bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Selected Solutions for Rehabilitation of Wooden Structures: Some Portuguese Case Studies
Authors: Feio Artur O. , Félix Daniel , Cunha Vítor M. , Machado José S.
Published: September 2013

Timber is one of the most used materials in the roofs and floors of monumental constructions in Portugal. The geometry is defined by elements that occupy a limited and well defined part of the tri-dimensional space, with a clear evidence of the hierarchy of the components. Timber elements are often visible, which allows easier conservation, identification of the wood species, characterization of details and evaluation of deterioration.
Complex timber structures, such as those belonging to the roofs of large monuments, are often not easy to understand in a expedite way. As the coverings of monuments as cathedrals, public buildings, mansions or villas show very complicate features, not easy to be understood during the first inspection. This is not only due to the fact that the system is very elaborate and to the large number of members but also due to continuous changes and repair past works, mostly with additional stiffening or propping. The typical result of the history of the construction is the increase in the number and the heterogeneity of the members, together with a multiplicity of connections and diversity of supports. This means that the original must be distinguished from the additions and the replacements. This complexity makes the field of conservation of historical timber structures not only a challenge but a field much in need of modern research.
The objective of this paper is to present some of the Portuguese experience in this field, showing how the rehabilitation solutions can be supported by the inspection techniques and by an extensive knowledge about the constituent material from which the structure was made, both from the mechanical point of view and from the physical point of view. A number of case studies will be presented to illustrate common conservation problems, and design problems as well as the possibilities and limitations of several solutions and to discuss the suitability of several intervention methods.
Repairing a Medieval Door
Authors: Yeomans David , Harrison Hugh , Smith Andrew
Published: September 2013

The main doors of medieval buildings or building complexes such as cathedrals or palaces are substantial structures, often weighing as much as one tonne per leaf. A survey of medieval English doors shows several distinct structural types whose different structural actions will be considered. All must develop some form of in plane action through the interaction of their components to transmit their weight back to their supports. However their complexity often allows several different modes of action, each of which will be differently affected by moisture movement within the timber, so that more than one mode of action will often need to be considered. The recent need to repair the early sixteenth century main doors of Trinity College, Cambridge involved the detailed analysis of one of these types whose structure comprised a dense grid of relatively slender muntins and ledges set within a much more substantial frame, carrying decorated boarding and mouldings on the outside face. The intention was that by understanding this structure we would be able to restore the original structural action of the door. In this case earlier interventions and permissions, and the extent of deterioration at the lower hinges, made this impossible. However, the exercise suggests an approach that might be valuable in the restoration of other doors of this type.
The Royal Palace of Naples: Diagnosis, Assessment and Structural Restoration of Complex Roofing Timber Structures
Authors: Faggiano Beatrice , Grippa Maria Rosaria , Mazzolani Federico M.
Published: September 2013

The paper presents an overview on the timber structures of the Royal Palace of Naples. Focusing on the roofs of the Historical Apartment, located at the second level of the palace, different structural typologies are illustrated. The structural identification was achieved starting from an extensive in situ survey, aimed at assessing materials, conservation state, geometries and static schemes. Therefore 3D FEM models of the study systems as whole were set up and the structural analyses carried out, allowing to catch the weaknesses in terms of strength and deformation capacities; the safety checks were performed according to Eurocode 5 provisions. Finally, on the basis of the acquired knowledge, the appropriate retrofitting techniques were suggested [1, . In particular, with reference to the Diplomatic Hall (II), details of the realized restoration interventions, based on mixed technologies, are presented [.
The Strengthening Design of the Wooden Floor Structures of the Ducal Palace in Sabbioneta (MN)-Italy
Authors: Augelli Francesco , Amigoni Christian
Published: September 2013

The paper will concerns the design choices agreed between the designers responsible for the structural consolidation and the implementation of safety of the wooden floors of the Ducal Palace in Sabbioneta near Mantova in Italy. The consolidation project and the implementation of safety has been carried out in full compliance with the structural design and materials of existing Renaissance structures with a focus on compatibility, durability, recognizability and reversibility of the process. For the characteristics of these floors and the work done in the design phases, please refer to the contributions of Augelli, Nicola, Petracco, Ronchi [1], to that of Mastropirro [2], to that of Augelli, Bordina, Migliavacca. [3]
Structural Analysis of Gothic Roof Trusses in View of their Conservation. Case Study of St. Paul's Cathedral, Liège (Belgium)
Authors: Debailleux Laurent
Published: September 2013

This study focuses on the structural behaviour of gothic roof structures. Starting from the case study of St. Paul’s Cathedral, Liège (Belgium), the aim of the research was to identify and understand the reasons and possible consequences of past and future structural distortions for the conservation of this historical timber roof structure.The wooden structure of St. Paul’s Cathedral is an interesting example of a 13th and 14th century timber-framed roof. The entire structure has mainly preserved its authentic parts even if transformations and reinforcements were made until mid-20th century. Today, these interventions must be evaluated from a critical point of view in order to preserve the authenticity of the structure. Two interventions have been studied more particularly. Firstly, the effects of an important neo-gothic restoration made in the 19th century and secondly, the consolidations of the frames, made after the bombings of WWII. Preliminary studies have proved that these interventions were poorly documented. As often in the past, hidden under the roofs, historic wooden structures were forgotten. However, we found some very interesting texts which have been confronted to an architectural analysis of the building and a study of the pathologies. These surveys have been used to undertake a structural analysis of the gothic roof structure in order to better understand and explain distortions and reinforcements of the frames.Due to biological deterioration, hypotheses on the resistance of wood have been implemented in the 3D models. We paid special attention to the nodes connections in order to evaluate their resistances to shear forces. Our models highlight critical areas which correspond to visible deformations and breakings produced after a bombing in 1945. The influence of the neo-gothic masonry, which encloses the wooden structure, has been also discussed. Due to a high humidity level, important structural degradations are visible on the base of the frames. Therefore, we also focused our attention on the evaluation of resistance of the principal-rafter, directly in contact with the masonry.
An Evaluation of Restoration Practices of Traditional Wooden Houses in Edirne
Authors: Canitez Tulay , Canitez Ilker Salih
Published: September 2013

The protection of traditional architectural heritage that witnesses the social and cultural life of a society, and its usage with its original function while protecting its material, construction technique and design, its transmission to next generations while giving new functions if necessary, are important from the perspective of social and cultural sustainability.
Edirne, which is chosen as the field of study, had been homeland of civilizations e.g. Roman, Byzantine and Ottoman for years with different national and religious values. Edirne has many traditional houses that reflect the cultural and social life of the city which should be preserved as part of the cultural and architectural heritage. However, due to current changes of socio-cultural and economical circumstances their-inappropriate usage and the wrong restoration practices, the number of traditional houses diminishes.
In this study, the state of conservation of the existing wooden houses in Edirne are evaluated. As a case study, a restored building is examined in terms of its measures and practices of protection and according to the compatibility of modern conservation concepts and criteria.
Keywords: Wood Construction, Restoration, Traditional House, Edirne
The Study of Timber Structures Based on In Situ Investigation
Authors: Zamperini Emanuele
Published: September 2013

The lack of knowledge of the structural behaviour and performances of timber structures often led to their loss and substitution with modern structures, or to invasive strengthening works. Ignorance is a cause of the loss of these structures also because the absence of recognition of their value does not give rise the need for their conservation. Just because ignorance is one of the main causes of loss of this heritage, knowledge is the first goal to be reached aiming to its preservation. The most important source of knowledge of an existing structure is its direct survey. The in situ investigations should aim to collect data about many aspects of the structure: general geometry and details of single members, internal joints, and metal reinforcements; wooden species and defects; evidences of decay; deformations or displacements; but also relation with other structural elements or systems, signs of timber processing, indications of the reuse of materials, etc. All the gathered data should allow an interpretation of the gradual change in time of the structure’s physical reality, of its technological conception and of its structural behaviour since the original design by the carpenter or engineer, trough the subsequent works or “natural” evolutions, unto the current state.
Building for the Sea Safeguarding Ashore. Brigs, Ships and Peote: A Complex Conservation
Authors: Porello Sara
Published: September 2013

The presented work is intended to be an international overview on the most important conservative project of naval heritage. As it was immediately clear that mostly concerns ancient shipwrecks' structures which came from underwater environment and made of waterlogged wood, the analysis has therefore focused on waterlogged wood conservation and reinforcement. Based on the state of the art in the field of conservation and management of ancient ships some considerations can be made. The conservation of artefacts coming from the underwater environment has began in the mid XXth century and developed through a great deal of effort which has resulted in a strong improvement of scientific and multidisciplinary research. Case-studies are various and it is clear that conservative approaches and choices are, sometimes, in contrast: an improvement of the state of the art in this particular field is therefore actual. The considered examples concern different experiences both in historical features and in their conservative tracks. In the selection different situations were taken into account, in order to get to a proper analysis of conservation and on how methods and protocols may have evolved over the years. On one side the research dealt with the waterlogged wood, on the other the goal was establish a method applicable to a wider context. In the case of the last two structures taken into account, it was to check whether the same multi-phase and multidisciplinary approach recorded could be appropriate to achieve, even in this case, the common purpose of heritage conservation.
Tramways, Draw Works and Flumes
Authors: Porter Douglas , Anthony Ron W.
Published: September 2013

The settlement of the American West was directly dependent on the extraction of resources including minerals, precious metals, timber, and the commerce that resulted. The infrastructure that developed around these extraction activities was intended to be merely functional, and therefore temporary. Readily available forest resources made timber structures relatively inexpensive and easy to build; they could be put into service quickly and were adequate to immediate needs. Many of these structures survive today at former mining and milling sites, along with remnants of the railroad lines that served them. Together they provide a compelling picture of the development of the American West and the technologies used to extract, refine, and transport the materials that initiated settlement of the region. Preservation of these sites and structures poses many interesting problems: Most of the structures were designed to meet short-term needs and have already outlasted their intended service life; Most of the structures were strictly utilitarian, and maintenance of them was discontinued when mining or logging operations ceased; Exposure of these structures to severe weather conditions is typical. The structures are at remote sites and access is extremely limited; Many of the structures are dangerous due to the extent of deterioration and proximity to open mines, adits, and industrial waste. In this presentation, the authors will use three case studies to illustrate preservation issues common to remote resource extraction sites, techniques used to access the timber structures, and some of the stabilization strategies implemented at each of the sites. The case studies include the aerial tramway of the Keane Wonder Mine in Death Valley National Park, the Cable Mountain Draw Works in Zion National Park, and the Hanging Flume in Colorado.
Synthesis of Monodisperse Rod-Like Nano-AlOOH and Anti-Ultraviolet Finishing on Silk-Cotton Fabrics
Authors: Xu Meng Fei , Zheng Min , Wang Zuo Shan , Zhu Lian Ping
Published: September 2013

Abstract: Boehmite (AlOOH) has been prepared from AlCl3·6H2O and ammonia by a hydrothermal method. The products obtained under different conditions were characterized by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results show that the as-prepared AlOOH is stable, transparent, and crystalline, and it is rodlike with an average diameter of about 5 nm and a length of about 100 nm. The reaction temperature and time have important influences on the diameter and uniformity of the products. Besides, it was found that the anti-ultraviolet effect of silk-cotton fabrics was improved significantly after finishing by nano AlOOH solution.
Conformational Transition of Regenerated Spider Silk in Water
Authors: Zhang Ye Mei , Pan Zhi Juan
Published: September 2013

Spider silks have excellent mechanical properties, which can even compare with some high-performance synthetic materials. Although as reported, the impressive mechanical properties are closely related to the primary amino acid sequence, the conformation that molecular chains form is also an important determinant. In this paper, effects of solvent, pH value, temperature, centrifugation and concentrating on the secondary structure of regenerated Ornithoctonus huwenna spider dragline silk protein aqueous solution were investigated by circular dichroism. Spidroin solutions prepared from different LiBr solutions had a distinct combination of secondary structures. The increasing temperature and concentrating can promote the formation of β-sheet structure. While centrifugation was opposite, which elevate the content of β-turn structure. Circular dichroic spectra quantitatively verified an increased α-helix structure content but a decrease of random coil and β-turn structure content with the increasing of pH value.
Research of Antibacterial Properties about Liquid Detergent on the Surface of the Silk Fabric
Authors: Miao Hong Chao , Shen Wei , Xu Cai Di
Published: September 2013

The researchers of liquid detergent are most focused on detergency in the past, and the research on antibacterial activity of liquid detergent is rare. This research choose famous and common brands liquid laundry detergent in the market and studied their antimicrobial properties, test their antibacterial properties on the surface of the natural fiber fabric about Staphylococcus aureus (positive) and Escherichia coli (negative), analysis the antibacterial effect of the various brands, and the consumers have more reliable basis for purchase such goods. The antibacterial rate of liquid detergent against Galanz negative bacteria (E. coli) is generally higher, but the antibacterial rate against Galanz positive bacteria (S.aureus) is not good. The brand of Lan Yue Liang has excellent performance in this experiment, the antibacterial rate against E. coli and S.aureus reached to 96.25% and 95%.
Study on Light Fastness of Natural Yellow Silk Fabric
Authors: Yao Jia , Luo Qian Qian , Zhu Cheng Yan
Published: September 2013

In this paper, the light fastness and glossiness of natural yellow silk fabric were analyzed. The test items included the mechanical property, light color fastness, perspiration color fastness, and rubbing color fastness. The relation between the glossiness and different specification of the silk fabric was discussed. Finally, the glossiness of fabric with different degumming rate was observed. The experimental results reveal that the fracture strength of fabric reduces significantly. The fabrics light fastness runs up to 1~2 degree, perspiration color fastness can reach 5 degree as well as rubbing color fastness. For the 8/5 satin fabric, the glossiness is low. Glossiness of the plain weave is less than the one of the twill fabric. After 48h lighting, the glossiness decreases while the reflectivity increases. When the lighting time increases from 48h to 96h, the glossiness increases gradually. After degumming finishing, glossiness of the fabric decreases, while the reflectivity increases. The fabric can achieve a relatively fine glossiness at degumming rate of 17.34%.
Research on Properties of Silk/ Synthetic Composite Flat Multi-Filaments Fabric
Authors: Zhang Xiao Ying , Niu Jian Tao , Chen Xin
Published: September 2013

Sixty five cocoons were selected to combine with fine denier polyester filaments, and flat treatment was made for the composition on a multi-component composite textured yarn homemade device to produce silk/ synthetic fiber composite flat filament. Then this flat multi-filaments was used as weft to develop zonal silk composite flat multi-filaments fabric. According to the testing of the glossiness and bulkiness, the results show that the glossiness of flat multi-filaments fabric was better than 8% of that of the ordinary fabric, and the fluffiness was also comparatively better than that of the ordinary fabric.
Preparation, Structure and Properties of ε–Polylysine Grafted Silk Fabric with Laccase
Authors: Guo Feng Yu , Yang Mu Ying , Cao Ya , Xing Tie Ling
Published: September 2013

Silk fabric was treated with laccase and then grafted by εpolylysine (εPLL). The optimal enzymatic reaction condition was investigated through the change of dissolved oxygen concentration during the enzymatic reaction. The results of amino acid analysis and SEM of finished silk fabrics indicated that the εPLL was grafted onto silk fabrics. Differential scanning calorimetry indicated that the thermal stability performance of the finished fabric was slightly improved. The crease resistance of the finished silk increased, especially the wet wrinkle resistance property of the finished silk fabric was significantly improved. The gas permeability, strength and whiteness slightly decreased, which hardly impact the wearability of the fabric.
Cognitive Evaluation of Silk Fabrics Based on Physiological Signal
Authors: Zhang Xiao Xia , Chen Wei , Liu Yu Qing , Wang Guo He
Published: September 2013

The most important situation of textile companies is to design products which much more meeting the consumers feeling. In this paper, 4 kinds of silk fabrics were taken as the objects, 4 physiological targets were used such as electromyography (EMG), skin resistance (SC), skin temperature (ST), and respiration (Resp) from tactile and visual cognition. The aim of this research is to find out the physiological evidence of consumers in tactile and visual for textile. As the result shown that, accompanied by touch and watch, skin resistance and electromyography have obvious regularity undulation, and there were large discrepancy in each objects, however, skin temperature and respiration had little correlation. In a word, physiological indicators can be used as silk fabrics cognitive quantitative evaluation basis in tactile and visual more intuitively and conveniently.
The Research on the Development Strategy of Modern Industry Cluster for "Home Class Textile"
Authors: Gao Chang Kuan , Hu Shou Zhong
Published: September 2013

With the rapid development of the knowledge economy and the information society, the importance of some elements of the traditional industry clusters have changed, which makes this cluster model adapt to the rapidly changing market toughly. Therefore, this cluster model needed to be transformed into the "modern industrial cluster" which based on the information basic service platform and integrated industrial chain. This article regards Shanghai Dragon (Group) Corporation (SDC) as a case and studies its current situation and problems in depth, then makes a timely strategy of the modern textile industry cluster which based on the features of "home" from the actual situation of the textile and garment industry. Also, it aims at improving the overall competitiveness of the SDC and thus benefits the affiliated enterprises from the actual operation in the development platform of technology, sales channels and co-branded.
Study on Conventional Method of Test and Evaluation of Woven Fabric's Elasticity on Wrinkle Resistance
Authors: Jiang Ying Gang , Zhao Chu Chu , Sui Jian Hua
Published: September 2013

The traditional woven fabric's shortage of the method of test and evaluation was introduced, and the improvement programs were proposed by experiment. The influence of the objective errors of sample cutting, the inconsistency of the directions of cutting and fabric, the difference of the opposite sides on the test and evaluation was also analyzed. The improvement programs including increasing the sample number and expanding the evaluation index were drawn up and testified by being compared with the actual result. The experiment result confirmed that the veracity of the test result could be improved by cutting accurately and increasing the sample number. It was more reasonable to choose the sum of warp, broad and diagonal crease recovery angles as the assessment index for the woven fabric's elasticity on the wrinkle resistance. For the fabric which has different organization on both sides, the elasticity on the wrinkle resistance of the both sides should be tested separately.
Discussion on Application of the Chinese Favonian Patterns in Silk Home-Textile Design
Authors: Miao Hai Qing , Nie Kai Wei , Ding Zhi Ping
Published: September 2013

Chinese traditional favonian patterns as a kind of language and symbol, has been widely applied in the design of silk home-textile, on the basis of description of Chinese traditional favonian patterns, then from three aspects, which are the extension of meaning,the adornment of the form,the combination of pattern and color, to focus on the creative applications of the Chinese traditional favonian patterns on silk home-textile design, to help the design of silk home-textile product.
Analysis and Prediction for Chrysalis Silk Price Index Based on the Improved GM (1, 1) Model and the Grey-Markov Model
Authors: Qiu Tao , Chen Mei Jun , Fang Hong , Feng Cen
Published: September 2013

This paper is using the cocoon filament prices index from the website named the east-sericulture-shift-to-west engineering information system as the research background, seeking for the quantitative analysis and forecast of the cocoon filament price index and making forecast and evaluation for market operation. This paper respectively establishes the improved GM(1,1) model and Grey-Markov model and compares the prediction results of the two models. When using the Grey-Markov model, the data prediction accuracy is higher and it can reflect the volatility of the data.
Numerical Study on the Polymer Drawing of the Unsymmetrical Air Flow Field in Melt Blowing Process
Authors: Ma Yao , Chen Hua Jun , Chen Ting , Wu Li Li
Published: September 2013

Melt blowing is a typical nonwoven process for producing superfine fibers. In this process, the high velocity hot air jets attenuate the polymer melt into superfine fibers. Therefore, the fiber diameter is strongly affected by the air flow field. Dual slot die is one of the widely used melt blowing dies. Hot air emits from the two slots symmetrically. What will happen to the polymer drawing if the air jets are unsymmetrical? In this paper, the unsymmetrical air flow field of the dual slot die in melt blowing process is simulated numerically. The distributions of air velocity and air temperature are obtained. The polymer drawing model is then solved with the aid of the simulation results of air velocity and air temperature. The diameter and transverse displacement of the threadline along the spinline is achieved. The result shows that the threadline diameter of unsymmetrical air flow field is larger than that of the symmetrical air flow field and the threadline tends to deflect because of the unsymmetrical air jets. This paper helps to indicate the research direction for further decreasing the fiber diameter of melt blown nonwoven fabrics.
Temperature Distribution of the Air Flow Field in Melt Blowing Process: Simulation and Measurement
Authors: Wang Xiu Qing , Xu Chuan , Chen Ting , Wu Li Li
Published: September 2013

The melt blown nonwoven fabrics are characterized by superfine fiber structures. The key technology of achieving superfine fibers is the polymer drawing by the high velocity hot air jets. The temperature distribution of the air flow field has great influence on the polymer drawing. In this paper, the air temperature distribution of the dual slot die on an HDF-6D melt blowing nonwoven equipment is simulated and measured. The air flow field model of the dual slot die is established and solved numerically using the finite volume method and SIMPLE algorithm. The air temperature is measured with a temperature measuring system built for this research. Experimental results show that the simulation results of the air temperature coincide with the measured data which indicates the air flow flied model is effective. As this research is performed on an industrial melt blowing equipment, the results have great application values for actual production of melt blowing.
Optimum Design for the Dual Slot Die Parameters of Melt Blowing Process
Authors: Cheng Ting Ting , Xu Chuan , Wu Li Li , Chen Ting
Published: September 2013

Melt blowing process can produce superfine fibers. In this process, the polymer is drawn by the high velocity hot air jets from the dual slot die. The die parameters have great effects on the fiber diameter. In this paper, the die parameters of the dual slot die in an industrial melt blowing equipment are studied using the orthogonal experimental design method. Three parameters namely the inset distance, slot width and slot angle are considered. Each parameter has three levels. Nine sizes of dual slot dies with different design parameters are numerically simulated using the established air flow field model of melt blowing process. Distributions of air velocity and air temperature of nine air jet flow fields are obtained. Effects of the three parameters are studied with range analysis and variance analysis. The results show that the inset distance and slot width have significant effects on the air flow field while effect of the slot angle is unremarkable. Finally the optimal die parameters are obtained. The results lay the theoretical foundation for further studies on the computer assisted design for the dual slot die in the melt blowing process.
Testing the Blend Ratio of Cashmere/Wool Yarns by Object Extraction Method
Authors: Shen Wei , Miao Hong Chao
Published: September 2013

The testing of the blend ratio of cashmere/wool yarns is mainly depended on human-powered. It introduced the colors divergence of two fibers using HI-1 dye to stain into the blend yarn of wool and cashmere. The colored samples were then, sliced and imaged. Both the cashmere and wool that have some color information were withdrawn from the background. Then work out the blend ratio according to the fiber cross section size. This study demonstrated a speedy and accurate approach to analysis blend ratio.
Community Extraction of Complex Networks in the Textile-Related Trade for Industries Pertaining to Dyeing and Finishing
Authors: Xia Fang Fang , Matsumura Yoshiyuki , Takatera Masayuki , Ohtani Tsuyoshi , Yasuda Toshiyuki , Ohkura Kazuhiro
Published: September 2013

This study focuses on business relationships in Japan for industries pertaining to dyeing and finishing. The authors analyzed the complex network of 3354 companies contained in the Annual Report on the textile-related trade, 1998 edition published by Sen-I Sha Company. Based on community extraction proposed by Newman in 2004, there are 46 communities in complex network and 2 large competitive communities containing a lot of dyeing and finishing companies are existed. As results of community extraction of the complex network that deletes one big company on the betweenness centrality, the structure of the community is changed.
Study on Operation Factors and Standard Time of Clothing Cutting Process
Authors: Zuo Hua Li , Chen Yan
Published: September 2013

With increasing competition in garment industry, many companies have to improve their efficiency of production and reduce the cost through management, which have become one of the important issues of garment production research. In this paper, the process of garment cutting was divided into several key factors. Combined with the real situation of garment cutting in manufactory, the related influence factors of every factor were also discussed. Based on the study of the process of cutting, the operation processes of garment cutting were investigated and the time consumption of every process was measured. The parameters used for time consumption were proposed. It can be expected that the results of this research can be used to provide reference on the determination of standard time of cutting processes. The results of this research are also great instructive importance for the enterprises to improve the efficiency of garment cutting and the standardization of operation time in order to make a scientific and reasonable working schedule for decreasing production cost and increasing economic benefits.
Chain Conformational Study on Underwater Silk Proteins from Caddisfly, Stenopsyche marmorata - Implication of a Fiber-Forming Mechanism
Authors: Ohkawa Kousaku , Hachisu Masakazu , Nomura Takaomi , Arai Ryoichi , Hirabayashi Kimio , Tsukada Masuhiro , Abe Koji
Published: September 2013

Larval silk/cement proteins from a caddisfly, Stenopsyche marmorata, were isolated as a protein mixture of Smsp-1, 2, 3 and 4. Smsp-1 is a giant phosphorylated protein, which occupies ca. 45%-mass of the silk gland content, and composed of a long-range periodic amino acid sequences, involving 8 kinds of characteristic segments. The silk protein film was prepared and drawn in water up to 9-folds of the initial axis length, then the drawn film was subjected to polarized FT-IR and WAXD. The results implied that the Smsp-1 backbone adopts two different conformations, one of which was the β-turn-like conformers. The molecular mechanic studies were separately performed to evaluate the solid-state chain structures of the hydrophobic/Pro-rich segments 3 and 4, which are enriched in the primary sequence of Smsp-1, and the results were coincident with those from the vibration spectra and WAXD. The molecular dynamic (MD) studies were also carried out in order to estimate their preferred chain conformations in a solution state. The MD trajectory suggests that the segments 3 and 4 tend to adopt a turn-like conformation, which is a potential precursor of the β-turn-like conformers. In conclusion, the underwater silk proteins have a fiber-forming mechanism, which is substantially different from a silkworm, Bombyx mori.
Manufacture of Fabric Reinforced Thermoplastic Composites with High Fiber Volume Fraction
Authors: Xu An Chang , Bao Li Min
Published: September 2013

In fiber reinforced thermosetting plastic (FRP) the fiber volume fraction is always up to 60 percent, but in fiber reinforced thermoplastic (FRTP) it is low to about 30 percent which greatly limit their performance. In this paper, for increasing the fiber volume fraction of thermoplastic composite, a new impregnation method for molding continuous fiber reinforced thermoplastic was explored; the fiber volume fraction was significantly raised to 60 percent which is equal to that of FRPs. Then the tensile property was investigated and made a contrast with FRP with the same reinforcement fiber. The results showed that both the FRP and FRTP composites have the similar tensile properties and indicated that the molding method is effective for FRTP manufacture.
Cluster Analysis of the Chrysalis Silk Production Provinces in China
Authors: Wang Huan , Tao Ting Ting , Fei Wan Chun
Published: September 2013

In this article, the yield of mulberry cocoon, the output of raw silk, the output of silk fabric, the consumer price index, the GDP per capita and the per capita income from 1999 to 2011 were analyzed for their principal components on the major production areas of cocoon and silk in China. The principal component analysis can ensure the smallest loss of the original data, to replace the multi-variables with a few synthetic variables, to simplify the data structure, and objectively determine the weights. The distances and similarities between provincial principal components, which were regarded as multivariable time series, were analyzed and computed, and clustering analysis were carried out. The result can be used as a basic reference for the industrial configuration and structural adjustment of silk in China.
The Preparation of Transfer Paper for Novel Silk Transfer Printing
Authors: Li Qing , Chen Guo Qiang , Xing Tie Ling
Published: September 2013

The transfer paper used in novel silk transfer printing with reactive dyes was prepared by coating pastes. Water-soluble polyester named ES-1, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), alkali and hygroscopic agent were used according each function and mixed to prepare the pastes. The solid content of ES-1 and CMC in the pastes plays a crucial role in the face K/S value of prints. The color fastness of washing and rubbing for prints are above grade 4~5 and ES-1 is hardly adhered on printed fabrics.
Finishing of Silk Textile with Fluorinated Polyacrylate Latex and the Effect of Silicone Cross-Linking Bond in Copolymer on Hydrophobicity and Lipophobicity
Authors: Shan Liang , Li Zhan Xiong , Xu Yan , Cai Lu , Zang Xiong , Wu Lin
Published: September 2013

The lightly cross-linked fluorinated polyacrylate latex was synthesized by emulsion copolymerization, in which fluorine containing acrylate, butyl acrylate (BA) and organosiloxane containing bisacrylate were used as monomers. The fluorine containing co-polymeric emulsion was obtained with narrow particle size distribution and the average particle size to be about 130 nm. The emulsion with and without addition of cross-linking agent was applied on silk textile finishing. The result shows that, treating with the emulsion without cross-linking agent, the water-and oil-repellency of silk fabric reached level 3-4 and level 3, respectively, and the contact angle was up to 133.5°. After addition of cross-linking agent, the emulsion can afford the silk fabric with better water-and oil-repellency of level 4 and level 3-4, respectively. The improvement of water-and oil-repellency can probably be attributed to the lightly cross-linking structure of fluoropolymer, the latter resulted in more dense film on the surface of silk fabric after finishing.
Structure and Properties of Cotton Grafted Using Trifluoroethyl Methacrylate via ATRP Method
Authors: Li Shi Wei , Xing Tie Ling , Li Zhan Xiong , Chen Guo Qiang
Published: September 2013

In this work, cotton was grafted with trifluoroethyl methacrylate (TFEMA) via atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) in water aqueous. The appearance of the cotton fabric was characterized with SEM, and SEM of the grafted cotton displayed significant difference from the ungrafted cotton. FT-IR indicated that TFEMA was successfully grafted onto surface of cotton fibers. Surface contact angle test and water repellency rating test showed that the water repellence of the modified cotton fabric were better than the ungrafted cotton fabric. Compared with the ungrafted cotton fabric, the whiteness, air permeability, breaking strength and elongation at break of the grafted cotton fabric decreased slightly. Grafted treatment led to efficient implantation of fluorine atoms on the surface of cotton fabric, this resulted in water repellence without altering the bulk properties of the cotton fabric.
Fabrication of Antibacterial and UV Protective Silk Fabrics via in Situ Generating ZnO Nanoparticles by Hyperbranched Polymer
Authors: Liao Yan Fen , Zhang De Suo , Chen Yu Yue , Lin Hong
Published: September 2013

This paper presents a method of fabricating ZnO nanoparticles coated silk fabrics via a one-step in situ generation and deposition reaction. In this procedure, amino terminated hyperbranched polymer (HBP-NH2) and zinc nitrate were used as the precursors without any other binders. The results indicated that UV protective properties and antibacterial activities of treated silk fabrics grew in quantity with increase of the concentration of precursors in this reaction process. When the concentration of HBP-NH2and zinc nitrate were 24 g/L and 17.85g/L respectively, the UPF value of treated silk fabric was 131 and the bacterial reduction rates againstStaphylococcus aureusandEscherichia coliboth exceeded 99%. Moreover, the treated silk fabrics were characterized by FESEM, EDS and XRD which demonstrated that the ZnO nanoparticles coated on the silk fibers successfully and well dispersed with diameter around 90nm.
Studies on the Effect of Sinapic Acid on Silk Fabric Printing with Sorghum Red
Authors: Dai Xi Chun , Hang Zhi Wei , Wang Xiang Rong
Published: September 2013

In order to improve fastness of printing silk fabric with natural dyes, the influence of sinapic acid on printing of silk fabric with sorghum red was investigated in this work. The silk fabric was printed using guar gum as paste, sorghum red as natural dye, sinapic acid as auxiliaries. The appropriate steaming condition was the temperature 100°C, time 15min and saturated steam. The results showed that the light fastness and the wash fastness of the printed fabric were improved by the addition of sinapic acid. It is proposed that sinapic acid can be applied as effective fastness improver of natural dyes.
Synthesis of Aminosilicone Oil with Long-Chain Alkyl Groups Modification and its Application on Silk Fabric
Authors: Cai Lu , Li Zhan Xiong , Jiang Jia Mei , Shan Liang , Xu Yan , Wu Lin , Zang Xiong
Published: September 2013

In the current work, aminosilicone oil modified with long-chain alkyl groups was obtained by a series of reactions, and the modified aminosilicone oil was emulsified and applied on silk fabric finishing. The effects of the content of long-chain alkyl and amino groups on the finishing efficiency were investigated. The results showed that the surface roughness of the finished silk fabric decreased with the increase of amino content, and when the amino content reached 11%, the surface roughness of finished silk fabric was 40.9% lower than the untreated fabric. This afforded the finished silk fabric with excellent softness and smooth performance. The bending rigidity of the finished silk fabric decreased when the long-chain alkyl group content increased. Meanwhile, element Si was introduced on the surface of silk fabric with 18.93% element content, offering silk fabric with smooth and soft handle.
Study on the Application of Sericin in Cosmetics
Authors: Sheng Jia Yong , Xu Jie , Zhuang Yu , Sun Dao Quan , Xing Tie Ling , Chen Guo Qiang
Published: September 2013

The high purity silk peptide powder can be obtained by the method of atomizing drying after the boiled silk (sericin) is decolorized, enzymatic dissolved, ion exchange purificated and concentrated. It can be used as the additive of high-grade cosmetics. The amino acid components of sericin provide excellent moisture absorption and retention on the skin. The molecular weight size of sericin will directly affect the types of cosmetic application. The results show that the sericin can inhibit the activity of tyrosine and the formation of melanochrome effectively. Through the experiment and SEM observation, we discovered that the sericin on the hair provides excellent hair care and repair effect. The application of sericin in cosmetics will provide parameter value of experimental evidence for developing new varieties of sericin in cosmetics.
Preparation of Hemicyanine Dye Encapsulated Silica Particles and their Application in Cotton Fabrics
Authors: Qin Chuan Xiang , Qin Lin , Chen Guo Qiang , Lin Tong
Published: September 2013

Trans-4- [p- (N, N-Die (2-hydroxyethyl)) styry-N-ethyl pyridinium bromide (DHEASPBr-C2), a hemicyanine fluorescent dye, was encapsulated into silica nanoparticles by co-hydrolysis and co-condensation of organosilanes in the presence of the dye. The dye containing silica nanoparticles were applied onto cotton fabrics. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), UVvis spectra, single-photon emission fluorescence spectra and reflectance spectra of the samples were characterized. The SEM results showed that the particle size (ranging from 100-200 nm) and dye encapsulating (1.5-8.1 mg dye per g silica matrix) could be adjusted by the concentration of fluorescent dye and organosilanes. The reflectance of the treated cotton fabrics showed that there were obvious adsorption spectra in 410 - 540 nm and emission spectra in 560 - 700 nm.
In Situ Coloration of Silk with Coupling Reaction and the Spectrum Characteristics
Authors: Chen Wei Guo , Wang Zong Qian , Cui Zhi Hua , Meng Zhao Cheng
Published: September 2013

High wet fastness dyeing is always the hot issue of silk industry. The plenty of tyrosine residue in silk protein may contribute an opportunity to solve this problem. In this paper, in situ coloration of silk is described using coupling reaction between diazonium compounds, made from different arylamine derivatives, and tyrosine residues in the silk fibroin. The spectra of coloured silk and the washing and rubbing fastness were measured. The results suggest that the use of coupling reactions could be developed into a dyeing method for silk. The wet fastness properties of such coloration are good because the chromophores are incorporated into the protein chains.
Growth of Hydroxyapatite Crystals on Bombyx mori (B. mori) Silk Fibroin
Authors: Shuai Ya Jun , Zhou Guan Shan , Mandal Namita , Min Si Jia , Zhu Liang Jun , Yang Ming Ying
Published: September 2013

As a natural protein polymer,Bombyx morisilk fibroin (SF) has superior characteristics such as excellent mechanical properties, biocompatibility and biodegradation which make SF to be a potential candidate in the field of biomaterials. It has been reported that the mineralized SF can be used for bone repair and regeneration in the bone tissue engineering. In order to map out the growth process of hydroxyapatite (HAp) induced by SF in the mineralized buffer solution, the co-solution of SF and supersaturated simulated body fluid (1.5 SBF) was incubated at 37.2 °C for 7 days and observed by using TEM, DSC, DTA and TGA in this study. The TEM results indicated that nanoscale crystal nuclei were found along the surface of SF in the initial stage of mineralization and finally these crystals aggregated into three-dimensional network. DSC and DTA results showed that the thermal stability of HAp/SF was greatly improved by increasing incubation duration and that the phase transition of HAp occurred from metastable state to steady state. TGA results suggested the organic content of HAp/SF complex was about 21% which was similar to the natural bone.
Effect of Poly(Vinyl Pyrrolidone) on Dispersing Carbon Black Particles
Authors: Yuan Xia
Published: September 2013

The effects of poly (vinyl pyrrolidone)(PVP) on dispersing carbon black (CB) particles were investigated by measuring Z-average particle size, Zeta potential and centrifugal stability of CB dispersions. Addition of PVP in a dispersing medium significantly reduces the size of suspended CB particles, especially in water. The dispersing efficiency of PVP was found to have been enhanced by adding an anionic surfactant, sodium methylenedinaphthalene disulphonate (NNO) in the aqueous media. The particle size of CB dispersed with PVP and NNO was 175.7 nm, significantly smaller than that dispersed with PVP and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). The performance of PVP-encapsulated CB particles and that of PVP-adsorbed CB particles were also compared. The particle size and Zeta potential of PVP-encapsulated CB particles were similar to those of PVP-adsorbed CB particles using ultrasonic method, but the centrifugal stability of PVP-encapsulated CB dispersions was significantly improved. The relative absorbency of PVP/CB dispersions was increased from 42.0% to 63.7%. However, the PVP-encapsulated layer can be destroyed by prolonged ultrasonic treatment because the ultrasound over a long period of time can not only break up the flocculation bridge in the crosslinking matrix of PVP, but also flake off the PVP shells on the surface of CB particles.
The Research of the Pattern Reconstruction Based on the Pattern Silhouette - Take Men’s Shirt for Example
Authors: Cai Lan , Shang Xiao Mei
Published: September 2013

Along with the continuous development and improvement of the garment pattern making theory and echnique, as well as the more wide application of computer technique, the garments intelligent renders making pattern more efficient. Due to the complex body measure variation, the intelligent of garment personalized custom which is regularly limited by various spects also needs to continuously explore. Howe-ver, the conventional garment pattern process that is making brand new pattern or triamming the pieces of the standard size designation pattern in accordance with the individual sizes. This study intends to discuss the breakthrough of traditional pattern mode. For example the shirts, based on a series of the garments’ size designation pattern, extract individual samples from the anthropometric database. The series size designation patterns are split into the collar, sleeves, body and other garment parts that may involve variety. According to the need, g-enerate individual measure of the sample, extract the existing silhouette of corresponding parts from the series size designation patterns and fit them. Ultimately cbtain the experimental method of personalized pattern.