bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An examination of the features of science fairs that support students' understandings of science and engineering practices
Authors: DeLisi Jacqueline , Kook Janna F. , Levy Abigail Jurist , Fields Erica , Winfield Lukas
Published: October 2020

Science fairs have a long history in the United States and internationally. Their implementation varies greatly (Kook et al, 2020), yet few empirical studies have examined the outcomes of these experiences for student learning. Research indicates that authentic scientific inquiry that focus on students' agency in investigations can contribute to students learning (e.g., Houseal, Abd‐El‐Khalick, and Destefano, 2014). However, teachers have been challenged with implementing inquiry‐based investigations (e.g., Anderson, 2007; Harris & Rooks, 2010). As new science standards increase the demand for science investigations in classrooms that afford students opportunities to engage with science and engineering practices (SEPs; NGSS Lead States, 2013), research is needed to understand the role of teachers and how these experiences can contribute to student learning. In this article, we describe the results of a national study that included data from 21 middle school science fairs. Data included observations of 20 science fairs, pre and postscience fair assessment data from 343 sixth grade students, and interviews or focus groups with 131 students, 122 teachers, 16 administrators, and 29 science fair judges. These data enabled the exploration of features of science fairs, including opportunities for students to engage in SEPs and the teachers support for SEPs through the science fair investigations. Findings reveal that science fair implementation varies considerably across schools. HLM analysis indicates that teachers' support for critiquing practices, particularly when it included students' engagement in evaluating the work of their peers, are positively associated with students understandings of SEPs. Qualitative findings highlight the ways in which teachers structured students' experiences and supported their enactment of SEPs as they conducted their science fair investigations.
Incorporating dose–volume histogram parameters of swallowing organs at risk in a videofluoroscopy-based predictive model of radiation-induced dysphagia after head and neck cancer intensity-modulated radiation therapy
Authors: Ursino Stefano , Giuliano Alessia , Martino Fabio Di , Cocuzza Paola , Molinari Alessandro , Stefanelli Antonio , Giusti Patrizia , Aringhieri Giacomo , Morganti Riccardo , Neri Emanuele , Traino Claudio , Paiar Fabiola
Published: October 2020

Purpose

To develop a videofluoroscopy-based predictive model of radiation-induced dysphagia (RID) by incorporating DVH parameters of swallowing organs at risk (SWOARs) in a machine learning analysis.

Methods

Videofluoroscopy (VF) was performed to assess the penetration-aspiration score (P/A) at baseline and at 6 and 12 months after RT. An RID predictive model was developed using dose to nine SWOARs and P/A-VF data at 6 and 12 months after treatment. A total of 72 dosimetric features for each patient were extracted from DVH and analyzed with linear support vector machine classification (SVC), logistic regression classification (LRC), and random forest classification (RFC).

Results

38 patients were evaluable. The relevance of SWOARs DVH features emerged both at 6 months (AUC 0.82 with SVC; 0.80 with LRC; and 0.83 with RFC) and at 12 months (AUC 0.85 with SVC; 0.82 with LRC; and 0.94 with RFC). The SWOARs and the corresponding features with the highest relevance at 6 months resulted as the base of tongue (V65 and Dmean), the superior (Dmean) and medium constrictor muscle (V45, V55; V65; Dmp; Dmean; Dmax and Dmin), and the parotid glands (Dmean and Dmp). On the contrary, the features with the highest relevance at 12 months were the medium (V55; Dmin and Dmean) and inferior constrictor muscles (V55, V65 Dmin and Dmax), the glottis (V55 and Dmax), the cricopharyngeal muscle (Dmax), and the cervical esophagus (Dmax).

Conclusion

We trained and cross-validated an RID predictive model with high discriminative ability at both 6 and 12 months after RT. We expect to improve the predictive power of this model by enlarging the number of training datasets.
Image-based failure detection for material extrusion process using a convolutional neural network
Authors: Kim Hyungjung , Lee Hyunsu , Kim Ji-Soo , Ahn Sung-Hoon
Published: October 2020

The material extrusion (ME) process is one of the most widely used 3D printing processes, especially considering its use of inexpensive materials. However, the error known as the “spaghetti-shape error,” related to filament tangling, is a common problem associated with the ME process. Once occurring, this issue, which consumes both time and materials, requires a restart of the entire process. In order to prevent this, the user must constantly monitor the process. In this research, a failure detection method which uses a webcam and deep learning is developed for the ME process. The webcam captures images and then analyzes them by machine learning based on a convolutional neural network (CNN), showing outstanding performance in both image classification and the recognition of objects. Sample images were trained based on a modified Visual Geometry Group Network (VGGNet) model and the trained model was evaluated, resulting in 97% accuracy. The pre-trained model was tested on a 3D printer monitoring system for its ability to recognize the “spaghetti-shape-error” and was able to detect 96% of abnormal deposition processes. The proposed method can analyze the ME process in real time and informs the user or halts the process when abnormal printing is detected.
Chronic nonbacterial osteomyelitis — clinical and magnetic resonance imaging features
Authors: d’Angelo Paola , de Horatio Laura Tanturri , Toma Paolo , Ording Müller Lil-Sofie , Avenarius Derk , von Brandis Elisabeth , Zadig Pia , Casazza Ines , Pardeo Manuela , Pires-Marafon Denise , Capponi Martina , Insalaco Antonella , Fabrizio Benedetti , Rosendahl Karen
Published: October 2020

Background

Chronic nonbacterial osteomyelitis (CNO) is a rare autoinflammatory bone disorder. Little information exists on the use of imaging techniques in CNO.

Materials and methods

We retrospectively reviewed clinical and MRI findings in children diagnosed with CNO between 2012 and 2018. Criteria for CNO included unifocal or multifocal inflammatory bone lesions, symptom duration >6 weeks and exclusion of infections and malignancy. All children had an MRI (1.5 tesla) performed at the time of diagnosis; 68 of these examinations were whole-body MRIs including coronal short tau inversion recovery sequences, with additional sequences in equivocal cases.

Results

We included 75 children (26 boys, or 34.7%), with mean age 10.5 years (range 0–17 years) at diagnosis. Median time from disease onset to diagnosis was 4 months (range 1.5–72.0 months). Fifty-nine of the 75 (78.7%) children presented with pain, with or without swelling or fever, and 17 (22.7%) presented with back pain alone. Inflammatory markers were raised in 46/75 (61.3%) children. Fifty-four of 75 (72%) had a bone biopsy. Whole-body MRI revealed a median number of 6 involved sites (range 1–27). Five children (6.7%) had unifocal disease. The most commonly affected bones were femur in 46 (61.3%) children, tibia in 48 (64.0%), pelvis in 29 (38.7%) and spine in 20 (26.7%). Except for involvement of the fibula and spine, no statistically significant differences were seen according to gender.

Conclusion

Nearly one-fourth of the children presented with isolated back pain, particularly girls. The most common sites of disease were the femur, tibia and pelvic bones. Increased inflammatory markers seem to predict the number of MRI sites involved.
Faster age-related decline in cardiorespiratory fitness in rheumatoid arthritis patients: an observational study in the Trøndelag Health Study
Authors: Liff Marthe Halsan , Hoff Mari , Wisløff Ulrik , Videm Vibeke
Published: October 2020

Primary aim: Compare change in estimated cardiorespiratory fitness (eCRF change) in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients with population-based age- and sex-matched controls during ~ 11-year follow-up and identify variables associated with eCRF change. Secondary aim: Compare eCRF level in RA patients and controls. eCRF change from the second (HUNT2 1995–1997) to the third (HUNT3 2006–2008) surveys of the Norwegian Trøndelag Health Study was compared between RA patients (n = 188) and controls (n = 26,202) attending both surveys. Predictors of eCRF change were identified by Lasso regression followed by multiple linear regression. Mean eCRF level in RA patients (n = 436) and controls (n = 67,910) was compared using age-adjusted linear regression stratified on sex, as well as two-sample t tests including RA patients (n = 432) and controls (n = 59,124) who attended either HUNT2, HUNT3 or both HUNT2 and HUNT3. The mean eCRF decline from HUNT2 to HUNT3 in RA patients was 8.3 mL min−1 kg−1 versus 6.7 mL min−1 kg−1 in controls (p < 0.001). The decline was faster in RA patients and larger with higher baseline age (standardized regression coefficient for RA patients: (− 0.482 × age + 0.044); controls: (− 0.367 × age, p < 0.001). The decline was also associated with smoking, cardiovascular disease, increasing body mass index, asthma, and hypertension. Mean differences in age-adjusted eCRF level for RA patients versus controls (p < 0.001): women HUNT2: − 3.2 mL min−1 kg−1; HUNT3: − 5.0 mL min−1 kg−1; men HUNT2: − 1.8 mL min−1 kg−1; HUNT3: − 4.0 mL min−1 kg−1. Higher age at baseline was associated with faster decline in eCRF. This change was more pronounced in RA patients than controls, indicating a larger negative effect on fitness of aging in RA. RA patients had lower eCRF compared to healthy individuals.
Comparing the adiabatic and isothermal pressure dependence of the index of refraction in a drop-weight apparatus
Authors: Slanina O. , Quabis S. , Derksen S. , Herbst J. , Wynands R.
Published: October 2020

We have investigated the difference between adiabatic and isothermal compression of liquids by an impacting weight, as observed in the resulting change to the index of refraction. The liquids examined were sebacate, glycerol, and water. For practical reasons, sebacate is best suited for the use of a drop-weight apparatus as a metrologically traceable calibration facility for dynamic pressure. We find that its optical properties under adiabatic and isothermal compression can be converted into each other using literature values of its thermodynamic properties. Care has to be taken to avoid cavitation-like effects, an observation that might need to be taken into account for other methods of generating short pressure pulses in the hundreds-of-MPa range.
Oxygen isotopes in ophicalcites: an ever-lasting controversy?
Authors: Bernoulli Daniel , Weissert Helmut
Published: October 2020

Tectono-sedimentary breccias, known as ophicalcites, overlie serpentinised peridotites at a Jurassic ocean–continent transition along the Penninic-Austroalpine transition in the Eastern Alps of Switzerland. Deformation of the exhumed mantle rocks and breccia formation occurred under decreasing temperatures and along low-angle detachment faults exposing the mantle rocks at the sea floor and was coupled with hydrothermal activity and carbonation of the serpentinites at shallow depth and/or at the sea floor. Carbon isotopes in the ophicalcites persistently show marine values; however, the interpretation of oxygen-isotope values remained controversial: are they related to Jurassic hydrothermal activity or do they reflect Alpine metamorphic overprint? Here we discuss recent interpretations that relate oxygen isotope values measured in ophicalcites exclusively to Jurassic hydrothermal activity; to this end we use data that we earlier obtained along a north–south profile across Graubünden (eastern Switzerland). We revisited the sites of controversial interpretation along a north–south profile in eastern Switzerland. Along this profile, oxygen isotope values in ophicalcites and overlying pelagic sediments, up to 25 my younger than the ophicalcites, show identical values and become systematically lower with increasing Alpine metamorphism; they strongly deviate from values in ophicalcites and pelagic sediments measured along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge or ancient Atlantic ocean-continent transitions as e.g. in the Iberia–Newfoundland transect. The oxygen-isotope values measured in Alpine ophicarbonates thus reflect isotopic resetting during the Alpine orogeny, related to fluid-rock interaction during regional metamorphism. Hydrothermal processes that accompanied the formation of ophicalcites are not disputed; however, they cannot be traced by oxygen isotope geochemistry.
Attitudes towards working in retirement: a latent class analysis of older workers’ motives
Authors: Hess Moritz , Naegele Laura , Mäcken Jana
Published: October 2020

One of the fastest growing labour market groups is working pensioners, meaning those who work past the statutory retirement age whilst receiving a pension. Previous research has investigated the motives of this group and found very heterogeneous reasons for employment in retirement. However, little is known about the expectations and preferred work arrangements of older workers regarding a potential post-retirement employment. Using data from the German survey transitions and old age potential, we explore older workers’ motives, preferences and expectations towards working in retirement. Results show that about half of the respondents plan to work in addition to receiving a pension; however, the share is higher amongst men and those with higher levels of education. The motives for staying in post-retirement employment vary as well: using latent class analysis, we find four distinct patterns of motives that can be classified as (1) financially-driven, (2) status-driven, (3) contact and fun-driven, as well as (4) generativity-driven, underlining the complexity of retirement decisions. Furthermore, preferences regarding arrangements when combining work and retirement are very heterogeneous. Whilst highly educated men want to work as self-employed, women and those with lower qualifications want to stay in their old jobs. Only small differences were found regarding preferred hours (about 17) and days per week (2.24). In summary, the results show that the rapidly growing group of working pensioners and their preferences should be seen as characterised by differences by those responsible for creating these post-retirement employment opportunities.
Molecular diversity of the Fusarium fujikuroi species complex from maize
Authors: Jabłońska Emilia , Piątek Krzysztof , Wit Marcin , Mirzwa-Mróz Ewa , Wakuliński Wojciech
Published: October 2020

Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers were used to estimate genetic relationship and diversity of Fusarium species associated with pink ear rot of maize. Three Fusarium species – F. verticillioides, F. temperatum and F. subglutinans sensu stricto were collected from contaminated corn kernels. A collection of 41 randomly selected Fusarium isolates (16 F. verticillioides, 16 F. temperatum and nine F. subglutinans sensu stricto) was screened for polymorphism with thirty decamer primers. Seventeen primers that had generated a high number of polymorphic loci were used for the analysis of genetic diversity. The primers yielded a total of 146 polymorphic loci, an average of 8.59 polymorphic bands per primer. The percentage of polymorphic bands (%P) was 46.1%. The RAPD-based UPGMA analysis demonstrated that although F. temperatum and F. subglutinans s.s. form two distinct groups they are more similar to each other than to F. verticillioides. Fusarium verticillioides was the most heterogenous species (Nei’s genetic diversity 0.180), while the least heterogenous one was F. subglutinans s.s. whose genetic diversity was 0.098. The analysis of the translation elongation factor 1-α and β-tubulin gene sequences as well as the mating type ratio were employed to support the RAPD data.
A possible effect of montelukast on neurological aging examined by the use of register data
Authors: Grinde Bjørn , Schirmer Henrik , Eggen Anne Elise , Aigner Ludwig , Engdahl Bo
Published: October 2020

Background The leukotriene receptor antagonist montelukast has been shown to rejuvenate aged brains in rats; however, data on humans are still scarce. Objective To investigate if montelukast may alleviate degenerative neurological changes using a register data. Setting Norwegian registry data analyses. Method The present observational study was based on data from the Norwegian Prescription Database and the Tromsø Study. The former has information regarding the use of prescription medicine; the latter includes tests for brain function such as subjective memory and finger-tapping. Multivariate linear regression analyses were performed to see how the use of various medications correlated with the test results, correcting for likely confounders. Main outcome measure Results on seven different tests considered relevant for neurological health were used as outcome. Results Previous use of montelukast correlated with improved scores on cognitive or neurological functioning (F = 2.20, p = 0.03 in a multivariate test). A range of other medications were tested with the same algorithm, including drugs acting on the immune system, but none of them correlated with (overall) significantly improved test results. Conclusion The present data suggest that montelukast may alleviate degenerative neurological changes associated with human aging.
Association of physical activity and sedentary time with structural brain networks—The Maastricht Study
Authors: Vergoossen Laura W. M. , Jansen J. F. A. , de Jong J. J. A. , Stehouwer C. D. A. , Schaper N. C. , Savelberg H. H. C. M. , Koster A. , Backes W. H. , Schram M. T.
Published: October 2020

We assessed whether objectively measured low- and high-intensity physical activity (LPA and HPA) and sedentary time (ST) were associated with white matter connectivity, both throughout the whole brain and in brain regions involved in motor function. In the large population-based Maastricht Study (n = 1715, age 59.6 ± 8.1 (mean ± standard deviation) years, and 48% women), the amounts of LPA, HPA, and ST were objectively measured during 7 days by an activPAL accelerometer. In addition, using 3T structural and diffusion MRI, we calculated whole brain node degree and node degree of the basal ganglia and primary motor cortex. Multivariable linear regression analysis was performed, and we report standardized regression coefficients (stβ) adjusted for age, sex, education level, wake time, diabetes status, BMI, office systolic blood pressure, antihypertensive medication, total-cholesterol-to-HDL-cholesterol ratio, lipid-modifying medication, alcohol use, smoking status, and history of cardiovascular disease. Lower HPA was associated with lower whole brain node degree after full adjustment (stβ [95%CI] = − 0.062 [− 0.101, − 0.013]; p = 0.014), whereas lower LPA (stβ [95%CI] = − 0.013 [− 0.061, 0.034]; p = 0.580) and higher ST (stβ [95%CI] = − 0.030 [− 0.081, 0.021]; p = 0.250) was not. In addition, lower HPA was associated with lower node degree of the basal ganglia after full adjustment (stβ [95%CI] = − 0.070 [− 0.121, − 0.018]; p = 0.009). Objectively measured lower HPA, but not lower LPA and higher ST, was associated with lower whole brain node degree and node degree in specific brain regions highly specialized in motor function. Further research is needed to establish whether more HPA may preserve structural brain connectivity.
Numerical Analysis of Blade Stress of Marine Propellers
Authors: Yu Kai , Yan Peikai , Hu Jian
Published: October 2020

In this study, a series of numerical calculations are carried out in ANSYS Workbench based on the unidirectional fluid–solid coupling theory. Using the DTMB 4119 propeller as the research object, a numerical simulation is set up to analyze the open water performance of the propeller, and the equivalent stress distribution of the propeller acting in the flow field and the axial strain of the blade are analyzed. The results show that FLUENT calculations can provide accurate and reliable calculations of the hydrodynamic load for the propeller structure. The maximum equivalent stress was observed in the blade near the hub, and the tip position of the blade had the largest stress. With the increase in speed, the stress and deformation showed a decreasing trend.
Effects of Curcumin on Lipid Membranes: an EPR Spin-label Study
Authors: Duda Mariusz , Cygan Kaja , Wisniewska-Becker Anna
Published: October 2020

Curcumin is a yellow–orange dye widely used as a spice, food coloring and food preservative. It also exhibits a broad range of therapeutic effects against different disorders such as cancer, diabetes, or neurodegenerative diseases. As a compound insoluble in water curcumin accumulates in cell membranes and due to this location it may indirectly lead to the observed effects by structurally altering the membrane environment. To exert strong structural effects on membrane curcumin needs to adopt a transbilayer orientation. However, there is no agreement in literature as to curcumin’s orientation and its structural effects on membranes. Here, we investigated the effects of curcumin on lipid order, lipid phase transition, and local polarity in a model liposome membranes made of DMPC or DSPC using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spin labeling technique. Curcumin affected lipid order at different depths within the membrane: it slightly increased the phospholipid polar headgroup mobility as monitored by spectral parameters of T-PC, while along the acyl chain the ordering effect was observed in terms of order parameter S. Also, rotational correlation times τ2B and τ2C of 16-PC in the membrane center were increased by curcumin. Polarity measurements performed in frozen suspensions of liposomes revealed enhancement of water penetration by curcumin in the membrane center (16-PC) and in the polar headgroup region (T-PC) while the intermediate positions along the acyl chain (5-PC and 10-PC) were not significantly affected. Curcumin at a lower concentration (5 mol%) shifted the temperature of the DMPC main phase transition to lower values and increased the transition width, and at a higher concentration (10 mol%) abolished the transition completely. The observed effects suggest that curcumin adopts a transbilayer orientation within the membrane and most probably form oligomers of two molecules, each of them spanning the opposite bilayer leaflets. The effects are also discussed in terms of curcumin’s protective activity and compared with those imposed on membranes by other natural dyes known for their protective role, namely polar carotenoids, lutein and zeaxanthin.
Mechanical analysis of deepwater drilling riser system based on multibody system dynamics
Authors: Liu Xiu-Quan , Sun He-Xiang , Yu Meng-Ru , Qiu Na , Li Yan-Wei , Liu Fu-Lai , Chen Guo-Ming
Published: October 2020

A multibody system including a drilling riser system, tensioners and a floating platform is key equipment for offshore oil and gas drilling. Most of the previous studies only focus on the drilling riser system rather than the multibody system. Mechanical characteristics of the deepwater drilling riser system cannot be analyzed accurately in a simplified model. Therefore, a three-dimensional multibody analysis program is developed. The static and dynamic characteristics of the deepwater drilling riser system under different platform motions are analyzed based on the developed program. The results show that the static displacement of the riser system with tensioners is smaller than that without tensioners, which means the tensioners can suppress the deformation of the riser system. Under surge and sway motions of the platform, the dynamic displacement of the riser system with tensioners is also smaller than that without tensioners due to the tensioner suppression effect. Besides, the heave motion induces a uniform axial vibration of the riser system, while roll and pitch motions excite the riser system to vibrate laterally. Compared with the stress amplitude due to surge and sway motions, the stress amplitude of the riser system due to heave, roll and pitch motions is relatively small but cannot be neglected.
Development of new SNP and INDEL loci for the valuable African timber species Lophira alata
Authors: Blanc-Jolivet Celine , Mader Malte , Bouda Henri-Noël , Massot Marie , Daïnou Kasso , Yene Germain , Opuni-Frimpong Emmanuel , Degen Bernd
Published: October 2020

The timber of the species Lophira alata (azobe) is very popular for outdoor constructions, which favours its overexploitation and illegal logging. We sampled individuals from Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon, Congo Brazzaville and Republic Democratic of Congo to discover new nuclear and plastidial SNP and INDEL loci through restriction associated DNA sequencing (RADSeq) and low coverage MiSeq genome sequencing. From an initial set of 397 loci, a final set of 126 loci was selected for timber tracking purposes.
Carbide Derived Carbon (CDC) as novel adsorbent for ibuprofen removal from synthetic water and treated sewage effluent
Authors: Almanassra Ismail W. , Kochkodan Viktor , Ponnusamy Guhankumar , Mckay Gordon , Ali Atieh Muataz , Al-Ansari Tareq
Published: October 2020

Purpose

Pharmaceuticals are becoming one of the largest environmental concerns when it comes to the water treatment industry. Increased usage of these chemicals poses a serious risk to ecology and human health due to their leakage into surface waters. In the present study, carbide derived carbon (CDC) was used for the first time as a new adsorbent to remove ibuprofen from synthetic water and wastewater effluent.

Methods

The morphology, chemical composition, surface area and surface charge of the CDC particles were investigated using the transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, BET analysis and zeta potential measurements. The effects of CDC dosage, temperature, initial pH and agitation speed on the adsorption process were examined by using batch adsorption experiments. Moreover, the adsorption kinetics, thermodynamics, and isotherms were investigated.

Results

Adsorption and kinetic equilibrium data demonstrate that the adsorption of ibuprofen onto the CDC obeys the Langmuir isotherm model and the kinetics follow the pseudo-2nd order mechanism. The thermodynamic results reveal that ibuprofen adsorption is endothermic and spontaneous. The ibuprofen removal by CDC was mainly controlled by the electrostatic forces at high pH of the feed solution and by the dispersive interactions in acidic media. The ibuprofen removal is promoted at high temperature, high agitation speed and low pH. The highest adsorption capacity of ibuprofen onto the CDC was 367 mg/g at pH 3. Furthermore, the CDC efficiently removed ibuprofen from spiked treated sewage effluent.

Conclusions

The obtained data indicate that the CDC provides a fast and efficient adsorptive removal of ibuprofen both from a model aqueous solution and treated sewage effluent.
Diffusion tensor imaging of the roots of the brachial plexus: a systematic review and meta-analysis of normative values
Authors: Wade Ryckie G. , Whittam Alexander , Teh Irvin , Andersson Gustav , Yeh Fang-Cheng , Wiberg Mikael , Bourke Grainne
Published: October 2020

Purpose

Diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging (DTI) characterises tissue microstructure and provides proxy measures of myelination, axon diameter, fibre density and organisation. This may be valuable in the assessment of the roots of the brachial plexus in health and disease. Therefore, there is a need to define the normal DTI values.

Methods

The literature was systematically searched for studies of asymptomatic adults who underwent DTI of the brachial plexus. Participant characteristics, scanning protocols, and measurements of the fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD) of each spinal root were extracted by two independent review authors. Generalised linear modelling was used to estimate the effect of experimental conditions on the FA and MD. Meta-analysis of root-level estimates was performed using Cohen’s method with random effects.

Results

Nine articles, describing 316 adults (1:1 male:female) of mean age 35 years (SD 6) were included. Increments of ten diffusion sensitising gradient directions reduced the mean FA by 0.01 (95% CI 0.01, 0.03). Each year of life reduced the mean MD by 0.03 × 10–3 mm2/s (95% CI 0.01, 0.04). At 3-T, the pooled mean FA of the roots was 0.36 (95% CI 0.34, 0.38; I2 98%). The pooled mean MD of the roots was 1.51 × 10–3 mm2/s (95% CI 1.45, 1.56; I2 99%).

Conclusions

The FA and MD of the roots of the brachial plexus vary according to experimental conditions and participant factors. We provide summary estimates of the normative values in different conditions which may be valuable to researchers and clinicians alike.
SPH modelling of hydrodynamic lubrication: laminar fluid flow–structure interaction with no-slip conditions for slider bearings
Authors: Paggi Marco , Amicarelli Andrea , Lenarda Pietro
Published: October 2020

The FOSS CFD-SPH code SPHERA v.9.0.0 (RSE SpA) is improved to deal with “fluid–solid body” interactions under no-slip conditions and laminar regimes for the simulation of hydrodynamic lubrication. The code is herein validated in relation to a uniform slider bearing (i.e. for a constant lubricant film depth) and a linear slider bearing (i.e. for a film depth with a linear profile variation along the main flow direction). Validations refer to comparisons with analytical solutions, herein generalized to consider any Dirichlet boundary condition. Further, this study allows a first code validation of the “fluid–fixed frontier” interactions under no-slip conditions. With respect to the most state-of-the-art models (2D codes based on Reynolds’ equation for fluid films), the following distinctive features are highlighted: (1) 3D formulation on all the terms of the Navier–Stokes equations for incompressible fluids with uniform viscosity; (2) validations on both local and global quantities (pressure and velocity profiles; load-bearing capacity); (3) possibility to simulate any 3D topology. This study also shows the advantages of using a CFD-SPH code in simulating the inertia and 3D effects close to the slider edges, and it opens new research directions overcoming the limitations of the codes for hydrodynamic lubrication based on the Reynolds’ equation for fluid films. This study finally allows SPHERA to deal with hydrodynamic lubrication and improves the code for other relevant application fields involving fluid–structure interactions (e.g. transport of solid bodies by floods and earth landslides; rock landslides). SPHERA is developed and distributed on a GitHub public repository.
Religious Leaders in Politics: Rio de Janeiro Under the Mayor-Bishop in the Times of the Pandemic
Authors: Siuda-Ambroziak Renata , Bahia Joana
Published: October 2020

The authors discuss the phenomenon of religious and political leadership focusing on Bishop Marcelo Crivella from the Universal Church of the Kingdom of God (IURD), the current mayor of the city of Rio de Janeiro, in the context of the political involvement of his religious institution and the beginnings of the COVID-19 pandemic. In the article, selected concepts of leadership are applied in the background of the theories of a religious field, existential security, and the market theory of religion, to analyze the case of the IURD leadership political involvement and bishop/mayor Crivella’s city management before and during the pandemic, in order to show how his office constitutes an important part of the strategies of growth implemented by the IURD charismatic leader Edir Macedo, the founder and the head of this religious institution and, at the same time, Crivella’s uncle. The authors prove how Crivella’s policies mingle the religious and the political according to Macedo’s political alliances at the federal level, in order to strengthen the church and assure its political influence.
New Triassic Aviculopectinoidea (Bivalvia), with notes on the taxonomic concept of the superfamily
Authors: Hautmann Michael , Friesenbichler Evelyn , Grădinaru Eugen , Jattiot Romain , Bucher Hugo
Published: October 2020

We describe two new genera of Triassic Aviculopectinoidea: Cristaflabellum n. gen., which is biconvex and has a strongly plicate shell, and Globodiscus n. gen., which is equiconvex and externally smooth or nearly so. Globodiscus contains the new species G. kiliani n. gen. n. sp. and G. vinzenti n. gen. n. sp. In order to make the taxonomic concept of the superfamily Aviculopectinoidea more consistent with that of its sister group Pectinoidea (scallops), we use tribes rather than families or subfamilies for accommodating the new taxa. Cristaflabellum is placed in the tribe Antijanirini (previously family Antijaniridae), whereas Globodiscus is made the type genus of the new tribe Globodiscini. Both tribes are placed within the family Aviculopectinidae, which is revised to include both equiconvex and inequiconvex taxa. We suggest that tribes are a more appropriate taxonomic rank for many of the previously erected species-poor families and subfamilies of Aviculopectinoidea.

UUID: http://zoobank.org/d143663a-9016-459f-8e24-660102adcf6a
Realigning the provider payment system for primary health care: a pilot study in a rural county of Zhejiang Province, China
Authors: Pu Xiaoying , Huang Ting , Wang Xiaohe , Gu Yaming
Published: October 2020

Aim:

This work aimed to evaluate a pre/post-reform pilot study from 2015 to 2018 in a rural county of Zhejiang Province, China to realign the provider payment system for primary health care (PHC).

Methods:

Data were extracted from the National Health Financial Annual Reports for the 21 township health centers (THCs) in Shengzhou County. An information system was designed for the reform. Differences among independent groups were assessed using Kruskal–Wallis H-test. Dunn’s post hoc test was used for multiple comparisons. Differences between paired groups were tested by Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Two-tailed P < 0.05 indicated statistical significance. Data were processed and analyzed using R 3.6.1 for Windows.

Findings:

First, payments to THCs shifted from a “soft budget” to a mixed system of line-item input-based and categorized output-based payments, accounting for 17.54% and 82.46%, respectively, of total revenue in 2017. Second, providers were more motivated to deliver services after the reform; total volumes increased by 27.80%, 19.22%, and 30.31% for inpatient visits, outpatient visits, and the National Essential Public Health Services Package (NEPHSP), respectively. Third, NEPHSP payments were shifted from capitation to resource-based relative value scale (RBRVS) payments, resulting in a change in the NEPHSP subsidy from 36.41 to 67.35 per capita among the 21 THCs in 2017. Fourth, incentive merit pay to primary health physicians accounted for 38.40% of total salary, and the average salary increased by 32.74%, with a 32.45% increase in working intensity. A small proportion of penalties for unqualified products and pay-for-performance rewards were blended with the payments. The reform should be modified to motivate providers in remote areas.

Conclusion:

In the context of a profit-driven, hospital-centered system, add-on payments – including categorized output-based payments to THCs and incentive merit pay to primary care physicians (PCPs) – are probably worth pursuing to achieve more active and output/outcome-based PHC in China.
The real time evolution of post-AGB stars
Authors: Hajduk Marcin
Published: October 2020

Evolution of post-AGB stars is extremely fast. They cross the HR diagram vertically on a timescale of hundreds to some ten thousands of years to reach maximum temperature in their lifetime. This is reflected in an increasing excitation of planetary nebulae on a timescale of years and decades. Since evolutionary timescale of post-AGB stars is very sensitive to their mass, observed changes can be used to determine model dependent central star masses. If an additional parameter is determined (e.g. luminosity or dynamic age), the observed evolution of planetary nebulae can be utilized for observational verification of theoretical models.
Testing white dwarf cosmochronology using wide double white dwarfs
Authors: Heintz Tyler , Hermes JJ
Published: October 2020

We present a sample of nearly 650 widely separated double white dwarf binaries found using Gaia DR2 astrometry. We derive preliminary total ages for each white dwarf in our sample using Gaia photometry and compare the total ages of both components of each binary in our sample. We find agreement within 3 sigma between the two ages ∼85% of the time with median age uncertainties of ∼3.5 Gyr depending on which initial-final mass relation is used. When a subsample with the most precise ages is used, the agreement within 3 sigma drops to ∼70% with median age uncertainties of 300-600 Myr.
Exoplanetary oxygen fugacities from polluted white dwarf stars
Authors: Doyle Alexandra E. , Klein Beth , Zuckerman Ben , Schlichting Hilke E. , Young Edward D.
Published: October 2020

The intrinsic oxygen fugacity of a planet profoundly influences a variety of its geochemical and geophysical aspects. Most rocky bodies in our solar system formed with oxygen fugacities approximately five orders of magnitude higher than that corresponding to a hydrogen-rich gas of solar composition. Here we derive oxygen fugacities of extrasolar rocky bodies from the elemental abundances in 15 white dwarf (WD) stars polluted by accretion of rocks. We find that the intrinsic oxygen fugacities of rocks accreted by the WDs are similar to those of terrestrial planets and asteroids in our solar system. This result suggests that at least some rocky exoplanets are geophysically and geochemically similar to Earth.
Variable white dwarfs
Authors: Shipman H. L.
Published: October 2020

Asteroseismology of white dwarf stars has led to a number of interesting results pertaining to the long term evolution and present state of white dwarf interiors. I will review recent results and will give a not necessarily comprehensive view of the prospects for further progress in this area. Two – but only two white dwarf stars - have shown the expected cooling as they age. Careful observations of a few white dwarfs with rich pulsational properties reveal interior compositions as well as the thickness of their surface layers. A few very well observed stars have revealed changes in their pulsational spectra which we don’t understand yet.
Experiential Avoidance in the Context of the Integrated Motivational–Volitional Model of Suicidal Behavior
Authors: Ordóñez-Carrasco Jorge L. , Cuadrado-Guirado Isabel , Rojas-Tejada Antonio J.
Published: October 2020

Abstract. Background: According to the integrated motivational–volitional model of suicide, the perception of defeat and entrapment are the variables involved in the development of suicidal ideation. However, entrapment is not an inevitable consequence of feeling defeated. This transition is moderated by a set of variables relating to the ability to resolve the state of defeat. Aim: We aimed to study the potential moderating role of experiential avoidance in the relationship between defeat and entrapment in young adults. Method: A sample of 644 participants residing in Spain (51.2% female; Mage= 25.91, SDage= 5.14; range = 18–35 years old), selected by sex, age, and education level quotas, completed an online questionnaire consisting of: Defeat Scale; Entrapment Scale; and Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II; and other sociodemographic variables. Results: Defeat and experiential avoidance had a statistically significant effect on entrapment. The interaction variable (defeat × experiential avoidance) was also statistically significant according to a moderating effect. Limitations: Due to the cross-sectional design, we could not establish causal associations between the variables. Conclusion: People who experience a high degree of defeat and experiential avoidance are more likely to progress to a state of entrapment, being more vulnerable to having suicidal ideation.
North‐South Asymmetric Nightside Distorted Transpolar Arcs Within A Framework of Deformed Magnetosphere‐Ionosphere Coupling: IMF‐By Dependence, Ionospheric Currents, and Magnetotail Reconnection
Authors: Nowada Motoharu , Zong Qiu‐Gang , Hubert Benoît , Shi Quan‐Qi , Wang Yong‐Fu , Yang Jun , Grocott Adrian , Degeling Alexander W. , Tian An‐Min , Zhou Xu‐Zhi , Yue Chao
Published: October 2020

The terrestrial magnetosphere is perpetually exposed to and significantly deformed by the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) in the solar wind. This deformation is typically detected at discrete locations by space‐ and ground‐based observations. Earth's aurora, on the other hand, is a globally distributed phenomenon that may be used to elucidate magnetospheric deformations caused by IMF variations, as well as plasma supply from the deformed magnetotail to the high‐latitude atmosphere. We report the utilization of an auroral form known as the transpolar arc (TPA) to diagnose the plasma dynamics of the globally deformed magnetosphere. Nine TPAs examined in this study have two types of a newly identified morphology, which are designated as “J”‐ and “L”‐shaped TPAs from their shapes and are shown to have antisymmetric morphologies in the Northern Hemisphere and Southern Hemisphere, depending on the IMF polarity. The TPA‐associated ionospheric current profiles suggest that electric currents flowing along the magnetic field lines (field‐aligned currents [FACs]), connecting the magnetotail and the ionosphere, may be related to the “J”‐ and “L”‐shaped TPA formations. The FACs can be generated by velocity shear between fast plasma flows associated with nightside magnetic reconnection and slower background magnetotail plasma flows. Complex large‐scale TPA FAC structures, previously unraveled by an magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulation, cannot be elucidated by our observations. However, our interpretation of TPA features in a global context facilitates the usage of TPA as a diagnostic tool to effectively remote sense globally deformed terrestrial and planetary magnetospheric processes in response to the IMF and solar wind plasma conditions.
Fgf and Wnt signaling interaction in the mesenchymal niche regulates the murine hair cycle clock
Authors: Harshuk-Shabso Sarina , Dressler Hila , Niehrs Christof , Aamar Emil , Enshell-Seijffers David
Published: October 2020

Tissue growth in the adult is an orchestrated process that often requires biological clocks to time stem cell and progenitor activity. Here, we employed the hair follicle, which cycles between growth and regression in a timely-restricted mode, to show that some components of the hair cycle clock reside within the mesenchymal niche of the hair follicle, the dermal papilla (DP), and both Fgf and Wnt signaling pathways interact within the DP to regulate the expression of these components that include Wnt agonists (Rspondins) and antagonists (Dkk2 and Notum). The levels of Wnt agonists and antagonists in the DP are progressively reduced and elevated during the growth phase, respectively. Consequently, Wnt signaling activity in the overlying epithelial progenitor cells decreases, resulting in the induction of the regression phase. Remarkably, DP properties allow Wnt activity in the DP to persist despite the Wnt-inhibiting milieu and consequently synchronize the induction and progression of the regression phase. This study provides insight into the importance of signaling crosstalk in coupling progenitors and their niche to regulate tissue growth.
Optical framed knots as information carriers
Authors: Larocque Hugo , D’Errico Alessio , Ferrer-Garcia Manuel F. , Carmi Avishy , Cohen Eliahu , Karimi Ebrahim
Published: October 2020

Modern beam shaping techniques have enabled the generation of optical fields displaying a wealth of structural features, which include three-dimensional topologies such as Möbius, ribbon strips and knots. However, unlike simpler types of structured light, the topological properties of these optical fields have hitherto remained more of a fundamental curiosity as opposed to a feature that can be applied in modern technologies. Due to their robustness against external perturbations, topological invariants in physical systems are increasingly being considered as a means to encode information. Hence, structured light with topological properties could potentially be used for such purposes. Here, we introduce the experimental realization of structures known as framed knots within optical polarization fields. We further develop a protocol in which the topological properties of framed knots are used in conjunction with prime factorization to encode information.
Resonance energy transfer sensitises and monitors in situ switching of LOV2-based optogenetic actuators
Authors: Li Li-Li , Klein Florence M. , Li Greci Lorenzo , Popinigis Arkadiusz , Freudenberg Florian , Courtney Michael J.
Published: October 2020

Engineered light-dependent switches provide uniquely powerful opportunities to investigate and control cell regulatory mechanisms. Existing tools offer high spatiotemporal resolution, reversibility and repeatability. Cellular optogenetics applications remain limited with diffusible targets as the response of the actuator is difficult to independently validate. Blue light levels commonly needed for actuation can be cytotoxic, precluding long-term experiments. We describe a simple approach overcoming these obstacles. Resonance energy transfer can be used to constitutively or dynamically modulate actuation sensitivity. This simultaneously offers on-line monitoring of light-dependent switching and precise quantification of activation-relaxation properties in intact living cells. Applying this approach to different LOV2-based switches reveals that flanking sequences can lead to relaxation times up to 11-fold faster than anticipated. In situ–measured parameter values guide the design of target-inhibiting actuation trains with minimal blue-light exposure, and context-based optimisation can increase sensitivity and experimental throughput a further 10-fold without loss of temporal precision.
Complementary mesoscale dynamics of spectrin and acto-myosin shape membrane territories during mechanoresponse
Authors: Ghisleni Andrea , Galli Camilla , Monzo Pascale , Ascione Flora , Fardin Marc-Antoine , Scita Giorgio , Li Qingsen , Maiuri Paolo , Gauthier Nils C.
Published: October 2020

The spectrin-based membrane skeleton is a major component of the cell cortex. While expressed by all metazoans, its dynamic interactions with the other cortex components, including the plasma membrane or the acto-myosin cytoskeleton, are poorly understood. Here, we investigate how spectrin re-organizes spatially and dynamically under the membrane during changes in cell mechanics. We find spectrin and acto-myosin to be spatially distinct but cooperating during mechanical challenges, such as cell adhesion and contraction, or compression, stretch and osmolarity fluctuations, creating a cohesive cortex supporting the plasma membrane. Actin territories control protrusions and contractile structures while spectrin territories concentrate in retractile zones and low-actin density/inter-contractile regions, acting as a fence that organize membrane trafficking events. We unveil here the existence of a dynamic interplay between acto-myosin and spectrin necessary to support a mesoscale organization of the lipid bilayer into spatially-confined cortical territories during cell mechanoresponse.