bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A hybrid model for mapping simplified seismic response via a GIS-metamodel approach
Authors: Grelle G. , Bonito L. , Revellino P. , Guerriero L. , Guadagno F. M.
Published: February 2014

Abstract. An hybrid model, consisting of GIS and metamodel (model of model) procedures, was introduced with the aim of estimating the 1-D spatial seismic site response. Inputs and outputs are provided and processed by means of an appropriate GIS model, named GIS Cubic Model (GCM). This discretizes the seismic underground half-space in a pseudo-tridimensional way. GCM consists of a layered parametric structure aimed at resolving a predicted metamodel by means of pixel to pixel vertical computing. The metamodel leading to the determination of a bilinear-polynomial function is able to design the classic shape of the spectral acceleration response in relation to the main physical parameters that characterize the spectrum itself. The main physical parameters consist of (i) the average shear wave velocity of the shallow layer, (ii) the fundamental period and, (iii) the period where the spatial spectral response is required. The metamodel is calibrated on theoretical spectral accelerations regarding the local likely Vs-profiles, which are obtained using the Monte Carlo simulation technique on the basis of the GCM information. Therefore, via the GCM structure and the metamodel, the hybrid model provides maps of normalized acceleration response spectra. The hybrid model was applied and tested on the built-up area of the San Giorgio del Sannio village, located in a high-risk seismic zone of Southern Italy.
Stability-Indicating Methods for the Determination of Erdosteine in the Presence of its Acid Degradation Products
Authors: Moustafa Nadia M , Badawey Amr M , Lamie Nesrine T , Abd El-Aleem Abd El-Aziz B
Published: February 2014

Four accurate, sensitive, and reproducible stability-indicating methods for the determination of erdosteine in the presence of its acid degradation products are presented. The first method involves processing the spectra by using a first-derivative method at 229 nm in a concentration range of 10–70 μg/mL. The mean percentage recovery was 100.43 ± 0.977. The second method is based on ratio-spectra first derivative spectrophotometry at 227.4 and 255 nm over a concentration range of 10–70 μg/mL. The mean percentage recovery was 99.65 ± 1.122% and 100.02 ± 1.306% at 227.4 and 255 nm, respectively. The third method utilizes quantitative densitometric evaluation of the TLC of erdosteine in the presence of its acid degradation products, and uses methanol–chloroform–ammonia (7 + 3 + 0.01, v/v/v) asthe mobile phase. TLC chromatograms were scanned at235 nm. This method analyzes erdosteine in a concentration range of 2.4–5.6 μg/spot, with a mean percentage recovery of 100.03 ± 1.015%. The fourth method is HPLC for the simultaneousdetermination of erdosteine in the presence of its acid degradation products. The mobile phase consists of water–methanol (65 + 35, v/v). The standard curve of erdosteine showed good linearity overa concentration range of 10–80 μg/mL,with a mean percentage recovery of 99.90 ± 1.207%. These methods were successfully applied to the determination of erdosteine in bulk powder, laboratory-prepared mixtures containing different percentages of the degradation products, and pharmaceutical dosage forms. The validity of results was assessed by applying the standard addition technique. The results obtained agreed statistically with those obtained by a reported method, showing no significant differences with respect to accuracy and precision.
Different Techniques for the Determination of Tofisopam
Authors: Ramadan Nesrin K , Mohamed Afaf O , Fouad Roaida M , Moustafa Azza A
Published: February 2014

Five simple and sensitive methods were developed for the determination of tofisopam (TF). The first four are stability-indicating depending on the determination of TF in the presence of its degradation product, while the fifth depended on thedetermination of TF via its degradation product. Method A was based on first and second derivativespectrophotometry, 1D and 2D, measuring the amplitude at 298 and 332 nm in the case of 1D and at 312 and 344 nm inthe case of 2D. Method B depended on measuring the peak amplitude of the first derivative of the ratio spectra 1DD at 336 nm.Method C was based on difference spectrophotometry by measuring ΔA at 366 nm. Method D was a TLC method using silica gel 60 F254 plates, the optimized mobile phase ethyl acetate–methanol–ammonium hydroxide 10% (8.5 + 1.0 + 0.5, v/v/v), and quantification by densitometric scanning at 315 nm. In method E, spectrofluorometry was applied for the determination ofTF via its degradation product; maximum emissionwas 383 nm when excitation was 295 nm. Linearitieswere obtained in the concentration range 2–20 μg/mL for methods A, B, and C and 2–20 μg/band and 0.2–1.6 μg/mL for D and E, respectively. In method A, themean recoveries were 99.45 ± 0.287 and 100.28 ± 0.277% at 298 and 332 nm, respectively, in the case of 1D and 99.40 ± 0.245% and 99.50 ± 0.292% at 312 and 344 nm, respectively in the case of 2D. The mean recovery was 100.03 ± 0.523% at 366 nm in method B. Method C showed mean recoveryof 100.20 ± 0.642%. Recoveries for methodsDand E were 98.98 ± 0.721 and 100.25 ± 0.282%, respectively. The degradation product was obtained in acidic stress condition, separated, and identified by IR and mass spectral analysis, from which the degradation product was confirmed and the degradation pathway was suggested. Thefirst four methods were specific for TF in the presence of different concentrations of its degradation product. The five proposed methods were successfully applied for the determination of TF inNodeprine tablets. Statistical comparison among theresults obtained by these methods and that obtained by the official method for the determination of the drug was made, and no significant differences were found.
Novel Cd(II) Ion Imprinted Polymer Coated on Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes as a Highly Selective Sorbent for Cadmium Determination in Food Samples
Authors: Aboufazeli Forouzan , Zhad Hamid Reza Lotfi Zadeh , Sadeghi Omid , Karimi Mohammad , Najafi Ezzatollah
Published: February 2014

The application of a novel Cd(II) ion imprinted polymer coated on multiwall carbon nanotubes was investigated for preconcentration and determination of low levels of Cd ions. This novel sorbentwas characterized by scanning electron microscopy, thermal gravimetric/differential thermal analysis, elemental analysis, and FTIR spectrometry. Effects of various factors, such as pH of the sample solution, eluent (type, concentration, and volume), and flow rates of the sample and eluent, were evaluated in this study. To investigate the selectivity of the sorbent toward Cd(II) ions, the effects of a variety of ions on preconcentration and recovery of Cd(II) ions were investigated. TheLOD was 1.3 ng/mL; the recovery and RSD of the method were 96.4% and below 3.1%, respectively. Validation of the method was performed by analyzing some standard reference materials with certified Cd(II) concentrations. Finally, the sorbent was applied for separation and determination of Cd(II)ions in food samples.
Determination of Trace Inorganic Mercury Species in Water Samples by Cloud Point Extraction and UV-Vis Spectrophotometry
Authors: Ulusoy Halil İbrahim
Published: February 2014

A new micelle-mediated extraction method was developed for preconcentration of ultratrace Hg(II) ions prior to spectrophotometric determination.2-(2′-Thiazolylazo)-p-cresol (TAC) and Ponpe 7.5 were used as the chelating agent and nonionic surfactant, respectively. Hg(II) ions form a hydrophobic complex with TAC in a micelle medium. The main factors affecting cloud point extraction efficiency, such as pH of the medium, concentrations of TAC and Ponpe 7.5, and equilibration temperature and time, were investigated in detail. An overall preconcentration factor of 33.3 was obtained upon preconcentration of a50 mL sample. The LOD obtained under the optimal conditions was 0.86 μg/L, and the RSD for five replicate measurements of 100 μg/L Hg(II) was 3.12%. The method was successfully applied to the determination of Hg in environmental water samples.
New HPLC and Fluorometric Methods for the Determination of Pyriproxyfen and Pyridalyl Insecticide Residues in Tomatoes
Authors: Farouk Maha , Hussein Lobna A , El Azab Noha F
Published: February 2014

Two sensitive, selective, and precise methods for the determination of pyriproxyfen and pyridalyl insecticide residues in tomatoes have been developed. The first method is HPLC with UV detection in which pyriproxyfen and pyridalyl were extracted with ethyl acetate and acetone, respectively, followed by cleanup using column chromatography. The recoveries ranged from 86.03 to 94.55 for pyriproxyfen and 95.08 to 99.38% for pyridalyl in tomato samples. The LOD of the method was 0.217 ppmfor pyriproxyfen and 0.1866 ppm for pyridalyl. The second method depends on direct fluorometric determination of pyriproxyfen and pyridalyl in acetic and sulfuric acid at excitation and emissionwavelengths of 320 and 646 nm, respectively. The recoveries of pyriproxyfen and pyridalyl in tomato samples ranged from 88 to 98% and 86 to 93%, respectively. The LOD of the method was 0.146 ppm forpyriproxyfen and 0.078 ppm for pyridalyl.Both methods were applied successfully to determine residues and rate of disappearance of pyriproxyfen andpyridalyl from tomatoes.
Variations in the Contents of Gingerols and Chromatographic Fingerprints of Ginger Root Extracts Prepared by Different Preparation Methods
Authors: Liu Mei , Xia Xinhua , Chou Guixin , Liu Dong , Zuberi Aamir , Ye Jianping , Liu Zhijun
Published: February 2014

In the present study, an HPLC-DAD method was optimized for the quantitative determination of 6-gingerol, 6-shogaol, 8-gingerol, and 10-gingerol in gingerextracts. A chromatographic fingerprinting method was also established to differentiate and evaluate theginger extracts for bioactivity. Twenty-one extractswere prepared by methods differing in ginger type (fresh versus dried), solvent, and extraction methods.The ANOVA analysis showed the methods' influence on the mean extraction yields of gingerols increased inthe order of: high pressure-high temperature (HP)>blender (BD)>low pressure (LP). The optimal solvent to extract gingerols was found to be 95% ethanol. The type of ginger used had significant effects onthe content of gingerols, but its overall influence depended on the solvent used. In order to maximize the extraction efficiency of gingerols, a combinationof dry ginger, 95% ethanol, and the HPextraction method should be employed. The chromatographic fingerprints were obtained to differentiate the unknown components from all ginger extracts. The similarity of the chromatographic fingerprints was used to evaluatethe differences among all extracts. It can be concluded that the chromatographic fingerprints are able to ensure the stability of each extract and have somecorrelation with the observed bioactivity.
A Statistical Model for Assessing Performance Standards for Quantitative and Semiquantitative Disinfectant Test Methods
Authors: Parker Albert E , Hamilton Martin A , Tomasino Stephen F
Published: February 2014

A performance standard for a disinfectant test method can be evaluated by quantifying the (Type I) pass-error rate for ineffective products and the (TypeII) fail-error rate for highly effective products. This paper shows how to calculate these error rates for test methods where the log reduction in a microbial population is used as a measure of antimicrobial efficacy. The calculations can be used to assess performance standards that may require multiple tests of multiple microbes at multiple laboratories. Notably, the error rates account for among-laboratory variance of the log reductions estimated from a multilaboratory data set and the correlation among tests of different microbes conducted in the same laboratory.Performance standards that require that a disinfectant product pass all tests or multiple tests on average, are considered. The proposed statistical methodology is flexible and allows for a different acceptable outcome for each microbe tested, since, for example, variability may be different for different microbes. The approach can also be applied to semiquantitative methods for which product efficacy is reportedas the number of positive carriers out of a treated set and the density of the microbes on control carriers is quantified, thereby allowing a log reduction to be calculated. Therefore, using the approach described in this paper, the error rates can also be calculated for semiquantitative method performance standards specified solely in terms of the maximum allowable number of positive carriers per test. The calculations are demonstrated in a case study of the current performance standard for the semiquantitative AOAC Use-Dilution Methods for Pseudomonas aeruginosa (964.02) and Staphylococcus aureus (955.15), which allow up to one positive carrier out of a set of 60 inoculated and treated carriers in each test. A simulation study was also conducted to verify the validity of the model's assumptions and accuracy. Our approach, easily implemented using the computer code provided, offers a quantitative decision-making tool for assessing a performance standard for any disinfectant test method for which log reductions can be calculated.
Use of Statistical Modeling to Reassess the Performance Standard for the AOAC Use-Dilution Methods (955.15 and 964.02)
Authors: Tomasino Stephen F , Parker Albert E , Hamilton Martin A
Published: February 2014

The AOAC Use-dilution methods (UDM) 955.15 (Staphylococcus aureus) and 964.02 (Pseudomonas aeruginosa) are laboratory methods used to substantiate antimicrobial efficacy claims for liquid disinfectants on inanimate surfaces. The UDM is accepted by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency for the purpose of product registration. To attain a hospital-level claim, testing against S. aureus and P. aeruginosa is required, and the product must pass against both microbes. Currently, the UDM's performance standard for a single 60-carrier test is the same for both microbes, and allows up to one positive carrier for the product to be considered as a pass. In this paper, the performance standards for these methods are reassessed using data from a 2009 five-laboratory collaborative study and a recently published statistical model. The reassessment focuses on the pass-error rate for ineffective products and the fail-error rate for highly effective products. The calculations indicate that the pass-error rate is between 9 and 24% and the fail-error rate between 18 and 23%when the current performance standard is used for a single test. For product registration, a smaller pass-error rate (1%) historically has been maintained by requiring that a disinfectant pass three UDM testsfor each of the two microbes; however, the calculations also indicate that the fail-error rate is between 42 and 45%. This large fail-error rate is a compelling reason to consider a new performance standard for the two UDM methods, 955.15 (S. aureus) and 964.02 (P. aeruginosa).One alternative performance standard allows no more than six positive carriers out of 60 as a pass when using P. aeruginosa and no more than three positive carriers out of 60 when using S. aureus. In addition, the new performance standard requires that three UDM tests be performed with each of the two microbes, and the disinfectant must pass all six tests to be considered efficacious. The statistical calculations for this alternative performance standard indicate that the pass-error rate is no more than 3%, while the fail-error rateis as small as 5%. Based on these error rate calculations, proposed revisions to the performance standards for AOAC Methods 955.15 and 964.02 are provided.
Experimental Design in Analytical Chemistry—Part II: Applications
Authors: Ebrahimi-Najafabadi Heshmatollah , Leardi Riccardo , Jalali-Heravi Mehdi
Published: February 2014

This paper reviews the applications of experimental design to optimize some analytical chemistry techniques such as extraction, chromatography separation, capillary electrophoresis, spectroscopy, and electroanalytical methods.
ON SOME VARIATION IN THE USE OF DISCOURSE MARKERS BY CZECH AND GERMAN STUDENTS OF ENGLISH
Authors: Povolná Renata
Published: February 2014

Since recent studies on academic English have shown considerable cross-cultural variation in texts written by non-native speakers (Clyne 1987, Ventola & Mauranen 1991, Čmejrková & Daneš 1997, Duszak 1997, Chamonikolasová 2005, Stašková 2005, Mur- Dueňas 2008, Wagner 2011, Dontcheva-Navratilova 2012, Povolná 2012), the paper investigates a corpus of diploma theses written by Czech and German students of English with the aim of fi nding out how novice non-native writers from different discourse communities (Swales 2004) use causal and contrastive discourse markers (DMs) associated with hypotactic and paratactic relations in order to build coherence relations (Taboada 2006) in academic texts. In addition, the author attempts to fi nd out whether there is any variation in the preferences of novice writers depending on the different fi elds of study, i.e. diploma theses written in the areas of linguistics and methodology, and whether the use of selected DMs by Czech and German students differs from the writing habits of native speakers of English.
DISCOURSE MARKERS IN TRANSLATING: CO-OCCURRENCE WITH EXPRESSIONS OF AGREEMENT AND DISAGREEMENT
Authors: Válková Silvie
Published: February 2014

The present paper is based on a wider research study (Válková 2012) aimed at language means used to regulate discourse, or, more specifi cally, signposting the discourse and creating “some space for social interaction” (Povolná 2005: 49). In my view, discourse markers (henceforth DMs) fall under the heading of interpersonal signposts, which are to be distinguished from textual signposts that give the interpretative clues to various textshaping processes (cf. Figure 1 below). The study demonstrates the possibilities of using parallel English-Czech and Czech-English corpora to reveal quantitative differences in the ways the chosen English DMs co-occur with expressions of agreement and disagreement (narrowed in this analysis to yes and no) and gives evidence of the qualitative preferences of Czech equivalents along the syntagmatic axis.
Liquidity Risk Regulation
Authors: Gongol Tomáš , Vodová Pavla
Published: February 2014

One of the key characteristics of the global financial crisis was the inaccurate and ineffective liquidity risk management. As usual after the crisis, some thoughts about the need for more appropriate liquidity risk regulation emerged. The aim of this paper is therefore to characterize the development of liquidity risk regulation. First part of the paper characterizes reasons for liquidity risk regulation. The second section describes the liquidity risk regulation before the financial crisis. Then we focus on the current level of legislation in the Visegrad Countries and also on prepared changes which will arise from the Basel III rules
Factors Affecting Taxpayers’ Decisions in Saving Tax by Investing in Tax Saving Bonds: A Study in U.P. State, India
Authors: Kumar Manoj , Anand Vikas
Published: February 2014

While enabling oneself eligible for deduction from the partial or total tax liabilities, choosing the best investment is one of the most important decisions a taxpayer in India can make. One of the alternative investment avenues, tax saving bonds in India is considered as an option to serve any investor with two purposes
Names are Thicker than Blood
Authors: Moutu Andrew
Published: February 2014

This book is an ethnographic study of kinship and the nature and behaviour of ownership amongst the much-studied Sepik River Iatmul people. Until very recently, anthropology has remained a Western analytical project for understanding and conceptualising non-Western societies, and was often geared towards the pragmatics of colonial and post-colonial interest. In the spirit of social science, it has formulated a rigorous method of research and a specialised language of description and analysis. Embedded within this approach are metaphysical assumptions about the nature of human society, culture, history, and so forth. This book provides the vantage point from which to rethink anthropology's central assumption about social relations by focusing on the way in which they are assumed and prefigured in the methodological approach in data gathering and in subsequent theorisation. It presents an ethnographic study of the nature of personhood, name and marriage systems, gender, understandings of kinship, and concomitant issues of ownership amongst the Sepik River Iatmul people, a people well known and of enduring importance to anthropology on either side of the Atlantic and in Australasia.
Being and Becoming Kachin
Authors: Sadan Mandy
Published: February 2014

Since independence in 1948, Burma has suffered from many internal conflicts. One of the longest of these has been in the Kachin State, in the north of the country where Burma has borders with India to the west and China to the east. This book explores the origins of the armed movement that started in 1961 and considers why it has continued for so long. The book places the problems that have led to hostilities between the political heartland of Burma and one of its most important peripheries in a longer perspective than usual. It explains how the experience of globalisation and international geopolitics from the late eighteenth century onwards produced the local politics of exclusion and resistance. It also uses detailed ethnographic research to explore the social and cultural dynamics of Kachin ethno-nationalism, providing a rich analysis that goes beyond the purely political. This analysis also provides new insights on the work of Edmund Leach and recent representations of Zomia proposed by James C. Scott. The research draws upon an extensive range of sources, including archival materials in Jinghpaw and an extensive study of ritual and ritual language. Making a wide variety of cross-disciplinary observations, it explains in depth and breadth how a region such as the Kachin State came into being. When combined with detailed local insights into how these experiences contributed to the historical development of modern Kachin ethno-nationalism, the book encourages new ways of thinking about the Kachin region and its history of armed resistance.
Association between Visceral Fat and Body Mass Index in Patients with Cirrhosis
Authors: Kenichiro Yasutake  , Motoyuki Kohjima  , Yusuke Murata  , Manabu Nakashima  , Makoto Nakamuta  , Munechika Enjoji
Published: February 2014

Obesity has recently become a critical problem in patients with cirrhosis in Japan; however, its true prevalence and prognosis remain poorly understood. In this study, we investigated abdominal fat areas, including subcutaneous and visceral fat areas (VFA), in 49 cirrhotic patients and analyzed the association between VFA and body mass index (BMI). Fat areas were examined by computed tomography. Patients were classified as somatometric obesity and visceral obesity based on their BMI (cut-off value: 25 kg/m2) and VFA (cut-off value: 100 cm2), respectively. The mean BMI was 23.5±3.3 kg/m2 (<25 kg/m2, 35 cases; 25 kg/m2, 14 cases) and mean VFA was 108.5±118.8 cm2 (<100 cm2, 25 cases; 100 cm2, 24 cases). Thirteen out of 14 patients with BMI 25 kg/m2 had a VFA 100 cm2, and 11 of 35 patients with BMI <25 kg/m2 had a VFA 100 cm2. Thus, almost half of the cirrhotic patients in this study had visceral obesity, including a high proportion of patients with BMI <25 kg/m2. These results suggest that visceral obesity, as well as BMI, should be considered in patients with cirrhosis, and individual nutritive management regimes should be designed according to the results.
Effect of Fermentation Process on Ashgourd Juice
Authors: C.S. Devaki  , K.S. Premavalli
Published: February 2014

Ashgourd (Benincasa hispida) is valued for its nutritive and medicinal properties and further value addition is being attempted by fermentation process. In the present study, effect of fermentation was studied by using ashgourd as a substrate for nutrients and flavour components formation. Ashgourd fermented beverage was developed by using commercially available wet yeast and the changes in vitamins profile and flavouring compounds were evaluated after the fermentation process and it was compared with the raw ashgourd juice. Fermentation showed positive response indicating that, thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, pyridoxine and vitamin C were increased by 76µg, 7µg, 171µg, 459µg and 1.5mg respectively per 100 ml of the beverage in comparison to fresh juice. Fermentation showed many flavour components development in comparison to raw ashgourd juice and the fermentation process had a positive response on volatile component formation. Therefore fermentation improved the formation of nutritional and flavour components.
Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Activities of Skins and Seeds of Foreign and Iranian Grapes
Authors: Neshati  , F. Rahmani  , H. Doulati-Baneh
Published: February 2014

Grape skins and seeds are sources of phenolic compounds that contribute to the sensory characteristics and beneficial bioactivity of wines and other processed foods. Grape seed and skin extracts from foreign, wild and Iranian cultivars were assayed for their antioxidant properties and phenolic compositions. Finally, the results were compared with those of Vitis vinifera cv. Muscat of Alexandria and V.labrusca. Among the skins of grape cultivars analyzed, those of Lalsiyah contained the highest amount of total phenolics (1067.5 mg 100g-1 gallic acid equivalent of fresh weight) and antiradical activities (0.79 m mol g-1 trolox equivalent of fresh weight). In contrast, Dedeskiramfi contained highest amount of seed total phenolics (2277.3 mg 100 g-1 GAE of fresh weight). The phenolic content of different grapes depends mainly on the grape skin color. The total phenolic content of W8 and W11 with white skins was significantly different from grapes with dark skins. Lalsiyah skin contained the highest amount of total flavonoid, total anthocyanins content, total procyanidin monomers and antiradical activity. Since, total phenolic content is an index of potent antioxidant capability; Lalsiyah will be good resource of antioxidant in food and pharmaceutical industries.
Controlled vocabularies and tags: An analysis of research methods
Authors: Kipp Margaret E. I.
Published: February 2014

Social tagging has become increasingly common and is now often found in library catalogues or at least on library websites and blogs. Tags have been compared to controlled vocabulary indexing terms and have been suggested as replacements or enhancements for traditional indexing. This paper explored tagging and controlled vocabulary studies in the context of earlier studies examining title keywords, author keywords and user indexing and applied these results to a set of bibliographic records from PubMed which are also tagged on CiteULike. Preliminary results show that author and title keywords and tags are more similar to each other than to subject headings, though some user or author supplied terms do match subject headings exactly. Author keywords tend to be more specific than the other terms and could serve an additional distinguishing function when browsing.
See-also relationships in the Dewey Decimal Classification
Authors: Green Rebecca
Published: February 2014

This paper investigates the semantics of topical, associative see-also relationships in schedule and table entries of the Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC) system. Based on the see-also relationships in a random sample of 100 classes containing one or more of these relationships, a semi-structured inventory of sources of see-also relationships is generated, of which the most important are lexical
similarity, complementarity, facet difference, and relational configuration difference. The premise that see-also relationships based on lexical similarity may be language-specific is briefly examined. The paper concludes with recommendations on the continued use of see-also relationships in the DDC.
Teaching bibliographic classification In The 21st Century
Authors: Hudon Michele
Published: February 2014

Cataloguing and classification were at the core of the first librarian training programs In 2011, LIS educators continue to believe in the importance of teaching the basics of the classification process to all future information professionals. Information on classification instruction was collected through a survey of instructors in ALA-accredited LIS masters’ programs. The survey was structured around issues touching several dimensions of any teaching endeavour, with an emphasis on the tools used to help students develop several types of skills involved in the classification process. This article presents quantitative data provided by respondents representing 31 distinct LIS masters’ programs. We hope it can be used as foundation to pursue the examination of classification instruction in an ever changing information world.
Organization under digital inversion: A theory for cooperative librarian organizing practices for online textual artifacts
Authors: MacCall Steven L.
Published: February 2014

Theories can provide frameworks with which to construct models for cooperative professional practices. The knowledge organization theorizing of Cutter, Dewey and others leading up to and following the 1876 first meeting of the American Library Association set this precedent for over 130 years of professional librarianship. With the relatively recent advent of the possibility for publishing texts online, librarians are potentially at another epochal time when basic theoretical frameworks for cooperative professional practice are due for re-examination and possible wholesale changes. This paper provides a preliminary theoretical investigation of a framework, digital inversion theory, for thinking about possible the cooperative knowledge organization practices for the existing network of librarians.
Biases in knowledge representation: an analysis of the feminine domain in Brazilian indexing languages
Authors: Milani Sullen Oliveira
Published: February 2014

The process of knowledge representation, as well as its tools and resulting products are not neutral but permeated by moral values. This scenario gives rise to problems of biases in representation, such as gender issues, dichotomy categorizations and lack of cultural warrant and hospitality. References on women’s issues are still scarce in the literature, which makes it necessary to analyze to what extent the terms related to these particular issues are inserted in the tools in a biased
way. This study aimed to verify the presence of the terms female, femininity, feminism, feminist, maternal, motherly, woman/women within the following Brazilian indexing languages: Subject Terminology of the National Library (STNL), University of Sao Paulo Subject Headings (USPSH), Brazilian Senate Subject Headings (BSSH) and Law Decimal Classification (LDC). Each term identified in the first three alphabetical languages generated a registration card containing both its descriptors and non-descriptors, as well as scope notes, USE/UF, RT, and BT/NT relationships. As for the analysis of LDC, the registration card was filled out by following the categories proposed by Olson (1998). The results showed signs of biases, which enabled the proposition of guidelines that
may contribute to minimize them and open the way for further discussions.
Returning the (faceted) gaze: Reflections on representation, meaning and form
Authors: La Barre Kathryn
Published: February 2014

This brief position paper is the central narrative in a theoretic-historical triptych. The first two documents: A (Faceted) Semantic Web? (La Barre, 2011) and Traditions of Facet Theory or a Garden of Forking Paths? (La Barre, forthcoming) amplify a question Brian Vickery posed to the author in 2005. The current proposal, deeply entwined in the same narrative, seeks to continue the agenda of articulation
for a primarily North American audience. Instead of description and comparison, a starkly different analytical framework – Walter Benjamin’s notion of ‘aura’ – is deployed to interrogate facet theory along the core dimensions of tradition, uniqueness, and authenticity. The final aspect of this proposal will be an investigation of the aesthetic of redemption that may well serve as the bedrock for operational definitions and functional requirements for facet theory.
Chansons et cannabis : représentations sociales, enjeux identitaires et communicationnels
Authors: Dany Lionel
Published: February 2014

Les communications culturelles participent à rendre « visibles » les objets sociaux et contribuent à les inscrire et à en rendre compte dans un contexte social. Ainsi, l’analyse de produits culturels tels que les chansons peut s’avérer pertinente dans une perspective qui viserait à explorer des représentations sociales. Nous avons effectué l’analyse de contenu de vingt-cinq chansons françaises ayant pour thème le cannabis. Les propos véhiculés témoignent d’une expérience pouvant être rapprochée de celle des consommateurs. Autrement dit, ces chansons expriment bien « quelque chose » qui est de l’ordre de la situation sociale du consommateur dans un ensemble complexe qui fait intervenir divers contextes socionormatifs. De plus, l’omniprésence d’un autrui « pensé » et « agi », en référence à l’objet représenté, fait intervenir des processus de croyances de groupe qui permettent de déchiffrer ce qui est de l’ordre de l’intentionnalité de l’oeuvre. L’analyse de communications culturelles comme les chansons se révèle tout à fait pertinente et heuristique pour appréhender de manière contextuelle les formes de savoir de sens commun et pour saisir certains enjeux propres à leur élaboration.
Les drogues dans le projet autobiographique de Mötley Crüe
Authors: Laurin Hélène
Published: February 2014

La présence des drogues dans la musique populaire – le rock, tout particulièrement – n’a pas souvent été étudiée. Nous savons que lesmedicine showsdu XIXesiècle et du début du XXesiècle, soit des spectacles ambulants vantant les vertus de différents médicaments, composés d’opiacés, de cocaïne ou d’alcool, ont contribué à faire du musicien un personnage voyageur, sans attache et aucunement ennuyé par les conventions sociales. De plus, les différentes lois sur les drogues entrées en vigueur aux États-Unis à partir de 1915 ont façonné la « toxicomanisation » des musiciens en en faisant des figures « hors la loi » et rebelles. Dans cet article, nous analysons comment les musiciens, eux-mêmes, comprennent leur consommation de drogues à travers leurs récits autobiographiques en prenant comme exemple le groupe Mötley Crüe. Ce groupeglam metal, très populaire au courant des années 1980, au style de vie décadent, présente candidement sa consommation de drogues dans son projet autobiographique qui est composé de six autobiographies publiées depuis 2001. En somme, selon leurs récits de vie, les membres du groupe consomment abondamment et au nom de « la fête », même si leur santé et leur intégrité physique (tout comme celles des autres) sont mises en péril. Pour quelles raisons continuent-ils à consommer autant de drogues s’ils s’humilient et se blessent ? En fait, la rébellion est une composante essentielle de l’identité même de Mötley Crüe et elle se construit à travers la consommation ostentatoire de drogues des membres du groupe. Cependant, leur rébellion constitue un individualisme extrême, une « bourgeoisie radicale » en quelque sorte, ne changeant absolument rien au fonctionnement de ce qu’ils affirment vouloir bouleverser, contribuant ainsi à la dépolitisation du rock.
Avalanche multiplication and impact ionization in amorphous selenium photoconductive target
Authors: Park Wug-Dong , Tanioka Kenkichi
Published: February 2014

The avalanche multiplication factor and the hole ionization coefficient in the amorphous selenium (a-Se) high-gain avalanche rushing amorphous photoconductor (HARP) target depend on the electric field. The phenomenon of avalanche multiplication and impact ionization in the 0.4-µm-thick a-Se HARP target is investigated. The hot carrier energy in the 0.4-µm-thick a-Se HARP target increases linearly as the target voltage increases. The energy relaxation length of hot carriers in the a-Se photoconductor of the 0.4-µm-thick HARP target saturates as the electric field increases. The average energy E
av of a hot carrier and the energy relaxation length λE in the a-Se photoconductor of the 0.4-µm-thick HARP target at 1 × 108 V/m were 0.25 eV and 2.5 nm, respectively. In addition, the hole ionization coefficient β and the avalanche multiplication factor M are derived as a function of the electric field, the average energy of a hot carrier, and the impact ionization energy. The experimental hole ionization coefficient β and the avalanche multiplication factor M in the 0.4-µm-thick a-Se HARP target agree with the theoretical results.
Low turn-on voltage due to conduction band lowering effect in crystalline indium gallium zinc oxide transistors
Authors: Matsubayashi Daisuke , Kobayashi Yoshiyuki , Matsuda Shinpei , Obonai Toshimitsu , Ishihara Noritaka , Tanaka Tetsuhiro , Tezuka Sachiaki , Suzawa Hideomi , Yamazaki Shunpei
Published: February 2014

We found out that in an indium gallium zinc oxide (IGZO) transistor, the energy barrier in the channel region, i.e., the conduction band energy relative to the Fermi energy is lowered by electrons flowing from n+ regions under source and drain electrodes. We have named this phenomenon “conduction band lowering (CBL) effect”. Owing to this effect, even when the Fermi energy of an IGZO film gets closer to the mid-gap, a transistor formed using the film in the channel region is always turned on around a gate voltage of 0 V. In other words, by sufficiently reducing the donor concentration of the channel region, such IGZO transistors are turned on at a certain low gate voltage determined by the CBL effect and their characteristics variation can be suppressed.
Effects of hydrogen intercalation on transport properties of quasi-free-standing monolayer graphene
Authors: Tanabe Shinichi , Takamura Makoto , Harada Yuichi , Kageshima Hiroyuki , Hibino Hiroki
Published: February 2014

We report that mobility in quasi-free-standing monolayer graphene grown on SiC(0001), when compared at the same carrier density, depends on the annealing temperature used for hydrogen intercalation. This was verified by measuring mobility in top-gated devices using quasi-freestanding monolayer graphene obtained by annealing at different temperatures. The density of charged impurities varies with annealing temperature, and it influences transport properties. Our systematic investigation shows that annealing temperatures between 700 and 800 °C are optimum for obtaining high-mobility quasi-free-standing monolayer graphene with the lowest number of charged impurities.
Preparation and Use of Reverse Protein Microarrays
Authors: Pin Elisa , Federici Giulia , Petricoin Emanuel F.
Published: February 2014

Reverse‐phase protein array (RPPA) is a multiplex, high‐throughput proteomic technique for profiling the activation status of signal transduction pathways involved in cancer survival and progression, potentially allowing for identification of new biomarkers and drug targets. On RPPA, the entire patient proteome is immobilized on a spot and single proteins can be quantified across a set of samples, spotted on the same array, with high specificity and sensitivity. Array immunostaining and signal amplification systems are used to generate a signal proportional to the concentration of the analyte. Dedicated scanners and software are used to detect spots, measure intensity, subtract background, normalize signal, and generate a numeric value as output. The generated output file is then analyzed using several different bioinformatic and biostatistical tools. In this unit, the RPPA procedure is described in depth, from sample handling and preparation to data analysis, with particular emphasis on tissue sample analysis. Curr. Protoc. Protein Sci. 75:27.7.1‐27.7.29. © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Membrane Transport Piece by Piece: Production of Transmembrane Peptides for Structural and Functional Studies
Authors: Kemp Grant , Fliegel Larry , Young Howard S.
Published: February 2014

Membrane proteins are involved in all cellular processes from signaling cascades to nutrient uptake and waste disposal. Because of these essential functions, many membrane proteins are recognized as important, yet elusive, clinical targets. Recent advances in structural biology have answered many questions about how membrane proteins function, yet one of the major bottlenecks remains the ability to obtain sufficient quantities of pure and homogeneous protein. This is particularly true for human membrane proteins, where novel expression strategies and structural techniques are needed to better characterize their function and therapeutic potential. One way to approach this challenge is to determine the structure of smaller pieces of membrane proteins that can be assembled into models of the complete protein. This unit describes the rationale for working with single or multiple transmembrane segments and provides a description of strategies and methods to express and purify them for structural and functional studies using a maltose binding protein (MBP) fusion. The bulk of the unit outlines a detailed methodology and justification for producing these peptides under native‐like conditions. Curr. Protoc. Protein Sci. 75:29.8.1‐29.8.28 © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Ionospheric response to the ultrafast Kelvin wave in the MLT region
Authors: Gu Sheng‐Yang , Dou Xiankang , Lei Jiuhou , Li Tao , Luan Xiaoli , Wan Weixing , Russell J. M.
Published: February 2014

The modulation of the ultrafast Kelvin wave (UFKW) on the equatorial ionosphere is investigated, using satellite neutral wind and temperature observations in the mesosphere/lower thermosphere (MLT) and ground‐based global maps of total electron content (TEC) observations. The UFKW signatures are identified in the least squares fitting spectra for MLT zonal wind, temperature, TEC, and Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate (COSMIC) electron density profiles, providing strong evidence for the neutral‐ion coupling through the UFKW. The periods of the UFKW are mostly confined within 2–5.5 days. The UFKW in zonal wind and temperature maximize in the equatorial regions, whereas the UFKW band‐pass perturbations in electron density peak at the equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA) crests with minima at the equator. The UFKW band‐pass perturbations in TEC show consistent seasonal variability with the UFKW in the MLT region, including the intraseasonal oscillations with periods of 20–70 days. The long‐term variability of the absolute UFKW band‐pass amplitudes in TEC is in‐phase with solar cycle with maximum amplitude of ~7–8 (~1–2) total electron content unit (TECU; 1 TECU = 1016 el m‐2) during solar maximum (minimum) years, while the relative amplitudes show little solar activity dependence. The COSMIC electron density profiles show that the UFKW band‐pass perturbations maximize at ~300–400 km with fountain‐like spatial distributions, indicating the modulation of the UFKW on the EIA through electrodynamics.
Groundwater and surface water flow to the Merced River, Yosemite Valley, California: 36Cl and Cl− evidence
Authors: Shaw Glenn D. , Conklin Martha H. , Nimz Gregory J. , Liu Fengjing
Published: February 2014

Our current understanding of water fluxes and flow paths within the mountain block is limited, and improved understanding is necessary to assess hydrology more accurately above the mountain front. Source waters and the processes controlling their mixing were characterized in the Merced River basin within Yosemite National Park, California, using 36Cl and Cl−, supported by 222Rn, δ18O, δD, and streamflow data. Streams, snow, groundwater, and springs were sampled seasonally from July 2004 to October 2007. Three source water end‐members were identified: (i) near surface runoff of recent meltwater containing bomb‐pulse 36Cl (36ClBP), (ii) shallow, evapotranspired groundwater, and (iii) groundwater containing Cl− derived through extended rock interaction. Both groundwater end‐members mix in Yosemite Valley and then later discharge to the Merced River. Near surface runoff dominates all stream hydrographs during snowmelt, whereas the two groundwater end‐members become significantly more important during base flow. Tributaries consist of mixtures of the shallow evapotranspired groundwater and near surface runoff, whereas the Merced River is composed of the mixture of all source water end‐members. Snow is not an obvious end‐member, and elevated 36ClBP in the near surface runoff suggests that 36ClBP was retained efficiently, and is being slowly released as meltwater interacts with the soil. The use of 36Cl as a natural tracer is important in revealing the processes controlling streamflow generation in large montane catchments and the results will be helpful in configuring and calibrating hydrologic models.
Total Synthesis of (±)‐1‐Acetylaspidoalbidine and (±)‐1‐Methylaspidospermidine
Authors: Jin Jian , Qiu Fayang G.
Published: February 2014

(±)‐1‐Acetylaspidoalbidine and (±)‐1‐methylaspidospermidine were synthesized from protected tryptamine through the combination of an organocatalytic Diels–Alder reaction, a tandem stereoselective ring‐opening reduction, and a double Michael addition.

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Copper‐Catalyzed Aerobic Oxidative Annulation and Carbon‐Carbon Bond Cleavage of Arylacetamides: Domino Synthesis of Fused Quinazolinones
Authors: Sun Jie , Tan Qitao , Yang Wusong , Liu Bingxin , Xu Bin
Published: February 2014

An efficient copper‐catalyzed tandem aerobic oxidative annulation and carbon‐carbon bond cleavage reaction was developed from easily accessible arylacetamides, which provides a direct approach for the domino synthesis of a vast array of tricyclic or tetracyclic fused quinazolinone alkaloid structures. A plausible reaction mechanism is proposed involving an aerobic benzylic oxidation/cyclization/decarbonylation cascade.

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Iron‐Catalysed Chemo‐, Regio‐, and Stereoselective Hydrosilylation of Alkenes and Alkynes using a Bench‐Stable Iron(II) Pre‐Catalyst
Authors: Greenhalgh Mark D. , Frank Dominik J. , Thomas Stephen P.
Published: February 2014

The chemo‐, regio‐, and stereoselective iron‐catalysed hydrosilylation of alkenes and alkynes with excellent functional group tolerance is reported (34 examples, 41–96% yield). The catalyst and reagents are commercially available and easy to handle, with the active iron catalyst being generated in situ, thus providing a simple and practical methodology for iron‐catalysed hydrosilylation. The silane products can be oxidised to the anti‐Markovnikov product of olefin hydration, and the one‐pot iron‐catalysed hydrosilylation–oxidation of olefins to give silane(di)ols directly is also reported. The iron pre‐catalyst was used at loadings as low as 0.07 mol%, and displayed catalyst turnover frequencies (TOF) approaching 60,000 mol h−1. Initial mechanistic studies indicate an iron(I) active catalyst.

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Brønsted Acid‐Catalyzed Straightforward Synthesis of Benzo[b]carbazoles from 2,3‐Unsubstituted Indoles
Authors: Suárez Anisley , García‐García Patricia , Fernández‐Rodríguez Manuel A. , Sanz Roberto
Published: February 2014

Described is a general and efficient synthesis of valuable benzo[b]carbazoles by Brønsted acid‐catalyzed reactions between simple C‐2,C‐3‐unsubstituted indoles and ortho‐[α‐(hydroxy)benzyl]benzaldehyde acetals. Highly selective migration processes are involved as key steps in the overall cascade sequence that involves the one‐pot formation of two new bonds and a cycle in a regioselective fashion.

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