bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Research and Technological Development
Authors: Sharp Margaret , Pereira Tiago Santos
Published: November 2023

Policies to promote research and technological development (R TD) within the EU are of relatively recent origin. No recent was made to the subject in the Treaty of RomeI and although there were a number of initiatives seeking to promote joint action (Guzzetti 1995; Peterson and Sharp 1998: ch. 2), it was not until the early 1980s that a series of strong Comrnunity initiatives emerged. These were prompted by the perception at that time of a major technological gap between the perfonnance of Conununity enterprises and their US and Japanese counterparts, especially in the important area of electronics. The diffrrent initiatives were rapidly drawn into an overall Framework Programme which has developed into one of the important areas of policy, comanding an annual budget of over 3 billion euros and subject to co-decision procedures between Council and Parliament Box 1). Nevertheless, it is important to realize that 3 billion euros is less than 5 per cent of the EU’s total annual budget and less than 4 per cent of the total expenditures on R&D by all the national governments of the EU-15 (Peterson and Sharp 1998: ch. 1). In other words, while EU initiatives have acquired a relatively high profile, they rely for their impact on the ‘marginal’ nature of their activities. Their clout lies in their providing extra resources on top of non11al national expenditures.
Psychological Perspectives of Organizational Learning
Authors: Maier Gunter W , Prange Christiane , Rosenstiel Lutz von
Published: November 2023

In recent years the term ‘organizational learning’ has appeared increasingly in scientific and nonscientific publications alike. It stems from an analogy, namely, the idea that a goaloriented social structure, such as an organization, is able to learn like an organism. This interest in organizational learning is fueled by social and economic challenges confronting many organizations: the globalization of markets and ever keener worldwide competition, the shortening of development cycles for individual products, demographic shifts in the world’s industrialized countries, and reduction in the half-life of knowledge, among others (e.g. Prange 1999).
The Treatment of Organizational Learning in Management Science
Authors: Pawlowsky Peter
Published: November 2023

A theme commonly found in the literature on management is the need for concepts of organizational change that are suitable for an increasingly turbulent and complex business environment. However, the interpretative framework for these concepts encompasses a number of scenarios, including ones for a postindustrial society, a service economy, and a knowledge society. All these scenarios capture aspects of radical change that is occurring in economic and social conditions: a declining importance of physical assets and a growing importance of intangible assets. Management is confronted not only with new combinations and patterns of old variables but also with fun-damental shifts in the logic of business itself and in the assets with which business deals.
A Review and Assessment of Organizational Learning in Economic Theories
Authors: Boerner Christopher S , Macher Jeffrey T , Teece David J
Published: November 2023

One principal goal of economics is to help understand innovation and change. It is therefore surprising to many observers that mainstream economics has largely failed to develop a coherent approach to one of the primary means by which individuals innovate and change: learning. For the purposes of this chapter, learning is defined as the acquisition and use of existing knowledge and/or the creation of new knowledge with the purpose of improving economic performance. Strictly speaking, only individuals possess the ability to create knowledge. However, organizations provide a context within which individual learning takes place (Marshall 1965).
Thinking Historically about Organizational Learning
Authors: Fear Jeffrey R
Published: November 2023

The literature on organizational learning and evolutionary theories of the enterprise often evoke the phrase ‘path dependency’, a social science translation of the insight that ‘history matters’. History matters because learning-be it social, organizational, or personal-is a difficult process, requiring one to evaluate the past, and perhaps reconsider it, to alter the present and confront the future. Schiller (1784/1970) viewed history unfolding as ‘a long chain of events [that] extends from the present moment back down to the beginning of the human race, which mesh into one another as cause and effect’ (p. 370). If one agrees with Schiller, then persons, organizations, or nations can never entirely escape the past. In order to forge a new link in the historical chain, they must still acknowledge the past ‘chain of events’, even if they reject it by taking a stand against previous ways of thinking and acting. By definition, then, learning implies having some sense, some knowledge, of one’s accumulated experience so that one can initiate change.
Change in Socioeconomic Values as a Trigger of Organizational Learning
Authors: Rosenstiel Lutz von , Koch Stefan
Published: November 2023

Organizational learning is a vital process by which organizations adapt to change in their social, political, or economic setting. Organizational learning triggered by a shift in socioeconomic values constitutes a special case of such change. Learning can be considered at two levels: as direct behavioral adaptation and as the development of general strategies of learning and adaptation (Argyris and Schon 1978). This chapter is focused on a particular process of organizational learning, one characterized by value change, a phenomenon that requires adaptation.
The Social Constitution of Organizations and its Implications for Organizational Learning
Authors: Child John , Heavens Sally J
Published: November 2023

Our understanding of organizational learning has been handicapped by the failure to incorporate an adequate conception of organizations. Argyris and Schon (1978) recognized the problem in one of the earliest and most influential publications on the subject, when they posed the question: ‘What is an organization that it may learn?’ (p. 9).
Effects of Emotion on the Process of Organizational Learning
Authors: Scherer Klaus R , Tran Veronique
Published: November 2023

For decades a somewhat narrow interpretation of Max Weber’s emphasis on the rational nature of the bureaucratic organization (Albrow 1992; Putnam and Mumby 1993) has led organization theorists to keep their theorizing and research sterile-uncontaminated by the unsavory mention of emotion or affect. One of the reasons for avoiding affect is the long-standing philosophical tradition in which anything emotional is considered ‘passion’ and hence a threat to rationality. Traces of these deep-seated attitudes can still be found in the rationalistic currents of the literature on organizational behavior and organizational learning (Flam 1990a, b). Ashforth and Humphrey (1995) argued that rationalist thought has led to institutionalized mechanisms for regulating the experience and expression of emotion in the workplace, mechanisms such as neutralizing, buffering, prescribing, and normalizing emotion.
Consultants as Agents of Organizational Learning:The Importance of Marginality
Authors: Antal Ariane Berthoin , Krebsbach-Gnath Camilla
Published: November 2023

Considering the growing emphasis that organizational scholars place on embeddedness and open systems, it is striking that theory-building about organizational learning has focused almost exclusively on the role of internal agents of the organization. This narrow scope is all the more surprising at a time when ever more consultants are being hired to help companies solve a variety of problems and improve or stabilize their market position through such initiatives as reengineering, total quality, cultural change, and lean management. The trend toward globalization has only intensified the need for organizations to review their strategies, structures, and processes. All such initiatives require organizations to engage in significant learning processes, which range from increasing the efficiency of current procedures to introducing radically new structures and ways of thinking about the organization and its markets. In order to contribute to closing the gap in theory building, we explore the many roles that consultants play in either promoting or hindering organizational learning and discuss how consultants and clients alike shape the conditions for both kinds of impact.
Rules and Organizational Learning: The Behavioral Theory Approach
Authors: Kieser Alfred , Beck Nikolaus , Tainio Risto
Published: November 2023

Imagine a clerk in an outlet of a manufacturing organization. His or her task entails monitoring the stocks of materials and parts on hand. As soon as the stock of a material or part reaches its reorder point, the person has to fill out an order form and send it to the purchasing department. Such a simple organizational rule solves a number of problems. It ensures that the probability of interruptions in the production process remains low, keeps inventories small, and thereby avoids tying up capital unnecessarily. The clerk does not need to know about pending orders or stocks of finished products. He or she can ‘produce’ acceptable solutions just by applying the rule. Of course, the solutions resorted to by the clerk are appropriate only if the reorder points have been set in a way that minimizes production halts and inventories. Momentarily leaving aside the question of how these reorder points are determined, we assert that the rule is a repository for organizational knowledge.
Practices and Tools of Organizational Learning
Authors: Pawlowsky Peter , Forslin Jan , Reinhardt Rudiger
Published: November 2023

Sooner or later the question arises as to how to implement organizational learning. On the one hand, conceptual models are of little use if they do not provide practical ways to develop and maintain a learning organization. On the other hand, the literature is full of ‘how-to’ articles and books, and the number of tools and instruments promising to foster a learning organization is overwhelming. Unfortunately, these resources do not offer criteria that help one know when to select which tool or instrument. Such criteria can only be derived from theory or from practical experience, that is from empirical patterns of evidence for making assumptions.
Scenarios and Their Contribution to Organizational Learning: From Practice to Theory
Authors: Galer Graham S , Heijden Kees van der
Published: November 2023

In this chapter an organizational learning perspective is adopted in an attempt to make sense of the experience gained through the use of scenarios as a vehicle for management thinking. Over many years of practice a typology of scenarios and their uses has emerged and we identify first two types that have proved the most important: framework and project scenarios. The significance of this typology’s evolution is then considered in relation to an established theory of organizational learning. Because scenario planning is largely a prac-titioner’s art, it can be interpreted most fruitfully as experiential learning that integrates crucial aspects such as reflection, theory building, and action, as modeled in the learning cycle described by Kolb (Kolb and Rubin 1991).
Organizational Learning and Knowledge: Reflections on the Dynamics of the Field and Challenges for the Future
Authors: Antal Ariane Berthoin , Dierkes Meinolf , Child John , Nonaka lkujiro
Published: November 2023

This handbook has been designed to cover a substantial range of approaches to organizational learning and knowledge. Such diversity is a natural part of the maturation process in a dynamic intellectual field. From the multiple narratives, however, we discern certain trends in the treatment of key themes over the past three decades and certain tendencies in the development of the language to describe and analyze organizational learning processes. This concluding chapter traces the developments we perceive as relating to language and themes in the field. It then outlines the ideas we feel are the most stimulating to pursue in the coming years.
Trajectories of Modernization and Reform
Authors: Pollitt Christopher , Bouckaert Geert
Published: November 2023

In the previous chapters we examined the relatively enduring—yet slowly changing—politico-administrative regimes of ten countries, plus the European Commission. Now we shift focus to more rapid and short-term forms of change: the reforms themselves. Is it true that the Anglo-American countries are the centre of the reform universe, or is that a perspective largely confined to Anglo- Americans? How far can it be said that everyone has been following the same route, albeit from different starting points in terms of their politico-administrative regimes? Are there clear patterns, or is the story really one of ad hockery dressed up as strategy? These are questions we will address in this chapter, but continue to pursue throughout the remainder of the book. There are, as always, too many ‘facts’ for anyone to master them all, so any explanation is bound to be selective (and therefore interpretive). Our first step was to use the model of change advanced in chapter 2 to organize the elements of what seemed to be the ‘basics’ of each country’s experience into some sensible categories. The results of that exercise may be seen in tabular form in Appendix A, where there is a summary for each country, and chronological tables. Appendix A should be used as an adjunct to the whole book, but especially to this chapter. In this chapter itself we adopt a broad comparative perspective, looking for patterns of similarity and difference. We do this by employing the concept of trajectories to help us sort out the data.
Network Relationships Inside and Outside the Firm, and the Development of Capabilities
Authors: Birkinshaw Julian
Published: November 2023

Over the last decade the literature on strategic management has come to be dominated by the resource-based view of the firm, a theoretical perspective which is concerned with understanding how the firm’s resources and capabilities can lead to competitive advantage. While considerable progress has clearly been made, most theoretical work in this area builds on the simplifying assumption that the firm is-or at least can be usefully modelled as -a monolithic entity. For example, Amit and Schoemaker (1993) talk about resources as factors that are owned or controlled by the firm and capabilities as the firm’s capacity to deploy resources.
Ranking Competing Multi-Step Forecasts
Authors: Newbold Paul , Harvey David I , Leybourne Stephen J
Published: November 2023

Early research on methodology for the evaluation of forecasts was analyzed by Granger and New bold (1978), who proposed alternative approaches. These authors argued that a set of forecasts is most reasonably assessed through comparison with competing forecasts. This comparison could be achieved through mean squared errors of forecasts at specific horizons, though other economic loss functions such as mean absolute error or mean absolute percentage error could equally well be applied. Diebold and Mariano (1995) and Harvey et al. (1997) discuss tests of the null hypothesis of equality of performance of two competing forecasts. A second possibility, advocated by Granger and New bold, is based on the idea of combining forecasts, introduced by Bates and Granger (1969). If the optimal weight that should be attached to a particular forecast in a composite predictor which is a weighted average of the forecast and its competitor is one, that forecast is said to be conditionally efficient with respect to the competitor. Chong and Hendry (1986) then say that the forecast encompasses its competitor. Harvey et al. (1998) discuss formal hypothesis tests for forecast encompassing.
The Pervasiveness of Granger Causality in Econometrics
Authors: Hendry David F , Mizon Grayham E
Published: November 2023

Granger (1969), which defined the concept of Granger causality, is one of the most influential papers in econometrics: it had been cited on more than 850 occasions at the time of writing. We are delighted to contribute a chapter reviewing its role to a volume in honor of Clive. The concept of causality has intrigued philosophers for millennia, and both statisticians and economists have attempted to test for its existence, as it is particularly important if one is interested in testing theories or conducting policy analysis. Any paper that proposes a definition of the concept of causality is bound to attract considerable attention and not a little controversy: see the many papers cited in Granger (1980).
From Control to Drift
Authors: Ciborra Claudio U , Braa Kristin , Cordella Antonio , Dahlbom Bo , Failla Angelo , Hanseth Ole , Hepso Vidar , Ljungberg An , Monteiro Eric , Simon kai A
Published: November 2023

Firms are investing considerable resources to create large information infrastructures able to fulfil their varied information-processing and communication needs. The more the drive towards globalization, the more such infrastructures become crucial.The 'wiring' of the corporation should be done in a way that is aligned with its corporate strategy-it is global and generates value. This book presents six in-depth case studies of large corporations-AstraZeneca, IBM, Norsk Hydro, Roche, SKF, and Statoil-which offer a rich picture of the main issues involved in information infrastructure implementation and management. Far from being a linear process, the use of the information infrastructure is in fact an open-ended process, in many cases out of control. Current management models and consulting advice do not seem to be able to cope with such a business landscape. This book provides the reader with interpretations and theories that can foster a different understanding and approach. Thus, the economics of standards, complexity theory, and actor-network theory are harnessed to penetrate the issues emerging from the case studies and to generate a new conception of the information infrastructure that is relevant both for researchers and practitioners.
How Brands are Taking over the Corporation
Authors: Olins Wally
Published: November 2023

In the Financial Times, 4 August 1999, a headline proclaimed: ‘Ford to out- source important parts of car assembly.’ This apparently modest announce-ment concealed extraordinary news. According to one executive quoted in the article, ‘The manufacture of cars will be a declining part of Ford’s business. They will concentrate in the future on design, branding, marketing, sales and. service operations.’ Even allowing for some hyperbole, this is an apocalyptic observation. Ford’s business was created and sustained above all around its unassailable manufacturing superiority. In its early days nobody built cars faster, better, or more economically than Ford. It was historically the most admired manufacturing company in the world. Now it seems Ford is shifting its center of gravity so far that in the long term it may do everything with its products except manufacture them. Ford will not make but it will brand. This shows how far branding has come in a very few years-and it also shows how the world is going.
Building the Unique Organization Value Proposition
Authors: Knox Simon , Maklan Stan , Thompson Keith E
Published: November 2023

The key issue facing companies today is how to add more customer value in the face of product commoditization, increased service levels, faster innovation, and diminishing brand loyalty. We argue in this chapter that the marketing community is not responding sufficiently to the challenge: many of our brand and marketing tools are dated, worse still, they focus on creating brand values not customer value. Before marketing management can return to their place at the heart of value-adding activities, they will need to work much more closely with business process owners and acknowledge the need for creating value across the organization, rather than just through products and brands. We offer a methodology that enables marketing to reinvent itself as the architect for branding the customer value proposition at an organizational level.
Global Cities and Global City-Regions: A Comparison
Authors: Sassen Saskia
Published: November 2023

Each phase in the long history of the world economy raises specific questions about the particular conditions that make it possible. One of the key properties of the current phase is the ascendance of information technologies and the associated increase in the mobility and liquidity of capital. There have long been cross-border economic processes-fiows of capital, labor, goods, raw materials, tourists. But in the twentieth century these took place largely within the inter state system, where the key articulators were national states. The international economic system was ensconced largely in this interstate system. This has changed rather dramatically over the last decade as a result of privatization, deregula tion, the opening up of national economies to foreign firms, and the growing participation of national economic actors in global markets.
The Economic Role and Spatial Contradictions of Global City-Regions: The Functional, Cognitive, and Evolutionary Context
Authors: Camagni Roberto
Published: November 2023

This chapter is concerned with the nature and the role of global city-regions seen in a theoretical perspective, and with the contradictions of their current evolu tionary trends relating to their spatial layout. In our investigation of the role of global cities, we have also dealt with the cognitive dimension. This is a dimen sion not normally included in the geographical approach (which is mainly of a functional character), but being increasingly emphasized in nonconventional economic approaches. It allows us to link the economic role of spaces to the new logic governing decision-making processes under conditions of dynamic uncer tainty. It also makes it possible to take fully into account the strong multiplier effects at work in large global cities, led by the new international information intensive functions, considering not only the traditional agglomeration ad vantages and increasing returns, but also the place/node interaction and the symbolic roles of such cities.
Regions and the New Economics of Competition
Authors: Porter Michael e.
Published: November 2023

This conference, in which so many interesting people have come together to explore the intersection of geography, competition, the environment, and society, comes at a time in the world economy that is puzzling to many observers. The process of globalization seemingly should make location and regions less important, but it appears to be doing just the opposite. Many government and company leaders are struggling to understand what it all means. Is there a role for national or state governments? What is that role? Should companies worry about where they locate operations and take a proactive role in their communities, or is that obsolete thinking? There are some very substantial changes underway in the nature of com petition, the sources of competitiveness, and the principles of economic policy. These changes have been underway for some time, but only recently are they becoming evident. What is the new agenda they are defining? What roles does it suggest for companies, governments, and other institutions? This chapter aims to describe the outlines of this new economics of competition and the prominent role that regions and cities play in it.
Ontario as a North American Region State, Toronto as a Global City-Region: Responding to the NAFTA Challenge
Authors: Courchene Thomas j.
Published: November 2023

The severe economic fallout of the early 1990s recession represented a watershed in the evolution of the Canadian province of Ontario and, within the province, of Toronto and the Greater Toronto Area (GTA). Four years after the onset of the recession, Ontario’s employment still languished at roughly 96 percent of its prerecession peak. And employment in the GTA fell by nearly 10 percent from peak to trough. On the fiscal front the economic fallout was nothing short of spectacular: Ontario’s then-governing New Democratic Party (Canada’s version of a social democratic party) oversaw five consecutive years (1990-95) of deficits in excess of $10 billion, for an overall increase in government debt of nearly $60 billion, surely a record for a subnational government, anywhere, anytime.
Local Governance and Social Diversity in the Developing World: New Challenges for Globalizing City-Regions
Authors: Stren Richard
Published: November 2023

Cities, as many experts have been telling us, are increasingly involved in a globalizing international system, in which they (and their constituent firms and populations) must successfully compete in order to survive. As a British writer puts it: The acceleration of the globalisation of economic activity and the growing internation alisation of investment fiows have accentuated competitive pressure on businesses and led many cities to seek competitive advantage in the urban hierarchy Cities are now part of an increasingly competitive world and place marketing has become an import ant part of economic development strategies. This emphasis on inter-area competition and place marketing has become clearly articulated and transparent in initiatives such as City Challenge, the SRB [Single Regeneration Budget], Local and Sector Challenge, City Pride and the National Lottery.
Innovation and Risk-taking: Urban Governance in Latin America
Authors: Campbell Tim
Published: November 2023

Decentralization in Latin America has dramatically transformed the public sector, producing a quiet revolution of popular participation in public choices at the local level. The process of decentralization has had its share of frustra tions, dangers, and false starts in the Latin American region. Fuzzy or overlap ping divisions of labor, associated threats of fiscal instability, and sustained finance for urban infrastructure still remain to be resolved in many countries. But decentralization has also produced a new generation of leaders, particularly at the local level. Several opinion polls have shown that local, elected officials were more trusted by voters and more responsive than ever to their constituents. They were also energetic, proactive, and vocal. New leaders exhibited a drive to deliver, and this made them eager consumers of new ideas and techniques. They have invented or adopted many ways to mobilize local participation, strengthen organizational capacities, and even raise local taxes, despite increasing fiows of shared revenues from central governments.
Repositioning of City-Regions: Korea after the Crisis
Authors: Kim Won Bae
Published: November 2023

As the Asian economic crisis unfolded, the regional geography of East Asia changed. The role of large city-regions in the regional and national economy has been emphasized again, especially with respect to the recovery of the ailing econ omies of East Asia. As economic competitiveness takes policy priority after the crisis, interstate and intercity competition is being intensified in the economic sphere. In order to secure a share of export markets and mobile capital, city regions and nation-states are competing fiercely with one another. They are also jockeying for superior position in the international urban hierarchies along the Asia Pacific corridors.
Local Governance and Confiict Management: Refiections on a Brazilian Cluster
Authors: Schmitz Hubert
Published: November 2023

What does it take to respond successfully to the challenges posed by globaliza tion? What kind of local governance is required to enhance competitiveness and earning opportunities? These are central questions for proactive regions. These are also questions that Rodrik (1999) addresses in a recent book con cerned with Making Openness Work. He concludes that societies with weak institutions of confiict management find it more difficult to cope with the turbulence caused by globalization. This is precisely what I found to be the key problem in a Brazilian industrial cluster that was attempting to fend off intensi fying global competition. The lack of confiict management contributed to the collapse of a promising clusterwide upgrading strategy.
The Legacies of Injustice and Fear: A European Approach to Human Rights and their Effects on Political Culture
Authors: Gunther Klaus
Published: November 2023

To ask for a European approach to human rights is ambivalent. If the question is whether the genesis, nature, and scope of human rights are essentially European, one runs immediately into the endless debate about universalism versus particularism of human rights. Obviously, the question does not aim at a European approach to human rights as the expression of a particular historical culture which should be extended to all different cultures of the world.
Gender Equality in the EU: A Balance Sheet
Authors: Barnard Catherine
Published: November 2023

The realization of sex equality has been the central and most highly developed pillar of the European Community’s fragile social policy. For the Commission, equal opportunities is the ‘legal framework reflecting social policy at European level [which] has been a catalyst for change in the Member States’. The importance of equal opportunities to the Community is underlined in the Commission’s vision of a ‘European social model’. This is based around the ‘values of democracy and individual rights, free collective bargaining, the market economy, equality of opportunity for all and social welfare and solidarity’. Equal opportunities also appears as one of the four pillars around which the employment guidelines, intended to co-ordinate Member States’ employment policies from 1998, are structured.
Striking the Elusive Balance Between Economic Freedom and Social Rights in the EU
Authors: Maduro Miguel Poiares
Published: November 2023

It has been repeatedly stated that European integration has promoted economic freedom while leaving social rights and policies in a secondary position. The impact of Community law on social rights has been as a function of economic integration, promoting economic freedom and deregulation, while challenging national social rights. This process has not been compensated by the development of European social rights. It has even been argued that the programme of European market integration is also a programme in favour of economic freedom and competition. In this light, the Treaty of Rome is conceived as an economic neo-liberal constitution whose aim is to protect market freedom from public power and whose underpinning legitimacy lies in voluntary market transactions and enhanced economic efficiency. On the other hand, European integration has also been conceived as a safeguard of the welfare state. In the latter perspective, the European Union is the new forum in which social rights, no longer viable at national level due to economic competition among States, are re-introduced. Moreover, European integration gives a stronger voice to the European States in shaping the rules of global economic competition and protecting the ‘essentials’ of the welfare state.
Human Rights and European Identity: The Debate about European Citizenship
Authors: Bernitz Ulf , Bernitz Hedvig Lokrantz
Published: November 2023

Citizenship in the traditional, national sense is a relationship of complete membership to a State, to which certain rights and duties have been attached. However, the nature and content of these civil rights have never been clear and have varied across time and place. For instance, expulsion and deprivation of citizenship are practices which have frequently been used. Rights vary among different legal systems. However, certain central civil rights connected to citizenship are found in most countries, such as specific political rights and the right to free movement.
Holding Multinational Corporations Accountable for Human Rights Abuses: A Challenge for the EC
Authors: Kamminga Menno T
Published: November 2023

That the world’s largest multinational corporations (MNCs) are more powerful and influential than many States has been a cliche since the 1960s. However, it remains a point worth stressing because, if anything, the trend has intensified in recent years. By consistently privatizing and deregulating their own economies and by liberalizing international trade and capital movements States have substantially reduced their own influence on the daily lives of their citizens. The decline of the nation State has been accompanied by the rise to power of the entities that have been able to take particular advantage of these developments: MNCs. These international actors increasingly escape control by States because they are able freely to move capital and investments to wherever conditions are most favourable.
Human Rights Considerations in the Development Co-operation Activities of the EC
Authors: Simma Bruno , Aschenbrenner Jo Beatrix , Schulte Constanze
Published: November 2023

The Community launched its development policy in 1958, but, until the Maastricht Treaty, there was no explicit legal basis for conducting such a policy. Despite the delay in expressly authorizing development co-operation, the Community and its Member States together provide more than half of all development assistance given in the world today. The Community has a widespread system of co-operation agreements with countries all over the world, and grants preferential trade relations and other forms of autonomous assistance to developing countries. Because the Community deals with many developing countries, with a broad range of needs, no single strategy can be applied to all of them. Strategies differ based on the needs of the developing country receiving the aid. These needs range from open access to the markets of the Community to technical and financial assistance, and even to substantial food aid. This chapter discusses the Community development policy of granting such assistance to developing States with the aim of promoting human rights and democracy. The provision of open markets through preferential trade relations and other aspects of contractual (economic, commercial) co-operation are dealt with elsewhere.4 The present chapter deals exclusively with positive initiatives to link development co-operation to progress in the area of human rights.
Human Rights ‘Conditionality’ in Relation to Entry to, and Full Participation in, the EU
Authors: Nowak Manfred
Published: November 2023

The promotion and protection of human rights does not figure among the objectives of the European Union (EU) as listed in Article 2 of the Treaty on European Union (TEU). Nevertheless, the European Court of Justice (ECJ) during the last thirty years developed jurisprudence which established that measures adopted by the institutions of the three European Communities, as well as measures adopted by Member States either to implement Community measures or which, in one way or another, fall within the scope of Community law, must be in accordance with minimum human rights standards. Although the EU neither adopted its own Bill of Human Rights nor acceded to the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), the ECJ developed its human rights jurisprudence on the understanding that basic human rights, as guaranteed by the ECHR and as they result from the constitutional traditions common to the Member States, are general principles of Community law.
Human Rights Case Law in the Strasbourg and Luxembourg Courts: Conflicts, Inconsistencies, and Complementarities
Authors: Spielmann Dean
Published: November 2023

The European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (the ECHR) was signed in Rome on 4 November 1950. It entered into force on 9 September 1953. Originally signed by twelve States the Convention has now been ratified by most European States, and pursuant to recent changes in Eastern Europe, its territorial scope has been extended considerably. Thus, at the present moment, all forty one member States of the Council of Europe have ratified the Convention.
The CPT: An Introduction
Authors: Evans Malcolm D , An Rod Moro
Published: November 2023

The origins of the European Convention for the Prevention of Torture (ECPT) lie in a proposal, inspired by Jean-Jacques Gautier and the Swiss Committee for the Prevention of Torture (SCAT, now renamed the Association for the Prevention of Torture (APT)), for the adoption of an optional protocol to the United Nations Convention Against Torture (the UNCAT). The so-called ‘Costa Rican’ draft optional protocol was first presented to the UN Commission on Human Rights (CHR) in 1980 but it was understood from the outset that it would not be considered until after the UN Convention itself had been adopted. This took place in 1984 but it was not until 1991 that a revised draft optional protocol was submitted to the CHR and an open-ended working group is still engaged in the process of agreeing a text to be put forward for adoption.
Reconciling Five Competing Conceptual Structures of IndigenousPeoples’ Claims in International and Comparative Law
Authors: Kingsbury* Benedict
Published: November 2023

On what conceptual foundations do legal claims made by indigenous peoples rest? Uncertainty on this issue has had the benefit of encouraging the flowering of multiple approaches, but it has also done much to heighten national dissensus on questions involving indigenous peoples, and it has been a serious obstacle to negotiation in the United Nations (UN) and the Organization of American States (OAS) of proposed Declarations on the Rights of indigenous Peoples. This chapter seeks to clarify the debate by distinguishing and exploring five fundamentally different conceptual structures employed in claims brought by indigenous peoples or members of such groups:
International Restatements and National Law
Authors: Goode Roy
Published: November 2023

It is indeed a privilege to be invited to contribute to this collection of essays in honour of Lord Goff, who has made his impress on law and lawyers in so many ways. His profound legal knowledge has never inhibited Robert Goff from blazing a trail, from overthrowing the dead hand of precedent where a new approach was required. This has been particularly evident in the field of unjust enrichment, a subject which, with Professors Gareth Jones and Peter Birks, he made into an established branch of English law, in (no doubt respectful) defiance of the views of Lord Diplock, who was not prepared to recognize any general doctrine of unjust enrichment in English law.
Regulatory Competition and the Global Coordination of Labour Standards
Authors: Charny* David
Published: November 2023

This chapter develops a framework for analysing regulatory competition in labour standards. The analysis proceeds from two premises. First, assessment of regulatory competition in labour standards must be keyed to the economic impacts of the specific legal standard at issue. Although this is obvious enough stated abstractly, many economic analyses of labour standards model these standards generically as causing a per unit increase in the cost of labour. In fact, the characterization of the economic impact of a standard is rarely so simple. A more refined analysis generates a typology of labour regulations and suggests that many standards should not be problematic in the context of jurisdictional competition, because these standards reduce labour costs or, at least, do not increase them.
Nonfinite Structures in Theory and Change
Authors: Gary Miller D
Published: November 2023

This book investigates the precise nature of nonfinite structures and explores the ways in which they change. Gary Miller examines a broad range of structures, including traditional infinitives, gerunds, and participles, across different Indo-European (and some non-Indo-European) languages now and in the past. As structures which are nonfinite in some languages are not so in others, the question arises whether the concept 'nonfinite' has any meaning or explanatory power. In seeking an answer to this conundrum, the author shows that infinitives with subject person agreement, such as in West Greenlandic, Modern Greek, Portuguese, Welsh, and Hungarian, share properties with prototypical nonfinite formations. Professor Miller examines languages with morphologically marked tense on infinitives, including Ancient Greek and Latin, and Modern Turkish. He demonstrates that nonfinite structures that can be assigned non-structural (inherent or semantic) case differ systematically from those with either structural or no case. The book concludes with a substantial history of infinitives, gerunds, and participles in Old and Middle English, which reveals why and how nonfinite structures change and vary over time. Gary Miller¹s innovative theoretical reasoning and the wide range of evidence on which it is brought to bear make this book a considerable contribution to the understanding of grammatical change and its formal expression, as well as to the history of English.
Introduction
Authors: Aikhenvald Alexandra Y , Dixon R M W
Published: November 2023

This volume consists of studies of the relationship between areal diffusion and the genetic development of languages from a number of critical parts of the world. In part, they follow up on some of the ideas in Dixon’s essay The Rise and Fall of Languages (1997) —including the punctuated equilibrium model for language development —although in fact they range considerably beyond this.
The Role of the Syllable in Speech Perception and Production
Authors: Segui Juan , Ferrand Ludovic
Published: November 2023

Over the past decade, as shown by the articles in this volume, the syllable has come to enjoy a privileged status as a critical unit in phonology both from a linguistic (e.g. Clements and Keyser 1983, Fudge 1969, Kaye 1989, Selkirk 1982) and a psycholinguistic (e.g. Cutler et al. 1986, Levelt and Wheeldon 1994, Mehler et al. 1981, Meyer 1990, Segui 1984, Segui, Dupoux, and Mehler 1990) perspective. In this chapter, we will argue that the syllable is a likely processing unit of speech perception and production in French whereas it might not be the case for English and Dutch.
Setting the scene: perspectives on the history of and policy for child and adolescent mental health services in the UK
Authors: Williams Richard , Kerfoot Michael
Published: November 2023

Underpinning our selection of the contents of this book is our assumption that its readers are seeking to develop or, at the least, to better understand child and adolescent mental health services. When doing either, there is a great temptation to get to grips immediately with the front line of provision of services with a view to examining what is happening there and what we would prefer to happen with a view to closing the gap between the two. While we agree that no one should forget that benefits to the public are usually delivered through relationships between them and practitioners, we also believe that the context in which patients, clients, users and their carers relate to staff of services is vital to the success of the whole enterprise. The context frames not only knowledge, skill, and attitudes but, most significantly, can exhort or hold back their acquisition and application, and also shapes the wishes, expectations, and demands of the public. Therefore, we start this text from a position that is about as remote from delivering healthcare as one can get. This is because this book is about the context of practice rather than about that practice itself.
The nature of strategy and its application in statutory and non-statutory services
Authors: Warner Morton , Williams Richard
Published: November 2023

Strategy and strategic thinking have been around for a very long time. The writer of Proverbs 10 recognized ‘where there is no vision, the people perish’. Perhaps Noah was one of the first people recorded to have seen that strategy implementation is at least as important as strategic initiation. This early example provides another lesson as well—that it is at the least desirable, if not imperative, to develop strategy in response to need. An ark proved more useful than a camel train as the means of transport! Form must follow function.In this chapter, we will elucidate the nature of strategy, challenge often recounted conceptions of strategy as ‘academic’ or dry and impersonal, by showing how important are interpersonal skills to its formulation and implementation, and relate this to developing better child and adolescent mental health services (CAMHS).We begin with the most challenging question.
European psychiatry: construction, destruction, and reconstruction
Authors: Shooter Michael
Published: November 2023

Despite a tendency for national isolationism, child and adolescent psychiatry has slowly developed a European perspective. Its history has been traced from the first signs of medical work with the ‘mental disorders of children’ in the second-half of the nineteenth century, through the expansion of the child guidance clinics in the 1920s, the first coining of the words ‘child psychiatry’ in 1933, the establishment of the first Chair, in Stockholm in 1958, the achievement of speciality or sub-speciality status in most Western European Countries by the end of the 1970s, to the foundation of the UEMS Specialist Section for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry in 1992/93.
Computer-assisted high Tibial Osteotomies
Authors: Ellis Randy E , Rudan John F , Harrison M M
Published: November 2023

A high tibial osteotomy (HTO) is indicated for the relatively young and active patient who has painful unicompartmental knee arthrosis, especially an arthrosis due to an early stage of osteoarthritis. The intended outcome of the surgical procedure is to realign a bone in order to change the biomechanics of the knee joint, especially to change the force transmission through the joint. Such a procedure must be performed accurately, not only to create the desired geometries but also to provide biological environments for rapid and effective healing.
A History of the Treatment of Renal Failure by Dialysis
Authors: Cameron J Stewart
Published: November 2023

This book tells the extraordinary story of how the function of the first - and so far almost the only - human organ was replaced by a machine, and the “artificial kidney” entered medical and public folk-lore. A practical artificial kidney, or dialyser, came about by advances in science followed by the acquisition of new synthetic materials which made the application of these ideas possible. However it was the dedication and persistence of a number of talented pioneers who pressed ahead against professional opposition tos achieve success, first in the treatment of temporary, recoverable kidney failure, and then permanent renal shut-down which made it a success. The apparent high cost and limited availability of this form of treatment immediately raised ethical questions which had never been questioned before, centering around equity of access to treatment, when and if treatment could be denied, and - worst of all - the agonising decision of when, once established, it should be stopped. Spiralling costs as the true number of people with kidney failure became evident raised major political and financial questions, which were addressed in different countries in different ways which reflected - but also helped change - patterns of how medical care is provided. In developed countries, the problem could be solved by allocating a disproportionate amount of money to the treatment of relatively few kidney patients, but in the developing world the cost of treatment still limits its availability, as it does all forms of modern health care. Nevertheless, today almost one million people world-wide are maintained alive following terminal kidney failure, two thirds of them by various forms of dialysis and the remainder bearing kidney transplants, almost always placed after a period on dialysis. The story is also the sum of the often heroic lives of these hundreds of thousands of patients, a few of whom have today been maintained alive and active for more than 35 years, and many of whom suffered known, but also unexpected complications as a result of their treatment.