bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Crustal Structure across Central Scandinavia along the Silver-Road refraction profile
Authors: Kahraman Metin , Thybo Hans , Artemieva Irina , Shulgin Alexey , Hedin Peter , Mjelde Rolf
Published: February 2023

The western edge of the Baltic Shield is covered by the northeast – southwest oriented, 2500 m high mountain range, the Scandes at the northwestern Atlantic Ocean. This mountain range is located far from any active plate boundary and lack of sedimentary sequences precludes direct knowledge of the timing of uplift.We present a crust and upper mantle scale velocity model, obtained along thea 600 km long Silver-Road seismic profile, which extends in a WNW to ESE direction in the northeastern Baltic Shield perpendicular to the coast between 8oE and 20oE. The profile has a 300 km long offshore section on the continental shelf and the deep ocean as well as a 300 km onshore section across Caledonian to Svecofennian units. The seismic data were acquired with 5 onshore explosive sources and offshore air gun shots from the vessel Hakon Mosby along the whole offshore profile. Data was acquired by 270 onshore stations at nominally 1.5 km distance and 16 ocean bottom seismometers on the shelf, slope and oceanic environment. The results of this study will provide new input to interpretation of the anomalous topography the Scandes and continental shelf in the northeast Baltic Shield.We present results of ray tracing and gravity modeling along the profile. The vertical crustal structure in the upper, middle and lower crust are almost constant across the Caledonian and Svecofennian parts of the profile. The crust is 45 km thick along the whole onshore profile and abruptly thins to 25 km thickness in the continental shelf. Pn velocity is low ~7.6-7.8 km/s below the high topography areas with Caledonian nappes, whereas it is 8.4 km/s below the Svecofennian parts. Our gravity models, based on the seismic velocity structure, suggest a low density 3.20 g/cm3 for the low Pn zone below the high Caledonian topography in contrast to the very high density 3.48 g/cm3 below the Svecofennian parts with relatively low topography. We interpret these bodies as eclogitizised basaltic crustal material at different metamorphic grades. Isostatic calculation with a 60 km depth compensation depth predicts 2 km high topography which is ~1 km higher than observed. We therefore propose that the low-grade metamorphic unit below the high topography is underlain by a sequence with relatively high mantle density to 120 km depth.
Melt Detection and Estimation of the Current Magma Intrusion Rate beneath the East Eifel Volcanic Field, Germany
Authors: Ritter Joachim , Koushesh Mohsen , Eickhoff Dario
Published: February 2023

Deep low-frequency seismic events are detected in the East Eifel Volcanic Field (EEVF) since 2013. To well detect and locate such events the Deep Eifel Earthquakes Project - Tiefe Eifel Erdbeben (DEEP-TEE) started in July 2014 which now is composed of ca. 10 permanent and 15 mobile recording stations. Up to now, the DEEP-TEE seismic dataset contains eight years of continuous seismic records and the network has been reconfigured and continuously developed to achieve an optimum configuration regarding detection and location of seismic events.In order to detect the weak deep low-frequency (DLF) events we developed a seismic event detector and found ca. 330 localizable DLF events in 2014-2021. The DLF hypocenter distribution outlines a near-vertical structure close to the Laacher See Volcano (LSV) which erupted about 13,079 years ago. The hypocenters are as deep as ca. 45 km, close to the assumed lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary, and reach to about 5-8 km depth. Most events occur close to the Moho and in the lower crust what is interpreted as magmatic underplating and deep crustal intrusion. In the same depth range but further to the west, we find seismic reflections with a negative polarity. These are also interpreted as magmatic pockets in the lower crust and the Moho region.We try to estimate the mass flux (magma and volatiles) which is related with the seismicity. For this we apply Aki et al.'s model (JVGR, 1977) for describing the magma movement (a so-called chain of cracks connected by narrow channels) and estimate the related magma intrusion volume rate in the EEVF lithosphere. We assume an initial set of model parameters and evaluate the sensitivity and stability of the modelling results by allowing a reasonable range of each individual input parameter. Our results give an estimate of about 2,000-16,000 cubic meters of melt per year which is transported in the lithosphere.
Investigating two possible schemes of Laser Ablation – Cavity Ring Down Spectrometry for water isotope measurements on ice cores
Authors: Malegiannaki Eirini , Gkinis Vasileios , Munk Wael Fassel Simon Alexander , Zannoni Daniele , Dreossi Giuliano , Stenni Barbara , Steen-Larsen Hans Christian , Bohleber Pascal , Barbante Carlo , Dahl-Jensen Dorthe
Published: February 2023

Thinning of the deep ice core layers must be considered when the water isotopic composition of the Oldest Ice Core is to be analyzed. From an experimental point of view, a novel instrument combining a micro-destructive cold femtosecond - Laser Ablation (LA) sampling system, that provides high spatial resolution together with minimal usage of ice sample, and a Cavity Ring Down Spectrometer is being built for high-quality water isotope measurements. Laser ablation results in crater formation and its morphology depends on the laser parameters used. Optical images that show crater morphology under different experimental conditions allow crater characterization towards an efficient cold LA sampling. An ablation chamber and a transfer line are both the connecting parts between the LA system and the CRDS instrument. They are to be designed and constructed in the optimal size and shape to collect the ablated mass and guarantee its smooth delivery to the CRDS analyzer with minimum disturbance. Coupling a Laser Ablation system with a CRDS analyzer has already been achieved using a laser operating at the nanosecond regime and a cryo-cell as the ablation chamber. Comparison of the two Laser Ablation systems, by the means of ice sampling and collection of the ablated material, will be of great importance to understand the ablation mechanism and post-ablation processes on ice and further develop a system dedicated to water isotope measurements. 
Former land use and tree age affects nitrate leaching from European forest soils
Authors: Lewis Caitlin , Lukac Martin , Vanguelova Elena , Ascott Matthew
Published: February 2023

Forest ecosystems are typically associated with good water quality; an ecosystem service often claimed as a benefit of afforestation schemes. However, legacy effects of historical land use, plus decades of elevated nitrogen deposition inputs from traffic pollution, and agricultural and industrial activities in combination with higher nitrogen scavenging by forests, have led to elevated nitrate leaching from forested lands across Europe. Elevated nitrate leaching threatens the quality of surface and groundwater. It is also related to soil acidification and depletion of base cations, compromising the nutritional status of the soil and, subsequently, current and future trees generations. Several variables that affect the response of nitrate leaching to elevated deposition inputs have previously been identified in long-term forest monitoring datasets. Here we collated a European-scale dataset from published literature of throughfall nitrate concentrations and nitrate leaching, and variables affecting this relationship, e.g. soil type, surrounding land use and climate, broadening the evidence beyond these long-term monitoring datasets.We identified a variation in response to elevated deposition between coniferous and broadleaved forests. This could be partly attributed to the former land uses typically associated with the different tree species. Broadleaf forests planted on former arable land exhibited a different response to elevated deposition than afforested heathlands/grasslands and conifers planted on arable land. An age effect was also observed, with nitrate leaching from forest soils increasing with tree age until 80 years old for conifers and 50 years old for broadleaves, then declining as trees aged further. This research provides evidence to assess the timescale over which afforestation schemes can deliver expected benefits to water quality. It also highlights that considering former land use is important to identify locations in forested landscapes where groundwater nitrate concentrations may be elevated.  
Seasonal dynamics of diurnal fluctuations of in-stream dissolved organic carbon concentrations and quality metrics in a forested headwater catchment
Authors: Hopp Luisa , Blaurock Katharina
Published: February 2023

Diurnal fluctuations of hydrological processes, such as discharge and groundwater level, and of in-stream concentrations of various solutes have been observed in many catchments. The timing of minima and maxima of hydrometric and hydrochemical parameters during the 24 hour cycle can be used to elucidate the baseflow dynamics of catchment hydrological processes and of the mobilization of solutes into streams. In general, diurnal fluctuations of discharge and in-stream solute concentrations have been related to effects of evapotranspiration, temperature-controlled viscosity changes of water, freeze-thaw cycles and a temperature-dependent increase of biological activity during the day. The aim of this study was to better understand the seasonal and topography-driven release of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) during inter-event periods in a small forested headwater catchment within the Bavarian Forest National Park (Germany). We analyzed DOC concentrations and DOC absorbance metrics (as an indicator for DOC quality characteristics) at three topographically different positions of the headwater stream in high frequency by means of in-situ UV-Vis spectrometry over the period of two years. Our data show distinct seasonal differences in the amplitude of diurnal fluctuations of discharge as well as DOC concentrations that are accompanied by clear differences in DOC absorbance characteristics. The timing of diurnal minima and maxima of discharge and DOC concentrations changes over the seasons and along the stream. We present a comprehensive analysis of diurnal fluctuations of discharge, DOC concentrations and DOC quality metrics as influenced by season and topographical position and relate this to findings from other research studies. Disentangling the patterns and dynamics of diurnal variations of hydrological and biogeochemical variables is crucial for fully understanding catchment functioning and the export of carbon from terrestrial catchments as one component of the global carbon budget, particularly because extended drought (i.e., baseflow) periods are forecast to occur more often as a consequence of climate change.
Comparison of GNSS PPP-AR packages for post-processing seafloor geodetic data.
Authors: Lenhof Edgar , Royer Jean-Yves , Ballu Valérie , Sakic Pierre , Poitou Charles , Beauverger Mickael , Coulombier Thibault , Dausse Denis , Jamieson Gregor , Morvan Pierre-Yves , Gutscher Marc-André
Published: February 2023

GNSS/A is a proven method to localize seafloor geodetic stations and, thus, to monitor seafloor tectonic phenomena. This approach combines GNSS positioning of a surface platform with acoustic ranging between this platform and acoustic beacons on the sea bottom, with the objective to localize the beacons in a global frame within a centimeter or so. As part of the FOCUS project, a network of seafloor stations was deployed offshore Sicily in Italy, at about 1900 meters depth. It was surveyed from a small autonomous surface vehicle (ASV) equipped with two GNSS receivers. Here we present the post-processing applied to the GNSS surface navigation data in order to reduce the uncertainty budget of the GNSS/A algorithm. We found significant discrepancies between GNSS receivers in terms of signal degrading effects (multipaths, cycle slips, signal interruptions). We also found that GNSS antennas are less subject to these effects when mounted on an ASV rather than on the main vessel mast. The correlation found between solution accuracy and signal degrading effects potency turned out to be inadequate to predict the former knowing the latter. Then, we compared the accuracy of kinematic solutions from three GNSS PPP-AR post-processing packages to a few/several centimeters level. From our analysis, we find that the best accuracy was reached using the CSRS-PPP service.
Stress tests on a modular green wall for greywater treatment
Authors: Costamagna Elisa , Fiore Silvia , Rizzo Anacleto , Masi Fabio , Boano Fulvio
Published: February 2023

Water scarcity and sanitation are two challenges deeply related to urbanization and climate change. Thus, the future development of urban areas requires innovative design solutions to increase cities’ resilience (SDG11), looking for new resources. One answer is the use of nature-based solutions (NBS) for wastewater treatment, to provide multiple benefits while transforming a waste into a new resource. Green walls for greywater (GW) treatment are the NBS that converts the unused vertical facades into important ecosystem services, treating the amount of domestic wastewater that excludes the toilet flush. To better understand the removal processes and improve green walls design, pilot studies have been performed in recent years, usually in controlled conditions. However, it is important to evaluate also the influence of more real operating conditions that can stress the biological component or damage the whole system, affecting the effectiveness of the GW treatment.This study aims to test stressing conditions due to chemical loads caused by variations in GW composition. Fifteen identical vegetated pots have been filled with a mix of coconut fibre and perlite (1:1 in volume) and one Hedera helix per pot. Every pot received 24 L day-1 of standard GW (Diaper et al., 2008), provided in 15-minute batches every hour (HLR=740 L m-2 day-1). The pots were organised in 5 configurations (3 pots each as replicates) and four of them received periodic spikes of modified GW: (i) – always standard GW as control (ii) bleach, (iii) floor cleaner, (iv) drain opener, (v) sodium hydroxide added to the standard recipe at increasing concentrations. The concentration was selected simulating the common use of these cleaning products in buildings, provided with wastewater collecting tanks of different sizes, resulting in (a) 500 ppm for (ii-iv) and 100 ppm for (v); (b) 1000 ppm for (ii-iv) and 200 ppm for (v); (c) 2500 ppm for (ii-iv) and 500 ppm for (v). The input and output water were weekly sampled from May 2022 and different parameters (pH, Temperature, Electric Conductivity, Dissolved Oxygen, Biochemical Oxygen Demand - BOD5, Chemical Oxygen Demand - COD, Sulphate, anionic surfactants - MBAS) have been measured to evaluate the effects on biological systems (plants and biofilm) through their removal performance.Results showed that all configurations were not damaged by load events (a) and (b). Experiments on high chemical load (c) are still ongoing. The plants’ health was generally similar for all configurations and removal performances for BOD5, COD and MBAS were good for all configurations.
The height of green 557.7 nm and blue 427.8 nm aurora
Authors: Whiter Daniel , Partamies Noora , Gustavsson Björn , Kauristie Kirsti
Published: February 2023

An estimate of the height of the aurora is often required for the derivation or interpretation of other auroral or ionospheric parameters, such as horizontal spatial scales, velocities, neutral temperatures, or electron precipitation energies. We have performed a large statistical study of the peak emission height of coincident green 557.7 nm and blue 427.8 nm aurora using a network of ground-based all-sky cameras stationed in northern Finland and Sweden. We have obtained almost 58000 simultaneous measurements of both emissions between 2000 and 2007, and found that both emissions typically peak at about 114 km, but the distribution of peak emission heights is more skewed for blue aurora than for green aurora.During low-energy electron precipitation (< 4 keV), when the two emissions peak above about 110 km, it is more likely for the blue emission to peak above the green emission than vice-versa. Modelling has shown that this is because the dominant mechanism producing the O(1S) upper state of the green line is energy transfer from N2. The rate of that process depends on the product of the N2 and O number densities, which both decrease to higher altitude. The blue line is produced through electron impact ionisation of N2, and so depends on the N2 number density only, and consequently peaks below the green emission.During high-energy electron precipitation the two emissions typically peak at very similar altitude. In those circumstances, where the emissions peak below the peak in O number density, energy transfer from N2 must not be the dominant production mechanism of O(1S). Dissociative recombination of O2+ seems most likely to be the dominant mechanism, but modelling cannot fully reproduce observations and there may be an additional mechanism which is currently unaccounted for.The observations are best reproduced using a Maxwellian shaped electron precipitation spectrum at low energies, but a Gaussian shaped electron precipitation spectrum at high energies.
Studying Soil Organic Matter Composition in Arable land: Can Soil Management Impact Carbon Pools?
Authors: Al-Graiti Thulfiqar , Jakab Gergely , Ujházy Noémi , Márialigeti Károly , Árendás Tamás , Karlik Máté , Szalai Zoltán
Published: February 2023

Soil organic matter (SOM) is an essential fraction of soil and contributes to its fertility. Land use and cultivation may affect SOM. This study investigates whether SOM concentration and composition differ in soil pools or are changed by soil management (tillage, fertilisations, and crop covers). Soil samples were collected in April 2019 from cropland and nearby grassland. The study sites were part of a long-term experiment in Martonvasar (Hungary), established in 1958 and characterised by Chernozem soils. Total organic carbon (TOC) contents and compounds were studied in three soil pools (bulk soil, fast pool, and slow pool). Both TOC and total N concentrations were high in the slow pool, with higher stored C contents in grassland than in cropland. Tillage effects reduced aggregate stability in cropland, which explains a lower aliphatic content than grassland. Insufficient physical protection due to the tillage practice may enhance OM loss in cropland even under fertiliser inputs. Neither fertiliser nor crop covers affected SOM compositions, while they were different in soil pools. More complex OM in the slow pool than in the fast pool. It indicates that the slow pool is the main protecting path for SOM, possibly referred to older or decayed organic compounds. To understand the bottom-up process, microorganisms’ community role in SOM stabilisation needs to be studied.
Linking surface deformation with lower crustal shear zones: insights into drivers of millennial-scale earthquake clustering and time-dependent seismic hazard
Authors: Mildon Zoe , Roberts Gerald , Faure Walker Joanna , Beck Joakim , Papanikolaou Ioannis , Michetti Alessandro , Toda Shinji , Iezzi Francesco , Campbell Lucy , McCaffrey Ken , Shanks Richard , Sgambato Claudia , Robertson Jenni , Meschis Marco , Vittori Eutizio
Published: February 2023

Surface faulting earthquakes are known to cluster in time from historical and palaeoseismic studies in multiple active tectonic settings, including central Greece, southern California and central Italy. However, the mechanism(s) responsible for clustering, such as fault interaction, strain-storage, and evolving dynamic topography, are poorly quantified and hence not well understood. We combine surface dating of active normal fault scarps in central Italy with stress modelling and quartz flow laws, to produce a quantified replication of observed earthquake clustering.We study six active normal faults (including the Mt Vettore fault which ruptured during the 2016 central Italy earthquake sequence) using 36Cl cosmogenic dating. This reveals periods of high and low slip rate, which we interpret to be earthquake clusters/anti-clusters. Interestingly, these changes in slip rate (or clustering) are out-of-phase between neighbouring faults, i.e. when one fault slows down, nearby faults speed up at the same time. To explore the underlying processes driving this out-of-phase clustering behaviour, we link stress transfer caused by slip over clusters/anti-clusters on coupled fault/shear-zone structures with viscous quartz flow laws derived from laboratory experiments.We show that differential stress fluctuates due to fault/shear-zone interactions, and that the magnitude of these fluctuations are sufficient to induce changes in strain-rate and associated slip-rate on neighbouring faults and shear zones. Our results suggest that fault/shear-zone interactions are a plausible and quantifiable explanation for earthquake clustering, thus opening possibilities for process-led and time-dependent seismic hazard assessments.
Behaviour of Field Aligned Currents during a geomagnetic storm: Swarm observations
Authors: Trenchi Lorenzo , Plutino Nicola
Published: February 2023

Field-aligned currents (FACs) flowing from Earth’s outer magnetosphere to the high latitude ionosphere along the geomagnetic field lines, are driven by solar wind and interplanetary magnetic field and allow a direct coupling of Earth’s ionosphere with outer plasma regions. This coupling is strongly enhanced during geomagnetic storms, when the energy transfer from solar wind to inner magnetosphere increases significantly and the ionospheric convection / currents are enhanced as well.In addition to geomagnetic indexes computed from magnetic perturbations measured from ground-based observatories, also the behaviour of FACs can provide relevant information on energy transfer and coupling mechanisms during geomagnetic storms.In this work we use data from Swarm satellites, which include very accurate measures of field-aligned currents, to characterize the geomagnetic storm that occurred between the 3rd and the 4th of November 2021.In particular, we investigated the behaviour of FACs at different spatial scales as a function of solar wind conditions, and in comparison with the main geomagnetic indexes (e.g. the Dst and SYM-H indices). We discuss our findings in the context of main results reported in previous literature.
Constraining horizontal stress orientations for geothermal exploration in the inclined Sisjön borehole, Southwest Sweden
Authors: Ask Maria , Pierdominici Simona
Published: February 2023

About half of all heating in Sweden comes from district heating, which makes it the most common form of heating in Sweden. The Otaniemi deep drilling project by St1 in Finland was a game changer, as it launched the idea to feed district heating systems with fossil-free, sustainable geothermal heat from great depths. Göteborg Energi AB has been conducting an exploration drilling program over the last three years targeting major Precambrian deformation zones in radiogenic heat-producing granites. The in-situ temperatures of these granites are boosted by radioactive gamma-ray decay from heat producing elements (K, U, Th). The objective is to develop an engineered geothermal system at 5-7 km depth where the groundwater temperatures reach 120°C to feed the local district heating system. Knowledge of the state of stress is central for this development because it provides insights for the understanding bedrock stability, induced seismicity and fluid flow patterns.
A first 1 km deep sub-vertical borehole in Högsbo was fully cored in 2021, and a second 1 km long inclined borehole in Sisjön was completed in 2022, less than 5 km south of the first borehole. Downhole logging was conducted in both boreholes to constrain downhole temperature, natural gamma radiation, fracture occurrence and orientation of in situ stress.
An acoustic borehole televiewer was used to map fracture occurrence and their geometry, as well as to investigate if stress-induced failure has occurred in the wellbore. For vertical boreholes, drilled parallel with a principal (vertical) stress, borehole breakouts and drilling-induced tensile fractures reveal the orientation of minimum- and maximum horizontal stress, respectively, if the tangential stress concentration generated by the borehole overcomes the compressional and tensile strength of the rock mass, respectively. Here, the objective is to investigate stress-induced failure in an inclined borehole, that is not aligned with a principal stress.
We analysed and processed acoustic borehole images from the Sisjön borehole and mapped fractures occurrence and stress induced features (borehole breakouts and drilling-induced tensile fractures). We have detected some stress-induced features at about 400-500 m depth, but most stress-induced features occur below 800 m. Preliminary results of drilling-induced tensile fractures suggest an orientation of maximum horizontal stress of 145±10°N along the inclined borehole. Corresponding mean orientation from borehole breakouts is slightly lower (132±21°N). More detailed studies are required to confirm the preliminary observations, and to account for the borehole inclination.
Water Efficient Allocation in a Central Asian Transboundary River Basin
Authors: Huang Jingshui , Linsen Max , Schaffhauser Timo , Disse Markus
Published: February 2023

Mountainous regions in Central Asia are vulnerable to the consequences of climate change. Making appropriate decisions for the allocation of water over communities, the environment and key economic sectors, such as agriculture and energy, is increasingly challenging due to economic and population growth as well as climate-induced changes in hydrological regimes in Central Asia’s main transboundary river basins. The Water Efficient Allocation in a Central Asian Transboundary River Basin (WE-ACT) Project proposes establishing a climate-sensitive Decision Support System for water allocation in two sub-catchments of a transboundary river basin in Central Asia, namely the Naryn and Kara Darya catchments of the Syr Darya River Basin (covering parts of Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan). Based on an innovative water information system that captures a thorough understanding of water availability, demand, footprint and allocation in a glacier-fed river basin, WE-ACT will enable water managers to interact with an accessible and intuitive DSS to alleviate water stress for communities, the economy and the environment on the short- and long-term. WE-ACT will enable them to adapt the allocation of water resources to the known and expected effects of climate change, while encouraging the improvement of policies to correctly set water tariffs, reduce water footprints and increase water use efficiency in agriculture and energy sectors. The backbone of the project is a reliable data supply chain based on real-time monitoring, integrated water demand-, availability- and use modelling approach, machine-learning, and data storage in a transboundary context. This will be matched with an in-depth understanding of water policies and priorities that face increasing pressures of climate change, growing demand and water dependency. End-users of the project outcomes (hydrometeorological stations, integrated models, DSS for water allocation) will be carefully mapped, invited, involved, and trained to establish and use meaningful results from the outset of the project.
Heat flow in the COSC-1scientific borehole, implications for the Caledonian paleothermal state
Authors: Pascal Christophe , Balling Niels ,   COSC geothermal team
Published: February 2023

The scientific drilling project “Collisional Orogeny in the Scandinavian Caledonides” (COSC), supported by ICDP and the Swedish Research Council, involved the drilling of two vertical boreholes through carefully selected sections of the Paleozoic Caledonian orogen in Central Sweden. The main objectives of the COSC geothermal team are: a) to determine the vertical variation of the geothermal gradient, heat flow and thermal properties, and to determine the required corrections for shallow (< 1 km) heat flow data; b) to advance basic knowledge about the thermal regime of Palaeozoic orogenic belts, ancient shield areas and high heat-producing plutons; c) to improve understanding of climate change at high latitudes (i.e. Scandinavia), including historical global changes and recent palaeoclimate development (since last ice age); d) to explore the geothermal potential of the Åre-Järpen area; e) to assess to what degree the conductive heat transfer is affected by groundwater flow in the uppermost crust, and f) to determine the heat generation input and impact from the basement and the alum shales.The present contribution focuses on themes “b” and “f” and evaluates the likely paleothermal state of the lithosphere of Baltica, in the region of the COSC boreholes, at the onset of the Caledonian orogeny. We concentrated on the results obtained from COSC-1, which was drilled, fully cored and repeatedly logged for temperature down to ~2.5 km depth. Average heat generation of the penetrated Caledonian metamorphic rocks was derived from the spectral gamma ray logs. The analysis yields a low average value of 0.8 µW/m3. Thermal conductivities were determined from 105 core samples. On average, thermal conductivity equals 2.8±0.4 W/(m K), down to ~2 km depth, and increases to 4.1±1 W/(m K) in the lowermost section of the borehole. The thermal gradient shows obvious paleoclimatic disturbances but seems largely unaffected below ~2 km depth and no advective signal is detected. The calculated heat flow for the deepest section of the well amounts to ~82 mW/m2. This unusually high heat flow value for cratonic lithosphere reflects, most likely, dominant input from the underlying highly radioactive Transscandinavian Igneous Belt (TIB), which is Late Proterozoic in age. We therefore propose that the lithosphere of Baltica involving the TIB was relatively warm at the time of the Caledonian orogeny. We anticipate that the relatively high temperatures of the margin of Baltica strongly influenced deformation style.
Transverse faults in the thrust belt-backarc hinge zone (Eastern Tyrrhenian Sea Margin, Italy)
Authors: Milia Alfonsa , Torrente Maurizio
Published: February 2023

Stratigraphy and architecture of the fault bounding the sedimentary basins developed along the Eastern Tyrrhenian margin provide information on the kinematic of faults transversal to the Apennine chain. To understand how changes in geodynamic processes control the structural evolution of transverse faults in the thrust belt-backarc hinge zone, we performed the interpretation of a 2D strictly spaced seismic data set, tied to stratigraphic data of exploration wells and onshore data constrains, and a 3D basin analysis.On the basis of geometry and age of the basin infill, we dated three events of fault activity and a complex kinematics of Pliocene-Quaternary transverse faults. The first tectonic phase produced the oldest normal faults developed along the Latium margin. These faults, active between 5.1 and 3.2 Ma (MPL2-MPL3 and MPL4 succession), bound sedimentary basins filled by a Transgressive/Regressive succession made up of sands, silts and clays. They gradually migrated from the NE- trending (transversal to the Apennine chain), Pliocene in age, toward the NW-trending (parallel to the Apennine chain) during the Lower Pleistocene (1.8 MA, MPL6 succession). The displacement along these normal faults was transferred, or relayed, from one to the next one along accommodation zones, corresponding to transfer faults. Accommodation zones along major bounding structures are sites of intra-basinal highs, characterized by thinner sedimentary covers. The transfer faults, orthogonal to the normal faults, offset the basin depocenters. Whereas a positive inversion structure located near a transfer fault deforms the central basin rift. During the Lower Pleistocene the transform faults are transversal to the Apennines chain. These latter developed from the Latium margin to the Campania Margin.The third phase of the development of the transverse faults corresponds to a second episode of rifting of the Eastern Tyrrhenian margin. This event is linked to the activity of NE-trending normal faults, during the Middle Pleistocene since the 0.7 Ma, producing half-grabens and a deepening of the basement in the northwestern part of the Campania Plain and in Naples Bay. The stratigraphic succession architecture records the tilting of the fault block. During the middle Pleistocene along the Campania margin the transverse faults were reactivated as normal faults.The great variability in the tectonic evolution of the Tyrrhenian margin has been interpreted as strictly related to the complex and rapid geodynamic evolution of the area during Pliocene-Quaternary times: Pliocene slab retreat of the Adria plate, followed by Pleistocene growth of a Subduction-Transform-Edge-Propagator (STEP) fault along the northern margin of the Ionian slab.
Space Weather with Radio Telescopes in Australia
Authors: Cheung Mark , Ekers Ron , Morgan John , Chhetri Rajan , Waszewski Angelica , Hobbs George , Kaur Dilpreet , Zic Andrew , Bhat Ramesh , Jin Meng
Published: February 2023

CSIRO, Australia's national science agency, operates a number of world-class radio astronomy observatories that are collectively known as the Australia Telescope National Facility (ATNF). The facility offers a powerful view of the southern hemisphere radio spectrum and supports world-leading research by Australian and international astronomers. Decades after the Culgoora Radioheliograph made fundamental discoveries about solar radio bursts, a new generation of radio telescopes in Australia are providing unique measurement capabilities to address outstanding questions in Heliophysics. Inyarrimanha Ilgari Bundara (“Sharing the Sky and Stars”), the CSIRO Murchison Radio-astronomy Observatory in Western Australia, is home to the Murchison Widefield Array (operated by a consortium led by Curtin University), the Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder (ASKAP), and the future home of the Square Kilometre Array (SKA)-Low Telescope. Interplanetary scintillation (IPS) measurements by these radio telescope arrays will provide important observational constraints of the solar wind and interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICMEs). This is enabled by simultaneous detections of a high density of scintillating sources over a wide field of view. Complementarily, Parkes Radio Telescope observations towards pulsars may provide density and magnetic field diagnostics of the corona and solar wind. In addition, radio observations toward exoplanet host stars give important constraints on the habitability of exoplanets. In this presentation, we will introduce the facilities, relevant radio astronomical diagnostics, early results, and plans for using the observations for data assimilation. 
Quantifying climate change induced shifts in the risk of jointly and individually occurring drought and late-spring frost
Authors: Meyer Benjamin F. , Tepegjozova Marija , Rammig Anja , Czado Claudia , Zang Christian S.
Published: February 2023

Global climate change is altering the frequency, intensity, and timing of drought and late-spring frost (LSF). European beech, an ecological and economical cornerstone of European forestry, has been shown to be susceptible to both extremes. Since recovery from both drought and frost damage requires access to stored carbohydrate reserves, the joint occurrence of drought and late-frost exacerbates the deleterious effects on forest health. Both extremes are projected to increase in frequency with increasing temperatures, yet, a statistical model for compound drought and late-spring frost events over time is still lacking. Thus, in order to facilitate forest risk assessment, we quantify the joint probability of drought and spring late-frost risk in the historic domain and identify shifts in this dependency across multiple, future climate change scenarios. Analogously, we determine the individual probability of both drought and LSF to determine the contribution of each extreme to the joint probability. We determine frost risk based on the minimum temperature during the period of leaf flushing as predicted by a phenological model. Drought risk is quantified using the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI). To quantify the joint risk of these two extremes while accounting for climatic and topographical covariates, we use vine copula based models. Specifically,  we apply a novel, regular vine copula based regression model, Y-vine copula regression, designed for a two-response regression setting.We establish a historical baseline for the joint probability of drought and LSF and identify critical climatic and topographic covariates. Subsequently, we repeat the analysis with climate projections for three different scenarios (RCP 2.6, RCP 4.5, RCP 8.5). We identify differences in the joint probability of drought and LSF across the three climate change trajectories, yet note, that the critical covariates remain constant across scenarios. To further disentangle the coupling between drought and LSF, we use a single response, D-vine copula to determine probability and critical covariates for each extreme separately. Consequently, we are able to determine whether the risk of frost and drought change in concert, how this differs between climate change scenarios, and which covariates drive each extreme. 
Evaluation of the performance of the 1-arc min hydrological model LISFLOOD in German catchments
Authors: Espitia Sarmiento Edgar Fabian , Heidari Fatemeh , Lin Qing , Xoplaki Elena
Published: February 2023

Floods represent one of the most frequent natural hazards in the world and have a high impact on society. In central Europe and countries like Germany, flooding severity has increased in the last 10 years with devastating effects in well-being and high economic loses. Currently, the European Flood Awareness System (EFAS) is preparing a major release of the system at a spatial scale of 1 arc min. EFAS uses a specific number of hydrological stations for calibration, nevertheless, the availability of information at a higher resolution allows for a further update of the current system, over specific areas and catchments. The objective of this study is to evaluate the performance of the fully distributed rainfall-runoff model by calibrating and testing LISFLOOD for flood forecasting in Germany at 1 arc min with daily resolution. For this study we selected all major rivers and catchments that flow through Germany, choosing a period of analysis from 1990 to 2020. The meteorological forcing entails precipitation, temperature, solar radiation, and vapor pressure, from the high-resolution multi-variable gridded meteorological data set for Europe, EMO-1arcmin (Thiemig et al., 2022; http://data.europa.eu/89h/0bd84be4-cec8-4180-97a6-8b3adaac4d26). The discharge data were collected from the transnational flood portal for all states in Germany and the neighboring countries. The maps, the static maps that characterize the land use, land cover and human activity on the surface, soil and groundwater characteristics of the study area are kindly provided by EFAS. The calibration was conducted using the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm-II (NSGA-II) in a top-down approach where the Kling–Gupta efficiency criteria (KGE) acted as the objective function for evaluating the model performance. The results show that the calibrated LISFLOOD model could be use in flood scenarios with reduced performance along the coastal areas.ReferenceThiemig, Vera; Ramos Gomes, Gonçalo Nuno; Skøien, Jon Olav; Ziese, Markus; Rauthe-Schöch, Armin; Rustemeier, Elke; Rehfeldt, Kira; Walawender, Jakub; Kolbe, Christine; Pichon, Damien; Schweim, Christoph; Salamon, Peter (2022). EMO-1arcmin: A high-resolution multi-variable gridded meteorological data set for Europe (1990-2021). [Data set]. European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC). https://doi.org/10.2905/0BD84BE4-CEC8-4180-97A6-8B3ADAAC4D2
Accelerating the research on Biodiversity and Ecosystems: Best Practice on Climate Change vs Non-Indigenous Invasive Species (NIS)
Authors: Huertas-Olivares Cristina , Basset Alberto , Exter Katrina , Kotoulas Giorgios , Fiore Nicola , Portier Marc , Meyer Rory , Schaap Dick , Santi Ioulia , Obst Matthias , Vermeulen Alex , Thijsse Peter , Pade Nicolas , González-Aranda Juan Miguel , López Joaquin , Minadakis Nikos , Vaira Lucia , Pavloudi Christina , Arvanitidis Christos
Published: February 2023

The current knowledge on the risk of climate change for biodiversity and ecosystems needs to be improved by seeking evidence from cross-domain analyses. As a demonstration case, this study analyses how to  investigate and monitor the rapid increase of Non-Indigenous Invasive Species (NIS) in European ecosystems. These species may not only replace indigenous ones but also alter habitats, interacting with the changing environment and eventually severely influence established socio-economic regimes. The challenge is to adopt a comprehensive approach by considering the bulk of the biotic and abiotic variables and their interactions, which may be even more important for the distribution of the NIS than the occurrence of the NIS. Such approaches require access to big datasets (from genomics to in situ and satellite borne environmental data) and high computational power, especially for those models with iterative algorithms. This study aims to:  integrate data from different scientific disciplines in the marine subdomain (e.g. chemistry, physics, biodiversity, ecosystems, genomics, socio-economics) into an analytical framework in order to advance our knowledge on the impact of NIS on European marine biodiversity and ecosystems; to connect the analytical framework and federate access to relevant data infrastructures at the EOSC portal in order to mobilise and empower a larger community of researchers and potential data providers; and to demonstrate and promote the benefits and potential of web-based science using EOSC.A break-through Technical Composability Layer (Tesseract, which includes an additional option with Jupyter Notebook) is used in order to achieve the horizontal composability of the services. Only FAIR-compliant datasets are used in this study. However, because the nature of the project is primarily multidisciplinary and cross-domain, the only way to guarantee that the results deriving by the different disciplines/domains are comparable is to FAIR-ify the web services used, too. This way, it is ensured that both the quality and process potential in the different disciplines and domains are comparable and therefore so are their results.This paper brings together scientists making basic research on biodiversity and ecosystems, computer engineers, including software and web developers, in order to create a FAIR-compliant virtual research environment (VRE) to achieve both the scientific goals and the community engaged.
Kinetic models of asymmetric solar wind current sheets
Authors: Neukirch Thomas , Vasko Ivan , Artemyev Anton , Allanson Oliver
Published: February 2023

Current sheets in the collisionless solar wind usually have kinetic spatial scales. In-situ measurements show that these current sheets are often approximately force-free, i.e. the directions of their current density and magnetic field are aligned, despite the fact that the plasma beta is found to be of the order of one. The measurements also often show systematic asymmetric spatial variations of the plasma density and temperature across the current sheets, whilst the plasma pressure is approximately uniform. Neukirch et al. (2020) found exact equilibrium models of force-free collisionless current sheets which allowed for asymmetric plasma density and temperature gradients. These models assumed that the form of the distribution function for electrons and ions is the same. If one assumes that the bulk velocity of the ion population vanishes, the force-free condition is only satisfied approximately. Also, quasi-neutrality requires the presence of a nonvanishing electric potential. We show that an approximate treatment implies that the asymmetries in the density and the temperature only differ by a scale factor from the asymmetries found for the exactly force-free case.T. Neukirch, I. Vasko, A. Artemyev and O. Allanson, ApJ 891, 86 (2020).
A nowcasting procedure based on downscaling and merging radar retrievals at different scales and resolutions
Authors: Farris Stefano , Marrocu Marino , Badas Maria Grazia , Seoni Alessandro , Viola Francesco , Deidda Roberto
Published: February 2023

Convective precipitation represents one of the most critical issues in urban areas and its occurrence may have dangerous effects on the local economy, environment and population. Due to the large temporal and spatial variability, numerical weather prediction models frequently fail to predict such precipitation events and early warning systems may be ineffective. In this scenario, radar-based nowcasting models built on extrapolation of the most recent observed precipitation fields may represent powerful procedures for providing accurate short-term forecasts. In this study we proposed a nowcasting approach for merging relevant information from two radar products with different resolutions and scales: (i) high-resolution (HR) observations retrieved by an X-band weather radar in a small study area (the metropolitan area of Cagliari, located in Sardinia, Italy), and (ii) low-resolution (LR) mosaic data provided by the Italian Civil Protection national radar network (the whole Italian country). To this aim, we developed a downscaling-based procedure for combining the corresponding spectral data by generating an artificial power spectrum that captures the spectral information of the large (small) frequencies from the high (low) resolution data spectrum. Specifically, the proposed methodology is applied through the following steps: (1) acquisition of the latest HR and LR radar frames; (2) application of the downscaling and merging procedure to combine the large-scale precipitation patterns detected in LR data with the statistical properties of the smaller scales emerged in HR observation; and (3) run of nowcasting models to produce forecasts for different lead times. The effectiveness of the presented approach is then assessed by comparing the corresponding forecast performance evaluated for the study area through several metrics with that obtained by applying the nowcasting models only to HR data.
Turbulent energy fluxes and surface energy balance closure of a coniferous forest at the complex-terrain site of Renon (Italian Alps)
Authors: Vendrame Nadia , Destro Martina , Rodeghiero Mirco , Montagnani Leonardo , Zardi Dino
Published: February 2023

Exchanges of mass and energy between a subalpine coniferous forest and the atmosphere have been continuously monitored since few decades at Renon (Bolzano, Italy) applying the eddy covariance (EC) technique. The station is part of the Integrated Carbon Observation System (ICOS) EU Research Infrastructure. The area surrounding the site is characterized by complex topography, with a mean slope angle of about 11° and a Southward aspect. In this study, we focused on the analysis of turbulent energy fluxes (sensible and latent heat) and the energy budget closure of the forest during a period of about three months (August-October 2021), when a below-canopy EC system was additionally deployed to better understand the dynamics of turbulent exchanges. The energy balance closure was assessed for periods characterized by distinct wind circulation patterns (thermally-driven slope winds vs.  synoptic winds) and turbulent energy fluxes were processed applying different coordinate rotation methods (double rotation and planar fit). We found significant differences in the magnitude of sensible and latent heat fluxes computed with double rotation or planar fit. These differences were more marked during periods characterized by slope winds, suggesting a connection with local advection performed by these winds.