bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Testing concrete durability in sewer environment
Authors: Soroushian P. , Nassar R.-U.-D. , Chowdhury H. , Ghebrab T.
Published: February 2010

Laboratory and field investigations were conducted in order to develop additives to mitigate the microbial-induced corrosion of concrete-based infrastructure in sanitary sewer systems. A laboratory system was developed to simulate the conditions facilitating microbial-induced corrosion of concrete in a sanitary sewer environment. Various concrete formulations were examined based on their resistance to microbial-induced corrosion in simulated laboratory and also in field exposure conditions. Of the various strategies considered, the mix formulation incorporating both polymer emulsion and fine pozzolan proved to be a viable means of enhancing concrete resistance to acid attack and moisture sorption, and to microbial-induced corrosion in simulated laboratory condition and also in an actual sewer environment. The polymer emulsion lines the capillary pore surfaces, and partially blocks the capillary pore system. Pozzolans further refine the size distribution and the connectivity of capillary pores, and also favourably affect the chemistry of concrete. Control of moisture sorption, enhancement of acid resistance, and alteration of the capillary pore surfaces and connectivity are the primary means through which the combination of polymer emulsion and fine pozzolans enhance the resistance of concrete to microbial-induced corrosion.
Lifetime Victimization and Psychological Distress: Cluster Profiles of Out of Treatment Drug-Involved Women
Authors: Golder Seana , Logan TK
Published: February 2010

K-means clustering techniques were used to identify four cluster profiles characterized by unique patterns of victimization and psychological distress and further differentiated by distinct patterns of risk and protection across multiple life domains among a sample of 149 crack-using women. Results of this study suggest that important differences exist in patterns of victimization and psychological distress among drug-involved women. Identification of this variation can be used to tailor intervention strategies to the particular needs of different subgroups within the population of crack-using women.
A New Model of Healing for the Profession of Nursing
Authors: Manthey Marie
Published: February 2010

In regularly scheduled, informal gatherings of nurses and others who care about the nursing profession, participants find support, encouragement, enlightenment, and hope.
Nursing in the Sandbox: A Lived Experience
Authors: Haynes-Smith Glennena
Published: February 2010

Despite an extensive career in military nursing, the author's deployment to Iraq included experiences for which no amount of education could have prepared her: the extreme living conditions, harrowing battlefield injuries, and ethical dilemmas she confronted.
Two Method Approach: A Case Conceptualization Model in the Context of EMDR
Authors: de Jongh Ad , ten Broeke Erik , Meijer Steven
Published: February 2010

This article outlines a comprehensive model that helps to identify crucial target memories for EMDR treatment. The “Two Method Approach” can be used for conceptualization and treatment implementation for a broad spectrum of symptoms and problems, other than those related to PTSD per se. The model consists of two types of case conceptualizations. The First Method deals with symptoms whereby memories of the etiological and/or aggravating events can be meaningfully specified on a time line. It is primarily aimed at the conceptualization and treatment of DSM-IV-TR Axis I disorders. The Second Method is used to identify memories that underlie patients’ so-called dysfunctional core beliefs. This method is primarily used to treat more severe forms of pathology, such as severe social phobia, complex PTSD, and/or personality disorders. The two methods of case conceptualization are explained step by step in detail and are illustrated by case examples.
Simulation and fabrication of active laser mirrors
Authors: Knopf M. , Hänle M. , Boerret R. , Kelm A.
Published: February 2010

Common laser mirrors made of copper for high power applications in metal working have to be cooled in order to minimize thermal deformations. This paper presents a new approach. The principal idea is to use metal-coated mirrors made of silicon carbide (SiC) and to preheat them. The mirror surface shall be manufactured so that the induced heat deforms it to the ideal form. Simulations concerning the thermal behavior prove the feasibility of the idea. The simulations are verified by interferometric measurement during heating.
Routine Outcome Measurement in Mental Health: Feasibility for Examining Effectiveness of an NGO
Authors: Kightley Michelle , Einfeld Stewart , Hancock Nicola
Published: February 2010

Objective: The aim of this study was to examine the feasibility of using routine public mental health outcome data to measure the effectiveness of a non government organization (NGO), specifically Pioneer Clubhouse.

Method: We retrieved data from the NSW Mental Health Outcomes and Assessment Tools (MH-OAT) database, for 31 participants who joined Pioneer Clubhouse, NSW, in 2007. Data were also sought for 31 matched control participants from within the same Area Health Service. Data collected from the adult MH-OAT instruments, Health of the Nation Outcome Scales (HoNOS), Kessler-10 (K-10) and Abbreviated Life Skills Profile-16 (LSP-16), was retrieved for 13 weeks prior to joining date and compared with 13 weeks of data 6 months after joining.

Results: Twenty-four Clubhouse members were registered in the MH-OAT database. Only one of the 24 participants had data for both time periods requested. MH-OAT data collection was insufficient to allow their use for measuring effectiveness of a NGO.

Conclusion: Despite the National Mental Health Plan emphasis, and extensive and expensive support for routine data collection in public mental health services, such data collection has been unsuccessful. We discuss possible reasons for this.
Addition of contingency management to increase home practice in young children with a speech sound disorder
Authors: Günther Thoms , Hautvast Sarah
Published: February 2010

Background: Along with the severity of the disorder, the motivation of the children and their parents is an important element in explaining the extensive variance in therapeutic success. There is consensus that parental cooperation and homework are important for successful therapy. Systematic investigation into the effects of including homework in therapy is lacking, as are methodological approaches to increasing parental involvement.

Aims: The aim was to determine whether the efficiency of traditional articulation therapy for children with speech‐sound disorders can be improved by adding a behavioural treatment approach (contingency management) to treatment in order to increase the time that patients spend doing homework.

Methods & Procedures: A total of 91 children between the ages of four and six with articulation impairments participated in the study. They were divided into three groups: 32 children were treated with traditional articulation therapy (eight sessions of 45 minutes each), 33 children received a combination of contingency management and traditional therapy, and 26 children received no therapy at all. A picture‐labelling test measuring the treated target sound at different levels was used before and after therapy to quantify therapy‐induced improvement.

Outcomes & Results: The results confirm the fact that the traditional articulation therapy approach is effective for children with articulation impairments. However, adding contingency management significantly increased the frequency of homework sessions and improved the efficiency of treatment by decreasing the variance in therapeutic success.

Conclusions & Implications: Contingency management has a positive impact on therapeutic success and leads to an increase in the number of homework sessions.
An exploratory trial of the effectiveness of an enhanced consultative approach to delivering speech and language intervention in schools
Authors: Mecrow Carol , Beckwith Jennie , Klee Thomas
Published: February 2010

Background: Increased demand for access to specialist services for providing support to children with speech, language and communication needs prompted a local service review of how best to allocate limited resources. This study arose as a consequence of a wish to evaluate the effectiveness of an enhanced consultative approach to delivering speech and language intervention in local schools.

Aims: The purpose was to evaluate an intensive speech and language intervention for children in mainstream schools delivered by specialist teaching assistants.

Methods & Procedures: A within‐subjects, quasi‐experimental exploratory trial was conducted, with each child serving as his or her own control with respect to the primary outcome measure. Thirty‐five children between the ages of 4;2 and 6;10 (years; months) received speech and/or language intervention for an average of four 1‐hour sessions per week over 10 weeks. The primary outcome measure consisted of change between pre‐ and post‐intervention scores on probe tasks of treated and untreated behaviours summed across the group of children, and maintenance probes of treated behaviours. Secondary outcome measures included standardized tests (Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals — PreschoolUK (CELF‐PUK); Diagnostic Evaluation of Articulation and Phonology (DEAP)) and questionnaires completed by parents/carers and school staff before and after the intervention period.

Outcome & Results: The primary outcome measure showed improvement over the intervention period, with target behaviours showing a significantly larger increase than control behaviours. The gains made on the target behaviours as a result of intervention were sustained when reassessed 3–12 months later. These findings were replicated on a second set of targets and controls. Significant gains were also observed on CELF‐PreschoolUK receptive and expressive language standard scores from pre‐ to post‐intervention. However, DEAP standard scores of speech ability did not increase over the intervention period, although improvements in raw scores were observed. Questionnaires completed before and after intervention showed some significant differences relating to how much the child's speech and language difficulties affected him/her at home and at school.

Conclusions & Implications: This exploratory study demonstrates the benefit of an intensive therapy delivered by specialist teaching assistants for remediating speech and language difficulties experienced by young children in mainstream schools. The service delivery model was perceived by professionals as offering an inclusive and effective practice and provides empirical support for using both direct and indirect intervention in the school setting.
Communication and Huntington's disease: qualitative interviews and focus groups with persons with Huntington's disease, family members, and carers
Authors: Hartelius Lena , Jonsson Maria , Rickeberg Anneli , Laakso Katja
Published: February 2010

Background: As an effect of the cognitive, emotional and motor symptoms associated with Huntington's disease, communicative interaction is often dramatically changed. No study has previously included the subjective reports on this subject from individuals with Huntington's disease.

Aims: To explore the qualitative aspects of how communication is affected by Huntington's disease from a triangular perspective represented by individuals with Huntington's disease, family members and professional carers.

Methods & Procedures: Eleven persons with Huntington's disease, seven family members and ten carers were interviewed in focus groups or individually, using a semi‐structured interview guide. The interviews were transcribed verbatim and analysed using thematic content analysis, resulting in a number of free codes concerning communication. The codes describing related phenomena were merged into categories. Categories were analysed and reanalysed resulting in three major themes, common to the three groups of participants.

Outcomes & Results: The themes found were: Communication has changed; Factors that influence communication negatively; and Factors that influence communication positively. Subcategories differed between the three groups. All participants seemed to acknowledge the variability and lack of initiative in communication. The persons without Huntington's disease focused on the changes in terms of speech, language comprehension, the lack of depth in conversation and the need to make adjustments, while the persons with Huntington's disease focused on the effort and concentration demanded to communicate. They described the change they perceived in their communicative ability in terms of loss. All participants thought that an emotional load had a negative impact on communication. Furthermore, individuals with Huntington's disease stressed that other people's speed of communication had a negative impact, while family members and carers stressed that things such as personality changes in persons with Huntington's disease and lack of eye contact with them influenced communication negatively. All participants acknowledged the need for increased participation in social life in order to enhance communication.

Conclusions & Implications: In brief, persons with Huntington's disease expressed a need for a richer social life and more (adjusting) conversation partners, family members expressed a need for more support and professional carers wanted more information about Huntington's disease. The triangular perspective utilized in the present study completed the picture of the communicative consequences of Huntington's disease. In particular, it became clear, that the insights of persons with Huntington's disease can and has to be included in communicative assessments and plans for intervention.
THE VERY IDEA OF A JUDGE
Authors: Dyzenhaus David
Published: February 2010

I argue that we cannot have legal order without judges who have an understanding of legal principles that transcends the law of their land. But this is an understanding of the principles of legality, rather than of the moral content of the law. Moreover, the reason we cannot have legal order without judges is that law must claim not only authority but also legitimate authority over its subjects. It follows that the willingness to engage in any kind of analysis of cases in order to answer questions about what judges should or should not do requires that certain positions sceptical about judicial review openly revise a fundamental commitment – the practically unrealizable commitment to have law without judges. But it also requires the common law tradition, including Ronald Dworkin, to attend more to the independent status of legality. In sum, the focus on the question ‘What is a judge?’ brings with it attention both to the idea of legality and to the specific authority of law.
Enhancing the Safety of Pedestrians during Emergency Egress
Authors: Shiwakoti Nirajan , Sarvi Majid , Rose Geoff , Burd Martin
Published: February 2010

It may be possible to use nonhuman biological entities for empirical study of pedestrian crowds under emergency conditions. A literature review is used to examine how the study of mass movement of organisms might enhance the safety of pedestrians during emergency egress. Recent findings from experiments with panicking ants are presented as examples, with two scenarios, of how such experiments can be used as a basis for the design of solutions to ensure safe egress of pedestrians in emergencies. Although the experiments are still in progress and it is too early to draw definitive conclusions with statistical significance, some preliminary results show promise in using ants to test models for pedestrian traffic in emergency conditions. Because of the lack of complementary data during emergency or panic-inducing situations, experiments such as these with ants provide alternate empirical ways to test whether designs developed by means of mathematical models may actually be efficacious and improve the safety of pedestrians.
Prioritizing Patients for Evacuation from a Health-Care Facility
Authors: Childers Ashley Kay , Visagamurthy Gurucharann , Taaffe Kevin
Published: February 2010

The success of a health-care facility evacuation depends on communication and decision making at all levels of the organization, from the coordinators at incident command to the clinical staff that carry out the evacuation. One key decision is the order in which each patient is chosen for transport. While a health-care facility evacuation is largely dependent on the availability of transportation resources (both personnel and vehicles) as well as receiving facilities, the typical planning assumption is that all patients will be transferred. However, the availability of these resources, as well as time, may not allow for the successful evacuation of all patients. The proposed two-phase modeling approach develops a decision framework for prioritizing patient evacuations, with unique classifications of patient health, rates of evacuation, and survivability affecting the choice. The question of who is transported next is explored in several scenarios (in terms of physical processing estimates as well as competing, ethically motivated objectives). Insights and observations into the creation of a prioritization policy follow. The observations from dynamic programming are extended; simulation analysis is used to observe system performance under many of the same scenarios. The prioritization guidelines developed in this paper will help determine the need and allocation of transportation resources.
Improving Evacuation Planning with Sensible Measure of Effectiveness Choices
Authors: Yuan Fang , Han Lee D.
Published: February 2010

This paper advocates the importance of selecting appropriate measures of effectiveness (MOE) for evacuation planning and optimization purposes. In addition to evacuation time, which is often the choice MOE used by many practitioners, this paper also presents several increasingly more complex and useful MOEs that consider average evacuee travel time, delay, and temporal–spatial-based exposure risks. By studying a real-world transportation network in the event of a hypothetical nuclear power plant incident, the paper demonstrates that the superiority of one evacuation plan (or an optimization strategy) over others is highly dependent on the MOE selected for evaluation. Optimization efforts based on a single and ill-chosen MOE may not yield the best evacuation plan, as one might expect. The overall space-based or time- and space-based risk exposure may be increased if the optimization process is focused on travel time or some other time-based measure alone. Depending on the specifics of an emergency scenario (e.g., disaster type, risk components, and time constraints), an appropriate MOE should be chosen judiciously to make sure the optimization process for the evacuation plan is not wasted. This paper also demonstrates a multiobjective optimization approach for planning and designing an evacuation plan. With combined space-based risk and the travel time in route searching and traffic assignment, better destination assignment (and improved evacuation efficiency) may be obtained. The findings here should provide insights for future efforts toward assessing, improving, and optimizing evacuation plans.
Evaluation of Relocation Strategies for Emergency Medical Service Vehicles
Authors: Nair Rahul , Miller-Hooks Elise
Published: February 2010

Managers of emergency medical service (EMS) vehicles position their fleets to provide quick response to potential emergencies. Deployment strategies for positioning a fleet, typically static, do not account for variation of demand patterns over time and changes in travel times over the course of a day across the network. Network states can vary significantly and warrant redeployment to serve the entire community better. A relocation strategy that temporarily realigns the EMS fleet in response to these changes can improve system performance. This paper quantifies the benefits of considering relocating EMS vehicles between calls. Because there are costs associated with repositioning the vehicles, trade-offs between improved coverage and cost must be considered. Relocation strategies that consider system uncertainty are compared with static deployment strategies. A real-world analysis is conducted using emergency call data from Montreal, Canada. Practical methodology is proposed to address a real-world optimization problem, including ways to resolve multiple conflicting objectives, analyze systemwide performance probabilistically, and solve large-scale integer programs.
Vulnerability Assessment Methodology for Swiss Road Network
Authors: Erath Alex , Birdsall James , Axhausen Kay W. , Hajdin Rade
Published: February 2010

This paper presents a methodology that incorporates vulnerability to natural hazards into current infrastructure management systems. The paper is mainly concerned with presenting the methodology applied to assess the transport-related consequences of link failures, including congestion effects on a networkwide scale. Four possible demand shifts caused by single link failures can be expected: detours, shifts in mode choice, shifts in destination choice, and trip–activity suppression. The paper demonstrates that detours are by far the predominant demand reaction. Hence, the quantification of detour-based principal consequences is the main focus. The main challenge was to overcome the calculation time intensity of this equilibrium-based approach. Since demand shift effects were assumed to be spatially restricted around the failed link, subnetworks were used, that is, limited sections of the complete network that were cut out, including their internal and transit demands. The resulting failures turned out to be consistent with those that involved the full network, even for links with long path distances or long detours. On the basis of computed consequences of link failures and on link parameters, a statistical model was developed to reveal and quantify the main factors defining transport-related consequences. Furthermore, the findings highlight potential gains, including rail networks, mode shifts, and destination choice shifts in network vulnerability assessments.
Understanding and Mapping Elements of Urban form that Affect Children's Ability to Walk and Bicycle to School
Authors: Bejleri Ilir , Steiner Ruth L. , Provost Russell E. , Fischman Allison , Arafat Abdulnaser A.
Published: February 2010

In 1969, 48% of students walked or biked to school. By 2001, that proportion had fallen to 15%. Increasing children's active travel to school is important for a variety of reasons, including the rising rates of childhood obesity and increasing fuel costs. Recent studies indicate that elements of the built environment affect the amount of time people engage in physical activity. This study evaluates two indicators of the urban form as measures of walkability potential: street connectivity and residential density around elementary schools in Pasco and Hillsborough counties in Florida. By means of controlling for school age on the basis of the growth management legislation history in Florida, four growth eras are compared. Pedestrian sheds of ½- and 1-mi radii around school points are used as study areas. These indicators offer insight into the evolution of the urban form around elementary schools and its implications for students’ ability to walk to school. Preliminary findings suggest that walkability indicators in the vicinity of elementary schools built before 1950 exhibited high levels of street connectivity and residential density. These values declined consistently until stricter school planning legislation was enacted, when values started to increase and sometimes approached pre-1950 levels. This pattern is stronger, however, in Hillsborough County.
The Effects of Gender Role Conflict on Adolescent and Emerging Adult Male Resiliency
Authors: Galligan Stephanie Bates , Barnett Rosemary V. , Brennan Mark A. , Israel Glenn D.
Published: February 2010

This study examines gender role conflict in adolescent and emerging adult males and how it affects their resilience, or their ability to “bounce back” from adverse circumstances. Specifically, the study investigated the effects of the different patterns of gender role conflict on male adolescent/emerging adult resilience. Results suggest a complex relationship between male gender role conflict and resilience in this sample. Multiple regression modeling showed that as conflict surrounding the Success, Power and Competition (SPC) pattern increased, these male youth reported more resilience. Conversely, as conflict surrounding the Restrictive Emotionality (RE) pattern increased, male youth reported less resilience. Further study is needed to explore these relationships and their effects in adolescent and emerging adult males more closely. More specifically, research should focus on the gender socialization process, the development of gender role conflict, and its effects on male youth throughout the gender development process.
“There's No Teleology to it; It's Just about the Spirit of Play”: Men, Intimacy, and “LATE” Modernity
Authors: Duncan Duane , Dowsett Gary W.
Published: February 2010

The certainties that characterized modern intimate life, and supported a hegemonic male sexuality defined by action and virility, are less present in contemporary men's intimate lives. In-depth interviews with ten heterosexual and gay men were conducted to explore how they organize their sexual and relational lives in contemporary Australia. Participants were committed to a “late” modern notion of intimacy characterized by reciprocity, and placed emphasis on committed relationships where opportunities to disclose vulnerability and relinquish the burden of responsibility for sexual activity were present. However, casual sex appeared to be ordered by more conventional discourses related to male sexuality. These men reveal the importance of particular definitions of sexual intimacy to a meaningful sense of self in late modernity.
The Origins of Late-life Depression
Authors: Blazer Dan G.
Published: February 2010

CME Educational Objectives

1.

Define the interaction of biological, psychological, and social causes of late-life depression.

2.

State how some psychological and social factors can buffer biological risk factors for late-life depression.

3.

List the role of “neighborhood” effects in the origin of late-life depression.
Understanding Depression and Cognitive Impairment in the Elderly
Authors: Walker Ellen M. , Steffens David C.
Published: February 2010

CME Educational Objectives

1.

Review the prevalence of comorbid depression and cognitive impairment in the elderly.

2.

Cite biological mechanisms linking depression and cognitive decline.

3.

Explain appropriate evaluation and management of older cognitively impaired depressed adults.
A Community-Wide Academic-Service Partnership to Expand Faculty and Student Capacity
Authors: Murray Teri A. , Schappe Anne , Kreienkamp Dale E. , Loyd Vanessa , Buck Elizabeth A.
Published: February 2010

This article describes a unique academic-service community collaborative aimed at increasing student and faculty capacity. The state hospital association held a series of community-wide meetings with health care organization and academic leaders to discuss the growing RN and faculty shortages. Collectively, schools of nursing experienced a 70% increase in qualified applicants and could not admit all qualified applicants due to faculty constraints. A unique Workforce Collaborative Pilot Project was formed to address student and faculty capacity issues with three primary objectives: expand the pool of educators involved in preparing the next generation of nurses, increase nursing school enrollments by 335 additional nursing students each year in the metropolitan area for the next 5 years, and implement an innovative educational model that could be sustained or replicated. As a result, area schools of nursing have expanded enrollment by 1,046, and overall quality measurements and evaluative feedback remain positive.
The Course Council: An Example of Student-Centered Learning
Authors: Heise Barbara , Himes Deborah
Published: February 2010

To promote student-centered learning, a course council was established in a beginning undergraduate nursing course. A student representative was selected by peers to attend a monthly course council meeting with faculty. Representatives were asked to query classmates in their section of eight students regarding opinions, questions, and concerns about the course and then bring those views to the council. In this monthly, small group, open dialogue setting, students spoke freely about experiences in the classroom, laboratory, and clinical settings. The stage was set for reflection, problem solving, and decision making involving students and faculty. Student input led to meaningful course changes, provided opportunities for students to learn from one another, and fostered critical thinking and professional responsibility. The course council approach was successful and has been expanded to include other nursing courses.
Compelling Teaching with the Four Cs: Caring, Comedy, Creativity, and Challenging
Authors: Story Lachel , Butts Janie B.
Published: February 2010

The traditional classroom, particularly in nursing, often is stifling to students and teachers. A dynamic co-learning experience creates a potential to move students from merely obtaining knowledge to practice. This article presents an exemplar of the transformative learning process within the nursing education setting. The concepts forming this compelling teaching approach are caring, comedy, creativity, and challenging (the four Cs). Through this innovative teaching method, opportunities are created for authentic co-learning to occur.
Augmentin Duo™ in the Treatment of Childhood Blepharokeratoconjunctivitis
Authors: Cehajic-Kapetanovic Jasmina , Kwartz Jeff
Published: February 2010

Purpose:

To report the use of Augmentin Duo 400/57 (GlaxoSmithKline, Middlesex, UK) in the treatment of childhood blepharokeratoconjunctivitis (BKC).

Methods:

This is a retrospective interventional case series. The case notes of 7 consecutive patients treated with Augmentin Duo 400/57 for BKC during 18 months were reviewed. Diagnostic criteria for BKC were blepharitis including recurrent chalazia and meibomian gland dysfunction, eyelid margin telangiectasia and facial rosacea, recurrent episodes of chronic red eye, photophobia, watering, punctate superficial keratopathy, corneal neovascularization, and corneal ulcers.

Results:

Seven children (age range: 6 to 14 years) were diagnosed as having BKC. All children received systemic Augmentin Duo 400/57 and showed considerable improvement within the first month of therapy. Six children had no recurrences during a mean follow-up of 6 months. No patients experienced any side effects from this treatment.

Conclusions:

Augmentin Duo 400/57 has not previously been reported in the treatment of BKC in children. In this case series, Augmentin Duo 400/57 proved to be at least as effective as current treatments with systemic erythromycin or doxycycline with the advantage of a twice-daily dosage and a superior side-effect profile.
Conjunctival Marginal Zone B-cell Lymphoma in a 13-Year-Old Child
Authors: Frenkel Shahar , Gaitonde Sujata S. , Azar Nathalie , Wood Michael G. , Schmidt Mary Lou
Published: February 2010

Ocular adnexal lymphoma is a hematopoietic tumor that arises in the conjunctiva, orbit, eyelid, lacrimal gland, or lacrimal sac. The treatment options in children have not been addressed in the literature. The authors describe a 13-year-old child with ocular adnexal lymphoma and discuss the treatment options.
Convergence Excess Esotropia: A Proposed New Classification and the Effect of Monocular Occlusion on the Ac/A Ratio
Authors: Garretty Tess
Published: February 2010

Background:

Convergence excess esotropia defines an esotropia on accommodation at near fixation with binocular single vision and motor fusion at distance fixation associated with a high accommodative convergence: accommodation (Ac/A) ratio. The effect of occlusion on exotropia has been well described and is known to alter the Ac/A ratio. This study examines the effect of monocular occlusion on convergence excess esotropia.

Methods:

The Ac/A ratio was measured using the gradient method at 1/3 and 6 m in 10 patients with convergence excess esotropia immediately prior to and following a 30-minute period of monocular occlusion.

Results:

Clinically and statistically significant differences to the angle of deviation and the Ac/A ratio were found in some patients following occlusion.

Conclusion:

Ac/A ratio measurement in convergence excess esotropia is influenced by fusional tenacity. Disrupting this fusion with a period of monocular occlusion results in changes to the angle of deviation in some patients, suggesting subcategorization of this condition into true and simulated convergence excess esotropia. Measurements of the Ac/A ratio are influenced by fixation distance.
Abnormal Posterior Insertion of the Lateral Rectus Muscle
Authors: Lee Yeon-hee , Kim Sang-hyuk , Lee Su-Na , Seo Kwang-sun , Jo Youngjoon
Published: February 2010

Ectopic insertion of the lateral rectus muscle is a rare congenital abnormality. The authors present the case of an exotropic patient with an abnormal posterior insertion of the lateral rectus muscle.
Comparative study of the variation of the hydric properties and aspect of natural stone and brick after the application of 4 types of anti-graffiti
Authors: García O. , Rz-Maribona I. , Gardei A. , Riedl M. , Vanhellemont Y. , Santarelli M. L. , Strupi Suput J.
Published: February 2010

In this article a comparative study of the behaviour of different commercial anti-graffiti on natural stone and brick is presented. 8 different European substrates were selected and 4 commercial anti-graffiti of different chemical nature were applied on these substrates. The variations of their hydric properties and aspect (colour and gloss) with regard to the untreated substrates were later studied in the laboratory.

The results obtained permitted to assess the suitability of 4 of the main types of chemical formulations employed to be used as anti-graffiti. This study concludes that the sacrificial anti-graffiti with polymeric paraffins in its composition presents the lowest reductions of the hydric properties of the studied substrates, being also the variations in colour the least perceptible.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREPARATORY STAGES OF NEONYMPHA EURYTRIS
Authors: Edwards W. H.
Published: February 2010

Egg–Sub-globose, well rounded in every part, but somewhat broadest below the middle; wholly covered by fine,irregularly hexagonal reticulations, scarcely raised above the surface; color yellow-green. Duration of this stage 8 days.

Young Larva–Length .08 inch; cylindrical, thickest in middle, tapering pretty evenly either way, the last segment ending in two short tails; body covered with fine white hairs, slightly recurved; color pink-white, marked longitudinally by seven crimson lines, one of which is medio-dorsal, and three on either side; head sub-globose, nearly twice as broad as any body segment, flattened frontally, depressed slightly at top, and with a small conical process upon each vertex; color dark brown. To next stage 7 days.
DESCRIPTION OF A NEW BRONCHELIA
Authors: Andrews W. V.
Published: February 2010

Bronchelia gravilinearia, n. sp.

The general ground color of this species is a light brown, approaching a fawn color. The palpi, however, are of a dark brown.

F. w.—Wing stretch 1¾ in. There are five distinct, dark brown,transverse bands, all commencing on the costa. The first two basal and rather close to each other; the inner of the two somewhat broken. The third very heavy. The fourth is much narrower than the third, and commences on the costa at about one-tenth of an inch from the third, curving until it touches it at about mid-wing, thence running nearly confluent with it to inner margin. The fifth band is not quite so heavy as the third, and is broken at about the third nervule. All the bands curve towards the base, but are not quite parallel. The space between the fifth band and outer margin is thickly .covered with scales of the same dark brown as the bands. Outer margin slightly notched, with a row of dark brown lunar marks. All the bands, except one and two, are extended across the hind wings.
MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA
Authors: Chambers V. T.
Published: February 2010

By a slip of the pen the description of this species contains the following sentence: “Annulus about its middle at the tip.” It should read: “Middle and another at its tip.” There are several indistinct costal streaks besides the five larger ones from which it takes its name, and there are four brown spots or longitudinal dashes along the line where the general brownish-gray color of the wing meets the white dorsal part.
WINTERING VANESSA ANTIOPA
Authors: Siewers C. G.
Published: February 2010

This beautiful diurnal–the “Camberwell Beauty” of England, and very inappropriately styled the “Mourning Cloak” by Americans, for is it not clothed in a mantle of imperial purple, fringed with gold lace?–is well known to hybernate. It is occasionallv found in stone piles in the winter, but I think its most common hiding-place is in the culvert walls of our country roads and turnpikes. It requires a cold, moist, dark place, or it will dry up.
THE GENERA OF THE HESPERIDÆ OF THE EUROPEAN FAUNAL–REGION
Authors: Speyer A.
Published: February 2010

[Of marked value, as is everything upon the Lepidoptera proceeding from the pen of Dr. Speyer, the present paper—an arrangement of the Hesperidæ which will generally be conceded to be quite in advance of any heretofore presented—will prove of special interest to the American student, in connection with the arrangement a short time ago presented by the same author, of some of our American species (Edwards'catalogue of the Lepidoptera of North America), associated with the European species (my Entomological Contributions, No. iv., p. 71). The admirable discussion in this paper of the value and relative importance of the several structural features of the Hesperians, cannot fail of being of eminent service in the systematic arrangement of our numerous species. Great care has been taken with the translation to render it a faithful one. The thanks of the appreciative reader are due to Mr. W. H. Edwards and Mr. O. von Meske for providing for the translation, and to prof. Uhler for its supervision. The remaining two-thirds of the paper will be given in the two following numbers of this journal.]
ON THE LARVÆ OF LYC. PSEUDARGIOLUS AND ATTENDANT ANTS
Authors: Edwards W. H.
Published: February 2010

In Ent., x., p. 80, I stated that Dogwood was found to be the spring food-plant of this species, that is, of the larvæ proceeding from eggs laid by the form violacea; but probably there are other plants serving the same purpose, some of which bloom earlier than Dogwood, for fresh examples ofthe butterfly. form pseudargiolus, were taken on 21st April and on several subsequent days, and this was long before any of the larvæ feeding on Dogwood could possibly have produced them. prof. J.H. Comstock has recently sent me quite a number of mature larvæ taken by him at Ithaca, N. Y., feeding on the flower heads of Viburnum acerifolium, and in confinement the larvae wil1 eat clover, Nasturtium, Begonia, Asclepias, &c., eating the anthers. But I have been unable to make the females lay eggs on clover in confinement.
SOME OBSERVATIONS ON DERMESTES
Authors: Heustis Caroline E.
Published: February 2010

Having read in the Report of the Entomological Society of Ontario for 1877 an article by Prof. J. T. Bell, of London, Ont., entitled “How to Destroy Cabinet Pests,” I thought it might not be unprofitable to
record my own observations on Dermestes.

Early in the summer of 1876 I captured four beetles, three males and one female, and placed them in a glass jar with a piece of the meat on which I found them feeding. I observed the female deposit a number of eggs on the meat, but before any were hatched I left home, and was absent about five weeks. On my return I found a large and flourishing colony of larvæ, most of them full grown.
MAMMALS ATTRACTED BY SUGAR
Authors: Bailey James S.
Published: February 2010

It has not been supposed that animal life would be attracted by sugar, but while sugaring for Lepidoptera the contrary has been proven. On a number of occasions we have taken deer mice while in the act of feeding on sugar, and more recently we have taken a flying squirrel while lapping the sweet on a sugared patch.

Not long since, in making our rounds while sugaring, we discovered a skunk endeavoring to taste the sugaring, and so intent was he that our approach was unobserved uutil a piece of dead wood was hurled at him, when he reluctantly left.
THE GENERA OF THE HESPERIDÆ OF THE EUROPEAN FAUNAL–REGION
Authors: Speyer A.
Published: February 2010

Among the North American species known to me in nature, there is not one identical with, or even similar to any European ; and the opinions of prominent Transatlantic colleagues, as to whether identical species occur in the two countries (Scel. centaureæ excepted, which is common to the Arctic regions of both continents) are very far divergent. Edwards on the authority of Boisduval cites in his Catalogue, Sylvanus and Tages, and besides, also, comma as American; while he places Pamph.Juba, Manitoba, Colorado, Nevada and sylvanoides (which are regarded as good species by Scudder) as varieties of comma.
PAPILIO CRESPHONTES CRAM
Authors: Boll Jacob
Published: February 2010

The caterpillar of this beautiful butterfly is living here on Xanthoxylum carolinianum, or Prickly Ash; at least, till now I did not find it on any other plants. It can be found three times in a year, first in April and May, then in July, and again in September and October. If the caterpillars be touched, they stretch forth the reddish–brown fleshy fork from the neck, like all those of the genus Papilio. When they do not eat they are sitting rigid regularly on the surface of the leaves. It is most interesting that in this situation their appearance resembles very much the excrements of birds, on account of their color, consisting of white, gray and brown spots. This resemblance is considerably increased in the earlier stage of the larvae, which are particularly found on open places, and are thus very easily seen.
ON MERMIS, A PARASITE OF THE LARVA OF CARPOCAPSA POMONELLA
Authors: Hagen H.
Published: February 2010

The interesting paper by Mr. J. A. Lintner, Entom. Contributions, No. iv., induces me to give some extracts from the papers by Prof. von Siebold, which the author could not compare himself, the more as they answer some important questions.

“I examined with much interest, in the Museum in Breslau, Prussia, the specimens of hair worms communicated by different persons. Those worms were found living in the heart of the apple some years ago, very frequently in Silesia (by F. S. Leuckart, Zoolog. Bruchstuecke, Heft I., 1820, p. 5). Four of them belong to Mermis acuminata, and others also to Mermis; also a specimen in Prof. Otto's collection. The Filaria found in an apple by Prof. Waga will probably also be a Mermis (Revue Zool.,1844, P. 366).”
A NEW SPECIES OF PHIGALIA
Authors: French G. H.
Published: February 2010

Phigalia cinctaria, n. sp.

Wingless female.—Length .75 of an inch; exserted oviduct, .25 more. Color light gray with a very slight olive tint, and irregularly mottled all over with black; the spots large above, but smaller on the sides and beneath; the thorax nearly uniform black; the divisions between the segmentspea green while alive, but turning darker in drying. Head grayish b1ack, the clypeus black; antennae black, annulated with gray, reaching to about the middle of the body, when turned back. Hind wings reaching to the back part of the first abdominal segment, the forewings reaching to the middle of the same segment. Feet and legs grayish black, annulated with gray. The oviduct with two joints exserted, the last third of the outer joint hairy, the hairs perpendicular to the joint. Head short, scarcely to be seen from above, rather wide between the eyes; palpi short. From a single ♀.
ON THE EMERGENCE OF LEPIDOPTERA FROM THEIR COCOONS
Authors: Worthington C. E.
Published: February 2010

In the years 1856 and 1857 Capt. Thos. Hutton communicated to the London Entomological Society (Trans. v., 85) and to the Journal of the Agri-horticultural Society of India (ix., 167-9) certain observations on the means employed by the imago of Actias selene in obtaining exit from its cocoon. In 1857 Messrs Horsfield and Moore in their catalogue of the Lepidoptera in the Indian Museum, quote and endorse Capt. Hutton's observations, and in the course of their remarks indicate indirectly that the same methods are employed by Antherea paphia, an Indian Attacian allied to our T. polyphemus.
ON THE NEW CARPET BUG
Authors: Hagen H.
Published: February 2010

Perhaps a few additions to Mr. J. A. Lintner's very interesting article will not be out of place. In 1872 the late Mrs. W. P. L. Garrison came to visit the Museum, and told me about an insect destroying the carpets in Buffalo, N. Y., and named there “the Buffalo pest.” I had not then heard anything about the insect, and Mrs. Garrison, after her departure, was kind enough to send me some living specimens from Buffalo.
NOTE ON THE STRUCTURE OF NEPHOPTERYX ZIMMERMANI
Authors: Grote A. R.
Published: February 2010

The following note on the structure of Zimmermani is taken from a MS. paper on the N. Am. Phycidæ which I am preparing for publication. I would be glad of more material in this group from any correspondents.

“Pinipestis (sub-gen. nov.).

Maxillary palpi alike in both sexes, concealed by the porrect labial palpi, which have the third article erect and exceed the front. Ocelli present. Male antennæ very slightly bent at base, where they show slight continuous scale-tufts ; ciliate beneath. Fore wings with veins 4 and 5 running close together at base; these veins are seen to have a separate origin, 5 on the cross-vein close to 4, divaricating at one-third from base. Hind wings 8-veined ; vein 5 running close to 4 at base, but separate and continuous with the discal cross-vein. Head behind with a thick transverse ridge of scales; clypeus with a bunchlike projection of scales centrally.”
DESCRIPTION OF TWO NEW SPECIES OF CATOCALA
Authors: Grote A. R.
Published: February 2010

Intermediate between Briseis and Meskei. Fore wings paler than Briseis, with the t. p. line more dentate, and the brown subterminal shade paler; sub-reniform open. Hind wings red like Meskei, the middle black band broader, interrupted, transverse and not like Briseis, where it is still broader, continned and rounded, not so straight across the wing. Beneath much like Briseis, with the black bands broader and the white interspaces narrower than in Meskei. The subterminal white dentate shade on the primaries above more dentate than in Briseis. This species is similarly sized with Briseis, and is best described comparatively with that species and Meskei. Sent me by Mr. Thomas E. Bean, under the number 574, from Illinois.
DESCRIPTION OF TWO NEW CALIFORNIAN BUTTERFLIES
Authors: Mead Theodore L.
Published: February 2010

Male–Expanse 1 8/10 to 2 8/10, inches, average 2 2/ inches. Upper side of primaries fuscous, with velvety discal bar and a submarginal row of gray-ochraceous spots between the nervures. These spots are usually six in number, situated in the consecutive interspaces between the nervules, beginning with the last but one subcostal interspace, counting from the apex of the wing. The second of these spots always contains a black ocellus, pupilled with white. On the fifth intersprce (last median) are usually faint indications of e fuscous dot in about one-third of the specimens examined ; in one instance this dot is distinct and pupilled with white.