bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Age and Antibody Production
Authors: Baumgartner Leona
Published: January 2023

Differences in the antibody production of animals of different ages indicate that there is a curve of development in the ability of such animals to produce antisera and that during the course of this immunologic maturation process there is also a change in the quality of the antisera elaborated. This hypothesis is substantiated by the following observations drawn from a series of studies with 79 antisera produced by active immunization of rabbits. The “avidity” of fresh antisera agglutinating B. enteritidis produced in 22 “adult” animals was greater than that of antisera produced in 22 “young” animals.The “avidity” of fresh antisera agglutinating B. enteritidis produced by 22 “adult” animals was only a little greater than that of antisera produced by 19 “aged” animals.The trend of the differences in these three groups of animals seemed to be the same if—The antigen used in immunization were administered intraperitoneally or intravenously.The total amount of antigen administered to each animal were the same, or was based upon the weight of the animal.The antisera were tested after a fourteen-day period of immunization or after a thirty-one-day period.Thyroid were added or omitted from the diet of the animals.These “avidity” differences were not dependent upon the titer of the sera.The quantity of antibody produced by “young” animals was less than that produced by “adults.” There was some evidence that “aged” animals were less able to produce antibody than were the “adults.”Certain applications of the statistical method to immunologic reactions were made. It is suggested that a definite value lies in the further use of similar methods in other immunologic studies.
Studies on the Chemical Nature of Shwartzman-Active Substances
Authors: Apitz Kurt
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

Shwartzman-active substances are contained in two different chemical fractions of bacterial substances. The so-called “nucleoprotein” fraction is always found to be Shwartzman-active; it is derived from bacterial autolysis or extraction. Its potency is increased in alkaline solution. Most of the potency of agar-washings is connected with an alcohol-precipitable biuret-negative fraction. The appearance of these Shwartzman-active substances does not depend on autolytic processes, but is metabolic in character. The Shwartzman-active substances of the last described fraction are highly unstable, precipitable with small volumes of alcohol and not identical with type-specific carbohydrates. The Shwartzman-active factor of filtered washings is slowly dialyzable and resists trypsin digestion.
The Effect of Heterologous Bacterial Products Upon Tuberculous Animals
Authors: Freund Jules
Published: January 2023

It has long been known that tuberculous animals respond with focal and systemic reactions to injurious agents not related to tubercle bacilli. In human beings non-specific focal and systemic reactions can be observed when tuberculosis is associated with certain infectious diseases, when tuberculous patients are injected with foreign proteins (heterotherapy) or metal salts. Mollgard and others (1) observed severe systemic and focal reactions after the injection of a gold salt (sanocrysin) in tuberculous man and animals. Lewis, Menkin and others (2) found that dyes and metal salts accumulate in tubercles in larger amounts than in normal tissues. Dienes (3) reported that in tuberculous guinea pigs that had been sensitized to egg white a very small amount of this protein produces hemorrhages in tissues containing tubercles and “tuberculin” death.

Observations by Sanarelli (4) on rabbits infected with cholera vibrios afforded a new approach to the problem of the specificity of focal and systemic reactions.
The Nature of a Virucidal Substance in “Normal” Human Serum as Compared with the Trypanocidal and Bactericidal Substances
Authors: Strong Paul S.
Published: January 2023

In a previous communication (Culbertson and Strong, 1935) it was reported that a considerable community of characteristics was found between the trypanocidal and bactericidal properties of normal human serum. It seemed of interest to determine whether this relationship could be carried to the virucidal substance in human serum. The purpose of the present paper therefore, is to discuss in some detail the nature of the principle in human serum active against a presumed herpes virus and its possible relationship with the bactericidal and trypanocidal substances. The “W”2 virus was used in this work since it gives constant, unmistakable skin lesions in rabbits. It is usually neutralized by human serums which neutralize herpes virus, an observation first made by Gay and Holden. In the present study, the relation of the virucidal substance to alexin (complement), its thermostability, absorbability, antigenicity and the nature of the serum-virus complex are considered.
Studies on the Activity of Cephalin as It Relates to the Coagulative and Complementary Properties of the Blood
Authors: Wadsworth Augustus , Maltaner Frank , Maltaner Elizabeth
Published: January 2023

Experiments are recorded demonstrating the quantitative relations between cephalin, protein, and hydrochloric acid or calcium chloride in: (a) the precipitation of the cephalin-protein complex from serum; (b) the restoration of the coagulative (thrombin) activity of serum; (c) the acceleration of the coagulation of oxalated plasma; (d) the inhibition and reactivation of complement.

In all of these reactions an excess of cephalin or protein inhibited the reaction, whereas optimum activity occurred when the quantities of cephalin and ionized calcium or acid were present in amounts approximating their chemical equivalents. Under these conditions the inhibition of complement was complete and irreversible. With an excess of cephalin or protein, the inhibition of complement was reversible, complete activity being restored by the addition of an amount of calcium chloride approximating or moderately in excess of the chemical equivalent of the cephalin present.

Complement reversibly inactivated by cephalin was reactivated by ammonia-, zymin-, or heat-inactivated serum and also by the heated or unheated albumin but not by the euglobulin fraction of serum: the reactivation was associated with fractions containing the ionized calcium of serum.

Complement inactivated by both zymin and ammonia and then heated also reactivated the cephalin-treated complement. Conversely, both ammonia- and zymin-inactivated complement was reactivated by heated cephalin-inactivated complement. Neither cephalin nor calcium chloride was found effective in reactivating ammonia- or zymin-inactivated complement.

Removal of calcium from fresh serum, by preliminary precipitation of the euglobulins with carbon dioxide and subsequent dialysis of the albumin fraction with dilute acid, resulted in a diminution not only in the complement activity but also in the reactivating activity for cephalin-inactivated complement. Partial reactivation of both activities occurred on the addition of calcium chloride.

Finally, experiments are recorded demonstrating: That the complement and coagulative activity of plasma inactivated by treatment with magnesium hydroxide was reactivated by heated serum or the fractions thereof or by the addition of a definite concentration of hydrochloric acid;That the complementary activity of the prothrombin solutions prepared by adsorption of plasma with magnesium hydroxide and of the albumin and euglobulin fractions of serum bore no constant relation to their coagulative (prothrombin) activity;That these prothrombin solutions, prepared with magnesium hydroxide, like those prepared with tricalcium phosphate or by the saturation of plasma with sodium chloride, contained fibrinogen.
The Antitoxic Titers of Human Subjects Following Immunization with Combined Diphtheria and Tetanus Toxoids, Alum Precipitated
Authors: Jones F. G. , Moss James M.
Published: January 2023

The antibody response to multiple antigens has been shown by numerous authors. Castellani (quoted by Gay (1)), demonstrated not only that the antibody response to individual antigens is specific, but that several antigens in the form of killed bacteria may be used concurrently and give rise to an immunity that is specific for each of the organisms. Such multiple antibody response is apparently as great against each disease as if a single vaccine had been used.

Other combinations of various products have been presented. Stern (2) considers the simultaneous immunization against smallpox and diphtheria a safe and effective procedure. Ingels (3) has reported a large percentage of Schick negatives in a large group of children previously immunized against diphtheria and typhoid-paratyphoid, and in some instances smallpox vaccine. McKean (4) has also reported successful immunization against diphtheria, typhoid, and smallpox at the same time without more reaction than would be obtained from a single antigen.
Studies on Tetanus Toxoid
Authors: Jones F. G. , Moss James M.
Published: January 2023

In a former publication, Jones and Moss (1) reported on the antitoxic titer obtained six and twelve weeks following the immunization of a group of medical students against tetanus. There were three groups in this original study treated as follows: Three injections (0.1, 0.2, and 0.2 cc.) of alum toxoid.Three injections (0.5, 1, and 1 cc.) of untreated toxoid.Two injections (0.2, and 0.3 cc.) of alum toxoid.

Blood specimens were again obtained and tested for antitoxic content six months and twelve months after the above injections. There was a noticeable drop in titer after six months and twelve months in groups I and III, while the titer of group II remained fairly constant. Apparently, while alum precipitated toxoid produced a greater and more rapid immunity, the immunity dropped over an extended period to the level stimulated by untreated toxoid.

Effect of Secondary Stimulus.
The Influence of the Alarm Reaction on the Development of Anaphylactic Shock
Authors: Karady S. , Selye H. , Browne J. S. L.
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

Experiments on the guinea pig show that a relatively mild alarm reaction, followed by an interval of 18½ to 24 hours rest, decreases the anaphylactic response of sensitized guinea pigs to the subsequent reinjection with the antigen. This observation gives further support to the conception that the alarm reaction increases the non-specific resistance of the organism against various nocuous agents. If, on the other hand, the alarm reaction is particularly severe and the interval between the treatment with the alarming agent and the reinjection of the antigen is short, such pretreatment may have an inverse effect and may actually increase the severity of the anaphylactic shock.
The Character of Dissociative Changes in Escherichia Coli Affecting Immunizing Values
Authors: Torrey John C.
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

A gradient series of dissociates derived from a single S organism of a virulent strain of Es. coli have been examined for their comparative immunizing values for white mice, particularly in reference to the relative importance of virulence and content in soluble specific substance.

Virulence of this strain, as exhibited following intraabdominal inoculation, is primarily related to an aggressin- or leucocyteparalyzing element. This aggressin is found only in cultures with SSS-containing capsules. It is apparently associated with the SSS substance, but not identical with it, as in the dissociative changes toward the R phase it may become greatly depleted before any decrease in the SSS element has occurred. Further, in reverse dissociation, R toward S, the SSS element may be largely regained without evidence of the reappearance of the aggressin-factor.

The vaccination experiments with the S phase and its gradient dissociates indicated that the aggressin-factor is of somewhat greater importance for immunization than the SSS content, but that the highest degree of protection is afforded when both factors are present in the immunizing antigen in maximum degree.

The immunizing antigens are located largely in the ectoplasmic or capsular region of the bacillus.

The immunizing value of the S phase was found to be approximately six times that of the R phase and also definitely superior to that of the intermediate or O phase.

The nature of the defensive mechanism for this Es. coli strain in normal and immunized mice is discussed.
Antigenic Qualities of Antitoxins
Authors: Weil A. J. , Parfentjev I. A. , Bowman K. L.
Published: January 2023

Solutions rich in antitoxin were obtained by a process of partial peptic digestion. The antigenic qualities of such “modified” preparations were highly impaired. A small fraction of unmodified protein seems to account for the residual antigenic activity. The antibody itself in the digested preparations is present in a modified form which has lost its antigenic qualities. Previous observations that antitoxins in unmodified form have the same antigenic qualities as the protein of the species from which they are derived, are confirmed.
The pH-Stability of the Elementary Bodies of Vaccinia
Authors: Beard J. W. , Finkelstein Harold , Wyckoff Ralph W. G.
Published: January 2023

The pH range of infectiousness of purified suspensions of the elementary bodies of vaccinia has been determined by titration in rabbits. This infectiousness is most stable between pH 4.5 and pH 10. On the acid side inactivation is immediate below 2.5, on the alkaline side above 11.5. In the analytical ultracentrifuge purified active suspensions give a single fairly sharp boundary with the sedimentation constant s20° = 5400 × 10−13 cm. sec.−1 dynes−1. The elementary bodies become lighter, and hence are broken down, at those pH values at which they are immediately inactivated. The isoelectric point has been determined to be between pH 4.3 and 4.6.
Studies of Antimeningococcal Serum
Authors: Sickles Grace M. , Rice Christine E.
Published: January 2023

The precipitative and complement-fixing activities of meningococcal antibacterial and antifiltrate horse sera were titrated with antigens prepared by ultrafiltration from meningococcal cells and from culture filtrates.

Marked precipitation was obtained with antibacterial and with combined antibacterial and antifiltrate sera in tests with both antigens; only minimal precipitation with antifiltrate serum.

In tests of complement-fixation, the activity of the antifiltrate sera in the first eight to nine months of immunization, was, in general, relatively more marked than that of the antibacterial sera with both antigens.

The differences in complement-fixing activity with the antigens used in these experiments appeared to be quantitative rather than qualitative.

A decrease in complement-fixing activity as determined by the constant-serum method was noted during the course of immunization of some horses.
Studies of the Early Stage of Resistance to Pneumococcic Infection
Authors: McBroom Josephine , Schlesinger Helen
Published: January 2023

There occurs in rabbits an early stage of hypersensitiveness to pneumococcic nucleoprotein, appearing simultaneously with the early stage of resistance to pneumococcic infection. Both the early hypersensitivity and the resistance to infection are induced by the same method of treatment, namely, intracutaneous injection of a single dose of whole, heat-killed pneumococci. Both of these responses appear within 72 hours following a single sensitizing injection.
The Elimination of Horse-Serum Specificity from Antitoxins
Authors: Coghill Robert D. , Fell Norbert , Creighton Martha , Brown Gordon
Published: January 2023

Digestion of antitoxic plasma or sera with the enzyme “Takadiastase” yields a refined antitoxin which has lost so much of its horse-serum specificity that it can be injected into guinea pigs which have been sensitized to normal horse serum without the appearance of any serious anaphylactic symptoms.

Evidence of the actual mechanism concerned in this change in biological specificity suggests that the process is not only one of purification, but one in which the antitoxic molecule has been altered, not greatly, but enough to change its biological specificity.
A Physical-Chemical Study of Normal and Immune Horse Sera
Authors: Fell Norbert , Stern Kurt G. , Coghill Robert D.
Published: January 2023

A survey has been made of the electrophoretic and ultracentrifugal behavior of immune horse sera and purified antiserumpreparations produced by immunization with the following antigens: diphtheric, scarlet-fever streptococcal, tetanal and perfringens-toxins and pneumococcal (type 1 and 2) vaccines.

A comparison of the immune sera and plasmas with normal serum and plasma in the electrophoretic apparatus of Tiselius with the aid of the unmodified Toepler schlieren-band analysis shows that, under the experimental conditions employed, no extra proteic component appears in the serum following immunization with any of the toxins mentioned. A roughly quantitative evaluation of the electrophoretic diagrams obtained with the schlieren-scanning method of Longsworth reveals significant increases in the relative concentration of either the β- or the γ-globulin present in immune sera as compared with normal serum or plasma. The diagrams given by the enzymatically purified antitoxins were invariably much less complex than those given by the unfractionated sera and indicated the absence or greatly diminished concentration of albumin and the predominance of globulins of low mobility at pH 8 (β- and γ-globulin).

With the exception of scarlet-fever antitoxin, the electrophoretic fractionation of purified antibody-preparations in the separative apparatus of Tiselius did not lead to significant increases of the specific antitoxic activity in the various fractions obtained. With the exception of antipneumococcic serum the same is true for the experiments in which diluted immune sera were subjected to molecular sedimentation in an air-driven ultracentrifuge designed by Beams; the gravitational fields employed were of the order of 66,000 gr. This result tends to show that the antibody-activity in the preparations examined is not linked to heavy proteic molecules of the type previously found in antipneumococcic horse sera.
Complement Fixation in Human Malaria
Authors: Dulaney Anna Dean , Stratman-Thomas Warren K.
Published: January 2023

We have not been able to demonstrate cutaneous or precipitative reactions specific for malaria. Complement-fixation tests have yielded highly specific results in human malaria. A large number of antigens have been tried but the best results have been obtained from use of an antigen prepared from P. knowlesi parasites collected from laked red cells of highly parasitized monkeys. The parasites were washed free of hemoglobin, dried, and ground. When ready for use this material is rehydrated with saline solution, frozen and thawed. Antigens of P. vivax and P. malariae have been prepared in the same manner from human blood. The malarial antigen is group- rather than species-specific since those of P. vivax, P. malariae or P. knowlesi give strong complement-fixation with sera from patients infected with any one of the 3 types of parasites. We have not found that complement-fixation with malarial antigen is modified by pre-existing syphilis. We have observed that Wassermann-negative patients may give a negative Wassermann reaction and a 4+ complement-fixation for malaria at a time when malarial parasites are easily demonstrated in blood-smears.
Studies on the Mechanism of Sulfonamide Bacteriostasis, Inhibition and Resistance
Authors: Strauss Elias , Dingle John H. , Finland Maxwell
Published: January 2023

The bacteriostatic action of five sulfonamide drugs was determined on a strain of S. aureus, using a relatively simple medium which was found to support adequate growth.

Nicotinamide, thiamin, coenzyme I and biotin had no inhibitory effect on sulfonamide bacteriostasis. Uracil, pyruvate and adenylic acid in combination, but not singly, partially inhibited the effect of bacteriostatic concentrations of sulfaguanidine.

Para-aminobenzoic acid inhibited the bacteriostatic action of all the sulfonamide drugs. Methionine and nucleic acid had no inhibitory effect on sulfonamide bacteriostasis when tested with the control strain of S. aureus.

The strain of staphylococcus was made resistant to sulfonamide action. With partially resistant strains, methionine inhibited sulfonamide bacteriostasis but it did not prevent the development of fastness.

Nucleic acid partially prevented the development of resistance of staphylococci in the presence of sulfaguanidine. It is suggested that yeast nucleic acid may contain a weak inhibitor of the action of sulfaguanidine on S. aureus.
Differentiation of the West Nile Virus from the Viruses of St. Louis and Japanese B Encephalitis
Authors: Smithburn Kenneth C.
Published: January 2023

A recently described neurotropic virus, the West Nile virus, was found to be immunologically related to, but distinct from the viruses of St. Louis and Japanese B encephalitis. Antiserum against the West Nile virus does not neutralize either of these viruses. Vaccination with either of the three viruses causes enhanced resistance only to the homologous strain. The immunological relation of the viruses is shown by the fact that antisera against the St. Louis virus may cross-neutralize the West Nile virus and antisera against Japanese B virus have some power to cross-neutralize both the West Nile and the St. Louis viruses.
Immunochemistry of the Proteins
Authors: Kabat Elvin A.
Published: January 2023

Many of the present war problems on infectious diseases are concerned with the preparation of effective immunizing antigens, and involve the separation of antigenic substances from tissue or bacterial constitutents. Since the classical non-quantitative immunological approach is not always adequate, it seems desirable to review the literature of protein chemistry and immunology from the viewpoint of the immunochemist with special reference to the applicability of quantitative technics to the further elaboration of these problems. This survey will give a brief description of the quantitative methods of immunochemistry. It will then attempt a summary of the most recent contributions to our knowledge of a number of protein antigens and antibodies and point out how quantitative immunochemical technics may be useful in further studies when coordinated with the refined physicochemical technics of protein chemistry. The review will not consider the extensive and important studies on chemically altered proteins (Landsteiner and others (255) (e.g. azo-proteins) except when they relate directly to the specificity of the original native protein.1
Studies in Human Malaria
Authors: Heidelberger Michael , Prout Curtis , Hindle Joseph A. , Rose Augustus S.
Published: January 2023

Three paretics were vaccinated intracutaneously, subcutaneously, and intravenously with 3.5 to 4 billion formalinized Pl. vivax together with the accompanying debris of stromata, leucocytes, and platelets. Three weeks after the last injection of vaccine, living Pl. vivax trophozoites of the same strain were injected intravenously. No protection was observed.
Further Studies on the Influence of X-Rays on the Phagocytic Indices of Healthy Rabbits
Authors: Glenn John C.
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

The phagocytic index of the healthy white rabbit can be increased significantly by x-rays. This effect is most marked when treatment is delivered at 140 KV, and when a 100 r dose is used. The maximal increase occurs at 48 hours after treatment. Repetition of the optimal dose produces an increase in the phagocytic index which is only moderately higher than that obtained with a single dose, but the index may be maintained at a high level for a short time. There is a definite tolerance of the animals to x-rays for producing an increase in the phagocytic index, beyond which point a depression occurs. Previously radiated animals show a return of their phagocytic indices to normal at varying lengths of time following treatment, so that subsequent treatments following this event again institute a rise in the phagocytic index which is identical with that observed in untreated animals.
Allergenic and Anaphylactogenic Properties of Vaccines Prepared from Embryonic Tissues of Developing Chicks
Authors: Plotz Colonel Harry
Published: January 2023

Only one of 180 normal adults skin-tested with typhus-vaccines, egg-white or egg-yolk showed evidence of skin-sensitivity to the three antigens. This individual when subsequently inoculated subcutaneously with typhus-vaccine developed no systemic reaction. Of 150 adults receiving three subcutaneous doses of typhus-vaccine, four individuals developed skin-sensitivity to the whole typhus-vaccine alone, four to both egg-yolk and typhus-vaccine, one to both egg-yolk and egg-white and one to egg-yolk, egg-white and typhus-vaccine. None of these subjects developed a general reaction when subsequently inoculated with typhus-vaccine. In spite of the fact that many millions of soldiers have received egg-embryo vaccines, the number of severe reactions known to have occurred following their use has been minimal. Some severe reactions have occurred however when vaccines were administered to egg-sensitive individuals. The risk is probably greater in children, in which group more egg-sensitive individuals may be encountered. It is considered advisable therefore to be cautious in the administration of egg-vaccines to allergic or egg-sensitive individuals. The use of concentrated washed rickettsial suspensions which are relatively free of egg-antigens could be used as vaccine in these cases.
A New Method for the Large-Scale Production of High-Titre Botulinum Formol-Toxoid Types C and D
Authors: Sterne M. , Wentzel L. M.
Published: January 2023

Very potent botulinum toxin Types C and D can be produced in intussuscepted cellophane tubing immersed in nutrient medium. This “dialysate” toxin is 50 to 100 times as potent as toxins prepared in the conventional way. The “dialysate” toxins contain 1/50th to 1/100th of the protein nitrogen per M.L.D., Lf, and L+dose contained in the best of the non-“dialysate” toxins. The M.L.D./mg protein nitrogen of type D “dialysate” toxin is approximately the same as that of pure Type A toxin. Formol-toxoids prepared from these “dialysate” toxins are up to 8000 times as efficient in eliciting immunity as conventionally prepared toxoids. A striking feature of these easily prepared toxoids is their low protein content. A dose that will provoke a very high antibody response in cattle may contain as little as 0.001 mg protein nitrogen. The method is very suitable for preparing botulinum formol-toxoids on a large scale. Much less labour and effort is required than is needed in the preparation of toxoids by conventional methods. There is evidence that the method can be adapted to the preparation of other Clostridial toxins.
Hemagglutinating Substances for Human Cells in Various Egyptian Plants
Authors: Boyd William C.
Published: January 2023

Hemagglutinating substances have long been known to occur in the seeds of certain plants. Renkonen (1) and Boyd and Reguera (2) discovered that extracts of certain plants gave agglutination which was nearly or quite specific for human erythrocytes of certain blood groups. In particular a number of plants yielded extracts which were specific and highly active for blood group A.

The possibility of plant sources for blood grouping reagents is not only of theoretical significance, but also of possible practical importance, since such sources are abundant, and highly active preparations could be simply manufactured at low cost. If plant agglutinins are to compete with human isoagglutinins, however, for use in routine blood grouping, it seems necessary to find also a plant source of a specific anti-B agglutinin. It therefore seemed worthwhile to make a survey of agglutinins found in Egyptian and other Near Eastern plants. The present communication is a report of the results of such tests.
Antitoxin Response to Repeated (Daily) Doses of Diphtheria Toxoid
Authors: Carlinfanti E.
Published: January 2023

The antitoxin response to closely spaced injections of diphtheria toxoid has been studied using a quantitative procedure suitable for a precise statistical analysis. The immunization of guinea-pigs with multiple subdivided doses administered over a period of 2, 3, 4 or 7 days gives an antitoxin response greatly superior to that provoked by a single injection of the same total amount of toxoid.

By changing the site of the multiple injections a further increase of the antitoxin response can be obtained.

Some possible interpretations of these results are discussed with special regard to the wastage of antigen as a cause of the low efficiency of a single injection; and the advantage which may be taken of the immunization brought about by closely repeated antigenic stimuli is pointed out.
The Antibody Response to Mumps Vaccine As Evaluated by the Complement Fixation and Serum-Virus Neutralization Tests
Authors: Hoyt Anson , Eby Thomas M. , Ashton Peryl , Veldee M. V.
Published: January 2023

Adults selected without regard to previous history of mumps were immunized with mumps vaccine. They were subsequently bled on one or more occasions and their anti-mumps antibody levels assessed by the complement fixation method. Serum pools prepared from the recovered sera were also compared by serum-virus neutralization tests. The distribution of titers of the sera of these immunized donors was compared with that of a smaller number of convalescent sera. Both series showed CF titers ranging from 0 to 128. Vaccine-stimulated persons seem to attain their maximum antibody levels early and thereafter maintain approximately the same levels in spite of continued immunization. A method of selecting vaccine-immunized donors for the production of pooled mumps immune serum based on CF titers was developed. The resulting pools possessed higher CF titers than formerly were obtained by the random pooling of sera from persons convalescent from mumps as indicated by the clinical record. Serum pools showing CF titers between 32 and 64, when tested in a 1:64 dilution, gave serum-virus neutralization values between 100 and 1000, whereas a pool giving no detectable CF titer failed to show serum-virus neutralization in a 1:2 dilution.
Some Observations on Host-Cell-Virus Relationships in Fowl Pox
Authors: Bang Frederik B. , Levy Ellen , Gey George O.
Published: January 2023

The virus of fowl pox has been grown in roller tube cultures of chick fibroblasts in which it survived and multiplied through constant association in low titers with the same continuous cultures for a period of over a hundred days. The cells failed to show any inclusion or destruction. Epithelial cells in culture are killed by the virus, but without the formation of definite inclusion bodies.

The refractile inclusion body of the chick chorio-allantoic membrane is osmophilic and can be partially extracted with ether. The residual inclusion is still resistant to purified desoxyribonuclease, ribonuclease and trypsin. The inclusion can be dissolved and elementary bodies liberated by treatment with sodium lauryl sulphate (Duponal C) but this in the concentrations used inactivates the virus.

The individual elementary bodies as seen in the electron microscope have a central dark area and are brick shaped. This is brought out more clearly by acid peptic digestion. Smear preparations of the whole inclusion show an amorphous material, presumably fat, surrounding the individual bodies. Some inclusions have thin threads of material running through this matrix. Thin sections of infected membranes show an intracellular edema at the start of the infection, then swelling and destruction of the mitochondria. Few virus particles are present at the start. The number of virus particles and the amount of fat increase to form the final dense osmophilic inclusion.
Evidence of Resistance to Tumor Graft in Early Stages of Induced Oncolysis
Authors: Aptekman Paul Myron , Lewis Margaret Reed
Published: January 2023

Eight to sixteen successive intratumoral injections at two to three day intervals of material extracted from fresh tumor tissue by means of alcohol, resulted in complete recovery from tumor growth of seventy of the tumor bearing rats treated in this manner. All of the treated rats (100%) implanted with a challenge graft after they had received six intratumoral injections of an alcoholic extract of tumor tissue, had by this time developed sufficient tumor resistance to protect them from the growth of the second graft of tumor tissue, and seventy per cent of the treated rats challenged after they had received four intratumoral injections also showed evidence of tumor resistance. One to two months after the challenge grafts had failed to grow, the rats were again engrafted with viable tumor tissue. These grafts also failed to grow, showing that the hosts had developed tumor immunity.
A Micro-Test for Measuring Circulating Antibodies against a Virus (PVM)
Authors: Smith J. Maclean , Mirick George S.
Published: January 2023

A test for the detection of virus hemagglutination neutralizing antibodies in the quantity of blood conveniently obtainable from the tail of a mouse is described. The uses of such a test are discussed.
Immunochemical Studies on Blood Groups
Authors: Beiser Sam M. , Kabat Elvin A.
Published: January 2023

Substances with either A, B, O, BO, or with negligible blood group activity as determined by hemagglutination-inhibition were prepared from individual bovine stomach linings. However, the bovine materials were not as active by hemagglutination-inhibition tests as corresponding blood group preparations from other species. The bovine materials were analytically similar to hog, horse, and human blood group substances except for lower methylpentose contents. The methylpentose was identified as fucose by paper chromatography. Bovine blood group substances were species specific as well as blood group specific. These two specificities were, for the most part, linked together on the same molecule and contributed to the greater complexity of these substances as compared with the hog substances. Certain bovine substances which show no blood group B activity as measured by hemagglutination-inhibition may nevertheless be able to absorb hemagglutinins for B cells as established by supernatant tests. The cattle blood group preparations cross-reacted with anti-SXIV. The cross-reactivity was unrelated to their methylpentose contents, but was increased by hydrolysis at approximately pH 1.9 for two hours at 100 C. Unlike the results obtained with hog substances, partial hydrolysis reduced, but did not destroy, the ability of the bovine substances to react with homologous antisera. Bovine B cross-reacted with antiserum to horse B, but the bovine A preparations did not precipitate specifically with antisera to either hog, horse, or human blood group A substances. With some bovine substances, the hemagglutination-inhibition technic may not be the most sensitive method for detecting blood group activity. With such materials blood group activity may be detected either by a rise in hemagglutinating titer on immunization of humans or by absorption of hemagglutinins.
Hemagglutination by Tularemia Antisera: Further Observations on Agglutination of Polysaccharide-Treated Erythrocytes and Its Inhibition by Polysaccharide
Authors: Wright George G. , Feinberg Richard J.
Published: January 2023

Study of the reaction of human erythrocytes with tularemia polysaccharide under various conditions indicated that optimum sensitization to agglutination by tularemia antisera occurred when 5% erythrocyte suspensions were incubated 4 hours at 37 C with 0.0025% polysaccharide and then washed 4 times with saline. Erythrocytes of human types O, A, and B, monkey, rabbit, mouse, guinea pig, sheep, and chicken were sensitized under these conditions, and were agglutinated by anti-tularensis antisera from man, goat, horse, rabbit and rat. In the presence of complement, only sheep erythrocytes were lysed by the antisera. The agglutination was inhibited by minute amounts of free polysaccharide; under appropriate conditions 2 milligamma or less produced complete inhibition of agglutination. Reaction with polysaccharide did not appear to alter certain of the antigens or other receptors of the erythrocyte, nor did treatment with receptor-destroying enzyme, potassium periodate, or pancreatic lipase interfere with subsequent sensitization with polysaccharide. The sensitizing and inhibiting activities of the polysaccharide were found to be reasonably stable to heat in the region of neutrality, but to be destroyed by treatment at 100 C in acid or alkaline solution.
Studies in Specific Hypersensitiveness
Authors: Veer Albert Vander
Published: January 2023

The following study of the relative strengths of various commercial extracts used in the treatment of hay fever was made because there is no recognized standard method of preparation of such extracts and it was felt that it might be of interest to see what therapeutic results might reasonably be expected from their use. Preparations of four of the best known commercial products were purchased from a pharmacy and compared with corresponding extracts obtained from the Department of Applied Immunology in the New York Hospital. The method of preparation of these latter extracts is published by Dr. A. F. Coca in this issue of the Journal of Immunology (1). The commercial products have been designated A, B, C, and D, while those made in the New York Hospital are labelled E. For convenience the last named extracts will be referred to as the “Cornell preparations.” All of the five preparations were in fluid form.
Studies in Specific Hypersensitiveness
Authors: Cooke Robert A.
Published: January 2023

Definition of the Term. The term constitutional or general reaction is used to designate the group of symptoms occurring in allergic individuals after the absorption of an allergen and its transportation by the blood and lymph into the systemic circulation. Symptoms therefore occur in various organs and tissues affected by the allergen and may be protean in nature, since they depend upon the structures involved, which may differ with the individual and the allergen concerned. Such reactions may take place when the allergen is introduced through unnatural channels, as in the diagnostic skin test, subcutaneous or intravenous injection, or through natural channels, as after ingestion.

Data Used The data for the present paper are obtained more especially from a statistical study of 578 consecutive cases observed in 1920 and somewhat more generally from a personal experience over a period of ten years in the diagnosis and treatment of some four thousand allergic cases.
Studies on Bacterium Tularense Antigens
Authors: Ormsbee Richard A. , Bell J. Frederick , Larson Carl L.
Published: January 2023

Methods for the isolation and purification of B. tularense antigens which involve ether treatment, salt and alcohol precipitation, differential centrifugation, and dialysis have been presented.

Immunogenic activity was tested in mice, and it was found that the degree of protection was proportional to the precipitation titer of the antigen, within certain limits, and was not affected by the amount of non-antigenic material present in the various preparations tested.

The antigenic material released by either treatment has been characterized by differential centrifugation as a polydisperse system of particles.
Studies on Immunity in Anthrax
Authors: Auerbach Sidney , Wright George G.
Published: January 2023

Antigen elaborated by a non-proteolytic, non-encapsulated mutant of the Vollum strain effectively immunized rabbits against challenge with 35 strains of B. anthracis of varied origin. In guinea pigs, although protection against heterologous challenge was obtained in most cases, fatal infection occurred following challenge of immunized animals with several of the strains. Antigens elaborated by two of the latter strains, however, were no more effective in immunization against homologous challenge than was antigen elaborated by the Vollum mutant. The meaning of the results is discussed.
Further Studies on the Behavior of Mumps Virus in Maitland Type of Tissue Cultures
Authors: Watson Barbara K. , Cheever F. Sargent
Published: January 2023

By varying the amount of tissue used and the interval between changes of medium, multiplication of mumps virus was shown to take place for as long as 70 days of incubation in Maitland type of tissue cultures. No differences were noted in the pH or visible tissue growth of infected cultures as compared to uninfected ones. Although the number of tissue fragments which were capable of cell migration when transplanted to plasma was somewhat variable, there was no clear-cut evidence that the presence of the virus had a significant effect on the outgrowth of fibroblasts from the explanted tissues. These results suggest that under the conditions of these experiments cytopathogenic activity on the part of mumps virus was minimal at best.
The Slope Assay for Measurement of Lethal Potency of Meningo-Pneumonitis Virus in the Chick Embryo
Authors: Crocker T. Timothy , Bennett Blair M.
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

Titrations of meningo-pneumonitis (M-P) virus were performed by inoculation of 3 or more fully lethal serial dilutions via the yolk sac in groups of chick embryos. The linear relation between log. dilution of virus and survival time of embryos was employed in slope assays for estimation of the lethal potency of test samples of virus relative to a standard virus sample. The method for slope assay is illustrated as applied to M-P virus. The slopes of titrations were found to be reasonably constant over a 6-month period, except for an interval when avian encephalomyelitis infection of the laying flock produced alterations of slope associated with prolongation of survival of embryos inoculated with M-P virus. This observation demonstrated responsiveness of the slope assay to changes in the host-virus relationship. Precision and speed of the slope assay and single dilution titration methods for M-P virus are compared, with evidence favoring the slope assay, because error estimates can be made from the data of each experiment and assays are independent of a prior standard curve. A simple graphical approximation of the slope assay is presented, found to agree closely with slope assay results, and proposed as a desirable alternative to the single dilution titration for nondefinitive estimates of lethal potency. Qualitative aspects of the slope of the dose-survival time relationship are discussed.
Differential Phagocytosis of Normal, Trypsinized and Virus-Treated Human and Rabbit Erythrocytes by Macrophages in Tissue Culture
Authors: Mabry D. Shelton , Bass Joe A. , Dodd Matt C. , Wallace John H. , Wright Claude-Starr
Published: January 2023

Human and rabbit erythrocytes modified by either enzymes or viruses have been shown to be more susceptible to phagocytosis by macrophages from rabbit spleen grown in tissue culture compared to normal red cells. The factors responsible for this differential phagocytosis were opsonic properties of serum and the capacity of macrophages to ingest modified red cells maximally in a certain time. The roles of other factors such as age of macrophages, evaluation of phagocytic index and the per cent of susceptible erythrocytes available were also examined.
Opsonic Factors in Normal and Immune Sera in the Differential Phagocytosis of Normal, Trypsinized and Virus-Treated Human and Rabbit Erythrocytes by Macrophages in Tissue Culture
Authors: Mabry D. Shelton , Wallace John H. , Dodd Matt C. , Wright Claude-Starr
Published: January 2023

Maximum erythrophagocytosis with normal serum required heat-stable, specific, absorbable factors and complement. Quantitative and qualitative aspects of complement were demonstrated. The opsonic action of specific antibody was increased in the presence of complement. Complement appeared to have no effect on the specificity or absolute degree of the opsonic reaction in immune serum, but only on the rate of phagocytosis.
Antibody Formation After Injection of Heterologous Immune Globulin
Authors: Adler Frank L.
Published: January 2023

Foreign sera, their globulin fraction, or washed immune aggregates containing foreign immune globulin were tested for their ability to evoke antibody formation against their immune globulin components. The antibody response against immune globulin was measured by two agglutination methods. In one of these sub-agglutinating amounts of the foreign immune globulin were adsorbed on red cells; in the other the foreign immune globulin against polysaccharide, obtained by dissociation of immune precipitate, was adsorbed to tanned red cells.

The data show that guinea pigs injected with normal rabbit serum or its globulin fraction fail to produce appreciable amounts of antibody against rabbit immune globulin. In contrast, injection into guinea pigs of washed immune aggregates formed by the reaction of rabbit immune sera with their corresponding antigens elicits production of potent anti-rabbit immune globulin sera. The ability of washed immune aggregates to evoke this antibody response is inhibited by the admixture of normal rabbit serum to the immunizing antigen. Strong immune sera against the immune globulins of mice and guinea pigs are also readily produced by the injection of immune precipitates containing mouse or guinea pig immune globulin into guinea pigs or rabbits, respectively. Practical and theoretical implications of these findings have been discussed.
Quantitative Estimation of Antigens by Complement Fixation
Authors: Peterkofsky Alan , Levine Lawrence , Brown Ray K.
Published: January 2023

Heat-labile alpha-2 glycoprotein from normal and pathologic sera was determined quantitatively by C′-fixation, precipitin N, and precipitin hexose. Sera from patients with nephrosis were found to contain more of the glycoprotein. Quantitative C′-fixation and electrophoretic determinations of human serum albumin were compared.
Determination of Neutralizing Antibodies against Mumps Virus in HeLa Cell Cultures
Authors: Deinhardt Friedrich , Henle Gertrude
Published: January 2023

A neutralization test against mumps virus in tissue cultures of human carcinoma cells strain HeLa has been described. It is based on prevention of lysis and degenerative changes in HeLa cells, caused by the growth of an amniotic strain of mumps virus in the presence of neutralizing antibodies. The test proved to be readily reproducible and applicable to the study of a large number of sera. The relationships of antibodies measured in this system to those determined in complement fixation and neutralization tests in chick embryos have been discussed.
Suppressive Activity of Xerosin on Allergic and Other Inflammatory Reactions of the Skin in Guinea Pigs
Authors: Waksman Byron H. , Groupé Vincent
Published: January 2023

Parenteral injections of the microbial product, xerosin, in guinea pigs reduced markedly the tuberculin reaction and the inflammatory response to turpentine. The reversed passive Arthus reaction and the inflammatory response to urease were moderately reduced. Xerosin failed to affect the histamine wheal or the wheal and flare of passive cutaneous anaphylaxis. Diffusion of a macromolecular dye in the skin was greatly inhibited.
The Behavior in the Coombs Test of Anti-A and Anti-B Produced by Immunization with Various Blood Group A and B Substances and by Heterospecific Pregnancy
Authors: McDuffie Frederic C. , Kabat Elvin A.
Published: January 2023

Anti-A and anti-B sera from individuals immunized with various blood group substances and by heterospecific pregnancy have been examined by the Coombs test in block titration and by Coombs test after neutralization by blood group substances and found to fall into two groups, one showing enhancement in Coombs titer over the saline agglutinin titer and the other failing to show such enhancement. The results indicate that no proper distinction can be made between such antibodies on the basis of their being “natural” or immune.