bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Disability Determinations and Personal Health Records
Authors: Blechman Elaine A.
Published: May 2010

Newly disabled workers are often unemployed, uninsured, and indigent. They are in desperate need of Social Security OASDI monthly benefits, and the Medicare health insurance that follows 24 months after benefits begin. Applicants must prove that their medical conditions (excluding drug and alcohol abuse) have resulted in severe functional limitations that prevent them from any gainful employment. Delays and denials of benefits result when applicants cannot find or retrieve medical records from providers familiar with their medical history, health status, and functional limitations. The disability application workflow is complex, particularly for applicants with cognitive and mental health impairments. Health information technology (HIT) has been used to automate care delivery workflow through provider-controlled, electronic health record systems (EHRs). Disability applicants’ workflow could, just as well, be automated through consumer-controlled, unbound, and intelligent personal electronic health record systems (PHRs), which are not tethered to a health plan or employer network, and which automatically exchange information updates with authorized providers’ EHRs. Applicants’ PHRs may later prove helpful with self-management of chronic conditions prior to Medicare coverage and with periodic reevaluations of their medical status.
Perceptions of E-Health in Rural Communities
Authors: Fruhling Ann L.
Published: May 2010

This chapter is drawn from a comprehensive study that examined the effect Human-Computer Interaction usability factors had on rural residents’ perception of trust in e-health services. Written comments provided by participants were examined to develop a qualitative assessment of dimensions that are important to rural residents’ perceptions of e-health. Identification of these dimensions will aid e-health system designers and administrators in creating better e-health applications.
Predicting Patients' Use of Provider-Delivered E-Health
Authors: Wilson E. Vance , Lankton Nancy K.
Published: May 2010

This chapter presents a new rational-objective (R-O) model of e-health use that accounts for effects of facilitating conditions as well as patients’ behavioral intention. An online questionnaire measured patients’ behavioral intention to use a new e-health application as well as proxy measures of facilitating conditions that assess prior use of and structural need for health services. A second questionnaire administered three months later collected patients’ self-reported use of e-health during the intervening period. The new model increased predictions of patients’ e-health use (measured in R2) by more than 300% over predictions based upon behavioral intention alone, and all measured factors contributed significantly to prediction of use during the three-month assessment period.
Paths and Patches
Authors: Dix Alan
Published: May 2010

Map, mazes, myths, magic, and mathematics, computation, cognition, community, and the constructed environment, all reveal something of our internal models of space. Whilst the spaces we inhabit have many objective properties, we only perceive and process certain of these, and add many social and subjective qualities of our own. In fairy tales and science fiction, some of the “real” properties are let slip, yet the worlds remain comprehensible. Studying the essential and nonessential qualities of space can guide the construction and navigation of information spaces. However, the very idea of information spaces, and indeed cyberspace, presupposes that spatial metaphors can make sense of information. This chapter explores the relationships between our understandings of physical space and conceptual spaces; from childhood memories, to transarticulation, the way words shape our conceptual and physical landscape, we will see that our understandings of space and of knowledge itself are similarly shaped.
Let's Meander Through a Measured Space
Authors: Kerridge Jon
Published: May 2010

This chapter concerns the question of how people navigate through a space in which other people are also present. Issues addressed include how the space itself affects the way people navigate, how this is changed by the presence of others in the space on a collective or individual basis, and how navigational abilities and behaviour can be measured. Such measurements can then be used, for example, to identify aberrant behaviour in public spaces. The state-of-the-art and current challenges in this domain are discussed. A new empirical approach to the tracking of pedestrians who are navigating populated spaces is then described, and its verification, validation, and further extension discussed.
Voice and Space
Authors: Coyne Richard
Published: May 2010

The widespread use of mobile telephony prompts a reevaluation of the role of the aural sense in spatial understanding. There are clear correlations between voice and space. The attributes of the voice constitute important variables in the way people position themselves in public spaces: to speak, to hear, or to get away from the voice. The voice can connote intimacy, communality, and welcome, but also has the potential for disquiet and disruption, particularly as an unseen acousmêtre, (a term developed in film studies). Spatial design can benefit from an exaggerated consideration of voice, to counteract the primacy already given to the visual field. This chapter examines the relationship between the voice and space in public spaces, and the technologies and practices involved.
The Interactive Spectacle and the Digital Situationist
Authors: O’Neill Shaleph
Published: May 2010

The Situationists defined the increasingly spectacularized society (The Society of the Spectacle ) as the alienation of the individual by an increasingly mediated and commoditised modern world that has spread across the globe, pacifying and alienating its audience with the manufacture of lack and the control of desire. Set dead against this spread of spectacular culture, the Situationists sought to free themselves from the commoditisation and mediation of everyday experience. By employing direct action and the creation of “situations,” they attempted to make clear the restrictive boundaries, both intellectual and environmental, that the habituated processes of modern capitalism (in the form of production and consumption, work and leisure) had placed upon society. In the era of the emerging digital or interactive Spectacle that now permeates every aspect of our culture, what has been added to the Spectacle is the illusion of agency administered through the new technological conduits. Virtual environments, for example, deliver visitation and visualization of places that, despite attempts at access by the viewer, remain remote. However, in our new digitally enhanced cultural spaces, despite restrictions, Situationist style interventions can still be made. Views can be expressed that had no outlet in previous media forms, allowing for the development of communities and exchange of ideas that require, at least in some part, the agency of the individuals taking part in them. Situationist theory takes its place in helping to describe such activities, even though, in some cases, the polemic is often watered down. Here we shall consider a number of examples of this kind of intervention, in relation to the Situationist practices of the dérive and détournement, to help give some structure to the critical analysis.
Spatial Language in Computer Mediated Communication
Authors: Lawson Shaun
Published: May 2010

People use spatial language in everyday face-to-face conversation, and we also now use such language during everyday computer-mediated interactions. Commonly, such interactions can take place over mobile phones or in shared virtual environments such as multiplayer games. However, to date, very few academic studies have looked at how people’s use and understanding of spatial language might differ when it is computer mediated. Our own experimentation has investigated the relation between the uses of route, survey, and also gaze perspectives in a simple virtual environment.
On Information, Meaning, Space and Geometry
Authors: Darányi Sándor , Wittek Péter
Published: May 2010

Current methods of automatic indexing, automatic classification, and information retrieval treat index and query terms, that is, vocabulary units in any language, as locations in a geometry. With spatial sense relations among such units identified, and syntax added, the making of a geometric equivalent of language for advanced communication is an opportunity to be explored.
Introduction to the Field of Technology Innovation Management
Authors: Friedman Robert S. , Roberts Desiree M. , Linton Jonathan D.
Published: May 2010

This book differs from other academic works on the management of technology and innovation because it focuses on the seminal research of the field. Such work continues to be returned to by many authors over time because it supplies information considered to be core and foundational in nature. Consequently, the focus of this book is on older work that appears to be of increasing relevance over time and newer work that has quickly become highly influential. For the specialist practitioner interested in a specific technology or the academic who is interested in innovation from the perspective of a specific traditional discipline, this book will provide you with a strong foundation that cuts across traditional fields and boundaries. With the foundational knowledge in place, readers have a solid base over which to place the specialist knowledge that is of importance to them. Although the focus of the book is on foundations, the section on technology and management information systems offers additional insight into MIS, which many information systems professionals, universities, and professional organizations consider to be an independent discipline of increasing importance to fields that use information to develop and alter business policies and procedures. The final chapter focuses on the future of technology innovation management. By conducting a textual analysis of recent research from the top specialty journals in technology innovation management, we offer the reader sufficient information to consider what topics and directions recent research in the technology innovation management specialty is taking.
Diffusion and Innovation
Authors: Friedman Robert S. , Roberts Desiree M. , Linton Jonathan D.
Published: May 2010

This chapter introduces the seminal literature addressing technological diffusion, innovative product diversification, and the organizational strategies and constraints that firms face when introducing and adopting new technologies and innovative management strategies. We begin with diffusion. Abrahamson (1991) draws critical distinctions between the processes undertaken by rational adopters of inefficient technologies and the conditions that promote the irrational rejection of efficient innovations. Attewell’s (1992) focus is on organizational learning and abilities that drive the diffusion of innovative information and computing technologies. Cooper and Zmud (1990) examine managerial involvement with information technology, its effect on the adoption and infusion of that technology, and the role of rational decision models in explaining IT adoption. The section on diffusion closes with Narin and Perry’s (1987) look at the use of patent and citation data as a method of gauging a firm’s technological strength. In this case, information is the innovative product being diffused.
Information and Communication Technology Management
Authors: Friedman Robert S. , Roberts Desiree M. , Linton Jonathan D.
Published: May 2010

In this chapter on information and communication technology management, we retain a chronological order to emphasize the development of research interests and approaches as technology itself grows more complex, sophisticated, and increasingly integral to a firm’s innovative ends and operative strategies. We begin with two articles concerned with behavior—specifically, attitudes and decision behavior in the early realm of management information systems. Robey (1979) looks at the attitudes of members of sales departments to understand how individual predispositions to computerized information systems affect human performance with them, ultimately suggesting that the identification of expectancy factors can coalesce into a model of user reactions and motivations toward MIS. In the same year, Zmud investigates information processing and decision behavior, and their effect on the successful development of an organization’s management information systems
Human Cognitive Processes
Authors: Kalyuga Slava
Published: May 2010

One of the major components of our cognitive architecture, working memory, becomes overloaded if more than a few chunks of information are processed simultaneously. For example, we all experience this cognitive overload when trying to keep in memory an unfamiliar telephone number or add two four-digit numbers in the absence of a pen and paper. Similar in nature processing limitations of working memory represent a major factor influencing the effectiveness of human learning and performance, particularly in complex environments that require concurrent performance of multiple tasks. The learner prior domain-specific knowledge structures and associated levels of expertise are considered as means of reducing these limitations and guiding high-level knowledge-based cognitive activities. One of the most important results of studies in human cognition is that the available knowledge is a single most significant learner cognitive characteristic that influences learning and cognitive performance. Understanding the key role of long-term memory knowledge base in our cognition is important to the successful management of cognitive load in multimedia learning.
Managing Cognitive Load in Verbal and Pictorial Representations
Authors: Kalyuga Slava
Published: May 2010

Chapter VI describes specific evidence-based methods for managing cognitive load in verbal and pictorial information representations. According to the major forms of memory storage, there are verbal and pictorial representational modes, whereas according to major forms of sensory input, there are auditory and visual information modalities. The chapter will consider sources of cognitive load involving different modes and modalities of multimedia information presentations. When learners process text and visuals that could not be understood in isolation, the process of integrating verbal and pictorial representations is required for comprehension. When text and pictures are not appropriately located close to each other or not synchronized in time, integrating these referring sources of information may increase working memory load and inhibit learning. Instructional design techniques dealing with such split attention situations may enhance learning. Reducing split-attention in paper-based and on-screen text and graphics was one of the first and most commonly mentioned applications of cognitive load theory. Using dualmode presentations that involve different processing channels of human cognitive system is an alternative approach to dealing with split attention situations. This chapter discusses means for coordinating verbal and pictorial sources of information in space and time, eliminating redundant components of presentations, segmenting instructional presentations in units that could be processed with less cognitive load, and other techniques. The chapter also describes interactions between instructional efficiency of different formats of multimedia presentations and levels of learner expertise in specific task domains.
Managing Cognitive Load in Dynamic Visual Representations
Authors: Kalyuga Slava
Published: May 2010

According to dual-coding theory, when learning concrete concepts, adding pictorial representations could be superior to verbal-only descriptions (Clark & Paivio, 1991; Sadoski & Paivio, 2001). This theory assumes existence of two additive sub-systems in human cognitive architecture that process verbal and pictorial information. Accordingly, people learn better when information is encoded verbally and visually rather than in one mode only. Information that has been encoded using two different modes can also be retrieved from memory more easily. The cognitive theory of multimedia learning provides detailed theoretical arguments that effectively support this view and also apply it to dynamic visualizations such as instructional animations. According to cognitive theory of multimedia learning, different mental representations are constructed from verbal and pictorial information, and meaningful learning occurs only when learner actively establishes connections between these representations (Mayer, 2001; Mayer, & Moreno, 2003; Mayer & Sims, 1994). This chapter discusses the strengths and weaknesses of dynamic visualizations and the relationship between instructional effectiveness of dynamic and static diagrams and levels of learner task-specific expertise. It has been mentioned previously that instructional formats that are effective for low-knowledge learners could be ineffective, or even deleterious, for high-knowledge learners and vice versa (the expertise reversal effect). Significant interactions between levels of learner expertise and instructional procedures have been found in many situations. Such an interaction may also exist between dynamic and static visualizations. For example, novice learners may benefit more from traditional static diagrams than from dynamic visual representations (e.g., animated diagrams), while more knowledgeable learners may benefit more from animated rather than static diagrams. This assumption has a viable theoretical rationale. According to cognitive load theory, continuous animations and video may be too cognitively demanding for novice learners. Associated processing difficulties could be due to a high degree of transitivity in such visualizations, on the one hand, and limited capacity and duration of working memory, on the other hand. Less knowledgeable learners, therefore, may benefit more from a set of equivalent static diagrams. However, animations could be superior to static diagrams for more knowledgeable learners who have already acquired a sufficient knowledge base for dealing with issues of transitivity and limited working memory capacity. The chapter also briefly describes a specific empirical study that was designed to investigate the relation between levels of learner expertise and instructional effectiveness of dynamic and static visualizations (Kalyuga, 2007). The rapid diagnostic method discussed in Chapter IV, was used in this study for measuring levels of learner prior knowledge.
Optimizing Cognitive Load in Instructional Simulations and Games
Authors: Kalyuga Slava
Published: May 2010

Instructional simulation and games are usually used as substitutes for actual equipment, processes, real-life problems, and social situations. They allow observing outcomes of different learner actions and steps without involving actual hardware and people. They also provide environments for practicing important skills in an efficient (in terms of cost and time) way. From a cognitive load perspective, using actual equipment or human actors may not necessarily lead to the acquisition of expected knowledge and skills. High cognitive load involved in operating the equipment itself, performing required procedures, interacting with other people, especially when allowed time is constrained, may inhibit learning. In such high load situations, limited cognitive resources would be left for actual learning. Instructional simulations and games allow modeling such processes without time limitations and other cognitive constrains. Instructional simulations may also allow representing abstract knowledge structures and processes that are difficult to observe in real conditions. They may enhance the development of abstract thinking and problemsolving skills by offering environments for exploring and testing hypotheses. Many available instructional simulations and games represent mostly exploratory learning environments with limited guidance for learners. From a cognitive load perspective, any random exploratory or search procedures may impose excessive levels of working memory load thus interfering with meaningful learning (see Chapter II for more details about basic principles of cognitive load theory). Therefore, optimizing levels of instructional guidance represents the most important means of managing cognitive load and enhancing learning outcomes in such environments. This chapter starts with examining the role of simulations as instructional technology tools and describes means of enhancing instructional effectiveness of simulations and games. Then the chapter discusses how to evaluate cognitive load in simulations using concurrent verbal reports. Some issues of cognitive load associated with instructional applications of mobile technologies are considered at the end.
Adapting Levels of Instructional Support to Optimize Learning Complex Cognitive Skills
Authors: Kalyuga Slava
Published: May 2010

This chapter describes some specific adaptive procedures for tailoring levels of instructional guidance to individual levels of learner task-specific expertise to optimize cognitive resources available to learning. Recent studies in expertise reversal effect that were reviewed in previous chapters indicate that instructional design principles that benefit low-knowledge users may disadvantage more experienced ones. This reversal in the relative effectiveness of different instructional methods is due to the increase in cognitive load that is required for integration of presented supporting information with learners’ available knowledge structures. The major implication of these findings for multimedia design is the need to tailor levels of instructional support to individual levels of learner task-specific expertise. The procedures for adapting levels of instructional guidance suggested in this chapter have been developed in conjunction with empirically established interactions between levels of learner expertise and optimal instructional techniques and procedures. The chapter starts with the description of the processes and approaches to learning complex cognitive skills. The appropriate design models for learning complex skills are reviewed and different ways of varying levels of learner control in such models are described. The relations between levels of learner task-specific expertise and optimal levels of instructional guidance are then discussed. Also, empirical studies of the expertise reversal for instructional guidance and sequencing of learning tasks are reviewed. The completion tasks and faded worked examples are specific instructional methods used in the described studies for managing levels of instructional guidance in adaptive learning environments. Real-time monitoring of levels of learner task-specific expertise using rapid cognitive diagnostic methods was used in some of these studies.
Profightstore.com
Authors: Pejic-Bach Mirjana , Pejic-Bach Miran
Published: May 2010

This chapter explores the possibilities for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) to find their way to success in e-business. The basic assumption of this chapter is that the Internet allows SMEs to access the niche markets which have not previously been accessible to them. We are presenting a case study of one Croatian online store developed as a portal which targets the niche market and our focus is on the following issues: subcultures as niche markets, criteria for selecting suppliers, developing a new brand, designing an online store as a portal in order to attract visitors, and opportunities for growth. The authors hope that presenting this particular case will help small companies to take into account niche markets when designing their online stores, but also it will help researchers to further explore niche markets as a possible business strategy for SMEs while entering the e-commerce arena.
The Role of E-Services in the Transition from the Product Focus to the Service Focus in the Printing Business
Authors: Penttinen Esko , Saarinen Timo , Sinervo Pekka
Published: May 2010

Today, many manufacturing companies are focusing on their service operations, which are often seen as a better source of revenue than the traditional product business. E-services can accelerate this process by offering companies new ways to control products and monitor equipment from a distance. This chapter describes the changes which are taking place in the printing business. It tells the story of Lexmark, a printer manufacturer that has recently created differentiated offerings to its business customers. In the case of Lexmark, this repositioning of offerings has been enabled by e-services. Here, the e-services consist of the Lexmark Fleet Manager system which monitors the use and availability of the equipment and makes suggestions on how to improve the printing processes on the customer site. The case ends with a description of the actual challenges that Lexmark is currently facing.
E-Services in Danish Research Libraries
Authors: Scupola Ada
Published: May 2010

This chapter reports the findings of a case study of e-services adoption at research libraries. The case under consideration is Roskilde University Library (RUB), a research library supporting learning activities at Roskilde University. The research focuses on the main issues that RUB had to deal with in the process of adopting e-services and the future challenges that e-services provide for RUB. The chapter also presents the consequences of e-services adoption for Roskilde University library’s organization, its business model and the relationships with customers, publishers (providers of knowledge), and other research libraries in Denmark. The main results can be summarized as follows: (1) adoption of e-services has forced RUB to innovate rapidly. Innovation is driven, among other factors, by ICT developments (technology push), but innovation is also user-driven and pervasive throughout the organization; (2) e-services have changed RUB’s organizational structure and division of labour by moving more and more towards IT-based jobs and competences; (3) e-services have changed the relationships between users and publishers; (4) e-services have changed and continue to change the business model of the library; and (5) RUB is becoming a combination of a virtual and a physical library, moving more and more towards a virtual library with electronic resources and online communities, but still keeping the traditional function of a “knowledge space.”
Building IT Risk Management Approaches
Authors: Holden Iversen Jakob , Mathiassen Lars , Axel Nielsen Peter
Published: May 2010

This chapter shows how action research can help practitioners develop IT risk management approaches that are tailored to their organization and the specific issues they face. Based on literature and practical experience, the authors present a method for developing risk management approaches to use in real-world innovation projects. The chapter illustrates the method by presenting the results of developing a risk management approach for software process improvement projects in a software organization.
Computer Tools for Public-Sector Management
Authors: Grafton Carl , Permaloff Anne
Published: May 2010

Almost any public-sector task employing a computer can be accomplished more efficiently with a variety of tools rather than any single one. Basic tools include word processing, spreadsheet, statistics, and database-management programs. Beyond these, Web authoring software, presentation software, graphics, project-planning and -management software, decision analysis, and geographic information systems can be helpful depending upon the job at hand.
Security in a Web 2.0 World
Authors: Barnes Richard T.
Published: May 2010

Web 2.0 has brought enumerable benefits as well as daunting problems of securing transactions, computers, and identities. Powerful hacker techniques, including cross-site scripting (XSS) and cross-site request forgery (CSRF), are used to exploit applications to reveal and steal, at the worst, confidential information and money, or, at the least, cause trouble and waste time and money for reasons that may be best described as fun or simply possible to do. The people interested in transgressing Web 2.0 applications do so for money, prestige, or for the challenge. An infamous hacker from the early days of the Internet now heads his own Internet security company. A more recent hacker of some infamy has created a stir of concern and consternation as to how pervasive and potentially destructive hacker attacks can be. Securing Web 2.0 applications requires a multifaceted approach involving improved code development standards, organizational policy changes, protected servers and workstations, and aggressive law enforcement.
Virtual Worlds and the 3-D Internet
Authors: McKinnell Jacobson Carolyn
Published: May 2010

A virtual world is a computer-based simulated environment, usually modeled after the real world, accessed through an online interface, and inhabited by users in the form of avatars. The purpose of this chapter is to explore how these interactive, immersive environments are being used by a variety of organizations. Although various kinds of virtual worlds are introduced, this chapter focuses on the interactive 3-D virtual world of Second Life, describing its demographics and its features. Ways in which Second Life has been used by businesses, educational organizations, and political entities are then discussed. Legal issues associated with virtual worlds in general and Second Life in particular are raised. The chapter concludes with some ways this technology is expected to evolve in the future.
Business Continuity and Business Continuity Drivers
Authors: Bajgoric Nijaz
Published: May 2010

The previous chapter introduced the two major concepts of continuous computing: downtime and uptime. Chapter three goes a step further and aims at defining business continuity (business continuance) and several measures of performances such as availability, reliability, and scalability. The main framework for research is defined. Based on this framework, a systemic model of business continuity, continuous computing and continuous computing technologies has been created. In addition, the “Onion” model of an information architecture for business continuity, IT-based business continuity drivers and technologies are identified in this chapter.
Server Operating Environment and Business Continuity Drivers
Authors: Bajgoric Nijaz
Published: May 2010

After identifying major downtime points within a client-server architecture in Chapter IV, Chapter V discusses in more details enterprise servers and server operating environments from continuous computing and business continuity perspective. The main features of enterprise servers are identified and a framework for selection of the server operating environment is presented.
Choosing the Server Operating Platform for Business Continuity
Authors: Bajgoric Nijaz
Published: May 2010

Chapter VIII discusses the server operating systems’ main attributes from the selection perspective. Several selection criteria are explained through a model that contains 22 most important features of server operating systems in regard to business continuity perspective. Some empirical studies and results on the performances of most widely used server operating systems are provided.
Backup and Recovery Technologies for Business Continuity
Authors: Bajgoric Nijaz
Published: May 2010

Chapters V-IX dealt with server operating environment and its role in ensuring business continuity mostly in cases of ongoing data processing operations. Having a server down and making it up as soon as possible in order to minimize the costs of downtime was the topic in these chapters. Chapter X deals with technologies for ensuring higher levels of data availability in cases of data loss by having data recovered ASAP. Several backup and recovery technologies are explored with focus being on the traditional backup.
Networking Technologies for Business Continuity
Authors: Bajgoric Nijaz
Published: May 2010

Continuous computing technologies explored in previous chapters, in many cases, are located on different locations. However, they depend on each other and are bound to data communication and networking technologies that are used in order to ensure data transfers. Therefore, the data communications technologies are crucial in ensuring continuous computing each time when computing devices and users are located in different locations. Chapter XII provides some explanations on them and their role in business continuity.
Business Continuity for Business Agility
Authors: Bajgoric Nijaz
Published: May 2010

Continuous computing technologies are employed in order to achieve business continuity from the business operations perspective. In the same time, these technologies are the main prerequisite for business agility as agility relies on available information and “always-on” information system that generates it. Business Agility and relations with business continuity technologies are briefly explained in Chapter XIV
Protection of Privacy on the Web
Authors: Chen Thomas M. , Fu Zhi (Judy)
Published: May 2010

Most people are concerned about online privacy but may not be aware of the various ways that their personal information is collected during routine Web browsing. We review the types of personal information that may be collected voluntarily or involuntarily through the Web browser or disclosed by a Web server. We present a taxonomy of regulatory and technological approaches to protect privacy. All approaches to date have only been partial solutions. By its nature, the Web was designed to be an open system to facilitate data sharing, and hence Web privacy continues to be a challenging problem.
Metaphors and Models for Data Mining Ethics
Authors: Danielson Peter
Published: May 2010

Our regulatory institutions, broadly taken, include our moral norms and models and have not fully adapted to significant changes in data mining technology. For example, we suggest that the metaphors — Big Brother and “data mining” itself — commonly used to describe and assess this new technology are deficient, overemphasizing social discipline by the state and the passivity of the so-called data subject. We move from metaphors to a set of models more adequate for building an ethics of data mining, using a framework of informal game theory. We sketch three models of interaction: pure conflict, pure coordination, and a mixed motive cooperation game, with special application to security, health, and commerce, respectively. We recommend these three models as heuristics within a simple account of an ethics of data mining regulated by informed consent.
Business Collaboration by Privacy-Preserving Clustering
Authors: Oliveira Stanley R.M. , Zaïane Osmar R.
Published: May 2010

The sharing of data is beneficial in data mining applications and widely acknowledged as advantageous in business. However, information sharing can become controversial and thwarted by privacy regulations and other privacy concerns. Rather than simply hindering data owners from sharing information for data analysis, a solution could be designed to meet privacy requirements and guarantee valid data clustering results. To achieve this dual goal, this chapter introduces a method for privacy-preserving clustering, called Dimensionality Reduction-Based Transformation (DRBT). This method relies on the intuition behind random projection to protect the underlying attribute values subjected to cluster analysis. It is shown analytically and empirically that transforming a dataset using DRBT, a data owner can achieve privacy preservation and get accurate clustering with little overhead of communication cost. The advantages of such a method are: it is independent of distance-based clustering algorithms; it has a sound mathematical foundation; and it does not require CPU-intensive operations.
Classification of Web Pages Using Machine Learning Techniques
Authors: Selvakuberan K. , Devi M. Indra , Rajaram R.
Published: May 2010

The explosive growth of the Web makes it a very useful information resource to all types of users. Today, everyone accesses the Internet for various purposes and retrieving the required information within the stipulated time is the major demand from users. Also, the Internet provides millions of Web pages for each and every search term. Getting interesting and required results from the Web becomes very difficult and turning the classification of Web pages into relevant categories is the current research topic. Web page classification is the current research problem that focuses on classifying the documents into different categories, which are used by search engines for producing the result. In this chapter we focus on different machine learning techniques and how Web pages can be classified using these machine learning techniques. The automatic classification of Web pages using machine learning techniques is the most efficient way used by search engines to provide accurate results to the users. Machine learning classifiers may also be trained to preserve the personal details from unauthenticated users and for privacy preserving data mining.
Basic Principles of Data Mining
Authors: Biebler Karl-Ernst Erich
Published: May 2010

This chapter gives a summary of data types, mathematical structures, and associated methods of data mining. Topological, order theoretical, algebraic, and probability theoretical mathematical structures are introduced. The n-dimensional Euclidean space, the model used most for data, is defined. It is executed briefly that the treatment of higher dimensional random variables and related data is problematic. Since topological concepts are less well known than statistical concepts, many examples of metrics are given. Related classification concepts are defined and explained. Possibilities of their quality identification are discussed. One example each is given for topological cluster and for topological discriminant analyses.
The Socioeconomic Background of Electronic Crime
Authors: Karyda Maria
Published: May 2010

This chapter discusses current and emerging forms of network and computer-related illegality (electronic crime), its background, the motives driving individuals to such actions as well as strategies and techniques for controlling it. The chapter places emphasis on current and future trends and highlights the open issues that need to be addressed to tackle this phenomenon.
Navigating in Internet
Authors: Akrivopoulou Christina , Stylianou Aris
Published: May 2010

The chapter faces a series of questions that the digital era raises as far as the protection of privacy is concerned. Technology and specifically internet, apart from posing innovative, complex threats to the autonomy and privacy of the individual constructs a new frame for approaching privacy. The technological texture of the internet calls for a new conception of privacy that can be adopted in those circumstances, such as anonymity. The chapter argues that though anonymity cannot be identified with the right to privacy, represents in fact one of its key functions, its ability as a negative freedom to shield the autonomy of the individual against all kind of threats. Thus, anonymity can foster communication, speech and political expression in the internet. Nevertheless, the cost of protecting privacy as anonymity is substantial since its neutral character can function as a veil for sinister actions such as libel, hate-speech and stalking in cyberspace. The need for ‘reconceptualizing’ privacy in the internet, for the writers confirms the evolving, developing character of the right, whose substantial content is not given or static but is closely connected and constructed via societal change. The chapter explores the technological threats that the right to privacy confronts in the internet, such as “cookies”, “spam messages”, the dangers they pose to the freedom and autonomy of the individual as well as the positive dimensions of the internet, especially its role in democratic accountability and political dialogue. Concluding the writers present three architectures for the protection of privacy in the internet: (a) a model based on informational law, (b) a market based solution, where privacy is understood in contractual terms and (c) a model based on the participation of the users in the uses of their personal information as well as to the enforcement of the accountability of the internet actors, e.g. corporations, advertising agencies.
Digital Forensics and the Chain of Custody to Counter Cybercrime
Authors: Mitrakas Andreas , Zaitch Damián
Published: May 2010

Targeting information technology resources has marked a growing trend for all sorts of reasons that include, profit making, causing damage, carrying out espionage, exploiting human beings etc. Although information security is used to protect information assets, electronic crime remains firmly on the rise. Computer forensics is the analysis of data processing equipment such as a data carrier, a network etc. to determine whether that equipment has been used for illegal or unauthorised purposes. Establishing the chain of custody through appropriate policy frameworks can be used in order to assess the quality of the collected data. Policy for forensics may address the practices of forensics agents and labs in investigating cybercrime. This chapter concludes that full-scale harmonisation of policies on criminal law and legal processes is likely to only happen at regional level (e.g. the EU) rather than at a global scale. Along with the assumption that safe havens where criminals operate from are not likely to be suppressed any time soon, leads to the conclusion that cyber-crime is here to stay for the long run in spite of the good efforts made to trail digital suspects through digital forensics.
An Analysis of Privacy and Security in the Zachman and Federal Enterprise Architecture Frameworks
Authors: McCarthy Richard V.
Published: May 2010

Enterprise architecture has had a resurgence of interest in the IT community in the past ten year; in part because of a mandate for federal agencies of the United States government and in part because of the complexity of managing today’s information systems environments. It has become a critical component of an overall IT governance program to provide structure and documentation to describe the business processes, information flows, technical infrastructure and organizational management of an information technology organization. Many different enterprise architecture frameworks have emerged over the past ten years. Two of the most widely used enterprise architecture frameworks (the Zachman Framework and the Federal enterprise architecture framework) are described and their ability to meet the security and privacy needs of an organization is discussed. These frameworks represent a contrast of industry and government perspectives in addressing issues of key importance to senior IT leadership.
Spam and Advertisement
Authors: Politis Dionysios
Published: May 2010

A significant problem of our times, accelerated by the advances in technology, is the plethora of commercial Internet messages usually defined as spam, while the equivalent in classic television emission is the frequent and uncontrollable advertisement. Advertisement, perceived as an expression and factor of the economy, is legitimate and desirable. However, abusive advertising practices cause multiple damage: invasion in our private communication space, homogenisation of morals and customs leading to globalized overconsumption. Variations and cloning of spam and advertisement include spim, distributed instant messaging using bulk SMS’s over mobile telephone networks or the web, wireless attacks and penetration, targeted unsolicited online harassment and others.
A Survey on Approaches to Adaptation on the Web
Authors: Gómez Jorge Marx , Tran Thanh
Published: May 2010

Approaches to adaptation have been proposed by many different research communities, Hypermedia System and Intelligent Tutoring in particular. The task of adaptation breaks down to a mediation of resource provision and resource demand. In doing so, it is necessary to obtain some representation of them, either directly or through intermediate models that can be further processed to arrive at this information. Correspondingly, major differences in adaptation approaches manifest themselves in the employed sources, the way they are represented and the techniques used to derive the user demand from them. Therefore, we like to structure this survey according to these model-related aspects.
A Personalized Portal on the Basis of Semantic Models and Rules
Authors: Gómez Jorge Marx , Duc Tran
Published: May 2010

A portal is a Web-based single point of access that delivers information and applications to a user on its own and by the integration of external services. With most portals, various users in the role of customer, supplier, employee, and so forth, can configure the available content and the functionalities in their own way and access them over multitude of devices—mobile phone, PDA, and PC to name a few (Priebe; Pernul, 2003). Whereas this type of portal can be seen as an adaptable system, adaptive portals shall adapt themselves to the individual user.
Determinants of ERP Implementations
Authors: Andrés Javier de , Lorca Pedro , Labra Jose Emilio
Published: May 2010

This chapter aims to determine the factors influencing the decision of implementing an ERP system in a country where technology awareness and the technological development are not as high as those of some others. Firstly, the authors assume that adopters make rational choices but the authors also introduce an alternative innovation model based on the imitation perspective. A questionnaire was sent to the Spanish listed companies and the ERP; adopting firms were compared with a matched control group. The main results indicate that the only factors stemming from the rational-choice perspective, whose influence is relevant, are firm size and the ROI ratio. Also, the authors found that the introduction of the euro and the Y2K issue had an influence in the ERP decision. The influence of the sectoral adscription was supported partially. These findings evidence a certain influence of the imitation effect. The results of this chapter could eventually be extrapolated to the countries whose national culture is similar to that of Spain.
Emerging Topics and Technologies in Information Systems
Authors: Ikävalko Jaakko , Hänninen  , Seppo J.  , Serkkola Ari , Kauranen Ilkka
Published: May 2010

Technology programs are a means to facilitate the development and commercialization process of new innovative technologies. They are forums for the exchange of information and for networking between companies and research institutes. The programs provide opportunities and financial support to carry out ambitious research and development projects and to build business expertise. The core of technology programs are joint research projects between companies and research institutes. The objective of the study is to increase understanding of how such joint research projects within technology programs evolve in practice. The emphasis is on identifying factors that enhance the commercialization of new technologies and on finding barriers of commercialization. Based on the findings, practical recommendations are given on how the concept of technology programs can be further developed to utilize the unused potential in such programs. The empirical sample of companies in the study represents information technology. In the study, the microanalysis approach is used. The dominant approach in corresponding innovation research has been the macro perspective approach. The research data was gathered via personal interviews with key informants of joint research projects within a technology program. All the projects were new product development projects which the companies taking part in the technology program were conducting together with research institutes.