bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Kerkenes Dağ Survey: an Interim Report
Authors: Summers G. D. , Summers M. E. F. , Baturayoğlu Nilüfer , Harmanşah Ömür , McIntosh Elspeth R.
Published: January 2007

After three seasons of survey it is perhaps appropriate to set out briefly the aims of the project, to describe the techniques that are being developed and to make some assessment of the goals that have been achieved so far. The project is officially sponsored by the British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara and we would like to thank David French for his initial encouragement, constant help and sound advice. The research is undertaken with a permit issued by the Directorate of Monuments and Museums and we are particularly grateful to Prof. Dr Engin Özgen, the late Mr Osman Özbek, Mrs Emel Yağcı and Mr Levent Vardar for encouragement, help and advice. The work could not have been undertaken without the keen participation of representatives from the Directorate, Mr Kazım Mertek of Konya Museum (1993–94) and Mr Uğur Terzioğlu, of Samsun Museum (1995). In the province of Yozgat we have been greatly supported by the Vali, Mr Ertuğrul Ersoy, and by Mr Musa Özcan, Director of the Yozgat Museums. We were sorry to say goodbye to the Kaymakam of Sorgun, Mr F. Necmi Kurt who, after three years in office, has taken up a new post at Suluova. Although not an author of this report, we are deeply indebted to Scott Branting for his contribution to the 1995 season.
Cremna in Pisidia: a re-appraisal of the siege works
Authors: Davies G.
Published: January 2007

The only significant occasion that Cremna emerges from the shadows of historical obscurity is during its siege by Roman forces in the third century AD. Our sole surviving source for this incident is the account related by Zosimus which, despite covering two generous paragraphs of text, remains a collage of anecdotal observations of limited application to the student of siege operations. Notwithstanding the weaknesses of the literary evidence, an archaeological survey conducted with the assistance of the British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara in the mid 1980s, revealed that substantial elements of the Roman siege system still survived insitu. The recently published account of this survey (Mitchell et al 1995) presents a number of interesting arguments concerning the tactical role of these siege works and their relationship to the local topography. In the course of more general research into Roman siege works, the author undertook a field inspection of the site in September 1997 and would suggest that certain aspects of the published analysis require further refinement. This paper is intended to address these outstanding issues. The helpful comments made by Professors S Mitchell and J J Wilkes and Dr J J Coulton in respect of an earlier draft, are gratefully acknowledged.
The British-Georgian excavation at Pichvnari 1998: the ‘Greek’ and ‘Colchian’ Cemeteries
Authors: Vickers M. , Kakhidze A.
Published: January 2007

Pichvnari lies on the Black Sea coast of Georgia, at the confluence of the Choloki and Ochkhamuri rivers, some 10km to the north of the town of Kobuleti in the Ajarian Autonomous Republic (fig 1). The site has been known since the 1950s, and excavations were carried out in both the settlement and its various cemeteries in succeeding years, under the auspices of the Batumi Archaeological Museum and the Batumi Research Institute. The site was surveyed and a notional grid-plan imposed, within which subsequent work was recorded. By the time of the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1989–90, the Pichvnari Expedition was a fixture in the Georgian archaeological calendar, but with the abrupt decline in the Georgian economy this happy state of affairs came to an end.

In 1998, however, work started again in collaboration with the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford. In the spring of that year, the dig-house (part of an oldkolkhoz, collective farm) was restored with the aid of the Seven Pillars of Wisdom Trust. The roof was mended, and water and electricity laid on. The first season took place in July and August, when work (briefly reported in Vickers 1998) was conducted in the areas of both the North, or ‘Colchian’, and West, or ‘Greek’, Cemeteries.
Palaeoecological and archaeological evidence for human occupance in southwest Turkey: the Beyşehir occupation phase
Authors: Eastwood W. J. , Roberts N. , Lamb H. F.
Published: January 2007

The mountains of the Eastern Mediterranean have a long history of human occupation and exploitation of the natural environment (Grenon, Batisse 1989; McNeil 1992). Whilst the reconstruction of vegetation and human-induced landscape change is primarily based upon pollen analysis and other palaeoecological methods, the history of human occupation relies heavily upon archaeology, including field survey information and excavation reports. Both palaeoecology and archaeology are supplemented by historical accounts, especially for later periods, and when these data sources are combined they have the potential to provide a much fuller picture of settlement and landscape change than the reliance on a single source (Wagstaff 1985). There are, however, problems and limitations associated with each of the different data sources.
Early Phrygian drawings from Gordion and the elements of Phrygian artistic style
Authors: Roller Lynn E.
Published: January 2007

The excavations of Young at Gordion (1950–73) made an immeasurable contribution to our understanding of the Iron Age in central Anatolia. Amidst the attention paid to his discoveries of rich burial tumuli and substantial buildings within the elite quarter of the Gordion citadel mound, a series of casual drawings incised on the exterior surface of one of these buildings, Megaron 2, has received less notice. Known informally as ‘doodles’, these drawings range from small cursory sketches to larger complex pictures. They were noted in the Gordion preliminary excavation reports for the 1956 and 1957 seasons and were the subject of a brief study in Archaeology in 1969, but their significance has never been fully assessed. Yet these drawings, while hardly great art, have the potential to offer much valuable information on Phrygian interests and activities and on the Phrygians' sources of artistic inspiration in the late eighth century BC. For this reason I am undertaking a full review of all the stones with incised Phrygian drawings for publication. My goal here is to discuss the technique and subject matter of the drawings, and offer some suggestions about the artistic impetuses which lay behind them.
A land dispute from the Lycian borderland
Authors: Köktürk Hüseyin , Milner N.P.
Published: January 2007

An inscription from a private collection in Fethiye tells part of a court case concerning the illegal sale of land to ‘foreigners’, who are identified as Lycians. It is argued that the land belonged to Rhodes' mainland possessions bordering on Lycia, and some of the individuals named in the inscription may be identified with members of a prominent second century AD Rhodian family. Possible locations for the land at Daidala or on the island of Meis/Castellorizo are discussed.
CD5-Positive B-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
Authors: Peterson Michael R. , Noskoviak Kyle J. , Newbury Robert
Published: January 2007

CD5-positive B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is an exceedingly rare entity, with only a single case report in the literature. We report 2 additional cases of CD5-positive B-cell ALL in a 16-year-old male and a 15-year-old female. The 1st case was initially misdiagnosed as Ewing sarcoma due to a lack of CD45 expression and weak expression of CD99. Cytogenetic analysis of the 2nd case revealed trisomy 22, the 1st time this finding has been reported in ALL. Both patients had poor outcomes, as did the patient in the previously published case report. We conclude that CD5-positive B-cell ALL is a rare, aggressive malignancy with a poor prognosis that presents in adolescence. Pathologists and clinicians should be aware of this entity to avoid confusion with other small blue-cell tumors.
Association of adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene polymorphisms with autism spectrum disorder (ASD)
Authors: Zhou Xiao‐Lei , Giacobini MaiBritt , Anderlid Britt‐Marie , Anckarsäter Henrik , Omrani Davood , Gillberg Christopher , Nordenskjöld Magnus , Lindblom Annika
Published: January 2007

We serendipitously identified a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), 8636C>A (rs1804197) in the 3′‐untranslated region of the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene to be associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). In order to gain further evidence for the association between the APC locus and ASD, we genotyped four additional adjacent common SNPs (rs2229992, rs42427, rs459552, and rs465899) in the coding regions within the APC gene in a set of Swedish ASDs and controls. One common haplotype TGAG was found to be associated with ASD after haplotype analysis using both Haploview v3.1.1 (P = 0.006) and COCAPHASE v2.403 (P = 0.030). This result is the first to suggest that the genomic locus at APC is associated with ASD, and that the APC gene itself is a good predisposing candidate to be evaluated in future studies due to its important role in neuronal development and function. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fluorogenic substrates for lipases, esterases, and acylases using a TIM‐mechanism for signal release
Authors: Sicart Renaud , Collin Marie‐Pierre , Reymond Jean‐Louis
Published: January 2007

3‐Acyloxyl‐2‐oxopropyl ethers of umbelliferone were investigated as new fluorogenic substrates for lipases and esterases. The aliphatic primary alcohol‐leaving group released the fluorescent product umbelliferone by an enolization/β‐elimination reaction similar to the triose phosphate isomerase (TIM) reaction. A similarly designed phenylacetamide provided a fluorescent probe for penicillin G acylase, whereby the enolization/β‐elimination sequence from the intermediate aminoketone was very fast and spontaneous even under acidic conditions. The corresponding epoxyketone was not fluorogenic with epoxide hydrolases (EH). These substrates represent periodate‐free Clips‐o™ substrates.
Inherently Chiral Molecular Clips: Synthesis, Chiroptical Properties, and Application to Chiral Discrimination
Authors: Fukuhara Gaku , Madenci Süreyya , Polkowska Jolanta , Bastkowski Frank , Klärner Frank‐Gerrit , Origane Yumi , Kaneda Masayuki , Mori Tadashi , Wada Takehiko , Inoue Yoshihisa
Published: January 2007

Inherently chiral molecular clips (MCs), pseudoenantiomeric anti‐1 and anti‐2, as well as mesoid syn‐3, were synthesized by diastereodifferentiating repetitive Diels–Alder reactions of the achiral bisdienophile 6 with chiral diene 5 generated in situ from (−)‐menthyl 3,4‐bis(dibromomethyl)benzoate 4. These MCs were successfully separated by chiral HPLC to give optically active anti‐1 and anti‐2 and almost optically inactive syn‐3. The structures of anti‐1, anti‐2, and syn‐3 were assigned by high‐resolution NMR and the absolute configurations of anti‐1 and anti‐2 were determined by the exciton‐chirality method. Optically active anti‐2 can serve as a chiral host. It binds the HCl adduct of D‐tryptophan methyl ester (D‐TrpOMe⋅HCl) 3.5 times stronger than the L‐enantiomer (KD/KL=3.5).
An interpolation‐based local differential quadrature method to solve partial differential equations using irregularly distributed nodes
Authors: Ma Hang , Qin Qing‐Hua
Published: January 2007

To circumvent the constraint in application of the conventional differential quadrature (DQ) method that the solution domain has to be a regular region, an interpolation‐based local differential quadrature (LDQ) method is proposed in this paper. Instead of using regular nodes placed on mesh lines in the DQ method (DQM), irregularly distributed nodes are employed in the LDQ method. That is, any spatial derivative at a nodal point is approximated by a linear weighted sum of the functional values of irregularly distributed nodes in the local physical domain. The feature of the new approach lies in the fact that the weighting coefficients are determined by the quadrature rule over the irregularly distributed local supporting nodes with the aid of nodal interpolation techniques developed in the paper. Because of this distinctive feature, the LDQ method can be consistently applied to linear and nonlinear problems and is really a mesh‐free method without the limitation in the solution domain of the conventional DQM. The effectiveness and efficiency of the method are validated by two simple numerical examples by solving boundary‐value problems of a linear and a nonlinear partial differential equation. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Attention‐like processes underlying optomotor performance in a Drosophila choice maze
Authors: van Swinderen Bruno , Flores Kristopher A.
Published: January 2007

The authors present a novel paradigm for studying visual responses in Drosophila. An eight‐level choice maze was found to reliably segregate fly populations according to their responses to moving stripes displayed on a computer screen. Visual responsiveness was robust in wild‐type flies, and performance depended on salience effects such as stimulus color and speed. Analysis of individual fly choices in the maze revealed that stereotypy, or choice persistence, contributed significantly to a strain's performance. On the basis of these observations, the authors bred wild‐type flies for divergent visual phenotypes by selecting individual flies displaying extreme stereotypy. Selected flies alternated less often in the sequential choice maze than unselected flies, showing that stereotypy could evolve across generations. The authors found that selection for increased stereotypy impaired flies' responsiveness to competing stimuli in tests for attention‐like behavior in the maze. Visual selective attention was further investigated by electrophysiology, and it was found that increased stereotypy also impaired responsiveness to competing stimuli at the level of brain activity. Combined results present a comprehensive approach to studying visual responses in Drosophila, and show that behavioral performance involves attention‐like processes that are variable among individuals and thus sensitive to artificial selection. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 67: 129–145, 2007.
The serotonin receptor SER‐1 (5HT2ce) contributes to the regulation of locomotion in Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Dernovici Serge , Starc Tanja , Dent Joseph A. , Ribeiro Paula
Published: January 2007

Serotonin (5‐hydroxytryptamine: 5HT) is an important neuroactive substance in the model roundworm, Caenorhabditis elegans. Aside from having effects in feeding and egg‐laying, 5HT inhibits motility and also modulates several locomotory behaviors, notably food‐induced slowing and foraging. Recent evidence showed that a serotonergic 5HT2‐like receptor named SER‐1 (also known as 5HT2ce) was responsible for the effect of 5HT on egg‐laying. Here we confirm this observation and show that SER‐1 also plays an important role in locomotion. A mutant lacking SER‐1 was found to be highly resistant to exogenous 5HT in the absence of food and this resistant phenotype was rescued by reintroducing the SER‐1 gene in a mutant background. Pharmacological studies showed that the same antagonists that blocked the activity of recombinant SER‐1 invitro also inhibited the effect of 5HT on motility, suggesting the same receptor was responsible for both effects. When tested for locomotory behaviors, the SER‐1 mutant was found to be moderately defective in food‐induced slowing. In addition, the mutant changed direction more frequently than the wildtype when searching for food, suggesting that SER‐1 may play a role in navigational control during foraging. Both these effects required the presence of MOD‐1, a 5HT gated chloride channel, and the results indicate that SER‐1 and MOD‐1 modulate these behaviors through a common pathway. On the basis of expression analysis of a ser‐1::GFP translational fusion, SER‐1 is prominently located in central, integrating neurons of the head ganglia (RIA and RIC) but not the body wall musculature. The evidence suggests that SER‐1 controls locomotion through indirect modulation of neuromuscular circuits and has effects both on speed and direction of movement. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 67: 189–204, 2007.
Channel change following European settlement: Gilmore Creek, southeastern Australia
Authors: Page Ken , Frazier Paul , Pietsch Timothy , Dehaan Remy
Published: January 2007

European settlement in southeastern Australia led to rapid changes in the morphology of many upland streams. However, our knowledge of the nature of these changes is limited as historical records and preserved palaeochannels are rare. In this study we compare a well‐preserved section of the late Holocene palaeochannel of Gilmore Creek to its present channel. We used a combination of map and aerial photograph interpretation, field survey, OSL dating and discharge analysis to describe and compare the modern and palaeochannels and establish a firm date for the timing of channel change. In common with many other streams in southeastern Australia Gilmore Creek's late Holocene channel meandered across a stable well‐vegetated and frequently inundated floodplain. After about 1830 European settlers quickly modified the catchment by clearing riparian and hillslope vegetation, introducing grazing animals and other exotic species and mining for alluvial gold in the headwaters. The OSL dates show that between about 1850 and 1880 the small meandering channel aggraded with coarse sands and then up to about 1 m of silty sand was deposited over the floodplain. Declining sediment input from upstream channel avulsion before 1890 resulted in the establishment of a straighter, larger capacity channel that incised to the level of basal cobbles and, in places, to bedrock. The dramatic change in channel pattern resembles that described on the Cann River in eastern Victoria following the removal of riparian vegetation and within‐channel coarse woody debris. At Gilmore Creek increased channel capacity has greatly reduced the average frequency of floodplain inundation. High values of specific stream power suggest that channel morphology is now well adjusted to the present flow regime. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Improved genetic algorithm for multi‐objective reactive power dispatch problem
Authors: Devaraj D.
Published: January 2007

This paper presents an improved genetic algorithm (GA) approach for solving the multi‐objective reactive power dispatch problem. Loss minimization and maximization of voltage stability margin are taken as the objectives. Maximum L‐index of the system is used to specify the voltage stability level. Generator terminal voltages, reactive power generation of capacitor banks and tap changing transformer setting are taken as the optimization variables. In the proposed GA, voltage magnitudes are represented as floating point numbers and transformer tap‐setting and reactive power generation of capacitor bank are represented as integers. This alleviates the problems associated with conventional binary‐coded GAs to deal with real variables and integer variables with total number of permissible choices not equal to 25. Crossover and mutation operators which can deal with mixed variables are proposed. The proposed method has been tested on IEEE 30‐bus system and is compared with conventional methods and binary‐coded GA. The proposed method has produced the loss which is less than the value reported earlier and is well suitable for solving the mixed integer optimization problem. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Removing pharmaceuticals and endocrine‐disrupting compounds from wastewater by photocatalysis
Authors: Dalrymple Omatoyo K , Yeh Daniel H , Trotz Maya A
Published: January 2007

Widespread concerns continue to be raised about the increasing presence of emerging contaminants in the environment. Such compounds include a wide range of persistent organic chemicals, including pharmaceuticals and endocrine‐disrupting compounds whose effects are poorly known, often because they have only begun to enter the environment and are showing up in wastewater treatment plants. The occurrence and behavior of these compounds in wastewater are key issues with regard to water reclamation and reuse. Treatment plants are now faced with the challenge of removing the compounds from their effluent before they enter natural waterways. In this regard, photocatalysis is a promising technology for wastewater treatment that offers many advantages over conventional and some advanced treatment options. The application of photocatalysis for the removal of pharmaceuticals and endocrine‐disrupting compounds for wastewater is comprehensively surveyed in this paper. This treatment technology is not intended to replace conventional systems but to supplement for higher‐quality effluent. The assessment places emphasis on the process fundamentals, advantages, and disadvantages of the technology. It also focuses on the current limitations and future research needs. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Kinetics of reactions between chlorine or bromine and the herbicides diuron and isoproturon
Authors: Acero Juan L , Real Francisco J , Benitez F Javier , Gonzalez Manuel
Published: January 2007

The chemical oxidation of two herbicide derivatives of the phenylurea group—diuron and isoproturon—has been carried out by means of chlorine, in the absence and in the presence of bromide ion. Apparent second‐order rate constants for the reactions between chlorine and the herbicides were determined to be below 0.45 L mol−1 s−1. Hypobromous acid reacts faster with the investigated herbicides, especially with isoproturon (kapp = 24.8 L mol−1 s−1 at pH 7). While pH exerts a negative effect on the bromination rate, the maximum chlorination rate was found to be at circumneutral pH. In a second stage, the oxidation of each compound was conducted in different natural waters, in order to simulate the processes which take place in water purification plants. Again, chlorine was used as an oxidant, and bromide ion was added in some experiments with the aim of producing the more reactive HOBr oxidant. The herbicide oxidation rate was inversely proportional to the organic matter content of the natural water. However, the formation of trihalomethanes (THMs) was directly proportional to the organic matter content and constitutes a limitation for the application of chlorine during drinking water treatment. Finally, the evolution of herbicide concentration was modeled and predicted by applying a kinetics approach based on the rate constants for the reactions between the herbicides and the active oxidants. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Anticipating rotavirus vaccines in Brazil: Detection and molecular characterization of emerging rotavirus serotypes G8 and G9 among children with diarrhoea in Recife, Brazil
Authors: Montenegro Fernanda M.U. , Correia Jailson B. , Rodrigues Falbo Ana , Dove Winifred , Nakagomi Toyoko , Nakagomi Osamu , Cuevas Luis E. , Cunliffe Nigel A. , Hart C. Anthony
Published: January 2007

In 2006, Brazil will initiate universal immunization of its 4‐million infants with a live attenuated serotype G1P[8] human rotavirus vaccine. In anticipation of the national immunization program, this study was undertaken to characterize rotavirus strains circulating among children in Recife, one of the largest cities in the northeast region of Brazil. Group A rotaviruses were detected in 102 (35%) of 290 faecal specimens collected from children under 5 years of age who presented with acute diarrhoea during a 1‐year period between May 2004 and April 2005. In addition to the globally common G1P[8] serotype that accounted for 49% of strains, emerging rotavirus serotypes G8P[6] and G9P[8] represented 2% and 29% of strains, respectively. Following cell culture adaptation, RNA‐RNA hybridization demonstrated that two Brazilian G8P[6] rotavirus strains shared a high level of genomic RNA homology with Malawian G8P[6] strains, and a Brazilian G9P[8] strain was related most closely to a G9P[8] strain from India. The results suggest that certain rotavirus strains have a much wider global circulation than generally appreciated. Continued global spread of such strains might challenge the efficacy of current rotavirus vaccines. J. Med. Virol. 79:335–340, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Brazilian experience with biofuels
Authors: Segall Sergio D. , Artz William E.
Published: January 2007

Brazil leads the world in ethanol production and ethanol use for fuel and the government has decided recently to implement a programme to blend biodiesel with diesel. In 2004, the government created the National Program for Production and Use of Biodiesel to reduce Brazil's dependence on imported diesel and to supply a fuel that has low environmental impact. The Program allows the use of 17 other oil sources for biodiesel production. This article describes the background to biodiesel and bioethanol production and use, details the Brazilian alcohol and biodiesel programmes, and examines the prospects for these biofuels and their potential effects on agriculture and oilseed crops.
Physically and Chemically Cross‐Linked Poly{[(maleic anhydride)‐alt‐styrene]‐co‐(2‐acrylamido‐2‐methyl‐1‐propanesulfonic acid)}/Poly(ethylene glycol) Proton‐Exchange Membranes
Authors: Devrim Yılser G. , Rzaev Zakir , Pişkin Erhan
Published: January 2007

Novel proton exchange membranes were solvent‐cast from DMF solutions of the terpolymers poly[(MA‐alt‐S)‐co‐AMPS], containing hydrophobic phenyl and reactive hydrophilic carboxylic and organo‐sulfonic acid fragments with different compositions, and PEGs with different molecular weights and amounts. These membranes were formed as a result of physical (via H‐bonding) and chemical (via PEG) cross‐linking. The structures of membranes were confirmed by FT‐IR and 1H‐ and 13C NMR spectroscopy. Mechanical and thermal properties, swellability, and proton conductivity of these membranes were significantly affected both by the chemical composition of the terpolymers (mainly the AMPS content) and also the cross‐linker (PEG) molecular weight and content in the final form of the membranes. It was concluded that the membranes prepared by using the terpolymer with an AMPS content of 36.84 mol‐% and PEG with a molecular weight of 1 450 and with an initial PEG content of 30 wt.‐% are the most suitable ones for fuel cell applications.

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Fluorescence studies on the interaction between pyrene‐labelled poly(acrylic acid) and cyclodextrins
Authors: de Melo J Sérgio Seixas , Costa Telma , Oliveira Noémia , Schillén Karin
Published: January 2007

The interactions, in aqueous media, between a pyrene‐labelled polyelectrolyte poly(acrylic acid) (PAAMePy) with two different degrees of labelling and β‐ and γ‐cyclodextrins (β‐ and γ‐CD) were studied using absorption and fluorescence (steady‐state and time‐resolved) techniques. In addition to qualitative and quantitative parameters obtained from absorption and steady‐state fluorescence spectra, time‐resolved fluorescence data are presented, allowing additional important observations regarding the nature of the interactions. From the overall data it was possible to conclude that in the case of interaction with γ‐CD the efficient encapsulation of two pyrene units into the cavity of the cyclodextrin molecule leads to a decrease in the number of available free monomers and an increase in the number of preformed ground‐state dimers (GSDs) of pyrene. It was also shown that contrary to the situation in water, where only intramolecular interactions are present, the addition of γ‐CD leads to new interpolymeric interactions. The absence of significant changes is noted when the interactions of PAAMePy polymers take place with β‐CD. The excimer‐to‐monomer fluorescence intensity ratio (IE/IM) was found to increase with the added amount of γ‐CD but not with β‐CD. This increase is justified on the basis of the increase of the GSD contribution. The photophysical behaviour was found to be dependent on the pH of the media, but with the absence of relevant interactions between CD and PAAMePy polymer at alkaline values. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
The effects of grazing and fire on vegetation and the vertebrate assemblage in a tropical savanna woodland in north-eastern Australia
Authors: Kutt Alex. S. , Woinarski John C. Z.
Published: January 2007

We studied the response of vegetation and vertebrate assemblages to fire and grazing, and their interacting effects, in Eucalyptus woodland in north-eastern Australia. In this vegetation type, many pastures remain free of cattle grazing due to the occurrence of a native shrub poisonous to livestock. Vegetation (floristic data and 22 habitat variables) and vertebrate fauna (birds, mammals, reptiles) were sampled in 29 standardized 50 × 50-m quadrats in the 2001 wet season, representing four treatments: sites burnt recently (within 2 y) and grazed by cattle (4–8 ha per livestock unit); sites unburnt (last burnt >2 y ago) and grazed; sites burnt recently and ungrazed; and unburnt and ungrazed sites. Fire and grazing had a significant influence on vegetation: both grazing and fire reduced ground cover (fire in grazed sites 51–23%, fire in ungrazed sites 68–39%) and increased the cover of forbs (8% in burnt and grazed sites, 3% if ungrazed) and tussock grasses (20% in grazed and unburnt sites and 5% when ungrazed). Grazing caused a shift in floristic composition from the perennial hummock grass Trioda pungens to tussock grasses (e.g. Aristida spp., Enneapogon spp.), forbs (e.g. Phyllanthus spp.) and shrubs (e.g. Acacia spp.). Of the vertebrate groups, birds responded more to fire effects (9 species), reptiles to grazing effects (6 species) and mammals to the interaction (2 species). Species reacted to increases in bare ground (e.g. crested pigeon Ocyphaps lophotes, hooded robin Melanodryas cucullatus, Ctenophorus nuchalis) and to the dominant ground cover (e.g. Ctenotus pantherinus) or change in vegetation architecture (e.g. singing honeyeater Lichenostomus virescens, variegated fairy-wren Malurus lamberti). The clearest example of an interacting effect was the cycle of complementary dominance between the rodents Pseudomys delicatulus and P. desertor, the latter's post-fire recovery becoming more muted in sites where cattle grazed (modelled time for population recovery twice as long as in ungrazed sites).
Duration and distance of exposure are important predictors of transmission among community contacts of Ontario SARS cases
Authors: REA E. , LAFLÈCHE J. , STALKER S. , GUARDA B. K. , SHAPIRO H. , JOHNSON I. , BONDY S. J. , UPSHUR R. , RUSSELL M. L. , ELIASZIW M.
Published: January 2007

We report attack rates and contact-related predictors among community contacts of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) cases from the 2003 Toronto-area outbreak. Community contact data was extracted from public health records for single, well-defined exposures to a SARS case. In total, 8662 community-acquired exposures resulted in 61 probable cases; a crude attack rate of 0·70% [95% confidence interval (CI) 0·54–0·90]. Persons aged 55–69 years were at higher risk of acquiring SARS (1·14%) than those either younger (0·60%) or older (0·70%). In multivariable analysis exposures for at least 30 min at a distance of ⩽1 m increased the likelihood of becoming a SARS case 20·4-fold (95% CI 11·8–35·1). Risk related to duration of illness in the source case at time of exposure was greatest for illness duration of 7–10 days (rate ratio 3·4, 95% CI 1·9–6·1). Longer and closer proximity exposures incurred the highest rate of disease. Separate measures of time and distance from source cases should be added to minimum datasets for the assessment of interventions for SARS and other emerging diseases.
MaltParser: A language-independent system for data-driven dependency parsing
Authors: NIVRE JOAKIM , HALL JOHAN , NILSSON JENS , CHANEV ATANAS , ERYİGİT GÜLŞEN , KÜBLER SANDRA , MARINOV SVETOSLAV , MARSI ERWIN
Published: January 2007

Parsing unrestricted text is useful for many language technology applications but requires parsing methods that are both robust and efficient. MaltParser is a language-independent system for data-driven dependency parsing that can be used to induce a parser for a new language from a treebank sample in a simple yet flexible manner. Experimental evaluation confirms that MaltParser can achieve robust, efficient and accurate parsing for a wide range of languages without language-specific enhancements and with rather limited amounts of training data.
YIBcap - ein Netzwerk junger Forscher in der biologischen Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie
Authors: Ehrlich Stefan , Stegemann Thomas
Published: January 2007

Zusammenfassung: Die den psychischen Erkrankungen im Kindes- und Jugendalter zugrunde liegenden biologischen Faktoren, wie genetische Prädispositionen, Gen-Umwelt-Interaktionen, strukturelle oder funktionelle Hirnveränderungen sowie endokrine Dysfunktionen, sind bisher nicht ausreichend erforscht. In diesem Artikel wird über die Initiierung und die ersten Errungenschaften eines Netzwerkes junger Forscher in der Biologischen Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie berichtet. YIBcap (Young Investigators in Biological child and adolescent psychiatry) wurde im Dezember 2005 gegründet. Zum jetzigen Zeitpunkt zählen 33 Wissenschaftler aus über 10 deutschen Universitätskliniken als Mitglieder sowie sieben namhafte Professoren als Senior Advisors zu YIBcap. Die wichtigsten Ziele der v.a. über eine webbasierte Gruppensoftware operierenden Netzwerkes umfassen den Austausch auf fachlicher und kollegialer Ebene, die Fortbildung in Forschungsmethoden, Erschließung finanzieller Unterstützungsmöglichkeiten, Nachwuchsförderung und die Nutzung von Synergien durch Kooperationen bzw. deren Aufbau. Erste Multi-Center-Studien befinden sich in Planung. Nach einer Reihe von vielversprechenden Aktivitäten im ersten Jahr hoffen wir, dass sich mit YIBcap ein Forum etablieren kann, welches zu einer Steigerung der Forschungsleistung und zur Förderung eines «wissenschaftlichen Teamgeistes» in der Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie beitragen kann.
Future precipitation changes and their implications for tropical peatlands
Authors: Li Wenhong , Dickinson Robert E. , Fu Rong , Niu Guo‐Yue , Yang Zong‐Liang , Canadell Josep G.
Published: January 2007

Carbon (C) in tropical peatlands over Southeast Asia and Amazonia, if released to the atmosphere, can substantially increase the growth rate of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Over Southeast Asia, where the most extensive tropical peatlands in the world occur, 11 climate models for the IPCC Fourth Assessment show an overall decrease of rainfall in future dry seasons. Over Amazonia, future rainfall changes in dry seasons are highly uncertain; five models predict increased rainfall, and the remaining models predict the opposite. We have further examined the UKMO‐HadCM3, GISS‐ER, and GFDL‐CM2.1 models. Over Southeast Asia, all three models predict similar decreases of rainfall and evaporative fraction, implying an increase of water table depth and surface dryness during the dry season south of the equator. Such changes would potentially switch peat ecosystems from acting as C sinks to C sources. Over Amazonia, the two models with the best simulations of current rainfall produce conflicting results for the future of peat stability.
Weather of the postsunset equatorial anomaly recorded daily during 2 years near solar maximum
Authors: Whalen James A.
Published: January 2007

The maximum F layer electron density of the postsunset equatorial anomaly is the location of the most disruptive scintillation to transionospheric L band transmissions when intersected by an equatorial bubble. Because bubble occurrence is essentially random, the anomaly is studied here for evidence of the predictability of the magnitude of its electron density and therefore of the magnitude of scintillation in the event of bubble occurrence. Measurements are by ionospheric sounders in the western American sector daily for 2 years during solar maximum. This first description of the weather of the anomaly for such an extended duration displays also the major climatological dependences on season and on solar flux, both of which reflect the dependence on the maximum prereversal E × B drift velocity. The most significant finding is that the anomaly electron density varies at intervals of a few days continuously throughout the entire 2 years. Within these intervals, maximum‐to‐minimum ratios are from 2 to ∼7 within overall magnitudes from 1 to ∼7 × 106 el/cm3. Although otherwise seemingly random, two extraordinary phenomena are evident. The first consists of extremely high magnitudes of electron density that recur for three solar rotations, the latitudinal profiles of which extend to midlatitudes and which are observed also in eastern Asia. The second, quasiperiodic variations of ∼3 days, appear nearly continuously also through three solar rotations. Evidence that both result from variations of the maximum prereversal E × B drift velocity indicates the presence of two contrasting mechanisms affecting drift velocity. The high magnitudes have not been observed before, but the quasiperiodic variations are similar to those observed in the daytime anomaly, where they are attributed to oscillations in the neutral mesosphere. Whatever the mechanism, recurrence of the magnitude of the anomaly indicates the possibility that it may be predicted, and therefore conditions may be predicted under which scintillation can occur.
Effect of Ge substitution for Si on the anomalous magnetocaloric and magnetoresistance properties of GdMn2Si2 compounds
Authors: Kumar Pramod , Singh Niraj K. , Suresh K. G. , Nigam A. K. , Malik S. K.
Published: January 2007

The effect of Ge substitution on the magnetization, heat capacity, magnetocaloric effect, and magnetoresistance of GdMn2Si2−xGex (x=0, 1, and 2) compounds has been studied. The magnetic transition associated with the Gd ordering is found to change from second order to first order on Ge substitution. Magnetic contributions to the total heat capacity and the entropy have been estimated. Magnetocaloric effect has been calculated in terms of adiabatic temperature change (ΔTad) as well as isothermal magnetic entropy change (ΔSM) using the heat capacity data. The temperature dependence of the magnetocaloric effect in all the three compounds have shown broad peaks. The maximum values of ΔSM and ΔTad for GdMn2Ge2 are found to be 5.9J∕kgK and 1.2K, respectively. The magnetoresistance is found to be very large and positive with a maximum value of about 22% in the case of GdMn2Ge2. In the other two compounds also, the magnetoresistance is predominantly positive, except in the vicinity of the Gd ordering temperature. The anomalous nature of the magnetocaloric effect and the magnetoresistance has been attributed to the canted magnetic structure of these compounds.
Electric field profiles around an electrical probe immersed in a plasma
Authors: Barnat E. V. , Hebner G. A.
Published: January 2007

Laser-induced fluorescence-dip spectroscopy was used to measure the spatial distribution of electric fields around a biased cylindrical probe in an argon rf discharge. Two-dimensional maps of the field profiles were obtained around the probe as functions of argon pressure, discharge power, probe bias, and phase of the rf cycle. Analysis of the radial dependence of the electric fields indicated that the ion density decreased in the vicinity of the probe for all cases, contrary to the orbit motion limited regime typically employed for Langmuir probe analysis. We also observed perturbation of the plasma by the presence of the probe that extended many times the measurable length scale of the sheath (∼5Δxsheath) into the plasma around the probe. Electric field distributions were also measured as functions of distance from the plasma sheath boundary. Coupling between the bounding sheath fields of the plasma and those formed around the biased probe was observed, even at distances greater than length scales of either sheath.
Effect of crystallization process on the ferroelectric properties of sol-gel derived BiScO3–PbTiO3 thin films
Authors: Wen Hai , Wang Xiaohui , Deng Xiangyun , Sun Tieyu , Li Longtu
Published: January 2007

The dielectric and ferroelectric properties of sol-gel derived BiScO3–PbTiO3 thin films prepared by two different kinds of crystallization processes were studied. The film prepared by a single crystallization had a higher remanent polarization and dielectric constant than the one prepared by a multiple crystallization. The remanent polarization and dielectric constant were 50μC∕cm2 and 1609 for the single crystallization sample, and 40μC∕cm2 and 1429 for the multiple crystallization one. The investigation of the Rayleigh law revealed that the film prepared by a multiple crystallization, processed more irreversible domain wall motion contribution and less reversible contribution with respect to the one by a single crystallization. This was attributed to the layer-to-layer interfaces generated during the multiple crystallization processing, which acted as energy barrier and had a pinning effect on the domain wall motion, resulting more irreversible domain wall motion.
Morphology of a highly asymmetric double crystallizable poly(ε-caprolactone-b-ethylene oxide) block copolymer
Authors: Li Liangbin , Meng Fenghua , Zhong Zhiyuan , Byelov Dmytro , de Jeu Wim H. , Feijen Jan
Published: January 2007

The morphology of a highly asymmetric double crystallizable poly(ε-caprolactone-b-ethylene oxide) (PCL-b-PEO) block copolymer has been studied with in situ simultaneously small and wide-angle x-ray scattering as well as atomic force microscopy. The molecular masses Mn of the PCL and PEO blocks are 24 000 and 5800, respectively. X-ray scattering and rheological measurements indicate that no microphase separation occurs in the melt. Decreasing the temperature simultaneously triggers off a crystallization of PCL and microphase separation between the PCL and PEO blocks. Coupling and competition between microphase separation and crystallization results in a morphology of PEO spheres surrounded by PCL partially crystallized in lamella. Further decreasing temperature induces the crystallization of PEO spheres, which have a preferred orientation due to the confinements from hard PCL crystalline lamella and from soft amorphous PCL segments in different sides. The final morphology of this highly asymmetric block copolymer is similar to the granular morphology reported for syndiotactic polypropylene and other (co-) polymers. This implies a similar underlying mechanism of coupling and competition of various phase transitions, which is worth further exploration.
300
Hz
thermoacoustically driven pulse tube cooler for temperature below 100K
Authors: Dai Wei , Yu Guoyao , Zhu Shanglong , Luo Ercang
Published: January 2007

This letter introduces a thermoacoustically driven pulse tube cooler system working at around 300Hz. In the system, a thermoacoustic standing-wave engine is used to drive a Stirling-type pulse tube cooler. Besides the design considerations for key components in each subsystem, the benefits of using the acoustic amplifier tube to couple the engine and the cooler have been analyzed through both calculations and experiments. So far, a lowest no-load temperature of 95K has been obtained on the system with the acoustic amplifier tube being used. Since high frequency operation of the system could lead to a much reduced system size, the result shows the potential of using the system in small-scale cryogenic applications.
Symmetric diblock copolymers in nanopores: Monte Carlo simulations and strong-stretching theory
Authors: Wang Qiang
Published: January 2007

We have performed lattice Monte Carlo simulations to study the self-assembled morphology of symmetric diblock copolymers in nanopores. The pore diameter and surface preference are systematically varied to examine their effects on the chain conformations, structures of various morphologies, and their phase transition. Various ensemble-averaged profiles and quantities are used to provide detailed information about the system. The simulation results are also compared with the predictions of a strong-stretching theory commonly used in the literature. Such comparisons reveal the deficiencies of this theory in describing the morphologies under cylindrical confinement, and call for further theoretical studies using more accurate formalisms.
Theoretical studies on tunneling ionizations from the doubly degenerate highest occupied molecular orbitals of benzene in intense laser fields
Authors: Nagaya K. , Lu H.-F. , Mineo H. , Mishima K. , Hayashi M. , Lin S. H.
Published: January 2007

Combining our generalized Keldysh theory [Sov. Phys. JETP 20, 1307 (1965)] with the molecular orbital theory, the authors theoretically study tunneling ionizations of neutral benzene in intense linearly polarized Ti:sapphire laser fields (800nm). They consider the ionizations from the highest occupied molecular orbitals (HOMOs) of the ground electronic state. The double degeneracy of the HOMOs is properly taken into account. In the theory, molecular ionizations consist of the individual ionizations from each atom and the quantum interferences between them. The theory reproduces the experimental data well. The authors also show that the polarization dependence of the ionization rates is strongly influenced by the quantum interferences.
Local Hall effect in hybrid ferromagnetic/semiconductor devices
Authors: Hong Jinki , Joo Sungjung , Kim Tae-Suk , Rhie Kungwon , Kim K. H. , Kim S. U. , Lee B. C. , Shin Kyung-Ho
Published: January 2007

The authors have investigated the magnetoresistance of ferromagnet-semiconductor devices in an InAs two-dimensional electron gas system in which the magnetic field has a sinusoidal profile. The magnetoresistance of their device is large. The longitudinal resistance has an additional contribution which is odd in applied magnetic field. It becomes even negative at low temperature where the transport is ballistic. Based on the numerical analysis, they confirmed that their data can be explained in terms of the local Hall effect due to the profile of negative and positive field regions. This device may be useful for future spintronic applications.
Probe in the thermal collision plasma
Authors: Vishnyakov V. I.
Published: January 2007

The flowing of electric current through the surface of a flat probe in a thermal plasma at atmospheric pressure has been considered. It has been demonstrated that the nonequilibrium ionization in the space-charge layer at the surface of the probe leads to an essential change of the current-voltage characteristic of the probe. The dependence of the current-voltage characteristic on the interphase interaction has been demonstrated.