bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cyclic compression of chondrocytes modulates a purinergic calcium signalling pathway in a strain rate‐ and frequency‐dependent manner
Authors: Pingguan‐Murphy B. , El‐Azzeh M. , Bader D.L. , Knight M.M.
Published: August 2006

Mechanical loading modulates cartilage homeostasis through the control of matrix synthesis and catabolism. However, the mechanotransduction pathways through which chondrocytes detect different loading conditions remain unclear. The present study investigated the influence of cyclic compression on intracellular Ca2+signalling using the well‐characterised chondrocyte‐agarose model. Cells labelled with Fluo4 were visualised using confocal microscopy following a period of 10 cycles of compression between 0% and 10% strain. In unstrained agarose constructs, not subjected to cyclic compression, a subpopulation of approximately 45% of chondrocytes exhibited spontaneous global Ca2+transients with mean transient rise and fall times of 19.4 and 29.4 sec, respectively. Cyclic compression modulated global Ca2+signalling by increasing the percentage of cells exhibiting Ca2+transients (population modulation) and/or reducing the rise and fall times of these transients (transient shape modulation). The frequency and strain rate of compression differentially modulated these Ca2+signalling characteristics providing a potential mechanism through which chondrocytes may distinguish between different loading conditions. Treatment with apyrase, gadolinium and the P2 receptor blockers, suramin and basilen blue, significantly reduced the percentage of cells exhibiting Ca2+transients following cyclic compression, such that the mechanically induced upregulation of Ca2+signalling was completely abolished. Thus cyclic compression appears to activate a purinergic pathway involving the release of ATP followed by the activation of P2 receptors causing a combination of extracellular Ca2+influx and intracellular Ca2+release. Knowledge of this fundamental cartilage mechanotransduction pathway may lead to improved therapeutic strategies for the treatment of cartilage damage and disease. J. Cell. Physiol. 209: 389–397, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Immortalized cell lines from mouse xiphisternum preserve chondrocyte phenotype
Authors: Majumdar Manas K. , Chockalingam Priya S. , Bhat Ramesh A. , Sheldon Richard , Keohan Cristin , Blanchet Tracey , Glasson Sonya , Morris Elisabeth A.
Published: August 2006

Chondrocytes are unique to cartilage and the study of these cells in vitro is important for advancing our understanding of the role of these cells in normal homeostasis and disease including osteoarthritis (OA). As there are limitations to the culture of primary chondrocytes, cell lines have been developed to overcome some of these obstacles. In this study, we developed a procedure to immortalize and characterize chondrocyte cell lines from mouse xiphisternum. The cells displayed a polygonal to fibroblastic morphology in monolayer culture. Gene expression studies using quantitative PCR showed that the cell lines responded to bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP‐2) by increased expression of matrix molecules, aggrecan, and type II collagen together with transcriptional factor, Sox9. Stimulation by IL‐1 results in the increased expression of catabolic effectors including MMP‐13, nitric oxide synthase, ADAMTS4, and ADAMTS5. Cells cultured in alginate responded to BMP‐2 by increased synthesis of proteoglycan (PG), a major matrix molecule of cartilage. IL‐1 treatment of cells in alginate results in increased release of PG into the conditioned media. Further analysis of the media showed the presence of Aggrecanase‐cleaved aggrecan fragments, a signature of matrix degradation. These results show that the xiphisternum chondrocyte cell lines preserve their chondrocyte phenotype cultured in either monolayer or 3‐dimensional alginate bead culture systems. In summary, this study describes the establishment of chondrocyte cell lines from the mouse xiphisternum that may be useful as a surrogate model system to understand chondrocyte biology and to shed light on the underlying mechanism of pathogenesis in OA. J. Cell. Physiol. 209: 551–559, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Coloring quasi‐line graphs
Authors: Chudnovsky Maria , Ovetsky Alexandra
Published: August 2006

A graph G is a quasi‐line graph if for every vertex v, the set of neighbors of v can be expressed as the union of two cliques. The class of quasi‐line graphs is a proper superset of the class of line graphs. A theorem of Shannon's implies that if G is a line graph, then it can be properly colored using no more than 3/2 ω(G) colors, where ω(G) is the size of the largest clique in G. In this article, we extend this result to all quasi‐line graphs. We also show that this bound is tight. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory
Synthesis of Three Types of Amphiphilic Poly(ethylene glycol)‐block‐Poly(sebacic anhydride) Copolymers and Studies of their Micellar Solutions
Authors: Zhang Na , Guo Sheng Rong , Li Hui Qin , Liu Li , Li Zong Hai , Gu Jian Ren
Published: August 2006

Summary: Linear, three‐ and four‐armed block copolymers based on PEG and PSA were synthesized by melt polycondensation reactions. The CMC of the copolymer was measured using the dye solubilization method. The copolymers were found to self‐aggregate in water to form micelles above the CMC. The micellar solutions were prepared with different methods and investigated by DLS and AFM. The DLS method was used to measure the mean hydrodynamic diameters of the micelles. It was found that preparation method and condition of the micellar solution, as well as the structure and composition of the copolymer had effects on the hydrodynamic diameter of the copolymer micelles. AFM studies showed that the morphology of the micelle was spherical.

Synthesis of 3‐armed stars based on poly(ethylene glycol) and poly(sebacic anhydride).

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Synthesis of 3‐armed stars based on poly(ethylene glycol) and poly(sebacic anhydride).
Use of PP Grafted with Itaconic Acid as a New Compatibilizer for PP/Clay Nanocomposites
Authors: Moncada Edwin , Quijada Raúl , Lieberwirth Ingo , Yazdani‐Pedram Mehrdad
Published: August 2006

Summary: Functionalized PP samples with different percentages of grafted IA, i.e., 0.7, 1 or 1.8 wt.‐%, with similar molecular weights were used as compatibilizers in PP/clay nanocomposites. PP nanocomposites containing 1 wt.‐% of organically modified clays, i.e., montmorillonite, natural hectorite and synthetic hectorite and 3 wt.‐% of grafted PP with three different percentages of grafted IA as compatibilizers and two commercial PP samples of different molecular weights were prepared by melt blending. The nanocomposites were characterized by XRD, TEM and tensile mechanical measurements. It was found that the molecular weight of PP used as matrix as well as the percentage of grafted IA of the compatibilizer affected the degree of intercalation/exfoliation of the clay and consequently the mechanical properties of the nanocomposites. Values of 2 137 MPa for the modulus and 51 MPa for the tensile strength were obtained when natural hectorite was used and 2 117 and 40 MPa were obtained when montmorillonite was used. A comparative study was carried out, where PP grafted with maleic anhydride was used as the compatibilizer. Inferior mechanical properties were obtained for nanocomposites prepared by using this compatibilizer, where values of 1 607 MPa for the tensile modulus and 43 MPa for tensile strength were obtained. This result indicated that IA‐grafted PP was far more efficient as compatibilizer for the formation of nanocomposites than commercially available maleic anhydride‐grafted PP.

Model showing interaction of the organically modified clay with grafted PP used as compatibilizer.

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Model showing interaction of the organically modified clay with grafted PP used as compatibilizer.
New DEFT sequences for the acquisition of one‐dimensional carbon NMR spectra of small unlabelled molecules
Authors: Piotto Martial , Bourdonneau Maryse , Elbayed Karim , Wieruszeski Jean‐Michel , Lippens Guy
Published: August 2006

The acquisition time and quality of 1D 13C{1H} spectra can be improved substantially by using a modified driven equilibrium Fourier transform (DEFT) sequence, which is specifically designed to compensate for the effects of B1 inhomogeneity, pulse miscalibration and frequency offsets. The new sequence, called uniform driven equilibrium Fourier transform (UDEFT), returns the carbon magnetization with a high accuracy along its equilibrium position after each transient is complete. Thus, the sequence allows the use of relaxation delays (RD), which are much shorter than the carbon T1 of the molecule, thereby speeding up the acquisition process of 1D 13C{1H} spectra. To achieve this level of performance, UDEFT employs a refocusing element constituted by a composite adiabatic carbon pulse surrounded by two 90° carbon pulses whose phases are designed to compensate for 90° pulse miscalibrations in an MLEV manner (90° +x − τ(FID)− 180+y(Adia)− τ− 90° +x − 180° +x(Adia)). A version of the UDEFT sequence allows recording 1D 13C{1H} spectra devoid of heteronuclear NOE by using a matched adiabatic 1H decoupling scheme where an even number of 180° adiabatic pulses is applied during the UDEFT module. Spectra of a solution of 300 mM camphor that contains some carbon nuclei with very long T1 relaxation times (90 s and 78 s) were acquired with 128 scans in 10 min using a 5 s relaxation delay. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Institutional influences on business power: how ‘privileged’ is the Business Council of Australia?
Authors: Bell Stephen
Published: August 2006

This paper explores the institutional and political dynamics of the Business Council of Australia (BCA), a unique form of big business association which relies on the active involvement of its one hundred or so CEO members. The paper argues that associations such as the BCA confront a range of serious institutional problems in their attempts to wield political power, or more modestly perhaps, policy influence. First, they confront a disconnect between ‘structural’ and ‘instrumentalist’ articulations of business power. The key source of business power resides in business control over the economy and the investment process, a form of power wielded at the company level not at the level of business associations. When engaged in instrumentalist or overt forms of political activism, the BCA also confronts serious collective action problems. It is also argued that the influence of the BCA seems to have declined over time and that this can partly be traced back to declining CEO commitment rooted in changing institutional and structural dynamics in the corporate world.

Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Redox‐sensitive modulation of CD45 expression in pancreatic acinar cells during acute pancreatitis
Authors: de Dios I , Ramudo L , García‐Montero AC , Manso MA
Published: August 2006

CD45, a transmembrane protein tyrosine phosphatase required for signal transduction in leukocytes, has recently been found in pancreatic acinar cells. We have investigated the relationship between kinetic expression of CD45 on acinar cells during acute pancreatitis (AP) and the ability of these cells to produce tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) through mechanisms sensitive to the cellular redox state. Flow cytometric analysis showed a significant decrease in the constitutive expression of CD45 in acinar cells from six hours onwards after inducing AP by bile‐pancreatic duct obstruction (BPDO) in parallel with a significant increase in acinar TNF‐α production. Changes in protein expression on the acinar cell surface preceded CD45 mRNA down‐regulation, which was not found until 12 hours after BPDO. N‐Acetylcysteine treatment delayed and reduced the down‐regulation of CD45 expression induced by AP and prevented acinar cells from producing TNF‐α. Our results show that CD45 expression is down‐regulated in acinar cells during acute pancreatitis by redox‐sensitive mechanisms, and they support the notion that CD45 negatively controls the production of cytokines in pancreatic acinar cells. Copyright © 2006 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Creating and probing long‐range order in atomic clouds
Authors: von Cube C. , Slama S. , Kohler M. , Zimmermann C. , Courteille Ph.W.
Published: August 2006

Ultracold atoms interacting with the optical modes of a high‐Q optical ring cavity can synchronize their motion. The collective behavior makes the system interesting for quantum computing applications. This paper is devoted to the study of the collective coupling. We report on the first observation of a collective dynamics and on the realization of a laser, the gain mechanism of which is based on collective atomic recoil. We show that, if the atoms are subject to a friction force, starting from an unordered distribution they spontaneously form a moving density grating. Furthermore, we demonstrate that a 1D atomic density grating can be probed via Bragg scattering. By heterodyning the Bragg‐reflected light with a reference beam, we obtain detailed information on phase shifts induced by the Bragg scattering process.
Quantum state engineering with spins
Authors: Heidebrecht A. , Mende J. , Mehring M.
Published: August 2006

Magnetic resonance methods and in particular Nuclear Magnetic Resonance in the liquid state were the first experimental techniques to implement quantum computing algorithms. The main drawbacks of these methods sofar have been the highly mixed nature of the quantum states and scalability issues. Recently, efforts have been made to address these problems by applying magnetic resonance to solid state systems at lower temperatures. In this contribution, we give an overview of our results on accurately controlling and measuring the quantum state of spin systems in the liquid and in particular in the solid state at low temperatures using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Electron Spin Resonance.
Improving the purity of one‐ and two‐qubit gates
Authors: Kohler S. , Hänggi P.
Published: August 2006

We investigate the influence of AC driving fields on the coherence properties of one‐ and two‐qubit gate operations. In both cases, we find that for suitable driving parameters, the gate purity improves significantly. A mapping of the time‐dependent system‐bath model to an effective static model provides analytical results. The resulting purity loss compares favorably with numerical results.
Ensemble quantum computation and algorithmic cooling in optical lattices
Authors: Popp M. , Vollbrecht K.G.H. , Cirac J.I.
Published: August 2006

We show how to perform universal quantum computation with atoms confined in optical lattices which works both in the presence of defects and without individual addressing. We further present a scheme for cooling atoms close to the ground state of the Mott‐insulator regime. This method is based on a similar set of operations as for ensemble quantum computation and aims at cooling to temperatures which are low enough for the experimental realization of quantum simulation in present setups.
The deterministic generation of photons by cavity quantum electrodynamics
Authors: Walther H.
Published: August 2006

The paper reviews the work on cavity quantum electrodynamics performed in our laboratory using the one‐atom maser and the single ion trap laser. Furthermore a brief survey on other cavity quantum electrodynamic experiments using single atoms is given in order to show the large variety of problems which can be investigated with this kind of systems.
Plasticity of the coordination sphere of Ag2+
Authors: Grochala Wojciech
Published: August 2006

The geometric distortions of the ligand environment around Ag2+ cations have been examined for over 20 structurally characterized fluorides of Ag2+. Divalent silver is subject to a strong Jahn–Teller effect and it is most frequently found in an elongated or a compressed octahedral site. Typical Ag–F bond lengths vary from 2.34 to 2.60 Å (axial, R ax) and from 2.01 to 2.11 Å (equatorial, R eq) for the elongated octahedral site. The corresponding values for the compressed octahedral coordination are 2.00–2.09 Å (R ax) and 2.20–2.42 Å (R eq). The ellipsoidal Ag2+ cation exhibits significant plasticity of its coordination sphere, similar to its lighter d9 congener, Cu2+: the dependence of R eq vs. R ax is inverse and monotonic. The Jahn–Teller distortion parameter D (=R ax/R eq) takes values from 0.83 to 1.29, with the forbidden range from 0.94 to 1.11 (close to ideal octahedron). Novel parametrization and subsequent analysis of the valence bond sums reveal that selected compounds of Ag2+ require careful structural re‐examination. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Influence of sequential lithium insertions on the physical properties of spinel manganese oxide
Authors: Ning Liancai , Wu Jinping , Zhou Chenggang , Yao Shujuan , Pi Zhenbang , Cheng Hansong
Published: August 2006

We present first principles studies based on density functional theory (DFT) to investigate the lithium intercalation process in spinel manganese oxide compound. The lattice volume change, energetics, and insertion voltage were systematically examined upon sequential lithium insertions into the lattice. The charge transfer mechanism upon lithium intercalation was studied by analyzing the calculated spectra of density of states. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2007
Ab initio quantum chemical studies of the reactions of CF3CFHO2 with HO2
Authors: Zhang Weichao , Du Benni
Published: August 2006

The potential energy surface (PES) for the CF3CFHO2+HO2 reaction has been theoretically investigated using the DFT [B3LYP/6‐311G(d,p)] and B3LYP/6‐311++G(3df,3pd)//B3LYP/6‐311G(d,p) levels of theory. Both singlet and triplet PESs are investigated. The reaction mechanism on the triplet surface is simple. It is revealed that the formation of CF3CFHOOH+3O2 is the dominant channel on the triplet surface. On the basis of the ab initio data, the total rate constants for the reaction CF3CFHO2+HO2 in the T = 210–500 K range have been computed using conventional transition state theory with Wigner's tunneling correction and have been fitted by a rate constant expression as k = 1.04 ×10−12(cm3 molecule−1 s−1) exp (700.33/T). Calculated transition state rate constants with Wigner's tunneling correction for the reaction CF3CFHO2+HO2 are in good agreement with the available experimental values. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2007
Theoretical study in [C2H4–Tl]+ and [C2H2–Tl]+ complexes
Authors: Mendizabal Fernando , Olea‐Azar Claudio
Published: August 2006

We studied the attraction between [C2Hn] and Tl(I) in the hypothetical [C2Hn–Tl]+ complexes (n = 2,4) using ab initio methodology. We found that the changes around the equilibrium distance C–Tl and in the interaction energies are sensitive to the electron correlation potential. We evaluated these effects using several levels of theory, including Hartree–Fock (HF), second‐order Møller–Plesset (MP2), MP4, coupled cluster singles and doubles CCSD(T), and local density approximation augmented by nonlocal corrections for exchange and correlation due to Becke and Perdew (LDA/BP). The obtained interaction energies differences at the equilibrium distance Re (C–Tl) range from 33 and 46 kJ/mol at the different levels used. These results indicate that the interaction between olefinic systems and Tl(I) are a real minimum on the potential energy surfaces (PES). We can predict that these new complexes are viable for synthesizing. At long distances, the behavior of the [C2Hn]–Tl+ interaction may be related mainly to charge‐induced dipole and dispersion terms, both involving the individual properties of the olefinic π‐system and thallium ion. However, the charge‐induced dipole term (R−4) is found as the principal contribution in the stability at long and short distances. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2007
Das Zügelgurt‐Fachwerk der Muldebrücke Wurzen
Authors: Reintjes Karl‐Heinz , Gebert Gregor
Published: August 2006

Die neue Muldequerung Wurzen im Zuge der B 6 hat eine Gesamtlänge von 530 m und unterteilt sich in die 215 m lange Flußbrücke und die 315 m lange Vorlandbrücke. Spezielle Randbedingungen hinsichtlich der Trassierung und des Hochwasserschutzes sowie hohe gestalterische Ansprüche haben zu einer außergewöhnlichen Lösung für die Flußbrücke geführt. Das gewählte Fachwerk in Zügelgurtform ist im Mittelstreifen angeordnet und folgt der gekrümmten Trassierung. Der Aufsatz beschreibt den Prozeß der Lösungsfindung und geht ausführlich auf die statischen und konstruktiven Besonderheiten der Flußbrücke ein. Des weiteren werden Hinweise zu möglichen Modifizierungen und zum Potential der Konstruktion gegeben.
The preliminary transition of the grass-roots government functions in the border areas jiangxi, Fujian, and Guangdong during the first half of the twentieth century
Authors: Rui Wen
Published: August 2006

During the first half of the twentieth century, the social administrative functions of the grass-roots governments in the border areas Jiangxi, Fujian and Guangdong provinces showed apparent differences from the traditional government. There appeared a gradual transitional tendency to the modern society in aspects such as the specialization of administrative bodies, the communalization, corporation and trade orientation of the mass organizations, and the social control as well as attaching importance to conducting, serving and constructing the social communal facilities in the social economic context. Consequently, the transformation should be regarded as one of the stages in the progress of the social transition since the Late Qing dynasty.
The co‐occurrence of adolescent boys’ and girls’ use of psychologically, physically, and sexually abusive behaviours in their dating relationships
Authors: Sears Heather A. , Sandra Byers E. , Lisa Price E.
Published: August 2006

We examined the co‐occurrence of and risk factors for adolescent boys’ and girls’ self‐reported use of psychologically, physically, and sexually abusive behaviours in their dating relationships. The participants were 324 boys and 309 girls in grades 7, 9, or 11 who completed surveys at school. Descriptive analyses showed that 19% of boys and 26% of girls reported having used two or more forms of dating violence. One third of students in grade 7 had already used at least one form of aggressive behaviour in this context.

Canonical correlation analyses indicated that boys’ and girls’ use of multiple forms of dating violence were predicted by their attitudes toward and experiences with violence. After controlling for general abusiveness, boys’ use of sexually abusive behaviour and girls’ use of psychologically abusive behaviour were linked to specific risk factors that suggest an enactment of social scripts associated with their respective gender roles.
Brief Report: Binge drinking among high‐risk male and female adolescents in Israel
Authors: Isralowitz Richard , Reznik Alex
Published: August 2006

A major factor attributed to the problem and consequences of underage alcohol use is binge drinking. The objective of this study was to examine binge drinking and other alcohol‐related problem behaviour among high‐risk male and female adolescents who were from alternative schools and programs because of learning and/or behaviour problems. Self‐report data were collected from a purposive sample of 917 adolescents in Israel who ranged from 12 to 18 years. Binge drinking during the last 30 days prior to the survey was reported by 33% of males and 23% of females . Results of other alcohol‐related behaviour showed gender status not related to being in a car when the driver had been drinking (12%) or having driven a car or motorcycle after drinking (5%). Multiple regression analysis showed binge drinking related to what a youth does with time; a decline in relations with family members; selling drugs; and, having been in a serious fight during the last 12 months. Country of origin, i.e. born in Israel or the Former Soviet Union, was not found linked to binge drinking. Further research of binge drinking and alcohol‐related problem behaviour among high‐risk youth is important so that it can be applied to immediate and longstanding prevention efforts.
Acute heart failure associated with high admission blood pressure — A distinct vascular disorder?
Authors: Milo‐Cotter Olga , Adams Kirkwood F. , O'Connor Christopher M. , Uriel Nir , Kaluski Edo , Felker G. Michael , Weatherley Beth , Vered Zvi , Cotter Gad
Published: August 2006

Background

Although blood pressure (BP) is elevated in patients with acute heart failure (AHF), first admission BP has not been meticulously recorded before treatment in previous studies.

Methods

During three consecutive months, all AHF admissions (335 patients) to a city hospital which provides the sole inpatient medical service for approximately 500,000 people were registered. First BP was recorded before treatment at the first patient encounter in the ambulance or the emergency room.

Results

Mean BP at admission was 164±38/88±22 mm Hg. Mean BP in the highest quartile was 212±22/115±13 mm Hg. Patients with higher baseline BP had higher ejection fraction (highest versus lowest quartile 48±13% vs. 33±14%, p<0.001), less atrial fibrillation (18% vs. 42%, p=0.001) as well as lower mean urea and higher mean haemoglobin. The apparently more favourable baseline characteristics in patients with higher admission BP did not translate into lower morbidity – the rate of worsening heart failure – was not related to admission BP. However, 6 month mortality was lower in patients with higher admission BP (4% vs. 19.3%, p=0.002).

Conclusions

Blood pressure is elevated substantially at the onset of AHF. The different characteristics and outcome of patients admitted with high‐BP associated AHF suggest that this presentation may be a specific disorder related to a distinct yet unknown pathophysiological mechanism.
Specific receptor subtype mediation of LPA‐induced dual effects in cardiac fibroblasts
Authors: Chen Jinghai , Han Yu , Zhu Weiquan , Ma Rui , Han Bianmei , Cong Xiangfeng , Hu Shengshou , Chen Xi
Published: August 2006

Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a phospholipid messenger with diverse effects mediated via receptors LPA1, LPA2 and LPA3. Our previous study revealed that serum LPA level is elevated after myocardial infarction (MI). However, very little is known about the effects of LPA on cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) that play a crucial role in left ventricular remodeling after MI. Here we demonstrated that LPA dose‐dependently induced proliferation and collagen synthesis with the maximum stimulation at 10 μM that was preferentially mediated by LPA3. LPA also dose‐dependently induced apoptotic cell death, as estimated by MTT assay, hoechst staining, TUNEL and flow cytometric analysis, with an IC50of 50 μM. Moreover, apoptotic cell death may involve mitochondrial dysfunction and activation of caspase‐3. Apoptosis induced by LPA might be mediated by LPA1. These data suggest that LPA exerts dual proliferative and proapoptotic actions mediated by specific LPA receptor subtypes.
The AIDS pandemic: A catalyst for women's rights
Authors: Mehta S.
Published: August 2006

The rates of HIV infection among women are rising at a higher rate than among men. After citing the reasons for women's vulnerability, this report argues the potential role of gynecologists and obstetricians through integration of HIV/AIDS into sexual and reproductive health services to strengthen the response to the epidemic.
Late Holocene sea-level changes and isostasy in western Denmark
Authors: Gehrels W. Roland , Szkornik Katie , Bartholdy Jesper , Kirby Jason R. , Bradley Sarah L. , Marshall William A. , Heinemeier Jan , Pedersen Jørn B.T.
Published: August 2006

Cores and exposed cliff sections in salt marshes around Ho Bugt, a tidal embayment in the northernmost part of the Danish Wadden Sea, were subjected to14C dating and litho- and biostratigraphical analyses to reconstruct paleoenvironmental changes and to establish a late Holocene relative sea-level history. Four stages in the late Holocene development of Ho Bugt can be identified: (1) groundwater-table rise and growth of basal peat (from at least 2300 BC to AD 0); (2) salt-marsh formation (0 to AD 250); (3) a freshening phase (AD 250 to AD 1600?), culminating in the drying out of the marshes and producing a distinct black horizon followed by an aeolian phase with sand deposition; and (4) renewed salt-marsh deposition (AD 1600? to present). From 16 calibrated AMS radiocarbon ages on fossil plant fragments and 4 calibrated conventional radiocarbon ages on peat, we reconstructed a local relative sea-level history that shows a steady sea-level rise of 4 m since 4000 cal yr BP. Contrary to suggestions made in the literature, the relative sea-level record of Ho Bugt does not contain a late Holocene highstand. Relative sea-level changes at Ho Bugt are controlled by glacio-isostatic subsidence and can be duplicated by a glacial isostatic adjustment model in which no water is added to the world's oceans after ca. 5000 cal yr BP.
John Arnfield Heap, CMG
Authors: Richardson Mike
Published: August 2006

John Heap's whole working career was one devoted to the polar regions, primarily the Antarctic — as scientist, then as a distinguished, internationally respected polar diplomat, and finally to holding the Directorship of the Scott Polar Research Institute in Cambridge (Fig. 1). Much of the stability and innovative development of the Antarctic Treaty System during the crucial period of the 1970s and 1980s can be attributed to Heap's long tenure as Head of the UK Delegation to successive Antarctic Treaty meetings.
Beau Riffenburgh
Authors: Stone Ian R.
Published: August 2006

The first article in the last issue of this journal was a Commentary entitled ‘To those who have made Polar Record’. It was written by Beau Riffenburgh and marked his retirement after holding the appointment of Editor of this journal since 1992. During his long tenure of the office, he presided over no fewer than 54 issues, more than in the case of any previous Editor. In his note, he presented not only an outline history of the progress of the journal since its establishment in 1930 but also illuminating comment on who had done what to make Polar Record the successful academic publication that it is today (Riffenburgh 2006).
Balancing family and state care: neither, either or both? The case of Sweden
Authors: SUNDSTRÖM GERDT , MALMBERG BO , JOHANSSON LENNARTH
Published: August 2006

Old-age care has frequently been conceptualised as being either family-based or publicly-provided. This article analyses the overlap in provision from the two sources and their relationship in the Swedish welfare state. Many older people and their carers rely on both sources of help rather than on just one, and prefer to do so. The empirical evidence on patterns of care in Sweden supports a joint family-state conceptualisation of care. Its realisation may depend on general coverage rates of public services and the efficient targeting of frail elderly people who live alone. Most older people in need of care rely on help only from their family, but many are helped by both the family and the state, particularly those with the greatest needs. Dynamic concepts like ‘substitution’ and ‘complementarity’ are hard to apply in cross-sectional studies: there may be complementarity in individual cases but long-term substitution or its reversal in successive cohorts. Yet again, both sources of care may increase simultaneously in individual cases. The need for care varies considerably among Swedish municipalities, with implications for the levels of both public services and family support. High coverage rates of the public services may facilitate and support family care.
FORUM: THE IDEA OF THE SELF
Authors: GARRETT AARON
Published: August 2006

The following comments and response were presented at a symposium on Jerrold Seigel's The Idea of the Self: Thought and Experience in Western Europe since the Seventeenth Century (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005), held at the Center for European Studies, Harvard University, on 14 October 2005. The symposium was organized by David Armitage, Peter Gordon and Judith Surkis and was sponsored by the CES's Colloquia in Intellectual and Cultural History.
FORUM: THE IDEA OF THE SELF
Authors: GORDON PETER E.
Published: August 2006

Jerrold Seigel's book on the self is a monument in three dimensions. A comprehensive review of this extraordinary achievement would require a volume all its own. Instead I will offer just a few remarks, first on the book's general argument, and second on some of its more specific claims regarding Heidegger and Derrida.
FORUM: THE IDEA OF THE SELF
Authors: SEIGEL JERROLD
Published: August 2006

I want to begin by thanking all the participants in today's roundtable for their comments and criticisms, and especially those who worked to conceive and arrange it. I am enormously flattered, as I think most people would be, to find myself the subject of sustained attention, however critical, over a whole afternoon, and especially from such thoughtful and insightful colleagues. Too bad for me that I did not have all these critiques before finishing the book, since it would surely have been better for them. It did profit from earlier comments by two of today's panel members, Peter Gordon and Anthony La Vopa; that they have both been willing to add to the discussion in the way they have now is a mark of intellectual and personal generosity that I greatly appreciate. Let me take up each of the four comments in turn.
LITERARY MURDER
Authors: MANKIN ROBERT
Published: August 2006

John Brewer, The Pleasures of the Imagination. English Culture in the Eighteenth Century (London: HarperCollins, 1997)

John Brewer, Sentimental Murder. Love and Madness in the Eighteenth Century (London: HarperCollins, 2004)

Times have changed. Consider how George Orwell, in 1946, imagined the reader sitting down to a moment of pleasure.
Kriterien wissenschaftlicher Produktivität
Authors: Tietjens Maike , Strauß Bernd
Published: August 2006

Zusammenfassung. In diesem Beitrag werden Befunde einer Befragung von Professorinnen und Professoren an deutschen Hochschuleinrichtungen zu wissenschaftlichen Produktivitätskriterien und eigener wissenschaftlicher Produktivität berichtet. Die Untersuchungspopulation umfasste alle an deutschen sportwissenschaftlichen Institutionen tätigen Hochschullehrer und -lehrerinnen. Die Befragung wurde im Jahre 2000 postalisch durchgeführt. Die Rücklaufquote betrug ca. 40 %. Als Befragungsinstrument wurde eine modifizierte Fassung des Fragebogens von Montada, Krampen und Burkhard (1999 ) verwandt. Insgesamt zeigt sich eine hohe Homogenität in der Einschätzung der erfassten Kriterien. Veröffentlichungen in wissenschaftlichen Zeitschriften, Monographien, Internationalität, Einwerbung von Drittmitteln, insbesondere der DFG, experimentelle Untersuchungen, empirische Analysen im Allgemeinen, Grundsatzbeiträge und theoretische Analysen werden sehr positiv eingeschätzt. Dies gilt ebenso für die Bewertung der Lehre. Buchsprechungen, Kongressberichte, Publikationen in Kongress- und Tagungsbänden, Editorials u. ä. werden von den befragten Professorinnen und Professoren in ihrer Bedeutung für die wissenschaftliche Produktivität nicht sehr hoch eingestuft.
Motorische Ungeschicklichkeit
Authors: Schott Nadja , Roncesvalles Nida
Published: August 2006

Zusammenfassung. Das Kind mit koordinativen Problemen in der Motorik benötigt spezielle Aufmerksamkeit im frühen Kindesalter. Rechtzeitige Diagnose und konsequente Intervention der motorischen Ungeschicklichkeit (DCD) wirken sich positiv auf die weitere motorische Entwicklung aus. Darüber hinaus lässt sich durch eine frühe Intervention das psycho-soziale Stigma, das durch ungeschickte Bewegungen sowie dem Problem in Sport und Spiel mit anderen Kindern mitzuhalten, begegnen. Die Möglichkeit für diese Kinder, am Sport mit Gleichaltrigen teilzuhaben, hilft ihnen in ihrer Sozialisation. Das Ziel dieses Überblicksbeitrages ist es, motorische Ungeschicklichkeit zu definieren, typische Erscheinungsformen, Diagnosekriterien sowie bestehende Therapien vorzustellen.
Kraftgewinne durch Vorstellung maximaler Muskelkontraktionen
Authors: Reiser Mathias
Published: August 2006

Zusammenfassung. In der vorliegenden Trainingsstudie wurde der Effekt imaginierter Muskelkontraktionen (IMC-Training) auf die isometrische Maximalkraft (MVC) untersucht. In der Literatur finden sich hierzu teils widersprüchliche Befunde ( Herbert, Dean & Gandevia, 1998 ; Yue & Cole, 1992 . Im Rahmen eines vierwöchigen kontrollierten Trainingsprogramms trainierten Versuchspersonen (N = 34) die Kraftübung Bankdrücken entweder physisch (Gruppe “MaxKraft“, n = 12), d. h. mit maximalen isometrischen Kontraktionen oder indem sie die entsprechenden Kontraktionen so lebhaft als möglich imaginierten (Gruppe “Mental“, n = 11). Die Kontrollgruppe (n = 11) hatte kein Training. Vor, während (nach 7 bzw. 14 Tagen) und am Ende der Trainingsphase wurde die Relativkraft (MVC relativiert am Körpergewicht) erfasst. Im Gegensatz zur Kontrollgruppe verzeichnet die mental übende Gruppe einen signifikanten Kraftgewinn (5.7 %; p < .001). Der stärkste Vorstellungseffekt findet sich dabei zu Beginn der Trainingsphase (η2= .58). Der Kraftanstieg in Folge eines IMC-Trainings wird als Verbesserung der muskulären Aktivierung und somit als Anpassung der zentralen Programmierung interpretiert. Die Kraftgewinne der physisch übenden Gruppe (14.1 %) werden allerdings nicht erreicht.
Strategien beim selbstgesteuerten Bewegungslernen:
Authors: Bund Andreas , Wiemeyer Josef
Published: August 2006

Zusammenfassung. Der vorliegende Beitrag berichtet über die Entwicklung und Evaluation eines Fragebogens zur Erfassung von Lernstrategien beim selbstgesteuerten Bewegungslernen. Basierend auf den Konzeptionen psychologischer Messverfahren werden fünf Strategiegruppen unterschieden: (1) Kognitive Strategien, (2) Metakognitive Strategien, (3) Aktivierung interner Ressourcen, (4) Nutzung externer Ressourcen und (5) Motorische Strategien. Jede Strategiegruppe wird durch eine Subskala erfasst. Die Gütekriterien des Fragebogens wurden anhand einer hypothetischen Lernsituation überprüft (N = 170). Die Ergebnisse einer explorativen Faktorenanalyse bestätigen die faktorielle Struktur des Fragebogens. Die internen Konsistenzen (Cronbach’s alpha) der Skalen liegen zwischen α = .78 und α = .84. Die Annahme der Kriteriumsvalidität wird unterstützt durch Korrelationen in der erwarteten Höhe und Richtung zwischen der Einsatzhäufigkeit der Lernstrategien einerseits sowie der Lerndauer und den Zielorientierungen andererseits. Abschließend werden einige Fragestellungen für eine sportbezogene Lernstrategieforschung vorgeschlagen.
Die Wirksamkeit des Übens bewusster Bewegungseffekt-Antizipation
Authors: Künzell Stefan
Published: August 2006

Zusammenfassung. Die Theorie der internen Modelle besagt, dass gleichzeitig mit der Bewegung durch ein Vorwärtsmodell auch eine Vorhersage des durch die Bewegung bewirkten Effekts gebildet wird. Darüber hinaus wird angenommen, dass die Größe des Lernfortschritts mit der Güte des Vorwärtsmodells positiv zusammenhängt. In diesem Beitrag wird überprüft, ob beim Dartwerfen ein gezieltes Training der Antizipation des Treffpunkts ohne visuelle Rückmeldung einen positiven Effekt auf die Treffleistung zeigt. In Experiment 1 absolvierten 6 geübte Darter einer Treatmentgruppe ein 12-wöchiges Training mit insgesamt 1560 Würfen. Nach jedem dritten Wurf, unmittelbar nach dem Loslassen des Pfeils, wurde ihnen dabei die Sicht genommen. Sie mussten antizipieren, wo der Pfeil gelandet war, danach erhielten sie visuell Rückmeldung. 7 Vpn der Kontrollgruppe warfen ohne die Antizipationsaufgabe. Vom Vor- zum Nachtest konnte die Treatmentgruppe im Vergleich zur Kontrollgruppe ihre Antizipationsleistung signifikant verbessern. Bei der Treffleistung zeigten sich hingegen keine signifikanten Unterschiede. In Experiment 2 trainierten 9 Novizen wie in Experiment 1, nur dass Vpn der Treatmentgruppe schon vor dem Abwurf eines jeden dritten Wurfs die Sicht genommen wurde. Dabei kam es sowohl in der Kontroll- als auch in der Treatmentgruppe zu signifikanten Verbesserungen sowohl der Antizipations- als auch der Treffleistung. Ein signifikanter Vorteil der Treatmentgruppe im Vergleich zur Kontrollgruppe blieb allerdings auch hier aus. Die Resultate zeigen, dass ein Training des bewussten Antizipierens der Bewegungsergebnisse beim Dartwerfen keinen Vorteil für das Verbessern der Treffleistung bringt. Die Adaptation des Vorwärtsmodells geschieht vermutlich durch implizites Lernen.
Schmerzbewältigung als Prädiktor für Sportverletzungen und die Rolle von Interaktionen mit Verletzungsangst und Verletzungserfahrung
Authors: Kleinert Jens
Published: August 2006

Zusammenfassung. Ziel der vorliegenden Studie ist es zu erfassen, inwieweit das Bewältigungsverhalten bei Schmerzen und Beschwerden im Zusammenhang mit dem Auftreten von Verletzungen steht. Weiterhin soll in Anlehnung an das Stress-Verletzungs-Modell nach Andersen und Williams (1989 ) geprüft werden, inwieweit diese Zusammenhänge durch die Faktoren Verletzungsangst und Vorverletzungen moderiert werden. 203 Sportstudierende wurden am Anfang des Semesters mittels Fragebogen zu ihrem Bewältigungsverhalten bei Schmerzen und Beschwerden, Verletzungsangst und Verletzungserfahrungen befragt. Die Auftretenshäufigkeit von Bagatellverletzungen sowie leichteren und schwereren Verletzungen wurde nach vier Monaten durch eine zweite Befragung erfasst. Durch Clusteranalysen konnten ein assoziativer, ein undifferenzierter und ein dissoziativer Schmerzbewältigungsstil identifiziert werden. Logistische Regressionsanalysen unter Einbezug von Schmerzbewältigungsstil, Verletzungsangst und Verletzungserfahrung ergaben in Hinsicht auf leichte Verletzungen (R 2 = .18) und schwerere Verletzungen (R 2 = .12) signifikante Vorhersagemodelle. Insbesondere Studierende mit dissoziativem Bewältigungsstil verletzten sich seltener, während der assoziative Stil in Interaktion mit hoher Verletzungsangst mit höheren Verletzungsraten im Zusammenhang steht. Dissoziative Schmerzbewältigungstechniken (Ablenkung, Relativierung) werden als protektive Faktoren diskutiert, da sie Aktive davor schützen können sich in sportlichen Situationen zu stark auf den Schmerzreiz zu konzentrieren und hierdurch die eigentliche sportliche Aufgabe zu vernachlässigen.
Sportmotorische Entwicklung über die Lebensspanne
Authors: Willimczik Klaus , Voelcker-Rehage Claudia , Wiertz Olaf
Published: August 2006

Zusammenfassung. Obwohl sich die Entwicklungspsychologie der Lebensspanne seit etwa 15 Jahren in der Sportwissenschaft als theoretische Rahmenkonzeption durchgesetzt hat, liegen kaum empirische Studien vor, die auf dieser Grundlage theoriegeleitet die motorische Entwicklung untersuchen. Zentrales Anliegen dieses Beitrags ist es, den heuristischen Nutzen dieser Konzeption aufzuzeigen. Vorgestellt werden zentrale Ergebnisse der MODALIS-Studie (Motor Development across the Life Span) mit 1206 Versuchspersonen zwischen 6 und 89 Jahren. Im Rahmen eines querschnittlichen Designs wurden die Probanden hinsichtlich ausgewählter motorischer Fähigkeiten (Kraft, Schnelligkeit, Beweglichkeit, Koordination) sowie des Lernens der sportmotorischen Fertigkeit Jonglieren untersucht. Die Ergebnisse zu ausgewählten Leitsätzen der Entwicklungspsychologie der Lebensspanne geben Hinweise darauf, dass (a) eine starke Multidirektionalität zwischen einzelnen Dimensionen der Motorik für einzelne Phasen des Lebensverlaufs vorliegt, (b) die Gewinn-Verlust-Dynamik in Abhängigkeit von der betrachteten Fähigkeit durchaus unterschiedlich sein kann und (c) in allen Altersklassen, bis ins hohe Alter, eine hohe Plastizität für das Neulernen der Fertigkeit Jonglieren besteht. Bisherige Erkenntnisse zur motorischen Entwicklung auf der Grundlage von lebensabschnittbezogenen Untersuchungen werden diskutiert und z. T. revidiert und ergänzt.
Das Motorische Selbstwirksamkeits-Inventar (MOSI)
Authors: Wilhelm Andreas , Büsch Dirk
Published: August 2006

Zusammenfassung. Die Selbstwirksamkeitsüberzeugung fördert die Leistung im Sport ( Feltz, 1988 ). Sie beruht auf der persönlichen Wahrnehmung der eigenen Fähigkeiten und Fertigkeiten, die anstehenden Aufgaben erfolgreich zu bewältigen ( Bandura, 1977 , 1986 ). Konzeptionell lassen sich generalisierende und aufgabenspezifische Formen der Selbstwirksamkeit unterscheiden. Der vorliegende Ansatz schlägt eine bereichsspezifische Konzeption vor, die sich auf das Sporttreiben und das Bewegungslernen bezieht. Die beiden Bereiche erfasst ein Fragebogen (Motorisches-Selbstwirksamkeits-Inventar: MOSI) über jeweils fünf Items. Das Inventar wird an einer Stichprobe von 589 Personen überprüft. Für die Gesamtskala ist die interne Konsistenz gegeben. Die exploratorischen Faktorenanalysen heben die zweidimensionale Struktur und damit die bereichsspezifische Differenzierung zwischen dem Bewegungslernen und dem Sporttreiben hervor. Dagegen weist die Rasch-Analyse auf ein eindimensionales Konstrukt hin, welches maßgeblich durch den Bereich des Bewegungslernens bestimmt ist. Schließlich wird die (prognostische) Validität für den Bereich des Sportreibens nachgewiesen. Konsequenzen und weitere Einsatzmöglichkeiten des Inventars werden diskutiert.
Regional NOx emission strength for the Indian subcontinent and the impact of emissions from India and neighboring countries on regional O3 chemistry
Authors: Kunhikrishnan T. , Lawrence Mark G. , von Kuhlmann Rolf , Wenig Mark O. , Asman Willem A. H. , Richter Andreas , Burrows John P.
Published: August 2006

This study examines the regional NOx emission strength and influence of external emissions on O3‐related chemistry over the Indian subcontinent based on a three‐dimensional chemistry transport model and space‐based observations, following up on our earlier work on NOx chemistry over southern Asia. NOx mass and emissions from Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME) and Model of Atmospheric Transport and Chemistry–Max Planck Institute for Chemistry Version (MATCH‐MPIC) over India are compared, and the uncertainties in the estimates are briefly discussed. This study also employs the concept of small‐perturbation tendencies to compute the scaled sensitivities with modified NOx emissions for India and the neighboring continents. The sensitivities of NOx, O3, OH, and reservoir species of NOx over India to NOx emission from India, Southeast Asia, Africa, China, and the Middle East are discussed with respect to the photochemistry and the regional meteorology. Our study suggests that the mean regional NOx emission strength for India is close to 2.5 Tg(N)/yr with a seasonal maximum (∼3 Tg(N)/yr) during April and minimum (∼1.6 Tg(N)/yr) during winter. The changes in the O3 concentrations with respect to NOx and nonmethane hydrocarbon emissions from India show that southern India is relatively more sensitive to local emission.