bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lens Transmission by Fluorophotometry after Brachytherapy and Thermotherapy of Choroidal Melanoma
Authors: Weenink Anneke C. , van Best Jaap A. , Oosterhuis Jendo A. , Keunen Jan E.E.
Published: April 2003

We studied the effect of transpupillary thermotherapy (TTT) by a diode laser at 810 nm combined with episcleral ruthenium-106 plaque treatment (106Ru) on lens transparency in patients with choroidal melanoma. Lens transmission of blue-green light was measured by fluorophotometry in 17 patients treated with 106Ru treatment and TTT (measured 0.3–6 years after treatment), 12 patients treated with 106Ru alone (measured 1–9 years after treatment) and 25 age-matched healthy controls. Differences in lens transmission were not significant between treated and untreated fellow eyes (p > 0.15) nor between patient and control eyes (p > 0.25). TTT of choroidal melanoma combined with 106Ru plaque irradiation did not have a significant effect on the lens transparency up to 6 years after treatment.
Cataract Epidemiology Performed with Scheimpflug Documentation
Authors: Sasaki Kazuyuki
Published: April 2003

Cataract epidemiological surveys applying a photodocumentation system were performed by the author’s group in three climatically different sites with racially different populations: Noto (Japan), Reykjavik (Iceland) and Singapore. Data regarding age- and sex-related changes in lens transparency decrease, prevalence and type of opacification are specific for the three populations studied. Direct comparisons of the three different populations revealed that the age-related prevalence of lens opacification, including whole grades, in the Japanese and Icelandic populations was almost the same, whereas that of the Singaporeans was significantly higher. However, the percentage of progressed cases was highest among Singaporeans, followed by the Japanese and Icelanders. Although the application of photodocumentation for cataract epidemiological studies has been limited up to now mainly because of high cost and sophisticated and time-consuming examination methods, more accurate, reliable and objective data can be obtained which will allow prospective decisions on the incidence of cataract.
Neuronal Origin of the Transcorneal Electrically Evoked Response in Area 17 (Primary Visual Cortex) of Cats
Authors: Shimazu Kazuhiro , Miyake Yozo , Fukatsu Yasuhiro , Watanabe Satoru
Published: April 2003

We investigated how the neuronal activity of the cells in area 17 of cats evoked by transcorneal electrical stimuli is associated with the transcorneal electrically evoked response (EER). Neuronal firings were associated with the negative components of the EER, N1 (9 ms latency) and N2 (20 ms latency). Excitation of a longer latency was suppressed and periodic firings were rarely found. These findings indicate that the early negative components of the EER consist of the synaptic activities over the discharge thresholds of cortical cells, and also suggest that inhibition in the visual cortex may affect the EER.
Down-Regulation of MHC Class II Expression on Bovine Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells by Cytokines
Authors: Enzmann Volker , Stadler Margit , Wiedemann Peter , Kohen Leon
Published: April 2003

To determine the effect of interleukin-10 (IL-10) and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) on the down-regulation of MHC class II antigens, bovine retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells were incubated with interferon-γ (IFN-γ) in different concentrations. Subsequently, the IFN-γ pretreated RPE cells were cultured with TGF-β or IL-10 in distinct concentrations and treatment modi. About 10% of native (totally untreated) RPE cells were positive for MHC class II antigens detected with immunocytostaining. Under the influence of IFN-γ (1,000 U/ml), the number of MHC class II-bearing cells increased to 49.9 ± 4.5% positive cells after 8 days’ incubation. Expression decreased under the most effective TGF-β treatment (5 ng/ml) to 2.0 ± 0.9% after 24 h incubation, and under similar IL-10 treatment (200 U/ml) to 3.8 ± 1.4% after 72 h. This decreasing number of the MHC class II-positive cells may be useful for various eye research studies and, more especially, to RPE cell transplantation in the future.
The Effect of Nitric Oxide on the Contractile Tone of Müller Cells
Authors: Kawasaki Yoshimi , Fujikado Takashi , Hosohata Jun , Tano Yasuo , Tanaka Yasuhiko
Published: April 2003

The effect of nitric oxide (NO) on the contractile tone of Müller cells was investigated. Müller cells, isolated from the retina of chick embryos, were cultured on thin sheets of silicone. S-Nitro-N-acetyl-DL-penicillamine (SNAP), an NO donor, was applied in the presence or the absence of carboxyl phenyltetramethylimidazole oxide (C-PTIO), an NO scavenger. The contractile tone of Müller cells was assessed by the extent of wrinkles created on the silicone sheets. The change of contractile tone was evaluated quantitatively by digitizing the photograph before and after the application of SNAP. Relaxation of wrinkles was induced by SNAP. C-PTIO inhibited the SNAP-induced relaxation of wrinkles. These results suggest that NO affects the contractility of embryonic Müller cells and could thus modulate ocular development.
Effects of Intravitreal Injection of Botulinum Toxin on the Electroretinogram of Rats
Authors: Li Shaomin , Mizota Atsushi , Adachi-Usami Emiko
Published: April 2003

The retinal toxicity of botulinum toxin A (BTA) was electroretinographically studied in rats. Sixteen rats were injected intravitreally with 10 ng of BTA. A response-amplitude series was recorded before and 1, 6, 13 and 21 days after the injection of BTA. BTA did not alter the amplitude and the peak latency of the a-wave. The amplitude of the b-wave was not changed except for 2 rats, in which the b-wave was diminished. The peak latency of the b-wave was significantly prolonged after injection of 10 ng BTA (p < 0.05). Except for these latter 2 rats, the results indicated that the dosage used therapeutically appears to have no deleterious effect on retinal integrity or function at least in the short term, but multiple injections or higher doses of BTA could alter retinal function.
Effect of Na-Hyaluronan on Stromal and Endothelial Healing in Experimental Corneal Alkali Wounds
Authors: Chung Jang-Hyun , Park Yoo-Kyung , Paek Soo-Min , Chong Young-Hae , Kim Won-Ki
Published: April 2003

The healing of stroma and endothelium after a standardized corneal alkali wound was evaluated in sodium-hyaluronan (Na-HA)-treated eyes. Alkali wounds were produced in one eye of each rabbit by applying a 5.5-mm round filter paper soaked in 1 N NaOH onto the central cornea for 60 s. Eyes were then treated with either 1% Na-HA (the treatment group) or phosphate-buffered saline (the control group) 4 times per day for 3 weeks. Endothelial wound morphometry was performed after alizarin red and trypan blue staining, while stromal healing was assessed by counting polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) and keratocytes in the central and marginal wound areas. During the early healing period the stroma treated with Na-HA had less PMNs than that of the control group. The size of the endothelial defect area measured 5 days after injury was significantly smaller in the Na-HA group than in the control corneas. The present findings indicate that topically applied 1% Na-HA affects stromal and endothelial healing during the early repair process after corneal alkali wounds.
Alpha-Crystallin/Lens Lipid Interactions Using Resonance Energy Transfer
Authors: Tang Daxin , Borchman Douglas , Yappert Marta C.
Published: April 2003

Resonance energy transfer was used to study the interaction of α-crystallin with lens cortex lipid vesicles. The binding of α-crystallin to cortex lipid vesicles and the preincubation temperature dependence of the binding were confirmed. In this study, the tryptophan of α-crystallin was used as the energy donor, and the fluorescence probe N-(5-dimethylaminonaphthalene-1-sulfonyl)-1,2-dihexadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine triethylammonium salt (dansyl DHPE) was chosen as the energy acceptor. Lens cortex lipid vesicles were preincorporated with dansyl DHPE. Energy transfer from the tryptophan of α-crystallin to dansyl DHPE was found and the energy transfer efficiency was calculated. There was a higher energy transfer efficiency between α-crystallin and dansyl DHPE when α-crystallin was preincubated at 65°C compared to 22°C. Data confirmed the binding of α-crystallin to lens cortex lipid and showed that α-crystallin bound more closely to the surface of cortex vesicles when it was preincubated at a higher temperature. This is probably due to the exposure of hydrophobic surfaces when α-crystallin is preincubated at a higher temperature.
The Effect of Propolis Extract in Experimental Chemical Corneal Injury
Authors: Öztürk Faruk , Kurt Emin , Çerçi Mehmet , Emiroglu Levent , İnan Übeyt , Türker Mehmet , Ilker Sami
Published: April 2003

Purpose: To investigate the effect of propolis, a natural resin produced by honeybees, in the treatment of alkali-injured rabbit eyes. Method: A corneal alkali burn was induced by applying filter paper immersed in 1 N NaOH on the central axis of the right corneas of 24 rabbits for 30 s. The animals were divided into three treatment groups: group 1 (control) was given 0.3% tobramycin and phosphate-buffered solution; group 2 was treated with antibiotic coverage and topical 1% ethanolic extract of propolis; group 3 received antibiotic coverage and topical 1% dexamethasone. The dexamethasone-treated group was maintained as the positive control. Drugs were instilled 4 times a day for 7 days. The corneal inflammation was evaluated by calculating the average inflammatory index obtained from clinical observation of the ciliary hyperemia, central and peripheral corneal edema at 24 h, 48 h, on day 5 and day 7, before sacrificing the animals. Then, the corneas underwent routine histological examination. Results: The effects of dexamethasone and propolis on healing of injured corneas were similar (p > 0.05) and significantly better than controls at 24 h (p < 0.01, p < 0.05, respectively), and on day 7 (p < 0.05) with respect to the inflammatory index. On histological observation, inflammatory cell infiltration was lower as compared to control in both the dexamethasone and propolis groups (p < 0.001) and similar with each other (p > 0.05). Conclusions: Our study shows that propolis has an anti-inflammatory effect comparable to dexamethasone in chemical corneal injury.
Experimental Corneal Neovascularization by Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor Incorporated into Gelatin Hydrogel
Authors: Yang Cheng-Feng , Yasukawa Tsutomu , Kimura Hideya , Miyamoto Hideki , Honda Yoshihito , Tabata Yasuhiko , Ikada Yoshito , Ogura Yuichiro
Published: April 2003

The study was designed to investigate the feasibility of using an acidic gelatin hydrogel as a biodegradable vehicle for basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). bFGF was incorporated by polyion complexation into a biodegradable hydrogel prepared by cross-linking acidic gelatin with the isoelectric point of 4.9. The dried hydrogel (sized to 2 × 1 mm) was hydrated with bFGF aqueous solution including different doses of bFGF (20, 50, 125, 250 and 500 ng) and implanted into a rabbit corneal pocket (2.5 × 2 mm). As a control group, the gelatin hydrogel without bFGF or bFGF alone (500 ng) was used. Corneal angiogenesis was evaluated by biomicroscopy, corneal fluorescein angiography and histology for 21 days. Photographs were taken and corneal angiogenesis was evaluated by image analysis. The hydrogel degraded with time after its implantation into the corneal pocket. Experimental eyes receiving the hydrogel containing more than 50 ng of bFGF demonstrated significant corneal angiogenesis. Control eyes and eyes receiving the hydrogel containing 20 ng of bFGF showed no corneal angiogenesis. Corneal angiogenesis, which occurred on the 3rd or 4th day after implantation, reached maximal growth on about day 7 and regressed from day 10 after implantation. The area of angiogenesis showed a dose-dependency on bFGF. The gelatin hydrogel itself induced neither angiogenesis nor inflammation. These results suggested that acidic gelatin hydrogel releases bioactive bFGF with its biodegradation, resulting in corneal neovascularization.
Nitric Oxide as a Second Messenger in Phagocytosis by Cultured Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells
Authors: Kogishi Jun-ichi , Akimoto Masayuki , Mandai Michiko , Kuriyama Shoji , Hall Michael O. , Honda Yoshihito , Yoshimura Nagahisa
Published: April 2003

Purpose: To investigate a possible role of the nitric oxide (NO)-cGMP signal transduction system in phagocytosis of rod outer segments (ROS) by cultured retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. Methods: Primary cultures of RPE cells from 10-day-old Brown Norway rats were used to study the phagocytosis of ROS by these cells. Phagocytosis of ROS was evaluated with or without an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase (NOS), NG-nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA), and the reverse effects of L-NNA by L-arginine and 8-bromo-cGMP on phagocytosis were also studied. NO-associated cGMP production by RPE cells was monitored during phagocytosis using L-NNA. NOS activity was assayed in RPE cells and ROS to locate the source of NO. Results: Phagocytosis of ROS was inhibited by L-NNA but not by D-NNA. L-NNA inhibited the ingestion in a dose-dependent manner, but not the binding of ROS. The inhibition was reversed by L-arginine and also by an NO donor, SIN-1. RPE cells challenged with ROS showed increased cGMP activity, which was significantly reduced by L-NNA and again restored by an overdose of L-arginine. NOS activity was found in RPE cells but not in ROS. Conclusions: Our data show that cGMP plays a role in the ingestion phase of ROS phagocytosis by RPE cells via a cGMP second-messenger system.
Effects of Nilvadipine, Nicardipine and Verapamil on Acute Rise of Aqueous Flare Induced by Iris Photocoagulation or Intravenous Lipopolysaccharides in Pigmented Rabbits
Authors: Zhang Xue-Yun , Hiraki Shigeyoshi , Kadoi Chiharu , Hayasaka Seiji
Published: April 2003

The effects of nilvadipine, nicardipine and verapamil on the acute rise of aqueous flare induced by argon laser photocoagulation of the iris or by intravenous injection of lipopolysaccharides (LPS, 0.5 µg/kg) were investigated in pigmented rabbits. Nilvadipine, nicardipine and verapamil were injected intravenously. Aqueous flare was measured with a laser flare cell meter. Following photocoagulation, aqueous flare increased, reached its maximum at 45–75 min and then decreased. After administration of LPS, aqueous flare increased, reached its maximum at 4 h and then returned to baseline levels at about 24 h. Flare reactions were inhibited by nilvadipine in a dose-dependent manner. The elevations were maximally inhibited by nilvadipine 30 min before photocoagulation or intravenous LPS. Two hundred micrograms per kilogram of nilvadipine inhibited 81% of photocoagulation-induced flare elevation, while the same dose of nicardipine and verapamil inhibited 19 and 9% of the elevation, respectively. The same dose of nilvadipine inhibited 51% of LPS-induced flare elevation, while the same dose of nicardipine and verapamil inhibited 6 and 4% of the elevation, respectively. In conclusion, nilvadipine inhibited the experimental elevation of aqueous flare more effectively than did nicardipine and verapamil.
Mitochondria of Retinal Müller (Glial) Cells: The Effects of Aging and of Application of Free Radical Scavengers
Authors: Paasche Gerrit , Gärtner Ulrich , Germer Angela , Grosche Jens , Reichenbach Andreas
Published: April 2003

Age-related changes of mitochondria were studied in Müller (retinal glial) cells from guinea pigs fed with or without externally applied Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761, an established radical scavenger. When Müller cell mitochondria from aged animals were compared with those from young adults, they displayed (1) a diminished number of well-defined cristae at the ultrastructural level, (2) a reduced membrane potential, as revealed by fluorimetry using the voltage-sensitive dye tetramethyl rhodamine methylester, and (3) a slightly reduced index of vitality assayed by tetrazolium salt colorimetry. Müller cell mitochondria were also studied in aged guinea pigs which had been fed daily by EGb 761 during the last 2 months before they were sacrificed. Such mitochondria displayed (1) many well-defined cristae at the ultrastructural level, and, compared with mitochondria from untreated aged animals, (2) a significantly enhanced membrane potential and (3) a significantly enhanced index of vitality. No age- or drug-related changes were observed in the mitochondrial content of GABA transaminase, as revealed by immunocytochemistry/densitometry. These results suggest that many but not all structural and functional parameters of aging Müller cell mitochondria are impaired by accumulating oxidative damage, and that externally applied radical scavengers may protect the organelles from the damaging actions of free radicals. As it has been shown earlier that EGb 761 treatment enhances the intrinsic glutathione content of aged guinea pig Müller cells, the protective radical-scavenging effect of the drug may be mediated both directly and indirectly.
Relationship between Formation of a Filtering Bleb and an Intrascleral Aqueous Drainage Route after Trabeculectomy:Evaluation Using Ultrasound Biomicroscopy
Authors: Jinza Kinue , Saika Shizuya , Kin Keisyu , Ohnishi Yoshitaka
Published: April 2003

We evaluated the relationship between the development of filtering bleb and the thickness of the aqueous drainage route beneath the scleral flap in patients who had undergone trabeculectomy. The relationship between the postoperative intraocular pressure and the size of the filtering bleb was also studied. We studied 29 eyes of 21 patients who had been followed for at least 1 (mean 9.9) month after the trabeculectomy. Ultrasound biomicroscopy was used to examine the filtering bleb and aqueous drainage route beneath the scleral flap. The thickness of the aqueous drainage route beneath the center of the scleral flap was found to be correlated with the development of a filtering bleb (r = 0.391, p < 0.05). The size of the bleb was correlated with the intraocular pressure (r = –0.560, p < 0.05) which had not been treated with antiglaucoma medication during follow-up. Thus, preservation of the aqueous drainage route beneath the scleral flap probably influenced the development of a filtering bleb following trabeculectomy.
Immobilization Stress Induces Elevation of Intraocular Pressure in Rabbits
Authors: Miyazaki Yoshinori , Matsuo Toshihiko , Kurabayashi Yuzuru
Published: April 2003

The aim of this study was to test whether immobilization and intravenous volume load as stressors influence the intraocular pressure in rabbits. Rabbits were immobilized for 1 h in a horizontally placed plastic tube with an internal diameter of 13.2 cm and a length of 33.2 cm. After immobilization, rabbits received rapid intravenous drip infusion of 5% glucose solution, 20 ml/kg of body weight, in 5 min. The intraocular pressure immediately after immobilization (11.2 ± 3.0 mm Hg; mean and standard deviation) was significantly higher compared to control rabbits without immobilization (9.2 ± 1.0 mm Hg, Student’s t test, p = 0.0462). This difference became significantly larger when volume load was exerted on both groups of rabbits (22.7 ± 5.6 versus 16.4 ± 2.2 mm Hg, p = 0.0067). Serum levels of cortisol, adrenaline, and noradrenaline were significantly elevated after immobilization (p = 0.0002, p = 0.0271, p = 0.0296, respectively). Venous pressure of the ear tended to increase in rabbits immediately after immobilization (15.8 ± 3.1 mm Hg) compared with control rabbits (8.5 ± 2.3 mm Hg), and the difference became significant when volume load was exerted on both groups of rabbits (20.8 ± 7.4 versus 9.2 ± 4.8 mm Hg, p = 0.0211). In conclusion, we clearly demonstrated that physical stress due to immobilization, especially in combination with volume load, increased intraocular pressure in rabbits.
Mineralocorticoid Hormone Signaling Regulates the ‘Epithelial Sodium Channel’ in Fibroblasts from Human Cornea
Authors: Mirshahi Massoud , Mirshahi Shahsultan , Golestaneh Nady , Nicolas Corinne , Mishal Zohar , Lounes Karim C. , Hecquet Christianne , Dagonet Françoise , Pouliquen Yves , Agarwal Manjul K.
Published: April 2003

We investigated the regulation of sodium absorption by steroid hormones in embryologically diverse cells from the human eye. A cell extract from human corneal fibroblasts was positive for both the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) and the mineralocorticoid receptor (MCR) as 82- to 85-kD and 102-kD bands, respectively, by the Western blot technique. In fluorescent, confocal and electron microscopy, the MCR was revealed as a nucleocytoplasmic protein, whereas the ENaC was almost exclusively membrane bound; both appeared aligned along actin filaments of corneal keratocytes, and both were widely colocalized in various cell types of human cornea in situ. Following reverse transcription and amplification of total RNA isolated from corneal fibroblasts, the ENaC and MCR genes in the PCR product were evident as predicted bands of 520 and 843 bp, respectively, whose sequence exhibited 100% identity with those from known human sources. The multiplication of corneal fibroblasts was influenced by both the MCR-specific antagonist RU 26752 and the natural hormone aldosterone, and these steroids also stimulated protein phosphorylation. In quantitative PCR, both the basal and aldosterone-induced levels of ENaC were diminished by the MCR-specific antagonist ZK 91587. Consequently, the ocular sodium channel appears to be regulated by steroid signalling in cells of diverse embryological origins, contrary to the existing notions where (a) this process would be limited exclusively to the epithelial cells and (b) ocular sodium transport would be regulated via the Na+-K+-ATPase in the basolateral membrane.
Ventriculoscope Tract Recurrence after Endoscopic Biopsy of Pineal Germinoma
Authors: Haw Charles , Steinbok Paul
Published: April 2003

Recurrence along an endoscope tract has been described after endoscopic biopsy and resection of malignant tumors arising in multiple organ systems. We describe a case of tract recurrence following the ventriculoscopic biopsy of a central nervous system tumor. A retrospective review of the patient’s clinical course, radiology and pathology was undertaken to formulate a case report. A 14-year-old boy was treated with endoscopic third ventriculostomy and endoscopic biopsy of a pineal germinoma associated with hydrocephalus. Persistent hydrocephalus required repeat third ventriculostomy. The patient subsequently received focal external beam radiotherapy. Seventeen months after the first third ventriculostomy, a routine MRI revealed a 2-cm enhancing mass in the ventriculoscope tract. This was removed via a right frontal craniotomy. Again the pathology was germinoma. Serum and CSF markers were negative at initial presentation and at the time of recurrence. The potential for tract recurrence and CSF dissemination should be considered following the endoscopic biopsy of pineal germ cell tumors as this could affect the extent of radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy.
Occipital Dermal Sinuses
Authors: Vinchon Matthieu , Soto-Ares Gustavo , Assaker Richard , Belbachir Fouzia , Dhellemmes Patrick
Published: April 2003

Occipital dermal sinuses (ODS) are rare dysraphic lesions resulting from defective separation of the ectoderm and neuroderm. These lesions are often diagnosed at birth and should be treated early because of potentially life-threatening complications. However, the pathogenesis of these rare lesions is still poorly understood, and there is no consensus about the optimal timing of surgery. We reviewed 9 pediatric cases of ODS operated in our department since 1982 and 79 other cases published in the literature during the last 50 years. Thirty-eight percent of these had neurological infection (meningitis or abscess), 22% had purely local infection and 40% were uncomplicated at the time of diagnosis. The incidence of infection was low during the first year of life. MRI was highly valuable to study the extent of the sinus and the content of the cyst. The outcome was regularly favorable after surgery. Surgery should however be undertaken with caution on account of the intimate relationship with venous structures, aggravated by postinfectious scarring when the patient is operated late. Considering the risks associated with surgery in neonates and the low incidence of infection during the first year, we advise performing surgery at around 6 months.
Stress Markers in Relation to Job Strain in Human Service Organizations
Authors: Ohlson Carl-Göran , Söderfeldt Marie , Söderfeldt Björn , Jones Ian , Theorell Töres
Published: April 2003

Background: Workers in human service organizations are often confronted with conflicting demands in providing care or education. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to relate levels of endocrine stress markers to perceived job strain in two human service organizations. Methods: Employees in two local units of the social insurance organization and two local units of the individual and family care sections of the social welfare in Sweden were selected and 103 employees participated (56% participation rate). The perceived job strain was assessed with a standardized questionnaire containing questions of the demand-control model. Questions specially designed to measure emotional demands were also included. The stress markers cortisol, prolactin, thyroid-stimulating hormone, testosterone and IgA and IgG were analysed in blood samples. Results: The main finding was an association between high emotional strain and increased levels of prolactin. The levels of cortisol, but none of the other four stress markers, increased slightly with emotional strain. Conclusions: Emotional strain experienced in human service work may cause psychological stress. The increase in prolactin was modest but consistent with findings in other published studies on stress-related endocrine alterations.
Histamine-Induced Increase in Isometric Tension of Smooth Muscle Is Mediated by Local Vagus Nerve in Human Bronchus
Authors: Aizawa H. , Inoue H. , Miyazaki N. , Hara N.
Published: April 2003

Background: The vagus nerve is reported to play an important role in the regulation of airway responsiveness. Objective: In the present study, we investigated the role of the local vagus nerve in the changes in isometric tension of smooth muscle induced by histamine in the human airway. Methods: Eight human lung tissue specimens were obtained at thoracic surgery, and 24 bronchial smooth muscle strips were used for isometric tension recording. The changes in isometric tension were induced by histamine in the presence or absence of physostigmine (10–6 M), atropine (10–6 M), and/or tetrodotoxin (10–6 M). Results: We found that: (1) histamine induced a dose-dependent increase in the isometric tension in human bronchial smooth muscle; (2) physostigmine (10–6 M) significantly potentiated the amplitude of the histamine-induced increase in isometric tension; (3) atropine (10–6 M) significantly suppressed the histamine-induced increase in isometric tension; (4) tetrodotoxin (10–6 M), did not affect the histamine-induced increase in isometric tension of smooth muscle, and (5) in the presence of tetrodotoxin, atropine significantly suppressed the histamine-induced increase in isometric tension. Conclusion: These findings suggest that the histamine-induced increase in isometric tension is mediated partly by acetylcholine, presumably released by the direct action of histamine on the vagus efferent nerve terminals without the central reflex via vagus nerve.
Late Cyst Convolution after Gamma Knife Radiosurgery for Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformations
Authors: Yamamoto M. , Ide M. , Jimbo M. , Hamazaki M. , Ban S.
Published: April 2003

Although many series of patients with cerebral arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) treated radiosurgically have been published, there has been little information on cysts appearing several years after irradiation. Herein, we discuss the incidence, mechanisms and predictability of late cyst formation based on our personal experiences, as well as reported patients. The incidence of this complication, though generally considered to be 0.5% or less, may be higher than assumed. Although a breakdown of the blood-brain barrier is likely to play a major role in the formation process, the hematoma cavity itself may have the potential to become a cyst. A radiation-induced lesion appearing several years after irradiation and persisting for several years thereafter may be a warning sign of late cyst formation. Long-term follow-up, particularly using neuroimaging techniques, is necessary even after the ‘treatment goal’ has been achieved.
Gamma Knife Treatment of Trigeminal Neuralgia: Clinical and Electrophysiological Study
Authors: Urgošik D. , Vymazal J. , Vladyka V. , Liščák R.
Published: April 2003

Between October 1995 and October 1996, we treated 49 patients suffering from trigeminal neuralgia with Gamma Knife radiosurgery. There were 23 males and 26 females. The mean age was 68 (range 38–94 years) The root of the trigeminal nerve close to brain stem was chosen as the target. The maximum dose was 70 Gy in 24 cases and 80 Gy in 25 cases. A single shot with the 4-mm collimator was used. 13 patients underwent Gamma Knife treatment of trigeminal nerve root without any previous surgical procedures. 31 patients suffered from an essential neuralgia (EN), while 7 had neuralgia related to multiple sclerosis (MS). Three had atypical neuralgia (AN) and 8 patients had postherpetic neuralgia (PN). Patients were divided into five groups according to pain reduction. The success rate of pain relief (excellent, very good and good responses) in these patients was: EN 77% of patients, MS 43%, AN 33% and PN 38% of patients. Pain relief occurred after latent intervals of between 1 day and 8 months (median 2 months and mean 2.8 months). Clinically detected complications after radiosurgery occurred only in the form of tactile hypesthesia in 6%. In a selected group of 18 patients, we observed slight electrophysiological changes in 2 patients (11%) after Gamma Knife treatment.
Computer-Aided/Image-Guided and Video-Endoscopic Resection of Pituitary Tumors
Authors: Pillay P.K. , Leo C.W. , Sethi D.S.
Published: April 2003

Endoscopic pituitary surgery is a minimally invasive method which allows simple transnasal transphenoidal surgical access without retractors, and has been used by our team in 536 patients from 1993 to 1999. In 326 of these patients, computer-aided image-guided techniques (CAN) were used in conjunction with endoscopy. We found that CAN techniques and endoscopy allow accurate and precise minimal access to small, deep/lateral microadenomas and enable a more complete resection of large pituitary tumors especially those which are firm/fibrous in nature. Overall results were better than conventional pituitary surgery with a lower morbidity and shorter hospital stays. However, special training and expertise is needed for surgeons to carry out these procedures with acceptable results.
Comparison of LH-RH Analogue 1-Month Depot and 3-Month Depot by Their Hormone Levels and Pharmacokinetic Profile in Patients with Advanced Prostate Cancer
Authors: Tunn U.W. , Bargelloni U. , Cosciani S. , Fiaccavento G. , Guazzieri S. , Pagano F.
Published: April 2003

In an open, randomized phase II pharmacokinetic study conducted in Germany and Italy, a total of 42 patients with advanced or metastatic prostate cancer (PCa) were treated for 9 months with the luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone analogue (LH-RH-a) leuprorelin acetate depot in two different formulations. Fifteen patients received the 1-month depot and 27 patients received the newly developed 3-month depot, containing 3.75 mg and 11.25 mg, respectively. In both groups, subcutaneous injections of leuprorelin acetate injected monthly or at 3-month intervals produced a complete down-regulation of the pituitary and led to persistent suppression of testosterone and dihydrotestosterone to the castrate range (≤50 ng/dl for testosterone) within the first month of treatment, which thereafter could be maintained over the entire observation period of 9 months. In 10 patients, pretreatment with an antiandrogen for the prevention of clinical flare-up resulted in a slightly more profound and earlier drop in serum testosterone. The 3-month depot showed a higher median peak serum concentration (Cmax) of leuprorelin at 20.8 ng/ml than the 1-month depot at 10.7 ng/ml but, conversely, this did not influence the rise in serum testosterone levels. Cmax occurred at 3 h for the 3-month and at 1 h for the 1-month depot formulation. During the steady state, constant release could be detected, starting on day 3 and day 7 for the 1-month and 3-month depot, respectively. A marked decrease in median prostate-specific antigen levels of 97.8% (1-month depot) and 96.6% (3-month depot) compared with baseline was observed, indicating an objective clinical response for more than 80% of all patients in both arms. Based on European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer criteria, the best response in terms of complete/partial remissions and stabilization was comparable in the two arms at 86.7% (1-month depot) and 85.2% (3-month depot). 6.7% in the 1-month group and 3% in the 3-month depot group showed progression of the disease. The most common side effects in both treatment groups were related to hormone deprivation. Both formulations of the potent LH-RH-a leuprorelin acetate were highly effective in the treatment of advanced PCa and led to comparable endocrine and clinical effects.
Artificial Urinary Sphincter AMS 800 for Urinary Incontinence after Radical Prostatectomy: The French Experience
Authors: Mottet Nicolas , Boyer Christophe , Chartier-Kastler Emmanuel , Naoum Kamel Ben , Richard François , Costa Pierre
Published: April 2003

Post-radical prostatectomy urinary incontinence (PRP-UI) has a major negative impact on the patient’s quality of life with the incidence accounting for over 30% on a patient questionnaire basis. In 1995 the French Urological Association started a prospective survey to investigate the efficacy and safety of the AMS 800 artificial urinary sphincter (AUS) in PRP-UI, and preliminary results are presented for the 103 men enrolled in the study in whom bulbar urethral cuff placement was used exclusively. Surgical revision was necessary in 22 patients (21%). Infection and erosion accounted for 12 non-mechanical revisions leading to complete removal of 6 AUS and to eventual replacement of 6 devices with new ones. Mechanical malfunction accounted for revision in 10 patients (9.7%). Fifty-nine patients (61.45%) reported no leakage for the 96 working devices. Twenty-seven patients (28%) wore no pads, 3 patients used 1 pad and 4 patients used 2 pads/day, and all these patients reported improvement, with only 3 patients (3%) having had more than 2 pads/day. Currently, no non-prosthetic procedure reliably affords such good objective results. Insertion of the AMS 800 AUS no doubt represents an attractive treatment modality available for male urinary incontinence following radical prostatectomy.
Autologous Placental Blood Transfusion for the Therapy of Anaemic Neonates
Authors: Brune Thomas , Garritsen Henk , Witteler Ralf , Schlake Anette , Wüllenweber Jörg , Louwen Frank , Jorch Gerd , Harms Erik
Published: April 2003

Almost 65% of all premature neonates with a birth weight <1,500 g receive at least one erythrocyte transfusion during their first weeks of life. In the present study, we examined the feasibility of autologous transfusions in neonates, using placental blood. Placental blood was obtained from 131 of 141 preterm and term infants using a special placental blood collecting system. Approximately 20 ml of placental blood per kilogram body weight could be harvested, irrespective of birth weight. One placental blood sample was contaminated with maternal erythrocytes; aerobe or anaerobe contamination was observed in any of the stored placental blood products (n = 119) after 35 days of storage. 19 of the 141 newborns needed allogeneic erythrocyte transfusions during the first 12 weeks of life. In 5 of these 19 patients, the amount of placental blood collected would have been enough to dispense with further allogeneic blood transfusions. After completion of the preclinical study, we transfused a total of 22 children, using autologous placental blood. 8 of the 10 infants with a birth weight between 1,000 and 2,000 g and 3 of 5 infants requiring surgical intervention directly after birth needed no further allogeneic blood transfusions. We, therefore, conclude that the collection and preparation of placental blood is feasible for clinical use. The target groups of neonates who are most likely to benefit are infants with a birth weight between 1,000 and 2,000 g and neonates requiring surgical intervention directly after birth.
Zoo-FISH with region-specific paints for mink chromosome 5q: delineation of inter- and intrachromosomal rearrangements in human, pig, and fox
Authors: Rubtsov N.B. , Karamisheva T.V. , Astakhova N.M. , Liehr T. , Claussen U. , Zhdanova N.S.
Published: April 2003

Comparison of evolutionarily conserved mammalian chromosomes homologous to human chromosome 17, performed with microdissected painting probes, revealed rearrangements inside these chromosomes in mink and pig and a disruption of this conserved region in the fox. Detection of a homologous region on an Iberian shrew chromosome showed the efficiency of microdissected painting probes for delineation of homologous chromosome regions in species belonging to orders that diverged at least 100 million years ago.
Spectral karyotyping of mouse cell line WMP2
Authors: Liu G. , Lu W. , Bremer S. , Hameister H. , Schreiner B. , Hughes M. , Heng H.H.Q.
Published: April 2003

We have evaluated the mouse cell line WMP2 using both GTG-banding analysis and spectral karyotyping to verify the reliability of using this established cell line derived from WMP/WMP mice. The WMP cell lines contain easily identifiable metacentric fusion chromosomes and are used extensively for gene mapping. Because of karyotypical changes in the WMP1 cell line, WMP2 was examined. Our results demonstrate that WMP2 is stable during culture, and the karyotype is simple and easy to use. Based on the findings discussed in this paper, we recommend the use of the WMP2 cell line for future prospective gene mapping in the mouse.
Primary structure of human matrilin-2, chromosome location of the MATN2 gene and conservation of an AT-AC intron in matrilin genes
Authors: Muratoglu S. , Krysan K. , Balázs M. , Sheng H. , Zákány R. , Módis L. , Kiss I. , Deák F.
Published: April 2003

We isolated full-length cDNA clones for human matrilin-2, an oligomeric protein, which forms filamentous networks in the extracellular matrices of various tissues. The human matrilin-2 precursor is encoded by a 4.0-kb mRNA, it consists of 956 amino acids and shows 93% similarity to the mouse protein. Out of the two von Willebrand factor type A-like domains, the 10 epidermal growth factor-type modules, one unique sequence and the oligomerisation module, the first A domain is the most conserved. RT-PCR demonstrated wide expression of the gene in human cell lines of fibroblastic or epithelial origin. Alternative splicing affected only 19 amino acids in a 75-moiety-long segment, unique to matrilin-2. Isolation and analysis of the 3′ end of the gene revealed that the reason for alternative splicing is alternative 3′ splice site selection. Further, we identified in the human matrilin-2 gene a U12 type AT–AC intron between the last two exons encoding the oligomerisation domain. We mapped the matrilin-2 gene (MATN2) by fluorescence in situhybridization at chromosome position 8q22.
Dynamic of nucleolus organizer regions and karyotype evolution in Indian pygmy field mice
Authors: Bardhan A. , Sharma T.
Published: April 2003

Ag-NOR staining and fluorescence in situ hybridization with rDNA probes showed an unusually high number of NORs in the Indian pygmy field mice, Mus booduga and the M. terricolor complex. The chromosomal location of the NORs was also altered in terricolor, they were shifted from the proximal regions of the long arms to the tips of the perceptible heterochromatic short arms of the acrocentric autosomes. The results suggested dispersion of the NORs in the booduga-terricolor lineage probably by transposition, and relocalization of the NORs in the terricolor complex by centric reorganization during the process of replacement of the Mus musculus-related AT-rich heterochromatin with the terricolor-specific heterochromatin.
The long-term effect of external quality assessment on performance in service cytogenetics
Authors: Held, K.R. , Eiben B. , Miny P.
Published: April 2003

In 1993 a nationwide cytogenetic external quality assessment program (EQA) was initiated in the Federal Republic of Germany. Presently, some 70 laboratories, representing approximately 90% of all cytogenetic diagnostic tests, are participating in the study. Based on the quality assessment scheme of the Association of Clinical Cytogeneticists (1988) in the United Kingdom, quality of chromosome preparation and speed of routine diagnostic services are being evaluated. As a result of continuous external quality assessment, the mean banding level of participating laboratories rose from below 400 bands per haploid set (bphs) in 1994 to approximately 450 bphs in 1999 in prenatal tests and from about 400 to approximately 500 bphs in postnatal tests over the same 5-yr period. The percentage of participants achieving a banding level of 400 bphs or higher rose from approximately 50% to 93% in prenatal tests and from 60% to 96% in postnatal tests. No significant differences were observed in banding scores achieved by private laboratories compared to university institutes. The impact of the assessment of interpretation, reporting, and documentation remains difficult to evaluate. Preliminary data point to a more stringent adherence to ISCN nomenclature in karyotype designation by participants.
Spectral karyotyping of Werner syndrome fibroblast cultures
Authors: Melcher R. , von Golitschek R. , Steinlein C. , Schindler D. , Neitzel H. , Kainer K. , Schmid M. , Hoehn H.
Published: April 2003

Fibroblast cultures from two Werner syndrome patients were analyzed by spectral karyotyping. There were multiple, pseudodiploid clones in both cultures, mostly marked by random balanced reciprocal translocations. One of the cultures contained a clone with three-way exchanges involving chromosomes 2, 3, and 16. Duplication-deficiencies were exceptional, as were completely normal metaphases. The most frequent breakpoint occurred at 16q22 which corresponds to FRA16B, possibly reflecting difficulties of WS cells in replicating AT-rich repetitive DNA structures. Both cultures ceased proliferation after eight in vitro passages, but a single clone with exceptional growth potential emerged in one of the senescing cultures. Due to its identical translocations, the derivation of this near tetraploid clone (with tetrasomy for all autosomes except chromosomes 4 and 6) could be traced to the most prevalent pseudodiploid clone of the parental mass culture. Our study confirms the existence of variegated translocation mosaicism as the cytogenetic hallmark of WS fibroblast cultures and suggests that tetraploidization in combination with certain chromosome rearrangements and selective chromosome dosage may overcome the severely limited in vitro lifespan of WS fibroblasts.
Three thousand years of questioning sex determination
Authors: Mittwoch U.
Published: April 2003

Of all the inborn differences that distinguish individual humans, as well as other animals, sex exerts the most far-reaching effects, and the question, what determines it, has been debated throughout history. A discriminating reading of Biblical and Ancient Greek sources reveals surprising insights that are relevant to present-day biology. The material basis of generation was inaccessible until, following the invention of the microscope and the discovery of “spermatic animalcules” in the 17th century, the 19th century witnessed the discovery of the mammalian egg, the nature of sperm, and the process of fertilization. Sex was thought to be determined by external conditions. The 20th century developed the genetics of sex determination. The search for the mammalian testis-determining gene during the last quarter century culminated in the discovery of SRY, soon to be accompanied by non–Y chromosome sex- determining genes. During the same period, data accumulated that testicular differentiation was accompanied by accelerated gonadal growth; subsequently, differences in growth were shown to distinguish early XX from early XY embryos. Other research showed that temperature-dependent sex determination was widely distributed among reptiles, thus illustrating that the mammalian system of sex determination is of recent evolutionary origin, adopted in response to homoiothermy and placentation. The recent discovery that Sry induces cell proliferation in the gonads of fetal mice suggests that the task for the 21st century will be to aim beyond simple genotype/phenotype correlations by unraveling the relationship between genes and epigenetic factors acting on cell growth during development and affecting the phenotype in later life.
Familial mosaicism of del(Y) and inv del(Y)
Authors: Röttger S. , Pasantes J.J. , Baldermann C. , Reichl E. , Yen P.H. , Hansmann I. , Schempp W.
Published: April 2003

Molecular cytogenetic investigation of a male proband showing oligozoospermia (OAT I-II°) has led to the detection of a Y-chromosome mosaicism. This mosaicism consists of a deleted Y chromosome with deletion of most of the long-arm heterochromatin, including the PAR2, del(Y), and a Y chromosome, which, in addition to that deletion, shows a paracentric long-arm inversion, inv del(Y), with breakpoints in the DAZ gene cluster in deletion interval 6 and within the remainder of the long-arm heterochromatin of the Y. The Y mosaicism is not confined to the sterile proband but is also detected in both his father and his fertile brother. Interestingly, the percentage of inv del(Y) is highest (80%) in the proband showing oligozoospermia.
Meiotic segregation analysis by FISH investigation of spermatozoa of a 46,Y,der(X),t(X;Y)(qter→p22::q11→qter) carrier
Authors: Morel F. , Fellmann F. , Roux C. , Bresson J.L.
Published: April 2003

Chromosome analysis performed on a 30-year-old man revealed a 46,Y,der(X),t(X;Y)(qter→p22::q11→qter) karyotype, confirmed by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). The man was of short stature, and no mental retardation was noticed; genitalia and testes were normal, as were the patient’s FSH, LH, and testosterone blood levels. Sperm analysis showed azoospermia at the time of the first sampling and severe oligozoospermia, with 125,000 spermatozoa/milliliter, at the time of the second sampling. The sperm gonosomal complement of this patient and of a 46,XY donor were analyzed using multicolor FISH with X- and Y-chromosome probes. Our results clearly indicated that germinal cells carrying the translocation are able to complete the meiotic process by producing spermatozoa compatible with normal embryonic development, with more than 80% of the spermatozoa having either a Y chromosome or a der(X); however, a high level of spermatozoa with gonosomal disomies was observed. We also found a significant increase in the frequency of autosomal disomies in the carrier, which would suggest an interchromosomal effect. All previously reported cases in adult males were associated with azoospermia; testicular histological studies, performed in patients carrying the same X;Y translocation, showed spermatogenetic arrest after pachytene. To our knowledge, this is the first molecular analysis of the gonosomal complement in spermatozoa of men with a t(X;Y)(qter→p22::q11→qter).