bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Implicit Personality Theory in Evaluation of Brand Extensions
Authors: Flaherty Karen E. , Pappas James M.
Published: August 2011

Transference, the extent to which consumers transfer their opinions of a parent brand to a new extension, is critical to the success of any brand-extension strategy. Past research has shown that transference is a complex process that varies among persons depending upon an implicit personality theory, entity versus incremental. In a laboratory experiment analysis of ratings for 100 21-yr.-old undergraduates of attitude, perceived fit and risk, prior product involvement, and implicit personality theory (entity versus incremental) the influence of consumers' implicit personality theory on transference was considered within the brand-extension context. As expected, the amount of transference differed between those espousing entity and incremental theories. “Entity theorists” were much more likely to transfer feelings associated with the parent brand to the new extension than were “incremental theorists” who did not rely on prior brand information when forming evaluations of a new extension. This effect did not occur when perceived fit between the parent brand and the extension was high.
Measuring Cluster Similarity across Methods
Authors: Kos Anthony J. , Psenicka Clement
Published: August 2011

Cluster analysis techniques delineate groupings or categories of observations based on some shared commonality over a set of variables. If such groupings can be formed, their commonality may be investigated to define relationships that may otherwise go undetected given their complexity. However, the cluster analyses are inappropriate unless the results can be replicated. A number of clustering techniques are available, differing mostly in the technical criteria used to judge the similarity of the observations. There is added validity to the cluster structure when different methods produce similar groupings however, in most cases, different clustering techniques will not produce identical clusters and the extent of cluster similarity becomes an important measure. In this paper the hypergeometric distribution is used to gauge cluster similarity across different methods, providing an appropriate measure of consistency. This measure is used to validate reproducibility of the clusters.
Uncertainty about Study Choice and Regulation
Authors: Minnaert Alexander E.
Published: August 2011

A regression model was tested to examine the relation between uncertainty about choice of study and regulation activities in three groups of freshmen ( N = 566). Invariance of regression coefficients, intercept, and residual error terms over groups was found. The strongest explanatory variable of uncertainty about choice of study was lack of regulation.
MMPI-2 Profiles of Colombian, Mexican, and Venezuelan University Students
Authors: Boscán Deisy Cristina , Penn Nolan E. , Velasquez Roberto J. , Reimann Joachim , Gomez Nelson , GÚzman Miguel , Berry Elvia Moreno , Infantes Lourdes Diaz , Jaramillo Luis Fernando , De Romero Maritza Corrales
Published: August 2011

Performances of 82 Colombian, 87 Mexican, and 96 Venezuelan university students and adult community dwellers on Spanish translations of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) were compared. Findings suggest more comprehensive research is required on applications of the MMPI-2 in Latin America and greater consideration of the roles of culture and nationality.
Preferences and Expectations of Innovator-Ritualist Types in Relation to Sex of University Students in a Turkish Sample
Authors: Öner Bengi
Published: August 2011

The aim of this study was whether there is a prevailing representation of Innovators versus Ritualists which differs in both expected frequency and preference of the types for the two sexes. 213 Turkish undergraduate students were given Ritualist and Innovator vignettes in a random order and asked to state the expected frequency of the vignettes if each described a male or female. In addition to this, they stated their preferences for each sex in vignettes. Analysis showed that women are expected more frequently to be Ritualist than men, and men are expected to be more frequently Innovators than women. Moreover, regardless of sex, people prefer Innovators to Ritualists, while they state that they expect to encounter Ritualists more frequently than Innovators in Turkish society. Research implications and suggestions for study are discussed.
Psychological Functioning of Recently Bereaved, Middle-Aged Women: The First 13 Months
Authors: Beem Ellen E. , Schut Henk A. W. , Maes Stan , Cleiren Marc , Garssen Bert
Published: August 2011

This study examined the natural course of psychological functioning in recently bereaved middle-aged women. 69 widows were assessed four times (T1–T4) between the period of 4 to 13 mo. after the loss and were compared to a matched nonwidowed group of 57. Of the SCL-90 feelings of depression, agoraphobic behavior, anxiety, hostility, somatization, feelings of insufficiency, and sleep disorders were heightened at 4 mo. after bereavement compared to the norm group. Significantly higher psychological dysfunctioning was found on all SCL-90 subscales than for nonwidows. Over time, a decrease in psychological dysfunction was found for most widows; however, not every widow appeared to recover psychologically, and 17% of the widows showed severe psychological dysfunctioning at 13 mo. postbereavement (T4). With respect to the predictive value of the Total score on the SCL-90, at 13 mo., 27% of these widows had scores indicating severe psychological dysfunctioning; these were comparable to their scores at 4 mo. postbereavement.
An Asymmetric Test of Homogeneity of Proportions
Authors: Berry Kenneth J. , Mielke Paul W.
Published: August 2011

An asymmetrical test of homogeneity of proportions possesses distinct advantages over a symmetrical test. The symmetric chi square test of homogeneity is widely employed in psychological research. An asymmetrical alternative to the chi square test of homogeneity is proposed and described.
Students' State Motivation and Instructors' Use of Verbally Aggressive Messages
Authors: Myers Scott A. , Rocca Kelly A.
Published: August 2011

This study examined the relationship between college students' (107 men, 123 women) state motivation and their instructors' perceived use of 10 verbally aggressive messages, e.g., attacks on competence, character, background, and physical appearance, malediction, teasing, ridicule, threats, swearing, or nonverbal symbols. Significant negative correlations were obtained between students' state motivation and instructors' use of seven verbally aggressive messages: attacks on competence, character, or background, malediction, ridicule, threats, and nonverbal symbols. These findings suggest that these types of verbally aggressive messages are related to students' state motivation whereas attacks on physical appearance, teasing, and swearing by the instructor are not related to students' state motivation.
MMPI—A Performance of African and Mexican American Adolescent First-Time Offenders
Authors: Gómez Francisco C. , Johnson Ronn , Davis Qiana , Velásquez Roberto J.
Published: August 2011

54 African and Mexican American adolescent first-time offenders were examined with the MMPI–A to evaluate ethnic differences. Multivariate analyses by ethnicity and MMPI–A scales (validity, clinical, content, and supplementary scales) were not significant; however, there was a significant univariate difference where African American adolescents scored significantly higher on the Repression scale than the Mexican American group. A greater percentage of within-normal-limits profiles were African American (50%) than Mexican American (25%). Research and clinical implications for using the MMPI–A with these groups are discussed.
The Child Rating Scale and its Use with Middle School-Age Students
Authors: Hagborg Winston J.
Published: August 2011

The Child Rating Scale is a socioemotional self-report rating scale design for elementary school children. This study examined the Child Rating Scale with a middle school-age sample (Grades 5 to 8) of 240 students. The Child Rating Scale's four scales have shown moderate to high coefficients alpha. Factor analysis yielded the 4 underlying factors consistent with the current subscales. Supportive convergent validity was found based on the Child Rating Scale subscales' predicted association with the Self-perception Profile for Children and the Psychological Sense of School Membership–Brief. Consistent with current research, decline over grades in rule compliance/acting out and school interest was documented as well as the expected mean sex differences on these two subscales. Possible areas of study are indicated, and the present study's limitations are described. The Child Rating Scale seems to be a promising self-report measure for middle school-age youth.
The Utilitarian Core Hypothesis: Cases for Testing the Stability of Languages in the Wake of Conquest
Authors: Ridley Dennis R. , Redick Kip H. , Dominguez Paula Szulc , Romo Daniela K. , Walker Clinton B.
Published: August 2011

Based on the “utilitarian core hypothesis” that the most common words of a language develop early and resist change, the current exploratory study examined three test cases to suggest what happens to the common core of a language when its speakers are conquered. Whissell (1998) raised this issue by implication through demonstrating that the common core of English is largely Anglo-Saxon and thus survived the Norman Conquest. The notion that unique merits of English accounted for its success has a long history dating at least to Verstegan (1605/1976). We suggested that there are also instances of conquest in history illustrating the persistence of other languages despite the political subjugation of their speakers. Test cases included, in addition to the Norman Conquest of England, the Arab-Berber Conquest of most of the Iberian Peninsula, and Russian domination of modern Uzbekistan. The combined results suggest that persistence of a utilitarian core despite conquest is not an isolated instance. As a phenomenon it offers a more parsimonious account than do appeals to the special merits of English, Spanish, or Modern Uzbek. We have integrated these findings within a psychological framework pertaining to language use and change.
Rejoinder to Irwin's (2000) “Age and Sex Differences in Paranormal Beliefs: A Response to Vitulli, Tipton, and Rowe (1999)”
Authors: Vitulli William F.
Published: August 2011

Issues in making an independent test of Irwin's alternative interpretation of Vitulli, Tipton, and Rowe's data are presented.
The School Connection Scale: A Factor Analysis
Authors: Brown Randall A. , Leigh Geoffrey K. , Barton Keith
Published: August 2011

An individual's feeling of connection with a social system has been viewed by diverse traditions as an important predictor of social behavior. While some of these theoretical traditions have conceptualized and assessed a feeling of connection as a global phenomenon, more recent work has focused on the development of measures for separate contexts in which connection occurs. Using a diverse sample of 1,739 adolescents, this study examined an original scale designed specifically to assess youth's feeling of connection with school. Intercorrelations among scales were factor analyzed to examine the structural validity of elements developed from the literature and focus groups of students. The results yield for the School Connection Scale three subscales on which scores were reliable and valid and account for 49.5% of the variance.
Concurrent Validity and Test-Retest Reliability of the Information Processing Styles
Authors: Baloğlu Mustafa , Zelhart Paul F.
Published: August 2011

To investigate concurrent validity and test-retest reliability of the Information Processing Styles, 62 students majoring in social sciences evaluated the accuracy of the checklist in describing their dominant types. Each student had a friend who read the descriptions of the dominant type(s) of the student and rated their perceived accuracy of that categorization. Analyses indicated the inventory is reliable and valid.
A Model for Achievement Motives, Goal Orientations, Intrinsic Interest, and Academic Achievement
Authors: Tanaka Ayumi , Yamauchi Hirotsugu
Published: August 2011

This study investigated the effects of approach and avoidance achievement motives (the motive to achieve success and the motive to avoid failure) on three goal orientations (mastery, performance-approach, performance-avoidance goals) and the effects of goal orientations on intrinsic interest in learning and academic achievement for 157 tenth and 135 eleventh grade students of a Japanese girls' high school. Structural equation modeling indicated that mastery goals arose mainly from the motive to achieve success; however, the positive relation between the motive to avoid failure and mastery goals was also found. Performance-approach goals were related both the motive to achieve success and the motive to avoid failure. Performance-avoidance goals arouse mainly from the motive to avoid failure; however, the positive relation between the motive to achieve success and these goals was found. Mastery goals positively correlated with intrinsic interest and academic achievement, and scores on both performance-approach goals and performance-avoidance goals had no significant effects on either intrinsic or academic achievement.
Stability and Correlates of the California Verbal Learning Test for a Sample of Normal Elderly Persons
Authors: Cellucci Tony , Evans W. James , Cattaruzza Chris , Carter Scott
Published: August 2011

The test-retest stability of the California Verbal Learning Test was examined for a normal elderly sample of 28 men and 74 women along with the correlation for total recall with scores on selected variables. Mean age was 72 yr. The test was re-administered after one year. Mean total recall did not change; the stability coefficient was .64. Coefficients for the other scores ranged considerably (.27 for recognition hits to .62 for perseverations) and were compared with prior research findings. Recall was moderately correlated with scores on the North American Reading Test, Trails B, visual reproductions, and subjective memory ability.
Lay Theories of Suicide
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

The rank order of a set of 32 causal attributes for depression was similar to that for suicide, as judged by a sample of 66 undergraduates.
Relationship of Numbing to Alexithymia, Apathy, and Depression
Authors: Ramirez Sonja M. , Glover Hillel , Ohlde Carroll , Mercer Richard , Hamlin Cary , Goodnick Paul , Perez-Rivera Mildred I.
Published: August 2011

The present study assessed the relationship between numbing and three associated conditions of alexithymia, apathy, and depression, utilizing data collected on 353 Vietnam combat veterans diagnosed with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder from in- and out-patient settings and an outreach center at various Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Centers. All subjects completed four self-report measures: the Glover Numbing Scale©, the Beck Depression Inventory, the Apathy Evaluation Scale, and the Toronto Alexithymia Scale–20. The correlation matrix indicated that scores on the four measures were moderately to highly correlated. Principal components analysis with a varimax rotation indicated a five-factor solution that provided evidence for the factorial validity of each of the constructs assessed. Results of the factor analysis of items from the four measures were consistent with numbing being a separate and distinct construct from alexithymia, apathy, and depression. In general, results indicated that all constructs measured were separate and distinct from one another.
The Type A/B Behaviour Pattern in Samples of Urban and Rural Men
Authors: Espnes Geir Arild , Mellam Albert Conrad
Published: August 2011

The present study assessed the prevalence of the Type A behaviour pattern in a rural and an urban sample of men in Norway. The study was carried through on data collected for other purposes, reported earlier in 1998 and 1999, to evaluate whether there were differences in Type A behaviour pattern between the two environmental settings. The Type A behaviour pattern was assessed in both studies using the Jenkins Activity Survey. Analysis of the data on the Global Type A scale indicated that, on average, participants in both environments reported as Type Bs as opposed to Type As. However, the distribution of scores on the subscales of the Jenkins Activity Survey showed that mean scores on the Type A behaviour attributes were higher in the urban sample than those in the rural sample. The results concerning the expression of the Global Type A from these samples supported expectations about differences in challenges of a competitive environment such as an urban setting, expressed in the literature.
Assessing the Dimensionality of the Singhapakdi, Vitell, and Kraft Measure of Moral Intensity
Authors: Valentine Sean , Silver Lawrence
Published: August 2011

In a sample of 105 students, the dimensionality of a moral intensity scale developed by Singhapakdi, Vitell, and Kraft in 1996 was assessed. Principal components analysis yielded a one-factor solution across 10 ethics scenarios, indicating that moral intensity may be treated as a unidimensional construct in some situations.
Lateral Feature Displacement and Perceived Facial Attractiveness
Authors: Friedenberg Jay
Published: August 2011

Pairs of vertically adjacent facial features were laterally displaced in the same or opposite direction. Undergraduates rated the resulting images on attractiveness. Displacements were first made on normal faces. Symmetric faces were not rated more attractive than normal controls. Faces with two alternating adjacent pairs were rated lower than faces with one or no alternating pairs. In Exp. 2, the same displacements were made from symmetrical faces to control for distance. Symmetric faces again were not rated higher than normal ones, and both conditions were considered more attractive than faces with any type of displacement. This latter result suggests a greater sensitivity to feature displacement when performed from symmetry.
Attributions of Cause for Vehicular Accidents: Effects of Participants' Sex, Information Level, and Instructions to Identify with the Actor
Authors: Rohlman James E.
Published: August 2011

Attributions of cause for vehicular accidents were studied by means of a questionnaire presenting fictional accident vignettes involving a main character (the actor). The randomly assigned questionnaires presented either Instructions for Identification with the actor or for Nonidentification. Each questionnaire randomly presented six vignettes, two vignettes randomly drawn from each of three Information Levels (Low, Medium, and High). Participants were undergraduates, 24 men and 26 women, who gave the cause of each accident in writing and rated that cause on three dimensions using 7-point scales for Internality–Externality, Stability, and Globality. Identification Instructions were associated with more External ratings than were Nonidentification Instructions. The High Information Level was associated with more Internal and higher Globality ratings than the lower Levels. In interactions for participants' sex, women under Identification Instructions gave more External ratings and lower Stability ratings than women given Nonidentification Instructions or men in the Identification condition.
Preliminary Results of a Pilot Program on Depression in Patients with Congestive Heart Failure
Authors: Nelson E. Anne , Jordan D. Marquette
Published: August 2011

While the sample size is too small to warrant conclusions, these preliminary results suggest that assessment of depression would be worthwhile for patients diagnosed with congestive heart failure. 32 out of 54 patients with congestive heart failure scored positive for depression. When psychiatric treatment was given, there was a decrease in depressive symptoms for four of the six patients at the 6-mo. retest. A decrease in depressive symptoms was found for two of the six untreated patients, and the remaining four patients had worse scores on the Zung Depression Inventory. Primary care physicians, who typically meet with such patients regularly, are encouraged to screen for depression, as their clinical assessments in this study were associated with scores on the Zung Depression Inventory. These observations support a full scale investigation with a much larger sample size and a requisite medical cost comparison.
Self-Reported Proclivity to Harass as a Moderator of the Effectiveness of Sexual Harassment-Prevention Training
Authors: Robb Lori A. , Doverspike Dennis
Published: August 2011

The interaction between the likelihood of males engaging in sexual harassment and the effectiveness of a 1-hr. sexual harassment-prevention training was explored in a laboratory study. An interaction of scores on the Likelihood to Sexually Harass Scale and training condition for 90 undergraduate men was found, such that sexual harassment-prevention training had a small negative effect on the attitudes of males with a high proclivity to harass.
Geophysical Variables and Behavior: XC. What People Consider Strange: Change in Proportions of Reports of Fortean Phenomena over Time
Authors: Persinger M. A.
Published: August 2011

The proportions of 3,667 reports classified as unusual or odd events within eight major categories for four contiguous blocks of time between 1770 and 1970 were compared for disconcordance. The major source of the disconcordance ( phi = .52) of reports between the major categories and time was due to the decrease in the numbers of reports of falls of ice, rocks, and animals but increased numbers of reports of odd luminosities, labelled as unidentified flying objects, after the mid 1930s. One hypothesis to explain this result is that cultural changes in attributions for causes of natural phenomena may affect their designation as strange rather than mundane.
Relations of Some Sociocultural Variables and Attitudes and Motivations of Young Arab Students Learning English as a Second Language
Authors: Lori Ali A. , Al-Ansari Saif H.
Published: August 2011

This paper examined a number of variables pertaining to the sociocultural outlooks of 412 young Arab students learning English as a foreign language and the relation of their attitudes and motivations prior to their learning of the language. Analysis indicated clearly that certain variables appeared to be correlated with their attitudes and motivations more than others. Most of the students had maids in their homes, and the presence of a maid was associated with most of the psycholinguistic variables tested. Their previous learning experience of the language was positively correlated as was their knowledge of English stories. Having some sort of English games had the highest correlations (.25 to .41). Potential pedagogical implications of these results were discussed.
A Brief Measure of Intrinsic Religiosity Used with a Sample of Military Veterans
Authors: Schumm Walter R. , Rotz Paul L. “Roy”
Published: August 2011

A brief, three-item measure of intrinsic religiosity adapted from Gorsuch and Venable (1983) was used with over 900 male and female Reserve Component veterans who had been serving in the military during the Persian Gulf War. In general, approximately two-thirds of the veterans indicated agreement or strong agreement with an internal commitment to their religious beliefs. Despite its brevity, the scale demonstrated adequate estimates of internal consistency reliability (alpha = .93). It was also found that the female veterans reported a significantly higher mean on intrinsic religiosity as measured by this scale than did the male veterans.
Effects of an Early Intervention Group Program for Anxious and Depressed Adolescents: A Pilot Study
Authors: Muris Peter , Bogie Nicole , Hoogsteder Angelina
Published: August 2011

The Resourceful Adolescent Program is an early intervention program designed to enhance psychological resilience in adolescents with emotional problems. Eight adolescents with high anxious and/or depressive symptoms were treated with this 11-session group program. Treatment effects were examined by means of self-report questionnaires of anxiety, depression, and self-efficacy. Pre- and postintervention data showed reductions in anxiety and depression scores and a concomitant increase in adolescents' self-efficacy.
Relationship between Exposure to Community Violence and Psychological Distress: Linear or Curvilinear?
Authors: Rosenthal Beth Spenciner , Wilson W. Cody
Published: August 2011

This paper presents data testing the hypothesis that the relationship between exposure to recurring community violence during high school years and later experiencing of psychological distress symptoms is a quadratic curvilinear one. Data were collected between 1994—1996 by self-administered questionnaires using multi-item scales; the sample ( N = 452) comprises older urban adolescents. Although exposure to community violence was positively and linearly related to psychological distress, no statistically significant quadratic curvilinear relationship was found between community violence and psychological distress.
Depression and Blood Types
Authors: Singg Sangeeta , Lewis Jesse L.
Published: August 2011

A sample of 108 normal volunteers (grouped as blood Types O, A, and B/AB) were administered the Beck Depression Inventory. The results suggest that the association between depression and blood Type O that has been found for hospitalized patients can also be observed in normal patients.
Perceptions of Interventions for Child Sexual Abuse in an Urban South African Sample
Authors: Peltzer Karl
Published: August 2011

A questionnaire was used to study perceptions of interventions for child sexual abuse in a nonrepresentative urban South African population of 132 African/Black participants (61 men and 71 women) from the general public of Mankweng. Their ages ranged from 21 to 60 years ( M age = 32.2 yr., SD = 10.4). Analysis indicated these participants clearly supported most of the components of nonadversarial approaches. Women were more positive about a nonadversarial approach than men; however, participants disagreed on questions about controlling the offender and whether an accused relative should move out of the home of the victim. Participants supported prosecuting offenders and longer prison sentences and did not favour leniency for first-time offenders. They further believed children, the family, and even less the offenders should receive treatment.
Body-Image Attitudes and Psychosocial Functioning in Euro-American and Asian-American College Women
Authors: Koff Elissa , Benavage Amy , Wong Bonnie
Published: August 2011

Euro-American ( n = 94) and Asian-American ( n = 72) college women were compared on multiple dimensions of body image, including global body satisfaction, preoccupation with appearance, satisfaction with individual body parts or features, and weight concern, and psychosocial functioning, including self-esteem, public self-consciousness, social anxiety, and public body consciousness. Both groups reported similar scores on these variables and showed similar patterns of correlations between body-image and psychosocial variables. Despite similar global body satisfaction, there were group differences in satisfaction with individual body parts or features, with Asian-American women reporting lower satisfaction with six parts or features and higher satisfaction with one feature. Stepwise multiple regression analyses predicting global body satisfaction from individual body parts or features suggested that both the specific body parts or features most salient to global body satisfaction and the relative influence of these parts or features varied as a function of ethnicity. Implications of these findings for research and practice are discussed.
Multilevel Performance Probability: A Meta-Analytic Integration of Expectancy and Self-Efficacy
Authors: Cady Steven H. , Boyd Debra G. , Neubert Mitchell J.
Published: August 2011

A meta-analysis of one approach to measuring expectancy and self-efficacy was conducted. Although used for over 25 years, this measure has yet to be named or integrated across the two theoretical domains. We proposed to label this measure a Multilevel Performance Probability and conducted a meta-analysis. The search for empirical tests of expectancy and self-efficacy using this procedure yielded 16 studies with ratings which could be subjected to meta-analysis. Five studies with 8 tests were taken from expectancy studies and 11 studies with 47 tests from studies of self-efficacy. In total, the analyses involved 7,444 subjects across 55 tests of the Multilevel Performance Probability to performance relationship. Examination of the measure as a predictor of performance gave a mean r of .51 ( p < .001) which is in the same direction and larger than values from other meta-analyses conducted within each of the two theoretical domains ( rs of .21 and .38).
Stress in the Relation between Trait and State Anxiety
Authors: Meijer Joost
Published: August 2011

The relations of stress, trait anxiety, and state anxiety with cognitive performance are the central focus. Stress is conceived of as an external manipulation, trait anxiety as a relatively stable personality characteristic, and state anxiety as transient manifest feelings of insecurity. The influence of these factors on cognitive performance is considered. It was argued that the apparent interaction of stress and trait anxiety with cognitive performance can be traced to the interaction among stress, trait anxiety, and state anxiety. It was hypothesized that state anxiety increases more rapidly as a function of trait anxiety under stressful circumstances than neutral or relatively reassuring circumstances. The negative relation between state anxiety and cognitive performance is assumed to be constant irrespective of stress. Experimental evidence supporting the latter supposition is presented. However, doubts are cast on classical intervention methods for invoking stress. Rather than assuming that these methods invoke stress, it is proposed that feelings of insecurity, associated with ambiguity, are determinants of experienced stress.
Recent Research on Family Factors and Readiness: Implications for Military Leaders
Authors: Schumm Walter R. , Bell D. Bruce , Resnick Gary
Published: August 2011

Past research on the relationship between family factors and military readiness in the Army has suggested that family issues affect retention far more than readiness. New data on individual soldier readiness were analyzed to assess the relative importance of family factors (internal and external family adaptation) compared to unit readiness, longevity, rank, and gender. Family factors were significant predictors, although external family adaptation appeared to be more important than internal family adaptation. Although variables related to retention were more strongly related to family factors than our readiness variables, the differences were less substantial than those reported previously. The data seemed to suggest that reserve-component readiness might be more affected by family stress than the active component and that officer readiness might be more strongly affected by family worries than enlisted personnel readiness, but more research is needed to confirm those results.
Pain Language of Bone Marrow Transplantation Patients
Authors: Ho S. M. Y. , Horne D. J. de L. , Szer J.
Published: August 2011

Previous studies have shown that hypnosis may be effective in reducing intensity of pain among bone marrow transplantation patients whereas cognitive behavioral intervention without imagery was not effective for this group of patients. Since hypnosis alters patients' perception of pain and cognitive behavioral intervention changes patients' beliefs and improves their coping with pain, we hypothesized that sensory pain is more important than affective pain in understanding the pain experience of patients undergoing bone marrow transplantation. To test this hypothesis we administered the McGill Pain Questionnaire longitudinally to 50 consecutive eligible recipients of bone marrow transplantation during hospitalization to assess the different dimensions of pain they experienced. Consistent with our hypothesis, sensory pain fluctuated with treatment stages, and the pattern was consistent with previous findings. Patients reported significantly higher sensory pain than affective pain at all assessment points. In contrast, affective pain remained low and stable throughout the treatment. Our results contribute to the understanding of the nature of pain in bone marrow transplantation and suggest pain management strategies that focus on sensory pain as in hypnosis are more useful for such patients.
Reliability, Validity, and Factor Structure of the Arabic Version of the 12-Item General Health Questionnaire
Authors: Daradkeh Tewfik K. , Ghubash Rafia , El-Rufaie Omer E. F.
Published: August 2011

The aim was to examine the psychometric properties of the Arabic 12-item General Health Questionnaire in a sample of university students. A sample of 157 university students was screened using this questionnaire and the Hopkins Symptom Checklist-90. A standardized clinical interview using SCID was conducted on a subset of screened students. Reliability, validity, and factor analysis of the questionnaire were evaluated. Using factor score discrimination between cases and noncases was also evaluated. The Arabic version of the GHQ-12 proved to be reliable as indicated by Cronbach alpha of .86. The best balance between sensitivity and specificity was found at the General Health Questionnaire cut-off point of 15/16: at this threshold, sensitivity was .88 and was paired with a specificity of .84. Principal component analysis with varimax rotation identified three factors, namely, Factor A (general dysphoria), Factor B (lack of enjoyment), and Factor C (social dysfunction). Factors A and C discriminated between clinically distressed and clinically nondistressed subjects. The General Health Questionnaire-12 as a whole is a reliable and valid screening tool in university settings.
Biographical Factors of Occupational Independence
Authors: Müller Günter F.
Published: August 2011

The present study examined biographical factors of occupational independence including any kind of nonemployed profession. Participants were 59 occupationally independent and 58 employed persons of different age ( M = 36.3 yr.), sex, and profession. They were interviewed on variables like family influence, educational background, occupational role models, and critical events for choosing a particular type of occupational career. The obtained results show that occupationally independent people reported stronger family ties, experienced fewer restrictions of formal education, and remembered fewer negative role models than the employed people. Implications of these results are discussed.
Relationship between Television Viewing Frequency and Scores on Shyness among Philippine High School Students
Authors: Page Randy M. , Zarco Emilia Patricia
Published: August 2011

The association between frequency of watching TV and scores on a measure of shyness was estimated for a sample of 3,307 Philippine high school students (1,267 boys and 1,819 girls). Students who watched more than 5 hours of TV a day scored significantly higher on shyness than students who watch less TV.
Measuring Improvement or Decline on the WAIS–R in Inpatient Psychiatry
Authors: Iverson Grant L. , Green Paul
Published: August 2011

Psychologists in inpatient psychiatric settings sometimes are asked to assess whether patients improve or decline in intellectual functioning. The impetus for this referral question may be a perceived change in psychiatric status, an acute neuropathological event, e.g., a head injury, or a suspicion of an early dementing process. For this study, data from 100 inpatients who completed the WAIS–R on two separate admissions were used to calculate confidence bands for measurement error surrounding test-retest difference scores. The analysis indicated that, if the retest interval is three months or less, significant practice effects must be factored into the interpretation of difference scores. A table for the interpretation of difference scores at different testing intervals is provided.
Components of Type a Behavior and Two-Year Prognosis of Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome
Authors: Čatipović-Veselica Katija , Glavaš Blanka , Kristek Jozo , Šram Miroslav
Published: August 2011

We investigated prospectively the relationship of Type A behavior and its subcomponents with cardiac mortality and recurrent nonfatal cardiac events in a 2-yr. follow-up of 90 patients [69 men and 21 women, M age = 56.4 yr., SD = 8.4] after acute coronary syndrome. Type A behavior was assessed via the general Bortner Type A Index. Each patient completed the Bortner's scale before hospital discharge During the first 2-yr. follow-up, there were 14 cardiac deaths among patients with myocardial infarction. 8 patients had recurrent cardiac events and were hospitalized, and 19 patients had an effort-induced angina pectoris. Patients with acute myocardial infarction who died during follow-up had a significantly lower Bortner score than patients with a secondary cardiac event. Bortner scores of patients with acute myocardial infarction who died indicated Type B behavioral patterns. Mortality was significantly higher in the patients classified as showing Type B (21.8%) behavior than in the patients classified as showing Type A (12.0%) behavior. Patients with a secondary cardiac event had more common Type A behavior patterns and higher Bortner scores than patients without a secondary cardiac event. The items on Bortner's scale “very competitive, ever rushed, tries to do too many things at once, fast in daily activities and expresses feelings” were inversely associated with cardiac deaths. These findings suggest that patients with acute coronary syndrome classified by scores on the Bortner scale as Type B behavior have a greater probability of death, and patients classified on the Bortner scale as Type A behavior have a greater probability of secondary cardiac events during follow-up. This finding may have implications for the treatment of patients with acute coronary syndrome. The inferior survival of patients with Type B personalities argues against attempts to modify Type A behavior in postinfarction patients.
Sex Differences in Symptoms of Depression among American Children and Adolescents
Authors: Abdel-Khalek Ahmed M. , Soliman Hussein H.
Published: August 2011

The Arabic Children's Depression Inventory in its English version was administered to a sample of 535 U.S. school students (11 to 18 years old). By sex, differences on total score and on 19 of 27 items (70.4%) were not statistically significant. Nevertheless, differences were significant for 8 (29.6%) items on which girls had higher mean scores. Half of the items were positive indicators of depression (I am sad, I feel lonely, I feel miserable, and I hate myself), while the other half were negative (I feel happy, Life is rosy, A lot of people like me, and I am optimistic).
Attachment Style and Self-Reported Aggression
Authors: Meesters Cor , Muris Peter
Published: August 2011

The present study examined the relationship between attachment style and self-reported aggression in a sample of young women ( N = 139). Analysis showed that 27.3% of the subjects classified themselves as insecurely, i.e., avoidantly or ambivalently, attached by means of the Adult Attachment Questionnaire of Hazan and Shaver. In addition, the insecurely attached subjects had elevated anger and hostility compared to securely attached subjects.
Burnout Syndrome in the Helping Professions
Authors: Gabassi Pier Giorgio , Cervai Sara , Rozbowsky Patrizia , Semeraro Arianna , Gregori Dario
Published: August 2011

Burnout can be defined as a long-term reaction to occupational stress which involves, particularly, the helping professions. The main aim of this study was the assessment of burnout in a sample of professional and voluntary health care workers and comparison of the two samples on scores from the Maslach Burnout Inventory. Analysis suggests a significant difference in mean scores for Emotional Exhaustion of volunteers vs professional workers. Some evidence has supported the hypothesis of a fourth dimension, called Behavioral Exhaustion, in the burnout syndrome.
Client Perspectives and Open-Ended Questions: A Reply to Dean, et al. (2000)
Authors: Crisp Ross
Published: August 2011

Utilizing an open-ended question may allow subjects to respond in their own words but does not necessarily avoid the problem of narrowing the focus to a specific predetermined topic.
Scholarly Productivity of Editors of Social Work and Psychology Journals
Authors: Pardeck John T.
Published: August 2011

This study explored the scholarly productivity of editors of selected social work and psychology journals. Analysis indicated that editors of psychology journals had statistically significantly greater scholarly achievement than editors of social work journals. These findings suggest that scholarly achievement as measured appears to be of less importance in appointing editors to the five selected social work journals than in appointing editors to the five selected psychology journals.
Convergent Validity of the Collett-Lester Fear of Death and Templer Death Anxiety Scales in Egyptian Male College Students
Authors: Abdel-Khalek Ahmed M.
Published: August 2011

The Collett-Lester Fear of Death Scale and the Templer Death Anxiety Scale were administered to 57 male Egyptian undergraduates. Pearson correlations between the total score on the Templer's scale and the four subscales of Collett-Lester's Fear of Self death, Self dying, Other's death, and Other's dying were .54, .55, .52, and .56, respectively, while the correlation between the total scores on the Collett-Lester and Templer scales was .73, denoting the convergent validity of the Collett-Lester scale against the Templer scale as criterion.
Finno-Ugrians and Homicide
Authors: Kondrichin Sergei V. , Lester David
Published: August 2011

The percentage of Finno-Ugrians in the population in 30 European nations in 1990 was not associated with the national homicide rates.
Differential Analysis of Social Security Disability and Vocational Rehabilitation Applicants
Authors: McClure Robert F.
Published: August 2011

An effort was made to differentiate the characteristics of clients who applied for Social Security Disability from those who applied for Vocational Rehabilitation. Psychological, diagnostic, intellectual, academic ability differences, and demographic factors of sex, age, and race between social security disability applicants and vocational rehabilitation applicants were examined. The latter were more intelligent and had higher academic functioning. Applicants for social security disability were less intelligent and tended to be functionally illiterate. Multiple discriminant analysis indicated that mathematics scores and differences in intelligence were the primary discriminants. Another difference appeared to be that rehabilitation clients tended to be diagnosed as substance abusers or learning disabled, while disability clients were more likely to be diagnosed as mentally retarded or having dementia.
Attitudes towards Science of South African Northern Sotho-Speaking Pupils
Authors: Cherian Lily
Published: August 2011

A face valid set of 22 highly intercorrelated items was developed to investigate the attitudes towards science of 793 Grade 12 pupils (age ranging from 17 to 24+ years) in Lebowa, South Africa. Analysis indicated the attitudes of these students towards science were neutral and hardly enthusiastic, which would encompass negative, neutral, and positive attitudes.
Factorial Structure of the Revised Mathematics Anxiety Rating Scale for Undergraduate Education Majors
Authors: Bowd Alan D. , Brady Patrick H.
Published: August 2011

The Mathematics Anxiety Rating Scale was developed in 1972 by Richardson and Suinn as a single construct measure. A shortened version, the Revised Mathematics Anxiety Scale (RMARS) was developed by Alexander and Martray in 1989. The latter scale was subjected to factor analysis using 357 senior undergraduates in education. Three main factors accounted for 73% of the variance, confirming the scale's multidimensional structure.
Traits and Biology: A Response to Joseph and Howley
Authors: Eigenberger M. E.
Published: August 2011

This rejoinder questions lines of criticism used by A. Howley and J. Joseph in their respective reviews of Eigenberger and Sealander's proposal in 2001 that anti-intellectualism be under consideration as a facet-level component, conceptually fitting into the so-called ‘Big Five’ personality dimensions and encompassed by the term ‘intellectual openness’.
Dimensions of School Climate: Teachers' or Principals' Power Styles and Subjects' Propensities to Be Climate Vigilant as Related to Students' Perceptions of Satisfaction and of Peers' Abusive Behavior
Authors: Verhoek-Miller Nancy , Miller Duane I. , Shirachi Miyoko , Hoda Nicholas
Published: August 2011

Two studies investigated teachers' and principals' power styles as related to college students' retrospective ratings of satisfaction and peers' abusive behavior. One study also investigated retrospective self-perception as related to students' sensitivity to the occurrence of physical and psychological abuse in the school environment. Among the findings were positive correlations between subjects' perceptions that their typical elementary school teacher used referent, legitimate, or expert power styles and subjects' reported satisfaction with their elementary school experience. Small but statistically significant correlations were found suggesting that principals' power style was weakly associated with ratings of psychological abuse in elementary school and physical abuse in middle school. Also, students who rated themselves as intelligent, sensitive, attractive, and depressive had higher ratings of perceived psychological and physical abuse at school. It was concluded that parameters of leaders' power styles and subjects' vigilance might be useful for understanding school climates. Experimentally designed studies are required.
Role of Responsibility in Conditional Reasoning
Authors: Mancini Francesco , Gangemi Amella
Published: August 2011

A series of recent studies showed that facilitation on the Wason Selection Task could be produced by perceived utilities. The present work was aimed at testing whether a similar factor could also be involved in human reasoning performance in the context of responsibility. We supposed that the motivation of the subject assuming responsibility is affected by normative goals. These goals prescribe the actions and the results to be achieved, also considering the different social roles. In this experiment the responses of different groups of subjects ( N = 270) to a selection task were compared in two different conditions involving different responsibility contexts. The results show that the subjects' strategies in searching for possible violators depended on the condition (responsibility vs no responsibility). In particular, only in the context of responsibility were the performances elicited by conditional rules characterised by a falsification strategy.