bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Oppel-Kundt and the Müller-Lyer Illusions among Schizophrenics
Authors: Letourneau Jacques E.
Published: September 2011

Errors by 5 paranoid schizophrenics were compared with those of 5 simple schizophrenics on the Oppel-Kundt and the Müller-Lyer illusions. The Oppel-Kundt illusion was greater among those paranoid schizophrenics.
Decoding of “Sentograms”
Authors: Gorman Bernard S. , Crain William C.
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the degree to which 43 college Ss could decode “sentograms,” a form of graphic expression of emotions discussed by Clynes. Ss could decode sentograms at better than chance levels. However, accuracy in matching sentograms to labels of specific emotions was considerably worse than in matching sentograms to broader categories of affects.
Acquisition of Social Facilitation in Rats: A Methodological Study
Authors: Delfini Leo F. , Fouts Gregory T.
Published: September 2011

A methodology was suggested to assess the effects of discrimination training on social facilitation of bar-pressing in rats. Ss were initially trained to bar-press for food and then given one of three kinds of discrimination training, S+, S°, and S−, in a runway task (different apparatus). A stimulus rat was discriminative for food reward or nonreward for running down an alley in the S+ and S− groups, respectively; for the S° group, a stimulus rat was randomly associated with reward and nonreward. After discrimination training, Ss were again given an opportunity to bar-press in the original apparatus under an extinction procedure and were tested in the presence and absence of a stimulus rat. Ss in the S° group responded 50% less in the presence of a stimulus rat, suggesting an initial tendency for social impairment rather than facilitation in the presence of another rat. Ss in the S+ group showed less social impairment than those in the S° group, with the S− group tending to respond more in the presence than absence of a stimulus rat, i.e., social facilitation.
Modification of Hypnotic Susceptibility through Audio-Tape Relaxation Training: Preliminary Report
Authors: Leva Richard A.
Published: September 2011

Previous research has shown that hypnosis is a fairly stable phenomenon and recent attempts at improving hypnotic performance after some type of training have had little success. However, it is speculated that audio-taped deep-muscle relaxation training may be a useful device for improving hypnotic performance. 12 moderately susceptible Ss (score 4 to 8) improved significantly on the Harvard group scale after three training sessions. The technique may improve hypnotic performance of Ss low in susceptibility.
Massed and Spaced Practice in Alpha Enhancement
Authors: Albert Ira B. , Simmons James , Walker Jerry
Published: September 2011

Spaced practice (20 min. work, 24 hr. rest) was more efficient for 4 trials than massed practice (20 min. work, 90 sec. rest) in the learning of alpha enhancement by undergraduate women ( Ns = 10) While the spaced group doubled their production of alpha, the massed group demonstrated almost no improvement.
Articulatory Sound: Acquisition of Two-Year-Old Children
Authors: Paynter Earlene Tash , Petty Nancy A.
Published: September 2011

90 children (15 2-yr.-old girls, 15 2-yr.-old boys, 30 2½-yr.-old girls, and 30 2½-yr.-old boys) were administered an articulation test. Percentages were computed for each of the 35 consonant sound items at each age level to determine which sounds the 2- and 2½-yr.-old children were able to produce correctly. Articulatory performance was significantly influenced by age and sex, but not by socio-economic level.
Discrimination in Performance Assessments against the Aged
Authors: Salvendy Gavriel
Published: September 2011

Five independent experiments were conducted with a total of 395 Ss (aged 7 to 93 yr.) performing six diversified tasks to study the phenomena of increase and decrease in performance and physiological and behavioral changes with ageing. Results with the greatest impact on occupational productivity are: human body's physiological efficiency is the highest at a freely chosen pace for the age bracket 20 to 45 yr., while paced performance yields the highest physiological efficiency for the age bracket 45 to 65 yr.; different predictive validity models exist for different age categories, as the younger industrial operators (15 to 35 yr.) have higher test scores than the older age group (36 to 58 yr.) for an equivalent level of production performance. Both manipulative skills and personality attributes are affected by ageing.
Type of Display of Assessment Scales and Distribution of Responses
Authors: Shalit Benjamin
Published: September 2011

4 groups of candidates undergoing selection for officers' school were asked to mark their assessment, in percentages, on two questions: their likelihood of becoming officers and the commonness of phones in Europe. The assessments were marked on identical scales, 2 presented vertically and 2 horizontally. The 0-point was either at the top or bottom, left or right of the scales. The range of the distribution of the responses to the emotionally loaded question (assessment as officer) when presented on a vertical scale with the 0-point on top was significantly greater than any other. Possible explanation is offered in terms of scanning as it is affected by anchor point.
Field Dependence and Distraction in a Simple Psychomotor Task with a Constant Foreperiod
Authors: Blowers Geoffrey H.
Published: September 2011

Rod-and-frame errors are thought to reflect differential abilities in selective attention. For this reason a study of the relationship of field dependence to distraction should involve Ss whose field-dependence scores have been determined specifically by the rod-and-frame test. It is thought that discrepancies in the results of previous work might be accounted for by lack of consistent use of these scores. The present study involved distraction in a simple reaction-time paradigm using 10 field-dependent and 10 field-independent Ss. There was no correlation between distraction and field dependence although it may be that a larger difference in field-dependence scores between groups is required to detect differences in susceptibility to distraction.
Laterality of Cognitive Functions in Achieving Hemiplegic Children
Authors: Kershner John R. , King Audrey J.
Published: September 2011

7 left and 7 right children with infantile hemiplegia were compared with 7 physically normal children on the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children and Reitan-Indiana Neurological Tests. Although the brain-injured children are achieving satisfactorily in school and no differences were found among the three groups on the Wide Range Achievement Test, the left hemiplegics were poorer than the normals in visuo-perceptual performance and the right hemiplegics poorer than the normals in verbal intelligence. The results suggest that even in educationally advanced children, compensation for early, asymmetrical brain damage is not complete. Recommendations were made for early assessment of asymmetrical cognitive abilities and differential instructional procedures.
Sex Differences in Psychological Rigidity
Authors: Feinman Saul , Rogers James D.
Published: September 2011

Sex differences on three scales of psychological rigidity were investigated for 250 college students. The size of the intercorrelations among the scales suggested that psychological rigidity is a multidimensional concept. Females were significantly less rigid on two of three scales. The experience by girls of a wider range of approved behavior was suggested as a possible explanation.
Bender-Gestalt Test and Background Interference Procedure in Discernment of Organic Brain Damage
Authors: Pardue Angela M.
Published: September 2011

Although the Bender-Gestalt test has proven adequate in differentiating groups of organic from groups of nonorganic Ss, attempts at individual diagnosis have frequently met with failure. Canter's Background Interference Procedure was designed to increase the sensitivity of the Bender test to the discernment of organic brain damage. The purpose of this paper was to check the validity of the Canter procedure, and to investigate its applicability to Hain's scoring system for the Bender test. 20 brain-damaged patients, 20 schizophrenics, and 20 nonorganic, non-brain-damaged patients were matched for age and intelligence. Each of these groups was further divided into outpatients and inpatients All patients were administered the Bender test on the standard white paper, the WAIS vocabulary subtest, and again the Bender test, on paper for the Background Interference Procedure. Significant results were obtained with the Background Interference administration for both Pascal-Suttell's and Hain's scoring systems where the standard administration had failed to yield significance. The tentative criteria proposed by Canter for individual diagnosis, however, were adequate for Pascal-Suttell's scoring system but not for Hain's method. Possible explanations for this disagreement, as well as suggestions for further research, are offered.
Relationship between Auditory Discrimination, Articulation Stimulability, and Consistency of Misarticulation
Authors: Lapko Laura L. , Bankson Nicholas W.
Published: September 2011

A study was conducted to measure the relationship between auditory discrimination, articulation stimulability, and consistency of misarticulation. Data were based on the Carter-Buck Nonsense-Syllable Imitation Test for stimulability of /s/, the McDonald Deep Test of Articulation which measured consistency of misarticulation of /s/, and the Farquhar-Bankson In-depth Test of Auditory Discrimination which measured external and internal auditory discrimination of /s/. Ss were 25 kindergarten and first grade children with normal hearing and intelligence. No S had received any speech therapy. Each S misarticulated a minimum of three /s/ items on the McDonald Screening Test of Articulation. No more than one phoneme was misarticulated in addition to misarticulation of /s/. A significant correlation between the child's ability to discriminate his own production of /s/ (internal or self-monitoring) and the consistency of misarticulation of /s/ was obtained, as well as one between the consistency of misarticulation of /s/ and the stimulability of /s/. No statistically significant correlations were found between the other variables. A low non-significant correlation was found between the stimulability of /s/ and internal discrimination abilities. Different types of discrimination tasks were of varying difficulty. Performance on external discrimination items was better than for internal discrimination items.
Choice Reaction Time and Location of Vehicle Controls
Authors: Faust-Adams A. S. , Nagel R. J.
Published: September 2011

The reaction time of 24 nondriver Ss was measured to six controls in each of two cars, one with an “American” style layout, the other with a “European” style layout. Ss uniformly reached for and touched the controls in the European style car faster, a finding which has implications for the design and layout of motor-vehicle controls. Implications of the further finding that reactions to immediately repeated stimuli were uniformly faster are also mentioned.
Apparent Reversals for Circular and Elliptical Stimuli
Authors: Wallace Benjamin , Cramer Diane E.
Published: September 2011

Number of apparent reversals for various patterned ellipses and circles was investigated. Ellipses produced significantly more reversals than circles. Patterned stimuli produced a number of reversals dependent upon pattern orientation and corroborated predictions consistent with Power and Day's (1973) general constancy theory for apparent reversals.
Comparing All Treatment Means with the Grand Mean: II. The Case of Ranked Data
Authors: Silverstein A. B.
Published: September 2011

A procedure is described for comparing all treatment means with the grand mean in the case of ranked data, and an example is given of its use.
Note on Fitts' Law for Manipulative Temporal Motor Responses with Path Constraints
Authors: Kvålseth Tarald O.
Published: September 2011

This paper presents a first-order version of an earlier model by Kvålseth (1973) of manipulative motor responses involving serial hand movements with different types of movement-path constraints. This model represents a generalization of Fitts' law. Comparisons are also made between experimental movement times obtained and predetermined motion-time systems predictions.
Assessing the Attitude of Veterans toward a Smoking Cessation Program in a Hospital Setting
Authors: Dawley Harold H. , Wingfield Cecil W.
Published: September 2011

110 male patients in a V. A. Hospital were surveyed in regard to their smoking behavior, attitudes toward smoking, and their willingness to participate in a treatment program designed to eliminate smoking. Some of the more important findings were that 68% of the patient population smoked as compared to 50% for the general male population. Only 57% of the smokers felt that smoking was harmful to their health. Many of the smokers (60%) had tried to stop smoking but were unsuccessful. 58% of the smokers stated that they would participate in a smoking treatment program. The results of this survey are interpreted to indicate the need for hospital and institutional treatment programs for elimination of smoking.
Eye Movement in Perception of Another Person's Looking Behavior
Authors: Deutsch Robert , Auerbach Carl
Published: September 2011

Eye contact is a non-verbal behavior category of major concern in the study of social interaction. Within this category many behaviors are included which serve a wide range of functions. It was hypothesied that (1) one of the important stimulus properties that distinguish these behaviors is the movement pattern of the eyes and (2) that people use different criteria to judge whether another person is looking at them, depending upon whether the other person is displaying a dynamic or static eye presentation. Data are presented to support these hypotheses.
Effect of Exteroceptive Feedback in Controlling Electrodermal Activity in Pre-Conditioned Fears
Authors: McLean Peter D. , Milne Loraine G.
Published: September 2011

Ss with a strong fear of snakes were taught to increase and decrease their skin resistance during practice sessions with a continuous visual display. Ss were not aware that they were increasing or decreasing their levels of skin resistance and attempted only to influence the magnitude of the multimeter display, the polarity of which was controlled by the experimenter. The study used a within-subjects reversal design to investigate whether bidirectional control could be acquired over skin resistance level. To investigate whether this acquired control could affect the magnitude of elicited pre-conditioned autonomic responses, a pre- and post-training comparison was made between the GSRs elicited during test sessions in which Ss viewed slides of snakes while attempting to influence their electrodermal activity with the assistance of the visual display. The results suggest that Ss are able to acquire voluntarily bidirectional control of their level of skin resistance with continuous visual feedback and that this control can either depress or facilitate the magnitude of pre-conditioned emotional responses as a function of visual feedback.
Disruption of Performance of a Lab-Born Orangutan after Introduction of Irrelevant Foreground Cues
Authors: Essock Susan M.
Published: September 2011

Discrimination performance of the three great ape genera has previously been shown to be differentially influenced by the introduction of irrelevant foreground cues, with accuracy of performance of orangutans significantly more disrupted than chimpanzees or gorillas. This disruption may be species-related to how arboreal of terrestrial the subjects would be in their natural habitat. The tendency of the orangutan toward disruption of performance following the introduction of visual foreground cues is not dependent upon an early arboreal environment, because the performance of the lab-born orangutan tested in similar conditions in the present study was commensurate with the performance of previously tested wild-born orangutans.
Field-Dependence, Extraversion and Perception of the Vertical: Empirical and Theoretical Perspectives of the Rod-and-Frame Test
Authors: Fine Bernard J. , Danforth Armand V.
Published: September 2011

Using conventional scoring procedures for the Rod-and-frame Test (RFT), extraversion was shown to interact with field-dependence (defined by scores on the Hidden-shapes Test), with the field-dependent extraverts being most inaccurate performers on the rod and frame. Of greater importance, serious questions were raised about theoretical and empirical aspects of the relationship between paper-and-pencil measures of field-dependence and performance on the rod and frame, and it was concluded that “what has … been demonstrated over the past ten years is the reliability of a relationship of questionable validity.”
Effect of Instruction on Recall of Movements
Authors: Leavitt Jack , Ball Terry
Published: September 2011

A 4 × 4 factorial design with repeated measures across retention intervals and instructions was employed to determine the effect of instruction on recall ability of movement information from short-term motor memory. Each of the 16 Ss received all 16 possible treatment combinations. While both retention interval and instruction showed significant effects, there was no significant interaction. The reverse-order instruction was affected by the length of the retention interval while the no-prior-item, last-distance, and drop instructions were uninfluenced. No evidence supported the trace-decay hypothesis of forgetting. Ss seem easily able to remove information from memory or ignore information input so it is not represented in memory.
The Poggendorff Illusion and Estimates of Transverse Extent
Authors: Finlay D. C. , Caelli T. M.
Published: September 2011

The underestimation of transverse extent relative to longitudinal extent, in the Poggendorff Illusion, was tested by varying oblique line orientation, interparallel line distance, and presence or absence of obliques. 20 subjects made estimates of the transverse extent on both a longitudinal and transverse extent. The results indicated that, although underestimation was found for some stimulus conditions, overestimation was found fot others. It was argued that even though presence of obliques affected judgmental error the longitudinal-transverse illusion could not form a basis for the Poggendorff Illusion.
Decrement in Stroop Interference Time with Age
Authors: Wise Larry A. , Sutton James A. , Gibbons Paul D.
Published: September 2011

Interference time on the Stroop task was compared for 20 college and 20 elementary subjects. A decrement in interference time between groups was found and is consistent with E. Gibson's perceptual learning theory.
Iconic Memory of Dot Patterns: Preliminary Report
Authors: Cohene Lee S.
Published: September 2011

Pairs of complementary dot-pattern stimuli whereby each stimulus pair forms a bigram were used in an iconic memory paradigm. The variables of stimulus dutation, interstimulus interval, dot density, and letter field were all shown to affect recognition performance of 15 naive college students.
Successive versus Simultaneous Presentation of Forms in Oral Stereognostic Testing
Authors: Yairi Ehud , Cavaness Denise
Published: September 2011

Two forms of 55 pairs of plastic forms were orally presented one at a time to a group of 30 adults at 5-sec. intervals and to 30 other adults simultaneously. The latter subjects made significantly more errors, particularly between classes of forms.
Auditory Discrimination in Conditions of Noise and Quiet by Black and White Disadvantaged Children
Authors: Blue C. Milton , Vergason Glenn A.
Published: September 2011

The auditory discrimination of first and third grade children of low socio-economic status was investigated. 17 black and 17 white children were randomly selected from the two grades. The condition for listening was varied, i.e., discrimination in condition of quiet and discrimination in condition of noise, through the use of the Goldman-Fristoe-Woodcock Test of Auditory Discrimination. White third graders were superior performers. The expectation, from the literature, that the auditory discrimination of children from low socio-economic levels would be depressed in conditions of noise was not supported. In fact, black children performed in an inferior manner in conditions of quiet.
Electrodermal Response to Sexual Materials
Authors: Firth Diane , Worrall Norman
Published: September 2011

Four groups of college students selected on the basis of high or low Eysenck Personality Inventory scores were asked to talk or simply think about a series of slides differing in overt sexual content. Data showed that for both conditions those high on Neuroticism ( n = 8) showed more electrodermal activity than did those scoring low ( n = 8), and over all subjects there was a significant correlation between Neuroticism scores and the physiological measure. High and low scorers on Extraversion scale ( ns = 10) showed no analogous differences in electrodermal activity.
Effect of Changes in Fin-Length on Apparent Shaft-Length and Depth in the Müller-Lyer Illusion
Authors: Jaeger Ted
Published: September 2011

Müller-Lyer figures with outgoing fins were back illuminated and apparent shaft-length and depth were both judged by 20 undergraduates. With the angle between the fins constant, progressive increases in fin-length produced first an increase in the apparent shaft-length and then a decrease. Changes in fin-length, however, had no significant effect on apparent depth. These data were interpreted as inconsistent with an account of the Müller-Lyer illusion in terms of perspective theory, since the latter predicts systematic changes in perceived shaft-length to be associated with systematic changes in perceived depth.
Lateral Eye-Movement Consistency and Academic Aptitude: Failure to Replicate
Authors: Bakan Paul
Published: September 2011

Scores on the Scholastic Aptitude Test were compared for 52 right and 46 left Ss directionally consistent and directionally inconsistent ( n = 62) for conjugate lateral eye movements elicited by reflection in interpreting a series of 10 proverbs. The finding of lower Scholastic Aptitude Test scores for Ss inconsistent in direction of eye movement (Weiten & Etaugh, 1974) was not confirmed.
Order of Acquisition of Identity Conservation, Equivalence Conservation and Compensation
Authors: Bush David F. , Coffey Lorraine P. , Snow Halsey W.
Published: September 2011

Identity conservation, equivalence conservation, and compensation were assessed in children from kindergarten, first and second grades ( ns = 18). Older children performed better on all judgment tasks. However, kindergarten children performed better on identity conservation than the other two tasks, while first and second graders performed similarly on conservation of identity and equivalence but more poorly on compensation.
Further Evaluation of a Sensitive Method for Detecting Experimental Brain Lesions
Authors: Hottman Terry J. , Sanders Robert E. , Rinck Christine M. , Sheridan Charles L.
Published: September 2011

Small, unilateral cortical lesions were placed in either medial-anterior, lateral-anterior, or posterior cortex of 20 male, Sprague-Dawley, albino rats. In addition, unilateral sham operations were performed on 8 rats from the same stock. All subjects had been trained prior to surgery with diametrically opposed visual habits mediated by opposite cerebral hemispheres. The opposing habits were, insofar as possible, evenly matched prior to surgery. After surgery, lesioned hemispheres, regardless of locus of lesion, were slower in acquiring the habit they mediated, than were unlesioned hemispheres. Further, unlesioned hemispheres dominated in test trials in which subjects chose one of the two cue doors with both eyes open. These findings confirm that the “interocularly conflicting discrimination” baseline detects a role of extrastriate cortex in mediation of pattern discrimination habits. They further indicated that losses occur without regard to the various locations of lesion employed.
Relationship between Age, Socioeconomic Status, and Field Independence
Authors: Gruenfeld Leopold W. , MacEachron Ann E.
Published: September 2011

The hypothesis was supported that socioeconomic variables confound the relationship between age (20 to 60 yr.) and field independence measured on the rod-and frame task for 54 adult women (nurses).
Personality, Reinforcement and Learning
Authors: Seunath O. M.
Published: September 2011

Conflict in predictions resulting from Eysenck's (1957) and Gray's (1970) theoretical formulations on personality and conditioning were tested at the behavioural level. Given conditions which do not produce over-arousal, it would be predicted from Eysenck's position that Introverts would condition better than Extraverts. From Gray's formulation it would follow that Introverts condition better if negative reinforcement is used and Extraverts condition better if positive reinforcement is used. The two opposing predictions were tested in pursuit rotor learning by either positively or negatively reinforcing the hit/miss dimension of performance by 166 males aged 14 to 15 yr. The results gave support to Gray's position but if over-arousal is assumed Eysenck's position is tenable.
Duration of Experienced Expansion and Contraction of a Circle
Authors: Holt-Hansen Kristian
Published: September 2011

The stimulus was a white outline circle which for 60 msec. was projected onto a screen 2 m. from S. The diameter of the circle was 10 cm. and the circle line was approximately 1.5 mm. wide. Fixating the center of the circle Ss reported experiencing the circle as expanding from the point of fixation to full size and then contracting to the point of fixation. Ss' experiences fell in two classes. The durations of Ss' experience of expansion-contraction were measured in msec. Ss also participated in experiments in which they fixated the nethermost point of a 17-cm. vertical straight line which was 2 mm. wide. Ss experienced the line as lengthening from the point of fixation to full length and then shortening to the point of fixation. For a given S the durations of the experienced expansion-contraction of the circle and the experienced lengthening-shortening of the straight line were the same.
Test of the Additive-Factor Method of Choice Reaction Time Analysis
Authors: Blackman A. R.
Published: September 2011

In a test of Sternberg's (1969) additive-factor method of reaction time (RT) analysis, stimulus quality (intact, degraded), relative stimulus frequency (70:15:15), and S-R compatibility (naming, naming-plus-one), each had significant effects on RT in a number-naming task. Additivity of the means, variances, and third cumulants of RT for the quality and compatibility factors showed the RT components attributable to the two stages influenced by these two variables to be stochastically independent. Relative stimulus frequency interacted with both quality and compatibility in determining RT. It was concluded that the effect of stimulus quality arose at the stimulus encoding stage, and the effect of compatibility at the S-R translation stage, while the duration of both stages was influenced by relative stimulus frequency.
Perception of Less Irregular and More Irregular Stimuli
Authors: Zahn Joseph R. , Hicks Robert A.
Published: September 2011

Berlyne's stimuli were presented in a stereoscope to test his hypothesis that Ss prefer the more irregular member of a pair of stimuli. 32 Ss, screened for normal acuity and phorias, were tested. Contrary to Berlyne's hypothesis and consistent with earlier stereoscopic studies, Ss tend to report more frequently the less irregular member of a pair of stimuli. These data can be explained by an information-conflict model; however, the clearest implication of this study was that experiments concerned with familiarity of stimuli should be qualified by the method.
Use of Classical Conditioning Procedures to Control Aggressive Behaviors in Children: A Preliminary Report
Authors: Parish Thomas S. , Maly John , Shirazi Annmarie
Published: September 2011

This experiment tested the effectiveness of classical conditioning procedures in reducing children's aggressive behaviors in a classroom setting. As hypothesized, 11 boys and 14 girls who were shown pictures of aggressive scenes paired with the presentation of negatively evaluated words subsequently displayed significantly fewer aggressive responses than controls who had not experienced these conditioning procedures. A significant teacher/classroom effect was also found, which appeared to be a function of the level of the 3 teachers' permissiveness. Specifically, children's aggressive behaviors occurred more frequently in the classrooms where a permissive atmosphere prevailed than in the classroom where a more restrictive atmosphere was maintained. In those classrooms where a permissive atmosphere prevailed, the children who were the same sex as their teacher tended to display more aggressive responses than those children who were the opposite sex from their teacher.
On the Use of a Marker Variable in Lieu of its Factor-Analytic Construct
Authors: Adams R. C.
Published: September 2011

That a single marker variable is not appropriately representative of a factor in subsequent research based on the factor definition is supported by concepts of factor analysis and an explanatory figure.
Humor Response as Related to Violation of Expectancies and to Stimulus Intensity in a Weight-Judgment Task
Authors: Gerber Wayne S. , Routh Donald K.
Published: September 2011

In a study of humor disguised as a psychophysical task, 60 subjects judged an initial series of 10 weights which was either light or heavy and then a shift weight which was either light, medium, or heavy. Degree of humorous response varied with the discrepancy of the shift weight and its absolute magnitude.
Discrimination by Rhesus Monkeys of Diets Containing Supplemental Amino Acids
Authors: Craddock Samuel N. , Riopelle Arthur J.
Published: September 2011

Following an opportunity to demonstrate a preference for water with or without the addition of the amino acid isoleucine, methionine, phenylalanine, or tryptophan at a concentration proportional to that in whole egg protein, 9 monkeys were subjected on 4 occasions to a 7-day experimental week when they received an isocaloric diet containing only one-fourth the amount of protein of their normal diet. An identical low-protein diet supplemented with one of the above amino acids, again at a concentration proportional to that in egg, was presented for an equivalent period during the experimental week and the amounts consumed of each diet were compared. Ss failed to exhibit a preference or an aversion for water supplemented with any of the amino acids; however, all low-protein diets supplemented with an amino acid were consumed in greater quantities than a low-protein diet lacking a supplement. On Days 6 and 7 of the experimental weeks when protein depletion was most severe, Ss significantly ( p < .05) preferred the diet supplemented with isoleucine to a diet lacking the supplement.
Perceptual Vigilance and Defense Revisited: Evidence against Blum's Psychoanalytic Theory of Subliminal Perception
Authors: Jennings Luther B. , George Stephen G.
Published: September 2011

Blum's (1954) interpretation of psychoanalytic theory leads him to predict that Ss will defend against a threatening stimulus which is just below a recognition threshold and be vigilant toward the same stimulus when it is farther below the same threshold. 7 males and 9 females were presented the same four Blacky pictures, at the same speed and illumination, and using the same procedure as Blum. The results offered no support for the theory of perceptual vigilance or defense. The many weaknesses inherent in Blum's theory and supporting methodology were discussed.
Multivariate Prediction of Third Grade Academic Performance from De Hirsch Index Score
Authors: Holmes George R. , Stout Anna L. , Rosenkrantz Arthur L. , Bickham D. Wayne , Schnackenberg Robert C.
Published: September 2011

A 3-yr. follow-up study, using 5 dependent measures of academic performance, was accomplished on 42 of the original 50 5 1/2-yr.-old youngsters used in the Adkins, et al. (1971) study. A preliminary comparison of the de Hirsch method of classification of children as of potentially high academic risk clearly suggests the possibility of using discriminant function analysis with the de Hirsch Predictive Index. A strategy for evaluating interventions on high-risk children is suggested.
Similarity of Affective Meaning and the Evaluation of Metaphor
Authors: Kozlowski Lynn T.
Published: September 2011

This study explored the role of similarity of affective meaning between the elements of metaphors (an X is a Y) in the evaluation of metaphor. Similarity was measured by subjects' ratings of the metaphor elements on the Evaluation, Potency, and Activity factors of the semantic differential technique (Osgood, Suci, & Tannenbaum, 1957). To determine evaluation scores, other subjects ranked the metaphors on a Q-sort task for goodness, vividness, meaningfulness, strangeness, and interestingness. Only a positive linear relationship was found between similarity and evaluation. Similarity on Activity was most strongly related to the positive evaluation of the metaphors.
Reliability and Validity of a Cross-Modal Test of Spatial Ability
Authors: Kumar Santosh
Published: September 2011

The reliability of a cross-modal test of spatial ability, adapted from Space Relations of the Differential Aptitude Test and determined on 86 college freshmen was .92. The validity coefficient of correlation between the DAT original and the adapted test was .75. The cross-modal test correlated .50 with the cognition of figural transformation ability of Guilford's Structure of the Intellect Model.
Effect of Subliminal Stimuli on Consumer Behavior: Negative Evidence
Authors: George Stephen G. , Jennings Luther B.
Published: September 2011

The study corrected methodological weaknesses found in previous experiments designed to test the contentions of motivational research theorists that subliminal stimulation can affect buying behavior. The words “Hershey's Chocolate” were presented to a group of 18 experimental Ss below a forced-choice detection threshold. The 19 control Ss had a blank slide superimposed over the same background media. In a highly controlled buying situation neither experimental nor control Ss purchased Hershey's products, but on comparable chocolate products, the experimental Ss bought 5 and the control Ss, 3. A second study tested 15 experimental and 12 control Ss with the stimulus presented just below a recognition threshold. No experimental Ss bought Hershey's; two control Ss did. No support was found for the claims of motivational research theorists.
Directionality in Copying: Memory, Handedness, and Alignment Effects
Authors: Lehman Elyse Brauch , Goodnow Jacqueline
Published: September 2011

Explored were the effects of memory, handedness, and the relative position of model and copy on the sequential behavior (starting points and stroke progressions) of children copying a set of shapes. Exp. 1 (memory) involved 46 kindergarten children; Exp. 2 (handedness), 36 kindergartners; and Exp. 3 (alignment and proximity), 20 children from each of Grades K, 2, and 4. Availability of the model had no effect; children followed the same paths when copying with the model present or with it absent. Handedness, however, affected left-right directionality, while the proximity of model and copy affected threading and, to a lesser extent, top-bottom directionality. The results are discussed in terms of implications for questions about sources of directionality.
Two-Part Stimulus Integration and Specific Reading Disability
Authors: Stanley Gordon
Published: September 2011

29 dyslexics and 29 control children were presented with two halves of a black cross, one-half being presented at varying interstimulus intervals after the other half. Both dichoptic and binocular presentations were used and separation thresholds were at greater interstimulus intervals for the dichoptic condition. Dyslexics had thresholds at greater intervals than controls. These differences were significant and there was no significant interaction of group by dichoptic condition. The relative magnitudes of difference between dyslexics and controls were as previously reported by Stanley and Hall (1973) and support the notion that dyslexics have longer visual persistence than controls.
Field Articulation and Linguistic Structures
Authors: Sullivan Laraine , Vaught Glen M.
Published: September 2011

The relation of field articulation to sensitivity to linguistic structures was explored. Subjects (23 males and 23 females) were given the rod-and-frame test and then made true-false judgments of sentences varying in grammatical and semantic complexity. While increased complexity did increase the difficulty of true-false judgments of sentences, the latencies of these judgments were unrelated to the scores on the rod-and-frame test. These results were discussed in terms of the generality of previous studies reporting a relationship between field articulation and linguistic abilities.
Relationship between Pulse Pressure, Arteriosclerosis, and a Visual Reversal Phenomenon
Authors: Solonevich Ruth , Cobb Edward S.
Published: September 2011

Varying numbers of Ss were studied on a task producing a perceived reversal in the direction of rotating objects. Ss were required to indicate when reversal in the direction of rotation of the percept occurred for the first time. Low initial reversal time coincided with high pulse pressure which is an indicator or arteriosclerotic processes. The relationship of initial reversal time and pulse pressure existed for all Ss with histories of cerebro-vascular accident, amputees secondary to diabetes mellitus, and many control Ss (a non-patient group of higher socio-economic and intellectual levels) who had a poor health history regarding high blood pressure and/or diabetes mellitus. In contrast, control Ss with no cardio-vascular or diabetic problems had high initial reversal times or no reversal at all. Initial reversal time was stable over a short as well as longer periods of time. Initial reversal time may be useful as an adjunct in the prognosis of arteriosclerotic pathology.
Dichotic Ear Preferences of Stuttering Children and Adults
Authors: Sommers Ronald K. , Brady William A. , Moore W. H.
Published: September 2011

39 stutterers and 39 normal speakers indicated their ear preferences for dichotically presented words and digits. A single response mode for both dichotic words and digits was selected to study speech perception. Stutterers showed significantly less of the normal right-ear preference for dichotic words and digits than non-stutterers. The proportion of stutterers who failed to demonstrate a right-ear preference for dichotic words was significantly greater than for non-stutterers. 18% of the stutterers and none of the non-stutterers showed reversed or a left-ear preference for dichotic digits. Although non-stuttering children and adults performed alike on the dichotic tasks, the right-ear dichotic-words scores of stuttering children were significantly smaller than those of adult stutterers. The results are related to an early notion that stuttering may be related to mixed dominance and recent evidence showing that large percentages of older stuttering children show spontaneous remission of stuttering.
Effects of Achievement Motive on Divergent Self-Other Attributions for Success and Failure
Authors: Lowe Charles A. , Medway Frederic J.
Published: September 2011

Subjects varying in their level of achievement motivation (high vs low) evaluated achievement outcomes (success vs failure) allegedly occurring to themselves or another person (self vs other). Over-all, subjects ( n = 118 male students) assigned more personal cause to self-failure than to other's failure. Contrary to previous results, achievement motivation per se did not influence attributions of personal cause or effort. High achievers did attribute more personal cause to self than to others, especially for failure, and low achievers attributed somewhat less personal cause to self than to others, especially for success. A discussion of the different information about achievement behavior available to perceivers with different perspectives and with different levels of achievement motivation was offered to explain these results.
Effects of Visual Presentation of Caloric Values on Food Buying by Normal and Obese Persons
Authors: Milich Richard , Anderson Judy , Mills Marcia
Published: September 2011

The effects of the visual presentation of the caloric values of food on the food buying behavior of 450 normal, overweight, and obese female subjects were studied, in a cafeteria setting. The caloric signs significantly decreased the total number of calories bought across all three weight groups. No differences were found among the three weight groups, either in the effect of the presentation of the caloric signs or in the total number of calories bought. The implications of these results were discussed, both in terms of present-day research on obesity as well as in terms of a large scale modification of eating behavior.
Asynchrony of Lateral Onset as a Factor in Difference in Visual Field
Authors: Hatta Takeshi
Published: September 2011

An experiment in matching judgments was designed to examine a role of perceptual process in apparent asymmetry. Recognition of Hirakana letters (Japanese letters) was required. The experimental condition in which stimuli were presented to the left visual field first and to the right visual field second produced more errors for all stimulus intervals (0 to 60 msec.) than experimental conditions where stimuli were presented to the right visual field first and to the left one second. Especially, superiority of the latter condition was marked with the longest stimulus interval employed. These results indicate superiority of the left hemisphere function for recognizing Hirakana letters and suggest that not only memory but also perceptual process contributes to this laterality effect.
Comparison of the Methods of Limits and Electrodermal Response for Determination of Lingual Vibrotactile Thresholds
Authors: McCaffrey Patrick , Fucci Donald , Blackmon Robert
Published: September 2011

Lingual vibrotactile thresholds were obtained from 30 adult Ss by the method of limits and operant conditioning of the electrodermal response. Sensitivity of the tongue was measured at 250 Hz. Comparisons of lingual threshold data showed that thresholds obtained by the method of limits were significantly lower than those obtained by the electrodermal response technique. There was a moderate positive correlation between methods however, indicating a substantial relationship. It was concluded that consistent lingual vibrotactile indexes of sensitivity can be obtained using an electrodermal response approach.
Intra-Oral Shape Recognition by 138 Mentally Retarded Subjects
Authors: Pointe Leonard L. La , Williams William N. , Faircloth Barbara H.
Published: September 2011

Among S s with normal intelligence, oral shape-recognition tests have shown a relationship between articulatory ability and oral sensory integrity. This investigation explored oral sensory impairment as a possible contributory cause of the articulatory difficulties exhibited by the mentally retarded. The Florida Oral-form Recognition Measure (FORM), a task requiring the intraoral identification of 10 geometric shapes, was administered to 138 mentally retarded Ss.2 Twenty Ss were retested to establish reliability. S s were placed in groups according to etiological categories (AAMD classification) and were assigned speech ratings by a speech pathologist. Of the total sample, 86% had varying degrees of defective speech or language. Mean FORM score was 3.5, and preliminary analysis yielded significant correlations between FORM score and IQ and between speech and language rating. Further multivariate analysis with IQ held as a co-variant indicated no significant relationship between FORM score and communicative ability. This suggests caution in inferring that intraoral shape-recognition scores reflect degree of oral sensory integrity. Perhaps a battery of oral perceptual tasks might more validly assess oral sensation-perception and aid in clarifying its relationship to speech.
Matching Music with Paintings by Klee
Authors: Minnigerode Fred A. , Ciancio David W. , Sbarboro Lori A.
Published: September 2011

32 male and 29 female undergraduate students matched 6 of 12 paintings by Paul Klee with 6 musical selections that presumably inspired them. Sex differences were not significant. Masculinity, but not femininity, correlated significantly with ability to match paintings and music.
Recording Parent-Child Interactional Patterns
Authors: Jason Leonard A.
Published: September 2011

A concise and reliable recording system for parent-child interactions is described. The system has heuristic value in enabling investigators to describe accurately mother-child interactions and to assess the extent to which interventions modify such interactions.
Stimulus Satiation: Alternation in Rats as a Function of Varied Choice-Point Exposures
Authors: Sasek Jan , Fargo Mark A.
Published: September 2011

15 rats approximately 11 mo. old were randomly divided into three groups of 5 each in a randomized design which compared the effects of three different exposures to choice-point stimuli in a T-maze using a paradigm which precluded any response by the subject on Trial 1. Alternation increased with increasing exposure at the choice-point. This finding is supportive of stimulus satiation theory.
Chronological Age and Length of Delay as Determinants of Delayed Matching-to-Sample and Oddity Performance in Children
Authors: Francis Evelyn W. , Ferraro Douglas Peter , Giomi Thelma A.
Published: September 2011

The effects of length of delay and chronological age on children's delayed matching-to-sample and oddity performance were investigated in two separate experiments. In the first experiment, 112 children, 70 to 80 mo. in age, were trained on either a matching or oddity task which was either simultaneous or involved a delay of 0, 6, or 14 sec. In the second experiment, a 6-sec. delayed matching or oddity task was used to investigate the performance of 84 children divided equally into 70–80 mo., 90–100 mo., and 125–135 mo. age groups. Accuracy of performance under both the matching and oddity tasks decreased with increases in delay value, and increased with increasing chronological age However, matching performance was superior to oddity for all delay values and chronological age groups studied.
Relationship between Reflection-Impulsivity and Problem Solving
Authors: Klein Gary A. , Blockovich Robert N. , Buchalter Pepi S. , Huyghe Linda
Published: September 2011

Performance of 88 children categorized as reflective or impulsive was compared on convergent and divergent problem-solving tasks. The matching familiar-figures test was administered along with tests for determining the correct order of a word sequence, and for listing unusual uses for familiar objects. Reflective children ( n = 33) made significantly fewer errors on the convergent problem-solving task than impulsive children ( n = 33), but there was no effect of cognitive style on the divergent problem-solving task. Reflective-impulsive performance was discussed in terms of evaluation criteria for selecting responses.