bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comprehensive evaluation of the role of EZH2 in the growth, invasion, and aggression of a panel of prostate cancer cell lines
Authors: Karanikolas Breanne D.W. , Figueiredo Marxa L. , Wu Lily
Published: January 2010

BACKGROUND

Although most prostate cancers respond well to initial treatments, a fraction of prostate cancers are more aggressive and will recur and metastasize. At that point, there are few treatment options available. Significant efforts have been made to identify biomarkers that will identify these more aggressive cancers to tailor a more vigorous treatment in order to improve outcome. Polycomb Group protein enhancer of zeste 2 (EZH2) was found to be overexpressed in metastatic prostate tumors, and is considered an excellent candidate for such a biomarker. Scattered studies have found that EZH2 overexpression causes neoplastic transformation, invasion, and growth of prostate cells. However, these studies utilized different systems and cell lines, and so are difficult to correlate with one another.

METHODS

In this study, a comprehensive evaluation of the phenotypic effects of EZH2 in a panel of five prostate cancer cell lines was performed. By using multiple cell lines, and examining overexpression and knockdown of EZH2 concurrently, a broad view of EZH2's role in prostate cancer was achieved.

RESULTS

Overexpression of EZH2 led to more aggressive behaviors in all prostate cell lines tested. In contrast, downregulation of EZH2 reduced invasion and tumorigenicity of androgen‐independent (AI) cell lines CWR22Rv1, PC3, and DU145, but not of androgen‐dependent (AD) cell lines LAPC4 and LNCaP.

CONCLUSIONS

Findings from this study suggest that AI prostate tumors are more dependent on EZH2 expression than AD tumors. Our observations provide an explanation for the strong correlation between EZH2 overexpression and advanced stage, aggressive prostate cancers. Prostate 70: 675–688, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sensitivity of cloud‐resolving precipitation simulations to uncertainty of vertical structures of initial conditions
Authors: Li Xiaofan , Shen Xinyong
Published: January 2010

Sensitivity of precipitation simulations to the uncertainty of vertical structure of initial temperature or water vapour conditions is examined in this study by conducting a series of two‐dimensional cloud‐resolving model simulations. The perturbation experiments are perturbed by either initial temperature or initial water vapour in different vertical layers and are compared with the control experiment. The perturbations of initial temperature and water vapour are significantly smaller than observed temperature and water vapour errors. The results show that the precipitation simulations are much affected by these small perturbations of initial temperature and water vapour conditions when the spatial and temporal scales are less than 500 km and 4 hours respectively. The zonal scales of the precipitation simulations sensitive to uncertainty of initial temperature conditions are significantly smaller when the initial temperature is perturbed in the upper troposphere than when it is perturbed in the lower troposphere. The precipitation simulations are insensitive to the uncertainty of vertical profiles of initial water vapour conditions. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
Thermodynamic analysis of snowball Earth hysteresis experiment: Efficiency, entropy production and irreversibility
Authors: Lucarini Valerio , Fraedrich Klaus , Lunkeit Frank
Published: January 2010

We present an extensive thermodynamic analysis of a hysteresis experiment performed on a simplified yet Earth‐like climate model. We slowly vary the solar constant by 20% around the present value and detect that for a large range of values of the solar constant the realization of snowball or of regular climate conditions depends on the history of the system. Using recent results on the global climate thermodynamics, we show that the two regimes feature radically different properties. The efficiency of the climate machine monotonically increases with decreasing solar constant in present climate conditions, whereas the opposite takes place in snowball conditions. Instead, entropy production is monotonically increasing with the solar constant in both branches of climate conditions, and its value is about four times larger in the warm branch than in the corresponding cold state. Finally, the degree of irreversibility of the system, measured as the fraction of excess entropy production due to irreversible heat transport processes, is much higher in the warm climate conditions, with an explosive growth in the upper range of the considered values of solar constants. Whereas in the cold climate regime a dominating role is played by changes in the meridional albedo contrast, in the warm climate regime changes in the intensity of latent heat fluxes are crucial for determining the observed properties. This substantiates the importance of addressing correctly the variations of the hydrological cycle in a changing climate. An interpretation of the climate transitions at the tipping points based upon macro‐scale thermodynamic properties is also proposed. Our results support the adoption of a new generation of diagnostic tools based on the second law of thermodynamics for auditing climate models and outline a set of parametrizations to be used in conceptual and intermediate‐complexity models or for the reconstruction of the past climate conditions. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
Numerical simulation of the 7 to 9 September 2006 AMMA mesoscale convective system: Evaluation of the dynamics and cloud microphysics using synthetic observations
Authors: Penide Guillaume , Giraud Vincent , Bouniol Dominique , Dubuisson Phillippe , Duroure Christophe , Protat Alain , Cautenet Sylvie
Published: January 2010

This paper presents a numerical simulation of a Mesoscale Convective System (MCS) observed during the AMMA (African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis) experiment with the BRAMS model (Brazilian Regional Atmospheric Modelling System). The aim is to document the life cycle of the MCS and to identify key cloud microphysical processes and their signatures by making use of synthetic observations calculated from the simulated fields. These observations: ARM (Atmospheric Radiation Measurement) 95 GHz equivalent radar reflectivity factor and Doppler velocity and infrared brightness temperatures in three SEVIRI (Spinning Enhanced Visible and InfraRed Imager) channels centred at 8.7, 10.6 and 12 µm are simulated using respectively Mie scattering theory and FASDOM (Fast Discrete Ordinate Method), a fast radiative transfer code. Synthetic observations and model variables are compared to various measurements from several platforms (W‐band and Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) ground‐based Doppler radars, soundings, aircraft measurements, and Meteosat Second Generation) to evaluate the model at different scales and to identify the signatures of microphysical properties with a focus on the anvil part of the MCS. A method using both the ARM and the MIT radar data is used to identify the different regimes within the MCS. A relatively good agreement with direct comparisons is found, as well as discrepancies in the microphysical scheme parametrization that clearly need improvements (using in situ measurements). Microphysical signatures are also studied using joint radar reflectivity/Doppler‐height histograms. Their analysis shows that the model tends to overplay the role of the riming processes, even in the anvil part of the MCS. Comparisons of the Particle Size Distributions (simulated and measured in situ) show the model's ability to reproduce complex PSDs (e.g. a multimodal behaviour). Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
Spatial autocorrelation among automated geocoding errors and its effects on testing for disease clustering
Authors: Zimmerman Dale L. , Li Jie , Fang Xiangming
Published: January 2010

Automated geocoding of patient addresses is an important data assimilation component of many spatial epidemiologic studies. Inevitably, the geocoding process results in positional errors. Positional errors incurred by automated geocoding tend to reduce the power of tests for disease clustering and otherwise affect spatial analytic methods. However, there are reasons to believe that the errors may often be positively spatially correlated and that this may mitigate their deleterious effects on spatial analyses. In this article, we demonstrate explicitly that the positional errors associated with automated geocoding of a data set of more than 6000 addresses in Carroll County, Iowa are spatially autocorrelated. Furthermore, through two simulation studies of disease processes, including one in which the disease process is overlain upon the Carroll County addresses, we show that spatial autocorrelation among geocoding errors maintains the power of two tests for disease clustering at a level higher than that which would occur if the errors were independent. Implications of these results for cluster detection, privacy protection, and measurement error modeling of geographic health data are discussed. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chondroitin Sulfates Are Required for Fibroblast Growth Factor-2-Dependent Proliferation and Maintenance in Neural Stem Cells and for Epidermal Growth Factor-Dependent Migration of Their Progeny
Authors: Sirko Swetlana , von Holst Alexander , Weber Anika , Wizenmann Andrea , Theocharidis Ursula , Götz Magdalena , Faissner Andreas
Published: January 2010

The neural stem cell niche of the embryonic and adult forebrain is rich in chondroitin sulfate glycosaminoglycans (CS-GAGs) that represent complex linear carbohydrate structures on the cell surface of neural stem/progenitor cells or in their intimate environment. We reported earlier that the removal of CS-GAGs with the bacterial enzyme chondroitinase ABC (ChABC) reduced neural stem/progenitor cell proliferation and self-renewal, whereas this treatment favored astroglia formation at the expense of neurogenesis. Here, we studied the consequences of CS-deglycanation further and revealed that CS-GAGs are selectively required for neurosphere formation, proliferation, and self-renewal of embryonic cortical neural stem/progenitor cells in response to fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-2. Consistently, the FGF-2-dependent activation of the MAPKinase in neural stem/progenitor cells was diminished after ChABC treatment, but unaltered after epidermal growth factor (EGF) stimulation. Upon EGF treatment, fewer radial glia were brain lipid-binding protein (BLBP)-positive, whereas more were glutamate aspartate transporter (GLAST)-positive after CS-GAG removal. Only in this latter situation, GLAST-positive radial glia cells extended processes that supported neuronal migration from differentiating neurospheres. CS-deglycanation also selectively increased astrocyte numbers and their migration in response to EGF. Thus, our approach revealed that CS-GAGs are essential for FGF-2-mediated proliferation and maintenance of neuron-generating neural stem/progenitor cells. Simultaneously, CS-GAGs act as a brake on the EGF-dependent maturation, migration, and gliogenesis of neural stem/progenitor cells. We conclude that neural stem/progenitor cell subpopulations reside in neurospheres that are distinguishable by their responsiveness to FGF-2 and EGF which is differentially regulated by CS-carbohydrate structures.
Long‐Term Outcome in 215 Children and Adolescents with Papillary Thyroid Cancer Treated During 1940 Through 2008
Authors: Hay Ian D. , Gonzalez‐Losada Tomas , Reinalda Megan S. , Honetschlager Jennifer A. , Richards Melanie L. , Thompson Geoffrey B.
Published: January 2010

Background

Controversy exists regarding the aggressiveness of initial therapy in childhood papillary thyroid cancer (PTC). Few studies with long‐term outcome exist and second primary malignancies have rarely been analyzed.

Methods

We studied 215 PTC patients younger than 21 years old managed during 1940 through 2008. The patients were aged 3–20 year old (median age = 16 years); the median follow‐up was 29 years. Recurrence and mortality details were taken from a computerized database.

Results

Median primary tumor size was 2.2 cm. Six percent had distant metastases at presentation, 5% had incomplete tumor resection, 86% had nodes removed at initial surgery, and 78% had nodal metastases. After complete surgical resection, PTC recurred in 32% by 40 years. At 20 years, the recurrence rates at local, regional, and distant sites were 7, 21, and 5%, respectively. During 1940–1969, local and regional recurrence rates after unilateral lobectomy (UL) were significantly (P < 0.001) higher than after bilateral lobar resection (BLR). During 1950–2008 radioiodine remnant ablation (RRA) was administered within 18 months to 32%; it did not diminish the 25‐year regional recurrence rate of 16% seen after BLR alone (P = 0.86). Only two fatal events from PTC occurred at 28 and 30 years, for a cause‐specific mortality at 40 years of only 2%. All‐causes mortality rates did not exceed expectation through 20 years, but from 30 through 50 years, the number of deaths was significantly (P < 0.001) higher than predicted. Fifteen of 22 deaths (68%) resulted from nonthyroid malignancy.

Conclusion

Survival from childhood PTC should be expected, but later death from nonthyroid malignancy is disconcerting. Seventy‐three percent of those who died from nonthyroid malignancy had received postoperative therapeutic irradiation.
Emergency and Essential Surgical Services in Afghanistan: Still a Missing Challenge
Authors: Contini Sandro , Taqdeer Asadullah , Cherian Meena , Shokohmand Ahmad Shah , Gosselin Richard , Graaff Peter , Noel Luc
Published: January 2010

Background

In Afghanistan, the number of surgically amenable injuries related to civil unrest and ongoing conflict or consequent to road traffic accidents, trauma, or pregnancy‐related complications is rising and becoming a major cause of death and disability. This study was designed to evaluate availability of basic lifesaving and disability‐preventive emergency surgical and anesthesia interventions representing most of the country.

Methods

Evaluation was performed outside Kabul to represent a cross‐section of the country. Data were collected from Afghanistan health facilities, using the WHO Tool for Situation Analysis to Assess Emergency and Essential Surgical Care, covering case volume, travel distances, infrastructures, human resources, supplies, equipment, and interventions characterizing basic trauma, surgery, and anesthesia capacities.

Results

In 30% of the 17 facilities examined, oxygen supply is limited and irregular; uninterrupted running water is not accessible in 40%; electrical power is not available continuously in 66%. Shortage of equipment and personnel is evident in peripheral health facilities: certified surgeons are present in 63.6% and certified anesthesiologists in 27.2%. Continuous 24 h surgical service is available in 29.4%. Lifesaving procedures are performed in 17–42% of peripheral hospitals; 23.5% are without emergency obstetric service.

Conclusions

Limited access to surgery is highly remarkable in Afghanistan, with a severe shortage of emergency surgical capacities in provincial and district hospitals, where availability of basic and emergency surgical care is far from satisfactory. A comprehensive approach for strengthening basic surgical capacities at the primary health care level should be introduced.
Men's Gendered Constructions of Intimate Partner Violence as Predictors of Court‐Mandated Batterer Treatment Drop Out
Authors: Catlett Beth S. , Toews Michelle L. , Walilko Vanessa
Published: January 2010

The purpose of this study was to explore the meaning men make of their violence toward intimate partners and to examine if and how these meanings and constructions of violence predicted who drops out of batterer treatment prior to program completion. We used both qualitative and quantitative data collected from 154 men court‐mandated to participate in a batterer intervention program. The qualitative findings indicated that the men in this sample minimized and denied responsibility for the violence they used towards their intimate partners while simultaneously rationalizing and justifying their violent behavior. Such findings provide insight into how denial and minimization and, more broadly, men's constructions of masculinity might predict their tendency to drop out of batterer treatment. Furthermore, building upon our qualitative findings, logistic regression analysis revealed that men who were lower income, no longer intimately involved with the women they abused, and who reported lower levels of physical violence and higher levels of hostility were more likely to drop out of the batterer treatment program.
Stoichiometric protein complex formation and over‐expression using the prokaryotic native operon structure
Authors: Poulsen Christian , Holton Simon , Geerlof Arie , Wilmanns Matthias , Song Young-Hwa
Published: January 2010

MINT‐7542474, MINT‐7542303: CFP‐10 (uniprotkb:P0A566) physically interacts (MI:0915) with ESAT‐6 (uniprotkb:P0A564) by pull down (MI:0096)
Project finance as a driver of economic growth in low‐income countries
Authors: Kleimeier Stefanie , Versteeg Roald
Published: January 2010

This study investigates the role of project finance as a driver of economic growth. We hypothesize that project finance is beneficial to the least developed economies as it is able to compensate for a lack of domestic financial development. The contractual structure unique to project finance leads to better investment management and governance. Investigating 90 countries from 1991 to 2005, we find support for our hypothesis. Results show that project finance fosters economic growth and that its effect is strongest in low‐income countries, where financial development and governance is weakest.
Crusade Propaganda and Ideology
Authors: Maier Christoph T.
Published: January 2010

This book, first published in 2000, presents an edition of seventeen ad status model sermons for the preaching of the crusades from the thirteenth and early fourteenth centuries. The majority of these texts had never been printed before publication of this book. They are unique sources for the content of crusade propaganda in the later Middle Ages, giving a rare insight into the way in which propaganda shaped the public's view of crusading during that period. Accompanying the Latin texts is an English translation which is aimed at making these sources accessible to a wider circle of students and scholars. The first part of the book consists of a study of these model sermons which focuses on their place in the pastoral reform movement of the thirteenth century, their specific character as models for the use of crusade propagandists, their internal structure, and the image of the crusade conveyed in the texts.
Geometry of Sporadic Groups
Authors: Ivanov A. A.
Published: January 2010

This book is the first volume in a two-volume set, which will provide the complete proof of classification of two important classes of geometries, closely related to each other: Petersen and tilde geometries. There is an infinite family of tilde geometries associated with non-split extensions of symplectic groups over a field of two elements. Besides that there are twelve exceptional Petersen and tilde geometries. These exceptional geometries are related to sporadic simple groups, including the famous Monster group and this volume gives a construction for each of the Petersen and tilde geometries which provides an independent existence proof for the corresponding automorphism group. Important applications of Petersen and Tilde geometries are considered, including the so-called Y-presentations for the Monster and related groups, and a complete indentification of Y-groups is given. This is an essential purchase for researchers into finite group theory, finite geometries and algebraic combinatorics.
Genetics, Health Care and Public Policy
Authors: Stewart Alison , Brice Philippa , Burton Hilary , Pharoah Paul , Sanderson Simon , Zimmern Ron
Published: January 2010

Genetics, Health Care and Public Policy is an introduction to the new discipline of public health genetics. It brings together the insights of genetic and molecular science as a means of protecting and improving the health of the population. Its scope is wide and requires an understanding of genetics, epidemiology, public health and the principles of ethics, law and the social sciences. This book sets out the basic principles of public health genetics for a wide audience from those providing health care to those involved in establishing policy. The emphasis throughout the text is on providing an accessible introduction to the field. The content moves from the basic concepts, including definitions and history, through chapters on genetics, genetic technology, epidemiology, genetics in medicine, genetics in health services, ethical, legal and social implications, to the implications for health policy. It provides one-stop, introductory coverage of this rapidly developing and multidisciplinary field.
Funding Science in America
Authors: Savage James D.
Published: January 2010

Since the 1950s, the federal government has relied on the peer review system for funding high quality academic science. Yet, despite the success of American science, peer review is under attack for being a biased 'good old boy' network that helps rich research universities get richer. As a remedy for these biases, university presidents and members of Congress have turned to the earmarking of science projects and facilities in the federal budget. This earmarking of funds, however, brings with it new areas of tension and suspicion. Funding Science in America, first published in 1999, is the first book to explore both the pros and the cons of the controversial academic earmarking issue. Savage analyzes the earmarking decision of both university presidents and members of Congress, identifies those universities that have benefited most from earmarking, as well as examining the question of whether earmarking improves their ability to compete for research.
Clearing Services for Global Markets
Authors: Hasenpusch Tina P.
Published: January 2010

Clearing forms the core part of a smooth and efficiently functioning financial market infrastructure. Traditionally, it has been provided by clearing houses, most of which today act as a 'central counterparty' (CCP) between the two sides of a trade. The rapid growth of cross-border trading has sparked discussion on the most efficient industry structure - particularly in Europe and the US. At the heart of this discussion lies the question of whether the implementation of a single clearing house creates greater benefits than a more competitive but interlinked market structure. This is the starting point for this book, which analyses the efficiency of clearing and clearing industry structure. Along with clear-cut definitions and a concise characterisation and descriptive analysis of the clearing industry, the book determines the efficiency impact of various cross-border integration and harmonisation initiatives between CCPs. This serves to identify the most preferable future structure for the clearing industry.
Dietary fat and early-onset prostate cancer risk
Authors: Lophatananon Artitaya , Archer Jane , Easton Douglas , Pocock Richard , Dearnaley David , Guy Michelle , Kote-Jarai Zsofia , O'Brien Lynne , Wilkinson Rosemary A. , Hall Amanda L. , Sawyer Emma , Page Elizabeth , Liu Jo-Fen , Barratt Sandra , Rahman Aneela A. ,   The UK Genetic Prostate Cancer Study Collaborators,   British Association of Urological Surgeons' Section of Oncology, Eeles Rosalind , Muir Kenneth
Published: January 2010

The UK incidence of prostate cancer has been increasing in men aged < 60 years. Migrant studies and global and secular variation in incidence suggest that modifiable factors, including a high-fat diet, may contribute to prostate cancer risk. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of dietary fat intake and its derivatives on early-onset prostate cancer risk. During 1999–2004, a population-based case–control study with 512 cases and 838 controls was conducted. Cases were diagnosed with prostate cancer when ≤ 60 years. Controls were sourced from UK GP practice registers. A self-administered FFQ collected data on typical past diet. A nutritional database was used to calculate daily fat intake. A positive, statistically significant risk estimate for the highest v. lowest quintile of intake of total fat, SFA, MUFA and PUFA was observed when adjusted for confounding variables: OR 2·53 (95 % CI 1·72, 3·74), OR 2·49 (95 % CI 1·69, 3·66), OR 2·69 (95 % CI 1·82, 3·96) and OR 2·34 (95 % CI 1·59, 3·46), respectively, with all P for trend < 0·001. In conclusion, there was a positive statistically significant association between prostate cancer risk and energy-adjusted intake of total fat and fat subtypes. These results potentially identify a modifiable risk factor for early-onset prostate cancer.
Hearing outcomes of vestibular schwannoma patients managed with ‘wait and scan’: predictive value of hearing level at diagnosis
Authors: Stangerup S-E , Tos M , Thomsen J , Caye-Thomasen P
Published: January 2010

Aims:

This study aimed to evaluate the predictive value of both hearing level (at various frequencies) and speech discrimination for forecasting hearing outcome after a period of observation, in patients with vestibular schwannoma.

Subjects:

Over a 33-year period, 1144 patients with vestibular schwannoma were allocated to ‘wait and scan’ management, with annual magnetic resonance imaging and audiological examination. Two complete pure tone and speech discrimination audiograms were available for 932 patients.

Results:

The predictive value of initial hearing level better than 10 dB for forecasting hearing outcome after observation increased from 59 per cent at 250 Hz to 94 percent at 4000 Hz. At diagnosis, hearing level of 10 dB or better at 4000 Hz was found in only 18 of the 932 VS ears, while good speech discrimination was found in 159 patients (17 per cent). Of the latter patients, 138 maintained good hearing after observation.

Conclusion:

In vestibular schwannoma patients, good high frequency hearing and good speech discrimination at diagnosis are useful tools in predicting good hearing after observation.
Management of spontaneous tonsillar bleeding: review
Authors: Salem A , Healy S , Pau H
Published: January 2010

Objective:

To formulate a management plan for spontaneous tonsillar bleeding.

Method:

A Medline search was performed and all literature reviewed.

Results:

Seventeen publications were identified worldwide, describing 55 cases of spontaneous tonsillar bleeding.

Conclusion:

Although spontaneous tonsillar bleeding is a rare presentation, it is documented in the literature. Reported cases indicate an increased incidence in young patients, associated with a higher mortality rate. We propose a management plan for this potentially fatal condition.
Bimanual, intra-operative, fluoroscopy-guided removal of nasopharyngeal migratory fish bone from carotid space
Authors: Al-Abduwani J A , Bhargava D , Sawhney S , Al-Abri R
Published: January 2010

Aim:

We report a rare and unusual case of a patient with an ingested fishbone which migrated from the oropharynx to the anterior compartment of the retropharyngeal space and then to the deep neck space in the nasopharynx (i.e. the carotid space). This report aims to describe a successful, minimally invasive method of foreign body removal which avoided both major skull base surgery and any potential life-threatening complications. A secondary aim is to highlight the role of intra-operative fluoroscopy, an under-used tool.

Case report:

We present a 67-year-old man with a history of fish bone impaction but no fish bone visible on plain X-ray or flexible endoscopy. The diagnosis of fish bone lodged in the retropharyngeal space was confirmed by computed tomography. Surgical exploration of the anterior retropharyngeal space failed to locate the fish bone, as it had migrated to a new, unknown location. Intra-operative fluoroscopy was vital for the removal of the fish bone, as it was impossible to see with the naked eye and had migrated from its previously imaged position. The fish bone was finally retrieved bimanually using external pressure on the submandibular region, which displaced the fish bone, and fluoroscopic guidance, which assisted its removal from the nasopharyngeal lumen.

Conclusion:

To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case of bimanual, intra-operative, fluoroscopy-guided, intra-luminal removal of a migratory fish bone from the deep neck space in this region of the nasopharynx.
Models of education in Plutarch
Authors: Duff Timothy E.
Published: January 2010

This paper examines Plutarch's treatment of education in theParallel Lives. Beginning with a close reading ofThem. 2, it identifies two distinct ways in which Plutarch exploits the education of his subjects: in the first, a subject's attitude to education is used to illustrate a character presented as basically static (a ‘static/illustrative’ model); in the second, a subject's education is looked at in order to explain his adult character, and education is assumed to affect character (a ‘developmental’ model). These two models are often associated with two different forms of discourse: anecdotal for the static/illustrative model and analytical for the developmental. The developmental model, furthermore, is closer to Plutarch's thinking in theoretical discussions of character in theMoralia; the static/illustrative model to Plutarch's treatment of character in theLivesmore generally, where anecdotal treatments predominate. The coexistence of these two models is probably to be seen as the result of a tension between Plutarch's philosophical thinking and his biographical practice: those few passages in theLiveswhich assume a developmental model occur in contexts where either Platonic texts or the activity of philosophers are being discussed.
Memory and material objects in theIliadand theOdyssey
Authors: Grethlein Jonas
Published: January 2010

Recently, archaeologists have been focusing on material relics as evidence of a historical consciousness. This article examines theIliadand theOdysseyfrom the point of view of this ‘archaeology of the past’. Various material objects, ranging from tombs to everyday objects, evoke the past in the epic poems, thereby enriching the narrative and providing reflections on the act of memory. In turn, Homeric evidence sheds new light on the hermeneutics of relics in archaic oral society.
Re-evaluating the Pompeiiauloi
Authors: Hagel Stefan
Published: January 2010

The four best-preserved aulos pipes unearthed at Pompeii are examined and their original pitches are as far as possible determined by mathematical analysis. It is argued that the scales of the instruments as well as specific details of their mechanism fit well with our knowledge of music from the Roman Imperial period.
νóσoζ and óσίη: etymological and sociocultural observations on the concepts of disease and divine (dis)favour in ancient Greece
Authors: Willi Andreas
Published: January 2010

After a brief discussion of earlier etymological theories, this article proposes a new analysis of the Greek noun Vóσoζ ‘disease’ as a possessive compound*n-osw-os‘not having *(h1)osu’, the second constituent of which is cognate with Hitt.ässu‘well-being’; just like the latter, Greek Vóσoι are characteristically sent or removed by divinities. Moreover, the reconstruction of an abstract noun *(h1)osu‘well-being (resulting from divine favour)’ can serve as the etymological basis for the somewhat obscure Greek notion of óσιη, which refers to the state of something that is endowed with such *(h1)osu;in fact, phraseological parallelisms between texts from various parts of the Greek world as well as ancient Anatolia point to a common conceptual framework behind all these words.
P.Oxy. 4711 And The Poetry Of Parthenius
Authors: Bernsdorff Hans
Published: January 2010

P.Oxy. 4711 (from a papyrus codex of the sixth century AD) contains elegiacs with at least three metamorphosis myths (Adonis, Asterie, Narcisssus). In this article I argue against the suggestion by (among others) the first editor of this papyrus that the verses might be by Parthenius. I do so by examining the evidence for Parthenian authorship (especially the presumed imitations by Ovid and Gregory of Nazianzus) and by comparing the style of the new piece with what we actually possess of Parthenian poetry (especially withfr. 28 Lightfoot, which might come from theMetamorphoseis). Instead I suggest a late date of composition and would regard the fragments as a collection of the-matically arranged διηέματα in verse which are related to the production of progymnasmata in schools.
Celebrating poetic victory: representations of epinikia in Classical Athens
Authors: Biles Zachary
Published: January 2010

Although we are fairly well informed about the general organization and important events of the dramatic competitions in Athens, there remain significant gaps in our knowledge on many points of detail. In no place is this more true than with regard to the epinikian celebration honouring members of the victorious performance, about which scarcely any unambiguous testimony has come down to us. This study aims to provide new insights into the problem by demonstrating a connection between the iconography preserved in several sculpted reliefs of the Roman period commonly referred to as Dionysos' visit to Ikarios and the representation of a celebration for poetic victory in Plato'sSymposium. Central to the combined testimony of these sources is the ideal of Dionysos’ epiphany to the poet in order to acknowledge and honour his victory in person. So identified as an element of victory celebration, related articulations of this imagined moment can then be detected in several additional representations on vases and in Aristophanic comedy, in both of which other independent elements likewise suggest the activation of an epinikian syntax. Practical matters about the celebration still elude us; what we gain, however, is a clearer sense of the religious ideals that were conveyed through these celebrations in connection with the worship of Dionysos, which formed a nucleus for the dramatic festivals.
Trauma ek pronoiasin Athenian law
Authors: Phillips David D.
Published: January 2010

This article presents a comprehensive study of the offence oftrauma ek pronoias(intentional wounding) in Athenian law. Part I catalogues every occurrence of the words τραùμα and τιρώσκω in the Attic orators and concludes that the requisite physical element oftrauma ek pronoiaswas the use of a weapon. Part II analyses all attestedtraumalawsuits and concludes that the requisite mental element of the offence was a bare intent to wound. Part III addresses the procedural evidence fortrauma ek pronoiasand concludes that the action fortraumawas agraphê, not adikê. Two appendices discuss the use of the termstraumaandpronoiain Plato'sLawsand Aristotle'sRhetoric(Appendix A) and a reference totrauma ek pronoiasin Lucian'sTimon(Appendix B).
The Personality Of The Greek State
Authors: Anderson Greg
Published: January 2010

Were thepoleisof Classical Greece state-based or stateless communities? Do their political structures meet standard criteria for full statehood? Conventional wisdom maintains that they do not. According to a broad consensus, the Classicalpoliswas neither state-based nor stateless as such, but something somewhere in between: a unique, category-defying formation that was somehow both ‘state’ and ‘society’ simultaneously, a kind of inseparable fusion of the two. The current paper offers an alternative perspective on this complex but fundamental issue. It questions prevailing views on theoretical grounds, suggesting that the consensus ‘fusionist’ position rests ultimately upon a misunderstanding of what Thomas Hobbes would call the ‘personality’ ofpolispolitical structures. Focusing on the case of Classical Athens, it then proceeds to present a new account of the Greek ‘state’, an account that aims to be both theoretically satisfying and heuristically useful. Even if all those who performed state functions were simultaneously constituents ofpolis‘society’, the state was nevertheless perceived to function as an autonomous agency, possessing a corporate personality that was quite distinct from the individual personalities of the living, breathing citizens who happened to instantiate it at any particular time.
Atreid ancestors in Alkaios
Authors: Gagné Renaud
Published: January 2010

Alkaios refers to Pittakos as one who has ‘acquired an Atreid wife’ in fragment 70 Voigt. This paper looks at the connotations of that statement in the text of the Lesbian poet, and its significance for the history of the Greek idea of ancestral fault.
Do we have the end of Sophocles'Oedipus Tyrannus?
Authors: Kovacs David
Published: January 2010

The objections against the transmitted ending ofOT(1424–1530) raised by scholars since the eighteenth century and most recently by R.D. Dawe deserve to be taken seriously, but only the last 63 lines (1468–1530, called B below) are open to truly serious objections, both verbal and dramaturgical. By contrast, objections against 1424–67 (called A below) are mostly slight, and in addition they are protected by an earlier passage in the play that seems to prepare the audience for Creon's demand that Oedipus re-enter the palace. A is genuine and gives us the end of the play as Sophocles wrote it: probably we have lost only a brief reply by Creon to Oedipus’ requests and some choral anapaests. A postscript discusses the meaning of 1451–57. I argue that these look to the future (infinitive πέρσαι plus ἄν standing for optative plus ἄν), and that έπί τωι δειν⋯ι κακ⋯ι means that Oedipus is being saved ‘for some dreadful mischief’, i.e. to cause such mischief to others, an allusion to the cursing of his sons and its result, the war of the Seven against Thebes.
Rhesusrevisited: the case for a fourth-century Macedonian context
Authors: Liapis Vayos
Published: January 2010

A number of individual passages inRhesus, a tragedy whose attribution to Euripides has repeatedly been questioned, evince extensive familiarity with institutions and mentalities prevalent in fourth-century Macedonia. The paper argues thatRhesuswas composed and produced for a Macedonian performance context, probably between the late 350s and the late 330s BC, by an author who, while familiar with Athenian tragedy and conceivably of Athenian origin, may have lived in the court of Philip II or Alexander III.
Ancient Greece, early China: Sino-Hellenic studies and comparative approaches to the classical world. A review article
Authors: Tanner Jeremy
Published: January 2010

Classicists have long been wary of comparisons, partly for ideological reasons related to the incomparability of ‘the Classical’, partly because of the often problematic basis and limited illumination afforded by such efforts as have been made: the (non)-reception of the work of the Cambridge ritualists — such as J.G. Frazer and Jane Harrison — is a case in point in both respects. Interestingly, even the specifically comparative interests of the much more rigorous projects of the Paris School, at the Centre Louis Gernet, have not had much resonance outside France, notwithstanding the enormous influence of their work concerning purely Greek subject matter. In part, perhaps, this was a result of the shift from Vernant's originally Marxist framework, in which societies were comparable in terms of an evolutionary sociological scheme, to a structuralist one, entailing an emphasis on the uniqueness of different cultural traditions. The emphasis on the uniqueness of the Classical world was only reinforced by post-structuralism and post-modernism, which in their strongest forms suggested that cultures, like languages, were fundamentally incommensurable, and thus not accessible to outsider knowledge, let alone comparable. Indeed, so virulent was the post-structuralist virus that disciplines to which we might have expected to be able to turn for guidance, like comparative religion, are only now recovering the courage ‘to compare religious phenomena, theologies or artefacts outside of footnotes or less heavily policed epilogues’.
Navigation of Deep Draught Vessels in the Southern North Sea
Authors: Winstanley J. D.
Published: January 2010

Some 7 years ago the North Sea Hydrographic Commission took up the question of deep draught routes in the North Sea and a basic pattern was selected and examined against existing hydrographic materials by the members of this Commission. In 1966 Shell International Marine produced a publication entitledThe Channel and North Sea Routeing Folder. These more detailed routes together with the basic ones proposed by the Hydrographic Commission (although they are in no way official or necessarily accepted) form the basis of our present thinking on routes and planning of surveys in this area.

It was only a few years ago that a draught of 50 ft. was exceptional and it was generally considered that draughts were unlikely ever to exceed 60 ft. In fact draughts have increased rapidly ever since and for this reason, last year, we extended the limit to which we show soundings in fathoms and feet from 11 to 15 fin. in areas where deep-draught vessels could be expected to operate.
Helicopter Servicing and the Collision Regulations
Authors: Pielow C. L.
Published: January 2010

The servicing of ships off Cape Town by helicopter with stores and spares is now established practice. In addition, test exercises are in progress with the Rotterdam Port Authorities to embark pilots by helicopter, and preliminary enquiries are under way for helicopter servicing in the Arabian Gulf.

Since the Institute is setting up a working party to consider the revision of the Collision Regulations, this may be a suitable time to raise the question of whether or not a vessel being serviced by helicopter or embarking a pilot by helicopter should be required to exhibit the day-time shapes prescribed in the Collision Regulations under Rule 4(c).

From exchange of correspondence in recent weeks with various interested parties, it is noticeable that there are differences of opinion concerning the necessity for helicopter serviced vessels to exhibit specific shapes, notably those required under Rule 4(c), and due to the non-existence of published official ruling, the following notes may be of general interest.
Ambiguous words are harder to learn
Authors: DEGANI TAMAR , TOKOWICZ NATASHA
Published: January 2010

Relatively little is known about the role of ambiguity in adult second-language learning. In this study, native English speakers learned Dutch–English translation pairs that either mapped in a one-to-one fashion (unambiguous items) in that a Dutch word uniquely corresponded to one English word, or mapped in a one-to-many fashion (ambiguous items), with two Dutch translations corresponding to a single English word. These two Dutch translations could function as exact synonyms, corresponding to a single meaning, or could correspond to different meanings of an ambiguous English word (e.g., wisselgeld denotes the monetary meaning of the word change, and verandering denotes alteration). Several immediate and delayed tests revealed that such translation ambiguity creates a challenge for learners. Furthermore, words with multiple translations corresponding to the same meaning are more difficult to learn than words with multiple translations corresponding to multiple meanings, suggesting that a one-to-many mapping underlies this ambiguity disadvantage.
Repetition and masked form priming within and between languages using word and nonword neighbors
Authors: DIJKSTRA TON , HILBERINK-SCHULPEN BÉRYL , VAN HEUVEN WALTER J. B.
Published: January 2010

If access to the bilingual lexicon takes place in a language independent way, monolingual repetition and masked form priming accounts should be directly applicable to bilinguals. We tested such an account (Grainger and Jacobs, 1999) and extended it to explain bilingual effects from L2 to L1. Dutch–English bilinguals made a lexical decision on a Dutch target word preceded by a briefly presented word or nonword prime from Dutch (L1; Exp. 1) or English (L2; Exp. 2). The prime was an orthographically related neighbor of the target (e.g., zwaar–ZWAAN or spoon–SPION) or unrelated (e.g., thuis–ZWAAN or mouse–SPION). On their first presentation, responses to L1 word targets were non-significantly slowed relative to unrelated primes following both L1 and L2 related word primes. Upon target repetition, all effects turned into facilitation. Stable facilitation effects were also found when word targets were preceded by related nonwords derived from Dutch or English words. Simulations by the Bilingual Interactive Activation Plus (BIA+) model account for the major effects within and across languages.
THE KERNELS AND CONTINUITY IDEALS OF HOMOMORPHISMS FROM 𝒞0(Ω)
Authors: PHAM HUNG LE
Published: January 2010

We give a description of the continuity ideals and the kernels of homomorphisms from the algebras of continuous functions on locally compact spaces into Banach algebras. We also construct families of prime ideals satisfying a certain intriguing property in the algebras of continuous functions.
VARIANTS OF MIYACHI’S THEOREM FOR NILPOTENT LIE GROUPS
Authors: BAKLOUTI ALI , THANGAVELU SUNDARAM
Published: January 2010

We formulate and prove two versions of Miyachi’s theorem for connected, simply connected nilpotent Lie groups. This allows us to prove the sharpness of the constant 1/4 in the theorems of Hardy and of Cowling and Price for any nilpotent Lie group. These theorems are proved using a variant of Miyachi’s theorem for the group Fourier transform.
44-jährige Gärtnerin mit Lumbago, Myalgien und Fieber
Authors: Bareiss  , Semela  , Heim  , Terracciano  , Hunziker
Published: January 2010

Wir berichten von einer 44-jährigen bisher gesunden Gärtnerin, die sich mit Lumbago Myalgien und Fieber auf unserer Notfallstation vorstellte. Sie berichtete ausserdem über acholischen Stuhlgang, dunklen Urin und Ikterus. Die Patientin litt an einem durch Hepatitis-A-Virus verursachten akuten Leberversagen und wurde in einem Lebertransplantationszentrum angemeldet. Im Verlauf besserte sich der Zustand der Patientin jedoch spontan und die ausgeprägte Hepatitis A verlief weiter selbstlimitierend. Als Infektionsquellen kommen der Konsum von Muscheln an der Ostsee oder der Umgang mit tierischen Fäkalien als natürlicher Dünger in Betracht. Ein Jahr nach der Erkrankung erfreut sich die Patientin bester Gesundheit.
Volatile Organic Compounds in the Global Atmosphere
Authors: Helmig D. , Bottenheim J. , Galbally I. E. , Lewis A. , Milton M. J. T. , Penkett S. , Plass‐Duelmer C. , Reimann S. , Tans P. , Thiel S.
Published: January 2010

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) include saturated, unsaturated, and other substituted hydrocarbons. VOCs play an important role in the chemistry of the atmosphere by influencing ozone and hydroxyl radical (OH) concentrations, and the conversion rates of nitrogen oxides (NOx). Elevated levels of VOCs and NOx have led to an approximate doubling of ozone in the lower troposphere over the past couple of centuries, making tropospheric ozone the third most important anthropogenic greenhouse gas after carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane. Because of ozone's strong oxidizing properties, increases in tropospheric ozone are a concern for living systems on Earth. Ozone stresses and damages vegetation, resulting in a reduction of terrestrial CO2 sequestration. VOCs also serve as a source of atmospheric secondary organic aerosol (SOA), which influences the solar radiation budget and cloud droplet nucleation. Through these complex interactions, VOCs play an important role in air quality and climate.