bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Magnetic field enhanced terahertz pulse emission from a femtosecond laser excited GaSb epitaxial layer
Authors: Nevinskas I. , Vizbaras K. , Vizbaras A. , Trinkūnas A. , Krotkus A.
Published: August 2016

An undoped GaSb epitaxial layer has been grown on a GaAs substrate by molecular beam epitaxy. It has been found that GaSb could be a potential surface terahertz (THz) emitter photoexcited by 1.55 μm femtosecond laser pulses since the maximum optical‐to‐THz power conversion efficiency is at around this wavelength. The THz field strength is 10 dB weaker as compared with that generated from narrow‐gap InAs at these energies of quanta. Furthermore, the samples were exposed to a constant magnetic field which enhances THz emission and allows signal registration in the line‐of‐sight geometry.
Disturbance rejection‐based LFC for multi‐area parallel interconnected AC/DC system
Authors: Chen Chunyu , Zhang Kaifeng , Yuan Kun , Gao Zonghe , Teng Xianliang , Ding Qia
Published: August 2016

AC/DC hybrid system plays an important role in large‐capacity and long‐distance power transmission. Moreover, load frequency control (LFC) of AC/DC hybrid system is very essential for the safe operation of power grid. Since LFC in essence stems from the power imbalance of the area caused by the variations of the generating and consuming party, this study presents a novel disturbance rejection‐based (DRB) LFC scheme to eliminate this power imbalance, thus achieving frequency and AC tie‐lie interchange power stability. This study assumes only part of the LFC system states information is measurable and utilises extended states observer to estimate the unmeasurable states including the disturbances. Moreover, then a composite feedback controller is designed utilising both the measurable and observed states information. The proposed DRB LFC schemes retain the structure of the LFC model and sufficiently utilise measurable states information for controller design, which has good engineering applicability compared with robust or intelligent LFC scheme. A multi‐area system containing three subareas with parallel interconnected AC/DC link is studied and the simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed methods.
Development towards a fast ion loss detector for the reversed field pinch
Authors: Bonofiglo P. J. , Anderson J. K. , Almagri A. F. , Kim J. , Clark J. , Capecchi W. , Sears S. H. , Egedal J.
Published: August 2016

A fast ion loss detector has been constructed and implemented on the Madison Symmetric Torus (MST) to investigate energetic ion losses and transport due to energetic particle and MHD instabilities. The detector discriminates particle orbits solely on pitch and consists of two thin-foil, particle collecting plates that are symmetric with respect to the device aperture. One plate collects fast ion signal, while the second aids in the minimization of background and noise effects. Initial measurements are reported along with suggestions for the next design phase of the detector.
Response function of single crystal synthetic diamond detectors to 1-4 MeV neutrons for spectroscopy of D plasmas
Authors: Rebai M. , Giacomelli L. , Milocco A. , Nocente M. , Rigamonti D. , Tardocchi M. , Camera F. , Cazzaniga C. , Chen Z. J. , Du T. F. , Fan T. S. , Giaz A. , Hu Z. M. , Marchi T. , Peng X. Y. , Gorini G. ,   JET Contributors
Published: August 2016

A Single-crystal Diamond (SD) detector prototype was installed at Joint European Torus (JET) in 2013 and the achieved results have shown its spectroscopic capability of measuring 2.5 MeV neutrons from deuterium plasmas. This paper presents measurements of the SD response function to monoenergetic neutrons, which is a key point for the development of a neutron spectrometer based on SDs and compares them with Monte Carlo simulations. The analysis procedure allows for a good reconstruction of the experimental results. The good pulse height energy resolution (equivalent FWHM of 80 keV at 2.5 MeV), gain stability, insensitivity to magnetic field, and compact size make SDs attractive as compact neutron spectrometers of high flux deuterium plasmas, such as for instance those needed for the ITER neutron camera.
Pulsating jet-like structures in magnetized plasma
Authors: Goncharov V. P. , Pavlov V. I.
Published: August 2016

The formation of pulsating jet-like structures has been studied in the scope of the nonhydrostatic model of a magnetized plasma with horizontally nonuniform density. We discuss two mechanisms which are capable of stopping the gravitational spreading appearing to grace the Rayleigh-Taylor instability and to lead to the formation of stationary or oscillating localized structures. One of them is caused by the Coriolis effect in the rotating frames, and another is connected with the Lorentz effect for magnetized fluids. Magnetized jets/drops with a positive buoyancy must oscillate in transversal size and can manifest themselves as “radio pulsars.” The estimates of their frequencies are made for conditions typical for the neutron star's ocean.
Design and experimental validation of a compact collimated Knudsen source
Authors: Wouters Steinar H. W. , ten Haaf Gijs , Mutsaers Peter H. A. , Vredenbregt Edgar J. D.
Published: August 2016

In this paper, the design and performance of a collimated Knudsen source, which has the benefit of a simple design over recirculating sources, is discussed. Measurements of the flux, transverse velocity distribution, and brightness of the resulting rubidium beam at different source temperatures were conducted to evaluate the performance. The scaling of the flux and brightness with the source temperature follows the theoretical predictions. The transverse velocity distribution in the transparent operation regime also agrees with the simulated data. The source was tested up to a temperature of 433 K and was able to produce a flux in excess of 1013 s−1.
Alfvén wave propagation through a moderate-amplitude transverse inhomogeneity in a magnetized plasma
Authors: Borgogno D. , Laveder D. , Passot T. , Sulem P. L.
Published: August 2016

Parallel propagation of a plane Alfvén wave in a moderate-amplitude Gaussian-shaped transverse inhomogeneity is studied numerically using a fluid model retaining low-frequency kinetic effects. It is shown that in such a situation, common in the solar wind where elongated pressure-balanced structures are frequently observed, phase mixing competes with wave focusing, in contrast with coronal loops or auroral regions where sharp gradients present at the edges of the inhomogeneities make phase mixing dominant. Some understanding about this competition is provided by a model based on an envelope formalism. Depending on the magnitude of the Alfvén wavelength and of the inhomogeneity transverse scale relative to the ion inertial length, various regimes can develop, ranging from the formation of localized gradients when phase mixing dominates to the development of an intense magnetic filament when focusing is stronger, with a different efficiency for the generation of magnetosonic and kinetic Alfvén waves. Electron parallel heating and parallel electric field generation are also briefly discussed.
Influence of the bias signal amplitude and frequency on the harmonic probe measurements in plasma diagnostics
Authors: Bai Yu-jing , Lu Wen-qi , Li Jian-quan , Xu Jun , Wang You-nian
Published: August 2016

The harmonic probe technique may be used for the diagnostics of the plasma in insulative film deposition circumstances where the conventional Langmuir probe cannot work. In this study, we investigated the influence of the bias signal amplitude V0 and frequency f of the harmonic probe on the diagnostic results. While the measured electron temperature Te and ion density ni change little with f within the frequency range of 1–10 kHz, both of them show a considerable increase with V0. The reasons for the results were analyzed, and based on the understanding, an improved harmonic probe technique was proposed. The validity of the improved technique was verified by comparing its results with those of a conventional Langmuir probe in Ar plasmas. The improved harmonic probe technique was applied in diagnostics of the plasma circumstance for microwave electron cyclotron resonance plasma enhanced radio frequency magnetron sputtering deposition of SiNx films.
Necessary conditions for the emergence of homochirality via autocatalytic self-replication
Authors: Stich Michael , Ribó Josep M. , Blackmond Donna G. , Hochberg David
Published: August 2016

We analyze a recent proposal for spontaneous mirror symmetry breaking based on the coupling of first-order enantioselective autocatalysis and direct production of the enantiomers that invokes a critical role for intrinsic reaction noise. For isolated systems, the racemic state is the unique stable outcome for both stochastic and deterministic dynamics when the system is in compliance with the constraints dictated by the thermodynamics of chemical reaction processes. In open systems, the racemic outcome also results for both stochastic and deterministic dynamics when driving the autocatalysis unidirectionally by external reagents. Nonracemic states can result in the latter only if the reverse reactions are strictly zero: these are kinetically controlled outcomes for small populations and volumes, and can be simulated by stochastic dynamics. However, the stability of the thermodynamic limit proves that the racemic outcome is the unique stable state for strictly irreversible externally driven autocatalysis. These findings contradict the suggestion that the inhibition requirement of the Frank autocatalytic model for the emergence of homochirality may be relaxed in a noise-induced mechanism.
Tailoring the photoluminescence polarization anisotropy of a single InAs quantum dash by a post-growth modification of its dielectric environment
Authors: Mrowiński P. , Tarnowski K. , Olszewski J. , Somers A. , Kamp M. , Reithmaier J. P. , Urbańczyk W. , Misiewicz J. , Machnikowski P. , Sęk G.
Published: August 2016

Excitonic emission from single InAs/InGaAlAs/InP quantum dashes has been investigated in terms of controlling the polarization anisotropy by altering the shape of the processed sub-micrometer mesa structures. Photoluminescence has been measured from exemplary single quantum dashes emitting around 1.3 and 1.55 μm and placed inside rectangular mesas of various orientation, asymmetry, and sizes. The detected degree of linear polarization of bright exciton emission ranges from −0.1 to ca. 0.55, compared to 0.25 for dashes in unaltered or isotropic in-plane dielectric surrounding. These results are interpreted by numerical simulations using an emitter coupled with a single optical mode in such a mesa and outgoing in the direction normal to the sample surface.
Gamma-ray spectroscopy at MHz counting rates with a compact LaBr3 detector and silicon photomultipliers for fusion plasma applications
Authors: Nocente M. , Rigamonti D. , Perseo V. , Tardocchi M. , Boltruczyk G. , Broslawski A. , Cremona A. , Croci G. , Gosk M. , Kiptily V. , Korolczuk S. , Mazzocco M. , Muraro A. , Strano E. , Zychor I. , Gorini G. ,   JET Contributors
Published: August 2016

Gamma-ray spectroscopy measurements at MHz counting rates have been carried out, for the first time, with a compact spectrometer based on a LaBr3 scintillator and silicon photomultipliers. The instrument, which is also insensitive to magnetic fields, has been developed in view of the upgrade of the gamma-ray camera diagnostic for α particle measurements in deuterium-tritium plasmas of the Joint European Torus. Spectra were measured up to 2.9 MHz with a projected energy resolution of 3%-4% in the 3-5 MeV range, of interest for fast ion physics studies in fusion plasmas. The results reported here pave the way to first time measurements of the confined α particle profile in high power plasmas of the next deuterium-tritium campaign at the Joint European Torus.
Calibration of the microcalorimeter spectrometer on-board the Hitomi (Astro-H) observatory (invited)
Authors: Eckart M. E. , Boyce K. R. , Brown G. V. , Chiao M. P. , Fujimoto R. , Haas D. , den Herder J.-W. , Ishisaki Y. , Kelley R. L. , Kilbourne C. A. , Leutenegger M. A. , McCammon D. , Mitsuda K. , Porter F. S. , Sawada M. , Sneiderman G. A. , Szymkowiak A. E. , Takei Y. , Tashiro M. , Tsujimoto M. , de Vries C. P. , Watanabe T. , Yamada S. , Yamasaki N. Y.
Published: August 2016

The Hitomi Soft X-ray Spectrometer (SXS) was a pioneering non-dispersive imaging x-ray spectrometer with 5 eV FWHM energy resolution, consisting of an array of 36 silicon-thermistor microcalorimeters at the focus of a high-throughput soft x-ray telescope. The instrument enabled astrophysical plasma diagnostics in the 0.3–12 keV band. We introduce the SXS calibration strategy and corresponding ground calibration measurements that took place from 2012–2015, including both the characterization of the microcalorimeter array and measurements of the x-ray transmission of optical blocking filters.
Laser-induced plasmas in air studied using two-color interferometry
Authors: Yang Zefeng , Wu Jian , Wei Wenfu , Li Xingwen , Han Jiaxun , Jia Shenli , Qiu Aici
Published: August 2016

Temporally and spatially resolved density profiles of Cu atoms, electrons, and compressed air, from laser-induced copper plasmas in air, are measured using fast spectral imaging and two-color interferometry. From the intensified CCD images filtered by a narrow-band-pass filter centered at 515.32 nm, the Cu atoms expansion route is estimated and used to determine the position of the fracture surface between the Cu atoms and the air. Results indicate that the Cu atoms density at distances closer to the target (0–0.4 mm) is quite low, with the maximum density appearing at the edge of the plasma's core being ∼4.6 × 1024 m−3 at 304 ns. The free electrons are mainly located in the internal region of the plume, which is supposed to have a higher temperature. The density of the shock wave is (4–6) × 1025 m−3, corresponding to air compression of a factor of 1.7–2.5.
Electric-field tunable spin diode FMR in patterned PMN-PT/NiFe structures
Authors: Ziętek Slawomir , Ogrodnik Piotr , Skowroński Witold , Stobiecki Feliks , van Dijken Sebastiaan , Barnaś Józef , Stobiecki Tomasz
Published: August 2016

Dynamic properties of NiFe thin films on PMN-PT piezoelectric substrate are investigated using the spin-diode method. Ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) spectra of microstrips with varying width are measured as a function of magnetic field and frequency. The FMR frequency is shown to depend on the electric field applied across the substrate, which induces strain in the NiFe layer. Electric field tunability of up to 100 MHz per 1 kV/cm is achieved. An analytical model based on total energy minimization and the Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert equation, taking into account the magnetostriction effect, is used to explain the measured dynamics. Based on this model, conditions for optimal electric-field tunable spin diode FMR in patterned NiFe/PMN-PT structures are derived.
[111]-oriented PIN-PMN-PT crystals with ultrahigh dielectric permittivity and high frequency constant for high-frequency transducer applications
Authors: Li Fei , Zhang Shujun , Luo Jun , Geng Xuecang , Xu Zhuo , Shrout Thomas R.
Published: August 2016

The electromechanical properties of [111]-oriented tetragonal Pb(In1/2Nb1/2O3)-Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3O3)-PbTiO3 (PIN-PMN-PT) crystals were investigated for potential high frequency ultrasonic transducers. The domain-engineered tetragonal crystals exhibit an ultrahigh free dielectric permittivity ε33T > 10 000 with a moderate electromechanical coupling factor k33 ∼ 0.79, leading to a high clamped dielectric permittivity ε33S of 2800, significantly higher than those of the rhombohedral relaxor-PT crystals and high-K (dielectric permittivity) piezoelectric ceramics. Of particular significance is that the [111]-oriented tetragonal crystals were found to possess high elastic stiffness, with frequency constant N33 of ∼2400 Hz m, allowing relatively easy fabrication of high-frequency transducers. In addition, no scaling effect of piezoelectric and dielectric properties was observed down to thickness of 0.1 mm, corresponding to an operational frequency of ∼24 MHz. These advantages of [111]-oriented tetragonal PIN-PMN-PT crystals will benefit high-frequency ultrasonic array transducers, allowing for high sensitivity, broad bandwidth, and reduced noise/crosstalk.
Effect of annealing ambient on anisotropic retraction of film edges during solid-state dewetting of thin single crystal films
Authors: Kim Gye Hyun , Ma Wen , Yildiz Bilge , Thompson Carl V.
Published: August 2016

During solid-state dewetting of thin single crystal films, film edges retract at a rate that is strongly dependent on their crystallographic orientations. Edges with kinetically stable in-plane orientations remain straight as they retract, while those with other in-plane orientations develop in-plane facets as they retract. Kinetically stable edges have retraction rates that are lower than edges with other orientations and thus determine the shape of the natural holes that form during solid-state dewetting. In this paper, measurements of the retraction rates of kinetically stable edges for single crystal (110) and (100) Ni films on MgO are presented. Relative retraction rates of kinetically stable edges with different crystallographic orientations are observed to change under different annealing conditions, and this accordingly changes the initial shapes of growing holes. The surfaces of (110) and (100) films were also characterized using low energy electron diffraction, and different surface reconstructions were observed under different ambient conditions. The observed surface structures were found to correlate with the observed changes in the relative retraction rates of the kinetically stable edges.
Tunneling transport of mono- and few-layers magnetic van der Waals MnPS3
Authors: Lee Sungmin , Choi Ki-Young , Lee Sangik , Park Bae Ho , Park Je-Geun
Published: August 2016

We have investigated the tunneling transport of mono- and few-layers of MnPS3 by using conductive atomic force microscopy. Due to the band alignment of indium tin oxide/MnPS3/Pt-Ir tip junction, the key features of both Schottky junction and Fowler-Nordheim tunneling (FNT) were observed for all the samples with varying thickness. Using the FNT model and assuming the effective electron mass (0.5 me) of MnPS3, we estimate the tunneling barrier height to be 1.31 eV and the dielectric breakdown strength as 5.41 MV/cm.
The method of impedance transformation for electromagnetic waves propagating in one-dimension plasma photonic crystal
Authors: Yao Jingfeng , Yuan Chengxun , Gao Ruilin , Jia Jieshu , Wang Ying , Zhou Zhongxiang , Wang Xiaoou , Wu Jian , Li Hui
Published: August 2016

This study focuses on the transmission of normal-incidence electromagnetic waves in one-dimensional plasma photonic crystals. Using the Maxwell's equations in a medium, a method that is based on the concept of impendence is employed to perform the simulation. The accuracy of the method was evaluated by simulating a one-layer plasma and conventional photonic crystal. In frequency-domain, the transmission and reflection coefficients in the unmagnetized plasma photonic crystal were calculated, and the influence factors on plasma photonic crystals including dielectric constants of dielectric, spatial period, filling factor, plasma frequency, and collision frequency were studied.
Photodynamics of oxybenzone sunscreen: Nonadiabatic dynamics simulations
Authors: Li Chun-Xiang , Guo Wei-Wei , Xie Bin-Bin , Cui Ganglong
Published: August 2016

Herein we have used combined static electronic structure calculations and “on-the-fly” global-switching trajectory surface-hopping dynamics simulations to explore the photochemical mechanism of oxybenzone sunscreen. We have first employed the multi-configurational CASSCF method to optimize minima, conical intersections, and minimum-energy reaction paths related to excited-state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) and excited-state decays in the 1ππ∗, 1nπ∗, and S0 states (energies are refined at the higher MS-CASPT2 level). According to the mapped potential energy profiles, we have identified two ultrafast excited-state deactivation pathways for the initially populated 1ππ∗ system. The first is the diabatic ESIPT process along the 1ππ∗ potential energy profile. The generated 1ππ∗ keto species then decays to the S0 state via the keto 1ππ∗/gs conical intersection. The second is internal conversion to the dark 1nπ∗ state near the 1ππ∗ /1nπ∗ crossing point in the course of the diabatic 1ππ∗ ESIPT process. Our following dynamics simulations have shown that the ESIPT and 1ππ∗ → S0 internal conversion times are 104 and 286 fs, respectively. Finally, our present work demonstrates that in addition to the ESIPT process and the 1ππ∗ → S0 internal conversion in the keto region, the 1ππ∗ → 1nπ∗ internal conversion in the enol region plays as well an important role for the excited-state relaxation dynamics of oxybenzone.
Structure organization and magnetic properties of microscale ferrogels: The effect of particle magnetic anisotropy
Authors: Ryzhkov Aleksandr V. , Melenev Petr V. , Balasoiu Maria , Raikher Yuriy L.
Published: August 2016

The equilibrium structure and magnetic properties of a ferrogel object of small size (microferrogel(MFG)) are investigated by coarse-grained molecular dynamics. As a generic model of a microferrogel (MFG), a sample with a lattice-like mesh is taken. The solid phase of the MFG consists of magnetic (e.g., ferrite) nanoparticles which are mechanically linked to the mesh making some part of its nodes. Unlike previous models, the finite uniaxial magnetic anisotropy of the particles, as it is the case for real ferrogels, is taken into account. For comparison, two types of MFGs are considered: MFG-1, which dwells in virtually non-aggregated state independently of the presence of an external magnetic field, and MFG-2, which displays aggregation yet under zero field. The structure states of the samples are analyzed with the aid of angle-resolved radial distribution functions and cluster counts. The results reveal the crucial role of the matrix elasticity on the structure organization as well as on magnetization of both MFGs. The particle anisotropy, which plays insignificant role in MFG-1 (moderate interparticle magnetodipole interaction), becomes an important factor in MFG-2 (strong interaction). There, the restrictions imposed on the particle angular freedom by the elastic matrix result in notable diminution of the particle chain lengths as well as the magnetization of the sample. The approach proposed enables one to investigate a large variety of MFGs, including those of capsule type and to purposefully choose the combination of their magnetoelastic parameters.
Incubation behavior of silicon nanowire growth investigated by laser-assisted rapid heating
Authors: Ryu Sang-gil , Kim Eunpa , Allen Frances I. , Hwang David J. , Minor Andrew M. , Grigoropoulos Costas P.
Published: August 2016

We investigate the early stage of silicon nanowire growth by the vapor-liquid-solid mechanism using laser-localized heating combined with ex-situ chemical mapping analysis by energy-filtered transmission electron microscopy. By achieving fast heating and cooling times, we can precisely determine the nucleation times for nanowire growth. We find that the silicon nanowire nucleation process occurs on a time scale of ∼10 ms, i.e., orders of magnitude faster than the times reported in investigations using furnace processes. The rate-limiting step for silicon nanowire growth at temperatures in the vicinity of the eutectic temperature is found to be the gas reaction and/or the silicon crystal growth process, whereas at higher temperatures it is the rate of silicon diffusion through the molten catalyst that dictates the nucleation kinetics.
On-chip chalcogenide glass waveguide-integrated mid-infrared PbTe detectors
Authors: Han Z. , Singh V. , Kita D. , Monmeyran C. , Becla P. , Su P. , Li J. , Huang X. , Kimerling L. C. , Hu J. , Richardson K. , Tan D. T. H. , Agarwal A.
Published: August 2016

We experimentally demonstrate an on-chip polycrystalline PbTe photoconductive detector integrated with a chalcogenide glass waveguide. The device is monolithically fabricated on silicon, operates at room-temperature, and exhibits a responsivity of 1.0 A/W at wavelengths between 2.1 and 2.5 μm.
When colocation is not enough: a case study of General Practitioner Super Clinics in Australia
Authors: Lane Riki , Russell Grant , Bardoel Elizabeth A. , Advocat Jenny , Zwar Nicholas , Davies P. Gawaine Powell , Harris Mark F.
Published: August 2016

Developed nations are implementing initiatives to transform the delivery of primary care. New models have been built around multidisciplinary teams, information technology and systematic approaches for chronic disease management (CDM). In Australia, the General Practice Super Clinic (GPSC) model was introduced in 2010. A case study approach was used to illustrate the development of inter-disciplinary CDM over 12 months in two new, outer urban GPSCs. A social scientist visited each practice for two 3–4-day periods. Data, including practice documents, observations and in-depth interviews (n=31) with patients, clinicians and staff, were analysed using the concept of organisational routines. Findings revealed slow, incremental evolution of inter-disciplinary care in both sites. Clinic managers found the facilitation of inter-disciplinary routines for CDM difficult in light of competing priorities within program objectives and the demands of clinic construction. Constraints inherent within the GPSC program, a lack of meaningful support for transformation of the model of care and the lack of effective incentives for collaborative care in fee-for-service billing arrangements, meant that program objectives for integrated multidisciplinary care were largely unattainable. Findings suggest that the GPSC initiative should be considered a program for infrastructure support rather than one of primary care transformation.
Glimpse of natural selection of long-lived T-cell clones in healthy life
Authors: Zhang Baojun , Jia Qingzhu , Bock Cheryl , Chen Gang , Yu Haili , Ni Qingshan , Wan Ying , Li Qijing , Zhuang Yuan
Published: August 2016

Significance

A healthy life requires T cells to provide immunity against infections while maintaining immune tolerance to self and commensal antigens. The diversity of T-cell clones evolves in an individual’s life due to competition between preexisting clones and clones continuously generated from the thymus. It is not known whether antigen-experienced T-cell clones are randomly replaced by new clones or selectively retained for long-term keeping in healthy living conditions. Here, we tracked long-lived T-cell clones in mice without infections or immune challenges. Our study revealed that healthy living conditions select regulatory T-cell clones that may be necessary to maintain the immune-tolerant status of long-lived T-cell clones against self or commensal antigens shared across different mice.
Roll-Off in State Court Elections
Authors: Kritzer Herbert M.
Published: August 2016

This article examines the impact of the presence of a straight-ticket voting option (STVO) on roll-off in judicial elections, including elections for state supreme courts, intermediate courts of appeals, and urban trial courts. The core hypothesis is that STVO decreases roll-off with partisan ballots but increases roll-off when nonpartisan and retention ballots are used, and these effects should be stronger for elections to less visible, lower-level courts. The analysis finds some support for the hypothesis for state supreme courts but not for the two types of lower courts. It is unclear why there is this inconsistency.
Promotion, Social Identity, and Decision Making in the United States Courts of Appeals
Authors: Budziak Jeffrey
Published: August 2016

Presidents regularly fill judicial vacancies through promotion. However, the effect of promotion on judicial behavior has been largely unexplored. I theorize that promotion affects judicial behavior through psychological motives associated with social identity. I test this expectation by examining the decisions of promoted court of appeals judges. Promoted judges are less likely to vote to reverse, but this effect fades as appellate court experience increases. The effect is stronger when promoted judges review former colleagues. I argue that social identity theory best explains these patterns and discuss the importance of promotion and social identity for the study of judicial behavior.
A non-traditional view on the modeling of nematic disclination dynamics
Authors: Zhang Chiqun , Zhang Xiaohan , Acharya Amit , Golovaty Dmitry , Walkington Noel
Published: August 2016

Non-singular disclination dynamics in a uniaxial nematic liquid crystal is modeled within a mathematical framework where the kinematics is a direct extension of the classical way of identifying these line defects with singularities of a unit vector field representing the nematic director. It is well known that the universally accepted Oseen-Frank energy is infinite for configurations that contain disclination line defects. We devise a natural augmentation of the Oseen-Frank energy to account for physical situations where, under certain conditions, infinite director gradients have zero associated energy cost, as would be necessary for modeling half-integer strength disclinations within the framework of the director theory. Equilibria and dynamics (in the absence of flow) of line defects are studied within the proposed model. Using appropriate initial/boundary data, the gradient-flow dynamics of this energy leads to non-singular, line defect equilibrium solutions, including those of half-integer strength. However, we demonstrate that the gradient flow dynamics for this energy is not able to adequately describe defect evolution. Motivated by similarity with dislocation dynamics in solids, a novel 2D-model of disclination dynamics in nematics is proposed. The model is based on the extended Oseen-Frank energy and takes into account thermodynamics and the kinematics of conservation of defect topological charge. We validate this model through computations of disclination equilibria, annihilation, repulsion, and splitting. We show that the energy function we devise, suitably interpreted, can serve as well for the modeling of equilibria and dynamics of dislocation line defects in solids, making the conclusions of this paper relevant to mechanics of both solids and liquid crystals.
Automated analysis of filopodial length and spatially resolved protein concentration via adaptive shape tracking
Authors: Saha Tanumoy , Rathmann Isabel , Viplav Abhiyan , Panzade Sadhana , Begemann Isabell , Rasch Christiane , Klingauf Jürgen , Matis Maja , Galic Milos
Published: August 2016

Filopodia are dynamic, actin-rich structures that transiently form on a variety of cell types. To understand the underlying control mechanisms requires precise monitoring of localization and concentration of individual regulatory and structural proteins as filopodia elongate and subsequently retract. Although several methods exist that analyze changes in filopodial shape, a software solution to reliably correlate growth dynamics with spatially resolved protein concentration along the filopodium independent of bending, lateral shift, or tilting is missing. Here we introduce a novel approach based on the convex-hull algorithm for parallel analysis of growth dynamics and relative spatiotemporal protein concentration along flexible filopodial protrusions. Detailed in silico tests using various geometries confirm that our technique accurately tracks growth dynamics and relative protein concentration along the filopodial length for a broad range of signal distributions. To validate our technique in living cells, we measure filopodial dynamics and quantify spatiotemporal localization of filopodia-associated proteins during the filopodial extension–retraction cycle in a variety of cell types in vitro and in vivo. Together these results show that the technique is suitable for simultaneous analysis of growth dynamics and spatiotemporal protein enrichment along filopodia. To allow readily application by other laboratories, we share source code and instructions for software handling.
Indeterminacy
Authors: Lewis Peter J.
Published: August 2016

It is often claimed that quantum mechanics entails that there is indeterminacy in the world, in the sense that physical systems can lack a precise value for a property. Indeed, a radical form of indeterminacy, in which systems have almost none of the properties we normally attribute to them, can be shown to follow from a particular interpretation of quantum mechanics—the bare theory. However, the bare theory is shown to be incoherent. Still, a more limited form of indeterminacy can be located in spontaneous collapse, hidden variables, and many-worlds theories. This indeterminacy is unlike that which arises classically, having nothing to do with ordinary forms of vagueness or the composition of large objects out of smaller parts. Indeterminacy in quantum mechanics can perhaps be avoided, but there seems little reason to do so.
Causation
Authors: Lewis Peter J.
Published: August 2016

What are the consequences of quantum mechanics for the structure of causal explanation? It depends on the interpretation you choose. According to a hidden variable theory like Bohm’s, a measurement on one particle can have instantaneous effects on another, no matter how distant. This nonlocality is in prima facie conflict with special relativity. The prospects for constructing a local hidden variable theory are assessed, in particular by invoking backward-in-time causation. Many-worlds theories do not invoke nonlocal causation. However, they do entail that microcausal explanations are in terms of waves, not particles, and they inject consideration of the observer’s location among the worlds into causal explanations. Spontaneous collapse theories like GRW do invoke nonlocal causation; the prospects for a local spontaneous collapse theory are investigated. All of the major interpretations of quantum mechanics modify the structure of causal explanation from the received classical ideal.
Dimensions
Authors: Lewis Peter J.
Published: August 2016

The three major interpretations of quantum mechanics—Bohm, GRW, and many worlds—all treat the wave function as a physical entity. But this entity apparently resides in a high-dimensional configuration space, with three coordinates for each particle in the universe. Some conclude on this basis that the three-dimensionality of the world of experience is an illusion. Others respond by adding three-dimensional ontology to the theory or by reinterpreting the wave function either as a law or as an indirect representation of properties in three-dimensional space. It is argued that the latter possibility makes it unnecessary to postulate either additional ontology or a fundamentally high-dimensional world.
Parts and Wholes
Authors: Lewis Peter J.
Published: August 2016

Quantum mechanics is often said to entail holism—that wholes are more than just the sum of their parts—and hence violate Humean supervenience. Certainly an entangled state cannot readily be interpreted in terms of the properties of the individual particles involved. But there is no clear general argument from quantum mechanics to holism. Still, each of the three major interpretations of quantum mechanics—Bohm, GRW, and many worlds—embodies some form of holism. One might try to rescue Humean supervenience by moving to high-dimensional representation of physical systems, or by constructing a theory with backward-in-time causation, but it is unclear if such strategies will succeed. If holism is accepted, some argue further that there are no individuals at the fundamental physical level: Either relations are fundamental, or the whole universe is fundamental. The arguments for these positions are assessed and found to be wanting.
The role of evidence-based conservation in improving primate conservation
Authors: Tranquilli Sandra
Published: August 2016

In this chapter, the evidence-based approach to conservation (EBC) is presented, in which scientific evidence is used to determine the effectiveness of conservation actions and to inform decision making. The chapter is divided into three parts. In the first part, the origins and importance of the EBC are introduced, and how it has been used to objectively assess the success of conservation activities. In the second part, the methodological aspects of the approach are described. The approach is illustrated step-by-step using an hypothetical example of a threatened primate species. A couple of recent studies of conservation activities are discussed; one large-scale and one with local focus, where the approach has been used. Finally, in the third part, how to improve the success of conservation activities such as law enforcement, tourism, and research is covered.
Impact on Individuals and Households
Authors: Haacker Markus
Published: August 2016

On the national level, there is no obvious correlation between GDP per capita or poverty indicators and HIV prevalence, but HIV prevalence is positively correlated with high income inequality (primarily because both are high in and around South Africa). Regarding the impact of HIV/AIDS, there is no obvious link between HIV prevalence and subsequent changes in poverty and inequality. Within countries, cross-sectional data do not yield a clear picture. HIV prevalence is consistently higher among women in countries where heterosexual transmission of HIV dominates, and tends to be higher among people with higher socioeconomic status or higher educational attainment, but not in all countries. However, the burden of HIV may shift to households with lower socioeconomic profile. On the household level, the adverse impacts of HIV/AIDS are well established, especially around the death of a household member, but surviving household members have tended to recover.
History and State of the Global Response to HIV/AIDS
Authors: Haacker Markus
Published: August 2016

The health impacts of HIV/AIDS, and concerns on the implications for economic development, resulted in an unprecedented global response, in terms of the resources committed to it, and the establishment of several dedicated international organizations (notably, UNAIDS and the Global Fund). The financial burden of HIV/AIDS follows a very regular pattern—80% of the variation in spending across countries can be explained by the ration of HIV prevalence to GDP per capita. This means than not only countries with very high HIV prevalence, but also certain low-income countries face a steep financing challenge. The chapter discusses the UNAIDS ‘investment framework’ and the drive towards ‘ending AIDS’, and closes with a discussion of the sustainability of the HIV/AIDS response, distinguishing epidemiological, financial, and political aspects.
Optimal HIV/AIDS Spending Allocations
Authors: Haacker Markus
Published: August 2016

This chapter discusses the design of optimal HIV/AIDS responses. It traces the evolving meaning of ‘combination HIV prevention’ and the perspectives introduced under the UNAIDS ‘investment framework’. Establishing an ‘optimal’ combination of HIV/AIDS interventions is an elusive task—there are multiple objectives, the slow disease progression and transmission dynamics mean that optimal spending patterns over a period need to be determined simultaneously, rather than one period at a time, and there is no obvious way of evaluating the endpoint—the state of HIV/AIDS and the HIV/AIDS response at the end of a policy period. The chapter discusses and develops best practice in assessing and improving the cost-effectiveness of specific HIV/AIDS programmes, by identifying the contributions of its components to outcomes and costs, and testing whether cost-effectiveness can be improved by re-allocating resources. The chapter closes with a discussion of some studies using optimization techniques more fundamentally.
Sustainable Domestic Financing
Authors: Haacker Markus
Published: August 2016

This chapter develops a fiscal perspective on HIV/AIDS financing, placing the spending needs under the HIV/AIDS response in the context of competing policy objectives. It discusses the consistency of the HIV/AIDS programme with fiscal sustainability, interpreting the costs of the HIV/AIDS response as a fiscal quasi-liability. Some ongoing work on improving the efficiency of the delivery of HIV/AIDS services is reviewed—from the fiscal perspective developed here, realizing such efficiency gains does not only serve to reduce spending needs, but also to place HIV/AIDS interventions higher on the government’s pecking order. Three options for financing additional domestic HIV/AIDS spending are discussed—cutting expenditures in other areas (or having them grow more slowly than otherwise), additional taxes, and borrowing.
Industrial Policy in Nigeria
Authors: Chete Louis N. , Adeoti John O. , Adeyinka Foluso M. , Ogundele Femi Oladapo
Published: August 2016

The structure of the Nigerian economy is typical of an underdeveloped country. Between 2011 and 2012, the primary sector, in particular the oil and gas sector, dominated GDP, accounting for over 95 per cent of export earnings and about 85 per cent of government revenue. The industrial sector accounts for 6 per cent of economic activity, while in 2011, the manufacturing sector contributed only 4 per cent to GDP. The economic transformation agenda, otherwise known as Nigeria Vision 20:2020, sets out the direction for current industrial policy in Nigeria. The industrialization strategy aims at achieving greater global competitiveness in the production of processed and manufactured goods by linking industrial activity with primary sector activity, domestic and foreign trade, and service activity.
Industrial Development in Tanzania
Authors: Msami Jamal , Wangwe Samuel
Published: August 2016

Tanzania’s industrial sector has evolved through various stages since independence in 1961, from nascent and undiversified to state-led import substitution industrialization, and subsequently to deindustrialization under structural adjustment programmes and policy reforms. The current development agenda, however, has brought industrial development back to be one of the policy priorities. This chapter aims at examining the performance of the manufacturing sector, with particular interest in identifying the emerging manufacturing sub-sectors, the drivers of their success, and challenges for sustained competitiveness. The growth in manufacturing notwithstanding, it remains largely undiversified, and vulnerable to variations in agricultural production and commodity prices. The most dynamic sub-sectors in terms of output growth, export growth, production innovation, and product diversity are food products, plastic and rubber, chemicals, basic metal work, and non-metallic mineral products.
Tunisia
Authors: Ayadi Mohamed , Mattoussi Wided
Published: August 2016

After independence in 1956, most French civil servants withdrew from Tunisia leaving a large vacuum. The primary goal of the incoming government was to rebuild institutions and the civil service. At the time, Tunisia’s manufacturing was artisanal, dependent on agriculture, food processing, and mining. Breaking free of this mould at the beginning of the 1960s required the adoption of a corporatist structure. The economy was left to depend excessively on the public sector, which advanced import substitution. The eventual failure of this unsustainable model of collectivism led in 1969 to a strategy of combining import substitution, private sector development, and export promotion. Heavy industry, transport, water, and electricity were left to the state. Opportunities for the private sector were limited to textiles and tourism.
Can Africa Industrialize?
Authors: Newman Carol , Page John , Rand John , Shimeles Abebe , Soderbom Mans , Tarp Finn
Published: August 2016

Sub-Saharan Africa began its post-independence economic development with a strong commitment to industry. The terms of trade shocks and economic crises of the 1980s brought with them two decades of macroeconomic stabilization, trade liberalization, and privatization. Growth was slow and uncertain and there was little private investment in industry. When Africa re-emerged around the turn of the twenty-first century, African industry was no longer competing with the high-wage industrial north. It was competing with Asia. Slow growth and fiscal austerity also meant that there was a growing gap in the basics—infrastructure, human capital, and institutions—between Africa and the rest of the developing world. The initial conditions for industrialization were less favourable in relative terms than they had been in the 1960s. From the point of view of industrial development the timing of the region’s economic decline and recovery was unlucky to say the least.
Employees, Employers, and Beyond
Authors: Prassl Jeremias , Albin Einat
Published: August 2016

English law has come to identify employees and employers as parties privy to the contract of employment. The relevant statutory provisions are of surprisingly little assistance in defining and identifying employees and employers. Instead, the task is left to the common law, drawing on the contract of employment or service. The chapter explores those problems, as viewed through the lens of the role of the contract of employment in defining which parties, if any, will be able to come within the scope of employment law norms in any particular setting. The received bilateral and personal understanding of the structure of the contract of employment has been the main driver behind its narrow definition of the concepts of employee and employer alike, shaping the relevant common-law tests in a way which excludes many complex employment settings from labour law’s protective scope, or placing them with limited degrees of legal protection.
Formation of the Contract of Employment
Authors: Deakin Simon
Published: August 2016

The rules on the formation of the contract of employment in English law are idiosyncratic: English law allows the contract of employment to be agreed without written formalities, but then, through legislation, requires the employer to notify the employee of certain terms and conditions of employment in a written statement. The statement records the contract but is not synonymous with it, producing a divergence between the written particulars and the substance of the legally binding agreement. The terms of the contract are derived from multiple sources including collective agreements and work rules, but not, in principle, from the written statement itself. This divergence is bound up with the structure of the contract of employment, revealing the way that English law defines this fundamental juridical form, and the relationship between different sources of labour law.
Sardinian
Authors: Mensching Guido , Remberger Eva-Maria
Published: August 2016

After a brief outline of the principal episodes in the external history and attempts at standardization, the chapter surveys the principal aspects of phonology, morphology and syntax of Sardinian and its dialects (notably Logudorese, Nuorese, and Campidanese). It covers: vowels systems; consonant systems; sandhi phenomena; stress and other suprasegmental features (including paragogic vowels); nominal and verbal inflectional morphology; word formation; the syntax of the nominal group and of the verbal group; auxiliary selection; the syntax of the clause and the basic properties of the clause; valency-changing operations; finite subordination; non-finite constructions (inlcuding finite marking on infinitives); information structure; illocutionary force.