bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Macaques in China: Evolutionary dispersion and subsequent development
Authors: Li Baoguo , He Gang , Guo Songtao , Hou Rong , Huang Kang , Zhang Pei , Zhang He , Pan Ruliang , Chapman Colin A.
Published: May 2020

Depicting a taxonomic group's evolutionary trajectory as a function of changes in the geographical landscape and its historical distribution is critical for constructing informed conservation strategies. Based on fossil sites from the Pliocene to the Holocene, and historical records since 1175 AD, we established macaques’ dispersal pathways into and through China. These routes include internal pathways starting from the southeast corner of the Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau and Mts. Hengduan in western China, and the routes through the estuaries of the three major rivers (Yangtze, Yellow, and Pearl). Our results indicate that macaques used the three rivers and avoided the higher elevation of the plateaus to promote their radiation. They occupied the whole mainland and islands in the Pleistocene and experienced shrunken distribution in the Holocene due to climate changes and human‐induced activities. A prominent China‐wide reduction occurred between 1817 and 1917; and a remarkable retraction from central China happened between 1918 and 2018 following further eco‐social development and human expansion in central China, particularly since the second half of the last century. Starting in 1175 there was a restriction of range to higher altitudes, so that macaques have contracted their range to the west, and the Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau and Mts. Hengduan have become an important sanctuary. We predict that if the current climate and human‐induced changes are not reversed by decisive conservation actions, macaques in east and central China will likely be extinct in the near future.
Heiße Luft oder cooler Duft? Die Trends der letzten 20 Jahre in der Riechstoffchemie
Authors: Armanino Nicolas , Charpentier Julie , Flachsmann Felix , Goeke Andreas , Liniger Marc , Kraft Philip
Published: May 2020

Dieser Aufsatz ist die Fortsetzung unseres Berichtes über die neuesten Trends der Riechstoffchemie aus dem Jahr 2000 und fasst die Entwicklungen der letzten 20 Jahren zusammen. Dem selben Duftspektrum folgend, werden besonders richtungsweisende Captives (patentgeschützte Riechstoffe, die nicht frei verkäuflich sind) vorgestellt, und die Einteilung in die Geruchsfamilien “fruchtig”, “grün”, “marin”, “blumig”, “würzig”, “holzig”, “Ambra” und “Moschus” wird auch in dieser Übersicht beibehalten. Das Design von Riechstoffen, ihre chemische Synthese und ihre Verwendung in der modernen Parfümerie werden anhand von prominenten Beispielen illustriert. Unter anderem werden neue fruchtige Riechstoffe vorgestellt, die vor allem der Kopfnote von Parfüms eine besondere Signatur verleihen, aber auch durch Anwendung von Präkursor‐Technologien in der Basisnote einen olfaktorischen Beitrag leisten können. Bei den Grünnoten liegt der Schwerpunkt auf grünen Blättern und Birnen. Neue Benzodioxepine und Benzodioxole haben die marine Familie modernisiert und machten eine Überarbeitung der Olfaktophor‐Modelle notwendig. Bedeutende regulatorische Einschränkungen des Gebrauchs von Lilial und Lyral bereicherten die Parfümindustrie im floralen Bereich mit einer großen Fülle von neuen Maiglöckchen‐Riechstoffen. Darüber hinaus wurde intensiv nach neuen Rosen‐Riechstoffen geforscht, wobei ein besonderes Augenmerk auf Rosenketonen lag. Die Biotechnologie gewann signifikant an Bedeutung, wie mit Clearwood und Ambrofix belegt wird. In der holzigen Duftfamilie wurde das riechende Prinzip des Vetiveröls aufgeklärt. Eine vierte und sogar fünfte Verbindungsklasse von Moschus‐Riechstoffen wurde entdeckt, von denen einige Derivate besondere wirtschaftliche Bedeutung erlangten. All diese Aktivitäten eröffneten neue, zukunftsweisende Perspektiven und Forschungsrichtungen in der Chemie der Riechstoffe.
CuPd Nanoparticles as a Robust Catalyst for Electrochemical Allylic Alkylation
Authors: Yin Zhouyang , Pang Huan , Guo Xuefeng , Lin Honghong , Muzzio Michelle , Shen Mengqi , Wei Kecheng , Yu Chao , Williard Paul , Sun Shouheng
Published: May 2020

An efficient CuPd nanoparticle (NP) catalyst (3 nm CuPd NPs deposited on carbon support) is designed for catalyzing electrochemical allylic alkylation in water/isopropanol (1:1 v/v) and 0.2 m KHCO3 solution at room temperature. The Pd catalysis was Pd/Cu composition‐dependent, and CuPd NPs with a Pd/Cu ratio close to one are the most efficient catalyst for the selective cross‐coupling of alkyl halides and allylic halides to form C−C hydrocarbons with product yields reaching up to 99 %. This NP‐catalyzed electrochemical allylic alkylation expands the synthetic scope of cross‐coupling reactions and can be further extended to other organic reaction systems for developing green chemistry electrosynthesis methods.
Values, gender and attitudes towards environmental policy: A study of future managers
Authors: Bhattacharyya Asit , Rahman Mohammed Lutfur
Published: May 2020

This study explores if the value priorities and their impact on future managers' attitudes towards environmental responsibilities vary with gender. While relevant prior studies mostly focus on gender‐based variations of individuals' personal values in developed economies, we concentrate on both personal values and pro‐environmental attitudes in an emerging economy. This study is built on MBA students (a proxy for future managers) in India since India is characterized as a male‐dominated society and a producer of larger number of MBA graduates. Overall, our results show that personal values and attitude towards environmental responsibilities do not vary significantly with gender. Only two values (among the 21 values) and one value type (out of 10 values) get significantly higher ranking from females compared with males. Further, although ‘universalism’ and ‘benevolence’ are found to have a statistically significant impact on respondents' attitude towards environmental responsibility, the latter is invariant to the respondents' gender. Our findings may indicate India's transformation from a male‐dominated society towards a more gender‐balanced society. These findings can be used to operationalize a pro‐environmental recruitment policy and to formulate strategies to improve female participation in MBA cohorts of business schools.
An odontoid fracture and vertebral artery injury in fast‐track
Authors: Windsor T. Andrew , Tewelde Semhar Z. , Blosser Kelly M. , Richardson Adam C.
Published: May 2020

While CT scans without IV contrast are obtained commonly to evaluate vertebral injuries, CT angiography scans should be considered whenever a fracture site approaches known vasculature.
Controllable Synthesis of Fe‐Doped NiCo2O4 Nanobelts as Superior Catalysts for Oxygen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Wei Pengkun , Yang Yang , Kang Hongzhi , Hao Zewei , Guo Donggang , Liu Lu
Published: May 2020

As one of the promising clean and renewable technologies, water splitting has been a hot topic, especially the half‐reaction of oxygen evolution reaction (OER) due to its sluggish and complex kinetics. Hence, Fe‐doped NiCo2O4 nanobelts were designed and prepared as catalysts toward OER. By increasing the Fe amount, the catalytic performances of the as‐synthesized products went up and then decreased. Profiting from the synergistic effect between Fe atom and NiCo2O4, all the Fe‐NiCo2O4 catalysts exhibited superior catalytic activities to the corresponding NiCo2O4. In addition, the characteristic nanobelt architecture facilitates the conduction of electrons and the exposure of active sites. With the optimal Fe content, the 9.1 % Fe‐NiCo2O4 yielded the smallest overpotential and Tafel slope among the catalysts, distinctly lower than that of RuO2.
Water‐Soluble Rhenium Clusters with Triazoles: The Effect of Chemical Structure on Cellular Internalization and the DNA Binding of the Complexes
Authors: Konovalov Dmitry I. , Ivanov Anton A. , Frolova Tatiana S. , Eltsov Ilia V. , Gayfulin Yakov M. , Plunkett Louis , Bazzar Masoomeh , Adawi Ali M. , Bouillard Jean‐Sebastien G. , Baiborodin Sergey I. , Sinitsyna Olga I. , Kuratieva Natalia V. , Yanshole Vadim V. , Efremova Olga A. , Shestopalov Michael A.
Published: May 2020

Here we explore the effect of the nature of organic ligands in rhenium cluster complexes [Re6Q8L6]4− (where Q=S or Se, and L=benzotriazole, 1,2,3‐triazole or 1,2,4‐triazole) on the biological properties of the complexes, in particular on the cellular toxicity, cellular internalization and localization. Specifically, the study describes the synthesis and detailed characterization of the structure, luminescence and electrochemical properties of the four new Re6 clusters with 1,2,3‐ and 1,2,4‐triazoles. Biological assays of these complexes are also discussed in addition to those with benzotriazole using cervical cancer (HeLa) and immortalized human fibroblasts (CRL‐4025) as model cell lines. Our study demonstrates that the presence of hydrophobic and π‐bonding rich units such as the benzene ring in benzotriazole significantly enhances cellular internalization of rhenium clusters. These ligands facilitate binding of the clusters to DNA, which results in increased cytotoxicity of the complexes.
Diazaphospholene and Diazaarsolene Derived Homogeneous Catalysis
Authors: Ould Darren M. C. , Melen Rebecca L.
Published: May 2020

The past 20 years has seen significant advances in main group chemistry and their use in catalysis. This Minireview showcases the recent emergence of phosphorus and arsenic containing heterocycles as catalysts. With that, we discuss how the Group 15 compounds diazaphospholenes, diazaarsolenes, and their cationic counterparts have proven to be highly effective catalysts for a wide range of reduction transformations. This Minireview highlights how the initial discovery by Gudat of the hydridic nature of the P−H bond in these systems led to these compounds being used as catalysts and discusses the wide range of examples currently present in the literature.
A Cornucopia of Iridium Nitrogen Compounds Produced from Laser‐Ablated Iridium Atoms and Dinitrogen
Authors: Stüker Tony , Beckers Helmut , Riedel Sebastian
Published: May 2020

Invited for the cover of this issue is the group of Sebastian Riedel at Freie Universität Berlin. The image depicts an iridium rainbow reacting with dinitrogen to form iridium–nitrogen compounds. Read the full text of the article at 10.1002/chem.201905514.
Innovative Syntheses of Cyano(fluoro)borates: Catalytic Cyanation, Electrochemical and Electrophilic Fluorination
Authors: Drisch Michael , Bischoff Lisa A. , Sprenger Jan A. P. , Hennig Philipp T. , Wirthensohn Raphael , Landmann Johannes , Konieczka Szymon Z. , Hailmann Michael , Ignat'ev Nikolai V. , Finze Maik
Published: May 2020

Different types of high‐yield, easily scalable syntheses for cyano(fluoro)borates Kt[BFn(CN)4−n] (n=0–2) (Kt=cation), which are versatile building blocks for materials applications and chemical synthesis, have been developed. Tetrafluoroborates react with trimethylsilyl cyanide in the presence of metal‐free Brønsted or Lewis acid catalysts under unprecedentedly mild conditions to give tricyanofluoroborates or tetracyanoborates. Analogously, pentafluoroethyltrifluoroborates are converted into pentafluoroethyltricyanoborates. Boron trifluoride etherate, alkali metal salts, and trimethylsilyl cyanide selectively yield dicyanodifluoroborates or tricyanofluoroborates. Fluorination of cyanohydridoborates is the third reaction type that includes direct fluorination with, for example, elemental fluorine, stepwise halogenation/fluorination reactions, and electrochemical fluorination (ECF) according to the Simons process. In addition, fluorination of [BH(CN)2{OC(O)Et}]− to result in [BF(CN)2{OC(O)Et}]− is described.
Elevating the art of medicine: A caregiver's reflection
Authors: Siyahian Kristin Hoyt
Published: May 2020

The following narrative chronicles the unlikely events of the author, an editorial director of an oncology publication, whose experience with cancer was purely academic in nature until 2 family members were diagnosed simultaneously with breast cancer and melanoma, respectively. The perspective‐altering encounters from inside the healthcare system revealed critical lessons regarding the importance of patient‐centered care as key to empowering patients and creating a sense of peace for survivors.
Can we restore the colour of long‐term discoloured resin composites by noninvasive methods?
Authors: Atalayin Ozkaya Cigdem , Yasa Bilal , Demirhan Ali Osman , Turkun Lezize Sebnem
Published: May 2020

The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of toothbrushing and paste repolishing on the colour restitution of long‐term coffee discoloured prefabricated and direct resin composites. One prefabricated (Componeer‐Coltène) and three direct resin composites (Brilliant Ever Glow‐Coltène, Essentia‐GC, Harmonize‐Kerr) were tested. Componeer samples were prepared with and without polishing while the other groups were all polished. After baseline colour‐measurement, the specimens were immersed in coffee for 3‐month and colour‐measurement was repeated, then a simulation of 1‐year of toothbrushing (Toothbrush Simulation ZM‐3.4‐SD Mechatronics) with Pro‐Expert Professional Protection‐Ipana, 3D White Luxe Perfection‐Ipana, and White Ruscello‐GC toothpaste was performed. Colour‐changes (ΔE) after toothbrushing and repolishing with polishing paste (Enamelize, Cosmodent) were calculated. The discolouration occurred after prolonged exposure to a coffee solution was above the clinically acceptable level of ΔE = 2 in all groups, except Componeer polished group. The lowest discoloured group was Componeer polished (ΔE = 1.66 ± 0.32) while the highest was Essentia group (ΔE = 4.30 ± 0.48). The samples toothbrushed with White Ruscello exhibited the greatest colour restitution (ΔE = 2.06 ± 0.75) (P < .05). After paste repolishing, slight colour restitution was observed among all the groups, but the differences between them remained the same as after the toothbrushing procedure. Prolonged exposure to coffee solution affects the colour of the resin composites and noninvasive methods can provide colour restitution below the critical value for visual perception (ΔE = 3.3). Noninvasive procedures such as toothbrushing with a whitening toothpaste or repolishing with a polishing paste may ensure the colour restitution of direct resin composite restorations until a clinically acceptable level.
Special Issue on Context‐Aware Computing: Theory and Applications
Authors: Vinh Phan Cong
Published: May 2020

The special issue with the title of “Context‐Aware Computing: Theory and Applications” edited by Prof. Phan Cong Vinh is presented to researchers in the field of context‐aware computing. This issue does not introduce a methodology for formal specification and reasoning in context‐aware computing. It presents theoretical bases in context‐aware computing and connects basic reasoning problems to other fundamental issues in context‐aware computing. In short, the special issue tries to get answer to the following question: “How far can it go in context‐aware computing specification and reasoning by representing context‐aware computing with formal notions in process algebras sense and reasoning with formal logics?”.
Establishment of Humanized Mice from Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells or Cord Blood CD34+ Hematopoietic Stem Cells for Immune‐Oncology Studies Evaluating New Therapeutic Agents
Authors: Verma Bhavna , Wesa Amy
Published: May 2020

The clinical success of immune checkpoint modulators and the development of next‐generation immune‐oncology (IO) agents underscore the need for robust preclinical models to evaluate novel IO therapeutics. Human immune system (HIS) mouse models enable in vivo studies in the context of the HIS via a human tumor. The immunodeficient mouse strains NOG (Prkdcscid Il2rgtm1Sug) and triple‐transgenic NOG‐EXL [Prkdcscid Il2rgtm1Sug Tg (SV40/HTLV‐IL3, CSF2)], which expresses human IL‐3 and GM‐CSF, allow for human CD34+ hematopoietic stem cell (huCD34+ HSC) engraftment and multilineage immune cell development by 12 to 16 weeks post‐transplant and facilitate studies of immunomodulatory agents. A more rapid model of human immune engraftment utilizes peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) transplanted into immunodeficient murine hosts, permitting T‐cell engraftment within 2 to 3 weeks without outgrowth of other human immune cells. The PBMC‐HIS model can be limited due to onset of xenogeneic graft‐versus‐host disease (xGVHD) within 3 to 5 weeks post‐implantation. Host deficiency in MHC class I, as occurs in beta‐2 microglobulin knockout in either NOG or NSG mice, results in resistance to xGVHD, which permits a longer therapeutic window. In this article, detailed processes for generating humanized mice by transplantation of HSCs from cord blood–derived huCD34+ HSCs or PBMCs into immunodeficient mouse strains to respectively generate HSC‐HIS and PBMC‐HIS mouse models are provided. In addition, the co‐engraftment and growth kinetics of patient‐derived and cell line–derived xenograft tumors in humanized mice and recovery of tumor‐infiltrating lymphocytes from growing tumors to evaluate immune cell subsets by flow cytometry are described. © 2020 The Authors.

Basic Protocol 1: Establishment of patient‐derived xenograft tumors in CD34+ hematopoietic stem cell–humanized mice

Basic Protocol 2: Establishment of patient‐derived xenograft tumors in peripheral blood mononuclear cell–humanized mice

Support Protocol 1: Flow cytometry assessment of humanization in mice

Support Protocol 2: Flow cytometry assessment of tumor‐infiltrating lymphocytes in tumor‐bearing humanized mouse models
Drug Dosing Recommendations for All Patients: A Roadmap for Change
Authors: Powell J. Robert , Cook Jack , Wang Yaning , Peck Richard , Weiner Dan
Published: May 2020

Most drug labels do not contain dosing recommendations for a significant portion of real‐world patients for whom the drug is prescribed. Current label recommendations predominately reflect the population studied in pivotal trials that typically exclude patients who are very young or old, emaciated or morbidly obese, pregnant, or have multiple characteristics likely to influence dosing. As a result, physicians may need to guess the correct dose and regimen for these patients. It is now feasible to provide dose and regimen recommendations for these patients by integrating available scientific knowledge and by utilizing or modifying current regulatory agency‐industry practices. The purpose of this commentary is to explore several factors that should be considered in creating a process that will provide more effective, safe, and timely drug dosing recommendations for most, if not all, patients. These factors include the availability of real‐world data, development of predictive models, experience with the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)’s pediatric exclusivity program, development of clinical decision software, funding mechanisms like the Prescription Drug Users Fee Act (PDUFA), and harmonization of global regulatory policies. From an examination of these factors, we recommend a relatively simple, efficient expansion of current practices designed to predict, confirm, and continuously improve drug dosing for more patients. We believe implementing these recommendations will benefit patients, payers, industry, and regulatory agencies.
Tracing Sweetgum Lignin's Molecular Properties through Biorefinery Processing
Authors: Jiang Xiao , Narron Robert H. , Han Qiang , Park Sunkyu , Chang Hou‐min , Jameel Hasan
Published: May 2020

Changes to the molecular properties of lignin over the course of biorefinery processing were investigated by using sweetgum as a feedstock. Hydrothermal pretreatment has been used because it is an economically attractive, green process. Three representative biorefinery lignin preparations were obtained, with about 70 % yield based on raw lignin. The three fractions included soluble lignin adsorbed on resin (XADL), solvent‐extracted lignin (HTCELp), and an additional ball‐milled residual lignin (HTRELp). By comparing the raw and biorefinery lignin preparations, it can be concluded that lignin undergoes both degradation and condensation throughout the various stages of the hydrothermal‐based biorefinery process. The two fractions made soluble by biorefinery processing, XADL and HTCELp, were found to be low‐molecular‐weight degradation products enriched with free phenolic hydroxyl groups. In addition, about 15 % of noncondensed phenolic units were involved in condensation reactions. Quantitative NMR spectroscopy analysis revealed that at least about 28 % of β‐O‐4′ substructures were cleaved. Hibbert's ketones were identified in XADL and HTRELp, which provided evidence of lignin undergoing acidolysis. The contents of β‐5′ and β‐β′ did not change significantly upon biorefinery processing. Finally, episyringaresinol was detected in XADL and HTCELp. It is hoped that these findings will help to further demonstrate the specific effects of biorefinery processing on lignin in hardwood and facilitate its utilization to improve biorefinery economics.
Reduced brain cell proliferation following somatic injury is buffered by social interaction in electric fish, Apteronotus leptorhynchus
Authors: Dunlap Kent D. , Vergara Margarita M. , Corbo Joshua H.
Published: May 2020

In many species, the negative effects of aversive stimuli are mitigated by social interactions, a phenomenon termed social buffering. In one form of social buffering, social interactions reduce the inhibition of brain cell proliferation during stress. Indirect predator stimuli (e.g., olfactory or visual cues) are known to decrease brain cell proliferation, but little is known about how somatic injury, as might occur from direct predator encounter, affects brain cell proliferation and whether this response is influenced by conspecific interactions. Here, we assessed the social buffering of brain cell proliferation in an electric fish, Apteronotus leptorhynchus, by examining the separate and combined effects of tail injury and social interactions. We mimicked a predator‐induced injury by amputating the caudal tail tip, exposed fish to paired interactions that varied in timing, duration and recovery period, and measured brain cell proliferation and the degree of social affiliation. Paired social interaction mitigated the negative effects of tail amputation on cell proliferation in the forebrain but not the midbrain. Social interaction either before or after tail amputation reduced the effect of tail injury and continuous interaction both before and after caused an even greater buffering effect. Social interaction buffered the proliferation response after short‐term (1 d) or long‐term recovery (7 d) from tail amputation. This is the first report of social buffering of brain cell proliferation in a non‐mammalian model. Despite the positive association between social stimuli and brain cell proliferation, we found no evidence that fish affiliate more closely following tail injury.
Hydrolytic Nanozymes
Authors: Gabrielli Luca , Prins Leonard J. , Rastrelli Federico , Mancin Fabrizio , Scrimin Paolo
Published: May 2020

In 2004 we first reported catalytic nanoparticles, that are able to cleave phosphate diesters with very high efficiency (Angew. Chem. Int Ed, 2004, 43, 6165–6169) and dubbed them “nanozymes” for the similarity of their behavior with natural enzymes, both in terms of efficiency and mechanism of action. Since then the field has impressively expanded and a search on the web of science at the time of submitting this contribution returned almost 1,000 entries. This minireview highlights what has been done in the field focusing specifically on hydrolytic nanozymes, the focal point of the research in our group since its very beginning. Special emphasis is given to the advantage of bringing catalytic units in the confined space of a nanosystem in terms of inducing the cooperation between them, favoring the interaction with substrates, and altering the local environment. We will try to answer to questions like: why can a lipophilic substrate be transformed by these catalysts even in an aqueous environment? Why may the pH in the catalytic loci of the nanosystem be different from that of the bulk solution even in the presence of buffers? Why are most of these nanosystems better than monovalent ones?
An observer‐based fault tolerance control system with a static filter and its application to high‐rise buildings
Authors: Chen Chao‐Jun , Li Zuo‐Hua , Teng Jun , Wu Qing‐Gui , Lin Bei‐Chun
Published: May 2020

This article proposes a fault tolerance control (FTC) system that composes of a state observer and a static filter, which can eliminate the adverse effects of sensor failures on the active mass damper control system of high‐rise buildings and realize fault detection and isolation. First, the accurate acceleration responses are obtained through a static filter that is used for minimizing the differences between the estimated and actual feedback signals. The key point is transformed into a gain optimization problem solved by a linear matrix inequality approach. Then, a state observer uses the detected and isolated acceleration responses as the feedback signals to estimate the whole states, which are used to calculate the control forces. Finally, a new observer‐based FTC system is accomplished for high‐rise buildings. To verify its effectiveness, the proposed methodology is applied to a numerical example and an experimental system. The results demonstrate that the fault tolerance controller has a good performance and stable control parameters, which provides good potential for structural vibration control of high‐rise buildings.
Magnetization influence analysis of the casing and drill pipe in shale gas dual horizontal well Rotating Magnet Ranging System drilling process
Authors: Wu Pan , Wei Minghui
Published: May 2020

Rotating Magnet Ranging System (RMRS) is one of the core guiding technologies for shale gas extraction, and its magnetic measurement data will inevitably be affected by the downhole magnetic objects in the target magnetic field. The casing and drill pipe, which are apt to be magnetized by the magnetic sub, are major influencing factors of the measurement results. In order to study the influence comprehensively, a dual horizontal well RMRS drilling model is established. Based on static magnetic dipole theory, the magnetic field distribution equation of the low‐rotational magnetic sub is deduced and characterized. Firstly, the casing and drill pipe were segmented into ring, layer, and block volume elements. Then according to the dynamic magnetic dipole field distribution equation, the magnetic field strength of the magnetic source at the volume element (equivalent magnetic dipole) and the sensor was calculated, as well as the magnetic strength of independent magnetization field and superposition magnetization field of casing and drill pipe at the sensor position. Finally, the effectiveness of the numerical method results was verified by outdoor experiments, and the shielding effect of the static magnetic shielding on the external magnetic field of casing was preliminarily analyzed. The research results indicate that the magnetic sub has a strong magnetization effect on the casing and drill pipe. The magnetization field of the casing is about 2.39 times stronger than that of the drill pipe, and they will seriously affect the sensor measurement data. When the well spacing is small, the magnetization field waveform will be distorted. With the increase of the well spacing d, the waveform gradually changes sinusoidally, the fluctuation period of the magnetization field also gradually becomes twice (d > 1.5 m) that of the magnetic source, and the peak value of the magnetization field decreases exponentially. A preliminary analysis of the magnetic shielding of casing revealed that the magnetic shielding would cause great attenuation to the strength of the magnetic source. The numerical simulation proposed in this paper provides a theoretical basis for the error analysis of RMRS, which is of great significance for measurement correction and accuracy improvement.
Comparative analysis of a Sisko nanofluid over a stretching cylinder through a porous medium
Authors: Bisht Ankita , Sharma Rajesh
Published: May 2020

The present article examines the Sisko nanofluid flow and heat transfer through a porous medium due to a stretching cylinder using Buongiorno's model for nanofluids. Suitable similarity transformations are used to transform the governing boundary layer equations of fluid flow into nonlinear ordinary differential equations. The finite difference method is used to solve coupled nonlinear differential equations with MATLAB software. The impact of different parameters viz., the Sisko material parameter, porosity parameter, curvature parameter, thermophoresis parameter, and Brownian diffusion parameter on the velocity and temperature distribution are presented graphically. Moreover, the effect of the involved parameters on the heat transfer rate is also studied and presented through table values. It is noticed from the numerical values that the porosity parameter reduces the velocity while enhancing the temperature. The curvature parameter enhances the velocity throughout the fluid regime and reduces the temperature near the surface while enhancing the temperature far away from the surface. The study reveals that the thermophoresis and Brownian diffusion parameters that characterize the nanofluid flow reduce the wall heat transfer rate, while the curvature parameter enhances it. This investigation of wall heating/cooling has essential applications in solar porous water absorber systems, chemical engineering, metallurgy, material processing, and so forth.
Differentially heated cubical cavity using energy pathlines and field synergy
Authors: Rani Hari P. , Koragoni Naresh , Narayana Vekamulla
Published: May 2020

The article deals with the natural convective flow of air in a cubical cavity which is analyzed numerically. Isothermal temperature is maintained on the vertical walls where the temperature of the left wall is more than the right wall and all other walls are assumed to be kept insulated. In this present article, upwind, QUICK, SUPERBEE, and self‐filtered central differencing schemes are compared based on their accuracy and computational time with a numerical example. An attempt has been made to analyze the flow behavior inside the cavity using vortex corelines, streamlines, isotherms energy pathlines, and field synergy by varying the Rayleigh number (Ra) from 103 to 106. In the vicinity of isothermal vertical walls, the velocity, and temperature boundary layers become thinner as Ra increases. The energy pathlines are in oscillating nature when Ra increases to 105 and above. The field synergy principle implies by improving the synergy between the velocity and temperature, the heat transfer gets enhanced with the less increased flow resistance.
Isotopic variation in groundwater across the conterminous United States – Insight into hydrologic processes
Authors: Stahl Mason O. , Gehring Jaclyn , Jameel Yusuf
Published: May 2020

Groundwater supplies a significant proportion of water use in the United States and is critical to the maintenance of healthy ecosystems and environmental processes, thus characterizing aquifer hydrology is important to managing and preserving these resources. While groundwater isotopes provide insight into hydrologic and ecologic processes, their application is limited to where measurements exist. To help overcome this limitation, we used the random forest algorithm to develop a predictive model for shallow groundwater isotopes in the conterminous United States. Our model uses environmental variables (e.g. temperature, elevation, precipitation isotopes) as predictors. We used our model to develop the first shallow groundwater isoscape of δ2H and δ18O for the conterminous United States. We describe the patterns in groundwater isotopes using both observations and our modelled isoscape. We find that throughout much of the Eastern United States, groundwater isotopes are close to annual amount weighted precipitation, while groundwater isotopes are significantly depleted relative precipitation across much of the High Plains and Western United States. Furthermore, we compare the observations compiled for this study to isotopes of precipitation, which allows us to determine the relative recharge efficiency (i.e. ratio of groundwater recharge to precipitation) between seasons and the proportion of annual recharge that occurs in a given season. Our findings suggest that winter recharge is generally more efficient than summer recharge; however, the dominant recharge season is more varied as it is the product of both seasonal recharge efficiency and the seasonal timing of precipitation. Parts of the central United States have summer dominant recharge, which is likely the result of heavy summer precipitation/nocturnal summer precipitation. Interestingly, parts of coastal California appear to have summer dominant recharge, which we suggest could be due to recharge from fog‐drip. Our results summarize spatial patterns in groundwater isotopes across the conterminous United States, provide insight into the hydrologic processes affecting shallow groundwater, and are valuable information for future ecologic and hydrologic studies.
Cognitive Ergonomics: Supporting Effective Use of Predictive Analytics Using Ethical Mental Frameworks
Authors: Colver Mitchell
Published: May 2020

As we become increasingly acquainted with the rich opportunities that analytics systems can provide, there is a commensurate need to consider the extent to which analytics tools are effectively integrated, with proper training, into the day‐to‐day functioning of higher education professionals. This chapter explores the extent to which predictive analytics can be properly scaffolded using robust cognitive ergonomics—mental frameworks of ethical and appropriate use—to support successful deployment of analytics in higher education.
Drainage and ecological service of irrigation schemes in China*
Authors: Ding Kunlun , Chang Xiaomin
Published: May 2020

The farmland drainage plays an important role for the sustainable development of agriculture and ecology in China. More attention needs to be given to the impact of farmland drainage on agriculture, ecology and food security. This paper mainly presents and analyses the following aspects related to farmland drainage in China: i) current situation and existing problems; ii) theory and practice; iii) demand and prospects in future
Switch, a new intervention that targets motivational negative symptoms in people with schizophrenia: An uncontrolled pilot study
Authors: Thonon Bénédicte , Levaux Marie‐Noëlle , Della Libera Clara , Larøi Frank
Published: May 2020

Objective

People diagnosed with schizophrenia experience difficulties in their daily life, which is best explained by motivational negative symptoms. This study explores the feasibility, acceptability, and efficacy of Switch, a new multifactorial intervention that targets motivational deficits.

Method

Eight participants with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder followed around 30 individual sessions of Switch over 12 months. Participants and their informants were interviewed at baseline (T0), at 6 months (T1), at the end of the intervention (T2), and at 6 months follow‐up (T3).

Results

T0–T1 paired sample t tests showed large improvements on motivational deficits, general negative symptoms, and apathy and functional outcomes (both as rated by informants). At T2 and T3, moderate to large improvements were maintained. Switch was well accepted by participants.

Conclusions

This preliminary investigation provides evidence that Switch may be a feasible, acceptable, and effective intervention specifically designed to target motivational deficits and improve daily functioning.
The outlook for diagnostic purposes of the 2019‐novel coronavirus disease
Authors: Tahmasebi Safa , Khosh Elnaz , Esmaeilzadeh Abdolreza
Published: May 2020

At the end of December 2019, a novel acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV2) appeared as the third unheard of outbreak of human coronavirus infection in the 21st century. First, in Wuhan, China, the novel SARS‐CoV2 was named by the World Health Organization (WHO), as 2019‐nCOV (COVID‐19), and spread extremely all over the world. SARS‐CoV2 is transmitted to individuals by human‐to‐human transmission leading to severe viral pneumonia and respiratory system injury. SARS‐CoV2 elicits infections from the common cold to severe conditions accompanied by lung injury, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and other organ destruction. There is a possibility of virus transmission from asymptomatic cases as active carriers, in addition to symptomatic ones, which is a crucial crisis of COVID‐19 that should be considered. Hence, paying more attention to the accurate and immediate diagnosis of suspected and infected cases can be a great help in preventing the rapid spread of the virus, improving the disease prognosis, and controlling the pandemic. In this review, we provide a comprehensive and up‐to‐date overview of the different types of Clinical and Para‐clinical diagnostic methods and their practical features, which can help understand better the applications and capacities of various diagnostic approaches for COVID‐19 infected cases.
Application of Clinical Pharmacology Principles in Drug Development of Modified‐Release Products: Leveraging Exposure‐Response Information to Support Approval
Authors: AbuAsal Bilal S. , Hamed Salaheldin S. , Ahmed Mariam A. , Al‐Mansour Lana , Uppoor Ramana , Mehta Mehul
Published: May 2020

The development of modified‐release (MR) drug products aims to address a clinical need such as improving patient compliance. There are multiple pathways and development strategies for the registration and approval of MR products. The development strategy of an MR product is usually dependent on the availability and pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) characteristics of the reference drug product, that is, an immediate‐release (IR) product or a reference MR. Compared with a reference IR product, an MR product is likely to have a different PK profile over the least common dosing time due to unequal dosing intervals. In case of differences in PK profiles between the MR product and the reference product, confirmatory efficacy and safety studies may be needed to support registration. In some cases, however, a thorough clinical PK/PD characterization may provide sufficient basis to support the approval of the proposed MR product without the need for additional safety and efficacy studies. This article summarizes the US Food and Drug Administration experience and the regulatory considerations supporting the approval of MR products in the past 6 years and discusses cases in which clinical pharmacology and PK/PD information were leveraged to support approval without the need for additional clinical studies. Details of all these cases are available in the public domain. In 2 cases a well‐characterized exposure‐response relationship provided sufficient justification that differences in the shape of the PK profiles were not clinically relevant. In the remaining 3 cases a thorough characterization of the PK profile along with a risk‐based approach provided bases for approval.
Fabrication of stable super‐hydrophilic/underwater super‐oleophobic poly(arylene ether nitrile) nanofibrous composite membranes via the one‐step co‐deposition of dopamine and 3‐aminopropyltriethoxysilane for efficient oil‐in‐water emulsion separation
Authors: Mou Chuanlin , Hu Jiaxin , Zhan Yingqing , He Shuangjiang , Chiao Yu‐Hsuan , Zhao Shumei
Published: May 2020

BACKGROUND

The large‐scale oily wastewater from chemical industries and oil spills causes severe damage to ecosystems and affects human health. To date, plenty of superwetting membranes have been applied for efficient oil/water separation, but they still face many challenges when separating emulsified oily wastewater in harsh chemical conditions.

RESULTS

Herein, novel thermally and chemically stable super‐hydrophilic/underwater super‐oleophobic polymer nanofibrous composite membranes were fabricated by a facile and effective strategy. For this purpose, poly(arylene ether nitrile) (PEN) nanofibrous matting prepared from electrospinning was chosen as a supporting layer, which possessed excellent performance including anticorrosion, high thermal stability and tensile strength. Based on this, polydopamine (PDA) and 3‐aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) were easily and uniformly co‐deposited onto the porous PEN supporting layer via a one‐step immersion process. The resulting PEN composite membranes possessed stable super‐hydrophilic/underwater super‐oleophobic properties because of strong adhesion, abundant hydrophilic groups and the hierarchical micro‐/nanostructure. Consequently, these membranes could separate various surfactant‐stabilized emulsions under low driving pressure (0.04 MPa), with high permeation flux (6121 L m−2 h−1) and oil rejection ratio (>99.63%). Furthermore, the PEN nanofibrous membranes exhibited stable super‐wetting and long‐term separation performance under harsh operating conditions.

CONCLUSION

The super‐hydrophilic/underwater super‐oleophobic PEN membranes fabricated via a facile co‐deposition strategy realized high separation efficiency, and excellent stability and antifouling property for emulsified oily wastewater under harsh operating environments, which indicated that they may have promising applications for the treatment of complicated oily wastewaters. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Synthesis and biological evaluation of some heterocyclic scaffolds based on the multifunctional N‐(4‐acetylphenyl)‐2‐chloroacetamide
Authors: Abdel‐Latif Ehab , Fahad Mustafa M. , El‐Demerdash Amr , Ismail Mohamed A.
Published: May 2020

The chloroacetamide derivative, 1, was used as a versatile precursor for the synthesis of various types of N‐aryl‐2‐(benzothiazol‐2‐ylthio)acetamide derivatives. The reaction of 1 with 2‐mercaptobenzothiazole followed by condensation reaction of the produced sulfide with phenylhydrazine, 2‐cyanoacetohydrazide, and/or thiosemicarbazide furnished the conforming condensation products, 4, 7, and 10, respectively. Treatment of the phenylhydrazone product, 4, with Vilsmeier formylation reagent (POCl3/DMF) yielded the corresponding 4‐formylpyrazole derivative, 5. The thiosemicarbazone product, 10, was reacted with ethyl bromoacetate to furnish the thiazolin‐4‐one derivative, 11. The substitution reactions of chloroacetamide derivative, 1, with 2‐mercapto‐4,6‐dimethylnicotinonitrile and 6‐amino‐2‐mercaptopyrimidin‐4‐ol, were explored to identify the sulfide products, 14 and 17. Cyclization of 14 into its corresponding thieno[2,3‐b]pyridine compound, 15, was performed using sodium ethoxide. The thiosemicarbazone, 10, and sulfide derivative, 14, were found to be the most potent antibacterial compounds against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, exhibiting growth inhibitory activities of 80.8% and 91.7%, respectively. Moreover, the thiosemicarbazone, 10, displayed the most significant antioxidant activity with inhibitory activity of 82.6%, which comes close to the antioxidant activity of L‐ascorbic acid.
Zinc and cadmium complexation of L‐methionine: An infrared multiple photon dissociation spectroscopy and theoretical study
Authors: Boles Georgia C. , Stevenson Brandon C. , Hightower Randy L. , Berden Giel , Oomens Jos , Armentrout P. B.
Published: May 2020

Methionine (Met) cationized with Zn2+, forming Zn (Met–H)+(ACN) where ACN = acetonitrile, Zn (Met–H)+, and ZnCl+(Met), as well as Cd2+, forming CdCl+(Met), were examined by infrared multiple photon dissociation (IRMPD) action spectroscopy using light generated from the FELIX free electron laser. A series of low‐energy conformers for each complex was found using quantum‐chemical calculations in order to identify the structures formed experimentally. For all four complexes, spectral comparison indicated that the main binding motif observed is a charge solvated, tridentate structure where the metal center binds to the backbone amino group nitrogen, backbone carbonyl oxygen (where the carboxylic acid is deprotonated in two of the Zn2+ complexes), and side‐chain sulfur. For all species, the predicted ground structures reproduce the experimental spectra well, although low‐lying conformers characterized by similar binding motifs may also contribute in each system. The current work provides valuable information regarding the binding interaction between Met and biologically relevant metals. Further, the comparison between the current work and previous analyses involving alkali metal cationized Met as well as cysteine (the other sulfur containing amino acid) cationized with Zn2+ and Cd2+ allows for the elucidation of important metal dependent trends associated with physiologically important metal–sulfur binding.
New marsupialization technique in endolymphatic sac surgery
Authors: Daneshi Ahmad , Hosseinzadeh Farideh , Mohebbi Saleh , Mohseni Mohammad , Mohammadi S. Saeed , Asghari Alimohamad
Published: May 2020

Objectives

The aim of the present study was to describe and evaluate the results of a new technique in endolymphatic sac decompression surgery.

Methods

Forty‐three patients with intractable unilateral Meniere's disease were selected. Endolymphatic sac was identified after simple mastoidectomy, and its lateral layer was incised, using a sickle knife. Outer layer of the sac was turned around and placed under the anterior bony border.

Results

Mean duration of the follow‐up was 24 months. Mean tinnitus handicap index, pure tone average (PTA) on thresholds at 500, 1000, 2000, and 4000 Hz, mean speech reception threshold, mean speech discrimination score, hearing stage, and mean vertigo score before and after surgery were evaluated.

Conclusion

The new marsupialization technique with anterior bony border is a safe and effective way to improve tinnitus, vertigo, and ear fullness among these patients. According to PTA and hearing stage, this surgery can control progressive hearing loss.

Level of Evidence

3
Mathematical modeling of the immune system response to pathogens
Authors: Solis Francisco J. , Azofeifa Danalie
Published: May 2020

The detection and elimination of pathogens in an organism are the main tasks of its immune system. The most important cells involved in these processes are neutrophils and macrophages. These processes might have two resolutions: The first is the possibility of pathogen elimination, and the other the possibility of the inflammation resolution. In this work, we present several mathematical models involving immune cell densities and inflammation levels. Our general goal is to exhibit the possible pathogen eradication or the inflammation resolution. We use bifurcation techniques in order to analyze how parameter variations may change the system evolution. Our results indicate that the elimination of apoptotic neutrophils by macrophages has a dichotomy effect: It contributes to the decrease of the inflammation level, but it may hinder the pathogen elimination. Also, an increment of the average neutrophil life can improve healthy outcomes. Moreover, we find scenarios when pathogens cannot be eliminated, as well as conditions for their successful eradication.