bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Habitat and Community Patterns of Tropical Australian Hydradephagan Water Beetles (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae, Gyrinidae, Noteridae)
Authors: LARSON DAVID J.
Published: April 2007

Water beetle communities have been investigated in northern regions of the Northern Hemisphere but similar studies have not been conducted within the tropics. Thus, a study was undertaken to describe patterns of water beetle co‐occurrence in a tropical environment and to compare these with water beetle community structure in temperate regions. Hydradephagan water beetles (Dytiscidae, Noteridae and Gyrinidae) were sampled quantitatively and qualitatively from a variety of habitats in the Atherton Tableland region of tropical Queensland from September 1990 to February 1991. Principal component analysis (PCA), using species occurrence in samples, supported a primary classification of sites as lotic, lentic and closed‐forest lotic. Closed‐forest lotic sites were tightly grouped in the PCA ordination, whereas the lotic and lentic groups of sites were more diffuse. Through analysis of species distributions in the PCA ordination it was inferred that factor 1 corresponded to habitat stability (e.g. permanence, water level fluctuation), especially among lotic sites, whereas factor 2 corresponded to the interrelated variables of water flow, substratum and vegetation. Quantitative samples taken from the shorelines of reservoirs showed that water beetle densities dropped sharply from the dry to the wet times of the year. Also, densities decreased and faunal mix changed with distance from shoreline. Quantitative samples from rice fields and a temporary pond demonstrated that a suite of species were quick to colonise and breed in newly formed habitat. Many of these species breed before other predators such as fish or Odonata become established. the lack of defined communities is due largely to the high mobility of many species which retreat to watered refuges during dry periods and opportunistically colonise new habitat as it is available. This mobile element obscures community boundaries, although characteristic species occur in certain habitat types such as closed‐forest streams, permanent vegetation‐rich ponds and particular regions along habitat continua. Patterns in size and habits of species of permanent habitats, and colonisation patterns of species occurring in temporary habitats, suggest that these represent mechanisms that reduce predation from other aquatic predators.
Effect of Insecticide Usage on Parasitism of Chortoicetes terminifera (Walker) (Orthoptera: Acrididae)
Authors: BAKER G. L. , BARCHIA I.
Published: April 2007

Parasitism of adult Chortoicetes terminifera by Trichopsidea oestracea Westwood and Blaesoxipha rufipes (Macquart) was assessed to discern any effect of chemical control during an outbreak in the 1995–96 season in eastern New South Wales. In the Moree and Gunnedah regions the effects of ground control of bands and aerial control of bands and swarms on parasitism were compared with untreated controls. In the Hunter region only the effect of ground control of bands could be measured. Within both the Moree and Gunnedah regions there were no differences in parasitism rates by either T. oestracea or B. rufipes which could be attributed to chemical control. Parasitism by T. oestracea was significantly higher in the Hunter region than in all treatments in the Moree and Gunnedah regions, except untreated sites in the Gunnedah region. Parasitism by T. oestracea was significantly higher in the Gunnedah region than in the Moree region. Regional differences in parasitism by T. oestracea are attributed to intrinsic climatic and landuse differences between the regions rather than coincident regional differences in insecticide usage. There were no treatment or regional differences in parasitism by B. rufipes. Parasitism levels recorded during the study were atypically low, a fact attributed to a severe drought which preceded the outbreak. Emigration of C. terminifera took place during the study but is not considered to have affected trends in parasitism.
Control of Vector‐Borne Disease by Genetic Manipulation of Insect Populations: Technological Requirements and Research Priorities
Authors: PETTIGREW M. M. , O'NEILL S. L.
Published: April 2007

The possibility of controlling vector‐borne disease through the development and release of transgenic insect vectors has recently gained popular support and is being actively pursued by a number of research laboratories around the world. Several technical problems must be solved before such a strategy could be implemented: genes encoding refractory traits (traits that render the insect unable to transmit the pathogen) must be identified, a transformation system for important vector species has to be developed, and a strategy to spread the refractory trait into natural vector populations must be designed. Recent advances in this field of research make it seem likely that this technology will be available in the near future.

In this paper we review recent progress in this area as well as argue that care should be taken in selecting the most appropriate disease system with which to first attempt this form of intervention. Much attention is currently being given to the application of this technology to the control of malaria, transmitted by Anopheles gambiae in Africa. While malaria is undoubtedly the most important vector‐borne disease in the world and its control should remain an important goal, we maintain that the complex epidemiology of malaria together with the intense transmission rates in Africa may make it unsuitable for the first application of this technology. Diseases such as African trypanosomiasis, transmitted by the tsetse fly, or unstable malaria in India may provide more appropriate initial targets to evaluate the potential of this form of intervention.
Notes on Australian Typhlodrominae (Acari: Mesostigmata: Phytoseiidae), with Descriptions of Two New Species of Neoseiulella Muma from Tropical Rainforests in Far Northern Queensland
Authors: WALTER DAVID EVANS
Published: April 2007

Neoseiulella is the most diverse of the six genera of the subfamily Typhlodrominae in Australia, but previously only a single species has been reported from the tropics. Herein, two new species, Neoseiulella eiko sp.n. and N. coreen sp.n., from tropical rainforest in far northern Queensland are described. These mites are the smallest known members of the genus, share a number of unusual character states, and are intermediate in morphology between the two currently recognised species groups. A synopsis of the current placement of Australian Typhlodrominae and a key to the adult females of the Australian genera are provided.
A New Species of Acrodipsas Sands (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) from Southern New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory
Authors: SANDS D. P. A.
Published: April 2007

Acrodipsas aurata sp.n. from the Blue Mountains, the southern highlands of New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory is described, figured and contrasted with the polymorphic A. cuprea (Sands) with which it has been previously considered to be con‐specific. A. aurata is assigned to the myrmecophila species‐group, based on leg morphology. Nine species are now recognised in the genus Acrodipsas Sands.
Yellow Traps Can Be Used to Monitor Populations of Coccinella transversalis (F.) and Adalia bipunctata (L.) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) in Cotton Crops
Authors: MENSAH R. K.
Published: April 2007

During 1992–4, square (30 times 30 cm) sticky traps of various colours were used on a commercial cotton farm to trap adults of Coccinella transversalis and Adalia bipunctata which are both major predators of Helicoverpa spp. Both insects were attracted most to yellow traps which also reflected the most visible light between 500 nmand 600 nm(where green foliage reflects most light). When yellow was diluted with white to produce yellow‐white hues, the light reflected between 500 nm and 600 nm was reduced and the numbers of C. transversalis and A. bipunctata adults caught on these traps were also significantly reduced. This suggests that C. transversalis and A. bipunctata adults can discriminate foliage‐like hues (500–580 nm) from non‐foliage‐like hues (<500 nm and >580 nm) and are attracted to colours that suggest the foliage of host plants that may harbour their prey. Yellow sticky traps placed 25–50 cm above ground caught significantly more C. transversalis and A. bipunctata adults than those placed at 75–150 cm and are the most appropriate traps to monitor populations of C. transversalis and A. bipunctata adults in cotton farms.
Ovipositional Synergists and Artificial Diets for Trichogramma australicum Girault (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae)
Authors: DAHLAN A. N. , GORDH GORDON
Published: April 2007

We studied ovipositional synergists and artificial diets for rearing Trichogramma australicum. Artificial “diet A” included 40% haemolymph of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) final instar larvae, 30% of a 10% malt solution in deionised water, 20% chicken egg yolk and 10% Neisenheimer's salt solution with 76 units Penicillin and 76 units Streptomycin/ml diet. Artificial “diet B” was identical except Grace's insect medium® replaced Neisenheimer's salt solution. the number of T. australicum larvae in artificial eggs filled with diet A and diet B was not significantly different (P > 0.05). Significantly fewer (P < 0.05) larvae developed to pupae and adults in artificial eggs filled with diet A. Quantity and quality of artificial diet affected the mortality of T. australicum larvae reared in vitro. Ovipositional synergists included 10% gelatine solution, 10% polyvinyl alcohol solution or 1% agar solution in deionised water. Synergist test‐solutions were individually smeared on the external surface of artificial eggs (hemispherical depressions in plastic membrane). Eggs laid and number of T. australicum larvae produced were significantly higher in artificial eggs smeared with gelatine than artificial eggs smeared with polyvinyl alcohol, agar or non‐smeared (control) eggs.
Heteropsylla cubana Crawford (Psyllidae) and Coccus longulus (Douglas) (Coccidae) infestations on Leucaena species and hybrids in coastal central Queensland
Authors: Elder RJ , Middleton CH , Bell KL
Published: April 2007

Leucaena psyllid, Heteropsylla cubana,and long soft scale, Coccus longulus, populations were examined in 1993 and 1996 on nine Leucaena accessions grown at Raglan in coastal central Queensland. Accessions included five of Leucaena leucocephala, two of Leucaena diversifolia (a diploid and a tetraploid), and two hybrids (L. leucocephala × Leucaena pallida and L. leucocephala ×L. diversifolia). The five L. leucocephala accessions had higher nymphal psyllid infestations than the two L. diversifolia accessions or the two hybrids. Scale numbers were highest on L. leucocephala (cultivar Tarramba), the tetraploid L. diversifolia and the two hybrids. Lowest scale counts were recorded on the diploid L. diversifolia and three lines of L. leucocephala (CPI 61222, Q25221 and cultivar Cunningham). Plant breeders should consider both insects when selecting parent lines.
Propetamphos resistance in the Australian sheep blowfly, Lucilia cuprina (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Calliphoridae)
Authors: Smyth Kerrie‐Ann , Russell Robyn J , Oakeshott John G
Published: April 2007

Lucilia cuprina lines, previously characterised by their resistance to diazinon and malathion, were tested for their resistance to another organophosphate, propetamphos. All 13 lines tested showed no difference in propetamphos tolerance, regardless of their resistance to diazinon, malathion or both. It is concluded that resistance to one structural type of organophosphate does not necessarily confer resistance to another.
Parasitism of overwintering grasshoppers by mermithid nematodes
Authors: Baker Graeme L , Xavier Elmo
Published: April 2007

Advanced parasitic juveniles of the nematode Amphimermis acridiorum were recorded in mid‐spring in grasshopper species which overwintered in the southern tablelands of New South Wales. Hosts included adult Perala viridis and nymphal Urnisa sp. The observation confirms that parasitism by mermithid nematodes may occur prior to the hatching of summer grasshopper hosts. The implications for parasitism of summer hosts such as Phaulacridium vittatum are discussed.
Toxicity of green tree frog (Litoria caerulea) skin secretion to the blowflies Calliphora stygia (Fabricius) and Lucilia cuprina (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Calliphoridae)
Authors: Williams CR , Wallman JF , Tyler MJ
Published: April 2007

Many instances of attack by flies (Diptera) upon adult amphibians have been reported. The green tree frog (Litoria caerulea) produces a skin secretion that protects the frog from infection and predation. In this laboratory study, we tested the secretion for its effect on two calliphorids, the Australian sheep blowfly, Lucilia cuprina, and the eastern goldenhaired blowfly, Calliphora stygia, to investigate the role of frog skin secretion in defence against dipteran attack. Topical application to L. cuprina larvae caused mortality, resulting in the eclosion of fewer flies. Direct application upon C. stygia adults caused mortality, whereas introducing the secretion into food caused mortality as well as reduced feeding rates. Results suggest that both physical and chemical properties of the secretion play a role in its toxicity. The skin secretion of L. caerulea may be effective in the defence of this frog against Diptera in general; however, it may have evolved initially in response to attack by particular flies of parasitic genera.
Seasonal fluctuations in bodyweight, lipid content and the starvationlongevity of Amorbus obscuricornis (Westwood) and Gelonus tasmanicus (Le Guillou) (Hemiptera: Coreidae)
Authors: Steinbauer MJ
Published: April 2007

The live weight (LW) and dry weight (DW), lipid and water content and starvation‐longevity of adult Amorbus obscuricornis and adult Gelonus tasmanicus were examined in successive seasons. Amorbus obscuricornis was consistently heavier than G. tasmanicus. In both species, water content was inversely related to lipid content. the LW, DW and lipid contents of A. obscuricornis were lowest in spring. In contrast, LW and DW of G. tasmanicus were highest in spring, whereas lipid content was highest in autumn. These differences appear to be related to the reproductive cycles of these species. Starvation‐longevity of both species was affected by relative humidity, being greatest at 99% and declining rapidly below 80%, and by temperature, being greatest for A. obscuricornis at 10.6°C and increasing for G. tasmanicus with decreasing temperature to 4.5°C. These differences may be related to differences in the habitat preferences of the two species, with G. tasmanicus apparently preferring cooler habitats than A. obscuricornis. It was considered that the conditions that pre‐wintering adults of either species could withstand would facilitate their hibernation.
Host species and plant part specificity of the polyphagous onion thrips, Thrips tabaci Lindeman (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), in an Australian cottongrowing area
Authors: Milne M , Walter GH
Published: April 2007

We determined the pattern of host plant use of Thrips tabaci by surveying wheat and five weed species growing near cotton crops in the area centred on the Namoi Valley, northern New South Wales. Highest densities of T. tabaci females and larvae were found on inflorescences and vegetative parts of turnip weed, Rapistrum rugosum, and lowest on wheat, Triticum aestivum. the other plant species (Paterson's curse, Echium plantagineum, curled dock, Rumex crispus, Mayne's pest, Verbena tenuisecta and sowthistle, Sonchus oleraceus) hosted intermediate densities of T. tabaci. the presence of high densities of reproductive T. tabaci on flowering and vegetative parts of turnip weed suggests that this species is a primary host of T. tabaci in the study area.
Population levels and natural enemies of Plautia affinis Dallas (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) on raspberry, Rubus idaeus L., in south‐eastern Queensland
Authors: Coombs M , Khan SA
Published: April 2007

Population densities of the green stink bug, Plautia affinis, on canes of raspberry, Rubus idaeus, were examined at Caboolture, south‐eastern Queensland, Australia, during 1994–1995. The presence of natural enemies of P. affinis was also monitored. When feeding directly on developing and mature fruit, both adult and nymphal P. affinis cause damage. Numbers ± SE of P. affinis peaked at 1.4 ± 0.3 adults and 5.6 ± 0.7 nymphs per metre of row during late December 1994 to early January 1995. The parasitoids Trissolcus basalis (17.6%), Trissolcus oenone (< 2%) and Telenomus sp. (22.6%) (Scelionidae) and the hyperparasitoid Acroclisoides sp. (Pteromalidae) emerged from eggs. The braconid Aridelus sp. (Euphorinae), and an undetermined genus of Tachinidae were recovered from late‐instar nymphs and adults in which parasitisation averaged 0.8 and 1.4%, respectively. Late‐instar nymphs and adults of P. affinis were attacked by the predatory pentatomid Amyotea hamatus, the reduviid Pristhesancus plagipennis and Thomisidae spiders. In laboratory studies, female P. affinis had a mean (± SE) longevity of 74.2 ± 4.3 days, mean fecundity of 423.0 ± 30.3 eggs per female, and a mean pre‐oviposition period of 7.9 ± 0.5 days; males lived on average 44.8 ± 6.4 days. Other plant‐feeding bugs associated with raspberry were Nezara viridula, Cuspicona simplex, Piezodorous hybneri (Pentatomidae) and Amblypelta nitida (Coreidae).
A weight‐based phenology model for immature stages of the red‐headed cockchafer, Adoryphorus coulonii (Burmeister) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae), a pest of pastures in south‐eastern Australia
Authors: Candy Steven G , McQuillan Peter B
Published: April 2007

A new method of modelling insect phenology which can be used when stadia occupancy times are unobserved is described. the method was motivated by a study of larvae of the red‐headed cockchafer which were reared and weighed regularly for a range of constant temperatures using largely field‐collected first, second and third‐instar larvae. These larvae had undergone an unknown but significant proportion of their development in the field. the method first models development rate as a function of temperature using relative growth rates in mean larval weight. Predicted mean larval weight was then used as a physiological time scale in an ordinal regression model of the proportion of the population in each of first to third‐instar stage. an algorithm to predict proportions in the field of each stage up to and including the pupal stage given a known starting date for the population and daily maximum and minimum soil temperatures is described and tested using data from two field sites. Growth rates under laboratory conditions were slower than those in the field probably due to the handling required for weighing. As a result, an adjustment to the rate parameter and a 10d̀C lower development threshold were required for the growth and phenology models to predict trajectories for mean larval weight and proportion of second‐instar larvae which were consistent with observations from the field sites.
Overwintering sites of Chrysophtharta bimaculata (Olivier) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in commercially managed Eucalyptus obliqua forests
Authors: Clarke AR , Shohet D , Patel VS , Madden JL
Published: April 2007

Chrysophtharta bimaculata is a serious pest of eucalypt forests in Tasmania. The beetle overwinters as a diapausing adult, but it is poorly documented whether it forms overwintering aggregations or where it shelters. During winter 1992, we searched 386 possible overwintering sites for C. bimaculata in Eucalyptus obliqua forests. Fourteen types of habitat were identified, of which clumps of Gahnia grandis sheltered the greatest mean number of insects (3.31 ± 0.72 insects/plant, n = 65 plants), while bracken fern litter sheltered the least (0.14 ± 0.14 insects/sample, n = 7, 1 m2 quadrat samples). Of the 14 habitat types, all except two (under the bark of eucalypt stags and in G. grandis clumps) were more often unoccupied. Beetles were more commonly found on mature forest edges or in logged and regenerating forests; few were found within mature forests. Our results show that C. bimaculata rarely forms overwintering aggregations of greater than 20 individuals per site, nor does it appear to have a significant pre‐diapause dispersal.
Cannibalism and delayed pupation in hide beetles,Dermestes maculatusDeGeer (Coleoptera: Dermestidae)
Authors: Archer Melanie S , Elgar Mark A
Published: April 2007

The onset of pupation can be influenced by abiotic conditions, such as temperature and humidity, but examples of facultative delays in pupation according to biotic factors, such as predators, have not been documented. Experiments with captive hide beetles,Dermestes maculatusDeGeer, reveal that exposed pupae are frequently cannibalised by larvae when they are unable to seek protection in a pupal chamber. Furthermore, individuals without suitable pupation sites delay pupation by over 20 days, an increase of about one‐third in the duration of the juvenile period. Although facultative delay of pupation may allow larvae to locate suitable protective sites, it also results in loss of body mass or greater risk of fatal disease.
European earwig, Forficula auricularia L. (Dermaptera: Forficulidae), as a predator of the redlegged earth mite, Halotydeus destructor (Tucker) (Acarina: Penthaleidae)
Authors: Weiss Michael J , McDonald Garrick
Published: April 2007

The European earwig, Forficulaauricularia L., consumed the redlegged earth mite, Halotydeusdestructor (Tucker), under laboratory conditions. Although female earwigs consumed more mites at the lowest density of 25 mites per petri dish, there was no difference between males and females at the two higher densities of 50 and 75 mites per dish. The addition of vermiculite to the dish to simulate habitat diversity had a negative impact on the consumption rate.
Athrotaxivora tasmanica gen. & sp. nov. (Lepidoptera: Gelechioidea): an unusual moth associated with King William pine (Athrotaxis selaginoides D. Don., Taxodiaceae) in Tasmanian montane rainforests
Authors: McQuillan PB
Published: April 2007

The adult, final‐instar larva and pupa of Athrotaxivora tasmanica gen. n. and.sp. n. are described. Although a member of the superfamily Gelechioidea, it does not clearly conform to any of the existing gelechioid families or subfamilies but is here tentatively associated with the Xyloryctinae. Larvae are external feeders on the foliage of the King William pine, Athrotaxis selaginoides, in the cool temperate rainforests of western Tasmania. This is the first record of the coniferous family Taxodiaceae as a foodplant for Gelechioidea in the southern hemisphere.
Potential suitability of North Queensland rainforest sites as habitat for the Asian papaya fruit fly, Bactrocera papayae Drew and Hancock (Diptera: Tephritidae)
Authors: Hadwen WL , Small A , Kitching RL , Drew Rai
Published: April 2007

This study: (i) established that the introduced papaya fruit fly, Bactrocera papayae Drew and Hancock, was not present in three widely separated rainforest sites; (ii) established, based on our knowledge of host use, the suitability of those sites as habitat for the papaya fruit fly; and (iii) raised the question of potential impacts of papaya fruit fly invasion of rainforests on the local and endemic fauna and flora. Data were collected between February and June 1996 from vegetation surveys, fruit fly trapping and records of insects reared from fruits collected in rainforest plots. The vegetation survey results indicate that habitat suitability for the papaya fruit fly is highly variable between the three sites sampled. No papaya fruit fly individuals were collected over the course of the study, either from traps or reared from collected fruits. Endemic tephritid species were, however, collected using both of these sampling methods. Based on analyses of potential host availability, the papaya fruit fly has the potential to become established in any of the three 1 ha plots surveyed. There is currently a lack of evidence to confirm or refute the presence of populations of the papaya fruit fly in rainforest areas. Highly focused monitoring strategies need to be employed to further assess the status of this species and the potential environmental and ecological impact(s), if any, that have escaped current detection. Ultimately, many native and endemic species of fauna and flora may be endangered by this species should populations become established in the rainforests of North Queensland.
Seasonal patterns of activity in geometrid moths (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) from a lowland and highland eucalypt forest in Tasmania
Authors: McQuillan PB , Taylor RJ , Bereton RN , Cale PG
Published: April 2007

Activity patterns of geometrid moths were compared in two areas, one in wet eucalypt forest at high altitude and the other in mainly dry forest at low altitude in Tasmania. One hundred and twenty‐six species were able to be grouped into six distinct groups (i.e. spring, spring and summer, summer, autumn, autumn and winter, all year) in terms of their patterns of seasonal occurrence. Three of the 16 species common to the two sites differed in their seasonality of occurrence, with their length of occurrence being extended at Old Chum Dam compared with Central Plateau. Moth numbers strongly reflected monthly changes in minimum temperature, with moth activity being greater at the high altitude site than at the low altitude site for an equivalent temperature. However, a given change in minimum temperature led to an equivalent change in the magnitude of moth numbers at both sites. These seasonal patterns of occurrence must be considered in the planning of biodiversity surveys.
Development of Trichogramma australicum Girault (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) in eggs of Helicoverpa armigera (Hiibner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and in artificial diet
Authors: Dahlan AN , Gordh Gordon
Published: April 2007

Development of Trichogramma australicum in eggs of Helicoverpa armigera and in artificial diet was compared. Females required significantly more time to insert their ovipositors into artificial eggs than into host eggs. the number of eggs deposited by a female wasp in artificial diet was significantly higher than in H. armigera eggs. Duration of egg, larval and prepupal stages was longer in artificial diet than in host eggs, but the pupal stage was shorter in artificial diet. Immatures and adults of T. australicum reared in artificial diet were significantly larger than those reared in host eggs. Compared with controls, mortality of immature T. australicum was not significantly different in host eggs, but was significantly different in artificial diet. A higher number of abnormal wasps emerged from artificial diet, whereas no abnormal wasps emerged from host eggs. Differences in the amount of diet or ooplasm consumption, varying chemical constituents and physical properties of artificial diet and host eggs may have contributed to the observed differences in development of T. australicum.
Reproductive compatibility between Trichogramma australicum Girault (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) reared in eggs of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and artificial diet
Authors: Dahlan AN , Gordh Gordon
Published: April 2007

We studied reproductive compatibility between Trichogrammaaustralicum reared in Helicoverpaarmigera eggs (HA wasps) and artificial diet (AD wasps). Reproductive modes for both were arrhenotokous. The number of progeny produced by heterogamic AD male × HA female was not significantly different from the number of progeny produced by homogamic AD and HA wasps. The number of progeny produced by heterogamic HA male × AD female was not significantly different from homogamic AD wasps, but was significantly lower than the number of progeny produced by homogamic HA wasps. Homogamic parental females producing female progeny were not significantly different from those of heterogamic parental females. Artificial diet and HA wasps were bidirectionally, reproductively compatible.
Laboratory susceptibility of Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae) and Bactrocera tryoni (Frogatt) (Diptera: Tephritidae) to an isolate of Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch.) Sorokin
Authors: Carswell Isla , Spooner‐Hart Robert , Richard J Milner
Published: April 2007

The susceptibility of adult house flies, Musca domestica, and adult fruit flies, Bactrocera tryoni, to an isolate of Metarhizium anisopliae was tested at 20, 25 and 30°C. The abdomen of each insect was inoculated with a known dose of conidia in an aqueous suspension. The insects were then incubated at high humidity for 9 days. Both species of fly started to die from the disease after 4–5 days incubation at 25°C and 30°C and 100% mortality was reached at these temperatures after 7–9 days. The disease developed more slowly at 20°C and the final mortality for both species was just over 50% at the highest dose. Fewer than 25 conidia were needed to kill either species at 25 and 30°C at 9 days. At 20°C, 5896 conidia were needed to kill adult house flies and over 100 000 for fruit flies at 9 days. It is concluded that M. anisopliae may be suitable for control of both species in situations where chemical pesticides cannot be used.
Effect of temperature on the functional response and components of attack rate in Naucoris congrex Stål (Hemiptera: Naucoridae)
Authors: McCoull CJ , Swain R , Barnes RW
Published: April 2007

The effect of temperature on the functional response of adult Naucoris congrex preying on final‐instar mosquito larvae was investigated. A type II functional response was obtained at all temperatures tested (5–25°C). Handling time was negatively correlated with temperature across the entire range investigated; attack rate increased with temperature to a maximum at 20°C. The relationships between temperature and prey density and the behavioural subcomponents of attack rate were also investigated. Encounter rates with individual prey were significantly greater at low prey densities and high temperatures. The frequency of reactive encounters was significantly greater at higher temperatures but was unrelated to prey density; a similar trend was apparent for attack frequency.
Outbreaks of pink wax scale, Ceroplastes rubens Maskell (Hemiptera: Coccidae), on umbrella trees in south‐eastern Queensland: Patterns of parasitisation
Authors: Loch AD , Zalucki MP
Published: April 2007

The degree and distribution of parasitisation in relation to densities of pink wax scale, Ceroplastes rubens Maskell, on umbrella trees, Schefflera actinophylla (Endl.), in south‐eastern Queensland were investigated to determine whether scale outbreaks could be attributed, in part, to low levels of parasitisation. Rates of parasitisation were independent of or inversely dependent on host density, and highly variable, especially at low densities. The absence of density dependent parasitisation may occur as a result of: (i) non‐aggregation by parasitoids; (ii) aggregation by parasitoids where parasitisation is limited by intrinsic or extrinsic factors; and/or (iii) high rates of hyperparasitisation.
Establishment of Chilocorus spp. (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) in a Carica papaya L. orchard infested by Aonidiella orientalis (Newstead) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae)
Authors: Elder RJ , Bell KL
Published: April 2007

Releases of two coccinellid predators, (Chilocorus baileyi (Blackburn) and Chilocorus circumdatus Gyllenhal, of oriental scale (Aonidiella orientalis) onto papaya resulted in successful establishment of the predators with a new generation being produced. Both coccinellids took 5 weeks from egg to adult in the field. Use of the coccinellids offers a potential control method for this scale on the few occasions when the established parasitoids fail to control the scale and scale numbers become large on limited numbers of papaya trees.
Demonstration of an ecdysis‐triggering compound in the epitracheal gland of the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Authors: Weiss Brian L. , Merritt David J.
Published: April 2007

The recent report of an ecdysis‐triggering hormone (ETH) in the tobacco hornworm Manduca sexta and several other Lepidoptera prompted the search for the homologous hormone in the pest noctuid, Helicoverpa armigera. In M. sexta, ETH is produced in a large cell that forms part of a three‐cell epitracheal gland complex found near each of the the larval and pupal spiracles. The homologous glands were found in H. armigera and an ecdysis‐triggering function of the gland contents was confirmed by the induction of premature ecdysis after injection of a crude gland extract into pupae.
INFLUENCE OF RETAINED AUSTENITE ON FATIGUE CRACK PROPAGATION IN HP 9‐4‐20 HIGH STRENGTH ALLOY STEEL
Authors: RITCHIE R. O. , CHANG V. A. , PATON N. E.
Published: April 2007

Abstract— Industrial multi‐pass TIG weldments of HP 9‐4‐20 high strength alloy steel have been found to contain significant volume fractions (around 10%) of retained austenite which are not readily transformed after stress relieving and subsequent refrigeration procedures. To determine whether the presence of such retained austenite in tempered martensitic structures could be detrimental to fatigue resistance in HP 9‐4‐20 steel, fatigue crack propagation behavior was examined over six orders of magnitude in growth rate, in commercially heat‐treated material (containing less than 3% austenite) and in intercritically heat‐treated and tempered material (containing approx. 14% austenite) in an environment of moist, ambient temperature air. Whereas crack propagation rates were unchanged at growth rates exceeding 10−6 mm/cycle, structures containing 14% austenite showed somewhat superior resistance to near‐threshold crack propagation at growth rates less than 10 −6 mm/cycle, the threshold for crack growth (ΔK0) being over 20% higher than in commercially heat‐treated material. The presence of retained austenite further appeared to inhibit the occurrence of intergranular fracture at near‐threshold levels. It was concluded that significant proportions of retained austenite are not detrimental to fatigue crack propagation resistance in HP 9‐4‐20 steel, and may indeed have some beneficial effect at very low, near‐threshold growth rates by increasing resistance to environmentally‐assisted cracking.
CYCLIC PLASTICITY AND LOW CYCLE FATIGUE LIFE IN VARIABLE AMPLITUDE LOADING
Authors: POLÁK J. , KLESNIL M.
Published: April 2007

Abstract—Low cycle plastic stress‐strain response and fatigue life of low carbon steel in variable amplitude loading is investigated. Repeated block straining with defined probability distribution of strain peaks within a block was chosen. With the help of rain‐flow analysis of a strain block the cyclic hardening/softening curves as well as the service cyclic stress‐strain curves during random amplitude block loading were obtained. The relation between service stress‐strain curves and the basic stress‐strain curve was established. The fatigue life prediction based on the actual cyclic stress‐strain response and rain‐flow analysis was found to be in agreement with experimental results.
FATIGUE CRACK GROWTH IN THE TENSION STEEL OF REINFORCED CONCRETE
Authors: LOVEGROVE J. M. , EL DIN A. S. SALAH , DAOUD O. K.
Published: April 2007

Abstract— A technique is presented for the determination of the constants C and n used in fatigue crack growth analysis. The initial flaw depth should be known but continuous access to the fracture zone during a test is not required. A case history is also given in which the technique is applied to the fatigue of a steel reinforcing bar embedded in a concrete beam. The derived values of the crack growth constants C and n are checked by a simple application of the Miner Rule.
CYCLIC LOADING AND FRACTURE TOUGHNESS OF STEELS
Authors: TROSHCHENKO V. T. , PROKOPENKO A. V. , POKROVSKY V. V.
Published: April 2007

Abstract—The paper considers the effect of cyclic loading and loading rate upon fracture toughness characteristics of steels at room and low temperatures. It is shown that fracture toughness of a low‐alloy ferrite‐pearlite steel with 0·1% C (steel 1) and for 15G2AFDps steel of the same class (steel 2) are 2 to 2·5 times lower under cyclic loading (50 and 0·5 Hz) and dynamic loading (K̇= 1·5 × 106MPa √m s−1) than under static loading (K̇= 0·6 to 9 MPa √m s−1). For quenched and low‐tempered 45 steel at 293 K and for armco‐iron at 77 K fracture toughness characteristics do not depend on the loading condition. Macro‐ and micro‐fractographic investigations revealed a correlation between the plastic zone size and the length of brittle fracture areas which are formed in steels 1 and 2, and in armco‐iron during unstable propagation of the fatigue crack. Dependence of the decrease of the critical stress intensity factor under cyclic loading on the number of load cycles are obtained for repeating (R= 0) and alternating bending (R=−1) of specimens with a crack. A model for the transition from stable to unstable crack propagation is proposed involving crack velocity in the zone ahead of the crack tip damaged by cyclic plastic deformation. A new approach is suggested to the classification of materials on the basis of the sensitivity of fracture toughness characteristics to cyclic conditions of loading.
REVERSAL OF CYCLIC CREEP IN MILD STEEL AND COPPER
Authors: OLDROYD P. W. J. , RADON J. C.
Published: April 2007

Abstract— The progressive change of mean strain during the cyclic plastic deformation of a material between fixed stress limits is commonly called cyclic creep. If, in tension‐compression testing, the mean stress exceeds a certain critical small compressive value, shortening is to be expected; but, if it is less than this or if it is tensile, lengthening is to be expected. The value of the mean stress decides the eventual direction of cyclic creep but not necessarily the initial direction of cyclic creep. In a pre‐strained metal, the form of the tension and compression curves differs because of the Bauschinger effect. This affects the behaviour of the material during the first cycle and also, to a decreasing extent, during subsequent cycles. Thus, if the mean stress tends to cause cyclic creep in a direction opposed to that in which pre‐straining has induced initial creep, a reversal of creep can occur. Observations have been made of the phenomena in mild steel (for both directions of pre‐strain) and also in high conductivity copper.

It was found that the phenomenon of creep reversal does not depend on the metal undergoing cyclic hardening or softening. However, changes in the strain range and changes in the mean strain caused by cyclic creep itself produced changes in the limits of true stress when cycling was carried out between fixed limits of nominal stress. It was also shown that a reversal of cyclic creep might occur as a result of cyclic hardening or softening of a metal which possesses similar tension and compression characteristics.
PREDICTION OF FATIGUE LIFETIME OF NOTCHED MEMBERS
Authors: HAMMOUDA M. M. , MILLER K. J.
Published: April 2007

Abstract— A simple model for the estimation of the total fatigue life of notched members is presented. The number of cycles to failure is estimated as the summation of the cyclic life spent in: (1) the initiation of a dominant fatigue crack at the notch root; (2) the very early growth of this crack within the notch plastic zone; (3) the subsequent fatigue crack growth in the elastic stress‐strain field of the notch; and (4) the elastic stress field of the bulk material. Theoretical and experimental results are compared.
CAN SAFETY FACTORS BE REDUCED SAFELY WHEN DESIGNING AGAINST FATIGUE?
Authors: McCARTNEY L. N.
Published: April 2007

Abstract— A statistical approach to the failure of engineering components is presented which takes account of the size distribution of defects within the structure, and growth of these defects caused by cyclic loading during service. Statistical design methods are illustrated by considering the failure of simple bars which are assumed to contain pre‐existing defects. It is argued that more efficient designs should result if safety factors are applied to failure rates rather than to design stresses (or some equivalent) since small reductions of the design stresses can lead to substantial decreases in the predicted failure rates. The statistical approach offers a controlled method of reducing conventional safety factors thus leading to more efficient designs. It also offers: (i) a rational method of assessing the safety of potentially hazardous engineering structures, e.g. pressure vessels, and (ii) a quantitative treatment of product reliability which can highlight methods of improving performance in service.
COLLABORATIVE STUDY ON THERMAL FATIGUE PROPERTIES OF HIGH TEMPERATURE ALLOYS IN JAPAN
Authors: TAIRA S. , FUJINO M. , OHTANI R.
Published: April 2007

Abstract
A collaborative study was conducted by the Subcommittee of the Japanese Society of Materials Science Committee on High Temperature Strength, in order to examine thermal fatigue properties of four Japanese high temperature alloys, and to determine short tensile, creep and isothermal fatigue properties.

Thermal fatigue lives of SUS 304 and Hastelloy X were found to be shorter than isothermal fatigue lives at the maximum temperature of the thermal cycle. Intergranular cracks were observed more frequently in in‐phase thermal fatigue than in isothermal fatigue at the maximum temperature. The lower bounds of out‐of‐phase thermal fatigue life and in‐phase thermal fatigue life were nearly equal to Manson's pc‐type fatigue life and his cp‐type fatigue life, respectively. An empirical formula previously reported by the authors was found to be useful as an approximate life prediction of thermal fatigue based on isothermal fatigue lives.
Development of an educational ‘toolkit’ for health professionals and their patients with prediabetes: The WAKEUP study (Ways of Addressing Knowledge Education and Understanding in Pre‐diabetes)
Authors: Evans P. H. , Greaves C. , Winder R. , Fearn‐Smith J. , Campbell J. L.
Published: April 2007

Aims  To identify key messages about pre‐diabetes and to design, develop and pilot an educational toolkit to address the information needs of patients and health professionals.

Methods  Mixed qualitative methodology within an action research framework. Focus group interviews with patients and health professionals and discussion with an expert reference group aimed to identify the important messages and produce a draft toolkit. Two action research cycles were then conducted in two general practices, during which the draft toolkit was used and video‐taped consultations and follow‐up patient interviews provided further data. Framework analysis techniques were used to examine the data and to elicit action points for improving the toolkit.

Results  The key messages about pre‐diabetes concerned the seriousness of the condition, the preventability of progression to diabetes, and the need for lifestyle change. As well as feedback on the acceptability and use of the toolkit, four main themes were identified in the data: knowledge and education needs (of both patients and health professionals); communicating knowledge and motivating change; redesign of practice systems to support pre‐diabetes management and the role of the health professional. The toolkit we developed was found to be an acceptable and useful resource for both patients and health practitioners.

Conclusions  Three key messages about pre‐diabetes were identified. A toolkit of information materials for patients with pre‐diabetes and the health professionals and ideas for improving practice systems for managing pre‐diabetes were developed and successfully piloted. Further work is needed to establish the best mode of delivery of the WAKEUP toolkit.
Perinatal factors associated with subsequent diabetes mellitus in the child: record linkage study
Authors: Ievins R. , Roberts S. E. , Goldacre M. J.
Published: April 2007

Aims  To report on associations between perinatal factors and the subsequent development of diabetes mellitus under the age of 30 years in the offspring.

Methods  Analysis of linked hospital statistical records, comparing perinatal factors relating to the birth of 518 people admitted to hospital for diabetes with the same factors in 292 845 others, in a defined population in southern England from 1963 to 1999.

Results  Diabetes mellitus was much more common in children of mothers with diabetes than in others (odds ratio 6.42; 95% confidence interval 4.18–9.86). There was no significant association with birthweight or gestational age separately. Diabetes was more common in those in the highest quintile of ‘birthweight for gestational age’ compared with the lowest four quintiles combined (odds ratio 1.33; 95% confidence interval 1.08–1.64), but there was no consistent gradient of increasing frequency of diabetes across the lowest four quintiles. There were no significant associations between diabetes and mothers’ age, parity, social class, or smoking during pregnancy, or between babies’ mode of delivery or any other perinatal factors investigated. All results were similar when the analysis was confined to diabetes in people aged < 15 years.

Conclusions  We found a strong association between diabetes in the child—mainly, if not entirely Type 1 diabetes—and maternal diabetes. Diabetes was slightly more common in the heaviest quintile of birthweight for gestational age than in other quintiles. There were no significant associations between diabetes and the other perinatal factors studied.
A national survey of in‐patient diabetes services in the United Kingdom
Authors: Sampson M. J. , Brennan C. , Dhatariya K. , Jones C. , Walden E.
Published: April 2007

Aim  To examine in‐patient diabetes services in all UK acute hospitals.

Methods  We asked the diabetes specialist team in all UK acute hospitals to complete a structured questionnaire on in‐patient diabetes management guidelines, in‐patient referral patterns, diabetes in‐patient specialist nurse (DISN) services and diabetes bed occupancy in their hospital.

Results  Of the 262 UK acute hospitals, 239 (91.2%) provided data (2005–2006). UK teams reported high levels of clinical risk associated with in‐patient diabetes care. One‐third did not have diabetes management guidelines for day surgery, endoscopy, barium studies or immediate management of the diabetic foot. Patients admitted with diabetic ketoacidosis were not immediately referred to the specialist team in one‐third of hospitals. About half had no routine access to podiatry or dietetic care for in‐patients with diabetes. The majority of UK hospitals either never adopted Diabetes Mellitus, Insulin Glucose Infusion in Acute Myocardial Infarction (DIGAMI)‐1 protocols or had recently changed practice, and half do not endorse the use of in‐patient subcutaneous insulin ‘sliding‐scales’. One in five UK hospitals survey in‐patient diabetes treatment satisfaction. DISN numbers have increased rapidly—126 hospitals (51.4%) had a DISN, most (69.1%) appointed since 2002. Most (80.2%) hospitals without a DISN used the out‐patient specialist nurse team to provide in‐patient care.

Conclusions  This survey has identified substantial gaps in in‐patient diabetes care in the UK. The rapid increase in DISN numbers indicates increasing attention to in‐patient diabetes care in UK hospitals.
THE ANNALS OF COLLECTIVE ECONOMY
Authors: MILHAUD Edgard
Published: April 2007

The Coopérateur Suisse, the official organ of the Swiss Union of consumers' co‐operatives (U.S.C.) in Basle, published on the occasion of the fiftieth anniversary of the foundation of the Union, and of the Jubilee Congress of delegates of the Swiss co‐operatives at Basle, on the 22nd of June 1930, a special number, to which reference will later be made, devoted not only to the origins and development of this institution, but also to the principal aspects of the Co‐operative Movement in Switzerland and to a large measure throughout the world. The Editor of the Coopérateur Suisse insisted on giving the “Annals of Collective Economy” a place in this collection. Here we publish the article which was so kindly requested of the Director of the “Annals” on this occasion.