bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
De cerca medieval islámica a frente abaluartado: génesis y evolución del Frente de Tierra de Ceuta
Authors: Villada Paredes Fernando
Published: May 2020

From Medieval Islamic Wall to Bastioned Land Front: Genesis and evolution of the Land Front of CeutaCeuta is built on a peninsula at the southern shore of the Strait of Gibraltar. It’s a strategic point for communications between the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean and between two continents: Europe and Africa. As Ceuta ships rule the Gibraltar Strait in Medieval and Modern Ages, main defensive efforts were tuned of to Land Front. Consequently, in 950 ‘Abd al-Rahman III built a new fence in order to protect the madina reusing Roman and Byzantine fortifications. Although repaired and enlarged by Almohads, Marinids, and Portuguese, these walls and towers protected the Land Front of Ceuta until the sixteenth century. But, at this moment, pirobalistic artillery development had made this defensive device obsolete and a new bastioned front, an early and outstanding example of the new Renaissance ideas for the defense of the cities, was built. Archival documents, cartographic sources, etc., let us follow the main lines of this evolution. Recently, an archaeological research project has added new data on how this evolution, from Medieval to Renaissance fortifications, took place.
La trasformazione dell’impianto fortificato della città di Nola tra Quattrocento e Cinquecento
Authors: Mollo Giuseppe , Piccolo Giuseppe
Published: May 2020

The transformation of the walls in the city of Nola between the fifteenth and sixteenth centuriesThe study relating to the town walls of Nola (a city near Naples) is one of the most interesting among those about the Neapolitan military architecture between the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. The building phases of the defensive walls allow us to retrace two main moments of the Renaissance military architecture. It is to say, from the original and most ancient example of a puntoni struts fortifications, about which we can relate thanks to the precious and detailed Ambrogio Leone de Nola’s description made at the beginning of 1500, to the renewed defensive rampart body designed by el comendador Luis Escrivà during the Toledian period. A thorough recon of the iconographic sources, the regarding of the specialistic historiography, the contemporary theoretical assumptions and, most of all, a thorough recon of the still visible traces in the urban fabric and those emerged during the recent archeological investigations enable us to propose a structured theory about the building of the walls of Nola.
Le torri “tipiche del regno” in Terra d’Otranto: caratteri morfologici e differenze costruttive
Authors: Errico Fernando
Published: May 2020

The “typical towers of the kingdom” in Terra d’Otranto: characteristics and constructive differencesTo those who travel through Puglia from the Gargano down to Capo di Leuca and from here to the Bradano, it impossible not to appreciate the variety of the coastal landscape that is characterized, from north to south, by the almost constant presence of fortifications. In particular, this presence becomes more concentrated and more perceptible in Terra d’Otranto, where the coastal cities are reduced to only the fortified strongholds –Brindisi, Otranto, Gallipoli and Taranto– while the landscape is characterized by the persistence of traces of over 80 towers. However, they cannot all be traced back to the same age and present themselves with different dimensions, materials and construction techniques. These differences are attributable to not only factors concerning when they were constructed, but above all related to the coastal orography where they are located as well as to the availability and ease of finding materials. In Terra d’Otranto there are five different types: a polygonal plan; “A priest’s hat”, circular towers, some of which are known as “towers of the Otranto series”, quadrangular-based towers with monumental stairs identified as towers of the “Nardò series” and, the most numerous, quadrangular-based towers noted as “typical of the Kingdom” towers. The latter, in particular, are recognizable by the formal and constructive styles adopted not only in the census towers in Terra d’Otranto and/or in the rest of Puglia, but on all the Mediterranean coasts affected by the general fortification plan ordered by Carlo V implemented by the Viceroy Don Parafan de Ribera, Duke of Alcalá. The proposed study intends to elaborate on the morphological characteristics and the constructive differences of this widely diffused typology and in particular to investigate the peculiarities of the “typical of the Kingdom” towers present along the coasts of Terra d’Otranto, the problems of conservation and use, as well as the relationship with the inland organisms and the role played in defining the landscape.
Il paesaggio archeologico del castello di Nucetto (Piemonte, Italia): una possibile conservazione
Authors: Tartaglino Elisa
Published: May 2020

The archaeological landscape of Nucetto’s Castle (Piedmont, Italy): a possible conservationEach fortified architecture has its own specificities thanks to which defend the territory, it is usually part of garrison systems and has always been a protagonist of the events of the place where it was built. Through this reading can be interpreted the ruins of the Castle of Nucetto (CN, Italy), which insist on the land of Alta Valle Tanaro –mostly located on the south-east portion of Cuneo’s territory and in a little part of Savona’s one– as real landmark visible from the historical road axis of the valley. The castle’s ruins became part of the consolidated image of the landscape thanks to the union they generated with the context giving rise to a recognizable landscape. The castle is part of a wider defensive system intimately linked to the history of the Marquisate of Ceva. Despite the still uncertain reliability of the documents available, the original structure can be dated at the eleventh century. The presence of bands of hanging arches that run along some elevated of the structure allow to hypothesize and recognize a first foundational nucleus while some traces of frescoes rise to appreciable particularities during the visit. The tower, whose base is in brick, but the top part is curiously in stone, is today the best preserved. The paper aims to analyze the fortification –made with different materials– to understand the extent of the historical stratifications found in the presence of at least two expansions dating from the thirteenth and fifteenth centuries, up to the nineteenth-century destruction wanted by Napoleon. It is also the author’s will to propose some suggestions for a possible conservation, starting with an analysis of the state of today's storage (outcome of very limited consolidation interventions operated twenty years ago) to arrive at its insertion in more valuation circuits wide.
Rappresentare l’architettura fortificata per narrare e valorizzare il territorio della frontiera alessandrina
Authors: Marotta Anna , Cirillo Vincenzo , Rabino Claudio , Zerlenga Ornella
Published: May 2020

Representing fortified architecture to narrate and enhance the Alexandrian territory borderThe Piemonte cultural territory is also characterized by the significant presence of complex defensive systems, grouped by types and orographic configuration. Specifically,this paper will address asystematic and unitary re-reading of the territory of the Alessandria area, which includes: the sixteenth-century Cittadella di Casale, of the Gonzagas; the Citadel of Alexandria (1732), by Giulio Ignazio Bertola; Valenza and its fortifications (from the “Spanish” period with interventions by Gaspare Beretta, also interested in the fort / Castello Tortona); that of Gavi (restored “in the modern” by Gaspare Maculano known as Fiorenzuola, the friar who condemned Galileo). Following thirty years international research, the objectives of the work are twofold: the first aims to physically connect in this system a “network” of thematically dedicated tourist itineraries, through documentary paths that reconstruct historical events, construction phases and transformation, (in similitude with the ECCOFORT project, in the province of Verona). Following other works, by the authors already dedicated to the Alexandrian, through the advanced 3D modeling (like the one carried out in the reconstruction of the fort of Gavi) the second objective of the present contribution will follow the same restoring and reconstructive procedure. Through digitalized anastylosis, even dynamized, the Castle of Tortona will be rebuilt on the basis –among other things– of the conspicuous documentation (dated 1799, the year of the Napoleonic siege, followed by demolition, in 1801) found at the Osterreichisches Staatsarchiv, Kriegsarchiv of Vienna. The critical reconstruction is now made possible thanks to the precious wealth of knowledge, matured over the decades by Marotta, Zerlenga, Abello: with (indexed) data, including metrics, graphics and visual returns. Drawing between real and virtual, it will be possible to reconnect individual episodes, comparable and critically selected information, by means of congruently connected interventions, both physically and digitally. Finally, in a project of knowledge, conservation and valorisation, the “local” dimension dialogues and integrates with the European dimension.
La Torre di San Francesco a Palmi nelle vedute di Edward Cheney del 1823: immagini di un baluardo scomparso del sistema difensivo vicereale della Calabria Ultra
Authors: Caniglia Maria Rossana
Published: May 2020

The Tower of San Francesco in Palmi in the views of Edward Cheney of 1823: images of a disappeared bulwark of the viceregal defensive system of Calabria UltraTo oppose the phenomenon of waves of Turks threatening the most exposed areas of the Kingdom of Naples, the viceregal government ordered from 1535 the construction of a continuous and articulated chain of defensive coastal towers. In Calabria, on behalf of the Viceroy Pedro di Toledo, the Marquis Francesco Pignatelli developed a project to identify the most suitable and strategic sites where to build the towers along the Tyrrhenian and Ionian coasts. This network included 69 towers in Calabria Ultra and 33 in Calabria Citra, clearly visible from each other at a maximum distance of six thousand steps. Most of these towers have lost their original function over time, and after the taking of Algiers in 1830, some were used as customs posts or torri semaforiche, and then be permanently abandoned. Today almost all of them are ruins. The cartographic sources and above all the iconographic ones, testify the importance of this defensive system of towers suspended between the land and the sea and arranged one after the other, real sentinels of the Mediterranean. On this occasion, the focus is on the Tower of San Francesco, was probably built in 1565, in Capo Barbi in Palmi,  along the Tyrrhenian side between Reggio Calabria and Capo Vaticano. The bulwark was destroyed in 1956. The Tower of San Francesco, as evidenced by historical cartography and the views of Antonio Minasi in 1779 and Richard Keppel Craven in 1821, was portrayed in three drawings made by Edward Cheney during his travel to Calabria in May 1823. These views identify the characteristics of the architectural typology of the tower and the relationships with the town of Palmi; to relate it to the coastal towers of Pietre Nere (Taureana) and Capo Rocchi (Bagnara); and finally to the landscape of the Costa Viola up to the Strait of Messina.
The Castle of Paraggi and its “double life”: evolutions and metamorphosis of a “suspended” architecture
Authors: Falcidieno Maria Linda , Ruggiero Maria Elisabetta
Published: May 2020

Eastern Liguria, a sometimes harsh and inhospitable place, encompasses some of the most beautiful landscape realities of the region, thanks to the presence of the sea and of an unexpected scenery. In some cases, land and water are connected, clearly showing the challenges that Man had to face in order to dominate Nature. In these cases, these forms of anthropization can turn their constraints into potentials. In this context, in a gulf such as the one between Rapallo and Portofino, outposts arose as observers to protect the neighboring territory, characterized by docks and, consequently, a suitable area for trade and for pirate incursions. For these reasons, military-style architectural structures arose, both defensive and of sighting, depending on the building site, then, in the sixteenth century coordinated and transformed into a real defensive system, by the will of the Republic of Genoa. Here, then, we can find the castle of Rapallo, the tower of Saint Michael of Pagana, the Castle of Santa Margherita, the Castle of Paraggi and finally that of Portofino, each one with its own identity and events, but connectable to the others, if only for the territorial belonging to an extremely particular site as for organicity and homogeneity. This is what the study of the Castle of Paraggi underlines, as it was built on the cliff overlooking the sea that has enjoyed a “double life” based on highlighting the latent diametrically opposed potential: born for the defense of the land from sea incursions, later on it was converted into a residence, conceptually transforming its position from a dominating into a reserved one, from an outpost on the sea clearly visible, to a place hidden on the land, from public to private. Over the centuries, the change in the function and life of the castle, has therefore been introducing changes to the facies and the composition of its appearance through the different stages of its evolution.
L’uso della toponomastica come indicatore di insediamenti e strutture fortificate: il caso toscano
Authors: Berti Camillo , Grava Massimiliano
Published: May 2020

The use of toponymy as an indicator of settlements and fortified structures: the Tuscan caseThe purpose of this contribution is to analyze the spatial distribution of the place names referred to the Tuscan territory, to fortified structures and settlements, through the study of the place names recorded geodatabase RE.TO.RE. (Regional Toponymic Repertory) created by the Tuscany Region with the scientific contribution of the Universities of Pisa, Florence and Siena. The Tuscan toponyms has been the object of both a synchronic study within each of the cartographic sources that make up the geographical database, and a diachronic analysis between the temporal thresholds in which the archive is articulated. The database, extrapolated from cartographic supports, in fact covers a time span between the first decades of the nineteenth century (nineteenth century land registries) and the most recent information series produced in the regional context (Carta Tecnica Regionale). In the contribution, the place names related in various ways to different types of structures and fortified settlements, such as castle, fort, tower, fortress, has been analyzed both in relation to the distribution and spatial aspects, and in reference to their evolutionary dynamics (persistence, disappearance, transformation), with the aim of identifying possible relationships between the territory and the distribution in time and space of the different types of fortifications. From a methodological point of view, the study has been carried out, in addition to the traditional tools of the topomastic survey, especially taking advantage of the potential of spatial analysis functions typical of geographical information systems.
Il castello di Tutino (Le): una lettura storico-architettonica per la conoscenza del patrimonio pugliese
Authors: Ponzetta Alessandra
Published: May 2020

The castle of Tutino (Le): a case study on knowledge of the Apulian heritageThis study aims to investigate the relationship between a castle located in the Apulian region (Southeastern Italy) and its historical and territorial background. The subject of the research deals with a multi-layered monumental complex located in the lower Salento, in the territory of the town of Tricase, which includes five castles. This currently presents itself as an irregularly shaped fence marked by five towers, whose original structure dates back to at least the fifteenth century. In particular, on one side of the castle a baronial palace was built by the Trani family in the eighties of the sixteenth century. As far as it concerns the history of the entire complex it should be noticed that it has undergone various enlargements and modifications due to changes of its property and use. This process is both documented at the archival-bibliographic level, and experienced by the analysis of the masonry stratigraphy, thanks to which it has been possible to identify the various stages of the historical-constructive development of the castle. In conclusion, the analysis carried out intends to clarify how the historical dynamics occurred in the region of Apulia influenced the final stage of the castle of Tutino; to this end it will be considered the evolution of constructive techniques and perspectives belonging to the local tradition, in order to demonstrate the impact on the features of this castle.
Digital documentation of fortified urban routes in Pavia (Italy): territorial databases and structural models for the preservation of military ruins
Authors: De Marco Raffaella , Galasso Francesca , Malusardi Chiara
Published: May 2020

The analysis of the fortified routes in the city of Pavia (Italy) clarifies the adaptation of the medieval capital in the historical politics of the Mediterranean, where the evolution of the defensive system till the Spanish bastioned walls (sixteenth century) identifies the updating of the Lombard tradition to the practices of modern military architecture. Their defensive structures survive in the urban design of the contemporary city, in the configuration of infrastructures and urban aggregates, reflecting the consequences of the great processes of their dismantling (from 1905). The comparison between historical investigations and the current ruins, fragmented into disconnected portions between the historical bastions and the monumental gates, shows a picture of abandonment of the military structures that generates repeated collapses and emerging risk factors towards the surrounding densified urban context. The experimentation of military architectural approaches of documentation at the urban scale, developed by the research laboratory DAda Lab. of University of Pavia, defines an analysis process through the digital representation of the urban remains that is suitable for the preservation of the survived city walls and the enhancement of their fortified identity. The application of different 3D LiDAR systems for morphological acquisition promotes an integrated digitation process of scansets on the fortified system controlled at the urban metric scale: the experimentation applies the use of a mobile real time scanner for the digital tracking of historical routes, on which to implement the georeferencing of detailed static scanworlds, integrated in correspondence of Bastions and Monumental Gates. The optimization of architectural data density and the integration between data contribute to finalize a 3D territorial database predisposed to the architectural modelling of volumes and scenarios of structural instability of the military ruins, defining a virtual framework of widespread knowledge for the historical conservation and urban prevention of the fortified system.
Torri difensive e territori fluviali: architetture d’acque nel bacino del fiume Zhujiang, Guangdong
Authors: Ficarelli Loredana , Vacca Valentina
Published: May 2020

Defensive towers and river territories: water architecture in the Zhujiang river basin, GuangdongThe contribution intends to provide a reading and an in-depth study of the defensive heritage located in the Zhujiang river basin and its delta in Guangdong, China. The paper focuses on the case of diaolou, defensive towers already listed as UNESCO since 2007, built from the sixteenth century until the first half of the twentieth century in Kaiping country. These buildings show an interesting mixture of some local models and typologies and specific characters and styles borrowed from western examples. The research takes as a privileged point of view the relationships that these settlement systems forge with the hydrographic resource, which generates a territorial groove that determines the morphology of the territory and constitutes a historical vehicle of crossings. The arrangement of the fortified towers with respect to the river line is influenced by centripetal and centrifugal actions aimed at responding to defensive needs in the geography of this territory. The heritage of the diaolou seems to respond to two types of defensive demands: one linked to historical facts and the frequent bandit raids that took place in the Guangdong area in the nineteenth century; the other connected to geographical and hydraulic data, as the protection from the phenomenon of inundation and the consequent placement of the towers in the floodplain of the Zhujiang river. The course of the river gets in shape through the architectural technique, in the construction of towers and defensive works and, in the same way, some aspects of the design of this territory are defined through the description of the forms of the river. Architecture, hydraulic engineering and geography work together in defining the form of the settlement and invest the scale of the buildings, generating specific architectural types and morphological characters suitable for responding to the problem of water control, conservation and distribution.
Rilievo digitale delle fortificazioni di Piombino
Authors: Bertocci Stefano , Bigongiari Matteo
Published: May 2020

Digital survey of the fortifications in PiombinoThis paper deals with the documentation and digital survey of fortifications in the historic city of Piombino. During the Renaissance the fortified perimeter of the city was considerably enlarged, both because of the will of the Lords of Piombino, the Appiani, to build a fortified citadel, deeming the previous urban palace inadequate for the ruling family, and to improve the defenses by land with the construction of a rivellino in front of the north door and of a fortress to the east. The defenses, conquered by Valentino’s troops in 1502, were redesigned by Leonardo da Vinci, as documented in the pages of Code II of Madrid, which contains drawings and calculations for the construction of the works. The present project, started in April 2018, plans to carry out an accurate digital survey of fortifications, in order to provide the basis for graphic documentation on which to base further cognitive investigations, from archaeological ones to diagnostic ones. The survey operations were carried out with today’s digital technologies, laser scanners and cameras, creating reliable point clouds and three-dimensional models mapped with texture, from which to extract 2D drawings. The study of the sources, of the texts of Leonardo’s scholars and accurate archaeological investigations will provide the opportunity to further analyze Leonardo’s intervention on the still existing structures.
Atlante dei siti fortificati della provincia di Viterbo, Italia (X-XV secolo). Fonti e metodi per la ricostruzione della rete insediativa bassomedievale
Authors: Toscano Maurizio , Romagnoli Giuseppe
Published: May 2020

Atlas of fortified settlements in the province of Viterbo, Italy (tenth-fifteenth centuries). Sources and methods for the reconstruction of the late-medieval settlement networkThis study addressed the historical phenomenon known as incastellamento, in the area of the current province of Viterbo, from a quantitative and geographical perspective. The time period considered was the tenth-fifteenth century. The paper describes the documentary sources, historical maps, aerial images, past studies and archaeological sources that are available to researchers, and which have been used, in good measure, to reconstruct the fortified settlement network. Moreover, the paper explains the methodologies used to identify, store and geocode the whole dataset, which so far comes to a total of 191 fortified settlements. In conclusion, we discuss the main characteristics of the online atlas, intended as an open and interoperable platform to consult, query and retrieve information from the dataset of late-medieval fortified settlements.
Castle Garth in Newcastle (UK): processes of transformation, integration and discharge of a fortified complex in an urban context
Authors: Novelli Francesco
Published: May 2020

Castle Garth is the name of the fortified area once enclosed within the castle walls. In the fifteenth century Newcastle became a county in its own right, however, the Garth, being within the castle walls, remained part of the County of Northumberland. The Great Hall, a building separate from the Castle Fortress (the “Keep”), which in later years became known as the “Old Moot Hall”, was used by courts that sat at regular intervals in every county of England and Wales. The Fortress then became a prison for the County and was used as such until the early nineteenth century. Beginning in the fifteenth century, unlicensed traders, taking advantage of the fact that the city authorities had no jurisdiction over the Garth area, settled there with their commercial activities. From the time of Charles II (1630-1685), the area then became famous for its tailors and shoemakers, who grew particularly abundantly on the path known as “Castle Stairs”. In 1619 the fortified complex was rented by James I to the courtier Alexander Stephenson, who allowed the civilian houses to be built inside the castle walls. After the civil war, new houses were added until, towards the end of the eighteenth century, Castle Garth had become a distinct and densely populated community, with a theater, public houses and lodgings. The main urban transformations were started in the early nineteenth century with the construction of the new Moot Hall called County Court. From 1847 to 1849 the fortified enclosure was partially compromised by further intersections with the infrastructure for the construction of the railway viaduct, thus interrupting direct access from the Castle guarding the Black Gate. Despite the development of the contemporary city has affected the preservation of the ancient fortified palimpsest, a strong consolidated link is still maintained by the sedimentation of values ​​of material and immaterial culture. The proposed contribution intends to present this process of integration between fortified structure and city highlighting today the state of the art, the conservation, restoration and enhancement initiatives undertaken in the last forty years.
El ḥiṣn de Almansa (Albacete): fortificaciones y poblamiento
Authors: Jiménez Castillo Pedro , Simón García José Luis
Published: May 2020

The ḥiṣn Almansa: fortifications and settlementsBecause of its spectacular location and its good state of conservation, the image of the castle of Almansa has been widely reproduced in publications of informative and even tourist purpose. The building is the result of construction, remodeling, plundering, demolition, blasting and restoration processes, carried out over more than eight centuries, although the current aspect is essentially that of the castle remodeled by Don Juan Pacheco, Marquis of Villena, in the fifteenth century, that camouflage or suppress those made previously, whether taifa, almohad or feudal. In this paper we are interested in the castle (ḥiṣn) of Almansa in Islamic times, but not strictly from the architectural point of view but its history as a central element that organized an administrative district or iqlīm. In this sense, Almansa offers very relevant research possibilities, because we know exactly the delimitation of its district in almohad times thanks to the Castilian documentation after the conquest, we have some data from the Arabic texts and, above all, we have of a very detailed archaeological information from intensive field surveys. Therefore, we will study the different types of castral buildings, fortresses and towers, as well as settlements –farmhouses, hamlets and shelters– in order to get information about the evolution of the modes of occupation and exploitation of the territory between the eleventh and thirteenth centuries, which will be modified throughout the feudal period, becoming a rare case in the scientific literature to date.
El castillo de San Luis (Estepona Málaga): Origen y evolución de una fortificación abaluartada. Siglos XVI-XXI
Authors: Navarro Luengo Ildefonso , Suárez Bedmar Adrián , Martín Parrado Pedro
Published: May 2020

The castle of San Luis (Estepona Málaga): Origin and evolution of a bastion fort. Sixteenth to twenty-first centuriesThe results of the investigation prior to the excavation work in the Castle of San Luis, in Estepona (Málaga, Spain) are presented. It is a coastal fortress built in the last quarter of the sixteenth century, in the context of the reorganisation of the defense of the western coast of Malaga after the Moorish rebellion of 1568. After analysing the available literature, we propose that it was designed by the Engineer Juan Ambrosio Malgrá, Maestro Mayor de obras del Reino de Granada. The Castle of San Luis is devised as an add-on construction on the southern front of the walls of Islamic origin, dominating the natural anchorage of the Rada beach. Its most prominent elements are three bastions, two of them with casemates, and a large main square. However, various defects in the design and execution of the works, added to the insufficient provision of artillery and garrison, affected the effectiveness of the fortification throughout its history. In the middle of the eighteenth century, part of the Castle of San Luis is restructured as a cannons’ battery. Following the damage caused by the Lisbon Earthquake, in 1755, and by the French and English blastings in 1812, during the second half of the nineteenth century much of the castle disappears, leaving only the cannons’ battery, which is incorporated as a courtyard in height as an add-on to a house built at the end of the nineteenth century. At present, after several decades of abandonment, excavation works have been undertaken on the remains of the battery, after which the site will be prepared to be used as a museum.
Elementos transversais para a aprendizagem da geometria nos anos iniciais do Ensino Fundamental: uma proposta de currículo possível
Authors: Hillesheim Selma Felisbino , Moretti Méricles Thadeu
Published: May 2020

A aprendizagem da geometria destaca-se pelas suas dificuldades específicas, pois o ato de ver uma figura exige um custo cognitivo mais complexo do que o simples reconhecimento das formas. Pensando nessa problemática, apresenta-se neste trabalho uma concepção de currículo para a geometria nos anos iniciais do ensino fundamental. Trata-se de uma pesquisa de cunho qualitativo do tipo análise documental. A partir dos estudos de Duval, apontou-se alguns “Elementos transversais para a aprendizagem da geometria” para esse nível de ensino: as mudanças de dimensão, as apreensões e os olhares em geometria. Estima-se que a aprendizagem da geometria e o desenvolvimento do olhar nesse nível de ensino podem estar ancorados nesses elementos transversais, responsáveis tanto pela produção de sistemas semióticos como pela condução a esse tipo específico de aprendizagem.
Comparison of eddy covariance CO2 and CH4 fluxes from mined and recently rewetted sections in a northwestern German cutover bog
Authors: Holl David , Pfeiffer Eva-Maria , Kutzbach Lars
Published: May 2020

Abstract. With respect to their role in the global carbon cycle, natural peatlands are characterized by their ability to sequester atmospheric carbon. This trait is strongly connected to the water regime of these ecosystems. Large parts of the soil profile in natural peatlands are water saturated, leading to anoxic conditions and to a diminished decomposition of plant litter. In functioning peatlands, the rate of carbon fixation by plant photosynthesis is larger than the decomposition rate of dead organic material. Over time, the amount of carbon that remains in the soil and is not converted back to carbon dioxide grows. Land use of peatlands often goes along with water level manipulations and thereby with alterations of carbon flux dynamics. In this study, carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) flux measurements from a bog site in northwestern Germany that has been heavily degraded by peat mining are presented. Two contrasting types of management have been implemented at the site: (1) drainage during ongoing peat harvesting on one half of the central bog area and (2) rewetting on the other half that had been taken out of use shortly before measurements commenced. The presented 2-year data set was collected with an eddy covariance (EC) system set up on a central railroad dam that divides the two halves of the (former) peat harvesting area. We used footprint analysis to split the obtained CO2 and CH4 flux time series into data characterizing the gas exchange dynamics of both contrasting land use types individually. The time series gaps resulting from data division were filled using the response of artificial neural networks (ANNs) to environmental variables, footprint variability, and fuzzy transformations of seasonal and diurnal cyclicity. We used the gap-filled gas flux time series from 2 consecutive years to evaluate the impact of rewetting on the annual vertical carbon balances of the cutover bog. Rewetting had a considerable effect on the annual carbon fluxes and led to increased CH4 and decreased CO2 release. The larger relative difference between cumulative CO2 fluxes from the rewetted (13±6 mol m−2 a−1) and drained (22±7 mol m−2 a−1) section occurred in the second observed year when rewetting apparently reduced CO2 emissions by 40 %. The absolute difference in annual CH4 flux sums was more similar between both years, while the relative difference of CH4 release between the rewetted (0.83±0.15 mol m−2 a−1) and drained (0.45±0.11 mol m−2 a−1) section was larger in the first observed year, indicating a maximum increase in annual CH4 release of 84 % caused by rewetting at this particular site during the study period.
Throw variations and strain partitioning associated with fault-bend folding along normal faults
Authors: Delogkos Efstratios , Saqab Muhammad Mudasar , Walsh John J. , Roche Vincent , Childs Conrad
Published: May 2020

Abstract. Normal faults have irregular geometries on a range of
scales arising from different processes including refraction and
segmentation. A fault with constant dip and displacement on a large-scale
will have irregular geometries on smaller scales, the presence of which will
generate fault-related folds and down-fault variations in throw. A
quantitative model is presented which illustrates the deformation arising
from movement on irregular fault surfaces, with fault-bend folding
generating geometries reminiscent of normal and reverse drag. Calculations
based on the model highlight how fault throws are partitioned between
continuous (i.e. folding) and discontinuous (i.e. discrete offset) strain
along fault bends for the full range of possible fault dip changes. These
calculations illustrate the potential significance of strain partitioning on
measured fault throw and the potential errors that will arise if account is
not taken of the continuous strains accommodated by folding and bed
rotations. We show that fault throw can be subject to errors of up to ca.
50 % for realistic down-dip fault bend geometries (up to ca. 40∘), on otherwise sub-planar faults with constant displacement. This effect
will provide irregular variations in throw and bed geometries that must be
accounted for in associated kinematic interpretations.
Propuestas sobre la representación de la fraseología en diccionarios en línea
Authors: Lončar Ivana , Valero Pilar
Published: May 2020

El objetivo del presente trabajo es mostrar determinadas directrices de representación de la fraseología en distintas herramientas digitales para aplicarlas posteriormente al proyecto de Diccionario fraseológico multilingüe digital (DFMD), que se viene desarrollando en la Università Ca’ Foscari (Venecia). Así, se toma como partida la siguiente taxonomía lexicográfica de los diccionarios: 1a. monolingüe general vs. 1b. monolingüe general con variedad diatópica; 2a. monolingüe de uso vs. 2b. monolingüe fraseológico de uso. Como resultado, la investigación se basa en un análisis pormenorizado de la representación fraseológica en distintas herramientas disponibles en la actualidad en línea y de acceso libre. Las orientaciones que se proponen tienen en cuenta las ventajas de los recursos digitales como son la posibilidad de contar con un espacio ilimitado y modalidades de búsqueda variadas, respetando siempre la buena práctica lexicográfica y características de cada uno de los modelos previstos (clasificación y tipología de los diccionarios).
Calleja Puerta, Miguel y Domínguez Guerrero, María Luisa: Escritura, notariado y espacio urbano en la Corona de Castilla y Portugal (siglos XII-XVII), Gijón, Trea, 2019, 432 pp. ISBN: 978-84-17140-99-1.
Authors: Espinar Gil David
Published: May 2020

Reseña de la obra de Calleja Puerta, Miguel y Domínguez Guerrero, María Luisa, Escritura, notariado y espacio urbano en la Corona de Castilla y Portugal (siglos XII-XVII), Gijón, Trea, 2019, 432 pp. ISBN: 978-84-17140-99-1.
Law against Corruption: Outcomes of Corruption Counteraction in Russia
Authors: Kirin Anatoly V. , Pobezhimova Nelly I. , Buravlyov Yury M. , Sidorova Svetlana A.
Published: May 2020

The article is devoted to the scientific analysis of efficiency of legal and organizational measures taken by the state to counteract corruption in the Russian Federation. The authors critically evaluate their effectiveness, pay attention to methodological gaps in choosing means and methods of fighting this scourge. They also substantiate the necessity of rigorous differentiation of legal liability for corruption offences depending on official capacity of the offender and the area of state activity or social life that is encroached by the offender.

Examining the genesis of the state’s reactions to the scope and danger of the present problem, it can be said that formal acknowledgment of corruption hazard in society and public service in particular has come after a considerable delay only when this phenomenon took a form that endangered foundations of the society and the state itself and when the global institutions paid attention to a high level of corruption in the Russian Federation.

The article studies the impact of law as the most powerful instrument against corruption, the most typical and major drawbacks of legal acts and the degree of their preventive action. The authors emphasize introduction of supplementary restrictions and prohibitions in the civil service system and economy sector. The article draws attention to intensification of criminal repressions for the most dangerous crimes such as bribery, corruption intermediation and others.

The conducted analysis of measures taken by the state and assessment of their efficiency by the public consciousness allow us to formulate a scientific hypothesis on the reasons and conditions that have determined poor performance of counteracting corruption. The authors point out some attempts to mobilize the civil society to fight corruption; however the government failed to significantly reduce its level.

It is postulated that at present there is a necessity to refine the anti-corruption strategy, to optimize the balance between enforcement measures and stimulation as well as motivation of law-abiding behavior of public servants and others involved in public legal relationships, especially of those related to at-risk group. It is of great significance to intensify state and public control over certain activities such as government and public procurement, budget expenditures, the use of material resources, and others.
Corrupte politici
Authors: Sikkema E.
Published: May 2020

Corrupte politici

De strafrechtelijke vervolging van parlementariërs en andere politieke ambtsdragers brengt bijzondere vragen en problemen mee. Hoe kan worden voorkomen dat politieke ambtsdragers op grond van hun hoge positie een strafvervolging kunnen tegenhouden, bijvoorbeeld door druk uit te oefenen op het Openbaar Ministerie? En hoe kunnen politici worden beschermd tegen lichtvaardige en politiek gemotiveerde vervolgingsbeslissingen? Aan de hand van twee recente corruptiezaken, die speelden in verschillende landen binnen het koninkrijk, wordt in deze bijdrage ingegaan op deze problematiek.
Intervju: Thorir Jonsson Hraundal
Authors: Lysa Charlotte
Published: May 2020

Thorir Jonsson Hraundal er islendingen som dro til Bergen for å skrive doktorgrad om vikingenes reiser østover og fremstillinger av vikingene i arabiske tekster. Han intervjues her av Babylon-redaktør Charlotte Lysa.
Independence or front lines
Authors: Forster Robert
Published: May 2020

This article addresses the rise and consolidation of Yemen’s Southern Transitional Council and their push to join the Yemeni peace process.
Education and Training in Forensic Anthropology
Authors: Passalacqua Nicholas , Pilloud Marin
Published: May 2020

The qualifications for a discipline are composed of the education and/or training requirements considered necessary to provide individuals with adequate knowledge to perform discipline-related tasks, including certification or licensing (Passalacqua & Pilloud 2018). Currently there are few available guidelines and no standards for the qualifications of a forensic anthropologist. To examine the qualifications of current practicing forensic anthropologists and to generate consensus-based criteria for the development of standards for qualifications for forensic anthropology, the authors generated an electronic survey. Results demonstrate that the qualifications of practicing forensic anthropologists are varied and do not always align with the qualifications currently outlined by the Scientific Working Group for Forensic Anthropology or the American Board of Forensic Anthropology. These findings do not mean these individuals are unqualified to practice forensic anthropology, but rather that there is currently little oversight or assistance for those individuals who do not fit the current models of perceived qualification, and no means of determining who does or does not have the adequate knowledge to perform forensic anthropological analyses. As forensic anthropology grows as a discipline, the standardization of qualifications will become increasingly important, both in terms of setting requirements for education and training and for the certification of practitioners. Further, there need to be clearer standards for education and training, which are currently lacking in the discipline.
Learning Culture as the Enabler of Business Transformation
Authors: Saputra Nopriadi , Nasip Ismiriati
Published: May 2020

Business organizations experience not only episodic but also continuous and disruptive changes. Those changes make the organization need not only transitional and developmental but also transformational initiatives. Based on business transformational experience in many prominent companies, organizational culture was one of eight factors that make transformation fail. Organizational culture plays a strategic role in business transformations and management. It can be an asset or liability for business transformation. The development of organizational culture should not only impact on work engagement but also learning agility of people in the organization. Based on the impact, organizational culture can be differentiated from the hierarchal-centralistic culture and the learning culture. By using the concept of culture map, learning culture is mapped and reflected into eight dimensions: communicating, evaluating, persuading, leading, deciding, trusting, disagreeing, and scheduling. By mapping the culture gap of the current condition, management practitioner has a road map for developing the learning culture.
Bismuth Halide Perovskites for Photovoltaic Applications
Authors: Ahmad Khursheed
Published: May 2020

In the last decade, energy crisis has become the most important topic for researchers. Energy requirements have increased drastically. To overcome the issue of energy crisis in near future, numerous efforts and sources have been developed. Therefore, solar energy has been considered the most promising energy source compared to other energy sources. There were different kinds of photovoltaic devices developed, but perovskite solar cells have been considered the most efficient and promising solar cell. The perovskite solar cells were invented in 2009 and crossed an excellent power conversion efficiency of 25%. However, it has a few major drawbacks, such as the presence of highly toxic lead (Pb) and poor stability. Hence, numerous efforts were made toward the replacement of Pb and highly stable perovskite solar cells in the last few years. Bismuth halide perovskite solar cell is one type of the replacement introduced to overcome these issues. In this chapter, I have reviewed the role of bismuth halide perovskite structures and their optoelectronic properties toward the development of perovskite solar cells.
On the Practical Consideration of Evaluators’ Credibility in Evaluating Relative Importance of Criteria for Some Real-Life Multicriteria Problems: An Overview
Authors: Mat Kasim Maznah
Published: May 2020

A multicriteria (MC) problem usually consists of a set of predetermined alternatives or subjects to be analyzed, which is prescribed under a finite number of criteria. MC problems are found in various applications to solve various area problems. There are three goals in solving the problems: ranking, sorting or grouping the alternatives according to their overall scores. Most of MC methods require the criteria weights to be combined mathematically with the quality of the criteria in finding the overall score of each alternative. This chapter provides an overview on the practical consideration of evaluators’ credibility or superiority in calculating the criteria weights and overall scores of the alternatives. In order to show how the degree of credibility of evaluators can be practically considered in solving a real problem, a numerical example of evaluation of students’ academic performance is available in the Appendix at the end of the chapter. The degree of credibility of teachers who participated in weighting the academic subjects was determined objectively, and the rank-based criteria weighting methods were used in the example. Inclusion of the degree of credibility of evaluators who participated in solving multicriteria problems would make the results more realistic and accurate.
Polish Experience in Shaft Deepening and Mining Shaft Hoist Elongation
Authors: Kamiński Paweł
Published: May 2020

Deepening of active mine shaft comprises number of specific an very difficult operations, because it calls for use of untypical devices securing hoist operation in the shaft, as well as special technology tailored to actual technology of the deepened shaft face. The Leon IV shaft at the Rydułtowy mine is one of the last mining shafts deepened in Polish coal mining from the surface, and then deepened and finally equipped with mine shaft hoist installation. This investment will allow for the construction of the exploitation level of 1150 m and the availability of further coal extraction up to a depth of 1200 m. It will guarantee the possibility of exploitation of over 65 million tons of coal and continuous operation of the mine until 2040. At the same time, for the first time in the Polish hard coal mining industry, a flexible guiding of the mining cage and skips was used, which in comparison with rigid guiding is a much cheaper solution and has many other advantages. The chapter presents most important problems and technical solution implemented during construction and deepening of the Leon IV Shaft at Rydułtowy Coal Mine in Poland.