bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Histopathology case definition of naturally acquired Salmonella enterica serovar Dublin infection in young Holstein cattle in the northeastern United States
Authors: Pecoraro Heidi L. , Thompson Belinda , Duhamel Gerald E.
Published: June 2017

Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Dublin ( Salmonella Dublin) is a host-adapted bacterium that causes high morbidity and mortality in dairy cattle worldwide. A retrospective search of archives at the New York Animal Health Diagnostic Center revealed 57 culture-confirmed Salmonella Dublin cases from New York and Pennsylvania in which detailed histology of multiple tissues was available. Tissues routinely submitted by referring veterinarians for histologic evaluation included sections of heart, lungs, liver, spleen, and lymph nodes. Of the 57 S almonella Dublin–positive cases, all were Holstein breed, 53 were female (93%), and 49 (86%) were <6 mo of age. Specifically, in calves <6 mo of age, >90% (45 of 49) of lungs, 90% (28 of 31) of livers, 50% (11 of 22) of spleens, and 62% (18 of 29) of lymph nodes examined had moderate-to-severe inflammation with or without necrosis. Inconstant lesions were seen in 48% (10 of 21) of hearts examined, and consisted of variable inflammatory infiltrates and rare areas of necrosis. We propose a histopathology case definition of Salmonella Dublin in <6-mo-old Holstein cattle that includes a combination of pulmonary alveolar capillary neutrophilia with or without hepatocellular necrosis and paratyphoid granulomas, splenitis, and lymphadenitis. These findings will assist in the development of improved protocols for the diagnosis of infectious diseases of dairy cattle.
Provision of Mental Health Services to Students With Emotional and Behavioral Disorders
Authors: Marsh Robbie J. , Morgan Joseph John , Higgins Kyle , Lark Allison , Watts Jack Thomas
Published: June 2017

Mental health is quickly becoming a major topic of concern in education, particularly as it relates to the provision of services for students with emotional and behavioral disorders. In this study, state policies related to the provision of mental health services were reviewed, with specific attention paid to the capacity of services and relationships between state policies and the educational environment. Open coding was used to determine the variables and services provided within each state’s policies. Axial coding was used to determine relationships between codes and ensure alignment and accuracy of findings. Interrater reliability, using a 7-point rubric, was conducted to ensure accuracy of coding. Findings indicate that the majority of states have policies related to the provision of mental health services, but the structure and implementation of these services differ vastly by state. Similarities were found in the provision of mental health services within the educational environment, which typically occurred as a collaboration between schools and community agency partnerships. Implications for practice and the preparation of educational professionals will be discussed.
Effective coupled thermo-electro-mechanical properties of piezoelectric structural fiber composites: A micromechanical approach
Authors: Lezgy-Nazargah M , Eskandari-Naddaf H
Published: June 2017

A fully micromechanical model is developed for estimating the effective coupled thermo-electro-elastic material coefficients of three-phase piezoelectric structural fiber composites. The implicit formulations are derived based on the thermo-electro-elastic constitutive laws using a novel extended iso-field micromechanical model under multiple loading conditions. Through numerical examples, the effects of different parameters like fiber volume fractions, ratio of the thickness of piezoelectric shell to the radius of fiber as well as matrix properties on the effective material constants of piezoelectric structural fiber composites are investigated. The present micromechanical formulations have been validated through comparisons with other results available in the open literature.
Embodied Organizational Routines: Explicating a Practice Understanding
Authors: Wright Alex
Published: June 2017

This article contributes to theory development through advancing an embodied framing of organizational routines. It addresses the absence of bodies in a literature that tends to treat the “people” involved in organizational routines as disembodied actors. One consequence of this is that progress toward a theory of “routines as practices” has tended to ignore how bodies contribute to their unfolding. Theorizing embodied communicative acts brings the body and embodiment into organizational routines research. Existing knowledge is extended by drawing from multiple empirical illustrations to explain how routines are accomplished when power is exercised through gesture and bodily movement, the spaces where routines unfold cohere with human bodies making a difference in how they are constituted and experienced, and, the routineness of routines is made manifest when mutual intelligibility is discerned in the silences that characterize how embodied actors interrelate.
Progressive failure analysis of fiber-reinforced laminated composites containing a hole
Authors: Bakhshan Hadi , Afrouzian Ali , Ahmadi Hamed , Taghavimehr Mehrnoosh
Published: June 2017

The present work aims to obtain failure loads for open-hole unidirectional composite plates under tensile loading. For this purpose, a user-defined material model in the finite element analysis package, ABAQUS, was developed to predict the failure load of the open-hole composite laminates using progressive failure analysis. Hashin and modified Yamanda-Sun’s failure criteria with complete and Camanho’s material degradation model are studied. In order to achieve the most accurate predictions, the influence of failure criteria and property degradation rules are investigated and failure loads and failure modes of the composites are compared with the same experimental test results from literature. A good agreement between experimental results and numerical predictions was observed.
Effect of Pharmacy-Supported Transition-of-Care Interventions on 30-Day Readmissions: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Rodrigues Claire R. , Harrington Amanda R. , Murdock Nicole , Holmes John T. , Borzadek Eliza Z. , Calabro Kristin , Martin Jennifer , Slack Marion K.
Published: June 2017

Objective: To describe pharmacy-supported transition-of-care (TOC) interventions and determine their effect on 30-day all-cause readmissions. Data Sources: MEDLINE/PubMed, EMBASE, International Pharmaceutical Abstracts, ABI Inform Complete, PsychINFO, Web of Science, Academic Search Complete, CINHAL, Cochrane library, OIASTER, ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, ClinicalTrials.gov , and relevant websites were searched from January 1, 1995, to December 31, 2015. Study Selection and Data Extraction: PICOS+E criteria were utilized. Eligible studies reported pharmacy-supported TOC interventions compared with usual care in adult patients discharged to home within the United States. Studies were required to evaluate postdischarge outcomes (eg, rate of readmissions, hospital utilization). Randomized controlled trials, cohort studies, or controlled before-and-after studies were included. Two reviewers independently extracted data and evaluated study quality. Data Synthesis: A total of 56 articles were included in the systematic review (n = 61 858), of which 32 reported 30-day all-cause readmissions and were included in the meta-analysis. A taxonomy was developed to categorize targeted patients, intervention types, and pharmacy personnel as sole intervener. The meta-analysis demonstrated about a 32% reduction in the odds of readmission (odds ratio [OR] = 0.68; 95% CI = 0.61 to 0.75) observed for pharmacy-supported TOC interventions compared with usual care. Heterogeneity was identified ( I2 = 55%; P < 0.001). A stratified meta-analysis showed that interventions with patient-centered follow-up reduced 30-day readmissions relative to studies without follow-up (OR = 0.70; CI = 0.63 to 0.78). Conclusions: Pharmacy-supported TOC programs were associated with a significant reduction in the odds of 30-day readmissions.
Ultrafine particles in the cabin of a waiting commercial airliner at Tianjin International Airport, China
Authors: Ren Jianlin , Liu Junjie , Cao Xiaodong , Li Fei , Li Jianmin
Published: June 2017

Passengers and crew on board of commercial airliners often spend extra time in the cabin waiting for departure due to flight delays. During the waiting period, a large amount of ambient ultrafine particles (UFPs) may penetrate into the aircraft cabin through the environmental control system (ECS) and ground air-conditioning cart (GAC). However, limited data are available for human exposure, in waiting commercial airliners, to freshly emitted UFPs from the exhaust of ground vehicles and airliners. To address this issue, we measured the ambient and in-cabin particle number concentrations and particle size distributions (PSDs) simultaneously in an MD-82 airliner parked at Tianjin International Airport, China. When air was supplied to the cabin by GAC, particle counts variation outdoors caused in-cabin variation with a 1–2 min delay. The in-cabin and ambient PSDs ranged from 15 to 600 nm were bimodal, with peaks at 30–40 and 70–90 nm. The GAC and ECS removed 1–73% particles in the size range of 15–100 nm and 30–47% in the size range of 100–600 nm. The relationship between the penetration factor and particle size was an inverted U-curve. An improved particle dynamic model from this study was used to calculate the time-dependent in-cabin UFPs concentrations with dramatic changes in outdoor concentration.
Transformations of collectivism and individualism in the Peruvian central Andes: A comunidad over three decades
Authors: Vincent Susan
Published: June 2017

Andean peoples have a longstanding reputation for collective spirit, while the pressures of capitalism and the modern state are seen to promote individualism. This article uses fieldwork from over three decades in the Peruvian comunidad campesina I call Allpachico to examine how collectivist and individualist behaviour have intertwined and transformed. Over this time, governments and NGOs have facilitated and discouraged different collective forms at distinct moments, while the complaints made by the people highlight both the barriers they encounter in working together and the forms of individualism that are blamed. This detailed historical perspective provides insight into grassroots debates about how to define and practice community, as well as to how and why collective action is inadequate to gain livelihood in each of three eras. Neither collectivism nor individualism is clearly gaining ground; rather, the forms of each and their inter-relationship transform over time.
Keepin’ It Real: Authenticity, Commercialization, and the Media in Korean Hip Hop
Authors: Hare Sarah , Baker Andrea
Published: June 2017

This article examines authenticity in South Korean hip hop culture. Building on subcultural theory and cultural hybridization theory, it explores authenticity dynamics in this scene, and the role of the local media as a cultural mediator. Data were collected using a mixed-methods approach over two stages. Stage 1 was a quantitative content analysis of seminal South Korean hip hop program, Show Me the Money. Stage 2 comprised of qualitative participant observation in Seoul hip hop night clubs, and eight semistructured interviews with rappers and journalists. Key findings suggest there is a constant struggle between authenticity and commodification, where commodification dominates the South Korean hip hop scene. This work contributes to the interdisciplinary field of journalism studies by aligning itself with cultural theory to widen the Western view of South Korean hip hop.
Diagnosis and classification of hematologic malignancies on the basis of genetics
Authors: Taylor Justin , Xiao Wenbin , Abdel-Wahab Omar
Published: June 2017

Genomic analysis has greatly influenced the diagnosis and clinical management of patients affected by diverse forms of hematologic malignancies. Here, we review how genetic alterations define subclasses of patients with acute leukemias, myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs), non-Hodgkin lymphomas, and classical Hodgkin lymphoma. These include new subtypes of acute myeloid leukemia defined by mutations in RUNX1 or BCR-ABL1 translocations as well as a constellation of somatic structural DNA alterations in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Among patients with MDS, detection of mutations in SF3B1 define a subgroup of patients with the ring sideroblast form of MDS and a favorable prognosis. For patients with MPNs, detection of the BCR-ABL1 fusion delineates chronic myeloid leukemia from classic BCR-ABL1− MPNs, which are largely defined by mutations in JAK2, CALR, or MPL. In the B-cell lymphomas, detection of characteristic rearrangements involving MYC in Burkitt lymphoma, BCL2 in follicular lymphoma, and MYC/BCL2/BCL6 in high-grade B-cell lymphomas are essential for diagnosis. In T-cell lymphomas, anaplastic large-cell lymphoma is defined by mutually exclusive rearrangements of ALK, DUSP22/IRF4, and TP63. Genetic alterations affecting TP53 and the mutational status of the immunoglobulin heavy-chain variable region are important in clinical management of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Additionally, detection of BRAFV600E mutations is helpful in the diagnosis of classical hairy cell leukemia and a number of histiocytic neoplasms. Numerous additional examples provided here demonstrate how clinical evaluation of genomic alterations have refined classification of myeloid neoplasms and major forms of lymphomas arising from B, T, or natural killer cells.
The NCI Genomic Data Commons as an engine for precision medicine
Authors: Jensen Mark A. , Ferretti Vincent , Grossman Robert L. , Staudt Louis M.
Published: June 2017

The National Cancer Institute Genomic Data Commons (GDC) is an information system for storing, analyzing, and sharing genomic and clinical data from patients with cancer. The recent high-throughput sequencing of cancer genomes and transcriptomes has produced a big data problem that precludes many cancer biologists and oncologists from gleaning knowledge from these data regarding the nature of malignant processes and the relationship between tumor genomic profiles and treatment response. The GDC aims to democratize access to cancer genomic data and to foster the sharing of these data to promote precision medicine approaches to the diagnosis and treatment of cancer.
Outcomes of hematopoietic cell transplantation using donors or recipients with inherited chromosomally integrated HHV-6
Authors: Hill Joshua A. , Magaret Amalia S. , Hall-Sedlak Ruth , Mikhaylova Anna , Huang Meei-Li , Sandmaier Brenda M. , Hansen John A. , Jerome Keith R. , Zerr Danielle M. , Boeckh Michael
Published: June 2017

Key Points

Inherited ciHHV-6 was detected in 1.4% of HCT recipients and 0.9% of their donors. Acute GVHD grades 2-4 and cytomegalovirus viremia were more frequent when recipients or donors had inherited ciHHV-6.
A fast sweeping algorithm for accurate solution of the tilted transversely isotropic eikonal equation using factorization
Authors: Waheed Umair bin , Alkhalifah Tariq
Published: June 2017

Traveltime computation is essential for many seismic data processing applications and velocity analysis tools. High-resolution seismic imaging requires eikonal solvers to account for anisotropy whenever it significantly affects the seismic wave kinematics. Moreover, computation of auxiliary quantities, such as amplitude and take-off angle, relies on highly accurate traveltime solutions. However, the finite-difference-based eikonal solution for a point-source initial condition has upwind source singularity at the source position because the wavefront curvature is large near the source point. Therefore, all finite-difference solvers, even the high-order ones, show inaccuracies because the errors due to source-singularity spread from the source point to the whole computational domain. We address the source-singularity problem for tilted transversely isotropic (TTI) eikonal solvers using factorization. We solve a sequence of factored tilted elliptically anisotropic (TEA) eikonal equations iteratively, each time by updating the right-hand-side function. At each iteration, we factor the unknown TEA traveltime into two factors. One of the factors is specified analytically, such that the other factor is smooth in the source neighborhood. Through this iterative procedure, we obtain an accurate solution to the TTI eikonal equation. Numerical tests show significant improvement in accuracy due to factorization. The idea can be easily extended to compute accurate traveltimes for models with lower anisotropic symmetries, such as orthorhombic, monoclinic, or even triclinic media.
Cardiac Output Measurements Based on the Pulse Wave Transit Time and Thoracic Impedance Exhibit Limited Agreement With Thermodilution Method During Orthotopic Liver Transplantation
Authors: Magliocca Aurora , Rezoagli Emanuele , Anderson Thomas Anthony , Burns Sara Maria , Ichinose Fumito , Chitilian Hovig Vatche
Published: June 2017

BACKGROUND:

Orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) is characterized by significant intraoperative hemodynamic variability. Accurate and real-time cardiac output (CO) monitoring aids clinical decision making during OLT. The purpose of this study is to compare accuracy, precision, and trending ability of CO estimation obtained noninvasively using pulse wave transit time (estimated continuous cardiac output [esCCO; Nihon Kohden, Tokyo, Japan]) or thoracic bioimpedance (ICON; Osypka Medical GmbH, Berlin, Germany) to thermodilution cardiac output (TDCO) measured with a pulmonary artery catheter.

METHODS:

Nineteen patients undergoing OLT were enrolled. CO measurements were collected with esCCO, ICON, and thermodilution at 5 time points: (T1) pulmonary artery catheter insertion; (T2) surgical incision; (T3) portal reperfusion; (T4) hepatic arterial reperfusion; and (T5) abdominal closure. The results were analyzed with Bland-Altman plot, percentage error (the percentage of the difference between the CO estimated with the noninvasive monitoring device and CO measured with the thermodilution technique), 4-quadrant plot with concordance rate (the percentage of the total number of points in the I and III quadrant of the 4-quadrant plot), and concordance correlation coefficient (a measure of how well the pairs of observations deviate from the 45-degree line of perfect agreement).

RESULTS:

Although TDCO increased at T3-T5, both esCCO and ICON failed to track the changes of CO with sufficient accuracy and precision. The mean bias of esCCO and ICON compared to TDCO were −2.0 L/min (SD, ±2.7 L/min) and −3.3 L/min (SD, ±2.8 L/min), respectively. The percentage error was 69% for esCCO and 77% for ICON. The concordance correlation coefficient was 0.653 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.283–0.853) for esCCO and 0.310 (95% CI, −0.167 to 0.669) for ICON. Nonetheless, esCCO and ICON exhibited reasonable trending ability of TDCO (concordance rate: 95% [95% CI, 88–100] and 100% [95% CI, 93–100]), respectively. The mean bias was correlated with systemic vascular resistance (SVR) and arterial elastance (Ea) for esCCO (SVR, r = 0.610, 95% CI, 0.216–0.833, P < .0001; Ea, r = 0.692, 95% CI, 0.347–0.872; P < .0001) and ICON (SVR, r = 0.573, 95% CI, 0.161–0.815, P < .0001; Ea, r = 0.612, 95% CI, 0.219–0.834, P < .0001).

CONCLUSIONS:

The noninvasive CO estimation with esCCO and ICON exhibited limited accuracy and precision, despite with reasonable trending ability, when compared to TDCO, during OLT. The inaccuracy of esCCO and ICON is especially large when SVR and Ea were decreased during the neohepatic phase. Further refinement of the technology is desirable before noninvasive techniques can replace TDCO during OLT.
A mouse model of hereditary coproporphyria identified in an ENU mutagenesis screen
Authors: Conway Ashlee J. , Brown Fiona C. , Fullinfaw Robert O. , Kile Benjamin T. , Jane Stephen M. , Curtis David J.
Published: June 2017

A genome-wide ENU mutagenesis screen in mice was performed to identify novel regulators of erythropoiesis. Here we describe a mouse line, RBC16, which harbours a dominantly inherited mutation in the Cpox gene, responsible for production of the haem biosynthesis enzyme, coproporphyrinogen III oxidase (CPOX). A premature stop codon in place of a tryptophan at amino acid 373 results in reduced mRNA expression and diminished protein levels, yielding a microcytic red cell phenotype in heterozygous mice. Urinary and faecal porphyrins in female RBC16 heterozygotes were significantly elevated compared to that of wildtype littermates, particularly coproporphyrinogen III, while males were biochemically normal. Attempts to induce acute porphyric crises were made using fasting and phenobarbital treatment on females. While fasting had no biochemical effect on RBC16 mice, phenobarbital caused significant elevation of faecal coproporphyrinogen III in heterozygous mice. This is the first known investigation of a mutagenesis mouse model with genetic and biochemical parallels to hereditary coproporphyria.
Loss of the Wnt receptor Frizzled7 in the gastric epithelium is deleterious and triggers rapid repopulation in vivo
Authors: Flanagan Dustin J. , Barker Nicholas , Nowell Cameron , Clevers Hans , Ernst Matthias , Phesse Toby J. , Vincan Elizabeth
Published: June 2017

The gastric epithelium consists of tubular glandular units each containing several differentiated cells types, and populations of stem cells, which enable the stomach to secrete the acid, mucus and various digestive enzymes required for its function. Cell signalling provides cues to regulate development and homeostasis of adult tissues, however very little is known about which cell signalling pathways are required for homeostasis of the gastric epithelium. Many diseases, such as cancer, arise as a result of deregulation to signalling pathways that regulate homeostasis of the diseased organ. Therefore it is important to understand the biology of how normal conditions are maintained in a tissue to help inform the mechanisms driving disease in that same tissue, and identify potential points of therapeutic intervention. Wnt signalling regulates several cell functions including proliferation, differentiation and migration, and plays a critical role during homeostasis of several tissues, including the intestinal epithelium. Wnt3a is required in the culture medium of gastric organoids, suggesting it is also important for the homeostasis of the gastric epithelium, but this has not been investigated in vivo. Here we show that the Wnt receptor Frizzled7 (Fzd7), which is required for the homeostasis of the intestine, is expressed in the gastric epithelium and is required for gastric organoid growth. Gastric specific loss of Fzd7 in the adult gastric epithelium of mice is deleterious and triggers rapid epithelial repopulation, which we believe is the first observation of this novel function for this tissue. Taken together these data provide functional evidence of a critical role for Wnt signalling, via the Fzd7 receptor, during homeostasis of the gastric epithelium.
Reconstitution of the oocyte nucleolus in mice through a single nucleolar protein, NPM2
Authors: Ogushi Sugako , Yamagata Kazuo , Obuse Chikashi , Furuta Keiko , Wakayama Teruhiko , Matzuk Martin M. , Saitou Mitinori
Published: June 2017

The mammalian oocyte nucleolus, the most prominent subcellular organelle in the oocyte, is vital in early development, yet its key functions and constituents remain unclear. We show here that the parthenotes/zygotes derived from enucleolated oocytes exhibited abnormal heterochromatin formation around parental pericentromeric DNAs, which led to a significant mitotic delay and frequent chromosome mis-segregation upon the first mitotic division. A proteomic analysis identified nucleoplasmin 2 (NPM2) as a dominant component of the oocyte nucleolus. Consistently, Npm2-deficient oocytes, which lack a normal nucleolar structure, showed chromosome segregation defects similar to those in enucleolated oocytes, suggesting that nucleolar loss, rather than micromanipulation-related damage to the genome, leads to a disorganization of higher-order chromatin structure in pronuclei and frequent chromosome mis-segregation during the first mitosis. Strikingly, expression of NPM2 alone sufficed to reconstitute the nucleolar structure in enucleolated embryos, and rescued their first mitotic division and full-term development. The nucleolus rescue through NPM2 required the pentamer formation and both the N- and C-terminal domains. Our findings demonstrate that the NPM2-based oocyte nucleolus is an essential platform for parental chromatin organization in early embryonic development.
Loss of β-PIX inhibits focal adhesion disassembly and promotes keratinocyte motility via myosin light chain activation
Authors: Hiroyasu Sho , Stimac Gregory P. , Hopkinson Susan B. , Jones Jonathan C. R.
Published: June 2017

During healing of the skin, the cytoskeleton of keratinocytes and their matrix adhesions, including focal adhesions (FAs), undergo reorganization. These changes are coordinated by small GTPases and their regulators, including the guanine nucleotide exchange factor β-PIX (also known as ARHGEF7). In fibroblasts, β-PIX activates small GTPases, thereby enhancing migration. In keratinocytes in vitro, β-PIX localizes to FAs. To study β-PIX functions, we generated β-PIX knockdown keratinocytes. During wound closure of β-PIX knockdown cell monolayers, disassembly of FAs is impaired, and their number and size are increased. In addition, in the β-PIX knockdown cells, phosphorylated myosin light chain (MLC; also known as MYL2) is present not only in the leading edge of cells at the wound front, but also in the cells following the front, while p21-activated kinase 2 (PAK2), a regulator of MLC kinase (MYLK), is mislocalized. Inhibition or depletion of MYLK restores FA distribution in β-PIX knockdown cells. Traction forces generated by β-PIX knockdown cells are increased relative to those in control cells, a result consistent with an unexpected enhancement in the migration of single β-PIX knockdown cells and monolayers of such cells. We propose that targeting β-PIX might be a means of promoting epithelialization of wounds in vivo.
Importin-β and CRM1 control a RANBP2 spatiotemporal switch essential for mitotic kinetochore function
Authors: Gilistro Eugenia , de Turris Valeria , Damizia Michela , Verrico Annalisa , Moroni Sara , De Santis Riccardo , Rosa Alessandro , Lavia Patrizia
Published: June 2017

Protein conjugation with small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO) is a post-translational modification that modulates protein interactions and localisation. RANBP2 is a large nucleoporin endowed with SUMO E3 ligase and SUMO-stabilising activity, and is implicated in some cancer types. RANBP2 is part of a larger complex, consisting of SUMO-modified RANGAP1, the GTP-hydrolysis activating factor for the GTPase RAN. During mitosis, the RANBP2–SUMO-RANGAP1 complex localises to the mitotic spindle and to kinetochores after microtubule attachment. Here, we address the mechanisms that regulate this localisation and how they affect kinetochore functions. Using proximity ligation assays, we find that nuclear transport receptors importin-β and CRM1 play essential roles in localising the RANBP2–SUMO-RANGAP1 complex away from, or at kinetochores, respectively. Using newly generated inducible cell lines, we show that overexpression of nuclear transport receptors affects the timing of RANBP2 localisation in opposite ways. Concomitantly, kinetochore functions are also affected, including the accumulation of SUMO-conjugated topoisomerase-IIα and stability of kinetochore fibres. These results delineate a novel mechanism through which nuclear transport receptors govern the functional state of kinetochores by regulating the timely deposition of RANBP2.
Limited distal organelles and synaptic function in extensive monoaminergic innervation
Authors: Tao Juan , Bulgari Dinara , Deitcher David L. , Levitan Edwin S.
Published: June 2017

Organelles such as neuropeptide-containing dense-core vesicles (DCVs) and mitochondria travel down axons to supply synaptic boutons. DCV distribution among en passant boutons in small axonal arbors is mediated by circulation with bidirectional capture. However, it is not known how organelles are distributed in extensive arbors associated with mammalian dopamine neuron vulnerability, and with volume transmission and neuromodulation by monoamines and neuropeptides. Therefore, we studied presynaptic organelle distribution in Drosophila octopamine neurons that innervate ∼20 muscles with ∼1500 boutons. Unlike in smaller arbors, distal boutons in these arbors contain fewer DCVs and mitochondria, although active zones are present. Absence of vesicle circulation is evident by proximal nascent DCV delivery, limited impact of retrograde transport and older distal DCVs. Traffic studies show that DCV axonal transport and synaptic capture are not scaled for extensive innervation, thus limiting distal delivery. Activity-induced synaptic endocytosis and synaptic neuropeptide release are also reduced distally. We propose that limits in organelle transport and synaptic capture compromise distal synapse maintenance and function in extensive axonal arbors, thereby affecting development, plasticity and vulnerability to neurodegenerative disease.
Disruption of Rab8a and Rab11a causes formation of basolateral microvilli in neonatal enteropathy
Authors: Feng Qiang , Bonder Edward M. , Engevik Amy C. , Zhang Lanjing , Tyska Matthew J. , Goldenring James R. , Gao Nan
Published: June 2017

Misplaced formation of microvilli to basolateral domains and intracellular inclusions in enterocytes are pathognomonic features in congenital enteropathy associated with mutation of the apical plasma membrane receptor syntaxin 3 (STX3). Although the demonstrated binding of Myo5b to the Rab8a and Rab11a small GTPases in vitro implicates cytoskeleton-dependent membrane sorting, the mechanisms underlying the microvillar location defect remain unclear. By selective or combinatory disruption of Rab8a and Rab11a membrane traffic in vivo, we demonstrate that transport of distinct cargo to the apical brush border rely on either individual or both Rab regulators, whereas certain basolateral cargos are redundantly transported by both factors. Enterocyte-specific Rab8a and Rab11a double-knockout mouse neonates showed immediate postnatal lethality and more severe enteropathy than single knockouts, with extensive formation of microvilli along basolateral surfaces. Notably, following an inducible Rab11a deletion from neonatal enterocytes, basolateral microvilli were induced within 3 days. These data identify a potentially important and distinct mechanism for a characteristic microvillus defect exhibited by enterocytes of patients with neonatal enteropathy.
Novel Black Organic Phase for Ultra Selective Retention by Surface Modification of Porous Silica
Authors: Noguchi Hiroki , Liu Tianhang , Nozato Shoji , Kuwahara Yutaka , Takafuji Makoto , Nagaoka Shoji , Ihara Hirotaka
Published: June 2017

This paper demonstrates that novel composites of porous silica with carbon-like black materials are different from conventional carbon black. The obtained black composites maintained high porosity of the base silica and exhibited extremely high molecular shape selectivity, especially for geometrical isomers.
Role of Cubic Siloxane Cages in Mesostructure Formation and Photoisomerization of Azobenzene–Siloxane Hybrid
Authors: Guo Sufang , Sasaki Jun , Tsujiuchi Shiho , Hara Shintaro , Wada Hiroaki , Kuroda Kazuyuki , Shimojima Atsushi
Published: June 2017

A mesostructured siloxane-based hybrid film is formed by the self-assembly of cubic, double-four-ring (D4R) siloxanes mono-functionalized with azobenzene. The azobenzene groups in the film exhibit reversible and a high degree of trans–cis isomerization upon UV–vis irradiation. The bulky D4R cages play an important role in both the formation of cylindrical assemblies and the improvement of the photoisomerization behavior as compared with conventional azobenzene–siloxane hybrid materials.
Two New Mycosporine-like Amino Acids LC-343 and Mycosporine-ethanolamine from the Micronesian Marine Sponge Lendenfeldia chondrodes
Authors: Oda Yuta , Zhang Quang , Matsunaga Satoko , Fujita Masaki J , Sakai Ryuichi
Published: June 2017

New mycosporine-like amino acids (MAA) LC-343 (1) and mycosporine-ethanolamine (2) along with known MAAs asterina-330 (3) and shinorine (4) were isolated from the Micronesian marine sponge Lendenfeldia chondrodes. The structures of 1 and 2 were determined on the basis of their spectroscopic and spectrometric data as well as chemical degradation. LC-343 (1) is the first MAA possessing N-methylated iminium substructure. Absorption maximum (λmax) for each 2, 3, 4, and 1 was 310, 330, 332, and 343, respectively.
Structural basis for ligand binding to the guanidine-II riboswitch
Authors: Reiss Caroline W. , Strobel Scott A.
Published: June 2017

The guanidine-II riboswitch, also known as mini-ykkC, is a conserved mRNA element with more than 800 examples in bacteria. It consists of two stem–loops capped by identical, conserved tetraloops that are separated by a linker region of variable length and sequence. Like the guanidine-I riboswitch, it controls the expression of guanidine carboxylases and SugE-like genes. The guanidine-II riboswitch specifically binds free guanidinium cations and functions as a translationally controlled on-switch. Here we report the structure of a P2 stem–loop from the Pseudomonas aeruginosa guanidine-II riboswitch aptamer bound to guanidine at 1.57 Å resolution. The hairpins dimerize via the conserved tetraloop, which also contains the binding pocket. Two guanidinium molecules bind near the dimerization interface, one in each tetraloop. The guanidinium cation is engaged in extensive hydrogen bonding to the RNA. Contacts include the Hoogsteen face of a guanine base and three nonbridging phosphate oxygens. Cation–π interactions and ionic interactions also stabilize ligand binding. The guanidine-II riboswitch utilizes the same recognition strategies as the guanidine-I riboswitch while adopting an entirely different and much smaller RNA fold.
Building your team
Authors: Armitage Ian
Published: June 2017

The role of the chair of governors and governing body in a school is vital. Ian Armitage looks at the attributes that effective boards – and effective chairs – need to succeed
Safeguarding: Are you covering all bases?
Authors: Frostick Helen
Published: June 2017

Creating and maintaining a culture of safety is a priority for all primary schools. National Leader of Education and headteacher Helen Frostick advises on preparing and embedding effective practices and satisfying Ofsted requirements
Treadmill training with additional body load: Effects on the gait of people with Parkinson's disease
Authors: Filippin Nadiesca , da Costa Paula Hentschel Lobo , Mattioli Rosana
Published: June 2017

Aim:

The aim of this study was to assess the effects of treadmill walking training with additional body load on the gait of people with moderate Parkinson's disease.

Methods:

Nine people with Parkinson's disease (Hoehn and Yahr Scale 2–3) and gait disturbance participated in this study. This study was an A1–B–A2 single-case. Phases A1 and A2 included 6 weeks of gait training on a treadmill with a 10% increase of normal body mass. Phase B included 6 weeks of conventional physical therapy (control condition). Measurements included ground reaction forces, spatiotemporal and kinematic variables during walking on the ground at baseline and after each phase.

Findings:

A significant increase in propulsive forces, stride length, speed, and maximum hip extension during stance were observed after the training programme. No changes in joint range of motion of ankle, knee, and hip were observed.

Conclusions:

Treadmill training with additional body load was associated with an improvement in important variables for the maintenance of a functional gait, and it is a promising alternative to optimise the rehabilitation process together with conventional physical therapy. However, further studies are needed.
New insights on incontinence-associated dermatitis
Authors: Voegeli David
Published: June 2017

David Voegeli explores the current thinking on IAD and the implications for nursing practice
Contraception for teenagers: accessible sexual health advice
Authors: Kelsey Sally
Published: June 2017

With changes to trends in sexual activity in people aged 16 and under, primary care nurses have a duty to provide appropriate contraceptive advice. Sally Kelsey discusses the practical and ethical considerations of the subject

Young people are beginning sexual activity at an increasingly young age with many having their first sexual experience before the age of 16. It is important to provide contraception and sexual health services which young people find safe and accessible. Although no method of contraception is contraindicated on grounds of age alone, specific factors may influence acceptability, choice and continuation of method. Young people can be at risk of sexual exploitation and violence and practitioners should be confident in assessing young people for signs of this. Confidentiality is an important issue and should be always be maintained, unless there is reason to believe the young person is at risk of significant harm.
Beyond the bladder: holistic care for urinary incontinence
Authors: Nazarko Linda
Published: June 2017

Treating urinary incontinence with sensitivity can be vital in assisting patients to cope with a distressing and often embarassing problem. Linda Nazarko explains the condition and looks at ways in which practice nurses can help patients with incontinence maintain quality of life
Research Roundup
Authors: Winter George
Published: June 2017

George Winter provides an overview of recently published articles that may be of interest to practice nurses. Should you wish to look at any of the papers in more detail, a full reference is provided.
Concern that schools are not preparing for new data rules
Authors: Henshaw Pete
Published: June 2017

The General Data Protection Regulations are ‘biggest change in 25 years’ but only a fifth of schools aware of May 2018 deadline
The Centre for Inspiring Minds
Authors: Lepkowska Dorothy
Published: June 2017

The teacher-led research work at ACS International Schools is supported by their very own Centre for Inspiring Minds. Dorothy Lepkowska finds out more
Validation of static and dynamic radiostereometric analysis of the knee joint using bone models from CT data
Authors: Stentz-Olesen K. , Nielsen E. T. , De Raedt S. , Jørgensen P. B. , Sørensen O. G. , Kaptein B. L. , Andersen M. S. , Stilling M.
Published: June 2017

Objectives

Static radiostereometric analysis (RSA) using implanted markers is considered the most accurate system for the evaluation of prosthesis migration. By using CT bone models instead of markers, combined with a dynamic RSA system, a non-invasive measurement of joint movement is enabled. This method is more accurate than current 3D skin marker-based tracking systems. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of the CT model method for measuring knee joint kinematics in static and dynamic RSA using the marker method as the benchmark.

Methods

Bone models were created from CT scans, and tantalum beads were implanted into the tibia and femur of eight human cadaver knees. Each specimen was secured in a fixture, static and dynamic stereoradiographs were recorded, and the bone models and marker models were fitted to the stereoradiographs.

Results

Results showed a mean difference between the two methods in all six degrees of freedom for static RSA to be within -0.10 mm/° and 0.08 mm/° with a 95% limit of agreement (LoA) ranging from ± 0.49 to 1.26. Dynamic RSA had a slightly larger range in mean difference of -0.23 mm/° to 0.16 mm/° with LoA ranging from ± 0.75 to 1.50.

Conclusions

In a laboratory-controlled setting, the CT model method combined with dynamic RSA may be an alternative to previous marker-based methods for kinematic analyses. Cite this article: K. Stentz-Olesen, E. T. Nielsen, S. De Raedt, P. B. Jørgensen, O. G. Sørensen, B. L. Kaptein, M. S. Andersen, M. Stilling. Validation of static and dynamic radiostereometric analysis of the knee joint using bone models from CT data. Bone Joint Res 2017;6:376–384. DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.66.BJR-2016-0113.R3.
In vivo and clinical application of strontium-enriched biomaterials for bone regeneration
Authors: Neves N. , Linhares D. , Costa G. , Ribeiro C. C. , Barbosa M. A.
Published: June 2017

Objectives

This systematic review aimed to assess the in vivo and clinical effect of strontium (Sr)-enriched biomaterials in bone formation and/or remodelling.

Methods

A systematic search was performed in Pubmed, followed by a two-step selection process. We included in vivo original studies on Sr-containing biomaterials used for bone support or regeneration, comparing at least two groups that only differ in Sr addition in the experimental group.

Results

A total of 572 references were retrieved and 27 were included. Animal models were used in 26 articles, and one article described a human study. Osteoporotic models were included in 11 papers. All articles showed similar or increased effect of Sr in bone formation and/or regeneration, in both healthy and osteoporotic models. No study found a decreased effect. Adverse effects were assessed in 17 articles, 13 on local and four on systemic adverse effects. From these, only one reported a systemic impact from Sr addition. Data on gene and/or protein expression were available from seven studies.

Conclusions

This review showed the safety and effectiveness of Sr-enriched biomaterials for stimulating bone formation and remodelling in animal models. The effect seems to increase over time and is impacted by the concentration used. However, included studies present a wide range of study methods. Future work should focus on consistent models and guidelines when developing a future clinical application of this element. Cite this article: N. Neves, D. Linhares, G. Costa, C. C. Ribeiro, M. A. Barbosa. In vivo and clinical application of strontium-enriched biomaterials for bone regeneration: A systematic review. Bone Joint Res 2017;6:366–375. DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.66.BJR-2016-0311.R1.
The EU and international dispute settlement
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Dr Jur, Dr Jur hc, Dr PolSc hc; Judge at the European Court of Justice (since 2002); Senior Fellow of the University of Turku; Fellow of the Robert Schuman Institute for European Affairs, University of Luxembourg; Visiting Professor, College of Europe and University of Helsinki. Email: Allan.Rosas@curia.europa.eu. The author wishes to thank Mr Samuel Buyoya, LLB (Hons), LLM (Bruges), barrister, former trainee in his Chambers, for his much appreciated assistance.
Authors: Rosas Allan
Published: June 2017

This article focuses on recent developments with regard to the mechanisms for international dispute settlement which the EU has accepted or in some instances promoted, or which in any case are of direct relevance for the EU. As a preliminary question, the case law of the European Court of Justice concerning the compatibility of international dispute settlement mechanisms will be analysed. The article then provides an overview of such mechanisms included in multilateral and bilateral agreements concluded by the EU, with a particular emphasis on recent bilateral trade and cooperation agreements. The last parts of the article look at specific institutional problems such as the question of the representation of the EU before international dispute settlement mechanisms, and the special challenges posed by investment disputes and, in this context, investor-to-state dispute settlement (ISDS), including ISDS mechanisms in bilateral investment agreements concluded between the EU Member States.
Development of compressed meat based bar using response surface methodology
Authors: Jayathilakan K. , Ahirwar Rajkumar , Sultana Khudsia , Pandey M. C.
Published: June 2017

Studies were carried out to optimize the percentage of ingredients for the development of ready to eat mutton bar. Central composite rotatable design of response surface methodology (RSM) was used for designing the experimental combinations. Matrix for compression was designed by selecting factors like mutton powder, binders and applied pressure. Protein percentage, hardness and over all acceptability (OAA) were taken as responses. OAA and hardness showed highly significant and fitted with quadratic model whereas other response i.e. protein levels found to be significant and fitted with linear model. From the design of experiments 45g/100g of mutton powder with 5g/100g binders having an applied pressure of 142 kg/cm2 yielded a bar having a protein percentage of 35g/100g with a hardness of 20.9 N with an overall acceptability score of 8.6 ±0.2 on a 9 point hedonic scale. The product gives energy of 393 kcal per 100 g.
Enhancing properties of polyvinyl alcohol film using sorghum starch nanocrystals – A cost effective filler from natural source
Authors: Kumar S. Vasantha , Sajeevkumar V. A. , George Johnsy , Kumar Sunny
Published: June 2017

Poly Vinyl Alcohol (PVA) nanocomposite films with Sorghum Starch Nanocrystals (SSN) were prepared by incorporating various concentrations of SSN in PVA.  SSN was isolated using acid hydrolysis of sorghum starch.  The morphological studies of SSN using Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) revealed that the particle size varied from 65 to 68 nm.  The mechanical properties of PVA-SSN nanocomposite films indicated an improvement in tensile strength and percentage elongation at break when compared to that of PVA films.  This can be attributed to the stronger interaction of PVA with SSN due to hydrogen bonding.  Besides this, PVA-SSN nanocomposite films also exhibited good thermal properties.  Thus, the use of SSN (a cost effective filler from natural source) imparted superior properties to the PVA nanocomposite films, which will be beneficial for applications such as food packaging. 
Integrating Non-linear and Linear Diffusion Techniques to Prevent Fault Attacks in Advanced Encryption Standard to Enhance Security of 4G-LTE Networks
Authors: Mathi Senthil Kumar , Kalyaan Pavittra , S. Kanimozhi , S. Bhuvaneshwari
Published: June 2017

Long term evolution based fourth generation (4G) mobile technology has provided a platform for fast and efficient wireless communication. The advanced encryption standard (AES) is one of the three cryptographic algorithms used in 4G networks for encryption of sensitive data. In spite of offering high immunity, AES is still vulnerable to few attacks. This weakness in AES algorithm makes 4G susceptible to several security issues. This paper specifically focuses on fault attacks performed on AES. A fault induced in any one of the rounds of AES helps the attacker to derive information about the secret key. In this manner, these fault attacks pose a serious threat to wireless mobile communication as he or she may gain access to any network that is encrypted with AES. In earlier works, various countermeasures have been suggested to prevent them. However, each of these preventive measures has their own limitations and vulnerabilities. This paper proposes an enhanced method of preventing fault attacks in AES by incorporating a combination of non-linear and linear diffusion techniques. This method identifies if a fault has been injected and diffuses the fault well into the matrix, providing no information about the secret key to the attacker. The performance evaluation proves that the proposed prevention method outperforms the others in terms of time, cost and efficiency.