bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dual mechanisms of opioid-induced respiratory depression in the inspiratory rhythm-generating network
Authors: Baertsch Nathan A , Bush Nicholas E , Burgraff Nicholas J , Ramirez Jan-Marino
Published: August 2021

The analgesic utility of opioid-based drugs is limited by the life-threatening risk of respiratory depression. Opioid-induced respiratory depression (OIRD), mediated by the μ-opioid receptor (MOR), is characterized by a pronounced decrease in the frequency and regularity of the inspiratory rhythm, which originates from the medullary preBötzinger Complex (preBötC). To unravel the cellular- and network-level consequences of MOR activation in the preBötC, MOR-expressing neurons were optogenetically identified and manipulated in transgenic mice in vitro and in vivo. Based on these results, a model of OIRD was developed in silico. We conclude that hyperpolarization of MOR-expressing preBötC neurons alone does not phenocopy OIRD. Instead, the effects of MOR activation are twofold: (1) pre-inspiratory spiking is reduced and (2) excitatory synaptic transmission is suppressed, thereby disrupting network-driven rhythmogenesis. These dual mechanisms of opioid action act synergistically to make the normally robust inspiratory rhythm-generating network particularly prone to collapse when challenged with exogenous opioids.
Reproductive aspects of the poorly known and critically endangered freshwater snailHeleobia atacamensis(Gastropoda: Truncatelloidea)
Authors: Collado Gonzalo A. , Chihuailaf Elizabeth , Muñoz-Herrera Natalia , Contreras Manuel , Novoa Fernando , Valladares Moisés A.
Published: August 2021

Knowing the reproductive biology of threatened species is essential for conservation and to establish proper management plans.Heleobia atacamensis, a freshwater snail only known from two locations in the Atacama Saltpan, northern Chile, is currently classified as Data Deficient on the IUCN Red List and Critically Endangered by the Ministerio del Medio Ambiente of Chile. Based on size-frequency distribution, multivariate analysis of shell measurements, and microdissections, we studied the reproductive strategy, recruitment period, sex ratio and sexual dimorphism in this species.Heleobia atacamensisis an oviparous species, with direct development (non-planktotrophic). Females lay capsules of a single egg from which a juvenile resembling a miniature adult hatches after intracapsular metamorphosis is completed. The development type was confirmed by the observation of a paucispiral protoconch (= protoconch I) using scanning electron microscopy. Recruitment was observed across the four seasons of the year, with an increment at the end of austral summer. Results also showed that sex ratio was 1:1, whereas sexual dimorphism was not detected using univariate and multivariate analysis of the shell. The reproductive data provided in this study are a starting point for future management plans.
Influence of tied-ridge-furrow with inorganic fertilizer on grain yield across semiarid regions of Asia and Africa: A meta-analysis
Authors: Mak-Mensah Erastus , Obour Peter Bilson , Wang Qi
Published: August 2021

Background

In semiarid areas, low productivity of crops has been attributed to lack of appropriate soil moisture conservation practices since droughts and soil erosion are rampant in most areas of this region. Consequently, ridge-furrow rainwater harvesting is widely used in these regions across the globe. Despite ridge-furrow being widely practiced, tied-ridge-furrow has not been extensively adopted by small-scale farmers in semi-arid regions. Consequently, the effectiveness of tied-ridge-furrow as a viable method of increasing crop yield has received less attention.

Methodology

For large-scale implementation, a detailed assessment of how ridge furrow, tied–ridge-furrow with fertilizer, tied-ridge-furrow with mulching and tied-ridge-furrow without mulching or fertilizer influence crop yield in different agro-environments under varying climatic conditions is needed. This study used the PRISMA guidelines to determine the impact of tied-ridge-furrow rainwater harvesting technique with mulching or fertilizer on sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) and pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) grain yields.

Results

Sorghum grain yield increased by 17% greater in tied-ridge-furrow without mulching or fertilizer in comparison to flat planting. This may be due to increase in soil organic carbon in the region (9 g kg−1). Grain yield of millet significantly increased by 20–40% in Africa from 18 study observations in tied-ridge-furrow with fertilizer application as compared to tied-ridge-furrow without mulching or fertilizer treatments. This might be due to the significant increase in total nitrogen by 13–42% in the soil at <50 mg kg−1 quantity which had an effect size of 469.14 [65.60, 872.67]. In terms of soil texture, grain yield of millet and sorghum significantly increased in heavy textured soils (clay loam, silt clay, and clay soils) with an effect size of 469.14 [65.60, 872.67] compared to light and medium-textured soils of zero effect sizes. Millet and sorghum grain yields in tied-ridge-furrow with mulching, on the other hand, were not significantly different from those in flat planting. This may be due to the mulching materials used in those tests.

Conclusion

In view of yields of sorghum and millet increased significantly by 32% and 17% in tied-ridge-furrow without mulching or fertilizer treatment compared to flat planting and tied-ridge-furrow with fertilizer treatment compared with tied-ridge-furrow without mulching or fertilizer treatment, respectively, this study recommend the use of fertilizers in a tied-ridge-furrow system to increase grain yield in semiarid areas compared to flat planting. Again, the study recommends more research on tied-ridge-furrow systems with other organic mulches and fertilizers in semiarid areas.
Virulence effector SidJ evolution in Legionella pneumophila is driven by positive selection and intragenic recombination
Authors: Zhan Xiao-Yong , Yang Jin-Lei , Zhou Xuefu , Qian Yi-Chao , Huang Ke , Sun Honghua , Wang Huacheng , Leng Yang , Huang Bihui , He Yulong
Published: August 2021

Effector proteins translocated by the Dot/Icm type IV secretion system determine the virulence of Legionella pneumophila (L. pneumophila). Among these effectors, members of the SidE family (SidEs) regulate several cellular processes through a unique phosphoribosyl ubiquitination mechanism mediated by another effector, SidJ. Host-cell calmodulin (CaM) activates SidJ to glutamylate the SidEs of ubiquitin (Ub) ligases and to make a balanced Ub ligase activity. Given the central role of SidJ in this regulatory process, studying the nature of evolution of sidJ is important to understand the virulence of L. pneumophila and the interaction between the bacteria and its hosts. By studying sidJ from a large number of L. pneumophila strains and using various molecular evolution algorithms, we demonstrated that intragenic recombination drove the evolution of sidJ and contributed to sidJ diversification. Additionally, we showed that four codons of sidJ which are located in the N-terminal (NTD) (codons 58 and 200) and C-terminal (CTD) (codons 868 and 869) domains, but not in the kinase domain (KD) had been subjected to strong positive selection pressure, and variable mutation profiles of these codons were identified. Protein structural modeling of SidJ provided possible explanations for these mutations. Codons 868 and 869 mutations might engage in regulating the interactions of SidJ with CaM through hydrogen bonds and affect the CaM docking to SidJ. Mutation in codon 58 of SidJ might affect the distribution of main-chain atoms that are associated with the interaction with CaM. In contrast, mutations in codon 200 might influence the α-helix stability in the NTD. These mutations might be important to balance Ub ligase activity for different L. pneumophila hosts. This study first reported that intragenic recombination and positive Darwinian selection both shaped the genetic plasticity of sidJ, contributing to a deeper understanding of the adaptive mechanisms of this intracellular bacterium to different hosts.
Effect of Mindfulness Meditation Practices on Students’ Behavior Change in Secondary Schools in Trashigang District, Bhutan
Authors: Tshering Namgyal
Published: August 2021

This research primarily focused on mindfulness meditation affecting students’ behaviour change in secondary schools, Trashigang district, Bhutan. The objectives of the research were to study the levels of students’ mindfulness meditation practice, to identify students’ behaviour change, and to examine mindfulness meditation practice affecting students’ behaviour change in secondary schools in Trashigang, Bhutan.

The study administered questionnaires on mindfulness meditation and behaviour change to 367 students in two higher secondary schools and interviewed two students and two teachers in May 2013. The quantitative data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, while qualitative data were analysed by content analysis.
Aortopexy for Tracheomalacia Via Partial Sternotomy
Authors: Turkyilmaz Zafer , Karabulut Ramazan , Ergenekon Ebru , Emmez Gokcen , Isik Berrin , Hirfanoglu Ibrahim , Muradi Teymursah , Tas Melda , Simsek Aysegul , Sonmez Kaan
Published: August 2021

Tracheomalacia (TM) is a disease that causes the airway obstruction of the tracheal lumen as a result of the structural disorder of the tracheal cartilage. We present a 4-month-old patient who developed ventilator depended TM after repair of esophageal atresia with tracheoesophageal fistula. Aortopexy and intraoperative flexible bronchoscopy were first performed via partial sternotomy in Turkey for this patient.  He was weaned from ventilatory support and extubated at the first  and discharged at the 8th post-operative day. Partial sternotomy is performed in the supine position, thus  it allows for intraoperative flexible bronchoscopy permitting to check for the adequacy of the aortopexy.
Prevalence, Risk Factors and Management of Type 2 Diabetes, and its Predictors among Patients Using Multinomial Logistic Modeling Approach: Case of a Semi-Urban Cameroonian
Authors: Kaptso Kuaté Giscard , Tchabo William , Manyaka Winifred , Mulango Isabelle , Chebelem Mbafor Brain , Athanasius Amungwa Fonteh , Mbofung Carl Moses
Published: August 2021

Background: Diabetes is a health problem worldwide. The prevalence of diabetes has been steadily increasing for the past three decades. Diabetes prevalence is growing most rapidly particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Areas undergoing rapid westernization and rapid nutrition transition are seeing the greatest increase in prevalence suggesting that environmental factors are important. Diabetes is known to have no cure but can be managed through diet and modification of lifestyles. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and the predictors of diabetes and its management in Kumba District Hospital (KDH).

Study Design: A retrospective, and a cross sectional survey was done where semi structured questionnaires were administered to subjects.

Methodology: Information from the hospital record for the past four years was used to evaluate the trend in the prevalence of diabetes. Information from questionnaires was used to assess the prevalence and management of the disease. Fasting plasma glucose was measured to know their diabetic status.

Results: The results revealed an increasing trend in the prevalence but the increase was not statistically significant. The results showed that, there was an association between diabetes prevalence and management. The overall prevalence of diabetes from the study was evaluated at 43.98%. Age, level of education, dietary habit and alcohol were found to influence the prevalence of diabetes significantly. Management with respect to therapeutic education, and monitoring of blood sugar were statistically significant. The significant predictive variables of the occurrence of diabetes base on Ordinary least squares were found to be age, level of education, therapeutic education, alcohol consumption, sex, and frequency of eating white rice.

Conclusion: The study revealed that, diabetes is highly prevalent among older persons and the less educated in KDH. Public health officials should educate the public on the risk factors of diabetes, and implement guidelines for adequate control and management.
Pseudotumoral Tuberculosis of the Cervix: A Case Report
Authors: Sow M. , Ndour M. A. , Gaye A. M. , Faye A. , Dieng M. , Diagne N. , Ndao A. C. , Kane B. S. , Djiba B. , Pouye A.
Published: August 2021

Aim: We aimed to present a rare case of pseudotumoral tuberculosis of the cervix.

Introduction: Tuberculosis has many localizations. Urogenital and particularly cervical involvement is rare.

Case Presentation: Our observation concerned a case of pseudotumoral tuberculosis of the uterine cervix simulating a cancer. The clinical signs were pelvic pain and metrorrhagia, which were non-specific. The ulcerative-bourgeons appearance of the cervix was suggestive of cancer. Histology allowed the diagnosis to be made by showing an inflammatory granuloma and the absence of malignant cells. Despite the absence of bacteriological evidence, the clinical, biological, and histological presumptive arguments and the good therapeutic response made it possible to correct the diagnosis. The prognosis of our patient was mainly functional due to the risk of infertility.

Conclusion: The interest of this observation lay in the rarity of this tuberculosis localization, especially in an immunocompetent subject, and the predominant place of histology.
Aesthetic Significance of Solah Shringar (Sixteen Ornaments) in Unani Medicine
Authors: Husain Nazim , Khalid Mohd
Published: August 2021

Ancient people were as passionate about the aesthetics of appearance as are individuals of today. Physical appearance has consistently been an inseparable part of daily human growth, and most individuals prefer to be labelled as beautiful and handsome. The practice of ‘Solah Shringar’ comprises sixteen ways of adorning a woman's body in the Hindu as well as Muslim ceremonies in India. The description of Solah Shringar is commonly found in the writings of Hindi poets. Different poets and scholars have enlisted various cosmetics in their writings from time to time. In medieval India, the Solah Shringar was referred to the seven plus nine items in which seven were connoted as Haft Qalam Ārāyish along with other nine ornaments. These sixteen aesthetics have greater relevance with Unani therapeutics. This article is a sincere attempt to critically analyse the therapeutic and cosmetic importance of sixteen ornaments of medieval India in the light of Unani medicine.
Uses of Elaeis guineensis oil for Stress Management during the Transportation of Catfish Fingerlings: A Dose-Dependent Outcome
Authors: Sandrine Mengue Ngadena Yolande , Adrien Essoh Etouke , Laure Tchiedjo Marie , Nindum Sulem Yong Nina , Rodrigue Fifen Ngapout , Emmanuel Owona Pascal , Agbor Etchu Kingsley , Désiré Dzeufiet Djomeni Paul
Published: August 2021

Cameroonian farmers used Elaeis guineensis oil (EGO) named usually palm oil to reduce stress and mortality during the transportation of catfish fingerlings. The present study is aimed to evaluate the uses of EGO for stress management during the transportation of catfish fingerlings. Antioxidant activities of EGO were assessed in vitro. 1500 fingerlings were transported from Douala (Littoral Region, Cameroon) to Yaoundé (Centre Region Cameroon). The transportation was for 7 h 55 min in black tins of 10 L which contain 8 L of water and 100 fingerlings each. The following treatment was administrated: commercial anti-stress, 2, 4, and 6 drops of EGO. Control received no treatment and all groups were triplicated. After 10 fingerlings were sacrificed by decapitation. Total protein, total bilirubin (TB), triglycerides level, and lactate deshydrogenase (LDH) activity were assessed in the liver as well as oxidant stress parameters. Brain and gills were fixed for histopathological analysis. Results showed that transportation of catfish fingerlings induced a significant increase of TB level and LDH activity in the liver. Indeed, it induced cerebellar and gills necrosis. Moreover, EGO exhibits antioxidant activities in vitro against DPPH, ABTS radicals, and possesses a ferric reducing antioxidant power of 6.31 mEAG/g. This observation was confirmed in vivo by the increase in a dose-dependent manner of GSH and nitrites levels in the liver compared to control. However, the administration of 6 drops of EGO increased significantly (p < 0.05) the activity of LDH in the liver compared to control. Thus, high dose induced anaerobic respiration which was confirmed by alveolar necrosis in gills and neurodegeneration although low dose of EGO (2-4 drops) prevented those alterations compared to control. Hence, low doses of Elaeis guineensis oil can prevent liver, cerebellar and gills impairment during artisanal transportation to reduce the effects of stress.
Prospective, Randomized Comparison of Proseal Laryngeal Mask Airway and Endotracheal Tube in Adults Selected for Elective Laparoscopic Abdominal Surgery
Authors: Karthigayan Narendran
Published: August 2021

Both PLMA and SLIPA were easy to insert (100% success) and ventilate with maximum sealing pressure of 30cm H2o (P = 0.4) with no muscle relaxant. No significant difference (P = 0.265) in intubation time between PLMA and ETT were observed in the study. A significant SpO2 change (P = 0.804, 0.561, 0.657, 0.248, 0.561) measured Pre op, Pre intubation, lmt, 3 mt and 5mts after intubation and there were no significant EtCO2 changes (P =0.861, 0.251, 0.44) measured after intubation was observed. Blood staining in 1/25 cases with PLMA and 2/25 cases with ETT with a P value of 0.561was seen.
The Role of SGLT-2 Inhibitors as an Adjuvant to Insulin Therapy in Type-1 Diabetes Mellitus- Literature Review
Authors: Alshehri Sultan Ali , Asiri Sultan Abdulwahab M. , Algarni Aalaa Mohammad , Alamari Manal Mohammed
Published: August 2021

Background: Type 1 diabetes mellitus is the main risk factor for cardiovascular complications. Therefore, intensified insulin therapy might be needed to achieve better glycemic control in some patients. However, insulin therapy might lead to increase body weight and induce hypoglycemia. Increase body weight is directly correlated to insulin resistance, the main factor for cardiovascular risk. 

Objective: To assess the effectiveness of adding SGLT2 inhibitors to insulin therapy in type 1 diabetes mellitus. 

Methods: We searched in the PubMed database looking for relevant articles on the topic. We used Mesh words search, including SGLT2 inhibitor, sotagliflozin, type 1 diabetes mellitus, insulin treatment. 

Conclusion: Adding oral antidiabetic agents, such as SGLT2 or dual SGLT inhibitors to insulin regimen might be beneficial in improving insulin resistance. Thus, it achieved better insulin resistance by decrease daily insulin requirements and bodyweight control, leading to better cardiovascular outcomes among Type-1 diabetes patients.
Comparison of Dentist Preference towards Software Based Versus Handwritten Prescriptions in Pediatric Dental Patients- A Mixed Methods Study
Authors: Kamath Shamika , Jawdekar Ashwin , Katre Amar
Published: August 2021

Introduction: Prescriptions for children must be with accurate drug dosages and clear instructions. A digital tool to write, save and send prescriptions can potentially overcome the limitations of hand-written prescriptions. A preliminary mixed methods study comparing a novel ‘app-based’ and handwritten prescriptions in pediatric dental settings is reported.

Methodology: Eighteen post-graduate students from departments of pediatric dentistry of two dental schools participated in this mix-methods crossover study. An android app prototype PREASY was indigenously developed to make digital prescriptions. The handwritten and app-based prescriptions were compared in terms of time taken (seconds), precision (accuracy, legibility and clarity) and satisfaction (Likert rating). The mean time taken was compared using t-test, accuracy was compared using ANOVA and satisfaction using a Chi squared test. Qualitative feedback was obtained regarding the PREASY app.

Results: The mean time taken for handwritten prescriptions {154.28(+ 54.06)seconds} was almost three times higher than that for the app based prescriptions (54.22 (+ 25.66)seconds} [Student ‘t’ test P < .00001]. The mean differences for accuracy, legibility and clarity were 1.36 + 0.66, 1.39 + 0.44 1.11 + 0.50, respectively and were statistically non-significant (P=.247). A majority of participants were very satisfied or satisfied (94.45%); and the remaining (5.55%), were neutral, dissatisfied or very dissatisfied, [Chi square test, P <.00001]. Qualitative analysis identified important themes that could be segregated in four domains from feedback obtained through open-ended questions and semi-structured group discussion.

Conclusion: App-based prescriptions were quicker and more accurate than the handwritten ones with the majority of participants satisfied. Valuable comments pertaining to limitations of the tool and improvement were identified.
Implementation of QbD Principles for Simultaneous Quantitative Expression of Olmesartan Medoxomil, Telmisartan and Hydrochlorothiazide by RP-HPLC
Authors: Mehta Binny , Joshi Hirak , Shah Ujash , Patel Pinak
Published: August 2021

Aim and Study Design: Aims: The current research paper describes the RP-HPLC Method for estimation of Olmesartan Medoxomil, Telmisartan, and Hydrochlorothiazide and implements the role of QbD for Data Analysis

Study design: Mentioned study is simple, rapid, economical, accurate, and robust RP-HPLC Method for Olmesartan Medoxomil, Telmisartan, and Hydrochlorothiazide and implementing QbD Approach for Data Analysis.

Place and Duration of Study: The present study was carried out at Smt. S. M. Shah Pharmacy College, Mahemdabad, Gujarat, India from October 2019 to February 2020.

Methodology: The separation was done on Hypersil ODS C18 column with dimensions (250mm x 4.6ID, Particle size: 5 microns) and Methanol: 0.02M potassium dihydrogen phosphate buffer (60:40%v/v) pH 3 used as mobile phase. The flow rate was 1.2ml/min; detection at 254nm. QbD approach was applied for data analysis. The method was validated according to ICH guidelines.

Results: The RP-HPLC method was developed and validated for Linearity and Range through the QbD approach. Factorial Design was developed through Design Expert Software for estimation of Telmisartan, Olmesartan Medoxomil, and Hydrochlorothiazide. 27 experiments were constructed and its effect was seen on Resolution, Tailing factor, and Retention Time.

Conclusion: It was clear that the proposed method was suitable for the QbD approach and identification and validation approaches. This process helps in the proper understanding of the parameters and less amount of time for the development cycle of the analytical method.
Response to Comment on “Self‐Organized Superlattice and Phase Coexistence inside Thin Film Organometal Halide Perovskite”
Authors: Kim Tae Woong , Uchida Satoshi
Published: August 2021

In response to the Comment on article “Self‐Organized Superlattice and Phase Coexistence inside Thin Film Organometal Halide Perovskite”, it is suggested that the facts that the existence of hexagonal PbI2 is discrepant in 3D crystallographic interpretation and that observation of () and (100) reflections occurs in general, together make the challenges that were raised in the published Comment less convincing. In addition, a new transmission electron microscopy method using direction‐selective electron beam damage of the organometal halide perovskite is disclosed.
Self‐Induced Type‐I Band Alignment at Surface Grain Boundaries for Highly Efficient and Stable Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Luo Chao , Zhao Yao , Wang Xianjin , Gao Feng , Zhao Qing
Published: August 2021

The open‐circuit voltage (VOC) of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is reported to be significantly weakened by carrier loss at the film surface. Here, the moisture condensation at only the upper surface of perovskite films is controlled by constructing an ultralow surface temperature. Then, type‐I band alignment can be formed at the surface grain boundaries due to the etching effect of trace amounts of condensed moisture. The beneficially constructed surface type‐I band alignment can effectively repel carriers and return them to the inside of the grain, significantly avoiding the carrier loss at films surface. As a result, a superior carrier lifetime exceeding 2.5 µs is obtained and the VOC of PSC is remarkably boosted from 1.07 to 1.17 V. The minimum VOC deficit of only 0.39 V enables a substantial gain in power conversion efficiency (PCE) from 20.2% to 22.4% in one‐step spin‐coating methods. Moreover, this innovation is versatile and a champion PCE of 23.2% is also achieved in two‐step spin‐coating methods.
Electric Field‐Induced Area Scalability toward the Multilevel Resistive Switching
Authors: Singh Ranveer , Kumar Mohit , Iqbal Shahid , Kang Hyunwoo , Kim Unjeong , Park Ji‐Yong , Seo Hyungtak
Published: August 2021

Nonvolatile memory devices based on resistive switching with fast switching speed and high density have driven extensive research that is potentially ideal for data‐centric applications such as neuromorphic computing. However, due to uncontrolled filament formation, resistive random access memories (RRAM) still suffer from instability and reproducibility. In this study, NiO layer is added to the WO3‐based RRAM layer to confine the conducting path for multilevel resistive switching. The current‐voltage characteristics show the multilevel resistive switching, which is further confirmed by conductive atomic force microscopy measurements at nanoscale. At low voltages, few localized conducting channels are formed (in small area) within the oxide film while at the higher voltages they are distributed throughout the film and the active surface area increases from 4.5 to 75%. Kelvin probe force microscopy was employed to confirm nanoscale variations in surface potential, which are responsible for spatial current variation. Furthermore, it is found that the charge trapping/detrapping is the main governing mechanism and the conducting paths are formed gradually with increasing applied bias. We propose a strategy to achieve stable and reproducible electric field‐induced multilevel memory storage which will be utilized for the development of ultrahigh density multilevel nonvolatile storage and neuromorphic computing.
Fiber‐Integrated Phase Change Metasurfaces with Switchable Group Delay Dispersion
Authors: Martins Tiago , Cui Yihao , Gholipour Behrad , Ou Jun‐Yu , Frazão Orlando , MacDonald Kevin F.
Published: August 2021

Demonstration of a fiber‐integrated non‐volatile reconfigurable metasurface providing high‐contrast group delay dispersion switching functionality is reported, which may be engineered to operate at wavelengths across the near‐infrared (telecoms) band. Light‐induced amorphous‐crystalline phase switching in a chalcogenide (germanium antimony telluride) metasurface, only a fraction of a wavelength thick, fabricated on the end‐facet of a single‐mode optical fiber, enables intensity and phase modulation of the guided wave at metasurface designated bands. Such devices present a range of opportunities in fiberized remotely programmable phase/intensity multiplexing and dynamic dispersion compensation for emerging telecommunications and data storage/processing applications, including in photonic neural network and neuromorphic computing architectures.
Four decades of continuously applied tillage or no‐tillage on soil properties and soil morphology
Authors: Mestelan Silvia , Smeck Neil , Sprunger Christine , Dyck Ashly , Dick Warren
Published: August 2021

As increasing amounts of cropland are managed using no‐tillage (NT), information is needed to assess long‐term impacts of this practice on soil profile properties. A well‐drained Wooster fine‐loamy (mixed, active, mesic, Oxyaquic Fragiudalf) soil and a poorly drained, Hoytville silty clay loam (fine, illitic, mesic Mollic Epiaqualf) were sampled. For comparison, adjacent undisturbed forested and grassed areas were sampled. Bulk samples were characterized using physicochemical, mineralogical, and micromorphological methods. At both sites stronger structure and more bioturbation was evident in the topsoil of NT than in PT leading to lower bulk density values and increased, highly connective macroporosity. Evidence for the formation of incipient E horizons was noted in the lower A horizons of soil in the NT plots. The cation exchange capacity (CEC) was increased at both sites with NT and is associated with the increase in soil organic C. The C/N ratio of the NT pedon was closer to that of the A horizon of the forest pedon than to that of the PT pedon. Comparisons of C levels with those estimated in the same soils prior to establishment of the grassed areas or tillage plots suggest that at the Wooster site the grass, NT, and PT pedons all sequestered C. Only the grass pedon sequestered C at the Hoytville site. For both sites, and especially for the well‐drained Wooster silt loam soil, continuous, long‐term NT management can sustain or even enhance soil functions as compared with long‐term PT management.
Herbicide tolerance in 11 grass species for minimal‐to‐no‐mow golf course rough
Authors: Patton Aaron J. , Braun Ross C. , Bearss Ryan C. , Schortgen Geoffrey P.
Published: August 2021

Research was conducted to determine the tolerance of 11 grass species used in minimal‐to‐no‐mow turf areas to three postemergence herbicides applied at one‐ and twofold the maximum label rates in 2018 and 2019. Grasses were transplanted into field plots in West Lafayette, IN, in 2018 and 2019, allowed time to establish (∼1−2 mo), and then either treated with one application of quinclorac, sethoxydim, and topramezone at two rates or not treated. All 11 grass species had acceptable tolerance (≤20% injury) to quinclorac applied at 0.845 kg acid equivalent (a.e.) ha–1. Quinclorac at 1.69 kg a.e. ha–1 produced moderate injury (≥21% injury) on only little bluestem [Schizachyrium scoparium (Michx.) Nash.], prairie dropseed [Sporobolus heterolepis (A. Gray) A. Gray], and switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.). Strong creeping red fescue (Festuca rubra L. ssp. rubra Gaudin), which had ≤5% injury from all three herbicides, exhibited the greatest tolerance among grass species tested. With the exception of strong creeping red fescue, sethoxydim significantly injured all other grass species. Injury from topramezone varied among grass species and herbicide rates. Grasses tolerant (≤20% injury) to topramezone at both rates were big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii Vitman), broomsedge bluestem (Andropogon virginicus L.), indiangrass [Sorghastrum nutants (L.) Nash], strong creeping red fescue, and tall fescue [Festuca arundinacea Schreb.; syn. Schedonorus arundinaceus (Schreb.) Dumort., nom. cons.]. Tolerance among species was variable to quinclorac, sethoxydim, and topramezone, and thus turf managers should first identify desired grass species prior to herbicide application.
A systematic modeling methodology of deep neural network‐based structure‐property relationship for rapid and reliable prediction on flashpoints
Authors: Wen Huaqiang , Su Yang , Wang Zihao , Jin Saimeng , Ren Jingzheng , Shen Weifeng , Eden Mario
Published: August 2021

Deep neural networks (DNNs) based quantitative structure–property relationship (QSPR) studies are receiving increasing attention due to their excellent performances. A systematic methodology coupling multiple machine learning technologies is proposed to systematically solve vital problems including applicability domain and prediction uncertainty in DNN‐based QSPR modeling. Key features are rapidly extracted from plentiful but chaotic descriptors by principal component analysis (PCA) and kernel PCA. Then, a detailed applicability domain (AD) is defined by K‐means algorithm to avoid unreliable predictions and discover its potential impact on prediction uncertainty. Moreover, prediction uncertainty is analyzed with dropout‐embedded DNN by thousands of independent tests to assess the reliability of predictions. The prediction of flashpoint temperature is employed as a case study, demonstrating that the model accuracy is remarkably improved comparing with the referenced model. Furthermore, the proposed methodology breaks through difficulties in analyzing the uncertainty of DNN‐based QSPRs and presents an AD correlated with the uncertainty.
The serum metabolome mediates the concert of diet, exercise, and neurogenesis, determining the risk for cognitive decline and dementia
Authors: Du Preez Andrea , Lefèvre‐Arbogast Sophie , Houghton Vikki , de Lucia Chiara , Low Dorrain Y. , Helmer Catherine , Féart Catherine , Delcourt Cécile , Proust‐Lima Cécile , Pallàs Mercè , Ruigrok Silvie R. , Altendorfer Barbara , González‐Domínguez Raúl , Sánchez‐Pla Alex , Urpi‐Sardà Mireia , Andres‐Lacueva Cristina , Aigner Ludwig , Lucassen Paul J. , Korosi Aniko , Manach Claudine , Samieri Cécilia , Thuret Sandrine
Published: August 2021

Introduction

Diet and exercise influence the risk of cognitive decline (CD) and dementia through the food metabolome and exercise‐triggered endogenous factors, which use the blood as a vehicle to communicate with the brain. These factors might act in concert with hippocampal neurogenesis (HN) to shape CD and dementia.

Methods

Using an in vitro neurogenesis assay, we examined the effects of serum samples from a longitudinal cohort (n = 418) on proxy HN readouts and their association with future CD and dementia across a 12‐year period.

Results

Altered apoptosis and reduced hippocampal progenitor cell integrity were associated with exercise and diet and predicted subsequent CD and dementia. The effects of exercise and diet on CD specifically were mediated by apoptosis.

Discussion

Diet and exercise might influence neurogenesis long before the onset of CD and dementia. Alterations in HN could signify the start of the pathological process and potentially represent biomarkers for CD and dementia.
Preventing and improving interactions between autistic individuals and the criminal justice system: A roadmap for research
Authors: Shea Lindsay Lawer , Cooper Dylan , Wilson Amy Blank
Published: August 2021

Researchers have identified that autistic individuals are encountering the criminal justice system as victims, offenders, and witnesses at high rates. The prevalence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is increasing and generating a comprehensive approach to addressing criminal justice system involvement among autistic individuals is a timely and urgent need. Revisions to an established framework generated for use among individuals with mental health diagnoses, the sequential Intercept Model (SIM), were produced by an international consortium of interdisciplinary stakeholders presenting a new opportunity to identify gaps in ASD research and generate preventive solutions across the criminal justice system. The revised SIM maps each criminal justice system component, or Intercept, and includes paths for the experiences of autistic individuals as victims or witnesses to crimes as well as offenders to catalyze new and interdisciplinary research, policy, and practice efforts. As the field of ASD research continues to grow, the revised SIM is a promising pathway to avoiding siloed research approaches, including diverse autistic voices, and contributing to international dialogue about criminal justice reform at a critical juncture.

Lay Summary

Autistic individuals are encountering the criminal justice system as victims, offenders, and witnesses at high rates. A revised version of the SIM generated by an international consortium provides a cohesive framework to ensure research focused on this topic extends across the criminal justice system. Preventing and improving interactions between autistic individuals and the criminal justice system is an urgent research, policy, and practice need.
The sustainability prism of structural changes in the European Union agricultural system: The nexus between production, employment and energy emissions
Authors: Jurkėnaitė Nelė , Baležentis Tomas , Štreimikienė Dalia
Published: August 2021

Over the recent decades, the evolution of the European Union (EU) agricultural system has resulted in significant structural changes in member states. Knowledge about the nature and main patterns of structural change is critical to select a sustainable development path for the EU agriculture. This paper contributes to the academic discourse on structural changes in agriculture demonstrating the nexus between socio‐economic and environmental aspects of development. In this regard, results are important to understand the contribution of the EU agriculture to climate change, because study deals with energy use and greenhouse gas emissions. The research covers period from 2008 to 2018 and investigates the fundamental structural change measures, namely, gross value added, labour and agriculture‐related energy emissions, in EU member states. Structural changes are investigated applying a shift‐share analysis that allows calculating a performance of individual member states, compared to the EU economy. The applied shift‐share model investigates the situation of individual member states employing three components. The first component tracks the development of the selected measures with the EU economy growth, the second component shows the change due to effect of economic activities and the third shows competitiveness of agriculture in member states. The shift‐share analysis empowers ranking member states in accordance with their progress towards the sustainable development. Findings suggest that EU economy faces the outflow of labour from agriculture and this trend is common for most countries. The changes of gross value added and emissions for fuel combustion demonstrate both upward and downward trends. However, research results suggest that new member states often face more fundamental changes.
Key sunitinib‐related biomarkers for renal cell carcinoma
Authors: Peng Yun , Dong Shiqiang , Song Yuxuan , Hou Dingkun , Wang Lili , Li Bowen , Wang Haitao
Published: August 2021

Background

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) contributed to 403,262 new cases worldwide in 2018, which constitutes 2.2% of global cancer, nevertheless, sunitinib, one of the major targeted therapeutic agent for RCC, often developed invalid due to resistance. Emerging evidences suggested sunitinib can impact tumor environment which has been proven to be a vital factor for tumor progression.

Methods

In the present study, we used ssGSEA to extract the immune infiltrating abundance of clear cell RCC (ccRCC) and normal control samples from GSE65615, TCGA, and GTEx; key immune cells were determined by Student's t‐test and univariable Cox analysis. Co‐expression network combined with differentially expressed analysis was then applied to derive key immune‐related genes for ccRCC, followed by the identification of hub genes using differential expression analysis. Subsequently, explorations and validations of the biological function and the immune‐related and sunitinib‐related characteristics were conducted in KEGG, TISIDB, Oncomine, ICGC, and GEO databases.

Results

We refined immature dendritic cells and central memory CD4 T cells which showed associations with sunitinib and ccRCC. Following, five hub genes (CRYBB1, RIMBP3C, CEACAM4, HAMP, and LYL1) were identified for their strong relationships with sunitinib and immune infiltration in ccRCC. Further validations in external data refined CRYBB1, CEACAM4, and HAMP which play a vital role in sunitinib resistance, immune infiltrations in ccRCC, and the development and progression of ccRCC. In conclusion, our findings could shed light on the resistance of sunitinib in ccRCC and provide novel biomarkers or drug targets for ccRCC.
Patient participation in multidisciplinary tumor conferences: How is it implemented? What is the patients’ role? What are patients’ experiences?
Authors: Ansmann Lena , Heuser Christian , Diekmann Annika , Schellenberger Barbara , Biehl Claudia , Danaei Mahmoud , Eichler Christian , Heinz Dina , Hocke Andrea , Malter Wolfram , Melekian Badrig , Metin Havva , Mustea Alexander , Palatty Jenci , Peisker Uwe , Petschat Ines , Ernstmann Nicole
Published: August 2021

Background

Prior research has shown that around 5%–7% of patients in breast cancer centers in Germany participate in the discussion of their own case within a multidisciplinary tumor conference (MTC). The PINTU study is one of the first to research this practice. The objective is to describe (a) how patient participation in MTCs is implemented, (b) what is the role of patients, and (c) how patients experience MTCs.

Methods

MTCs in six breast and gynecological cancer centers in North Rhine‐Westphalia, Germany, with and without patient participation, are studied prospectively by (non)participatory, structured observation. Breast and gynecological cancer patients completed surveys before, directly after, and 4 weeks after MTC participation. Data are analyzed descriptively.

Results

Case discussions of a sample of n = 317 patients (n = 95 with MTC participation and n = 222 without) were observed. Survey data were obtained from n = 242 patients (n = 87 and n = 155). Observational data showed heterogeneity in the ways MTC participation was practiced. Among participating patients, 89% had the opportunity to express their opinion and 61% were involved in decision‐making. Whereas most patients reported positive experiences and would recommend participation, some had negative experiences and regretted participating.

Conclusions

Due to a lack of recommendations, hospitals implement patient participation in MTCs in many different ways. So far, it is unknown which setting and procedures of MTC participation are beneficial for patients. However, existing evidence on communication in cancer care together with this exploratory study's findings can build the basis for developing recommendations for hospitals that invite their patients to MTCs.

Clinical trial registration number

German Clinical Trials Register Nr. DRKS00012552.
Chemical Constituents and Anti‐Gastric Ulcer Activity of Essential Oils of Alpinia officinarum (Zingiberaceae), Cyperus rotundus (Cyperaceae), and Their Herbal Pair
Authors: Qu Hui‐Juan , Lin Kai‐Wen , Li Xiao‐Liang , Ou Hong‐Ya , Tan Yin‐Feng , Wang Mei , Wei Na
Published: August 2021

The essential oil (EO) of the herbal pair (HP), Alpinia officinarum‐Cyperus rotundus (HP G‐X) has been conventionally used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for ‘warming the stomach’ and relieving pain. However, its pharmacologically active compounds, as well as the mechanism of its anti‐gastric ulcer properties remain unclear. In this study, the EOs obtained from HP G‐X and its corresponding single herbs were analyzed using GC/MS. A total of 74, 56, and 85 compounds were detected in A. officinarum (GLJ), C. rotundus (XF), and HP G‐X, accounting for 93.2 %, 89.5 %, and 92.0 % of the total content, respectively. GLJ mainly contains 1,8‐cineol (22.0 %) and α‐terpineol (11.8 %), whereas cyperenone (22.4 %) and cyperene (12.3 %) were the major constituents in XF. These four compounds were also detected in the HP G‐X with relatively high composition as 11.8 %, 5.5 %, 11.8 %, and 10.6 %, respectively. Although no new compounds were detected in HP G‐X, the relative concentration of some compounds increased, while others decreased or even disappeared. HP G‐X showed the lowest toxicity (TC50 >800 μg/mL) against human gastric mucosal epithelial cells (GES‐1) and had the best protective effect against ethanol‐induced GES‐1 cell damage compared to the individual herbs. In vitro studies demonstrated that HP G‐X and the corresponding single herbs significantly reduced IL‐6, TNF‐α, and COX‐2. In addition, in vivo investigations indicated that HP G‐X can protect the gastric mucosa of mice from ethanol‐induced damage by inhibiting the inflammatory reaction and providing analgesia. It can also inhibit the expression of NF‐κBp65, COX‐2, and TRPV1 protein, reduce the concentrations of IL‐6 and TNF‐α, and relieve heat‐induced pain. This study further substantiated the traditional application of HP G‐X against gastric ulcers through both in vivo and in vitro investigations.
End‐diastolic segmentation of intravascular ultrasound images enables more reproducible volumetric analysis of atheroma burden
Authors: Erdogan Emrah , Huang Xingru , Cooper Jackie , Jain Ajay , Ramasamy Anantharaman , Bajaj Retesh , Torii Ryo , Moon James , Deaner Andrew , Costa Christos , Garcia‐Garcia Hector M. , Tufaro Vincenzo , Serruys Patrick W. , Pugliese Francesca , Mathur Anthony , Dijkstra Jouke , Baumbach Andreas , Zhang Qianni , Bourantas Christos V.
Published: August 2021

Background

Volumetric intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) analysis is currently performed at a fixed frame interval, neglecting the cyclic changes in vessel dimensions occurring during the cardiac cycle that can affect the reproducibility of the results. Analysis of end‐diastolic (ED) IVUS frames has been proposed to overcome this limitation. However, at present, there is lack of data to support its superiority over conventional IVUS.

Objectives

The present study aims to compare the reproducibility of IVUS volumetric analysis performed at a fixed frame interval and at the ED frames, identified retrospectively using a novel deep‐learning methodology.

Methods

IVUS data acquired from 97 vessels were included in the present study; each vessel was segmented at 1 mm interval (conventional approach) and at ED frame twice by an expert analyst. Reproducibility was tested for the following metrics; normalized lumen, vessel and total atheroma volume (TAV), and percent atheroma volume (PAV).

Results

The mean length of the analyzed segments was 50.0 ± 24.1 mm. ED analysis was more reproducible than the conventional analysis for the normalized lumen (mean difference: 0.76 ± 4.03 mm3 vs. 1.72 ± 11.37 mm3; p for the variance of differences ratio < 0.001), vessel (0.30 ± 1.79 mm3 vs. −0.47 ± 10.26 mm3; p < 0.001), TAV (−0.46 ± 4.03 mm3 vs. −2.19 ± 14.39 mm3; p < 0.001) and PAV (−0.12 ± 0.59% vs. −0.34 ± 1.34%; p < 0.001). Results were similar when the analysis focused on the 10 mm most diseased segment. The superiority of the ED approach was due to a more reproducible detection of the segment of interest and to the fact that it was not susceptible to the longitudinal motion of the IVUS probe and the cyclic changes in vessel dimensions during the cardiac cycle.

Conclusions

ED IVUS segmentation enables more reproducible volumetric analysis and quantification of TAV and PAV that are established end points in longitudinal studies assessing the efficacy of novel pharmacotherapies. Therefore, it should be preferred over conventional IVUS analysis as its higher reproducibility is expected to have an impact on the sample size calculation for the primary end point.