bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reservoir dan Kasus Leptospirosis di Wilayah Kejadian Luar Biasa
Authors: Ramadhani Tri , Yunianto Bambang
Published: June 2016

Kabupaten Kulonprogo adalah salah satu daerah dengan masalah leptospirosis penyakit zoonosis yang dapat menginfeksi spesies hewan dan manusia. Studi ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui reservoir dan distribusi kasus leptospirosis pascakejadian luar biasa di Kabupaten Kulonprogo. Metode yang digunakan adalah inkriminasi bakteri Leptospira sp. pada tikus dan penegakan diagnosis pada manusia dengan rapid test dan MAT. Sumber data yang digunakan adalah data sekunder dan data primer dengan melakukan screening di Rumah Sakit dan Puskesmas. Penelitian observasional ini menggunakan rancangan studi cross sectional dengan metode analisis data secara distribusi frekuensi dalam bentuk gambar, grafik, dan tabel. Penelitian menemukan jumlah penderita leptospirosis di Kabupaten Kulonprogo tahun 2011 adalah 273 kasus dengan angka fatalitas 6,59%. Kasus leptospirosis paling banyak terjadi di Kecamatan Nanggulan (20,5%), pada laki-laki (76,6%) dan kelompok umur 40 – 60 tahun (43,2%). Uji serologi (MAT) penderita suspek leptospirosis menemukan 41(22,5%) penderita positif mengandung bakteri Leptospira sp. Serovar yang paling banyak ditemukan adalah Harjo, Semaranga, Icterohaemorhagie, Bataviae, Patoc dengan titer 1 : 40 ~ 1 : 1.600. Spesies tikus yang menjadi reservoir Leptospira sp. yang ditemukan meliputi Rattus tanezumi, Rattus tiomanicus, Mus musculus, N fluvescens, juga ditemukan insektivora jenis Suncus murinus. Trap success ditemukan sekitar 6,9% di luar rumah dan sekitar 5,5% di dalam rumah.Kata kunci: Kejadian luar biasa, leptospirosis, reservoirAbstract Kulonprogo regency is one region with leptopsirosis problem. This study aims to determine the reservoir and the case distribution of leptospirosis outbreaks in the Kulonprogo regency post. The method used is inkriminasi Leptospira sp. bacteria in mice and human with rapid test and MAT diagnosis. Leptospirosis case data taken from secondary data and primary data by conducting screening at the hospital and puskesmas. Observational research using cross-sectional study design. Data analyzing was performed using frequency distribution with pictures, graphics and tables. The results showed leptospirosis cases in the Kulonprogo regency in 2011 as much 273 cases with CFR 6.59%. The biggest number of distribution of leptospirosis cases were in District Nanggulan (20.5%), in men (76.6%), and 40 – 60 years age group (43.2%). Serological test (MAT) patients with suspected leptospirosis from 182 serum showed that 41 (22.5%) patients leptospires bacteria positive. Serovar most commonly found in patients with leptospirosis is Harjo, Semaranga, Icterohaemorhagie, Bataviae, Patoc with a titer of 1: 40 ~ 1: 1600. Species of mice that become Leptospira sp. reservoir found were Rattus tanezumi, Tiomanicus rattus, Mus musculus, N fluvescens, insectivores Suncus murinus type was also found. Trap success by 6.9% outside home and 5.5% in house.Keywords: Outbreak, leptospirosis, reservoir
Asupan Gizi dan Mengantuk pada Mahasiswa
Authors: Rasmada Sada , Triyanti Triyanti , M. Indrawani Yvonne , Sartika Ratu Ayu Dewi
Published: June 2016

Asupan nutrisi dan energi, status nutrisi, serta aktivitas harian berpengaruh pada kejadian mengantuk yang berpengaruh negatif pada konsentrasi dan produktivitas belajar pada mahasiswa. Kejadian mengantuk berhubungan dengan penurunan kemampuan kognitif yang disebabkan oleh defisiensi zat besi. Seseorang yang mengantuk akan mengalami penurunan aktivitas fisik yang menyebabkan kelebihan berat badan sehingga berisiko lebih tinggi untuk terkena penyakit degeneratif seperti penyakit kardiovaskular dan diabetes melitus. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis faktor dominan yang berpengaruh pada kejadian mengantuk di kalangan mahasiswa. Penelitian dengan desain studi cross sectional ini dilakukan terhadap sampel 139 mahasiswa Fakultas Kesehatan Masyarakat Universitas Indonesia. Proporsi mahasiswa yang hampir mengantuk sekitar 28,80%. Terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara durasi tidur dan masalah kantuk (nilai p = 0,048). Mahasiswa dengan durasi tidur < 8 jam per hari mengalami kejadian mengantuk 0,50 kali lebih besar daripada mahasiswa dengan durasi tidur ³ 8 jam per hari. Faktor dominan yang berhubungan dengan kejadian mengantuk adalah durasi tidur setelah dikontrol dengan asupan protein dan lemak, aktivitas fisik, dan paparan media. Mahasiswa yang sering mengantuk memperlihatkan asupan zat besi rendah sehingga disarankan untuk meningkatkan asupan zat besi yang berasal dari sumber makanan yang mengandung heme.Kata kunci: Asupan nutrisi, aktivitas fisik, konsentrasi, masalah kantukAbstractNutrient and energy intake, nutrition status, and daily activity could give impact for sleepiness problem. Sleepiness related to the decreasing of cognitive ability that caused by iron deficiency. A person who feels sleepy will have a lack of physical activities that lead to overweight and therefore has a higher risk to suffer degenerative diseases such as cardiovascular and diabetes mellitus. This study aimed to analyze dominant factor that can give influence to sleepiness problem among students. The cross sectional research used 139 students of Faculty of Public Health University of Indonesia. The percentage of students who is almost sleepy was 28,80%. This research showed the association between sleep duration and somnolence problem is significant (p value = 0,048). Students with sleep duration < 8 hours a day could be 0,50 times more sleepy than students with sleep duration ³ 8 hours a day. The dominant factor is sleep duration after controlled by protein and fat intake, physical activity, and media exposure. Students that frequently feels sleepy indicated low iron intake so that suggested to increase the iron intake through consuming heme contained food.Key words: Nutrition intake, physical activity, concentration, sleepiness problem
Demam Berdarah Dengue di Perdesaan
Authors: Kusumawardani Erna , Achmadi Umar Fahmi
Published: June 2016

Berbeda dengan beberapa negara, laporan kejadian kasus demam berdarah dengue (DBD) di perdesaan Indonesia belum banyak dilaporkan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memberikan gambaran kejadian DBD di perdesaan di wilayah perbatasan Kabupaten Bogor dan Kabupaten Lebak, Jawa Barat. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain studi kasus seri dengan sampel seluruh penderita DBD yang tercatat di puskesmas pada periode bulan Januari 2011 sampai April 2012. Hasil penelitian menemukan 18 kasus DBD dan 4 kasus kematian (case fatality rate, CFR = 22%). Sebagian besar kasus berjenis kelamin laki-laki (58,3%), berusia ³ 15 tahun (58,3%), tidak bekerja/ibu rumah tangga (50%), melakukan mobilitas (66,7%), mempunyai pengetahuan yang baik (66,7%), berperilaku kurang baik (83,3%), dan mempunyai tempat penampungan air (100%). Lima dari 12 kasus DBD (41,7%) diduga merupakan kasus lokal. Dari empat puskesmas (57,1%) yang melakukan kegiatan penyelidikan epidemiologi DBD terindikasi bahwa kemungkinan besar telah terjadi transmisi DBD di wilayah perdesaan daerah perbatasan Kabupaten Bogor dan Kabupaten Lebak.Kata kunci: Demam berdarah dengue, perdesaan, transmisiAbstract Dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) has long been reported as disease affecting predominantly among urban populations. However, several recent studies suggest that DHF has spread into rural area. This study aims to describe disease occurrence of DHF in border rural areas of Bogor – Lebak. The study design is case series. The sample of this study was all patients with confirmed DHF admitted to public health centers between January 2011 and April 2012. The study was conducted in April to May 2012. The results showed that there were 19 DHF cases and four out of 18 cases died (case fatality rate, CFR was 22%). Out of 12 eligible respondents, most of them were male (58,3%), aged ³ 15 years (58,3%), unemployed/housewife (50%), conducting mobility (66,7%), having good knowledge (66,7%), behave poorly (83,3%), and having water containers (100%). Five of 12 DHF cases (41,7%) were suspected as local cases. Four primary health centers (57,1%) were able to perform PE DBD (DHF Epidemiological Investigation). These results indicate that the transmission of DHF in border rural areas of Bogor – Lebak, most likely has occurred.Key words: Dengue hemorrhagic fever, rural, transmission
Status Gizi Ibu Hamil dan Penyakit Tidak Menular pada Dewasa
Authors: Achadi Endang Laksmining , Kusharisupeni Kusharisupeni , Atmarita Atmarita , Untoro Rachmi
Published: June 2016

Secara global, dunia dihadapkan pada masalah penyakit tidak menular yang semakin meningkat. Perkembangan terkini menunjukkan bahwa kekurangan gizi pada masa janin dan usia 2 tahun pertama kehidupan berpengaruh sangat penting terhadap risiko terjadi berbagai penyakit tidak menular yang kronis pada usia dewasa. Prevalensi berbagai penyakit tidakmenular di Indonesia tergolong tinggi, antara lain hampir sepertiga penduduk dewasa menderita penyakit tekanan darah tinggi. Oleh sebab itu, pada masa yang akan datang, Indonesia dihadapkan pada beban yang berat akibat biaya penatalaksanaan yang tinggi dan produktivitas penduduk yangrendah akibat penyakit tersebut. Prevalensi penyakit tidak menular yang tinggi pada penduduk miskin di Indonesia mengindikasikan pengaruh gaya hidup yang tidak sehat dan kekurangan gizi pada usia kehidupan dini sejak masa di dalam kandungan. Oleh sebab itu, upaya mengatasi masalah tersebut yang hanya dilakukan melalui perbaikan pola hidup tidak akan efektif. Direkomendasikan untuk melakukan upaya yang lebih fokus kepada akar utama permasalahan dalam memberikan lingkungan gizi yang optimal kepada janin melalui perbaikan status gizi ibu hamil dan kepada bayiusia 0 – 2 tahun.Kata kunci: Gizi ibu, penyakit tidak menular, populasi miskinAbstractGlobally, the concern on high prevalence of chronic diseases on adults is increasing. Current mounting evidence confirmed that nutritional deficiency in early life, i.e. during fetal stage and the first two years of age, contribute significantly to the increasing risk of having chronic noncommunicable diseases (NCD) later in life. The high prevalence of a number of NCDs in Indonesia is high, warrant a special attention. For example, almost one thirdof Indonesian adults having high blood pressure. Hence, Indonesia in the future is facing a considerable financial burden as the result of a high expenditure needed for the treatment and rehabilitation of the diseases, and low productivity related to the disease. The high prevalence of NCDs among poor population in Indonesia indicated that these diseases are not merely the result of unhealthy lifestyle, instead they very likely are the results of undernutrition in early life, which was started since fetal stage. Therefore, an attempt to address these problems through improvement of lifestyle alone will not be effective. Effort directed specifically to the root of the problems,i.e. providing an optimal nutrition environment to the fetus through improvement of maternal nutritional status, and infant 0 – 2 years of age, is recommended.Keywords: Maternal nutrition, non-communicable disease, poor population
Determinan Keluhan Muskuloskeletal pada Tenaga Kerja Wanita
Authors: Ramdan Iwan Muhamad , Laksmono Tiyanpri Bayu
Published: June 2016

Gangguan muskuloskeletal merupakan masalah kesehatan dan keselamatan kerja yang penting karena masih berkontribusi pada penurunan produktivitas kerja. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan umur tenaga kerja, masa kerja, indeks massa tubuh, dan sikap kerja dengankeluhan gangguan muskuloskeletal pada tenaga kerja wanita di unit produksi bagian kupas di PT SSM Kalimantan Timur. Penelitian kuantitatif yang menggunakan desain penelitian cross sectional ini dilakukan pada tenaga kerja wanita bagian pengupasan yang berjumlah 46 orang (total sampling).Variabel bebas penelitian terdiri dari umur, masa kerja, indeks massa tubuh, dan posisi kerja, sementara variabel terikat adalah keluhan gangguan muskuloskeletal. Analisis data yang digunakan adalah uji chi-square dengan level signifikansi 0,05 (5%). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan tidak terdapat hubungan umur dengan keluhan gangguan muskuloskeletal (p = 0,066),terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara masa kerja (p = 0,044), indeks massa tubuh (p = 0,025), dan sikap kerja (p = 0,001) dengan keluhan gangguan muskuloskeletal. Perusahaan disarankan untuk membuat kursi kerja yang ergonomis, melakukan rotasi kerja, dan melakukan pelatihan dengan materi tata cara kerja yang ergonomis.Kata kunci: Gangguan muskuloskeletal, produktivitas, sikap kerjaAbstractMusculoskeletal disorders are still a health and safety issue that needs to be examined in more depth, because it still contributes to the decline in labor productivity. The objective of this research was to know the relationship between age, working periode, body mass index and work posture with complaint of musculoskeletal disorders. Quantitative research with crosssectional approach has been done on 46 (total sampling) female labor in peeling sections. The independent variables consisted of age, year, body mass index, and work posture, while the dependent variable was the complaint of musculoskeletal disorders. The data analysis used was chi-square test with a significance level of 0.05 (5%). The results showed no association between age with symptoms of musculoskeletal disorders (p = 0,066), there is a significant association between working period (p = 0,044), bodymass index (p = 0,025), and work posture (p = 0,001) with complaints of musculoskeletal disorders. Companies are advised to make an ergonomic office chair, job rotation, and training with ergonomic material working procedures.Keywords: Musculoskeletal disorders, productivity, work posture
Perilaku Seks Pranikah Remaja
Authors: Rahyani Komang Yuni , Utarini Adi , Wilopo Siswanto Agus , Hakimi Mohammad
Published: June 2016

Hubungan seksual sebelum nikah pada remaja merupakan masalah yang serius, berhubungan dengan peningkatan penularan penyakit menular seksual, mempunyai pasangan lebih dari satu, dan kehamilan dini. Suatu kerangka kerja model perilaku terintegrasi (Integrated Behavioral Model, IBM) digunakan untuk menilai berbagai faktor prediktor hubungan seksual prematur pada remaja. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengeksplorasi inisiasi hubungan seksual sebelum nikah pada remaja level 10 dan 11 berdasarkan kerangka kerja IBM, meliputi komunikasi tentang seks kelompok peers, orang tua, paparan perilaku pornografi, kepercayaan normatif, agen personal, dan keinginan hubungan seksual. Metode yang digunakan adalah menyertakan 626 responden dalam survei awal. Responden adalah siswa sekolah menengah atas level 10 – 11 di kota Denpasar. Data dikumpulkan dengan kuesioner laporan sendiri khususnya prediktor inisiasi hubungan seksual sebelum menikah. Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa pajanan pornografi, perilaku langsung dan tidak langsung berhubungan secara signifikan dengan inisiasi hubungan seksual sebelum nikah (nilai p < 0,05). Remaja laki-laki tampaknya melakukan lebih banyak aktivitas seksual daripada remaja perempuan. Penelitian ini berimplikasi terhadap pemahaman perilaku langsung dan pajanan pornografi mungkin digunakan dalam meningkatkan program kesehatan dan kesehatan remaja.Kata kunci: Hubungan seksual sebelum nikah, penyakit menular seksual, remajaAbstract Premarital sexual inisiation on adolescence is a serious problem, associated with increased transmition sexually transmitted disease/STD, had having more partners, and early pregnancy. An Integrated Behavioral Model (IBM) framework used to assess predictors of premarital sexual on adolescents. The purpose of this research is to explore predictors of premarital sexual inisiation in adolescents grade 10 and 11 based on IBM framework, includes: communication about sex with peers, parents, pornography exposure, attitude, normative belief, personal agency, and intention to have sex. Method that used is 626 respondent included in earlier survey, and respondent were students of senior high school grade 10 – 11 in Denpasar City. Data collected with self reported questionaire particularly predictor of premarital sexual initiation. The result found that pornography exposure, indirectly attitude, and directly attitude were significantly associated with premarital sexual initiation (p < 0,05). Male adolescents engage in more sexual activity like premarital sexual inisiation than female adolescents. This study has implications for understanding how directly attitude and pornography exposure may be used in intervention to promoting adolescents health program and adolescents ressiliency.Keywords: Premarital sexual, sexually transmitted disease, adolescence
Model Pemberdayaan Masyarakat Bidang Kesehatan, Studi Program Desa Siaga
Authors: Sulaeman Endang Sutisna , Karsidi Ravik , Murti Bhisma , Kartono Drajat Tri , Waryana Waryana , Hartanto Rifai
Published: June 2016

Sejak tahun 2006, Departemen Kesehatan meluncurkan kebijakan program Desa Siaga. Tampaknya, kebijakan tersebut tidak mampu memberdayakan masyarakat dalam mengidentifikasi dan memecahkan masalah kesehatan pada level komunitas (desa). Penelitian ini bertujuan merumuskan model pemberdayaan masyarakat bidang kesehatan pada program Desa Siaga. Sasaran penelitian adalah Forum Kesehatan Desa dan Pos Kesehatan Desa Siaga di 30 desa di Kabupaten Karanganyar, Jawa Tengah. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah survei dan studi kasus. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan kemampuan masyarakat dalam mengidentifikasi masalah kesehatan dan kemampuan masyarakat dalam memecahkan masalah kesehatan. Model pemberdayaan masyarakat bidang kesehatan meliputi kemampuan mengidentifikasi dan memecahkan masalah kesehatan. Faktor-faktor internal dan eksternal komunitas pada level anggota masyarakat, institusi masyarakat, kepemimpinan masyarakat, dan akses informasi kesehatan memiliki peran penting dalam pemberdayaan masyarakat bidang kesehatan.Kata kunci: Desa siaga, kebijakan, pemberdayaan masyarakatAbstractSince 2006, the Health Department had launched the Village Preparedness program policy. But, this policy apparently not capable of empowering the community in identifying and solving the health problem at community (village) level. The objective of research is to formulate the community empowerment model in health in the Village Preparedness program. The targets of research were the Village Health Forum and Village Health Post in 30 Village Preparedness in Karanganyar Regency, Central Java. The method involving survey and case study. The case study showed factors related to community capability of identifying health problem and community capability of solving the health problems. The community empowerment model in health including the capabilities of identifying and of solving the health problems. The community internal and external factors at members of community level, community institution, community leadership, and information access played important role in community empowerment in health.Keywords: Village preparedness, policy, community empowerment
Integrated Services Post (Posyandu) as Sociocultural Approach for Primary Health Care Issue
Authors: Soedirham Oedojo
Published: June 2016

The birth of Integrated services post (Posyandu) in 1980s is no doubt based on the effort of the Goverment of Indonesia to improve the health status of the population following the International call the Declaration of Alma-Ata (Kazakhstan) about Primary Health Care in 1978. The key concept of thedeclaration is community participation. In Indonesia specifically the community participation is called “gotong royong”. Community plays an important role in the improvement of their own health. To involve community in the health care, the volunteer has to be recruited and trained to recognize basic health care issues. The idea is that the volunteers that called village health worker (kader) as part of the community would be much easier to deliver health programs because they are closer to them compare to the public health officials.This paper is intended to discuss Posyandu which is basically a sociocultural approach for primary health care as a strategy to improve the health status of Indonesian people.Keywords: Posyandu, primary health care, sociocultural approachAbstrakKelahiran posyandu pada tahun 1980-an merupakan usaha pemerintah Indonesia untuk meningkatkan status kesehatan masyarakat, mengikuti panggilan internasional, Deklarasi Alma Ata (Kazakhstan) tentang kesehatan masyarakat tahun 1978. Konsep kunci deklarasi tersebut adalah partisipasi masyarakat. Di Indonesia, partisipasi masyarakat disebut “gotong royong”. Masyarakat memainkan peran penting dalam meningkatkankesehatan masing-masing. Untuk melibatkan masyarakat dalam kesehatan masyarakat, relawan harus direkrut dan dilatih untuk mengenal isu-isu kesehatan masyarakat dasar. Gagasan mengenai relawan yang disebut kader (village health worker) tersebut diajukan agar relawan sebagai bagian darimasyarakat dapat lebih mudah menyampaikan program-program kesehatan karena lebih dekat dibandingkan pejabat kesehatan masyarakat. Di dalam artikel ini dibahas tentang Posyandu yang pada dasarnya merupakan pendekatan sosiokultural dalam pelayanan kesehatan masyarakat sebagai strategi untuk meningkatkan status kesehatan masyarakat Indonesia.Kata kunci: Posyandu, pelayanan kesehatan dasar, pendekatan sosiokultural
Livestock Performance in Warm‐Climate Silvopastures Using Tree Legumes
Authors: Costa Suellen B. de M. , de Mello Alexandre C. L. , Dubeux José C. B. , dos Santos Mércia V. F. , Lira Mario de A. , Oliveira João T. C. , Apolinário Valéria X. O.
Published: June 2016

Tree legumes are a viable option to increase ecosystem services provided by warm‐climate grasslands. Benefits of using tree legumes in silvopasture systems (SPS) include the provision of shade for livestock, biological N2 fixation, and C sequestration. This study assessed cattle performance and pasture characteristics in signalgrass (Brachiaria decumbens Stapf.) pastures in monoculture or in SPS. The following treatments were assessed: (i) signalgrass/sabiá (Mimosa caesalpiniifolia Benth.), (ii) signalgrass/gliricidia [Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Kunth ex Walp.], and (iii) signalgrass monoculture. Crossbred steers were managed under continuous stocking and variable stocking rates. Response variables included herbage mass, herbage allowance, stocking rate, average daily gain (ADG), gain per area (GPA), in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD), and crude protein (CP). Total signalgrass herbage mass in monoculture (5091 kg DM ha−1) was greater (P ≤ 0.05) compared with SPS (3964 kg DM ha−1). Green signalgrass herbage mass, however, was greater (P ≤ 0.05) for SPS (2237 kg DM ha−1) compared with monoculture (1934 kg DM ha−1). Herbage allowance, IVDMD, CP, stocking rate, ADG, and GPA did not differ among treatments, with average values of 2.9 kg−1 green herbage mass (DM) kg−1 live weight; 633 g kg−1, 55 g kg−1, 1.9 animal units (AU) ha−1 (1 AU = 450 kg live weight); 0.57 kg−1 AU−1 d−1; and 30 kg ha−1 28 d−1, respectively. During the establishment phase (3 yr), SPS with tree legumes can produce as much livestock gain as signalgrass in monoculture, providing other ecosystem services and marketable products, increasing land use efficiency.

Core Ideas

Livestock production was similar in silvopasture systems and signalgrass monoculture.

Silvopasture systems provided additional ecosystem services compared with grass monoculture.

The use of tree legumes adds biologically fixed N2 and provide other ecosystem services.

Trees compete with herbaceous vegetation and might reduce livestock production in the long term.
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Contamination in Soils of San Mateo Ixtatán, Guatemala: Occurrence, Sources, and Health Risk Assessment
Authors: Kasaraneni Varun K. , Oyanedel‐Craver Vinka
Published: June 2016

Exposure to high concentrations of carcinogenic pollutants in soils and sediments can result in increased health risks. Determining the levels and sources of contamination in developing communities is important for helping to reduce pollution and mitigate the risk of exposure. In the Mayan community of San Mateo Ixtatán, Guatemala, 24 samples of topsoil from urban, peri‐urban, and agricultural sites and six samples of river sediment were collected and analyzed for 17 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The sum of the concentrations of these PAHs at the urban and peri‐urban sites ranged from 460 to 3251 μg kg−1 (mean, 1401 μg kg−1), whereas at agricultural sites the range was 350 to 2087 μg kg−1 (mean, 1038 μg kg−1). Analysis to identify and apportion the source showed that the PAHs emitted from wood stoves contributed 71 and 76% of the total PAHs in urban and agricultural areas soils, respectively. The calculated incremental lifetime cancer risk due to the ingestion of soil, dermal contact, and dietary intake through corn consumption was greater than the acceptable level of 10−6 established by the USEPA. Our findings suggest that the residents of rural communities can be at increased cancer risk despite little or no industrial activity in the local area. Alternate domestic fuel sources should be considered to reduce the health risk in local communities.

Core Ideas

Soil contamination in SMI is higher than several urban and industrial regions.

PAH emitted from wood stoves seems to contribute over 70% of soil contamination in SMI.

The exposure to contaminated soil puts the residents of SMI at high cancer risk.

Finding alternative domestic fuels must be prioritized in developing countries.
Co‐transport of Pesticide Acetamiprid and Silica Nanoparticles in Biochar‐Amended Sand Porous Media
Authors: Wang Hong , Huang Yuanfang , Shen Chongyang , Wu Junxue , Yan An , Zhang Hongyan
Published: June 2016

The role of biochar as a soil amendment on the transport of acetamiprid, a widely used neonicotinoid pesticide, is little known. We conducted saturated column experiments to examine cotransport of acetamiprid and silica nanoparticles (NPs) in pure and biochar‐amended sands. Retention of acetamiprid was minor in the pure sand, whereas application of biochar in the sand significantly increased retention. Retention was greater at lower ionic strengths and near neutral pH values and was attributed to biodegradation and sorption through π–π interaction and pore filling. The convection–diffusion equation with inclusion of first‐order sorption, desorption, and degradation well described the transport of acetamiprid in the biochar‐amended sand. The simulation results show that the sorption rate did not change with pH. This is because the acetamiprid is nonionic and cannot be bonded with the biochar by protonation or deprotonation. The desorption rate was independent of variation of solution chemistry, indicating that desorption was a physical process (i.e., pore diffusion). Application of biochar in the sand had little influence on the transport of silica NPs in NaCl but caused complete attachment in CaCl2. Energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy suggested that the enhanced attachment was due to cation bridging between silica NPs and functional groups in biochar by the Ca2+. The co‐presence of acetamiprid and silica NPs in the solutions enhanced transport of acetamiprid and NPs in the biochar‐amended sand by competing for the binding sites on the biochar surfaces.

Core Ideas

We examined cotransport of acetamiprid and silica nanoparticles in biochar‐amended sand.

Amendment with biochar significantly increased the removal of acetamiprid.

The removal of acetamiprid by biochar was attributed to biodegradation and sorption.

Silica nanoparticles were favorably attached on biochar surfaces in 2:1 electrolyte.

The presence of silica nanoparticles enhanced transport of acetamiprid.
Mapping Quantitative Trait Loci for Resistance to Goss's Bacterial Wilt and Leaf Blight in North American Maize by Joint Linkage Analysis
Authors: Singh Amritpal , Andersen Aaron P. , Jackson‐Ziems Tamra A. , Lorenz Aaron J.
Published: June 2016

Goss's wilt and leaf blight is a bacterial disease of maize (Zea mays L.) caused by the Gram‐positive bacterium Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. nebraskensis. Goss's wilt has re‐emerged as an important disease in the western United States and is spreading to other areas. Although the reasons for this re‐emergence are not completely known, it is important to understand the genetic basis of resistance to Goss's wilt. The objective of this study was to map the quantitative trait loci (QTL) underlying resistance to Goss's wilt. To achieve this objective, joint linkage and linkage mapping in 3 of the 25 nested association mapping families were used. Three biparental linkage mapping families including ‘B73’ × ‘Oh43’, B73 × ‘HP301’, and B73 × ‘P39’ were evaluated for Goss's wilt in Nebraska. Eleven QTL were detected on chromosomes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 10 through joint linkage mapping. The joint linkage model explained 45% of the phenotypic variation for Goss's wilt. Linkage mapping in each of the three families identified nine, six, and four QTL in the families B73 × Oh43, B73 × HP301, and B73 × P39, respectively. Joint linkage and linkage analysis were also conducted within each environment to detect any environment‐specific QTL. However, most of the QTL were colocalized with QTL detected in across environment joint linkage and linkage mapping. These results will help us to understand the genetic basis of resistance to Goss's wilt better and may facilitate maize breeding programs to incorporate resistance to Goss's wilt into the maize germplasm.
Agronomic and Kernel Compositional Traits of Blue Maize Landraces from the Southwestern United States
Authors: Nankar Amol , Grant Lois , Scott Paul , Pratt Richard C.
Published: June 2016

Diverse landraces of maize have been cultivated for centuries in the southwestern United States and northern Mexico primarily for human food consumption. A striking feature of these landraces is the wide array of kernel colors displayed. Traditional cultivation is declining, but blue maize has received increasing commercial interest due to rising consumer demand for unique food products with health benefits and special culinary uses. We evaluated grain yield, agronomic and morphological traits, and analyzed the kernel biochemical composition of five blue and one purple landraces representative of diversity in the Southwest. These were compared with selected open‐pollinated populations derived from Southwest and Corn Belt blue maize at several New Mexico locations in 2012 and 2013. Kernel amino acids, oil, protein, starch, fatty acids, crude fiber, ash and anthocyanin pigment contents were determined. Grain yield across all locations, years, and accessions averaged 2.11 Mg ha−1. Navajo Blue and Hopi Blue were the highest and lowest yielding accessions, respectively. The majority of southwestern landraces displayed higher oil content, and two displayed higher protein content, than the Corn Belt Dent variety. Little variation in total amino acid content was observed. Several southwestern floury accessions displayed ∼10% greater lysine and methionine than did dent or flint genotypes. Considerable variation for plant, ear, and kernel compositional traits within and across southwestern landraces was consistent with the presence of racial admixtures. The health‐promoting properties of anthocyanin‐rich landraces contribute to sound dietary nutrition and human health. This study further illustrates the diversity of southwestern maize and supports the rationale for their continued conservation through sustained cultivation and utilization. Directed selection to improve grain yield and uniformity will be necessary to enhance their potential for commercial production.
Animal Performance and Pasture Characteristics on Cool‐Season Annual Grass Mixtures in North Florida
Authors: Dubeux José C.B. , DiLorenzo Nicolas , Blount Ann , Mackowiak Cheryl , Santos Erick R.S. , Silva Hiran M.S. , Ruiz‐Moreno Martin , Schulmeister Tessa
Published: June 2016

Cool‐season forage mixtures are an option for extending the length of the grazing season. Small grains have a different growth distribution than annual ryegrass and may increase livestock gain per area. This 2‐yr grazing study tested three small grain–annual ryegrass mixtures: (i) cereal rye (Secale cereale L. ‘FL401’)–annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam. ‘Prine’); (ii) oat (Avena sativa L. ‘Horizon 201’)–annual ryegrass Prine; (iii) triticale (×Triticosecale spp. ‘Trical 342’)–annual ryegrass Prine. Stocking rate was adjusted, based on herbage allowance, using continuous stocking. Response variables included herbage mass, herbage allowance, herbage accumulation rate, herbage N, herbage in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD), botanical composition, average daily gain (ADG), grazing days, stocking rate (SR), gain per area, and blood urea N (BUN). Seasonal and annual variation occurred for most of the responses, but total season animal production was similar among mixtures. The ADG in 2014 was 0.90 and 0.85 kg head−1 d−1 in 2015. Stocking rate varied among mixtures within sampling dates and years, but season‐long average SR was similar among mixtures. Total season animal gain was 367 kg body weight (BW) ha−1 in 2014 and 313 kg BW ha−1 in 2015. Small‐grain species and varieties resulted in different growing curves, with FL401 cereal rye being the earliest variety in the present study. Oat and triticale demonstrated a more evenly distributed growth rate along the season, facilitating the adjustment of the stocking rate and grazing management.
Small‐Scale Seismic Monitoring of Varying Water Levels in Granular Media
Authors: Pasquet Sylvain , Bodet Ludovic , Bergamo Paolo , Guérin Roger , Martin Roland , Mourgues Régis , Tournat Vincent
Published: June 2016

Core Ideas

We tested the sensitivity of seismic measurements to water saturation variations.

We used ultrasonic techniques to reproduce a small‐scale seismic acquisition setup.

Measurements were performed on glass bead layers with varying water levels.

Results of 3D numerical modelling were used to validate data at the dry state.

Data difference trends between the dry and wet models match with the water level.

Physical properties of soils in the vadose zone, and especially their water content, are characterized by strong spatial and temporal variations mostly driven by weather and anthropogenic activities. To understand this variability and help water resource management, seismic methods have been recently suggested as a complement to electrical and electromagnetic techniques. The simultaneous in situ estimation of pressure (P) and shear (S) wave velocities (VP and VS, respectively) and their ratio (VP/VS) offers novel perspectives for the monitoring of space and time variations of vadose zone mechanical properties. However, the seismic response in partially saturated and unconsolidated soils remains complex and deserves to be studied both theoretically and experimentally. In this study, we tested the sensitivity of seismic measurements (i.e., P‐wave travel times and surface‐wave phase velocities) to water saturation variations using controlled physical models at the laboratory scale. Ultrasonic techniques were used to reproduce a small‐scale seismic acquisition setup at the surface of glass bead layers with varying water levels. Travel times and phase velocity measurements obtained at the dry state were validated with both theoretical models and numerical simulations and serve as reference datasets. The increasing water level clearly affected the recorded wave field in both its phase and amplitude. In these cases, the collected data cannot yet be inverted in the absence of a comprehensive theoretical model for such partially saturated granular media. The differences in travel time and phase velocity observed between the dry and wet models show patterns that interestingly match the observed water level and depth of the capillary fringe, thus offering attractive perspectives for studying soil water content variations.
Single‐Probe Heat Pulse Method for Soil Water Content Determination: Comparison of Methods
Authors: Li Min , Si Bing Cheng , Hu Wei , Dyck Miles
Published: June 2016

Core Ideas

Six methods to obtain soil water content by single probe are presented and compared.

Errors of estimated soil water content by six methods increase with water content.

Heating duration affects soil water content estimation errors.

Four of the six methods are probe dependent but can be easily calibrated.

Each method works for some soils, and combining different methods is a solution.

The estimation of soil thermal conductivity (λ) using the single‐probe heat pulse (SPHP) method is well known, but estimation of soil water content (θ) using the SPHP is poorly understood. In this study, we examined six methods—λ, normalized cumulative temperature increase (TNcum), normalized maximum temperature increase (TNmax), and the reciprocals of each—for θ estimation using the SPHP. The temperature response curves of four soils at different θ were measured following 600‐s heat pulses with heating strengths of about 6 W m−1, from which λ, TNcum, and TNmax values were determined. The maximum measurement errors of these three methods were 0.11 m3 m−3 for the coarse sand and 0.01 m3 m−3 for the fine sand, sandy loam, and silty clay, except for 0.05 m3 m−3 for the fine sand by the λ(θ) method. The predicted θ from all of the λ, TNcum, and TNmax methods agreed well with that from the oven‐dry method for all soils with the exception of the TNcum(θ) and TNmax(θ) methods for the coarse sand for θ > 0.20 m3 m−3. The measurement errors and θ predictions of the 1/λ(θ) method were similar to that of the TNcum(θ) and TNmax(θ) methods, and that of the 1/TNcum(θ) and 1/TNmax(θ) methods were similar to that of the λ(θ) method. Because each of the six methods worked well for only some soils, improved estimations were obtained when the λ(θ) method was combined with the 1/TNcum(θ) [or 1/TNmax(θ)] method for coarse‐textured soils and the 1/λ(θ) method was combined with the TNcum(θ) [or TNmax(θ)] method for fine‐textured soils.
Recent Developments and Applications of the HYDRUS Computer Software Packages
Authors: Šimůnek Jiří , van Genuchten Martinus Th. , Šejna Miroslav
Published: June 2016

Core Ideas

Review of selected capabilities of HYDRUS implemented since 2008

New standard and nonstandard specialized add‐on modules significantly expanded capabilities of the software

Review of selected applications of the HYDRUS models published in VZJ and elsewhere in recent years

The HYDRUS‐1D and HYDRUS (2D/3D) computer software packages are widely used finite‐element models for simulating the one‐ and two‐ or three‐dimensional movement of water, heat, and multiple solutes in variably saturated media, respectively. In 2008, Šimůnek et al. (2008b) described the entire history of the development of the various HYDRUS programs and related models and tools such as STANMOD, RETC, ROSETTA, UNSODA, UNSATCHEM, HP1, and others. The objective of this manuscript is to review selected capabilities of HYDRUS that have been implemented since 2008. Our review is not limited to listing additional processes that were implemented in the standard computational modules, but also describes many new standard and nonstandard specialized add‐on modules that significantly expanded the capabilities of the two software packages. We also review additional capabilities that have been incorporated into the graphical user interface (GUI) that supports the use of HYDRUS (2D/3D). Another objective of this manuscript is to review selected applications of the HYDRUS models such as evaluation of various irrigation schemes, evaluation of the effects of plant water uptake on groundwater recharge, assessing the transport of particle‐like substances in the subsurface, and using the models in conjunction with various geophysical methods.
Bioinvasion of Tradescantia zebrina Heynh. (Commelinaceae) in uplands, State of Paraíba, Brazil
Authors: Ribeiro Danielle Brígida Candeia , Fabricante Juliano Ricardo , Albuquerque Manoel Bandeira de
Published: June 2016

The study of invader species and their consequences to the environment represents an important reinforcement to the knowledge of environmental preservation. This work aimed to evaluate the invasive aspects of Tradescantia zebrina Heynh., subsidizing information to their adequate management or control. The study area is compound by a Open Ombrophylous Forest in the Municipality of Areia, Paraíba State, Brazil. The evaluated variables were populational density, biomass, biometry, invasion velocity and impacts of species under resilience of native vegetation. The results found density of 627 +/- 16 individuals/m2, (mean +/- standard deviation), 25.9 +/- 68 cm length and 0.21 +/- 0.03 cm de diameter with positive relationship between both variables (r = 0.24; t = 2.4; p = 0.02) and biomass of 16.9 g (leaves), 10.6 g (stems) and 1.3 g (roots) for each 100 sampled individuals, being that in each m2, reached to have 18.8 +/- 5,1 g leaf biomass, 22.4 +/- 7.6 g stem biomass and 3.4 +/- 1.3 g root biomass. The population showed a rapid expansion occupying 0.30 +/- 0.09 m2 after seven days and 0.51 +/- 0.15 m2 in eighty four days. Parcels without the invader species (SE) showed expansive accumulation of individuals throughout the evaluation time, while in the parcels with the species (CE) the number of individuals exhibit few changes (p = 0.021 and H = 5.327). The results exhibit the biological invasion in the UFPB Campus II by T. zebrina, represents a threat to the local biodiversity due to its aggressive invasive behavior.
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS): A deadly disease
Authors: Hafeez Rubeena , Aslam Maleeha , Aman Shahbaz , Tahir Muhammad
Published: June 2016

SARS or severe acute respiratory syndrome is a term used to describe a serious respiratory illness, which has recently been reported in parts of the world and has spread widely over the past G months. At this moment, public health authorities, physicians and scientists around the world are struggling to cope with this rapidly spreading multicountry outbreak of an unexplained new disease in humans. This appears to be the first severe and easily transmissible disease to emerge in the 21st century. Though much about the syndrome remains poorly understood, including the exact identity of the causative virus, the indications are that the outbreak is otherwise being contained.
Ambulatory management of Hemorrhoids by Rubber Band Ligation
Authors: Shah Shahzad Alam
Published: June 2016

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of rubber band ligation for the management of internal haemorrhoids. Study design: A prospective randomized study. Place and duration of study: Department of Surgery Lahore General Hospital conducted from April 1999 to June 2002. Subject/Methods: One hundred and eighty patients with II & III degree Hemorrhoids were treated with rubber band application. Results: About 562 band applications in 255 sessions were made. Follow up ranged from 3 to 50 months with a median follow up of 19 months. The common post procedural complaints were anal discomfort (78 patients), proctalgia (24 patients) and soiling (12 patients). The overall success rate of RBL was 91.7%. Conclusion: Ambulatory RBL should be considered as a safe and effective treatment for 2nd and 3rd degree symptomatic haemorrhoids and is associated with low morbidity.
Histopathological diagnosis of Steroid Resistant Nephrotic Syndrome in Children
Authors: Azhar, Iqbal Ahmad , Iqbal Syed Muhammad Javed , Khan Nazir Malik
Published: June 2016

Nephrotic syndrome is primarily a pediatric disorder. Vast majority of affected children will have steroid responsive MCNS. Steroid resistance is present in 10%o of total patients suffering from nephrotic syndrome. This study was conducted to determine the frequency of different glomerulopathies causing steroid resistance. According to this study, out of total 30 patients having steroid resistant nephrotic syndrome and undergone renal biopsy, majority had FSGS. MPGN was second common cause of steroid resistance.
Association of risk factors of GDM with outcome of GCT in obstetrical population
Authors: Sohail Rubina , Bashir Tahir , Javaid Khalida , Zaman Farrukh
Published: June 2016

Objective: To determine the association of risk factors of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) to outcome of Glucose Challenge Test (GCT). Place and Duration of Study: From February 2000 to October 2000 at the antenatal clinic of Unit-II at Services Hospital. Subject and Methods: One thousand pregnant women attending antenatal clinic at 24-28 weeks of gestation at Services Hospital were included. Glucose challenge test was performed after a history with special reference to diabetic risk factors. Results: Risk factors were identified in 198 (19.8%); while there were no risk factors in 802 (80.2%) women. An oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was carried out in all glucose challenge test positive patients. Out of 198 women with risk factors, 50 women were glucose challenge test positive while 148 were screen negative. Out of 802 women without risk factors 54 were GCT positive while 748 were screen negative. The positive predictive value was 48% and the negative predictive value was 83% Out of ten gestational diabetic women, six (3%) belonged to the risk factor group While four (0.5%) were in the no risk factor group. Conclusion: pregnant women with positive risk factors for diabetes mellitus were found to have a six times greater chance of developing gestational diabetes as compared to those with no risk factors.
Pattern of diseases in geriatric patients admitted at Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Lahore
Authors: Shabbir Bilquis , Nazir Asma , Hussain Seemin , Qaisera Saleema
Published: June 2016

The provision of specialised services for persons aged 60 years and above is still lacking in our country. This study was carried out to analyse the pattern of acute & chronic diseases in the geriatric patients admitted at a teaching hospital, and to stress on the importance of the field of geriatrics in the teaching hospitals of Pakistan. Patients falling in the geriatric age group, i.e. 60 years and above admitted consecutively at the various department of Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Lahore, were collected for the study. The pattern of diseases was studied in 200 patients. A proforma was used for the collection of data, which included patient`s personal profile, history, examination, summary of the investigations carried out and the final diagnosis. The patients under study fell in the age range of 60-100 years, 96 females and 104 males. Maximum patients were admitted in the Medical wards, followed by Surgery, Ophthalmology, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Orthopaedics, ENT and Psychiatry. Most of the patients had multiple problems and required a multidisciplinary approach. The diseases seen in the study group were: cataract (51.5%), coronary artery disease (30.5%), diabetes mellitus (31%), hypertension (29.5%), cerebrovascular disease (7%), benign prostatic hyperplasia (35.6%), osteoarthrosis (34%) malignancy (10.5%), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (7:5%), fractures (4%), liver disease (4%) and psychiatric illnesses (33%). It was concluded that the elderly suffer from a broad spectrum of diseases, which though cause much morbidity, are preventable and amenable to treatment. Hence special attention to such problems and the field of Geriatrics is essential at all levels.