bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chemical composition of fruits of a feijoa (F. sellowiana) in the conditions of subtropics of Russia
Authors: Belous Oksana , Omarov Magomed , Omarova Zuchra
Published: May 2014

The feijoa is culture quite widespread on the Black Sea coast of Russia. Difficulties are connected with absence in Russia of grades. All gardens have only the mix of grades, which is grown up from seeds. At institute are going of work on creation of productive varieties, with good quality parameters. Data on chemical and biochemical composition of fruits of high-yielding forms of a feijoa are provided in article. After carried-out selection work we selected a large number of perspective forms of a feijoa (more than 50). However not all of them was repeated by the results on productivity and were excluded from works on further studying. For today after rejection there were no more than two tens perspective forms.  They differ from each other on productivity, terms of maturing and quality of fruits. On efficiency the D-1 forms (Dagomys), 0-01 (Country) and 10-22 are allocated - productivity of fruits (on the average in 7 years) made respectively 33.3, 20.1 and 12.4 kg from a bush. The plants are sorted out according to the productivity, ripening terms and fruit quality. It is defined that early ripe grades are characterized by higher activity of oxidizing enzymes (263.1 mL.O2.g-1). In a zone of damp subtropics the grades containing increased quantity of carotinoids are steadier (0.31 mg.g-1). The contents in fruits of a feijoa of such substances, as vitamin P, Р-active and pectin substances, ascorbic acid, macro and microelements are revealed. Fruits of a feijoa are differed the increased accumulation of sugars, at some forms the content of sucrose prevails over amount of monosaccharide. High accumulation of vitamin C (41.89 - 78.68 mg.dL-1) is noted. But we don't confirm the high content of iodine in fruits. Fruits of a feijoa can be considered as potential raw materials for production of canned products with a functional purpose.
Species identification of enterococci by biochemical test and molecular-genetic methods
Authors: Lavová Monika , Bezeková Jana , Čanigová Margita , Kročko Miroslav , Domig Konrad
Published: May 2014

The aim of this study was comparison different methods of species identification of enterococci. One hundred and fifty three suspected colonies were isolated from milk and dairy products (cheeses from cow´s, ewe´s and goat´s milk). On the bases of their growth on BEA agar, microscopic characteristic, results of Gram staining, catalase test and PYRAtest was thirty four isolates assigned to the genus Enterococcus. These isolates were identified by commercial biochemical test EN-COCCUS. 52.9% of them were included in species E. faecalis, 29.4% in E. faecium, 14.7% in E. durans and 2.9% in E. group III. This group includes 3 species: E. durans, E. hirae, E. faecalis asaccharolytic var. Then 16S rRNA sequencing nucleotide of all isolates was realized. Results of sequencing were compared with NCBI database. Only 14.7% of isolates were in 100% accordance. One from them was species E. durans and others were designated as E. faecium. For 20.6% of detected isolates was in accordance with more reference strains. Other isolates were identical with reference strain on 99%. For verification of all results species-specific PCR was used and 52.9% isolates were identified as species E. faecalis, 32.4% as E. faecium and 14.7% as E. durans. Strains belonging to the species E. faecalis were identified the most reliable by all used methods.
The Analysis of the Treatment Outcomes of Proximal Humeral Fractures with Locking Plates
Authors: Lee Kwang Won , Hwang Yoon Sub , Kim Choon Myeon , Yang Dae Suk , Park Tae Soo
Published: May 2014

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to assess the clinical outcomes after treatment of proximal humeral fractures with locking plates, and to determine which factors influence the clinical and radiological outcomes.METHODS: Fifty six patients who were treated with locking plates for proximal humeral fractures and had been followed for more than 1 year were enrolled in this study. We performed functional evaluation using the Constant score and analyzed radiographic results. The following factors that may potentially influence the clinical outcomes were assessed: age, gender, type of fracture, presence of medial metaphyseal comminution, bone mineral density, anatomical reduction, restoration of medial mechanical support, and postoperative complications.RESULTS: The mean Constant score was 70.1 points at the final follow-up. Female gender, 4-part fractures, AO type-C fractures, and fractures with medial metaphyseal comminution were associated with a poor clinical outcome. On the other hand, restoration of medial mechanical support and accurate anatomical reduction had a positive influence on clinical outcomes. Postoperative complications resulted in 3 patients (intra-articular screw perforation: 1 patient, varus deformity with screw loosening: 1 patient, nonunion: 1 patient).CONCLUSIONS: When treating proximal humeral fractures with locking plate fixation, following factors: a female gender, Neer type 4-part fracture, AO type C fracture, and medial metaphyseal comminution are important risk factors that surgeons should take into consideration. Factors that contribute to better clinical outcomes of operative treatment for humeral fractures are accurate anatomical reduction and restoration of medial mechanical support.
Adding Value to the University of Oklahoma Libraries History of Science Collections through Digital Enhancement
Authors: Valentino Maura
Published: May 2014

Much of the focus of digital collections has been and continues to be on rare and unique materials, including monographs.   A monograph may be made even rarer and more valuable by virtue of hand written marginalia.   Using technology to enhance scans of unique books and make previously unreadable marginalia readable increases the value of a digital object to researchers.  This article describes a case study of enhancing the marginalia in a rare book by Copernicus.
Editorial Board Thoughts: A Considerable Technology Asset that Has Little to Do with Technology.
Authors: Dehmlow Mark
Published: May 2014

Editorial Board Thoughts: A Considerable Technology Asset that Has Little to Do with Technology.
Review of EPUB 3: Best Practices
Authors: Cyzyk Mark
Published: May 2014

Review of EPUB 3: Best Practices
The Contribution of Gender, Socio-Economic Status and Socio-Cultural Influence to Turkish Students' Task Value Beliefs in Science
Authors: Kahraman Nurcan , Sungur-Vural Semra
Published: May 2014

This study aimed to investigate how well gender, socio-economic status of family, and socio-cultural influences (perceived parents' achievement goals, and perceived teachers' achievement goals) predict middle school students' task value beliefs in science. Background Characteristics Survey, Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire, Perceived Parent Goal Emphases Scale and Perceived Teacher Goal Emphases Scale were administered to 977 middle school students in Turkey which may be viewed as a country possessing characteristics of both individualist and collectivist cultures. Consistent with the findings in individualistic cultures, results showed that middle school students who think that learning new things, improving skills in science are emphasized by their parents and science teachers tend to perceive science tasks as useful, interesting or enjoyable.
Insegurança alimentar em povos de terreiros
Authors: Carvalho Roberta Rejane Santos de , Alberto Norma Sueli Marques da Costa , Pereira Theonas Gomes
Published: May 2014

Introdução: O conceito de segurança alimentar é compreendido como a realização do direito de todos ao acesso regular e permanente a alimentos de qualidade em quantidade suficiente, sem afetar outras necessidades essenciais. Objetivo: Estimar a prevalência de insegurança alimentar intrafamiliar em povos de terreiros e verificar a associação com indicadores socioeconômicos. Métodos: Estudo transversal que investigou a situação de insegurança alimentar em povos de terreiros de Teresina, Piauí, cuja amostra foi constituída por 137 casas ativas no período de agosto de 2011 a julho de 2012. Foram instrumentos de coleta de dados a Escala Brasileira de Insegurança Alimentar e um questionário sociodemográfico aplicados ao pai/mãe de santo, após consentirem formalmente sua participação na pesquisa. Para análise das variáveis e da insegurança alimentar, foi utilizado o teste χ2.­­ Resultados: A insegurança alimentar esteve presente em 79,6% dos domicílios, sendo 29,9% de insegurança alimentar leve, 33,6% na forma moderada e 16,1% na grave. Nos domicílios com menores de 18 anos, a prevalência de insegurança alimentar grave foi maior (22,7%) se comparada aos domicílios que possuíam moradores com 18 anos ou mais (14,7%). As variáveis independentes como rendimento mensal e tipo de moradia apresentaram associação inversamente significante à insegurança alimentar. Conclusão: Os resultados expressam a gravidade da situação de insegurança alimentar em povos de terreiro em Teresina, indicam a violação do direito humano à alimentação adequada vivenciada por esse grupo e reforçam a necessidade do poder público agir mais efetivamente com ações de proteção social junto a esses povos
Epidermal barrier defects link atopic dermatitis with altered skin cancer susceptibility
Authors: Cipolat Sara , Hoste Esther , Natsuga Ken , Quist Sven R , Watt Fiona M
Published: May 2014

Atopic dermatitis can result from loss of structural proteins in the outermost epidermal layers, leading to a defective epidermal barrier. To test whether this influences tumour formation, we chemically induced tumours in EPI−/− mice, which lack three barrier proteins—Envoplakin, Periplakin, and Involucrin. EPI−/− mice were highly resistant to developing benign tumours when treated with 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA). The DMBA response was normal, but EPI−/− skin exhibited an exaggerated atopic response to TPA, characterised by abnormal epidermal differentiation, a complex immune infiltrate and elevated serum thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP). The exacerbated TPA response could be normalised by blocking TSLP or the immunoreceptor NKG2D but not CD4+ T cells. We conclude that atopy is protective against skin cancer in our experimental model and that the mechanism involves keratinocytes communicating with cells of the immune system via signalling elements that normally protect against environmental assaults.
Finding a niche for cardiac precursors
Authors: Bruneau Benoit G
Published: May 2014

Within an embryo, a region next to the developing heart provides a niche where cardiac precursor cells can increase in number before they contribute to the development of this organ.
TURISMO EM LAGUNA (SC): IMPACTOS E ATITUDE
Authors: Gastal Susana de Araujo , Dall'Agnol Sandra
Published: May 2014

Os lugares a beira-mar, consagrados como espaços de turismo e de segunda residência, sofrem os impactos decorrentes da atividade. A atitude da população local em relação aos mesmos, vendo-os como bônus ou, ao contrário, como ônus, contribui para viabilizar, ou não, o turismo nas localidades. O presente artigo tem por objetivo apresentar pesquisa realizada na cidade de Laguna, no litoral de Santa Catarina, Brasil, metodologicamente associada ao construto atitude, da Psicologia Social, e que avaliou a relação da comunidade com os diferentes impactos passiveis de serem ocasionados pelo turismo. A coleta de dados, utilizando instrumento originalmente proposto e validado por Molero e Cuadrado (2006), permitiu que a análise encaminhasse a posição dos moradores locais sobre os efeitos do Turismo na localidade, avaliados os oito fatores, quais sejam, os impactos sobre meio ambiental; delinquência; vida cotidiana; importância percebida do Turismo; serviços públicos e infraestruturas; intercultural; emprego; e valores. Os resultados indicam que nos residentes mais jovens a atitude aparece positivamente quanto à maioria dos impactos, sendo indiferentes quanto ao impacto ambiental, delinquência e valores sociais.
6ª CONFERÊNCIA MUNDIAL DE PESQUISA E PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM TURISMO, HOSPITALIDADE E LAZER E 2ª CONFERÊNCIA INTERDISCIPLINAR DE PESQUISA EM TURISMO
Authors: Trentin Fabia , Soares Carlos Alberto Lidizia , Tempone Bianca
Published: May 2014

No período de 24 a 29 de abril, foram realizados os eventos 6ª Conferência Mundial de Pesquisa de Pós-Graduação em Hotelaria, Turismo e Lazer e 2ª Conferência de Pesquisa Interdisciplinar Turismo, organizados pelo Anatolia – An International Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Research, em Fethiye, Turquia. Este texto é um breve relato dos eventos e suas contribuições para o turismo.
STAKEHOLDERS ANALYSIS: UM NOVO CAMPO DE PESQUISA NO TURISMO
Authors: Vieira Saulo Fabiano Amâncio , Costa Benny Kramer , Cintra Renato Fabiano
Published: May 2014

O presente artigo buscou realizar um levantamento bibliográfico acerca dos trabalhos que versam sobre stakeholders analysis, bem como identificar possíveis temas de pesquisa na área do turismo. A pesquisa foi realizada em janeiro de 2010, utilizando-se da base de referências web of science, organizada de acordo com seu fator de impacto da publicação, focando no tema stakeholders analysis, onde foram encontrados 1.296 artigos, a partir desses foram selecionados os 200 mais relevantes (por fator de impacto), a qual foi feita uma análise prévia de seu conteúdo e separou aqueles que efetivamente abordavam aspectos teóricos da stakeholders analysis, perfazendo um rol de 51 artigos. Em relação a sua temática central, levantou-se: Meio Ambiente (13), Redes de Relacionamento (8), Tomada de Decisão (9), Políticas Públicas (6), Gestão de Projetos (4) e Revisão de literatura (11). Predomina nestes artigos a abordagem qualitativa com 42 (82%). Verifica-se o crescente interesse sobre a utilização da temática de stakeholders analysis, a partir de 2005 a periodicidade de publicação destes artigos foram intensificadas (39 artigos), demonstrando o potencial e maturidade da teoria. Também observou que existem diferentes abordagens teóricas de stakeholders analysis que podem ser exploradas em pesquisas no turismo, sendo encontrados 5 artigos abordando a temática.
AUMENTO DO TEMPO DE PERMANÊNCIA DOS TURISTAS NO BRASIL: NOVOS TURISTAS OU NOVOS COMPORTAMENTOS?
Authors: Santos Glauber Eduardo de Oliveira , Ramos Vicente , Rey-Maquieira Javier
Published: May 2014

Em todo o mundo a duração média das viagens tem diminuído. No entanto, curiosamente, essa tendência não tem se revelado no turismo receptivo internacional do Brasil. Duas hipóteses podem explicar a incomum realidade brasileira: mudanças no comportamento dos turistas que visitam o país, e alterações na composição do fluxo turístico receptivo internacional brasileiro. Uma eventual confirmação da primeira hipótese mostraria que a evolução do comportamento dos turistas nos últimos anos foi efetivamente diferente no Brasil e nos demais países, evidenciando a ocorrência de melhorias na qualidade da experiência turística ofertada pelo Brasil. Este estudo objetiva testar essa hipótese através do uso de modelos de duração baseados em mais de 211 mil entrevistas. A modelagem do comportamento individual dos turistas torna possível controlar o efeito de variáveis intervenientes, permitindo uma avaliação detalhada do efeito temporal sobre a duração esperada das estadas dos turistas. Treze modelos de duração são testados. O modelo com melhor ajuste aos dados tem taxa de risco com distribuição Weibull e heterogeneidade individual com distribuição Gama. Os resultados apontam que a tendência crescente da permanência média é parcialmente explicada por uma mudança no comportamento dos turistas.
A produção de teses e dissertações sobre centros culturais
Authors: Silva Mario Fernandes da , Camargo Luiz Octávio de Lima , Bueno Marielys Siqueira
Published: May 2014

Na intersecção das noções de cultura e turismo, os centros culturais cada vez mais se destacam nas grandes e médias cidades, constituindo referência geográfica e de prestígio para seus moradores atrativo para turistas. Este artigo tem como objetivo central analisar a produção bibliográfica sobre os centros culturais e, como específicos, discutir e criticar a noção de cultura embutida na sua ação bem como sistematizar a produção sobre o tema, destacando a interface entre os conceitos e práticas de cultura e turismo. A metodologia utilizada foi a descritivo-interpretativa. A base de dados utilizada foi o Banco de Dissertações e Teses da CAPES, de 1987 a 2010, nas quais se encontra a expressão exata centro cultural no título e/ou palavra chave e/ou resumo, resultando em 116 teses/dissertações. Os referenciais teóricos são autores das áreas de cultura e turismo. Os resultados mostram que a produção acadêmica está em crescimento tanto nos programas de universidades públicas como privadas, mas que, em geral, optam por abordagens que não questionam os conceitos de cultura utilizados e embutidos no planejamento e na ação desses centros. Destaque-se igualmente o pequeno interesse sobre o tema nos estudos turísticos, para os quais os centros culturais são considerados apenas como oferta dentro do turismo cultural, esquecendo a sua dimensão educativa.
An Analysis of Open-Ended Online Reviews about Bed and Breakfast and Inns in Portugal
Authors: Santos Sara Evans Machado dos , Chaves Marcirio Silveira , Pedron Cristiane Drebes
Published: May 2014

Researches about User-Generated Content (UGC) have gained attention in the fields of Tourism and Hospitality in the last years. This study focus on online reviews about alternative accommodations – B&Bs and Inns. The development of this work was realized applying inductive methods and using an exploratory approach. We collected a sample of 450 online reviews and analyzed them segment by segment, making a total of 4621 segments. We used the Appraisal Theory to assess what attitudes online reviewers are expressing about B&Bs and Inns in Lisbon. We verified that positive appreciation is the most frequent attitude while expressions of affect and judgment are more rare. This study contributes to the academy as it brings a new parameter of analysis of UGC using the Appraisal Theory in the field of Hospitality.
O Processo de organizar em agências de viagens: influências estéticas, etnometodológicas e práticas
Authors: Bispo Marcelo de Souza
Published: May 2014

No contexto das organizações turísticas, a relação entre o processo de organizar com o de aprender e gerar conhecimento é algo latente, em especial, naquelas de pequeno e médio porte como são a grande maioria das agências de viagens no Brasil. Contudo, de acordo com Valtonen (2009) este tema vem recebendo pouca atenção do meio acadêmico nas áreas de administração e turismo. Este artigo adotou como questão norteadora: Como ocorre o processo de organizar de um grupo de lojas, de uma agência de viagens, analisado com as lentes da estética, da etnometodologia e do conceito de prática? O principal objetivo foi compreender como uma pequena empresa de turismo, agência de viagens, estabelece seu processo organizativo a partir das suas práticas cotidianas de forma naturalística e situada, influenciadas pelo uso da tecnologia. A pesquisa adotou como referencial teórico a estética organizacional, a etnometodologia e o conceito de prática. A estratégia de investigação empírica adotada foi a etnometodologia em uma agência de viagens com três lojas na grande São Paulo. Como principais resultados a pesquisa aponta que o uso da tecnologia como prática na organização pesquisada faz grande influência no seu modus operandi e no seu processo de organizar.
Tipos de oferta turística y actitudes de los residentes: el caso de Ibiza
Authors: Cardona José Ramón
Published: May 2014

Los tipos y formas de turismo y, sobre todo, la percepción y actitud de los turistas influyen en cómo evolucionan las actitudes de los residentes. Pero la inmensa mayoría de los estudios de actitudes de los residentes analizan el sector turístico en su conjunto, siendo pocos los casos que se centran en algún tipo concreto de oferta. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar si hay productos turísticos con peor o mejor valoración. La principal diferencia entre las dos encuestas utilizadas es que en 2011 se esperan efectos derivados de la crisis económica. Los residentes consideran que hay un conjunto de productos muy aceptables (turismo rural y de naturaleza, turismo náutico, turismo deportivo, turismo cultural, congresos y ferias, turismo de sol y playa, etc.), productos moderadamente aceptables (casas en alquiler y segundas residencias) y productos problemáticos (golf, clubbers y all inclusive). Al segmentar vemos que la mayoría posee valoraciones muy positivas de las ofertas planteadas (52,4%). Esta mayoría puede dividirse entre los partidarios del All inclusive (17%) y sus detractores (35,4%). Existe un grupo con posturas partidarias pero más moderadas y que se oponen al All inclusive, los campos de golf y el turismo clubber (28%).
Epistemologia do turismo: escolas teóricas e proposta crítica
Authors: Panosso Netto Alexandre , Castillo Nechar Marcelino
Published: May 2014

O objetivo do estudo é discutir e problematizar o tema da epistemologia aplicada ao turismo. O artigo aborda a definição do termo epistemologia, o problema da construção do conhecimento em turismo, as escolas teóricas existentes e propõe a teoria crítica aos estudos turísticos. O avanço na produção científica do conhecimento em turismo, apesar de seu crescimento nos últimos anos, continua sendo um tema menosprezado. É considerado tema complexo, devido à necessidade de uma sólida reflexão filosófica e porque parece ter pouca aplicação prática, sendo extremamente teórico. O procedimento seguido é uma revisão crítica do termo epistemologia, com o propósito de analisar sua posição cientificista. Busca reconhecer as escolas que marcam a tendência analítica e a que se contrapõe a ela, a tendência histórica. A proposta aponta para o desenvolvimento de fundamentos críticos reflexivos, apresentando a teoria crítica como uma opção de construção transformadora da realidade e do conhecimento do turismo.
Upcoming Leadership Elections
Authors: McPhaden Mike
Published: May 2014

AGU continues to evolve into a stronger, more innovative organization thanks to the dedication of volunteer leaders working in partnership with AGU staff. The Board and Council, which form the core of AGU's bicameral governance structure, provide guidance for the organization within the framework of its stakeholder‐driven strategic plan. Members elected to Board and Council leadership positions are critically important to AGU's continued success.
AGU Makes Research More Accessible to Public by Making Journals Freely Available Online
Authors: Finn Carol
Published: May 2014

As a leader in the scientific community, AGU has a responsibility to advance our science and support the execution of high‐quality research. Perhaps equally important, we also have a responsibility to share that knowledge as widely as possible.
New method presented for calculating horizontal eddy diffusion
Authors: Wendel JoAnna
Published: May 2014

Turbulent features in the ocean, such as fronts, eddies, and filaments, occur when waters of different properties—such as temperature, salinity, density, or velocity—collide. Their dynamics are difficult to study because of their relatively small size (1–10 kilometers) and ephemeral lifetime (on the order of a few days). Nonetheless, they have a large influence on how particles, heat, and salt are mixed and transferred in the ocean.
Efflorescence upon humidification? X‐ray microspectroscopic in situ observation of changes in aerosol microstructure and phase state upon hydration
Authors: Pöhlker Christopher , Saturno Jorge , Krüger Mira L. , Förster Jan‐David , Weigand Markus , Wiedemann Kenia T. , Bechtel Michael , Artaxo Paulo , Andreae Meinrat O.
Published: May 2014

The phase and mixing state of atmospheric aerosols is a central determinant of their properties and thus their role in atmospheric cycling and climate. Particularly, the hygroscopic response of aerosol particles to relative humidity (RH) variation is a key aspect of their atmospheric life cycle and impacts. Here we applied X‐ray microspectroscopy under variable RH conditions to internally mixed aerosol particles from the Amazonian rain forest collected during periods with anthropogenic pollution. Upon hydration, we observed substantial and reproducible changes in particle microstructure, which appear as mainly driven by efflorescence and recrystallization of sulfate salts. Multiple solid and liquid phases were found to coexist, especially in intermediate humidity regimes. We show that X‐ray microspectroscopy under variable RH is a valuable technique to analyze the hygroscopic response of individual ambient aerosol particles. Our initial results underline that RH changes can trigger strong particle restructuring, in agreement with previous studies on artificial aerosols.
An astronomical age for the Bishop Tuff and concordance with radioisotopic dates
Authors: Zeeden Christian , Rivera Tiffany A. , Storey Michael
Published: May 2014

The Bishop Tuff forms a key stratigraphic horizon for synchronization of Quaternary sedimentary records in North America. The unit stratigraphically overlies the Matuyama‐Brunhes geomagnetic polarity reversal by several thousand years; high‐precision dating of this tuff may be valuable for regional and global correlation of records. The Quaternary time scale is anchored by 40Ar/39Ar ages on lava flows and ash layers where available, with stage boundaries and geomagnetic reversals including astronomically tuned records. However, astronomical dating has not yet validated the high‐precision 238U/206Pb zircon and 40Ar/39Ar sanidine ages of the Bishop Tuff. We have identified the Bishop Tuff within the marine sedimentary record and derived an astronomical age of 0.765 ± 0.008 Ma by correlation to the LR04 δ18O global benthic stack and its age model. This age is consistent with Bishop Tuff radioisotopic ages, including new single crystal 40Ar/39Ar sanidine fusion analyses presented here, which demonstrates that concordance through multiple dating techniques is achievable within the Quaternary.
Nonspecular meteor trails from non‐field‐aligned irregularities: Can they be explained by presence of charged meteor dust?
Authors: Chau J. L. , Strelnikova I. , Schult C. , Oppenheim M. M. , Kelley M. C. , Stober G. , Singer W.
Published: May 2014

Nonspecular meteor echoes have been associated with field‐aligned irregularities and have been observed at low‐latitude and midlatitude sites. We present observations obtained at high latitudes with range‐time features that resemble those at lower latitudes. However, these echoes cannot come from field‐aligned irregularities, since the radar‐pointing angles are almost parallel to the magnetic field. Using interferometry, we have been able to discriminate space and time features. Our echoes could be qualitatively explained by the presence of charged dust forming from the meteoric material immersed in a turbulent flow. This can lead to a high Schmidt number plasma that can sustain meter‐scale turbulence just as it does for the polar mesospheric summer echoes. These rare events require relatively large meteoroids. The result emphasizes the importance of charged dust in understanding all long‐duration nonspecular meteor echoes. This dust will extend their diffusion times and will affect temperature estimations from specular echoes.
Synthesis of Thieno‐Fused Heterocycles through Reiterative Iodocyclization
Authors: Aurelio Luigi , Volpe Rohan , Halim Rosliana , Scammells Peter J. , Flynn Bernard L.
Published: May 2014

Iodocyclization of ethynyl methyl sulfides gives 3‐iodo‐2‐thiomethyl heterocycles, setting up the synthesis of thieno‐fused systems through a subsequent iteration of alkyne coupling and iodocylization. This approach can also be exploited in the synthesis of polyfused thiophenes. In developing this protocol it was necessary to address issues associated with unfavourable electronic bias and redox sensitivity in some substrates. The manner in which these have been addressed should prove useful elsewhere in iodocyclization chemisty.

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N‐Alkylations of NH‐Sulfoximines and NH‐Sulfondiimines with Alkyl Halides Mediated by Potassium Hydroxide in Dimethyl Sulfoxide
Authors: Hendriks Christine M. M. , Bohmann Rebekka A. , Bohlem Marina , Bolm Carsten
Published: May 2014

A general method for the N‐alkylation of NH‐sulfoximines and NH‐sulfondiimines has been developed, employing alkyl bromides with KOH in DMSO at room temperature. A variety of previously inaccessible N‐alkylated sulfoximines and sulfondiimines was prepared in good to excellent yields (up to 97%). As an application, the conditions were used to access the biologically active Suloxifen.

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Temperature distribution reconstruction in Czochralski crystal growth process
Authors: Abdollahi Javad , Izadi Mojtaba , Dubljevic Stevan
Published: May 2014

A mechanical geometric crystal growth model is developed to describe the crystal length and radius evolution. The crystal radius regulation is achieved by feedback linearization and accounts for parametric uncertainty in the crystal growth rate. The associated parabolic partial differential equation (PDE) model of heat conduction is considered over the time‐varying crystal domain and coupled with crystal growth dynamics. An appropriately defined infinite‐dimensional representation of the thermal evolution is derived considering slow time‐varying process effects. The computational framework of the Galerkin's method is used for parabolic PDE order reduction and observer synthesis for temperature distribution reconstruction over the entire crystal domain. It is shown that the proposed observer can be utilized to reconstruct temperature distribution from boundary temperature measurements. The developed observer is implemented on the finite‐element model of the process and demonstrates that despite parametric and geometric uncertainties present in the model, the temperature distribution is reconstructed with the high accuracy. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 60: 2839–2852, 2014
Mutant huntingtin is present in neuronal grafts in huntington disease patients
Authors: Cicchetti Francesca , Lacroix Steve , Cisbani Giulia , Vallières Nicolas , Saint‐Pierre Martine , St‐Amour Isabelle , Tolouei Ranna , Skepper Jeremy N. , Hauser Robert A. , Mantovani Diego , Barker Roger A. , Freeman Thomas B.
Published: May 2014

Objective

Huntington disease (HD) is caused by a genetically encoded pathological protein (mutant huntingtin [mHtt]), which is thought to exert its effects in a cell‐autonomous manner. Here, we tested the hypothesis that mHtt is capable of spreading within cerebral tissue by examining genetically unrelated fetal neural allografts within the brains of patients with advancing HD.

Methods

The presence of mHtt aggregates within the grafted tissue was confirmed using 3 different types of microscopy (bright‐field, fluorescence, and electron), 2 additional techniques consisting of Western immunoblotting and infrared spectroscopy, and 4 distinct antibodies targeting different epitopes of mHtt aggregates.

Results

We describe the presence of mHtt aggregates within intracerebral allografts of striatal tissue in 3 HD patients who received their transplants approximately 1 decade earlier and then died secondary to the progression of their disease. The mHtt+ aggregates were observed in the extracellular matrix of the transplanted tissue, whereas in the host brain they were seen in neurons, neuropil, extracellular matrix, and blood vessels.

Interpretation

This is the first demonstration of the presence of mHtt in genetically normal and unrelated allografted neural tissue transplanted into the brain of affected HD patients. These observations raise questions on protein spread in monogenic neurodegenerative disorders of the central nervous system characterized by the formation of mutant protein oligomers/aggregates. Ann Neurol 2014;76:31–42
Superelastic Organic Crystals
Authors: Takamizawa Satoshi , Miyamoto Yasuhiro
Published: May 2014

Superelastic materials (crystal‐to‐crystal transformation pseudo elasticity) that consist of organic components have not been observed since superelasticity was discovered in a Au‐Cd alloy in 1932. Superelastic materials have been exclusively developed in metallic or inorganic covalent solids, as represented by Ti‐Ni alloys. Organosuperelasticity is now revealed in a pure organic crystal of terephthalamide, which precisely produces a large motion with high repetition and high energy storage efficiency. This process is driven by a small shear stress owing to the low density of strain energy related to the low lattice energy.
Programmierbare und hochaufgelöste In‐vitro‐Detektion von genomischem 5‐Methylcytosin durch TALEs
Authors: Kubik Grzegorz , Schmidt Moritz J. , Penner Johanna E. , Summerer Daniel
Published: May 2014

Genexpression ist stark durch spezifische Muster von genomischem 5‐Methylcytosin (mC) reguliert, aber die direkte Detektion dieser Modifizierung an benutzerdefinierten Genorten ist nur eingeschränkt möglich, unter anderem, weil es keine Proteine gibt, die zwischen mC und Cytosin (C) unterscheiden können und zugleich eine inhärente, programmierbare Sequenzselektivität bieten. Die hier vorgestellte Methode zur mC‐Detektion beruht auf mC‐abhängiger Steuerung der DNA‐Replikation und zeigt eine unerwartet ausgeprägte mC‐Sensitivität von Transkriptionsaktivator‐artigen Effektoren (TALEs). Damit kann der Methylierungsstatus und ‐grad an einzelnen C‐Positionen von Oligonucleotiden für die N‐terminalen und zentralen Regionen von TALEs eindeutig evaluiert werden, unabhängig von der Zielsequenz. Dies spricht für eine breite Anwendbarkeit und Robustheit der Methode zur hochaufgelösten mC‐Detektion und ermöglicht die Erkennung von mC an einzelnen Positionen in großen eukaryotischen Genomen.
Synthesis and Properties of a New Class of Fully Conjugated Azahexacene Analogues
Authors: Yue Wan , Suraru Sabin‐Lucian , Bialas David , Müller Matthias , Würthner Frank
Published: May 2014

Acenes are a traditional class of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) which attracted considerable interest during the last decade because of their outstanding p‐channel semiconductor properties. More recently, N‐heteroacenes have been prepared. These molecules have been shown to be more stable and can exhibit n‐channel semiconductor properties. Inspired by these archetype PAHs, we synthesized a novel class of highly persistent azahexacene analogues 3 a–d. These molecules are composed of a core of four fused five‐membered rings derived from their respective diketopyrrolopyrroles. These new π‐conjugated scaffolds show broad and intense absorption in the visible region and possess low‐lying HOMO and LUMO levels, leading to much better stability compared to that of acenes and most heteroacenes.
A Rechargeable Hydrogen Battery Based on Ru Catalysis
Authors: Hsu Shih‐Fan , Rommel Susanne , Eversfield Philipp , Muller Keven , Klemm Elias , Thiel Werner R. , Plietker Bernd
Published: May 2014

Apart from energy generation, the storage and liberation of energy are among the major problems in establishing a sustainable energy supply chain. Herein we report the development of a rechargeable H2 battery which is based on the principle of the Ru‐catalyzed hydrogenation of CO2 to formic acid (charging process) and the Ru‐catalyzed decomposition of formic acid to CO2 and H2 (discharging process). Both processes are driven by the same catalyst at elevated temperature either under pressure (charging process) or pressure‐free conditions (discharging process). Up to five charging–discharging cycles were performed without decrease of storage capacity. The resulting CO2/H2 mixture is free of CO and can be employed directly in fuel‐cell technology.
Accessing New Chemical Entities through Microfluidic Systems
Authors: Rodrigues Tiago , Schneider Petra , Schneider Gisbert
Published: May 2014

Flow systems have been successfully utilized for a wide variety of applications in chemical research and development, including the miniaturization of (bio)analytical methods and synthetic (bio)organic chemistry. Currently, we are witnessing the growing use of microfluidic technologies for the discovery of new chemical entities. As a consequence, chemical biology and molecular medicine research are being reshaped by this technique. In this Minireview we portray the state‐of‐the‐art, including the most recent advances in the application of microchip reactors as well as the micro‐ and mesoscale coil reactor‐assisted synthesis of bioactive small molecules, and forecast the potential future use of this promising technology.
Skeleton Decoration of NHCs by Amino Groups and its Sequential Booster Effect on the Palladium‐Catalyzed Buchwald–Hartwig Amination
Authors: Zhang Yin , César Vincent , Storch Golo , Lugan Noël , Lavigne Guy
Published: May 2014

A challenging synthetic modification of PEPPSI‐type palladium pre‐catalysts consisting of a stepwise incorporation of one and two amino groups onto the NHC skeleton was seen to exert a sequential enhancement of the electronic donor properties. This appears to be positively correlated with the catalytic performances of the corresponding complexes in the Buchwald–Hartwig amination. This is illustrated, for example, by the quantitative amination of 4‐chloroanisole by morpholine within 2 h at 25 °C with a 2 mol % catalyst/substrate ratio or by a significant reduction of catalytic loading (down to 0.005 mol %) for the coupling of aryl chlorides with anilines (max TON: 19 600).
Controllability of Context‐Sensitive Probabilistic Mix‐Valued Logical Control Networks with Constraints
Authors: Liu Zhenbin , Wang Yuzhen , Li Haitao
Published: May 2014

This paper addresses the controllability of context‐sensitive probabilistic mix‐valued logical control networks with constraints on states and controls. First, using the semi‐tensor product of matrices, the context‐sensitive probabilistic mix‐valued logical control network is expressed in an algebraic form, in which the transition matrix is given by two parts: general part and switching part. Second, the algebraic structure of system with constraints on states and controls is investigated and a new algebraic form is established to study the controllability, based on which some necessary and sufficient conditions are obtained. Finally, an illustrative example is studied to support our new results.
Design and Analysis of Distributed Optimal Controller for Identical Multiagent Systems
Authors: Zhang Fangfang , Wang Wei , Zhang Huanshui
Published: May 2014

This paper studies the optimal distributed control design problem for both continuous‐time and discrete‐time systems. We consider an identical decoupled dynamical system and a coupled performance index which is described through the Laplacian matrix. It is showed that the optimal feedback gain matrix corresponds to a complete undirected graph for the Laplacian matrix in the cost function. We aim to get the distributed controllers that only use the information of its state and the states of its neighbors. The existence conditions of the optimal distributed control for special cost function are given and the asymptotic stability of the system is discussed. Examples are given to show the efficiency of the proposed results.
Late toxicity and quality of life after definitive treatment of prostate cancer: redefining optimal rectal sparing constraints for intensity‐modulated radiation therapy
Authors: Chennupati Sravana K. , Pelizzari Charles A. , Kunnavakkam Rangesh , Liauw Stanley L.
Published: May 2014

The objective of this study was to assess late toxicity and quality of life (QOL) for patients receiving definitive intensity‐modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) and image‐guided radiation therapy (IGRT) with regard to normal tissue sparing objectives. Three hundred and seventy‐two consecutive men treated with definitive IMRT for prostate adenocarcinoma. Toxicity was graded by CTC v3.0 genitourinary (GU) and gastrointestinal (GI) toxicity at each follow‐up visit. Patient‐reported QOL (EPIC‐26) was prospectively collected for a subset of men. Dosimetric data for bladder and rectum were compared to toxicity and QOL global domain scores, specifically analyzing outcomes for men who met ideal rectal constraints (V70 <10%, V65 <20%, V40 <40%). The median age and prescription dose was 69 years and 76 Gy, respectively. Median follow‐up was 47 months. At 4 years, freedom from Grade 2 (FFG2) GI toxicity was 92% and FFG2 GU toxicity was 76%. On univariate analysis, current smoking, larger bladder volume, and higher RT dose were associated with decreased FFG2 GU toxicity, while use of anticoagulation, increasing age, and not meeting ideal rectal constraints were associated with decreased FFG2 GI toxicity (all P ≤ 0.05). Bowel QOL remained stable over the 2‐year follow‐up period and was higher for patients who met ideal rectal constraints (P = 0.05). IMRT with IGRT is associated with low rates of severe toxicity and a high GI and GU QOL. The use of strict rectal constraints can further improve GI QOL and reduce GI toxicity.
Bradykinin and histamine‐induced cytosolic calcium increase in capillary endothelial cells of bovine adrenal medulla
Authors: Vinet Raúl , Cortés Magdalena P. , Álvarez Rocío , Delpiano Marco A.
Published: May 2014

We have assessed the effect of bradykinin and histamine on the cytosolic free calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) of bovine adrenal medulla capillary endothelial cells (BAMCECs). To measure [Ca2+]i changes in BAMCECs the intracellular fluorescent probe, fluo‐3 AM, was used. Bradykinin (3 µM) produced a transient monophasic increase in [Ca2+]i, which was depressed by B1650 (0.1 µM), a B2‐bradykinin receptor antagonist (D‐Arg‐[Hyp3, Thi5,8, D‐Phe7]‐Bradykinin). Similarly, increase in [Ca2+]i induced by histamine was also depressed by tripolidine (0.1 µM), an H1‐histamine receptor antagonist. [Ca2+]i increase induced by both agonists was unaffected in the absence of extracellular Ca2+ or presence of antagonists of voltage operated Ca2+ channels (VOCCs). Thapsigargin (1 µM) did not abolish the increase of [Ca2+]i produced by bradykinin, but abolished that of histamine. In contrast, caffeine (100 µM), abolished the [Ca2+]i response induced by bradykinin (3 µM), but did not affect the [Ca2+]i increase induced by histamine (100 µM). The results indicate the presence of B2 bradykinin‐ and H1 histamine‐receptors in BAMCECs. Liberation of Ca2+ induced by both agonists occurs through 2 different intracellular mechanisms. While bradykinin activates a sarco(endo) plasmic reticulum (SER) containing a SER Ca2+‐ATPase (SERCA) thapsigargin‐insensitive, histamine activates a SER containing a SERCA thapsigargin‐sensitive. We suggest that the increase in [Ca2+]i induced by bradykinin and histamine could be of physiological relevance, modulating adrenal gland microcirculation.
Planar Chiral Dialkoxysilane: Introduction of Inherent Chirality and High Reactivity in Conventional Achiral Alkene
Authors: Tomooka Katsuhiko , Miyasaka Shouji , Motomura Shougo , Igawa Kazunobu
Published: May 2014

A simple eight‐membered dialkoxysilane (E)‐1 prepared from 2‐pentene‐1,5‐diol, showed remarkably stable planar chirality along with high reactivity toward epoxidation, Diels–Alder reaction, and cycloaddition reaction with azide.
Lanthanide ion (III) complexes of 1,4,7,10‐tetraazacyclododecane‐1,4,7,10‐tetraaminophosphonate for dual biosensing of pH with chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) and biosensor imaging of redundant deviation in shifts (BIRDS)
Authors: Huang Yuegao , Coman Daniel , Ali Meser M. , Hyder Fahmeed
Published: May 2014

Relaxivity‐based magnetic resonance of phosphonated ligands chelated with gadolinium (Gd3+) shows promise for pH imaging. However instead of monitoring the paramagnetic effect of lanthanide complexes on the relaxivity of water protons, biosensor (or molecular) imaging with magnetic resonance is also possible by detecting either the nonexchangeable or the exchangeable protons on the lanthanide complexes themselves. The nonexchangeable protons (e.g. –CHx, where 3 ≥ x ≥ 1) are detected using a three‐dimensional chemical shift imaging method called biosensor imaging of redundant deviation in shifts (BIRDS), whereas the exchangeable protons (e.g. –OH or –NHy, where 2 ≥ y ≥ 1) are measured with chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) contrast. Here we tested the feasibility of BIRDS and CEST for pH imaging of 1,4,7,10‐tetraazacyclododecane‐1,4,7,10‐tetraaminophosphonate (DOTA‐4AmP8−) chelated with thulium (Tm3+) and ytterbium (Yb3+). BIRDS and CEST experiments show that both complexes are responsive to pH and temperature changes. Higher pH and temperature sensitivities are obtained with BIRDS for either complex when using the chemical shift difference between two proton resonances vs using the chemical shift of a single proton resonance, thereby eliminating the need to use water resonance as reference. While CEST contrast for both agents is linearly dependent on pH within a relatively large range (i.e. 6.3–7.9), much stronger CEST contrast is obtained with YbDOTA‐4AmP5− than with TmDOTA‐4AmP5−. In addition, we demonstrate the prospect of using BIRDS to calibrate CEST as new platform for quantitative pH imaging. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Patient survival after surgical treatment of rectal cancer: Impact of surgeon and hospital characteristics
Authors: Etzioni David A. , Young‐Fadok Tonia M. , Cima Robert R. , Wasif Nabil , Madoff Robert D. , Naessens James M. , Habermann Elizabeth B.
Published: May 2014

BACKGROUND

Surgeon and hospital factors are associated with the survival of patients treated for rectal cancer. The relative contribution of each of these factors toward determining outcomes is poorly understood.

METHODS

We used data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results–Medicare database to analyze the outcomes of patients aged 65 years and older undergoing operative treatment for nonmetastatic rectal cancer, diagnosed in the United States between 1998 and 2007. These data were linked to a registry to identify whether the treating surgeon was a board‐certified colorectal surgeon versus a noncolorectal surgeon. Hospital volume and hospital certification as a National Cancer Institute–designated Comprehensive Cancer Centers were also analyzed. The primary outcome of interest was long‐term survival.

RESULTS

Our data source yielded 6432 patients. Initial analysis demonstrated improved long‐term survival in patients treated by higher‐volume colorectal surgeons, higher‐volume hospitals, teaching hospitals, and National Cancer Institute (NCI)–designated Comprehensive Cancer Centers. Based on an iterative approach to modeling the interactions between these various factors, we found a robust effect of surgeon subspecialty status, hospital volume, and NCI designation. Surgeon volume was not distinctly associated with long‐term survival.

CONCLUSIONS

Patients treated for rectal cancer by board‐certified colorectal surgeons in centers that are higher volume and/or NCI‐designated Comprehensive Cancer Centers experience better overall survival. These differences persist after adjustment for a broad range of patient and contextual risk factors, including surgeon volume. Patients and payers can use these results to identify surgeons and hospitals where outcomes are most favorable. Cancer 2014;120:2472–2481. © 2014 American Cancer Society.