bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
2-Monokloropropandiol (2-MCPD)’nin Sitotoksik Etkilerinin Fare TM3 Leydig ve TM4 Sertoli Hücreleri Üzerinde in vitro Değerlendirilmesi
Authors: Yalçın Can Özgür , Yılmaz Sarıaltın Sezen , Abudayyak Mahmoud , Yenilmez Engin
Published: June 2020

Amaç: 2-monokloropropandiol (2-MCPD), 3-monokloropropandiol (3-MCPD) ve esterleri ile glisidil yağ asidi esteri (GE), gıda veya gıda işlem kaynaklı kontaminantlar olarak adlandırılmaktadır. Bu gıda kontaminantlarının başta palmiye yağı olmak üzere bitkisel yağlar, margarinler, pasta ve kek gibi işlem görmüş gıdalarda ve bebek mamalarında tespit edilmesi, güvenlikleri konusundaki ilgiyi arttırmıştır. Avrupa Gıda Güvenliği Otoritesi’nin (European Food Safety Authority, EFSA) Mayıs 2016 yılında yayınlamış olduğu bilimsel görüşe göre bitkisel yağ ve işlenmiş gıdalarda bulunan GE, 3-MCPD, 2-MCPD ve bunların yağ asidi esterlerinin insan sağlığı için zararlı olduğu raporlanmıştır. Ancak 2-MCPD toksisitesi hakkında yeterli veri olmadığı için tam bir değerlendirme yapılamamıştır. Bu amaçla 2-MCPD’nin, TM3 Leydig ve TM4 Sertoli hücre hatları üzerinde in vitro sitotoksik, apoptotik etkileri ve deoksiribonükleik asit (DNA) hasarı yapma potansiyeli değerlendirilmiştir.
Gereç ve Yöntem: Hücre canlılığı, 3-(4,5-dimetiltiyazol-2-il)-2,5-difeniltetrazolyum bromid (MTT) ve nötral kırmızısı alım (NRU) yöntemleri ile değerlendirilmiştir. Akış sitometrisi ile hücre ölüm tipinin belirlenmesinde aneksin V-FITC/PI ikili boyama kiti kullanılmıştır. Genotoksisite değerlendirmesinde komet yöntemi uygulanmıştır.
Bulgular: Hücre canlılık yöntemleri sonucu 2-MCPD’nin test edilen konsantrasyonlarda 1000 µM’a kadar sitotoksik olmadığı tespit edilmiştir. Aynı zamanda 2-MCPD’nin, sub-toksik konsantrasyonlarda (1-1000 µM) her iki hücre hattında da (TM3 Leydig ve TM4 Sertoli hücreleri) DNA hasarını indüklemediği bulunmuştur.
Sonuç: 2-MCPD, her ne kadar test edilen konsantrasyonlarda (1-1000 µM) sitotoksik ve apoptotik etki göstermese de daha yüksek konsantrasyonlarda hücre ölümüne ve DNA hasarına neden olabilir. Ancak bu yüksek konsantrasyonlar günlük maruziyet dozlarından çok uzaktır.
Pengaruh Tingkat Pengetahuan dan Sikap Ibu terhadap Konsumsi Obat Cacing pada Murid Sekolah Dasar MI DDI Gusung Kota Makassar
Authors: Lihawa Nur Fitriany , Hadi Santriani , Amaliyah Ilma Khaerina
Published: June 2020

Latar belakang:. Infeksi cacing yang ditularkan melalui tanah adalah salah satu infeksi paling umum di seluruh dunia. Infeksi cacing dapat berdampak pada tingkat kecerdasan dan produktivitas. Ibu merupakan garis terdepan dalam tahap pencegahan cacingan pada anak yang salah satu perannya adalah memastikan anak mengonsumsi obat cacing secara rutin. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui Pengaruh Tingkat Pengetahuan dan Sikap Ibu terhadap Konsumsi Obat Cacing pada Murid Sekolah Dasar MI DDI Gusung. Sampel penelitian adalah ibu dari murid SD Kelas 1,2 dan 3 MI DDI Gusung Kota Makassar.

Metode: Penelitian merupakan penelitian observasional analitik dengan rancangan cross sectional. Penelitian ini dilakukan di MI DDI Gusung Kota Makassar pada bulan Maret - April 2019. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah ibu dari murid di MI DDI Gusung Periode Maret 2019 dan sampel yang diambil adalah ibu dari murid SD kelas 1, 2 dan 3 di MI DDI Gusung Kota Makassar Periode Maret 2019.

Hasil: Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa responden dengan pengetahuan baik memiliki persentase lebih tinggi (66.7%) dalam mengonsumsi obat cacing secara rutin dibandingkan responden dengan pengetahuan kurang (0%). Hasil uji statistik chi-square didapatkan p=0.000 yang berarti terdapat hubungan antara tingkat pengetahuan dengan konsumsi obat cacing. Untuk variabel sikap menunjukkan bahwa responden dengan sikap yang baik memiliki persentase lebih tinggi  (47.5%) dalam mengonsumsi obat cacing secara rutin dibandingkan responden dengan sikap kurang (33.3%). Hasil uji statistik chi-square didapatkan p=0.019, ini menunjukkan bahwa terdapat hubungan antara sikap dengan konsumsi obat cacing.

Kesimpulan: Terdapat hubungan antara tingkat pengetahuan dan sikap ibu terhadap konsumsi obat cacing pada murid sekolah dasar MI DDI Gusung Kota Makassar
Odporność przedsiębiorstwa w czasach nadzwyczajnych zagrożeń. Adaptacja koncepcji resilience
Authors: Majchrzak Magdalena
Published: June 2020

Bezpośrednią inspiracją do napisania artykułu były nadzwyczajne wydarzenia, zapoczątkowane w Chinach na przełomie 2019 i 2020 roku. W czasach nadzwyczajnych zagrożeń, tradycyjne ujęcie konkurencyjności wydaje się być niepełne i niewystarczające. Stąd też celem niniejszego artykułu jest zaprezentowanie możliwości adaptacji koncepcji resilience do instrumentarium analitycznego nauk ekonomicznych, z intencją wykorzystania w praktyce funkcjonowania współczesnych przedsiębiorstw. Hipoteza badawcza została sformułowana w sposób następujący: w czasach nadzwyczajnych globalnych zagrożeń, przetrwaniu i utrzymaniu konkurencyjności sprzyjać może wykorzystanie rekomendacji wynikających z koncepcji resilience oraz z tzw. ekonomii klinicznej autorstwa Jeffrey’a Sachsa. Przeprowadzone w artykule rozważania teoretyczne wskazują na potencjalne możliwości zastosowania psychologicznej koncepcji resilience w naukach ekonomicznych. Resilience odnosić można do odporności, elastyczności i zdolności rewitalizacji (regeneracji) strategicznej organizacji w warunkach nadzwyczajnych zagrożeń. W czasach nadzwyczajnych zagrożeń niezbędne zdaje się być również przestrzeganie zasad ekonomii klinicznej. Koncentrują się one na: dostrzeganiu złożoności i zróżnicowania systemów i podsystemów gospodarczych, rozpatrywaniu problemów w ramach „rodziny”, a nie poszczególnych jednostek, kontrolowaniu i bieżącej ocenie sytuacji przez przestrzegających norm etycznych i zawodowych ekonomistów.
Climate resilience through natural regeneration in degraded natural forests of south-eastern hilly region of Bangladesh
Authors: Bhuiyan Md Khayrul Alam , Hossain Md Akhter , Kamal Abdul Kadir Ibne , Hossain Mohammed Kamal , Jashimuddin Mohammed , Uddin Md Khabir
Published: June 2020

A study was conducted by using 5m × 5m sized 179 quadrates following multistage random sampling method for comparative regenerating tree species, quantitative structure, diversity, similarity and climate resilience in the degraded natural forests and plantations of Cox's Bazar North and South Forest Divisions. A total of 70 regenerating tree species were recorded representing maximum (47 species) from degraded natural forests followed by 43 species from 0.5 year 39 species from 1.5 year and 29 species from 2.5 year old plantations. Quantitative structure relating to ecological dominance indicated dominance of Acacia auriculiformis, Grewia nervosa and Lithocarpus elegans seedlings in the plantations whereas seedlings of Aporosa wallichii, Suregada multiflora and Grewia nervosa in degraded natural forests. The degraded natural forests possess higher natural regeneration potential as showed by different diversity indices. The dominance-based cluster analysis showed 2 major cluster of species under one of which multiple sub-clusters of species exists. Poor plant diversity and presence of regenerating exotic species in the plantations indicated poor climate resilience of forest ecosystem in terms of natural regeneration.
Influence of various treatments on pre and post germination properties of Callistephus chinensis (L.) Nees cv. Powderpuff
Authors: Wani Muneeb Ahmad , Khan FU , Nazki Imityaz Tahir , Din Ambreena , Iqbal Shameen , Qadri ZA
Published: June 2020

Seeds of China aster cv. Powderpuff were subjected to two conditioning techniques viz, hydroconditioning and halo-conditioning at different levels of concentrations and subjected time durations, constituting a total of 16 treatment combinations (P1 - P15) along with control (P0). Hydro-priming for 12 hrs and the halo-priming with 2 % KNO3 for 12 hrs significantly improved germination, mean germination time, germination index, germination rate index and growth attributes of China aster cv. Powderpuff. Hydropriming being simple economical and eco/subject friendly and safe is recommended for effective germination and growth of China aster cv. Powderpuff.
Virus titer as a disease resistance indicator in tomato
Authors: Ali Sajid , Fatima Ammara , Khalid Sana , Saeed Farah , Shafiq Muhammad , Afzaal Sohaib , Haider Muhammad Saleem , Tariq Wajeeha , Khan Jahangir
Published: June 2020

Tomato leaf curl new Delhi virus, a geminivirus with a wide host range is a contagious pathogen of tomato, which also infects many other crops and weeds. Whitefly (Bemisia tabaci Gennadius), a polyphagous vector, is the agent responsible for its spread on a large scale. The pathogen is responsible for a major reduction in the yield of tomato. Ten commercial cultivars of tomato plant were selected to evaluate the effect of virus titer on crop yield. The yield potential along with other traits of these cultivars was assessed on the basis of symptom development, and virus DNA accumulation. The relationship between the virus titer, symptom severity, and agro-economic traits were established. The present results explain that the high level of virus accumulation in plant tissue results in the development of severe symptoms and leads to a major reduction in yield in case of susceptible cultivars, but this is not true for the cultivars showing intermediate resistance. The virus DNA remains low and approximately constant in resistant cultivars and has minimal effect on the yield and health of tomato.
ЗАСТОСУВАННЯ КОМП’ЮТЕРНИХ ДИДАКТИЧНИХ ІГОР У НАВЧАННІ ІСТОРІЇ ШКОЛЯРІВ З ПОРУШЕННЯМИ ІНТЕЛЕКТУАЛЬНОГО РОЗВИТКУ В УМОВАХ ІНКЛЮЗИВНОГО КЛАСУ
Authors: Косенко Юрій Миколайович , Боряк Оксан Володимирівна , Король Олена Миколаївна
Published: June 2020

У статті проаналізовано методичні й організаційні аспекти застосування комп’ютерних дидактичних ігор у навчанні дітей з порушеннями інтелектуального розвитку в умовах інклюзивного освітнього середовища. Висвітлено можливості сервісу LearningApps.org у розробленні навчальних ігор на історичну тематику для учнів інклюзивних класів з порушеннями інтелекту. Наголошено на особливостях пізнавальної діяльності дітей цієї категорії: нерівномірному темпі визрівання вищих психічних функцій, недорозвитку емоційно-особистісної і мотиваційно-вольової сфери, сповільненому розвитку мовлення, низькій працездатності, які призводять до слабкого засвоєння історичних знань учнями з порушеннями інтелектуального розвитку. Визначено критерії, на основі яких були розроблені комп’ютерні дидактичні ігри для учнів інклюзивних класів з порушеннями інтелекту. Наведено приклади розроблених ігор, спрямованих на активізацію нервово-психічних процесів, мотивацію та швидку адаптацію школярів з порушеннями інтелекту до розумової праці, на оволодіння учнями нових знань і вмінь, на реалізацію закладеного в них виховного і корекційно-розвивального потенціалу, на вторинне сприйняття і подальше усвідомлення вивченого матеріалу, допомогу учням з порушеннями інтелекту в міцному засвоєнні фактів, дат, імен, історичних понять і зв’язку нового матеріалу з раніше вивченим, на застосування учнями нових знань і вмінь в інших навчальних ситуаціях, формування власних висновків і ставлення до історичних подій, на перевірку історичних знань і предметних умінь у школярів з порушеннями інтелекту та їх корекцію. Розроблені на основі сервісу LearningApps.org комплекси комп’ютерних дидактичних ігор історичного змісту дозволяють учителю інклюзивного класу одночасно й успішно навчати історії дітей з типовим розвитком та з порушеннями інтелекту, враховуючи особливості навчальних програм для дітей цих категорій, рівень інтелектуального розвитку та темп навчальної діяльності на уроці.
ICT-SUPPORTED EXTRA-CURRICULAR ACTIVITIES FOR UNIVERSITY STUDENTS MAJORING IN TRANSLATION STUDIES
Authors: Ніколаєва Софія Юріївна , Шевелько Катерина Олександрівна , Фабрична Яна Геннадіївна
Published: June 2020

In the context of the reformation of the higher education in Ukraine the preparation of translators and interpreters requires new approaches to the process of teaching and learning. It presupposes the implementation of ways and forms aimed at active rather than passive learning, an increased sense of academic autonomy, development of motivation, responsibility and accountability in acquiring profession-specific knowledge, skills, communicative abilities and attitudes as well as interdependence and mutual respect between the academic teacher and the student.

The authors of the article argue that the language tuition to students majoring in translation studies contributing to the overall development of their professional competence of intercultural mediators can be carried out in the form of extra-curricular activities via information and communication technology tools.

With respect to the results of the grounded study of current tendencies, achievements and problems, valuable experience and outcomes related to the issue under consideration, the paper reflects on two extra-curricular activities, their stages, aims, objectives and tasks performed; analyses their importance and efficiency in promoting students’ autonomy and responsibility; outlines the role and the functions of information and communication technology tools used.

The English Speaking Club involves specially arranged meetings intended to provide practising English autonomously outside the classroom context. Participating in conversations with a native speaker students have the opportunity to improve their vocabulary, grammar, pronunciation skills, enrich their background knowledge of traditions and culture of the English-speaking countries as well as overcome psychological barriers while expressing personal views and ideas.

Translation and Voice Over Recording Studio is organised as a project activity tailored to initiate student translators and interpreters to the real workflow of a project team specialising in translation of different types of audio and video texts in the English language into Ukrainian and their further voice over recording. Performing roles of translators, proofreaders, editors, voice-over artists and sound directors, the participants have the opportunity to practically implement knowledge, skills and communicative abilities obtained while learning profession-specific subjects at the university, developing and improving translation and interpretation skills in particular. Specially selected information and communication technology tools provide the efficient organisation of the Club’s and Studio’s work.
WEBOMETRICS RANKING OF UNIVERSITIES AS A FACTOR OF GAINING COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE IN THE MARKET FOR EDUCATIONAL SERVICES
Authors: Уманець Володимир Олександрович , Шевченко Людмила Станіславівна , Безуглий Андрій Іванович
Published: June 2020

Being a “window on the world”, the official website of an educational institution is among the most important means of promoting its activities, thus increasing its competitive advantage in the market for educational services. Providing a framework for efficient marketing, the functioning of the official website of a higher educational establishment represents a format of public relations, the outcomes of which depend heavily upon numerous factors. Presenting unbiased assessment of a university’s image formalised in terms of officially approved procedures is crucial for winning a respective market share. The Webometrics Ranking of World Universities (also known as Ranking Web of Universities) represents validated data that must not be overlooked by both website administrators and those interested in evaluating a university’s image. Though taken with a great deal of scepticism by some universities, webometrics ranking nevertheless can make the difference when it goes about sprucing up a university’s image and successful appealing to its target audience.
The research work considers the issue of representing global rankings of educational institutions on their official websites as an element of marketing policies devised with the view of gaining a competitive advantage in the global educational space. It is highlighted that university ranks are based on applying diverse criteria and indicators as well as measuring respective values. Criticised are dishonest practices of providing false information aimed at increasing ranks of some educational establishments. The measuring indicators (availability, visibility, transparency (or openness), and excellence (or scientific character)) are analysed based on cybermetric data of research findings obtained by bibliometric methods.
The authors elaborated a set of recommendations as for increasing the efficiency of university website functioning. The key point is to comprehensively select, verify, present and expand contents of a website. It is highlighted that information on the official website of a higher educational establishment should reflect the whole range of educational, scientific research and administrative activities carried out by the academic staff and students. Blended together, they represent the business reputation of the university, which includes its reputation, prestige, partnering relationships, business contacts etc. The authors share their experience in implementing the above measures at Vinnytsia Mykhailo Kotsiubynskyi State Pedagogical University.
МОДЕЛЬ АДАПТИВНОЇ НАВЧАЛЬНОЇ СИСТЕМИ ІНФОРМАЦІЙНОГО ПРОСТОРУ ВІДКРИТОЇ ОСВІТИ
Authors: Дем’яненко Віктор Михайлович
Published: June 2020

У статті зазначено, що основною ознакою сучасного навчання є його персоналізована спрямованість, налаштованість навчального процесу до індивідуальних потреб учня. Таке навчання є адаптивним. На сьогодні переважна більшість навчального контенту для адаптивного навчання характеризується досить примітивним зворотним зв’язком між персональними потребами учня та адаптуванням навчання залежно до цих потреб. Як правило, цей зв’язок ґрунтується на аналізі процесу вивчення учнем поданого матеріалу, результатів тестових завдань та незначних суб’єктивних факторів. Водночас сучасні адаптивні технології дозволяють більш глибоко визначати ситуаційний стан процесу навчання та індивідуальні особливості і характеристики учня. На наш погляд, для розв’язання такої задачі повинні бути закладені інструменти та технології врахування індивідуально-типологічних особливостей учня, можливості стеження за ходом мислення учня, адаптивної аналітики процесу навчання. Зазначається, що одним з перспективних напрямків забезпечення умов адаптивного навчання має бути створення адаптивних навчальних систем, функціонування яких забезпечується технологіями з використанням штучного інтелекту. Акцентовано, що використання штучного інтелекту в адаптивних навчальних системах допомагає персоналізувати навчальний підхід до кожного учня для того, щоб зробити навчання максимально ефективним. Також зазначається, що впровадження штучного інтелекту має бути спрямоване на збереження і примноження всіх сильних аспектів учителя. Результативність цього процесу багато в чому залежить не тільки від того, які і скільки ІКТ застосовуються в освітніх середовищах, а й наскільки досконало ними володіють учні, педагоги, науково-методичні працівники та організатори освітнього процесу, наскільки активно й педагогічно виважено такі технології застосовуються. З огляду на зазначені проблеми, запропоновано і обґрунтовано концептуальну модель адаптивної навчальної системи.
Effect of geotextile on reduction of reflective cracking induced by traffic load in asphalt concrete
Authors: Sun Guangli , Ling Jianming , Tao Zefeng , Qian Jinsong , Cai Yang
Published: June 2020

Cracks appear in the early cement stabilisation base due to shrinkage. Pavement service life is reduced by the reflecting cracks under load coupled with environment. Geosynthetics can be used as an effective anti-reflective crack material to improve the asphalt concrete performance. Related studies mainly focus on the optimal material type and placement location of geosynthetics. However, the mechanism research of anti-crack propagation is limited and needs further investigation. The methods used to date are hard to reveal the anti-reflective crack mechanism of geosythetics. Therefore,
geosynthetic materials cannot be used appropriately. Propagation and resistance characteristics of traffic induced reflective cracks with geotextile placed in the asphalt layer was investigated using extended finite element model. The effects of geotextile placement and tensile modulus were also investigated. Compared with other zones, the geotextile stress over the crack was significantly larger. The geotextile absorbed 15% of the total stress in the asphalt surface layer. The crack propagation stages and final crack length was separate when tensile modulus of geotextile reached 50 MPa. The geotextile with 100 MPa tensile modulus was found to produce the optimal effect on preventing crack. Geotextile placed at a quarter depth of the asphalt layer from the bottom had the best crack resistance.
Seismic performance evaluation of reinforced concrete beam-column joints of existing buildings
Authors: Leung Kwok Tung , Lau Lin Sang
Published: June 2020

Common computer programs generally model beam-column joint (BCJ) as a finite point without physical property that will neither yield nor fail. However, this assumption is not appropriate for modelling existing buildings without seismic provisions where the shear capacities of BCJs were uncertain. This paper presented the finite element analysis and cyclic load test results of four full-scale edge column BCJ specimens with and without column and BCJ shear link detailing according to seismic provisions. The aim was to compare the numerical analysis and experimental results to establish a reduction factor between BCJ with and without seismic detailing provisions and to verify the accuracy of numerical analysis results. With the proposed reduction factor, non-seismic provisioned BCJ that will fail under seismic actions can be determined from general computer analysis programs and correspondingly strengthened if necessary to ensure that yielding occurs in structural members connected to the joint instead of brittle joint shear failure. Furthermore, splitting crack along the lower column axis was observed in all non-seismic provisioned specimens due to eccentricity between the upper and lower column load centre and inadequate link confinement in the lower column.
The Generating Functions for Special Pringsheim Continued Fractions
Authors: AKBABA Ümmügülsün , DEĞER Ali Hikmet
Published: June 2020

In previous works, some relations between Pringsheim continued fractions and vertices of the paths of minimal length on the suborbital graphs $\mathrm{\mathbf{F}}_{u,N}$ were investigated. Then, for special vertices, the relations between these vertices and Fibonacci numbers were examined. On the other hand, Koshy studied relation between recurrence relations of Fibonacci numbers, Pell numbers and generating functions. In this work, it is showed that every vertex on the path of minimal length of suborbital graph $\mathrm{\mathbf{F}}_{u,N}$ has a Pringsheim continued fraction. Then, by Koshy's motivation, the generating function of the recurrence relation of these pringsheim continued fractions are examined.
An Approximate Technique for Solving Lagerstrom Equation
Authors: ALAM Md. Zahangir , ALAM Md. Shamsul , SHARİF Md. Nazmul
Published: June 2020

The Lagerstrom’s equation has been solved by an approximate technique combining both homotopy perturbation and variational iteration method. By this technique the solution of Lagerstrom’s equation can be determined for viscous flow past a solid at low Reynolds number where a significance mater is the occurrence of logarithmic term. In this technique ExpIntegralEi function has been used for simplifying the calculation. The results have been calculated by this technique shows a good agreement with those obtained by numerical method.
Effectivity of the jackfruit leaves infusion (Artocarpus heterophyllus l.) as a larvacide to the mortality rate of Aedes aegypti larva
Authors: Rahma Fina Alvia , Mahati Endang , Kisdjamiatun RMD R.A. , Halleyantoro Ryan
Published: June 2020

Larval stage control using temephos, a chemical larvicide powder, was not completely safe. WHO recommended to use biological controls. Jackfruit leaves which contain saponins, flavonoids, and tannins can be used as alternate. This study was conducted to determine the effectivity of jackfruit leaves (Artocarpus heterophyllus L.) infusion on the mortality of Aedes aegypti larvae using post test only control group design. 600 of Aedes aegypti larvae were divided into 1 control group and 5 experiment groups that consist  jackfruit leaves infusion concentrations of 4%, 8%, 12%, 16%, 20% with four times replication. The mortality of larvae was observed every 8 hours to 48 hours. The LC50 and LT50 were obtained by probit analysis were 3.842% and 2.150 hours. In the repeated Kruskal-Wallis test and Mann-Whitney, there were significant differences (p<0.05) in the mortality of Aedes aegypti larvae that died based on differences in the concentration of jackfruit leaf infusion. In the Spearman test, there were significant correlations (p<0.05) between the concentration of jackfruit leaves infusion and the mortality of Aedes aegypti larvae and the death rate of Aedes aegypti larvae. The results of the study are expected to be alternatives to chemical larvicides commonly used by the community.
The risk of smoking with stroke in Asia : meta-analysis
Authors: Hasnah Fadhilatul , Lestari Yuniar , Abdiana Abdiana
Published: June 2020

This study uses a systematic method of review and meta-analysis to look at the risk of smoking with stroke in Asia. Further analysis based on the stroke subtype (ischemic stroke and haemorrhagic stroke was also carried out. Literature search was carried out in the PubMed, EBSCO and Google Scholar databases. Q tests were performed to determine the heterogeneity of included studies. Funnel plot, Egger regression test and trim and fill methods were used to identified publication bias and with the transformation of the model between the fixed effect model and the random effect model for sensitivity analysis A total of 12 articles were included consisting of 9 studies with case control design studies and 3 studies with cohort designs. The meta-analysis results showed that people who smoke have risks pooled OR 2.04 times (95% CI 1.57-2.65) for having a stroke Analysis of the type of stroke, smokers had 2.3 times the risk of having an ischemic stroke or 2.77 times for having a haemorrhagic stroke. Eggers test showed no influence of publication bias on the meta-analysis of smoking with stroke to. From this meta-analysis, it can be concluded that smoking increasing risk for stroke. This study found the risk of smokers to have a haemorrhagic stroke is higher than ischemic stroke.
The patient's right to the medical record of a therapeutic agreement In a human rights perspective
Authors: Kolib Abdul
Published: June 2020

Health is a healthy condition, physically, mentally, spiritually and socially that enables everyone to live productively socially and economically. Health is a basic human right guaranteed in the Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia Year 1945, which with this basic right creates an obligation for anyone who organizes Health Services to fulfill that right. Health services are carried out by Health Workers which include medical workers, pharmacy workers, nursing staff, public and environmental health workers, nutrition workers, physical ignorance staff, medical technical personnel, and other health workers, one of which is a Doctor, where the legal relationship between the Doctor and the Doctor Patients are bound by an agreement called a therapeutic agreement that gives birth to the rights and obligations of both parties as the basis of the doctor in providing health services to the patient, and requires the doctor to make a document in the form of a medical record containing facts relating to the patient's health, so that in the journal This focus will be analyzing the patient's right to a medical record as well as the doctor's obligation to the patient's medical record based on human rights. This research has 2 (two) problem formulations: 1) how is the patient's right to a medical record based on human rights?; and 2) what is the doctor's obligation for the patient's medical record based on human rights?. The writing of this journal was conducted using the juridical-normative legal research method, with the support of data in the form of secondary data covering legal materials, as follows: 1) primary legal material, namely the Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia Year 1945, Law No. 36 of 2009 concerning Health, Law No. 29 of 2004 concerning Medical Practices, and Regulation of the Minister of Health of the Republic of Indonesia Number 269 / MENKES / PER / III / 2008 concerning Medical Records; 2) secondary legal materials, namely literature in the form of books, scientific research, journals, etc. related to health law; and 3) tertiary legal materials which include encyclopedias, dictionaries, and so on.
Accuracy analysis of IMERG and CMORPH precipitation data over North China
Authors: Shen L , Lin R , Lu L , Xu C , Liu Y
Published: June 2020

Large-scale agricultural production in North China makes the study of precipitation in this area vital. The performance of the Integrated Merged Multisatellite Retrievals for the Global Precipitation Measurement (IMERG) and the Climate Prediction Center morphing technique (CMORPH) precipitation products for 2015 was evaluated against daily precipitation data from 404 rain gauges in North China. Relative errors, correlation coefficients, Pearson’s chi-squared test values, and root mean square errors, as well as the probability of detection (POD), false alarm ratio, and critical success index, were used to analyze the accuracy of both IMERG and CMORPH precipitation products on daily, monthly, and seasonal timescales. The probability density function (PDF) was also considered. Overall, both products overestimated ground precipitation, especially in summer. Positive correlation coefficients between satellite-derived and rain-gauge monthly precipitation data were higher over plains and coastal areas, compared with plateau regions. The PODs of both IMERG and CMORPH data were highest in summer. The PODs of IMERG data were much higher than for CMORPH data in autumn. The PODs over coastal regions, plains, and plateaus at lower latitudes also were considerably better than over inland and plateau areas at higher latitudes. The precipitation products performed best over coastal areas, plains, and areas with high rainfall. Both CMORPH and IMERG products were prone to identifying non-rainy days as rainy days. They also overestimated light (0.1-9.9 mm d-1) and moderate (10-24.9 mm d-1) precipitation events, although the IMERG product was more sensitive to precipitation. Accordingly, we find that both of these satellite-derived precipitation products require further modification to enable them to substitute for gauge precipitation data in North China.
Dairy grazing strategies to minimise soil pugging and compaction in the Waikato
Authors: Drewry J.J.
Published: June 2020

Abstract This 3 year (1996-1998) study compared grazing regimes for minimising soil compaction and pugging damage. The treatments were conventional yearround dairy cow grazing, grazing for 3 hours when soil was susceptible to pugging damage, never pugged when soil was susceptible to pugging damage, and never grazed. In October 1997, macroporosity at 0- 5 cm (air-filled porosity), a measure of soil compaction, was: never grazed (21.6%), never pugged (21.3%), 3 hour grazing (16.3%) conventional grazing control (12.8%). During July-September 1997, the never grazed and never pugged treatments had 35%, and 28% greater pasture yields than the control, with a similar trend in July-September 1998. The 3 hour grazing treatment had better soil physical quality than the control but this was not reflected in greater pasture production. The never pugged treatment greatly improved soil physical condition and had greater winter/spring pasture growth compared with conventional grazing so would be justified by farmers implementing "standing-off" pasture management strategies. Keywords: compaction, pasture yield, pugging, treading
Drying-off thinner cows earlier in late lactation - is it beneficial?
Authors: Morton J.D. , Mcbride S.D.
Published: June 2020

In New Zealand dairy systems, cows usually lose condition in early lactation, when their feed demand is high, to buffer milksolids (MS) production. Condition score (CS) at calving is influenced by drying-off date and CS at drying-off. In late-March, two groups of cows with average CS 4.5 were dried off early and offered normal (13 kg DM/cow/day) and high (26 kg DM/cow/day) pasture feeding allowances. Another group of average CS 4.5 was offered 26 kg DM/cow/ day and dried-off late (mid-May). Two more groups with average CS 5.1 were offered normal (26 kg DM/ cow/day) and high (52 kg DM/cow/day) allowances and also dried-off late. From late-March to mid-May, dry cows fed at the high level gained about twice as much condition as normally fed dry cows (+1.5 vs +0.7 CS). The late dried-off cows at initial CS 4.5 and 5.1 had a gain in CS (0.3 units) or maintained condition respectively under normal feeding, but gained 0.4 CS under high feeding. In late lactation, there was no significant difference in MS production (P
Assessment of the performance of non-ryegrass pasture mixtures
Authors: Musgrave D.J. , Daly M.J.
Published: June 2020

Drawing on practical farming experience and on-farm observations, plus a range of trials from both published and unpublished sources, the authors have compared the relative benefits of mixed species pastures (MSP), also known as mixed herb leys, with traditional ryegrass white clover pastures. This collection of data, demonstrates production advantages using MSP, with lower weed and pest problems, leading to economic benefits and therefore contributing to more sustainable pastoral systems. Keywords: animal production, endophyte, Festuca arundinacea, financial return, grassgrub, internal parasites, Lolium perenne, thistles
Some 'high sugar grasses' don't like it hot
Authors: Parsons A.J. , Rasmussen S. , Xue H. , Newman J.A. , Anderson C.B. , Cosgrove G.P.
Published: June 2020

Cultivars of Lolium perenne with high concentrations of water soluble carbohydrates (WSC) are seen as desirable for the reduction of nitrogen losses and greenhouse gases (notably N2O) produced from grazing by livestock, as well as offering some opportunities for increasing meat and milk production. These benefits have been shown consistently in the UK, but here we report a series of investigations which suggest the high sugar grass (HSG) trait may not be so consistently or readily expressed in field conditions in New Zealand. First, the cultivars AberDart (HSG) and Fennema (control) were grown in paddocks in the Manawatu (Aorangi) and studied from July 2001 to October 2002. Total WSC levels in the harvestable component (leaf snips) increased during spring in both cultivars, but the differences between the HSG and control were smaller than seen in the UK and were only marginally significant (P = 0.063). Likewise, no consistent differences in WSC in leaf blades were found in a second trial, grown this time in pots outdoors, where water and nutrients were more controlled. This second trial included not just AberDart, but the original HSG, AberDove, which had been the focus of many successful trials in the UK. An analysis of the environmental factors that might be relevant to the expression of the quality trait 'high sugar', and of possible differences between UK and NZ climates and trials, led us to a third series of experiments, conducted in NZ, in controlled environment chambers. Total WSC became substantially greater (> 2fold) in all three cultivars when grown at 10oC (day and night) than at 20oC but only at 10 oC did one HSG, AberDove, show a small, but significantly greater WSC, than Fennema (P < 0.05). However, significantly higher levels of WSC (P < 0.05) were expressed in leaf blades of both AberDart and AberDove, compared to Fennema, when grown at temperatures of 20oC day / 10oC night (14h day), and especially (68% and 46% respectively) when this followed a period of cold (10 weeks at 5oC) and short days. Our findings suggest that low temperatures, either low night temperatures, or previous periods of sustained cold (
PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS HOW SUSTAINABLE IS AGRICULTURE'S PRESENT GROWTH?
Authors: Brown Colin
Published: June 2020

In 1996, at the annual grassland conference in Oamaru, I presented a paper that examined the economic and productivity trends in New Zealand agriculture over the previous 50 years. At that time, there had been a steady reduction in the real prices received for our agricultural products for the previous 50 years, our animal productivity on sheep and beef farms had remained relatively static over the same period, while dairy cow productivity had been slowly, but steadily rising. The implication for farmers, and agriculture in general, was to reinforce the message that in order to retain profitability, one had to either: • Get bigger, as in scale • Get more productive, as in increased output per animal, or per hectare (while restraining cost of inputs) • Change to a higher value output (eg. chilled meat vs. frozen meat) In fact, over the past 10 years, our farmers, and the agricultural industry, have simultaneously achieved all three. The price received by New Zealand farmers for their lamb has increased 89% since the late 1980s, or 74% after taking away the benefit from exchange rate movements, at a time when the international price for frozen lamb carcases has dropped 12%. Our price for beef has dropped 5% while the international price has dropped 45%, and dairy prices have remained static during a time when butter prices have dropped 37%, all in real terms (Table 1). Crossbred wool, with a 54% drop, and wheat, with a 42% drop, over the same time period, has not feared so well. This is a remarkable achievement for lamb, because of the scale of the price increase, and also for dairy, because it occurred in tandem with a massive (108%) increase in product volume in the same 1990 to 2003 period. Also, we have experienced productivity gains unsurpassed in the history of New Zealand farming, particularly in sheep farming, with lambing percentage increasing 26% and lamb carcass weights 20%, and wool weight per head by 10% since 1990 (Figures 1 and 2). These increases have resulted in total lamb production increasing 10%, despite a 32% decrease in the national sheep flock since 1990. Milksolids per cow has increased 21% over the same time period, as well as a 9% increase in cow stocking rate. At the same time, farms have continued to decrease in number, and increase in scale. The best example of this is in the dairy industry where the average herd size has increased 70% (Figure 3), and there are numerous examples of multiple unit ownership.
Dairy cow production when supplemented with whole-crop cereal silages in spring and autumn
Authors: Stevens D.R. , Platfoot G.J. , Hyslop M.G. , Knight T.L. , Corson I.D. , Littlejohn R.J.
Published: June 2020

The on-farm milk production, pasture intake and silage intake of cows fed either whole-crop cereal silage or pasture silage as a supplement to pasture was compared in four herds in autumn and two herds in spring during 2002 and 2003. The number of cows per herd ranged from 90 to 270 cows per feeding treatment. Silages were supplemented at rates determined by farmer feed budget. The amount offered ranged from 3 to 6.6 kg DM/cow/ day. Pasture intake estimates ranged from 7.2 to 13.0 kg DM/cow/day. Milksolids (MS) production ranged from 0.93 to 1.61 kg/cow/day in autumn and from 1.33 to 1.98 kg/cow in spring. The feeding of whole-crop cereal silage produced more MS production in two autumn studies compared to feeding pasture silage as a supplement (+0.08 kg/cow/d; P
Effects of soil and climatic conditions on the variation in some ryegrass seed crops
Authors: Craighead M.D. , Yule I.J.
Published: June 2020

Site specific data for ryegrass seed crops has been obtained from two precision agriculture projects in Canterbury. Using yield maps and proximal sensors, the temporal and spatial variability within and between crops was quantified. In general, the best ryegrass seed yields were on the medium textured soils within a paddock. The lightest textured parts of a paddock could yield as well or better than these areas, particularly in seasons with cool springs, and in average to dry seasons provided irrigation was optimal. In contrast, heavier textured soils only yielded as well as medium textured soils if they were not overly wet (or cool) early in the season and in very dry years, when irrigation could not meet crop water demands, or in dryland situations. When irrigation was altered on perennial ryegrass by restricting moisture in November, there was greater reduction in seed yield in the lighter textured areas compared to the medium textured areas of a paddock. Extra nitrogen applied in late October improved yields in the medium textured part of the paddock but had a slight negative effect in the lighter areas of the paddock. In a trial using the plant growth regulator, Moddus, application was only beneficial in the medium textured parts of the paddock. Interpretation of ryegrass seed yield maps can be confounded by crop management decisions such as grazing, irrigation and harvest conditions. Late harvesting decreased seed yield so that the effects of soil texture and moisture were less evident. Farmers without this technology can use soil maps, aerial photographs and observation to identify areas of potential difference within a paddock. Targeting soil sampling, plant dry matter, soil moisture and perhaps nutrient analysis to major areas of difference can be useful in developing a zonal management system. Keywords: crop management, precision agriculture, ryegrass seed crops, seed yield maps
Impact of intensive maize silage supplementation on milksolids production, mastitis and profit
Authors: Dalley D.E. , Collis S.J. , Clough J. W.
Published: June 2020

Over four dairy seasons (2000/2001 to 2003/2004) the input of maize silage was evaluated at the Waimate West Demonstration Farm. Two systems were evaluated with Jersey cows: Control (3.8 cows/ha, no maize silage) and High stocked (HS) Maize (5 cows/ha, up to 1.5 t dry matter (DM)/cow/yr as maize silage). Both farmlets received 190 (±5) kg nitrogen (N)/ha/yr in split applications throughout the season, and calving commenced on 9 July for both herds. Only small differences between treatments in annual milksolids (MS) yield/cow were recorded. The Control herd averaged 310 kg MS/cow in 260 days compared with 316 kg MS/cow in 277 days for the HS Maize herd. The HS Maize herd produced 34% more MS/ha than the Control herd, viz. 1566 and 1172 kg/ha/yr respectively. Milksolids response to the additional DM and higher stocking rate (SR) on the HS Maize system averaged 80 g MS/kg extra DM consumed. The annual economic farm surplus (EFS) averaged over 4 years for the Control herd was $2784/ha and the HS Maize herd was $2551/ha, however greater between year variation in EFS was noted for the HS Maize system. Incorporation of maize silage into a pasture-based dairy system does increase production/ha, however the profitability of the system will be more vulnerable to MS payout and maize silage price than the traditional pasture-based system. Keywords: dairy, economic farm surplus, maize silage, pasture production
Comparison of conventional and leafy maize silage hybrids in New Zealand dairy farm systems
Authors: Densley R.J. , Kolver E.S. , Miller D.B. , Williams I.D. , Tsimba R.
Published: June 2020

This study compared the yield and nutritive content of conventional and leafy maize silage hybrids, and the expected differences in milksolids (MS) production if fed to cows. A range of conventional and leafy hybrids were planted in paired strip trials (n=162) or small plot trials (n=132) during spring 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, and 2004 in all of the main maize silage growing areas from Nor thland to Canterbury. Pair ed comparisons of short, medium, and long maturity conventional and leafy hybrids were made. On average, conventional hybrids yielded 1824 kg DM/ha (9%) more than leafy hybrids and had a marginally lower fibre digestibility (0.6 percentage units). Modelling using the Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein Systems (CNCPS) model showed that leafy hybrids had a similar metabolisable energy (ME) content and MS per cow and per tonne of maize silage were not different. For dairy farmers growing their own maize silage crop to feed to cows, the planting of conventional hybrids will result in more MS and profit/ ha of maize grown than will the planting of leafy hybrids. If maize silage is purchased on a cent/kg dry matter (DM) basis, the small differences in nutritive content of leafy and conventional hybrids will not affect MS production or profit. Keywords: dairy cows, leafy hybrids, maize silage yield, nutritive value
Development of clovers that are tolerant to clover root weevil
Authors: Crush J.R. , Cooper B.M. , Woodfield D.R. , Gerard P.J.
Published: June 2020

Clover root weevil (CRW) has become a major pest of white clover in pastures in much of the North Island. In contemporary, intensively stocked pastures, high volumes of nitrogen (N) cycling through the soil/plant/ animal system stimulate grass growth and reduce the clover content of pastures. Clover root weevil imposes further stresses on clovers. A range of white and red clover germplasm was evaluated f or CRW tolerance from 2002-2005 on Waikato dairy and sheep/beef farms. Results confirmed the importance of good agronomic adaptation if clovers are to survive the additional stress of CRW. Two recently released white clover cultivars (Grasslands Kopu II and Tribute) were amongst the top performing lines under dairy farm grazing. Under sheep/ beef grazing, spreading type red clovers also performed well. A white c lover breeding line selected for tolerance of plant-feeding nematodes was in the top group of clovers at both sites. Reducing stresses on clovers from other pasture pests will contribute to improved tolerance to CRW. A glasshouse experiment showed that CRW larval feeding can severely damage white clover nodules and reduce N fixation. The plants have considerable capacity to grow new nodules but this diverts energy away from other growth processes. Our conclusions are that welladapted, vigorous white clover cultivars are better able to cope with the additional stress imposed by the root weevil. Good pasture management and attention to fertiliser requirements can improve clover survival under root weevil herbivory. New generation red clovers show considerable potential for weevil infested areas. Coselection for tolerance/resistance to other major clover pests e.g. clover flea and root nematodes will improve plant performance under CRW stress. Keywords: clover root weevil, nitrogen fixation, plant breeding, red clover, white clover
Grazing management for regeneration of balansa clover in a cocksfoot pasture
Authors: Monks D.P. , Moot D.J. , Smith M.C. , Lucas R.J.
Published: June 2020

'Bolta' and 'Frontier' balansa clover seedlings were counted through two autumns following a large seed set in November 2006, from monocultures sown in a dryland environment in Canterbury. Following rain on 5 January 2007, 65% of 'Bolta' seed and 54% of 'Frontier' seed emerged. 'Bolta' and 'Frontier' balansa clover seedlings were counted through two autumns following a large seed set in November 2006, from monocultures sown in a dryland environment in Canterbury. Following rain on 5 January 2007, 65% of 'Bolta' seed and 54% of 'Frontier' seed emerged. Keywords: annual legumes, balansa clover, Dactylis glomerata, false break, seed bank, spring closing date, Trifolium michelianum, Trifolium subterraneum.