bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Environmental Change and Electric Shock on Water Consumption in the Rat
Authors: Moyer K. E. , Baenninger Ronald
Published: September 2011

The normal range of water consumption in 1 hr. after 23 hr. of deprivation was derermined for 45 naive female albino rats. Fifteen control Ss remained on 23-hr. deprivation undisturbed in the home cage. Thirty Ss were placed in a grill box without shock for 15 min. per day for five days just prior to the drinking period in the home cage. This procedure significantly depressed drinking for one day. Fifteen of these 30 Ss then received 0.09 ma. of shock in the grill box 15 min. per day for 10 days. The other 15 received 2.5 ma. The high shock level facilitated drinking in the home cage for one day but response returned to normal on subsequent days. The relevance of these results for arousal theory and the effect of novel situations was discussed.
Extent of Criminal Activity, Sex, and Varieties of Authoritarianism
Authors: Weitman Morris
Published: September 2011

The Miale-Holsopple Incomplete Sentences showed that female inmates were more likely to be Pro-authoritarian (conformist) and males, Anti-authoritarian (rebel), while accessories to criminal acts were less likely to be Anti-authoritarian than principals.
Effect of Problem Variation on Group Problem-Solving Efficiency under Constrained Communication
Authors: Zand Dale E. , Costello Timothy W.
Published: September 2011

Two experiments were conducted, using the common target game with three-man groups. Members could not communicate with each other and received feedback only on group, not individual performance. In Exp. I, the 18 groups that moved from one version of the problem to the next after only a single trial (moving target) achieved a solution system significantly more quickly than did the 19 groups that worked on each verson of the problem until they solved it before moving to a new version (fixed target). Exp. II, using a random arrangement of targets rather than the systematic arrangement of Exp. 1, replicated the results, on 7 and 9 groups, respectively. It is concluded that factors responsible for the superiority of moving target presentation are: (1) encouragement of a set to shift, (2) avoidance of a handicapping “response-hypothesis” orientation, and (3) emphasis on developing a system rather than solving a particular problem.
Comment on Oakes: “Reinforcement of Bales' Categories in Group Discussion”
Authors: Heckel R. V.
Published: September 2011

Oakes' interesting study fails to demonstrate conclusive results because: (1) his “positive” reinforcer appears, in some instances, to have produced aversive conditioning; (2) he did not have an unreinforced group from which to obtain operant levels of responding; (3) the statistics failed to reflect many of the parameters of the data.
A Stimulus Ordering Technique for Controlled Lag Recognition Memory Experiments
Authors: Nickerson Raymond S. , Brown Charles R.
Published: September 2011

A method is presented for constructing sequences with properties which make them useful in ordering stimuli for recognition memory experiments. A main feature of the method is the facility for controlling and efficiently manipulating the number of items occurring between the initial and subsequent occurrences of given items.
Blocking of Pregnancy in Mice as a Function of Stress
Authors: Weir Morton W. , de Fries J. C.
Published: September 2011

Stressful situations during the early stages of pregnancy, including handling, resulted in marked reduction in the number of litters obtained from two highly inbred strains of mice.
Problem-Solving and Experiential Background Determinants of Test Performances in Mentally Retarded Subjects
Authors: Matthews Charles G.
Published: September 2011

In four diagnostic categories (Organic Brain-damaged, Psychiatric, Familial, Undifferentiated) of institutionalized retardates Ss were individually matched across the categories on age and Full Scale Wechsler-Bellevue IQ ( Ns = 16). Intergroup comparisons were made of performance on a battery of 26 psychological measures which were ranked on a continuum ranging from tests judged to be most dependent upon immediate problem-solving ability to tests judged most dependent upon experiential background for task success. The results showed that the Familial group performed significantly better than the other three categories on tests within the problem-solving half of the continuum, and that the Familial group performed significantly more poorly than the other three groups on measures within the experiential background half of the distribution. The differential diagnostic and group composition implications of the results were discussed in relation to previously reported studies involving similar groups.
Factorial Composition of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children at the Pre-School Level
Authors: Osborne R. T.
Published: September 2011

In order to estimate the dimensionality of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, factor analysis was applied to a 30 by 30 inter-correlation matrix of the WISC and four reference tests. The 10 standard WISC subtests, except Coding, were split into two, three, or four parts to yield as many variables as possible. Ss were 163 white pre-school children; mean age, 6 yr. 2 mo.; the mean full scale IQ, 103. Evidence is presented supporting nine statistically significant orthogonal dimensions. Not all factors are perfectly congruent with the subtest structure of the WISC. There is no factor for Object Assembly separate from Block Design, nor is there a factor for Coding and Digit Span apart from the other subtests. The results are not consistent with the report of relatively small subtest specificity for the WISC at the pre-school level. If these findings are supported by analytic studies in process and planned, the Wechsler may be a much richer source of information than previously supposed.
Chlordiazepoxide (Librium) and Acquiescent Response Set
Authors: Shaffer John W.
Published: September 2011

On the basis of clinical reports that chlordiazepoxide-treated Ss tend to become more tractable and cooperative, it was hypothesized that convalescing alcoholics treated with the drug would subsequently gain higher scores on a measure of acquiescent response set than would placebo-treated controls. The hypothesis was supported.
Preference for Signal-Shock vs Shock-Signal
Authors: Perkins Charles C. , Levis Donald J. , Seymann Richard
Published: September 2011

Sixteen rats were run in a tilt box for 11 hr. on each of three successive days, and then three more days with conditions reversed. On one side, Ss received 3 sec. light followed immediately by .5 sec. shock. On the other side, they received the same stimuli in reverse order. Six shocks were presented each half hour regardless of Ss' behavior. A reliable preference for signal-shock was acquired during pre-reversal training. There was some tendency for Ss to shift their preference to the new signal-shock side during reversal, but this did not differ reliably from chance at the end of the reversal training. The results are interpreted as supporting a preparatory response interpretation of classical conditioning and of the acquisition of observing responses in the absence of differential external reinforcement.
Effect of Hydroxylamine on Audiogenic Seizures in the Laboratory Rat
Authors: Griffiths William J.
Published: September 2011

A total of 31 inbred Wistar male albino rats was tested for incidence of sound-induced seizures. The animals were treated with hydroxylamine and retested for susceptibility to sound-induced fits 5 min., 1 hr., 5 hr., 15 hr., and 25 hr. following treatment. It was found that, although hydroxylamine had a significant effect on the pattern of seizure incidence in some animals, its action was variable and highly individualized.
Student Acceptance of Generalized Personality Interpretations
Authors: Ulrich Roger E. , Stachnik Thomas J. , Stainton N. Ransdell
Published: September 2011

Two groups of Ss were given personality tests and their interpretations, which were identical for each S. Ss were asked to rate the interpretations on a scale ranging from Excellent to Very Poor. They were also asked to make any additional comments which they felt appropriate. In the first group the tests and interpretations were given by a professional psychologist, whereas in the second they were given by students. In both the experiments a significant number of Ss rated the interpretation as good or excellent, but there was no difference in the ratings when given by a student or a psychologist. They also wrote comments containing praise for the examiner and indicated their complete acceptance of the interpretation. It is suggested that similar circumstances may occasionally exist in the actual counseling setting.
Effects of Bilateral Cortical Lesions on Bar-Pressing Behavior in the White Rat
Authors: Elder S. Thomas
Published: September 2011

It was shown that bilateral lesions in either the anterior or posterior neocortex are followed by partial disruption of a previously acquired food reinforced bar-pressing habit. The second experiment, which included a control posterior lesion group, revealed that small posterior lesions resulted in a similar performance decrement. In addition, Ss with bilateral lesions in both anterior and posterior areas exhibited approximately twice the reduction in bar-pressing rate as found in Ss with lesions in only one area. It was suggested that amount of tissue damage irrespective of the specific lesion site is perhaps the critical factor in determining postoperative rate at this stage.
Generality of Deviant Responses in Critical and Noncritical Areas of Behavior
Authors: Elder S. Thomas , Butler Joel R. , Adams Henry E.
Published: September 2011

In an examination of the internal consistency of the Deviation Hypothesis four hypotheses were advanced: (a) deviant responses whose response options were similar and developed on the same criterion group will correlate highly; (b) deviant responses whose response options were similar and developed on different criterion groups will have a moderate correlation; (c) deviant responses whose response options were not similar and developed on different criterion groups will have low or no significant correlations; (d) deviant responses whose response options were not similar but with identical criterion groups will have moderate correlations. Two tests, the Perceptual Reaction Test and the revised Adjective Check List were used. The first three hypotheses were supported, the last was not.
Effect of Reinforcement of the Negative Discriminandum in Differential Conditioning
Authors: Donovick Peter J. , Ross Leonard E.
Published: September 2011

The present investigation was concerned with the reduction of inhibition associated with the negative discriminandum in a single stimulus discrimination learning situation. In Phase I 33 female rats were trained on a black-white discrimination problem. In the second phase Ss were divided into three groups which received: (a) 100% reinforcement to both the old positive and negative discriminanda; (b) four trials per day to the old negative, 100% reward; (c) eight trials per day to the old negative, 100% reward. As in previous studies, which employed simultaneous discrimination learning conditions, speed to the old negative remained significantly below speed to the old positive in the second phase. However, unlike the previous results, the difference decreased over trials. No differences were found between the groups that had trials to the old negative cue only, or between these groups and either speed to the old positive or the old negative in the case of the group receiving reward on both cues.
Masculinity and Femininity: A Factor Analytic Study
Authors: Reece Michael M.
Published: September 2011

The concepts of typical masculinity and typical femininity (i.e., stereotypes), and also ideal masculinity and ideal femininity, were rated by 40 male and 40 female college students. The judgments were made by means of the Concept Meaning Measure, a semantic differential of masculinity and femininity, which was constructed on the basis of six hypothesized factors. Factor analysis of the results yielded two major factors, potency and social behavior, in each of the four concepts. The analysis of the stereotypes also resulted in five additional factors—activity, emotion, form, tactility, with another one, a residual, for masculinity and one, dependability, for femininity. The ideal concepts had six additional factors which were not as clearly delineated and suggest a more complex relationship than exists in the stereotypes. The obtained factors, in general, matched the factors which had been hypothesized, but the outstanding quality of the two major factors had not been predicted. The correspondence of the hypothesized and obtained factors was much more satisfactory for the stereotypes than for the ideal concepts. The relative importance of the various factors and the implications concerning social change were discussed.
An Empirical Comparison of Factor Scoring Methods
Authors: Moseley Edward C. , Klett C. James
Published: September 2011

Various procedures have been used to estimate factor scores and the present study empirically compared the differential effectiveness of factor scoring by unit weights, by fractional weights using the factor loading, and by fractional weights estimated by multiple regression. The results indicated that these methods of scoring factors are roughly equivalent insofar as the intercorrelations among factor scores or reliabilities are concerned. However, estimation of factor scoring weights by multiple regression was the best method for maintaining orthogonality among the factors and appeared more sensitive in detecting group differences when factor scores derived by this method were used as dependent variables.
Effect of Varied Magnitude of Reward on Runway Performance
Authors: Grimsley Douglas L. , McDonald Robert D.
Published: September 2011

Runway speed was investigated in 3 groups of water-deprived rats ( n = 14 per group) given one trial per day for 100 days. No statistically significant differences were found between Ss continuously receiving 0.8 cc (large reward group) or 0.1 cc (small reward group) of water and those given 0.8 cc and 0.1 cc (varied reward group) semirandomly. These data are not consistent with a position derived from a micromolar theory holding that continuous reinforcement training results in better performance than varied reinforcement training.
Saliency and Two Measures of Attitude
Authors: Nickols Shirley A. , Shaw Marvin E.
Published: September 2011

For high saliency groups Thurstone scales and the semantic differential are not equivalent measures; low correlations between scales are not readily accounted for by resrricted range. It is suggested that high saliency increases the tendency to express the attitude of the membership group, this being reflected differently on the two scales.
Reinforced and Non-Reinforced Four-Man Communication Nets
Authors: Lawson Edwin D.
Published: September 2011

Sixty four-man groups of Ss under six conditions (reinforced or non-reinforced; All-Channel, Wheel, or Circle nets) were each run in a single session with 20 simple problems to determine scores on performance and morale of the three types of net under non-reinforced and reinforced conditions. Results indicated in general that Wheel nets are learned the fastest and most efficiently, followed by All-Channel and Circle nets, thus confirming conclusions derived from other studies with five-man groups. Reinforcement appears substantially to improve performance for Ss in a Circle net but has insignificant effects for Wheel and All-Channel nets.
Hypnotizability, Suggestibility, and Personality: V. a Critical Review of Research Findings
Authors: Barber Theodore Xenophon
Published: September 2011

Studies designed to test the general hypothesis that individual differences in hypnotizability or suggestibility are related to differences among individuals in relatively enduring characteristics of personality are critically reviewed. A large number of studies using self-report inventories, projective tests, ratings, interviews, and other methods of personality assessment, failed to find reliable relationships between hypnotizability or suggestibility and traits of personality. A few investigators reported that hypnotizability or suggestibility is related to hysteria, neuroticism, extroversion, impunitiveness, tendency to repression, sociability, cooperativeness, and proneness to imaginative-fantasy experiences, but other investigators were unable to confirm these findings. The concluding section of the paper presents data to support the contention that individual differences in response to suggestions are more closely related to (1) differences among individuals in siruationally-variable characteristics such as relationship with E, attitudes toward the immediate test situation, and level of motivation with respect to performance on assigned tasks rather than to (2) differences among individuals in enduring and trans-situational characteristics of personality.
Questionnaire Scales Correlating with Factors of Hypnosis: A Preliminary Report
Authors: Evans Frederick J. , Thorn Wendy Fairfax
Published: September 2011

Three uncorrelated questionnaire scales were constructed, each of which correlated maximally with factor analytic dimensions of hypnotic performance previously reported by Hammer, Evans, and Bartlett (1963). Correlations between the everyday trance-like experiences questionnaire scales and the respective three uncorrelated dimensions of hypnosis, i.e., dissociation, imagery, and suggestibility, were .61, .65, and .38 ( N = 30). The results are considered tentative, and the study is being replicated. However, the methodological issues raised have important implications for research in hypnosis.
An Apparatus and Method for Rigorously Controlling Amount of Reward and Amount of Consummatory Activity
Authors: Mason Donald J.
Published: September 2011

This paper outlines shortcomings of studies using food pellets of varying size or number as a technique for quantifying and varying amount of reward and/or amount of consummatory activity. An apparatus, utilizing a “drinkometer” circuit in conjunction with a stepping relay, is described. It presents fluid incentives and yields a high degree of precision and control of various parameters of reward, including consummatory activity.
Cognitive Distortion
Authors: Dawes Robyn Mason
Published: September 2011

Cognitive distortion is classified as either overgeneralization (belief that a disjunctive relation is nested) or pseudo-discrimination (belief that a nested relation is disjunctive). The proposition that common forms of illogical reasoning are instances of overgeneralization is supported by an analysis of these forms. Two empirical propositions—that overgeneralization is more common than pseudo-discrimination and that overgeneralization should engender more confidence—were also investigated and supported. Ss were presented with newspaper-like stories about political and/or economic groups of people and were asked direct questions about the set relations between these groups; hence, Ss' errors could be classified as either overgeneralizations or pseudo-discriminations. Overgeneralization was more common and engendered greater confidence.
Correlated or Uncorrelated Measures of Related or Unrelated Constructs
Authors: Husek T. R.
Published: September 2011

Factor analysis is often used as an item analysis technique. In many cases orthogonal rotations are performed in an attempt to obtain uncorrelated factors, however, the estimates of the unrelated factors can be highly related. This issue is discussed and an example using data on the Semantic Differential is presented.
On the Addiction Research Center Inventory Scores of Former Addicts Receiving LSD and Untreated Schizophrenics
Authors: Haertzen C. A.
Published: September 2011

Thirteen untreated male schizophrenics were compared with more than 150 post-addicts under three conditions: no-drug, placebo, and 1.5 mcg/kg of LSD-25, using two LSD scales. On an LSD scale that is sensitive to more general drug effects schizophrenics were differentiated from addicts under a no-drug condition, but they were not differentiated from addicts who were given LSD. However, on a more specific LSD scale, addicts under LSD were differentiated from untreated schizophrenics as well as addicts under no-drug, placebo and six other drugs. It appears that there are similarities and differences between responses of schizophrenics and post-addicts to LSD.
Note: Emotionality after Mild, Chronic Stress as a Function of Infantile Handling
Authors: Bell Robert W.
Published: September 2011

Increased or decreased emotionality following mild, chronic stress was obtained as a function of handling rats at different ages during infancy.
The Nonmetric Multidimensional Approach Applied to Rank-Order Similarity Data
Authors: Mutalipassi Louis R. , Hanson Raphael M.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to apply the nonmetric multidimensional approach to the analysis of rank order similarity data. Ss were nine students at Long Beach State College. All were volunteers. Ss were given the task of rank ordering, on the basis of similarity, nine color chips which varied in saturation and brightness. The method developed by Coombs was applied to these data, and a comparison was made with the results of Torgerson's data which were obtained by the method of complete triads. The present study shows that these methods yield comparable results. Coombs' method was also employed in the analysis of the psychological space of individual Ss. In this case, the results are not so definitive. For some individuals, the analysis yielded results highly correlated with the Munsell system, whereas for others, it did not. Several possible explanations are discussed.
Philosophy Reconsidered
Authors: Feifel Herman
Published: September 2011

Psychology's attempt to pattern itself strictly after the model of the physical sciences does not provide for the necessary attention to areas involving the existential richness of human living. We have been too influenced by a philosophy of science whose concepts derive from methods of study rather than from the functioning of human life. Psychology needs to re-evaluate its philosophic heritage in the context of its generic ideal of science. This will enhance pertinent communication with the humanities and general body of human thought.
Comment on Scorer Reliability and Validity of the Kahn Test of Symbol Arrangement
Authors: Craddick Ray A.
Published: September 2011

Hedlund and Mills have investigated the scorer reliability and validity of the KTSA. On the basis of their work one cannot conclude that the KTSA lacks either scorer reliability or validity, since it is apparent that the individuals used as judges in the study varied from very skilled and experienced to poorly experienced persons. The studies do suggest strongly, however, that the KTSA should be considered a test requiring at least as intensive training and supervised experience as is given to other psychological tests such as the WAIS and the Rorschach.
Invariance of Eyeblink Conditioning over Conditions of Spatial Variability in a Visual CS
Authors: Goodrich Kenneth P.
Published: September 2011

This experiment examined the effect upon acquisition of the conditioned eyeblink of 4 conditions of variability in the location of a visual CS. Ss each received 60 reinforced trials under one of the CS conditions. The results showed no discernable effect of CS variability upon performance: Ss Treated the physically-different CS events as equivalent.
Differentiation of Response Characteristics during Multiple Fixed Ratio Extinction
Authors: Birch Jeremy D.
Published: September 2011

Multiple Fixed Ratio Extinction force and displacement data for lever pressing were obtained from a rhesus monkey restrained in a primate chair. Two basic behaviors were defined: responses, which were reinforced, and errors, which were not. When a Fixed Ratio 4 baseline was used and the reinforced force or displacement band was shifted, relative frequency force and displacement distributions shifted in the same direction. Under force-specific or displacement-specific reinforcement the number of errors preceding the first response of the fixed ratio was always larger than the number preceding any of the other responses. It appeared that S discriminated the response requirements, and that the procedure can be used to study such discrimination in detail.
Divisible Tasks and Pooling Performance in Groups
Authors: Olson Philip , Davis James H.
Published: September 2011

Groups and individual Ss worked on two problems which were a composite of simpler, self-contained sub-problems (phases) taken from the SCAT. If appropriately organized, groups could work on two or more sub-problems or phases simultaneously. The primary purpose of the study was to test the Lorge-Solomon Model B. Although a significantly higher proportion of groups than individuals solved Problem 2, the test problem, the Lorge-Solomon Model B over-predicted group performance. Model B was rejected as a description of group performance in this case, but when employed as a baseline, it suggested the presence of social restraint which was consistent with earlier research. A second objective was the evaluation of a modification of the Lorge-Solomon Models A and B to include individual differences. The modified models gave no better account of the data than the original models.
Leadership as Psychophysiological Activation of Group Members: A Case Experimental Study
Authors: Rudin S. A.
Published: September 2011

Two terms of five men each were studied under isolation conditions for 12 days in a spaceship mock-up. Measures were taken of their performance on a variety of perceptual, cognitive, and cooperative tasks; of their physiological status; and of their attitudes toward others. The results were interpreted as indicating that an aggressive, punishing leader pushed his followers to a higher level of physiological activation, leading to more efficiency on simple tasks but less on more complex ones, and to greater psychophysiological stress among the crew.
Identification Figures of Boys and Girls under Varying Degrees of Implied Stress
Authors: Bloomer Richard H.
Published: September 2011

The identification figures of 40 boys and 40 girls randomly selected from grades kindergarten through 12 were obtained from questions implying normal tension, social tension, and primitive survival tension. The identification figures were judged on 17 psychological variables. The resulting configurations indicated techniques used by children to adjust to society within society's prescribed limits. There were significant differences in problem-solution techniques between boys and girls as well as problem-solution differences associated with different degrees of stress.
Development and Evaluation of Equivalent Forms of the F Scale
Authors: Pflaum John
Published: September 2011

Two equivalent scales were developed to measure authoritarianism by adding to the original F Scale items additional items gathered from various sources. Form F-L and Form F-M were administered to 128 introductory psychology students. The original F Scale items correlated .93 with the new items. Forms F-L and F-M correlated .89. The results indicate that Forms F-L and F-M can be used interchangeably and measure the same attributes as the F Scale. The development of equivalent scales permits a more accurate assessment of attitude change.
Effect of Noncontingent Exposure to Shifts in Reward Magnitude on Subsequent Instrumental Runway Performance
Authors: Trapold Milton A. , Bell James E.
Published: September 2011

This experiment extends the paradigm of nonresponse acquisition and extinction studies to the case of shifts in reward magnitude. In each of two replications, rats were first trained to traverse a runway for a reward of either 1 or 8 food pellets. Subgroups then received a series of direct placements (DP) into the goalbox with either the same or the opposite reward magnitude to that received in acquisition. This was followed by another series of running trials on which all Ss now received the reward magnitude opposite to that received in acquisition. The results indicated that on the first post-DP trial, speeds were a function only of the reward magnitude received on DP trials. Over all test trials, however, a complex pattern emerged For Ss shifted from 1 to 8 pellets, DP with 8 pellets produced faster performance changes and permanently faster running than DP with 1 pellet. For Ss shifted from 8 to 1 pellet, one replication showed no difference between groups which had received 1- or 8-pellet DPs in the rate at which performance dropped, while in the other replication the group receiving 1-pellet DPs showed no performance decrease at all. The implications of these results for two-process theories of instrumental reward learning are discussed briefly.
Influence of Reward Experience and Contemporary Amount of Reward in a Y-Maze Problem
Authors: Cross Henry A. , Boyer William N. , Anderson Charles H.
Published: September 2011

Combined data were analyzed from 2 studies in which hooded rats received either high, low, or mixed amounts of reward in a linear maze prior to performance in a 4-unit multiple-Y maze. The three amount-of-reward groups, together with a no-experience control group, were subdivided into highland low-reward Ss during Y-maze training. Y-maze errors were not reliably related to the previous reward experience in the linear maze, but the second study did show the influence of the original experience on speed measures in the Y-maze. Errors and speed measures in the Y-maze were influenced by contemporary amount of reward.
Social Desirability Considerations in Separate Acquiescence Set and Content Scores
Authors: Boe Erling E.
Published: September 2011

The set score obtained by a procedure for computing separate set and content scores from self-descriptive responses to personality items was examined for confounding with the social desirability (SD) scale values of those items. Seven experimental scales of MMPI items were formed in which their SD characteristics were systematically varied. The set scores of 50 psychiatric patients on these scales were then computed. With one exception, the magnitudes and signs of the set scores obtained were predicted from SD considerations. The only evidence of a significant set score unconfounded with SD was found in a greater tendency to reject very socially undesirable items than to endorse very socially desirable items.
UCS Intensity and Number of CS-UCS Pairings as Determiners of Conditioned Fear r
Authors: Strouthes Andrew , Hamilton Hughbert C.
Published: September 2011

Thirty-six albino rats, 92 to 97 days old, were used to investigate some of the determiners of classically conditioned fear R. Three shock intensities, 0, 50, and 90 μamp., were paired with a 4-cps blinking light either 2, 6, or 12 times. The strength of the conditioned fear R was tested on 4 successive days at one trial/day and measured in terms of running speeds in an alley in which the CS was present as an obstruction. Following are the findings and conclusions: (a) The stronger the shock, within the limits of the experiment, the stronger the conditioned fear R. (b) Variations in the number of CS-UCS pairings did not yield significant differences. (c) The data strongly suggest that classically conditioned fear Rs extinguish rapidly. (d) Finally, the technique for measuring conditioned fear R strength proved to be very sensitive. It was indicated that its versatility might render it appropriate in studies of fear as well as other acquired drives.
Subtle and Obvious Response on the MMPI
Authors: Stone Leroy A.
Published: September 2011

The Wiener and Harmon subtle (S) and obvious (O) keys for five MMPI scales have been widely used in research and in clinical practice. Correlations between S/O ratios for the five scales were computed ( N = 100). A type of cluster analysis of these correlations suggested two types of S/O response balance. The S/O balance for the Ma scale appeared to be only slightly related to the S/O balance of the other four scales (which are themselves highly interrelated regarding S/O balance).
The Null Hypothesis in Rock's One-Trial Learning Experiments
Authors: Margoshes Adam
Published: September 2011

Wilson and Miller argue that good experimental design requires support of the experimental hypothesis by rejection of the null hypothesis. Their only examples of designs that support the experimental hypothesis by acceptance of the null hypothesis are the experiments of Rock and his colleagues in paired-associate learning. It is here argued that the provisional experimental hypothesis of Rock, et al. was incremental. Rejection of the null hypothesis would have led to support of the provisional experimental hypothesis. Thus, their design, despite surface appearances, was one of rejection-support, but their results forced them to accept the null hypothesis, which was unfavorable to incremental learning.
Effects of Non-Anticipation and Anticipation Procedures upon Paired-Associate Learning in Unmixed and Mixed List Designs
Authors: Reynolds James H.
Published: September 2011

Two experiments compared verbal PA learning by the standard anticipation technique with learning by a non-anticipation method in which immediate confirmation O- correct responding was eliminated. Most previous investigations have found that learning by the latter procedure is superior to learning by the usual anticipation method. In Exp. I, which employed an unmixed list design, no differences in learning were obtained between the two methods at either of two levels of list difficulty. However, Exp. II, using the same materials in a mixed list design, showed superior learning of items presented by the non-anticipation method regardless of the difficulty of the list. The conflicting results of the two experiments suggest that evidence for superior verbal PA learning by the non-anticipation method may depend, at least in part, upon the list design employed.
Drive Generalization
Authors: Dees James W. , Furchtgott Ernest
Published: September 2011

68 albino rats were trained in a T-maze to escape electric shock and 71 Ss were trained under food deprivation. After Ss had reached a criterion 35 Ss in the shock group were given one trial under food deprivation, while the other Ss in the group were tested while satiated. Similarly, 35 Ss in the food-deprivation group were satiated after having reached a criterion and tested under shock, while the other Ss in the group were tested satiated without shock. In the test trial, there were no differences between any of the groups in terms of preference for the originally trained arm.
Secondary Reinforcement and Stimulus Change
Authors: Vacher John M. , Shafer James N.
Published: September 2011

Forty-eight rats were tested in conditioning, extinction and spontaneous recovery with levels of response-produced light or no light across the factors. The results indicated that response-produced light is rewarding as a function of its novelty when presented during the test for spontaneous recovery. Light presented in extinction depressed responding in recovery, an effect which was inhibited when light was presented during conditioning.
Some Correlates of TV Medical Drama Viewing
Authors: Blumenfeld Warren S.
Published: September 2011

Student variables related to viewing were grade, sex, perceived length of physicians' education, and attitude toward physician; parent variables were breadwinner status, sex, political preference, perceived length of physicians' education, and attitude toward physician. Viewing was general.
Pupil Recall Populations: Size, Shape, and Selection for Peer-Rating Reference Frames
Authors: de Jung John E. , Edmonson Barbara
Published: September 2011

Lists of “all persons known” to them were obtained from 50 sixth grade pupils in combined class and take-home sessions. Approximately 13,000 names were recalled. Ratings of these recall persons on a social need succorance scale were subsequently obtained as were peer ratings using the Syracuse Scales of Social Relations. Examinations of the size and composition (adult—non-adult, same sex-opposite sex) and distribution of ratings given his recall persons revealed (a) a wide range in length of recall persons lists, (b) considerably greater listing of non-adult persons and of same sex persons, and (c) a predominance of excessively skewed patterns of ratings. Examination of the selection of recall persons for the Syracuse Scales reference frame revealed appropriate selections of referent persons for the extreme referent positions of “least” and “most” but an undesirably heavy inclusion of highest rated recalled persons in the more medium referent, positions. An r of .54 between the pupil's average rating made of all his recall persons and the average Syracuse Scales rating given his peers indicates that the general leniency (or lack of leniency) in the pupil's ratings given to his much larger recall group tends to extend to those Syracuse Scales ratings given to his peer group.
Operant Level, Awareness, and the Greenspoon Effect
Authors: Dean Sanford J. , Hiesinger Luise
Published: September 2011

Three groups of Ss were instructed to say words. For one group E said “mm-hmm” following each plural noun response. For a second group E delivered the reinforcement on a fixed random basis in the same proportion as the reinforced group. A third group received no reinforcement. On the basis of an intensive interview conducted following a brief extinction period, no S was found to be aware. No difference due to the reinforcement was found between any of the experimental groups. The relationship of the results to those of other recent studies and alternative explanations for findings of “learning without awareness” in earlier investigations were discussed.
“Information Use in a Choice Situation”: An Alternative Analysis
Authors: Frankmann Raymond W.
Published: September 2011

An alternative analysis is presented for a series of experiments (Hoffeld, 1962, 1963; Hoffeld & Kent, 1963) on information use in a choice situation. This analysis provides a simplified description of the data and suggests further lines of investigation.
Increasing Test Utility through Teacher-Identification of Criterion Components
Authors: Perloff Robert
Published: September 2011

A factor-analytically oriented method is proposed for increasing the utility of educational tests through an explicit identification of criterion components against which predictor elements might be evaluated. A hypothetical illustration is provided, along with a general step-by-step procedure for accomplishing the objectives specified.
Therapy for Today's Patients
Authors: Scott Edward M.
Published: September 2011

Many patients entering therapy today have defective and immature superegos. This must be recognized by the therapist and as a result techniques in therapy must be altered; specific techniques have been suggested in this article.
Comparison of EEG Changes in Learning and Overlearning of Nonsense Syllables
Authors: Thompson Larry W. , Thompson Vaida D.
Published: September 2011

A comparison between EEG changes occurring during learning and overlearning of nonsense syllables was made, with emphasis on activity related to occasional errors of well-learned material. Seventeen college students learned 12 nonsense syllables by the serial anticipation method, followed by 20 trials of overlearning. EEGs were recorded simultaneously and analyzed by a Burch Period Analyzer. Increased fast and decreased alpha activity were observed during learning. During overlearning, tracings returned toward control levels. Activity associated with errors during overlearning showed a marked increase in fast and decrease in alpha comparable to the changes noted in earlier stages of learning. The data are discussed in terms of the functional significance of the reticular system.
MMPI and Demographic Correlates of Post-Hospital Adjustment in Neuropsychiatric Patients
Authors: Forsyth Ralph P.
Published: September 2011

Data from life histories, hospital treatment variables, and scores on pre- and post-treatment MMPIs from 96 hospitalized neuropsychiatric Veterans Administration patients were correlated with criterion scores composed of three post-treatment adjustmental ratings. The patients comprised three different patient groupings: non-psychotic, acute psychotic, and chronic psychotic populations, each of which had a highly different base rate of post-hospital “adjustment.” Each of these patient groups was examined independently and different prognostic indices were found for each patient group. It was suggested that the identification and experimental treatment of small psychologically homogeneous groups is necessary to evaluate treatments.
Runway Behavior of Lizards to Heat and Light Reinforcement
Authors: Alkov Robert A. , Crawford F. T.
Published: September 2011

Four groups of the common iguana ( Iguana iguana) were trained in a 6-ft. runway. All groups were run in a cool, darkened room. Groups I, II, III, and IV received light, heat, heat and light, and neither heat nor light, respectively, as the goal box condition. All groups, except Group IV, demonstrated runway acquisition. The groups were then given extinction training during which the goal box condition was that of neither heat nor light. Although no significant differences were found, resistance to extinction was greatest in Groups I, II, and III, respectively, with the performance of Group IV unchanged.
Stimulus Availability and Backward Association: Meaning, Frequency, and Associative Bond Strength
Authors: Weiss Ethel
Published: September 2011

It was found that increasing stimulus availability by manipulating stimulus meaning and frequency, increased the manifestations of backward association (Exp. I). In Exp. II, to determine whether increased stimulus availability increased backward association as a performance phenomenon or whether the backward associative bond was actually strengthened, results were indeterminate because over-all interference effects were obtained. It was concluded that stimulus availability was only one contributor to backward association and must be considered in relation to the strength of the forward associative bond, method of test, and test-list context.
Effect of Intertrial Interval on Avoidance Learning in Rats Trained under Bilateral Spreading Depression
Authors: Thompson Richard W.
Published: September 2011

Groups of 10 rats were given one-way avoidance training under bilateral spreading depression (BSD) or Sham BSD (control) with ITIs of 30, 60, 120, or 240 sec.; shock side confinement was held constant at 20 sec. Results indicated BSD Ss were inferior to Sham BSD Ss; there was a significant ITI effect, the short ITIs resulting in slower learning.
Psychopathy, Fear Arousal and Anticipated Pain
Authors: Hare Robert D.
Published: September 2011

The MMPI Pd scale was used to separate Ss into High and Low Pd groups of 10 Ss each. Skin resistance was recorded while the numbers 1 to 12 were consecutively presented on a memory drum, with Ss having been previously informed that an electric shock would be received when 8 appeared. The results indicated that as shock became imminent, the increase in conductance was greater, more rapid, and began earlier for the Low Pd Ss than for the High Pd ones. The results were related to the clinical observation that the psychopathic person is relatively unaffected by the threat of punishment.
Relations between Intelligence and Sociometric Status in Groups Differing in Sex and Socio-Economic Background
Authors: Roff Merrill , Sells S. B.
Published: September 2011

Both sociometric scores and scores on the Lorge-Thorndike Intelligence Test were available for all fourth grade classes, containing a total of 2,800 children, in one city. The schools were classified into quartiles on SES, making use of a combination of adult income and education from the 1960 census values. At each of these four SES levels, the group of high boys and high girls defined as those with sociometric scores one SD or more above the mean, were compared in IQ with the low boys and low girls, defined as those with sociometric scores one SD or more below the mean. The difference between the high and low groups at different SES levels ranged from 11.5 to 22.1 IQ points with all but three values falling between 15 and 20 points. There was no consistent trend for the difference in IQ between high and low girls or boys to be greater at one level than another.
Anxiety, Physical Attractiveness, and Likeability of Personality in Mental Retardates
Authors: Churchill Lindsey , Dingman Harvey F.
Published: September 2011

The hypothesis that female admissions to a hospital for the mentally retarded should be more deviant among females in general (on factors other than IQ) than male admissions are among males in general is studied in more detail. Cross-classifying the sample by sex and IQ, the hypothesis is generally supported for manifest anxiety and physical attractiveness but not for likeability of personality. Some speculative comments are made about the two empirical failures to follow the hypothesis.
WAIS Error Types in Schizophrenics and Organics
Authors: Watson Charles G.
Published: September 2011

The differences in the frequencies with which four WAIS error types appeared in the protocols of hospitalized schizophrenic and brain-damaged patients were analyzed at two length-of-hospitalization levels. At the low-hospitalization level, Inadequate Attempts were more frequent among organics while No Attempts were more common to schizophrenics. However, there were no differences at the high-hospitalization level. The hospitalization length-diagnosis interaction made the usefulness of the error types as convenient diagnostic tools questionable. Several theoretical implications were considered.
Objective Measures of Thinking Integrated with Psychiatric Symptoms
Authors: Craig W. J.
Published: September 2011

Considering (1) overinclusion to be related to symptoms of paranoia, delusions, thought-disorder, and ideas of reference, and (2) retardation of speed to be related to depression and slowness, scores for 66 patients were examined on 11 tests of these dimensions. Thirty-eight variables in rotated principal components gave these factors: (a) overinclusion, (b) poor concept formation, and (c) conceptual retardation. The overinclusion hypothesis was confirmed except for ideas of reference. Overinclusion and retardation defined as symptom entities provided better differentiation on factor scores than did the diagnoses of schizophrenia and depression. It was proposed that generalization and mental speed have a curvilinear relationship in which the extremes are directly related to symptoms of disordered thinking and depression.
Test-Retest Stability of the MMPI Scales
Authors: Stone Le Roy A.
Published: September 2011

First and second admission MMPI records of 55 male psychiatric patients were examined in order to determine the test-retest stabilities for the popular MMPI scales. Over half of the stability coefficients were above .60. No significant differences were observed between test and retest MMPI scale means.
Search for an Effect of Satiation on Delayed Matching-To-Sample Performance
Authors: Cumming William W. , Berryman Robert , Nevin John A.
Published: September 2011

A study was made of the effects of satiation on the quality of a well-established delayed matching-to-sample performance. Drive levels were manipulated by (1) allowing Ss (3 white Carneaux pigeons) to run to satiation in prolonged sessions and (2) prefeeding Ss 10% of their working weights 2 hr. before the experimental sessions. Performance at low drive levels shows no decrements compared with that under control (high drive) conditions and may even be improved at long delays.