bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Local knowledge and awareness on the incipient lionfish invasion in the eastern Mediterranean Sea
Authors: Azzurro E. , Bariche M.
Published: March 2017

Public participation is increasingly used to both study and manage marine bio-invasions. Here, we outline the use of public surveys to rapidly acquire information on the very first stages of colonisation by the invasive Pterois miles in the Mediterranean Sea. Interviews with 105 fishermen, spearfishers and scuba divers in Lebanon provided evidence of a proliferation and rapid expansion of the species, whose presence at the time of the survey was less than that of a true invasion. We also evaluate the role of stakeholders and sea users in responding to this emerging hazard, investigating awareness and willingness to collaborate on managing efforts. These findings showed the potential of local communities to acquire ecological knowledge not available to scientists working alone. This participative approach also consolidates the dialogue and partnership between researchers and stakeholders ameliorating the civil response to time-sensitive conservation issues.
Efficacy, long-term toxicity, and mechanistic studies of gold nanorods photothermal therapy of cancer in xenograft mice
Authors: Ali Moustafa R. K. , Rahman Mohammad Aminur , Wu Yue , Han Tiegang , Peng Xianghong , Mackey Megan A. , Wang Dongsheng , Shin Hyung Ju , Chen Zhuo G. , Xiao Haopeng , Wu Ronghu , Tang Yan , Shin Dong M. , El-Sayed Mostafa A.
Published: March 2017

Significance

This is a systematic in vivo study of gold nanorods (AuNRs)-assisted plasmonic photothermal therapy (AuNRs-PPTT) for cancer. We have optimized the properties of our AuNRs and the conditions of PPTT to achieve maximal induction of tumor apoptosis. To examine the molecular mechanisms of action of AuNRs-PPTT, we used quantitative proteomics to study protein expression levels in mouse tumor tissues and found the apoptosis pathway to be significantly perturbed. We report a long-term toxicity study (up to 15 months in the mouse model) that showed no toxicity of the AuNRs. Together, these data suggest that our AuNRs-PPTT has potential as an approach to cancer therapy.
The threat of intergenerational extortion: on the temptation to become the climate mafia, masquerading as an intergenerational Robin Hood
Authors: Gardiner Stephen M.
Published: March 2017

This paper argues that extortion is a clear threat in intergenerational relations, and that the threat is manifest in some existing proposals in climate policy and latent in some background tendencies in mainstream moral and political philosophy. The paper also claims that although some central aspects of the concern about extortion might be pursued in terms of the entitlements of future generations, this approach is likely to be incomplete. In particular, intergenerational extortion raises issues about the appropriate limits to the sway of central values such as welfare and distributive justice. We should be wary of ways in which such values invite us to buy off, or perhaps to join, an intergenerational climate Mafia.
Reconstructing the past in a post-Ottoman village: Turkishness in a transnational context
Authors: Zadrożna Anna
Published: March 2017

This study analyzes transformations of historiography and identity discourses by focusing on the Memory House of Ali Rıza Efendi (the father of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk) as a “site of historical consciousness” which was reconstructed in the western part of the Republic of Macedonia. The House, referred to by the villagers as the “Memory House of Atatürk,” was opened in 2014 in a Muslim village, Kocacık, with the support of the Turkish state. Through material and textual representations of Atatürk's life, the House speaks to the Turkishness and Turkish presence in the Balkans. The Turkishness, however, is imagined through the neo-Ottoman and Islamic prisms. The House thus becomes the locus of alternative interpretations of the past, and, consequently, narratives of Muslims’ identity and origin in the region. Moreover, as it is reconstructed at the nexus of the local and the transnational, the House is also called a symbol of the “politics of brotherhood” between Macedonia and Turkey. In this way, the institution embodies the reconstruction of the past not only at the local and national levels, but also at the international level.
The category of singularities as a crystal and global Springer fibers
Authors: Arinkin D. , Gaitsgory D.
Published: March 2017

We prove the “gluing conjecture” on the spectral side of the categorical geometric Langlands conjecture. The key tool is the structure of crystal on the category of singularities, which allows one to reduce the conjecture to the question of homological triviality of certain homotopy types. These homotopy types are obtained by gluing from a global version of Springer fibers.
UNC-45A is required for neurite extension via controlling NMII activation
Authors: Iizuka Yoshie , Mooneyham Ashley , Sieben Andrew , Chen Kevin , Maile Makayla , Hellweg Raffaele , Schütz Florian , Teckle Kebebush , Starr Timothy , Thayanithy Venugopal , Vogel Rachel Isaksson , Lou Emil , Lee Michael K. , Bazzaro Martina
Published: March 2017

UNC-45A is a highly conserved member of the UNC-45/CRO1/She4p family of proteins, which act as chaperones for conventional and nonconventional myosins. NMII mediates contractility and actin-based motility, which are fundamental for proper growth cone motility and neurite extension. The presence and role of UNC-45A in neuronal differentiation have been largely unknown. Here we demonstrate that UNC-45A is a novel growth cone–­localized, NMII-associated component of the multiprotein complex regulating growth cone dynamics. We show that UNC-45A is dispensable for neuron survival but required for neurite elongation. Mechanistically, loss of UNC-45A results in increased levels of NMII activation. Collectively our results provide novel insights into the molecular mechanisms of neurite growth and define UNC-45A as a novel and master regulator of NMII-mediated cellular processes in neurons.
Phosphorylated cortactin recruits Vav2 guanine nucleotide exchange factor to activate Rac3 and promote invadopodial function in invasive breast cancer cells
Authors: Rosenberg Brian J. , Gil-Henn Hava , Mader Christopher C. , Halo Tiffany , Yin Taofei , Condeelis John , Machida Kazuya , Wu Yi I. , Koleske Anthony J.
Published: March 2017

Breast carcinoma cells use specialized, actin-rich protrusions called invadopodia to degrade and invade through the extracellular matrix. Phosphorylation of the actin nucleation–promoting factor and actin-stabilizing protein cortactin downstream of the epidermal growth factor receptor–Src-Arg kinase cascade is known to be a critical trigger for invadopodium maturation and subsequent cell invasion in breast cancer cells. The functions of cortactin phosphorylation in this process, however, are not completely understood. We identify the Rho-family guanine nucleotide exchange factor Vav2 in a comprehensive screen for human SH2 domains that bind selectively to phosphorylated cortactin. We demonstrate that the Vav2 SH2 domain binds selectively to phosphotyrosine-containing peptides corresponding to cortactin tyrosines Y421 and Y466 but not to Y482. Mutation of the Vav2 SH2 domain disrupts its recruitment to invadopodia, and an SH2-domain mutant form of Vav2 cannot support efficient matrix degradation in invasive MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. We show that Vav2 function is required for promoting invadopodium maturation and consequent actin polymerization, matrix degradation, and invasive migratory behavior. Using biochemical assays and a novel Rac3 biosensor, we show that Vav2 promotes Rac3 activation at invadopodia. Rac3 knockdown reduces matrix degradation by invadopodia, whereas a constitutively active Rac3 can rescue the deficits in invadopodium function in Vav2-knockdown cells. Together these data indicate that phosphorylated cortactin recruits Vav2 to activate Rac3 and promote invadopodial maturation in invasive breast cancer cells.
Smith
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this essay written at boarding school, Donald, aged seventeen, describes a school trip to Essen, in Germany, to see the work of a Dr Schmidt who, in Winnicott’s view, is an enlightened town planner who considers the needs of the men women and children of his town with great care. Winnicott enthusiastically reports Schmidt’s care of the health and safekeeping of the many inhabitants of Essen, with implications for the same approach in the UK.
Muscle Weakness, Altered Gait and Absent Deep Reflexes after Measles
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this case, Winnicott describes a six-year-old who was brought to the Queen’s Hospital because of weakness and the inability to stand. Winnicott reports that the boy walks and climbs up himself on rising from lying on the floor, as in a case of muscular dystrophy. But against this diagnosis, a quite definite improvement is noted over a two-week period.
Hemiplegia Noticed after Diphtheria
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this case, Winnicott presents a two-year-five-month-old girl who is healthy except for left hemiplegia.
Enuresis
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

This abstract of a lecture by Winnicott describes children with an increased sensitivity of the urinary tract, showing increased frequency or urgency-or both-of micturition, with the urgency leading to enuresis. The symptoms here are associated with unconscious phantasies, not necessarily dealing with micturition sensations, but properly belonging to masturbation sensations, and the anxiety derives from the sense of guilt which accompanies the unconscious masturbation phantasies in these children.
A Clinical Example of Symptomatology Following the Birth of a Sibling
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this brief case, Winnicott describes the case of a three-year-old boy who is brought in by his mother because he is complaining of pains in his penis. The case is elaborated and discussed, and the child’s symptoms are related, with reference to their onset, to the arrival of the new baby.
Child Psychiatry: The Body as Affected by Psychological Factors
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this article, Winnicott attempts to classify bodily changes and symptoms that belong to normal and abnormal emotional states. He discusses the understanding of personal instinctual life and of interpersonal relationships, the understanding of moods and of the origin of ideas of persecution both within (hypochondria) and externally, and the understanding of primitive emotional tasks, such as the development of a relationship to external reality, integration of the personality and the sense of body.
Introduction
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

Winnicott’s Introduction to his 1931 book Clinical Notes on Disorders of Childhood in which he imagines a newly trained paediatrician who finds that the majority of the cases he encounters in his early medical career were not to be found in his medical training. These include minor disorders, illnesses with no physical signs, and symptoms which he had not found interesting enough to study, or not sufficiently interesting for the teachers to include or examine. Winnicott aims to illuminate these clinical situations by way of this book of notes on various causes of illness in the child, including those caused by external or environmental factors, congenital defects, ’the anxiety picture’, and childhood nervousness and neuroses, taking into account both internal and external causes.
History-Taking
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

Chapter 1 of Clinical Notes on Disorders of Childhood. In this chapter, Winnicott argues for the importance of history taking in child medicine: the past history of the child, the family history, and the history of onset of the illness. He gives several cases which illustrate the value to the physician of taking the time to hear a full history.
Mental Defect
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

Chapter 16 of Clinical Notes on Disorders of Childhood. In this chapter, Winnicott discuses mental defect from an anatomical point of view with regard to the child’s attainments, from the parent’s point of view and from the psychological point of view.
Papular Urticaria and the Dynamics of Skin Sensation
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this paper, Winnicott attempts to look at papular urticaria from the point of view of one who is interested not only in the skin condition, but also in the feelings of the child who is the sufferer.
Review: Child Psychiatry
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

Winnicott’s review of Leo Kanner’s book Child Psychiatry. In spite of the unrivalled scale of the work, Winnicott regrets that it is entirely without originality to the psychologist and is quite out of touch with the psychology of the unconscious and with psycho-analysis and the results of child analysis as practiced and published in England. Instead, the book focuses on ‘the continuing bad external factor’, as Winnicott believes characterizes the publications of all child guidance clinics of the American pattern.
Skin Changes in Relation to Emotional Disorder
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this paper, Winnicott emphasises the importance of the study of the skin in relation to emotional disorder. Winnicott hopes to show that not only the physiology but also the psychology of the living person must be studied if one is to understand the behaviour of the skin in given circumstances. He indicates some reasons why the psychology of the owner of the skin tends to be neglected and makes tentative suggestions as to the classification of skin changes related to feelings.
Letter to Mrs Neville Chamberlain
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

Winnicott’s letter to Mrs Chamberlain, the Prime Minister’s wife, on her husband’s leadership and his attitude toward the Jews.
Letter to John Bowlby
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

Winnicott’s letter to John Bowlby on Bowlby’s recently written chapter on hysteria. Winnicott regrets that it does not reflect Bowlby’s considerable psychoanalytic experience.
Letter to the British Medical Journal
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

Winnicott writes to the British Medical Journal on the psychological aspects of the condition of pruritis in children.
Aggression
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

This essay deals with the subject’s relation to love and hate, which form the two chief elements out of which human affairs are built. Aggression is conceived of as a possible symptom of fear.
Letter to the British Medical Journal
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this letter to the British Medical Journal on communal feeding in schools, Winnicott stresses the importance to the family of the emotional side of meals cooked and eaten together at home.
On Influencing and Being Influenced
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this essay on influence, Winnicott recognizes that a great stumbling block in scientific inquiry into human affairs is the difficulty in recognizing the existence and importance of unconscious feelings. Only against a background of recognition of the unconscious as well as of the conscious in human nature, can one study human relationships with profit, especially the teacher–pupil relationship.
The Observation of Infants in a Set Situation
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this essay, Winnicott describes the way by which infants can be observed objectively in a clinical paediatric setting, and correlates this work on developmental stages in emotional growth in the young child to that of the research work done by analysts of patients in the analytic setting.
Why Children Play
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this essay, Winnicott holds that children enjoy all physical and emotional play experiences. To some extent this is dealt with at the source, by the child’s accepting the discipline of expressing the aggressive feeling in play form and not just when angry. Whereas it is easy to see that children play for pleasure, it is much more difficult for people to see that children also play to master anxiety, or ideas and impulses that lead to anxiety if they are not in control. Winnicott asserts that anxiety is always a factor in a child’s play, often a major factor. Excess anxiety leads to compulsive play, repetitive play, or exaggerated seeking for the pleasures that belong to play; if anxiety is too great, play breaks down into pure exploitation of sensual gratification.
Delinquency Research
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

This essay deals with psycho analysis when it is regarded as research and not as therapy of immediate sociological value. Winnicott judges that society may well be grateful one day for the unhurried work of the psycho analysis of delinquents. He stresses that there is a mixture of love, fear, hate and guilt in any child’s relation to his parents and that plain observation in the home seldom provides answers to the delinquent child’s problems.
Their Standards and Yours
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

This broadcast and essay deals with the standards of parents and children and how they sometimes conflict. Winnicott holds that it must harm a child if a parent is so concerned with the establishment of her own rights in her own house that she fails to allow for the innate tendency of the infant and child to create a little world around himself that is his own affair and that has its own moral code.
Primitive Emotional Development
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this essay, Winnicott attempts to formulate the primitive emotional processes that are normal in early infancy and that appear regressively in the psychoses, noting that, at five to six months, a change occurs in infants which makes it easier for adults to refer to their emotional development in the same terms that apply to human beings generally.
Letter to the British Medical Journal
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this letter to the British Medical Journal, Winnicott discusses how good citizenship comes from the life of the child in his own home, including the first relationship between infant and mother. On the basis of this relationship, more complex relationships are developed at home and in the wider world. If these things fail, citizenship (or something else) has to be taught. Among other issues, he insists that professionals should refrain from interference with infants and small children, that avoidable physical treatment should not be undertaken, nor should infants and small children be taken from home except in case of dire necessity. He reminds the reader that no-one can tell a mother how to be a mother or a teacher how to teach; parents and teachers have to carry on intuitively.
Letter to The Times
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this unpublished letter to The Times, Winnicott points out some ill effects of a total state medical service, including the potential subservience of medical practice to politics rather than science. He reminds readers that already a Minister of Health without scientific training has would become the one to decide not to include osteopathy and faith-healing in the state medical service, which from the doctor’s point of view is just as bad as if he had decided the other way.
Further Thoughts on Babies as Persons
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this essay, Winnicott emphasises that no one is able to get to know a baby as well as the baby’s own mother and that it shows incredible lack of understanding of the mother’s role to take away her baby for a few weeks, then to hand the baby back and expect the mother to continue just where she left off. For a baby, there must be full access to the mother’s alive body because the care a baby can appreciate fulfils psychological and emotional needs, however much it may seem to be related simply to physical needs. The mother presents the world to the baby through feeding and care but also introduces external reality through disillusioning her baby.
Environmental Needs; the Early Stages; Total Dependence and Essential Independence
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this lecture to teachers, Winnicott is concerned with the introduction of external reality to the human infant. His thesis is that a mother manages her baby in order to give it the illusion that what it gets is created out of its own feelings. The question is whether enough illusion has taken place for the infant to build up a world which we could recognize has come from our shared reality. Teachers provide a lot in this process by being a person or a group in which a child can find love, aggression, guilt, and the opportunity to give.
Birth Memories, Birth Trauma, and Anxiety
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this essay, Winnicott describes clinical examples illustrating fantasies and possible memories of the birth experience. In many child analyses birth play is important. The clues to the understanding of infant psychology, including birth trauma, come through psychoanalytic experience where regression is a feature. When birth material turns up in an analysis in a significant way, the patient is showing signs of being in an extremely infantile state. A child may be playing games that contain birth symbolism, and an adult reports fantasy related consciously or unconsciously to birth. This is not the same as the acting out of memory traces derived from birth experience, which provides the material for study of birth trauma.
Letter to the British Medical Journal
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this letter to the British Medical Journal Winnicott expresses his anger and regret at the closure of Paddington Green Children’s Hospital. He insists that mothers and children get excellent service at Paddington Green, noting that 39,000 mothers bring their children to the hospital every year.
Mind and Its Relation to the Psyche-Soma
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

Winnicott studies the concept of mind as part of the study of a total individual from the beginning of psychosomatic existence. If the individual body schema is satisfactory in the very early developmental stages, mind is no more than a special case of the functioning of the psyche-soma. For healthy development there is an initial need for a perfect environment, so that continuity of being is not disturbed. Certain kinds of maternal failure produce over-activity of mental functioning and a mind-psyche which is pathological. Some persons regard mental functioning as their enemy and falsely localize their mental functioning in their heads so a leucotomy seems to be what the patient wants, namely, relief from mind activity. This is the patient’s equating of mind and brain. The true self, a continuity of being, is based on psyche-soma growth. Mental activity is a special case of the functioning of the psyche-soma, and intact brain functioning is the basis for being as well as for mental activity.
Leucotomy
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this paper for medical students, Winnicott expresses his attitude on leucotomy. While he believes it to represent the worst possible trend in medical practice, he acknowledges that the large numbers of the insane represent a tremendous drain on medical resources, and no one should be criticized for attempting to relieve this burden. However, people who are ill mentally are ill in spite of having healthy brain tissue, and brain-tissue changes produce personality and behaviour changes, which relieves some acute sufferers from prolonged suffering, and essentially makes some difficult patients less difficult for other people. Winnicott holds that while brain syphilis produces ideas of grandeur and arteriosclerosis produces perseverance of ideas and narrowing of intellect, this does not conclude that emotional disturbance does not derive from underlying brain-tissue changes. The neurosurgeon who sees insanity as a collection of separate illnesses, with brain-tissue changes, may forget his patients are still human beings. Equally, some patients dream of bad doctors conducting fantastic and mutilating operations upon them.
Close-up of Mother Feeding Baby
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this broadcast and paper for mothers, Winnicott describes the earliest encounters of the infant with the mother’s breast and how the infant-mother relationship is formed.
Weaning
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this broadcast and paper for mothers, Winnicott describes weaning as a matter of the mother’s cooperation with the baby, leading naturally to the baby’s cooperation with the mother. The wish to wean comes from the mother, but it is an experience through which the baby can grow, if the mother provides a stable setting. Weaning can also be a time when difficulties start.
Stealing and Telling Lies
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this essay, Winnicott states that little children quite regularly take pennies out of their mothers’ handbags. The mother allows it, and, gradually, the child just grows out of this. The mother feels this is healthy, part of the child’s relation to her, and so to people in general. In a good home no one calls the child who does this a ‘thief’. However, a growing child who continues to steal and hide his theft is ill. In this way he is incapable of enjoying the things stolen. From that child’s point of view, something is missing in his world: a mother who accepts her small child stealing from her, and recognizes it as an expression of love.
Sex Education in Schools
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this essay, Winnicott asserts that in relation to sexual education, children need three things: people around them they can trust, a clear instruction in biology, and a steady emotional environment to grow and test all this within. Active adaptation is the watchword in all child-care and education. For younger children the answer is biology, the objective presentation of nature, with no bowdlerization. People with an urge to teach sex to children should be discouraged. In day-schools the children are able to be in touch with the growing families of relations and neighbours, but in boarding schools this may not be so, unless the staff are understanding and thoughtful. Organised sex instruction scares away the poetry and leaves the function and sex parts high and dry and banal. A child who unconsciously fears and flees from sex play may jump to a spurious sexual maturity.
Letter to P. D. Scott
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this letter to P. D. Scott, Winnicott describes how through identification with the criminal or the antisocial person the public is often extremely sympathetic and guilty on behalf of the criminal, and that judicial procedure must preserve its function in the face of the reservoir of unconscious revenge of a community.
Knowing and Learning
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this broadcast and paper, Winnicott discusses what a mother knows and what she learns being a mother. Holding the baby is very important, and the mother does not let other people hold the baby if she feels it means nothing to them. The wise mother does not assume an older sister is necessarily safe with the baby in her arms. In the nightmare the baby is dropped. Some mothers feel the baby seems happier in the cot, but an anxious mother uses the cot as much as possible, or even hands the baby over to the care of a nurse. First, the infant is self-contained, surrounded by space and knowing of nothing; second the infant surprises the world; and third, the world surprises the infant. The baby does not know that the space around him is maintained by the mother.
Visiting Children in Hospital
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this essay, Winnicott discusses the paradox that although hospital visiting by parents has been taken up and is an improvement in the issue of separation for children and their families, nevertheless Winnicott details how visiting children in hospital can also be disruptive to the serious job of the nursing care of some very sick children. He argues that in some instances it is better to let the children adjust to the hospital environment and be cared for there without the conflicts that regular parental visits can potentially engender.
Letter to Edward Glover
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this letter to Edward Glover, Winnicott notes Glover’s belief that Winnicott’s and Klein’s psychoanalytic ideas are not based on the objective perception of children’s ideas, and that this is the source of their scientific differences. Winnicott recognizes the valuable effect of Glover’s scepticism.
Notes on the General Implications of Leucotomy
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In these notes for an address to a conference on leucotomy at the London School of Economics, Winnicott defines leucotomy as the mutilation of normal, healthy brain tissue for the treatment of disorders of the psyche, that is, to alter an individual’s behaviour, to lessen suffering, to make nursing easier, and to restore functional efficiency. Winnicott makes a link between mutilation of brain vis-à-vis castration and anxiety about each, as brain mutilation is symbolic of castration. Winnicott refers also to the effect on the general public, and the fear generated by the threat of leucotomy, including the wish to be mutilated (bringing up masochism and unconscious guilt), a fear of suicide, and the question of the soul and its relation to the psyche-soma.
The Ordinary Devoted Mother and Her Baby: The First Week
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

This paper was the first lecture in the radio series ‘The Ordinary Devoted Mother and Her Baby’. In it Winnicott describes how the baby is human and every bit of experience of the baby eventually effects the personality of a human adult. Winnicott describes how his term ‘ordinary devoted mother’ has made mothers feel uneasy. He goes on to say that some mothers, who do well as mothers, need time to get to love their own child. A mother may love one baby easily and yet take time to be drawn towards another. He also describes the baby’s love for the mother’s devotion and care.
Letter to Ernest Jones
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this letter, Winnicott thanks Jones for reading and commenting on his lecture ‘What Is Psycho-Analysis?’ He also comments on Jones’ remarks about Shakespeare and psychoanalysis.
Letter to W. Clifford M. Scott
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this letter, Winnicott follows up Scott’s contribution to a recent scientific meeting at the British Society. He suggests a distinction be made between prisons and asylums, and between criminal and anti-social behaviour, based on the difference between the criminal’s relation to society, and that of the lunatic. He then extends his argument to the distinction between the antisocial child and the mad child.
Review: Twins: A Study of Three Pairs of Identical Twins
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this review, Winnicott applauds Dorothy Burlingham’s attempts to balance views of the special problems of the emotional development of twins with the attendant problems of their management.
Review: Twins: A Study of Three Pairs of Identical Twins
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this review, Winnicott applauds Burlingham’s efforts to describe the emotional development of twins and the contrast that exists between being a twin and imagining being a twin.
Review: Psycho-Analysis and Child Psychiatry
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this review, Winnicott judges this short work as valuable to child psychiatry for those who enjoy new ideas but who wish their theoretical contributions to relate to the Freudian basis of their work. The author, in Winnicott’s view, shows how Freud’s theory led to reconstructions of childhood and infancy, and of how work with children further enriched the theory derived from the analysis of neurotic adults. However, Winnicott believes that Glover’s dislike of Klein’s ideas colours his work and spoils this otherwise excellent booklet.
Letter to Charles Rycroft
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this letter, Winnicott signals that although he is apparently doing well and doing half-time work following health issues, he wants to give up Training Committee matters and hopes that his colleague Rycroft may take them on.
Letter to W. Clifford M. Scott
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this letter, Winnicott suggests that the word ‘reversal’ is better when applied to ‘progress’ in relation to the point that Scott makes about regression as the reverse of a ‘process’.
Letter to John Bowlby
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this letter, Winnicott speaks of people who use Bowlby’s work to argue for the closing of day-nurseries and expresses his belief in the importance of nursery schools for both children and their mothers.
Letter to Sir David K. Henderson
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this letter, Winnicott extends the discussion of the question of lay analysts and suitable cases, agrees on the importance of analysts considering the environment in emotional development, and reiterates that the most advanced work on this area in children has been done in Great Britain. Mildred Creak and Kenneth Cameron are mentioned as important child psychiatrists.
Letter to Harry Guntrip
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this letter, Winnicott finds Guntrip’s ideas about his paper on regression and possible links with Fairbairn interesting, but he disagrees with the tendency to oppose Freud with Fairbairn. His own paper, Winnicott says, depends on Freud.
Letter to D. Chaplin
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this letter, Winnicott defines what he means by psychotic and clarifies what is meant by saying that psychotics are testable. He discusses the case of a child who became a mentally defective child, conceding that this might be a sign of a brain condition, but that he couldn’t find any evidence for this.
A Case Managed at Home
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this essay, Winnicott describes how a child of six who suffered a psychotic illness around the occasion of an aunt’s wedding was managed at home by her working-class family, rather than placed in hospital. After fifteen months she made a full recovery.
First Experiments in Independence
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

Winnicott discusses the child’s stages of development towards a growing independence, from its earliest dependency on the maternal object. In some cases the mother herself is retained and needed in person by an infant, whereas another infant finds what Winnicott terms a transitional object (an object or activity that represents a part of himself and the mother), provided the mother is there in the background. From the infant’s point of view this first object was created out of his or her imagination. In health there is an evolution from the transitional object and the use of objects, to the whole play capacity of the child and its ability to use symbolic thought.
Letter to Gabriel Casuso
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

A letter from Winnicott to Gabriel Casuso, in which Winnicott answers Casuso’s questions about his healthy son who had developed an intellectual interest in the penis at about a year of age. Winnicott puts forth his theories of the psychoanalytic meaning of the penis and the maternal phallus.
Letter to Charles Rycroft
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this letter to Charles Rycroft, Winnicott suggests that scientific meetings should be held on the topics of psychosomatics and the idea of ‘black’, and he express admiration for Wilfred Bion’s paper, presented earlier to the BPAS.
Primary Maternal Preoccupation
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this paper Winnicott describes a state following the birth of a child for every mother which he terms primary maternal preoccupation. He considers that in this post partum state the mother of an infant becomes biologically and psychologically conditioned for special orientation to the needs of her child. He notes that there are psychological differences between the mother’s identification with the infant, and the infant’s helpless dependence on the mother. Maternal failure can produce an experience of impingement which interrupts the ‘going on being’ of the infant. However if a mother is sensitized she can empathise with and meet the infant’s needs. In this early stage of development for the baby there is an ego-relatedness between both mother and child, from which the mother recovers, and the infant may then build the idea of a person in the mother. The mother’s failure to adapt in the earliest phase can be experienced as an annihilation of the infant’s self. However, what the mother does well is not apprehended by the infant at this stage.
Letter to Melanie Klein
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this letter, Winnicott reassures Melanie Klein that he has not forgotten all she has taught him about the concept of the word ‘internal’, but he says that the BPAS is very divided in how it understands this term. He adds that Klein’s follower and colleague Hanna Segal did not quite differentiate between incorporation and magical introjection in her presentation on the word ‘internal’ in her paper to the Society.
On the Contribution of Direct Child Observation to Psycho-Analysis
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this essay, Winnicott develops further the theme of his paper ‘The Observation of Infants in a Set Situation’ (1941) and re-emphasises the importance of direct observation to psychoanalysis.
Integrative and Disruptive Factors in Family Life
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this paper Winnicott addresses those factors in healthy family life that protect and enhance the experience of growth for children and enable the child, if all goes well, to gradually integrate a sense of himself within his family unit. However, factors such as a lack of development in an individual child, or a child’s illness, or indeed a child’s deprivation within the family can contribute to a family’s disintegration.
Letter to Grantly Dick-Read
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this letter to Grantly Dick-Read, the advocate of natural child birth for women, Winnicott discusses their common concerns and his interest in the Natural Childbirth Association and his contact with Prunella Briance, its founder. He also asks Dick-Read to talk to a group of psychoanalysts.
Funeral Address for Ernest Jones
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

This piece is Winnicott’s funeral address for Ernest Jones, a pioneer in psychoanalysis, founder of the International Journal of Psycho-analysis and prolific writer. Winnicott notes that Jones was instrumental in introducing the works of Sigmund Freud to Britain.
Where Angels Fear to Tread, Or A Comment on Generic Teaching
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this unpublished paper Winnicott decries the new suggestion at this time (1958) that those involved in social work are given a short course of ‘generic’ training to enhance their professional expertise. He argues that ‘generic’ is a descriptive term and that such a training course does not necessarily provide the depth of specialistion that individual social workers of many types and kinds need. He is particularly concerned at how the selection of candidates for special social work courses is made and how well they may be supervised in their work.
The Family Affected by Depressive Illness in One or Both Parents
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this essay Winnicott looks at the effect of serious mental illness in either parent upon the life and development of the growing child. He classifies types of psychiatric illness and their effects, and levels of seriousness. He sees the practitioner as assisting the family, be it the child, or the parents, in managing rather than curing the difficulties created by their illnesses. Winnicott sees the presence of ordinary depression in the parents as something that may ultimately benefit the family.
Transitional Objects and Transitional Phenomena
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this essay, Winnicott describes the interstices between illusion and reality. He focuses his discussion on the soft objects used by an infant, what he calls a transitional object. He says transitional objects involve the nature of the object, the infant’s capacity to recognize the object as ‘not-me’ and yet to feel paradoxically that he has created that object. Through the attachment to the transitional object the infant initiates an affectionate type of object relationship. Winnicott emphasises the importance of this transitional object to the infant, and how parents respond to it. The transitional object belongs to the realm of illusion, which is at the basis of initiation of experience. An infant’s transitional object ordinarily becomes gradually decathected as cultural interests develop.
Letter to Paula Heimann
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this letter to Paula Heimann, Winnicott thanks her for mentioning a footnote of Freud’s, which he had been looking for in Freud’s statement of the death instinct. Winnicott also mentions that Bowlby’s writings are building up a revulsion in him, despite Bowlby’s having been scrupulously fair to Winnicott.
The Relationship of a Mother to Her Baby at the Beginning
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In a mother’s relationship to her baby, Winnicott describes two distinct kinds of identification involved at the start: the mother’s identification with her infant and the infant’s state of identification with the mother. In the expectant mother, there is an increasing identification with the infant and then the normal mother’s recovery from her preoccupation with her infant provides a kind of weaning. When the mother-infant couple is in good working order the infant’s developing ego is strong because it is supported. What Winnicott calls physical and emotional ‘holding’ relates to the mother’s capacity to identify with her infant. The mother as an object for the baby, presenting or realizing (making real) the infant’s creative impulses towards her, initiates the infant’s capacity to relate to objects. Through the evolution of the experience of the nursing-couple, the mother, through different kinds of identification, meets and transforms the infant’s original state of undifferentiation.
Letter to Mr and Mrs Young
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this letter in response to a questionnaire sent by Mr and Mrs Young, Winnicott explains his reasons for refusing to fill out the form, stating that he believes such forms of information gathering do not produce good research.
Letter to Lydia James
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this letter, Winnicott thanks Lydia James for inviting him to write for the Observer but declines the invitation. He also mentions the Robertsons’ film on a young child’s experience of hospital.
Letter to Sir Aubrey Lewis
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this letter to Sir Aubrey Lewis, a follow-up to their meeting, Winnicott expands on his ideas about child psychiatry and its importance.
Patients’ Knowledge and Attitudes Towards Regular Alcohol Urine Screening: A Survey Study
Authors: Barrio Pablo , Teixidor Lídia , Ortega Lluisa , Balcells Mercè , Vieta Eduard , Gual Antoni
Published: March 2017

Background:

Despite its wide implementation, there is a paucity of data supporting the effectiveness of regular alcohol urine screening (RAUS) in maintaining abstinence. This study aims at investigating if RAUS serves other purposes, what attitudes patients display towards it, and patients’ technical knowledge about basic screening notions.

Method:

We conducted a cross-sectional survey among adults with alcohol dependence, attending outpatient alcohol-dependence treatment. It aimed at investigating patients’ attitudes and beliefs towards RAUS, and technical notions of alcohol urine screening. For attitude assessment, we adapted the Drug Attitude Inventory (DAI-10) to the field of alcohol urine screening. Internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and concurrent validity were evaluated for the adapted questionnaire.

Results:

In all, 128 patients completed the questionnaire. Patients rated RAUS as high. The DAI-10 mean score was 7.2 (SD = 3.6). Internal consistency analysis revealed a Cronbach alpha of 0.718. Test-retest reliability evaluation yielded an intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.932. The score of a single Likert-type question about overall perceived value was 8.5 (SD = 2). Their correlation with mean DAI-10 score was of r = 0.254, with P = 0.009. Apart from relapse prevention, patients frequently reported other functions such as showing professionals and family members that they do not drink, or having a closer contact with professionals. A majority of patients believed alcohol use goes undetected after 48 hours from last ingestion.

Conclusion:

Regular alcohol screening is highly valued by alcohol outpatients. It seems that apart from relapse prevention, other functions related to therapeutic alliance building, social desirability, and impression management also play a key role.
BIRD ATTACK OCULAR INJURIES
Authors: Tabatabaei Seyed Ali , Soleimani Mohammad , Behrouz Mahmoud Jabbarvand
Published: March 2017

Background/Purpose:

To report 30 patients with bird attack–related eye injuries.

Methods:

This study was performed among patients coming to Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran, Iran, from 2010 to 2015 with a history of bird attack causing eye injury. The inclusion criteria were a history of bird attack by pecking causing eye injury and having treatment and follow-up record for at least 6 months after treatment. The primary eye examinations included a full ophthalmic examination including evaluation of uncorrected visual acuity and best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), anterior segment slit lamp biomicroscopy, and photography. For all patients with penetrating injury, primary repair was undertaken.

Results:

Thirty patients (10 females and 20 males) with a mean age of 23.3 ± 18.5 years entered the study. The most common zone of injury was zone 1 (P < 0.001), and lensectomy was not needed in majority of patients (P < 0.001). The most common bird causing the injury was mynah (P < 0.001). Those patients with baseline BCVA of less than 20/200 or those with endophthalmitis had statistically worse final BCVA after treatment. Patients attacked by mynah bird had significantly better pretreatment uncorrected visual acuity and BCVA.

Conclusion:

The most common bird causing the eye injury among the sample of patients from Iran was mynah, which differs with previous studies indicating the rooster attack as the most common cause of eye injury. The authors also found that the most common zone of injury was zone 1, and the presence of endophthalmitis and lower baseline BCVA were significant risk factors for worse visual outcomes.