bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Screen time and physical activity during adolescence: longitudinal effects on obesity in young adulthood
Authors: Boone Janne E , Gordon-Larsen Penny , Adair Linda S , Popkin Barry M
Published: June 2007

Background

The joint impact of sedentary behavior and physical activity on obesity has not been assessed in a large cohort followed from adolescence to adulthood.

Methods

Nationally representative longitudinal data from Waves II (1995; mean age: 15.9) and III (2001; mean age: 21.4) of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (n = 9,155) were collected. Sex-stratified multivariate logistic regression analysis assessed the odds of obesity associated with Wave II MVPA and screen time, controlling for sociodemographic characteristics and change in MVPA and screen time from Wave II to III. Obesity was defined using body mass index (BMI, kg/m2) International Obesity Task Force cut-points at Wave II and adult cut-points at Wave III (BMI ≥ 30).

Results

In males, adjusted odds of prevalent obesity was strongly predicted by MVPA bouts [OR (95% CI): OR6 vs. 1 MVPA bouts= 0.50 (0.40, 0.62); OR4 vs. 40 hrs screen time= 0.83 (0.69, 1.00)]. In females, greater MVPA bouts and lower screen time correlated with lower prevalent obesity [OR (95% CI): OR6 vs. 1 MVPA bouts= 0.67 (0.49, 0.91); OR4 vs. 40 hrs screen time= 0.67 (0.53, 0.85)]. Longitudinally, adolescent screen time hours had a stronger influence on incident obesity in females [OR (95% CI): OR4 vs. 40 hrs= 0.58 (0.43, 0.80)] than males [OR (95% CI): OR4 vs. 40 hrs= 0.78 (0.61, 0.99)]. Longitudinal activity patterns were not predictive of incident obesity.

Conclusion

Reducing screen time during adolescence and into adulthood may be a promising strategy for reducing obesity incidence, especially in females.
Functional diversification of sonic hedgehog paralog enhancers identified by phylogenomic reconstruction
Authors: Hadzhiev Yavor , Lang Michael , Ertzer Raymond , Meyer Axel , Strähle Uwe , Müller Ferenc
Published: June 2007

Background

Cis-regulatory modules of developmental genes are targets of evolutionary changes that underlie the morphologic diversity of animals. Little is known about the 'grammar' of interactions between transcription factors and cis-regulatory modules and therefore about the molecular mechanisms that underlie changes in these modules, particularly after gene and genome duplications. We investigated the ar-C midline enhancer of sonic hedgehog (shh) orthologs and paralogs from distantly related vertebrate lineages, from fish to human, including the basal vertebrate Latimeria menadoensis.

Results

We demonstrate that the sonic hedgehog a (shha) paralogs sonic hedgehog b (tiggy winkle hedgehog; shhb) genes of fishes have a modified ar-C enhancer, which specifies a diverged function at the embryonic midline. We have identified several conserved motifs that are indicative of putative transcription factor binding sites by local alignment of ar-C enhancers of numerous vertebrate sequences. To trace the evolutionary changes among paralog enhancers, phylogenomic reconstruction was carried out and lineage-specific motif changes were identified. The relation between motif composition and observed developmental differences was evaluated through transgenic functional analyses. Altering and exchanging motifs between paralog enhancers resulted in reversal of enhancer specificity in the floor plate and notochord. A model reconstructing enhancer divergence during vertebrate evolution was developed.

Conclusion

Our model suggests that the identified motifs of the ar-C enhancer function as binary switches that are responsible for specific activity between midline tissues, and that these motifs are adjusted during functional diversification of paralogs. The unraveled motif changes can also account for the complex interpretation of activator and repressor input signals within a single enhancer.
The role of rumination, attentional biases and stress in psychological distress
Authors: Morrison Rebecca , O'Connor Rory C.
Published: June 2007

This experimental study examines the relationship between rumination and attentional bias. Additionally, the study aims to determine, within a diathesis‐stress framework, whether rumination or attentional bias (or both) can prospectively predict psychological distress. Eighty‐one participants completed selected measures of rumination and psychological distress at time one, in addition to experimental manipulations of rumination and mood, and measures of mood and attentional bias at time two. Seventy‐three participants (90% follow‐up) completed final measures of stress and psychological distress approximately 3 weeks later. In combination with negative mood, inducing rumination decreased positive attentional bias, whilst inducing distraction increased positive attentional bias. Rumination and stress interacted to predict change in psychological distress. Negative attentional bias showed a trend towards interacting with rumination and stress to predict dysphoria. The findings supported the proposed diathesis‐stress models. In addition, a causal relationship between rumination and positive attentional bias has been empirically established for the first time.
Alteration of Marrow Cell Gene Expression, Protein Production, and Engraftment into Lung by Lung-Derived Microvesicles: A Novel Mechanism for Phenotype Modulation
Authors: Aliotta Jason M. , Sanchez-Guijo Fermin M. , Dooner Gerri J. , Johnson Kevin W. , Dooner Mark S. , Greer Kenneth A. , Greer Deborah , Pimentel Jeffrey , Kolankiewicz Luiz M. , Puente Napoleon , Faradyan Sam , Ferland Paulette , Bearer Elaine L. , Passero Michael A. , Adedi Mehrdad , Colvin Gerald A. , Quesenberry Peter J.
Published: June 2007

Numerous animal studies have demonstrated that adult marrow-derived cells can contribute to the cellular component of the lung. Lung injury is a major variable in this process; however, the mechanism remains unknown. We hypothesize that injured lung is capable of inducing epigenetic modifications of marrow cells, influencing them to assume phenotypic characteristics of lung cells. We report that under certain conditions, radiation-injured lung induced expression of pulmonary epithelial cell-specific genes and prosurfactant B protein in cocultured whole bone marrow cells separated by a cell-impermeable membrane. Lung-conditioned media had a similar effect on cocultured whole bone marrow cells and was found to contain pulmonary epithelial cell-specific RNA-filled microvesicles that entered whole bone marrow cells in culture. Also, whole bone marrow cells cocultured with lung had a greater propensity to produce type II pneumocytes after transplantation into irradiated mice. These findings demonstrate alterations of marrow cell phenotype by lung-derived microvesicles and suggest a novel mechanism for marrow cell-directed repair of injured tissue.

Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Factors Affecting Change in Soil Test Phosphorus Following Manure and Fertilizer Application
Authors: Haden V. R. , Ketterings Q. M. , Kahabka J. E.
Published: June 2007

In many states, Morgan (M) or Mehlich‐3 (M3) extractions are the basis for P fertility recommendations and P runoff risk assessment. The impact of timing of sampling, P source, and extractable Al on agronomic soil test P (STP) and P release to the environment are not well understood. Incubation studies were conducted to determine: (i) changes in M‐P, M3‐P, and 0.01 M CaCl2–P with time following Ca(H2PO4)2 addition; (ii) the efficiency of liquid dairy manure, NH4HPO4, and Ca(H2PO4)2 in raising M‐P and M3‐P levels; and (iii) the degree to which initial P and extractable Al impact the efficiency of applied P. Twenty‐eight noncalcareous soils were incubated at 23°C, in the dark, at field capacity moisture content. Extractable P decreased over 60 d, with a greater proportion of P being lost from the more labile pools (CaCl2–P > M‐P > M3‐P). The increase in STP per unit P added (ΔP‐M and ΔP‐M3) was affected by P source: NH4HPO4 raised P levels more efficiently than Ca(H2PO4)2 or liquid dairy manure. There was a positive linear relationship between ΔP and initial STP. Extractable Al was inversely related to ΔP‐M and ΔP‐M3 and followed exponential decay functions. Extractable Al was positively and linearly related to the amount of P required to raise M‐P and M3‐P levels 1 mg kg−1, with Morgan Al as the most accurate predictor of ΔP. Our results suggest that the New York P index should include guidance on sampling time and account for the higher P sorption capacity of soils inherently high in extractable Al.
Cropping Intensity Effects on Physical Properties of a No‐till Silt Loam
Authors: Benjamin J. G. , Mikha M. , Nielsen D. C. , Vigil M. F. , Calderón F. , Henry W. B.
Published: June 2007

No‐till cropping systems in the semiarid West have the potential to improve soil physical properties by increasing cropping intensity and crop diversity. An investigation at Akron, CO, compared soil conditions in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)–summer fallow (WF) plots with soil conditions in wheat–corn (Zea mays L.)–fallow (WCF), wheat–corn–sunflower (Helianthus annus L.)–fallow (WCSF), wheat–corn–millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) (WCM), and a perennial grass/legume mix. The study began in 1990. Bulk density, pore size distribution, and saturated hydraulic conductivity were measured 7, 11, and 15 yr after inception. Bulk density in the grass plots decreased from 1.39 to 1.25 Mg m−3 in 15 yr. Bulk density in the annually cropped plots decreased from 1.38 to 1.30 Mg m−3 during the same time period. The pore size distribution became more uniform among the cropped treatments 15 yr after the start of the experiment. Saturated hydraulic conductivity increased in the grass plots from 27 mm h−1 to 98 mm h−1 in 15 yr. Saturated hydraulic conductivity in the annually cropped plots increased from about 14 to about 35 mm h−1 during the same period. The results from this study show that improving soil physical properties by cropping system alone may take many years. Perennial vegetation may be more effective than annually cropped systems at improving soil physical conditions because of less surface compaction from planting operations and the apparent ability of perennial root systems to create a more stable, continuous pore network.
Reclamation of Abandoned Natural Gas Wellsites with Organic Amendments: Effects on Soil Carbon, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus
Authors: Zvomuya Francis , Larney Francis J. , DeMaere Paul R. , Olson Andrew F.
Published: June 2007

Organic amendments have been used to restore productivity to disturbed soils such as those on abandoned oil and natural gas wellsites. A study was conducted on three abandoned wellsites in southern Alberta, Canada to examine the effects of one‐time applications of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) hay or beef cattle (Bos taurus) feedlot manure compost on soil properties under continuous wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The base amendment rate (1×) [dry wt.] was 5.3 Mg ha−1 for compost and 3.1 Mg ha−1 for alfalfa. The five amendment rates of 0, 1×, 2×, 4×, and 8× were soil‐incorporated at the wellsites. Although approximately twice as much C was applied with alfalfa than with compost, final SOC content was similar for the two amendment treatments, indicating the greater stability of compost‐derived C. Nitrate N content in the 0‐ to 60‐cm depth was not affected by compost rate (mean 213 kg ha−1) but increased by 7.78 kg ha−1 for each Mg ha−1 increase in alfalfa rate. This result reflects the greater stability of compost‐N compared with alfalfa‐N and suggests a lower risk of NO3–N leaching with compost application. Compost rates >20 Mg ha−1 resulted in excessive extractable P build‐up in the topsoil (up to 95.7 mg kg−1), which may pose environmental risk to surface water. We recommend amending wellsites with up to 12 Mg ha−1 of alfalfa or <20 Mg ha−1 of compost during reclamation to improve C storage and nutrient cycling while minimizing nutrient loss to water systems.
Development and evaluation of carvedilol transdermal patches
Authors: Tanwar Yuveraj , Chauhan Chetan , Sharma Anshu
Published: June 2007

Development and evaluation of carvedilol transdermal patches

Transdermal patches of carvedilol with a HPMC-drug reservoir were prepared by the solvent evaporation technique. In this investigation, the membranes of Eudragit RL100 and Eudragit RS100 were cast to achieve controlled release of the drug. The prepared patches possessed satisfactory physicochemical characteristics. Thickness, mass and drug content were uniform in prepared batches. Moisture vapour transmission through the patches followed zero-order kinetics.In vitropermeation studies were performed using a K-C diffusion cell across hairless guinea pig skin and followed the super case II transport mechanism. The effects of non-ionic surfactants Tween 80 and Span 80 on drug permeation were studied. The nonionic surfactants in the patches increased the permeation rate, Span 80 exhibiting better enhancement relative to Tween 80. The patches were seemingly free of potentially hazardous skin irritation.
Treatment of Severe, Painful Pes Planovalgus Deformity with Hindfoot Arthrodesis and Wedge-Shaped Tricortical Allograft
Authors: Chou Loretta B. , Halligan Benjamin W.
Published: June 2007

Background: This study tested the hypothesis that modification of the standard technique of hindfoot arthrodesis with the use of a wedge-shaped tricortical allograft would improve the amount of correction of pes planovalgus deformity. The results were compared to previous reports. Methods: Between 1998 and 2005, the senior author (LBC) performed 13 hindfoot arthrodeses on 12 patients using an allograft to improve correction of the deformity for severe, painful pes planovalgus deformity. The average patient age was 55 (range 27 to 77) years. There were seven women and five men. The indications were posterior tibial tendon dysfunction (seven feet), rheumatoid arthritis (three feet), post-traumatic arthritis and deformity (one foot), congenital pes planovalgus (one foot), and tarsal coalition (one foot). Results: Twelve of 13 feet achieved union by 12 weeks postoperatively. There was one nonunion. The average time to fusion was 12 weeks. All 12 patients were satisfied with the results of the operation. The average postoperative American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) Ankle-Hindfoot score was 87 points, and the AOFAS Midfoot score was 85 points. Preoperative and postoperative radiographs were compared to evaluate correction of deformity. On lateral weightbearing views, the talo-first metatarsal angle improved from 15 to 6 degrees, and the lateral talocalcaneal angle improved from 48 to 35 degrees. On anteroposterior views, the talo-first metatarsal angle improved from 17 to 7 degrees, the talonavicular coverage decreased from 28 to 13 degrees, and the talocalcaneal angle improved from 23 to 13 degrees. Conclusions: A simple modification of the addition of allograft to a common procedure of hindfoot arthrodesis to treat severe, painful pes planovalgus results is reliable and offers satisfactory correction.
Mesoporous Separation Membranes of Polymer‐Coated Copper Hydroxide Nanostrands
Authors: Peng X. S. , Jin J. , Ichinose I.
Published: June 2007

Extremely long and thin nanocomposite fibers are prepared by oxidative polymerization of pyrrole (or aniline) around the surfaces of copper hydroxide nanostrands. The individual nanostrands of 2.5 nm are uniformly coated with a polypyrrole layer of 3 to 4 nm, resulting in hybrid core/shell fibers of about 10 nm in diameter and a few micrometers in length, as confirmed by high‐resolution electron microscopy. The as‐prepared nanocomposite fibers are dispersive in water and can be converted into thin free‐standing films by simply filtering a small volume of the aqueous solution using a polycarbonate membrane filter. The films covering the submicrometer pores of the membrane filter have a thickness of a few tens of nanometers, and provide a mechanically stable nanofiber network with abundant pores of a few nanometers. The network is stable in acidic and basic media, and can be used for protein separation under pressures of at least 90 kPa. The permeation rates of cytochrome c, myoglobin, and ferritin were examined by changing the pH around their isoelectric points. It is seen that the nanofibrous free‐standing films on the polycarbonate membrane filter show clear size selectivity for the proteins, retaining extremely high filtration rates for water. We demonstrate herein durable mesoporous separation membranes made of organic–inorganic nanocomposite fibers and their outstanding performance.
CFD and experimental study on methane hydrate dissociation. Part II. General cases
Authors: Sean Wu‐Yang , Sato Toru , Yamasaki Akihiro , Kiyono Fumio
Published: June 2007

Rate equations proposed in Part I were extended to dissociation processes induced by different methods such as depressurization, raised temperature, or simultaneous changes in temperature and pressure. For all cases, the dissociation rate of hydrate into the two‐phase coexisting region (V‐LW) can be expressed by a general form of the product of the rate constant and the logarithm of the solubility ratio of methane in the aqueous solution, xR to xS: xR is the solubility of methane in the aqueous solution that is hypothetically in equilibrium with the hydrate phase under the dissociation pressure and temperature, and xS is the equilibrium solubility of methane in water under the same dissociation condition. The virtual solubility of methane, xR, can be estimated by extrapolating the solubility curve of methane under the conditions in equilibrium with the stable hydrate to the region at which the dissociation occurs by a simple thermodynamic treatment. The dissociation equation was applied to experimental results of dissociation processes induced by depressurization with methane bubble formation. The experimentally observed dissociation rates were well correlated by the rate equation with the dissociation constants determined in Part I. The results suggest that the dissociation equation can be applied generally to dissociation processes that occur by different methods, and the rate constant is a universal parameter within the experimental range examined in this work. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2007.
Sumatriptan for prevention of acute mountain sickness: randomized clinical trial
Authors: Jafarian Sirous , Gorouhi Farzam , Salimi Shabnam , Lotfi Jamshid
Published: June 2007

Objective

To determine the impact of sumatriptan prophylaxis on acute mountain sickness (AMS) and altitude headache development within 24 hours of ascent, we designed a double‐blind, randomized, clinical trial.

Methods

A prospective, double‐blind, randomized, placebo‐controlled trial was conducted in Tochal Mountain Hotel at an altitude of 3,500 meters above sea level during October 2006 to November 2006. A total of 102 Iranian adults were assigned to receive either sumatriptan succinate (50mg) or placebo within 1 hour of ascent. AMS incidence was measured by Lake Louise AMS score ≥ 3 with headache and one other symptom. Secondary outcome measures included severity of syndrome (Lake Louise scores ≥ 5), incidence of headache, and severity of headache.

Results

Based on intention‐to‐treat analysis, AMS was more prevalent in placebo group (n = 23 [45.1%]) than sumatriptan group (n = 12 [23.5%]; p = 0.02). Headache also had a greater rate for placebo users (placebo vs sumatriptan group: 29 [56.9%] vs 17 [33.3%]; p = 0.02). No association was detected between sumatriptan prophylaxis and AMS or altitude headache severity.

Discussion

Sumatriptan prophylaxis is effective to prevent AMS development. Furthermore, our findings confirm cerebral vasodilative and edematous mechanisms of AMS progression, whereas sumatriptan is a selective 5‐hydroxytryptamine1 receptor subtype agonist and a selective cerebral vasoconstrictor as a result (http://www.controlled‐trials.com/ISRCTN87201238/). Ann Neurol 2007
Thesaurus control—The selection, grouping, and cross‐referencing of terms for inclusion in a coordinate index word list
Authors: Mandersloot Wim G. B. , Douglas Eleanor M. B. , Spicer Neville
Published: June 2007

The selection, grouping and cross‐referencing of the (usually single‐word) terms are based on:

A systematic approach to indexing in depth, based on earlier work and resulting in reasonably consistent indexing.

An analytical approach to word forms in which the following categories are distinguished: ACTION forms; MEANS‐material, MEANS‐ma‐chine, and MEANS‐man forms; STATES; VARIABLES; and LATENT PROPERTIES. For each word, those forms included in a certain category are represented by a single code. The category‐switching caused by prepositions must be taken into account.

Criteria for term‐splitting with limited semantic factoring. Occasionally, semantic integration is used.

Criteria for dealing with antonyms, which are classified as reciprocals, complements, unequivalent opposites, diametrical opposites, and reversals.

Introduction of conditional cross‐referencing.

Recognition of multiword synonyms as the major difficulty in coordinate indexing.
Evolution & development of a versatile machine‐based information system
Authors: Srivastava R. K. , Garudadwajan B. , Sinha P. K.
Published: June 2007

The information system discussed in this paper is designed around punched cards and an electric sorter for information retrieval. The mechanism of “aerial and land surveys” is described as applicable to the field of petroleum refining and conversion processes culminating in an extensive and controlled term file in the field. The principles of the survey are general and are applicable to any other technology. The problems faced in the choice of code, ultimately leading to the binary code, and the card design that can work to give a six‐deep subject analytic are explained. The technique of assigning the roles of AICHE to the 10 corresponding “zones” of the card, are explained, and a practical example is given illustrating it and showing how the key words are accommodated in these role‐zones with a flexibility of approach to the same information through multiple search routes. The technique of “superimposition” of keywords in the same card as a powerful device to solve the problem of matching concept components is explained, thereby securing storage economy, simplicity of search strategy and speed of operation to deliver the goods. The article also envisages the prospect of SDI activities independent of computer hardware, showing the potential of the system under delineation to combine organizations of related technologies into a network of information centers with considerable uniformity of processing software.
How many cards per file guide? optimizing the two‐level file
Authors: Lipetz Ben‐Ami , Song Czetong T.
Published: June 2007

A determination is made of the optimum ratio of records to file guides to minimize searching time in an ordered two‐level file such as a library card catalog. The solution is proportional to the square root of the number of records in the file container (card drawer). When scanning rates for cards and for file guides are equal, the solution is exactly the square root of file size. Simplifying assumptions employed in this determination are discussed. It is asserted that most library card catalogs contain far fewer file guides than would be justified in order to minimize searching time for users.
Measures of the usefulness of written technical information to chemical researchers
Authors: Kegan Daniel L.
Published: June 2007

The effective transfer of technology involves more than just distributing paper; it demands that useful documents be disseminated with a minimum of useless ones. For 1 month, 10 researchers recorded a sample of the written technical information items that they received; 4 months later they were interviewed to determine which of these items had proved useful, and in what ways.

The results indicate that (1) a researcher will call an item “useful” even if it does not cause him to take some action, but only has some significance for him; (2) the more the source of an item knows about the needs of the researcher or the more the researcher knows about an item he seeks, the more likely it is that the researcher will find the item useful; (3) no strong relationships were found between certain readily observable, physical arrangements and information behavior; and (4) an item may prove useful, not because of the information objectively contained in that item, but because the item causes a cognitive restructuring of the researcher's mind or a “free association.”

Other studies that restrict their measures of information usefulness to externally observable behavior or that do not carefully define usefulness may not be validly representing usefulness to the researcher.
Using the TIP system in the ASIS file management exercise
Authors: Mathews William D.
Published: June 2007

The Technical Information Program (TIP) system provides a powerful text handling capability on the remote‐access CTSS computer facility at MIT. The use of this system in a predetermined file exercise is described. Computer cost figures are given as an approximate measure of the difficulty of performing sections of the exercise with this system.
A solution to the ASIS file management exercise using RCA's UL/1
Authors: Olle T. William , Gagnoud Andre M.
Published: June 2007

This paper starts with an overview of the way the ASIS file management exercise was approached using three of the divisions of UL/1. These were establishment, update, and interrogation in that order. After the 65‐record file was established via a necessary data conversion, it was updated in one run. Finally, three of the four required listings and all queries were handled in one run of the interrogation division. Examples are included of how updates, listings, and queries are specified in UL/1. The conclusion discusses shortcomings in UL/1 which the exercise revealed and mentions UL/1 capability not called for in the exercise.
Terse literatures: I. Terse conclusions
Authors: Bernier Charles L.
Published: June 2007

Terse Conclusion: Prompt literatures of organized terse conclusions may increase ability to keep up in a subject, reduce need for translation, and make information available promptly.
Obsolescence of special library periodicals: Sampling errors and utility contours
Authors: Brookes B. C.
Published: June 2007

Problems arising in the measurement of the rates of obsolescence of the sets of periodicals taken by special libraries are discussed. The relatively large errors that arise in sampling the negative exponential distribution are analyzed because they may account for some of the discrepancies reported and because they indicate the need for firmer statistical control of work on obsolescence than has yet been generally appreciated.

When the rate of decline has been satisfactorily established there still remains the problem of deciding how to apply it. Issues of those periodicals that contribute most productively should be retained for a longer period than those of periodicals that contribute less. To solve this problem the concept of “utility contours” is introduced and exemplified in the design of a p % library.

It is argued that no discarding policy is likely to be generally applicable: every special library must be regarded as a special case. Rather than suggest new measurements, therefore, the paper offers simple graphical techniques that are applicable to any special case.
Enhancing quality of teaching by direct care staff through performance feedback on the job
Authors: Fleming Richard K. , Sulzer‐Azaroff Beth
Published: June 2007

Performance feedback was used on the job as the primary procedure to train four direct‐care staff at a large state residential facility to administer a comprehensive set of teaching behaviors while they taught self‐care skills to developmentally delayed residents. All trainees improved their teaching when provided feedback on the job, but maintained their skills to a lesser extent after a two month follow‐up assessment. Residents made modest progress toward independence. Implications for designing methods to promote acquisition and maintenance of staff teaching skills and to provide more effective learning experiences for residents are discussed.
The impact of environmental noise on mealtime social interactions in a residential facility for persons with mental retardation
Authors: Spreat Scott , Lamina Joseph , Jefferys Jeri , Axelrod Saul , Murphy Betty Jo , McGuffin Patrick
Published: June 2007

Four levels of environmental noise were experimentally manipulated during lunch and dinner in a residential living unit for 10 behaviorally disordered persons with mental retardation. During the highest noise conditions, there appeared to be some suppression of social interaction between these people, while interaction rates were uniformly higher during softer noise conditions. This effect was evident at both lunch and dinner. Staff members were less affected by the fluctuation in noise levels, although lunchtime staff engaged in more interactions with clients when both the radio and TV were played softly.
The effects of feedback with chronically institutionalized mental patients
Authors: Roberts Julie A. , Licht Mark H. , Himadi Bill
Published: June 2007

The ability of two female and one male chronically institutionalized adult mental patients to comprehend and retain feedback on individualized problem behaviors and the effect of that feedback on changes in the occurrences of those behaviors were examined. Feedback on five problem behaviors was provided to each subject within a small therapy group setting employing a multiple baseline across subjects experimental design. Comprehension and retention tests occurred two, five, and seven days following the feedback in the small groups, while the rates of the occurrences of the problem behaviors were time‐sampled throughout the subjects' waking day via use of the Time‐Sample Behavioral Checklist (Paul, 1987). Results indicated that, although there were no changes in the rates of occurrence, these subjects were able to retain and understand the feedback on their problem behaviors. Implications for further investigations and for the utility of feedback with chronically institutionalized adults are discussed.
Assumptions of agreement and familiarity on the abbreviated conners teachers rating scale
Authors: Morrison Patricia B. , Paniagua Freddy A.
Published: June 2007

Implicit in the development and use of the Conners' scales are the assumptions that the raters will agree upon their rating of hyperactivity regardless of a lack of operational defitions of items in such scales, and that the cut‐off score (1.5) for ADHD should be higher in cases where the rater has some familiarity with the clinical case. This study describes a method for the evaluation of both assumptions. Seven children were rated by nursing staff and school teachers using the Abbreviated Conners Teachers Rating Scale (ACTRS) daily. Observations were conducted during the 7 a.m.‐3 p.m. and 3 p.m.–7 p.m. shifts in order to provide two separate scores across raters. The results supported the assumption of agreement within (for example nurses' ratings during the 7 a.m.–3 p.m. period) and between (i.e. nurses' ratings versus teachers' ratings) settings. The results did not support the assumption of familiarity: scores during early observations were similar to the scores during later observations (when more familiarity with the clinical case is assumed). It was concluded that familiarity with the clinical case does not necessarily lead to higher scores (i.e. a better prediction of hyperactivity as a function of the rater's familiarity with the case) on the ACTRS. Agreements within and between observers could be a function of the raters' agreement in terms of using a specific cut‐off point (i.e. 1.5) in their definition of a case as ‘hyperactive’, rather than the raters' agreement on reporting similar scores across observers.
Auditory hallucinations and delusional thinking: A review and critique of outcome studies
Authors: Acosta Sonia
Published: June 2007

This paper reviews the literature in which behavioral interventions were applied in an attempt to reduce hallucinatory and delusional verbalizations in psychiatric patients. Subject characteristics, dependent variables and treatment variations, as well as generalization of effects, are considered. It is concluded that even though operant procedures, such as extinction, aversive stimulation, and token reinforcement, have been successful in decreasing hallucinatory‐delusional verbalizations, further research examining generalization is needed. Methodological issues influencing interpretation are discussed and suggestions for further research are offered.
Staff management procedures and changes in the distribution of nontargeted activities by residential staff members: A secondary analysis
Authors: Seys Daniel M. , Duker Pieter C.
Published: June 2007

Staff management procedures are increasingly used to improve quality of care in residential facilities for individuals with mental retardation. Typically, residential staff members are prompted to increase and then maintain their frequency of activities within one or more target categories of behavior (e. g., training residents) and are regularly fed back on their performance. There is, however, no evidence as to what are the effects of staff management procedures on other, nontargeted activities of residential staff. Six groups of residential staff members (n=49) and 58 individuals with severe and profound levels of mental retardation participated. Observational data on staff behaviors were collected within eight mutually exclusive and exhaustive categories. When a procedure of staff management was in effect, a statistically significant increase in the time spent on the target categories of stimulative custodial care and training was associated with a statistically significant (a) increase in time spent on organization, (b) decrease in time spent on routine custodial care, and (c) decrease in time being engaged in off‐task behavior. There were no statistically significant differences found with respect to staff members' time spent on housekeeping, in offering individuals recreational activities, and in taking rest.
Reaktionen aktiver Methylenverbindungen mit Aziden, V. Über ein α‐Diazo‐β‐keto‐sulfon
Authors: Regitz Manfred
Published: June 2007

2.3‐Dihydro‐thionaphthenon‐(3)‐1.1‐dioxid (III), für das eine ergiebige Synthese beschrieben wird, bildet mit p‐Tosylazid das Hydrazon VIII. Beim Erwärmen in stark polaren, „basischen”︁ Lösungsmitteln wie Äthylenglykol, Dimethylformamid oder Dimethylsulfoxid entkuppelt VIII zu dem α‐Diazo‐β‐keto‐sulfon IX und III. Einige Verkochungs‐ und Azo‐Kupplungsreaktionen von IX mit trans‐fixierten β‐Diketonen zu Azoverbindungen werden beschrieben.
Synthese und Eigenschaften von Dimethylanilinen mit phosphorhaltigen p‐Substituenten
Authors: Schiemenz Günter Paulus
Published: June 2007

Tertiäre aromatische Phosphine, Phosphinoxide und Phosphinsulfide mit 1–3 und Phosphoniumsalze mit 1–4 p‐Dimethylamino‐phenylresten wurden synthetisiert. Bei zwei der in der Literatur aufgeführten Phosphin‐Darstellungsverfahren ist das Produkt des jeweils einzigen Reaktionsbeispiels kein Phosphin. Die IR‐Frequenz der P—O‐Valenzschwingung in den Phosphinoxiden und der P—S‐Valenzschwingung in den Phosphinsulfiden sinkt mit steigender Zahl der p‐Dimethylamino‐phenylgruppen.
Abbau der Chinasäure nach Hunsdiecker
Authors: Grewe Rudolf , Vangermain Erwin
Published: June 2007

Das Silbersalz der Tetraacetylchinasäure läßt sich unter bestimmten Bedingungen glatt nach HUNSDIECKER abbauen. Das Reaktionsprodukt II wird auf einem unabhängigen Wege synthetisiert. Es geht bei der Cyanhydrin‐Synthese in stereospezifischer Reaktion wieder in Chinasäure über.
Triterpene, IX. Über die Triterpene aus der Rinde von Sambucus nigra L. und die Darstellung von 3‐epi‐Ursolsäure
Authors: Huneck Siegfried , Snatzke Günther
Published: June 2007

Die Isolierung von Ursolsäure (als Methylester), Betulin, α‐Amyrin, β‐Sitosterin, Cerylalkohol und n‐Heptacosan aus der Rinde von S. nigra L. sowie die Darstellung von 3‐epi‐Ursolsäure und einigen Derivaten werden beschrieben.
Polycyclische Verbindungen, XV. Peropyren und 5′‐Methyl‐naphtho‐[3′.4′: 3.4]‐pyren
Authors: Buchta Emil , Vincke Paul
Published: June 2007

Das sarkomerzeugende, heptacyclische Peropyren (IX) wurde aus dem Benzpyrenderivat IVb in einer Vierstufenreaktion synthetisiert. Ein Zwischenprodukt dieser Synthese ließ sich in das Methyl‐naphthopyren XI überführen.
Beiträge zur Chemie des Bors, XXXII. Zur Synthese dimerer und trimerer Phosphino‐borane
Authors: Nöth Heinrich , Schrägle Wolfgang
Published: June 2007

Die Si—P‐Bindung von Dialkylphosphino‐silanen R′3Si—PR2 wird von Diboran und Borhalogeniden gespalten. Neben den entsprechenden Silanen entstehen dimere bzw. trimere Dialkylphosphino‐borane R2P—BX2. Die Grenzen der Anwendungsfähigkeit dieser Synthesemethode werden aufgezeigt.
Zur Existenz niedergliedriger Cycloalkine, VII. Über das tetramere Cyclohexin und seine Valenzisomeren
Authors: Wittig Georg , Weinlich Jürgen
Published: June 2007

Die Struktur des reaktionsträgen tetrameren Cyclohexins II, das sich nach G. WITTIG und U. MAYER über das Cyclobutadien‐Derivat I im Sinne einer Diels‐Alder‐Addition formieren soll, steht mit dem Raman‐Spektrum im Einklang. Das thermische Isomerisationsprodukt III, das die zu erwartenden Dienadditionen eingeht, liefert beim Bestrahlen mit UV‐Licht das Valenzisomere VI, in dessen Konstitution ebenfalls die Raman‐Spektroskopie einen tieferen Einblick gewährt. Die Rückbildung von III beim Erhitzen von VI sowie die thermisch und chemisch herbeigeführte Abwandlung von III zum Dodecahydrotriphenylen (XI) verdichten das Netzwerk der Argumentationen zugunsten der postulierten Strukturen.
Beiträge zur Chemie der heterocyclischen, pseudobasischen Aminocarbinole, XXVII. Der Mechanismus der Cycloaddition von α.β‐ungesättigten Ketonen an 3.4‐Dihydro‐isochinoline
Authors: Szántay Csaba , Rohály János
Published: June 2007

Die Vereinigung von α.β‐ungesättigten Ketonen mit 3.4‐Dihydro‐isochinolinen verläuft sowohl in saurem als auch basischem Medium über Imoniumverbindungen vom Typ III. Der Ringschluß zu IV wird durch Säuren und Basen katalysiert.
PMR‐Untersuchungen an Triorganozinnhydriden
Authors: Kula Maria‐Regina , Amberger Eberhard , Rupprecht Hubert
Published: June 2007

Die Kopplungskonstanten J(117,119SnH) und J(HCSnH) sowie die chemische Verschiebung für das Signal des direkt am Metall gebundenen Wasserstoffs in einer Reihe von Triorganozinnhydriden werden mitgeteilt und diskutiert.
Polyacetylenverbindungen, LXXIII. Die Polyine der Gattung Buphthalmum L
Authors: Bohlmann Ferdinand , Berger Eberhard
Published: June 2007

Aus einigen Arten der Gattung Buphthalmum L. läßt sich neben bereits bekannten Verbindungen ein mit dem weitverbreiteten Pentain‐en biogenetisch eng verwandtes Bithienylderivat isolieren, dessen Struktur sichergestellt wird.
Stickstoffhaltige Steroide, X: Über die Umsetzung von Halogenhydrinen zu Aziridinen und Oxazolinen
Authors: Ponsold Kurt , Groh Helmut
Published: June 2007

2α‐Brom‐cholestanol‐(3α)‐methansulfonsäureester läßt sich mit Natriumazid in Dimethylsulfoxid zu 2α‐Brom‐3β‐azido‐cholestan umsetzen. Durch katalytische Reduktion oder über das Triphenylphosphinimin erhält man 2α‐Brom‐3β‐amino‐cholestan, welches mit Alkali 2β.3β‐Imino‐cholestan gibt. Aus 2α‐Brom‐3β‐acetamino‐cholestan entsteht bei der Umsetzung mit Alkali 2′‐Methyloxazolino‐[5′.4′:2.3]‐cholestan. — Die Reaktion des diaxialen 2β‐Brom‐cholestanol‐(3α)‐mesylats mit Natriumazid liefert nicht das erwartete diaxiale Halogenazid, sondern es entsteht ein ungesättigtes Azid.
Alkali‐Phosphorverbindungen und ihr reaktives Verhalten, XXXI: Unsymmetrische Biphosphine des Typs R2PPR′2
Authors: Issleib Kurt , Krech Kriemhild
Published: June 2007

Unsymm. Biphosphine des Typs R2PPR′2 (R bzw. R′C6H5, c‐C6H11 und C2H5) bilden sich aus MePR2 bzw. HPR2 und R′2PCl. Während sie sich mehr oder weniger rasch zu R2PPR2 und R′2P′2 symmetrisieren, sind die entsprechenden Bis‐P‐sulfide R2P(S)P(S)R′2 beständig. Der Symmetrisierungsverlauf und die 31PNMR‐Spektren der dargestellten Verbindungen werden diskutiert.
Chemie der Cyansäureester, VIII: Umsetzung von Cyansäureestern mit Harnstoffen
Authors: Grigat Ernst , Pütter Rolf
Published: June 2007

Mit Harnstoffen setzen sich Arylcyansäureester2,3) nicht um, mit Thioharnstoffen entstehen Thiocarbamidsäureester und Cyanamide bzw. Carbodiimide, mit Isothioharnstoffen und Guanidin 1.3.5‐Triazin‐Derivate.
Die Allylbromierung von Δ16‐Pregnen‐20‐ketonen
Authors: Tschesche Rudolf , Riemhofer Franz , Snatzke Günther
Published: June 2007

Die N‐Brom‐succinimid‐Bromierung von 3β‐Acetoxy‐Δ16‐5α‐pregnen‐dion‐(12.20) gibt dessen 15β‐Brom‐Derivat, das mit Kalilauge in guter Ausbeute Δ15‐5α‐Pregnendiol‐(3β.17α)‐dion‐(12.20) liefert. Das im Ring C nicht substituierte analoge En‐on gibt unter denselben Bromierungsbedingungen ein Gemisch der beiden 15‐Brom‐Derivate und das 16β.17α‐Dibrom‐Additionsprodukt neben viel Δ14,16‐Dien‐on‐(20). Die Alkalihydrolyse bzw. Umsetzung dieses Gemisches mit Silbernitrat in wäßr. Aceton führt auch zu den epimeren 15‐Hydroxy‐Δ16‐en‐20‐ketonen.
Polyacetylenverbindungen, LXXIV. Die Polyine aus Tridax trilobata Hemsl
Authors: Bohlmann Ferdinand , Kleine Käthe‐Marie , Arndt Christian
Published: June 2007

Die Untersuchung von Tridax trilobata Hemsl. ergibt neben dem weitverbreiteten Dehydrofalcarinon weitere Acetylenverbindungen, deren Struktur aufgeklärt wird. Bemerkenswert ist, daß alle Substanzen eine C17‐Kette aufweisen.
Synthesen in der Perimidinreihe
Authors: Christmann Otto
Published: June 2007

Aus Perimidon und aromatischen Säurechloriden entstehen unter C‐Acylierung 4‐Acyl‐perimidone. Die Reaktion verläuft bei höherer Temperatur ohne Katalysator vermutlich nach Art einer FRIESSchen Verschiebung. Bei der Dehydrierung von 4‐Acyl‐perimidonen bilden sich Indeno[2.1‐e]perimidone; zur gleichen Substanzklasse gelangt man durch Umlagerung und Dehydrierung von 5(6)‐Benzoylperimidon. Unter ähnlichen Reaktionsbedingungen setzt sich Perimidon mit Phthalsäureanhydrid zu 4.5‐Phthaloyl‐perimidon um.
Ketenderivate, IX: Tautomeriefähige Ketenaminale. Synthese von Chinolinen und 1.8‐Naphthyridinen
Authors: Gompper Rudolf , Kunz Rolf
Published: June 2007

Die Umsetzungsprodukte von Diarylcarbodiimiden mit Malonester und verwandten Verbindungen besitzen die Struktur von Ketenaminalen. Durch Erhitzen in Diphenyläther lassen sich die Bis‐arylamino‐methylen‐malonester zu Tetrahydro‐dibenzo[b.g]‐1.8‐naphthyridindionen‐(11.12) und Tetrahydro‐dinaphtho[b.g]‐1.8‐naphthyridindionen‐(15.16) cyclisieren. Entsprechende Cyan‐und Benzoylessigesterderivate liefern 2‐Anilino‐3‐cyan‐(oder ‐benzoyl)‐chinolone‐(4). 4‐Chlor‐2‐anilino‐3‐äthoxycarbonyl‐chinolin entsteht aus Dianilinomethylen‐malonester mittels POCl3/R3N.
1.3‐Dipolare Cycloadditionen, XVI: Zur Bildung von 1.4‐Dihydro‐tetrazinen aus Nitriliminen; 1.4‐Diphenyl‐1.4‐dihydro‐1.2.4.5‐tetrazin und isomere Verbindungen
Authors: Huisgen Rolf , Aufderhaar Ernst , Wallbillich Günter
Published: June 2007

Setzt man Nitrilimine aus Carbonsäure‐hydrazid‐chloriden mit tert. Base in Abwesenheit eines geeigneten Acceptors frei, treten tetrasubstituierte 1.4‐Dihydro‐1.2.4.5‐tetrazine (III) auf. Die Konstitution wurde am Beispiel IIIb durch Überführung in 1.4‐Diphenyl‐1.4‐dihydro‐tetrazin (IV) bewiesen. – Unter Natriumäthylat‐Katalyse lagert sich IV leicht in 1.4‐Diphenyl‐1.2.4‐triazolon‐(5)‐imin(XII) um, das schon von KROLLPFEIFFER und BRAUN beschrieben, aber nicht erkannt wurde. Bei energischer Natriumäthylat‐Behandlung spaltet XII in 2 Moll. Phenyl‐cyanamid. Eine von RUHEMANN und BAMBERGER als 1.4‐Diphenyl dihydrotetrazin angesprochene Verbindung ist 3‐Anilino‐1‐phenyl‐1.2.4‐triazol (XVII).
Zur Kondensation von Carbonylverbindungen mit Hydrazinen, XIII: Über die Reaktion von Alkyl‐ und Aralkylhydrazinen mit Zuckern
Authors: Stroh Hans‐H. , Scharnow Hans‐G.
Published: June 2007

Alkyl‐ und Aralkylhydrazine kondensieren in Methanol oder 50‐proz. Äthanol analog den Arylhydrazinen bevorzugt mit Mannose, Galaktose, Rhamnose und Arabinose zu gut kristallisierenden Hydrazonen. Die Bildung von Hydrazonen der Glucose, Ribose und Lyxose läßt sich chromatographisch nachweisen, während Fructose und Sorbose keine Kondensation eingehen. An einigen Beispielen wird gezeigt, daß die Zucker‐alkylhydrazone vorwiegend in der acyclischen Form vorliegen.
Über die SiN‐Bindung, XVI: Zur Darstellung von Silylaziden
Authors: Rühlmann Klaus , Reiche Annemarie , Becker Manfred
Published: June 2007

Bei der Umsetzung von Säureaziden mit Aminosilanen entstehen bei niedrigen Temperaturen in Gegenwart von wenig AlCl3 Silylazide und Säureamide, bei höheren Temperaturen unter N2‐Entwicklung Silylharnstoffe. Mit Diaminodialkyl‐silanen und Säureaziden können je nach den verwendeten Molverhältnissen Diazidosilane oder Azido‐amino‐silane gewonnen werden. Azido‐aminosilane bilden sich auch bei der Komproportionierung von Diazido‐ mit Diaminosilanen.
Furanverbindungen, V
Authors: Agasimundin Yankanagoud Sanganabasanagoud , Rajagopal Srinivasa
Published: June 2007

Die Synthese von 7.4′‐, 7.5′‐, 8.4′‐ und 8.5′‐Dimethyl‐furano‐[2′.3′: 3.4]‐xanthonen wird beschrieben.
Die polarographische Bestimmung der Redoxpotentiale von Brenzcatechin‐Derivaten
Authors: Horner Leopold , Geyer Ekkehard
Published: June 2007

Es werden Angaben zur Arbeitsweise und Meßgenauigkeit gemacht. Die ermittelten Halbstufenpotentiale werden auf Standardbedingungen bezogen und entsprechen den Redoxstandardpotentialen mit guter Näherung. Die Konzentration der Brenzcatechinderivate und das Lösungsmittel beeinflussen die Halbstufenpotentiale.
Photochemische Umsetzungen, III; Triterpene, XI: Die Darstellung von 3‐Oxo‐2‐diazo‐lupen‐(20(29)) sowie 3‐Oxo‐2‐diazo‐oleanen‐(12)‐säure‐(28)‐methylester und deren photochemische Umwandlung in A‐Nor‐Verbindungen
Authors: Huneck Siegfried
Published: June 2007

Die im Titel genannten Verbindungen werden photochemisch in 2β‐Carboxy‐A‐nor‐lupen‐(20(29)) (VI) sowie die epimeren Ester XV und XVI umgelagert.
Über die Konstitution nichtsolvatisierter Grignard‐Verbindungen
Authors: Weiss Erwin
Published: June 2007

Ätherische Grignard‐Lösungen von „CH3MgCl, C2H5MgCl, CH3MgBr sowie C2H5MgBr”︁ wurden durch Eindampfen und Trocknen i. Vak. desolvatisiert und röntgenographisch untersucht. Nach den Pulverdiagrammen liegen Gemische der reinen Magnesiumdialkyle und Magnesiumhalogenide vor, entspr. einer Dismutation: 2 RMgX → R2Mg + MgX2. Die Beugungslinien der Alkylverbindungen werden auf Grund der bekannten Kristallstrukturen von [(CH3)2Mg]∞ und [(C2H5)2Mg]∞ identifiziert. Die gebildeten Magnesiumhalogenide zeichnen sich durch starke Fehlordnungen (Stapelfehler) aus. Sie werden mit reinem, aus der Schmelze erhaltenem Magnesiumchlorid und ‐bromid verglichen, deren Gitterkonstanten neu bestimmt wurden.
Zur Frage der Isomerenbildung bei der Chlorierung von höhermolekularen Paraffinkohlenwasserstoffen mit verschiedenen Halogenierungsagenzien
Authors: Fell Bernhard , Kung Li‐Hoan
Published: June 2007

Die bei der Chlorierung von n‐Heptan, n‐Octan, n‐Decan und 2.3‐Dimethylbutan mit N‐Chlor‐succinimid, tert.‐Butylhypochlorit, Trichlormethansulfochlorid, Tetrachlorkohlenstoff, Trichlormethansulfenylchlorid, Phosphorpentachlorid sowie elementarem Chlor in den mit Chloratomen lockere Komplexverbindungen bildenden Lösungsmitteln Benzol oder Schwefelkohlenstoff resultierenden Monochloralkan‐Isomerengemische wurden quantitativ erfaßt. Dabei wurden überraschende, mit den bisherigen Erkenntnissen über die Verhältnisse bei der Substitution der Paraffinkohlenwasserstoffe nicht übereinstimmende Isomerenverteilungen festgestellt. Die Resultate ergeben sich durch das Zusammenwirken der unterschiedlichen CH‐Dissoziationsenergien der einzelnen Wasserstoffatomtypen des Alkans sowie der freien Energie des angreifenden Radikals mit polaren Effekten sowohl beim angreifenden Radikal als auch beim Paraffinkohlenwasserstoff.