bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Excited state X-ray absorption spectroscopy: Probing both electronic and structural dynamics
Authors: Neville Simon P. , Averbukh Vitali , Ruberti Marco , Yun Renjie , Patchkovskii Serguei , Chergui Majed , Stolow Albert , Schuurman Michael S.
Published: October 2016

We investigate the sensitivity of X-ray absorption spectra, simulated using a general method, to properties of molecular excited states. Recently, Averbukh and co-workers [M. Ruberti et al., J. Chem. Phys. 140, 184107 (2014)] introduced an efficient and accurate L2 method for the calculation of excited state valence photoionization cross-sections based on the application of Stieltjes imaging to the Lanczos pseudo-spectrum of the algebraic diagrammatic construction (ADC) representation of the electronic Hamiltonian. In this paper, we report an extension of this method to the calculation of excited state core photoionization cross-sections. We demonstrate that, at the ADC(2)x level of theory, ground state X-ray absorption spectra may be accurately reproduced, validating the method. Significantly, the calculated X-ray absorption spectra of the excited states are found to be sensitive to both geometric distortions (structural dynamics) and the electronic character (electronic dynamics) of the initial state, suggesting that core excitation spectroscopies will be useful probes of excited state non-adiabatic dynamics. We anticipate that the method presented here can be combined with ab initio molecular dynamics calculations to simulate the time-resolved X-ray spectroscopy of excited state molecular wavepacket dynamics.
Exact theory and numeric results for short pulse ionization of simple model atom in one dimension
Authors: Rokhlenko A.
Published: October 2016

Our exact theory for continuous harmonic perturbation of a one dimensional model atom by parametric variations of its potential is generalized for the cases when (a) the atom is exposed to short pulses of an external harmonic electric field and (b) the forcing is represented by short bursts of different shape changing the strength of the binding potential. This work is motivated not only by the wide use of laser pulses for atomic ionization, but also by our earlier study of the same model which successfully described the ionization dynamics in all orders, i.e., the multi-photon processes, though being treated by the non-relativistic Schrödinger equation. In particular, it was shown that the bound atom cannot survive the excitation of its potential caused by any non-zero frequency and amplitude of the continuous harmonic forcing. Our present analysis found important laws of the atomic ionization by short pulses, in particular the efficiency of ionizing this model system and presumably real ones as well.
Nucleation of the BCC phase from disorder in a diblock copolymer melt: Testing approximate theories through simulation
Authors: Spencer Russell K. W. , Curry Paul F. , Wickham Robert A.
Published: October 2016

We examine nucleation of the stable body-centred-cubic (BCC) phase from the metastable uniform disordered phase in an asymmetric diblock copolymer melt. Our comprehensive, large-scale simulations of the time-dependent, mean-field Landau-Brazovskii model find that spherical droplets of the BCC phase nucleate directly from disorder. Near the order-disorder transition, the critical nucleus is large and has a classical profile, attaining the bulk BCC phase in an interior that is separated from disorder by a sharp interface. At greater undercooling, the amplitude of BCC order in the interior decreases and the nucleus interface broadens, leading to a diffuse critical nucleus. This diffuse nucleus becomes large as the simulation approaches the disordered phase spinodal. We show that our simulation follows the same nucleation pathway that Cahn and Hilliard found for an incompressible two-component fluid, across the entire metastable region. In contrast, a classical nucleation theory calculation based on the free energy of a planar interface between coexisting BCC and disordered phases agrees with simulation only in the limit of very small undercooling; we can expand this region of validity somewhat by accounting for the curvature of the droplet interface. A nucleation pathway involving a classical droplet persists, however, to deep undercooling in our simulation, but this pathway is energetically unfavourable. As a droplet grows in the simulation, its interface moves with a constant speed, and this speed is approximately proportional to the undercooling.
Single chains of strong polyelectrolytes in aqueous solutions at extreme dilution: Conformation and counterion distribution
Authors: Xu Guofeng , Luo Shuangjiang , Yang Qingbo , Yang Jingfa , Zhao Jiang
Published: October 2016

The molecular conformation of two typical polyelectrolytes, sodium polystyrene sulfonate (NaPSS) and quarternized poly-4-vinylpyridine (QP4VP), was studied in aqueous solutions without salt addition at the single molecular level. By fluorescence correlation spectroscopy, the hydrodynamic radius (Rh) of NaPSS and QP4VP with the molecular weight ranging more than one order of magnitude was measured. The scaling analysis of Rh exhibits scaling exponent of 0.70 and 0.86 for NaPSS and QP4VP in solutions without added salts, respectively, showing the conformation is much more expanded than random coil. Numerical fittings using the model of diffusion of a rod molecule agree with the data well, indicating that the polyelectrolyte chains take the rod-like conformation under the condition without salt addition. Further investigations by determining the electric potential of single PSS− chains using the photon counting histogram technique demonstrate the enhanced counterion adsorption to the charged chain at higher molecular weight.
Heterogeneous melting of methane confined in nano-pores
Authors: Dundar E. , Boulet P. , Wexler C. , Firlej L. , Llewellyn Ph. , Kuchta B.
Published: October 2016

The melting transition of methane adsorbed in nanopores has been studied and compared in two types of structures: carbon slits pores and square shaped channels. We show that the nano-confinement not only modifies the temperatures of phase transformation but also induces strong space heterogeneity of the adsorbate. We emphasize the role of the structural heterogeneity on the mechanism of melting: in nanometric pores, each adsorbed layer exhibits different mechanisms of structural transformation and the notion of a unique transition temperature is not well defined.
Comment on “Construction of the landscape for multi-stable systems: Potential landscape, quasi-potential, A-type integral and beyond” [J. Chem. Phys. 144, 094109 (2016)]
Authors: Yuan Ruoshi , Tang Ying , Ao Ping
Published: October 2016

Connections between a “SDE decomposition” to other frameworks constructing landscape in non-equilibrium processes were discussed by Zhou and Li [J. Chem. Phys. 144, 094109 (2016)]. It was speculated that the SDE decomposition would not be generally unique. In this comment, we demonstrate both mathematically and physically that the speculation is incorrect and the uniqueness is guaranteed under appropriate conditions. A few related issues are also clarified, such as the limitation of obtaining potential function from steady state distribution. Current demonstration may lead to a better understanding on the structure and robustness of the decomposition framework.
Response to “Comment on ‘Construction of the landscape for multi-stable systems: Potential landscape, quasi-potential, A-type integral and beyond”’ [J. Chem. Phys. 145, 147104 (2016)]
Authors: Zhou Peijie , Li Tiejun
Published: October 2016

The uniqueness issue of SDE decomposition theory proposed by Ao and his co-workers has recently been discussed. A comprehensive study to investigate connections among different landscape theories [J. Chem. Phys. 144, 094109 (2016)] has pointed out that the decomposition is generally not unique, while Ao et al. recently argue that such conclusions are “incorrect” because the uniqueness of the decomposition for Ornstein-Uhlenbeck (O-U) process has been claimed before. In this response, we will demonstrate that the claimed “uniqueness” of the O-U process decomposition is invalid to serve as a counterexample according to the original definition of SDE decomposition. The absence of effective and concrete boundary conditions in previous SDE decomposition papers will be pointed out, and some other issues in the comment will also be responded.
Synthesis and excellent field emission properties of three-dimensional branched GaN nanowire homostructures
Authors: Li Enling , Sun Lihe , Cui Zhen , Ma Deming , Shi Wei , Wang Xiaolin
Published: October 2016

Three-dimensional branched GaN nanowire homostructures have been synthesized on the Si substrate via a two-step approach by chemical vapor deposition. Structural characterization reveals that the single crystal GaN nanowire trunks have hexagonal wurtzite characteristics and grow along the [0001] direction, while the homoepitaxial single crystal branches grow in a radial direction from the six-sided surfaces of the trunks. The field emission measurements demonstrate that the branched GaN nanowire homostructures have excellent field emission properties, with low turn-on field at 2.35 V/μm, a high field enhancement factor of 2938, and long emission current stability. This indicates that the present branched GaN nanowire homostructures will become valuable for practical field emission applications.
Magnetism in molybdenum disulphide monolayer with sulfur substituted by 3d transition metals
Authors: Zhao Chuanyu , Jin Chuanhong , Wu Jianlan , Ji Wei
Published: October 2016

With sulfur partially substituted by 3d transition metals, magnetism in a molybdenum disulphide monolayer is investigated comprehensively by the calculation of a spin-polarized density functional theory. The magnetic moment induced by a single defect is found to be equal to the absolute value of the magnetic moment of this defect atom subtracted by two Bohr magnetons. A detailed analysis on the locally projected density of states demonstrates that the underlying mechanism can be qualitatively interpreted in a simple ionic scenario. Subsequently, quasi one-dimensional superlattices of defects are built for the exploration of long range magnetic orders. Among four candidates of chromium and copper superlattices for high temperature dilute magnetic semiconductors (DMSs), a particular chromium superlattice holds the promise of a room temperature DMS against the change of the on-site Coulomb interaction.
Theoretical and photo-electrochemical studies of surface plasmon induced visible light absorption of Ag loaded TiO2 nanotubes for water splitting
Authors: Gross P. A. , Javahiraly N. , Geraldini Sabat N. , Cottineau T. , Savinova E. R. , Keller V.
Published: October 2016

Vertically aligned TiO2 nanotubes (TiO2-NTs), obtained by anodization in organic electrolyte, are decorated with 15 nm Ag nanoparticles prepared by a micro-wave assisted polyol synthesis. The Ag/TiO2 system is characterized by electronic microscopies in order to build a Finite Differential Time Domain (FDTD) model to simulate the interaction of light with the system. By combining UV-visible spectroscopy and FDTD simulations, the observed red shift in the surface plasmon resonance wavelength of the Ag nanoparticles, deposited on TiO2, is explained. The Ag/TiO2-NT system is used as photoanode in a photoelectrochemical water splitting setup and shows an increasing Incident Photon to Current Conversion Efficiency (IPCE) in the visible light domain with an increasing amount of deposited Ag. The spectral position of this activity enhancement coincides with the one expected from the FDTD calculations for the surface plasmon resonance of the Ag nanoparticles deposited on TiO2.
Surviving or thriving in the primary health care research workforce: the Australian experience
Authors: Oliver-Baxter Jodie , Brown Lynsey , McIntyre Ellen
Published: October 2016

Primary healthcare research strives for high-quality, priority-driven research to inform policy and practice. This relies on a robust and sustainable workforce to tackle complex problems faced in primary health care locally and globally. The current study investigated characteristics, experiences and career paths of the Australian primary healthcare research workforce. Thirty-seven former Research Higher Degree students from University Departments of General Practice and Rural Health completed a survey. Number of provisions for researchers and career path clarity were associated with job satisfaction. Motivators to stay in research included job satisfaction, research in role descriptions, and identification of problems requiring change. Barriers related to funding, time, and other work roles taking priority were identified. Comparisons were made between participants self-identifying as working in primary healthcare research (‘stayers’; n=22) and those no longer part of this workforce (‘leavers’; n=15). Leavers were more likely to be in permanent full-time work whereas stayers had experienced more career progression and mentoring. This study raises challenges faced by primary healthcare researchers and will inform strategies for supporting the sustainability of this workforce.
Autotaxin-mediated lipid signaling intersects with LIF and BMP signaling to promote the naive pluripotency transcription factor program
Authors: Kime Cody , Sakaki-Yumoto Masayo , Goodrich Leeanne , Hayashi Yohei , Sami Salma , Derynck Rik , Asahi Michio , Panning Barbara , Yamanaka Shinya , Tomoda Kiichiro
Published: October 2016

Significance

Naive and primed pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) provide a potential source of cells for regenerative medicine. Although both cell types can contribute to all three germ layers, they differ in cell morphology, gene expression programs, and epigenetic modifications, such as the X chromosome inactivation status. Here, we report that lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) lipid signaling and the LPA-producing enzyme autotaxin are crucial in converting primed PSCs into naive PSCs. Our results reveal relationships between signaling pathways by cytokines and the lipids that, in conjunction with nutrients, synergistically induce a transcription factor circuit necessary for establishing naive pluripotency. Thus, our study provides insights into the extracellular stimuli and gene regulation to precisely control PSCs for regenerative medicine and cell biology.
Towards a process-oriented approach to comparing EFL and ESL varieties
Authors: Callies Marcus
Published: October 2016

This paper adopts a process-oriented approach to comparing EFL and ESL varieties and examines to what extent they are driven by general cognitive processes of language acquisition and production. A comparative corpus-study of lexical innovations in derivational morphology brings to light two general types of innovations: 1) interlingual, L1-based innovations, resulting from cross-linguistic influence, and 2) intralingual, L2-based innovations, resulting from various other processes. While the first type is virtually absent in ESL varieties, it is in the second type where similar types of innovations in EFL and ESL varieties can be observed. The paper argues that these innovations can be explained in terms of several underlying cognitive processes that serve to create and maximise morphological transparency and increase explicitness of form-meaning relations.
Innovative conversions in South-East Asian Englishes
Authors: Horch Stephanie
Published: October 2016

Singapore English and Hong Kong English started out as contact varieties and developed into ESL varieties belonging to the Outer Circle (Kachru 1985). Both varieties show a similar contact ecology (Chinese), but differ in their socio-institutional status in the Dynamic Model (Schneider 2003, 2007). By analyzing innovative verb-to-noun conversion in these two varieties, and comparing them to British English, this study shows that despite the obvious similarities in substratum, the usage frequency of conversion in both varieties differs considerably. These findings, similar to — most recently — Deshors (2014) and Gilquin (2015), call into question the established notion of ESL in general and the status of SgE and HKE as ESL varieties in particular. In order to accurately reflect contemporary language use, it is reasonable to conceptualize the notion of ESL as a continuum and to situate HKE and SgE at opposite ends.
Corpus linguistics and argumentation
Authors: Degano Chiara
Published: October 2016

This paper explores the viability of a synergy between corpus linguistics and the study of argumentation in context. While quantitative approaches to the study of discourse have been profitably integrated at the levels of lexico-grammar and syntax, more rarely has this been the case for higher levels of analysis such as argumentative structures. Such an approach would help identify those recurring patterns of argumentation that build up cumulatively, and which can only be identified in larger samples of discourse. In particular this paper concerns how the tools of corpus linguistics can be put to use for the analysis of strategic manoeuvring, and especially topical selection. In order to do so, the televised prime ministerial debates held on the occasion of the 2010 general election in the UK will be taken as a case study, with a focus on the use of linguistic indicators that might help retrieve argumentative patterns.
The mind is an ecosystem
Authors: Thibodeau Paul , Winneg Anna , Frantz Cynthia , Flusberg Stephen
Published: October 2016

Is income inequality more of a blemish or a failing organ in our economy? Both metaphors capture something about wealth disparities, but only failing organ seems to emphasize the fact that our economy is a complex system, where activity in one region may lead to a cascade of problems in other parts of the system. In the present study, we introduce a novel method for classifying such ‘systemic’ metaphors, which reveals that people can reliably identify the extent to which a metaphor highlights the complex causal structure of a target domain. In a second experiment, we asked whether exposing people to more systemic metaphors would induce a systems-thinking mindset and influence reasoning on a seemingly unrelated task that measured the degree to which people reasoned about a domain in terms of complex causal relations. We found that participants who were primed with systemic metaphors scored higher on subsequent tasks that measured relational and holistic thinking, supporting the view that these metaphors can promote systems thinking. Our discussion highlights the potential role of systemic metaphors in facilitating reasoning and decision-making in complex domains.
Indefinite past reference and the Present Perfect in Argentinian Spanish
Authors: Rodríguez Louro Celeste
Published: October 2016

The last decade has witnessed a flurry of research into variation in the use of thePretérito Perfecto Compuesto(PPC) and thePretérito Perfecto Simple(PPS). Researchers have posited a resemblance between the Argentinian (ARG) and the Mexican PPC in its encoding of durative past situations extending into the present. Close inspection of 30 hours of talk-in-interaction data with 68 speakers of Argentinian River Plate Spanish provides no support for these claims. Instead, in this paper I argue that the vernacular ARG PPC is specialising to encode indefinite past. The past-referring character of the ARG PPC is visible in the discontinuity between the situation encoded by the PPC and the present. The ARG PPC’s specialised function of indefinite past temporal marking and its similarity to Chinese aspectual marker-guopose an interesting case of functional parallelism across typologically unrelated languages.
At the cognitive and situational interface
Authors: García Izquierdo Isabel
Published: October 2016

Characteristics such as interdisciplinarity and dynamism make both written medical communication and medical translation particularly complex. In order to address this complexity, researchers need to adopt an interdisciplinary perspective (involving discourse analysis, sociology of professions, knowledge communication, etc.) and to approach the communicative process as a complex and comprehensive chain of cause and effect interactions at three levels: cognitive (the translation act), situational (the translation event) and socio-cultural (norms, initiator, etc.). The purpose of this paper is to present the results of a research project concerned with communication in the highly sensitive area of cancer patients in two Spanish hospitals, to outline the methodological proposal of the Gentt Group, which advocates for flexibility in the approach (quantitative and qualitative methods) and for the use of the notion of genre as a conceptual tool for research purposes. The concept of genre combines linguistic, cognitive and contextual aspects, and it allows for links with translation studies theory.
Text creation in a multilingual institutional setting
Authors: Van de Geuchte Sofie , Van Vaerenbergh Leona
Published: October 2016

Text creation is influenced by situational factors, like the context in which the text is written. In a multilingual institution, the context is especially important, because it is controlled by rules and guidelines. This paper presents a case study conducted in the European Commission and the Directorate General for Translation. The text creation and translation process were reconstructed starting from the published version in the Official Journal of the European Union back to the initial idea. The paper focuses on the impact that external processes have on internal processes. We found that text editing and translation go hand in hand and that translators are part of a cooperative system in which their input is of importance for the source text. Moreover, the impact of the institution is significant, since it determines not only the work processes, but also the linguistic form, technical medium and technical content.
The ergonomic impact of agencies in the dynamic system of interpreting provision
Authors: Dong Jiqing , Turner Graham H.
Published: October 2016

Interpreters are part of a complex system involving multiple human and technological agents, some of which are aggregated into the form of interpreting agencies. Interpreting is shaped by the ergonomics of the agency as well as by those of the courtroom, hospital or conference centre. The changing British economic climate and contractualism across the public services have brought the role of agencies to the fore. Drawing upon ethnographic data, the paper explicitly links the effect of agency management to practices on the ground and investigates the ergonomic barriers perceived by interpreters. We identify a set of organisational imperatives for recruitment, work allocation, professional ethics and collaborative working. As a key information interface, agencies do not always interact effectively with interpreters or consider their own ergonomic impact. We conclude that there is a need for more research on agencies as workplaces and employers of interpreters in the community.
Processes of what models?
Authors: Muñoz Martín Ricardo
Published: October 2016

In a recent article, Chesterman (2013) elaborates on Toury’s (2012) distinction between ‘translation acts’ (cognitive process) and ‘translation events’ (sociological process), and adds a third, superordinate level of ‘translation practices’ (cultural, historical, anthropological). Such successively nested models seem intuitively correct when applied to categorizing different approaches within translation studies. However, when used within cognitive and psycholinguistic approaches, such categories are found to lead to flawed reasoning. When Chesterman’s proposal is considered from perspectives such as the level of abstraction and the dynamicity of the models, many examples provided as illustration turn out to be misleading. The bulk of such errors points to an implicit notion of cognition which is contested by a growing number of researchers within translation process research: a view of thought as an internal, neutral, and logical brain process, mainly focused on problem-solving.
Effects of Seasonal Drawdowns on Fish Assemblages in Sections of an Impounded River–Canal System in Upstate New York
Authors: George Scott D. , Baldigo Barry P. , Wells Scott M.
Published: October 2016

The Mohawk River and New York State Barge Canal run together as a series of permanent and temporary impoundments for most of the distance between Rome and Albany, New York. The downstream or lower section is composed of two permanent impoundments, the middle section of a series of temporary (seasonal) impoundments, and the upper section of a series of permanent impoundments. In the middle section, movable dams are lifted from the water during winter and the wetted surface area decreases by 36–56%. We used boat electrofishing during spring 2014 and 2015 to compare the relative abundance of fish populations and the composition of fish assemblages between the permanently and seasonally impounded sections of the Barge Canal and to infer the effects of the two flow management practices. A total of 3,264 individuals from 38 species were captured, and total catch per unit effort (CPUE) ranged from 46.0 to 134.7 fish/h at sites in the seasonally impounded section, compared with 140.0–342.0 fish/h in the permanent lower section and 89.0–282.0 fish/h in the permanent upper section. The amount of drawdown explained 55% of the variation in total CPUE and was a highly significant predictor variable. Mean total CPUE in the seasonally impounded section was significantly lower (by about 50%) than that in either permanently impounded section, and the assemblage composition differed significantly between sections. The relative abundance of many lentic species was markedly lower in the seasonally impounded section, while the relative abundance of several native cyprinids and the percentage of individuals belonging to species that are native to the watershed was greater in this section. Overall, these findings suggest that winter dam removal in impounded rivers may reduce the abundance of fish but may also create more natural riverine conditions that favor some native species.

Received January 28, 2016; accepted August 5, 2016 Published online October 14, 2016
Determining the Movements and Distribution of Anadromous Bering Ciscoes by Use of Otolith Strontium Isotopes
Authors: Padilla Andrew J. , Brown Randy J. , Wooller Matthew J.
Published: October 2016

Methods for tracking the movements and distribution of fishes have often involved expensive field logistics, which is compounded in remote regions such as Alaska. An alternative approach is to use the chemical signatures preserved in the otoliths of teleost fish to track their movement history. We used the strontium isotope signature (87Sr/86Sr) preserved in the freshwater portion of otoliths taken from Bering Ciscoes Coregonus laurettae to identify their natal river of origin and their movements. Bering Ciscoes spawn in freshwater rivers and rear in coastal marine waters. Just three spawning rivers are known for this species worldwide: the Yukon, Kuskokwim, and Susitna rivers. Rearing commonly occurs in coastal estuaries and lagoons along the Arctic coast of Alaska, the Yukon–Kuskokwim (Y–K) delta, and (rarely) the Alaska Peninsula. We compiled a set (n = 127) of Bering Cisco otoliths from fish caught in coastal marine habitats within each of these rearing areas. We measured the 87Sr/86Sr values from the freshwater portions of the otoliths and compared them to an established baseline of signatures for Bering Ciscoes sampled from the known spawning rivers. We found that 96% of the unknown‐origin specimens from the three rearing groups (Alaska Arctic coast, Y–K delta, and Alaska Peninsula) had 87Sr/86Sr values that were consistent with a Yukon River origin. The dominance of Yukon River‐origin fish in all rearing groups suggests that this population is considerably larger than the Kuskokwim River or Susitna River population. These data also indicate a widespread coastal distribution of Bering Ciscoes, with some individuals estimated to have traveled over 4,900 km between coastal rearing locations and the spawning habitat. Our approach illustrates that strontium isotopes can be used to determine the natal river and migration behavior for anadromous Bering Ciscoes of unknown origin.

Received April 4, 2016; accepted August 12, 2016 Published online October 14, 2016
Therapeutic verbal communication in change episodes: a comparative microanalysis of linguistic basic forms / Comunicación verbal terapéutica en episodios de cambio: un microanálisis comparativo de las formas lingüísticas básicas
Authors: Krause Mariane , Altimir Carolina , Pérez J. Carola , Echávarri Orietta , Valdés Nelson , Strasser Katherine
Published: October 2016

This study examines clients’ and therapists’ verbal communication during psychotherapy, in order to determine its relation to ongoing change and outcome. It replicates previous studies showing the specificity of verbalizations depending on the speaker (client or therapist) and the phase of therapy, adding its relation to change measured at the level of process and final outcome. 7,009 speaking turns of clients and therapists, nested in 139 change episodes, were analysed regarding the use of the five Linguistic Basic Forms included in the Therapeutic Activity Coding System (TACS) through Hierarchical Modelling. Results show that three of these Linguistic Basic Forms — Question, Assertion and Agreement — are related to ongoing change as well as to final outcome.
Comparison of centre of gravity and centre of pressure patterns in the golf swing
Authors: Smith Aimée C. , Roberts Jonathan R. , Kong Pui Wah , Forrester Stephanie E.
Published: October 2016

Analysing the centre of pressure (COP) and centre of gravity (COG) could reveal stabilising strategies used by golfers throughout the golf swing. This study identified and compared golfers’ COP and COG patterns throughout the golf swing in medial–lateral (ML) and anterior–posterior (AP) directions using principal component analysis (PCA) and examined their relationship to clubhead velocity. Three‐dimensional marker trajectories were collected using Vicon motion analysis and force plate data from two Kistler force plates for 22 low‐handicap golfers during drives. Golfers’ COG and COP were expressed as a percentage distance between their feet. PCA was performed on COG and COP in ML and AP directions. Relationships between principal component (PC) scores were examined using Pearson correlation and regression analysis used to examine the relationship with clubhead velocity. ML COP movements varied in magnitude (PC1), rate of change and timing (PC2 and PC3). The COP and COG PC1 scores were strongly correlated in both directions (ML: r = 0.90, P < .05; AP: r = 0.81, P < .05). Clubhead velocity, explained by three PCs (74%), related to timing and rate of change in COPML near downswing (PC2 and PC3) and timing of COGML late backswing (PC2). The relationship between COPML and COGML PC1 scores identified extremes of COP and COG patterns in golfers and could indicate a golfer's dynamic balance. Golfers with earlier movement of COP to the front foot (PC2) and rate of change (PC3) patterns in ML COP, prior to the downswing, may be more likely to generate higher clubhead velocity.
Two distinct parsing stages in nonword reading aloud: Evidence from Russian
Authors: Schmalz Xenia , Porshnev Alexander , Marinus Eva
Published: October 2016

Word reading partly depends on the activation of sublexical letter clusters. Previous research has studied which types of letter clusters have psychological saliency, but less is known about cognitive mechanisms of letter string parsing. Here, we take advantage of the high degree of context-dependency of the Russian orthography to examine whether consonant–vowel (CV) clusters are treated as units in two stages of sublexical processing. In two experiments using a nonword reading task, we use two orthogonal manipulations: (a) insertion of a visual disruptor (#) to assess whether CV clusters are kept intact during the early visual parsing stage, and (b) presence of context-dependent grapheme–phoneme correspondences (GPCs; e.g., л[а] → /l/; л[я] → /lj/), to assess whether CV clusters remain intact or are split during the print-to-speech conversion stage. The results suggest that although CV clusters are initially processed as perceptual units in the early visual parsing stage, letters and not CV clusters drive print-to-speech conversion.
Placeholders dissociate two forms of inhibition of return
Authors: Hilchey Matthew D. , Pratt Jay , Christie John
Published: October 2016

Decades of research using Posner’s classic spatial cueing paradigm has uncovered at least two forms of inhibition of return (IOR) in the aftermath of an exogenous, peripheral orienting cue. One prominent dissociation concerns the role of covert and overt orienting in generating IOR effects that relate to perception- and action-oriented processes, respectively. Another prominent dissociation concerns the role of covert and overt orienting in generating IOR effects that depend on object- and space-based representation, respectively. Our objective was to evaluate whether these dichotomies are functionally equivalent by manipulating placeholder object presence in the cueing paradigm. By discouraging eye movements throughout, Experiments 1A and 1B validated a perception-oriented form of IOR that depended critically on placeholders. Experiment 2A demonstrated that IOR was robust without placeholders when eye movements went to the cue and back to fixation before the manual response target. In Experiment 2B, we replicated Experiment 2A’s procedures except we discouraged eye movements. IOR was observed, albeit only weakly and significantly diminished relative to when eye movements were involved. We conclude that action-oriented IOR is robust against placeholders but that the magnitude of perception-oriented IOR is critically sensitive to placeholder presence when unwanted oculomotor activity can be ruled out.
Long-term single-institute experience with trimodal bladder-preserving therapy with proton beam therapy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer
Authors: Takaoka Ei-ichiro , Miyazaki Jun , Ishikawa Hitoshi , Kawai Koji , Kimura Tomokazu , Ishitsuka Ryutaro , Kojima Takahiro , Kanuma Reiko , Takizawa Daichi , Okumura Toshiyuki , Sakurai Hideyuki , Nishiyama Hiroyuki
Published: October 2016

Objective

We retrospectively elucidated the oncological outcomes, prognostic factors and toxicities of proton beam therapy in trimodal bladder-preserving therapy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer at our institution.

Methods

From 1990 to 2015, 70 patients with cT2–3N0M0 muscle-invasive bladder cancer underwent trimodal bladder-preserving therapy consisting of maximal transurethral resection of the bladder tumor, small pelvis photon irradiation, intra-arterial chemotherapy and proton beam therapy. The overall survival rate, progression-free survival rate, time to progression, predictive factors for progression and toxicities were analyzed. Progression was defined as when muscle-invasive recurrence, distant metastasis or upper urinary tract recurrence was observed.

Results

The patients’ median age was 65 (range 36–85) years. The median follow-up period was 3.4 (range 0.6–19.5) years. The 5-year cumulative overall survival rate, progression-free survival rate and time to progression rate were 82%, 77%, and 82%, respectively. In univariate and multivariate analyses, tumor multiplicity and tumor size (≥5 cm) were significant and independent factors associated with progression (hazard ratio 3.5, 95% confidence interval 1.1–12; hazard ratio 5.0, 95% confidence interval 1.3–17; P < 0.05 for all). As for toxicity, 26 (18%) patients had grade 3–4 acute hematologic toxicities and 2 (3%) patients had grade 3 late genitourinary toxicity. No patient had to discontinue the treatment due to acute toxicity.

Conclusions

Our bladder-preserving therapy with proton beam therapy was well tolerated and achieved a favorable mortality rate. Tumor multiplicity and tumor size were important risk factors for progression. Our findings indicate that this therapy can be an effective treatment option for selected muscle-invasive bladder cancer patients.
Ongoing Clinical Trials of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Latency-Reversing and Immunomodulatory Agents
Authors: Delagrèverie Héloïse M. , Delaugerre Constance , Lewin Sharon R. , Deeks Steven G. , Li Jonathan Z.
Published: October 2016

In chronic human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 infection, long-lived latently infected cells are the major barrier to virus eradication and functional cure. Several therapeutic strategies to perturb, eliminate, and/or control this reservoir are now being pursued in the clinic. These strategies include latency reversal agents (LRAs) designed to reactivate HIV-1 ribonucleic acid transcription and virus production and a variety of immune-modifying drugs designed to reverse latency, block homeostatic proliferation, and replenish the viral reservoir, eliminate virus-producing cells, and/or control HIV replication after cessation of antiretroviral therapy. This review provides a summary of ongoing clinical trials of HIV LRAs and immunomodulatory molecules, and it highlights challenges in the comparison and interpretation of the expected trial results.
Allergen immunotherapy for the polyallergic patient
Authors: Wahn Ulrich
Published: October 2016

Purpose of review

Currently, dramatic changes in allergy treatment can be observed in many countries: The availability of monocomponent products with pharmaceutical quality for sublingual immunotherapy is likely to have a strong impact on all immunotherapy practices and the specialty in general. The market for patient-named products with allergenic mixtures can be expected to shrink. Allergists are concerned about the possibility that single-source products for immunotherapy might be insufficient to serve the needs of all ‘polyallergic’ patients.

Recent findings

The availability of molecular IgE-testing as a novel diagnostic tool will clarify that much of the previously perceived ‘polyallergy’ has to be interpreted as ‘pseudo-polyallergy.’ It can be predicted that the needs of the vast majority of polysensitizations will be met by the novel allergen components, which are marketing for subcutaneous immunotherapy and sublingual immunotherapy.

In countries where compounding of ‘patient-tailored allergen extracts’ has been traditionally practiced, diagnostic and therapeutic procedures are currently being challenged. A recent survey (Allermix) in Europe suggests that allergists believe that the vast majority of polyallergic patients can be adequately treated with registered products without compounding. Compounding by allergists or allergen manufacturers will still be necessary for a limited number of patients with several independent allergies.

It appears that a limited portfolio aligned to health authority recommendations will be sufficient to answer treatment habits of allergists even in polysensitized patients.
Genetic analysis of melanocortin 1 receptor red hair color variants in a Russian population of Eastern Siberia
Authors: Motorina Anna V. , Palkina Nadezhda V. , Komina Anna V. , Ruksha Tatiana G. , Artyukhov Ivan P. , Kozlov Vasily V.
Published: October 2016

The melanocortin 1 receptor is a Gsprotein-coupled receptor implicated in melanogenesis regulation. The receptor gene is highly polymorphic, which accounts for the association of several of its single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with an increased risk of melanoma. The present study aimed to evaluate the distribution of melanocortin 1 receptor gene variants R151C, R160W, and D294H within the Russian population of Eastern Siberia and its association with melanoma development. Melanoma patients (n=95) admitted to Krasnoyarsk Territorial Oncological Center and healthy controls (n=334) were enrolled in the study. A clinical examination of patients was performed to evaluate the phenotypic features of melanoma patients. SNPs were analyzed by real-time PCR. Clinical examination indicated a more frequent occurrence of fair skin type, blue eyes, blonde and red hair, and more frequent localization of freckles on the neck, trunk, and extremities in the melanoma group of patients. The R151C melanocortin 1 receptor gene variant was found in 18% of melanoma patients and associated with an increased likelihood of melanoma development (odds ratio=6.4; 95% confidence interval: 2.8–14.3;P=0.0001). The two remaining variant alleles of the melanocortin 1 receptor gene occurred with low frequency both in controls and in the melanoma group. The R160W SNP was identified neither in controls nor in melanoma patients. The D294H heterozygous variant was observed in 0.3% of individuals in the control group and in 1.1% of the patients in the melanoma group. Such an asymmetric distribution of the melanocortin 1 receptor within red hair color genotypes in the population under study compared with other populations may be because of Russian genetic homogeneity. Carriers of the mutant R151C allele should exercise caution in terms of exposure to the sun to avoid the risk of melanoma development.
Management of Mucosal Basal Cell Carcinoma of the Lip: An Update and Comprehensive Review of the Literature
Authors: Loh Tiffany , Rubin Ashley G. , Brian Jiang Shang I
Published: October 2016

BACKGROUND

Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common malignancy in the United States. Most BCCs occur on cutaneous surfaces, but rare cases on the mucosal lip have also been documented. Because only a small number of mucosal BCC (mBCC) cases have been reported, data on their clinical characteristics and management are limited.

OBJECTIVE

To perform an updated literature review of the management of mBCCs on the lip.

METHODS

A comprehensive literature review was conducted through a search of the PubMed database with the key phrases “mucosal basal cell carcinoma,” “basal cell carcinoma mucosa,” and “basal cell carcinoma lip mucosa.”

RESULTS

Forty-eight cases of mBCCs have been reported, and 35 had sufficient data for analysis. The average age at presentation was 66.8 years, and 57% (n = 20) had a history of skin cancer. Most cases were treated with surgical excision or Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS), with only 1 recurrence in the literature. Furthermore, the authors present 8 additional cases of mBCCs successfully treated with MMS.

CONCLUSION

Mucosal basal cell carcinomas are rare, and skin cancer history may be a risk factor. Because the lip is a cosmetically and functionally important area, MMS may be the preferred treatment method for mBCCs in this location.
Vulvar, Perianal and Perineal Cancer After Hidradenitis Suppurativa: A Systematic Review and Pooled Analysis
Authors: Makris Georgios-Marios , Poulakaki Nikiforita , Papanota Aristea-Maria , Kotsifa Evgenia , Sergentanis Theodoros N. , Psaltopoulou Theodora
Published: October 2016

BACKGROUND

Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic inflammatory disease that frequently involves the perineal and perianal regions. The association between HS and malignant transformation is a rare but under recognized phenomenon.

OBJECTIVE

This systematic review aims to summarize all available cases of vulvar and perianal/perineal cancer emerging in patients with HS, describing clinical and therapeutic particularities of these coexisting conditions in female patients.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This systematic review and pooled analysis was performed in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines; end-of-search date was June 15, 2015.

RESULTS

A total of 13 eligible articles were identified; 7 cases of vulvar cancer and 6 cases of perineal/perianal carcinomas in patients with HS were noted. A majority of published cases pertained to rather advanced carcinomas; only occasionally early stage carcinomas were identified. The optimal modifications in the treatment scheme of vulvar, perianal, and perineal cancer in patients with HS have not been established; detailed reporting of recurrence- and survival-related aspects is advised.

CONCLUSION

Vulvar, perianal, and perineal cancer represent a rare but serious complication of HS.
Multicenter Testing of a Risk Assessment Survey for Soft Contact Lens Wearers With Adverse Events: A Contact Lens Assessment in Youth Study
Authors: Sorbara Luigina , Zimmerman Aaron B. , Mitchell G. Lynn , Richdale Kathryn , Lam Dawn Y. , Kinoshita Beth T. , Chalmers Robin L. , Wagner Heidi
Published: October 2016

Purpose:

To test the ability of responses to the Contact Lens Assessment in Youth (CLAY) Contact Lens Risk Survey (CLRS) to differentiate behaviors among participants with serious and significant (S&S) contact lens–related corneal inflammatory events, those with other events (non-S&S), and healthy controls matched for age, gender, and soft contact lens (SCL) wear frequency.

Methods:

The CLRS was self-administered electronically to SCL wearers presenting for acute clinical care at 11 clinical sites. Each participant completed the CLRS before their examination. The clinician, masked to CLRS responses, submitted a diagnosis for each participant that was used to classify the event as S&S or non-S&S. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to compare responses.

Results:

Comparison of responses from 96 participants with S&S, 68 with non-S&S, and 207 controls showed that patients with S&S were more likely (always or fairly often) to report overnight wear versus patients with non-S&S (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 5.2; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.4–18.7) and versus controls (aOR, 5.8; CI, 2.2–15.2). Patients with S&S were more likely to purchase SCLs on the internet versus non-S&S (aOR, 4.9; CI, 1.6–15.1) and versus controls (aOR, 2.8; CI, 1.4–5.9). The use of two-week replacement lenses compared with daily disposables was significantly higher among patients with S&S than those with non-S&S (aOR, 4.3; CI, 1.5–12.0). Patients with S&S were less likely to regularly discard leftover solution compared with controls (aOR, 2.5; CI, 1.1–5.6).

Conclusions:

The CLRS is a clinical survey tool that can be used to identify risky behaviors and exposures directly associated with an increased risk of S&S events.