tests. Experimental results indicated that these compounds can inhibit Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The antifouling effectiveness of the novel antifoulants was investigated using panel tests at the eighth harbor, Qingdao. Four‐month exposure results were compared. The compounds exhibited better antifouling properties than the blank panel without antifouling coating or the panel with a common coating. However, test panels with the antifouling coatings were covered with trace amounts of algae and Balanus because of weakening of antifouling ability over extended periods of time. All results demonstrate that the new compounds synthesized via our method can be applied in environment‐friendly antifouling paints.
5(4H)‐Oxazolones as Novel Antitubercular Agents: Synthesis, Characterisation and Structure Activity Study
Authors: Suhasini K. P. , Chintakindi Praveen K. , Chaguruswamy K. , Murthy Y. L. N.
Published: September 2015

In search of novel anti tubercular agents, a series of twelve 4‐(substituted benzylidene)‐2‐p‐tolyloxazol‐5(4H)‐ones (5a–5l) has been synthesized, characterised and subjected to evaluate their antitubercular activity for the first time against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv (ATCC 27294). The out‐put of these studies disclosed that all the synthesized target molecules of the series displayed good to moderate activity with MIC values ranging 2–32 μg/mL in comparison with the standard first line antitubercular drugs Rifampicin and Isoniazid. Compound 5e with three methoxy groups meta to each other, is the most distinctive compound identified amongst the series, because of its remarkable in vitro antitubercular activity and thus may act as a promising lead molecule for further explorations.
Three‐Component Triple Organocascade Synthesis of Hexahydropyridazine Derivatives via a Sequential Michael/Amination/Cyclization Reaction
Authors: Chen Yan Ming , Chen Kwunmin
Published: September 2015

The organocatalytic asymmetric synthesis of hexahydropyridazines were performed through a unique Michael/amination/cyclization reaction. The organocascade reaction proceeded smoothly between 2‐arylidene‐1,3‐indandiones and aldehydes followed by the addition of azodicarboxylates catalyzed by the privileged organocatalyst α,‐α‐L‐diphenylprolinol trimethylsilyl ether (10 mol%) in the presence of a base additive Et3N (20 mo%) at 0 °C. A series of substituted hexahydropyridazines were obtained in good to high chemical yields (55–78 %) and reasonable to high levels of stereoselectivities (51–93 % ee and 4 : 1 d.r.).
Exposure to Fentanyl After Transdermal Patch Administration for Cancer Pain Management
Authors: Bista Sudeep R. , Haywood Alison , Hardy Janet , Norris Ross , Hennig Stefanie
Published: September 2015

This study aimed to describe exposure after fentanyl transdermal patch administration in patients with advanced cancer to quantify variability around the exposure. Patients (n  =  56) with advanced cancer who received transdermal fentanyl (Durogesic®; median dose, 50 μg/h; range, 12–200 μg/h) provided venous blood samples (n  =  163) at various times (0.5–72 hours) during several patch application intervals. Plasma fentanyl concentration was determined (median, 0.9 μg/L; range, 0.04–9.7 μg/L) by high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. Pharmacokinetic analysis was performed using nonlinear mixed‐effects modeling with NONMEM. A 1‐compartment distribution model with first‐order absorption and elimination described fentanyl exposure after transdermal patch administration. Fentanyl apparent clearance (between‐subject variability [BSV], %) was estimated at 122 L/h/70 kg and 38.5%, respectively. The absorption rate constant was 0.013 h−1. Between‐occasion variability on apparent clearance was 22.0%, which was lower than BSV, suggesting predictable exposure within the same patient and justifying therapeutic drug monitoring. Except for weight‐based dosing, no other patient characteristic could be identified to guide initial fentanyl dose selection in patients with advanced cancer.
Useful Precursors for Synthesis of Some New Azolo[3,4‐d]pyridiazines, Azolo[1,5‐a]pyrimidines, Azolo[5,1‐c]triazines, Pyrazoles, and Benzo[b][l,4]diazepine
Authors: Abdelhamid Abdou O. , Fahmi Abdelgawad A. , Baaiu Basma S.
Published: September 2015

Pyrazolo[3,4‐d]pyridazines, isoxazolo[3,4‐d]pyridazines, azolo[1,5‐a]pyrimidines, azolo[5,1‐c]triazines, pyrazoles, and benzo[b][l,4]diazepine were synthesized from the appropriate hydrazonoyl halides, hydroximoyl halides, heterocyclic amines, diazotized heterocyclic amines, arenediazonium chlorides, and o‐phenylenediamines with appropriate of sodium 3‐(5‐bromobenzofuran‐2‐yl)‐3‐oxoprop‐1‐en‐1‐olate or 1‐(5‐bromobenzofuran‐2‐yl)‐3‐(dimethylamino)prop‐2‐en‐1‐one. The newly synthesized compounds were elucidated by elemental analyses, spectral data, and alternative synthesis whenever possible.
Pediatric weekend admission and increased unplanned readmission rates
Authors: Auger Katherine A. , Davis Matthew M.
Published: September 2015

Outcomes for patients hospitalized on weekends are often worse for adults—the so‐called “weekend effect.” Less is known about the weekend effect for children. We examined 55,383 hospitalizations at a tertiary care children's hospital. We used logistic regression to examine the associations of weekend admission and weekend discharge with unplanned 30‐day readmission. We adjusted analyses for patient and hospitalization characteristics including number of complex chronic conditions, technology dependency, and length of stay. The 30‐day unplanned readmission rate was 10.3%. Children admitted on the weekend had significantly higher odds of unplanned readmission compared to children admitted on weekdays (adjusted odds ratio = 1.09 [95% confidence interval: 1.004‐1.18]). In contrast, being discharged on the weekend was not associated with readmission. In conclusion, children admitted on the weekend have higher rates of 30‐day unplanned readmission than children admitted during the week, suggesting care differences on the weekend related to initial clinical management rather than discharge planning. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2015;10:743–745. © 2015 Society of Hospital Medicine
Presence of anti‐HBc is associated to high rates of HBV resolved infection and low threshold for Occult HBV Infection in HIV patients with negative HBsAg in Chile
Authors: Vargas Jose Ignacio , Jensen Daniela , Sarmiento Valeska , Peirano Felipe , Acuña Pedro , Fuster Felipe , Soto Sabrina , Ahumada Rodrigo , Huilcaman Marco , Bruna Mario , Jensen Werner , Fuster Francisco
Published: September 2015

HBV‐HIV coinfection is prevalent. Frequently, anti‐HBc is the only serological marker of HBV, which can be indicative of HBV resolved infection, when found together with anti‐HBs reactivity; or present as “isolated anti‐HBc,” related to HBV occult infection with presence of detectable DNA HBV, more prevalent in HIV‐positive individuals. Regional data about this condition are scarce. Anti‐HBc rapid test has been used as screening, but its performance has not been described in HIV‐positive patients. The aim of this study was determine prevalence of anti‐HBc in HIV‐positive patients, serological pattern of HBV resolved infection and isolated anti‐HBc, evaluating presence of HBV occult infection. Assess anti‐HBc rapid test compared to ECLIA. Methods included measurement of anti‐HBc and anti‐HBs in HIV‐positive patients with negative HBsAg. Serum HBV DNA quantification and HBV booster vaccination to “isolated anti‐HBc” individuals. Detection of anti‐HBc by rapid test and ECLIA. In 192 patients, prevalence of anti‐HBc was 42.7% (82/192); associated to male gender, drug use, men‐sex‐men, positive‐VDRL, and longer time HIV diagnosis. 34.4% (66/192) had presence of anti‐HBs, mean titers of 637 ui/ml. Isolated anti‐HBc in 8.3% (16/192), associated to detectable HIV viral load and no‐use of HAART; in them, HBV DNA was undetectable, and 60% responded to HBV vaccination booster. Anti‐HBc rapid test showed low sensibility (32.9%) compared to ECLIA. These results show that prevalence of anti‐HBc in HIV‐positive individuals is high, in most cases accompanied with anti‐HBs as HBV resolved infection. Low prevalence of “isolated anti‐HBc,” with undetectable HBV DNA, and most had anamnestic response to HBV vaccination; suggest low possibility of occult HBV infection. Anti‐HBc rapid test cannot be recommended as screening method for anti‐HBc. J. Med. Virol. 88:639–646, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Physiologically normal 5% O2 supports neuronal differentiation and resistance to inflammatory injury in neural stem cell cultures
Authors: Sun Xiaoyun , Voloboueva Ludmila A. , Stary Creed M. , Giffard Rona G.
Published: September 2015

Recent studies have demonstrated that neural stem cell (NSC) culture at physiologically normoxic conditions (2–5% O2) is advantageous in terms of neuronal differentiation and survival. Neuronal differentiation is accompanied by a remarkable shift to mitochondrial oxidative metabolism compared with preferentially glycolytic metabolism of proliferating cells. However, metabolic changes induced by growth in a normoxic (5%) O2 culture environment in NSCs have been minimally explored. This study demonstrates that culturing under 5% O2 conditions results in higher levels of mitochondrial oxidative metabolism, decreased glycolysis, and reduced levels of reactive oxygen species in NSC cultures. Inflammation is one of the major environmental factors limiting postinjury NSC neuronal differentiation and survival. Our results show that NSCs differentiated under 5% O2 conditions possess better resistance to in vitro inflammatory injury compared with those exposed to 20% O2. The present work demonstrates that lower, more physiologically normal O2 levels support metabolic changes induced during NSC neuronal differentiation and provide increased resistance to inflammatory injury, thus highlighting O2 tension as an important determinant of cell fate and survival in various stem cell therapies. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Psychology of Transference: Gender and Access to Training—the Mechanisms of Disadvantage
Authors: McIntosh Bryan , Prowse Julie , Archibong Uduak
Published: September 2015

Within nursing, career breaks have an impact on women's career outcomes. However, the causal mechanisms that explain the transfer of women's relative reduced career outcomes remain unclear. This article examines the relationships between career breaks, part‐time working, and access to training/updating skills in determining nurses' career outcomes. We consider this to be a mechanism of transferring disadvantage both within and between genders within nursing.

This qualitative research involved in‐depth interviews with 32 registered female nurses with and without children. They were employed in “acute” nursing and worked as registered Band 4 to “senior nurse managers” and were between 25 and 60 years old. They worked or had worked under a variety of employment conditions. Some, but not all, had taken career breaks or requested or attained postregistration training.

We found that restricted access to training for part‐time nurses and limited opportunity to update their skills following a return from a career break are determining factors affecting the career outcomes of nurses. The findings suggest that it is related to rationing of training for those returning from career breaks, based on the availability of a supply of newly qualified nurses meeting the numerical demand, financial constraints, operational imperatives, and organizational values.
Properties of a novel polydatin‐β‐d‐glucosidase from Aspergillus nigerSK34.002 and its application in enzymatic preparation of resveratrol
Authors: Zhou Linfang , Li Shuhua , Zhang Tao , Mu Wanmeng , Jiang Bo
Published: September 2015

BACKGROUND

Resveratrol and its glucoside polydatin are the main stilbenes in Polygonum cuspidatum. Resveratrol has become the subject of intensive research over the past two decades owing to its outstanding pharmacological properties. However, its lower concentration in plants compared to polydatin limits its application. In this study, the polydatin‐β‐d‐glucosidase (PBG) that hydrolyzes the β‐d‐glucosyl residue of polydatin with release of resveratrol was purified to homogeneity and characterized.

RESULTS

The molecular weight of PBG was estimated to be 125 kDa by sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and 128 kDa by size‐exclusion chromatography– multi‐angle laser light scattering/ultraviolet/refractive index. The optimal PBG activity was observed at 70 °C and pH 4.5. The enzyme showed around 50% stability at 60 °C for 12 h and residual activity was over 80% at pH 3.0–5.0. Ca2+, Mg2+, Mn2+, Zn2+, Ba2+, Ni2+, Co2+ and Cu2+ ions had no significant effect on the enzyme activity. The PBG presented higher affinity to polydatin (Km = 0.74 mmol L−1) than p‐nitrophenyl‐β‐d‐glucopyranoside (Km = 2.9 mmol L−1) and cellobiose (Km = 8.9 mmol L−1).

CONCLUSION

With this enzyme, nearly all polydatin in P. cuspidatum was converted to resveratrol. Although several β‐D‐glucosidases (BGLs) have been obtained from other sources, PBG is distinguished from other BGLs by its outstanding thermal stability and high catalytic efficiency. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry