bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Interfacial Adhesion of Fully Transient, Mussel‐Inspired Hydrogels with Different Network Crosslink Modalities
Authors: Darby Daniel R. , Lai Erica , Holten‐Andersen Niels , Pham Jonathan T.
Published: June 2021

In fully transient, mussel‐inspired hydrogels, metal‐coordinate complexes form supramolecular crosslinks, which offer tunable viscoelastic properties and mechanical reversibility. The metal‐coordination complexation that comprises the crosslinks can take on tris‐, bis‐, mono‐, and free‐state modalities (3, 2, 1, or 0 ligands per ion, respectively). Although prior work has established relationships between network crosslinking and mechanical properties, the effect of crosslink and ligand modalities on gel‐surface adhesion is not well understood for fully transient hydrogels. Using glass and nickel‐coated spherical probes, the effect of network crosslinking modalities on the adhesive strength of hydrogels based on histidine‐Ni2+ and nitrodopamine‐Fe3+ ion crosslinks is investigated. Since crosslink modalities have a strong impact on the mechanical properties of the bulk network, it is first determined how adhesion relates to the mechanical properties, regardless of the distribution of crosslinking modalities and ligand type. It is ultimately found that the peak adhesive stress increases with decreasing percentage of ligands in tris‐crosslinks.
Metal–Organic Frameworks Materials for Capacitive Gas Sensors
Authors: Zhai Zhenyu , Zhang Xiuling , Hao Xiaoke , Niu Ben , Li Congju
Published: June 2021

Gas sensors have been widely used in detection of industrial gas leak, air quality detection, and medical diagnosis. Although some chemical sensors have been commercialized, there are still some challenges such as sensitivity, cycle stability, and high power consumption. Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have high specific surface area, rich porosity, and excellent reversible/selective adsorption ability for various gases. Therefore, MOFs has been considered as an ideal sensing material. Metal active sites and active functional groups on the surface of MOFs can combine with gas molecules through hydrogen bonds, van der Waals interactions, and electrostatic interactions, resulting in highly effective selectivity and superior cycle reversibility. Meanwhile, MOFs‐based capacitive gas sensor can respond at room temperature, which can largely reduce energy consumption during the test. Therefore, the application of MOFs materials in capacitive gas sensors can effectively solve the above problems. In this review, the latest studies on MOFs‐based capacitive gas sensors for acidic/alkaline, VOCs, and water are summarized, and research prospects based on the mechanism of MOFs as sensing layers and filtering layers are proposed.
Transparent Magnetic Soft Millirobot Actuated by Micro‐Node Array
Authors: Li Gen , Zhang Tieshan , Shen Yajing
Published: June 2021

Magnetic soft millirobots have attracted emerging interest in many fields owing to their superiorities in effective and remote controllable actuation by a magnetic field. However, limited to the embedded magnetic particles, magnetic soft robots usually exhibit dark to black colors, leading to the sheltering of the environment and target during locomotion, manipulation, and transportation. Here, a method of constructing a transparent magnetic millirobot with an actuatable micro‐node array is presented. Owing to the micro‐node design and high‐transparency body materials, the robot can achieve a high transmittance of ≈80%. The robot possesses remote‐controllable locomotion and obstacle‐crossing capabilities, such as crawling through a limited area (height: 600 µm) and crossing over an obstacle (height: 1 mm) that is about five times higher than itself. Moreover, the robot demonstrates optical transparent property against the changing environment, such as chessboard and rainbow‐colored backgrounds. Lastly, the locomotion and camouflage capability of the robot are demonstrated on sand, where the robot moves 23 mm in 59 s on the irregular sandy surface. This design strategy can be broadened to a wide range of fields, including but not limited to robots for battlefield, biomedical treatment, and environmental reconnaissance, and will benefit the development of the next generation of smart robots.
Bio‐Inspired Artificial Vision and Neuromorphic Image Processing Devices
Authors: Kim Min Sung , Kim Min Seok , Lee Gil Ju , Sunwoo Sung‐Hyuk , Chang Sehui , Song Young Min , Kim Dae‐Hyeong
Published: June 2021

Remarkable technological developments for efficient image recognition (i.e., image acquisition and image data processing) have been reported in the past decade. Such advances in imaging and image processing technologies have driven significant progress in mobile electronics and machine vision applications. In particular, for image acquisition devices, two types of natural eyes (i.e., chambered and compound eyes) have inspired the development of novel multifunctional imaging devices with unique optical geometries. For image data processing devices, novel computing devices based on memristor crossbar arrays, such as electronic synapses, have been developed. More recently, the integration of imaging and image processing devices in a single unit further enhances the system‐level efficiency. Herein, such recent advances in the bio‐inspired artificial vision and neuromorphic image processing devices, aimed at providing efficient image recognition, are reviewed. First, various imaging devices inspired by the structural and functional features of natural eyes are introduced. Second, artificial synapses and their operation principles are thoroughly discussed. Third, the neuromorphic vision sensor that integrates the imaging and image processing devices is reviewed. Finally, a brief summary and future outlook are presented.
Triboelectric Laminates with Volumetric Electromechanical Response for Mechanical Energy Harvesting
Authors: Šutka Andris , Mālnieks Kaspars , Linarts Artis , Lapčinskis Linards , Verners Osvalds , Timusk Martin
Published: June 2021

The main requirement for triboelectric nanogenerator devices is the necessity to have separable or movable parts to harvest mechanical energy, thus complicating their integration into the energy harvesting systems. Herein, triboelectric laminates that show a volumetric electromechanical response are introduced, similar to intrinsic ferroelectric polymers. The laminates are composed of stacked bilayer polymer films with different triboelectric surface properties separated by polymer mesh. This sophisticated design provides dipole alignment across the volume of triboelectric laminate and electromechanical response without applying any poling procedure. Triboelectric laminate generates the open‐circuit voltage (VOC) of 29 V and short‐circuit current (ISC) of 15 nA. Volumetric energy density of 21.13 µJ cm−3 and a peak average power density of 46.19 µW cm−3 are observed. Triboelectric laminate shows an effective piezoelectric constant d33 of 9.83 pC N−1, higher than reported for piezoelectric polymer like nylon‐11. The triboelectric laminate is produced from cheap, mechanically flexible materials that can be produced in large quantities.
Flexible and Transparent Metal Nanowire Microelectrode Arrays and Interconnects for Electrophysiology, Optogenetics, and Optical Mapping
Authors: Chen Zhiyuan , Boyajian Nicolas , Lin Zexu , Yin Rose T. , Obaid Sofian N. , Tian Jinbi , Brennan Jaclyn A. , Chen Sheena W. , Miniovich Alana N. , Lin Leqi , Qi Yarong , Liu Xitong , Efimov Igor R. , Lu Luyao
Published: June 2021

Transparent microelectrodes have recently emerged as a promising approach for crosstalk‐free multifunctional electrical and optical biointerfacing. High‐performance flexible platforms that allow seamless integration with soft tissue systems for such applications are urgently needed. Here, silver nanowires (Ag NWs)‐based transparent microelectrode arrays (MEAs) and interconnects are designed to meet this demand. The nanowire networks exhibit a high optical transparency >90.0% at 550 nm, and superior mechanical stability up to 100,000 bending cycles at 5 mm radius. The Ag NWs microelectrodes preserve low normalized electrochemical impedance of 3.4–15 Ω cm2 at 1 kHz, and the interconnects demonstrate excellent sheet resistance (Rsh) of 4.1–25 Ω sq−1. In vivo histological analysis reveals that the Ag NWs structures are biocompatible. Studies on Langendorff‐perfused mouse and rat hearts demonstrate that the Ag NWs MEAs enable high‐fidelity real‐time monitoring of heart rhythm during co‐localized optogenetic pacing and optical mapping. This proof‐of‐concept work illustrates that the solution‐processed, transparent, and flexible Ag NWs structures are a promising candidate for the next‐generation of large‐area multifunctional biointerfaces for interrogating complex biological systems in basic and translational research.
Cobalt‐Catalyzed C−H Alkoxylation of Ferrocenes with Alcohols under Mild Conditions
Authors: Zhang Zhuo‐Zhuo , Cheng Jie , Yao Qi‐Jun , Yue Qiang , Zhou Gang
Published: June 2021

Herein we reported a protocol for synthesis of oxy‐substituted ferrocenes via cobalt‐catalyzed direct C−H alkoxylation under mild conditions. Notably, alcohol serves as an both alkoxide reagent and a solvent. Various ferrocene amides including estrone‐derived ferrocene amide are compatible with these reaction conditions. Moreover, control experiments suggested that this alkoxylation might undergo a Co(III)/Co(IV)/Co(II) catalytic cycle.

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Cytokines: From Clinical Significance to Quantification
Authors: Liu Chao , Chu Dewei , Kalantar‐Zadeh Kourosh , George Jacob , Young Howard A. , Liu Guozhen
Published: June 2021

Cytokines are critical mediators that oversee and regulate immune and inflammatory responses via complex networks and serve as biomarkers for many diseases. Quantification of cytokines has significant value in both clinical medicine and biology as the levels provide insights into physiological and pathological processes and can be used to aid diagnosis and treatment. Cytokines and their clinical significance are introduced from the perspective of their pro‐ and anti‐inflammatory effects. Factors affecting cytokines quantification in biological fluids, native levels in different body fluids, sample processing and storage conditions, sensitivity to freeze‐thaw, and soluble cytokine receptors are discussed. In addition, recent advances in in vitro and in vivo assays, biosensors based on different signal outputs and intracellular to extracellular protein expression are summarized. Various quantification platforms for high‐sensitivity and reliable measurement of cytokines in different scenarios are discussed, and commercially available cytokine assays are compared. A discussion of challenges in the development and advancement of technologies for cytokine quantification that aim to achieve real‐time multiplex cytokine analysis for point‐of‐care situations applicable for both biomedical research and clinical practice are discussed.
Insights into the Correlation between Tetragonal Phase and Temperature Stability of Potassium Sodium Niobate Based Ceramics from Domain Behaviors
Authors: Xue Haoyue , Zheng Ting , Wu Jiagang
Published: June 2021

The temperature stability of tetragonal phase, as an indispensable end component of polymorphic phase boundary in high performance potassium sodium niobate based ceramics, has been long‐term neglected. Aimed at resolving the most cutting‐edge challenges for the practical application of potassium sodium niobate (KNN)‐based ceramics, the association study between tetragonal phase and its temperature stability is focused upon, especially from a microscopic point of view. Here, four kinds of potassium sodium niobate based ceramics with orthorhombic, tetragonal, orthorhombic–tetragonal, and rhombohedral–orthorhombic–tetragonal phase boundaries are designed, and investigations from macro properties as well as the underlying domain behaviors are conducted to establish the relationship between phase structure and temperature stability. Polarization retention with aging time and domain dynamics under thermal excitation suggest that tetragonal phase is closely related to the temperature sensitivity because of their instable and fast back‐switching properties of the reoriented domains. It is believed that a new perspective in the future designing of temperature‐insensitive ceramics is put up.
Multifunctional Optoelectronic Random Access Memory Device Based on Surface‐Plasma‐Treated Inorganic Halide Perovskite
Authors: Liu Qi , Yue Wenjing , Li Yang , Wang Wenxiao , Xu Lei , Wang Yaqi , Gao Song , Zhang Chunwei , Kan Hao , Li Chao
Published: June 2021

Emerging optoelectronic resistive random access memory (RRAM) devices, enabled by optoelectronic materials with excellent properties have considerable advantages in terms of crosstalk, power consumption, response speed, and highly improved storage and computing abilities of RRAM devices. However, optoelectronic RRAM devices exhibiting outstanding electrical as well as optoelectronic performances are seldom reported, which hinders the development of the corresponding data storage and computing devices. In this study, an optoelectronic RRAM device with excellent electrical and optoelectronic properties is constructed based on surface‐plasma‐treated inorganic halide perovskite. The proposed RRAM device shows light‐assisted multilevel resistance as well as excellent resistive switching (RS) behavior, such as a high ON/OFF ratio, stable endurance and retention time. Moreover, the ADDER function and logic operation (IMPLICATION and OR) are successfully implemented on the proposed device with aid of light. Additionally, it is shown that the perovskite can be grown on a flexible substrate, leading to a flexible RRAM device exhibiting stable RS behavior. The possible operating mechanism is elaborated based on the Ag atom conductive filament model with assistance of density functional theory calculations. This proposed high‐performance multifunctional optoelectronic RRAM device undoubtedly shows broad possibilities for developing high‐density storage, in‐computing, flexible and transient memory devices.
Self‐Powered and Imperceptible Electronic Tattoos Based on Silk Protein Nanofiber and Carbon Nanotubes for Human–Machine Interfaces
Authors: Gogurla Narendar , Kim Sunghwan
Published: June 2021

Triboelectric electronic skins (E‐skins) can be used as primary interactive devices for human–machine interfaces (HMIs). However, devices for seamless on‐skin operations must be soft and deformable, and attachable to and compatible with the skin. In this paper, a substrate‐free, skin‐compatible, skin‐attachable, mechanically deformable, and self‐powered E‐tattoo sticker consisting of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and silk nanofibers (SNFs) is presented. The E‐tattoo can be imperceptibly tattooed on the skin and removed with water. When the device touches naked skin, triboelectric signals are generated. Because of the micro‐to‐nano hierarchical pores (with high surface‐to‐volume ratios), contact‐induced electrification generates a power density of ≈6 mW m−2 and pressure sensitivity of ≈0.069 kPa−1. The power generated on the tattooed skin can activate small electronic devices. Moreover, whole‐body joint movements can be monitored and tactile movements can be mapped by reading the generated electrical signals. The presented E‐tattoo system can promote the development of flexible energy and sensor systems for self‐powered, energy‐autonomous, imperceptible E‐skin devices for HMIs and artificial intelligent robotics and prostheses.
NaNbO3‐(Bi0.5Li0.5)TiO3 Lead‐Free Relaxor Ferroelectric Capacitors with Superior Energy‐Storage Performances via Multiple Synergistic Design
Authors: Xie Aiwen , Zuo Ruzhong , Qiao Zhenliang , Fu Zhengqian , Hu Tengfei , Fei Linfeng
Published: June 2021

Relaxor ferroelectric (FE) ceramic capacitors have attracted increasing attention for their excellent energy‐storage performance. However, it is extremely difficult to achieve desirable comprehensive energy‐storage features required for industrial applications. In this work, very high recoverable energy density Wrec ≈ 8.73 J cm–3, high efficiency η ≈ 80.1%, ultrafast discharge rate of <85 ns, and temperature‐insensitive high Wrec and η (Wrec ≈ 5.73 ± 4% J cm–3, η ≈ 75 ± 6%, 25–200 °C) are simultaneously obtained in 0.68NaNbO3‐0.32(Bi0.5Li0.5)TiO3 relaxor FE ceramics by introducing various polarization configurations in combination with microstructure modification. The structure mechanism for the excellent energy‐storage performance is disclosed by analyzing in situ structure evolution on multiple scales during loading/unloading by means of transmission electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. Both local regions consisting of different‐scale polar nanodomains and a nonpolar matrix, and local orthorhombic symmetry remaining with electric fields ensure a linear‐like polarization response within a wide field and temperature range owing to significantly delayed polarization saturation. The stabilization of orthorhombic FE phases rather than antiferroelectric orthorhombic phases in NaNbO3 after adding (Bi0.5Li0.5)TiO3 is also explored by means of X‐ray diffraction, dielectric properties, and selected area electron diffraction. In comparison with antiferroelectric ceramics, NaNbO3‐based relaxor FE ceramics provide a new solution to successfully design next‐generation pulsed power capacitors.
Organocatalyst‐promoted Diastereoselective and Enantioselective Michael Addition/Hemiketalization Reaction between Hydroxymaleimide and Quinone
Authors: Xiang Min , Li Chen‐Yi , Zhang Jian , Zou Ying , Huang Zhi‐Cheng , Li Wen‐Sheng , Wang Yi , Tian Fang , Wang Li‐Xin
Published: June 2021

An organocatalyst promoted diastereoselective and enantioselective Michael addition/hemiketalization reaction between hydroxymaleimides and quinones has been demonstrated. The catalytic protocol allows for the efficient and mild synthesis of a broad range of new and versatile dihydrobenzofurans containing chiral hemiketal and succinimide frameworks from readily available starting materials in moderate to excellent yields (up to 95%) with good to excellent enantioselectivities (up to 95 : 5 er) and diastereoselectivities (all with at least 99 : 1 dr).
Synthetic Approaches of Prelactone and Its Analogues: A Review
Authors: Tadiparthi Krishnaji , Devaroy Monisha J. L. , Panigrahi Amrita , Sakirolla Raghavendra
Published: June 2021

In this review we have discussed the synthetic approaches of prelactones and their epimers from 1997 to date. The presence of unique molecular architecture and its high biological importance enhanced the research activity over the last two decades. Most of the syntheses involve either a chiral auxiliary, chiral pool or catalytic enantioselective approaches as a key step. Overall this review highlights the contribution from different research groups in the total synthesis of various prelactones.
Population history of Brazilian south and southeast shellmound builders inferred through dental morphology
Authors: Fidalgo Daniel , Hubbe Mark , Wesolowski Veronica
Published: June 2021

Objective

The Southeast and South Coast of Brazil was inhabited during most of the Holocene by shellmound builders. Although there are cultural differences in the archaeological record between regions, it is still debatable how these differences may relate to different population histories. Here, we contribute to this discussion by exploring dental morphological affinities between several regional series.

Materials and Methods

Dental morphology of 385 individuals from 14 archaeological sites was analyzed using the Arizona State University Dental Anthropology System. Fifteen traits were used to explore morphological affinities among series through Euclidean distance, Mean Measure of Divergence, and Principal Component Analysis. Mantel matrix correlation and partial correlation tests were used to examine the association between biological, geographic, and chronological distances.

Results

Morphological affinities show that ceramic and nonceramic South Coast groups cluster and differ from most Southeast series. In contrast, Southeast coastal and riverine groups display high morphological variance, showing less biological coherence among them. These biological distances between regions are partially explained by geography, but not by chronology.

Conclusions

The results support that these coastal populations were low‐mobility groups. Although interactions between individuals of different regions likely existed, gene flow occurred mostly among individuals from local or adjacent areas. The introduction of ceramic in the South Coast is not associated with changes in dental morphology patterns, suggesting its adoption is not exclusively associated with the arrival of different biological groups. Southeast coastal and riverine groups show high phenotypic diversity, suggesting a different history of human occupation and cultural development than observed in the South Coast.
Introduction to the Special Issue on Big Data and Social Policy in Australia
Authors: Curchin Katherine , Edwards Ben
Published: June 2021

This Special Issue addresses the use of linked data for research purposes and to carry out government functions such as child protection, allocation of resources, and debt recovery. Government investment in big data has the potential to change citizens' experience of the welfare state in a broad range of areas in both positive and negative ways. It is therefore important that the Australian social policy community understands and engages with the potential benefits and risks involved in the linkage and analysis of government datasets. Papers in this Special Issue discuss the technical challenges and institutional barriers involved in the construction and governance of linked government data assets and showcase the promise of big data for generating policy relevant insights. This Special Issue also features papers critically interrogating the potential for big data to produce social harms. We contextualise this collection of papers with a brief history of recent policy developments in regards to access to government held data. We also discuss ways of improving public trust and social licence for the use of big data and argue that the voices of First Nations and disadvantaged Australians must be given greater weight in discussions of how their data will be used.
Handling of stealthy sensor and actuator cyberattacks on evolving nonlinear process systems
Authors: Oyama Henrique , Rangan Keshav Kasturi , Durand Helen
Published: June 2021

Cyberattacks on control systems in the chemical process industries cause concern regarding how they can impact finances, safety, and production levels of companies. A key practical challenge for cyberattack detection and handling using process information is that process behavior evolves over time. Conceivably, changes in process dynamics might cause some detection strategies to flag a change in the dynamics as an attack due to the new data appearing abnormal compared to data from before the dynamics changed. In this work, we utilize several case studies to probe the question of what might be the impacts, benefits, and limitations of cyberattack detection and handling policies when the process dynamics change over time. The goal of this work is to characterize, through simulation studies, characteristics, which might be desirable and undesirable in cyberattack detection and handling procedures when process evolution is inevitable. We demonstrate challenges with cyberattack detection when process dynamics change and subsequently, discuss two concepts for handling attacks—one which utilizes a two‐tier detection strategy in which model reidentification is triggered when it is not clear whether an attack or a change in the process dynamics has occurred, and one in which control signals are injected at intervals by the actuators. We utilize simulations to elucidate characteristics of these strategies and demonstrate that verifiability of attack‐handling methods is key to their implementation (i.e., ad hoc tuning has potential to leave vulnerabilities which an attacker might locate and exploit).
Electron‐Deficient Heteroacenes that Contain Two Boron Atoms: Near‐Infrared Fluorescence Based on a Push–Pull Effect**
Authors: Ito Masato , Sakai Mika , Ando Naoki , Yamaguchi Shigehiro
Published: June 2021

Electron‐deficient heteroacenes that contain two tricoordinate boron atoms in their acene skeletons and planarized phenyl ether moieties at their periphery were synthesized via the borylation of silicon‐bridged precursors. X‐ray crystallographic analysis revealed quinoidal structures, which give rise to two‐step reversible redox processes for both the reduction and oxidation. These compounds exhibit intense absorption and sharp fluorescence bands with vibronic structures in the near‐infrared (NIR) region. These properties originate from the push–pull effect along the long axis of the molecule derived from the electron‐donating ether moieties and the electron‐accepting boron moieties. Of particular note is the NIR emission of the thienothiophene‐centered heteroacene, which has a maximum at 952 nm with a narrow band width of 309 cm−1 in cyclohexane. A Franck–Condon analysis revealed the crucial role of the sterically less‐hindered thienothiophene spacer in achieving this sharp emission band.
A Dynamic Chemical Clip in Supramolecular Framework for Sorting Alkylaromatic Isomers using Thermodynamic and Kinetic Preferences
Authors: Laha Subhajit , Haldar Ritesh , Dwarkanath Nimish , Bonakala Satyanarayana , Sharma Abhishek , Hazra Arpan , Balasubramanian Sundaram , Maji Tapas Kumar
Published: June 2021

Adsorptive chemical separation is at the forefront of future technologies, for use in chemical and petrochemical industries. In this process, a porous adsorbent selectively allows a single component from a mixture of three or more chemical components to be adsorbed or permeate. To separate the unsorted chemicals, a different adsorbent is needed. A unique adsorbent which can recognize and separate each of the chemicals from a mixture of three or more components is the necessity for the next generation porous materials. In this regard, we demonstrate a “dynamic chemical clip” in a supramolecular framework capable of thermodynamic and kinetics‐based chemical separation. The dynamic space, featuring a strong preference for aromatic guests through π‐π and C‐H⋅⋅⋅π interactions and adaptability, can recognize the individual chemical isomers from mixtures and separate those based on thermodynamic and kinetic factors. The liquid‐phase selectivity and separation of the aromatic isomers are possible by the adaptability of the “chemical clip” and here we elucidate the prime factors in a combinatorial approach involving crystallographic evidence and detailed computational studies.
Helical Microporous Nanorods Assembled by Polyoxometalate Clusters for the Photocatalytic Oxidation of Toluene
Authors: Yu Biao , Zhang Simin , Wang Xun
Published: June 2021

Microporous materials are extensively used in catalysis due to their unique pore structures. Among them, microporous materials loaded with polyoxometalates (POMs) exhibit considerable potential for catalysis thanks to the combination of the outstanding redox‐catalytic properties of POMs and the characteristics of microporous materials. Based on this, we developed a facile hydrothermal method to synthesize helical microporous nanorods (HMNRs) using POM clusters as building blocks, combining the properties of both POMs and microporous materials while circumventing the complicated loading process. The HMNRs show an enhanced photocatalytic performance for toluene oxidation. Comparatively high activity, superior selectivity towards benzaldehyde, and prominent cycling stability were achieved, manifesting a promising prospect for a future application in photocatalysis.
Thermal Unequilibrium of PdSn Intermetallic Nanocatalysts: From In Situ Tailored Synthesis to Unexpected Hydrogenation Selectivity
Authors: Chen Minda , Yan Yu , Gebre Mebatsion , Ordonez Claudio , Liu Fudong , Qi Long , Lamkins Andrew , Jing Dapeng , Dolge Kevin , Zhang Biying , Heintz Patrick , Shoemaker Daniel P. , Wang Bin , Huang Wenyu
Published: June 2021

Effective control on chemoselectivity in the catalytic hydrogenation of C=O over C=C bonds is uncommon with Pd‐based catalysts because of the favored adsorption of C=C bonds on Pd surface. Here we report a unique orthorhombic PdSn intermetallic phase with unprecedented chemoselectivity toward C=O hydrogenation. We observed the formation and metastability of this PdSn phase in situ. During a natural cooling process, the PdSn nanoparticles readily revert to the favored Pd3Sn2 phase. Instead, using a thermal quenching method, we prepared a pure‐phase PdSn nanocatalyst. PdSn shows an >96 % selectivity toward hydrogenating C=O bonds of various α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes, highest in reported Pd‐based catalysts. Further study suggests that efficient quenching prevents the reversion from PdSn‐ to Pd3Sn2‐structured surface, the key to the desired catalytic performance. Density functional theory calculations and analysis of reaction kinetics provide an explanation for the observed high selectivity.
Experimental investigation of a small‐scale reactor with processed bio‐fuel pellets
Authors: Dhaundiyal Alok , Singh Suraj B , Toth Laszlo
Published: June 2021

A developing small‐scale reactor was examined using the principles of thermal engineering design. The thermodynamic state of the system, psychrometry, and gas dynamics of the moist gas were considered in order to evaluate the quality of the end use. The performance of the reactor was defined in terms of the upgraded fuel and the design parameters of the reactor. A ring‐die was used to pelletize a milled form of black pinecones. Commercial wood pellets (hog fuel) and raw pinecones were analyzed alongside processed pinecones for comparison. A morphological analysis of the processed feedstock was carried out using a field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) equipped with an Everhart–Thornley detector (ETD) and an energy dispersive spectroscope (EDS). Compared with wood and with raw pinecones, the relative yield of char derived from the processed pinecones increased by 109% and 198%, respectively. On the other hand, the oil yield from processed pine was 65% lower than from raw pinecones, and the oil yield was 57% lower than that from hog fuel. The gas equations for the producer gas derived from processed pinecones pellets, raw pinecones, and the wood pellets in the reactor are PV   –0.013 = C, PV   –0.024 = C and PV   –0.020 = C, respectively. The dew point temperature of producer gas (processed pinecones) was found to have been reduced by 2–4%. The effect of sphericity on the processed pellets increased the pressure drop across the packed bed. © 2021 The Authors. Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining published by Society of Industrial Chemistry and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Einfluss der Druckfestigkeitsstreuung auf den Ermüdungswiderstand von druckschwellbeanspruchtem Beton
Authors: Schmidt Boso , Marx Steffen , Schneider Sebastian , Betz Thorsten
Published: June 2021

Experimentell ermittelte Bruchlastwechselzahlen druckschwellbeanspruchter Betone weisen im Allgemeinen große Streuungen auf. Als Hauptursache wird die Streuung der tatsächlichen Probekörperdruckfestigkeit vermutet, da die im Ermüdungsversuch aufgebrachten Ober‐ und Unterspannungen stets auf die mittlere Druckfestigkeit bezogen werden. Demnach versagen Probekörper, die tatsächlich höhere Druckfestigkeiten besitzen, bei höheren Lastwechselzahlen als Probekörper mit geringeren tatsächlichen Druckfestigkeiten. Um diese Vermutung zu überprüfen, wird im folgenden Artikel ein Konzept zur stochastischen Berücksichtigung der Druckfestigkeitsstreuung bei der Herleitung von Versuchswöhlerkurven präsentiert. Das Konzept wird auf Grundlage umfangreicher Ermüdungsuntersuchungen an Betonen der Festigkeitsklassen C100/115 und C80/95 für Windenergieanlagentürme erarbeitet und führt in den durchgeführten Untersuchungen zu nahezu glatten streuungsbereinigten Versuchswöhlerkurven. Das deutet darauf hin, dass die ursprüngliche, in den Wöhlerkurven inhärente Streuung tatsächlich allein auf die Streuung der Druckfestigkeit innerhalb der untersuchten Betonchargen zurückgeführt werden kann. Die Anwendung dieses Konzepts grenzt sich zunächst auf die Randbedingungen ein, unter denen die experimentellen Untersuchungen durchgeführt wurden. In ergänzenden Untersuchungen werden die unter Betrieb herrschenden Feuchte‐, Temperatur‐ und Frequenzbedingungen in einem Windenergieanlagenturm beleuchtet und mit den Bedingungen verglichen, unter denen die Laborergebnisse erzielt wurden. Abschließend wird für die untersuchten Betone ein Bemessungskonzept formuliert, welches die Anwendung der Wöhlerkurven gemäß fib Model Code 2010, inklusive einer angepassten Formulierung für die Bemessungsdruckfestigkeit bei Ermüdungsbeanspruchungen fcd,fat, empfiehlt.
Larvicidal potential of cell wall degrading enzymes from Trichoderma asperellum against Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae)
Authors: da Silveira Alexsander Augusto , Andrade Jackeline Santana Paula , Guissoni Ana Carla Peixoto , da Costa Adeliane Castro , de Carvalho e Silva Arthur , da Silva Heloisa Garcia , Brito Pedro , de Souza Guilherme Rocha Lino , Fernandes Kátia Flávia
Published: June 2021

Aedes aegypti is a mosquito vector of arboviruses such as dengue, chikungunya, zika and yellow fever that cause important public health diseases. The incidence and gravity of these diseases justifies the search for effective measures to reduce the presence of this vector in the environment. Bioinsecticides are an effective alternative method for insect control, with added ecological benefits such as biodegradability. The current study demonstrates that a chitinolytic enzyme complex produced by the fungus Trichoderma asperellum can disrupt cuticle formation in the L3 larvae phase of A. aegypti, suggesting such biolarvicidal action could be used for mosquito control. T. asperellum was exposed to chitin from different sources. This induction of cell wall degrading enzymes, including chitinase, N‐acetylglucosaminidase and β‐1,3‐glucanase. Groups of 20 L3 larvae of A. aegypti were exposed to varying concentrations of chitinolytic enzymes induced with commercial chitin (CWDE) and larvae cell wall degrading enzymes (L‐CWDE). After 72 h of exposure to the CWDE, 100% of larvae were killed. The same percent mortality was observed after 48 h of exposure to L‐CWDE at half the CWDE enzyme mixture concentration. Exoskeleton deterioration was further observed by scanning and electron microscopy. Our findings indicate that L‐CWDE produced by T. asperellum reflect chitinolytic enzymes with greater specificity for L3 larval biomolecules. This specificity is characterized by the high percentage of mortality compared with CWDE treatments and also by abrupt changes in patterns of the cellular structures visualized by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. These mixtures of chitinolytic enzymes could be candidates, as adjuvant or synergistic molecules, to replace conventional chemical insecticides currently in use.
Incidence and associated factors of sudden unexpected death in advanced cancer patients: A multicenter prospective cohort study
Authors: Ito Satoko , Morita Tatsuya , Uneno Yu , Taniyama Tomohiko , Matsuda Yosuke , Kohara Hiroyuki , Maeda Isseki , Nakayama Takeo , Mori Masanori ,   the EASED Investigators
Published: June 2021

Purpose

A sudden unexpected death has significant negative impacts on patients, family caregivers, and medical staff in hospice/palliative care. This study aimed to clarify the incidence and associated factors of sudden unexpected death according to four definitions in advanced cancer patients.

Methods

We performed a prospective cohort study in 23 inpatient hospices/palliative care units in Japan. Advanced cancer patients aged ≥18 years who were admitted to inpatient hospices/palliative care units were included. The incidence and associated factors of sudden unexpected death were evaluated in all enrolled patients according to four definitions: (a) rapid decline death, defined as a sudden death preceded by functional decline over 1–2 days; (b) surprise death, defined if the primary responsible palliative care physician answered “yes” to the question, “Were you surprised by the timing of the death?”; (c) unexpected death, defined as a death that occurred earlier than the physicians had anticipated; and (d) performance status (PS)‐defined sudden death, defined as a death that occurred within 1 week of functional status assessment with an Australia‐modified Karnofsky PS ≥50.

Results

Among 1896 patients, the incidence of rapid decline death was the highest (30‐day cumulative incidence: 16.8%, 95% CI: 14.8–19.0%), followed by surprise death (9.6%, 8.1–11.4%), unexpected death (9.0%, 7.5–10.8%), and PS‐defined sudden death (6.4%, 5.2–8.0%). Male sex, liver metastasis, dyspnea, malignant skin lesion, and fluid retention were significantly associated with the occurrence of sudden unexpected death.

Conclusion

Sudden unexpected death is not uncommon even in inpatient hospices/palliative care units, with range of 6.4–16.8% according to the different definitions.
What is a coalition? A systematic review of coalitions in community psychology
Authors: Lawlor Jennifer A. , Metta Kyle R. , Neal Zachary
Published: June 2021

While community psychologists often work with coalitions, these entities engage in a wide range of activities and structures that are not well defined within the field. In this paper, we explore the following questions: (a) What are the characteristics of coalitions community psychologists study? (b) What are the themes in the way authors define coalitions in their work? To address these questions, we conducted a systematic review of articles about coalitions in journals serving community psychologists. Findings suggest coalitions in community psychology can be characterised by a focus on a wide variety of local level community issues and include a diverse group of stakeholders. Coalitions are defined by a focus on three types of coordination: knowledge coordination, negotiated coordination, and action coordination. These types of coordination are used to address specific problems coalitions encounter and define the goals and techniques appropriate for resolving them. Please refer to the Supplementary Material section to find this article's Community and Social Impact Statement.
Building information modeling indoor path planning: A lightweight approach for complex BIM building
Authors: Liu Xiaojun , He Changyan , Zhao Hantao , Jia Jinyuan , Liu Chang
Published: June 2021

The increased growth of building complexity confronts the limited device resources, especially for lightweight personal digital devices. The research of handling these complex buildings with limited resources has become a pivotal research topic. This paper explores the task of lightweight indoor path planning in complex building information modeling (BIM) buildings. Both the environment modeling and path searching are important addressed through indoor path planning with a lightweight web‐based approach. A lightweight framework is designed in which the complex indoor path planning of a whole BIM building can be simplified into many local path searching of the building's interior spaces and all the online computation is decreased within no more than two simpler ones. In addition, an automatically indoor environment modeling method is proposed to partition the BIM building into many local interior spaces, constructing their spatial relationship and local grid map in a multilayered network. In the end, a heuristics optimized A star algorithm is implemented to speed up the shortest local path searching for the case of the path ends in a narrow corner. The final experiment shows that the online computational cost can be reduced greatly and dynamically to an average of 2 s when searching for the shortest path in a complex BIM building.
Evaluation of Antioxidant, Anti‐Inflammatory and Antityrosinase Potential of Extracts from Different Aerial Parts ofRhanterium suaveolensfrom Tunisia
Authors: Chelly Sabrine , Chelly Meryam , Occhiuto Cristina , Cimino Francesco , Cristani Mariateresa , Saija Antonina , Molonia Maria Sofia , Ruberto Giuseppe , D'Angelo Valeria , Germanò Maria Paola , Siracusa Laura , Bouaziz‐Ketata Hanen , Speciale Antonio
Published: June 2021

The genusRhanterium(Asteraceae) is a widely distributed medicinal plant throughout western North Africa and someRhanteriumspecies are used in folk medicine. The aim of research was to investigate methanolic extracts from different parts (flowers, leaves, and stems) of TunisianRhanterium suaveolensas potential sources of bioactive products useful for healthy purposes. In particular, were analyzed the phenolic composition of these extracts and their antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory, and anti‐tyrosinase properties.

The phytochemical analyses were performed using standard colorimetric procedures, HPLC‐DAD and HPLC‐DAD‐ESI‐MS. Then, several in vitro cell‐free assays have been used to estimate the antioxidant/free radical scavenging capability of the extracts. Moreover,in vitro, andin vivoanti‐melanogenesis activities of these extracts were tested, respectively, with the tyrosinase inhibition assay and the Zebrafish embryo model. Finally, the anti‐inflammatory potential of these extracts in anin vitromodel of acute intestinal inflammation in differentiated Caco‐2 cells was evaluated.

TheR. suaveolensextracts under study appeared particularly rich in flavonols and hydroxycinnamic acids and all extracts appeared endowed with good antioxidant/free radical scavenging properties, being the flower extracts slightly more active than the others. Moreover,R. suaveolensflowers extract was able to inhibit in vitro tyrosinase activity and exhibited bleaching effects on the pigmentation of zebrafish embryos. Furthermore, all extracts showed good anti‐inflammatory activity in intestinal epithelial cells as demonstrated by the inhibition of TNF‐α‐induced gene expression of IL‐6 and IL‐8.

R. suaveolensaerial parts may be considered as a potential source of whitening agents, as well as of agents for the treatment of disorders related to oxidative stress and inflammation.
Connecting community college economics faculty with the American Economic Association and the Federal Reserve System
Authors: Malakar Christine Lucy , Peyton James
Published: June 2021

This chapter explores the relationship between the American Economic Association and community college economics faculty, as well as the Federal Reserve System's education outreach efforts to the community college sector.
Cutting balloon angioplasty on branch pulmonary artery stenosis in pediatric patients
Authors: Cobb Harrison , Spray Beverly , Daily Joshua , Dossey Amy , Angtuaco Michael J.
Published: June 2021

Objectives

To identify medium‐term results following cutting balloon angioplasty (CBA) for branch pulmonary artery stenosis (PAS) and predictors of successful intervention.

Background

CBA has emerged as a successful alternative therapy for PAS resistant to conventional balloon angioplasty techniques but there is little information on medium and long‐term outcomes.

Methods

This is a descriptive, single center, retrospective chart review of pediatric patients who underwent CBA for PAS at Arkansas Children's Hospital between May 2005 and December 2020. We reviewed demographics, procedural specifics, and 30‐day complications.

Results

Forty‐four patients underwent pulmonary artery CBA on 114 pulmonary artery segments through 126 catheterization cases, totaling 148 CBA events. Thirty‐three individual pulmonary arteries underwent repeat intervention. Average minimal luminal diameter increase from pre‐CBA to end of follow‐up was 57% (CI, 38%–75%). Absence of Tetralogy of Fallot with pulmonary atresia and major aortopulmonary collateral arteries (TOF/PA/MAPCAs) and the absence of Alagille Syndrome, Williams Syndrome, or Arterial Tortuosity Syndrome (ATS) were associated with increased odds of sustained success by 70% (CI, 0.11–0.79) and 91% (CI, 0.02–0.56), respectively. Increasing the cutting balloon diameter‐to‐minimal luminal diameter ratio by 0.5 increased odds of successful intervention by 2.37‐fold (CI, 1.7–3.3). Seven patients had 30‐day complications including one death.

Conclusions

In the longest follow‐up to date of children and adolescents who underwent CBA for branch PAS, we found that there was moderate medium‐term success. Additionally, absence of TOF/PA/MAPCAs, absence of Alagille Syndrome, Williams Syndrome, or ATS, and high cutting balloon diameter‐to‐minimal luminal diameter ratio are predictors of sustained results.
Trace miRNA Assay Based on DNA Nanostructures Formed by Hybridization Chain Reaction and Gold‐Nanoparticle Tags
Authors: Song Yan , Wang Mingyuan , Qian Qin , Xu Jun , Zhou Qungang , Lv Shujie , Miao Peng
Published: June 2021

microRNAs (miRNAs), a class of endogenous non‐coding RNAs, are involved in many crucial biological processes, which have emerged as a new set of biomarkers for disease theranostics. Exploring efficient signal amplification strategy is highly desired to pursue an ultrasensitive miRNA biosensing platform. In this work, we have developed a novel electrochemical approach for the analysis of trace miRNA. Target triggered DNA assembly is performed on the surface of the electrode. Meanwhile, gold‐nanoparticle tags are integrated on the product of hybridization chain reaction, which further enhance electrochemical response towards initiator miRNA. The as‐prepared electrochemical biosensor shows good analytical performances and satisfactory practical utility. It has great potential to provide a powerful tool for the miRNA assay in biomedical fields.
Macrocyclic Complexes Derived from Four cis‐L2Pt Corners and Four Butadiynediyl Linkers; Syntheses, Electronic Structures, and Square versus Skew Rhombus Geometries
Authors: Collins Brenna K. , Clough Mastry Melissa , Ehnbom Andreas , Bhuvanesh Nattamai , Hall Michael B. , Gladysz John A.
Published: June 2021

The dialkyl malonate derived 1,3‐diphosphines R2C(CH2PPh2)2 (R=a, Me; b, Et; c, n‐Bu; d, n‐Dec; e, Bn; f, p‐tolCH2) are combined with (p‐tol3P)2PtCl2 or trans‐(p‐tol3P)2Pt((C≡C)2H)2 to give the chelates cis‐(R2C(CH2PPh2)2)PtCl2 (2 a–f, 94–69 %) or cis‐(R2C(CH2PPh2)2)Pt((C≡C)2H)2 (3 a–f, 97–54 %). Complexes 3 a–d are also available from 2 a–d and excess 1,3‐butadiyne in the presence of CuI (cat.) and excess HNEt2 (87–65 %). Under similar conditions, 2 and 3 react to give the title compounds [(R2C(CH2PPh2)2)[Pt(C≡C)2]4 (4 a–f; 89–14 % (64 % avg)), from which ammonium salts such as the co‐product [H2NEt2]+ Cl− are challenging to remove. Crystal structures of 4 a,b show skew rhombus as opposed to square Pt4 geometries. The NMR and IR properties of 4 a–f are similar to those of mono‐ or diplatinum model compounds. However, cyclic voltammetry gives only irreversible oxidations. As compared to mono‐platinum or Pt(C≡C)2Pt species, the UV‐visible spectra show much more intense and red‐shifted bands. Time dependent DFT calculations define the transitions and principal orbitals involved. Electrostatic potential surface maps reveal strongly negative Pt4C16 cores that likely facilitate ammonium cation binding. Analogous electronic properties of Pt3C12 and Pt5C20 homologs and selected equilibria are explored computationally.