bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fis protein forms DNA topological barriers to confine transcription‐coupled DNA supercoiling in Escherichia coli
Authors: Dages Samantha , Zhi Xiaoduo , Leng Fenfei
Published: October 2019

Previously, we demonstrated that transcription‐coupled DNA supercoiling (TCDS) potently activated or inhibited nearby promoters in Escherichia coli even in the presence of all four DNA topoisomerases, suggesting that DNA topoisomerases are not the only factors regulating TCDS. A different mechanism exists to confine this localized DNA supercoiling. Using an in vivo system containing the TCDS‐activated leu‐500 promoter (Pleu‐500), we find that the nucleoid‐associated Fis protein potently inhibits the TCDS‐mediated activation of Pleu‐500. We also find that deletion of the fis gene significantly enhances TCDS‐mediated inhibition of transcription of three genes purH, yieP, and yrdA divergently coupled to different rrn operons in the early log phase. These results suggest that Fis protein forms DNA topological barriers upon binding to its recognition sites, blocks TCDS diffusion, and potently inhibits the TCDS‐activated Pleu‐500.
P
aludifilum
Authors: Fardeau Marie‐Laure , Cayol Jean‐Luc , Ollivier Bernard
Published: October 2019

Pa.lu.di.fi'lum L. fem. n.
palus
, ‐
dis
a marsh; L. neut. n.
filum
a thread; N.L. neut. n.
Paludifilum
a thread from a marsh.

Firmicutes / Bacilli / Bacillales / Thermoactinomycetaceae / Paludifilum

The genus
Paludifilum
comprises one species with a validly published name,
Paludifilum halophilum
, which was isolated from superficial sediment of a solar saltern in Sfax, Tunisia. This species is thermotolerant, halophilic, aerobic, and chemoorganotrophic. Aerial and substrate mycelia are long and well developed with long chains containing fluorescent and circular spores. Colonies are pale yellow on Bennett's medium after 7 days at 40°C and 10% NaCl (w/v). Growth occurs between 30 and 55°C. No diffusible pigments are produced and cells can tolerate up to 20% NaCl with no growth observed below 5%. The major menaquinone is MK‐7, but MK‐8 is also present. The major polar lipids are phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, and phosphatidylmethylethanolamine. Major fatty acids are anteiso‐C
15:0
, iso‐C
15:0
, and iso‐C
17:0
. Phylogenetic analyses using 16S rRNA gene sequences placed the species as representative of
Thermoactinomycetaceae
family.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 51.2 (HPLC).

Type species
:
Paludifilum halophilum
Frikha‐Dammak, Fardeau, Cayol, Ben Fguira‐Fourati, Najeh, Ollivier et al. 2016, 5376
VP
.
P
aenalcaligenes
Authors: Kämpfer Peter , Glaeser Stefanie P.
Published: October 2019

Paen.al.ca.li'ge.nes. L. adv.
paene
nearly, almost; N.L. masc. n.
Alcaligenes
a bacterial genus name; N.L. masc. n.
Paenalcaligenes
almost
Alcaligenes
.

Proteobacteria / Betaproteobacteria / Burkholderiales / Alcaligenaceae / Paenalcaligenes

Cells stain Gram‐negative and are motile, short rods, 1.3–2.0‐µm long and 0.2–0.8‐µm wide. Oxidase‐positive, showing an aerobic respiratory metabolism. Good growth occurs after 24 h incubation on nutrient‐rich media, like nutrient agar at 25–30°C. The polyamine pattern is composed of the major compound putrescine and moderate amounts of spermidine. Spermine, cadaverine, and 2‐hydroxyputrescine may be present in minor amounts. The quinone system is ubiquinone Q‐8 with minor amounts of Q‐7. The polar lipid contains diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, and specific unidentified phospholipids and aminolipids. The major fatty acids are C
16:0
, C
17:0
cyclo, and summed feature 3 (C
16:1
ω7
c
and/or C
15:0
iso 2‐OH); summed feature 2 (comprising C
14:0
3‐OH and/or C
16:1
iso) may also be detected. C
12:0
2‐OH is not detected.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 56.1–57% (HPLC).

Type species
:
Paenalcaligenes hominis
Kämpfer, Falsen, Langer, Lodders and Busse 2010, 1539
VP
.
R
habdanaerobium
Authors: Liu Lan , Salam Nimaichand , Li Wen‐Jun
Published: October 2019

Rhabd.an.ae.ro'bi.um. Gr. fem. n.
rhabdos
rod; Gr. pref.
an
not; Gr. n.
aer
air; Gr. n.
bios
life; N.L. neut. n.
Rhabdanaerobium
an anaerobic rod‐shaped life form.

Firmicutes / Clostridia / Clostridiales / Eubacteriaceae / Rhabdanaerobium

The genus
Rhabdanaerobium
is classified with the family
Eubacteriaceae
in order
Clostridiales
based on the 16S rRNA gene‐based phylogeny. Cells are
rods,
stain
Gram‐positive, obligately anaerobe,
and
moderate thermophile
. Cells form terminal endospore.
Motile.
Subpolar flagellum is observed. Negative for catalase and oxidase activities. Can utilize complex substrates including beef extract, peptone, starch, and yeast extract as sole energy sources. The polar lipids consist of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, and phosphatidylinositol. The fatty acids in the cell membranes predominantly contain C
14:0
FAME, anteiso‐C
15:0
FAME, and C
18:0
FAME.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 35.6 (HPLC).

Type species
:
Rhabdanaerobium thermarum
Liu, Jiao, Salam, Zhou, Fang, Xian, et al. 2017, 4587
VP
.
PAI‐1 5G/5G genotype is an independent risk of intracranial hemorrhage in post‐lysis stroke patients
Authors: Szegedi István , Nagy Attila , Székely Edina G. , Czuriga‐Kovács Katalin R. , Sarkady Ferenc , Lánczi Levente I. , Berényi Ervin , Csiba László , Bagoly Zsuzsa
Published: October 2019

Objective

Thrombolysis by recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt‐PA) is the main pharmacological therapy in acute ischemic stroke (IS); however, it is only effective in a subset of patients. Here we aimed to investigate the role of plasminogen activator inhibitor‐1 (PAI‐1), an effective inhibitor of t‐PA, and its major polymorphism (PAI‐1 4G/5G) in therapy outcome.

Methods

Study population included 131 consecutive IS patients who all underwent thrombolysis. Blood samples were taken on admission, 1 and 24 h after rt‐PA infusion. PAI‐1 activity and antigen levels were measured from all blood samples and the PAI‐1 4G/5G polymorphism was determined. Clinical data including NIHSS were registered on admission and day 1. ASPECTS was assessed using CT images taken before and 24 h after thrombolysis. Intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) was classified according to ECASS II. Long‐term outcome was defined 90 days post‐event by the modified Rankin Scale (mRS).

Results

PAI‐1 activity levels dropped transiently after thrombolysis, while PAI‐1 antigen levels remained unchanged. PAI‐1 4G/5G polymorphism had no effect on PAI‐1 levels and did not influence stroke severity. PAI‐1 activity/antigen levels as measured on admission were significantly elevated in patients with worse 24 h ASPECTS (<7). Logistic regression analysis including age, sex, NIHSS on admission, BMI, history of arterial hypertension, and hyperlipidemia conferred a significant, independent risk for developing ICH in the presence of 5G/5G genotype (OR:4.75, 95%CI:1.18–19.06). PAI‐1 levels and PAI‐1 4G/5G polymorphism had no influence on long‐term outcomes.

Interpretation

PAI‐1 5G/5G genotype is associated with a significant risk for developing ICH in post‐lysis stroke patients.
Gene Expression Profiles in Primary Sjögren's Syndrome With and Without Systemic Manifestations
Authors: Vitali Claudio , Dolcino Marzia , Del Papa Nicoletta , Minniti Antonina , Pignataro Francesca , Maglione Wanda , Lunardi Claudio , Puccetti Antonio
Published: October 2019

Objective

To investigate the gene expression profile in patients with Sjögren's syndrome that is characterized by different clinical phenotypes.

Methods

RNA from peripheral blood mononuclear cells was purified in 8 patients with glandular features (GFs) and widespread pain (WP) and 11 with extraglandular manifestations (EGMs) and then was analyzed by hybridization on a human gene chip exploring more than 40,000 human genes. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the two subgroups (ie, those with false discovery rate–corrected P values ≤ 0.01) with respect to 20 healthy controls have been submitted to functional classification using a Gene Ontology database and were mapped to define the networks of protein to protein interactions (PPIs).

Results

The enriched pathway analyses of DEGs and of the highly interconnected modules identified in the PPI networks showed that the pathological processes characterizing the two subgroups were substantially different. The predominant pathways in patients with EGMs are related to T‐ and B‐cell activation, Toll‐like receptor, interferon signaling, and apoptosis. Conversely, pathological processes related to pain transmission and modulation are preferentially operative in patients with GFs and WP. These data suggest that a neuroinflammatory pathway driven by cytokines and chemokines may play a central role in triggering WP features in this phenotype of patients.

Conclusion

The present study supports the hypothesis that different biological pathways are operative in patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome with different clinical phenotypes. A better knowledge of these specific processes might help in tailoring more effective target therapies.
Recent Progress in Photonic Processing of Metal‐Oxide Transistors
Authors: Yarali Emre , Koutsiaki Christina , Faber Hendrik , Tetzner Kornelius , Yengel Emre , Patsalas Panos , Kalfagiannis Nikolaos , Koutsogeorgis Demosthenes C. , Anthopoulos Thomas D.
Published: October 2019

Over the past few decades, significant progress has been made in the field of photonic processing of electronic materials using a variety of light sources. Several of these technologies have now been exploited in conjunction with emerging electronic materials as alternatives to conventional high‐temperature thermal annealing, offering rapid manufacturing times and compatibility with temperature‐sensitive substrate materials among other potential advantages. Herein, recent advances in photonic processing paradigms of metal‐oxide thin‐film transistors (TFTs) are presented with particular emphasis on the use of various light source technologies for the photochemical and thermochemical conversion of precursor materials or postdeposition treatment of metal oxides and their application in thin‐film electronics. The pros and cons of the different technologies are discussed in light of recent developments and prospective research in the field of modern large‐area electronics is highlighted.
Photoresponsive Transistors Based on Lead‐Free Perovskite and Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Liu Zhen , Dai Shilei , Wang Yan , Yang Ben , Hao Dandan , Liu Dapeng , Zhao Yiwei , Fang Lu , Ou Qingqing , Jin Shu , Zhao Jianwen , Huang Jia
Published: October 2019

Lead‐free perovskite materials are exhibiting bright application prospects in photodetectors (PDs) owing to their low toxicity compared with traditional lead perovskites. Unfortunately, their photoelectric performance is constrained by the relatively low charge conductivity and poor stability. In this work, photoresponsive transistors based on stable lead‐free bismuth perovskites CsBi3I10 and single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) are first reported. The SWCNTs significantly strengthen the dissociation and transportation of the photogenerated charge carriers, which lead to dramatically improved photoresponsivity, while a decent Ilight/Idark ratio over 102 can be maintained with gate modulation. The devices exhibit high photoresponsivity (6.0 × 104 A W−1), photodetectivity (2.46 × 1014 jones), and external quantum efficiency (1.66 × 105%), which are among the best reported results in lead‐free perovskite PDs. Furthermore, the excellent stability over many other lead‐free perovskite PDs is demonstrated over 500 h of testing. More interestingly, the device also shows the application potential as a light‐stimulated synapse and its synaptic behaviors are demonstrated. In summary, the lead‐free bismuth perovskite‐based hybrid phototransistors with multifunctional performance of photodetection and light‐stimulated synapse are first demonstrated in this work.
Transparent, Mechanically Strong, Extremely Tough, Self‐Recoverable, Healable Supramolecular Elastomers Facilely Fabricated via Dynamic Hard Domains Design for Multifunctional Applications
Authors: Wang Dong , Xu JianHua , Chen JiaoYang , Hu Po , Wang Yang , Jiang Wei , Fu JiaJun
Published: October 2019

The design and synthesis of supramolecular self‐healing polymers with high healing efficiency and excellent integrated mechanical properties is challenging due to conflicting attributes of dynamic self‐healing and mechanical properties. Herein, this study introduces a design concept, that is, “dynamic hard domains,” to balance self‐healing performance, mechanical strength, elastic recovery, and at the same time obtain extreme toughness. The essential features of the dynamic hard domains include: (i) a noncrystallized and loose structure, (ii) low binding energy and high mobility, and (iii) sequential dissociation and rapid rearrangement. Based on this strategy, a simple one‐step polycondensation route is reported to synthesize a transparent polyurethane‐urea supramolecular elastomer (PPGTD‐IDA), which successfully combines decent mechanical strength, extreme toughness, outstanding notch‐sensitiveness, self‐recoverability, and room‐temperature self‐healing. Upon rupture, the PPGTD‐IDA completely restores the mechanical properties within 48 h. Furthermore, the results demonstrate repeatable healing of mechanical properties and prominent antiaging healability. Taking advantages of merits of PPGTD‐IDA, it can be utilized for fabricating impact‐resistant materials for protection of aluminum alloys as well as stretchable and self‐healing conductors, which exhibits unique characteristics such as stable conductivity during stretching (even after healing or with notch), and automatic elimination of the notch during stretching/releasing cycles.
5‐Aminolevulinic Acid‐Loaded Hyaluronic Acid Dissolving Microneedles for Effective Photodynamic Therapy of Superficial Tumors with Enhanced Long‐Term Stability
Authors: Zhu Jinjin , Dong Liyun , Du Hongyao , Mao Jinzhu , Xie Ying , Wang Hua , Lan Jiajia , Lou Yuchen , Fu Yangxue , Wen Jingjing , Jiang Biling , Li Yuce , Zhu Jintao , Tao Juan
Published: October 2019

5‐Aminolevulinic acid (5‐ALA) is one of the most widely used prodrug in clinical photodynamic therapy of dermatological diseases and cancers; yet, its clinical application is still limited by the shallow skin penetration and unsatisfied stability in any existed formulations. Here, 5‐ALA‐loaded hyaluronic acid dissolving microneedles (5‐ALA@HAMNs) are prepared for photodynamic therapy of superficial tumors. The HAMNs can not only assist the loaded 5‐ALA to effectively penetrate the stratum corneum but also provide 5‐ALA with an acidic and oxygen‐free environment to reduce the dimerization of 5‐ALA molecules via Schiff‐base bonds and formation of inactive pyrazine derivatives, thus maintaining its chemical structure and biological activity. The chemical stability of 5‐ALA in HAMNs is confirmed by UV–vis spectra and mass spectra measurements. The 5‐ALA@HAMNs display remarkable tumor elimination both in vitro and in vivo, even after storage at room temperature for nine months, making it a highly potential device for effective delivery of 5‐ALA in cancer photodynamic therapy.
Macroscopic Visualization of Fast Electrochemical Reaction of SrCoOx Oxygen Sponge
Authors: Yang Qian , Cho Hai Jun , Jeen Hyoungjeen , Ohta Hiromichi
Published: October 2019

Strontium cobaltite (SrCoOx) is known as a material showing fast topotactic electrochemical redox reaction so‐called ‘oxygen sponge'. Although atomic scale phenomenon of the oxidation of SrCoO2.5 into SrCoO3 is known, the macroscopic phenomenon has not been clarified yet thus far. Here, the electrochemical oxidation of SrCoOx is visualized macroscopically. SrCoOx epitaxial films with various oxidation states are prepared by the electrochemical oxidation of SrCoO2.5 film into SrCoO3−δ film. Steep decrease of both resistivity and the absolute value of thermopower of electrochemically oxidized SrCoOx epitaxial films indicate the columnar oxidation first occurred along with the surface normal and then spread in the perpendicular to the normal. Further, the phenomena are directly visualized using the conductive atomic force microscopy. This macroscopic imaging of the electrochemical oxidation will be useful to develop a functional device utilizing the electrochemical redox reaction of SrCoOx.
Functionalization of Electrospun Membranes with Polyelectrolytes for Separation of Oil‐In‐Water Emulsions
Authors: Lin Yi Min , Song Chen , Rutledge Gregory C.
Published: October 2019

Membrane fouling in microfiltration of oil‐in‐water emulsions is influenced by electrostatic interaction between the membrane and surfactant‐stabilized emulsions. A method to alter the electrostatic properties of electrospun fiber membranes using layer‐by‐layer (LbL) polyelectrolyte assembly is developed to improve fouling resistance. Plasma pretreatment and successive depositions of polycations and polyanions from solutions are shown to alter the surface charge of electrospun polyamide membranes, while maintaining their interconnected pore structure and high porosity. The LbL composite membranes were challenged by two types of emulsions, stabilized by anionic and cationic surfactants, respectively, in dead‐end and cross‐flow filtrations. When separating emulsions stabilized by anionic surfactants, the permeate flux of the plasma‐treated and polyanion‐coated membranes increased ≈3.2‐fold and ≈2.5‐fold, respectively, compared to that of the as‐electrospun membranes, after 4 h of cross‐flow filtration. When separating emulsions stabilized by cationic surfactants, the permeate flux of the polycation‐coated membrane similarly increased ≈3.3‐fold. Electrostatic repulsion strength is proposed as a metric to quantify this behavior. This work demonstrates the versatility of functionalizing electrospun microfiltration membranes using LbL assembly for the separation of oil‐in‐water emulsions, and suggests a strategy for membrane design to resist fouling based on tuning of the electrostatic interactions.
Single‐Component White‐Light Emission in 2D Hybrid Perovskites with Hybridized Halogen Atoms
Authors: Zhou Guojun , Li Mingze , Zhao Jing , Molokeev Maxim S. , Xia Zhiguo
Published: October 2019

With single‐component photoinduced white‐light (WL) emission, low‐dimensional hybrid halide perovskites have emerged as a new generation of luminescent materials; however, the effect of halogens on the intrinsic light emissions and the corresponding mechanisms is still unknown. Herein, the investigation of a family of two‐dimensional (2D) hybrid perovskites R2PbBr4−xClx (R = BA+, PMA+, PEA+; x = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4) highlights the influence of halogens on intrinsic emission to reveal the dependence of the photoluminescence on the nature and contribution of the halogens. Ultrabroad emissions covering the entire visible‐light region are achieved in the halogen hybrid systems with the stoichiometry of R2PbBr2Cl2 (R = BA+, PMA+, PEA+), showing their potential as single‐component WL phosphors in solid‐state lighting devices. The origin of the WL emissions is the synergistic recombination emission of free excitons and self‐trapped excitons. The ratio of halogens (Br/Cl) is confirmed to be a critical factor to fine‐tune the intrinsic emission properties. This work provides a feasible strategy to achieve single‐component WL emission in 2D hybrid perovskites, and proposes a method for regulating halogen contents for optimizing luminescent properties.
Integrated “Hot Spots”: Tunable Sub‐10 nm Crescent Nanogap Arrays
Authors: Zhang Wei , Gu Panpan , Wang Zengyao , Ai Bin , Zhou Ziwei , Zhao Zhiyuan , Li Chunguang , Shi Zhan , Zhang Gang
Published: October 2019

Plasmonic crescent nanogap arrays (CNGAs) integrated by nanoscale gaps and nanotips exhibit strong capability of light confinement and thus lead to extremely electric field enhancement. The CNGAs with tunable gap‐width are fabricated via a low‐cost and simple process combining colloidal lithography and nanoskiving techniques. Incident light is captured in the nanogaps and at the two tips of nanocrescent, where extremely strong electric fields are excited. The strong electric fields lead to greatly enhanced surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) performance with typical enhancement factor of 8 and 360 times in comparison with the crescent gold nanoparticles and linear gold nanowire, and the SERS enhancement factor at CNGAs with G = 1 nm is up to about 6.04 × 108. The CNGAs with strong electric fields and remarkable SERS signals are promising to advance the applications of optical filters, surface‐enhancement spectroscopies, nonlinear optics, single‐molecule analysis, and nanolasing.
Iridium Supported on Phosphorus‐Doped Porous Organic Polymers: Active and Recyclable Catalyst for Acceptorless Dehydrogenation and Borrowing Hydrogen Reaction
Authors: Yao Wei , Duan Zheng‐Chao , Zhang Yilin , Sang Xinxin , Xia Xiao‐Feng , Wang Dawei
Published: October 2019

Iridium‐on‐phosphorus‐doped porous organic polymers (POP−Ir) were developed by anchoring simple iridium onto the skeleton of porous organic polymers through coordination bonds. This POP−Ir catalyst, which was thoroughly characterized by means of EDS, SEM, TEM, XRD, XPS, and FT‐IR, revealed excellent catalytic activity for the reaction of diphenyl phosphinamide with benzyl alcohols through borrowing hydrogen strategy and acceptorless dehydrogenation with wide functional group tolerance. Moreover, this POP−Ir catalyst could be simply recovered and reused for at least five times without a significant loss of activity, and revealed considerable application prospects. The mechanism was investigated to further understand this POP−Ir catalytic system and transformations. Overall, the POP−Ir catalytic system has shown high activity and reusability in the borrowing hydrogen reaction between diphenyl phosphinamides and benzyl alcohols.

magnified image
The value of serum CA19‐9 in predicting primary sclerosing cholangitis in patients with ulcerative colitis
Authors: Shirazi Kourosh M. , Hosseinzadeh Yasaman , Nourpanah Zahra , Shirazinezhad Arman M. , Nikniaz Zeinab
Published: October 2019

In the present study, we postulated that using CA19‐9 in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients may be a useful method for the screening of primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). Considering the presence of other extraintestinal manifestations (EIMs) in IBD such as arthritis that may associate with the elevated level of CA19‐9, in the present study we aimed to compare the CA19‐9 level in ulcerative colitis (UC) patients with PSC or other EIMs and also evaluate the value of CA19‐9 in the detection of PSC in UC patients. In the present cross‐sectional study, 192 patients with UC were selected. EIMs were diagnosed based on patients recall and after a thorough physical examination. PSC was diagnosed by magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography by expert gastroenterologist and radiologist. Serum level of CA19‐9 was measured using chemiluminescent enzyme immunometric assay. About 6.77% of participants had PSC and 24.47% of them had other EIMs. The results showed that the CA19‐9 level in patients with PSC (median [interquartile range (IQR)]: 93 [10‐125]) was significantly higher than that of patients diagnosed with other EIMs (median [IQR]: 11 [6‐17.30]) or with no EIMs (median [IQR]: 7.15 [4.82‐11.00]). CA19‐9 value of >75 U/mL could predict PSC by the sensitivity of 69% and specificity of 99% with an area under the ROC curve (AUC) of 0.83 in UC patients and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) > 299.5 could predict PSC with a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 99% and AUC of 0.99. In addition, 23.07% of PSC patients had CA19‐9 level of >129 U/mL. According to the results, ALP had higher sensitivity and specificity for the screening of PSC compared to CA19‐9 in UC patients. Moreover, 23.07% of PSC patients had CA19‐9 level of >129 U/mL. So it could be concluded that cut‐off of >129 U/mL may not be an accurate cut‐off for the diagnosis of CCA in IBD patients.
Diversification and independent polyploid origins in the disjunct species Alyssum repens from the Southeastern Alps and the Carpathians
Authors: Melichárková Andrea , Španiel Stanislav , Marhold Karol , Hurdu Bogdan‐Iuliu , Drescher Anton , Zozomová‐Lihová Judita
Published: October 2019

Premise

Disjunct distributions have been commonly observed in mountain plant species and have stimulated phylogeographic and phylogenetic research. Here we studied Alyssum repens, a member of the polyploid species complex A. montanum−A. repens, which exhibits SE Alpine‐Carpathian disjunctions with a large elevational span and consists of diploid and tetraploid populations. We aimed to investigate the species‘ genetic and cytotype structure in the context of its distribution patterns, to elucidate the polyploid origins and to propose an appropriate taxonomic treatment.

Methods

We combined AFLP fingerprinting markers, sequence variation of the highly repetitive ITS region of rDNA and the low‐copy DET1 nuclear gene, genome size, and morphometric data.

Results

We identified four geographically structured genetic lineages. One consisted of diploid populations from the foothills of the Southeastern Alps and neighboring regions, and the three others were allopatric montane to alpine groups comprising diploids and tetraploids growing in the Southeastern Carpathians and the Apuseni Mts. in Romania.

Conclusions

We inferred a vicariance scenario associated with Quaternary climatic oscillations, accompanied by one auto‐ and two allopolyploidization events most likely involving a northern Balkan relative. Whereas genetic differentiation and allopatric distribution would favor the taxonomic splitting of this species, the genetic lineages largely lack morphological distinguishability, and their ecological, cytotype and genome size divergence is only partial. Even though we probably face here a case of incipient speciation, we propose to maintain the current taxonomic treatment of Alyssum repens as a single, albeit variable, species.
Growth patterns for untreated individuals with MPS I: Report from the international MPS I registry
Authors: Viskochil David , Clarke Lorne A. , Bay Luisa , Keenan Hillary , Muenzer Joseph , Guffon Nathalie
Published: October 2019

Mucopolysaccharidosis Type I (MPS I), caused by deficiency of α‐L‐iduronidase results in progressive, multisystemic disease with a broad phenotypic spectrum including patients with severe (Hurler syndrome) to attenuated (Hurler–Scheie and Scheie syndromes) disease. Disordered growth is common with either phenotype. The study objectives were to construct sex‐ and age‐specific estimated length/height and head circumference growth curves for untreated individuals with severe and attenuated disease and compare them with clinical reference standards. Untreated individuals in the MPS I Registry with at least one observation for length/height and/or head circumference and assigned phenotype as of May 2017 were included. Median growth for 463 untreated individuals with severe disease deviated from reference growth curves by ~6 months of age and fell below the third percentile by 4 years of age. Median head circumference was above reference curves from 3 to 4 months through 3 years of age. Among 207 individuals with untreated attenuated disease, median height fell below the third percentile by 9 years of age with divergence from reference curves by 2 years of age. MPS I‐specific growth curves will be useful in evaluation of long‐term outcomes of therapeutics interventions and will provide a foundation for understanding the pathogenesis of skeletal disease in MPS I.
Die Stabilisierung von Vinylkationen durch Silicium erlaubt eine formale, metallfreie α‐Arylierung von Alkylketonen
Authors: Pons Amandine , Michalland Jean , Zawodny Wojciech , Chen Yong , Tona Veronica , Maulide Nuno
Published: October 2019

Die Fähigkeit des Siliciums Vinylkationen zu stabilisieren führt zu einer Redoxarylierung von Alkinen, in der die strikte Limitierung von Reaktivität und Regioselektivität von alkyl‐substituierten Alkinen aufgehoben wird. Das erlaubt die Synthese einer Reihe von α‐Silyl‐α′‐arylketonen unter milden Bedingungen in guten bis exzellenten Ausbeuten und mit einer hohen Toleranz gegenüber anderen funktionellen Gruppen. Die Silicium‐Gruppe kann entweder für eine formale Monoarylierung von Aceton entfernt oder für weitere elektrophile Substitutionen auf beiden Seiten der Carbonyl‐Gruppe verwendet werden.
Wasseraufreinigung und Mikroplastik‐Entferung durch magnetische Polyoxometallat‐unterstützte ionische Flüssigphasen (magPOM‐SILPs)
Authors: Misra Archismita , Zambrzycki Christian , Kloker Gabriele , Kotyrba Anika , Anjass Montaha H. , Franco Castillo Isabel , Mitchell Scott G. , Güttel Robert , Streb Carsten
Published: October 2019

Filtration ist eine etablierte Wasserreinigungstechnologie. Aufgrund der niedrigen Durchflussraten ist jedoch die Reinigung großer Wassermengen meist unpraktisch. Hier berichten wir über einen alternativen Reinigungsprozess, bei dem magnetische Nanopartikel‐Komposite genutzt werden, um organische, anorganische, mikrobielle und Mikroplastik‐Vernunreinigungen aus Wasser zu entfernen. Das Komposit besteht aus einer Polyoxometallat‐ionischen Flüssigkeit (POM‐IL), die auf magnetische, mikroporöse Kern‐Schale‐Fe2O3‐SiO2‐Partikel adsorbiert wurde, um eine magnetische POM‐unterstützte ionische Flüssigphase (magPOM‐SILP) zu bilden. Die effiziente, häufig quantiative Entfernung verschiedener Oberflächenwasser‐Schadstoffe sowie die einfache Rückgewinnung der Partikel durch einen Permanentmagneten wird beschrieben. Die Feinabstimmung der Kompositbestandteile könnte zu neuen Materialien für zentrale und dezentrale Wasseraufreinigung führen.
Live‐Cell Localization Microscopy with a Fluorogenic and Self‐Blinking Tetrazine Probe
Authors: Werther Philipp , Yserentant Klaus , Braun Felix , Kaltwasser Nicolai , Popp Christoph , Baalmann Mathis , Herten Dirk‐Peter , Wombacher Richard
Published: October 2019

Recent developments in fluorescence microscopy call for novel small‐molecule‐based labels with multiple functionalities to satisfy different experimental requirements. A current limitation in the advancement of live‐cell single‐molecule localization microscopy is the high excitation power required to induce blinking. This is in marked contrast to the minimal phototoxicity required in live‐cell experiments. At the same time, quality of super‐resolution imaging depends on high label specificity, making removal of excess dye essential. Approaching both hurdles, we present the design and synthesis of a small‐molecule label comprising both fluorogenic and self‐blinking features. Bioorthogonal click chemistry ensures fast and highly selective attachment onto a variety of biomolecular targets. Along with spectroscopic characterization, we demonstrate that the probe improves quality and conditions for regular and single‐molecule localization microscopy on live‐cell samples.
Preparation and rheological investigation of tough PAAm hydrogel by adding branched polyethyleneimine
Authors: Guan Yinyan , Wang Li , Cui Li , Shen Xinjun , Gao Weichun , Meng Jing , Li Dan , Shen Chenguang , Zhang Yichen , Hu Guodong , Liang Jiyan
Published: October 2019

In this article, tough hydrogels are prepared by introducing the polyethyleneimine (PEI) with branched structure and a large number of NH2 and NH groups into permanently crosslinked polyacrylamide (PAAm) hydrogels matrix. To investigate the effects of B‐PEI and chemical crosslinking agent (Bis) on the strength and toughness of hydrogels, a series of B‐PEI/PAAm hydrogels with different mass percentage of Bis and B‐PEI were manufactured and the rheological and swelling properties were compared. For all hydrogels, the storage modulus (G′) was much higher than the loss modulus (G″) in the linear viscoelastic region through the whole frequency range. The solid‐like behavior and elastic nature (G′ > G″) are attributed to the permanent covalence crosslinking. Therefore, G′ increased when more Bis was added. For the nonlinear oscillatory shear measurement, hydrogels with B‐PEI broke at larger γ than the pure PAAm hydrogels, indicating that the toughness of B‐PEI/PAAm hydrogels has been improved by introducing B‐PEI. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020, 137, 48541.
Electrospun cellulose acetate/P(DMDAAC‐AM) nanofibrous membranes for dye adsorption
Authors: Xu Qing , Peng Jing , Zhang Weixing , Wang Xuejun , Lou Tao
Published: October 2019

In recent years, organic nanofibrous membranes have received more attention because of their excellent performance in wastewater treatment. In this study, the soluble poly(dimethyldiallylammonium chloride‐acrylamide) (P(DMDAAC‐AM)) was first synthesized by aqueous copolymerization. Afterward, cellulose acetate (CA)/P(DMDAAC‐AM) composite nanofibrous membranes were electrospun and utilized to remove acid black 172 from simulated wastewater. When the proportion of P(DMDAAC‐AM) to CA was 20, 30, and 40 wt %, the equilibrium adsorption capacities were 116, 159, and 192 mg g−1, respectively. The adsorption capacity of CA/P(DMDAAC‐AM) composite nanofibrous membrane showed a well linear relationship with the average fiber diameter. When the average fiber diameter was 185 nm, the adsorption capacity of 231 mg g−1 was achieved. The adsorption kinetics of CA/P(DMDAAC‐AM) membranes with various fiber diameters was all consistent with the pseudo‐second‐order model. The rate‐limiting step was primarily controlled by chemisorption. The adsorption isothermal data fitted well with the Langmuir isotherm model. The prepared CA/P(DMDAAC‐AM) nanofibrous membrane was effective to remove the acid black 172 in the environmental interested pH range of 4.0–10.0. As an effective dye adsorbent, CA/P(DMDAAC‐AM) nanofibrous membrane shows wide application prospect with its excellent adsorption performance. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020, 137, 48565.
Structural properties of nanocomposites based on resole‐type phenol‐formaldehyde oligomers and detonation nanodiamonds
Authors: Shkodich Valentina , Temnikova Nadezhda , Boyko Irina , Leicht Heinrich , Kraus Eduard , Shkodich Natalia , Stoyanov Oleg
Published: October 2019

Using the methods of infrared spectroscopy (IRS) and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), it was shown that short‐term high‐energy machining of detonation nanodiamonds (DND) leads to structural changes in the crystal structure and functional composition of the surface layer on particles. The possibility of spontaneous formation for stable colloidal systems with a narrow size distribution of mechanically activated DND in phenol‐formaldehyde oligomers (PFO) was established. By molecular spectroscopy it was revealed that π → π* interactions of the aromatic rings of PFO are caused by orientational phenomena as a result of hydrogen bonds between an activated DND surface and functional groups of PFO. The effect of DND concentration on the curing reaction parameters ofpsgr the phenol‐formaldehyde oligomer was determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The concentration effect of mechanically activated nanodiamonds on the physical and mechanical characteristics of a composite material based on phenol‐formaldehyde binder and polyamide paper (Nomex) was studied. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020, 137, 48582.
Synthesis of highly transparent and thermally stable copolyimide with fluorine‐containing dianhydride and alicyclic dianhydride
Authors: Xu Wenhua , Ma Xiaoru , Su Yuanhai , Song Yang , Shang Minjing , Lu Xuemin , Lu Qinghua
Published: October 2019

The development of optical films is highly desirable for applications in flexible displayers. In this work, a copolyimide (co‐PI) film with high thermal stability and high transparency was prepared by the copolymerization of 2,2′‐bis(trifluoromethyl)‐4,4′‐diaminodiphenyl ether, cyclobutanetetracarboxylic dianhydride, and 4,4′‐(hexafluoroisopropylidene)diphthalic anhydride (6FDA). The effects of aliphatic dianhydride and fluorine dianhydride monomers on the optical, thermal, and mechanical properties of the co‐PIs were discussed in detail based on the experimental results and theoretical simulations. We found that the preparation of polyimide (PI) based on the combination of two dianhydrides could obtain the PI film with excellent comprehensive performance due to nonconjugated structure and strong electron‐withdrawing effect. Through the structure and composition optimization, a PI film of PI‐6FDA‐70 with Tg of 300 °C, Td10% more than 500 °C, the average transparency of 90% and the elongation at the breakage more than 8% was prepared. Such molecular design provides a practical approach to develop high‐performance colorless PI films. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020, 137, 48603.
Remote monitoring of a deep‐sea marine protected area: The Endeavour Hydrothermal Vents
Authors: Juniper S. Kim , Thornborough Kate , Douglas Karen , Hillier Joy
Published: October 2019

Deep‐sea marine protected areas (MPAs) present particular challenges for management. Their remote location means there is limited knowledge of species and habitat distribution, and rates and scales of change. Yet, evaluating the attainment of conservation objectives and managing the impact of human activities both require a quantitative understanding of natural variability in species composition/abundance and habitat conditions.

Ocean Networks Canada (ONC) and Fisheries and Oceans Canada are collaborating in the development of remote monitoring tools for the Endeavour Hydrothermal Vents MPA in the north‐east Pacific. This 98.5 km2 MPA, located 250 km offshore Vancouver Island, encompasses five major fields of hydrothermal vents, at depths of 2200–2400 m. A real‐time cabled observatory was installed at the Endeavour site in 2010.

Scientific research for the conservation, protection and understanding of the area is permitted within the MPA and is the primary activity impacting the area. Research activities require the use of submersibles for sampling, surveying and observatory infrastructure maintenance. Data and imagery from remotely operated vehicle dives and fixed subsea observatory sensors are archived in real time using ONC's Oceans 2.0 software system, enabling evaluation of the spatial footprint of research activity in the MPA and the baseline level of natural ecosystem change.

Recent examples of database queries that support MPA management include: (1) using ESRI ArcGIS spatial analysis tools to create kernel density ‘heat maps’ to quantify the intensity of sampling and survey activity within the MPA; and (2) quantifying high‐frequency variability in vent fauna and habitat using sensor and fixed camera data.

Collaboration between researchers and MPA managers can help mitigate the logistical challenges of monitoring remote MPAs. Recognition at the policy level of the importance of such partnerships could facilitate the extension of scientific missions to support more formal monitoring programmes.
Integrating social network development into marine protected area management capacity building and institutionalization in the Philippines and Indonesia
Authors: Nelson Anne , Johnson Gabrielle L. , Wenzel Lauren , Antoine Adrienne , Avilla Lea , Manubag Ma. Leanna
Published: October 2019

Recent research demonstrates a critical and ongoing need for capacity building of marine protected area (MPA) practitioners in order to ensure effective management of MPAs and MPA networks that protect coastal and marine ecosystems. MPA capacity development needs are site and network specific, although commonly include leadership development, building shared goals across networks, understanding impacts and identifying appropriate management approaches, and building system‐wide monitoring and evaluation programmes.

Designing capacity‐building programmes at the network scale can contribute directly to enhancing learning and social networking, sustaining and strengthening effective management of ecosystems, and improving coordinated network governance. Network‐wide capacity building amplifies the effect and availability of technical resources and expertise, lessons learned at different management scales, and collaborative decision‐making. The net result is shared capacity development across the network and improved functioning of multiple MPAs as a unit, all from a singular capacity‐building effort.

In the spirit of contributing to the ongoing growth of the global social network of MPA practitioners, this paper shares observations from social MPA network building as part of recent MPA capacity building in the Philippines and Indonesia. These programmes deliver technical capacity and a participatory learning framework for participants to enhance their MPA social network and support long‐term implementation of gained knowledge and skills.

Important elements in supporting successful network development through capacity‐building programming include:

comprehensive needs assessment;

strong collaborative partnerships for programme delivery;

clear learning objectives and intended long‐term results; and

strong and sustained political will at the local, national, and regional scales.

Each MPA site, region, and capacity‐building programme is unique in structure and content, yet what all programmes have in common is that they build on the principles of trust and community building to create a locally relevant format and framework for the network to flourish.
Indigenous protected areas in Sea Country: Indigenous‐driven collaborative marine protected areas in Australia
Authors: Rist Phil , Rassip Whitney , Yunupingu Djalinda , Wearne Jonathan , Gould Jackie , Dulfer‐Hyams Melanie , Bock Ellie , Smyth Dermot
Published: October 2019

In many parts of the world, policymakers, legislators, marine managers, and indigenous peoples have attempted to reconcile marine protected area (MPA) governance and management with indigenous peoples' ancient and ongoing traditional ownership of coastal and marine environments. This paper describes a novel approach in Australia to addressing this challenge through indigenous‐led planning and collaborative governance of holistic coastal land and sea indigenous protected areas (IPAs) based on the indigenous concept of “Country”—traditional land and sea estates and their associated cultural, environmental, and other values.

To provide context to this approach, the paper explains the concept of “Sea Country” and provides an overview of the relationship between indigenous peoples and Australia's coastal and marine environments, the legal and policy recognition of Indigenous Sea Country rights and interests, and the engagement of indigenous people in the governance and management of government‐led, legislated MPAs in Australia.

The paper then describes the evolution of IPAs from being specifically based on indigenous land tenure to being based more generally on Indigenous Country, across multiple tenures, including marine areas. In recent years, IPAs based on Country have enabled indigenous people to lead planning and governance of land and sea areas over which they have limited legal rights, including over existing national parks and marine parks. Using this approach, some IPAs complement existing protected area governance and management arrangements, whereas elsewhere Country‐based IPAs are adding significantly to Australia's MPA estate. The Dhimurru IPA in the Northern Territory and Girringun Region IPAs in Queensland are presented as examples of this Country‐based approach.

This indigenous‐driven, collaborative, nonlegislative approach to dedicating, governing and managing coastal areas and MPAs may serve as a model in other nation states for indigenous people wishing to use a protected area governance framework to support the contemporary management of their traditional marine and coastal estates.
Understanding and valuing conflicts in marine protected areas: The best way to develop innovations?
Authors: Beuret Jean‐Eudes , Cadoret Anne , Pothin Karine , Barnay Anne‐Sophie , Le Bihan Onyx , Sevin Allouet Marie‐Aude
Published: October 2019

Marine protected areas face numerous conflicts associated with the implementation of conservation measures. These conflicts generate costs, prevent progress, make cooperation between stakeholders difficult and create risks of ineffectiveness.

Although they are often concealed or circumvented, they also offer opportunities for new connections and collective innovation. Rather than leaving them to these kinds of avoidance strategies, conflicts were the subject of a Knowledge Café event at the Fourth International Marine Protected Area Congress to compare the perspectives of managers, decision‐makers and scientists on dealing with conflict.

This contribution presents the conceptual framework for discussions during and after the Fourth International Marine Protected Area Congress and the operational and research avenues they open up.

Cross‐referencing the results of this collective approach and research contributions makes it possible to characterize the diversity and complexity of conflicts in marine protected areas and the driving forces behind them and analyse resolution strategies. Instead of avoidance strategies, the causes and consequences of the idea of understanding and valuing conflicts is explored, along with operational approaches to achieving this.
From one to ten: Canada's approach to achieving marine conservation targets
Authors: Schram Catherine , Ladell Kate , Mitchell Jessica , Chute Christie
Published: October 2019

The Government of Canada has committed to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) Strategic Plan for Biodiversity, which includes the Aichi Biodiversity Targets.

Aichi Target 11 indicates that countries are to conserve at least 10% of coastal and marine areas, especially areas of particular importance for biodiversity and ecosystem services, by 2020.

In 2015 Canada affirmed its commitment to the 10% target, and also committed to an interim target to protect 5% of coastal and marine areas by the end of 2017. The interim target was met in October 2017 through a combination of federal and provincial marine protected areas (MPAs) and fisheries area closures that qualify as other effective area‐based conservation measures (OECMs), which are referred to domestically as marine refuges.

In 2016 the Government of Canada set out a five‐point plan for achieving its marine conservation targets, which includes finishing what was started, protecting large offshore areas, protecting areas under pressure, advancing OECMs and establishing MPAs faster.

Key challenges that the Government of Canada faces in meeting its 2020 marine conservation target include balancing socio‐economic impacts with the need to conserve biodiversity and sustain ecosystem health and ensuring meaningful engagement with partners and stakeholders in a short period of time.

Once Canada has met its 2020 marine conservation target it will continue to advance ongoing marine conservation initiatives, most notably the development of a national conservation network, and seek to ensure effective long‐term conservation through the management, monitoring and enforcement of established MPAs and OECMs.