bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hydromorphological restoration stimulates river ecosystem metabolism
Authors: Kupilas Benjamin , Hering Daniel , Lorenz Armin W. , Knuth Christoph , Gücker Björn
Published: April 2017

Abstract. Both ecosystem structure and functioning determine ecosystem status and are important for the provision of goods and services to society. However, there is a paucity of research that couples functional measures with assessments of ecosystem structure. In mid-sized and large rivers, effects of restoration on key ecosystem processes, such as ecosystem metabolism, have rarely been addressed and remain poorly understood. We compared three reaches of the third-order, gravel-bed river Ruhr in Germany: two reaches restored with moderate (R1) and substantial effort (R2) and one upstream degraded reach (D). Hydromorphology, habitat composition, and hydrodynamics were assessed. We estimated gross primary production (GPP) and ecosystem respiration (ER) using the one-station open-channel diel dissolved oxygen change method over a 50-day period at the end of each reach. Moreover, we estimated metabolic rates of the combined restored reaches (R1 + R2) using the two-station open-channel method. Values for hydromorphological variables increased with restoration intensity (D  <  R1  <  R2). Restored reaches had lower current velocity, higher longitudinal dispersion and larger transient storage zones. However, fractions of median travel time due to transient storage were highest in R1 and lowest in R2, with intermediate values in D. The share of macrophyte cover of total wetted area was highest in R2 and lowest in R1, with intermediate values in D. Station R2 had higher average GPP and ER than R1 and D. The combined restored reaches R1 + R2 also exhibited higher GPP and ER than the degraded upstream river (station D). Restoration increased river autotrophy, as indicated by elevated GPP : ER, and net ecosystem production (NEP) of restored reaches. Temporal patterns of ER closely mirrored those of GPP, pointing to the importance of autochthonous production for ecosystem functioning. In conclusion, high reach-scale restoration effort had considerable effects on river hydrodynamics and ecosystem functioning, which were mainly related to massive stands of macrophytes. High rates of metabolism and the occurrence of dense macrophyte stands may increase the assimilation of dissolved nutrients and the sedimentation of particulate nutrients, thereby positively affecting water quality.
Causes of simulated, longterm changes in chlorophyll concentrations in the Baltic Sea
Authors: Hieronymus Jenny , Eilola Kari , Hieronymus Magnus , Meier H. E. Markus , Saraiva Sofia
Published: April 2017

Abstract. The co-variation of key variables with modelled phytoplankton concentrations in the Baltic proper has been examined using wavelet analysis and results of a long-term simulation for 1850–2008 with a high-resolution, coupled physical-biogeochemical circulation model for the Baltic Sea. By focusing on interannual variations it is possible to track effects acting on decadal time scales such as temperature increase due to climate change as well as changes in nutrient input. The results indicate the largest inter-annual coherence of phytoplankton with the limiting nutrient. However, after 1950 the coherence is reduced due to high mixed layer nutrient concentrations diminishing the effect of smaller long-term variations. Furthermore, the inter-annual coherence of mixed layer nitrate with riverine input of nitrate is much larger than the coherence between mixed layer phosphate and phosphate loads. This indicates a greater relative importance of internal loads i.e. mixing of phosphate from deeper layers. In addition, shifts in nutrient patterns give rise to changes in phytoplankton nutrient limitation. The modelled pattern shifts from purely phosphate limited to a seasonally varying regime. The results further indicate some effect of inter-annual temperature increase on cyanobacteria and flagellates. Changes in mixed layer depth affect mainly diatoms due to a high sinking velocity while inter-annual coherence between irradiance and phytoplankton is not observed.
Hydrological and ecological controls on dissolved carbon concentrations in groundwater and carbon export to surface waters in a temperate pine forest watershed
Authors: Deirmendjian Loris , Loustau Denis , Augusto Laurent , Lafont Sébastien , Chipeaux Christophe , Poirier Dominique , Abril Gwenaël
Published: April 2017

Abstract. Export of soil carbon to superficial water through the drainage of groundwater is a significant but poorly documented component of the continental carbon budget. We monitored the concentrations of dissolved organic and inorganic carbon (DOC and DIC) in groundwaters and first order streams of a small temperate, forested and sandy watershed where hydrology occurs exclusively through drainage (no surface runoff). The studied watershed was also implemented for continuous measurements of groundwater table, precipitation, evapotranspiration, river discharge, and net ecosystem exchanges of sensible and latent heat fluxes as well as CO2. On a monthly basis, we found a good consistency between precipitation and the sum of evapotranspiration, drainage and groundwater storage. DOC and DIC temporary storage in groundwater and export to streams varied drastically during the hydrological cycle, the residence times of these two carbon forms varying from one month to several years. DOC concentrations in groundwater and streams were maximal at high water table and high stream discharge, when the water table reached the superficial organic rich layer of the soil. A large fraction of this winter DOC maximum was temporarily stored and further mineralized to DIC in the groundwater and only about 15 % was exported to streams during winter periods. In contrast, DIC, which was present in majority in the form of dissolved CO2 in groundwater and streams, was apparently diluted at high water table: DIC concentrations were maximum at low water table and low discharge in late summer and maximum pCO2 in groundwater corresponded to the late summer period of heterotrophic conditions (i.e., Reco > GPP). Groundwater DIC peaked in late summer and was followed by a rapid loss of excess CO2 from stream surface to the atmosphere. Overall, mean carbon export was 7.5 g C m−2 yr−1 (50 % as DOC and 50 % as DIC) and represented only 1.5 % of the NEE. About 65 % of the DIC exported from groundwaters returned to the atmosphere in the form of CO2 in first order streams.
Modeling of the in situ state of stress in elastic layered rock subject to stress and strain-driven tectonic forces
Authors: Roche Vincent , van der Baan Mirko
Published: April 2017

Abstract. In this study we describe and compare eight different strategies to predict the depth variation of stress within a layered rock formation. This reveals the inherent uncertainties in stress prediction from elastic properties and stress measurements, as well as the geologic implications of the different models. The predictive strategies are based on well log data and in some cases on in situ stress measurements, combined with the weight of the overburden rock, the pore pressure, the depth variation in rock properties, and tectonic effects. We contrast and compare stresses predicted purely using theoretical models with those constrained by in situ measurements. We also explore the role of the applied boundary conditions that mimic two fundamental models of tectonic effects, namely the stress- or strain-driven models. In both models, layer-to-layer tectonic stress variations are added to initial predictions due to vertical variation in rock elasticity, consistent with natural observations, yet describe very different controlling mechanisms. Layer-to-layer stress variations are caused by either local elastic strain accommodation for the strain-driven model, or stress transfers for the stress-driven model. As a consequence, stress predictions can depend strongly on the implemented prediction philosophy and the underlying implicit and explicit assumptions, even for media with identical elastic parameters and stress measurements. This implies that stress predictions have large uncertainties, even if local measurements and boundary conditions are honored.
Process-level model evaluation: a snow and heat transfer metric
Authors: Slater Andrew G. , Lawrence David M. , Koven Charles D.
Published: April 2017

Abstract. Land models require evaluation in order to understand results and guide future development. Examining functional relationships between model variables can provide insight into the ability of models to capture fundamental processes and aid in minimizing uncertainties or deficiencies in model forcing. This study quantifies the proficiency of land models to appropriately transfer heat from the soil through a snowpack to the atmosphere during the cooling season (Northern Hemisphere: October–March). Using the basic physics of heat diffusion, we investigate the relationship between seasonal amplitudes of soil versus air temperatures due to insulation from seasonal snow. Observations demonstrate the anticipated exponential relationship of attenuated soil temperature amplitude with increasing snow depth and indicate that the marginal influence of snow insulation diminishes beyond an effective snow depth of about 50 cm. A snow and heat transfer metric (SHTM) is developed to quantify model skill compared to observations. Land models within the CMIP5 experiment vary widely in SHTM scores, and deficiencies can often be traced to model structural weaknesses. The SHTM value for individual models is stable over 150 years of climate, 1850–2005, indicating that the metric is insensitive to climate forcing and can be used to evaluate each model's representation of the insulation process.
The Determinants of Voting Behaviour: Evidences from the 2015 Elections in Oyo State, Nigeria
Authors: Ogbogu Christiana O. , Olaoye Jesutola A.
Published: April 2017

This study identified the determinants of voting behavior of electorates in the year 2015 general election in Oyo State, Nigeria.  This was done with a view to ascertain whether gender, age and personal ideology affected the voting behavior of the electorates in the election process. The study which is a survey generated its primary data through the administration of questionnaire on 640 randomly selected electorates from 3 randomly selected local government in Oyo State, Nigeria. The retrieved data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics in the form of means, standard deviation, t-test and multiple regression.The results revealed that age (β = 0.158; t = 4.051; P<0.05) and personal ideology (-0.135; t = -3.472; P<0.05) significantly predicted electorates’ voting behavior, while gender (β = 0.068; t = 1.748, P>0.05) did not directly predict the voting behavior of the electorates. This implied that there was no significant difference between the voting behavior of the male and female electorates (t = -1.488; P >0.05).The study concluded that the Nigerian government needs to harness efforts in educating her citizenry on the essence of voting as a civic duty which should not be affected by age, or gender. This would improve the personal ideology of the electorates to the level that guarantees sustenance of democracy.
O cinema escolar como berço do entretenimento
Authors: Godoy Del Picchia Zanoni Fábio
Published: April 2017

O artigo que ora se apresenta pretende trazer à baila o processo histórico de constituição de um modelo específico de endereçamento ao cinema. À contramão do que tendemos supor à primeira vista, o presente artigo busca argumentar, sobretudo a partir das teorizações foucaultianas,
como a emergência do cinema de entretenimento não se explica a contento
tão somente pelos ditames e exigência de cunho econômico, pois foi indissociável da escolarização do cinema, ocorrida nos muros das escolas brasileira e portuguesa a partir de meados da década de 1930.

Palavras-chave: Cinema. Escola. Foucault. Genealogia.
Registros da paisagem urbana em algumas leituras visuais e escritas: capturas sensíveis e os espaços da(s) cidade(s)
Authors: Heloisa Molina Ana
Published: April 2017

O texto intenta analisar a complexidade do conceito de cidade, suas transformações e as apropriações realizadas por seus habitantes. Com base na seleção de documentos visuais e escritos, em diversos recortes de tempo e espaço, busca incitar as percepções de tais “janelas”
como possibilidades de informação. Procura instigar capturas sensíveis,
baseando-se nos registros selecionados e possibilitar outras reflexões acerca desses espaços em reelaboração contínua. Circunscrevemos alguns espaços e tempos como cápsulas de observação no intuito de verificar as mudanças ocorridas no espaço urbano e a apreensão em vários registros visuais ou escritos: Porto Alegre (RS), Paris (França), Rio de Janeiro (RJ), Salvador (BA), Feira de Santana (BA), Recife (PE), Welwyn Garden City
(Inglaterra) e Itabira (MG), do final do século XIX até meados do século XX.

Palavras-chave: Cidade. Registros. Sensibilidades.
Which America? Brazilian intellectual formulations about Latin America at the turn of the century and their impacts on the constructions of national identity
Authors: Rossotto Ioris Rafael
Published: April 2017

At the turn of the 20th century, with the coming of a new political regime in the country, Brazilians intellectuals actively engaged in a creative reflection about the historical relation of their nation with its surrounding Spanish-speaking neighbors. And although no unified view was to emerge, as a whole these works and ensuing debates offered an opportunity for these publicly engaged writers to reinsert, under a new yet still largely critical light, the regional context into much needed discussions on national identity and associated national projects. How this new dynamic operated and how they are situated within the long-term of Brazilian history are the focus of this study.

Keywords: Intellectuals. Latin America.National identity.
O desenvolvimento agrícola e o processo migratório no Brasil
Authors: Maria Prudêncio de Mera Claudia
Published: April 2017

O meio rural sempre esteve presente nas discussões sobre o desenvolvimento por sua participação econômica, pela organização da sua matriz produtiva ou, ainda, devido aos entraves que a atividade
possa representar para o restante da economia. Neste estudo, discute-se o aspecto demográfico e o processo migratório, enfatizando o contexto brasileiro. Pode-se dizer que a discussão sobre a temática da diminuição da população rural inicia-se no período que precede as
políticas nacional-desenvolvimentistas e do esgotamento do modelo agroexportador brasileiro baseado no café. Estuda-se, sobretudo, as consequências do deslocamento do centro dinâmico de uma economia essencialmente agrária para uma economia urbana e industrial.

Palavras-chave: Desenvolvimento. Migração.População.
Task-based agricultural mobile robots in arable farming: A review
Authors: Aravind Krishnaswamy R. , Raja Purushothaman , Pérez-Ruiz Manuel
Published: April 2017

In agriculture (in the context of this paper, the terms “agriculture” and “farming” refer to only the farming of crops and exclude the farming of animals), smart farming and automated agricultural technology have emerged as promising methodologies for increasing the crop productivity without sacrificing produce quality. The emergence of various robotics technologies has facilitated the application of these techniques in agricultural processes. However, incorporating this technology in farms has proven to be challenging because of the large variations in shape, size, rate and type of growth, type of produce, and environmental requirements for different types of crops. Agricultural processes are chains of systematic, repetitive, and time-dependent tasks. However, some agricultural processes differ based on the type of farming, namely permanent crop farming and arable farming. Permanent crop farming includes permanent crops or woody plants such as orchards and vineyards whereas arable farmingincludestemporary crops such as wheat and rice. Major operations in open arable farming include tilling, soil analysis, seeding, transplanting, crop scouting, pest control, weed removal and harvesting and robots can assist in performing all of these tasks. Each specific operation requires axillary devices and sensors with specific functions. This article reviews the latest advances in the application of mobile robots in these agricultural operations for open arable farming and provide an overview of the systems and techniques that are used. This article also discusses various challenges for future improvements in using reliable mobile robots for arable farming.
A Survey of Grammar Instruction from Scholastic Perspective
Authors: Peng Yanghua
Published: April 2017

The study of grammar has been paid much attention and the grammar instruction becomes an emphasis and key problem in English language teaching and learning. How to instruct students grammar appropriately becomes controversial for some English teachers increasingly. Some linguistics, theorist and teachers hold that the grammar instruction should be taught traditionally and normally. There should be a standard in classroom instruction. However, others argue that grammar instruction should be approached scholastically, especially in cultural or religious practice since scholastic grammar is of great essence in language itself. On the basis of the theories of second language teaching and learning and acquisition and the viewpoints of Otto. Jespersen and H. Poutsma about scholastic grammar, this paper conducts a survey of grammar instruction at colleges and universities and analyzes the real conditions of grammar instruction from scholastic perspective and finds that it is necessary to reconsider the role of grammar instruction and enhance its importance in English teaching and learning. Finally, the paper ends with a conclusion about the deficit of scholastic grammar at colleges and universities and some implications of grammar instruction in the real English language teaching and learning. The survey put forward a basis and reference for Chinese education system especially for liberal education and humanistic quality.
The Influence of External Channel Environment on Channel Governance
Authors: Cao Guanglu
Published: April 2017

External environment has a vital impact on channel operation, but it remains unclear how task and institutional environment influence channel members’ governance behavior. With data collected from distributors of a large-scale petrochemical enterprise, this study builds a structural equation model to analyze the influence of channel institutional and task environment on channel members’ governance behavior. The empirical results suggest that, both task and institutional environments are influential to channel governance: when the environment is dynamic and complex, channel partners tend to use relational governance mechanism. When the regulatory environment is influential, contractual mechanism is widely used, while relational mechanism is preferred when cognitive environment is sufficiently powerful. This paper provides new insights into research of channel environment, and also provides practical guidance for channel members.
Effect of Whole Cottonseed or Protected Fat Dietary Additives on Carcass Characteristics and Meat Quality of Beef Cattle: A review
Authors: Lima Erico Da Silva , Valente Tiago Neves Pereira , Roca Roberto De Oliveira , Cezario Andreia Santos , Santos Wallacy Barbacena Rosa dos , Deminicis Bruno Borges , Ribeiro Jeferson Corrêa
Published: April 2017

The use of oil supplies in feed increases the energy density of the diet and has the potential to enhance both animal performance and meat quality. Whole cottonseed is an oilseed that has a high concentration of oil and is especially rich in unsaturated fatty acids such as linoleic acid. Whole cottonseed is considered as an excellent alternative addition to ruminant feed. Protected lipids are composed of industry-based fatty acids. In the feedlot, protected lipids are used in conjunction with calcium and, in certain cases, their addition has been seen to augment meat quality in terms of essential fatty acid concentrations. This review discusses and debates the use of the whole cottonseed as well as protected lipids (calcium salts of fatty acids) as dietary additives to ruminant feed and diet, and also its impact on meat quality. The whole cottonseed and or protected lipids are viable feedlot alternatives for use in feedlot when it is desired to reduce the amount of starch in animal diet without compromising the performance. The addition of the whole cottonseed or protected lipid in diet is not affect pH values in meat. The whole cottonseed does not contribute to the improvement of tenderness of the meat. The proportion mean of Desirable fatty acids in meat in the comparative study were: as pentadecanoic acid (C15:1 = 0.29%), palmitoleic acid (C16:1 = 4.26%), heptadecanoic acid (C17:1 = 0.07%), oleic acid (C18:1n9c = 37.32%), r-linolenic acid (0.94%) and a-linolenic acid (1.04%), elaidic acid (C18:1n9t = 0.50%), eicosatrienoic acid (C20:3n3 = 0.03%), eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5n3 = 0.04%), erucic acid (C22:1n9 = 0.89%), docosadienoic acid (C22:2 = 0.04%) and stearic acid (C18:0 = 21.53%). The addition the cottonseed or protected lipid in diet does not affect fatty acids profiles the desirable fatty acids in meat.
The Comparison of Self-Efficacy Belief Levels on Anatomy Education between the Undergraduate Students from Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Department and the Associate Students from Vocational School of Health Services in Western Black Sea Region
Authors: Acar Derya , Colak Tuncay , Colak Serap , Gungor Tugba , Yener Deniz M , Aksu Elif , Guzelordu Dilsat , Sivri Ismail , Colak Enis , Ors Abdullah
Published: April 2017

Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation (PTR) undergraduate degree departments and Vocational School of Health Services (VSHS) associate degree departments train healthcare professionals, which is important for both continuance of human health and treatment of various illnesses. Anatomic structures underlie the illnesses that these departments treat and care.Therefore, the graduates of these departments should have favorable knowledge of anatomy. The aim of this study is to evaluate and compare the self-efficacy belief levels about anatomy education of PTR students as undergraduate and VSHS students as associate degree.94 students from PTR department (age: 21.94±1.19) and 100 students from VSHS (age: 20.16±1.58) have participated in the study. Data collection questionnaire (gender, age, geographical region where he/she came from, residential place) and Anatomy Self-Efficacy Belief scale (ASEB) have been implemented on the participants.As a consequence, when the Anatomy Self-Efficacy Belief levels of undergraduate and associate degree students are compared, no significant difference has been found in total (p>0,05). However, when the answers given to the questions in self-efficacy belief level test are compared separately, a significant difference has been found in 4 questions (p<0,05). The reason for this is that the students of PTR department have more hours of anatomy lesson per week compared to the students of VSHS.As ASEB gets better, profession is done better in view of anatomy. This will help the graduates of both departments do their profession better and be more helpful to their patients.
Association between perceived level of autonomy and perceived behavioural control over resolving ethical dilemmas: A large N cross-sectional survey of Canadian civil servants
Authors: Jacob Steve , Ouimet Mathieu
Published: April 2017

Inspired by the theory of planned behaviour (Ajzen 1991), this study examines the relationship between the perceived level of autonomy among civil servants and their perceived behavioural control over the resolution process of work-related ethical dilemmas. To this end, we used a subset of the data from the 2008 Statistics Canada Public Service Employee Survey (PSES). This cross-sectional survey was conducted between November 3 and December 12, 2008. Approximately 170,000 employees responded to the survey, representing 66 percent of the 258,000 employees invited to participate. In summary, the perceived level of autonomy index is positively associated with the perceived behavioural control over the resolution of ethical dilemmas, as was theoretically expected.
Ni verticale, ni horizontale : la gouvernance communautaire au sein de la francophonie en situation minoritaire au Canada
Authors: Forgues Éric
Published: April 2017

Dans cet article, nous proposons quelques pistes qui permettront de saisir certains enjeux qui se posent à l’égard du mode de gouvernance qui se met en place au sein du milieu associatif francophone en situation minoritaire. Deux voies principales guideront notre réflexion : le mode de coordination de l’action qui sous-tend les pratiques de gouvernance, et les rapports qui unissent l’État fédéral canadien au milieu associatif francophone. Notre hypothèse est la suivante : dans la gouvernance communautaire actuelle du milieu associatif francophone, l’État se réserve un pouvoir sous l’empire duquel il oriente l’organisation même des organismes francophones. Le partage du pouvoir, qui constitue l’une des caractéristiques principales de la gouvernance, se limite essentiellement à la collation de responsabilités en matière de gestion des activités communautaires de ces organismes. Dans cette perspective, nous constatons l’existence d’un alourdissement appréciable des exigences administratives. Toutefois, des efforts sont déployés pour ancrer la gouvernance dans des pratiques de consultation, de concertation et de délibération auprès des organismes et de la population francophone minoritaire. Effectivement, ce sont les organismes eux-mêmes qui participent pour l’essentiel aux consultations et qui déterminent les orientations du développement communautaire. Ainsi, l’analyse nous amène à nuancer l’idée que, telle qu’elle s’exerce dans le milieu associatif francophone, la gouvernance serait horizontale.
Understanding Donor Behaviour: Actors and Processes in Disaster-Relief Decision-Making
Authors: Mamuji Aaida
Published: April 2017

Two of the largest natural disasters that hit in 2010 were the January earthquake in Haiti and the flooding in Pakistan which followed seven months later. Unlike Canada’s disaster-relief intervention to the earthquake, the response to the Pakistan floods has been argued to be comparatively minimal relative to the extent of damage sustained. Through a series of interviews with bureaucrats affecting Canada’s disaster-relief responses in both 2010 disasters, this paper asks, who (and what) really determines the scope and magnitude of international disaster-relief interventions? Through the development and application of a multi-level conceptual framework, donor behaviour is said to be affected by each of macro-institutional, meso-contextual and micro-foundational factors. The findings highlight the determinative role of political actors in shaping humanitarian assistance decisions.
La gouvernance comme modalité de gestion ou mot-valise en Afrique : analyse de contenu de discours en milieu universitaire au Burundi
Authors: Ndengutse Pie , Salengros Pierre , Sylin Michel
Published: April 2017

L’objectif de cet article est de montrer qu’au-delà de la littérature managériale, la notion de gouvernance relève des perceptions, ainsi que des représentations de la situation économique et socioculturelle qu’ont les acteurs d’une organisation à un moment donné. Dans cette recherche, la polysémie de ce concept est remise en question au travers de discours d’étudiants du Burundi, pour en comprendre la portée et les enjeux. Les résultats de l’analyse de contenu des discours permettent de montrer que le monde lexical relatif à la gouvernance qui émerge du discours de ces étudiants conduit à la décrire plus selon la situation socioéconomique et politique de leur pays. En d’autres termes, le discours se réfère davantage à l’environnement social, économique, et politique de l’organisation d’appartenance, plutôt qu’aux caractéristiques de la gouvernance soutenues notamment par la littérature, et/ou le discours managérial. Cette description singulière de la gouvernance repose en fait la question du discours sur ce concept. En effet, le discours managérial a tendance à omettre les particularités socioculturelles dans ce qu’il avance comme définitions ou descriptions de la gouvernance. Il faut encore noter que ce discours managérial sur la gouvernance semble avoir un effet instituant le discours scientifique en la matière, et par là même, les dispositifs légaux.
Facteurs influençant la régulation des essais cliniques au Mali
Authors: Maïga Diadié , Lamothe Lise , Williams-Jones Bryn , Blais Régis
Published: April 2017

Depuis 2005, le Mali participe à des activités de renforcement des autorités nationales de réglementation (ANR) initiées par l’OMS en vue d’une bonne régulation des essais cliniques. Malgré cette participation, il y a peu de régulation des essais et cette faiblesse s’explique en partie par un manque d’appropriation des mesures par les autorités nationales. Ainsi, il semble essentiel de comprendre quels facteurs influencent la régulation des essais cliniques, aspect encore peu étudié. En utilisant un cadre analytique basé sur la théorie néo-institutionnelle, cette étude qualitative à visée exploratoire, a été réalisée à partir d’entrevues semi-dirigées avec les ANR, les comités d’éthique, des chercheurs, des administrateurs, des praticiens hospitaliers et d’examens documentaires. Les résultats montrent que la configuration du champ organisationnel et la position des pouvoirs publics dans ce champ apparaissent essentiels à la compréhension des facteurs qui influencent la régulation des essais cliniques. La prépondérance des barrières à la régulation des essais, associée à l’incapacité des pouvoirs publics de renforcer la régulation et la faible structuration du champ organisationnel, plaident en faveur d’une réforme intégrale plutôt que pour l’adoption de mesures partielles comme, par exemple, les revues et inspections conjointes d’essais cliniques promues par l’OMS.
Le droit à la ville « Made in Québec » : un exercice de gouvernance marqué par le pragmatisme? Le cas de Montréal
Authors: Lamarche Lucie
Published: April 2017

Lucie Lamarche (Chaire Gordon F. Henderson en droits de la personne, Université d’Ottawa) se penche sur les conséquences, pour la gouvernabilité municipale, de l’adoption en 2006 de la Charte montréalaise des droits et responsabilités des et des citoyennes. Parmi les dimensions de la gouvernabilité affectées par ce changement de normativité, l’auteure retient principalement, pour les fins de l’analyse, celles de la relation à l’espace, de la subsidiarité, du déplacement du contrôle de la normativité en matière de droits humains des citadins, ainsi que celles de la participation et de la démocratisation des processus d’élaborations de politiques publiques. Comme le mentionne Lamarche, l’adoption de cette Charte n’a pas qu’une seule portée symbolique, au demeurant importante : par-delà cette dernière, elle modifie la gestion de la ville de Montréal et de ses arrondissements.
La latitude managériale des dirigeants face à l’innovation technologique : une analyse empirique sur le marché tunisien
Authors: Affes Habib , Chouaibi Jamel
Published: April 2017

L’objectif de ce présent travail consiste à montrer dans quelle mesure la latitude managériale des dirigeants pourrait favoriser le développement de l’innovation technologique. Pour cela nous avons examiné si la réussite des activités d’innovation technologique dépend de la valeur disciplinaire du dirigeant ou bien de la valeur spécifique de ce dernier. Sur un échantillon de 41 entreprises tunisiennes industrielles, les résultats statistiques montrent que la propriété des dirigeants dans le capital, le comportement et le prestige de ces dirigeants sont des éléments discriminants dans le déclenchement des innovations technologiques.
Impact de l’efficacité des comités d’audit sur la qualité des bénéfices comptables divulgués
Authors: Ali Zarai Mohamed , Bettabai Wided
Published: April 2017

Cet article vise à examiner l’importance du rôle de contrôle exercé par le comité d’audit sur la fiabilité des états financiers dans les sociétés américaines. Plus précisément, nous cherchons à déterminer l’influence de certaines caractéristiques du comité d’audit sur la qualité des bénéfices comptables. Pour atteindre cet objectif, nous avons étudié, de 2000 à 2004, un échantillon de 100 entreprises américaines qui exercent dans divers secteurs d’activités. Nous avons choisi la pertinence et le niveau de conservatisme comptable comme mesures de la qualité des bénéfices. Ainsi, nous avons remarqué une relation positive entre la qualité des bénéfices et l’efficacité des comités d’audit grâce à l’indépendance, à l’orientation, à l’expertise et à la diligence de ces membres.
La théorie de l’énoncé et la thématique de la gouvernance organisationnelle : un point de vue méthodologique
Authors: Jebbour Benaissa
Published: April 2017

Dans les disciplines descriptives, comme les sciences de gestion/politique, les questions relatives aux langages de l’objet et les systèmes symboliques imposent de la rigueur scientifique aux confins des considérations linguistiques et extralinguistiques. C’est notamment le cas de la thématique de la gouvernance organisationnelle. L’objet de cet article est de proposer une méthodologie de recherche à cet égard en usant d’une théorie de l’énoncé. Par ce détour, on montre que dans le sens d’une expression, deux attitudes philosophiques peuvent non seulement cohabiter dans l’énoncé‐type mais aussi que l’une ne peut se passer de l’autre : la phénoménologie herméneutique et la philosophie analytique de l’action. Une telle complémentarité anticipe dès lors des découvertes analytiques et phénoménologiques, et dont la synthèse réside dans la philosophie politique. On montrera que la théorie de l’énoncé permette d’aborder aisément l’ontologie de l’action, et qu’en se faisant, elle défriche le terrain de l’investigation scientifique par recours à l’opérateur de cohérence.
Transformative Change and Measuring Success: Public-Private Partnerships in British Columbia, 2001-2005
Authors: Cohn Daniel
Published: April 2017

Public-private partnerships can be understood to be instruments for meeting the obligations of the state (things that there has been a strong social consensus that the state ought to do) that are transformed so as to involve private property ownership as a key element in the operation of the instrument. The word partnership is important and not just a euphemism for hiding a privatization (at least it ought not to be). Partnership means a relationship based on common goals where both entities share benefits and contribute resources over the long-term for mutual advantage and out of a sense of commitment. In a design-build-finance-operate (DBFO) public-private partnership, the state agency sponsoring the development hires either a single company (or consortium of companies) to, as the term suggests, meet the full extent of its public obligation by determining how best to meet the obligation, designing and building the necessary infrastructure and then operating it. This paper looks at the development of three DBFO public-private partnerships in and around Vancouver, British Columbia, asking what the likelihood is that the public will benefit from decisions to employ this procurement model. When using a definition of benefit that is broader than simply saving money, it is possible that these projects can provide greater benefits than a traditional public procurement, although the managers of two of the projects will likely face greater difficulties in doing so than the managers of the third one.
The unaccountable Federal Accountability Act: Goodbye to responsible government?
Authors: Sutherland S. L.
Published: April 2017

The article argues that the Federal Accountability Act or, as of November, 2006, C-2, is an unaccountable piece of legislation in the sense that it is not explicable or intelligible. Second, to take the risk of imposing so many unrelated measures on federal institutions at one time is not a responsible action. There is an unevaluated risk of destabilizing the institutions of government and the public service. Certainly some provisions of the bill, such as the creation of a parliamentary budget office as an executive agency, and the creation of a federal director of public prosecutions, might well merit study as selfstanding measures. But most other provisions, on examination, threaten to destabilize or end responsible government in Canada. The paper argues that several measures clearly fall into this latter category. Among these are measures to provide for heavy regulation and summary punishment of both parliamentarians and senior public servants, as well as for the “naming and blaming and shaming” of senior public servants at the cost of introducing a policy-administration dichotomy, plus the excessive grants of powers to agents or officers of Parliament and the creation of new “parliamentary” bureaucracies that in fact perform executive functions. The manner of passing the bill in the House was also of doubtful fairness, given that the New Democratic Party joined in a partnership with the government to rush the bill through the Legislative Committee of the House of Commons.
La péréquation financière au Canada : quelles sont les raisons de la difficulté de réformer cet élément essentiel du fédéralisme canadien?
Authors: Defraiteur Vincent
Published: April 2017

La péréquation financière a pour but d’assurer à chaque gouvernement provincial suffisamment de ressources en vue de fournir aux citoyens des services de qualité comparable moyennant des taux d’imposition comparable. Il s’agit d’une obligation dans le chef du gouvernement fédéral. Celui-ci a tenté en octobre 2004 de réformer ce programme afin de le rendre plus simple et, surtout, plus prévisible. Aujourd’hui, cette réforme est au point mort. Outre la présentation du système initial, cet article met l’accent sur les raisons politologiques susceptibles d’expliquer les difficultés rencontrées par le fédéral dans sa tentative de réforme de ce système essentiel.
Observer l’observateur - Perspective épistémologique sur l’usage de la notion de gouvernance pour l’étude politique de l’administration publique
Authors: Giroux Dalie
Published: April 2017

Ce texte propose de discuter le concept de gouvernance, son rôle dans l’étude politique de l’administration publique et les défis théoriques et épistémologiques que son usage présente. Sans prétendre offrir le dernier mot dans ces débats qui sont l’objet d’une littérature très diversifiée et de grande qualité, je souhaite spécifier certaines questions qui se posent dans le cadre de la qualification et du développement d’un champ particulier qui appartient aux sciences sociales, l’étude proprement politique de l’administration publique. Participant par ce texte de la construction de cette réflexion encore à venir, je vais dans un premier temps définir le concept de gouvernance, en insistant sur la redéfinition du distinguo public/privé (articulation à la fois théorique et pratique de l’objet de l’administration publique) qui est implicite à l’articulation de celui-ci. Dans un deuxième temps, je vais soulever les questions théoriques et épistémologiques liés à l’usage du concept de gouvernance, en tant que cet usage est symptôme de la direction de la recherche actuelle, et dans le but d’y trouver l’indication de pistes à suivre pour constituer une version forte de l’étude politique de l’administration publique. Je vais dans un troisième et dernier temps suggérer d’incorporer de manière systématique dans l’épistémologie de la réflexion politique sur l’étude de l’administration publique deux dimensions qui, à la lumière de la critique de l’usage du concept de gouvernance, m’apparaissent essentielles.
Bringing the transgovernmental in: the public service in the Canada-United States relationship
Authors: Gattinger Monica
Published: April 2017

This article examines an often-overlooked dimension of Canada-United States relations : relations between Canadian and American public servants. Meetings between political leaders of Canada and the US may make front-page headlines, but it is the myriad of networks and interconnections between Canadian and American public servants that constitute the lion’s share of bilateral activity. Notwithstanding the multitude of daily cross-border, inter-departmental, and inter-agency interactions, there has been relatively little systematic theoretical or empirical attention to the public sector dimension of Canada-US relations. Public administration scholars tend to train their sights on the domestic level and pay little or no attention to the public management dimension of international affairs. A recently edited volume studying contemporary Canadian public administration does not examine these relations. International relations scholars, for their part, tend to oversimplify domestic politics and policy institutions. This text contributes to bridging this gap in the literature. It builds on the concept of transgovernmentalism, relations between legislative, executive, regulatory, and judicial players with their international counterparts. It examines the mechanisms and processes by which public sector players interact across borders (e.g., informal relations, formal agreements, joint organizations, etc.). The article explores the relationship between the degree of bilateral policy coordination in a policy field or issue area and the mechanisms of transgovernmental activity characterizing cross-border relations in that policy domain.
Restructurations et pratiques d’accompagnement des nouveaux retraités dans l’administration publique fédérale du Canada : une analyse quantitative critique
Authors: Rouillard Christian , Lemire Louise
Published: April 2017

Les restructurations organisationnelles entraînent fréquemment des mises à la retraite anticipée. Afin de permettre à ceux-ci de s’adapter à un tel changement, les organisations publiques et privées offrent parfois des services d’accompagnement aux employés touchés. Afin de mieux comprendre l’impact de ces changements forcés sur les préretraités et l’efficacité des programmes d’accompagnement, les auteurs examinent l’état de santé d’un groupe de préretraités de la fonction publique fédérale du Canada. Ils avancent que les problèmes de santé physiques et psychologiques des préretraités sont généralement de faible intensité et que les programmes d’accompagnement s’avèrent inefficaces. L’article se conclut par un appel à repenser ces pratiques d’accompagnement et les théories du comportement qui leurs sont généralement sous-jacentes.
Gouvernance partenariale et performance organisationnelle : les enseignements des privatisations passées
Authors: Chatelin Céline
Published: April 2017

Cet article traite deux questions, l’une relative à la problématique fondamentale du lien entre propriété et performance dans le cas emblématique de la privatisation, l’autre relative à la portée explicative de la théorie de la gouvernance. En reconsidérant le débat traditionnel fondé sur le « simple » transfert de propriété au profit d’agents privés, notre réflexion relève d’une analyse des règles du jeu organisationnel qui gouvernent le processus de décision. Dans une perspective partenariale de la valeur, quid des effets de la privatisation sur le processus décisionnel et sur ses interactions avec les mécanismes de gouvernance qui sont supposés l’encadrer ? Ce renouvellement de perspective offre en retour, une opportunité de statuer sur la théorie de la gouvernance partenariale. Cet article sollicite ainsi une réflexion ouverte sur les axes de recherche de la théorie de la gouvernance dans la compréhension d’une logique continue d’adaptation de l’entreprise à son environnement.
Les emplois du terme enfant dans les chartes des droits de l’enfant adoptées par la Société des Nations en 1924 et par les Nations Unies en 1989
Authors: Cattani Paola
Published: April 2017

La Convention internationale des droits de l’enfant adoptée par l’Assemblée générale de l’UNESCO en 1989, est le résultat d’un effort législatif qui s’est prolongé tout au long du XXe siècle, à partir du texte de la Déclaration des droits de l’enfant approuvé par la SDN en 1924, qui a été ensuite repris et approfondi par la Déclaration des droits de l’enfant de 1959. Quelles différences principales existe-t-il entre la conception de l’enfance et de la protection du texte de 1924 et de celui de 1989? Nous essayerons de le comprendre par le biais d’une analyse linguistique diachronique, en comparant en particulier les emplois qui sont faits du terme enfant (singulier/ pluriel, groupes nominaux, fonctions du nom dans la phrase, etc.) dans les Déclarations de 1924 et de 1959, et dans la Convention de 1989.
Nommer l’enfant dans la Convention internationale des droits de l’enfant en japonais
Authors: Claudel Chantal , Konuma Isabelle
Published: April 2017

En langue, le japonais met à la disposition du locuteur un certain nombre de termes pour référer au mot enfant: kodomo, jidô, ko, miseinen. Or, la Convention internationale des droits de l’enfant ne retient que jidô. Qu’est-ce qui dicte ce choix? Quelles représentations cette nomination véhicule-t-elle? C’est à ces questions que répond l’article qui, dans un premier temps, traite de la valeur attribuée aux différents termes en circulation dans leur emploi ordinaire et juridique et dans un second temps, aborde la nomination sous l’angle discursif à travers une analyse du mot jidô tel qu’il se manifeste dans la Convention.
Il bambino (ertong 儿童) nel testo in lingua cinese della Convenzione sui diritti del fanciullo (1989): un soggetto attivo o passivo del diritto?
Authors: Mottura Bettina
Published: April 2017

La Chine a ratifié la Convention la des Nations Unies des droits de l’enfant en 1992, alors même que le discours public sur les droits des enfants était entrain de se consolider grâce entre autres à l’adoption d’une Loi sur la protection des mineurs (1991). La littérature considère que par ces deux prises de position formelles (à travers les textes juridiques) le processus visant à fixer la représentation de l’enfant et sa position sociale, entamé au début du XXe siècle, a atteint un niveau de définition nouveau. À travers une analyse des verbes associés au nom enfant en position d’agent dans le texte chinois de la Convention, je vise à souligner que la traduction chinoise de la Convention confirme la volonté de diffuser une représentation de l’enfant en tant que sujet actif de droit. Ce qui – à mon avis – reflète aussi bien les intentions du texte international que celles du législateur national.
Texture analysis of blanched vegetables using high- and low-speed measuring methods
Authors: Schmitt Christian , Friedl Thomas , Mattes Nadine , Grupa Uwe , Hensel Oliver
Published: April 2017

Quality reductions of raw and cooked vegetables are caused by forces generated during industrial high-speed manufacturing. However, the transferability of low-speed texture measurement methods to high speed processes is limited. Therefore, analyses with a low-speed uniaxial compression test (breaking strength σ, breaking strain ε) and a high-speed pendulum test (relative fracture height ∆h) at different speeds (3.6, 4.4, 5.3 m s−1 ) were carried out. Textural values for potatoes, carrots and celeriacs (0 to 25 min cooking time) were recorded to compare the two measurement methods. Furthermore, whether the increase of textural values of blanched vegetables measured with low-speed methods, was also observable with high-speed methods, was also investigated. Low to medium rank correlation coefficients (rS < 0.659) between parameters of the two methods were calculated. In contrast to σ and ε, ∆h-values indicate a distinct initial increase as well as textural maxima between 5.0 to 12.5 min cooking time for all tested potato and carrot varieties. On the other hand, most celeriac samples did not exhibit an increase in texture with respect to cooking time. Therefore, a textural analysis at high speeds is necessary for the prediction of textural characteristics of blanched vegetables during high-speed processing in order to reduce quality degradation.