bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Visualités poétiques, symboliques et imaginaires chez Albert Lamorisse
Authors: Furtado Rahde Maria Beatriz
Published: October 2011

Résumé Le présent article entend émettre quelques commentaires sur le court-métrage Le Ballon rouge d’Albert Lamorisse. Après plus de cinquante ans d’existence, ce film d’une durée de trente-six minutes a su conserver les enchantements de l’imaginaire poétique, marqué de l’empreinte d’un langage narratif symbolique. Il a reçu la Palme d’Or au Festival de Cannes, l’Oscar du Meilleur Scénario Original et le prix du Meilleur Film de la Décennie (1968) aux Educational Film Award .
Polynuclear Nickel Hexacyanoferrate/Graphitized Mesoporous Carbon Hybrid Chemically Modified Electrode for Selective Hydrazine Detection
Authors: Barathi Palani , Senthil Kumar Annamalai , Karthick Minnal Ranjan Babu
Published: October 2011

A hybrid polynuclear nickel hexacyanoferrate (NiHCFe)/graphitized mesoporous carbon- (GMC-) modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE/NiHCFe@GMC) has been prepared by a sequential method using electrodeposited Ni on a GMC-modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE/Ni@GMC) as a template and [Fe(CN)6]3−as anin-situchemical precipitant, without any additional interlinking agent. Physicochemical and electrochemical characterizations reveal the presence of NiHCFe units within the porous sites of the GMC. The GCE/NiHCFe@GMC electrode showed highly stable and well-defined redox behaviors with surface-confined electron-transfer mechanism in a pH 7 phosphate buffer solution. The GCE/NiHCFe@GMC showed about 20 times enhancement in hydrazine oxidation peak current along with 500 mV reduction in overpotential over the corresponding unmodified GCE/GMC. Hydrazine calibration plots by CV and amperometrici-tmethods were linear up to 1 mM and 220 μM with current sensitivity values of 15.86 μA/mM and 7.37 nA/μM, respectively. Calculated detection limit by the amperometrici-tmethod was 23.2 nM. The hybrid GCE/NiHCFe@GMC exhibits remarkable tolerance to important industrial and biological interferents. Finally determination of hydrazine in cigarette smoke sample was successfully demonstrated.
Traumatic Ribs Fracture: How to Treat Them?
Authors: Scarci Marco , Billè Andrea , Zahid Imran , Routledge Tom
Published: October 2011

Flail chest complicates about 10% of patients with chest trauma and is associated with a mortality rate of 10–20% in older series, while a recent one reports no mortality. The majority of the cases are treated conservatively with internal pneumatic stabilization and pain control. In recent years, nevertheless, we assisted in the resurgence of chest wall fixation due to the availability of new devices. We report our experience in the use of mouldable titanium clips (STRACOS, Strasbourg Thoracic Osteosyntheses System; MedXpert, Heitersheim, Germany) to fix traumatic rib fracture. This device presents an advantage over previous strategies, as it is easy to apply and doesn’t require drilling and screwing of the ribs.
Finitely Related Algebras In Congruence
Distributive Varieties Have Near Unanimity
Terms
Authors: Barto Libor
Published: October 2011

we show that every finite, finitely related algebra in a congruence distributive variety has a near unanimity term operation. as a consequence we solve the near unanimity problem for relational structures: it is decidable whether a given finite set of relations on a finite set admits a compatible near unanimity operation. this consequence also implies that it is decidable whether a given finite constraint language defines a constraint satisfaction problem of bounded strict width.
An Evaluation of the Impact of a Social Inclusion Programme on Occupational Functioning for Forensic Service Users
Authors: Fitzgerald Martin
Published: October 2011

Introduction:

The rehabilitation of forensic service users with serious mental illness is an emerging specialism in occupational therapy. However, there is little evidence to support the development of this role. Government white papers and guidelines recommend a rehabilitation process that involves a social inclusion agenda and the literature supports the role of the occupational therapist in its provision. This study was designed to provide evidence for, and to guide, the practice of forensic occupational therapists working in a rehabilitation setting.

Method:

The study compared Model of Human Occupation Screening Tool (MOHOST) scores of forensic service users who received treatment as usual and participated in a social inclusion programme (n = 24) with the scores of those who received treatment as usual (n = 19) only.

Results:

Although no difference was found in MOHOST scores between the two groups before intervention (p>0.05 at 0.493), a significant difference in scores was found in the intervention group post-intervention (p<0.05 at 0.006). This difference is hypothesised to represent change in occupational functioning and evidence of successful treatment outcomes.

Conclusion:

The study concluded that forensic service users could benefit from occupational therapy programmes that include activities to promote social inclusion.
Facilitation of Research-Based Evidence within Occupational Therapy in Stroke Rehabilitation
Authors: Kristensen Hanne Kaae , Borg Tove , Hounsgaard Lise
Published: October 2011

Purpose:

This study investigated the facilitation of evidence-based practice with the use of everyday life occupations and client-centred practice within occupational therapy in three settings of stroke rehabilitation.

Method:

The study was based on a phenomenological hermeneutical research approach, and inspired by participatory action research methods. Participant observations, focus group discussions and individual interviews took place over a period of 20 months. Text interpretation, developed by Ricoeur, was used in data analysis.

Findings:

The key role of the facilitator in the implementation of evidence-based practice as a change process was stressed. During the implementation, it was crucial that the therapists as a group had the opportunity to discuss local practice knowledge, and to appraise the knowledge use critically, in order to develop their practice knowledge and new skills adapted to local contexts. The implementation resulted in various new working routines. Learning processes became part of developing the occupational therapists' professional identities, expressed in more professional confidence. Collaboration in the organisation of the implementation process was significant.

Conclusion:

The main findings indicated that the use of participatory action research methods and theory of situated learning interacting with the Promoting Action on Research Implementation in Health Services framework provided useful perspectives and structures for the investigation of the implementation of evidence-based occupational therapy.
Cloud-system resolving model simulations of aerosol indirect effects on tropical deep convection and its thermodynamic environment
Authors: Morrison H. , Grabowski W. W.
Published: October 2011

Abstract. This paper presents results from 240-member ensemble simulations of aerosol indirect effects on tropical deep convection and its thermodynamic environment. Simulations using a two-dimensional cloud-system resolving model are run with pristine, polluted, or highly polluted aerosol conditions and large-scale forcing from a 6-day period of active monsoon conditions during the 2006 Tropical Warm Pool – International Cloud Experiment (TWP-ICE). Domain-mean surface precipitation is insensitive to aerosols primarily because the large-scale forcing is prescribed and dominates the water and static energy budgets. The spread of the top-of-atmosphere (TOA) shortwave and longwave radiative fluxes among different ensemble members for the same aerosol loading is surprisingly large, exceeding 25 W m−2 even when averaged over the 6-day period. This variability is caused by random fluctuations in the strength and timing of individual deep convective events. The ensemble approach demonstrates a small weakening of convection averaged over the 6-day period in the polluted simulations compared to pristine. Despite this weakening, the cloud top heights and anvil ice mixing ratios are higher in polluted conditions. This occurs because of the larger concentrations of cloud droplets that freeze, leading directly to higher ice particle concentrations, smaller ice particle sizes, and smaller fall velocities compared to simulations with pristine aerosols. Weaker convection in polluted conditions is a direct result of the changes in anvil ice characteristics and subsequent upper-tropospheric radiative heating and weaker tropospheric destabilization. Such a conclusion offers a different interpretation of recent satellite observations of tropical deep convection in pristine and polluted environments compared to the hypothesis of aerosol-induced convective invigoration. Sensitivity tests using the ensemble approach with modified microphysical parameters or domain configuration (horizontal gridlength, domain size) produce results that are similar to baseline, although there are quantitative differences in estimates of aerosol impacts on TOA radiative fluxes.
Importance of atmospheric aging in reactivity of mineral dust aerosol: a case study of heterogeneous reaction of gaseous hydrogen peroxide on processed mineral particles
Authors: Zhao Y. , Chen Z. M. , Shen X. L. , Huang D.
Published: October 2011

Abstract. Atmospheric aging and processing appears to alter physical and chemical properties of mineral dust aerosol and thus its role as reactive surface in the troposphere. Yet, previous studies in the atmosphere have mainly focused on the clean surfaces of mineral dust aerosol, and the reactivity of aged mineral aerosol toward atmospheric trace gases is still poorly recognized. This work presents the first laboratory investigation of heterogeneous reactions of gaseous hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), an important atmospheric oxidant, on the surface of HNO3 and SO2-processed alumina particles as surrogates of mineral dust aerosol aged by acidic trace gases as a function of relative humidity (RH) and surface coverage of coatings. Pretreatment of the alumina surfaces with HNO3 and SO2 has a strong impact on its reactivity toward H2O2 uptake. On HNO3-processed particles, because of the dual role of the nitrate coating in modifying the reactivity of the particle surface, namely blocking oxide active sites but altering surface hygroscopicity, H2O2 uptake seems to decrease in some cases whereas increase in other cases, largely depending on RH and surface coverage of nitrate. On SO2-processed particles, the presence of adsorbed S(IV) species appears to enhance the intrinsic reactivity of the alumina particles due to its affinity for H2O2, and the uptake of H2O2 increases by 40–80% in the range of RH from 25% to 92% relative to the unprocessed particles. However, when S(IV) is completely oxidized to S(VI), the alumina surface is significantly deactivated and the measured uptake of H2O2 decreased markedly. The mechanisms for heterogeneous reactions of H2O2 with these processed particles are discussed, as well as its potential implications on tropospheric chemistry. The results of our study suggest that the reactivity of mineral dust aerosol toward H2O2 and maybe other atmospheric trace gases will depend on the chemical nature and coverage of the coatings as well as ambient RH, and thus will vary considerably in different polluted atmosphere, which should be taken into account in current atmospheric models.
Timing mirror structures observed by Cluster with a magnetosheath flow model
Authors: Génot V. , Broussillou L. , Budnik E. , Hellinger P. , Trávníček P. M. , Lucek E. , Dandouras I.
Published: October 2011

Abstract. The evolution of structures associated with mirror modes during their flow in the Earth's magnetosheath is studied. The fact that the related magnetic fluctuations can take distinct shapes, from deep holes to high peaks, has been assessed in previous works on the observational, modeling and numerical points of view. In this paper we present an analytical model for the flow lines and velocity magnitude inside the magnetosheath. This model is used to interpret almost 10 years of Cluster observations of mirror structures: by back tracking each isolated observation to the shock, the "age", or flow time, of these structures is determined together with the geometry of the shock. Using this flow time the evolutionary path of the structures may be studied with respect to different quantities: the distance to mirror threshold, the amplitude of mirror fluctuations and the skewness of the magnetic amplitude distribution as a marker of the shape of the structures. These behaviours are confronted to numerical simulations which confirm the dynamical perspective gained from the association of the statistical analysis and the analytical model: magnetic peaks are mostly formed just behind the shock and are quickly overwhelmed by magnetic holes as the plasma conditions get more mirror stable. The amplitude of the fluctuations are found to saturate before the skewness vanishes, i.e. when both structures quantitatively balance each other, which typically occurs after a flow time of 100–200 s in the Earth's magnetosheath. Comparison with other astrophysical contexts is discussed.
Investigating the stomatal, cuticular and soil ammonia fluxes over a growing tritical crop under high acidic loads
Authors: Loubet B. , Decuq C. , Personne E. , Massad R. S. , Flechard C. , Fanucci O. , Mascher N. , Gueudet J.-C. , Masson S. , Durand B. , Génermont S. , Fauvel Y. , Cellier P.
Published: October 2011

Abstract. Ammonia concentration and fluxes were measured above a growing triticale field for two months during May and June 2010 at the NitroEurope crop site in Grignon (Fr-Gri) near Paris, France. The measurement campaign started 15 days following a 40 kg N ha−1 application of an ammonium nitrate solution. A new mini-WEDD (Wet Effluent Denuder) flow injection analyser with three channels (ROSAA, RObust and Sensitive Ammonia Analyser) was used to measure NH3 fluxes using the aerodynamic gradient method. The measured ammonia concentrations varied from 0.01 to 39 μg NH3 m−3 and were largely influenced by advection from the nearby farm. The ammonia fluxes ranged from −560 to 220 ng NH3 m−2 s−1 and averaged −29 ng NH3 m−2 s−1. During some periods the large deposition fluxes could only be explained by a very small surface resistance, which may be due to the high concentrations in certain acid gases (HNO3 and SO2) observed in this suburban area. Ammonia emissions were also measured occasionally. The canopy compensation point Cc was around 1.5 μg NH3 m−3 on average. The canopy emission potential Γc (Cc normalised for the temperature response of the Henry equilibrium) decreased over the course of the measurement campaign from Γc = 2200 to Γc = 450, the latter value being close to the median stomatal emission potential (Γs) for managed ecosystems reported in the literature. The temporal dynamics of the measured NH3 flux compared well with the Surfatm- NH3 model using fitted parameters. The subjectivity of the model fitting is discussed based on a sensitivity analysis.
Monsoonal response to mid-holocene orbital forcing in a high resolution GCM
Authors: Bosmans J. H. C. , Drijfhout S. S. , Tuenter E. , Lourens L. J. , Hilgen F. J. , Weber S. L.
Published: October 2011

Abstract. In this study we use a sophisticated high-resolution atmosphere-ocean coupled climate model, EC-Earth, to investigate the effect of Mid-Holocene orbital forcing on summer monsoons on both hemispheres. During the Mid-Holocene (6 ka), there was more summer insolation on the Northern Hemisphere than today, which intensified the meridional temperature and pressure gradients. Over North Africa, monsoonal precipitation is intensified through increased landward monsoon winds and moisture advection as well as decreased moisture convergence over the oceans and more convergence over land compared to the pre-industrial simulation. Precipitation also extends further north as the ITCZ shifts northward in response to the stronger poleward gradient of insolation. This increase and poleward extent is stronger than in most previous ocean-atmosphere GCM simulations. In north-westernmost Africa, precipitation extends up to 35° N. Over tropical Africa, internal feedbacks completely overcome the direct warming effect of increased insolation. We also find a weakened African Easterly Jet. Over Asia, monsoonal precipitation during the Mid-Holocene is increased as well, but the response is different than over North-Africa. There is more convection over land at the expense of convection over the ocean but precipitation does not extend further northward, monsoon winds over the ocean are weaker and the surrounding ocean does not provide more moisture. On the Southern Hemisphere, summer insolation and the poleward insolation gradient were weaker during the Mid-Holocene, resulting in a reduced South American monsoon through decreased monsoon winds and less convection, as well as an equatorward shift in the ITCZ. This study corroborates the findings of paleodata research as well as previous model studies, while giving a more detailed account of Mid-Holocene monsoons.
Modeling anthropogenically controlled secondary organic aerosols in a megacity: a simplified framework for global and climate models
Authors: Hodzic A. , Jimenez J. L.
Published: October 2011

Abstract. A simplified parameterization for secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation in polluted air and biomass burning smoke is tested and optimized in this work, towards the goal of a computationally inexpensive method to calculate pollution and biomass burning SOA mass and hygroscopicity in global and climate models. A regional chemistry-transport model is used as the testbed for the parameterization, which is compared against observations from the Mexico City metropolitan area during the MILAGRO 2006 field experiment. The empirical parameterization is based on the observed proportionality of SOA concentrations to excess CO and photochemical age of the airmass. The approach consists in emitting an organic gas as lumped SOA precursor surrogate proportional to anthropogenic or biomass burning CO emissions according to the observed ratio between SOA and CO in aged air, and reacting this surrogate with OH into a single non-volatile species that condenses to form SOA. An emission factor of 0.08 g of the lumped SOA precursor per g of CO and a rate constant with OH of 1.25 × 10−11 cm3 molecule−1 s−1 reproduce the observed average SOA mass within 30 % in the urban area and downwind. When a 2.5 times slower rate is used (5 × 10−12 cm3 molecule−1 s−1) the predicted SOA amount and temporal evolution is nearly identical to the results obtained with SOA formation from semi-volatile and intermediate volatility primary organic vapors according to the Robinson et al. (2007) formulation. Our simplified method has the advantage of being much less computationally expensive than Robinson-type methods, and can be used in regions where the emissions of SOA precursors are not yet available. As the aged SOA/ΔCO ratios are rather consistent globally for anthropogenic pollution, this parameterization could be reasonably tested in and applied to other regions. The evolution of oxygen-to-carbon ratio was also empirically modeled and the predicted levels were found to be in reasonable agreement with observations. The potential enhancement of biogenic SOA by anthropogenic pollution, which has been suggested to play a major role in global SOA formation, is also tested using two simple parameterizations. Our results suggest that the pollution enhancement of biogenic SOA could provide additional SOA, but does not however explain the concentrations or the spatial and temporal variations of measured SOA mass in the vicinity of Mexico City, which appears to be controlled by anthropogenic sources. The contribution of the biomass burning to the predicted SOA is less than 10% during the studied period.
Real-time flood forecasting by employing artificial neural network based model with zoning matching approach
Authors: Sulaiman M. , El-Shafie A. , Karim O. , Basri H.
Published: October 2011

Abstract. Flood forecasting models are a necessity, as they help in planning for flood events, and thus help prevent loss of lives and minimize damage. At present, artificial neural networks (ANN) have been successfully applied in river flow and water level forecasting studies. ANN requires historical data to develop a forecasting model. However, long-term historical water level data, such as hourly data, poses two crucial problems in data training. First is that the high volume of data slows the computation process. Second is that data training reaches its optimal performance within a few cycles of data training, due to there being a high volume of normal water level data in the data training, while the forecasting performance for high water level events is still poor. In this study, the zoning matching approach (ZMA) is used in ANN to accurately monitor flood events in real time by focusing the development of the forecasting model on high water level zones. ZMA is a trial and error approach, where several training datasets using high water level data are tested to find the best training dataset for forecasting high water level events. The advantage of ZMA is that relevant knowledge of water level patterns in historical records is used. Importantly, the forecasting model developed based on ZMA successfully achieves high accuracy forecasting results at 1 to 3 h ahead and satisfactory performance results at 6 h. Seven performance measures are adopted in this study to describe the accuracy and reliability of the forecasting model developed.
Impact of the use of a CO2 responsive land surface model in simulating the effect of climate change on the hydrology of French Mediterranean basins
Authors: Queguiner S. , Martin E. , Lafont S. , Calvet J.-C. , Faroux S. , Quintana-Seguí P.
Published: October 2011

Abstract. In order to evaluate the uncertainty associated with the impact model in climate change studies, a CO2 responsive version of the land surface model ISBA (ISBA-A-gs) is compared with its standard version in a climate impact assessment study. The study is performed over the French Mediterranean basin using the Safran-Isba-Modcou chain. A downscaled A2 regional climate scenario is used to force both versions of ISBA, and the results of the two land surface models are compared for the present climate and for that at the end of the century. Reasonable agreement is found between models and with discharge observations. However, ISBA-A-gs has a lower mean evapotranspiration and a higher discharge than ISBA-Standard. Results for the impact of climate change are coherent on a yearly basis for evapotranspiration, total runoff, and discharge. However, the two versions of ISBA present contrasting seasonal variations. ISBA-A-gs develops a different vegetation cycle. The growth of the vegetation begins earlier and reaches a slightly lower maximum than in the present climate. This maximum is followed by a rapid decrease in summertime. In consequence, the springtime evapotranspiration is significantly increased when compared to ISBA-Standard, while the autumn evapotranspiration is lower. On average, discharge changes are more significant at the regional scale with ISBA-A-gs.
The stress field of Vrancea region from fault plane solution (FPS)
Authors: Telesca L. , Alcaz V. , Sandu I.
Published: October 2011

Abstract. The fault plane solutions (FPS) of 247 seismic events were used for stress field investigation of the region. The eigenvectors t, p, b, and moment tensor M components for each FPS were defined and computed numerically. The obtained results confirm the hypothesis of subduction-type intermediate depth earthquakes for the Vrancea seismic region and this may be considered the first approximation of the stress field for the whole of the Vrancea (intermediate depth) region.
The Aegean sea marine security decision support system
Authors: Perivoliotis L. , Krokos G. , Nittis K. , Korres G.
Published: October 2011

Abstract. As part of the integrated ECOOP (European Coastal Sea Operational observing and Forecasting System) project, HCMR upgraded the already existing standalone Oil Spill Forecasting System for the Aegean Sea, initially developed for the Greek Operational Oceanography System (POSEIDON), into an active element of the European Decision Support System (EuroDeSS). The system is accessible through a user friendly web interface where the case scenarios can be fed into the oil spill drift model component, while the synthetic output contains detailed information about the distribution of oil spill particles and the oil spill budget and it is provided both in text based ECOOP common output format and as a series of sequential graphics. The main development steps that were necessary for this transition were the modification of the forcing input data module in order to allow the import of other system products which are usually provided in standard formats such as NetCDF and the transformation of the model's calculation routines to allow use of current, density and diffusivities data in z instead of sigma coordinates. During the implementation of the Aegean DeSS, the system was used in operational mode in order to support the Greek marine authorities in handling a real accident that took place in North Aegean area. Furthermore, the introduction of common input and output files by all the partners of EuroDeSS extended the system's interoperability thus facilitating data exchanges and comparison experiments.
Modeling of wave-induced irradiance variability in the upper ocean mixed layer
Authors: Hieronymi M. , Macke A. , Zielinski O.
Published: October 2011

Abstract. A Monte Carlo based radiative transfer model has been developed for calculating the availability of solar radiation within the top 100 m of the ocean. The model is optimized for simulations of spatial high resolution downwelling irradiance Ed fluctuations that arise from the lensing effect of waves at the water surface. In a first step the accuracy of simulation results have been verified by measurements of the oceanic underwater light field and through intercomparison with an established radiative transfer model. Secondly the potential depth-impact of nonlinear shaped single waves, from capillary to swell waves, is assessed by considering the most favorable conditions for light focusing, i.e. monochromatic light at 490 nm, very clear oceanic water with a low chlorophyll a content of 0.1 mg m−3 and high sun elevation. Finally light fields below irregular wave profiles accounting for realistic sea states were simulated. Our simulations suggest that under open ocean conditions light flashes with 50 % irradiance enhancements can appear down to 35 m depth, and light variability in the range of ±10 % compared to the mean Ed is still possible in 100 m depth.
Variability and changes of Arctic sea ice draft distribution – submarine sonar measurements revisited
Authors: Oikkonen A. , Haapala J.
Published: October 2011

Abstract. Changes in the mean sea ice thickness and concentration in the Arctic are well known. However, quantitative information about changes in the ice thickness distribution and the composition of the pack ice is lacking. In this paper we determine the ice draft distributions, mean and modal thicknesses, and their regional and seasonal variability in the Arctic for the time period 1975–2000. We compare characteristics of the Arctic pack ice for the years 1975–1987 and 1988–2000. These periods represent different large-scale atmospheric circulation modes and sea ice circulation patterns, most evident in clearly weaker Beaufort Gyre and stronger as well as westward shifted Transpolar Drift during the later period. The comparison of these two periods reveals that the peak of sea ice draft distributions has narrowed and shifted toward thinner ice, with reductions in both mean and modal ice draft. These noticeable changes are attributed to the loss of thick, mostly deformed ice. Springtime, loss of ice volume with draft greater than 5 m exceeds 35 % in all regions except the Nansen Basin, with as much as 45 % or more at the North Pole and in the Eastern Arctic. Autumn volume reduction, mostly of deformed ice, exceeds 40 % in the Canada Basin only, but is above 30 % also in the Beaufort and Chukchi Seas. During the later period, the volume of ice category consisting thin, mostly level first-year ice, is clearly larger than during the former period, especially in the spring. In the Beaufort Sea region, changes in the composition of ice cover have resulted in a shift of modal draft from level multiyear ice draft range to values of level first-year ice. The regional and seasonal variability of sea ice draft has decreased, since the thinning has been most pronounced in regions with the thickest pack ice (the Western Arctic), and during the spring (0.6–0.8 m per decade).
Thermal remote sensing of ice-debris landforms using ASTER
Authors: Brenning A. , Peña M. A. , Long S. , Soliman A.
Published: October 2011

Abstract. Remote sensors face challenges in characterizing mountain permafrost and ground thermal conditions or mapping rock glaciers and debris-covered glaciers. We explore the potentials of thermal imaging and in particular thermal inertia mapping in mountain cryospheric research, focusing on the relationships between ground surface temperatures and the presence of ice-debris landforms on one side and land surface temperature (LST) and apparent thermal inertia (ATI) on the other. In our case study we utilize ASTER daytime and nighttime imagery and in-situ measurements of near-surface ground temperature (NSGT) in the Mediterranean Andes during a snow-free and dry observation period in late summer. Spatial patterns of LST and NSGT were mostly consistent with each other both at daytime and at nighttime. Daytime LST over ice-debris landforms was decreased and ATI consequently increased compared to other debris surfaces under otherwise equal conditions, but NSGT showed contradictory results, which underlines the complexity and possible scale dependence of ATI in heterogeneous substrates with the presence of a thermal mismatch and a heat sink at depth. While our results demonstrate the utility of thermal imaging and ATI mapping in a mountain cryospheric context, further research is needed for a better interpretation of ATI patterns in complex thermophysical conditions
Heavy Metals in Contaminated Soils: A Review of Sources, Chemistry, Risks and Best Available Strategies for Remediation
Authors: Wuana Raymond A. , Okieimen Felix E.
Published: October 2011

Scattered literature is harnessed to critically review the possible sources, chemistry, potential biohazards and best available remedial strategies for a number of heavy metals (lead, chromium, arsenic, zinc, cadmium, copper, mercury and nickel) commonly found in contaminated soils. The principles, advantages and disadvantages of immobilization, soil washing and phytoremediation techniques which are frequently listed among the best demonstrated available technologies for cleaning up heavy metal contaminated sites are presented. Remediation of heavy metal contaminated soils is necessary to reduce the associated risks, make the land resource available for agricultural production, enhance food security and scale down land tenure problems arising from changes in the land use pattern.
Three-dimensional Finite Element Analysis of Endodontically Treated Tooth Restored with Carbon and Titanium Posts
Authors: ADIGÜZEL Özkan , KAYA Sadullah , YİĞİT ÖZER Senem , DEĞER Yalçın , GÖNCÜ BAŞARAN Emine , YAVUZ İzzet
Published: October 2011

Aim: This study compared the stress distributions of endodontically treated tooth restored with carbon and titanium post during different loading conditions.

Methodology: A 3-dimensional finite element model was created to represent an endodontically treated maxillary central incisor tooth with its supporting structures. Stress distribution and stress values were then calculated by considering the three dimensional von Mises stress criteria.

Results: A 100-N static vertical occlusal load was applied on the node at the center of occlusal surface of the tooth. The von Mises stress values for carbon post model was on the coronal third and the cervical area of the root in the range of 353.149 and 13.878 MPa,  for titanium post model was 540.736 and 22.777 MPa.

Conclusion: This study shows that the titanium post yields larger stresses than the carbon post. 

How to cite this article: Adıgüzel Ö, Kaya S, Yiğit Özer S, Değer Y, Göncü Başaran E, Yavuz İ. Three-dimensional Finite Element Analysis of Endodontically Treated Tooth Restored with Carbon and Titanium Posts. Int Dent Res 2011;2:55-59.

Linguistic Revision: The English in this manuscript has been checked by at least two professional editors, both native speakers of English.
Association between pain, radiographic severity, and centrally‐mediated symptoms in women with knee osteoarthritis
Authors: Murphy Susan L. , Lyden Angela K. , Phillips Kristine , Clauw Daniel J. , Williams David A.
Published: October 2011

Objective

To examine the relationship between pain, radiographic severity, and a common set of co‐occurring centrally‐mediated symptoms (fatigue, sleep quality, and depression) in women with knee osteoarthritis.

Methods

Participants underwent knee radiographs, and had repeated assessments of pain severity and other centrally‐mediated symptoms during a 5‐day home monitoring period. To examine associations between pain severity (the average of pain over the home monitoring period), measures of osteoarthritis radiographic severity (Kellgren/Lawrence grade, minimum joint space width), centrally‐mediated symptoms, and demographics (age) were used. Symptoms of fatigue, sleep efficiency, and depression were used in a composite measure representing centrally‐mediated symptoms.

Results

Using a series of linear regression models in which each variable was entered hierarchically (n = 54), the final model showed that 27% of the variance in pain severity was explained by age, radiographic severity, and centrally‐mediated symptoms. Centrally‐mediated symptoms explained an additional 10% of the variance in pain severity after the other 2 variables were entered.

Conclusion

Both radiographic severity and centrally‐mediated symptoms were independently and significantly associated with pain severity in women with knee osteoarthritis. In addition to more severe radiographic features, women with higher centrally‐mediated symptoms had greater pain severity. Treatments for women with symptomatic knee osteoarthritis may be optimized by addressing both peripheral and central sources of pain.
Electrochemical Synthesis of Magnetostrictive Fe–Ga/Cu Multilayered Nanowire Arrays with Tailored Magnetic Response
Authors: Reddy Sai Madhukar , Park Jung Jin , Na Suok‐Min , Maqableh Mazin M. , Flatau Alison B. , Stadler Bethanie J. H.
Published: October 2011

Arrays of nanowires are fabricated with alternating segments of the magnetostrictive alloy Fe1–xGax and Cu using electrochemical deposition in nanoporous anodic aluminium oxide (AAO) templates. The difficult nature of Ga‐alloy electrochemistry is overcome by controlling mass‐transfer and hydrodynamic conditions using novel rotating disk electrode templates to obtain highly uniform segment lengths throughout the arrays. Extensive structural characterization by XRD, EBSD and TEM reveals a strong <110> textured Fe1–xGax growth. Furthermore, using vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM), we demonstrate that control of magnetization reversal processes is possible once uniform aspect ratios are obtained for both the Fe–Ga and Cu segments.
Antimicrobial activity of novel aminated chitosan derivatives for biomedical applications
Authors: Mohy Eldin M. S. , Soliman E. A. , Hashem A. I. , Tamer T. M.
Published: October 2011

This study concerns the improvement in the antimicrobial activity of new aminated chitosan derivatives. p‐Benzoquinone (PBQ) conjugated chitin was first prepared and then reacted with ethylenediamine (EDA) to get aminated chitin. The latter was finally deacetylated to get new aminated chitosan derivatives. Factors affecting conjugation and amination steps were studied. The amination process was confirmed by using FT‐IR, TGA analysis, and the solubility test. The new aminated chitosan derivatives show a higher solubility, almost double, at a pH ranging from 5 to 6 compared with z pristine chitosan. The antibacterial activity of the chitosan derivatives was tested against four different bacterial strains: two Gram‐negative (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and two Gram‐positive (Bacillus cereus andStaphylococcus aureus). It was found that the antibacterial activity of the chitosan derivatives is better than those of chitosan and increases with the increasing amount of introduced amine groups. Furthermore, the cytotoxicity test using the Caco 2 cell line shows a moderate safety level for the new aminated chitosan derivatives. Chitosan derivatives show potential bactericidal activity against all strains examined especially against Gram‐negative bacteria (E. coli and P. aeruginosa). For Gram‐positive bacteria, chitosan derivatives killed 93% of B. cereus and 92% of S. aureus, compared with 44% and 85% for chitosan after 3 and 5 h, respectively. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 31: 414–428, 2012; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/adv.20264
Electrical Sensitivity and Mechanical Properties of Fast Responsive PAMPS–PAA‐PVA T–IPN Hydrogels
Authors: Lin Song‐Bai , Yuan Cong‐Hui , Ke Ai‐Ru , Li Yun‐Long , Ouyang Na
Published: October 2011

Macroporous ternary‐interpenetrating polymer network (M‐T‐IPN) hydrogels composed of poly(acrylic acid) (PAA), poly(2‐acrylamido‐2‐methyl propyl sulfonic acid) (PAMPS), and poly(vinyl acohol) (PVA) were synthesized by two steps of polymerization using PEG6000 as a pore‐forming agent. By selectively washing away the PVA component, a macroporous structure was formed homogeneously in the hydrogels. The M‐T‐IPN hydrogels exhibited excellent compressive strength, and the maximum compressive strength was about 12.0 MPa. The bending behaviors of the M‐T‐IPN hydrogels in an electric field were investigated. When deionized water swollen samples were placed between a pair of electrodes in NaCl solutions, the M‐T‐IPN hydrogels showed a significant bending behavior upon the application of an electric field. The hydrogels bend toward the cathode when the concentration of polyanions in interior hydrogels is higher than the concentration of NaCl in exterior solutions. In contrast, the hydrogels bend toward the anode when the concentration of polyanions in interior hydrogels is lower than the concentration of NaCl in exterior solutions. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 32: E20–E31, 2013; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/adv.20266
Historical geographic dispersal of the golden snub‐nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus roxellana) and the influence of climatic oscillations
Authors: LUO MAOFANG , LIU ZHIJIN , PAN HUIJUAN , ZHAO LIANG , LI MING
Published: October 2011

Current understanding of historic climate oscillations that have occurred over the past few million years has modified scientific views on evolution. Major climatic events have caused local and global extinction of plants and animals and have impacted the spatial distribution of many species. The endangered golden snub‐nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus roxellana) currently inhabits three isolated regions of China: the Sichuan and Gansu provinces (SG), the Qinling Mountains in Shaanxi province (QL), and the Shennongjia Forestry District in Hubei province (SNJ). However, considerable uncertainty still exists about their historical dispersal routes under the influence of environment change. To date, two dispersal routes have been proposed: (1) the QL and SNJ populations originated from the SG population; and (2) the SG population recolonized from the QL and SNJ populations. We used the mitochondrial DNA complete control region to perform statistical assessments of the relative probability of alternative migration scenarios and the role of environmental change on the geographic dispersal of Rhinopithecus roxellana. Thirty haplotypes were identified from the three geographic regions and a high degree of genetic structure was observed. The most recent common ancestor among the mitochondrial DNA haplotypes was estimated to live around 0.47–1.88 million years ago and five notable haplotype clusters were found. Phylogenetic analysis and historical gene flow estimates suggested that the QL and SNJ populations originated from the SG population, with at least two dispersal events from the SG population occurring during the Pleistocene (1.17±0.70 and 0.53±0.30 Ma). Composite dispersal history of the golden snub‐nosed monkey can be explained by both environmental change inducing global climate change and the influence of the Tibetan Plateau uplift. Such range shifts involved considerable demographic changes, as revealed in the dramatic decreases in population size during the last 25,000 years.
Chitosan nano‐spheres production by electrostatic emulsification technique
Authors: Takahashi Tomoki , Itobayashi Nami , Shono Atsushi , Otake Katsuto
Published: October 2011

Electrostatic emulsification of an acidic chitosan solution into an organic solvent was examined for chitosan sphere production of controlled size ranging from nano to submicron scale. Droplets formation by the electrostatic emulsification was observed with a charge‐coupled device camera. The diameters of generated water in oil emulsion droplets were measured by dynamic light scattering. At voltages greater than critical voltage, over which the electrostatic emulsification occurs, the droplet diameter “D” depended on the applied voltage “U”, the electrode distance “L”, and the flow rate of aqueous phase “F”. An empirical formula for the relationship between the “D” and “U”, “L” and “F” was obtained as D∝U−0.65 L0.43 F0.14. Further, the chitosan spheres were obtained by cross‐linking the emulsion droplets with glutaraldehyde, and were observed by using a scanning electron microscope. The chitosan nano‐spheres of the size equal to the emulsion droplet were successfully obtained by the cross‐linking of the chitosan and controlling a specific gravity difference of dispersed phase and continuous phase. These results show that the electrostatic emulsification is an excellent technique for the preparation of functional particles of controlled size ranging from nano to submicron scale. © 2011 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
First appearance and location of catecholaminergic cells during experimental arthritis and elimination by chemical sympathectomy
Authors: Capellino Silvia , Weber Kristina , Gelder Magdalena , Härle Peter , Straub Rainer H.
Published: October 2011

Objective

The sympathetic nervous system is proinflammatory in early collagen‐induced arthritis (CIA) and antiinflammatory in late disease. In late arthritis, sympathetic innervation of synovial and lymphoid tissue is markedly reduced. Thus, its suggested antiinflammatory role is difficult to explain. We hypothesized that newly discovered catecholamine‐producing (catecholaminergic) cells are targets of chemical sympathectomy. However, in CIA, the time point of appearance, the location, and the possible chemical elimination of catecholaminergic cells have not been studied. The purpose of this study was to investigate the emergence and location of catecholamine‐producing and ‐storing cells in different organs and joints of mice after induction of CIA and to determine whether catecholamine‐producing cells can be depleted by 6‐hydroxydopamine (6‐OHDA) during the early and late phases of CIA in vivo.

Methods

The presence of cells positive for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT‐2) was evaluated immunohistologically in the lymph nodes, thymus, bone marrow, spleen, and joints of control and arthritic mice. Density was evaluated at different time points after early and late chemical sympathectomy. 131I‐metaiodobenzylguanidine (131I‐MIBG) scintigraphy demonstrated functional activity of these cells in joint inflammation.

Results

The density of TH+ and VMAT‐2+ cells was highest after arthritis onset (from day 28 onward) and was observed to occur in the following sequence: lymph nodes, thymus, joints, bone marrow, and spleen. Even before arthritis onset (days 5–21), these cells were already more numerous, particularly in the draining lymph nodes, thymus, and joints. 131I‐MIBG scintigraphy demonstrated catecholamine‐storing cells in inflammatory hot spots in the paw. Chemical sympathectomy strongly reduced the density of catecholaminergic cells in vitro and in vivo.

Conclusion

After disease onset, catecholaminergic cells are particularly present in primary and secondary lymphoid organs and joints. Since catecholaminergic cells have been reported to have antiinflammatory properties in arthritis, the proinflammatory role played by chemical sympathectomy in late arthritis, as we previously determined, is probably dependent on catecholaminergic cell elimination.
Study and correlation analysis of linguistic, perceptual, and automatic machine translation evaluations
Authors: Farreús Mireia , Costa‐jussà Marta R. , Morse Maja Popović
Published: October 2011

Evaluation of machine translation output is an important task. Various human evaluation techniques as well as automatic metrics have been proposed and investigated in the last decade. However, very few evaluation methods take the linguistic aspect into account. In this article, we use an objective evaluation method for machine translation output that classifies all translation errors into one of the five following linguistic levels: orthographic, morphological, lexical, semantic, and syntactic. Linguistic guidelines for the target language are required, and human evaluators use them in to classify the output errors. The experiments are performed on English‐to‐Catalan and Spanish‐to‐Catalan translation outputs generated by four different systems: 2 rule‐based and 2 statistical. All translations are evaluated using the 3 following methods: a standard human perceptual evaluation method, several widely used automatic metrics, and the human linguistic evaluation. Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficients between the linguistic, perceptual, and automatic results are then calculated, showing that the semantic level correlates significantly with both perceptual evaluation and automatic metrics.
Use of microblogging for collective sense‐making during violent crises: A study of three campus shootings
Authors: Heverin Thomas , Zach Lisl
Published: October 2011

The purpose of this study is to understand how microblogging communications change and contribute to collective sense‐making over time during a crisis. Using B. Dervin's (1983) theory of sense‐making applied to crises and communications during crises, we examined 7,184 microblogging communications sent in response to three violent crises that occurred on U.S. college campuses. The analysis of patterns of microblogging communications found that information‐sharing behaviors dominated the early response phase of violent crises, and opinion sharing increased over time, peaking in the recovery phase of the crises. The analysis of individual microblogging communications identified various themes in the conversation threads that not only helped individual contributors make sense of the situation but also helped others who followed the conversation. The results of this study show that microblogging can play a vital role in collective sense‐making during crises.