bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ecology of the cold-adapted species Nebria germari (Coleoptera: Carabidae): the role of supraglacial stony debris as refugium during the current interglacial period
Authors: Valle Barbara , Ambrosini Roberto , Caccianiga Marco , Gobbi Mauro
Published: January 2021

In the current scenario of climate change, cold-adapted insects are among the most threatened organisms in high-altitude habitats of the Alps. Upslope shifts and changes in phenology are two of the most investigated responses to climate change, but there is an increasing interest in evaluating the presence of high-altitude landforms acting as refugia. Nebria germari Heer, 1837 (Coleoptera: Carabidae) is a hygrophilic and cold-adapted species that still exhibits large populations on supraglacial debris of the Eastern Alps. This work aims at describing the ecology and phenology of the populations living on supraglacial debris. To this end, we analysed the populations from three Dolomitic glaciers whose surfaces are partially covered by stony debris. We found that supraglacial debris is characterised by more stable colder and wetter conditions than the surrounding debris slopes and by a shorter snow-free period. The populations found on supraglacial debris were spring breeders, differently from those documented in the 1980s on Dolomitic high alpine grasslands, which were reported as autumn breeders. Currently, Nebria germari seems, therefore, to find a suitable habitat on supraglacial debris, where micrometeorological conditions are appropriate for its life-cycle and competition and predation are reduced.
Artificial Intelligence Technology: Global Experience of Its Development
Authors: Begishev Ildar
Published: January 2021

Representatives of the industry of development and application of artificial intelligence technologies are increasingly aware of both the opportunities and risks associated with the use of AI. However, there is no consensus in society on the control and oversight processes that should be introduced to ensure safe deployment of AI systems. In general, it can be stated that as the number of systems with artificial intelligence that process citizens personal data increases, the issue of the ethics of their use for various purposes is increasingly coming up. Further progress is impossible without forming the ethical basis for the use of artificial intelligence systems and the principles of processing personal data. Public legal institutions are already actively involved in the ethical regulation of artificial intelligence. However, we should also remember that excessive restrictions on access to data can slow down the development of artificial intelligence technologies, which the tech giants constantly pay attention to. A well-thought-out legal framework in the field of artificial intelligence technologies and its application will allow maintaining a balance between regulating the volume and degree of anonymity of personal data without imposing numerous prohibitions. But such legislation, unfortunately, has not yet been created in any country of the world.
Pervasive skills and accounting graduates' employment prospects: Are South African employers calling for pervasive skills when recruiting?
Authors: Mhlongo Favourite
Published: January 2021

In response to the pressures of globalisation and information technology, accounting practitioners are generally expected to demonstrate greater capacity in pervasive or generic skills. Universities offering accounting programmes in South Africa have revised accounting degree curricula to provide an added focus on pervasive skills. However, it remains unclear whether such interventions strengthen the position of accounting graduates in the job-seeking process, nor is it clear which of the many possible pervasive skills are relevant for employers. Through content analysis of online advertised accounting vacancies, this quantitative study sought to investigate whether employers do call for pervasive skills when recruiting accounting graduates and, if so, which of these skills are most sought after. The findings indicate that, indeed, employers generally specified pervasive skills, and that oral and written communication and critical thinking were the most sought-after of these skills for accounting-related employment in South Africa.
Meeting the challenges first year engineering graphic design pre-service teachers encounter when they read and interpret assembly drawing
Authors: Sotsaka Douglas , Singh-Pillay Asheena
Published: January 2021

In this qualitative study, we explored the challenges first year engineering graphics and design (EGD) pre-service teachers (PSTs) encounter when they read and interpret assembly drawings (ADs). Vygotsky's zone of proximal development framed this study. Purposive sampling was used to generate data from twenty-one first year EGD PSTs using a think-aloud task and individual semi-structured interviews. We subjected the data to content analysis. The findings reveal that first year EGD PSTs, when they attempt to read and interpret ADs, encounter five challenges that have implications for the teaching of EGD with regard to scaffolding the development of spatial visual ability in first year EGD PSTs.
Isolation of Nuclei from Adult Human Brain Tissue for 10x Genomics Platform v1
Authors: Institute for Brain Science Allen
Published: January 2021

Isolation of nuclei from frozen adult human brain tissue or thawed and microdissected brain tissue sections for RNA-seq analysis. Note: Research reported in this publication was supported by the National Institute Of Mental Health of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number U01MH114812. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.
Protocols for "Linking gut microbiome to bone mineral density: a shotgun metagenomic study of 361 eldly women" v1
Authors: Wang Qi , Sun Qiang , Li Xiaoping , Wang Zhefeng , Zheng Haotian , Ju Yanmei , Guo Ruijin , Peng Songlin , Jia Huijue
Published: January 2021

Bone mass loss contributes to the risk of bone fracture in the elderly. Many factors including age, obesity, estrogen and diet, are associated with bone mass loss. Mice studies suggested that the gut microbiome might affect the bone mass by regulating the immune system, however there has been little evidence from human studies. Bone loss increases after menopause. Therefore, we have recruited 361 Chinese post-menopausal women to collect their fecal samples and metadata to conduct metagenome-wide association study (MWAS) to investigate the influence of the gut microbiome on bone health. Gut microbiome sequencing data were produced using BGISEQ500 sequencing, Bone mineral density (BMD) was calculated using Hologic dual energy X-ray machine, body mass index (BMI) and age were also recorded.This collected data allows exploration of the gut microbial diversity and their links to bone mass loss, as well as microbial markers for bone mineral density. In addition, these data are potentially useful in studying the role the gut microbiota might play in bone mass loss and in exploring the bone mass loss process.
10xV3 Genomics Sample Processing Protocol v2
Authors: Institute for Brain Science Allen
Published: January 2021

Protocol allows for rapid generation of 3’ transcriptomic-NGS-ready- single-cell-libraries from pools of cells. Note: Research reported in this publication was supported by the National Institute Of Mental Health of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number U19MH114830. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.
Use of Low Dos Aspirin in Women with Increased Risk of Preeclampsia
Authors:   Assistant Professor, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Government Medical College, Bhavnagar, Gujarat, India, Vaghela Dr. Chetna R , Sarvaiya Dr. Vipul Nanjibhai ,   Assistant Professor, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Government Medical College, Bhavnagar, Gujarat, India
Published: January 2021

Introduction: The role of aspirin in the primary or secondary prevention of preeclampsia has beenthe subject of numerous studies and great controversy. Our aim reports on LDA usage rates bywomen with an increased PE risk, as well as on determinants and reasons given for use and non‐use. Material and Method: In this multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, the currentstudy randomly assigned 2100 women with singleton pregnancies who were at high risk for pretermpreeclampsia to receive aspirin, at a dose of 150 mg per day, or placebo from 11 to 14 weeks ofgestation until 36 weeks of gestation. The primary outcome was delivery with preeclampsia before37 weeks of gestation. The analysis was performed according to the intention-to-treat principle.Results: Preterm preeclampsia occurred in 13 participants (1.6%) in the aspirin group, as comparedwith 35 (4.3%) in the placebo group (odds ratio in the aspirin group, 0.38; 95% confidence interval,0.20 to 0.74; P=0.004). Results were materially unchanged in a sensitivity analysis that took intoaccount participants who had withdrawn or were lost to follow-up. Conclusion: This randomizedtrial showed that among women with singleton pregnancies who were identified using first-trimesterscreening as being at high risk for preterm preeclampsia, the administration of aspirin at a dose of150 mg per day from 11 to 14 weeks of gestation until 36 weeks of gestation resulted in asignificantly lower incidence of preterm preeclampsia than that with placebo.
Assessment of acute pancreatitis using the CT severity index and modified CT severity index
Authors:   Associate Professor, Al Ameen Medical College, Vijayapur, Bijapur, Karnataka, India, Ahmed Dr. MD Atik , Ahemad Dr. MD Toufik ,   Junior Resident, Navodaya Medical College, Raichur, Karnataka, India, Ahmed Dr. MD Mustak ,   Junior Resident, Al Ameen Medical College, Vijayapur, Bijapur, Karnataka, India
Published: January 2021

Background: To assess the severity of acute pancreatitis (AP) using computed tomography (CT)severity index (CTSI) and modified CT severity index (MCTSI), to correlate with clinical outcomemeasures, and to assess concordance with severity grading, as per the revised Atlanta classification(RAC). Material and Methods: This is a prospective study, conducted from August 2019 to July2020, in the Department of Radiology, Al Ameen Medical College. A total of 70 patients referred fromthe Department of Medicine and Department of Surgery, presented with the chief complaint ofepigastric pain, nausea and vomiting and CECT abdomen were suggestive of acute pancreatitis wereincluded in this study. Assessment of severity of acute pancreatitis was done in all cases byBalthazar CTSI scoring and Mortele Modified CTSI scoring. Results: In the present study total 70cases of acute pancreatitis cases were included in the study. These patients underwent CT abdomenand pelvis, later images were reviewed by the radiologist. The maximum patients were in the agegroup of 21 to 40 years [n=33 (47.1%)]. Majority of the cases were categorized as mild pancreatitisaccording to Balthazar CTSI score. Majority of the cases were categorized as severe pancreatitisusing the Modified Mortele CTS score. Whereas, organ failure, moderate and severe category inmodified Mortele CTSI, mild, moderate, severe category in Balthazar CTSI. Conclusion: Inconclusion CECT was found to be an excellent imaging modality for diagnosis, establishing theextent of the disease process and in grading its severity.
Psicologia vocacional no ensino da psicologia em Portugal
Authors: Castro Inês , Soares Joana , Silva Ana Daniela , Marques Cátia
Published: January 2021

O presente estudo procura perceber a representatividade da Psicologia Vocacional nos cursos de Psicologia lecionados no ano letivo 2019/20 em Portugal. Recorreu-se a análises de frequência e de conteúdo das unidades curriculares de cada curso, de forma a distribuí-las pelas especialidades gerais e avançada de Psicologia Vocacional e Desenvolvimento da Carreira, definidas pela Ordem dos Psicólogos Portugueses. Entre 173 instituições de ensino superior português, 31 ministram cursos de Psicologia, perfazendo um total de 109 cursos. Destes, 26 são licenciaturas, 55 mestrados, cinco mestrados integrados e 23 doutoramentos. Das 1.167 unidades curriculares analisadas, entre os 46 cursos selecionados, constatou-se que aproximadamente 2.7% abordam temáticas da Psicologia Vocacional e do Desenvolvimento de Carreira. Isto demonstra a necessidade de afirmar esta área no ensino da Psicologia, de forma a promover competências-chave essenciais à gestão pessoal de carreira. Assim, os/as psicólogos/as estarão capazes de enfrentar múltiplos desafios de carreira e intervir junto da comunidade.
Cybercrime in the Context of Cellular Telephone Scams
Authors: Pahrudin Pajar
Published: January 2021

Technological advancement comes with both positive and negative impacts to the society, including the cybercrime. The main problems discussed in this study is regulation of criminal acts of scams committed through electronic media, particularly SMS, as well as the efforts to handle such crime in accordance with applicable legal provisions, both based on the Criminal Code and based on Law Number 11 of 2008 on Electronic Information and Transactions that has been amended by Law no. 19 of 2016. This study applies the Normative Legal Research method. The results showed that the criminal act of scams committed online was in principle similar to that of conventional fraud, the only difference being the means of action, namely using an electronic system, namely computers, the internet, or cellular telecommunication devices. Based on the prevailing legal provisions, online fraud can be treated similar to that conventional offenses stipulated in the Criminal Code (KUHP), so that the case handling process is also based both on the Criminal Code and Electronic Information and Transactions law
Zróżnicowanie, pojawianie się i powracanie patogenów wirusowych: przeszłość, teraźniejszość, przyszłość
Authors: Figas Agnieszka
Published: January 2021

Wirusy i choroby wirusowe od dekad znajdują się w centrum zainteresowania nauki, a niektóre z naszych największych wyzwań i osiągnięć dotyczą zagadnień wirusologii. Przypadki nowo pojawiających się i nawracających zakażeń stanowią istotny problem i niekiedy ogromne wyzwanie dla zdrowia publicznego. Pomimo znacznych postępów w zrozumieniu biologii patogenów, molekularnych mechanizmów patogenezy, przełomów w profilaktyce tych zakażeń oraz ich wpływu na zdrowie publiczne i gospodarkę światową, pojawianie się nowych wirusów pandemicznych pozostaje nie do końca wyjaśnione. Niniejsza praca przeglądowa prezentuje aktualny stan wiedzy na temat nowo pojawiających się infekcji wirusowych na świecie – w tym m.in. ostatnich epidemii SARS-CoV-2, MERS, ZIKV – omawiając ich możliwe pochodzenie, ewolucję, naturalny rezerwuar, mechanizmy adaptacji do organizmu człowieka oraz potencjalne czynniki ryzyka.
Second-Hand Clothe, a New Threat for Acquiring Parasitic Infection
Authors: RAKHSHANPOUR Arash , AGHAHOSSEIN SHIRAZY Abolghasem , SHAFIEI Reza , RAHIMI Mohammad Taghi
Published: January 2021

The article's abstract is not available.
Recommendations for a Better Control of Seizures in Epileptic Patients
Authors: SALEHIZADEH Saeideh
Published: January 2021

The article's abstract is not available.
Iranian Journal of Public Health Half a Century of Service to the Health of Iran and the Region
Authors: FARHUD Dariush D.
Published: January 2021

The article's abstract is not available.
Using Multinomial Logistic Regression for Modeling Obesity and Overweight Among People in Urban Area of Ardabil City, Ardabil, Iran
Authors: Amani Firouz , Tabrizian Shervin , Zakeri Anahita , Pirzadeh Akbar , Zeynizadeh Somayeh
Published: January 2021

Introduction: Overweight and obesity are defined as abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that may impair health and increase the risk of more diseases in future. Body mass index (BMI) is a good method for measure the overweight and obesity and waist to hip ration is a good index for measure the abdominal obesity.
Methods: This cross-sectional study was done on 1316 people who selected randomly from Ardabil city. Demographic data and anthropometric parameters such as age,sex, height, weight, waist circumference and hip circumference were measured by interviewers. Data were analyzed by statistical methods such as t-test, chisquare test, Pearson correlation and multinomial logistic regression model in SPSS version 21.
Results: The mean age of the people was 28.5±7.4 years of them, 63.1% were in age group 20-30 years. The mean height of the samples was 162.7±8.6 cm in range 110-194 and the mean weight of them was 68.9±11.7 kg in range 43-111. The mean BMI of patients was 25.7. According to BMI, 35.6% of all samples had overweight and 18.6% had obesity. According to the WHR, 28.1% of male and 22.1% of female had high WHR (abdominal obesity). The prevalence of abdominal obesity based WHR was 25.2%.
Conclusion: By using Multinomial Logistic Regression we showed that the relation between BMI and Age was positive and significant and by increasing one year at age of people, the rate of overweight increased 13% and the rate of obesity increased 17% in compare with normal patients.
Comparing COVID-19 Among some Highly Affected States in the United States of America
Authors: M. Sabillon Christopher , I. Guzman Christina , I. Guzman Christina , Kibria B. M. Golam
Published: January 2021

Introduction: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a respiratory disease caused by the coronavirus SARSCoV-2, has had an immense impact on a variety of sectors both worldwide and nationwide. Vast differences are observed among states within the United States of America in terms of COVID-19 cases and deaths.
Objective: The objective of this paper is to present a means through which we can compare deaths between multiple states, using the index date approach applied by Middelburg and Rosendaal.
Materials and Methods: Using the CDC COVID-19 tracker, we created two sets of ten states focusing on states with (1) the highest number of deaths and (2) the highest number of deaths per 100,000. We applied features of the authors’ technique in order to compare deaths between certain states through visualizations. We referred to the cumulative number of deaths on each day from January 21st, 2020 to September 30th, 2020, as a percentage of the cumulative deaths 40 days after the first death.
Results and Discussion: Comparability was established by synchronizing each state to a baseline date, which allows us to adjust for issues that arise from the scales used within a standard cumulative deaths graph, such as a tendency to be driven by the states with the highest cumulative number of deaths. This technique also normalized each state to a standard start date.
Conclusion: This paper shows the application of a technique that allows for clearer comparisons of COVID19 related deaths between states, as opposed to the use of a standard cumulative deaths graphs.
Validity and Reliability of American College of Healthcare Executive Competencies Assessment Tool for the Managers of Healthcare Networks in Zanjan Province
Authors: Mohammadi Fatemeh , Mahmoodi Mahmood , Farahani Majdabadi , Nazarimanesh Leila , Jamaleddin Seyed
Published: January 2021

Introduction: The importance of using the competent managers in the healthcare system, shows the need to recognize their competencies and having standards to measure competencies. In this regard, the purpose of this article is to determine the validity and reliability of the competency assessment tool of the American College of Health Care Executives for the managers of healthcare networks in Zanjan province.
Methods: This study is a descriptive-analytical study in which data collection was performed using the American College of Health Care Executives Competencies Assessment tool. This tool was provided to 30 healthcare management professors and experts, in Zanjan province. To investigate the validity, internal consistency and repeatability Content Validation methods, Cronbach's Alpha coefficient and Retesting were used respectively. Data were analyzed using Excel 2010 and SPSS 18 software.
Results: The results showed that 235 out of 302 questions related to the American College of Health Care Executives Competencies Assessment tool had low content validity and should be rejected. The content validity index of the final questionnaire was calculated to be 0.84, which is acceptable. The results also showed that the final questionnaire was reliable with α=0.98 and repeatable.
Conclusion: Utilizing a framework to assess the competencies of healthcare network managers can be of benefit in choosing qualified managers. According to the results of this study, the provided tool shows a desirable reliability and a fairly convenient validity to be used in healthcare networks of Zanjan province.
Prevalence and Risk Factors of Depression among Adult Type 2 Diabetic Patients at Al-Jemaih Diabetic Center, Dongola, Northern State, Sudan, 2019
Authors: Abdelaziz Mohamed Osman , Alzain Mohamed Ali , Abdalkhaleg Mohammed Abdalmageed
Published: January 2021

Background: Type 2 diabetes and depression are common diseases with bidirectional associations. Depression in diabetics leads to poor adherence to diet and medication, poor glycemic control, reduced quality of life, and increased diabetes-related healthcare expenditure. This study aimed at evaluating diabetic patients with depression to improve the quality of care delivered. Materials and Methods: An institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted among adult type 2 diabetics at Al-Jemaih Diabetic Center, Dongola, in July–December 2019A standardized pretested questionnaire was used to collect data, and the depression subscale of the Patient Health Questionnaire was used to diagnose depression. Chi-square test and logistic regression were used to analyze the data using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 25.0. Results: Out of the 407 participants, 282 (69.3%) were females, and more than half were aged between 40 and 59 years. The prevalence of depression among type 2 diabetic patients was 35.6%, ranging from mild (24.3%) to moderate (7.4%), moderately severe (2.2%), and severe depression (1.7%). The risk factors associated with depression in type 2 diabetes were: combining antidiabetic therapy, long duration of diabetes, family history of psychiatric illness, diabetes-related complications, poor glycemic control, and lack of regular exercise. Conclusion: More than a third of type 2 diabetics have depression. Screening diabetic patients for depression, establishing a psychiatric unit at the diabetic center, and community-based studies are recommended.
Key words: diabetes mellitus, depression, Dongola, Northern State
LINGUISTIC IDENTITY AND THE IRISH POLITICAL CONFLICT IN BRIAN FRIEL'S TRANSLATIONS: A CULTURAL PERSPECTIVE
Authors: Kitishat Amal Riyadh , Alkayid Majd
Published: January 2021

Purpose of the study: The study will shed light on Friel's political and national doctrines. The premise of this paper is to define and address the politics of language and language role as a cultural marker in Friel's Translations (1980). The study aims at showing the cultural and political dimensions of linguistic identity.

Methodology: The methodology adopted in this study is New Historicism. Friel related the historical and cultural context in Ireland to the political scene; the North Irish conflict in particular. Also, the study applied Post-Colonialism as a methodology since translation from Irish to English is not placed in a linguistic form; rather Friel sees it as a betrayal to the Irish national identity.

Main Findings: The study proved Friel's Translations comes as an affirmation of Friel's cultural and political visions which presented Irish conflict in a dramatic form, yet it proclaims symptomatic employment of the political conflict in North Ireland. The study concludes that the recurrence of the national themes confirmed Friel's plain awareness of the national identity.

Applications of this study: The findings of this study are useful for researchers who are interested in researching the relation between language and politics. Many politicians have carefully chosen certain expressions either to clarify or mislead people by their language. It would be relevant to investigate the pragmatical aspect of language about political situations.

Novelty/Originality of this study: This study benefits researcher interested in tracing the cultural depth of the language where culture and politics are interrelated to form an independent identity. The importance of the study is related to its treatment of the issue of translation from the language of the colonized to the language of the colonizer as an act of treason to one's national identity.
Fremdsprachenlernen zwischen Metakognitionen und Emotionen
Authors: Nerlicki Krzysztof
Published: January 2021

Metakognition wird häufig als „Kognition über Kognition“ bezeichnet. Dieser Beitrag thematisiert die Rolle von metakognitiven Prozessen beim Lernen und beim Gebrauch von Fremdsprachen. Im Zentrum des Forschungsinteresses stehen Auffassungen der Lernenden hinsichtlich der Spezifik des Fremdsprachenlernens sowie die Emotionen, die die Lern- und Kommunikationsprozesse begleiten. Nach dem theoretischen Teil, in dem ausgewählte Aspekte der Lernerauffassungen und deren Erforschung überblicksweise präsentiert werden, wird eine qualitative Untersuchung dargestellt, die unter polnischen Germanistikstudierenden durchgeführt wurde. Die schriftlich fixierten Erfahrungen der Studierenden (vor allem in Bezug auf die Sprechfertigkeit) geben zahlreiche Einblicke in deren Auffassungsstruktur und die auftretenden Emotionen. Schlussfolgernd wird für eine unterrichtlich gesteuerte Initiierung von metakognitiven Prozessen plädiert.
Triumphe des Heidentums: Bildende Kunst in Frank Wedekinds "Franziska"
Authors: Firaza Joanna
Published: January 2021

Frank Wedekinds ,Denken in Bildern‘ lässt sich im späten Stück Franziska (1911) besonders gut verfolgen. Zum einen manifestiert sich die Visualisierungstendenz in der tableauartigen Szenen-Choreographie, zum anderen in zahlreichen Bildzitaten, mit denen der Autor zum zeitgenössischen Kunstdiskurs Stellung bezieht. Die kunstgeschichtlichen Bezüge umfassen die breite Palette von der Renaissance, über die Präraffaeliten bis zur Kunst der 10er Jahre des 20. Jahrhunderts, womit ein reichhaltiges Bildarchiv mit u.a. Faust-, Helena-, Mignon-, Eva- und Maria-Figurationen eröffnet wird. Die visuellen Zitate fungieren als ein ironisches Korrektiv der christlichen Tradition, womit sich Wedekind als Sensualist in der Nachfolge der Antike profiliert.
Sociology and Sport, the Analysis of Social Grounds Affecting the Tendency of Citizens Toward the Public Sport in Iran: Case Study: the City of Kerman in 2020
Authors: sanatkhah alireza
Published: January 2021

The present study has been done using the Survey Research. The research sample scale equals 400 people, besides its statistical population is included the 15-year population and most of the city of Kerman in 2020. The method of multistage-cluster-stratified sampling was used in five districts of the city of Kerman, moreover the results have been analyzed by SPSS and AMOSS16 software, and only is one model fitted with reality among five models of designed path. The results of analysis of path diagram indicate that other coefficients of the path all of them are significant except the direct impact of one's image of the body on sport-based cultural capital and social class on the tendency toward the public sport. Other results of the study suggest that sport-based socio-economic capital leaves an indirect effect on sport-based cultural capital by which the tendency of citizens toward the sport grows up. At that showing athletic advertisements in the media are effective on the tendency of citizens to public sport.
Reduced Breeding Success Suggests Trophic Mismatch Despite Timely Arrival in an Alpine Songbird
Authors: Sander Martha , Chamberlain Dan , Mermillon Camille , Alba Riccardo , Jähnig Susanne , Rosselli Domenico , Lisovski Simeon
Published: January 2021

A steady advance in the onset of spring is one of the most prominent footprints of climate warming and requires organisms, including migratory birds, to adapt their annual routines. As lower trophic levels typically adapt faster than higher trophic levels, observations of reduced fitness due to trophic mismatches are becoming more frequent, especially in long-distance migratory birds. We aimed to identify key phenological events, and quantify potential mismatches and their consequences in a migratory songbird population of the Northern wheatear (Oenanthe oenanthe) breeding at high elevations in the European Alps.We used light-level geolocators to track wheatears, and collected information on individual breeding activity and breeding success as well as environmental conditions during the reproductive season. In addition, we used citizen science data and remote sensed images to quantify longer term phenological trends.Snow melt and green-up showed an exceptionally early spring in the study region in 2020, preceded by a relatively average year in 2019. Yet, tracked individuals arrived well before the snowmelt in 2020 and clutch initiation dates across the population were earlier in 2020 compared to 2019. However, this shift lagged behind the advance in environmental conditions. While hatching success was similar in both years, fledging success and overall nest success was significantly reduced in 2020.Our results show that, despite the timely arrival at the breeding grounds, wheatears did not advance breeding activities in synchrony with environmental conditions during the exceptionally early year in 2020. The reduced fledging success suggests a trophic mismatch. However, the underlying mechanisms for hatchling mortality and nest failure remain unknown. Earlier reproductive seasons are expected to become more frequent in the future. We show that the negative effects of changing seasons in Alpine migratory birds might be similar to birds breeding at high latitudes, despite their shorter migratory distance.
Asymbiotic Germination of Mature Seeds and the Seed Development of Vanilla Planifolia
Authors: Yeh Chih-Hsin , Chen Kai-Yi , Lee Yung-I
Published: January 2021

Background: Vanilla planifolia is an important tropical orchid for production of natural vanilla flavor. Traditionally, V. planifolia is propagated by stem cuttings, which produces identical genotype that are sensitive to virulent pathogens. However, sexual propagation with seed germination of V. planifolia is intricate and unstable because of the extremely hard seed coat. A better understanding of seed development, especially the formation of impermeable seed coat would provide insights into seed propagation and conservation of genetic resources of Vanilla.Results: We found that soaking mature seeds in 4 % sodium hypochlorite solution from 75 to 90 min significantly increased germination and that immature seeds collected at 45 days after pollination (DAP) had the highest germination percentage. We then investigated the anatomical features during seed development that associated with the effect of seed pretreatment on raising seed germination percentage. The 45-DAP immature seeds have developed globular embryos and the thickened non-lignified cell wall at the outermost layer of the outer seed coat. After 60 DAP, the cell wall of the outermost layer of the outer seed coat became lignified and finally compressed into a thick envelope. These features matches the significant decreases of immature seed germination percentage after 60 DAP. Conclusion: We report a reliable protocol for seed pretreatment of mature seeds and for immature seeds culture based on a defined time schedule of V. plantifolia seed development. The thickened and lignified seed coat formed an impermeable envelope surrounding the embryo, and might play an important role in seed dormancy of V. plantifolia.
Minocycline Promotes Functional Recovery in Ischemic Stroke by Modulating Microglia Polarization Through STAT1/STAT6 Pathways
Authors: Lu Yunnan , Zhou Mingming , Li Yun , Li Yan , Hua Ye , Fan Yi
Published: January 2021

BackgroundIncreasing evidence suggests that microglia experience two distinct phenotypes after acute ischemic stroke (AIS): a deleterious M1 phenotype and a neuroprotective M2 phenotype. Promoting the phenotype shift of M1 microglia to M2 microglia is thought to improve functional recovery after AIS. Minocycline, a tetracycline antibiotic, can improve functional recovery after cerebral ischemia in pre-clinical and clinical research. However, the role and mechanisms of minocycline in microglia polarization is unclear.MethodsUsing the transient middle cerebral artery occlusion - reperfusion (MCAO/R) model, we treated mice with saline or different minocycline concentration (10, 25, or 50 mg/kg, i.p., daily for 2 wk) at 24 h after reperfusion. Neurobehavioral evaluation, rotarod test, and corner turning test were carried out on day 14 after reperfusion. Then, neuronal injury, reactive gliosis, and microglia polarization were performed on day 7 following MCAO/R. Finally, we treated primary microglial cultures with LPS (Lipopolysaccharide; 100 ng/mL) plus IFN-γ (20 ng/mL) 24 h to induce M1 phenotype and observed the effects of minocycline on the M1/M2-related mRNAs and the STAT1/STAT6 pathway.ResultsWe found that a 14-day treatment with minocycline increased the survival rate and promoted functional outcomes evaluated with neurobehavioral evaluation, rotarod test, and corner turning test. Meanwhile, minocycline reduced the brain infarct volume, alleviated neuronal injury, and suppressed reactive gliosis on day 7 following MCAO/R. Moreover, we observed an additive effect of minocycline on microglia polarization to the M1 and M2 phenotypes in vivo and in vitro. In the primary microglia, we further found that minocycline prevented neurons from OGD/R-induced cell death in neuron-microglia co-cultures via regulating M1/M2 microglia polarization through the STAT1/STAT6 pathway. ConclusionMinocycline promoted microglial M2 polarization and inhibited M1 polarization, leading to neuronal survival and neurological functional recovery. The findings deepen our understanding of the mechanisms underlying minocycline-mediated neuroprotection in AIS.
Modulatory Effects of Caffeine and Pentoxifylline on Aromatic Antibiotics: A Role for Heterocomplex Formation
Authors: Woziwodzka Anna , Krychowiak-Maśnicka Marta , Gołuński Grzegorz , Felberg Anna , Borowik Agnieszka , Wyrzykowski Dariusz , Piosik Jacek
Published: January 2021

Antimicrobial resistance is a major healthcare threat globally. Xanthines, including caffeine and pentoxifylline, are attractive candidates for drug repurposing, given their well-established safety and pharmacological profiles. This study aimed to analyze potential interactions between xanthines and aromatic antibiotics (i.e., tetracycline and ciprofloxacin), and their impact on antibacterial activity. UV-vis spectroscopy, statistical-thermodynamical modeling, and isothermal titration calorimetry were used to quantitatively evaluate xanthine-antibiotic interactions. The antibacterial profiles of xanthines and xanthine-antibiotic mixtures towards important human pathogens Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecium, Escherichia coli, Acinetobacter baumannii, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Enterobacter cloacae were examined. Caffeine and pentoxifylline directly interact with ciprofloxacin and tetracycline, with neighborhood association constant values of 15.8–45.6 M− 1 and enthalpy change values up to -4 kJ M− 1. Caffeine showed antibacterial activity (minimum inhibitory concentration, 4–8 mg/mL) toward Gram-negative bacteria. Caffeine enhanced the antibacterial activity of the tested antibiotics in most pathogens tested. Antagonistic effects of caffeine were observed only with ciprofloxacin toward Gram-positive pathogens. Xanthines interact with aromatic antibiotics at the molecular and in vitro antibacterial activity level. Given considerable exposure to caffeine and pentoxifylline, these interactions are relevant for the effectiveness of antibacterial pharmacotherapy, and may help to identify optimal treatment regimens in the era of multidrug resistance.
Performance enhancement of in-network probabilistic aggregation (PEPA) for vehicular ad-hoc networks
Authors: Kumar Rajeev , Kumar Dilip , Kumar Dinesh
Published: January 2021

In the current scenario of vehicular communication, it is very difficult to believe that the aggregated packet of information is not malicious. The algorithm is developed to allocate probability to the packet transmitted by the cluster head depending upon, the number of vehicles involved in creating a clustered information. The aggregated packet with the highest value of probabilistic correctness is considered by the receiving-end cluster head when multiple packets of similar information with related timestamps are received. The performance of the technique is tested under varying vehicular densities and data-sending rates. This scheme provides robust aggregation performance in comparison to the existing state-of-the-art structured and structure-free aggregation techniques.
Analysis of Students Satisfaction with Virtual Education in Medical Science University during the Pandemic Outbreak of COVID-19
Authors: OSMANİ Freshteh
Published: January 2021

Nowadays, owning to the failure of the Traditional Educational System, the only option left is the Virtual Educational, which will change the educational system at 180 degrees. The aim of this study was to investigate and evaluate the relationship between different factors associated with the level of satisfaction amongst students of Medical Science University during the pandemic outbreak of COVID-19. This cross-sectional study was performed among students of Birjand University of Medical Sciences in 2020. They completed the questionnaire was created using a Google platform and their answers was collected online. Satisfaction towards virtual educational learning plus total evaluation scores for various dimension of questionnaire was analyzed. A total of 320 out of 2700 students participated in the study voluntarily. Students’ satisfaction with blended method in teaching style was higher and significant than two separate styles (p<0.05), but there was no significant relationship between satisfaction level and some demographic characteristics. Also, the majority of participants (41.7%) have a medium level of Satisfaction. There was significant relationship between the amount of computer skills, Semester and sex with overall satisfaction (p<0.05). Students demonstrated a moderate satisfaction and positive attitude towards VR educational system which comprises of a “Virtual Learning Room” at home for both the teacher and student. To be able to implement education in medical universities in the coronavirus crisis, electronic and internet infrastructures need to be completed quickly, and officials should take steps to empower students and teachers to take advantage of this opportunity.
Complementarity of island cross-sea transport links: Bridges, ferries, and mobility in Zhoushan Archipelago, China
Authors: Grydehøj Adam , Zhang Huan
Published: January 2021

Islands and archipelagos are exceptionally dependent on the nature of their transport infrastructure, with cross-sea transport links being of fundamental importance for mobility. Traditionally, the island geography research literature has engaged in a binary and oppositional understanding of the relationship between fixed links such as bridges and tunnels on the one hand and waterborne transport such as ferries on the other. The present paper uses the case of Zhoushan Archipelago (Zhejiang Province, China) to challenge this perception of fixed links and waterborne transport as inherently conflictual by showing how these distinct modes of cross-sea transport have complemented one another and fundamentally altered archipelagic mobilities. We show that even transformative transport infrastructures do not necessarily simply replace existing infrastructures but may instead add to the complexity of the local transport network. In Zhoushan Archipelago, a vast network of new and future inter-island and island-mainland road and rail bridges and tunnels are altering local industry and society as well as the relationship between the archipelago and the mainland, yet ferries remain important for transport between islands and between certain islands and the mainland. We argue that it is fruitful to consider the potential complementarity of different kinds of cross-sea transport links.
Stakeholder perception on the Sea Turtle conservation in the Gili Matra Tourism Area, Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara
Authors: Jupri Ahmad , Putri Baiq Riyan Anggriani , Ahyadi Hilman , Zamroni Yuliadi
Published: January 2021

The conservation of sea turtles in a nature-based tourism area is significant to enhance sustainability of the sea turtle population in the wild. Small islands in Lombok Island chains, the Gili Matra, are one of the significant habitats for turtles, and the island is recognized as one of the islands with fastest tourism growth in Indonesia. The research aims to explore the stakeholders’ perspectives in sea turtle conservation in Gili Matra, Lombok. Focus group discussion was implemented to identify the stakeholder perspective. Literature survey was carried out to generate related data concerning sea turtle population and its habitat quality in Gili Matra. The result of this study indicates that stakeholders can identify three species of sea turtle in Gili Matra waters, namely the green sea turtle (Chelonia mydas), the Hawksbill Turtle (Eretmochelys imbricate), and the ridley sea turtle (Lepydochely olivacea). Stakeholders state that between 1990 and 2017, there was reduction in the population size in Gili Matra. Factors related to the decrease of population in Gili Matra include decrease of habitat quality and human activity. Some recommendations were made, including increasing socialization and campaign, providing tools and facility to support conservation action, controlling unsustainable practice of fish collection, strengthening the implementation of regulation, and providing training and technical assistance to the local community and local office.
Understanding the Tradition of Male Calf Release in Tambakan Village of Bali Island, Indonesia from the Perspective of History, Religion, Environment Sustainability and Food Security
Authors: Puspawati Luh Putu , Swastika I Made , Pemayun Tjokorda Udiana Nindhia , Nindhia Tjokorda Gde Tirta
Published: January 2021

Historically the tradition of male calf release in Tambakan Villlage was initiated from the vow of the defeated soldier of the kingdom of Buleleng over the kingdom of Bangli in the Island of Bali in the region of present day Indonesia. The defeated soldiers of Buleleng were hiding in the forest around the presentday village of Tambakan, Buleleng, Bali. All the soldiers vowed to the Deity dwelling in the forest to hand over a male calf if they survived the pursuit of the enemy. In the end, the enemy could not find them and the soldiers remained in the forest and continued their lives there. The village was named as Tambakan, meaning a buffer of enemy attack. The village was surrounded by a fence made from bamboo during that time. The soldiers then paid their vows by releasing male calves into the forest. This historical incident then developed to become a belief of the local peoples that if they vow to release a male calf to the Deity, then their wish will be fulfilled. Indeed many wishes of the people did come true when they released a male calf to the forest. Consequently, the population of the bulls increased in the forest, and by the influence of the Hindu Tantra sect, about 23 bulls from the forest are taken out every 2 years to be sacrificed in the temples addressed to Goddess of Durga. The meat of the sacrificed bulls is then distributed to the members of the village to be consumed. The releases of male calves gives benefit to environmental sustainability and the distribution of the meat after sacrificing guarantees food security for the people.
Requirements to respiratory protection for workers (World practices reviewed)
Authors:   All-Russian Research Institute of Railway Hygiene, Bldg. 1, 1 Pakgauznoe shosse, Moscow, 125438, Russian Federation, Kaptsov V.A. , Chirkin A.V. ,   «Beta PRO» LLC, Bldg. 6, 2 2-ya Kabel'naya Str., Moscow, 111024, Russian Federation
Published: January 2021

A great number of workplaces in Russia do not conform to sanitary-hygienic requirements and it results in wide use of personal respiratory protective equipment (PRPE). Choice on such equipment and its application are not regulated by the existing legislation in the RF in great detail as it is the case in developed countries. As a result, employers apply PRPE that is not efficient enough, or such equipment is not used properly, and it leads to diseases occurrence. Our research goal was to reveal requirements to PRPE application which, when met, would reduce risks for workers’ life and health as greatly as it is only possible. Our research object was personal respiratory protective equipment (PRPE). We compared requirements to selecting and applying PRPE in the USA, Australia, Great Britain, Canada, and West Germany and also took into account requirement and experts’ recommendations existing in several other countries. When comparing, we tried to focus on key elements that determined whether PRPE applied in due time was able to prevent exposure to air contamination. Such key elements included choice on PRPE suitable for work under extremely hazardous conditions; permissible application of PRPE with different structure (expected protective efficiency); individual selection and testing whether a mask is fit for a face; timely replacement of respirator filters; requirements to skills of workers and their supervisors. Our research revealed that results of PRPE application and requirements fixed for employers were most comprehensively estimated and well-grounded in the USA. The most favorable situation with quality and availability of materials on how to select and apply PRPE for workers, specialists, and supervisors is also in the USA. Results obtained via the performed comparison allow recommending US Standard 29 CFR 1910.134 as a basis for developing similar requirements in Russia.
DESOBEDIÊNCIA EPISTÊMICA, FILOSOFIA DO SUL E A CRÍTICA DECOLONIAL À RACIONALIDADE MODERNA
Authors: Kettuly Massahud de Carvalho Rayann
Published: January 2021

O presente trabalho busca contribuir para a realização de uma reflexão sobre o que é compreendido como conhecimento válido na modernidade, bem como sobre a relação entre modernidade, colonialidade e o papel desempenhado pela filosofia e pelos direitos humanos no encobrimento da violência colonial. A partir desse diagnóstico, defende a necessidade e a possibilidade da consolidação do projeto decolonial de uma filosofia do Sul, que possibilita a realização de um diálogo simétrico entre o Sul e o Norte global. No mesmo sentido, apresenta a proposta de uma postura de desobediência epistêmica como o ferramental capaz de contribuir para o alargamento da compreensão do que é conhecimento.
SABER CIENTÍFICO E CORPOS FEMININOS
Authors: Mendes Gonçalves Clarissa
Published: January 2021

Durante o surgimento da ciência moderna, os estudiosos em um dado momento se debruçaram sobre um determinado objeto de estudo: o corpo feminino. Como estes corpos foram compreendidos e analisados neste percurso? Articulando as ferramentas analíticas da epistemologia da ignorância à epistemologia feminista, sob um olhar racializado, este artigo se propõe a discutir os meandros de um saber científico que se mostrou sistematicamente imperfeito. Os exemplos utilizados remontam ao surgimento da ginecologia e à descoberta do aparelho reprodutor feminino. Perceberemos como as mulheres negras e brancas foram compreendidas de formas diferentes, e mais do que isso: com consequências violentas. Atravessando o tempo e o espaço, os reflexos podem ser sentidos até hoje no Brasil.