bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cyclic Behavior and Stress–Strain Model of Nano-SiO2-Modified Recycled Aggregate Concrete
Authors: Zhou Yingwu , Xu Wenzhuo , Lin Wenwei , Zhuang Jiahao , Xing Feng , Hu Rui
Published: March 2024

Recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) possesses different mechanical properties than ordinary concrete because of inherent faults in recycled aggregates (RAs), such as the old interfacial transition zone (ITZ). However, the application of nano-SiO2 presents an effective methodology to enhance the quality of RA. In this study, nano-SiO2-modified recycled aggregate (SRA) was used to replace natural aggregate (NA), and the stress–strain relationships and cyclic behavior of nano-SiO2-modified recycled aggregate concrete (SRAC) with different SRA replacement rates were investigated. After evaluating the skeleton curve of SRAC specimens, the existing constitutive models were compared. Additionally, the study also proposed a stress–strain model designed to predict the mechanical behavior of concrete in relation to the SRA replacement rate. The results show that compared with RAC, the axial compressive strength of SRAC specimens showed increases of 40.27%, 29.21%, 26.55%, 16.37%, and 8.41% at specific SRA replacement rates of 0%, 30%, 50%, 70%, and 100%, respectively. Moreover, the study found that the Guo model’s calculated results can accurately predict the skeleton curves of SRAC specimens.
Microstructure and Properties of Hot Pressing Sintered SiC/Y3Al5O12 Composite Ceramics for Dry Gas Seals
Authors: Zou Chang , Ou Yangxin , Zhou Weiliang , Li Zhiqiang , Zheng Pu , Guo Xingzhong
Published: March 2024

Silicon carbide (SiC) ceramics with high bending strength were prepared by hot pressing sintering (HPS) with yttrium aluminum garnet (Y3Al5O12, YAG) as sintering additive, and the effects of YAG content and sintering temperature on the sintering behavior, microstructure and mechanical properties of SiC ceramics were investigated in detail. The uniform distribution of YAG to form a liquid phase and the driving force provided by hot pressing sintering decrease the sintering temperature, improve the densification of SiC ceramics, and refine the crystal size. By means of suitable sintering conditions with the additional amount of YAG of 5 wt%, the sintering temperature of 1950 °C and a pressure of 30 MPa, the resultant SiC/YAG composite ceramics possesses high sintering and mechanical properties with the relative density of 98.53%, the bending strength of 675 MPa, the Vickers hardness of up to 17.92 GPa, and the elastic modulus of 386 GPa. The as-prepared SiC/YAG composite ceramics are promisingly used as the dry gas seal materials in the centrifugal compressors.
Mechanism of Strength Formation of Unfired Bricks Composed of Aeolian Sand–Loess Composite
Authors: Liu Deren , Guo Yafang , Zhang Yanjie , Zhu Zhechao , Xu Pengju , Zhang Shize , Ren Yugang
Published: March 2024

Aeolian sand and loess are both natural materials with poor engineering-related properties, and no research has been devoted to exploring aeolian sand–loess composite materials. In this study, we used aeolian sand and loess as the main raw materials to prepare unfired bricks by using the pressing method, along with cement, fly ash, and polypropylene fiber. The effects of different preparation conditions on the physical properties of the unfired bricks were investigated based on compressive strength, water absorption, and softening tests and a freeze–thaw cycle test combined with X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscope analysis to determine the optimal mixing ratio for unfired bricks, and finally, the effects of fibers on the durability of the unfired bricks were investigated. The results reveal that the optimal mixing ratio of the masses of aeolian sand–loess –cement –fly ash–polypropylene fiber–alkali activator–water was 56.10:28.05:9.17:2.40:0.4:0.003:4.24 under a forming pressure of 20 MPa. The composite unfired bricks prepared had a compressive strength of 14.5 MPa at 14 d, with a rate of water absorption of 8.8%, coefficient of softening of 0.92, and rates of the losses of frozen strength and mass of 15.93% and 1.06%, respectively, where these satisfied the requirements of environmentally protective bricks with strength grades of MU10–MU15. During the curing process, silicate and sodium silicate gels tightly connected the particles of aeolian sand and the loess skeleton, and the spatial network formed by the addition of the fibers inhibited the deformation of soil and improved the strength of the unfired bricks.
Reduction-Induced Magnetic Behavior in LaFeO3−δ Thin Films
Authors: Arndt Nathan D. , Hershkovitz Eitan , Shah Labdhi , Kjærnes Kristoffer , Yang Chao-Yao , Balakrishnan Purnima P. , Shariff Mohammed S. , Tauro Shaun , Gopman Daniel B. , Kirby Brian J. , Grutter Alexander J. , Tybell Thomas , Kim Honggyu , Need Ryan F.
Published: March 2024

The effect of oxygen reduction on the magnetic properties of LaFeO3−δ (LFO) thin films was studied to better understand the viability of LFO as a candidate for magnetoionic memory. Differences in the amount of oxygen lost by LFO and its magnetic behavior were observed in nominally identical LFO films grown on substrates prepared using different common methods. In an LFO film grown on as-received SrTiO3 (STO) substrate, the original perovskite film structure was preserved following reduction, and remnant magnetization was only seen at low temperatures. In a LFO film grown on annealed STO, the LFO lost significantly more oxygen and the microstructure decomposed into La- and Fe-rich regions with remnant magnetization that persisted up to room temperature. These results demonstrate an ability to access multiple, distinct magnetic states via oxygen reduction in the same starting material and suggest LFO may be a suitable materials platform for nonvolatile multistate memory.
Electro-Optical Comb Envelope Engineering Based on Mode Crossing
Authors: Kang Shuting , Lv Xiaomin , Yang Chen , Ma Rui , Gao Feng , Yu Xuanyi , Bo Fang , Zhang Guoquan , Xu Jingjun
Published: March 2024

Resonator-enhanced electro-optical (EO) combs could generate a series of comb lines with high coherence and stability. Recently, EO comb based on thin-film lithium niobate (TFLN) has begun to show great potential thanks to the high second-order nonlinearity coefficient of lithium niobate crystal. Here we demonstrate that EO comb envelope engineering based on mode crossing induced a quality factor reduction in the TFLN racetrack microcavity both in the numerical simulation and experiment. Our method paves the way for the generation of EO combs with an arbitrary envelope.
Mechanical Behavior of Bio-Inspired Honeycomb–Core Composite Sandwich Structures to Low-Velocity Dynamic Loading
Authors: Tao Tao , Li Lizheng , He Qiang , Wang Yonghui , Guo Junlan
Published: March 2024

In order to improve the impact resistance of sandwich panels under low-velocity impact, the lotus leaf vein is selected as a biological prototype to design a bio-inspired honeycomb (BIH) sandwich panel. ABAQUS is used to establish and effectively verify the finite element (FE) model of the BIH sandwich panel. To systematically compare and study the mechanical properties of BIH and conventional hexagonal honeycomb sandwich panels under low-velocity impact, the maximum displacement of face-sheets, the deformation mode, the plastic energy consumption and the dynamic response curve of the impact end are presented. At the same time, the performance differences between them are revealed from the perspective of an energy absorption mechanism. Furthermore, the influence of the circumscribed circle diameter ratio of the BIH trunk to branch (γ), the thickness ratio of the trunk to branch (K) and the impact angle (θ) on impact resistance is studied. Finally, the BIH sandwich panel is further optimized by using the response surface method. It can be concluded that, compared to conventional hexagonal honeycomb sandwich panels, the addition of walls in the BIH sandwich panel reduces the maximum deformation of the rear face-sheet by 10.29% and increases plastic energy consumption by 8.02%. Properly adjusting the structural parameters can effectively enhance the impact resistance of the BIH sandwich panel.
Production of Alginate Oligosaccharides (AOSs) Using Enhanced Physicochemical Properties of Immobilized Alginate Lyase for Industrial Application
Authors: Kaur Simranjeet , Abraham Reinu E. , Franco Christopher M. M. , Puri Munish
Published: March 2024

Alginate lyase (AL) is a polysaccharide-degrading enzyme that can degrade alginate by hydrolyzing glycosidic bonds and produces unsaturated alginate oligosaccharides (AOSs). These AOSs have wide therapeutic and nutraceutical applications. However, to produce alginate oligosaccharides in a cost-effective manner is challenging due to the low availability and high cost of this degrading enzyme. Immobilization of the enzyme facilitates industrial applications owing to its stability, reusability, and cost-effectiveness. This study was focused on the enhancement of the properties of alginate lyase and improvement of the production of AOS. Alginate lyase was immobilized on magnetic nanoparticles (NPs) using glutaraldehyde as the crosslinker. The study showed that the maximum binding achieved between NPs and protein in the enzyme was 71% at a ratio of 1:150 NP:protein. As a result of immobilization, the optimum activity of free enzyme which was obtained at 37 °C and pH 7.4 changed to 45 °C and pH 9. Furthermore, the enzyme was thermostable at 45 °C for 3 h with up to 50% reusability for six consecutive cycles. Storage stability after 15 days showed ~67% relative hydrolysis of alginate. The free alginate lyase (25 IU) showed 76% raw biomass (seaweed) hydrolysis which is higher compared to 63% provided by the immobilized enzyme. As a result of efficient hydrolysis, AOSs with molecular weight profile of 370–1040 kDa were produced and detected using HPLC.
Current Global Trends in Prepectoral Breast Reconstruction
Authors: Taj Saima , Chandavarkar Ravi , Vidya Raghavan
Published: March 2024

Implant-based breast reconstruction (IBBR) is the most frequently performed procedure for breast reconstruction following mastectomy, which involves the surgical placement of breast implants. The approach to breast reconstruction can be divided into two main categories, namely prepectoral breast reconstruction (PPBR) and subpectoral breast reconstruction (SPBR), based on the implant plan and placement technique. In recent years, there has been a significant surge in the popularity of prepectoral implant-based breast reconstruction, where the implants are positioned above the chest muscle, as opposed to beneath it in the subpectoral approach. However, despite this growing preference, there is a lack of comprehensive data regarding the national trends in the utilization of this technique, thus necessitating further investigation. This narrative review aims to ascertain the current global patterns linked to prepectoral breast reconstruction and elucidate the considerations surrounding patient and implant selection, reconstructive techniques, the utilization of meshes in prepectoral reconstruction, the ensuing outcomes and complications, the ramifications of radiotherapy, and the potential advantages of integrating fat infiltration into the implementation of this technique in breast reconstruction with a focus on published papers in last five years. Conclusion: Prepectoral breast reconstruction has emerged as an appropriate surgical option for individuals seeking breast reconstruction. This development can be attributed to the recent progress made in implant technology, which has significantly enhanced the outcomes of this procedure. Additionally, advancements in mastectomy techniques, autologous fat grafting, and the use of acellular dermal matrices (ADMs) have also played a vital role in improving the aesthetic results of prepectoral breast reconstruction. As a result, the significance and effectiveness of this technique in the field of breast reconstruction have been firmly established, making it an essential component of the overall armamentarium available to plastic surgeons for breast reconstruction purposes.
An Improved Seeker Optimization Algorithm for Phase Sensitivity Enhancement of a Franckeite- and WS2-Based SPR Biosensor for Waterborne Bacteria Detection
Authors: Yue Chong , Zhao Xiuting , Tao Lei , Zheng Chuntao , Ding Yueqing , Guo Yongcai
Published: March 2024

For the purpose of detecting waterborne bacteria, a high-phase-sensitivity SPR sensor with an Ag–TiO2–Franckeite–WS2 hybrid structure is designed using an improved seeker optimization algorithm (ISOA). By optimizing each layer of sensor construction simultaneously, the ISOA guarantees a minimum reflectance of less than 0.01 by Ag (20.36 nm)–TiO2 (6.08 nm)–Franckeite (monolayer)–WS2 (bilayer) after 30 iterations for E. coli. And the optimal phase sensitivity is 2.378 × 106 deg/RIU. Sensor performance and computing efficiency have been greatly enhanced using the ISOA in comparison to the traditional layer-by-layer technique and the SOA method. This will enable sensors to detect a wider range of bacteria with more efficacy. As a result, the ISOA-based design idea could provide SPR biosensors with new applications in environmental monitoring.
A Novel Thin-Layer Flow Cell Sensor System Based on BDD Electrode for Heavy Metal Ion Detection
Authors: Xiao Danlin , Zhai Junfeng , Shen Zhongkai , Wang Qiang , Wei Shengnan , Li Yang , Bian Chao
Published: March 2024

An electrochemical sensor based on a thin-layer flow cell and a boron-doped diamond (BDD) working electrode was fabricated for heavy metal ions determination using anodic stripping voltammetry. Furthermore, a fluidic automatic detection system was developed. With the wide potential window of the BDD electrode, Zn2+ with high negative stripping potential was detected by this system. Due to the thin-layer and fluidic structure of the sensor system, the electrodepositon efficiency for heavy metal ions were improved without using conventional stirring devices. With a short deposition time of 60 s, the system consumed only 0.75 mL reagent per test. A linear relationship for Zn2+ determination was displayed ranging from 10 μg/L to 150 μg/L with a sensitivity of 0.1218 μA·L·μg−1 and a detection limit of 2.1 μg/L. A high repeatability was indicated from the relative standard deviation of 1.60% for 30 repeated current responses of zinc solution. The system was applied to determine Zn2+ in real water samples by using the standard addition method with the recoveries ranging from 92% to 118%. The system was also used for the simultaneous detection of Zn2+, Cd2+, and Pb2+. The detection results indicate its potential application in on-site monitoring for mutiple heavy metal ions.
The Ophiolite-Hosted Cu-Zn VMS Deposits of Tuscany (Italy)
Authors: Dini Andrea , Rielli Andrea , Di Giuseppe Paolo , Ruggieri Giovanni , Boschi Chiara
Published: March 2024

Several Jurassic, ophiolite-hosted Cu-Zn VMS deposits occur in Tuscany. They are hosted by tectonic units of oceanic affinity (Ligurian Units), such as the well-known deposits of nearby Liguria. Industrial production was small and definitively ceased in the 1960s. Locally, massive ore (chalcopyrite-bornite-chalcocite) with an exceptionally high grade was found. The Montecatini Val di Cecina mine exploited the largest “bonanza” and, for few decades in the 19th century, became one of the most profitable copper mines in Europe. This study provides an updated review of these deposits. Tuscan Cu-Zn VMSs mostly occur in proximity of the contact between the serpentinite-gabbro basement and the overlying basalts. Chalcopyrite-pyrite stockworks occur in serpentinite-gabbro cut by dolerite dykes, while the largest massive sulphide bodies are hosted by polymictic-monomictic breccias at the base of pillow basalts. Early chalcopyrite ores were mechanically–chemically reworked and upgraded to bornite-rich nodular ore embedded in a chlorite, calcic amphibole, Fe-rich serpentine, quartz, andradite, ilvaite, and xonotlite assemblage. This bornite-rich ore contains substantial amount of sphalerite and pyrite and ubiquitous grains of clausthalite, hessite, tellurium, and gold. They represent a prime example of the sub-seafloor portion of a hybrid mafic-ultramafic oceanic hydrothermal system formed in an OCC along the slow spreading ridge of the Jurassic Piedmont-Ligurian Ocean. The peculiar mineralogical–textural character of the bornite-rich ore was driven by an interface coupled dissolution–precipitation process mediated by fluids.
Advancements in the Cultivation, Active Components, and Pharmacological Activities of Taxus mairei
Authors: Gao Xinyu , Zhang Ni , Xie Weidong
Published: March 2024

Taxus mairei (Lemée and H.Lév.) S.Y.Hu, indigenous to the southern regions of China, is an evergreen tree belonging to the genus Taxus of the Taxaceae family. Owing to its content of various bioactive compounds, it exhibits multiple pharmacological activities and has been widely applied in clinical medicine. This article comprehensively discusses the current state of cultivation, chemical constituents, applications in the pharmaceutical field, and the challenges faced by T. mairei. The paper begins by detailing the ecological distribution of T. mairei, aiming to provide an in-depth understanding of its origin and cultivation overview. In terms of chemical composition, the article thoroughly summarizes the extracts and monomeric components of T. mairei, unveiling their pharmacological activities and elucidating the mechanisms of action based on the latest scientific research, as well as their potential as lead compounds in new drug development. The article also addresses the challenges in the T. mairei research, such as the difficulties in extracting and synthesizing active components and the need for sustainable utilization strategies. In summary, T. mairei is a rare species important for biodiversity conservation and demonstrates significant research and application potential in drug development and disease treatment.
Cardiolipin Membranes Promote Cytochrome c Transformation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Their In Vivo Metabolites
Authors: Lopes João , Marques-da-Silva Dorinda , Videira Paula A. , Samhan-Arias Alejandro K. , Lagoa Ricardo
Published: March 2024

The catalytic properties of cytochrome c (Cc) have captured great interest in respect to mitochondrial physiology and apoptosis, and hold potential for novel enzymatic bioremediation systems. Nevertheless, its contribution to the metabolism of environmental toxicants remains unstudied. Human exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) has been associated with impactful diseases, and animal models have unveiled concerning signs of PAHs’ toxicity to mitochondria. In this work, a series of eight PAHs with ionization potentials between 7.2 and 8.1 eV were used to challenge the catalytic ability of Cc and to evaluate the effect of vesicles containing cardiolipin mimicking mitochondrial membranes activating the peroxidase activity of Cc. With moderate levels of H2O2 and at pH 7.0, Cc catalyzed the oxidation of toxic PAHs, such as benzo[a]pyrene, anthracene, and benzo[a]anthracene, and the cardiolipin-containing membranes clearly increased the PAH conversions. Our results also demonstrate for the first time that Cc and Cc–cardiolipin complexes efficiently transformed the PAH metabolites 2-hydroxynaphthalene and 1-hydroxypyrene. In comparison to horseradish peroxidase, Cc was shown to reach more potent oxidizing states and react with PAHs with ionization potentials up to 7.70 eV, including pyrene and acenaphthene. Spectral assays indicated that anthracene binds to Cc, and docking simulations proposed possible binding sites positioning anthracene for oxidation. The results give support to the participation of Cc in the metabolism of PAHs, especially in mitochondria, and encourage further investigation of the molecular interaction between PAHs and Cc.
Bromopyrene Symphony: Synthesis and Characterisation of Isomeric Derivatives at Non-K Region and Nodal Positions for Diverse Functionalisation Strategies
Authors: Zych Dawid , Kubis Martyna
Published: March 2024

Pyrene, a renowned aromatic hydrocarbon, continues to captivate researchers due to its versatile properties and potential applications across various scientific domains. Among its derivatives, bromopyrenes stand out for their significance in synthetic chemistry, materials science, and environmental studies. The strategic functionalisation of pyrene at non-K region and nodal positions is crucial for expanding its utility, allowing for diverse functionalisation strategies. Bromo-substituted precursors serve as vital intermediates in synthetic routes; however, the substitution pattern of bromoderivatives significantly impacts their subsequent functionalisation and properties, posing challenges in synthesis and purification. Understanding the distinct electronic structure of pyrene is pivotal, dictating the preferential electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions at specific positions. Despite the wealth of literature, contradictions and complexities persist in synthesising suitably substituted bromopyrenes due to the unpredictable nature of substitution reactions. Building upon historical precedents, this study provides a comprehensive overview of bromine introduction in pyrene derivatives, offering optimised synthesis conditions based on laboratory research. Specifically, the synthesis of mono-, di-, tri-, and tetrabromopyrene isomers at non-K positions (1-, 3-, 6-, 8-) and nodal positions (2-, 7-) is systematically explored. By elucidating efficient synthetic methodologies and reaction conditions, this research contributes to advancing the synthesis and functionalisation strategies of pyrene derivatives, unlocking new possibilities for their utilisation in various fields.
Comparison of Flavonoid Content, Antioxidant Potential, Acetylcholinesterase Inhibition Activity and Volatile Components Based on HS-SPME-GC-MS of Different Parts from Matteuccia struthiopteris (L.) Todaro
Authors: Wang Xin , Guo Jiatao , Zang Siqi , Liu Baodong , Wu Yuhuan
Published: March 2024

Matteuccia struthiopteris is one of the most globally consumed edible ferns and widely used in folk medicine. Reports mainly focus on young fronds and the rhizome which are common edible medicinal parts. However, there are few detailed reports on other parts. Therefore, the volatile components of different parts based on HS-SPME-GC-MS were identified, and total flavonoid contents, antioxidant activities and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activities were compared in order to reveal the difference of volatile components and potential medicinal value of different parts. The results showed that total flavonoid contents, antioxidant activities and volatile components of different parts were obviously different. The crozier exhibited the strongest antioxidant activities, but only underground parts exhibited a dose-dependent inhibition potential against AChE. Common volatile compounds were furfural and 2-furancarboxaldehyde, 5-methyl-. In addition, it was found that some volatile components from adventitious root, trophophyll, sporophyll and petiole were important ingredients in food, cosmetics, industrial manufacturing and pharmaceutical applications.
Fish Scale for Wearable, Self-Powered TENG
Authors: Zhao Liwei , Han Jin , Zhang Xing , Wang Chunchang
Published: March 2024

Flexible and wearable devices are attracting more and more attention. Herein, we propose a self-powered triboelectric nanogenerator based on the triboelectric effect of fish scales. As the pressure on the nanogenerator increases, the output voltage of the triboelectric nanogenerator increases. The nanogenerator can output a voltage of 7.4 V and a short-circuit current of 0.18 μA under a pressure of 50 N. The triboelectric effect of fish scales was argued to be related to the lamellar structure composed of collagen fiber bundles. The nanogenerator prepared by fish scales can sensitively perceive human activities such as walking, finger tapping, and elbow bending. Moreover, fish scales are a biomass material with good biocompatibility with the body. The fish-scale nanogenerator is a kind of flexible, wearable, and self-powered triboelectric nanogenerator showing great prospects in healthcare and body information monitoring.
Adipose Tissue Quantification Improves the Prognostic Value of GLIM Criteria in Advanced Gastric Cancer Patients
Authors: Song Geum Jong , Ahn Hyein , Son Myoung Won , Yun Jong Hyuk , Lee Moon-Soo , Lee Sang Mi
Published: March 2024

The present study investigated whether the risk of recurrence after curative surgery could be further stratified by combining the Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition (GLIM) criteria and changes in subcutaneous (SAT) and visceral (VAT) adipose tissue mass after surgery in patients with advanced gastric cancer (AGC). This study retrospectively analyzed 302 patients with AGC who underwent curative surgery. Based on the GLIM criteria, patients were classified into malnourished and non-malnourished groups. The cross-sectional areas of SAT and VAT were measured from preoperative and 6-month post-operative computed tomography (CT) images. Multivariate survival analyses demonstrated that GLIM-defined malnutrition (p = 0.008) and loss of VAT after surgery (p = 0.008) were independent risk factors for recurrence-free survival (RFS). Evaluation of the prognostic value of combining the two independent predictors showed that malnourished patients with a marked loss of VAT had the worst 5-year RFS rate of 35.2% (p < 0.001). Preoperative GLIM-defined malnutrition and a loss of VAT during the first 6 months after surgery were independent predictors for RFS in patients with AGC. Changes in the VAT area after surgery could further enhance the prognostic value of the GLIM criteria for predicting the risk of gastric cancer recurrence.
A Narrative Review Exploring the Similarities between Cilento and the Already Defined “Blue Zones” in Terms of Environment, Nutrition, and Lifestyle: Can Cilento Be Considered an Undefined “Blue Zone”?
Authors: Aliberti Silvana Mirella , Donato Antonio , Funk Richard H. W. , Capunzo Mario
Published: March 2024

Longevity is rightly considered one of the greatest achievements of modern society, not only as a function of lifespan, but, more importantly, as a function of healthspan. There are Longevity Blue Zones (LBZs), regions around the world, such as in Okinawa, Japan; the Nicoya Peninsula, Costa Rica; Loma Linda, California; Icaria, Greece; and Ogliastra, Sardinia, that are characterized by a significant percentage of residents who live exceptionally long lives, often avoiding age-related disability to a significantly higher degree than in the Western way of life. Longevity is not a universal phenomenon, so if there are places in the world with characteristics similar to the LBZs, it is important to identify them in order to better understand what other factors, in addition to the known ones, might contribute to a long and healthy life. This narrative review aims to identify common factors between Cilento and the five LBZs, taking into account environmental, nutritional, and lifestyle factors. Articles from 2004 to the present, limited to studies published in English, German, and Italian, were searched in PubMed/Medline, Scopus, and Google Scholar. The co-authors agreed on 18 final reference texts. In order to evaluate the similarities between Cilento and the LBZs, a descriptive comparative approach was used. Cilento and the LBZs share several common factors, including a hilly altitude ranging from 355 to 600 m; a mild climate throughout the year, with temperatures between 17.4 and 23.5 degrees Celsius; traditional professions, such as agriculture and animal husbandry; and a predominantly Mediterranean or plant-based diet, with typical recipes based on legumes, tubers, vegetables, and extra virgin olive oil. Additionally, maintenance of strong intergenerational family relationships, religious devotion, and social relationships within the community are also prevalent. Given the similarities to Cilento, one might wonder if this is an LBZ waiting to be discovered. The lessons learned from this discovery could be applied to the general population to protect them from non-communicable chronic diseases and help slow the aging process.
Stunting and Underweight among Adolescent Girls of Indigenous Communities in Telangana, India: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Ravula Padmaja , Kasala Kavitha , Pramanik Soumitra , Selvaraj Aravazhi
Published: March 2024

India’s indigenous groups remain vulnerable to malnutrition, despite economic progress, reflecting the reliance on traditional agriculture and the problems of poverty and inadequate education and sanitation. This mixed-methods study analyzed the incidence, causes and determinants of chronic malnutrition, measured through stunting, thinness and underweight among adolescent indigenous girls in Telangana. Using 2017 data on 695 girls aged 11–18 years from 2542 households, the analysis showed that 13% had normal nutritional status, while 87% were stunted, underweight or thin. Early adolescents (11–14 years) had higher underweight prevalence (24.4%), while late adolescents (15–18 years) showed greater stunting (30%). Regressions identified key influencing factors. Higher education levels of heads of households and the girls themselves alongside household toilet access significantly improved nutritional status and reduced stunting and underweight. The sociocultural emphasis on starchy staple-based diets and early marriage also impacted outcomes. Tackling this crisis requires mainstreaming nutrition across development agendas via comprehensive policies, education, communication and community participation. Further research can guide context-specific solutions. But, evidence-based investments in indigenous education, livelihoods, sanitation and women’s empowerment are the first steps. Nutrition-sensitive development is indispensable for indigenous groups to fully participate in and benefit from India’s progress.
Diet Pattern Analysis in Alzheimer’s Disease Implicates Gender Differences in Folate–B12–Homocysteine Axis on Cognitive Outcomes
Authors: Ting Chi-Ping , Ma Mi-Chia , Chang Hsin-I , Huang Chi-Wei , Chou Man-Chun , Chang Chiung-Chih
Published: March 2024

Background & Aims: Low plasma B12 and folate levels or hyperhomocysteinemia are related to cognitive impairment. This study explores the relationships among diet pattern, blood folate–B12–homocysteine levels, and cognition measurement in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) while exploring whether a gender effect may exist. Methods: This cross-sectional study enrolled 592 AD patients (246 males, 346 females) and the demographic data, blood biochemical profiles, Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), and a Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) for quantitative assessment of dietary frequency were collected. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was employed to explore the associations among dietary patterns, blood profiles, and cognition. A least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression model, stratified by gender, was constructed to analyze the weighting of possible confounders. Results: Higher MMSE scores were related to higher frequencies of coffee/tea and higher educational levels, body mass index, and younger age. The SEM model revealed a direct influence of dietary frequencies (skimmed milk, thin pork, coffee/tea) and blood profiles (homocysteine, B12, and folate) on cognitive outcomes. At the same time, the influence of dietary pattern on cognition was not mediated by folate–B12–homocysteine levels. In males, a direct influence on the MMSE is attributed to B12, while in females, homocysteine is considered a more critical factor. Conclusions: Dietary patterns and blood profiles are both associated with cognitive domains in AD, and there are gender differences in the associations of dietary patterns and the levels of B12 and homocysteine. To enhance the quality of dietary care and nutritional status for individuals with dementia, our study results still require future validations with multi-center and longitudinal studies.
Proteomic Profiling of Plasma- and Gut-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Obesity
Authors: Baptista Pereira Pedro , Torrejón Estefania , Ferreira Inês , Carvalho Ana Sofia , Teshima Akiko , Sousa-Lima Inês , Beck Hans Christian , Costa-Silva Bruno , Matthiesen Rune , Macedo Maria Paula , de Oliveira Rita Machado
Published: March 2024

Obesity entails metabolic alterations across multiple organs, highlighting the role of inter-organ communication in its pathogenesis. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are communication agents in physiological and pathological conditions, and although they have been associated with obesity comorbidities, their protein cargo in this context remains largely unknown. To decipher the messages encapsulated in EVs, we isolated plasma-derived EVs from a diet-induced obese murine model. Obese plasma EVs exhibited a decline in protein diversity while control EVs revealed significant enrichment in protein-folding functions, highlighting the importance of proper folding in maintaining metabolic homeostasis. Previously, we revealed that gut-derived EVs’ proteome holds particular significance in obesity. Here, we compared plasma and gut EVs and identified four proteins exclusively present in the control state of both EVs, revealing the potential for a non-invasive assessment of gut health by analyzing blood-derived EVs. Given the relevance of post-translational modifications (PTMs), we observed a shift in chromatin-related proteins from glycation to acetylation in obese gut EVs, suggesting a regulatory mechanism targeting DNA transcription during obesity. This study provides valuable insights into novel roles of EVs and protein PTMs in the intricate mechanisms underlying obesity, shedding light on potential biomarkers and pathways for future research.
Analysis of Osteosarcoma Cell Lines and Patient Tissue Using a 3D In Vivo Tumor Model—Possible Effects of Punicalagin
Authors: Dorn Anna Rebecca , Neff Sara , Hupp Sophia , Engelhardt Melissa , Pion Eric , Lenze Ulrich , Knebel Carolin , Duprée Anna , Schewe Simone , Weber Markus , Wulbrand Christian , Hillmann Axel , Weber Florian , Clarke Phillip , Kainz Philipp , Aung Thiha , Haerteis Silke
Published: March 2024

Osteosarcomas are the most common primary malignant bone tumors and mostly affect children, adolescents, and young adults. Despite current treatment options such as surgery and polychemotherapy, the survival of patients with metastatic disease remains poor. In recent studies, punicalagin has reduced the cell viability, angiogenesis, and invasion in cell culture trials. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of punicalagin on osteosarcomas in a 3D in vivo tumor model. Human osteosarcoma biopsies and SaOs-2 and MG-63 cells, were grown in a 3D in vivo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) model. After a cultivation period of up to 72 h, the tumors received daily treatment with punicalagin for 4 days. Weight measurements of the CAM tumors were performed, and laser speckle contrast imaging (LSCI) and a deep learning-based image analysis software (CAM Assay Application v.3.1.0) were used to measure angiogenesis. HE, Ki-67, and Caspase-3 staining was performed after explantation. The osteosarcoma cell lines SaOs-2 and MG-63 and osteosarcoma patient tissue displayed satisfactory growth patterns on the CAM. Treatment with punicalagin decreased tumor weight, proliferation, and tumor-induced angiogenesis, and the tumor tissue showed pro-apoptotic characteristics. These results provide a robust foundation for the implementation of further studies and show that punicalagin offers a promising supplementary treatment option for osteosarcoma patients. The 3D in vivo tumor model represents a beneficial model for the testing of anti-cancer therapies.
Genetic Variations and Antibiotic-Related Adverse Events
Authors: Principi Nicola , Petropulacos Kyriakoula , Esposito Susanna
Published: March 2024

Antibiotic-related adverse events are common in both adults and children, and knowledge of the factors that favor the development of antibiotic-related adverse events is essential to limit their occurrence and severity. Genetics can condition the development of antibiotic-related adverse events, and the screening of patients with supposed or demonstrated specific genetic mutations may reduce drug-related adverse events. This narrative review discusses which genetic variations may influence the risk of antibiotic-related adverse events and which conclusions can be applied to clinical practice. An analysis of the literature showed that defined associations between genetic variations and specific adverse events are very few and that, at the moment, none of them have led to the implementation of a systematic screening process for patients that must be treated with a given antibiotic in order to select those at risk of specific adverse events. On the other hand, in most of the cases, more than one variation is implicated in the determination of adverse events, and this can be a limitation in planning a systematic screening. Moreover, presently, the methods used to establish whether a patient carries a “dangerous” genetic mutation require too much time and waiting for the result of the test can be deleterious for those patients urgently requiring therapy. Further studies are needed to definitively confirm which genetic variations are responsible for an increased risk of a well-defined adverse event.
BRCA1 and Its Vulnerable C-Terminal BRCT Domain: Structure, Function, Genetic Mutations and Links to Diagnosis and Treatment of Breast and Ovarian Cancer
Authors: Ismail Tala , Alzneika Safa , Riguene Emna , Al-maraghi Salwa , Alabdulrazzak Aya , Al-Khal Noof , Fetais Sara , Thanassoulas Angelos , AlFarsi Halema , Nomikos Michail
Published: March 2024

The BRCA1 is a tumor suppressor gene that encodes for the BRCA1 protein, which plays a vital role in DNA repair, cell cycle regulation, and the maintenance of genomic stability. The BRCA1 protein interacts with a variety of other proteins that play essential roles in gene regulation and embryonic development. It is a large protein composed of multiple domains. The C-terminal region of the BRCA1 protein consists of two BRCT domains connected by a short linker. The BRCT domains are crucial in protein–protein interactions as well as in DNA damage response and cell cycle regulation through their phosphoprotein binding modules that recognize the phosphorylated protein sequence motif of other kinases. Mutations within the BRCT domain can disrupt the normal function of BRCA1 and lead to an increased risk of developing breast and ovarian cancer. Herein, we explore the structural characteristics of BRCA1, focusing on the BRCT domain, its interactions with key cellular components, and its involvement in various cellular processes. In addition, the impact of BRCT domain mutations on breast and ovarian cancer susceptibility, prognosis, and treatment options is discussed. By providing a comprehensive understanding of the BRCT domain of BRCA1, this review aims to shed light on the role of this important domain in the pathogenesis and potential therapeutic approaches for breast and ovarian cancer.
Towards Effective Targeted Alpha Therapy for Neuroendocrine Tumours: A Review
Authors: Gape Paul M. D. , Schultz Michael K. , Stasiuk Graeme J. , Terry Samantha Y. A.
Published: March 2024

This review article explores the evolving landscape of Molecular Radiotherapy (MRT), emphasizing Peptide Receptor Radionuclide Therapy (PRRT) for neuroendocrine tumours (NETs). The primary focus is on the transition from β-emitting radiopharmaceuticals to α-emitting agents in PRRT, offering a critical analysis of the radiobiological basis, clinical applications, and ongoing developments in Targeted Alpha Therapy (TAT). Through an extensive literature review, the article delves into the mechanisms and effectiveness of PRRT in targeting somatostatin subtype 2 receptors, highlighting both its successes and limitations. The discussion extends to the emerging paradigm of TAT, underlining its higher potency and specificity with α-particle emissions, which promise enhanced therapeutic efficacy and reduced toxicity. The review critically evaluates preclinical and clinical data, emphasizing the need for standardised dosimetry and a deeper understanding of the dose-response relationship in TAT. The review concludes by underscoring the significant potential of TAT in treating SSTR2-overexpressing cancers, especially in patients refractory to β-PRRT, while also acknowledging the current challenges and the necessity for further research to optimize treatment protocols.
Modulation of TRPV1 on Odontoblast-like Cells Using Capsazepine-Loaded Nanogels
Authors: Bernal-Cepeda Lilia Jadith , Jiménez Ronald Andrés , Velandia-Romero Myriam L. , Acosta-Guzmán Paola , Castellanos Jaime E.
Published: March 2024

The modulation of TRPV1 emerges as a promising strategy for dental pain management. This study aimed to assess TRPV1 modulation in a human odontoblast-like cell model using Capsazepine (CZP) loaded in a nanogel delivery system. Gelatin nanogels, synthesized via the emulsification-gelation technique, were characterized and loaded with the TRPV1 antagonist, CZP. HPLC determined a remarkable 67.5 ± 0.04% CZP loading efficiency, with 71.7% of nanogels falling within the 300–950 nm size range, as evidenced by light microscopy. Moreover, CZP-loaded nanogels had a low cytotoxicity. An FTIR analysis showed no adverse chemical interactions, ensuring stability and active release. When examining biological responses, TRPV1 expression and channel activity were assessed in odontoblast-like cells. On the fifth day post-treatment, cells treated with CZP-loaded nanogels exhibited an increased TRPV1 expression and a reduction in calcium fluxes after agonist stimulus (F/F0 ratio 1.18 ± 0.18), resembling the response in free CZP-treated cells (1.28 ± 0.15). A two-way analysis of variance and the Tukey’s test were used to determine statistical significance (p < 0.05). This delivery system, proven to be economical and straightforward, holds promise for dental pain management and potential local use. Local administration minimizes systemic adverse effects, making it a practical solution for releasing molecules in the oral cavity.
The Preparation of Curcumin-Loaded Pickering Emulsion Using Gelatin–Chitosan Colloidal Particles as Emulsifier for Possible Application as a Bio-Inspired Cosmetic Formulation
Authors: Singh Beena G. , Bagora Nalin , Nayak Minati , Ajish Juby K. , Gupta Nitish , Kunwar Amit
Published: March 2024

In the field of preparing cosmetic formulations, recent advances recommend the usage of excipients derived from biocompatible materials. In this context, the present study aimed to prepare and characterize the curcumin-loaded Pickering emulsion for possible applications in cosmetic formulation. The coconut oil which is often the component of skin care formulations is used as the oily phase. Curcumin, which is well known for absorbing solar radiation, is expected to work synergistically with coconut oil towards improving the sun protection factor (SPF) of the formulation. Additionally, curcumin can also protect the intracellular components through its well-known antioxidant mechanisms. The Pickering emulsion of coconut oil into water was prepared using the composite colloidal particles derived from β-carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC) and Gelatin-A (GA) as the emulsifying agent. The reaction conditions in terms of the weight ratios of CMC and GA, the pH of the reaction medium, the oil volume fraction, and the homogenization speed were optimized to obtain the most stable Pickering emulsion. The obtained systems were physico-chemically characterized by dynamic light scattering, zeta potential, optical microscopy, and rheometric measurements. The final CMC-GA-stabilized emulsion demonstrated an oil droplet size of 100 µm and a SPFspectrophotometric (290–320 nm) value of 8.5 at a curcumin loading of 4 mg/mL. Additionally, the final formulation facilitated the uptake of curcumin into fibroblast (WI26) cells under in vitro conditions. Together, the investigation demonstrates a bio-inspired approach to prepare a curcumin-loaded green Pickering emulsion using biocompatible pharmaceutical grade excipients, which may find utility in cosmetic applications.
Magnetic Mesoporous Silica for Targeted Drug Delivery of Chloroquine: Synthesis, Characterization, and In Vitro Evaluation
Authors: de Andrade Rafaela , Schmidt Rita de Cássia dos Reis , Gomes Leonardo Santos , Colina-Vegas Legna , Hinrichs Ruth , Vasconcellos Marcos Antônio Zen , Costa Tania Maria Haas , Deon Monique , Villarreal Wilmer , Benvenutti Edilson Valmir
Published: March 2024

Malaria is a dangerous tropical disease, with high morbidity in developing countries. The responsible parasite has developed resistance to the existing drugs; therefore, new drug delivery systems are being studied to increase efficacy by targeting hemozoin, a parasite paramagnetic metabolite. Herein, magnetic mesoporous silica (magMCM) was synthesized using iron oxide particles dispersed in the silica structure for magnetically driven behavior. The X-ray diffractogram (XRD) and Mössbauer spectra show patterns corresponding to magnetite and maghemite. Furthermore, Mössbauer spectroscopy revealed superparamagnetic behavior, attributed to single magnetic domains in particles smaller than 10 nm. Even in the presence of iron oxide particles, the hexagonal structure of MCM is clearly identified in XRD (low-angle region) and the channels are visible in TEM images. The drug chloroquine (CQ) was encapsulated by incipient wetness impregnation (magMCM-CQ). The N2 adsorption–desorption isotherms show that CQ molecules were encapsulated in the pores, without completely filling the mesopores. BET surface area values were 630 m2 g−1 (magMCM) and 467 m2 g−1 (magMCM-CQ). Encapsulated CQ exhibited rapid delivery (99% in 3 h) in buffer medium and improved solubility compared to the non-encapsulated drug, attributed to CQ encapsulation in amorphous form. The biocompatibility assessment of magMCM, magMCM-CQ, and CQ against MRC5 non-tumoral lung fibroblasts using the MTT assay after 24 h revealed no toxicity associated with magMCM. On the other hand, the non-encapsulated CQ and magMCM-CQ exhibited comparable dose–response activity, indicating a similar cytotoxic effect.
Modeling Pharmacokinetics in Individual Patients Using Therapeutic Drug Monitoring and Artificial Population Quasi-Models: A Study with Piperacillin
Authors: Karvaly Gellért Balázs , Vincze István , Neely Michael Noel , Zátroch István , Nagy Zsuzsanna , Kocsis Ibolya , Kopitkó Csaba
Published: March 2024

Population pharmacokinetic (pop-PK) models constructed for model-informed precision dosing often have limited utility due to the low number of patients recruited. To augment such models, an approach is presented for generating fully artificial quasi-models which can be employed to make individual estimates of pharmacokinetic parameters. Based on 72 concentrations obtained in 12 patients, one- and two-compartment pop-PK models with or without creatinine clearance as a covariate were generated for piperacillin using the nonparametric adaptive grid algorithm. Thirty quasi-models were subsequently generated for each model type, and nonparametric maximum a posteriori probability Bayesian estimates were established for each patient. A significant difference in performance was found between one- and two-compartment models. Acceptable agreement was found between predicted and observed piperacillin concentrations, and between the estimates of the random-effect pharmacokinetic variables obtained using the so-called support points of the pop-PK models or the quasi-models as priors. The mean squared errors of the predictions made using the quasi-models were similar to, or even considerably lower than those obtained when employing the pop-PK models. Conclusion: fully artificial nonparametric quasi-models can efficiently augment pop-PK models containing few support points, to make individual pharmacokinetic estimates in the clinical setting.