bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Evaluation of Deconvolution Techniques in X-ray Profile Broadening Analysis and the Application of the Maximum Entropy Method to Alumina Data
Authors: Kalceff Walter , Armstrong Nicholas , Cline James P.
Published: July 2019

This paper reviews several procedures for the removal of instrumental contributions from measured x-ray diffraction profiles, including: direct convolution, unconstrained and constrained deconvolution, an iterative technique, and a maximum entropy method (MEM) which we have adapted to x-ray diffraction profile analysis. Decorevolutions using the maximum entropy approach were found to be the most robust with simulated profiles which included Poisson-distributed noise and uncertainties in the instrument profile function (IPF). The MEM procedure is illustrated by application to the analysis for domain size and microstrain carried out on the four calcined α-alumina candidate materials for Standard Reference Material (SRM) 676 (a quantitative analysis standard for I/Ic determinations), along with the certified material. Williamson-Hall plots of these data were problematic with respect to interpretation of the microstrain, indicating that the line profile standard, SRM 660 (LaB6), exhibits a small amount of strain broadening, particularly at high 2θ angle. The domain sizes for all but one of the test materials were much smaller than the crystallite (particle) size; indicating the presence of low angle grain boundaries.
Detection and Modelling of Micro-Crystallinity by Means of X-ray Powder Diffractometry
Authors: Berti Giovanni
Published: July 2019

Methods for detecting and modeling micro-crystallinity are discussed in view of determining the systematic effects produced on powder diffraction patterns by both sample features and instrumentation. The mathematical theory of x-ray powder diffraction is the appropriate developmental base for defining micro-crystallinity models in terms of structural ohservables, as well as the “mean equivalent lattice” in terms of computational approximations. Such a theory indicates the way to detect micro-crystallinity accurately and precisely within the limits of the approximations.

Measurements have been carried out on a natural magnetite sample and reported here.
Separation of Internal Strains and Lattice Distortion Caused by Oxygen Impurities in Aluminum Nitride Hot-Pressed Ceramics
Authors: Grigoriev O. N. , Kushnerenko S. M. , Plotnikov K. A. , Kreher W.
Published: July 2019

Recently aluminum nitride (A1N) has been intensively studied as a promising material for production of hybrid integrated circuit substrates because of its high thermal conductivity, high fjexural strength, and nontoxic nature. The estimated theoretical value of its thermal conductivity at room temperature is 320 W/mK, but it is strongly degraded by the introduction of oxygen. The measured values vary from 30 to 260 W/mK, Therefore, in production of this material the reduction of oxygen contamination is of paramount importance.
Real-Time X-Ray Scattering of Binary Polymer Blends: Poly(Butylene Terephthalate)/Polycarbonate
Authors: Brilihart Mark V. , Cebe Peggy , Capel Malcolm
Published: July 2019

X-ray scattering is a powerful analytical tool for evaluation of phase structure in crystallizable polymers blends. Our group has been studying crystallization kinetics and micro structure development in binary polymer blends using real-time small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). Here we describe our research on blends of a crystallizable polymer, poly(burylene terephthalate), PBT, with an amorphous polymer, polycarbonate), PC. In prior studies, we used the same crystalline polymer blended with amorphous polyarylate, PAr. The PBT/PAr system was shown to be inisciblu at all compositions in the melt state. In the present case, PBT/PC blends are not believed to be miscible in the melt. This study was undertaken to determine whether the PBT crystallization kinetics were affected by the presence of low molecular weight PC. This is part of a larger study to investigate the effects of different molecular weights on partial miscibility and on structure development in binary polymer blends.
Use of a CCD-Based Area Detection System on a Fibre Diffractometer
Authors: Hanna S. , Windle A.H.
Published: July 2019

We describe a new X-ray fibre diffractometer, consisting of a commercial X-ray sensitive video camera coupled to a conventional 3-circle goniometer in place of a more traditional single-point detector. The active element of the video camera is a charge-coupled device (CCD). Diffraction images, obtained at various goniometer settings, are transformed into reciprocal space, and combined to give a complete section through the origin and parallel to the symmetry axis of cyiindrically averaged reciprocal space. A greater density of measurements is needed in the vicinity of the reciprocal fibre axis in order to avoid information loss due to the curvature of the Ewald sphere. The pros and cons of using CCD's as X-ray detectors are discussed and sample results from polymer fibres are shown.
Using An Area Detector to Determine the Orientation Distribution Function
Authors: Squires B. A. , Smith K. L.
Published: July 2019

With the increased use of composite materials, it has become increasingly important to perform analysis that quantifies the amount of crystal lographic orientation. In polymers fibers and films the orientation is used to predict the physical properties, such as strength. To determine the orientation it is first necessary to collect a pole figure on a specific reflection. With the conventional powder diffiactometer equipped with an Eulerian cradle, the data collection procedure often lakes a few hours. Additional time is involved for separate background measurements, which are collected at 2θ positions away from the peak. Also, the intensity from these samples is usually weak, requiring increased data collection time to improve counting statistics.

Using an area detector decreases the data collection time significantly, because the background experiments are performed simultaneously. We can collect the entire pole figure on both polymer fibers and films in less than one hour using a series of “frames.” The pole figure is determined by integrating over 2θ regions in each frame. For fibers the rules developed by Stein are used to calculate the Hermans orientation factors. For films, the rules are generalized to make them more suitable for biaxial orientation, and the White-Spniieli biaxial orientation factors are reported.
In Vivo X-Ray Fluorescence of Lead and Other Toxic Trace Elements
Authors: Chettle David R.
Published: July 2019

The first in vivo x-ray fluorescence measurements of lead in bone used y-rays from a 57Co source to excite Pb K x-rays. Later systems used γ-rays from 109Cd to excite Pb K x-rays or polarized x-rays to excite Pb L x-rays. All three approaches involve an extremely low effective dose to the subject. Of the two K x-ray techniques, 109Cd is more precise and more flexible in choice of measurement site. Pb L x-ray fluorescence (L-XRF) effectively samples lead at bone surfaces, whereas Pb K x-ray fluorescence (K-XRF) samples through the bulk of a bone. Both the polarized L-XRF and 109Cd K-XRF achieve similar precision.

Renal mercury has recently been determined using a polarized x-ray source. Both renal and hepatic cadmium can be measured using polarized x-rays in conjunction with a Si(Li) detector. Platinum and gold have been measured both by radioisotopic source excitation and by using polarized x-rays, but the latter is to be preferred.

Applications of Pb K-XRF have shown that measured bone lead relates strongly to cumulative lead exposure. Secondly, biological half lives of lead in different bone types have been estimated from limited longitudinal data sets and from some cross sectional surveys. Thirdly, the effect of hone lead as an endogenous source of lead has been demonstrated and it has been shown that a majority of circulating blood lead can be mobilized from bone, rather than deriving from new exposure, in some retired lead workers.
Scattering Contributions to the Intensities of the Characteristic Klines of the Lanthanides
Authors: Smolniakov V. I.
Published: July 2019

On the basis of experimental data and theoretical calculations, the contributions of scattering to the intensities of the K-lines of the lanthanides are considered.

This effect studied for the “one-element plus buffer” targets of medium thickness when these targets were excited by gam ma-radiation with energy 59.54 keV of radioisotope 241Am or 88.009 keV of radioisotope 109Cd.

The experimental dependencies were improved by theoretical corrections calculated by the formula for a medium thickness target. This formula takes into account the contributions to the measured intensities which arc caused by the subexcitation of fluorescent atoms by primary radiation scattered in the sample. Good approximation of the experimental data by the theoretical calculations was obtained.

It was found that contributions to the measured intensities of a lanthanide's atom fluorescence, which can be as much as a few percents, can lead to the subexcitation by scattering radiation of the targets with low concentrations of the fluorescent elements.
Determination Of Nitrogen and Other Elements in Plant Material By X-Ray Fluorescence
Authors: Bonvin D. , Juchli K. , Adamson B.W.
Published: July 2019

In the early years, the element range covered by the Wavelength Dispersive X-Ray fluorescence (WDXRF) technique was restricted by the quality of vacuum, crystals and detectors in the system. The lightest element detectable was Aluminium (Z = 13). The area of light element analysis had obvious potential for extension over the years. It created the barrier for XRP coverage of the Periodic Table because the naturally softer radiations lay out of range of the technique. In the middle of the 1980's, new technology became available for the manufacture of synthetic crystals with artificially created 2d spacings to suit the X-ray wavelength range of interest. These hyered synthetic microstructures (also called “multilayer crystals”) allowed more sensitivity to be achieved in this part of the spectrum, and the bottom element limit soon moved down towards lighter elements.
Re: Crystal Structures of Pyroaurite and Sjögrenite
Authors: Olowe A.
Published: July 2019

Pyroaurite and sjogrenite belong to the group of sandwiched lamellar metal hydroxides which have a fixed metallic ions MII:MIII ratio for a particular class. Their crystal structure consists of positively charged metal hydroxide blocks intercalated with negatively charged interlayers. The atomic positions for the interlayer are definite for a particular class. The exact chemical formula of the pyroaurite class is determined from crystal structure analysis to be MII
6MIII
2(OH)16-CO3-4.5H2O; it crystallizes in the space group Rm with a = 12.4376 Å and c = 23.4126 Å. Sjogrenite, MII
6 MIII
2(OH)16-CO3-4H2O crystallizes in the space group P63/mcm. The crystallogiraphy and structural relationship between these classes are discussed. Previous discussion on these compounds did not give any conclusion on the exact chemical formula and the atomic positions.
Inherited Retinal Disorders: Using Evidence as a Driver for Implementation
Authors: Sergouniotis Panagiotis I.
Published: July 2019

Incremental advances in the field of retinal genetics have transformed our understanding of inherited retinal disorders and have led to the development of powerful diagnostic tests and promising gene-based therapies. Despite this, successful integration of these developments into routine healthcare is frequently ineffective. Providing robust evidence of benefit can accelerate the implementation of clinical genetic interventions. For example, the adoption of a genetic test is much more likely when the test’s clinical utility (i.e. its ability to influence management and health outcomes) has been clearly demonstrated. However, accruing such evidence for rare conditions like inherited retinal disorders is challenging. Conducting sufficiently powered studies requires both efficient study designs and large-scale, international collaboration. Reaching all populations and as many affected individuals as possible is key. Equally important are efforts to precisely and consistently capture phenotypic information, including natural history data. This article summarizes some of the current obstacles to implemen­tation and discusses approaches to overcome these barriers.
Emerging Roles of Anti-Müllerian Hormone in Hypothalamic-Pituitary Function
Authors: Barbotin Anne-Laure , Peigné Maëliss , Malone Samuel Andrew , Giacobini Paolo
Published: July 2019

Since its initial discovery in the 1940s, research into the physiological actions of anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), from its eponymous role in male developmental biology to its routine clinical use in female reproductive health, has undergone a paradigm shifting change. With several exciting studies recently reporting hitherto unforeseen AMH actions at all levels in the hypogonadal-pituitary-gonadal axis, the importance of this hormone for both hypothalamic and pituitary reproductive control is finding increasing support and significance. In this review, we will briefly summarize what is known about the traditional roles and biology of AMH and how this could be integrated with new findings of AMH actions at the level of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis. We also synthesize the important findings from these new studies and discuss their potential impact and significance to our understanding of one of the most common reproductive disorders currently affecting women, polycystic ovary syndrome.
Erosive Pustular Dermatosis of the Scalp: Why Do We Miss It?
Authors: Piccolo Vincenzo , Russo Teresa , Bianco Stephanie , Ronchi Andrea , Alfano Roberto , Argenziano Giuseppe
Published: July 2019

Erosive pustular dermatosis of the scalp (EPDS) is an uncommon disease and primarily affects older men who have photo-damaged bald scalp, as was confirmed by our case series. EPDS is probably an overlooked disease, whose diagnosis is often missed because of a higher incidence of other cutaneous diseases affecting the same area and usually secondary to chronic actinic damage, such as actinic keratosis, basal cell carcinoma, and squamous cell carcinoma. For the first time, we report a case series of misdiagnosed EPDS with the aim of understanding why a diagnosis of EPDS was initially missed and try to give some tips to avoid future diagnostic delay.
Focused Ultrasound PC-6 Stimulation Effects on Blood Flow Volume, Skin Temperature, and Coldness of the Finger and Toe
Authors: Tsuruoka Noriko , Katayama Shingo , Seki Takashi , Matsunaga Tadao , Iijima Ryuta , Haga Yoichi
Published: July 2019

Introduction: Focused ultrasound can stimulate a specific point of tissue and can be a noninvasive method for acupoint stimulation. The aim of this study was to clarify the effects of acupoint stimulation by focused ultrasound on blood flow volume and coldness of the fingers and toes. Materials and Methods: Forty healthy volunteers were included in this experiment. The blood flow volume and the skin temperature of a finger and toe were measured before and after stimulation of the pericardium 6 acupuncture point (PC-6) by focused ultrasound. Subjective coldness of the fingers and toes was also assessed using a visual analog scale (VAS) before and after stimulation. Results: The maximum blood flow volumes of the finger and toe were significantly larger (p < 0.01) than those before stimulation. The maximum skin surface temperatures of the fingers were significantly higher (p < 0.01) than those before stimulation. The VAS scores for subjective coldness of the toes after stimulation were significantly higher (p < 0.01). Conclusion: The blood flow volume and skin temperature tended to increase after PC-6 stimulation. The VAS scores also indicated a tendency toward a warmer sensation in the toes after stimulation.
MicroRNA-591 Functions as a Tumor Suppressor in Hepatocellular Carcinoma by Lowering Drug Resistance through Inhibition of Far-Upstream Element-Binding Protein 2-Mediated Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase/Akt/Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Axis
Authors: Wang Huili , Tang Yanhua , Yang Dong , Zheng Linjing
Published: July 2019

MicroRNAs, a group of noncoding regulatory RNAs, are involved in oncogenesis, cell survival, and chemosensitivity. First, microarray-based analysis predicted that far-upstream element-binding protein 2 (FBP2) was upregulated in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), which may be regulated by miR-591. In this study, we hypothesize an inhibitory role of miR-591 in HCC via regulating FBP2. Next, reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction found that FBP2 expressed highly and miR-591 expresses poorly in HCC tissues. Then, the negative correlation between miR-591 and mRNA expression of FBP2 was identified by Pearson’s correlation coefficient, and putative miR-591-binding sites on the 3′-untranslated region of FBP2 was validated using a dual-luciferase reporter gene assay. After the expression of miR-591 and FBP2 was altered in the drug-resistant CD133+/CD44+ cells, a series of in vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrated that either miR-591 overexpression or FBP2 silencing inhibited the abilities of sphere formation and colony formation, drug resistance, as well as tumorigenicity. It was further observed that miR-591 could suppress FBP2 expression by blocking the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin axis. Above results highlighted an inhibitory effect of miR-591 on the development of HCC by reducing the drug resistance of HCC stem cells. It revealed miR-591 as a new target in the treatment of HCC.
A Case of Esophageal Xanthoma with Epithelial Reactive Inflammation with a Characteristic Finding of Narrow-Band Imaging Magnifying Endoscopy
Authors: Mori Hideki , Kato Motohiko , Uraoka Toshio
Published: July 2019

A 75-year-old woman had a 5 mm slightly elevated yellowish lesion in her thoracic esophagus. Narrow-band imaging magnifying endoscopy (NBI-ME) revealed aggregations of a tiny white substance beneath each intrapapillary capillary loop with weaving, dilatation, and a different shape. In this case, an irregular caliber was absent. The biopsy specimen taken from the lesion showed cells with large nuclei and increased chromatin clumping in the basal layer. These cells were positive for p53. Endoscopic submucosal dissection was performed for the purpose of excisional biopsy. Finally, it was diagnosed as an esophageal xanthoma with a benign epithelial reactive inflammation. This is the first report of esophageal xanthoma showing the characteristic NBI-ME finding of esophageal xanthoma. Further studies are required to determine whether the characteristic finding of NBI-ME is generally found in esophageal xanthomas.
Diet of bromeliad-frog Phyllodytes luteolus (Anura, Hylidae) in Atlantic Forest environments: what have the frogs been eating outside sandy coastal plains?
Authors: Mageski Marcio Marques , Campinhos Elaine Costa , Duca Charles , Stein Maria Carolina , Oliveira Melissa Peron de , Clemente-Carvalho Rute Beatriz Garcia
Published: July 2019

Knowledge about the diet of anurans in different environments is essential to understanding important aspects of their trophic ecology. The bromeliad-frog Phyllodytes luteolus inhabits tank bromeliads in sandy coastal plains and lowland forests on the mainland, as well as a continental island in southeastern Brazil. In this work, we describe and analyze the diet of P. luteolus in three environments. We obtained the consumed prey items of 92 frogs (32 from sandy coastal plain, 32 from lowland forest and 28 from the island) via a stomach-flushing procedure. We found some variations in consumed prey composition and prey volume across populations, but ants represented the most important consumed prey in all environments. Only ants had a relative importance greater than 50%, which may suggest a specialized diet that transcends the sandy coastal plain environment.
Catalogue of Psocoptera (Insecta: Psocodea) types housed in the collection of the Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo
Authors: Silva Neto Alberto Moreira da , García Aldrete Alfonso Neri , Rafael José Albertino
Published: July 2019

A catalogue of type specimens of Psocoptera (Insecta: Psocodea) deposited in the collection of the Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil, is presented and updated to February, 2019. 45 holotypes and 47 paratypes of 52 species were found, included in the suborders Psocomorpha and Trogiomorpha, and listed in the families Amphipsocidae, Asiopsocidae, Caeciliusidae (infraorder Caeciliusetae); Lachesillidae and Pseudocaeciliidae (infraorder Homilopsocidea); Philotarsidae (infraorder Philotarsetaea) Hemipsocidae, Myopsocidae and Psocidae (infraorder Psocetae); Ptiloneuridae (infraorder Epipsocetae), and Lepidopsocidae (infraorder Atropetae). The taxa are presented alphabetically by suborders, infraorders, families, subfamilies, tribes and genera, followed by species (updated to the valid name), bibliographic citation, type category, description of the type condition with collection number and method of preservation. When necessary, comments are added.
Distribution of gall-inducing arthropods in areas of deciduous seasonal forest of Parque da Sapucaia (Montes Claros, MG, Brazil): effects of anthropization, vegetation structure and seasonality
Authors: Costa Kelly Christie dos Santos , Araújo Walter Santos de
Published: July 2019

In the present study, we inventoried gall-inducing arthropod species and evaluated the effects of habitat anthropization, vegetation structure and seasonality on this group in areas of deciduous seasonal forest of Parque da Sapucaia, Montes Claros, MG, Brazil. The gall-inducing fauna was sampled between April 2017 and February 2018 from 20 plots distributed in anthropized and preserved habitats. A total of 29 morphospecies of gall-inducing arthropods and 21 species of host plants were recorded. The Fabaceae plant family had the highest number of gall morphospecies (n = 10), while the Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) insect family induced the most galls (41.3%). Mean gall richness did not differ between preserved and anthropized plots, but was negatively affected by mean vegetation height and density. The total number of gall morphospecies recorded during each sampling did not differ between dry and rainy seasons, but the mean richness of galls per plot was higher in the rainy season. In conclusion, natural factors, such as vegetation structure and seasonality, were more important for the distribution of gall-inducing species than anthropic factors, such as vegetation anthropization level.
Monumenta Anchietana, latinidade e o trabalho filológico de Armando Cardoso
Authors: Kaltner Leonardo Ferreira
Published: July 2019

José de Anchieta (1534-1597) foi um dos vultos da produção literária no Brasil quinhentista, tendo legado à posteridade obras em língua portuguesa, espanhola, latim e tupi, que evidenciam o multiculturalismo inicial da América portuguesa. Sua obra representa a transmissão da neolatinidade ibérica às Américas. Analisaremos, pois, no artigo, questões relativas às suas obras escritas em latim e à manutenção da latinidade no contexto do Brasil quinhentista, além de investigar o trabalho filológico desenvolvido por seu principal editor, Armando Cardoso, filólogo e linguista do século XX, que atuou no Brasil ao longo de décadas divulgando as obras de Anchieta. Por fim, apresentamos excerto do Poema epicum De Gestis Mendi de Saa, como exemplificação do trabalho filológico de Cardoso com a obra novilatina de Anchieta.
Edição e análise de fenômenos linguísticos presentes em um manuscrito eclesiástico setecentista de Minas Colônia
Authors: Dores Marcus Vinícius Pereira , Mendes Soélis Teixeira do Prado
Published: July 2019

Neste artigo temos duplo objetivo: discutir a importância de transcrição feita com critérios filológicos e mostrar como o respeito ao texto original possibilita ao pesquisador diacronista, e ao público em geral, conhecer o uso linguístico, manifesto no manuscrito sob análise, de um estágio pretérito da língua. Na segunda parte do texto, é feita uma apresentação não exaustiva de fenômenos linguísticos extraídos de parte de um manuscrito do século XVIII, intitulado Processo De Genere Vita et Moribus de Francisco de Paula Meireles (1779).
Invasive Assessment of the Human Arterial Palmar Arch and Forearm Collateral Function During Transradial Access
Authors: Bigler Marius Reto , Buffle Eric , Siontis George C.M. , Stoller Michael , Grossenbacher Raphael , Tschannen Christine , Seiler Christian
Published: July 2019

Background:

The present study aimed to quantitatively measure the pressure-derived function of the palmar arch and forearm arterial collateral circulation during transradial access.

Methods and Results:

Palmar arch and forearm collateral function was determined using radial artery pressure signals in the nonobstructed vessel and during brief manual occlusions of the more proximal radial artery and of the radial plus ulnar arteries. Collateral flow index (CFI), the ratio of mean occlusive divided by mean nonocclusive arterial blood pressure, both subtracted by central venous pressure, was determined for CFI during radial artery occlusion (CFI
rad
) and CFI during radial plus ulnar artery occlusion. Before invasive CFI measurements, arterial palmar arch and forearm function was tested noninvasively by the modified Allen test (MAT). Two hundred fifty patients undergoing transradial access coronary angiography were included in the study. CFI
rad
was equal to 0.802±0.150 (95% CI, 0.783–0.820). CFI during radial plus ulnar artery occlusion was equal to 0.424±0.188 (95% CI, 0.400–0.447). There was an inverse linear relation between CFI
rad
and MAT in seconds (s): MAT=64−63×CFI
rad
(
r
2
=0.229;
P
<0.0001). Two hundred eleven patients had a normal and 39 patients an abnormal (>15 seconds) MAT. The group with normal MAT had a CFI
rad
of 0.830±0.111, and patients with abnormal MAT had a CFI
rad
of 0.648±0.224 (
P
<0.0001).

Conclusions:

Direct invasive hemodynamic assessment of the palmar arch and forearm arterial function reveals collateral supply to the briefly occluded in comparison to the patent radial artery of 0.802. During external occlusion of both radial and ulnar artery, CFI amounts to an unexpectedly high value of 0.424.
Meta-Analysis of Accuracy of the Spot Sign for Predicting Hematoma Growth and Clinical Outcomes
Authors: Phan Thanh G. , Krishnadas Natasha , Lai Vivian Wai Yun , Batt Michael , Slater Lee-Anne , Chandra Ronil V. , Srikanth Velandai , Ma Henry
Published: July 2019

Background and Purpose—

The computed tomography angiographic spot sign refers to contrast leakage within intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). It has been proposed as a surrogate radiological marker for ICH growth. We conducted a meta-analysis to study the accuracy of the spot sign for predicting ICH growth and mortality.

Methods—

PubMed, Medline, conference proceedings, and article references in English up to June 2017 were searched for studies reporting “computed tomography angiography” and “spot sign” or “intracerebral hemorrhage” and “spot sign.” Each study was ranked on 27 criteria resulting in a quality rating score. Bivariate random effect meta-analysis was used to calculate positive and negative likelihood ratios and area under summary receiver operating characteristics curve for ICH growth and mortality. Hematoma growth was defined using the change in ≥6 mL or ≥33% increase in volume.

Results—

There were 26 studies describing 5085 patients, including 15 studies not used in previous meta-analyses. Positive likelihood ratio and negative likelihood ratio for ICH growth were 4.85 (95% CI, 3.85–6.02;
I
2
=76.1%) and 0.49 (95% CI, 0.40–0.58) and mortality were 4.65 (95% CI, 3.67–5.90) and 0.55 (95% CI, 0.40–0.69), respectively. For ICH growth, the pooled sensitivity was 0.57 (95% CI, 0.49–0.64) and pooled false positive rate was 0.12 (95% CI, 0.09–0.14). The post-test probability of ICH growth was 0.57. The area under the curve for ICH growth and mortality was 0.86 and 0.87 (CIs are not provided in bivariate method). Meta-regression showed sensitivity of the test to decline significantly with subsequent year of publication (β=−0.148; 95% CI, −0.295 to −0.001;
P
=0.05). Higher quality assessment is associated with lower false positive rate (β=−0.074; 95% CI, −0.126 to −0.022;
P
=0.006).

Conclusions—

The high area under the curve potentially suggests that the spot sign can predict hematoma growth and mortality. Caution is recommended in its application given the heterogeneity across studies, which is appropriate given the data.
Progressive Recruitment of the Frontoparietal Multiple-demand System with Increased Task Complexity, Time Pressure, and Reward
Authors: Shashidhara Sneha , Mitchell Daniel J. , Erez Yaara , Duncan John
Published: July 2019

A distributed, frontoparietal “multiple-demand” (MD) network is involved in tasks of many different kinds. Integrated activity across this network may be needed to bind together the multiple features of a mental control program (Duncan, 2013). Previous data suggest that, especially with low cognitive load, there may be some differentiation between MD regions (e.g., anterior vs. posterior regions of lateral frontal cortex), but with increasing load, there is progressive recruitment of the entire network. Differentiation may reflect preferential access to different task features, whereas co-recruitment may reflect information exchange and integration. To examine these patterns, we used manipulations of complexity, time pressure, and reward while participants solved a spatial maze. Complexity was manipulated by combining two simple tasks. Time pressure was added by fading away the maze during route planning, and on some of these trials, there was the further possibility of a substantial reward. Simple tasks evoked activity only in posterior MD regions, including posterior lateral frontal cortex, pre-supplementary motor area/anterior cingulate, and intraparietal sulcus. With increasing complexity, time pressure, and reward, increases in activity were broadly distributed across the MD network, though with quantitative variations. Across the MD network, the results show a degree of functional differentiation, especially at low load, but strong co-recruitment with increased challenge or incentive.
Body Patches in Inferior Temporal Cortex Encode Categories with Different Temporal Dynamics
Authors: Kumar Satwant , Vogels Rufin
Published: July 2019

An unresolved question in cognitive neuroscience is how representations of object categories at different levels (basic and superordinate) develop during the course of the neural response within an area. To address this, we decoded categories of different levels from the spiking responses of populations of neurons recorded in two fMRI-defined body patches in the macaque STS. Recordings of the two patches were made in the same animals with the same stimuli. Support vector machine classifiers were trained at brief response epochs and tested at the same or different epochs, thus assessing whether category representations change during the course of the response. In agreement with hierarchical processing within the body patch network, the posterior body patch mid STS body (MSB) showed an earlier onset of categorization compared with the anterior body patch anterior STS body (ASB), irrespective of the categorization level. Decoding of the superordinate body versus nonbody categories was less dynamic in MSB than in ASB, with ASB showing a biphasic temporal pattern. Decoding of the ordinate-level category human versus monkey bodies showed similar temporal patterns in both patches. The decoding onset of superordinate categorizations involving bodies was as early as for basic-level categorization, suggesting that previously reported differences between the onset of basic and superordinate categorizations may depend on the area. The qualitative difference between areas in their dynamics of category representation may hinder the interpretation of decoding dynamics based on EEG or MEG, methods that may mix signals of different areas.
Plant hydraulic architecture through time: lessons and questions on the evolution of vascular systems
Authors: Decombeix Anne-Laure , Boura Anaïs , Tomescu Alexandru M. F.
Published: July 2019

Studies of anatomically preserved fossils provide a wealth of information on the evolution of plant vascular systems through time, from the oldest evidence of vascular plants more than 400 million years ago to the rise of the modern angiosperm-dominated flora. In reviewing the key contributions of the fossil record, we discuss knowledge gaps and major outstanding questions about the processes attending the evolution of vascular systems. The appearance and diversification of early vascular plants in the late Silurian-Devonian was accompanied by the evolution of different types of tracheids, which initially improved the hydraulics of conduction but had less of an effect on mechanical support. This was followed in the Devonian and Carboniferous by an increase in complexity of the organization of primary vascular tissues, with different types of steles evolving in response to mechanical, hydraulic, and developmental regulatory constraints. Concurrently, secondary vascular tissues, such as wood, produced by unifacial or bifacial cambia are documented in a wide array of plant groups, including some that do not undergo secondary growth today. While wood production has traditionally been thought to have evolved independently in different lineages, accumulating evidence suggests that this taxonomic breadth reflects mosaic deployment of basic developmental mechanisms, some of which are derived by common ancestry. For most of vascular plant history, wood contained a single type of conducting element: tracheids (homoxyly). However, quantitative (e.g. diameter and length) and qualitative (e.g. pitting type) diversity of these tracheids allowed various taxa to cover a broad range of hydraulic properties. A second type of conducting elements, vessels, is first documented in an extinct late Permian (c. 260 Ma) group. While the putative hydraulic advantages of vessels are still debated, wood characterized by presence of vessels (heteroxyly) would become the dominant type, following the diversification of angiosperms during the Cretaceous.
Cremanthodium magnificum (Asteraceae-Senecioneae), a new species from northern Myanmar
Authors: FEI WEN-QUN , ZHANG YU , WANG LONG
Published: July 2019

Cremanthodium magnificum (Asteraceae-Senecioneae), a new species from northern Myanmar, is described and illustrated. It is somewhat similar to both C. chungdienense and C. pyrolifolium in having robust stature, large-sized leaves and hemispheric involucre. However, C. magnificum differs from C. chungdienense mainly by stem indumentum, leaf shape, capitulum number and synflorescence type. From C. pyrolifolium, C. magnificum is distinct by stem indumentum, leaf shape, capitulum number and ray lamina shape.
Cynorkis citrata is the correct name for Cynorkis citrina (Orchidaceae, Orchidoideae)
Authors: BYTEBIER BENNY
Published: July 2019

In a recent correspondence in this journal, Cynorkis citrina Bytebier & Pailler (2019: 299) was proposed as a new combination based on the assumption that Habenaria citrina Du Petit-Thouars (1822: tab 16) was its earliest name and thus its basionym. The latter combination was established by Du Petit-Thouars in his seminal work “Histoire particulière des plantes Orchidées recueillies sur les trois îles australes  d’Afrique, de France, de Bourbon et de Madagascar”, in which 91 orchid species are illustrated. The protologue of Habenaria citrina consists only of an illustration with analysis (Fig. 1) and a short description in the accompanying tables for genera and species. However, it has been pointed out (Friis & Rasmussen 1975, Stafleu & Cowan 1976) that prior to the publication of his book “Histoire particulière”, Du Petit-Thouars already offered a “Cahier” of six grand folio coloured paintings that also appear in “Histoire particulière” for sale. Friis & Rasmussen (1975) showed that this “Cahier”, which is extremely rare and of which they could only locate two copies, must have been released sometime between 1804 and 1819, although the exact date is not known. Plate V (Fig. 2) in the “Cahier” depicts the same taxon as tab. 16 in “Histoire particulière”, but is there named Habenaria citrata. It appears as though Du Petit-Thouars consciously wanted to change the epithet from “citrata”, meaning “steeped in lemon juice” to “citrina”, meaning “lemon yellow” and most likely referring to the colour of the flowers. Despite the fact that Rasmussen (1979), already back in 1979, pointed out that the name Habenaria citrata precedes the name Habenaria citrina, the former name remained absent from databases such as IPNI (http://www.ipni.org), Tropicos (http://www.tropicos.org) and WCSP (https://wcsp.science.kew.org), and escaped our attention. This oversight is corrected below, and a taxonomic treatment is presented in which all homotypic synonyms are listed.
A new genus and species of Aoridae (Amphipoda, Senticaudata), Propejanice lagamarensis gen. nov. sp. nov. from Brazil
Authors: MYERS ALAN A. , DESIDERATO ANDREA
Published: July 2019

A new monotypic genus of aorid amphipod Propejanice gen. nov. is described and figured from material collected in Brazil. The single species, P. lagamarensis sp. nov. was collected from artificial plates suspended in the sea in Paraná and Sao Paulo States, Brazil. The new genus appears to be morphologically closest to the genus Janice Griffiths, 1973 from Moçambique, from which it differs in the carpochelate male gnathopod 1. Both genera are phylogenetically close to the genus Grandidierella Coutière, 1904.
Understanding the Role of Language in Conflict
Authors: Donohue William A. , Hao Qi , Spreng Richard , Owen Charles
Published: July 2019

The purpose of this article is to illustrate innovations in text analysis associated with understanding conflict-related communication events. Two innovations will be explored: LIWC (Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count), the text modeling program from the open-source data analysis software program R, and SPSS Modeler. The LIWC analysis revisits the 2009 study by Donohue and Druckman and the 2014 study by Donohue, Liang, and Druckman focusing on text analyses of the Oslo I Accords between the Palestinians and Israelis to illustrate this approach. The R and SPSS modeling of text analysis use the same data set as the LIWC analysis to provide a different set of pictures associated with each leader’s rhetoric during the period in which the Oslo I accords were being negotiated. Each innovation provides different insights into the mind-set of the two groups of leaders as the secret talks were emerging. The implications of each approach in establishing an understanding of the communication exchanges are discussed to conclude the article.
Understanding the Role of Artificial Intelligence in Personalized Engagement Marketing
Authors: Kumar V. , Rajan Bharath , Venkatesan Rajkumar , Lecinski Jim
Published: July 2019

This article explores the role of artificial intelligence (AI) in aiding personalized engagement marketing—an approach to create, communicate, and deliver personalized offerings to customers. It proposes that consumers are ready for a new journey in which AI is a tool for endless options and information that are narrowed and curated in a personalized way. It also provides predictions for managers regarding the AI-driven environment on branding and customer management practices in both developed and developing countries.
Co-Offending and Arrest: An Examination of the “Group Hazard” Hypothesis
Authors: Lantz Brendan
Published: July 2019

Research on offending has long noted the prevalence of co-offending, and researchers have argued that an important component of the decision to co-offend is the risk of arrest. Following this, the current research examines the group hazard, or the risk of arrest associated with co-offending, using National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) data. Results indicate that there is a hazard for robbery and homicide, whereas there is a negative relationship between co-offending and arrest for assault. Furthermore, arrest risk also varies significantly according to the group size and the demographic composition of groups. Taken together, the results suggest that the relationship between co-offending and arrest is complex, and heterogeneity in the relationship may be an important explanation for the contradictory results found in previous research.
Perivascular-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells
Authors: Yianni V. , Sharpe P.T.
Published: July 2019

Cells have been identified in postnatal tissues that, when isolated from multiple mesenchymal compartments, can be stimulated in vitro to give rise to cells that resemble mature mesenchymal phenotypes, such as odontoblasts, osteoblasts, adipocytes, and myoblasts. This has made these adult cells, collectively called mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), strong candidates for fields such as tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Based on evidence from in vivo genetic lineage–tracing studies, pericytes have been identified as a source of MSC precursors in vivo in multiple organs, in response to injury or during homeostasis. Questions of intense debate and interest in the field of tissue engineering and regenerative studies include the following: 1) Are all pericytes, irrespective of tissue of isolation, equal in their differentiation potential? 2) What are the mechanisms that regulate the differentiation of MSCs? To gain a better understanding of the latter, recent work has utilized ChIP-seq (chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by sequencing) to reconstruct histone landscapes. This indicated that for dental pulp pericytes, the odontoblast-specific gene Dspp was found in a transcriptionally permissive state, while in bone marrow pericytes, the osteoblast-specific gene Runx2 was primed for expression. RNA sequencing has also been utilized to further characterize the 2 pericyte populations, and results highlighted that dental pulp pericytes are already precommitted to an odontoblast fate based on enrichment analysis indicating overrepresentation of key odontogenic genes. Furthermore, ChIP-seq analysis of the polycomb repressive complex 1 component RING1B indicated that this complex is likely to be involved in inhibiting inappropriate differentiation, as it localized to a number of loci of key transcription factors that are needed for the induction of adipogenesis, chondrogenesis, or myogenesis. In this review, we highlight recent data elucidating molecular mechanisms that indicate that pericytes can be tissue-specific precommitted MSC precursors in vivo and that this precommitment is a major driving force behind MSC differentiation.
Let the Logo Do the Talking: The Influence of Logo Descriptiveness on Brand Equity
Authors: Luffarelli Jonathan , Mukesh Mudra , Mahmood Ammara
Published: July 2019

Logos frequently include textual and/or visual design elements that are descriptive of the type of product/service that brands market. However, knowledge about how and when logo descriptiveness can influence brand equity is limited. Using a multimethod research approach across six studies, the authors demonstrate that more (vs. less) descriptive logos can positively influence brand evaluations, purchase intentions, and brand performance. They also demonstrate that these effects occur because more (vs. less) descriptive logos are easier to process and thus elicit stronger impressions of authenticity, which consumers value. Furthermore, two important moderators are identified: the positive effects of logo descriptiveness are considerably attenuated for brands that are familiar (vs. unfamiliar) to consumers and reversed (i.e., negative) for brands that market a type of product/service linked with negatively (vs. positively) valenced associations in consumers’ minds. Finally, an analysis of 597 brand logos suggests that marketing practitioners might not fully take advantage of the potential benefits of logo descriptiveness. The theoretical contributions and managerial implications of these findings are discussed.
Combining 3D-MOT With Sport Decision-Making for Perceptual-Cognitive Training in Virtual Reality
Authors: Romeas Thomas , Chaumillon Romain , Labbé David , Faubert Jocelyn
Published: July 2019

This study introduces a virtual life-sized perceptual-cognitive training paradigm that combines three-dimensional multiple object tracking (3D-MOT) with motor (Experiment 1) or perceptual (Experiment 2) sport decision-making tasks. We sought to assess the impact of training on task performance and determine optimal training conditions for improvement and learning. Fifty-seven participants were randomly assigned to one of four training conditions (isolated 3D-MOT, 3D-MOT combined with a decision-making task, consolidated 3D-MOT later combined with a decision-making task, and isolated decision-making task). We evaluated task performance using speed thresholds, success rate (%), and reaction time (s). Findings were that the dual-task paradigm was associated with performance beyond chance level on both 3D-MOT and decision-making tasks despite an important dual-task cost. Interestingly, the results seemed to favor consolidated 3D-MOT training over simultaneous 3D-MOT training when combined with a motor decision-making task but not when combined with a perceptual decision-making task. The number of shared attentional resources in the nature of the additional task (i.e., perceptual or motor decision-making) seems to be key in interpreting the dual-task interference. These findings must be considered when designing representative multitask perceptual-cognitive training.
Effectiveness of Categorical Clustering as an Encoding Versus a Retrieval Strategy Among Preschoolers
Authors: Stone Mary , Blumberg Fran
Published: July 2019

The relative effectiveness of categorical clustering as an encoding and retrieval strategy was examined among 92 three- and four-year-olds on a spatial memory task used to examine utilization deficiencies. Specifically, participants were asked to remember the locations of one of two categories of toys (i.e., four animals and four chairs) within in a multicolored square box. Most children spontaneously used a categorical clustering strategy when removing toys from the box (reflecting encoding) and/or replacing them (reflecting retrieval). However, the production of a categorical clustering strategy did not facilitate recall for all participants. Children who engaged in categorical clustering exclusively during encoding were more likely to present with a utilization deficiency by recalling fewer toy locations than those exclusively clustering during retrieval. Recall performance was not enhanced among children who used categorical clustering during both phases.
Cognitive/Affective Empathy, Pro-Bullying Beliefs, and Willingness to Intervene on Behalf of a Bullied Peer
Authors: Walters Glenn D. , Espelage Dorothy L.
Published: July 2019

The purpose of this study was to determine whether pro-bullying attitudes mediate the relation between affective and cognitive empathy and a student’s willingness to intervene in support of a bullied peer. Participants were 764 early adolescents (372 boys, 392 girls) from the Illinois Study of Bullying and Sexual Violence (ISBSV). As predicted, pro-bullying attitudes successfully mediated the prospective relation between affective empathy and bystander intervention but failed to mediate the relation between cognitive empathy and bystander intervention. These results indicate that affective empathy may promote bystander willingness to intervene on behalf of a bullied peer by inhibiting pro-bullying attitudes. Intervention strategies designed to enhance affective empathy and challenge pro-bullying attitudes in bystanders may be of assistance in reducing bullying behavior.