bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Functional role and mechanism of lncRNA LOC728228 in malignant 16HBE cells transformed by anti‐benzopyrene‐trans‐7,8‐dihydrodiol‐9,10‐epoxide
Authors: Hu Gongcheng , Yang Ti , Zheng Jingli , Dai Jiabing , Nan Aruo , Lai Yandong , Zhang Yajie , Yang Chengfeng , Jiang Yiguo
Published: March 2015

Lung cancer is a major health problem, and is considered one of the deadliest cancers in humans. It is refractory to current treatments, and the mechanisms of lung cancer are unknown. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are involved in various biological processes and human diseases. However, the exact functional roles and mechanisms of lncRNAs are largely unclear. In this study, we attempted to identify lung‐cancer‐related lncRNAs. We found changes in lncRNA expression in the anti‐benzo(a) pyrene‐7,8‐diol‐9,10‐epoxide (anti‐BPDE)‐transformed human bronchial epithelial cell line (16HBE‐T cells) using microarrays and qRT–PCR. Of these lncRNAs, LOC728228 was upregulated relative to its expression in control untransformed16HBE (16HBE‐N) cells. LOC728228 knockdown inhibited cell proliferation, caused G0/G1‐phase cell‐cycle arrest, reduced cellular migration, suppressed colony formation in vitro, and inhibited tumor growth in a nude mouse xenograft model. LOC728228 knockdown also suppressed cyclin D1 expression, and the depletion of cyclin D1 induced G0/G1‐phase cell‐cycle arrest and inhibited cell proliferation, thus influencing the malignant potential of cancer cells. In summary, our results suggest that lncRNA LOC728228 has an oncogene‐like function and plays a vital role in human lung cancer. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Location Choice and Contract Bargaining
Authors: Kopel Michael , Pezzino Mario , Ressi Anna
Published: March 2015

We study how managerial bargaining power affects outcomes and payoffs in a Hotelling‐type duopoly framework with restricted and unrestricted locations. We show that bargaining power only affects the distribution of the surplus between owners and managers but does not affect the locations, prices, managerial incentives, and consumer welfare. This is in stark contrast to van Witteloostuijn et al. (2007) and related contributions where bargaining power has real effects. We argue that the difference between our irrelevance result and their findings originates from the fact that their approach seems to be based on a behavioral assumption and not on microeconomic principles of owner–manager bargaining. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In Silico Estimation of Chemical Carcinogenicity with Binary and Ternary Classification Methods
Authors: Li Xiao , Du Zheng , Wang Jie , Wu Zengrui , Li Weihua , Liu Guixia , Shen Xu , Tang Yun
Published: March 2015

Carcinogenicity is one of the most concerned properties of chemicals to human health, thus it is important to identify chemical carcinogenicity as early as possible. In this study, 829 diverse compounds with rat carcinogenicity were collected from Carcinogenic Potency Database (CPDB). Using six types of fingerprints to represent the molecules, 30 binary and ternary classification models were generated to predict chemical carcinogenicity by five machine learning methods. The models were evaluated by an external validation set containing 87 chemicals from ISSCAN database. The best binary model was developed by MACCS keys and kNN algorithm with predictive accuracy at 83.91 %, while the best ternary model was also generated by MACCS keys and kNN algorithm with overall accuracy at 80.46 %. Furthermore, the best binary and ternary classification models were used to estimate carcinogenicity of tobacco smoke components containing 2251 compounds. 981 ones were predicted as carcinogens by binary classification model, while 110 compounds were predicted as strong carcinogens and 807 ones as weak carcinogens by ternary classification model. The results indicated that our models would be helpful for prediction of chemical carcinogenicity.
A computational framework for the simulation of high‐speed multi‐material fluid–structure interaction problems with dynamic fracture
Authors: Wang K. G. , Lea P. , Farhat C.
Published: March 2015

A robust computational framework for the solution of fluid–structure interaction problems characterized by compressible flows and highly nonlinear structures undergoing pressure‐induced dynamic fracture is presented. This framework is based on the finite volume method with exact Riemann solvers for the solution of multi‐material problems. It couples a Eulerian, finite volume‐based computational approach for solving flow problems with a Lagrangian, finite element‐based computational approach for solving structural dynamics and solid mechanics problems. Most importantly, it enforces the governing fluid–structure transmission conditions by solving local, one‐dimensional, fluid–structure Riemann problems at evolving structural interfaces, which are embedded in the fluid mesh. A generic, comprehensive, and yet effective approach for representing a fractured fluid–structure interface is also presented. This approach, which is applicable to several finite element‐based fracture methods including inter‐element fracture and remeshing techniques, is applied here to incorporate in the proposed framework two different and popular approaches for computational fracture in a seamless manner: the extended FEM and the element deletion method. Finally, the proposed embedded boundary computational framework for the solution of highly nonlinear fluid–structure interaction problems with dynamic fracture is demonstrated for one academic and three realistic applications characterized by detonations, shocks, large pressure, and density jumps across material interfaces, dynamic fracture, flow seepage through narrow cracks, and structural fragmentation. Correlations with experimental results, when available, are also reported and discussed. For all four considered applications, the relative merits of the extended FEM and element deletion method for computational fracture are also contrasted and discussed. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A contact detection algorithm for multi‐sphere particles by means of two‐level‐grid‐searching in DEM simulations
Authors: Fang Z. Q. , Hu G. M. , Du J. , Fan Z. , Liu J.
Published: March 2015

In discrete element method simulations, multi‐sphere particle is extensively employed for modeling the geometry shape of non‐spherical particle. A contact detection algorithm for multi‐sphere particles has been developed through two‐level‐grid‐searching. In the first‐level‐grid‐searching, each multi‐sphere particle is represented by a bounding sphere, and global space is partitioned into identical square or cubic cells of size D, the diameter of the greatest bounding sphere. The bounding spheres are mapped into the cells in global space. The candidate particles can be picked out by searching the bounding spheres in the neighbor cells of the bounding sphere for the target particle. In the second‐level‐grid‐searching, a square or cubic local space of size (D + d) is partitioned into identical cells of size d, the diameter of the greatest element sphere. If two bounding spheres of two multi‐sphere particles are overlapped, the contacts occurring between the element spheres in the target multi‐sphere particle and in the candidate multi‐sphere particle are checked. Theoretical analysis and numerical tests on the memory requirement and contact detection time of this algorithm have been performed to verify the efficiency of this algorithm. The results showed that this algorithm can effectively deal with the contact problem for multi‐sphere particles. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Time‐resolved integrated digital image correlation
Authors: Neggers J. , Hoefnagels J. P. M. , Geers M. G. D. , Hild F. , Roux S.
Published: March 2015

This paper discusses a method that provides the direct identification of constitutive model parameters by intimately integrating the finite element method (FEM) with digital image correlation (DIC), namely, directly connecting the experimentally obtained images for all time increments to the unknown material parameters. The problem is formulated as a single minimization problem that incorporates all the experimental data. It allows for precise specification of the unknowns, which can be, but are not limited to, the unknown material properties. The tight integration between FEM and DIC enables for identification while providing necessary regularization of the DIC procedure, making the method robust and noise insensitive. Through this approach, the versatility of the FE method is extended to the experimental realm, enhancing the analyses of existing experiments and opening new experimental opportunities. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adaptive training of local reduced bases for unsteady incompressible Navier–Stokes flows
Authors: Wu Yuqi , Hetmaniuk Ulrich
Published: March 2015

This report presents a numerical study of reduced‐order representations for simulating incompressible Navier–Stokes flows over a range of physical parameters. The reduced‐order representations combine ideas of approximation for nonlinear terms, of local bases, and of least‐squares residual minimization. To construct the local bases, temporal snapshots for different physical configurations are collected automatically until an error indicator is reduced below a user‐specified tolerance. An adaptive time‐integration scheme is also employed to accelerate the generation of snapshots as well as the simulations with the reduced‐order representations. The accuracy and efficiency of the different representations is compared with examples with parameter sweeps. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Calculus Formation: Nurses’ Decision‐Making in Abortion‐Related Care
Authors: McLemore Monica R. , Kools Susan , Levi Amy J.
Published: March 2015

Nurses routinely provide care to patients in ethically challenging situations. To explore the continuum between conscientious objectors and designated staff in the provision of care to women seeking abortions, the aim of this study was to thickly describe decision‐making, using abortion as the clinical context to elucidate how nurses approach ethically challenging work. A purposive sample of 25 nurses who worked in abortion clinics, emergency departments, intensive care units, labor, and delivery, operating rooms, and post anesthesia care units were interviewed. Qualitative description and thematic analysis were used to identify the cognitive, emotional, and behavioral processes in nurses' decisions to care for women needing abortions. Nurses developed and used multifaceted, real‐time calculi when making decisions about their participation in emergent or routine abortion care. Nurses tacked back and forth between the personal and professional and/or held multiple contradictory positions simultaneously. Nurses weighed the role and opinion of others to determine if they know how to or know why they would provide abortion care to women, particularly in the elective abortion context. The parameters of the nurse–patient relationship were complex and specific to the experiences of both the nurse and patient. Findings from this study further develop the science of ethically challenging decision‐making and expand our understanding of factors that influence how nurses develop relationships to ethically challenging work. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Interactive effects of oligofructose and obesity predisposition on gut hormones and microbiota in diet‐induced obese rats
Authors: Cluny Nina L. , Eller Lindsay K. , Keenan Catherine M. , Reimer Raylene A. , Sharkey Keith A.
Published: March 2015

Objective

Oligofructose (OFS) is a prebiotic that reduces energy intake and fat mass via changes in gut satiety hormones and microbiota. The effects of OFS may vary depending on predisposition to obesity. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of OFS in diet‐induced obese (DIO) and diet‐resistant (DR) rats.

Methods

Adult, male DIO, and DR rats were randomized to: high‐fat/high‐sucrose (HFS) diet or HFS diet + 10% OFS for 6 weeks. Body composition, food intake, gut microbiota, plasma gut hormones, and cannabinoid CB1 receptor expression in the nodose ganglia were measured.

Results

OFS reduced body weight, energy intake, and fat mass in both phenotypes (P < 0.05). Select gut microbiota differed in DIO versus DR rats (P < 0.05), the differences being eliminated by OFS. OFS did not modify plasma ghrelin or CB1 expression in nodose ganglia, but plasma levels of GIP were reduced and PYY were elevated (P < 0.05) by OFS.

Conclusions

OFS was able to reduce body weight and adiposity in both prone and resistant obese phenotypes. OFS‐induced changes in gut microbiota profiles in DIO and DR rats, along with changes in gut hormone levels, likely contribute to the sustained lower body weights.
Oncogenic role of miR‐155 in anaplastic large cell lymphoma lacking the t(2;5) translocation
Authors: Merkel Olaf , Hamacher Frank , Griessl Robert , Grabner Lisa , Schiefer Ana‐Iris , Prutsch Nicole , Baer Constance , Egger Gerda , Schlederer Michaela , Krenn Peter William , Hartmann Tanja Nicole , Simonitsch‐Klupp Ingrid , Plass Christoph , Staber Philipp Bernhard , Moriggl Richard , Turner Suzanne D , Greil Richard , Kenner Lukas
Published: March 2015

Anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) is a rare, aggressive, non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma that is characterized by CD30 expression and disease onset in young patients. About half of ALCL patients bear the t(2;5)(p23;q35) translocation, which results in the formation of the nucleophosmin‐anaplastic lymphoma tyrosine kinase (NPM–ALK) fusion protein (ALCL ALK+). However, little is known about the molecular features and tumour drivers in ALK‐negative ALCL (ALCL ALK−), which is characterized by a worse prognosis. We found that ALCL ALK−, in contrast to ALCL ALK+, lymphomas display high miR‐155 expression. Consistent with this, we observed an inverse correlation between miR‐155 promoter methylation and miR‐155 expression in ALCL. However, no direct effect of the ALK kinase on miR‐155 levels was observed. Ago2 immunoprecipitation revealed miR‐155 as the most abundant miRNA, and enrichment of target mRNAs C/EBPβ and SOCS1. To investigate its function, we over‐expressed miR‐155 in ALCL ALK+ cell lines and demonstrated reduced levels of C/EBPβ and SOCS1. In murine engraftment models of ALCL ALK−, we showed that anti‐miR‐155 mimics are able to reduce tumour growth. This goes hand‐in‐hand with increased levels of cleaved caspase‐3 and high SOCS1 in these tumours, which leads to suppression of STAT3 signalling. Moreover, miR‐155 induces IL‐22 expression and suppresses the C/EBPβ target IL‐8. These data suggest that miR‐155 can act as a tumour driver in ALCL ALK− and blocking miR‐155 could be therapeutically relevant. Original miRNA array data are to be found in the supplementary material (Table S1). © 2015 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
Stabilization of self‐assembled microdroplets using short chain alcohols
Authors: Farajollahi Farid , Marti Othmar , Amirkhani Masoud
Published: March 2015

The condensation of water vapor on a volatile polymeric solution leads to a porous surface after evaporation of both solvent and water. However, the stabilization of the water microdroplet is of great importance, which can be achieved using specific polymer or adding a third substance to the polymer solution. Short chain alcohols (methanol, ethanol, and n‐propanol) are utilized to fabricate a self‐assembled porous honeycomb film of linear, low molecular weight polystyrene using the breath figure technique. A combination of breath figure processing and the effect of alcohol on a water droplet can stabilize the pattern and make pores on the surface of the polymer film. The quality of the porous honeycomb film is strongly dependent on the type of alcohols and the concentration of polymer. In a specific range of polymer and alcohol concentration, pores cover all the surface of the polymer film. This method offers the possibility of producing a honeycomb structure with no trace of additive residual after the fabrication process and avoiding polymer modification. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2015, 53, 709–718
Effects of olanzapine on serum protein phosphorylation patterns in patients with schizophrenia
Authors: Jaros Julian A. , Rahmoune Hassan , Wesseling Hendrik , Leweke F. Markus , Ozcan Sureyya , Guest Paul C. , Bahn Sabine
Published: March 2015

Purpose

Previous studies have shown that blood serum phosphoproteins are altered in schizophrenia patients in comparison to controls. However, it is not known whether phosphoproteins are also changed in response to treatment with antipsychotics.

Experimental design

Blood samples were taken from patients (n = 23) at baseline and after 6 weeks of olanzapine treatment. Immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography (IMAC) was used for enrichment of serum phosphoproteins and these were analyzed by label‐free LC‐MS in expression mode (LC‐MSE).

Results

We identified 11 proteins that were changed significantly in overall abundance and 45 proteins that showed changes in phosphorylation after the antipsychotic treatment. The altered phosphoproteins were mainly involved in the acute phase response, lipid and glucose homeostasis (LXR), retinoic acid signaling (RXR), and complement pathways. Some of the proteins showed a marked increase in phosphorylation, including apolipoprotein A‐I (3.4‐fold), alpha‐1‐anti‐chymotrypsin (3.1‐fold), and apolipoprotein B‐100 (2.2‐fold). In addition, several proteins showed either decreased phosphorylation (e.g. complement C4A, collagen alpha‐1 chain, complement factor H) or a mixture of increased and decreased phoshphorylation (e.g. afamin, complement C5, complement factor B). Finally, 24 of the altered phosphoproteins showed opposite directional changes in a comparison of baseline schizophrenia patients before and after treatment with olanzapine. These included alpha‐1B‐glycoprotein, apolipoprotein A‐IV, vitamin D‐binding protein, and prothrombin.

Conclusions and clinical relevance

These data demonstrate the potential for future studies of serum phosphoproteins as a readout of physiological function and might have utility in studies aimed at identification of biomarkers for drug response prediction or monitoring.
BCL::MP‐fold: Membrane protein structure prediction guided by EPR restraints
Authors: Fischer Axel W. , Alexander Nathan S. , Woetzel Nils , Karakas Mert , Weiner Brian E. , Meiler Jens
Published: March 2015

For many membrane proteins, the determination of their topology remains a challenge for methods like X‐ray crystallography and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy has evolved as an alternative technique to study structure and dynamics of membrane proteins. The present study demonstrates the feasibility of membrane protein topology determination using limited EPR distance and accessibility measurements. The BCL::MP‐Fold (BioChemical Library membrane protein fold) algorithm assembles secondary structure elements (SSEs) in the membrane using a Monte Carlo Metropolis (MCM) approach. Sampled models are evaluated using knowledge‐based potential functions and agreement with the EPR data and a knowledge‐based energy function. Twenty‐nine membrane proteins of up to 696 residues are used to test the algorithm. The RMSD100 value of the most accurate model is better than 8 Å for 27, better than 6 Å for 22, and better than 4 Å for 15 of the 29 proteins, demonstrating the algorithms' ability to sample the native topology. The average enrichment could be improved from 1.3 to 2.5, showing the improved discrimination power by using EPR data. Proteins 2015; 83:1947–1962. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc
Synthesis of diastereomerically pure Lys(Nε‐lipoyl) building blocks and their use in Fmoc/tBu solid phase synthesis of lipoyl‐containing peptides for diagnosis of primary biliary cirrhosis
Authors: Rentier Cédric , Pacini Giulia , Nuti Francesca , Peroni Elisa , Rovero Paolo , Papini Anna Maria
Published: March 2015

Primary Biliary Cirrhosis is an immune‐mediated disease in which one of the epitopes recognized by antimitochondrial autoantibodies is a lipoylated fragment of the PDC‐E2 protein. Accordingly, the synthesis of lipoylated peptides as diagnostic tools is a relevant target. Up to now, the proper tools for the introduction of lipoylation on building blocks to be used in Fmoc/tBu solid phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) are lacking, and the role of chirality in lipoylation remains poorly studied.

In this paper, we present the synthesis of lipoylated lysine derivatives as pure diastereomeric building blocks suitable for Fmoc/tBu SPPS and their introduction in relevant peptide sequences to possibly serve as synthetic probes for the development of novel diagnostic tools for this disease.

The optimization of the synthesis of lipoylated building blocks derived from racemic, (R)‐, and (S)‐α‐lipoic acid is described. Synthesis of peptide probes incorporating lipoylation is described. An insight regarding the cleavage of lipoylated peptides is given, as well as a method to oxidize or reduce the 1,2‐dithiolane ring of the lipoyl moiety directly on the peptide without any subsequent purification. Copyright © 2015 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of potato starch extrudates on the physical properties and staling of wheat bread
Authors: Gumul Dorota , Ziobro Rafał , Korus Jarosław , Krystyjan Magdalena , Witczak Teresa , Zięba Tomasz , Gambuś Halina
Published: March 2015

Bread staling could be diminished by the use of certain additives, including starch degradation products. The aim of the study was to check the influence of potato starch extrudates (which were produced at different extrusion temperatures – 90, 130 and 170°C) on the physical properties of wheat dough and bread, as well as the staling process of bread. In baking studies, ground starch extrudates were used to replace wheat flour at a substitution level of 5%. It was found that the extrudate prepared at 130°C had the most significant effect on the rheological properties of the dough. Bread with starch extrudates exhibited a lower volume and height when compared to the control. Starch extrudates did not influence the crust colour, but did have an impact on the crumb colour. The addition of starch extrudates to wheat bread had a detrimental influence on its hardness as it increased this particular parameter, despite the slower rate of starch retrogradation. The results confirm that bread staling is a complex process which could be affected by various factors, and not merely by starch retrogradation.
Toughness behaviour of high‐performance lightweight foamed concrete reinforced with hybrid fibres
Authors: Dawood Eethar Thanon , Hamad Ali Jihad
Published: March 2015

Lightweight foamed concrete (LWFC) is a concrete having structural strength with lightweight density and high flowability. High‐performance lightweight foamed concrete (HPLWFC) is used in modern concrete technology and intensively in the construction of high‐rise buildings, long‐span concrete structures, road sub‐bases and other applications. The present work deals with the fresh and hardened properties of LWFC. The fresh properties of LWFC are measured with the flow and fresh density tests. The hardened properties tests include compressive strength, flexural strength, flexural toughness, static modulus of elasticity, ultrasonic pulse velocity, water absorption and oven‐dry density. In addition, the study focuses mainly on the effect of the fibres added to LWFC mixes. Two types of fibre have been used: glass fibres and polypropylene fibres, and the combination of glass fibres (GF) and polypropylene fibres (PPF) to obtain hybrid fibres (GF+PPF).This study also focuses on the effect of hybrid fibres on the flexural toughness of HPLWFC. Trial mixes have been used to choose the optimum mix. The definition for choosing the best mix depended on three parameters: oven‐dry density, flowability and compressive strength. The volume fraction of glass and polypropylene fibres are 0.06, 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6 %, and 0.2, 0.6, 1 and 1.4 % respectively. The percentages of hybrid fibres “GF + PPF” are “0.2 + 0.6”, “0.4 + 0.6”, “0.2 + 1” and “0.4 + 1” %. The results show that the greatest increments in the compressive and flexural strengths of LWFC are 51 and 21 % respectively due to the use of 0.6 % glass fibres. On the other hand, LWFC reinforced with polypropylene fibres exhibits only a minor increase in compressive, splitting tensile and flexural strengths. The best percentage of hybrid fibres yielding the highest increment in LWFC is “0.4 % GF + 0.6 % PPF”. The results of flexural toughness tests indicate that the polypropylene fibres denote a higher efficiency in the flexural toughness than is the case with glass fibres. The flexural toughness results increase with the volume fraction of the fibres. The hybridization shows the best flexural toughness values due to the cooperative work of the glass and polypropylene fibres boost the performance of flexural toughness in pre‐crack and post‐crack zones. Therefore, the use of 0.4 %GF + 1 %PPF gives the best results in this regard.
Evaluation of dexmedetomidine, tiletamine, and zolazepam for the immobilization of black bears
Authors: Coltrane Jessica A. , Farley Sean , Saalfeld David , Battle David , Carnahan Tony , Teisberg Justin
Published: March 2015

Telazol® (TZ, tiletamine hydrochloride [HCl] and zolazepam HCl) has been used to immobilize black bears for research and management activities since the 1980s. Although considered an effective and safe drug, TZ has some disadvantages, including prolonged restraint time and inability of reversal. We tested the efficacy of dexmedetomidine and Telazol® (dexMTZ) to immobilize 9 urban black bears (Ursus americanus) in Anchorage, Alaska, USA, during 2013. We recorded induction and recovery times and measured physiological responses of partial pressures of arterial carbon dioxide (PaCO2) and oxygen (PaO2), lactate, percent oxygen saturation of hemoglobin, and HCO3 in relation to anesthesia. Immobilization was rapid in all bears with good dart placement, and bears maintained a deep level of anesthesia throughout the duration of processing (<1 hr). Bears did not exhibit any altered thermoregulatory ability; body temperatures remained relatively constant and normothermic (36.3 °C–39.2 °C). Mean heart rate (67 ± 13 beats/min) was within the normal range for black bears at 60–90 beats/min, and no instances of tachycardia were observed. We observed normal respiration rates (18 ± 5 breaths/min) and high oxygen saturations in black bears. Within 24 min postinjection oxygen saturation remained above 90%. Immobilization did not appear to disrupt acid–base balance in bears, and administration of atipamezole provided relatively quick and complete recovery of all bears captured. Our results indicate that dexMTZ provides a safe and effective means to immobilize black bears for research and management activities. © 2015 The Wildlife Society.
Parallel‐laser photogrammetry to estimate body size in free‐ranging mammals
Authors: Weisgerber Jordan N. , Medill Sarah A. , McLoughlin Philip D.
Published: March 2015

It is not always practical to hand‐measure body size of free‐ranging animals. In recent years, parallel‐laser photogrammetry has become increasingly common for obtaining remote estimates of body size. However, it is unknown how well this technique might capture variation in body size of curvilinear features or whether the distance between parallel‐laser calipers is altered when projected onto a curved surface. We describe a photogrammetric system that may be useful for obtaining body‐size measurements from unrestrained large mammals that permit approach. We tested the use of parallel‐laser photogrammetry to estimate the size of curvilinear features in domestic horses (Equus ferus caballus) and identified morphometrics that explained variation in body weight. Despite projecting the lasers onto a curved surface (the barrel of a horse), we achieved accurate photogrammetric estimates of linear hand‐measurements. The curvilinear hand‐measurements also showed strong correlations (R2 ≥ 0.996) with their respective linear photogrammetric estimates, and most photogrammetric estimates had high reliability. Using 3 variables of body size, photogrammetric estimates and hand‐measurements explained 86.0% and 96.2% of the variation in weight, respectively. © 2015 The Wildlife Society.
Potential applications of wireless sensor networks for wildlife trapping and monitoring programs
Authors: Jones Christopher , Warburton Bruce , Carver Julian , Carver Derek
Published: March 2015

There are notable costs in maintaining a wildlife trapping program, primarily labor and travel costs associated with frequently and regularly checking large numbers of traps. Wireless sensor networks have the potential to significantly decrease operational costs of terrestrial wildlife trapping and monitoring programs, particularly those involving labor‐intensive live‐trapping. Furthermore, sensor networks can collect, transmit, and store vast volumes of environmental data, which may be used in research or to refine wildlife management or monitoring. In a modeled example, we estimated that operational cost savings of up to 70% could accrue from use of wireless sensor networks. Cost savings were greater when more traps were included in the network, but declined as rates of sprung traps increased. A simple benefit–cost analysis suggested that use of wireless sensor networks is justifiable economically, although widespread use may be constrained by legislative or regulatory requirements for field staff to service or check traps or the need to replace bait. Should increasing use reduce hardware costs, this technology has great potential for reducing costs of trap‐based control programs and increasing the quantity and quality of data from wildlife monitoring studies. © 2015 The Wildlife Society.
Hypertrophy of the Left Liver in Patients with Large Tumors in the Right Liver
Authors: Nakayama Yoshimi , Ishizaki Yoichi , Yoshimoto Jiro , Sugo Hiroyuki , Imamura Hiroshi , Kawasaki Seiji
Published: March 2015

Background

It has been speculated that, when right‐sided major hepatectomy (RSMH) is planned for patients with large tumors in the right liver, it may not lead to a marked decrease in normally functional hepatic mass.

Methods

We collected data for patients who had undergone RSMH for tumors more than 8 cm in diameter (n = 50) and compared them with control patients who had undergone RSMH for tumors less than 5 cm in diameter (n = 21).

Results

The ratio of the remnant left liver volume to the nontumorous liver volume (left liver ratio) in the patients with large tumors was significantly greater than that in the control group (50.0 ± 12.8 % vs. 40.2 ± 8.3 %, p = 0.002). Left liver ratio was significantly correlated with tumor volume (p < 0.001). Preoperative portal vein embolization was performed in only four of the 50 patients with large tumors. None of the patients with large tumors developed postoperative liver failure.

Conclusions

Left liver volume in patients with large tumors in the right liver was larger than usual, perhaps reducing the risk of postoperative liver insufficiency after RSMH.
Laparoscopic Simultaneous Resection of Colorectal Primary Tumor and Liver Metastases: Results of a Multicenter International Study
Authors: Ferretti Stefano , Tranchart Hadrien , Buell Joseph F. , Eretta Constantino , Patriti Alberto , Spampinato Marcello Giuseppe , Huh Jung Wook , Vigano Luca , Han Ho Seong , Ettorre Giuseppe Maria , Jovine Elio , Gamblin Thomas Clark , Belli Giulio , Wakabayashi Go , Gayet Brice , Dagher Ibrahim
Published: March 2015

Background

With the advance of modern laparoscopic technology, laparoscopic colorectal surgery and laparoscopic liver surgery are both worldwide accepted. Preliminary brief series have shown the feasibility of combined laparoscopic resection of colorectal cancer (CRC) and synchronous colorectal liver metastases (SCRLM). We aim to report a large International multicenter series of laparoscopic simultaneous resection of CRC and SCRLM.

Methods

Between 1997 and 2013, 142 laparoscopic liver resections were performed with simultaneous colorectal surgery for SCRLM. The surgical and postoperative variables evaluated were the duration of the intervention, blood loss, transfusion rate, conversion rate, resection margin, specific and overall morbidity, perioperative mortality, length of hospital stay, and survival. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed examining postoperative morbidity in the all cohort of patients.

Results

The median number of liver lesions was 1 (1–9) and the median larger diameter at diagnosis was 28 (2–100) mm. The median operative time was 360 (120–690) min. Seven patients (4.9 %) required conversion. The global morbidity was 31.0 % and the mortality was 2.1 %. After a median follow‐up of 29 (1–108) months, 40 patients (28.2 %) developed tumor recurrence. Curative treatment of recurrence was possible in 17 patients (12.0 %), including a second liver resection in 13 patients (9.1 %), which was performed by laparoscopy in 7 patients (4.9 %). Overall 1‐, 3‐, and 5‐year survivals were 98.8, 82.1, and 71.9 %, respectively. By multivariate analysis, ASA score ≥3 [OR 13.6 (1.8–99.6); P = 0.01] and operative time [OR 1.008 (1.001–1.016); P = 0.03] were independent predictors of postoperative morbidity.

Conclusions

Our combined data show that in experienced centers, simultaneous laparoscopic approach is technically feasible, safe, and associated with good oncological outcomes.
Quantifying Adventitious Error in a Covariance Structure as a Random Effect
Authors: Wu Hao , Browne Michael W.
Published: March 2015

We present an approach to quantifying errors in covariance structures in which adventitious error, identified as the process underlying the discrepancy between the population and the structured model, is explicitly modeled as a random effect with a distribution, and the dispersion parameter of this distribution to be estimated gives a measure of misspecification. Analytical properties of the resultant procedure are investigated and the measure of misspecification is found to be related to the root mean square error of approximation. An algorithm is developed for numerical implementation of the procedure. The consistency and asymptotic sampling distributions of the estimators are established under a new asymptotic paradigm and an assumption weaker than the standard Pitman drift assumption. Simulations validate the asymptotic sampling distributions and demonstrate the importance of accounting for the variations in the parameter estimates due to adventitious error. Two examples are also given as illustrations.
Wormlike Micelles in Mixed Amino Acid‐Based Anionic Surfactant and Zwitterionic Surfactant Systems
Authors: Lu Haiwei , Yuan Minjia , Fang Bo , Wang Jinshuang , Guo Yiguang
Published: March 2015

The formation of wormlike micelles in aqueous solutions of an amino acid‐based surfactant, sodium lauroyl sarcosinate (LS) and a zwitterionic surfactant, cocamidopropyl betaine (CAPB) has been investigated. Holding the total concentration of LS and CAPB constant at 12 wt%, the synergistic effects of mass ratio of CAPB and LS and pH of the micelle solution on rheological behaviors of CAPB/LS micelles were studied. The viscosity of CAPB/LS micelle systems with a mass ratio from 4:8 to 9:3 increases to maximum values and then decreases as pH increases from 4.0 to 5.6. The maximum viscosity of the transparent CAPB/LS micelle solution is nearly 5500 mPa·s with a mass ratio of CAPB/LS = 8:4 at pH 5.10. It is suggested that the proper pH for CAPB and LS to form wormlike micelles should be close to the isoelectric point of the CAPB/LS solution. The results of thixotropy measurements show that the appropriate mass ratio of CAPB/LS can improve the stability of the network structure of wormlike micelles. In addition, viscosity curves of CAPB/LS wormlike micelles follow a nonlinear co‐rotational Jeffreys model, and the linear viscoelasticity of CAPB/LS wormlike micelles can be described by a linear viscoelastic Jeffreys model. The network of wormlike micelles is confirmed by Cryo‐TEM images.
Saying no to drugs
Authors: Lingard Lorelei
Published: March 2015

Illicit drug use, and the associated health problems, is a frequent issue encountered by medical providers. Because of its salience as a piece of health care information, drug use history is often included in patient charts and presentations by house staff and medical students. However, if used and recorded inappropriately, drug use history can have significant long-lasting effects on the perception of patients in a system where they have little agency.
Competency-based veterinary education: an integrative approach to learning and assessment in the clinical workplace
Authors: Bok Harold G. J.
Published: March 2015

When graduating from veterinary school, veterinary professionals must be ready to enter the complex veterinary profession. Therefore, one of the major responsibilities of any veterinary school is to develop training programmes that support students’ competency development on the trajectory from novice student to veterinary professional. The integration of learning and assessment in the clinical workplace to foster this competency development in undergraduate veterinary education was the central topic of this thesis.
Cerebral Hemodynamics at Altitude: Effects of Hyperventilation and Acclimatization on Cerebral Blood Flow and Oxygenation
Authors: Sanborn Matthew R. , Edsell Mark E. , Kim Meeri N. , Mesquita Rickson , Putt Mary E. , Imray Chris , Yow Heng , Wilson Mark H. , Yodh Arjun G. , Grocott Mike , Martin Daniel S.
Published: March 2015

Objective

Alterations in cerebral blood flow (CBF) and cerebral oxygenation are implicated in altitude-associated diseases. We assessed the dynamic changes in CBF and peripheral and cerebral oxygenation engendered by ascent to altitude with partial acclimatization and hyperventilation using a combination of near-infrared spectroscopy, transcranial Doppler ultrasound, and diffuse correlation spectroscopy.

Methods

Peripheral (Spo2) and cerebral (Scto2) oxygenation, end-tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO2), and cerebral hemodynamics were studied in 12 subjects using transcranial Doppler and diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS) at 75 m and then 2 days and 7 days after ascending to 4559 m above sea level. After obtaining baseline measurements, subjects hyperventilated to reduce baseline ETCO2 by 50%, and a further set of measurements were obtained.

Results

Cerebral oxygenation and peripheral oxygenation showed a divergent response, with cerebral oxygenation decreasing at day 2 and decreasing further at day 7 at altitude, whereas peripheral oxygenation decreased on day 2 before partially rebounding on day 7. Cerebral oxygenation decreased after hyperventilation at sea level (Scto2 from 68.8% to 63.5%; P < .001), increased after hyperventilation after 2 days at altitude (Scto2 from 65.6% to 69.9%; P = .001), and did not change after hyperventilation after 7 days at altitude (Scto2 from 62.2% to 63.3%; P = .35).

Conclusions

An intensification of the normal cerebral hypocapnic vasoconstrictive response occurred after partial acclimatization in the setting of divergent peripheral and cerebral oxygenation. This may help explain why hyperventilation fails to improve cerebral oxygenation after partial acclimatization as it does after initial ascent. The use of DCS is feasible at altitude and provides a direct measure of CBF indices with high temporal resolution.
Heidegger and the Human Difference
Authors: ENGELLAND CHAD
Published: March 2015

This paper provides a qualified defense of Martin Heidegger's controversial assertion that humans and animals differ in kind, not just degree. He has good reasons to defend the human difference, and his thesis is compatible with the evolution of humans from other animals. He argues that the human environment is the world of meaning and truth, an environment that peculiarly makes possible truthful activities, such as biology. But the ability to be open to truth cannot be a feature of human biology without making such pursuits as biology, mathematics, and philosophy a biological function of a certain species, Homo sapiens. To deny the human difference amounts to species relativism, which leaves the normativity of truth unexplained. To reconcile the human evolutionary heritage and the uniquely human openness to meaning and truth, this paper amplifies a distinction occasionally made by Heidegger between condition and cause.
On Humean Explanation and Practical Normativity
Authors: HUBBS GRAHAM
Published: March 2015

If Hume is correct that the descriptive and the normative are ‘entirely different’ matters, then it would seem to follow that endorsing a given account of action-explanation does not restrict the account of practical normativity one may simultaneously endorse. In this essay, I challenge the antecedent of this conditional by targeting its consequent. Specifically, I argue that if one endorses a Humean account of action-explanation, which many find attractive, one is thereby committed to a Humean account of practical normativity, which many find unattractive. The key to this argument is showing that the justificatory base of any anti-Humean normative view is a generic representation of ideal rationality, which precludes any such view from combining coherently with a Humean account of action-explanation. If my arguments are successful, they demonstrate a way in which one's views in action theory can both limit and be limited by the ethical views one endorses.
Pediatric Disposition Classification (Reverse Triage) System to Create Surge Capacity
Authors: Kelen Gabor D. , Sauer Lauren , Clattenburg Eben , Lewis-Newby Mithya , Fackler James
Published: March 2015

Background

Critically insufficient pediatric hospital capacity may develop during a disaster or surge event. Research is lacking on the creation of pediatric surge capacity. A system of “reverse triage,” with early discharge of hospitalized patients, has been developed for adults and shows great potential but is unexplored in pediatrics.

Methods

We conducted an evidence-based modified-Delphi consensus process with 25 expert panelists to derive a disposition classification system for pediatric inpatients on the basis of risk tolerance for a consequential medical event (CME). For potential validation, critical interventions (CIs) were derived and ranked by using a Likert scale to indicate CME risk should the CI be withdrawn or withheld for early disposition.

Results

Panelists unanimously agreed on a 5-category risk-based disposition classification system. The panelists established upper limit (mean) CME risk for each category as <2% (interquartile range [IQR]: 1–2%); 7% (5–10%), 18% (10–20%), 46% (20–65%), and 72% (50–90%), respectively. Panelists identified 25 CIs with varying degrees of CME likelihood if withdrawn or withheld. Of these, 40% were ranked high risk (Likert scale mean ≥7) and 32% were ranked modest risk (≤3).

Conclusions

The classification system has potential for an ethically acceptable risk-based taxonomy for pediatric inpatient reverse triage, including identification of those deemed safe for early discharge during surge events. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2015;9:283-290)
Validation of an Analytical Method for the Determination of the Activity of Xylanase in Animal Feed Additives and in Animal Feedingstuffs
Authors: Dillon G.P. , Filer K. , Gaffney M. , Moran C.A.
Published: March 2015

Exogenous carbohydrases are commonly added to monogastric feed to help degrade non-starch polysaccharides (NSP). This action can increase the nutrient availability of feedingstuffs and decrease digestive disturbances, thus improving animal performance. This in turn can lead to improved feed conversion efficiency in meat and egg production. In light of the benefits associated with dietary xylanase inclusion, so too has it become increasingly relevant to quantity them in poultry feed premixtures with additional enzyme activities and directly in compound feed. Hitherto, the analysis of the activity of xylanase in animal feeds has proved difficult. Despite the widespread acceptance of the DNS method for the quantification of xylanase activity, it is not without limitations which can lead to erroneous under- or over-estimation of activity, and is particularly variable depending on the feed matrix wherein it is measured. The current method validation examined the following parameters: linearity, precision, uncertainty, sensitivity (limit of detection and limit of quantification) and the experiments were designed to highlight any interference from protease co-ingredients and possible matrix effects in various types of supplemented feed. The assay method described is convenient and inexpensive and could be applied to the rapid and routine analysis of xylanases in animal feeds during quality control and in investigating fraudulent adulteration of feed to ensure the authenticity and traceability of the product.
Driven particles at fluid interfaces acting as capillary dipoles
Authors: Dörr Aaron , Hardt Steffen
Published: March 2015

The dynamics of spherical particles driven along an interface between two immiscible fluids is investigated asymptotically. Under the assumptions of a pinned three-phase contact line (TCL) and very different viscosities of the two fluids, a particle assumes a tilted orientation. As it moves, it causes a deformation of the fluid interface which is also computed. The case of two interacting driven particles is studied via the linear superposition approximation. It is shown that the capillary interaction force resulting from the particle motion is dipolar in terms of the azimuthal angle and decays with the fifth power of the inter-particle separation, similar to a capillary quadrupole originating from undulations of the TCL. The dipolar interaction is demonstrated to exceed the quadrupolar interaction at moderate particle velocities.
Weak magnetohydrodynamic turbulence and intermittency
Authors: Meyrand R. , Kiyani K. H. , Galtier S.
Published: March 2015

Three-dimensional numerical simulation is used to investigate intermittency in incompressible weak magnetohydrodynamic turbulence with a strong uniform magnetic field $\boldsymbol{b}_{\mathbf{0}}$ and zero cross-helicity. At leading order, this asymptotic regime is achieved via three-wave resonant interactions with the scattering of a wave on a 2D mode for which $k_{\Vert }=0$. When the interactions with the 2D modes are artificially reduced, we show numerically that the system exhibits an energy spectrum with $k_{\bot }^{-3/2}$, whereas the expected exact solution with $k_{\bot }^{-2}$ is recovered with the full nonlinear system. In the latter case, strong intermittency is found when the vector separation of structure functions is taken transverse to $\boldsymbol{b}_{\mathbf{0}}$. This result may be explained by the influence of the 2D modes whose regime belongs to strong turbulence. In addition to shedding light on the origin of this intermittency, we derive a log-Poisson law, ${\it\zeta}_{p}=p/8+1-(1/4)^{p/2}$, which fits the data perfectly and highlights the important role of parallel current sheets.