bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Multimorbidity increases the risk of dementia: a 15 year follow-up of the SHARE study
Authors: Veronese Nicola , Koyanagi Ai , Dominguez Ligia J , Maggi Stefania , Soysal Pinar , Bolzetta Francesco , Vernuccio Laura , Smith Lee , Matranga Domenica , Barbagallo Mario
Published: April 2023

Aims

the literature regarding the association between multimorbidity and dementia is still unclear. Therefore, we aimed to explore the potential association between multimorbidity at the baseline and the risk of future dementia in the SHARE (Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe) study, a large European research survey, with a follow-up of 15 years.

Methods

in this longitudinal study, multimorbidity was defined as the presence of two or more chronic medical conditions, among 14 self-reported at the baseline evaluation. Incident dementia was ascertained using self-reported information. Cox regression analysis, adjusted for potential confounders, was run and hazard ratios (HRs), with their 95% confidence intervals (CIs), that were estimated in the whole sample and by 5 year groups.

Results

among 30,419 participants initially considered in wave 1, the 23,196 included participants had a mean age of 64.3 years. The prevalence of multimorbidity at baseline was 36.1%. Multimorbidity at baseline significantly increased the risk of dementia in the overall sample (HR = 1.14; 95% CI: 1.03–1.27) and in participants younger than 55 years (HR = 2.06; 95% CI: 1.12–3.79), in those between 60 and 65 years (HR = 1.66; 95% CI: 1.16–2.37) and in those between 65 and 70 years (HR = 1.54; 95% CI: 1.19–2.00). In the overall sample, high cholesterol levels, stroke, diabetes and osteoporosis increased the risk of dementia, particularly if present among participants between 60 and 70 years of age.

Conclusions

multimorbidity significantly increases the risk of dementia, particularly in younger people, indicating the need for early detection of multimorbidity for preventing cognitive worsening.
Endosidin 5 disruption of the Golgi apparatus and extracellular matrix secretion in the unicellular charophytePenium margaritaceum
Authors: LoRicco Josephine G , Kozel Li , Bagdan Kaylee , Epstein Ruby , Domozych David S
Published: April 2023

Background and Aims

Endosidins are a group of low-molecular-weight compounds, first identified by ‘chemical biology’ screening assays, that have been used to target specific components of the endomembrane system. In this study, we employed multiple microscopy-based screening techniques to elucidate the effects of endosidin 5 (ES5) on the Golgi apparatus and the secretion of extracellular matrix (ECM) components in Penium margaritaceum. These effects were compared with those caused by treatments with brefeldin A and concanamycin A. Penium margaritaceum’s extensive Golgi apparatus and endomembrane system make it an outstanding model organism for screening changes to the endomembrane system. Here we detail changes to the Golgi apparatus and secretion of ECM material caused by ES5.

Methods

Changes to extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) secretion and cell wall expansion were screened using fluorescence microscopy. Confocal laser scanning microscopy and transmission electron microscopy were used to assess changes to the Golgi apparatus, the cell wall and the vesicular network. Electron tomography was also performed to detail the changes to the Golgi apparatus.

Key Results

While other endosidins were able to impact EPS secretion and cell wall expansion, only ES5 completely inhibited EPS secretion and cell wall expansion over 24 h. Short treatments of ES5 resulted in displacement of the Golgi bodies from their typical linear alignment. The number of cisternae decreased per Golgi stack and trans face cisternae in-curled to form distinct elongate circular profiles. Longer treatment resulted in a transformation of the Golgi body to an irregular aggregate of cisternae. These alterations could be reversed by removal of ES5 and returning cells to culture.

Conclusions

ES5 alters secretion of ECM material in Penium by affecting the Golgi apparatus and does so in a markedly different way from other endomembrane inhibitors such as brefeldin A and concanamycin A.
Epidemiology of childhood acute kidney injury in England using e-alerts
Authors: Plumb Lucy , Casula Anna , Sinha Manish D , Inward Carol D , Marks Stephen D , Medcalf James , Nitsch Dorothea
Published: April 2023

Background

Few studies describe the epidemiology of childhood acute kidney injury (AKI) nationally. Laboratories in England are required to issue electronic (e-)alerts for AKI based on serum creatinine changes. This study describes a national cohort of children who received an AKI alert and their clinical course.

Methods

A cross-section of AKI episodes from 2017 are described. Hospital record linkage enabled description of AKI-associated hospitalizations including length of stay (LOS) and critical care requirement. Risk associations with critical care (hospitalized cohort) and 30-day mortality (total cohort) were examined using multivariable logistic regression.

Results

In 2017, 7788 children (52% male, median age 4.4 years, interquartile range 0.9–11.5 years) experienced 8927 AKI episodes; 8% occurred during birth admissions. Of 5582 children with hospitalized AKI, 25% required critical care. In children experiencing an AKI episode unrelated to their birth admission, Asian ethnicity, young (<1 year) or old (16–<18 years) age (reference 1–<5 years), and high peak AKI stage had higher odds of critical care. LOS was higher with peak AKI stage, irrespective of critical care admission. Overall, 30-day mortality rate was 3% (n = 251); youngest and oldest age groups, hospital-acquired AKI, higher peak stage and critical care requirement had higher odds of death. For children experiencing AKI alerts during their birth admission, no association was seen between higher peak AKI stage and critical care admission.

Conclusions

Risk associations for adverse AKI outcomes differed among children according to AKI type and whether hospitalization was related to birth. Understanding the factors driving AKI development and progression may help inform interventions to minimize morbidity.
Analysis of 10 Phthalate Esters in Water-Based Adhesives by Supercritical Fluid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry Combined With Spherical Carbons-Based Dispersion Solid-Phase Extraction
Authors: Yan Jun , Chen Zhiyan , Wang Chunqiong , Xue Yun , Lin Li , He Chen , Zhou Xiao , Yang Fei , Zhou Yun , Tang Gangling
Published: April 2023

Background

Spherical carbons have a porous structure and large surface area for adsorption of macromolecules in water-based adhesives. Supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) can improve selectivity and obtain better separation for phthalate esters (PAEs).

Objective

The aim of this study was to develop a simple and green method for the simultaneous determination of 10 PAEs in water-based adhesives using SFC–tandem mass spectrometry with dispersion solid-phase extraction by spherical carbons.

Method

Separation of PAEs on a Viridis HSS C18 SB column and the parameters affecting the extraction were evaluated.

Results

Good accuracy and precision were obtained with the recoveries at 0.5, 2.0, and 10.0 mg/kg ranging from 82.9 to 99.5% and the intra- and inter-day precision less than 7%. The method had excellent sensitivity with limits of detection in the range of 0.015–0.029 mg/kg. In the 10–500 ng/mL concentration range, the linear correlation coefficients of all compounds were between 0.9975 and 0.9995.

Conclusions

The method was applied to the determination of 10 PAEs in actual samples. This method is simple and rapid with low solvent consumption and high extraction efficiency. When applied to the determination of PAEs in actual samples, the method is sensitive and accurate and can meet the batch processing requirements for trace PAEs in water-based adhesives.

Highlights

PAEs in water-based adhesives can be determined using inexpensive materials and simple procedures with SFC.
Rejections Are More Contagious than Choices: How Another’s Decisions Shape Our Own
Authors: Nan Lana Xianglan , Park Sang Kyu , Yang Yang
Published: April 2023

Every day, we learn about others’ decisions from various sources. We perceive some of these decisions as choices and others as rejections. Does the mere perception of another’s decision as a choice versus as a rejection influence our own behavior? Are we more likely to conform to another’s decision if we view it in one way or the other? The current research investigates the social influence of decision frames. Eight studies, including a field study conducted during a livestreaming event hosted by an influencer with over 1.5 million followers, find that people are more likely to conform to another’s decision if it is perceived as a rejection than if it is perceived as a choice. This effect happens because consumers are more likely to attribute another’s decision to product quality as opposed to personal preference, when consumers perceive another’s decision as a rejection than as a choice. The inference about quality versus personal preference in turn increases conformity. This research bridges the existing literatures on decision framing, social influence, and perceptions of quality and personal preference, and it offers important implications for marketers and influencers.
Fibroadenoma in a transgender woman
Authors: Beatty Andrew S , Tam Diana
Published: April 2023

A breast fibroadenoma is a common benign condition that is typically seen in younger women. Rarely has it been described in men and often because of prescribed medications, but for transgender women, this occurrence is even rarer. Endocrine therapy plays a key role in the transition of a transwoman from male to female of which oestrogen is the most common form. The use of cross-sex hormones such as oestrogen is becoming increasingly more utilized in this transition helping in feminization but also secondary breast development. However, this does result in the development of other breast pathologies that were almost never seen in their cis-male counterparts. Herein, we present the case of a 27-year-old transwoman who presented with a palpable breast lump after being on oral oestrogen therapy for 6 years. She proceeded to an excisional biopsy, which confirmed the lesion to be a benign fibroadenoma.
The expanding role of RNA modifications in plant RNA polymerase II transcripts: highlights and perspectives
Authors: Zimna Marta , Dolata Jakub , Szweykowska-Kulinska Zofia , Jarmolowski Artur
Published: April 2023

Regulation of gene expression is a complicated process based on the coordination of many different pathways, including epigenetic control of chromatin state, transcription, RNA processing, export of mature transcripts to the cytoplasm, and their translation into proteins. In recent years, with the development of high-throughput sequencing techniques, the importance of RNA modifications in gene expression has added another layer to this regulatory landscape. To date, >150 different types of RNA modifications have been found. Most RNA modifications, such as N6-methyladenosine (m6A) and pseudouridine (Ψ), were initially identified in highly abundant structural RNAs, such as rRNAs, tRNAs, and small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). Current methods provide the opportunity to identify new types of modifications and to precisely localize them not only in highly expressed RNAs but also in mRNA and small RNA molecules. The presence of modified nucleotides in protein-coding transcripts can affect their stability, localization, and further steps of pre-mRNA maturation. Finally, it may affect the quality and quantity of protein synthesis. In plants, the epitranscriptomic field is still narrow, but the number of reports is growing rapidly. This review presents highlights and perspectives of plant epitranscriptomic modifications, focusing on various aspects of modifications of RNA polymerase II transcripts and their influence on RNA fate.
Bronchoalveolar lavage cytology in children with chronic unexplained cough and severely neurologically impaired children
Authors: Pavić Ivan , Karačić Draženka Ezgeta , Hojsak Iva
Published: April 2023

Objective

We aimed to compare the cellular composition of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluids in children with chronic unexplained cough (group 1) and severely neurologically impaired children with chronic or recurrent respiratory problems (group 2) with the BAL cytology of children without pulmonary or systemic diseases (group 3).

Methods

Bronchoscopy with BAL fluid analysis was performed in all subjects. Children with respiratory symptoms underwent 24-hour multichannel intraluminal impedance monitoring.

Results

A significant difference was found between the groups in the total number of cells in BAL fluid cytology (191 [range, 24–12,747], 747 [range, 53–13,000], and 105 [range, 41–233] cells/μL, P = .015), in the percentage of neutrophils (21.2 [SD = 32.4], 49.4 [SD = 36.6], and 3.6 [SD = 2.4], P < .001), and in the percentage of lipid-laden macrophages (10.3 [SD = 11.4], 13.7 [SD = 15.8] and 0.44 [SD = 1.0], P < .001).

Conclusion

The BAL fluid cytology provides useful data for determining the cause of chronic unexplained cough and chronic or recurrent respiratory problems in severely neurologically impaired children.
Electron Ptychographic Phase Imaging of Beam-sensitive All-inorganic Halide Perovskites Using Four-dimensional Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy
Authors: Scheid Anna , Wang Yi , Jung Mina , Heil Tobias , Moia Davide , Maier Joachim , van Aken Peter A
Published: April 2023

Halide perovskites (HPs) are promising candidates for optoelectronic devices, such as solar cells or light-emitting diodes. Despite recent progress in performance optimization and low-cost manufacturing, their commercialization remains hindered due to structural instabilities. While essential to the development of the technology, the relation between the microscopic properties of HPs and the relevant degradation mechanisms is still not well understood. The sensitivity of HPs toward electron-beam irradiation poses significant challenges for transmission electron microscopy (TEM) investigations of structure and degradation mechanisms at the atomic scale. However, technological advances and the development of direct electron cameras (DECs) have opened up a completely new field of electron microscopy: four-dimensional scanning TEM (4D-STEM). From a 4D-STEM dataset, it is possible to extract not only the intensity signal for any STEM detector geometry but also the phase information of the specimen. This work aims to show the potential of 4D-STEM, in particular, electron exit-wave phase reconstructions via focused probe ptychography as a low-dose and dose-efficient technique to image the atomic structure of beam-sensitive HPs. The damage mechanism under conventional irradiation is described and atomically resolved almost aberration-free phase images of three all-inorganic HPs, CsPbBr3, CsPbIBr2, and CsPbI3, are presented with a resolution down to the aperture-constrained diffraction limit.
Galaxy clusters in the Vela Supercluster – I. Deep NIR catalogues
Authors: Hatamkhani N , Kraan-Korteweg R C , Blyth S L , Said K , Elagali A
Published: April 2023

We present six deep Near-InfraRed (JHKs) photometric catalogues of galaxies identified in six cluster candidates (VC02, VC04, VC05, VC08, VC10, and VC11) within the Vela Supercluster (VSCL) as part of our efforts to learn more about this large supercluster, which extends across the zone of avoidance (ℓ = 272.°5 ± 20°, b = ±10°, at cz ∼ 18 000 km s−1). The observations were conducted with the InfraRed Survey Facility (IRSF), a 1.4-m telescope situated at the South African Astronomical Observatory (SAAO) in Sutherland. The images in each cluster cover $\sim 80{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ of their respective Abell radii. We identified a total number of 1715 galaxies distributed over the six cluster candidates, of which only $\sim 15{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ were previously known. We study the structures and richnesses of the six clusters out to the cluster-centric completeness radius of rc < 1.5 Mpc and magnitude completeness limit of $K_s^o\lt 15{_{.}^{\rm m}}5$, using their iso-density contour maps and radial density profiles. The analysis shows VC04 to be the richest of the six. It is a massive cluster comparable to the Coma and Norma clusters, although its velocity dispersion, σv = 455  km s−1, seems rather low for a rich cluster. VC02 and VC05 are found to be relatively rich clusters while VC08 is rather poor. Also, VC05 has the highest central number density among the six. VC11 is an intermediate cluster that contains two major subclusters while VC10 has a filament-like structure and is likely not to be a cluster after all.
A framework to mitigate patchy reionization contamination on the primordial gravitational wave signal
Authors: Jain Divesh , Choudhury Tirthankar Roy , Mukherjee Suvodip , Paul Sourabh
Published: April 2023

One of the major goals of future cosmic microwave background (CMB) B-mode polarization experiments is the detection of primordial gravitational waves through an unbiased measurement of the tensor-to-scalar ratio r. Robust detection of this signal will require mitigating all possible contamination to the B-mode polarization from astrophysical origins. One such extragalactic contamination arises from the patchiness in the electron density during the reionization epoch. Along with the signature on CMB polarization, the patchy reionization can source secondary anisotropies on the CMB temperature through the kinetic Sunyaev–Zeldovich (kSZ) effect. In order to study the impact of this foreground for the upcoming CMB missions, we present a self-consistent framework to compute the CMB anisotropies based on a physically motivated model of reionization. We show that the value of r can bias towards a higher value if the secondary contribution from reionization is neglected. However, combining small-scale kSZ signal, large-scale E-mode polarization, and B-mode polarization measurements, we can put constraints on the patchiness in electron density during reionization and can mitigate its impact on the value of r. CMB missions such as CMB-S4 and PICO may experience a bias of >0.17σ which can go as high as ∼0.73σ for extreme reionization models allowed by the Planck and SPT CMB measurements. As future experiments target to measure r at 5σ, this is likely to affect the measurement significance and hence possibly affect the claim of detection of r, if not mitigated properly by using joint estimations of different reionization observables.
Mapping the distribution of OB stars and associations in Auriga
Authors: Quintana Alexis L , Wright Nicholas J , Jeffries Robin D
Published: April 2023

OB associations are important probes of recent star formation and Galactic structure. In this study, we focus on the Auriga constellation, an important region of star formation due to its numerous young stars, star-forming regions, and open clusters. We show using Gaia data that its two previously documented OB associations, Aur OB1 and OB2, are too extended in proper motion and distance to be genuine associations, encouraging us to revisit the census of OB associations in Auriga with modern techniques. We identify 5617 candidate OB stars across the region using photometry, astrometry and our SED fitting code, grouping these into five high-confidence OB associations using HDBSCAN. Three of these are replacements to the historical pair of associations – Aur OB2 is divided between a foreground and a background association – while the other two associations are completely new. We connect these OB associations to the surrounding open clusters and star-forming regions, analyse them physically and kinematically, constraining their ages through a combination of 3D kinematic traceback, the position of their members in the HR diagram and their connection to clusters of known age. Four of these OB associations are expanding, with kinematic ages up to a few tens of Myr. Finally, we identify an age gradient in the region spanning several associations that coincides with the motion of the Perseus spiral arm over the last ∼20 Myr across the field of view.
Escherichia coli inhibits endometriosis by inducing M1 polarity of peritoneal macrophages and the IL-1 signaling pathway
Authors: Yan Shumin , Huang Yufei , Xu Le , Dong Xiaoyu , Wang Shuang , Jiao Xue , Yuan Ming , Wang Guoyun
Published: April 2023

The development of endometriosis is closely linked to macrophages, and the type M1 macrophage has been hypothesized to play an inhibitory role in its progression. Escherichia coli induces macrophage polarization toward M1 in numerous diseases and differs in the reproductive tract of patients with and without endometriosis; however, its specific role in endometriosis development remains unknown. Therefore, in this study, E. coli was selected as a stimulator to induce macrophages, and its effects on the growth of endometriosis lesions in vitro and in vivo were investigated using C57BL/6N female mice and endometrial cells. It was revealed that E. coli inhibited the migration and proliferation of co-cultured endometrial cells by IL-1 in vitro and prevented the growth of lesions and induced macrophage polarization toward M1 in vivo. However, this change was counteracted by C–C motif chemokine receptor 2 inhibitors, suggesting that it was associated with bone marrow-derived macrophages. Overall, the presence of E. coli in the abdominal cavity may be a protective factor for endometriosis.
Defense systems are pervasive across chromosomally integrated mobile genetic elements and are inversely correlated to virulence and antimicrobial resistance
Authors: Botelho João
Published: April 2023

Mobile genetic elements (MGEs) are key promoters of microbial evolution. These elements can be located extrachromosomally or integrated into the chromosome. Well-known examples of chromosomally integrated MGEs (ciMGEs) are integrative and conjugative/mobilizable elements (ICEs and IMEs), and most studies to date have focused on the biological mechanisms that shape their lifestyle. It is crucial to profile the diversity and understand their distribution across the microbial community, as the number of genome sequences increases exponentially. Herein, I scanned a collection of >20 000 bacterial and archaeal non-redundant genomes and found over 13 000 ciMGEs across multiple phyla, representing a massive increase in the number of ciMGEs available in public databases (<1000). Although ICEs are the most important ciMGEs for the accretion of defense systems, virulence, and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes, IMEs outnumbered ICEs. Moreover, defense systems, AMR, and virulence genes were negatively correlated in both ICEs and IMEs. Multiple ciMGEs form heterogeneous communities and challenge inter-phylum barriers. Finally, I observed that the functional landscape of ICEs was populated by uncharacterized proteins. Altogether, this study provides a comprehensive catalog of nucleotide sequences and associated metadata for ciMGEs from 34 phyla across the bacterial and archaeal domains.
The Law of American State Constitutions
Authors: Williams Robert F. , Friedman Lawrence
Published: April 2023

The second edition of The Law of American State Constitutions provides complete coverage of the legal doctrines surrounding, applying to, and arising from American state constitutions and their judicial interpretation. Drawing on examples from specific states, Professors Williams and Friedman analyze the nature and function of state constitutions in contrast to the federal Constitution, including rights, separation of powers, issues of interpretation, and the processes for amendment and revision. In this edition, the authors focus on recent developments, including the state constitutional dimensions of same-sex marriage and the reaction of state courts to U.S. Supreme Court decision-making. This edition of The Law of American State Constitutions remains an important analytical tool that explains the unique character and the range of interpretive approaches to these constitutions. It covers the structure of state governments under state constitutions, as well as the distribution of powers among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches. Like the first edition, this edition presents a complete picture of state constitutional law and the attributes and features that make this body of law so distinctive.
The Other American Constitutions
Authors: Williams Robert F. , Friedman Lawrence
Published: April 2023

Part I introduces the characteristics of state constitutions and situates state constitutions as real constitutions, interconnected and operating in tandem with the U.S. Constitution but different in important respects from the federal model. This part also addresses the development of the early state constitutions and their influence on the development of the federal Constitution, with particular focus on the alternative and potentially unfamiliar visions of constitutional design. Part I details the evolution of state constitutions, which are easier to amend, and the federal influence on that evolution. Finally, it reviews the limits the federal law imposes on state constitutions, discussing the ways in which the federal and state constitutions are interconnected but not equal.
The State Legislative Branch
Authors: Williams Robert F. , Friedman Lawrence
Published: April 2023

This chapter covers the design and features of the legislative branch under state constitutions. In regard to the nature of the legislative power, it discusses the distinctions between state and federal constitutional law and the scope of the legislative power and challenges to that power, and highlights the legislature’s plenary authority. The chapter explores the nontextual boundaries of legislative power and the procedural restrictions, such as the single-subject rule. The chapter discusses judicial enforcement of legislative procedure provisions, such as the enrolled bill rule and its permutations, the journal entry rule, and the extrinsic evidence rule. It addresses limitations on special and local laws , the role of local government under state constitutions, supermajority voting requirements, retroactive statutes, direct legislation, the legislative veto, and legislative redistricting.
The State Executive Branch
Authors: Williams Robert F. , Friedman Lawrence
Published: April 2023

This chapter covers several matters related to the nature and scope of gubernatorial and executive power under state constitutions. The nature and scope of this power are examined in contrast to the power that may be exercised by legislatures under state constitutions. The concepts associated with gubernatorial and executive power that are addressed include such matters as the nature and extent of the gubernatorial veto, and the extent to which under a state constitution a governor enjoys some form of executive privilege. In addition, the chapter addresses state constitutional agencies and officers, state administrative agencies, and the various functions of each kind of agency.
Judicial Involvement in State Constitutional Amendment and Revision
Authors: Williams Robert F. , Friedman Lawrence
Published: April 2023

This chapter addresses the extent to which state judiciaries have involved themselves in the processes of state constitutional amendment and revision in particular states, and the ways in which the courts have both invited and rejected such involvement. As well, the chapter considers and examines the processes of lawmaking by constitutional amendment and the phenomenon of constitutional legislation. Finally, this chapter turns to an examination of the various procedural limits on state constitutional change. This discussion includes an analysis of the distinction, in state constitutional terms, between constitutional amendment and constitutional revision, as well as the distinction between single-subject and separate vote requirements.
Personal but Not Private
Authors: Duguay Stefanie
Published: April 2023

Personal but Not Private is about how people put themselves out there on social media despite the challenges of negotiating overlapping and unknown audiences within platforms’ technological, social, economic, and political contexts. Focusing on queer women’s use of mobile apps, the book develops the concept of identity modulation: the processes through which people and platforms modulate—adjust or modify—personal and intimate information. Through qualitative digital and traditional research methods, identity modulation is investigated in queer women’s use of Tinder, a dating and hook-up app; Instagram, a photo- and video-sharing app; and Vine, an app that enjoyed a brief stint of popularity for its short, looping videos. Across these apps, identity modulation involves users and platforms shaping particular dynamics of personal identifiability, reach, and salience in relation to self-representations. Tinder intensifies personal identifiability by importing profile information from other platforms. Instagram and Vine are configured to extend users’ reach through attention-grabbing media formats while Vine, in particular, facilitated salient expressions of sexuality and identity statements. Queer women responded to these affordances, making the apps work for their aims of forming relationships, increasing their social and economic participation, and countering intersecting forms of oppression. However, platform designs, business models, and governance approaches placed limitations on these women’s agency in their identity modulation. These findings point to the need for sociotechnical changes that give individuals greater control over identity modulation as a means to fully realize its world-making potential.
Care
Authors: Nedelsky Jennifer , Malleson Tom
Published: April 2023

“Care” explains why and how everyone should provide unpaid care. It discusses what care entails and for whom people should care. It explains the profound learning that can come from the “hands on” experience of providing care, and extends the issue of human-to-human care to care for the earth. The chapter addresses the most common objections to our proposal. These include the worry that expecting everyone to care is an authoritarian imposition of values (Shouldn’t people be free to devote themselves to care or work as they see individually see fit? Isn’t it best for families to divide care internally however they so choose?) it is really necessary for everyone to care (Can’t we just pay taxes to fund public care workers and professionals instead of having to do it ourselves? And does everyone really have the ability to be perform care well?) Why isn’t this privatization of state care responsibilities?
Conclusion
Authors: Nedelsky Jennifer , Malleson Tom
Published: April 2023

This conclusion reviews the fundamental problems that derive from the dominant patterns of work and care: inequality, work-life conflict, time scarcity, and the care/policy divide. The central purpose of this book has been to offer a real solution that could actually solve such problems, precisely because it seeks to transform the very roots of the issue by shifting the dominant norms towards universal caregiving and simultaneously shifting the dominant workplace structures to secure, quality, part-time work for all. Against the backdrop of growing inequality and the specter of environmental breakdown, this chapter recalls both the normative desirability as well as the practical viability of PTfA. Finally, it addresses the political prospects for PTfA in the future.
Artisanal Coffee
Authors: Sanchez Kelly , Mroz Austin M. , Hendon Christopher H.
Published: April 2023

Arabica coffee beans produce more desirable flavor than the less expensive Robusta beans, and this is the variety used by artisans. The beans are sorted and separated from the fruit by wet depulping, sun-drying, or a combination of the two. Roasting of the beans leads to the characteristic bitterness and brown color and generates changes in fatty acids, proteins, chlorogenic acids, furans, and other compounds. Grinding releases volatile organic compounds and increases the surface area, and the brewing method (boiling water mixed with grounds or flowing water through a bed of grounds) affects the properties of the final product. The artisan controls all these steps on a small scale, adjusting them to lead to an optimum cup of coffee.
Functional Neuroanatomy and Clinical Neuroscience
Authors: Uysal Suzan
Published: April 2023

This book is a comprehensive introduction to functional neuroanatomy and clinical neuroscience that is focused on disorders of human cognition and behavior, designed as both a reference and a textbook, and suitable for clinical neuropsychology students, early career neuropsychologists, and other non-physician healthcare professionals who work with people who have brain diseases or injuries. It is unique in that it interleaves discussion of functional neuroanatomy, clinical neuroscience, and disorders of the human central nervous system with rich descriptions of neurocognitive and neurobehavioral syndromes. It provides a comprehensive overview of key neuroanatomic concepts, clearly linking them to cognitive and behavioral disorders. The chapters are organized hierarchically, helping the reader to build up a strong clinical knowledge base from more basic neuroscience concepts. The material progresses from functional neuroanatomy of brain structures and associated clinical syndromes, common neuropathologies, and domain-specific syndromes. The book ends with several chapters giving concise descriptions of clinical assessment and neuroimaging methods.
Electrical Signaling in Neurons
Authors: Uysal Suzan
Published: April 2023

Neurons, the basic functional unit of the nervous system, are electrically excitable; they receive, integrate, and transmit information via electric currents generated by the flow of ions. To understand how electrical signals are generated and conducted within neurons, it is necessary to understand some basic principles of chemistry that govern the diffusion (movement) of molecules and ions, some basic principles of membrane structure and permeability, and the ionic basis of membrane potentials. This chapter provides an overview of the process by which electrical signals are generated and propagated within neurons. A basic understanding of these processes is fundamental to understanding mechanisms underlying seizures, electroencephalography, and brain stimulation, as well as some aspects of neuropharmacology and demyelinating disorders.
Cranium, Spine, Meninges, Ventricles, and Cerebrospinal Fluid
Authors: Uysal Suzan
Published: April 2023

The central nervous system is covered with several layers of protective tissues: the bony coverings, which consist of the cranium and the spine, and the meninges. The cerebrospinal fluid, which surrounds the brain and spinal cord, also serves a protection function, and fills a series of interconnected ventricles that run within the core of the brain. This chapter introduces the reader to these external and internal structures, as well as related clinical considerations such as intracranial pressure and mass effect, meningitis, meningiomas, arachnoid cysts, subarachnoid hemorrhage, epidural and subdural hematomas, brain herniation, and hydrocephalus, as well as the neurodiagnostic procedure of lumbar puncture.
The Brainstem
Authors: Uysal Suzan
Published: April 2023

The brainstem is the lowermost, stalk-like part of the brain. Phylogenetically it is the oldest part of the human brain, similar in structure and function to the brains of reptiles and fish. The brainstem controls basic functions necessary for physiologic survival, such as heart rate, breathing, and digestion, as well as sleep-wakefulness and level of arousal in higher animals with cerebral cortex. Extensive damage to the brainstem usually results in death; lesser degrees of damage result in coma and persistent vegetative state. Focal brainstem lesions produce various combinations of impaired function of the cranial nerve nuclei, and the long ascending and descending tracts, forming the basis of brainstem syndromes, with cranial nerve-related signs providing rostral-caudal localization and long tract-related signs providing medial-lateral localization. This chapter describes basic brainstem anatomy, function, and clinical considerations related to brainstem pathology.
Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Uysal Suzan
Published: April 2023

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is defined as physical trauma to the brain due to impact, penetration, or rapid movement of the brain within the skull, caused by an external mechanical force. Traumatic brain injuries encompass a broad spectrum of severities, from very mild transient changes in brain function resulting in a brief alteration of consciousness with rapid recovery, to catastrophic injuries resulting in severe disability or death. The pathophysiology of TBI is complex, and in many cases involves a combination of pathologies. Primary injuries occur at the time of trauma and are caused by mechanical forces; these include skull fracture, contusion, laceration, and traumatic axonal injury. Secondary injuries are due to delayed processes that evolve after the primary injury and clinically present hours to days after the injury; these include hematoma, edema, raised intracranial pressure, brain herniation, impaired cerebral perfusion and cerebral ischemia, infection, scar tissue formation, and cerebral atrophy. The aim of TBI management and treatment is to prevent secondary injury. This chapter describes the epidemiology of TBI, pathophysiology of primary and secondary injury, classification of injuries, measures of severity and clinical classifications, and chronic traumatic encephalopathy.
Brain Neoplasms
Authors: Uysal Suzan
Published: April 2023

A brain neoplasm is a growth of abnormal cells within the brain or in the tissues immediately surrounding the brain. There are more than 150 types of brain tumors, and they are characterized along multiple dimensions: intrinsic or extrinsic, invasive or noninvasive, benign or malignant, primary or metastatic, growth rate, cell type from which they originate, and other histological features. The principal categories based on cell type of origin are gliomas, meningiomas, pituitary tumors, Schwannomas, and metastases. The most common presentations of brain tumor are focal neurological signs and symptoms, seizures, headache and other signs and symptoms of elevated intracranial pressure, and endocrine abnormalities. Brain tumors are treated by surgical tumor resection, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and various combinations of these approaches. This chapter describes the classification, grading, presenting clinical signs and symptoms, treatment, and neurobehavioral effects of intracranial tumors.
The Neurological Examination
Authors: Uysal Suzan
Published: April 2023

The neurological examination is an evaluation of nervous system function. Its purposes are: (1) to determine if there is evidence of a neurologic problem; (2) to determine the possible neuroanatomical site of pathology (i.e., localize the lesion); (3) to determine the underlying etiology; and (4) to guide decisions for treatment plans. It evaluates several domains of function: mental status, cranial nerve function, motor function, sensory function, reflexes, coordination, station, and gait. While the neurological exam is tailored to the clinical question(s), each domain of function is touched upon to cover the entire neuraxis (i.e., the cerebral cortex, subcortical white matter, deep gray matter structures, cerebellum, brainstem, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, neuromuscular junction, and muscles). Other investigative studies, such as neuroimaging studies, neurophysiological studies, laboratory studies, and neuropsychological examination, may also contribute to localization and differential diagnosis.
Age-related changes in everyday prospective memory
Authors: Craik Fergus I. M. , Henry Julie D.
Published: April 2023

This chapter reviews and discusses theories and practical issues relating to prospective memory (PM) and how it changes during normal adult ageing. PM is the ability to perform a planned action at a future time and consists of four phases: the formation of an intention, its retention over time, the initiation, and then the completion of the intended action. Successful retrieval is boosted by the provision of cues, but if such cues are not present the person must ‘remember to remember’ by engaging self-initiated activities mediated by the frontal lobes. Laboratory studies reveal that PM declines with age, but often less in tasks that are cued by an event (event-based PM) than in tasks in which the person performs the action at a specific time or after a specified interval (time-based PM). PM tasks that are particularly reliant on self-initiated activities may be less effective in older people owing to a decline in frontally based control processes. Older adults are also more likely to make commission errors—to perform the planned action a second time. This chapter discusses the paradoxical finding that, although older adults perform less well than younger adults on laboratory PM tasks, the same older adults may outperform their younger counterparts on real-life PM tasks, possibly due to their stronger motivation. Evidence is also reviewed that shows how PM plays an important role in many real-life activities of daily living that are crucial for the older person’s well-being and independence. The chapter concludes with a discussion of possible interventions that may benefit PM function in late adulthood, and how current theories may be applied to improve the efficacy of such interventions.
Mental imagery
Authors: Andrade Jackie
Published: April 2023

This chapter plots a path from theoretical research on the role of working memory in mental imagery to the development of a new imagery-based intervention for motivating behaviour change. The starting point is research testing the idea that vivid imagery requires temporarily storing and manipulating information in working memory. Subsequent research demonstrated that working memory loads affect the vividness and emotional charge of images in similar ways. This association between vividness and emotionality underpinned research on cognitive processes in desire. The chapter explains elaborated intrusion theory, which hypothesizes a central role of imagery in food and drug cravings, and describes empirical tests of the theory that were guided by working memory principles. It then considers how this craving research was applied to the problem of desire more generally and the question of how to strengthen desires for functional goals. A new behaviour change intervention called functional imagery training emerged from this application. Functional imagery training develops individuals’ skills in using imagery to build and sustain motivation to achieve their goals. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the value of theory for guiding applied research and some speculations about how, in turn, applied research in mental health has generated questions that will shape working memory theory in the future.
Precedent, Contest, and Law
Authors: Brewer Scott
Published: April 2023

Legal arguments from precedent, like all legal arguments, and indeed all arguments, take place in contests. Understanding the nature of these contests is the key to understanding legal precedential arguments. I shall refer to an explanation of some concept or phenomenon that sees a central role for contest as ‘agonophilic’ (‘contest-loving’). This chapter offers an agonophilic explanation of the nature of legal precedential argument, one that relies on a theory of the nature of argument, the Logocratic Method, which is itself energetically suffused with an agonophilic approach. Such a theory well explains the argumental phenomena animating the dichotomy of ‘power’ and ‘reason’ that Justice Marshall advanced in Payne v Tennessee (‘Power, not reason, is the new currency of this Court’s decisionmaking’) and that the dissent in Dobbs v Jackson also invoked in quoting it. What is wanting in this dichotomy is a recognition that, in legal argument, ‘reason’, in the form of arguments (including but not limited to precedential arguments), is the instrument by which authorized legal officials exercise the ‘power’ to make and remake law. The life of the law is power exercised by the instrument of argumental reason.
Precedent and Similarity
Authors: Schauer Frederick , Spellman Barbara A
Published: April 2023

Given that no two acts, events, situations, and legal cases are identical, precedential constraint necessarily involves determining which two different cases and situations are relevantly similar. One traditional view posits that these determinations are made on the basis of the rationale in the earlier case, another traditional view sees similarity in the facts of the earlier case plus the outcome, and the legal realist view insists that determinations of similarity are ex post attributions based on a judge’s outcome or policy preferences. In contrast to all of these positions, however, is a view informed by research in cognitive psychology. This research supports the conclusion that outcome-independent perceptions of similarity, perceptions based on the experiences and background of the perceiver, not only play a role in the determination of similarity, but often lead precedential reasoners to reason from particular to particular without the conscious mediation of any rule or principle.
The Gravitational Force of Future Decisions
Authors: Varsava Nina
Published: April 2023

This chapter argues that in the process of adjudication judges may have a duty to ‘follow’ not only past judicial decisions but also future ones. The chapter develops the idea within a Dworkinian framework, showing how under law as integrity future decisions exert gravitational force (or precedent-like effect) on present cases for some of the same reasons that past decisions do. This force gives rise to a type of judicial obligation that has not been addressed in the literature, and calls for the new model of case-based adjudication that the chapter begins to develop. For Dworkin, the primary value underlying the practice of precedent is equality or formal justice. Judges have a duty to help to ensure that their legal system treats like cases alike, which means that they ought to follow past decisions. The chapter argues that, because equality is not an exclusively past-oriented ideal but rather an atemporal one, whenever future decisions are reasonably foreseeable they exert precedent-like pressure on judges. Accordingly, future decisions have underappreciated normative implications for how judges should exercise their authority today. On this model of case-based adjudication, compared to the conventional, purely retrospective one that Dworkin hung on to, a judge takes a bidirectional, and in that sense more expansive, view of the proper input to the enterprise of constructive interpretation. The chapter tries to show how, under the best interpretation of law as integrity itself, the law is constituted, in part, by future cases as well as past ones.